{"id": "pubmed23n0037_0", "title": "Progress in the resolution of the cytoplasmic membrane DNA initiation complex of Escherichia coli.", "content": "The attachment of the bacterial chromosome to the cytoplasmic membrane in Escherichia coli was studied. The initiator DNA was specifically labeled and the outer and cytoplasmic membranes were separated in a step sucrose gradient. The labeled DNA was localized mainly in the cytoplasmic membrane fraction. The DNA . cytoplasmic membrane complex was isolated from cells uniformly labeled with [Me-3H]thymidine, solubilized with deoxycholate and chromatographed on Sepharose 4B. A high percent of the labeled DNA was excluded in the void volume but a small fraction eluted associated with the second protein elution peak. The isolation of such a DNA . cytoplasmic membrane protein complex, suggests useful strategies for future studies about the molecular components of the initiation complex in E. coli.", "contents": "Progress in the resolution of the cytoplasmic membrane DNA initiation complex of Escherichia coli. The attachment of the bacterial chromosome to the cytoplasmic membrane in Escherichia coli was studied. The initiator DNA was specifically labeled and the outer and cytoplasmic membranes were separated in a step sucrose gradient. The labeled DNA was localized mainly in the cytoplasmic membrane fraction. The DNA . cytoplasmic membrane complex was isolated from cells uniformly labeled with [Me-3H]thymidine, solubilized with deoxycholate and chromatographed on Sepharose 4B. A high percent of the labeled DNA was excluded in the void volume but a small fraction eluted associated with the second protein elution peak. The isolation of such a DNA . cytoplasmic membrane protein complex, suggests useful strategies for future studies about the molecular components of the initiation complex in E. coli.", "PMID": 1102780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1", "title": "Binding of ethidium bromide to ribosomal RNA. Absorption, fluorescence, circular and electric dichroism study.", "content": "The interaction between ethidium bromide and ribosomal RNA has been studied by means of absorption, fluorescence, circular and electric dichroism measurements in the near ultraviolet and visible regions at low ionic strength (1 . 10(-3) and 6 . 10(-3). The results have been interpreted on the basis of a model of interaction involving the intercalation of the phenanthridinium ring of the dye in the double-stranded regions of the RNA molecule, resulting in an increase of the dye-dye interactions as compared to DNA, and a stiffening of the intercalation regions.", "contents": "Binding of ethidium bromide to ribosomal RNA. Absorption, fluorescence, circular and electric dichroism study. The interaction between ethidium bromide and ribosomal RNA has been studied by means of absorption, fluorescence, circular and electric dichroism measurements in the near ultraviolet and visible regions at low ionic strength (1 . 10(-3) and 6 . 10(-3). The results have been interpreted on the basis of a model of interaction involving the intercalation of the phenanthridinium ring of the dye in the double-stranded regions of the RNA molecule, resulting in an increase of the dye-dye interactions as compared to DNA, and a stiffening of the intercalation regions.", "PMID": 1102782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2", "title": "Characterization of the particles produced by exposure of ribosomal subunits to urea.", "content": "When Escherichia coli 50-S ribosomal subunits are treated with increasing concentrations of urea partial deproteination occurs. Furthermore, we observed that the number of sulfhydryl groups which react with Ellman's reagent is a sigmoidal function of the urea concentration. These results are similar to those previously reported for the 30-S subunit (Acharya, A.S. and Moore, P.B. (1973) J. Mol. Biol. 76, 207-221). For both subunits we identify the proteins which dissociate (split proteins) or are recoverable in a ribonucleoprotein particle (core proteins) under the action of 6 M urea in a buffer of moderate ionic strength.", "contents": "Characterization of the particles produced by exposure of ribosomal subunits to urea. When Escherichia coli 50-S ribosomal subunits are treated with increasing concentrations of urea partial deproteination occurs. Furthermore, we observed that the number of sulfhydryl groups which react with Ellman's reagent is a sigmoidal function of the urea concentration. These results are similar to those previously reported for the 30-S subunit (Acharya, A.S. and Moore, P.B. (1973) J. Mol. Biol. 76, 207-221). For both subunits we identify the proteins which dissociate (split proteins) or are recoverable in a ribonucleoprotein particle (core proteins) under the action of 6 M urea in a buffer of moderate ionic strength.", "PMID": 1102783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3", "title": "Physical and coding properties of poly(5-aminouridylic acid) and of 5-aminouridine-containing trinucleotides.", "content": "This report concerns the synthesis of poly(5-aminouridylic acid) and of 5-aminouridine-containing trinucleotides. Starting from 5-aminouridine the nucleoside 5'-phosphate was prepared enzymatically with carrot phosphotransferase whereas the nucleoside 5'-diphosphate was prepared chemically and polymerised with polynucleotide phosphorylase. The aminouridine-containing trinucleotides were prepared by known enzymatic procedures. Besides an increase of stability in the secondary structure poly(nh25U) forms a triple-stranded complex with poly(A) and stimulates the poly(Phe) synthesis like poly(U). In contrast to U-nh25U-U, the triplet containing the 3'-terminal aminouridine does not stimulate the binding of Phe-tRNA to 70-S ribosomes. This behavior is discussed with respect to the influence of a modification on the stacking geometry of a codon and the base pairing scheme between the 5'-nucleotide of the anticodon and the 3'-nucleotide of the condon.", "contents": "Physical and coding properties of poly(5-aminouridylic acid) and of 5-aminouridine-containing trinucleotides. This report concerns the synthesis of poly(5-aminouridylic acid) and of 5-aminouridine-containing trinucleotides. Starting from 5-aminouridine the nucleoside 5'-phosphate was prepared enzymatically with carrot phosphotransferase whereas the nucleoside 5'-diphosphate was prepared chemically and polymerised with polynucleotide phosphorylase. The aminouridine-containing trinucleotides were prepared by known enzymatic procedures. Besides an increase of stability in the secondary structure poly(nh25U) forms a triple-stranded complex with poly(A) and stimulates the poly(Phe) synthesis like poly(U). In contrast to U-nh25U-U, the triplet containing the 3'-terminal aminouridine does not stimulate the binding of Phe-tRNA to 70-S ribosomes. This behavior is discussed with respect to the influence of a modification on the stacking geometry of a codon and the base pairing scheme between the 5'-nucleotide of the anticodon and the 3'-nucleotide of the condon.", "PMID": 1102784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4", "title": "Energy conservation and uncoupling in mitochondria.", "content": "Energy conservation and uncoupling in mitochondria are examined in the light of three important new findings: (a) Studies with the photoaffinity-labeling uncoupler 2-azido-4-nitrophenol have shown that mitochondria contain a specific uncoupler binding site (apparently a polypeptide of Mr = 30,000 +/- 10%). (b) This site fractionates into an enzyme complex (complex V), which is capable of oligomycin- and uncoupler-sensitive ATP-Pi exchange. It is absent from electron transfer complexes I, III, and IV, which represent segments of the respiratory chain containing coupling sites 1, 2, and 3, respectively. (c) Trinitrophenol is a membrane-impermeable uncoupler (uncouples submitochondrial particles, but not mitochondria) and a poor protonophore. There is an excellent correlation between the uncoupling potencies and the affinities of uncouplers for the mitochondrial uncoupler-binding site. There is no correlation between uncoupling potency and protonophoric activity of uncouplers when a membrane-permeable uncoupler is compared with a membrane-impermeable one.", "contents": "Energy conservation and uncoupling in mitochondria. Energy conservation and uncoupling in mitochondria are examined in the light of three important new findings: (a) Studies with the photoaffinity-labeling uncoupler 2-azido-4-nitrophenol have shown that mitochondria contain a specific uncoupler binding site (apparently a polypeptide of Mr = 30,000 +/- 10%). (b) This site fractionates into an enzyme complex (complex V), which is capable of oligomycin- and uncoupler-sensitive ATP-Pi exchange. It is absent from electron transfer complexes I, III, and IV, which represent segments of the respiratory chain containing coupling sites 1, 2, and 3, respectively. (c) Trinitrophenol is a membrane-impermeable uncoupler (uncouples submitochondrial particles, but not mitochondria) and a poor protonophore. There is an excellent correlation between the uncoupling potencies and the affinities of uncouplers for the mitochondrial uncoupler-binding site. There is no correlation between uncoupling potency and protonophoric activity of uncouplers when a membrane-permeable uncoupler is compared with a membrane-impermeable one.", "PMID": 1102805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5", "title": "Treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia and lymphosarcoma with a new chlorambucil ester of prednisolone (Leo 1031) (NSC-134087).", "content": "A new chlorambucil ester of prednisolone (LEO 1031) has been evaluated in patients with advanced lymphocytic lymphosarcoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. All 11 patients had been previously treated with radiotherapy and/or combination chemotherapy. Three complete remissions and one partial remission were seen in 4/7 lymphocytic lymphosarcoma patients treated with LEO 1031. In the chronic lymphocytic leukemia group, 3/4 have had benefit. This new drug is considered worthy of further trial.", "contents": "Treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia and lymphosarcoma with a new chlorambucil ester of prednisolone (Leo 1031) (NSC-134087). A new chlorambucil ester of prednisolone (LEO 1031) has been evaluated in patients with advanced lymphocytic lymphosarcoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. All 11 patients had been previously treated with radiotherapy and/or combination chemotherapy. Three complete remissions and one partial remission were seen in 4/7 lymphocytic lymphosarcoma patients treated with LEO 1031. In the chronic lymphocytic leukemia group, 3/4 have had benefit. This new drug is considered worthy of further trial.", "PMID": 1102806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6", "title": "Pulmonary hyperinflation. A form of barotrauma during mechanical ventilation.", "content": "Barotrauma has been used to describe several specific complications related to mechanical ventilation. These include tension lung cyst, pneumothorax, pneumomediastinum, pneumoperitoneum, and subcutaneous emphysema. Pulmonary hyperinflation, another such complication, occurred in 6 patients, being fatal in 3. Two pathophysiologic mechanisms are discussed. The simpler, and well-recognized, ball-valve airway obstruction allows inspiration of air delivered by the mechanical ventilator but prevents expiration. A more complex circumstance exists when pulmonary contusion or infiltration produces differential lung compliances. This allows extreme hyperinflation of areas of normal lung during attempts to ventilate abnormal lung of low compliance. This mechanism is particularly evident when positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) is used in an attempt to open collapsed ventilatory units. Functional complications of lung hyperinflation include decreased alveolar ventilation and compression effects on adjacent structures. Interference with and shifts of regional lung perfusion may worsen gas exchange. Proper treatment includes airway clearance by bronchoscopy, the judicious use of bronchodilators, the discontinuance of PEEP, and adjustments of mechanical ventilators to prevent high airway pressures.", "contents": "Pulmonary hyperinflation. A form of barotrauma during mechanical ventilation. Barotrauma has been used to describe several specific complications related to mechanical ventilation. These include tension lung cyst, pneumothorax, pneumomediastinum, pneumoperitoneum, and subcutaneous emphysema. Pulmonary hyperinflation, another such complication, occurred in 6 patients, being fatal in 3. Two pathophysiologic mechanisms are discussed. The simpler, and well-recognized, ball-valve airway obstruction allows inspiration of air delivered by the mechanical ventilator but prevents expiration. A more complex circumstance exists when pulmonary contusion or infiltration produces differential lung compliances. This allows extreme hyperinflation of areas of normal lung during attempts to ventilate abnormal lung of low compliance. This mechanism is particularly evident when positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) is used in an attempt to open collapsed ventilatory units. Functional complications of lung hyperinflation include decreased alveolar ventilation and compression effects on adjacent structures. Interference with and shifts of regional lung perfusion may worsen gas exchange. Proper treatment includes airway clearance by bronchoscopy, the judicious use of bronchodilators, the discontinuance of PEEP, and adjustments of mechanical ventilators to prevent high airway pressures.", "PMID": 1102809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7", "title": "Carpentier's annulus and De Vegas annuloplasty. The end of the tricuspid challenge.", "content": "A study evaluating the durability of two recent techniques of tricuspid annuloplasty was conducted simultaneously in two institutions. One group working in Madrid, Spain, used Carpentier's ring in 32 patients. The other in Montreal, Canada, employed De Vega's semicircular annuloplasty in 17 cases. Competence of the tricuspid valve was obtained in nearly all cases at the time of surgery and persisted after a mean follow-up of 10.3 months (Madrid) and 11.5 months (Montreal) in 77 per cent of the cases. Light (1/3) residual tricuspid insufficiency was detected in 16.5 per cent; moderate (2/3) incompetence persisted in only 6.5 per cent. The majority of the patients with residual tricuspid insufficiency had unsuccessful or incomplete repair of left-sided heart lesions.", "contents": "Carpentier's annulus and De Vegas annuloplasty. The end of the tricuspid challenge. A study evaluating the durability of two recent techniques of tricuspid annuloplasty was conducted simultaneously in two institutions. One group working in Madrid, Spain, used Carpentier's ring in 32 patients. The other in Montreal, Canada, employed De Vega's semicircular annuloplasty in 17 cases. Competence of the tricuspid valve was obtained in nearly all cases at the time of surgery and persisted after a mean follow-up of 10.3 months (Madrid) and 11.5 months (Montreal) in 77 per cent of the cases. Light (1/3) residual tricuspid insufficiency was detected in 16.5 per cent; moderate (2/3) incompetence persisted in only 6.5 per cent. The majority of the patients with residual tricuspid insufficiency had unsuccessful or incomplete repair of left-sided heart lesions.", "PMID": 1102810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8", "title": "A simple method of resuscitation and short-term preservation of the canine cadaver heart.", "content": "A simple technique of resuscitation of the canine cadaver heart is described. The method includes internal manual cardiac massage and positive-pressure ventilation of the lungs after isolation of the heart-lung preparation from the rest of the systemic circulation. This techniqle proved successful in 20 of 25 cases after periods of anoxic cardiac arrest ranging from 15 to 128 minutes (average 35 minutes). An evaluation of the state of the myocardium in the postresuscitation period was made by a number of hemodynamic, electrocardiographic, blood chemistry, and histopathological observations, with particular note being taken of those relating to left ventricular contractility and to hematoxylin-basic fuchsin-picric acid (HBFP) staining.", "contents": "A simple method of resuscitation and short-term preservation of the canine cadaver heart. A simple technique of resuscitation of the canine cadaver heart is described. The method includes internal manual cardiac massage and positive-pressure ventilation of the lungs after isolation of the heart-lung preparation from the rest of the systemic circulation. This techniqle proved successful in 20 of 25 cases after periods of anoxic cardiac arrest ranging from 15 to 128 minutes (average 35 minutes). An evaluation of the state of the myocardium in the postresuscitation period was made by a number of hemodynamic, electrocardiographic, blood chemistry, and histopathological observations, with particular note being taken of those relating to left ventricular contractility and to hematoxylin-basic fuchsin-picric acid (HBFP) staining.", "PMID": 1102811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9", "title": "Effects of age on length of hospital stay in a low-income population.", "content": "A major focus of efforts to monitor and control health care expenditures has centered on factors related to hospital length of stay. Age, in particular, is usually assumed to be an important correlate of hospital length of stay, especially when diagnosis and hospital variables are also taken into account.  In an analysis of data representative of Medicaid cases in 23 large New York City hospitals during 1972, these effects turn out to be less clear-cut than generally assumed. Although the first-order coefficients of length of stay regressed on age and the rank order correlation of the means are statistically significant, such wide differences in length of stay within age groups remain as to reduce the substantive impact of the observed findings. This same pattern of wide variations within age groups persists even when diagnosis is controlled by use of up to 80 covariant groups. In over half the 80 diagnostic categories, no significant age effects was found. When the age analysis is repeated using 23 hospitals as the covariants, estimated age effects differed between institutions, and a similar pattern of large within-group variation was observed. These findings are interpreted as a caveat to health care researchers who might otherwise plan overly sophisticated utilization review systems.", "contents": "Effects of age on length of hospital stay in a low-income population. A major focus of efforts to monitor and control health care expenditures has centered on factors related to hospital length of stay. Age, in particular, is usually assumed to be an important correlate of hospital length of stay, especially when diagnosis and hospital variables are also taken into account.  In an analysis of data representative of Medicaid cases in 23 large New York City hospitals during 1972, these effects turn out to be less clear-cut than generally assumed. Although the first-order coefficients of length of stay regressed on age and the rank order correlation of the means are statistically significant, such wide differences in length of stay within age groups remain as to reduce the substantive impact of the observed findings. This same pattern of wide variations within age groups persists even when diagnosis is controlled by use of up to 80 covariant groups. In over half the 80 diagnostic categories, no significant age effects was found. When the age analysis is repeated using 23 hospitals as the covariants, estimated age effects differed between institutions, and a similar pattern of large within-group variation was observed. These findings are interpreted as a caveat to health care researchers who might otherwise plan overly sophisticated utilization review systems.", "PMID": 1102815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10", "title": "[New methods of circulatory support: cardiac transplant as auxiliary pump (author's transl)].", "content": "A simple method of dystopic cardiac transplantation as a left-heart bypass was experimentally studied and details of the method are described. The hemodynamic investigation of this biological assisted circulation on the normal and failing heart, which was induced by subtotal occlusion of the asc. aorta, as well as its longtime support of the chronically damaged left myocardium showed the efficacy of this method. The advantages of this biological method in comparison to that of mechanical devices and orthotopic cardiac transplantation are discussed.", "contents": "[New methods of circulatory support: cardiac transplant as auxiliary pump (author's transl)]. A simple method of dystopic cardiac transplantation as a left-heart bypass was experimentally studied and details of the method are described. The hemodynamic investigation of this biological assisted circulation on the normal and failing heart, which was induced by subtotal occlusion of the asc. aorta, as well as its longtime support of the chronically damaged left myocardium showed the efficacy of this method. The advantages of this biological method in comparison to that of mechanical devices and orthotopic cardiac transplantation are discussed.", "PMID": 1102827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11", "title": "Prevention of meatal stenosis in conchal setback otoplasty.", "content": "The conchal setback is a useful technique for correcting many prominent ear deformities. A disadvantage of the technique in some cases is meatal stenosis of the external auditory canal. By excising a portion of meatal cartilage, this problem is prevented. The technique is illustrated and post-operative result is shown.", "contents": "Prevention of meatal stenosis in conchal setback otoplasty. The conchal setback is a useful technique for correcting many prominent ear deformities. A disadvantage of the technique in some cases is meatal stenosis of the external auditory canal. By excising a portion of meatal cartilage, this problem is prevented. The technique is illustrated and post-operative result is shown.", "PMID": 1102828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12", "title": "Asthma mortality: an analysis of one years experience, review of the literature and assessment of current modes of therapy.", "content": "This analysis of asthma mortality has emphasized the roles played in its pathogenesis by different modes of therapy as reported in the literature. In addition attention was directed towards yet another potentially lethal therapeutic modality, IPPB, the efficacy and potential benefits of which are critically questioned. IPPB treatments were related to every fatal episode of asthma which made up the entire asthma mortality experience during a 12 month period at Morrisania Hospital. The adverse consequences of IPPB therapy were reviewed and it was further suggested that its use in acute asthma attacks was related to lethal episodes of hypoxia and pneumothorax. The patient must, in order to trigger an IPPB apparatus, create a pre-determined negative pressure to initiate inflation. The machine may, therefore, be ineffective in a patient with severe obstruction and greatly increased airway resistance either because of the inability to trigger it or with adequate triggering the subsequent delivery of an inadequate tidal volume at the pressure limitation set. Thus, severe hypercapnia and hypoxia may result especially if oxygen enriched gas mixtures are not used. This may occur even with the delivery of an adequate tidal volume since its distribution within the lungs is poor resulting in a worsening of ventilation-perfusion relationships as evidenced by an increase in the measured physiologic dead space. This experience and review of the literature suggests that IPPB treatment in asthma, especially during an acute attack, should always be administered with small doses of nebulized bronchodilators and oxygen with careful monitoring of arterial blood gases. This will allow for the detection of the adverse effects of this mode of therapy which may exceed the hoped for benefits, the most important being bronchodilatation and subsequent mobilization of secretions with continued treatment.", "contents": "Asthma mortality: an analysis of one years experience, review of the literature and assessment of current modes of therapy. This analysis of asthma mortality has emphasized the roles played in its pathogenesis by different modes of therapy as reported in the literature. In addition attention was directed towards yet another potentially lethal therapeutic modality, IPPB, the efficacy and potential benefits of which are critically questioned. IPPB treatments were related to every fatal episode of asthma which made up the entire asthma mortality experience during a 12 month period at Morrisania Hospital. The adverse consequences of IPPB therapy were reviewed and it was further suggested that its use in acute asthma attacks was related to lethal episodes of hypoxia and pneumothorax. The patient must, in order to trigger an IPPB apparatus, create a pre-determined negative pressure to initiate inflation. The machine may, therefore, be ineffective in a patient with severe obstruction and greatly increased airway resistance either because of the inability to trigger it or with adequate triggering the subsequent delivery of an inadequate tidal volume at the pressure limitation set. Thus, severe hypercapnia and hypoxia may result especially if oxygen enriched gas mixtures are not used. This may occur even with the delivery of an adequate tidal volume since its distribution within the lungs is poor resulting in a worsening of ventilation-perfusion relationships as evidenced by an increase in the measured physiologic dead space. This experience and review of the literature suggests that IPPB treatment in asthma, especially during an acute attack, should always be administered with small doses of nebulized bronchodilators and oxygen with careful monitoring of arterial blood gases. This will allow for the detection of the adverse effects of this mode of therapy which may exceed the hoped for benefits, the most important being bronchodilatation and subsequent mobilization of secretions with continued treatment.", "PMID": 1102838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_13", "title": "Effect of pyrimethamine on the morphology and ultrastructure of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Sub-lethal levels of the folate analogue, pyrimethamine, caused pronounced cell elongation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain B41 when grown in glycerol medium. The orientation of bud development was also altered. Electron microscopy of thin sections showed an increase in cell wall thickness, but apart from this and the overall cell shape, the ultrastructure of the cells was normal. The structural abnormalities are attributed to alterations in the plasmalemma caused by protein synthesis inhibition in the mitochondria.", "contents": "Effect of pyrimethamine on the morphology and ultrastructure of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Sub-lethal levels of the folate analogue, pyrimethamine, caused pronounced cell elongation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain B41 when grown in glycerol medium. The orientation of bud development was also altered. Electron microscopy of thin sections showed an increase in cell wall thickness, but apart from this and the overall cell shape, the ultrastructure of the cells was normal. The structural abnormalities are attributed to alterations in the plasmalemma caused by protein synthesis inhibition in the mitochondria.", "PMID": 1102861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_14", "title": "Nucleic acid homology studies among Candida albicans, Syringospora albicans and Leucosporidium species.", "content": "Deoxyribonucleic acid-ribonucleic acid (DNA-RNA) hybridization technique was used to investigate nucleic acid homologies among acid Candida albicans, Syringospora albicans and the Leucosporidium species (L. nivalis, L. capsuligenum, L. frigidum, L. gelidum, L. antarcticum). The nucleic acid homology between C. albicans, S. albicans and the Leucosporidium species was very low (ranging from about 7-11% for C. albicans and 8-12-5% for S. albicans), indicating the unrelatedness of C. albicans to the basidiomycetous yeast genus Leucosporidium.", "contents": "Nucleic acid homology studies among Candida albicans, Syringospora albicans and Leucosporidium species. Deoxyribonucleic acid-ribonucleic acid (DNA-RNA) hybridization technique was used to investigate nucleic acid homologies among acid Candida albicans, Syringospora albicans and the Leucosporidium species (L. nivalis, L. capsuligenum, L. frigidum, L. gelidum, L. antarcticum). The nucleic acid homology between C. albicans, S. albicans and the Leucosporidium species was very low (ranging from about 7-11% for C. albicans and 8-12-5% for S. albicans), indicating the unrelatedness of C. albicans to the basidiomycetous yeast genus Leucosporidium.", "PMID": 1102862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_15", "title": "Clinical engineering and the background of interdisciplinary engineering.", "content": "A history of the interplay between the physical and life sciences is presented. Many of the discoveries that resulted from research conducted by life and physical scientists are described. The type of training required for effective interdisciplinary work is briefly discussed.", "contents": "Clinical engineering and the background of interdisciplinary engineering. A history of the interplay between the physical and life sciences is presented. Many of the discoveries that resulted from research conducted by life and physical scientists are described. The type of training required for effective interdisciplinary work is briefly discussed.", "PMID": 1102870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_16", "title": "Historical notes on electroresuscitation.", "content": "The historical development of techniques and instrumentation for electroresuscitation is traced from its inception in 1774 to the twentieth century; an overview of recent developments in electroresuscitation terminates with the introduction of modern defibrillators and cardiac pacemakers.", "contents": "Historical notes on electroresuscitation. The historical development of techniques and instrumentation for electroresuscitation is traced from its inception in 1774 to the twentieth century; an overview of recent developments in electroresuscitation terminates with the introduction of modern defibrillators and cardiac pacemakers.", "PMID": 1102871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_17", "title": "A survey of the history of electrical stimulation for pain to 1900.", "content": "This paper traces the history of the use of electricity to treat pain, beginning with the first century A.D. practice of using the torpedo fish to treat gout, continuing through the eighteenth-century use of electrostimulation as an analgesic, up to 1900 when electroanalgesia fell into disrepute. The author recognizes the early empiric nature of electrotherapy as it was catalogued by the Reverend John Wesley, and the beginnings of speculation on the mechanism of pain relief by Berlioz, Sarlandi\u00e8re, and others.", "contents": "A survey of the history of electrical stimulation for pain to 1900. This paper traces the history of the use of electricity to treat pain, beginning with the first century A.D. practice of using the torpedo fish to treat gout, continuing through the eighteenth-century use of electrostimulation as an analgesic, up to 1900 when electroanalgesia fell into disrepute. The author recognizes the early empiric nature of electrotherapy as it was catalogued by the Reverend John Wesley, and the beginnings of speculation on the mechanism of pain relief by Berlioz, Sarlandi\u00e8re, and others.", "PMID": 1102872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_18", "title": "A controlled trial of maprotiline (Ludiomil) in depressed outpatients.", "content": "A double blind comparison is reported of a new tetracyclic antidepressant, maprotiline, with amitriptyline and placebo in psychiatric outpatients. Amitriptyline was significantly more effective than placebo in its global effect on depression. Maprotiline emerged as neither inferior to amitriptyline nor superior to placebo. Methodological difficulties prevented an adequate assessment of the anxiolytic activity of maprotiline.", "contents": "A controlled trial of maprotiline (Ludiomil) in depressed outpatients. A double blind comparison is reported of a new tetracyclic antidepressant, maprotiline, with amitriptyline and placebo in psychiatric outpatients. Amitriptyline was significantly more effective than placebo in its global effect on depression. Maprotiline emerged as neither inferior to amitriptyline nor superior to placebo. Methodological difficulties prevented an adequate assessment of the anxiolytic activity of maprotiline.", "PMID": 1102877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_19", "title": "Role of scientific societies in disseminating knowledge and fostering research on x-rays.", "content": "On December 28, 1895, W.C. R\u00f6ntgen submitted to the Wurzburg Physical Medical Society his paper, \"On a New Kind of Rays,\" for publication. By the time he presented it orally on January 23, 1896, worldwide interest had been generated by newspaper publicity, which first appeared on January 7. Scientific societies through their meetings and official journals played an important part in stimulating interest and fostering research on X-rays. This paper notes specific contributions of some of these medical societies, particularly the American Philosophical Society, the New York Electrical Society, the New York Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Sciences, and the American Electro-Therapeutic Association. By the end of 1896, 50 scientific books and more than 1000 scientific papers on X-rays had been published.", "contents": "Role of scientific societies in disseminating knowledge and fostering research on x-rays. On December 28, 1895, W.C. R\u00f6ntgen submitted to the Wurzburg Physical Medical Society his paper, \"On a New Kind of Rays,\" for publication. By the time he presented it orally on January 23, 1896, worldwide interest had been generated by newspaper publicity, which first appeared on January 7. Scientific societies through their meetings and official journals played an important part in stimulating interest and fostering research on X-rays. This paper notes specific contributions of some of these medical societies, particularly the American Philosophical Society, the New York Electrical Society, the New York Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Sciences, and the American Electro-Therapeutic Association. By the end of 1896, 50 scientific books and more than 1000 scientific papers on X-rays had been published.", "PMID": 1102873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_20", "title": "Theories of the causes of death from electricity in the late nineteenth century.", "content": "During the period 1880-1900, the first studies were conducted to aid in understanding the effects of electricity on the human body. Commercial electrical systems were being developed, with the first central station for incandescent lighting placed in operation in 1882. The proliferation of these new stations and their distribution systems inevitably led to accidental electrocutions. The early investigators of electrical death were primarily physicians who were troubled by the incomplete electrical knowledge of that time as they evaluated the different effects of direct and alternating currents and high and low currents. Most of the studies used animals, while postmortem examinations of electrocuted criminals provided some information, though of little practical value, concerning high-current shocks. Various theories concerning suspended animation and concerning the action of electricity on the nervous system were proposed and discarded. In 1899, Prevost and Battelli in Europe, and Cunningham working independently in the United States, showed that ventricular fibrillation was the usual mode of death for low-voltage shocks. The possibility of electrical defibrillation of the heart was clearly described by Prevost and Battelli in 1899.", "contents": "Theories of the causes of death from electricity in the late nineteenth century. During the period 1880-1900, the first studies were conducted to aid in understanding the effects of electricity on the human body. Commercial electrical systems were being developed, with the first central station for incandescent lighting placed in operation in 1882. The proliferation of these new stations and their distribution systems inevitably led to accidental electrocutions. The early investigators of electrical death were primarily physicians who were troubled by the incomplete electrical knowledge of that time as they evaluated the different effects of direct and alternating currents and high and low currents. Most of the studies used animals, while postmortem examinations of electrocuted criminals provided some information, though of little practical value, concerning high-current shocks. Various theories concerning suspended animation and concerning the action of electricity on the nervous system were proposed and discarded. In 1899, Prevost and Battelli in Europe, and Cunningham working independently in the United States, showed that ventricular fibrillation was the usual mode of death for low-voltage shocks. The possibility of electrical defibrillation of the heart was clearly described by Prevost and Battelli in 1899.", "PMID": 1102874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_21", "title": "A comparative study of two dicyclomine preparations in functional bowel disorders.", "content": "Using a double-blind crossover technique in patients suffering from maladies associated with gastrointestinal spasm, sustained-release 40 mg dicyclomine hydrochloride tablets (Merbentyl Dospan) have been compared with 20 mg plain dicyclomine hydrochloride tablets (Merbentyl). It has been concluded that these two dicyclomine formulations are equivalent in terms of efficacy and low incidence of side effects.", "contents": "A comparative study of two dicyclomine preparations in functional bowel disorders. Using a double-blind crossover technique in patients suffering from maladies associated with gastrointestinal spasm, sustained-release 40 mg dicyclomine hydrochloride tablets (Merbentyl Dospan) have been compared with 20 mg plain dicyclomine hydrochloride tablets (Merbentyl). It has been concluded that these two dicyclomine formulations are equivalent in terms of efficacy and low incidence of side effects.", "PMID": 1102879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_22", "title": "General immune status in cancer therapy.", "content": "Theoretical considerations in immunotherapy, such as the timing of challenge, which could rank second to reduction of tumour volume in producing lasting regressions, are outlined and illustrate the need for tests to monitor immune status. Estimation of immunosuppression, in order to define cancer therapy schedules providing least interference with what might be useful host response to tumour, is described in terms of a reliable radioimmunoassay method assessing lymphocyte replicating ability (LRA). The extent of the effect of radiation or radiomimetic drugs in vitro can be shown upon LRA in response to phytohaemagglutinin or to irradiated cells. In clinical research LRA assessment makes a satisfactory test of the general immune state of patients undergoing cancer treatments, given that matched control subjects are available throughout the period of observation to allow repeated assessment of the relative response. An assured relative response seems feasible if all examinations are related to a common standard, the stored reference lymphocyte. Conversely a relative response can be measured against stored target cells.", "contents": "General immune status in cancer therapy. Theoretical considerations in immunotherapy, such as the timing of challenge, which could rank second to reduction of tumour volume in producing lasting regressions, are outlined and illustrate the need for tests to monitor immune status. Estimation of immunosuppression, in order to define cancer therapy schedules providing least interference with what might be useful host response to tumour, is described in terms of a reliable radioimmunoassay method assessing lymphocyte replicating ability (LRA). The extent of the effect of radiation or radiomimetic drugs in vitro can be shown upon LRA in response to phytohaemagglutinin or to irradiated cells. In clinical research LRA assessment makes a satisfactory test of the general immune state of patients undergoing cancer treatments, given that matched control subjects are available throughout the period of observation to allow repeated assessment of the relative response. An assured relative response seems feasible if all examinations are related to a common standard, the stored reference lymphocyte. Conversely a relative response can be measured against stored target cells.", "PMID": 1102884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_23", "title": "[Psychological studies of a long-term treatment of the neurovascular syndrom with Trivastal (author's tranls)].", "content": "With Trivastal, a double blind study including placebo control was carried out with 66 patients at the age between 55 and 67. These persons were patients of several practioners and were treated because of different phenomena of the neurovascular psychosyndrome. They received 1 dragee daily at the beginning of the treatment, then additional dragees up to the amount of 3, 4 and 5 (or 6 according to the case) over a period of 14 weeks. The control of efficiency consisted in 13 psychometrical measurements: Measurement of reaction time, flicker fusion test, \"fluency\"-tests according to Guilford, self rating scale for the measurement of general psycho-physical condition, several tests for the control of memory functions, projective tests to determine emotional factors and a semi-standardized interview for the control of subjective symptoms of the neurovascular psychosyndrome. Data were evaluated by variance analysis and covariance analysis. Trivastal improved the cerebral metabolism, so that the treatment resulted in an improvement of vigilance and of psychomotor functions, in a better adaptation to demands of everyday affairs and in a higher efficiency of different memory functions. Finally, the patients returned to a normal level of psychic behaviour and managed their social integration more easily.", "contents": "[Psychological studies of a long-term treatment of the neurovascular syndrom with Trivastal (author's tranls)]. With Trivastal, a double blind study including placebo control was carried out with 66 patients at the age between 55 and 67. These persons were patients of several practioners and were treated because of different phenomena of the neurovascular psychosyndrome. They received 1 dragee daily at the beginning of the treatment, then additional dragees up to the amount of 3, 4 and 5 (or 6 according to the case) over a period of 14 weeks. The control of efficiency consisted in 13 psychometrical measurements: Measurement of reaction time, flicker fusion test, \"fluency\"-tests according to Guilford, self rating scale for the measurement of general psycho-physical condition, several tests for the control of memory functions, projective tests to determine emotional factors and a semi-standardized interview for the control of subjective symptoms of the neurovascular psychosyndrome. Data were evaluated by variance analysis and covariance analysis. Trivastal improved the cerebral metabolism, so that the treatment resulted in an improvement of vigilance and of psychomotor functions, in a better adaptation to demands of everyday affairs and in a higher efficiency of different memory functions. Finally, the patients returned to a normal level of psychic behaviour and managed their social integration more easily.", "PMID": 1102887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_24", "title": "[Spontaneous peripheral proteolysis as a disturbing factor (author's transl)].", "content": "With a modification of the Astrup - fibrin - plate method about 300 patients were investigated. In chronic infections of the skin and mucous membranes a spontaneous peripheral proteolysis was found. There is a connection between infections, proteolysis and chronic continuance.", "contents": "[Spontaneous peripheral proteolysis as a disturbing factor (author's transl)]. With a modification of the Astrup - fibrin - plate method about 300 patients were investigated. In chronic infections of the skin and mucous membranes a spontaneous peripheral proteolysis was found. There is a connection between infections, proteolysis and chronic continuance.", "PMID": 1102890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_25", "title": "[Clinical and biochemical findings of acromegaly patients (author's transl)].", "content": "In 32 cases of acromegaly growth hormone analyses in serum were carried out by means of intra venous dosing of glucose (hyperglycemia suppression test). Both in individual cases and collectively the growth hormone concentrations fluctuate considerably. 19 patients had average concentrations of 10 to 30, 5 of 30 to 70, 4 of more than 100 and 3 patients of 5 to 10 ng/ml. The level of the pathological growth hormone concentrations doesn't correlate with the presumable duration of the affection, the glucose tolerance and the extension of the acromegalic alterations. 5 patients showed an euthyroid recidiv goiter, 4 patients a hypothyroid goiter, 2 of these patients at the same time showed a secondary hypoadrenalism and 3 patients an autonomous thyroid adenoma. The eosinophilic hypophysis tumors were mostly intrasellar. 4 patients out of 5 with suprasellar tumor distension showed an optic chiasm syndrome.", "contents": "[Clinical and biochemical findings of acromegaly patients (author's transl)]. In 32 cases of acromegaly growth hormone analyses in serum were carried out by means of intra venous dosing of glucose (hyperglycemia suppression test). Both in individual cases and collectively the growth hormone concentrations fluctuate considerably. 19 patients had average concentrations of 10 to 30, 5 of 30 to 70, 4 of more than 100 and 3 patients of 5 to 10 ng/ml. The level of the pathological growth hormone concentrations doesn't correlate with the presumable duration of the affection, the glucose tolerance and the extension of the acromegalic alterations. 5 patients showed an euthyroid recidiv goiter, 4 patients a hypothyroid goiter, 2 of these patients at the same time showed a secondary hypoadrenalism and 3 patients an autonomous thyroid adenoma. The eosinophilic hypophysis tumors were mostly intrasellar. 4 patients out of 5 with suprasellar tumor distension showed an optic chiasm syndrome.", "PMID": 1102896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_26", "title": "Morphological and immunological characteristics of Streptococcus pyogenes, group A, type 50.", "content": "Streptococcus pyogenes, group A, type 50, in contrast to other group A streptococci, causes spontaneous disease in mice thereby providing a suitable experimental model for the study of human streptococcosis. Type 50 possesses various peculiar morphological and immunobiological characteristics and under certain conditions forms and extremely thick non-antigenic capsule which seems to interfere with the binding of antibody. This interference is most likely responsible for the difficulties in detecting type 50 streptococci in the tissues of infected mice by immunofluorescent staining. Whereas the surface components (hyaluronic acid, M-antigen) of the type 50 Streptococcus exhibit several uncommon features, the more deeply located cell wall antigens, like peptidoglycan and C-carbohydrate, do not differ in either their chemical constituents or their serological reactions from the comparable components of other group A streptococci.", "contents": "Morphological and immunological characteristics of Streptococcus pyogenes, group A, type 50. Streptococcus pyogenes, group A, type 50, in contrast to other group A streptococci, causes spontaneous disease in mice thereby providing a suitable experimental model for the study of human streptococcosis. Type 50 possesses various peculiar morphological and immunobiological characteristics and under certain conditions forms and extremely thick non-antigenic capsule which seems to interfere with the binding of antibody. This interference is most likely responsible for the difficulties in detecting type 50 streptococci in the tissues of infected mice by immunofluorescent staining. Whereas the surface components (hyaluronic acid, M-antigen) of the type 50 Streptococcus exhibit several uncommon features, the more deeply located cell wall antigens, like peptidoglycan and C-carbohydrate, do not differ in either their chemical constituents or their serological reactions from the comparable components of other group A streptococci.", "PMID": 1102902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_27", "title": "Mutations affecting mitotic recombination frequency in haploids and diploids of the filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans.", "content": "A haploid strain of Asp. nidulans with a chromosome segment in duplicate (one in normal position on chromosome I, one translocated to chromosome II) shows mitotic recombination, mostly by conversion, in adE in a frequency slightly higher than in the equivalent diploid. A method has been devised, using this duplication, for the selection of rec and uvs mutations. Six rec mutations have been found which decrease recombination frequency in the haploid. One mutation selected as UV sensitive showed a hundred fold increase in recombination frequency in the haploid (pop mutation) and probably the same in diploids. The increased frequency is both in gene conversion and in crossing over, and the exchanges appear in clusters of two or more. pop is allelic to uvsB (Jansen, 1970) which had been found to affect mitotic but not meiotic recombination. It is suggested that mutations of this type interfere with the control mechanism which determines that high recombination is confirmed to the meiotic nuclei and avoided in somatic nuclei.", "contents": "Mutations affecting mitotic recombination frequency in haploids and diploids of the filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans. A haploid strain of Asp. nidulans with a chromosome segment in duplicate (one in normal position on chromosome I, one translocated to chromosome II) shows mitotic recombination, mostly by conversion, in adE in a frequency slightly higher than in the equivalent diploid. A method has been devised, using this duplication, for the selection of rec and uvs mutations. Six rec mutations have been found which decrease recombination frequency in the haploid. One mutation selected as UV sensitive showed a hundred fold increase in recombination frequency in the haploid (pop mutation) and probably the same in diploids. The increased frequency is both in gene conversion and in crossing over, and the exchanges appear in clusters of two or more. pop is allelic to uvsB (Jansen, 1970) which had been found to affect mitotic but not meiotic recombination. It is suggested that mutations of this type interfere with the control mechanism which determines that high recombination is confirmed to the meiotic nuclei and avoided in somatic nuclei.", "PMID": 1102911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_28", "title": "Expression of ribosomal protein genes in Escherichia coli.", "content": "Streptomycin or spectinomycin treatment of an E. coli strain, carrying the strR and spcR alleles on the chromosome and the wild-type (sensitive) alleles on the episome, selects for inactivation of the relevant sensitive allele. After Mu induced mutagenesis, in the absence of selection against extended deletions upon the episome, a large proportion of stro mutants are also spco, and vice versa. However, when markers flanking the strA and spcA gene cluster are simultaneously selected, effectively eliminating long deletions, the majority of stro mutants continue to express the spcs allele, and vice versa. Insofar as inactivation after Mu treatment is due to prophage insertion within or proximal to the genes in question, this result indicates that the genes strA and spcA are not parts of a single operon. In virtue of the high frequency of extended deletions observed in the absence of suitable counter-selection, we must place a word of caution upon the use of phage Mu-1 as a means of isolating polar mutations and defining transcriptional units.", "contents": "Expression of ribosomal protein genes in Escherichia coli. Streptomycin or spectinomycin treatment of an E. coli strain, carrying the strR and spcR alleles on the chromosome and the wild-type (sensitive) alleles on the episome, selects for inactivation of the relevant sensitive allele. After Mu induced mutagenesis, in the absence of selection against extended deletions upon the episome, a large proportion of stro mutants are also spco, and vice versa. However, when markers flanking the strA and spcA gene cluster are simultaneously selected, effectively eliminating long deletions, the majority of stro mutants continue to express the spcs allele, and vice versa. Insofar as inactivation after Mu treatment is due to prophage insertion within or proximal to the genes in question, this result indicates that the genes strA and spcA are not parts of a single operon. In virtue of the high frequency of extended deletions observed in the absence of suitable counter-selection, we must place a word of caution upon the use of phage Mu-1 as a means of isolating polar mutations and defining transcriptional units.", "PMID": 1102912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_29", "title": "UV-induced reversion patterns of constitutive and repressed Salmonella histidine auxotrophs.", "content": "An unlinked regulatory mutation hisT1504, causes an approximate 11-fold derepression of the histidine (his) operon and a linked constitutive mutation hisO1242 causes an approximate 15-fold derepression. In this study we demonstrate that hisT1504 provokes a significant increase in the UV-induced reversion frequency of his ochre and frameshift mutations. Analysis of revertants derived from frameshift mutants show that this increment in derepressed strains compared to the repressed strains is due to better growth of suppressed revertants by weak frameshift suppressors. The frequency of revertants suppressed by strong frameshift suppressors appears to be the same in repressed and derepressed strains. In contrast, intragenic revertants appear at two-fold decreased frequency in derepressed strains carrying either of the histidine constitutive mutations, hisT1504 or hisO1242. A possible competition is indicated between frequently transcribing RNA polymerase and error-promoting recombinational repair within the histidine operon.", "contents": "UV-induced reversion patterns of constitutive and repressed Salmonella histidine auxotrophs. An unlinked regulatory mutation hisT1504, causes an approximate 11-fold derepression of the histidine (his) operon and a linked constitutive mutation hisO1242 causes an approximate 15-fold derepression. In this study we demonstrate that hisT1504 provokes a significant increase in the UV-induced reversion frequency of his ochre and frameshift mutations. Analysis of revertants derived from frameshift mutants show that this increment in derepressed strains compared to the repressed strains is due to better growth of suppressed revertants by weak frameshift suppressors. The frequency of revertants suppressed by strong frameshift suppressors appears to be the same in repressed and derepressed strains. In contrast, intragenic revertants appear at two-fold decreased frequency in derepressed strains carrying either of the histidine constitutive mutations, hisT1504 or hisO1242. A possible competition is indicated between frequently transcribing RNA polymerase and error-promoting recombinational repair within the histidine operon.", "PMID": 1102913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_30", "title": "Analysis of the ribosomes engaged in the synthesis of the outer membrane proteins of Escherichia coli.", "content": "The messenger RNAs for the outer membrane proteins in E. coli are more stable than the bulk of the messenger RNA s (Hirashima et al., 1973). Polysomes, enriched in those containing stable mRNAs have been isolated following rifampicin treatment and have been shown to contain quantitatively the same complement of ribosomal protein as normal polysomes. There is one exception: ribosomal protein S1 is present in larger amounts in the polysomes containing stable messengers. However, there are grounds for believing this finding to be an artifact. It is concluded that the differences between outer membrane protein synthesis and bulk protein synthesis are not due to a difference in the ribosomes.", "contents": "Analysis of the ribosomes engaged in the synthesis of the outer membrane proteins of Escherichia coli. The messenger RNAs for the outer membrane proteins in E. coli are more stable than the bulk of the messenger RNA s (Hirashima et al., 1973). Polysomes, enriched in those containing stable mRNAs have been isolated following rifampicin treatment and have been shown to contain quantitatively the same complement of ribosomal protein as normal polysomes. There is one exception: ribosomal protein S1 is present in larger amounts in the polysomes containing stable messengers. However, there are grounds for believing this finding to be an artifact. It is concluded that the differences between outer membrane protein synthesis and bulk protein synthesis are not due to a difference in the ribosomes.", "PMID": 1102914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_31", "title": "Lomofungin inhibition of allophanate hydrolase synthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "The RNA polymerase inhibitor, lomofungin has been used to determine the half life of specific synthetic capacities (invertase and alpha-glucosidase) as well as that for gross protein synthesis. In both cases the studies conclude that cognate messenger RNAs decay with a half life of approximately 20 minutes. This antibiotic has been used to determine the half life of allophanate hydrolase specific synthetic capacity. We find that it decays with a half life of about three minutes; a value that agrees with the decay rates of allophanate hydrolase synthetic capacity following removal of inducer. These observations argue that mRNA may be metabolized by two separate routes in Saccharomyces.", "contents": "Lomofungin inhibition of allophanate hydrolase synthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The RNA polymerase inhibitor, lomofungin has been used to determine the half life of specific synthetic capacities (invertase and alpha-glucosidase) as well as that for gross protein synthesis. In both cases the studies conclude that cognate messenger RNAs decay with a half life of approximately 20 minutes. This antibiotic has been used to determine the half life of allophanate hydrolase specific synthetic capacity. We find that it decays with a half life of about three minutes; a value that agrees with the decay rates of allophanate hydrolase synthetic capacity following removal of inducer. These observations argue that mRNA may be metabolized by two separate routes in Saccharomyces.", "PMID": 1102915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_32", "title": "Initiation of DNA replication in Escherichia coli. II. Effect of rifampicin on the resumption of replication of F episome and chromosome upon the returning of dna mutants from a non-permissive to a permissive temperature.", "content": "When E. coli F+ cells carrying the dna-167 or dnaC2 mutation, which causes the temperature-sensitive initiation of DNA replication, are exposed to a non-permissive temperature to stop the replication of chromosome and F factor, and then transferred back to a permissive temperature with the addition of chloramphenicol, one round of the chromosomal replication occurs, but further replication is inhibited. Under these conditions, F DNA replicates coincidentally with the initiation of the chromosomal replication in both strains. When rifampicin is added to the cells upon lowering of the temperature, the chromosome can not replicate in the F+ dna-167 strain, but can do so in the F+ dnaC2 strain. F DNA can replicate in both of the mutant strains under these conditions.", "contents": "Initiation of DNA replication in Escherichia coli. II. Effect of rifampicin on the resumption of replication of F episome and chromosome upon the returning of dna mutants from a non-permissive to a permissive temperature. When E. coli F+ cells carrying the dna-167 or dnaC2 mutation, which causes the temperature-sensitive initiation of DNA replication, are exposed to a non-permissive temperature to stop the replication of chromosome and F factor, and then transferred back to a permissive temperature with the addition of chloramphenicol, one round of the chromosomal replication occurs, but further replication is inhibited. Under these conditions, F DNA replicates coincidentally with the initiation of the chromosomal replication in both strains. When rifampicin is added to the cells upon lowering of the temperature, the chromosome can not replicate in the F+ dna-167 strain, but can do so in the F+ dnaC2 strain. F DNA can replicate in both of the mutant strains under these conditions.", "PMID": 1102916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_33", "title": "Initiation of DNA replication in Escherichia coli. III. Genetic analysis of the dna mutant exhibiting rifampicin-sensitive resumption of replication.", "content": "Temperature-sensitive mutants defective in the initiation of DNA replication are exposed to a non-permissive temperature to complete already initiated replication, and are transferred back to a permissive temperature. DNA synthesis can resume in the presence of rifampicin or rifampicin plus chloramphenicol in strain PC2 (dnaC2), but not in strain N167 (dna-167). In the presence of chloramphenicol alone, however, DNA synthesis can resume in both strains (Hirage and Saito, 1973, 1974). The double mutants carrying the dna-167 and dnaC2 mutations show the rifampicin-sensitive resumption of DNA replication as the dna-167 mutant. The rifampicin-sensitive character (designated as Rrr-) is closely linked with the temperature sensitivity of the dna-167 mutant in P1 transduction. The gene order is dna-167-tna-phoS-uncA-ilv. The Rrr- character does not correlate with the inactivation of the altered product of the mutated dna-167 gene at various temperatures in the double mutant carrying dna-167 and dnaC2. Although dnaC2 strains show the Rrr+ phenotype, the dnaC2 strains received the ilv-dnaA region of the Ts+ revertants obtained from a dna-167 strain show the Rrr- phenotype. These results suggest that the dna-167 mutant has two mutations which are closely linked to each other, controlling the Rrr- phenotype and the temperature sensitivity, respectively.", "contents": "Initiation of DNA replication in Escherichia coli. III. Genetic analysis of the dna mutant exhibiting rifampicin-sensitive resumption of replication. Temperature-sensitive mutants defective in the initiation of DNA replication are exposed to a non-permissive temperature to complete already initiated replication, and are transferred back to a permissive temperature. DNA synthesis can resume in the presence of rifampicin or rifampicin plus chloramphenicol in strain PC2 (dnaC2), but not in strain N167 (dna-167). In the presence of chloramphenicol alone, however, DNA synthesis can resume in both strains (Hirage and Saito, 1973, 1974). The double mutants carrying the dna-167 and dnaC2 mutations show the rifampicin-sensitive resumption of DNA replication as the dna-167 mutant. The rifampicin-sensitive character (designated as Rrr-) is closely linked with the temperature sensitivity of the dna-167 mutant in P1 transduction. The gene order is dna-167-tna-phoS-uncA-ilv. The Rrr- character does not correlate with the inactivation of the altered product of the mutated dna-167 gene at various temperatures in the double mutant carrying dna-167 and dnaC2. Although dnaC2 strains show the Rrr+ phenotype, the dnaC2 strains received the ilv-dnaA region of the Ts+ revertants obtained from a dna-167 strain show the Rrr- phenotype. These results suggest that the dna-167 mutant has two mutations which are closely linked to each other, controlling the Rrr- phenotype and the temperature sensitivity, respectively.", "PMID": 1102917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_34", "title": "The kinetics of derepression of prophage lambda following ultraviolet irradiation of lysogenic cells.", "content": "Double lysogens for prophages lambda cI+ and lambda cI ind-ts-857 are induced only by the combined effects of ultraviolet (UV) irradiation and high temperature, not by either treatment alone (Sussman and Jacob, 1962). We have followed the kinetics of inactivation of the cI+ repressor brought about by irradiation in asynchronously and synchronously growing cultures of B/r (lambda cI ind- ts-857). Assays of the yield of phage released as a result of temporary thermal inactivation of the UV-resistant ind- ts-857 repressor at intervals after the irradiation accurately reflect the time course of UV-induced inactivation of the cI+ repressor. The results show that UV-induced derepression takes place in all cells of the population approximately 20 min after the irradiation whether the cells were growing asynchronously or synchronously. Hence UV induction of prophage lambda is not triggered at a particular stage in the cell cycle.", "contents": "The kinetics of derepression of prophage lambda following ultraviolet irradiation of lysogenic cells. Double lysogens for prophages lambda cI+ and lambda cI ind-ts-857 are induced only by the combined effects of ultraviolet (UV) irradiation and high temperature, not by either treatment alone (Sussman and Jacob, 1962). We have followed the kinetics of inactivation of the cI+ repressor brought about by irradiation in asynchronously and synchronously growing cultures of B/r (lambda cI ind- ts-857). Assays of the yield of phage released as a result of temporary thermal inactivation of the UV-resistant ind- ts-857 repressor at intervals after the irradiation accurately reflect the time course of UV-induced inactivation of the cI+ repressor. The results show that UV-induced derepression takes place in all cells of the population approximately 20 min after the irradiation whether the cells were growing asynchronously or synchronously. Hence UV induction of prophage lambda is not triggered at a particular stage in the cell cycle.", "PMID": 1102918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_35", "title": "Cytoplasmic and nuclear mutations to chloramphenicol resistance in Aspergillus nidulans.", "content": "Two chloramphenicol resistance mutations out of 123 tested in Aspergillus nidulans are inherited extranuclearly as judged by transmissibility in heterokaryons, lack of segregation at meiosis, and independent segregation from all of the eight nuclear linkage groups. They do not recombine with each other. However, experiments in collaboration with G. Turner and R.T. Rowlands show that they do recombine with cytoplasmic mutations to oligomycin resistance (Rowlands and Turner, 1973) and cold-sensitivity (Waldron and Roberts, 1973). These cytoplasmic chloramphenicol resistance mutations are stable and do not affect growth or morphology on antibiotic-free media. Nuclear mutations to chloramphenicol resistance map at a minimum of three loci. At one of these loci, most, but not all, mutations lead pleiotropically to cycloheximide hypersensitivity, and most of these, but not all, also confer pleiotropic hypersensitivity to salicylhydroxamic acid.", "contents": "Cytoplasmic and nuclear mutations to chloramphenicol resistance in Aspergillus nidulans. Two chloramphenicol resistance mutations out of 123 tested in Aspergillus nidulans are inherited extranuclearly as judged by transmissibility in heterokaryons, lack of segregation at meiosis, and independent segregation from all of the eight nuclear linkage groups. They do not recombine with each other. However, experiments in collaboration with G. Turner and R.T. Rowlands show that they do recombine with cytoplasmic mutations to oligomycin resistance (Rowlands and Turner, 1973) and cold-sensitivity (Waldron and Roberts, 1973). These cytoplasmic chloramphenicol resistance mutations are stable and do not affect growth or morphology on antibiotic-free media. Nuclear mutations to chloramphenicol resistance map at a minimum of three loci. At one of these loci, most, but not all, mutations lead pleiotropically to cycloheximide hypersensitivity, and most of these, but not all, also confer pleiotropic hypersensitivity to salicylhydroxamic acid.", "PMID": 1102919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_36", "title": "Direct selection of mutants restricting efficiency of suppression and misreading levels in E. coli B.", "content": "We describe a method for the direct selection of E. coli mutants restricting efficiency of suppression and misreading levels using a T4-coded nonsense suppressor. One mutant isolated has the phenotype expected for a restrictive mutant and may be ribosomal. Other possibilities are discussed.", "contents": "Direct selection of mutants restricting efficiency of suppression and misreading levels in E. coli B. We describe a method for the direct selection of E. coli mutants restricting efficiency of suppression and misreading levels using a T4-coded nonsense suppressor. One mutant isolated has the phenotype expected for a restrictive mutant and may be ribosomal. Other possibilities are discussed.", "PMID": 1102920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_37", "title": "Effect of m3 gene on the development of phage P22.", "content": "Mutation of the gene m3 of phage P22 causes permanent depression of macromolecular synthesis in the infected host and thus inhibits phage development as indicated by burst size and lysozyme production. The permanent depression of macromolecular synthesis is most probably due to blockage of the transport process. The m3 allele is dominant over m+. m3 allows some transcription of phage genes (however, the difference between early and late function is not clear). The inhibitory effect of m3 on DNA synthesis may be indirect.", "contents": "Effect of m3 gene on the development of phage P22. Mutation of the gene m3 of phage P22 causes permanent depression of macromolecular synthesis in the infected host and thus inhibits phage development as indicated by burst size and lysozyme production. The permanent depression of macromolecular synthesis is most probably due to blockage of the transport process. The m3 allele is dominant over m+. m3 allows some transcription of phage genes (however, the difference between early and late function is not clear). The inhibitory effect of m3 on DNA synthesis may be indirect.", "PMID": 1102921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_38", "title": "Preferential ribosomal RNA synthesis in the lysate of Escherichia coli.", "content": "The RNA synthesis in non-viscous lysates containing the intact folded chromosome and cytoplasm fractions prepared from Escherichia coli has been examined in vitro. The RNA synthesis not only by chain extension but also by new chain initiation occurs in this system. While the RNA synthesis by chain extension takes place on the chromosome fraction alone (Pettijohn et al., 1970), an addition of the cytoplasm fraction is necessary for the synthesis by new chain initiations (de novo synthesis). Analyses of the in vitro synthesized RNA by hybridization-competition and by sucrose gradient centrifugation show that 16S and 23S ribosomal RNAs account for about 40% of the total RNA products. The cytoplasm fraction is required for the de novo synthesis of ribosomal RNA at high relative rate. Guanosine tetraphosphate (ppGpp) does not specifically inhibit ribosomal RNA synthesis in this system.", "contents": "Preferential ribosomal RNA synthesis in the lysate of Escherichia coli. The RNA synthesis in non-viscous lysates containing the intact folded chromosome and cytoplasm fractions prepared from Escherichia coli has been examined in vitro. The RNA synthesis not only by chain extension but also by new chain initiation occurs in this system. While the RNA synthesis by chain extension takes place on the chromosome fraction alone (Pettijohn et al., 1970), an addition of the cytoplasm fraction is necessary for the synthesis by new chain initiations (de novo synthesis). Analyses of the in vitro synthesized RNA by hybridization-competition and by sucrose gradient centrifugation show that 16S and 23S ribosomal RNAs account for about 40% of the total RNA products. The cytoplasm fraction is required for the de novo synthesis of ribosomal RNA at high relative rate. Guanosine tetraphosphate (ppGpp) does not specifically inhibit ribosomal RNA synthesis in this system.", "PMID": 1102922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_39", "title": "The role of methionine transport-defective mutations in resistance to methionine sulphoximine in Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "Two classes of Salmonella typhimurium mutants resistant to inhibitory methionine analogues and defective in methionine transport have been examined. A mutant of the first class, resistant to alpha-methylmethionine, was shown by conjugation analysis to possess a single mutation in the metP gene which specifies a methionine transport system. Mutants of the second class, resistant to alpha-methylmethionine and methionine sulphoximine, possess two mutations. One is in the metP gene, which accounts for resistance to alpha-methylmethionine, and the other is in a gene designated glnP which results in reduced L-glutamine transport. Both of these mutations are required for resistance to methionine sulphoximine. A transduction analysis of three metP mutations was performed, based on the fact that they prevent growth of methionine-requiring strains on D-methionine. Two of the mutants are closely linked and therefore probably in the same gene, whereas the third mutant might be in a different gene.", "contents": "The role of methionine transport-defective mutations in resistance to methionine sulphoximine in Salmonella typhimurium. Two classes of Salmonella typhimurium mutants resistant to inhibitory methionine analogues and defective in methionine transport have been examined. A mutant of the first class, resistant to alpha-methylmethionine, was shown by conjugation analysis to possess a single mutation in the metP gene which specifies a methionine transport system. Mutants of the second class, resistant to alpha-methylmethionine and methionine sulphoximine, possess two mutations. One is in the metP gene, which accounts for resistance to alpha-methylmethionine, and the other is in a gene designated glnP which results in reduced L-glutamine transport. Both of these mutations are required for resistance to methionine sulphoximine. A transduction analysis of three metP mutations was performed, based on the fact that they prevent growth of methionine-requiring strains on D-methionine. Two of the mutants are closely linked and therefore probably in the same gene, whereas the third mutant might be in a different gene.", "PMID": 1102923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_40", "title": "Genetic properties of some amber-ochre supersuppressors in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "21 amber-ochre supersuppressor alleles have been isolated in a strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Their dominance-recessiveness, temperature sensitivity, allelism, intergenic and intragenic complementation properties and their effect on cell viability and colony growth rate have been characterized. They are compared with the yeast amber-ochre supersuppressors described by Inge-Vechtomov and Andrianova (1970a, b) and Hawthorne and Leupold (1974). The possible molecular basis of their suppressor activity is discussed in relation to their genetic properties.", "contents": "Genetic properties of some amber-ochre supersuppressors in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 21 amber-ochre supersuppressor alleles have been isolated in a strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Their dominance-recessiveness, temperature sensitivity, allelism, intergenic and intragenic complementation properties and their effect on cell viability and colony growth rate have been characterized. They are compared with the yeast amber-ochre supersuppressors described by Inge-Vechtomov and Andrianova (1970a, b) and Hawthorne and Leupold (1974). The possible molecular basis of their suppressor activity is discussed in relation to their genetic properties.", "PMID": 1102924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_41", "title": "Transience of the donor state in an Escherichia coli K12 strain carrying a repressed R factor.", "content": "De-repression of the plasmid R100 in Escherichia coli is essentially a transient phenomenon resulting in the transfer of several R factors to different recipient cells from a single donor cell.", "contents": "Transience of the donor state in an Escherichia coli K12 strain carrying a repressed R factor. De-repression of the plasmid R100 in Escherichia coli is essentially a transient phenomenon resulting in the transfer of several R factors to different recipient cells from a single donor cell.", "PMID": 1102925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_42", "title": "Further structural and functional analogies between the repressor regions of phages P22 and lambda.", "content": "Mutants of P22 which have been located in the c2 repressor gene were examined. The most rightward \"c2 mutation\" was found to define a site that is necessary only for the establishment and not for the maintenance of repressor synthesis. We conclude that this site c27 is an analog of cy mutants in phage lambda which define a promotor for repression establishment (pre). The K5 mutation of P22 maps between c27 and all other c2 mutants. Examination of its biological behavior and direct measurement of repressor activity show that K5 does not affect c2 repression. A model to explain these findings implies that c27 and K5 affect transcripts of opposite directions. P22 c1 mutants do not allow c2 repressor synthesis and we conclude that the activity of c1 product (and presumably c3 product) at the site defined by c27 is necessary for repressor synthesis. The combined activity of c1 and c3 product at c27 is postulated to promote repressor synthesis and block transcription of vegatative phage genes to the right of K5. After repressor synthesis has been established, another site analogous to lambda prm is sufficient for repressor synthesis and c27 is no longer required. These observations and conclusions point to a very close analogy between repressor synthesis and control in phages P22 and lambda.", "contents": "Further structural and functional analogies between the repressor regions of phages P22 and lambda. Mutants of P22 which have been located in the c2 repressor gene were examined. The most rightward \"c2 mutation\" was found to define a site that is necessary only for the establishment and not for the maintenance of repressor synthesis. We conclude that this site c27 is an analog of cy mutants in phage lambda which define a promotor for repression establishment (pre). The K5 mutation of P22 maps between c27 and all other c2 mutants. Examination of its biological behavior and direct measurement of repressor activity show that K5 does not affect c2 repression. A model to explain these findings implies that c27 and K5 affect transcripts of opposite directions. P22 c1 mutants do not allow c2 repressor synthesis and we conclude that the activity of c1 product (and presumably c3 product) at the site defined by c27 is necessary for repressor synthesis. The combined activity of c1 and c3 product at c27 is postulated to promote repressor synthesis and block transcription of vegatative phage genes to the right of K5. After repressor synthesis has been established, another site analogous to lambda prm is sufficient for repressor synthesis and c27 is no longer required. These observations and conclusions point to a very close analogy between repressor synthesis and control in phages P22 and lambda.", "PMID": 1102926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_43", "title": "DNA degradation in minicells of Escherichia coli K-12. II. Effect of recA1 and recB21 mutations on DNA degradation in minicells and detection of exonuclease V activity.", "content": "The properties of minicell producing mutants of Escherichia coli deficient in gentic recombination were examined. Experiments were designed to test recombinant formation in conjugal crosses, survival following UV-irradiation in cells, and the state of DNA metabolism in minicells. The REC- phenotypes are unaffected by min+/- genotypes in whole cells. In contrast to minicells produced by rec+ parental cells, minicells from a recB21 strain have limited capacity to degrade linear, Hfr transfereed DNA. The lack of a functional recA gene product, presumably involved in inhibiting the recBC nuclease action(s), permits unrestricted Hfr DNA breakdown in minicells produced by a recA1 strain. This results in an increase in TCA soluble products and in the formation of small DNA molecules that sediment near the top of an alkaline sucrose gradient. Unlike the linear DNA, circular duplex DNA from plasmids R 64-11 or lambdadv, segregated into the minicells, is resistant to breakdown. By using in vitro criteria, and [32P]-labelled linear DNA from bacteriophage T7 for substrate, we found that the ATP-dependent exonuclease of the recBC complex (exo V) is present in rec+ and recA- minicells, and is lacking in the recB21 mutant. In fact, the absence of a functional exo V in recBC- minicells results in isolation of larger than average Hfr DNA from minicells. We suggest that recombination (REC) enzymes segregate into the polar minicells at the time of minicell biogenesis. This system should be useful for studies on DNA metabolism and functions of the recBC and recA gene products.", "contents": "DNA degradation in minicells of Escherichia coli K-12. II. Effect of recA1 and recB21 mutations on DNA degradation in minicells and detection of exonuclease V activity. The properties of minicell producing mutants of Escherichia coli deficient in gentic recombination were examined. Experiments were designed to test recombinant formation in conjugal crosses, survival following UV-irradiation in cells, and the state of DNA metabolism in minicells. The REC- phenotypes are unaffected by min+/- genotypes in whole cells. In contrast to minicells produced by rec+ parental cells, minicells from a recB21 strain have limited capacity to degrade linear, Hfr transfereed DNA. The lack of a functional recA gene product, presumably involved in inhibiting the recBC nuclease action(s), permits unrestricted Hfr DNA breakdown in minicells produced by a recA1 strain. This results in an increase in TCA soluble products and in the formation of small DNA molecules that sediment near the top of an alkaline sucrose gradient. Unlike the linear DNA, circular duplex DNA from plasmids R 64-11 or lambdadv, segregated into the minicells, is resistant to breakdown. By using in vitro criteria, and [32P]-labelled linear DNA from bacteriophage T7 for substrate, we found that the ATP-dependent exonuclease of the recBC complex (exo V) is present in rec+ and recA- minicells, and is lacking in the recB21 mutant. In fact, the absence of a functional exo V in recBC- minicells results in isolation of larger than average Hfr DNA from minicells. We suggest that recombination (REC) enzymes segregate into the polar minicells at the time of minicell biogenesis. This system should be useful for studies on DNA metabolism and functions of the recBC and recA gene products.", "PMID": 1102927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_44", "title": "Polarity of suppression in the lactose operon.", "content": "The effect of suppression on enzyme synthesis was examined in 43 amber mutations of the gene for beta-galactosidase in Escherichia coli. The ordering of mutations in the gene revealed two clear gradients in the number of molecules of suppressed beta-galactosidase formed by suppression. One gradient extended over the operator-proximal third of the gene and the other over the operator-distal third. The central third of the gene gave no consistent pattern of suppression. Assays of thiogalactoside transacetylase showed that the polarity produced by chain-terminating mutations was abolished by suppression. These experiments suggest that the polar effects of chain-terminating mutations on distal genes are the secondary results of translational defects in the mutant gene. The polarity gradients may result from a supposed secondary structure to the messenger RNA of the lactose operon.", "contents": "Polarity of suppression in the lactose operon. The effect of suppression on enzyme synthesis was examined in 43 amber mutations of the gene for beta-galactosidase in Escherichia coli. The ordering of mutations in the gene revealed two clear gradients in the number of molecules of suppressed beta-galactosidase formed by suppression. One gradient extended over the operator-proximal third of the gene and the other over the operator-distal third. The central third of the gene gave no consistent pattern of suppression. Assays of thiogalactoside transacetylase showed that the polarity produced by chain-terminating mutations was abolished by suppression. These experiments suggest that the polar effects of chain-terminating mutations on distal genes are the secondary results of translational defects in the mutant gene. The polarity gradients may result from a supposed secondary structure to the messenger RNA of the lactose operon.", "PMID": 1102928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_45", "title": "Segregation into the replication of bacteriophage M 13 DNA in minicells of Escherichia coli.", "content": "Minicells derived from E. coli x796(F+) are refractory to infection by phage M 13. However, after infection of the minicell-producing strain with M 13, phage DNA is found to segregate efficiently into newly formed minicells. The M 13 specific DNA present in minicells isolated several hours after infection consists of single stranded viral DNA and double stranded replicative forms in nearly equal amounts. M 13 DNA containing minicells are capable of carrying out at least one complete round of single stranded DNA synthesis as shown by the flow of label from replicative forms to free single strands.", "contents": "Segregation into the replication of bacteriophage M 13 DNA in minicells of Escherichia coli. Minicells derived from E. coli x796(F+) are refractory to infection by phage M 13. However, after infection of the minicell-producing strain with M 13, phage DNA is found to segregate efficiently into newly formed minicells. The M 13 specific DNA present in minicells isolated several hours after infection consists of single stranded viral DNA and double stranded replicative forms in nearly equal amounts. M 13 DNA containing minicells are capable of carrying out at least one complete round of single stranded DNA synthesis as shown by the flow of label from replicative forms to free single strands.", "PMID": 1102929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_46", "title": "The fate of a bacterial plasmid in mammalian cells.", "content": "When hamster cells are infected with the bacterial plasmid colicinogenic factor E1 (ColE1), as much as  5-8% of the input plasmid radioactivity is found in the recipient cell, mainly in the nuclear fraction. Density shift experiments with bromodeoxyuridine labeled ColE1 DNA indicate that part of the input DNA may be replicated in the nucleus. ColE1 specific RNA but no colicin E1, can be detected during the first two generations after the uptake of ColE1 DNA. However, extrachromosomal ColE1 DNA is unstable in the mammalian cells and is degraded to acid soluble fragments after a few generations.", "contents": "The fate of a bacterial plasmid in mammalian cells. When hamster cells are infected with the bacterial plasmid colicinogenic factor E1 (ColE1), as much as  5-8% of the input plasmid radioactivity is found in the recipient cell, mainly in the nuclear fraction. Density shift experiments with bromodeoxyuridine labeled ColE1 DNA indicate that part of the input DNA may be replicated in the nucleus. ColE1 specific RNA but no colicin E1, can be detected during the first two generations after the uptake of ColE1 DNA. However, extrachromosomal ColE1 DNA is unstable in the mammalian cells and is degraded to acid soluble fragments after a few generations.", "PMID": 1102930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_47", "title": "Isolation and characterization of mutants with a feedback resistant N-acetylglutamate synthase in Escherichia coli K 12.", "content": "Mutants with a feedback resistant N-acetylglutamate synthase have been isolated from a proA/B, argD, argR strain by screening for proline excretion on minimal medium with arginine. The feedback resistant character of three mutants was transduced into an argA (N-acetylglutamate synthase negative) strain. It was cotransducible with argA at a frequency of greater than 99%. N-acetylglutamate synthase extracted from the three mutants was approximately one hundred times less sensitive to L-arginine than the enzyme from the feedback sensitive parent strain.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of mutants with a feedback resistant N-acetylglutamate synthase in Escherichia coli K 12. Mutants with a feedback resistant N-acetylglutamate synthase have been isolated from a proA/B, argD, argR strain by screening for proline excretion on minimal medium with arginine. The feedback resistant character of three mutants was transduced into an argA (N-acetylglutamate synthase negative) strain. It was cotransducible with argA at a frequency of greater than 99%. N-acetylglutamate synthase extracted from the three mutants was approximately one hundred times less sensitive to L-arginine than the enzyme from the feedback sensitive parent strain.", "PMID": 1102931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_48", "title": "Pyrimidine biosynthesis in Aspergillus nidulans: isolation and preliminary characterisation of auxotrophic mutants.", "content": "113 pyrimidine auxotrophs, unable to synthesise UMP have been selected in Aspergillus nidulans. These mutants can be classified by complementation into eight groups, and genetic analysis has shown that five loci are involved. One complex locus consists of the mutually complementing pyrA, pyrB and pyrC groups, as well as the cis-dominant pyrN group, members of which do not complement with members of the A, B or C groups. pyrA mutants have been shown to lack CPSase-ur, pyrB and pyrC mutants have been shown to lack ACTase, and pyrN to lack both these enzymes. This locus appears to code for products which form an enzyme aggregate. The four simple loci, as well as the complex loci have been located genetically, and distinguished from one another on the basis of accumulation of pyrimidine precursors in vivo. The synthesis of ACTase has been shown to subject to end-product repression.", "contents": "Pyrimidine biosynthesis in Aspergillus nidulans: isolation and preliminary characterisation of auxotrophic mutants. 113 pyrimidine auxotrophs, unable to synthesise UMP have been selected in Aspergillus nidulans. These mutants can be classified by complementation into eight groups, and genetic analysis has shown that five loci are involved. One complex locus consists of the mutually complementing pyrA, pyrB and pyrC groups, as well as the cis-dominant pyrN group, members of which do not complement with members of the A, B or C groups. pyrA mutants have been shown to lack CPSase-ur, pyrB and pyrC mutants have been shown to lack ACTase, and pyrN to lack both these enzymes. This locus appears to code for products which form an enzyme aggregate. The four simple loci, as well as the complex loci have been located genetically, and distinguished from one another on the basis of accumulation of pyrimidine precursors in vivo. The synthesis of ACTase has been shown to subject to end-product repression.", "PMID": 1102932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_49", "title": "Transcriptional control of the isoleucine-valine messenger RNA's in E. coli K-12.", "content": "Hybridization of messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) isolated from Escherichia Coli K-12 to deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) from lambdaCI857st68h80dilv was used to detect isoleucine-valine (ilv) specific mRNA. A number of strains partially constitutive for the isoleucine-valine enzymes had levels of ilv mRNA 2 to 3-fold higher than the parent strain. Starvation for any of the branched-chain amino acids resulted in a 20 to 23-fold increase in ilv mRNA as compared to repressed levels. These differences were not due to altered growth rates or to changes in the stability of ilv mRNA. These data indicate that regulation of the isoleucine-valine enzymes by multivalent repression occurs mainly at the level of transcription. Kinetics of elongation of ilv mRNA after repression are consistent with the assumption that the mechanism of multivalent repression involves the prevention of further initiations by RNA polymerase.", "contents": "Transcriptional control of the isoleucine-valine messenger RNA's in E. coli K-12. Hybridization of messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) isolated from Escherichia Coli K-12 to deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) from lambdaCI857st68h80dilv was used to detect isoleucine-valine (ilv) specific mRNA. A number of strains partially constitutive for the isoleucine-valine enzymes had levels of ilv mRNA 2 to 3-fold higher than the parent strain. Starvation for any of the branched-chain amino acids resulted in a 20 to 23-fold increase in ilv mRNA as compared to repressed levels. These differences were not due to altered growth rates or to changes in the stability of ilv mRNA. These data indicate that regulation of the isoleucine-valine enzymes by multivalent repression occurs mainly at the level of transcription. Kinetics of elongation of ilv mRNA after repression are consistent with the assumption that the mechanism of multivalent repression involves the prevention of further initiations by RNA polymerase.", "PMID": 1102933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_50", "title": "DNA restriction and modification systems in Salmonella. III. SP, a Salmonella potsdam system allelic to the SB system in Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "By screening 42 Salmonella strains with P3, a temperate bacteriophage with an unusually wide host range, five new DNA restriction and modification systems (R-M systems) were identified in five different serotypes in Kauffmann-White group C. One of these systems, SP, in a Pl-sensitive strain of S. potsdam, was analyzed genetically by Pl transduction methods in which SP was transferred into S. typhimurium and C. coli/S. typhimurium hybrids. It was found that the genes of the SP system were allelic and functionally homologous to the genes of the SB system of S. typhimurium.", "contents": "DNA restriction and modification systems in Salmonella. III. SP, a Salmonella potsdam system allelic to the SB system in Salmonella typhimurium. By screening 42 Salmonella strains with P3, a temperate bacteriophage with an unusually wide host range, five new DNA restriction and modification systems (R-M systems) were identified in five different serotypes in Kauffmann-White group C. One of these systems, SP, in a Pl-sensitive strain of S. potsdam, was analyzed genetically by Pl transduction methods in which SP was transferred into S. typhimurium and C. coli/S. typhimurium hybrids. It was found that the genes of the SP system were allelic and functionally homologous to the genes of the SB system of S. typhimurium.", "PMID": 1102934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_51", "title": "Genetic analysis of unequal transmission of the mitochondrial markers in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "The presence of mitochondrial sex factor, omega, was demonstrated in haploid strains of yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae which came from our laboratory. Transmission and recombination of the mitochondrial genes (CR/CS, ER/ES and OR/OS), conferring the resistance/sensitivity to chloramphenicol, erythromycin and oligomycin, respectively, were non-polar in homosexual crosses and highly polar in heterosexual crosses. Different results were obtained in crosses involving an erythromycin resistant mutant G706E11 (CSEROS) which was found to contain cellular DNA of diploid level. This strain was omega- and showed no alleles from G706E11 (CS, ER and OS) were transmitted to the zygote progeny in preference to the CR, ES and OR alleles. When crossed to omega+ haploid strains, there was a highly polar recombination, but no transmission was seen for the E and O alleles. Polar transmission of markers from omega+ haploid parental strain, characteristic of heterosexual crosses, was noticed only for the C allele. The crosses of G706E11 to omega+ haploids featured an increase in the recombination frequency. The values of % suppressiveness of sigma- petite mutants were relatively low when determined by crossing to G706E11 or to sigma+ diploid strain M2-8C rather than by crossing to sigma+ haploid strains, indicating that there is a positive correlation between the polar transmission of drug resistance markers and the suppressiveness degrees. Genetic mechanism of the anomalous behaviors if mitochondrial genes in crosses involving G706E11 was discussed and interpreted as due to an unbalanced supply of mitochondrial genomes from parental strains.", "contents": "Genetic analysis of unequal transmission of the mitochondrial markers in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The presence of mitochondrial sex factor, omega, was demonstrated in haploid strains of yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae which came from our laboratory. Transmission and recombination of the mitochondrial genes (CR/CS, ER/ES and OR/OS), conferring the resistance/sensitivity to chloramphenicol, erythromycin and oligomycin, respectively, were non-polar in homosexual crosses and highly polar in heterosexual crosses. Different results were obtained in crosses involving an erythromycin resistant mutant G706E11 (CSEROS) which was found to contain cellular DNA of diploid level. This strain was omega- and showed no alleles from G706E11 (CS, ER and OS) were transmitted to the zygote progeny in preference to the CR, ES and OR alleles. When crossed to omega+ haploid strains, there was a highly polar recombination, but no transmission was seen for the E and O alleles. Polar transmission of markers from omega+ haploid parental strain, characteristic of heterosexual crosses, was noticed only for the C allele. The crosses of G706E11 to omega+ haploids featured an increase in the recombination frequency. The values of % suppressiveness of sigma- petite mutants were relatively low when determined by crossing to G706E11 or to sigma+ diploid strain M2-8C rather than by crossing to sigma+ haploid strains, indicating that there is a positive correlation between the polar transmission of drug resistance markers and the suppressiveness degrees. Genetic mechanism of the anomalous behaviors if mitochondrial genes in crosses involving G706E11 was discussed and interpreted as due to an unbalanced supply of mitochondrial genomes from parental strains.", "PMID": 1102935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_52", "title": "Electron microscopic observations of the tsxs gene expression in Escherichia coli K12F- cells after conjugation with Hfr bacteria.", "content": "After matings between T6 sensitive (Tsxs) Hfr and T6 resistant (Tsxr) F- cells, the Tsxs zygotes have been observed by electron microscopy: They adsorb a small number of T6 particles if compared to what is observed several generations later. Moreover, the T6 receptors synthesized by these zygotes are not located randomly but in a central region of the cell surface.", "contents": "Electron microscopic observations of the tsxs gene expression in Escherichia coli K12F- cells after conjugation with Hfr bacteria. After matings between T6 sensitive (Tsxs) Hfr and T6 resistant (Tsxr) F- cells, the Tsxs zygotes have been observed by electron microscopy: They adsorb a small number of T6 particles if compared to what is observed several generations later. Moreover, the T6 receptors synthesized by these zygotes are not located randomly but in a central region of the cell surface.", "PMID": 1102936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_53", "title": "Integrative suppression of a dnaA mutation in Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "Integrative suppression of a dnaA mutation in Salmonella typhimurium may result from the integration of F'lac or F'his into the chromosome in the left hand side of the chromosomal map. The suppressed revertants resulting from this integration do not contain DNA of the F' elements in the covalently closed circular (CCC)1 form but still contain the CCC DNA of the cryptic LT2 plasmid. Two suppressed revertants isolated from dnaA/F- strains were found in which the suppression of dnaA character was accompanied by the loss of CCC DNA from the cell lysates. From one of these revertants a segregant was isolated in which the return to the dnaA phenotype was accompanied by the reappearance of CCC DNA in the cell lysate. It is suggested that the cryptic plasmid may integrate into the chromosome of S. typhimurium and this integration may result in suppression of the dnaA mutation. Additional evidence suggesting that the cryptic plasmid controls its own initiation of replication independently of the function of the chromosomal dnaA gene is supplied by the results of the determination of incorporation of labelled thymidine into CCC DNA of the dnaA1 strain at the nonpermissive temperature.", "contents": "Integrative suppression of a dnaA mutation in Salmonella typhimurium. Integrative suppression of a dnaA mutation in Salmonella typhimurium may result from the integration of F'lac or F'his into the chromosome in the left hand side of the chromosomal map. The suppressed revertants resulting from this integration do not contain DNA of the F' elements in the covalently closed circular (CCC)1 form but still contain the CCC DNA of the cryptic LT2 plasmid. Two suppressed revertants isolated from dnaA/F- strains were found in which the suppression of dnaA character was accompanied by the loss of CCC DNA from the cell lysates. From one of these revertants a segregant was isolated in which the return to the dnaA phenotype was accompanied by the reappearance of CCC DNA in the cell lysate. It is suggested that the cryptic plasmid may integrate into the chromosome of S. typhimurium and this integration may result in suppression of the dnaA mutation. Additional evidence suggesting that the cryptic plasmid controls its own initiation of replication independently of the function of the chromosomal dnaA gene is supplied by the results of the determination of incorporation of labelled thymidine into CCC DNA of the dnaA1 strain at the nonpermissive temperature.", "PMID": 1102937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_54", "title": "Escherichia coli mutants uvr D and uvr E deficient in gene conversion of lambda-heteroduplexes.", "content": "Calcium-treated cells of E. coli K-12 C600 were transfected with lambda-heteroduplex DNA carrying the marker cIts857 in one strand and wildtype in the other. In single burst analyses of the phage progeny, 72-79% of the bursts were \"pure\" bursts containing either exclusively wildtype phage or exclusively mutant phage, indicating that conversion of the cIts857/+ mismatch to a homoduplex structure prior to replication occurred with this frequency. The r-strand1 appears to be \"preferred\", since pure bursts of progeny with the r-strand genotype were almost twice as frequent as those with the l-strand genotype. Examination of the conversion frequency of a number of rec and uvr E. coli mutants showed that the mutants uvr D and UVR E are deficient in mismatch repair. Conversion is reduced in the former by a factor of 2 and in the latter by a factor of 3.", "contents": "Escherichia coli mutants uvr D and uvr E deficient in gene conversion of lambda-heteroduplexes. Calcium-treated cells of E. coli K-12 C600 were transfected with lambda-heteroduplex DNA carrying the marker cIts857 in one strand and wildtype in the other. In single burst analyses of the phage progeny, 72-79% of the bursts were \"pure\" bursts containing either exclusively wildtype phage or exclusively mutant phage, indicating that conversion of the cIts857/+ mismatch to a homoduplex structure prior to replication occurred with this frequency. The r-strand1 appears to be \"preferred\", since pure bursts of progeny with the r-strand genotype were almost twice as frequent as those with the l-strand genotype. Examination of the conversion frequency of a number of rec and uvr E. coli mutants showed that the mutants uvr D and UVR E are deficient in mismatch repair. Conversion is reduced in the former by a factor of 2 and in the latter by a factor of 3.", "PMID": 1102938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_55", "title": "Induction of prophage lambda during the division cycle of Escherichia coli.", "content": "When synchronous populations of Escherichia coli B/r (lambda) were exposed to low doses of ultraviolet light, the yield of infective centres varied with cell age. The yield was highest if the lysogenic bacteria were irradiated at a time which coincides approximately with the termination of rounds of DNA replication and it was lowest when dividing cells were irradiated. No such variation was detected following either irradiation of excision-defective lysogenic cells or thermal induction of lambdacI857 prophage in irradiated bacteria. It is suggested that the variation reflects a relationship between prophage induction and inhibition of cell division. This hypothesis is supported by data showing that irradiation promoted induction and curtailed division in E. coli K12 dnaA mutants which were dividing in the absence of DNA replication.", "contents": "Induction of prophage lambda during the division cycle of Escherichia coli. When synchronous populations of Escherichia coli B/r (lambda) were exposed to low doses of ultraviolet light, the yield of infective centres varied with cell age. The yield was highest if the lysogenic bacteria were irradiated at a time which coincides approximately with the termination of rounds of DNA replication and it was lowest when dividing cells were irradiated. No such variation was detected following either irradiation of excision-defective lysogenic cells or thermal induction of lambdacI857 prophage in irradiated bacteria. It is suggested that the variation reflects a relationship between prophage induction and inhibition of cell division. This hypothesis is supported by data showing that irradiation promoted induction and curtailed division in E. coli K12 dnaA mutants which were dividing in the absence of DNA replication.", "PMID": 1102939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_56", "title": "Mutagen specificity in the induction of mitotic crossing-over in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "A diploid yeast strain, D81, was constructed heterozygous for seven recessive markers linked on the left arm of chromosome VII to study the localization of induced mitotic crossing over. The mutagens used were carofur also called nifurprazinum (1-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-(6-amino-3-pyridazyl)-ethylene hydrochloride), diepoxybutane, ethylmethanesulfonate, nitrous acid and 1-nitrosoimidazolidinone-2. All agents induced high frequencies of mitotic crossing over at doses exerting only a low degree of killing. The distribution of recombinational events was compared for five intervals. The distribution pattern of spontaneous mitotic crossing over was different from all the patterns obtained after mutagenic treatments. Nitrous acid and diepoxybutane induced the same pattern, which was different from the patterns induced by carofur, EMS and 1-nitrosoimidazolidinone-2. The patterns induced by the latter three mutagens were again different amongst each other. Repeat experiments showed that the patterns induced by a given mutagen were reproducible. Tetrad analysis with a representative sample of segregants induced by diepoxybutane and carofur showed that the treatments actually induced mitotic crossing-over. The pattern of meiotic recombinational events was different from those of spontaneous and mutagen induced mitotic recombination. Inducibility of mitotic crossing-over was low at the proximal and distal ends of the chromosome arm and highest in the middle. Each interval showed a different response to those mutagens that differed in their patterns of induced mitotic crossing over. The observed mutagen specific effects are considered as an indication of mutagen specificity. No plausible explanation for mutagen specificity could be given. However, the data presented reveal the same situation as found in induction of chromosome breaks, as reported by other authors. Apparently, mutagen specificity is quite a general phenomenon even for genetic effects in larger intervals of a chromosome.", "contents": "Mutagen specificity in the induction of mitotic crossing-over in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A diploid yeast strain, D81, was constructed heterozygous for seven recessive markers linked on the left arm of chromosome VII to study the localization of induced mitotic crossing over. The mutagens used were carofur also called nifurprazinum (1-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-(6-amino-3-pyridazyl)-ethylene hydrochloride), diepoxybutane, ethylmethanesulfonate, nitrous acid and 1-nitrosoimidazolidinone-2. All agents induced high frequencies of mitotic crossing over at doses exerting only a low degree of killing. The distribution of recombinational events was compared for five intervals. The distribution pattern of spontaneous mitotic crossing over was different from all the patterns obtained after mutagenic treatments. Nitrous acid and diepoxybutane induced the same pattern, which was different from the patterns induced by carofur, EMS and 1-nitrosoimidazolidinone-2. The patterns induced by the latter three mutagens were again different amongst each other. Repeat experiments showed that the patterns induced by a given mutagen were reproducible. Tetrad analysis with a representative sample of segregants induced by diepoxybutane and carofur showed that the treatments actually induced mitotic crossing-over. The pattern of meiotic recombinational events was different from those of spontaneous and mutagen induced mitotic recombination. Inducibility of mitotic crossing-over was low at the proximal and distal ends of the chromosome arm and highest in the middle. Each interval showed a different response to those mutagens that differed in their patterns of induced mitotic crossing over. The observed mutagen specific effects are considered as an indication of mutagen specificity. No plausible explanation for mutagen specificity could be given. However, the data presented reveal the same situation as found in induction of chromosome breaks, as reported by other authors. Apparently, mutagen specificity is quite a general phenomenon even for genetic effects in larger intervals of a chromosome.", "PMID": 1102940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_57", "title": "Location of the argR gene on the chromosome of Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "The regulatory gene (argR) for the arginine biosynthetic pathway has been located at 106 min on the chromosome of S. typhimurium. In addition, the location of the gene specifying cytosine deaminase (cod) has been more precisely determined.", "contents": "Location of the argR gene on the chromosome of Salmonella typhimurium. The regulatory gene (argR) for the arginine biosynthetic pathway has been located at 106 min on the chromosome of S. typhimurium. In addition, the location of the gene specifying cytosine deaminase (cod) has been more precisely determined.", "PMID": 1102941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_58", "title": "Replication of phiA and phiX174 in Escherichia coli mutants thermosensitive in DNA synthesis.", "content": "Thermosensitive mutants of E. coli defective in DNA replication were tested for their capacity to support multiplication of phiA and phiX174. At the restrictive temperature, the viral growth was markedly affected in dnaH, dnaZ, or ligts7 mutants. Even when these strains were transfected with RF1 molecules, the virus yield was still very low. The dnaI function was, however, dispensable for replication of phiA and phiX174. In addition, these viruses could multiply in dnaP or polAts mutants at the high temperature.", "contents": "Replication of phiA and phiX174 in Escherichia coli mutants thermosensitive in DNA synthesis. Thermosensitive mutants of E. coli defective in DNA replication were tested for their capacity to support multiplication of phiA and phiX174. At the restrictive temperature, the viral growth was markedly affected in dnaH, dnaZ, or ligts7 mutants. Even when these strains were transfected with RF1 molecules, the virus yield was still very low. The dnaI function was, however, dispensable for replication of phiA and phiX174. In addition, these viruses could multiply in dnaP or polAts mutants at the high temperature.", "PMID": 1102942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_59", "title": "Citrate synthaseless glutamic acid auxotroph of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Relationship of citrate synthase (EC 4.1.3.7) to the biosynthesis of glutamic acid was investigated by characterizing a new glutamic acid auxotroph FL100-D1 (glu 3) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Nutritional requirement of the mutant was satisfied by L-glutamic acid, L-glutamic acid peptide as well as several analogs of glutamic acid, but not by proline, ornithine, arginine, lysine or aspartic acid. The mutant was unable to utilize nonfermentable carbon sources, glycerol, acetate or lactate. Mutant glu3 unlike aconitaseless glutamic acid auxotroph glu 1, failed to accumulate 14C-citric acid in vivo from 1-14C-sodium acetate or U-14C-glutamic acid. Both spectrophotometric and radioactive assay procedures demonstrated a lack of significant citrate synthase activity in the dialysed extract of the mutant compared to the wild type strain. Mutant glu 3 complemented with glu 1 and glu 2 individually in vivo and exhibited a significant aconitase (EC 4.2.1.3) activity in vitro.", "contents": "Citrate synthaseless glutamic acid auxotroph of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Relationship of citrate synthase (EC 4.1.3.7) to the biosynthesis of glutamic acid was investigated by characterizing a new glutamic acid auxotroph FL100-D1 (glu 3) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Nutritional requirement of the mutant was satisfied by L-glutamic acid, L-glutamic acid peptide as well as several analogs of glutamic acid, but not by proline, ornithine, arginine, lysine or aspartic acid. The mutant was unable to utilize nonfermentable carbon sources, glycerol, acetate or lactate. Mutant glu3 unlike aconitaseless glutamic acid auxotroph glu 1, failed to accumulate 14C-citric acid in vivo from 1-14C-sodium acetate or U-14C-glutamic acid. Both spectrophotometric and radioactive assay procedures demonstrated a lack of significant citrate synthase activity in the dialysed extract of the mutant compared to the wild type strain. Mutant glu 3 complemented with glu 1 and glu 2 individually in vivo and exhibited a significant aconitase (EC 4.2.1.3) activity in vitro.", "PMID": 1102943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_60", "title": "The role of IF-3 in the translation of T7- and phi80trp messenger RNA.", "content": "The DNA dependent synthesis of proteins was studied with a system composed of DNA, washed ribosomes, centrifuged (150,000 X g) bacterial extract from Escherichia coli and purified initiation factors IF-1 and IF-2. Synthesis of active enzymes encoded by the tryptophan (trp)-operon of E. coli was found to depend strongly on the addition of IF-3, with the same IF-3 dependency for all 5 gene-products of this operon, irrespective of the presence of the promotor proximal gene trpE. Synthesis of T7 RNA polymerase with T7 DNA as a template, however, was completely independent of the addition of IF-3. The same difference in IF-3 requirement was found when we compared the overall protein synthesis directed by these templates. This difference could be related to the effect of IF-3 on the formation of initiation complexes with the in vitro prepared mRNA: initiation complexes are readily formed with T7 mRNA also in the absence of IF-3, whereas the formation of these complexes with phi80trp mRNA almost completely depends on the presence of this factor.", "contents": "The role of IF-3 in the translation of T7- and phi80trp messenger RNA. The DNA dependent synthesis of proteins was studied with a system composed of DNA, washed ribosomes, centrifuged (150,000 X g) bacterial extract from Escherichia coli and purified initiation factors IF-1 and IF-2. Synthesis of active enzymes encoded by the tryptophan (trp)-operon of E. coli was found to depend strongly on the addition of IF-3, with the same IF-3 dependency for all 5 gene-products of this operon, irrespective of the presence of the promotor proximal gene trpE. Synthesis of T7 RNA polymerase with T7 DNA as a template, however, was completely independent of the addition of IF-3. The same difference in IF-3 requirement was found when we compared the overall protein synthesis directed by these templates. This difference could be related to the effect of IF-3 on the formation of initiation complexes with the in vitro prepared mRNA: initiation complexes are readily formed with T7 mRNA also in the absence of IF-3, whereas the formation of these complexes with phi80trp mRNA almost completely depends on the presence of this factor.", "PMID": 1102944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_61", "title": "The segregation of mitochondrial genes in yeast. I. Analysis of zygote pedigrees of petite X grande crosses.", "content": "A large number of spontaneous, cytoplasmic petite mutants from six grande strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were crossed to a pair of isogenic tester strains. Suppressivity values were obtained by randomly sampling the diploid progeny from these crosses, and this basis, crosses were broadly categorized as having high, intermediate, or low suppressivity. For each cross, individual zygotes were obtained also. All successive first-generation buds were isolated from the zygotes, and analyzed for the presence of petite genotypes. We found that, though early buds may be mixed, all zygotes eventually produce a succession of buds which have the same genotype--either all petite or all grande. Many more zygotes from crosses in all categories of suppressivity purified to petite than expected from the population values for suppressivity. Reconstruction experiments indicate that most petite mutants may actually generate over 90% petite progeny in a petite X grande cross.", "contents": "The segregation of mitochondrial genes in yeast. I. Analysis of zygote pedigrees of petite X grande crosses. A large number of spontaneous, cytoplasmic petite mutants from six grande strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were crossed to a pair of isogenic tester strains. Suppressivity values were obtained by randomly sampling the diploid progeny from these crosses, and this basis, crosses were broadly categorized as having high, intermediate, or low suppressivity. For each cross, individual zygotes were obtained also. All successive first-generation buds were isolated from the zygotes, and analyzed for the presence of petite genotypes. We found that, though early buds may be mixed, all zygotes eventually produce a succession of buds which have the same genotype--either all petite or all grande. Many more zygotes from crosses in all categories of suppressivity purified to petite than expected from the population values for suppressivity. Reconstruction experiments indicate that most petite mutants may actually generate over 90% petite progeny in a petite X grande cross.", "PMID": 1102945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_62", "title": "The segregation of mitochondrial genes in yeast. II. Analysis of zygote pedigrees of drug-resistant X drug-sensitive crosses.", "content": "Cytoplasmically inherited chloramphenicol- and erythromycin-resistant mutants were obtained in three unrelated and two isogenic haploid strains of yeast. The bias favoring the transmission of these resistance alleles in crosses to the isogenic strains was compared on two levels: on the population level by means of observing random diploid progeny from mass matings, and on the zygote level by zygotic pedigree analyses. The genetic basis of this bias was determined by tetrad analysis. Our results suggest that 1. an intracellular selection mechanism operates within zygotes to determine the degree of bias; 2. the selection mechanism operates differently with respect to the two loci, C and E, under consideration; and 3. the selection mechanism is controlled by a set of nuclear genes. Other models which have been suggested to explain bias are critically examined in light of our results.", "contents": "The segregation of mitochondrial genes in yeast. II. Analysis of zygote pedigrees of drug-resistant X drug-sensitive crosses. Cytoplasmically inherited chloramphenicol- and erythromycin-resistant mutants were obtained in three unrelated and two isogenic haploid strains of yeast. The bias favoring the transmission of these resistance alleles in crosses to the isogenic strains was compared on two levels: on the population level by means of observing random diploid progeny from mass matings, and on the zygote level by zygotic pedigree analyses. The genetic basis of this bias was determined by tetrad analysis. Our results suggest that 1. an intracellular selection mechanism operates within zygotes to determine the degree of bias; 2. the selection mechanism operates differently with respect to the two loci, C and E, under consideration; and 3. the selection mechanism is controlled by a set of nuclear genes. Other models which have been suggested to explain bias are critically examined in light of our results.", "PMID": 1102946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_63", "title": "Polynucleotide phosphorylase can participate in decay of mRNA in Escherichia coli in the absence of ribonuclease II.", "content": "In a mutant strain defective in polynucleotide phosphorylase, under conditions where the enzyme becomes limiting, it is possible to demonstrate that chemical as well as functional half lives of mRNA become longer if the strain is also missing ribonuclease II. These results allow to unify in a simple model a variety of observations about turnover of RNA in a variety of bacteria.", "contents": "Polynucleotide phosphorylase can participate in decay of mRNA in Escherichia coli in the absence of ribonuclease II. In a mutant strain defective in polynucleotide phosphorylase, under conditions where the enzyme becomes limiting, it is possible to demonstrate that chemical as well as functional half lives of mRNA become longer if the strain is also missing ribonuclease II. These results allow to unify in a simple model a variety of observations about turnover of RNA in a variety of bacteria.", "PMID": 1102947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_64", "title": "Correlation of 30S ribosomal proteins of Escherichia coli fractionated on carboxymethyl-cellulose column chromatography to the standard nomenclature.", "content": "The nomenclature proposed by Otaka et al. (1968) for the 30S ribosomal protein components of Escherichia coli as separated by carboxymethyl(CM)-cellulose column chromatography was adopted in several papers in which the genetic loci for many 30S ribosomal proteins on the E. coli chromosome were determined. In order to compare these data with those obtained in other laboratories, the 30S ribosomal proteins fractionated by CM-cellulose chromatography were correlated with thestandard nomenclature proposed by Wittmann et al. (1971).", "contents": "Correlation of 30S ribosomal proteins of Escherichia coli fractionated on carboxymethyl-cellulose column chromatography to the standard nomenclature. The nomenclature proposed by Otaka et al. (1968) for the 30S ribosomal protein components of Escherichia coli as separated by carboxymethyl(CM)-cellulose column chromatography was adopted in several papers in which the genetic loci for many 30S ribosomal proteins on the E. coli chromosome were determined. In order to compare these data with those obtained in other laboratories, the 30S ribosomal proteins fractionated by CM-cellulose chromatography were correlated with thestandard nomenclature proposed by Wittmann et al. (1971).", "PMID": 1102948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_65", "title": "Temperature related alterations in the acidic alanine-rich \"A\" protein from the 50S ribosomal particle of the extreme halophile, Halobacterium cutirubrum.", "content": "50-S ribosomal subunits from the extreme halophilic bacterium, Halobacterium cutirubrum, contain an alanine-rich acidic \"A\" protein which resembles the L7--L12 multimer (Kaltschmidt and Wittmann, 1970) found in the 50-S ribosomal subunit of Escherichia coli cells. The protein contains 24 mole % alanine and is devoid of histidine, tryptophan and cysteine. Unlike E. coli which has two forms of the \"A\" protein distinguished solely by the acetylation state of the serine amino terminus. H. cutirubrum 50-S subunits contain only one unsubstituted form of the \"A\" protein in vivo. However, during purification of ribosomes from cells grown between 25 and 37 degrees C the latter \"A\" protein undergoes rapid, specific, in vitro enzymatic alteration at its carboxy-terminal end. When the halophile is grown in the temperature range of 40 to 42 degrees C the cleaving enzyme is not active and only one form of the \"A\" protein is found on the ribosomes.", "contents": "Temperature related alterations in the acidic alanine-rich \"A\" protein from the 50S ribosomal particle of the extreme halophile, Halobacterium cutirubrum. 50-S ribosomal subunits from the extreme halophilic bacterium, Halobacterium cutirubrum, contain an alanine-rich acidic \"A\" protein which resembles the L7--L12 multimer (Kaltschmidt and Wittmann, 1970) found in the 50-S ribosomal subunit of Escherichia coli cells. The protein contains 24 mole % alanine and is devoid of histidine, tryptophan and cysteine. Unlike E. coli which has two forms of the \"A\" protein distinguished solely by the acetylation state of the serine amino terminus. H. cutirubrum 50-S subunits contain only one unsubstituted form of the \"A\" protein in vivo. However, during purification of ribosomes from cells grown between 25 and 37 degrees C the latter \"A\" protein undergoes rapid, specific, in vitro enzymatic alteration at its carboxy-terminal end. When the halophile is grown in the temperature range of 40 to 42 degrees C the cleaving enzyme is not active and only one form of the \"A\" protein is found on the ribosomes.", "PMID": 1102949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_66", "title": "Two replication initiation sites on R-plasmid DNA.", "content": "Replicating DNA molecules of a deletion mutant of the conjugative R-plasmid R 6 K are cleaved at a single site by the EcoRI restriction endonuclease. Electron microscope examination and measurements of the EcoRI treated replicative intermediate molecules indicate that replication can be initiated at two sites on the plasmid DNA molecule. The two sites are located at about 23 and 39% of total length, respectively, from the EcoRI cleavage site. About 5% of the replicating molecules use both replication initiation sites simultaneously.", "contents": "Two replication initiation sites on R-plasmid DNA. Replicating DNA molecules of a deletion mutant of the conjugative R-plasmid R 6 K are cleaved at a single site by the EcoRI restriction endonuclease. Electron microscope examination and measurements of the EcoRI treated replicative intermediate molecules indicate that replication can be initiated at two sites on the plasmid DNA molecule. The two sites are located at about 23 and 39% of total length, respectively, from the EcoRI cleavage site. About 5% of the replicating molecules use both replication initiation sites simultaneously.", "PMID": 1102950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_67", "title": "Parameters of gene expression in the bipolar argECBH operon of E. coli K12. The question of translational control.", "content": "The pattern of divergent transcription of the argEC BH cluster of genes previously demonstrated by the hybridization of RNA to the separated strand of a phi 80 darg transducing phage, is confirmed with the DNA of a set of different lambdadarg phages. The accurate determination of argE and argCBH m-RNA levels in different steady states of expression of the arg regulon supports the following conclusions: 1. The ratio between maximal (derepressed) and minimal (repressed) rates of expression is lower when it is expressed in terms of % hybridizable RNA than in terms of expression is lower when it is expressed in terms of % hybridizable RNA than in terms of enzyme specific activities. The discrepancy is about 3 fold. Thus in conditions of repression, the cell produces relatively more unused m-RNA than in derepression. Different interpretations of this phenomenon appear possible: a) the messenger RNA molecules synthesized in repressed cells could be degraded more rapidly or translated less efficiently than in derepressed cells. b) an untranslated segment of the RNA could account for a larger part of the RNA detected in repression than in derepression. These interpretations are not mutually exclusive. 2. The discrepancy observed between the amplitudes of variation of argE and argC BH expression, expressed in terms of enzyme specific activities, is, in fact, determined at the level of DNA transcription. This provides direct evidence for the occurrence of differential transcription effectiveness in a regulon exhibiting a correlative but not strictly coordinated pattern of enzyme synthesis. This also supports our earlier suggestion regarding the possible complexity of the internal operator region situated between argE and C.", "contents": "Parameters of gene expression in the bipolar argECBH operon of E. coli K12. The question of translational control. The pattern of divergent transcription of the argEC BH cluster of genes previously demonstrated by the hybridization of RNA to the separated strand of a phi 80 darg transducing phage, is confirmed with the DNA of a set of different lambdadarg phages. The accurate determination of argE and argCBH m-RNA levels in different steady states of expression of the arg regulon supports the following conclusions: 1. The ratio between maximal (derepressed) and minimal (repressed) rates of expression is lower when it is expressed in terms of % hybridizable RNA than in terms of expression is lower when it is expressed in terms of % hybridizable RNA than in terms of enzyme specific activities. The discrepancy is about 3 fold. Thus in conditions of repression, the cell produces relatively more unused m-RNA than in derepression. Different interpretations of this phenomenon appear possible: a) the messenger RNA molecules synthesized in repressed cells could be degraded more rapidly or translated less efficiently than in derepressed cells. b) an untranslated segment of the RNA could account for a larger part of the RNA detected in repression than in derepression. These interpretations are not mutually exclusive. 2. The discrepancy observed between the amplitudes of variation of argE and argC BH expression, expressed in terms of enzyme specific activities, is, in fact, determined at the level of DNA transcription. This provides direct evidence for the occurrence of differential transcription effectiveness in a regulon exhibiting a correlative but not strictly coordinated pattern of enzyme synthesis. This also supports our earlier suggestion regarding the possible complexity of the internal operator region situated between argE and C.", "PMID": 1102951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_68", "title": "Proteinchemical studies on ribosomal proteins S4 and S12 from ram (ribosomal ambiguity) mutants of Escherichia coli.", "content": "Proteins S4 and S12 were isolated from ribosomes of three mutants of Escherichia coli in which dependence on streptomycin caused by alteration in protein S12 is suppressed by an altered protein S4. Proteinchemical studies on the mutant proteins gave the following results: Proteins S12 from all three mutants differ from S12 of the wild type by the replacement of proline to leucine in peptide T15. In all mutant S4 proteins a replacement og glutamine to leucine at amino acid position 53 was found. In addition to this replacement at position 53 a glutamic acid residue at position 199 near the C-terminus was deleted in one of the three mutants. However, this deletion is not necessary for the ability of the mutant S4 protein to suppress dependence on streptomycin. The results support the hypothesis that ram mutants and \"revertants\" from streptomycin dependence to independence belong to the same class although they were isolated by different selection procedures.", "contents": "Proteinchemical studies on ribosomal proteins S4 and S12 from ram (ribosomal ambiguity) mutants of Escherichia coli. Proteins S4 and S12 were isolated from ribosomes of three mutants of Escherichia coli in which dependence on streptomycin caused by alteration in protein S12 is suppressed by an altered protein S4. Proteinchemical studies on the mutant proteins gave the following results: Proteins S12 from all three mutants differ from S12 of the wild type by the replacement of proline to leucine in peptide T15. In all mutant S4 proteins a replacement og glutamine to leucine at amino acid position 53 was found. In addition to this replacement at position 53 a glutamic acid residue at position 199 near the C-terminus was deleted in one of the three mutants. However, this deletion is not necessary for the ability of the mutant S4 protein to suppress dependence on streptomycin. The results support the hypothesis that ram mutants and \"revertants\" from streptomycin dependence to independence belong to the same class although they were isolated by different selection procedures.", "PMID": 1102952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_69", "title": "Susceptibility of a hybrid plasmid to excision of genetic material.", "content": "A 5 Megadalton segment of DNA carrying a gene for kanamycin resistance from R447 b (a plasmid of group N of molecular weight 33 Megadaltons) has been inserted into Plac (a plasmid of the A--C complex of molecular weight 101 Megadaltons) to produce the recombinant plasmid Plac-R447 b (Coetzee, 1974). The recombinant plasmid is a typical member of the A--C complex except that entry of an N group plasmid into a Plac-R447 b+ recipient frequently leads to the loss of 5 Megadaltons of DNA (including the kanamycin resistance determinant) from the resident plasmid. In those transcipients from which kanamycin resistance is not eliminated, both plasmids are stably inherited.", "contents": "Susceptibility of a hybrid plasmid to excision of genetic material. A 5 Megadalton segment of DNA carrying a gene for kanamycin resistance from R447 b (a plasmid of group N of molecular weight 33 Megadaltons) has been inserted into Plac (a plasmid of the A--C complex of molecular weight 101 Megadaltons) to produce the recombinant plasmid Plac-R447 b (Coetzee, 1974). The recombinant plasmid is a typical member of the A--C complex except that entry of an N group plasmid into a Plac-R447 b+ recipient frequently leads to the loss of 5 Megadaltons of DNA (including the kanamycin resistance determinant) from the resident plasmid. In those transcipients from which kanamycin resistance is not eliminated, both plasmids are stably inherited.", "PMID": 1102953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_70", "title": "Catabolite repression in Escherichia coli K12 mutants defective in glucose transport.", "content": "The phenomenon of glucose catabolite repression was studied in Escherichia coli mutants unable to transport this carbohydrate. The pts I,H mutant P34 was much less sensitive to permanent and transient repressive effect of glucose on beta-galactosidase synthesis than parental type. The 1103 mutant with lack of enzyme 1 of the phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent phosphotransferase system (ptsI) behaves as well as P34 mutant after addition of glucose to casamino acids mineral medium. But in minimal medium with succinate as the sole source of carbon cells of the 1103 mutant (in accordance with the data of Perlman and Pastan, 1969) show hightened sensibility to transient glucose repression. The effect of hypersensibility disappears when the lacI mutation rendering the beta-galactosidase synthesis to costitutivity is introduced in 1103 mutant. It is shown that the hightened sensibility of beta-galactosidase synthesis to glucose transient repression in 1103 mutant is not an effect of the pts mutation and most probably is due to \"inducer exclusion\" of the lac operon. It is also shown that if one introduces the P34 mutation in strain devoided of one of the enzymes II for glucose (gptA) (and due to this resistant to glucose catabolite repression) then the level of resistance in double mutant does not increase in spite of considerable supression of 14C glucose accumulation. It is discussed the role of separate components of Escherichia coli K12 glucose transport system in realization of the phenomenon of catabolite repression.", "contents": "Catabolite repression in Escherichia coli K12 mutants defective in glucose transport. The phenomenon of glucose catabolite repression was studied in Escherichia coli mutants unable to transport this carbohydrate. The pts I,H mutant P34 was much less sensitive to permanent and transient repressive effect of glucose on beta-galactosidase synthesis than parental type. The 1103 mutant with lack of enzyme 1 of the phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent phosphotransferase system (ptsI) behaves as well as P34 mutant after addition of glucose to casamino acids mineral medium. But in minimal medium with succinate as the sole source of carbon cells of the 1103 mutant (in accordance with the data of Perlman and Pastan, 1969) show hightened sensibility to transient glucose repression. The effect of hypersensibility disappears when the lacI mutation rendering the beta-galactosidase synthesis to costitutivity is introduced in 1103 mutant. It is shown that the hightened sensibility of beta-galactosidase synthesis to glucose transient repression in 1103 mutant is not an effect of the pts mutation and most probably is due to \"inducer exclusion\" of the lac operon. It is also shown that if one introduces the P34 mutation in strain devoided of one of the enzymes II for glucose (gptA) (and due to this resistant to glucose catabolite repression) then the level of resistance in double mutant does not increase in spite of considerable supression of 14C glucose accumulation. It is discussed the role of separate components of Escherichia coli K12 glucose transport system in realization of the phenomenon of catabolite repression.", "PMID": 1102954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_71", "title": "Insights on the child development movement in the United States.", "content": "The introduction explains that the purpose of the Monograph is not to present a systematic history of child development in this country, which has been done by others, but rather to enrich portions of the record with individual accounts and reactions to personal experiences. It then proceeds to a discussion of the value, and pitfalls, of oral history for those who probe the past. The body of the Monograph necessarily is confined to certain areas and to a limited number of people who were interviewed, since hundreds of pages of transcripts representing some 80 people have been amassed. With a view to the widest possible coverage of materials in the tapes, three major topics are developed: (1) the reactions of people who have worked in child development to some of the major figures and influences in the field during the careers, (2) the relationship of the study of child development to pediatrics and child psychiatry through the years as viewed by various scientists in a position to hold opinions worth hearing, (3) the relevance of the child development movement to better child care practices in the United States. In this last section, questions of whether it is desirable to gear research to matters of social relevance and whether it is possible-or advisable-given the present state of knowledge for scientists to provide answers in planning for children are considered from vastly differing viewpoints. Also the related problem of the protection of research from misrepresentation by those who want a headline or have biases to buttress is briefly touched on in this section. The conclusion presents various viewpoints as to the appropriateness of the word \"movement\" as a description of what has taken place in child development. In that connection the Society for Research in Child Development is discussed, as are also the difficulties, encountered by the field in general and by the institutes in particular, which impeded the whole effort.", "contents": "Insights on the child development movement in the United States. The introduction explains that the purpose of the Monograph is not to present a systematic history of child development in this country, which has been done by others, but rather to enrich portions of the record with individual accounts and reactions to personal experiences. It then proceeds to a discussion of the value, and pitfalls, of oral history for those who probe the past. The body of the Monograph necessarily is confined to certain areas and to a limited number of people who were interviewed, since hundreds of pages of transcripts representing some 80 people have been amassed. With a view to the widest possible coverage of materials in the tapes, three major topics are developed: (1) the reactions of people who have worked in child development to some of the major figures and influences in the field during the careers, (2) the relationship of the study of child development to pediatrics and child psychiatry through the years as viewed by various scientists in a position to hold opinions worth hearing, (3) the relevance of the child development movement to better child care practices in the United States. In this last section, questions of whether it is desirable to gear research to matters of social relevance and whether it is possible-or advisable-given the present state of knowledge for scientists to provide answers in planning for children are considered from vastly differing viewpoints. Also the related problem of the protection of research from misrepresentation by those who want a headline or have biases to buttress is briefly touched on in this section. The conclusion presents various viewpoints as to the appropriateness of the word \"movement\" as a description of what has taken place in child development. In that connection the Society for Research in Child Development is discussed, as are also the difficulties, encountered by the field in general and by the institutes in particular, which impeded the whole effort.", "PMID": 1102959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_72", "title": "Charlotte Auerbach and chemical mutagenesis.", "content": "A review is presented of the many conceptual contributions of Charlotte Auerbach to the development of the field of chemical mutagenesis during the past thirty years. The following aspects are discussed: (1) differences between the genetic effects of chemicals and X-rays; (2) mosaicism, delayed mutation and replicating instabilities; (3) mutation as a cellular process; (4) specificity; (5) dose-effect curves, and (6) correlation between different kinds of damage.", "contents": "Charlotte Auerbach and chemical mutagenesis. A review is presented of the many conceptual contributions of Charlotte Auerbach to the development of the field of chemical mutagenesis during the past thirty years. The following aspects are discussed: (1) differences between the genetic effects of chemicals and X-rays; (2) mosaicism, delayed mutation and replicating instabilities; (3) mutation as a cellular process; (4) specificity; (5) dose-effect curves, and (6) correlation between different kinds of damage.", "PMID": 1102963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_73", "title": "Termination of restricted diet in children with phenylketonuria: a randomized controlled study.", "content": "This study demonstrates the feasibility of a randomized controlled investigation of terminating the phenylalanine-restricted diet in four-year-old children with phenylketonuria. The parents of 14 of 16 children gave informed consent, knowing their children would be randomly assigned to either a diet-continuation or a diet-termination group. Compared with the continuation group, the mean serum phenylalanine of the termination group was 15.1 mg per dl higher (P less than 0.005) one year, and 9.2 mg per dl higher (P less than 0.025) two years after diet termination. Mean weight gain between four and six years of age was 3.4 kg greater in the terminated than in the continued group (P less than 0.01). There were no significant differences in mean head circumferences, height or performances on psychologic tests. At age six, mean I.Q. in the terminated group was 99.8, in those continuing the diet 103.6. Children in both groups showed some subtest scatter in memory and concentration. Thus, no harmful effects of diet termination were noted, but a longer period of observation in a larger number of subjects is needed.", "contents": "Termination of restricted diet in children with phenylketonuria: a randomized controlled study. This study demonstrates the feasibility of a randomized controlled investigation of terminating the phenylalanine-restricted diet in four-year-old children with phenylketonuria. The parents of 14 of 16 children gave informed consent, knowing their children would be randomly assigned to either a diet-continuation or a diet-termination group. Compared with the continuation group, the mean serum phenylalanine of the termination group was 15.1 mg per dl higher (P less than 0.005) one year, and 9.2 mg per dl higher (P less than 0.025) two years after diet termination. Mean weight gain between four and six years of age was 3.4 kg greater in the terminated than in the continued group (P less than 0.01). There were no significant differences in mean head circumferences, height or performances on psychologic tests. At age six, mean I.Q. in the terminated group was 99.8, in those continuing the diet 103.6. Children in both groups showed some subtest scatter in memory and concentration. Thus, no harmful effects of diet termination were noted, but a longer period of observation in a larger number of subjects is needed.", "PMID": 1102976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_74", "title": "Aminoglycoside therapy of gram-negative bacillary meningitis.", "content": "The distribution of aminoglycosides in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) space was examined after intralumbar, intraventricular, and systemic administration during seven episodes of gram-negative bacillary meningitis. Six episodes were associated with culture proved ventriculitis. Parenteral therapy with gentamicin or tobramycin produced low concentrations  of aminoglycoside (less than 1.0 mug/ml) in the lumbar, ventricular, and cisternal CSF. Administration of 5 to 10 mg of aminoglycoside into the lumbar intrathecal space resulted in 27-81 mug/ml in the lumbar CSF, but 0-2.1 mug/ml in the ventricular CSF. In contrast, aminoglycoside administered into the cerebral ventricles produced concentrations in the lumbar CSF of 11.5-27.5 mug/ml and ventricular CSF of 12.8-40 mug/ml. All six episodes treated via the ventricular route resulted in a bacteriologic cure. Intraventricular administration of aminoglycosides offers a reliable means of achieving high aminoglycoside concentrations throughout the subarachnoid space.", "contents": "Aminoglycoside therapy of gram-negative bacillary meningitis. The distribution of aminoglycosides in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) space was examined after intralumbar, intraventricular, and systemic administration during seven episodes of gram-negative bacillary meningitis. Six episodes were associated with culture proved ventriculitis. Parenteral therapy with gentamicin or tobramycin produced low concentrations  of aminoglycoside (less than 1.0 mug/ml) in the lumbar, ventricular, and cisternal CSF. Administration of 5 to 10 mg of aminoglycoside into the lumbar intrathecal space resulted in 27-81 mug/ml in the lumbar CSF, but 0-2.1 mug/ml in the ventricular CSF. In contrast, aminoglycoside administered into the cerebral ventricles produced concentrations in the lumbar CSF of 11.5-27.5 mug/ml and ventricular CSF of 12.8-40 mug/ml. All six episodes treated via the ventricular route resulted in a bacteriologic cure. Intraventricular administration of aminoglycosides offers a reliable means of achieving high aminoglycoside concentrations throughout the subarachnoid space.", "PMID": 1102982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_75", "title": "Multiple-myeloma bone disease. The comparative effect of sodium fluoride and calcium carbonate or placebo.", "content": "A randomized double-blind study was carried out in 26 patients with multiple myeloma to compare the therapeutic effect of sodium fluoride (50 mg twice daily) plus calcium carbonate (1 g four times daily) and placebo. All patients also received melphalan and prednisone for one week every six weeks. Bone biopsies for microradiography and histology, and videodensitometry as well as conventional roentgenograms, 99mTc-polyphosphate bone scans, and bone densitometry of the mid and distal radius, were done initially and one year after therapy. Microradiography and videodensitometry studies revealed significant increases in bone formation (P less than 0.01) and bone mass (P less than 0.005) in the fluoride-calcium group. Bone trabeculae appeared thickened on roentgenograms of six of 13 fluoride-calcium-treated patients (P less than 0.02). Technetium bone scans and bone densitometry determinations proved insensitive for detection of skeletal changes. Fluoride calcium should be considered a useful adjunct in the treatment for multiple myeloma.", "contents": "Multiple-myeloma bone disease. The comparative effect of sodium fluoride and calcium carbonate or placebo. A randomized double-blind study was carried out in 26 patients with multiple myeloma to compare the therapeutic effect of sodium fluoride (50 mg twice daily) plus calcium carbonate (1 g four times daily) and placebo. All patients also received melphalan and prednisone for one week every six weeks. Bone biopsies for microradiography and histology, and videodensitometry as well as conventional roentgenograms, 99mTc-polyphosphate bone scans, and bone densitometry of the mid and distal radius, were done initially and one year after therapy. Microradiography and videodensitometry studies revealed significant increases in bone formation (P less than 0.01) and bone mass (P less than 0.005) in the fluoride-calcium group. Bone trabeculae appeared thickened on roentgenograms of six of 13 fluoride-calcium-treated patients (P less than 0.02). Technetium bone scans and bone densitometry determinations proved insensitive for detection of skeletal changes. Fluoride calcium should be considered a useful adjunct in the treatment for multiple myeloma.", "PMID": 1102987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_76", "title": "Plasma levels of imipramine and desipramine in man after different routes of administration.", "content": "With the object of studying the kinetics of imipramine and desipramine five healthy volunteers received single intramuscular, oral and intravenous doses and multiple oral doses of imipramine hydrochloride on different occasions. Two of the volunteers also received single intramuscular and oral doses of desipramine hydrochloride. Great interindividual differences were noted in the plasma concentrations of imipramine and the formed desipramine after single doses of imipramine hydrochloride. In all subjects more desipramine was formed after oral than after parenteral adminstration of imipramine. The bioavailability of an orally administered dose of imipramine ranged between 29.5 and 54.7%. The concentration of imipramine was generally lower in the blood cells than in the plasma, unlike the concentration of desipramine which was considerably higher in the blood cells. The half-lives of imipramine ranged from 4.0-17.6 hrs (M = 7.6 +/- 2.5) after single oral doses and between 9.2 and 20.2 hrs (M = 14.0 +/- 1.9) after multiple oral doses. The half-lives of the formed desipramine ranged between 13.5 and 61.5 hrs  (M = 29.9 +/- 8.7) after multiple oral doses of imipramine hydrochloride. The observed mean steady-state plasma concentration after multiple oral doses of imipramine hydrochloride, 50 mg t.i.d. varied from 21.4-69.0 mug/1 (M = 38.2 +/- 8.7) for imipramine and from 33.7-136.0 mug/1 (M 72.3 +/- 19.5) for desipramine. The great difference in the ability to form desipramine after oral and parenteral administration of imipramine hydrochloride may have therapeutic consequences as imipramine and  desipramine have differing pharmacological properties.", "contents": "Plasma levels of imipramine and desipramine in man after different routes of administration. With the object of studying the kinetics of imipramine and desipramine five healthy volunteers received single intramuscular, oral and intravenous doses and multiple oral doses of imipramine hydrochloride on different occasions. Two of the volunteers also received single intramuscular and oral doses of desipramine hydrochloride. Great interindividual differences were noted in the plasma concentrations of imipramine and the formed desipramine after single doses of imipramine hydrochloride. In all subjects more desipramine was formed after oral than after parenteral adminstration of imipramine. The bioavailability of an orally administered dose of imipramine ranged between 29.5 and 54.7%. The concentration of imipramine was generally lower in the blood cells than in the plasma, unlike the concentration of desipramine which was considerably higher in the blood cells. The half-lives of imipramine ranged from 4.0-17.6 hrs (M = 7.6 +/- 2.5) after single oral doses and between 9.2 and 20.2 hrs (M = 14.0 +/- 1.9) after multiple oral doses. The half-lives of the formed desipramine ranged between 13.5 and 61.5 hrs  (M = 29.9 +/- 8.7) after multiple oral doses of imipramine hydrochloride. The observed mean steady-state plasma concentration after multiple oral doses of imipramine hydrochloride, 50 mg t.i.d. varied from 21.4-69.0 mug/1 (M = 38.2 +/- 8.7) for imipramine and from 33.7-136.0 mug/1 (M 72.3 +/- 19.5) for desipramine. The great difference in the ability to form desipramine after oral and parenteral administration of imipramine hydrochloride may have therapeutic consequences as imipramine and  desipramine have differing pharmacological properties.", "PMID": 1102994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_77", "title": "[Intraspinal hemangioblastomas].", "content": "138 cases of spinal haemangioblastomas have been reviewed (30 original cases). The first part of this study is devoted to a general survey concerning history, pathological anatomy, genetics and nosology of haemangioblastomas of the central nervous system. Microscopic anatomy of these tumors has been a much debated question and is responsible for the numerous denominations proposed: angiomatosis, capillary angiomas, angioreticulomas, haemangiomas, haemangioendotheliomas, haemangiopericytomas, angioblastic meningiomas; haemangioblastoma seems the most correct. Recent studies in optical and mainly electron microscopy do not allow exact typing of tumoral cells and histogenesis remains uncertain. It is generally accepted that the tumor arises in vascular nesenchyme as a result of dygenetic abnormality. This theory provides a rational explanation for visceral localizations and classification of Lindau disease among phakomatoses. An hereditary factor is present in 25 percent of cases, mainly in multifocal localizations. In the second part, interest is focused on spinal haemangioblastomas, 17 extradural, 121 subdural haemangioblastomas are studied and listed. Extradural tumors are always solitary, mostly in the dorsal area. Subdural tumors may be out of the cord (10 tumors), on the posterior roots (28 tumors), or within the cord. The lesions are situated mainly in the cervicodorsal and dorsolumbar regions. Intramedullary haemangioblastomas are situated in nearly all cases in the dorsal part of the cord behind the central canal. They are close to the dorsal surface of the cord (60 percent) or partly out of the cord (6 percent) or totally intramedullary (30 percent). Cysts close to the tumor or at a distance are present in nearly 50 percent of cases and their origin is still questionnable. Clinical patterns have no special peculiarities, syrinomyelic symptomatology occurs in only 25 percent of cases. Neuroradiology and mainly spinal angiography are a very important step. Angiography was performed in 23 cases (36 tumors). Feeding vessels arise from the posterior system (33 cases) and the anterior system (19 cases). A dark blush indicates the tumor, disappears within 16 to 35 seconds, and can be easily differentiated from arterio venous malformations. The opportunity for spinal angiography depends on clinical and radiological criteria as well as the natural history of the disease. Total removal is the only effective treatment of haemangioblastomas of the cor. Accurate localization of feeding arteries and venous drainage through spinal angiography, preoperative embolization if possible and microsugical techniques applied to cord lesions allow thie ideal treatment. But a lot of problems remain unsolved.", "contents": "[Intraspinal hemangioblastomas]. 138 cases of spinal haemangioblastomas have been reviewed (30 original cases). The first part of this study is devoted to a general survey concerning history, pathological anatomy, genetics and nosology of haemangioblastomas of the central nervous system. Microscopic anatomy of these tumors has been a much debated question and is responsible for the numerous denominations proposed: angiomatosis, capillary angiomas, angioreticulomas, haemangiomas, haemangioendotheliomas, haemangiopericytomas, angioblastic meningiomas; haemangioblastoma seems the most correct. Recent studies in optical and mainly electron microscopy do not allow exact typing of tumoral cells and histogenesis remains uncertain. It is generally accepted that the tumor arises in vascular nesenchyme as a result of dygenetic abnormality. This theory provides a rational explanation for visceral localizations and classification of Lindau disease among phakomatoses. An hereditary factor is present in 25 percent of cases, mainly in multifocal localizations. In the second part, interest is focused on spinal haemangioblastomas, 17 extradural, 121 subdural haemangioblastomas are studied and listed. Extradural tumors are always solitary, mostly in the dorsal area. Subdural tumors may be out of the cord (10 tumors), on the posterior roots (28 tumors), or within the cord. The lesions are situated mainly in the cervicodorsal and dorsolumbar regions. Intramedullary haemangioblastomas are situated in nearly all cases in the dorsal part of the cord behind the central canal. They are close to the dorsal surface of the cord (60 percent) or partly out of the cord (6 percent) or totally intramedullary (30 percent). Cysts close to the tumor or at a distance are present in nearly 50 percent of cases and their origin is still questionnable. Clinical patterns have no special peculiarities, syrinomyelic symptomatology occurs in only 25 percent of cases. Neuroradiology and mainly spinal angiography are a very important step. Angiography was performed in 23 cases (36 tumors). Feeding vessels arise from the posterior system (33 cases) and the anterior system (19 cases). A dark blush indicates the tumor, disappears within 16 to 35 seconds, and can be easily differentiated from arterio venous malformations. The opportunity for spinal angiography depends on clinical and radiological criteria as well as the natural history of the disease. Total removal is the only effective treatment of haemangioblastomas of the cor. Accurate localization of feeding arteries and venous drainage through spinal angiography, preoperative embolization if possible and microsugical techniques applied to cord lesions allow thie ideal treatment. But a lot of problems remain unsolved.", "PMID": 1103000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_78", "title": "Distribution of radioactivity in tissues after the intravenous injection of free and acrylic particle bound-porcine 125I-neurophysin-I into rats and rabbits.", "content": "Porcine neurophysin-I iodinated with Na125I was injected intravenously into rats and rabbits, and the rate of disappearance of radioactivity from the peripheral system was measured. Radioactively-labeled neurophysin bound to polymethylmethacrylic particles was similarly infected into the animals. The half-time for the loss of radioactivity from samples of whole blood was 6.1--6.4 min as determined over the first 5 min after administration of the protein. There was no significant difference in the half-time calculated when the radioactivity present in the trichloroacetic acid-insoluble material present in the se-um was measured. 15 min after the injection of labeled protein there was a maximum and massive uptake of radioactivity in the kidney consistent with this tissue's being important in the degradation of neurophysin. Immunoperoxidase histochemical techniques were applied to formalin-fixed kidney slices and demonstrated the presence of neurophysin-like material localized in the cells of proximal tubules of the cortex and medulla. On binding neurophysin to acrylic particles there was approximately a 10-fold increase in the uptake of radioactivity in the lungs and a 33% reduction in activity in the kidneys, as measured at the 15-min time interval. Of the other tissues studied, excluding the thyroid gland and lungs, the uterus demonstrated the greatest uptake of radioactivity of fat tissue had the least accumulation of radioactive label.", "contents": "Distribution of radioactivity in tissues after the intravenous injection of free and acrylic particle bound-porcine 125I-neurophysin-I into rats and rabbits. Porcine neurophysin-I iodinated with Na125I was injected intravenously into rats and rabbits, and the rate of disappearance of radioactivity from the peripheral system was measured. Radioactively-labeled neurophysin bound to polymethylmethacrylic particles was similarly infected into the animals. The half-time for the loss of radioactivity from samples of whole blood was 6.1--6.4 min as determined over the first 5 min after administration of the protein. There was no significant difference in the half-time calculated when the radioactivity present in the trichloroacetic acid-insoluble material present in the se-um was measured. 15 min after the injection of labeled protein there was a maximum and massive uptake of radioactivity in the kidney consistent with this tissue's being important in the degradation of neurophysin. Immunoperoxidase histochemical techniques were applied to formalin-fixed kidney slices and demonstrated the presence of neurophysin-like material localized in the cells of proximal tubules of the cortex and medulla. On binding neurophysin to acrylic particles there was approximately a 10-fold increase in the uptake of radioactivity in the lungs and a 33% reduction in activity in the kidneys, as measured at the 15-min time interval. Of the other tissues studied, excluding the thyroid gland and lungs, the uterus demonstrated the greatest uptake of radioactivity of fat tissue had the least accumulation of radioactive label.", "PMID": 1103002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_79", "title": "Potentiation of luteinizing hormone release by estradiol at the level of the pituitary.", "content": "The objective of this study was to determine the influence of estradiol-17beta and/or progesterone on gonadotropon secretion at the level of the pituitary. Female rats in which the hypothalamo-hypophyseal connections had been permanently interrupted after castration served as the experimental model in which the effect of estradiol and/or progesterone on LH-RH-induced gonadotropin release was examined. In out experimental animals, LH secretion was readily activated by LH-RH administration. LH release was greatly augmented by the prior administration of estradiol benzoate (1 mug/kg b.w./day). Progesterone (5 mg/day) in the absence of estradiol did not modify the 10-min responese to LH-RH but reduced the enhancement of LH secretion caused by estradiol pretreatment. Our findings suggest that estradiol potentiated the releasing effect of LH-RH at the level of the gonadotroph, whereas progesterone interfered with the potentiation effect. Plasma levels of FSH were not significantly elevated above the basal value by the administration of LH-RH alone, or in combination with estradiol and/or progesterone.", "contents": "Potentiation of luteinizing hormone release by estradiol at the level of the pituitary. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of estradiol-17beta and/or progesterone on gonadotropon secretion at the level of the pituitary. Female rats in which the hypothalamo-hypophyseal connections had been permanently interrupted after castration served as the experimental model in which the effect of estradiol and/or progesterone on LH-RH-induced gonadotropin release was examined. In out experimental animals, LH secretion was readily activated by LH-RH administration. LH release was greatly augmented by the prior administration of estradiol benzoate (1 mug/kg b.w./day). Progesterone (5 mg/day) in the absence of estradiol did not modify the 10-min responese to LH-RH but reduced the enhancement of LH secretion caused by estradiol pretreatment. Our findings suggest that estradiol potentiated the releasing effect of LH-RH at the level of the gonadotroph, whereas progesterone interfered with the potentiation effect. Plasma levels of FSH were not significantly elevated above the basal value by the administration of LH-RH alone, or in combination with estradiol and/or progesterone.", "PMID": 1103003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_80", "title": "[Treatment of radiculo-spinal complications of cervic arthrosis with Cloward's method. Results concerning 370 patients].", "content": "370 patients exhibiting a brachial radiculalgia or a spinal cord disease due to cervicarthrosis were submitted to surgery according to Cloward's technique; freeing or grafting were performed in 682 levels. A study of this surgical management is made and compared with the other therapeutical modalities. A consensus of the results leads to offer this kind of mangement to the initial stage of the disease before the appearing of definitive sclerotic or atrophic lesions. The arthrosic lesions interesting numerous levels, the anatomic-clinical discrepancies concerning the injured level, the misknowledge of the exact physiopathogenesis of the nervous lesions, plead in favour of anterior cervical grafts interesting numerous levels.", "contents": "[Treatment of radiculo-spinal complications of cervic arthrosis with Cloward's method. Results concerning 370 patients]. 370 patients exhibiting a brachial radiculalgia or a spinal cord disease due to cervicarthrosis were submitted to surgery according to Cloward's technique; freeing or grafting were performed in 682 levels. A study of this surgical management is made and compared with the other therapeutical modalities. A consensus of the results leads to offer this kind of mangement to the initial stage of the disease before the appearing of definitive sclerotic or atrophic lesions. The arthrosic lesions interesting numerous levels, the anatomic-clinical discrepancies concerning the injured level, the misknowledge of the exact physiopathogenesis of the nervous lesions, plead in favour of anterior cervical grafts interesting numerous levels.", "PMID": 1102999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_81", "title": "Pre-, peri- and postnatal prevention of major neuropediatric handicaps.", "content": "Actual preventive aspects on major neuropediatric handicaps -- particularly cerebral palsy and severe mental retardation -- are surveyed. Based on Swedish epidemiologic studies on the changing pattern through 1954--70 it has been possible to conclude that postnatal preventive measures are largely completed, and that perinatal brain damage syndromes have significantly decreased, while prenatal mechanisms now dominate and still constitute mainly unsolved problems. The study has convincingly revealed that modern neonatal intensive care does pay and has given favorable gains not only in surviving but in undamaged babies.", "contents": "Pre-, peri- and postnatal prevention of major neuropediatric handicaps. Actual preventive aspects on major neuropediatric handicaps -- particularly cerebral palsy and severe mental retardation -- are surveyed. Based on Swedish epidemiologic studies on the changing pattern through 1954--70 it has been possible to conclude that postnatal preventive measures are largely completed, and that perinatal brain damage syndromes have significantly decreased, while prenatal mechanisms now dominate and still constitute mainly unsolved problems. The study has convincingly revealed that modern neonatal intensive care does pay and has given favorable gains not only in surviving but in undamaged babies.", "PMID": 1103004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_82", "title": "[Pyrasanone in the treatment of rheumatism].", "content": "The results of a set of experiments conducted on a new non-steroid antirheumatic preparation--pyrasanone (Carudol)--are presented and its indications in the general management of the disease are noted. The pharmacokinetics and therapeutic efficacy of the new drug are described. Statistical analysis showed it to be more effective than hexahydropyrazine, diphenylbutazone, indomethacin and oxyphenbutazone. A basic therapeutic approach is suggested in accordance with the pharmacodynamic aspects of the drug and the results observed in a clinical trial on 719 subjects. Pyrasanone has low toxicity and is well tolerated. Due caution in the administration of antirheumatic drugs should nevertheless be maintained during its use.", "contents": "[Pyrasanone in the treatment of rheumatism]. The results of a set of experiments conducted on a new non-steroid antirheumatic preparation--pyrasanone (Carudol)--are presented and its indications in the general management of the disease are noted. The pharmacokinetics and therapeutic efficacy of the new drug are described. Statistical analysis showed it to be more effective than hexahydropyrazine, diphenylbutazone, indomethacin and oxyphenbutazone. A basic therapeutic approach is suggested in accordance with the pharmacodynamic aspects of the drug and the results observed in a clinical trial on 719 subjects. Pyrasanone has low toxicity and is well tolerated. Due caution in the administration of antirheumatic drugs should nevertheless be maintained during its use.", "PMID": 1103007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_83", "title": "[Psychoactive effect of vincamine in a group of subjects affected by recurrent depressive syndrome. Preliminary note].", "content": "Preliminary clinical results with an association of high doses of vincamine and chlordiazepoxide in subjects with recurrent depression are presented. It is felt that vincamine has a clinically appreciable psychoactive action.", "contents": "[Psychoactive effect of vincamine in a group of subjects affected by recurrent depressive syndrome. Preliminary note]. Preliminary clinical results with an association of high doses of vincamine and chlordiazepoxide in subjects with recurrent depression are presented. It is felt that vincamine has a clinically appreciable psychoactive action.", "PMID": 1103012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_84", "title": "[Clinical studies on the use of gangliosides in acute cerebrovascular diseases].", "content": "20-40 Mg per day of gangliosides in association with the therapy already in use were given to patients suffering from acute cerebreal vascular lesions. The results reported in the present work refer to the time necessary for the return to normal functionality. It was observed that such parameter is practically half of that occuring in non-treated subjects. Therefore, the therapeutic usefulness of such glycolipids for the return to normal of the motor functionality and also of the coscience conditions of patients suffering from acute vascular CNS lesions is underlined.", "contents": "[Clinical studies on the use of gangliosides in acute cerebrovascular diseases]. 20-40 Mg per day of gangliosides in association with the therapy already in use were given to patients suffering from acute cerebreal vascular lesions. The results reported in the present work refer to the time necessary for the return to normal functionality. It was observed that such parameter is practically half of that occuring in non-treated subjects. Therefore, the therapeutic usefulness of such glycolipids for the return to normal of the motor functionality and also of the coscience conditions of patients suffering from acute vascular CNS lesions is underlined.", "PMID": 1103014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_85", "title": "[Hypnosis in history and at present].", "content": "The principal stages in the history of hypnosis are reviewed, from the forerunners of Mesmer to the founder of \"animal magnetism\" himself, to Braid, and the entire hypnological movement of the nineteenth century. The work of Freud and the then and later relationships between hypnosis and psychoanalysis are discussed. A personal interpretation is offered for the phenomenon of the ups and downs of the popularity of hypnosis and reasons given for why its application should never decline again. After a brief review of modern theories of hypnosis and hypnotic techniques, the importance of the subject, over and above its uses in medical treatment, is emphasized, for hypnosis can be used as an invaluable tool for investigating the extraordinary reconstructional and creative possibilities inherent in the outer reaches of the human psyche.", "contents": "[Hypnosis in history and at present]. The principal stages in the history of hypnosis are reviewed, from the forerunners of Mesmer to the founder of \"animal magnetism\" himself, to Braid, and the entire hypnological movement of the nineteenth century. The work of Freud and the then and later relationships between hypnosis and psychoanalysis are discussed. A personal interpretation is offered for the phenomenon of the ups and downs of the popularity of hypnosis and reasons given for why its application should never decline again. After a brief review of modern theories of hypnosis and hypnotic techniques, the importance of the subject, over and above its uses in medical treatment, is emphasized, for hypnosis can be used as an invaluable tool for investigating the extraordinary reconstructional and creative possibilities inherent in the outer reaches of the human psyche.", "PMID": 1103015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_86", "title": "[Controlled double-blind study (SAMe-imipramine) in depressive syndromes].", "content": "Thirty one patients were treated with either S-Adenosylmethionine or Imipramine in a double-blind clinical trial comparing S-Adenosylmethionine (25 mg i.m. three times daily) with Imipramine (25 mg i.m. three times daily) administered for a period of three weeks. Hamilton Rating scores showed no significant differences between treatments, but such slight differences as were observed favoured S-Adenosylmethionine.", "contents": "[Controlled double-blind study (SAMe-imipramine) in depressive syndromes]. Thirty one patients were treated with either S-Adenosylmethionine or Imipramine in a double-blind clinical trial comparing S-Adenosylmethionine (25 mg i.m. three times daily) with Imipramine (25 mg i.m. three times daily) administered for a period of three weeks. Hamilton Rating scores showed no significant differences between treatments, but such slight differences as were observed favoured S-Adenosylmethionine.", "PMID": 1103017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_87", "title": "Tissue reactions to some dental implant materials. An in vivo study in white rats.", "content": "In a 10 week experimental investigation the tissue reactions to implantation of standardised test pieces made of a polysilicone, Silastic, Tantalum, Titanium and a cobalt-chromium alloy, Vitallium, were studied in the white rat. After 2 weeks, polysilicone, Tantalum and Titanium caused slight reactions whilst a comparatively strong round cell infiltration was observed around the cobalt-chromium test pieces. After 10 weeks, no cellular infiltration was demonstrable around any of the implant materials. The now all appeared inert and were surrounded by a tough connective tissue.", "contents": "Tissue reactions to some dental implant materials. An in vivo study in white rats. In a 10 week experimental investigation the tissue reactions to implantation of standardised test pieces made of a polysilicone, Silastic, Tantalum, Titanium and a cobalt-chromium alloy, Vitallium, were studied in the white rat. After 2 weeks, polysilicone, Tantalum and Titanium caused slight reactions whilst a comparatively strong round cell infiltration was observed around the cobalt-chromium test pieces. After 10 weeks, no cellular infiltration was demonstrable around any of the implant materials. The now all appeared inert and were surrounded by a tough connective tissue.", "PMID": 1103035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_88", "title": "The simple approach to intraocular lens implantation.", "content": "The Copeland intraocular lens implant combined with the intracapsular cataract extraction technique is relatively easy to do when first starting intraocular lens surgery. It does not require switching over to the extracapsular technique or using suture material to secure the implant. It can be done with a Loupe by those who do not use a microscope. The lens is hinged securely in the plane of the pupil and is immobile even with extensive eye movement. The planned implantation should be cancelled if the eye is not soft with a shrunken vitreous body immediately after the lens is extracted. The talked about complications of uveitis and posterior lens membrane may be avoided by the use of steroids and No. 10-0 Ethylon or No. 9-0 silk sutures. After doing, over the past two years, 55 Copeland iris plane lenses combined with intracapsular cataract extraction, I find it to be a relatively simple procedure. It is certainly easier than using intraocular lenses that require either the remnants of lens cortex or capsule for implant fixation, or the tying of No. 10-0 Ethylon suture inside the anterior chamber.", "contents": "The simple approach to intraocular lens implantation. The Copeland intraocular lens implant combined with the intracapsular cataract extraction technique is relatively easy to do when first starting intraocular lens surgery. It does not require switching over to the extracapsular technique or using suture material to secure the implant. It can be done with a Loupe by those who do not use a microscope. The lens is hinged securely in the plane of the pupil and is immobile even with extensive eye movement. The planned implantation should be cancelled if the eye is not soft with a shrunken vitreous body immediately after the lens is extracted. The talked about complications of uveitis and posterior lens membrane may be avoided by the use of steroids and No. 10-0 Ethylon or No. 9-0 silk sutures. After doing, over the past two years, 55 Copeland iris plane lenses combined with intracapsular cataract extraction, I find it to be a relatively simple procedure. It is certainly easier than using intraocular lenses that require either the remnants of lens cortex or capsule for implant fixation, or the tying of No. 10-0 Ethylon suture inside the anterior chamber.", "PMID": 1103038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_89", "title": "Reconstruction of the lower lid in congenital microphthalmos and anophthalmos.", "content": "In congenital microphthalmos and anophthalmos, the socket and lids are often underdeveloped. Progressive dilation of the socket often does not increase the horizontal lid aperture or permit the use of a larger prosthesis. The authors present two cases in which a modified Mustarde cheek flap, lined with a tarsal-conjunctival graft, was used to reconstruct and lengthen the lower lid. This procedure results in a larger horizontal lid aperture and permits a larger prosthesis to be contained in the socket.", "contents": "Reconstruction of the lower lid in congenital microphthalmos and anophthalmos. In congenital microphthalmos and anophthalmos, the socket and lids are often underdeveloped. Progressive dilation of the socket often does not increase the horizontal lid aperture or permit the use of a larger prosthesis. The authors present two cases in which a modified Mustarde cheek flap, lined with a tarsal-conjunctival graft, was used to reconstruct and lengthen the lower lid. This procedure results in a larger horizontal lid aperture and permits a larger prosthesis to be contained in the socket.", "PMID": 1103039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_90", "title": "Phlyctenular keratoconjunctivitis: results of penetrating keratoplasty in Alaskan natives.", "content": "Corneal scarring secondary to inactive phlyctenular keratoconjunctivitis (PKC) is a significant cause of decreased vision in Alaskan Natives. The results of primary penetrating keratoplasty for such cases at the Alaska Native Medical Center form the basis of this report. Eighteen cases met the criteria established for this study. Fourteen (79 percent) had clear grafts at least six months after surgery (average follow-up: 46 months). Of the twelve grafts performed using 10-0 nylon and the operating microscope, 11 (92 percent) were clear. Twelve of the 14 persons with clear grafts had improved vision of at least two lines on the Snellen chart. On the basis of this report, penetrating keratoplasty for corneal scarring due to PKC seems to have a favorable prognosis.", "contents": "Phlyctenular keratoconjunctivitis: results of penetrating keratoplasty in Alaskan natives. Corneal scarring secondary to inactive phlyctenular keratoconjunctivitis (PKC) is a significant cause of decreased vision in Alaskan Natives. The results of primary penetrating keratoplasty for such cases at the Alaska Native Medical Center form the basis of this report. Eighteen cases met the criteria established for this study. Fourteen (79 percent) had clear grafts at least six months after surgery (average follow-up: 46 months). Of the twelve grafts performed using 10-0 nylon and the operating microscope, 11 (92 percent) were clear. Twelve of the 14 persons with clear grafts had improved vision of at least two lines on the Snellen chart. On the basis of this report, penetrating keratoplasty for corneal scarring due to PKC seems to have a favorable prognosis.", "PMID": 1103040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_91", "title": "Groove-maker for cataract surgery.", "content": "The making of a groove in cataract surgery and the preplacement of one or more sutures into the groove has been advocated by many surgeons. An instrument that facilitates the performance of the surgical groove is introduced. This instrument, a modification of a corneal trephine, provides a neat, smooth groove of adjustable depth.", "contents": "Groove-maker for cataract surgery. The making of a groove in cataract surgery and the preplacement of one or more sutures into the groove has been advocated by many surgeons. An instrument that facilitates the performance of the surgical groove is introduced. This instrument, a modification of a corneal trephine, provides a neat, smooth groove of adjustable depth.", "PMID": 1103041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_92", "title": "Thermokeratoplasty for keratoconus.", "content": "Nine patients with severe keratoconus who were ready for penetrating keratoplasty underwent thermokeratoplasty with profound flattening of the cornea at the time of surgery. Keratometer readings returned to pretreatment levels in seven of the nine patients. Two patients have avoided penetrating keratoplasty due to improved contact lens fit following thermokeratoplasty despite the return of corneal steepness. Subsequent penetrating keratoplasty in five patients has been uneventful with all grafts remaining clear to date four to eight months postoperatively.", "contents": "Thermokeratoplasty for keratoconus. Nine patients with severe keratoconus who were ready for penetrating keratoplasty underwent thermokeratoplasty with profound flattening of the cornea at the time of surgery. Keratometer readings returned to pretreatment levels in seven of the nine patients. Two patients have avoided penetrating keratoplasty due to improved contact lens fit following thermokeratoplasty despite the return of corneal steepness. Subsequent penetrating keratoplasty in five patients has been uneventful with all grafts remaining clear to date four to eight months postoperatively.", "PMID": 1103042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_93", "title": "Inhibition of macrophage migration in Salmonella immunity.", "content": "Protein antigens were prepared from rough strains of Salmonella typhimurium and S. dublin by phenol and veronal-buffer extraction. It was shown that the in vitro migration of peritoneal exudate cells from guinea pigs that were immunized with rough avirulent mutants could be inhibited effectively with these antigens. The cells obtained from S. typhimurium-immunized guinea pigs were also sensitive to S. dublin antigens and vice versa. A degree of sensitivity and inhibition could be demonstrated consistently in a group of immunized guinea pigs. However, the variation in samples, even from among individual animals that had survived challenge, was so great that it precludes the use of the macrophage migration technique as a routine standard assay procedure for immunity.", "contents": "Inhibition of macrophage migration in Salmonella immunity. Protein antigens were prepared from rough strains of Salmonella typhimurium and S. dublin by phenol and veronal-buffer extraction. It was shown that the in vitro migration of peritoneal exudate cells from guinea pigs that were immunized with rough avirulent mutants could be inhibited effectively with these antigens. The cells obtained from S. typhimurium-immunized guinea pigs were also sensitive to S. dublin antigens and vice versa. A degree of sensitivity and inhibition could be demonstrated consistently in a group of immunized guinea pigs. However, the variation in samples, even from among individual animals that had survived challenge, was so great that it precludes the use of the macrophage migration technique as a routine standard assay procedure for immunity.", "PMID": 1103043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_94", "title": "Studies concerning the hsitotoxicity of isobutyl-2-cyanoacrylate tissue adhesive when employed as an oral hemostat.", "content": "An experimental study was implemented to determine the effectiveness of isobutyl-2-cyanoacrylate (bucrylate) as an oral hemostat, its influence on sequential wound healing, and its potential as a carcinogen. Segregated groups of equal numbers of male and female Long-Evans Hooded Rats underwent deep (socket) and superficial (surface) aerosol placement of bucrylate to maxillary molar extraction sites. Bucrylate proved to be an effective oral hemostat, rapidly retarding postextraction hemorrhage. Deep placement of the adhesive resulted in retarding of healing and lingering macrohistiocytic aggregates in wounds. Superficial placement of the material resulted in very little long-term macrohistiocytic response, and would healing showed little retardation. A neoplastic potential was not demonstrated for bucrylate.", "contents": "Studies concerning the hsitotoxicity of isobutyl-2-cyanoacrylate tissue adhesive when employed as an oral hemostat. An experimental study was implemented to determine the effectiveness of isobutyl-2-cyanoacrylate (bucrylate) as an oral hemostat, its influence on sequential wound healing, and its potential as a carcinogen. Segregated groups of equal numbers of male and female Long-Evans Hooded Rats underwent deep (socket) and superficial (surface) aerosol placement of bucrylate to maxillary molar extraction sites. Bucrylate proved to be an effective oral hemostat, rapidly retarding postextraction hemorrhage. Deep placement of the adhesive resulted in retarding of healing and lingering macrohistiocytic aggregates in wounds. Superficial placement of the material resulted in very little long-term macrohistiocytic response, and would healing showed little retardation. A neoplastic potential was not demonstrated for bucrylate.", "PMID": 1103045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_95", "title": "On the origin of plastids.", "content": "The buoyant density in CsCl of ribosomes from chloroplasts of the green alga Chlorella pyrenoidosa and two species of higher plants, Pisum sativum and Chenopodium album, has been studied. From the relative protein content it was calculated that 70S ribosomes from chloroplasts are much smaller than 80S cytoplasmic ribosomes (3.0-3.1 X 10(6) and 4.0 X 10(6) daltons) and slightly larger than 70S ribosomes from bacteria (E. coli 2.5 X 10(6) daltons). Chloroplast ribosomes from pea seedlings were analyzed by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. They appear to contain 71 proteins. This indicates that chloroplast ribosomes contain a larger number of proteins than do the ribosomes from E. coli and other species of Enterobacteriaceae. Further study will permit a probable evaluation of the validity of Mereschkowsky's hypothesis that the photosynthetic plastids of eukaryotic plant cells are the evolutionary descendants of endosymbiotic blue-green algae.", "contents": "On the origin of plastids. The buoyant density in CsCl of ribosomes from chloroplasts of the green alga Chlorella pyrenoidosa and two species of higher plants, Pisum sativum and Chenopodium album, has been studied. From the relative protein content it was calculated that 70S ribosomes from chloroplasts are much smaller than 80S cytoplasmic ribosomes (3.0-3.1 X 10(6) and 4.0 X 10(6) daltons) and slightly larger than 70S ribosomes from bacteria (E. coli 2.5 X 10(6) daltons). Chloroplast ribosomes from pea seedlings were analyzed by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. They appear to contain 71 proteins. This indicates that chloroplast ribosomes contain a larger number of proteins than do the ribosomes from E. coli and other species of Enterobacteriaceae. Further study will permit a probable evaluation of the validity of Mereschkowsky's hypothesis that the photosynthetic plastids of eukaryotic plant cells are the evolutionary descendants of endosymbiotic blue-green algae.", "PMID": 1103046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_96", "title": "The nature of age immunity to Plasmodium berghei in the rat.", "content": "The intensity of Plasmodium berghei infections decreases as the age of the rat host increases. The nature of this 'age immunity' was investigated. No experimental support was found for innate resistance involving either serum non-antibody factors or changes in the erythrocytes that inhibit parasites in older rats. A cross reacting immune response active against P. berghei was not found. Evidence is presented which shows that rats less than 7 weeks old lack at least part of the functional immunological apparatus by which older rats produce a protective immune response. It is suggested that the defect might involve T lymphocytes.", "contents": "The nature of age immunity to Plasmodium berghei in the rat. The intensity of Plasmodium berghei infections decreases as the age of the rat host increases. The nature of this 'age immunity' was investigated. No experimental support was found for innate resistance involving either serum non-antibody factors or changes in the erythrocytes that inhibit parasites in older rats. A cross reacting immune response active against P. berghei was not found. Evidence is presented which shows that rats less than 7 weeks old lack at least part of the functional immunological apparatus by which older rats produce a protective immune response. It is suggested that the defect might involve T lymphocytes.", "PMID": 1103066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_97", "title": "[Adherence of pathogenic Escherichia coli to epithelial cells isolated from the intestinal mucosa of the rabbit, inhibiting effect of hyperimmune bovine colostrum and of various carbohydrates (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to study the mode of action of a bovine anti-Escherichia coli lactoserum (BLS), we have used a new test measuring the adherence of pathogenic E. coli on epithelial cells isolated from the small intestine of rabbit. A mixed suspension of E. coli and of epithelial cells is incubated for 15 min and the number of bacteria adhering to the cells counted under the microscope. The BLS at a concentration of 3.5 mg/ml IgG is able to reduce this number by a factor of 3-5. After absorption of the BLS with formaldehyde-treated bacteria, this factor is smaller than 2. At a concentration of 5 mg/ml, D-mannose and alpha-methylmannoside are as efficient inhibitors of adherence as BLS; at the same concentration, L-mannose is ineffective. The cultures of E. coli strongly agglutinating guinea pig erythrocytes, adhere to a larger extent to the epithelial cells. The last two observations confirm the important role played by fimbriae for the adhesive properties of E. coli. The presence of fimbrial antibodies would partially explain the inhibiting effect of BLS on adherence.", "contents": "[Adherence of pathogenic Escherichia coli to epithelial cells isolated from the intestinal mucosa of the rabbit, inhibiting effect of hyperimmune bovine colostrum and of various carbohydrates (author's transl)]. In order to study the mode of action of a bovine anti-Escherichia coli lactoserum (BLS), we have used a new test measuring the adherence of pathogenic E. coli on epithelial cells isolated from the small intestine of rabbit. A mixed suspension of E. coli and of epithelial cells is incubated for 15 min and the number of bacteria adhering to the cells counted under the microscope. The BLS at a concentration of 3.5 mg/ml IgG is able to reduce this number by a factor of 3-5. After absorption of the BLS with formaldehyde-treated bacteria, this factor is smaller than 2. At a concentration of 5 mg/ml, D-mannose and alpha-methylmannoside are as efficient inhibitors of adherence as BLS; at the same concentration, L-mannose is ineffective. The cultures of E. coli strongly agglutinating guinea pig erythrocytes, adhere to a larger extent to the epithelial cells. The last two observations confirm the important role played by fimbriae for the adhesive properties of E. coli. The presence of fimbrial antibodies would partially explain the inhibiting effect of BLS on adherence.", "PMID": 1103067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_98", "title": "[Biometric study of Lamblia trophozoites of mammals in connection with taxonomic problems of the genus Lamblia].", "content": "Measurements were conducted of five species of Lamblia mounted and stained with ferreous hematoxylin. In order to obtain comparable results only mature trophozoites with medial bodies were measured. It was shown that the totality of biometrical indices of mature trophozoites is specific for each species studied; this demonstrates their distinct status and is contrary to Filice's view (1952). Of the studied species trophozoites of man (L. intestinalis), rabbit (L. duodenalis), vole (L. microti) and rat (L. simoni) have the same shape of the body but differ in absolute sizes. Trophozoites of the parasite of mice and rats, L. muris, differ from other species in a shorter body and in having spherical medial bodies. In this connection a question is raised concerning the according of a higher taxonomic status to this species.", "contents": "[Biometric study of Lamblia trophozoites of mammals in connection with taxonomic problems of the genus Lamblia]. Measurements were conducted of five species of Lamblia mounted and stained with ferreous hematoxylin. In order to obtain comparable results only mature trophozoites with medial bodies were measured. It was shown that the totality of biometrical indices of mature trophozoites is specific for each species studied; this demonstrates their distinct status and is contrary to Filice's view (1952). Of the studied species trophozoites of man (L. intestinalis), rabbit (L. duodenalis), vole (L. microti) and rat (L. simoni) have the same shape of the body but differ in absolute sizes. Trophozoites of the parasite of mice and rats, L. muris, differ from other species in a shorter body and in having spherical medial bodies. In this connection a question is raised concerning the according of a higher taxonomic status to this species.", "PMID": 1103064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_99", "title": "Validation of use of 11,12-2H-labeled chenodeoxycholic acid in isotope dilution measurements of bile acid kinetics in man.", "content": "Chenodeoxycholic acid labeled with 2H in the 11 and positions was prepared by catalytic reduction of delta 11-12 unsaturated derivatives of cholic acid. To validate the use of this stable isotope for the determination of bile acid kinetics by isotope dilution, it was administered to seven normal male volunteers simultaneously with [24-14C]chenodeoxycholic acid. Bile was collected at regular intervals over the following 5 days, and the chenodeoxycholic acid pool size and fractional turnover rate were determined from the specific activity decay curve for 14C and from the isotopic abundance curve for 2H. Estimates of the pool size by both isotopes showed a correlation of r = 0.95 and similar precision. Synthesis rate, the product of pool size and fractional turnover rate, also showed good agreement (r = 0.97), Because previous investigations have shown that bile acids tagged with hydrogen isotopes at the 11 and 12 positions are stable in man, the present data suggest that 11, 12-2H-labeled bile acids may be used in place of radioactive isotopes for valid isotopic measurement of bile acid kinetics in healthy infants and children.", "contents": "Validation of use of 11,12-2H-labeled chenodeoxycholic acid in isotope dilution measurements of bile acid kinetics in man. Chenodeoxycholic acid labeled with 2H in the 11 and positions was prepared by catalytic reduction of delta 11-12 unsaturated derivatives of cholic acid. To validate the use of this stable isotope for the determination of bile acid kinetics by isotope dilution, it was administered to seven normal male volunteers simultaneously with [24-14C]chenodeoxycholic acid. Bile was collected at regular intervals over the following 5 days, and the chenodeoxycholic acid pool size and fractional turnover rate were determined from the specific activity decay curve for 14C and from the isotopic abundance curve for 2H. Estimates of the pool size by both isotopes showed a correlation of r = 0.95 and similar precision. Synthesis rate, the product of pool size and fractional turnover rate, also showed good agreement (r = 0.97), Because previous investigations have shown that bile acids tagged with hydrogen isotopes at the 11 and 12 positions are stable in man, the present data suggest that 11, 12-2H-labeled bile acids may be used in place of radioactive isotopes for valid isotopic measurement of bile acid kinetics in healthy infants and children.", "PMID": 1103070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_100", "title": "The alternative pathway of complement activation in the neonate.", "content": "C3PA (factor B) concentrations taken as an indication of alternate pathway development for neonates and adults were compared. The mean level for umbilical cord sera was 39 +/- 2%, with a range of 19.5-77.5%. The normal adult mean level was 74 +/- 4%, with a range of 43-108%. The difference between the two is highly significant (P less than 0.001). The ration of neonatal C3PA to adult C3PA is 0.52 +/- 0.10. In only one case was the newborn level greater than the mean adult value. There is positive correlation, r = 0.18, with gestational age, although it falls short of statistical significance (P greater than 0.1). There were no differences between the male and female neonates. C3PA titers were compared with C3 concentrations and so plotted. Although there was a positive correlation, r = 0.22, it was not statistically significant (P = 0.1). In an infant with gram-negative septicemia, the C3PA concentrations were much greater than the mean value found in normal cord sera. They were also greater than the mean value for normal adult C3PA titers, the multiple being 1.8-2.5. On first determination, after 2 days of normal to slightly elevated temperatures, a value of 132 +/- 6% was found. The second determination with a spike to 101.5 degrees F, and gave the highest of the three titers, 185 +/- 4%. At the same time that the C3PA levels reached this peak, the fever dropped to normal. At the time of the last determination, the C3PA levels had returned to that of the original sample, 125 +/- 4%. This study demonstrates that the cord sera of the normal term neonate is deficient in C3 and C3PA when compared with adult controls. Neither C3 nor C3PA correlated with gestional age. C3PA levels increase steadily as C3 titers increase and comparable ratios to adult values indicate that the alternate pathway is probably maturing at the same rate as the classic pathway. The results in the septic infant may represent a response to an inflammatory condition (acute phase phenomena), a block in alternate pathway expression, or synthesis beyond increased C3PA catabolism.", "contents": "The alternative pathway of complement activation in the neonate. C3PA (factor B) concentrations taken as an indication of alternate pathway development for neonates and adults were compared. The mean level for umbilical cord sera was 39 +/- 2%, with a range of 19.5-77.5%. The normal adult mean level was 74 +/- 4%, with a range of 43-108%. The difference between the two is highly significant (P less than 0.001). The ration of neonatal C3PA to adult C3PA is 0.52 +/- 0.10. In only one case was the newborn level greater than the mean adult value. There is positive correlation, r = 0.18, with gestational age, although it falls short of statistical significance (P greater than 0.1). There were no differences between the male and female neonates. C3PA titers were compared with C3 concentrations and so plotted. Although there was a positive correlation, r = 0.22, it was not statistically significant (P = 0.1). In an infant with gram-negative septicemia, the C3PA concentrations were much greater than the mean value found in normal cord sera. They were also greater than the mean value for normal adult C3PA titers, the multiple being 1.8-2.5. On first determination, after 2 days of normal to slightly elevated temperatures, a value of 132 +/- 6% was found. The second determination with a spike to 101.5 degrees F, and gave the highest of the three titers, 185 +/- 4%. At the same time that the C3PA levels reached this peak, the fever dropped to normal. At the time of the last determination, the C3PA levels had returned to that of the original sample, 125 +/- 4%. This study demonstrates that the cord sera of the normal term neonate is deficient in C3 and C3PA when compared with adult controls. Neither C3 nor C3PA correlated with gestional age. C3PA levels increase steadily as C3 titers increase and comparable ratios to adult values indicate that the alternate pathway is probably maturing at the same rate as the classic pathway. The results in the septic infant may represent a response to an inflammatory condition (acute phase phenomena), a block in alternate pathway expression, or synthesis beyond increased C3PA catabolism.", "PMID": 1103071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_101", "title": "Efficacy of dyphylline (dihydroxypropyltheophylline) in exercise-induced bronchospasm.", "content": "The efficacy of dyphlline in prevention of exercise-induced bronchospasm (EIB) was studied in seven subjects. A single 15 mg/kg dose of dyphylline 40 minutes prior to exercise prevented EIB as documented by a significantly smaller mean greatest percent decrease in forced expiratory volume in one second when compared to placebo. Mean serum dyphylline concentrations 40 minutes after a dose of 15 mg/kg were probably in the lower portion of the therapeutic range.", "contents": "Efficacy of dyphylline (dihydroxypropyltheophylline) in exercise-induced bronchospasm. The efficacy of dyphlline in prevention of exercise-induced bronchospasm (EIB) was studied in seven subjects. A single 15 mg/kg dose of dyphylline 40 minutes prior to exercise prevented EIB as documented by a significantly smaller mean greatest percent decrease in forced expiratory volume in one second when compared to placebo. Mean serum dyphylline concentrations 40 minutes after a dose of 15 mg/kg were probably in the lower portion of the therapeutic range.", "PMID": 1103074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_102", "title": "The pharmacological assessment of single drugs and drug combinations in exercise-induced asthma.", "content": "The relative effectiveness of ephedrine, theophylline, hydroxyzine, and their combinations in relieving cycloergometer exercise-induced asthma were studied in 16 children and adolescents. Ephedrine had no effect on post-exercise asthma, hydroxyzine had weak effect on hastening recovery, while theophylline modified on the post-exercise response significantly. The three drugs together produced an additive effect superior to that of theohylline alone.", "contents": "The pharmacological assessment of single drugs and drug combinations in exercise-induced asthma. The relative effectiveness of ephedrine, theophylline, hydroxyzine, and their combinations in relieving cycloergometer exercise-induced asthma were studied in 16 children and adolescents. Ephedrine had no effect on post-exercise asthma, hydroxyzine had weak effect on hastening recovery, while theophylline modified on the post-exercise response significantly. The three drugs together produced an additive effect superior to that of theohylline alone.", "PMID": 1103075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_103", "title": "Computer-assisted diagnosis by a model-free system of direct data analysis.", "content": "The basis of the method of data analysis presented is, in the case of any diagnostic test, the automatic compilation of separate frequency distributions for each diagnostic classification. The distinction of different test results for different diseases (the correlation for which the tests are used) can thus be quantitatively monitored. This offers opportunities for more specific control of the accuracy of the data base. Measurements of relative frequencies obtained from the frequency distributions of individuals with and without a given disease can serve as a quantitative handle for the selection of the combination of tests, and for adjustments of individual parameters, which will maximize the discrimination. The usual cutoffs are not used. A data-processing system can serve for the direct incorporation of patient chart data (including test results), and for the automation of the analysis described, with pattern recognition or cluster-seeking techniques. The ability of this system of analysis to minimize some of the problems associated with methods utilizing mathematical models is discussed.", "contents": "Computer-assisted diagnosis by a model-free system of direct data analysis. The basis of the method of data analysis presented is, in the case of any diagnostic test, the automatic compilation of separate frequency distributions for each diagnostic classification. The distinction of different test results for different diseases (the correlation for which the tests are used) can thus be quantitatively monitored. This offers opportunities for more specific control of the accuracy of the data base. Measurements of relative frequencies obtained from the frequency distributions of individuals with and without a given disease can serve as a quantitative handle for the selection of the combination of tests, and for adjustments of individual parameters, which will maximize the discrimination. The usual cutoffs are not used. A data-processing system can serve for the direct incorporation of patient chart data (including test results), and for the automation of the analysis described, with pattern recognition or cluster-seeking techniques. The ability of this system of analysis to minimize some of the problems associated with methods utilizing mathematical models is discussed.", "PMID": 1103076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_104", "title": "Effects of changes in serum osmolarity on bulk flow of fluid into cerebral ventricles and on brain water content.", "content": "The effects of changes in serum osmolarity on the rate and osmolarity of bulk flow of fluid into the cerebral ventricles and on cortical white and grey matter water content were studied in cats. Bulk flow rates and osmolarities were measured during ventriculocisternal perfusion both before and after intravenous infusion of glucose solutions. Infusions of glucose in concentrations greater than 6% decreased fluid bulk flow rate and its osmolarity. Glucose in concentrations less than 6 percent increased fluid bulk flow rate and decreased its osmolarity. Bulk flow rate and serum osmolarity were found to be linearly related with a coefficient of osmotic flow of minus 0.835 mul/min per mOsm/l. At the extremes of induced serum osmolarities, (290 and 360 mOsm/l) bulk flow rate was either increased by 120 percent or completely inhibited. Effluent osmolarity also increased proportionately to serum osmolarity (0.338 mOsm/l per mOsm/l). When compared to controls, cortical grey and white matter water content increased by 1.9 percent and 2.9 percent, respectively, when the infused glucose concentration was 2.5 percent or less, and decreased by 1.8 percent and 2.9 percent when the concentration was 10 percent or more. The results of these experiments suggest that the increased bulk flow comes from the brain, rather then directly from the blood.", "contents": "Effects of changes in serum osmolarity on bulk flow of fluid into cerebral ventricles and on brain water content. The effects of changes in serum osmolarity on the rate and osmolarity of bulk flow of fluid into the cerebral ventricles and on cortical white and grey matter water content were studied in cats. Bulk flow rates and osmolarities were measured during ventriculocisternal perfusion both before and after intravenous infusion of glucose solutions. Infusions of glucose in concentrations greater than 6% decreased fluid bulk flow rate and its osmolarity. Glucose in concentrations less than 6 percent increased fluid bulk flow rate and decreased its osmolarity. Bulk flow rate and serum osmolarity were found to be linearly related with a coefficient of osmotic flow of minus 0.835 mul/min per mOsm/l. At the extremes of induced serum osmolarities, (290 and 360 mOsm/l) bulk flow rate was either increased by 120 percent or completely inhibited. Effluent osmolarity also increased proportionately to serum osmolarity (0.338 mOsm/l per mOsm/l). When compared to controls, cortical grey and white matter water content increased by 1.9 percent and 2.9 percent, respectively, when the infused glucose concentration was 2.5 percent or less, and decreased by 1.8 percent and 2.9 percent when the concentration was 10 percent or more. The results of these experiments suggest that the increased bulk flow comes from the brain, rather then directly from the blood.", "PMID": 1103083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_105", "title": "Heterogeneity of mitochondrial DNA from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and genetic information for tRNA.", "content": "Mitochondrial DNA from wild-type Saccharomyces cerevisiae and from an \"extreme\" petite mutant were analyzed by hybridization of several tRNAs on DNA fragments of different buoyant density, obtained by sonication and fractionation on a CsCl gradient. The hybridization patterns show that the genes for tRNAser, tRNAphe, tRNAhis, tRNAval, tRNAileu are present on wild-type mitochondrial DNA, while only genes for tRNAser and tRNAhis are present on petite mitochondrial DNA; moreover the hybridization patterns indicate that these genes are not clustered and suggest that more than one gene might exist for tRNAser and tRNAhis.", "contents": "Heterogeneity of mitochondrial DNA from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and genetic information for tRNA. Mitochondrial DNA from wild-type Saccharomyces cerevisiae and from an \"extreme\" petite mutant were analyzed by hybridization of several tRNAs on DNA fragments of different buoyant density, obtained by sonication and fractionation on a CsCl gradient. The hybridization patterns show that the genes for tRNAser, tRNAphe, tRNAhis, tRNAval, tRNAileu are present on wild-type mitochondrial DNA, while only genes for tRNAser and tRNAhis are present on petite mitochondrial DNA; moreover the hybridization patterns indicate that these genes are not clustered and suggest that more than one gene might exist for tRNAser and tRNAhis.", "PMID": 1103084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_106", "title": "Primary structure of tRNA Arg II of E. coli B.", "content": "tRNA Arg II of E. coli has 77 nucleotides. There are eight minor nucleotides including inosine and 2-methyladenosine. Except for a few differences, the structure of tRNA Arg II is very similar to the structure of tRNA Arg I reported by Murao et al.3. The major difference is in the size of dihydrouridine loop. tRNA Arg II does not contain 2-thiocytosine. The unidentified nucleoside X seems to be a different modification other than nucleoside N reported to be present in tRNA Arg I.", "contents": "Primary structure of tRNA Arg II of E. coli B. tRNA Arg II of E. coli has 77 nucleotides. There are eight minor nucleotides including inosine and 2-methyladenosine. Except for a few differences, the structure of tRNA Arg II is very similar to the structure of tRNA Arg I reported by Murao et al.3. The major difference is in the size of dihydrouridine loop. tRNA Arg II does not contain 2-thiocytosine. The unidentified nucleoside X seems to be a different modification other than nucleoside N reported to be present in tRNA Arg I.", "PMID": 1103085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_107", "title": "Effect of sodium bisulfite modification on the arginine acceptance of E. coli tRNA Arg.", "content": "Escherichia coli tRNA Arg was treated with sodium bisulfite to convert exposed cytosine residues to uracil. This treatment resulted in the loss of amino acid acceptance of the tRNA Arg with pseudo first-order reaction kinetics. The active and inactive molecules were separated after about 60e active and inactive molecules were separated after about 60 percent inactivation and analyzed for U in various positions by finger-printing of the oligonucleotides produced by nucleases. The results show that C to U base transitions in the dihydrouridine loop and in the CCA terminus have no effect on the aminoacylation of this tRNA. Deamination of a cytosine residue at the second position of the anticodon resulted in the loss of amino acid acceptor activity of arginine transfer RNA.", "contents": "Effect of sodium bisulfite modification on the arginine acceptance of E. coli tRNA Arg. Escherichia coli tRNA Arg was treated with sodium bisulfite to convert exposed cytosine residues to uracil. This treatment resulted in the loss of amino acid acceptance of the tRNA Arg with pseudo first-order reaction kinetics. The active and inactive molecules were separated after about 60e active and inactive molecules were separated after about 60 percent inactivation and analyzed for U in various positions by finger-printing of the oligonucleotides produced by nucleases. The results show that C to U base transitions in the dihydrouridine loop and in the CCA terminus have no effect on the aminoacylation of this tRNA. Deamination of a cytosine residue at the second position of the anticodon resulted in the loss of amino acid acceptor activity of arginine transfer RNA.", "PMID": 1103086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_108", "title": "Physical mapping of the central terminator for transcription on the bacteriophage M13 genome.", "content": "With the aid of in vitro transcription and translation studies it has been demonstrated that termination of transcription on bacteriophage M13 replicative form DNA occurs at a unique site which is located immediately distal to the 3'-end of gene VIII, the gene which codes for the major capsid protein. The position of this site has been mapped accurately on the enzyme cleavage maps by transcription of restriction fragments of M13 RF DNA. The central termination site was found to be located in restriction fragment Hap-B2 at 450 nucleotides from the 5'-end of its viral strand (0.77 fractional length clockwise from the unique Hind II enzyme cleavage site).", "contents": "Physical mapping of the central terminator for transcription on the bacteriophage M13 genome. With the aid of in vitro transcription and translation studies it has been demonstrated that termination of transcription on bacteriophage M13 replicative form DNA occurs at a unique site which is located immediately distal to the 3'-end of gene VIII, the gene which codes for the major capsid protein. The position of this site has been mapped accurately on the enzyme cleavage maps by transcription of restriction fragments of M13 RF DNA. The central termination site was found to be located in restriction fragment Hap-B2 at 450 nucleotides from the 5'-end of its viral strand (0.77 fractional length clockwise from the unique Hind II enzyme cleavage site).", "PMID": 1103087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_109", "title": "Physical studies of the interaction between the Escherichia coli DNA binding protein and nucleic acids.", "content": "The interaction of nucleic acid with the Escherichia coli DNA-binding protein has been studied by fluorescence emission spectroscopy and sedimentation velocity analysis. The protein binds to single-strand DNA with an apparent equilibrium dissociation constant of 2 X 10(-9). It binds to the homopolymers poly (dA) and poly (dT) slightly more tightly, but has a larger apparent equilibrium dissociation constant to poly (dC). The protein also binds tightly to ribohomopolymers and to tRNA, but not to duplex DNA. By the use of defined-length oligonucleotides, it has been shown that the protein binds to DNA in a highly cooperative manner. The extent of cooperativity is seen as the difference in binding between an isolated monomeric protein molecule bound to DNA and two or more molecules binding to contiguous sites.", "contents": "Physical studies of the interaction between the Escherichia coli DNA binding protein and nucleic acids. The interaction of nucleic acid with the Escherichia coli DNA-binding protein has been studied by fluorescence emission spectroscopy and sedimentation velocity analysis. The protein binds to single-strand DNA with an apparent equilibrium dissociation constant of 2 X 10(-9). It binds to the homopolymers poly (dA) and poly (dT) slightly more tightly, but has a larger apparent equilibrium dissociation constant to poly (dC). The protein also binds tightly to ribohomopolymers and to tRNA, but not to duplex DNA. By the use of defined-length oligonucleotides, it has been shown that the protein binds to DNA in a highly cooperative manner. The extent of cooperativity is seen as the difference in binding between an isolated monomeric protein molecule bound to DNA and two or more molecules binding to contiguous sites.", "PMID": 1103088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_110", "title": "Evidence for tertiary structural RNA-RNA interactions within the protein S4 binding site at the 5'-end of 16S ribosomal RNA of Escherichia coli.+.", "content": "Evidence is presented for tertiary structural interaction(s) (interactions(s) between two regions of an RNA molecule that are widely separated in the RNA sequence) within the 5'-one third of the 16S ribosomal RNA of Escherichia coli that constitutes the binding site of protein S4. The two main interacting RNA regions were separated by about 120 nucleotides (sections Q to M) of the 16S RNA sequence. A second, smaller gap, of 13 nucleotides, occurred within section C\". The two main interacting regions contain about 150 nucleotides (sections H\" to Q) and 160 nucleotides (sections M to C\"). They are folded back on one another and, especially in the presence of protein S4, are strongly protected against ribonuclease digestion. The intermediate region (sections Q to M), however, is relatively accessible to ribonucleases in the S4-RNP. By partial removal of subfragments from the RNA complex it was possible to localise the two main interacting sites within sections H\" - H and sections I\" - C\". Three main criteria for the specificity of the RNA-RNA interactions were invoked and satisfied. The possibility of other tertiary structural RNA-RNA interactions occurring in other regions of the 16S RNA is discussed. Finally, all the structural information on the S4-RNP is summarised and a tentative model is proposed.", "contents": "Evidence for tertiary structural RNA-RNA interactions within the protein S4 binding site at the 5'-end of 16S ribosomal RNA of Escherichia coli.+. Evidence is presented for tertiary structural interaction(s) (interactions(s) between two regions of an RNA molecule that are widely separated in the RNA sequence) within the 5'-one third of the 16S ribosomal RNA of Escherichia coli that constitutes the binding site of protein S4. The two main interacting RNA regions were separated by about 120 nucleotides (sections Q to M) of the 16S RNA sequence. A second, smaller gap, of 13 nucleotides, occurred within section C\". The two main interacting regions contain about 150 nucleotides (sections H\" to Q) and 160 nucleotides (sections M to C\"). They are folded back on one another and, especially in the presence of protein S4, are strongly protected against ribonuclease digestion. The intermediate region (sections Q to M), however, is relatively accessible to ribonucleases in the S4-RNP. By partial removal of subfragments from the RNA complex it was possible to localise the two main interacting sites within sections H\" - H and sections I\" - C\". Three main criteria for the specificity of the RNA-RNA interactions were invoked and satisfied. The possibility of other tertiary structural RNA-RNA interactions occurring in other regions of the 16S RNA is discussed. Finally, all the structural information on the S4-RNP is summarised and a tentative model is proposed.", "PMID": 1103089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_111", "title": "Hybridization of labeled RNA to DNA in agarose gels.", "content": "Specific DNA restriction endonuclease fragments can be identified after electrophoresis in agarose gels by hybridization in the gel (in situ) to radioactive homologous RNA. RNA-DNA hybrids are detected by autoradiography of the gel. Comparison of band patterns of the autoradiogram and the ethidium bromide stained gel allows the identification of the DNA fragment which is complementary to the RNA probe. The technique is rapid, easy and inexpensive. It is sensitive enough to detect individual genes in a mixture of fragments produced by restriction enzyme digestion of complex cellular DNA. We have used this technique to determine which of the Hin III and Eco R1 fragments of phi80d3ilv+su+7 and E. coli DNAs contain the 5S, 16S and 23S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes of E. coli.", "contents": "Hybridization of labeled RNA to DNA in agarose gels. Specific DNA restriction endonuclease fragments can be identified after electrophoresis in agarose gels by hybridization in the gel (in situ) to radioactive homologous RNA. RNA-DNA hybrids are detected by autoradiography of the gel. Comparison of band patterns of the autoradiogram and the ethidium bromide stained gel allows the identification of the DNA fragment which is complementary to the RNA probe. The technique is rapid, easy and inexpensive. It is sensitive enough to detect individual genes in a mixture of fragments produced by restriction enzyme digestion of complex cellular DNA. We have used this technique to determine which of the Hin III and Eco R1 fragments of phi80d3ilv+su+7 and E. coli DNAs contain the 5S, 16S and 23S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes of E. coli.", "PMID": 1103090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_112", "title": "The influence of the peptide chain length on the activity of peptidyl-tRNA hydrolase from E. coli.", "content": "The dependence of the Vmax and Km on the length of the peptide moiety in the peptidyl-tRNA series (Gly)n-Val tRNA, was measured in the system peptidyl-tRNA  hydrolase-peptidyl-tRNA. It was found that the Km value decreases from 7.2 X 10-7 M for Gly-Val-tRNA to 4.6 X 10-7 M FOR (Gly)2-Val-tRNA and to 1.7 X 10-7M for (Gly)3-Val-tRNA; further increase of the peptide chain is not followed by decrease of the Km. The Vmax values are 5.7 pmole/min/EU for Gly-Val-tRNA and 42 pmole/min/EU for (Gly)3-Val-tRNA. The enzyme activity is inhibited competitively by uncharged tRNA with a KI value of about 10-5M. The significance of these results described in this paper, in relation to the fact that peptides and peptide esters do not inhibit the enzyme activity, and in relation to the proposed physiological role of the enzyme, is discussed.", "contents": "The influence of the peptide chain length on the activity of peptidyl-tRNA hydrolase from E. coli. The dependence of the Vmax and Km on the length of the peptide moiety in the peptidyl-tRNA series (Gly)n-Val tRNA, was measured in the system peptidyl-tRNA  hydrolase-peptidyl-tRNA. It was found that the Km value decreases from 7.2 X 10-7 M for Gly-Val-tRNA to 4.6 X 10-7 M FOR (Gly)2-Val-tRNA and to 1.7 X 10-7M for (Gly)3-Val-tRNA; further increase of the peptide chain is not followed by decrease of the Km. The Vmax values are 5.7 pmole/min/EU for Gly-Val-tRNA and 42 pmole/min/EU for (Gly)3-Val-tRNA. The enzyme activity is inhibited competitively by uncharged tRNA with a KI value of about 10-5M. The significance of these results described in this paper, in relation to the fact that peptides and peptide esters do not inhibit the enzyme activity, and in relation to the proposed physiological role of the enzyme, is discussed.", "PMID": 1103091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_113", "title": "[Effect of antibiotics on hemolysin production by bacteria causing mastitis in cattle].", "content": "Effect of six antibiotics on the hemolysin formation by 320 strains of Staphylococcus (including 112 S. aureus) and 100 strains of S. agalactiae isolated from cow udders, have been determined. Tests were performed on plates containing 5% horse red cells, but the hemolytic strains were tested on blood agar plates supplemented with 5% sheep, rabbit and calf cells in addition. One strain of S. aureus produced the rings of hemolysis around the zones of growth inhibition on the media containing the discs of penicillin, erythromycin, oxyterramycin and chloramphenicol. Another strain of S. agalactiae produced similar rings, but only on the medium supplemented with penicillin. On the calf blood agar plate, S. aureus produced the hemolytic rings only in association with streptomycin and neomycin. After five times of propagation on the nutrient agar, the hemolytic phenomenon was not reproducible. It may be suggested that in cow milk there are some inhibitors for hemolysin formation by Staphylococcus and S. agalactiae.", "contents": "[Effect of antibiotics on hemolysin production by bacteria causing mastitis in cattle]. Effect of six antibiotics on the hemolysin formation by 320 strains of Staphylococcus (including 112 S. aureus) and 100 strains of S. agalactiae isolated from cow udders, have been determined. Tests were performed on plates containing 5% horse red cells, but the hemolytic strains were tested on blood agar plates supplemented with 5% sheep, rabbit and calf cells in addition. One strain of S. aureus produced the rings of hemolysis around the zones of growth inhibition on the media containing the discs of penicillin, erythromycin, oxyterramycin and chloramphenicol. Another strain of S. agalactiae produced similar rings, but only on the medium supplemented with penicillin. On the calf blood agar plate, S. aureus produced the hemolytic rings only in association with streptomycin and neomycin. After five times of propagation on the nutrient agar, the hemolytic phenomenon was not reproducible. It may be suggested that in cow milk there are some inhibitors for hemolysin formation by Staphylococcus and S. agalactiae.", "PMID": 1103096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_114", "title": "[Course of beta-hemolytic E. coli carrier state in piglets during weaning].", "content": "The investigations were carried out on 22 sows and 44 piglets (one sow and 2 piglets from each litter). The pigs were divided into 4 groups according to the different additions to their diet during weaning which might have an effect on the carrier state and dissemination of beta-haemolytic E. coli. Group I was given a feed concentrate and separated milk, group II - a feed concentrate and sour milk, group III - a feed concentrate and milk with addition of garlic (200 mg/kg of body weight), group IV - a feed concentrate and milk with addition of vitamin C (20 mg/kg of body weight). The beta-haemolytic E. coli carrier state was examined before starting supplemental feeding (3 times between the 21st and 30th day of life) and after weaning (3 times between the 49th and 56th day of life). The carrier state under discussion was found in 27.2% of sows and in 25% of piglets at the beginning of supplemental feeding, and in 40.1% of sows and 36.3% of piglets during weaning, which means an increase of the number of carriers both among the sows and piglets at that time. Twenty-two strains of E. coli isolated from the carriers belonged to serotypes responsible for colibacteriosis of pigs (O149:K91, K88a, c, O8:K87, K88a, c, O139:K82); 23 strains belonging to E. coli groups O6, O8 and O116 were devoid of K and H antigens, 9 strains possessed a double O antigen (O9, O60: :H-, O117, O120: :H-, O102, O25: :H21). An inhibitory effect of the addition of sour milk to the feed on the intensity of the carrier state of beta-haemolytic E. coli was observed in piglets kept on that diet. The pathogenic strains of E. coli were observed more often in the carrier-piglets (60%), and in the sows predominated the strains of beta-haemolytic E. coli devoid of the K antigens.", "contents": "[Course of beta-hemolytic E. coli carrier state in piglets during weaning]. The investigations were carried out on 22 sows and 44 piglets (one sow and 2 piglets from each litter). The pigs were divided into 4 groups according to the different additions to their diet during weaning which might have an effect on the carrier state and dissemination of beta-haemolytic E. coli. Group I was given a feed concentrate and separated milk, group II - a feed concentrate and sour milk, group III - a feed concentrate and milk with addition of garlic (200 mg/kg of body weight), group IV - a feed concentrate and milk with addition of vitamin C (20 mg/kg of body weight). The beta-haemolytic E. coli carrier state was examined before starting supplemental feeding (3 times between the 21st and 30th day of life) and after weaning (3 times between the 49th and 56th day of life). The carrier state under discussion was found in 27.2% of sows and in 25% of piglets at the beginning of supplemental feeding, and in 40.1% of sows and 36.3% of piglets during weaning, which means an increase of the number of carriers both among the sows and piglets at that time. Twenty-two strains of E. coli isolated from the carriers belonged to serotypes responsible for colibacteriosis of pigs (O149:K91, K88a, c, O8:K87, K88a, c, O139:K82); 23 strains belonging to E. coli groups O6, O8 and O116 were devoid of K and H antigens, 9 strains possessed a double O antigen (O9, O60: :H-, O117, O120: :H-, O102, O25: :H21). An inhibitory effect of the addition of sour milk to the feed on the intensity of the carrier state of beta-haemolytic E. coli was observed in piglets kept on that diet. The pathogenic strains of E. coli were observed more often in the carrier-piglets (60%), and in the sows predominated the strains of beta-haemolytic E. coli devoid of the K antigens.", "PMID": 1103097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_115", "title": "Candida species and crop mycosis in broiler chickens.", "content": "A mycological survey of the crops of approximately 100 healthy birds from each of 6 grow-out operations revealed that the incidence of Candida in the crops ranged from 17.4 to 51.5% with a mean value of 32.3%. The population of Candida in the crops of birds found positive was of low magnitude in the majority of the chickens examined. Of the 573 birds examined in this study less than 1% exhibited visible lesions attributable to Candida. C. albicans comprised 95% of the isolates while C. ravautii, C. salmonicola, C. gulliermondi, C. papapsilosis, C. catenulata and C. brumptii comprised the remainder. The incidence and number of Candida in the crop was related apparently to management practices on the farm. The crops from four field outbreaks of crop mycosis were also studied. Three of the four cases of crop mycosis were characterized by multiple strains of C. albicans in the crop. In one case, C. parapsilosis also was isolated from the crop.", "contents": "Candida species and crop mycosis in broiler chickens. A mycological survey of the crops of approximately 100 healthy birds from each of 6 grow-out operations revealed that the incidence of Candida in the crops ranged from 17.4 to 51.5% with a mean value of 32.3%. The population of Candida in the crops of birds found positive was of low magnitude in the majority of the chickens examined. Of the 573 birds examined in this study less than 1% exhibited visible lesions attributable to Candida. C. albicans comprised 95% of the isolates while C. ravautii, C. salmonicola, C. gulliermondi, C. papapsilosis, C. catenulata and C. brumptii comprised the remainder. The incidence and number of Candida in the crop was related apparently to management practices on the farm. The crops from four field outbreaks of crop mycosis were also studied. Three of the four cases of crop mycosis were characterized by multiple strains of C. albicans in the crop. In one case, C. parapsilosis also was isolated from the crop.", "PMID": 1103110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_116", "title": "Interaction of T-2 toxin with Salmonella infections of chickens.", "content": "A significant (P less than 0.05) interaction resulting in increased mortality occurred in chickens fed T-2 toxin (16 mug./g. of diet) and infected with either Salmonella worthington, S. thompson, S. derby, or S. typhimurium var. copenhagen, all species that cause paratyphoid. No interaction on growth rate or relative size of the bursa of Fabricus occurred, although T-2 toxin alone caused a significant (P less than 0.05) regression of that organ. The spleen size relative to the body weight was decreased (P less than 0.05) by T-2 toxin and increased (P less than 0.05) by the Salmonella infections. Interactions were observed on spleen size between the toxin and S. thompson (P less than 0.05) and S. derby (P less than 0.10). Total serum proteins were not affected by T-2 toxin or Salmonella infections. Agglutinins were formed in response to the infections, but the titers were unaltered by T-2 toxin.", "contents": "Interaction of T-2 toxin with Salmonella infections of chickens. A significant (P less than 0.05) interaction resulting in increased mortality occurred in chickens fed T-2 toxin (16 mug./g. of diet) and infected with either Salmonella worthington, S. thompson, S. derby, or S. typhimurium var. copenhagen, all species that cause paratyphoid. No interaction on growth rate or relative size of the bursa of Fabricus occurred, although T-2 toxin alone caused a significant (P less than 0.05) regression of that organ. The spleen size relative to the body weight was decreased (P less than 0.05) by T-2 toxin and increased (P less than 0.05) by the Salmonella infections. Interactions were observed on spleen size between the toxin and S. thompson (P less than 0.05) and S. derby (P less than 0.10). Total serum proteins were not affected by T-2 toxin or Salmonella infections. Agglutinins were formed in response to the infections, but the titers were unaltered by T-2 toxin.", "PMID": 1103111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_117", "title": "Feprazone compared with indomethacin in the management of rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "A double-blind cross-over trial of feprazone 450 mg daily and indomethacin 75 mg daily was carried out in fourteen patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity was indistinguishable from that of indomethacin under the conditions of the trial. Seven patients expressed a preference for feprazone and four for indomethacin. Feprazone appeared to be well tolerated and free from serious side-effects. These results suggest that feprazone will be a useful drug in the management of rheumatoid arthritis.", "contents": "Feprazone compared with indomethacin in the management of rheumatoid arthritis. A double-blind cross-over trial of feprazone 450 mg daily and indomethacin 75 mg daily was carried out in fourteen patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity was indistinguishable from that of indomethacin under the conditions of the trial. Seven patients expressed a preference for feprazone and four for indomethacin. Feprazone appeared to be well tolerated and free from serious side-effects. These results suggest that feprazone will be a useful drug in the management of rheumatoid arthritis.", "PMID": 1103113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_118", "title": "Removal of unwanted proteins from cell extracts by means of antiserum.", "content": "The efficiency of removal of soluble proteins in cell-free bacterial extracts by means of antiserum from rabbits immunized with similar extracts was measured. Precipitation followed by Sephadex gel-chromatography was used. Up to 80% (exceptionally 90%) removal could be obtained. The method might be applied to enrichment for \"foreign\" cell-extract components, for example, viral products in virus infected cells. Tests for the specificity of the method are also presented.", "contents": "Removal of unwanted proteins from cell extracts by means of antiserum. The efficiency of removal of soluble proteins in cell-free bacterial extracts by means of antiserum from rabbits immunized with similar extracts was measured. Precipitation followed by Sephadex gel-chromatography was used. Up to 80% (exceptionally 90%) removal could be obtained. The method might be applied to enrichment for \"foreign\" cell-extract components, for example, viral products in virus infected cells. Tests for the specificity of the method are also presented.", "PMID": 1103116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_119", "title": "[Production of the methyl ether of 8,14-seco-delta,3,5,(10),9(11)-estratetraendiol-3,17beta-one-14 using a culture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae BKMU-488].", "content": "The culture Saccharomyces cerevisiae BKMU-499 was selected from 100 strains of different Saccharomyces species to obtain an optically active methyl ester 8,14-seco-delta1,3,5(10),9(11)-estratetraendiol-3-17beta-on-14. Various conditions of the transformation were examined. The yield of this keto-alcohol depended on the following factors: level of aeration, method of steroid administration, physiological state of the culture, and composition of the cultivation medium. The optimal yeild of the optically active product was 84%.", "contents": "[Production of the methyl ether of 8,14-seco-delta,3,5,(10),9(11)-estratetraendiol-3,17beta-one-14 using a culture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae BKMU-488]. The culture Saccharomyces cerevisiae BKMU-499 was selected from 100 strains of different Saccharomyces species to obtain an optically active methyl ester 8,14-seco-delta1,3,5(10),9(11)-estratetraendiol-3-17beta-on-14. Various conditions of the transformation were examined. The yield of this keto-alcohol depended on the following factors: level of aeration, method of steroid administration, physiological state of the culture, and composition of the cultivation medium. The optimal yeild of the optically active product was 84%.", "PMID": 1103119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_120", "title": "Effects of guanosine tetraphosphate on cell-free synthesis of Escherichia coli ribosomal RNA and other gene products.", "content": "A cell-free system derived from E. coli is described in which mature-sized 16S and 23S ribosomal RNAs (rRNA) are synthesized at a high relative rate, comprising 17-25% of the total transcription. The addition of guanosine tetraphosphate (ppGpp) to this system results in up to a 5-fold selective inhibition of rRNA accumulation. This effect is exerted at the level of synthesis rather than degradation. It is concluded that ppGpp, which is produced in large amounts by E. coli during amino-acid deprivation, could mediate the decrease in rRNA synthesis that accompanies such deprivation. The expression of other genes has also been investigated. No selective reduction of transfer RNA synthesis by ppGpp is observed. The trp and lac operons are found to be stimulated at the transcriptional level by the presence of this nucleotide. It is hypothesized that ppGpp interacts with the RNA polymerase in such a manner as to alter the affinity of the enzyme for promoters in an operon-specific fashion.", "contents": "Effects of guanosine tetraphosphate on cell-free synthesis of Escherichia coli ribosomal RNA and other gene products. A cell-free system derived from E. coli is described in which mature-sized 16S and 23S ribosomal RNAs (rRNA) are synthesized at a high relative rate, comprising 17-25% of the total transcription. The addition of guanosine tetraphosphate (ppGpp) to this system results in up to a 5-fold selective inhibition of rRNA accumulation. This effect is exerted at the level of synthesis rather than degradation. It is concluded that ppGpp, which is produced in large amounts by E. coli during amino-acid deprivation, could mediate the decrease in rRNA synthesis that accompanies such deprivation. The expression of other genes has also been investigated. No selective reduction of transfer RNA synthesis by ppGpp is observed. The trp and lac operons are found to be stimulated at the transcriptional level by the presence of this nucleotide. It is hypothesized that ppGpp interacts with the RNA polymerase in such a manner as to alter the affinity of the enzyme for promoters in an operon-specific fashion.", "PMID": 1103124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_121", "title": "Very stable prokaryotic messenger RNA in chromosomeless Escherichia coli minicells.", "content": "E. coli minicells lack DNA, yet they make protein, the synthesis of which is sensitive to chloramphenicol but insensitive to rifamycin. This protein is coded for by very stable cellular mRNA with an estimated half-life of 40-80 min. In an R factor-containing minicell, two very different species of mRNA are observed: (i) R factor-specific mRNA with a short half-life whose synthesis is rifamycin-sensitive and (ii) cellular mRNA with a long half-life whose synthesis is rifamycin-insensitive. These findings indicate that minicells contain normal degradative mechanisms for mRNA and point out the existence of a unique class of very stable cellular mRNA. Greater than 80% of the rifamycin-insensitive protein synthesized goes into the outer minicell membrane. Relatively stable mRNA, half-life 5.5-11.5 min, for outer membrane protein in whole cells has been reported [Hirashima et al. (1973) J. Mol. Biol. 79, 373-389]. The stability of minicell mRNA is significantly greater. This and other observations suggest that there are two functional species of mRNA for outer membrane protein perhaps in different sites in the cell. Furthermore, these studies suggest that a class of cellular proteins is synthesized in bacteria without concomitant transcription and in the absence of association with chromosomal DNA.", "contents": "Very stable prokaryotic messenger RNA in chromosomeless Escherichia coli minicells. E. coli minicells lack DNA, yet they make protein, the synthesis of which is sensitive to chloramphenicol but insensitive to rifamycin. This protein is coded for by very stable cellular mRNA with an estimated half-life of 40-80 min. In an R factor-containing minicell, two very different species of mRNA are observed: (i) R factor-specific mRNA with a short half-life whose synthesis is rifamycin-sensitive and (ii) cellular mRNA with a long half-life whose synthesis is rifamycin-insensitive. These findings indicate that minicells contain normal degradative mechanisms for mRNA and point out the existence of a unique class of very stable cellular mRNA. Greater than 80% of the rifamycin-insensitive protein synthesized goes into the outer minicell membrane. Relatively stable mRNA, half-life 5.5-11.5 min, for outer membrane protein in whole cells has been reported [Hirashima et al. (1973) J. Mol. Biol. 79, 373-389]. The stability of minicell mRNA is significantly greater. This and other observations suggest that there are two functional species of mRNA for outer membrane protein perhaps in different sites in the cell. Furthermore, these studies suggest that a class of cellular proteins is synthesized in bacteria without concomitant transcription and in the absence of association with chromosomal DNA.", "PMID": 1103125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_122", "title": "Bidirectional replication of plasmid R6K DNA in Escherichia coli; correspondence between origin of replication and position of single-strand break in relaxed complex.", "content": "Replicating molecules of plasmid R6K DNA have been purified as covalently closed circular DNA forms and analyzed in the electron microscopy after cleavage with the EcoRI restriction endonuclease. It has been determined that in most cases replication proceeds bidirectionally from an origin whose position is indistinguishable from the site of the single-strand break (nick) in the open circular DNA form of the relaxation complex of R6K DNA and protein. Evidence is presented for the existence of a unique replication terminus asymmetrically placed approximately 20% of genome size from the origin. The positions of the replication forks in a majority of the molecules indicate that replication proceeds sequentially from the fixed origin first in one direction to the terminus and then progresses from the origin in the other direction.", "contents": "Bidirectional replication of plasmid R6K DNA in Escherichia coli; correspondence between origin of replication and position of single-strand break in relaxed complex. Replicating molecules of plasmid R6K DNA have been purified as covalently closed circular DNA forms and analyzed in the electron microscopy after cleavage with the EcoRI restriction endonuclease. It has been determined that in most cases replication proceeds bidirectionally from an origin whose position is indistinguishable from the site of the single-strand break (nick) in the open circular DNA form of the relaxation complex of R6K DNA and protein. Evidence is presented for the existence of a unique replication terminus asymmetrically placed approximately 20% of genome size from the origin. The positions of the replication forks in a majority of the molecules indicate that replication proceeds sequentially from the fixed origin first in one direction to the terminus and then progresses from the origin in the other direction.", "PMID": 1103126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_123", "title": "Presence of polyriboadenylate sequences in pulse-labeled RNA of Escherichia coli.", "content": "Pulse-labeled RNA isolated from E. coli cells grown on limiting phosphate medium and phosphate-containing medium was analyzed by oligo(dT)-cellulose chromatography and by Millipore binding assay for polyriboadenylate-containing RNA. Whereas poly(A)-containing RNA amounted to as much as 15% of the total pulse-labeled RNA from cells grown on limiting phosphate medium, pulse-labeled RNA from cells grown on phosphate medium gave values around 1.5%. Steady-state labeled RNA from cells grown on limiting phosphate medium contained 1.2% poly(A) RNA. The addition of poly(A) sequences appears to be post-transcriptional. These results strongly favor the view that bacterial mRNAs may contain poly(A) stretches.", "contents": "Presence of polyriboadenylate sequences in pulse-labeled RNA of Escherichia coli. Pulse-labeled RNA isolated from E. coli cells grown on limiting phosphate medium and phosphate-containing medium was analyzed by oligo(dT)-cellulose chromatography and by Millipore binding assay for polyriboadenylate-containing RNA. Whereas poly(A)-containing RNA amounted to as much as 15% of the total pulse-labeled RNA from cells grown on limiting phosphate medium, pulse-labeled RNA from cells grown on phosphate medium gave values around 1.5%. Steady-state labeled RNA from cells grown on limiting phosphate medium contained 1.2% poly(A) RNA. The addition of poly(A) sequences appears to be post-transcriptional. These results strongly favor the view that bacterial mRNAs may contain poly(A) stretches.", "PMID": 1103127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_124", "title": "Interaction of enzyme I of the phosphoenolpyruvate:sugar phosphotransferase system with adenylate cyclase of Escherichia coli.", "content": "Transient repression by glucose of induced enzyme synthesis involves lowering of intracellular cAMP levels. This glucose effect is partially explained by a glucose inhibition of adenylate cyclase [EC 4.6.1.1; ATP pyrophosphate-lyase(cyclizing)]. Since the phosphoenolpyruvate:sugar phosphotransferase system has been implicated in repression phenomena, an investigation was made of adenylate cyclase activity in mutants of that transport system. The results suggest that glucose phosphorylation is not necessary for inhibition of adenylate cyclase since an HPr mutant retained sensitivity to glucose inhibition. The results also suggest that adenylate cyclase activity requires the presence of Enzyme I in a phosphorylated form and that adenylate cyclase activity may be regulated by a phosphorylation-dephosphorylation mechanism.", "contents": "Interaction of enzyme I of the phosphoenolpyruvate:sugar phosphotransferase system with adenylate cyclase of Escherichia coli. Transient repression by glucose of induced enzyme synthesis involves lowering of intracellular cAMP levels. This glucose effect is partially explained by a glucose inhibition of adenylate cyclase [EC 4.6.1.1; ATP pyrophosphate-lyase(cyclizing)]. Since the phosphoenolpyruvate:sugar phosphotransferase system has been implicated in repression phenomena, an investigation was made of adenylate cyclase activity in mutants of that transport system. The results suggest that glucose phosphorylation is not necessary for inhibition of adenylate cyclase since an HPr mutant retained sensitivity to glucose inhibition. The results also suggest that adenylate cyclase activity requires the presence of Enzyme I in a phosphorylated form and that adenylate cyclase activity may be regulated by a phosphorylation-dephosphorylation mechanism.", "PMID": 1103128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_125", "title": "Binding of ribosomal protein S1 of Escherichia coli to the 3' end of 16S rRNA.", "content": "Ribosomal protein S1 reversibly binds the 49-nucleotide fragment that is cleaved from the 3' end of 16S rRNA in ribosomes by colicin E3. The fragment has secondary structure in the form of a hairpin loop. At the base of the stem is a sequence (A-C-C-U-C-C) thought to be involved in the base pairing with complementary sequences in mRNA during the initiation of protein synthesis. The role of S1 may be to stabilize this region of the fragment in an open conformation to allow for base pairing to mRNA. This model is supported by the observation that S1 binds specifically to this region of the fragment. In addition, aurin tricarboxylic acid, an inhibitor of protein synthesis, reverses this effect by disrupting the S1-RNA complex. These results can explain why S1 is an essential component of the ribosome for translation of natural mRNA and why aurin tricarboxylic acid blocks initiation.", "contents": "Binding of ribosomal protein S1 of Escherichia coli to the 3' end of 16S rRNA. Ribosomal protein S1 reversibly binds the 49-nucleotide fragment that is cleaved from the 3' end of 16S rRNA in ribosomes by colicin E3. The fragment has secondary structure in the form of a hairpin loop. At the base of the stem is a sequence (A-C-C-U-C-C) thought to be involved in the base pairing with complementary sequences in mRNA during the initiation of protein synthesis. The role of S1 may be to stabilize this region of the fragment in an open conformation to allow for base pairing to mRNA. This model is supported by the observation that S1 binds specifically to this region of the fragment. In addition, aurin tricarboxylic acid, an inhibitor of protein synthesis, reverses this effect by disrupting the S1-RNA complex. These results can explain why S1 is an essential component of the ribosome for translation of natural mRNA and why aurin tricarboxylic acid blocks initiation.", "PMID": 1103129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_126", "title": "Photoincorporation of puromycin and N-(ethyl-2-diazomalonyl)puromycin into Escherichia coli ribosomes.", "content": "[3H]Puromycin and N-(ethyl-2-diazomalonyl)[3H]puromycin are incorporated into E. coli ribosomes on irradiation at 253.7 nm. Both compounds incorporate into both protein and nucleic acid. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of ribosomal protein shows that L23 is the major protein labeled by puromycin. Although incorporation is clearly a complex process, evidence is presented that L23 is labeled via an affinity labeling process, thus placing L23 at the aminoacyl-tRNA receptor (A) site. N-(ethyl-2-diazomalonyl)puromycin is a ribosomal ligand, as shown by its inhibition of two ribosomal assays, but it is not a good puromycin analog, and it is unclear whether its incorporation, which proceeds via both carbene-dependent and carbene-independent processes, results from affinity labeling.", "contents": "Photoincorporation of puromycin and N-(ethyl-2-diazomalonyl)puromycin into Escherichia coli ribosomes. [3H]Puromycin and N-(ethyl-2-diazomalonyl)[3H]puromycin are incorporated into E. coli ribosomes on irradiation at 253.7 nm. Both compounds incorporate into both protein and nucleic acid. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of ribosomal protein shows that L23 is the major protein labeled by puromycin. Although incorporation is clearly a complex process, evidence is presented that L23 is labeled via an affinity labeling process, thus placing L23 at the aminoacyl-tRNA receptor (A) site. N-(ethyl-2-diazomalonyl)puromycin is a ribosomal ligand, as shown by its inhibition of two ribosomal assays, but it is not a good puromycin analog, and it is unclear whether its incorporation, which proceeds via both carbene-dependent and carbene-independent processes, results from affinity labeling.", "PMID": 1103130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_127", "title": "Role of magnesium in Escherichia coli alkaline phosphatase.", "content": "Alkaline phosphatase of E. coli, isolated by procedures which do not alter its intrinsic metal content, contains 1.3 +/- 0.3 g-atom of magnesium and 4.0 +/- 0.2 g-atom of zinc per molecule of molecular weight 89,000. Magnesium, the role of which has been unappreciated, significantly affects the function and structure of alkaline phosphatase containing either 2 or 4 g-atom of zinc per mole. Magnesium does not activate the apoenzyme but increases the activity of the enzyme containing 2 g-atom of zinc 4.4-fold and that of the enzyme containing 4 g-atom 1.2-fold. The results obtained with enzyme in which cobalt is substituted for zinc are analogous. Moreover, the absorption and electron paramagnetic resonance spectra of cobalt phosphatases reveal the effects of magnesium on cobalt coordination geometry. Addition of magnesium changes the spectral characteristics of the apoenzyme reconstituted with 2 g-atom of cobalt from predominantly octahedral to 4- or 5-coordinate geometry. These two classes of cobalt binding sites have been associated with catalysis and structure stabilization, respectively. Therefore, magnesium controls the occupancy of the catalytic and structural binding sites and modulates the resultant enzymatic activity. Hydrogen-tritium exchange was employed to determine the effects of magnesium on the conformational stability of phosphatase. Magnesium stabilizes the dynamic structural properties, both of apophosphatase and of enzyme containing 2 g-atom of zinc, which is further stabilized by 2 more zinc atoms. The role of magnesium and other metal ions in regulatory processes, only now beginning to be explored fully, will likely emerge as an important avenue for achievement of regulatory effects in metalloenzymes.", "contents": "Role of magnesium in Escherichia coli alkaline phosphatase. Alkaline phosphatase of E. coli, isolated by procedures which do not alter its intrinsic metal content, contains 1.3 +/- 0.3 g-atom of magnesium and 4.0 +/- 0.2 g-atom of zinc per molecule of molecular weight 89,000. Magnesium, the role of which has been unappreciated, significantly affects the function and structure of alkaline phosphatase containing either 2 or 4 g-atom of zinc per mole. Magnesium does not activate the apoenzyme but increases the activity of the enzyme containing 2 g-atom of zinc 4.4-fold and that of the enzyme containing 4 g-atom 1.2-fold. The results obtained with enzyme in which cobalt is substituted for zinc are analogous. Moreover, the absorption and electron paramagnetic resonance spectra of cobalt phosphatases reveal the effects of magnesium on cobalt coordination geometry. Addition of magnesium changes the spectral characteristics of the apoenzyme reconstituted with 2 g-atom of cobalt from predominantly octahedral to 4- or 5-coordinate geometry. These two classes of cobalt binding sites have been associated with catalysis and structure stabilization, respectively. Therefore, magnesium controls the occupancy of the catalytic and structural binding sites and modulates the resultant enzymatic activity. Hydrogen-tritium exchange was employed to determine the effects of magnesium on the conformational stability of phosphatase. Magnesium stabilizes the dynamic structural properties, both of apophosphatase and of enzyme containing 2 g-atom of zinc, which is further stabilized by 2 more zinc atoms. The role of magnesium and other metal ions in regulatory processes, only now beginning to be explored fully, will likely emerge as an important avenue for achievement of regulatory effects in metalloenzymes.", "PMID": 1103131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_128", "title": "Distinct penicillin binding proteins involved in the division, elongation, and shape of Escherichia coli K12.", "content": "The varied effects of beta-lactam antibiotics on cell division, cell elongation, and cell shape in E. coli are shown to be due to the presence of three essential penicillin binding proteins with distinct roles in these three processes. (A) Cell shape: beta-Lactams that specifically result in the production of ovoid cells bind to penicillin binding protein 2 (molecular weight 66,000). A mutant has been isolated that fails to bind beta-lactams to protein 2, and that grows as round cells. (B) Cell division: beta-Lactams that specifically inhibit cell division bind preferentially to penicillin binding protein 3 (molecular weight 60,000). A temperature-sensitive cell division mutant has been shown to have a thermolabile protein 3. (C) Cell elongation: One beta-lactam that preferentially inhibits cell elongation and causes cell lysis binds preferentially to binding protein 1 (molecular weight 91,000). Evidence is presented that penicillin bulge formation is due to the inhibition of proteins 2 and 3 in the absence of inhibition of protein 1.", "contents": "Distinct penicillin binding proteins involved in the division, elongation, and shape of Escherichia coli K12. The varied effects of beta-lactam antibiotics on cell division, cell elongation, and cell shape in E. coli are shown to be due to the presence of three essential penicillin binding proteins with distinct roles in these three processes. (A) Cell shape: beta-Lactams that specifically result in the production of ovoid cells bind to penicillin binding protein 2 (molecular weight 66,000). A mutant has been isolated that fails to bind beta-lactams to protein 2, and that grows as round cells. (B) Cell division: beta-Lactams that specifically inhibit cell division bind preferentially to penicillin binding protein 3 (molecular weight 60,000). A temperature-sensitive cell division mutant has been shown to have a thermolabile protein 3. (C) Cell elongation: One beta-lactam that preferentially inhibits cell elongation and causes cell lysis binds preferentially to binding protein 1 (molecular weight 91,000). Evidence is presented that penicillin bulge formation is due to the inhibition of proteins 2 and 3 in the absence of inhibition of protein 1.", "PMID": 1103132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_129", "title": "Sigma cycle during in vitro transcription: demonstration by nanosecond fluorescence depolarization spectroscopy.", "content": "Studies of RNA chain initiation have suggested that the sigma subunit of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase (RNA nucleotidyltransferase; nucleosidetriphosphate: RNA nucleotidyltransferase; EC 2.7.7.6) is released from the enzyme-template complex during transcription and may be reused by another core polymerase. Nanosecond fluorescence depolarization spectroscopy was used to follow the sigma cycle. Isolated sigma subunit labeled with the fluorescent probe dansyl (DNS) chloride bound stoichiometrically to core polymerase and stimulated transcription of phage T7 DNA to the same extent as did unlabeled sigma. DNS-sigma showed an exponential fluorescence anisotropy decay corresponding to a rotational correlation time of about 100 nsec. This value was unaffected by addition of T7 DNA, but increased about 6-fold when core polymerase was added, and increased further when T7 DNA was added. Such increases are expected for the formation of molecular complexes. Using the anisotropy decays for free DNS-sigma and DNS-sigma-core enzyme bound to T7 DNA, we calculated theoretical decay curves for various mixtures of free and bound sigma. Comparison of the observed anisotropy decay with the calculated curves indicated that about 55% of DNA-sigma was released from the enzyme-T7 DNA complex in the presence of four nucleoside triphosphates under low salt conditions. Sigma release did not occur if rifampicin was added prior to addition of four nucleoside triphosphates or if only three nucleoside triphosphates were present. After sigma was released, addition of core polymerase with rifampicin reduced the free sigma to less than 15%, indicating that the released sigma was accessible to the added core enzyme. Thus these studies have provided physical evidence for the sigma cycle during in vitro transcription.", "contents": "Sigma cycle during in vitro transcription: demonstration by nanosecond fluorescence depolarization spectroscopy. Studies of RNA chain initiation have suggested that the sigma subunit of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase (RNA nucleotidyltransferase; nucleosidetriphosphate: RNA nucleotidyltransferase; EC 2.7.7.6) is released from the enzyme-template complex during transcription and may be reused by another core polymerase. Nanosecond fluorescence depolarization spectroscopy was used to follow the sigma cycle. Isolated sigma subunit labeled with the fluorescent probe dansyl (DNS) chloride bound stoichiometrically to core polymerase and stimulated transcription of phage T7 DNA to the same extent as did unlabeled sigma. DNS-sigma showed an exponential fluorescence anisotropy decay corresponding to a rotational correlation time of about 100 nsec. This value was unaffected by addition of T7 DNA, but increased about 6-fold when core polymerase was added, and increased further when T7 DNA was added. Such increases are expected for the formation of molecular complexes. Using the anisotropy decays for free DNS-sigma and DNS-sigma-core enzyme bound to T7 DNA, we calculated theoretical decay curves for various mixtures of free and bound sigma. Comparison of the observed anisotropy decay with the calculated curves indicated that about 55% of DNA-sigma was released from the enzyme-T7 DNA complex in the presence of four nucleoside triphosphates under low salt conditions. Sigma release did not occur if rifampicin was added prior to addition of four nucleoside triphosphates or if only three nucleoside triphosphates were present. After sigma was released, addition of core polymerase with rifampicin reduced the free sigma to less than 15%, indicating that the released sigma was accessible to the added core enzyme. Thus these studies have provided physical evidence for the sigma cycle during in vitro transcription.", "PMID": 1103133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_130", "title": "Visualization of a novel junction in bacteriophage lambda DNA.", "content": "At early times after infection of a recA derivative of Escherichia coli with lambdab221c126red270a42 phage, a low but significant proportion of intracellular lambda molecules show a novel junction. These junctions are also present, although in reduced numbers, in a lysate obtained at late times after infection of a recA+ host with lambdacIIcIII phage. Fine structure and denaturation mapping analyses showed that these junctions occur at homologous positions and that they are compatible with the occurrence of a cross-strand exchange between lambda DNA duplexes similar to the type proposed in most molecular models for genetic recombination. However, the results are also consistent with the structures expected if a replicating growing point undergoes branch migration.", "contents": "Visualization of a novel junction in bacteriophage lambda DNA. At early times after infection of a recA derivative of Escherichia coli with lambdab221c126red270a42 phage, a low but significant proportion of intracellular lambda molecules show a novel junction. These junctions are also present, although in reduced numbers, in a lysate obtained at late times after infection of a recA+ host with lambdacIIcIII phage. Fine structure and denaturation mapping analyses showed that these junctions occur at homologous positions and that they are compatible with the occurrence of a cross-strand exchange between lambda DNA duplexes similar to the type proposed in most molecular models for genetic recombination. However, the results are also consistent with the structures expected if a replicating growing point undergoes branch migration.", "PMID": 1103134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_131", "title": "Dissociation of two polypeptide chains from yeast RNA polymerase A.", "content": "Yeast RNA polymerase A (RNA nucleotidyltransferase; nucleosidetriphosphate:RNA nucleotidyltransferase; EC 2.7.7.6) can be converted to a new form of enzyme, called RNA polymerase A*, which is lacking two polypeptide chains of 48,000 and 37,000 daltons. Apart from these two missing polypeptides the subunit structures of RNA polymerases A and A* are indistinguishable. RNA polymerase A* differs from the complete enzyme in its electrophoretic and chromatographic behavior, template requirements, and alpha-amanitin sensitivity. RNA polymerase A* transcribes the alternated copolymer d(A-T)n with the same efficiency as RNA polymerase A but its specific activity is greatly reduced with native calf thymus DNA as template. The transcription of a variety of synthetic templates is also altered by removal of the two polypeptide chains. RNA polymerase A* is inhibited by high concentrations of alpha-amanitin (500 mug/ml), whereas RNA polymerase A is comparatively less sensitive to the toxic peptide. The data are discussed in terms of possible roles of the two dissociable polypeptides.", "contents": "Dissociation of two polypeptide chains from yeast RNA polymerase A. Yeast RNA polymerase A (RNA nucleotidyltransferase; nucleosidetriphosphate:RNA nucleotidyltransferase; EC 2.7.7.6) can be converted to a new form of enzyme, called RNA polymerase A*, which is lacking two polypeptide chains of 48,000 and 37,000 daltons. Apart from these two missing polypeptides the subunit structures of RNA polymerases A and A* are indistinguishable. RNA polymerase A* differs from the complete enzyme in its electrophoretic and chromatographic behavior, template requirements, and alpha-amanitin sensitivity. RNA polymerase A* transcribes the alternated copolymer d(A-T)n with the same efficiency as RNA polymerase A but its specific activity is greatly reduced with native calf thymus DNA as template. The transcription of a variety of synthetic templates is also altered by removal of the two polypeptide chains. RNA polymerase A* is inhibited by high concentrations of alpha-amanitin (500 mug/ml), whereas RNA polymerase A is comparatively less sensitive to the toxic peptide. The data are discussed in terms of possible roles of the two dissociable polypeptides.", "PMID": 1103135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_132", "title": "Amino acids are not all initially attached to the same position on transfer RNA molecules.", "content": "Escherichia coli tRNA has been modified by replacement of the 3'-terminal AMP with either 3'-amino-3'-deoxy AMP of 2'-amino-2'-deoxy AMP. These tRNA analogs have enabled us to determine the initial site of enzyme-catalyzed aminoacylation of different tRNAs by the formation of aminoacyl-tRNA molecules in which the amino acid is linked to the 3'-terminal ribose through a stable amide bond. The tRNA species specific for glutamic acid, glutamine, leucine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and valine are all aminoacylated on the 2'-hydroxyl group. The tRNA species specific for alanine, asparagine, aspartic acid, glycine, histidine, lysine, and threonine are aminoacylated on the 3'-hydroxyl group. The amino acids arginine, isoleucine, methionine, proline, serine, and tryptophan form stable amide bonds with both amino tRNA analogs. This might suggest that the synthetases for these amino acids can acylate both the 2'- and 3'-hydroxyl groups, but it is more likely that these enzymes can acylate both hydroxyl and amino groups at either the 2' or 3'-position of the tRNA. These results clearly illustrate a fundamental heterogeneity which is apparent in the mechanism of action of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases.", "contents": "Amino acids are not all initially attached to the same position on transfer RNA molecules. Escherichia coli tRNA has been modified by replacement of the 3'-terminal AMP with either 3'-amino-3'-deoxy AMP of 2'-amino-2'-deoxy AMP. These tRNA analogs have enabled us to determine the initial site of enzyme-catalyzed aminoacylation of different tRNAs by the formation of aminoacyl-tRNA molecules in which the amino acid is linked to the 3'-terminal ribose through a stable amide bond. The tRNA species specific for glutamic acid, glutamine, leucine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and valine are all aminoacylated on the 2'-hydroxyl group. The tRNA species specific for alanine, asparagine, aspartic acid, glycine, histidine, lysine, and threonine are aminoacylated on the 3'-hydroxyl group. The amino acids arginine, isoleucine, methionine, proline, serine, and tryptophan form stable amide bonds with both amino tRNA analogs. This might suggest that the synthetases for these amino acids can acylate both the 2'- and 3'-hydroxyl groups, but it is more likely that these enzymes can acylate both hydroxyl and amino groups at either the 2' or 3'-position of the tRNA. These results clearly illustrate a fundamental heterogeneity which is apparent in the mechanism of action of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases.", "PMID": 1103136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_133", "title": "Site of aminoacylation of tRNAs from Escherichia coli with respect to the 2'- or 3'-hydroxyl group of the terminal adenosine.", "content": "A method is presented by which the site of primary attachment of the amino acids with respect to the 2'- or 3'-hydroxyl group of the terminal adenosine of E. coli tRNAs can be determined. It is found that the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (EC 6.1.1.-) with specificity for Arg, Asn, Ile, Leu, Met, Phe, Thr, Trp, and Val attach the amino acid to the 2'-position; those with specificity for Gly, His, Lys, and Ser attach the amino acid to the 3'-position; and that Tyr and Cys can be enzymatically attached to both the 2'- and 3'-positions. Together with previous experiments on yeast aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, it is now shown that the specificity for one particular hydroxyl group is preserved during the evolution from prokaryotic to eukaryotic systems.", "contents": "Site of aminoacylation of tRNAs from Escherichia coli with respect to the 2'- or 3'-hydroxyl group of the terminal adenosine. A method is presented by which the site of primary attachment of the amino acids with respect to the 2'- or 3'-hydroxyl group of the terminal adenosine of E. coli tRNAs can be determined. It is found that the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (EC 6.1.1.-) with specificity for Arg, Asn, Ile, Leu, Met, Phe, Thr, Trp, and Val attach the amino acid to the 2'-position; those with specificity for Gly, His, Lys, and Ser attach the amino acid to the 3'-position; and that Tyr and Cys can be enzymatically attached to both the 2'- and 3'-positions. Together with previous experiments on yeast aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, it is now shown that the specificity for one particular hydroxyl group is preserved during the evolution from prokaryotic to eukaryotic systems.", "PMID": 1103137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_134", "title": "Reconstitution of the Escherichia coli pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.", "content": "The binding of pyruvate dehydrogenase and dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase (flavoprotein) to dihydrolipoyl transacetylase, the core enzyme of the E. coli pyruvate dehydrogenase complex [EC 1.2.4.1:pyruvate:lipoate oxidoreductase (decaryboxylating and acceptor-acetylating)], has been studied using sedimentation equilibrium analysis and radioactive enzymes in conjunction with gel filtration chromatography. The results show that the transacetylase, which consists of 24 apparently identical polypeptide chains organized into a cube-like structure, has the potential to bind 24 pyruvate dehydrogenase dimers in the absence of flavoprotein and 24 flavoprotein dimers in the absence of pyruvate dehydrogenase. The results of reconstitution experiments, utilizing binding and activity measurements, indicate that the transacetylase can accommodate a total of only about 12 pyruvate dehydrogenase dimers and six flavoprotein dimers and that this stoichiometry, which is the same as that of the native pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, produces maximum activity. It appears that steric hindrance between the relatively bulky pyruvate dehydrogenase and flavoprotein molecules prevents the transacetylase from binding 24 molecules of each ligand. A structural model for the native and reconstituted pyruvate dehydrogenase complexes is proposed in which the 12 pyruvate dehydrogenase dimers are distributed symmetrically on the 12 edges of the transacetylase cube and the six flavoprotein dimers are distributed in the six faces of the cube.", "contents": "Reconstitution of the Escherichia coli pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. The binding of pyruvate dehydrogenase and dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase (flavoprotein) to dihydrolipoyl transacetylase, the core enzyme of the E. coli pyruvate dehydrogenase complex [EC 1.2.4.1:pyruvate:lipoate oxidoreductase (decaryboxylating and acceptor-acetylating)], has been studied using sedimentation equilibrium analysis and radioactive enzymes in conjunction with gel filtration chromatography. The results show that the transacetylase, which consists of 24 apparently identical polypeptide chains organized into a cube-like structure, has the potential to bind 24 pyruvate dehydrogenase dimers in the absence of flavoprotein and 24 flavoprotein dimers in the absence of pyruvate dehydrogenase. The results of reconstitution experiments, utilizing binding and activity measurements, indicate that the transacetylase can accommodate a total of only about 12 pyruvate dehydrogenase dimers and six flavoprotein dimers and that this stoichiometry, which is the same as that of the native pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, produces maximum activity. It appears that steric hindrance between the relatively bulky pyruvate dehydrogenase and flavoprotein molecules prevents the transacetylase from binding 24 molecules of each ligand. A structural model for the native and reconstituted pyruvate dehydrogenase complexes is proposed in which the 12 pyruvate dehydrogenase dimers are distributed symmetrically on the 12 edges of the transacetylase cube and the six flavoprotein dimers are distributed in the six faces of the cube.", "PMID": 1103138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_135", "title": "Cleavage of adenovirus messenger RNA and of 28S and 18S ribosomal RNA by RNase III.", "content": "Escherichia coli ribonuclease III cleaves adenovirus messenger RNA and mammalian 28S and 18S ribosomal RNA. Fragmentation is not random, but in each case a specific collection of products is generated. This points to the potential use of the enzyme as a tool for specific fragmentation of RNA. Cleavage by RNase III abolishes the capability of adenovirus messenger RNA to direct cell-free synthesis of virus polypeptides.", "contents": "Cleavage of adenovirus messenger RNA and of 28S and 18S ribosomal RNA by RNase III. Escherichia coli ribonuclease III cleaves adenovirus messenger RNA and mammalian 28S and 18S ribosomal RNA. Fragmentation is not random, but in each case a specific collection of products is generated. This points to the potential use of the enzyme as a tool for specific fragmentation of RNA. Cleavage by RNase III abolishes the capability of adenovirus messenger RNA to direct cell-free synthesis of virus polypeptides.", "PMID": 1103139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_136", "title": "Mutagenic and cytotoxic activity of benzol[a]pyrene 4,5-, 7,8-, and 9,10-oxides and the six corresponding phenols.", "content": "The benzo[a]pyrene 4,5-, 7,8-, and 9,10-oxides and the six corresponding phenols (4-, 5-, 7-, 8-, 9-, and 10-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene) have been tested for mutagenic and cytotoxic activity in bacteria and in a mammalian cell culture system. Benzo[a]pyrene 4,5-oxide (K-region) was highly mutagenic in two histidine-dependent strains (TA1537 and TA1538) of Salmonella typhimurium which detect frameshift mutagens. In contrast, benzo[a]pyrene 7,8- and 9,10-oxides were less than 1% as mutagenic as the 4,5-oxide. Benzo[a]pyrene 7,8- and 9,10-oxides were unstable in aqueous media, whereas the 4,5-oxide was stable for several hours. This difference in stability could not account for the different mutagenic activities of the three arene oxides. The benzo[a]pyrene oxides were inactive in a strain (TA1535) that is reverted by base pair mutagens such as N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine or in a strain (TA1536) that detects framshift mutagens similar to the acridine half-mustard ICR-191. Benzo-[a]-pyrene and the six phenols were all stable in aqueous media, but they had little or no mutagenic activity in any of the four Salmonella strains. Conversion of 8-azaguanine-sensitive Chinese hamster V79 cells to 8-azaguanine-resistant variants was increased by benzo[a]pyrene 4,5-oxide, whereas the 9,10-oxide was considerably less active. Benzo[a]pyrene and the other derivatives had little or no effect. Benzo[a]yrene 4,5-oxide was more cytotoxic to the Chinese hamster V79 cells than the 7,8- and 9,10-oxides, while 8-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene was the most cytotoxic of the six phenols.", "contents": "Mutagenic and cytotoxic activity of benzol[a]pyrene 4,5-, 7,8-, and 9,10-oxides and the six corresponding phenols. The benzo[a]pyrene 4,5-, 7,8-, and 9,10-oxides and the six corresponding phenols (4-, 5-, 7-, 8-, 9-, and 10-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene) have been tested for mutagenic and cytotoxic activity in bacteria and in a mammalian cell culture system. Benzo[a]pyrene 4,5-oxide (K-region) was highly mutagenic in two histidine-dependent strains (TA1537 and TA1538) of Salmonella typhimurium which detect frameshift mutagens. In contrast, benzo[a]pyrene 7,8- and 9,10-oxides were less than 1% as mutagenic as the 4,5-oxide. Benzo[a]pyrene 7,8- and 9,10-oxides were unstable in aqueous media, whereas the 4,5-oxide was stable for several hours. This difference in stability could not account for the different mutagenic activities of the three arene oxides. The benzo[a]pyrene oxides were inactive in a strain (TA1535) that is reverted by base pair mutagens such as N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine or in a strain (TA1536) that detects framshift mutagens similar to the acridine half-mustard ICR-191. Benzo-[a]-pyrene and the six phenols were all stable in aqueous media, but they had little or no mutagenic activity in any of the four Salmonella strains. Conversion of 8-azaguanine-sensitive Chinese hamster V79 cells to 8-azaguanine-resistant variants was increased by benzo[a]pyrene 4,5-oxide, whereas the 9,10-oxide was considerably less active. Benzo[a]pyrene and the other derivatives had little or no effect. Benzo[a]yrene 4,5-oxide was more cytotoxic to the Chinese hamster V79 cells than the 7,8- and 9,10-oxides, while 8-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene was the most cytotoxic of the six phenols.", "PMID": 1103140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_137", "title": "Leukocyte migration inhibitory factor (LMIF) induced by concanavalin A: standardized microassay for production in vitro.", "content": "A standardized microculture system has been developed to assess the ability of lymphocytes to secrete leukocyte migration inhibitory factor (LMIF) in response to the nonspecific mitogen concanavalin(Con A). LMIF-rich supernates collected from stimulated lymphocytes cultured in plastic microtiter plates are assayed by pulse exposure of purified human granulocytes and inhibition of their migration in agarose medium. LMIF activity in this system is suppressed by the protein synthesis inhibitor puromycin, but not by inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation by irradiation. It is demonstrated that normal lymphocytes stimulated with mitogen elaborate LMIF activity, while lymphocytes from malignant lymphoma patients are frequently unable to produce it. Thus, mitogen-induced mediator production may be a useful parameter in further characterization of primary and secondary immunodeficiencies.", "contents": "Leukocyte migration inhibitory factor (LMIF) induced by concanavalin A: standardized microassay for production in vitro. A standardized microculture system has been developed to assess the ability of lymphocytes to secrete leukocyte migration inhibitory factor (LMIF) in response to the nonspecific mitogen concanavalin(Con A). LMIF-rich supernates collected from stimulated lymphocytes cultured in plastic microtiter plates are assayed by pulse exposure of purified human granulocytes and inhibition of their migration in agarose medium. LMIF activity in this system is suppressed by the protein synthesis inhibitor puromycin, but not by inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation by irradiation. It is demonstrated that normal lymphocytes stimulated with mitogen elaborate LMIF activity, while lymphocytes from malignant lymphoma patients are frequently unable to produce it. Thus, mitogen-induced mediator production may be a useful parameter in further characterization of primary and secondary immunodeficiencies.", "PMID": 1103141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_138", "title": "Recovery of infectious proviral DNA from mammalian cells infected with respiratory syncytial virus.", "content": "The DNA fraction from a line of bovine embryonic kidney cells originally exposed as primary cultures several months earlier to a temperature-sensitive (ts) mutant of respiratory syncytial (RS) virus could be used to transfect human HEp-2 cells with the production of infectious RS virus. The DNA donor cells, designated BEK/RS ts, retained their healthy fibroblastic appearance during continuous cultivation at a temperature (39 degrees) restrictive for growth of the original infecting mutant and showed no evidence for RS virus replication or viral antigen synthesis when directly examined for these activities by conventional methods. The infectious property of the DNA from BEK/RS ts cells was abolished by exposure of the nucleic acid preparation to DNase (but not RNase) or by pretreatment of recipient HEp-2 cells with actinomycin D or mitomycin C. The latter drug treatments substantially enhanced the replication of infecting wild-type RS virus in HEp-2 cells. Viral isolates derived from the progeny of a DNA transfection included clones possessing several genetic markers of the RS ts mutant originally used to infect BEK/RS ts cells and other virus clones that appeared to be either hybrid or wild-type for phenotypic properties such as their temperature sensitivity. An infectious proviral DNA was also detected in a line of virogenic HEp-2 cells (HEp-2/RS) persistently infected with respiratory syncytial virus after exposure to the wild-type strain 2 years earlier.", "contents": "Recovery of infectious proviral DNA from mammalian cells infected with respiratory syncytial virus. The DNA fraction from a line of bovine embryonic kidney cells originally exposed as primary cultures several months earlier to a temperature-sensitive (ts) mutant of respiratory syncytial (RS) virus could be used to transfect human HEp-2 cells with the production of infectious RS virus. The DNA donor cells, designated BEK/RS ts, retained their healthy fibroblastic appearance during continuous cultivation at a temperature (39 degrees) restrictive for growth of the original infecting mutant and showed no evidence for RS virus replication or viral antigen synthesis when directly examined for these activities by conventional methods. The infectious property of the DNA from BEK/RS ts cells was abolished by exposure of the nucleic acid preparation to DNase (but not RNase) or by pretreatment of recipient HEp-2 cells with actinomycin D or mitomycin C. The latter drug treatments substantially enhanced the replication of infecting wild-type RS virus in HEp-2 cells. Viral isolates derived from the progeny of a DNA transfection included clones possessing several genetic markers of the RS ts mutant originally used to infect BEK/RS ts cells and other virus clones that appeared to be either hybrid or wild-type for phenotypic properties such as their temperature sensitivity. An infectious proviral DNA was also detected in a line of virogenic HEp-2 cells (HEp-2/RS) persistently infected with respiratory syncytial virus after exposure to the wild-type strain 2 years earlier.", "PMID": 1103142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_139", "title": "Transient response to chemotactic stimuli in Escherichia coli.", "content": "We have followed by eye and with the tracking microscope the rotational behavior of E. coli tethered to coverslips by their flagella. The cells change their directions of rotation at random, on the average about once a second. When an attractant is added or a repellent is subtracted, they spin clockwise (as viewed through the coverslip, i.e., along the flagellum toward the body) for many seconds, then counter-clockwise for many seconds, and then gradually resume their normal mode of behavior. The time interval between the onset of the stimulus and the clockwise to counter-clockwise transitiion is a linear function of the change in receptor occupancy. The cells adapt slowly at a constant rate to the addition of an attractant or the subtraction of a repellent. They adapt rapidly to the subtraction of an attractant or the addition of a repellent. Responses to mixed stimuli can be analyzed in terms of one equivalent stimulus.", "contents": "Transient response to chemotactic stimuli in Escherichia coli. We have followed by eye and with the tracking microscope the rotational behavior of E. coli tethered to coverslips by their flagella. The cells change their directions of rotation at random, on the average about once a second. When an attractant is added or a repellent is subtracted, they spin clockwise (as viewed through the coverslip, i.e., along the flagellum toward the body) for many seconds, then counter-clockwise for many seconds, and then gradually resume their normal mode of behavior. The time interval between the onset of the stimulus and the clockwise to counter-clockwise transitiion is a linear function of the change in receptor occupancy. The cells adapt slowly at a constant rate to the addition of an attractant or the subtraction of a repellent. They adapt rapidly to the subtraction of an attractant or the addition of a repellent. Responses to mixed stimuli can be analyzed in terms of one equivalent stimulus.", "PMID": 1103143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_140", "title": "Sequential processing of precursor tRNA molecules in Escherichia coli.", "content": "In a temperature-sensitive mutant of E. coli defective in tRNA biosynthesis, many tRNA precursors, including monomeric and multimeric forms, accumulate. Some of the multimeric precursors contain three or more tRNA sequences within a molecule. These large precursors were cleaved by cell extracts first into intermediate size pieces which were subsequently processed by RNase P. On the basis of heat stability of mutant cell extracts, the endonuclease responsible for the initial cleavage appears to be distinct from RNase P and is designated RNase O. One of the monomeric precursors was shown to be processed first by RNase P and the product subsequently cleaved further into a smaller molecule. The nuclease responsible for this second cleavage also appears to be distinct from RNase P and is designated RNase Q. The functions of these nucleases are sequential in the trimming process with respect to that of RNase P; RNase O works prior to RNase P and RNase Q after RNase P but in both cases, not vice versa.", "contents": "Sequential processing of precursor tRNA molecules in Escherichia coli. In a temperature-sensitive mutant of E. coli defective in tRNA biosynthesis, many tRNA precursors, including monomeric and multimeric forms, accumulate. Some of the multimeric precursors contain three or more tRNA sequences within a molecule. These large precursors were cleaved by cell extracts first into intermediate size pieces which were subsequently processed by RNase P. On the basis of heat stability of mutant cell extracts, the endonuclease responsible for the initial cleavage appears to be distinct from RNase P and is designated RNase O. One of the monomeric precursors was shown to be processed first by RNase P and the product subsequently cleaved further into a smaller molecule. The nuclease responsible for this second cleavage also appears to be distinct from RNase P and is designated RNase Q. The functions of these nucleases are sequential in the trimming process with respect to that of RNase P; RNase O works prior to RNase P and RNase Q after RNase P but in both cases, not vice versa.", "PMID": 1103144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_141", "title": "Conformational change and cooperativity in actin filaments free of tropomyosin.", "content": "The decrease in amplitude of the electron spin resonance spectrum of the cysteine-bound spin-label, 3-(maleimidomethyl)-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-pyrrolidinoxyl, brought about by the magnetic interaction with tightly bound manganous ion, was used as a probe of conformational change in actin on binding myosin. The magnitude of this \"spin--spin\" interaction first decreased then increased on increasing saturation of the actin filament with heavy meromyosin subfragment-1. That the \"spin--spin\" interaction occurred between spins of adjacent monomers was demonstrated by the observation that the change in magnitude of the \"spin--spin\" interaction was maintained on binding of heavy meromyosin subfragment-1 to copolymers in which actin monomers containing both manganous ion and spin label were diluted 7-fold with native actin monomers. These data provide evidence for a conformational change in actin on interacting with heavy meromyosin subfragment-1. Further, the fact that not only the magnitude but also the sense of the change in the \"spin--spin\" interaction is a function of increasing saturation with heavy meromyosin subfragment-1 indicates that the monomers of the actin filament are capable of cooperative interaction in the absence of tropomyosin.", "contents": "Conformational change and cooperativity in actin filaments free of tropomyosin. The decrease in amplitude of the electron spin resonance spectrum of the cysteine-bound spin-label, 3-(maleimidomethyl)-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-pyrrolidinoxyl, brought about by the magnetic interaction with tightly bound manganous ion, was used as a probe of conformational change in actin on binding myosin. The magnitude of this \"spin--spin\" interaction first decreased then increased on increasing saturation of the actin filament with heavy meromyosin subfragment-1. That the \"spin--spin\" interaction occurred between spins of adjacent monomers was demonstrated by the observation that the change in magnitude of the \"spin--spin\" interaction was maintained on binding of heavy meromyosin subfragment-1 to copolymers in which actin monomers containing both manganous ion and spin label were diluted 7-fold with native actin monomers. These data provide evidence for a conformational change in actin on interacting with heavy meromyosin subfragment-1. Further, the fact that not only the magnitude but also the sense of the change in the \"spin--spin\" interaction is a function of increasing saturation with heavy meromyosin subfragment-1 indicates that the monomers of the actin filament are capable of cooperative interaction in the absence of tropomyosin.", "PMID": 1103145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_142", "title": "In vitro construction of bacteriophage lambda carrying segments of the Escherichia coli chromosome: selection of hybrids containing the gene for DNA ligase.", "content": "DNA from lambdagt-lambdaB bacteriophage was cleaved with EcoRI endonuclease and fragments from EcoRI-digested E. coli DNA were inserted. This DNA was used to infect E. coli, and phages containing the gene for DNA ligase were isolated by genetic selection. Two different hybrids were found with the same E. coli segment inserted in opposite orientations. Both hybrids produced similar levels of ligase as measured in crude extracts of infected cells.", "contents": "In vitro construction of bacteriophage lambda carrying segments of the Escherichia coli chromosome: selection of hybrids containing the gene for DNA ligase. DNA from lambdagt-lambdaB bacteriophage was cleaved with EcoRI endonuclease and fragments from EcoRI-digested E. coli DNA were inserted. This DNA was used to infect E. coli, and phages containing the gene for DNA ligase were isolated by genetic selection. Two different hybrids were found with the same E. coli segment inserted in opposite orientations. Both hybrids produced similar levels of ligase as measured in crude extracts of infected cells.", "PMID": 1103146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_143", "title": "Kinetics of action of pepsin on fluorescent peptide substrates.", "content": "Oligopeptide substrates of porcine pepsin (E) of the type A-Phe-Phe-B (S) that are cleaved solely at the Phe-Phe bond under the conditions of these studies, and bearing an amino-terminal fluorescent probe group (mansyl or dansyl), have been used for stopped-flow measurements of the rate of formation of the A-Phe product. These experiments were conducted under conditions of [E] greater than [S], and the kinetic data were compared with those obtained under conditions of [S] greater than [E] for the formation of the Phe-B product (the same in all cases). The results for substrates with A = mansyl-Gly, mansyl-Gly-Gly, and dansyl-Gly-Gly support the conclusion that the rate-limiting step in the over-all catalytic process is associated with the scission of the Phe-Phe bond in the first detectables ES complex. Although the rate of this step varies widely with the nature of the A portion of A-Phe-Phe-B, the magnitude of the dissociation constant of ES is relatively invariant. This supports the view that, in the cleavage of oligopeptide substrates by pepsin, secondary enzyme--substrate interactions may cause conformational changes at the catalytic site, and that a portion of the total binding energy may be used for the attainment of the transition state in the bond-breaking step. With substrates that are hydrolyzed extremely rapidly (A = dansyl-Gly-Ala, dansyl-Ala-Ala), the rate of formation of the A-Phe product appears to be faster than the steady-state rate, suggesting that an additional step has become kinetically significant in the over-all process. This step may be associated with the return of the conformation of the active site to its original state.", "contents": "Kinetics of action of pepsin on fluorescent peptide substrates. Oligopeptide substrates of porcine pepsin (E) of the type A-Phe-Phe-B (S) that are cleaved solely at the Phe-Phe bond under the conditions of these studies, and bearing an amino-terminal fluorescent probe group (mansyl or dansyl), have been used for stopped-flow measurements of the rate of formation of the A-Phe product. These experiments were conducted under conditions of [E] greater than [S], and the kinetic data were compared with those obtained under conditions of [S] greater than [E] for the formation of the Phe-B product (the same in all cases). The results for substrates with A = mansyl-Gly, mansyl-Gly-Gly, and dansyl-Gly-Gly support the conclusion that the rate-limiting step in the over-all catalytic process is associated with the scission of the Phe-Phe bond in the first detectables ES complex. Although the rate of this step varies widely with the nature of the A portion of A-Phe-Phe-B, the magnitude of the dissociation constant of ES is relatively invariant. This supports the view that, in the cleavage of oligopeptide substrates by pepsin, secondary enzyme--substrate interactions may cause conformational changes at the catalytic site, and that a portion of the total binding energy may be used for the attainment of the transition state in the bond-breaking step. With substrates that are hydrolyzed extremely rapidly (A = dansyl-Gly-Ala, dansyl-Ala-Ala), the rate of formation of the A-Phe product appears to be faster than the steady-state rate, suggesting that an additional step has become kinetically significant in the over-all process. This step may be associated with the return of the conformation of the active site to its original state.", "PMID": 1103147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_144", "title": "Characterization of a novel, low-molecular-weight DNA-binding protein from Escherichia coli.", "content": "A low-molecular-weight (7000), heat-stable protein--HU--that stimulates transcription of bacteriophage lambda DNA by E. coli RNA polymerase was purified from E. coli extracts using affinity chromatography on DNA-cellulose. HU binds to native DNA, resulting in an apparent thickening of the DNA chains as revealed by electron microscopy. Contrary to DNA unwinding proteins, it causes no destabilization of the double helix. HU differs from previously described transcription factors (H1, D, etc.) and from the low-molecular-weight omega subunit of the RNA polymerase. By its amino-acid composition and characteristics, HU displays an interesting resemblance to some eukaryotic histones, such as H2B and H1.", "contents": "Characterization of a novel, low-molecular-weight DNA-binding protein from Escherichia coli. A low-molecular-weight (7000), heat-stable protein--HU--that stimulates transcription of bacteriophage lambda DNA by E. coli RNA polymerase was purified from E. coli extracts using affinity chromatography on DNA-cellulose. HU binds to native DNA, resulting in an apparent thickening of the DNA chains as revealed by electron microscopy. Contrary to DNA unwinding proteins, it causes no destabilization of the double helix. HU differs from previously described transcription factors (H1, D, etc.) and from the low-molecular-weight omega subunit of the RNA polymerase. By its amino-acid composition and characteristics, HU displays an interesting resemblance to some eukaryotic histones, such as H2B and H1.", "PMID": 1103148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_145", "title": "Histidine regulation in Salmonella typhimurium: an activator attenuator model of gene regulation.", "content": "An activator-attenuator model of positive control, a s opposed to the classic repressor-operator model of negative control, is proposed for the major operon-specific mechanism governing expression of the histidine gene cluster of Salmonella typhimurium. Evidence for this mechanism is derived from experiments performed with a coupled in vitro transcription-translation system, as well as with a minimal in vitro transcription system [Kasai, T. (1974) Nature 249, 523--527]. The product (G enzyme, or N-1-[5'-phosphoribosyl]adenosine triphosphate:pyrophosphate phosphoribosyltransferase; EC 2.4.2.17) of the first structural gene (hisG) of the histidine operon is not involved in the positive control mechanism. However, a possible role for G enzyme as an accessory negative control element interacting at the attenuator can be accommodated in our model. The operon-specific mechanism works in conjunction with an independent mechanism involving guanosine 5'-diphosphate 3'-diphosphate (ppGpp) which appears to be a positive effector involved in regulating amino-acid-producing systems, in general [Stephens, J.C., Artz, S.W. & Ames, B.N. (1975) Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA, in press].", "contents": "Histidine regulation in Salmonella typhimurium: an activator attenuator model of gene regulation. An activator-attenuator model of positive control, a s opposed to the classic repressor-operator model of negative control, is proposed for the major operon-specific mechanism governing expression of the histidine gene cluster of Salmonella typhimurium. Evidence for this mechanism is derived from experiments performed with a coupled in vitro transcription-translation system, as well as with a minimal in vitro transcription system [Kasai, T. (1974) Nature 249, 523--527]. The product (G enzyme, or N-1-[5'-phosphoribosyl]adenosine triphosphate:pyrophosphate phosphoribosyltransferase; EC 2.4.2.17) of the first structural gene (hisG) of the histidine operon is not involved in the positive control mechanism. However, a possible role for G enzyme as an accessory negative control element interacting at the attenuator can be accommodated in our model. The operon-specific mechanism works in conjunction with an independent mechanism involving guanosine 5'-diphosphate 3'-diphosphate (ppGpp) which appears to be a positive effector involved in regulating amino-acid-producing systems, in general [Stephens, J.C., Artz, S.W. & Ames, B.N. (1975) Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA, in press].", "PMID": 1103149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_146", "title": "Translocation of a plasmid DNA sequence which mediates ampicillin resistance: molecular nature and specificity of insertion.", "content": "A series of recombinant plasmids was generated in Escherichia coli in which the TEM beta-lactamase translocon (TnA) was inserted into the small plasmid RSF1010. RSF1010 is a 5.5 X 10(6) dalton nonconjugative plasmid which confers resistance to streptomycin and sulfonamide. The recombinant plasmids can be classified into three clearly defined phenotypic groups. Group I is ampicillin-, streptomycin- and sulfonamide-resistant. Group II is ampicillin- and sulfonamide-resistant but has lost streptomycin resistance. Group III is ampicillin-resistant but is sensitive to sulfonamide and shows a simultaneous 30-fold reduction in the minimal inhibitory concentration of streptomycin. It was possible to map the site of insertion of TnA within RSF1010 by electron microscope studies of DNA heteroduplexes formed between RSF1010 and recombinant plasmids. Insertions of TnA occur at, at least, 12 distinct sites in a region corresponding to one-third of the RSF1010 DNA molecule. Those insertions giving rise to particular phenotypes are clustered. Insertions of TnA-like insertion sequences (IS) appear to give rise to strongly polar mutations.", "contents": "Translocation of a plasmid DNA sequence which mediates ampicillin resistance: molecular nature and specificity of insertion. A series of recombinant plasmids was generated in Escherichia coli in which the TEM beta-lactamase translocon (TnA) was inserted into the small plasmid RSF1010. RSF1010 is a 5.5 X 10(6) dalton nonconjugative plasmid which confers resistance to streptomycin and sulfonamide. The recombinant plasmids can be classified into three clearly defined phenotypic groups. Group I is ampicillin-, streptomycin- and sulfonamide-resistant. Group II is ampicillin- and sulfonamide-resistant but has lost streptomycin resistance. Group III is ampicillin-resistant but is sensitive to sulfonamide and shows a simultaneous 30-fold reduction in the minimal inhibitory concentration of streptomycin. It was possible to map the site of insertion of TnA within RSF1010 by electron microscope studies of DNA heteroduplexes formed between RSF1010 and recombinant plasmids. Insertions of TnA occur at, at least, 12 distinct sites in a region corresponding to one-third of the RSF1010 DNA molecule. Those insertions giving rise to particular phenotypes are clustered. Insertions of TnA-like insertion sequences (IS) appear to give rise to strongly polar mutations.", "PMID": 1103150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_147", "title": "Transformation of Pseudomonas putida and Escherichia coli with plasmid-linked drug-resistance factor DNA.", "content": "Conditions optimal for the transformation of Pseudomonas putida and E. coli with a drug-resistance factor (RP 1) DNA, which specifies resistance to carbenicillin, tetracycline, kanamycin, and neomycin, are described. The transformants retain all the fertility, incompatibility, and drug-resistance characteristics present in the parent. Covalently-closed circular molecules of almost identical contour lengths have been isolated from the parent and the transformants. The frequency of transformation is drastically reduced by treatment of RP 1 DNA with DNase and by denaturation or sonication. Shearing of RP 1 DNA in vitro and their subsequent introduction in P. putida cells, by transformation, produces transformants that exhibit a wide range of drug-resistant phenotypes, including those which are resistant to neomycin but sensitive to kanamycin. Isolation of such neomycin-resistant but kanamycin-sensitive transformants indicates that there might be two separate mechanisms specified by RP 1 for resistance to the two antibiotics.", "contents": "Transformation of Pseudomonas putida and Escherichia coli with plasmid-linked drug-resistance factor DNA. Conditions optimal for the transformation of Pseudomonas putida and E. coli with a drug-resistance factor (RP 1) DNA, which specifies resistance to carbenicillin, tetracycline, kanamycin, and neomycin, are described. The transformants retain all the fertility, incompatibility, and drug-resistance characteristics present in the parent. Covalently-closed circular molecules of almost identical contour lengths have been isolated from the parent and the transformants. The frequency of transformation is drastically reduced by treatment of RP 1 DNA with DNase and by denaturation or sonication. Shearing of RP 1 DNA in vitro and their subsequent introduction in P. putida cells, by transformation, produces transformants that exhibit a wide range of drug-resistant phenotypes, including those which are resistant to neomycin but sensitive to kanamycin. Isolation of such neomycin-resistant but kanamycin-sensitive transformants indicates that there might be two separate mechanisms specified by RP 1 for resistance to the two antibiotics.", "PMID": 1103151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_148", "title": "An endotoxin-induced serum factor that causes necrosis of tumors.", "content": "In studying \"hemorrhagic necrosis\" of tumors produced by endotoxin, it was found that the serum of bacillus Calmette--Guerin (BCG)-infected mice treated with endotoxin contains a substance (tumor necrosis factor; TNF) which mimics the tumor necrotic action of endotoxin itself. TNF-positive serum is as effective as endotoxin itself in causing necrosis of the sarcoma Meth A and other transplanted tumors. A variety of tests indicate that TNF is not residual endotoxin, but a factor released from host cells, probably macrophages, by endotoxin. Corynebacteria and Zymosan, which like BCG induce hyperplasia of the reticulo-endothelial system, can substitute for BCG in priming mice for release of TNF by endotoxin. TNF is toxic in vitro for two neoplastic cell lines; it is not toxic for mouse embryo cultures. We propose that TNF mediates endotoxin-induced tumor necrosis, and that it may be responsible for the suppression of transformed cells by activated macrophages.", "contents": "An endotoxin-induced serum factor that causes necrosis of tumors. In studying \"hemorrhagic necrosis\" of tumors produced by endotoxin, it was found that the serum of bacillus Calmette--Guerin (BCG)-infected mice treated with endotoxin contains a substance (tumor necrosis factor; TNF) which mimics the tumor necrotic action of endotoxin itself. TNF-positive serum is as effective as endotoxin itself in causing necrosis of the sarcoma Meth A and other transplanted tumors. A variety of tests indicate that TNF is not residual endotoxin, but a factor released from host cells, probably macrophages, by endotoxin. Corynebacteria and Zymosan, which like BCG induce hyperplasia of the reticulo-endothelial system, can substitute for BCG in priming mice for release of TNF by endotoxin. TNF is toxic in vitro for two neoplastic cell lines; it is not toxic for mouse embryo cultures. We propose that TNF mediates endotoxin-induced tumor necrosis, and that it may be responsible for the suppression of transformed cells by activated macrophages.", "PMID": 1103152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_149", "title": "Effect of actinomycin D and estradiol on the response to LH-releasing hormone in neonatally androgenized femal rats.", "content": "The effect of estradiol, actinomycin D, or both, on pituitary response to LH-RH was studied in 6-month-old female rats which had been injected with testosterone propionate on the 2nd day of life. Estradiol significantly augmented the pituitary response to LH-RH. Actinomycin D did not significantly modify basal serum LH levels and pituitary response to LH-RH but did significantly inhibit the augmenting effect of estradiol on such a response.", "contents": "Effect of actinomycin D and estradiol on the response to LH-releasing hormone in neonatally androgenized femal rats. The effect of estradiol, actinomycin D, or both, on pituitary response to LH-RH was studied in 6-month-old female rats which had been injected with testosterone propionate on the 2nd day of life. Estradiol significantly augmented the pituitary response to LH-RH. Actinomycin D did not significantly modify basal serum LH levels and pituitary response to LH-RH but did significantly inhibit the augmenting effect of estradiol on such a response.", "PMID": 1103158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_150", "title": "The variation of indicator dilution curves with velocity profile.", "content": "A theoretical analysis has been made of the effect of different velocity profiles on the dispersion of a non-diffusable solute in fluid flow down a straight tube. An experimental investigation of this type of dispersion was made by monitoring the transport of radioactively labelled red blood cells in whole blood at flow rates within the non-Newtonian viscosity range. The dispersion curves obtained are consistent with a progressive flattening of the velocity profile as the flow rate is reduced, though a more rapid clearance than that predicted theoretically occurs in the tail region of the curves. The accepted indicator dilution techniques of estimating the flow rate and vessel volumes are considerably in error. An alternative method of accurately estimating the vessel volume is suggested.", "contents": "The variation of indicator dilution curves with velocity profile. A theoretical analysis has been made of the effect of different velocity profiles on the dispersion of a non-diffusable solute in fluid flow down a straight tube. An experimental investigation of this type of dispersion was made by monitoring the transport of radioactively labelled red blood cells in whole blood at flow rates within the non-Newtonian viscosity range. The dispersion curves obtained are consistent with a progressive flattening of the velocity profile as the flow rate is reduced, though a more rapid clearance than that predicted theoretically occurs in the tail region of the curves. The accepted indicator dilution techniques of estimating the flow rate and vessel volumes are considerably in error. An alternative method of accurately estimating the vessel volume is suggested.", "PMID": 1103162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_151", "title": "The level of GABA in the brain and locomotor behavior.", "content": "GABA content was measured in the brains of animals injected with AOAA, DPA or Saline. Significant increases in GABA were found in the motor cortex and cerebellum after treatment with both drugs as compared to saline injected controls. Increased GABA levels were associated with interference with the smooth execution of locomotor acts, especially where balancing and coordination of the hind limbs were necessary.", "contents": "The level of GABA in the brain and locomotor behavior. GABA content was measured in the brains of animals injected with AOAA, DPA or Saline. Significant increases in GABA were found in the motor cortex and cerebellum after treatment with both drugs as compared to saline injected controls. Increased GABA levels were associated with interference with the smooth execution of locomotor acts, especially where balancing and coordination of the hind limbs were necessary.", "PMID": 1103159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_152", "title": "Trehalose and glycogen levels during the initial stages of growth of Candida albicans.", "content": "Yeast phase cells of Candida albicans were extracted with cold 0.5 M trichloroacetic acid. The only quantitatively significant anthrone-positive material in these extracts was trehalose which was identified chromatographically and enzymatically. Glycogen in the residue was digested with amyloglucosidase to free glucose which was assayed by a glucose oxidase method. Washed cells from a stationary phase culture of C. albicans rapidly decreased their trehalose content during the early phases of growth on a fresh glucose-containing medium. Concurrent increases in total glycogen concentration were of a greater magnitude than could be accounted for by trehalose mobilization. Thus a specific role for trehalose during initial growth is indicated and is compared with other fungal systems. Trehalase activity was measured in situ and showed only minor changes during the time intervals of these experiments in contrast to other reports on S. cerevisiae. A large fraction of the enzyme in C. albicans behaved as external to the protoplasmic membrane. On one type of growth medium C. albicans exhibited (in addition to trehalose) variable amounts of a sugar alcohol in trichloroacetic acid extracts. This has tentatively been identified as arabitol.", "contents": "Trehalose and glycogen levels during the initial stages of growth of Candida albicans. Yeast phase cells of Candida albicans were extracted with cold 0.5 M trichloroacetic acid. The only quantitatively significant anthrone-positive material in these extracts was trehalose which was identified chromatographically and enzymatically. Glycogen in the residue was digested with amyloglucosidase to free glucose which was assayed by a glucose oxidase method. Washed cells from a stationary phase culture of C. albicans rapidly decreased their trehalose content during the early phases of growth on a fresh glucose-containing medium. Concurrent increases in total glycogen concentration were of a greater magnitude than could be accounted for by trehalose mobilization. Thus a specific role for trehalose during initial growth is indicated and is compared with other fungal systems. Trehalase activity was measured in situ and showed only minor changes during the time intervals of these experiments in contrast to other reports on S. cerevisiae. A large fraction of the enzyme in C. albicans behaved as external to the protoplasmic membrane. On one type of growth medium C. albicans exhibited (in addition to trehalose) variable amounts of a sugar alcohol in trichloroacetic acid extracts. This has tentatively been identified as arabitol.", "PMID": 1103165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_153", "title": "Dimensional analysis and theory of biological similarity.", "content": "From this review we conclude the following: 1) The body weight of an organism is an adequate reference index for the correlation of morphological and physiological characteristics. In comparative physiology, body weight can be recommended as a unifying frame of reference, particularly if the ponderal scale includes several decades, in order to apply logarithmic scales for the variables involved. (See article). 2) The statistical analysis of the experimental data can be represented conveniently by means of the logarithmic equivalent of Huxley's allometric equation (y = a-Wb), which is the most simple and at the same time the most versatile mathematical expression for intra- or interspecies comparisons. The exponents (b) for the allometric equations can be predicted for all biological variables definable in terms of the MLT system of physics (M = mass, L = length, T = time) or of a four-dimensional system MLTt where t = temperature. 3) By means of dimensional analysis and the theory of biological similarity a range of similarity criteria can be established: a) mechanical or dynamic similarity, b) kinematic or biological similarity; and c) hydrodynamic or transport similarity. Most functions obey the so-called biological (kinematic) similarity, particularly when the concept of operational time is introduced into Lambert-Teissier's original theory. 4) A satisfactory correlation (r = 0.99) for 80 empirical allometric exponents (b) describing morphological and physiological characteristics of living beings was found. These results are discussed in relation to Rosen's optimality principles in biology. 5) Organisms should be considered as mixed regimes. This means that no single similarity criterion can predict the allometric exponent (b) of all functions that dimensionally belong to MLT or MLTt systems, despite the fact that in the great majority of cases kinematic similarity will satisfactorily predict the reduced exponent (b). Nevertheless, in some instances mechanical (dynamic) similarity must be applied, and in other circumstances hydrodynamic (transport) similarity. 6) Cellular or molecular levels are not in the domain of the present theory, since neither cell dimensions nor molecular processes (viz., blood viscosity, diffusion capacity) can be predicted by biological similarity criteria.", "contents": "Dimensional analysis and theory of biological similarity. From this review we conclude the following: 1) The body weight of an organism is an adequate reference index for the correlation of morphological and physiological characteristics. In comparative physiology, body weight can be recommended as a unifying frame of reference, particularly if the ponderal scale includes several decades, in order to apply logarithmic scales for the variables involved. (See article). 2) The statistical analysis of the experimental data can be represented conveniently by means of the logarithmic equivalent of Huxley's allometric equation (y = a-Wb), which is the most simple and at the same time the most versatile mathematical expression for intra- or interspecies comparisons. The exponents (b) for the allometric equations can be predicted for all biological variables definable in terms of the MLT system of physics (M = mass, L = length, T = time) or of a four-dimensional system MLTt where t = temperature. 3) By means of dimensional analysis and the theory of biological similarity a range of similarity criteria can be established: a) mechanical or dynamic similarity, b) kinematic or biological similarity; and c) hydrodynamic or transport similarity. Most functions obey the so-called biological (kinematic) similarity, particularly when the concept of operational time is introduced into Lambert-Teissier's original theory. 4) A satisfactory correlation (r = 0.99) for 80 empirical allometric exponents (b) describing morphological and physiological characteristics of living beings was found. These results are discussed in relation to Rosen's optimality principles in biology. 5) Organisms should be considered as mixed regimes. This means that no single similarity criterion can predict the allometric exponent (b) of all functions that dimensionally belong to MLT or MLTt systems, despite the fact that in the great majority of cases kinematic similarity will satisfactorily predict the reduced exponent (b). Nevertheless, in some instances mechanical (dynamic) similarity must be applied, and in other circumstances hydrodynamic (transport) similarity. 6) Cellular or molecular levels are not in the domain of the present theory, since neither cell dimensions nor molecular processes (viz., blood viscosity, diffusion capacity) can be predicted by biological similarity criteria.", "PMID": 1103169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_154", "title": "Technique for chronic electrode or cannula implantation in decorticate animals.", "content": "A surgical technique is described which enables chronic recording of electrophysiological activity and chemical or electrical stimulation in the decorticated animal. This procedure circumvents the problems of inadequate electrode/cannula patency and of the short-term debilitating consequences  of cortical ablation. These features make it possible to analyze the relationships between neuroelectrophysiology, behavior and the central mechanisms underlying the restitution of function following brain damage.  The procedure appears to be suitable for a wide range of mature laboratory animals and offers several advantages over the few techniques currently available.", "contents": "Technique for chronic electrode or cannula implantation in decorticate animals. A surgical technique is described which enables chronic recording of electrophysiological activity and chemical or electrical stimulation in the decorticated animal. This procedure circumvents the problems of inadequate electrode/cannula patency and of the short-term debilitating consequences  of cortical ablation. These features make it possible to analyze the relationships between neuroelectrophysiology, behavior and the central mechanisms underlying the restitution of function following brain damage.  The procedure appears to be suitable for a wide range of mature laboratory animals and offers several advantages over the few techniques currently available.", "PMID": 1103171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_155", "title": "Consummatory behavior in meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus) and mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus).", "content": "Consumption of water and adulterated fluids was measured under choice and no choice situation in voles and gerbils. Voles consumed more water throughout, and were clearly less able to tolerate challenges presented by adulteration of available solutions in the no choice situation. Intake of both species under choice conditions was more affected (although differentially) by fluid adulteration that it had been when no choice was available. Male and female differences were noted but typically these differences were in magnitude rather than direction of the consummatory response. The data were taken to illustrate the need for comparative studies and careful specification of stimulus conditions surrounding testing so that general principles of physiological and behavioral regulation can be separated from species  specific differences.", "contents": "Consummatory behavior in meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus) and mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus). Consumption of water and adulterated fluids was measured under choice and no choice situation in voles and gerbils. Voles consumed more water throughout, and were clearly less able to tolerate challenges presented by adulteration of available solutions in the no choice situation. Intake of both species under choice conditions was more affected (although differentially) by fluid adulteration that it had been when no choice was available. Male and female differences were noted but typically these differences were in magnitude rather than direction of the consummatory response. The data were taken to illustrate the need for comparative studies and careful specification of stimulus conditions surrounding testing so that general principles of physiological and behavioral regulation can be separated from species  specific differences.", "PMID": 1103172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_156", "title": "Septal lesions in meadow voles and mongolian gerbils: consummatory and investigatory behavior.", "content": "In order to separate species specific from general effects of septal lesions on consummatory and investigatory behavior we chose to work with male Mongolian gerbils and meadow voles. These two rodent species are different in both the absolute amount of fluids consumed and reactivity to the palatability of the fluids presented in a single tube. Septal lesions did not elevate water consumption of either species. Septal lesioned gerbils tended to consume more sucrose, and septal voles clearly did drink more sucrose than their control counterparts. But only lesioned voles suppressed intake below control levels when presented with quinine. Exploratory behavior, which was measured only in gerbils, was also altered by septal lesions. Measurement of testosterone, seminal vesicles, and ventral marking glands (gerbils only) indicated that septal lesions alter hormonal systems in at least this species. The importance of comparative investigations in elucidating the general function of brain structures was discussed.", "contents": "Septal lesions in meadow voles and mongolian gerbils: consummatory and investigatory behavior. In order to separate species specific from general effects of septal lesions on consummatory and investigatory behavior we chose to work with male Mongolian gerbils and meadow voles. These two rodent species are different in both the absolute amount of fluids consumed and reactivity to the palatability of the fluids presented in a single tube. Septal lesions did not elevate water consumption of either species. Septal lesioned gerbils tended to consume more sucrose, and septal voles clearly did drink more sucrose than their control counterparts. But only lesioned voles suppressed intake below control levels when presented with quinine. Exploratory behavior, which was measured only in gerbils, was also altered by septal lesions. Measurement of testosterone, seminal vesicles, and ventral marking glands (gerbils only) indicated that septal lesions alter hormonal systems in at least this species. The importance of comparative investigations in elucidating the general function of brain structures was discussed.", "PMID": 1103173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_157", "title": "Psychosomatic medicine--past, present, and future.", "content": "\"Psychosomatic\" is not part of the average person's vocabulary, and most educated laymen know the meaning of \"psychophysiological\" and \"somatopsychic.\" Without having words for the process, everyone senses that mental processes can influence bodily functioning and, certainly, that the sick body can produce a sick mind. Many explanations have been offered for the mechanisms underlying these processes--theories ranging from the irrational and religious to the philosophical and scientific. Scientific interest in these processes has been a relatively recent development, originating perhaps a few decades ago. It is time to take inventory, to review and consider the scientific history of psychosomatic medicine and the current status of the field. It is also fascinating to speculate on the developments and ramifications of psychosomatic medicine in the future.", "contents": "Psychosomatic medicine--past, present, and future. \"Psychosomatic\" is not part of the average person's vocabulary, and most educated laymen know the meaning of \"psychophysiological\" and \"somatopsychic.\" Without having words for the process, everyone senses that mental processes can influence bodily functioning and, certainly, that the sick body can produce a sick mind. Many explanations have been offered for the mechanisms underlying these processes--theories ranging from the irrational and religious to the philosophical and scientific. Scientific interest in these processes has been a relatively recent development, originating perhaps a few decades ago. It is time to take inventory, to review and consider the scientific history of psychosomatic medicine and the current status of the field. It is also fascinating to speculate on the developments and ramifications of psychosomatic medicine in the future.", "PMID": 1103195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_158", "title": "The social and psychological reality of European witchcraft beliefs.", "content": "In recent years there have been a number of books and articles on witchcraft in general and European witchcraft in particular. The majority of these works contain the implicit or explicit assumption that witchcraft was a cruel, irrational delusion that resulted in the deaths of perhaps hundreds of thousands or innocent victims (Anderson, 1970). While I do not for a moment dispute the horrible cruelties and hideous tortures inflicted on many of the accused, I do feel that it is essential to point out that in terms of the culture and belief structure of Late Medieval and Post Reformation Europe, not only was a belief in witchcraft not irrational and a delusion, but also it did in fact make good sense.", "contents": "The social and psychological reality of European witchcraft beliefs. In recent years there have been a number of books and articles on witchcraft in general and European witchcraft in particular. The majority of these works contain the implicit or explicit assumption that witchcraft was a cruel, irrational delusion that resulted in the deaths of perhaps hundreds of thousands or innocent victims (Anderson, 1970). While I do not for a moment dispute the horrible cruelties and hideous tortures inflicted on many of the accused, I do feel that it is essential to point out that in terms of the culture and belief structure of Late Medieval and Post Reformation Europe, not only was a belief in witchcraft not irrational and a delusion, but also it did in fact make good sense.", "PMID": 1103196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_159", "title": "A comparative study of haloperidol and chlorpromazine in terms of clinical effects and therapeutic reversal with benztropine in schizophrenia. Theoretical implications for potency differences among neuroleptics.", "content": "In a double-blind, cross-over study, the comparative therapeutic effects of 6-week courses of two prototypic neuroleptics--haloperidol and chlorpromazine--and the reversal of those effects with benztropine were investigated in a group of 18 schizophrenics. Periodic measurements were made for 32 dimensions of psychopathology, social participation, span of attention, sleeplessness, pulse rate and neurological side effects. The results showed that haloperidol was generally a more effective drug over the period studied. This was particularly apparent in terms of social and emotional responsiveness, communicativeness and cognitive processes. The only superiority of chlorpromazine seemed to be that patients felt less dysphoric on it than they did on haloperidol. Haloperidol also proved to be more rapid in its action. The data failed to support the clinical validity of the distinction often made between \"sedative\" and \"activating\" neuroleptics. Consistent with previous reports, benztropine had the effect of diminishing therapeutic response to both neuroleptics. However, haloperidol again proved less susceptible to this effect. The slowness and lesser therapeutic efficiency of chlorpromazine and its greater susceptibility to benztropine reversal were all considered to be due to its built-in anti-cholinergic properties acting in opposition to its antipsychotic activity. The low potency of chlorpromazine-like drugs was attributed to their inherent anticholinergic characteristics. It was suggested that one of the factors determining potency difference among neuroleptics may be the degree of built-in anticholinergic activity.", "contents": "A comparative study of haloperidol and chlorpromazine in terms of clinical effects and therapeutic reversal with benztropine in schizophrenia. Theoretical implications for potency differences among neuroleptics. In a double-blind, cross-over study, the comparative therapeutic effects of 6-week courses of two prototypic neuroleptics--haloperidol and chlorpromazine--and the reversal of those effects with benztropine were investigated in a group of 18 schizophrenics. Periodic measurements were made for 32 dimensions of psychopathology, social participation, span of attention, sleeplessness, pulse rate and neurological side effects. The results showed that haloperidol was generally a more effective drug over the period studied. This was particularly apparent in terms of social and emotional responsiveness, communicativeness and cognitive processes. The only superiority of chlorpromazine seemed to be that patients felt less dysphoric on it than they did on haloperidol. Haloperidol also proved to be more rapid in its action. The data failed to support the clinical validity of the distinction often made between \"sedative\" and \"activating\" neuroleptics. Consistent with previous reports, benztropine had the effect of diminishing therapeutic response to both neuroleptics. However, haloperidol again proved less susceptible to this effect. The slowness and lesser therapeutic efficiency of chlorpromazine and its greater susceptibility to benztropine reversal were all considered to be due to its built-in anti-cholinergic properties acting in opposition to its antipsychotic activity. The low potency of chlorpromazine-like drugs was attributed to their inherent anticholinergic characteristics. It was suggested that one of the factors determining potency difference among neuroleptics may be the degree of built-in anticholinergic activity.", "PMID": 1103205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_160", "title": "A longitudinal therapeutic comparison between two prototypic neuroleptics (haloperidol and chlorpromazine) in matched groups of schizophrenics. Nontherapeutic interactions with trihexyphenidyl. Theoretical implications for potency differences.", "content": "The treatment process with two prototypic neuroleptics--haloperidol and chlorpromazine--and the nontherapeutic effects of trihexyphenidyl on this process were studied in carefully matched groups of ten schizophrenics each, using a \"double-blind\", repeated-measure, longitudinal research design. Measurements of various aspects of psychopathology, social participation and clinical indices of arousal were made periodically and objective test of cognition and attention were given. The two treatment groups were highly comparable in epidemiological and clinical terms and differed significantly during the baseline period in only one of the 39 parameters. Longitudinal nonparametric analyses showed that significant therepeutic changes tended to occur more quickly and involved a wider spectrum of schizophrenic phenomena with haloperidol than with chlorpromazine. Parametric analyses also indicated that at the completion of the study, haloperidol-treated patients had significant improvement in many more dimensions than the chlorpromazine-treated patients and that the changes with haloperidol were generally of greater magnitude. At the same time, chlorpromazine treatment seemed to be more susceptible to the antagonistic effects of trihexyphenidyl. No differential patterns of responses were noted for the two neuroleptics to provide any clinical validity to the distinction often made between \"sedative\" and \"activating\" neuroleptics. These data were in agreement with those from a previous comparative study which had a very different research design and a somewhat different type of schizophrenic population. The clinical and potency differences between the two neuroleptics were again explained on the basis of the fact that chlorpromazine has much stronger built-in anticholinergic properties, which may be acting in opposition to the antipsychotic activity. It was suggested that the degree of inherent anticholinergic activity may be an important determinant of potency differences among presently known neuroleptics. The possible role of cholinergic mechanisms in schizophrenia was discussed.", "contents": "A longitudinal therapeutic comparison between two prototypic neuroleptics (haloperidol and chlorpromazine) in matched groups of schizophrenics. Nontherapeutic interactions with trihexyphenidyl. Theoretical implications for potency differences. The treatment process with two prototypic neuroleptics--haloperidol and chlorpromazine--and the nontherapeutic effects of trihexyphenidyl on this process were studied in carefully matched groups of ten schizophrenics each, using a \"double-blind\", repeated-measure, longitudinal research design. Measurements of various aspects of psychopathology, social participation and clinical indices of arousal were made periodically and objective test of cognition and attention were given. The two treatment groups were highly comparable in epidemiological and clinical terms and differed significantly during the baseline period in only one of the 39 parameters. Longitudinal nonparametric analyses showed that significant therepeutic changes tended to occur more quickly and involved a wider spectrum of schizophrenic phenomena with haloperidol than with chlorpromazine. Parametric analyses also indicated that at the completion of the study, haloperidol-treated patients had significant improvement in many more dimensions than the chlorpromazine-treated patients and that the changes with haloperidol were generally of greater magnitude. At the same time, chlorpromazine treatment seemed to be more susceptible to the antagonistic effects of trihexyphenidyl. No differential patterns of responses were noted for the two neuroleptics to provide any clinical validity to the distinction often made between \"sedative\" and \"activating\" neuroleptics. These data were in agreement with those from a previous comparative study which had a very different research design and a somewhat different type of schizophrenic population. The clinical and potency differences between the two neuroleptics were again explained on the basis of the fact that chlorpromazine has much stronger built-in anticholinergic properties, which may be acting in opposition to the antipsychotic activity. It was suggested that the degree of inherent anticholinergic activity may be an important determinant of potency differences among presently known neuroleptics. The possible role of cholinergic mechanisms in schizophrenia was discussed.", "PMID": 1103206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_161", "title": "The effects of methylphenidate and haloperidol on the heart rate and blood pressure of hyperactive children with special reference to time of action.", "content": "Twelve hyperactive-aggressive children were given single acute doses of placebo, methylphenidate (0.3 mg/kg) and haloperidol (0.035 mg/kg) on three separate occasions in a double blind crossover design with drug order randomized across subjects. Resting heart rates and systolic and diastolic blood pressures were obtained at nine intervals up to 7 hrs and electrocardiograms at 150 min after ingestion. Methylphenidate caused a small trend toward an increment in heart rate and a significant increment in blood pressure, while the changes with haloperidol were minimal. There were no EKG changes. Changes in heart rate were of a minimal nature as compared with those occurring with digestion which tended to obscure drug effects.", "contents": "The effects of methylphenidate and haloperidol on the heart rate and blood pressure of hyperactive children with special reference to time of action. Twelve hyperactive-aggressive children were given single acute doses of placebo, methylphenidate (0.3 mg/kg) and haloperidol (0.035 mg/kg) on three separate occasions in a double blind crossover design with drug order randomized across subjects. Resting heart rates and systolic and diastolic blood pressures were obtained at nine intervals up to 7 hrs and electrocardiograms at 150 min after ingestion. Methylphenidate caused a small trend toward an increment in heart rate and a significant increment in blood pressure, while the changes with haloperidol were minimal. There were no EKG changes. Changes in heart rate were of a minimal nature as compared with those occurring with digestion which tended to obscure drug effects.", "PMID": 1103207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_162", "title": "Effects of personal interactions and setting on subjective drug responses in small groups.", "content": "Subjective responses induced by secobarbital and meprobamate were evaluated in 4 X 4 controlled trials in small groups of healthy young adults over 4 months. Drug effects were mainly influenced by attitudes toward the project, personal interactions, and anticipations of the subjects. The effects of some of these factors were similar to, and at least as powerful as those which are usually considered characteristic of sedatives and stimulants. The same factors, however, did not apparently effect objective responses.", "contents": "Effects of personal interactions and setting on subjective drug responses in small groups. Subjective responses induced by secobarbital and meprobamate were evaluated in 4 X 4 controlled trials in small groups of healthy young adults over 4 months. Drug effects were mainly influenced by attitudes toward the project, personal interactions, and anticipations of the subjects. The effects of some of these factors were similar to, and at least as powerful as those which are usually considered characteristic of sedatives and stimulants. The same factors, however, did not apparently effect objective responses.", "PMID": 1103208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_163", "title": "Marihuana effects on TAT form and content.", "content": "In a double-blind study, 72 normal male subjects were given either placebo or marihuana containing 20 mg. Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol. Stories written to cards selected from the Thematic Apperception Test did not differ on hostile or sexual content scales between drug and placebo conditions, but 6 out of 10 scales specifically constructed to detect marihuana effects were successful at differentiating the two conditions. Under marihuana the stories had a timeless, non-narrative quality, with greater discontinuity in thought sequence and more frequent inclusion of contradictory ideas. Novelty of content was somewhat increased by marihuana, while relation to the picture, imagery, repetition, and closure were not significantly affected.", "contents": "Marihuana effects on TAT form and content. In a double-blind study, 72 normal male subjects were given either placebo or marihuana containing 20 mg. Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol. Stories written to cards selected from the Thematic Apperception Test did not differ on hostile or sexual content scales between drug and placebo conditions, but 6 out of 10 scales specifically constructed to detect marihuana effects were successful at differentiating the two conditions. Under marihuana the stories had a timeless, non-narrative quality, with greater discontinuity in thought sequence and more frequent inclusion of contradictory ideas. Novelty of content was somewhat increased by marihuana, while relation to the picture, imagery, repetition, and closure were not significantly affected.", "PMID": 1103209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_164", "title": "W.H.O. sponsored collaborative studies on nutritional anaemia in India. 1. The effects of supplemental oral iron administration to pregnant women.", "content": "A W.H.O. sponsored collaborative study of the effects of iron supplementation to pregnant women was carried out in Delhi (northern India) and Vellore (southern India). Supplementation was given under supervision from the 26th to the 36th or 38th week of pregnancy. A control group received only placebo; one group received vitamin B12 and folic acid alone; four groups received vitamin B12, folate and a daily iron supplement ranging from 30 to 240 mg of elemental iron as ferrous fumerate, and one further group received 120 mg of iron without B12 or folate. Groups receiving no iron showed a fall in mean stet concentration. Those receiving iron showed a rise in haemoglobin, the best results being in the groups receiving 120 and 240 mg of iron together with vitamin B12 and folate. Even in these groups however there was still a high prevalence of anaemia and iron deficiency at the end of the trial period. Iron alone did not produce as good results as iron plus vitamin B12 and folate. The supplementation had no detectable effect on the birth weight of the children, nor on the haemoglobin concentration of the infants at three months of age. The daily absorption of iron in the pregnant women, as judged from the increase in haemoglobin mass, was not as satisfactory as expected. Possible reasons for this are discussed. It is concluded that to provide these women with adequate iron a daily oral supplementation of 120 mg of elemental iron or more is needed. This can only be achieved by medicinal means. Before supplementation can be recommended on a public health scale, further information regarding the cost and expected benefits of such measures must be obtained.", "contents": "W.H.O. sponsored collaborative studies on nutritional anaemia in India. 1. The effects of supplemental oral iron administration to pregnant women. A W.H.O. sponsored collaborative study of the effects of iron supplementation to pregnant women was carried out in Delhi (northern India) and Vellore (southern India). Supplementation was given under supervision from the 26th to the 36th or 38th week of pregnancy. A control group received only placebo; one group received vitamin B12 and folic acid alone; four groups received vitamin B12, folate and a daily iron supplement ranging from 30 to 240 mg of elemental iron as ferrous fumerate, and one further group received 120 mg of iron without B12 or folate. Groups receiving no iron showed a fall in mean stet concentration. Those receiving iron showed a rise in haemoglobin, the best results being in the groups receiving 120 and 240 mg of iron together with vitamin B12 and folate. Even in these groups however there was still a high prevalence of anaemia and iron deficiency at the end of the trial period. Iron alone did not produce as good results as iron plus vitamin B12 and folate. The supplementation had no detectable effect on the birth weight of the children, nor on the haemoglobin concentration of the infants at three months of age. The daily absorption of iron in the pregnant women, as judged from the increase in haemoglobin mass, was not as satisfactory as expected. Possible reasons for this are discussed. It is concluded that to provide these women with adequate iron a daily oral supplementation of 120 mg of elemental iron or more is needed. This can only be achieved by medicinal means. Before supplementation can be recommended on a public health scale, further information regarding the cost and expected benefits of such measures must be obtained.", "PMID": 1103213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_165", "title": "[Giant hypertrophic gastritis (M\u00e9n\u00e9trier's disease)].", "content": "A case of giant hypertrophic gastritis is described. The atiology, clinical symptoms, histological changes, therapeutic aspects and the differentiation to the reticulo-blastomas of stomach are discussed.", "contents": "[Giant hypertrophic gastritis (M\u00e9n\u00e9trier's disease)]. A case of giant hypertrophic gastritis is described. The atiology, clinical symptoms, histological changes, therapeutic aspects and the differentiation to the reticulo-blastomas of stomach are discussed.", "PMID": 1103228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_166", "title": "The radiographic size of renal transplants.", "content": "The lengths of 55 renal transplants outlined by metallic clips were measured on serial abdominal radiographs up to 3 years after operation. The range of normal transplant size was defined as the mean value +/- 2 standard deviations. Using this definition, the maximum increase in length was 5% at 10 days, 10% at 1 month, and 1% additional for each month in the first year. The normal maximum rate of increase in renal length was 0.5% per day, found only in the immediate postoperative period. Sixty per cent of transplants with severe rejection had either an abnormal length or growth rate or both. In chronic rejection and other complications, size and growth were rarely abnormal. An abnormal decrease in renal length was not seen with any complication.", "contents": "The radiographic size of renal transplants. The lengths of 55 renal transplants outlined by metallic clips were measured on serial abdominal radiographs up to 3 years after operation. The range of normal transplant size was defined as the mean value +/- 2 standard deviations. Using this definition, the maximum increase in length was 5% at 10 days, 10% at 1 month, and 1% additional for each month in the first year. The normal maximum rate of increase in renal length was 0.5% per day, found only in the immediate postoperative period. Sixty per cent of transplants with severe rejection had either an abnormal length or growth rate or both. In chronic rejection and other complications, size and growth were rarely abnormal. An abnormal decrease in renal length was not seen with any complication.", "PMID": 1103229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_167", "title": "Lymphomas: initial reactivation.", "content": "A total of 299 patients with Stage IA-Stage IIB nodal lymphoma treated by irradiation were evaluated for initial reactivation. The abdomen was the major site of reactivation for patients with supradiaphragmatic Hodgkin's disease. The non-Hodgkin's lymphomas reactivated in a variable fashion. Reactivation was prompt for patients with reticulum-cell sarcoma and longer for patients with other lymphomas. Initial extranodal manifestations were present in 24%, 51%, and 63% of patients with Hodgkin's disease, lymphosarcoma, and reticulum-cell sarcoma, respectively.", "contents": "Lymphomas: initial reactivation. A total of 299 patients with Stage IA-Stage IIB nodal lymphoma treated by irradiation were evaluated for initial reactivation. The abdomen was the major site of reactivation for patients with supradiaphragmatic Hodgkin's disease. The non-Hodgkin's lymphomas reactivated in a variable fashion. Reactivation was prompt for patients with reticulum-cell sarcoma and longer for patients with other lymphomas. Initial extranodal manifestations were present in 24%, 51%, and 63% of patients with Hodgkin's disease, lymphosarcoma, and reticulum-cell sarcoma, respectively.", "PMID": 1103230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_168", "title": "67Ga citrate in renal allograft rejection.", "content": "Eight renal allograft recipients were examined on 31 occasions following administration of 99mTc sulfur colloid and 67Ga citrate. Transplant accumulation of each agent was compared and collated with the clinical diagnosis. The procedures matched in 25 instances (81%). Gallium accumulated in the graft producing a false positive result in 2 instances of acute tubular necrosis with anuria, and failed to accumulate within the graft in one case of chronic rejection and in 2 instances of acute rejection. Both radioagents failed to accumulate in 3 patients with acute rejection following heparin therapy. These data indicate that 99mTc sulfur colloid is superior to 67Ga citrate in establishing the diagnosis of transplant rejection and also provides more timely information.", "contents": "67Ga citrate in renal allograft rejection. Eight renal allograft recipients were examined on 31 occasions following administration of 99mTc sulfur colloid and 67Ga citrate. Transplant accumulation of each agent was compared and collated with the clinical diagnosis. The procedures matched in 25 instances (81%). Gallium accumulated in the graft producing a false positive result in 2 instances of acute tubular necrosis with anuria, and failed to accumulate within the graft in one case of chronic rejection and in 2 instances of acute rejection. Both radioagents failed to accumulate in 3 patients with acute rejection following heparin therapy. These data indicate that 99mTc sulfur colloid is superior to 67Ga citrate in establishing the diagnosis of transplant rejection and also provides more timely information.", "PMID": 1103231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_169", "title": "Abnormalities in the regional circulations accompanying congestive heart failure.", "content": "In congestive heart failure, patients appear to have alimited ability to dilate their resistance vessels in skeletal muscle in response to a metabolic stimulus. This is true whether the metabolic stimulus is ischemia, dynamic, or static exercise. The mechanism for this limited arteriolar capacity is at least twofold; an increased sodium content of the vessels as well as an increased tissue pressure which is seen in edematous states. This can be considered a positive compensatory mechanism in that it helps to maintain systemic arterial pressure during exercise when the cardiac output fails to increase normally. If the resistance vessels were to dilate normally, then in the face of a limited cardiac output, exercise syncope would be expected to occur...", "contents": "Abnormalities in the regional circulations accompanying congestive heart failure. In congestive heart failure, patients appear to have alimited ability to dilate their resistance vessels in skeletal muscle in response to a metabolic stimulus. This is true whether the metabolic stimulus is ischemia, dynamic, or static exercise. The mechanism for this limited arteriolar capacity is at least twofold; an increased sodium content of the vessels as well as an increased tissue pressure which is seen in edematous states. This can be considered a positive compensatory mechanism in that it helps to maintain systemic arterial pressure during exercise when the cardiac output fails to increase normally. If the resistance vessels were to dilate normally, then in the face of a limited cardiac output, exercise syncope would be expected to occur...", "PMID": 1103232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_170", "title": "Inward calcium current and activation of contraction in mammalian myocardial fibers.", "content": "Electrophysiological and tracer studies show an increase in Ca permeability of cardiac cell membranes during excitation. The Ca influx (ICa) during the plateau of the cardiac action potential is a voltage- and time-dependent electrogenic process. The following results were obtained by simultaneous recordings of twitch tension (T) and membrane ionic currents under voltage clamp conditions. 1) The threshold potentials for T and ICa are the same. 2) T decreases when the reversal potential by ICa is approached during depolarization. 3) The voltage and time dependences of recovery of ICa and of T from inactivation are very similar. 4) Catecholamines and methylxanthines which exert a positive inotropic effect increase ICa. 5) Substances which reduce ICa (La3+, Co2+, Mn2+, verapamil, and D 600)  cause a negative inotropic effect. Despite these parallelisms the relation between ICa and T is indirect since during repetitive identical depolarizations ICa decreases while T increases (staircase). This can be explained by a store (sarcoplasmic reticulum?) into which Ca ions flow and from which they are released. Other factors like Na-Ca exchange influence the filling of these stores.", "contents": "Inward calcium current and activation of contraction in mammalian myocardial fibers. Electrophysiological and tracer studies show an increase in Ca permeability of cardiac cell membranes during excitation. The Ca influx (ICa) during the plateau of the cardiac action potential is a voltage- and time-dependent electrogenic process. The following results were obtained by simultaneous recordings of twitch tension (T) and membrane ionic currents under voltage clamp conditions. 1) The threshold potentials for T and ICa are the same. 2) T decreases when the reversal potential by ICa is approached during depolarization. 3) The voltage and time dependences of recovery of ICa and of T from inactivation are very similar. 4) Catecholamines and methylxanthines which exert a positive inotropic effect increase ICa. 5) Substances which reduce ICa (La3+, Co2+, Mn2+, verapamil, and D 600)  cause a negative inotropic effect. Despite these parallelisms the relation between ICa and T is indirect since during repetitive identical depolarizations ICa decreases while T increases (staircase). This can be explained by a store (sarcoplasmic reticulum?) into which Ca ions flow and from which they are released. Other factors like Na-Ca exchange influence the filling of these stores.", "PMID": 1103242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_171", "title": "Disturbances of transmembrane ionic fluxes and their role in the pathogenesis of cardiac dysrhythmias.", "content": "Abnormalities of cardiac rhythm are due either to disorders of impulse propagation (delay or block of conduction, re-entry, circus movement, etc.), or to disturbances of impulse formation (dysfunction of ordinary pacemakers and induction of focal activity). In most instances certain disturbances of transmembrane movements of Na or K ions may be considered to be involved basically in the genesis of dysrhythmic cardiac activity. By means of intracellular recordings as well as of voltage clamp measurements and of analogical computations it is demonstrated that characteristic changes of the membrane potential might result from entirely different ionic mechanisms. Furthermore, an attempt is made to present a detailed analysis of permeability changes underlying normal pacemaker activity in Purkinje fibers as compared with the sinus node or with focal activity induced in myocardial fibers by different influences (aconitine, barium ions, stretch, and strong currents).", "contents": "Disturbances of transmembrane ionic fluxes and their role in the pathogenesis of cardiac dysrhythmias. Abnormalities of cardiac rhythm are due either to disorders of impulse propagation (delay or block of conduction, re-entry, circus movement, etc.), or to disturbances of impulse formation (dysfunction of ordinary pacemakers and induction of focal activity). In most instances certain disturbances of transmembrane movements of Na or K ions may be considered to be involved basically in the genesis of dysrhythmic cardiac activity. By means of intracellular recordings as well as of voltage clamp measurements and of analogical computations it is demonstrated that characteristic changes of the membrane potential might result from entirely different ionic mechanisms. Furthermore, an attempt is made to present a detailed analysis of permeability changes underlying normal pacemaker activity in Purkinje fibers as compared with the sinus node or with focal activity induced in myocardial fibers by different influences (aconitine, barium ions, stretch, and strong currents).", "PMID": 1103244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_172", "title": "The regulatory system of the actin-myosin interaction.", "content": "According to recent views the active troponin (Tn) complex consists of three components distinguishable by their ability to bind Ca2+ (TnC), to combine with troponyosin (TnT), and to inhibit actomyosin ATPase with ot without Ca2+ (TnI). Addition of Tn to an actin-myosin-tropomyosin system produceas a Ca2+ requirement for ATPase activity. Recent developments bearing on the mechanism both in vitro and in vivo are reviewed in order to correlate biochemical, physiochemical, electron microscopic, and physiological findings. The use of various combination of isolated components considerably helps in pinpointing changes that occur within components (conformational changes) and in the relative positions of interacting moieties. Available data on differences between the skeletal and cardiac system are also discussed.", "contents": "The regulatory system of the actin-myosin interaction. According to recent views the active troponin (Tn) complex consists of three components distinguishable by their ability to bind Ca2+ (TnC), to combine with troponyosin (TnT), and to inhibit actomyosin ATPase with ot without Ca2+ (TnI). Addition of Tn to an actin-myosin-tropomyosin system produceas a Ca2+ requirement for ATPase activity. Recent developments bearing on the mechanism both in vitro and in vivo are reviewed in order to correlate biochemical, physiochemical, electron microscopic, and physiological findings. The use of various combination of isolated components considerably helps in pinpointing changes that occur within components (conformational changes) and in the relative positions of interacting moieties. Available data on differences between the skeletal and cardiac system are also discussed.", "PMID": 1103243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_173", "title": "Bioenergetics in clinical medicine. II. Adjunctive treatment with coenzyme Q in periodontal therapy.", "content": "Eight patients under routine care for periodontitis received oral treatment with a form of coenzyme Q (7 / CoQ10 and 1 / hexahydrocoenzyme Q4). An unchanged plaque score showed the patients cooperated and were under plaque control. The periodontal score decreased (p less than 0.01) on CoQ treatment. Unexpectedly, the periodontal pocket depth decreased (P less than 0.05) on CoQ treatment since all patients were considered candidates for surgical intervention. Healing was so excellent 5-7 days post-biopsy that the biopsy sites were difficult to locate. The healing was viewed as extraordinarily effective. The mean value of the specific activities of the succinate dehydrogenase-coenzyme Q10 reductase of gingival biopsies increased (P less than 0.05) during treatment which could correlate with the extraordinarily healing. Treatment of periodontitis with coenzyme Q should be considered as adjunctive treatment with current dental practice.", "contents": "Bioenergetics in clinical medicine. II. Adjunctive treatment with coenzyme Q in periodontal therapy. Eight patients under routine care for periodontitis received oral treatment with a form of coenzyme Q (7 / CoQ10 and 1 / hexahydrocoenzyme Q4). An unchanged plaque score showed the patients cooperated and were under plaque control. The periodontal score decreased (p less than 0.01) on CoQ treatment. Unexpectedly, the periodontal pocket depth decreased (P less than 0.05) on CoQ treatment since all patients were considered candidates for surgical intervention. Healing was so excellent 5-7 days post-biopsy that the biopsy sites were difficult to locate. The healing was viewed as extraordinarily effective. The mean value of the specific activities of the succinate dehydrogenase-coenzyme Q10 reductase of gingival biopsies increased (P less than 0.05) during treatment which could correlate with the extraordinarily healing. Treatment of periodontitis with coenzyme Q should be considered as adjunctive treatment with current dental practice.", "PMID": 1103247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_174", "title": "[Porto-systemic encephalo-myelopathy].", "content": "To avoid the dangerous consequences of gastro-intestinal haemorrhages in portal hypertension, portosystemic anastomosis is often performed. These operations unfortunately cause numerous complications among which isolated encephalopathy and encephalo-myelopathy hold pride of place. In spite of their different clinical, biological, therapeutic and anatomo-pathological behaviour, these two complications are undoubtedly the result of a common pathogenesis of which the details are not at present understood. It is, however, known that these involve complex metabolic disorders connected with the direct passage into the caval blood of products from the gut (ammonia, false neurotransmitters, ...). Experiments with rats have shown development of type II Alzheimer glia in the cerebellum after portocaval anastomosis; so far, spinal lesions have not been reproduced (10-76). In conclusion, it must be recognized that, as Lucien Leger (39) wrote, \"by creating a new physiopathology, portal decompression raises as many questions as it solves.\"", "contents": "[Porto-systemic encephalo-myelopathy]. To avoid the dangerous consequences of gastro-intestinal haemorrhages in portal hypertension, portosystemic anastomosis is often performed. These operations unfortunately cause numerous complications among which isolated encephalopathy and encephalo-myelopathy hold pride of place. In spite of their different clinical, biological, therapeutic and anatomo-pathological behaviour, these two complications are undoubtedly the result of a common pathogenesis of which the details are not at present understood. It is, however, known that these involve complex metabolic disorders connected with the direct passage into the caval blood of products from the gut (ammonia, false neurotransmitters, ...). Experiments with rats have shown development of type II Alzheimer glia in the cerebellum after portocaval anastomosis; so far, spinal lesions have not been reproduced (10-76). In conclusion, it must be recognized that, as Lucien Leger (39) wrote, \"by creating a new physiopathology, portal decompression raises as many questions as it solves.\"", "PMID": 1103250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_175", "title": "Statistical analysis of the reproducibility of the intravenous glucose tolerance test and the serum insulin response to this test in the middle-aged men.", "content": "The reproducibility of the intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) and the serum insulin response to this test have been studied in 48 healthy middle-aged men participating in a health screening program. Two tests were done 4-6 weeks apart. The subjects were ambulatory, and no diet prescriptions other than recommendation of an overnight fast were given. Under these circumstances the correlation between the K values of the two tests was low (r equals 0.55), and the equation for linear regression was y equals 0.56 x + 0.61. The intraindividual variation was 21 per cent, expressed as the coefficient of variation. The early increases in glucose-stimulated serum insulin concentrations in the two tests were significantly correlated (r equals 0.87), and this equation for linear regress was y equals 0.81 x + 10. The coefficient of variation intraindividually for this determination was 20 per cent. We conclude that the K values of the IVGTTs must be judged with caution when obtained in ambulatory practice, especially when the result is used for preventive measures and long-term follow-up of asymptomatic individuals.", "contents": "Statistical analysis of the reproducibility of the intravenous glucose tolerance test and the serum insulin response to this test in the middle-aged men. The reproducibility of the intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) and the serum insulin response to this test have been studied in 48 healthy middle-aged men participating in a health screening program. Two tests were done 4-6 weeks apart. The subjects were ambulatory, and no diet prescriptions other than recommendation of an overnight fast were given. Under these circumstances the correlation between the K values of the two tests was low (r equals 0.55), and the equation for linear regression was y equals 0.56 x + 0.61. The intraindividual variation was 21 per cent, expressed as the coefficient of variation. The early increases in glucose-stimulated serum insulin concentrations in the two tests were significantly correlated (r equals 0.87), and this equation for linear regress was y equals 0.81 x + 10. The coefficient of variation intraindividually for this determination was 20 per cent. We conclude that the K values of the IVGTTs must be judged with caution when obtained in ambulatory practice, especially when the result is used for preventive measures and long-term follow-up of asymptomatic individuals.", "PMID": 1103265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_176", "title": "Turnover in humans of iodine- and cobalamin-labeled transcobalamin I and of iodine-labeled albumin.", "content": "Purified transcobalamin I labeled with radioactive iodine and cobalamin was used for turnover studies in 17 humans. Mean fractional catabolic rate was 0.15 d-1 and mean distribution ratio was 0.57. No difference was observed between the turnover in a control group and in patients with vitiligo or pernicious anemia. The plasma curves of the iodine and the cobalamin label were identical, indicating that cobalamin was liberated from transcobalamin I only when this protein was degraded. It was further concluded that transcobalamin I was of minor importance for the transport of cobalamin from the gut to the tissues. The turnover of transcobalamin I was correlated to the turnover of albumin in 9 patients studied with both proteins.", "contents": "Turnover in humans of iodine- and cobalamin-labeled transcobalamin I and of iodine-labeled albumin. Purified transcobalamin I labeled with radioactive iodine and cobalamin was used for turnover studies in 17 humans. Mean fractional catabolic rate was 0.15 d-1 and mean distribution ratio was 0.57. No difference was observed between the turnover in a control group and in patients with vitiligo or pernicious anemia. The plasma curves of the iodine and the cobalamin label were identical, indicating that cobalamin was liberated from transcobalamin I only when this protein was degraded. It was further concluded that transcobalamin I was of minor importance for the transport of cobalamin from the gut to the tissues. The turnover of transcobalamin I was correlated to the turnover of albumin in 9 patients studied with both proteins.", "PMID": 1103266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_177", "title": "The glucose oxidation in isolated leukocytes from female patients suffering from overweight or anorexia nervosa.", "content": "Leukocytes from controls and patients with either overweight or anorexia nervosa were incubated with [U-14C]glucose in buffer with or without 50 percent serum. The production of [14C]O2 was measured both under phagocytosing and nonphagocytosing conditions. On the average leukocytes from the two groups of patients produced less [14C]O2 than leukocytes from the controls. Sera from controls stimulated the glucose oxidation in control leukocytes more than sera from patients with anorexia nervosa and less than sera from overweight patients. Neither the insulin nor the glucose content of the sera was of importance for the results. We assume that other serum factors may contribute to the reduced glucose oxidation in leukocytes from patients with anorexia nervosa, whereas this is not the case for patients with overweight.", "contents": "The glucose oxidation in isolated leukocytes from female patients suffering from overweight or anorexia nervosa. Leukocytes from controls and patients with either overweight or anorexia nervosa were incubated with [U-14C]glucose in buffer with or without 50 percent serum. The production of [14C]O2 was measured both under phagocytosing and nonphagocytosing conditions. On the average leukocytes from the two groups of patients produced less [14C]O2 than leukocytes from the controls. Sera from controls stimulated the glucose oxidation in control leukocytes more than sera from patients with anorexia nervosa and less than sera from overweight patients. Neither the insulin nor the glucose content of the sera was of importance for the results. We assume that other serum factors may contribute to the reduced glucose oxidation in leukocytes from patients with anorexia nervosa, whereas this is not the case for patients with overweight.", "PMID": 1103267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_178", "title": "Renal transplantation in the rat. II. In vitro perfusion of rat kidneys before transplantation.", "content": "The use of rats in renal preservation studies has many advantages: homogeneity, the availability of inbred strains, low cost, and simplicity of handling. Techniques for renal transplantation in the rat are already established. The present work was performed to standardize the isolated hypothermic perfusion of rat kidneys, using the clearing of blood as a reference point. Reproducibility of isolated perfusion was attained, when the donor rat was anaesthetized with Inactin and pretreated with phenoxybenzamine and heparin. Perfusion was performed with constant flow under controlled temperature conditions, and the perfusion pressure was monitored. Comparative studies of the clearance of blood from the cortex and outer medulla are included in this model. Provided the microsurgical technique is mastered, the rat may be used for studies of renal preservation. The developed technique permits the kidney to be perfused under controlled conditions.", "contents": "Renal transplantation in the rat. II. In vitro perfusion of rat kidneys before transplantation. The use of rats in renal preservation studies has many advantages: homogeneity, the availability of inbred strains, low cost, and simplicity of handling. Techniques for renal transplantation in the rat are already established. The present work was performed to standardize the isolated hypothermic perfusion of rat kidneys, using the clearing of blood as a reference point. Reproducibility of isolated perfusion was attained, when the donor rat was anaesthetized with Inactin and pretreated with phenoxybenzamine and heparin. Perfusion was performed with constant flow under controlled temperature conditions, and the perfusion pressure was monitored. Comparative studies of the clearance of blood from the cortex and outer medulla are included in this model. Provided the microsurgical technique is mastered, the rat may be used for studies of renal preservation. The developed technique permits the kidney to be perfused under controlled conditions.", "PMID": 1103268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_179", "title": "Renal transplantation in the rat. IV. Cortical pressure gradients measured in vivo and during isolated perfusion with reference to renal function after transplantation.", "content": "Pressure characteristics within the renal cortex of rats were studied with a micropuncture technique in vivo and during isolated hypothermic perfusion. Use of a colloid-free perfusate resulted in an interstitial pressure of 30 cm H2O (normally 1-2 cm H2O), thereby producing a high outflow resistance and perfusion pressure. Interstitial pressures only slightly above normal were found when colloids such as Dextran 40 or albumin were added. The main resistance within the renal vascular bed both in vivo and during isolated perfusion was localized to the afferent and efferent arterioles. The increased pressures were most likely due to extravasation of fluid. With regard to the colloid-containing perfusates, the small but significant increase in interstitial pressure could be explained by increased passage of colloids over the capillary membranes. In conclusion, colloid-free perfusion produced a pronounced but transient elevation of the postoperative serum creatinine level in renal transplant recipients.", "contents": "Renal transplantation in the rat. IV. Cortical pressure gradients measured in vivo and during isolated perfusion with reference to renal function after transplantation. Pressure characteristics within the renal cortex of rats were studied with a micropuncture technique in vivo and during isolated hypothermic perfusion. Use of a colloid-free perfusate resulted in an interstitial pressure of 30 cm H2O (normally 1-2 cm H2O), thereby producing a high outflow resistance and perfusion pressure. Interstitial pressures only slightly above normal were found when colloids such as Dextran 40 or albumin were added. The main resistance within the renal vascular bed both in vivo and during isolated perfusion was localized to the afferent and efferent arterioles. The increased pressures were most likely due to extravasation of fluid. With regard to the colloid-containing perfusates, the small but significant increase in interstitial pressure could be explained by increased passage of colloids over the capillary membranes. In conclusion, colloid-free perfusion produced a pronounced but transient elevation of the postoperative serum creatinine level in renal transplant recipients.", "PMID": 1103269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_180", "title": "The constipating effect of diphenoxylate (Retardinr) in ulcerative colitis. A double-blind controlled trial.", "content": "A double-blind study of 20 patients with ulcerative colitis during treatment with diphenoxylate 5 mg three times daily and placebo is reported. There were two treatment periods of 14 days each, with cross-over technique and randomized sequence. Test variable for constipating effect was the mean number of defaecations per day. The criterion for inclusion of patients was the presence of 4 or more daily bowel movements; 2 patients did not complete  the investigation. Significant difference (p less than 0.01) in constipating effect between diphenoxylase and placebo was demonstrated both during a period of 12 days and a period of 6 days (Tables II and III). The average number of bowel movements were reduced by 0.7 and 1.3 per day respectively. Side-effects during treatment with diphenoxylate were seen in 53% (Table III) with significant difference against placebo (p less than 0.05). On the basis of the small absolute reduction of defaecation frequency side-effects, it is concluded that diphenoxylate has no place in the routine treatment of ulcerative colitis.", "contents": "The constipating effect of diphenoxylate (Retardinr) in ulcerative colitis. A double-blind controlled trial. A double-blind study of 20 patients with ulcerative colitis during treatment with diphenoxylate 5 mg three times daily and placebo is reported. There were two treatment periods of 14 days each, with cross-over technique and randomized sequence. Test variable for constipating effect was the mean number of defaecations per day. The criterion for inclusion of patients was the presence of 4 or more daily bowel movements; 2 patients did not complete  the investigation. Significant difference (p less than 0.01) in constipating effect between diphenoxylase and placebo was demonstrated both during a period of 12 days and a period of 6 days (Tables II and III). The average number of bowel movements were reduced by 0.7 and 1.3 per day respectively. Side-effects during treatment with diphenoxylate were seen in 53% (Table III) with significant difference against placebo (p less than 0.05). On the basis of the small absolute reduction of defaecation frequency side-effects, it is concluded that diphenoxylate has no place in the routine treatment of ulcerative colitis.", "PMID": 1103271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_181", "title": "Pentagastrin dose-response in peptic ulcer disease.", "content": "Stepwise increasing doses of pentagastrin (0.166, 1, and 6 mug/kg-hr) were given to 21 healthy volunteers (HV), 22 patients without peptic ulcer disease (MI), and 22, 18, and 19 patients with duodenal (DU), pyloric (PU), and gastric ulcer (GU) respectively. Maximal response (Vmax) and half maximal dose of pentagastrin (Km) were calculated for both acid and pepsin. The ability to secrete acid and pepsin was in PU and GU slightly higher and lower, respectively, than in the non-ulcer groups. Markedly elevated values were found in DU, and the pepsin secretion was relatively more increased than that  of acid. The values for Km suggested a different behavior of the chief cells and the parietal cells in DU. Whereas the sensitivity of the parietal cells appeared to be abnormally high, that of the chief cells tended to be lower than normal. The discrimination between DU and the non-ulcer groups was better by estimation of pepsin than of acid secretion and tended to improve with increasing stimulation. Superiority was however, found for a submaximal dose of pentagastrin for acid secretion. No superiority in discrimination between groups was found for Vmax. Km was poorly reproducible for acid and pepsin and showed little diagnostic significance. The study suggests that pentagastrin dose-response does not provide more diagnostic information than a single dose (1 mug/kg-hr), which is maximal for pepsin and submaximal for acid.", "contents": "Pentagastrin dose-response in peptic ulcer disease. Stepwise increasing doses of pentagastrin (0.166, 1, and 6 mug/kg-hr) were given to 21 healthy volunteers (HV), 22 patients without peptic ulcer disease (MI), and 22, 18, and 19 patients with duodenal (DU), pyloric (PU), and gastric ulcer (GU) respectively. Maximal response (Vmax) and half maximal dose of pentagastrin (Km) were calculated for both acid and pepsin. The ability to secrete acid and pepsin was in PU and GU slightly higher and lower, respectively, than in the non-ulcer groups. Markedly elevated values were found in DU, and the pepsin secretion was relatively more increased than that  of acid. The values for Km suggested a different behavior of the chief cells and the parietal cells in DU. Whereas the sensitivity of the parietal cells appeared to be abnormally high, that of the chief cells tended to be lower than normal. The discrimination between DU and the non-ulcer groups was better by estimation of pepsin than of acid secretion and tended to improve with increasing stimulation. Superiority was however, found for a submaximal dose of pentagastrin for acid secretion. No superiority in discrimination between groups was found for Vmax. Km was poorly reproducible for acid and pepsin and showed little diagnostic significance. The study suggests that pentagastrin dose-response does not provide more diagnostic information than a single dose (1 mug/kg-hr), which is maximal for pepsin and submaximal for acid.", "PMID": 1103272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_182", "title": "A double blind trial of carbenoxolone and geranyl farnesyl acetate in gastric ulcer.", "content": "57 patients with a chronic gastric ulcer were treated as outpatients in a double blind comparison of carbenozolone 100 mg three times daily with the same dose of geranyl farnesyl acetate (Gefarnate). Healing rates for carbenoxolone were better than for gefarnate, but not significantly so. Nearly half the carbenoxolone-treated patients developed hypokalaemia or oedema, whereas no similar side-effects were found with gefarnate. Gefarnate, while not as effective as carbenoxolone, does appear to promote gastric ulcer healing. Its virtual absence of side-effects makes it a safe and useful drug.", "contents": "A double blind trial of carbenoxolone and geranyl farnesyl acetate in gastric ulcer. 57 patients with a chronic gastric ulcer were treated as outpatients in a double blind comparison of carbenozolone 100 mg three times daily with the same dose of geranyl farnesyl acetate (Gefarnate). Healing rates for carbenoxolone were better than for gefarnate, but not significantly so. Nearly half the carbenoxolone-treated patients developed hypokalaemia or oedema, whereas no similar side-effects were found with gefarnate. Gefarnate, while not as effective as carbenoxolone, does appear to promote gastric ulcer healing. Its virtual absence of side-effects makes it a safe and useful drug.", "PMID": 1103273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_183", "title": "Antibodies against equine ALG during treatment of rejection crisis after renal allotransplantation.", "content": "The development of antibodies to equine anti-human-lymphocyte globulin (ALG) was followed using passive hemagglutination and gel diffusion, and to Forssman antigen using direct sheep erythrocyte agglutination, in a controlled clinical investigation of ALG treatment of established rejection of renal allografts in a total of 12 patients. With passive hemagglutination a weak antibody to ALG was seen only in one case. There was no increase in titer for sheep erythrocyte antigens during treatment, which agrees well with clinical observations in which no anaphylactic reactions were seen.", "contents": "Antibodies against equine ALG during treatment of rejection crisis after renal allotransplantation. The development of antibodies to equine anti-human-lymphocyte globulin (ALG) was followed using passive hemagglutination and gel diffusion, and to Forssman antigen using direct sheep erythrocyte agglutination, in a controlled clinical investigation of ALG treatment of established rejection of renal allografts in a total of 12 patients. With passive hemagglutination a weak antibody to ALG was seen only in one case. There was no increase in titer for sheep erythrocyte antigens during treatment, which agrees well with clinical observations in which no anaphylactic reactions were seen.", "PMID": 1103274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_184", "title": "Reaction of thymus epithelial cells with antibodies to group A streptococcal polysaccharide.", "content": "Immunofluorescence studies show that thymus epithelial cells react with antibodies to group A streptococcal polysaccharide.", "contents": "Reaction of thymus epithelial cells with antibodies to group A streptococcal polysaccharide. Immunofluorescence studies show that thymus epithelial cells react with antibodies to group A streptococcal polysaccharide.", "PMID": 1103275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_185", "title": "Bone formation in a free, living bone graft transferred by microvascular anastomoses. A quantitative microscopic study using fluorochrome markers.", "content": "Bone labeling studies with fluorochrome markers (oxytetracycline and DCAF) were carried out in fifteen dogs in which the posterior portion of the ninth rib was transferred, by means of microvascular anastomoses, to a defect fashioned in the mandible. Seven of the dogs received preoperative radiation of the mandible in order to study the performance of the revascularized graft in radiated tissue. In nine animals the bone grafts were labeled in the subperiosteal, the cortical and the endosteal parts, as opposed to the non-labeling of conventional free bone grafts. Determination of the linear bone formation rate in seven dogs (five non-radiated and two radiated), with the use of a scanning microscope photometer, showed no significant difference between the growth rate in the grafts and that in three other skeletal sites studied.", "contents": "Bone formation in a free, living bone graft transferred by microvascular anastomoses. A quantitative microscopic study using fluorochrome markers. Bone labeling studies with fluorochrome markers (oxytetracycline and DCAF) were carried out in fifteen dogs in which the posterior portion of the ninth rib was transferred, by means of microvascular anastomoses, to a defect fashioned in the mandible. Seven of the dogs received preoperative radiation of the mandible in order to study the performance of the revascularized graft in radiated tissue. In nine animals the bone grafts were labeled in the subperiosteal, the cortical and the endosteal parts, as opposed to the non-labeling of conventional free bone grafts. Determination of the linear bone formation rate in seven dogs (five non-radiated and two radiated), with the use of a scanning microscope photometer, showed no significant difference between the growth rate in the grafts and that in three other skeletal sites studied.", "PMID": 1103276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_186", "title": "Surgical treatment of eyelid cancer with special reference to tarsoconjunctival flaps. A follow-up on 193 patients.", "content": "203 cancers of the eyelid were operated on in 193 patients. 65% of the tumours occurred in males and the peak incidence was at 75 years. 60% afflicted the lower eyelids and 21% the medial canthi. Basal cell carcinoma were found in 182 specimens and spinocellular carcinoma in only 8. Malignant melanoma, Meibomian gland carcinoma and rhabdomyosarcoma appeared each in one patient, the latter representing the only fatal case in eyelid cancer. All cancers were excised with a free margin around 5 mm. The standard procedures of reconstruction of the eyelid defect were a fullthickness skin graft in cases where conjunctiva and tarsus could be preserved (97 cases), and a tarsoconjunctival flap in full-thickness defects of the lower eyelid (58 cases). Other methods used were wedge excision and direct approximation in very small lesions involving the lid margin, an infratarsal island flap from the lower eyelid for medium-sized to large defects in the upper lid and a forehead or scalp flap after exenteration of the orbit. 18/203 cancers recurred and 12 of these were primarily regarded as radically treated. Seven of the latter were reoperated after more than 3 years and may in fact be new tumours. No metastases were found. The various reconstructive procedures are discussed in detail", "contents": "Surgical treatment of eyelid cancer with special reference to tarsoconjunctival flaps. A follow-up on 193 patients. 203 cancers of the eyelid were operated on in 193 patients. 65% of the tumours occurred in males and the peak incidence was at 75 years. 60% afflicted the lower eyelids and 21% the medial canthi. Basal cell carcinoma were found in 182 specimens and spinocellular carcinoma in only 8. Malignant melanoma, Meibomian gland carcinoma and rhabdomyosarcoma appeared each in one patient, the latter representing the only fatal case in eyelid cancer. All cancers were excised with a free margin around 5 mm. The standard procedures of reconstruction of the eyelid defect were a fullthickness skin graft in cases where conjunctiva and tarsus could be preserved (97 cases), and a tarsoconjunctival flap in full-thickness defects of the lower eyelid (58 cases). Other methods used were wedge excision and direct approximation in very small lesions involving the lid margin, an infratarsal island flap from the lower eyelid for medium-sized to large defects in the upper lid and a forehead or scalp flap after exenteration of the orbit. 18/203 cancers recurred and 12 of these were primarily regarded as radically treated. Seven of the latter were reoperated after more than 3 years and may in fact be new tumours. No metastases were found. The various reconstructive procedures are discussed in detail", "PMID": 1103277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_187", "title": "Reconstruction of the defective mandible.", "content": "In a clinical material consisting of 31 cases of mandibular defects, caused by tumour resection or by trauma, reconstruction has been carried out by means of a stabilizing titanium splint and autologous bone and marrow transplantation, the longest period of observation being 9 years. The functional results obtained are assessed with reference to the cause of resection. Different technical procedures are described and the objectives and the planning of reconstruction of the lower jaw are discussed.", "contents": "Reconstruction of the defective mandible. In a clinical material consisting of 31 cases of mandibular defects, caused by tumour resection or by trauma, reconstruction has been carried out by means of a stabilizing titanium splint and autologous bone and marrow transplantation, the longest period of observation being 9 years. The functional results obtained are assessed with reference to the cause of resection. Different technical procedures are described and the objectives and the planning of reconstruction of the lower jaw are discussed.", "PMID": 1103278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_188", "title": "Effect of phentolamine and propranolol on the survival of experimental skin flaps.", "content": "The effect of phentolamine and/or propranolol (alpha- and beta-receptor blocking compounds respectively) on the survival of skin flaps was studied in rats. Phentolamine and/or propranolol were injected intraperitoneally every 12 hours, starting one day before the flap operation, and continued for 5 consecutive days. One week after the operation the survival of the flaps was judged. Systemic treatment with either compound alone or in combination resulted in statistically significant increased survival of the flaps. The results demonstrate that both alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors influence the survival of skin flaps in rats.", "contents": "Effect of phentolamine and propranolol on the survival of experimental skin flaps. The effect of phentolamine and/or propranolol (alpha- and beta-receptor blocking compounds respectively) on the survival of skin flaps was studied in rats. Phentolamine and/or propranolol were injected intraperitoneally every 12 hours, starting one day before the flap operation, and continued for 5 consecutive days. One week after the operation the survival of the flaps was judged. Systemic treatment with either compound alone or in combination resulted in statistically significant increased survival of the flaps. The results demonstrate that both alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors influence the survival of skin flaps in rats.", "PMID": 1103279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_189", "title": "[The effect of fluorides on the adhesion of sealants on etched enamel].", "content": "The adhesion of composite filling material was examined on etched and fluoridated enamel in vitro. Etching considerably improves the adhesion. Application of 1% NaF and of 1% acid phosphate fluoride after etching insignificantly decreases it. 1.15% aminofluoride does not change the adhesion.", "contents": "[The effect of fluorides on the adhesion of sealants on etched enamel]. The adhesion of composite filling material was examined on etched and fluoridated enamel in vitro. Etching considerably improves the adhesion. Application of 1% NaF and of 1% acid phosphate fluoride after etching insignificantly decreases it. 1.15% aminofluoride does not change the adhesion.", "PMID": 1103281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_190", "title": "[Enamel etching for conservative dental treatment].", "content": "The enamel etching technique has contributed towards better retention and smaller cavities, and towards less microfissures at the cavity margins. The different etching acids and their concentration are described, and their function illustrated by EM photographs. Phosphoric acid of a concentration between 37 and 50% seems to give the best results. The morphology of the etched surface and the measurements of the degree of adhesion of different composites suggest that the use of bonding agents is not imperative. The practical indications for the etching technique in the dental office are described.", "contents": "[Enamel etching for conservative dental treatment]. The enamel etching technique has contributed towards better retention and smaller cavities, and towards less microfissures at the cavity margins. The different etching acids and their concentration are described, and their function illustrated by EM photographs. Phosphoric acid of a concentration between 37 and 50% seems to give the best results. The morphology of the etched surface and the measurements of the degree of adhesion of different composites suggest that the use of bonding agents is not imperative. The practical indications for the etching technique in the dental office are described.", "PMID": 1103283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_191", "title": "Subpopulations of lymphocytes: a review.", "content": "Human lymphocytes comprise a heterologous population of cells which can be sub-divided on functional criteria or on the basis of surface membrane markers. Although it is widely accepted that human lymphocytes are broadly divisible into thymus dependent (T) and thymus independent (B) cells, recent evidence suggests that at least in humans this distinction may not be as clear cut as previously thought. An assessment of the relative numbers of T and B cells in human peripheral blood and lymphoid tissues can be made utilizing these marker systems. This has led to a reclassification of human lymphoid diseases according to the T and B cell concept, which might be of value in characterising the immunological status in health and disease, and may allow a more rational approach to the therapy of immune deficiency states and lymphoid malignancies.", "contents": "Subpopulations of lymphocytes: a review. Human lymphocytes comprise a heterologous population of cells which can be sub-divided on functional criteria or on the basis of surface membrane markers. Although it is widely accepted that human lymphocytes are broadly divisible into thymus dependent (T) and thymus independent (B) cells, recent evidence suggests that at least in humans this distinction may not be as clear cut as previously thought. An assessment of the relative numbers of T and B cells in human peripheral blood and lymphoid tissues can be made utilizing these marker systems. This has led to a reclassification of human lymphoid diseases according to the T and B cell concept, which might be of value in characterising the immunological status in health and disease, and may allow a more rational approach to the therapy of immune deficiency states and lymphoid malignancies.", "PMID": 1103286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_192", "title": "Late follow-up in spina bifida cystica.", "content": "The further progress of the survivors in 1969, of a group of 150 babies  born with spina bifida cystica in the period 1960-66 is described. Children with a meningocele continued to do well. Those with a myelomeningocele are divided into 2 groups. There were 4 late deaths and a considerable degree of handicap in the group of 23 in whom the spinal cord was exposed on the surface as a plaque at birth. There were 2 late deaths and a much lower incidence of handicap in the group of 25 in whom only ectopic nervous tissue was found in the sac at birth. The incidence and treatment of hydrocephalus is described. Changes in the attitude to the treatment of a neonate with a myelomeningocele are discussed.", "contents": "Late follow-up in spina bifida cystica. The further progress of the survivors in 1969, of a group of 150 babies  born with spina bifida cystica in the period 1960-66 is described. Children with a meningocele continued to do well. Those with a myelomeningocele are divided into 2 groups. There were 4 late deaths and a considerable degree of handicap in the group of 23 in whom the spinal cord was exposed on the surface as a plaque at birth. There were 2 late deaths and a much lower incidence of handicap in the group of 25 in whom only ectopic nervous tissue was found in the sac at birth. The incidence and treatment of hydrocephalus is described. Changes in the attitude to the treatment of a neonate with a myelomeningocele are discussed.", "PMID": 1103287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_193", "title": "Transmission of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease from man to the guinea pig.", "content": "Intracerebral and intraperitoneal inoculation of two guinea pigs with biopsy material from a patient with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease produced a similar fatal encephalopathy characterized by status spongiosus 422 and 512 days after inoculation. Serial transmission of this disease from guinea pig to guinea pig was achieved in subsequent passages.", "contents": "Transmission of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease from man to the guinea pig. Intracerebral and intraperitoneal inoculation of two guinea pigs with biopsy material from a patient with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease produced a similar fatal encephalopathy characterized by status spongiosus 422 and 512 days after inoculation. Serial transmission of this disease from guinea pig to guinea pig was achieved in subsequent passages.", "PMID": 1103289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_194", "title": "Ionophore-mediated calcium entry induces mussel gill ciliary arrest.", "content": "Lateral cilia of freshwater mussel gills, which normally beat with metachronal rhythm, are arrested pointing frontally by perfusion with 6.25 to 12.5 millimolar calcium and 10(-5) molar A23187, a calcium ionophore. Arrest does not occur in either calcium or ionophore and monovalent cations alone. Activity returns with continued perfusion in potassium chloride or calcium chloride, and more slowly in sodium chloride, after removal of ionophore. These results support the hypothesis that a local rise in internal calcium causes ciliary arrest.", "contents": "Ionophore-mediated calcium entry induces mussel gill ciliary arrest. Lateral cilia of freshwater mussel gills, which normally beat with metachronal rhythm, are arrested pointing frontally by perfusion with 6.25 to 12.5 millimolar calcium and 10(-5) molar A23187, a calcium ionophore. Arrest does not occur in either calcium or ionophore and monovalent cations alone. Activity returns with continued perfusion in potassium chloride or calcium chloride, and more slowly in sodium chloride, after removal of ionophore. These results support the hypothesis that a local rise in internal calcium causes ciliary arrest.", "PMID": 1103290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_195", "title": "Gout in Maoris.", "content": "Historical evidence suggests that the Maori people of New Zealand were virtually untroubled by gout or obesity at a time when these disorders, along with other elements of the gouty diathesis, were rife in the best fed and hardest drinking sections of the Northern European population. By the mid 20th century, however, the apparent decline of the gout in Europe and North America and the breakup of the gouty diathesis in those lands had been more than compensated by their large-scale reappearance in the Maori and in other indigenous inhabitants of the Pacific Basin who, at first sight, appeared to have become one large gouty family. Half the Polynesian population of New Zealand, Rarotonga, Puka Puka, and the Tokelau Islands proved to be hyperuricemic by accepted European and North American standards, the associated gout rate reaching 10.2% in Maori males aged 20 and over. The trends towards hyperuricemia and gout, on the one hand, and towards obesity, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and associated degenerative vascular disorders, on the other hand, which manifest themselves separately in some Polynesian Pacific Islanders, run together in the Maori and Samoan people, presenting a combined problem of considerable importance to the public health. The appearance of these traits under conditions of plenty in the descendants of hardy and wide-ranging Polynesian voyagers, suggests the emergence of a formerly favorable ancestral polygenic variation through selection for survival under harder conditions. This may now have lost its primitive survival value with a paradoxic shift towards increased prevalence of obesity and the gouty diathesis in more affluent environmental conditions. This may now constitute a genetic load, with recent environmentally determined increase in morbidity and mortality rates from degenerative vascular disorders. There is no satisfactory evidence that overproduction of uric acid differs in mechanism from its European counterparts, although more work remains to be done to determine whether there is any difficulty in renal handling of an increased uric acid load. A high Maori morbidity rate from gout and morbidity and mortality rates from associated components of the gouty diathesis in the face of readily available skilled medical advice and care, indicate the need for greater future attention to help education and health care delivery, at least while conditions of plenty continue. Continuation of previous epidemiologic surveillance may then be required in order to provide a continuing index of the effectiveness of these measures, as well as an opportunity for further research into the interrelationships of these associated disorders.", "contents": "Gout in Maoris. Historical evidence suggests that the Maori people of New Zealand were virtually untroubled by gout or obesity at a time when these disorders, along with other elements of the gouty diathesis, were rife in the best fed and hardest drinking sections of the Northern European population. By the mid 20th century, however, the apparent decline of the gout in Europe and North America and the breakup of the gouty diathesis in those lands had been more than compensated by their large-scale reappearance in the Maori and in other indigenous inhabitants of the Pacific Basin who, at first sight, appeared to have become one large gouty family. Half the Polynesian population of New Zealand, Rarotonga, Puka Puka, and the Tokelau Islands proved to be hyperuricemic by accepted European and North American standards, the associated gout rate reaching 10.2% in Maori males aged 20 and over. The trends towards hyperuricemia and gout, on the one hand, and towards obesity, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and associated degenerative vascular disorders, on the other hand, which manifest themselves separately in some Polynesian Pacific Islanders, run together in the Maori and Samoan people, presenting a combined problem of considerable importance to the public health. The appearance of these traits under conditions of plenty in the descendants of hardy and wide-ranging Polynesian voyagers, suggests the emergence of a formerly favorable ancestral polygenic variation through selection for survival under harder conditions. This may now have lost its primitive survival value with a paradoxic shift towards increased prevalence of obesity and the gouty diathesis in more affluent environmental conditions. This may now constitute a genetic load, with recent environmentally determined increase in morbidity and mortality rates from degenerative vascular disorders. There is no satisfactory evidence that overproduction of uric acid differs in mechanism from its European counterparts, although more work remains to be done to determine whether there is any difficulty in renal handling of an increased uric acid load. A high Maori morbidity rate from gout and morbidity and mortality rates from associated components of the gouty diathesis in the face of readily available skilled medical advice and care, indicate the need for greater future attention to help education and health care delivery, at least while conditions of plenty continue. Continuation of previous epidemiologic surveillance may then be required in order to provide a continuing index of the effectiveness of these measures, as well as an opportunity for further research into the interrelationships of these associated disorders.", "PMID": 1103293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_196", "title": "The role of actin in nonmuscle cell motility.", "content": "Since actin, myosin, and in certain systems, tropomyosin have now been described in nonmuscle cells, it is not surprising that most of the current models of nonmuscle cell motility are simplified versions of myofibril contraction (see Huxley, 1973; Pollard and Weihing, 1974; Spudich, 1974). These models may very well be valid, but it is unfortunate to limit one's thinking by assuming that one particular specialized cell type, skeletal muscle, must necessarily reflect how the generally occurring phenomenon of cell motility in all cells is achieved. I have described in this chapter two systems in which the generation of motion is carried out in association with actin filaments alone. No myosin appears to be present. In one system motion is effected by the rapid polymerization of actin, in the other by changing the packing of actin filaments. My purpose is not only to suggest that alternative mechanisms are possible and should be looked for in the diverse types of actin associated motility present in nonmuscle cells, but also, and this is the main aim of this chapter, I am suggesting that the basic control mechanisms which control motility in nonmuscle cells may be very different from those in skeletal muscle. I have tried to demonstrate in this regard that the assembly and disassembly of the contractile apparatus in nonmuscle cells is probably the basic control mechanism. Unlike skeletal muscle, in which the contractile apparatus is stable, in nonmuscle cells it is extremely labile forming and breaking down rapidly and repeatedly during development. In fact, much of the motion may be attributed not to myosin-actin interactions, which undoubtedly occur, but to the assembly and disassembly of the apparatus itself. Thus I concentrated on control of the assembly of actin in cells, in particular on what determines the proper spatial and temporal coordinates of this assembly. I described how actin in sperm and red blood cell ghosts can be nonrandomly distributed in cells in the nonfilamentous state which, interestingly enough, is not monomeric actin. Instead much of the actin appears to be bound in the cell. I also discussed how the actin may polymerize relative to membranes, how actin filaments may associate with membranes along their lengths, how the polarity of the actin may be determined, and what might the substance be which holds the actin to the membranes.", "contents": "The role of actin in nonmuscle cell motility. Since actin, myosin, and in certain systems, tropomyosin have now been described in nonmuscle cells, it is not surprising that most of the current models of nonmuscle cell motility are simplified versions of myofibril contraction (see Huxley, 1973; Pollard and Weihing, 1974; Spudich, 1974). These models may very well be valid, but it is unfortunate to limit one's thinking by assuming that one particular specialized cell type, skeletal muscle, must necessarily reflect how the generally occurring phenomenon of cell motility in all cells is achieved. I have described in this chapter two systems in which the generation of motion is carried out in association with actin filaments alone. No myosin appears to be present. In one system motion is effected by the rapid polymerization of actin, in the other by changing the packing of actin filaments. My purpose is not only to suggest that alternative mechanisms are possible and should be looked for in the diverse types of actin associated motility present in nonmuscle cells, but also, and this is the main aim of this chapter, I am suggesting that the basic control mechanisms which control motility in nonmuscle cells may be very different from those in skeletal muscle. I have tried to demonstrate in this regard that the assembly and disassembly of the contractile apparatus in nonmuscle cells is probably the basic control mechanism. Unlike skeletal muscle, in which the contractile apparatus is stable, in nonmuscle cells it is extremely labile forming and breaking down rapidly and repeatedly during development. In fact, much of the motion may be attributed not to myosin-actin interactions, which undoubtedly occur, but to the assembly and disassembly of the apparatus itself. Thus I concentrated on control of the assembly of actin in cells, in particular on what determines the proper spatial and temporal coordinates of this assembly. I described how actin in sperm and red blood cell ghosts can be nonrandomly distributed in cells in the nonfilamentous state which, interestingly enough, is not monomeric actin. Instead much of the actin appears to be bound in the cell. I also discussed how the actin may polymerize relative to membranes, how actin filaments may associate with membranes along their lengths, how the polarity of the actin may be determined, and what might the substance be which holds the actin to the membranes.", "PMID": 1103304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_197", "title": "A functional classification of hypochondriasis with specific recommendations for treatment.", "content": "A review of both past and present psychiatric literature reveals that the concept of hypochondriasis is inexact and confusing. In an attempt to make hypochondriasis a meaningful and useful concept for practicing clinicans, a functional classification is presented that views hypochondriasis from four aspects--(1) as a \"warning signal,\" (2) as a symptom of psychosis, (3) as a symptom of depressive illness, and (4) as a syndrome labelled \"true hypochondriasis.\" Each of these aspects is discussed, with emphasis placed on specific and practical recommendations for treatment.", "contents": "A functional classification of hypochondriasis with specific recommendations for treatment. A review of both past and present psychiatric literature reveals that the concept of hypochondriasis is inexact and confusing. In an attempt to make hypochondriasis a meaningful and useful concept for practicing clinicans, a functional classification is presented that views hypochondriasis from four aspects--(1) as a \"warning signal,\" (2) as a symptom of psychosis, (3) as a symptom of depressive illness, and (4) as a syndrome labelled \"true hypochondriasis.\" Each of these aspects is discussed, with emphasis placed on specific and practical recommendations for treatment.", "PMID": 1103306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_198", "title": "Iatrogenic lesions of the colon and rectum.", "content": "Our ability to document a number of examples of iatrogenic lesions of the colon and rectum in three general hospitals confirms the multiplicity of these lesions as presented in the literature. It appears that the careful surgeon and his associates would well heed the old admonition known as Murphy's law, that \"Anything that can go wrong will go wrong.\" In the daily practice of the general surgeon and proctologist, it is apparent that gentleness in approaching any anal-rectal examination for either diagnostic or therapeutic purposes is mandatory. The insertion of any foreign object, be it an examining finger, a thermometer, enema tip, or proctoscope, may subject the patient to an inadvertent injury of significant proportion. The dangers inherent in the evaluation and treatment of patients with recognized disease processes is significantly greater than that associated with routine and screening examinations. Morbidity and mortality have been shown to be associated with the barium enema as well as with the barium enema as well as with some of the newer radiologic procedures such as mesenteric angiography. The use of tap water for enemas has produced morbidity both from thermal injuries and from electrolyte depletion. Antibiotics and chemotherapeutic drugs frequently result in colon and rectal disease, and therapeutic procedures directed at organs adjacent to the colon and rectum have resulted in a number of iatrogenic lesions. This reviews confirms reports of others that iatrogenic lesions of the colon and rectum are not solely due to the physician's inexperience, as significant numbers of these lesions were the result of the diagnostic or therapeutic efforts of men of considerable experience and skill. Advanced age of the patient and diseases leading to changes in the character of the bowel wall frequently were factors in the production of these lesions. A poorly prepared bowel has led to increased morbidity and mortality associated with iatrogenic perforations. The early recognition of these lesions and prompt medical and surgical management diminishes both the morbidity and mortality associated with such injuries.", "contents": "Iatrogenic lesions of the colon and rectum. Our ability to document a number of examples of iatrogenic lesions of the colon and rectum in three general hospitals confirms the multiplicity of these lesions as presented in the literature. It appears that the careful surgeon and his associates would well heed the old admonition known as Murphy's law, that \"Anything that can go wrong will go wrong.\" In the daily practice of the general surgeon and proctologist, it is apparent that gentleness in approaching any anal-rectal examination for either diagnostic or therapeutic purposes is mandatory. The insertion of any foreign object, be it an examining finger, a thermometer, enema tip, or proctoscope, may subject the patient to an inadvertent injury of significant proportion. The dangers inherent in the evaluation and treatment of patients with recognized disease processes is significantly greater than that associated with routine and screening examinations. Morbidity and mortality have been shown to be associated with the barium enema as well as with the barium enema as well as with some of the newer radiologic procedures such as mesenteric angiography. The use of tap water for enemas has produced morbidity both from thermal injuries and from electrolyte depletion. Antibiotics and chemotherapeutic drugs frequently result in colon and rectal disease, and therapeutic procedures directed at organs adjacent to the colon and rectum have resulted in a number of iatrogenic lesions. This reviews confirms reports of others that iatrogenic lesions of the colon and rectum are not solely due to the physician's inexperience, as significant numbers of these lesions were the result of the diagnostic or therapeutic efforts of men of considerable experience and skill. Advanced age of the patient and diseases leading to changes in the character of the bowel wall frequently were factors in the production of these lesions. A poorly prepared bowel has led to increased morbidity and mortality associated with iatrogenic perforations. The early recognition of these lesions and prompt medical and surgical management diminishes both the morbidity and mortality associated with such injuries.", "PMID": 1103307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_199", "title": "Studies on multiple antibiotic resistance in obligate anaerobes.", "content": "Forty-eight Gram-negative obligate anaerobic bacterial strains were isolated from faeces on selective media and their antibiotic resistance spectra were determined. R factor transfer was not detected in a series of experiments involving matings among the anaerobes, nor between the anaerobes and known donor and recipient facultative E. coli strains. Antibiotic resistance plasmids could not be demonstrated by treatment with acridine dyes and ethidium bromide in four multiply-resistant strains.", "contents": "Studies on multiple antibiotic resistance in obligate anaerobes. Forty-eight Gram-negative obligate anaerobic bacterial strains were isolated from faeces on selective media and their antibiotic resistance spectra were determined. R factor transfer was not detected in a series of experiments involving matings among the anaerobes, nor between the anaerobes and known donor and recipient facultative E. coli strains. Antibiotic resistance plasmids could not be demonstrated by treatment with acridine dyes and ethidium bromide in four multiply-resistant strains.", "PMID": 1103323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_200", "title": "The treatment of contact burns of the palm in children.", "content": "A combination of early tangenital excision and skin grafting, with early continuous splinting in an acrylic sandwich-splint, is described as a method of management of contact burns of the palm in children.", "contents": "The treatment of contact burns of the palm in children. A combination of early tangenital excision and skin grafting, with early continuous splinting in an acrylic sandwich-splint, is described as a method of management of contact burns of the palm in children.", "PMID": 1103325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_201", "title": "Immediate reconstruction in ablative head and neck surgery.", "content": "Effective reconstructive techniques are available for immediate, primary repair of surgical defects caused by extensive ablation for malignant conditions of the head and neck. Primary repairs rely heavily on the principle of 'axial-based' skin flaps which can be transposed into the defects without delay. Three cases are presented to illustrate the method.", "contents": "Immediate reconstruction in ablative head and neck surgery. Effective reconstructive techniques are available for immediate, primary repair of surgical defects caused by extensive ablation for malignant conditions of the head and neck. Primary repairs rely heavily on the principle of 'axial-based' skin flaps which can be transposed into the defects without delay. Three cases are presented to illustrate the method.", "PMID": 1103328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_202", "title": "Antibiotic resistnace and R factors in Klebsiella pneumoniae.", "content": "Strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from sewage were examined for their resistance spectra and for the presence of R factors. Infectious drug resistance was demonstrated in 104 (80%) of the 130 strains tested. Resistance to chloramphenicol, kanamycin or tetracycline was usually R factor-determined. Resistance to gentamicin was not encountered in this species.", "contents": "Antibiotic resistnace and R factors in Klebsiella pneumoniae. Strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from sewage were examined for their resistance spectra and for the presence of R factors. Infectious drug resistance was demonstrated in 104 (80%) of the 130 strains tested. Resistance to chloramphenicol, kanamycin or tetracycline was usually R factor-determined. Resistance to gentamicin was not encountered in this species.", "PMID": 1103329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_203", "title": "A comparison of three benzodiazepine hypnotics as oral pre-anaesthetic medication.", "content": "A comparative trial of nitrazepam, and triazolam (U-33,030) as pre-anaesthetic medicaments in patients allegedly not subject to insomnia, was undertaken the night before operation. The inclusion of placebo controls confirmed earlier findings that the majority of these patients suffer from transient insomnia. Nitrazepam and flurazepam are hypnotics, and in this study, triazolam also proved to be an hypnotic remarkably free of adverse effects.", "contents": "A comparison of three benzodiazepine hypnotics as oral pre-anaesthetic medication. A comparative trial of nitrazepam, and triazolam (U-33,030) as pre-anaesthetic medicaments in patients allegedly not subject to insomnia, was undertaken the night before operation. The inclusion of placebo controls confirmed earlier findings that the majority of these patients suffer from transient insomnia. Nitrazepam and flurazepam are hypnotics, and in this study, triazolam also proved to be an hypnotic remarkably free of adverse effects.", "PMID": 1103330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_204", "title": "History of mental health services in South Africa. Part X. Institutions for defectives.", "content": "The first Government institution for mental defectives was opened at Maitland in the Cape, in 1921, and was named the Alexandra Institution. A second, Witrand, was opened at Potchefstroom in 1923. A third was opened at Howick in Natal, in 1949, and was called the Umgeni Waterfalls Institution. A fourth, at Westlake in the Cape, was opened in 1962 and houses Coloured patients. Over 1 000 defectives are cared for in private institutions.", "contents": "History of mental health services in South Africa. Part X. Institutions for defectives. The first Government institution for mental defectives was opened at Maitland in the Cape, in 1921, and was named the Alexandra Institution. A second, Witrand, was opened at Potchefstroom in 1923. A third was opened at Howick in Natal, in 1949, and was called the Umgeni Waterfalls Institution. A fourth, at Westlake in the Cape, was opened in 1962 and houses Coloured patients. Over 1 000 defectives are cared for in private institutions.", "PMID": 1103331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_205", "title": "Melphalan versus adriamycin in the treatment of advanced carcinoma of the ovary.", "content": "The therapeutic effects of adriamycin and of melphalan in patients with advanced carcinoma of the ovary were tested in a prospective randomized study. Complete and partial remission occurred in eight of 19 patients treated with adriamycin and in four of 20 patients given melphalan. The difference, however, is not statistically significant. The median duration of complete and partial remissions was slightly longer after treatment with melphalan than with adriamycin. The number of cycles required to produce the initial regression state was less in the patients in the group given adriamycin as compared with those in the group treated with melphalan. No cross resistance was observed between the two drugs. These data indicate that, in patients with carcinoma of the ovary, the therapeutic efficacy of adriamycin is competitive with that of the most effective conventional agents, such as melphalan.", "contents": "Melphalan versus adriamycin in the treatment of advanced carcinoma of the ovary. The therapeutic effects of adriamycin and of melphalan in patients with advanced carcinoma of the ovary were tested in a prospective randomized study. Complete and partial remission occurred in eight of 19 patients treated with adriamycin and in four of 20 patients given melphalan. The difference, however, is not statistically significant. The median duration of complete and partial remissions was slightly longer after treatment with melphalan than with adriamycin. The number of cycles required to produce the initial regression state was less in the patients in the group given adriamycin as compared with those in the group treated with melphalan. No cross resistance was observed between the two drugs. These data indicate that, in patients with carcinoma of the ovary, the therapeutic efficacy of adriamycin is competitive with that of the most effective conventional agents, such as melphalan.", "PMID": 1103333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_206", "title": "Retention suture technique using buttons.", "content": "The use of buttons for retention sutures is advocated as practical, inexpensive, universally available and well tolerated bolsters over which heavy nonabsorbable sutures may be secured. We have not found any disadvantages to the described techniques in the past 12 years.", "contents": "Retention suture technique using buttons. The use of buttons for retention sutures is advocated as practical, inexpensive, universally available and well tolerated bolsters over which heavy nonabsorbable sutures may be secured. We have not found any disadvantages to the described techniques in the past 12 years.", "PMID": 1103334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_207", "title": "Hypothalamic dysfunction and intracranial arterial spasms.", "content": "Evidence is presented that suggests that dysfunction of the hypothalamus is an important step in the development of the intracranial arterial spasm that accompanies subarachnoid hemorrhage and craniocerebral trauma. Speculation is offered as to the possible pathogenetic mechanisms involved.", "contents": "Hypothalamic dysfunction and intracranial arterial spasms. Evidence is presented that suggests that dysfunction of the hypothalamus is an important step in the development of the intracranial arterial spasm that accompanies subarachnoid hemorrhage and craniocerebral trauma. Speculation is offered as to the possible pathogenetic mechanisms involved.", "PMID": 1103337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_208", "title": "Effects of methylprednisolone, glucagon, and allopurinol in the protection of pancreaticoduodenal allografts perfused for twenty-four hours.", "content": "To establish a model for 24 hours of hypothermic pulsatile perfusion-preservation, methylprednisolone, glucagon, and allopurinol were added to the perfusate of five groups of canine pancreaticoduodenal segments. Results after transplantation showed that neither allopurinol nor glucagon, when used alone, had any beneficial effect on the segments. The segments perfused with the additive combination of methylprednisolone and glucagon had the best results after transplant.", "contents": "Effects of methylprednisolone, glucagon, and allopurinol in the protection of pancreaticoduodenal allografts perfused for twenty-four hours. To establish a model for 24 hours of hypothermic pulsatile perfusion-preservation, methylprednisolone, glucagon, and allopurinol were added to the perfusate of five groups of canine pancreaticoduodenal segments. Results after transplantation showed that neither allopurinol nor glucagon, when used alone, had any beneficial effect on the segments. The segments perfused with the additive combination of methylprednisolone and glucagon had the best results after transplant.", "PMID": 1103338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_209", "title": "Contemporary work-related environmental diseases.", "content": "This paper is a general review of occupational diseases with particular emphasis on contemporary work-related diseases. Reasons for the difficulties in diagnosis and treatment of industrial disease are given. The basic principles of occupational health are reviewed. The particular occupational diseases discussed in detail are the clinical pneumoconioses, and the contemporary diseases: angiosarcoma from exposure to vinyl chloride and respiratory carcinoma from bichloromethyl ether exposure. Numerous other environmental hazards are mentioned. The role of the Occupational Safety and thealth Administration (OSHA) is discussed, as is the role of the physician from the point of view of taking an appropriate medical history from an occupational vantage and medical diagnosis of occupational disease. Attitudinal aspects are emphasized.", "contents": "Contemporary work-related environmental diseases. This paper is a general review of occupational diseases with particular emphasis on contemporary work-related diseases. Reasons for the difficulties in diagnosis and treatment of industrial disease are given. The basic principles of occupational health are reviewed. The particular occupational diseases discussed in detail are the clinical pneumoconioses, and the contemporary diseases: angiosarcoma from exposure to vinyl chloride and respiratory carcinoma from bichloromethyl ether exposure. Numerous other environmental hazards are mentioned. The role of the Occupational Safety and thealth Administration (OSHA) is discussed, as is the role of the physician from the point of view of taking an appropriate medical history from an occupational vantage and medical diagnosis of occupational disease. Attitudinal aspects are emphasized.", "PMID": 1103347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_210", "title": "Ergonomics of heat and cold.", "content": "The biophysical, physiological and some of the psychological aspects of work under unfavorable man-made ambient conditions are presented in light of the need to prevent excessive strain. Work is treated in two ways: 1) in terms of the muscles O2 demand as a fraction of maximal aerobic capacity; and 2) in terms of metabolic heat source. Since maximal aerobic capacity depends on factors such as physical fitness, age and sex, these factors require consideration in estimating strain due to work. The absolute metabolic heat (M) produced during work is needed in the consideration of the total heat balance. Radiation (r), convection (C), and, under some circumstances, evaporation (Eev) are the main avenues of heat exchange between man and his immediate environment. Eev is primarily a function of the ambient potential for evaporation (Emax). Since the relation of the sum M+R+C to Emax determines heat balance when man in under a heat load, evaluation of the avenues of heat exchange, the sources of heat load, and the stressing effect of all these on the physiological responses are treated in some detail. Psychrometrically defined limits of exposure are also discussed. Subjective sensation and mental performance are discussed in light of their correlation with physiological responses to heat. Cold is treated mainly from the point of view of safety and protective clothing.", "contents": "Ergonomics of heat and cold. The biophysical, physiological and some of the psychological aspects of work under unfavorable man-made ambient conditions are presented in light of the need to prevent excessive strain. Work is treated in two ways: 1) in terms of the muscles O2 demand as a fraction of maximal aerobic capacity; and 2) in terms of metabolic heat source. Since maximal aerobic capacity depends on factors such as physical fitness, age and sex, these factors require consideration in estimating strain due to work. The absolute metabolic heat (M) produced during work is needed in the consideration of the total heat balance. Radiation (r), convection (C), and, under some circumstances, evaporation (Eev) are the main avenues of heat exchange between man and his immediate environment. Eev is primarily a function of the ambient potential for evaporation (Emax). Since the relation of the sum M+R+C to Emax determines heat balance when man in under a heat load, evaluation of the avenues of heat exchange, the sources of heat load, and the stressing effect of all these on the physiological responses are treated in some detail. Psychrometrically defined limits of exposure are also discussed. Subjective sensation and mental performance are discussed in light of their correlation with physiological responses to heat. Cold is treated mainly from the point of view of safety and protective clothing.", "PMID": 1103348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_211", "title": "A review of the evidence in retrospect for a rickettsial etiology in Bullis fever.", "content": "The authors have presented evidence through work done 25-30 years ago for the rickettsial etiology of Bullis fever, a forgotten epidemic which occurred with over a 1,000 cases among World War II troops in training at Camp Bullis, Texas. Rickettsiae were recovered from blood and lymph nodes of patients and from ticks, Amblyomma americanum, collected in the area. All patients gave a history of tick-bites. The human and tick strains of rickettsiae, carried in chick embryo culture and in animal passage, were found to produce the characteristic syndrome of Bullis fever in human volunteers inoculated with either strain, indicating identity and specificity of infection. Wildlife in the area was found to support the stages in the life cycle of A. americanum. Deer were implicated as supporting the most abundant adult tick population, the stage which attacks man. Serologic studies eliminated othe rickettsial diseases, Colorado tick fever, dengue and many other diseases. The name Rickettsia texiana is suggested for the hitherto un-named member of the rickettsia group of organisms.", "contents": "A review of the evidence in retrospect for a rickettsial etiology in Bullis fever. The authors have presented evidence through work done 25-30 years ago for the rickettsial etiology of Bullis fever, a forgotten epidemic which occurred with over a 1,000 cases among World War II troops in training at Camp Bullis, Texas. Rickettsiae were recovered from blood and lymph nodes of patients and from ticks, Amblyomma americanum, collected in the area. All patients gave a history of tick-bites. The human and tick strains of rickettsiae, carried in chick embryo culture and in animal passage, were found to produce the characteristic syndrome of Bullis fever in human volunteers inoculated with either strain, indicating identity and specificity of infection. Wildlife in the area was found to support the stages in the life cycle of A. americanum. Deer were implicated as supporting the most abundant adult tick population, the stage which attacks man. Serologic studies eliminated othe rickettsial diseases, Colorado tick fever, dengue and many other diseases. The name Rickettsia texiana is suggested for the hitherto un-named member of the rickettsia group of organisms.", "PMID": 1103350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_212", "title": "Extracorporeal model for study of factors affecting thrombus formation.", "content": "Factors determining thrombus formation on a foreign surface were studied with the use of plastic flow chambers introduced into extracorporeal shunts. Silicone rubber shunts, joining the carotid artery and jugular vein, were implanted in dogs and remained patent for several weeks. The flow chamber geometry consisted of a 4.8 mm diameter straight tube having a 3.2 X 3.2 mm circumferential cavity in the wall. Chambers were introduced sequentially into the shunts for exposure times of 10 to 30 minutes and regulated blood flow rates of 100 to 400 ml/min. The dry weight of thrombus accumulated in the chamber (5 to 50 mg) was found to increase with exposure time up to 20 minutes and to decrease with increasing flow rate. Various components of the process of thrombus formation were altered by the administration of acetylsalicylic acid, heparin and lysozyme, used alone and in pairs. Heparin was found to be the most effective antithrombotic agent, dry weights of accumulated thrombus being on the order of 50 percent lower when compared to control values. The efficacy of heparin was found to be unaffected by the presence of aspirin and lysozyme, which themselves were not effective antithrombotic agents under the conditions of these experiments. The technique described here may provide a useful animal model for studying the influence of blood flow and different biomaterials on thrombus formation.", "contents": "Extracorporeal model for study of factors affecting thrombus formation. Factors determining thrombus formation on a foreign surface were studied with the use of plastic flow chambers introduced into extracorporeal shunts. Silicone rubber shunts, joining the carotid artery and jugular vein, were implanted in dogs and remained patent for several weeks. The flow chamber geometry consisted of a 4.8 mm diameter straight tube having a 3.2 X 3.2 mm circumferential cavity in the wall. Chambers were introduced sequentially into the shunts for exposure times of 10 to 30 minutes and regulated blood flow rates of 100 to 400 ml/min. The dry weight of thrombus accumulated in the chamber (5 to 50 mg) was found to increase with exposure time up to 20 minutes and to decrease with increasing flow rate. Various components of the process of thrombus formation were altered by the administration of acetylsalicylic acid, heparin and lysozyme, used alone and in pairs. Heparin was found to be the most effective antithrombotic agent, dry weights of accumulated thrombus being on the order of 50 percent lower when compared to control values. The efficacy of heparin was found to be unaffected by the presence of aspirin and lysozyme, which themselves were not effective antithrombotic agents under the conditions of these experiments. The technique described here may provide a useful animal model for studying the influence of blood flow and different biomaterials on thrombus formation.", "PMID": 1103356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_213", "title": "Plasma fibrinolytic activity following oral anabolic steroid therapy.", "content": "Six anabolic steroids were assessed for their ability to enhance plasma fibrinolytic activity in males with ischaemic heart disease. Five 17alpha-alkylated steroids (Ethyloestrenol, Norethandrolone, Methandienone, Methylandrostenediol and Oxymetholone) were examined and all produced a significant increase in plasma plasminogen activator as measured by the euglobulin lysis time. The only non-17alpha-alkylated steroid studied (Methenolone acetate) failed to enhance fibrinolysis. The 17alpha-alkylated steroids studied all deserve more detailed evaluation of their long term effects on plasma fibrinolytic activity.", "contents": "Plasma fibrinolytic activity following oral anabolic steroid therapy. Six anabolic steroids were assessed for their ability to enhance plasma fibrinolytic activity in males with ischaemic heart disease. Five 17alpha-alkylated steroids (Ethyloestrenol, Norethandrolone, Methandienone, Methylandrostenediol and Oxymetholone) were examined and all produced a significant increase in plasma plasminogen activator as measured by the euglobulin lysis time. The only non-17alpha-alkylated steroid studied (Methenolone acetate) failed to enhance fibrinolysis. The 17alpha-alkylated steroids studied all deserve more detailed evaluation of their long term effects on plasma fibrinolytic activity.", "PMID": 1103357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_214", "title": "Calcium ionophore A23187 (Eli Lilly): effect on platelet function, structure and metabolism.", "content": "The addition of 0.1 muM ionophore A23187 to washed platelets incubated in citrated saline caused massive release of stored serotonin accompanied by intracellular accumulation of inosine monophosphate, but produced no detectable influx of externally added calcium or abnormal structural alterations. With increasing ionophore concentration there was a significant influx of calcium and a drastic alteration in the platelet ultrastructure. The increase in ionophore concentration was accompanied by the conversion of the major part of metabolic adenine nucleotides to inosine monophosphate and an almost complete blockage of further conversion to inosine and hypoxanthine. The metabolic changes were accentuated by the addition of calcium at concentrations less than 1/10 of the citrate concentration. In the presence of Ca++, or when citrate was omitted, there was a substantial leakage of cytoplasmic material, which at times suggested complete exchangeability between cytoplasm and extracellular medium. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that the platelet release reaction is triggered by intracellularly bound calcium. They also suggest that the application of high ionophore concentration has a toxicologic rather than a physiologic effect on platelets, and that a weak chelator added during incubation with the ionophore can in the absence of divalent cations prevent cell destruction, but not the toxic effect on cell metabolism.", "contents": "Calcium ionophore A23187 (Eli Lilly): effect on platelet function, structure and metabolism. The addition of 0.1 muM ionophore A23187 to washed platelets incubated in citrated saline caused massive release of stored serotonin accompanied by intracellular accumulation of inosine monophosphate, but produced no detectable influx of externally added calcium or abnormal structural alterations. With increasing ionophore concentration there was a significant influx of calcium and a drastic alteration in the platelet ultrastructure. The increase in ionophore concentration was accompanied by the conversion of the major part of metabolic adenine nucleotides to inosine monophosphate and an almost complete blockage of further conversion to inosine and hypoxanthine. The metabolic changes were accentuated by the addition of calcium at concentrations less than 1/10 of the citrate concentration. In the presence of Ca++, or when citrate was omitted, there was a substantial leakage of cytoplasmic material, which at times suggested complete exchangeability between cytoplasm and extracellular medium. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that the platelet release reaction is triggered by intracellularly bound calcium. They also suggest that the application of high ionophore concentration has a toxicologic rather than a physiologic effect on platelets, and that a weak chelator added during incubation with the ionophore can in the absence of divalent cations prevent cell destruction, but not the toxic effect on cell metabolism.", "PMID": 1103360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_215", "title": "Kidney transplantation and donor age.", "content": "The cumulative graft survival after 355 cadaver kidney transplantations was analyzed with special reference to the age of the donors. A significant decrease in cumulative graft survival with increasing donor age was found.", "contents": "Kidney transplantation and donor age. The cumulative graft survival after 355 cadaver kidney transplantations was analyzed with special reference to the age of the donors. A significant decrease in cumulative graft survival with increasing donor age was found.", "PMID": 1103363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_216", "title": "Effect of phentolamine and preperfusion with glucose on insulin release from the isolated perfused pancreas from fasted and fed rats.", "content": "Starvation of rats for 24 hrs resulted in decreased insulin release from the isolated rat pancreas. The effect of fasting could not be counteracted by elevation of the glucose level in the equilibration medium from 0.8 to 1.5 mg/ml. The alpha-adrenergic blocking agent phentolamine (10 mug/ml) stimulated glucose induced insulin release to approximately the same extent in fasted as in fed rats. These findings illustrate the importance of endogenous catecholamines in the regulation of insulin secretion from the isolated pancreas. Our experiments suggest that the impairment of insulin secretion on fasting is due neither to the inhibitory effect of catecholamines nor to the lack of substrate in the pancreas at the initiation of the stimulation.", "contents": "Effect of phentolamine and preperfusion with glucose on insulin release from the isolated perfused pancreas from fasted and fed rats. Starvation of rats for 24 hrs resulted in decreased insulin release from the isolated rat pancreas. The effect of fasting could not be counteracted by elevation of the glucose level in the equilibration medium from 0.8 to 1.5 mg/ml. The alpha-adrenergic blocking agent phentolamine (10 mug/ml) stimulated glucose induced insulin release to approximately the same extent in fasted as in fed rats. These findings illustrate the importance of endogenous catecholamines in the regulation of insulin secretion from the isolated pancreas. Our experiments suggest that the impairment of insulin secretion on fasting is due neither to the inhibitory effect of catecholamines nor to the lack of substrate in the pancreas at the initiation of the stimulation.", "PMID": 1103366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_217", "title": "Function of the pancreatic B-cell during the development of hyperglycaemia in mice homozygous for the mutations \"diabetes\" (db) and \"misty\" (m).", "content": "The function of the pancreatic B-cell was studied in relation to the development of the diabetic syndrome in a new variety of the diabetic mutant mouse, which was produced at The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, U.S.A. by outcrossing of a c57bl/ksJ-db stock with C57BL/6J mice. The expression of the db-gene in the resulting strain was evaluated by measurements of the body weights and the concentrations of serum glucose and serum insulin at different ages of the animals. In the diabetic mice the body weights increased rapidly between 5 and 25 weeks of age to a weight twice that of the lean controls. During the same time hyperglycaemia and hyperinsulinaemia occurred, the maximal serum glucose and insulin values being observed between 17 and 25 weeks of age. Later on the serum glucose and serum insulin concentrations gradually decreased. Islets were isolated with collagenase from animals 5, 10 or 20 weeks old, and studied with respect to insulin content, glucose oxidation and the secretion and synthesis of insulin. The results were compared with data from control experiments with islets isolated from non-diabetic littermates. No major differences were found between islets from diabetic and control mice with regard to the glucose oxidation rate, whereas an exaggerated insulin response to glucose was observed in islets from 5 weeks old diabetic mice. In the 20 weeks old diabetic animals there was a significantly decreased islet insulin content and a considerably lowered insulin biosynthesis.", "contents": "Function of the pancreatic B-cell during the development of hyperglycaemia in mice homozygous for the mutations \"diabetes\" (db) and \"misty\" (m). The function of the pancreatic B-cell was studied in relation to the development of the diabetic syndrome in a new variety of the diabetic mutant mouse, which was produced at The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, U.S.A. by outcrossing of a c57bl/ksJ-db stock with C57BL/6J mice. The expression of the db-gene in the resulting strain was evaluated by measurements of the body weights and the concentrations of serum glucose and serum insulin at different ages of the animals. In the diabetic mice the body weights increased rapidly between 5 and 25 weeks of age to a weight twice that of the lean controls. During the same time hyperglycaemia and hyperinsulinaemia occurred, the maximal serum glucose and insulin values being observed between 17 and 25 weeks of age. Later on the serum glucose and serum insulin concentrations gradually decreased. Islets were isolated with collagenase from animals 5, 10 or 20 weeks old, and studied with respect to insulin content, glucose oxidation and the secretion and synthesis of insulin. The results were compared with data from control experiments with islets isolated from non-diabetic littermates. No major differences were found between islets from diabetic and control mice with regard to the glucose oxidation rate, whereas an exaggerated insulin response to glucose was observed in islets from 5 weeks old diabetic mice. In the 20 weeks old diabetic animals there was a significantly decreased islet insulin content and a considerably lowered insulin biosynthesis.", "PMID": 1103367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_218", "title": "Diabetogenic effect and inhibition of insulin secretion induced in normal rats by ammonium infusions.", "content": "In order to explain the abnormalities of glucose metabolism previously observed in patients with blood ammonia elevation, the effect of a transitory hyperammonemia on I.V. glucose tolerance was investigated in rats. An I.V. glucose tolerance test was performed in 3 groups of 15 rats 60 min after the beginning of a 95 min infusion of either a 2 ml isotonic NaCl solution (control group) or ammonium acetate solutions at low (0.50 mumol/kg/min. NH4+) or high doses (1.70 mumol/kg/min NH4+). The \"high\" NH4+ infusion produced an increase of blood ammonia to levels near 1000 mug/100 ml, a significant decrease in the K coefficient for glucose disappearance (2.53 X 10(-2) +/- 0.20 compared to 4.92 X 10(-2) +/- 0.13 in control group) and a suppression of the radioimmunological plasma insulin (I.R.I.) response to glucose. With the \"low\" NH4+ infusion the hyperammonemia was less pronounced (200-300) mug/100 ml), but the decrease in K(3.02 X 10(-2) +/- 0.15) and in the first phase of I.R.I. release remained significant. The decrease in glucose disappearance rate could be accounted for by the proportional decrease in insulin secretion. Thus glucose intolerance induced by ammonium acetate infusions may be due to a direct effect of NH4 + on the pancreas. These abnormalities in glucose metabolism depend on the quantity of infused ammonium.", "contents": "Diabetogenic effect and inhibition of insulin secretion induced in normal rats by ammonium infusions. In order to explain the abnormalities of glucose metabolism previously observed in patients with blood ammonia elevation, the effect of a transitory hyperammonemia on I.V. glucose tolerance was investigated in rats. An I.V. glucose tolerance test was performed in 3 groups of 15 rats 60 min after the beginning of a 95 min infusion of either a 2 ml isotonic NaCl solution (control group) or ammonium acetate solutions at low (0.50 mumol/kg/min. NH4+) or high doses (1.70 mumol/kg/min NH4+). The \"high\" NH4+ infusion produced an increase of blood ammonia to levels near 1000 mug/100 ml, a significant decrease in the K coefficient for glucose disappearance (2.53 X 10(-2) +/- 0.20 compared to 4.92 X 10(-2) +/- 0.13 in control group) and a suppression of the radioimmunological plasma insulin (I.R.I.) response to glucose. With the \"low\" NH4+ infusion the hyperammonemia was less pronounced (200-300) mug/100 ml), but the decrease in K(3.02 X 10(-2) +/- 0.15) and in the first phase of I.R.I. release remained significant. The decrease in glucose disappearance rate could be accounted for by the proportional decrease in insulin secretion. Thus glucose intolerance induced by ammonium acetate infusions may be due to a direct effect of NH4 + on the pancreas. These abnormalities in glucose metabolism depend on the quantity of infused ammonium.", "PMID": 1103368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_219", "title": "Gastric inhibitory polypeptide: effect on glucose-induced insulin release from isolated rat pancreatic islets in vitro.", "content": "Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide (GIP; 1 or 10 mug/ml) potentiated glucose-induced (8 or 16.6 mM) insulin (IRI) release from isolated rat pancreatic islets. Basal release was unaffected. The threshold concentration of glucose necessary for GIP to modulate IRI release was between 6 and 8 mM. GIP had no effect on IRI release from islets submitted to a maximal glucose stimulus (25 mM).", "contents": "Gastric inhibitory polypeptide: effect on glucose-induced insulin release from isolated rat pancreatic islets in vitro. Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide (GIP; 1 or 10 mug/ml) potentiated glucose-induced (8 or 16.6 mM) insulin (IRI) release from isolated rat pancreatic islets. Basal release was unaffected. The threshold concentration of glucose necessary for GIP to modulate IRI release was between 6 and 8 mM. GIP had no effect on IRI release from islets submitted to a maximal glucose stimulus (25 mM).", "PMID": 1103369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_220", "title": "Use of hot formaldehyde fixative in processing plant-parasitic nematodes for electron microscopy.", "content": "A preparative technique is formulated for processing plant-parasitic nematodes of the order Tylenchida for electron microscopy. A population of Dolichodorus heterocephalus is used as test objects. One and a half grams of paraformaldehyde are dissolved in 25 ml of water at 60 C. Five drops of 1 N sodium hydroxide are added to clear the solution, which is then cooled to room temperature. Two and a half milliliters of 25% glutaraldehyde are added with 23 ml 0.1 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.3, and 0.2 M with respect to sucrose. The final solution contains 3% formaldehyde and 1% glutaraldehyde and is pH 7.2. It is heated to 70 C, poured over specimens, and allowed to cool to 4 C in 2 hr. The nematodes are then incised in a fixative containing 2% glutaraldehyde and 5% dimethyl sulfoxide at 4 C for 16-24 hr. Five milliliters of 25% glutaraldehyde and 2.5 ml of dimethyl sulfoxide are combined in 17.5 ml of water. Twenty-five milliliters of phosphate buffer (supplemented as above) are added. The final pH is 7.2. The glutaraldehyde, aided by dimethyl sulfoxide, uniformly and permanently fixes the nematode tissues. The specimens are embedded in agar. Following a 30-min buffer wash (4 C) they are postfixed in buffered 2% osmium tetroxide for 2 hr at room temperature, washed, and dehydrated through an ethanol series and two acetone baths. Dehydration includes a 2-hr stop in 75% ethanol containing 2% uranyl acetate. After embedding in Spurr's epoxy resin, specimens are sectioned and poststained in 0.5% aqueous acetate for 6 min and saturated aqueous lead citrate 3--4 min. This technique reduces killing time to less than 2 sec, straightens specimens for easier orientation, and eliminates the typically high internal pressure of nematodes which causes displacement of internal structures observed with other fixation techniques.", "contents": "Use of hot formaldehyde fixative in processing plant-parasitic nematodes for electron microscopy. A preparative technique is formulated for processing plant-parasitic nematodes of the order Tylenchida for electron microscopy. A population of Dolichodorus heterocephalus is used as test objects. One and a half grams of paraformaldehyde are dissolved in 25 ml of water at 60 C. Five drops of 1 N sodium hydroxide are added to clear the solution, which is then cooled to room temperature. Two and a half milliliters of 25% glutaraldehyde are added with 23 ml 0.1 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.3, and 0.2 M with respect to sucrose. The final solution contains 3% formaldehyde and 1% glutaraldehyde and is pH 7.2. It is heated to 70 C, poured over specimens, and allowed to cool to 4 C in 2 hr. The nematodes are then incised in a fixative containing 2% glutaraldehyde and 5% dimethyl sulfoxide at 4 C for 16-24 hr. Five milliliters of 25% glutaraldehyde and 2.5 ml of dimethyl sulfoxide are combined in 17.5 ml of water. Twenty-five milliliters of phosphate buffer (supplemented as above) are added. The final pH is 7.2. The glutaraldehyde, aided by dimethyl sulfoxide, uniformly and permanently fixes the nematode tissues. The specimens are embedded in agar. Following a 30-min buffer wash (4 C) they are postfixed in buffered 2% osmium tetroxide for 2 hr at room temperature, washed, and dehydrated through an ethanol series and two acetone baths. Dehydration includes a 2-hr stop in 75% ethanol containing 2% uranyl acetate. After embedding in Spurr's epoxy resin, specimens are sectioned and poststained in 0.5% aqueous acetate for 6 min and saturated aqueous lead citrate 3--4 min. This technique reduces killing time to less than 2 sec, straightens specimens for easier orientation, and eliminates the typically high internal pressure of nematodes which causes displacement of internal structures observed with other fixation techniques.", "PMID": 1103371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_221", "title": "A blaze-dry spreading procedure for the electron microscopy of chromosomes from acid alcohol-fixed human lymphocytes.", "content": "A procedure is described for the blaze-drying of human lymphocyte chromosomes on carbonized Parlodion film. Films are prepared by applying Parlodion solution to sheets of freshly cleaved mica. Damage to the film during blaze-drying is prevented by chilling the mica sheets on dry ice before flaming. After spreading, the film and metaphases are floated free from the mica and transferred to a slide of Formav-coated electron microscope grids. The resulting preparations yield complete metaphase spreads and banded chromosomes morphologically similar to those observed with the light microscope.", "contents": "A blaze-dry spreading procedure for the electron microscopy of chromosomes from acid alcohol-fixed human lymphocytes. A procedure is described for the blaze-drying of human lymphocyte chromosomes on carbonized Parlodion film. Films are prepared by applying Parlodion solution to sheets of freshly cleaved mica. Damage to the film during blaze-drying is prevented by chilling the mica sheets on dry ice before flaming. After spreading, the film and metaphases are floated free from the mica and transferred to a slide of Formav-coated electron microscope grids. The resulting preparations yield complete metaphase spreads and banded chromosomes morphologically similar to those observed with the light microscope.", "PMID": 1103372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_222", "title": "Modified thiocarbohydrazide procedure for scanning electron microscopy: routine use for normal, pathological, or experimental tissues.", "content": "A modified thiocarbohydrazide (TCH) technique to cross-link osmium layers has resulted in a reliable method for preparing a wide variety of soft biological tissues for scanning electron microscopy without the use of evaported metal. The technique works equally well on tissues with smooth surfaces and those with abrupt changes in contour or cut surfaces, as in biopsy or autopsied material or pathologically altered tissues, and thus has wide applicability. Small surface structures and junctional areas between cells are distinct. In addition, thin cells such as alveolar endothelium in the lung exhibit a transparent property, allowing the visualization of cells within the capillary lumen while retaining adequate contrast for study of the capillary wall itself. Absence of an evaporated metal coat makes the removal of tissue from the scanning electron microscope specimen easy for embedding and examination of the same material with the transmission electron microscope.", "contents": "Modified thiocarbohydrazide procedure for scanning electron microscopy: routine use for normal, pathological, or experimental tissues. A modified thiocarbohydrazide (TCH) technique to cross-link osmium layers has resulted in a reliable method for preparing a wide variety of soft biological tissues for scanning electron microscopy without the use of evaported metal. The technique works equally well on tissues with smooth surfaces and those with abrupt changes in contour or cut surfaces, as in biopsy or autopsied material or pathologically altered tissues, and thus has wide applicability. Small surface structures and junctional areas between cells are distinct. In addition, thin cells such as alveolar endothelium in the lung exhibit a transparent property, allowing the visualization of cells within the capillary lumen while retaining adequate contrast for study of the capillary wall itself. Absence of an evaporated metal coat makes the removal of tissue from the scanning electron microscope specimen easy for embedding and examination of the same material with the transmission electron microscope.", "PMID": 1103373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_223", "title": "B-lymphocyte subpopulations in the mouse. Organ distribution and ontogeny of immunoglobulin-synthesizing and of mitogen-sensitive cells.", "content": "The first fetal cells synthesizing Ig can be demonstrated at day 10 of gesta tion, well before cells with detectable surface-bound Ig have been found. These early Ig-synthesizing cells are exclusively large cells. The first small cells synthesizing Ig appear at day 15-16 of gestation, a time when cells. with detectable surface-bound Ig have been found in fetal liver. Ig synthesis of liver cells declines 2 days after birth, presumably reflecting a change in cellular composition of the liver, whereas spleen cells, on a per cell basis, synthesize Ig at a constant rate from birth to adult life. At the time that the first small Ig-synthesizing cells are detected and surface-bound Ig has been found on fetal liver cells, such small fetal liver cells can be stimulated by LPS in serum-containing media to generate 19S IgM secreting PFC. Three to four days after birth, cells develop in the small fraction of spleen which can be stimulated in serum-free media by either LPS or PPD to PFC development. Thus we can distinguish three types of B-lymphocytes as they appear sequentially during ontogeny: I. Large, Ig-producing cells, not susceptible to polyclonal activation to PFC development by either LPS or PPD. II. Small, Ig-producing cells, susceptible to LPS-stimulation in serum-containing media; and III. Small, Ig-producing cells, susceptible to LPC- and PPD-stimulation in serum-free media.", "contents": "B-lymphocyte subpopulations in the mouse. Organ distribution and ontogeny of immunoglobulin-synthesizing and of mitogen-sensitive cells. The first fetal cells synthesizing Ig can be demonstrated at day 10 of gesta tion, well before cells with detectable surface-bound Ig have been found. These early Ig-synthesizing cells are exclusively large cells. The first small cells synthesizing Ig appear at day 15-16 of gestation, a time when cells. with detectable surface-bound Ig have been found in fetal liver. Ig synthesis of liver cells declines 2 days after birth, presumably reflecting a change in cellular composition of the liver, whereas spleen cells, on a per cell basis, synthesize Ig at a constant rate from birth to adult life. At the time that the first small Ig-synthesizing cells are detected and surface-bound Ig has been found on fetal liver cells, such small fetal liver cells can be stimulated by LPS in serum-containing media to generate 19S IgM secreting PFC. Three to four days after birth, cells develop in the small fraction of spleen which can be stimulated in serum-free media by either LPS or PPD to PFC development. Thus we can distinguish three types of B-lymphocytes as they appear sequentially during ontogeny: I. Large, Ig-producing cells, not susceptible to polyclonal activation to PFC development by either LPS or PPD. II. Small, Ig-producing cells, susceptible to LPS-stimulation in serum-containing media; and III. Small, Ig-producing cells, susceptible to LPC- and PPD-stimulation in serum-free media.", "PMID": 1103381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_224", "title": "Lymphocyte subpopulations in the thymus.", "content": "The thymus of mice and chickens contains at least four discrete populations of lymphoid cells: Two distinct cortical populations of small lymphocytes (early and late population), a hydrocortisone resistant and presumably medullary population of small lymphocytes, and a population of medium sized lymphocytes (prolymphocytes) (see Table I and Figure 3). These four cell types were identified with preparative cell separation techniques (e.g. cell electrophoresis, BSA-density gradient centrifugation, and velocity sedimentation) in combination with size distribution analysis. The combination of these techniques provides two-dimensional distribution patterns ('fingerprints') with high power of resolution. At present the two cortical populations of small lymphocytes cannot be identified as distinct populations by any other method. The physical parameters also provide useful markers for the identification and comparison of cellular subpopulations in animals of different ages, different strains, and to a certain degree even of different species. It is believed that each of these subpopulations is in itself heterogeneous in respect to antigen specificity, and it is proposed to call lymphocytes with different antigen specificity but identical physical characteristics 'isotypic lymphocytes'. The medium and large thymocytes serve as progenitors of the small thymic lymphocytes, as shown by different investigators. Small and larger lymphocytes are thus believed to represent different stages on developmental pathways (vertical heterogeneity). The different populations of small thymocytes, on the other hand, are believed to represent different independent pathways (horizontal heterogeneity). There is clearly the possibility that functionally distinct sublines of peripheral T-cells are generated by separate developmental pathways in the thymus, and the functional properties of single thymic cell types (e.g. of the thymic suppressor cells) may accordingly correspond to the functional properties of their peripheral progeny.", "contents": "Lymphocyte subpopulations in the thymus. The thymus of mice and chickens contains at least four discrete populations of lymphoid cells: Two distinct cortical populations of small lymphocytes (early and late population), a hydrocortisone resistant and presumably medullary population of small lymphocytes, and a population of medium sized lymphocytes (prolymphocytes) (see Table I and Figure 3). These four cell types were identified with preparative cell separation techniques (e.g. cell electrophoresis, BSA-density gradient centrifugation, and velocity sedimentation) in combination with size distribution analysis. The combination of these techniques provides two-dimensional distribution patterns ('fingerprints') with high power of resolution. At present the two cortical populations of small lymphocytes cannot be identified as distinct populations by any other method. The physical parameters also provide useful markers for the identification and comparison of cellular subpopulations in animals of different ages, different strains, and to a certain degree even of different species. It is believed that each of these subpopulations is in itself heterogeneous in respect to antigen specificity, and it is proposed to call lymphocytes with different antigen specificity but identical physical characteristics 'isotypic lymphocytes'. The medium and large thymocytes serve as progenitors of the small thymic lymphocytes, as shown by different investigators. Small and larger lymphocytes are thus believed to represent different stages on developmental pathways (vertical heterogeneity). The different populations of small thymocytes, on the other hand, are believed to represent different independent pathways (horizontal heterogeneity). There is clearly the possibility that functionally distinct sublines of peripheral T-cells are generated by separate developmental pathways in the thymus, and the functional properties of single thymic cell types (e.g. of the thymic suppressor cells) may accordingly correspond to the functional properties of their peripheral progeny.", "PMID": 1103382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_225", "title": "Separation and functional analysis of subpopulations of lymphocytes bearing complement and Fc receptors.", "content": "A highly versatile procedure is described in this review which can be used to separate and obtain in pure form subpopulations of lymphoid cells which express different cell surface structures. The method is based on the observation that when rosetting and non-rosetting leukocytes are centrifuged on a cushion of Isopaque/Ficoll, the rosetting leukocytes and red cells sink whereas the non-rosetting leukocytes float. Thus, any subpopulation of leukocytes can be separated providing they can be identified by rosetting. The earlier sections of this review describe the method, its efficiency of separation and its advantages compared with other fractionation procedures. Subsequent sections describe experiments in which the procedure was specifically applied to separating Fc receptor (Fc+) and complement receptor (CR+) lymphocytes. On the basis of these two receptors it was possible to subdivide T and B lymphocytes into distinct subpopulations. Four subclasses of B lymphocytes were identified in mouse spleen (Fc+CR+,Fc+CR-,Fc-CR+ and Fc-CR-) and two subclasses of T cells were also detected (Fc+ and Fc-). The functional relevance of these subpopulations of lymphocytes was examined. It was found that in all cases examined, antigens could successfully activate CR+ B cells to produce antibody. However, only polymeric antigens, whether T-dependent or T-independent, were capable of triggering CR- B cells to synthesize antibody. Furthermore, preliminary experiments suggest that Fc receptors are present on functional B cells and helper T cells but are not expressed on cytotoxic T cells. On the basis of these results it is proposed that complement receptors on B lymphocytes provide an additional binding site which stabilizes the union between the antigen-specific receptors and soluble antigen. In contrast, due to their multi-determinant nature, polymeric antigens can avidly bind to B cells without involvement of the complement receptors. The possibility of Fc receptors playing a similar role in stabilizing the interaction of antigen with specific receptors on lymphocytes, particularly on T helper cells, is also discussed.", "contents": "Separation and functional analysis of subpopulations of lymphocytes bearing complement and Fc receptors. A highly versatile procedure is described in this review which can be used to separate and obtain in pure form subpopulations of lymphoid cells which express different cell surface structures. The method is based on the observation that when rosetting and non-rosetting leukocytes are centrifuged on a cushion of Isopaque/Ficoll, the rosetting leukocytes and red cells sink whereas the non-rosetting leukocytes float. Thus, any subpopulation of leukocytes can be separated providing they can be identified by rosetting. The earlier sections of this review describe the method, its efficiency of separation and its advantages compared with other fractionation procedures. Subsequent sections describe experiments in which the procedure was specifically applied to separating Fc receptor (Fc+) and complement receptor (CR+) lymphocytes. On the basis of these two receptors it was possible to subdivide T and B lymphocytes into distinct subpopulations. Four subclasses of B lymphocytes were identified in mouse spleen (Fc+CR+,Fc+CR-,Fc-CR+ and Fc-CR-) and two subclasses of T cells were also detected (Fc+ and Fc-). The functional relevance of these subpopulations of lymphocytes was examined. It was found that in all cases examined, antigens could successfully activate CR+ B cells to produce antibody. However, only polymeric antigens, whether T-dependent or T-independent, were capable of triggering CR- B cells to synthesize antibody. Furthermore, preliminary experiments suggest that Fc receptors are present on functional B cells and helper T cells but are not expressed on cytotoxic T cells. On the basis of these results it is proposed that complement receptors on B lymphocytes provide an additional binding site which stabilizes the union between the antigen-specific receptors and soluble antigen. In contrast, due to their multi-determinant nature, polymeric antigens can avidly bind to B cells without involvement of the complement receptors. The possibility of Fc receptors playing a similar role in stabilizing the interaction of antigen with specific receptors on lymphocytes, particularly on T helper cells, is also discussed.", "PMID": 1103383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_226", "title": "Millipede burns in man.", "content": "A review is made of the clinical features and treatment of the lesions caused by the secretions of millipedes. The toxicology of these secretions is discussed. The geographical distribution is reviewed. The species identified as inflicting injury to man are enumerated. Lesions of soft parts of the skin can be moderately severe. Eye injuries may be serious and must receive effective treatment rapidly to prevent residual damage.", "contents": "Millipede burns in man. A review is made of the clinical features and treatment of the lesions caused by the secretions of millipedes. The toxicology of these secretions is discussed. The geographical distribution is reviewed. The species identified as inflicting injury to man are enumerated. Lesions of soft parts of the skin can be moderately severe. Eye injuries may be serious and must receive effective treatment rapidly to prevent residual damage.", "PMID": 1103388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_227", "title": "[Course of Trypanosoma musculi infections in Plasmodium berghi-infected mice (author's transl)].", "content": "Trypanosoma musculi brought into Plasmodium berghei-infected mice in the later stages of the malaria infection shows rapid, approximately logarithmic multiplication in the peripheral blood. The trypanosome number increases by a factor of 2-9 per day, multiplication of the parasites kills most mice in a few days. Many multiplicative forms of the trypanosomes and a few trypanosomes without nuclei are seen in blood smears. Histologically and in touch preparations, masses of multiplicative forms of the trypanosomes are seen in the sinusoids of the liver. Aggregates of trypanosomes are found, too, in the kidney medulla and, inconstantly, in venous sinuses of the spleen and postcapillary venules of lymph nodes. Occasionally, trypanosomes may be found extravascularly in the interstitial connective tissue especially of the pancreas, in lymph vessels and lymph node sinuses. - Mice infected in earlier stages of the Plasmodium berghei infection achieve stabilization of trypanosome numbers.", "contents": "[Course of Trypanosoma musculi infections in Plasmodium berghi-infected mice (author's transl)]. Trypanosoma musculi brought into Plasmodium berghei-infected mice in the later stages of the malaria infection shows rapid, approximately logarithmic multiplication in the peripheral blood. The trypanosome number increases by a factor of 2-9 per day, multiplication of the parasites kills most mice in a few days. Many multiplicative forms of the trypanosomes and a few trypanosomes without nuclei are seen in blood smears. Histologically and in touch preparations, masses of multiplicative forms of the trypanosomes are seen in the sinusoids of the liver. Aggregates of trypanosomes are found, too, in the kidney medulla and, inconstantly, in venous sinuses of the spleen and postcapillary venules of lymph nodes. Occasionally, trypanosomes may be found extravascularly in the interstitial connective tissue especially of the pancreas, in lymph vessels and lymph node sinuses. - Mice infected in earlier stages of the Plasmodium berghei infection achieve stabilization of trypanosome numbers.", "PMID": 1103389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_228", "title": "[Altered reproductive behaviour of Trypanosoma musculi after several years of passage in mice (author's transl)].", "content": "The modified strain multiplied less in pregnant and in Plasmodium berghei-infected mice, more in heavily infected normal mice, and more or less in weakly infected normal mice. The discordant behaviour in weakly infected mice was due to the occurrence in some animals of a second phase of more rapid increase of the parasitemia. This behaviour could be seen occasionally in the original strain, too. In inbred mice (BALB/cHan) the length of parasitemia clearly depended on inoculum size and height of the developing parasitemia.", "contents": "[Altered reproductive behaviour of Trypanosoma musculi after several years of passage in mice (author's transl)]. The modified strain multiplied less in pregnant and in Plasmodium berghei-infected mice, more in heavily infected normal mice, and more or less in weakly infected normal mice. The discordant behaviour in weakly infected mice was due to the occurrence in some animals of a second phase of more rapid increase of the parasitemia. This behaviour could be seen occasionally in the original strain, too. In inbred mice (BALB/cHan) the length of parasitemia clearly depended on inoculum size and height of the developing parasitemia.", "PMID": 1103390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_229", "title": "[On the migration of the third stage larvae of Wuchereria bancrofti in Anopheles gambiae (author's tranls)].", "content": "The migratory pattern of the third stage larvae of Wuchereria bancrofti from the thorax into the head of Anopheles gambiae has been studied. A total of 1269 infected mosquitoes were dissected and examined from the 7th through the 19th day after the blood meal. The filarial worms migrated from the thorax through the abdomen before they reached the head of the mosquito. Third stage larvae first appeared in the abdomen on the 9th day after infection, where their number increased progressively up to the 13th day and then decreased steadily thereafter. In contrast, mature larvae were first found in the head on the 11th day, and a concentration of larvae could be observed in this region only from the 14th day onwards.", "contents": "[On the migration of the third stage larvae of Wuchereria bancrofti in Anopheles gambiae (author's tranls)]. The migratory pattern of the third stage larvae of Wuchereria bancrofti from the thorax into the head of Anopheles gambiae has been studied. A total of 1269 infected mosquitoes were dissected and examined from the 7th through the 19th day after the blood meal. The filarial worms migrated from the thorax through the abdomen before they reached the head of the mosquito. Third stage larvae first appeared in the abdomen on the 9th day after infection, where their number increased progressively up to the 13th day and then decreased steadily thereafter. In contrast, mature larvae were first found in the head on the 11th day, and a concentration of larvae could be observed in this region only from the 14th day onwards.", "PMID": 1103391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_230", "title": "[Acinar epithelium as a source for the formation of the human pancreatic islets in embryogeny].", "content": "By electron microscopy in the islets of Largenhans and acini of the pancreas of the human fetuses 4-7 months old acinar-islet (transitional) cells were revealed. The cytoplasm of some transitional elements contained zymogen and endocrine A-granules, while in others zymogen and endocrine B-granules were found. Acinar-islet cells differed by the structure of organelles and by the quantity of endocrine granules, which can be regarded as transformation of acinar cells into endocrine cells. A conclusion was drawn that during human pancreas embryogenesis the acinar epithelium is one of the sources of islet tissue formation.", "contents": "[Acinar epithelium as a source for the formation of the human pancreatic islets in embryogeny]. By electron microscopy in the islets of Largenhans and acini of the pancreas of the human fetuses 4-7 months old acinar-islet (transitional) cells were revealed. The cytoplasm of some transitional elements contained zymogen and endocrine A-granules, while in others zymogen and endocrine B-granules were found. Acinar-islet cells differed by the structure of organelles and by the quantity of endocrine granules, which can be regarded as transformation of acinar cells into endocrine cells. A conclusion was drawn that during human pancreas embryogenesis the acinar epithelium is one of the sources of islet tissue formation.", "PMID": 1103393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_231", "title": "[Comparison of the parts in relation to some problems of the statistical processing and planning of cytological experiments].", "content": "A possibility is studied of using phi-transformation for comparison of portions in homogenous totalities with intra-group variability. The phi value distribution is approximated satisfactorily by normal distribution, beginning from a certain amount of observation (n) depending on P, P being a portion of cells (individuals) with the character under study. On this basis, a method of statistical treatment and experiment planning is proposed.", "contents": "[Comparison of the parts in relation to some problems of the statistical processing and planning of cytological experiments]. A possibility is studied of using phi-transformation for comparison of portions in homogenous totalities with intra-group variability. The phi value distribution is approximated satisfactorily by normal distribution, beginning from a certain amount of observation (n) depending on P, P being a portion of cells (individuals) with the character under study. On this basis, a method of statistical treatment and experiment planning is proposed.", "PMID": 1103394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_232", "title": "[Studies in the automation of human chromosomal analysis. II. The development and testing of a system for the semiautomatic measurement of chromosomes].", "content": "The elaboration and testing the \"PAUK\" system intended for human chromosome measurement is described. The system is based on the semi-automatic measurement projector and computer \"Minsk-22\". Chromosomes of 83 cells were measured. The system allows to make measurements of chromosomes in the large scale with high precision. The measurement installation can be used for measuring any macro- and micro-objects on photographic film and photographic plate.", "contents": "[Studies in the automation of human chromosomal analysis. II. The development and testing of a system for the semiautomatic measurement of chromosomes]. The elaboration and testing the \"PAUK\" system intended for human chromosome measurement is described. The system is based on the semi-automatic measurement projector and computer \"Minsk-22\". Chromosomes of 83 cells were measured. The system allows to make measurements of chromosomes in the large scale with high precision. The measurement installation can be used for measuring any macro- and micro-objects on photographic film and photographic plate.", "PMID": 1103395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_233", "title": "Controlled trial of 6- and 9-month regimens of daily and intermittent streptomycin plus isoniazid plus pyrazinamide for pulmonary tuberculosis in Hong Kong.", "content": "A comparison has been made between 6- and 9-month regimens of streptomycin, isoniazid and pyrazinamide given daily, 3 times a week or twice a week from the start of chemotherapy, in the treatment of newly-diagnosed, smear-positive, pulmonary tuberculosis in Chinese patients. At 6 months the twice-weekly regimen was marginally inferior in that 5 (4 per cent) of 126 patients with drug-sensitive strains pretreatment had an unfavourable bacteriological status compared with only 2 (1 per cent) of 141 on the 3 times weekly and none of 137 of the daily regimen. Of a total of 211 patients treated for 9 months, only 1 of 74 on the twice-weekly regimen relapsed bacteriologically between 6 and 9 months. The bacteriological relapse rates in the first 6 months of follow-up after 6 months' chemotherapy were 13 per cent on the daily, 16 per cent on the 3 times weekly, and 18 per cent on the twice-weekly regimen, and after 9 months' chemotherapy they were 3 per cent, 4 per cent and 4 per cent respectively. All 33 relapses were with strains sensitive to isoniazid and streptomycin, and 76 per cent of them occurred in the first 3 months after the end of chemotherapy. Although patients with drug-resistant strains pretreatment fared less well, about two-thirds had a favourable bacteriological status at 6 months, and all 3 regimens given for 9 months had low relapse rates. The implications of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "Controlled trial of 6- and 9-month regimens of daily and intermittent streptomycin plus isoniazid plus pyrazinamide for pulmonary tuberculosis in Hong Kong. A comparison has been made between 6- and 9-month regimens of streptomycin, isoniazid and pyrazinamide given daily, 3 times a week or twice a week from the start of chemotherapy, in the treatment of newly-diagnosed, smear-positive, pulmonary tuberculosis in Chinese patients. At 6 months the twice-weekly regimen was marginally inferior in that 5 (4 per cent) of 126 patients with drug-sensitive strains pretreatment had an unfavourable bacteriological status compared with only 2 (1 per cent) of 141 on the 3 times weekly and none of 137 of the daily regimen. Of a total of 211 patients treated for 9 months, only 1 of 74 on the twice-weekly regimen relapsed bacteriologically between 6 and 9 months. The bacteriological relapse rates in the first 6 months of follow-up after 6 months' chemotherapy were 13 per cent on the daily, 16 per cent on the 3 times weekly, and 18 per cent on the twice-weekly regimen, and after 9 months' chemotherapy they were 3 per cent, 4 per cent and 4 per cent respectively. All 33 relapses were with strains sensitive to isoniazid and streptomycin, and 76 per cent of them occurred in the first 3 months after the end of chemotherapy. Although patients with drug-resistant strains pretreatment fared less well, about two-thirds had a favourable bacteriological status at 6 months, and all 3 regimens given for 9 months had low relapse rates. The implications of these findings are discussed.", "PMID": 1103400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_234", "title": "Magnesium deficit after renal transplantation with secondary posttransplantation hypocalcemia and hypophosphatemia.", "content": "Hypomagnesemia, hypocalcemia and hypophosphatemia after renal transplantation in an 18-year-old patient is described. Serum magnesium decreased in consequence of increased renal transplant function with high urinary magnesium excretion. At the time of serum magnesium depletion, pretransplantation hypocalcemia persisted and severe hypophosphatemia developed. Magnesium oxide treatment was followed by the increment not only in serum magnesium but also in serum calcium and phosphate to normal level. Causal relationship between magnesium deficit and impaired renal transplant tubular reabsorption of magnesium and between magnesium deficit and serum calcium and phosphate depletion in the patient is suggested.", "contents": "Magnesium deficit after renal transplantation with secondary posttransplantation hypocalcemia and hypophosphatemia. Hypomagnesemia, hypocalcemia and hypophosphatemia after renal transplantation in an 18-year-old patient is described. Serum magnesium decreased in consequence of increased renal transplant function with high urinary magnesium excretion. At the time of serum magnesium depletion, pretransplantation hypocalcemia persisted and severe hypophosphatemia developed. Magnesium oxide treatment was followed by the increment not only in serum magnesium but also in serum calcium and phosphate to normal level. Causal relationship between magnesium deficit and impaired renal transplant tubular reabsorption of magnesium and between magnesium deficit and serum calcium and phosphate depletion in the patient is suggested.", "PMID": 1103405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_235", "title": "Vesicoureteral reflux in patients in end-stage chronic renal failure.", "content": "Vesicoureteral reflux was observed in 19 of 180 patients (10.5%) with end-stage chronic renal failure. The underlying disease in the patients with reflux was chronic glomerulonephritis in 8.3%, chronic pyelonephritis in 28.5% and renal hypoplasia in 40%. Reflux was bilateral in 13 patients and unilateral in six. Most likely bladder dysfunction due to uremia may have been the cause of the reflux.", "contents": "Vesicoureteral reflux in patients in end-stage chronic renal failure. Vesicoureteral reflux was observed in 19 of 180 patients (10.5%) with end-stage chronic renal failure. The underlying disease in the patients with reflux was chronic glomerulonephritis in 8.3%, chronic pyelonephritis in 28.5% and renal hypoplasia in 40%. Reflux was bilateral in 13 patients and unilateral in six. Most likely bladder dysfunction due to uremia may have been the cause of the reflux.", "PMID": 1103406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_236", "title": "[Significance of LDH determination in renal perfusions as criterion of vitality in kidney transplantations (author's transl)].", "content": "The activity of LDH in perfusate on human kidney and in experiments on dog kidney was investigated during the preservation by the Gambro perfusion apparatus. The enzyme activity of perfusate was characterized by a quotient of volume activity in relation to the perfusion flow rate. With this method we are able to distinguish the values of damaged and normal kidneys. A correlation was established between this quotient and the function resumption day in human kidney transplantation.", "contents": "[Significance of LDH determination in renal perfusions as criterion of vitality in kidney transplantations (author's transl)]. The activity of LDH in perfusate on human kidney and in experiments on dog kidney was investigated during the preservation by the Gambro perfusion apparatus. The enzyme activity of perfusate was characterized by a quotient of volume activity in relation to the perfusion flow rate. With this method we are able to distinguish the values of damaged and normal kidneys. A correlation was established between this quotient and the function resumption day in human kidney transplantation.", "PMID": 1103407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_237", "title": "Angiographic evaluation of machine perfused kidneys.", "content": "An intact and patent renal vascular system is a prerequisite for even and complete perfusion during machine preservation and the reestablishment of renal blood flow after transplantation. Most of the so called \"viability tests\" for machine perfused kidneys refer to the cellular viability, not taking into account possible lesions of the vascular system. Angiography during machine preservation is a simple, safe and reliable means of examining alterations of the renal vascular system and detecting occult vascular pathology. The degree and reversibility of vasoconstriction can easily be demonstrated, as well as normal and pathologic perfusion patterns. Angiographic examination during preservation may be useful in addition to the tests of cellular viability in order to evaluate borderline kidneys prior to transplantation.", "contents": "Angiographic evaluation of machine perfused kidneys. An intact and patent renal vascular system is a prerequisite for even and complete perfusion during machine preservation and the reestablishment of renal blood flow after transplantation. Most of the so called \"viability tests\" for machine perfused kidneys refer to the cellular viability, not taking into account possible lesions of the vascular system. Angiography during machine preservation is a simple, safe and reliable means of examining alterations of the renal vascular system and detecting occult vascular pathology. The degree and reversibility of vasoconstriction can easily be demonstrated, as well as normal and pathologic perfusion patterns. Angiographic examination during preservation may be useful in addition to the tests of cellular viability in order to evaluate borderline kidneys prior to transplantation.", "PMID": 1103416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_238", "title": "Replacement of urinary bladder wall in the cat by autologous x-ray treated full thickness skin graft.", "content": "A partial urinary bladder resection was performed in 25 female cats. The defect was replaced with an X-ray treated autologous full thickness skin graft. This graft was shown to be an appropriate foundation for the rapid regeneration of transitional cell epithelium which was proven to be present after 4 weeks. Smooth muscle fibres were present in all cases after 12 weeks. Postoperatively, bladder capacity was adequate without evidence of incrustation or ossification. No changes were seen in the upper urinary tract. Compared to other types of autologous bladder wall replacement this method is simple and warrants clinical investigation.", "contents": "Replacement of urinary bladder wall in the cat by autologous x-ray treated full thickness skin graft. A partial urinary bladder resection was performed in 25 female cats. The defect was replaced with an X-ray treated autologous full thickness skin graft. This graft was shown to be an appropriate foundation for the rapid regeneration of transitional cell epithelium which was proven to be present after 4 weeks. Smooth muscle fibres were present in all cases after 12 weeks. Postoperatively, bladder capacity was adequate without evidence of incrustation or ossification. No changes were seen in the upper urinary tract. Compared to other types of autologous bladder wall replacement this method is simple and warrants clinical investigation.", "PMID": 1103417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_239", "title": "Free autogenous grafts into the penile cavernous tissue. An experimental study in dogs.", "content": "The behaviour of free autogenous fat, dermofat, and dermo grafts in the penile cavernous tissue was studied experimentally in dogs. Dermo-fat grafts were those most easily maipulated during surgery and allowed perfect haemostasis. All the grafts were gradually replaced by fibrous tissue causing subsequent scarring and contraction. This reaction was least noticeable with dermis grafts. Cavernous transformation of the adipose tissue was not observed. For the surgical correction of Peyronie's disease the use of a dermo-fat graft is suggested. The grafts should be slightly larger than necessary to allow for the subsequent fibrosis, and the layer of fat should be kept very thin.", "contents": "Free autogenous grafts into the penile cavernous tissue. An experimental study in dogs. The behaviour of free autogenous fat, dermofat, and dermo grafts in the penile cavernous tissue was studied experimentally in dogs. Dermo-fat grafts were those most easily maipulated during surgery and allowed perfect haemostasis. All the grafts were gradually replaced by fibrous tissue causing subsequent scarring and contraction. This reaction was least noticeable with dermis grafts. Cavernous transformation of the adipose tissue was not observed. For the surgical correction of Peyronie's disease the use of a dermo-fat graft is suggested. The grafts should be slightly larger than necessary to allow for the subsequent fibrosis, and the layer of fat should be kept very thin.", "PMID": 1103418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_240", "title": "Factors that influence surgical wound infections. Role of prophylactic antibiotic therapy.", "content": "A comprehensive review of the factors responsible for postoperative wound sepsis is discussed, along with the experimental basis for the use of prophylatic antibiotics and a review of the results of the use of systemic and topical antibiotics on the incidence of surgical wound infections. Based on the data presented, suggestions are made which should minimize the development of postoperative wound infections.", "contents": "Factors that influence surgical wound infections. Role of prophylactic antibiotic therapy. A comprehensive review of the factors responsible for postoperative wound sepsis is discussed, along with the experimental basis for the use of prophylatic antibiotics and a review of the results of the use of systemic and topical antibiotics on the incidence of surgical wound infections. Based on the data presented, suggestions are made which should minimize the development of postoperative wound infections.", "PMID": 1103419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_241", "title": "Evaluation of Sacks solution for hypothermic preservation of kidneys.", "content": "The efficacy of Sacks solution for hypothermic preservation of dog kidneys was determined. Complete ischemia was produced in one kidney for thirty minutes by clamping the renal pedicle in situ, followed by excision and immediate washout with the cold preservation fluid. Kidneys were stored in Sacks solution at 2 degree C. for forty-eight hours, reimplanted in the donor, and the normal, contralateral kidney was removed. Complete reversal of renal impairment with long-term survival was observed in 2 of 9 animals. Of 7 animals with graft failure, 2 showed the beginning of a tendency to reverse a rising serum creatinine at the time of death or sacrifice. In the remaining 5, creatinine rose unrelentingly until death or sacrifice occurred. The observed 22 per cent survival rate was significantly (p less than 0.05) less than the 83 per cent survival reported by Sacks, Petritsch, and Kaufman. Evidence suggestive of intrarenal deposits of MgHPO4-3H2O was found in 2 of 4 dogs sacrificed for graft failure. This raises questions of the solution's safety as well as its efficacy. We are unable to confirm the success of the original investigators with this new preservation solution.", "contents": "Evaluation of Sacks solution for hypothermic preservation of kidneys. The efficacy of Sacks solution for hypothermic preservation of dog kidneys was determined. Complete ischemia was produced in one kidney for thirty minutes by clamping the renal pedicle in situ, followed by excision and immediate washout with the cold preservation fluid. Kidneys were stored in Sacks solution at 2 degree C. for forty-eight hours, reimplanted in the donor, and the normal, contralateral kidney was removed. Complete reversal of renal impairment with long-term survival was observed in 2 of 9 animals. Of 7 animals with graft failure, 2 showed the beginning of a tendency to reverse a rising serum creatinine at the time of death or sacrifice. In the remaining 5, creatinine rose unrelentingly until death or sacrifice occurred. The observed 22 per cent survival rate was significantly (p less than 0.05) less than the 83 per cent survival reported by Sacks, Petritsch, and Kaufman. Evidence suggestive of intrarenal deposits of MgHPO4-3H2O was found in 2 of 4 dogs sacrificed for graft failure. This raises questions of the solution's safety as well as its efficacy. We are unable to confirm the success of the original investigators with this new preservation solution.", "PMID": 1103420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_242", "title": "Study of local and systemic effects of intravesical BCG.", "content": "Defects in cell-mediated immunity have been implicated as one of the underlying causes for the appearance and progression of neoplasms. One approach toward correcting these defects employs immune potentiators for the purpose of stimulating cell-mediated immunity. BCG is the immune potentiator which has been used most frequently in the experimental and clinical situation. A preliminary study directed toward ascertaining the local histologic changes and systemic serum response to BCG injection in the dog bladder was undertaken in anticipation of its possible application in the treatment of bladder neoplasm. Local response was predictable and was associated with low morbidity. The appearance of serum precipitin bands to culture filtrates of Mycobacteria tuberculosis strains strongly suggests systemic absorption and reaction to BCG administered intravesically.", "contents": "Study of local and systemic effects of intravesical BCG. Defects in cell-mediated immunity have been implicated as one of the underlying causes for the appearance and progression of neoplasms. One approach toward correcting these defects employs immune potentiators for the purpose of stimulating cell-mediated immunity. BCG is the immune potentiator which has been used most frequently in the experimental and clinical situation. A preliminary study directed toward ascertaining the local histologic changes and systemic serum response to BCG injection in the dog bladder was undertaken in anticipation of its possible application in the treatment of bladder neoplasm. Local response was predictable and was associated with low morbidity. The appearance of serum precipitin bands to culture filtrates of Mycobacteria tuberculosis strains strongly suggests systemic absorption and reaction to BCG administered intravesically.", "PMID": 1103421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_243", "title": "Retrieval of indwelling ureteral stent utilizing Fogarty catheter.", "content": "The efficacy of silicone rubber ureteral stents for long-term urinary diversion has been demonstrated to be of value in certain cases. However, complications, including migration of the stent, do occur.  A method for retrieval of the ureteral stent utilizing a Fogarty arterial embolectomy catheter is described.", "contents": "Retrieval of indwelling ureteral stent utilizing Fogarty catheter. The efficacy of silicone rubber ureteral stents for long-term urinary diversion has been demonstrated to be of value in certain cases. However, complications, including migration of the stent, do occur.  A method for retrieval of the ureteral stent utilizing a Fogarty arterial embolectomy catheter is described.", "PMID": 1103422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_244", "title": "Surgical repair of congenital colobomas.", "content": "Congenital colobomas usually occur as full-thickness defects of the medial third of the upper lid and are commonly associated with a benign dermoid at the apex. Exposure keratopathy and corneal trauma are rare; however, it can be prevented with the Expo Bandage--Bubble (Fig 18). Periodic examinations should also be performed. Surgical resonstruction should be performed at approximately 3 to 6 months of age and primary closure should be attempted initially. Lateral cantholysis, lid-sharing surgery, and external levator resection may be required to correct the residual deformity.", "contents": "Surgical repair of congenital colobomas. Congenital colobomas usually occur as full-thickness defects of the medial third of the upper lid and are commonly associated with a benign dermoid at the apex. Exposure keratopathy and corneal trauma are rare; however, it can be prevented with the Expo Bandage--Bubble (Fig 18). Periodic examinations should also be performed. Surgical resonstruction should be performed at approximately 3 to 6 months of age and primary closure should be attempted initially. Lateral cantholysis, lid-sharing surgery, and external levator resection may be required to correct the residual deformity.", "PMID": 1103424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_245", "title": "[Ways of mortality reduction after operations on the extrahepatic bile ducts].", "content": "Based on the analysis of the immediate results of 231 operations on extrahepatic bile ducts, 174 primary interventions and 57 reoperations, it is concluded that the operation at the height of the attack of acute cholecystitis or in total obturation of bile passages yields considerable mortality (1/3 and 1/5 of observations, accordingly). The best results of surgery were obtained in attenuation of acute inflammatory phenomena in the gallbladder under conditions of liquidation of obturation of extrahepatic bile ducts (1/7 of observations). However, bile peritonitis and progression of destructive acute cholecystitis would necessitate an urgent operation. According to the authors' data well-grounded indications to surgery, a selection of optimum terms and extent of its accomplishment could contribute to favourable immediate results of surgical therapy for diseases of extrahepatic ducts.", "contents": "[Ways of mortality reduction after operations on the extrahepatic bile ducts]. Based on the analysis of the immediate results of 231 operations on extrahepatic bile ducts, 174 primary interventions and 57 reoperations, it is concluded that the operation at the height of the attack of acute cholecystitis or in total obturation of bile passages yields considerable mortality (1/3 and 1/5 of observations, accordingly). The best results of surgery were obtained in attenuation of acute inflammatory phenomena in the gallbladder under conditions of liquidation of obturation of extrahepatic bile ducts (1/7 of observations). However, bile peritonitis and progression of destructive acute cholecystitis would necessitate an urgent operation. According to the authors' data well-grounded indications to surgery, a selection of optimum terms and extent of its accomplishment could contribute to favourable immediate results of surgical therapy for diseases of extrahepatic ducts.", "PMID": 1103433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_246", "title": "[Clinical problems of vascular surgery during transplantation of the kidney].", "content": "In transplantation of 245 kidneys in patients with chronic renal insufficiency in the right (75% of all grafting procedures) and in the left iliac region several variants of vascular anastomoses were elaborated and employed. Technical details are described, and some valuable recommendations are given.", "contents": "[Clinical problems of vascular surgery during transplantation of the kidney]. In transplantation of 245 kidneys in patients with chronic renal insufficiency in the right (75% of all grafting procedures) and in the left iliac region several variants of vascular anastomoses were elaborated and employed. Technical details are described, and some valuable recommendations are given.", "PMID": 1103434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_247", "title": "[Bone homoplasty in treatment of chronic hematogenic osteomyelitis in children].", "content": "The authors report their experience with 44 homoplasties in chronic hematogenous osteomyelitis in 42 patients on definite indications. Positive results were obtained in 28 operations. In 15 patients homografts were removed, but in 7 cases they showed an adequate functioning ultimately. In 3 observations there was a recurrence of the pathological process. Thirteen patients are still under treatment. It is believed that osteohomoplasty used on proper indications for chronic hematogenous osteomyelitis is a largely warranted and perspective measure.", "contents": "[Bone homoplasty in treatment of chronic hematogenic osteomyelitis in children]. The authors report their experience with 44 homoplasties in chronic hematogenous osteomyelitis in 42 patients on definite indications. Positive results were obtained in 28 operations. In 15 patients homografts were removed, but in 7 cases they showed an adequate functioning ultimately. In 3 observations there was a recurrence of the pathological process. Thirteen patients are still under treatment. It is believed that osteohomoplasty used on proper indications for chronic hematogenous osteomyelitis is a largely warranted and perspective measure.", "PMID": 1103435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_248", "title": "[Significance of some coefficients resulting from dye photometry in the functional characterization of mitral defects].", "content": "One hundred and eighty six patients with mitral defects were examined and subdivided into four groups according to the basic clinical and instrumental tests: 59 with pure, 46 with prevailing mitral stenosis, 37 with prevailing and 44 with pure mitral insufficiency. The patients, within the pointed group were subdivided into subgroups, depending on the character of the auricular rhythm, the presence of accompanying tricuspid insufficiency with hemodynamic significance and cardiac decompensation. The circilatory times, TA, TD and TC were calculated for all the patients and especially the coefficients (see article) from the dye dilution curves. The analysis covers only patients from the different groups without other defects and cardiac decompensation. Fluctuations of the minimal and maximal values of TA, K1, K2, and K3 are presented. Their average values are calculated as well as the square deviations. In sinus rhythm and compensated heart, the combination of the values for K1 over 1,80 and K2 over 1,50 in prevailing and for K1 over 1,90 and K2 over 1,60 in pure mitral insufficiency might be used as a criterion for differentiation of pure and prevailing mitral stenosis. The close values in pure and prevailing mitral stenosis, as well as in pure and prevailing mitral insufficiency do not present a possibility to be used in the differentiation of the groups with hemodynamic significance of stenosis and insufficiency. In arrhythmia absoluta, accompanying tricuspid insufficiency and cardiac decompensation, the coefficient K1 and K2 have no value in mitral defect characterization. The close average values of TA and K3 for all patient groups devaluate their importance as functional indices of mitral defects.", "contents": "[Significance of some coefficients resulting from dye photometry in the functional characterization of mitral defects]. One hundred and eighty six patients with mitral defects were examined and subdivided into four groups according to the basic clinical and instrumental tests: 59 with pure, 46 with prevailing mitral stenosis, 37 with prevailing and 44 with pure mitral insufficiency. The patients, within the pointed group were subdivided into subgroups, depending on the character of the auricular rhythm, the presence of accompanying tricuspid insufficiency with hemodynamic significance and cardiac decompensation. The circilatory times, TA, TD and TC were calculated for all the patients and especially the coefficients (see article) from the dye dilution curves. The analysis covers only patients from the different groups without other defects and cardiac decompensation. Fluctuations of the minimal and maximal values of TA, K1, K2, and K3 are presented. Their average values are calculated as well as the square deviations. In sinus rhythm and compensated heart, the combination of the values for K1 over 1,80 and K2 over 1,50 in prevailing and for K1 over 1,90 and K2 over 1,60 in pure mitral insufficiency might be used as a criterion for differentiation of pure and prevailing mitral stenosis. The close values in pure and prevailing mitral stenosis, as well as in pure and prevailing mitral insufficiency do not present a possibility to be used in the differentiation of the groups with hemodynamic significance of stenosis and insufficiency. In arrhythmia absoluta, accompanying tricuspid insufficiency and cardiac decompensation, the coefficient K1 and K2 have no value in mitral defect characterization. The close average values of TA and K3 for all patient groups devaluate their importance as functional indices of mitral defects.", "PMID": 1103473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_249", "title": "[The importance of the eyelids for ophthalmodynamographic recordings-- an oscillographic study before and after total plastic reconstruction of the eyelids (authors transl)].", "content": "Ophthalmodynamography (ODG) of an empty orbit apart from a covering of atrophic skin 1mm thick revealed only one twentieth of the pluse amplitude of the contralateral normal orbital oscillographic waves. After total plastic surgical reconstruction of the lids, isolated oscillographiy of the eyelids was performed for the first time. The pulse amplitude now reached about 1/4 of that of the contralateral side. It is concluded that these reconstituted eyelids contribute at least 25% towards the volume and 25% towards the oscillographic pulse wave amplitude on performing ODG in the usual manner. These values could well be exceeded in normal lids on account of their better blood supply.", "contents": "[The importance of the eyelids for ophthalmodynamographic recordings-- an oscillographic study before and after total plastic reconstruction of the eyelids (authors transl)]. Ophthalmodynamography (ODG) of an empty orbit apart from a covering of atrophic skin 1mm thick revealed only one twentieth of the pluse amplitude of the contralateral normal orbital oscillographic waves. After total plastic surgical reconstruction of the lids, isolated oscillographiy of the eyelids was performed for the first time. The pulse amplitude now reached about 1/4 of that of the contralateral side. It is concluded that these reconstituted eyelids contribute at least 25% towards the volume and 25% towards the oscillographic pulse wave amplitude on performing ODG in the usual manner. These values could well be exceeded in normal lids on account of their better blood supply.", "PMID": 1103479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_250", "title": "Reduction of azo food dyes in cultures of Proteus vulgaris.", "content": "1. Rates of reduction of a number of azo food dyes were measured in anaerobic cultures of Proteus vulgaris. The rates of colour loss were found to be zero order under conditions in which the concentration of viable cells remained constant. 2. A significant increase in the rate of reduction followed the onset of cell mortality. 3. The zero-order rates correlate with the redox potentials of the dyes. A mechanism consistent with these observations involes an extracellular non-enzymic reducing agent which acts as an electron shuttle between dye and cellular reducing enzymes.", "contents": "Reduction of azo food dyes in cultures of Proteus vulgaris. 1. Rates of reduction of a number of azo food dyes were measured in anaerobic cultures of Proteus vulgaris. The rates of colour loss were found to be zero order under conditions in which the concentration of viable cells remained constant. 2. A significant increase in the rate of reduction followed the onset of cell mortality. 3. The zero-order rates correlate with the redox potentials of the dyes. A mechanism consistent with these observations involes an extracellular non-enzymic reducing agent which acts as an electron shuttle between dye and cellular reducing enzymes.", "PMID": 1103488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_251", "title": "[Dependence of various antigen formation of Proteus mirabilis strain 1095/67 growing on minimal nutrient media].", "content": "Proteus mirabilis strain 1095/67 has been cultivated in surface culture on different minimal media, which were composed either of single amino acids or combinations of several amino acids without or with stepwise addition of other C-sources up to the complete medium. We found a direct dependence of the formation of the various antigens (moving to the cathode, to the anode, or not moving) on the composition of the medium. Certain amino acids (Ala, Glu, Asp. Ser) elicit only parts of the antigenic spectrum formed in complete medium, but enrich special antigens. With only 2 amino acids (Ala and Glu) and the vitamins thiamine, pyridoxal, and niacine in the anorganic basic medium the complete antigenic spectrum can be formed. We have shown that the composition of the cell wall varies with the composition of the culture medium. In shaked cultures we found serine to be essential for the production of the antigen moving to the cathode and the thermolabile antigene moving to the anode (ATA), niacine to be of fundamental importance in the biosynthesis of all antigens. Already under very limited supply of nutrients ATA, common to all gram-negative bacteria, is formed and, therefore, it seems to be a very basic cell wall component.", "contents": "[Dependence of various antigen formation of Proteus mirabilis strain 1095/67 growing on minimal nutrient media]. Proteus mirabilis strain 1095/67 has been cultivated in surface culture on different minimal media, which were composed either of single amino acids or combinations of several amino acids without or with stepwise addition of other C-sources up to the complete medium. We found a direct dependence of the formation of the various antigens (moving to the cathode, to the anode, or not moving) on the composition of the medium. Certain amino acids (Ala, Glu, Asp. Ser) elicit only parts of the antigenic spectrum formed in complete medium, but enrich special antigens. With only 2 amino acids (Ala and Glu) and the vitamins thiamine, pyridoxal, and niacine in the anorganic basic medium the complete antigenic spectrum can be formed. We have shown that the composition of the cell wall varies with the composition of the culture medium. In shaked cultures we found serine to be essential for the production of the antigen moving to the cathode and the thermolabile antigene moving to the anode (ATA), niacine to be of fundamental importance in the biosynthesis of all antigens. Already under very limited supply of nutrients ATA, common to all gram-negative bacteria, is formed and, therefore, it seems to be a very basic cell wall component.", "PMID": 1103489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_252", "title": "[Some endocrinological and therapeutic problems from the geriatric aspect].", "content": "Age-specific criteria must be taken into consideration in the treatment of hormonal dysregulations during senescence and senium. A general transmission of the endocrine conditions of younger periods of life to the senium is not possible and induces the possibilities of complications which are demonstrated at the example of the thyroidal and parathyroidal metabolism. The course of endocrine crises is the severer the older the patients concerned are. Dealing with the pathophysiological findings, the author demonstrates and explains therapeutic standards according to own experiences.", "contents": "[Some endocrinological and therapeutic problems from the geriatric aspect]. Age-specific criteria must be taken into consideration in the treatment of hormonal dysregulations during senescence and senium. A general transmission of the endocrine conditions of younger periods of life to the senium is not possible and induces the possibilities of complications which are demonstrated at the example of the thyroidal and parathyroidal metabolism. The course of endocrine crises is the severer the older the patients concerned are. Dealing with the pathophysiological findings, the author demonstrates and explains therapeutic standards according to own experiences.", "PMID": 1103493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_253", "title": "Trypanosoma lewisi, Trypanosoma rhodesiense: mitotic activity in normal and folic acid deficient rats.", "content": "Ten experiments were performed to compare mitotic activity in livers of rats infected with Trypanosoma rhodesiense and Trypanosoma lewisi. The host dietary groups were: (1) complete of full complement; (2) folic acid deficient, and (3) pair-fed or calorically restricted. Liver mitotic counts of T. lewisi-infected rats fed complete and pair-fed control diets showed a high degree of significance over that of control rats. From days 35 to 55, liver mitotic counts of T. lewisi-infected rats deficient in folic acid showed an average of 16 +/- 2 mitotic phases as compared to 9 +/- 2 for livers of uninfected animals. Liver mitotic counts of T. rhodesiense-infected and non-infected rats fed complete and pair-fed control diets showed that there were essentially no differences in the mitotic counts from that seen in liver from control, uninfected animals. On day 25 (day 5 of infection), folic acid-deficient infected rats showed a significantly higher number of dividing cells than the controls. Folate was measured in isolated, washed T. lewisi and T. rhodesiense cells. T. lewisi and T. rhodesiense contained 9.6 ng folate per 10(8) cells and 6.2 ng of folate per 10(8) cells respectively. Metabolic products of T. lewisi contained an average of 0.51 ng of folate per 10(8) trypanosomes. T. rhodesiense metabolic products contained 0.3 ng of folate per 10(8) trypanosomes.", "contents": "Trypanosoma lewisi, Trypanosoma rhodesiense: mitotic activity in normal and folic acid deficient rats. Ten experiments were performed to compare mitotic activity in livers of rats infected with Trypanosoma rhodesiense and Trypanosoma lewisi. The host dietary groups were: (1) complete of full complement; (2) folic acid deficient, and (3) pair-fed or calorically restricted. Liver mitotic counts of T. lewisi-infected rats fed complete and pair-fed control diets showed a high degree of significance over that of control rats. From days 35 to 55, liver mitotic counts of T. lewisi-infected rats deficient in folic acid showed an average of 16 +/- 2 mitotic phases as compared to 9 +/- 2 for livers of uninfected animals. Liver mitotic counts of T. rhodesiense-infected and non-infected rats fed complete and pair-fed control diets showed that there were essentially no differences in the mitotic counts from that seen in liver from control, uninfected animals. On day 25 (day 5 of infection), folic acid-deficient infected rats showed a significantly higher number of dividing cells than the controls. Folate was measured in isolated, washed T. lewisi and T. rhodesiense cells. T. lewisi and T. rhodesiense contained 9.6 ng folate per 10(8) cells and 6.2 ng of folate per 10(8) cells respectively. Metabolic products of T. lewisi contained an average of 0.51 ng of folate per 10(8) trypanosomes. T. rhodesiense metabolic products contained 0.3 ng of folate per 10(8) trypanosomes.", "PMID": 1103497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_254", "title": "Immunologic heterogeneity of the lymphocyte surface in various diseases.", "content": "Employing the surface immunofluorescence technique and rosette test, surface receptors of lymphocytes from 83 healthy subjects (57 adult donors and 2l infants), 3 mature fetuses, and 110 patients, including 23 infants with acute repiratory infections, 22 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), 20 patients with viral hepatitis (VH), 22 patients with chronic brucellosis, and 1 patient with ataxia-telangiectasia lacking serum IgA were studied. Surface immunoglobulins complement-receptor lymphocyte (B lymphocytes), rosette formation with uncoated sheep erythrocytes (T lymphocytes), and receptor for Fc IgG, characteristic mainly of B lymphocytes, were determined. Percentages of B lymphocytes in peripheral blood of adults (21%) and infants (about 24%), T lymphocytes in adults (about 70%) and infants (about 52%) were determined. On the surface of lymphocytes from adults, IgM predominated, followed by IgG, and IgA was least frequent. In acute upper respiratory tract infections in infants percentages of B lymphocytes in peripheral blood were markedly increased. Glucocorticoids used in treatment exerted a distinctly suppressive effect on these cells. In multiple sclerosis the number of cells with receptors for complement and density of receptors for Fc IgG on the surface of lymphocytes were decreased. In acute viral hepatitis, no significant changes in the contents of B and T lymphocytes in peripheral blood were noted. In chronic brucellosis, the numbers of T lymphocytes were decreased, and atypical mononuclear cells with partial lack of receptors typical of B lymphocytes were observed. The findings indicate that in diseases based on bacterial or viral infections and in multiple sclerosis, B and T lymphocytes play an essential role, which is reflected by the percentages of B and T lymphocytes in peripheral blood.", "contents": "Immunologic heterogeneity of the lymphocyte surface in various diseases. Employing the surface immunofluorescence technique and rosette test, surface receptors of lymphocytes from 83 healthy subjects (57 adult donors and 2l infants), 3 mature fetuses, and 110 patients, including 23 infants with acute repiratory infections, 22 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), 20 patients with viral hepatitis (VH), 22 patients with chronic brucellosis, and 1 patient with ataxia-telangiectasia lacking serum IgA were studied. Surface immunoglobulins complement-receptor lymphocyte (B lymphocytes), rosette formation with uncoated sheep erythrocytes (T lymphocytes), and receptor for Fc IgG, characteristic mainly of B lymphocytes, were determined. Percentages of B lymphocytes in peripheral blood of adults (21%) and infants (about 24%), T lymphocytes in adults (about 70%) and infants (about 52%) were determined. On the surface of lymphocytes from adults, IgM predominated, followed by IgG, and IgA was least frequent. In acute upper respiratory tract infections in infants percentages of B lymphocytes in peripheral blood were markedly increased. Glucocorticoids used in treatment exerted a distinctly suppressive effect on these cells. In multiple sclerosis the number of cells with receptors for complement and density of receptors for Fc IgG on the surface of lymphocytes were decreased. In acute viral hepatitis, no significant changes in the contents of B and T lymphocytes in peripheral blood were noted. In chronic brucellosis, the numbers of T lymphocytes were decreased, and atypical mononuclear cells with partial lack of receptors typical of B lymphocytes were observed. The findings indicate that in diseases based on bacterial or viral infections and in multiple sclerosis, B and T lymphocytes play an essential role, which is reflected by the percentages of B and T lymphocytes in peripheral blood.", "PMID": 1103513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_255", "title": "[Malignant tumor (sarcoma) on a fetal neck, diagnosed during pregnancy by means of ultrasonics].", "content": "Authors present a case of congenital sarcoma discovered by ultrasound at 30 weeks of pregnancy. The tumour was shown projecting from the anterior neck, well limited and measured 12 X 12 X 8 cm associated with maternal hydramnios. Pregnancy was terminated. Patho-histological finding was a spindle cell sarcoma of the neck and mandibular region. Discussion is about clinical, ultrasound-diagnostic and morphological aspect of this rare entity.", "contents": "[Malignant tumor (sarcoma) on a fetal neck, diagnosed during pregnancy by means of ultrasonics]. Authors present a case of congenital sarcoma discovered by ultrasound at 30 weeks of pregnancy. The tumour was shown projecting from the anterior neck, well limited and measured 12 X 12 X 8 cm associated with maternal hydramnios. Pregnancy was terminated. Patho-histological finding was a spindle cell sarcoma of the neck and mandibular region. Discussion is about clinical, ultrasound-diagnostic and morphological aspect of this rare entity.", "PMID": 1103529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_256", "title": "[Developmental trends in obstetrics at the Leipzig University-Gynecological Hospital since the existence of the German Democratic Republic].", "content": "An analysis of development in the obstetrics allows following comments: Peripartal and perinatal mortality shows a significant positive development. Maternal mortality has become very rare. The high percentage of approximately 10% of premature birth has a bad influence on the perinatal mortality. The intranatal mortality compared to ante- and post-natal could be sunk to a great extent. The eclampsia is observed very rarely. The reasons for the good results are to be seen not only in widening of indications of obstetrical operations but also in improvement of solicitude, prophylactical, diagnostical and conservative therapeutic measures.", "contents": "[Developmental trends in obstetrics at the Leipzig University-Gynecological Hospital since the existence of the German Democratic Republic]. An analysis of development in the obstetrics allows following comments: Peripartal and perinatal mortality shows a significant positive development. Maternal mortality has become very rare. The high percentage of approximately 10% of premature birth has a bad influence on the perinatal mortality. The intranatal mortality compared to ante- and post-natal could be sunk to a great extent. The eclampsia is observed very rarely. The reasons for the good results are to be seen not only in widening of indications of obstetrical operations but also in improvement of solicitude, prophylactical, diagnostical and conservative therapeutic measures.", "PMID": 1103530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_257", "title": "[Comparative investigation on recovering bacteria from the artificially contaminated hand (author's tranls)].", "content": "A modification of the basin-procedure (PRICE), the plastic-bag-(GASCHEN), the fingertip-(SCHUMBURG) and the glass-cup-method (STORY) were compared in order to evaluate their efficiency to recover bacteria from the artificially contaminated hand. With all 4 methods there was a linear relation between the bacterial content of the contamination and the rinsing fluid in which the germs were collected from the hands (FIG. 1, Tab. 9). The number of recovered bacteria per ml, however, differed greatly with the method used. Without regard to the volumes of rinsing fluid and the size of the offered skin area, both differing with the metheod, the finger-tip-procedure yieleded the highest counts followed by the plastic-bag-, basin- and glass-cup-method (Fig. 1). Compensating the influence of the volume the three procedures first mentioned appeared equally effective (Fig. 2 and Tab. 11). It, however, has to be noticed that the finger-tip-method uses a skin area considerably smaller than the other two methods. The glass-cup-method was the least effective but used on the palm the recovery was still 10 times that of the yield of the back (Fig. 2). Because of its high efficacy, the better exploitation of the subungual spaces and because of its simplicity, the finger-tip-method seems to be the procedure best suited for recovering bacteria from the artificially contaminated hand.", "contents": "[Comparative investigation on recovering bacteria from the artificially contaminated hand (author's tranls)]. A modification of the basin-procedure (PRICE), the plastic-bag-(GASCHEN), the fingertip-(SCHUMBURG) and the glass-cup-method (STORY) were compared in order to evaluate their efficiency to recover bacteria from the artificially contaminated hand. With all 4 methods there was a linear relation between the bacterial content of the contamination and the rinsing fluid in which the germs were collected from the hands (FIG. 1, Tab. 9). The number of recovered bacteria per ml, however, differed greatly with the method used. Without regard to the volumes of rinsing fluid and the size of the offered skin area, both differing with the metheod, the finger-tip-procedure yieleded the highest counts followed by the plastic-bag-, basin- and glass-cup-method (Fig. 1). Compensating the influence of the volume the three procedures first mentioned appeared equally effective (Fig. 2 and Tab. 11). It, however, has to be noticed that the finger-tip-method uses a skin area considerably smaller than the other two methods. The glass-cup-method was the least effective but used on the palm the recovery was still 10 times that of the yield of the back (Fig. 2). Because of its high efficacy, the better exploitation of the subungual spaces and because of its simplicity, the finger-tip-method seems to be the procedure best suited for recovering bacteria from the artificially contaminated hand.", "PMID": 1103533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_258", "title": "[Microbial contamination of air by activated sludge units (author's transl)].", "content": "Measurements of the germ emissions in various activated sludge units with different ventilations systems have shown that the lowest density occurs with small bubble ventilation; with medium bubble and brush ventilation rather high values were measured; the spray devices used for foam elimination had a particularly unfavorable influence. In great germ densities above the pools (50-100 000 germs/m3) - depending on the weather - between 500 and 1500 germs/m3 were measured at a distance of 50 and 100 meters. At distances of 200 and 400 m the number of germs was about the same as normally measured in the outside air (100-500 germs/m3). In a closed pool altogether considerably higher values were measured: In the immediate neighbourhood of the activated sludge unit they amounted to abt. 10 000-25 000 germs/m3; in the hall 3000-4000 germs/m3 were measured, whereby the part of coliform bacteria amounted to 1-2% and that of enterococci to 2-4%. It has to be taken into account that besides the measured intestinal flora further pathogenous agents are present in the aerosols. In closed units, therefore, a greater risk of aerogenous infections exists, whereas in open-air pools this danger can be judged as very small.", "contents": "[Microbial contamination of air by activated sludge units (author's transl)]. Measurements of the germ emissions in various activated sludge units with different ventilations systems have shown that the lowest density occurs with small bubble ventilation; with medium bubble and brush ventilation rather high values were measured; the spray devices used for foam elimination had a particularly unfavorable influence. In great germ densities above the pools (50-100 000 germs/m3) - depending on the weather - between 500 and 1500 germs/m3 were measured at a distance of 50 and 100 meters. At distances of 200 and 400 m the number of germs was about the same as normally measured in the outside air (100-500 germs/m3). In a closed pool altogether considerably higher values were measured: In the immediate neighbourhood of the activated sludge unit they amounted to abt. 10 000-25 000 germs/m3; in the hall 3000-4000 germs/m3 were measured, whereby the part of coliform bacteria amounted to 1-2% and that of enterococci to 2-4%. It has to be taken into account that besides the measured intestinal flora further pathogenous agents are present in the aerosols. In closed units, therefore, a greater risk of aerogenous infections exists, whereas in open-air pools this danger can be judged as very small.", "PMID": 1103534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_259", "title": "Light sensitive chloramphenicol analogues.", "content": "Some chloramphenicol analogues have been prepared in order to find reagents which could be used in a photoaffinity labelling study of the peptidayl transferase center of the E. coli ribosome. The compounds were tested for antibiotic activity in vitro in the \"fragment reaction\" assay, and for their ability to generate very reactive species upon irradiation.", "contents": "Light sensitive chloramphenicol analogues. Some chloramphenicol analogues have been prepared in order to find reagents which could be used in a photoaffinity labelling study of the peptidayl transferase center of the E. coli ribosome. The compounds were tested for antibiotic activity in vitro in the \"fragment reaction\" assay, and for their ability to generate very reactive species upon irradiation.", "PMID": 1103535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_260", "title": "Binding of a nitroxyl to radiation-induced DNA transients in repair and repair deficient of E. coli K-12.", "content": "Binding of tritiated 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidone-N-oxyl (3H-TAN) to radiation-induced DNA-transients in E. coli K-12 strains AB 1157 and JO 307 rec A uvr A has been studied under in vivo conditions. After irradiation the cells were washed and resuspended in growth medium and left overnight at 37 degrees C. Within an uncertainty of about 10%, no effect of repair could be detected on the yield of TAN bound to DNA for any of the strains. During the period after resuspension. TAN or fragments of TAN leaked out of the irradiated cell samples. This leakage may be attributed to semi-permanant association between TAN and radiation-induced radicals within the cell. The relevance of different interactions between TAN and transients in DNA is discussed.", "contents": "Binding of a nitroxyl to radiation-induced DNA transients in repair and repair deficient of E. coli K-12. Binding of tritiated 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidone-N-oxyl (3H-TAN) to radiation-induced DNA-transients in E. coli K-12 strains AB 1157 and JO 307 rec A uvr A has been studied under in vivo conditions. After irradiation the cells were washed and resuspended in growth medium and left overnight at 37 degrees C. Within an uncertainty of about 10%, no effect of repair could be detected on the yield of TAN bound to DNA for any of the strains. During the period after resuspension. TAN or fragments of TAN leaked out of the irradiated cell samples. This leakage may be attributed to semi-permanant association between TAN and radiation-induced radicals within the cell. The relevance of different interactions between TAN and transients in DNA is discussed.", "PMID": 1103536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_261", "title": "Endocrine function of the canine pancreas. The effect of duct ligation and transplantation of the total duct ligated pancreas.", "content": "Pancreas transplantation was studied in the dog using a total duct ligated pancreas as allograft. In a group of 10 mongrel dogs the effects of long-term (6-36 months) total duct ligation on the endocrine pancreas function were studied by means of repeated intravenous glucose tolerance tests (iv-GTT). One year after total duct ligation the mean glucose assimilation coefficient (k-value) was 75%, the median insulin peak value (IPV) 63% and \"total\" insulin secretion in the first thirty minutes (TIS) 58% of the pre-operative values. These levels were maintained up to three years after duct ligation. The total duct ligated pancreas was then used as an allograft in 28 beagles in order to study the influence of DL-A (dog leucocyte-antigens) matching on the survival time of the graft. DL-A identity compared to one or two haplotype difference gave a fourfold increase in median survival time from 9 to 40 days. In a second group of 14 beagles with one haplotype difference the effect of immunosuppressive therapy was studied. The methods used (antilymphocyte serum and a combination of prednisone and azathioprine) increased the median survival time to the level seen in DL-A identity. In conclusion the total duct ligated pancreas can be used as an insulin secreting allograft, providing rejection can be suppressed adequately.", "contents": "Endocrine function of the canine pancreas. The effect of duct ligation and transplantation of the total duct ligated pancreas. Pancreas transplantation was studied in the dog using a total duct ligated pancreas as allograft. In a group of 10 mongrel dogs the effects of long-term (6-36 months) total duct ligation on the endocrine pancreas function were studied by means of repeated intravenous glucose tolerance tests (iv-GTT). One year after total duct ligation the mean glucose assimilation coefficient (k-value) was 75%, the median insulin peak value (IPV) 63% and \"total\" insulin secretion in the first thirty minutes (TIS) 58% of the pre-operative values. These levels were maintained up to three years after duct ligation. The total duct ligated pancreas was then used as an allograft in 28 beagles in order to study the influence of DL-A (dog leucocyte-antigens) matching on the survival time of the graft. DL-A identity compared to one or two haplotype difference gave a fourfold increase in median survival time from 9 to 40 days. In a second group of 14 beagles with one haplotype difference the effect of immunosuppressive therapy was studied. The methods used (antilymphocyte serum and a combination of prednisone and azathioprine) increased the median survival time to the level seen in DL-A identity. In conclusion the total duct ligated pancreas can be used as an insulin secreting allograft, providing rejection can be suppressed adequately.", "PMID": 1103538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_262", "title": "An evaluation of the diagnostic value of synthetic luteinizing hormone releasing hormone.", "content": "The potential use of LH-RH as a test of pituitary function in women has been investigated. In this study the synthetic material was administered intravenously, and samples of peripheral blood were removed at defined times. The levels of plasma oestradiol, LH and FSH were determined by radioimmunoassay. The administration of incremental doses of LH-RH (from 1.56 to 450 mug) demonstrated that a maximal response was obtained with 100 mug in the majority of apparently healthy subjects. Accordingly, this amount was selected as the standard dose for use in a test of pituitary function. The application of this test to 96 patients with secondary amenorrhea showed that the release of LH and FSH (as assessed by the maximum value, and the area under the response curve) was within the normal range in 82, high in 4 and low in 10. There was no correlation between the cause of the amenorrhea, the results of the LH-RH test, and the endogenous levels of oestradiol, LH and FSH. In addition 5 patients with primary amenorrhea and 8 patients with pituitary disorders were tested with LH-RH. In primary amenorrhea low basal levels of LH were found, but all subjects had a normal response to LH-RH. In 3 patients with clinical hypopituitarism the basal levels of gonadotrophins were in the normal range, but there was an impaired response to LH-RH. It is concluded that 100 mug of LH-RH administered intravenously may be used to test the ability of the pituitary to release LH and FSH, but the magnitude and duration of the response is not of additional diagnostic value.", "contents": "An evaluation of the diagnostic value of synthetic luteinizing hormone releasing hormone. The potential use of LH-RH as a test of pituitary function in women has been investigated. In this study the synthetic material was administered intravenously, and samples of peripheral blood were removed at defined times. The levels of plasma oestradiol, LH and FSH were determined by radioimmunoassay. The administration of incremental doses of LH-RH (from 1.56 to 450 mug) demonstrated that a maximal response was obtained with 100 mug in the majority of apparently healthy subjects. Accordingly, this amount was selected as the standard dose for use in a test of pituitary function. The application of this test to 96 patients with secondary amenorrhea showed that the release of LH and FSH (as assessed by the maximum value, and the area under the response curve) was within the normal range in 82, high in 4 and low in 10. There was no correlation between the cause of the amenorrhea, the results of the LH-RH test, and the endogenous levels of oestradiol, LH and FSH. In addition 5 patients with primary amenorrhea and 8 patients with pituitary disorders were tested with LH-RH. In primary amenorrhea low basal levels of LH were found, but all subjects had a normal response to LH-RH. In 3 patients with clinical hypopituitarism the basal levels of gonadotrophins were in the normal range, but there was an impaired response to LH-RH. It is concluded that 100 mug of LH-RH administered intravenously may be used to test the ability of the pituitary to release LH and FSH, but the magnitude and duration of the response is not of additional diagnostic value.", "PMID": 1103539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_263", "title": "The effect of maintenance haemodialysis and renal transplantation on the plasma testosterone levels of male patients in chronic renal failure.", "content": "Plasma testosterone levels were measured at the beginning of a 14 h period of haemodialysis, one hour later, midway through the period and at the end, in 18 male patients in chronic renal failure. The level fell from 8.70 +/- 2.63 nmol/l at the start to 8.08 +/- 3.33 nmol/l at the midpoint, and rose again to 10.12 +/- 3.9 nmol/l at the end of a dialysis. All seven of the patients tested on a non-dialysis day showed similar levels at the same time. At the beginning of a 10 h dialysis period 19 other male patients showed a plasma testosterone level of 10.12 +/- 3.99 nmol/l and, at the end, of 8.98 +/- 4.54 nmol/l. Over the same period the plasma corticosteroids rose from 301 +/- 101 nmol/l to 483 +/- 199 nmol/l. Eight male patients who had had successful renal transplantation had plasma testosterone levels of 15.08 +/- 7.49 nmol/l. It is concluded that the plasma testosterone is low in chronic renal failure, but the circadian rhythm is preserved. Treatment with maintenance haemodialysis does not itself affect the plasma testosterone level, or alter the circadian rhythm despite the procedure's being a stress. Successful renal transplantation restores the plasma testosterone to normal in most cases.", "contents": "The effect of maintenance haemodialysis and renal transplantation on the plasma testosterone levels of male patients in chronic renal failure. Plasma testosterone levels were measured at the beginning of a 14 h period of haemodialysis, one hour later, midway through the period and at the end, in 18 male patients in chronic renal failure. The level fell from 8.70 +/- 2.63 nmol/l at the start to 8.08 +/- 3.33 nmol/l at the midpoint, and rose again to 10.12 +/- 3.9 nmol/l at the end of a dialysis. All seven of the patients tested on a non-dialysis day showed similar levels at the same time. At the beginning of a 10 h dialysis period 19 other male patients showed a plasma testosterone level of 10.12 +/- 3.99 nmol/l and, at the end, of 8.98 +/- 4.54 nmol/l. Over the same period the plasma corticosteroids rose from 301 +/- 101 nmol/l to 483 +/- 199 nmol/l. Eight male patients who had had successful renal transplantation had plasma testosterone levels of 15.08 +/- 7.49 nmol/l. It is concluded that the plasma testosterone is low in chronic renal failure, but the circadian rhythm is preserved. Treatment with maintenance haemodialysis does not itself affect the plasma testosterone level, or alter the circadian rhythm despite the procedure's being a stress. Successful renal transplantation restores the plasma testosterone to normal in most cases.", "PMID": 1103540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_264", "title": "Quantitative analysis of pancreatic islet development and insulin storage in the foetal and newborn rat.", "content": "Pancreatic islet development and insulin storage were studied in foetal rats during the last 4 days of gestation (day 19 to 22 post-coitum (p.c.)) and in 1 and 5 days old neonatal rats. Adult female virgin rats were also studied. The percentage of granulated B-cells per islet, the degree of B-cell granulation and the islet insulin concentration rose from low levels on day 19 to adult levels on day 22 and remained stable after birth. This indicates that the qualitative maturation of the pancreatic islets as insulin producing units is completed on the last day of gestation. The percentage of islet tissue slowly rose from 0.7% at day 19 to 1.5% on day 22. A further and much more rapid rise occurred during the first day of birth. At the 5th postnatal day the islets comprised 3.6% of the pancreas versus 1.1% in adult rats. Likewise, the neonatal pancreatic insulin concentration was about 3 times higher than in the adult pancreas. The foetal pancreas as a whole showed rapid exponential growth between day 18 and 21 p.c., but a sudden decline in growth rate occurred from day 21 onward. The total mass of islet tissue, on the other hand, continued to expand at its high initial rate up to the first day after birth, whereafter this high rate also declined. The high concentration of insulin in the neonatal rat pancreas therefore appears to be due to differential growth rates of the endocrine and exocrine tissue during the last day of pregnancy and the first day after birth.", "contents": "Quantitative analysis of pancreatic islet development and insulin storage in the foetal and newborn rat. Pancreatic islet development and insulin storage were studied in foetal rats during the last 4 days of gestation (day 19 to 22 post-coitum (p.c.)) and in 1 and 5 days old neonatal rats. Adult female virgin rats were also studied. The percentage of granulated B-cells per islet, the degree of B-cell granulation and the islet insulin concentration rose from low levels on day 19 to adult levels on day 22 and remained stable after birth. This indicates that the qualitative maturation of the pancreatic islets as insulin producing units is completed on the last day of gestation. The percentage of islet tissue slowly rose from 0.7% at day 19 to 1.5% on day 22. A further and much more rapid rise occurred during the first day of birth. At the 5th postnatal day the islets comprised 3.6% of the pancreas versus 1.1% in adult rats. Likewise, the neonatal pancreatic insulin concentration was about 3 times higher than in the adult pancreas. The foetal pancreas as a whole showed rapid exponential growth between day 18 and 21 p.c., but a sudden decline in growth rate occurred from day 21 onward. The total mass of islet tissue, on the other hand, continued to expand at its high initial rate up to the first day after birth, whereafter this high rate also declined. The high concentration of insulin in the neonatal rat pancreas therefore appears to be due to differential growth rates of the endocrine and exocrine tissue during the last day of pregnancy and the first day after birth.", "PMID": 1103541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_265", "title": "Plasma testosterone levels in C57BL/6J male mice: effects of age and disease.", "content": "Plasma testosterone (T) was measured by radioimmunoassay in both healthy and diseased, mature (8-11 months) and senescent (29-31 months) C57BL/6J male mice. Pathological lesions in diseased mice included reticulum cell sarcoma and enlarged mesenteric lymph nodes. In healthy mice neither plasma T nor testicular weight differed between age groups. Median levels and 95 percentiles of plasma T in ng/ml were 1.12 (0.19-12.18) in mature mice and 1.17 (0-7.31) in senescent mice. In diseased mice testicular weight and the range of values of plasma T were significantly reduced. The marked decreased in plasma T and testicular weight in diseased senescent mice illustrates the importance of distinguishing between disease-related changes and effects of aging, per se.", "contents": "Plasma testosterone levels in C57BL/6J male mice: effects of age and disease. Plasma testosterone (T) was measured by radioimmunoassay in both healthy and diseased, mature (8-11 months) and senescent (29-31 months) C57BL/6J male mice. Pathological lesions in diseased mice included reticulum cell sarcoma and enlarged mesenteric lymph nodes. In healthy mice neither plasma T nor testicular weight differed between age groups. Median levels and 95 percentiles of plasma T in ng/ml were 1.12 (0.19-12.18) in mature mice and 1.17 (0-7.31) in senescent mice. In diseased mice testicular weight and the range of values of plasma T were significantly reduced. The marked decreased in plasma T and testicular weight in diseased senescent mice illustrates the importance of distinguishing between disease-related changes and effects of aging, per se.", "PMID": 1103542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_266", "title": "The pituitary reserve in FSH and LH in amenorrheic and anovulatory women.", "content": "The pituitary gonadotropic response of FSH and LH \"reserve\" was studied in ten normal women, twelve amenorrheic and two impuberal patients, as compared with six sterile women with anovulatory cycles. The method as the intravenous injection of 100 microgrs. of synthetic porcine LH-RH followed by the radioimmunologic estimation of FSH and LH in plasms, before and after 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 minutes. This method allows an accurate estimation of the capacity of the adenohypophysis to release gonadotropins, the so called gonadotropic reserve. There are observed four types fo gonadotropic response to the LH-RH injection. Anovulatory sterile women and prepuberal girls have a very similar pattern with normal or very decreased FSH reserve and marked diminution in LH levels. Primary amenorrhea due to ovarian failure presents basal high values of both gonadotropins and increased response to the LH-RH stimulation. In primary amenorrhea without ovarian failure and in secondary amenorrhea, the LH patterns were normal, but in some cases a slight decrease in the FSH curve was observed. The method is regarded as very useful in the diagnosipothalumus-Pituitary-Ovary) Axis.", "contents": "The pituitary reserve in FSH and LH in amenorrheic and anovulatory women. The pituitary gonadotropic response of FSH and LH \"reserve\" was studied in ten normal women, twelve amenorrheic and two impuberal patients, as compared with six sterile women with anovulatory cycles. The method as the intravenous injection of 100 microgrs. of synthetic porcine LH-RH followed by the radioimmunologic estimation of FSH and LH in plasms, before and after 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 minutes. This method allows an accurate estimation of the capacity of the adenohypophysis to release gonadotropins, the so called gonadotropic reserve. There are observed four types fo gonadotropic response to the LH-RH injection. Anovulatory sterile women and prepuberal girls have a very similar pattern with normal or very decreased FSH reserve and marked diminution in LH levels. Primary amenorrhea due to ovarian failure presents basal high values of both gonadotropins and increased response to the LH-RH stimulation. In primary amenorrhea without ovarian failure and in secondary amenorrhea, the LH patterns were normal, but in some cases a slight decrease in the FSH curve was observed. The method is regarded as very useful in the diagnosipothalumus-Pituitary-Ovary) Axis.", "PMID": 1103543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_267", "title": "Cardiorespiratory function during thoracic anaesthesia: a comparison of two-lung ventilation and one-lung ventilation with and without PEEP5.", "content": "Previous studies have shown that, in patients undergoing thoracic surgery, a relatively high positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP of 10 cmH2O = PEEP10) has no beneficial effect on oxygenation during one-lung ventilation (OLV). In the present investigation, cardiorespiratory function was examined in 11 patients intubated endobronchially and undergoing thoracotomy. Comparison was made between two-lung ventilation (TLV) and OLV and between zero end-expiratory pressure and PEEP5 during OLV. Cardiac output was determined to obtain information of the total oxygen delivery (cardiac output times arterial O2 content. The change from TLV to OLV was accompanied by a marked fall in PaO2 and a marked rise in shunt, whereas no significant change was observed in mean cardiac output. Oxygen delivery also remained unchanged due to relatively small decrease in SaO2 (arterial oxygen saturation) and maintenance of cardiac output. The application of PEEP5 during OLV produced no significant changes in these parameters. The findings in individual patients demonstrated the relative importance of cardiac output in determining oxygen delivery during OLV. A significant negative correlation was found between inspiratory airway pressure and cardiac index during OLV.", "contents": "Cardiorespiratory function during thoracic anaesthesia: a comparison of two-lung ventilation and one-lung ventilation with and without PEEP5. Previous studies have shown that, in patients undergoing thoracic surgery, a relatively high positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP of 10 cmH2O = PEEP10) has no beneficial effect on oxygenation during one-lung ventilation (OLV). In the present investigation, cardiorespiratory function was examined in 11 patients intubated endobronchially and undergoing thoracotomy. Comparison was made between two-lung ventilation (TLV) and OLV and between zero end-expiratory pressure and PEEP5 during OLV. Cardiac output was determined to obtain information of the total oxygen delivery (cardiac output times arterial O2 content. The change from TLV to OLV was accompanied by a marked fall in PaO2 and a marked rise in shunt, whereas no significant change was observed in mean cardiac output. Oxygen delivery also remained unchanged due to relatively small decrease in SaO2 (arterial oxygen saturation) and maintenance of cardiac output. The application of PEEP5 during OLV produced no significant changes in these parameters. The findings in individual patients demonstrated the relative importance of cardiac output in determining oxygen delivery during OLV. A significant negative correlation was found between inspiratory airway pressure and cardiac index during OLV.", "PMID": 1103547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_268", "title": "Electron microscopy of the endocrine pancreas of cattle (Bos taurus L.).", "content": "The electron-microscopic structure of the islets of Langerhans in cattle is studied. Four cell types are described: A, B, C and D, differing mainly in the structure of specific granules. In the A cells half-moon- or ring-shaped mitochondria are observed. Two modes of islet cell secretion are observed: by means of 'active-releasing sector's and emiocytosis.", "contents": "Electron microscopy of the endocrine pancreas of cattle (Bos taurus L.). The electron-microscopic structure of the islets of Langerhans in cattle is studied. Four cell types are described: A, B, C and D, differing mainly in the structure of specific granules. In the A cells half-moon- or ring-shaped mitochondria are observed. Two modes of islet cell secretion are observed: by means of 'active-releasing sector's and emiocytosis.", "PMID": 1103548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_269", "title": "Carbamazepine (Tegretol) as an anticonvulsant. A controlled double-blind comparison with diphenylhydantoin (Dilantin).", "content": "A large double blind crossover study of carbamazepine (CBZ) in comparison to diphenylhydantoin (DPH) is underway, and the results are presented for the first 20 patients to complete the protocol. The importance of preparatory steps is outlined-beginning with the gathering of preliminary kinetic data about half-life and peak-time in epileptic patients. A detailed pilot study was performed with open administration of the agents and hospitalization during the crossover. Detailed blood level monitoring and dose-equivalence calculations lead to the design of blind crossover protocol from the pilot study. Of the 20 patients reported on at this point, 12 had fewer seizures on CBZ, but 4 of these preferred DPH because of the CBZ side effects. Of the 8 having fewer seizures on DPH, 3 preferred CBZ - leading to a final disposition of 11 on CBZ and 9 on DPH. Mean serum levels were 34.1 mug/ml for DPH and 10.6 mug/ml for CBZ. The patients having fewer seizures on DPH had higher serum DPH levels than those doing better on CBZ, but the opposite was found for the CBZ levels. The implications of this difference are discussed. Over all, DPH and CBZ are effective anticonvulsants of the same general magnitude, but individual patient responses to effects and side-effects will influence their usefulness in any given case.", "contents": "Carbamazepine (Tegretol) as an anticonvulsant. A controlled double-blind comparison with diphenylhydantoin (Dilantin). A large double blind crossover study of carbamazepine (CBZ) in comparison to diphenylhydantoin (DPH) is underway, and the results are presented for the first 20 patients to complete the protocol. The importance of preparatory steps is outlined-beginning with the gathering of preliminary kinetic data about half-life and peak-time in epileptic patients. A detailed pilot study was performed with open administration of the agents and hospitalization during the crossover. Detailed blood level monitoring and dose-equivalence calculations lead to the design of blind crossover protocol from the pilot study. Of the 20 patients reported on at this point, 12 had fewer seizures on CBZ, but 4 of these preferred DPH because of the CBZ side effects. Of the 8 having fewer seizures on DPH, 3 preferred CBZ - leading to a final disposition of 11 on CBZ and 9 on DPH. Mean serum levels were 34.1 mug/ml for DPH and 10.6 mug/ml for CBZ. The patients having fewer seizures on DPH had higher serum DPH levels than those doing better on CBZ, but the opposite was found for the CBZ levels. The implications of this difference are discussed. Over all, DPH and CBZ are effective anticonvulsants of the same general magnitude, but individual patient responses to effects and side-effects will influence their usefulness in any given case.", "PMID": 1103550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_270", "title": "A double blind study of carbamazepine and diphenylhydantoin in temporal lobe epilepsy.", "content": "In a double 0lind study no difference was found between carbamazepine and diphenylhydantoin with regard to efficacy in preventing temporal lobe seizures, i.e. partial seizures with complex symptomatology, when the drugs were given without other medication for periods of 16 weeks, and when the serum concentrations were within selected therapeutic levels corresponding to usual therapeutic dosage. Some patients, however, had considerably fewer seizures on carbamazepine, some on diphenylhydantoin. It therefore seems advisable to try both drugs separately, before using a combined medication.", "contents": "A double blind study of carbamazepine and diphenylhydantoin in temporal lobe epilepsy. In a double 0lind study no difference was found between carbamazepine and diphenylhydantoin with regard to efficacy in preventing temporal lobe seizures, i.e. partial seizures with complex symptomatology, when the drugs were given without other medication for periods of 16 weeks, and when the serum concentrations were within selected therapeutic levels corresponding to usual therapeutic dosage. Some patients, however, had considerably fewer seizures on carbamazepine, some on diphenylhydantoin. It therefore seems advisable to try both drugs separately, before using a combined medication.", "PMID": 1103551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_271", "title": "A double blind study of the influence of dipropylacetate on behaviour.", "content": "The influence of dipropylacetate (D.P.A.) on behaviour was studied in 20 patients using a double blind cross over trial. 5 patients were rated as improved on D.P.A., 6 on placebo, 3 as deteriorated on D.P.A., 3 on placebo, 12 as unchanged on D.P.A. and 11 on placebo. This study gives us no reason to believe that D.P.A. exerts a psychotropic action within 3 weeks which is better than a placebo effect.", "contents": "A double blind study of the influence of dipropylacetate on behaviour. The influence of dipropylacetate (D.P.A.) on behaviour was studied in 20 patients using a double blind cross over trial. 5 patients were rated as improved on D.P.A., 6 on placebo, 3 as deteriorated on D.P.A., 3 on placebo, 12 as unchanged on D.P.A. and 11 on placebo. This study gives us no reason to believe that D.P.A. exerts a psychotropic action within 3 weeks which is better than a placebo effect.", "PMID": 1103552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_272", "title": "Continuous phrophylcatic anticonvulsants in selected childrens with febrile convulsions.", "content": "The recurrence rate of febrile convulsions is assessed in 108 children who had had either prolonged or repeated initial fits or had both a positive family history and persisting neurological disorder. Only 7 of 40 (17%) who received continuous prophylactic phenobarbitone or primidone for at minimum of 18 months had another fit compared with 40 of 68 (59%) children who were untreated (p less than 0.0005). Indications for continuous therapy are discussed.", "contents": "Continuous phrophylcatic anticonvulsants in selected childrens with febrile convulsions. The recurrence rate of febrile convulsions is assessed in 108 children who had had either prolonged or repeated initial fits or had both a positive family history and persisting neurological disorder. Only 7 of 40 (17%) who received continuous prophylactic phenobarbitone or primidone for at minimum of 18 months had another fit compared with 40 of 68 (59%) children who were untreated (p less than 0.0005). Indications for continuous therapy are discussed.", "PMID": 1103554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_273", "title": "Bacterial flora in relation to cataract extraction. III. Postoperative flora.", "content": "The conjunctival flora of 499 patients operated for cataract was studied on the 4th and 7th postoperative days and compared with the flora examined previously on admission to the hospital and at the time of surgery (Fahmy et al. 1975b, c). Antibiotics had been administered approximately 18 hours before operation, at the conclusion of surgery, and then on the 4th postoperative day after the cultures had been taken. After a significant fall in incidence, including all kinds of bacteria at the time of surgery (Fahmy et al. 1975c), Staphylococcus albus showed an increase in incidence on the 4th postoperative day to the level found on admission. Corynebacteria and gram-negative bacilli likewise showed increasing incidence but not to the level of admission. The incidence of Staphylococcus aureus and streptococci remained unchanged. On the 7th postoperative day, S. aureus showed a fall in incidence while other bacteria had largely the same incidence as that of the 4th postoperative day. The origin of S. aureus isolated postoperatively from the conjunctiva was studied, and showed that the great majority of strains were similar to those found on the patient's own conjunctiva preoperatively. In a few instances, S. aureus could be traced to the patient's own nose or to the noses of some of the nurses. The air of the wards, eye drops or ophthalmic ointments used in the treatment of the patients apparently did not play any role as a source of S. aureus infection. Cultures obtained on the 4th postoperative day showed only a minor relationship to the flora of the wound site observed at the conclusion of surgery.", "contents": "Bacterial flora in relation to cataract extraction. III. Postoperative flora. The conjunctival flora of 499 patients operated for cataract was studied on the 4th and 7th postoperative days and compared with the flora examined previously on admission to the hospital and at the time of surgery (Fahmy et al. 1975b, c). Antibiotics had been administered approximately 18 hours before operation, at the conclusion of surgery, and then on the 4th postoperative day after the cultures had been taken. After a significant fall in incidence, including all kinds of bacteria at the time of surgery (Fahmy et al. 1975c), Staphylococcus albus showed an increase in incidence on the 4th postoperative day to the level found on admission. Corynebacteria and gram-negative bacilli likewise showed increasing incidence but not to the level of admission. The incidence of Staphylococcus aureus and streptococci remained unchanged. On the 7th postoperative day, S. aureus showed a fall in incidence while other bacteria had largely the same incidence as that of the 4th postoperative day. The origin of S. aureus isolated postoperatively from the conjunctiva was studied, and showed that the great majority of strains were similar to those found on the patient's own conjunctiva preoperatively. In a few instances, S. aureus could be traced to the patient's own nose or to the noses of some of the nurses. The air of the wards, eye drops or ophthalmic ointments used in the treatment of the patients apparently did not play any role as a source of S. aureus infection. Cultures obtained on the 4th postoperative day showed only a minor relationship to the flora of the wound site observed at the conclusion of surgery.", "PMID": 1103562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_274", "title": "Meni\u00e8re's disease and diphenidol. A critical analysis of symptoms and equilibrium function tests.", "content": "In 24 patients with M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's disease, chemotherapy using Diphenidol (1,1-diphenyl-4-piperidino-l-butanol hydrochloride), a non-phenothiazinic antiemetic agent, was carried out using the double-blind technique in the cross-over design. The prevalence and intensity of symptoms at the three stages were recorded every three weeks according to fixed scales which were graded: vertigo, unsteadiness, tinnitus, nausea, headache, and shoulder stiffness. The hearing was measured by tone audiometry. Equilibrium function tests were also performed every three weeks and these included the electronystagmographical procedure to determine caloric response and the ARG-Tilt tests. Both symptoms and the results of equilibrium function tests, showed a higher incidence of improvement during the period of Diphenidol administration than during that of placebo. The difference was statistically significant with respect to vertigo, dizziness or unsteadiness, and general condition subjectively, as well as caloric response and ARG-Tilt tests. The Diphenidol effect consisted of an improvement of imbalance, both in the peripheral and in the central vestibular system through its neural and circulatory action. Only 8% of the patients dropped out and no side effects were observed in this series. Both the feasibility of the graded symptom scales and the utility of each parameter obtained from the equilibrium function tests are discussed in connection with testing of the drug in various stages of the disease.", "contents": "Meni\u00e8re's disease and diphenidol. A critical analysis of symptoms and equilibrium function tests. In 24 patients with M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's disease, chemotherapy using Diphenidol (1,1-diphenyl-4-piperidino-l-butanol hydrochloride), a non-phenothiazinic antiemetic agent, was carried out using the double-blind technique in the cross-over design. The prevalence and intensity of symptoms at the three stages were recorded every three weeks according to fixed scales which were graded: vertigo, unsteadiness, tinnitus, nausea, headache, and shoulder stiffness. The hearing was measured by tone audiometry. Equilibrium function tests were also performed every three weeks and these included the electronystagmographical procedure to determine caloric response and the ARG-Tilt tests. Both symptoms and the results of equilibrium function tests, showed a higher incidence of improvement during the period of Diphenidol administration than during that of placebo. The difference was statistically significant with respect to vertigo, dizziness or unsteadiness, and general condition subjectively, as well as caloric response and ARG-Tilt tests. The Diphenidol effect consisted of an improvement of imbalance, both in the peripheral and in the central vestibular system through its neural and circulatory action. Only 8% of the patients dropped out and no side effects were observed in this series. Both the feasibility of the graded symptom scales and the utility of each parameter obtained from the equilibrium function tests are discussed in connection with testing of the drug in various stages of the disease.", "PMID": 1103563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_275", "title": "Fanconi's anemia. II. Are multiple endocrine insufficiencies a substantial part of the disease?", "content": "Three children with Fanconi's anemia belonging to a family where 6 children had the disease were investigated. One child had growth hormone deficiency, a second child showed subnormal response of testosterone to gonadotropin stimulation and the third child had a missing insulin release following arginine. This report shows that growth hormone deficiency is not necessarily liniked with Fanconi's anemia when it occurs in a family. Multiple endocrine insufficiencies do no appear to be part of the disease.", "contents": "Fanconi's anemia. II. Are multiple endocrine insufficiencies a substantial part of the disease? Three children with Fanconi's anemia belonging to a family where 6 children had the disease were investigated. One child had growth hormone deficiency, a second child showed subnormal response of testosterone to gonadotropin stimulation and the third child had a missing insulin release following arginine. This report shows that growth hormone deficiency is not necessarily liniked with Fanconi's anemia when it occurs in a family. Multiple endocrine insufficiencies do no appear to be part of the disease.", "PMID": 1103564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_276", "title": "Breast feeding and biological properties of faecal E. coli strains.", "content": "Human milk may contribute to protection against gram-negative infection by promoting intraluminal agglutination or killing of bacteria or by preventing bacterial attachment to epithelial surfaces. This paper explores the effect of human milk on the sensitivity of faecal E. coli to serum bactericidal activity and agglutination specificity, factors which have been regarded as related to virulence. Faecal E. coli isolated from breast-fed infants differed from those from formula-fed infants in two respects: They were more sensitive to the bactericidal effect of human serum and more often spontaneously agglutinating. E. coli strains isolated from sources outside the gastro-intestinal tract, that is the prepuce and female peri-urethral region, were in breast-fed babies less sensitive than faecal strains. The findings are compatible with the hypothesis that a breast-milk factor favours the proliferation of mutant strains. The observed effects of breast-milk might be associated with decreased bacterial virulence, and be one of the ways in which breast-feeding protects against infection.", "contents": "Breast feeding and biological properties of faecal E. coli strains. Human milk may contribute to protection against gram-negative infection by promoting intraluminal agglutination or killing of bacteria or by preventing bacterial attachment to epithelial surfaces. This paper explores the effect of human milk on the sensitivity of faecal E. coli to serum bactericidal activity and agglutination specificity, factors which have been regarded as related to virulence. Faecal E. coli isolated from breast-fed infants differed from those from formula-fed infants in two respects: They were more sensitive to the bactericidal effect of human serum and more often spontaneously agglutinating. E. coli strains isolated from sources outside the gastro-intestinal tract, that is the prepuce and female peri-urethral region, were in breast-fed babies less sensitive than faecal strains. The findings are compatible with the hypothesis that a breast-milk factor favours the proliferation of mutant strains. The observed effects of breast-milk might be associated with decreased bacterial virulence, and be one of the ways in which breast-feeding protects against infection.", "PMID": 1103565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_277", "title": "Respiratory insufficiency syndrome (RIS) in preterm infants with gestational age of 32 weeks and less. Neonatal management and follow-up study.", "content": "The clinical entity of respiratory insufficiency syndrome (RIS), i.e. irregular breathing leading to recurrent apnea and bradycardia in an otherwise healthy preterm infant, has been studied in respect of symptomathology and management with intensive case including ventilatory support. During a 4-year period 26 of 103 infants with gestational age less than or equal to 32 weeks and mean weight 1304 g (range 710 to 1830 g) developed RIS. In most infants the initial apnea occurred after 2 and before 72 hours post delivery but in some infants later. Because of progressive hypoxemia and acidosis 15 of the 26 RIS infants required IPPV treatment. The 76% survival rate of RIS infants seems to justify intensive care with ventilatory support even in the smallest preterm infants with RIS, especially as the follow-up study performed at 15 months to 3-1/2 years of age showed neurological sequelae in only 3 of 20 surviving babies, i.e. 15% sequelae rate.", "contents": "Respiratory insufficiency syndrome (RIS) in preterm infants with gestational age of 32 weeks and less. Neonatal management and follow-up study. The clinical entity of respiratory insufficiency syndrome (RIS), i.e. irregular breathing leading to recurrent apnea and bradycardia in an otherwise healthy preterm infant, has been studied in respect of symptomathology and management with intensive case including ventilatory support. During a 4-year period 26 of 103 infants with gestational age less than or equal to 32 weeks and mean weight 1304 g (range 710 to 1830 g) developed RIS. In most infants the initial apnea occurred after 2 and before 72 hours post delivery but in some infants later. Because of progressive hypoxemia and acidosis 15 of the 26 RIS infants required IPPV treatment. The 76% survival rate of RIS infants seems to justify intensive care with ventilatory support even in the smallest preterm infants with RIS, especially as the follow-up study performed at 15 months to 3-1/2 years of age showed neurological sequelae in only 3 of 20 surviving babies, i.e. 15% sequelae rate.", "PMID": 1103566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_278", "title": "Experimental murine leprosy. 6. Cellular reactions in the draining lymph node after injection of Mycobacterium lepraemurium into the foot-pads of mice.", "content": "The reaction patterns of the draining lymph nodes were studied in C3H and C57/BL mice after foot-pad inoculation of Mycobacterium lepraemurium (MLM). Bacilli were found in the lymph nodes of both strains already a few days after inoculation, but any marked reaction did not occur until approximately 3 weeks later and then only in the lymph nodes of C57/BL mice. The reaction involved enlargement, epithelioid cell granuloma formation and proliferation of pyroninophilic blast cells in the T-cell area. The lymph nodes in these animals remained large and showed a reactive pattern for up to 230 days. At this stage, bacilli were relatively few. In C3H mice, no reactive changes developed and it was not until much later that they became significantly enlarged. In the advanced stage, normal lymph node structures were replaced completely by giant macrophages loaded with acid-fast bacilli. C3H and C57/BL mice are polar as regards the lymph node reaction against MLM; in C3H mice it resembles the advances stages of human leprosy while it in C57/BL mice mimics the situation in the BT-TT region. Immunofluorescence studies did not reveal any early proliferation of Ig-containing cells and the lack of cellular immune reaction against MLM in C3H mice cannot be explained as an early B-cell reaction to interfere with the development of cell mediated immunity.", "contents": "Experimental murine leprosy. 6. Cellular reactions in the draining lymph node after injection of Mycobacterium lepraemurium into the foot-pads of mice. The reaction patterns of the draining lymph nodes were studied in C3H and C57/BL mice after foot-pad inoculation of Mycobacterium lepraemurium (MLM). Bacilli were found in the lymph nodes of both strains already a few days after inoculation, but any marked reaction did not occur until approximately 3 weeks later and then only in the lymph nodes of C57/BL mice. The reaction involved enlargement, epithelioid cell granuloma formation and proliferation of pyroninophilic blast cells in the T-cell area. The lymph nodes in these animals remained large and showed a reactive pattern for up to 230 days. At this stage, bacilli were relatively few. In C3H mice, no reactive changes developed and it was not until much later that they became significantly enlarged. In the advanced stage, normal lymph node structures were replaced completely by giant macrophages loaded with acid-fast bacilli. C3H and C57/BL mice are polar as regards the lymph node reaction against MLM; in C3H mice it resembles the advances stages of human leprosy while it in C57/BL mice mimics the situation in the BT-TT region. Immunofluorescence studies did not reveal any early proliferation of Ig-containing cells and the lack of cellular immune reaction against MLM in C3H mice cannot be explained as an early B-cell reaction to interfere with the development of cell mediated immunity.", "PMID": 1103567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_279", "title": "Experimental murine leprosy. 8. Ultrastructural features of the inflammatory exudate and bacterial morphology in C3H and C57BL mice after foot-pad inoculation with Mycobacterium lepraemurium.", "content": "Mice of the inbred strains C57BL and C3H were inoculated in the foot-pads with Mycobacterium lepraemurium (MLM) and the inflammatory reaction was studied using light and electron microscopy. In C57BL mice a granulomatous reaction developed 3-4 weeks after inoculation. The inflammatory exudate at this stage showed numerous lymphocytes, monocytes and macrophages. The latter cell type often contained many lysosomes and appeared activated. The bacilli which were all within phagosomes showed extensive electron dense aggregates of the cytoplasm suggesting severe damage. Lymphocytes and macrophages in close contact with each other were often observed. In macrophages which contained damaged bacilli, spherical lipid-like bodies surrounded by granular endoplasmic reticulum were observed. It is suggested that this cell product could be of some significance for the bactericidal function of the macrophage. Contrary to these findings, the cellular infiltrate developing in C3H mice showed no lymphocytes and consisted exclusively of macrophages. These were all heavily loaded with bacilli. The vast majority of bacilli encountered in this strain was morphologically intact and presumably viable. Lipid-like bodies similar to those observed in infected C57BL macrophages were not encountered in C3H mice. It is concluded that unless the infected macrophages become immunologically activited they are unable to cause bacterial damage or to inhibit the growth of MLM.", "contents": "Experimental murine leprosy. 8. Ultrastructural features of the inflammatory exudate and bacterial morphology in C3H and C57BL mice after foot-pad inoculation with Mycobacterium lepraemurium. Mice of the inbred strains C57BL and C3H were inoculated in the foot-pads with Mycobacterium lepraemurium (MLM) and the inflammatory reaction was studied using light and electron microscopy. In C57BL mice a granulomatous reaction developed 3-4 weeks after inoculation. The inflammatory exudate at this stage showed numerous lymphocytes, monocytes and macrophages. The latter cell type often contained many lysosomes and appeared activated. The bacilli which were all within phagosomes showed extensive electron dense aggregates of the cytoplasm suggesting severe damage. Lymphocytes and macrophages in close contact with each other were often observed. In macrophages which contained damaged bacilli, spherical lipid-like bodies surrounded by granular endoplasmic reticulum were observed. It is suggested that this cell product could be of some significance for the bactericidal function of the macrophage. Contrary to these findings, the cellular infiltrate developing in C3H mice showed no lymphocytes and consisted exclusively of macrophages. These were all heavily loaded with bacilli. The vast majority of bacilli encountered in this strain was morphologically intact and presumably viable. Lipid-like bodies similar to those observed in infected C57BL macrophages were not encountered in C3H mice. It is concluded that unless the infected macrophages become immunologically activited they are unable to cause bacterial damage or to inhibit the growth of MLM.", "PMID": 1103568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_280", "title": "The basement membrane of the uterine cervix in dysplasia and squamous carcinoma: an immunofluorescent study with antibodies to basement membrane antigen.", "content": "Histological preparations with normal epithelium, dysplasia, carcinoma in situ and squamous invasive carcinoma of human cervix were studied by immunofluorescence using human sera containing antibodies against basement membrane material, against intercellular substance of squamous epithelium (ISSE) and against reticulin. A continuous basement membrane was observed in normal epithelium dysplasia and carcinoma in situ, but was faintly stained, discontinuous or even absent in specimens with invasive squamous carcinoma. Staining with anti-reticulin did not reveal any condensation in the basement membrane areas in any of the preparations examined. ISSE was demonstrated in the normal epithelium, dysplasia and carcinoma in situ as well as in invasive carcinoma.", "contents": "The basement membrane of the uterine cervix in dysplasia and squamous carcinoma: an immunofluorescent study with antibodies to basement membrane antigen. Histological preparations with normal epithelium, dysplasia, carcinoma in situ and squamous invasive carcinoma of human cervix were studied by immunofluorescence using human sera containing antibodies against basement membrane material, against intercellular substance of squamous epithelium (ISSE) and against reticulin. A continuous basement membrane was observed in normal epithelium dysplasia and carcinoma in situ, but was faintly stained, discontinuous or even absent in specimens with invasive squamous carcinoma. Staining with anti-reticulin did not reveal any condensation in the basement membrane areas in any of the preparations examined. ISSE was demonstrated in the normal epithelium, dysplasia and carcinoma in situ as well as in invasive carcinoma.", "PMID": 1103569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_281", "title": "Cardiopulmonary blood volumes at rest and during muscular exercise measured by 113mIn radiocardiography.", "content": "Cardiac output, stroke volume, right heart and left heart blood volume, pulmonary blood volume and pulmonary mean time were measured at rest and during muscular exercise in 14 healthy subjects in the supine position. The method used was 113mIn radiocardiography measured precordially with a single detector. The results were analyzed with a minicomputer by a modified gamma function fitting method. The increase in cardiac output during exercise was 140 per cent (p is less than 0.001). The stroke volume increased 15 per cent (p is less than 0.05) in subjects with heart rates less than 160 beats/min, and decreased in subjects with heart rates greater than or equal to 160 beats/min. The right heart blood volume decreased from 115 ml/m2 to 105 ml/m2 to 215 ml/m2 (5 per cent; p is less than 0.1) and the left heart blood volume decreased from 120 ml/m2 to 110 ml/m2 (5 per cent; p is less than 0.01). The total heart blood volume thus decreased from 235 ml/m2 (5 per cent; p is less than 0.05). The pulmonary blood volume showed a corresponding increase from 250 ml/m2 to 280 ml/m2 (12 per cent; p is less than 0.005), and the cardiopulmonary blood volume did not markedly change (485 ml/m2 and 495 ml/m2). Pulmonary mean time decreased from 5.0 s to 2.4 s (52 per cent; p is less than 0.001).", "contents": "Cardiopulmonary blood volumes at rest and during muscular exercise measured by 113mIn radiocardiography. Cardiac output, stroke volume, right heart and left heart blood volume, pulmonary blood volume and pulmonary mean time were measured at rest and during muscular exercise in 14 healthy subjects in the supine position. The method used was 113mIn radiocardiography measured precordially with a single detector. The results were analyzed with a minicomputer by a modified gamma function fitting method. The increase in cardiac output during exercise was 140 per cent (p is less than 0.001). The stroke volume increased 15 per cent (p is less than 0.05) in subjects with heart rates less than 160 beats/min, and decreased in subjects with heart rates greater than or equal to 160 beats/min. The right heart blood volume decreased from 115 ml/m2 to 105 ml/m2 to 215 ml/m2 (5 per cent; p is less than 0.1) and the left heart blood volume decreased from 120 ml/m2 to 110 ml/m2 (5 per cent; p is less than 0.01). The total heart blood volume thus decreased from 235 ml/m2 (5 per cent; p is less than 0.05). The pulmonary blood volume showed a corresponding increase from 250 ml/m2 to 280 ml/m2 (12 per cent; p is less than 0.005), and the cardiopulmonary blood volume did not markedly change (485 ml/m2 and 495 ml/m2). Pulmonary mean time decreased from 5.0 s to 2.4 s (52 per cent; p is less than 0.001).", "PMID": 1103573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_282", "title": "A double-blind trial of maprotiline (Ludiomil) and amitriptyline in depressed outpatients.", "content": "The results of a double-blind trial of a tetracyclic antidepressant, maprotiline (Ludiomil) and a conventional tricyclic, amitriptyline (Elavil), in 67 ambulatory depressives are reported. Hamilton's Rating Scale for Depression was the main outcome criterion. No statistically significant differences were found between the drugs in onset of action, efficacy, side effects or predictors of response. Patients on either drug showed a significant reduction in symptoms after 1 week of treatment and at the end of the trial. Both drugs were tolerated well. A review of double-blind comparisons of maprotiline and tricyclic antidepressants, spanning 13 countries, and including over 900 patients, both ambulatory and inpatient, shows essentially similar results. The main outcome criterion in all these studies was manifest psychopathology assessed on the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression by the treating physician. The absence of additional types of outcome criteria or assessment techniques, which may have detected differences in motor activity or drive as originally postulated, may have obscured results which were expected to be subtle.", "contents": "A double-blind trial of maprotiline (Ludiomil) and amitriptyline in depressed outpatients. The results of a double-blind trial of a tetracyclic antidepressant, maprotiline (Ludiomil) and a conventional tricyclic, amitriptyline (Elavil), in 67 ambulatory depressives are reported. Hamilton's Rating Scale for Depression was the main outcome criterion. No statistically significant differences were found between the drugs in onset of action, efficacy, side effects or predictors of response. Patients on either drug showed a significant reduction in symptoms after 1 week of treatment and at the end of the trial. Both drugs were tolerated well. A review of double-blind comparisons of maprotiline and tricyclic antidepressants, spanning 13 countries, and including over 900 patients, both ambulatory and inpatient, shows essentially similar results. The main outcome criterion in all these studies was manifest psychopathology assessed on the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression by the treating physician. The absence of additional types of outcome criteria or assessment techniques, which may have detected differences in motor activity or drive as originally postulated, may have obscured results which were expected to be subtle.", "PMID": 1103574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_283", "title": "Pipamperone (Dipiperon, R3345) in troublesome mental retardates: a double-blind placebo controlled cross-over study with long-term follow-up.", "content": "A 6-week double-blind cross-over study comparing pipamperone with placebo was conducted in 20 female mental retardates with behavioural disorders. The ages of the patients ranged between 22 and 42 years. After a 2-week washout period, patients were randomly allocated to either pipamperone or placebo treatment. The initial dosage of pipamperone was 40 mg b.i.d., which was gradually increased to 80 mg b.i.d. within 5 days. Patients were assessed using a ten-item rating scale before and after each week of treatment. For six of the ten items, patients showed a better response during the pipamperone than during the placebo period. When pre-trial scores were compared with those at the end of the trial, seven items had significantly improved with pipamperone. The nursing staff considered the patients more alert and amenable during pipamperone treatment.", "contents": "Pipamperone (Dipiperon, R3345) in troublesome mental retardates: a double-blind placebo controlled cross-over study with long-term follow-up. A 6-week double-blind cross-over study comparing pipamperone with placebo was conducted in 20 female mental retardates with behavioural disorders. The ages of the patients ranged between 22 and 42 years. After a 2-week washout period, patients were randomly allocated to either pipamperone or placebo treatment. The initial dosage of pipamperone was 40 mg b.i.d., which was gradually increased to 80 mg b.i.d. within 5 days. Patients were assessed using a ten-item rating scale before and after each week of treatment. For six of the ten items, patients showed a better response during the pipamperone than during the placebo period. When pre-trial scores were compared with those at the end of the trial, seven items had significantly improved with pipamperone. The nursing staff considered the patients more alert and amenable during pipamperone treatment.", "PMID": 1103575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_284", "title": "Clonidine in alcohol withdrawal.", "content": "In a doubl-blind study, patients receiving a rapidly falling dosage of clonidine recovered about 1 day faster from the symptoms of moderately severe alcohol withdrawal than patients receiving placebo. The effects of clonidine were especially noticeable with respect to tremor, sweating, elevated systolic blood pressure, tension, anxiety, depression, and general condition. Clonidine had no effect on the sleep disturbances. No significant side effects were seen. It is suggested that clonidine is a useful aid in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal, especially when it is desirable to minimise the use of tranquillisers.", "contents": "Clonidine in alcohol withdrawal. In a doubl-blind study, patients receiving a rapidly falling dosage of clonidine recovered about 1 day faster from the symptoms of moderately severe alcohol withdrawal than patients receiving placebo. The effects of clonidine were especially noticeable with respect to tremor, sweating, elevated systolic blood pressure, tension, anxiety, depression, and general condition. Clonidine had no effect on the sleep disturbances. No significant side effects were seen. It is suggested that clonidine is a useful aid in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal, especially when it is desirable to minimise the use of tranquillisers.", "PMID": 1103576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_285", "title": "A two-gene model for schizophrenia with the possibility to detect carriers of the modifier gene.", "content": "A two-gene model for the hereditary transmission of schizophrenia is presented involving two pairs of autosomal alleles Ss and Pp. It is hypothesized that the recessive gene can produce schizophrenia in homozygous state with a penetrance of .40. In the presence of the gene P schizophrenia can occur in the heterozygote Ss, resulting in a more serious form of the disease and having a manifestation rate of .70. The population frequencies best fitting the available data are estimated to be approximately .03 for P and .07 or .08 for s. It is also hypothesized that the reproductive fitness is .80 in manifest schizophrenics with genotype ss pp and .50 in overt schizophrenics carrying the modifier gene P. The model is proposed to cover only the so-called \"process\" or \"nuclear\" type of schizophrenia. The remaining schizophrenics of \"reactive\" and other types may belong to different genotypes or consist in phenocopies. The model is discussed in relation to literature observations and our own previous studies. The possibilities for increased fitness of non-schizophrenic carriers of P and s are also discussed.", "contents": "A two-gene model for schizophrenia with the possibility to detect carriers of the modifier gene. A two-gene model for the hereditary transmission of schizophrenia is presented involving two pairs of autosomal alleles Ss and Pp. It is hypothesized that the recessive gene can produce schizophrenia in homozygous state with a penetrance of .40. In the presence of the gene P schizophrenia can occur in the heterozygote Ss, resulting in a more serious form of the disease and having a manifestation rate of .70. The population frequencies best fitting the available data are estimated to be approximately .03 for P and .07 or .08 for s. It is also hypothesized that the reproductive fitness is .80 in manifest schizophrenics with genotype ss pp and .50 in overt schizophrenics carrying the modifier gene P. The model is proposed to cover only the so-called \"process\" or \"nuclear\" type of schizophrenia. The remaining schizophrenics of \"reactive\" and other types may belong to different genotypes or consist in phenocopies. The model is discussed in relation to literature observations and our own previous studies. The possibilities for increased fitness of non-schizophrenic carriers of P and s are also discussed.", "PMID": 1103577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_286", "title": "Myelography in metastatic lesions.", "content": "The radiologic appearances at gas myelography were analysed in 57 metastatic lesions, all histologically verified, or having known primary tumours. Five of these cases were also examined with a water-soluble contrast medium, metrizamide. The results were correlated to the findings at surgery and to tumour pathology. It is concluded that myelographic findings simulating juxtamedullary growth are usually due to local indentation of the dura by the extradural tumour, and not to intradural extension.", "contents": "Myelography in metastatic lesions. The radiologic appearances at gas myelography were analysed in 57 metastatic lesions, all histologically verified, or having known primary tumours. Five of these cases were also examined with a water-soluble contrast medium, metrizamide. The results were correlated to the findings at surgery and to tumour pathology. It is concluded that myelographic findings simulating juxtamedullary growth are usually due to local indentation of the dura by the extradural tumour, and not to intradural extension.", "PMID": 1103578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_287", "title": "Arterial calcification and progressive peripheral gangrene after renal transplantation. Report of two cases treated with parathyroidectomy.", "content": "Two cases of progressive arterial calcification and peripheral gangrene after successful renal transplantation are presented. Parathyroidectomy was performed and was followed in one case by healing of the peripheral necroses. It is suggested that parathyroidectomy should be considered in similar cases even in the absence of hypercalcemia.", "contents": "Arterial calcification and progressive peripheral gangrene after renal transplantation. Report of two cases treated with parathyroidectomy. Two cases of progressive arterial calcification and peripheral gangrene after successful renal transplantation are presented. Parathyroidectomy was performed and was followed in one case by healing of the peripheral necroses. It is suggested that parathyroidectomy should be considered in similar cases even in the absence of hypercalcemia.", "PMID": 1103579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_288", "title": "Resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics Proteus strains.", "content": "A total of 218 Proteus strains isolated from clinical sources were tested for their susceptibility to three penicillins and two cephalosporins. The ability to beta-lactamase production was examined in 36 of these strains. Proteus mirabilis strains were generally more susceptible to cephalosporins than to penicillins, whereas indole-positive Protei were almost uniformely resistant to cephalosporins as well as to ampicillin and benzylpenicillin but susceptible to carbenicillin. Fairly good correlation was found between the amount and hydrolytic soectryn if beta-lactamase activity and the pattern of resistance to penicillins and cephalosporins in the strains examined. Some observations indicate, however, that the resistance of Proteus bacilli to this group of antibiotics is partly related to permeability barriers in bacterial cell. About 37% of Proteus strains transferred their ampicillin resistance to E. coli K12. Beta-lactamase activities mediated by R plasmids in E. coli cultures were 1.5 to 5 times higher than in respective Proteus donors.", "contents": "Resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics Proteus strains. A total of 218 Proteus strains isolated from clinical sources were tested for their susceptibility to three penicillins and two cephalosporins. The ability to beta-lactamase production was examined in 36 of these strains. Proteus mirabilis strains were generally more susceptible to cephalosporins than to penicillins, whereas indole-positive Protei were almost uniformely resistant to cephalosporins as well as to ampicillin and benzylpenicillin but susceptible to carbenicillin. Fairly good correlation was found between the amount and hydrolytic soectryn if beta-lactamase activity and the pattern of resistance to penicillins and cephalosporins in the strains examined. Some observations indicate, however, that the resistance of Proteus bacilli to this group of antibiotics is partly related to permeability barriers in bacterial cell. About 37% of Proteus strains transferred their ampicillin resistance to E. coli K12. Beta-lactamase activities mediated by R plasmids in E. coli cultures were 1.5 to 5 times higher than in respective Proteus donors.", "PMID": 1103580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_289", "title": "Ultrastructural changes in zygote formation and autoradiographic study of DNA replication during conjugation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "The following stages of mating reaction were analysed in electron micrographs: initial contact of the conjugating cells, formation of a tube-like structure between the mating partners, nuclear fusion and formation of first diploid bud. Nuclear fusion was observed to take place within the conjugation tube, the fusion nucleus, however, was often localised in one of the initial conjugants. The stage of fusion nucleus, preceding the first diploid bud formation, is of longest duration in the mating process. The second longest stage is the formation of a tube-like structure. The whole conjugation process lasts at 25 degrees approximately 60 min. According to the autoradiographic data, DNA synthesis begins after nucelar fusion and proceeds during formation of the first diploid bud.", "contents": "Ultrastructural changes in zygote formation and autoradiographic study of DNA replication during conjugation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The following stages of mating reaction were analysed in electron micrographs: initial contact of the conjugating cells, formation of a tube-like structure between the mating partners, nuclear fusion and formation of first diploid bud. Nuclear fusion was observed to take place within the conjugation tube, the fusion nucleus, however, was often localised in one of the initial conjugants. The stage of fusion nucleus, preceding the first diploid bud formation, is of longest duration in the mating process. The second longest stage is the formation of a tube-like structure. The whole conjugation process lasts at 25 degrees approximately 60 min. According to the autoradiographic data, DNA synthesis begins after nucelar fusion and proceeds during formation of the first diploid bud.", "PMID": 1103581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_290", "title": "Cancer of the colon and rectum: a review of the newer technics in diagnosis and treatment.", "content": "The greatest improvements in the survival rates of patients with carcinoma of the colon and rectum have come with the application of sound principles of cancer surgery. This, coupled with the decrease in operative mortality that accompanied the wide use of thorough bowel preparation and improved postoperative care, has brought surgery to its present plateau. Further improvements have come with difficulty. Wider application of adequate resection and the use of preoperative irradiation may improve survival somewhat. However, the maximal benefits probably have already been derived from operative therapy. Early and more thorough diagnostic technics might result in increased survival through earlier diagnosis. Development of a simple and highly accurate method for the detection of blood in the stool that could be applied widely probably would be the best screening procedure. Greater may come in the field of immunotherapy, along with a beter understanding of the body's immunologic mechanisms. At the present time, the surgeon must content himself with the application of thorough operative procedures.", "contents": "Cancer of the colon and rectum: a review of the newer technics in diagnosis and treatment. The greatest improvements in the survival rates of patients with carcinoma of the colon and rectum have come with the application of sound principles of cancer surgery. This, coupled with the decrease in operative mortality that accompanied the wide use of thorough bowel preparation and improved postoperative care, has brought surgery to its present plateau. Further improvements have come with difficulty. Wider application of adequate resection and the use of preoperative irradiation may improve survival somewhat. However, the maximal benefits probably have already been derived from operative therapy. Early and more thorough diagnostic technics might result in increased survival through earlier diagnosis. Development of a simple and highly accurate method for the detection of blood in the stool that could be applied widely probably would be the best screening procedure. Greater may come in the field of immunotherapy, along with a beter understanding of the body's immunologic mechanisms. At the present time, the surgeon must content himself with the application of thorough operative procedures.", "PMID": 1103595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_291", "title": "Inflammatory diseases of the pancreas.", "content": "The first attack of acute pancreatitis is best treated medically, by fasting and general supportive measures unless complications ensue or the patient does not get better. There is no specific therapy for this disease at the present time (while trypsin inhibitors have not proved to be effective, there is some question as to whenter the newer version will be valuable). Since, at least in private hospitals, the majority of patients with acute pancreatitis have gallstones, surgery in these individuals is directed primarily toward removal of the gallbladder and/or common bile duct stones, or to the drainage of cysts. Most acute cysts are small and can be treated medically. Otherwise they shouldbe drained 8-10 weeks later into the adjacent stomach...", "contents": "Inflammatory diseases of the pancreas. The first attack of acute pancreatitis is best treated medically, by fasting and general supportive measures unless complications ensue or the patient does not get better. There is no specific therapy for this disease at the present time (while trypsin inhibitors have not proved to be effective, there is some question as to whenter the newer version will be valuable). Since, at least in private hospitals, the majority of patients with acute pancreatitis have gallstones, surgery in these individuals is directed primarily toward removal of the gallbladder and/or common bile duct stones, or to the drainage of cysts. Most acute cysts are small and can be treated medically. Otherwise they shouldbe drained 8-10 weeks later into the adjacent stomach...", "PMID": 1103596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_292", "title": "Ischemic heart disease: an overview.", "content": "The studies on natural history of ischemic heart disease are reviewed and the major predictors of mortality identified. The severity of the coronary atherosclerosis and the status of ventricular function are found to be more important predictors of survival than the clinical presentation. The objectives of therapy in patients with ischemic heart disease are (1) to improve the quality of life by reducing symptoms, (2) to improve ventricular function, and (3) to increase survival time. The results of surgical therapy are examined in relation to these three objectives. Symptomatic improvement is present in 85 to 95 percent of patients after surgery, but convincing evidence for improved ventricular function is lacking and controlled studies of natural history have failed to show that surgery increases survival time. Analysis of the mechanism of symptomatic improvement after surgery suggests that increased blood flow to the ischemic area as well as infarction of ischemic myocardium and the nonspecific effects of surgery may account for the improvement. The prevention of coronary atherosclerosis is viewed as an attainable long-term solution to the problem of ischemic heart disease.", "contents": "Ischemic heart disease: an overview. The studies on natural history of ischemic heart disease are reviewed and the major predictors of mortality identified. The severity of the coronary atherosclerosis and the status of ventricular function are found to be more important predictors of survival than the clinical presentation. The objectives of therapy in patients with ischemic heart disease are (1) to improve the quality of life by reducing symptoms, (2) to improve ventricular function, and (3) to increase survival time. The results of surgical therapy are examined in relation to these three objectives. Symptomatic improvement is present in 85 to 95 percent of patients after surgery, but convincing evidence for improved ventricular function is lacking and controlled studies of natural history have failed to show that surgery increases survival time. Analysis of the mechanism of symptomatic improvement after surgery suggests that increased blood flow to the ischemic area as well as infarction of ischemic myocardium and the nonspecific effects of surgery may account for the improvement. The prevention of coronary atherosclerosis is viewed as an attainable long-term solution to the problem of ischemic heart disease.", "PMID": 1103603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_293", "title": "Pharmacologic therapy of ventricular arrhythmias.", "content": "To treat patients with ventricular arrhythmias properly, one must characterize the arrhythmia, define the underlying heart disease and look for and treat reversible causes. When arrhythmias are suitable for pharmacologic suppression, it is necessary to predefine therapeutic goals, then carefully document that the drug accomplishes these goals. Knowledge of a drug's metabolism, excretion, active metabolites and plasma protein binding is often required for full understanding of its clinical effect. Pharmacokinetic principles require that antiarrhythmic drugs be given on a rigid schedule and that plasma drug levels be frequently determined. Use of compartment models and the principle of superposition can enable one to achieve and maintain therapeutic drug concentrations while avoiding toxic side effects. The drugs commonly used to treat arrhythmias, lidocaine, propranolol, procainamide, diphenylhydantoin and quinidine, as well as some newer agents, have specific pharmacokinetics and toxic effects that must be understood.", "contents": "Pharmacologic therapy of ventricular arrhythmias. To treat patients with ventricular arrhythmias properly, one must characterize the arrhythmia, define the underlying heart disease and look for and treat reversible causes. When arrhythmias are suitable for pharmacologic suppression, it is necessary to predefine therapeutic goals, then carefully document that the drug accomplishes these goals. Knowledge of a drug's metabolism, excretion, active metabolites and plasma protein binding is often required for full understanding of its clinical effect. Pharmacokinetic principles require that antiarrhythmic drugs be given on a rigid schedule and that plasma drug levels be frequently determined. Use of compartment models and the principle of superposition can enable one to achieve and maintain therapeutic drug concentrations while avoiding toxic side effects. The drugs commonly used to treat arrhythmias, lidocaine, propranolol, procainamide, diphenylhydantoin and quinidine, as well as some newer agents, have specific pharmacokinetics and toxic effects that must be understood.", "PMID": 1103605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_294", "title": "Intrapatient comparison of treatment with chlorthalidone, spironolactone and propranolol in normoreninemic essential hypertension.", "content": "The effects of chlorthalidone, spironolactone and propranolol in reducing blood pressure were compared in the same 11 normoreninemic hypertensive patients. All three drugs decreased the blood pressure significantly and no agent had a superior blood pressure-lowering effect. The blood pressure did not normalize. The data suggest that no one variable--volume factors, relative hyperactivity of the renin-aldosterone system or beta-adrenergic hyperactivity--is the prime mover in normoreninemic hypertension. Long-term treatment with chlorthalidone resulted in slight hyperreninism (26.3 +/- 4.9 ng-ml-1-3 hours-1) (mean +/- standard error) with concomitant changes in plasma aldosterone (23.0 +/- 3.2 ng-100 ml-1). The body weight decreased significantly (--1.8 kg, P less than 0.005). Plasma potassium concentrations were low (3.2 +/- 0.1 mEq-liter -1). Creatinine clearance was unimpaired (117 +/- 6 ml-min-1). Treatment with spironolactone resulted in more marked hyperreninism (47.0 +/- 14.3 ng-ml-1-3 hours-1) and hyperaldosteronism (61.9 +/-11.8 ng-100 ml-1). The body weight decreased significantly (--1.9 kg, P less than 0.004). Significant hyperkalemia occurred (4.4 +/- 0.1 mEq-liter-1). The glomerular filtration rate decreased significantly to 93 +/- 3 ml-min-1 (P less than 0.004). Treatment with propranolol resulted in marked suppression of the plasma renin activity (1.8 +/- 0.2 ng-ml-1-3 hours-1) and plasma aldosterone levels (8.9 +/- 1.3 ng-100 ml-1). A significant increase in body weight occurred (+2.3 kg, P less than 0.013). The plasma potassium concentration increased to a level not significantly different from the value found after treatment with spironolactone (4.2 +/- 0.1 mEq-liter-1). The creatinine clearance decreased significantly to 99 +/- 5 ml-min-1 (P less than 0.008). Hyperreninemia (by spironolactone and chlorthalidone), effective hyperaldosteronism (by chlorthalidone) and volume retention (by propranolol) are considered to represent expressions of mechanisms counteracting the depressor effects of these different pharmacologic maneuvers, leading to the maintenance of supranormal blood pressure.", "contents": "Intrapatient comparison of treatment with chlorthalidone, spironolactone and propranolol in normoreninemic essential hypertension. The effects of chlorthalidone, spironolactone and propranolol in reducing blood pressure were compared in the same 11 normoreninemic hypertensive patients. All three drugs decreased the blood pressure significantly and no agent had a superior blood pressure-lowering effect. The blood pressure did not normalize. The data suggest that no one variable--volume factors, relative hyperactivity of the renin-aldosterone system or beta-adrenergic hyperactivity--is the prime mover in normoreninemic hypertension. Long-term treatment with chlorthalidone resulted in slight hyperreninism (26.3 +/- 4.9 ng-ml-1-3 hours-1) (mean +/- standard error) with concomitant changes in plasma aldosterone (23.0 +/- 3.2 ng-100 ml-1). The body weight decreased significantly (--1.8 kg, P less than 0.005). Plasma potassium concentrations were low (3.2 +/- 0.1 mEq-liter -1). Creatinine clearance was unimpaired (117 +/- 6 ml-min-1). Treatment with spironolactone resulted in more marked hyperreninism (47.0 +/- 14.3 ng-ml-1-3 hours-1) and hyperaldosteronism (61.9 +/-11.8 ng-100 ml-1). The body weight decreased significantly (--1.9 kg, P less than 0.004). Significant hyperkalemia occurred (4.4 +/- 0.1 mEq-liter-1). The glomerular filtration rate decreased significantly to 93 +/- 3 ml-min-1 (P less than 0.004). Treatment with propranolol resulted in marked suppression of the plasma renin activity (1.8 +/- 0.2 ng-ml-1-3 hours-1) and plasma aldosterone levels (8.9 +/- 1.3 ng-100 ml-1). A significant increase in body weight occurred (+2.3 kg, P less than 0.013). The plasma potassium concentration increased to a level not significantly different from the value found after treatment with spironolactone (4.2 +/- 0.1 mEq-liter-1). The creatinine clearance decreased significantly to 99 +/- 5 ml-min-1 (P less than 0.008). Hyperreninemia (by spironolactone and chlorthalidone), effective hyperaldosteronism (by chlorthalidone) and volume retention (by propranolol) are considered to represent expressions of mechanisms counteracting the depressor effects of these different pharmacologic maneuvers, leading to the maintenance of supranormal blood pressure.", "PMID": 1103606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_295", "title": "Influence of maternal nutrition on birth weight.", "content": "This paper discusses some conditions necessary to detect an effect of maternal nutrition on birth weight and the relative contribution of calories and protein to such an effect. The expected dose- and time-response relationships for nutritional interventions aimed at the improvement of birth weight are also discussed. There appears to be a minimal level of nutrients which must be available in order to obtain adequate birth weight. However, above this minimum level, pregnant women can adapt themselves to a wide variety of food intake, both in quantity and quality, without affecting birth weight. The relative contribution of calories and protein to an increase in birth weight depends on the limiting nutrients of the home diet in the population under study. Other factors like physical activity, prevalence of disease and magnitude of the maternal nutritional stores before pregnancy are also important determinants of the relative contribution of calories and protein to birth weight. The anticipated input of a nutritional intervention on birth weight should range between 25 and 84 g of birth weight/10,000 kcal ingested during pregnancy. This estimate was computed from analyses based on four sources of published data: weight gain during pregnancy, prepregnant weight, fetomaternal body composition, and food intake during pregnancy. The expected reduction in proportion of low birth weight (LBW less than 2.5 kg) babies following a nutritional intervention will depend not only on the estimated range of fetal weight increase but also on the total amount of supplemented calories ingested during pregnancy as well as on the existent proportion of low birth weight babies prior to the intervention. The offspring of women who have low prepregnant weight, poor diet, low level of replacement of the home diet by the supplement, low physical activity during pregnancy and good health status will show larger increase in birth weight per unit of supplemented calories. Finally, nutritional interventions during pregnancy as opposed to earlier in the life of the mother, should have the higher impact on birth weight. In consequence, interventions as of pregnancy are recommended.", "contents": "Influence of maternal nutrition on birth weight. This paper discusses some conditions necessary to detect an effect of maternal nutrition on birth weight and the relative contribution of calories and protein to such an effect. The expected dose- and time-response relationships for nutritional interventions aimed at the improvement of birth weight are also discussed. There appears to be a minimal level of nutrients which must be available in order to obtain adequate birth weight. However, above this minimum level, pregnant women can adapt themselves to a wide variety of food intake, both in quantity and quality, without affecting birth weight. The relative contribution of calories and protein to an increase in birth weight depends on the limiting nutrients of the home diet in the population under study. Other factors like physical activity, prevalence of disease and magnitude of the maternal nutritional stores before pregnancy are also important determinants of the relative contribution of calories and protein to birth weight. The anticipated input of a nutritional intervention on birth weight should range between 25 and 84 g of birth weight/10,000 kcal ingested during pregnancy. This estimate was computed from analyses based on four sources of published data: weight gain during pregnancy, prepregnant weight, fetomaternal body composition, and food intake during pregnancy. The expected reduction in proportion of low birth weight (LBW less than 2.5 kg) babies following a nutritional intervention will depend not only on the estimated range of fetal weight increase but also on the total amount of supplemented calories ingested during pregnancy as well as on the existent proportion of low birth weight babies prior to the intervention. The offspring of women who have low prepregnant weight, poor diet, low level of replacement of the home diet by the supplement, low physical activity during pregnancy and good health status will show larger increase in birth weight per unit of supplemented calories. Finally, nutritional interventions during pregnancy as opposed to earlier in the life of the mother, should have the higher impact on birth weight. In consequence, interventions as of pregnancy are recommended.", "PMID": 1103609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_296", "title": "A new approach to Chinese traditional medicine.", "content": "Traditional medicine in China has as yet been unsatisfactorily analyzed from the point of view of the history of ideas. It has come to be viewed as a monolithic system of therapy, and overlooked has been the fact that as time passed various originally different traditions and concepts were made to fit into all-embracing systems, intimately connected with a general way of thought. Theoretical superstructure in medicine has to be delineated from simple empirical observations. Only the latter can be a meaningful object for medical interest today--the theories are better studied within other disciplines.", "contents": "A new approach to Chinese traditional medicine. Traditional medicine in China has as yet been unsatisfactorily analyzed from the point of view of the history of ideas. It has come to be viewed as a monolithic system of therapy, and overlooked has been the fact that as time passed various originally different traditions and concepts were made to fit into all-embracing systems, intimately connected with a general way of thought. Theoretical superstructure in medicine has to be delineated from simple empirical observations. Only the latter can be a meaningful object for medical interest today--the theories are better studied within other disciplines.", "PMID": 1103610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_297", "title": "Ginseng: its history, dispersion, and folk tradition.", "content": "This article presents a historical comparison of the traditions surrounding and uses of ginseng in Asia and in North America, with a focus on the triangle formed by the Chinese, the North American Indians, and the white American residents. The medicinal and folkloric applications of ginseng by the Chinese were remarkably similar to those independently developed by various North American Indian tribes. White Americans, however, largely disregarded the herbal root medicinal qualities in favor of the lucrative economic gains available from the export of ginseng to supply the Chinese market. Information was gathered primarily from Western sources and whenever possible was either drawn from or corroborated by original eighteenth and nineteenth century publications.", "contents": "Ginseng: its history, dispersion, and folk tradition. This article presents a historical comparison of the traditions surrounding and uses of ginseng in Asia and in North America, with a focus on the triangle formed by the Chinese, the North American Indians, and the white American residents. The medicinal and folkloric applications of ginseng by the Chinese were remarkably similar to those independently developed by various North American Indian tribes. White Americans, however, largely disregarded the herbal root medicinal qualities in favor of the lucrative economic gains available from the export of ginseng to supply the Chinese market. Information was gathered primarily from Western sources and whenever possible was either drawn from or corroborated by original eighteenth and nineteenth century publications.", "PMID": 1103611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_298", "title": "Rapid detection of bacteremia by an early subculture technic.", "content": "Routine blood cultures in a pediatric hospital were subcultured after 4 to 14 hours of incubation (average 8 hours). Eighty-five per cent of all significant, positive blood cultures were detected within 24 hours of initial incubation. Contaminant organisms rarely grew on early subculture plates. Compared with the traditional 24-hour or 48-hour stain and subculture technics, the 4--14-hour (early) subculture method allows more rapid detection, identification, and sensitivity testing of most bacteria isolated from clinically significant positive blood cultures.", "contents": "Rapid detection of bacteremia by an early subculture technic. Routine blood cultures in a pediatric hospital were subcultured after 4 to 14 hours of incubation (average 8 hours). Eighty-five per cent of all significant, positive blood cultures were detected within 24 hours of initial incubation. Contaminant organisms rarely grew on early subculture plates. Compared with the traditional 24-hour or 48-hour stain and subculture technics, the 4--14-hour (early) subculture method allows more rapid detection, identification, and sensitivity testing of most bacteria isolated from clinically significant positive blood cultures.", "PMID": 1103613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_299", "title": "Aspergillus antibody in patients with cystic fibrosis.", "content": "The respiratory flora of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) frequently includes Aspergillus, and 30% of their serum samples have been observed to contain precipitating antibody to this fungus. Serum from 61 CF patients, 60 healthy persons, and three patients with CF and allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis was studied, using a quantitative assay for antibody to A fumigatus. Although CF patients had significantly higher levels of Aspergillus antibody, some antibody was found in all serum samples from normal individuals. Binding was immunologically specific for A fumigatus. Serum IgE levels and dermal reactivity to Aspergillus were similar in both CF and normal subjects. Increased levels of Aspergillus antibody in CF patients probably reflect pulmonary colonization, which only rarely causes infection or sensitization.", "contents": "Aspergillus antibody in patients with cystic fibrosis. The respiratory flora of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) frequently includes Aspergillus, and 30% of their serum samples have been observed to contain precipitating antibody to this fungus. Serum from 61 CF patients, 60 healthy persons, and three patients with CF and allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis was studied, using a quantitative assay for antibody to A fumigatus. Although CF patients had significantly higher levels of Aspergillus antibody, some antibody was found in all serum samples from normal individuals. Binding was immunologically specific for A fumigatus. Serum IgE levels and dermal reactivity to Aspergillus were similar in both CF and normal subjects. Increased levels of Aspergillus antibody in CF patients probably reflect pulmonary colonization, which only rarely causes infection or sensitization.", "PMID": 1103615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_300", "title": "Breast abscess during the neonatal period. A review.", "content": "Thirty-nine infants ranging in age from 1 to 7 weeks had breast abscess. The lesion occurred more frequently in girls (girl/boy ratio, 1.8:1), but this was due to cases developing after 2 weeks of age. During the first two weeks, the sex incidence was equal. No bilateral lesions were recorded. Eighty-four percent of the abscesses developed during the first three weeks of life. In general, there was a lack of systemic manifestations; a body temperature of 38.3 C (101 F) or more was found in only 25.7% of the patients and constitutional signs were found in four patients. Abscess cultures were obtained in 36 cases: 32 yielded Staphylococcus aureus, two Salmonella, one Escherichia coli, and one yielded both S aureus and E coli. Of six patients available for follow-up, decreased breast tissue was noted in two.", "contents": "Breast abscess during the neonatal period. A review. Thirty-nine infants ranging in age from 1 to 7 weeks had breast abscess. The lesion occurred more frequently in girls (girl/boy ratio, 1.8:1), but this was due to cases developing after 2 weeks of age. During the first two weeks, the sex incidence was equal. No bilateral lesions were recorded. Eighty-four percent of the abscesses developed during the first three weeks of life. In general, there was a lack of systemic manifestations; a body temperature of 38.3 C (101 F) or more was found in only 25.7% of the patients and constitutional signs were found in four patients. Abscess cultures were obtained in 36 cases: 32 yielded Staphylococcus aureus, two Salmonella, one Escherichia coli, and one yielded both S aureus and E coli. Of six patients available for follow-up, decreased breast tissue was noted in two.", "PMID": 1103616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_301", "title": "Filtration and infusion phlebitis: a double-blind prospective clinical study.", "content": "The effect of final filtration on the incidence of infusion phlebitis was studied in a prospective, double-blind investigation involving 146 postoperative patients. The incidence of infusion phlebitis was found to be significantly reduced when an inline, 0.45-mum membrane filter was used. The greatest reduction of infusion phlebitis was in the filter groups receiving unbuffered solutions and no set change over the 72 hours of therapy. Buffering the infusion fluid or 24-hour change of the administration set did not have any effect on reducing the incidence of phlebitis. Antibiotic therapy appeared to have a slightly beneficial effect only when inline filters were employed. A significant rise in white blood cell count and an increase in sedimentation rate were observed in the patients receiving unfiltered fluids. It is recommended that inline final filters should be a part of routine intravenous therapy.", "contents": "Filtration and infusion phlebitis: a double-blind prospective clinical study. The effect of final filtration on the incidence of infusion phlebitis was studied in a prospective, double-blind investigation involving 146 postoperative patients. The incidence of infusion phlebitis was found to be significantly reduced when an inline, 0.45-mum membrane filter was used. The greatest reduction of infusion phlebitis was in the filter groups receiving unbuffered solutions and no set change over the 72 hours of therapy. Buffering the infusion fluid or 24-hour change of the administration set did not have any effect on reducing the incidence of phlebitis. Antibiotic therapy appeared to have a slightly beneficial effect only when inline filters were employed. A significant rise in white blood cell count and an increase in sedimentation rate were observed in the patients receiving unfiltered fluids. It is recommended that inline final filters should be a part of routine intravenous therapy.", "PMID": 1103617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_302", "title": "Successful renal transplantation in patients with prior history of malignancy.", "content": "Eleven selected patients with a history of cancer have received renal transplants. In three patients the malignancies were diagnosed and treated before renal failure developed. Two patients underwent bilateral nephrectomies for the treatment of bilateral renal malignancy. In six patients the malignancy developed while they were uremic, and they received transplants after treatment of the tumor. Recurrent tumor developed in only one of the 11 (9 per cent) patients after receiving the transplant. Thus, patients with a history of malignancy can receive a transplant without accelerating growth of the tumor. We recommend a minimum period of one year between tumor treatment and transplantation to observe for tumor recurrences or metastases. A longer period of observation may be necessary in patients who have tumors with a poorer prognosis.", "contents": "Successful renal transplantation in patients with prior history of malignancy. Eleven selected patients with a history of cancer have received renal transplants. In three patients the malignancies were diagnosed and treated before renal failure developed. Two patients underwent bilateral nephrectomies for the treatment of bilateral renal malignancy. In six patients the malignancy developed while they were uremic, and they received transplants after treatment of the tumor. Recurrent tumor developed in only one of the 11 (9 per cent) patients after receiving the transplant. Thus, patients with a history of malignancy can receive a transplant without accelerating growth of the tumor. We recommend a minimum period of one year between tumor treatment and transplantation to observe for tumor recurrences or metastases. A longer period of observation may be necessary in patients who have tumors with a poorer prognosis.", "PMID": 1103618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_303", "title": "Hyperuricosuria and increased tubular secretion of urate in sickle cell anemia.", "content": "Seven young adults with uric acid overproduction due to sickle cell anemia were normouricemic with a mean serum uric acid level of 4.9 mg/100 ml. Urate clearance was greater in these patients than in normal subjects or in patients with primary hyperuricemia due to uric acid overproduction. The increase in urate clearance was entirely accounted for by increased pyrazinamide suppressible urate clearance. Pyrazinamide administration abolished the uricosuric response to ribonucleic acid (RNA) feeding in these patients with sickle cell anemia, and maximal uricosuric response to the administration of probenecid was similar in the patients with sickle cell anemia and in normal subjects suggesting that reabsorption of both filtered and secreted urate was not impaired in sickle cell disease. Pyrazinamide suppressible urate clearance at maximal uricosuric response to probenecid was increased in patients with sickle cell disease suggesting increased tubular secretion of urate. This increase in urate secretion permits most young adults with urate overproduction due to sickle cell anemia to remain normouricemic and may account for the low frequency of secondary gout in this disease.", "contents": "Hyperuricosuria and increased tubular secretion of urate in sickle cell anemia. Seven young adults with uric acid overproduction due to sickle cell anemia were normouricemic with a mean serum uric acid level of 4.9 mg/100 ml. Urate clearance was greater in these patients than in normal subjects or in patients with primary hyperuricemia due to uric acid overproduction. The increase in urate clearance was entirely accounted for by increased pyrazinamide suppressible urate clearance. Pyrazinamide administration abolished the uricosuric response to ribonucleic acid (RNA) feeding in these patients with sickle cell anemia, and maximal uricosuric response to the administration of probenecid was similar in the patients with sickle cell anemia and in normal subjects suggesting that reabsorption of both filtered and secreted urate was not impaired in sickle cell disease. Pyrazinamide suppressible urate clearance at maximal uricosuric response to probenecid was increased in patients with sickle cell disease suggesting increased tubular secretion of urate. This increase in urate secretion permits most young adults with urate overproduction due to sickle cell anemia to remain normouricemic and may account for the low frequency of secondary gout in this disease.", "PMID": 1103619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_304", "title": "Gram-negative bacillary meningitis.", "content": "All cases of unusual types of gram-negative bacillary meningitis in a university hospital over a five year period were retrospectively analyzed. These patients comprised 4.2 per cent of cases of bacterial meningitis among all patients, 69 per cent of neurosurgical cases and 42 per cent of neonatal cases. The over-all mortality was 40.3 per cent. The two most common bacterial isolates were Escherichia coli in patients younger than one year and Klebsiella species in patients above that age. Infection may be acquired at birth or at the time of surgery, or may be secondary to spread of infection from other body sites. Gram-negative bacillary meningitis is a nosocomial infection and this diagnosis should be suspected in patients in whom central nervous system infection develops in the hospital.", "contents": "Gram-negative bacillary meningitis. All cases of unusual types of gram-negative bacillary meningitis in a university hospital over a five year period were retrospectively analyzed. These patients comprised 4.2 per cent of cases of bacterial meningitis among all patients, 69 per cent of neurosurgical cases and 42 per cent of neonatal cases. The over-all mortality was 40.3 per cent. The two most common bacterial isolates were Escherichia coli in patients younger than one year and Klebsiella species in patients above that age. Infection may be acquired at birth or at the time of surgery, or may be secondary to spread of infection from other body sites. Gram-negative bacillary meningitis is a nosocomial infection and this diagnosis should be suspected in patients in whom central nervous system infection develops in the hospital.", "PMID": 1103620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_305", "title": "Mixed IgG-IgM cryoglobulinemia with glomerulonephritis. Immunochemical, fluorescent and ultrastructural study of kidney and in vitro cryoprecipitate.", "content": "Comparative studies of renal biopsy specimens and in vitro cryoprecipitate were carried out in a patient with mixed immunoglobulin G (IgG)-immunoglobulin M (IgM) cryoglobulinemia associated with glomerulonephritis. The IgM isolated from the cryoprecipitate was an antibody with anti-IgG activity. Proliferative endocapillary glomerulonephritis was found in the kidney, with large amorphous deposits in the capillary walls. On immunofluorescent examination, these deposits contained IgG and C3. Ultrastructural studies of both cryoprecipitate and glomerular deposits revealed unusual structures designated as \"cylindrical or annular bodies.\" The morphologic characteristics of these bodies were exactly the same in the kidney and in the cryoprecipitate. These findings suggest an identity between the glomerular deposits and the circulating cryoglobulin, supporting the hypothesis that the glomerulonephritis reported here is an immune-complex disease.", "contents": "Mixed IgG-IgM cryoglobulinemia with glomerulonephritis. Immunochemical, fluorescent and ultrastructural study of kidney and in vitro cryoprecipitate. Comparative studies of renal biopsy specimens and in vitro cryoprecipitate were carried out in a patient with mixed immunoglobulin G (IgG)-immunoglobulin M (IgM) cryoglobulinemia associated with glomerulonephritis. The IgM isolated from the cryoprecipitate was an antibody with anti-IgG activity. Proliferative endocapillary glomerulonephritis was found in the kidney, with large amorphous deposits in the capillary walls. On immunofluorescent examination, these deposits contained IgG and C3. Ultrastructural studies of both cryoprecipitate and glomerular deposits revealed unusual structures designated as \"cylindrical or annular bodies.\" The morphologic characteristics of these bodies were exactly the same in the kidney and in the cryoprecipitate. These findings suggest an identity between the glomerular deposits and the circulating cryoglobulin, supporting the hypothesis that the glomerulonephritis reported here is an immune-complex disease.", "PMID": 1103621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_306", "title": "Effects of combining methylphenidate and a classroom token system in modifying hyperactive behavior.", "content": "The combined effects of methylphenidate and a token reinforcement program in controlling a classroom behavior of 16 hyperactive, institutionalized retarded youngsters was investigated. A within-subject, placebo-controlled, double-blind design was employed. The results indicated that the behavior-modification procedures in the presence of placebo medication produced significant increases in work-oriented and related decreased in disruptive behavior. Few effects from the addition of active medication to the treatment program were found on any of the dependent measures. The findings suggest behavior modification to be a viable alternative to drug therapy for hyperactivity in retarded persons.", "contents": "Effects of combining methylphenidate and a classroom token system in modifying hyperactive behavior. The combined effects of methylphenidate and a token reinforcement program in controlling a classroom behavior of 16 hyperactive, institutionalized retarded youngsters was investigated. A within-subject, placebo-controlled, double-blind design was employed. The results indicated that the behavior-modification procedures in the presence of placebo medication produced significant increases in work-oriented and related decreased in disruptive behavior. Few effects from the addition of active medication to the treatment program were found on any of the dependent measures. The findings suggest behavior modification to be a viable alternative to drug therapy for hyperactivity in retarded persons.", "PMID": 1103623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_307", "title": "Nutrition and drug therapy for persons with developmental disabilities.", "content": "Literature relevant to drugs reported as affecting or not affecting nutrient metabolism and diet for developmentally disabled persons was summarized. Many investigators have found side effects of anticonvulsant drugs on vitamin D, calcium, folid acid, and vitamin B12 metabolism. Growth-retarding effects of certain central nervous system stimulants have also been reported. It has beed found that tranquilizers and antidepressant therapy show no effects on nutrient metabolism. Vitamins used in pharmacologic doses are considered as drugs; their therapeutic use was briefly reviewed here. The need for more research on biochemical interaction of drugs and nutrients was recommended.", "contents": "Nutrition and drug therapy for persons with developmental disabilities. Literature relevant to drugs reported as affecting or not affecting nutrient metabolism and diet for developmentally disabled persons was summarized. Many investigators have found side effects of anticonvulsant drugs on vitamin D, calcium, folid acid, and vitamin B12 metabolism. Growth-retarding effects of certain central nervous system stimulants have also been reported. It has beed found that tranquilizers and antidepressant therapy show no effects on nutrient metabolism. Vitamins used in pharmacologic doses are considered as drugs; their therapeutic use was briefly reviewed here. The need for more research on biochemical interaction of drugs and nutrients was recommended.", "PMID": 1103624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_308", "title": "Corneal preservation using M-K medium.", "content": "Human eye bank corneas were preserved in M-K medium for varying periods of time after which viability of the endothelial cells was evaluated by vital staining and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Endothelial viability and ultrastructural integrity was maintained in some corneas up to four days. Twenty-five consecutive keratoplasties were performed utilizing human donor material stored in M-K medium. There were clear grafts in 92% of the cases and there were no primary graft failures. After the ninth postoperative week, the average central corneal thickness was 0.47 mm and 23 of the 25 grafts remained clear to moderately clear. All of the donor material used for keratoplasty was stored in M-K medium for less than 80 hours.", "contents": "Corneal preservation using M-K medium. Human eye bank corneas were preserved in M-K medium for varying periods of time after which viability of the endothelial cells was evaluated by vital staining and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Endothelial viability and ultrastructural integrity was maintained in some corneas up to four days. Twenty-five consecutive keratoplasties were performed utilizing human donor material stored in M-K medium. There were clear grafts in 92% of the cases and there were no primary graft failures. After the ninth postoperative week, the average central corneal thickness was 0.47 mm and 23 of the 25 grafts remained clear to moderately clear. All of the donor material used for keratoplasty was stored in M-K medium for less than 80 hours.", "PMID": 1103626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_309", "title": "Immunofluorescent studies of ocular cicatricial pemphigoid.", "content": "Using direct and indirect immunofluorescent techniques, we studied ten patients with cicatricial pemphigoid (chronic cicatricial conjunctivitis). Serologic and histologic evaluation of 13 conjunctival, 12 mucous membrane, and 11 skin specimens from the ten patients showed that three had immunoglobulin deposition at the basement membrane zone of the conjunctiva. One patient had immunoglobulin deposited in the affected skin and oral mucosa. Two patients had circulating basement membrane zone antibodies that bound to their own tissue but not to guinea pig lip or human skin.", "contents": "Immunofluorescent studies of ocular cicatricial pemphigoid. Using direct and indirect immunofluorescent techniques, we studied ten patients with cicatricial pemphigoid (chronic cicatricial conjunctivitis). Serologic and histologic evaluation of 13 conjunctival, 12 mucous membrane, and 11 skin specimens from the ten patients showed that three had immunoglobulin deposition at the basement membrane zone of the conjunctiva. One patient had immunoglobulin deposited in the affected skin and oral mucosa. Two patients had circulating basement membrane zone antibodies that bound to their own tissue but not to guinea pig lip or human skin.", "PMID": 1103627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_310", "title": "Hepatic disease in asymptomatic parenteral narcotic drug abusers: a Veterans Administration collaborative study.", "content": "The Veterans Administration is currently conducting a collaborative study in three hospital-based drug treatment clinics to evaluate asymptomatic parenteral drug addicts for evidence of hepatic disease. Preliminary data are presented on 347 patients who have completed at least three months of follow-up evaluation. On admission, abnormal serum transaminase values were demonstrated in one half, HBs Ag in 7 per cent, and anti-HBs in 59 per cent. The frequency of these findings increased during the follow-up evaluation, only 19 (5.5 per cent) remaining entirely free of one or more of these abnormalities. Definable hepatologic disease (acute or chronic hepatitis, alcoholic hepatitis) developed in 46 per cent of the patients. However, among 60 of them subjected to liver biopsy, a poor correlation was noted between the clinical and histologic diagnoses. In particular, routine liver function and immunologic tests did not discriminate between histologically detected chronic active and chronic persistent hepatitis. However, HBs Ag was present significantly more frequently in those with chronic active hepatitis. Wide variability of histologic diagnoses was seen among patients subjected to more than one biopsy, apparent progression and regression of the lesion being noted. This demonstrates the hazard of attempting to assign a prognosis to the disease on the basis of a single liver biopsy specimen, and suggests that repeated biopsies should be mandatory for the evaluation of chronic liver disease in drug addicts.", "contents": "Hepatic disease in asymptomatic parenteral narcotic drug abusers: a Veterans Administration collaborative study. The Veterans Administration is currently conducting a collaborative study in three hospital-based drug treatment clinics to evaluate asymptomatic parenteral drug addicts for evidence of hepatic disease. Preliminary data are presented on 347 patients who have completed at least three months of follow-up evaluation. On admission, abnormal serum transaminase values were demonstrated in one half, HBs Ag in 7 per cent, and anti-HBs in 59 per cent. The frequency of these findings increased during the follow-up evaluation, only 19 (5.5 per cent) remaining entirely free of one or more of these abnormalities. Definable hepatologic disease (acute or chronic hepatitis, alcoholic hepatitis) developed in 46 per cent of the patients. However, among 60 of them subjected to liver biopsy, a poor correlation was noted between the clinical and histologic diagnoses. In particular, routine liver function and immunologic tests did not discriminate between histologically detected chronic active and chronic persistent hepatitis. However, HBs Ag was present significantly more frequently in those with chronic active hepatitis. Wide variability of histologic diagnoses was seen among patients subjected to more than one biopsy, apparent progression and regression of the lesion being noted. This demonstrates the hazard of attempting to assign a prognosis to the disease on the basis of a single liver biopsy specimen, and suggests that repeated biopsies should be mandatory for the evaluation of chronic liver disease in drug addicts.", "PMID": 1103622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_311", "title": "The effect of prolonged prednisone treatment on human costal cartilage.", "content": "Costal cartilage (biopsy) from a 13-year-old boy receiving prolonged prednisone treatment (discontinuously from 2 6/12 to 13 11/12 years) for hepatosplenomegaly and lymphadenopathy has been studied and compared with costal cartilage from untreated individuals. Optical and electron microscopic studies including histochemistry have been employed. Chondrocyte degeneration characterized by lipidic material and glycogen in cells is enhanced following prednisone treatment. Acid proteoglycans are reduced in comparison to those in the untreated controls. Amianthoid (asbestoid) collagen fibers, derived from electron-dense bodies which represent remnants of degenerating chondrocytes, occur in all cartilages. A type of collagen similar to fibrous long-spacing collagen has been observed and is prominent in cartilage from the prednisone-treated individual. Evidence suggests that this type of collagen is cellular in origin and represents a transitional form of native collagen. Morphologic changes suggestive of aging are present following prolonged prednisone treatment.", "contents": "The effect of prolonged prednisone treatment on human costal cartilage. Costal cartilage (biopsy) from a 13-year-old boy receiving prolonged prednisone treatment (discontinuously from 2 6/12 to 13 11/12 years) for hepatosplenomegaly and lymphadenopathy has been studied and compared with costal cartilage from untreated individuals. Optical and electron microscopic studies including histochemistry have been employed. Chondrocyte degeneration characterized by lipidic material and glycogen in cells is enhanced following prednisone treatment. Acid proteoglycans are reduced in comparison to those in the untreated controls. Amianthoid (asbestoid) collagen fibers, derived from electron-dense bodies which represent remnants of degenerating chondrocytes, occur in all cartilages. A type of collagen similar to fibrous long-spacing collagen has been observed and is prominent in cartilage from the prednisone-treated individual. Evidence suggests that this type of collagen is cellular in origin and represents a transitional form of native collagen. Morphologic changes suggestive of aging are present following prolonged prednisone treatment.", "PMID": 1103631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_312", "title": "Inflammatory mediators in culture filtrates of Escherichia coli.", "content": "Escherichia coli, when cultured on a simple medium containing only glucose and inorganic compounds, release soluble factors which have a variety of biologic effects on cells in vitro. These low molecular weight (less than 12,000) substances are capable of: a) reversibly inhibiting the migration of macrophages, b) causing chemotactic attraction of neutrophils, c) inducing blast transformation of lymphocytes, and d) producing cytotoxic effects on mouse fibroblasts in culture. Although these activities are functionally similar to those which have been described for various lymphokines obtained from antigen-activated lymphocyte cultures, lymphocyte and bacterial factors which share a given property do not appear to be identical. For example, the bacterial factor which inhibits macrophage migration is partially heat labile and is dialyzable, characteristics which distinguish it from conventional migration inhibition factor. Nevertheless, similarity of function may imply the existence of some degree of chemical homology which would have importance implications concerning the evolution of host-defense reactions. In any case, as is the situation for the lymphokines, the in vitro behavior of the bacterial factors suggest a role for them in in vivo inflammatory responses.", "contents": "Inflammatory mediators in culture filtrates of Escherichia coli. Escherichia coli, when cultured on a simple medium containing only glucose and inorganic compounds, release soluble factors which have a variety of biologic effects on cells in vitro. These low molecular weight (less than 12,000) substances are capable of: a) reversibly inhibiting the migration of macrophages, b) causing chemotactic attraction of neutrophils, c) inducing blast transformation of lymphocytes, and d) producing cytotoxic effects on mouse fibroblasts in culture. Although these activities are functionally similar to those which have been described for various lymphokines obtained from antigen-activated lymphocyte cultures, lymphocyte and bacterial factors which share a given property do not appear to be identical. For example, the bacterial factor which inhibits macrophage migration is partially heat labile and is dialyzable, characteristics which distinguish it from conventional migration inhibition factor. Nevertheless, similarity of function may imply the existence of some degree of chemical homology which would have importance implications concerning the evolution of host-defense reactions. In any case, as is the situation for the lymphokines, the in vitro behavior of the bacterial factors suggest a role for them in in vivo inflammatory responses.", "PMID": 1103632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_313", "title": "New aspects of chemotaxis. Specific target-cell attraction by lipid and lipoprotein fractions of Escherichia coli chemotactic factor.", "content": "A chemotactic factor extracted from sterile filtrates of Escherichia coli cultures was strongly chemotactic for polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) and rabbit alveolar macrophages (RAM). Electrophoresis of the cytotactic material yielded five lipid fractions: one that was protein-free and active toward both PMN and RAM, and four lipid-protein complexes that were strongly chemotactic only for RAM. Thin-layer chromatography of the lipid-protein complexes resulted in an unmasking of PMN activity in a peptide-free lipid extract, while the isolated peptidic components were essentially noncytotactic. The original RAM activity was retained in the unmasked lipid, which possessed chemical and chromatographic properties similar to those of a previously reported cytotaxin synthesized from arachidonic acid. These data indicate that a class of lipids derived from bacterial and cellular sources is intrinsically cytotactic for PMN and RAM. When peptide moieties are associated with cytotactic lipids, the resultant lipid-peptide complex may exhibit cellular specificity not evident in the free lipid.", "contents": "New aspects of chemotaxis. Specific target-cell attraction by lipid and lipoprotein fractions of Escherichia coli chemotactic factor. A chemotactic factor extracted from sterile filtrates of Escherichia coli cultures was strongly chemotactic for polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) and rabbit alveolar macrophages (RAM). Electrophoresis of the cytotactic material yielded five lipid fractions: one that was protein-free and active toward both PMN and RAM, and four lipid-protein complexes that were strongly chemotactic only for RAM. Thin-layer chromatography of the lipid-protein complexes resulted in an unmasking of PMN activity in a peptide-free lipid extract, while the isolated peptidic components were essentially noncytotactic. The original RAM activity was retained in the unmasked lipid, which possessed chemical and chromatographic properties similar to those of a previously reported cytotaxin synthesized from arachidonic acid. These data indicate that a class of lipids derived from bacterial and cellular sources is intrinsically cytotactic for PMN and RAM. When peptide moieties are associated with cytotactic lipids, the resultant lipid-peptide complex may exhibit cellular specificity not evident in the free lipid.", "PMID": 1103633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_314", "title": "Alternative services, professional practice, and community mental health.", "content": "Innovative services staffed by nonprofessionals have become a significant means of meeting a variety of community mental health needs. Most such services have elements in common, and have adopted non-traditional approaches to meeting mental health needs. As viable community mental health resources, alternative services are examined from several perspectives, including their origins, their characteristics and attractiveness to the consumer, and their relationships to mental health professionals.", "contents": "Alternative services, professional practice, and community mental health. Innovative services staffed by nonprofessionals have become a significant means of meeting a variety of community mental health needs. Most such services have elements in common, and have adopted non-traditional approaches to meeting mental health needs. As viable community mental health resources, alternative services are examined from several perspectives, including their origins, their characteristics and attractiveness to the consumer, and their relationships to mental health professionals.", "PMID": 1103634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_315", "title": "Na+ dependence of in vitro pancreatic amylase release.", "content": "The effects of Na+ on the in vitro release of amylase from mouse pancreas were studied. Replacement of Na+ in the medium by Tris, choline, or sucrose blocked the stimulation of amylase release by bethanechol and caerulein, whereas replacement by Li+ was without effect. The inhibiton was rapid and reversible, with stimulated amylase release linearly related to the log of the medium Na+ concentration over the range of 20-100 mM Na+. In contrast to the inhibition of amylase release stimulated by physiological secretagogues, enzyme release stimulated by the Ca2+ ionophore A23187 was unaffected by removal of Na+ from the medium. Tissue and intracellular Na+ and K+ contents were unchanged after stimulation of secretion by physiological stimulants. It is concluded that Na+ may be important in the early steps of stimulus-secretion coupling leading to the putative rise in intracellular Ca2+ that triggers pancreatic enzyme release.", "contents": "Na+ dependence of in vitro pancreatic amylase release. The effects of Na+ on the in vitro release of amylase from mouse pancreas were studied. Replacement of Na+ in the medium by Tris, choline, or sucrose blocked the stimulation of amylase release by bethanechol and caerulein, whereas replacement by Li+ was without effect. The inhibiton was rapid and reversible, with stimulated amylase release linearly related to the log of the medium Na+ concentration over the range of 20-100 mM Na+. In contrast to the inhibition of amylase release stimulated by physiological secretagogues, enzyme release stimulated by the Ca2+ ionophore A23187 was unaffected by removal of Na+ from the medium. Tissue and intracellular Na+ and K+ contents were unchanged after stimulation of secretion by physiological stimulants. It is concluded that Na+ may be important in the early steps of stimulus-secretion coupling leading to the putative rise in intracellular Ca2+ that triggers pancreatic enzyme release.", "PMID": 1103635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_316", "title": "The theoretical bases of Soviet psychotherapy.", "content": "Beginning in the 1930's all Western psychologic theories, especially psychoanalysis, were labeled reactionary. Pavlov's theory remained as the sole \"truly materialistic\" basis for Soviet psychotherapy. Only in recent years has theoretical research shown signs of life. Certain concepts from cybernetics, information theory, and even social psychology are now used widely.", "contents": "The theoretical bases of Soviet psychotherapy. Beginning in the 1930's all Western psychologic theories, especially psychoanalysis, were labeled reactionary. Pavlov's theory remained as the sole \"truly materialistic\" basis for Soviet psychotherapy. Only in recent years has theoretical research shown signs of life. Certain concepts from cybernetics, information theory, and even social psychology are now used widely.", "PMID": 1103637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_317", "title": "Fatal falciparum malaria among narcotic injectors.", "content": "Eleven narcotic injectors from a prison in Saigon were hospitalized with falciparum malaria. Coma and intense parasitemia were common and eight patients died soon after admission. Two of three autopsied cases also had purulent pulmonary infections. No non-addicted prisoners were hospitalized for malaria. Nine more unsuspected falciparum infections were found among 29 other addicts in the prison. The clustering of malaria infections among narcotic injectors who had not been in malarious areas indicates that the malaria was transmitted by the common use of needles and syringes. Cerebral malaria in an addict may be misdiagnosed as drug intoxication. Malaria surveillance is recommended for the increasing addict population in the cities of Southeast Asia.", "contents": "Fatal falciparum malaria among narcotic injectors. Eleven narcotic injectors from a prison in Saigon were hospitalized with falciparum malaria. Coma and intense parasitemia were common and eight patients died soon after admission. Two of three autopsied cases also had purulent pulmonary infections. No non-addicted prisoners were hospitalized for malaria. Nine more unsuspected falciparum infections were found among 29 other addicts in the prison. The clustering of malaria infections among narcotic injectors who had not been in malarious areas indicates that the malaria was transmitted by the common use of needles and syringes. Cerebral malaria in an addict may be misdiagnosed as drug intoxication. Malaria surveillance is recommended for the increasing addict population in the cities of Southeast Asia.", "PMID": 1103639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_318", "title": "Acetylator phenotype and response of individuals infected with a chloroquine-resistant strain of Plasmodium falciparum to sulfalene and pyrimethamine.", "content": "Acetylator phenotype was determined in 33 volunteers who were infected with a chloroquine-resistant strain of Plasmodium falciparum and who received, for cure, 2 g of sulfalene and 50 mg of pyrimethamine. This drug combination did not cure 5 of 14 rapid acetylators and 3 of 19 slow acetylators. This difference is not significant. Plasma levels of non-acetylated sulfalene, acetylated sulfalene, acetylation, and biologic half-life of non-acetylated sulfalene after administration of the combination did not differ importantly between the two groups. Acetylator phenotype does not appear to influence the response to sulfalene and pyrimethamine of individuals infected with chloroquine-resistant falciparum malaria.", "contents": "Acetylator phenotype and response of individuals infected with a chloroquine-resistant strain of Plasmodium falciparum to sulfalene and pyrimethamine. Acetylator phenotype was determined in 33 volunteers who were infected with a chloroquine-resistant strain of Plasmodium falciparum and who received, for cure, 2 g of sulfalene and 50 mg of pyrimethamine. This drug combination did not cure 5 of 14 rapid acetylators and 3 of 19 slow acetylators. This difference is not significant. Plasma levels of non-acetylated sulfalene, acetylated sulfalene, acetylation, and biologic half-life of non-acetylated sulfalene after administration of the combination did not differ importantly between the two groups. Acetylator phenotype does not appear to influence the response to sulfalene and pyrimethamine of individuals infected with chloroquine-resistant falciparum malaria.", "PMID": 1103640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_319", "title": "Comparison of the complement fixation, indirect immunofluorescence, and indirect hemagglutination tests for malaria.", "content": "The complement fixation (CF), indirect immunofluorescence (IIF), and indirect hemagglutination (IHA)tests for malaria were compared by using sera from U.S. citizens with either natural infections or heroin-associated, needle-induced infections. In natural Plasmodium vivax infections, the CF, IIF, and IHA tests apparently detect malarial antibodies equally efficiently for the first 2 months after the onset of symptoms, but the titers obtained by CF and IIF rapidly decline within a year, while the IHA titers remain elevated. In the sera from heroin addicts who developed needle-induced P. vivax infections, sensitivities of all three tests were decreased: the IIF and IHA tests each detected 83%, but the CF test detected only 57.1%. False-positive reactions with this group were very high for the CF (76.6%) and IHA (15.9%) tests, but only 2% for IIF.", "contents": "Comparison of the complement fixation, indirect immunofluorescence, and indirect hemagglutination tests for malaria. The complement fixation (CF), indirect immunofluorescence (IIF), and indirect hemagglutination (IHA)tests for malaria were compared by using sera from U.S. citizens with either natural infections or heroin-associated, needle-induced infections. In natural Plasmodium vivax infections, the CF, IIF, and IHA tests apparently detect malarial antibodies equally efficiently for the first 2 months after the onset of symptoms, but the titers obtained by CF and IIF rapidly decline within a year, while the IHA titers remain elevated. In the sera from heroin addicts who developed needle-induced P. vivax infections, sensitivities of all three tests were decreased: the IIF and IHA tests each detected 83%, but the CF test detected only 57.1%. False-positive reactions with this group were very high for the CF (76.6%) and IHA (15.9%) tests, but only 2% for IIF.", "PMID": 1103641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_320", "title": "Effects of lowered environmental temperature on the growth of exoerythrocytic stages of Plasmodium berghei.", "content": "The effect of lowered host-environmental temperature upon the development and maturation of the preerythrocytic tissue stages of rodent malaria parasites has been investigated in two strains of Plasmodium berghei originating from the highlands of Katanga. Young albino rats inoculated with massive sporozoite doses of P. berghei NK 65 and maintained for 48 hours at 12 degrees C developed small, stunted tissue schizonts, averaging 11 X 15 microns, of a distinct morphology. Control rats kept at room temperature of 27 degrees C showed mature tissue schizonts of normal growth averaging 24 X 29 microns. Blood from the rats kept at lower temperature for 48 to 50 hours failed to produce parasitemia when inoculated into susceptible recipient mice. All the mice given blood from control rats developed parasitemia. However, when sporozite-inoculated rats were kept for 96 hours or longer at 12 degrees C they developed parasitemia and their liver showed maturation of 10% of the preerythrocytic schizonts. Experiments with the ANKA strain of P. berghei did not show significant differences in size and morphology between parasites in rats kept for 46.5 hours at 9 degrees C and 12 degrees C and those in controls kept at 20 degrees C. However, subinoculation of blood from the low temperature experimental groups into recipient mice at 46.5 hours after intravenous sporozoite inoculation failed to produce parasitemia, whereas all the recipient mice from the control groups developed parasitemia in 4 or 5 days. The findings are discussed in the light of the evolution of plasmodia and the phenomena of relapse and delayed primary attack in certain malaria infections.", "contents": "Effects of lowered environmental temperature on the growth of exoerythrocytic stages of Plasmodium berghei. The effect of lowered host-environmental temperature upon the development and maturation of the preerythrocytic tissue stages of rodent malaria parasites has been investigated in two strains of Plasmodium berghei originating from the highlands of Katanga. Young albino rats inoculated with massive sporozoite doses of P. berghei NK 65 and maintained for 48 hours at 12 degrees C developed small, stunted tissue schizonts, averaging 11 X 15 microns, of a distinct morphology. Control rats kept at room temperature of 27 degrees C showed mature tissue schizonts of normal growth averaging 24 X 29 microns. Blood from the rats kept at lower temperature for 48 to 50 hours failed to produce parasitemia when inoculated into susceptible recipient mice. All the mice given blood from control rats developed parasitemia. However, when sporozite-inoculated rats were kept for 96 hours or longer at 12 degrees C they developed parasitemia and their liver showed maturation of 10% of the preerythrocytic schizonts. Experiments with the ANKA strain of P. berghei did not show significant differences in size and morphology between parasites in rats kept for 46.5 hours at 9 degrees C and 12 degrees C and those in controls kept at 20 degrees C. However, subinoculation of blood from the low temperature experimental groups into recipient mice at 46.5 hours after intravenous sporozoite inoculation failed to produce parasitemia, whereas all the recipient mice from the control groups developed parasitemia in 4 or 5 days. The findings are discussed in the light of the evolution of plasmodia and the phenomena of relapse and delayed primary attack in certain malaria infections.", "PMID": 1103642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_321", "title": "Failure of levamisole to alter the lepromin reaction.", "content": "In a study of 37 leprosy patients, the oral administration of levamisole failed to provoke an increase in both the Fernandez and Mitsuda reactions to lepromins of human and armadillo origin. We interpret this as evidence against an effective specific immunostimulatory capability of levamisole in leprosy patients under the conditions of the study. Current knowledge of the mechanism of levamisole action supports the concept that the fundamental immunologic defect in lepromatosus leprosy may reside in the lymphocyte and not the macrophage, or the respective related functions of these two cell forms.", "contents": "Failure of levamisole to alter the lepromin reaction. In a study of 37 leprosy patients, the oral administration of levamisole failed to provoke an increase in both the Fernandez and Mitsuda reactions to lepromins of human and armadillo origin. We interpret this as evidence against an effective specific immunostimulatory capability of levamisole in leprosy patients under the conditions of the study. Current knowledge of the mechanism of levamisole action supports the concept that the fundamental immunologic defect in lepromatosus leprosy may reside in the lymphocyte and not the macrophage, or the respective related functions of these two cell forms.", "PMID": 1103643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_322", "title": "Digitalis-thiopentone effects on myocardial function. A study of systolic time intervals in man.", "content": "Systolic time intervals were measured in 10 patients with cancer of the esophagus who required two anaesthetic procedures, before and after an induction dose of thiopentone. The patients were digitalised between the first and the second procedures. Digitalis improved systolic time intervals and reduced the depressant effect of thiopentone on the heart as measured by systolic time intervals.", "contents": "Digitalis-thiopentone effects on myocardial function. A study of systolic time intervals in man. Systolic time intervals were measured in 10 patients with cancer of the esophagus who required two anaesthetic procedures, before and after an induction dose of thiopentone. The patients were digitalised between the first and the second procedures. Digitalis improved systolic time intervals and reduced the depressant effect of thiopentone on the heart as measured by systolic time intervals.", "PMID": 1103645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_323", "title": "The first experiences with ether anaesthesia in Cambridgeshire and West Suffolk 1847.", "content": "A search through the files of a local newspaper, the Cambridge Chronicle, has brought to light in numerous references to ether anaesthesia during the years 1847 and 1848. From this and other sources it has been possible to establish that the first operation under ether was performed at Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge on 2 January 1847, only 12 days after Liston's well known demonstration in London. By 13 March over fifty operations under ether had been successfully carried out at this hospital. The first experiences with ether at Wisbech, Cambridgeshire and Bury St Edmunds, West Suffolk are also described. It is suggested that much material important in determining the extent to which the practice of anaesthesia was rapidly adopted in the English provinces awaits the historian in the local newspaper, since the early experiences with anaesthesia were often not recorded in the Minute Books of hospital committees, and indeed, often took place outside the hospitals.", "contents": "The first experiences with ether anaesthesia in Cambridgeshire and West Suffolk 1847. A search through the files of a local newspaper, the Cambridge Chronicle, has brought to light in numerous references to ether anaesthesia during the years 1847 and 1848. From this and other sources it has been possible to establish that the first operation under ether was performed at Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge on 2 January 1847, only 12 days after Liston's well known demonstration in London. By 13 March over fifty operations under ether had been successfully carried out at this hospital. The first experiences with ether at Wisbech, Cambridgeshire and Bury St Edmunds, West Suffolk are also described. It is suggested that much material important in determining the extent to which the practice of anaesthesia was rapidly adopted in the English provinces awaits the historian in the local newspaper, since the early experiences with anaesthesia were often not recorded in the Minute Books of hospital committees, and indeed, often took place outside the hospitals.", "PMID": 1103647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_324", "title": "[The biotransformation of inhalation anaesthetics and its relevance to clinical side effects (author's transl)].", "content": "The volatile anesthetics are not inert substances, but they are metabolised by means of a non-specific drug metabolizing enzyme system of the liver. Thus, in combined administration of several drugs, the knowledge of the metabolic pathways and the influence of the anesthetics on the transforming system is not only theoretically important, but represents a conditio sine qua non to the anesthesist as regards the handling of modern anesthetics. The occasionally observed liver and kidney injuries indicate a potential formation of toxic metabolites. Renal damage due to methoxyflurane may be caused by F- which is released during its biotransformation while, in the group of halogenated inhalation anesthetics, only chloroform is a true hepatotoxic substance. The explanation of the liver damage which is rarely observed after halothane administration, is an open question till now. For this, the investigator must go back to animal experiments where the quantity and quality of the metabolism differ considerably from one species to the other. In men it is widely unknown to what extent the microsomal enzymatic system is influenced by the disease itself and/or by the pharmacotherapy. Therefore great efforts must still be made in order to establish the formation of side-effects of halogenated inahlation anesthetics and, thus, to improve their therapeutic safety.", "contents": "[The biotransformation of inhalation anaesthetics and its relevance to clinical side effects (author's transl)]. The volatile anesthetics are not inert substances, but they are metabolised by means of a non-specific drug metabolizing enzyme system of the liver. Thus, in combined administration of several drugs, the knowledge of the metabolic pathways and the influence of the anesthetics on the transforming system is not only theoretically important, but represents a conditio sine qua non to the anesthesist as regards the handling of modern anesthetics. The occasionally observed liver and kidney injuries indicate a potential formation of toxic metabolites. Renal damage due to methoxyflurane may be caused by F- which is released during its biotransformation while, in the group of halogenated inhalation anesthetics, only chloroform is a true hepatotoxic substance. The explanation of the liver damage which is rarely observed after halothane administration, is an open question till now. For this, the investigator must go back to animal experiments where the quantity and quality of the metabolism differ considerably from one species to the other. In men it is widely unknown to what extent the microsomal enzymatic system is influenced by the disease itself and/or by the pharmacotherapy. Therefore great efforts must still be made in order to establish the formation of side-effects of halogenated inahlation anesthetics and, thus, to improve their therapeutic safety.", "PMID": 1103649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_325", "title": "Morphological appraisal of gametogenesis. Spermatogenetic process in mammals with particular reference to man.", "content": "The process of spermatogenesis in man can be subdivided into prenatal, postnatal and adult phases. Special attention is devoted to the cytomorphology of the germ cells in these phases, with a more detailed description of the proliferation, maturation and differentiation of the germ cells in the adult. Thus, spermatogonial renewal, meiotic division and the morphological transformations of the spermatids into mature spermatozoa are described. An outline of the structures characteristic of the latter is also given. The histological organization of the seminiferous epithelium is considered, whereby the concepts of the cycle, stage of the cycle and wave of the seminiferous epithelium are discussed. The duration of both the cycle and that of spermatogenesis of the adult are considered. The present review on mammalian, and chiefly human spermatogenic processes aims at: surveying of current concepts, and compiling of the more important facts and problems of spermatogenesis. The nomenclature and definitions advanced here arise from the concept of continuity of the processes of spermatogenesis from embryo to adult.", "contents": "Morphological appraisal of gametogenesis. Spermatogenetic process in mammals with particular reference to man. The process of spermatogenesis in man can be subdivided into prenatal, postnatal and adult phases. Special attention is devoted to the cytomorphology of the germ cells in these phases, with a more detailed description of the proliferation, maturation and differentiation of the germ cells in the adult. Thus, spermatogonial renewal, meiotic division and the morphological transformations of the spermatids into mature spermatozoa are described. An outline of the structures characteristic of the latter is also given. The histological organization of the seminiferous epithelium is considered, whereby the concepts of the cycle, stage of the cycle and wave of the seminiferous epithelium are discussed. The duration of both the cycle and that of spermatogenesis of the adult are considered. The present review on mammalian, and chiefly human spermatogenic processes aims at: surveying of current concepts, and compiling of the more important facts and problems of spermatogenesis. The nomenclature and definitions advanced here arise from the concept of continuity of the processes of spermatogenesis from embryo to adult.", "PMID": 1103652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_326", "title": "Continuous positive airway pressure and pulmonary and circulatory function after cardiac surgery in infants less than three months of age.", "content": "Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) was used to support the ventilation of infants less than 3 months of age who had undergone thoractomy for cardiovascular surgery. The functional residual capacity, which was approximately 30 per cent of predicted at zero CPAP, increased 35 per cent in cyanotic and 33 per cent in acyanotic infants with the application of 5 mm Hg pressure. Increasing airway pressure from zero to 5 mm Hg increased PaO2 4 per cent in cyanotic and 13 per cent in acyanotic infants. There was no change in heart rate, respiratory rate, mean arterial pressure, pH or PaC02 under similar circumstances, but central venous pressure increased 1.5 mm Hg in cyanotic and 0.8 mm Hg in acyanotic infants.", "contents": "Continuous positive airway pressure and pulmonary and circulatory function after cardiac surgery in infants less than three months of age. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) was used to support the ventilation of infants less than 3 months of age who had undergone thoractomy for cardiovascular surgery. The functional residual capacity, which was approximately 30 per cent of predicted at zero CPAP, increased 35 per cent in cyanotic and 33 per cent in acyanotic infants with the application of 5 mm Hg pressure. Increasing airway pressure from zero to 5 mm Hg increased PaO2 4 per cent in cyanotic and 13 per cent in acyanotic infants. There was no change in heart rate, respiratory rate, mean arterial pressure, pH or PaC02 under similar circumstances, but central venous pressure increased 1.5 mm Hg in cyanotic and 0.8 mm Hg in acyanotic infants.", "PMID": 1103653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_327", "title": "Shunt, lung volume and perfusion during short periods of ventilation with oxygen.", "content": "Twenty patients requiring ventilation for acute respiratory failure were studied to determine whether intrapulmonary shunt fraction (Qs/Qt) measured at an inspired oxygen concentration (FIO2) of 1.0 differs from Qs/Qt measured at the clinically indicated FIO2 and, if so, the mechanism by which this occurs. Qs/Qt increased from 15.5 +/- 1.8 per cent (mean +/- SE) at the clinically indicated inspired oxygen fraction (FIO2 0.3-0.6) to 21.7 +/- 2.1 per cent after 20 minutes at FIO2 1.0. Functional residual capacity (FRC) decreased by 6 +/- 6 per cent and total compliance (CT) by 10 +/- 6 per cent. Mean pulmonary arterial pressure fell from 21 +/- 2 to 17 +/- 2 mm Hg, whereas pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) and cardiac output remained unchanged. Mixed venous oxygen tension increased from 37 +/- 1 to 45 +/- 2 mm Hg with 100 per cent oxygen. At 90 per cent oxygen, Qs/Qt increased from the value at low FIO2, but FRC and CT did not change. Simultaneous application of 100 per cent oxygen and a positive end-expiratory pressure (6 cm H2O) increased FRC, CT and Qs/Qt. Patients with increased PCWP showed smaller increases in Qs/Qt with 100 per cent oxygen. These findings suggest two mechanisms responsible for the increase in Qs/Qt: 1) redistribution of blood flow to nonventilated areas, resulting from the vasodilating effect of an increased oxygen tension in the vessels of hypoxic lung segments; 2) resorption atelectasis. Of the total change in Qs/Qt observed during ventilation with oxygen, 63 per cent was calculated to be due to factors other than a decrease in FRC. (Key words: Ventilation, positive end-expiratory pressure; Oxygen, pulmonary shunt and; Lung, compliance; Lung, shunts.)", "contents": "Shunt, lung volume and perfusion during short periods of ventilation with oxygen. Twenty patients requiring ventilation for acute respiratory failure were studied to determine whether intrapulmonary shunt fraction (Qs/Qt) measured at an inspired oxygen concentration (FIO2) of 1.0 differs from Qs/Qt measured at the clinically indicated FIO2 and, if so, the mechanism by which this occurs. Qs/Qt increased from 15.5 +/- 1.8 per cent (mean +/- SE) at the clinically indicated inspired oxygen fraction (FIO2 0.3-0.6) to 21.7 +/- 2.1 per cent after 20 minutes at FIO2 1.0. Functional residual capacity (FRC) decreased by 6 +/- 6 per cent and total compliance (CT) by 10 +/- 6 per cent. Mean pulmonary arterial pressure fell from 21 +/- 2 to 17 +/- 2 mm Hg, whereas pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) and cardiac output remained unchanged. Mixed venous oxygen tension increased from 37 +/- 1 to 45 +/- 2 mm Hg with 100 per cent oxygen. At 90 per cent oxygen, Qs/Qt increased from the value at low FIO2, but FRC and CT did not change. Simultaneous application of 100 per cent oxygen and a positive end-expiratory pressure (6 cm H2O) increased FRC, CT and Qs/Qt. Patients with increased PCWP showed smaller increases in Qs/Qt with 100 per cent oxygen. These findings suggest two mechanisms responsible for the increase in Qs/Qt: 1) redistribution of blood flow to nonventilated areas, resulting from the vasodilating effect of an increased oxygen tension in the vessels of hypoxic lung segments; 2) resorption atelectasis. Of the total change in Qs/Qt observed during ventilation with oxygen, 63 per cent was calculated to be due to factors other than a decrease in FRC. (Key words: Ventilation, positive end-expiratory pressure; Oxygen, pulmonary shunt and; Lung, compliance; Lung, shunts.)", "PMID": 1103655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_328", "title": "Orthodontic and bone grafting procedures in a cleft lip and palate series: an interim cephalometric evaluation.", "content": "An attempt is being made to observe the facial and dental development of a cleft lip and palate sample. The study is continuing and, hopefully, offers insight into what happens to these children who have undergone the placement of a dentofacial maxillary orthopedic appliance early at the time of lip closure and an additional surgical procedure and autogenous osteoplasty. Though the final answers to the two previously posed questions are not yet available, we are able to make some value judgments by observing the lateral cephalometric films of these children, and observing their occusion intraorally. Thus far, we are able to state that in our sample, using our treatment procedures in the sequence advocated, we have seen no growth attenuation in the posterior/anterior dimension. The maxilla, at least to the ages observed, does not appear to have been attenuated by our procedures. Further, it would seem that after a limited first phase of orthodontic treatment to align dental units, the degree of crossbite is considerably smaller from that reported in the literature by those using more conventional approaches; thus it is possible that we are doing some good. We are still using these procedures on our newborn and continue to feel that we have a real opportunity to be able to do more orthodontically for these children when they possess a full, permanent dentition and are ready for comprehensive treatment.", "contents": "Orthodontic and bone grafting procedures in a cleft lip and palate series: an interim cephalometric evaluation. An attempt is being made to observe the facial and dental development of a cleft lip and palate sample. The study is continuing and, hopefully, offers insight into what happens to these children who have undergone the placement of a dentofacial maxillary orthopedic appliance early at the time of lip closure and an additional surgical procedure and autogenous osteoplasty. Though the final answers to the two previously posed questions are not yet available, we are able to make some value judgments by observing the lateral cephalometric films of these children, and observing their occusion intraorally. Thus far, we are able to state that in our sample, using our treatment procedures in the sequence advocated, we have seen no growth attenuation in the posterior/anterior dimension. The maxilla, at least to the ages observed, does not appear to have been attenuated by our procedures. Further, it would seem that after a limited first phase of orthodontic treatment to align dental units, the degree of crossbite is considerably smaller from that reported in the literature by those using more conventional approaches; thus it is possible that we are doing some good. We are still using these procedures on our newborn and continue to feel that we have a real opportunity to be able to do more orthodontically for these children when they possess a full, permanent dentition and are ready for comprehensive treatment.", "PMID": 1103659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_329", "title": "A kinin model of mediation for food and chemical sensitivities: biobehavioral implications.", "content": "The plasma peptide hormone bradykinin is hypothesized to be a major mediator of the multiple-system functional symptomatology of adverse food and other chemical reactions. It is postulated that native foods as organic chemicals could act cumulatively with other stresses to mobilize directly the kinin-forming enzyme system.", "contents": "A kinin model of mediation for food and chemical sensitivities: biobehavioral implications. The plasma peptide hormone bradykinin is hypothesized to be a major mediator of the multiple-system functional symptomatology of adverse food and other chemical reactions. It is postulated that native foods as organic chemicals could act cumulatively with other stresses to mobilize directly the kinin-forming enzyme system.", "PMID": 1103662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_330", "title": "Effect of bio-feedback techniques on chronic asthma in a summer camp environment.", "content": "Bio-feedback mediated deep muscle relaxation procedures demonstrated significant improvement in 22 asthmatic children attending a summer camp for the care and rehabilitation of asthmatic children. However, caution is expressed in the interpretation of the findings pending a replication of the research with more rigorous controls.", "contents": "Effect of bio-feedback techniques on chronic asthma in a summer camp environment. Bio-feedback mediated deep muscle relaxation procedures demonstrated significant improvement in 22 asthmatic children attending a summer camp for the care and rehabilitation of asthmatic children. However, caution is expressed in the interpretation of the findings pending a replication of the research with more rigorous controls.", "PMID": 1103663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_331", "title": "Plasma luteinizing hormone concentration in mares treated with gondotropin-releasing hormone and estradiol.", "content": "Three experiments were performed to study the luteinizing hormone (LH) and ovulatory responses to various doses and methods of administration of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in estrous pony mares and the influence of estradiol-17beta (E2-17beta) on LH response to GnRH treatment. In experiment 1, single injections of synthetic GnRH were subcutaneously given to 5 groups of estrous (day 2) mares (3 mares/group) on a body weight basis as follows: group A--isotonic saline solution; group B--GnRH, 0.14 mug/kg; group C--GnRH, 0.28 mug/kg; group D--KGnRH, 0.59 mug/kg; and group E--GnRH, 2.37 mug/kg. Significant increase of plasma LH concentration lasting for approximately 2 hours occurred only in mares of group E given the largest dose of GnRH (2.37 mug/kg). Plasma LH concentration increase at 1 hour after treatment approached significane (P less than 0.10) in mares of group D given the next smaller dose. In experiment 2, GnRH (2.37 mug/kg) was intravenously infused for 24 hours to a group of 6 mares (group F); 6 other mares (group G) were given saline solution infusion. Mean plasma LH concentration was increased at 3 hours, continued to increase until 6 hours, and remained at approximately the 6-hour concentration throughout the period of GnRH infusion. In the 3rd experiment, 3 groups of mares (4 mares/group) were subcutaneously given the following treatments on days 2 and 3 of estrus, respectively: group H--corn oil and saline solution; group I--corn oil and GnRH, 0.59 mug/kg; and group J--estradiol-17beta, 0.5 mg, and GnRH, 0.59 mug/kg. Plasma LH response was not seen in group H mares given corn oil and saline solution. Mean plasma LH concentration at 1 hour after administration of GnRH approached significance (P less than 0.10) in group I mares given corn oil and GnRH. For the mares in group J given E2-17beta and GnRH, E2-17beta pretreatment increased plasma LH after 24 horus; significnat increases of plasma LH concentration were seen from 1 to 6 hours after GnRH injection. None of the treatments in experiments 1, 2, and 3 significantly altered the time of ovulation.", "contents": "Plasma luteinizing hormone concentration in mares treated with gondotropin-releasing hormone and estradiol. Three experiments were performed to study the luteinizing hormone (LH) and ovulatory responses to various doses and methods of administration of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in estrous pony mares and the influence of estradiol-17beta (E2-17beta) on LH response to GnRH treatment. In experiment 1, single injections of synthetic GnRH were subcutaneously given to 5 groups of estrous (day 2) mares (3 mares/group) on a body weight basis as follows: group A--isotonic saline solution; group B--GnRH, 0.14 mug/kg; group C--GnRH, 0.28 mug/kg; group D--KGnRH, 0.59 mug/kg; and group E--GnRH, 2.37 mug/kg. Significant increase of plasma LH concentration lasting for approximately 2 hours occurred only in mares of group E given the largest dose of GnRH (2.37 mug/kg). Plasma LH concentration increase at 1 hour after treatment approached significane (P less than 0.10) in mares of group D given the next smaller dose. In experiment 2, GnRH (2.37 mug/kg) was intravenously infused for 24 hours to a group of 6 mares (group F); 6 other mares (group G) were given saline solution infusion. Mean plasma LH concentration was increased at 3 hours, continued to increase until 6 hours, and remained at approximately the 6-hour concentration throughout the period of GnRH infusion. In the 3rd experiment, 3 groups of mares (4 mares/group) were subcutaneously given the following treatments on days 2 and 3 of estrus, respectively: group H--corn oil and saline solution; group I--corn oil and GnRH, 0.59 mug/kg; and group J--estradiol-17beta, 0.5 mg, and GnRH, 0.59 mug/kg. Plasma LH response was not seen in group H mares given corn oil and saline solution. Mean plasma LH concentration at 1 hour after administration of GnRH approached significance (P less than 0.10) in group I mares given corn oil and GnRH. For the mares in group J given E2-17beta and GnRH, E2-17beta pretreatment increased plasma LH after 24 horus; significnat increases of plasma LH concentration were seen from 1 to 6 hours after GnRH injection. None of the treatments in experiments 1, 2, and 3 significantly altered the time of ovulation.", "PMID": 1103666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_332", "title": "Preparation of human lung biopsy specimens by perfusion-fixation.", "content": "A technique for perfusion-fixation of human lung biopsy specimens is described. The tissue is fixed in an expanded state by perfusing glutaraldehyde into cannulated blood vessels or bronchioles on the excisional surfaces. These specimens are ideally suited for histologic study and for both transmission and scanning electron microscopy.", "contents": "Preparation of human lung biopsy specimens by perfusion-fixation. A technique for perfusion-fixation of human lung biopsy specimens is described. The tissue is fixed in an expanded state by perfusing glutaraldehyde into cannulated blood vessels or bronchioles on the excisional surfaces. These specimens are ideally suited for histologic study and for both transmission and scanning electron microscopy.", "PMID": 1103667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_333", "title": "Studies of thymus-derived and bone marrow-derived lymphocytes in renal transplant patients.", "content": "Serial studies of levels and responsiveness of T and B lymphocytes were performed in human renal allograft recipients. Patients given prednisolone-azathioprine immunosuppression had only mild falls in levels and responsiveness of T cells. Patients given a quality controlled ATG preparation had marked and relatively selective falls in levels of T cells associated with a marked fall in T cell responsiveness as measured by PHA and Con-A responsiveness. In vivo correlates of this severe T cell deficiency suggest that T lymphocytes are central to acute allograft rejection and that acute severe T cell deficiency is not associated with risk of infectious complications above and beyond those seen in patients suppressed with prednisone-azathioprine alone. These studies suggest that ATG, produced under quality control conditions and having rather selective anti-T cell activity, is a useful adjunctive immunosuppressive agent for human renal transplantation.", "contents": "Studies of thymus-derived and bone marrow-derived lymphocytes in renal transplant patients. Serial studies of levels and responsiveness of T and B lymphocytes were performed in human renal allograft recipients. Patients given prednisolone-azathioprine immunosuppression had only mild falls in levels and responsiveness of T cells. Patients given a quality controlled ATG preparation had marked and relatively selective falls in levels of T cells associated with a marked fall in T cell responsiveness as measured by PHA and Con-A responsiveness. In vivo correlates of this severe T cell deficiency suggest that T lymphocytes are central to acute allograft rejection and that acute severe T cell deficiency is not associated with risk of infectious complications above and beyond those seen in patients suppressed with prednisone-azathioprine alone. These studies suggest that ATG, produced under quality control conditions and having rather selective anti-T cell activity, is a useful adjunctive immunosuppressive agent for human renal transplantation.", "PMID": 1103670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_334", "title": "Renal autograft survival after perfusion and hypothermic storage in a hyperosmolar high potassium-containing solution.", "content": "A hyperosmolar high postassium-containing kidney perfusate and storage solution with demonstrated in vitro advantages over extracellular-like solutions was tested for renal preservation superiority in vivo. A model allowing simultaneous evaluation of creatinine clearance of both kidneys from the same animal, each having been perfused and stored for 24 hours in different preservation solutions, offered certain advantages over conventional models. Immediate function, greater ultimate creatinine clearance and preservation of cellular architecture during 24 hours of hypothermic storage was demonstrated convincingly in kidneys preserved in the hyperosmolar high potassium containing solution. Simplicity of preparation and absence of precipitates were additional desirable features of this solution. The use of Ringer's lactated solution for perfusion and cold storage of kidneys should be avoided.", "contents": "Renal autograft survival after perfusion and hypothermic storage in a hyperosmolar high potassium-containing solution. A hyperosmolar high postassium-containing kidney perfusate and storage solution with demonstrated in vitro advantages over extracellular-like solutions was tested for renal preservation superiority in vivo. A model allowing simultaneous evaluation of creatinine clearance of both kidneys from the same animal, each having been perfused and stored for 24 hours in different preservation solutions, offered certain advantages over conventional models. Immediate function, greater ultimate creatinine clearance and preservation of cellular architecture during 24 hours of hypothermic storage was demonstrated convincingly in kidneys preserved in the hyperosmolar high potassium containing solution. Simplicity of preparation and absence of precipitates were additional desirable features of this solution. The use of Ringer's lactated solution for perfusion and cold storage of kidneys should be avoided.", "PMID": 1103671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_335", "title": "[Mouse teratocarcinoma: differentiation in cultures of a multipotential primitive cell line (author's transl)].", "content": "A line of primitive cells of teratocarcinoma is able of differentiating during in vitro cultures. The differentiated cell types correspond to derivatives of the three germ layers. They appear according to a reproducible schedule. The differentiated cell types exhibit a normal karyotype. They have lost their tumorigenicity and have a limited life span. Agregates containing various numbers of primitive cells have been prepared and plated in culture dishes. Their study shows that the first differentiated cell types appear only when the agregates are greater than a certain critical mass. Primitive cells carry on their surface the F9 but not the H-2 antigen. During differentiation in culture, the H-2 antigen appears rapidly on certain cells. The fraction of H-2-carrying cells increases as a function of time while that of F9-carrying cells decreases.", "contents": "[Mouse teratocarcinoma: differentiation in cultures of a multipotential primitive cell line (author's transl)]. A line of primitive cells of teratocarcinoma is able of differentiating during in vitro cultures. The differentiated cell types correspond to derivatives of the three germ layers. They appear according to a reproducible schedule. The differentiated cell types exhibit a normal karyotype. They have lost their tumorigenicity and have a limited life span. Agregates containing various numbers of primitive cells have been prepared and plated in culture dishes. Their study shows that the first differentiated cell types appear only when the agregates are greater than a certain critical mass. Primitive cells carry on their surface the F9 but not the H-2 antigen. During differentiation in culture, the H-2 antigen appears rapidly on certain cells. The fraction of H-2-carrying cells increases as a function of time while that of F9-carrying cells decreases.", "PMID": 1103673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_336", "title": "[Fungicidal and phagocytic activity against \"Candida albicans\" of human neutrophils in serum depleted in C3 and C4 (author's transl)].", "content": "Cases of systemic infections caused by C. albicans are increasing in number and the kidney appears to be involved more often than any other tissue. The renal medulla is especially susceptible to infection by C. albicans and by bacteria - Previous works has showed that this is essentially due to hyperosmolality and to inactivation of the complement system. Polymorphs are one of the main host defense mechanisms against C. albicans and the authors have studied their power of phagocytosis against Candida and fongicidal activity in serum depleted in C3 and C4. Both are found to be normal.", "contents": "[Fungicidal and phagocytic activity against \"Candida albicans\" of human neutrophils in serum depleted in C3 and C4 (author's transl)]. Cases of systemic infections caused by C. albicans are increasing in number and the kidney appears to be involved more often than any other tissue. The renal medulla is especially susceptible to infection by C. albicans and by bacteria - Previous works has showed that this is essentially due to hyperosmolality and to inactivation of the complement system. Polymorphs are one of the main host defense mechanisms against C. albicans and the authors have studied their power of phagocytosis against Candida and fongicidal activity in serum depleted in C3 and C4. Both are found to be normal.", "PMID": 1103674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_337", "title": "[Construction of Hfr strains in \"Salmonella montevideo\" (author's transl)].", "content": "Lac+ variants of Salmonella montevideo were recovered from mating with an Escherichia coli strain harbouring the thermosensitive sex-factor Ft114-lac+. The properties of these variants suggest that this F' factor behaves identically in Salmonella and Escherichia. From these variants, it is possible to select mutants in which lac expression is stable at high temperature (42 degrees C) and it was proved that they behave as Hfr's. Twelve independently isolated Hfr's were similar with respect to both point of origin and sequence of markers transferred. These results suggest that our strain of S. montevideo carries an F-factor affinity site near met C gene.", "contents": "[Construction of Hfr strains in \"Salmonella montevideo\" (author's transl)]. Lac+ variants of Salmonella montevideo were recovered from mating with an Escherichia coli strain harbouring the thermosensitive sex-factor Ft114-lac+. The properties of these variants suggest that this F' factor behaves identically in Salmonella and Escherichia. From these variants, it is possible to select mutants in which lac expression is stable at high temperature (42 degrees C) and it was proved that they behave as Hfr's. Twelve independently isolated Hfr's were similar with respect to both point of origin and sequence of markers transferred. These results suggest that our strain of S. montevideo carries an F-factor affinity site near met C gene.", "PMID": 1103675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_338", "title": "[Sensitivity to bacteriophage ES18 of strains of \"S. dublin\", \"S. enteritidis\" and \"S. blegdam\" and related serotypes (author's transl)].", "content": "Sensitivity to bacteriophage ES18 may be used as an additional test for identification of strains of some serotypes of Salmonella. In the D group, the great majority (100/103) of the strains of S. enteritidis (H = g,m:-) and 7/7 strains of S. blegdam (H = G,m,q:-) are resistant. On the contrary, all the studied strains (111) of S. dublin (H = g,p:-) either Vi+ or Vi- are sensitive, as those of S. gallinarum-pullorum (61). Two strains of S. kiel (possibly derivated from S. dublin) are sensitive as that serotype, whereas 20 strains of S. paratyphi A, possessing the same O factors, are resistant.", "contents": "[Sensitivity to bacteriophage ES18 of strains of \"S. dublin\", \"S. enteritidis\" and \"S. blegdam\" and related serotypes (author's transl)]. Sensitivity to bacteriophage ES18 may be used as an additional test for identification of strains of some serotypes of Salmonella. In the D group, the great majority (100/103) of the strains of S. enteritidis (H = g,m:-) and 7/7 strains of S. blegdam (H = G,m,q:-) are resistant. On the contrary, all the studied strains (111) of S. dublin (H = g,p:-) either Vi+ or Vi- are sensitive, as those of S. gallinarum-pullorum (61). Two strains of S. kiel (possibly derivated from S. dublin) are sensitive as that serotype, whereas 20 strains of S. paratyphi A, possessing the same O factors, are resistant.", "PMID": 1103676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_339", "title": "A transferable kanamycin resistance plasmid isolated from Haemophilus influenzae.", "content": "Kanamycin resistance was transferred by conjugation from a Haemophilus influenzae strain into Escherichia coli K12, and between E. coli K12 strains in subsequent transfers. Covalently closed molecules of DNA were isolated by sedimentation analysis of the DNA of the resistant E. coli K12 strains. These facts support the hypothesis that kanamycin resistance is mediated by a transferable plasmid in this strain of H. influenzae.", "contents": "A transferable kanamycin resistance plasmid isolated from Haemophilus influenzae. Kanamycin resistance was transferred by conjugation from a Haemophilus influenzae strain into Escherichia coli K12, and between E. coli K12 strains in subsequent transfers. Covalently closed molecules of DNA were isolated by sedimentation analysis of the DNA of the resistant E. coli K12 strains. These facts support the hypothesis that kanamycin resistance is mediated by a transferable plasmid in this strain of H. influenzae.", "PMID": 1103677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_340", "title": "Polynucleotides containing 5-mercapto-substituted pyrimidines: inhibition of viral DNA polymerases and the biological implication.", "content": "Partially thiolated polycytidylic acids MPC I-III, containing 1.7%, 3.5% and 8.6% 5-mercaptocytidylate units, respectively) inhibited the DNA polymerase of Friend leukemia virus (FLV) in the endogenic reaction as well as in the presence of poly(A)-(dT)14 or poly[d(a-T)] templates; the inhibitory activities were directly related to the percent of thiolation. Various partially thiolated RNA and DNA isolates from Ehrlich ascites cells (containing one 5-mercaptopyrimidine nucleotide/50-100 nucleotide units) also inhibited the DNA polymerases of FLV in the endogenic reaction, and also in the presence of the synthetic templates. The thiolated DNA was the most active, but the thiolated tRNA also showed substantial inhibitory effects, while the thiolated ribosomal RNA was less effective. In a bacterial DNA polymerase (E. coli-K12, using denatured DNA as template), MPC I-III showed no activity. By contrast, MPC III and several partially thiolated nucleic acid isolates significantly inhibited a regenerating rat liver DNA polymerase (I) system; among those tested, the thiolated DNA from Ehrlich ascites cells showed the highest activity. Kinetic analysis of the inhibitory action of this thiolated DNA in the rat liver enzyme system, using as template the corresponding unmodified DNA, demonstrated that the thiolated DNA acts as a competitive inhibitor of the template, with a Ki/Km ratio of 0.5.", "contents": "Polynucleotides containing 5-mercapto-substituted pyrimidines: inhibition of viral DNA polymerases and the biological implication. Partially thiolated polycytidylic acids MPC I-III, containing 1.7%, 3.5% and 8.6% 5-mercaptocytidylate units, respectively) inhibited the DNA polymerase of Friend leukemia virus (FLV) in the endogenic reaction as well as in the presence of poly(A)-(dT)14 or poly[d(a-T)] templates; the inhibitory activities were directly related to the percent of thiolation. Various partially thiolated RNA and DNA isolates from Ehrlich ascites cells (containing one 5-mercaptopyrimidine nucleotide/50-100 nucleotide units) also inhibited the DNA polymerases of FLV in the endogenic reaction, and also in the presence of the synthetic templates. The thiolated DNA was the most active, but the thiolated tRNA also showed substantial inhibitory effects, while the thiolated ribosomal RNA was less effective. In a bacterial DNA polymerase (E. coli-K12, using denatured DNA as template), MPC I-III showed no activity. By contrast, MPC III and several partially thiolated nucleic acid isolates significantly inhibited a regenerating rat liver DNA polymerase (I) system; among those tested, the thiolated DNA from Ehrlich ascites cells showed the highest activity. Kinetic analysis of the inhibitory action of this thiolated DNA in the rat liver enzyme system, using as template the corresponding unmodified DNA, demonstrated that the thiolated DNA acts as a competitive inhibitor of the template, with a Ki/Km ratio of 0.5.", "PMID": 1103689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_341", "title": "Inhibition of methylated nucleoside synthesis in vivo: accumulation of incompletely methylated transfer RNA in ethionine-treated cells of Escherichia coli B.", "content": "tRNA prepared from cells of E. coli B that had been incubated with 0.5% DL-ethionine (Ethio sRNA) was found to accept methyl groups from 14CH3-S-adenosyl-methionine in the enzymatic reaction catalyzed in vitro by tRNA methyl transferases from untreated cells of the same organism. tRNA from cells that were not exposed to ethionine did not accept a significant level of methyl groups when incubated with the same enzyme system. Base ratio analysis of the product obtained after in vitro addition of methyl groups to Ethio sRNA by enzymes from normal E. coli B indicated that a high proportion of uracil sites in this tRNA were available for enzymatic methylation. These results indicated that tRNA from ethionine-treated organisms was recognized by the homologous enzymes to be incompletely methylated, while, as previously shown, all methyl-acceptor sites on tRNA from normal cells were already filled, and that Ethio sRNA was preferentially deficient in methyl groups on uracil moieties in the RNA molecules. Ethionine thus appears to interfere with normal tRNA modification in vivo.", "contents": "Inhibition of methylated nucleoside synthesis in vivo: accumulation of incompletely methylated transfer RNA in ethionine-treated cells of Escherichia coli B. tRNA prepared from cells of E. coli B that had been incubated with 0.5% DL-ethionine (Ethio sRNA) was found to accept methyl groups from 14CH3-S-adenosyl-methionine in the enzymatic reaction catalyzed in vitro by tRNA methyl transferases from untreated cells of the same organism. tRNA from cells that were not exposed to ethionine did not accept a significant level of methyl groups when incubated with the same enzyme system. Base ratio analysis of the product obtained after in vitro addition of methyl groups to Ethio sRNA by enzymes from normal E. coli B indicated that a high proportion of uracil sites in this tRNA were available for enzymatic methylation. These results indicated that tRNA from ethionine-treated organisms was recognized by the homologous enzymes to be incompletely methylated, while, as previously shown, all methyl-acceptor sites on tRNA from normal cells were already filled, and that Ethio sRNA was preferentially deficient in methyl groups on uracil moieties in the RNA molecules. Ethionine thus appears to interfere with normal tRNA modification in vivo.", "PMID": 1103690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_342", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy in ophthalmology.", "content": "In the context the technique of the scanning electron microscopy is described and the results are shown gained by the scanning electron microscope in ophthalmology. It is pointed out that questions specific to surface can be answered quicker and easier, if superificial microscopy together with the scanning electron microscope is used an additional source of information. Scanning electron optical pictures are very useful for ophthalmologic science.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy in ophthalmology. In the context the technique of the scanning electron microscopy is described and the results are shown gained by the scanning electron microscope in ophthalmology. It is pointed out that questions specific to surface can be answered quicker and easier, if superificial microscopy together with the scanning electron microscope is used an additional source of information. Scanning electron optical pictures are very useful for ophthalmologic science.", "PMID": 1103692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_343", "title": "Oesophageal surgery.", "content": "A wide variety of benign conditions affecting the oesophagus which have long been recognized in association with hiatus hernia are now known to be attributable to reflux oesophagitis. The development of modern methods of treatment of these conditions is described with reference to a number of illustrative cases.", "contents": "Oesophageal surgery. A wide variety of benign conditions affecting the oesophagus which have long been recognized in association with hiatus hernia are now known to be attributable to reflux oesophagitis. The development of modern methods of treatment of these conditions is described with reference to a number of illustrative cases.", "PMID": 1103697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_344", "title": "Development of the right outflow tract and pulmonary arterial supply.", "content": "The branchial arch vessels of the human embryo have been studied by histological and radiographic methods and the modelling that occurs during the period Day 25-Day 52 postfertilization is described. It has been shown that the myoendocardial reticulum is reamed out by blood flow and it is suggested that hydrodynamic force is the fundamental factor which determines chamber structure of the heart and flow pattern in the outflow tracts and great vessels. The sixth aortic arch vessels contribute tissue to the pulmonary trunk and proximal pulmonary arteries. The 'postbranchial pulmonary arteries' are morphologically distinct and form the pulmonary arteries at the lung hila. The primitive pulmonary plexus around the tips of the developing tracheobronchial primordia is formed from segmental vessels arising from the dorsal aorta. Bronchial arteries can be demonstrated only late in intrauterine life. The numerous bronchopulmonary precapillary anastomoses which are found in the fetus at this time have been demonstrated radiographically.", "contents": "Development of the right outflow tract and pulmonary arterial supply. The branchial arch vessels of the human embryo have been studied by histological and radiographic methods and the modelling that occurs during the period Day 25-Day 52 postfertilization is described. It has been shown that the myoendocardial reticulum is reamed out by blood flow and it is suggested that hydrodynamic force is the fundamental factor which determines chamber structure of the heart and flow pattern in the outflow tracts and great vessels. The sixth aortic arch vessels contribute tissue to the pulmonary trunk and proximal pulmonary arteries. The 'postbranchial pulmonary arteries' are morphologically distinct and form the pulmonary arteries at the lung hila. The primitive pulmonary plexus around the tips of the developing tracheobronchial primordia is formed from segmental vessels arising from the dorsal aorta. Bronchial arteries can be demonstrated only late in intrauterine life. The numerous bronchopulmonary precapillary anastomoses which are found in the fetus at this time have been demonstrated radiographically.", "PMID": 1103698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_345", "title": "The problem of the open safety pin.", "content": "The open safety pin lodged in the stomach or esophagus presents a challenge to surgical judgment and technical skill. Most foreign bodies causing trouble lodge in the esophagus. Once in the stomach, uneventful passage can be expected in 80 to 90% of cases. Active intervention is reserved for those where intestinal performation is likely or where there is failure to progress. We have used the fiberesophagoscope to remove three open safety pins from the stomachs of two patients whose symptoms and threat of perforation required intervention. The microbiopsy forceps was used successfully to retrieve the open pins,  but a newly developed grasping forceps for use with the fiberesophagoscope now provides a more secure hold on such foreign bodies. Rigid instruments retain their value for selected cases, but the flexible equipment now provides an important advance in the management of the open safety pin in the stomach.", "contents": "The problem of the open safety pin. The open safety pin lodged in the stomach or esophagus presents a challenge to surgical judgment and technical skill. Most foreign bodies causing trouble lodge in the esophagus. Once in the stomach, uneventful passage can be expected in 80 to 90% of cases. Active intervention is reserved for those where intestinal performation is likely or where there is failure to progress. We have used the fiberesophagoscope to remove three open safety pins from the stomachs of two patients whose symptoms and threat of perforation required intervention. The microbiopsy forceps was used successfully to retrieve the open pins,  but a newly developed grasping forceps for use with the fiberesophagoscope now provides a more secure hold on such foreign bodies. Rigid instruments retain their value for selected cases, but the flexible equipment now provides an important advance in the management of the open safety pin in the stomach.", "PMID": 1103694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_346", "title": "Clonidine in the treatment of menopausal symptoms.", "content": "Twenty-five women suffering from climacteric complaints after surgical castration were treated with clonidine in a placebo controlled trial. Clonidine in the dose of 75 to 150 mug daily diminished the attack rates of flushing and sweating significantly. It can be recommended as a safe therapy for climacteric patients, at least those with contra-indications to oestrogen therapy.", "contents": "Clonidine in the treatment of menopausal symptoms. Twenty-five women suffering from climacteric complaints after surgical castration were treated with clonidine in a placebo controlled trial. Clonidine in the dose of 75 to 150 mug daily diminished the attack rates of flushing and sweating significantly. It can be recommended as a safe therapy for climacteric patients, at least those with contra-indications to oestrogen therapy.", "PMID": 1103700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_347", "title": "Predictive value of sympathetic cardiovascular reflexes and urinary catecholamines when selecting patients for antihypertensive treatment with beta-adrenergic blocking drugs.", "content": "Two different sympathetic cardiovascular reflexes and the urinary catecholamines were studied to try to predict which patients would respond best to antihypertensive treatment with alprenolol, a beta-adrenergic blocking drug. The antihypertensive effect of sustained release tablets of alprenolol (200 mg twice daily) in 19 young patients with labile hypertension was confirmed. The treatment effectively reduced the tachycardia produced by the Valsalva manoeuvre and by nitroglycerin, and reduced the rise in systolic blood pressure after the Valsalva manoeuvre. The excretion of catecholamines was not affected. Neither the sympathetic cardiovascular reflexes produced by the Valsalva manoeuvre and nitroglycerin nor the excretion of catecholamines revealed which patients would respond best to alprenolol.", "contents": "Predictive value of sympathetic cardiovascular reflexes and urinary catecholamines when selecting patients for antihypertensive treatment with beta-adrenergic blocking drugs. Two different sympathetic cardiovascular reflexes and the urinary catecholamines were studied to try to predict which patients would respond best to antihypertensive treatment with alprenolol, a beta-adrenergic blocking drug. The antihypertensive effect of sustained release tablets of alprenolol (200 mg twice daily) in 19 young patients with labile hypertension was confirmed. The treatment effectively reduced the tachycardia produced by the Valsalva manoeuvre and by nitroglycerin, and reduced the rise in systolic blood pressure after the Valsalva manoeuvre. The excretion of catecholamines was not affected. Neither the sympathetic cardiovascular reflexes produced by the Valsalva manoeuvre and nitroglycerin nor the excretion of catecholamines revealed which patients would respond best to alprenolol.", "PMID": 1103708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_348", "title": "A controlled clinical trial of chlormezanone, orphenadrine, orphenadrine/paracetamol and placebo in the treatment of painful skeletal muscle spasms.", "content": "Four hundred patients with painful muscle spasm caused by five common musculoskeletal diseases were included in a double-blind controlled trial of chlormezanone, orphenadrine, orphenadrine/paracetomol and placebo. Patients were treated for one week and then asked for their subjective assessment of the treatment. Fifty-three per cent improved on placebo, 57 percent on chlormezanone, 66 percent on orphenadrine and 71 percent on orphenadrine/paracetamol. There was no significant difference between chlormezanone and placebo, but orphenadrine appeared to have a beneficial effect, presumably because of its muscle relaxant activity.", "contents": "A controlled clinical trial of chlormezanone, orphenadrine, orphenadrine/paracetamol and placebo in the treatment of painful skeletal muscle spasms. Four hundred patients with painful muscle spasm caused by five common musculoskeletal diseases were included in a double-blind controlled trial of chlormezanone, orphenadrine, orphenadrine/paracetomol and placebo. Patients were treated for one week and then asked for their subjective assessment of the treatment. Fifty-three per cent improved on placebo, 57 percent on chlormezanone, 66 percent on orphenadrine and 71 percent on orphenadrine/paracetamol. There was no significant difference between chlormezanone and placebo, but orphenadrine appeared to have a beneficial effect, presumably because of its muscle relaxant activity.", "PMID": 1103709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_349", "title": "Amyloidosis in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "The clinical and pathological features of amyloidosis are reviewed with special references to amyloidosis associated with rheumatoid arthritis. Data concerning the nature of the amyloid substance are presented. The amyloid fibril which is the unique and principal component of all amyloid substances, can be constituted by different protein subunits. The amyloid fibril protein AA is a major subunit of the amyloid fibrils particularly seen in secondary amyloidosis including that associated with rheumatoid arthritis. The immunological and chemical properties of protein AA and a structurally related serum protein (SAA) are discussed. Increased knowledge of the nature of amyloid and its precursor proteins may provide better methods for the diagnosis and treatment of amyloidosis.", "contents": "Amyloidosis in rheumatoid arthritis. The clinical and pathological features of amyloidosis are reviewed with special references to amyloidosis associated with rheumatoid arthritis. Data concerning the nature of the amyloid substance are presented. The amyloid fibril which is the unique and principal component of all amyloid substances, can be constituted by different protein subunits. The amyloid fibril protein AA is a major subunit of the amyloid fibrils particularly seen in secondary amyloidosis including that associated with rheumatoid arthritis. The immunological and chemical properties of protein AA and a structurally related serum protein (SAA) are discussed. Increased knowledge of the nature of amyloid and its precursor proteins may provide better methods for the diagnosis and treatment of amyloidosis.", "PMID": 1103711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_350", "title": "[The sensitivity of direct and indirect methods in immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase techniques: a comparative study (author's transl)].", "content": "A comparative study of the sensitivities of the immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase techniques was undertaken. The material used was tissue from experimental and human glomerulonephritis. With the direct method, immunoperoxidase was 10 to 30 times more sensitive than immunofluorescence. However, the sensitivities became equivalent if the level of the labeling in immunofluorescence was equal to or superior to 6. In the indirect method, the sensitivity of the immunoperoxidase technique was one to ten-fold greater than with immunofluorescence.", "contents": "[The sensitivity of direct and indirect methods in immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase techniques: a comparative study (author's transl)]. A comparative study of the sensitivities of the immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase techniques was undertaken. The material used was tissue from experimental and human glomerulonephritis. With the direct method, immunoperoxidase was 10 to 30 times more sensitive than immunofluorescence. However, the sensitivities became equivalent if the level of the labeling in immunofluorescence was equal to or superior to 6. In the indirect method, the sensitivity of the immunoperoxidase technique was one to ten-fold greater than with immunofluorescence.", "PMID": 1103716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_351", "title": "The biology of isolated immunocytes. I. Isolation into a closed liquid microchamber: application to PFC.", "content": "Biological properties of isolated immunocytes directly involved in an immune response such as plaque forming cells may be studied in a closed liquid microchamber. Furthermore the selected cells can be cultured for over three days; immunocytological treatments of these cells permit also their characterization by electron microscopy.", "contents": "The biology of isolated immunocytes. I. Isolation into a closed liquid microchamber: application to PFC. Biological properties of isolated immunocytes directly involved in an immune response such as plaque forming cells may be studied in a closed liquid microchamber. Furthermore the selected cells can be cultured for over three days; immunocytological treatments of these cells permit also their characterization by electron microscopy.", "PMID": 1103717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_352", "title": "Spontaneous antinuclear autoimmunisation in Swan and nude mice: comparative study.", "content": "Spontaneous antinuclear autoimmunisation in both Swan and Nude mice seems due to a disparition of the T cell immunosuppressive function. Swan mice show a progressive diminution of thymic function, and thus T cell activity, with age; wherease Nude mice are congenitally lacking in a thymus and thus in T cells. Both strains of mice develop deposits of immunoglobulin in the glomerular membrane and the Swan mice have such deposits at the dermoepidermal junction. The antinuclear autoimmunity of the two strains of mice differs in that the number of Swan mice with detectable titres increases with age until, at 40 weeks, all the mice are positive, whereas the number of Nude mice positive at a young age rarely increase until the time of death. The antibodies produced by the Swan mice may be of any of the major immunoglobulin classes, whereas those produced by Nude mice are nearly always IgM.", "contents": "Spontaneous antinuclear autoimmunisation in Swan and nude mice: comparative study. Spontaneous antinuclear autoimmunisation in both Swan and Nude mice seems due to a disparition of the T cell immunosuppressive function. Swan mice show a progressive diminution of thymic function, and thus T cell activity, with age; wherease Nude mice are congenitally lacking in a thymus and thus in T cells. Both strains of mice develop deposits of immunoglobulin in the glomerular membrane and the Swan mice have such deposits at the dermoepidermal junction. The antinuclear autoimmunity of the two strains of mice differs in that the number of Swan mice with detectable titres increases with age until, at 40 weeks, all the mice are positive, whereas the number of Nude mice positive at a young age rarely increase until the time of death. The antibodies produced by the Swan mice may be of any of the major immunoglobulin classes, whereas those produced by Nude mice are nearly always IgM.", "PMID": 1103718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_353", "title": "[Proceedings: Treatment of excessive body height in adolescents with small doses of corticoids. Demonstration and advantages. 10 cases treated with prednisone].", "content": "Treatment of great heights has always been in endocrinology, especially in the U.S.A., a problem hard to solve, estrogenotherapy being the main drug and giving more and less convincing results. We present a treatment with small doses of corticoids which seems more satisfactory starting at a level of two centimeters under the expected height. This treatment allows to get the complete join of the long bones cartilage under the influence of a normal puberty. 11 teen-agers (1 male and 10 females) have been given such a treatment at variable ages (range = 12 6/12 and 16, mean = 14 2/12). The standard dose was 15 mg per day of prednisone, 5 mg every eight hours, during 7 to 25 months, with periodical supervising of clinical, biological and radiological state. Results are excellent on growth : breakdown of growth rate is immediately obtained, from 7,2 cm to 0,5 cm every year. During all the treatment and after, the complete gain of height will not exceed 1 or 2 cnetimeters over the initial height. Quality of results is better than that of other methods; side effects, if any, are mild and disappear when stopping the treatment.", "contents": "[Proceedings: Treatment of excessive body height in adolescents with small doses of corticoids. Demonstration and advantages. 10 cases treated with prednisone]. Treatment of great heights has always been in endocrinology, especially in the U.S.A., a problem hard to solve, estrogenotherapy being the main drug and giving more and less convincing results. We present a treatment with small doses of corticoids which seems more satisfactory starting at a level of two centimeters under the expected height. This treatment allows to get the complete join of the long bones cartilage under the influence of a normal puberty. 11 teen-agers (1 male and 10 females) have been given such a treatment at variable ages (range = 12 6/12 and 16, mean = 14 2/12). The standard dose was 15 mg per day of prednisone, 5 mg every eight hours, during 7 to 25 months, with periodical supervising of clinical, biological and radiological state. Results are excellent on growth : breakdown of growth rate is immediately obtained, from 7,2 cm to 0,5 cm every year. During all the treatment and after, the complete gain of height will not exceed 1 or 2 cnetimeters over the initial height. Quality of results is better than that of other methods; side effects, if any, are mild and disappear when stopping the treatment.", "PMID": 1103715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_354", "title": "[Comparative clinical pharmacology of gentamicin, sisomicin, and tobramycin].", "content": "Using a randomized crossover design involving 12 normal subjects, we studied comparatively the pharmacokinetics and tolerance of three aminoglycoside antibiotics, gentamicin, sisomicin, and tobramycin. Serum concentrations were determined during 8 h and the urine recovery rate was determined within 24 h after a 1-h intravenous infusion of the respective antibiotic in a dose of 1 mg/kg of body weight. Microbiological assay was performed with the agar diffusion test (Bacillus subtilis); pharmacokinetic calculations were performed by means of a digital computer on the basis of a mathematical model of an open, two-compartment system. Of the three antibiotics studied, gentamicin showed the lowest concentration in serum after termination of the 1-h infusion (3.85 +/- 0.67 mug/ml), and the serum-regression curve steadily lay below those of the two other antibiotics. Sisomicin had the highest serum concentrations (4,66 +/- 1.24 mug/ml) and the serum-level curve exceeded that of the two other antibiotics. Tobramycin occupied a position between sisomicin and gentamicin in form of its serum level characteristics. Corresponding to the serum kinetics we also found slight differences in the pharmacokinetic parameters, especially in serum half-lives, elimination constants, and areas under the serum level curves. The test of liver and kidney functions and the hematological systems, as well as the function of the stato-acusticus nerve, showed no pathological changes by any of the three antibiotics tested.", "contents": "[Comparative clinical pharmacology of gentamicin, sisomicin, and tobramycin]. Using a randomized crossover design involving 12 normal subjects, we studied comparatively the pharmacokinetics and tolerance of three aminoglycoside antibiotics, gentamicin, sisomicin, and tobramycin. Serum concentrations were determined during 8 h and the urine recovery rate was determined within 24 h after a 1-h intravenous infusion of the respective antibiotic in a dose of 1 mg/kg of body weight. Microbiological assay was performed with the agar diffusion test (Bacillus subtilis); pharmacokinetic calculations were performed by means of a digital computer on the basis of a mathematical model of an open, two-compartment system. Of the three antibiotics studied, gentamicin showed the lowest concentration in serum after termination of the 1-h infusion (3.85 +/- 0.67 mug/ml), and the serum-regression curve steadily lay below those of the two other antibiotics. Sisomicin had the highest serum concentrations (4,66 +/- 1.24 mug/ml) and the serum-level curve exceeded that of the two other antibiotics. Tobramycin occupied a position between sisomicin and gentamicin in form of its serum level characteristics. Corresponding to the serum kinetics we also found slight differences in the pharmacokinetic parameters, especially in serum half-lives, elimination constants, and areas under the serum level curves. The test of liver and kidney functions and the hematological systems, as well as the function of the stato-acusticus nerve, showed no pathological changes by any of the three antibiotics tested.", "PMID": 1103722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_355", "title": "Stability of amphotericin B in fungal culture media.", "content": "We have found that amphotericin B is unstable in two commonly employed fungal culture media. This instability leads to inaccuracies in determining the actual level of susceptibility of slow-growing strains that require prolonged incubation for growth. To help compensate for this problem, we have described two rapid methods of susceptibility testing.", "contents": "Stability of amphotericin B in fungal culture media. We have found that amphotericin B is unstable in two commonly employed fungal culture media. This instability leads to inaccuracies in determining the actual level of susceptibility of slow-growing strains that require prolonged incubation for growth. To help compensate for this problem, we have described two rapid methods of susceptibility testing.", "PMID": 1103723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_356", "title": "Stimulation by haptenic Salmonella polysaccharides of murine and rabbit lymphocytes.", "content": "The Freeman polysaccharide - the hapten of lipopolysaccharide - induced a blast transformation of mouse and rabbit spleen lymphocytes. The magnitude of the response in rabbit was quite similar to that obtained by lipopolysaccharide whereas in mice it was weaker. The stimulation of lymphocytes of both species did not require the presence of macrophages. Similar results were obtained with four LPS and their correspondent haptens prepared from S. typhi-murium, S. abortus-equi, S. johannesburg R+ and R-.", "contents": "Stimulation by haptenic Salmonella polysaccharides of murine and rabbit lymphocytes. The Freeman polysaccharide - the hapten of lipopolysaccharide - induced a blast transformation of mouse and rabbit spleen lymphocytes. The magnitude of the response in rabbit was quite similar to that obtained by lipopolysaccharide whereas in mice it was weaker. The stimulation of lymphocytes of both species did not require the presence of macrophages. Similar results were obtained with four LPS and their correspondent haptens prepared from S. typhi-murium, S. abortus-equi, S. johannesburg R+ and R-.", "PMID": 1103719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_357", "title": "Prospective comparative study of variable dosage and variable frequency regimens for administration of gentamicin.", "content": "In patients with impaired renal function, careful adjustment of gentamicin dosage is required to achieve therapeutic yet nontoxic concentrations. Two regimens that differ in pharmacodynamic characteristics have been recommended for this purpose: prolonging the intervals between administration of equal doses (variable frequency regimen [VFR]) or administering a loading dose followed at the usual intervals by reduced maintenance doses (variable dosage regimen [VDR]). These regimens were compared in a prospective, randomized study of 20 seriously ill hospitalized patients, 10 on VFR and 10 on VDR. Wide variability in peak serum levels of gentamicin was observed both between patients and in individual patients after separate injections of the same dosage. As predicted by the design of these regimens, the trough serum levels of gentamicin correlated significantly with the serum creatinine concentrations in patients on the VDR but not in patients on the VFR. A gentamicin trough level of >/=4 mug/ml was the only variable among those tested that correlated significantly with development or progression of renal insufficiency during treatment with gentamicin, but such trough levels were observed frequently on both regimens. Whereas this study does not permit a direct comparison of the therapeutic efficacy of VDR and VFR, no difference in the risk of nephrotoxicity with these regimens was observed.", "contents": "Prospective comparative study of variable dosage and variable frequency regimens for administration of gentamicin. In patients with impaired renal function, careful adjustment of gentamicin dosage is required to achieve therapeutic yet nontoxic concentrations. Two regimens that differ in pharmacodynamic characteristics have been recommended for this purpose: prolonging the intervals between administration of equal doses (variable frequency regimen [VFR]) or administering a loading dose followed at the usual intervals by reduced maintenance doses (variable dosage regimen [VDR]). These regimens were compared in a prospective, randomized study of 20 seriously ill hospitalized patients, 10 on VFR and 10 on VDR. Wide variability in peak serum levels of gentamicin was observed both between patients and in individual patients after separate injections of the same dosage. As predicted by the design of these regimens, the trough serum levels of gentamicin correlated significantly with the serum creatinine concentrations in patients on the VDR but not in patients on the VFR. A gentamicin trough level of >/=4 mug/ml was the only variable among those tested that correlated significantly with development or progression of renal insufficiency during treatment with gentamicin, but such trough levels were observed frequently on both regimens. Whereas this study does not permit a direct comparison of the therapeutic efficacy of VDR and VFR, no difference in the risk of nephrotoxicity with these regimens was observed.", "PMID": 1103724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_358", "title": "Spontaneous development of plaque-forming cells against sheep erythrocytes by mouse peritoneal cells in culture.", "content": "If cultured over 10 days, peritoneal cells from different strains-CBA/J, C3H, C57B1, DBA/2, Balb/C, NZB and congenitally athymic Nude (Nu+/Nu+), fifth backcross generation with Balb/C-of unimmunized mice developed high numbers of plaque-forming cells against sheep erythrocytes (up to 13 per cent of the recovered viable cells at day 6) without being triggered by antigen. Plaque-forming cells could be demonstrated by all methods of local hemolysis (agarose, liquid medium, CMC). This capacity increase with the age of the donor mice. The phenomenon is immunological, as plaque formation could be inhibited by specific anti-mouse IgM serum and is complement-dependent. It also displays immunological specificity: the erythrocytes from sheep, goat, cow, which cross react when tested in the classical mouse immune spleen cells system, give hemolysis plaques with cultured mouse peritoneal cells, while horse, rabbit rat erythrocytes, non cross reacting with sheep erythrocytes in the classical immune systems, give no plaques with peritoneal cells. The removal of cells adherent to glass does not diminish the ability of the peritoneal cell population to form plaques against sheep erythrocytes. These results suggest that peritoneal lymphocytes constitute a highly specialized population of already programmed cells which become derepressed when removed from their natural environment and exposed to cell-culture conditions.", "contents": "Spontaneous development of plaque-forming cells against sheep erythrocytes by mouse peritoneal cells in culture. If cultured over 10 days, peritoneal cells from different strains-CBA/J, C3H, C57B1, DBA/2, Balb/C, NZB and congenitally athymic Nude (Nu+/Nu+), fifth backcross generation with Balb/C-of unimmunized mice developed high numbers of plaque-forming cells against sheep erythrocytes (up to 13 per cent of the recovered viable cells at day 6) without being triggered by antigen. Plaque-forming cells could be demonstrated by all methods of local hemolysis (agarose, liquid medium, CMC). This capacity increase with the age of the donor mice. The phenomenon is immunological, as plaque formation could be inhibited by specific anti-mouse IgM serum and is complement-dependent. It also displays immunological specificity: the erythrocytes from sheep, goat, cow, which cross react when tested in the classical mouse immune spleen cells system, give hemolysis plaques with cultured mouse peritoneal cells, while horse, rabbit rat erythrocytes, non cross reacting with sheep erythrocytes in the classical immune systems, give no plaques with peritoneal cells. The removal of cells adherent to glass does not diminish the ability of the peritoneal cell population to form plaques against sheep erythrocytes. These results suggest that peritoneal lymphocytes constitute a highly specialized population of already programmed cells which become derepressed when removed from their natural environment and exposed to cell-culture conditions.", "PMID": 1103720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_359", "title": "Chloramphenicol binding site with analogues of chloramphenicol and puromycin.", "content": "The effect of a series of puromycin analogues and aminoacyl chloramphenicol derivatives on poly(U,C)-directed polyphenylalanine synthesis in an Escherichia coli cell-free system was examined. A comparison between the structures and activities of the puromycin and chloramphenicol analogues was made to examine the proposal that ribosomal binding sites for both antibiotics overlap. Our results suggest that the dichloroacetamido group in the chloramphenicol molecule does not correspond to the role of the aminoacyl moieties of either puromycin or aminoacyl transfer ribonucleic acid. These results comparing the structures and activities of puromycin and chloramphenicol analogues also seem inconsistent with a common binding site for the p-substituted phenyl moieties of the two antibiotics. Previous data have indicated that both sites are mutually affected by the prior binding of either antibiotic. Although it is possible that chloramphenicol and puromycin may have overlapping bindings sites, no common structural features between the two antibiotics are supported by our data.", "contents": "Chloramphenicol binding site with analogues of chloramphenicol and puromycin. The effect of a series of puromycin analogues and aminoacyl chloramphenicol derivatives on poly(U,C)-directed polyphenylalanine synthesis in an Escherichia coli cell-free system was examined. A comparison between the structures and activities of the puromycin and chloramphenicol analogues was made to examine the proposal that ribosomal binding sites for both antibiotics overlap. Our results suggest that the dichloroacetamido group in the chloramphenicol molecule does not correspond to the role of the aminoacyl moieties of either puromycin or aminoacyl transfer ribonucleic acid. These results comparing the structures and activities of puromycin and chloramphenicol analogues also seem inconsistent with a common binding site for the p-substituted phenyl moieties of the two antibiotics. Previous data have indicated that both sites are mutually affected by the prior binding of either antibiotic. Although it is possible that chloramphenicol and puromycin may have overlapping bindings sites, no common structural features between the two antibiotics are supported by our data.", "PMID": 1103725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_360", "title": "Tetracycline resistance in Escherichia coli isolates from hospital patients.", "content": "Hospital isolates of Escherichia coli resistant to tetracycline (TC) were studied to identify mechanisms which regulate TC resistance levels and ability to transfer TC resistance. Antibiotic resistance patterns, resistance levels to TC, and ability to transfer TC resistance were determined for the isolates. Similar data were obtained for the transferable plasmids after transfer to several new host strains of E. coli. Of the 110 isolates, 50% were able to transfer TC resistance by conjugation. There was a nearly linear relationship between the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of TC for the hospital strains and the percentage of strains at a given MIC that could transfer TC resistance. The strains that were simultaneously resistant to tetracycline, streptomycin, and ampicillin had relatively high MICs of TC and high ability to transfer TC resistance. These results and surveys of TC-resistant E. coli by others suggest that TC resistance levels and transmissibility may be influenced by other resistance markers. The isolates which did not transfer TC resistance by conjugation were tested for the presence of TC resistance plasmids by mobilization or by transformation with deoxyribonucleic acid from the isolates. Evidence for plasmid-mediated TC resistance was found in 92 (84%) of the 110 hospital strains.", "contents": "Tetracycline resistance in Escherichia coli isolates from hospital patients. Hospital isolates of Escherichia coli resistant to tetracycline (TC) were studied to identify mechanisms which regulate TC resistance levels and ability to transfer TC resistance. Antibiotic resistance patterns, resistance levels to TC, and ability to transfer TC resistance were determined for the isolates. Similar data were obtained for the transferable plasmids after transfer to several new host strains of E. coli. Of the 110 isolates, 50% were able to transfer TC resistance by conjugation. There was a nearly linear relationship between the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of TC for the hospital strains and the percentage of strains at a given MIC that could transfer TC resistance. The strains that were simultaneously resistant to tetracycline, streptomycin, and ampicillin had relatively high MICs of TC and high ability to transfer TC resistance. These results and surveys of TC-resistant E. coli by others suggest that TC resistance levels and transmissibility may be influenced by other resistance markers. The isolates which did not transfer TC resistance by conjugation were tested for the presence of TC resistance plasmids by mobilization or by transformation with deoxyribonucleic acid from the isolates. Evidence for plasmid-mediated TC resistance was found in 92 (84%) of the 110 hospital strains.", "PMID": 1103726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_361", "title": "Change in the cell envelope of Escherichia coli carrying the thermosensitive drug resistance factor, Rts 1, at the nonpermissive temperature.", "content": "Escherichia coli, harboring the temperature-sensitive drug-resistant factor Rts 1, formed filaments on solid medium at the nonpermissive temperature (42 C). In addition, the rate of adsorption of T4D phage progressively decreased during growth at 42 C. Susceptibility to a variety of antibiotics increased suggesting that the permeability barrier to these antibiotics may be disrupted at the nonpermissive temperature. These observations were interpreted to suggest that the target of the temperature-sensitive Rts 1 gene product responsible for altering host growth may be the cell envelope.", "contents": "Change in the cell envelope of Escherichia coli carrying the thermosensitive drug resistance factor, Rts 1, at the nonpermissive temperature. Escherichia coli, harboring the temperature-sensitive drug-resistant factor Rts 1, formed filaments on solid medium at the nonpermissive temperature (42 C). In addition, the rate of adsorption of T4D phage progressively decreased during growth at 42 C. Susceptibility to a variety of antibiotics increased suggesting that the permeability barrier to these antibiotics may be disrupted at the nonpermissive temperature. These observations were interpreted to suggest that the target of the temperature-sensitive Rts 1 gene product responsible for altering host growth may be the cell envelope.", "PMID": 1103727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_362", "title": "Enumeration of high numbers of bacteria using hydrophobic grid-membrane filters.", "content": "Printing a wax grid on a conventional membrane filter yields a device functioning as a most probable number apparatus (MPN), used at a single dilution but with a very large number of growth compartments (e.g., 3,650). By restraining the lateral spread and confluence of colonies, the hydrophobic grid-membrane filter (HGMF) allows growth- or colony-forming units (GU) to be resolved at levels far above those which produce an uncountable lawn on a conventional membrane filter. It also eliminates the size variation of normal bacterial colonies. As a result, the HGMF can give more accurate estimates of the concentration of GU. The method by which grid-cell count observations can be used to obtain MPN estimates of the number of GUs is described, and estimates obtained using the MPN method on the HGMF are compared with those resulting from conventional colony count procedures on membrane filters. A linear relation was observed between MPNGU and the number of GUs, at levels up to 30,000 GUs, for pure cultures of bacteria and for samples of natural waters. The HGMF has great potential for reducing the labor required in quantitative microbiology, since it allows, with one filter, enumeration of microorganisms over a very large concentration range and therefore reduces the need to make dilutions.", "contents": "Enumeration of high numbers of bacteria using hydrophobic grid-membrane filters. Printing a wax grid on a conventional membrane filter yields a device functioning as a most probable number apparatus (MPN), used at a single dilution but with a very large number of growth compartments (e.g., 3,650). By restraining the lateral spread and confluence of colonies, the hydrophobic grid-membrane filter (HGMF) allows growth- or colony-forming units (GU) to be resolved at levels far above those which produce an uncountable lawn on a conventional membrane filter. It also eliminates the size variation of normal bacterial colonies. As a result, the HGMF can give more accurate estimates of the concentration of GU. The method by which grid-cell count observations can be used to obtain MPN estimates of the number of GUs is described, and estimates obtained using the MPN method on the HGMF are compared with those resulting from conventional colony count procedures on membrane filters. A linear relation was observed between MPNGU and the number of GUs, at levels up to 30,000 GUs, for pure cultures of bacteria and for samples of natural waters. The HGMF has great potential for reducing the labor required in quantitative microbiology, since it allows, with one filter, enumeration of microorganisms over a very large concentration range and therefore reduces the need to make dilutions.", "PMID": 1103728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_363", "title": "Effects of an antibacterial soap on the ecology of aerobic bacterial flora of human skin.", "content": "The effects of ad lib use of an antibacterial soap containing 1.0% trichlorocarbanilide and 0.5% trifluoromethyldichlorocarbanilide on the bacterial flora of six skin sites of 132 subjects were measured by comparison with the flora of 93 control subjects who avoided the use of topical antibacterials. Each subject was examined once. The test soap produced significant reductions in geometric mean counts of the total aerobic flora on the back, chest, forearm, calf, and foot; counts were also reduced in the axilla, but not to a significant extent. The overall reduction by the test soap on all sites was 62% (P less than 0.001). Neither age nor sex influenced the effect of the soap on the flora. The antibacterial soap also reduced the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus on the skin, mostly by virtually eliminating it from areas other than the axilla. Partial inhibition of the gram-positive flora was not accompanied by an increase in gram-negative species. The latter were found principally in the axilla; Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterobacter aerogenes were the species most frequently found.", "contents": "Effects of an antibacterial soap on the ecology of aerobic bacterial flora of human skin. The effects of ad lib use of an antibacterial soap containing 1.0% trichlorocarbanilide and 0.5% trifluoromethyldichlorocarbanilide on the bacterial flora of six skin sites of 132 subjects were measured by comparison with the flora of 93 control subjects who avoided the use of topical antibacterials. Each subject was examined once. The test soap produced significant reductions in geometric mean counts of the total aerobic flora on the back, chest, forearm, calf, and foot; counts were also reduced in the axilla, but not to a significant extent. The overall reduction by the test soap on all sites was 62% (P less than 0.001). Neither age nor sex influenced the effect of the soap on the flora. The antibacterial soap also reduced the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus on the skin, mostly by virtually eliminating it from areas other than the axilla. Partial inhibition of the gram-positive flora was not accompanied by an increase in gram-negative species. The latter were found principally in the axilla; Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterobacter aerogenes were the species most frequently found.", "PMID": 1103729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_364", "title": "Evaluation of a semiautomated system for direct fluorescent antibody detection of salmonellae.", "content": "A semi-automatic system under development by Aerojet Medical and Biological Systems for the direct fluorescent antibody detection of salmonellae was evaluated with various food, feed, and environmental samples. All samples were simultaneously examined by Automated Bioassay System (ABS), manual direct fluorescent antibody procedures and cultural procedures. The ABS gave satisfactory results with the processed samples. It detected all of the culturally positive powdered egg and candy samples with no false-negative results and gave only 6.6 and 5.3% false-positive rates, respectively. With meatmeal samples the ABS failed to detect one culturally positive specimen that was also positive by manual fluorescent antibody and gave one (1.1%) false-positive result. A high rate of false-negative results was obtained by ABS on unprocessed samples of creek water, poultry, and sausage. Adding another enrichment step to the protocol reduced the false-negative rate considerably but severely increased the false-positive rate. The instruments worked reasonably well, but research is needed to improve enrichment procedures for samples to be processed by the system.", "contents": "Evaluation of a semiautomated system for direct fluorescent antibody detection of salmonellae. A semi-automatic system under development by Aerojet Medical and Biological Systems for the direct fluorescent antibody detection of salmonellae was evaluated with various food, feed, and environmental samples. All samples were simultaneously examined by Automated Bioassay System (ABS), manual direct fluorescent antibody procedures and cultural procedures. The ABS gave satisfactory results with the processed samples. It detected all of the culturally positive powdered egg and candy samples with no false-negative results and gave only 6.6 and 5.3% false-positive rates, respectively. With meatmeal samples the ABS failed to detect one culturally positive specimen that was also positive by manual fluorescent antibody and gave one (1.1%) false-positive result. A high rate of false-negative results was obtained by ABS on unprocessed samples of creek water, poultry, and sausage. Adding another enrichment step to the protocol reduced the false-negative rate considerably but severely increased the false-positive rate. The instruments worked reasonably well, but research is needed to improve enrichment procedures for samples to be processed by the system.", "PMID": 1103730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_365", "title": "Gas chromatographic presumptive test for coliform bacteria in water.", "content": "A gas chromatographic procedure which shows promise as a presumptive test for coliform bacteria in water is described. Total coliform bacteria concentrations were determined from the incubation times at 37 C required for ethanol to be produced. Fecal coliform densities were determined in a similar manner at 44.5 C. The culture medium was filter sterilized M-9 salts supplemented with 1% lactose, 0.1% Casamino Acids, and 0.1% yeast extract. Best results were obtained when the initial total coliform concentrations were 5 per ml or higher and when fecal coliform concentrations were 50 per ml or higher. Minimum detection times at these concentrations were 9 and 12 h, respectively.", "contents": "Gas chromatographic presumptive test for coliform bacteria in water. A gas chromatographic procedure which shows promise as a presumptive test for coliform bacteria in water is described. Total coliform bacteria concentrations were determined from the incubation times at 37 C required for ethanol to be produced. Fecal coliform densities were determined in a similar manner at 44.5 C. The culture medium was filter sterilized M-9 salts supplemented with 1% lactose, 0.1% Casamino Acids, and 0.1% yeast extract. Best results were obtained when the initial total coliform concentrations were 5 per ml or higher and when fecal coliform concentrations were 50 per ml or higher. Minimum detection times at these concentrations were 9 and 12 h, respectively.", "PMID": 1103731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_366", "title": "Evaluation of excitation light sources for incident immunofluorescence microscopy.", "content": "A variety of fluorescent excitation light sources were compared using a standard fluorescein solution or a bacterial conjugate with immunofluorescent microscopy. Quantitative data were obtained with microscope photometric apparatus. Both the quantitative data and comparative conjugate titering suggest that the 450-W xenon arc excited significantly more fluorescence than did the more commonly used 250-W mercury arc or the 100-W halogen lamp. The conjugate could be diluted 4 to 32 times more using the 450-W xenon. Additional advantages of 450-W xenon excitation include sufficient energy of wave lengths between 470 to 490 mm, thus permitting narrow-band excitation resulting in less autofluorescence and the ability to perform fluorescent-antibody procedures without the darkening of ambient room light.", "contents": "Evaluation of excitation light sources for incident immunofluorescence microscopy. A variety of fluorescent excitation light sources were compared using a standard fluorescein solution or a bacterial conjugate with immunofluorescent microscopy. Quantitative data were obtained with microscope photometric apparatus. Both the quantitative data and comparative conjugate titering suggest that the 450-W xenon arc excited significantly more fluorescence than did the more commonly used 250-W mercury arc or the 100-W halogen lamp. The conjugate could be diluted 4 to 32 times more using the 450-W xenon. Additional advantages of 450-W xenon excitation include sufficient energy of wave lengths between 470 to 490 mm, thus permitting narrow-band excitation resulting in less autofluorescence and the ability to perform fluorescent-antibody procedures without the darkening of ambient room light.", "PMID": 1103732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_367", "title": "Autoradiography and immunofluorescence combined for autecological study of single cell activity with Nitrobacter as a model system.", "content": "Specific detection of a particular bacterium by immunofluorescence was combined with estimation of its metabolic activity by autoradiography. The nitrifying bacteria Nitrobacter agilis and N. winogradskyi were used as a model system. Nitrobacter were incubated with NaH14CO3 and 14CO2 prior to study. The same preparations made for autoradiograms were stained with fluorescent antibodies specific for the Nitrobacter species. Examination by epifluorescence and transmitted dark-field microscopy revealed Nitrobacter cells with and without associated silver grains. Direct detection and simultaneous evaluation of metabolic activity of Nitrobacter was demonstrated in pure cultures, in a simple mixed culture, and in a natural soil.", "contents": "Autoradiography and immunofluorescence combined for autecological study of single cell activity with Nitrobacter as a model system. Specific detection of a particular bacterium by immunofluorescence was combined with estimation of its metabolic activity by autoradiography. The nitrifying bacteria Nitrobacter agilis and N. winogradskyi were used as a model system. Nitrobacter were incubated with NaH14CO3 and 14CO2 prior to study. The same preparations made for autoradiograms were stained with fluorescent antibodies specific for the Nitrobacter species. Examination by epifluorescence and transmitted dark-field microscopy revealed Nitrobacter cells with and without associated silver grains. Direct detection and simultaneous evaluation of metabolic activity of Nitrobacter was demonstrated in pure cultures, in a simple mixed culture, and in a natural soil.", "PMID": 1103733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_368", "title": "Optimum membrane structures for growth of coliform and fecal coliform organisms.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to determine the optimum membrane filter structure and characteristics for recovery of coliform organisms. Additionally, other factors such as sterilization method and membrane composition were examined. Fecal coliform growth tests with varied samples indicated that the most critical factor in recovery was surface pore morphology and not other factors previously suspected. Fecal coliform counts showed a dramatic increase, with increasing surface opening sizes. Membrane structures with surface openings large enough to surround the entrapped bacteria are required for optimum growth of fecal coliform organisms. Maximum fecal coliform recoveries are obtained using membranes composed of mixed esters of cellulose exhibiting a surface opening diameter of 2.4 mum and a retention pore size of 0.7 mum.", "contents": "Optimum membrane structures for growth of coliform and fecal coliform organisms. The purpose of this study was to determine the optimum membrane filter structure and characteristics for recovery of coliform organisms. Additionally, other factors such as sterilization method and membrane composition were examined. Fecal coliform growth tests with varied samples indicated that the most critical factor in recovery was surface pore morphology and not other factors previously suspected. Fecal coliform counts showed a dramatic increase, with increasing surface opening sizes. Membrane structures with surface openings large enough to surround the entrapped bacteria are required for optimum growth of fecal coliform organisms. Maximum fecal coliform recoveries are obtained using membranes composed of mixed esters of cellulose exhibiting a surface opening diameter of 2.4 mum and a retention pore size of 0.7 mum.", "PMID": 1103734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_369", "title": "Comparison of the new millipore HC with conventional membrane filters for the enumeration of fecal coliform bacteria.", "content": "Fecal coliform recoveries were determined for six types of membrane filters using 65 nonchlorinated water samples. Results showed that the membranes could be ranked in order of decreasing recovery as follows: Millipore HC greater than Gelman greater than Johns-Manville approximately Sartorius greater than Millipore HA greater than Schleicher & Schuell.", "contents": "Comparison of the new millipore HC with conventional membrane filters for the enumeration of fecal coliform bacteria. Fecal coliform recoveries were determined for six types of membrane filters using 65 nonchlorinated water samples. Results showed that the membranes could be ranked in order of decreasing recovery as follows: Millipore HC greater than Gelman greater than Johns-Manville approximately Sartorius greater than Millipore HA greater than Schleicher & Schuell.", "PMID": 1103735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_370", "title": "Topically applied griseofulvin in prevention and treatment of Trichophyton mentagrophytes.", "content": "Griseofulvin is not considered effective in treatment of superficial fungal infections. However, when applied topically in organic solvents, the drug appeared in very high concentration in all levels of stratum corneum, and it generally persisted there in measurable amounts for four or more days after a single application. Based on this observation, double-blind experimental prophylactic and therapeutic studies were conducted. Topically applied griseofulvin in alcohol solution was highly effective in preventing experimentally induced Trichophyton mentagraphytes infection, but it had no therapeutic effect once the infection was initiated. Topically administered griseofulvin may prove useful in prevention of recurrences or as an adjunct to therapy in selected cases of superficial fungal infection.", "contents": "Topically applied griseofulvin in prevention and treatment of Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Griseofulvin is not considered effective in treatment of superficial fungal infections. However, when applied topically in organic solvents, the drug appeared in very high concentration in all levels of stratum corneum, and it generally persisted there in measurable amounts for four or more days after a single application. Based on this observation, double-blind experimental prophylactic and therapeutic studies were conducted. Topically applied griseofulvin in alcohol solution was highly effective in preventing experimentally induced Trichophyton mentagraphytes infection, but it had no therapeutic effect once the infection was initiated. Topically administered griseofulvin may prove useful in prevention of recurrences or as an adjunct to therapy in selected cases of superficial fungal infection.", "PMID": 1103743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_371", "title": "Treatment of nocardial mycetoma with trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole.", "content": "Two cases of nocardial mycetoma were successfully treated with a mixture of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole (Bacterim). The patient in case 1 showed resistance to treatment with antibiotics and sulfamethoxypyridazine, and the causal agent of the disease could not be isolated. In case 2, bone involvement was seen; the causal agent was N asteroides. No adverse effects of the drug occurred in a period of treatment ranging from three to nine months.", "contents": "Treatment of nocardial mycetoma with trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole. Two cases of nocardial mycetoma were successfully treated with a mixture of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole (Bacterim). The patient in case 1 showed resistance to treatment with antibiotics and sulfamethoxypyridazine, and the causal agent of the disease could not be isolated. In case 2, bone involvement was seen; the causal agent was N asteroides. No adverse effects of the drug occurred in a period of treatment ranging from three to nine months.", "PMID": 1103744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_372", "title": "DermLit. A year's experience with a computerized literature search service.", "content": "DermLit is a service providing bibliographies prepared by computer from a file of the four basic English language dermatology journals beginning with January 1969 and including the current issues. An abstract of each article cited is returned with the report. Both the title and the abstract of each article in the file is searched for the word, words, or phrases requested by the user. In the year since DermLit was introduced, more than 1,600 searches have been performed for dermatiologists all over the United States and Canada. The service is used primarily by dermatologists away from the large teaching centers. The topics of the search requests cover the entire field of dermatology.", "contents": "DermLit. A year's experience with a computerized literature search service. DermLit is a service providing bibliographies prepared by computer from a file of the four basic English language dermatology journals beginning with January 1969 and including the current issues. An abstract of each article cited is returned with the report. Both the title and the abstract of each article in the file is searched for the word, words, or phrases requested by the user. In the year since DermLit was introduced, more than 1,600 searches have been performed for dermatiologists all over the United States and Canada. The service is used primarily by dermatologists away from the large teaching centers. The topics of the search requests cover the entire field of dermatology.", "PMID": 1103745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_373", "title": "Dermatologists of San Francisco, 1870 to 1920.", "content": "Although there were relatively few dermatologists in the United States in the years 1870 to 1920, San Francisco was well represented by the nine dermatologists who were active in the city during that time. These included George J. Bucknall, Alfred E. Regensburger, Douglass W. Montgomery, Howard Morrow, Harry E. Alderson, George D. Culver, Ernest D. Chipman, Hiram E. Miller, and Lawrence R. Tuassig. Seven were members of the American Dermatological Association, all but one were active academically, and several rose to great heights in their profession, community, and nation.", "contents": "Dermatologists of San Francisco, 1870 to 1920. Although there were relatively few dermatologists in the United States in the years 1870 to 1920, San Francisco was well represented by the nine dermatologists who were active in the city during that time. These included George J. Bucknall, Alfred E. Regensburger, Douglass W. Montgomery, Howard Morrow, Harry E. Alderson, George D. Culver, Ernest D. Chipman, Hiram E. Miller, and Lawrence R. Tuassig. Seven were members of the American Dermatological Association, all but one were active academically, and several rose to great heights in their profession, community, and nation.", "PMID": 1103746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_374", "title": "Enteropathogenic Esch. coli gastroenteritis in premature infants and children treated with fosfomycin.", "content": "Forty-two infants, some premature, with enteropathogenic Esch. coli (EPEC) gastroenteritis were treated with an oral suspension of fosfomycin in a dose of 100 and 200 mg/kg per day. After the treatment there were 11 secondary clinical infections (6 reinfections and 5 relapses) which received a second treatment with fosfomycin. In total, 53 treatments were made with fosfomycin and in 92% of the cases there was both clinical and bacteriological cure. 93% of the EPEC strains were sensitive to fosfomycin in vitro, their minimum inhibitory concentrations being less than 64 mug/ml. The concentration of fosfomycin in blood and faeces was assayed by a diffusion plate microbiological method in a group of these children, showing that this antibiotic is partly absorbed and the rest eliminated in the faeces, where its concentration was found to be very high. Tolerance of the product was good, and there were neither toxic nor side effects.", "contents": "Enteropathogenic Esch. coli gastroenteritis in premature infants and children treated with fosfomycin. Forty-two infants, some premature, with enteropathogenic Esch. coli (EPEC) gastroenteritis were treated with an oral suspension of fosfomycin in a dose of 100 and 200 mg/kg per day. After the treatment there were 11 secondary clinical infections (6 reinfections and 5 relapses) which received a second treatment with fosfomycin. In total, 53 treatments were made with fosfomycin and in 92% of the cases there was both clinical and bacteriological cure. 93% of the EPEC strains were sensitive to fosfomycin in vitro, their minimum inhibitory concentrations being less than 64 mug/ml. The concentration of fosfomycin in blood and faeces was assayed by a diffusion plate microbiological method in a group of these children, showing that this antibiotic is partly absorbed and the rest eliminated in the faeces, where its concentration was found to be very high. Tolerance of the product was good, and there were neither toxic nor side effects.", "PMID": 1103749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_375", "title": "Effect of placebo substitution during long-term betamethasone valerate aerosol treatment in asthmatic children.", "content": "Ten children with severe asthma, who had been well controlled on maintenance betamethasone valerate aerosol for an average of 11 months, were given placebo aerosols without their knowledge. The period of placebo substitution was campared with one 28-day period of betamethasone valerate therapy beforehand, and two 28-day periods afterwards. Symptoms were increased during the placebo period, and patients did not return to their previous well-controlled state until the second month after reinstitution of therapy. Changes in the means of twice-daily peak expiratory flow readings (PEFR) followed the same pattern as changes in symptoms. The exacerbation of asthma which occurred during placebo treatment was accompanied by a widening in the diurnal variation between morning and evening PEFR. In comparison with the previous period, morning PEFR fell by a greater amount than evening PEFR. Standardized running tests suggest an increase in exercise-induced bronchoconstriction and in the Exercise Lability Index when the child was receiving only placebo treatment as compared with betamethasone valerate treatment. The trial provided further evidence of the efficacy of betamethasone valerate aerosol in the prophylatic therapy of severe childhood asthma. As 2 of these children were able to discontinue long-term therapy it is unlikely that this drug causes dependency.", "contents": "Effect of placebo substitution during long-term betamethasone valerate aerosol treatment in asthmatic children. Ten children with severe asthma, who had been well controlled on maintenance betamethasone valerate aerosol for an average of 11 months, were given placebo aerosols without their knowledge. The period of placebo substitution was campared with one 28-day period of betamethasone valerate therapy beforehand, and two 28-day periods afterwards. Symptoms were increased during the placebo period, and patients did not return to their previous well-controlled state until the second month after reinstitution of therapy. Changes in the means of twice-daily peak expiratory flow readings (PEFR) followed the same pattern as changes in symptoms. The exacerbation of asthma which occurred during placebo treatment was accompanied by a widening in the diurnal variation between morning and evening PEFR. In comparison with the previous period, morning PEFR fell by a greater amount than evening PEFR. Standardized running tests suggest an increase in exercise-induced bronchoconstriction and in the Exercise Lability Index when the child was receiving only placebo treatment as compared with betamethasone valerate treatment. The trial provided further evidence of the efficacy of betamethasone valerate aerosol in the prophylatic therapy of severe childhood asthma. As 2 of these children were able to discontinue long-term therapy it is unlikely that this drug causes dependency.", "PMID": 1103750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_376", "title": "Plasma digoxin concentrations and urinary excretion during a 'simpler' regimen of infant digitalization.", "content": "We have measured the plasma concentrations in sick  neonates and infants being administered digoxin by a safer regimen. In the presence of normal renal function  the plasma concentrations appear to be satisfactory.", "contents": "Plasma digoxin concentrations and urinary excretion during a 'simpler' regimen of infant digitalization. We have measured the plasma concentrations in sick  neonates and infants being administered digoxin by a safer regimen. In the presence of normal renal function  the plasma concentrations appear to be satisfactory.", "PMID": 1103751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_377", "title": "Frusemide in respiratory distress syndrome.", "content": "Savage, M. O., Wilkinson, A. R., Baum, J. D., Roberton, N. R. C. (1975). Archives of Disease in Childhood, 50, 709. Frusemide in respiratory distress syndrome. The effect of frusemide on urinary volume, urinary sodium excretion, and urinary calcium excretion in 7 premature infants with severe respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) has been studied. The results are compared with similar measurements on 13 infants of comparable gestational age and birthweight with less severe RDS who did not receive frusemide. The effect of frusemide on PaO2 and PaCO2 tensions in 5 infants with RDS was also investigated. Frusemide produced a fourfold increase in urinary volume and a tenfold increase in urinary sodium and urinary calcium excretion compared with the untreated group. It caused no improvement in blood gas tensions. The use of this diuretic for the routine management of RDS cannot be recommended.", "contents": "Frusemide in respiratory distress syndrome. Savage, M. O., Wilkinson, A. R., Baum, J. D., Roberton, N. R. C. (1975). Archives of Disease in Childhood, 50, 709. Frusemide in respiratory distress syndrome. The effect of frusemide on urinary volume, urinary sodium excretion, and urinary calcium excretion in 7 premature infants with severe respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) has been studied. The results are compared with similar measurements on 13 infants of comparable gestational age and birthweight with less severe RDS who did not receive frusemide. The effect of frusemide on PaO2 and PaCO2 tensions in 5 infants with RDS was also investigated. Frusemide produced a fourfold increase in urinary volume and a tenfold increase in urinary sodium and urinary calcium excretion compared with the untreated group. It caused no improvement in blood gas tensions. The use of this diuretic for the routine management of RDS cannot be recommended.", "PMID": 1103753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_378", "title": "Inhibition of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity by betamethasone and three of its esters with dermatological importance.", "content": "Betamethasone, betamethasone-17-valerate, betamethasone-17-benzoate, and betamethasone-17,21-diproprionate were investigated for their inhbitory action on glucose-beta-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH) activity (pure enzyme from yeast, enzyme from human skin homogenate). Between these four compounds, marked differences were encountered which could not be attributed to the presence of an esterified or unesterified steroid. According to these data it does not seem to be justified to consider betamethasone esters simply as the transport forms of the topically inactive betamethasone but one must consider the betamethasone esters having biochemical actions of their own.", "contents": "Inhibition of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity by betamethasone and three of its esters with dermatological importance. Betamethasone, betamethasone-17-valerate, betamethasone-17-benzoate, and betamethasone-17,21-diproprionate were investigated for their inhbitory action on glucose-beta-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH) activity (pure enzyme from yeast, enzyme from human skin homogenate). Between these four compounds, marked differences were encountered which could not be attributed to the presence of an esterified or unesterified steroid. According to these data it does not seem to be justified to consider betamethasone esters simply as the transport forms of the topically inactive betamethasone but one must consider the betamethasone esters having biochemical actions of their own.", "PMID": 1103754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_379", "title": "Reiter's disease in three boys.", "content": "Three cases of Reiter's disease occurring in boys under the age of 16 are reported. One of these presented with a Salmonella enteritidis diarrhoea. This conforms to the 'dysenteric' form of Reiter's disease usually seen in Europe and rarely reported in England. Another presented with a monarticular arthritis of the knee, and the third has developed a chronic relapsing erosive arthritis as a result of sexually acquired Reiter's disease--an occurrence not previously reported in this age group. We draw attention to the frequency of diarrhoea in these children and the sex incidence of 1 female to 4--5 males, which agrees more with Reiter's disease of dysenteric origin than that acquired venereally.", "contents": "Reiter's disease in three boys. Three cases of Reiter's disease occurring in boys under the age of 16 are reported. One of these presented with a Salmonella enteritidis diarrhoea. This conforms to the 'dysenteric' form of Reiter's disease usually seen in Europe and rarely reported in England. Another presented with a monarticular arthritis of the knee, and the third has developed a chronic relapsing erosive arthritis as a result of sexually acquired Reiter's disease--an occurrence not previously reported in this age group. We draw attention to the frequency of diarrhoea in these children and the sex incidence of 1 female to 4--5 males, which agrees more with Reiter's disease of dysenteric origin than that acquired venereally.", "PMID": 1103755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_380", "title": "Comparative evaluation of pancreas transplantation techniques.", "content": "Three operative techniques for pancreatic transplantation have been compared: pancreaticoduodenal, pancreatic duct-jejunostomy and pancreatic duct-ureterostomy. There were no significant differences in results among these techniques when the autotransplant model was used. The pancreatic duct anastomosis without duodenum probably offers more advantages in the allograft recipient.", "contents": "Comparative evaluation of pancreas transplantation techniques. Three operative techniques for pancreatic transplantation have been compared: pancreaticoduodenal, pancreatic duct-jejunostomy and pancreatic duct-ureterostomy. There were no significant differences in results among these techniques when the autotransplant model was used. The pancreatic duct anastomosis without duodenum probably offers more advantages in the allograft recipient.", "PMID": 1103756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_381", "title": "In situ preservation of cadaver kidneys for transplantation: laboratory observations and clinical application.", "content": "Many kidneys obtained from cadaver donors undergoing sudden cardiac arrest cannot be transplanted due to the long periods of warm ischemia from the moment of arrest to nephrectomy. A double-ballon-triple-lumen catheter for the rapid in situ preservation of cadaver kidneys has been designed. Used in combination with equipment routinely found in any hospital, it can cool human kidneys in situ to 10-15 C and maintain this temperature until nephrectomy can be performed. Kidenys preserved with this catheter have functioned after transplantation into suitable recipients. This report describes the design and laboratory evaluation of this new device, its clinical effectiveness and technique of insertion.", "contents": "In situ preservation of cadaver kidneys for transplantation: laboratory observations and clinical application. Many kidneys obtained from cadaver donors undergoing sudden cardiac arrest cannot be transplanted due to the long periods of warm ischemia from the moment of arrest to nephrectomy. A double-ballon-triple-lumen catheter for the rapid in situ preservation of cadaver kidneys has been designed. Used in combination with equipment routinely found in any hospital, it can cool human kidneys in situ to 10-15 C and maintain this temperature until nephrectomy can be performed. Kidenys preserved with this catheter have functioned after transplantation into suitable recipients. This report describes the design and laboratory evaluation of this new device, its clinical effectiveness and technique of insertion.", "PMID": 1103757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_382", "title": "Posterior subcapsular cataracts: posttransplantation in children.", "content": "Posterior subcapsular cataracts (PSC) were noted in 41 of 69 (60%) recipients of renal allografts. The PSC were noted during the first posttransplant year (Group 1) in 21 (30%) recipients and after the first posttransplant (Group 2) year in 20 (30%) recipients. The dosage of prednisone during the first posttransplant year corrected for patient weight showed a significant correlation with the development of PSC during the first posttransplant year. The severity of the PSC were correlated with time of onset and prednisone dosage. Four recipients in Group 1 required cataract extraction to obtain sufficient vision to facilitate school work.", "contents": "Posterior subcapsular cataracts: posttransplantation in children. Posterior subcapsular cataracts (PSC) were noted in 41 of 69 (60%) recipients of renal allografts. The PSC were noted during the first posttransplant year (Group 1) in 21 (30%) recipients and after the first posttransplant (Group 2) year in 20 (30%) recipients. The dosage of prednisone during the first posttransplant year corrected for patient weight showed a significant correlation with the development of PSC during the first posttransplant year. The severity of the PSC were correlated with time of onset and prednisone dosage. Four recipients in Group 1 required cataract extraction to obtain sufficient vision to facilitate school work.", "PMID": 1103758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_383", "title": "The incidence and management of pulmonary mycosis in renal allograft patients.", "content": "A retrospective analysis of 193 renal transplant recipients yielded 15 patients who developed pulmonary mycosis posttransplantation and one case in which mycotic lung infection existed at the time of transplant surgery. Agent responsible for infection included Nocardia asteroides in 8 cases, Asperigillus flavus in 5 cases, Cryptococcus neoformans in 4 patients and Candida albicans in 2 cases. Two cases had mixed mycotic infections. Ten patients died, of which 7 had diagnosis established antemortem. Two cases had diagnosis established by thoracotomy and 1 case by transtracheal aspiration. Problems in establishing accurate diagnosis are discussed with emphasis placed on the need for more frequent use of transtracheal aspiration and thoracotomy for precise diagnosis.", "contents": "The incidence and management of pulmonary mycosis in renal allograft patients. A retrospective analysis of 193 renal transplant recipients yielded 15 patients who developed pulmonary mycosis posttransplantation and one case in which mycotic lung infection existed at the time of transplant surgery. Agent responsible for infection included Nocardia asteroides in 8 cases, Asperigillus flavus in 5 cases, Cryptococcus neoformans in 4 patients and Candida albicans in 2 cases. Two cases had mixed mycotic infections. Ten patients died, of which 7 had diagnosis established antemortem. Two cases had diagnosis established by thoracotomy and 1 case by transtracheal aspiration. Problems in establishing accurate diagnosis are discussed with emphasis placed on the need for more frequent use of transtracheal aspiration and thoracotomy for precise diagnosis.", "PMID": 1103759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_384", "title": "Congenital duodenal diaphragms in adults: a delayed cause of intestinal obstruction.", "content": "Congenital duodenal diaphragms in the adult are uncommon, unsuspected lesions that infrequently cause intestinal obstruction. The diaphragms may be single or multiple and are usually located near the ampulla of Vater. Three cases are summarized and the recent literature reviewed. At least 35 cases have been reported. Treatment most often consisted of duodenotomy,excision of the web and duodenal closure.", "contents": "Congenital duodenal diaphragms in adults: a delayed cause of intestinal obstruction. Congenital duodenal diaphragms in the adult are uncommon, unsuspected lesions that infrequently cause intestinal obstruction. The diaphragms may be single or multiple and are usually located near the ampulla of Vater. Three cases are summarized and the recent literature reviewed. At least 35 cases have been reported. Treatment most often consisted of duodenotomy,excision of the web and duodenal closure.", "PMID": 1103761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_385", "title": "Pancreaticoduodenal preservation by hypothermic pulsatile perfusion for twenty-four hours.", "content": "Pancreaticoduodenal grafts remained viable after transplantation only if a modified plasma perfusate with high osmolarity was used during the 24 hours of preservation. When regular plasma perfusate was used during the pancreaticoduodenal preservation, irreversible damage resulted, and all dogs died of ischemie or vascular changes in the first few days after transplantation.", "contents": "Pancreaticoduodenal preservation by hypothermic pulsatile perfusion for twenty-four hours. Pancreaticoduodenal grafts remained viable after transplantation only if a modified plasma perfusate with high osmolarity was used during the 24 hours of preservation. When regular plasma perfusate was used during the pancreaticoduodenal preservation, irreversible damage resulted, and all dogs died of ischemie or vascular changes in the first few days after transplantation.", "PMID": 1103762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_386", "title": "Acceptable size of the pulmonary valve ring in congenital cardiac defects.", "content": "Because congenital defects are being corrected at progressively younger ages, knowledge of the normal sizes of cardiac orifices and their acceptable limits is becoming increasingly important. A graphically corrected table of normal children's heights and pulmonary artery diameters is given. In addition, reasons are presented for the belief that a decrease in the cross-sectional area of up to 50% of normal may be considered acceptable during corrective procedures; in light of present knowledge any further decrease in cross-sectional area, in particular below 25% of normal, should probably not be left uncorrected.", "contents": "Acceptable size of the pulmonary valve ring in congenital cardiac defects. Because congenital defects are being corrected at progressively younger ages, knowledge of the normal sizes of cardiac orifices and their acceptable limits is becoming increasingly important. A graphically corrected table of normal children's heights and pulmonary artery diameters is given. In addition, reasons are presented for the belief that a decrease in the cross-sectional area of up to 50% of normal may be considered acceptable during corrective procedures; in light of present knowledge any further decrease in cross-sectional area, in particular below 25% of normal, should probably not be left uncorrected.", "PMID": 1103763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_387", "title": "Biliary cysts.", "content": "This review brings the total number of biliary cysts reported in the world literature to 955. Eighty-one per cent of patients are females and 61% were discovered before age ten. The classical triad of right upper quadrant pain, right upper quandrant mass, and juandice is present in 38% of cases. The duration of symptoms prior to diagnosis ranged from less than one week to more than 40 years. The etiology is multifaceted and evidence of the existence of both acquired and congenital cysts is presented. The most useful diagnostic tool is fiberoptic endoscopy with retrograde contrast injection of the common bile duct and pancreatic duct. The incidence of biliary carcinoma in patients with biliary cysts is found to be 2.5%; 24 cases have been reported. Considerable controversy has existed concerning the best operative procedure for biliary cysts; no treatment or medical treatment yielding a 97% mortality rate. In an analysis of 235 patients presented since 1968 with an average followup of 5.2 years, the best procedure appears to be excision with either choledochocholedocostomy or Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy. The operative mortality for all procedures is now 3 to 4%.", "contents": "Biliary cysts. This review brings the total number of biliary cysts reported in the world literature to 955. Eighty-one per cent of patients are females and 61% were discovered before age ten. The classical triad of right upper quadrant pain, right upper quandrant mass, and juandice is present in 38% of cases. The duration of symptoms prior to diagnosis ranged from less than one week to more than 40 years. The etiology is multifaceted and evidence of the existence of both acquired and congenital cysts is presented. The most useful diagnostic tool is fiberoptic endoscopy with retrograde contrast injection of the common bile duct and pancreatic duct. The incidence of biliary carcinoma in patients with biliary cysts is found to be 2.5%; 24 cases have been reported. Considerable controversy has existed concerning the best operative procedure for biliary cysts; no treatment or medical treatment yielding a 97% mortality rate. In an analysis of 235 patients presented since 1968 with an average followup of 5.2 years, the best procedure appears to be excision with either choledochocholedocostomy or Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy. The operative mortality for all procedures is now 3 to 4%.", "PMID": 1103760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_388", "title": "The effect of microinjections of morphine and haloperidol into the neostriatum and the nucleus accumbens on self-stimulation behaviour.", "content": "The effect of stereotaxic injections of morphine and haloperidol via permanently implanted cannulas into the neostriatum, the nucleus accumbens or the ventricular system was studied on self-stimulation behaviour of rats with electrodes implanted into the ventral tegmentum. The self-stimulation rate was depressed by injections of haloperidol into the neostriatum or into the nucleus accumbens. Unilateral injections of haloperidol into the neostriatum depressed the self-stimulation rate either with applications ipsilateral to the electrode or contralateral to the electrode. Bilateral applications of haloperidol into the neostriatum (2 X 2.5 mug) were more effective as unilateral applications (5 mug) and were more effective as applications into the ventricular system (5 mug). Morphine had a strong depressant action on self-stimulation when applied into the ventricular system and was ineffective when applied into the neostriatum. It is concluded that these results do not favour the hypothesis that morphine interferes with dopaminergic transmission with the neostriatum.", "contents": "The effect of microinjections of morphine and haloperidol into the neostriatum and the nucleus accumbens on self-stimulation behaviour. The effect of stereotaxic injections of morphine and haloperidol via permanently implanted cannulas into the neostriatum, the nucleus accumbens or the ventricular system was studied on self-stimulation behaviour of rats with electrodes implanted into the ventral tegmentum. The self-stimulation rate was depressed by injections of haloperidol into the neostriatum or into the nucleus accumbens. Unilateral injections of haloperidol into the neostriatum depressed the self-stimulation rate either with applications ipsilateral to the electrode or contralateral to the electrode. Bilateral applications of haloperidol into the neostriatum (2 X 2.5 mug) were more effective as unilateral applications (5 mug) and were more effective as applications into the ventricular system (5 mug). Morphine had a strong depressant action on self-stimulation when applied into the ventricular system and was ineffective when applied into the neostriatum. It is concluded that these results do not favour the hypothesis that morphine interferes with dopaminergic transmission with the neostriatum.", "PMID": 1103764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_389", "title": "Clinical experience with naproxen in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "A total of 42 patients participated in three controlled clinical trials, each of different design, to demonstrate the efficacy and safety of naproxen in the treatment of rheumatodi arthritis. First, a double-blind comparison of aspirin and naproxen was made in 24 patients. As judged by objective and subjective measurements of disease activity, naproxen was at least as effective as aspirin and the incidence of severity of side effects were less with naproxen than with aspirin. Second, the safety and efficacy of naproxen administration was followed in 42 patients for up to two years. Third, the continued efficacy of naproxen during these two years was tested by interspersing a short period of double-blind placebo administration for some patients. The observations made in this clinical study suggest that naproxen is an effective and well-tolerated drug in the long-term treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.", "contents": "Clinical experience with naproxen in rheumatoid arthritis. A total of 42 patients participated in three controlled clinical trials, each of different design, to demonstrate the efficacy and safety of naproxen in the treatment of rheumatodi arthritis. First, a double-blind comparison of aspirin and naproxen was made in 24 patients. As judged by objective and subjective measurements of disease activity, naproxen was at least as effective as aspirin and the incidence of severity of side effects were less with naproxen than with aspirin. Second, the safety and efficacy of naproxen administration was followed in 42 patients for up to two years. Third, the continued efficacy of naproxen during these two years was tested by interspersing a short period of double-blind placebo administration for some patients. The observations made in this clinical study suggest that naproxen is an effective and well-tolerated drug in the long-term treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.", "PMID": 1103765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_390", "title": "Recognition of streptococcal pharyngitis in adults.", "content": "In order to devise a strategy for the management of acute pharyngitis, the clinical features of 418 adults with sore throat were noted and throat cultures were obtained. Patients with cultures positive for group A beta-hemolytic streptococci had a significantly higher (P less than or equal to .01) frequency of recent exposure to streptococcal infection, pharyngeal exudate, enlarged or tender cervical nodes, and high fever (greater than or equal to 38.3 C [101 F]. Patients with negative cultures complained more frequently of cough. On the basis of these symptoms and signs, a clinical algorithm was developed and discriminant function scores were computed that identify patient populations with different probabilities of having streptococcal pharyngitis. The patients with moderate and high probabilities included 91% of patients with positive cultures but only 67% of the total patient population. These methods could be the basis for more efficient evaluation of adults with sore throat.", "contents": "Recognition of streptococcal pharyngitis in adults. In order to devise a strategy for the management of acute pharyngitis, the clinical features of 418 adults with sore throat were noted and throat cultures were obtained. Patients with cultures positive for group A beta-hemolytic streptococci had a significantly higher (P less than or equal to .01) frequency of recent exposure to streptococcal infection, pharyngeal exudate, enlarged or tender cervical nodes, and high fever (greater than or equal to 38.3 C [101 F]. Patients with negative cultures complained more frequently of cough. On the basis of these symptoms and signs, a clinical algorithm was developed and discriminant function scores were computed that identify patient populations with different probabilities of having streptococcal pharyngitis. The patients with moderate and high probabilities included 91% of patients with positive cultures but only 67% of the total patient population. These methods could be the basis for more efficient evaluation of adults with sore throat.", "PMID": 1103766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_391", "title": "Aortocoronary vein graft surgery in a cadaver kidney transplant recipient.", "content": "A case of Prinzmetal angina occurred in a recipient of a cadaver kidney transplant who was treated with aortocoronary vein graft. The patient had severe retrosternal chest pain associated with ST-segment elevation in the precordial leads. Coronary arteriograms disclosed two major lesions in the proximal anterior descending artery. Aortocoronary vein graft was successfully performed with no untoward effect on the renal status. The patient has been free of angina approximately two years postoperatively.", "contents": "Aortocoronary vein graft surgery in a cadaver kidney transplant recipient. A case of Prinzmetal angina occurred in a recipient of a cadaver kidney transplant who was treated with aortocoronary vein graft. The patient had severe retrosternal chest pain associated with ST-segment elevation in the precordial leads. Coronary arteriograms disclosed two major lesions in the proximal anterior descending artery. Aortocoronary vein graft was successfully performed with no untoward effect on the renal status. The patient has been free of angina approximately two years postoperatively.", "PMID": 1103767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_392", "title": "Experimental investigation of the bound dissipation function: change of the psi u-function during the growth of yeast.", "content": "By means of a microcalorimeter (direct calorimetry) and a Warburg-apparatus (indirect calorimetry) that part of the dissipation of a growing culture of yeast cells which remains irreversible in the cells is determined (psi u). The course of the psi u-function with time correlates with the increase of the specific cell concentration being conditioned by the growth phase of the culture but similar for fermentative and respirative metabolism.", "contents": "Experimental investigation of the bound dissipation function: change of the psi u-function during the growth of yeast. By means of a microcalorimeter (direct calorimetry) and a Warburg-apparatus (indirect calorimetry) that part of the dissipation of a growing culture of yeast cells which remains irreversible in the cells is determined (psi u). The course of the psi u-function with time correlates with the increase of the specific cell concentration being conditioned by the growth phase of the culture but similar for fermentative and respirative metabolism.", "PMID": 1103768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_393", "title": "[Comparative studies on the significance of the \"cornea test\" in the diagnosis of rabies].", "content": "Foxes that were positive by the fluorescent antibody test on brain were also positive by the corneal test. The corneal test gave a false-negative results only when the specimen was in a macerated state. Out of 133 foxes in which rabies virus was demonstrated in the optic nerve by animal inoculation, only one was negative to the corneal test - this may have been a case of centripetal spread of the infection which was examined at a stage when virus was present in the optic nerve but not in the cornea or the brain. Hence it is possible that the virus may be absent from the cornea. False-positive results seem unlikely to occur, for only one fox was negative upon inoculation of animals with optic nerve and vitreous humour, while the fluorescent antibody test of corneal cells was positive. Animal tests revealed virus inhibitors in the vitreous humour of this animal. All the other cornea-test positive foxes were also positive in tests on brain, lacrimal gland and optic nerve.", "contents": "[Comparative studies on the significance of the \"cornea test\" in the diagnosis of rabies]. Foxes that were positive by the fluorescent antibody test on brain were also positive by the corneal test. The corneal test gave a false-negative results only when the specimen was in a macerated state. Out of 133 foxes in which rabies virus was demonstrated in the optic nerve by animal inoculation, only one was negative to the corneal test - this may have been a case of centripetal spread of the infection which was examined at a stage when virus was present in the optic nerve but not in the cornea or the brain. Hence it is possible that the virus may be absent from the cornea. False-positive results seem unlikely to occur, for only one fox was negative upon inoculation of animals with optic nerve and vitreous humour, while the fluorescent antibody test of corneal cells was positive. Animal tests revealed virus inhibitors in the vitreous humour of this animal. All the other cornea-test positive foxes were also positive in tests on brain, lacrimal gland and optic nerve.", "PMID": 1103770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_394", "title": "Characterization of Rhodopseudomonas capsulata.", "content": "Thirty-three strains of Rhodopseudomonas capsulata have been studied in order to develop a more comprehensive characterization of the species. On the basis of morphological, nutritional, physiological and other properties, the characteristics of an \"ideal biotype\" have been defined, which can be used to distinguish Rps. capsulata from similar purple bacteria. In this connection, two properties of Rps. capsulata are of particular note: a) sensitivity to penicillin G is 10(3)-10(5) times greater than that shown by closely related species, and b) all strains examined are susceptible to lysis by one or more strains of host species-specific virulent bacteriophages. It appears that members of the species Rps. capsulata form a stringent taxonomic grouping.", "contents": "Characterization of Rhodopseudomonas capsulata. Thirty-three strains of Rhodopseudomonas capsulata have been studied in order to develop a more comprehensive characterization of the species. On the basis of morphological, nutritional, physiological and other properties, the characteristics of an \"ideal biotype\" have been defined, which can be used to distinguish Rps. capsulata from similar purple bacteria. In this connection, two properties of Rps. capsulata are of particular note: a) sensitivity to penicillin G is 10(3)-10(5) times greater than that shown by closely related species, and b) all strains examined are susceptible to lysis by one or more strains of host species-specific virulent bacteriophages. It appears that members of the species Rps. capsulata form a stringent taxonomic grouping.", "PMID": 1103769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_395", "title": "[Immuno-prevention of coli infections in swine using live vaccine. 1. Use in coli infections during the 1st days of life].", "content": "Live vaccine prepared from streptomycin-dependent mutants of E. coli was well tolerated in various doses and at various times of administration, for there were no adverse reactions. There was no evidence of reversion to a virulent form. Efficacy was closely related to frequency of application of the vaccine. Vaccination must be performed as early as possible to immunize against infection during the first few days of life. It was possible to confer protection against the diarrhoea that occurs at 3-4 weeks of age. The use of an oral vaccine under intensive husbandry systems was shown to be safe. When the piglets were kept in cages, the vaccine could be administered in the existing mixing tanks for water supply, without the need for special equipment. Oral immunization of pigs already infected or already ill did not aggravate the existing infection, whether the animals were housed individually or in pens. Because of the dilution effect of the mixing tank and water supply pipes, the dose of vaccine, given on ten successive days, should be calculated at 10(9) organisms of the E. coli mutant per animal. This should supply a number close to the desired bacterial count of 10(10) organisms per animal daily. Immunization significantly reduced the frequency of gastrointestinal diseases during the first three weeks of age in piglets.", "contents": "[Immuno-prevention of coli infections in swine using live vaccine. 1. Use in coli infections during the 1st days of life]. Live vaccine prepared from streptomycin-dependent mutants of E. coli was well tolerated in various doses and at various times of administration, for there were no adverse reactions. There was no evidence of reversion to a virulent form. Efficacy was closely related to frequency of application of the vaccine. Vaccination must be performed as early as possible to immunize against infection during the first few days of life. It was possible to confer protection against the diarrhoea that occurs at 3-4 weeks of age. The use of an oral vaccine under intensive husbandry systems was shown to be safe. When the piglets were kept in cages, the vaccine could be administered in the existing mixing tanks for water supply, without the need for special equipment. Oral immunization of pigs already infected or already ill did not aggravate the existing infection, whether the animals were housed individually or in pens. Because of the dilution effect of the mixing tank and water supply pipes, the dose of vaccine, given on ten successive days, should be calculated at 10(9) organisms of the E. coli mutant per animal. This should supply a number close to the desired bacterial count of 10(10) organisms per animal daily. Immunization significantly reduced the frequency of gastrointestinal diseases during the first three weeks of age in piglets.", "PMID": 1103771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_396", "title": "[Toxicity of S-, R- and M-forms of enteropathogenic E. coli O149:K91:H10].", "content": "Toxicity of freeze-dried lysates of the organism for unweaned mice (3-4 days old) increased in the order:smooth-mucoid-rough. The toxicity was neutralized by mixing the toxin with immune serum of group O149. All toxins of the smooth, rough and mucoid variants of the Escherichia coli strain possessed hypersensitivity, skin necrosis, abortion and diarrhoea factors, which could be partly or completely neutralized by binding with homologous immune serum.", "contents": "[Toxicity of S-, R- and M-forms of enteropathogenic E. coli O149:K91:H10]. Toxicity of freeze-dried lysates of the organism for unweaned mice (3-4 days old) increased in the order:smooth-mucoid-rough. The toxicity was neutralized by mixing the toxin with immune serum of group O149. All toxins of the smooth, rough and mucoid variants of the Escherichia coli strain possessed hypersensitivity, skin necrosis, abortion and diarrhoea factors, which could be partly or completely neutralized by binding with homologous immune serum.", "PMID": 1103772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_397", "title": "[Detection of pathogenic leptospira in the waste water and sewage sludge of large pig breeding sites].", "content": "Sewage effluent and sludge from the purification plant of 8 large piggeries was examined for the presence of pathogenic leptospires. By using the methods of Appelman and Van Thiel it was found that 43.1% of samples of effluent were contaminated with L. pomona and O. tarassovi. Altogether 33 strains of pomona and three mixed cultures of pomona and tarassovi were obtained. The isolated strains were shown to be pathogenic by experimental infection of guinea-pigs, rabbits and pregnant and non-pregnant sows. The average period of survival of pathogenic leptospires in sewage effluent was 24 to 48 hours, with a maximum of 96 hours. Leptospires were killed within 24 hours in decanted sludge, owing to its strong acidity.", "contents": "[Detection of pathogenic leptospira in the waste water and sewage sludge of large pig breeding sites]. Sewage effluent and sludge from the purification plant of 8 large piggeries was examined for the presence of pathogenic leptospires. By using the methods of Appelman and Van Thiel it was found that 43.1% of samples of effluent were contaminated with L. pomona and O. tarassovi. Altogether 33 strains of pomona and three mixed cultures of pomona and tarassovi were obtained. The isolated strains were shown to be pathogenic by experimental infection of guinea-pigs, rabbits and pregnant and non-pregnant sows. The average period of survival of pathogenic leptospires in sewage effluent was 24 to 48 hours, with a maximum of 96 hours. Leptospires were killed within 24 hours in decanted sludge, owing to its strong acidity.", "PMID": 1103773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_398", "title": "[Relapsing parotitis: onset of Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome].", "content": "Report of a case of lymphocytic parotitis associated with important inflammatory syndrome, anti-salivary antibodies and rheumatoid factor. The study of the cases of literature suggests that it might be the mode of onset of a Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome.", "contents": "[Relapsing parotitis: onset of Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome]. Report of a case of lymphocytic parotitis associated with important inflammatory syndrome, anti-salivary antibodies and rheumatoid factor. The study of the cases of literature suggests that it might be the mode of onset of a Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome.", "PMID": 1103774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_399", "title": "[Paraneoplastic precocious puberty in a child. Mediastinal teratoma with chorionic gonadotropin secretion].", "content": "A case of precocious puberty in a 5-years old boy with a rapid increase of androgens, small testes, a high level of urinary bioassayable gonadotrophins, but no response of pituitary gonadotrophins of LH-RH injection. The cause was a mediastinal teratoma secreting chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG and beta subunit).", "contents": "[Paraneoplastic precocious puberty in a child. Mediastinal teratoma with chorionic gonadotropin secretion]. A case of precocious puberty in a 5-years old boy with a rapid increase of androgens, small testes, a high level of urinary bioassayable gonadotrophins, but no response of pituitary gonadotrophins of LH-RH injection. The cause was a mediastinal teratoma secreting chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG and beta subunit).", "PMID": 1103775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_400", "title": "Accelerated human renal allograft rejection.", "content": "A series of 125 renal transplants were analyzed in order to ascertain the characteristics of accelerated allograft rejection. An intense accelerated rejection could be identified within the first five days in 12 of 67 transplants (18%) with good immediate renal function. Accelerated rejection differed from the usual acute rejection reaction by higher fever, increased duration and intensity of the rejection, and increased difficulty in reversing the reaction. Accelerated rejection was reversible and associated with satisfactory renal function one year posttransplant in 58% of patients. Lymphocytotoxic and heterophil antibodies in preoperative serum and eluates of removed kidneys were not present. Contrary to recent reports, accelerated renal allograft rejection is a potentially reversible process and not necessarily due to humoral antibody presensitization.", "contents": "Accelerated human renal allograft rejection. A series of 125 renal transplants were analyzed in order to ascertain the characteristics of accelerated allograft rejection. An intense accelerated rejection could be identified within the first five days in 12 of 67 transplants (18%) with good immediate renal function. Accelerated rejection differed from the usual acute rejection reaction by higher fever, increased duration and intensity of the rejection, and increased difficulty in reversing the reaction. Accelerated rejection was reversible and associated with satisfactory renal function one year posttransplant in 58% of patients. Lymphocytotoxic and heterophil antibodies in preoperative serum and eluates of removed kidneys were not present. Contrary to recent reports, accelerated renal allograft rejection is a potentially reversible process and not necessarily due to humoral antibody presensitization.", "PMID": 1103790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_401", "title": "[Methodological peculiarities of the preliminary preparation of the thyroid gland for histochemical and electron microscopic study].", "content": "Cryostate sections of tissues preliminarily frozen in benzine cooled with liquid nitrogen are recommended for use in a histological for use in a histological and histoenzymological study of the thyroid gland. In electron microscopic study the thyroid gland should be fixed by injection of a 4% solution of glutaraldehyde on a 0,075M cacodilate buffer immediately into the thyroid parenchyma.", "contents": "[Methodological peculiarities of the preliminary preparation of the thyroid gland for histochemical and electron microscopic study]. Cryostate sections of tissues preliminarily frozen in benzine cooled with liquid nitrogen are recommended for use in a histological for use in a histological and histoenzymological study of the thyroid gland. In electron microscopic study the thyroid gland should be fixed by injection of a 4% solution of glutaraldehyde on a 0,075M cacodilate buffer immediately into the thyroid parenchyma.", "PMID": 1103795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_402", "title": "[Ultrastructural bases for the postnatal development of the capillaries].", "content": "The work has been devoted to establishment of main regularities in the process of developmental reconstruction of the ultrastructure of blood capillaries. The objects of the study were the capillaries of the heart, adrenals, exo- and endocrinous portions of the pancreas of Balb white mice of the following age groups: new-borns, 3-, 7-, 14-, 30-, and 90-day old mice. It has been established that the structural organization of capillaries is not completed by birth-time and actively proceeds during early postnatal ontogenesis. Thickening of the endothelium cytoplasm, high activity of the synthesis organells, imperfectness of intercellular contacts etc., registrated against the background of a decreased transport function of the endothelium represent a common rule for capillaries of newly born animals. In the process of differentiation of organs the synthetic potencies of cells were found to decrease and the motor activity of the endothelium to increase; the developmental reconstruction of capillaries had organic specificity and correlated with processes of development of working structures of the organ.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural bases for the postnatal development of the capillaries]. The work has been devoted to establishment of main regularities in the process of developmental reconstruction of the ultrastructure of blood capillaries. The objects of the study were the capillaries of the heart, adrenals, exo- and endocrinous portions of the pancreas of Balb white mice of the following age groups: new-borns, 3-, 7-, 14-, 30-, and 90-day old mice. It has been established that the structural organization of capillaries is not completed by birth-time and actively proceeds during early postnatal ontogenesis. Thickening of the endothelium cytoplasm, high activity of the synthesis organells, imperfectness of intercellular contacts etc., registrated against the background of a decreased transport function of the endothelium represent a common rule for capillaries of newly born animals. In the process of differentiation of organs the synthetic potencies of cells were found to decrease and the motor activity of the endothelium to increase; the developmental reconstruction of capillaries had organic specificity and correlated with processes of development of working structures of the organ.", "PMID": 1103799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_403", "title": "[Experimental study of the regenerative potentialities of the cardiac and somatic musculatures].", "content": "In rats a portion of the cardiac wall was ablated, auto-, homo- and heterotransplantation of the myocardium into somatic muscles of the femur was made and somatic muscles were autotransplanted into the heart wall. The material was treated by general histological and histochemical methods. Spindle-shaped \"cardiac myoblasts\" were formed of muscle fibres of the wound sites remote from sutures, polygonal \"intermediate\" cells often disposed in the shape of epithelioid strands were formed closer to sutures as well as in auto- and homotransplants. In heterotransplants and wound portions near sutures degenerating cells were prevailing. Regenerative processes manifested themselves in the wound and myocardium transplants as mitoses of cardiac muscular nuclei, formation of \"cardiac myoblasts\" and \"intermediate\" cells, mitotically dividing. However, no secondary differentiation occurred. When autotransplanting somatic muscles in the cardiac wall, unlike myocardium transplants, there occurred seondary differentiation of myoblasts and myosymplasts with formation of muscular fibres. In later terms muscular elements of transplants died and at the site of wound a scar was formed.", "contents": "[Experimental study of the regenerative potentialities of the cardiac and somatic musculatures]. In rats a portion of the cardiac wall was ablated, auto-, homo- and heterotransplantation of the myocardium into somatic muscles of the femur was made and somatic muscles were autotransplanted into the heart wall. The material was treated by general histological and histochemical methods. Spindle-shaped \"cardiac myoblasts\" were formed of muscle fibres of the wound sites remote from sutures, polygonal \"intermediate\" cells often disposed in the shape of epithelioid strands were formed closer to sutures as well as in auto- and homotransplants. In heterotransplants and wound portions near sutures degenerating cells were prevailing. Regenerative processes manifested themselves in the wound and myocardium transplants as mitoses of cardiac muscular nuclei, formation of \"cardiac myoblasts\" and \"intermediate\" cells, mitotically dividing. However, no secondary differentiation occurred. When autotransplanting somatic muscles in the cardiac wall, unlike myocardium transplants, there occurred seondary differentiation of myoblasts and myosymplasts with formation of muscular fibres. In later terms muscular elements of transplants died and at the site of wound a scar was formed.", "PMID": 1103800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_404", "title": "[Functional state of the human adrenals according to morphological analysis data and some remarks on the method of studying them].", "content": "When studying the morphology of the adrenals sufficiently exact criteria for their evaluation are necessary. Some of them may be obtained from complex macro- and microscopical investigations with the use of biometry and mathematical statistics. The work analyzes macroscopical (weight, volume, specific gravity) and microscopical (qualitative -- plethora, content of lipids, foci of cytolysis, mosaity etc. and quantitative -- absolute and relative dimensions of zones, cyto- and karyometry, interrelationship of zones, their relationship with KNP as a whole) data. On their grounds the estimation of the functional state of the adrenal cortex is made depending on the mechanism and causes of death as well as on duration of the disease.", "contents": "[Functional state of the human adrenals according to morphological analysis data and some remarks on the method of studying them]. When studying the morphology of the adrenals sufficiently exact criteria for their evaluation are necessary. Some of them may be obtained from complex macro- and microscopical investigations with the use of biometry and mathematical statistics. The work analyzes macroscopical (weight, volume, specific gravity) and microscopical (qualitative -- plethora, content of lipids, foci of cytolysis, mosaity etc. and quantitative -- absolute and relative dimensions of zones, cyto- and karyometry, interrelationship of zones, their relationship with KNP as a whole) data. On their grounds the estimation of the functional state of the adrenal cortex is made depending on the mechanism and causes of death as well as on duration of the disease.", "PMID": 1103801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_405", "title": "[Cerebral actinomycosis. Anatomo-clinical case report and review of the Brazilian literature].", "content": "A case of central nervous system actinomycosis is reported. A 33-year-old male complained of headache, vomiting and blurred vision lasting for eight days prior to admission. On examination, a right hemiparesis, as well an intracranial hypertension were detected. The cerebrospinal fluid showed mild lymphomononuclear hypercytosis. Necropsy disclosed three abscess in the cerebral hemispheres, in addition to moderate cerebral edema on the left side but without purulent leptomeningitis. Actinomyces filaments and granules were demonstrated in the cerebral and lung abscessess. The Brazilian literature on actinomycosis is reviewed and six published cases with nervous system involvement were found. Relevant clinical and anatomical aspects of the cases and of the present one are discussed.", "contents": "[Cerebral actinomycosis. Anatomo-clinical case report and review of the Brazilian literature]. A case of central nervous system actinomycosis is reported. A 33-year-old male complained of headache, vomiting and blurred vision lasting for eight days prior to admission. On examination, a right hemiparesis, as well an intracranial hypertension were detected. The cerebrospinal fluid showed mild lymphomononuclear hypercytosis. Necropsy disclosed three abscess in the cerebral hemispheres, in addition to moderate cerebral edema on the left side but without purulent leptomeningitis. Actinomyces filaments and granules were demonstrated in the cerebral and lung abscessess. The Brazilian literature on actinomycosis is reviewed and six published cases with nervous system involvement were found. Relevant clinical and anatomical aspects of the cases and of the present one are discussed.", "PMID": 1103803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_406", "title": "[Prognosis of neurotic patients under ambulatory care].", "content": "The prognosis of neurotic patients followed on a outpatient service was determined by calculation of probabilities of \"improvement\", \"worsening\" or \"lack of changes\" on successive examinations. These criteria were established for evaluation of 157 patients, 20 to 59 years old, who entered the study during a 12 month observation period.", "contents": "[Prognosis of neurotic patients under ambulatory care]. The prognosis of neurotic patients followed on a outpatient service was determined by calculation of probabilities of \"improvement\", \"worsening\" or \"lack of changes\" on successive examinations. These criteria were established for evaluation of 157 patients, 20 to 59 years old, who entered the study during a 12 month observation period.", "PMID": 1103804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_407", "title": "The diagnosis and management of keratomycoses. II. Medical and surgical management.", "content": "Medical management of 61 cases of mycotic keratitis, including the use of natamycin (pimaricine) in 53 cases, resulted in successful healing in 46 cases. A final visual acuity of 20/40 or better was achieved in 25 cases by medical therapy alone. Thirteen cases were considered medical treatment failures, and 11 necessitated therapeutic surgery. A final visual acuity of 20/70 or better was achieved in six of these cases, including five of nine therapeutic penetrating keratoplasties. In four cases, ulceration had progressed despite natamycin treatment, but fungal cultures were negative at the time of therapeutic surgery.", "contents": "The diagnosis and management of keratomycoses. II. Medical and surgical management. Medical management of 61 cases of mycotic keratitis, including the use of natamycin (pimaricine) in 53 cases, resulted in successful healing in 46 cases. A final visual acuity of 20/40 or better was achieved in 25 cases by medical therapy alone. Thirteen cases were considered medical treatment failures, and 11 necessitated therapeutic surgery. A final visual acuity of 20/70 or better was achieved in six of these cases, including five of nine therapeutic penetrating keratoplasties. In four cases, ulceration had progressed despite natamycin treatment, but fungal cultures were negative at the time of therapeutic surgery.", "PMID": 1103806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_408", "title": "Scleral strength impairment and recovery after diathermy.", "content": "Compression force rupture experiments were conducted in dog eyes at varying time intervals after scleral diathermy to determine the time variable of scleral weakening and recovery. The sclera was weakened immediately after the diathermy, and there was progressive further weakening for three weeks and then gradual partial recovery to 60% of control eye strength at eight months, at which point the experiment was terminated.", "contents": "Scleral strength impairment and recovery after diathermy. Compression force rupture experiments were conducted in dog eyes at varying time intervals after scleral diathermy to determine the time variable of scleral weakening and recovery. The sclera was weakened immediately after the diathermy, and there was progressive further weakening for three weeks and then gradual partial recovery to 60% of control eye strength at eight months, at which point the experiment was terminated.", "PMID": 1103807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_409", "title": "[Bone tumours in the hip region (author's transl)].", "content": "13 Patients with bone tumours in the hip region are presented. The frequent misinterpretation auf tumours in this locality and the faulty use of diagnostic possibilities are stressed. The use of homoioplastic transplantation after a large resection is presented as a therapeutic method for discussion.", "contents": "[Bone tumours in the hip region (author's transl)]. 13 Patients with bone tumours in the hip region are presented. The frequent misinterpretation auf tumours in this locality and the faulty use of diagnostic possibilities are stressed. The use of homoioplastic transplantation after a large resection is presented as a therapeutic method for discussion.", "PMID": 1103808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_410", "title": "[Therapy for ruptures of the rotator cuff of the shoulder (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors discuss the indication and various methods of repair of the rotator cuff tear. The results in 24 patients are evaluated with respect to postoperative pain and function.", "contents": "[Therapy for ruptures of the rotator cuff of the shoulder (author's transl)]. The authors discuss the indication and various methods of repair of the rotator cuff tear. The results in 24 patients are evaluated with respect to postoperative pain and function.", "PMID": 1103809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_411", "title": "[Ruptures of the extensor mechanism of the knee joint (author's transl)].", "content": "Ruptures of the quadriceps tendon and patellar ligament are rare among injuries of the extensor mechanism of the knee when compared to fractures of the patella. 39 cases of which 31 were re-examined are being discussed with regard to therapy and results. According to our findings, ruptures of the extensor mechanism are not exclusively an injury of higher age groups. Predisposing factors for ruptures of the quadriceps tendon and patellar ligament are preexisting disease or posttraumatic sequelae. Fresh or old injuries require different operative technics. Usually, fresh ruptures can be repaired by end-to-end sutures. Old injuries require plastic procedures. Different technics are being described. Postoperatively, cast fixation is mandatory. The post-operative period of remobilisation is largely depend upon preexisting degenerative joint changes as are the post-operative results. A significant increase in post-operative osteoarthritis did not occur. Early degenerative changes in the femoro-patellar joint as seen on tangential views by the Settegast technic lead to the conclusion that the operative reconstruction does not always take into consideration the biomechanics of the femoro-patellar articulation. Immediate operative reconstruction of the ruptured extensor mechanism of the knee joint seems mandatory.", "contents": "[Ruptures of the extensor mechanism of the knee joint (author's transl)]. Ruptures of the quadriceps tendon and patellar ligament are rare among injuries of the extensor mechanism of the knee when compared to fractures of the patella. 39 cases of which 31 were re-examined are being discussed with regard to therapy and results. According to our findings, ruptures of the extensor mechanism are not exclusively an injury of higher age groups. Predisposing factors for ruptures of the quadriceps tendon and patellar ligament are preexisting disease or posttraumatic sequelae. Fresh or old injuries require different operative technics. Usually, fresh ruptures can be repaired by end-to-end sutures. Old injuries require plastic procedures. Different technics are being described. Postoperatively, cast fixation is mandatory. The post-operative period of remobilisation is largely depend upon preexisting degenerative joint changes as are the post-operative results. A significant increase in post-operative osteoarthritis did not occur. Early degenerative changes in the femoro-patellar joint as seen on tangential views by the Settegast technic lead to the conclusion that the operative reconstruction does not always take into consideration the biomechanics of the femoro-patellar articulation. Immediate operative reconstruction of the ruptured extensor mechanism of the knee joint seems mandatory.", "PMID": 1103810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_412", "title": "Early jaundice after pig liver transplantation.", "content": "Of a series of pigs surviving orthotopic liver allotransplantation with end-to-end anastomosis of the bile duct, 70% were noted to be jaundiced at the end of the first week after transplantation. Seven animals in a subsequent series were investigated biochemically, but operative cholangiography, and by liver biopsy seven days after transplantation, when the jaundice was maximal. There was definite cholangiographic obstruction in only one animal, and this finding was subsequently confirmed at autopsy. This was also the only animal in which bile culture was positive. Jaundiced animals appeared to have more marked histological evidence of rejection than non-jaundiced ones. The jaundice was probably a result of transient rejection and usually resolved spontaneously without immunosuppression.", "contents": "Early jaundice after pig liver transplantation. Of a series of pigs surviving orthotopic liver allotransplantation with end-to-end anastomosis of the bile duct, 70% were noted to be jaundiced at the end of the first week after transplantation. Seven animals in a subsequent series were investigated biochemically, but operative cholangiography, and by liver biopsy seven days after transplantation, when the jaundice was maximal. There was definite cholangiographic obstruction in only one animal, and this finding was subsequently confirmed at autopsy. This was also the only animal in which bile culture was positive. Jaundiced animals appeared to have more marked histological evidence of rejection than non-jaundiced ones. The jaundice was probably a result of transient rejection and usually resolved spontaneously without immunosuppression.", "PMID": 1103812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_413", "title": "Congenital defects of the nervous system of lambs.", "content": "Sixty-seven defects of the nervous system of lambs were examined during a 3-year investigation. Thirteen (19.4 percent) were single defects, and 54 (80.6 percent) were associated with defects of other body systems. Twice as many male lambs as females were affected. The various defects were: hydrocephalus 15, spina bifida 9, meningocoele 8, perosomus elumbis 8, cyclopia 6, cerebellar agenesis 3, aprosopia 3, cranium bifidum 3, anencephaly 2, cerebellar fusion 2, meningo-encephalocoele 2, congenital ataxia 2, micrencephaly 2, cerebellar hypoplasia 1, and acrania 1. A number of lambs had more than 1 defect of the nervous system. Congenital defects of the nervous system were found in 1.5 percent of the 4,417 lambs autopsied.", "contents": "Congenital defects of the nervous system of lambs. Sixty-seven defects of the nervous system of lambs were examined during a 3-year investigation. Thirteen (19.4 percent) were single defects, and 54 (80.6 percent) were associated with defects of other body systems. Twice as many male lambs as females were affected. The various defects were: hydrocephalus 15, spina bifida 9, meningocoele 8, perosomus elumbis 8, cyclopia 6, cerebellar agenesis 3, aprosopia 3, cranium bifidum 3, anencephaly 2, cerebellar fusion 2, meningo-encephalocoele 2, congenital ataxia 2, micrencephaly 2, cerebellar hypoplasia 1, and acrania 1. A number of lambs had more than 1 defect of the nervous system. Congenital defects of the nervous system were found in 1.5 percent of the 4,417 lambs autopsied.", "PMID": 1103813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_414", "title": "Spina bifida with syringomyelia and meningocoele in a short-tailed cat.", "content": "Spina bifida of the proximal coccygeal vertebral column with an associated meningocoele is described in a male, mixed breed, congenitally short-tailed cat. The meningocoele had opened onto the skin of the tail allowing periodic escape of cerebrospinal fluid. Other clinical signs exhibited by the animal were an abnormal hindquarter gait, paralysis of the tail and defective control of urination and defaecation.", "contents": "Spina bifida with syringomyelia and meningocoele in a short-tailed cat. Spina bifida of the proximal coccygeal vertebral column with an associated meningocoele is described in a male, mixed breed, congenitally short-tailed cat. The meningocoele had opened onto the skin of the tail allowing periodic escape of cerebrospinal fluid. Other clinical signs exhibited by the animal were an abnormal hindquarter gait, paralysis of the tail and defective control of urination and defaecation.", "PMID": 1103814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_415", "title": "The nature of the alkylation lesion in mammalian cells.", "content": "Methylating agents may produce as many as nine alkylated purine and pyrimidine adducts in DNA, as well as forming phosphotriesters and inducing apurinic sites and strand breaks. Although some of these products are formed in proportionately small amounts, there are sufficient sites affected in the DNA of a mammalian cell to make even the most minor product of potential biological significance. It is not possible to specify the exact reaction sites resulting in biological damage, but it is possible to quantitate the excisiion-repair of such damage both in the bulk of the DNA and at DNA growing points. Excision-repair can be measured in the bulk of the DNA by determining the specific activity of the NaCl eluate of a benzoylated naphthoylated DEAE-cellulose column of extracts of cells after treatment and incubation in the presence of hydroxyurea and labeled thymidine. The average number of nucleotides inserted per methyl methanesulfonate-induced methyl group is 0.1, per apurinic site is 9. Repair in growing-point regions after methyl methanesulfonate treatment occurs to approximately the same extent as in the bulk of the DNA.", "contents": "The nature of the alkylation lesion in mammalian cells. Methylating agents may produce as many as nine alkylated purine and pyrimidine adducts in DNA, as well as forming phosphotriesters and inducing apurinic sites and strand breaks. Although some of these products are formed in proportionately small amounts, there are sufficient sites affected in the DNA of a mammalian cell to make even the most minor product of potential biological significance. It is not possible to specify the exact reaction sites resulting in biological damage, but it is possible to quantitate the excisiion-repair of such damage both in the bulk of the DNA and at DNA growing points. Excision-repair can be measured in the bulk of the DNA by determining the specific activity of the NaCl eluate of a benzoylated naphthoylated DEAE-cellulose column of extracts of cells after treatment and incubation in the presence of hydroxyurea and labeled thymidine. The average number of nucleotides inserted per methyl methanesulfonate-induced methyl group is 0.1, per apurinic site is 9. Repair in growing-point regions after methyl methanesulfonate treatment occurs to approximately the same extent as in the bulk of the DNA.", "PMID": 1103819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_416", "title": "Enzymic mechanism of excision-repair in T4-infected cells.", "content": "Excision of pyrimidine dimers from ultraviolet-irradiated DNA in a cell-free system of Escherichia coli infected with bacteriophage T4 consists of two different steps, one to induce a single-strand break at a point close to a pyrimidine dimer and the other to release dimer-containing nucleotide from the DNA. The enzymes responsible for these steps were isolated and the reactions were characterized; T4 endonuclease V introduces a break at the 5' side of a dimer and 5' in equilibrium 3' exonucleases, which are also induced by T4, act at the break to excise dimer-containing nucleotides. We isolated temperature-dependent v mutants, which exhibit increased sensitivity to UV at 42 degrees C but not at 30 degrees C, and found that the mutants induce temperature-sensitive T4 endonuclease V, indicating that the v gene of T4 is indeed the structural gene for T4 endonuclease V and that the enzyme is responsible for the first step of excision-repair. A possible mechanism of excision-repair in T4-infected cells is discussed.", "contents": "Enzymic mechanism of excision-repair in T4-infected cells. Excision of pyrimidine dimers from ultraviolet-irradiated DNA in a cell-free system of Escherichia coli infected with bacteriophage T4 consists of two different steps, one to induce a single-strand break at a point close to a pyrimidine dimer and the other to release dimer-containing nucleotide from the DNA. The enzymes responsible for these steps were isolated and the reactions were characterized; T4 endonuclease V introduces a break at the 5' side of a dimer and 5' in equilibrium 3' exonucleases, which are also induced by T4, act at the break to excise dimer-containing nucleotides. We isolated temperature-dependent v mutants, which exhibit increased sensitivity to UV at 42 degrees C but not at 30 degrees C, and found that the mutants induce temperature-sensitive T4 endonuclease V, indicating that the v gene of T4 is indeed the structural gene for T4 endonuclease V and that the enzyme is responsible for the first step of excision-repair. A possible mechanism of excision-repair in T4-infected cells is discussed.", "PMID": 1103820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_417", "title": "Recovery of phage lambda from ultraviolet damage.", "content": "Recovery of phage lambda from ultraviolet damage can occur, in the dark, through three types of repair processes as defined by microbiological tests: (1) host-cell reactivation, (2) prophage reactivation, and (3) UV reactivation. This paper reviews the properties of the three repair processes, analyzes their dependence on the functioning of bacterial and phase genes, and discusses their relationship. Progress in the understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the three repair processes has been relatively  slow, particularly for UV reactivation. It has been shown that host-cell reactivation is due to pyrimidine dimer excision and that prophage reactivation is due to genetic recombination (prereplicative). We provide evidence showing that neither of these mechanisms accounts for UV reactivation of phage lambda. Furthermore, UV reactivation differs from the other repair processes in that it is inducible and error-prone. Whether UV-damaged bacterial DNA is subject to a similar repair process is still an open question.", "contents": "Recovery of phage lambda from ultraviolet damage. Recovery of phage lambda from ultraviolet damage can occur, in the dark, through three types of repair processes as defined by microbiological tests: (1) host-cell reactivation, (2) prophage reactivation, and (3) UV reactivation. This paper reviews the properties of the three repair processes, analyzes their dependence on the functioning of bacterial and phase genes, and discusses their relationship. Progress in the understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the three repair processes has been relatively  slow, particularly for UV reactivation. It has been shown that host-cell reactivation is due to pyrimidine dimer excision and that prophage reactivation is due to genetic recombination (prereplicative). We provide evidence showing that neither of these mechanisms accounts for UV reactivation of phage lambda. Furthermore, UV reactivation differs from the other repair processes in that it is inducible and error-prone. Whether UV-damaged bacterial DNA is subject to a similar repair process is still an open question.", "PMID": 1103822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_418", "title": "The Escherichia coli UV endonuclease (correndonuclease II).", "content": "An endonuclease from Escherichia coli which acts specificially upon UV-irradiated DNA (correndonuclease II) and is absent from the uvrA and uvrB mutants has been isolated and partially chacterized. The enzyme is present in normal amounts in the urvC mutant. It elutes from phosphocellulose at about 0.25 M potassium phosphate (pH 7.5) and passes through dialysis tubing. The enzyme binds tightly to UV-irradiated DNA but does not bind to unirradiated DNA. The enzyme incises irradiated DNA to the 5' side of a pyrimidine dimer and leaves a 5'-phosphoryl terminus which can be resealed with polynucleotide ligase. The Km of the enzyme is about 1.5 X 10(-8) M dimers. Endonucleolytic activity of the enzyme is inhibited by caffeine with a KI of about 10mM.", "contents": "The Escherichia coli UV endonuclease (correndonuclease II). An endonuclease from Escherichia coli which acts specificially upon UV-irradiated DNA (correndonuclease II) and is absent from the uvrA and uvrB mutants has been isolated and partially chacterized. The enzyme is present in normal amounts in the urvC mutant. It elutes from phosphocellulose at about 0.25 M potassium phosphate (pH 7.5) and passes through dialysis tubing. The enzyme binds tightly to UV-irradiated DNA but does not bind to unirradiated DNA. The enzyme incises irradiated DNA to the 5' side of a pyrimidine dimer and leaves a 5'-phosphoryl terminus which can be resealed with polynucleotide ligase. The Km of the enzyme is about 1.5 X 10(-8) M dimers. Endonucleolytic activity of the enzyme is inhibited by caffeine with a KI of about 10mM.", "PMID": 1103824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_419", "title": "The role of DNA polymerase I in excision-repair.", "content": "The ability of three different DNA polymerase I mutants of Escherichia coli to carry out excision-repair was examined. Strains having the same genetic origin but carrying either the polAl, polA107, resAl, or pol+ alleles were compared. The rate of ultraviolet-induced dimer excision was slightly reduced, relative to that found in Pol+ strains, in the PolAl strains; greatly reduced in the PolA107 strains; and found not to occur in the resAl strain. Ultraviolet-light-induced repair synthesis as determined by the ultraviolet-stimulated incorporation of 3H-labeled 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine into DNA of the parental density showed that the polAl mutation resulted in an increase in repair replication, while the presence of the polA107 allele caused a reduction in the amount of repair synthesis relative to that of the Pol+ strain. The ResAl strain, however, showed no ultraviolet stimulation of the incorporation of the density label. These observations indicate that DNA polymerase I plays a key role in the excision-repair process in E. coli.", "contents": "The role of DNA polymerase I in excision-repair. The ability of three different DNA polymerase I mutants of Escherichia coli to carry out excision-repair was examined. Strains having the same genetic origin but carrying either the polAl, polA107, resAl, or pol+ alleles were compared. The rate of ultraviolet-induced dimer excision was slightly reduced, relative to that found in Pol+ strains, in the PolAl strains; greatly reduced in the PolA107 strains; and found not to occur in the resAl strain. Ultraviolet-light-induced repair synthesis as determined by the ultraviolet-stimulated incorporation of 3H-labeled 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine into DNA of the parental density showed that the polAl mutation resulted in an increase in repair replication, while the presence of the polA107 allele caused a reduction in the amount of repair synthesis relative to that of the Pol+ strain. The ResAl strain, however, showed no ultraviolet stimulation of the incorporation of the density label. These observations indicate that DNA polymerase I plays a key role in the excision-repair process in E. coli.", "PMID": 1103827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_420", "title": "Involvement of Escherichia coli DNA polymerase-I-associated 5' in equilibrium 3' exonuclease in excision-repair of UV-damaged DNA.", "content": "From comparative studies between Escherichia coli PolA107 cells (lacking 5' in equilibrium 3' exonucleoytic activity associated with DNA polymerase I) and the isogenic wild-type strain, and between the purified DNA polymerase I preparations isolated from these strains, it can be concluded that the 5' in equilibrium 5' exonuclease is involved in excision of pyrimidine dimers in E. coli. Evidence is presented that the polA107 mutation is located on that part of the DNA polymerase I gene coding for the small fragment on which 5' in equilibrium 3' exonucleolytic activity is found.", "contents": "Involvement of Escherichia coli DNA polymerase-I-associated 5' in equilibrium 3' exonuclease in excision-repair of UV-damaged DNA. From comparative studies between Escherichia coli PolA107 cells (lacking 5' in equilibrium 3' exonucleoytic activity associated with DNA polymerase I) and the isogenic wild-type strain, and between the purified DNA polymerase I preparations isolated from these strains, it can be concluded that the 5' in equilibrium 5' exonuclease is involved in excision of pyrimidine dimers in E. coli. Evidence is presented that the polA107 mutation is located on that part of the DNA polymerase I gene coding for the small fragment on which 5' in equilibrium 3' exonucleolytic activity is found.", "PMID": 1103828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_421", "title": "Exonuclease VII of Escherichia coli.", "content": "A new exonuclease of Escherichia coli K12, exonuclease VII, has been purified 1700-fold and characterized. The enzyme is specific for single-stranded DNA and can  initiated hydrolysis at both 5' and 3' termini. It is also capable of thymine-dimer excision in vitro. The limit products of the reaction are oligonucleotides, predominantly in the range of tetramers to dodecamers. DNA is hydrolyzed by the enzyme in a processive fashion. Mutants of E. coli have been isolated having reduced levels of exonuclease VII activity in crude extracts. Mapping studies place the exonuclease VII locus between 45 and 56 minutes on the E. coli K12 linkage map.", "contents": "Exonuclease VII of Escherichia coli. A new exonuclease of Escherichia coli K12, exonuclease VII, has been purified 1700-fold and characterized. The enzyme is specific for single-stranded DNA and can  initiated hydrolysis at both 5' and 3' termini. It is also capable of thymine-dimer excision in vitro. The limit products of the reaction are oligonucleotides, predominantly in the range of tetramers to dodecamers. DNA is hydrolyzed by the enzyme in a processive fashion. Mutants of E. coli have been isolated having reduced levels of exonuclease VII activity in crude extracts. Mapping studies place the exonuclease VII locus between 45 and 56 minutes on the E. coli K12 linkage map.", "PMID": 1103829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_422", "title": "Repair replication in permeabilized Escherichia coli.", "content": "We have examined the modes of DNA synthesis in Escherichia coli strains made permeable to nucleoside triphosphates by treatment with toluene. In this quasi in vitro system, polymerase-I-deficient mutants exhibit a nonconservative mode of synthesis with properties expected for the resynthesis step of excision-repair. This UV-stimulated DNA synthesis can be performed by either DNA polymerase II or III and it also requires the uvrA gene product. It requires the four deoxynucleoside triphosphates; but, in contrast to the semiconservative mode, the ATP requirement can be partially satisfied by other nucleoside triphosphates. The ATP-dependent recBC nuclease is not involved. The observed UV-stimulated mode of DNA synthesis may be part of an alternate excision-repair mechanism which supplements or complements DNA-polymerase-I-dependent repair in vivo.", "contents": "Repair replication in permeabilized Escherichia coli. We have examined the modes of DNA synthesis in Escherichia coli strains made permeable to nucleoside triphosphates by treatment with toluene. In this quasi in vitro system, polymerase-I-deficient mutants exhibit a nonconservative mode of synthesis with properties expected for the resynthesis step of excision-repair. This UV-stimulated DNA synthesis can be performed by either DNA polymerase II or III and it also requires the uvrA gene product. It requires the four deoxynucleoside triphosphates; but, in contrast to the semiconservative mode, the ATP requirement can be partially satisfied by other nucleoside triphosphates. The ATP-dependent recBC nuclease is not involved. The observed UV-stimulated mode of DNA synthesis may be part of an alternate excision-repair mechanism which supplements or complements DNA-polymerase-I-dependent repair in vivo.", "PMID": 1103830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_423", "title": "Repair by genetic recombination in bacteria: overview.", "content": "DNA molecules that have been damaged in both strands at the same level are not subject to repair by excision but instead can be repaired through recombination with homologous molecules. Examples of two-strand damage include postreplication gaps opposite pyrimidine dimers, two-strand breaks produced by X-rays, and chemically induced interstrand cross-links. In ultraviolet-irradiated bacteria, the newly synthesized DNA is of length equal to the interdimer spacing. With continued incubation, this low-molecular-weight DNA is joined into high-molecular-weight chains (postreplication repair), a process associated with sister exchanges in bacteria. Recombination is initiated by pyrimidine dimers opposite postreplication gaps and by interstrand cross-links that have been cut by excision enzymes. The free ends at the resulting gaps presumably initiate the exchanges. Postreplication repair in Escherichia coli occurs in recB- AND RECC but is greatly slowed in recF- mutants. RecB and recC are the structural genes for exonuclease V, which digests two-stranded DNA by releasing oligonucleotides first from one strand and then from the other. The postreplication sister exchanges in ultra-violet-irradiated bacteria result in the distribution of pyrimidine dimers between parental and daughter strands, indicating that long exchanges involving both strands of each duplex occur. The R1 restriction endonuclease from E. COli has been used to cut the DNA of a bacterial drug-resistance transfer factor with one nuclease-sensitive site, and also DNA from the frog Xenopus enriched for ribosomal 18S and 28S genes. The fragments were annealed with the cut plasmid DNA and ligated, producing a new larger plasmid carrying the eukaryotic rDNA and able to infect and replicate in E. coli.", "contents": "Repair by genetic recombination in bacteria: overview. DNA molecules that have been damaged in both strands at the same level are not subject to repair by excision but instead can be repaired through recombination with homologous molecules. Examples of two-strand damage include postreplication gaps opposite pyrimidine dimers, two-strand breaks produced by X-rays, and chemically induced interstrand cross-links. In ultraviolet-irradiated bacteria, the newly synthesized DNA is of length equal to the interdimer spacing. With continued incubation, this low-molecular-weight DNA is joined into high-molecular-weight chains (postreplication repair), a process associated with sister exchanges in bacteria. Recombination is initiated by pyrimidine dimers opposite postreplication gaps and by interstrand cross-links that have been cut by excision enzymes. The free ends at the resulting gaps presumably initiate the exchanges. Postreplication repair in Escherichia coli occurs in recB- AND RECC but is greatly slowed in recF- mutants. RecB and recC are the structural genes for exonuclease V, which digests two-stranded DNA by releasing oligonucleotides first from one strand and then from the other. The postreplication sister exchanges in ultra-violet-irradiated bacteria result in the distribution of pyrimidine dimers between parental and daughter strands, indicating that long exchanges involving both strands of each duplex occur. The R1 restriction endonuclease from E. COli has been used to cut the DNA of a bacterial drug-resistance transfer factor with one nuclease-sensitive site, and also DNA from the frog Xenopus enriched for ribosomal 18S and 28S genes. The fragments were annealed with the cut plasmid DNA and ligated, producing a new larger plasmid carrying the eukaryotic rDNA and able to infect and replicate in E. coli.", "PMID": 1103833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_424", "title": "Analysis of temperature-sensitive recB and recC mutations.", "content": "The in vivo pleiotropic effects associated with the temperature-sensitive recB270 and recC271 mutations have been correlated with the in vitro behavior of the recBC nucleases coded for by these alleles. The ATP-dependent breakdown of double-stranded DNA is essential for cell viability, radiation repair, and genetic recombination. Temperature sensitivity can be suppressed in vitro and in vivo.", "contents": "Analysis of temperature-sensitive recB and recC mutations. The in vivo pleiotropic effects associated with the temperature-sensitive recB270 and recC271 mutations have been correlated with the in vitro behavior of the recBC nucleases coded for by these alleles. The ATP-dependent breakdown of double-stranded DNA is essential for cell viability, radiation repair, and genetic recombination. Temperature sensitivity can be suppressed in vitro and in vivo.", "PMID": 1103836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_425", "title": "Recombination and postreplication repair.", "content": "The available data concerning postreplication repair are summarized. In Escherichia coli, recombination is implicated in this repair because the recA+ gene is necessary and because strand exchanges occur that extend over long regions. Other experiments involving phage-induced resistance also point to an interrelation between recombination and repair. In this phenomenon, gene products of lambda bacteriophage are introduced into bacteria, resulting in an increased resistance of the cells when they are subsequently exposed to X rays.", "contents": "Recombination and postreplication repair. The available data concerning postreplication repair are summarized. In Escherichia coli, recombination is implicated in this repair because the recA+ gene is necessary and because strand exchanges occur that extend over long regions. Other experiments involving phage-induced resistance also point to an interrelation between recombination and repair. In this phenomenon, gene products of lambda bacteriophage are introduced into bacteria, resulting in an increased resistance of the cells when they are subsequently exposed to X rays.", "PMID": 1103837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_426", "title": "Ultraviolet-light-induced incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine into parental DNA of an excision-defective mutant of Escherichia coli.", "content": "Bromodeoxyuridine-containing regions approximately 1.5 X 10(4) Nucleotides in length, and at intervals equivalent to the pyrimidine dimer content of the DNA, have been observed in the parental DNA of an excision-defective strain of Escherichia coli exposed to 10 ergs mm-2 at 254 nm followed by prolonged incubation in the presence of bromodeoxyuridine.", "contents": "Ultraviolet-light-induced incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine into parental DNA of an excision-defective mutant of Escherichia coli. Bromodeoxyuridine-containing regions approximately 1.5 X 10(4) Nucleotides in length, and at intervals equivalent to the pyrimidine dimer content of the DNA, have been observed in the parental DNA of an excision-defective strain of Escherichia coli exposed to 10 ergs mm-2 at 254 nm followed by prolonged incubation in the presence of bromodeoxyuridine.", "PMID": 1103838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_427", "title": "Distribution of pyrimidine dimers during postreplication repair in UV-irradiated excision-deficient cells of Escherichia coli K12.", "content": "During postreplication repair in excision-deficient mutants of Escherichia coli K-12, pyrimidine dimers are gradually lost from UV-irradiated DNA. Our data indicate that dimers are transferred, by a process which may involve genetic exchange, into daughter strands made after irradiation. Dimer transfer appears to continue through several rounds of replication, resulting in the gradual dilution of dimers into successive generations of DNA molecules.", "contents": "Distribution of pyrimidine dimers during postreplication repair in UV-irradiated excision-deficient cells of Escherichia coli K12. During postreplication repair in excision-deficient mutants of Escherichia coli K-12, pyrimidine dimers are gradually lost from UV-irradiated DNA. Our data indicate that dimers are transferred, by a process which may involve genetic exchange, into daughter strands made after irradiation. Dimer transfer appears to continue through several rounds of replication, resulting in the gradual dilution of dimers into successive generations of DNA molecules.", "PMID": 1103839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_428", "title": "Postreplication repair gap filling in an Escherichia coli strain deficient in dnaB gene product.", "content": "Gaps in daughter-strand DNA synthesized after exposure of Escherichia coli E279 to ultraviolet light are filled during reincubation at 30 degrees C for 20 min. Escherichia coli E279 is phenotypically DnaB- when incubated at 43 degrees C. Cells incubated at 43 degrees C were tested for their ability to complete postreplication repair gap filling. It is concluded that the dnaB gene product is essential for postreplication repair gap filling and that the inhibition seen is not initially the result of degradation.", "contents": "Postreplication repair gap filling in an Escherichia coli strain deficient in dnaB gene product. Gaps in daughter-strand DNA synthesized after exposure of Escherichia coli E279 to ultraviolet light are filled during reincubation at 30 degrees C for 20 min. Escherichia coli E279 is phenotypically DnaB- when incubated at 43 degrees C. Cells incubated at 43 degrees C were tested for their ability to complete postreplication repair gap filling. It is concluded that the dnaB gene product is essential for postreplication repair gap filling and that the inhibition seen is not initially the result of degradation.", "PMID": 1103841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_429", "title": "Replication and expression of constructed plasmid chimeras in transformed Escherichia coli--a review.", "content": "EcoRI restriction-endonuclease-generated fragments of bacterial plasmids isolated from Staphylococcus aureus or Escherichia coli, or of amplified DNA coding for the 18S and 28S ribosomal RNA of Xenopus laevis, have been linked to the pSC101 plasmid replicon and introduced into E. coli by transformation. The constructed plasmid chimeras can be cloned as stable replicons in E. coli, where they synthesize RNA and/or protein products specified by their component genes.", "contents": "Replication and expression of constructed plasmid chimeras in transformed Escherichia coli--a review. EcoRI restriction-endonuclease-generated fragments of bacterial plasmids isolated from Staphylococcus aureus or Escherichia coli, or of amplified DNA coding for the 18S and 28S ribosomal RNA of Xenopus laevis, have been linked to the pSC101 plasmid replicon and introduced into E. coli by transformation. The constructed plasmid chimeras can be cloned as stable replicons in E. coli, where they synthesize RNA and/or protein products specified by their component genes.", "PMID": 1103843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_430", "title": "SOS repair hypothesis: phenomenology of an inducible DNA repair which is accompanied by mutagenesis.", "content": "A hypothesis was proposed several years ago that Escherichia coli posses an inducible DNA repair system (\"SOS repair\") which is also responsible for induced mutagenesis. Some characteristics of the SOS repair are (1) it is induced or activated following damage to DNA, (2) it requires do novo protein synthesis, (3) It requires several genetic functions of which the best-studied are recA+ and lex+ of E. coli, and (4) the physiological and genetic requirements for the expression of SOS repair are suspiciously similar to those necessary for the prophage induction. The SOS repair hypothesis has already served as the working hypothesis for many experiments, some of which are briefly reviewed. Also, some speculations are presented to stimulate further discussions and experimental tests.", "contents": "SOS repair hypothesis: phenomenology of an inducible DNA repair which is accompanied by mutagenesis. A hypothesis was proposed several years ago that Escherichia coli posses an inducible DNA repair system (\"SOS repair\") which is also responsible for induced mutagenesis. Some characteristics of the SOS repair are (1) it is induced or activated following damage to DNA, (2) it requires do novo protein synthesis, (3) It requires several genetic functions of which the best-studied are recA+ and lex+ of E. coli, and (4) the physiological and genetic requirements for the expression of SOS repair are suspiciously similar to those necessary for the prophage induction. The SOS repair hypothesis has already served as the working hypothesis for many experiments, some of which are briefly reviewed. Also, some speculations are presented to stimulate further discussions and experimental tests.", "PMID": 1103845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_431", "title": "Thermal enhancement of ultraviolet mutability in a dnaB uvrA derivative of Escherichia coli B/r: evidence for inducible error-prone repair.", "content": "DNA damage triggers coordinate expression of a cluster of diverse functions in  Escherichia coli, including prophage induction, filamentous growth, and \"aberrant\" reintiation of DNA replication at the chromosomal origin. The \"SOS repair\" hypothesis proposes that one of these coordinately inducible functions is an error-prone system of DNA repair (\"SOS repair\") which is responsible for ultraviolet mutagenesis. In dnaB strains, incubation of 42 degrees C stops DNA synthesis and induces lambda prophage and should, therefore, also induce the postulated error-prone repair activity. Thermal posttreatment of a dnaB urvA derivative of E. coli B/r is found to enhance the yield of ultraviolet-light-induced mutations as much as 50-fold, while having no such effect in the dnaB+ parent strain. The results support the SOS repair hypothesis. The possibility is discussed that the inducible repair system is a mutagenic DNA polymerase.", "contents": "Thermal enhancement of ultraviolet mutability in a dnaB uvrA derivative of Escherichia coli B/r: evidence for inducible error-prone repair. DNA damage triggers coordinate expression of a cluster of diverse functions in  Escherichia coli, including prophage induction, filamentous growth, and \"aberrant\" reintiation of DNA replication at the chromosomal origin. The \"SOS repair\" hypothesis proposes that one of these coordinately inducible functions is an error-prone system of DNA repair (\"SOS repair\") which is responsible for ultraviolet mutagenesis. In dnaB strains, incubation of 42 degrees C stops DNA synthesis and induces lambda prophage and should, therefore, also induce the postulated error-prone repair activity. Thermal posttreatment of a dnaB urvA derivative of E. coli B/r is found to enhance the yield of ultraviolet-light-induced mutations as much as 50-fold, while having no such effect in the dnaB+ parent strain. The results support the SOS repair hypothesis. The possibility is discussed that the inducible repair system is a mutagenic DNA polymerase.", "PMID": 1103846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_432", "title": "Indirect suppression of radiation sensitivity of a recA- strain of Escherichia coli K12.", "content": "It has been shown previously that the radiation sensitivity of LexA strains of Escherichia coli K-12 can be suppressed by thermosensitive mutations (designated tsl) that are closely linked to the lexA locus. These are thought to be intragenic suppressors that reduce the activity of the diffusible product that gives rise to the LexA- phenotype (Mount et al., 1973). When a recA mutation is crossed into a suppressed tsl- strain, the extreme radiation sensitivity usually conferred by a recA mutation is considerably reduced without any detectable change in genetic recombination deficiency. Suppression of UV sensitivity depends upon the activity of the uvrA+ product. We propose that at least part of the radiation sensitivity of a recA- strain is due to a DNA repair defect that is different from inability to perform genetic exchanges and depends upon the presence of the lexA+ product. We hypothesize that the lexA+ product is a repressor of the synthesis of repair enzymes. In recA+ cells with DNA lesions, repressor is inactivated leading to enzyme induction but this does not occur in recA- cells. tsl mutations inactivate repressor leading to constitute enzyme synthesis and bypassing the need for recA+ product to inactivate the lexA+ product.", "contents": "Indirect suppression of radiation sensitivity of a recA- strain of Escherichia coli K12. It has been shown previously that the radiation sensitivity of LexA strains of Escherichia coli K-12 can be suppressed by thermosensitive mutations (designated tsl) that are closely linked to the lexA locus. These are thought to be intragenic suppressors that reduce the activity of the diffusible product that gives rise to the LexA- phenotype (Mount et al., 1973). When a recA mutation is crossed into a suppressed tsl- strain, the extreme radiation sensitivity usually conferred by a recA mutation is considerably reduced without any detectable change in genetic recombination deficiency. Suppression of UV sensitivity depends upon the activity of the uvrA+ product. We propose that at least part of the radiation sensitivity of a recA- strain is due to a DNA repair defect that is different from inability to perform genetic exchanges and depends upon the presence of the lexA+ product. We hypothesize that the lexA+ product is a repressor of the synthesis of repair enzymes. In recA+ cells with DNA lesions, repressor is inactivated leading to enzyme induction but this does not occur in recA- cells. tsl mutations inactivate repressor leading to constitute enzyme synthesis and bypassing the need for recA+ product to inactivate the lexA+ product.", "PMID": 1103848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_433", "title": "The role of DNA polymerase I in genetic recombination and viability of Escherichia coli.", "content": "The rate of formation of high-molecular-weight daughter DNA in the conditionally lethal double mutant polA12 uvrE502, incubated at nonpermissive temperature, was slower than that in the single polA12 mutant. There exist at least two pathways determining viability of Escherichia coli cells: one of them is dependent on polA+ and recB+ genes, while another is polA+ and recB+ genes, while another is polA recB independent but requires the uvrE+ gene and can be blocked by exonuclease I. The RecF but not the RecBC pathway of genetic recombination was found to be absolutely dependent on the polymerizing activity of DNA polymerase I. The involvement of DNA polymerase I in genetic recombination in the recB- C- sbsB strain and viability in the uvrE- or recB- strains suggest the existence of the common steps required for the accomplishing of the RecF pathway of recombination and for viability of E. coli.", "contents": "The role of DNA polymerase I in genetic recombination and viability of Escherichia coli. The rate of formation of high-molecular-weight daughter DNA in the conditionally lethal double mutant polA12 uvrE502, incubated at nonpermissive temperature, was slower than that in the single polA12 mutant. There exist at least two pathways determining viability of Escherichia coli cells: one of them is dependent on polA+ and recB+ genes, while another is polA+ and recB+ genes, while another is polA recB independent but requires the uvrE+ gene and can be blocked by exonuclease I. The RecF but not the RecBC pathway of genetic recombination was found to be absolutely dependent on the polymerizing activity of DNA polymerase I. The involvement of DNA polymerase I in genetic recombination in the recB- C- sbsB strain and viability in the uvrE- or recB- strains suggest the existence of the common steps required for the accomplishing of the RecF pathway of recombination and for viability of E. coli.", "PMID": 1103851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_434", "title": "The role of the rec genes in the viability of Escherichia coli K12.", "content": "Mutations in the recA, recB, or recC genes significantly reduce the growth rate and viability of Escherichia coli. Cultures of rec- strains are compose of three populations of cells: viable cells, nonviable but residually dividing cells, and nonviable and nondividing cells. Nondividing cells can be separated from dividing cells by penicillin treatment and velocity sedimentation. Nondividing cells of all rec- strains are greatly reduced in their ability to synthesize DNA. recB- recC- and recA- and recB- recC- nondividing cells contain DNA. This DNA synthesized in dividing cells and segregated into the nondividing cells. recA- nondividing cells contain little or no DNA. recA- recB- recC- nondividing cell DNA accumulates single-strand breaks.", "contents": "The role of the rec genes in the viability of Escherichia coli K12. Mutations in the recA, recB, or recC genes significantly reduce the growth rate and viability of Escherichia coli. Cultures of rec- strains are compose of three populations of cells: viable cells, nonviable but residually dividing cells, and nonviable and nondividing cells. Nondividing cells can be separated from dividing cells by penicillin treatment and velocity sedimentation. Nondividing cells of all rec- strains are greatly reduced in their ability to synthesize DNA. recB- recC- and recA- and recB- recC- nondividing cells contain DNA. This DNA synthesized in dividing cells and segregated into the nondividing cells. recA- nondividing cells contain little or no DNA. recA- recB- recC- nondividing cell DNA accumulates single-strand breaks.", "PMID": 1103852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_435", "title": "DNA turnover and strand breaks in Escherichia coli.", "content": "The extent of DNA turnover has been measured in a dnaB mutant of Escherichia coli, temperature sensitive for semiconservative DNA replication. At the nonpermissive temperature about 0.02% of the deoxynucleotides in DNA are exchanged per generation period. This turnover rate is markedly depressed in the presence of rifampicin. During thymine starvation strand breaks accumulate in the DNA of E. coli strains that are susceptible to thymineless death. Rifampicin suppresses the appearance of these breaks, consistent with our hypothesis that transcription may be accompanied by repairable single-strand breaks in DNA. DNA turnover is enhanced severalfold in strands containing 5-bromodeoxy-uridine in place of thymidine, possible because the analog (or the deoxyuridine, following debromination) is sometimes recognized and excised.", "contents": "DNA turnover and strand breaks in Escherichia coli. The extent of DNA turnover has been measured in a dnaB mutant of Escherichia coli, temperature sensitive for semiconservative DNA replication. At the nonpermissive temperature about 0.02% of the deoxynucleotides in DNA are exchanged per generation period. This turnover rate is markedly depressed in the presence of rifampicin. During thymine starvation strand breaks accumulate in the DNA of E. coli strains that are susceptible to thymineless death. Rifampicin suppresses the appearance of these breaks, consistent with our hypothesis that transcription may be accompanied by repairable single-strand breaks in DNA. DNA turnover is enhanced severalfold in strands containing 5-bromodeoxy-uridine in place of thymidine, possible because the analog (or the deoxyuridine, following debromination) is sometimes recognized and excised.", "PMID": 1103853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_436", "title": "Excision-repair of gamma-ray-damaged thymine in bacterial and and mammalian systems.", "content": "The selective excision of products of the 5,6-dihydroxy-dihydrothymine type (t') from gamma-irradiated or OSO4-oxidized DNA or synthetic poly[d(A-T)] was observed with crude extracts of Escherichia coli and isolated nuclei from human carcinoma HeLa S-3 and Chinese hamster ovary cells. The results with E. coli extracts allow the following conclusion: (1) The uvrA-gene product is not required for t' excision. (2) Radiation-induced strand breakage is not required for product excision. (3) Experiments with extracts of E. coli polAexl showed that the 5' in equilibrium 3' exonuclease associated with polymerase I is responsible for the removal of t'. (4) Experiments with extracts of E. coli endo I lig 4 and the ligase inhibitor nicotinamide mononucleotide showed that polynucleotide ligase accomplishes the last strand resealing step in the excision-repair of t'. Isolated nuclei from HeLa and Chinese hamster ovary cells possess the necessary enzymes for the selective excision of t' from gamma-irradiated or osmium tetroxide oxidized DNA. Approximately 25 to 35% of the products were removed from DNA within 60 min. Unspecific DNA degradation was very low. Radiation-induced strand breakage is not required for product removal.", "contents": "Excision-repair of gamma-ray-damaged thymine in bacterial and and mammalian systems. The selective excision of products of the 5,6-dihydroxy-dihydrothymine type (t') from gamma-irradiated or OSO4-oxidized DNA or synthetic poly[d(A-T)] was observed with crude extracts of Escherichia coli and isolated nuclei from human carcinoma HeLa S-3 and Chinese hamster ovary cells. The results with E. coli extracts allow the following conclusion: (1) The uvrA-gene product is not required for t' excision. (2) Radiation-induced strand breakage is not required for product excision. (3) Experiments with extracts of E. coli polAexl showed that the 5' in equilibrium 3' exonuclease associated with polymerase I is responsible for the removal of t'. (4) Experiments with extracts of E. coli endo I lig 4 and the ligase inhibitor nicotinamide mononucleotide showed that polynucleotide ligase accomplishes the last strand resealing step in the excision-repair of t'. Isolated nuclei from HeLa and Chinese hamster ovary cells possess the necessary enzymes for the selective excision of t' from gamma-irradiated or osmium tetroxide oxidized DNA. Approximately 25 to 35% of the products were removed from DNA within 60 min. Unspecific DNA degradation was very low. Radiation-induced strand breakage is not required for product removal.", "PMID": 1103854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_437", "title": "Kinetics of photoreactivation.", "content": "This paper summerizes experimental work (most of which is published) in which light flashes were used for an analysis of photoenzymatic repair in vivo and in vitro. The method permits determination of the reaction rate constants for the formation, dark dissociation, and repair photolysis of enzyme-substrate complexes under various conditions, and estimation of the number of photoreactivating enzyme molecules present. Investigation of these characteristics is basic for understanding of the overall photoreactivation kinetics observed in biological systems, its dependence on experimental parameters, and possibly its biological significance.", "contents": "Kinetics of photoreactivation. This paper summerizes experimental work (most of which is published) in which light flashes were used for an analysis of photoenzymatic repair in vivo and in vitro. The method permits determination of the reaction rate constants for the formation, dark dissociation, and repair photolysis of enzyme-substrate complexes under various conditions, and estimation of the number of photoreactivating enzyme molecules present. Investigation of these characteristics is basic for understanding of the overall photoreactivation kinetics observed in biological systems, its dependence on experimental parameters, and possibly its biological significance.", "PMID": 1103857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_438", "title": "Dependence upon growth medium and the polA, polC, recA, recB, recC, and exrA genes of separate branches of the uvr Gene-dependent excision-repair process in Escherichia coli K12 cells.", "content": "The repair of single-strand breaks which arise in DNA during the uvr gene-dependent excision-repair process was examined in certain radiation-sensitive strains of Escherichia coli K12. The results suggest that the excision-repair process may be divided into two branches, one which is dependent on the presence of growth medium and also the rec+ exr+ genotype, and a second which can occur in buffer (growth medium independent) and is largely dependent on DNA polymerase I. DNA polymerase III appears to be involved in the growth-medium-dependent branch of excision repair, and also in the residual growth-medium-independent repair which occurs in polA1 cells. Chloramphenicol, dinitrophenol, and impurities present in some brands of agar all appear to inhibit the growth-medium-dependent branch of excision-repair. The similarities of the two branches of excision-repair to two known pathways for the repair of X-ray-induced DNA chain breaks are discussed.", "contents": "Dependence upon growth medium and the polA, polC, recA, recB, recC, and exrA genes of separate branches of the uvr Gene-dependent excision-repair process in Escherichia coli K12 cells. The repair of single-strand breaks which arise in DNA during the uvr gene-dependent excision-repair process was examined in certain radiation-sensitive strains of Escherichia coli K12. The results suggest that the excision-repair process may be divided into two branches, one which is dependent on the presence of growth medium and also the rec+ exr+ genotype, and a second which can occur in buffer (growth medium independent) and is largely dependent on DNA polymerase I. DNA polymerase III appears to be involved in the growth-medium-dependent branch of excision repair, and also in the residual growth-medium-independent repair which occurs in polA1 cells. Chloramphenicol, dinitrophenol, and impurities present in some brands of agar all appear to inhibit the growth-medium-dependent branch of excision-repair. The similarities of the two branches of excision-repair to two known pathways for the repair of X-ray-induced DNA chain breaks are discussed.", "PMID": 1103861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_439", "title": "Near-UV photoproduct(s) of L-typtophan: an inhibitor of medium-dependent repair of X-ray-induced single-strand breaks in DNA which also inhibits replication-gap closure in Escherichia coli DNA.", "content": "Near-UV photoproducts of L-tryptophan (TP), which are especially toxic for recombination-deficient (rec) mutants, were found to inhibit medium-dependent repair of X-ray-induced single-strand breaks. This inhibitor also slows the rate of closure of replication gaps, suggesting that these two processes may have a common pathway (or share a required step which TP can inhibit).", "contents": "Near-UV photoproduct(s) of L-typtophan: an inhibitor of medium-dependent repair of X-ray-induced single-strand breaks in DNA which also inhibits replication-gap closure in Escherichia coli DNA. Near-UV photoproducts of L-tryptophan (TP), which are especially toxic for recombination-deficient (rec) mutants, were found to inhibit medium-dependent repair of X-ray-induced single-strand breaks. This inhibitor also slows the rate of closure of replication gaps, suggesting that these two processes may have a common pathway (or share a required step which TP can inhibit).", "PMID": 1103862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_440", "title": "DNA repair in DNA-polymerase-deficient mutants of Escherichia coli.", "content": "Escherichia coli mutants deficient in DNA polymerase I, in DNA polymerases I and II, or in DNA polymerase III can efficiently and completely execute excision-repair and postreplication repair of the UV-damaged DNA at 30 degrees C and 43 degrees C when assayed by alkaline sucrose gradients. Repair by Pol I- and Pol I-, Pol II- cells is inhibited by 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (araC) at 43 degrees C but not at 30 degrees C, whereas that by Pol III- cells is insensitive to araC at any temperature. Thus, either Pol I or Pol III is required for complete and efficient repair, and in their absence Pol II mediates a limited, incomplete dark repair of UV-damaged DNA.", "contents": "DNA repair in DNA-polymerase-deficient mutants of Escherichia coli. Escherichia coli mutants deficient in DNA polymerase I, in DNA polymerases I and II, or in DNA polymerase III can efficiently and completely execute excision-repair and postreplication repair of the UV-damaged DNA at 30 degrees C and 43 degrees C when assayed by alkaline sucrose gradients. Repair by Pol I- and Pol I-, Pol II- cells is inhibited by 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (araC) at 43 degrees C but not at 30 degrees C, whereas that by Pol III- cells is insensitive to araC at any temperature. Thus, either Pol I or Pol III is required for complete and efficient repair, and in their absence Pol II mediates a limited, incomplete dark repair of UV-damaged DNA.", "PMID": 1103863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_441", "title": "Repair of cross-linked DNA in Escherichia coli.", "content": "The repair of DNA containing interstrand cross-links in Escherichia coli was studied by following the temporal sequence of DNA-related metabolic events in cells exposed to psoralen plus light. Mutations in some genes controlling replication, recombination, and repair strongly influence these specific events. Results reported here are consistent with a cross-link repair mechanism involving sequential excision and recombination.", "contents": "Repair of cross-linked DNA in Escherichia coli. The repair of DNA containing interstrand cross-links in Escherichia coli was studied by following the temporal sequence of DNA-related metabolic events in cells exposed to psoralen plus light. Mutations in some genes controlling replication, recombination, and repair strongly influence these specific events. Results reported here are consistent with a cross-link repair mechanism involving sequential excision and recombination.", "PMID": 1103865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_442", "title": "Recovery of the priming activity of DNA in x-irradiated Escherichia coli.", "content": "The template activity of DNA in RNA synthesis in vitro has been studied in Escherichia coli B/r and Bs-1 after exposure to X-rays and postirradiation incubation in growth medium for 60 min at 37 degrees C. The incubation of E. coli B/r after irradiation with 9.3 krad results in the increase of the priming activity of DNA practically to that of unirradiated cells, while after exposure to 18.6 krad the incubation leads to a partial increase in its priming activity. As for E. coli Bs-1, the incubation of the bacteria irradiated with 9.3 krad causes a slight recovery in the priming activity of DNA.", "contents": "Recovery of the priming activity of DNA in x-irradiated Escherichia coli. The template activity of DNA in RNA synthesis in vitro has been studied in Escherichia coli B/r and Bs-1 after exposure to X-rays and postirradiation incubation in growth medium for 60 min at 37 degrees C. The incubation of E. coli B/r after irradiation with 9.3 krad results in the increase of the priming activity of DNA practically to that of unirradiated cells, while after exposure to 18.6 krad the incubation leads to a partial increase in its priming activity. As for E. coli Bs-1, the incubation of the bacteria irradiated with 9.3 krad causes a slight recovery in the priming activity of DNA.", "PMID": 1103866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_443", "title": "Repair of double-strand breaks in Micrococcus radiodurans.", "content": "Micrococcus radiodurans has been shown to sustain double-strand breaks in its DNA after exposure to X-radiation. Following sublethal doses of X-rays (200 krad in oxygen or less), the cells were able to repair these breaks, and an intermediate fast-sedimenting DNA component seemed to be involved in the repair process.", "contents": "Repair of double-strand breaks in Micrococcus radiodurans. Micrococcus radiodurans has been shown to sustain double-strand breaks in its DNA after exposure to X-radiation. Following sublethal doses of X-rays (200 krad in oxygen or less), the cells were able to repair these breaks, and an intermediate fast-sedimenting DNA component seemed to be involved in the repair process.", "PMID": 1103867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_444", "title": "The repair of double-strand breaks in chromosomal DNA of yeast.", "content": "Ionizing radiation induces double-strand breaks in the nuclear DNA of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae with an efficiency of approximately 0.6 X 10(-10) breaks being repaired. Based on the efficiency of break production, the sensitivity of a rad52 mutant, and the absence of radiation-induced recombination in such a mutant, it is proposed that the corresponding gene product may be involved in double-strand break repair. A model involving recombination and DNA synthesis is described for this type of repair.", "contents": "The repair of double-strand breaks in chromosomal DNA of yeast. Ionizing radiation induces double-strand breaks in the nuclear DNA of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae with an efficiency of approximately 0.6 X 10(-10) breaks being repaired. Based on the efficiency of break production, the sensitivity of a rad52 mutant, and the absence of radiation-induced recombination in such a mutant, it is proposed that the corresponding gene product may be involved in double-strand break repair. A model involving recombination and DNA synthesis is described for this type of repair.", "PMID": 1103871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_445", "title": "The fate of UV-induced pyrimidine dimers in the nuclear and mitochondrial DNAs of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on various postirradiation treatments and its influence on survival and cytoplasmic \"petite\" induction.", "content": "The photoreactivability of UV-induced pyrimidine dimers in the nuclear and mitochondrial DNAs of Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been investigated in conjunction with the fate of these photoproducts following postirradiation dark incubation in saline and nutrient media. In all instances, survival and \"petite\" induction were measured. An attempt has been made to relate these results to present ideas on the repair of UV damages in DNA.", "contents": "The fate of UV-induced pyrimidine dimers in the nuclear and mitochondrial DNAs of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on various postirradiation treatments and its influence on survival and cytoplasmic \"petite\" induction. The photoreactivability of UV-induced pyrimidine dimers in the nuclear and mitochondrial DNAs of Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been investigated in conjunction with the fate of these photoproducts following postirradiation dark incubation in saline and nutrient media. In all instances, survival and \"petite\" induction were measured. An attempt has been made to relate these results to present ideas on the repair of UV damages in DNA.", "PMID": 1103872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_446", "title": "Genetic control of radiation sensitivity and DNA repair in Neurospora.", "content": "Radiation sensitivity in the fungus Neurospora crassa is under the control of at least eight distinct loci and is also affected by cytoplasmic factors. Although radiation-sensitive mutants which affect inter- or intragenic meiotic recombination have not been isolated, mutants which are defective in the repair of pyrimidine dimers have been found. Evidence from both mutational and biochemical studies shows that Neurospora has an excision-repair system for pyrimidine dimers which is very similar to the one found in Escherichia coli. Wild-type strains excise dimers, but two mutants, uvs2 and upr1, are UV sensitive and excision defective. Like the E. coli excision-defective mutants, the Neurospora mutants show a greatly increased frequency of UV-induced mutation at low UV doses, and they do not affect recombination. However, they differ from the E. coli mutants in being significantly more sensitive to ionizing radiation than wild-type strains. A third mutant, uvs6, resembles the DNA polymerase-I-negative mutants of E. coli. It is sensitive to both UV and X-irradiation, has a wild-type pattern of UV-induced mutation, and increases spontaneous deletion frequencies. Its polymerases have not been examined. The high frequency of UV-induced mutation in excision-defective strains suggests that a \"mutation prone\" system of DNA repair exists in Neurospora. This is supported by the ppoperties of the uvs3 strain, which shows no UV-induced mutation. Like postreplication-repair-defective E. coli mutants, it is UV and ionizing radiation sensitive and sensitive to both monofunctional and bifunctional alkylating agents. This mutant is sterile. As expected, the double mutant uvs3 upr1 strain is much more sensitive to UV than either single-mutant strain. Two other loci, muc2 and gs6, may affect DNA repair. Mutations at the five remaining loci, uvs1, uvs4, uvs5, gs3, and gs20, lead to a constellation of properties unlike those of any DNA-repair-deficient E. coli mutant. The occurrence of these mutations could mean that other DNA repair systems exist in Neurospora, or, like the lon mutants of E. coli, they might indicate that cell sensitivity to radiation damage can be increases in other ways.", "contents": "Genetic control of radiation sensitivity and DNA repair in Neurospora. Radiation sensitivity in the fungus Neurospora crassa is under the control of at least eight distinct loci and is also affected by cytoplasmic factors. Although radiation-sensitive mutants which affect inter- or intragenic meiotic recombination have not been isolated, mutants which are defective in the repair of pyrimidine dimers have been found. Evidence from both mutational and biochemical studies shows that Neurospora has an excision-repair system for pyrimidine dimers which is very similar to the one found in Escherichia coli. Wild-type strains excise dimers, but two mutants, uvs2 and upr1, are UV sensitive and excision defective. Like the E. coli excision-defective mutants, the Neurospora mutants show a greatly increased frequency of UV-induced mutation at low UV doses, and they do not affect recombination. However, they differ from the E. coli mutants in being significantly more sensitive to ionizing radiation than wild-type strains. A third mutant, uvs6, resembles the DNA polymerase-I-negative mutants of E. coli. It is sensitive to both UV and X-irradiation, has a wild-type pattern of UV-induced mutation, and increases spontaneous deletion frequencies. Its polymerases have not been examined. The high frequency of UV-induced mutation in excision-defective strains suggests that a \"mutation prone\" system of DNA repair exists in Neurospora. This is supported by the ppoperties of the uvs3 strain, which shows no UV-induced mutation. Like postreplication-repair-defective E. coli mutants, it is UV and ionizing radiation sensitive and sensitive to both monofunctional and bifunctional alkylating agents. This mutant is sterile. As expected, the double mutant uvs3 upr1 strain is much more sensitive to UV than either single-mutant strain. Two other loci, muc2 and gs6, may affect DNA repair. Mutations at the five remaining loci, uvs1, uvs4, uvs5, gs3, and gs20, lead to a constellation of properties unlike those of any DNA-repair-deficient E. coli mutant. The occurrence of these mutations could mean that other DNA repair systems exist in Neurospora, or, like the lon mutants of E. coli, they might indicate that cell sensitivity to radiation damage can be increases in other ways.", "PMID": 1103873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_447", "title": "Concerning pyrimidine dimers as \"blocks\" to DNA replication in bacteria and mammalian cells.", "content": "Irradiated UV-sensitive bacteria which are mutant in the uvrA6 locus, and cannot excise pyrimidine dimers, are capable of continued DNA replication with the same orientation as that in unirradiated cells. Replication of dimer-containing DNA is also accomplished by irradiated mammalian cells, suggesting that pyrimidine dimers do not act as absolute blocks to DNA synthesis. Thus, the role that dimers play in reducing the amount and size of DNA synthesized after exposure must be reassessed.", "contents": "Concerning pyrimidine dimers as \"blocks\" to DNA replication in bacteria and mammalian cells. Irradiated UV-sensitive bacteria which are mutant in the uvrA6 locus, and cannot excise pyrimidine dimers, are capable of continued DNA replication with the same orientation as that in unirradiated cells. Replication of dimer-containing DNA is also accomplished by irradiated mammalian cells, suggesting that pyrimidine dimers do not act as absolute blocks to DNA synthesis. Thus, the role that dimers play in reducing the amount and size of DNA synthesized after exposure must be reassessed.", "PMID": 1103876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_448", "title": "Response of homozygous and heterozygous xeroderma pigmentosum cells to several chemical and viral carcinogens.", "content": "The topics discussed include the relationship between the carcinogenic property of various compounds and their capacity to elicit DNA damage that results in a DNA repair synthesis; the metabolic activation of precarcinogens; the in vivo use of DNA repair synthesis in the identification of tissues that will give rise to neoplasms; the possible involvement of DNA repair in the sensitivity of human cells to the chromosome-damaging and lethal effect of chemical carcinogens; the different responses of homozygous xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) cells, heterozygous XP cells, and controls to some but not all chemical carcinogens and oncogenic viruses; and the possible link between DNA damage, its repair, and viral-induced neoplastic transformation.", "contents": "Response of homozygous and heterozygous xeroderma pigmentosum cells to several chemical and viral carcinogens. The topics discussed include the relationship between the carcinogenic property of various compounds and their capacity to elicit DNA damage that results in a DNA repair synthesis; the metabolic activation of precarcinogens; the in vivo use of DNA repair synthesis in the identification of tissues that will give rise to neoplasms; the possible involvement of DNA repair in the sensitivity of human cells to the chromosome-damaging and lethal effect of chemical carcinogens; the different responses of homozygous xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) cells, heterozygous XP cells, and controls to some but not all chemical carcinogens and oncogenic viruses; and the possible link between DNA damage, its repair, and viral-induced neoplastic transformation.", "PMID": 1103877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_449", "title": "Improved rapid method for electron microscopy of macro- and micro-tissue cultures.", "content": "A rapid method of embedding macro- and micro-tissue cultures is described. The procedure involves use of a preshaped BEEM capsule for pelleting, fixation and embedding of tissue culture cells for electron microscopy. To obtain good contrast specimens prepared by this rapid method need a rather longer staining time with uranyl acetate than specimens prepared by standard methods. THis procedure takes only about 200 min from fixation and embedding to double staining with uranyl acetate and lead citrate. It should be useful for both monolayer tissue cultures and organ cultures in diagnostic and research studies on viral agents.", "contents": "Improved rapid method for electron microscopy of macro- and micro-tissue cultures. A rapid method of embedding macro- and micro-tissue cultures is described. The procedure involves use of a preshaped BEEM capsule for pelleting, fixation and embedding of tissue culture cells for electron microscopy. To obtain good contrast specimens prepared by this rapid method need a rather longer staining time with uranyl acetate than specimens prepared by standard methods. THis procedure takes only about 200 min from fixation and embedding to double staining with uranyl acetate and lead citrate. It should be useful for both monolayer tissue cultures and organ cultures in diagnostic and research studies on viral agents.", "PMID": 1103884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_450", "title": "Epimastigotes and trypomastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi revealed by scanning electron microscopy.", "content": "Epimastigotes and trypomastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi were observed by scanning electron microscopy. These two forms could easily be differentiated by examination of the undulating membrane and kinetoplast. Subpellicular microtubules form parallel helices in epimastigotes while they are arranged parallel to the logitudinal axis in trypomastigotes. Some epimastigotes and trypomastigotes showed a \"knob-like\" swelling at the end of their bodies.", "contents": "Epimastigotes and trypomastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi revealed by scanning electron microscopy. Epimastigotes and trypomastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi were observed by scanning electron microscopy. These two forms could easily be differentiated by examination of the undulating membrane and kinetoplast. Subpellicular microtubules form parallel helices in epimastigotes while they are arranged parallel to the logitudinal axis in trypomastigotes. Some epimastigotes and trypomastigotes showed a \"knob-like\" swelling at the end of their bodies.", "PMID": 1103885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_451", "title": "Synthesis of thiol-containing analogues of puromycin and a study of their interaction with N-acetylphenylalanyl-transfer ribonucleic acid on ribosomes to form thioesters.", "content": "1. The thiol-containing analogue of puromycin, 6-dimethylamino-9-{1'-[3'-(2''-mercapto-3''-phenylpropionamido)-3'-deoxy-beta-d-ribofuranosyl]}purine (XVII) in which the primary amino group of the antibiotic is replaced with a thiol grouping, was synthesized chemically (compound XVII is abbreviated to thiopuromycin). 2. Thiopuromycin (XVII) was found to be active in releasing N-[(3)H]acetylphenylalanine from its tRNA carrier as the thioester, N-acetylphenylalanylthiopuromycin (XIX) in the Escherichia coli ribosomal system. The reaction product (XIX) was synthesized chemically from thiopuromycin and N-acetylphenylalanine and found to be stable to hydrolysis in the standard incubation medium at pH7.6. dl-Phenyl-lactylpuromycin (XXI), the hydroxy analogue of puromycin, was also synthesized chemically and shown to release N-acetylphenylalanine from its tRNA carrier in the E. coli ribosomal system, thus confirming the previous results of Fahnestock et al. [Biochemistry (1970) 9, 2477-2483]. 3. In marked contrast with the results obtained in the E. coli system, both thiopuromycin (XVII) and hydroxypuromycin (XXI) were found to be inactive in releasing N-acetylphenylalanine from its tRNA carrier in the rat liver ribosomal system.", "contents": "Synthesis of thiol-containing analogues of puromycin and a study of their interaction with N-acetylphenylalanyl-transfer ribonucleic acid on ribosomes to form thioesters. 1. The thiol-containing analogue of puromycin, 6-dimethylamino-9-{1'-[3'-(2''-mercapto-3''-phenylpropionamido)-3'-deoxy-beta-d-ribofuranosyl]}purine (XVII) in which the primary amino group of the antibiotic is replaced with a thiol grouping, was synthesized chemically (compound XVII is abbreviated to thiopuromycin). 2. Thiopuromycin (XVII) was found to be active in releasing N-[(3)H]acetylphenylalanine from its tRNA carrier as the thioester, N-acetylphenylalanylthiopuromycin (XIX) in the Escherichia coli ribosomal system. The reaction product (XIX) was synthesized chemically from thiopuromycin and N-acetylphenylalanine and found to be stable to hydrolysis in the standard incubation medium at pH7.6. dl-Phenyl-lactylpuromycin (XXI), the hydroxy analogue of puromycin, was also synthesized chemically and shown to release N-acetylphenylalanine from its tRNA carrier in the E. coli ribosomal system, thus confirming the previous results of Fahnestock et al. [Biochemistry (1970) 9, 2477-2483]. 3. In marked contrast with the results obtained in the E. coli system, both thiopuromycin (XVII) and hydroxypuromycin (XXI) were found to be inactive in releasing N-acetylphenylalanine from its tRNA carrier in the rat liver ribosomal system.", "PMID": 1103886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_452", "title": "Genetics of patent ductus arteriosus.", "content": "A genetic study of 119 correlative cases of patent ductus arteriosus has been performed. The isolated cases showed female predominance, but there was a three times higher risk for the sibs of male cases, suggesting a multifactorial causative mechanism. Dermatoglyphs presented an excess of arches in male, and a tendency to distal axial triradius in female. There were 15 cases belonging to polymalformative syndromes, such as mongolism, Turner, Noonan, Holt-Oram, Lewis and rubella embryopathy.", "contents": "Genetics of patent ductus arteriosus. A genetic study of 119 correlative cases of patent ductus arteriosus has been performed. The isolated cases showed female predominance, but there was a three times higher risk for the sibs of male cases, suggesting a multifactorial causative mechanism. Dermatoglyphs presented an excess of arches in male, and a tendency to distal axial triradius in female. There were 15 cases belonging to polymalformative syndromes, such as mongolism, Turner, Noonan, Holt-Oram, Lewis and rubella embryopathy.", "PMID": 1103879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_453", "title": "Relationship between the chemotherapeutic effectiveness of ciclacillin and ampicillin and the time of their administration in experimental infections.", "content": "In an attempt to explain the discrepancy between the weak in vitro activity and good clinical efficacy of ciclacillin, a time-dosage-efficacy study was made in order to investigate the relationship of the effectiveness of this antibiotic to the interval between experimental infection and administration in comparison to ampicillin, which because of its similar antimicrobial spectrum and completely different pharmacokinetic properties was particularly suitable for use in the study. Various single oral doses of both antibiotics were administered once to NMRI (SPF) mice at various intervals (0, 1, 2 or 3 h) following experimental infection with E. coli WT 102, E. coli 3033 or E. coli 026:B6 and the CD50's determined and compared statistically. It was demonstrated that the chemotherapeutic effectiveness of both antibiotics was markedly dependent on the interval between experimental infection and administration. Whereas ampicillin was superior to ciclacillin when drug and infective organism were administered simultaneously (0 h), ciclacillin was superior to ampicillin when it was administered 3 h after experimental infection. Both antibiotics were about equally effective when administered 1 or 2 h after infection. The difference in the serum concentrations and rates of absorption and excretion of the two drugs is assumed to be the reason for this phenomenon, and the pharmacokinetic characteristics of ciclacillin, in particular its rapid and almost complete absorption and rapid attainment of high peak serum levels, are discussed as at least a partial explanation of the difference in its in vitro and in vivo activities.", "contents": "Relationship between the chemotherapeutic effectiveness of ciclacillin and ampicillin and the time of their administration in experimental infections. In an attempt to explain the discrepancy between the weak in vitro activity and good clinical efficacy of ciclacillin, a time-dosage-efficacy study was made in order to investigate the relationship of the effectiveness of this antibiotic to the interval between experimental infection and administration in comparison to ampicillin, which because of its similar antimicrobial spectrum and completely different pharmacokinetic properties was particularly suitable for use in the study. Various single oral doses of both antibiotics were administered once to NMRI (SPF) mice at various intervals (0, 1, 2 or 3 h) following experimental infection with E. coli WT 102, E. coli 3033 or E. coli 026:B6 and the CD50's determined and compared statistically. It was demonstrated that the chemotherapeutic effectiveness of both antibiotics was markedly dependent on the interval between experimental infection and administration. Whereas ampicillin was superior to ciclacillin when drug and infective organism were administered simultaneously (0 h), ciclacillin was superior to ampicillin when it was administered 3 h after experimental infection. Both antibiotics were about equally effective when administered 1 or 2 h after infection. The difference in the serum concentrations and rates of absorption and excretion of the two drugs is assumed to be the reason for this phenomenon, and the pharmacokinetic characteristics of ciclacillin, in particular its rapid and almost complete absorption and rapid attainment of high peak serum levels, are discussed as at least a partial explanation of the difference in its in vitro and in vivo activities.", "PMID": 1103895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_454", "title": "The pharmacodynamics of orally taken verapamil and verapamil retard as judged by their negative dromotropic effects.", "content": "The widely recognized, negative dromotropic effects of alpha-isopropyl-alpha-[N-methyl-N-homaveratryl)-gamma-aminopropyl]-3-4-dimethoxyphenylacetonitrile (verapamil, Isoptin) on arterio-venous (A-V) nodal conductions were studied using long-term atrial stimulation (AS) in 7 healthy volunteers whose mean age was 30 years. A control group consisting of three of the volunteers who underwent long-term atrial stimulation without medication was established. Since an isolated, well-known drug effect was studied over a long period of time, it was felt that this was an acceptable method for reaching valid pharmacodynamic conclusions. Atrial stimulation was carried out at hourly intervals up to 14-16 h and continued to the highest possible rate without the occurrence of 2nd degree A-V block before and following oral application of verapamil, 240 mg. The stimulus-Q (S-Q) prolongation at increased pace rates was compared to the control. Verapamil retard was tested in a similar course of investigation the following day. The results clearly demonstrated that both forms of verapamil are effective when taken orally. Verapamil acts 2 h after oral application. The peak effectiveness of the drug is found at 5 h and at this point A-V block can occur at low atrial stimulated rates. The effect of verapamil retard is obvious only after 6 h but is still apparent after 14 h and it remains constant with no peak in effectiveness. Characteristics of the resulting regressions allow to distinguish the effect of verapamil on A-V conduction from influences that might be mediated by the diurnal changes in tone of the autonomic nervous system only. The effect of verapamil after oral application is more pronounced with higher heart rates. The pharmacodnaymics of verapamil evaluated with regard to a single well-known pharmacological effect, have not necessarily to be identical with the pharmacokinetics and the bioavailability of the drug.", "contents": "The pharmacodynamics of orally taken verapamil and verapamil retard as judged by their negative dromotropic effects. The widely recognized, negative dromotropic effects of alpha-isopropyl-alpha-[N-methyl-N-homaveratryl)-gamma-aminopropyl]-3-4-dimethoxyphenylacetonitrile (verapamil, Isoptin) on arterio-venous (A-V) nodal conductions were studied using long-term atrial stimulation (AS) in 7 healthy volunteers whose mean age was 30 years. A control group consisting of three of the volunteers who underwent long-term atrial stimulation without medication was established. Since an isolated, well-known drug effect was studied over a long period of time, it was felt that this was an acceptable method for reaching valid pharmacodynamic conclusions. Atrial stimulation was carried out at hourly intervals up to 14-16 h and continued to the highest possible rate without the occurrence of 2nd degree A-V block before and following oral application of verapamil, 240 mg. The stimulus-Q (S-Q) prolongation at increased pace rates was compared to the control. Verapamil retard was tested in a similar course of investigation the following day. The results clearly demonstrated that both forms of verapamil are effective when taken orally. Verapamil acts 2 h after oral application. The peak effectiveness of the drug is found at 5 h and at this point A-V block can occur at low atrial stimulated rates. The effect of verapamil retard is obvious only after 6 h but is still apparent after 14 h and it remains constant with no peak in effectiveness. Characteristics of the resulting regressions allow to distinguish the effect of verapamil on A-V conduction from influences that might be mediated by the diurnal changes in tone of the autonomic nervous system only. The effect of verapamil after oral application is more pronounced with higher heart rates. The pharmacodnaymics of verapamil evaluated with regard to a single well-known pharmacological effect, have not necessarily to be identical with the pharmacokinetics and the bioavailability of the drug.", "PMID": 1103896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_455", "title": "[Human pharmacokinetics and metabolism of 14C-labeled gliquidone (AR-DF 26)].", "content": "Investigations of pharmacokinetics and metabolism of 14C-labelled 1-cyclohexyl-3 (p-[2-(3,4-dihydro-7-methoxy-4,4-dimethyl-1,3-dioxo-2-(1H)-isoquinolyl)-ethyl]-phenyl)-sulfonyl)-urea (AR-DF 26; gliquidone; Glurenorm) after i.v. and oral applications were carried out on 10 healthy volunteers. After oral application of 15 mg AR-DF 26, maximum blood levels of 370 ng/ml blood or 700 ng/ml plasma, respectively, were reached. After i.v. as well as oral application of AR-DF 26 in men the bulk of the substance applied was excreted with the faeces and only 5 percent were found in urine. After both modes of application the metabolites in the faeces were found to be quantitatively and qualitatively similar. The structure of 4 metabilites was demonstrated by isotope dilution analysis.", "contents": "[Human pharmacokinetics and metabolism of 14C-labeled gliquidone (AR-DF 26)]. Investigations of pharmacokinetics and metabolism of 14C-labelled 1-cyclohexyl-3 (p-[2-(3,4-dihydro-7-methoxy-4,4-dimethyl-1,3-dioxo-2-(1H)-isoquinolyl)-ethyl]-phenyl)-sulfonyl)-urea (AR-DF 26; gliquidone; Glurenorm) after i.v. and oral applications were carried out on 10 healthy volunteers. After oral application of 15 mg AR-DF 26, maximum blood levels of 370 ng/ml blood or 700 ng/ml plasma, respectively, were reached. After i.v. as well as oral application of AR-DF 26 in men the bulk of the substance applied was excreted with the faeces and only 5 percent were found in urine. After both modes of application the metabolites in the faeces were found to be quantitatively and qualitatively similar. The structure of 4 metabilites was demonstrated by isotope dilution analysis.", "PMID": 1103897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_456", "title": "Clinical experience with use of ultrasound sphygmomanometer.", "content": "The performance of an ultrasound sphygmomanometer (Arteriosonde 1217) has been compared with that of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine and Hawksley sphygmomanometers. The Arteriosonde gave closely similar values of systolic blood pressure of the other instruments but diastolic blood pressure lay midway between phase 4 and phase 5 of the Korotkoff sounds. Observers using the Arteriosonde showed a significant preference for even terminal digits.", "contents": "Clinical experience with use of ultrasound sphygmomanometer. The performance of an ultrasound sphygmomanometer (Arteriosonde 1217) has been compared with that of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine and Hawksley sphygmomanometers. The Arteriosonde gave closely similar values of systolic blood pressure of the other instruments but diastolic blood pressure lay midway between phase 4 and phase 5 of the Korotkoff sounds. Observers using the Arteriosonde showed a significant preference for even terminal digits.", "PMID": 1103909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_457", "title": "Maximal exercise testing in patients with spontaneous angina pectoris associated with transiet ST segment elevation. Risks and electrocardiographic findings.", "content": "Six patients with spontaneous angina associated with transient ST segment elevation had a multistate maximal exercise (bicycle) test. In 5 patients, typical electrocardiographic changes were recorded during exercise, namely ST segment elevation often accompanied by an increase in the voltage of the R wave and a widening of the QRS complex. Four of these patients developed severe rhythm disturbances: ventricular tachycardia (2 cases) and ventricular flutter (1 case) were the reason for early interruption of the test in 3 patients, while 1 patient had a short run of ventricular tachycardia after exercise. These rhythm disturbances which spontaneously regressed in all cases were consistently preceded by obvious ST elevation and in 2 patients were attended by slight chest discomfort. Maximal exercise testing of patients suspected of variant angina provides important diagnostic information in many patients, but the risks of potentially lethal arrhythmias should be considered and resuscitation facilities should always be immediately available.", "contents": "Maximal exercise testing in patients with spontaneous angina pectoris associated with transiet ST segment elevation. Risks and electrocardiographic findings. Six patients with spontaneous angina associated with transient ST segment elevation had a multistate maximal exercise (bicycle) test. In 5 patients, typical electrocardiographic changes were recorded during exercise, namely ST segment elevation often accompanied by an increase in the voltage of the R wave and a widening of the QRS complex. Four of these patients developed severe rhythm disturbances: ventricular tachycardia (2 cases) and ventricular flutter (1 case) were the reason for early interruption of the test in 3 patients, while 1 patient had a short run of ventricular tachycardia after exercise. These rhythm disturbances which spontaneously regressed in all cases were consistently preceded by obvious ST elevation and in 2 patients were attended by slight chest discomfort. Maximal exercise testing of patients suspected of variant angina provides important diagnostic information in many patients, but the risks of potentially lethal arrhythmias should be considered and resuscitation facilities should always be immediately available.", "PMID": 1103910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_458", "title": "Non-invasive left ventricular volume determination by two-dimensional echocardiography.", "content": "Twenty patients undergoing routine left ventricular single-plane angiography have been investigated by an ultrasonic triggered B-scan technique to provide a two-dimensional cross-sectional image of the left ventricle in end-systole end-diastole. An area-length method has been used to establish the correlation between the angiographic and the echocardiographic assessments of left ventricular chamber volume (r equals 0.88) and ejection fraction (r equals 0.81). Differences between the two techniques are discussed, and it is concluded that in approximately 80 per cent of patients triggered B-scanning may provide a safe, non-invasive, and convenient technique for the determination of volumes and certain functional parameters, especially in patients with dilated hearts and irregular left ventricular shape, where M-scanning is known to be less reliable.", "contents": "Non-invasive left ventricular volume determination by two-dimensional echocardiography. Twenty patients undergoing routine left ventricular single-plane angiography have been investigated by an ultrasonic triggered B-scan technique to provide a two-dimensional cross-sectional image of the left ventricle in end-systole end-diastole. An area-length method has been used to establish the correlation between the angiographic and the echocardiographic assessments of left ventricular chamber volume (r equals 0.88) and ejection fraction (r equals 0.81). Differences between the two techniques are discussed, and it is concluded that in approximately 80 per cent of patients triggered B-scanning may provide a safe, non-invasive, and convenient technique for the determination of volumes and certain functional parameters, especially in patients with dilated hearts and irregular left ventricular shape, where M-scanning is known to be less reliable.", "PMID": 1103911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_459", "title": "Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. Assessment by echocardiographic and Doppler ultrasound techniques.", "content": "Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy is a disease of the myocardium that can be assessed echocardiographic and transcutaneous Doppler ultrasound techniques. Four patients are presented with various patterns of the disease, and the frequently familial incidence is illustrated. The importance of ultrasonic evidence for asymmetric septal hypertrophy in all stages is emphasized and evidence of reduced septal contractility demonstrated. Abnormalities of mitral valve motion, slow diastolic closure rate and systolic anterior movement of the anterior leaflet, are shown in the obstructive form of the disease. Also partial mid-systolic aortic valve closure and aortic cusp flutter are shown with outflow obstruction. The outflow tract gradient can be calculated from mitral valve to septum systolic distances. Transcutaneous Doppler ultrasound shows a normal aortic velocity pattern in nonobstructive disease while consistent abnormalities are present with severe resting obstruction. Isoprenaline can be used to alter the normal velocity pattern associated with a minimal resting gradient to an abnormal pattern indicating the development of significant obstruction.", "contents": "Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. Assessment by echocardiographic and Doppler ultrasound techniques. Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy is a disease of the myocardium that can be assessed echocardiographic and transcutaneous Doppler ultrasound techniques. Four patients are presented with various patterns of the disease, and the frequently familial incidence is illustrated. The importance of ultrasonic evidence for asymmetric septal hypertrophy in all stages is emphasized and evidence of reduced septal contractility demonstrated. Abnormalities of mitral valve motion, slow diastolic closure rate and systolic anterior movement of the anterior leaflet, are shown in the obstructive form of the disease. Also partial mid-systolic aortic valve closure and aortic cusp flutter are shown with outflow obstruction. The outflow tract gradient can be calculated from mitral valve to septum systolic distances. Transcutaneous Doppler ultrasound shows a normal aortic velocity pattern in nonobstructive disease while consistent abnormalities are present with severe resting obstruction. Isoprenaline can be used to alter the normal velocity pattern associated with a minimal resting gradient to an abnormal pattern indicating the development of significant obstruction.", "PMID": 1103912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_460", "title": "Localization of left ventricular ischaemia in angina pectoris by cineangiography during exercise.", "content": "Cineangiography of the left ventricle during exercise has been used in an attempt to define the area of ischaemic myocardium in patients suffering from angina pectoris in whom coronary artery surgery was contemplated. A correlation was established between the site of coronary artery obstruction and the area of abnormal myocardial contraction. This method of localization of regional left ventricular ischaemia may furnish useful diagnostic information when coronary reconstructive surgery is contemplated in patients with exercise-induced angina pectoris.", "contents": "Localization of left ventricular ischaemia in angina pectoris by cineangiography during exercise. Cineangiography of the left ventricle during exercise has been used in an attempt to define the area of ischaemic myocardium in patients suffering from angina pectoris in whom coronary artery surgery was contemplated. A correlation was established between the site of coronary artery obstruction and the area of abnormal myocardial contraction. This method of localization of regional left ventricular ischaemia may furnish useful diagnostic information when coronary reconstructive surgery is contemplated in patients with exercise-induced angina pectoris.", "PMID": 1103913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_461", "title": "Positive end-expiratory pressure in anaesthetized spontaneously breathing horses.", "content": "Horses breathing spontaneously under halothane anaesthesia were subjected to expiratory resistance by the introduction of a water-trap into the expiratory limb of a circle absorber. Resistances of 10 and 20 cm H2O produced no significant increase in PaO2 (P greater than 0.05) during halothane/air and halothane/oxygen anaesthesia. The imposition of resistance was associated with an increase in PaCO2 and a significant increase in mixed venous PCO2. In three animals subjected to 20 cm H2O resistance under halothane/air anaesthesia, the cardiac output was reduced (P less than 0.01). It was concluded that the indiscriminate application of end-expiratory pressure has no place in routine equine anaesthesia.", "contents": "Positive end-expiratory pressure in anaesthetized spontaneously breathing horses. Horses breathing spontaneously under halothane anaesthesia were subjected to expiratory resistance by the introduction of a water-trap into the expiratory limb of a circle absorber. Resistances of 10 and 20 cm H2O produced no significant increase in PaO2 (P greater than 0.05) during halothane/air and halothane/oxygen anaesthesia. The imposition of resistance was associated with an increase in PaCO2 and a significant increase in mixed venous PCO2. In three animals subjected to 20 cm H2O resistance under halothane/air anaesthesia, the cardiac output was reduced (P less than 0.01). It was concluded that the indiscriminate application of end-expiratory pressure has no place in routine equine anaesthesia.", "PMID": 1103914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_462", "title": "The effect of anaesthesia and intermittent positive pressure ventilation with different frequencies on the anatomical and alveolar deadspace.", "content": "Deadspace was measured in nine healthy subjects in the supine position, premedicated but awake and breathing spontaneously at a rate of 12 b.p.m. and subsequently under anaesthesia with artificial ventilation with frequencies of 12 and 24 b.p.m. The minute volume was kept at a relatively constant value. The physiological deadspace was calculated using the Bohr equation and the division into anatomical and alveolar deadspace was made with the aid of capnography. Physiological deadspace was increased by anaesthesia and IPPV, mainly as a consequence of increased rebreathing in the apparatus deadspace. There was no significant change in the anatomical deadspace. Thus, the expected reduction in deadspace brought about by endotracheal intubation was nullified by an increase in the anatomical deadspace distal to the carina. The VDanat/VT ratio remained constant on changing the respiratory frequency. A significant alveolar deadspace was measured during spontaneous breathing. This was unchanged by the induction of anaesthesia and the institution of artifical ventilation. On changing the frequency, the VDalv/VT ratio remained constant. It is concluded that both the anatomical and the alveolar deadspaces increasing with increasing tidal volume, but are unaffected by the breathing rate.", "contents": "The effect of anaesthesia and intermittent positive pressure ventilation with different frequencies on the anatomical and alveolar deadspace. Deadspace was measured in nine healthy subjects in the supine position, premedicated but awake and breathing spontaneously at a rate of 12 b.p.m. and subsequently under anaesthesia with artificial ventilation with frequencies of 12 and 24 b.p.m. The minute volume was kept at a relatively constant value. The physiological deadspace was calculated using the Bohr equation and the division into anatomical and alveolar deadspace was made with the aid of capnography. Physiological deadspace was increased by anaesthesia and IPPV, mainly as a consequence of increased rebreathing in the apparatus deadspace. There was no significant change in the anatomical deadspace. Thus, the expected reduction in deadspace brought about by endotracheal intubation was nullified by an increase in the anatomical deadspace distal to the carina. The VDanat/VT ratio remained constant on changing the respiratory frequency. A significant alveolar deadspace was measured during spontaneous breathing. This was unchanged by the induction of anaesthesia and the institution of artifical ventilation. On changing the frequency, the VDalv/VT ratio remained constant. It is concluded that both the anatomical and the alveolar deadspaces increasing with increasing tidal volume, but are unaffected by the breathing rate.", "PMID": 1103915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_463", "title": "Absorption and sedative effects of diazepam after oral administration and intramuscular administration into the vastus lateralis muscle and the deltoid muscle.", "content": "The absorption of diazepam 10 mg after oral administration and intramuscular administration into the vastus lateralis muscle or the deltoid muscle was compared in a double-blind cross-over study in eight healthy subjects. Serum diazepam concentrations were measured, and the presence of tiredness was noted 20, 40, 60, 90 and 150 min after the drug administration. Peak concentrations in serum were 209+/-49, 152+/-60 and 143+/-62 ng/ml ((means+/-SD) at 90, 60 and 60 min after oral, shoulder and thigh administration respectively. Absorption was more rapid after intramuscular than after oral administration, serum mean diazepam concentrations at 20 min after oral administration being only 26% of those after shoulder administration. The rapid rate of absorption from the shoulder was associated with a more rapid feeling of tiredness and a greater sedative effect than after oral or thigh administration. There was no evidence that diazepam induced its own metabolism after one or two administrations. The results suggest that, if rapid preanaesthetic medication with diazepam is needed, shoulder administration might be superior to oral or thigh administration.", "contents": "Absorption and sedative effects of diazepam after oral administration and intramuscular administration into the vastus lateralis muscle and the deltoid muscle. The absorption of diazepam 10 mg after oral administration and intramuscular administration into the vastus lateralis muscle or the deltoid muscle was compared in a double-blind cross-over study in eight healthy subjects. Serum diazepam concentrations were measured, and the presence of tiredness was noted 20, 40, 60, 90 and 150 min after the drug administration. Peak concentrations in serum were 209+/-49, 152+/-60 and 143+/-62 ng/ml ((means+/-SD) at 90, 60 and 60 min after oral, shoulder and thigh administration respectively. Absorption was more rapid after intramuscular than after oral administration, serum mean diazepam concentrations at 20 min after oral administration being only 26% of those after shoulder administration. The rapid rate of absorption from the shoulder was associated with a more rapid feeling of tiredness and a greater sedative effect than after oral or thigh administration. There was no evidence that diazepam induced its own metabolism after one or two administrations. The results suggest that, if rapid preanaesthetic medication with diazepam is needed, shoulder administration might be superior to oral or thigh administration.", "PMID": 1103916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_464", "title": "Current practice of hypothermia in British cardiac surgery.", "content": "A questionnaire was sent to all centres of cardiac surgery in the United Kingdom, enquiring into their current use of hypothermia. Moderate hypothermia without cardiopulmonary bypass and the Drew technique of profound hypothermia are becoming less popular, each technique being used in only two of the 30 centres which replied. Moderate hypothermia as an integral part of the cardiopulmonary bypass is used on occasions in 24 centres. Although some centres use moderate hypothermia out of habit, the main benefits from its use are considered to be the protection afforded to the myocardium and a greater safety margin in the event of technical difficulties. Profound hypothermia, usually induced by means of the pump oxygenator, followed by circulatory arrest is becoming increasingly popular for the correction of complex congenital anomalies in infants.", "contents": "Current practice of hypothermia in British cardiac surgery. A questionnaire was sent to all centres of cardiac surgery in the United Kingdom, enquiring into their current use of hypothermia. Moderate hypothermia without cardiopulmonary bypass and the Drew technique of profound hypothermia are becoming less popular, each technique being used in only two of the 30 centres which replied. Moderate hypothermia as an integral part of the cardiopulmonary bypass is used on occasions in 24 centres. Although some centres use moderate hypothermia out of habit, the main benefits from its use are considered to be the protection afforded to the myocardium and a greater safety margin in the event of technical difficulties. Profound hypothermia, usually induced by means of the pump oxygenator, followed by circulatory arrest is becoming increasingly popular for the correction of complex congenital anomalies in infants.", "PMID": 1103917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_465", "title": "Benzoctamine-a study of the respiratory effects of oral doses in human volunteers and interactions with morphine in mice.", "content": "A double-blind trial has been performed to investigate the respiratory effects of low oral doses of benzoctamine, and to compare them with diazepam and a placebo. The displacement of the carbon dioxide response curves indicated that whilst diazepam caused respiratory depression, benzoctamine had a variable effect. Some volunteers showed depression, but most showed stimulation. Peak respiratory effects were seen 1 hr after oral administration, returning to normal 2-3 hr after administration. It is suggested that oral drugs given for premedication need to be administered at least 2 hr before operation to obtain maximum sedative effects at a time when respiratory effects are returning to normal. In animal experiments it has been shown that the analgesic actions of morphine are diminished by concurrent administration of benzoctamine, and that the depression of respiratory rate caused by morphine is enhanced.", "contents": "Benzoctamine-a study of the respiratory effects of oral doses in human volunteers and interactions with morphine in mice. A double-blind trial has been performed to investigate the respiratory effects of low oral doses of benzoctamine, and to compare them with diazepam and a placebo. The displacement of the carbon dioxide response curves indicated that whilst diazepam caused respiratory depression, benzoctamine had a variable effect. Some volunteers showed depression, but most showed stimulation. Peak respiratory effects were seen 1 hr after oral administration, returning to normal 2-3 hr after administration. It is suggested that oral drugs given for premedication need to be administered at least 2 hr before operation to obtain maximum sedative effects at a time when respiratory effects are returning to normal. In animal experiments it has been shown that the analgesic actions of morphine are diminished by concurrent administration of benzoctamine, and that the depression of respiratory rate caused by morphine is enhanced.", "PMID": 1103919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_466", "title": "Pulmonary eosinophilia after substitution of aerosol for oral corticosteroid therapy.", "content": "Three patients with chronic asthma developed pulmonary eosinophilia while oral prednisolone was being withdrawn after the introduction of treatment with beclomethasone dipropionate aerosol. These observations suggest that the development of pulmonary eosinophilia in patients with chronic asthma can be prevented by the systemic administration of corticosteroids, but not by a corticosteroid aerosol given by inhalation. It is considered that radiological examination of the chest should be carried out at frequent intervals during and for a few months after the substitution of corticosteroid aerosol therapy for oral corticosteroid therapy in order to ensure that those patients who are liable to develop pulmonary eosinophilia will be identified at an early stage. These precautions are even more essential when there is a previous history of pulmonary eosinophilia.", "contents": "Pulmonary eosinophilia after substitution of aerosol for oral corticosteroid therapy. Three patients with chronic asthma developed pulmonary eosinophilia while oral prednisolone was being withdrawn after the introduction of treatment with beclomethasone dipropionate aerosol. These observations suggest that the development of pulmonary eosinophilia in patients with chronic asthma can be prevented by the systemic administration of corticosteroids, but not by a corticosteroid aerosol given by inhalation. It is considered that radiological examination of the chest should be carried out at frequent intervals during and for a few months after the substitution of corticosteroid aerosol therapy for oral corticosteroid therapy in order to ensure that those patients who are liable to develop pulmonary eosinophilia will be identified at an early stage. These precautions are even more essential when there is a previous history of pulmonary eosinophilia.", "PMID": 1103929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_467", "title": "The effect of a tubercle lipid adjuvant on the distribution of injected foreign red blood cells.", "content": "Increased localization occured of injected foreign red cells in the spleen and lungs of animals treated with a tubercle bacillary lipid adjuvant given intravenously. The distribution changes varied depending upon the time interval between injections of the adjuvant and the foreign red cells. These changes offer an explanation of the augmentation of haemolysins and haemagglutinins previously shown for the lipid.", "contents": "The effect of a tubercle lipid adjuvant on the distribution of injected foreign red blood cells. Increased localization occured of injected foreign red cells in the spleen and lungs of animals treated with a tubercle bacillary lipid adjuvant given intravenously. The distribution changes varied depending upon the time interval between injections of the adjuvant and the foreign red cells. These changes offer an explanation of the augmentation of haemolysins and haemagglutinins previously shown for the lipid.", "PMID": 1103932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_468", "title": "Cellular and humoral aspects of host resistance in murine salmonellosis.", "content": "Mice were challenged with a highly virulent strain of Salmonella typhimurium by intraperitoneal injections. At relatively low infecting doses, immunizations with either viable attenuated or heat killed Salm. typhimurium were found to be equally protective against otherwise fatal infections. Pre-opsonization of virulent salmonellae significantly increased the survival rate of mice infected with small numbers of the pathogen. By a cell culture method, peritoneal macrophages of mice were shown to be innately capable of destroying the ingested virulent Salm. typhimurium. Macrophages from previously infected mice did not appear to have any significant increase in their bactericidal activity against salmonellae, but they possessed cytophilic antibodies specific against the H and the O antigens of Salm. typhimurium. It is believed that humoral elements play an important role in acquired immunity in murine salmonellosis by opsonization of the pathogen.", "contents": "Cellular and humoral aspects of host resistance in murine salmonellosis. Mice were challenged with a highly virulent strain of Salmonella typhimurium by intraperitoneal injections. At relatively low infecting doses, immunizations with either viable attenuated or heat killed Salm. typhimurium were found to be equally protective against otherwise fatal infections. Pre-opsonization of virulent salmonellae significantly increased the survival rate of mice infected with small numbers of the pathogen. By a cell culture method, peritoneal macrophages of mice were shown to be innately capable of destroying the ingested virulent Salm. typhimurium. Macrophages from previously infected mice did not appear to have any significant increase in their bactericidal activity against salmonellae, but they possessed cytophilic antibodies specific against the H and the O antigens of Salm. typhimurium. It is believed that humoral elements play an important role in acquired immunity in murine salmonellosis by opsonization of the pathogen.", "PMID": 1103931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_469", "title": "Repeated tissue sampling with a dental broach. A trial in cutaneous leishmaniasis.", "content": "A simple and almost painless technique for repeated sampling of dermal infiltrates with a dendritic broach was used in the diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis. This technique can be used to advantage to obtain organisms and cell underneath crusted lesions and to evaluate not only the number of organisms but also the cell pattern at different depths of the lesion. It can be used repeatedly on the same lesions without appreciably disturbing the natural progress of the disease and is therefore well suited to monitor the in vivo effects of therapeutic agents on organisms. Its use in twenty-one cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis and one case of cutaneous leprosy is described.", "contents": "Repeated tissue sampling with a dental broach. A trial in cutaneous leishmaniasis. A simple and almost painless technique for repeated sampling of dermal infiltrates with a dendritic broach was used in the diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis. This technique can be used to advantage to obtain organisms and cell underneath crusted lesions and to evaluate not only the number of organisms but also the cell pattern at different depths of the lesion. It can be used repeatedly on the same lesions without appreciably disturbing the natural progress of the disease and is therefore well suited to monitor the in vivo effects of therapeutic agents on organisms. Its use in twenty-one cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis and one case of cutaneous leprosy is described.", "PMID": 1103933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_470", "title": "Efficacy of miconazole in the topical treatment of tinea pedis in sportsmen.", "content": "A double-blind trial of 2% miconazole in a cream and in a powder base and of the respective vehicles was done in a group of forty-five young sportsmen regularly training and using the showers in a gymnasium. After 4 weeks treatment, the mycological cure rate using the active preparation was 60% compared to 24% for the placebo (P less than 0-05).", "contents": "Efficacy of miconazole in the topical treatment of tinea pedis in sportsmen. A double-blind trial of 2% miconazole in a cream and in a powder base and of the respective vehicles was done in a group of forty-five young sportsmen regularly training and using the showers in a gymnasium. After 4 weeks treatment, the mycological cure rate using the active preparation was 60% compared to 24% for the placebo (P less than 0-05).", "PMID": 1103934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_471", "title": "Coexistence of lichen planus and bullous pemphigoid. A immunopathological study.", "content": "A 43-year-old white man presented with a generalized eruption of lichen planus and tense blisters within the lichenoid lesions and also on clinically normal skin. Direct immunofluorescence (IF) studies revealed immunological and histopathological characteristics of lichen planus in the lichenoid lesions and of bullous pemphigoid in the bullous lesions, and indirect IF studies showed that the patient had circulating antibasement membrane antibodies. The coexistence of both disorders may indicate a possible link between the pathology in the junctional zone in lichen planus and the appearance of antibasement membrane zone antibodies and bullous lesions, respectively.", "contents": "Coexistence of lichen planus and bullous pemphigoid. A immunopathological study. A 43-year-old white man presented with a generalized eruption of lichen planus and tense blisters within the lichenoid lesions and also on clinically normal skin. Direct immunofluorescence (IF) studies revealed immunological and histopathological characteristics of lichen planus in the lichenoid lesions and of bullous pemphigoid in the bullous lesions, and indirect IF studies showed that the patient had circulating antibasement membrane antibodies. The coexistence of both disorders may indicate a possible link between the pathology in the junctional zone in lichen planus and the appearance of antibasement membrane zone antibodies and bullous lesions, respectively.", "PMID": 1103935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_472", "title": "A prospective study of the effects of weekly oral methotrexate on liver biopsy.", "content": "The results are reported of a prospective study of liver histological findings in twenty-five patients with severe psoriasis subjected to liver biopsy before and at intervals after the onset of treatment with methotrexate by an intermittent dosage schedule. The pre-methotrexate liver biopsy findings in forty-one other severe psoriatics are also summarized. Of the twenty-five treated patients, four showed a mild inflammatory cell infiltrate and two mild fibrosis before treatment. During treatment only one developed a grade 2 infiltrate and one other grade 2 fibrosis. None has developed cirrhosis. Where minor abnormalities developed, their fluctuating and reversible nature is demonstrated.", "contents": "A prospective study of the effects of weekly oral methotrexate on liver biopsy. The results are reported of a prospective study of liver histological findings in twenty-five patients with severe psoriasis subjected to liver biopsy before and at intervals after the onset of treatment with methotrexate by an intermittent dosage schedule. The pre-methotrexate liver biopsy findings in forty-one other severe psoriatics are also summarized. Of the twenty-five treated patients, four showed a mild inflammatory cell infiltrate and two mild fibrosis before treatment. During treatment only one developed a grade 2 infiltrate and one other grade 2 fibrosis. None has developed cirrhosis. Where minor abnormalities developed, their fluctuating and reversible nature is demonstrated.", "PMID": 1103936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_473", "title": "Deafness complicating mucous membrane pemphigoid: a case report.", "content": "A patient with moderately severe mucous membrane pemphigoid is described. The onset of deafness was associated with the appearance of postero-superior retraction prockets in both eardrums. It is postulated that this was due to mucous membrane pemphigoid involving the mucosa of the middle ear. We are not aware of this complication having been described previously.", "contents": "Deafness complicating mucous membrane pemphigoid: a case report. A patient with moderately severe mucous membrane pemphigoid is described. The onset of deafness was associated with the appearance of postero-superior retraction prockets in both eardrums. It is postulated that this was due to mucous membrane pemphigoid involving the mucosa of the middle ear. We are not aware of this complication having been described previously.", "PMID": 1103937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_474", "title": "The deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) skin test in systemic lupus erythematosus. I. Clinical evaluation.", "content": "A clinical evaluation of the intradermal DNA-test was carried out on a series of patients with untreated or with treated definite systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), or with suspected SLE with or without circulating antinuclear factors. A saline solution of a commercially available DNA-preparation was used. The course of the DNA reaction was followed for 24-48 h after the injection. All nine cases of untreated definite SLE had a positive DNA test 6 h after the injection, and eight cases a positive result at 24 h. All seven patients with definite SLE who were on low-dosage systemic steroid treatment had a clinically positive. DNA test at 6 h. In all except one of these cases the test was still positive at 24 h. All five patients with definite SLE on antimalarial treatment had a positive test at 6 h which had become negative at 24 h after the injection. Eleven of the twelve patients with suspected SLE and circulating antinuclear factors had a positive DNA test at 6 h, which in nine cases persisted for 24 h. On the other hand, of the eleven ANF negative patients with various connective tissue diseases five had a positive test at 6 h. In only one of these cases it persisted for 24 h. Two of the eighteen control patients with various dermatoses exhibited a positive test at 6 h, and in one of these the positive reaction persisted for 24 h. It is concluded that the intradermal skin test using native DNA is a useful diagnostic tool for the detection of SLE when the reaction is followed up for 24 h. Antimalarial treatment seems to decrease skin reactivity to native DNA.", "contents": "The deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) skin test in systemic lupus erythematosus. I. Clinical evaluation. A clinical evaluation of the intradermal DNA-test was carried out on a series of patients with untreated or with treated definite systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), or with suspected SLE with or without circulating antinuclear factors. A saline solution of a commercially available DNA-preparation was used. The course of the DNA reaction was followed for 24-48 h after the injection. All nine cases of untreated definite SLE had a positive DNA test 6 h after the injection, and eight cases a positive result at 24 h. All seven patients with definite SLE who were on low-dosage systemic steroid treatment had a clinically positive. DNA test at 6 h. In all except one of these cases the test was still positive at 24 h. All five patients with definite SLE on antimalarial treatment had a positive test at 6 h which had become negative at 24 h after the injection. Eleven of the twelve patients with suspected SLE and circulating antinuclear factors had a positive DNA test at 6 h, which in nine cases persisted for 24 h. On the other hand, of the eleven ANF negative patients with various connective tissue diseases five had a positive test at 6 h. In only one of these cases it persisted for 24 h. Two of the eighteen control patients with various dermatoses exhibited a positive test at 6 h, and in one of these the positive reaction persisted for 24 h. It is concluded that the intradermal skin test using native DNA is a useful diagnostic tool for the detection of SLE when the reaction is followed up for 24 h. Antimalarial treatment seems to decrease skin reactivity to native DNA.", "PMID": 1103938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_475", "title": "Folate binding proteins.", "content": "The physical and physiologic properties of serum, milk and cellular FABP have been presented. Several investigators have shown that FABP with similar characteristics is present throughout the body fluids and tissue. Thus, FABP appears to be established as a protein which can significantly influence folate metabolism.", "contents": "Folate binding proteins. The physical and physiologic properties of serum, milk and cellular FABP have been presented. Several investigators have shown that FABP with similar characteristics is present throughout the body fluids and tissue. Thus, FABP appears to be established as a protein which can significantly influence folate metabolism.", "PMID": 1103941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_476", "title": "The growth of human bone marrow in diffusion chambers.", "content": "Diffusion chambers containing normal human bone marrow were implanted intraperitoneally into normal and irradiated mice and cultured for various periods. Granulocytes, macrophages and lymphocytes comprised the majority of the cells harvested in all cultures. The most impressive cell growth occurred when the chambers were implanted into primary hosts irradiated with 840 R and then retransplanted on Day 8 of the culture into secondary hosts irradiated with the same dose. Linear relationships were found between the number of nucleated cells inoculated into the chambers and the number of cells harvested after 8 or 10 days of culture in heavily irradiated hosts.", "contents": "The growth of human bone marrow in diffusion chambers. Diffusion chambers containing normal human bone marrow were implanted intraperitoneally into normal and irradiated mice and cultured for various periods. Granulocytes, macrophages and lymphocytes comprised the majority of the cells harvested in all cultures. The most impressive cell growth occurred when the chambers were implanted into primary hosts irradiated with 840 R and then retransplanted on Day 8 of the culture into secondary hosts irradiated with the same dose. Linear relationships were found between the number of nucleated cells inoculated into the chambers and the number of cells harvested after 8 or 10 days of culture in heavily irradiated hosts.", "PMID": 1103942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_477", "title": "The localization of factor V within normal human platelets and the demonstration of a platelet-factor V antigen in congenital factor V deficiency.", "content": "Separation of human platelets from plasma by a modified gel-filtration technique reveals very low levels of factor-V activity of the platelet suspension. Repeated freezing and thawing increases the factor-V activity in various factor-V assays. This activity neutralized the inactivating effect of a rabbit-antihuman factor V antibody to plasma factor V, while intact platelets had almost no such capacity. Washed and normal platelets and gel filtered platelets showed marked positive fluorescence after treatment with antifactor V serum and FITC labelled sheep antirabbit immunoglobulin. Fluorescence was inhibited by previous incubation of the antifactor V serum and platelet lysates. Platelets of a factor V deficient patient showed the same fluorescence pattern as normal platelets indicating that they contained a factor V antigen. These platelets showed after lysis no effect in various factor V assays. From these studies it is concluded that the localization of factor V is within the platelets.", "contents": "The localization of factor V within normal human platelets and the demonstration of a platelet-factor V antigen in congenital factor V deficiency. Separation of human platelets from plasma by a modified gel-filtration technique reveals very low levels of factor-V activity of the platelet suspension. Repeated freezing and thawing increases the factor-V activity in various factor-V assays. This activity neutralized the inactivating effect of a rabbit-antihuman factor V antibody to plasma factor V, while intact platelets had almost no such capacity. Washed and normal platelets and gel filtered platelets showed marked positive fluorescence after treatment with antifactor V serum and FITC labelled sheep antirabbit immunoglobulin. Fluorescence was inhibited by previous incubation of the antifactor V serum and platelet lysates. Platelets of a factor V deficient patient showed the same fluorescence pattern as normal platelets indicating that they contained a factor V antigen. These platelets showed after lysis no effect in various factor V assays. From these studies it is concluded that the localization of factor V is within the platelets.", "PMID": 1103945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_478", "title": "Skin window studies in polycythaemia rubra vera.", "content": "The inflammatory response was studied in patients with primary polycythaemia by means of a modified skin window technique. In untreated patients, the overall cellularity was a prominent feature and, as compared with the controls, the 48 h preparations showed a significantly greater percentage of granulocytes with a corresponding decreased percentage of macrophages. In the peripheral blood of these patients, both total white cells and granulocyte counts were significantly higher than in the control subjects. A highly significant relationship between the blood and skin window neutrophils was demonstrated. In polycythaemia patients in remission, the results were generally similar to the controls, except that there was still a highly significant increase in the percentage of skin window basophils. The results provided no evidence of a defect in cell migration or in the phagocytic activity of macrophages in polycythaemia vera. Possible mechanisms of the cutaneous basophilia and its relevance to the manifestation of this disorder are discussed.", "contents": "Skin window studies in polycythaemia rubra vera. The inflammatory response was studied in patients with primary polycythaemia by means of a modified skin window technique. In untreated patients, the overall cellularity was a prominent feature and, as compared with the controls, the 48 h preparations showed a significantly greater percentage of granulocytes with a corresponding decreased percentage of macrophages. In the peripheral blood of these patients, both total white cells and granulocyte counts were significantly higher than in the control subjects. A highly significant relationship between the blood and skin window neutrophils was demonstrated. In polycythaemia patients in remission, the results were generally similar to the controls, except that there was still a highly significant increase in the percentage of skin window basophils. The results provided no evidence of a defect in cell migration or in the phagocytic activity of macrophages in polycythaemia vera. Possible mechanisms of the cutaneous basophilia and its relevance to the manifestation of this disorder are discussed.", "PMID": 1103946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_479", "title": "Advanced non-Hodgkins' lymphomas: response to treatment with combination chemotherapy and factors influencing prognosis.", "content": "Response to combination chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide, vincristine and prednisone (COP) and specific factors influenceing prognosis were evaluated in 70 patients with stage III or IV non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Complete remissions (CR) were observed in 40% of patients, with a total response rate of 88%. The median duration of CR was 8 months, but 50% of patients were in continuing CR. High rates of CR were associated with: (a) well-differentiated lymphocytic cytology, (b) tumour nodularity, (c) normal blood lymphocyte counts at diagnosis, and (d) disease stage IIIA. These same factors also showed a positive correlation with 5-year-survival rates from diagnosis. It is suggested that patients with advanced non-Hodgkin's lymphomas do not form a homogeneous treatment group, but warrant a differential therapeutic approach based on the prognostic determinants stated above. The study provides further support for the prognostic usefulness of Rappaport's classification of these tumours.", "contents": "Advanced non-Hodgkins' lymphomas: response to treatment with combination chemotherapy and factors influencing prognosis. Response to combination chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide, vincristine and prednisone (COP) and specific factors influenceing prognosis were evaluated in 70 patients with stage III or IV non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Complete remissions (CR) were observed in 40% of patients, with a total response rate of 88%. The median duration of CR was 8 months, but 50% of patients were in continuing CR. High rates of CR were associated with: (a) well-differentiated lymphocytic cytology, (b) tumour nodularity, (c) normal blood lymphocyte counts at diagnosis, and (d) disease stage IIIA. These same factors also showed a positive correlation with 5-year-survival rates from diagnosis. It is suggested that patients with advanced non-Hodgkin's lymphomas do not form a homogeneous treatment group, but warrant a differential therapeutic approach based on the prognostic determinants stated above. The study provides further support for the prognostic usefulness of Rappaport's classification of these tumours.", "PMID": 1103951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_480", "title": "Detection of carriers of haemophilia: a 'blind' study.", "content": "A 'blind' study has been made to try to find out if it is possible to diagnose carriers of haemophilia. A group of 34 obligatory carriers of haemophilia were compared with 34 normal women. Levels of factor VIII activity, factor VIII-related antigen, factor V and ratio of factor VIII activity to factor VIII-related antigen were measured. In the carrier group the mean level of factor VIII activity and the mean level of the ratio of activity to antigen were each approximately half of those found in the normal women. The mean level of factor V was the same in both groups of women. By setting the lower limit of normal at the lowest level of the different factors found in the normal women, 12 out of 34 (35%) carriers could be distinguished on the basis of their factor VIII level alone; 24 out of 34 (71%) could be detected on the basis of the ratio of factor VIII activity to factor VIII related antigen and 25 out of 34 (73%) could be detected if both factor VIII activity and the ratio were taken into account. It is concluded that consideration of both the level of factor VIII activity and the ratio of factor VIII activity to factor VIII-related antigen is of some value in detecting carriers of haemophilia. The number of carriers detected (73%) in the present study is not as high as that found by other workers.", "contents": "Detection of carriers of haemophilia: a 'blind' study. A 'blind' study has been made to try to find out if it is possible to diagnose carriers of haemophilia. A group of 34 obligatory carriers of haemophilia were compared with 34 normal women. Levels of factor VIII activity, factor VIII-related antigen, factor V and ratio of factor VIII activity to factor VIII-related antigen were measured. In the carrier group the mean level of factor VIII activity and the mean level of the ratio of activity to antigen were each approximately half of those found in the normal women. The mean level of factor V was the same in both groups of women. By setting the lower limit of normal at the lowest level of the different factors found in the normal women, 12 out of 34 (35%) carriers could be distinguished on the basis of their factor VIII level alone; 24 out of 34 (71%) could be detected on the basis of the ratio of factor VIII activity to factor VIII related antigen and 25 out of 34 (73%) could be detected if both factor VIII activity and the ratio were taken into account. It is concluded that consideration of both the level of factor VIII activity and the ratio of factor VIII activity to factor VIII-related antigen is of some value in detecting carriers of haemophilia. The number of carriers detected (73%) in the present study is not as high as that found by other workers.", "PMID": 1103952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_481", "title": "The detection of intracellular antigens in human leucocytes by immunoperoxidase staining.", "content": "An immunoperoxidase procedure is described for staining intracellular leucocyte antigens in peripheral blood and bone marrow smears. Brief exposure of cell smears to a buffered formol acetone mixture was found to give optimal fixation, combining good cellular morphology with preservation of antigenic reactivity. The immunoperoxidase method is superior to immunofluorescence in that it provides a permanent preparation which can be counterstained with orthodox reagents and viewed by conventional light microscopy. In addition the technique is considerably more sensitive than immunofluorescence procedures. Immunoglobulin was demonstrated in plasma cells, T\u00fcrk cells and a minority of peripheral blood lymphocytes. Lysozyme was found in cells of the neutrophil series from promyelocytes to mature granulocytes. Monocytes stained for lysozyme but the reaction was less intense than in neutrophils and some monocytes were devoid of activity. Lactoferrin stained strongly in mature neutrophil polymorphs and metamyelocytes, but was weak or absent in earlier myeloid cells. These reaction patterns are in keeping with previous reports on the distribution of these antigens in human leucocytes. In the case of immunoglobulin and lysozyme it was possible to abolish leucocyte staining by incubation of the specific antisera with the appropriate purified antigen, providing additional proof of the specificity of the reactions. Anti-ferritin antisera stained granulocytes and myeloid precursors strongly, and reached weakly with a minority of monocytes. These latter observations are not entirely in accordance with published data on the leucocyte distribution of ferritin and may be attributed to antibody activity of unknown specificity in the anti-ferritin antiserum.", "contents": "The detection of intracellular antigens in human leucocytes by immunoperoxidase staining. An immunoperoxidase procedure is described for staining intracellular leucocyte antigens in peripheral blood and bone marrow smears. Brief exposure of cell smears to a buffered formol acetone mixture was found to give optimal fixation, combining good cellular morphology with preservation of antigenic reactivity. The immunoperoxidase method is superior to immunofluorescence in that it provides a permanent preparation which can be counterstained with orthodox reagents and viewed by conventional light microscopy. In addition the technique is considerably more sensitive than immunofluorescence procedures. Immunoglobulin was demonstrated in plasma cells, T\u00fcrk cells and a minority of peripheral blood lymphocytes. Lysozyme was found in cells of the neutrophil series from promyelocytes to mature granulocytes. Monocytes stained for lysozyme but the reaction was less intense than in neutrophils and some monocytes were devoid of activity. Lactoferrin stained strongly in mature neutrophil polymorphs and metamyelocytes, but was weak or absent in earlier myeloid cells. These reaction patterns are in keeping with previous reports on the distribution of these antigens in human leucocytes. In the case of immunoglobulin and lysozyme it was possible to abolish leucocyte staining by incubation of the specific antisera with the appropriate purified antigen, providing additional proof of the specificity of the reactions. Anti-ferritin antisera stained granulocytes and myeloid precursors strongly, and reached weakly with a minority of monocytes. These latter observations are not entirely in accordance with published data on the leucocyte distribution of ferritin and may be attributed to antibody activity of unknown specificity in the anti-ferritin antiserum.", "PMID": 1103954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_482", "title": "Reading chest radiographs for pneumoconiosis by computer.", "content": "Computer programs for measuring simple pneumoconiosis in radiographs are described and assessed. The 36 films studied had been read by 11 skilled human observers and a 'radiological score' of pneumoconiotic severity was therefore available for each film. The computer assigns to each square grid of side 3-6 mm a measure which reflects the unevenness of the density distribution in that grid. The 'computed score' is defined as the mean diversity over all relevant grids in both lung fields. On the set of 36 films the correlation between radiological score and computed score was 0-88. By contrast, the correlation between the score assigned by a single observer and the average of the scores assigned by the other 10 was in the range 0-95 to 0-98. The program can use the computed score to classify a film into one of the four major International Labour Office (ILO) U/C categories, the success rate of this process being 80% compared with those quoted by other workers in the range 45%-65%. If the films used in this study be typical, then the program described may form the basis of an automatic method for measuring pneumoconiosis in epidemiological work.", "contents": "Reading chest radiographs for pneumoconiosis by computer. Computer programs for measuring simple pneumoconiosis in radiographs are described and assessed. The 36 films studied had been read by 11 skilled human observers and a 'radiological score' of pneumoconiotic severity was therefore available for each film. The computer assigns to each square grid of side 3-6 mm a measure which reflects the unevenness of the density distribution in that grid. The 'computed score' is defined as the mean diversity over all relevant grids in both lung fields. On the set of 36 films the correlation between radiological score and computed score was 0-88. By contrast, the correlation between the score assigned by a single observer and the average of the scores assigned by the other 10 was in the range 0-95 to 0-98. The program can use the computed score to classify a film into one of the four major International Labour Office (ILO) U/C categories, the success rate of this process being 80% compared with those quoted by other workers in the range 45%-65%. If the films used in this study be typical, then the program described may form the basis of an automatic method for measuring pneumoconiosis in epidemiological work.", "PMID": 1103955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_483", "title": "Lung function in textile workers.", "content": "Acute changes in ventilatory function during a workshift with exposure to hemp, flax, and cotton dust were measured on Mondays in a group of 61 textile workers, all working on carding machines. In addition, single-breath diffusing capacity (DLCOSB) was measured before dust exposure on Monday in 30 of the 61 workers. Large acute reductions during dust exposure were recorded in maximum expiratory flow rate at 50% VC (MEF50%), ranging from 38 to 22%. Acute reductions of FEV1-0 were considerably smaller, ranging from 17 to 9%. There was a statistically significant increase in residual volume (RV) with very small and insignificant changes in total lung capacity (TLC). Although preshift FEV1-0 and FVC were decreased, DLCOSB was within normal limits. Plethysmographic measurements in six healthy volunteers exposed to hemp-dust extract confirmed the results obtained in textile workers, that is, that TLC does not change significantly during dust-induced airway constriction and that maximum expiratory flow rate at 50% VC (MEF50%) is a more sensitive test than FEV1-0 in detecting acute ventilatory changes caused by the dust extract.", "contents": "Lung function in textile workers. Acute changes in ventilatory function during a workshift with exposure to hemp, flax, and cotton dust were measured on Mondays in a group of 61 textile workers, all working on carding machines. In addition, single-breath diffusing capacity (DLCOSB) was measured before dust exposure on Monday in 30 of the 61 workers. Large acute reductions during dust exposure were recorded in maximum expiratory flow rate at 50% VC (MEF50%), ranging from 38 to 22%. Acute reductions of FEV1-0 were considerably smaller, ranging from 17 to 9%. There was a statistically significant increase in residual volume (RV) with very small and insignificant changes in total lung capacity (TLC). Although preshift FEV1-0 and FVC were decreased, DLCOSB was within normal limits. Plethysmographic measurements in six healthy volunteers exposed to hemp-dust extract confirmed the results obtained in textile workers, that is, that TLC does not change significantly during dust-induced airway constriction and that maximum expiratory flow rate at 50% VC (MEF50%) is a more sensitive test than FEV1-0 in detecting acute ventilatory changes caused by the dust extract.", "PMID": 1103956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_484", "title": "Kinetic studies on sex difference in susceptibility to chronic benzene intoxication--with special reference to body fat content.", "content": "The sex difference in the susceptibility to haematopoietic disorders induced by benzene was studied kinetically with a special reference to its relation with the body fat content. In rats of both sexes with a large body fat content, benzene was eliminated more slowly and remained in the body for a longer time than in rats with a small body fat content. In accord with this finding, the decrease in white blood cell numbers during a chronic benzene exposure was observed only in the groups of rats which had a large volume of fat tissue. In an experimental human exposure, the elimination of benzene was slower in the females than in the males. The kinetic study revealed that the slower elimination in the females is due primarily to the bulky distribution of body fat tissue in that sex. From these results obtained from the experimental exposure of men and rats to benzene, it was concluded that the human female, with her massive body fat tissue, shows an inherent disposition to be susceptible to a chemical such as benzene which has a high affinity with fat tissue.", "contents": "Kinetic studies on sex difference in susceptibility to chronic benzene intoxication--with special reference to body fat content. The sex difference in the susceptibility to haematopoietic disorders induced by benzene was studied kinetically with a special reference to its relation with the body fat content. In rats of both sexes with a large body fat content, benzene was eliminated more slowly and remained in the body for a longer time than in rats with a small body fat content. In accord with this finding, the decrease in white blood cell numbers during a chronic benzene exposure was observed only in the groups of rats which had a large volume of fat tissue. In an experimental human exposure, the elimination of benzene was slower in the females than in the males. The kinetic study revealed that the slower elimination in the females is due primarily to the bulky distribution of body fat tissue in that sex. From these results obtained from the experimental exposure of men and rats to benzene, it was concluded that the human female, with her massive body fat tissue, shows an inherent disposition to be susceptible to a chemical such as benzene which has a high affinity with fat tissue.", "PMID": 1103957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_485", "title": "A technique for measuring outcome in group psychotherapy.", "content": "A technique for measuring a patient's progress and outcome in group psychotherapy is presented. The various measured parameters are derived from the Symptom Check List plus individualized repertory grid rating scales. This measurement model was tested on an out-patient group over 18 months and shows potential as a device for measuring outcome in diverse types of psychotherapy groups.", "contents": "A technique for measuring outcome in group psychotherapy. A technique for measuring a patient's progress and outcome in group psychotherapy is presented. The various measured parameters are derived from the Symptom Check List plus individualized repertory grid rating scales. This measurement model was tested on an out-patient group over 18 months and shows potential as a device for measuring outcome in diverse types of psychotherapy groups.", "PMID": 1103958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_486", "title": "Pituitary responsiveness to synthetic luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LH-RH) during the menstrual cycle and in female hypogonadism.", "content": "The pituitary responsiveness to synthetic luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LH-RH) in female patients with primary and secondary hypogonadism was tested and compared with that in normal women with regular menstrual cycles. A 200 mug dose of synthetic LH-RH was injected intravenously into 15 normal menstruating women, 8 patients with primary hypogonadism and 5 patients with secondary hypogonadism and the serum luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) response to LH-RH was investigated using double-antibody radioimmunoassay. In normal women, the LH response to LH-RH in the preovulatory phase was greater than that seen in the follicular (p less than 0-05) and luteal phases (p less than 0-05) of the menstrual cycle. In contrast, no significant difference in the FSH response was demonstrated among the three different phases of the cycle. The serum LH response to LH-RH in primary hypogonadism was greater than that in the follicular (p less than 0-01) and luteal phases (p less than 0-01) of the cycle. The serum FSH response in primary hypogonadism was markedly greater than that in the follicular (p less than 0-01), preovulatory (p less than 0-01) and luteal phases (p less than 0-01) of the menstrual cycle. Conversely, the LH levels after LH-RH administration in secondary hypogonadism were significantly lower than in the follicular (p less than 0-01), preovulatory (p less than 0-01) and luteal phases (p less than 0-01) of the cycle. The FSH response in secondary hypogonadism was slightly below that in the follicular phase (p less than 0-05). Thus, the FSH response to LH-RH in primary hypogonadism and the LH response in secondary hypogonadism seemed to be sufficiently characteristic to have diagnostic value.", "contents": "Pituitary responsiveness to synthetic luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LH-RH) during the menstrual cycle and in female hypogonadism. The pituitary responsiveness to synthetic luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LH-RH) in female patients with primary and secondary hypogonadism was tested and compared with that in normal women with regular menstrual cycles. A 200 mug dose of synthetic LH-RH was injected intravenously into 15 normal menstruating women, 8 patients with primary hypogonadism and 5 patients with secondary hypogonadism and the serum luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) response to LH-RH was investigated using double-antibody radioimmunoassay. In normal women, the LH response to LH-RH in the preovulatory phase was greater than that seen in the follicular (p less than 0-05) and luteal phases (p less than 0-05) of the menstrual cycle. In contrast, no significant difference in the FSH response was demonstrated among the three different phases of the cycle. The serum LH response to LH-RH in primary hypogonadism was greater than that in the follicular (p less than 0-01) and luteal phases (p less than 0-01) of the cycle. The serum FSH response in primary hypogonadism was markedly greater than that in the follicular (p less than 0-01), preovulatory (p less than 0-01) and luteal phases (p less than 0-01) of the menstrual cycle. Conversely, the LH levels after LH-RH administration in secondary hypogonadism were significantly lower than in the follicular (p less than 0-01), preovulatory (p less than 0-01) and luteal phases (p less than 0-01) of the cycle. The FSH response in secondary hypogonadism was slightly below that in the follicular phase (p less than 0-05). Thus, the FSH response to LH-RH in primary hypogonadism and the LH response in secondary hypogonadism seemed to be sufficiently characteristic to have diagnostic value.", "PMID": 1103960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_487", "title": "Therapeutic surgery in failures of medical treatment for fungal keratitis.", "content": "Medical treatment failure necessitated surgery in nine cases of fungal keratitis. Therapeutic surgery eliminated fungal infection in seven cases, and useful vision was retained in five out of six penetrating keratoplasties. In three cases Natamycin (Pimaricin) therapy rendered fungi non-viable, but two were demonstrable by histopathology. These results suggest that antifungal treatment should be applied for as long as possible before therapeutic surgery in order to improve the final visual outcome.", "contents": "Therapeutic surgery in failures of medical treatment for fungal keratitis. Medical treatment failure necessitated surgery in nine cases of fungal keratitis. Therapeutic surgery eliminated fungal infection in seven cases, and useful vision was retained in five out of six penetrating keratoplasties. In three cases Natamycin (Pimaricin) therapy rendered fungi non-viable, but two were demonstrable by histopathology. These results suggest that antifungal treatment should be applied for as long as possible before therapeutic surgery in order to improve the final visual outcome.", "PMID": 1103963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_488", "title": "Corneal dellen in the limbal approach to rectus muscle surgery.", "content": "A retrospective study of 170 cases of horizontal rectus muscle surgery performed during the years 1969 and 1970 at the University of Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary revealed a 6-5 per cent incidence of dellen with the limbal approach to the muscle and a 2-2 per cent of incidence of dellen with the nonlimbal or direct approach to the muscle. This was significant to the 5 per cent level of confidence by the chi2 test. We feel that this finding of an increased incidence of dellen with the limbal approach complements the current theory of desiccation as the cause of corneal dellen. We do not recommend abandonment of the limbal approach to rectus muscle surgery because of this finding, but suggest that surgeons scrutinize more carefully their postoperative patients for dellen. If dellen do not occur careful trimming of the conjunctiva to avoid bunching and thickening may perhaps eliminate them.", "contents": "Corneal dellen in the limbal approach to rectus muscle surgery. A retrospective study of 170 cases of horizontal rectus muscle surgery performed during the years 1969 and 1970 at the University of Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary revealed a 6-5 per cent incidence of dellen with the limbal approach to the muscle and a 2-2 per cent of incidence of dellen with the nonlimbal or direct approach to the muscle. This was significant to the 5 per cent level of confidence by the chi2 test. We feel that this finding of an increased incidence of dellen with the limbal approach complements the current theory of desiccation as the cause of corneal dellen. We do not recommend abandonment of the limbal approach to rectus muscle surgery because of this finding, but suggest that surgeons scrutinize more carefully their postoperative patients for dellen. If dellen do not occur careful trimming of the conjunctiva to avoid bunching and thickening may perhaps eliminate them.", "PMID": 1103964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_489", "title": "Synthesis of deoxyguanosine polyphosphates and their interactions with the guanosine 5'-triphosphate requiring protein synthetic enzymes of Escherichia coli.", "content": "A chemical synthesis of deoxyguanosine analogs of the guanosine polyphosphates accumulated by bacteria during the stringent response is described. Both deoxyguanosine 3'-diphosphate 5'-triphosphate (d-pppGpp) and deoxyguanosine 3'-diphosphate 5'-diphosphate (d-ppGpp) were prepared, as well as the by-products deoxyguanosine 3'-monophosphate 5'-triphosphate (d-pppGp) and deoxyguanosine 3'-monophosphate 5'-diphosphate. A significant difference between d-(p)ppGpp and guanosine 3'-diphosphate 5'-tri- or 5'-diphosphate (p)ppGpp) is that the 3'-pyrophosphate moiety is alkali stable in the deoxyguanosine and alkali labile in the guanosine polyphosphates. The new GTP analogs d-pppGp and d-pppGpp were compared to GTP, dGTP, and pppGpp in their ability to support reactions catalyzed by the Escherichia coli protein synthetic enzymes initiation factor 2, elongation factor Tu, and elongation factor G (EF-G). Like pppGpp, both d-pppGp and d-pppGpp showed substantial deficiency only in reactions requiring EF-G. While d-pppGpp closely resembled pppGpp in its very low activity with EF-G, d-pppGp was somewhat more active. Nevertheless, d-pppGp was a poor substrate in EF-G-dependent translocation. Qualitatively and quantitatively its support of translocation was very similar to the reaction driven by periodate-oxidized and borohydride-reduced GTP, a derivative of GTP in which the ribose ring has been cleaved between the 2'- and 3'-hydroxyl groups.", "contents": "Synthesis of deoxyguanosine polyphosphates and their interactions with the guanosine 5'-triphosphate requiring protein synthetic enzymes of Escherichia coli. A chemical synthesis of deoxyguanosine analogs of the guanosine polyphosphates accumulated by bacteria during the stringent response is described. Both deoxyguanosine 3'-diphosphate 5'-triphosphate (d-pppGpp) and deoxyguanosine 3'-diphosphate 5'-diphosphate (d-ppGpp) were prepared, as well as the by-products deoxyguanosine 3'-monophosphate 5'-triphosphate (d-pppGp) and deoxyguanosine 3'-monophosphate 5'-diphosphate. A significant difference between d-(p)ppGpp and guanosine 3'-diphosphate 5'-tri- or 5'-diphosphate (p)ppGpp) is that the 3'-pyrophosphate moiety is alkali stable in the deoxyguanosine and alkali labile in the guanosine polyphosphates. The new GTP analogs d-pppGp and d-pppGpp were compared to GTP, dGTP, and pppGpp in their ability to support reactions catalyzed by the Escherichia coli protein synthetic enzymes initiation factor 2, elongation factor Tu, and elongation factor G (EF-G). Like pppGpp, both d-pppGp and d-pppGpp showed substantial deficiency only in reactions requiring EF-G. While d-pppGpp closely resembled pppGpp in its very low activity with EF-G, d-pppGp was somewhat more active. Nevertheless, d-pppGp was a poor substrate in EF-G-dependent translocation. Qualitatively and quantitatively its support of translocation was very similar to the reaction driven by periodate-oxidized and borohydride-reduced GTP, a derivative of GTP in which the ribose ring has been cleaved between the 2'- and 3'-hydroxyl groups.", "PMID": 1103965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_490", "title": "Characterization of an inhibitor causing potassium chloride sensitivity of an RNA polymerase from T4 phage-infected Escherichia coli.", "content": "The nature of the inhibition by salt (KCl) of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase from T4 phage-infected Escherichia coli (T4 enzyme) was studied using holoenzyme preparations, core enzyme and sigma fractions obtained by phosphocellulose column chromatography, and sigma fractions further purified by gradient centrifugation in the presence and absence of 6 M urea. We showed with holoenzyme preparations that salt inhibits the formation of rifampicin-resistant preinitiation complexes. The inhibition was considerably reduced when a nonionic detergent (particularly of the Triton series) was included in the reaction mixtures. With T4 core enzyme and T4 sigma fractions together with the same fractions from uninfected cells (host enzyme fractions) and different DNA templates, we showed that the T4 sigma fraction plays a role in the salt-sensitive activity with T4 DNA. The salt sensitivity of the T4 sigma fraction was antagonized by Triton; it was not a function of sigma fractions isolated from phage cultures infected in the presence of chloramphenicol. As reported previously (Stevens, A. (1973), Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 54, 488), the T4 sigma fraction inhibited the activity of host sigma when they were present together in reaction mixtures, particularly in the presence of salt. T4 sigma further purified by centrifugation in glycerol gradients had the same properties as the cruder fraction, and the T4-specific polypeptide of mol wt 10000 (Stevens, A. (1972), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 69, 603) was found in the same fractions. If the glycerol gradients contained 6 M urea, the mol wt 10000 polypeptide was separated from the salt-stimulated sigma. Fractions containing the small polypeptide could be added back to produce the salt-inhibitory effects. The inhibitory activity of both the crude sigma fraction and the fractions containing the small polypeptide was inactivated at 65 degrees C. The results suggest that the mol wt 10000 protein is a salt-promoted inhibitor, but the small amounts of it which are present in purified fractions of the T4 enzyme have not yet allowed its isolation in large enough quantities to permit a detailed study of its properties.", "contents": "Characterization of an inhibitor causing potassium chloride sensitivity of an RNA polymerase from T4 phage-infected Escherichia coli. The nature of the inhibition by salt (KCl) of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase from T4 phage-infected Escherichia coli (T4 enzyme) was studied using holoenzyme preparations, core enzyme and sigma fractions obtained by phosphocellulose column chromatography, and sigma fractions further purified by gradient centrifugation in the presence and absence of 6 M urea. We showed with holoenzyme preparations that salt inhibits the formation of rifampicin-resistant preinitiation complexes. The inhibition was considerably reduced when a nonionic detergent (particularly of the Triton series) was included in the reaction mixtures. With T4 core enzyme and T4 sigma fractions together with the same fractions from uninfected cells (host enzyme fractions) and different DNA templates, we showed that the T4 sigma fraction plays a role in the salt-sensitive activity with T4 DNA. The salt sensitivity of the T4 sigma fraction was antagonized by Triton; it was not a function of sigma fractions isolated from phage cultures infected in the presence of chloramphenicol. As reported previously (Stevens, A. (1973), Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 54, 488), the T4 sigma fraction inhibited the activity of host sigma when they were present together in reaction mixtures, particularly in the presence of salt. T4 sigma further purified by centrifugation in glycerol gradients had the same properties as the cruder fraction, and the T4-specific polypeptide of mol wt 10000 (Stevens, A. (1972), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 69, 603) was found in the same fractions. If the glycerol gradients contained 6 M urea, the mol wt 10000 polypeptide was separated from the salt-stimulated sigma. Fractions containing the small polypeptide could be added back to produce the salt-inhibitory effects. The inhibitory activity of both the crude sigma fraction and the fractions containing the small polypeptide was inactivated at 65 degrees C. The results suggest that the mol wt 10000 protein is a salt-promoted inhibitor, but the small amounts of it which are present in purified fractions of the T4 enzyme have not yet allowed its isolation in large enough quantities to permit a detailed study of its properties.", "PMID": 1103966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_491", "title": "Synthesis of guanosine 5'-di- and -triphosphate derivatives with modified terminal phosphates: effect on ribosome-elongation factor G-dependent reactions.", "content": "A series of GTP and GDP analogues modified in the terminal phosphate has been synthesized and their activities were investigated in elongation factor G dependent reactions. All of the analogues, with the exception of guanosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate), were not hydrolyzed by EF-G and ribosomes, but were competitive inhibitors of the ribosome-dependent EF-G GTPase. The most active inhibitors were P3-fluoro P1-5'-guanosine triphosphate and P3-methyl P1-5'-guanosine triphosphate with a Ki of 1.0 X 10(-6) and 2.5 X 10(-6) M, respectively. The activity of the GTP alkyl ester derivatives decreased with increasing number of carbon atoms in the side chain. GTP analogues were much more effective inhibitors than the corresponding GDP derivatives. This points out the necessity of the presence of at least three negative charges in the phosphate chain of the nucleotide for an effective interaction with the active site of the ribosomal EF-G GTPase. Guanosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate), which was hydrolyzed at one-third the rate of GTP, was able to support poly(U)-directed poly(phenylalanine) polymerization. Possible mechanisms of ribosome-EF-G GTP hydrolysis that arise from our results are discussed. Activity of the nucleotide analogues in EF-G-ribosome complex formation compared well with their ability to inhibit ribosome-dependent EF-G GTPase, P3-fluoro P1-5'-guanosine triphosphate and P3-methyl P1-5'-guanosine triphosphate being again the most effective ones. The stabilizing action of fusidic acid on the EF-G-ribosome complex formation induced by the various nucleotides could not be correlated to any of the structural modifications of the substrate. Guanylyl methylene diphosphonate was displaced more readily than GDP from the EF-G-ribosome complex by GTP analogues insensitive to fusidic acid.", "contents": "Synthesis of guanosine 5'-di- and -triphosphate derivatives with modified terminal phosphates: effect on ribosome-elongation factor G-dependent reactions. A series of GTP and GDP analogues modified in the terminal phosphate has been synthesized and their activities were investigated in elongation factor G dependent reactions. All of the analogues, with the exception of guanosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate), were not hydrolyzed by EF-G and ribosomes, but were competitive inhibitors of the ribosome-dependent EF-G GTPase. The most active inhibitors were P3-fluoro P1-5'-guanosine triphosphate and P3-methyl P1-5'-guanosine triphosphate with a Ki of 1.0 X 10(-6) and 2.5 X 10(-6) M, respectively. The activity of the GTP alkyl ester derivatives decreased with increasing number of carbon atoms in the side chain. GTP analogues were much more effective inhibitors than the corresponding GDP derivatives. This points out the necessity of the presence of at least three negative charges in the phosphate chain of the nucleotide for an effective interaction with the active site of the ribosomal EF-G GTPase. Guanosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate), which was hydrolyzed at one-third the rate of GTP, was able to support poly(U)-directed poly(phenylalanine) polymerization. Possible mechanisms of ribosome-EF-G GTP hydrolysis that arise from our results are discussed. Activity of the nucleotide analogues in EF-G-ribosome complex formation compared well with their ability to inhibit ribosome-dependent EF-G GTPase, P3-fluoro P1-5'-guanosine triphosphate and P3-methyl P1-5'-guanosine triphosphate being again the most effective ones. The stabilizing action of fusidic acid on the EF-G-ribosome complex formation induced by the various nucleotides could not be correlated to any of the structural modifications of the substrate. Guanylyl methylene diphosphonate was displaced more readily than GDP from the EF-G-ribosome complex by GTP analogues insensitive to fusidic acid.", "PMID": 1103967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_492", "title": "Yeast DNA photolyase: molecular weight, subunit structure, and reconstruction of active enzyme from its subunits.", "content": "Yeast DNA photolyase, purified by affinity chromatography, ran as a single component when analyzed by either electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gradient gels or by sedimentation velocity through 5-20% sucrose gradients containing 0.4 M KCl, and, therefore, was considered homogeneous. The molecular weights of photolyase, determined by these methods, were 130000 and 136000, respectively. When the enzyme was examined by electrophoresis on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gradient gels, it dissociated into two bands whole molecular weights were 60000 and 85000. After the enzyme was sedimented through sucrose gradients in the presence of 1.0 M KCl, two absorbance maxima, which corresponded to polypeptides of 54000 and 82500, were found in the fractions collected. Thus, the enzyme consists of two dissimilar subunits. When the two fractions that exhibited maximal absorbance were mixed together, a time-dependent increase in activity occurred, demonstrating that active enzyme could be reconstituted from these subunits. Analysis of sucrose gradients containing 1.0 M salt for photolyase activity showed that it was present exclusively in the region of the gradient corresponding to 68200 in agreement with a previous report (J. Cook and T. Worthy (1972), Biochemistry 11, 388). These active fractions were found in the overlap region between the two subunits, and their activity was attributed to reconstitution of the enzyme during the assay.", "contents": "Yeast DNA photolyase: molecular weight, subunit structure, and reconstruction of active enzyme from its subunits. Yeast DNA photolyase, purified by affinity chromatography, ran as a single component when analyzed by either electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gradient gels or by sedimentation velocity through 5-20% sucrose gradients containing 0.4 M KCl, and, therefore, was considered homogeneous. The molecular weights of photolyase, determined by these methods, were 130000 and 136000, respectively. When the enzyme was examined by electrophoresis on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gradient gels, it dissociated into two bands whole molecular weights were 60000 and 85000. After the enzyme was sedimented through sucrose gradients in the presence of 1.0 M KCl, two absorbance maxima, which corresponded to polypeptides of 54000 and 82500, were found in the fractions collected. Thus, the enzyme consists of two dissimilar subunits. When the two fractions that exhibited maximal absorbance were mixed together, a time-dependent increase in activity occurred, demonstrating that active enzyme could be reconstituted from these subunits. Analysis of sucrose gradients containing 1.0 M salt for photolyase activity showed that it was present exclusively in the region of the gradient corresponding to 68200 in agreement with a previous report (J. Cook and T. Worthy (1972), Biochemistry 11, 388). These active fractions were found in the overlap region between the two subunits, and their activity was attributed to reconstitution of the enzyme during the assay.", "PMID": 1103968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_493", "title": "Physiochemical properties of DNA binding proteins: gene 32 protein of T4 and Escherichia coli unwinding protein.", "content": "The single-stranded DNA binding protein coded for by gene 32 of bacteriophage T4 and a similar protein isolated from uninfected Escherichia coli both induce characteristic changes in the circular dichroism (CD) of single-stranded nucleic acids. These CD changes have been adapted as an assay of protein-DNA complex formation. Far-ultraviolet CD spectra show the secondary structure of the two proteins to be similar with approximately 20% alpha helix, approximately 20% beta structure, and 60% random coil. Both proteins show prominent Cotton effects arising from their aromatic chromophores. Nitration of five of the nine tyrosyl residues of gene 32 protein prevents DNA binding, while prior formation of the DNA complex protects all tyrosyl residues from nitration. The tyrosyl residues may participate in gene 32 protein-DNA binding by intercalation between bases of the single strand. In contrast, no tyrosyl residues can be nitrated in the E. coli protein suggesting that surface tyrosyls do not play a part in binding of E. coli protein to DNA. Approximately 50 amino acids can be cleaved from the gene 32 protein with trypsin. This cleavage also occurs spontaneously in infected cell extracts. The remaining protein of mol wt 30000 has the same CD spectra and DNA binding properties as the native protein. The physicochemical properties can be correlated with previous work on the structures and functions of the group of DNA \"unwinding proteins\".", "contents": "Physiochemical properties of DNA binding proteins: gene 32 protein of T4 and Escherichia coli unwinding protein. The single-stranded DNA binding protein coded for by gene 32 of bacteriophage T4 and a similar protein isolated from uninfected Escherichia coli both induce characteristic changes in the circular dichroism (CD) of single-stranded nucleic acids. These CD changes have been adapted as an assay of protein-DNA complex formation. Far-ultraviolet CD spectra show the secondary structure of the two proteins to be similar with approximately 20% alpha helix, approximately 20% beta structure, and 60% random coil. Both proteins show prominent Cotton effects arising from their aromatic chromophores. Nitration of five of the nine tyrosyl residues of gene 32 protein prevents DNA binding, while prior formation of the DNA complex protects all tyrosyl residues from nitration. The tyrosyl residues may participate in gene 32 protein-DNA binding by intercalation between bases of the single strand. In contrast, no tyrosyl residues can be nitrated in the E. coli protein suggesting that surface tyrosyls do not play a part in binding of E. coli protein to DNA. Approximately 50 amino acids can be cleaved from the gene 32 protein with trypsin. This cleavage also occurs spontaneously in infected cell extracts. The remaining protein of mol wt 30000 has the same CD spectra and DNA binding properties as the native protein. The physicochemical properties can be correlated with previous work on the structures and functions of the group of DNA \"unwinding proteins\".", "PMID": 1103969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_494", "title": "Studies on the cooperative binding of the Escherichia coli DNA unwinding protein to single-stranded DNA.", "content": "The cooperative binding of the Escherichia coli DNA unwinding protein to single-stranded DNA has been studied by electron microscopy. Analysis of the electron microscopic data by means of a simple statistical mechanical model has yielded a value of 3.8-7.6 X 10(10) l./mol for the cooperative binding constant in 0.15 M NaCl. Studied under elevated salt conditions have shown that the average DNA protein complex length is 50% of the length found at 0.04 or 0.15 M NaCl.", "contents": "Studies on the cooperative binding of the Escherichia coli DNA unwinding protein to single-stranded DNA. The cooperative binding of the Escherichia coli DNA unwinding protein to single-stranded DNA has been studied by electron microscopy. Analysis of the electron microscopic data by means of a simple statistical mechanical model has yielded a value of 3.8-7.6 X 10(10) l./mol for the cooperative binding constant in 0.15 M NaCl. Studied under elevated salt conditions have shown that the average DNA protein complex length is 50% of the length found at 0.04 or 0.15 M NaCl.", "PMID": 1103970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_495", "title": "Phosphatidylethanolamine molecular species of fatty acid auxotroph of Escherichia coli grown with elaidate.", "content": "Monoacetyldiglycerides derived from the phosphatidylethanolamine molecular species of the fatty acid auxotroph of Escherichia coli grown with elaidate at 37 degrees C were fractionated on thin-layer plates of silica impregnated with silver nitrate and were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with an OV-17 column and gas chromatography with a Silar-10C column. Phosphatidylethanolamine was made up of the following molecular species: 1-16 : 0-2-16 : 0 (1.2%), 1-14 : 0-2-trans-16 : 1 (1%), 1-16 : 0-2 trans-16 : 1 (3.5%), 1-16 : 0-2-trans-18 : 1 (26.4%), 1-16 : 0-2-cis-16 : 1 (3.8%), 1-trans-18 : 1-2-trans-16 : 1 (13.2%), 1-trans-18 : 1-2-trans-18 : 1 (44.9%), 1-trans-18 : 1-2-cis-16 : 1 (4.5%) and trans-18 : 1-cis-18 : 1 (1.5%).", "contents": "Phosphatidylethanolamine molecular species of fatty acid auxotroph of Escherichia coli grown with elaidate. Monoacetyldiglycerides derived from the phosphatidylethanolamine molecular species of the fatty acid auxotroph of Escherichia coli grown with elaidate at 37 degrees C were fractionated on thin-layer plates of silica impregnated with silver nitrate and were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with an OV-17 column and gas chromatography with a Silar-10C column. Phosphatidylethanolamine was made up of the following molecular species: 1-16 : 0-2-16 : 0 (1.2%), 1-14 : 0-2-trans-16 : 1 (1%), 1-16 : 0-2 trans-16 : 1 (3.5%), 1-16 : 0-2-trans-18 : 1 (26.4%), 1-16 : 0-2-cis-16 : 1 (3.8%), 1-trans-18 : 1-2-trans-16 : 1 (13.2%), 1-trans-18 : 1-2-trans-18 : 1 (44.9%), 1-trans-18 : 1-2-cis-16 : 1 (4.5%) and trans-18 : 1-cis-18 : 1 (1.5%).", "PMID": 1103971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_496", "title": "Binding of alpha-ketoisovalerate to alpha-isopropylmalate synthase. Half-of-the-sites and all-of-the-sites availability.", "content": "Binding of alpha-ketoisovalerate to alpha-isopropylmalate synthase (3-hydroxy-4-methyl-3-carboxyvalerate 2-oxo-3-methylbutyrate-lyase (CoA-acetylating), EC 4.1.3.12) from Salmonella thyphimurium has been studied by equilibrium dialysis. When alpha-ketoisovalerate is the only ligand present, no more than two sites per enzyme tetramer can be saturated under the conditions chosen. The binding is non-cooperative with a dissociation constant of 6.6+/- 0.4 muM. Binding of alpha-ketoisovalerate has also been studied in the presence of propionyl-CoA. This compound was selected because of its close similarity to the natural substrate acetyl-CoA. It is a competitive inhibitor with respect to acetyl-CoA while reacting only extremely sluggishly as as substrate itself. The presence of propionyl-CoA has a profound effect on alpha-ketoisovalerate binding. The number of sites available to alpha-ketoisovalerate increases to about four per tetramer. At the same time, the dissociation constant for alpha-ketoisovalerate increases approx. 4-fold. These results suggest that the active conformation of alpha-isopropylmalate synthase is not obtained unless both substrates are present. They also support the notion, based on previous studies with the feedback inhibitor L-leucine, that alpha-isopropylmalate synthase has a tendency to form \"functional dimers\".", "contents": "Binding of alpha-ketoisovalerate to alpha-isopropylmalate synthase. Half-of-the-sites and all-of-the-sites availability. Binding of alpha-ketoisovalerate to alpha-isopropylmalate synthase (3-hydroxy-4-methyl-3-carboxyvalerate 2-oxo-3-methylbutyrate-lyase (CoA-acetylating), EC 4.1.3.12) from Salmonella thyphimurium has been studied by equilibrium dialysis. When alpha-ketoisovalerate is the only ligand present, no more than two sites per enzyme tetramer can be saturated under the conditions chosen. The binding is non-cooperative with a dissociation constant of 6.6+/- 0.4 muM. Binding of alpha-ketoisovalerate has also been studied in the presence of propionyl-CoA. This compound was selected because of its close similarity to the natural substrate acetyl-CoA. It is a competitive inhibitor with respect to acetyl-CoA while reacting only extremely sluggishly as as substrate itself. The presence of propionyl-CoA has a profound effect on alpha-ketoisovalerate binding. The number of sites available to alpha-ketoisovalerate increases to about four per tetramer. At the same time, the dissociation constant for alpha-ketoisovalerate increases approx. 4-fold. These results suggest that the active conformation of alpha-isopropylmalate synthase is not obtained unless both substrates are present. They also support the notion, based on previous studies with the feedback inhibitor L-leucine, that alpha-isopropylmalate synthase has a tendency to form \"functional dimers\".", "PMID": 1103972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_497", "title": "Enzymatic epimerization of D-erythro-dihydroneopterin triphosphate to L-threo-dihydroneopterin triphosphate.", "content": "An enzyme has been discovered in Escherichia coli that catalyzes the conversion of the triphosphate ester of 2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-(D-erythro-1',2',3'-trihydroxypropyl)-7,8-dihydropteridine, (i.e. D-erythro-dihydroneopterin triphosphate) to an epimer of this compound, L-threo-dihydroneopterin triphosphate. The enzyme, which is here named \"D-erythro-dihydroneopterin triphosphate 2'-epimerase,\" needs a divalent cation (Mg2+ or Mn2+ is most effective) for maximal activity. Its molecular weight is estimated at 87 000-89 000. Little or no activity can be detected if either the monophosphate or the phosphate-free form of the substrate is incubated with the enzyme. Evidence is presented to establish that all three phosphate residues of the substrate are retained in the product and that the product is of the L-threo configuration.", "contents": "Enzymatic epimerization of D-erythro-dihydroneopterin triphosphate to L-threo-dihydroneopterin triphosphate. An enzyme has been discovered in Escherichia coli that catalyzes the conversion of the triphosphate ester of 2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-(D-erythro-1',2',3'-trihydroxypropyl)-7,8-dihydropteridine, (i.e. D-erythro-dihydroneopterin triphosphate) to an epimer of this compound, L-threo-dihydroneopterin triphosphate. The enzyme, which is here named \"D-erythro-dihydroneopterin triphosphate 2'-epimerase,\" needs a divalent cation (Mg2+ or Mn2+ is most effective) for maximal activity. Its molecular weight is estimated at 87 000-89 000. Little or no activity can be detected if either the monophosphate or the phosphate-free form of the substrate is incubated with the enzyme. Evidence is presented to establish that all three phosphate residues of the substrate are retained in the product and that the product is of the L-threo configuration.", "PMID": 1103974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_498", "title": "Low molecular weight urinary proteins. I. Partial amino acid sequences of the retinol-binding proteins of man and dog.", "content": "Human and dog retinol-binding proteins were isolated and their physico-chemical characteristics compared. Partial amino acid sequences of the first 50 residues were determined for both proteins and found to be remarkably similar. Only five residues were shown to be different; all could be due to single base pair mutations. However, immunological cross-reactivity was not detected between the two proteins with specific antisera prepared in rabbits against the human and dog retinol-binding proteins.", "contents": "Low molecular weight urinary proteins. I. Partial amino acid sequences of the retinol-binding proteins of man and dog. Human and dog retinol-binding proteins were isolated and their physico-chemical characteristics compared. Partial amino acid sequences of the first 50 residues were determined for both proteins and found to be remarkably similar. Only five residues were shown to be different; all could be due to single base pair mutations. However, immunological cross-reactivity was not detected between the two proteins with specific antisera prepared in rabbits against the human and dog retinol-binding proteins.", "PMID": 1103975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_499", "title": "Isolation of outer membrane proteins of Escherchia coli and their characterization on polyacrylamide gel.", "content": "Proteins from the outer membrane of Escherichia coli were studied on a ureadodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel by electrophoresis. A polyacrylamide gel containing sodium dodecyl sulfate and urea gave an excellent resolution of outer membrane proteins. Seventeen protein bands were reproducibly observed on a gel. By use of Sephadex G-200, DEAE-cellulose and polyacrylamide gel, eight proteins were purified to near homogeneity. Five of them were found to be heat-modifiable proteins. The behavior of these purified proteins was studied on a polyacrylamide gel under three different electrophoretic conditions, which had been used for the analysis of cell envelope proteins. Thus correspondence was made between these purified proteins and envelope proteins reported by other investigators.", "contents": "Isolation of outer membrane proteins of Escherchia coli and their characterization on polyacrylamide gel. Proteins from the outer membrane of Escherichia coli were studied on a ureadodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel by electrophoresis. A polyacrylamide gel containing sodium dodecyl sulfate and urea gave an excellent resolution of outer membrane proteins. Seventeen protein bands were reproducibly observed on a gel. By use of Sephadex G-200, DEAE-cellulose and polyacrylamide gel, eight proteins were purified to near homogeneity. Five of them were found to be heat-modifiable proteins. The behavior of these purified proteins was studied on a polyacrylamide gel under three different electrophoretic conditions, which had been used for the analysis of cell envelope proteins. Thus correspondence was made between these purified proteins and envelope proteins reported by other investigators.", "PMID": 1103976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_500", "title": "Characterization of a low density cytoplasmic membrane subfraction isolated from Escherichia coli.", "content": "We have used freeze fracture electron microscopy to study the distribution of membrane proteins in the cytoplasmic membrane of Escherichia coli W3110. While these proteins were distributed randomly at the growth temperature (37 degrees C), there was extensive protein lipid segregation when the temperature was lowered, resulting in bare patches containing no visible particles (protein), and areas of tightly packed or aggregated particles. To understand the segregation process, we have separated the bare patches from the particle rich membrane areas. Lysis of spheroplasts at 0 degrees C leads to cytoplasmic membrane fragments with different amounts of membrane particles per unit area; such fragments have been separated on isopycnic sucrose gradients. The bare patches occurred as low density membranes which were completely devoid of particles. They were compared to normal density cytoplasmic membranes with respect to fatty acid composition, protein distribution as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and their content of several cytoplasmic membrane marker enzymes. The phospholipid to protein ratio of low density membranes was five times greater than that of normal membranes; unsaturated fatty acids were more abundant in the low density membranes. Most proteins had disappeared from the low density membranes. One protein, which had an apparent molecular weight of 26000 on sodium dodecyl sulfate gels appeared to be concentrated in the low density membranes; it accounted for about 50% of the total protein found in this membrane fraction. Of the cytoplasmic membrane markers tested, NADH oxidase and succinate dehydrogenase were excluded, while D-lactate dehydrogenase remained, and even appeared to be concentrated in the low density membranes. These results indicate that while most membrane proteins are associated with the fluid portion of the bilayer, some proteins evidently associate preferentially with phospholipids in the gel or frozen state.", "contents": "Characterization of a low density cytoplasmic membrane subfraction isolated from Escherichia coli. We have used freeze fracture electron microscopy to study the distribution of membrane proteins in the cytoplasmic membrane of Escherichia coli W3110. While these proteins were distributed randomly at the growth temperature (37 degrees C), there was extensive protein lipid segregation when the temperature was lowered, resulting in bare patches containing no visible particles (protein), and areas of tightly packed or aggregated particles. To understand the segregation process, we have separated the bare patches from the particle rich membrane areas. Lysis of spheroplasts at 0 degrees C leads to cytoplasmic membrane fragments with different amounts of membrane particles per unit area; such fragments have been separated on isopycnic sucrose gradients. The bare patches occurred as low density membranes which were completely devoid of particles. They were compared to normal density cytoplasmic membranes with respect to fatty acid composition, protein distribution as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and their content of several cytoplasmic membrane marker enzymes. The phospholipid to protein ratio of low density membranes was five times greater than that of normal membranes; unsaturated fatty acids were more abundant in the low density membranes. Most proteins had disappeared from the low density membranes. One protein, which had an apparent molecular weight of 26000 on sodium dodecyl sulfate gels appeared to be concentrated in the low density membranes; it accounted for about 50% of the total protein found in this membrane fraction. Of the cytoplasmic membrane markers tested, NADH oxidase and succinate dehydrogenase were excluded, while D-lactate dehydrogenase remained, and even appeared to be concentrated in the low density membranes. These results indicate that while most membrane proteins are associated with the fluid portion of the bilayer, some proteins evidently associate preferentially with phospholipids in the gel or frozen state.", "PMID": 1103977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_501", "title": "Effect of tetraphenylboron upon the uptake of the lipophilic cation dibenzyldimethylammonium by yeast cells.", "content": "The rate of uptake of the lipophilic cation dibenzyldimethylammonium by yeast cells is increased by tetraphenylboron. However, tetraphenylboron increases also the equilibrium partition of dibenzyldimethylammonium between cells and medium, probably because a complex between tetraphenylboron and dibenzyldimethylammonium is trapped inside the cells. Accumulation of dibenzyldimethylammonium in the presence of tetraphenylboron is not reversed by dinitrophenol, whereas accumulation of the lipophilic cation in the absence of tetraphenylboron appears to be almost completely reversible.", "contents": "Effect of tetraphenylboron upon the uptake of the lipophilic cation dibenzyldimethylammonium by yeast cells. The rate of uptake of the lipophilic cation dibenzyldimethylammonium by yeast cells is increased by tetraphenylboron. However, tetraphenylboron increases also the equilibrium partition of dibenzyldimethylammonium between cells and medium, probably because a complex between tetraphenylboron and dibenzyldimethylammonium is trapped inside the cells. Accumulation of dibenzyldimethylammonium in the presence of tetraphenylboron is not reversed by dinitrophenol, whereas accumulation of the lipophilic cation in the absence of tetraphenylboron appears to be almost completely reversible.", "PMID": 1103978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_502", "title": "In vitro reassembly of the membranous vesicle from Escherichia coli outer membrane components. Role of individual components and magnesium ions in reassembly.", "content": "A method was developed for the reassembly of membranous vesicle from the sodium deoxycholate-dissociated outer membrane components of Escherichia coli. The removal of the detergent by dialysis and the presence of Mg2+ were essential for the reassembly. Membrane protein alone did not form any membranous structure. Closed membranous vesicles similar to the native outer membrane were reassembled only when protein was mixed with both lipopolysaccharide and phospholipid in deoxycholate solution and subsequently dialized. The membrane showed a distinct trilaminar structure with a center-to-center distance between two dark lines of 53 A, which is a characteristic of the native outer membrane. This characteristic trilaminar  structure was shown to be due to the presence of lipopolysaccharide. Phospholipd was required for the vesicularization of membrane. Lipopolysaccharide and/or phospholipid formed a membranous structure in the absence of protein, while the morphology of their negatively stained sample was quite different from that of the native outer membrane unless the outer membrane protein was added to the reassembly mixture. The protein from the cytoplasmic membrane was unable to reform membranous vesicle with lipopolysaccharide and phospholipid, indicating that the reassembly system discriminated outer membrane proteins from cytoplasmic proteins.", "contents": "In vitro reassembly of the membranous vesicle from Escherichia coli outer membrane components. Role of individual components and magnesium ions in reassembly. A method was developed for the reassembly of membranous vesicle from the sodium deoxycholate-dissociated outer membrane components of Escherichia coli. The removal of the detergent by dialysis and the presence of Mg2+ were essential for the reassembly. Membrane protein alone did not form any membranous structure. Closed membranous vesicles similar to the native outer membrane were reassembled only when protein was mixed with both lipopolysaccharide and phospholipid in deoxycholate solution and subsequently dialized. The membrane showed a distinct trilaminar structure with a center-to-center distance between two dark lines of 53 A, which is a characteristic of the native outer membrane. This characteristic trilaminar  structure was shown to be due to the presence of lipopolysaccharide. Phospholipd was required for the vesicularization of membrane. Lipopolysaccharide and/or phospholipid formed a membranous structure in the absence of protein, while the morphology of their negatively stained sample was quite different from that of the native outer membrane unless the outer membrane protein was added to the reassembly mixture. The protein from the cytoplasmic membrane was unable to reform membranous vesicle with lipopolysaccharide and phospholipid, indicating that the reassembly system discriminated outer membrane proteins from cytoplasmic proteins.", "PMID": 1103979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_503", "title": "Induction of radioresistance in Escherichia coli.", "content": "The effect of prior treatment by inducing agents on the radioresistance of cells of Escherichia coli has been studied. In order to separate the induction process from the radiation-damage process, cells were first treated with inducing agents such as ultraviolet light, ionizing radiation, or nalidixic acid, allowed to become induced by incubation for 50 min and then given rifampin to prevent further induction. They were then tested for radiation sensitivity. It was found that all strains tested except recA-, lex-, and recB showed very apparent protection. Induction by UV had the most effect and by nalidixic acid the least. The time course of development of protection was observed in one case: it is 50% established in 15 min. The absence of effect in recA- and lex- is explainable by the fact that these cells cannot be induced, for example, for prophage or the inducible inhibitor of post-irradiation DNA degradation. We suggest that the inducible inhibitor of postirradiation DNA degradation is one factor in a recovery system possessed by E. coli cells.", "contents": "Induction of radioresistance in Escherichia coli. The effect of prior treatment by inducing agents on the radioresistance of cells of Escherichia coli has been studied. In order to separate the induction process from the radiation-damage process, cells were first treated with inducing agents such as ultraviolet light, ionizing radiation, or nalidixic acid, allowed to become induced by incubation for 50 min and then given rifampin to prevent further induction. They were then tested for radiation sensitivity. It was found that all strains tested except recA-, lex-, and recB showed very apparent protection. Induction by UV had the most effect and by nalidixic acid the least. The time course of development of protection was observed in one case: it is 50% established in 15 min. The absence of effect in recA- and lex- is explainable by the fact that these cells cannot be induced, for example, for prophage or the inducible inhibitor of post-irradiation DNA degradation. We suggest that the inducible inhibitor of postirradiation DNA degradation is one factor in a recovery system possessed by E. coli cells.", "PMID": 1103984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_504", "title": "Kinetics of conformational changes in tRNA Phe (yeast) as studied by the fluorescence of the Y-base and of formycin substituted for the 3'-terminal adenine.", "content": "The kinetics of the melting transitions of tRNA Phe (yeast) were followed by the fluorescence of the Y-base and of formycin substituted for the 3'-terminal adenine. As judged from differential UV absorbance melting curves the formycin label had virtually no influence on the conformation of the tRNA. A temperature jump apparatus was modified to allow the simultaneous observation of transmission and fluorescence intensities by two independent optical channels. The design of a temperature jump cell with an all quartz center piece is given. The cell is resistant to temperatures up to 90 degrees C; it provides high optical sensitivity, low stray light intensity and the possibility of measuring fluorescence polarization. The T-jump experiments allowed to discriminate between fast unspecific fluorescence quenching (r less than 5 musec) and slow cooperative conformational changes. In the central part of the temperature range of UV-melting (midpoint temperature 30 degrees C in 0.01 M Na+ and 39 degrees C in 0.03 M Na+, pH 6.8) two resolvable relaxation processes were observed. The corresponding relaxation times were 20 msec and 800 msec at 30 degrees C in 0.01 M Na+, and 4 msec and 120 msec at 39 degrees C in 0.03 M Na+. The Y-base fluorescence shows both of the relaxation effects, which almost cancel in equilibrium fluorescence melting, because their amplitudes have opposite signs. From this finding the existence of some residual tertiary structure is inferred which persists after the unfolding of the main part of tertiary structure during early melting (midpoint temperature 24 degrees C in 0.03 M Na+). In the fluorescence signal of the formycin also the two relaxation effects appear. Both of them are connected with a decrease of the fluorescence intensity. From the results a coupled opening of the anticodon and acceptor branches is concluded.", "contents": "Kinetics of conformational changes in tRNA Phe (yeast) as studied by the fluorescence of the Y-base and of formycin substituted for the 3'-terminal adenine. The kinetics of the melting transitions of tRNA Phe (yeast) were followed by the fluorescence of the Y-base and of formycin substituted for the 3'-terminal adenine. As judged from differential UV absorbance melting curves the formycin label had virtually no influence on the conformation of the tRNA. A temperature jump apparatus was modified to allow the simultaneous observation of transmission and fluorescence intensities by two independent optical channels. The design of a temperature jump cell with an all quartz center piece is given. The cell is resistant to temperatures up to 90 degrees C; it provides high optical sensitivity, low stray light intensity and the possibility of measuring fluorescence polarization. The T-jump experiments allowed to discriminate between fast unspecific fluorescence quenching (r less than 5 musec) and slow cooperative conformational changes. In the central part of the temperature range of UV-melting (midpoint temperature 30 degrees C in 0.01 M Na+ and 39 degrees C in 0.03 M Na+, pH 6.8) two resolvable relaxation processes were observed. The corresponding relaxation times were 20 msec and 800 msec at 30 degrees C in 0.01 M Na+, and 4 msec and 120 msec at 39 degrees C in 0.03 M Na+. The Y-base fluorescence shows both of the relaxation effects, which almost cancel in equilibrium fluorescence melting, because their amplitudes have opposite signs. From this finding the existence of some residual tertiary structure is inferred which persists after the unfolding of the main part of tertiary structure during early melting (midpoint temperature 24 degrees C in 0.03 M Na+). In the fluorescence signal of the formycin also the two relaxation effects appear. Both of them are connected with a decrease of the fluorescence intensity. From the results a coupled opening of the anticodon and acceptor branches is concluded.", "PMID": 1103985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_505", "title": "Campomelic dwarfism.", "content": "The campomelic syndrome is a short-limb, usually fatal, neonatal dwarfism. It is characterized by bowed lower limbs, especially the tibia, usually associated with a cutaneous dimple over the anterior skin. There is delayed calcification of the epiphyses and delayed mineralization of the spine and pelvis. The cartilages of the tracheobronchial tree are hypoplastic, contributing to death from respiratory problems. Other associated abnormalities are unusual appearing facies, cleft palate, absent olfactory nerves and talipes equinovarus. Less commonly seen are cardiac, renal and brain anomalies.", "contents": "Campomelic dwarfism. The campomelic syndrome is a short-limb, usually fatal, neonatal dwarfism. It is characterized by bowed lower limbs, especially the tibia, usually associated with a cutaneous dimple over the anterior skin. There is delayed calcification of the epiphyses and delayed mineralization of the spine and pelvis. The cartilages of the tracheobronchial tree are hypoplastic, contributing to death from respiratory problems. Other associated abnormalities are unusual appearing facies, cleft palate, absent olfactory nerves and talipes equinovarus. Less commonly seen are cardiac, renal and brain anomalies.", "PMID": 1103991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_506", "title": "[Properties of the F' factors formed in crosses of E. coli Hfr donor cells with recipient cells by means of defects in recombination].", "content": "Meriploids isolated from the crosses of donor cells HfrH, KL-96, KL-99 and the recipient cells AB 2463 recA carried sex factors of different structures (different in length) and activities: 1) typical F1-factors with the proximal chromosomal markers; 2) \"long\" F1-factors of different structures with defective genes, which controlled sensitivity to phagef2; 3) \"long\" F1-factors of different structures with defective genes, which controlled conjugation transfer. Chromosomal markers can be incorporated into the sex factor regardless of their position in respect to the sex factor in the initial Hfr cells. Defects of the sex factor proper in the genome are accompanied by the loss of some chromosomal genes incorporated into the sex factor. At the same time the typical F'-factors preserve their structure completely.", "contents": "[Properties of the F' factors formed in crosses of E. coli Hfr donor cells with recipient cells by means of defects in recombination]. Meriploids isolated from the crosses of donor cells HfrH, KL-96, KL-99 and the recipient cells AB 2463 recA carried sex factors of different structures (different in length) and activities: 1) typical F1-factors with the proximal chromosomal markers; 2) \"long\" F1-factors of different structures with defective genes, which controlled sensitivity to phagef2; 3) \"long\" F1-factors of different structures with defective genes, which controlled conjugation transfer. Chromosomal markers can be incorporated into the sex factor regardless of their position in respect to the sex factor in the initial Hfr cells. Defects of the sex factor proper in the genome are accompanied by the loss of some chromosomal genes incorporated into the sex factor. At the same time the typical F'-factors preserve their structure completely.", "PMID": 1103996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_507", "title": "[Origin of Luciani periods during the effects of acetylcholine and eserine on the automation of Purkinje fibers].", "content": "Experiments were conducted on the isolated rabbit hearts with a complete atrio-ventricular block. It was shown that under the effect of acetylcholine (1.10(-7)-2.10(-6)g/ml) or eserine (1.10(-7)-2.10(-6)g/ml) there can occur Luciani periods which disappeared under the action of atropine (1.10(-6)g/ml). With the aid of microelectrodes it was revealed that Luciani periods appearing under the effect of acetylcholine or eserine were caused by periodic depression of automation of the Purkinje's fibers. This automation depression is regarded to be the result of a relative insufficiency of the active ionic transport processes.", "contents": "[Origin of Luciani periods during the effects of acetylcholine and eserine on the automation of Purkinje fibers]. Experiments were conducted on the isolated rabbit hearts with a complete atrio-ventricular block. It was shown that under the effect of acetylcholine (1.10(-7)-2.10(-6)g/ml) or eserine (1.10(-7)-2.10(-6)g/ml) there can occur Luciani periods which disappeared under the action of atropine (1.10(-6)g/ml). With the aid of microelectrodes it was revealed that Luciani periods appearing under the effect of acetylcholine or eserine were caused by periodic depression of automation of the Purkinje's fibers. This automation depression is regarded to be the result of a relative insufficiency of the active ionic transport processes.", "PMID": 1103997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_508", "title": "Cell cycle dependency of a T-cell marker on lymphoblasts.", "content": "A T-cell marker was expressed by the leukemic lymphoblasts of a 14 years old boy. After 14 days of cultivation, a permanently growing lymphoblastic cell line JM, which manifested the T-cell marker over the whole period of subcultivation, was established from the blood. In vitro synchronization experiments showed that this important cell marker in the G1 phase of the cell cycle is expressed on the surface of the blasts to a reduced degree, compared to the level in the other cell cycle phases.", "contents": "Cell cycle dependency of a T-cell marker on lymphoblasts. A T-cell marker was expressed by the leukemic lymphoblasts of a 14 years old boy. After 14 days of cultivation, a permanently growing lymphoblastic cell line JM, which manifested the T-cell marker over the whole period of subcultivation, was established from the blood. In vitro synchronization experiments showed that this important cell marker in the G1 phase of the cell cycle is expressed on the surface of the blasts to a reduced degree, compared to the level in the other cell cycle phases.", "PMID": 1103999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_509", "title": "An other look at iron: role in host pathogen interaction.", "content": "Iron, as participant of many biological processes is a prerequisite for life. Uptake, internal transport and storage by organisms is handled by highly specialized chemical systems endowed with strong metal binding affinities. Apart from the homeostatic function of iron-binding compounds they appear of significance for inter-species interactions. Thus, by tight binding transferrin withholds the iron from invading microorganisms required for their optimal growth. This bacteriostatic property of the iron transport protein is however partially overcome by small molecular substances synthesized by bacteria and successfully competing for the metal. The balance of such interaction is a complex one. Yet, strong evidence points to the crucial importance of the amount of iron offered by a host to infecting agents for determining the fate of bacterial disease.", "contents": "An other look at iron: role in host pathogen interaction. Iron, as participant of many biological processes is a prerequisite for life. Uptake, internal transport and storage by organisms is handled by highly specialized chemical systems endowed with strong metal binding affinities. Apart from the homeostatic function of iron-binding compounds they appear of significance for inter-species interactions. Thus, by tight binding transferrin withholds the iron from invading microorganisms required for their optimal growth. This bacteriostatic property of the iron transport protein is however partially overcome by small molecular substances synthesized by bacteria and successfully competing for the metal. The balance of such interaction is a complex one. Yet, strong evidence points to the crucial importance of the amount of iron offered by a host to infecting agents for determining the fate of bacterial disease.", "PMID": 1104000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_510", "title": "From poor farm to medical center: a century of library services to the Los Angeles County/University of Southern California Medical Center.", "content": "As its centennial approaches, the history and development of library services to the patients and professional staff of the Los Angeles County/University of Southern California Medical Center is traced from the early days when the library was housed in the cafeteria of the dispensary to its present position of being first point of access to library service for one of the largest teaching hospitals in the country. Its recent affiliation with the Norris Medical Library of the University of Southern California School of Medicine is explained. The change in emphasis from patients' library to health sciences library is illustrated, and the contribution of the library to the Cumulative Index to Nursing Literature is detailed.", "contents": "From poor farm to medical center: a century of library services to the Los Angeles County/University of Southern California Medical Center. As its centennial approaches, the history and development of library services to the patients and professional staff of the Los Angeles County/University of Southern California Medical Center is traced from the early days when the library was housed in the cafeteria of the dispensary to its present position of being first point of access to library service for one of the largest teaching hospitals in the country. Its recent affiliation with the Norris Medical Library of the University of Southern California School of Medicine is explained. The change in emphasis from patients' library to health sciences library is illustrated, and the contribution of the library to the Cumulative Index to Nursing Literature is detailed.", "PMID": 1104006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_511", "title": "Reliability of plethysmography, the single breath oxygen test, and spirometry in population studies.", "content": "Three thousand five hundred and twenty-eight residents of a census tract in Los Angeles, California underwent pulmonary function testing in a mobile laboratory (the Breathmobile). Tests included respiratory questionnaire, electronic spirometry, the single breath O2 test and body plethysmography. The reliability and sensitivity of the tests performed in the Breathmobile was measured by repeating the same tests and others on a 3% probability sample at the University of California at Los Angeles Pulmonary Function Laboratory. The reliability of the FVC and FEV1 was excellent; of the FEF 25-75% and the FEF 50-75% -- good; and of the VTG, RA and delta N2 -- reasonably good. As yet the reliability of the closing volume fraction is inadequate in our study. Grouping by individual reported symptom complexes identified different groups of people. The questionnaire and the forced expiratory flow rates identified the most people as having decreased respiratory function. Selection of the best breath or average of the two best breaths affected results of spirometry very little.", "contents": "Reliability of plethysmography, the single breath oxygen test, and spirometry in population studies. Three thousand five hundred and twenty-eight residents of a census tract in Los Angeles, California underwent pulmonary function testing in a mobile laboratory (the Breathmobile). Tests included respiratory questionnaire, electronic spirometry, the single breath O2 test and body plethysmography. The reliability and sensitivity of the tests performed in the Breathmobile was measured by repeating the same tests and others on a 3% probability sample at the University of California at Los Angeles Pulmonary Function Laboratory. The reliability of the FVC and FEV1 was excellent; of the FEF 25-75% and the FEF 50-75% -- good; and of the VTG, RA and delta N2 -- reasonably good. As yet the reliability of the closing volume fraction is inadequate in our study. Grouping by individual reported symptom complexes identified different groups of people. The questionnaire and the forced expiratory flow rates identified the most people as having decreased respiratory function. Selection of the best breath or average of the two best breaths affected results of spirometry very little.", "PMID": 1104017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_512", "title": "Cross-hand, cross-finger neurovascular flap: a preliminary report.", "content": "As a preliminary report we present a case of severe injury of the dominant left hand in a 19-year-old girl. Reconstruction constituted a cross-arm flap initially, a palmaris longus tendon graft and finally a cross-hand, cross-finger neurovascular flap.", "contents": "Cross-hand, cross-finger neurovascular flap: a preliminary report. As a preliminary report we present a case of severe injury of the dominant left hand in a 19-year-old girl. Reconstruction constituted a cross-arm flap initially, a palmaris longus tendon graft and finally a cross-hand, cross-finger neurovascular flap.", "PMID": 1104023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_513", "title": "Free groin skin flaps.", "content": "The operative technique of free groin flap transfer is described and some typical results presented. The overall complete success rate in 47 cases was 80 per cent, but complete necrosis only occurred in II per cent of the transferred flaps.", "contents": "Free groin skin flaps. The operative technique of free groin flap transfer is described and some typical results presented. The overall complete success rate in 47 cases was 80 per cent, but complete necrosis only occurred in II per cent of the transferred flaps.", "PMID": 1104025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_514", "title": "Free groin flaps: their vascular basis.", "content": "By studying the vascular base of flaps raised from cadavers we obtained a basic knowledge of free groin flaps for clinical application. The method of selection of the nutrient vessels in 70 free groin flaps based on this knowledge has been described.", "contents": "Free groin flaps: their vascular basis. By studying the vascular base of flaps raised from cadavers we obtained a basic knowledge of free groin flaps for clinical application. The method of selection of the nutrient vessels in 70 free groin flaps based on this knowledge has been described.", "PMID": 1104026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_515", "title": "Inosculation of vessels of skin graft and host bed: a fortuitous encounter.", "content": "From the combined procedures of skin stereomicroscopy of in situ grafts in rats, graft removal and supravital intracardiac injection of a contrast medium, the data suggest that the revascularisation of skin grafts is an orderly sequence of events which include: active invasion of the graft dermis by the ingrowing host capillary sprouts; development of anastomoses between the graft and host vasculatures; entry of blood into the graft through the vascular anastomoses by 48 hours after transplantation.", "contents": "Inosculation of vessels of skin graft and host bed: a fortuitous encounter. From the combined procedures of skin stereomicroscopy of in situ grafts in rats, graft removal and supravital intracardiac injection of a contrast medium, the data suggest that the revascularisation of skin grafts is an orderly sequence of events which include: active invasion of the graft dermis by the ingrowing host capillary sprouts; development of anastomoses between the graft and host vasculatures; entry of blood into the graft through the vascular anastomoses by 48 hours after transplantation.", "PMID": 1104028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_516", "title": "A method of prominent ear correction.", "content": "Modifications of the Mustarde technique for prominent ear correction are described, making this more widely applicable with less complications.", "contents": "A method of prominent ear correction. Modifications of the Mustarde technique for prominent ear correction are described, making this more widely applicable with less complications.", "PMID": 1104030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_517", "title": "An investigation of space and space-time clustering in a large sample of infants with neural tube defects born in Cardiff.", "content": "Altogether 406 infants with neural tube defects born in Cardiff between 1956-71 were investigated for evidence of space-time clustering and 100 similarly affected infants, together with matched controls born in Cardiff between 1964-66 were investigated for evidence of spatial clustering. No evidence of excessive prevalence in either dimension was observed.", "contents": "An investigation of space and space-time clustering in a large sample of infants with neural tube defects born in Cardiff. Altogether 406 infants with neural tube defects born in Cardiff between 1956-71 were investigated for evidence of space-time clustering and 100 similarly affected infants, together with matched controls born in Cardiff between 1964-66 were investigated for evidence of spatial clustering. No evidence of excessive prevalence in either dimension was observed.", "PMID": 1104033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_518", "title": "A statistical review of controlled trials of imipramine and placebo in the treatment of depressive illnesses.", "content": "A method of reviewing a series of clinical trials by extracting the basic data in the form of 2 x 2 tables and analysing these by Fisher's two-tailed Exact Test is described, and illustrated by published imipramine-placebo trials. The results suggest that the benefit of this drug in patients with endogenous depression who have not become institutionalized is indisputable, and that further drug-placebo trials in this condition are not justified. Two of the three trials of imipramine in neurotic depression gave results showing significant improvement. Possible explanations of the apparent failure of this drug in groups of patients with undifferentiated depression are discussed.", "contents": "A statistical review of controlled trials of imipramine and placebo in the treatment of depressive illnesses. A method of reviewing a series of clinical trials by extracting the basic data in the form of 2 x 2 tables and analysing these by Fisher's two-tailed Exact Test is described, and illustrated by published imipramine-placebo trials. The results suggest that the benefit of this drug in patients with endogenous depression who have not become institutionalized is indisputable, and that further drug-placebo trials in this condition are not justified. Two of the three trials of imipramine in neurotic depression gave results showing significant improvement. Possible explanations of the apparent failure of this drug in groups of patients with undifferentiated depression are discussed.", "PMID": 1104034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_519", "title": "Matrix calculi.", "content": "Matrix calculi are an uncommon form of urinary tract concretion. They must be considered in the differential diagnosis of a radiolucent mass within the renal collecting system or ureter. The clinical and radiographic features of three cases are presented and the literature of matrix calculi is reviewed.", "contents": "Matrix calculi. Matrix calculi are an uncommon form of urinary tract concretion. They must be considered in the differential diagnosis of a radiolucent mass within the renal collecting system or ureter. The clinical and radiographic features of three cases are presented and the literature of matrix calculi is reviewed.", "PMID": 1104035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_520", "title": "Duodenotomy defect.", "content": "Radiographic changes in the duodenum after duodenotomy are discussed. Two types are noted. One is a polypoid mass, the other is a convex deformity at the lateral wall of the descending duodenum. The radiographic findings are explained by the surgical technique used for duodenotomy.", "contents": "Duodenotomy defect. Radiographic changes in the duodenum after duodenotomy are discussed. Two types are noted. One is a polypoid mass, the other is a convex deformity at the lateral wall of the descending duodenum. The radiographic findings are explained by the surgical technique used for duodenotomy.", "PMID": 1104036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_521", "title": "Short-term cadaver kidney preservation.", "content": "200 consecutive human cadaver kidneys were preserved using 6 different techniques. Some attempt was made in the clinical situation to assess donor pre-treatment and postoperative specific recipient treatment to encourage immediate renal function. Provided the warm time was less than 60 min and the cold time less than 12 hours, intraarterial flushing with a crystalloid or colloid solution combined with pre-treatment of the donor and postoperative fluid load/frusemide drive to the recipient gave the best results.", "contents": "Short-term cadaver kidney preservation. 200 consecutive human cadaver kidneys were preserved using 6 different techniques. Some attempt was made in the clinical situation to assess donor pre-treatment and postoperative specific recipient treatment to encourage immediate renal function. Provided the warm time was less than 60 min and the cold time less than 12 hours, intraarterial flushing with a crystalloid or colloid solution combined with pre-treatment of the donor and postoperative fluid load/frusemide drive to the recipient gave the best results.", "PMID": 1104037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_522", "title": "Urinary tract infection and wound infection in kidney transplant patients.", "content": "The frequency of urinary tract and wound infections was studied in 53 patients most of whom had received kidneys from donors without heart action. Urinary infection was demonstrated soon after the transplantation in 46 out of 47 with functioning kidneys. Recurrent infections took place during the first 3 months and still half of the patients were infected or under treatment 6 months after the operation. The urinary infection seems mainly to arise via indwelling catheters. Wound infections were demonstrated in 18 out of the 53 patients and in addition abscess formation took place in 9 of these. In the majority of the infected wounds previous infected drains were demonstrated. In all, 36 of the patients had infected drains, the use of which therefore is to be avoided.", "contents": "Urinary tract infection and wound infection in kidney transplant patients. The frequency of urinary tract and wound infections was studied in 53 patients most of whom had received kidneys from donors without heart action. Urinary infection was demonstrated soon after the transplantation in 46 out of 47 with functioning kidneys. Recurrent infections took place during the first 3 months and still half of the patients were infected or under treatment 6 months after the operation. The urinary infection seems mainly to arise via indwelling catheters. Wound infections were demonstrated in 18 out of the 53 patients and in addition abscess formation took place in 9 of these. In the majority of the infected wounds previous infected drains were demonstrated. In all, 36 of the patients had infected drains, the use of which therefore is to be avoided.", "PMID": 1104038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_523", "title": "Septic shock.", "content": "The problems associated with septic shock are highlighted, including those which arose during a 3-year prospective study. Mortality in the first year of the study was 71 per cent, falling to 38 per cent in the third year. The reasons for this fall are detailed. The pattern of survival times changed over the 3 years, giving rise to the longer term complications such as stress bleeding, multiple organ failure and superadded infection.", "contents": "Septic shock. The problems associated with septic shock are highlighted, including those which arose during a 3-year prospective study. Mortality in the first year of the study was 71 per cent, falling to 38 per cent in the third year. The reasons for this fall are detailed. The pattern of survival times changed over the 3 years, giving rise to the longer term complications such as stress bleeding, multiple organ failure and superadded infection.", "PMID": 1104040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_524", "title": "Prediction of kidney viability before transplantation.", "content": "A patient who receives a kidney transplant which fails suffers a physical and psychological disaster. Almost one-third of the kidneys transplanted in the United Kingdom are primary failures; many others function only after a delay, and the long term prognosis for these kidneys is poor. There is a need to identify kidneys which will function immediately after transplantation, those which will function after a delay and those which will never function. Such identification is seldom possible from the history. By continuous hypothermic perfusion we can identify a group of kidneys which will probably never function. The perfusate lactate level predicts which of the remaining kidneys will function immediately and which will not. Kidneys which function immediately after transplantation have a very much better long term prognosis after transplantation than those with delayed onset of function.", "contents": "Prediction of kidney viability before transplantation. A patient who receives a kidney transplant which fails suffers a physical and psychological disaster. Almost one-third of the kidneys transplanted in the United Kingdom are primary failures; many others function only after a delay, and the long term prognosis for these kidneys is poor. There is a need to identify kidneys which will function immediately after transplantation, those which will function after a delay and those which will never function. Such identification is seldom possible from the history. By continuous hypothermic perfusion we can identify a group of kidneys which will probably never function. The perfusate lactate level predicts which of the remaining kidneys will function immediately and which will not. Kidneys which function immediately after transplantation have a very much better long term prognosis after transplantation than those with delayed onset of function.", "PMID": 1104041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_525", "title": "A controlled clinical trial of three methods of closure of laparotomy wounds.", "content": "A controlled clinical trial was conducted of three methods of closing elective paramedian laparotomy wounds--catgut layer suture alone, catgut layer suture with tension sutures and wire sutures alone. Three hundred and twenty-four patients were entered in the trial. The combined incidence of wound dehiscence and subsequent incisional herniation in patients who did not manifest overt dehiscence in the immediate postoperative period was significantly higher after catgut layer suture alone (14 per cent) than after catgut layer suture with tension stitches (4-8 per cent) or wire sutures alone (0-9 per cent). There seemed to be more wound sespis and sinus formation associated with catgut layer suture and tension sutures than with either of the other methods of closure. In 4 patients a wire suture had to be extracted, because of sinus formation in 2 and on account of pain in 2.", "contents": "A controlled clinical trial of three methods of closure of laparotomy wounds. A controlled clinical trial was conducted of three methods of closing elective paramedian laparotomy wounds--catgut layer suture alone, catgut layer suture with tension sutures and wire sutures alone. Three hundred and twenty-four patients were entered in the trial. The combined incidence of wound dehiscence and subsequent incisional herniation in patients who did not manifest overt dehiscence in the immediate postoperative period was significantly higher after catgut layer suture alone (14 per cent) than after catgut layer suture with tension stitches (4-8 per cent) or wire sutures alone (0-9 per cent). There seemed to be more wound sespis and sinus formation associated with catgut layer suture and tension sutures than with either of the other methods of closure. In 4 patients a wire suture had to be extracted, because of sinus formation in 2 and on account of pain in 2.", "PMID": 1104042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_526", "title": "Controlled clinical trial comparing early with interval cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis.", "content": "The traditional management of acute cholecystitis is initial conservative treatment with antibiotics followed by elective cholecystectomy. Although early cholecystectomy has often been advocated, there has been only one randomized controlled clinical trial comparing the two methods of treatment. This paper reports the preliminary results of such a trial in which 32 patients have been studied so far. Of the 17 patients managed conservatively, there was a misdiagnosis in 2 (11-8 per cent). In the remaining 15 patients with acute cholecystitis 3 (20 per cent) required urgent operation because of failure of medical treatment. Elective cholecystectomy was not technically difficult. Of the 15 patients treated by early cholecystectomy, there was a misdiagnosis in 1 (6-8 per cent). Surgery was technically difficult in 2 patients but cholecystectomy was possible in all. The former 2 patients required blood transfusion, but in the remainder the estimated blood loss was only slightly more than in the elective group. There was no mortality in either group nor any complication directly attributable to the biliary surgery. The incidence of minor postoperative complications was only slightly greater in those treated by early operation. The length of postoperative stay was similar in both groups but those treated conservatively spent an average of 11 more days in hospital. The preliminary results indicate that those treated by early cholecystectomy spend less time in hospital and avoid the complications of failed conservative treatment without the added risk of increased postoperative mortality and major complications.", "contents": "Controlled clinical trial comparing early with interval cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis. The traditional management of acute cholecystitis is initial conservative treatment with antibiotics followed by elective cholecystectomy. Although early cholecystectomy has often been advocated, there has been only one randomized controlled clinical trial comparing the two methods of treatment. This paper reports the preliminary results of such a trial in which 32 patients have been studied so far. Of the 17 patients managed conservatively, there was a misdiagnosis in 2 (11-8 per cent). In the remaining 15 patients with acute cholecystitis 3 (20 per cent) required urgent operation because of failure of medical treatment. Elective cholecystectomy was not technically difficult. Of the 15 patients treated by early cholecystectomy, there was a misdiagnosis in 1 (6-8 per cent). Surgery was technically difficult in 2 patients but cholecystectomy was possible in all. The former 2 patients required blood transfusion, but in the remainder the estimated blood loss was only slightly more than in the elective group. There was no mortality in either group nor any complication directly attributable to the biliary surgery. The incidence of minor postoperative complications was only slightly greater in those treated by early operation. The length of postoperative stay was similar in both groups but those treated conservatively spent an average of 11 more days in hospital. The preliminary results indicate that those treated by early cholecystectomy spend less time in hospital and avoid the complications of failed conservative treatment without the added risk of increased postoperative mortality and major complications.", "PMID": 1104043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_527", "title": "The role of surgery in the management of Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "The marked improvement in the prognosis of patients with Hodgkin's disease has resulted from advances in radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Success with these treatments depends upon accurate knowledge of the extent of the disease. Clinical assessment of the presence of abdominal disease is unreliable. Exploratory laparotomy with splenectomy, multiple lymph node biopsy and liver biopsy will reveal that preoperative assessment of the extent of the disease is inaccurate in 30 per cent of cases. The information obtained prevents relapses from undiagnosed abdominal disease and ensures that inappropriate radiotherapeutic treatment is not given to patients with disseminated disease.", "contents": "The role of surgery in the management of Hodgkin's disease. The marked improvement in the prognosis of patients with Hodgkin's disease has resulted from advances in radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Success with these treatments depends upon accurate knowledge of the extent of the disease. Clinical assessment of the presence of abdominal disease is unreliable. Exploratory laparotomy with splenectomy, multiple lymph node biopsy and liver biopsy will reveal that preoperative assessment of the extent of the disease is inaccurate in 30 per cent of cases. The information obtained prevents relapses from undiagnosed abdominal disease and ensures that inappropriate radiotherapeutic treatment is not given to patients with disseminated disease.", "PMID": 1104044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_528", "title": "Measurement of the immune response to an allograft: amino acid incorporation by peripheral white blood cells in man.", "content": "The uptake in vitro of 3H-thymidine and of 3H-uridine by white blood cells freshly taken from the recipients of renal transplants has been followed at regular intervals during the period of the patients' hospitalization. In addition, groups of subjects without renal failure undergoing operation and of patients on chronic dialysis have been studied. Of 33 patients undergoing rejection of their kidney, 28 showed a marked rise in the incorporation of thymidine over the period of rejection. However, a similar rise appears to accompany episodes of inter-current infection.", "contents": "Measurement of the immune response to an allograft: amino acid incorporation by peripheral white blood cells in man. The uptake in vitro of 3H-thymidine and of 3H-uridine by white blood cells freshly taken from the recipients of renal transplants has been followed at regular intervals during the period of the patients' hospitalization. In addition, groups of subjects without renal failure undergoing operation and of patients on chronic dialysis have been studied. Of 33 patients undergoing rejection of their kidney, 28 showed a marked rise in the incorporation of thymidine over the period of rejection. However, a similar rise appears to accompany episodes of inter-current infection.", "PMID": 1104045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_529", "title": "Experimental studies on the pathophysiological responses of the newborn to injury.", "content": "Experimental studies are reviewed which show that there are significant differences with age in both the local and general responses to injury. The results seem to confirm the belief in the striking ability of the newborn to withstand injury and suggest that one important aspect of this resistance is an increased ability to compensate circulatory hypovolaemia.", "contents": "Experimental studies on the pathophysiological responses of the newborn to injury. Experimental studies are reviewed which show that there are significant differences with age in both the local and general responses to injury. The results seem to confirm the belief in the striking ability of the newborn to withstand injury and suggest that one important aspect of this resistance is an increased ability to compensate circulatory hypovolaemia.", "PMID": 1104046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_530", "title": "Atenolol and bendrofluazide in hypertension.", "content": "The effect of atenolol, a new beta-1-adrenergic receptor blocking agent, was studied in a double-blind cross-over trial in 24 carefully selected hypertensive outpatients. After a four-week run-in period on matching placebo each patient received atenolol 200 mg/day, atenolol 400 mg/day, a combination of atenolol 200/mg day with bendrofluazide 5 mg/day, and bendrofluazide 5 mg/day alone, according to a random sequence. Atenolol at either dose produced a significantly greater reduction in all blood pressure levels except standing systolic pressure than bendrofluazide alone. There was no statistically significant difference between the effects of the two atenolol doses on either blood pressure or pulse rate. The addition of bendrofluazide to atenolol resulted in a further significant lowering of the blood pressure. A significant effect of thiazide on weight was noted. The study shows that atenolol, a cardioselective beta-blocker of similar potency to propranolol in animals but without membrane-stabilizing or partial agonist acitivity, is an effective and well-tolerated hypotensive agent.", "contents": "Atenolol and bendrofluazide in hypertension. The effect of atenolol, a new beta-1-adrenergic receptor blocking agent, was studied in a double-blind cross-over trial in 24 carefully selected hypertensive outpatients. After a four-week run-in period on matching placebo each patient received atenolol 200 mg/day, atenolol 400 mg/day, a combination of atenolol 200/mg day with bendrofluazide 5 mg/day, and bendrofluazide 5 mg/day alone, according to a random sequence. Atenolol at either dose produced a significantly greater reduction in all blood pressure levels except standing systolic pressure than bendrofluazide alone. There was no statistically significant difference between the effects of the two atenolol doses on either blood pressure or pulse rate. The addition of bendrofluazide to atenolol resulted in a further significant lowering of the blood pressure. A significant effect of thiazide on weight was noted. The study shows that atenolol, a cardioselective beta-blocker of similar potency to propranolol in animals but without membrane-stabilizing or partial agonist acitivity, is an effective and well-tolerated hypotensive agent.", "PMID": 1104047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_531", "title": "Continuous positive airway pressure and mechanical ventilation by facemask in newborn infants.", "content": "During a nine-month period 24 newborn infants were treated with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) or mechanical ventilation delivered through a facemask. The mask was held in place in a way that minimised trauma and distortion of the head. The median birth weight of the infants was 1096 g and their median gestational age 29 weeks. The usual reason for treatment was hyaline membrane disease or recurrent apnoea due to inadequate control of breathing. Twenty-one of the infants survived. The technique was simple to apply and complications were minimal. We suggest that it may have advantages over other methods of applying CPAP or mechanical ventilation to infants mildly affected by respiratory illnesses and that it should be useful in avoiding endotracheal intubation or reducing the length of time that infants with more serious illnesses are intubated.", "contents": "Continuous positive airway pressure and mechanical ventilation by facemask in newborn infants. During a nine-month period 24 newborn infants were treated with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) or mechanical ventilation delivered through a facemask. The mask was held in place in a way that minimised trauma and distortion of the head. The median birth weight of the infants was 1096 g and their median gestational age 29 weeks. The usual reason for treatment was hyaline membrane disease or recurrent apnoea due to inadequate control of breathing. Twenty-one of the infants survived. The technique was simple to apply and complications were minimal. We suggest that it may have advantages over other methods of applying CPAP or mechanical ventilation to infants mildly affected by respiratory illnesses and that it should be useful in avoiding endotracheal intubation or reducing the length of time that infants with more serious illnesses are intubated.", "PMID": 1104048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_532", "title": "Controlled trial of sodium valproate in severe epilepsy.", "content": "In a double-blind crossover trial sodium valproate or placebo was added to the existing anticonvulsant treatment of 20 patients with chronic uncontrolled epilepsy. Sodium valproate 1200 mg/day significantly reduced the frequency of both tonic-clonic and minor seizures in these patients. Only mild and transient side effects occurred (drowsiness, ataxia, and nausea), and these may have been due to the effect of adding sodium valproate to existing phenobarbitone or phenytoin treatment. Further controlled trials are needed to assess more fully the efficacy of this drug in various types of epilepsy.", "contents": "Controlled trial of sodium valproate in severe epilepsy. In a double-blind crossover trial sodium valproate or placebo was added to the existing anticonvulsant treatment of 20 patients with chronic uncontrolled epilepsy. Sodium valproate 1200 mg/day significantly reduced the frequency of both tonic-clonic and minor seizures in these patients. Only mild and transient side effects occurred (drowsiness, ataxia, and nausea), and these may have been due to the effect of adding sodium valproate to existing phenobarbitone or phenytoin treatment. Further controlled trials are needed to assess more fully the efficacy of this drug in various types of epilepsy.", "PMID": 1104059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_533", "title": "Low-dose heparin prophylaxis against fatal pulmonary embolism.", "content": "A prospective randomised controlled trial in 500 patients over the age of 50 who were undergoing major surgery showed that low-dose subcutaneous heparin was an effective prophylactic measure against fatal pulmonary embolism. None of the 252 patients who received perioperative heparin cover died of fatal pulmonary embolism while eight of the 236 who did not receive heparin prophylaxis died of fatal pulmonary embolism. These results were statiscally significant (P less than 0.01).", "contents": "Low-dose heparin prophylaxis against fatal pulmonary embolism. A prospective randomised controlled trial in 500 patients over the age of 50 who were undergoing major surgery showed that low-dose subcutaneous heparin was an effective prophylactic measure against fatal pulmonary embolism. None of the 252 patients who received perioperative heparin cover died of fatal pulmonary embolism while eight of the 236 who did not receive heparin prophylaxis died of fatal pulmonary embolism. These results were statiscally significant (P less than 0.01).", "PMID": 1104060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_534", "title": "Effects of oxygen and nitrogen on the character of T. pallidum is subcutaneous chambers in mice.", "content": "Nitrogen and oxygen gases were injected into mouse subcutaneous chambers which contained virulent Treponema pallidum. The effect of each gas on the viability and survival of T. pallidum in an in vivo system was determined. In comparison with the effects in nontreated control mice, injection of nitrogen enhanced both motility and survival time, but oxygen exerted a deleterious effect.", "contents": "Effects of oxygen and nitrogen on the character of T. pallidum is subcutaneous chambers in mice. Nitrogen and oxygen gases were injected into mouse subcutaneous chambers which contained virulent Treponema pallidum. The effect of each gas on the viability and survival of T. pallidum in an in vivo system was determined. In comparison with the effects in nontreated control mice, injection of nitrogen enhanced both motility and survival time, but oxygen exerted a deleterious effect.", "PMID": 1104074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_535", "title": "Evaluation of a sustained-release oral tetracycline in non-specific urethritis.", "content": "A double-blind trial of oxytetracycline (Imperacin-I.C.I.) and tetracycline hydrochloride in a sustained-release formulation (Tetrabid-Organon) was carried out on 259 men suffering from non-specific urethritis. Patients who had NSU in the preceeding 3 months were excluded from the trial. The response to treatment assessed at 10 days was favourable in ninety patients out of 129 (35 per cent.) who received oxytetracycline and in 89 patients out of 130 (34 per cent.) who received Tetrabid-Organon. Eight patients in each group required re-treatment and the remainder failed to attend for follow-up. At 4 weeks after treatment one (1-3 per cent.) of 74 patients treated with Tetrabid-Organon and twenty (37-7 per cent.) of patients treated with oxytetracycline required further treatment. A large proportion of patients who were free of signs and symptoms at the first follow-up failed to return at 4 weeks, so that the true rates of cure at 4 weeks are difficult to assess. In a field such as venereology, the twice-daily administration of medication offers distinct advantages over a four-times-daily regime. This study suggests that Tetrabid-Organon, a tetracycline designed specifically for twice-daily dosage, is more effective than standard oxytetracycline, given twice daily, in the treatment of NSU. It was satisfying to find that the traditional advice concerning abstention from sexual activity and alcohol consumption during the treatment of NSU has a sound basis. The study showed a close correlation between recurrence of NSU and failure to follow such advice. It would be interesting to investigate the means by which alcohol consumption may act to delay recovery.", "contents": "Evaluation of a sustained-release oral tetracycline in non-specific urethritis. A double-blind trial of oxytetracycline (Imperacin-I.C.I.) and tetracycline hydrochloride in a sustained-release formulation (Tetrabid-Organon) was carried out on 259 men suffering from non-specific urethritis. Patients who had NSU in the preceeding 3 months were excluded from the trial. The response to treatment assessed at 10 days was favourable in ninety patients out of 129 (35 per cent.) who received oxytetracycline and in 89 patients out of 130 (34 per cent.) who received Tetrabid-Organon. Eight patients in each group required re-treatment and the remainder failed to attend for follow-up. At 4 weeks after treatment one (1-3 per cent.) of 74 patients treated with Tetrabid-Organon and twenty (37-7 per cent.) of patients treated with oxytetracycline required further treatment. A large proportion of patients who were free of signs and symptoms at the first follow-up failed to return at 4 weeks, so that the true rates of cure at 4 weeks are difficult to assess. In a field such as venereology, the twice-daily administration of medication offers distinct advantages over a four-times-daily regime. This study suggests that Tetrabid-Organon, a tetracycline designed specifically for twice-daily dosage, is more effective than standard oxytetracycline, given twice daily, in the treatment of NSU. It was satisfying to find that the traditional advice concerning abstention from sexual activity and alcohol consumption during the treatment of NSU has a sound basis. The study showed a close correlation between recurrence of NSU and failure to follow such advice. It would be interesting to investigate the means by which alcohol consumption may act to delay recovery.", "PMID": 1104076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_536", "title": "Behavioural effects of electrical stimulation of the hypothalamus of the goldfish (Carassius auratus).", "content": "Food-satiated goldfish were stimulated in tanks containing food on the surface of the water and on the bottom of the tank. Various components of the feeding response were seen, and complete feeding was observed, which was elicited from sites in the postero-medial hypothalamus. Evidence is put forward to support the supposition that the full response was due to a change in feeding motivation, rather than to changes in sensory or motor factors. Other types of behaviour, such as fin movements and swimming, could not be identified as part of any normal ethological sequence. However, vertical movements and gas-spitting responses indicated a possible hypothalamic control of buoyancy. None of the behaviours observed was seen to change in a social context.", "contents": "Behavioural effects of electrical stimulation of the hypothalamus of the goldfish (Carassius auratus). Food-satiated goldfish were stimulated in tanks containing food on the surface of the water and on the bottom of the tank. Various components of the feeding response were seen, and complete feeding was observed, which was elicited from sites in the postero-medial hypothalamus. Evidence is put forward to support the supposition that the full response was due to a change in feeding motivation, rather than to changes in sensory or motor factors. Other types of behaviour, such as fin movements and swimming, could not be identified as part of any normal ethological sequence. However, vertical movements and gas-spitting responses indicated a possible hypothalamic control of buoyancy. None of the behaviours observed was seen to change in a social context.", "PMID": 1104077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_537", "title": "The naming of neurons: applications of taxonomic theory to the study of cellular populations.", "content": "For many purposes, biologists must study large brains through groups of similar neurons, since these populations - not individual cells - are the smallest units for which exact counterparts can be recognized unequivocally across a series of brains. One who surveys singel neurons, by whatever techniques, may discern major aspects of a tissue's organization by classifying the elements studied, thereby performing an exercise in taxonomy at the cellular level. The discovery of neuronal types is best achieved by imitating the naturalist who seeks new biological species: a large sample of cells is gathered by a regular, widely effective method, and an effort is made to understand the biases in the sampling procedure; a numerous and diverse set of features is observed for each neuron encountered; and the cell sets recognized are described in agreement with the polythetic concept of natural groups. The resulting multidimensional population descriptions, the most useful of which include the temporal information available through electrophysiologic recording, may be quite powerful for testing circuit hypotheses about the large nervous system.", "contents": "The naming of neurons: applications of taxonomic theory to the study of cellular populations. For many purposes, biologists must study large brains through groups of similar neurons, since these populations - not individual cells - are the smallest units for which exact counterparts can be recognized unequivocally across a series of brains. One who surveys singel neurons, by whatever techniques, may discern major aspects of a tissue's organization by classifying the elements studied, thereby performing an exercise in taxonomy at the cellular level. The discovery of neuronal types is best achieved by imitating the naturalist who seeks new biological species: a large sample of cells is gathered by a regular, widely effective method, and an effort is made to understand the biases in the sampling procedure; a numerous and diverse set of features is observed for each neuron encountered; and the cell sets recognized are described in agreement with the polythetic concept of natural groups. The resulting multidimensional population descriptions, the most useful of which include the temporal information available through electrophysiologic recording, may be quite powerful for testing circuit hypotheses about the large nervous system.", "PMID": 1104078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_538", "title": "Experimental immunohistochemical studies on the localization and distribution of substance P in cat primary sensory neurons.", "content": "With the indirect immunofluorescence technique of Coons and collaborators the occurrence of substance P (SP)-like immunoreactivity was studied in spinal ganglia (L6-S1), the spinal cord (L6-S1) and the pad skin of the hind paw of the cat. In untreated cats a very dense network of SP-positive fibers was found in the spinal cord in Lissauer's fasciculus, in laminae I-III and a rather dense plexus was seen in the ventral horns, in the area around the central canal (laminae X) and in the medial parts of laminae VI and VII. SP-positive fibers were also observed in the connective tissue under the epithelium of the skin. However, in untreated cats no specific immunogluorescnece was observed in the spinal ganglia, dorsal roots or certain large peripheral nerve trunks. After certain experimental procedures such as local application of colchicine or compression of the dorsal root close to the spinal ganglion, SP-positive fluorescence was observed in a rather small number of neuronal cell bodies and in fibers. The fluorescent material was observed in the peripheral parts of the cytoplasm and the cell bodies were exclusively of the small type. Ten days after transection of the dorsal roots a marked decrease in the number of SP-positive fibers was observed in the substantia gelatinosa but not in the ventral horns. The present results give strong evidence for the occurrence of SP in a certain population of primary sensory neurons and support earlier findings that SP may act as a transmitter or modulator in these neurons.", "contents": "Experimental immunohistochemical studies on the localization and distribution of substance P in cat primary sensory neurons. With the indirect immunofluorescence technique of Coons and collaborators the occurrence of substance P (SP)-like immunoreactivity was studied in spinal ganglia (L6-S1), the spinal cord (L6-S1) and the pad skin of the hind paw of the cat. In untreated cats a very dense network of SP-positive fibers was found in the spinal cord in Lissauer's fasciculus, in laminae I-III and a rather dense plexus was seen in the ventral horns, in the area around the central canal (laminae X) and in the medial parts of laminae VI and VII. SP-positive fibers were also observed in the connective tissue under the epithelium of the skin. However, in untreated cats no specific immunogluorescnece was observed in the spinal ganglia, dorsal roots or certain large peripheral nerve trunks. After certain experimental procedures such as local application of colchicine or compression of the dorsal root close to the spinal ganglion, SP-positive fluorescence was observed in a rather small number of neuronal cell bodies and in fibers. The fluorescent material was observed in the peripheral parts of the cytoplasm and the cell bodies were exclusively of the small type. Ten days after transection of the dorsal roots a marked decrease in the number of SP-positive fibers was observed in the substantia gelatinosa but not in the ventral horns. The present results give strong evidence for the occurrence of SP in a certain population of primary sensory neurons and support earlier findings that SP may act as a transmitter or modulator in these neurons.", "PMID": 1104079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_539", "title": "Membrane-bound S-100 protein on nerve cells and its distribution.", "content": "In this study we present data supporting a heterogeneous distribution of the brain-specific S-100 protein on nerve cell plasma membranes from isolated neurons. This has been shown in a previous study by immunoelectron microscopy using peroxidase-conjugated anti-S-100 antiserum and in this study by immunofluorescence using fluorescein-conjugated anti-S-100 antiserum, the specificity of which is discussed. Incubation of the cells at +23 degrees C or at +4 degrees C did not change the distribution pattern of S-100 over the cell membranes, nor did incubation in antimetabolites, or incubation with univalent Fab fragments. We conclude that the membrane-bound S-100 protein with its heterogeneous and polar distribution on the nerve cells is a sign of a protein differentiation of the neuron.", "contents": "Membrane-bound S-100 protein on nerve cells and its distribution. In this study we present data supporting a heterogeneous distribution of the brain-specific S-100 protein on nerve cell plasma membranes from isolated neurons. This has been shown in a previous study by immunoelectron microscopy using peroxidase-conjugated anti-S-100 antiserum and in this study by immunofluorescence using fluorescein-conjugated anti-S-100 antiserum, the specificity of which is discussed. Incubation of the cells at +23 degrees C or at +4 degrees C did not change the distribution pattern of S-100 over the cell membranes, nor did incubation in antimetabolites, or incubation with univalent Fab fragments. We conclude that the membrane-bound S-100 protein with its heterogeneous and polar distribution on the nerve cells is a sign of a protein differentiation of the neuron.", "PMID": 1104080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_540", "title": "Comparative studies in synaptosome formation: preparation of synaptosomes from the ventral nerve cord of the lobster (Homarus americanus).", "content": "A flotation method for preparing synaptosomes, previously developed for work with squid nervous tissue, has now been successfully applied to the ventral nerve cord of lobster. Perhaps due to the greater content of connective tissue, homogenization of the lobster nerve cord was more difficult than with squid optic lobes and the yield of synaptosomes was lower. The synaptosomes fraction showed a 3.8-fold enrichment of bound acetylcholine relative to the homogenate and was almost 10 times richer in acetylcholine than a guinea pig cerebral cortical synaptosome fraction. The lobster synaptosomes accumulated choline rapidly when incubated at room temperature in sea water, and showed a high degree of occlusion of lactate dehydrogenase, thus confirming that they are sealed structures. The lobster can thus be added to the wide range of species from whose nervous systems synaptosomes can be isolated, and merits further study as a possibly rich source of cholinergic synaptosomes.", "contents": "Comparative studies in synaptosome formation: preparation of synaptosomes from the ventral nerve cord of the lobster (Homarus americanus). A flotation method for preparing synaptosomes, previously developed for work with squid nervous tissue, has now been successfully applied to the ventral nerve cord of lobster. Perhaps due to the greater content of connective tissue, homogenization of the lobster nerve cord was more difficult than with squid optic lobes and the yield of synaptosomes was lower. The synaptosomes fraction showed a 3.8-fold enrichment of bound acetylcholine relative to the homogenate and was almost 10 times richer in acetylcholine than a guinea pig cerebral cortical synaptosome fraction. The lobster synaptosomes accumulated choline rapidly when incubated at room temperature in sea water, and showed a high degree of occlusion of lactate dehydrogenase, thus confirming that they are sealed structures. The lobster can thus be added to the wide range of species from whose nervous systems synaptosomes can be isolated, and merits further study as a possibly rich source of cholinergic synaptosomes.", "PMID": 1104081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_541", "title": "Distribution of protein-bound radioactivity in brain slices of the adult rat incubated with labelled leucine.", "content": "The distribution of protein-bound labelled leucine in brain cortex slices, prepared from adult rats by various methods and incubated with [14C]- or [3H]leucine, was investigated by autoradiography. In the first and second slices a marked gradient of incorporated radioactivity from the cut surface to the slice interior was observed. Very high labelling of leptomeningeal cells and vessels enhanced further the inhomogeneity of radioactivity distribution. Light microscopic examination of incubated slices revealed morphological alterations of neurones, especially in the vicinity of the cut surface. The comparison of grain density over neurones and their satellite glia indicated markedly higher incorporation into the latter. The ATP level in slices at the end of incubation reflected the method of slice preparation and morphological integrity. Inhomogeneity of incorporated radioactivity distribution in brain slices contrasted with the uniform labelling of cortical cells in vivo, and may represent at least one reason for the low estimates of protein synthesis rate in brain cortex slices.", "contents": "Distribution of protein-bound radioactivity in brain slices of the adult rat incubated with labelled leucine. The distribution of protein-bound labelled leucine in brain cortex slices, prepared from adult rats by various methods and incubated with [14C]- or [3H]leucine, was investigated by autoradiography. In the first and second slices a marked gradient of incorporated radioactivity from the cut surface to the slice interior was observed. Very high labelling of leptomeningeal cells and vessels enhanced further the inhomogeneity of radioactivity distribution. Light microscopic examination of incubated slices revealed morphological alterations of neurones, especially in the vicinity of the cut surface. The comparison of grain density over neurones and their satellite glia indicated markedly higher incorporation into the latter. The ATP level in slices at the end of incubation reflected the method of slice preparation and morphological integrity. Inhomogeneity of incorporated radioactivity distribution in brain slices contrasted with the uniform labelling of cortical cells in vivo, and may represent at least one reason for the low estimates of protein synthesis rate in brain cortex slices.", "PMID": 1104082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_542", "title": "Processing of E. coli tRNA precursors.", "content": "Our results indicate that RNase P has a very general role in the processing of tRNA precursors in E. coli, being responsible for the cleavage of virtually all precursor molecules at a site corresponding to the 5' end of the mature tRNA, and that at least two other RNases play specific roles in precursor processing. One of these, which may be RNase II, is responsible for removing extra nucleotides from the 3' end of tRNA precursors. The other, which we call RNase P2, is an endonuclease that cleaves precursors in spacer regions between different tRNA sequences; this enzyme is involved in the processing of large multimeric precursors.", "contents": "Processing of E. coli tRNA precursors. Our results indicate that RNase P has a very general role in the processing of tRNA precursors in E. coli, being responsible for the cleavage of virtually all precursor molecules at a site corresponding to the 5' end of the mature tRNA, and that at least two other RNases play specific roles in precursor processing. One of these, which may be RNase II, is responsible for removing extra nucleotides from the 3' end of tRNA precursors. The other, which we call RNase P2, is an endonuclease that cleaves precursors in spacer regions between different tRNA sequences; this enzyme is involved in the processing of large multimeric precursors.", "PMID": 1104100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_543", "title": "Demineralization of bone matrix: observations from electron microscope and electron-probe analysis.", "content": "Displacement or removal of mineral during the processing of calcified tissues for electron microscopy is a recognized phenomenon. An electron microscope analysis has been made of artefactual mineral loss during ultramicrotomy of osteogenic tissue. It is concluded from morphological investigation and the use of electron diffraction that this loss of crystalline mineral during sectioning can considerably change the morphology of calcified tissues and may lead to inaccurate interpretation of cell and matrix morphology. Electron probe X-ray microanalysis has been used to demonstrate in a semi-quantitative manner, the artefactual loss of calcium and phosphorus. Problems of specimen preparation for such analytical work are discussed.", "contents": "Demineralization of bone matrix: observations from electron microscope and electron-probe analysis. Displacement or removal of mineral during the processing of calcified tissues for electron microscopy is a recognized phenomenon. An electron microscope analysis has been made of artefactual mineral loss during ultramicrotomy of osteogenic tissue. It is concluded from morphological investigation and the use of electron diffraction that this loss of crystalline mineral during sectioning can considerably change the morphology of calcified tissues and may lead to inaccurate interpretation of cell and matrix morphology. Electron probe X-ray microanalysis has been used to demonstrate in a semi-quantitative manner, the artefactual loss of calcium and phosphorus. Problems of specimen preparation for such analytical work are discussed.", "PMID": 1104105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_544", "title": "A modification of the Bird Mark VIII ventilator to deliver continuous positive pressure breathing and intermittent mandatory ventilation.", "content": "A Bird Mark VIII ventilator was modified to produce a simple and inexpensive C.P.P.B. and I.M.V. circuit. A Bain Breathing Circuit allowed the manifold to be placed near the ventilator. The negative pressure and flow to the injector produce C.P.P.B. The continuous flow of the Mapleson D Modification furnished constant inflow to provide humidified fresh gas to the reservoir and the patient circuit for I.M.V. An accompanying graph illustrates suggested flow rates and CO2 elimination (Figure 2).", "contents": "A modification of the Bird Mark VIII ventilator to deliver continuous positive pressure breathing and intermittent mandatory ventilation. A Bird Mark VIII ventilator was modified to produce a simple and inexpensive C.P.P.B. and I.M.V. circuit. A Bain Breathing Circuit allowed the manifold to be placed near the ventilator. The negative pressure and flow to the injector produce C.P.P.B. The continuous flow of the Mapleson D Modification furnished constant inflow to provide humidified fresh gas to the reservoir and the patient circuit for I.M.V. An accompanying graph illustrates suggested flow rates and CO2 elimination (Figure 2).", "PMID": 1104106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_545", "title": "Air bypass voice prosthesis for vocal rehabilitation of laryngectomees.", "content": "An air bypass voice prosthesis and the refinement of a surgical technique has been developed. It involves a one-stage, low retrograde cervical esophagostomy that is functionally and cosmetically feasible since it permits hidden use of the device and eliminates fistula tract stenosis; and the problem of aspiration is eliminated. Most importantly, it provides a natural speech mechanism without any training period. Patients can regain immediate speech following installation of a voice prosthesis with a minimum of maintenance required. Ultimately, they have demonstrated greater self-reliance and developed a high degree of self-esteem which has enabled them to resume a normal way of life.", "contents": "Air bypass voice prosthesis for vocal rehabilitation of laryngectomees. An air bypass voice prosthesis and the refinement of a surgical technique has been developed. It involves a one-stage, low retrograde cervical esophagostomy that is functionally and cosmetically feasible since it permits hidden use of the device and eliminates fistula tract stenosis; and the problem of aspiration is eliminated. Most importantly, it provides a natural speech mechanism without any training period. Patients can regain immediate speech following installation of a voice prosthesis with a minimum of maintenance required. Ultimately, they have demonstrated greater self-reliance and developed a high degree of self-esteem which has enabled them to resume a normal way of life.", "PMID": 1104111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_546", "title": "Specific features of laryngeal carcinoma involving the anterior commissure and the subglottic region.", "content": "The anterior commissure may be a line or an area with the same vertical extension as the vocal cords anteriorly. If it is an area it may laterally be bounded by the \"maculae flavae\". The subglottic region includes the under surface of the vocal cords corresponding to the mucosa covering the conus elasticus and the mucosa inferiorly to the lower border of the cricoid cartilage. Serial sectioning has proved that the weak spot of the laryngeal framework is the anterior midline as far as early tumor invasion of cartilage and extension of tumor outside the larynx through the cricothyroid membrane is concerned. Despite many unfavorable anatomico-pathological points at this site, radiotherapy gives at least as good results as those reported with conservative (voice conservation) surgery. Primary subglottic carcinomas are rare. In a series of 110 serially sectioned laryngectomy specimens only four were classified as subglottic. These tumors possess specific characteristics: an extensive circumferential growth, cartilage invasion, and spread outside the larynx through the cricothyroid membrane, to trachea or to the hypopharynx. Twenty-four tumors were classified as glottic-subglottic. Three of these invaded the thyroid cartilage and seven spread outside the larynx through the cricothyroid membrane. Vocal cord fixation occurred in all four subglottic and in six of the glottic-subglottic tumors. The thyroarytenoid muscle was most freqeuntly invaded. Thyroid gland invasion did not occur in any of the subglottic tumors. A metastatic focus of tumor was observed in one lobe of the thyroid in the glottic-subglottic group. Two neck dissections were performed in the subglottic group and one of these contained a metastatic carcinoma. Eleven neck dissections were performed in the glottic-subglottic group and three contained metastatic tumor.", "contents": "Specific features of laryngeal carcinoma involving the anterior commissure and the subglottic region. The anterior commissure may be a line or an area with the same vertical extension as the vocal cords anteriorly. If it is an area it may laterally be bounded by the \"maculae flavae\". The subglottic region includes the under surface of the vocal cords corresponding to the mucosa covering the conus elasticus and the mucosa inferiorly to the lower border of the cricoid cartilage. Serial sectioning has proved that the weak spot of the laryngeal framework is the anterior midline as far as early tumor invasion of cartilage and extension of tumor outside the larynx through the cricothyroid membrane is concerned. Despite many unfavorable anatomico-pathological points at this site, radiotherapy gives at least as good results as those reported with conservative (voice conservation) surgery. Primary subglottic carcinomas are rare. In a series of 110 serially sectioned laryngectomy specimens only four were classified as subglottic. These tumors possess specific characteristics: an extensive circumferential growth, cartilage invasion, and spread outside the larynx through the cricothyroid membrane, to trachea or to the hypopharynx. Twenty-four tumors were classified as glottic-subglottic. Three of these invaded the thyroid cartilage and seven spread outside the larynx through the cricothyroid membrane. Vocal cord fixation occurred in all four subglottic and in six of the glottic-subglottic tumors. The thyroarytenoid muscle was most freqeuntly invaded. Thyroid gland invasion did not occur in any of the subglottic tumors. A metastatic focus of tumor was observed in one lobe of the thyroid in the glottic-subglottic group. Two neck dissections were performed in the subglottic group and one of these contained a metastatic carcinoma. Eleven neck dissections were performed in the glottic-subglottic group and three contained metastatic tumor.", "PMID": 1104112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_547", "title": "Effects of age and of fasting on the responsiveness of the insulin-secreting mechanism of the islets of Langerhans to glucose.", "content": "Insulin responsiveness to glucose of isolated islets of Langerhans was studied in 'younger' and 'older' rats after feeding and fasting for various lengths of time. In 'younger' rats, after prolonged fasting (168 h) the threshold for glucose-stimulated insulin secretion was increased. This was not evident in islets from 'younger' rats fasted for 48 or 89 h. Reductions in increments of insulin secretion with increments in glucose, in the maximum insulin secreted and in the total extractable insulin of the islets were apparent after fasting for 48, 89 and 168 h as compared with islets from fed rats. In 'older' rats, prolonged fasting caused an increase in the threshold for glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, reduced incremental insulin secretion, reduced maximum insulin secretion and reduced total extractable insulin. However, the responses of islets from fed 'older' rats were similar to those of fasted (168 h) 'younger' rats. The threshold levels were similar, and there were no significant differences between increments in insulin secretion, maximum insulin secretion and insulin content of the islets. These experiments show that the responsiveness of islets of Langerhans in rats can be altered by age and fasting.", "contents": "Effects of age and of fasting on the responsiveness of the insulin-secreting mechanism of the islets of Langerhans to glucose. Insulin responsiveness to glucose of isolated islets of Langerhans was studied in 'younger' and 'older' rats after feeding and fasting for various lengths of time. In 'younger' rats, after prolonged fasting (168 h) the threshold for glucose-stimulated insulin secretion was increased. This was not evident in islets from 'younger' rats fasted for 48 or 89 h. Reductions in increments of insulin secretion with increments in glucose, in the maximum insulin secreted and in the total extractable insulin of the islets were apparent after fasting for 48, 89 and 168 h as compared with islets from fed rats. In 'older' rats, prolonged fasting caused an increase in the threshold for glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, reduced incremental insulin secretion, reduced maximum insulin secretion and reduced total extractable insulin. However, the responses of islets from fed 'older' rats were similar to those of fasted (168 h) 'younger' rats. The threshold levels were similar, and there were no significant differences between increments in insulin secretion, maximum insulin secretion and insulin content of the islets. These experiments show that the responsiveness of islets of Langerhans in rats can be altered by age and fasting.", "PMID": 1104113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_548", "title": "Factors affecting the immunizing activity of ribosomal fractions isolated from Mycobacterium tuberculosis var. bovis strain BCG.", "content": "Levels of antituberculous immunity similar to those induced by live BCG vaccine were detected in CF1 mice immunized with ribosomal fractions isolated from Mycobacterium tuberculosis var. bovis, strain BCG, and challenged 3 weeks later with the virulent H37Rv strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis var. hominis. The activity of the crude ribosomal preparations was found to be a function of the immunizing doses and the immunity induced by 1.0-mg doses remained at the same high level after 4 weeks of storage at 4 degrees C but decreased markedly thereafter. Dialysis and lyophilization had no detrimental effects on the activity of the crude preparations whereas purification by column chromatography on Sephadex G-200 annihilated their biological activity. Crude low-polysaccharide-containing preparations were found inactive even at the 1.0-mg dose level and results of experiments performed with crude ribosomal fractions of varying polysaccharide contents strongly suggest that polysaccharides, or RNA-polysaccharide complexes, may play an important role in the induction of immunity with crude ribosomal fractions isolated from the BCG strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis var. bovis.", "contents": "Factors affecting the immunizing activity of ribosomal fractions isolated from Mycobacterium tuberculosis var. bovis strain BCG. Levels of antituberculous immunity similar to those induced by live BCG vaccine were detected in CF1 mice immunized with ribosomal fractions isolated from Mycobacterium tuberculosis var. bovis, strain BCG, and challenged 3 weeks later with the virulent H37Rv strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis var. hominis. The activity of the crude ribosomal preparations was found to be a function of the immunizing doses and the immunity induced by 1.0-mg doses remained at the same high level after 4 weeks of storage at 4 degrees C but decreased markedly thereafter. Dialysis and lyophilization had no detrimental effects on the activity of the crude preparations whereas purification by column chromatography on Sephadex G-200 annihilated their biological activity. Crude low-polysaccharide-containing preparations were found inactive even at the 1.0-mg dose level and results of experiments performed with crude ribosomal fractions of varying polysaccharide contents strongly suggest that polysaccharides, or RNA-polysaccharide complexes, may play an important role in the induction of immunity with crude ribosomal fractions isolated from the BCG strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis var. bovis.", "PMID": 1104114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_549", "title": "Envelope proteins in Neisseria.", "content": "The proteins of the cell envelope of Neisseria sicca strain ATCC 9913 have been examined by SDS - polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Some 20 proteins were resolved from the total envelope fraction, and nearly all of these were found to be localized in the outer membrane. Preparations of the \"free-endotoxin\" fraction differ from the outer membrane only in lacking a few minor proteins. The behavior of several of the envelope proteins on electrophoresis can be modified by changing the temperature of sample solubilization, and also by alteration of the growth medium. Experiments with phosphate-limited cultures showed that certain periplasmic proteins are closely associated with free endotoxin. Mutations which result in altered outer membrane permeability to antibiotics were found to cause changes in cell envelope protein composition. A comparison of the envelope proteins of eight species of non-pathogenic Neisseria showed that each had a characteristic composition. A classification of the organisms based on the relatedness of the protein patterns seen on SDS-polyacrylamide gels was in close agreement with classifications based on more usual methods.", "contents": "Envelope proteins in Neisseria. The proteins of the cell envelope of Neisseria sicca strain ATCC 9913 have been examined by SDS - polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Some 20 proteins were resolved from the total envelope fraction, and nearly all of these were found to be localized in the outer membrane. Preparations of the \"free-endotoxin\" fraction differ from the outer membrane only in lacking a few minor proteins. The behavior of several of the envelope proteins on electrophoresis can be modified by changing the temperature of sample solubilization, and also by alteration of the growth medium. Experiments with phosphate-limited cultures showed that certain periplasmic proteins are closely associated with free endotoxin. Mutations which result in altered outer membrane permeability to antibiotics were found to cause changes in cell envelope protein composition. A comparison of the envelope proteins of eight species of non-pathogenic Neisseria showed that each had a characteristic composition. A classification of the organisms based on the relatedness of the protein patterns seen on SDS-polyacrylamide gels was in close agreement with classifications based on more usual methods.", "PMID": 1104115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_550", "title": "Isolation and partial characterization of an Escherichia coli mutant resistant to colicin A.", "content": "An Escherichia coli K12 mutant resistant to colicin A-CA31 apparently through loss of its receptor sites has been isolated and partially characterized. Resistance to colicin A was accompanied with a decreased sensitivity to colicins L-398 and E2-CA42, and to acridine dyes. The mutant strain displayed the same general pattern of tolerance or sensitivity as the parent strain towards eight antibiotics, colicins C, D, E1, E3, F2, F3, G, I, K, and N; phages T1, T2, T5, T6, T7, F2, lambda vir, P1kc, phi 80, and BF23; and to methylene blue, triphenyltetrazolium chloride, ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA), deoxycholate, and sodium dodecyl sulfate. Conjugation and transduction experiments showed that a locus controlling resistance to colicin A-CA31 mapped at 21 min on the genetic map of this E. coli K12 strain.", "contents": "Isolation and partial characterization of an Escherichia coli mutant resistant to colicin A. An Escherichia coli K12 mutant resistant to colicin A-CA31 apparently through loss of its receptor sites has been isolated and partially characterized. Resistance to colicin A was accompanied with a decreased sensitivity to colicins L-398 and E2-CA42, and to acridine dyes. The mutant strain displayed the same general pattern of tolerance or sensitivity as the parent strain towards eight antibiotics, colicins C, D, E1, E3, F2, F3, G, I, K, and N; phages T1, T2, T5, T6, T7, F2, lambda vir, P1kc, phi 80, and BF23; and to methylene blue, triphenyltetrazolium chloride, ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA), deoxycholate, and sodium dodecyl sulfate. Conjugation and transduction experiments showed that a locus controlling resistance to colicin A-CA31 mapped at 21 min on the genetic map of this E. coli K12 strain.", "PMID": 1104116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_551", "title": "A replica-plating method for the identification of Micrococcaceae.", "content": "A procedure of replica plating is described whereby all isolated colonies of Micrococcaceae can be identified with relative ease and rapidity. The method is as accurate as the recommended procedure, but permits a more complete and economical analysis of cutaneous flora in large-scale surveys. In this system, Baird-Parker carbohydrate medium was found somewhat superior to standard medium as was incubation at 35 degrees C instead of the customary 30 degrees C. Baird-Parker's broth medium for acetoin production yielded more positive results than did commercial medium, although the reactions were less distinct. However, an agar acetoin test medium was found as good or perhaps even better than Baird-Parker's medium. The classification schemes of Baird-Parker and Bergey's Manual were contrasted in the analysis of data.", "contents": "A replica-plating method for the identification of Micrococcaceae. A procedure of replica plating is described whereby all isolated colonies of Micrococcaceae can be identified with relative ease and rapidity. The method is as accurate as the recommended procedure, but permits a more complete and economical analysis of cutaneous flora in large-scale surveys. In this system, Baird-Parker carbohydrate medium was found somewhat superior to standard medium as was incubation at 35 degrees C instead of the customary 30 degrees C. Baird-Parker's broth medium for acetoin production yielded more positive results than did commercial medium, although the reactions were less distinct. However, an agar acetoin test medium was found as good or perhaps even better than Baird-Parker's medium. The classification schemes of Baird-Parker and Bergey's Manual were contrasted in the analysis of data.", "PMID": 1104117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_552", "title": "Variation in the lethal response in mice to yeast-like and pseudohyphal forms of Candida albicans.", "content": "The lethal response in mice to yeast-like cells of Candida albicans grown for 3, 6, or 9 h in a defined minimal culture medium was more severe than that observed with corresponding pseudohyphal preparations. This differential effect could be only partially correlated with the greater number of viable units in respective yeast-like cultures. No significant differences between yeast-like and pseudohyphal syspensions were detected when turbidity-mass ratios were examined. The injection of physiological saline suspensions containing increasing quantities of yeast-like cells resulted in proportional decreases in mouse survival times. Conversely, when comparable experiments were conducted with pseudohyphal preparations no significant decreases in survival times occurred. The data indicate that these differences in the lethal response cannot be explained solely on the basis of a variation in the number of viable units or cell mass in corresponding yeast-like and pseudohyphal preparations. Factors contributing to this phenomenon may therefore include altered susceptibilities to host defense mechanisms in the early stages of the infectious process as a result of differences between these yeast-like and pseudohyphal inocula.", "contents": "Variation in the lethal response in mice to yeast-like and pseudohyphal forms of Candida albicans. The lethal response in mice to yeast-like cells of Candida albicans grown for 3, 6, or 9 h in a defined minimal culture medium was more severe than that observed with corresponding pseudohyphal preparations. This differential effect could be only partially correlated with the greater number of viable units in respective yeast-like cultures. No significant differences between yeast-like and pseudohyphal syspensions were detected when turbidity-mass ratios were examined. The injection of physiological saline suspensions containing increasing quantities of yeast-like cells resulted in proportional decreases in mouse survival times. Conversely, when comparable experiments were conducted with pseudohyphal preparations no significant decreases in survival times occurred. The data indicate that these differences in the lethal response cannot be explained solely on the basis of a variation in the number of viable units or cell mass in corresponding yeast-like and pseudohyphal preparations. Factors contributing to this phenomenon may therefore include altered susceptibilities to host defense mechanisms in the early stages of the infectious process as a result of differences between these yeast-like and pseudohyphal inocula.", "PMID": 1104118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_553", "title": "The survival of Escherichia coli from freeze-thaw damage: permeability barrier damage and viability.", "content": "The effect of cooling rate and subsequent warming rate on survival of lactose-limited Escherichia coli was investigated. As previously reported, in the slow cooling rate range, a peak of survival was noted at 8 degrees C/min with survival decreasing as the cooling rate was increased or decreased from this value. Minimal survival was noted at 100 degrees C/min; increasing the cooling rate above 100 degrees C/min increased survival. At cooling rates greater than 200 degrees C/min, the survival became dependent on subsequent warming rates. Permeability damage, as measured by release of UV-absorbing material, potassium and beta-galactosidase, and increased accessibility of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase to its substrates, was dependent on the cooling rate when cells were frozen in either water or saline. For cooling rates less than about 8 degrees C/min, there was minimal permeability damage to cells frozen in water. However, at rates greater than this value, damage and viability were related; the lower the viability the more the damage to the permeability barrier. The relationship was strengthened by the observations that protectants which increased survival reduced damage as well and that at ultrarapid cooling rates where survivals were dependent on warming rates, the extent, of damage was likewise dependent on the warming rate. Saline frozen cells were damaged by freezing and thawing more than comparable water-frozen cells over the whole cooling rate range. At cooling rates less than 8 degrees C/min, frozen in water, permeability damage of cells frozen in saline increased as the cooling rate decreased. As the cooling rate was increased from 8 degrees C/min, the damage increased as viability decreased. The relevance of these findings to the two-factor hypothesis of cell death is discussed.", "contents": "The survival of Escherichia coli from freeze-thaw damage: permeability barrier damage and viability. The effect of cooling rate and subsequent warming rate on survival of lactose-limited Escherichia coli was investigated. As previously reported, in the slow cooling rate range, a peak of survival was noted at 8 degrees C/min with survival decreasing as the cooling rate was increased or decreased from this value. Minimal survival was noted at 100 degrees C/min; increasing the cooling rate above 100 degrees C/min increased survival. At cooling rates greater than 200 degrees C/min, the survival became dependent on subsequent warming rates. Permeability damage, as measured by release of UV-absorbing material, potassium and beta-galactosidase, and increased accessibility of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase to its substrates, was dependent on the cooling rate when cells were frozen in either water or saline. For cooling rates less than about 8 degrees C/min, there was minimal permeability damage to cells frozen in water. However, at rates greater than this value, damage and viability were related; the lower the viability the more the damage to the permeability barrier. The relationship was strengthened by the observations that protectants which increased survival reduced damage as well and that at ultrarapid cooling rates where survivals were dependent on warming rates, the extent, of damage was likewise dependent on the warming rate. Saline frozen cells were damaged by freezing and thawing more than comparable water-frozen cells over the whole cooling rate range. At cooling rates less than 8 degrees C/min, frozen in water, permeability damage of cells frozen in saline increased as the cooling rate decreased. As the cooling rate was increased from 8 degrees C/min, the damage increased as viability decreased. The relevance of these findings to the two-factor hypothesis of cell death is discussed.", "PMID": 1104119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_554", "title": "Three antimicrobial metabolites from Aspergillus caespitosus.", "content": "Aspergillus caespitosus NRRL 5769 growing in broth containing small amounts of sitosterol produced substance(s) with greater inhibitory activity against Candida albicans ATCC 10231 than in broth without sitosterol. Subsequent isolation, purification, and structural elucidation yielded 5,6-dihydro-5(S)-acetoxy-6(S)-1,2-trans-epoxypropyl)-2H-pyran-2-one (asperline (1), compound I) and two new metabolites. These were 5,6-dihydro-5(S)-acetoxy-6(S)-(1,2-trans propenyl)-2H-pyran-2-one (compound II) and 5,6-dihydro-5(R)-acetoxy-6(S)-(1,2-trans-epoxy-propyl)-H-pyran-2-one (compound III). These three metabolites showed anti-microbial activity against C. albicans and against specific bacteria, fungi, and a trichomonad.", "contents": "Three antimicrobial metabolites from Aspergillus caespitosus. Aspergillus caespitosus NRRL 5769 growing in broth containing small amounts of sitosterol produced substance(s) with greater inhibitory activity against Candida albicans ATCC 10231 than in broth without sitosterol. Subsequent isolation, purification, and structural elucidation yielded 5,6-dihydro-5(S)-acetoxy-6(S)-1,2-trans-epoxypropyl)-2H-pyran-2-one (asperline (1), compound I) and two new metabolites. These were 5,6-dihydro-5(S)-acetoxy-6(S)-(1,2-trans propenyl)-2H-pyran-2-one (compound II) and 5,6-dihydro-5(R)-acetoxy-6(S)-(1,2-trans-epoxy-propyl)-H-pyran-2-one (compound III). These three metabolites showed anti-microbial activity against C. albicans and against specific bacteria, fungi, and a trichomonad.", "PMID": 1104120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_555", "title": "A technique for obtaining linear heat-survivor curves with Staphylococcus aureus and its application to the assay of sublethal heat injury.", "content": "Staphylococcus aureus was grown in a complex (HK) medium either by a batch technique or by a modified batch technique after growth in a chemostat. These cultures were heat-treated at 52 degrees C, and counted on trypticase soy agar (TSA) or trypticase soy agar containing 7.5% NaCl (TSAS). When linear heat-survivor curves were obtained decimal reduction times (D52 degrees C) could be calculated from the TSA counts and pseudodecimal reduction times (D' 52 degrees C) from the TSAS counts. The D or D' values of batch-grown cells varied from 22 to 133 min and from 3 to 12 min, respectively. With cells grown by the modified technique the values were less variable (D was 22-51 min and D' was 3-7 min). D and D' values could be calculated from the same heat treatment in two of the six estimations with cells grown by the modified technique.", "contents": "A technique for obtaining linear heat-survivor curves with Staphylococcus aureus and its application to the assay of sublethal heat injury. Staphylococcus aureus was grown in a complex (HK) medium either by a batch technique or by a modified batch technique after growth in a chemostat. These cultures were heat-treated at 52 degrees C, and counted on trypticase soy agar (TSA) or trypticase soy agar containing 7.5% NaCl (TSAS). When linear heat-survivor curves were obtained decimal reduction times (D52 degrees C) could be calculated from the TSA counts and pseudodecimal reduction times (D' 52 degrees C) from the TSAS counts. The D or D' values of batch-grown cells varied from 22 to 133 min and from 3 to 12 min, respectively. With cells grown by the modified technique the values were less variable (D was 22-51 min and D' was 3-7 min). D and D' values could be calculated from the same heat treatment in two of the six estimations with cells grown by the modified technique.", "PMID": 1104121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_556", "title": "The brain, the heart and taurine.", "content": "This paper reviews some recent developments concerning the \"non-essential\" amino acid Taurine. It is shown that taurine is important in metabolic regulations within the heart, muscle and brain. Particular attention is paid to the neuropharmacology of taurine, such as its possible role in epilepsy.", "contents": "The brain, the heart and taurine. This paper reviews some recent developments concerning the \"non-essential\" amino acid Taurine. It is shown that taurine is important in metabolic regulations within the heart, muscle and brain. Particular attention is paid to the neuropharmacology of taurine, such as its possible role in epilepsy.", "PMID": 1104123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_557", "title": "Comprehensive mental health care in a pediatric dialysis-transplantation program.", "content": "The dialysis-transplantation (D-T) program at The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto has a mental health component directed by a psychiatrist and a social worker. As of Jan. 1, 1975, 53 kidney transplants had been carried out on 44 children. Patients and their families are counselled continuously by the psychiatrist and the social worker before, during and after transplantation. Members of the multidisciplinary team meet regularly to plan treatment for the children. Mental health issues are an integral part of team discussions and help determine D-T program policy. Psychological preparation, mental health consultation, therapeutic intervention and continuous counselling prevent many of the mental health problems that plague a D-T program.", "contents": "Comprehensive mental health care in a pediatric dialysis-transplantation program. The dialysis-transplantation (D-T) program at The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto has a mental health component directed by a psychiatrist and a social worker. As of Jan. 1, 1975, 53 kidney transplants had been carried out on 44 children. Patients and their families are counselled continuously by the psychiatrist and the social worker before, during and after transplantation. Members of the multidisciplinary team meet regularly to plan treatment for the children. Mental health issues are an integral part of team discussions and help determine D-T program policy. Psychological preparation, mental health consultation, therapeutic intervention and continuous counselling prevent many of the mental health problems that plague a D-T program.", "PMID": 1104127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_558", "title": "Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) infection in a hemodialysis unit. II. Factors affecting host immune response to HBsAg.", "content": "Serum from 86 hemodialysis patients, 105 healthy hospital staff \"at risk\" and 160 regular hospital staff was screened for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and antibody (anti-HBs). The combined prevalence of HBsAg and anti-HBs was higher in the staff of the artificial kidney unit (57.7%) than in the hemodialysis patients (33.7%). The healthy subjects with HBsAg infection responded significantly more often by producing anti-HBs compared with the hemodialysis patients. Twelve of 29 (41.4%) hemodialysis patients with HBsAg infection produced anti-HBs, while 17 (58.6%) remained positive for HBsAg. This differential response could not be attributed to age, sex, time spent undergoing hemodialysis, delayed cutaneous reactivity or response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) or pokeweed mitogen (PWM). However, a much larger proportion of patients with HBsAg than with anti-HBs had previously received blood transfusions (88.2% v. 33.3%). Our results indicate that development of the chronic HBsAg carrier state or production of anti-HBs in uremic patients may be influenced by the route of immunization or the dose of antigen, or both. Although uremic patients maintain normal in vitro response to PHA and PWM, they may have depressed immunity in vivo because of a decreased total number of T-lymphocytes.", "contents": "Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) infection in a hemodialysis unit. II. Factors affecting host immune response to HBsAg. Serum from 86 hemodialysis patients, 105 healthy hospital staff \"at risk\" and 160 regular hospital staff was screened for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and antibody (anti-HBs). The combined prevalence of HBsAg and anti-HBs was higher in the staff of the artificial kidney unit (57.7%) than in the hemodialysis patients (33.7%). The healthy subjects with HBsAg infection responded significantly more often by producing anti-HBs compared with the hemodialysis patients. Twelve of 29 (41.4%) hemodialysis patients with HBsAg infection produced anti-HBs, while 17 (58.6%) remained positive for HBsAg. This differential response could not be attributed to age, sex, time spent undergoing hemodialysis, delayed cutaneous reactivity or response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) or pokeweed mitogen (PWM). However, a much larger proportion of patients with HBsAg than with anti-HBs had previously received blood transfusions (88.2% v. 33.3%). Our results indicate that development of the chronic HBsAg carrier state or production of anti-HBs in uremic patients may be influenced by the route of immunization or the dose of antigen, or both. Although uremic patients maintain normal in vitro response to PHA and PWM, they may have depressed immunity in vivo because of a decreased total number of T-lymphocytes.", "PMID": 1104126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_559", "title": "Role of 67gallium citrate scanning in the management of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.", "content": "67Gallium scans were performed as part of the initial evaluation in 45 patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Eighteen of these patients underwent staging laparotomy and splenectomy. In addition, scans were performed either shortly after therapy was completed or during subsequent followup in 10 patients. The initial scans were found most useful for patients with histiocytic lymphoma: in detecting sites of involvement above the diaphragm and the high para-aortic/mesenteric region, and when tumors were greater than 2 cm in diameter. The addition of 67Ga scanning to the pre-operative clinical evaluation reduced the number of incorrectly staged patients from 8 to 4. Reversion of previously positive 67Ga scans to negative in 3 patients with suspected persistent or recurrent disease was associated with fibrosis and no lymphoma when biopsied. Five other patients had histologically documented positive 67Ga scans post-therapy; in 1 the 67Ga scan was only definitive noninvasive procedure. Despite the occurrence of both false-positive and false-negative 67Ga scans, this procedure appears to be a useful supplement to the pretreatment evaluation of patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, especially the histiocytic form. Confirmation of its ability to detect high para-aortic/mesentric involvement may subsequently result in a reduction of the number of staging laparotomies necessary. For the post-treatment followup of these patients 67Ga scans may prove to be valuable noninvasive investigation.", "contents": "Role of 67gallium citrate scanning in the management of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. 67Gallium scans were performed as part of the initial evaluation in 45 patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Eighteen of these patients underwent staging laparotomy and splenectomy. In addition, scans were performed either shortly after therapy was completed or during subsequent followup in 10 patients. The initial scans were found most useful for patients with histiocytic lymphoma: in detecting sites of involvement above the diaphragm and the high para-aortic/mesenteric region, and when tumors were greater than 2 cm in diameter. The addition of 67Ga scanning to the pre-operative clinical evaluation reduced the number of incorrectly staged patients from 8 to 4. Reversion of previously positive 67Ga scans to negative in 3 patients with suspected persistent or recurrent disease was associated with fibrosis and no lymphoma when biopsied. Five other patients had histologically documented positive 67Ga scans post-therapy; in 1 the 67Ga scan was only definitive noninvasive procedure. Despite the occurrence of both false-positive and false-negative 67Ga scans, this procedure appears to be a useful supplement to the pretreatment evaluation of patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, especially the histiocytic form. Confirmation of its ability to detect high para-aortic/mesentric involvement may subsequently result in a reduction of the number of staging laparotomies necessary. For the post-treatment followup of these patients 67Ga scans may prove to be valuable noninvasive investigation.", "PMID": 1104139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_560", "title": "Evolution of the team approach in breast cancer.", "content": "Dr. Wendell G. Scott hailed mammography as the first significant contribution to the control of breast cancer since Halsted described the radical mastectomy in 1903. Mammography as engendered new approaches and has supplied new concepts of breast cancer. Through the tenacity of a few physicians convinced something could be done for the breast cancer patient, the team against this dread disease has gradually, but solidly, been built and continues to grow.", "contents": "Evolution of the team approach in breast cancer. Dr. Wendell G. Scott hailed mammography as the first significant contribution to the control of breast cancer since Halsted described the radical mastectomy in 1903. Mammography as engendered new approaches and has supplied new concepts of breast cancer. Through the tenacity of a few physicians convinced something could be done for the breast cancer patient, the team against this dread disease has gradually, but solidly, been built and continues to grow.", "PMID": 1104140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_561", "title": "Nutrition in the United States, 1900 to 1974.", "content": "Food and nutrient intakes are being examined for possible relationship to the occurrence or the progress of various types of cancer in man. This paper describes the state of our knowledge on the nutritional status of various population groups in the United States and on the food consumption patterns and their nutritional consequences during the 1900's. Only a few medical studies of nutritional status have been conducted on a national or even a regional basis. These extend back less than 2 decades. Dietary information is available back to the 1930's and statistical data on use of food in the United States can be found beginning with 1909. Sources of information are suggested for the use of and detailed study by the epidemiologist.", "contents": "Nutrition in the United States, 1900 to 1974. Food and nutrient intakes are being examined for possible relationship to the occurrence or the progress of various types of cancer in man. This paper describes the state of our knowledge on the nutritional status of various population groups in the United States and on the food consumption patterns and their nutritional consequences during the 1900's. Only a few medical studies of nutritional status have been conducted on a national or even a regional basis. These extend back less than 2 decades. Dietary information is available back to the 1930's and statistical data on use of food in the United States can be found beginning with 1909. Sources of information are suggested for the use of and detailed study by the epidemiologist.", "PMID": 1104141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_562", "title": "Incidence of stomach cancer and its relation to dietary habits and nutrition in Japan between 1900 and 1975.", "content": "The diet of the Japanese people may be an important factor contributing to the high morbidity and morality rates of stomach cancer in Japan. Heavy rice consumption plus many salty foods in the diet are characteristic of the traditional eating habits in Japan. Fat intake and use of alcohol and tobacco are also considered possible factors. As the diet of the Japanese people changes to a more Western diet, there may be a concomitant change in the incidence of stomach cancer.", "contents": "Incidence of stomach cancer and its relation to dietary habits and nutrition in Japan between 1900 and 1975. The diet of the Japanese people may be an important factor contributing to the high morbidity and morality rates of stomach cancer in Japan. Heavy rice consumption plus many salty foods in the diet are characteristic of the traditional eating habits in Japan. Fat intake and use of alcohol and tobacco are also considered possible factors. As the diet of the Japanese people changes to a more Western diet, there may be a concomitant change in the incidence of stomach cancer.", "PMID": 1104142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_563", "title": "Nutrition and tumor immunity: divergent effects of antitumor antibody.", "content": "Nutritional deficiency reduces antibody synthetic capacity. Antibody directed against tumor antigens, however, may serve either to heighten tumor immunity, as in antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, or to diminish host resistance to cancer growth by \"blocking\" cell-mediated tumor immunity. Diets made deficient in specific amino acids are inimical to tumor growth, apparently through reduction of synthesis of blocking antibody. Thus, where tumor immune function is involved, complex and possibly paradoxical effects of nutritional status on tumor growth can be predicted.", "contents": "Nutrition and tumor immunity: divergent effects of antitumor antibody. Nutritional deficiency reduces antibody synthetic capacity. Antibody directed against tumor antigens, however, may serve either to heighten tumor immunity, as in antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, or to diminish host resistance to cancer growth by \"blocking\" cell-mediated tumor immunity. Diets made deficient in specific amino acids are inimical to tumor growth, apparently through reduction of synthesis of blocking antibody. Thus, where tumor immune function is involved, complex and possibly paradoxical effects of nutritional status on tumor growth can be predicted.", "PMID": 1104143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_564", "title": "Effects of dietary constituents on the metabolism of chemical carcinogens.", "content": "Dietary constituents of 2 types have been shown to affect the metabolism of chemical carcinogens by the microsomal mixed-function oxidase system. Naturally occurring inducers of increased activity of this system are present in plants. Cruciferous vegetables including Brussels sprouts, cabbage, and cauliflower are relatively potent in this regard. From these vegetables, three indoles with inducing activity have been identified. These are indole-3-acetonitrile, indole-3-carbinol, and 3,3'-diindolylmethane. A 2nd type of dietary constituent affecting the microsomal mixed-function oxidase system is added phenolic antioxidant, i.e., butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene. Studies of the effect of BHA on metabolism of bezo(a)-pyrene by liver microsomes have been carried out. BHA feeding results in microsomal changes. The cytochrome P-450 shows altered spectral characteristics, and the aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase system of these microsomes has an increased sensitivity to inhibition by alpha-naphthoflavone. In addition, there is a decrease in binding of metabolites of benzo(a)pyrene to DNA upon incubation of these microsomes of induction of increased mixed function oxidase activity have shown that increased levels of activity protect against administration of chemical carcinogens. BHA and butylated hydroxytoluene also have been found to exert a protective effect against chemical carcinogens. Thus the constituents of the diet could be of consequence in the neoplastic response to exposure to carcinogens in the environment.", "contents": "Effects of dietary constituents on the metabolism of chemical carcinogens. Dietary constituents of 2 types have been shown to affect the metabolism of chemical carcinogens by the microsomal mixed-function oxidase system. Naturally occurring inducers of increased activity of this system are present in plants. Cruciferous vegetables including Brussels sprouts, cabbage, and cauliflower are relatively potent in this regard. From these vegetables, three indoles with inducing activity have been identified. These are indole-3-acetonitrile, indole-3-carbinol, and 3,3'-diindolylmethane. A 2nd type of dietary constituent affecting the microsomal mixed-function oxidase system is added phenolic antioxidant, i.e., butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene. Studies of the effect of BHA on metabolism of bezo(a)-pyrene by liver microsomes have been carried out. BHA feeding results in microsomal changes. The cytochrome P-450 shows altered spectral characteristics, and the aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase system of these microsomes has an increased sensitivity to inhibition by alpha-naphthoflavone. In addition, there is a decrease in binding of metabolites of benzo(a)pyrene to DNA upon incubation of these microsomes of induction of increased mixed function oxidase activity have shown that increased levels of activity protect against administration of chemical carcinogens. BHA and butylated hydroxytoluene also have been found to exert a protective effect against chemical carcinogens. Thus the constituents of the diet could be of consequence in the neoplastic response to exposure to carcinogens in the environment.", "PMID": 1104144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_565", "title": "Is there a role for mitochondrial genes in carcinogenesis?", "content": "Although defective respriration is not characteristic of all tumors, recent comparative studies on the ultrastructure of normal and tumor cell mitochondria indicate that in malignant cells mitochondria deviate from normal not only in relative abundance but  also in the size, form, density, and frequency of appearance of lesions. Normal and abnormal mitochondria may populate the same cell, suggesting that there may be a gradation in respiratory deficiency depending on the proportion of normal to abnormal forms. Recent advances in mitochondrial genetics suggest that aberrant mitochondria may be formed as a result of the presence of an abnormal mitochondrial genome. In analogy with the petite mutant of certain strains of yeast, animal cells may be transformed by treatment with dyes that alter the structure of their mitochondrial DNA, so that their mitochondria also become deficient in enzymes of the respiratory chain. Whether nutritional or other deficiencies are mutagenic with respect to mitochondrial DNA of animal cells is not known; nor is it known whether mitochondrial mutagenesis is causally involved in carcinogenesis. New knowledge of cytoplasmic genetics and of mitochondrial DNA and membrane structure and dynamics should encourage investigations aimed at examining the possible role of mitochondrial genes in neoplastic transformation.", "contents": "Is there a role for mitochondrial genes in carcinogenesis? Although defective respriration is not characteristic of all tumors, recent comparative studies on the ultrastructure of normal and tumor cell mitochondria indicate that in malignant cells mitochondria deviate from normal not only in relative abundance but  also in the size, form, density, and frequency of appearance of lesions. Normal and abnormal mitochondria may populate the same cell, suggesting that there may be a gradation in respiratory deficiency depending on the proportion of normal to abnormal forms. Recent advances in mitochondrial genetics suggest that aberrant mitochondria may be formed as a result of the presence of an abnormal mitochondrial genome. In analogy with the petite mutant of certain strains of yeast, animal cells may be transformed by treatment with dyes that alter the structure of their mitochondrial DNA, so that their mitochondria also become deficient in enzymes of the respiratory chain. Whether nutritional or other deficiencies are mutagenic with respect to mitochondrial DNA of animal cells is not known; nor is it known whether mitochondrial mutagenesis is causally involved in carcinogenesis. New knowledge of cytoplasmic genetics and of mitochondrial DNA and membrane structure and dynamics should encourage investigations aimed at examining the possible role of mitochondrial genes in neoplastic transformation.", "PMID": 1104145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_566", "title": "Can nutrition explain the pattern of international epidemiology of hormone-dependent cancers?", "content": "International data on the distribution of hormone-dependent cancers suggest that they are cancers of affluence. Their occurrence parallels that of bowel cancer fairly closely in population and less closely with regard to individual patient risk. The most plausible hypothesis, although based on extremely incomplete knowledge, is that some components of the Western high-protein, high-fat diet acting in early life make individuals prone to develop these cancers.", "contents": "Can nutrition explain the pattern of international epidemiology of hormone-dependent cancers? International data on the distribution of hormone-dependent cancers suggest that they are cancers of affluence. Their occurrence parallels that of bowel cancer fairly closely in population and less closely with regard to individual patient risk. The most plausible hypothesis, although based on extremely incomplete knowledge, is that some components of the Western high-protein, high-fat diet acting in early life make individuals prone to develop these cancers.", "PMID": 1104146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_567", "title": "Breast cancer incidence and nutritional status with particular reference to body weight and height.", "content": "The epidemiological literature on breast cancer is reviewed with particular emphasis on the possible etiological role of nutritional status as reflected by weight and height. The results of a prospective study and preliminary results of a population-based case-control study seem to indicate that body size or body mass rather than overweight (obesity) is a risk factor. A considerable proportion of the differences in incidence between the Netherlands and Japan can be explained by differences in body mass. The biological mechanisms mediating nutritional status and breast cancer are believed to be of an endocrinological-metabolic nature.", "contents": "Breast cancer incidence and nutritional status with particular reference to body weight and height. The epidemiological literature on breast cancer is reviewed with particular emphasis on the possible etiological role of nutritional status as reflected by weight and height. The results of a prospective study and preliminary results of a population-based case-control study seem to indicate that body size or body mass rather than overweight (obesity) is a risk factor. A considerable proportion of the differences in incidence between the Netherlands and Japan can be explained by differences in body mass. The biological mechanisms mediating nutritional status and breast cancer are believed to be of an endocrinological-metabolic nature.", "PMID": 1104147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_568", "title": "Hormones, nutrition, and cancer.", "content": "The effects of obesity on steroid metabolism in women with breast and uterine cancer have been considered. Obesity may increase plasma estrone by two mechanisms, a higher rate of secretion of the estrone precursor, androstenedione, and a higher rate of conversion of androstenedione to estrone. Obesity may alter routes of metabolism of androgens and estrogens. The excretion of specific urinary metabolites can therefore be altered by obesity alone. Thus, steroid indices of relative cancer risk or responsiveness must be constructed with due attention to obesity, one of many important variables.", "contents": "Hormones, nutrition, and cancer. The effects of obesity on steroid metabolism in women with breast and uterine cancer have been considered. Obesity may increase plasma estrone by two mechanisms, a higher rate of secretion of the estrone precursor, androstenedione, and a higher rate of conversion of androstenedione to estrone. Obesity may alter routes of metabolism of androgens and estrogens. The excretion of specific urinary metabolites can therefore be altered by obesity alone. Thus, steroid indices of relative cancer risk or responsiveness must be constructed with due attention to obesity, one of many important variables.", "PMID": 1104148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_569", "title": "Hormone profiles in hormone-dependent cancers.", "content": "Studies on the relationship of urinary excretion of androgen metabolites and estrogens to the natural history of breast cancer are reviewed. The importance of distinguishing between \"within-population\" studies (i.e., cancer patients versus normal controls) and \"between populations\" studies (i.e., low-risk versus high-risk populations) is emphasized, and it is pointed out that \"qualitative\" agreement (i.e. the same direction of differences) between the two types of studies must be present in order to implicate a hormonal parameter as a determinant of the natural history of breast cancer. For reasons detailed in this paper, it is concluded that the reported relationship of low urinary androgen metabolite excretion to increased risk of developing breast cancer and poor response to adrenalectomy or hypophysectomy and the validity of the \"estriol hypothesis,\" namely, that a high urinary ratio of estriol to estrone-plus-estradiol in early life is protective against subsequent development of breast cancer, are both dubious. A new hypothesis concerning the relationship of estrogens to breast cancer risk is presented: \"A period of of time, prior to age 30, during which the amount of biological availability of active estrogens' (i.e., estrone and estradiol) is diminished, protects against subsequent development of cancer.\" This hypothesis is shown to be compatible with the epidemiological and biochemical data. Reports concerning the influence of nutrition on endocrine parameters are reviewed. Inanition and obesity have been shown to alter steroid metabolism but it is not known whether nutritional \"microdifferences\" (i.e., differences between populations or individuals that are due to cultural, geographic, or socioeconomic factors, but that fall within the range of \"normal\" or adequate nutrition) can also alter steroid metabolism.", "contents": "Hormone profiles in hormone-dependent cancers. Studies on the relationship of urinary excretion of androgen metabolites and estrogens to the natural history of breast cancer are reviewed. The importance of distinguishing between \"within-population\" studies (i.e., cancer patients versus normal controls) and \"between populations\" studies (i.e., low-risk versus high-risk populations) is emphasized, and it is pointed out that \"qualitative\" agreement (i.e. the same direction of differences) between the two types of studies must be present in order to implicate a hormonal parameter as a determinant of the natural history of breast cancer. For reasons detailed in this paper, it is concluded that the reported relationship of low urinary androgen metabolite excretion to increased risk of developing breast cancer and poor response to adrenalectomy or hypophysectomy and the validity of the \"estriol hypothesis,\" namely, that a high urinary ratio of estriol to estrone-plus-estradiol in early life is protective against subsequent development of breast cancer, are both dubious. A new hypothesis concerning the relationship of estrogens to breast cancer risk is presented: \"A period of of time, prior to age 30, during which the amount of biological availability of active estrogens' (i.e., estrone and estradiol) is diminished, protects against subsequent development of cancer.\" This hypothesis is shown to be compatible with the epidemiological and biochemical data. Reports concerning the influence of nutrition on endocrine parameters are reviewed. Inanition and obesity have been shown to alter steroid metabolism but it is not known whether nutritional \"microdifferences\" (i.e., differences between populations or individuals that are due to cultural, geographic, or socioeconomic factors, but that fall within the range of \"normal\" or adequate nutrition) can also alter steroid metabolism.", "PMID": 1104149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_570", "title": "Experimental evidence of dietary factors and hormone-dependent cancers.", "content": "Current awareness of the importance of environmental factors such as diet in the etiology of human cancer has stimulated renewed interest in animal models for studying effects of diet on tumorigenesis. Diet can influence cancer in animals by affecting the initiation or subsequent preneoplastic stage of tumorigenesis, but it has less effect on tumor growth. Caloric restriction has a general inhibitory influence on tumorigenesis. Dietary fat, on the other hand, tends to promote tumorigenesis, but only certain types of tumors, such as mammary tumors, are affected. Both caloric restriction and dietary fat appear to act primarily during the preneoplastic state, and their effects on hormone-dependent tumors may be mediated through changes in the hormonal environment. Variations in other dietary factors, such as protein, vitamins, or minerals, above the levels required for normal maintenance seem to have little influence on the genesis or growth of tumors.", "contents": "Experimental evidence of dietary factors and hormone-dependent cancers. Current awareness of the importance of environmental factors such as diet in the etiology of human cancer has stimulated renewed interest in animal models for studying effects of diet on tumorigenesis. Diet can influence cancer in animals by affecting the initiation or subsequent preneoplastic stage of tumorigenesis, but it has less effect on tumor growth. Caloric restriction has a general inhibitory influence on tumorigenesis. Dietary fat, on the other hand, tends to promote tumorigenesis, but only certain types of tumors, such as mammary tumors, are affected. Both caloric restriction and dietary fat appear to act primarily during the preneoplastic state, and their effects on hormone-dependent tumors may be mediated through changes in the hormonal environment. Variations in other dietary factors, such as protein, vitamins, or minerals, above the levels required for normal maintenance seem to have little influence on the genesis or growth of tumors.", "PMID": 1104150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_571", "title": "Metabolic epidemiology of dietary factors in large bowel cancer.", "content": "According to the hypothesis being tested by this laboratory, bacteria (in particular, certain clostridia) metabolize the bile acids to give unsaturated products that are important in the causation of colorectal cancer. In this paper, various dietary regimens are discussed in terms of their effect on the fecal steroid concentration and on the gut bacterial flora. The diets considered include high- and low-fiber, high- and low-meat, and high- and low-fat diets.", "contents": "Metabolic epidemiology of dietary factors in large bowel cancer. According to the hypothesis being tested by this laboratory, bacteria (in particular, certain clostridia) metabolize the bile acids to give unsaturated products that are important in the causation of colorectal cancer. In this paper, various dietary regimens are discussed in terms of their effect on the fecal steroid concentration and on the gut bacterial flora. The diets considered include high- and low-fiber, high- and low-meat, and high- and low-fat diets.", "PMID": 1104151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_572", "title": "Further leads on metabolic epidemiology of large bowel cancer.", "content": "Studies in metabolic epidemiology have shown that the dietary intake of high fat affects the composition of the intestinal bacteria and their metabolic activity as well as the levels of certain neutral sterols and bile acids that may act as tumor promoters for the colon. A strong association has also  been established between microbially modified bile acids and  cholesterol metabolites and the risk of colon cancer among different populations. The patients with colon cancer had high concentrations of fecal bile acids and cholesterol metabolites compared with the controls. It remains to be shown whether this established association is causative in nature.", "contents": "Further leads on metabolic epidemiology of large bowel cancer. Studies in metabolic epidemiology have shown that the dietary intake of high fat affects the composition of the intestinal bacteria and their metabolic activity as well as the levels of certain neutral sterols and bile acids that may act as tumor promoters for the colon. A strong association has also  been established between microbially modified bile acids and  cholesterol metabolites and the risk of colon cancer among different populations. The patients with colon cancer had high concentrations of fecal bile acids and cholesterol metabolites compared with the controls. It remains to be shown whether this established association is causative in nature.", "PMID": 1104152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_573", "title": "Cancers of the pancreas and biliary tract: epidemiological considerations.", "content": "The epidemiological patterns for pancreatic and biliary cancers reveal more differences than similarities. Pancreatic carcinoma is common in western countries, although 2 Polynesian groups (New Zealand Maoris and native Hawaiians) have the highest rates internationally. In the United States the disease is rising in frequency, predominating in males and in blacks. The rates are elevated in urban areas, but geographic analysis uncovered no clustering of contiguous counties except in southern Louisiana. The origin of pancreatic cancer is obsure, but a twofold increased risk has been documented for cigarette smokers and diabetic patients. Alcohol, occupational agents, and dietary fat have been suspected, but not proven to be risk factors. Except for the rare hereditary form of pancreatitis, there are few clues to genetic predisposition. In contrast, the reported incidence of biliary tract cancer is highest in Latin American populations and American Indians. The tumor predominates in females around the world, except for Chinese and Japanese who show a male excess. In the United States the rates are higher in whites than blacks, and clusters of high-risk counties have been found in the north central region, the southwest, and Appalachia. The distribution of biliary tumors parallels that of cholesterol gallstones, the major risk factor for biliary cancer. Insights into biliary carcinogenesis depend upon clarification of lithogenic influences, such as pregnancy, obesity, and hyperlipoproteinemia, exogenous estrogens, familial tendencies, and ethnic-geographic factors that may reflect dietary habits. Noncalculous risk factors for biliary cancer include ulcerative colitis, clonorchiasis, Gardner's syndrome, and probably certain industrial exposures. Within the biliary tract, tumors of the gallbladder and bile duct show epidemiological distinctions. In contrast to gallbladder cancer, bile duct neoplasms predominate in males; they are less often associated with stones and more often with other risk factors. In some respects, bile duct and pancreatic tumors are alike. The male predominance of both tumors, an association between cholecystectomy and pancreatic cancer, and other considerations have prompted the notion that the same biliary carcinogens may affect the bile duct, ampulla of Vater, or, by reflux, the pancreatic duct. Various epidemiological and interdisciplinary approaches are needed to further clarify the origins of biliary tract and pancreatic cancers, but nutritional studies hold special promise in laying the groundwork for prevention of these tumors.", "contents": "Cancers of the pancreas and biliary tract: epidemiological considerations. The epidemiological patterns for pancreatic and biliary cancers reveal more differences than similarities. Pancreatic carcinoma is common in western countries, although 2 Polynesian groups (New Zealand Maoris and native Hawaiians) have the highest rates internationally. In the United States the disease is rising in frequency, predominating in males and in blacks. The rates are elevated in urban areas, but geographic analysis uncovered no clustering of contiguous counties except in southern Louisiana. The origin of pancreatic cancer is obsure, but a twofold increased risk has been documented for cigarette smokers and diabetic patients. Alcohol, occupational agents, and dietary fat have been suspected, but not proven to be risk factors. Except for the rare hereditary form of pancreatitis, there are few clues to genetic predisposition. In contrast, the reported incidence of biliary tract cancer is highest in Latin American populations and American Indians. The tumor predominates in females around the world, except for Chinese and Japanese who show a male excess. In the United States the rates are higher in whites than blacks, and clusters of high-risk counties have been found in the north central region, the southwest, and Appalachia. The distribution of biliary tumors parallels that of cholesterol gallstones, the major risk factor for biliary cancer. Insights into biliary carcinogenesis depend upon clarification of lithogenic influences, such as pregnancy, obesity, and hyperlipoproteinemia, exogenous estrogens, familial tendencies, and ethnic-geographic factors that may reflect dietary habits. Noncalculous risk factors for biliary cancer include ulcerative colitis, clonorchiasis, Gardner's syndrome, and probably certain industrial exposures. Within the biliary tract, tumors of the gallbladder and bile duct show epidemiological distinctions. In contrast to gallbladder cancer, bile duct neoplasms predominate in males; they are less often associated with stones and more often with other risk factors. In some respects, bile duct and pancreatic tumors are alike. The male predominance of both tumors, an association between cholecystectomy and pancreatic cancer, and other considerations have prompted the notion that the same biliary carcinogens may affect the bile duct, ampulla of Vater, or, by reflux, the pancreatic duct. Various epidemiological and interdisciplinary approaches are needed to further clarify the origins of biliary tract and pancreatic cancers, but nutritional studies hold special promise in laying the groundwork for prevention of these tumors.", "PMID": 1104153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_574", "title": "Developments in the epidemiology of stomach cancer over the past decade.", "content": "The history of stomach cancer epidemiology is reviewed. The introduction of migrant population studies in the 1960 decade that described the critical role of exposures to this disease in early life was a key event. Companion pathology studies have indicated different epidemiological patterns for 2 histological entities, intestinal and diffuse type carcinomas, and confirmed an excess of intestinal metaplasia in populations at high risk to stomach cancer. Recent results suggest that epidemiology of stomach cancer can be transformed into the epidemiology of precursor lesions, and introduction of the fiberoptic gastroscope makes technically feasible detailed studies of the relationship of precursor lesions to suspect factors, including diet, in selected geographic areas. Nitroso compounds have been identified as candidate carcinogens and the epidemiological, pathological, and chemical data display signs of internal consistency. Feeding experiments with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine have led to animal models that permit a coordinated epidemiological-experimental approach to stomach cancer.", "contents": "Developments in the epidemiology of stomach cancer over the past decade. The history of stomach cancer epidemiology is reviewed. The introduction of migrant population studies in the 1960 decade that described the critical role of exposures to this disease in early life was a key event. Companion pathology studies have indicated different epidemiological patterns for 2 histological entities, intestinal and diffuse type carcinomas, and confirmed an excess of intestinal metaplasia in populations at high risk to stomach cancer. Recent results suggest that epidemiology of stomach cancer can be transformed into the epidemiology of precursor lesions, and introduction of the fiberoptic gastroscope makes technically feasible detailed studies of the relationship of precursor lesions to suspect factors, including diet, in selected geographic areas. Nitroso compounds have been identified as candidate carcinogens and the epidemiological, pathological, and chemical data display signs of internal consistency. Feeding experiments with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine have led to animal models that permit a coordinated epidemiological-experimental approach to stomach cancer.", "PMID": 1104154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_575", "title": "Role of trace elements in cancer.", "content": "The review considers trace elements including fluorine, copper, manganese, zinc, cobalt, chromium, selenium, molybdenum, tin, vanadium, silicon, and nickel from the standpoint of their role as either inhibitory or causative agents of cancer and also the possible use of their assay in biological fluids as diagnostic or prognostic aids in patients with cancer.", "contents": "Role of trace elements in cancer. The review considers trace elements including fluorine, copper, manganese, zinc, cobalt, chromium, selenium, molybdenum, tin, vanadium, silicon, and nickel from the standpoint of their role as either inhibitory or causative agents of cancer and also the possible use of their assay in biological fluids as diagnostic or prognostic aids in patients with cancer.", "PMID": 1104155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_576", "title": "Dietary factors and special epidemiological situations of liver cancer in Thailand and Africa.", "content": "Incidence patterns of primary liver cancer in Swaziland and Uganda have been compared with frequency of contamination of dietary staples by aflatoxins. Geographical regions or tribal groups with elevated cancer incidence were associated with increased frequency of contamination. In further studies, aflatoxin ingestion has been quantitatively measured in populations in Thailand, Kenya, and Mozambique, in subgroups of which the incidence of primary liver cancer varied over a wide range. In each instance, elevated cancer incidence was associated with highest levels of aflatoxin intake. In view of the potency of these compounds as liver carcinogens in many animal species, these data collectively suggest that the aflatoxins are also carcinogenic for man and that regular ingestion of foods heavily contaminated with aflatoxins increases the risk of liver cancer in human populations.", "contents": "Dietary factors and special epidemiological situations of liver cancer in Thailand and Africa. Incidence patterns of primary liver cancer in Swaziland and Uganda have been compared with frequency of contamination of dietary staples by aflatoxins. Geographical regions or tribal groups with elevated cancer incidence were associated with increased frequency of contamination. In further studies, aflatoxin ingestion has been quantitatively measured in populations in Thailand, Kenya, and Mozambique, in subgroups of which the incidence of primary liver cancer varied over a wide range. In each instance, elevated cancer incidence was associated with highest levels of aflatoxin intake. In view of the potency of these compounds as liver carcinogens in many animal species, these data collectively suggest that the aflatoxins are also carcinogenic for man and that regular ingestion of foods heavily contaminated with aflatoxins increases the risk of liver cancer in human populations.", "PMID": 1104156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_577", "title": "Mutagenicity of nitrofurans, nitrothiophenes, nitropyrroles, nitroimidazole, aminothiophenes, and aminothiazoles in Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "Thirty-two heterocyclic compounds, including 24 nitroheterocycles, 7 aminoheterocycles and derivatives, and 1 thiophene lacking a nitro group, were tested for mutagenic activity in Salmonella typhimurium TA 98 and TA 100. All the nitroheterocycles (11 new), including nitrofurans, nitrothiophenes, nitropyrroles, and 1 nitroimidazole, were mutagenic in TA 100; 13 were also mutagenic in TA 98. 5-Nitro-2-furoic acid, a noncarcinogen, was mutagenic in TA 100. Seven carcinogenic nitroheterocycles were mutagenic in both strains. Seven aminoheterocycles (4 new), aminothiophenes and aminothiazole derivatives, and 1 thiophene without a nitro group were not mutagenic. Both TA 98 and TA 100 were uvrB and lacked the ability of excision repair of DNA. Among the 24 mutagenic nitroheterocycles, only 13 compounds exhibited bacterial killing effects, suggesting that more than 1 mechanism may be involved in the interaction of nitroheterocycles with bacterial DNA.", "contents": "Mutagenicity of nitrofurans, nitrothiophenes, nitropyrroles, nitroimidazole, aminothiophenes, and aminothiazoles in Salmonella typhimurium. Thirty-two heterocyclic compounds, including 24 nitroheterocycles, 7 aminoheterocycles and derivatives, and 1 thiophene lacking a nitro group, were tested for mutagenic activity in Salmonella typhimurium TA 98 and TA 100. All the nitroheterocycles (11 new), including nitrofurans, nitrothiophenes, nitropyrroles, and 1 nitroimidazole, were mutagenic in TA 100; 13 were also mutagenic in TA 98. 5-Nitro-2-furoic acid, a noncarcinogen, was mutagenic in TA 100. Seven carcinogenic nitroheterocycles were mutagenic in both strains. Seven aminoheterocycles (4 new), aminothiophenes and aminothiazole derivatives, and 1 thiophene without a nitro group were not mutagenic. Both TA 98 and TA 100 were uvrB and lacked the ability of excision repair of DNA. Among the 24 mutagenic nitroheterocycles, only 13 compounds exhibited bacterial killing effects, suggesting that more than 1 mechanism may be involved in the interaction of nitroheterocycles with bacterial DNA.", "PMID": 1104157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_578", "title": "Increased expression of a normal lymphocyte membrane antigen on chronic lymphatic leukemia cells.", "content": "Rabbit antisera against a 3 M KCl extract from lymphocytes isolated from tonsils were found to detect an antigen of the normal lymphocyte membrane that on chronic lymphatic leukemia cells is increased in quantity. This increase seems to be specific for chronic lymphatic leukemia. A discrepancy was found between the results obtained with complement-dependent techniques and with methods wherein no complement is used. In complement-dependent methods, the antisera showed a much weaker reaction with normal lymphocytes than would be expected from the amount of antigen present, as established by other methods.", "contents": "Increased expression of a normal lymphocyte membrane antigen on chronic lymphatic leukemia cells. Rabbit antisera against a 3 M KCl extract from lymphocytes isolated from tonsils were found to detect an antigen of the normal lymphocyte membrane that on chronic lymphatic leukemia cells is increased in quantity. This increase seems to be specific for chronic lymphatic leukemia. A discrepancy was found between the results obtained with complement-dependent techniques and with methods wherein no complement is used. In complement-dependent methods, the antisera showed a much weaker reaction with normal lymphocytes than would be expected from the amount of antigen present, as established by other methods.", "PMID": 1104158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_579", "title": "The reactivity and carcinogenicity of aflatoxin B1-2,3-dichloride, a model for the putative 2,3-oxide metabolite of aflatoxin B1.", "content": "Aflatoxin B1-2,3-dichloride (AFB1-Cl2) was synthesized as a model for the probable ultimate carcinogen, aflatoxin B1-2,3-oxide. As expected for aflatoxin B1-2,3-oxide, AFB1-Cl2 has an electrophilic carbon 2; it decomposed in water (half-life of 0.5 min in 10% dimethyl sulfoxide, pH 7.4) with the formation of 3-chloro-2,3-dihydro-2-hydroxyaflatoxin B1 and 2,3-dihydro-2,3-dihydroxyaflatoxin B1. AFB1-Cl2 formed covalent adducts with DNA and RNA with retention of one-half of the chlorine; the major products apparently contained glycosidic bonds between carbon 2 of the aflatoxin residues and nitrogen or oxygen atoms in the nucleic acids. Polyguanylic acid was the most reactive homopolymer toward AFB1-Cl2. AFB1-Cl2 was less reactive toward mononucleotides than toward polynucleotides. The major adducts formed on incubation of AFB1-Cl2 with protein contained little chlorine and could have resulted from alkylation of primary amino groups or from reactions with the hydrolysis products. Similarly, incubation of AFB1-Cl2 with amino acids apparently resulted in Schiff base formation between primary amino groups and the dialdehyde rearrangement forms of the hydrolysis products of AFB1-Cl2. AFB1-Cl2 was much more active than aflatoxin B1 in inducing sarcomas at the s.c. injection site in rats, in the initiation of papillomas on the skin of mice, and in the induction of lung tumors in mice. AFB1-Cl2 was also highly mutagenic for Salmonella typhimurium TA 98 and TA 100. Aflatoxin B1 and its 2,3,-dihydro- (aflatoxin B2), 2,3-dihydro-2-hydroxy- (aflatoxin B2a), 2,3-dihydro-2,3-dihydroxy-, and 3-chloro-2,3-dihydro-2-hydroxy- derivatives were inactive in the mutagenicity tests; and the latter four compounds were also inactive as initiators of papillomas of the skin in mice. The structures of the macromolecular adducts of AFB1-Cl2 formed in vitro, the carcinogenicity of this electrophile, and the lack of carcinogenicity of its hydrolysis products indicate that alkylation of nucleic acids is a critical reaction in tumor induction with this carcinogen and aflatoxin B1.", "contents": "The reactivity and carcinogenicity of aflatoxin B1-2,3-dichloride, a model for the putative 2,3-oxide metabolite of aflatoxin B1. Aflatoxin B1-2,3-dichloride (AFB1-Cl2) was synthesized as a model for the probable ultimate carcinogen, aflatoxin B1-2,3-oxide. As expected for aflatoxin B1-2,3-oxide, AFB1-Cl2 has an electrophilic carbon 2; it decomposed in water (half-life of 0.5 min in 10% dimethyl sulfoxide, pH 7.4) with the formation of 3-chloro-2,3-dihydro-2-hydroxyaflatoxin B1 and 2,3-dihydro-2,3-dihydroxyaflatoxin B1. AFB1-Cl2 formed covalent adducts with DNA and RNA with retention of one-half of the chlorine; the major products apparently contained glycosidic bonds between carbon 2 of the aflatoxin residues and nitrogen or oxygen atoms in the nucleic acids. Polyguanylic acid was the most reactive homopolymer toward AFB1-Cl2. AFB1-Cl2 was less reactive toward mononucleotides than toward polynucleotides. The major adducts formed on incubation of AFB1-Cl2 with protein contained little chlorine and could have resulted from alkylation of primary amino groups or from reactions with the hydrolysis products. Similarly, incubation of AFB1-Cl2 with amino acids apparently resulted in Schiff base formation between primary amino groups and the dialdehyde rearrangement forms of the hydrolysis products of AFB1-Cl2. AFB1-Cl2 was much more active than aflatoxin B1 in inducing sarcomas at the s.c. injection site in rats, in the initiation of papillomas on the skin of mice, and in the induction of lung tumors in mice. AFB1-Cl2 was also highly mutagenic for Salmonella typhimurium TA 98 and TA 100. Aflatoxin B1 and its 2,3,-dihydro- (aflatoxin B2), 2,3-dihydro-2-hydroxy- (aflatoxin B2a), 2,3-dihydro-2,3-dihydroxy-, and 3-chloro-2,3-dihydro-2-hydroxy- derivatives were inactive in the mutagenicity tests; and the latter four compounds were also inactive as initiators of papillomas of the skin in mice. The structures of the macromolecular adducts of AFB1-Cl2 formed in vitro, the carcinogenicity of this electrophile, and the lack of carcinogenicity of its hydrolysis products indicate that alkylation of nucleic acids is a critical reaction in tumor induction with this carcinogen and aflatoxin B1.", "PMID": 1104159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_580", "title": "The significance of nonspecific injury for colon carcinogenesis in rats.", "content": "A purse-string suture was put into the rat's cecum to form a \"diverticulum.\" When the thread cut this stitch, the resultant extensive necrotic zone healed for a long time. The presence of a foreign body (ligature) provided a permanent source of injury to the cecal mucosa. The lesions caused an increase in [3H]thymidine-labeled epithelial cells in the adjacent tissue detected by means of microautoradiographs. A postinjury injection of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine resulted in a marked increase in the rate of cecal tumor incidence (from 23 +/- 2.8% under ordinary conditions to 87 +/- 6% and 96 +/- 4% in different experimental series). The rise in tumor incidence following injury may be due to the entry of a greater number of stem cells into the mitotic cycle at which stage they seem to be responsive to carcinogenic influences.", "contents": "The significance of nonspecific injury for colon carcinogenesis in rats. A purse-string suture was put into the rat's cecum to form a \"diverticulum.\" When the thread cut this stitch, the resultant extensive necrotic zone healed for a long time. The presence of a foreign body (ligature) provided a permanent source of injury to the cecal mucosa. The lesions caused an increase in [3H]thymidine-labeled epithelial cells in the adjacent tissue detected by means of microautoradiographs. A postinjury injection of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine resulted in a marked increase in the rate of cecal tumor incidence (from 23 +/- 2.8% under ordinary conditions to 87 +/- 6% and 96 +/- 4% in different experimental series). The rise in tumor incidence following injury may be due to the entry of a greater number of stem cells into the mitotic cycle at which stage they seem to be responsive to carcinogenic influences.", "PMID": 1104160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_581", "title": "Selective cleavage of glycosidic linkages: studies with the polysaccharide component of Shigella dysenteriae type 6 lipopolysaccharide.", "content": "The polysaccharide component obtained from the lipopolysaccharide of Shigella dysenteriae type 6 was subjected to milk hydrolysis with acid, and the products were fractionated on Sephadex G-50. An acidic hexosaminoglycan and a core oligosaccharide fraction were obtained, the former containing D-glucose, D-galactose, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-galactose (in the ratios 1:1:1), and an unidentified acidic component (X). The hexosaminoglycan was N-deacetylated and then hydrolysed and deaminated to give 3-O-(2-amino-2-deoxy-beta-D-galactopyranosyl)-D-galactose (1), identified as the N-acetyl derivative (2), and 2,5-anhydro-3-O-(6-O-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl)talitol (3). On the basis of the structure of 2 and the methylation-analysis data for the polysaccharide and 3, together with that for the determination of linkage configurations by chromic anhydride oxidation, the hexosaminoglycan is considered to have the repeating structure (see article).", "contents": "Selective cleavage of glycosidic linkages: studies with the polysaccharide component of Shigella dysenteriae type 6 lipopolysaccharide. The polysaccharide component obtained from the lipopolysaccharide of Shigella dysenteriae type 6 was subjected to milk hydrolysis with acid, and the products were fractionated on Sephadex G-50. An acidic hexosaminoglycan and a core oligosaccharide fraction were obtained, the former containing D-glucose, D-galactose, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-galactose (in the ratios 1:1:1), and an unidentified acidic component (X). The hexosaminoglycan was N-deacetylated and then hydrolysed and deaminated to give 3-O-(2-amino-2-deoxy-beta-D-galactopyranosyl)-D-galactose (1), identified as the N-acetyl derivative (2), and 2,5-anhydro-3-O-(6-O-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl)talitol (3). On the basis of the structure of 2 and the methylation-analysis data for the polysaccharide and 3, together with that for the determination of linkage configurations by chromic anhydride oxidation, the hexosaminoglycan is considered to have the repeating structure (see article).", "PMID": 1104165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_582", "title": "Applications of echocardiography in acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "Echocardiography has many attributes that are desirable for diagnostic and research studies in acute myocardial infarction patients. It does not alter the physiologic state being evaluated, is relatively inexpensive, and does not interfere with other hospital procedures. For these reasons, the test may be repeated frequently and used to monitor the changes after acute infarction. Useful information about left ventricular volume, diastolic pressure, and segmental wall motion may be obtained. Because echocarciographic estimates of stroke volume, ejection fraction, and velocity of circumferential fiber shortening are based on motion seen in only one \"ice-pick\" view of the heart, it is likely that they will be less reliable in patients with asynergy of contraction. Although a definite diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction cannot be made by echocardiography, abnormalities of wall motion may occur very early and support a clinical impression of infarction. An echocardiogram may also reveal changes suggesting ischemia or infarction (abnormal motion) in patients who have atypical chest pain and no other objective evidence of coronary artery disease.", "contents": "Applications of echocardiography in acute myocardial infarction. Echocardiography has many attributes that are desirable for diagnostic and research studies in acute myocardial infarction patients. It does not alter the physiologic state being evaluated, is relatively inexpensive, and does not interfere with other hospital procedures. For these reasons, the test may be repeated frequently and used to monitor the changes after acute infarction. Useful information about left ventricular volume, diastolic pressure, and segmental wall motion may be obtained. Because echocarciographic estimates of stroke volume, ejection fraction, and velocity of circumferential fiber shortening are based on motion seen in only one \"ice-pick\" view of the heart, it is likely that they will be less reliable in patients with asynergy of contraction. Although a definite diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction cannot be made by echocardiography, abnormalities of wall motion may occur very early and support a clinical impression of infarction. An echocardiogram may also reveal changes suggesting ischemia or infarction (abnormal motion) in patients who have atypical chest pain and no other objective evidence of coronary artery disease.", "PMID": 1104166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_583", "title": "Surgery for impending myocardial infarction, acute evolving myocardial infarction, and complications of myocardial infarction.", "content": "Post-infarction ventricular aneurysm, ventricular septal defect, and mitral insufficiency are all potentially amenable to surgical intervention. In each instance the results of operation and the prognosis following operation depend largely on the extent of infarction, the status of the residual myocardium, and the interval between infarction and operation. When the residual myocardium exhibits good contractility, the results are usually good. When early operation is performed in the face of a deteriorating clinical course and with poorly contracting residual myocardium, the mortality rates are extremely high. In an effort to increase the efficiency of the residual myocardium, concomitant coronary bypass surgery should be performed whenever possible. In this difficult group, more recent supportive measures such as the intra-aortic balloon pump may be particularly helpful when utilized both before and after operation. The surgical indications and results of coronary bypass surgery in impending or acute evolving myocardial infarction are not as well defined, but it is evident that myocardial revascularization may be useful in carefully selected patients.", "contents": "Surgery for impending myocardial infarction, acute evolving myocardial infarction, and complications of myocardial infarction. Post-infarction ventricular aneurysm, ventricular septal defect, and mitral insufficiency are all potentially amenable to surgical intervention. In each instance the results of operation and the prognosis following operation depend largely on the extent of infarction, the status of the residual myocardium, and the interval between infarction and operation. When the residual myocardium exhibits good contractility, the results are usually good. When early operation is performed in the face of a deteriorating clinical course and with poorly contracting residual myocardium, the mortality rates are extremely high. In an effort to increase the efficiency of the residual myocardium, concomitant coronary bypass surgery should be performed whenever possible. In this difficult group, more recent supportive measures such as the intra-aortic balloon pump may be particularly helpful when utilized both before and after operation. The surgical indications and results of coronary bypass surgery in impending or acute evolving myocardial infarction are not as well defined, but it is evident that myocardial revascularization may be useful in carefully selected patients.", "PMID": 1104169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_584", "title": "The acute phase of myocardial infarction.", "content": "During the acute phase of myocardial infarction, two groups of patients are observed. Patients in the first group have no significant complications, and approximately 95 per cent of these patients recover fully without any specific therapy. Patients in the second group may have various complications, some of which are benign, whereas others may lead to a fatal outcome. The complications may be divided into four major types: 1. Cardiac arrhythmias and conduction defects. The tachyarrhythmias and bradyarrhythmias are the most frequently encountered complications in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Tachyarrhythmias include ventricular premature beats, ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, supraventricular tachycardia, atrial flutter, and atrial fibrillation. Bradyarrhythmias include sinus and junctional bradycardia and various degrees of heart block. Those patients who are unable to reach a hospital and die suddenly presumably succumb to ventricular fibrillation. 2. Left ventricular failure and cardiogenic shock. In more than 33 per cent of patients with acute myocardial infarction, a third heart sound and pulmonary rales may be heard. If they are present for only 24 hours, the physical findings may indicate an alteration of left ventricular failure. However, if they persist for a few days and disappear after medical therapy, mild left ventricular failure may be present. About 12 per cent of patients have acute pulmonary edema, and 10 per cent of patients develop cardiogenic shock. These two complications carry a high mortality rate (40 per cent and nearly 100 per cent respectively). 3. Rupture of the heart. Cardiac rupture may occur in the free wall, ventricular septum, and papillary muscles. These complications, although less frequently encountered, cause a number of deaths in patients with acute myocardial infarction. 4. Thromboembolism. Under this category are included pulmonary embolism, systemic arterial embolism, and systemic venous thrombosis.", "contents": "The acute phase of myocardial infarction. During the acute phase of myocardial infarction, two groups of patients are observed. Patients in the first group have no significant complications, and approximately 95 per cent of these patients recover fully without any specific therapy. Patients in the second group may have various complications, some of which are benign, whereas others may lead to a fatal outcome. The complications may be divided into four major types: 1. Cardiac arrhythmias and conduction defects. The tachyarrhythmias and bradyarrhythmias are the most frequently encountered complications in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Tachyarrhythmias include ventricular premature beats, ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, supraventricular tachycardia, atrial flutter, and atrial fibrillation. Bradyarrhythmias include sinus and junctional bradycardia and various degrees of heart block. Those patients who are unable to reach a hospital and die suddenly presumably succumb to ventricular fibrillation. 2. Left ventricular failure and cardiogenic shock. In more than 33 per cent of patients with acute myocardial infarction, a third heart sound and pulmonary rales may be heard. If they are present for only 24 hours, the physical findings may indicate an alteration of left ventricular failure. However, if they persist for a few days and disappear after medical therapy, mild left ventricular failure may be present. About 12 per cent of patients have acute pulmonary edema, and 10 per cent of patients develop cardiogenic shock. These two complications carry a high mortality rate (40 per cent and nearly 100 per cent respectively). 3. Rupture of the heart. Cardiac rupture may occur in the free wall, ventricular septum, and papillary muscles. These complications, although less frequently encountered, cause a number of deaths in patients with acute myocardial infarction. 4. Thromboembolism. Under this category are included pulmonary embolism, systemic arterial embolism, and systemic venous thrombosis.", "PMID": 1104171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_585", "title": "Hemodynamic monitoring in acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "Hemodynamic monitoring is necessary to assess the state of ventricular performance following myocardial infarction. The methods employed require the insertion of a pulmonary artery catheter and an arterial cannula. With the information obtained thereby, appropriate therapeutic modalities may then be instituted. Hemodynamic monitoring techniques are also invaluable in the diagnosis of mitral regurgitation or ventricular septal defects complicating myocardial infarction.", "contents": "Hemodynamic monitoring in acute myocardial infarction. Hemodynamic monitoring is necessary to assess the state of ventricular performance following myocardial infarction. The methods employed require the insertion of a pulmonary artery catheter and an arterial cannula. With the information obtained thereby, appropriate therapeutic modalities may then be instituted. Hemodynamic monitoring techniques are also invaluable in the diagnosis of mitral regurgitation or ventricular septal defects complicating myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 1104173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_586", "title": "Dynamics of tissue distribution of radiopotassium as affected by simulated differences in regional extraction.", "content": "Simulation of tissue uptake and release of radiopotassium with a digital computer shows that tissue distribution of this diffusible indicator of regional blood flow will be essentially static during recirculation of the isotope despite large differences in regional extractions. Thus, the widely accepted view that static distribution results from homogeneous extractions may be invalid.", "contents": "Dynamics of tissue distribution of radiopotassium as affected by simulated differences in regional extraction. Simulation of tissue uptake and release of radiopotassium with a digital computer shows that tissue distribution of this diffusible indicator of regional blood flow will be essentially static during recirculation of the isotope despite large differences in regional extractions. Thus, the widely accepted view that static distribution results from homogeneous extractions may be invalid.", "PMID": 1104175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_587", "title": "The duration of aldehyde fixation as a \"flattening factor\" of synaptic vesicles.", "content": "Synaptic vesicle flattening can be induced in the excitatory mossy fibre endings of the rat cerebellum by prolonged immersion in aldehyde during fixation (with or without perfusion). The flattening is found in a greater percentage of vesicles if perfusion has been omitted before the prolonged immersion. This is discussed in relation to the various other factors that are thought to cause flattening and the important problem of the classification of different types of synapse.", "contents": "The duration of aldehyde fixation as a \"flattening factor\" of synaptic vesicles. Synaptic vesicle flattening can be induced in the excitatory mossy fibre endings of the rat cerebellum by prolonged immersion in aldehyde during fixation (with or without perfusion). The flattening is found in a greater percentage of vesicles if perfusion has been omitted before the prolonged immersion. This is discussed in relation to the various other factors that are thought to cause flattening and the important problem of the classification of different types of synapse.", "PMID": 1104183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_588", "title": "Variations of mitotic activity in the adenohypophysis of male rats during a 24-hour cycle.", "content": "The mitotic activity in the adenohypophysis of male rats during a 24 hours' cycle has been studied at the time of the spring equinox. The animals were killed by perfusion of fixative. The mitotic activity seems to be the combination of two elements: a relatively low and nearly constant activity with two peaks of high activity. The first one takes place at 6 o'clock (local time) with an index reaching 4.25; the second one occurs at 11 o'clock (local time) and its index is 2.09. The afternoon activity is weak with an average index of 0.56 between 1 p.m. and 9 p.m. The results are analyzed, discussed and compared with other results observed in different organs.", "contents": "Variations of mitotic activity in the adenohypophysis of male rats during a 24-hour cycle. The mitotic activity in the adenohypophysis of male rats during a 24 hours' cycle has been studied at the time of the spring equinox. The animals were killed by perfusion of fixative. The mitotic activity seems to be the combination of two elements: a relatively low and nearly constant activity with two peaks of high activity. The first one takes place at 6 o'clock (local time) with an index reaching 4.25; the second one occurs at 11 o'clock (local time) and its index is 2.09. The afternoon activity is weak with an average index of 0.56 between 1 p.m. and 9 p.m. The results are analyzed, discussed and compared with other results observed in different organs.", "PMID": 1104184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_589", "title": "Fine structural distribution of microtubules in pancreatic B cells of the rat.", "content": "The distribution of microtubules has been studied in pancreatic B cells of normal rats and in animals infused with glucose for various periods of time. An array of microtubules extends from the outer nuclear membrane to the plasma membrane coursing in all directions of the cytoplasmic space. Microtubules are found between profiles of the endoplasmic reticulum, cisternae of the Golgi complex and in close proximity to mitochondria and secretion granules. Insertion of microtubules in the plasma membrane is best studied in tangential sections through the plane of the membrane, the fixation of microtubules might involve microfilaments and desmosomes. The possible role of microtubules in the different phases of the secretory process is discussed.", "contents": "Fine structural distribution of microtubules in pancreatic B cells of the rat. The distribution of microtubules has been studied in pancreatic B cells of normal rats and in animals infused with glucose for various periods of time. An array of microtubules extends from the outer nuclear membrane to the plasma membrane coursing in all directions of the cytoplasmic space. Microtubules are found between profiles of the endoplasmic reticulum, cisternae of the Golgi complex and in close proximity to mitochondria and secretion granules. Insertion of microtubules in the plasma membrane is best studied in tangential sections through the plane of the membrane, the fixation of microtubules might involve microfilaments and desmosomes. The possible role of microtubules in the different phases of the secretory process is discussed.", "PMID": 1104185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_590", "title": "Absence of \"epitheloid cells\" in AV-anastomoses (AVA) for electron microscopy.", "content": "AV-anastomoses were studied in rabbit auricles. After perfusion-fixation with glutaraldehyde and post-osmication AV-anastomoses are to be identified only when serial sections are analyzed. \"Epitheloid cells\" were not seen in the walls of the anastomosing segments.", "contents": "Absence of \"epitheloid cells\" in AV-anastomoses (AVA) for electron microscopy. AV-anastomoses were studied in rabbit auricles. After perfusion-fixation with glutaraldehyde and post-osmication AV-anastomoses are to be identified only when serial sections are analyzed. \"Epitheloid cells\" were not seen in the walls of the anastomosing segments.", "PMID": 1104186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_591", "title": "[Syphilitic lymphadenitis].", "content": "The authors subjected to histological examination a total of 38 inguinal lymph nodes from 35 patients. In 34 instances recent acquired syphilis was involved in one instance tertiary syphilis. The disease was in all patients confirmed by clinical examination, by evidence of Treponema pallidum in the luetic ulcer of the primary stage or in condylomas of the secondary stage and on serological examination by a positive BWR in blood or a positive TPI test.  In three instances the histological finding in the lymph node was originally erroneously interpreted as a haemoblastoma. In two other patients the histological finding in the lymph nodes drew attention to syphilis, which before has escaped clinical diagnosis. The histological picture of syphilitic lymphadenitis in the early stage of the disease is characterized by perilymhadenitis, hyperplasia of the germ centres, proliferation of reticular cells and plasma cells and often also eosinophil cells. The finding of specific structures is rare. Vasculitis is always present. In half the patients by Warthin-Starry's method treponemas were detected.", "contents": "[Syphilitic lymphadenitis]. The authors subjected to histological examination a total of 38 inguinal lymph nodes from 35 patients. In 34 instances recent acquired syphilis was involved in one instance tertiary syphilis. The disease was in all patients confirmed by clinical examination, by evidence of Treponema pallidum in the luetic ulcer of the primary stage or in condylomas of the secondary stage and on serological examination by a positive BWR in blood or a positive TPI test.  In three instances the histological finding in the lymph node was originally erroneously interpreted as a haemoblastoma. In two other patients the histological finding in the lymph nodes drew attention to syphilis, which before has escaped clinical diagnosis. The histological picture of syphilitic lymphadenitis in the early stage of the disease is characterized by perilymhadenitis, hyperplasia of the germ centres, proliferation of reticular cells and plasma cells and often also eosinophil cells. The finding of specific structures is rare. Vasculitis is always present. In half the patients by Warthin-Starry's method treponemas were detected.", "PMID": 1104203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_592", "title": "The orthomolecular treatment of cancer. III. Reticulum cell sarcoma: double complete regression induced by high-dose ascorbic acid therapy.", "content": "The response of a patient with histologically proven reticulum cell sarcoma to no treatment other than large doses of ascorbic acid is described. At the time of first diagnosis, the disease was widely disseminated, and a very dramatic regression of all parameters of disease activity was induced by the continuous administration of large doses of ascorbic acid. Reduction in dosage some months later coincided with reactivation of the disease process. The reinstitution of regular high-dose ascorbic acid therapy induced a second complete remission. The case report is illustrated by serial radiographs. The significance of the therapeutic response is briefly discussed in relation to general schemes of cancer management.", "contents": "The orthomolecular treatment of cancer. III. Reticulum cell sarcoma: double complete regression induced by high-dose ascorbic acid therapy. The response of a patient with histologically proven reticulum cell sarcoma to no treatment other than large doses of ascorbic acid is described. At the time of first diagnosis, the disease was widely disseminated, and a very dramatic regression of all parameters of disease activity was induced by the continuous administration of large doses of ascorbic acid. Reduction in dosage some months later coincided with reactivation of the disease process. The reinstitution of regular high-dose ascorbic acid therapy induced a second complete remission. The case report is illustrated by serial radiographs. The significance of the therapeutic response is briefly discussed in relation to general schemes of cancer management.", "PMID": 1104207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_593", "title": "Mutagenic activity of platinum and ruthenium complexes.", "content": "cis-Dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) [cis-PtCl2(NH3)2] and dichlorotetrakis (dis-methylsulfoxide) ruthenium(II) [RuCl2(DMSO)4] have been tested as mutagens for strains of Salmonella typhimurium carrying the hisG46 missense mutation. Their activity, which has been compared with the activity of mitomycin C, depends on the presence in the test bacteria of the pKM101 plasmid and is affected in various ways by the function of the excision repair system. More precisely, mitomycin C is mutagenic only for strains with an intact uvr system. cis-PtCl2(NH3)2 and RuCl2(DMSO)4 are mutagens both for uvrB and uvr+ strains, but cis-PtCl2(NH3)2 is more active on the latter, while the converse is true for RuCl2(DMSO)4. It seems, therefore, that each drug interacts with DNA by a different mechanism.", "contents": "Mutagenic activity of platinum and ruthenium complexes. cis-Dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) [cis-PtCl2(NH3)2] and dichlorotetrakis (dis-methylsulfoxide) ruthenium(II) [RuCl2(DMSO)4] have been tested as mutagens for strains of Salmonella typhimurium carrying the hisG46 missense mutation. Their activity, which has been compared with the activity of mitomycin C, depends on the presence in the test bacteria of the pKM101 plasmid and is affected in various ways by the function of the excision repair system. More precisely, mitomycin C is mutagenic only for strains with an intact uvr system. cis-PtCl2(NH3)2 and RuCl2(DMSO)4 are mutagens both for uvrB and uvr+ strains, but cis-PtCl2(NH3)2 is more active on the latter, while the converse is true for RuCl2(DMSO)4. It seems, therefore, that each drug interacts with DNA by a different mechanism.", "PMID": 1104208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_594", "title": "Immunofluorescence method for detecting anti-myocardial antibodies, and its use in diagnosing heart disease.", "content": "Demonstration of autoimmune antibodies to myocardial tissue enables one to detect and assess cardiac disease long after abnormalities in serum enzyme activities are no longer measurable. We describe and indirect immunofluorescence procedure in which cryostat sections of rat heart (ventricle) and Evan's Blue counterstaining are used to detect anti-myocardial antibodies. Sena from patients with myocardial infarct or some other cardiac diseases reveal a distinct fluorescent staining of the sarcolemmal membrane. In contrast, sera from patients with systemic lupus erythematosis demonstrate nuclear plus diffuse staining and sera from myasthenia gravis patients show a characteristic striated staining pattern. The role of anti-myocardial antibodies in cardiac disease is discussed briefly.", "contents": "Immunofluorescence method for detecting anti-myocardial antibodies, and its use in diagnosing heart disease. Demonstration of autoimmune antibodies to myocardial tissue enables one to detect and assess cardiac disease long after abnormalities in serum enzyme activities are no longer measurable. We describe and indirect immunofluorescence procedure in which cryostat sections of rat heart (ventricle) and Evan's Blue counterstaining are used to detect anti-myocardial antibodies. Sena from patients with myocardial infarct or some other cardiac diseases reveal a distinct fluorescent staining of the sarcolemmal membrane. In contrast, sera from patients with systemic lupus erythematosis demonstrate nuclear plus diffuse staining and sera from myasthenia gravis patients show a characteristic striated staining pattern. The role of anti-myocardial antibodies in cardiac disease is discussed briefly.", "PMID": 1104214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_595", "title": "[Digestive salmonellosis in South Vietnam].", "content": "During the period January 1969 through October 1973, rectal swabs from 13,947 diarrhea patients of all ages at infectious disease hospital and children hospital in Saigon were examined. From these specimens 610 strains of Salmonella of all group were isolated. A total of 46 serologic types were encounted. The most commonly encounted were S. paratyphi B, S. java and S. typhimurium (group B). Most of Salmonella isolated were obtained from adult gastroenteritis. We have also studied the possible relation between human and animal salmonellosis. The rodents trapped from different aera in Saigon, fish and clams collected from different markets were examined by bacteriological surveys. From these specimens, 42 strains of Salmonella were isolated for a 2,2 percent isolation rate. Our study showed that Salmonella types which were isolated frequently from animal were encounted in man.", "contents": "[Digestive salmonellosis in South Vietnam]. During the period January 1969 through October 1973, rectal swabs from 13,947 diarrhea patients of all ages at infectious disease hospital and children hospital in Saigon were examined. From these specimens 610 strains of Salmonella of all group were isolated. A total of 46 serologic types were encounted. The most commonly encounted were S. paratyphi B, S. java and S. typhimurium (group B). Most of Salmonella isolated were obtained from adult gastroenteritis. We have also studied the possible relation between human and animal salmonellosis. The rodents trapped from different aera in Saigon, fish and clams collected from different markets were examined by bacteriological surveys. From these specimens, 42 strains of Salmonella were isolated for a 2,2 percent isolation rate. Our study showed that Salmonella types which were isolated frequently from animal were encounted in man.", "PMID": 1104211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_596", "title": "[Effects of a unique dose of mebendazole on microfilaremia in 50 carriers of microfilaria of Wuchereria bancrofti, pacifica variety].", "content": "Treatment by Mebendazol were given to 50 patients divided in 3 groups, the first on having s single dose of 200 mg., the second one a single dose of 300 mg. and the last one a single dose of 400 mg. There was practically no unpleasant side effect. We noticed a delayed but notable effect on microfilaremia sensibly lower than diethylcarbamazine action in similar conditions. It would be interesting to try heavier doses or iterative doses.", "contents": "[Effects of a unique dose of mebendazole on microfilaremia in 50 carriers of microfilaria of Wuchereria bancrofti, pacifica variety]. Treatment by Mebendazol were given to 50 patients divided in 3 groups, the first on having s single dose of 200 mg., the second one a single dose of 300 mg. and the last one a single dose of 400 mg. There was practically no unpleasant side effect. We noticed a delayed but notable effect on microfilaremia sensibly lower than diethylcarbamazine action in similar conditions. It would be interesting to try heavier doses or iterative doses.", "PMID": 1104212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_597", "title": "Metabolic responses to monocomponent human insulin infusions in normal subjects and patients with liver and endocrine disease.", "content": "Hypoglycaemic and growth hormone responses were studied at different steady-state plasma insulin concentrations during a graded infusion of monocomponent human insulin. The control group consisted of ten volunteer subjects. The other groups studied included women taking oral contraceptives and patients with obesity, thyrotoxicosis, myxoedema, acromegaly, diabetes mellitus (moderate and severe) and liver disease. The hypoglycaemic response was measured in two ways: (i) the percentage reduction in plasma glucose below basal, and (ii) the rate of fall of plasma glucose (Kg-%/min). Insulin sensitivity was greatest in the normal subjects and in the other groups decreased in the order thyrotoxicosis greater than oral contraceptive greater than obesity greater than myxoedema greater than acromegaly greater than liver disease. Insulin sensitivity was difficult to assess in the diabetic patients because basal plasma glucose concentrations were elevated. At any given insulin concentration, the diabetics metabolized approximately the same amount of glucose as the normal subjects but the fact that this rate of glucose turnover occurred at higher plasma glucose concentrations probably indicated insulin resistance. Within each group Kg at each dose level of insulin correlated with the steady state plasma insulin concentration during the same infusion period. Diminishing sensitivity to insulin was reflected in an increasing fasting plasma insulin and insulin/glucose ratio except in patients with diabetes. GH responses to insulin infusion in normal subjects reflected the pattern of fall of plasma glucose. In the diabetic patients GH secretion appeared to be related to the infusion of insulin and occurred before plasma glucose had fallen to hypoglycaemic levels. GH secretory patterns were within normal limits in women taking oral contraceptives and in seven of eleven patients with liver disease but were impaired in three of seven patients with thyrotoxicosis and four of five patients with myxoedema. Four obese patients had a markedly delayed but eventually normal GH response.", "contents": "Metabolic responses to monocomponent human insulin infusions in normal subjects and patients with liver and endocrine disease. Hypoglycaemic and growth hormone responses were studied at different steady-state plasma insulin concentrations during a graded infusion of monocomponent human insulin. The control group consisted of ten volunteer subjects. The other groups studied included women taking oral contraceptives and patients with obesity, thyrotoxicosis, myxoedema, acromegaly, diabetes mellitus (moderate and severe) and liver disease. The hypoglycaemic response was measured in two ways: (i) the percentage reduction in plasma glucose below basal, and (ii) the rate of fall of plasma glucose (Kg-%/min). Insulin sensitivity was greatest in the normal subjects and in the other groups decreased in the order thyrotoxicosis greater than oral contraceptive greater than obesity greater than myxoedema greater than acromegaly greater than liver disease. Insulin sensitivity was difficult to assess in the diabetic patients because basal plasma glucose concentrations were elevated. At any given insulin concentration, the diabetics metabolized approximately the same amount of glucose as the normal subjects but the fact that this rate of glucose turnover occurred at higher plasma glucose concentrations probably indicated insulin resistance. Within each group Kg at each dose level of insulin correlated with the steady state plasma insulin concentration during the same infusion period. Diminishing sensitivity to insulin was reflected in an increasing fasting plasma insulin and insulin/glucose ratio except in patients with diabetes. GH responses to insulin infusion in normal subjects reflected the pattern of fall of plasma glucose. In the diabetic patients GH secretion appeared to be related to the infusion of insulin and occurred before plasma glucose had fallen to hypoglycaemic levels. GH secretory patterns were within normal limits in women taking oral contraceptives and in seven of eleven patients with liver disease but were impaired in three of seven patients with thyrotoxicosis and four of five patients with myxoedema. Four obese patients had a markedly delayed but eventually normal GH response.", "PMID": 1104216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_598", "title": "The HCG stimulation test in men with testicular disorders.", "content": "The rise in plasma testosterone levels following stimulation with human chorionic gonadotrophin (3000 i.u./day for 4 days) has been used as a test of interstitial cell function in normal men and men with testicular disorders. The large majority of patients with testicular disorders resulting in infertility, showed a subnormal testosterone response to stimulation. The most marked impairment was noted in those patients with the biopsy appearance of germinal cell arrest and Sertoli cell only syndrome.", "contents": "The HCG stimulation test in men with testicular disorders. The rise in plasma testosterone levels following stimulation with human chorionic gonadotrophin (3000 i.u./day for 4 days) has been used as a test of interstitial cell function in normal men and men with testicular disorders. The large majority of patients with testicular disorders resulting in infertility, showed a subnormal testosterone response to stimulation. The most marked impairment was noted in those patients with the biopsy appearance of germinal cell arrest and Sertoli cell only syndrome.", "PMID": 1104217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_599", "title": "Incidence and significance of hyperprolactinaemia in women with amenorrhea.", "content": "Serum prolactin and gonadotrophin concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay in 106 women with amenorrhoea. Prolactin was normal in those with weight related disorders, primary ovarian failure, those with a variety of systemic diseases and in those in whom amenorrhoea followed treatment with the oral contraceptive and in unexplained primary amenorrhoea. Gonadotrophin concentrations in the above patients were normal except in those with primary ovarian failure. Prolactin was elevated in eight of forty patients (20%) with functional secondary amenorrhoea and was greatly raised in all but one of the thirteen women in this series with pituitary tumours (five of whom were studied only after treatment). Only three patients in each of the last two groups had galactorrhoea. Gonadotrophin levels were normal or slightly raised in all of the hyperprolactinaemic patients apart from those studied after hypophysectomy. Four hyperprolactinaemic patients (three with pituitary tumours and one with functional amenorrhoea) who did not have galactorrhoea have been treated with bromocriptine. Prolactin secretion was reduced in all patients and, in the two with normal gonadotrophins, ovulatory menstruation was resumed. One became pregnant in the second ovulation cycle after starting treatment. We conclude that, despite the rarity of galactorrhoea, hyperprolactinaemia is common in patients with functional amenorrhoea and in those with pituitary tumours. Treatment with bromocriptine in patients with normal gonadotrophins restores ovulation when the infertility is due to prolactin excess.", "contents": "Incidence and significance of hyperprolactinaemia in women with amenorrhea. Serum prolactin and gonadotrophin concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay in 106 women with amenorrhoea. Prolactin was normal in those with weight related disorders, primary ovarian failure, those with a variety of systemic diseases and in those in whom amenorrhoea followed treatment with the oral contraceptive and in unexplained primary amenorrhoea. Gonadotrophin concentrations in the above patients were normal except in those with primary ovarian failure. Prolactin was elevated in eight of forty patients (20%) with functional secondary amenorrhoea and was greatly raised in all but one of the thirteen women in this series with pituitary tumours (five of whom were studied only after treatment). Only three patients in each of the last two groups had galactorrhoea. Gonadotrophin levels were normal or slightly raised in all of the hyperprolactinaemic patients apart from those studied after hypophysectomy. Four hyperprolactinaemic patients (three with pituitary tumours and one with functional amenorrhoea) who did not have galactorrhoea have been treated with bromocriptine. Prolactin secretion was reduced in all patients and, in the two with normal gonadotrophins, ovulatory menstruation was resumed. One became pregnant in the second ovulation cycle after starting treatment. We conclude that, despite the rarity of galactorrhoea, hyperprolactinaemia is common in patients with functional amenorrhoea and in those with pituitary tumours. Treatment with bromocriptine in patients with normal gonadotrophins restores ovulation when the infertility is due to prolactin excess.", "PMID": 1104218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_600", "title": "Experimental renal hypertension.", "content": "The study of hypertension resulting from procedures devised to modify renal function in diverse ways has been pursued intensively in the past forty years and has contributed greatly to the understanding of hypertensive processes in man. Such procedures have included partial or complete removal of renal tissue, interference with the renal circulation and the administration of sodium and hormones promoting the tubular reabsorption of sodium. From all these studies, certain basic conclusions can be drawn. The fundamental mechanism involved in all forms of renal hypertension appears to be an alternation in the relationship between renal perfusion pressure and sodium and water excretion. The probable way in which this fundamental mechanism operates is outlined. The kidney itself is susceptible to the effects of hypertension and changes take place within it which then contribute a renal element to the hypertension whatever its primary cause.", "contents": "Experimental renal hypertension. The study of hypertension resulting from procedures devised to modify renal function in diverse ways has been pursued intensively in the past forty years and has contributed greatly to the understanding of hypertensive processes in man. Such procedures have included partial or complete removal of renal tissue, interference with the renal circulation and the administration of sodium and hormones promoting the tubular reabsorption of sodium. From all these studies, certain basic conclusions can be drawn. The fundamental mechanism involved in all forms of renal hypertension appears to be an alternation in the relationship between renal perfusion pressure and sodium and water excretion. The probable way in which this fundamental mechanism operates is outlined. The kidney itself is susceptible to the effects of hypertension and changes take place within it which then contribute a renal element to the hypertension whatever its primary cause.", "PMID": 1104232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_601", "title": "The place of renin in the mechanism of hypertension in chronic renal disease.", "content": "The history of the development of ideas on the cause of renal hypertension is first discussed. Growth of knowledge of renin and angiotensin from 1898 to the present is shown to depend upon better and more specific assays for each part of the system, which has enabled knowledge of the role of the renin-angiotensin system in various forms of hypertension to be assessed accurately. The difficulties of assessing varying levels in relation to their biological effect is stressed and the importance of the use of blockers of both renin and angiotensin is shown to mark a very large advance in the study of various forms of renal hypertension where there is a complicated relationship, still ill-defined, between renin, angiotensin, sodium and body fluid volumes.", "contents": "The place of renin in the mechanism of hypertension in chronic renal disease. The history of the development of ideas on the cause of renal hypertension is first discussed. Growth of knowledge of renin and angiotensin from 1898 to the present is shown to depend upon better and more specific assays for each part of the system, which has enabled knowledge of the role of the renin-angiotensin system in various forms of hypertension to be assessed accurately. The difficulties of assessing varying levels in relation to their biological effect is stressed and the importance of the use of blockers of both renin and angiotensin is shown to mark a very large advance in the study of various forms of renal hypertension where there is a complicated relationship, still ill-defined, between renin, angiotensin, sodium and body fluid volumes.", "PMID": 1104233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_602", "title": "Prostaglandins and hypertension in chronic renal diseases.", "content": "The role of prostaglandin A (PG A) in the pathogenesis of renal hypertension has been studied. The concentration of endogenous PG A was measured in the peripheral plasma by radioimmunoassay in patients with chronic renal disease and in control subjects. The mean plasma concentration of PG A1 equivalents was as follows: 1. normotensive healthy volunteers (n=23): 115 +/- 15 pg/ml 2. patients in terminal renal failure on regular hemodialysis a) anephric patients (n=6): 51+/- 21 pg/ml b) patients retaining their own kidneys, all but one with hypertension (n=9): 231 +/- 51 pg/ml (P less than 0.01 versus control) 3. patients with chronic renal disease a) with hypertension (n=7): 204 +/- 60 pg/ml (P less than 0.01 versus control) b) without hypertension (n=11): 136 +/- 30 pg/ml. Renal hypertension was associated with high levels of PG A in peripheral blood. This increase is probably a secondary adaptative mechanism for the excretion of a greater fraction of the glomerular filtrate at a lower blood pressure. PG A may represent a circulating \"antihypertensive hormones\".", "contents": "Prostaglandins and hypertension in chronic renal diseases. The role of prostaglandin A (PG A) in the pathogenesis of renal hypertension has been studied. The concentration of endogenous PG A was measured in the peripheral plasma by radioimmunoassay in patients with chronic renal disease and in control subjects. The mean plasma concentration of PG A1 equivalents was as follows: 1. normotensive healthy volunteers (n=23): 115 +/- 15 pg/ml 2. patients in terminal renal failure on regular hemodialysis a) anephric patients (n=6): 51+/- 21 pg/ml b) patients retaining their own kidneys, all but one with hypertension (n=9): 231 +/- 51 pg/ml (P less than 0.01 versus control) 3. patients with chronic renal disease a) with hypertension (n=7): 204 +/- 60 pg/ml (P less than 0.01 versus control) b) without hypertension (n=11): 136 +/- 30 pg/ml. Renal hypertension was associated with high levels of PG A in peripheral blood. This increase is probably a secondary adaptative mechanism for the excretion of a greater fraction of the glomerular filtrate at a lower blood pressure. PG A may represent a circulating \"antihypertensive hormones\".", "PMID": 1104234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_603", "title": "Comparison of erythromycin ethyl succinate, stearate and estolate treatments of group A streptococcal infections of the upper respiratory tract.", "content": "The microbiologic and clinical responses of acute Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal infections of the upper respiratory tract to oral treatment with erythromycin ethyl succinate, stearate, and estolate were studied in 303 patients. Streptococcal M and T typing was done on all positive cultures. The overall cure rate was 95.4 per cent, with no statistically significant differences in clearing organisms from the pharynx. Of the 285 cured patients who completed the prescribed follow-up period, 11 had recurrences between the 12th and 31st day after initiation of therapy, and five developed new infections. No cases of rheumatic fever or glomerulonephritis were encountered during a follow-up study. Eight gastrointestinal reactions and one transient rash occurred. Results with these forms of erythromycin compare favorably with published results for similar infections treated with oral penicillins.", "contents": "Comparison of erythromycin ethyl succinate, stearate and estolate treatments of group A streptococcal infections of the upper respiratory tract. The microbiologic and clinical responses of acute Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal infections of the upper respiratory tract to oral treatment with erythromycin ethyl succinate, stearate, and estolate were studied in 303 patients. Streptococcal M and T typing was done on all positive cultures. The overall cure rate was 95.4 per cent, with no statistically significant differences in clearing organisms from the pharynx. Of the 285 cured patients who completed the prescribed follow-up period, 11 had recurrences between the 12th and 31st day after initiation of therapy, and five developed new infections. No cases of rheumatic fever or glomerulonephritis were encountered during a follow-up study. Eight gastrointestinal reactions and one transient rash occurred. Results with these forms of erythromycin compare favorably with published results for similar infections treated with oral penicillins.", "PMID": 1104241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_604", "title": "Acinic cell cancers of the parotid gland in children. Comments based on two affected girls.", "content": "Analysis of the literature and our own experiences with two pediatric cases of salivary gland tumors have yielded the following information: 1) under the age of five years, nearly all parotid tumors are mesenchymal in origin; 2) malignant tumors of the parotid during childhood occur much more often in girls than in boys; 3) mucoepidermoid carcinoma is the most common salivary gland malignancy in children; 4) the second next most common is of the undifferentiated variety; 5) acinic cell carcinoma, in general, represent fewer than 3 per cent of all salivary gland tumors, and two-thirds of these occur in females. Lymph node metastasis is rare, recurrence being usually local or blood borne; 6) Acinic cell carcinoma are rare in childhood. They are not highly malignant, yet capable of killing. Local recurrences are frequent. The best primary treatment would appear to be complete surgical excision. Blood borne metastases may develop more than 20 years after initial treatment.", "contents": "Acinic cell cancers of the parotid gland in children. Comments based on two affected girls. Analysis of the literature and our own experiences with two pediatric cases of salivary gland tumors have yielded the following information: 1) under the age of five years, nearly all parotid tumors are mesenchymal in origin; 2) malignant tumors of the parotid during childhood occur much more often in girls than in boys; 3) mucoepidermoid carcinoma is the most common salivary gland malignancy in children; 4) the second next most common is of the undifferentiated variety; 5) acinic cell carcinoma, in general, represent fewer than 3 per cent of all salivary gland tumors, and two-thirds of these occur in females. Lymph node metastasis is rare, recurrence being usually local or blood borne; 6) Acinic cell carcinoma are rare in childhood. They are not highly malignant, yet capable of killing. Local recurrences are frequent. The best primary treatment would appear to be complete surgical excision. Blood borne metastases may develop more than 20 years after initial treatment.", "PMID": 1104242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_605", "title": "The definition of radiological signs in gastric ulcer and assessment of their validity by inter-observer variation study.", "content": "The initial aim was to program a computer with information on the frequency of radiological signs in benign and malignant gastric ulcers in order to obtain a percentage probability of benignancy or malignancy in succeeding ulcers in clinical practice. However, only four of the many signs described in gastric ulcer were confirmed to be of validity (i.e. reliable existence) by an inter-observer variation study using two observers and the films from 69 barium meal examinations. These were projection or non-projection of the in-profile ulcer, presence or absence of adjacent mucosal folds, good or poor definition of the in-face ulcer's edge, and extension of radiating folds to the in-face ulcer's edge. A few more remained unassessed due to insufficient numbers of relevant cases. It is condluced that: as defined in the literature the majority of radiological signs in this field are of uncertain existence; and the four that were found to be valid do not fully describe the important appearances that may be seen in benign and malignant ulcers and would be inadequate to differentiate them to a sufficiently high degree of probability.", "contents": "The definition of radiological signs in gastric ulcer and assessment of their validity by inter-observer variation study. The initial aim was to program a computer with information on the frequency of radiological signs in benign and malignant gastric ulcers in order to obtain a percentage probability of benignancy or malignancy in succeeding ulcers in clinical practice. However, only four of the many signs described in gastric ulcer were confirmed to be of validity (i.e. reliable existence) by an inter-observer variation study using two observers and the films from 69 barium meal examinations. These were projection or non-projection of the in-profile ulcer, presence or absence of adjacent mucosal folds, good or poor definition of the in-face ulcer's edge, and extension of radiating folds to the in-face ulcer's edge. A few more remained unassessed due to insufficient numbers of relevant cases. It is condluced that: as defined in the literature the majority of radiological signs in this field are of uncertain existence; and the four that were found to be valid do not fully describe the important appearances that may be seen in benign and malignant ulcers and would be inadequate to differentiate them to a sufficiently high degree of probability.", "PMID": 1104243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_606", "title": "Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma presenting with osseous lesions.", "content": "Eight cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma presenting with bone symptoms are reported. The radiological appearances of these tumours are described. The importance of radiology in differentiating a primary lymphoma of bone from a lymphoma arising from other organs which has subsequently metastasised to the skeleton is briefly discussed.", "contents": "Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma presenting with osseous lesions. Eight cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma presenting with bone symptoms are reported. The radiological appearances of these tumours are described. The importance of radiology in differentiating a primary lymphoma of bone from a lymphoma arising from other organs which has subsequently metastasised to the skeleton is briefly discussed.", "PMID": 1104244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_607", "title": "Compartmental syndromes in which the skin is the limiting boundary.", "content": "Following closed fasciotomy, skin may become the limiting boundary of extremity swelling. The resulting increase in pressure within the limb may threaten its survival. Realizing this potential complications, we reserve closed fasciotomy for those cases in which only moderate swelling is anticipated. Following this procedure the patient is observed closely for evidence that decompression dermotomy is indicated. Patients in whom severe swelling is present or anticipated are treated with fasciotomy and primary dermotomy. Wounds are closed by either primary or delayed skin graft. This approach has proven useful in the management of traumatized or vascularly embarrassed limbs in which swelling may compromise extremity viability.", "contents": "Compartmental syndromes in which the skin is the limiting boundary. Following closed fasciotomy, skin may become the limiting boundary of extremity swelling. The resulting increase in pressure within the limb may threaten its survival. Realizing this potential complications, we reserve closed fasciotomy for those cases in which only moderate swelling is anticipated. Following this procedure the patient is observed closely for evidence that decompression dermotomy is indicated. Patients in whom severe swelling is present or anticipated are treated with fasciotomy and primary dermotomy. Wounds are closed by either primary or delayed skin graft. This approach has proven useful in the management of traumatized or vascularly embarrassed limbs in which swelling may compromise extremity viability.", "PMID": 1104239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_608", "title": "Effects of metiamide on the human stomach.", "content": "1. The effect of metiamide on gastric acidity in man has been studied. Solutions of hydrochloric acid or glucose were instilled into the stomach and the subsequent rates of gastric secretion and emptying, and the disappearance of acid within the stomach, were measured. 2. Metiamide inhibited the gastric secretory response to the instilled acid and glucose solutions but did not change the overall pattern of emptying of the instilled solutions. 3. During administration of metiamide, there was a net loss of acid from within the gastric lumen. The rate of disappearance of acid from the instilled acid solution was small and not sufficient in magnitude to account for the metiamide-evoked decrease in the concentration of acid secreted in response to pentagastrin. 4. We conclude that metiamide does not inhibit gastric secretion by altering the 'barrier' function of the gastric mucosa.", "contents": "Effects of metiamide on the human stomach. 1. The effect of metiamide on gastric acidity in man has been studied. Solutions of hydrochloric acid or glucose were instilled into the stomach and the subsequent rates of gastric secretion and emptying, and the disappearance of acid within the stomach, were measured. 2. Metiamide inhibited the gastric secretory response to the instilled acid and glucose solutions but did not change the overall pattern of emptying of the instilled solutions. 3. During administration of metiamide, there was a net loss of acid from within the gastric lumen. The rate of disappearance of acid from the instilled acid solution was small and not sufficient in magnitude to account for the metiamide-evoked decrease in the concentration of acid secreted in response to pentagastrin. 4. We conclude that metiamide does not inhibit gastric secretion by altering the 'barrier' function of the gastric mucosa.", "PMID": 1104245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_609", "title": "Effect of chlorhexidine on dental plaque and gingivitis in mentally retarded children.", "content": "The purpose of the investigation was to determine the effect of chlorhexidine mouthrinses as a supplement to toothbrushing in the plaque control of mentally retarded children. Fifty-four mentally subnormal children 7-14 years of age took part in the investigation. During the first period, half of the children rinsed their mouths with 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate solution twice a day. The rest of the children used a placebo mouthrinse. After a n 8-week interval a \"cross-over\" experiment was carried out during which a 0.1% chlorhexidine solution was used. Plaque and gingival indices were scored at the beginning of each period, after 3 weeks, and at the termination after 6 weeks. The results revealed that mouthrinses with 0.1% as well as 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate reduced plaque and gingivitis in mentally retarded children. The results were statistically significant (P is less than 0.05) for both concentrations. Furthermore, the investigation confirmed the occurrence of certain side effects such as discoloration of teeth and tongues.", "contents": "Effect of chlorhexidine on dental plaque and gingivitis in mentally retarded children. The purpose of the investigation was to determine the effect of chlorhexidine mouthrinses as a supplement to toothbrushing in the plaque control of mentally retarded children. Fifty-four mentally subnormal children 7-14 years of age took part in the investigation. During the first period, half of the children rinsed their mouths with 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate solution twice a day. The rest of the children used a placebo mouthrinse. After a n 8-week interval a \"cross-over\" experiment was carried out during which a 0.1% chlorhexidine solution was used. Plaque and gingival indices were scored at the beginning of each period, after 3 weeks, and at the termination after 6 weeks. The results revealed that mouthrinses with 0.1% as well as 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate reduced plaque and gingivitis in mentally retarded children. The results were statistically significant (P is less than 0.05) for both concentrations. Furthermore, the investigation confirmed the occurrence of certain side effects such as discoloration of teeth and tongues.", "PMID": 1104246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_610", "title": "Clinical evaluation of the effect of a proteolytic enzyme mouthwash on plaque and gingivitis in young adults.", "content": "One hundred and thirty-one young adults were used in a controlled study to determine whether a proteolytic mouthwash produced from B. subtilis could help remove existing plaque, decrease the rate of plaque accumulation or reduce the clinical signs of gingivitis. These subjects were stratified by means of the Gingival Index and the Shaver-Schiff Plaque Index into severe or mild groups. These groups were further divided in a random fashion into treatment and placebo groups. The treatment group rinsed with a proteolytic mouthwash consisting mainly of neutral and alkaline proteases and amylase. A placebo mouthwash was used by the control group. The results of this investigation indicate that there is no statistically significant reduction either in existing plaque or in the rate of plaque accumulation when this proteolytic enzyme mouthwash is used. Furthermore, in the treatment group the degree of gingivitis as measured by the GI was not reduced.", "contents": "Clinical evaluation of the effect of a proteolytic enzyme mouthwash on plaque and gingivitis in young adults. One hundred and thirty-one young adults were used in a controlled study to determine whether a proteolytic mouthwash produced from B. subtilis could help remove existing plaque, decrease the rate of plaque accumulation or reduce the clinical signs of gingivitis. These subjects were stratified by means of the Gingival Index and the Shaver-Schiff Plaque Index into severe or mild groups. These groups were further divided in a random fashion into treatment and placebo groups. The treatment group rinsed with a proteolytic mouthwash consisting mainly of neutral and alkaline proteases and amylase. A placebo mouthwash was used by the control group. The results of this investigation indicate that there is no statistically significant reduction either in existing plaque or in the rate of plaque accumulation when this proteolytic enzyme mouthwash is used. Furthermore, in the treatment group the degree of gingivitis as measured by the GI was not reduced.", "PMID": 1104247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_611", "title": "Variables and criteria in prevalence studies of dental anomalies of number, form and size.", "content": "Prevalence studies of dental anomalies of number, form and size have varied greatly in their findings. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate from published studies the effect of variables in sampling techniques and examination methods and to suggest diagnostic criteria. In sampling the ethnic background, the sex distribution, age and derivation of the group studied are shown to be important, but the consumption of near optimum concentrations of fluoride in drinking water does not appear to influence findings. For the examination, a dental history is important and full radiographic coverage essential. Findings should be recorded separately for each dentition, while these anomalies should be studied as a group rather than singly. Diagnostic criteria are proposed for supernumerary teeth, hypodontia, invaginated teeth, double teeth, megadontia and microdontia.", "contents": "Variables and criteria in prevalence studies of dental anomalies of number, form and size. Prevalence studies of dental anomalies of number, form and size have varied greatly in their findings. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate from published studies the effect of variables in sampling techniques and examination methods and to suggest diagnostic criteria. In sampling the ethnic background, the sex distribution, age and derivation of the group studied are shown to be important, but the consumption of near optimum concentrations of fluoride in drinking water does not appear to influence findings. For the examination, a dental history is important and full radiographic coverage essential. Findings should be recorded separately for each dentition, while these anomalies should be studied as a group rather than singly. Diagnostic criteria are proposed for supernumerary teeth, hypodontia, invaginated teeth, double teeth, megadontia and microdontia.", "PMID": 1104248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_612", "title": "Natural language storage and retrieval of medical diagnostic information. Experience at the UCLA hospital and clinics over a 10-year period.", "content": "A natural language storage and retrieval system initially designed for pathology reports has been in operation for ten years at UCLA Hospital and Clinics. The original system has been improved to provide a thesaurus processor with added capabilities for expanding search request terms and a newly developed set of search programs with user options that make complex and more accurate retrievals possible. Summarized diagnostic statements or impressions from five specialities (Surgical Pathology, Bone Marrow, Autopsy, Nuclear Medicine, and Neuroradiology), are automatically encoded by referencing a master computer dictionary containing a unique numeric code for each English word. Input and retrievals are batch, off-line operations in free text, and are currently processed on the IBM 370/145. User acceptance is high, quality of retrievals improved, and cost is nominal. This paper describes an expanded natural language system which in now providing a viable form of information storage and retrieval for research, medical education, patient care, quality control, statistics and administrative purposes.", "contents": "Natural language storage and retrieval of medical diagnostic information. Experience at the UCLA hospital and clinics over a 10-year period. A natural language storage and retrieval system initially designed for pathology reports has been in operation for ten years at UCLA Hospital and Clinics. The original system has been improved to provide a thesaurus processor with added capabilities for expanding search request terms and a newly developed set of search programs with user options that make complex and more accurate retrievals possible. Summarized diagnostic statements or impressions from five specialities (Surgical Pathology, Bone Marrow, Autopsy, Nuclear Medicine, and Neuroradiology), are automatically encoded by referencing a master computer dictionary containing a unique numeric code for each English word. Input and retrievals are batch, off-line operations in free text, and are currently processed on the IBM 370/145. User acceptance is high, quality of retrievals improved, and cost is nominal. This paper describes an expanded natural language system which in now providing a viable form of information storage and retrieval for research, medical education, patient care, quality control, statistics and administrative purposes.", "PMID": 1104249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_613", "title": "Computer aided nystagmus analysis.", "content": "The electronystagmogram (ENG) is analyzed with the assistance of a PDP-8 minicomputer for calculating the instantaneous slope, average slope, lead frequency, lag frequency and cycle frequency of both the fast and slow wave components of the ENG. The ENG data is first digitized and displayed on a storage scope in order to permit the operator to select an epoch of data. The results are then displayed on the scope, and the mean and variance of the important parameters are outputted on the teletype. The programs include a system for storing a large library of records.", "contents": "Computer aided nystagmus analysis. The electronystagmogram (ENG) is analyzed with the assistance of a PDP-8 minicomputer for calculating the instantaneous slope, average slope, lead frequency, lag frequency and cycle frequency of both the fast and slow wave components of the ENG. The ENG data is first digitized and displayed on a storage scope in order to permit the operator to select an epoch of data. The results are then displayed on the scope, and the mean and variance of the important parameters are outputted on the teletype. The programs include a system for storing a large library of records.", "PMID": 1104250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_614", "title": "Computer graphics--three dimensional reconstruction of thalamic anatomy from serial sections.", "content": "This paper describes an interactive program which uses computer graphics techniques to reconstruct a three dimensional representation of thalamic anatomy from two dimensional serial secretion. Figures traced on a Rand tablet, connected to a DEC-340 display, are digitized and scaled. The three dimensional display capabilities of the Adage AGT-30 are used to present the reconstructed structures. Two dimensional cross sections of an arbitrary plane may also be displayed. The program has applications in stereotaxic surgery, teaching neuroanatomy, and may be used to reconstruct other anatomic structures from serial sections.", "contents": "Computer graphics--three dimensional reconstruction of thalamic anatomy from serial sections. This paper describes an interactive program which uses computer graphics techniques to reconstruct a three dimensional representation of thalamic anatomy from two dimensional serial secretion. Figures traced on a Rand tablet, connected to a DEC-340 display, are digitized and scaled. The three dimensional display capabilities of the Adage AGT-30 are used to present the reconstructed structures. Two dimensional cross sections of an arbitrary plane may also be displayed. The program has applications in stereotaxic surgery, teaching neuroanatomy, and may be used to reconstruct other anatomic structures from serial sections.", "PMID": 1104251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_615", "title": "Hematology of the neonatal calf. II. Response associated with acute enteric infections, gram-negative septicemia, and experimental endotoxemia.", "content": "The hematological responses of neonatal calves with acute enteric infections were compared to the responses of calves with septicemia and experimentally induced endotoxemia. The mean hematocrit of septicemic calves (45.0% +/- 7.8) was similar to that of calves with primary enteric infections (45.3% +/- 7.0) but the total plasma protein concentration of septicemic calves (5.8g/100 ml +/- 0.69) was significantly lower than that of calves with primary enteric infections (8.6 g/100 ml +/- 1.5). The difference in total plasma protein concentration was due primarily to the hypogammaglobulinemia observed in septicemic calves. The leukocytic response to septicemic calves was similar to that of nonsepticemic calves with enteric infections. In most calves of both groups, moderate but significant leukocytosis and neutrophilia were observed. Marked leukopenia was observed terminally in 2 of 9 septicemic calves but in only 1 of 26 calves with primary enteric infections. Leukopenia was a characteristic finding in calves with experimental endotoxemia. Leukopenia developed within 5 minutes following intravenous administration of endotoxin and persisted until death in most calves. In calves which lived 12 hours or longer, there was a biphasic leukocytic response with leukocytosis being observed 24 hours following endotoxin administration.", "contents": "Hematology of the neonatal calf. II. Response associated with acute enteric infections, gram-negative septicemia, and experimental endotoxemia. The hematological responses of neonatal calves with acute enteric infections were compared to the responses of calves with septicemia and experimentally induced endotoxemia. The mean hematocrit of septicemic calves (45.0% +/- 7.8) was similar to that of calves with primary enteric infections (45.3% +/- 7.0) but the total plasma protein concentration of septicemic calves (5.8g/100 ml +/- 0.69) was significantly lower than that of calves with primary enteric infections (8.6 g/100 ml +/- 1.5). The difference in total plasma protein concentration was due primarily to the hypogammaglobulinemia observed in septicemic calves. The leukocytic response to septicemic calves was similar to that of nonsepticemic calves with enteric infections. In most calves of both groups, moderate but significant leukocytosis and neutrophilia were observed. Marked leukopenia was observed terminally in 2 of 9 septicemic calves but in only 1 of 26 calves with primary enteric infections. Leukopenia was a characteristic finding in calves with experimental endotoxemia. Leukopenia developed within 5 minutes following intravenous administration of endotoxin and persisted until death in most calves. In calves which lived 12 hours or longer, there was a biphasic leukocytic response with leukocytosis being observed 24 hours following endotoxin administration.", "PMID": 1104259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_616", "title": "Glucose-insulin-potassium (GIK) therapy for ischemic heart disease.", "content": "In 1912 Goulston advocated glucose therapy for several different kinds of heart disease, and in 1933 Shirley-Smith recommended glucose and insulin for coronary artery disease. Thirty years later, Laborit noted that treatment of rabbits with glucose and insulin prevented ventricular fibrillation induced by potassium chloride solutions. Sodi-Pallares et al, pioneers in glucose-insulin-potassium (GIK) therapy for heart disease, showed not only that potassium may be a major excitant in the genesis of ventricular tachycardia in the ischemic heart but that GIK solution was capable of enhancing oxidative phosphorylation in the ischemic heart. Interest in GIK therapy for ischemic heart disease has been renewed as the effects of GIK solutions on myocardial infarct size, metabolism and electrical properties are better understood. In this paper, selected new information regarding the actions of GIK and the clinical applications will be reviewed.", "contents": "Glucose-insulin-potassium (GIK) therapy for ischemic heart disease. In 1912 Goulston advocated glucose therapy for several different kinds of heart disease, and in 1933 Shirley-Smith recommended glucose and insulin for coronary artery disease. Thirty years later, Laborit noted that treatment of rabbits with glucose and insulin prevented ventricular fibrillation induced by potassium chloride solutions. Sodi-Pallares et al, pioneers in glucose-insulin-potassium (GIK) therapy for heart disease, showed not only that potassium may be a major excitant in the genesis of ventricular tachycardia in the ischemic heart but that GIK solution was capable of enhancing oxidative phosphorylation in the ischemic heart. Interest in GIK therapy for ischemic heart disease has been renewed as the effects of GIK solutions on myocardial infarct size, metabolism and electrical properties are better understood. In this paper, selected new information regarding the actions of GIK and the clinical applications will be reviewed.", "PMID": 1104262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_617", "title": "Pneumoperitoneum following tension pneumothorax. Report of two cases.", "content": "Two cases of pneumoperitoneum following tension pneumothorax are described. Lungs in both patients had identifiable pathology and were ventilated with high inflation pressure and moderate positive end-expired pressure (PEEP). Laparotomy was performed in both patients with no evidence of intra-abdominal viscus perforations. A possible mechanism for the production of pneumoperitoneum is discussed.", "contents": "Pneumoperitoneum following tension pneumothorax. Report of two cases. Two cases of pneumoperitoneum following tension pneumothorax are described. Lungs in both patients had identifiable pathology and were ventilated with high inflation pressure and moderate positive end-expired pressure (PEEP). Laparotomy was performed in both patients with no evidence of intra-abdominal viscus perforations. A possible mechanism for the production of pneumoperitoneum is discussed.", "PMID": 1104264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_618", "title": "The diagnosis of brain depression in the presence of severe multisystem disease--a case study.", "content": "Brain depression in a patient with severe multisystem disease can be a diagnostic challenge, particularly when the patient is maintained on artificial life-support systems. A case report is presented of a 13-year-old girl with severe pneumonia who was treated with prolonged cardiopulmonary bypass during which time she developed a clinical picture simulating brain death with marked depression of cerebral cortical activity on two successive EEGs. Following correction of some of her metabolic defects, the patient showed marked improvement of cortical function. Multisystem disease can be so severe as to produce a clinical picture of brain death. We wish to emphasize that brain hypofunction of depression is best evaluated by both clinical examination and the EEG, and that neither one alone is sufficient to conclude that cerebral death has occurred.", "contents": "The diagnosis of brain depression in the presence of severe multisystem disease--a case study. Brain depression in a patient with severe multisystem disease can be a diagnostic challenge, particularly when the patient is maintained on artificial life-support systems. A case report is presented of a 13-year-old girl with severe pneumonia who was treated with prolonged cardiopulmonary bypass during which time she developed a clinical picture simulating brain death with marked depression of cerebral cortical activity on two successive EEGs. Following correction of some of her metabolic defects, the patient showed marked improvement of cortical function. Multisystem disease can be so severe as to produce a clinical picture of brain death. We wish to emphasize that brain hypofunction of depression is best evaluated by both clinical examination and the EEG, and that neither one alone is sufficient to conclude that cerebral death has occurred.", "PMID": 1104266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_619", "title": "A method for preparing chromosomes from peripheral blood in the mouse.", "content": "We have developed a simple, reproducible microtechnique for obtaining metaphase chromosomes from peripheral blood of live mice. The method has been successful with mice of several different genetic backgrounds and has been repeated in three other laboratories.", "contents": "A method for preparing chromosomes from peripheral blood in the mouse. We have developed a simple, reproducible microtechnique for obtaining metaphase chromosomes from peripheral blood of live mice. The method has been successful with mice of several different genetic backgrounds and has been repeated in three other laboratories.", "PMID": 1104276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_620", "title": "Isosorbide dinitrate and cardiovascular adaptation to exercise.", "content": "Sixteen men with well-documented angina pectoris and without previous myocardial infarction performed a multistage exercise stress test to determine their levels of exercise-induced limitations, characterized by onset of chest discomfort or electrocardiographic ischemic changes, or both. Following a control study, each subject was assigned randomly to either a placebo- or vasodilator-treated group, received chewable medication, and was retested 30 minutes after chewing the medication. Blood pressure, heart rate, and electrocardiographic changes were measured during rest, peak exercise, and recovery. A phonocardiogram, carotid-pulse contour, and single-lead electrocardiogram were recorded simultaneously at supine rest before and immediately after exercise, and systolic time intervals were measured. Results indicated that chewable isosorbide dinitrate reduced systolic blood pressure and the triple product (systolic blood pressure X heart rate X ejection time) significantly during rest and reduced the left ventricular ejection time corrected for heart rate both at rest and peak exercise; no significant differences were observed in the placebo group. The ability to achieve an increased workload was observed in both groups, and the threshold for ischemic manifestations occurred at comparable triple-product levels in both during pretreatment and posttreatment studies.", "contents": "Isosorbide dinitrate and cardiovascular adaptation to exercise. Sixteen men with well-documented angina pectoris and without previous myocardial infarction performed a multistage exercise stress test to determine their levels of exercise-induced limitations, characterized by onset of chest discomfort or electrocardiographic ischemic changes, or both. Following a control study, each subject was assigned randomly to either a placebo- or vasodilator-treated group, received chewable medication, and was retested 30 minutes after chewing the medication. Blood pressure, heart rate, and electrocardiographic changes were measured during rest, peak exercise, and recovery. A phonocardiogram, carotid-pulse contour, and single-lead electrocardiogram were recorded simultaneously at supine rest before and immediately after exercise, and systolic time intervals were measured. Results indicated that chewable isosorbide dinitrate reduced systolic blood pressure and the triple product (systolic blood pressure X heart rate X ejection time) significantly during rest and reduced the left ventricular ejection time corrected for heart rate both at rest and peak exercise; no significant differences were observed in the placebo group. The ability to achieve an increased workload was observed in both groups, and the threshold for ischemic manifestations occurred at comparable triple-product levels in both during pretreatment and posttreatment studies.", "PMID": 1104284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_621", "title": "Unilateral lung function. Comparison of the lateral position test with radionuclide ventilation-perfusion studies.", "content": "Twenty-seven patients underwent studies of unilateral lung function by the lateral-position test (LPT) and by computer-analyzed radionuclide imaging of ventilation and perfusion. The patients were divided into two groups, symmetric or asymmetric, on the basis of the physical examination of the chest and the chest radiograph. In patients with symmetry, the estimate of unilateral lung function by the LPT and isotopic estimates for unilateral lung volume, unilateral distribution of tidal volume, and unilateral perfusion, agreed within 2 percent, 4 percent, and 3 percent, respectively. In patients with asymmetry, the differences were 9 percent, 8 percent, and 13 percent. In settings of marked unilateral ventilation-perfusion imbalance, the LPT primarily reflected ventilation. Prediction of unilateral ventilatory function based upon the LPT and spirometric measurements agreed closely with unilateral ventilation determined isotopically by 133xenon, even in the presence of chronic obstructive lung disease. Our results confirm that the LPT provides valid information about unilateral lung function.", "contents": "Unilateral lung function. Comparison of the lateral position test with radionuclide ventilation-perfusion studies. Twenty-seven patients underwent studies of unilateral lung function by the lateral-position test (LPT) and by computer-analyzed radionuclide imaging of ventilation and perfusion. The patients were divided into two groups, symmetric or asymmetric, on the basis of the physical examination of the chest and the chest radiograph. In patients with symmetry, the estimate of unilateral lung function by the LPT and isotopic estimates for unilateral lung volume, unilateral distribution of tidal volume, and unilateral perfusion, agreed within 2 percent, 4 percent, and 3 percent, respectively. In patients with asymmetry, the differences were 9 percent, 8 percent, and 13 percent. In settings of marked unilateral ventilation-perfusion imbalance, the LPT primarily reflected ventilation. Prediction of unilateral ventilatory function based upon the LPT and spirometric measurements agreed closely with unilateral ventilation determined isotopically by 133xenon, even in the presence of chronic obstructive lung disease. Our results confirm that the LPT provides valid information about unilateral lung function.", "PMID": 1104286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_622", "title": "A systems approach toward the functional connections of attachment and fear.", "content": "Proceeding from J. Bowlby's attachment theory and W.A. Mason's arousal theory, a control model is developed that is capable of accounting for basic processes of mammalian social behavior. In particular, the model simulates the transition from a state of attachment to familiar conspecifics and fear of strangers to a stage of detachment from the familiar and exploration of the stranger. Some of the model's predictions were tested in animal experiments and proved to be in satisfactory correspondence with the behavior actually observed.", "contents": "A systems approach toward the functional connections of attachment and fear. Proceeding from J. Bowlby's attachment theory and W.A. Mason's arousal theory, a control model is developed that is capable of accounting for basic processes of mammalian social behavior. In particular, the model simulates the transition from a state of attachment to familiar conspecifics and fear of strangers to a stage of detachment from the familiar and exploration of the stranger. Some of the model's predictions were tested in animal experiments and proved to be in satisfactory correspondence with the behavior actually observed.", "PMID": 1104287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_623", "title": "Distribution of 18+28S ribosomal genes in mammalian genomes.", "content": "In situ hybridization with 3H 18S and 28S ribosomal RNA from Xenopus laevis has been used to study the distribution of DNA sequences coding for these RNAs (the nucleolus organizing regions) in the genomes of six mammals. Several patterns of distribution have been found: 1) A single major site (rat kangaroo, Seba's fruit bat), 2) Two major sites (Indian muntjac), 3) Multiple sites in centromeric heterochromatin (field vole), 4) Multiple sites in heterochromatic short arms (Peromyscus eremicus), 5) Multiple sites in telomeric regions (Chinese hamster). - The chromosomal sites which bind 3H 18S and 28S ribosomal RNA correspond closely to the sites of secondary constrictions where these are known. However, the correlation is not absolute. Some secondary constrictions do not appear to bind 3H ribosomal RNA. Some regions which bind ribosomal RNA do not appear as secondary constrictions in metaphase chromosomes. - Although the nucleolus organizing regions of most mammalian karyotypes are found on the autosomes, the X chromosomes in Carollia perspicillata and C. castanea carry large clusters of sequences complementary to ribosomal RNA. In situ hybridization shows that the Y chromosome in C. castanea also has a large nucleolus organizing region.", "contents": "Distribution of 18+28S ribosomal genes in mammalian genomes. In situ hybridization with 3H 18S and 28S ribosomal RNA from Xenopus laevis has been used to study the distribution of DNA sequences coding for these RNAs (the nucleolus organizing regions) in the genomes of six mammals. Several patterns of distribution have been found: 1) A single major site (rat kangaroo, Seba's fruit bat), 2) Two major sites (Indian muntjac), 3) Multiple sites in centromeric heterochromatin (field vole), 4) Multiple sites in heterochromatic short arms (Peromyscus eremicus), 5) Multiple sites in telomeric regions (Chinese hamster). - The chromosomal sites which bind 3H 18S and 28S ribosomal RNA correspond closely to the sites of secondary constrictions where these are known. However, the correlation is not absolute. Some secondary constrictions do not appear to bind 3H ribosomal RNA. Some regions which bind ribosomal RNA do not appear as secondary constrictions in metaphase chromosomes. - Although the nucleolus organizing regions of most mammalian karyotypes are found on the autosomes, the X chromosomes in Carollia perspicillata and C. castanea carry large clusters of sequences complementary to ribosomal RNA. In situ hybridization shows that the Y chromosome in C. castanea also has a large nucleolus organizing region.", "PMID": 1104290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_624", "title": "The function of the retina in the perfused eye.", "content": "The data show that the enucleated eye of the cat can be maintained in apparently physiologically functioning condition by appropriate arterial perfusion. Under appropriate conditions, photically evoked electrical mass responses can be recorded from various parts of the isolated, perfused eye for 8 to 10 hours. ERGs as well as responses from axonal bundles of the optic nerve exhibit shapes, amplitudes and time courses comparable to their counterparts in vivo. Homeostasis of the perfusion ensures the stability of these light-evoked electrical responses. Transient changes in biophysical parameters of the perfusate rapidly induce marked, although reversible, changes in the amplitudes of b-waves of the ERGs. Increases or decreases in the flow rate of the perfusate induce parallel increases or decreases in the amplitudes of the b-waves as well as of the optic nerve responses. Similar alterations in the oxygen concentration of the perfusate induce similar and proportional changes in the amplitudes of the b-waves. It is concluded, that low flow rates of hemoglobin-free perfusate induce hypoxia; consequently, acceleration of the flow can compensate for hypoxia in a certain range. Previous studies on the effects of and recovery after transient hypoxia in mammalian retina are in concordance with the present data. Progressive decrease of temperature induces gradual and reversible reductions in the amplitudes of the b-waves and increases their latencies and peak-times. It is suggested, that initial hypothermia, which occurs during the period of cannulation, reduces the deliterious effects of the coincident unavoidable hypoxia on retinal neuronal elements. Since light-evoked electrical responses can be maintained for many hours in these preparations and since movements of cardiovascular and respiratory origin, invariably present to varying extent in the in vivo experiments, are eliminated, this preparation is suitable for intracellular recordings from neuronal elements of the retina. Potentials were recorded from cells in various layers of the retina of the cat; intracellular recordings from horizontal cells (S-potentials) are described in detail. Spectral analysis of S-potentials allowed to distinguish between three types according to their inputs: a mixed, rod-cone type, which was most frequently encountered, a pure cone- and a pure rod-type. Light- and electronmicroscopic investigation of the retina after perfusion revealed that (1) the extent of cellular damage depends on the flow rate of the perfusate; (2) little cellular damage is observed if medium flow rates, which maintain physiologic responsiveness of the isolated eye to light, were applied for two hours; (3) high flow rates applied for two hours, or medium flow rates applied for 7 hours appear to induce cystic changes in the pigment epithelium, but only minor changes in the cells of the inner nuclear layer.", "contents": "The function of the retina in the perfused eye. The data show that the enucleated eye of the cat can be maintained in apparently physiologically functioning condition by appropriate arterial perfusion. Under appropriate conditions, photically evoked electrical mass responses can be recorded from various parts of the isolated, perfused eye for 8 to 10 hours. ERGs as well as responses from axonal bundles of the optic nerve exhibit shapes, amplitudes and time courses comparable to their counterparts in vivo. Homeostasis of the perfusion ensures the stability of these light-evoked electrical responses. Transient changes in biophysical parameters of the perfusate rapidly induce marked, although reversible, changes in the amplitudes of b-waves of the ERGs. Increases or decreases in the flow rate of the perfusate induce parallel increases or decreases in the amplitudes of the b-waves as well as of the optic nerve responses. Similar alterations in the oxygen concentration of the perfusate induce similar and proportional changes in the amplitudes of the b-waves. It is concluded, that low flow rates of hemoglobin-free perfusate induce hypoxia; consequently, acceleration of the flow can compensate for hypoxia in a certain range. Previous studies on the effects of and recovery after transient hypoxia in mammalian retina are in concordance with the present data. Progressive decrease of temperature induces gradual and reversible reductions in the amplitudes of the b-waves and increases their latencies and peak-times. It is suggested, that initial hypothermia, which occurs during the period of cannulation, reduces the deliterious effects of the coincident unavoidable hypoxia on retinal neuronal elements. Since light-evoked electrical responses can be maintained for many hours in these preparations and since movements of cardiovascular and respiratory origin, invariably present to varying extent in the in vivo experiments, are eliminated, this preparation is suitable for intracellular recordings from neuronal elements of the retina. Potentials were recorded from cells in various layers of the retina of the cat; intracellular recordings from horizontal cells (S-potentials) are described in detail. Spectral analysis of S-potentials allowed to distinguish between three types according to their inputs: a mixed, rod-cone type, which was most frequently encountered, a pure cone- and a pure rod-type. Light- and electronmicroscopic investigation of the retina after perfusion revealed that (1) the extent of cellular damage depends on the flow rate of the perfusate; (2) little cellular damage is observed if medium flow rates, which maintain physiologic responsiveness of the isolated eye to light, were applied for two hours; (3) high flow rates applied for two hours, or medium flow rates applied for 7 hours appear to induce cystic changes in the pigment epithelium, but only minor changes in the cells of the inner nuclear layer.", "PMID": 1104295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_625", "title": "[Etofibrate and clofibrate in a double-blind trial on patients with raised serum-lipid levels (author's transl)].", "content": "In a clinical trial of 21 patients with hypercholesteraemia and (or) hypertriglyceridaemia, the effects of etofibrate and clofibrate were compared with one another and against a placebo: both drugs lowered triglyceride levels significantly, but etofibrate also had a stronger cholesterol-lowering effect. Both substances were well tolerated.", "contents": "[Etofibrate and clofibrate in a double-blind trial on patients with raised serum-lipid levels (author's transl)]. In a clinical trial of 21 patients with hypercholesteraemia and (or) hypertriglyceridaemia, the effects of etofibrate and clofibrate were compared with one another and against a placebo: both drugs lowered triglyceride levels significantly, but etofibrate also had a stronger cholesterol-lowering effect. Both substances were well tolerated.", "PMID": 1104303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_626", "title": "[T and B lymphocytes in skin changes of cutaneous lymphoma (author's transl)].", "content": "In 30 patients with benign or malignant lymphoreticular proliferation of the skin (38 skin biopsies) the percentage of immunoglobulin-bearing (B) and of spontaneous rosette-forming (T) lymphocytes was determined in cell suspension from homogenized tissue. Four main classes of cutaneous lymphoma could be differentiated: lymphocyte-rich (more than 50% of the infiltrate cells, predominantly B-lymphocytic, predominantly T-lymphocytic, mixed B and T-lymphocytic), lymphocyte-depleted (less than 50% of infiltrate cells), reticulo-histio-monocytic infiltrates, and reticulo- or lymphosarcoma. A definite statement was not possible (other than in leukaemic processes) if the accumulation of lymphocytic cells represented the primary malignant process rather than a concomitant inflammatory reaction. A clinically useful differentiation was into hyperplasia, paraplasia and neoplasia, as this takes into account different histopathological characteristics of cutaneous lymphomas (reactive hyperplastic/autonomic proliferative: benign/malignant; reversible/irreversible; systemic/nonsystemic; metastasizing/nonmetastasizing).", "contents": "[T and B lymphocytes in skin changes of cutaneous lymphoma (author's transl)]. In 30 patients with benign or malignant lymphoreticular proliferation of the skin (38 skin biopsies) the percentage of immunoglobulin-bearing (B) and of spontaneous rosette-forming (T) lymphocytes was determined in cell suspension from homogenized tissue. Four main classes of cutaneous lymphoma could be differentiated: lymphocyte-rich (more than 50% of the infiltrate cells, predominantly B-lymphocytic, predominantly T-lymphocytic, mixed B and T-lymphocytic), lymphocyte-depleted (less than 50% of infiltrate cells), reticulo-histio-monocytic infiltrates, and reticulo- or lymphosarcoma. A definite statement was not possible (other than in leukaemic processes) if the accumulation of lymphocytic cells represented the primary malignant process rather than a concomitant inflammatory reaction. A clinically useful differentiation was into hyperplasia, paraplasia and neoplasia, as this takes into account different histopathological characteristics of cutaneous lymphomas (reactive hyperplastic/autonomic proliferative: benign/malignant; reversible/irreversible; systemic/nonsystemic; metastasizing/nonmetastasizing).", "PMID": 1104306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_627", "title": "[Localization of urinary-tract infection by demonstrating antibody-coated bacteria in urine (author's transl)].", "content": "The immunofluorescence test for demonstrating antibody-coated bacteria as a direct method of localizing urinary-tract infection was performed on 34 patients, results being compared with the Fairley test. Mid-stream urine contained at least 10(5) bacteria/ml in all patients. The direct localization method revealed upper urinary-tract infection (renal bacteriuria) in 18 patients, lower urinary-tract infection (cystitis) in eight. Presence of antibody-coated bacteria correlated well with renal bacteriuria, such antibody having been demonstrated in all of the eighteen patients with renal bacteriuria but in none of the eight with lower urinary-tract infection (cause located in the bladder). The test has proved to be highly sensitive method for differentiating between upper and lower urinary-tract infection.", "contents": "[Localization of urinary-tract infection by demonstrating antibody-coated bacteria in urine (author's transl)]. The immunofluorescence test for demonstrating antibody-coated bacteria as a direct method of localizing urinary-tract infection was performed on 34 patients, results being compared with the Fairley test. Mid-stream urine contained at least 10(5) bacteria/ml in all patients. The direct localization method revealed upper urinary-tract infection (renal bacteriuria) in 18 patients, lower urinary-tract infection (cystitis) in eight. Presence of antibody-coated bacteria correlated well with renal bacteriuria, such antibody having been demonstrated in all of the eighteen patients with renal bacteriuria but in none of the eight with lower urinary-tract infection (cause located in the bladder). The test has proved to be highly sensitive method for differentiating between upper and lower urinary-tract infection.", "PMID": 1104309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_628", "title": "[Scanning electronmicroscopic studies on the behavior of so-called caustic-adhesive composite resins].", "content": "Two new caustic-adhesive composite resins (Concise-Enamel-Bond and Nuva-Seal/Nuva-Fil) were tested in experimentally prepared flat cavities in extracted human teeth under the scanning electron microscope. On the basis of the findings, possible failures with this filling technique resulting from insufficient adhesion of the \"sealer\" at the enamel are discussed, and practical proposals worked out (utilization of rubber dam, final coating with the sealer to improve surface quality and prevent marginal gaps).", "contents": "[Scanning electronmicroscopic studies on the behavior of so-called caustic-adhesive composite resins]. Two new caustic-adhesive composite resins (Concise-Enamel-Bond and Nuva-Seal/Nuva-Fil) were tested in experimentally prepared flat cavities in extracted human teeth under the scanning electron microscope. On the basis of the findings, possible failures with this filling technique resulting from insufficient adhesion of the \"sealer\" at the enamel are discussed, and practical proposals worked out (utilization of rubber dam, final coating with the sealer to improve surface quality and prevent marginal gaps).", "PMID": 1104341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_629", "title": "[The position of the sublingual bar].", "content": "Improper preparation of sublingual bars favors the development of caries and periodontal disease. It is tried to find methods for determining optimum shape and location of the bars.", "contents": "[The position of the sublingual bar]. Improper preparation of sublingual bars favors the development of caries and periodontal disease. It is tried to find methods for determining optimum shape and location of the bars.", "PMID": 1104342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_630", "title": "[Clinical studies on the short term use of \"Kavosan\"].", "content": "The inflammation and plaque-inhibiting effect of KAVOSAN was tested in 43 probands with gingivitis in two test series. Irrespective of the type of oral care, a statistically significant improvement in the degree of inflammation and a reduction of plaque were observed after application of the active agent when compared to a placebo preparation, both in cases where plaque was removed as well as cases where plaque was not removed.", "contents": "[Clinical studies on the short term use of \"Kavosan\"]. The inflammation and plaque-inhibiting effect of KAVOSAN was tested in 43 probands with gingivitis in two test series. Irrespective of the type of oral care, a statistically significant improvement in the degree of inflammation and a reduction of plaque were observed after application of the active agent when compared to a placebo preparation, both in cases where plaque was removed as well as cases where plaque was not removed.", "PMID": 1104344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_631", "title": "[The usefulness of lateral teleradiographs in prosthodontics].", "content": "Studies in 56 dentulous and 48 edentulous patients (the latter having total dentures) showed that in addition to data that can be determined accurately, less informative data can be found that is, however, significant for prosthetics.", "contents": "[The usefulness of lateral teleradiographs in prosthodontics]. Studies in 56 dentulous and 48 edentulous patients (the latter having total dentures) showed that in addition to data that can be determined accurately, less informative data can be found that is, however, significant for prosthetics.", "PMID": 1104345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_632", "title": "[Mesenchymal tumors of the mouth].", "content": "The author describes rare cases of malignant tumors of mesenchymal origin in the oral cavity. These tumors have a poor prognosis and the majority is unresponsive to radiation. Primary therapy must always be surgery. Radiation therapy may only be applied for palliative purposes in inoperable cases, or as a postoperative treatment. An exception is the nongeneralized reticulum cell carcinoma originating from the alveolar process in which radiation may be regarded as the primary therapy of choice.", "contents": "[Mesenchymal tumors of the mouth]. The author describes rare cases of malignant tumors of mesenchymal origin in the oral cavity. These tumors have a poor prognosis and the majority is unresponsive to radiation. Primary therapy must always be surgery. Radiation therapy may only be applied for palliative purposes in inoperable cases, or as a postoperative treatment. An exception is the nongeneralized reticulum cell carcinoma originating from the alveolar process in which radiation may be regarded as the primary therapy of choice.", "PMID": 1104346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_633", "title": "Post-coital contraceptive and uterotrophic effects of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone.", "content": "LRH, administered subcutaneously (s.c.) or orally (p.o.) to female rats, was capable of interfering with pregnancy when given on various days of gestation. A 100% inhibition of pregnancy was demonstrated at daily s.c. doses of 1000 mug/rat administered over days 1-7; LRH also was effective as an interceptive, terminating pregnancy in 100% of rats when delivered from days 7-12 of pregnancy at a daily dose of 1000 mug/rat s.c. or p.o. An 80% inhibition also was observed in rabbits administered LRH from days 1-7 at a total dose of 1000 mug/kg, s.c. Uterotrophic studies demonstrated that LRH, administered s.c. to intact immature mice, produces a dose-related increase in uterine and ovarian weight and initiates vaginal opening. The hypothalamic hormone also produced a dose-related increase in uterine weight in ovariectomized mice and hypophysectomized rats. The data suggest that LRH has a post-coital contraceptive effect, presumably acting via hyperstimulation of the hypophysial-ovarian steroid-uterine axis, and/or by a direct extrapituitary (uterine) effect.", "contents": "Post-coital contraceptive and uterotrophic effects of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone. LRH, administered subcutaneously (s.c.) or orally (p.o.) to female rats, was capable of interfering with pregnancy when given on various days of gestation. A 100% inhibition of pregnancy was demonstrated at daily s.c. doses of 1000 mug/rat administered over days 1-7; LRH also was effective as an interceptive, terminating pregnancy in 100% of rats when delivered from days 7-12 of pregnancy at a daily dose of 1000 mug/rat s.c. or p.o. An 80% inhibition also was observed in rabbits administered LRH from days 1-7 at a total dose of 1000 mug/kg, s.c. Uterotrophic studies demonstrated that LRH, administered s.c. to intact immature mice, produces a dose-related increase in uterine and ovarian weight and initiates vaginal opening. The hypothalamic hormone also produced a dose-related increase in uterine weight in ovariectomized mice and hypophysectomized rats. The data suggest that LRH has a post-coital contraceptive effect, presumably acting via hyperstimulation of the hypophysial-ovarian steroid-uterine axis, and/or by a direct extrapituitary (uterine) effect.", "PMID": 1104348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_634", "title": "Ultrastructural localization of somatostatin in pancreatic islets of the rat.", "content": "In order to determine the precise localization of somatostatin (SRIF) in the pancreas, electron microscopic immunocytochemistry was performed on thin sections of whole pancreas and isolated pancreatic islets of the rat using the peroxidase anti-peroxidase technique. SRIF was localized in secretory granules concentrated in cells sparsely distributed near the periphery of the islet. The granules were closely applied to their limiting membrane, exhibited moderate electron density, and were smaller than those in other islet cells. The location and relative number of SRIF-containing cells as well as the morphology of the granules suggest that SRIF is present in delta cells or a subgroup with small granules. These results provide evidence that SRIF is present in a discrete granule population in a specific type of secretory cell in the pancreatic islets.", "contents": "Ultrastructural localization of somatostatin in pancreatic islets of the rat. In order to determine the precise localization of somatostatin (SRIF) in the pancreas, electron microscopic immunocytochemistry was performed on thin sections of whole pancreas and isolated pancreatic islets of the rat using the peroxidase anti-peroxidase technique. SRIF was localized in secretory granules concentrated in cells sparsely distributed near the periphery of the islet. The granules were closely applied to their limiting membrane, exhibited moderate electron density, and were smaller than those in other islet cells. The location and relative number of SRIF-containing cells as well as the morphology of the granules suggest that SRIF is present in delta cells or a subgroup with small granules. These results provide evidence that SRIF is present in a discrete granule population in a specific type of secretory cell in the pancreatic islets.", "PMID": 1104349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_635", "title": "Immediate release of prolactin and biphasic effects on growth hormone release following electrical stimulation of the median eminence.", "content": "The median eminence (ME) region of the hypothalamus was electrically stimulated through permanently implanted electrodes in 1 unanesthetized sheep. Plasma concentrations of GH and prolactin (PRL) were measured at 10-min intervals before, during and after 30-min periods of electrical stimulation or sham procedures. The onset of ME stimulation decreased plasma GH in all 17 cases in which prestimulation GH levels were 1.0 ng/ml or higher. In all 27 cases of ME stimulation, plasma GH never increased during the 30-min stimulation period. However, spontaneous GH increases were noted during sham procedures in 9 of 31 cases. The termination of ME stimulation was followed within 10--20 min by markedly increased GH levels in 24 of 27 cases. All 4 ewes responded to electrical stimulation with comparable biphasic effects on GH release even though electrode locations varied slightly. These results indicate localization and stimulation-induced release of endogenous neurohormones in the ME region with activities inhibiting the release of GH (GHIF). The secondary increase in plasma GH following the end of ME stimulation indicates a reversal of conditions unfavorable to GH release. This reversal may represent a rebound from the inhibitory action of GHIF or the post-inhibitory action of a hypothalamic GH-releasing factor or both. In 3 ewes with electrodes implanted in the region of the anterior ME, the onset of stimulation increased plasma PRL within 10--20 min in 17 out of 20 cases. The electrode in the fourth animal was located in the posterior ME, and when all cases were considered, stimulation through this electrode did not significantly increase or decrease plasma PRL. However, in 5 out of 7 cases stimulation of the posterior ME decreased plasma PRL. In summary, these results indicate the presence in the anterior ME of andogenous neurohormones with PRL-releasing activity (PRF). Conclusions about the posterior ME are equivocal, but this region may contain a PRL-release inhibiting compound in combination with PRF.", "contents": "Immediate release of prolactin and biphasic effects on growth hormone release following electrical stimulation of the median eminence. The median eminence (ME) region of the hypothalamus was electrically stimulated through permanently implanted electrodes in 1 unanesthetized sheep. Plasma concentrations of GH and prolactin (PRL) were measured at 10-min intervals before, during and after 30-min periods of electrical stimulation or sham procedures. The onset of ME stimulation decreased plasma GH in all 17 cases in which prestimulation GH levels were 1.0 ng/ml or higher. In all 27 cases of ME stimulation, plasma GH never increased during the 30-min stimulation period. However, spontaneous GH increases were noted during sham procedures in 9 of 31 cases. The termination of ME stimulation was followed within 10--20 min by markedly increased GH levels in 24 of 27 cases. All 4 ewes responded to electrical stimulation with comparable biphasic effects on GH release even though electrode locations varied slightly. These results indicate localization and stimulation-induced release of endogenous neurohormones in the ME region with activities inhibiting the release of GH (GHIF). The secondary increase in plasma GH following the end of ME stimulation indicates a reversal of conditions unfavorable to GH release. This reversal may represent a rebound from the inhibitory action of GHIF or the post-inhibitory action of a hypothalamic GH-releasing factor or both. In 3 ewes with electrodes implanted in the region of the anterior ME, the onset of stimulation increased plasma PRL within 10--20 min in 17 out of 20 cases. The electrode in the fourth animal was located in the posterior ME, and when all cases were considered, stimulation through this electrode did not significantly increase or decrease plasma PRL. However, in 5 out of 7 cases stimulation of the posterior ME decreased plasma PRL. In summary, these results indicate the presence in the anterior ME of andogenous neurohormones with PRL-releasing activity (PRF). Conclusions about the posterior ME are equivocal, but this region may contain a PRL-release inhibiting compound in combination with PRF.", "PMID": 1104350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_636", "title": "Prostaglandin E2-induced release of LHRH into hypophysial portal blood(1).", "content": "Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) was infused into a lateral ventricle of adult male rats or infused into a hypophysial portal vessel. Intraventricularly administered PGE2 stimulated the release of LH, FSH, and prolactin but not TSH. Intraventricular infusion of the control solution did not alter the basal release of any of these hormones. PGE2 was found to be a potent stimulator of LH release, but larger quantities were needed to stimulate the release of FSH or prolactin. In addition, lateral ventricle infusion of 5 mug or 20 mug of PGE2 stimulated a 2- to 3-fold increase in the concentration of LHRH in hypophysial portal plasma but did not affect LHRH levels in arterial plasma. PGE2 infused into a hypophysial portal vessel at a rate of 0.167 mug/min for 30 min, or infusion of the control solution, resulted in similar changes in the concentration of FSH, LH, and prolactin in arterial plasma. The results of this investigation suggest that PGE2 stimulates the release of gonadotropins in vivo by enhancing the release of LHRH. The portal vessel infusion studies do not support a direct stimulatory effect of PGE2 on the pituitary gonadotrophs.", "contents": "Prostaglandin E2-induced release of LHRH into hypophysial portal blood(1). Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) was infused into a lateral ventricle of adult male rats or infused into a hypophysial portal vessel. Intraventricularly administered PGE2 stimulated the release of LH, FSH, and prolactin but not TSH. Intraventricular infusion of the control solution did not alter the basal release of any of these hormones. PGE2 was found to be a potent stimulator of LH release, but larger quantities were needed to stimulate the release of FSH or prolactin. In addition, lateral ventricle infusion of 5 mug or 20 mug of PGE2 stimulated a 2- to 3-fold increase in the concentration of LHRH in hypophysial portal plasma but did not affect LHRH levels in arterial plasma. PGE2 infused into a hypophysial portal vessel at a rate of 0.167 mug/min for 30 min, or infusion of the control solution, resulted in similar changes in the concentration of FSH, LH, and prolactin in arterial plasma. The results of this investigation suggest that PGE2 stimulates the release of gonadotropins in vivo by enhancing the release of LHRH. The portal vessel infusion studies do not support a direct stimulatory effect of PGE2 on the pituitary gonadotrophs.", "PMID": 1104351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_637", "title": "Evidence of sequential metabolic cleavage of proglucagon to glucagon in glucagon biosynthesis.", "content": "Following a 30 min preincubation in medium containing no isotopes, anglerfish islet tissue was incubated in the presence of [3H]tryptophan and [14C]isoleucine for 20 min. A portion of the tissue was removed for immediate extraction. The remainder was washed thoroughly with unlabeled medium and post-incubated in medium containing an excess of unlabeled tryptophan and isoleucine for varying periods of time. The distribution of radioactive proteins in alcoholic tissue extracts was analyzed by gel filtration and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The distribution of immunoreactive glucagon was determined by radioimmunoassay. Following the 20 min pulse incubation, only proinsulin was labeled with [14C]isoleucine. Two glucagon immunoreactive molecules, one larger than proinsulin (mol wt near 11,400) and the other slightly smaller than proinsulin (mol wt near 9,000), were the primary proteins labeled with [3H]tryptophan following the 20 min. pulse. During chase incubations of increasing duration, 3H-radioactivity appeared in a glucagon immunoreactive molecule with the approximate molecular size of glucagon and increased with chase time while radioactivity in the 11,400 mol wt tryptophan-labeled molecule decreased. With increasing chase time, the 3H-radioactivity attributable to the 9,000 mol wt tryptophan-labeled molecule initially increased and subsequently decreased which is consistent with the pattern that would be expected for a conversion intermediate. The presence of glucagon immunoreactivity in [3H]tryptophan-labeled molecules having molecular weights near that of proinsulin was established by radioimmunoassay of alternate gel slices following electrophoresis of labeled proteins recovered from the proinsulin containing portions of gel filtration eluates. That [14C]isoleucine became incorporated into insulin and [3H]tryptophan became incorporated into glucagon was established by determination of the distribution of radioactivity in polyacrylamide gels following electrophoresis of labeled proteins recovered from the insulin and glucagon containing portions of gel filtration eluates. These results provide preliminary evidence for sequential metabolic cleavage of proglucagon in glucagon biosynthesis.", "contents": "Evidence of sequential metabolic cleavage of proglucagon to glucagon in glucagon biosynthesis. Following a 30 min preincubation in medium containing no isotopes, anglerfish islet tissue was incubated in the presence of [3H]tryptophan and [14C]isoleucine for 20 min. A portion of the tissue was removed for immediate extraction. The remainder was washed thoroughly with unlabeled medium and post-incubated in medium containing an excess of unlabeled tryptophan and isoleucine for varying periods of time. The distribution of radioactive proteins in alcoholic tissue extracts was analyzed by gel filtration and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The distribution of immunoreactive glucagon was determined by radioimmunoassay. Following the 20 min pulse incubation, only proinsulin was labeled with [14C]isoleucine. Two glucagon immunoreactive molecules, one larger than proinsulin (mol wt near 11,400) and the other slightly smaller than proinsulin (mol wt near 9,000), were the primary proteins labeled with [3H]tryptophan following the 20 min. pulse. During chase incubations of increasing duration, 3H-radioactivity appeared in a glucagon immunoreactive molecule with the approximate molecular size of glucagon and increased with chase time while radioactivity in the 11,400 mol wt tryptophan-labeled molecule decreased. With increasing chase time, the 3H-radioactivity attributable to the 9,000 mol wt tryptophan-labeled molecule initially increased and subsequently decreased which is consistent with the pattern that would be expected for a conversion intermediate. The presence of glucagon immunoreactivity in [3H]tryptophan-labeled molecules having molecular weights near that of proinsulin was established by radioimmunoassay of alternate gel slices following electrophoresis of labeled proteins recovered from the proinsulin containing portions of gel filtration eluates. That [14C]isoleucine became incorporated into insulin and [3H]tryptophan became incorporated into glucagon was established by determination of the distribution of radioactivity in polyacrylamide gels following electrophoresis of labeled proteins recovered from the insulin and glucagon containing portions of gel filtration eluates. These results provide preliminary evidence for sequential metabolic cleavage of proglucagon in glucagon biosynthesis.", "PMID": 1104352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_638", "title": "Nucleotide and nucleoside stimulation of glucagon secretion.", "content": "The effects of various nucleosides and nucleotides upon glucagon secretion from the isolated perfused rat pancreas were studied. Increasing glucagon secretion was found with increasing concentrations of exogenous cyclic AMP (2 X 10(-4) M, 2 X 10(-3) M and 1 X 10(-2) M). Stimulation of alpha cell secretion was also found with 2 X 10(-3) M 2'AMP, 3'AMP, 5'AMP, ADP, Adenosine, NADP, and NADPH. One X 10(-3) M cyclic GMP elicited significant glucagon secretion. The pattern of glucagon release was similar in all cases with peak secretion occurring during the 30- to 90-s time period following initiation of the stimulus. No significant increase of glucagon secretion was found in response to ATP, guanosine, 2'GMP, 3'GMP, 5'GMP, GTP, xanthosine, inosine, adenine, xanthine, thymidine, cytidine, ribose, nicotinamide, and uric acid. On the basis of the above results, the structural requirement for stimulation of glucagon secretion appears to be adenine linked to ribose, with phosphate groups being unnecessary. The conclusion of this study is that a new class of compounds capable of stimulating glucagon secretion has been identified, and important questions are thus raised about the mechanism of the action of exogenous cyclic AMP.", "contents": "Nucleotide and nucleoside stimulation of glucagon secretion. The effects of various nucleosides and nucleotides upon glucagon secretion from the isolated perfused rat pancreas were studied. Increasing glucagon secretion was found with increasing concentrations of exogenous cyclic AMP (2 X 10(-4) M, 2 X 10(-3) M and 1 X 10(-2) M). Stimulation of alpha cell secretion was also found with 2 X 10(-3) M 2'AMP, 3'AMP, 5'AMP, ADP, Adenosine, NADP, and NADPH. One X 10(-3) M cyclic GMP elicited significant glucagon secretion. The pattern of glucagon release was similar in all cases with peak secretion occurring during the 30- to 90-s time period following initiation of the stimulus. No significant increase of glucagon secretion was found in response to ATP, guanosine, 2'GMP, 3'GMP, 5'GMP, GTP, xanthosine, inosine, adenine, xanthine, thymidine, cytidine, ribose, nicotinamide, and uric acid. On the basis of the above results, the structural requirement for stimulation of glucagon secretion appears to be adenine linked to ribose, with phosphate groups being unnecessary. The conclusion of this study is that a new class of compounds capable of stimulating glucagon secretion has been identified, and important questions are thus raised about the mechanism of the action of exogenous cyclic AMP.", "PMID": 1104353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_639", "title": "Changes of hypothalamic LH-RF content during the rat estrous cycle.", "content": "Anti-LH-RF serum was produced in rabbits by synthetic LH-RF-BSA conjugate prepard with bis-diazotized benzidine. Employing this antiserum, a radioimmunoassay for LH-RF was established with the assay range from 0.8 to 10 ng/ml. Acid extracts of hypothalami from 4 day cycling rats through various stages of the estrous cycle particularly in the afternoon of proestrus were measured for their LH-RF contents. The hypothalamic LH-RF content was high at 10:00 on the day of proestrus and declined until 17:00 and thereafter, the content gradually increased to reach the basal level. Serum LH showed the highest level at 17:00 on the day of proestrus and fell at 21:00 on the same day. Accompaning this change of serum LH level, pituitary LH content began to decrease at 17:00 of proestrus. These results indicate that LH-RF released in the afternoon of proestrus may participiate to stimulate the preovulatory discharge of LH in the rat.", "contents": "Changes of hypothalamic LH-RF content during the rat estrous cycle. Anti-LH-RF serum was produced in rabbits by synthetic LH-RF-BSA conjugate prepard with bis-diazotized benzidine. Employing this antiserum, a radioimmunoassay for LH-RF was established with the assay range from 0.8 to 10 ng/ml. Acid extracts of hypothalami from 4 day cycling rats through various stages of the estrous cycle particularly in the afternoon of proestrus were measured for their LH-RF contents. The hypothalamic LH-RF content was high at 10:00 on the day of proestrus and declined until 17:00 and thereafter, the content gradually increased to reach the basal level. Serum LH showed the highest level at 17:00 on the day of proestrus and fell at 21:00 on the same day. Accompaning this change of serum LH level, pituitary LH content began to decrease at 17:00 of proestrus. These results indicate that LH-RF released in the afternoon of proestrus may participiate to stimulate the preovulatory discharge of LH in the rat.", "PMID": 1104354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_640", "title": "Two ribose-5-phosphate isomerases from Escherichia coli K12: partial characterisation of the enzymes and consideration of their possible physiological roles.", "content": "Two physically and genetically distinct forms of ribosephosphate isomerase have been identified in Escherichia coli K12. The constitutive ribosephosphate isomerase A has a Km for ribose 5-phosphate (4.4 +/- 0.5 mM) six times greater than that of the inducible ribosephosphate isomerase B (0.83 +/- 0.13 mM). Treatment of the enzymes with 1.25 mM iodoacetate resulted in 100% loss of activity for ribosephosphate isomerase B, whereas ribosephosphate isomerase A was unaffected. Various cellular metabolites were tested and found to be without significant effect on either enzyme. The two enzymes could be separated by filtration on Sephadex G75 superfine and their apparent molecular weights were 45000 for ribosephosphate isomerase A and 32000-34000 for ribosephosphate isomerase B. Under certain conditions the two enzymes showed different patterns of heat inactivation but the results with ribosephosphate isomerase A varied in an unusual way with the protein concentration. Ribosephosphate isomerase B was formed inducibly in a mutant lacking ribosephosphate isomerase A but there was no evidence for the production of ribosephosphate isomerase B in wild-type cells. The formation of ribosephosphate isomerase B was not a consequence of the ribosephosphate isomerase B mutation, since strains could be constructed which formed both enzymes constitutively in the anticipated amounts. The ribosephosphate isomerase formed by a secondary mutant obtained from a ribosephosphate-isomerase-A-negative strain was identified as ribosephosphate isomerase B on the basis of its Km, elution profile from Sephadex G75, inhibition of iodoacetate, and heat inactivation. The ribosephosphate isomerases of another Escherichia coli K12 strain, X289, were investigated, since their properties were reported to be different from many of these described here for ribosephosphate isomerases A and B. In our hands strain X289 contained two ribosephosphate isomerases apparently identical to ribosephosphate isomerases A and B. The evidence to date suggests that ribosephosphate isomerase A catalyses the formation of ribose 5-phosphate from ribulose 5-phosphate and also participates in the reverse reaction during ribose and adenosine catabolism. The normal physiological role of the inducible ribosephosphate isomerase B is still uncertain.", "contents": "Two ribose-5-phosphate isomerases from Escherichia coli K12: partial characterisation of the enzymes and consideration of their possible physiological roles. Two physically and genetically distinct forms of ribosephosphate isomerase have been identified in Escherichia coli K12. The constitutive ribosephosphate isomerase A has a Km for ribose 5-phosphate (4.4 +/- 0.5 mM) six times greater than that of the inducible ribosephosphate isomerase B (0.83 +/- 0.13 mM). Treatment of the enzymes with 1.25 mM iodoacetate resulted in 100% loss of activity for ribosephosphate isomerase B, whereas ribosephosphate isomerase A was unaffected. Various cellular metabolites were tested and found to be without significant effect on either enzyme. The two enzymes could be separated by filtration on Sephadex G75 superfine and their apparent molecular weights were 45000 for ribosephosphate isomerase A and 32000-34000 for ribosephosphate isomerase B. Under certain conditions the two enzymes showed different patterns of heat inactivation but the results with ribosephosphate isomerase A varied in an unusual way with the protein concentration. Ribosephosphate isomerase B was formed inducibly in a mutant lacking ribosephosphate isomerase A but there was no evidence for the production of ribosephosphate isomerase B in wild-type cells. The formation of ribosephosphate isomerase B was not a consequence of the ribosephosphate isomerase B mutation, since strains could be constructed which formed both enzymes constitutively in the anticipated amounts. The ribosephosphate isomerase formed by a secondary mutant obtained from a ribosephosphate-isomerase-A-negative strain was identified as ribosephosphate isomerase B on the basis of its Km, elution profile from Sephadex G75, inhibition of iodoacetate, and heat inactivation. The ribosephosphate isomerases of another Escherichia coli K12 strain, X289, were investigated, since their properties were reported to be different from many of these described here for ribosephosphate isomerases A and B. In our hands strain X289 contained two ribosephosphate isomerases apparently identical to ribosephosphate isomerases A and B. The evidence to date suggests that ribosephosphate isomerase A catalyses the formation of ribose 5-phosphate from ribulose 5-phosphate and also participates in the reverse reaction during ribose and adenosine catabolism. The normal physiological role of the inducible ribosephosphate isomerase B is still uncertain.", "PMID": 1104357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_641", "title": "The energy-coupling controlled efflux of 2-keto-3-deoxy-D-gluconate in Escherichia coli K 12.", "content": "Experiments were devised to test the plausibility and the predictions of a efflux rate equation which was previously derived [10]9 1. 2-Keto-3-deoxy-D-gluconate transport system conforms with universal laws relating zero-trans influx, influx at steady-state, steady-state levels of accumulation to external and internal substrate concentrations. 2. Full-time-course uptake kinetics fit the linearized graphical representation that can be inferred from the integrated rate equation. 3. Influx does not depend upon internal substrate concentration nor upon energy-coupling. 4. Zero-trans outflux (leak inot empty medium) is a first-order process (rate constant: 0.02 min-1) and not mediated by the carrier. Absence of cis-competition with D-glucuronate is in agreement with a simple diffusion mechanism. 5. Outflux increases when external substrate concentration is raised (counterflow). Outflux at steady-state equilibrates influx, and is a first-order process (rate constant: 0.15 min-1). 6. Uncoupling with azide leads to accelerate zero-trans outflux by a factor of 2-3. No further acceleration is obtained when other classical uncouplers are used. The process remains first-order,  independent of the amount of carrier, and is accelerated by the presence of internal D-glucuronate as a result from trans-inhibition of the recapture. 7. Exchange outflux is all the more accelerated by azide as the carrier is less saturated. The process is clearly carrier-mediated and the outflux rate obeys a Michaelis law with respect to internal concentration. V is equal to V for influx. 8. Homo and hetero-overshoot experiments are in agreement with the participation of the carrier for mediating influx as well as outflux. 9. The kinetics of D-glucuronate outflux in a strain lacking the specific hexuronate permease but carrying the 2-keto-3-deoxy-D-glucuronate permease are similar to those obtained with 2-keto-3-deoxy-D-gluconate. We draw the conclusion that energy-coupling promotes the adjustment of outflux without interfering with influx rate. It apparently acts by reducing, in a continuous range, the affinity of the carrier facing inwards. The discussion is focused on the comparison with previously published models and on possible molecular mechanisms.", "contents": "The energy-coupling controlled efflux of 2-keto-3-deoxy-D-gluconate in Escherichia coli K 12. Experiments were devised to test the plausibility and the predictions of a efflux rate equation which was previously derived [10]9 1. 2-Keto-3-deoxy-D-gluconate transport system conforms with universal laws relating zero-trans influx, influx at steady-state, steady-state levels of accumulation to external and internal substrate concentrations. 2. Full-time-course uptake kinetics fit the linearized graphical representation that can be inferred from the integrated rate equation. 3. Influx does not depend upon internal substrate concentration nor upon energy-coupling. 4. Zero-trans outflux (leak inot empty medium) is a first-order process (rate constant: 0.02 min-1) and not mediated by the carrier. Absence of cis-competition with D-glucuronate is in agreement with a simple diffusion mechanism. 5. Outflux increases when external substrate concentration is raised (counterflow). Outflux at steady-state equilibrates influx, and is a first-order process (rate constant: 0.15 min-1). 6. Uncoupling with azide leads to accelerate zero-trans outflux by a factor of 2-3. No further acceleration is obtained when other classical uncouplers are used. The process remains first-order,  independent of the amount of carrier, and is accelerated by the presence of internal D-glucuronate as a result from trans-inhibition of the recapture. 7. Exchange outflux is all the more accelerated by azide as the carrier is less saturated. The process is clearly carrier-mediated and the outflux rate obeys a Michaelis law with respect to internal concentration. V is equal to V for influx. 8. Homo and hetero-overshoot experiments are in agreement with the participation of the carrier for mediating influx as well as outflux. 9. The kinetics of D-glucuronate outflux in a strain lacking the specific hexuronate permease but carrying the 2-keto-3-deoxy-D-glucuronate permease are similar to those obtained with 2-keto-3-deoxy-D-gluconate. We draw the conclusion that energy-coupling promotes the adjustment of outflux without interfering with influx rate. It apparently acts by reducing, in a continuous range, the affinity of the carrier facing inwards. The discussion is focused on the comparison with previously published models and on possible molecular mechanisms.", "PMID": 1104358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_642", "title": "Altered alpha subunits in phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetases from p-fluorophenylalanine-resistant strains of Escherichis coli.", "content": "Three different phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetases have been purified to near homogeneity, one from a wild-type strain of Escherichia coli and the others from two independently isolated p-fluorophenyalanine-resistant strains. The mutant enzymes were not able to use p-fluorophenylalanine as a substrate for activation and attachment to tRNA. They proved to be indistinguishable from the wild-type enzyme by several electrophoretic and immunological criteria. The alpha and beta subunits of all three enzymes have been prepared by a method described in this paper. The isolated subunits per se did not reveal any significant enzyme activity, but combined they were able to form active phenylalanyl tRNA synthetase after a defined reconstitution process. Mixed reconstitution experiments between wild-type and mutant subunits indicate that the mutant alpha subunit is responsible for p-fluorophenylalanine resistance and therefore seems to carry the phenylalanine-binding site or to participate in its formation.", "contents": "Altered alpha subunits in phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetases from p-fluorophenylalanine-resistant strains of Escherichis coli. Three different phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetases have been purified to near homogeneity, one from a wild-type strain of Escherichia coli and the others from two independently isolated p-fluorophenyalanine-resistant strains. The mutant enzymes were not able to use p-fluorophenylalanine as a substrate for activation and attachment to tRNA. They proved to be indistinguishable from the wild-type enzyme by several electrophoretic and immunological criteria. The alpha and beta subunits of all three enzymes have been prepared by a method described in this paper. The isolated subunits per se did not reveal any significant enzyme activity, but combined they were able to form active phenylalanyl tRNA synthetase after a defined reconstitution process. Mixed reconstitution experiments between wild-type and mutant subunits indicate that the mutant alpha subunit is responsible for p-fluorophenylalanine resistance and therefore seems to carry the phenylalanine-binding site or to participate in its formation.", "PMID": 1104359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_643", "title": "Tertiary structure of tRNAPhe (yeast): kinetics and electrostatic repulsion.", "content": "Conditions were established that allowed the observation of the unfolding of the tertiary structure of tRNAPhe (yeast) without the interference of either secondary structure or low salt aberrant structures. Relaxation kinetics of tertiary structure melting show that the reaction proceeds according to co-operative all-or-none mechanism. The negative activation enthalpy of formation (delta H+ + R = -14 +/- 5 kcal/mol, -59 +/- 21 kJ/mol) implies a fast pre-equilibrium preceding the rate-limiting step. The ionic strength dependence of the corresponding rate constant demonstrates that most of the electrostatic repulsion characteristic of tertiary structure folding is overcome before the rate-limiting step is reached. On the other hand, most of the stabilizing enthalpy change occurs after the rate-limiting step. At the usual ionic strength (0.1 M Na+) tertiary structure folding is about 100 times slower than double-helix formation. Extrapolation of the rate constants to high ionic strengths, however, indicates that the dynamic differences between secondary and tertiary structure are only due to electrostatic repulsion. The stabilization of tertiary structure by alkaline salts is increased by decreasing the cationic radius. Double helices show virtually no dependence on the radius of monovalent cations. This indicates considerable geometric restrictions for the stabilization of tertiary structure.", "contents": "Tertiary structure of tRNAPhe (yeast): kinetics and electrostatic repulsion. Conditions were established that allowed the observation of the unfolding of the tertiary structure of tRNAPhe (yeast) without the interference of either secondary structure or low salt aberrant structures. Relaxation kinetics of tertiary structure melting show that the reaction proceeds according to co-operative all-or-none mechanism. The negative activation enthalpy of formation (delta H+ + R = -14 +/- 5 kcal/mol, -59 +/- 21 kJ/mol) implies a fast pre-equilibrium preceding the rate-limiting step. The ionic strength dependence of the corresponding rate constant demonstrates that most of the electrostatic repulsion characteristic of tertiary structure folding is overcome before the rate-limiting step is reached. On the other hand, most of the stabilizing enthalpy change occurs after the rate-limiting step. At the usual ionic strength (0.1 M Na+) tertiary structure folding is about 100 times slower than double-helix formation. Extrapolation of the rate constants to high ionic strengths, however, indicates that the dynamic differences between secondary and tertiary structure are only due to electrostatic repulsion. The stabilization of tertiary structure by alkaline salts is increased by decreasing the cationic radius. Double helices show virtually no dependence on the radius of monovalent cations. This indicates considerable geometric restrictions for the stabilization of tertiary structure.", "PMID": 1104360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_644", "title": "Clonazepam in facial neuralgia and cluster headache. Clinical and electrophysiological study.", "content": "Clonazepam seems to be an effective drug in idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia. Electrophysiological investigations support the idea that this neuralgia is due to a loss of central inhibition. During the first 1-2 weeks of treatment marked drowsiness is observed in the majority of cases. In one case, presence of a synergism between Clonazepam and L-dopa+ inhibitor was also observed.", "contents": "Clonazepam in facial neuralgia and cluster headache. Clinical and electrophysiological study. Clonazepam seems to be an effective drug in idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia. Electrophysiological investigations support the idea that this neuralgia is due to a loss of central inhibition. During the first 1-2 weeks of treatment marked drowsiness is observed in the majority of cases. In one case, presence of a synergism between Clonazepam and L-dopa+ inhibitor was also observed.", "PMID": 1104361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_645", "title": "Use of atrial and bifocal cardiac pacemakers for treating resistant dysrhythmias.", "content": "Several permanent cardiac pacing techniques have been utilized to control resistant cardiac arrhythmias. SA block, sinus arrest and intermittent ventricular tachycardia was controlled by the use of an atrial 'J' catheter and a rate programmable demand pacemaker. When these arrhythmias were associated with AV conduction delay they were managed with an AV sequential pacemaker with the additional insertion of a ventricular pacing lead. Appropriate adjustment of the AV sequential interval inhibited reciprocal AV or VA reentry thus controlling reciprocal tachycardia. Frequent ventricular premature systoles or intermittent ventricular tachycardia with in appropriately delayed sinus or subsidiary escape cycle lengths appear best managed by an AV sequential pacemaker by adjusting the atrial return cycle. Intractable atrial reentry tachycardias appear best managed by paired or rapid atrial stimulating pacemakers. Development of variable atrial rate, AV sequential and atrial return cycle activating pacemakers offer an effective control of resistant cardiac arrhythmias.", "contents": "Use of atrial and bifocal cardiac pacemakers for treating resistant dysrhythmias. Several permanent cardiac pacing techniques have been utilized to control resistant cardiac arrhythmias. SA block, sinus arrest and intermittent ventricular tachycardia was controlled by the use of an atrial 'J' catheter and a rate programmable demand pacemaker. When these arrhythmias were associated with AV conduction delay they were managed with an AV sequential pacemaker with the additional insertion of a ventricular pacing lead. Appropriate adjustment of the AV sequential interval inhibited reciprocal AV or VA reentry thus controlling reciprocal tachycardia. Frequent ventricular premature systoles or intermittent ventricular tachycardia with in appropriately delayed sinus or subsidiary escape cycle lengths appear best managed by an AV sequential pacemaker by adjusting the atrial return cycle. Intractable atrial reentry tachycardias appear best managed by paired or rapid atrial stimulating pacemakers. Development of variable atrial rate, AV sequential and atrial return cycle activating pacemakers offer an effective control of resistant cardiac arrhythmias.", "PMID": 1104364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_646", "title": "Range of xenogeneic donors whose hematopoietic cells can form colonies on macrophage layer of mice.", "content": "The colony-forming ability of hematopoietic cells derived from 18 species of rodents was examined on the mouse macrophage layer which formed on a cellulose acetate membrane inserted into the peritoneal cavity of mice. Bone marrow cells of 12 xenogeneic species made a considerable number of colonies on the mouse macrophage layer. However, there was no parallelism between the colony-forming ability of the cells and donor's taxonomic relationship to the mouse.", "contents": "Range of xenogeneic donors whose hematopoietic cells can form colonies on macrophage layer of mice. The colony-forming ability of hematopoietic cells derived from 18 species of rodents was examined on the mouse macrophage layer which formed on a cellulose acetate membrane inserted into the peritoneal cavity of mice. Bone marrow cells of 12 xenogeneic species made a considerable number of colonies on the mouse macrophage layer. However, there was no parallelism between the colony-forming ability of the cells and donor's taxonomic relationship to the mouse.", "PMID": 1104371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_647", "title": "The role of a thymus humoral factor in the proliferation of bone marrow CFU-S from thymectomized mice.", "content": "The colony forming capacity of bone marrow cells from thymectomized mice was shown to be reduced as compared to that of bone marrow cells from normal donors. A further indication of changes in the proliferative capacity of colony forming cells (CFU-S), following thymectomy, was given by examination of the sensitivity of these cells to chlorambucil and by 3H-thymidine 'suicide' experiments; both showed that CFU-S from thymectomized mice were not cycling at the same rate as normals. It was also found that in late pregnancy of thymectomized females, there is an elevation in the number of bone marrow CFU-S and an increase in cell cycling. Such an increase could also be achieved by implantation, into thymectomized mice, of thymus lobes in closed diffusion chambers. Finally, in vitro administration of a thymus hormone (THF) reversed the suppressive effect of thymectomy on DNA synthesis in bone marrow CFU-S. Since the action of THF was restricted to bone marrow cells of thymectomized mice it is plausible that normal bone marrow contains at least two subpopulations of CFU-S, one of which is dependent upon a humoral product of the thymus.", "contents": "The role of a thymus humoral factor in the proliferation of bone marrow CFU-S from thymectomized mice. The colony forming capacity of bone marrow cells from thymectomized mice was shown to be reduced as compared to that of bone marrow cells from normal donors. A further indication of changes in the proliferative capacity of colony forming cells (CFU-S), following thymectomy, was given by examination of the sensitivity of these cells to chlorambucil and by 3H-thymidine 'suicide' experiments; both showed that CFU-S from thymectomized mice were not cycling at the same rate as normals. It was also found that in late pregnancy of thymectomized females, there is an elevation in the number of bone marrow CFU-S and an increase in cell cycling. Such an increase could also be achieved by implantation, into thymectomized mice, of thymus lobes in closed diffusion chambers. Finally, in vitro administration of a thymus hormone (THF) reversed the suppressive effect of thymectomy on DNA synthesis in bone marrow CFU-S. Since the action of THF was restricted to bone marrow cells of thymectomized mice it is plausible that normal bone marrow contains at least two subpopulations of CFU-S, one of which is dependent upon a humoral product of the thymus.", "PMID": 1104372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_648", "title": "In situ hybridization of chromosome loci.", "content": "In situ hybridization is potentially the most powerful technique available for gene mapping, and has already been proved to be useful for these studies. By a combination of the isolation of pure protein-specific mRNA and the synthesis of high specific activity radioactive cDNA to it, this procedure should rapidly increase our knowledg of gene locations, linkages, and possible even heretofore undetectable minor deletions. Studies with in situ hybridization are summarized and some of the questions regarding specificity, grain development, and the like are considered.", "contents": "In situ hybridization of chromosome loci. In situ hybridization is potentially the most powerful technique available for gene mapping, and has already been proved to be useful for these studies. By a combination of the isolation of pure protein-specific mRNA and the synthesis of high specific activity radioactive cDNA to it, this procedure should rapidly increase our knowledg of gene locations, linkages, and possible even heretofore undetectable minor deletions. Studies with in situ hybridization are summarized and some of the questions regarding specificity, grain development, and the like are considered.", "PMID": 1104375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_649", "title": "Different effects of bacterial lipopolysaccharide on neonatal immunological tolerance to HSA in rabbits and chickens.", "content": "Addition of bacterial lipopolysaccharide to HSA during repeated immunization of rabbits neonatally rendered tolerant to HSA led to anti-HSA antibody formation in 4 out of 5 animals. In all 6 tolerant animals immunized with HSA alone tolerance persisted after cessation of the immunization series, as shown by non-immune elimination of 125I-HSA. On the other hand, immunization with HSA together with different doses of LPS did not increase anti-HSA antibody levels in tolerant and control chickens.", "contents": "Different effects of bacterial lipopolysaccharide on neonatal immunological tolerance to HSA in rabbits and chickens. Addition of bacterial lipopolysaccharide to HSA during repeated immunization of rabbits neonatally rendered tolerant to HSA led to anti-HSA antibody formation in 4 out of 5 animals. In all 6 tolerant animals immunized with HSA alone tolerance persisted after cessation of the immunization series, as shown by non-immune elimination of 125I-HSA. On the other hand, immunization with HSA together with different doses of LPS did not increase anti-HSA antibody levels in tolerant and control chickens.", "PMID": 1104379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_650", "title": "Distribution of LH-RH in subcellular fractions of the basomedial hypothalamus.", "content": "Subcellular fractionation of the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH) and other brain structures was achieved by differential and sucrose gradient centrifugation. The fractions were monitored by measuring lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity (a marker for the soluble cytoplasmic fraction) and by electron microscopic examination. The luteinizing-hormone-releasing-hormone (LH-RH) content of the fractions was evaluated both by bioassay and radioimmunoassay. Significant amounts of LH-RH were found only in the MBH and in an anterobasal location corresponding to the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis. Within these areas, LH-RH activity was present in the first supernatant (homogenate with the exclusion of the nuclear pellet). Seventy percent of the LH-RH activity was recovered in the crude mitochondrial fraction. After further fractionation on a sucrose gradient, the distribution of LH-RH was parallel with that of LDH activity. Since LDH is predominantly located in the synaptosomal soluble fraction, it is concluded that the vast majority of LH-RH is contained within nerve endings. This finding is consistent with cyto-immunological data on the distribution of the neuropeptide in the rat hypothalamus.", "contents": "Distribution of LH-RH in subcellular fractions of the basomedial hypothalamus. Subcellular fractionation of the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH) and other brain structures was achieved by differential and sucrose gradient centrifugation. The fractions were monitored by measuring lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity (a marker for the soluble cytoplasmic fraction) and by electron microscopic examination. The luteinizing-hormone-releasing-hormone (LH-RH) content of the fractions was evaluated both by bioassay and radioimmunoassay. Significant amounts of LH-RH were found only in the MBH and in an anterobasal location corresponding to the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis. Within these areas, LH-RH activity was present in the first supernatant (homogenate with the exclusion of the nuclear pellet). Seventy percent of the LH-RH activity was recovered in the crude mitochondrial fraction. After further fractionation on a sucrose gradient, the distribution of LH-RH was parallel with that of LDH activity. Since LDH is predominantly located in the synaptosomal soluble fraction, it is concluded that the vast majority of LH-RH is contained within nerve endings. This finding is consistent with cyto-immunological data on the distribution of the neuropeptide in the rat hypothalamus.", "PMID": 1104395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_651", "title": "Insulin secretion in the spiny mouse (Acomys cahirinus). Dose and time kinetic studies with glucose in vivo and in vitro.", "content": "Plasma insulin responses to the intravenous injection of glucose in the doses of 0.5, 1.5, and 3.0 gm./kg. were compared in spiny mice (Acomys cahirinus) and weight-matched Swiss albino mice. The mean early (two-minute) plasma insulin response was significantly lower in Acomys at all doses of glucose injected; whereas, at later times (5, 15, and 30 minutes), differences in plasma insulin concentrations in the two species of mice were smaller or nonexistent. Plasma glucose clearance was significantly less in the Acomys. In terms of glucose dose kinetics, there was a decreased capacity of the mean plasma insulin response in Acomys compared with albino mice at two minutes; whereas, at later times, the mean dose response curve for Acomys was shifted to the right of that for albino mice, indicating a decreased sensitivity to glucose in the Acomys. There was, however, a large variation between the plasma insulin responses of the eight individual Acomys mice tested. There was a significant correlation in individual Acomys between the plasma insulin response, expressed as an insulinogenic index, integrated over the thirty minutes after injection of glucose 3.0 gm./kg. in vivo, and the insulin released from pancreatic islets obtained from the corresponding Acomys and perifused for thirty minutes with glucose 1,000 mg./100 ml. in vitro (r = 0.77, p less than 0.05). It is concluded that the rate and magnitude of the insulin response to glucose in an individual Acomys reflects mainly the degree of sensitivity to glucose of the pancreatic beta cells in that animal.", "contents": "Insulin secretion in the spiny mouse (Acomys cahirinus). Dose and time kinetic studies with glucose in vivo and in vitro. Plasma insulin responses to the intravenous injection of glucose in the doses of 0.5, 1.5, and 3.0 gm./kg. were compared in spiny mice (Acomys cahirinus) and weight-matched Swiss albino mice. The mean early (two-minute) plasma insulin response was significantly lower in Acomys at all doses of glucose injected; whereas, at later times (5, 15, and 30 minutes), differences in plasma insulin concentrations in the two species of mice were smaller or nonexistent. Plasma glucose clearance was significantly less in the Acomys. In terms of glucose dose kinetics, there was a decreased capacity of the mean plasma insulin response in Acomys compared with albino mice at two minutes; whereas, at later times, the mean dose response curve for Acomys was shifted to the right of that for albino mice, indicating a decreased sensitivity to glucose in the Acomys. There was, however, a large variation between the plasma insulin responses of the eight individual Acomys mice tested. There was a significant correlation in individual Acomys between the plasma insulin response, expressed as an insulinogenic index, integrated over the thirty minutes after injection of glucose 3.0 gm./kg. in vivo, and the insulin released from pancreatic islets obtained from the corresponding Acomys and perifused for thirty minutes with glucose 1,000 mg./100 ml. in vitro (r = 0.77, p less than 0.05). It is concluded that the rate and magnitude of the insulin response to glucose in an individual Acomys reflects mainly the degree of sensitivity to glucose of the pancreatic beta cells in that animal.", "PMID": 1104397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_652", "title": "Amylase, isoamylase and macroamylase.", "content": "Hyperamylasaemia has long been regarded as pathognomonic of acute pancreatitis. However, recent work has revealed a number of conditions where a gross elevation may be an incidental finding, notably diabetic ketoacidosis. The recent discovery of 'macroamylase', a high molecular weight amylase-protein complex capable of producing hyperamylasaemia with low urine amylase, has further complicated diagnosis and has led to the introduction of the ratio of amylase clearance to creatinine clearance as a diagnostic aid. Serum amylase may be resolved, by most electrophoretic media, into bands which correspond to those obtained when pancreatic homogenates or saliva are electrophoresed. The initial promise of this technique has not been realised at the routine diagnostic level. Duodenal juice amylase has been the classical enzyme used in assessing exocrine pancreatic function and although it is still of value it is being amplified by other enzyme tests.", "contents": "Amylase, isoamylase and macroamylase. Hyperamylasaemia has long been regarded as pathognomonic of acute pancreatitis. However, recent work has revealed a number of conditions where a gross elevation may be an incidental finding, notably diabetic ketoacidosis. The recent discovery of 'macroamylase', a high molecular weight amylase-protein complex capable of producing hyperamylasaemia with low urine amylase, has further complicated diagnosis and has led to the introduction of the ratio of amylase clearance to creatinine clearance as a diagnostic aid. Serum amylase may be resolved, by most electrophoretic media, into bands which correspond to those obtained when pancreatic homogenates or saliva are electrophoresed. The initial promise of this technique has not been realised at the routine diagnostic level. Duodenal juice amylase has been the classical enzyme used in assessing exocrine pancreatic function and although it is still of value it is being amplified by other enzyme tests.", "PMID": 1104398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_653", "title": "Recent advances in the endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography.", "content": "Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography can become a safe and easy procedure by means of sterilization of the instruments. Administration of antibiotics or chemotherapeutic agents, both systemically and mixed with the contrast material, and measurement and control of the injection pressure of the contrast medium using a manometer are employed to achieve as aseptic an operation as possible. For diagnosis of pancreatic cancer in its early stage, as well as diagnosis of minimal and moderate chronic pancreatitis, opacification should extend into not only the main pancreatic duct, but also branches of the pancreatic duct and fine pancreatic ducts. The procedure is one of the most reliable methods for the detection of diseases of pancreatic and biliary systems, especially for the diagnosis of space-occupying lesions such as malignant tumors, and chronic inflammatory changes of the pancreas, as well as differential diagnosis in jaundiced patients.", "contents": "Recent advances in the endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography can become a safe and easy procedure by means of sterilization of the instruments. Administration of antibiotics or chemotherapeutic agents, both systemically and mixed with the contrast material, and measurement and control of the injection pressure of the contrast medium using a manometer are employed to achieve as aseptic an operation as possible. For diagnosis of pancreatic cancer in its early stage, as well as diagnosis of minimal and moderate chronic pancreatitis, opacification should extend into not only the main pancreatic duct, but also branches of the pancreatic duct and fine pancreatic ducts. The procedure is one of the most reliable methods for the detection of diseases of pancreatic and biliary systems, especially for the diagnosis of space-occupying lesions such as malignant tumors, and chronic inflammatory changes of the pancreas, as well as differential diagnosis in jaundiced patients.", "PMID": 1104399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_654", "title": "Comparative nutritional analysis of chemically defined diets.", "content": "Low residue, chemically defined diets containing all essential nutrients in a readily assimilated form, require minimal digestion and are almost entirely absorbed in the upper gastrointestinal tract. Within the past decade, these diets have been reported to provide nutritional support in a variety of clinical situations. The chemically defined diets presently available commercially differ in several respects. In order to provide optimal nutritional care utilizing chemically defined diets, the physician should compare the diet formulas and make the most appropriate choice for each individual patient. A comparative nutritional analysis of the currently available chemically defined diets is given.", "contents": "Comparative nutritional analysis of chemically defined diets. Low residue, chemically defined diets containing all essential nutrients in a readily assimilated form, require minimal digestion and are almost entirely absorbed in the upper gastrointestinal tract. Within the past decade, these diets have been reported to provide nutritional support in a variety of clinical situations. The chemically defined diets presently available commercially differ in several respects. In order to provide optimal nutritional care utilizing chemically defined diets, the physician should compare the diet formulas and make the most appropriate choice for each individual patient. A comparative nutritional analysis of the currently available chemically defined diets is given.", "PMID": 1104400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_655", "title": "The role of endotoxin in liver injury.", "content": "Evidence is present that a common pathway for hepatic injury by a variety of agents may result from impairment of the liver's ability to detoxify bacterial endotoxins from the gastrointestinal tract. Many factors may structurally, metabolically, or hormonally alter the normal liver's ability to render innocuous the small amounts of lipopolysaccharide ordinarily presented to it. This impairment may accentuate existing hepatic damage by allowing toxic levels of endotoxin to develop in the liver tissue, and by allowing endotoxin entry into the systemic circulation, may also lead to extrahepatic effects. Studies are cited that: (1) support a role for intraintestinal endotoxin in the development of experimental cirrhosis. (2) demonstrate how liver injury alters endotoxin detoxification, (3) examine the role of intestinal production and absorption of bacterial lipopolysaccharides in liver disease, and (4) point to a role for endotoxemia in extrahepatic manifestations of liver injury as well. Studies are also reviewed that suggest possible mechanisms for modifying endotoxicity in hepatic damage.", "contents": "The role of endotoxin in liver injury. Evidence is present that a common pathway for hepatic injury by a variety of agents may result from impairment of the liver's ability to detoxify bacterial endotoxins from the gastrointestinal tract. Many factors may structurally, metabolically, or hormonally alter the normal liver's ability to render innocuous the small amounts of lipopolysaccharide ordinarily presented to it. This impairment may accentuate existing hepatic damage by allowing toxic levels of endotoxin to develop in the liver tissue, and by allowing endotoxin entry into the systemic circulation, may also lead to extrahepatic effects. Studies are cited that: (1) support a role for intraintestinal endotoxin in the development of experimental cirrhosis. (2) demonstrate how liver injury alters endotoxin detoxification, (3) examine the role of intestinal production and absorption of bacterial lipopolysaccharides in liver disease, and (4) point to a role for endotoxemia in extrahepatic manifestations of liver injury as well. Studies are also reviewed that suggest possible mechanisms for modifying endotoxicity in hepatic damage.", "PMID": 1104401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_656", "title": "Polarity in segments of the Escherichia coli trp operon with deleted intraoperonic translational initiation signals.", "content": "The effect of deletion of the operator-distal genes of the trp operon, including the trpE-trpD intercistronic punctuation point, on the degree of transcriptional polarity (in this case the effect of a nonsense mutation on the level of mRNA from the distal part of the very gene where the mutation is located) was investigated. Double mutants which contain a nonsense mutation and a deletion in trpE were constructed, and the degree of transcriptional polarity was estimated by the decrease in messenger RNA for the operator-distal trpE beyond the nonsense mutation, as well as by the production of truncated messenger RNA for the region of trpE proximal to the nonsense mutation. The content of mRNA of operator-distal trpE and the size of the mRNA of operator-proximal trpE of the double mutants show that transcriptional polarity is not relaxed as a function of distance of the nonsense mutation from the operator-distal end of the trpE segment (at which the subsequent high efficiency translational initiation signal has been deleted). These findings are consistent with the conclusion that the degree of polarity depends on the distance of the nonsense mutation from the subsequent translation initiation signal, but not on its distance from the operator-distal end, including possible translational or transcriptional termination signals.", "contents": "Polarity in segments of the Escherichia coli trp operon with deleted intraoperonic translational initiation signals. The effect of deletion of the operator-distal genes of the trp operon, including the trpE-trpD intercistronic punctuation point, on the degree of transcriptional polarity (in this case the effect of a nonsense mutation on the level of mRNA from the distal part of the very gene where the mutation is located) was investigated. Double mutants which contain a nonsense mutation and a deletion in trpE were constructed, and the degree of transcriptional polarity was estimated by the decrease in messenger RNA for the operator-distal trpE beyond the nonsense mutation, as well as by the production of truncated messenger RNA for the region of trpE proximal to the nonsense mutation. The content of mRNA of operator-distal trpE and the size of the mRNA of operator-proximal trpE of the double mutants show that transcriptional polarity is not relaxed as a function of distance of the nonsense mutation from the operator-distal end of the trpE segment (at which the subsequent high efficiency translational initiation signal has been deleted). These findings are consistent with the conclusion that the degree of polarity depends on the distance of the nonsense mutation from the subsequent translation initiation signal, but not on its distance from the operator-distal end, including possible translational or transcriptional termination signals.", "PMID": 1104404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_657", "title": "Effects of glucose repression of the transmission and recombination of mitochondrial genes in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae).", "content": "Matings of a number of Saccharomyces cerevisiae stocks give different output ratios of mitochondrial genotypes depending on whether the cells are glucose-repressed or derepressed. The effects of glucose repression are independent of cellular mating type and mitochondrial genotype, and take place at least in part after zygotes are formed. An explanation is proposed in terms of changes in the relative numbers of mitochondrial DNA molecules contributed by the a and alpha parents, modified by selective replication or destruction of molecules inside the zygote.", "contents": "Effects of glucose repression of the transmission and recombination of mitochondrial genes in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). Matings of a number of Saccharomyces cerevisiae stocks give different output ratios of mitochondrial genotypes depending on whether the cells are glucose-repressed or derepressed. The effects of glucose repression are independent of cellular mating type and mitochondrial genotype, and take place at least in part after zygotes are formed. An explanation is proposed in terms of changes in the relative numbers of mitochondrial DNA molecules contributed by the a and alpha parents, modified by selective replication or destruction of molecules inside the zygote.", "PMID": 1104405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_658", "title": "Antibodies to Escherichia coli in chronic liver diseases.", "content": "Patients with chronic active hepatitis or alcoholic cirrhosis have serum antibodies to many more serotypes of Escherichia coli than do patients with primary biliary cirrhosis or cryptogenic cirrhosis, or normal controls. They also have antibodies against more serotypes than cirrhotic patients with a portacaval shunt. These observations suggest that factors other than shunting of blood away from the liver are responsible for the increased range of antibodies. These factors are discussed. There was no correlation between the number of serotypes to which antibodies were present and the serum immunoglobulin concentration. In three patients, each with chronic active hepatitis, the antibodies were predominantly of the IgM class, while the elevation of globulin in general was mainly due to increased IgG and IgA levels. Antibodies to Escherichia coli, therefore, probably contribute only a small part of the increased globulin levels found in patients with chronic liver disease.", "contents": "Antibodies to Escherichia coli in chronic liver diseases. Patients with chronic active hepatitis or alcoholic cirrhosis have serum antibodies to many more serotypes of Escherichia coli than do patients with primary biliary cirrhosis or cryptogenic cirrhosis, or normal controls. They also have antibodies against more serotypes than cirrhotic patients with a portacaval shunt. These observations suggest that factors other than shunting of blood away from the liver are responsible for the increased range of antibodies. These factors are discussed. There was no correlation between the number of serotypes to which antibodies were present and the serum immunoglobulin concentration. In three patients, each with chronic active hepatitis, the antibodies were predominantly of the IgM class, while the elevation of globulin in general was mainly due to increased IgG and IgA levels. Antibodies to Escherichia coli, therefore, probably contribute only a small part of the increased globulin levels found in patients with chronic liver disease.", "PMID": 1104410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_659", "title": "Prednisone for chronic active liver disease: dose titration, standard dose, and combination with azathioprine compared.", "content": "Among 120 consecutive patients with chronic active liver disease (CALD) randomized to different treatments, those receiving maintenance doses of prednisone 20 mg daily (Pred), prednisone in doses given on alternate days and titrated to secure resolution of clinical and biochemical abnormalities (Pred-Titrad), or a combination of prednisone 10 mg and azathioprine 50 mg daily (Comb) survived and underwent resolution of clinical and biochemical features of disease more often than a control group receiving placebo or azathioprine 100 mg daily. Histological remission occurred significantly more often with Pred and Comb than with other regimens. Major side-effects of therapy were commoner with Pred than with Comb or Pred-Titrad, which did not differ. We conclude that Comb is the initial treatment of choice for CALD, since clinical, biochemical, and histological resolution of disease activity occurs as often as with Pred, whereas early side-effects are significantly less frequent.", "contents": "Prednisone for chronic active liver disease: dose titration, standard dose, and combination with azathioprine compared. Among 120 consecutive patients with chronic active liver disease (CALD) randomized to different treatments, those receiving maintenance doses of prednisone 20 mg daily (Pred), prednisone in doses given on alternate days and titrated to secure resolution of clinical and biochemical abnormalities (Pred-Titrad), or a combination of prednisone 10 mg and azathioprine 50 mg daily (Comb) survived and underwent resolution of clinical and biochemical features of disease more often than a control group receiving placebo or azathioprine 100 mg daily. Histological remission occurred significantly more often with Pred and Comb than with other regimens. Major side-effects of therapy were commoner with Pred than with Comb or Pred-Titrad, which did not differ. We conclude that Comb is the initial treatment of choice for CALD, since clinical, biochemical, and histological resolution of disease activity occurs as often as with Pred, whereas early side-effects are significantly less frequent.", "PMID": 1104411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_660", "title": "Effect of urogastrone on gastric secretion and plasma gastrin levels in normal subjects.", "content": "Purified human urogastrone was given by intravenous infusion to 12 normal volunteer subjects and measurements made of gastric acid, pepsin and intrinsic factor secretion, and of plasma gastrin concentration. Clinical, haematological, and biochemical screening tests were made throughout the period of study. Urogastrone inhibited acid and intrinsic factor secretion whether stimulated by pentagastrin, histamine, or insulin, but had a much less marked effect on gastric pepsin output. Plasma gastrin levels did not alter significantly. Limited dose-response studies showed that 0-25 mug urogastrone kg--1 hr--1 resulted in inhibition of acid output of 80% and was not associated with clinical side-effects. No significant alteration in any of the haematological or biochemical measurements was observed in any of the subjects.", "contents": "Effect of urogastrone on gastric secretion and plasma gastrin levels in normal subjects. Purified human urogastrone was given by intravenous infusion to 12 normal volunteer subjects and measurements made of gastric acid, pepsin and intrinsic factor secretion, and of plasma gastrin concentration. Clinical, haematological, and biochemical screening tests were made throughout the period of study. Urogastrone inhibited acid and intrinsic factor secretion whether stimulated by pentagastrin, histamine, or insulin, but had a much less marked effect on gastric pepsin output. Plasma gastrin levels did not alter significantly. Limited dose-response studies showed that 0-25 mug urogastrone kg--1 hr--1 resulted in inhibition of acid output of 80% and was not associated with clinical side-effects. No significant alteration in any of the haematological or biochemical measurements was observed in any of the subjects.", "PMID": 1104412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_661", "title": "The agglutinating antibody response in the duodenum in infants with enteropathic E. coli gastroenteritis.", "content": "The agglutinating antibody responses in duodenal fluid and serum were measured serially in 15 infants with enteropathogenic E. coli gastroenteritis. Peak levels of duodenal agglutinins were recorded eight to 18 days after the onset of symptoms, and the titres fell within the next seven to 14 days. These antibodies were mainly of the IgA class but IgM antibodies were detected early in the response, especially in the youngest infants. Serum antibody responses were detected in eight patients, but they correlated poorly with the titres of intestinal antibodies. No rise in serum antibodies was found in six infants. Further studies are required to determine whether these differences are host-derived or whether they reflect different pathogenic properties of the infecting organisms.", "contents": "The agglutinating antibody response in the duodenum in infants with enteropathic E. coli gastroenteritis. The agglutinating antibody responses in duodenal fluid and serum were measured serially in 15 infants with enteropathogenic E. coli gastroenteritis. Peak levels of duodenal agglutinins were recorded eight to 18 days after the onset of symptoms, and the titres fell within the next seven to 14 days. These antibodies were mainly of the IgA class but IgM antibodies were detected early in the response, especially in the youngest infants. Serum antibody responses were detected in eight patients, but they correlated poorly with the titres of intestinal antibodies. No rise in serum antibodies was found in six infants. Further studies are required to determine whether these differences are host-derived or whether they reflect different pathogenic properties of the infecting organisms.", "PMID": 1104413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_662", "title": "Detection of antibody in white mice infected with Plasmodium berghei by means of the indirect immunofluorescence test.", "content": "Experiments have been conducted in order to test the efficacy of the immunofluorescence test in the detection of antibody in mice infected with Plasmodium berghei Vincke et Zips, 1948. This method enables the detection of antibody in subclinical and latent cases when an occasional parasite only is present in the blood cells. Of the various methods used for the preparation of antigen, and of the various fixatives, a satisfactory immunofluorescence reaction was obtained if unfixed erythrocytes without their plasma were used as the antigen.", "contents": "Detection of antibody in white mice infected with Plasmodium berghei by means of the indirect immunofluorescence test. Experiments have been conducted in order to test the efficacy of the immunofluorescence test in the detection of antibody in mice infected with Plasmodium berghei Vincke et Zips, 1948. This method enables the detection of antibody in subclinical and latent cases when an occasional parasite only is present in the blood cells. Of the various methods used for the preparation of antigen, and of the various fixatives, a satisfactory immunofluorescence reaction was obtained if unfixed erythrocytes without their plasma were used as the antigen.", "PMID": 1104419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_663", "title": "[Metabolism of arsenic (15). Influence of arsenic antidotes on intestinal absorption of arsenic trioxide].", "content": "A loop ligated at both sides was made in the ilecoecal portion of rabbit intestine. As2O3 solution was infused into this loop and the blood circulating around this loop was collected from the cannulated vein. As2O3 content absorbed in blood as well as that remaining in this loop were determined. In control rabbits on no drugs, approx. 30% of As2O3 infused was absorbed into the blood in 60 minutes. However, in rabbits on parenteral dimercaprol (BAL) or thioctic acid (TA), the content of As2O3 absorbed into the blood decreased remarkably while the content of As2O3 remaining in the loop increased. On the other hand, even when BAL or TA were added directly into thip loop containing As2O3, the content of As2O3 absorbed in blood decreased markedly, compared with that of the control group. Thus it was demonstrated that BAL or TA combined with AsO3(3-) after being excreted into the intestinal tract from the bile-duct, bringing about inhibition of the enteral absorption of As2O3.", "contents": "[Metabolism of arsenic (15). Influence of arsenic antidotes on intestinal absorption of arsenic trioxide]. A loop ligated at both sides was made in the ilecoecal portion of rabbit intestine. As2O3 solution was infused into this loop and the blood circulating around this loop was collected from the cannulated vein. As2O3 content absorbed in blood as well as that remaining in this loop were determined. In control rabbits on no drugs, approx. 30% of As2O3 infused was absorbed into the blood in 60 minutes. However, in rabbits on parenteral dimercaprol (BAL) or thioctic acid (TA), the content of As2O3 absorbed into the blood decreased remarkably while the content of As2O3 remaining in the loop increased. On the other hand, even when BAL or TA were added directly into thip loop containing As2O3, the content of As2O3 absorbed in blood decreased markedly, compared with that of the control group. Thus it was demonstrated that BAL or TA combined with AsO3(3-) after being excreted into the intestinal tract from the bile-duct, bringing about inhibition of the enteral absorption of As2O3.", "PMID": 1104420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_664", "title": "The chitin-glucan complex of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. III. Electron-microscopic study of the prebudding stage.", "content": "Differentiation of the cell wall of Saccharomyces cerevisiae at the site of the future bud was followed. A lentil-like structure originates on the inner side of the cell wall during the first phase. At the same time, an electron-dense layer occurs at the boundary between the inner layer of the cell wall and the lentil-like structure. During the second phase granular material is accumulated at the lower side of the lentil-like structure. During the third phase the lentil-like structure is split apart due to proliferation of the granular material resulting in formation of the base of the encircling region. The marked electron-dense layer observed from the first phase is attached to the surface of the encircling region during differentiation of the latter. During the budding proper the outer layers of the cell wall protrude and the end of the encircling region, together with the adjacent electron-dense layer, acquire their definitive appearance of rings, observed as marked electron-transparent and electron-dense tears on ultrathin sections.", "contents": "The chitin-glucan complex of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. III. Electron-microscopic study of the prebudding stage. Differentiation of the cell wall of Saccharomyces cerevisiae at the site of the future bud was followed. A lentil-like structure originates on the inner side of the cell wall during the first phase. At the same time, an electron-dense layer occurs at the boundary between the inner layer of the cell wall and the lentil-like structure. During the second phase granular material is accumulated at the lower side of the lentil-like structure. During the third phase the lentil-like structure is split apart due to proliferation of the granular material resulting in formation of the base of the encircling region. The marked electron-dense layer observed from the first phase is attached to the surface of the encircling region during differentiation of the latter. During the budding proper the outer layers of the cell wall protrude and the end of the encircling region, together with the adjacent electron-dense layer, acquire their definitive appearance of rings, observed as marked electron-transparent and electron-dense tears on ultrathin sections.", "PMID": 1104422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_665", "title": "Possibilities of the conjugation process in mycobacteria.", "content": "Results obtained when studying conjugation in mycobacteria by means of different methods are summarized. The method of conjugation on surface of a solid complete medium was tested with different auxotrophic mutants of different strains of Mycobacterium smegmatis. It was not possible to obtain positive results even by means of the above method. This was probably due to unsuitability of the chosen strains of Mycobacterium smegmatis. Preparation of the donor strain by transfer of the F factor from Escherichia coli F'ORF 1 ade+ lac+ pro+ to Mycobacterium phlei PA ade Stmr by means of sexduction is described. Frequency of the phenotype PA ade+ Stmr increased in the average by two and a half orders of magnitude with respect to the control, however, a further transfer from cultures of the cells ade+ Stmr to cells ade could not be demonstrated. Experiments aimed at transferring the R factor from strains Escherichia coli K-12 to Mycobacterium phlei were unsuccessful.", "contents": "Possibilities of the conjugation process in mycobacteria. Results obtained when studying conjugation in mycobacteria by means of different methods are summarized. The method of conjugation on surface of a solid complete medium was tested with different auxotrophic mutants of different strains of Mycobacterium smegmatis. It was not possible to obtain positive results even by means of the above method. This was probably due to unsuitability of the chosen strains of Mycobacterium smegmatis. Preparation of the donor strain by transfer of the F factor from Escherichia coli F'ORF 1 ade+ lac+ pro+ to Mycobacterium phlei PA ade Stmr by means of sexduction is described. Frequency of the phenotype PA ade+ Stmr increased in the average by two and a half orders of magnitude with respect to the control, however, a further transfer from cultures of the cells ade+ Stmr to cells ade could not be demonstrated. Experiments aimed at transferring the R factor from strains Escherichia coli K-12 to Mycobacterium phlei were unsuccessful.", "PMID": 1104423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_666", "title": "Effect of tweens on the production of ergot alkaloids by Aspergillus fumigatus.", "content": "Tween 80, which caused increased biomass formation, also produced the highest increase in the uptake rate of all components of the medium. The fatty acid components of the respective Tweens, i.e. palmitic acid (Tween 40), stearic acid (Tween 60), and oleic acid (Tween 80), have no effect either on alkaloid production or on substrate uptake. The fatty acid composition was different in the cell membrane of the culture supplemented with Tween 60 and facilitated the transport of metabolites into the cells.", "contents": "Effect of tweens on the production of ergot alkaloids by Aspergillus fumigatus. Tween 80, which caused increased biomass formation, also produced the highest increase in the uptake rate of all components of the medium. The fatty acid components of the respective Tweens, i.e. palmitic acid (Tween 40), stearic acid (Tween 60), and oleic acid (Tween 80), have no effect either on alkaloid production or on substrate uptake. The fatty acid composition was different in the cell membrane of the culture supplemented with Tween 60 and facilitated the transport of metabolites into the cells.", "PMID": 1104424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_667", "title": "The role of immune pig colostrum, serum and immunoglobulins IgG, IgM, and IgA, in local intestinal immunity against enterotoxic strain in Escherichia coli O55 in germfree piglets.", "content": "The protective effect of pig immune colostrum, serum and immunoglobulins IgG, IgM and IgA against the enterotoxic strain of Escherichia coli O55, was studied in newborn germfree piglets. This strain produced accumulation of fluid and dilatation of intestine when injected into the ligated ileal segment of germfree piglets, which is considered to be the typical effect of enterotoxins. Erosion of the intestinal epithelium and penetration of bacteria into the submucosa were also observed. Immune serum, colostrum and all the immunoglobulin classes used produced a local protective effect, IgA being most effective. The mechanism of protection conferred by these immunoglobulins is discussed with respect to the possible pathogenic action of enterotoxic Escherichia coli O55 in the intestinal tract of immunologically virgin germfree piglets.", "contents": "The role of immune pig colostrum, serum and immunoglobulins IgG, IgM, and IgA, in local intestinal immunity against enterotoxic strain in Escherichia coli O55 in germfree piglets. The protective effect of pig immune colostrum, serum and immunoglobulins IgG, IgM and IgA against the enterotoxic strain of Escherichia coli O55, was studied in newborn germfree piglets. This strain produced accumulation of fluid and dilatation of intestine when injected into the ligated ileal segment of germfree piglets, which is considered to be the typical effect of enterotoxins. Erosion of the intestinal epithelium and penetration of bacteria into the submucosa were also observed. Immune serum, colostrum and all the immunoglobulin classes used produced a local protective effect, IgA being most effective. The mechanism of protection conferred by these immunoglobulins is discussed with respect to the possible pathogenic action of enterotoxic Escherichia coli O55 in the intestinal tract of immunologically virgin germfree piglets.", "PMID": 1104425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_668", "title": "Attempt to enhance resistance to infection in 6-mercaptopurine treated mice by lysozyme administration and immunization with Escherichia coli O86 antigen.", "content": "Long-term immunosuppressive therapy of mice with 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) for 2 and/or 3 weeks results in partial lethality, decrease of total leukocyte count, of serum lysozyme level and in bacteremia. The adverse effect of 6-MP treatment could not be prevented by lysozyme administration; immunization with Escherichia coli O86 antigen further increased the lethality of 6-MP in mice. The results stress the potential danger of immunization with bacterial antigens during immunosuppressive therapy.", "contents": "Attempt to enhance resistance to infection in 6-mercaptopurine treated mice by lysozyme administration and immunization with Escherichia coli O86 antigen. Long-term immunosuppressive therapy of mice with 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) for 2 and/or 3 weeks results in partial lethality, decrease of total leukocyte count, of serum lysozyme level and in bacteremia. The adverse effect of 6-MP treatment could not be prevented by lysozyme administration; immunization with Escherichia coli O86 antigen further increased the lethality of 6-MP in mice. The results stress the potential danger of immunization with bacterial antigens during immunosuppressive therapy.", "PMID": 1104427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_669", "title": "[Treatment of sinusitis in childhood].", "content": "The cause of \"colds\" is frequently an unrecognized sinusitis. The importance of x-ray diagnosis is stressed. In therapy of sinusitis the phytotherapeutic Sinupret is a valuable adjuvans besides antibiotics, local and physical therapy. Sinupret is especially suitable for treatment after the acute phase of sinusitis during intervalls and as prophylaxis during the cold months with frequent infections of the upper respiratory tract.", "contents": "[Treatment of sinusitis in childhood]. The cause of \"colds\" is frequently an unrecognized sinusitis. The importance of x-ray diagnosis is stressed. In therapy of sinusitis the phytotherapeutic Sinupret is a valuable adjuvans besides antibiotics, local and physical therapy. Sinupret is especially suitable for treatment after the acute phase of sinusitis during intervalls and as prophylaxis during the cold months with frequent infections of the upper respiratory tract.", "PMID": 1104447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_670", "title": "[Problems of plastic and reconstructive surgery in the face].", "content": "For reconstruction of extensive skin defects on the face two techniques can be suggested: the sliding graft from the area of the skin adjacent to the defect (technique of the sliding graft and rotation) and the technique of distant flaps. If possible preference should be given to the first technique, as it certainly leads to better results regarding function, form and structure of the skin.", "contents": "[Problems of plastic and reconstructive surgery in the face]. For reconstruction of extensive skin defects on the face two techniques can be suggested: the sliding graft from the area of the skin adjacent to the defect (technique of the sliding graft and rotation) and the technique of distant flaps. If possible preference should be given to the first technique, as it certainly leads to better results regarding function, form and structure of the skin.", "PMID": 1104448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_671", "title": "[The long-range analysis of the chrombiological structure of some cases of manic-depressive illness (author's transl)].", "content": "Within the group of endogenous psychoses manic-depressive illness is a subgroup which can be explicitly described. The psychopathologic phenomena of their current status (Momentagef\u00fcge) are disorders of drive and mood. The time structure generally exhibits the characteristic sequence of acute phases and \"free\" intervals, while in detail there are numerous variations of intensity, such as siurnal variation of mood etc. An essential of the definition of endogenous psychoses has always been their periodicity. However, in the majority of cases that periodicity was not conclusively proved. On the basis of one representative case factor analyses of a long and complete series of daily self-rating scales were performed. A dichotomy of time series of mood scores and of drive scores was used for autocorrelation. Thereby two different multiday periods were established. Two periods of this type combine to produce an interferential period, which does not generally occur on a continual scale, but only in a systematic selection. This was the subject of investigation. From 100 phase schedules (Phasenkalender) of manic-depressive psychoses 18 cases with long periods were selected by means of a special technique of cross-correlation, which were re-analyzed under methodologically more stringent conditions. Such re-analyses confirmed the initial hypothesis. The entire phase schedule is composed of interferential periods...", "contents": "[The long-range analysis of the chrombiological structure of some cases of manic-depressive illness (author's transl)]. Within the group of endogenous psychoses manic-depressive illness is a subgroup which can be explicitly described. The psychopathologic phenomena of their current status (Momentagef\u00fcge) are disorders of drive and mood. The time structure generally exhibits the characteristic sequence of acute phases and \"free\" intervals, while in detail there are numerous variations of intensity, such as siurnal variation of mood etc. An essential of the definition of endogenous psychoses has always been their periodicity. However, in the majority of cases that periodicity was not conclusively proved. On the basis of one representative case factor analyses of a long and complete series of daily self-rating scales were performed. A dichotomy of time series of mood scores and of drive scores was used for autocorrelation. Thereby two different multiday periods were established. Two periods of this type combine to produce an interferential period, which does not generally occur on a continual scale, but only in a systematic selection. This was the subject of investigation. From 100 phase schedules (Phasenkalender) of manic-depressive psychoses 18 cases with long periods were selected by means of a special technique of cross-correlation, which were re-analyzed under methodologically more stringent conditions. Such re-analyses confirmed the initial hypothesis. The entire phase schedule is composed of interferential periods...", "PMID": 1104450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_672", "title": "[Studies on the extracorporeal circulation. Especially on changes in acid-base balance, serum electrolytes and S-GOT during rapid perfusion cooling (author's transl)].", "content": "Experiments were made using 47 mongrel dogs under normo-and hypothermic perfusion employing the DeWall-Lillehei and Kay-Cross oxygenator. The purpose of this study is to find the ideal method of extracorporeal circulation as an adjunct of cardiac surgery. In this report, the changes of acid-base balance, serum electrolytes and S-GOT during perfusion were investigated. The results obtained were as follows. 1) In spite of the hypothermia, the changes of pH and buffer base in 10 degrees C hypothermic circulatory arrest indicated the gradual progress of the tissue metabolism. After the circulation restarted uncompensated metabolic acidosis without decrease of H2CO3 ensued. The circulatory arrest for 30 minutes in 10 degrees C hypothermia was thought to be hazardous to the preservation of life. 2) In case of ventricular fibrillation, hyperkalemia in the systemic venous blood was often found. It was also observed in the coronary venous blood. In accordance with the fact of hyperkalamia during anoxia, it is presumed that the cardiac anoxia is the important factor for the development of ventricular fibrillation. 3) The value of S-GOT in the arterial blood was not influenced by perfusion time, cardiac arrest and temperature, so far as the perfusion was performed smoothly. S-GOT was elevated when cardiotomy was carried out.", "contents": "[Studies on the extracorporeal circulation. Especially on changes in acid-base balance, serum electrolytes and S-GOT during rapid perfusion cooling (author's transl)]. Experiments were made using 47 mongrel dogs under normo-and hypothermic perfusion employing the DeWall-Lillehei and Kay-Cross oxygenator. The purpose of this study is to find the ideal method of extracorporeal circulation as an adjunct of cardiac surgery. In this report, the changes of acid-base balance, serum electrolytes and S-GOT during perfusion were investigated. The results obtained were as follows. 1) In spite of the hypothermia, the changes of pH and buffer base in 10 degrees C hypothermic circulatory arrest indicated the gradual progress of the tissue metabolism. After the circulation restarted uncompensated metabolic acidosis without decrease of H2CO3 ensued. The circulatory arrest for 30 minutes in 10 degrees C hypothermia was thought to be hazardous to the preservation of life. 2) In case of ventricular fibrillation, hyperkalemia in the systemic venous blood was often found. It was also observed in the coronary venous blood. In accordance with the fact of hyperkalamia during anoxia, it is presumed that the cardiac anoxia is the important factor for the development of ventricular fibrillation. 3) The value of S-GOT in the arterial blood was not influenced by perfusion time, cardiac arrest and temperature, so far as the perfusion was performed smoothly. S-GOT was elevated when cardiotomy was carried out.", "PMID": 1104458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_673", "title": "A review of token economy treatment programs for psychiatric inpatients.", "content": "The author has reviewed outcome studies of token economy programs for psychiatric inpatients. Only studies that employed some control procedures in their evaluation were included. Token economies were most effective in modifying inhospital work, personal care, and some psychotic behaviors. Studies that assessed token programs to prepare patients for community living and reduce recidivism generally affirmed the effectiveness of token procedures, but the studies were poorly designed, and they lacked systematic follow-up data. Almost all studies failed to examine possible interactions between chemotherapy and the token economies. The author suggests the need for studies using token economies with psychiatric patients other than chronic schizophrenics, who have been studied almost exclusively to date.", "contents": "A review of token economy treatment programs for psychiatric inpatients. The author has reviewed outcome studies of token economy programs for psychiatric inpatients. Only studies that employed some control procedures in their evaluation were included. Token economies were most effective in modifying inhospital work, personal care, and some psychotic behaviors. Studies that assessed token programs to prepare patients for community living and reduce recidivism generally affirmed the effectiveness of token procedures, but the studies were poorly designed, and they lacked systematic follow-up data. Almost all studies failed to examine possible interactions between chemotherapy and the token economies. The author suggests the need for studies using token economies with psychiatric patients other than chronic schizophrenics, who have been studied almost exclusively to date.", "PMID": 1104460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_674", "title": "Lymphomatoid granulomatosis in a renal transplant recipient.", "content": "Lymphomatoid granulomatosis, as defined by Liebow et al. in 1972, is an angiocentric, angiodestructive, lymphoreticular proliferative disorder of uncertain relationship, if any, to malignant lymphoma. This report describes the rapid development and progression of lymphomatoid granulomatosis in a 33 year old recipient of an immunosuppressed renal transplant. The report further discusses the differences between lymphomatoid granulomatosis and malignant lymphoma with respect to both histology and natural histor.", "contents": "Lymphomatoid granulomatosis in a renal transplant recipient. Lymphomatoid granulomatosis, as defined by Liebow et al. in 1972, is an angiocentric, angiodestructive, lymphoreticular proliferative disorder of uncertain relationship, if any, to malignant lymphoma. This report describes the rapid development and progression of lymphomatoid granulomatosis in a 33 year old recipient of an immunosuppressed renal transplant. The report further discusses the differences between lymphomatoid granulomatosis and malignant lymphoma with respect to both histology and natural histor.", "PMID": 1104468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_675", "title": "Cardiac pathologic findings in patients treated with bone marrow transplantation.", "content": "Cardiac pathologic findings were analyzed in 22 necropsy cases from a series of 29 patients with leukemia, aplastic anemia, or metastatic cancer who had been treated with ablative therapy followed by bone marrow transplantation. Some cardiac alterations were similar to those that occur in patients with hematologic and neoplastic diseases not treated with bone marrow transplantation, and consisted of cardiomegaly, cardiac atrophy, hemorrhage, foci of necrosis due to shock associated with sepsis or hepatic failure, myocardial abscesses secondary to systemic candidiasis or staphylococcal infection, fibrinous pericarditis, and hemosiderosis. Other cardiac alterations were more specifically related to factors associated with transplantation procedure. Six patients exhibited a distinctive interstitial reactive change characterized by the presence of (1) moderate to large numbers of Anitschkow cells, occurring alone or in small cellular aggregates and histiocytes, histiocytic cells with nuclei of the Anitschkow type, lymphoid cells, and plasma cells, and (2) nuclei of the Anitschkow type in cardiac vascular and endocardial smooth muscle, endothelial and Schwann cells, and occasional cardiac muscle cells. This alteration may have been induced by abnormal immune mechanisms, as suggested by the observation that five of the six patients with interstitial change had clinical evidence of graft-versus-host disease. Two patients developed fatal congestive cardiac failure in the early post-transplant period and exhibited myocardial damage with histologic and post-transplant period features indicative of severe acute injury. Findings in these two patients consisted of necrotic muscle cells, which exhibited multiple contraction bands, diastase-resistant PAS staining, and intracellular fibrin deposits; microthrombi, which were composed of fibrin and occasionally of fibrin and platelets; and extravasated erythrocytes and fibrin strands in the interstitium. One of the two patients also exhibited unusual nuclear alterations, which were characterized by replacement of normal chromatin by palely stained fibrous and filamentous material. Clinicopathologic analysis strongly suggested that the fatal cardiotoxicity in both patients resulted primarily from effects of high doses of cyclophosphamide, which were administered as part of a four drug regimen that provided tumor ablation and immunosuppression for bone marrow transplantation. Our findings emphasize the need for less toxic antineoplastic and immunosuppressive therapy for use in bone marrow transplantation procedures.", "contents": "Cardiac pathologic findings in patients treated with bone marrow transplantation. Cardiac pathologic findings were analyzed in 22 necropsy cases from a series of 29 patients with leukemia, aplastic anemia, or metastatic cancer who had been treated with ablative therapy followed by bone marrow transplantation. Some cardiac alterations were similar to those that occur in patients with hematologic and neoplastic diseases not treated with bone marrow transplantation, and consisted of cardiomegaly, cardiac atrophy, hemorrhage, foci of necrosis due to shock associated with sepsis or hepatic failure, myocardial abscesses secondary to systemic candidiasis or staphylococcal infection, fibrinous pericarditis, and hemosiderosis. Other cardiac alterations were more specifically related to factors associated with transplantation procedure. Six patients exhibited a distinctive interstitial reactive change characterized by the presence of (1) moderate to large numbers of Anitschkow cells, occurring alone or in small cellular aggregates and histiocytes, histiocytic cells with nuclei of the Anitschkow type, lymphoid cells, and plasma cells, and (2) nuclei of the Anitschkow type in cardiac vascular and endocardial smooth muscle, endothelial and Schwann cells, and occasional cardiac muscle cells. This alteration may have been induced by abnormal immune mechanisms, as suggested by the observation that five of the six patients with interstitial change had clinical evidence of graft-versus-host disease. Two patients developed fatal congestive cardiac failure in the early post-transplant period and exhibited myocardial damage with histologic and post-transplant period features indicative of severe acute injury. Findings in these two patients consisted of necrotic muscle cells, which exhibited multiple contraction bands, diastase-resistant PAS staining, and intracellular fibrin deposits; microthrombi, which were composed of fibrin and occasionally of fibrin and platelets; and extravasated erythrocytes and fibrin strands in the interstitium. One of the two patients also exhibited unusual nuclear alterations, which were characterized by replacement of normal chromatin by palely stained fibrous and filamentous material. Clinicopathologic analysis strongly suggested that the fatal cardiotoxicity in both patients resulted primarily from effects of high doses of cyclophosphamide, which were administered as part of a four drug regimen that provided tumor ablation and immunosuppression for bone marrow transplantation. Our findings emphasize the need for less toxic antineoplastic and immunosuppressive therapy for use in bone marrow transplantation procedures.", "PMID": 1104469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_676", "title": "Culture of cells in beem capsules: a new technique for electron microscopic study of monolayer cultures.", "content": "A method is described for the monolayer cultivation of primary cell suspensions and established cell lines directly in carbon-coated BEEM capsules, BEEM capsules are routinely employed by electron microscopists in tissue embedding procedures; growing monolayer cultures directly on the lids of inverted BEEM capsules presents the obvious advantage of maintaining cell to cell and cell to substratum conthaets with a minimum of stress and damage in the preparative steps for electron microscopy.", "contents": "Culture of cells in beem capsules: a new technique for electron microscopic study of monolayer cultures. A method is described for the monolayer cultivation of primary cell suspensions and established cell lines directly in carbon-coated BEEM capsules, BEEM capsules are routinely employed by electron microscopists in tissue embedding procedures; growing monolayer cultures directly on the lids of inverted BEEM capsules presents the obvious advantage of maintaining cell to cell and cell to substratum conthaets with a minimum of stress and damage in the preparative steps for electron microscopy.", "PMID": 1104471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_677", "title": "Local immune response in experimental pyelonephritis in the rabbit. II. Lymphocyte stimulation by lipopolysaccharide of infecting organism.", "content": "The response of circulating and kidney lymphocytes from rabbits with experimental haematogenous pyelonephritis to somatic (O) antigen (lipopolysaccharide) from the infecting organism was evaluated. Lymphocytes were cultured for 3 days in the presence and absence of lipopolysaccharide from the infecting organism, Escherichia coli O75 and a heterologous organism. Circulating lymphocytes showed a significant response to the homologous lipopolysaccharide by day 5 of infection, and kidney lymphocytes responded by day 19 of infection but failed to respond after day 33. The lipid moiety of somatic antigen was required for the stimulation of lymphocytes since antigen preparations in which lipid was low or absent did not activate lymphocytes. B lymphocytes from kidney were stimulated by this antigen whereas both T and B circulating lymphocytes responded. Thus, pyelonephritis in rabbits is associated with the activation of a subpopulation of circulating cells which have specific receptors for the homologous antigen. B lymphocytes that are specifically activated by the homologous or O antigen then localize to the infected site.", "contents": "Local immune response in experimental pyelonephritis in the rabbit. II. Lymphocyte stimulation by lipopolysaccharide of infecting organism. The response of circulating and kidney lymphocytes from rabbits with experimental haematogenous pyelonephritis to somatic (O) antigen (lipopolysaccharide) from the infecting organism was evaluated. Lymphocytes were cultured for 3 days in the presence and absence of lipopolysaccharide from the infecting organism, Escherichia coli O75 and a heterologous organism. Circulating lymphocytes showed a significant response to the homologous lipopolysaccharide by day 5 of infection, and kidney lymphocytes responded by day 19 of infection but failed to respond after day 33. The lipid moiety of somatic antigen was required for the stimulation of lymphocytes since antigen preparations in which lipid was low or absent did not activate lymphocytes. B lymphocytes from kidney were stimulated by this antigen whereas both T and B circulating lymphocytes responded. Thus, pyelonephritis in rabbits is associated with the activation of a subpopulation of circulating cells which have specific receptors for the homologous antigen. B lymphocytes that are specifically activated by the homologous or O antigen then localize to the infected site.", "PMID": 1104473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_678", "title": "Mechanism of termination of immunological tolerance.", "content": "Mice were rendered tolerant to bovine serum albumin (BSA) by means of cyclophosphamide. The effect of immunization with sulphanilated BSA with different degrees of hapten conjugation on this tolerant state was examined. It was shown that the tolerant state was readily terminated with sulphanilated BSA with a low degree of chemical modification. Specificities of antibodies produced in response to sulphanilated BSA were tested by absorption and PHA inhibition test, demonstrating that there were antibodies directed to new antigenic determinant(s) on sulphanilate BSA as well as those reacting with unmodified BSA. To explore the cellular mechanism of termination, lethally irradiated syngeneic mice were reconstituted with thymus-derived cells (T cells) together with bone marrow-derived cells (B cells) from either normal mice or mice rendered tolerant to BSA, and were immunized with BSA or sulphanilate BSA. Tolerance termination was clearly observed in the recipient mice reconstituted with tolerant T cells plus normal B cells. From these experimental data, it was proposed that the termination was effected by means of the co-operation of the T-cell population tolerant to BSA but capable of responding to new antigenic determinant(s) on sulphanilated BSA, with non-tolerant B cells responsive to BSA.", "contents": "Mechanism of termination of immunological tolerance. Mice were rendered tolerant to bovine serum albumin (BSA) by means of cyclophosphamide. The effect of immunization with sulphanilated BSA with different degrees of hapten conjugation on this tolerant state was examined. It was shown that the tolerant state was readily terminated with sulphanilated BSA with a low degree of chemical modification. Specificities of antibodies produced in response to sulphanilated BSA were tested by absorption and PHA inhibition test, demonstrating that there were antibodies directed to new antigenic determinant(s) on sulphanilate BSA as well as those reacting with unmodified BSA. To explore the cellular mechanism of termination, lethally irradiated syngeneic mice were reconstituted with thymus-derived cells (T cells) together with bone marrow-derived cells (B cells) from either normal mice or mice rendered tolerant to BSA, and were immunized with BSA or sulphanilate BSA. Tolerance termination was clearly observed in the recipient mice reconstituted with tolerant T cells plus normal B cells. From these experimental data, it was proposed that the termination was effected by means of the co-operation of the T-cell population tolerant to BSA but capable of responding to new antigenic determinant(s) on sulphanilated BSA, with non-tolerant B cells responsive to BSA.", "PMID": 1104474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_679", "title": "Experimental murine leprosy: induction of immunity and immune paralysis to Mycobacterium lepraemurium in C57BL mice.", "content": "Two series of reinfection experiments were carried out using C57BL mice. In the first series, the mice were inoculated with Mycobacterium lepraemurium (MLM) in one hind footpad and reinoculated in the contralateral footpad, two or four weeks later. Compared with normal mice of the same strain, the mice reinoculated after four weeks showed an increased local reaction to the bacilli and the bacilli did not multiply at the injection site. The responses of mice reinoculated after two weeks were intermediate to those of the other two groups. In the second series, a systemic infection was established by intraperitoneal innoculation of either a large or small dose of MLM. Twenty-two weeks later the mice were reinoculated in one of the hind footpads. Upon reinoculation, mice receiving the small intraperitoneal dose reacted more strongly than normal mice to MLM, whereas mice receiving the large dose were unable to mount any local reaction to the mycobacterium. The experiments have shown that the local reaction which develops in the C57BL strain of mice approximately four weeks after subcutaneous injection of MLM is accompanied by the onset of systemic immunity. Such systemic immunity lasted for more than 20 weeks after intraperitoneal injection of a small dose of bacilli, but was completely abolished during the course of a heavy systemic MLM infection.", "contents": "Experimental murine leprosy: induction of immunity and immune paralysis to Mycobacterium lepraemurium in C57BL mice. Two series of reinfection experiments were carried out using C57BL mice. In the first series, the mice were inoculated with Mycobacterium lepraemurium (MLM) in one hind footpad and reinoculated in the contralateral footpad, two or four weeks later. Compared with normal mice of the same strain, the mice reinoculated after four weeks showed an increased local reaction to the bacilli and the bacilli did not multiply at the injection site. The responses of mice reinoculated after two weeks were intermediate to those of the other two groups. In the second series, a systemic infection was established by intraperitoneal innoculation of either a large or small dose of MLM. Twenty-two weeks later the mice were reinoculated in one of the hind footpads. Upon reinoculation, mice receiving the small intraperitoneal dose reacted more strongly than normal mice to MLM, whereas mice receiving the large dose were unable to mount any local reaction to the mycobacterium. The experiments have shown that the local reaction which develops in the C57BL strain of mice approximately four weeks after subcutaneous injection of MLM is accompanied by the onset of systemic immunity. Such systemic immunity lasted for more than 20 weeks after intraperitoneal injection of a small dose of bacilli, but was completely abolished during the course of a heavy systemic MLM infection.", "PMID": 1104475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_680", "title": "Effect of thymectomy and antilymphocyte serum on Mycobacterium leprae infection in mice.", "content": "BALB/c mice thymectomized at 3 to 5 days of age were studied to determine if this procedure would result in enhanced susceptibility to infection with Mycobacterium leprae and, if so, whether or not administration of antilymphocyte serum would further increase this susceptibility. The plateau for growth in the footpads of intact mice occurred 4 months after inoculation, whereas in the thymectomized and thymetocomized plus antilymphocyte serum-treated groups the plateau occurred between months 11 and 12 after inoculation. Thymectomy resulted in at least a 10-fold increase in the number of M. leprae found in the footpads. Antilymphocyte serum did not appear to further enhance the M. leprae infection in the thymectomized mice. Although growth of M. leprae in the testes of both intact and thymectomized mice was erratic, the number of organisms reached a higher ceiling in the thymectomized groups. M. leprae harvested from all groups was passaged into intact mice at various intervals after inoculation to test for viability. Viable M. leprae were found at all intervals tested including 22 months after infection in the intact mice, suggesting that a chronic infection occurred that probably lasted during the entire life of the animals.", "contents": "Effect of thymectomy and antilymphocyte serum on Mycobacterium leprae infection in mice. BALB/c mice thymectomized at 3 to 5 days of age were studied to determine if this procedure would result in enhanced susceptibility to infection with Mycobacterium leprae and, if so, whether or not administration of antilymphocyte serum would further increase this susceptibility. The plateau for growth in the footpads of intact mice occurred 4 months after inoculation, whereas in the thymectomized and thymetocomized plus antilymphocyte serum-treated groups the plateau occurred between months 11 and 12 after inoculation. Thymectomy resulted in at least a 10-fold increase in the number of M. leprae found in the footpads. Antilymphocyte serum did not appear to further enhance the M. leprae infection in the thymectomized mice. Although growth of M. leprae in the testes of both intact and thymectomized mice was erratic, the number of organisms reached a higher ceiling in the thymectomized groups. M. leprae harvested from all groups was passaged into intact mice at various intervals after inoculation to test for viability. Viable M. leprae were found at all intervals tested including 22 months after infection in the intact mice, suggesting that a chronic infection occurred that probably lasted during the entire life of the animals.", "PMID": 1104476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_681", "title": "Cellular location of streptolysin  O.", "content": "Streptolysin O was measured in subcellular fractions of group A streptococci obtained after preparation of protoplasts in a hypertonic buffer containing raffinose. Most of the activity was located in the periplasm (the region between cell wall and membrane) and did not differ in several characteristics from that of extracellular streptolysin O. Of the enzymes used as subcellular markers, aldolase and maltase (cytoplasmic) and acid phosphatase (membrane associated) were in the same fractions as found in other bacteria. However, the location of alkaline phosphatase differed from that of other bacteria in the most of the activity was in cytoplasm rather than in the periplasm.", "contents": "Cellular location of streptolysin  O. Streptolysin O was measured in subcellular fractions of group A streptococci obtained after preparation of protoplasts in a hypertonic buffer containing raffinose. Most of the activity was located in the periplasm (the region between cell wall and membrane) and did not differ in several characteristics from that of extracellular streptolysin O. Of the enzymes used as subcellular markers, aldolase and maltase (cytoplasmic) and acid phosphatase (membrane associated) were in the same fractions as found in other bacteria. However, the location of alkaline phosphatase differed from that of other bacteria in the most of the activity was in cytoplasm rather than in the periplasm.", "PMID": 1104477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_682", "title": "Nonspecific resistance to Escherichia coli in mice.", "content": "Nonspecific cell-mediated immunity to a relatively virulent strain of Escherichia coli was studied in mice infected with Staphylococcus aureus and elicited with specific antigens. The infected and elicited mice were protected against as intraperitoneal challenge by E. coli for an observation period of 7 days, whereas normal mice, given the same number of bacteria, died within 18 to 24 h. However, the amount of time elapsing between elicitation and challenge greatly affected the rate of protection. Little or no protection was observed in mice injected with S. aureus but not elicited or in mice injected with staphylococcal antigens but not infected with staphylococci.", "contents": "Nonspecific resistance to Escherichia coli in mice. Nonspecific cell-mediated immunity to a relatively virulent strain of Escherichia coli was studied in mice infected with Staphylococcus aureus and elicited with specific antigens. The infected and elicited mice were protected against as intraperitoneal challenge by E. coli for an observation period of 7 days, whereas normal mice, given the same number of bacteria, died within 18 to 24 h. However, the amount of time elapsing between elicitation and challenge greatly affected the rate of protection. Little or no protection was observed in mice injected with S. aureus but not elicited or in mice injected with staphylococcal antigens but not infected with staphylococci.", "PMID": 1104478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_683", "title": "Adherence of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli to intestinal epithelium in vivo.", "content": "Two porcine strains of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, one possessing K88 antigen and one lacking K88, were orally inoculated into conventional neonatal piglets. Athough both strains caused severe diarrhea, only the K88-possessing strain was able to proliferate in the anterior small intestine. Both K88-possessing and K88-lacking strains were found in large numbers in the posterior small intestine and, using fluorescent antibodies and scanning and transmission electron microscopy, were found adhering to the epitheial surface in these regions. The presence of an unusual surface structure on the bacterial cell of the K88-lacking strain was described.", "contents": "Adherence of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli to intestinal epithelium in vivo. Two porcine strains of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, one possessing K88 antigen and one lacking K88, were orally inoculated into conventional neonatal piglets. Athough both strains caused severe diarrhea, only the K88-possessing strain was able to proliferate in the anterior small intestine. Both K88-possessing and K88-lacking strains were found in large numbers in the posterior small intestine and, using fluorescent antibodies and scanning and transmission electron microscopy, were found adhering to the epitheial surface in these regions. The presence of an unusual surface structure on the bacterial cell of the K88-lacking strain was described.", "PMID": 1104479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_684", "title": "Characterization of group A streptococcal R-28 antigen purified by hydroxyapatite column chromatography.", "content": "Purified R-28 antigen from an M-protein-poor, R-antigen-rich strain of group A Streptococcus was prepared by sequential treatment of an acid extract of whole cells with ammonium sulfate fractionation and hydroxylapatite (HA) column chromatography. Purified R-28 antigen was eluted only with 0.10 M sodium phosphate, pH 6.7. Findings on quantitative amino acid composition, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis pattern, and HA column elution pattern were similar but not identical to those previously reported for streptococcal M-proteins. Rabbits immunized with either HA-purified R-28 antigen or heat-killed cells developed two pepsin-sensitive, trypsin-resistant immunodiffusion lines of identity against HA-purified R-28 antigen but failed to form bactericidal antibody. One of these two lines formed a line of identity with R-28 antigen prepared by trypsinization of whole cells. The other line remained undefined, although it appeared not to be either streptococcal group A carbohydrate, M-protein, T-antigen, polyglycerophosphate, E4 antigen, or M-associated protein; by enzymatic criteria it is an R-antigen. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of HA-purified R-28 antigen revealed multiple serologically active charge and size isomers. These findings suggest possible structural similarities between group A streptococcal M-proteins and R-antigens and also indicate that the same purification techniques may be utilized to study these protein antigens if the proper strain of Streptococcus is chosen.", "contents": "Characterization of group A streptococcal R-28 antigen purified by hydroxyapatite column chromatography. Purified R-28 antigen from an M-protein-poor, R-antigen-rich strain of group A Streptococcus was prepared by sequential treatment of an acid extract of whole cells with ammonium sulfate fractionation and hydroxylapatite (HA) column chromatography. Purified R-28 antigen was eluted only with 0.10 M sodium phosphate, pH 6.7. Findings on quantitative amino acid composition, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis pattern, and HA column elution pattern were similar but not identical to those previously reported for streptococcal M-proteins. Rabbits immunized with either HA-purified R-28 antigen or heat-killed cells developed two pepsin-sensitive, trypsin-resistant immunodiffusion lines of identity against HA-purified R-28 antigen but failed to form bactericidal antibody. One of these two lines formed a line of identity with R-28 antigen prepared by trypsinization of whole cells. The other line remained undefined, although it appeared not to be either streptococcal group A carbohydrate, M-protein, T-antigen, polyglycerophosphate, E4 antigen, or M-associated protein; by enzymatic criteria it is an R-antigen. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of HA-purified R-28 antigen revealed multiple serologically active charge and size isomers. These findings suggest possible structural similarities between group A streptococcal M-proteins and R-antigens and also indicate that the same purification techniques may be utilized to study these protein antigens if the proper strain of Streptococcus is chosen.", "PMID": 1104480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_685", "title": "Extension of the mean time to death of mice with a lethal infection of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus by antithymocyte serum treatment.", "content": "The mean time to death of mice infected with Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) virus was increased 2 days by antithymocyte serum (ATS) treatment given 1 day before and 1 day after virus inoculation. Virus assays of blood, brain, and spleen indicated that VEE virus replication was delayed by ATS. Additionally, mice treated with ATS exhibited neurological signs later than untreated mice. During the infection, the percentage of splenic B lymphocytes as determined by surface immunoglobulin staining increased. ATS treatment caused a further elevation of the percentage of splenic B lymphocytes. These results show a selective depletion of the non-immunoglobulin-bearing lymphocyte population during VEE virus infection and support the hypothesis that ATS destroys or alters an important population of cells associated with the normal course of pathogenesis and the replication of VEE virus to high titers in the mouse.", "contents": "Extension of the mean time to death of mice with a lethal infection of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus by antithymocyte serum treatment. The mean time to death of mice infected with Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) virus was increased 2 days by antithymocyte serum (ATS) treatment given 1 day before and 1 day after virus inoculation. Virus assays of blood, brain, and spleen indicated that VEE virus replication was delayed by ATS. Additionally, mice treated with ATS exhibited neurological signs later than untreated mice. During the infection, the percentage of splenic B lymphocytes as determined by surface immunoglobulin staining increased. ATS treatment caused a further elevation of the percentage of splenic B lymphocytes. These results show a selective depletion of the non-immunoglobulin-bearing lymphocyte population during VEE virus infection and support the hypothesis that ATS destroys or alters an important population of cells associated with the normal course of pathogenesis and the replication of VEE virus to high titers in the mouse.", "PMID": 1104481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_686", "title": "Carbon sources utilized by virulent Treponema pallidum.", "content": "Carbon sources utilized by virulent Treponema pallidum organisms extracted from infected rabbit tissue have been investigated. Utilization of 14C-labeled compounds by T. pallidum was monitored by degradation of these compounds to 14CO2. Experiments have consistently shown that of 22 carbon sources examined, [14C]glucose and [14C]pyruvate are selectively degraded to 14CO2 under the experimental conditions employed. When [1-14C]pyruvate, [2-14C]pyruvate, and [3-14C]pyruvate are tested, virulent T. pallidum preferentially degrade and release the carboxyl group as 14CO2. End product analyses indicate that CO2 and acetate are the major products of pyruvate degradation by T. pallidum.", "contents": "Carbon sources utilized by virulent Treponema pallidum. Carbon sources utilized by virulent Treponema pallidum organisms extracted from infected rabbit tissue have been investigated. Utilization of 14C-labeled compounds by T. pallidum was monitored by degradation of these compounds to 14CO2. Experiments have consistently shown that of 22 carbon sources examined, [14C]glucose and [14C]pyruvate are selectively degraded to 14CO2 under the experimental conditions employed. When [1-14C]pyruvate, [2-14C]pyruvate, and [3-14C]pyruvate are tested, virulent T. pallidum preferentially degrade and release the carboxyl group as 14CO2. End product analyses indicate that CO2 and acetate are the major products of pyruvate degradation by T. pallidum.", "PMID": 1104482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_687", "title": "Retention of motility and virulence of Treponema pallidum (Nichols strain) in vitro.", "content": "A maintenance medium for Treponema pallidum was designed to hold its Eh at the optimum for that organism, -10 to -110 mV. After 100% motile (freshly harvested) T. pallidum was inoculated into the medium, the motility of the treponemes decreased to 80% after 2 days, 50% after 3.5 days, and 0% after 9 days during incubation at 34 C. Full virulence was retained for 2 days, but it dropped rapidly thereafter, and the treponemes became avirulent by day 5.", "contents": "Retention of motility and virulence of Treponema pallidum (Nichols strain) in vitro. A maintenance medium for Treponema pallidum was designed to hold its Eh at the optimum for that organism, -10 to -110 mV. After 100% motile (freshly harvested) T. pallidum was inoculated into the medium, the motility of the treponemes decreased to 80% after 2 days, 50% after 3.5 days, and 0% after 9 days during incubation at 34 C. Full virulence was retained for 2 days, but it dropped rapidly thereafter, and the treponemes became avirulent by day 5.", "PMID": 1104483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_688", "title": "Isolation and purification of two antigenically active, \"complimentary\" polypeptide fragments of tetanus neurotoxin.", "content": "Tetanus neurotoxin (molecular weight approximately 160,000) was purified from bacterial extracts (intracellular toxin) and mildly trypsinized and from culture filtrates (extracellular toxin). Both purified preparations could be dissociated reversibly into two polypeptide chains, with molecular weights of 53,000 (fragment alpha) and 107,000 (fragment beta), by treatment with 100 mM dithiothreitol (DTT) and 4 M urea with concomitant loss of toxicity. Upon removal of DDT and urea from the dissociated toxin preparation by dialysis, these fragments reassociated, forming the whole toxin. The two fragments were isolated and purified from the dissociated toxin by gel filtration on an Ultrogel AcA 44 column equilibrated with buffer containing 2 M urea and 1 mM DTT. The preparation of fragment alpha was nontoxic whereas that of fragment beta was slightly toxic. Immunodiffusion analyses, using horse antitoxin, showed that the antigenicities of fragment alpha and fragment beta were distinct from each other but were partially identical with that of undissociated toxin. The abilities of these fragments to precipitate antitoxin were lost on heating at 60 C for 5 min. The molecular substructure of tetanus neurotoxin is discussed on the basis of these findings.", "contents": "Isolation and purification of two antigenically active, \"complimentary\" polypeptide fragments of tetanus neurotoxin. Tetanus neurotoxin (molecular weight approximately 160,000) was purified from bacterial extracts (intracellular toxin) and mildly trypsinized and from culture filtrates (extracellular toxin). Both purified preparations could be dissociated reversibly into two polypeptide chains, with molecular weights of 53,000 (fragment alpha) and 107,000 (fragment beta), by treatment with 100 mM dithiothreitol (DTT) and 4 M urea with concomitant loss of toxicity. Upon removal of DDT and urea from the dissociated toxin preparation by dialysis, these fragments reassociated, forming the whole toxin. The two fragments were isolated and purified from the dissociated toxin by gel filtration on an Ultrogel AcA 44 column equilibrated with buffer containing 2 M urea and 1 mM DTT. The preparation of fragment alpha was nontoxic whereas that of fragment beta was slightly toxic. Immunodiffusion analyses, using horse antitoxin, showed that the antigenicities of fragment alpha and fragment beta were distinct from each other but were partially identical with that of undissociated toxin. The abilities of these fragments to precipitate antitoxin were lost on heating at 60 C for 5 min. The molecular substructure of tetanus neurotoxin is discussed on the basis of these findings.", "PMID": 1104484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_689", "title": "Relationship of two arthropod-borne rhabdoviruses (kotonkan and Obodhiang) to the rabies serogroup.", "content": "Indirect immunofluorescence confirmed the antigenic relationship between kotankan and Obodhiang viruses and Mokola virus that had originally been shown by complement fixation test. This relationship suggests inclusion of these two arthropod isolates in the rabies subgroup of the Rhabdoviridae family. Cross-reactivity with Mokola virus was also demonstrated by direct immunofluorescence but was easily eliminated when conjugates were diluted. No crossreactivities were found by neutralization tests or by surface immunofluorescence. Other than these immunological ties to the rabies serogroup, other biological characteristics of kotonkan and Obodhiang viruses were distinct. Maximum yield of infectivity of kotonkan and Obodhiang in cell culture was at 30 C, antigen usually filled the cytoplasm of infected cells diffusely, and syncytia were formed before severe cytonecrosis. By electron microscopy, virus particles and their nucleocapsids appeared cone shaped (mean lengths: kotonkan, 182 nm; Obodhiang, 170 nm). Viral morphogenesis took place on plasma membranes of cells in culture, mouse brain neurons, and inflammatory cells (macrophages) in brain lesions. All of these characteristics of the two viruses, and the known association of kotonkan virus with an acute, febrile illness of cattle in Nigeria, suggest a biological relationship with bovine ephemeral fever virus. The latter is known to exist in the same geographic area but exhibits no serological cross-reaction with either kotonkan or Obodhiang virus. The question of whether these two viruses deserve placement in an expanded rabies subgroup (at the cost of a less precise definition of the subgroup) or in a separate subgroup (which would include bovine ephemeral fever virus) of the Rhabdoviridae family will only be answered by further physicochemical characterization and comparison.", "contents": "Relationship of two arthropod-borne rhabdoviruses (kotonkan and Obodhiang) to the rabies serogroup. Indirect immunofluorescence confirmed the antigenic relationship between kotankan and Obodhiang viruses and Mokola virus that had originally been shown by complement fixation test. This relationship suggests inclusion of these two arthropod isolates in the rabies subgroup of the Rhabdoviridae family. Cross-reactivity with Mokola virus was also demonstrated by direct immunofluorescence but was easily eliminated when conjugates were diluted. No crossreactivities were found by neutralization tests or by surface immunofluorescence. Other than these immunological ties to the rabies serogroup, other biological characteristics of kotonkan and Obodhiang viruses were distinct. Maximum yield of infectivity of kotonkan and Obodhiang in cell culture was at 30 C, antigen usually filled the cytoplasm of infected cells diffusely, and syncytia were formed before severe cytonecrosis. By electron microscopy, virus particles and their nucleocapsids appeared cone shaped (mean lengths: kotonkan, 182 nm; Obodhiang, 170 nm). Viral morphogenesis took place on plasma membranes of cells in culture, mouse brain neurons, and inflammatory cells (macrophages) in brain lesions. All of these characteristics of the two viruses, and the known association of kotonkan virus with an acute, febrile illness of cattle in Nigeria, suggest a biological relationship with bovine ephemeral fever virus. The latter is known to exist in the same geographic area but exhibits no serological cross-reaction with either kotonkan or Obodhiang virus. The question of whether these two viruses deserve placement in an expanded rabies subgroup (at the cost of a less precise definition of the subgroup) or in a separate subgroup (which would include bovine ephemeral fever virus) of the Rhabdoviridae family will only be answered by further physicochemical characterization and comparison.", "PMID": 1104485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_690", "title": "Siderochrome production by Yersinia pestis and its relation to virulence.", "content": "P+ plague strains contained more siderochrome-producing organisms than P-. Siderochrome enhanced the mouse virulence of an F1+Vw+P1+P-Pu+ strains, inhibited P1 activity, and could be assayed by a paper disk titration method.", "contents": "Siderochrome production by Yersinia pestis and its relation to virulence. P+ plague strains contained more siderochrome-producing organisms than P-. Siderochrome enhanced the mouse virulence of an F1+Vw+P1+P-Pu+ strains, inhibited P1 activity, and could be assayed by a paper disk titration method.", "PMID": 1104486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_691", "title": "Adjuvant effect of Bordetella pertussis vaccine to sheep erythrocytes: enhancement of antibody formation by using subcutaneous administration of adjuvant and antigen.", "content": "The subcutaneous route (s.c.) was used to study the adjuvant effect of Bordetella pertussis vaccine (pv) on the primary antibody response to sheep erythrocytes. The reasons for using the s.c. route are discussed. PV, besides enhancing the hemagglutinin response, also markedly increased the number of plaque-forming cells in the draining lymph nodes. A heated preparation of PV was tested and found to possess significant adjuvant activity. Interestingly, the enhancement occurred in the absence of marked enlargement of the lymph nodes, which was characteristic of the unheated preparation. In addition, a crude solubilized cell-free preparation of PV was tested and also found to possess significant adjuvant activity. The activity was only partially abolished by heat. Hence, it was concluded that both heat-labile as well as heat-stable factors contributed to the adjuvanticity of PV. The studies also support the view that the draining lymph nodes represent a principal locus of action of PV and that the s.c. route of administration of adjuvant and antigen provides a suitable model for studying and assaying the adjuvanticity of PV.", "contents": "Adjuvant effect of Bordetella pertussis vaccine to sheep erythrocytes: enhancement of antibody formation by using subcutaneous administration of adjuvant and antigen. The subcutaneous route (s.c.) was used to study the adjuvant effect of Bordetella pertussis vaccine (pv) on the primary antibody response to sheep erythrocytes. The reasons for using the s.c. route are discussed. PV, besides enhancing the hemagglutinin response, also markedly increased the number of plaque-forming cells in the draining lymph nodes. A heated preparation of PV was tested and found to possess significant adjuvant activity. Interestingly, the enhancement occurred in the absence of marked enlargement of the lymph nodes, which was characteristic of the unheated preparation. In addition, a crude solubilized cell-free preparation of PV was tested and also found to possess significant adjuvant activity. The activity was only partially abolished by heat. Hence, it was concluded that both heat-labile as well as heat-stable factors contributed to the adjuvanticity of PV. The studies also support the view that the draining lymph nodes represent a principal locus of action of PV and that the s.c. route of administration of adjuvant and antigen provides a suitable model for studying and assaying the adjuvanticity of PV.", "PMID": 1104487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_692", "title": "Chitin assay used to demonstrate renal localization and cortisone-enhanced growth of Aspergillus fumigatus mycelium in mice.", "content": "Aspergillus fumigatus mycelium in untreated mice (N-mice) and cortisone acetate-treated mice (C-mice) has been quantified by chemical assay of fungal chitin. Cortisone pretreatment rendered mice more susceptible to infection by A. fumigatus (mean lethal dose at 20 days, congruent to 10(6) for N-mice; less than 10(4) for C-mice). In both N- and C-mice there was renal localization of mycelial infection at conidial doses less than the mean lethal dose. At a conidial dose greater than the mean lethal dose, mycelial infection was found in the kidneys and brain of N-mice and in the kidneys, liver, and heart of C-mice. Chitin assay results showed that A. fumigatus mycelium grew more rapidly in C-mice. It is suggested that the resistance of N-mice to mycelial development may be an important mechanism whereby natural resistance to A. fumigatus is conferred.", "contents": "Chitin assay used to demonstrate renal localization and cortisone-enhanced growth of Aspergillus fumigatus mycelium in mice. Aspergillus fumigatus mycelium in untreated mice (N-mice) and cortisone acetate-treated mice (C-mice) has been quantified by chemical assay of fungal chitin. Cortisone pretreatment rendered mice more susceptible to infection by A. fumigatus (mean lethal dose at 20 days, congruent to 10(6) for N-mice; less than 10(4) for C-mice). In both N- and C-mice there was renal localization of mycelial infection at conidial doses less than the mean lethal dose. At a conidial dose greater than the mean lethal dose, mycelial infection was found in the kidneys and brain of N-mice and in the kidneys, liver, and heart of C-mice. Chitin assay results showed that A. fumigatus mycelium grew more rapidly in C-mice. It is suggested that the resistance of N-mice to mycelial development may be an important mechanism whereby natural resistance to A. fumigatus is conferred.", "PMID": 1104488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_693", "title": "Effect of lipopolysaccharide and lipid A on mouse liver pyruvate kinase activity.", "content": "Several investigators have reported lipid A as the biologically active unit in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) molecule. To determine if lipid A was responsible for the reported increases in pyruvate kinase, mice were injected with endotoxin from Salmonella typhimurium SR-11, the Re mutant of Salmonella minnesota R 595, and lipid A-bovine serum albumin conjugate. The livers were homogenized and the activity of pyruvate kinase was measured. Similar increases in enzyme were obtained with all three preparations. These data imply that the lipid portion of the LPS molecule was responsible for alterations in host enzyme activity. To further determine if the lipid portion was the active unit, a lipid-degraded endotoxin (endotoxoid) prepared by potassium methylate treatment was inoculated into mice. An initial increase in liver pyruvate kinase activity was observed with all preparations. The marked increase observed at 16 h with the native product and lipid A conjugate was not obtained with the endotoxoid. These experiments extend and confirm previous observations that lipid A is responsible for the effects associated with LPS. Animals tolerant to endotoxin from S. typhimurium SR-11 were challenged with endotoxin from the Re mutant. A significant increase in pyruvate kinase activity was not obtained, suggesting that anti-O antibodies are not important in the development of tolerance.", "contents": "Effect of lipopolysaccharide and lipid A on mouse liver pyruvate kinase activity. Several investigators have reported lipid A as the biologically active unit in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) molecule. To determine if lipid A was responsible for the reported increases in pyruvate kinase, mice were injected with endotoxin from Salmonella typhimurium SR-11, the Re mutant of Salmonella minnesota R 595, and lipid A-bovine serum albumin conjugate. The livers were homogenized and the activity of pyruvate kinase was measured. Similar increases in enzyme were obtained with all three preparations. These data imply that the lipid portion of the LPS molecule was responsible for alterations in host enzyme activity. To further determine if the lipid portion was the active unit, a lipid-degraded endotoxin (endotoxoid) prepared by potassium methylate treatment was inoculated into mice. An initial increase in liver pyruvate kinase activity was observed with all preparations. The marked increase observed at 16 h with the native product and lipid A conjugate was not obtained with the endotoxoid. These experiments extend and confirm previous observations that lipid A is responsible for the effects associated with LPS. Animals tolerant to endotoxin from S. typhimurium SR-11 were challenged with endotoxin from the Re mutant. A significant increase in pyruvate kinase activity was not obtained, suggesting that anti-O antibodies are not important in the development of tolerance.", "PMID": 1104489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_694", "title": "Specific responsiveness of leukocytes to soluble extracts of human tumors.", "content": "The leukocyte adherence inhibition (LAI) method was studied with respect to its specificity in detecting responses to extracts of tumor tissues or normal lymphocytes. Responses of cells from normal persons were within 10% of each other whether incubation was carried out with culture medium alone or with any of the extracts. The same was true of cells from 78 cancer patients unless the cells were incubated with extracts of the same histologic type as their own. In the latter case, statistically significant responses occurred in 95% of the 110 analyses done. Negative responses were given by cells from 14 patients tentatively diagnosed as having breast carcinoma but whose lesions later proved benign. There was one positive response inconsistent with the diagnosis. Of 29 normal individuals known to have been exposed to tumors or tumor extracts, 11 responded positively and specifically to the relevant tumor extract. Cells from 12 of 30 multiparous female breast-cancer patients responded to extracts of pooled normal lymphocytes. The results establish that the LAI analysis is an extremely specific means of detecting systemic responses to malignant diseases. In addition, analyses have proven positive in 95% of the cases studied.", "contents": "Specific responsiveness of leukocytes to soluble extracts of human tumors. The leukocyte adherence inhibition (LAI) method was studied with respect to its specificity in detecting responses to extracts of tumor tissues or normal lymphocytes. Responses of cells from normal persons were within 10% of each other whether incubation was carried out with culture medium alone or with any of the extracts. The same was true of cells from 78 cancer patients unless the cells were incubated with extracts of the same histologic type as their own. In the latter case, statistically significant responses occurred in 95% of the 110 analyses done. Negative responses were given by cells from 14 patients tentatively diagnosed as having breast carcinoma but whose lesions later proved benign. There was one positive response inconsistent with the diagnosis. Of 29 normal individuals known to have been exposed to tumors or tumor extracts, 11 responded positively and specifically to the relevant tumor extract. Cells from 12 of 30 multiparous female breast-cancer patients responded to extracts of pooled normal lymphocytes. The results establish that the LAI analysis is an extremely specific means of detecting systemic responses to malignant diseases. In addition, analyses have proven positive in 95% of the cases studied.", "PMID": 1104491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_695", "title": "Antibodies and antigen expression in human melanoma detected by the immune adherence test.", "content": "By means of a modified immune adherence (IA) technique, sera from melanoma patients were tested for the presence of antimelanoma antibodies. In total 13/73 sera tested showed a positive IA reaction of which 4/6 sera showed a positive reaction in the autologous situation. Sera from 33 patients with other tumors, 7 patients with non-neoplastic diseases and 50 healthy individuals did not show any IA reactivity towards melanoma cells. The reaction seemed to be selectively directed against tumor-associated antigens (TAA) on melanoma cells. No correlation with the stage of the disease could be found. Longitudinal studies indicated that conversions in antibody activity did not correlate with the clinical state of the patients. There was also no correlation with the corresponding in vitro data obtained in cell-mediated immunity tests. Cell lines and short-term cultures originating from tumors from different melanoma patients shared a common antigenicity. The expression of TAA on cells from a melanoma cell line fluctuated significantly during prolonged culture. The expression of TAA was influenced by the culture conditions and the growth state of the cells. A relation between TAA-expression and cell cycle phase was demonstrated.", "contents": "Antibodies and antigen expression in human melanoma detected by the immune adherence test. By means of a modified immune adherence (IA) technique, sera from melanoma patients were tested for the presence of antimelanoma antibodies. In total 13/73 sera tested showed a positive IA reaction of which 4/6 sera showed a positive reaction in the autologous situation. Sera from 33 patients with other tumors, 7 patients with non-neoplastic diseases and 50 healthy individuals did not show any IA reactivity towards melanoma cells. The reaction seemed to be selectively directed against tumor-associated antigens (TAA) on melanoma cells. No correlation with the stage of the disease could be found. Longitudinal studies indicated that conversions in antibody activity did not correlate with the clinical state of the patients. There was also no correlation with the corresponding in vitro data obtained in cell-mediated immunity tests. Cell lines and short-term cultures originating from tumors from different melanoma patients shared a common antigenicity. The expression of TAA on cells from a melanoma cell line fluctuated significantly during prolonged culture. The expression of TAA was influenced by the culture conditions and the growth state of the cells. A relation between TAA-expression and cell cycle phase was demonstrated.", "PMID": 1104492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_696", "title": "Drug abuse during the Civil War (1861-1865).", "content": "The Civil War (1861-1865) has long been blamed as the catalyst for the spread of drug addiction in America. This paper attempts to examine this hypothesis through an extensive review of pertinent literature, and to clarify misconceptions concerning addiction problems associated with the war.", "contents": "Drug abuse during the Civil War (1861-1865). The Civil War (1861-1865) has long been blamed as the catalyst for the spread of drug addiction in America. This paper attempts to examine this hypothesis through an extensive review of pertinent literature, and to clarify misconceptions concerning addiction problems associated with the war.", "PMID": 1104493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_697", "title": "Kif in Morocco.", "content": "Chronic cannabis intoxication of a significant fraction of the male population still prevails in Morocco. The preparation used (kif) is a powder made from the dried flower of the female plant. It contains 2 to 3% THC and is smoked mixed with tobacco (1/3 of the mixture). Cultivation of kif is tolerated in an area of 60 square miles in the high Rif mountain of Northern Morocco, where it constitutes the main cash crop of the local farmers. A significant percentage (50%?) of the men in the area also consume kif regularly. This cultivation is spreading to neighboring areas. Moroccan health authorities claim that cannabis intoxication represents a major health hazard. There exist little data correlating chronic usage of kif with pathological states in these areas of large production and consumption. This dearth of information due to lack of local medical personnel could be alleviated by a combined medical and ethnological study.", "contents": "Kif in Morocco. Chronic cannabis intoxication of a significant fraction of the male population still prevails in Morocco. The preparation used (kif) is a powder made from the dried flower of the female plant. It contains 2 to 3% THC and is smoked mixed with tobacco (1/3 of the mixture). Cultivation of kif is tolerated in an area of 60 square miles in the high Rif mountain of Northern Morocco, where it constitutes the main cash crop of the local farmers. A significant percentage (50%?) of the men in the area also consume kif regularly. This cultivation is spreading to neighboring areas. Moroccan health authorities claim that cannabis intoxication represents a major health hazard. There exist little data correlating chronic usage of kif with pathological states in these areas of large production and consumption. This dearth of information due to lack of local medical personnel could be alleviated by a combined medical and ethnological study.", "PMID": 1104494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_698", "title": "Would healing: a brief review.", "content": "The biology of wound healing is indeed a complex process. From phase 1 to phase 3, an orderly progression of events take place in the repair process. Various factors influence the rapidity and cosmetic appearance of this phenomenon. Physical, microbial, nutritional and environmental factors all have some role in the end result.", "contents": "Would healing: a brief review. The biology of wound healing is indeed a complex process. From phase 1 to phase 3, an orderly progression of events take place in the repair process. Various factors influence the rapidity and cosmetic appearance of this phenomenon. Physical, microbial, nutritional and environmental factors all have some role in the end result.", "PMID": 1104500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_699", "title": "Pathogenesis of staphylococcal infections of the skin.", "content": "Staphylococcus aureus does not grow readily on normal skin, where an important factor inhibiting its growth is the resident flora. Hydration of the stratum corneum favors the growth of S. aureus. Before lesions of staphyloderma are produced, organisms multiply on the surface. Substances produced as the result of multiplication enter the skin and produce an irritant reaction characterized by necrobiosis, spongiosis followed by perivascular infiltration, exocytosis and intraepidermal vesicle formation. A technique was used whereby the skin surface was separated from growing S. aureus by a filter. Pustules were produced through the filter.", "contents": "Pathogenesis of staphylococcal infections of the skin. Staphylococcus aureus does not grow readily on normal skin, where an important factor inhibiting its growth is the resident flora. Hydration of the stratum corneum favors the growth of S. aureus. Before lesions of staphyloderma are produced, organisms multiply on the surface. Substances produced as the result of multiplication enter the skin and produce an irritant reaction characterized by necrobiosis, spongiosis followed by perivascular infiltration, exocytosis and intraepidermal vesicle formation. A technique was used whereby the skin surface was separated from growing S. aureus by a filter. Pustules were produced through the filter.", "PMID": 1104502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_700", "title": "Evaluation of \"chemical isolation\" in 1,168 leprosy patients' homes.", "content": "\"Chemical isolation\" (treatment of open cases as a measure of control for transmission between contacts) is evaluated by a retrospective study of 7,232 household contacts of 1,168 leprosy patient homes. Contacts comparable in age and type of exposure were arranged in subgroups according to whether they were born before (Group A) or born after (Group B) beginning treatment of the index cases had begun. Additionally, the whole group of contacts, both of open (LL & BB) and closed (TT & I) cases were evaluated. Among comparable contacts of LL and BB cases, the infection rate in the contacts before initiation of treatment is higher than in that of contacts after initiation of treatment. The protection afforded by the treatment to the exposed group (Group B) is on the order of 66%. The morbidity occurring in the group born after the initiation of index case treatment apparently results from partial persistence of infectiousness of the case under treatment.", "contents": "Evaluation of \"chemical isolation\" in 1,168 leprosy patients' homes. \"Chemical isolation\" (treatment of open cases as a measure of control for transmission between contacts) is evaluated by a retrospective study of 7,232 household contacts of 1,168 leprosy patient homes. Contacts comparable in age and type of exposure were arranged in subgroups according to whether they were born before (Group A) or born after (Group B) beginning treatment of the index cases had begun. Additionally, the whole group of contacts, both of open (LL & BB) and closed (TT & I) cases were evaluated. Among comparable contacts of LL and BB cases, the infection rate in the contacts before initiation of treatment is higher than in that of contacts after initiation of treatment. The protection afforded by the treatment to the exposed group (Group B) is on the order of 66%. The morbidity occurring in the group born after the initiation of index case treatment apparently results from partial persistence of infectiousness of the case under treatment.", "PMID": 1104496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_701", "title": "Modification of the response to 8 MeV electrons of auxotrophic strains of Escherichia coli by amino-acid deprivation and rifampicin.", "content": "An investigation has been made of the possibility that the accumulation of RNA enriched in messenger can influence the survival of bacteria after exposure to 8 MeV electrons. The multiple amino-acid auxotroph E. coli CP79 RCrel accumulates RNA during inhibition of protein synthesis, and the proportion of RNA present as messenger increases by a factor of 3 during a 2-hour period of amino-acid deprivation. Amino-acid withdrawal led to changes in the shape of the survival curve, which also occurred in strain CP78 RCstr, which synthesizes very little RNA when deprived of amino acids. We conclude that accumulation of RNA enriched in messenger plays little or no part in modification of the survival of irradiated bacteria. We show that rifampicin, an inhibitor of RNA synthesis, increases the sensitivity of both strains equally.", "contents": "Modification of the response to 8 MeV electrons of auxotrophic strains of Escherichia coli by amino-acid deprivation and rifampicin. An investigation has been made of the possibility that the accumulation of RNA enriched in messenger can influence the survival of bacteria after exposure to 8 MeV electrons. The multiple amino-acid auxotroph E. coli CP79 RCrel accumulates RNA during inhibition of protein synthesis, and the proportion of RNA present as messenger increases by a factor of 3 during a 2-hour period of amino-acid deprivation. Amino-acid withdrawal led to changes in the shape of the survival curve, which also occurred in strain CP78 RCstr, which synthesizes very little RNA when deprived of amino acids. We conclude that accumulation of RNA enriched in messenger plays little or no part in modification of the survival of irradiated bacteria. We show that rifampicin, an inhibitor of RNA synthesis, increases the sensitivity of both strains equally.", "PMID": 1104504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_702", "title": "An overview of research on the history of leprosy. Part 1. From Celsus to Simpson, Circa. 1 A.D. Part 2. From Virchow to M\u00f8ller-Christense, 1845-1973.", "content": "This overview attempts to evaluate, in general, the results of nearly 2,000 years of writings on the history of leprosy. The ancients, although prone to confuse other skin diseases with leprosy, laid the emotional foundation for later work in superstitution and lore. Their efforts were faithfully copied for hundreds of years and provided at least an accumulation of facts and a documentation of the state of the art. The dawn of scientific medicine in the mid-nineteenth century and the following 125 years has brought an increasing specialization of research in the history of leprosy that might be usefully divided into medical, political, Biblical, instutional, and medieval aspects. Some of the most productive efforts within each of these areas are considered. The challenge of the future is to develop models of analysis and evaluation based on the findings of analysis and evaluation based on the findings of social scientific research rather than relying totally on pure narration. This is the way in which to free the history of leprosy from much of the myth and error that surrounds it.", "contents": "An overview of research on the history of leprosy. Part 1. From Celsus to Simpson, Circa. 1 A.D. Part 2. From Virchow to M\u00f8ller-Christense, 1845-1973. This overview attempts to evaluate, in general, the results of nearly 2,000 years of writings on the history of leprosy. The ancients, although prone to confuse other skin diseases with leprosy, laid the emotional foundation for later work in superstitution and lore. Their efforts were faithfully copied for hundreds of years and provided at least an accumulation of facts and a documentation of the state of the art. The dawn of scientific medicine in the mid-nineteenth century and the following 125 years has brought an increasing specialization of research in the history of leprosy that might be usefully divided into medical, political, Biblical, instutional, and medieval aspects. Some of the most productive efforts within each of these areas are considered. The challenge of the future is to develop models of analysis and evaluation based on the findings of analysis and evaluation based on the findings of social scientific research rather than relying totally on pure narration. This is the way in which to free the history of leprosy from much of the myth and error that surrounds it.", "PMID": 1104497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_703", "title": "Continuous postoperative peritoneal lavage in diffuse peritonitis using balanced saline antibiotic solution.", "content": "Results of postoperative peritoneal lavage using balanced saline and antibiotic solution in 30 patients with diffuse peritonitis have been presented. The results of this study show that such lavage is a significantly useful adjunctive treatment in the management of diffuse peritonitis. It appreciably reduces the mortality and morbidity. Its adjunctive use in suitable cases along with surgery can be safely advocated in clinical practice.", "contents": "Continuous postoperative peritoneal lavage in diffuse peritonitis using balanced saline antibiotic solution. Results of postoperative peritoneal lavage using balanced saline and antibiotic solution in 30 patients with diffuse peritonitis have been presented. The results of this study show that such lavage is a significantly useful adjunctive treatment in the management of diffuse peritonitis. It appreciably reduces the mortality and morbidity. Its adjunctive use in suitable cases along with surgery can be safely advocated in clinical practice.", "PMID": 1104507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_704", "title": "The instilled fluid dynamics and surface chemistry of polymers in the preocular tear film.", "content": "Using slit lamp fluorophotometry it was demonstrated that the rate of drainage of a vehicle placed in the eye increased with increasing volume and that polymer solutions increased the thickness of the precorneal tear film (PTF). By increasing the viscosity of the delivery vehicle, (e.g., a hydroxypropylmethylcellulose polymer solutions), the PTF retention of fluorescein could be increased. The increased retention was shown to be due to an increase in the tear reservoir volume provided by the more viscous solutions. The PTF retention of fluorescein in a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) vehicle was not as viscosity dependent, although PVA did seem to produce greater initial PTF fluorescence. This suggested that PVA initially produced a thicker PTF. The PTF retention of fluorescein by five commercial solutions did not have any relation to their wetting properties. The only good correlation with fluorescein retention in the PTF measured, seemed to be the ability of different polymer solutions to stabilize a thick layer of water as measured by the spontaneous spreading of polymer molecules at the air/liquid interface on wet glass surfaces. This model was designed to simulate tear film spreading in vivo. The results suggest that different polymer solutions may produce thicker PTF's than normal by virtue of their ability to drag water with them as they spread over the ocular surface with each blink. Mechanisms by which polymer solutions may increase the thickness of the PTF are discussed.", "contents": "The instilled fluid dynamics and surface chemistry of polymers in the preocular tear film. Using slit lamp fluorophotometry it was demonstrated that the rate of drainage of a vehicle placed in the eye increased with increasing volume and that polymer solutions increased the thickness of the precorneal tear film (PTF). By increasing the viscosity of the delivery vehicle, (e.g., a hydroxypropylmethylcellulose polymer solutions), the PTF retention of fluorescein could be increased. The increased retention was shown to be due to an increase in the tear reservoir volume provided by the more viscous solutions. The PTF retention of fluorescein in a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) vehicle was not as viscosity dependent, although PVA did seem to produce greater initial PTF fluorescence. This suggested that PVA initially produced a thicker PTF. The PTF retention of fluorescein by five commercial solutions did not have any relation to their wetting properties. The only good correlation with fluorescein retention in the PTF measured, seemed to be the ability of different polymer solutions to stabilize a thick layer of water as measured by the spontaneous spreading of polymer molecules at the air/liquid interface on wet glass surfaces. This model was designed to simulate tear film spreading in vivo. The results suggest that different polymer solutions may produce thicker PTF's than normal by virtue of their ability to drag water with them as they spread over the ocular surface with each blink. Mechanisms by which polymer solutions may increase the thickness of the PTF are discussed.", "PMID": 1104516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_705", "title": "Electrophysiologic evidence for normal optic nerve fiber projections in normally pigmented squinters.", "content": "The Siamese cat, a type of albino, has a visual pathway anomaly in which too many optic nerve fibers cross at the optic chiasm, and also frequently has strabismus. The correlation of strabismus with this defect suggests that a similar pathway defect without pigmentation anomalies, may be the cause of much human strabismus. Creel, Witkop, and King have used evoked potential methods to show that such a pathway defect likely occurs in the human albino. While unpublished control experiments verified their results on human albinos, no such defect has been found in the normally-pigmented human squinter. It is concluded that the visual pathway anomaly is limited to albinism and is not a likely cause of most human strabismus.", "contents": "Electrophysiologic evidence for normal optic nerve fiber projections in normally pigmented squinters. The Siamese cat, a type of albino, has a visual pathway anomaly in which too many optic nerve fibers cross at the optic chiasm, and also frequently has strabismus. The correlation of strabismus with this defect suggests that a similar pathway defect without pigmentation anomalies, may be the cause of much human strabismus. Creel, Witkop, and King have used evoked potential methods to show that such a pathway defect likely occurs in the human albino. While unpublished control experiments verified their results on human albinos, no such defect has been found in the normally-pigmented human squinter. It is concluded that the visual pathway anomaly is limited to albinism and is not a likely cause of most human strabismus.", "PMID": 1104518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_706", "title": "Computer analysis of electromyographic signals from the human bladder and urethral and anal sphincters.", "content": "An investigation has been made into the form of the EMG signals from the human bladder and urethral and anal sphincters. A buildup of the low frequency detrusor EMG before micturition occurs in some patients and this is more marked in patients with urgency. A good correlation occurs between the amount of EMG activity and bladder activity as assessed by the cystometrogram. Marked spike activity has been seen in the detrusor EMGs of patients with irritable bladders. The comparison of anal and urethral sphincter EMGs is of interest from the viewpoint of the anatomy of the urethral sphincter and the mechanism of micturition.", "contents": "Computer analysis of electromyographic signals from the human bladder and urethral and anal sphincters. An investigation has been made into the form of the EMG signals from the human bladder and urethral and anal sphincters. A buildup of the low frequency detrusor EMG before micturition occurs in some patients and this is more marked in patients with urgency. A good correlation occurs between the amount of EMG activity and bladder activity as assessed by the cystometrogram. Marked spike activity has been seen in the detrusor EMGs of patients with irritable bladders. The comparison of anal and urethral sphincter EMGs is of interest from the viewpoint of the anatomy of the urethral sphincter and the mechanism of micturition.", "PMID": 1104519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_707", "title": "[Significance of proteolytic sperm enzymes for the fertility].", "content": "Proteolytic enzymes of the male genital tract have important functions in the reproduction process. The sperm enzyme acrosin is of particular significance for the penetration of the zona pellucida. Proteinases are involved in coagulation and liquefaction of human semen. The kallikrein-kinin system has an important role in stimulation and regulation of sperm motility. In addition, semen proteinases seem to be involved in the penetration and migration of spermatozoa through the cervix uteri. Disturbances of the proteolytic potential of human semen may be the cause of subfertility or  infertility. Specific inhibition of proteinases participating in the fertilization process could be an approach for an effective antienzymatic contraception.", "contents": "[Significance of proteolytic sperm enzymes for the fertility]. Proteolytic enzymes of the male genital tract have important functions in the reproduction process. The sperm enzyme acrosin is of particular significance for the penetration of the zona pellucida. Proteinases are involved in coagulation and liquefaction of human semen. The kallikrein-kinin system has an important role in stimulation and regulation of sperm motility. In addition, semen proteinases seem to be involved in the penetration and migration of spermatozoa through the cervix uteri. Disturbances of the proteolytic potential of human semen may be the cause of subfertility or  infertility. Specific inhibition of proteinases participating in the fertilization process could be an approach for an effective antienzymatic contraception.", "PMID": 1104525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_708", "title": "[Experience with new skin sutures: synthetic, resorbable material].", "content": "A new combined technique of the excision of small and large skin tumors and of exploratory excisions is reported. Besides of the semilunar incision and the modified subcutaneous lambloid decompressing suture already formerly described, the new application consists of continuous intracutaneous suture with submerged ends. The combined method is only practicable because of the high tensile strength of the synthetic absorbable suture material Dexon. Dexon seems to be superior to all other absorbable filaments, e.g. catgut. Healing of scars is very promising with the mentioned method and the new suture material.", "contents": "[Experience with new skin sutures: synthetic, resorbable material]. A new combined technique of the excision of small and large skin tumors and of exploratory excisions is reported. Besides of the semilunar incision and the modified subcutaneous lambloid decompressing suture already formerly described, the new application consists of continuous intracutaneous suture with submerged ends. The combined method is only practicable because of the high tensile strength of the synthetic absorbable suture material Dexon. Dexon seems to be superior to all other absorbable filaments, e.g. catgut. Healing of scars is very promising with the mentioned method and the new suture material.", "PMID": 1104526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_709", "title": "Starling curves as a guide to fluid management in the critically ill.", "content": "Information derived from Starling curves is useful in following the course of critically ill patients. With this knowledge, the physician can better assess the efficiency of the myocardium and determine the optimal filling pressure. Thus, he is enabled to prescribe the necessary fluid and/or drug therapy to maintain the patient at his most efficient cardiac performance. The nurse who monitors cardiac output and wedge at frequent intervals can regulate fluid replacement on this basis.", "contents": "Starling curves as a guide to fluid management in the critically ill. Information derived from Starling curves is useful in following the course of critically ill patients. With this knowledge, the physician can better assess the efficiency of the myocardium and determine the optimal filling pressure. Thus, he is enabled to prescribe the necessary fluid and/or drug therapy to maintain the patient at his most efficient cardiac performance. The nurse who monitors cardiac output and wedge at frequent intervals can regulate fluid replacement on this basis.", "PMID": 1104533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_710", "title": "Preparation of cells from suspensions for correlative scanning electron and interference microscopy.", "content": "Neutrophils from bovine milk and blood platelets from dog plasma were washed in PBS, fixed in GA, dehydrated, suspended in a drop on a formvar-coated slide and immediately critical-point-dried in CO2. After coating with Pt-Pd the specimens were examined in an SEM. The same cells were then examined by interferometry (Int) in a light microscope, and the dry mass was determined. It is shown that this preparation method for both types of microscopes (SEM and Int) appears to give adequate results as far as fine surface structure (SEM-appearance) and dry mass determinations (Int) are concerned. The method has the advantage of a more precise characterization of individual particles, than would have been possible, if both methods of microscopy (SEM and Int) had been employed on the same sample, but on different specimens.", "contents": "Preparation of cells from suspensions for correlative scanning electron and interference microscopy. Neutrophils from bovine milk and blood platelets from dog plasma were washed in PBS, fixed in GA, dehydrated, suspended in a drop on a formvar-coated slide and immediately critical-point-dried in CO2. After coating with Pt-Pd the specimens were examined in an SEM. The same cells were then examined by interferometry (Int) in a light microscope, and the dry mass was determined. It is shown that this preparation method for both types of microscopes (SEM and Int) appears to give adequate results as far as fine surface structure (SEM-appearance) and dry mass determinations (Int) are concerned. The method has the advantage of a more precise characterization of individual particles, than would have been possible, if both methods of microscopy (SEM and Int) had been employed on the same sample, but on different specimens.", "PMID": 1104540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_711", "title": "[Covering of defects in the lateral head and neck regions with shoulder flaps (author's transl)].", "content": "In many situations the head and neck surgeon is forced to excise large areas of tumor bearing skin in the lateral head and neck regions. This skin, either containing primary malignancies or tumors arising from underlying structures (such as lymph nodes, the mandible or the parotid gland), often is heavily irradiated. Consequently, free full-thickness skin grafts have limited chance of survival because of the reduced blood supply of the adjacent tissue. In these cases we use the so-called shoulder flap, as first described by Conley, to cover large defects. This flap, bases between the trapezius muscle and the scapula, has a rich blood supply, closes the defects in one stage and avoids restriction of the head. In addition, the donor site can be closed transposition of adjacent skin when possible without functional defect. Nine clinical cases are presented.", "contents": "[Covering of defects in the lateral head and neck regions with shoulder flaps (author's transl)]. In many situations the head and neck surgeon is forced to excise large areas of tumor bearing skin in the lateral head and neck regions. This skin, either containing primary malignancies or tumors arising from underlying structures (such as lymph nodes, the mandible or the parotid gland), often is heavily irradiated. Consequently, free full-thickness skin grafts have limited chance of survival because of the reduced blood supply of the adjacent tissue. In these cases we use the so-called shoulder flap, as first described by Conley, to cover large defects. This flap, bases between the trapezius muscle and the scapula, has a rich blood supply, closes the defects in one stage and avoids restriction of the head. In addition, the donor site can be closed transposition of adjacent skin when possible without functional defect. Nine clinical cases are presented.", "PMID": 1104541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_712", "title": "[The use of synthetic foam postnasal packing (author's transl)].", "content": "For about a year postnasal space packing made of synthetic foam has been used. This fits the contours of the epipharynx, causes no mucosal damage and is better tolerated by the patient than the traditional packing. In 50 cases of postadenoidectomy bleeding, uncontrolled epistaxes and bleeding from epipharyngeal tumours we have been convinced of the usefulness of this synthetic foam.", "contents": "[The use of synthetic foam postnasal packing (author's transl)]. For about a year postnasal space packing made of synthetic foam has been used. This fits the contours of the epipharynx, causes no mucosal damage and is better tolerated by the patient than the traditional packing. In 50 cases of postadenoidectomy bleeding, uncontrolled epistaxes and bleeding from epipharyngeal tumours we have been convinced of the usefulness of this synthetic foam.", "PMID": 1104542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_713", "title": "[Tonsils and immunology (author's transl)].", "content": "Tonsils are lymphatic organs carrying out functions of humoral and cellular immunity. They form a local immunologic barrier; they are also involved in general immunologic defence mechanisms. Tonsillectomy or the destruction of tonsils by infections does not reduce the immunoglobulin concentration and antibody titres in peripheral blood. Only the local formation of IgA antibodies against poliomyelitis antigen seems to be impaired at least for a short time. The clinical relevance of this finding is unknown. Signs of defects in immunosurveillance, which were found in some study groups resulting from an increase of the morbidity rates of Hodgkin's disease and thyroid carcinoma, must be considered seriously although there is no statistic evidence for an increase of tumor frequency after tonsillectomy. The indication for tonsillectomy must be decided on clinical findings. Signs for a reduction of local antibody synthesis or for a possible diminuation of immunosurveillance should serve to critical indication.", "contents": "[Tonsils and immunology (author's transl)]. Tonsils are lymphatic organs carrying out functions of humoral and cellular immunity. They form a local immunologic barrier; they are also involved in general immunologic defence mechanisms. Tonsillectomy or the destruction of tonsils by infections does not reduce the immunoglobulin concentration and antibody titres in peripheral blood. Only the local formation of IgA antibodies against poliomyelitis antigen seems to be impaired at least for a short time. The clinical relevance of this finding is unknown. Signs of defects in immunosurveillance, which were found in some study groups resulting from an increase of the morbidity rates of Hodgkin's disease and thyroid carcinoma, must be considered seriously although there is no statistic evidence for an increase of tumor frequency after tonsillectomy. The indication for tonsillectomy must be decided on clinical findings. Signs for a reduction of local antibody synthesis or for a possible diminuation of immunosurveillance should serve to critical indication.", "PMID": 1104543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_714", "title": "[The problems of dogbite injuries in the regions of the ear and the larynx of children (author's transl)].", "content": "Three characteristic dogbite injuries in the regions of the ear and the larynx of children are described, and the incidence of tissue-alteration and complication summarized. Criteria are given for appropriate wound treatment in order to achieve maximal cosmetic and functional rehabilation.", "contents": "[The problems of dogbite injuries in the regions of the ear and the larynx of children (author's transl)]. Three characteristic dogbite injuries in the regions of the ear and the larynx of children are described, and the incidence of tissue-alteration and complication summarized. Criteria are given for appropriate wound treatment in order to achieve maximal cosmetic and functional rehabilation.", "PMID": 1104544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_715", "title": "Pathogenesis of canine pyometra.", "content": "Escherichia coli strains associated with pyometra in 85 of 100 bitches investigated had an affinity for urinary tract epithelium and smooth muscle as well as for progesterone-stimulated endometrium and myometrium. The adherence via K-antigen seemed to be important for colonization of the pathogen during development of pyometra. urinary tract infection was detected in 23 of 32 bitches from which urine specimens were obtained. In these bitches, a strain of E coli identical to the strain in the infected uterus was isolated. It was concluded that subclinical urinary tract infection is associated with pyometra and that the uterus will be infected at early metestrus, when receptors for E coli are developed in the endometrium and myometrium, thus enhancing the colonization of bacteria in the uterus.", "contents": "Pathogenesis of canine pyometra. Escherichia coli strains associated with pyometra in 85 of 100 bitches investigated had an affinity for urinary tract epithelium and smooth muscle as well as for progesterone-stimulated endometrium and myometrium. The adherence via K-antigen seemed to be important for colonization of the pathogen during development of pyometra. urinary tract infection was detected in 23 of 32 bitches from which urine specimens were obtained. In these bitches, a strain of E coli identical to the strain in the infected uterus was isolated. It was concluded that subclinical urinary tract infection is associated with pyometra and that the uterus will be infected at early metestrus, when receptors for E coli are developed in the endometrium and myometrium, thus enhancing the colonization of bacteria in the uterus.", "PMID": 1104545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_716", "title": "Salmonellosis in a human infant, a cat, and two parakeets in the same household.", "content": "Salmonellosis occurred in a human infant, cat, and 2 pet parakeets in the same household. Salmonella typhimurium var copenhagen was isolated from all 4 subjects; however, its original source was never determined. The parakeets subsequently died, and necropsy revealed enteritis, foci of hepatic necrosis, and leptomeningitis.", "contents": "Salmonellosis in a human infant, a cat, and two parakeets in the same household. Salmonellosis occurred in a human infant, cat, and 2 pet parakeets in the same household. Salmonella typhimurium var copenhagen was isolated from all 4 subjects; however, its original source was never determined. The parakeets subsequently died, and necropsy revealed enteritis, foci of hepatic necrosis, and leptomeningitis.", "PMID": 1104547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_717", "title": "Localization of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone in rat hypothalamus using radioimmunoassay.", "content": "Radioimmunoassays for LH-RH were performed on frozen rat brain sections cut serially in coronal, parasagittal and horizontal planes. In some of the assays, samples were pooled from corresponding areas in different animals. A clear pattern of distribution of LH-RH rich regions emerged. Two prominent components - a caudal high curve and a rostral smaller hump - were observed, and their variable characteristics discussed. The high curve represents the arcuate-medium eminence (ME) region. Our data suggest that this region is not homogeneous, and three different subdivisions of this arcuate-ME region can be distinguished on the basis of LH-RH content. High values were obtained consistently in the arcuate-ME region, except for females in the late afternoon of dioestrus day 2, at which stage the levels in this region dropped until they were little more than base line. The rostral hump of high LH-RH activity varies both in position and amplitude. These variations are associated with (1) the sex of the animal and (2) the stage of the female cycle. In males this hump appeared in the region of the suprachiasmatic nucleus, while in dioestrous females it appeared in the medial preoptic area, rostral to the male location. Some changes in LH-RH levels are thought to be related to the stage in the female sex cycle. During the afternoon of dioestrus, the caudal high curve representing the arcuate-ME region shrank, whereas the rostral smaller hump (preoptic region) showed much higher levels. Some feed-back take-off may occur from the LH-RH released by the arcuate-ME region. Instead of synthesizing its own LH-RH, the preoptic area may concentrate some of the LH-RH released from the arcuate-ME region, thereafter initiating sexual behaviour as suggested by Moss & McCann (1973).", "contents": "Localization of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone in rat hypothalamus using radioimmunoassay. Radioimmunoassays for LH-RH were performed on frozen rat brain sections cut serially in coronal, parasagittal and horizontal planes. In some of the assays, samples were pooled from corresponding areas in different animals. A clear pattern of distribution of LH-RH rich regions emerged. Two prominent components - a caudal high curve and a rostral smaller hump - were observed, and their variable characteristics discussed. The high curve represents the arcuate-medium eminence (ME) region. Our data suggest that this region is not homogeneous, and three different subdivisions of this arcuate-ME region can be distinguished on the basis of LH-RH content. High values were obtained consistently in the arcuate-ME region, except for females in the late afternoon of dioestrus day 2, at which stage the levels in this region dropped until they were little more than base line. The rostral hump of high LH-RH activity varies both in position and amplitude. These variations are associated with (1) the sex of the animal and (2) the stage of the female cycle. In males this hump appeared in the region of the suprachiasmatic nucleus, while in dioestrous females it appeared in the medial preoptic area, rostral to the male location. Some changes in LH-RH levels are thought to be related to the stage in the female sex cycle. During the afternoon of dioestrus, the caudal high curve representing the arcuate-ME region shrank, whereas the rostral smaller hump (preoptic region) showed much higher levels. Some feed-back take-off may occur from the LH-RH released by the arcuate-ME region. Instead of synthesizing its own LH-RH, the preoptic area may concentrate some of the LH-RH released from the arcuate-ME region, thereafter initiating sexual behaviour as suggested by Moss & McCann (1973).", "PMID": 1104548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_718", "title": "The binding of kasugamycin to the Escherichia coli ribosomes.", "content": "The binding of kasugamycin to the E. coli ribosomes has been demonstrated by equilibrium dialysis. Kasugamycin binds to the 70S ribosomes in a molar ratio of 1:1. The association constant is approximately 6 X 10(-4) M-1. The antibiotic binds to the 30S subunit as well as to 70S ribosomes, but only slightly to the 50S subunit. The binding of kasugamycin is not significantly affected by the presence of other aminolgycoside antibiotics: streptomycin, kanamycin. or gentamicin. Kasugamycin does not bind to ribosomes derived from a kasugamycin-resistant mutant, ksgC.", "contents": "The binding of kasugamycin to the Escherichia coli ribosomes. The binding of kasugamycin to the E. coli ribosomes has been demonstrated by equilibrium dialysis. Kasugamycin binds to the 70S ribosomes in a molar ratio of 1:1. The association constant is approximately 6 X 10(-4) M-1. The antibiotic binds to the 30S subunit as well as to 70S ribosomes, but only slightly to the 50S subunit. The binding of kasugamycin is not significantly affected by the presence of other aminolgycoside antibiotics: streptomycin, kanamycin. or gentamicin. Kasugamycin does not bind to ribosomes derived from a kasugamycin-resistant mutant, ksgC.", "PMID": 1104550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_719", "title": "Charactertization of spontaneous fosfomycin (phosphonomycin)-resistant cells of Escherichia coli B in vitro.", "content": "The characteristics of spontaneous fosfomycin-resistant cells isolated in vitro were investigated. Distribution of resistance level to the drug in Escherichia coli B was thought to be broad and, for this reason, resistance to the drug seemed to develope easily in vitro. In the process of isolating the resistant cells, two groups of cells, differing in colony size, were distinguished. Smaller colony-forming cells appeared more frequently than Larger colony-forming ones. Many of the former seemed to be slow growers and decreased simultaneously in utilization of several carbohydrates. One of the Smaller colony-forming isolates was distinctly different from glp T- or uhp-.", "contents": "Charactertization of spontaneous fosfomycin (phosphonomycin)-resistant cells of Escherichia coli B in vitro. The characteristics of spontaneous fosfomycin-resistant cells isolated in vitro were investigated. Distribution of resistance level to the drug in Escherichia coli B was thought to be broad and, for this reason, resistance to the drug seemed to develope easily in vitro. In the process of isolating the resistant cells, two groups of cells, differing in colony size, were distinguished. Smaller colony-forming cells appeared more frequently than Larger colony-forming ones. Many of the former seemed to be slow growers and decreased simultaneously in utilization of several carbohydrates. One of the Smaller colony-forming isolates was distinctly different from glp T- or uhp-.", "PMID": 1104551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_720", "title": "Effective respiratory system elastance during positive-pressure breathing in supine man.", "content": "Two healthy males relaxing supine on a ballistobed were mechanically ventilated at positive end-expiratory pressures (PEEP) from 0 to 19 cmH2O. Pressures at the airway opening, middle esophagus, and stomach were monitored, together with tidal volume (VT) and ballistobed displacement. The effective elastance (i.e., sum of active and passive components) of the respiratory system (E'rs) and its components--abdominal muscle (E'ab), diaphragm (E'di), and rib cage (E'rc)--were calculated. With increasing PEEP, lung compliance increased slightly, E'rc and E'di decreased linearly, and E'ab increased linearly. The combined effective elastance of abdomen and diaphragm (E'ab+di) first decreased and then increased again. The abdomen-diaphragm contribution to VT during mechanical ventilation was approximately half that of spontaneous breathing.", "contents": "Effective respiratory system elastance during positive-pressure breathing in supine man. Two healthy males relaxing supine on a ballistobed were mechanically ventilated at positive end-expiratory pressures (PEEP) from 0 to 19 cmH2O. Pressures at the airway opening, middle esophagus, and stomach were monitored, together with tidal volume (VT) and ballistobed displacement. The effective elastance (i.e., sum of active and passive components) of the respiratory system (E'rs) and its components--abdominal muscle (E'ab), diaphragm (E'di), and rib cage (E'rc)--were calculated. With increasing PEEP, lung compliance increased slightly, E'rc and E'di decreased linearly, and E'ab increased linearly. The combined effective elastance of abdomen and diaphragm (E'ab+di) first decreased and then increased again. The abdomen-diaphragm contribution to VT during mechanical ventilation was approximately half that of spontaneous breathing.", "PMID": 1104561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_721", "title": "Strontium-85 extraction during transcapillary passage in tibial bone.", "content": "Indicator dilution experiments were done to determine the extraction of 85Sr during a single passage through capillaries of the tibial diaphysis. Extraction was estimated by injection of 85SrCl2 and a nonpermeant, reference tracer, T-1824-labeled albumin, into the nutrient artery and recording of the effluent venous dilution curves (femoral vein). The mean (+/- SD) maximal instantaneous extraction was 0.53 +/- 0.08 (N = 12). Net retention after 10 min, estimated from venous curves, was 0.41 +/- 0.06 (N = 12), which appeared not substantially different from the retention estimated by direct isotope counting of the tibias for 85Sr, 0.35 +/- 0.06 (N = 12). In a second set of experiments in intact animals, tibial 85Sr extraction after intravenous injection was apparently higher, 0.53 +/- 0.28 (N = 15). Values of tibial diaphyseal blood flow, estimated from washout curves for iodoantipyrine after tibial nutrient artery injection, were 1.47 +/- 0.63 ml/min per 100 g (N = 27). The extraction was not much diminished by higher flows. The estimates of permeability-surface area product (PS) for bone capillaries did increase with flow, suggesting recruitment of more capillaries at higher flows. PS values averaged 0.63 +/- 0.29 (N = 12); we conclude that the capillary membrane is a primary barrier to the passage of 85Sr and presumably other small hydrophilic solutes.", "contents": "Strontium-85 extraction during transcapillary passage in tibial bone. Indicator dilution experiments were done to determine the extraction of 85Sr during a single passage through capillaries of the tibial diaphysis. Extraction was estimated by injection of 85SrCl2 and a nonpermeant, reference tracer, T-1824-labeled albumin, into the nutrient artery and recording of the effluent venous dilution curves (femoral vein). The mean (+/- SD) maximal instantaneous extraction was 0.53 +/- 0.08 (N = 12). Net retention after 10 min, estimated from venous curves, was 0.41 +/- 0.06 (N = 12), which appeared not substantially different from the retention estimated by direct isotope counting of the tibias for 85Sr, 0.35 +/- 0.06 (N = 12). In a second set of experiments in intact animals, tibial 85Sr extraction after intravenous injection was apparently higher, 0.53 +/- 0.28 (N = 15). Values of tibial diaphyseal blood flow, estimated from washout curves for iodoantipyrine after tibial nutrient artery injection, were 1.47 +/- 0.63 ml/min per 100 g (N = 27). The extraction was not much diminished by higher flows. The estimates of permeability-surface area product (PS) for bone capillaries did increase with flow, suggesting recruitment of more capillaries at higher flows. PS values averaged 0.63 +/- 0.29 (N = 12); we conclude that the capillary membrane is a primary barrier to the passage of 85Sr and presumably other small hydrophilic solutes.", "PMID": 1104562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_722", "title": "Effect of continuous postive-pressure ventilation (CPPV) on edema formation in dog lung.", "content": "The effect of CPPV on edema formation in lungs perfused at constant blood flow was studied in whole dogs and in isolated dog lungs. In intact animals, subjected to an increase in left atrial pressure relative to pleural pressure of 40 Torr, pulmonary shunts correlate inversely (r = -0.82) with the level of end-expiratory pressure (PEE). CPPV had no significant effect on total extravasation of liquid even though PEE higher than 20 Torr was effective in preventing liquid from accumulating in the airways. In isolated lobes, perfused at constant blood flow and at a venous pressure of zero, accumulation of liquid occurred when PEE was increased above 8-10 Torr.  At comparable levels of pulmonary arterial pressure, an increase in PEE resulted in lesser accumulation of liquid than when pulmonary venous pressure was elevated. Morphometric measurements revealed no significant difference in the distribution of accumulated liquid within the lung parenchyma between lobes made edematous either by raising venous pressuure or by raising PEE. It would appear that CPPV, while beneficial in improving arterial oxygen tension in pulmonary edema, does not prevent extravasation of liquid in lungs perfused at constant blood flow. High levels of PEE appear to damage the lung by favoring accumulation of liquid in the extravascular spaces of the lung.", "contents": "Effect of continuous postive-pressure ventilation (CPPV) on edema formation in dog lung. The effect of CPPV on edema formation in lungs perfused at constant blood flow was studied in whole dogs and in isolated dog lungs. In intact animals, subjected to an increase in left atrial pressure relative to pleural pressure of 40 Torr, pulmonary shunts correlate inversely (r = -0.82) with the level of end-expiratory pressure (PEE). CPPV had no significant effect on total extravasation of liquid even though PEE higher than 20 Torr was effective in preventing liquid from accumulating in the airways. In isolated lobes, perfused at constant blood flow and at a venous pressure of zero, accumulation of liquid occurred when PEE was increased above 8-10 Torr.  At comparable levels of pulmonary arterial pressure, an increase in PEE resulted in lesser accumulation of liquid than when pulmonary venous pressure was elevated. Morphometric measurements revealed no significant difference in the distribution of accumulated liquid within the lung parenchyma between lobes made edematous either by raising venous pressuure or by raising PEE. It would appear that CPPV, while beneficial in improving arterial oxygen tension in pulmonary edema, does not prevent extravasation of liquid in lungs perfused at constant blood flow. High levels of PEE appear to damage the lung by favoring accumulation of liquid in the extravascular spaces of the lung.", "PMID": 1104563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_723", "title": "Similarity of blood flows using indocyanine prepared in saline or distilled water.", "content": "Directly measured blood flow pumped through a mixer circuit was compared to estimates of flow from indicator dilution curves derived from bolus injections of indocyanine green dye prepared in 0.9% saline (saline dye) and in triple-distilled water (3 D dye). At flows whose mean appearance time was 1.6 s, the mean error of estimate +/-SD of 2.3 +/- 5.1% using 3 D dye was significantly different (P less than 0.05) from that of 5.6 +/- 7.0% using saline dye. Essentially, there was no difference in estimates of blood flow with each dye solution when mean appearance time was increased to 3.8 s. Thus, the error, which was perhaps due to electrolyte in the concentrated indocyanine green dye (saline dye) and subsequent slowed rate of optical stabilization after dilution in plasma, is small and does not explain the overestimation by indocyanine dilution curves of blood flow in intact dogs.", "contents": "Similarity of blood flows using indocyanine prepared in saline or distilled water. Directly measured blood flow pumped through a mixer circuit was compared to estimates of flow from indicator dilution curves derived from bolus injections of indocyanine green dye prepared in 0.9% saline (saline dye) and in triple-distilled water (3 D dye). At flows whose mean appearance time was 1.6 s, the mean error of estimate +/-SD of 2.3 +/- 5.1% using 3 D dye was significantly different (P less than 0.05) from that of 5.6 +/- 7.0% using saline dye. Essentially, there was no difference in estimates of blood flow with each dye solution when mean appearance time was increased to 3.8 s. Thus, the error, which was perhaps due to electrolyte in the concentrated indocyanine green dye (saline dye) and subsequent slowed rate of optical stabilization after dilution in plasma, is small and does not explain the overestimation by indocyanine dilution curves of blood flow in intact dogs.", "PMID": 1104564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_724", "title": "Gene dosage effects in polyploid strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae containing gua-1 wild-type and mutant alleles.", "content": "Triploid and tetraploid Saccharomyces strains containing different combinations of a gua-1 mutant allele and the corresponding wild type were prepared. The cultivation of the different strains in media upon which the mutant fails to grow leads to a pronounced growth rate response to the dosage of the wild-type allele. Proportionality between the specific activity of the guanosine 5'-monophosphate synthetase and the wild-type dosage was reavealed. Inosine 5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase, the precursor enzyme in the pathway, is derepressed in a sigmoid manner when the wild-type dosage is reduced, whereas the activity of cytosine deaminase, investigated as a reference enzyme, is less affected.", "contents": "Gene dosage effects in polyploid strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae containing gua-1 wild-type and mutant alleles. Triploid and tetraploid Saccharomyces strains containing different combinations of a gua-1 mutant allele and the corresponding wild type were prepared. The cultivation of the different strains in media upon which the mutant fails to grow leads to a pronounced growth rate response to the dosage of the wild-type allele. Proportionality between the specific activity of the guanosine 5'-monophosphate synthetase and the wild-type dosage was reavealed. Inosine 5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase, the precursor enzyme in the pathway, is derepressed in a sigmoid manner when the wild-type dosage is reduced, whereas the activity of cytosine deaminase, investigated as a reference enzyme, is less affected.", "PMID": 1104568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_725", "title": "Genetic analyses of an amber mutation in Escherichia coli K-12, affecting deoxyribonucleic acid ligase and viability.", "content": "Genetic analyses of an Escherichia coli K-12 mutant possessing the amber mutation lig-321 were carried out. This mutant is defective in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) ligase and conditionally lethal. We constructed strains harboring an F'lig+ or F'lig-321 plasmid. Genetic complementation analyses were done by using these plasmids and by constructing a lig-4/F'lig-321 merodiploid. It was shown that lig-321 does not complement lig-4, unless the former is suppressed by an amber suppressor. The same was found to be the case between lig-321 and lig-ts7. Transductional mapping of lig-321, by a four-factor cross, revealed that lig-321 is very closely linked to lig-4. The frequency of recombinants between the two alleles was not unreasonable for assuming that they arose by intragenic recombination. The lig-4 and lig-ts7 alleles are known to reside in the structural gene for DNA ligase, in which lig-321 may also be located.", "contents": "Genetic analyses of an amber mutation in Escherichia coli K-12, affecting deoxyribonucleic acid ligase and viability. Genetic analyses of an Escherichia coli K-12 mutant possessing the amber mutation lig-321 were carried out. This mutant is defective in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) ligase and conditionally lethal. We constructed strains harboring an F'lig+ or F'lig-321 plasmid. Genetic complementation analyses were done by using these plasmids and by constructing a lig-4/F'lig-321 merodiploid. It was shown that lig-321 does not complement lig-4, unless the former is suppressed by an amber suppressor. The same was found to be the case between lig-321 and lig-ts7. Transductional mapping of lig-321, by a four-factor cross, revealed that lig-321 is very closely linked to lig-4. The frequency of recombinants between the two alleles was not unreasonable for assuming that they arose by intragenic recombination. The lig-4 and lig-ts7 alleles are known to reside in the structural gene for DNA ligase, in which lig-321 may also be located.", "PMID": 1104569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_726", "title": "Genetic loci responsible for incompatibility on a co-integrate plasmid, R100-1.", "content": "An R plasmid, R100-1, was mapped previously (Yoshikawa, 1974) by transduction from an integratively suppressed Hfr strain to a recipient with a mutation in gene dnaA. By this method various types of transductants of plasmid R100-1 that exist autonomously or in the integrated state were obtained. Seventy-one such transductants were used in the present study to map gene inc, which is responsible for incompatibility. The results obtained can be explained by either of the following: (i) R100-1 has only a single gene or gene cluster (inc) despite previous work suggesting that this plasmid is a co-integrate of two replicons; (ii) R100-1 possesses more than one inc locus located between the repA and tra loci.", "contents": "Genetic loci responsible for incompatibility on a co-integrate plasmid, R100-1. An R plasmid, R100-1, was mapped previously (Yoshikawa, 1974) by transduction from an integratively suppressed Hfr strain to a recipient with a mutation in gene dnaA. By this method various types of transductants of plasmid R100-1 that exist autonomously or in the integrated state were obtained. Seventy-one such transductants were used in the present study to map gene inc, which is responsible for incompatibility. The results obtained can be explained by either of the following: (i) R100-1 has only a single gene or gene cluster (inc) despite previous work suggesting that this plasmid is a co-integrate of two replicons; (ii) R100-1 possesses more than one inc locus located between the repA and tra loci.", "PMID": 1104570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_727", "title": "Production of cells without deoxyribonucleic acid during thymidine starvation of lexA- cultures of Escherichia coli K-12.", "content": "When thymidine-requiring lexA- strains were starved for thymidine, the kinetics of survival were similar to those of a nearly isogenic lexA+ strain. The size distribution of cells in the lexA- and lexA+ cultures were, however, quite different. Whereas most of the cells in the starved lexA+ cultures grew into long filamentous forms (longer than 4.0 mum), many of the lexA- cells were found to have a normal rod shape (4.0 mum or shorter). It was shown that lexA- cells undergo more divisions during thymidine starvation than lexA+ cells. Furthermore, using an autoradiographic method to analyze deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) distribution in the starved cells, we demonstrated that cells without DNA are produced in both normal and starved lexA- cultures at a much higher frequency than in lexA+ cultures. Some of these cells may be produced by breakdown of DNA, but we favor the hypothesis that they result from an abnormal cell division process. Since lexA mutations are dominant, we conclude that a diffusible product decreases the synthesis or activity of an inhibitor of cell division in lexA- strains when DNA synthesis is blocked by thymidine starvation.", "contents": "Production of cells without deoxyribonucleic acid during thymidine starvation of lexA- cultures of Escherichia coli K-12. When thymidine-requiring lexA- strains were starved for thymidine, the kinetics of survival were similar to those of a nearly isogenic lexA+ strain. The size distribution of cells in the lexA- and lexA+ cultures were, however, quite different. Whereas most of the cells in the starved lexA+ cultures grew into long filamentous forms (longer than 4.0 mum), many of the lexA- cells were found to have a normal rod shape (4.0 mum or shorter). It was shown that lexA- cells undergo more divisions during thymidine starvation than lexA+ cells. Furthermore, using an autoradiographic method to analyze deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) distribution in the starved cells, we demonstrated that cells without DNA are produced in both normal and starved lexA- cultures at a much higher frequency than in lexA+ cultures. Some of these cells may be produced by breakdown of DNA, but we favor the hypothesis that they result from an abnormal cell division process. Since lexA mutations are dominant, we conclude that a diffusible product decreases the synthesis or activity of an inhibitor of cell division in lexA- strains when DNA synthesis is blocked by thymidine starvation.", "PMID": 1104571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_728", "title": "Ribosomal distribution in a polyamine auxotroph of Escherichia coli.", "content": "The distribution of ribosomal particles has been studied in a polyamine-deficient mutant of Escherichia coli by sucrose gradient centrifugation analysis. Lysates from starved cells contained less 70S monomers and 30S subunits but more 50S particles than those prepared from bacteria supplemented with putrescine. The addition of the polyamine to putrescine-depleted cells induced a rapid change of the ribosomal profile. A similar effect could be obtained in vitro by equilibrium dialysis against a polyamine-containing solution. The ribosomal pattern obtained from starved bacteria was specific for polyamine deficiency. We conclude that the changes in ribosomal profiles upon restoration of putrescine levels in previously starved cells denote a shift of the equilibrium between 30S-50S couples and ribosomal subunits.", "contents": "Ribosomal distribution in a polyamine auxotroph of Escherichia coli. The distribution of ribosomal particles has been studied in a polyamine-deficient mutant of Escherichia coli by sucrose gradient centrifugation analysis. Lysates from starved cells contained less 70S monomers and 30S subunits but more 50S particles than those prepared from bacteria supplemented with putrescine. The addition of the polyamine to putrescine-depleted cells induced a rapid change of the ribosomal profile. A similar effect could be obtained in vitro by equilibrium dialysis against a polyamine-containing solution. The ribosomal pattern obtained from starved bacteria was specific for polyamine deficiency. We conclude that the changes in ribosomal profiles upon restoration of putrescine levels in previously starved cells denote a shift of the equilibrium between 30S-50S couples and ribosomal subunits.", "PMID": 1104572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_729", "title": "Compatibility of pTM89, a new F-like R factor, and of derivative plasmids.", "content": "pTM89, an fi+ R factor that controls the production of repressed F-type pili, is incompatible with plasmids belonging to the FII and P groups. The results of P1 transduction show that all of the resistance markers of pTM89 are part of a single replicon, which also includes RTF. When the compatibility of different derivative plasmids was investigated, it was found that they fall into two classes. Those of the first class have lost the compatibility of pTM89 for the P group but are still incompatible with FII group, whereas those of the second class are compatible with plasmids of both groups. Plasmids of the latter class that are also compatible with each other and, therefore, apparently lack any determinant for compatibility are genetically stable and self-transmissible. It appears, therefore, that compatibility between plasmids cannot be explained by the hypothesis of competition for a maintenance site.", "contents": "Compatibility of pTM89, a new F-like R factor, and of derivative plasmids. pTM89, an fi+ R factor that controls the production of repressed F-type pili, is incompatible with plasmids belonging to the FII and P groups. The results of P1 transduction show that all of the resistance markers of pTM89 are part of a single replicon, which also includes RTF. When the compatibility of different derivative plasmids was investigated, it was found that they fall into two classes. Those of the first class have lost the compatibility of pTM89 for the P group but are still incompatible with FII group, whereas those of the second class are compatible with plasmids of both groups. Plasmids of the latter class that are also compatible with each other and, therefore, apparently lack any determinant for compatibility are genetically stable and self-transmissible. It appears, therefore, that compatibility between plasmids cannot be explained by the hypothesis of competition for a maintenance site.", "PMID": 1104573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_730", "title": "Translocation of the tetracycline resistance determinant from R100-1 to the Escherichia coli K-12 chromosome.", "content": "Pairs of normally incompatible derivatives of R100-1 (one ChlS TetR, the other ChilR TetS) were forced to coexist in a recA host by selection for ChlR TetR cells. After many generations stable derivatives were isolated. The analysis of none independent stabilization experiments showed that in each case TetR was translocated from the plasmid to the chromosome of the host. No evidence for the joint integration of other plasmid genes (those controlling transfer, antibiotic resistance, incompatibility, or origin of transfer replication) was obtained. One of the chromosomal TetR determinants was mapped close to metE.", "contents": "Translocation of the tetracycline resistance determinant from R100-1 to the Escherichia coli K-12 chromosome. Pairs of normally incompatible derivatives of R100-1 (one ChlS TetR, the other ChilR TetS) were forced to coexist in a recA host by selection for ChlR TetR cells. After many generations stable derivatives were isolated. The analysis of none independent stabilization experiments showed that in each case TetR was translocated from the plasmid to the chromosome of the host. No evidence for the joint integration of other plasmid genes (those controlling transfer, antibiotic resistance, incompatibility, or origin of transfer replication) was obtained. One of the chromosomal TetR determinants was mapped close to metE.", "PMID": 1104574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_731", "title": "Acid-soluble degradation products of ribonucleic acid in Escherichia coli and the role of nucleotidases in their catabolism.", "content": "The fate of the internally formed nucleotides resulting from the degradation of ribonucleic acid was studied. Prelabeled Escherichia coli cells were submitted to carbon starvation, and the acid-soluble products were separated by thin-layer chromatography. It was determined that free bases constitute some 75% of the end product, the balance consisting of nucleoside diphosphates, 5'-nucleoside monophosphates, 3'-nucleoside monophosphates, and nucleosides. The majority of degradation products, including phosphorylated derivatives, were excreted into the medium. The amount of products in the pool remained constant. The soluble products formed by E. coli mutants lacking either 5'-nucleotidase (Ush-) or 3'-nucleotidase (Cpd-) were compared with those produced by the parental strain with both enzymes. The results obtained indicated that 5'-nucleotidase is involved in the degradation of internally foromed nucleotides but that 3'-nucleotidase takes no part in the process.", "contents": "Acid-soluble degradation products of ribonucleic acid in Escherichia coli and the role of nucleotidases in their catabolism. The fate of the internally formed nucleotides resulting from the degradation of ribonucleic acid was studied. Prelabeled Escherichia coli cells were submitted to carbon starvation, and the acid-soluble products were separated by thin-layer chromatography. It was determined that free bases constitute some 75% of the end product, the balance consisting of nucleoside diphosphates, 5'-nucleoside monophosphates, 3'-nucleoside monophosphates, and nucleosides. The majority of degradation products, including phosphorylated derivatives, were excreted into the medium. The amount of products in the pool remained constant. The soluble products formed by E. coli mutants lacking either 5'-nucleotidase (Ush-) or 3'-nucleotidase (Cpd-) were compared with those produced by the parental strain with both enzymes. The results obtained indicated that 5'-nucleotidase is involved in the degradation of internally foromed nucleotides but that 3'-nucleotidase takes no part in the process.", "PMID": 1104575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_732", "title": "Symbiosis-independent and symbiosis-incompetent mutants of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus 109J.", "content": "Symbiosis-independent (Sin) mutants were isolated from the symbiosis-dependent and symbiosis-competent (Sdcomp+) Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus 109J. Independently isolated Sin mutants were examined for their symbiosis competence and most were found to be comp+. Bdellovibrios comp- were selected from the Sincomp+ mutants. The Sincomp+ bdellovibrios are always at a selective disadvantage, either against Sincomp- bdellovibrios (in organic medium) or against Sdcomp+ bdellovibrios (in buffer with Escherichia coli cells).", "contents": "Symbiosis-independent and symbiosis-incompetent mutants of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus 109J. Symbiosis-independent (Sin) mutants were isolated from the symbiosis-dependent and symbiosis-competent (Sdcomp+) Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus 109J. Independently isolated Sin mutants were examined for their symbiosis competence and most were found to be comp+. Bdellovibrios comp- were selected from the Sincomp+ mutants. The Sincomp+ bdellovibrios are always at a selective disadvantage, either against Sincomp- bdellovibrios (in organic medium) or against Sdcomp+ bdellovibrios (in buffer with Escherichia coli cells).", "PMID": 1104576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_733", "title": "Interference of dna ts mutations of Escherichia coli with thymineless death.", "content": "Thermosensitive mutants of Escherichia coli in which deoxyribonucleic acid replication is inhibited at high temperature have been assayed for their response to thymine deprivation at permissive and nonpermissive temperatures. The survival rate of mutants in which initiation of replication is defective at 42 C (dnaA and dnaC-D) is much higher at nonpermissive temperatures than at 32 C. By contrast, thymineless death is not hindered at 42 C in two elongation mutants (dnaE and dnaG). Bacterial strains belonging to the dnaB class exhibit both types of behavior. These results are in accordance with the model linking thymineless death to a disruption of an active replication fork. We discuss the possibility that the dnaB protein takes part in this process of cell decay.", "contents": "Interference of dna ts mutations of Escherichia coli with thymineless death. Thermosensitive mutants of Escherichia coli in which deoxyribonucleic acid replication is inhibited at high temperature have been assayed for their response to thymine deprivation at permissive and nonpermissive temperatures. The survival rate of mutants in which initiation of replication is defective at 42 C (dnaA and dnaC-D) is much higher at nonpermissive temperatures than at 32 C. By contrast, thymineless death is not hindered at 42 C in two elongation mutants (dnaE and dnaG). Bacterial strains belonging to the dnaB class exhibit both types of behavior. These results are in accordance with the model linking thymineless death to a disruption of an active replication fork. We discuss the possibility that the dnaB protein takes part in this process of cell decay.", "PMID": 1104577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_734", "title": "Uroporphyrin-accumulating mutant of Escherichia coli K-12.", "content": "An uroporphyrin III-accumulating mutant of Escherichia coli K-12 was isolated by neomycin. The mutant, designated SASQ85, was catalase deficient and formed dwarf colonies on usual media. Comparative extraction by cyclohexanone and ethyl acetate showed the superiority of the former for the extraction of the uroporphyrin accumulated by the mutant. Cell-free extracts of SASQ85 were able to convert 5-aminolevulinic acid and porphobilinogen to uroporphyrinogen, but not to copro- or protoporphyrinogen. Under the same conditions cell-free extracts of the parent strain converted 5-aminolevulinic to uroporphyringen, coproporphyrinogen, and protoporphyrinogen. The conversion of porphobilinogen to uroporphyrinogen by cell-free extracts of the mutant was inhibited 98 and 95%, respectively, by p-chloromercuribenzoate and p-chloromercuriphenyl-sulfonate, indicating the presence of uroporphyrinogen synthetase activity in the extracts. Spontaneous transformation of porphobilinogen to uroporphyrin was not detectable under the experimental conditions used [4 h at 37 C in tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane-potassium phosphate buffer, pH 8.2]. The results indicate a deficient uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase activity of SASQ85 which is thus the first uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase-deficient mutant isolated in E. coli K-12. Mapping of the corresponding locus by P1-mediated transduction revealed the frequent joint transduction of hemE and thiA markers (frequency of co-transduction, 41 to 44%). The results of the genetic analysis suggest the gene order rif, hemE, thiA, metA; however, they do not totally exclude the gene order rif, thiA, hemE, metA.", "contents": "Uroporphyrin-accumulating mutant of Escherichia coli K-12. An uroporphyrin III-accumulating mutant of Escherichia coli K-12 was isolated by neomycin. The mutant, designated SASQ85, was catalase deficient and formed dwarf colonies on usual media. Comparative extraction by cyclohexanone and ethyl acetate showed the superiority of the former for the extraction of the uroporphyrin accumulated by the mutant. Cell-free extracts of SASQ85 were able to convert 5-aminolevulinic acid and porphobilinogen to uroporphyrinogen, but not to copro- or protoporphyrinogen. Under the same conditions cell-free extracts of the parent strain converted 5-aminolevulinic to uroporphyringen, coproporphyrinogen, and protoporphyrinogen. The conversion of porphobilinogen to uroporphyrinogen by cell-free extracts of the mutant was inhibited 98 and 95%, respectively, by p-chloromercuribenzoate and p-chloromercuriphenyl-sulfonate, indicating the presence of uroporphyrinogen synthetase activity in the extracts. Spontaneous transformation of porphobilinogen to uroporphyrin was not detectable under the experimental conditions used [4 h at 37 C in tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane-potassium phosphate buffer, pH 8.2]. The results indicate a deficient uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase activity of SASQ85 which is thus the first uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase-deficient mutant isolated in E. coli K-12. Mapping of the corresponding locus by P1-mediated transduction revealed the frequent joint transduction of hemE and thiA markers (frequency of co-transduction, 41 to 44%). The results of the genetic analysis suggest the gene order rif, hemE, thiA, metA; however, they do not totally exclude the gene order rif, thiA, hemE, metA.", "PMID": 1104578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_735", "title": "trans-Recessive mutation in the first structural gene of the histidine operon that results in constitutive expression of the operon.", "content": "The first enzyme for histidine biosynthesis, encoded in the hisG gene, is involved in regulation of expression of the histidine operon in Salmonella typhimurium. The studies reported here concern the question of how expression of the histidine operon is affected by a mutation in the hisG gene that alters the allosteric site of the first enzyme for histidine biosynthesis, rendering the enzyme completely resistant to inhibition by histidine. The intracellular concentrations of the enzymes encoded in the histidine operon in a strain carrying such a mutation on an episome and missing the chromosomal hisG gene are three- to fourfold higher than in a strain carrying a wild-type hisG gene on the episome. The histidine operon on such a strain fails to derepress in response to histidine limitation and fails to repress in response to excess histidine. Furthermore, utilizing other merodiploid strains, we demonstrate that the wild-type hisG gene is trans dominant to the mutant allele with respect to this regulatory phenomenon. Examination of the regulation of the histidine operon in strains carrying the feedback-resistant mutation in an episome and hisT and hisW mutations in the chromosome showed that the hisG regulatory mutation is epistatic to the hisT and hisW mutations. These data provide additional evidence that the first enzyme for histidine biosynthesis is involved in autogenous regulation of expression of the histidine operon.", "contents": "trans-Recessive mutation in the first structural gene of the histidine operon that results in constitutive expression of the operon. The first enzyme for histidine biosynthesis, encoded in the hisG gene, is involved in regulation of expression of the histidine operon in Salmonella typhimurium. The studies reported here concern the question of how expression of the histidine operon is affected by a mutation in the hisG gene that alters the allosteric site of the first enzyme for histidine biosynthesis, rendering the enzyme completely resistant to inhibition by histidine. The intracellular concentrations of the enzymes encoded in the histidine operon in a strain carrying such a mutation on an episome and missing the chromosomal hisG gene are three- to fourfold higher than in a strain carrying a wild-type hisG gene on the episome. The histidine operon on such a strain fails to derepress in response to histidine limitation and fails to repress in response to excess histidine. Furthermore, utilizing other merodiploid strains, we demonstrate that the wild-type hisG gene is trans dominant to the mutant allele with respect to this regulatory phenomenon. Examination of the regulation of the histidine operon in strains carrying the feedback-resistant mutation in an episome and hisT and hisW mutations in the chromosome showed that the hisG regulatory mutation is epistatic to the hisT and hisW mutations. These data provide additional evidence that the first enzyme for histidine biosynthesis is involved in autogenous regulation of expression of the histidine operon.", "PMID": 1104579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_736", "title": "Genetic and physical characteristics of an enterotoxin plasmid.", "content": "We are engaged in the genetic and physical characterization of an enterotoxin (Ent) plasmid, Ent P307, which contains genes for the production of a hear-labile and a heat-stable enterotoxin. We are using an Escherichia coli K-12 strain, 711 (P307), constructed by S. Falkow, which contains no other plasmids besides Ent P307. Our genetic studies have shown that the plasmid is incompatible with the sex factor F, both in the integrated (Hfr) and the autonomous (F-prime) state. Ent P307 can thus be assigned to incompatibility group FI. An R factor, R386, which belongs to the same incompatibility group, was also found to be incompatibile with Ent P307, whereas five other R factors belonging to different incompatibility groups were compatible with Ent P307. In the presence of Ent P307, conjugal transfer and sensitivity to a male-specific phage of a derepressed F-like R factor, R1drd19, were repressed. Ent P307 is, thus, finO+. Presumably, it also causes repression of its own transfer genes since conjugal transfer of Ent P307 could not be demonstrated. Unlike F, it does not restrict the growth of female-specific phage phiII. From physical studies on extracted deoxyribonucleic acid, the molecular weight of Ent P307 was determined to be 54 X 10(6). By electron microscope heteroduplex analysis, the plasmid was found to be homologous with F in four regions, encompassing about half of its length. One long region and two short ones contain genes for conjugal transfer; the other short region carries genes for replication and incompatibility.", "contents": "Genetic and physical characteristics of an enterotoxin plasmid. We are engaged in the genetic and physical characterization of an enterotoxin (Ent) plasmid, Ent P307, which contains genes for the production of a hear-labile and a heat-stable enterotoxin. We are using an Escherichia coli K-12 strain, 711 (P307), constructed by S. Falkow, which contains no other plasmids besides Ent P307. Our genetic studies have shown that the plasmid is incompatible with the sex factor F, both in the integrated (Hfr) and the autonomous (F-prime) state. Ent P307 can thus be assigned to incompatibility group FI. An R factor, R386, which belongs to the same incompatibility group, was also found to be incompatibile with Ent P307, whereas five other R factors belonging to different incompatibility groups were compatible with Ent P307. In the presence of Ent P307, conjugal transfer and sensitivity to a male-specific phage of a derepressed F-like R factor, R1drd19, were repressed. Ent P307 is, thus, finO+. Presumably, it also causes repression of its own transfer genes since conjugal transfer of Ent P307 could not be demonstrated. Unlike F, it does not restrict the growth of female-specific phage phiII. From physical studies on extracted deoxyribonucleic acid, the molecular weight of Ent P307 was determined to be 54 X 10(6). By electron microscope heteroduplex analysis, the plasmid was found to be homologous with F in four regions, encompassing about half of its length. One long region and two short ones contain genes for conjugal transfer; the other short region carries genes for replication and incompatibility.", "PMID": 1104580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_737", "title": "Fine-structure genetic map of the cysB locus in Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "A genetic map of the cysB region of the Salmonella typhimurium chromosome was constructed using bacteriophage P22-mediated transduction. Strains bearing delta (supX cysB) mutations were employed to divide this regulatory locus into 12 segments containing a total of 39 single-site mutations. Twenty-five of these single-site mutations were further ordered by reciprocal three-point crosses. The results do not support the concept of multiple cistrons at cysB and suggest that the abortive transductants previously observed in crosses between certain cysB mutants were due to intracistronic complementation. The prototrophic cys-1352 mutation, which causes the constitutive expression of the cysteine biosynthetic enzymes, was found to lie within the cysB region itself. It is bracketed by mutations, which lead to an inability to derepress for these enzymes and result in auxotrophy for cysteine.", "contents": "Fine-structure genetic map of the cysB locus in Salmonella typhimurium. A genetic map of the cysB region of the Salmonella typhimurium chromosome was constructed using bacteriophage P22-mediated transduction. Strains bearing delta (supX cysB) mutations were employed to divide this regulatory locus into 12 segments containing a total of 39 single-site mutations. Twenty-five of these single-site mutations were further ordered by reciprocal three-point crosses. The results do not support the concept of multiple cistrons at cysB and suggest that the abortive transductants previously observed in crosses between certain cysB mutants were due to intracistronic complementation. The prototrophic cys-1352 mutation, which causes the constitutive expression of the cysteine biosynthetic enzymes, was found to lie within the cysB region itself. It is bracketed by mutations, which lead to an inability to derepress for these enzymes and result in auxotrophy for cysteine.", "PMID": 1104581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_738", "title": "Association of nascent ribosomal ribonucleic acid with polyribosomes in Escherichia coli.", "content": "Sedimentation distributions of rapidly labeled ribonucleic acid (RNA) in extracts prepared from cells labeled for 60 s or less with [3H]uridine showed that the immature ribosome precursor particles themselves have an RNA precursor which sediments with polyribosomes and 70s ribosomes. In extracts prepared from cultures labeled for 30 s, the fraction of labeled RNA which did not sediment with polyribosomes was much less than the fraction which was ribosomal RNA (rRNA). Rapidly labeled RNA associated with polyribosomes had a nucleotide base composition consistent with the presence of rRNA, and was shown by RNA-deoxyribonucleic acid hybridization to contain 30 to 40% rRNA. Nascent rRNA is thus associated with polyribosomes during its transcription. The sedimentation distribution of rapidly labeled 16s and 23s rRNA showed that these molecules are separated during transcription and associated with different polyribosomes.", "contents": "Association of nascent ribosomal ribonucleic acid with polyribosomes in Escherichia coli. Sedimentation distributions of rapidly labeled ribonucleic acid (RNA) in extracts prepared from cells labeled for 60 s or less with [3H]uridine showed that the immature ribosome precursor particles themselves have an RNA precursor which sediments with polyribosomes and 70s ribosomes. In extracts prepared from cultures labeled for 30 s, the fraction of labeled RNA which did not sediment with polyribosomes was much less than the fraction which was ribosomal RNA (rRNA). Rapidly labeled RNA associated with polyribosomes had a nucleotide base composition consistent with the presence of rRNA, and was shown by RNA-deoxyribonucleic acid hybridization to contain 30 to 40% rRNA. Nascent rRNA is thus associated with polyribosomes during its transcription. The sedimentation distribution of rapidly labeled 16s and 23s rRNA showed that these molecules are separated during transcription and associated with different polyribosomes.", "PMID": 1104582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_739", "title": "Genes affecting coliphage BF23 and E colicin sensitivity in Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "Rough strains of Salmonella typhimurium were sensitive to coliphage BF23. Spontaneous mutants resistant to BF23 (bfe) were isolated, and the trait was mapped using phage P1. The bfe gene in S. typhimurium was located between argF (66% co-transducible) and rif (61% co-transducible). The BF23-sensitive S. typhimurium strains were not sensitive to the E colicins. Cells of these rough strains absorbed colicin, as measured by loss of E2 or E3 killing units from colicin solutions and by specific adsorption of 125I-colicin E2 to bfe+ cells. Sensitivity to colicins E1, E2, and E3 was observed in a S. typhimurium strain carrying the F'8 gal+ episome. This episome complemented the tolB mutation of Escherichia coli. We conclude that the bfe+ protein satisfies requirements for adsorption of both phage BF23 and the E colicins. In addition, expression of a gene from E. coli, possibly tolB, is necessary for efficient E colicin killing of S. typhimurium.", "contents": "Genes affecting coliphage BF23 and E colicin sensitivity in Salmonella typhimurium. Rough strains of Salmonella typhimurium were sensitive to coliphage BF23. Spontaneous mutants resistant to BF23 (bfe) were isolated, and the trait was mapped using phage P1. The bfe gene in S. typhimurium was located between argF (66% co-transducible) and rif (61% co-transducible). The BF23-sensitive S. typhimurium strains were not sensitive to the E colicins. Cells of these rough strains absorbed colicin, as measured by loss of E2 or E3 killing units from colicin solutions and by specific adsorption of 125I-colicin E2 to bfe+ cells. Sensitivity to colicins E1, E2, and E3 was observed in a S. typhimurium strain carrying the F'8 gal+ episome. This episome complemented the tolB mutation of Escherichia coli. We conclude that the bfe+ protein satisfies requirements for adsorption of both phage BF23 and the E colicins. In addition, expression of a gene from E. coli, possibly tolB, is necessary for efficient E colicin killing of S. typhimurium.", "PMID": 1104583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_740", "title": "Unbalanced growth and the production of unique transfer ribonucleic acids in relaxed-control Escherichia coli.", "content": "The unique leucine-, arginine-, valine-, and phenylalanine-specific transfer ribonucleic acids (tRNA's) produced in relaxed-control (rel-) Escherichia coli during leucine or arginine starvation are chromatographically similar to those produced by chloramphenicol treatment. The major unique rel- leucine-specific and phenylalanine-specific tRNA's are heterogeneous, accumulate with time of starvation, and can account for up to 70% of the respective amino acid acceptor activities. The changes which occur in the isoacceptor profiles for tRNALeu and tRNAPhe as a function of starvation time suggest that the unique species are undermodified precursors to the major isoacceptor species observed in nonstarved cells. Analyses of the isoacceptor patterns of tRNA from cells recovering from starvation suggest that the unique species of tRNALeu and tRNAPhe may not be normally occurring precursors. When leucine-starved cells were incubated in fresh, fully supplemented medium, the major unique tRNALeu and tRNAPhe appeared to be converted to normal species only slowly or not at all. The results are consistent with the view that some of the events in the post-transcriptional modification of tRNA may occur in an ordered sequence. An examination of the subcellular distribution of the unique leucine and phenylalanine tRNA's revealed that these species occur on the ribosome at about the same frequency as the major, normally occurring isoacceptor species. This result provides additional evidence of a precursor-product relationship for the unique and normal tRNA's and further indicates that there is no discrimination against the unique species by the ribosome.", "contents": "Unbalanced growth and the production of unique transfer ribonucleic acids in relaxed-control Escherichia coli. The unique leucine-, arginine-, valine-, and phenylalanine-specific transfer ribonucleic acids (tRNA's) produced in relaxed-control (rel-) Escherichia coli during leucine or arginine starvation are chromatographically similar to those produced by chloramphenicol treatment. The major unique rel- leucine-specific and phenylalanine-specific tRNA's are heterogeneous, accumulate with time of starvation, and can account for up to 70% of the respective amino acid acceptor activities. The changes which occur in the isoacceptor profiles for tRNALeu and tRNAPhe as a function of starvation time suggest that the unique species are undermodified precursors to the major isoacceptor species observed in nonstarved cells. Analyses of the isoacceptor patterns of tRNA from cells recovering from starvation suggest that the unique species of tRNALeu and tRNAPhe may not be normally occurring precursors. When leucine-starved cells were incubated in fresh, fully supplemented medium, the major unique tRNALeu and tRNAPhe appeared to be converted to normal species only slowly or not at all. The results are consistent with the view that some of the events in the post-transcriptional modification of tRNA may occur in an ordered sequence. An examination of the subcellular distribution of the unique leucine and phenylalanine tRNA's revealed that these species occur on the ribosome at about the same frequency as the major, normally occurring isoacceptor species. This result provides additional evidence of a precursor-product relationship for the unique and normal tRNA's and further indicates that there is no discrimination against the unique species by the ribosome.", "PMID": 1104585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_741", "title": "Derepression and repression of the histidine operon: role of the feedback site of the first enzyme.", "content": "Thiazolealanine, a false feedback inhibitor, causes transient repression of the his operon previously derepressed by a severe histidine limitation in strains with a wild-type or feedback-hypersensitive first enzyme but not in feedback-resistant mutants. Since experiments reported here clearly demonstrate that thiazolealanine is not transferred to tRNAHis, it is proposed that this \"transient repression\" is effected through the interaction of thiazolealanine with the feedback site of the enzyme. Experiments in the presence of rifampin indicate that this thiazolealanine-mediated effect is exerted at the level of translation. We conclude that histidine (free), in addition to forming co-repressor, also represses the operon at the level of translation through feedback interaction with the first enzyme of the pathway (adenosine 5'-triphosphate phosphoribosyltransferase). Rates of derepression in feedback-resistant strains are roughly half of those observed in controls, suggesting a positive role played by a first enzyme with a normal but unoccupied feedback site. Some feedback-resistant mutants, in contrast to the wild type, were unable to exhibit derepression under histidine limitation caused by aminotriazole.", "contents": "Derepression and repression of the histidine operon: role of the feedback site of the first enzyme. Thiazolealanine, a false feedback inhibitor, causes transient repression of the his operon previously derepressed by a severe histidine limitation in strains with a wild-type or feedback-hypersensitive first enzyme but not in feedback-resistant mutants. Since experiments reported here clearly demonstrate that thiazolealanine is not transferred to tRNAHis, it is proposed that this \"transient repression\" is effected through the interaction of thiazolealanine with the feedback site of the enzyme. Experiments in the presence of rifampin indicate that this thiazolealanine-mediated effect is exerted at the level of translation. We conclude that histidine (free), in addition to forming co-repressor, also represses the operon at the level of translation through feedback interaction with the first enzyme of the pathway (adenosine 5'-triphosphate phosphoribosyltransferase). Rates of derepression in feedback-resistant strains are roughly half of those observed in controls, suggesting a positive role played by a first enzyme with a normal but unoccupied feedback site. Some feedback-resistant mutants, in contrast to the wild type, were unable to exhibit derepression under histidine limitation caused by aminotriazole.", "PMID": 1104584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_742", "title": "Deoxyribonucleic acid modification by intermediate-type modification mutants of Escherichia coli K-12 and B.", "content": "The modification of bacteriophages grown on r-m+/- restriction and modification mutants of Escherichia coli K-12 or B appears to be related to the number of restriction-specific sites in the viral genome. Bacteriophage fd and its mutant U1 fd, which carry two and one B-specific sites, respectively, are not modified in vivo by rB-mB+/- mutant strains. In vitro treatment of fd RF-B+/- deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or U1 fd RF-B+/- DNA by endo R-Eco B results in cleavage of the substrate DNA. Lambda bacteriophage, after growth in r-m+/- mutant host strains (lambda-K+/- or lambda-B+/-), is partially protected from in vivo degradation by wild-type homospecific strains. Its efficiency of plating on these strains is approximately 10(-2). However, a hybrid phi80-lambda phage which carries only one K-specific site (sklambda-1) is not modified by rK-mK+/- strains. Labeled DNAs from lambda-B+/- and lambda-K+/- phages were used as substrates for endo R-Eco B and endo R-Eco K nucleases. Zonal centrifugation analysis of the products of the reactions indicate that rK-mK+/- mutants do not protect lambda DNA from in vitro degradation by endo R-Eco K. In contrast, rB-mB+/- mutants appear to partially protect lambda DNA from attack by endo R-Eco B.", "contents": "Deoxyribonucleic acid modification by intermediate-type modification mutants of Escherichia coli K-12 and B. The modification of bacteriophages grown on r-m+/- restriction and modification mutants of Escherichia coli K-12 or B appears to be related to the number of restriction-specific sites in the viral genome. Bacteriophage fd and its mutant U1 fd, which carry two and one B-specific sites, respectively, are not modified in vivo by rB-mB+/- mutant strains. In vitro treatment of fd RF-B+/- deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or U1 fd RF-B+/- DNA by endo R-Eco B results in cleavage of the substrate DNA. Lambda bacteriophage, after growth in r-m+/- mutant host strains (lambda-K+/- or lambda-B+/-), is partially protected from in vivo degradation by wild-type homospecific strains. Its efficiency of plating on these strains is approximately 10(-2). However, a hybrid phi80-lambda phage which carries only one K-specific site (sklambda-1) is not modified by rK-mK+/- strains. Labeled DNAs from lambda-B+/- and lambda-K+/- phages were used as substrates for endo R-Eco B and endo R-Eco K nucleases. Zonal centrifugation analysis of the products of the reactions indicate that rK-mK+/- mutants do not protect lambda DNA from in vitro degradation by endo R-Eco K. In contrast, rB-mB+/- mutants appear to partially protect lambda DNA from attack by endo R-Eco B.", "PMID": 1104586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_743", "title": "Excision of bacteriophage lambda from a site in the arabinose B gene.", "content": "A lambda lysogen with the prophage inserted into the arabinose B gene of Escherichia coli strain K-12 has been prepared. Induction of the phage from this lysogen yields viable phage at a frequency 4 X 10(-6) that found for induction of lysogens with phage inserted at the normal attachment site. Over 30% of the phage particles induced from the insertion in ara are arabinose-transducing phage. The excision end points of 62 independently isolated, nondefective araC-transducing phage containing less than the entire araC gene were genetically determined and were found to be randomly distributed through the araC gene. The amount of arabinose deoxyribonucleic acid contained on four selected transducing phage was determined by electron microscopy of deoxyribonucleic acid heteroduplexes, providing a physical map of the araC gene. The efficiency with which these phage transduce araC and araB point mutations was found to be approximately proportional to the homology length available for recombination.", "contents": "Excision of bacteriophage lambda from a site in the arabinose B gene. A lambda lysogen with the prophage inserted into the arabinose B gene of Escherichia coli strain K-12 has been prepared. Induction of the phage from this lysogen yields viable phage at a frequency 4 X 10(-6) that found for induction of lysogens with phage inserted at the normal attachment site. Over 30% of the phage particles induced from the insertion in ara are arabinose-transducing phage. The excision end points of 62 independently isolated, nondefective araC-transducing phage containing less than the entire araC gene were genetically determined and were found to be randomly distributed through the araC gene. The amount of arabinose deoxyribonucleic acid contained on four selected transducing phage was determined by electron microscopy of deoxyribonucleic acid heteroduplexes, providing a physical map of the araC gene. The efficiency with which these phage transduce araC and araB point mutations was found to be approximately proportional to the homology length available for recombination.", "PMID": 1104587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_744", "title": "Alterations in membrane function in an Escherichia coli mutant tolerant to colicins Ia and Ib.", "content": "An Escherichia coli mutant (tolI) previously shown to be tolerant to colicins Ia and Ib is defective in several functions of the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane. When compared with its parental strain, X36, whole cells of tolI show reduced rates of respiration with succinate, malate, or lactate as the substrate but near-normal rates with glucose or glycerol. Cell membrane preparations prepared from tolI cells exhibit reduced succinate and D-lactate oxidase activity but elevated levels of reduced-form nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) oxidase. tolI cells have reduced levels of succinate and D-lactate dehydrogenase but normal levels of NADH dehydrogenase. Glycerol-grown tolI cells and membrane vesicles prepared from such cells are defective in the active transport of several amino acids and thiomethyl-beta-D-galactoside; however, they accumulate higher levels of alpha-methylglucoside when compared with X36 whole cells or vesicles. Although tolI cells adsorb less colicin Ia at high colicin concentrations than do X36 cells, it is shown that the adsorption of an Ia molecule to tolI cells has a lower probability of eliciting cell death than does Ia adsorption to strain X36 cells. It is concluded that a single mutation can lead to an alteration in several aspects of cytoplasmic membrane function and colicin I sensitivity.", "contents": "Alterations in membrane function in an Escherichia coli mutant tolerant to colicins Ia and Ib. An Escherichia coli mutant (tolI) previously shown to be tolerant to colicins Ia and Ib is defective in several functions of the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane. When compared with its parental strain, X36, whole cells of tolI show reduced rates of respiration with succinate, malate, or lactate as the substrate but near-normal rates with glucose or glycerol. Cell membrane preparations prepared from tolI cells exhibit reduced succinate and D-lactate oxidase activity but elevated levels of reduced-form nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) oxidase. tolI cells have reduced levels of succinate and D-lactate dehydrogenase but normal levels of NADH dehydrogenase. Glycerol-grown tolI cells and membrane vesicles prepared from such cells are defective in the active transport of several amino acids and thiomethyl-beta-D-galactoside; however, they accumulate higher levels of alpha-methylglucoside when compared with X36 whole cells or vesicles. Although tolI cells adsorb less colicin Ia at high colicin concentrations than do X36 cells, it is shown that the adsorption of an Ia molecule to tolI cells has a lower probability of eliciting cell death than does Ia adsorption to strain X36 cells. It is concluded that a single mutation can lead to an alteration in several aspects of cytoplasmic membrane function and colicin I sensitivity.", "PMID": 1104588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_745", "title": "Isolation and characterization of a new temperature-sensitive cell division mutant of Escherichia coli K-12.", "content": "A new temperature-sensitive mutant strain of Escherichia coli K-12 which forms filaments at 42 C has been described. The mutant, Y16, maintained growth and deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis at 42 C. The resulting multinucleate filaments gradually lost their viability at 42 C but could be recovered, even after 240 min of incubation, upon return to 30 C. Septation was resumed and growth was promptly re-established at normal rates. Recovery still took place in the presence of chloramphenicol added to the culture at the time of temperature shift from 42 to 30 C. A study has been made of the effects of adenine and various nucleosides on cultures of strain Y16 as compared with another filament-forming mutant, T44 tif-. Adenine (75 mug/ml), known to promote filamentation of strain T44 tif-, prevented the development of filaments and the loss of viability in cultures of Y16. Recovery of septation after temperature shift in cultures containing adenine presented a pattern similar to that found with the adenine-less cultures. Protection afforded by adenine at 42 C could be reversed by the addition of guanosine plus cytidine (100 mug/ml each). The effects of high concentrations of adenine and nucleosides on strain Y16 thus are the reverse of those observed with mutant T44 tif-. However, whereas tif-1 mutation promotes prophage induction at restrictive temperatures, no modification could be detected in the process of prophage induction in cultures of the lambda-lysogenic derivative of Y16 at 42 C, be it spontaneous or ultraviolet-mediated induction. The osmolarity increase afforded by 1% NaCl added to the medium did not alter the phenotype characteristics of strain Y16. The mutation has been mapped between argG and bgl. A close linkage has been observed between ftsH and argG, thereby locating the new mutation near 61 min on the map of E. coli chromosome, a previously undescribed region involved in cell division. The evidence reported indicates that strain Y16 differs in several respects from the already descirbed strains of the same class.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of a new temperature-sensitive cell division mutant of Escherichia coli K-12. A new temperature-sensitive mutant strain of Escherichia coli K-12 which forms filaments at 42 C has been described. The mutant, Y16, maintained growth and deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis at 42 C. The resulting multinucleate filaments gradually lost their viability at 42 C but could be recovered, even after 240 min of incubation, upon return to 30 C. Septation was resumed and growth was promptly re-established at normal rates. Recovery still took place in the presence of chloramphenicol added to the culture at the time of temperature shift from 42 to 30 C. A study has been made of the effects of adenine and various nucleosides on cultures of strain Y16 as compared with another filament-forming mutant, T44 tif-. Adenine (75 mug/ml), known to promote filamentation of strain T44 tif-, prevented the development of filaments and the loss of viability in cultures of Y16. Recovery of septation after temperature shift in cultures containing adenine presented a pattern similar to that found with the adenine-less cultures. Protection afforded by adenine at 42 C could be reversed by the addition of guanosine plus cytidine (100 mug/ml each). The effects of high concentrations of adenine and nucleosides on strain Y16 thus are the reverse of those observed with mutant T44 tif-. However, whereas tif-1 mutation promotes prophage induction at restrictive temperatures, no modification could be detected in the process of prophage induction in cultures of the lambda-lysogenic derivative of Y16 at 42 C, be it spontaneous or ultraviolet-mediated induction. The osmolarity increase afforded by 1% NaCl added to the medium did not alter the phenotype characteristics of strain Y16. The mutation has been mapped between argG and bgl. A close linkage has been observed between ftsH and argG, thereby locating the new mutation near 61 min on the map of E. coli chromosome, a previously undescribed region involved in cell division. The evidence reported indicates that strain Y16 differs in several respects from the already descirbed strains of the same class.", "PMID": 1104589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_746", "title": "Sporulation in D-glucosamine auxotrophs of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: meiosis with defective ascospore wall formation.", "content": "Mutants that require exogenous D-glucosamine for growth were isolated from Saccharomyces cerevisiae X2180-1A after ethyl methane sulfonate mutagenesis. Class A auxotrophs fail to grow on yeast extract-peptone-dextrose and minimal media, whereas class B auxotrophs grow on minimal medium and readily revert to grow on yeast extract-peptone-dextrose medium. Class B auxotrophs are suppressible by a class of suppressors distinct from nonsense suppressors, and their properties suggest that they are defective in a regulatory function. All 23 mutants studied were recessive and allelic, and they define a new gene designated gcn1. An analysis of a class A auxotroph revealed that it lacked L-glutamine:D-fructose 6-phosphate amidotransferase (EC 2.6.1.16) activity and indicates that GCN1 codes the amino acid sequence of this enzyme. The finding that all mutants were allelic indicates that the amidotransferase is the only enzyme responsible for D-glucosamine synthesis in S. cerevisiae. The occurrence of allelic complementation and media-conditional mutants suggests that the amidotransferase is a multimeric enzyme with an activity subject to metabolic control. Diploids homozygous for gcn1 fail to complete sporulation. They proceed through meiosis normally, as judged by the occurrence of meiotic recombination, the production of haploid nuclei, and the formation of multinucleate cells visible after Giemsa staining. However, the formation of glusulase-resistant ascospores is blocked, and deformed spores lacking the electron-dense outer layer characteristic of the normal spore wall are observed by electron microscopy. Cells that acquire the ability to synthesize D-glucosamine, because of gene conversion during meiosis, complete sporulation in a normal fashion. Thus, the GCN1 gene product appears to be synthesized late in sporulation and may prove to be a useful developmental landmark for the termination of ascospore development.", "contents": "Sporulation in D-glucosamine auxotrophs of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: meiosis with defective ascospore wall formation. Mutants that require exogenous D-glucosamine for growth were isolated from Saccharomyces cerevisiae X2180-1A after ethyl methane sulfonate mutagenesis. Class A auxotrophs fail to grow on yeast extract-peptone-dextrose and minimal media, whereas class B auxotrophs grow on minimal medium and readily revert to grow on yeast extract-peptone-dextrose medium. Class B auxotrophs are suppressible by a class of suppressors distinct from nonsense suppressors, and their properties suggest that they are defective in a regulatory function. All 23 mutants studied were recessive and allelic, and they define a new gene designated gcn1. An analysis of a class A auxotroph revealed that it lacked L-glutamine:D-fructose 6-phosphate amidotransferase (EC 2.6.1.16) activity and indicates that GCN1 codes the amino acid sequence of this enzyme. The finding that all mutants were allelic indicates that the amidotransferase is the only enzyme responsible for D-glucosamine synthesis in S. cerevisiae. The occurrence of allelic complementation and media-conditional mutants suggests that the amidotransferase is a multimeric enzyme with an activity subject to metabolic control. Diploids homozygous for gcn1 fail to complete sporulation. They proceed through meiosis normally, as judged by the occurrence of meiotic recombination, the production of haploid nuclei, and the formation of multinucleate cells visible after Giemsa staining. However, the formation of glusulase-resistant ascospores is blocked, and deformed spores lacking the electron-dense outer layer characteristic of the normal spore wall are observed by electron microscopy. Cells that acquire the ability to synthesize D-glucosamine, because of gene conversion during meiosis, complete sporulation in a normal fashion. Thus, the GCN1 gene product appears to be synthesized late in sporulation and may prove to be a useful developmental landmark for the termination of ascospore development.", "PMID": 1104590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_747", "title": "Timing and function of chitin synthesis in yeast.", "content": "A temperature-sensitive mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, L-2-42, is blocked at 37 C at a stage of the cell cycle prior to septum formation. When single cells of the mutant are allowed to bud at 37 C in a medium containing tritiated glucose, a large incorporation of radioactivity into chitin takes place. Thus, the synthesis of chitin, the major component of the primary septum, is initiated in a phase of the cell cycle which precedes septum closure. This early period of chitin synthesis is not required for emergence and growth of buds because, in the wild type, budding takes place normally in the presence of concentrations of polyoxin D that effectively and specifically prevent chitin formation. However, at a later time a majority of these cells lyse, presumably because of the inability to form a septum. Polyoxin D also prevents the appearance of enhanced fluorescence at the junction between mother cell and bud, as observed in the presence of a brightener. Therefore, the fluorescence is due to chitin and its presence at the base of very early buds indicates that chitin synthesis begins at or shortly after bud emergence. A scheme for chitin synthesis and primary septum formation which embodies these and other results is presented.", "contents": "Timing and function of chitin synthesis in yeast. A temperature-sensitive mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, L-2-42, is blocked at 37 C at a stage of the cell cycle prior to septum formation. When single cells of the mutant are allowed to bud at 37 C in a medium containing tritiated glucose, a large incorporation of radioactivity into chitin takes place. Thus, the synthesis of chitin, the major component of the primary septum, is initiated in a phase of the cell cycle which precedes septum closure. This early period of chitin synthesis is not required for emergence and growth of buds because, in the wild type, budding takes place normally in the presence of concentrations of polyoxin D that effectively and specifically prevent chitin formation. However, at a later time a majority of these cells lyse, presumably because of the inability to form a septum. Polyoxin D also prevents the appearance of enhanced fluorescence at the junction between mother cell and bud, as observed in the presence of a brightener. Therefore, the fluorescence is due to chitin and its presence at the base of very early buds indicates that chitin synthesis begins at or shortly after bud emergence. A scheme for chitin synthesis and primary septum formation which embodies these and other results is presented.", "PMID": 1104591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_748", "title": "Ultrastructural visualization of surface carbohydrate structures on mycoplasma membranes by concanavalin A.", "content": "Surface carbohydrates of Mycoplasma mycoides var. capri were made visible by the cytochemical staining procedure with concanavalin A, horseradish peroxidase, and diaminobenzidine.", "contents": "Ultrastructural visualization of surface carbohydrate structures on mycoplasma membranes by concanavalin A. Surface carbohydrates of Mycoplasma mycoides var. capri were made visible by the cytochemical staining procedure with concanavalin A, horseradish peroxidase, and diaminobenzidine.", "PMID": 1104592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_749", "title": "Unusual membranous structures in minicells and minicell-producing strains of Escherichia coli.", "content": "Minicell-producing strains of Escherichia coli K-12 seem to produce extra membranous material yielding internal cross membranes, \"piggy-back\" minicell forms, and unusual vesicles.", "contents": "Unusual membranous structures in minicells and minicell-producing strains of Escherichia coli. Minicell-producing strains of Escherichia coli K-12 seem to produce extra membranous material yielding internal cross membranes, \"piggy-back\" minicell forms, and unusual vesicles.", "PMID": 1104593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_750", "title": "Genetic map location of the Escherichia coli dnaG gene.", "content": "The dnaG locus of Escherichia coli K-12 has been mapped at about 60 min on the genetic map by three-factor crosses using P1 transduction. In crosses selecting for dnaG+, the cotransduction frequency with the tolC marker is 15% and that with the uxaC marker is 49%. The gene order is tolC dnaG uxaC.", "contents": "Genetic map location of the Escherichia coli dnaG gene. The dnaG locus of Escherichia coli K-12 has been mapped at about 60 min on the genetic map by three-factor crosses using P1 transduction. In crosses selecting for dnaG+, the cotransduction frequency with the tolC marker is 15% and that with the uxaC marker is 49%. The gene order is tolC dnaG uxaC.", "PMID": 1104594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_751", "title": "Balanced production of 30S and 50S ribosomal proteins after a nutritional shift-up.", "content": "The synthesis of bulk ribosomal protein (r-protein) after a nutritional shift-up in Escherichia coli B/r was examined. It was found that the molar ratio of the net synthesis rates of 30S and 50S r-protein remains constant during the transition period after the shift-up and equal to the preshift ratio. The implications for the control of ribosome synthesis are discussed.", "contents": "Balanced production of 30S and 50S ribosomal proteins after a nutritional shift-up. The synthesis of bulk ribosomal protein (r-protein) after a nutritional shift-up in Escherichia coli B/r was examined. It was found that the molar ratio of the net synthesis rates of 30S and 50S r-protein remains constant during the transition period after the shift-up and equal to the preshift ratio. The implications for the control of ribosome synthesis are discussed.", "PMID": 1104595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_752", "title": "Transfectability of rough strains of Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "Cells of rough (but not smooth) strains of Salmonella typhimurium become competent for transfection by phage P22 deoxyribonucleic acid after treatment with 0.1 M CaCl2. The yield of infectious centers is about 10(-8) per genome equivalent of deoxyribonucleic acid. However, different sorts of rough strains vary in their ability to become competent in a fashion that can be correlated with the level of the genetic block in cell wall lipopolysaccharide synthesis. The most amenable strains are blocked by defects in the addition of galactose units I and II of the lipopolysaccharide by the inability to synthesize uridine 5'-diphosphate-galactose (galE point mutants and gal deletion mutants). Strains blocked only in the addition of galactose I, glucose I, or heptose II have low levels of transfectability, whereas strains with either more complete or more deficient lipopolysaccharide core are not competent for transfection. When normal lipopolysaccharide synthesis is restored either genetically or by furnishing exogenous galactose (galE point mutants that can still use it), the cells are not longer competent for transfection.", "contents": "Transfectability of rough strains of Salmonella typhimurium. Cells of rough (but not smooth) strains of Salmonella typhimurium become competent for transfection by phage P22 deoxyribonucleic acid after treatment with 0.1 M CaCl2. The yield of infectious centers is about 10(-8) per genome equivalent of deoxyribonucleic acid. However, different sorts of rough strains vary in their ability to become competent in a fashion that can be correlated with the level of the genetic block in cell wall lipopolysaccharide synthesis. The most amenable strains are blocked by defects in the addition of galactose units I and II of the lipopolysaccharide by the inability to synthesize uridine 5'-diphosphate-galactose (galE point mutants and gal deletion mutants). Strains blocked only in the addition of galactose I, glucose I, or heptose II have low levels of transfectability, whereas strains with either more complete or more deficient lipopolysaccharide core are not competent for transfection. When normal lipopolysaccharide synthesis is restored either genetically or by furnishing exogenous galactose (galE point mutants that can still use it), the cells are not longer competent for transfection.", "PMID": 1104596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_753", "title": "Effects of growth conditions on thymidine nucleotide pools in Escherichia coli.", "content": "The cellular levels of thymidine nucleotide derived from [3H]thymine or [3H]thymidine were followed under various environmental conditions with a thymine-requiring mutant of Escherichia coli. It was shown that the pool sizes varied greatly with the growth conditions; that is, with growth temperature, inhibition of DNA synthesis of replacement of thymine with thymidine. In the strain used here, the level of compound X, presumably dTDP-sugar, was very much higher than those of other thymidine nucleotides. It is suggested that the conversion of thymine to thymidine is rate-limiting, while the conversions of thymidine to dTMP, and of dTMP to dTDP are more rapid than other steps in the salvage pathway of thymidine nucleotide.", "contents": "Effects of growth conditions on thymidine nucleotide pools in Escherichia coli. The cellular levels of thymidine nucleotide derived from [3H]thymine or [3H]thymidine were followed under various environmental conditions with a thymine-requiring mutant of Escherichia coli. It was shown that the pool sizes varied greatly with the growth conditions; that is, with growth temperature, inhibition of DNA synthesis of replacement of thymine with thymidine. In the strain used here, the level of compound X, presumably dTDP-sugar, was very much higher than those of other thymidine nucleotides. It is suggested that the conversion of thymine to thymidine is rate-limiting, while the conversions of thymidine to dTMP, and of dTMP to dTDP are more rapid than other steps in the salvage pathway of thymidine nucleotide.", "PMID": 1104597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_754", "title": "Transport of sugars and amino acids in bacteria. XIII. Mechanism of selective inhibition of the active transport reactions for proline, leucine, and succinate by zinc ions.", "content": "A mutant (S-1) of Escherichia coli which lacks succinate dehydrogenase [EC 1.3.99.1] but has normally succinate transport system, and various oxidase activities other than succinate, was isolated from the strain U24. Using these strains studies were made on the effects of zinc ions on the active transport reactions for succinate proline, and leucine. Zinc ions inhibited succinate transport reaction and succinate oxidation by intact cells. The active transport reaction for proline, which was supported by endogenous energy source in intact cells, was slightly inhibited by zinc ions. This inhibition was not reversed by large excess of magnesium ions. The initial rates of active uptakes of proline were increased by exogenous energy sources such as succinate and glycerol and zinc ions greatly inhibited these. However, D-lactate dependent proline uptake was enhanced slightly by the presence of zinc ions. It was found that zinc ions at a high concentration enhanced the steady level of proline accumulation in cells. This mechanism was studied in detail and we concluded that zinc ions inhibited completely the exchange-exit reaction for proline. Effects of zinc ions on the active transport reaction for leucine were rather simple when compared with these for proline. Zinc ions inhibited strongly the initial rates of leucine uptakes which were driven by endogenous and exogenous energy sources. The ions also inhibited the exchange-exit reaction.", "contents": "Transport of sugars and amino acids in bacteria. XIII. Mechanism of selective inhibition of the active transport reactions for proline, leucine, and succinate by zinc ions. A mutant (S-1) of Escherichia coli which lacks succinate dehydrogenase [EC 1.3.99.1] but has normally succinate transport system, and various oxidase activities other than succinate, was isolated from the strain U24. Using these strains studies were made on the effects of zinc ions on the active transport reactions for succinate proline, and leucine. Zinc ions inhibited succinate transport reaction and succinate oxidation by intact cells. The active transport reaction for proline, which was supported by endogenous energy source in intact cells, was slightly inhibited by zinc ions. This inhibition was not reversed by large excess of magnesium ions. The initial rates of active uptakes of proline were increased by exogenous energy sources such as succinate and glycerol and zinc ions greatly inhibited these. However, D-lactate dependent proline uptake was enhanced slightly by the presence of zinc ions. It was found that zinc ions at a high concentration enhanced the steady level of proline accumulation in cells. This mechanism was studied in detail and we concluded that zinc ions inhibited completely the exchange-exit reaction for proline. Effects of zinc ions on the active transport reaction for leucine were rather simple when compared with these for proline. Zinc ions inhibited strongly the initial rates of leucine uptakes which were driven by endogenous and exogenous energy sources. The ions also inhibited the exchange-exit reaction.", "PMID": 1104598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_755", "title": "Transport of sugars and amino acids in bacteria. XV. Comparative studies on the effects of various energy poisons on the oxidative and phosphorylating activities and energy coupling reactions for the active transport systems for amino acids in E. coli.", "content": "The effects of various energy poisons on oxidation of respiratory substrate, synthesis of cellular ATP, and energy transformation reaction in intact Escherichia coli cells were studied systematically. Various mutants were, therefore, used in which specific functions in the energy-transducing reactions were defective or altered. The energy poisons examined were: sodium azide. DPPA and azidebenzenes which are inhibitors of respiratory-chain phosphorylation, SF6847, and CCCP which are known to be uncouplers, zinc sulfate which is an inhibitor for certain dehydrogenases, and sodium arsenate and sodium fluoride which are inhibitors of glycolytic synthesis of ATP. The preferential inhibitions occurred in the oxidation reactions with certain respiratory substrates by energy poisons used. DPPA inhibited glycerol oxidation much more strongly than succinate oxidation. However, DPPA could  inhibit the oxidation of both glycerol 3-phosphate and succinate by membrane fraction strongly while the oxidation of NADH and D-lactate slightly. It inhibited glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase [EC 1.1.2.1] strongly as well as succinate dehydrogenase [EC 1.3.99.1],.but not D-lactate dehydrogenase of membrane fraction. MAB and other azidebenzene derivatives inhibited succinate oxidation preferentially. SF6847 and CCCP inhibited succinate oxidation strongly, while sodium azide inhibited it weakly and these three poisons were less inhibitory for glycerol oxidation. DPPA, sodium azide, SF6847, and CCCP inhibited the synthesis of ATP coupled with respiration but not with glycolysis. Zinc sulfate inhibited the cellular ATP synthesis coupled with either respiration or glycolysis.", "contents": "Transport of sugars and amino acids in bacteria. XV. Comparative studies on the effects of various energy poisons on the oxidative and phosphorylating activities and energy coupling reactions for the active transport systems for amino acids in E. coli. The effects of various energy poisons on oxidation of respiratory substrate, synthesis of cellular ATP, and energy transformation reaction in intact Escherichia coli cells were studied systematically. Various mutants were, therefore, used in which specific functions in the energy-transducing reactions were defective or altered. The energy poisons examined were: sodium azide. DPPA and azidebenzenes which are inhibitors of respiratory-chain phosphorylation, SF6847, and CCCP which are known to be uncouplers, zinc sulfate which is an inhibitor for certain dehydrogenases, and sodium arsenate and sodium fluoride which are inhibitors of glycolytic synthesis of ATP. The preferential inhibitions occurred in the oxidation reactions with certain respiratory substrates by energy poisons used. DPPA inhibited glycerol oxidation much more strongly than succinate oxidation. However, DPPA could  inhibit the oxidation of both glycerol 3-phosphate and succinate by membrane fraction strongly while the oxidation of NADH and D-lactate slightly. It inhibited glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase [EC 1.1.2.1] strongly as well as succinate dehydrogenase [EC 1.3.99.1],.but not D-lactate dehydrogenase of membrane fraction. MAB and other azidebenzene derivatives inhibited succinate oxidation preferentially. SF6847 and CCCP inhibited succinate oxidation strongly, while sodium azide inhibited it weakly and these three poisons were less inhibitory for glycerol oxidation. DPPA, sodium azide, SF6847, and CCCP inhibited the synthesis of ATP coupled with respiration but not with glycolysis. Zinc sulfate inhibited the cellular ATP synthesis coupled with either respiration or glycolysis.", "PMID": 1104599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_756", "title": "Enzyme-linked immunoassay. I. Novel method for synthesis of the insulin-beta-D-galactosidase conjugate and its applicability for insulin assay.", "content": "Pork insulin was subjected to mercaptosuccinylation and then coupled to beta-D-galactosidase [EC 3.2.1.23] from Escherichia coli using N,N'-o-phenylenedimaleimide. The competitive binding of the conjugate and insulin to anti-insulin antibody was tested. Results showed that formation of an insulin-beta-D-galactosidase conjugate could be used for immunoassay of insulin.", "contents": "Enzyme-linked immunoassay. I. Novel method for synthesis of the insulin-beta-D-galactosidase conjugate and its applicability for insulin assay. Pork insulin was subjected to mercaptosuccinylation and then coupled to beta-D-galactosidase [EC 3.2.1.23] from Escherichia coli using N,N'-o-phenylenedimaleimide. The competitive binding of the conjugate and insulin to anti-insulin antibody was tested. Results showed that formation of an insulin-beta-D-galactosidase conjugate could be used for immunoassay of insulin.", "PMID": 1104600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_757", "title": "Formation of a binary complex between elongation factor G and guanine nucleotides.", "content": "The interaction of the polypeptide chain elongation factor G (EF-G) from E. coli with guanine nucleotides was investigated using the hydrophobic dye, 1-anilino-8-naphthalensulfonic acid. It was found that the fluorescence intensity of the hydrophobic dye elicited in the presence of EF-G was diminished markedly by addition of GTP, and to a lesser extent, by addition of GDP. Direct evidence for the formation of the binary complexes, EF-G-GTP and EF-G-GDP, was provided by gel filtrations of EF-G on Sephadex G-25 columns equilibrated with buffers containing radioactive GTP and GDP, respectively.", "contents": "Formation of a binary complex between elongation factor G and guanine nucleotides. The interaction of the polypeptide chain elongation factor G (EF-G) from E. coli with guanine nucleotides was investigated using the hydrophobic dye, 1-anilino-8-naphthalensulfonic acid. It was found that the fluorescence intensity of the hydrophobic dye elicited in the presence of EF-G was diminished markedly by addition of GTP, and to a lesser extent, by addition of GDP. Direct evidence for the formation of the binary complexes, EF-G-GTP and EF-G-GDP, was provided by gel filtrations of EF-G on Sephadex G-25 columns equilibrated with buffers containing radioactive GTP and GDP, respectively.", "PMID": 1104601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_758", "title": "In vitro transcription of the Escherichia coli histidine operon primed by dinucleotides. Effect of the first histidine biosynthetic enzyme.", "content": "Initiation of transcription of the Escherichia coli histidine (his) operon in vitro has been analyzed. The DNA of a specialized transducing phage, \u00f880dhis, was used as a template, and his RNA was measured by RNA/DNA hybridization. Taking advantage of the fact that E. coli RNA polymerase cannot initiate transcription when the nucleoside triphosphates are present at very low (5 muM) concentration, his RNA initiation was primed by dinucleoside monophosphates. It has been found that his RNA synthesis can be stimulated by one of the three dinucleotides CpA, ApA, and ApG. Under these conditions, it is the initiation of his RNA synthesis that is stimulated. Stimulation of his RNA synthesis by the three dinucleotides apparently occurs at a single initiation site, as judged by the nonadditivity of the effects of the three dinucleotides. This was further confirmed by the effect of phosphoribosyltransferase (the first enzyme of histidine biosynthesis, which specifically represses the synthesis of his RNA) on ApA primed RNA synthesis. Addition of his protein results in a sharp decrease of his RNA synthesis, with no effect whatsoever on the levels of RNAa transcribed from other regions of the template. Our data suggest that the 5' -terminal sequence of his RNA made in vitro is ApApG and that the base immediately preceding this sequence is C.", "contents": "In vitro transcription of the Escherichia coli histidine operon primed by dinucleotides. Effect of the first histidine biosynthetic enzyme. Initiation of transcription of the Escherichia coli histidine (his) operon in vitro has been analyzed. The DNA of a specialized transducing phage, \u00f880dhis, was used as a template, and his RNA was measured by RNA/DNA hybridization. Taking advantage of the fact that E. coli RNA polymerase cannot initiate transcription when the nucleoside triphosphates are present at very low (5 muM) concentration, his RNA initiation was primed by dinucleoside monophosphates. It has been found that his RNA synthesis can be stimulated by one of the three dinucleotides CpA, ApA, and ApG. Under these conditions, it is the initiation of his RNA synthesis that is stimulated. Stimulation of his RNA synthesis by the three dinucleotides apparently occurs at a single initiation site, as judged by the nonadditivity of the effects of the three dinucleotides. This was further confirmed by the effect of phosphoribosyltransferase (the first enzyme of histidine biosynthesis, which specifically represses the synthesis of his RNA) on ApA primed RNA synthesis. Addition of his protein results in a sharp decrease of his RNA synthesis, with no effect whatsoever on the levels of RNAa transcribed from other regions of the template. Our data suggest that the 5' -terminal sequence of his RNA made in vitro is ApApG and that the base immediately preceding this sequence is C.", "PMID": 1104602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_759", "title": "A novel function of Escherichia coli transfer RNA nucleotidyltransferase. Biosynthesis of the C-C-A sequence in a phage T4 transfer RNA precursor.", "content": "The biosynthesis of the phage T4-coded proline and serine transfer RNA species proceeds through a precursor RNA containing both tRNA sequences. Neither tRNA sequence in the precursor RNA contains the 3'-terminal C-C-A common to all mature tRNAs. Seidman and McClain ((1975) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 72, 1491-1495) have proposed that the C-C-A sequence is added to serine tRNA while it is still part of the large precursor RNA. In the present work, I show that, in vitro, a purified preparation of Escherichia coli tRNA nucleotidyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.25) accurately synthesized 3'-terminal C-C-A in the serine tRNA portion of the precursor RNA. This result establishes a role of tRNA nucleotidyltransferase in the biosynthesis of the phage T4 serine tRNA. The finding that tRNA nucleotidyltransferase utilizes the large precursor RNA as a substrate represents a novel function of the enzyme.", "contents": "A novel function of Escherichia coli transfer RNA nucleotidyltransferase. Biosynthesis of the C-C-A sequence in a phage T4 transfer RNA precursor. The biosynthesis of the phage T4-coded proline and serine transfer RNA species proceeds through a precursor RNA containing both tRNA sequences. Neither tRNA sequence in the precursor RNA contains the 3'-terminal C-C-A common to all mature tRNAs. Seidman and McClain ((1975) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 72, 1491-1495) have proposed that the C-C-A sequence is added to serine tRNA while it is still part of the large precursor RNA. In the present work, I show that, in vitro, a purified preparation of Escherichia coli tRNA nucleotidyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.25) accurately synthesized 3'-terminal C-C-A in the serine tRNA portion of the precursor RNA. This result establishes a role of tRNA nucleotidyltransferase in the biosynthesis of the phage T4 serine tRNA. The finding that tRNA nucleotidyltransferase utilizes the large precursor RNA as a substrate represents a novel function of the enzyme.", "PMID": 1104603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_760", "title": "Acylation of sn-glycerol 3-phosphate in Escherichia coli. Study of reaction with native palmitoyl-acyl carrier protein.", "content": "The sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase activity of Escherichia coli has been assayed using native palmitoyl-acyl carrier protein as the acyl donor. This substrate was synthesized by a plant chloroplast system which utilized E. coli acyl carrier protein. The properties of the acyltransferase as assayed with palmitoyl-acyl carrier protein were similar to those observed using palmitoyl-CoA as the acyl donor. This finding suggested that single enzyme catalyzed transfer of acyl groups from either thioester to sn-glycerol 3-phosphate. This hypothesis was tested by assay of two classes of E. coli mutants which have altered sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferases. Both classes (plsA and plsB) of mutants have similarly altered activities as assayed with either palmitoyl-acyl carrier protein or palmitoyl-CoA. These results indicate that the same acyltransferase enzyme (or enzyme system) catalyzes the incorporation of both thioester substrates into phospholipid. Other experiments have shown that the acyltransferase of a plsB mutant was abnormally thermolabile only when palmitoyl-CoA was the acyl donor in the reaction. No thermolability was observed with palmitoyl-acyl carrier protein as acyl donor. The thermolability observed with palmitoyl-CoA is attributed to the detergent properties of this substrate. In agreement with Lueking and Goldfine (Lueking, D. R., and Goldfine, H. (1975) J. Biol. Chem. 250, 4911-4917), we found that guanosine-5'-diphosphate-3'-diphosphate (ppGpp) inhibits the acyltransferase only when palmitoyl-CoA was the acyl donor. No inhibition was observed when the acyltransferase was assayed with palmitoyl-acyl carrier protein in the presence of ppGpp. Incubation of the enzyme with ppGpp to assay results in a profound inhibition of acyltransfer from palmitoyl-CoA but has no effect on the incorporation of acyl groups from palmitoyl-acyl carrier protein.", "contents": "Acylation of sn-glycerol 3-phosphate in Escherichia coli. Study of reaction with native palmitoyl-acyl carrier protein. The sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase activity of Escherichia coli has been assayed using native palmitoyl-acyl carrier protein as the acyl donor. This substrate was synthesized by a plant chloroplast system which utilized E. coli acyl carrier protein. The properties of the acyltransferase as assayed with palmitoyl-acyl carrier protein were similar to those observed using palmitoyl-CoA as the acyl donor. This finding suggested that single enzyme catalyzed transfer of acyl groups from either thioester to sn-glycerol 3-phosphate. This hypothesis was tested by assay of two classes of E. coli mutants which have altered sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferases. Both classes (plsA and plsB) of mutants have similarly altered activities as assayed with either palmitoyl-acyl carrier protein or palmitoyl-CoA. These results indicate that the same acyltransferase enzyme (or enzyme system) catalyzes the incorporation of both thioester substrates into phospholipid. Other experiments have shown that the acyltransferase of a plsB mutant was abnormally thermolabile only when palmitoyl-CoA was the acyl donor in the reaction. No thermolability was observed with palmitoyl-acyl carrier protein as acyl donor. The thermolability observed with palmitoyl-CoA is attributed to the detergent properties of this substrate. In agreement with Lueking and Goldfine (Lueking, D. R., and Goldfine, H. (1975) J. Biol. Chem. 250, 4911-4917), we found that guanosine-5'-diphosphate-3'-diphosphate (ppGpp) inhibits the acyltransferase only when palmitoyl-CoA was the acyl donor. No inhibition was observed when the acyltransferase was assayed with palmitoyl-acyl carrier protein in the presence of ppGpp. Incubation of the enzyme with ppGpp to assay results in a profound inhibition of acyltransfer from palmitoyl-CoA but has no effect on the incorporation of acyl groups from palmitoyl-acyl carrier protein.", "PMID": 1104604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_761", "title": "Salt effects in the glutathione-facilitated reactivation of reduced bovine pancreatic ribonuclease.", "content": "The rate of regeneration of reduced RNase by glutathione was examined in the presence of several added substances: substrate, phospholipid, other proteins, bacterial ribosomes, and neutral salts. Of these, only neutral salts showed substantial effects. K2HOP4 and (NH4)2SO4 strongly accelerated regeneration, the alkali chlorides showed moderate acceleration or inhibition, while LiBr and KSCN strongly inhibited. The t1/2 for regeneration in 1 M Pi is 4 min compared to 75 min in the absence of Pi; in 0.5 M KSCN t1/2 greater than 100 min. The pattern of specific salt effects is similar to a Hofmeister series. There is a strong parallel between the pattern of specific salt effects on the kinetics of RNase regeneration and the pattern of effects of the same salts on the equilibrium stability of biopolymers. This suggests that the role of salts in the regeneration is to stabilize or destabilize rate-limiting folding intermediates. Pi-accelerated glutathione regenerations showed a broad temperature optimum from 30-37 degrees. In strong contrast with the virtual concentration independence of the Pi-free controls, with Pi = 1 M, both rates and yields of RNase activity were decreased markedly at [RNase] greater than 2 x 10(-6) M. Phosphate and pyrophosphate showed additive, and in some cases, synergistic accelerations. These results suggest that specific ion binding occurs in addition to general solvent effects.", "contents": "Salt effects in the glutathione-facilitated reactivation of reduced bovine pancreatic ribonuclease. The rate of regeneration of reduced RNase by glutathione was examined in the presence of several added substances: substrate, phospholipid, other proteins, bacterial ribosomes, and neutral salts. Of these, only neutral salts showed substantial effects. K2HOP4 and (NH4)2SO4 strongly accelerated regeneration, the alkali chlorides showed moderate acceleration or inhibition, while LiBr and KSCN strongly inhibited. The t1/2 for regeneration in 1 M Pi is 4 min compared to 75 min in the absence of Pi; in 0.5 M KSCN t1/2 greater than 100 min. The pattern of specific salt effects is similar to a Hofmeister series. There is a strong parallel between the pattern of specific salt effects on the kinetics of RNase regeneration and the pattern of effects of the same salts on the equilibrium stability of biopolymers. This suggests that the role of salts in the regeneration is to stabilize or destabilize rate-limiting folding intermediates. Pi-accelerated glutathione regenerations showed a broad temperature optimum from 30-37 degrees. In strong contrast with the virtual concentration independence of the Pi-free controls, with Pi = 1 M, both rates and yields of RNase activity were decreased markedly at [RNase] greater than 2 x 10(-6) M. Phosphate and pyrophosphate showed additive, and in some cases, synergistic accelerations. These results suggest that specific ion binding occurs in addition to general solvent effects.", "PMID": 1104605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_762", "title": "Catalysis of a step of the overall reaction by the alpha subunit of Escherichia coli succinyl coenzyme A synthetase.", "content": "The isolated alpha subunit or succinyl-CoA synthetase from Escherichia coli is capable of catalyzing one step of the overall reaction, namely its own phosphorylation by the substrate ATP. The data presented herein also suggest that the binding sites for other substrates (succinate, succinyl-CoA) are located either on the beta subunit or comprise part of both subunit types. From these observations and from our earlier finding that the two subunits species are necessary for the overall reaction, we propose that the active site is assembled at or close to the point of contact of the two subunits in the native alpha2beta2 enzymic structure.", "contents": "Catalysis of a step of the overall reaction by the alpha subunit of Escherichia coli succinyl coenzyme A synthetase. The isolated alpha subunit or succinyl-CoA synthetase from Escherichia coli is capable of catalyzing one step of the overall reaction, namely its own phosphorylation by the substrate ATP. The data presented herein also suggest that the binding sites for other substrates (succinate, succinyl-CoA) are located either on the beta subunit or comprise part of both subunit types. From these observations and from our earlier finding that the two subunits species are necessary for the overall reaction, we propose that the active site is assembled at or close to the point of contact of the two subunits in the native alpha2beta2 enzymic structure.", "PMID": 1104606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_763", "title": "Inhibition of DNA replication in Escherichia coli by cyanide and carbon monoxide.", "content": "The inhibition of DNA replication in aerobically growing Escherichia coli by cyanide or carbon monoxide occurs within about 20 s at 15 degrees, as previously reported by Cairns and Denhardt (Cairns, J., and Denhardt, D.T. (1968) J. Mol. Biol. 36, 335-342). This rapid inhibition can be explained by the nearly complete depletion of both intracellular ATP and deoxynucleoside triphosphates which occurs during the time that replication stops. There is probably no direct effect of carbon monoxide on any of the enzymes involved in replication because this reagent has no effect on replication rate or ATP level in anaerobic cells. These cells produce ATP by glycolysis. The inhibition of replication by cyanide, a highly reactive compound, appears to be more complex since anaerobically growing cells can still be completely inhibited, although higher concentrations are required than for aerobically growing cells. The sensitivity of anaerobic cells to cyanide is probably due to the ability of this highly reactive compound to react nonspecifically with many proteins and other molecules.", "contents": "Inhibition of DNA replication in Escherichia coli by cyanide and carbon monoxide. The inhibition of DNA replication in aerobically growing Escherichia coli by cyanide or carbon monoxide occurs within about 20 s at 15 degrees, as previously reported by Cairns and Denhardt (Cairns, J., and Denhardt, D.T. (1968) J. Mol. Biol. 36, 335-342). This rapid inhibition can be explained by the nearly complete depletion of both intracellular ATP and deoxynucleoside triphosphates which occurs during the time that replication stops. There is probably no direct effect of carbon monoxide on any of the enzymes involved in replication because this reagent has no effect on replication rate or ATP level in anaerobic cells. These cells produce ATP by glycolysis. The inhibition of replication by cyanide, a highly reactive compound, appears to be more complex since anaerobically growing cells can still be completely inhibited, although higher concentrations are required than for aerobically growing cells. The sensitivity of anaerobic cells to cyanide is probably due to the ability of this highly reactive compound to react nonspecifically with many proteins and other molecules.", "PMID": 1104607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_764", "title": "Lifetime and rotational relaxation time of dansylgalactoside bound to the lac carrier protein.", "content": "The results presented in this paper demonstrate that the excited state lifetime, anisotropy, and rotational relaxation time of 2'-(N-dansyl)aninoethyl 1-thio-beta-D-galactopyranoside (DG2) increase when the probe is bound specifically to the lac carrier protein in \"energized\" Escherichia coli membrane vesicles. Although the probe also binds nonspecifically to the vesicle membrane, such binding is independent of the lac carrier protein and is unaffected by \"energization\" of the vesicles. The experiments provide further evidence that the dansylgalactosides are useful probes for the beta-galactoside transport system and support the hypothesis that the changes in dansylgalactoside fluorescence observed on \"energization\" of membrane vesicles reflect changes in the binding of the probe.", "contents": "Lifetime and rotational relaxation time of dansylgalactoside bound to the lac carrier protein. The results presented in this paper demonstrate that the excited state lifetime, anisotropy, and rotational relaxation time of 2'-(N-dansyl)aninoethyl 1-thio-beta-D-galactopyranoside (DG2) increase when the probe is bound specifically to the lac carrier protein in \"energized\" Escherichia coli membrane vesicles. Although the probe also binds nonspecifically to the vesicle membrane, such binding is independent of the lac carrier protein and is unaffected by \"energization\" of the vesicles. The experiments provide further evidence that the dansylgalactosides are useful probes for the beta-galactoside transport system and support the hypothesis that the changes in dansylgalactoside fluorescence observed on \"energization\" of membrane vesicles reflect changes in the binding of the probe.", "PMID": 1104608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_765", "title": "Conformation of deoxynucleoside triphosphate substrates on DNA polymerase I from Escherichia coli as determined by nuclear magnetic relaxation.", "content": "A unique conformation of deoxynucleoside triphosphate substrates bound to Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I has been determined by nuclear magnetic resonance techniques. The effects of Mn(II) bound at the active site of the enzyme on the longitudinal (T1p-1) and transverse (T2p-1) relaxation rates of the alpha, beta, and gamma phosphorus atoms and 5 protons of enzyme-bound thymidine 5'-triphosphate (dTTP) were measured at 40.5 MHz (31P), 100 and 220 MHz (1H). From frequency dependence of T1p-1, a correlation time of 7 X 10(-10) s and Mn(II) to proton distances of 10.4, 9.9, 10.3, 10.8, and 8.4 A were calculated for the --CH3, H6, H'1, H'2, and H'4 protons. The calculated Mn(II) to phosphorus distances of 4.2, 4.8, and 3.2 A for the alpha, beta, and gamma phosphorus atoms indicates that Mn(II) corrdinates directly only with the gamma-phosphoryl group and that a puckered triphpsphate conformation exists for the enzyme-bound dTTP. This differs from the binary Mn(II)-dTTP complex in which alpha, beta, and gamma phosphoryl coordination occurs, and a thymine-deoxyribose torsion angly (chi) about the glycosidic bond of 40 degrees is detected. The eight manganese-substrate distances on the enzyme are fit by a unique Mn-dTTP conformation, with a torsion angle equal to 90 degrees, indistinguishable from that found for a deoxynucleotidyl unit in double helical DNA-B. Hence, binding to DNA polymerase appears to adjust the conformation of dTTP for Watson-Crick basepairing. Similarly, the binding of Mn-dATP to DNA polymerase I increased the distances from Mn(II) to the H2, H8, H'1, and H'4 protons of dATP but the adenine-deoxyribose torsion angle of 90 degrees was preserved. Such preorientation of substrates could facilitate incorporation of the complementary nucleotide. When positioned within the DNA structure, the conformation of enzyme-bound Mn-dTTP requires an inline nucleophilic attack on the alpha phosphorus with Mn(II) promoting pyrophosphate departure.", "contents": "Conformation of deoxynucleoside triphosphate substrates on DNA polymerase I from Escherichia coli as determined by nuclear magnetic relaxation. A unique conformation of deoxynucleoside triphosphate substrates bound to Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I has been determined by nuclear magnetic resonance techniques. The effects of Mn(II) bound at the active site of the enzyme on the longitudinal (T1p-1) and transverse (T2p-1) relaxation rates of the alpha, beta, and gamma phosphorus atoms and 5 protons of enzyme-bound thymidine 5'-triphosphate (dTTP) were measured at 40.5 MHz (31P), 100 and 220 MHz (1H). From frequency dependence of T1p-1, a correlation time of 7 X 10(-10) s and Mn(II) to proton distances of 10.4, 9.9, 10.3, 10.8, and 8.4 A were calculated for the --CH3, H6, H'1, H'2, and H'4 protons. The calculated Mn(II) to phosphorus distances of 4.2, 4.8, and 3.2 A for the alpha, beta, and gamma phosphorus atoms indicates that Mn(II) corrdinates directly only with the gamma-phosphoryl group and that a puckered triphpsphate conformation exists for the enzyme-bound dTTP. This differs from the binary Mn(II)-dTTP complex in which alpha, beta, and gamma phosphoryl coordination occurs, and a thymine-deoxyribose torsion angly (chi) about the glycosidic bond of 40 degrees is detected. The eight manganese-substrate distances on the enzyme are fit by a unique Mn-dTTP conformation, with a torsion angle equal to 90 degrees, indistinguishable from that found for a deoxynucleotidyl unit in double helical DNA-B. Hence, binding to DNA polymerase appears to adjust the conformation of dTTP for Watson-Crick basepairing. Similarly, the binding of Mn-dATP to DNA polymerase I increased the distances from Mn(II) to the H2, H8, H'1, and H'4 protons of dATP but the adenine-deoxyribose torsion angle of 90 degrees was preserved. Such preorientation of substrates could facilitate incorporation of the complementary nucleotide. When positioned within the DNA structure, the conformation of enzyme-bound Mn-dTTP requires an inline nucleophilic attack on the alpha phosphorus with Mn(II) promoting pyrophosphate departure.", "PMID": 1104609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_766", "title": "Active transport in Escherichia coli B membrane vesicles. Differential inactivating effects from the enzymatic oxidation of beta-chloro-L-alanine and beta-chloro-D-alanine.", "content": "Isolated membrane vesicles from Escherichia coli B grown on DL-alanine and glycerol carry out amino acid active transport coupled to a membrane-bound D-alanine dehydrogenase (Kaczorowski, G., Shaw, L., Fuentes, M., and Walsh, C. (1975) J. Biol. Chem. 250, 2855). Certain L-amino acids can also energize solute transport by conversion to their D isomers via an alanine reacemase. Both D-chloroalanine and L-chloroalanine initially drive amino acid and methyl-beta-thiogalactose uptake. The D isomer however causes rapid inactivation of both dehydrogenase-coupled transport and the phosphotransferase system. Transport functions can be protected by dithiothreitol which is postulated to act as a scavenging nucleophile. This inactivation by the D isomer is time-dependent and irreversible not only for proline transport but also for alpha-methylglucoside uptake. Unlike the D isomer, beta-chloro-L-alanine does not inactivate transport. L-Chloroalanine is not racemized to the D isomer but rather undergoes a racemase catalyzed beta elimination of chloride ion to produce pyruvate. Pyruvate can subsequently be oxidized to stimulate active transport. This pyridoxal phosphate-dependent racemase is inactivated by low concentrations of D-chloroalanine but the L isomer can only cause inactivation at a 40-fold higher concentration and longer times of exposure. The D-alanine dehydrogenase-catalyzed oxidation product of D-chloroalanine is chloropyruvate, and this keto acid is hypothesized to be the inactivating species of transport for the following reasons. Chloropyruvate has been isolated from D-chloroalanine oxidation but not from oxidation of the L isomer. Chlorolactate which can be oxidized to chloropyruvate (via membrane-bound lactate dehydrogenases) also causes inactivation of transport in E. coli K-12 membrane vesicles. Mutants having diminished lactate dehydrogenase activity show a slower rate of inactivation with chlorolactate. Moreover, synthetic chloropyruvate irreversibly inactivates both active transport of proline and phosphotransferase system-dependent group translocation of alpha-methylglucoside. The effects of D- and L-chloroalanine and chlorolactate on transport in membrane vesicles are also seen in whole cells.", "contents": "Active transport in Escherichia coli B membrane vesicles. Differential inactivating effects from the enzymatic oxidation of beta-chloro-L-alanine and beta-chloro-D-alanine. Isolated membrane vesicles from Escherichia coli B grown on DL-alanine and glycerol carry out amino acid active transport coupled to a membrane-bound D-alanine dehydrogenase (Kaczorowski, G., Shaw, L., Fuentes, M., and Walsh, C. (1975) J. Biol. Chem. 250, 2855). Certain L-amino acids can also energize solute transport by conversion to their D isomers via an alanine reacemase. Both D-chloroalanine and L-chloroalanine initially drive amino acid and methyl-beta-thiogalactose uptake. The D isomer however causes rapid inactivation of both dehydrogenase-coupled transport and the phosphotransferase system. Transport functions can be protected by dithiothreitol which is postulated to act as a scavenging nucleophile. This inactivation by the D isomer is time-dependent and irreversible not only for proline transport but also for alpha-methylglucoside uptake. Unlike the D isomer, beta-chloro-L-alanine does not inactivate transport. L-Chloroalanine is not racemized to the D isomer but rather undergoes a racemase catalyzed beta elimination of chloride ion to produce pyruvate. Pyruvate can subsequently be oxidized to stimulate active transport. This pyridoxal phosphate-dependent racemase is inactivated by low concentrations of D-chloroalanine but the L isomer can only cause inactivation at a 40-fold higher concentration and longer times of exposure. The D-alanine dehydrogenase-catalyzed oxidation product of D-chloroalanine is chloropyruvate, and this keto acid is hypothesized to be the inactivating species of transport for the following reasons. Chloropyruvate has been isolated from D-chloroalanine oxidation but not from oxidation of the L isomer. Chlorolactate which can be oxidized to chloropyruvate (via membrane-bound lactate dehydrogenases) also causes inactivation of transport in E. coli K-12 membrane vesicles. Mutants having diminished lactate dehydrogenase activity show a slower rate of inactivation with chlorolactate. Moreover, synthetic chloropyruvate irreversibly inactivates both active transport of proline and phosphotransferase system-dependent group translocation of alpha-methylglucoside. The effects of D- and L-chloroalanine and chlorolactate on transport in membrane vesicles are also seen in whole cells.", "PMID": 1104610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_767", "title": "Active transport in Excherichia coli B membrane vesicles. Irreversible uncoupling by chloropyruvate.", "content": "In the accompanying report (Kaczorowski, G., Shaw, L., Laura, R., and Walsh, C. (1975) J. Biol. Chem. 250, 8921-8930), we have shown that the oxidation of beta-chloro-D-alanine by a membrane-bound D-alanine dehydrogenase results in the inactivation of both dehydrogenase-coupled and P-enolpyruvate-dependent active transport in membrane vesicles. We have also demonstrated that chemically prepared chloropyruvate has the same inactivating effects on transport. In this report, we show that in addition to abolishing hexose and proline uptake, chloropyruvate inhibits lactose and several other amino acid uptake systems to different extents, although proline transport is the most severely inhibited. The degree of transport inactivation also depends on whether the keto acid is added exogenously or is generated by the D-alanine dehydrogenase. Chloropyruvate treatment does not inhibit D-alanine dehydrogenase, D-lactate dehydrogenase of the passage of electrons to oxygen by the membrane cytochrome chain. However, alanine racemase and pyruvate oxidase (to a lesser extent) are inactivated by this keto acid. Treatment of vesicles with chloropyruvate does not affect the establishment of maintenance of a membrane potential, however, this does inhibit solute transport in response to an artificially induced potential. If chloropyruvate is added at any point during a time course of proline transport, there is an instantaneous blockade of amino acid uptake suggesting that the proline carrier can no longer translocate solute across the membrane. Upon examining the functionality of the carrier protein after exposure to chloropyruvate, there is no appreciable difference in efflux or exchange properties as compared to untreated controls. Therefore chloropyruvate does not block proline passage through the membrane, but rather appears to interfere with the ability of the proline carrier to sense the membrane potential. The beta-halo keto acid does not then uncouple respiration from energization of the membrane but does interfere with the ability of the energized membrane state to be used for the transport of most solutes.", "contents": "Active transport in Excherichia coli B membrane vesicles. Irreversible uncoupling by chloropyruvate. In the accompanying report (Kaczorowski, G., Shaw, L., Laura, R., and Walsh, C. (1975) J. Biol. Chem. 250, 8921-8930), we have shown that the oxidation of beta-chloro-D-alanine by a membrane-bound D-alanine dehydrogenase results in the inactivation of both dehydrogenase-coupled and P-enolpyruvate-dependent active transport in membrane vesicles. We have also demonstrated that chemically prepared chloropyruvate has the same inactivating effects on transport. In this report, we show that in addition to abolishing hexose and proline uptake, chloropyruvate inhibits lactose and several other amino acid uptake systems to different extents, although proline transport is the most severely inhibited. The degree of transport inactivation also depends on whether the keto acid is added exogenously or is generated by the D-alanine dehydrogenase. Chloropyruvate treatment does not inhibit D-alanine dehydrogenase, D-lactate dehydrogenase of the passage of electrons to oxygen by the membrane cytochrome chain. However, alanine racemase and pyruvate oxidase (to a lesser extent) are inactivated by this keto acid. Treatment of vesicles with chloropyruvate does not affect the establishment of maintenance of a membrane potential, however, this does inhibit solute transport in response to an artificially induced potential. If chloropyruvate is added at any point during a time course of proline transport, there is an instantaneous blockade of amino acid uptake suggesting that the proline carrier can no longer translocate solute across the membrane. Upon examining the functionality of the carrier protein after exposure to chloropyruvate, there is no appreciable difference in efflux or exchange properties as compared to untreated controls. Therefore chloropyruvate does not block proline passage through the membrane, but rather appears to interfere with the ability of the proline carrier to sense the membrane potential. The beta-halo keto acid does not then uncouple respiration from energization of the membrane but does interfere with the ability of the energized membrane state to be used for the transport of most solutes.", "PMID": 1104611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_768", "title": "Template properties of bacteriophage T4 vegetative DNA. I. Isolation and characterization of two template fractions from gently lysed T4-infected bacteria.", "content": "The synthesis and template properties of T4 vegetative DNA were studied. The DNA-containing material in lysates of cells taken 20 min past T4 infection sediments in sucrose gradients as two major components. Both fractions function as templates for amino acid incorporation in a DNA-dependent in vitro system (coupled transcription-translation). The slower sedimenting activity is not present in uninfected cells and appears in wild type T4-infected cells only after 12 min at 30 degrees, shortly after DNA synthesis starts. It is dependent for its activity on an added S-30 fraction from either uninfected or T4-infected cells and is completely inhibited by deoxyribonuclease or rifampin. On a weight basis the slower sedimenting template is about 30 to 70% as active as mature T4 DNA when supplemented with S-30 extracts from uninfected cells. The spectrum of proteins synthesized in response to the slower sedimenting template is different from that produced in response to mature T4 DNA. In contrast to mature DNA, this template is capable of directing the synthesis of material that precipitates with antiserum directed against whole T4 particles. Thus, it appears capable of directing the synthesis of mRNA for phage structural proteins, i.e. late proteins. The faster sedimenting component is about 8-fold less active for stimulating amino acid incorporation than mature DNA. Significant amounts of RNA polymerase are associated with this DNA in active transcription complexes, yet polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the proteins synthesized in response to this fraction show a pattern that resembles the early proteins made from mature T4 DNA in extracts from uninfected cells.", "contents": "Template properties of bacteriophage T4 vegetative DNA. I. Isolation and characterization of two template fractions from gently lysed T4-infected bacteria. The synthesis and template properties of T4 vegetative DNA were studied. The DNA-containing material in lysates of cells taken 20 min past T4 infection sediments in sucrose gradients as two major components. Both fractions function as templates for amino acid incorporation in a DNA-dependent in vitro system (coupled transcription-translation). The slower sedimenting activity is not present in uninfected cells and appears in wild type T4-infected cells only after 12 min at 30 degrees, shortly after DNA synthesis starts. It is dependent for its activity on an added S-30 fraction from either uninfected or T4-infected cells and is completely inhibited by deoxyribonuclease or rifampin. On a weight basis the slower sedimenting template is about 30 to 70% as active as mature T4 DNA when supplemented with S-30 extracts from uninfected cells. The spectrum of proteins synthesized in response to the slower sedimenting template is different from that produced in response to mature T4 DNA. In contrast to mature DNA, this template is capable of directing the synthesis of material that precipitates with antiserum directed against whole T4 particles. Thus, it appears capable of directing the synthesis of mRNA for phage structural proteins, i.e. late proteins. The faster sedimenting component is about 8-fold less active for stimulating amino acid incorporation than mature DNA. Significant amounts of RNA polymerase are associated with this DNA in active transcription complexes, yet polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the proteins synthesized in response to this fraction show a pattern that resembles the early proteins made from mature T4 DNA in extracts from uninfected cells.", "PMID": 1104612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_769", "title": "Template properties of bacteriophage T4 vegetative DNA. II. Effect of maturation and DNA-arrest mutations.", "content": "The DNA in gently lysates of T4-infected Escherichia coli cells sediments in sucrose gradients as two major components; the slower sedimenting component is designated as the S-5 fraction and the faster sedimenting component as the pad fraction. The distribution of these fractions in lysates of cells infected with T4 maturation-defective and DNA-arrest mutants was determined, and their template activities were compared in a DNA-dependent amino acid-incorporating system. The S-5 DNA template was found to be completely absent in E. coli B cells infected with a T4 maturation-defective mutant (gene 55). On the other hand, DNA sedimenting as the S-5 component is greatly increased, while that sedimenting as the pad component is virtually absent in nonpermissive cells infected with a DNA-arrest mutant (gene 46). The S-5 fractions prepared from cells infected with a DNA ligase mutant (gene 30) and a gene 30 gene 46 double mutant are reduced in their ability to stimulate amino acid incorporation compared to similar preparations from cells infected with wild type T4 or a gene 46 mutant. Moreover, the template activity of partially purified replicative DNA prepared from cells infected with phage-carrying mutations either on gene 30 or in both genes 46 and 56 (dCTPase) is lower than that of DNA obtained from cells infected with wild type phage. The polypeptide products of reaction mixtures programmed with several of the mutant DNAs were found to be qualitatively different from polypeptides synthesized in response to either mature DNA or replicative DNA prepared from cells infected with wild type phage. These data suggest that the expression of phage DNA may be significantly influenced by physical changes in the DNA arising from abnormal replication.", "contents": "Template properties of bacteriophage T4 vegetative DNA. II. Effect of maturation and DNA-arrest mutations. The DNA in gently lysates of T4-infected Escherichia coli cells sediments in sucrose gradients as two major components; the slower sedimenting component is designated as the S-5 fraction and the faster sedimenting component as the pad fraction. The distribution of these fractions in lysates of cells infected with T4 maturation-defective and DNA-arrest mutants was determined, and their template activities were compared in a DNA-dependent amino acid-incorporating system. The S-5 DNA template was found to be completely absent in E. coli B cells infected with a T4 maturation-defective mutant (gene 55). On the other hand, DNA sedimenting as the S-5 component is greatly increased, while that sedimenting as the pad component is virtually absent in nonpermissive cells infected with a DNA-arrest mutant (gene 46). The S-5 fractions prepared from cells infected with a DNA ligase mutant (gene 30) and a gene 30 gene 46 double mutant are reduced in their ability to stimulate amino acid incorporation compared to similar preparations from cells infected with wild type T4 or a gene 46 mutant. Moreover, the template activity of partially purified replicative DNA prepared from cells infected with phage-carrying mutations either on gene 30 or in both genes 46 and 56 (dCTPase) is lower than that of DNA obtained from cells infected with wild type phage. The polypeptide products of reaction mixtures programmed with several of the mutant DNAs were found to be qualitatively different from polypeptides synthesized in response to either mature DNA or replicative DNA prepared from cells infected with wild type phage. These data suggest that the expression of phage DNA may be significantly influenced by physical changes in the DNA arising from abnormal replication.", "PMID": 1104613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_770", "title": "Mutants of Escherichia coli defective in membrane phospholipid synthesis. Effect of cessation of net phospholipid synthesis on cytoplasmic and outer membranes.", "content": "The effect of cessation of net phospholipid synthesis on the cytoplasmic and outer membranes of Escherichia coli was investigated in a mutant strain defective in the first enzyme of phospholipid synthesis, the sn-glycerol-3-phosphate (glycerol-P) acyltransferase. The glycerol-P (glycerol) auxotropic phenotype of this strain resulted from an altered membranous glycerol-P acyltransferase activity with an apparent Km for glycerol-P 10 times higher than that of the parental activity. When net phospholipid synthesis was halted during glycerol deprivation, both soluble and cell envelope protein synthesis continued. Fractionation of the membranes derived from glycerol-supplemented and glycerol-deprived cultures by isopycnic banding in sucrose gradients revealed that both the cytoplasmic and outer membranes of the deprived culture banded at higher buoyant densities. The protein/phospholipid ratio of both the cytoplasmic and outer membranes increased approximately 60% during the period of glycerol deprivation. The distribution of two cytoplasmic membrane activities, NADH oxidase and 1-acylglycerol-P acyltransferase, and an outer membrane activity, phospholipase A1, showed that the total membranes derived from glycerol-deprived cultures were separated cleanly into cytoplasmic and outer membrane fractions. Both cytoplasmic and outer membrane proteins were synthesized and integrated into their respective membranous structures when net phospholipid synthesis was halted. Hence, the biosynthesis of membrane phospholipid and membrane protein are not tightly coupled. Further, these data suggest that cellular control mechanisms exist which maintain the protein content of both membranous structures below the point where they are saturated with protein.", "contents": "Mutants of Escherichia coli defective in membrane phospholipid synthesis. Effect of cessation of net phospholipid synthesis on cytoplasmic and outer membranes. The effect of cessation of net phospholipid synthesis on the cytoplasmic and outer membranes of Escherichia coli was investigated in a mutant strain defective in the first enzyme of phospholipid synthesis, the sn-glycerol-3-phosphate (glycerol-P) acyltransferase. The glycerol-P (glycerol) auxotropic phenotype of this strain resulted from an altered membranous glycerol-P acyltransferase activity with an apparent Km for glycerol-P 10 times higher than that of the parental activity. When net phospholipid synthesis was halted during glycerol deprivation, both soluble and cell envelope protein synthesis continued. Fractionation of the membranes derived from glycerol-supplemented and glycerol-deprived cultures by isopycnic banding in sucrose gradients revealed that both the cytoplasmic and outer membranes of the deprived culture banded at higher buoyant densities. The protein/phospholipid ratio of both the cytoplasmic and outer membranes increased approximately 60% during the period of glycerol deprivation. The distribution of two cytoplasmic membrane activities, NADH oxidase and 1-acylglycerol-P acyltransferase, and an outer membrane activity, phospholipase A1, showed that the total membranes derived from glycerol-deprived cultures were separated cleanly into cytoplasmic and outer membrane fractions. Both cytoplasmic and outer membrane proteins were synthesized and integrated into their respective membranous structures when net phospholipid synthesis was halted. Hence, the biosynthesis of membrane phospholipid and membrane protein are not tightly coupled. Further, these data suggest that cellular control mechanisms exist which maintain the protein content of both membranous structures below the point where they are saturated with protein.", "PMID": 1104614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_771", "title": "Binding of MET-TRNAf and GTP to homogeneous initiation factor MP.", "content": "Homogeneous initiation factor MP forms a stable complex with Met-tRNAf which binds to nitrocellulose filters in the absence of ribosomal subunits. Complex formation is rapid at 0 degrees and the rate of reaction is stimulated 20-fold by GTP when freshly prepared initiation factor MP is used. Under optimal assay conditions, a 1:1:1 stoichiometry for initiation factor MP, GTP, and Met-tRNAf is indicated, based on a molecular weight for initiation factor MP of 180,000. Kinetic analysis of ternary complex formation suggests an ordered reaction sequence with binding of GTP followed by binding of Met-tRNAf. However, binding of GTP appears to produce an unstable state which leads to rapid inactivation of initiation factor MP in the absence of Met-tRNAf. Formation of a stable binary complex of initiation factor MP and Met-tRNAf occurs in the absence of GTP. The binary complex cannot subsequently bind GTP. While storage of initiation factor MP at 0 degrees for several weeks has no effect on the rate or extent of Met-tRNAf binding in the presence of GTP, the rate of binary complex formation is increased 10-fold. The binary and ternary complexes appear to bind to 40 S ribosomal subunits with equal efficiency.", "contents": "Binding of MET-TRNAf and GTP to homogeneous initiation factor MP. Homogeneous initiation factor MP forms a stable complex with Met-tRNAf which binds to nitrocellulose filters in the absence of ribosomal subunits. Complex formation is rapid at 0 degrees and the rate of reaction is stimulated 20-fold by GTP when freshly prepared initiation factor MP is used. Under optimal assay conditions, a 1:1:1 stoichiometry for initiation factor MP, GTP, and Met-tRNAf is indicated, based on a molecular weight for initiation factor MP of 180,000. Kinetic analysis of ternary complex formation suggests an ordered reaction sequence with binding of GTP followed by binding of Met-tRNAf. However, binding of GTP appears to produce an unstable state which leads to rapid inactivation of initiation factor MP in the absence of Met-tRNAf. Formation of a stable binary complex of initiation factor MP and Met-tRNAf occurs in the absence of GTP. The binary complex cannot subsequently bind GTP. While storage of initiation factor MP at 0 degrees for several weeks has no effect on the rate or extent of Met-tRNAf binding in the presence of GTP, the rate of binary complex formation is increased 10-fold. The binary and ternary complexes appear to bind to 40 S ribosomal subunits with equal efficiency.", "PMID": 1104615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_772", "title": "Kinetic analysis of ribonucleic acid chain initiation by Escherichia coli Ribonucleic acid polymerase bound to DNA.", "content": "The kinetics of the RNA chain initiation reaction carried out by RNA polymerase bound to the initiator region of a DNA template have been analyzed. Initiation proceeds in a two-substrate reaction in which the initial binary complex (enzyme-DNA) is transformed into a ternary complex (enzyme-DNA-RNA) by formation of a dinucleoside tetraphosphate and release of inorganic pyrophosphate. In this reaction RNA polymerase serves as a reactant rather than acting catalytically. The concentration of the reacting binary complex decreases throughout the reaction; hence steady state approximations cannot be used. Kinetic equations for an ordered two-substrate reaction are derived. These are most useful for the special case of reaction in the presence of an inhibitor of initiation, such as rifampicin. Equations for the latter instance are solved exactly with recourse to the steady state approximation. It is found that measurements of the extent of the initiation reaction determined at different inhibitor and substrate concentrations can give information about the initiation reaction analogous to that obtained in standard steady state kinetic analysis. This theory is applied to the experimental study of the initiation reaction carried out by Escherichia coli RNA polymerase. It is found that the inhibitor rifampicin, which blocks the initiation reaciton, acts by binding to the same form of the binary complex as the nucleoside triphosphate substrate (ATP or GTP) which is incorporated into the 5' terminus of nascent RNA molecule. The binding of the 5'-terminal nucleoside triphosphate to the enzyme appears to be rate-limiting for the initiation reaction under standard assay conditions. Initiation appears to follow an ordered reaction mechanism; however, the order of addition of the two substrates is still uncertain.", "contents": "Kinetic analysis of ribonucleic acid chain initiation by Escherichia coli Ribonucleic acid polymerase bound to DNA. The kinetics of the RNA chain initiation reaction carried out by RNA polymerase bound to the initiator region of a DNA template have been analyzed. Initiation proceeds in a two-substrate reaction in which the initial binary complex (enzyme-DNA) is transformed into a ternary complex (enzyme-DNA-RNA) by formation of a dinucleoside tetraphosphate and release of inorganic pyrophosphate. In this reaction RNA polymerase serves as a reactant rather than acting catalytically. The concentration of the reacting binary complex decreases throughout the reaction; hence steady state approximations cannot be used. Kinetic equations for an ordered two-substrate reaction are derived. These are most useful for the special case of reaction in the presence of an inhibitor of initiation, such as rifampicin. Equations for the latter instance are solved exactly with recourse to the steady state approximation. It is found that measurements of the extent of the initiation reaction determined at different inhibitor and substrate concentrations can give information about the initiation reaction analogous to that obtained in standard steady state kinetic analysis. This theory is applied to the experimental study of the initiation reaction carried out by Escherichia coli RNA polymerase. It is found that the inhibitor rifampicin, which blocks the initiation reaciton, acts by binding to the same form of the binary complex as the nucleoside triphosphate substrate (ATP or GTP) which is incorporated into the 5' terminus of nascent RNA molecule. The binding of the 5'-terminal nucleoside triphosphate to the enzyme appears to be rate-limiting for the initiation reaction under standard assay conditions. Initiation appears to follow an ordered reaction mechanism; however, the order of addition of the two substrates is still uncertain.", "PMID": 1104616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_773", "title": "Effectiveness of various unsaturated fatty acids in supporting growth and respiration in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "The saturated fatty acid auxotroph of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, KD115, was used to determine the efficiency of various unsaturated fatty acids in supporting growth. The efficiency, as the number of cells produced per fmol of unsaturated fatty acid, ranged from zero for a number of acids to over 26 cells per fmol of eicosapentaenoic acid. Efficiencies tended to be higher for acids with fewer carbons or more double bonds. In a series of positional isomers of cis-octadecenoic acid, the delta9 isomer had the greatest efficiency (12 cells per fmol). Exogenous oleic acid was taken up and incorporated into cellular lipid early in the growth of the cells. Further growth proceeded with a decrease in the relative content of oleate in lipids until a minimum value of 9 mol % was reached at stationary phase. The initial concentration of supplemental acid did not affect the final mole % value. Other unsaturated fatty acids reached limiting values of mole % in phospholipid at stationary phase that were characteristic for the acid used. When cells were grown with glycerol as the carbon source, the efficiencies of most acids in supporting growth were one-third to one-fifth the value with glucose and the final mole % of supplement acid in phospholipid at stationary phase was two to five times greater. Apparently, mitochondrial energy transduction necessary for glycerol utilization requires higher levels of unsaturated fatty acids in membrane lipids than do extramitochondrial functions. The respiratory rate of mitochondria was not decreased at lower levels of oleic or palmitoleic acid in lipids, although respiratory control was lower when the mole % of unsaturated fatty acid was lower. Mitochondria from cells supplemented with eicosaenoic acid were found to have both low respiration and respiratory control. The decreased respiration of these mitochondria coincided with a decreased cytochrome content, not a decrease in respiration per mol of cytochrome.", "contents": "Effectiveness of various unsaturated fatty acids in supporting growth and respiration in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The saturated fatty acid auxotroph of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, KD115, was used to determine the efficiency of various unsaturated fatty acids in supporting growth. The efficiency, as the number of cells produced per fmol of unsaturated fatty acid, ranged from zero for a number of acids to over 26 cells per fmol of eicosapentaenoic acid. Efficiencies tended to be higher for acids with fewer carbons or more double bonds. In a series of positional isomers of cis-octadecenoic acid, the delta9 isomer had the greatest efficiency (12 cells per fmol). Exogenous oleic acid was taken up and incorporated into cellular lipid early in the growth of the cells. Further growth proceeded with a decrease in the relative content of oleate in lipids until a minimum value of 9 mol % was reached at stationary phase. The initial concentration of supplemental acid did not affect the final mole % value. Other unsaturated fatty acids reached limiting values of mole % in phospholipid at stationary phase that were characteristic for the acid used. When cells were grown with glycerol as the carbon source, the efficiencies of most acids in supporting growth were one-third to one-fifth the value with glucose and the final mole % of supplement acid in phospholipid at stationary phase was two to five times greater. Apparently, mitochondrial energy transduction necessary for glycerol utilization requires higher levels of unsaturated fatty acids in membrane lipids than do extramitochondrial functions. The respiratory rate of mitochondria was not decreased at lower levels of oleic or palmitoleic acid in lipids, although respiratory control was lower when the mole % of unsaturated fatty acid was lower. Mitochondria from cells supplemented with eicosaenoic acid were found to have both low respiration and respiratory control. The decreased respiration of these mitochondria coincided with a decreased cytochrome content, not a decrease in respiration per mol of cytochrome.", "PMID": 1104617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_774", "title": "Requirements for unsaturated fatty acids for the induction on respiration in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Unsaturated fatty acids provided during the release from glucose repression were shown to be essential for derepression of respiration in an unsaturated fatty acid auxotroph of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (KD115). Cells derepressed in the presence of oleic acid contained three to six times as much cytochrome per cell as those derepressed in the absence of unsaturated fatty acid or those derepressed with eicosaenoic acid. The delta9 isomer was the most efficient of the cis-octadecenoic acid isomers in supporting that increase, and eicosaenoic acid supported an increase at only 15% the rate observed with oleic acid. Derepression, even in the presence of oleic acid, proceeded only after a lag of 3 hours. When glucose was removed prior to the addition of oleate, the lag was reduced by the time of the preincubation with glycerol. This result suggests that some processes necessary for increased respiration can proceed in the absence of an added unsaturated fatty acid, but these processes apparently require certain levels of unsaturated acids in the pre-existing lipids, since they occurred in cells whose membranes contained 50 mol % oleate, but not in cells containing only 20 mol %. These processes leading to eventual increased respiration were inhibited by cycloheximide but not chloramphenicol, suggesting that protein synthesis on cytoplasmic ribosomes but not mitochondrial ribosomes were required. Derepression in the absence of oleate for 3 hours lessened the inhibition or respiration induction by ethidium bromide. This result indicates that the transcription of mitochondrial DNA necessary for the induction of respiration may have occurred in the absence of added unsaturated fatty acid, but that some subsequent event required added esterified unsaturated fatty acid.", "contents": "Requirements for unsaturated fatty acids for the induction on respiration in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Unsaturated fatty acids provided during the release from glucose repression were shown to be essential for derepression of respiration in an unsaturated fatty acid auxotroph of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (KD115). Cells derepressed in the presence of oleic acid contained three to six times as much cytochrome per cell as those derepressed in the absence of unsaturated fatty acid or those derepressed with eicosaenoic acid. The delta9 isomer was the most efficient of the cis-octadecenoic acid isomers in supporting that increase, and eicosaenoic acid supported an increase at only 15% the rate observed with oleic acid. Derepression, even in the presence of oleic acid, proceeded only after a lag of 3 hours. When glucose was removed prior to the addition of oleate, the lag was reduced by the time of the preincubation with glycerol. This result suggests that some processes necessary for increased respiration can proceed in the absence of an added unsaturated fatty acid, but these processes apparently require certain levels of unsaturated acids in the pre-existing lipids, since they occurred in cells whose membranes contained 50 mol % oleate, but not in cells containing only 20 mol %. These processes leading to eventual increased respiration were inhibited by cycloheximide but not chloramphenicol, suggesting that protein synthesis on cytoplasmic ribosomes but not mitochondrial ribosomes were required. Derepression in the absence of oleate for 3 hours lessened the inhibition or respiration induction by ethidium bromide. This result indicates that the transcription of mitochondrial DNA necessary for the induction of respiration may have occurred in the absence of added unsaturated fatty acid, but that some subsequent event required added esterified unsaturated fatty acid.", "PMID": 1104618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_775", "title": "Interaction of tetraiodofluorescein with aspartate transcarbamylase and its isolated catalytic and regulatory subunits.", "content": "The interaction of the dye tetraiodofluorescein with native aspartate transcarbamylase and its isolated subunits has been investigated by both binding and activity measurements at 4 and 23 degrees. At room temperature low concentrations of tetraiodofluorescein activate the native enzyme, but high concentrations inhibit the enzyme's activity. At the low temperature the native enzyme is inhibited by all concentrations of dye. Isolated catalytic subunit is very effectively inhibited at both temperatures. For the native enzyme these results are explained by 18 tetraiodofluorescein sites of approximately equal affinity (K = 7.3 X 10(-5) M) on each enzyme hexamer: one class of six sites at the nucleoside triphosphate effector binding sites is responsible for the activation, a second class which competes with the substrate carbamylphosphate causes the inhibition, and a third class does not interact with either the effectors or the substrates. Measurements of tetraiodofluorescein binding to isolated regulatory, catalytic, and p-hydroxymercuribenzoate-inactivated catalytic subunits support the above assignments. This scheme of tetraiodofluorescein binding sites successfully predicts the changes in the tetraiodofluorescein-aspartate transcarbamylase difference spectrum induced by the addition of various ligands. The activity changes induced by the dye are explained if the binding of a single tetraiodofluorescein molecule to one of the six regulatory sites activates all six of the catalytic sites, while while a dye molecule binding to any one of the catalytic sites inactivates only that catalytic site.", "contents": "Interaction of tetraiodofluorescein with aspartate transcarbamylase and its isolated catalytic and regulatory subunits. The interaction of the dye tetraiodofluorescein with native aspartate transcarbamylase and its isolated subunits has been investigated by both binding and activity measurements at 4 and 23 degrees. At room temperature low concentrations of tetraiodofluorescein activate the native enzyme, but high concentrations inhibit the enzyme's activity. At the low temperature the native enzyme is inhibited by all concentrations of dye. Isolated catalytic subunit is very effectively inhibited at both temperatures. For the native enzyme these results are explained by 18 tetraiodofluorescein sites of approximately equal affinity (K = 7.3 X 10(-5) M) on each enzyme hexamer: one class of six sites at the nucleoside triphosphate effector binding sites is responsible for the activation, a second class which competes with the substrate carbamylphosphate causes the inhibition, and a third class does not interact with either the effectors or the substrates. Measurements of tetraiodofluorescein binding to isolated regulatory, catalytic, and p-hydroxymercuribenzoate-inactivated catalytic subunits support the above assignments. This scheme of tetraiodofluorescein binding sites successfully predicts the changes in the tetraiodofluorescein-aspartate transcarbamylase difference spectrum induced by the addition of various ligands. The activity changes induced by the dye are explained if the binding of a single tetraiodofluorescein molecule to one of the six regulatory sites activates all six of the catalytic sites, while while a dye molecule binding to any one of the catalytic sites inactivates only that catalytic site.", "PMID": 1104619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_776", "title": "Transport of purines and deoxyadenosine in Escherichia coli.", "content": "The characteristics of adenine, guanine, hypoxanthine, xanthine, and uracil uptake in Escherichia coli B show that each base is transported by a specific system. The data support the concept that the transport of guanine, hypoxanthine, xanthine, and uracil function without direct involvement of the respective purine or pyrimidine phosphoribosyltransferase enzymes. Uracil phosphoribosyltransferase is not demonstrable in E. coli B, and large differences are observed in the inhibitory effects of heterologous purines on the uptake of guanine, hypoxanthine, and xanthine as compared to the corresponding inhibitory effects reported for the soluble purine phosphoribosyltransferase enzymes of E. coli B. Additional evidence is provided by the low Km values determined for the transport of adenine, guanine, hypoxanthine, and xanthine relative to the corresponding Km values for the phosphoribosyltransferase enzymes. Data are presented indicating that adenine may be transported without participation of adenine phosphoribosyltransferase. The stimulatory effect of glucose, the inhibitory effect of KCN, and the high intracellular to extracellular concentration gradients of the bases produced in the presence of glucose provide evidence that the transport processes are energy-dependent. The Km values for transport of the purines and uracil range from 10(-7) M to 5 X 10(-7) M. Characteristics of adenine and uracil uptake are similar in E. coli B, E. coli K-12, and a showdomycin-resistant mutant of E. coli B. Adenosine and deoxyadenosine are transported in E. coli B by independent transport systems. Adenine or hypoxanthine does not share the adenosine or deoxyadenosine transport systems as evidence by the mutual lack of competition of free bases and nucleosides on transport. The transport systems for deoxyadenosine and adenosine are defective in the mutant.", "contents": "Transport of purines and deoxyadenosine in Escherichia coli. The characteristics of adenine, guanine, hypoxanthine, xanthine, and uracil uptake in Escherichia coli B show that each base is transported by a specific system. The data support the concept that the transport of guanine, hypoxanthine, xanthine, and uracil function without direct involvement of the respective purine or pyrimidine phosphoribosyltransferase enzymes. Uracil phosphoribosyltransferase is not demonstrable in E. coli B, and large differences are observed in the inhibitory effects of heterologous purines on the uptake of guanine, hypoxanthine, and xanthine as compared to the corresponding inhibitory effects reported for the soluble purine phosphoribosyltransferase enzymes of E. coli B. Additional evidence is provided by the low Km values determined for the transport of adenine, guanine, hypoxanthine, and xanthine relative to the corresponding Km values for the phosphoribosyltransferase enzymes. Data are presented indicating that adenine may be transported without participation of adenine phosphoribosyltransferase. The stimulatory effect of glucose, the inhibitory effect of KCN, and the high intracellular to extracellular concentration gradients of the bases produced in the presence of glucose provide evidence that the transport processes are energy-dependent. The Km values for transport of the purines and uracil range from 10(-7) M to 5 X 10(-7) M. Characteristics of adenine and uracil uptake are similar in E. coli B, E. coli K-12, and a showdomycin-resistant mutant of E. coli B. Adenosine and deoxyadenosine are transported in E. coli B by independent transport systems. Adenine or hypoxanthine does not share the adenosine or deoxyadenosine transport systems as evidence by the mutual lack of competition of free bases and nucleosides on transport. The transport systems for deoxyadenosine and adenosine are defective in the mutant.", "PMID": 1104620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_777", "title": "Sequence variability and structure of D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase.", "content": "The amino acid sequences of pig muscle and of yeast glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase are compared with the three-dimensional structure of the lobster muscle enzyme. Residues in sheet and helical regions, on the exterior and interior, in subunit and domain interfaces, as well as residues in the active site have been examined for evolutionary conservation. The residues in the first (NAD binding) domain (1-147) are less conserved than residues in the second (catalytic) domain (148-334) probably because there are fewer internal residues and fewer residues involved in interactions between subunits. Residues in subunit interface are conserved to a significantly greater extent than others, and those involved in catalysis are conserved most of all. Patterns of residues in helices and sheets follow those found for other proteins.", "contents": "Sequence variability and structure of D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. The amino acid sequences of pig muscle and of yeast glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase are compared with the three-dimensional structure of the lobster muscle enzyme. Residues in sheet and helical regions, on the exterior and interior, in subunit and domain interfaces, as well as residues in the active site have been examined for evolutionary conservation. The residues in the first (NAD binding) domain (1-147) are less conserved than residues in the second (catalytic) domain (148-334) probably because there are fewer internal residues and fewer residues involved in interactions between subunits. Residues in subunit interface are conserved to a significantly greater extent than others, and those involved in catalysis are conserved most of all. Patterns of residues in helices and sheets follow those found for other proteins.", "PMID": 1104621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_778", "title": "Cross-linking studies on the 50 S ribosomal subunit of Escherichia coli with methyl 4-mercaptobutyrimidate.", "content": "The 50 S ribosomal subunits of Escherichia coli were incubated with methyl 4-mercaptobutyrimidate and the formation of intermolecular protein:protein disulfide bonds was promoted by oxidation. Cross-linked proteins were analyzed by diagonal polyacrylamide/sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis. Three pairs of cross-linked proteins were identified: L2-L7,L12; L5-L7,L12; and L17-L32. The significance of the results in relation to the location of sites for factor binding, peptidyltransferase, and GTP hydrolysis is discussed.", "contents": "Cross-linking studies on the 50 S ribosomal subunit of Escherichia coli with methyl 4-mercaptobutyrimidate. The 50 S ribosomal subunits of Escherichia coli were incubated with methyl 4-mercaptobutyrimidate and the formation of intermolecular protein:protein disulfide bonds was promoted by oxidation. Cross-linked proteins were analyzed by diagonal polyacrylamide/sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis. Three pairs of cross-linked proteins were identified: L2-L7,L12; L5-L7,L12; and L17-L32. The significance of the results in relation to the location of sites for factor binding, peptidyltransferase, and GTP hydrolysis is discussed.", "PMID": 1104622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_779", "title": "Regulation of mitochondrial protein synthesis at the polyribosomal level.", "content": "Polysomes consisting of two to eight monosomes were isolated from yeast mitochondria by lysing the mitochondria with Triton X-100 and centrifugation in a 20 to 40% linear sucrose gradient. When yeast spheroplasts were pulse-labeled with [3H]-Leucine in the presence of cycloheximide to block cytoplasmic protein synthesis, radioactivity which was trichloroacetic acid-precipitable was present mainly in the polysome region. Incorporation of leucine was blocked by erythromycin, a specific inhibitor of mitochondrial protein synthesis. Release of radioactivity to the top of the gradient resulted from treating labeled polysomes with either puromycin or ribonuclease (in the latter case with the breakdown of polysomes), indicating that the radioactivity was present in nascent polypeptide chains. Yeast cells were grown in chloramphenicol for 3 hours and in fresh medium for 1 hour and then pulse-labeled with either [3H]leucine or [14C]formate. Three parameters showed a 2-fold increase in cells grown in chloramphenicol prior to pulse labeling: the polysome to monosome ratio, the amount of labeled precursor incorporated into proteins, and the rate of polypeptide chain initiation as judged by the formation of fMet-puromycin. Conversely, these parameters were all decreased approximately 50% in cells treated with cycloheximide prior to pulse labeling. Mitochondria were also isolated from cells previously grown in chloramphenicol or cycloheximide and incubated in vitro with [3H]leucine under optimal conditions. Acid-precipitable radioactivity in the polysome region was increased 3-fold in mitochondria from cells grown previously in chloramphenicol and decreased 75% in those grown in cycloheximide. Furthermore, chain initiation was deomonstrated in the isolated mitochondria by formation of fMet-puromycin. The rate of chain initiation in vitro was increased 2-fold in mitochondria isolated from chloramphenicol-treated cells.", "contents": "Regulation of mitochondrial protein synthesis at the polyribosomal level. Polysomes consisting of two to eight monosomes were isolated from yeast mitochondria by lysing the mitochondria with Triton X-100 and centrifugation in a 20 to 40% linear sucrose gradient. When yeast spheroplasts were pulse-labeled with [3H]-Leucine in the presence of cycloheximide to block cytoplasmic protein synthesis, radioactivity which was trichloroacetic acid-precipitable was present mainly in the polysome region. Incorporation of leucine was blocked by erythromycin, a specific inhibitor of mitochondrial protein synthesis. Release of radioactivity to the top of the gradient resulted from treating labeled polysomes with either puromycin or ribonuclease (in the latter case with the breakdown of polysomes), indicating that the radioactivity was present in nascent polypeptide chains. Yeast cells were grown in chloramphenicol for 3 hours and in fresh medium for 1 hour and then pulse-labeled with either [3H]leucine or [14C]formate. Three parameters showed a 2-fold increase in cells grown in chloramphenicol prior to pulse labeling: the polysome to monosome ratio, the amount of labeled precursor incorporated into proteins, and the rate of polypeptide chain initiation as judged by the formation of fMet-puromycin. Conversely, these parameters were all decreased approximately 50% in cells treated with cycloheximide prior to pulse labeling. Mitochondria were also isolated from cells previously grown in chloramphenicol or cycloheximide and incubated in vitro with [3H]leucine under optimal conditions. Acid-precipitable radioactivity in the polysome region was increased 3-fold in mitochondria from cells grown previously in chloramphenicol and decreased 75% in those grown in cycloheximide. Furthermore, chain initiation was deomonstrated in the isolated mitochondria by formation of fMet-puromycin. The rate of chain initiation in vitro was increased 2-fold in mitochondria isolated from chloramphenicol-treated cells.", "PMID": 1104623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_780", "title": "A revised preparation of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) pyruvate kinase.", "content": "A revised preparation of pyruvate kinase from saccharomyces cerevisiae is reported. By purifying this cold-labile enzyme at room temperature, an improved recovery and specific activity was obtained. More than 350 mg of pure enzyme with a specific activity of 350 to 400 units/mg at 30 degrees were obtained from a pound of fresh yeast. The last step of the preparation, passage of the enzyme over Sephadex G-100, was required to remove a contaminating protease. The molecular parameters of the new preparation are: molecular weight, 209,000; four subunits of identical size; E 280 nm, 0.51; pI 6.6; and pH optimum, 6.28. Kinetic parameters are: Km for P-enolpyruvate and ADP, 0.09 and 0.18 mM in the presence of saturating Fru-1,6-P2, and 1.8 and 0.34 mM in the absence of Fru-1,6-P2; Ka for Fru-1,6-P2, 0.014 mM. No free NH2-terminal amino acid could be detected. Amino acid composition was determined and compared with other pyruvate kinase preparations.", "contents": "A revised preparation of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) pyruvate kinase. A revised preparation of pyruvate kinase from saccharomyces cerevisiae is reported. By purifying this cold-labile enzyme at room temperature, an improved recovery and specific activity was obtained. More than 350 mg of pure enzyme with a specific activity of 350 to 400 units/mg at 30 degrees were obtained from a pound of fresh yeast. The last step of the preparation, passage of the enzyme over Sephadex G-100, was required to remove a contaminating protease. The molecular parameters of the new preparation are: molecular weight, 209,000; four subunits of identical size; E 280 nm, 0.51; pI 6.6; and pH optimum, 6.28. Kinetic parameters are: Km for P-enolpyruvate and ADP, 0.09 and 0.18 mM in the presence of saturating Fru-1,6-P2, and 1.8 and 0.34 mM in the absence of Fru-1,6-P2; Ka for Fru-1,6-P2, 0.014 mM. No free NH2-terminal amino acid could be detected. Amino acid composition was determined and compared with other pyruvate kinase preparations.", "PMID": 1104624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_781", "title": "Specific binding of Excherichia coli chain Initiation factor 2 to fMet-tRnafMet.", "content": "A stable Escherichia coli IF-2-fMet-tRNAfMet complex is formed upon incubation of IF-2 (prokaryotic initiation factor) with fMet-tRNAfMet is the presence of 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.0, 100 mM NH4Cl, and 7 mM 2-mercaptoethanol. The complex thus formed is retained on a Millipore filter and is assayed accordingly. Complex formation does dot require GTP, is unstable in the presence of 5 mM Mg2+, and is specific for fMet-tRNAfMet. Other amino acyl-tRNAs or deacylated tRNAs do not form such a complex with IF-2. A crude ribosomal high salt wash preparation contains other protein factors which bind unspecifically to RNAs under the above binding conditions. One of these factors elute similarly to IF-1 on DEAE-cellulose chromatography. Extensively purified IF-1 and IF-3 show weak and unspecific RNA-binding activities. The RNA-protein complex formed in each of the above cases, like the IF-2-fMet-tRNAfMet complex, is retained on Millipore filter and is sensitive to Mg2+.", "contents": "Specific binding of Excherichia coli chain Initiation factor 2 to fMet-tRnafMet. A stable Escherichia coli IF-2-fMet-tRNAfMet complex is formed upon incubation of IF-2 (prokaryotic initiation factor) with fMet-tRNAfMet is the presence of 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.0, 100 mM NH4Cl, and 7 mM 2-mercaptoethanol. The complex thus formed is retained on a Millipore filter and is assayed accordingly. Complex formation does dot require GTP, is unstable in the presence of 5 mM Mg2+, and is specific for fMet-tRNAfMet. Other amino acyl-tRNAs or deacylated tRNAs do not form such a complex with IF-2. A crude ribosomal high salt wash preparation contains other protein factors which bind unspecifically to RNAs under the above binding conditions. One of these factors elute similarly to IF-1 on DEAE-cellulose chromatography. Extensively purified IF-1 and IF-3 show weak and unspecific RNA-binding activities. The RNA-protein complex formed in each of the above cases, like the IF-2-fMet-tRNAfMet complex, is retained on Millipore filter and is sensitive to Mg2+.", "PMID": 1104625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_782", "title": "Studies on arginyl-tRNA synthetase from Escherichia coli B. Dual role of metals in enzyme catalysis.", "content": "Studies carried out in arginyl-tRNA synthetase from Escherichia coli indicate that metals may have two functional roles in the catalytic mechanism. Complete metal activation is observed when MgCl2, MnCl2, CoCl2, or FeCl2 is present at a concentration (5.0 mM) in excess of the total ATP concentration (2.0 mM). When CaCl2 is substituted for MgCl2, activity is not observed unless a small amount (0.1 mM) of MgCl2, MnCl2, CoCl2, FeCl2, or ZnCl2 (unable to produce activity alone at 5.0 mM) is added. A model, based on kinetic data, is proposed in which the enzyme possesses a site for free metal, which, when filled, lowers the Km for all three substrates (arginine, tRNAArg, and metal-ATP) and increases the Vmax of the reaction.", "contents": "Studies on arginyl-tRNA synthetase from Escherichia coli B. Dual role of metals in enzyme catalysis. Studies carried out in arginyl-tRNA synthetase from Escherichia coli indicate that metals may have two functional roles in the catalytic mechanism. Complete metal activation is observed when MgCl2, MnCl2, CoCl2, or FeCl2 is present at a concentration (5.0 mM) in excess of the total ATP concentration (2.0 mM). When CaCl2 is substituted for MgCl2, activity is not observed unless a small amount (0.1 mM) of MgCl2, MnCl2, CoCl2, FeCl2, or ZnCl2 (unable to produce activity alone at 5.0 mM) is added. A model, based on kinetic data, is proposed in which the enzyme possesses a site for free metal, which, when filled, lowers the Km for all three substrates (arginine, tRNAArg, and metal-ATP) and increases the Vmax of the reaction.", "PMID": 1104626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_783", "title": "Serratia arthritis in heroin users.", "content": "Septic arthritis due to Serratia species was seen in four users of intravenous heroin. In all cases, the organism was cultured from joint aspirates. Both the clinical presentation and the involvement of the sacro-iliac and knee joints were notably similar to the Pseudomonas septic arthritis encountered in other heroin users. All four patients responded satisfactorily to therapy although one had a residual flexion contracture of the knee. Twelve previously reported cases of Serratia arthritis are reviewed.", "contents": "Serratia arthritis in heroin users. Septic arthritis due to Serratia species was seen in four users of intravenous heroin. In all cases, the organism was cultured from joint aspirates. Both the clinical presentation and the involvement of the sacro-iliac and knee joints were notably similar to the Pseudomonas septic arthritis encountered in other heroin users. All four patients responded satisfactorily to therapy although one had a residual flexion contracture of the knee. Twelve previously reported cases of Serratia arthritis are reviewed.", "PMID": 1104628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_784", "title": "The management of infants with scoliosis.", "content": "This is a study of children who first attended as infants with either progressive infantile idiopathic scoliosis or congenital scoliosis. All had a pattern of scoliosis in which early and damaging deterioration is inevitable. The infants were treated from before the age of three, initially by plaster casts and then a Milwaukee brace, followed at about the age of ten by correction and fusion. The cases were then observed to the end of growth or near that point. In the main study there were twelve cases, six of progressive infantile idiopathic scoliosis and six of congenital scoliosis, which were followed through this long period. Only one of the twelve had a curve worse at the end of growth compared with the initial radiograph as an infant; this one curve had increased only 16 degrees in almost as many years. Although small, the series does show that it is nearly always possible to control even the most serious scoliosis in an infant, if it is tackled early and unremittingly. There are supportive studies of children who have partially completed this regime, and interim results in a newer group of children with spina bifida and scoliosis.", "contents": "The management of infants with scoliosis. This is a study of children who first attended as infants with either progressive infantile idiopathic scoliosis or congenital scoliosis. All had a pattern of scoliosis in which early and damaging deterioration is inevitable. The infants were treated from before the age of three, initially by plaster casts and then a Milwaukee brace, followed at about the age of ten by correction and fusion. The cases were then observed to the end of growth or near that point. In the main study there were twelve cases, six of progressive infantile idiopathic scoliosis and six of congenital scoliosis, which were followed through this long period. Only one of the twelve had a curve worse at the end of growth compared with the initial radiograph as an infant; this one curve had increased only 16 degrees in almost as many years. Although small, the series does show that it is nearly always possible to control even the most serious scoliosis in an infant, if it is tackled early and unremittingly. There are supportive studies of children who have partially completed this regime, and interim results in a newer group of children with spina bifida and scoliosis.", "PMID": 1104629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_785", "title": "Observations concerning fractures of the lateral humeral condyle in children.", "content": "From an anatomical study and clinical review of fractures of the lateral humeral condyle in children, the following conclusions are drawn. The mechanism of injury is a violent varus force with the elbow in extension, the condyle being avulsed by the lateral ligament and the extensor muscles. If the fracture is incomplete, with an intact hinge of pre-osseous cartilage medially, the fragment will not be displaced. If the fracture is complete the fragment may be displaced, and open reduction with internal fixation is mandatory. The results of open reduction more than three weeks after the fracture are no better than those of no treatment at all, and may kill the lateral condylar fragment by damaging its blood supply. The major problem of a neglected fracture is tardy ulnar nerve palsy; to avoid this, immediate anterior transposition of the nerve is recommended, operation for the fracture itself being of no benefit.", "contents": "Observations concerning fractures of the lateral humeral condyle in children. From an anatomical study and clinical review of fractures of the lateral humeral condyle in children, the following conclusions are drawn. The mechanism of injury is a violent varus force with the elbow in extension, the condyle being avulsed by the lateral ligament and the extensor muscles. If the fracture is incomplete, with an intact hinge of pre-osseous cartilage medially, the fragment will not be displaced. If the fracture is complete the fragment may be displaced, and open reduction with internal fixation is mandatory. The results of open reduction more than three weeks after the fracture are no better than those of no treatment at all, and may kill the lateral condylar fragment by damaging its blood supply. The major problem of a neglected fracture is tardy ulnar nerve palsy; to avoid this, immediate anterior transposition of the nerve is recommended, operation for the fracture itself being of no benefit.", "PMID": 1104630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_786", "title": "The anatomy of the metacarpo-phalangeal joints, with observations of the aetiology of ulnar drift.", "content": "One hundred normal fingers were dissected and arthrographs obtained by injection of chromopaque-gelatin mixture, allowing comparison between the radiographic and macroscopic configuration of the synovial capsule. Synovial recesses protruding from each side of every metacarpo-phalangeal joint were found in relation to the collateral ligaments and corresponding exactly with the site of radiological erosions. A group of bursae lying on the superficial aspect of collateral ligaments were also demonstrated. A rudimentary intra-articular meniscus was found. The results of examination of the insertions of the interossei showed differences from traditional descriptions. The cause of rheumatoid deformity was suggested to be the rheumatoid process arising in the lateral recesses and lateral bursae, weakening the collateral ligaments, which give way in the directions of the deforming forces. These are derived from the long flexor tendons, which were shown to exert an ulnar and volar strain on the metacarpo-phalangeal joint of every finger during grip.", "contents": "The anatomy of the metacarpo-phalangeal joints, with observations of the aetiology of ulnar drift. One hundred normal fingers were dissected and arthrographs obtained by injection of chromopaque-gelatin mixture, allowing comparison between the radiographic and macroscopic configuration of the synovial capsule. Synovial recesses protruding from each side of every metacarpo-phalangeal joint were found in relation to the collateral ligaments and corresponding exactly with the site of radiological erosions. A group of bursae lying on the superficial aspect of collateral ligaments were also demonstrated. A rudimentary intra-articular meniscus was found. The results of examination of the insertions of the interossei showed differences from traditional descriptions. The cause of rheumatoid deformity was suggested to be the rheumatoid process arising in the lateral recesses and lateral bursae, weakening the collateral ligaments, which give way in the directions of the deforming forces. These are derived from the long flexor tendons, which were shown to exert an ulnar and volar strain on the metacarpo-phalangeal joint of every finger during grip.", "PMID": 1104631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_787", "title": "The neurovascular island flap for defective sensibility of the thumb.", "content": "In six patients with defective sensibility of the thumb the transfer of a neurovascular island flap was performed according to Littler's technique. This review one to eleven years later was mainly to determine if reorientation of the cortical representation of stimuli had developed and if tactile gnosis had persisted. The pick-up test was carried through by the three patients with a lesion of the dominant hand. All six patients referred pin-prick in the flap to the donor finger; all had absent two-point discrimination corresponding to the flap, although it had been present within normal limits a few months after operation; and all had better touch, pain and temperature sensibility in the flap than in the surrounding recipient area. All six reported functional improvement. For the best results an intelligent patient is required who has a lesion of the dominant hand and is prepared to use or exercise it regularly.", "contents": "The neurovascular island flap for defective sensibility of the thumb. In six patients with defective sensibility of the thumb the transfer of a neurovascular island flap was performed according to Littler's technique. This review one to eleven years later was mainly to determine if reorientation of the cortical representation of stimuli had developed and if tactile gnosis had persisted. The pick-up test was carried through by the three patients with a lesion of the dominant hand. All six patients referred pin-prick in the flap to the donor finger; all had absent two-point discrimination corresponding to the flap, although it had been present within normal limits a few months after operation; and all had better touch, pain and temperature sensibility in the flap than in the surrounding recipient area. All six reported functional improvement. For the best results an intelligent patient is required who has a lesion of the dominant hand and is prepared to use or exercise it regularly.", "PMID": 1104632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_788", "title": "Congenital fistulae of the coronary arteries. Clinical considerations and surgical management in 23 patients.", "content": "Experience gained during the past 18 years at the Texas Heart Institute in the surgical treatment of 23 patients with coronary artery fistulae is reported. Patients ranged in age from three to 63 years; 18 were women. The right coronary artery was most frequently involved (14 patients) and in 18 patients the fistulous communication was terminal. Cardiac catheterization and angiography were aids in determining the exact diagnosis in all but two patients. During the last three years cardiopulmonary bypass was used in five of eight patients, and it is believed that extracorporeal circulation should be employed routinely. Terminal fistulae were ligated with sutures distally, close to the cardiac chamber. Lateral fistulae, when single, can be closed if feasible by tangential arteriorrhaphy. However, in most of these patients multiple communications and aneurysmal dilatation are encountered which would be treated more successfully by proximal and distal ligation of the fistula and distal coronary bypass revascularization. There were no operative deaths in our series. It is believed that with the help of today's advanced methods in anesthesia, extracorporeal circulation and coronary artery bypass surgery, all patients with coronary artery fistulae, once diagnosis has been made, should undergo surgical treatment.", "contents": "Congenital fistulae of the coronary arteries. Clinical considerations and surgical management in 23 patients. Experience gained during the past 18 years at the Texas Heart Institute in the surgical treatment of 23 patients with coronary artery fistulae is reported. Patients ranged in age from three to 63 years; 18 were women. The right coronary artery was most frequently involved (14 patients) and in 18 patients the fistulous communication was terminal. Cardiac catheterization and angiography were aids in determining the exact diagnosis in all but two patients. During the last three years cardiopulmonary bypass was used in five of eight patients, and it is believed that extracorporeal circulation should be employed routinely. Terminal fistulae were ligated with sutures distally, close to the cardiac chamber. Lateral fistulae, when single, can be closed if feasible by tangential arteriorrhaphy. However, in most of these patients multiple communications and aneurysmal dilatation are encountered which would be treated more successfully by proximal and distal ligation of the fistula and distal coronary bypass revascularization. There were no operative deaths in our series. It is believed that with the help of today's advanced methods in anesthesia, extracorporeal circulation and coronary artery bypass surgery, all patients with coronary artery fistulae, once diagnosis has been made, should undergo surgical treatment.", "PMID": 1104634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_789", "title": "Fractures of the clavicle and injuries of the sub-clavian artery. Report of 10 cases.", "content": "During four years, the authors have observed ten lesions of the sub-clavian artery associated with a fracture of the clavicle. The clinical picture in one case out of two was that of an acute ischemia of the upper limb. The surgical repair has been performed in 8 cases. The thoracic approach was necessary three times. The clavicle was resected in most cases. The prognosis of these lesions depends on the rapidity of their recognition, and of their treatment, and on the fact whether the brachial plexus is involved or not", "contents": "Fractures of the clavicle and injuries of the sub-clavian artery. Report of 10 cases. During four years, the authors have observed ten lesions of the sub-clavian artery associated with a fracture of the clavicle. The clinical picture in one case out of two was that of an acute ischemia of the upper limb. The surgical repair has been performed in 8 cases. The thoracic approach was necessary three times. The clavicle was resected in most cases. The prognosis of these lesions depends on the rapidity of their recognition, and of their treatment, and on the fact whether the brachial plexus is involved or not", "PMID": 1104636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_790", "title": "Physicochemical properties of kinetoplast DNA from Crithidia acanthocephali. Crithidia luciliae, and Trypanosoma lewisi.", "content": "The protozoa Crithidia and Trypanosoma contain within a mitochondrion a mass of DNA known as kinetoplast DNA (kDNA) which consists mainly of an association of thousands of small circular molecules of similar size held together by topological interlocking. Using kDNA from Crithidia acanthocephali, Crithidia luciliae, and Trypanosoma lewisi, physicochemical studies have been carried out with intact associations and with fractions of covalently closed single circular molecules, and of open single circular and unit length linear molecules obtained from kDNA associations by sonication, sucrose sedimentation, and cesium chloride-ethidium bromide equilibrium centrifugation. Buoyant density analyses failed to provide evidence for base composition heterogeneity among kDNA molecules within a species. The complementary nucleotide strands of kDNA molecules of all three species had distinct buoyant densities in both alkaline and neutral cesium chloride. For C. acanthocephali kDNA, these buoyant density differences were shown to be a reflection of differences in base composition between the complementary nucleotide strands. The molar ratios of adenine: thymine:guanine:cytosine, obtained from deoxyribonucleotide analyses were 16.8:41.0:28.1:14.1 for the heavy strand and 41.6:16.6:12.8:29.0 for the light strand. Covalently closed single circular molecules of C. acanthocephali (as well as intact kDNA associations of C. acanthocephali and T. lewisi) formed a single band in alkaline cesium chloride gradients, indicating their component nucleotide strands to be alkaline insensitive. Data from buoyant density, base composition, and thermal melting analyses suggested that minor bases are either rare or absent in Crithidia kDNA. The kinetics of renaturation of 32P labeled C. acanthocephali kDNA measured using hydroxyapatite chromatography were consistent with at least 70% of the circular molecules of this DNA having the same nucleotide sequence. Evidence for sequence homologies among the kDNAs of all three species was obtained from buoyant density analyses of DNA in annealed mixtures containing one component kDNA strand from each of two species.", "contents": "Physicochemical properties of kinetoplast DNA from Crithidia acanthocephali. Crithidia luciliae, and Trypanosoma lewisi. The protozoa Crithidia and Trypanosoma contain within a mitochondrion a mass of DNA known as kinetoplast DNA (kDNA) which consists mainly of an association of thousands of small circular molecules of similar size held together by topological interlocking. Using kDNA from Crithidia acanthocephali, Crithidia luciliae, and Trypanosoma lewisi, physicochemical studies have been carried out with intact associations and with fractions of covalently closed single circular molecules, and of open single circular and unit length linear molecules obtained from kDNA associations by sonication, sucrose sedimentation, and cesium chloride-ethidium bromide equilibrium centrifugation. Buoyant density analyses failed to provide evidence for base composition heterogeneity among kDNA molecules within a species. The complementary nucleotide strands of kDNA molecules of all three species had distinct buoyant densities in both alkaline and neutral cesium chloride. For C. acanthocephali kDNA, these buoyant density differences were shown to be a reflection of differences in base composition between the complementary nucleotide strands. The molar ratios of adenine: thymine:guanine:cytosine, obtained from deoxyribonucleotide analyses were 16.8:41.0:28.1:14.1 for the heavy strand and 41.6:16.6:12.8:29.0 for the light strand. Covalently closed single circular molecules of C. acanthocephali (as well as intact kDNA associations of C. acanthocephali and T. lewisi) formed a single band in alkaline cesium chloride gradients, indicating their component nucleotide strands to be alkaline insensitive. Data from buoyant density, base composition, and thermal melting analyses suggested that minor bases are either rare or absent in Crithidia kDNA. The kinetics of renaturation of 32P labeled C. acanthocephali kDNA measured using hydroxyapatite chromatography were consistent with at least 70% of the circular molecules of this DNA having the same nucleotide sequence. Evidence for sequence homologies among the kDNAs of all three species was obtained from buoyant density analyses of DNA in annealed mixtures containing one component kDNA strand from each of two species.", "PMID": 1104639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_791", "title": "An assessment of value of long posterior flaps in below knee amputation by skin blood pressure.", "content": "The pretibial and calf skin blood pressure was measured in 34 legs, of which 20 suffered from ilio-femoral arterial stenosis and 14 from popliteal arterial stenosis. The constantly higher calf than pretibial pressure in both groups of patients studied strengthens the place of the long posterior flaps in below knee amputation.", "contents": "An assessment of value of long posterior flaps in below knee amputation by skin blood pressure. The pretibial and calf skin blood pressure was measured in 34 legs, of which 20 suffered from ilio-femoral arterial stenosis and 14 from popliteal arterial stenosis. The constantly higher calf than pretibial pressure in both groups of patients studied strengthens the place of the long posterior flaps in below knee amputation.", "PMID": 1104637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_792", "title": "Deoxyribonucleic acid-envelope complexes from Escherichia coli. A complex-specific protein and its possible function for the stability of the complex.", "content": "The different Escherichia coli envelope fractions (cell wall, cytoplasmic membrane, and DNA-envelope complex fragments) were isolated by free-flow electrophoresis and analyzed by sodium dodecylsulfate-acrylamide gel electrophoresis. The DNA-envelope complex fragments possess a specific protein (mol wt 80,000-90,000). Upon treatment with trypsin, this protein disappears and the complex breaks down, thus releasing DNA, cell wall, and cytoplasmic membrane. Disaggregation of the complex can also be achieved by high salt concentrations. Lysozyme treatment dissolves the murein layer within the complex but does not disaggregate the complex. From these and other results on the stability of the DNA-envelope complex, conclusions can be drawn about the possible linkage within the described envelope particles.", "contents": "Deoxyribonucleic acid-envelope complexes from Escherichia coli. A complex-specific protein and its possible function for the stability of the complex. The different Escherichia coli envelope fractions (cell wall, cytoplasmic membrane, and DNA-envelope complex fragments) were isolated by free-flow electrophoresis and analyzed by sodium dodecylsulfate-acrylamide gel electrophoresis. The DNA-envelope complex fragments possess a specific protein (mol wt 80,000-90,000). Upon treatment with trypsin, this protein disappears and the complex breaks down, thus releasing DNA, cell wall, and cytoplasmic membrane. Disaggregation of the complex can also be achieved by high salt concentrations. Lysozyme treatment dissolves the murein layer within the complex but does not disaggregate the complex. From these and other results on the stability of the DNA-envelope complex, conclusions can be drawn about the possible linkage within the described envelope particles.", "PMID": 1104640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_793", "title": "A high-yield technique for preparing cells fixed in suspension for scanning electron microscopy.", "content": "Human leukocytes fixed in suspension were allowed to settle onto poly-L-lysine-coated glass coverslips and prepared for observation with the scanning electron microscope (SEM). The coverslips were dehydrated in ethanol, critical point dried with CO2, and coated with gold-palladium. With the aid of a locator grid, several fields were photographed with light microscopy after the cells had settled onto the poly-L-lysine-coated coverslips and again after completion of the processing before SEM observation. Quantitative comparison of the number of cells present after settling with the number retained for final viewing with the SEM revealed a cell yield approaching 100%. This simple, reproducible, high-yield technique for processing cells fixed in suspension for SEM prevents changes in surface architecture induced by collecting live cells onto various substrates before fixation and also avoids potentially selective cell losses. Such a technique should allow quantitative correlations between SEM and other morphological and functional parameters.", "contents": "A high-yield technique for preparing cells fixed in suspension for scanning electron microscopy. Human leukocytes fixed in suspension were allowed to settle onto poly-L-lysine-coated glass coverslips and prepared for observation with the scanning electron microscope (SEM). The coverslips were dehydrated in ethanol, critical point dried with CO2, and coated with gold-palladium. With the aid of a locator grid, several fields were photographed with light microscopy after the cells had settled onto the poly-L-lysine-coated coverslips and again after completion of the processing before SEM observation. Quantitative comparison of the number of cells present after settling with the number retained for final viewing with the SEM revealed a cell yield approaching 100%. This simple, reproducible, high-yield technique for processing cells fixed in suspension for SEM prevents changes in surface architecture induced by collecting live cells onto various substrates before fixation and also avoids potentially selective cell losses. Such a technique should allow quantitative correlations between SEM and other morphological and functional parameters.", "PMID": 1104641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_794", "title": "A screening method to detect clonal secretion of DNP-specific antibody.", "content": "Spontaneous variants of the IgA immunoglobulin secreting mouse myeloma, S194-2, were isolated by cloning the line on soft agar and screening for the loss of secreted S194 immunoglobulin. Because S194 IgA possesses DNP binding activity, the screening method was designed to test for clonal secretion of antibody which specifically precipitated DNP-ferritin conjugates. Precipitates formed over IgA secreting S194 clones, whereas none were evident over nonsecreting XCl clones nor IgG secreting MOPC 21 clones (MOPC 21 IgG does not bind DNP). In addition the method was sensitive to the amount of immunoglobulin secreted. By continual selection of exceptionally reactive clones with this assay, a S194 culture was obtained which secreted five to six times as much IgA as the original mass culture. Spontaneous variants were isolated from six independent subclones of this parent line with an overall frequency estimated at 2.7 X 10(-5) per cell per generation. Biochemical analysis of these variants showed that all of them secreted reduced or undetectable amounts of IgA. No variants were obtained which secreted IgA molecules altered at the DNP binding site, or which secreted immunoglobulin subunits alone. Variants of the latter class have, however, been obtained in high frequency in other myeloma strains by other investigators.", "contents": "A screening method to detect clonal secretion of DNP-specific antibody. Spontaneous variants of the IgA immunoglobulin secreting mouse myeloma, S194-2, were isolated by cloning the line on soft agar and screening for the loss of secreted S194 immunoglobulin. Because S194 IgA possesses DNP binding activity, the screening method was designed to test for clonal secretion of antibody which specifically precipitated DNP-ferritin conjugates. Precipitates formed over IgA secreting S194 clones, whereas none were evident over nonsecreting XCl clones nor IgG secreting MOPC 21 clones (MOPC 21 IgG does not bind DNP). In addition the method was sensitive to the amount of immunoglobulin secreted. By continual selection of exceptionally reactive clones with this assay, a S194 culture was obtained which secreted five to six times as much IgA as the original mass culture. Spontaneous variants were isolated from six independent subclones of this parent line with an overall frequency estimated at 2.7 X 10(-5) per cell per generation. Biochemical analysis of these variants showed that all of them secreted reduced or undetectable amounts of IgA. No variants were obtained which secreted IgA molecules altered at the DNP binding site, or which secreted immunoglobulin subunits alone. Variants of the latter class have, however, been obtained in high frequency in other myeloma strains by other investigators.", "PMID": 1104644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_795", "title": "The formation of annulated lamellae induced by the disintegration of microtubules.", "content": "Investigations with different 'antitubulins' have shown that different cell types in culture response to prolonged treatment with the formation of annulated lamellae. These annulated lamellae are possibly derived from previously accumulated smooth endoplasmic profiles. A hypothetical explanation would be that annulated lamellae (and the nuclear membrane) are sites of tubulin synthesis or microtubular polymerization. Their appearance after induced microtubule disintegration could then be viewed upon as a reactive hyperproduction of such sites.", "contents": "The formation of annulated lamellae induced by the disintegration of microtubules. Investigations with different 'antitubulins' have shown that different cell types in culture response to prolonged treatment with the formation of annulated lamellae. These annulated lamellae are possibly derived from previously accumulated smooth endoplasmic profiles. A hypothetical explanation would be that annulated lamellae (and the nuclear membrane) are sites of tubulin synthesis or microtubular polymerization. Their appearance after induced microtubule disintegration could then be viewed upon as a reactive hyperproduction of such sites.", "PMID": 1104645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_796", "title": "The perturbation of the human erythrocyte membrane by phospholipase C.", "content": "A study has been made of freeze-fractured preparations of erythrocyte ghosts modified by phospholipase C (Clostridium welchii). Such membranes show a decrease in surface area of up to about 47% and lipid droplets appear on their external surface but there is no loss of protein. Freeze-fracture of maximally hydrolysed membranes exposes only very small areas of A faces and these appear particle-free. Most of the membranes are simply cross-fractured. At lower levels of hydrolysis there is more extensive exposure of A fracture faces but the particle density is less than in control preparations. If such exposed faces were representative of the whole membrane then the particle density would have been expected to increase. It is suggested either that areas of membrane with increased particle density do not fracture or that the particles revealed by freeze-fracture involve phospholipid as well as protein and are not revealed in the absence of phospholipid.", "contents": "The perturbation of the human erythrocyte membrane by phospholipase C. A study has been made of freeze-fractured preparations of erythrocyte ghosts modified by phospholipase C (Clostridium welchii). Such membranes show a decrease in surface area of up to about 47% and lipid droplets appear on their external surface but there is no loss of protein. Freeze-fracture of maximally hydrolysed membranes exposes only very small areas of A faces and these appear particle-free. Most of the membranes are simply cross-fractured. At lower levels of hydrolysis there is more extensive exposure of A fracture faces but the particle density is less than in control preparations. If such exposed faces were representative of the whole membrane then the particle density would have been expected to increase. It is suggested either that areas of membrane with increased particle density do not fracture or that the particles revealed by freeze-fracture involve phospholipid as well as protein and are not revealed in the absence of phospholipid.", "PMID": 1104646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_797", "title": "Chromatographic resolution of enantiomers selective review.", "content": "Recent research has produced a notable increase in knowledge useful for chromatographic enantiomer resolution. Some major advances have emerged in the understanding of asymmetric solute-solvent interactions, and many successful separations by gas and by liquid chromatography have been reported. This review presents a selective discussion of the major advances, with primary emphasis on the use of chiral stationary phases. The latter offer advantages (over indirect techniques) such as generally easier sample preparation, decreased analysis time, and simultaneous chemical as well as optical purity analysis.", "contents": "Chromatographic resolution of enantiomers selective review. Recent research has produced a notable increase in knowledge useful for chromatographic enantiomer resolution. Some major advances have emerged in the understanding of asymmetric solute-solvent interactions, and many successful separations by gas and by liquid chromatography have been reported. This review presents a selective discussion of the major advances, with primary emphasis on the use of chiral stationary phases. The latter offer advantages (over indirect techniques) such as generally easier sample preparation, decreased analysis time, and simultaneous chemical as well as optical purity analysis.", "PMID": 1104651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_798", "title": "Purification of Escherichia coli B-specific p-aminobenzoate \"pick-up\" protein to homogeneity by affinity chromatography.", "content": "Of the satellite fractions of Escherichia coli B dihydrofolate synthetases, a non-enzymic protein that is specifically able to bind p-aminobenzoate and sulphonamides has been purified 6000-fold by p-aminobenzoylcellulose affinity chromatography. The protein was named p-aminobenzoate \"pick-up\" protein according to its function, i.e., to bring p-aminobenzoate into reaction with L-glutamate and pteridine during dihydrofolate biosynthesis. About 4 mg of pure protein (0.532% recovery, calculated from the total p-aminobenzoate binding capacity of the unfractionated supernatant separated from the crude bacterium plasma) can be obtained from 500 g of harvested cells. The product is homogeneous in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis both in the absence and presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate, and has a molecular weight of 15,000 daltons +/- 5% as measured by sodium dodecyl sulphate gel electrophoresis and Sephadex G-75 gel column chromatography. p-Aminobenzoate and sulphonamide ligand binding studies showed a single binding site per p-aminobenzoate pick-up protein molecule. KD values for p-aminobenzoate and some sulphonamides as well as for L-glutamate, L-gamma-glutamyl oligopeptides, some pteridines and folate antagonists are also presented in order to illustrate the specificity of the receptor protein.", "contents": "Purification of Escherichia coli B-specific p-aminobenzoate \"pick-up\" protein to homogeneity by affinity chromatography. Of the satellite fractions of Escherichia coli B dihydrofolate synthetases, a non-enzymic protein that is specifically able to bind p-aminobenzoate and sulphonamides has been purified 6000-fold by p-aminobenzoylcellulose affinity chromatography. The protein was named p-aminobenzoate \"pick-up\" protein according to its function, i.e., to bring p-aminobenzoate into reaction with L-glutamate and pteridine during dihydrofolate biosynthesis. About 4 mg of pure protein (0.532% recovery, calculated from the total p-aminobenzoate binding capacity of the unfractionated supernatant separated from the crude bacterium plasma) can be obtained from 500 g of harvested cells. The product is homogeneous in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis both in the absence and presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate, and has a molecular weight of 15,000 daltons +/- 5% as measured by sodium dodecyl sulphate gel electrophoresis and Sephadex G-75 gel column chromatography. p-Aminobenzoate and sulphonamide ligand binding studies showed a single binding site per p-aminobenzoate pick-up protein molecule. KD values for p-aminobenzoate and some sulphonamides as well as for L-glutamate, L-gamma-glutamyl oligopeptides, some pteridines and folate antagonists are also presented in order to illustrate the specificity of the receptor protein.", "PMID": 1104653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_799", "title": "Attenuated influenza A vaccine (Alice) in an adult population: vaccine-related illness, serum and nasal antibody production, and intrafamily transmission.", "content": "Ninety-five healthy adults, ages 18 to 56 years, received two intranasal doses, 2 weeks apart, of a live, attenuated, influenza type A (H3N2) vaccine (an inhibitor-resistant recombinant strain of A/England/42/72 named \"Alice\"). Ninety-two persons were given placebos similarly. Ninety-three percent of 68 subjects with initial serum hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) titers of greater than or equal to 1:40 to influenza A (H3N2) had a fourfold or greater antibody increase in postvaccination sera. Forty-four percent of 27 subjects with an initial HI titer of greater than or equal to 1:80 had similar increases. Overall, 77% of vaccinees had fourfold or greater antibody titer increases. Vaccinees had geometric mean serum HI titers (GMT) of 1:26, 1:123, and 1:166 at 0, 14, and 30 days, respectively. The GMTs for placebos were 1:21, 1:22, and 1:21. Thirty-five vaccinees were examined for both serum and nasal antibody; 89% had significant increases in one or both. Nasal antibody response was directly related to the level of initial serum HI titer in that 83% of 12 persons with prevaccination HI titers of 1:80 greater than or equal to 1:80 showed significant nasal antibody rises, whereas only 61% of the remaining 23 subjects with prevaccination HI titers of less than or equal to 1:40 did so. The number and severity of clinical signs and symptoms reported by vaccinees and placebos did not differ significantly. The greatest differences noted between groups were for nasal congestion on days 0 to 6 (8.3%) and rhinitis on days 14 to 20 (5.9%). Four vaccinees shed Alice after primary vaccination, but viral titers were low (10 to 100 tissue culture-infective doses/ml). One member in each of 15 cohabiting male-female couples received Alice while the other received a placebo; one of the placebo members had significant increases in serum and nasal antibody, indicating a possible transmission.", "contents": "Attenuated influenza A vaccine (Alice) in an adult population: vaccine-related illness, serum and nasal antibody production, and intrafamily transmission. Ninety-five healthy adults, ages 18 to 56 years, received two intranasal doses, 2 weeks apart, of a live, attenuated, influenza type A (H3N2) vaccine (an inhibitor-resistant recombinant strain of A/England/42/72 named \"Alice\"). Ninety-two persons were given placebos similarly. Ninety-three percent of 68 subjects with initial serum hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) titers of greater than or equal to 1:40 to influenza A (H3N2) had a fourfold or greater antibody increase in postvaccination sera. Forty-four percent of 27 subjects with an initial HI titer of greater than or equal to 1:80 had similar increases. Overall, 77% of vaccinees had fourfold or greater antibody titer increases. Vaccinees had geometric mean serum HI titers (GMT) of 1:26, 1:123, and 1:166 at 0, 14, and 30 days, respectively. The GMTs for placebos were 1:21, 1:22, and 1:21. Thirty-five vaccinees were examined for both serum and nasal antibody; 89% had significant increases in one or both. Nasal antibody response was directly related to the level of initial serum HI titer in that 83% of 12 persons with prevaccination HI titers of 1:80 greater than or equal to 1:80 showed significant nasal antibody rises, whereas only 61% of the remaining 23 subjects with prevaccination HI titers of less than or equal to 1:40 did so. The number and severity of clinical signs and symptoms reported by vaccinees and placebos did not differ significantly. The greatest differences noted between groups were for nasal congestion on days 0 to 6 (8.3%) and rhinitis on days 14 to 20 (5.9%). Four vaccinees shed Alice after primary vaccination, but viral titers were low (10 to 100 tissue culture-infective doses/ml). One member in each of 15 cohabiting male-female couples received Alice while the other received a placebo; one of the placebo members had significant increases in serum and nasal antibody, indicating a possible transmission.", "PMID": 1104655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_800", "title": "Anaerobic specimen transport device.", "content": "A device is described and evaluated for the anaerobic transport of clinical specimens. The device limits the amount of oxygen entering with the sample to a maximum of 2%, which is rapidly removed by reacting with hydrogen in the presence of a palladium catalyst. The viability on swabs of 12 species of anaerobes, four strains of facultative anaerobes and a strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, was maintained during the length of the tests (24 or 48 h). The results demonstrated that this device protected even the more oxygen-sensitive clinical anaerobes from death due to oxygen exposure. This device can be used for swabs as well as for anaerobic collection and liquid and solid specimens.", "contents": "Anaerobic specimen transport device. A device is described and evaluated for the anaerobic transport of clinical specimens. The device limits the amount of oxygen entering with the sample to a maximum of 2%, which is rapidly removed by reacting with hydrogen in the presence of a palladium catalyst. The viability on swabs of 12 species of anaerobes, four strains of facultative anaerobes and a strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, was maintained during the length of the tests (24 or 48 h). The results demonstrated that this device protected even the more oxygen-sensitive clinical anaerobes from death due to oxygen exposure. This device can be used for swabs as well as for anaerobic collection and liquid and solid specimens.", "PMID": 1104656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_801", "title": "[Acute postoperative necrotizing enteritis. Apropos of one case after total hysterectomy with bilateral annexectomy].", "content": "The authors report a case of acute necrotising enteritis occurring on the 7th day after total hysterectomy with bilateral removal of the adnexa for fibroids in a 45 year-old woman. This is the first case in the literature to occur after hysterectomy. The clinical picture included the onset of intestinal obstruction with severe general toxic manifestations. The diagnosis was made at operation and, in spite of intestinal resection, the patient died on the 6th day, with liver and renal failure, anuria and irreversible collapse. The blood and stool cultures were negative, but the histological appearance of the lesions, without any apparent suppuration, were in favour of a vascular etiology. Necrosis of the mucosa and inflammatory oedema of the sub-mucosa, were accompanied by vascular changes suggesting thrombosis and congestion.", "contents": "[Acute postoperative necrotizing enteritis. Apropos of one case after total hysterectomy with bilateral annexectomy]. The authors report a case of acute necrotising enteritis occurring on the 7th day after total hysterectomy with bilateral removal of the adnexa for fibroids in a 45 year-old woman. This is the first case in the literature to occur after hysterectomy. The clinical picture included the onset of intestinal obstruction with severe general toxic manifestations. The diagnosis was made at operation and, in spite of intestinal resection, the patient died on the 6th day, with liver and renal failure, anuria and irreversible collapse. The blood and stool cultures were negative, but the histological appearance of the lesions, without any apparent suppuration, were in favour of a vascular etiology. Necrosis of the mucosa and inflammatory oedema of the sub-mucosa, were accompanied by vascular changes suggesting thrombosis and congestion.", "PMID": 1104650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_802", "title": "Selective medium for growth of Proteus.", "content": "A medium containing heart infusion agar supplemented with bile salts, lithium chloride, sodium thiosulfate, and sodium citrate was developed for the selective growth of Proteus.", "contents": "Selective medium for growth of Proteus. A medium containing heart infusion agar supplemented with bile salts, lithium chloride, sodium thiosulfate, and sodium citrate was developed for the selective growth of Proteus.", "PMID": 1104657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_803", "title": "Modified fluorescent antibody technique to detect immunoglobulin M antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in congenital infection.", "content": "Using a modified fluorescent antibody technique immunoglobulin M antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii were studied in infants' sera. The modified technique involved prolonged incubation of patients' sera with antigen at 4 C.", "contents": "Modified fluorescent antibody technique to detect immunoglobulin M antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in congenital infection. Using a modified fluorescent antibody technique immunoglobulin M antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii were studied in infants' sera. The modified technique involved prolonged incubation of patients' sera with antigen at 4 C.", "PMID": 1104658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_804", "title": "Is aromatization of testosterone to estradiol required for inhibition of luteinizing hormone secretion in men?", "content": "A variety of studies in man and animals demonstrate that testosterone (T) is aromatized to estradiol (E) in the hypothalamus and limbic system. These observations suggested the possibility that conversion to E is an absolute requirement for the biologic activity of T on the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. Since this hypothesis implies a common mechanism of action of these two steroids, the demonstration of divergent effects of T and E on luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion would exclude this possibility. To test this hypothesis, the actions of T and E on three separate aspects of LH release (mean LH, pulsatile LH secretion, and responsiveness to LH-releasing hormone [LH-RH]) were contrasted. T and E, infused at two times their respective production rates into normal men, reduced mean LH levels similarly during 6 h of steroid infusion and for 6 h thereafter. However, these steroids exerted different effects on pulsatile secretion. E reduced the amplitude of spontaneous LH pulse from pre- and postinfusion control levels of 75+/-14 and 68+/-5.6% (SEM) to 39+/-5.7%. In contrast, T increased pulse amplited to 96+/-14% and decreased pulse frequency from basal levels of 3.4+/-0.31 to 1.8+/-0.31 pulses/6h. The site of suppressive action was determined by administering 25 microgms of LH-RH to the same men during T and E infusions and during three additional control periods without steroid administration. LH-RH produced similar 170-190% increments in serum LH during the three control periods and during T infusion. In contrast, E markedly blunted (76+/-31%, p less than 0.005) the LH response to LH-RH. Under the conditions of acute steroid infusion at doses (utilized in these experiments) producing similar inhibition of mean LH, E but not T acted directly on the pituitary to diminish LH-RH responsiveness. As further support that androgens can act without conversion to estrogens, the effects of a nonaromatizable androgen, dihydrotestosterone (DHT), on mean LH levels were studied. DHT, infused at the same rate as T, suppressed mean LH to a similar but somewhat greater extent than T. Since T and E produced divergent effects on LH secretion and a nonaromatizable androgen, DHT, suppressed mean LH, aromatization is not a necessary prerequisite for the action of androgens on the hypothalamic-pituitary axis.", "contents": "Is aromatization of testosterone to estradiol required for inhibition of luteinizing hormone secretion in men? A variety of studies in man and animals demonstrate that testosterone (T) is aromatized to estradiol (E) in the hypothalamus and limbic system. These observations suggested the possibility that conversion to E is an absolute requirement for the biologic activity of T on the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. Since this hypothesis implies a common mechanism of action of these two steroids, the demonstration of divergent effects of T and E on luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion would exclude this possibility. To test this hypothesis, the actions of T and E on three separate aspects of LH release (mean LH, pulsatile LH secretion, and responsiveness to LH-releasing hormone [LH-RH]) were contrasted. T and E, infused at two times their respective production rates into normal men, reduced mean LH levels similarly during 6 h of steroid infusion and for 6 h thereafter. However, these steroids exerted different effects on pulsatile secretion. E reduced the amplitude of spontaneous LH pulse from pre- and postinfusion control levels of 75+/-14 and 68+/-5.6% (SEM) to 39+/-5.7%. In contrast, T increased pulse amplited to 96+/-14% and decreased pulse frequency from basal levels of 3.4+/-0.31 to 1.8+/-0.31 pulses/6h. The site of suppressive action was determined by administering 25 microgms of LH-RH to the same men during T and E infusions and during three additional control periods without steroid administration. LH-RH produced similar 170-190% increments in serum LH during the three control periods and during T infusion. In contrast, E markedly blunted (76+/-31%, p less than 0.005) the LH response to LH-RH. Under the conditions of acute steroid infusion at doses (utilized in these experiments) producing similar inhibition of mean LH, E but not T acted directly on the pituitary to diminish LH-RH responsiveness. As further support that androgens can act without conversion to estrogens, the effects of a nonaromatizable androgen, dihydrotestosterone (DHT), on mean LH levels were studied. DHT, infused at the same rate as T, suppressed mean LH to a similar but somewhat greater extent than T. Since T and E produced divergent effects on LH secretion and a nonaromatizable androgen, DHT, suppressed mean LH, aromatization is not a necessary prerequisite for the action of androgens on the hypothalamic-pituitary axis.", "PMID": 1104659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_805", "title": "Mechanisms of endotoxin tolerance. The role of the spleen.", "content": "Splenectomy markedly impaired the production of circulating anti-endotoxin antibodies during the initial 10 days after .v. administration of a Boivin preparation of Escherichia coli endotoxin (ET) in both rabbit and man. Increase in antibodies with secondary (flocculating and bactericidal) activities were virtually abolished, whereas increases in antibodies with primary (binding) activity were significantly reduced. On the basis of these findings, splenectomized rabbit and man were employed to test the hypothesis that the early phase (less than 72 h) of pyrogenic tolerance to endotoxin is independent of anti-endotoxin antibody but that such antibody contributes significantly to the later phase (less than or equal to 72 h) of tolerance. In the splenectomized rabbit, the initial pyrogenic reponses to ET and the subsequent tolerant responses at 24 and 48 h were comparable to sham-operated controls...", "contents": "Mechanisms of endotoxin tolerance. The role of the spleen. Splenectomy markedly impaired the production of circulating anti-endotoxin antibodies during the initial 10 days after .v. administration of a Boivin preparation of Escherichia coli endotoxin (ET) in both rabbit and man. Increase in antibodies with secondary (flocculating and bactericidal) activities were virtually abolished, whereas increases in antibodies with primary (binding) activity were significantly reduced. On the basis of these findings, splenectomized rabbit and man were employed to test the hypothesis that the early phase (less than 72 h) of pyrogenic tolerance to endotoxin is independent of anti-endotoxin antibody but that such antibody contributes significantly to the later phase (less than or equal to 72 h) of tolerance. In the splenectomized rabbit, the initial pyrogenic reponses to ET and the subsequent tolerant responses at 24 and 48 h were comparable to sham-operated controls...", "PMID": 1104660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_806", "title": "A state-trait analysis of alpha density and personality variables in a normal population.", "content": "In Study I eyes-open and eyes-closed percentage time resting alpha in normal young male adults was correlated positively with psychological test scores that reflected greater energy, feelings of confidence and control, and lesser social inhibition. Study II was consistent with Study I in that alpha density was related inversely to a projective measure of maladustment as well as measures of state and trait anxiety. The effects of visual stimulation on the size of the relationship between alpha and psychological trait measures suggested that this is a highly unstable relationship likely to appear only when experimental arrangements maximize the congruency betweey psychological states and traits. Finally, it was suggested that the application of a state-trait rationale to alpha phenomenon might be useful to organize the relationship between physiological and psychological variables and could serve as a starting point for conceptualizing the potential effects of biofeed-back applications.", "contents": "A state-trait analysis of alpha density and personality variables in a normal population. In Study I eyes-open and eyes-closed percentage time resting alpha in normal young male adults was correlated positively with psychological test scores that reflected greater energy, feelings of confidence and control, and lesser social inhibition. Study II was consistent with Study I in that alpha density was related inversely to a projective measure of maladustment as well as measures of state and trait anxiety. The effects of visual stimulation on the size of the relationship between alpha and psychological trait measures suggested that this is a highly unstable relationship likely to appear only when experimental arrangements maximize the congruency betweey psychological states and traits. Finally, it was suggested that the application of a state-trait rationale to alpha phenomenon might be useful to organize the relationship between physiological and psychological variables and could serve as a starting point for conceptualizing the potential effects of biofeed-back applications.", "PMID": 1104661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_807", "title": "Automated MMPI interpretation based on a modification of Gilberstadt's codebook.", "content": "Several limitations to commercially available automated MMPI reports prompted the psychology staff at Topeka VA Hospital to develop its own automated interpretive system. The computer programs of the system require further modification, and local validity studies of the automated interpretations are needed. However, it is hoped that this project will encourage others to consider the development of a local automated interpretive system as an alternative to commercial interpretive services.", "contents": "Automated MMPI interpretation based on a modification of Gilberstadt's codebook. Several limitations to commercially available automated MMPI reports prompted the psychology staff at Topeka VA Hospital to develop its own automated interpretive system. The computer programs of the system require further modification, and local validity studies of the automated interpretations are needed. However, it is hoped that this project will encourage others to consider the development of a local automated interpretive system as an alternative to commercial interpretive services.", "PMID": 1104662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_808", "title": "A comparison of classification rates of the original and revised Marks and Seeman rules.", "content": "The Marks and Seeman rules for profile classification were compared with revised rules. The rate of classification on a large sample of psychiatric profiles was 16.88% for the original rules and 49.72% with the revised rules. The revised rules will make the codebook applicable to more cases.", "contents": "A comparison of classification rates of the original and revised Marks and Seeman rules. The Marks and Seeman rules for profile classification were compared with revised rules. The rate of classification on a large sample of psychiatric profiles was 16.88% for the original rules and 49.72% with the revised rules. The revised rules will make the codebook applicable to more cases.", "PMID": 1104663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_809", "title": "Evaluation of a content-analysis system for therapeutic interviews.", "content": "The Zimmer and Cowles system for content analysis was tried out on psychotherapeutic sessions and on interviews with disturbed patients. It was found that the system indeed did seem to pick up improvement in psychotherapy, and to a lesser degree, differences in speech behavior between patients with radically differing pathologies. It also was concluded that the computer program for the content analysis system is not easily portable, but a SNOBOL equivalent is made available.", "contents": "Evaluation of a content-analysis system for therapeutic interviews. The Zimmer and Cowles system for content analysis was tried out on psychotherapeutic sessions and on interviews with disturbed patients. It was found that the system indeed did seem to pick up improvement in psychotherapy, and to a lesser degree, differences in speech behavior between patients with radically differing pathologies. It also was concluded that the computer program for the content analysis system is not easily portable, but a SNOBOL equivalent is made available.", "PMID": 1104664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_810", "title": "Clinical and sign prediction: the draw-a-person and female homosexuality.", "content": "The validity of predicting female homosexuality from empirical signs from the Draw-A-Person (DAP) was compared to the validity of psychologists' \"blind\" predictions from the same DAP protocols. Four specific DAP signs significantly predicted homosexual drawings from those of heterosexual controls; patterns derived from these signs were even better predictors. Two of four clinicians predicted sexual orientation greater than chance; one predicted as well as the optimal sign pattern. In view of the expected shrinkage involved in cross-validating the empirical signs and patterns, clinical prediction probably would equal or surpass the accuracy of statistical prediction. Individual differences in clinical prediction and the process of clinical prediction were discussed.", "contents": "Clinical and sign prediction: the draw-a-person and female homosexuality. The validity of predicting female homosexuality from empirical signs from the Draw-A-Person (DAP) was compared to the validity of psychologists' \"blind\" predictions from the same DAP protocols. Four specific DAP signs significantly predicted homosexual drawings from those of heterosexual controls; patterns derived from these signs were even better predictors. Two of four clinicians predicted sexual orientation greater than chance; one predicted as well as the optimal sign pattern. In view of the expected shrinkage involved in cross-validating the empirical signs and patterns, clinical prediction probably would equal or surpass the accuracy of statistical prediction. Individual differences in clinical prediction and the process of clinical prediction were discussed.", "PMID": 1104665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_811", "title": "Formation of cockroach interganglionic connectives: an in vitro analysis.", "content": "Individual ganglia of the cockroach embryo (Periplaneta americana) were explanted on clean glass coverslips immersed in a chemically defined liquid medium and incubated for periods up to eight weeks. Substantial, straight interganglionic connections were formed between: (1) rows of ganglia arranged in the normal in vivo configuration; (2) rows of ganglia placed in abnormal orders; (3) rows of ganglia which never form connections in vivo because they occur singly in the embryo; and (4) rows of ganglia in natural sequences but which have had their rostro-caudal axes rotated 90 degrees in relation to the line of the row. Therefore fascicles and interganglionic connectives were formed without regard to normal in vivo relationships. Daily observations with a Nomarski microscope indicated that several processes are involved in connective formation. (1) Initial outgrowth is in a random, radial pattern. (2) Intersecting fibers from adjacent ganglia are deflected toward each others' perikarya. (3) Initially bowed fiber connectives are straightened, perhaps by increases in fiber tension or by fiber shortening which may be brought about by neuronal or extraneuronal (glial) processes. (4) Outgrowing fibers follow already established fiber pathways. The present results indicate that fiber-fiber and fiber-target interactions play a significant role in the formation of interganglionic connectives. In this system, the spatial relationships between ganglia determine the patterns and varieties of permissible neuronal connections. Thus, major, straight nerve trunks may be formed between adjacent ganglia which are growing out fibers on a glass surface submerged in a liquid medium which offers minimal orientation cues and provides a growth substrate vastly different and simpler than that encountered by outgrowing fibers in vivo.", "contents": "Formation of cockroach interganglionic connectives: an in vitro analysis. Individual ganglia of the cockroach embryo (Periplaneta americana) were explanted on clean glass coverslips immersed in a chemically defined liquid medium and incubated for periods up to eight weeks. Substantial, straight interganglionic connections were formed between: (1) rows of ganglia arranged in the normal in vivo configuration; (2) rows of ganglia placed in abnormal orders; (3) rows of ganglia which never form connections in vivo because they occur singly in the embryo; and (4) rows of ganglia in natural sequences but which have had their rostro-caudal axes rotated 90 degrees in relation to the line of the row. Therefore fascicles and interganglionic connectives were formed without regard to normal in vivo relationships. Daily observations with a Nomarski microscope indicated that several processes are involved in connective formation. (1) Initial outgrowth is in a random, radial pattern. (2) Intersecting fibers from adjacent ganglia are deflected toward each others' perikarya. (3) Initially bowed fiber connectives are straightened, perhaps by increases in fiber tension or by fiber shortening which may be brought about by neuronal or extraneuronal (glial) processes. (4) Outgrowing fibers follow already established fiber pathways. The present results indicate that fiber-fiber and fiber-target interactions play a significant role in the formation of interganglionic connectives. In this system, the spatial relationships between ganglia determine the patterns and varieties of permissible neuronal connections. Thus, major, straight nerve trunks may be formed between adjacent ganglia which are growing out fibers on a glass surface submerged in a liquid medium which offers minimal orientation cues and provides a growth substrate vastly different and simpler than that encountered by outgrowing fibers in vivo.", "PMID": 1104669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_812", "title": "Pharmacological response data for comparative bioavailability studies of chlorpromazine oral dosage forms in humans: I. Pupilometry.", "content": "Owing to the insensitivity of even the presently best chemical or radiological assay procedures, it is not feasible to perform comparative bioavailability studies of chlorpromazine oral drug products using blood or urine sampling; this is particularly the case for oral doses below 100-150 mg/70 kg. In contrast, the use of temporal miotic response data, which correlates with blood levels of unchanged drug, permits dose-response vs time profiles to be recorded with oral dose levels as low as 5-10 mg/70 kg. The monitoring of pupilometric data in up to 16 human volunteers demonstrated a sensitivity to both extents and rates of chlorpromazine bioavailability and revealed differences to exist between liquid and solid oral dosage forms of chlorpromazine.", "contents": "Pharmacological response data for comparative bioavailability studies of chlorpromazine oral dosage forms in humans: I. Pupilometry. Owing to the insensitivity of even the presently best chemical or radiological assay procedures, it is not feasible to perform comparative bioavailability studies of chlorpromazine oral drug products using blood or urine sampling; this is particularly the case for oral doses below 100-150 mg/70 kg. In contrast, the use of temporal miotic response data, which correlates with blood levels of unchanged drug, permits dose-response vs time profiles to be recorded with oral dose levels as low as 5-10 mg/70 kg. The monitoring of pupilometric data in up to 16 human volunteers demonstrated a sensitivity to both extents and rates of chlorpromazine bioavailability and revealed differences to exist between liquid and solid oral dosage forms of chlorpromazine.", "PMID": 1104666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_813", "title": "Guanethidine in antihypertensive therapy: experience with an oral loading regimen.", "content": "Guanethidine sulfate, a potent antihypertensive agent with a prolonged duration of action, was given in large oral doses to eight hypertensive patients in a loading technique. Blood pressure control resulted within one to three days without side effects, with total loading doses varying from 125 to 650 mg. Based on the drug's pharmacokinetic properties, a maintenance dose required to sustain the desired antihypertensive effects was calculated from the loading dose for each individual. Blood pressure was satisfactorily controlled in the seven patients followed for at least 12 months, and no modification of the calculated guanethidine dose was required. Side effects were minimal and well tolerated. The ease of initial blood pressure regulation with this regimen and the precision with which a maintenance dose can be determined suggest that guanethidine deserves a more prominent role in the therapy of established hypertension.", "contents": "Guanethidine in antihypertensive therapy: experience with an oral loading regimen. Guanethidine sulfate, a potent antihypertensive agent with a prolonged duration of action, was given in large oral doses to eight hypertensive patients in a loading technique. Blood pressure control resulted within one to three days without side effects, with total loading doses varying from 125 to 650 mg. Based on the drug's pharmacokinetic properties, a maintenance dose required to sustain the desired antihypertensive effects was calculated from the loading dose for each individual. Blood pressure was satisfactorily controlled in the seven patients followed for at least 12 months, and no modification of the calculated guanethidine dose was required. Side effects were minimal and well tolerated. The ease of initial blood pressure regulation with this regimen and the precision with which a maintenance dose can be determined suggest that guanethidine deserves a more prominent role in the therapy of established hypertension.", "PMID": 1104667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_814", "title": "Comparative efficacy of halcinonide and fluocinonide creams in psoriasis and eszematous dermatoses.", "content": "The clinical efficacy of halcinonide and fluocinonide creams was compared in the treatment of 392 patients with corticosteroid-responsive dermatoses, including psoriasis, and various eczematous dermatoses such as atopic dermatitis, eczematous dermatitis, and neurodermatitis. The severity of the condition treated was moderate or severe in most of the patients. Usually, the creams were applied three times daily for two to three weeks. In psoriasis, halcinonide was superior to fluocinonide (P less than 0.05). There was no significant difference between halcinonide and fluocinonide in the treatment of the eczematous dermatoses. Both creams were well tolerated, each being associated with local side effects (such as burning sensation, dryness, erythema, and pruritus) in 4.9 per cent of patients.", "contents": "Comparative efficacy of halcinonide and fluocinonide creams in psoriasis and eszematous dermatoses. The clinical efficacy of halcinonide and fluocinonide creams was compared in the treatment of 392 patients with corticosteroid-responsive dermatoses, including psoriasis, and various eczematous dermatoses such as atopic dermatitis, eczematous dermatitis, and neurodermatitis. The severity of the condition treated was moderate or severe in most of the patients. Usually, the creams were applied three times daily for two to three weeks. In psoriasis, halcinonide was superior to fluocinonide (P less than 0.05). There was no significant difference between halcinonide and fluocinonide in the treatment of the eczematous dermatoses. Both creams were well tolerated, each being associated with local side effects (such as burning sensation, dryness, erythema, and pruritus) in 4.9 per cent of patients.", "PMID": 1104668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_815", "title": "An evaluation of bruxism control: massed negative practice and automated relaxation training.", "content": "Behavior modification techniques of massed negative practice and relaxation training were applied to separate groups of individuals who had been diagnosed as \"bruxers\" by multiple criteria. When assessed by an objective index of grinding, neither technique was found to have reduced bruxism significantly. Grinding and state of anxiety scores of bruxers were significantly higher than those of nonbruxing controls. Bruxers did not differ from nonbruxers on trait anxiety measures.", "contents": "An evaluation of bruxism control: massed negative practice and automated relaxation training. Behavior modification techniques of massed negative practice and relaxation training were applied to separate groups of individuals who had been diagnosed as \"bruxers\" by multiple criteria. When assessed by an objective index of grinding, neither technique was found to have reduced bruxism significantly. Grinding and state of anxiety scores of bruxers were significantly higher than those of nonbruxing controls. Bruxers did not differ from nonbruxers on trait anxiety measures.", "PMID": 1104673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_816", "title": "Localization of rate-limiting barrier to penetration of endotoxin through nonkeratinized oral mucosa in vitro.", "content": "The penetration of tritiated bacterial endotoxin through nonkeratinized oral mucosal epithelium was studied using an in vitro model system and radioautographic tracer techniques. The basement membrane region of the epithelium was the rate-limiting barrier to penetration, and this barrier effect was independent of the direction and duration of penetration as well as any clearance effects of the vasculature.", "contents": "Localization of rate-limiting barrier to penetration of endotoxin through nonkeratinized oral mucosa in vitro. The penetration of tritiated bacterial endotoxin through nonkeratinized oral mucosal epithelium was studied using an in vitro model system and radioautographic tracer techniques. The basement membrane region of the epithelium was the rate-limiting barrier to penetration, and this barrier effect was independent of the direction and duration of penetration as well as any clearance effects of the vasculature.", "PMID": 1104674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_817", "title": "SEM investigation of the variability of enamel surfaces after simulated clinical acid etching for pit and fissure sealants.", "content": "Etching preferentially occurs on cuspal inclines and on premolars vs molars. After longer times, etching occurs near the pits and fissures. Enamel rods etch at cores and prism borders simultaneously in the same area. Longer etching times produce more enamel surface relief, permitting better sealant adaption to the enamel.", "contents": "SEM investigation of the variability of enamel surfaces after simulated clinical acid etching for pit and fissure sealants. Etching preferentially occurs on cuspal inclines and on premolars vs molars. After longer times, etching occurs near the pits and fissures. Enamel rods etch at cores and prism borders simultaneously in the same area. Longer etching times produce more enamel surface relief, permitting better sealant adaption to the enamel.", "PMID": 1104676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_818", "title": "Effect of prior acid etch on rate of Sn3F3PO4 formation subsequent to topical application of SnF2.", "content": "The effect of prior acid etch on the rate of Sn3F3PO4 formation subsequent to in vitro SnF2 interaction with human dental mineral has been investigated using light microscopy, surface replicas, and internal reflection spectroscopy. Results showed that Sn3F3PO4 forms more rapidly on etched surfaces as compared with nonetched controls. The observed accelerated rate was attributed to increased reaction surface provided by prior acid etch plus a rougher surface conducive to crystal nidus formation.", "contents": "Effect of prior acid etch on rate of Sn3F3PO4 formation subsequent to topical application of SnF2. The effect of prior acid etch on the rate of Sn3F3PO4 formation subsequent to in vitro SnF2 interaction with human dental mineral has been investigated using light microscopy, surface replicas, and internal reflection spectroscopy. Results showed that Sn3F3PO4 forms more rapidly on etched surfaces as compared with nonetched controls. The observed accelerated rate was attributed to increased reaction surface provided by prior acid etch plus a rougher surface conducive to crystal nidus formation.", "PMID": 1104675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_819", "title": "Eikenella corrodens: a clinical problem.", "content": "E corrodens occurs as a significant clinical infection more frequently than suspected or cultured at the present time. It is essential that the dentist or physician work closely with the laboratory clinician in order to use proper techniques for its isolation. Inconsistencies between in vitro disk sensitivity and clinical drug response are noted. Because of clinical response, the clinician must carefully follow the patient's daily progress to recognize antibiotic treatment failure so that combination therapy or appropriate incision and drainage procedures may be initiated.", "contents": "Eikenella corrodens: a clinical problem. E corrodens occurs as a significant clinical infection more frequently than suspected or cultured at the present time. It is essential that the dentist or physician work closely with the laboratory clinician in order to use proper techniques for its isolation. Inconsistencies between in vitro disk sensitivity and clinical drug response are noted. Because of clinical response, the clinician must carefully follow the patient's daily progress to recognize antibiotic treatment failure so that combination therapy or appropriate incision and drainage procedures may be initiated.", "PMID": 1104696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_820", "title": "Nutrition research and education in the Age of Franklin. A Bicentennial study.", "content": "Two hundred years ago, the United States was just emerging as a new nation. Chemistry and biology, on which the science of nutrition is based, were also just beginning or in their infancy. Dietetics and nutrition education, being applied sciences, were concerned then--as they are now--with the solution of practical problems of everyday living. Dietetics was an important part of medical practice in colonial days. Much of the teaching then about the value of diet in health and disease was provided by pithy statements, based on empiricism backed by authority, by which the science of medicine was taught to students, and by which health instruction was offered to the public. The experimental method of studying \"Nature,\" promulgated by Francis Bacon, was just beginning to be employed in studies of nutrition. Delay in accepting experimental results, such as Lind's demonstration of the value of citrus fruits in the treatment of scurvy, may be attributed in part to a lack of understanding of the experimental method. In part, it may have been due to the absence of animal experimental methods that are capable of providing clear-cut and convincing evidence. Three of the greatest experimental scientists of the eighteenth century--Lavoisier, Count Rumford, and Benjamin Franklin--busied themselves with matters of concern to dietitians and home economists. Their work and that of others provided a firm foundation for the advances in scientific knowledge during the last two hundred years.", "contents": "Nutrition research and education in the Age of Franklin. A Bicentennial study. Two hundred years ago, the United States was just emerging as a new nation. Chemistry and biology, on which the science of nutrition is based, were also just beginning or in their infancy. Dietetics and nutrition education, being applied sciences, were concerned then--as they are now--with the solution of practical problems of everyday living. Dietetics was an important part of medical practice in colonial days. Much of the teaching then about the value of diet in health and disease was provided by pithy statements, based on empiricism backed by authority, by which the science of medicine was taught to students, and by which health instruction was offered to the public. The experimental method of studying \"Nature,\" promulgated by Francis Bacon, was just beginning to be employed in studies of nutrition. Delay in accepting experimental results, such as Lind's demonstration of the value of citrus fruits in the treatment of scurvy, may be attributed in part to a lack of understanding of the experimental method. In part, it may have been due to the absence of animal experimental methods that are capable of providing clear-cut and convincing evidence. Three of the greatest experimental scientists of the eighteenth century--Lavoisier, Count Rumford, and Benjamin Franklin--busied themselves with matters of concern to dietitians and home economists. Their work and that of others provided a firm foundation for the advances in scientific knowledge during the last two hundred years.", "PMID": 1104697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_821", "title": "Effect of age on intravenous glucose tolerance and insulin secretion.", "content": "Twenty-seven normal volunteers whose ages ranged from 22 to 67 (mean, 37 years) were given intravenous glucose tolerance tests (IVGTT). Age was not correlated with the glucose disposal rate constant (KG), incremental insulin secretion (deltaI), or the \"insulinogenic index (deltaI/DELATG). The volunteers were divided into three age groups: 1) mean age 25 years, 2) mean age 42 years, and 3) mean age 62 years. Groups 2 and 3 did not differ from Group 1 with respect to the mean level of fasting plasma glucose, KG, or deltaI/AG. Group 2 (but not Group 3) had a greater mean deltaI than Group 1, and Group 3 (but not Group 2) had a higher mean fasting insulin concentration than Group 1. No significant deterioration was detected in the intravenous glucose tolerance of healthy volunteers up to age 67. This may be attributable to the previously described feed-back system that calibrates the pancreatic beta-cell response according to the insulin sensitivity of the peripheral tissues.", "contents": "Effect of age on intravenous glucose tolerance and insulin secretion. Twenty-seven normal volunteers whose ages ranged from 22 to 67 (mean, 37 years) were given intravenous glucose tolerance tests (IVGTT). Age was not correlated with the glucose disposal rate constant (KG), incremental insulin secretion (deltaI), or the \"insulinogenic index (deltaI/DELATG). The volunteers were divided into three age groups: 1) mean age 25 years, 2) mean age 42 years, and 3) mean age 62 years. Groups 2 and 3 did not differ from Group 1 with respect to the mean level of fasting plasma glucose, KG, or deltaI/AG. Group 2 (but not Group 3) had a greater mean deltaI than Group 1, and Group 3 (but not Group 2) had a higher mean fasting insulin concentration than Group 1. No significant deterioration was detected in the intravenous glucose tolerance of healthy volunteers up to age 67. This may be attributable to the previously described feed-back system that calibrates the pancreatic beta-cell response according to the insulin sensitivity of the peripheral tissues.", "PMID": 1104699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_822", "title": "The immunopathology of the aging rat kidney.", "content": "Immunofluorescence studies of rat kidneys from 3-24 mo. of age demonstrated deposition of immunoglobulins, predominately IgM, within the glomerular mesangium by age 3 mo. Immunoglobulins eluted in acid buffer, did not fix complement, were not associated with inflammatory changes, and increased markedly with the onset of proteinuria at about 12 mo. Rats 24 mo. old also had mesangial deposits of IgG and fibrin. No basement membrane deposits were seen, and autoantibodies to antigens in normal kidney, liver, spleen, and skeletal muscle were not demonstrable in serum or eluates of kidneys from aged animals. The focal and segmental glomerular sclerosis which develops in aged rats does not appear to be mediated by glomerular deposition of auto-antibody or immune complexes. Mesangial accumulation of macro-molecular material, perhaps as a consequency of the age-associated increase in glomerular permeability, may contribute to the development of the glomerular sclerosis of aging in the rat by impairing mesangial phagocytic or clearing mechanisms rather than through immunologically mediated tissue injury.", "contents": "The immunopathology of the aging rat kidney. Immunofluorescence studies of rat kidneys from 3-24 mo. of age demonstrated deposition of immunoglobulins, predominately IgM, within the glomerular mesangium by age 3 mo. Immunoglobulins eluted in acid buffer, did not fix complement, were not associated with inflammatory changes, and increased markedly with the onset of proteinuria at about 12 mo. Rats 24 mo. old also had mesangial deposits of IgG and fibrin. No basement membrane deposits were seen, and autoantibodies to antigens in normal kidney, liver, spleen, and skeletal muscle were not demonstrable in serum or eluates of kidneys from aged animals. The focal and segmental glomerular sclerosis which develops in aged rats does not appear to be mediated by glomerular deposition of auto-antibody or immune complexes. Mesangial accumulation of macro-molecular material, perhaps as a consequency of the age-associated increase in glomerular permeability, may contribute to the development of the glomerular sclerosis of aging in the rat by impairing mesangial phagocytic or clearing mechanisms rather than through immunologically mediated tissue injury.", "PMID": 1104703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_823", "title": "The effects of aging on communication.", "content": "Age can be estimated fairly accurately by listening to the voice and speech of the individual. The critical processes of communication--respiration, phonation, articulation, language, and hearing--are described in terms of the anticipated biological tissue changes of aging and the effect of these changes on the speaking process. With the exception of the common finding of hearing loss in old age, the processes of communication do not seem to be seriously affected by \"normal\" aging. Complicating factors and diagnostic and remedial implications are discussed.", "contents": "The effects of aging on communication. Age can be estimated fairly accurately by listening to the voice and speech of the individual. The critical processes of communication--respiration, phonation, articulation, language, and hearing--are described in terms of the anticipated biological tissue changes of aging and the effect of these changes on the speaking process. With the exception of the common finding of hearing loss in old age, the processes of communication do not seem to be seriously affected by \"normal\" aging. Complicating factors and diagnostic and remedial implications are discussed.", "PMID": 1104704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_824", "title": "Formaldehyde-hydrochloric acid treatment. A fluorescence histochemical method for the demonstration of tryptophan residues in peptides and proteins.", "content": "Treatment with formaldehyde gas and HCl vapor, simultaneously or in sequence, induces fluorescence with indoles, including tryptophan residues of peptides, as is evident from studies on protein droplet models. Among cells that display intense formaldehyde-HCl-induced fluorescence are pancreatic exocrine cells, gastric chief cells, Paneth cells and enterochromaffin cells. Peptide hormone-producing cells that can be visualized by the formaldehyde-HCl treatment include gastrin cells and glucagon cells. The simultaneous procedure has proved superior to the sequential procedure. Simultaneous formaldehyde-HCl treatment appears to be a useful method for the demonstration of tryptophan residues of peptides and proteins. It seems more sensitive than previously described indole methods.", "contents": "Formaldehyde-hydrochloric acid treatment. A fluorescence histochemical method for the demonstration of tryptophan residues in peptides and proteins. Treatment with formaldehyde gas and HCl vapor, simultaneously or in sequence, induces fluorescence with indoles, including tryptophan residues of peptides, as is evident from studies on protein droplet models. Among cells that display intense formaldehyde-HCl-induced fluorescence are pancreatic exocrine cells, gastric chief cells, Paneth cells and enterochromaffin cells. Peptide hormone-producing cells that can be visualized by the formaldehyde-HCl treatment include gastrin cells and glucagon cells. The simultaneous procedure has proved superior to the sequential procedure. Simultaneous formaldehyde-HCl treatment appears to be a useful method for the demonstration of tryptophan residues of peptides and proteins. It seems more sensitive than previously described indole methods.", "PMID": 1104707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_825", "title": "Tissue distribution of lysozyme in man.", "content": "The distribution of lysozyme (LZM) in normal human tissues was determined with the use of the immunoglobulin-enzyme (peroxidase) bridge method. LZM was detected in the following cells and tissues: secretory cells of the lacrimal gland, ductal epithelial cells of the parotid gland and the serous parts of the mixed sublingual glands, the esophageal submucosal glands, bronchial serous submucosal glands, gastric and pyloric glands, Brunner's glands of the duodenum, the Paneth cells of the small intestine, Kupffer cells of the liver and renal proximal tubular cells. In addition, LZM was also found in the mononuclear or polymorphonuclear cells of the placenta, lung, lamina propria of the small intestine, lymph nodes and spleen. This distribution of LZM is discussed in relation to its possible physiologic role in human tissues and particularly to its known antibacterial properties.", "contents": "Tissue distribution of lysozyme in man. The distribution of lysozyme (LZM) in normal human tissues was determined with the use of the immunoglobulin-enzyme (peroxidase) bridge method. LZM was detected in the following cells and tissues: secretory cells of the lacrimal gland, ductal epithelial cells of the parotid gland and the serous parts of the mixed sublingual glands, the esophageal submucosal glands, bronchial serous submucosal glands, gastric and pyloric glands, Brunner's glands of the duodenum, the Paneth cells of the small intestine, Kupffer cells of the liver and renal proximal tubular cells. In addition, LZM was also found in the mononuclear or polymorphonuclear cells of the placenta, lung, lamina propria of the small intestine, lymph nodes and spleen. This distribution of LZM is discussed in relation to its possible physiologic role in human tissues and particularly to its known antibacterial properties.", "PMID": 1104708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_826", "title": "Serologic evidence of the postoperative persistence of hydatid cysts in man.", "content": "The sensitivity of the haemagglutination, complement-fixation and indirect fluorescent antibody tests in the diagnosis of primary and recurrent hydatid disease is presented. In the first, diagnostic titres were obtained in 90% of 50 patients with hepatic and 64%, 60%, and 68% of 25 patients with pulmonary cysts, respectively. In the postoperative study of 62 patients, elevated titres of HA, CF and IFA antibodies in 30 led to the presumptive diagnosis of recurrent disease, confirmed later by radiological and surgical follow-ups. In the 32 others the proportion of positive reactors was 29%, 6% and 28% in HA, CF and IFA tests. These patients had no detectable cysts. This indicates that in postoperative patients a negative CF test may be of a better prognostic value in indicating absence of cysts than the HA and IFA tests.", "contents": "Serologic evidence of the postoperative persistence of hydatid cysts in man. The sensitivity of the haemagglutination, complement-fixation and indirect fluorescent antibody tests in the diagnosis of primary and recurrent hydatid disease is presented. In the first, diagnostic titres were obtained in 90% of 50 patients with hepatic and 64%, 60%, and 68% of 25 patients with pulmonary cysts, respectively. In the postoperative study of 62 patients, elevated titres of HA, CF and IFA antibodies in 30 led to the presumptive diagnosis of recurrent disease, confirmed later by radiological and surgical follow-ups. In the 32 others the proportion of positive reactors was 29%, 6% and 28% in HA, CF and IFA tests. These patients had no detectable cysts. This indicates that in postoperative patients a negative CF test may be of a better prognostic value in indicating absence of cysts than the HA and IFA tests.", "PMID": 1104709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_827", "title": "In vivo transfer of R factors between Escherichia coli strains inoculated into the rumen of sheep.", "content": "Substantial transfer of R factors occurred in vivo, under certain conditions, in the rumen of adult sheep in the absence of any antibiotic treatment. A starvation period of 24-48 hr. was required to produce the conditions necessary, when even quite low inocula (ca. 10(3) cells) of donor and recipient E. coli could grow within the rumen and reach a population density sufficient for transfer to take place. The results indicate that under the same conditions R factors may be transferred between organisms in the lower intestinal tract also. Without the starvation period, the inoculation of even massive numbers (10(10) cells) of the same organisms resulted in almost no detectable transfer. Some of the experimental animals on which a starvation period was imposed became carriers of either the inoculated recipient E. coli, or of R factor bearing coliforms, and these formed 1-10% of the total coliform population of the faeces for at least 6 weeks.", "contents": "In vivo transfer of R factors between Escherichia coli strains inoculated into the rumen of sheep. Substantial transfer of R factors occurred in vivo, under certain conditions, in the rumen of adult sheep in the absence of any antibiotic treatment. A starvation period of 24-48 hr. was required to produce the conditions necessary, when even quite low inocula (ca. 10(3) cells) of donor and recipient E. coli could grow within the rumen and reach a population density sufficient for transfer to take place. The results indicate that under the same conditions R factors may be transferred between organisms in the lower intestinal tract also. Without the starvation period, the inoculation of even massive numbers (10(10) cells) of the same organisms resulted in almost no detectable transfer. Some of the experimental animals on which a starvation period was imposed became carriers of either the inoculated recipient E. coli, or of R factor bearing coliforms, and these formed 1-10% of the total coliform population of the faeces for at least 6 weeks.", "PMID": 1104710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_828", "title": "Clostridium botulinum in the lakes and waterways of London.", "content": "Mud samples collected during 1974 from a large proportion of the lakes and waterways of London were examined for Clostridium botulinum. Of 69 such sites, 50 (72.5%) contained at least one type of the organism. Of the 50 positive sites, 31, 12, 1 and 10 contained, respectively, types B, C, D and E. Most of the demonstrations of type B required trypsinization of culture filtrates. An examination of 7 lakes in Edinburgh, made for the purpose of comparison, showed that 4 contained type B and one type C. An analysis of the results gave quantitative information on the value of (1) resampling apparently negative lakes, (2) the use of both heated and unheated culture inocula, and (3) trypsinization of culture filtrates.", "contents": "Clostridium botulinum in the lakes and waterways of London. Mud samples collected during 1974 from a large proportion of the lakes and waterways of London were examined for Clostridium botulinum. Of 69 such sites, 50 (72.5%) contained at least one type of the organism. Of the 50 positive sites, 31, 12, 1 and 10 contained, respectively, types B, C, D and E. Most of the demonstrations of type B required trypsinization of culture filtrates. An examination of 7 lakes in Edinburgh, made for the purpose of comparison, showed that 4 contained type B and one type C. An analysis of the results gave quantitative information on the value of (1) resampling apparently negative lakes, (2) the use of both heated and unheated culture inocula, and (3) trypsinization of culture filtrates.", "PMID": 1104711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_829", "title": "A method for simultaneous determination of rosette formation and phagocytosis by cells.", "content": "A fluorescent agent insoluble in water was readily phagocytosed by 5-20% of human blood mononuclear cells, mainly monocytes. These cells were easily detected even amidst abundant rosetting erythrocytes. When rosette assays for the detection of complement or SRBC receptors on the surface of the cells were performed, only phagocytic cells exhibited the complement receptor with the method used in the study, whereas mainly nonphagocytic cells formed SRBC rosettes. The effect on the calculation of the percentage of T lymphocytes (SRBC receptor lymphocytes) of varying amounts of monocytes present in mononuclear cell population is demonstrated. The method presented here might prove useful particularly in studies on Fc or complement receptors on white blood cells.", "contents": "A method for simultaneous determination of rosette formation and phagocytosis by cells. A fluorescent agent insoluble in water was readily phagocytosed by 5-20% of human blood mononuclear cells, mainly monocytes. These cells were easily detected even amidst abundant rosetting erythrocytes. When rosette assays for the detection of complement or SRBC receptors on the surface of the cells were performed, only phagocytic cells exhibited the complement receptor with the method used in the study, whereas mainly nonphagocytic cells formed SRBC rosettes. The effect on the calculation of the percentage of T lymphocytes (SRBC receptor lymphocytes) of varying amounts of monocytes present in mononuclear cell population is demonstrated. The method presented here might prove useful particularly in studies on Fc or complement receptors on white blood cells.", "PMID": 1104712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_830", "title": "Detection of isoelectric focused antibody by autoradiography and hemolysis of antigen-coated erythrocytes. A comparison of methods.", "content": "Mouse anti-group A streptococcal carbohydrate (GAC) antibodies were detected in analytical isoelectric focusing (IEF) acrylamide gels by the hemolysis of GAC-coated sheep erythrocytes immobilized in agarose. This procedure is rapid and reproducible but, because it requires diffusion of antibody from the acrylamide gel into the agarose layer, results in poorer resolution than other methods of detection where antibodies can be fixed in the acrylamide gel after focusing, such as protein staining of purified antibodies or autoradiography of 125I-GAC bound to focused antibodies.", "contents": "Detection of isoelectric focused antibody by autoradiography and hemolysis of antigen-coated erythrocytes. A comparison of methods. Mouse anti-group A streptococcal carbohydrate (GAC) antibodies were detected in analytical isoelectric focusing (IEF) acrylamide gels by the hemolysis of GAC-coated sheep erythrocytes immobilized in agarose. This procedure is rapid and reproducible but, because it requires diffusion of antibody from the acrylamide gel into the agarose layer, results in poorer resolution than other methods of detection where antibodies can be fixed in the acrylamide gel after focusing, such as protein staining of purified antibodies or autoradiography of 125I-GAC bound to focused antibodies.", "PMID": 1104713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_831", "title": "A serial tap method for removal of peritoneal exudate cells from guinea pigs.", "content": "Production by sensitised lymphocytes of Migration Inhibition Factor has been found to correlate with delayed hypersensitivity. A time course study using serially tapped guinea pig peritoneal cells is described.", "contents": "A serial tap method for removal of peritoneal exudate cells from guinea pigs. Production by sensitised lymphocytes of Migration Inhibition Factor has been found to correlate with delayed hypersensitivity. A time course study using serially tapped guinea pig peritoneal cells is described.", "PMID": 1104714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_832", "title": "Juvenile dermatitis herpetiformis versus \"benign chronic bullous dermatosis of childhood.\" Are these immunologic diseases?", "content": "Seven cases of juvenile dermatitis herpetiformis have been investigated. Immunofluorescence and histologic studies were made in all and jejunal biopsies in three. Immunopathologic results were positive in all cases including one that had previously been reported to be negative. Two groups could be distinguished according to clinical and histologic criteria, response to sulfapyridine, and character of the immunoglobulin deposits. The first corresponded to dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) of adults, with characteristic lesions of the jejunal mucosa; the second corresponded either to bullous pemphigoid (BP), although in the majority of the cases without circulating antibasement-membrane antibodies, or to a mixed type with the combined features of DH and BP. Repeated biopsies with serial sections are essential for demonstrating immune deposits. The question arises whether any immunologically negative cases of \"benign chronic bullous dermatosis of childhood\" actually exist.", "contents": "Juvenile dermatitis herpetiformis versus \"benign chronic bullous dermatosis of childhood.\" Are these immunologic diseases? Seven cases of juvenile dermatitis herpetiformis have been investigated. Immunofluorescence and histologic studies were made in all and jejunal biopsies in three. Immunopathologic results were positive in all cases including one that had previously been reported to be negative. Two groups could be distinguished according to clinical and histologic criteria, response to sulfapyridine, and character of the immunoglobulin deposits. The first corresponded to dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) of adults, with characteristic lesions of the jejunal mucosa; the second corresponded either to bullous pemphigoid (BP), although in the majority of the cases without circulating antibasement-membrane antibodies, or to a mixed type with the combined features of DH and BP. Repeated biopsies with serial sections are essential for demonstrating immune deposits. The question arises whether any immunologically negative cases of \"benign chronic bullous dermatosis of childhood\" actually exist.", "PMID": 1104719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_833", "title": "Pustular psoriasis elicited by streptococcal antigen and localized to the sweat pore.", "content": "A woman, aged 39 years, presented with a localized, painful, pustular eruption of the neck, scalp, and finger of five years' duration. A diagnosis of pustular psoriasis was made clinically and histologically. It was possible to reproduce the disease by the intradermal injection of killed Group A streptococcal organisms. The induced pustules, as well as those appearing clinically, were intraepidermal and indistinguishable from the Kogoj spongiform abscess, and on serial sectioning showed a distinctive localization to the acryosyringium. Immunosuppressant as well as antistreptococcal therapy in the form of cyclophosphamide and clindamycin was of help. The process is classified as a nonvasculitic pustular bacterid, and as a prototype for antigen localization of lesions to the occluded epidermal sweat duct unit.", "contents": "Pustular psoriasis elicited by streptococcal antigen and localized to the sweat pore. A woman, aged 39 years, presented with a localized, painful, pustular eruption of the neck, scalp, and finger of five years' duration. A diagnosis of pustular psoriasis was made clinically and histologically. It was possible to reproduce the disease by the intradermal injection of killed Group A streptococcal organisms. The induced pustules, as well as those appearing clinically, were intraepidermal and indistinguishable from the Kogoj spongiform abscess, and on serial sectioning showed a distinctive localization to the acryosyringium. Immunosuppressant as well as antistreptococcal therapy in the form of cyclophosphamide and clindamycin was of help. The process is classified as a nonvasculitic pustular bacterid, and as a prototype for antigen localization of lesions to the occluded epidermal sweat duct unit.", "PMID": 1104720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_834", "title": "Antimicrobial resistance and R-factor transfer among isolates of Salmonella in the northeastern United States: a comparison of human and animal isolates.", "content": "The antimicrobial susceptibility of 718 isolates of Salmonella from humans and of 688 isolates from animals was examined. Of the 46 different serotypes among the isolates from humans, Salmonella typhimurium accounted for 34%. Thirty percent of isolates were resistant to one or more antibiotic(s). Resistance to streptomycin was most common; resistance to tetracycline was next most common. Over 50% of isolates of S. typhimurium and Salmonella newport were resistant to four antibiotics. Resistance to tetracycline, kanamycin, and ampicillin has increased steadily during the past decade. Most strains possessed R-factors, and resistance to ampicillin, streptomycin, sulfisoxazole, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, and kanamycin (but not that to cephalothin) was transferable. Among the salmonellae commonly isolated from humans, only Salmonella enteritidis showed limited resistance to antibiotics (5.8%). Antibiotic resistance of isolates of S. typhimurium, Salmonella saint-paul, and Salmonella heidelberg from animals was similar to the resistance of isolates from humans. Resistance to kanamycin increased markedly over the level noted in previous studies. R-factor prevalence was high. Antibiograms of the isolates from animals and humans were similar, although some patterns were seen only in isolates from one source. Ampicillin resistance was more common in human isolates, and resistance to tetracycline, sulfonamide, and streptomycin was more common in animal isolates. Salmonellae of serotypes other than S. typhimurium that came from humans were less resistant to all antibiotics than were isolates from animals.", "contents": "Antimicrobial resistance and R-factor transfer among isolates of Salmonella in the northeastern United States: a comparison of human and animal isolates. The antimicrobial susceptibility of 718 isolates of Salmonella from humans and of 688 isolates from animals was examined. Of the 46 different serotypes among the isolates from humans, Salmonella typhimurium accounted for 34%. Thirty percent of isolates were resistant to one or more antibiotic(s). Resistance to streptomycin was most common; resistance to tetracycline was next most common. Over 50% of isolates of S. typhimurium and Salmonella newport were resistant to four antibiotics. Resistance to tetracycline, kanamycin, and ampicillin has increased steadily during the past decade. Most strains possessed R-factors, and resistance to ampicillin, streptomycin, sulfisoxazole, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, and kanamycin (but not that to cephalothin) was transferable. Among the salmonellae commonly isolated from humans, only Salmonella enteritidis showed limited resistance to antibiotics (5.8%). Antibiotic resistance of isolates of S. typhimurium, Salmonella saint-paul, and Salmonella heidelberg from animals was similar to the resistance of isolates from humans. Resistance to kanamycin increased markedly over the level noted in previous studies. R-factor prevalence was high. Antibiograms of the isolates from animals and humans were similar, although some patterns were seen only in isolates from one source. Ampicillin resistance was more common in human isolates, and resistance to tetracycline, sulfonamide, and streptomycin was more common in animal isolates. Salmonellae of serotypes other than S. typhimurium that came from humans were less resistant to all antibiotics than were isolates from animals.", "PMID": 1104721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_835", "title": "The immune response to acute otitis media in children. II. Serum and middle ear fluid antibody in otitis media due to Haemophilus influenza.", "content": "The antibody response in serum and middle ear fluid was studied in 40 children less than two years of age who had otitis media due to Haemophilus influenzae. Specific antibody in serum was determined by either a bacteriocidal test or an indirect fluorescent antibody test, and in the middle ear fluid by the latter test. For both assays the infecting bacterium of the patient was used. Half of the acute sera and three-fourths of the convalescent sera had antibody of at least one of the IgG, IgM, or IgA classes; IgG occurred most often. Fourteen patients had significant increases in specific antibody in the convalescent serum. Middle ear fluids from 22 to 29 patients had specific antibody. IgG and IgA antibodies occurred with equal frequency, but IgA antibody was found more often in middle ear fluids when IgA antibody was absent from serum. Thus it appears that infants with otitis media respond systemically and locally with specific antibody to H. influenzae.", "contents": "The immune response to acute otitis media in children. II. Serum and middle ear fluid antibody in otitis media due to Haemophilus influenza. The antibody response in serum and middle ear fluid was studied in 40 children less than two years of age who had otitis media due to Haemophilus influenzae. Specific antibody in serum was determined by either a bacteriocidal test or an indirect fluorescent antibody test, and in the middle ear fluid by the latter test. For both assays the infecting bacterium of the patient was used. Half of the acute sera and three-fourths of the convalescent sera had antibody of at least one of the IgG, IgM, or IgA classes; IgG occurred most often. Fourteen patients had significant increases in specific antibody in the convalescent serum. Middle ear fluids from 22 to 29 patients had specific antibody. IgG and IgA antibodies occurred with equal frequency, but IgA antibody was found more often in middle ear fluids when IgA antibody was absent from serum. Thus it appears that infants with otitis media respond systemically and locally with specific antibody to H. influenzae.", "PMID": 1104722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_836", "title": "Leukocyte migration in vivo: a new method of study.", "content": "Quantitative in vivo migration of leukocytes into tissue has been analyzed by a new technique. This new method differs from previous methods by utilizing tape stripping of skin rather than skin abrasion, thereby preserving dermal vascular endothelium and the basal lamina of the epidermis. By preserving these two physiologic membranes, this technique simulates physiologic leukotaxis. Results in sixteen control patients revealed a mean of 1.12 X 10(6) leukocytes per chamber per 24 hours. In four patients with immunodeficiency this value was of 9.26 X 10(3) leukocytes per chamber per 24 hours clearly distinguishing this group from control groups (p less than 0.01). Reproducibility of duplicate chambers, simplicity, and comfort of the plastic chambers enhance its use by the clinical investigator as a secreening test for abnormalities in leukocyte movement.", "contents": "Leukocyte migration in vivo: a new method of study. Quantitative in vivo migration of leukocytes into tissue has been analyzed by a new technique. This new method differs from previous methods by utilizing tape stripping of skin rather than skin abrasion, thereby preserving dermal vascular endothelium and the basal lamina of the epidermis. By preserving these two physiologic membranes, this technique simulates physiologic leukotaxis. Results in sixteen control patients revealed a mean of 1.12 X 10(6) leukocytes per chamber per 24 hours. In four patients with immunodeficiency this value was of 9.26 X 10(3) leukocytes per chamber per 24 hours clearly distinguishing this group from control groups (p less than 0.01). Reproducibility of duplicate chambers, simplicity, and comfort of the plastic chambers enhance its use by the clinical investigator as a secreening test for abnormalities in leukocyte movement.", "PMID": 1104726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_837", "title": "Determination of urinary carbamylaspartate and dihydro-orotate in normal subjects and in patients with hereditary orotic aciduria.", "content": "An isotope dilution assay for urinary dihydro-orotic acid and carbamylaspartic acid (CAA) has been developed which has been shown to yield accurate measurements for these pyrimidine precurosrs. Dihydro-orotic acid could not be detected in 24-hour urine specimens from 10 normal adults and 7 normal children, or in specimens from 2 children with hereditary orotic aciduria Type I. Small amounts (approximately 10 mumole per 24 hours) of carbamylaspartic acid are excreted in normal urine, and there was a modest elevation in CAA excretion in the 2 patients with hereditary orotic aciduria.", "contents": "Determination of urinary carbamylaspartate and dihydro-orotate in normal subjects and in patients with hereditary orotic aciduria. An isotope dilution assay for urinary dihydro-orotic acid and carbamylaspartic acid (CAA) has been developed which has been shown to yield accurate measurements for these pyrimidine precurosrs. Dihydro-orotic acid could not be detected in 24-hour urine specimens from 10 normal adults and 7 normal children, or in specimens from 2 children with hereditary orotic aciduria Type I. Small amounts (approximately 10 mumole per 24 hours) of carbamylaspartic acid are excreted in normal urine, and there was a modest elevation in CAA excretion in the 2 patients with hereditary orotic aciduria.", "PMID": 1104727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_838", "title": "A comparison of methods of extra temporal facial nerve repair.", "content": "The development during the past 100 years of methods of repair of the divided facial nerve is discussed, from the early attempts to bring the nerve ends together inside a tube of vein. The success of the repair is enhanced by the care of the blood supply to the nerve and by measures to avoid scar developing between the ends of the nerve. Rest of the suture line is aided by the support of some form of tube, but unless this latter is kept below I cm. in length interference with the radial blood vessels to the nerve occurs. Intubation also encourages parallel growth of the nerve fibres and discourages fibroblast proliferation. Animal experimentation shows that the results when a soft silicone tube of special shape is used are superior to those obtained if the nerve is left free in the tissues, buried in muscle, or placed inside a vein.", "contents": "A comparison of methods of extra temporal facial nerve repair. The development during the past 100 years of methods of repair of the divided facial nerve is discussed, from the early attempts to bring the nerve ends together inside a tube of vein. The success of the repair is enhanced by the care of the blood supply to the nerve and by measures to avoid scar developing between the ends of the nerve. Rest of the suture line is aided by the support of some form of tube, but unless this latter is kept below I cm. in length interference with the radial blood vessels to the nerve occurs. Intubation also encourages parallel growth of the nerve fibres and discourages fibroblast proliferation. Animal experimentation shows that the results when a soft silicone tube of special shape is used are superior to those obtained if the nerve is left free in the tissues, buried in muscle, or placed inside a vein.", "PMID": 1104730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_839", "title": "BCG in cancer and leukemia treatment and prophylaxis-A review.", "content": "Five international oncology meetings crystallized the concept that the immune system plays a dominant role in the prevention and inhibition of neoplasia; that the cancer antigens are relatively weak, therefore eliminating weak or uneffective cellular immunity which is paramount in tumor rejection; that humoral antibodies against neoplastic antigens may block the cytotoxic action of T cells against the tumor cells. A number of agents have been found capable of stimulating the immune system (T-cell activation) but from a clinical standpoint BCG had had the widest application in a variety of tumors and leukemia. Thus the emphasis in this review will be on BCG.", "contents": "BCG in cancer and leukemia treatment and prophylaxis-A review. Five international oncology meetings crystallized the concept that the immune system plays a dominant role in the prevention and inhibition of neoplasia; that the cancer antigens are relatively weak, therefore eliminating weak or uneffective cellular immunity which is paramount in tumor rejection; that humoral antibodies against neoplastic antigens may block the cytotoxic action of T cells against the tumor cells. A number of agents have been found capable of stimulating the immune system (T-cell activation) but from a clinical standpoint BCG had had the widest application in a variety of tumors and leukemia. Thus the emphasis in this review will be on BCG.", "PMID": 1104732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_840", "title": "A technique for intensifying BCG sensitivity.", "content": "Sensitization to BCG (Bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin) appears to be more effective when it is carried out at the site of a delayed hypersensitivity challenge reaction to DNCB (1-chloro, 2,4-dinitrobenzene) than when it is carried out at unchallenged sites in non-sensitized animals. The effectiveness of BCG sensitization was determined by measurement of the intensity of the PPD (Purified Protein Derivative of tuberculin) 24-hour skin test. Possible mechanisms for this phenomenon and its implications for cancer immunotherapy are considered.", "contents": "A technique for intensifying BCG sensitivity. Sensitization to BCG (Bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin) appears to be more effective when it is carried out at the site of a delayed hypersensitivity challenge reaction to DNCB (1-chloro, 2,4-dinitrobenzene) than when it is carried out at unchallenged sites in non-sensitized animals. The effectiveness of BCG sensitization was determined by measurement of the intensity of the PPD (Purified Protein Derivative of tuberculin) 24-hour skin test. Possible mechanisms for this phenomenon and its implications for cancer immunotherapy are considered.", "PMID": 1104733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_841", "title": "Potential roles of androgens and the anabolic steroids in the treatment of cancer - a review.", "content": "Androgenic hormones are utilized in clinical practice as a bone marrow stimulant as well as replacement therapy in certain endocrinologic disorders. In the oncologic realm breast cancer has shown some responsiveness to pharmacologic doses of androgens. However, recent work reveals that androgens are capable of stimulating the fibrinolytic mechanism and more importantly enhance the immune response. These latter properties represent a significant new role for the androgens and anabolic agents. Hence, adjunctive utilization of androgens with cancer chemotherapeutic agents may result in an effective synergistic combination in the therapy of malignant disease.", "contents": "Potential roles of androgens and the anabolic steroids in the treatment of cancer - a review. Androgenic hormones are utilized in clinical practice as a bone marrow stimulant as well as replacement therapy in certain endocrinologic disorders. In the oncologic realm breast cancer has shown some responsiveness to pharmacologic doses of androgens. However, recent work reveals that androgens are capable of stimulating the fibrinolytic mechanism and more importantly enhance the immune response. These latter properties represent a significant new role for the androgens and anabolic agents. Hence, adjunctive utilization of androgens with cancer chemotherapeutic agents may result in an effective synergistic combination in the therapy of malignant disease.", "PMID": 1104734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_842", "title": "Effects of hypophysectomy and short-term growth hormone replacement on insulin release from and glucose metabolism in isolated rat islets of Langerhans.", "content": "The effects of hypophysectomy and short-term GH replacement on insulin release and on some aspects of glucose metabolism in isolated rat islets of Langerhans were investigated. The effects on body, pancreas and adrenal gland weights, and on the levels of blood plasma constituents were also measured. Three to four weeks after hypophysectomy the early and late phases of insulin release from islets incubated with high concentrations of glucose, but not with low concentrations of glucose or with xylitol, leucine, arginine, tolbutamide, citrate or butyrate, were significantly lowered. Short-term GH replacement partially reversed the depression in glucose-stimulated insulin release. This reversal effect was not dependent on the increase in body weight of rats after GH replacement when the fall in adrenal gland but not in pancreas weight was also reversed. Nine out of the 12 plasma constituents measured, including glucose, were maintained in the control range of levels, but albumin, inorganic phosphate and urea nitrogen levels were altered after hypophysectomy or GH replacement. Three to four weeks after hypophysectomy, total glucose oxidation and glucose utilization by the islets were slightly depressed. Hypophysectomy appeared to slow down glucose 6-phosphate utilization in the islets. However, the functional capacity of the glucose phosphorylating, glucose-6-phosphate and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase activities were not changed. Short-term GH replacement caused improvements in these islet functions.", "contents": "Effects of hypophysectomy and short-term growth hormone replacement on insulin release from and glucose metabolism in isolated rat islets of Langerhans. The effects of hypophysectomy and short-term GH replacement on insulin release and on some aspects of glucose metabolism in isolated rat islets of Langerhans were investigated. The effects on body, pancreas and adrenal gland weights, and on the levels of blood plasma constituents were also measured. Three to four weeks after hypophysectomy the early and late phases of insulin release from islets incubated with high concentrations of glucose, but not with low concentrations of glucose or with xylitol, leucine, arginine, tolbutamide, citrate or butyrate, were significantly lowered. Short-term GH replacement partially reversed the depression in glucose-stimulated insulin release. This reversal effect was not dependent on the increase in body weight of rats after GH replacement when the fall in adrenal gland but not in pancreas weight was also reversed. Nine out of the 12 plasma constituents measured, including glucose, were maintained in the control range of levels, but albumin, inorganic phosphate and urea nitrogen levels were altered after hypophysectomy or GH replacement. Three to four weeks after hypophysectomy, total glucose oxidation and glucose utilization by the islets were slightly depressed. Hypophysectomy appeared to slow down glucose 6-phosphate utilization in the islets. However, the functional capacity of the glucose phosphorylating, glucose-6-phosphate and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase activities were not changed. Short-term GH replacement caused improvements in these islet functions.", "PMID": 1104738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_843", "title": "Changes in insulin content of, and insulin and RNA synthesis in, isolated rat islets of Langerhans after hypophysectomy and short-term growth hormone replacement.", "content": "Three to four weeks after hypophysectomy, the insulin content and glucose-stimulated insulin or total RNA synthesis in the pancreatic islets were estimated. The ratio of the glucose-stimulated insulin release to the islet insulin content was lowered. After short-term GH replacement, insulin release and insulin content were slightly increased such that the ratio of release to content remained virtually unaltered. Glucose-stimulated insulin synthesis was also depressed but improved slightly after GH replacement. However, there was no significant change in the incorporation of [5-3H]uridine into islet total RNA after hypophysectomy or subsequent GH replacement.", "contents": "Changes in insulin content of, and insulin and RNA synthesis in, isolated rat islets of Langerhans after hypophysectomy and short-term growth hormone replacement. Three to four weeks after hypophysectomy, the insulin content and glucose-stimulated insulin or total RNA synthesis in the pancreatic islets were estimated. The ratio of the glucose-stimulated insulin release to the islet insulin content was lowered. After short-term GH replacement, insulin release and insulin content were slightly increased such that the ratio of release to content remained virtually unaltered. Glucose-stimulated insulin synthesis was also depressed but improved slightly after GH replacement. However, there was no significant change in the incorporation of [5-3H]uridine into islet total RNA after hypophysectomy or subsequent GH replacement.", "PMID": 1104739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_844", "title": "Identification and characterization of the monoblast in mononuclear phagocyte colonies grown in vitro.", "content": "A liquid culture technique for growing mononuclear phagocyte colonies on a glass surface is described. This useful and reliable technique made it possible to study immature mononuclear phagocytes. In the mononuclear phagocyte colonies the cells grow separate from each other in a single layer. Three types of cells are recognized in these colonies, namely nondividing macrophages, and proliferating promonocytes and monoblasts. The macrophage and the promonocyte exhibit the typical characteristics previously demonstrated by the other methods, whereas the monoblast could only be fully characterized by the present liquid culture method. This proliferating cell (labeling index with [3H]thymidine, 92-96%) is almost round (diameters, 10 X 10 mum), has only a small rim of strongly basophilic cytoplasm, almost devoid of granules, and shows a certain degree of ruffling of the cell surface. The monoblast is positive for esterase with alpha-naphthyl butyrate as substrate (91%), for peroxidase (78% in the peroxidase-positive colonies), and lysozyme (43%). The monoblast is able to pinocytize dextran sulphate (15-20%) and to phagocytize opsonized bacteria (20-30%), latex particles (47%), and IgG-coated red cells (96%). IgG receptors (94%) and complement receptors (16%) are present at the cell surface. In these respects the monoblast has the typical characteristics of the mononuclear phagocytes, but its properties show it to be a more immature cell type than the promonocyte. On the basis of these criteria and the sequence of appearance of the different cell types during incubation and during the development of the individual mononuclear phagocyte colony, monoblasts being present before promonocytes appear in the colony, it is concluded that the monoblast is the precursor of the promonocyte. In these cultures granulocyte colonies are also formed, consisting of myeloblasts, (pro)myelocytes, stabs, and polymorphonuclear neutrophils. Besides the typically tight structure of this kind of colony, the granulocytic cells themselves are quite distinct from the mononuclear phagocytes by their morphology, cytochemical characteristics (e.g. all negative for esterase with alpha-naphthyl butyrate, but 96% positive with N-acetyl DL-alanyl 1-naphthylester), functional characteristics (pinocytic index 13-21%; phagocytic index; for opsonized bacteria 15-36%, for latex particles 10%, and for IgG-coated red cells 0%), and their very small number of IgG receptors and lack of complement receptors. On the basis of these criteria, these granulocytic cells are easily distinguished from the immature cells of the mononuclear phagocyte colonies. The present study confirms the conclusion that the mononuclear phagocytes are a separate cell line, quite distinct from the granulocytic series, since even the most immature cells so far identified--the monoblast and the myeloblast--have quite different characteristics.", "contents": "Identification and characterization of the monoblast in mononuclear phagocyte colonies grown in vitro. A liquid culture technique for growing mononuclear phagocyte colonies on a glass surface is described. This useful and reliable technique made it possible to study immature mononuclear phagocytes. In the mononuclear phagocyte colonies the cells grow separate from each other in a single layer. Three types of cells are recognized in these colonies, namely nondividing macrophages, and proliferating promonocytes and monoblasts. The macrophage and the promonocyte exhibit the typical characteristics previously demonstrated by the other methods, whereas the monoblast could only be fully characterized by the present liquid culture method. This proliferating cell (labeling index with [3H]thymidine, 92-96%) is almost round (diameters, 10 X 10 mum), has only a small rim of strongly basophilic cytoplasm, almost devoid of granules, and shows a certain degree of ruffling of the cell surface. The monoblast is positive for esterase with alpha-naphthyl butyrate as substrate (91%), for peroxidase (78% in the peroxidase-positive colonies), and lysozyme (43%). The monoblast is able to pinocytize dextran sulphate (15-20%) and to phagocytize opsonized bacteria (20-30%), latex particles (47%), and IgG-coated red cells (96%). IgG receptors (94%) and complement receptors (16%) are present at the cell surface. In these respects the monoblast has the typical characteristics of the mononuclear phagocytes, but its properties show it to be a more immature cell type than the promonocyte. On the basis of these criteria and the sequence of appearance of the different cell types during incubation and during the development of the individual mononuclear phagocyte colony, monoblasts being present before promonocytes appear in the colony, it is concluded that the monoblast is the precursor of the promonocyte. In these cultures granulocyte colonies are also formed, consisting of myeloblasts, (pro)myelocytes, stabs, and polymorphonuclear neutrophils. Besides the typically tight structure of this kind of colony, the granulocytic cells themselves are quite distinct from the mononuclear phagocytes by their morphology, cytochemical characteristics (e.g. all negative for esterase with alpha-naphthyl butyrate, but 96% positive with N-acetyl DL-alanyl 1-naphthylester), functional characteristics (pinocytic index 13-21%; phagocytic index; for opsonized bacteria 15-36%, for latex particles 10%, and for IgG-coated red cells 0%), and their very small number of IgG receptors and lack of complement receptors. On the basis of these criteria, these granulocytic cells are easily distinguished from the immature cells of the mononuclear phagocyte colonies. The present study confirms the conclusion that the mononuclear phagocytes are a separate cell line, quite distinct from the granulocytic series, since even the most immature cells so far identified--the monoblast and the myeloblast--have quite different characteristics.", "PMID": 1104740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_845", "title": "T and B cell in hapten-specific carrier-determined tolerance.", "content": "BDF1 mice were made tolerant by a single i.v. injection of 1 mg of DNAP-gamma1 or by weekly i.v. injections of 0.2 mg of DNP-gamma1 given for a month. In both instances, spleen cells of tolerant animals were fractionated to obtain pure populations of T cells (nonimmunoglobulin-bearing cells), referred to as tolerant T cells, and B cells (immunoglobulin-bearing cells) referred to as tolerant B cells (immunoglobulin-bearing cells) referred to as tolerant B cells. The control cells were similarly fractionated to obtain normal T and B cells. Mixtures of tolerant T cells and normal B cells, or conversely, normal T cells and tolerant B cells were used to repopulate lethally irradiated recipients. These recipients were then immunized with dinitrophenyl-keyhole limpet haemocyanin and in certain instances with other antigen horse red blood cells. The immune response to both antigens was measured using the direct hemolytic plaque assay. It was found that both T and B cells were tolerant and that tolerance was hapten specific at both T- and B-cell levels. While B-cell tolerance was demonstrated at a 1/1 T/B ratio, a 4/1 T/B ratio was necessary to show T-cell tolerance. Thus, the hapten-specific carrier-determined tolerance involves not only B cells but also T cells. The implication of this finding for the cellular mechanism of tolerance in an experimental model closely related to self tolerance is discussed.", "contents": "T and B cell in hapten-specific carrier-determined tolerance. BDF1 mice were made tolerant by a single i.v. injection of 1 mg of DNAP-gamma1 or by weekly i.v. injections of 0.2 mg of DNP-gamma1 given for a month. In both instances, spleen cells of tolerant animals were fractionated to obtain pure populations of T cells (nonimmunoglobulin-bearing cells), referred to as tolerant T cells, and B cells (immunoglobulin-bearing cells) referred to as tolerant B cells (immunoglobulin-bearing cells) referred to as tolerant B cells. The control cells were similarly fractionated to obtain normal T and B cells. Mixtures of tolerant T cells and normal B cells, or conversely, normal T cells and tolerant B cells were used to repopulate lethally irradiated recipients. These recipients were then immunized with dinitrophenyl-keyhole limpet haemocyanin and in certain instances with other antigen horse red blood cells. The immune response to both antigens was measured using the direct hemolytic plaque assay. It was found that both T and B cells were tolerant and that tolerance was hapten specific at both T- and B-cell levels. While B-cell tolerance was demonstrated at a 1/1 T/B ratio, a 4/1 T/B ratio was necessary to show T-cell tolerance. Thus, the hapten-specific carrier-determined tolerance involves not only B cells but also T cells. The implication of this finding for the cellular mechanism of tolerance in an experimental model closely related to self tolerance is discussed.", "PMID": 1104741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_846", "title": "Requirement for T cells in the production of migration inhibitory factor.", "content": "The question whether B lymphocytes are capable of being activated by antigen in the absence of functional T cells was investigated in a model that excludes participation of T cells by virtue of an immune response gene restriction. Strain 2 guinea pigs are capable of responding to immunization with DNP-PLL, whereas strain 13 animals are not. In the present experiments, animals of both strains were immunized with DNP-PLL complexed to ovalbumin (DNP-PLL-Ova) under conditions in which equal titers of antibodies to DNP were produced by both strains. The failure of T cells of strain 13 animals to respond to DNP-PLL was confirmed by the virus plaque assay. While spleen cells from both strains produced MIF after stimulation with DNP-PLL-Ova, in response to DNP-PLL only strain 2 spleens were able to produce MIF. Cells from neither strain could be activated by DNP-guinea pig albumin to produce MIF. We conclude that B lymphocytes are incapable of being stimulated by antigen in the absence of T cells, and that MIF production is a thymus-dependent response. While the results indicate that MIF production is a valid qualitative assay for T-cell competence, since MIF can be produced by B and T cells, the degree of migration inhibition cannot be regarded as a quantitative measure of T-cell function.", "contents": "Requirement for T cells in the production of migration inhibitory factor. The question whether B lymphocytes are capable of being activated by antigen in the absence of functional T cells was investigated in a model that excludes participation of T cells by virtue of an immune response gene restriction. Strain 2 guinea pigs are capable of responding to immunization with DNP-PLL, whereas strain 13 animals are not. In the present experiments, animals of both strains were immunized with DNP-PLL complexed to ovalbumin (DNP-PLL-Ova) under conditions in which equal titers of antibodies to DNP were produced by both strains. The failure of T cells of strain 13 animals to respond to DNP-PLL was confirmed by the virus plaque assay. While spleen cells from both strains produced MIF after stimulation with DNP-PLL-Ova, in response to DNP-PLL only strain 2 spleens were able to produce MIF. Cells from neither strain could be activated by DNP-guinea pig albumin to produce MIF. We conclude that B lymphocytes are incapable of being stimulated by antigen in the absence of T cells, and that MIF production is a thymus-dependent response. While the results indicate that MIF production is a valid qualitative assay for T-cell competence, since MIF can be produced by B and T cells, the degree of migration inhibition cannot be regarded as a quantitative measure of T-cell function.", "PMID": 1104742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_847", "title": "Cellular basis of tolerance in neonatally induced mouse chimeras.", "content": "In mice, thymectomized as young adults, neonatally induced tolerance persists in the putative absence of cell chimerism. The finding provides evidence that a selective deficiency of specific clones of lymphocytes exists in transplantation tolerance when induced under the conditions of these experiments.", "contents": "Cellular basis of tolerance in neonatally induced mouse chimeras. In mice, thymectomized as young adults, neonatally induced tolerance persists in the putative absence of cell chimerism. The finding provides evidence that a selective deficiency of specific clones of lymphocytes exists in transplantation tolerance when induced under the conditions of these experiments.", "PMID": 1104743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_848", "title": "The occurrence of the HL-B alloantigens on the cells of unclassified acute lymphoblastic leukemias.", "content": "Six cases of acute lymphoblastic leukemia were studied by a variety of T- and B-lymphocyte surface markers. Two appeared to represent T-cell leukemias with the lymphoblasts forming sheep erythrocyte rosettes. The other four lacked all the usual membrane markers. However, indirect immunofluorescence with alloantisera detected the presence of the Ia-related HL-B antigens on the cells of the latter four cases; these antigens were absent in the first two cases. The primary association of the HL-B antigens with B cells raises the possibility that the positive group of cases are of B-cell lineage.", "contents": "The occurrence of the HL-B alloantigens on the cells of unclassified acute lymphoblastic leukemias. Six cases of acute lymphoblastic leukemia were studied by a variety of T- and B-lymphocyte surface markers. Two appeared to represent T-cell leukemias with the lymphoblasts forming sheep erythrocyte rosettes. The other four lacked all the usual membrane markers. However, indirect immunofluorescence with alloantisera detected the presence of the Ia-related HL-B antigens on the cells of the latter four cases; these antigens were absent in the first two cases. The primary association of the HL-B antigens with B cells raises the possibility that the positive group of cases are of B-cell lineage.", "PMID": 1104744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_849", "title": "Fibrinogen/fibrin on the surface of macrophages: detection, distribution, binding requirements, and possible role in macrophage adherence phenomena.", "content": "The peritoneal cavity of guinea pigs proved to be a rich source of mononuclear cells (34-52%) with fibrinogen or fibrin (Fib) on their surface. The Fib was readily detected on the surface of viable cells in suspension by fluorescence microscopy using antisera to guinea pig fibrinogen. The fluorescent staining occurred either in a speckled distribution, similar to that of cytophilic IgG, or in a distinctive net-like pattern that probably represented fibrin formation on the cell surface. The binding of Fib to the cell surface required calcium, but not magnesium, in the medium and could occur in vitro during incubation in heparinized plasma that contained fibrinogen concentrations comparable to that in normal peritoneal fluid (0.58 mg/ml). Cell surface Fib was more susceptible to plasmin and trypsin digestion than surface cytophilic IgG. By morphologic and physiologic criteria, cells exhibiting surface Fib were chiefly, if not exclusively, macrophages. Granulocytes, erythrocytes, and lymphocytes from lymph node and thymus had no sppreciable Fib. Cells with surface Fib were rarely observed among mononuclear cells prepared by Ficoll-Hypaque sedimentation of guinea pig and human blood (1.4 and 4.6%, respectively). Pulmonary alveolar macrophages, functionally distinct from peritoneal macrophages, lacked surface Fib (0.8%). Polymerization of Fib on the surface of macrophages might participate in certain cell interactions, such as the adherence of peritoneal macrophages during the antigen-induced macrophage disappearance reactions. The unexpected finding of Fib binding to the surfaces of peritoneal macrophages raises the possibility of a biologically significant interaction between these cells and the clotting system.", "contents": "Fibrinogen/fibrin on the surface of macrophages: detection, distribution, binding requirements, and possible role in macrophage adherence phenomena. The peritoneal cavity of guinea pigs proved to be a rich source of mononuclear cells (34-52%) with fibrinogen or fibrin (Fib) on their surface. The Fib was readily detected on the surface of viable cells in suspension by fluorescence microscopy using antisera to guinea pig fibrinogen. The fluorescent staining occurred either in a speckled distribution, similar to that of cytophilic IgG, or in a distinctive net-like pattern that probably represented fibrin formation on the cell surface. The binding of Fib to the cell surface required calcium, but not magnesium, in the medium and could occur in vitro during incubation in heparinized plasma that contained fibrinogen concentrations comparable to that in normal peritoneal fluid (0.58 mg/ml). Cell surface Fib was more susceptible to plasmin and trypsin digestion than surface cytophilic IgG. By morphologic and physiologic criteria, cells exhibiting surface Fib were chiefly, if not exclusively, macrophages. Granulocytes, erythrocytes, and lymphocytes from lymph node and thymus had no sppreciable Fib. Cells with surface Fib were rarely observed among mononuclear cells prepared by Ficoll-Hypaque sedimentation of guinea pig and human blood (1.4 and 4.6%, respectively). Pulmonary alveolar macrophages, functionally distinct from peritoneal macrophages, lacked surface Fib (0.8%). Polymerization of Fib on the surface of macrophages might participate in certain cell interactions, such as the adherence of peritoneal macrophages during the antigen-induced macrophage disappearance reactions. The unexpected finding of Fib binding to the surfaces of peritoneal macrophages raises the possibility of a biologically significant interaction between these cells and the clotting system.", "PMID": 1104745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_850", "title": "Genetic control of specific immune suppression. I. Experimental conditions for the stimulation of suppressor cells by the copolymer L-glutamic acid50-L-tyrosine50 (GT) in nonresponder BALB/c mice.", "content": "In the present studies we have confirmed that the random copolymer of L-glutamic acid50-L-tyrosine50 (GT) fails to induce an antibody response in a large number of inbred strains of mice. Nevertheless, GT complexed to methylated bovine serum albumin (MBSA) elicits a GT-specific IgG PFC response in vivo. Furthermore, injection of BALB/c mice with 10 to 100 mug of GT specifically decreases their ability to develop anti-GT PFC responses to a subsequent challenge with GT-MBSA. GT-specific tolerance can be transferred to normal, syngeneic recipients by spleen cells or thymocytes of GT-primed animals. These results indicate that the stimulation of suppressor cells can be observed in nonresponder mice with another synthetic polypeptide besides GAT. Various parameters of GT-specific immunosuppression in BALB/c mice are described. The application of these techniques to the study of the genetic factors controlling the stimulation of specific immune suppression is discussed.", "contents": "Genetic control of specific immune suppression. I. Experimental conditions for the stimulation of suppressor cells by the copolymer L-glutamic acid50-L-tyrosine50 (GT) in nonresponder BALB/c mice. In the present studies we have confirmed that the random copolymer of L-glutamic acid50-L-tyrosine50 (GT) fails to induce an antibody response in a large number of inbred strains of mice. Nevertheless, GT complexed to methylated bovine serum albumin (MBSA) elicits a GT-specific IgG PFC response in vivo. Furthermore, injection of BALB/c mice with 10 to 100 mug of GT specifically decreases their ability to develop anti-GT PFC responses to a subsequent challenge with GT-MBSA. GT-specific tolerance can be transferred to normal, syngeneic recipients by spleen cells or thymocytes of GT-primed animals. These results indicate that the stimulation of suppressor cells can be observed in nonresponder mice with another synthetic polypeptide besides GAT. Various parameters of GT-specific immunosuppression in BALB/c mice are described. The application of these techniques to the study of the genetic factors controlling the stimulation of specific immune suppression is discussed.", "PMID": 1104746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_851", "title": "Immunologic properties of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). II. The unresponsiveness of C3H/HeJ Mouse spleen cells to LPS-induced mitogenesis is dependent on the method used to extract LPS.", "content": "The C3H/HeJ mouse strain, previously shown to be a nonresponder to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced mitogenesis in vitro, was demonstrated by the present studies to be competent to respond mitogenically to LPS, but only to LPS preparations obtained by selected extraction methods. These preparations appear to be confined to LPS isolated by mild extraction techniques, such as TCA or butanol. In contrast, those obtained by techniques utilizing phenol were only weakly stimulatory or completely nonstimulatory for spleen cells from the C3H/HeJ. All LPS preparations tested, on the other hand, were highly stimulatory for cells from another mouse strain, namely the C3H/St. The critical importance of the method of extraction of LPS on its mitogenic activity for C3H/HeJ cells was stressed by experiments in which LPS was prepared  from Escherichia coli K235 using either of two procedures. In these experiments, phenol-extracted LPS, although mitogenic in the C3H/St, was completely nonstimulatory in the C3H/HeJ; whereas, butanol-extracted LPS was highly stimulatory in both strains of mice. This striking difference was attributed to a destructive effect of phenol on LPS, as demonstrated by the fact that treatment of butanol LPS with phenol resulted in a total loss of its mitogenic activity in the C3H/HeJ, but in only a partial loss in the C3H/St. In general, the mitogenic response observed with selected LPS preparations in the C3H/HeJ was quantitatively lower and more transient than that seen with the C3H/St, although qualitatively these responses appeared to be similar. This was evidenced by the observation that in both mouse strains LPS was a specific mitogen for B cells, a property which was also attributed in both strains to the same distinct structural region of the LPS molecule, that is lipid A. A preparation of LPS that failed to stimulate B cells from the C3H/HeJ nonetheless had the capacity to block activation of these B cells by a stimulatory preparation of LPS. These results strongly suggest that mitogenic stimulation of B cells by LPS is a function of the structural integrity of both the LPS molecule and putative B-cell receptors for LPS.", "contents": "Immunologic properties of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). II. The unresponsiveness of C3H/HeJ Mouse spleen cells to LPS-induced mitogenesis is dependent on the method used to extract LPS. The C3H/HeJ mouse strain, previously shown to be a nonresponder to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced mitogenesis in vitro, was demonstrated by the present studies to be competent to respond mitogenically to LPS, but only to LPS preparations obtained by selected extraction methods. These preparations appear to be confined to LPS isolated by mild extraction techniques, such as TCA or butanol. In contrast, those obtained by techniques utilizing phenol were only weakly stimulatory or completely nonstimulatory for spleen cells from the C3H/HeJ. All LPS preparations tested, on the other hand, were highly stimulatory for cells from another mouse strain, namely the C3H/St. The critical importance of the method of extraction of LPS on its mitogenic activity for C3H/HeJ cells was stressed by experiments in which LPS was prepared  from Escherichia coli K235 using either of two procedures. In these experiments, phenol-extracted LPS, although mitogenic in the C3H/St, was completely nonstimulatory in the C3H/HeJ; whereas, butanol-extracted LPS was highly stimulatory in both strains of mice. This striking difference was attributed to a destructive effect of phenol on LPS, as demonstrated by the fact that treatment of butanol LPS with phenol resulted in a total loss of its mitogenic activity in the C3H/HeJ, but in only a partial loss in the C3H/St. In general, the mitogenic response observed with selected LPS preparations in the C3H/HeJ was quantitatively lower and more transient than that seen with the C3H/St, although qualitatively these responses appeared to be similar. This was evidenced by the observation that in both mouse strains LPS was a specific mitogen for B cells, a property which was also attributed in both strains to the same distinct structural region of the LPS molecule, that is lipid A. A preparation of LPS that failed to stimulate B cells from the C3H/HeJ nonetheless had the capacity to block activation of these B cells by a stimulatory preparation of LPS. These results strongly suggest that mitogenic stimulation of B cells by LPS is a function of the structural integrity of both the LPS molecule and putative B-cell receptors for LPS.", "PMID": 1104747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_852", "title": "A mechanism for the induction of immunological tolerance by antigen feeding: antigen-antibody complexes.", "content": "We have previously reported on the induction, in mice, of a systemic (splenic) immune response with IgA as the dominant antibody, as a result of a short (4 day) intragastric immunization course with foreign erythrocytes. This response was followed by a prolonged period of hyporesponsiveness to similarly administered antigen. Here it is shown that this hyporesponsiveness is also manifested towards antigen given intraperitoneally, and that one is therefore dealing with tolerance, not with failure to absorb antigen from the gut. In contrast, mice primed parenterally and then challenged intragastrically behaved as if never having any previous contact with the antigen, i.e., with a primary-type splenic response of predominant IgA character. This agrees with our former conclusion that splenic responses to enterically absorbed antigen reflect colonization of the spleen by cells sensitized locally in the gut wall, a site not readily primed by the parenteral route. Serum from intragastrically immunized mice contained a very active tolerogen. In vivo, it was capable of conferring tolerance to nonimmune recipient mice. In vitro, it paralyzed the activity of antibody-producing cells. Inhibitory sera has weak antibody activity, restricted to the IgA class, and contained immune complexes reacting with rheumatoid factor but not with C1q. Elimination of these complexes by means by insolubilized rheumatoid factor abolished the tolerogenic effect. In conclusion, the enterically induced tolerogen seems to consist of immune complexes with IgA as the antibody.", "contents": "A mechanism for the induction of immunological tolerance by antigen feeding: antigen-antibody complexes. We have previously reported on the induction, in mice, of a systemic (splenic) immune response with IgA as the dominant antibody, as a result of a short (4 day) intragastric immunization course with foreign erythrocytes. This response was followed by a prolonged period of hyporesponsiveness to similarly administered antigen. Here it is shown that this hyporesponsiveness is also manifested towards antigen given intraperitoneally, and that one is therefore dealing with tolerance, not with failure to absorb antigen from the gut. In contrast, mice primed parenterally and then challenged intragastrically behaved as if never having any previous contact with the antigen, i.e., with a primary-type splenic response of predominant IgA character. This agrees with our former conclusion that splenic responses to enterically absorbed antigen reflect colonization of the spleen by cells sensitized locally in the gut wall, a site not readily primed by the parenteral route. Serum from intragastrically immunized mice contained a very active tolerogen. In vivo, it was capable of conferring tolerance to nonimmune recipient mice. In vitro, it paralyzed the activity of antibody-producing cells. Inhibitory sera has weak antibody activity, restricted to the IgA class, and contained immune complexes reacting with rheumatoid factor but not with C1q. Elimination of these complexes by means by insolubilized rheumatoid factor abolished the tolerogenic effect. In conclusion, the enterically induced tolerogen seems to consist of immune complexes with IgA as the antibody.", "PMID": 1104748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_853", "title": "Experimental amyloidosis: the inducer is a polyclonal B-cell activator to which susceptibility is under genetic control.", "content": "Experimental amyloidosis in mice can be induced by repeated injections of casein. It has now been demonstrated that casein induces strong polyclonal antibody synthesis in mouse B spleen lymphocytes. This effect is much more pronounced in spleen cells from anyloid-susceptible mice (CBA/J) than amyloid-resistant mice (A/J). It is suggested that amyloidosis can be due in some instances to a constant exposure for molecules which induce polyclonal B-cell activation.", "contents": "Experimental amyloidosis: the inducer is a polyclonal B-cell activator to which susceptibility is under genetic control. Experimental amyloidosis in mice can be induced by repeated injections of casein. It has now been demonstrated that casein induces strong polyclonal antibody synthesis in mouse B spleen lymphocytes. This effect is much more pronounced in spleen cells from anyloid-susceptible mice (CBA/J) than amyloid-resistant mice (A/J). It is suggested that amyloidosis can be due in some instances to a constant exposure for molecules which induce polyclonal B-cell activation.", "PMID": 1104749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_854", "title": "Mediation systems in bacterial lipopolysaccharide-induced hypotension and disseminated intravascular coagulation. I. The role of complement.", "content": "We have studied the role of complement in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced hypotension and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) by comparing the effects of injection of three preparations of LPS from E. Coli 0111:B4, S. minnesota Re595, and S. marcescens. Injections of nonlethal doses of these LPS preparations into normal rabbits produced decreases in mean arterial blood pressure during a 5-h period. When rabbits treated with cobra venom factor (CoF) to deplete C3 were injected with the various LPS preparations, mean arterial pressures fell at a rate and extent essentially identical to that observed in normal rabbits. Rabbits genetically deficient in C6 also demonstrated LPS-induced hypotensive changes. Only minimal, or no changes in plasma C3 levels or serum CH50 values were detected in normal rabbits after LPS injection. Hypotensive changes were also induced in rabbits when complement was rapidly activated by intravenous injection of CoF. In contrast to the hypotension induced by LPS, the fall in arterial pressure associated with the consumption of complement was short lived and required the rapid consumption of considerable amounts of C3. The occurrence of DIC noted in normal rabbits injected with each preparation of LPS was not inhibited in either rabbits treated with cobra factor or in C6-deficient rabbits. The DIC was most pronounced after injection of Re595 and S. marcescens LPS. Injection of the various LPS preparations produced a rapid disappearance of circulating neutrophils and mononuclear cells, which occurred with the same kinetics and to the same extent in normal, CoF-treated, and C6-deficient rabbits. Injection of either Re595 LPS or S. marcescens LPS produced a biphasic disappearance of circulating 51Cr-platelets. In contrast, injection of 0111:B4 LPS affected only slightly the rate of disappearance of 51Cr-platelets. Depletion of C3 by cobra factor treatment had no effect on the disappearance of platelets in animals injected with 0111:B4. In marked contrast cobra factor treatment greatly reduced the initial rapid disappearance of platelets in rabbits injected with either Re595 or S. marcescens LPS, but had no effect in the secondary disappearance phase.", "contents": "Mediation systems in bacterial lipopolysaccharide-induced hypotension and disseminated intravascular coagulation. I. The role of complement. We have studied the role of complement in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced hypotension and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) by comparing the effects of injection of three preparations of LPS from E. Coli 0111:B4, S. minnesota Re595, and S. marcescens. Injections of nonlethal doses of these LPS preparations into normal rabbits produced decreases in mean arterial blood pressure during a 5-h period. When rabbits treated with cobra venom factor (CoF) to deplete C3 were injected with the various LPS preparations, mean arterial pressures fell at a rate and extent essentially identical to that observed in normal rabbits. Rabbits genetically deficient in C6 also demonstrated LPS-induced hypotensive changes. Only minimal, or no changes in plasma C3 levels or serum CH50 values were detected in normal rabbits after LPS injection. Hypotensive changes were also induced in rabbits when complement was rapidly activated by intravenous injection of CoF. In contrast to the hypotension induced by LPS, the fall in arterial pressure associated with the consumption of complement was short lived and required the rapid consumption of considerable amounts of C3. The occurrence of DIC noted in normal rabbits injected with each preparation of LPS was not inhibited in either rabbits treated with cobra factor or in C6-deficient rabbits. The DIC was most pronounced after injection of Re595 and S. marcescens LPS. Injection of the various LPS preparations produced a rapid disappearance of circulating neutrophils and mononuclear cells, which occurred with the same kinetics and to the same extent in normal, CoF-treated, and C6-deficient rabbits. Injection of either Re595 LPS or S. marcescens LPS produced a biphasic disappearance of circulating 51Cr-platelets. In contrast, injection of 0111:B4 LPS affected only slightly the rate of disappearance of 51Cr-platelets. Depletion of C3 by cobra factor treatment had no effect on the disappearance of platelets in animals injected with 0111:B4. In marked contrast cobra factor treatment greatly reduced the initial rapid disappearance of platelets in rabbits injected with either Re595 or S. marcescens LPS, but had no effect in the secondary disappearance phase.", "PMID": 1104750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_855", "title": "Are we learning what actually goes on when the brain recognizes and controls?", "content": "Drawing upon recent advances in neuroscience for examples, the thesis is defended that, in contrast to a Kuhnian view of proress by overturning whole sciences, progress amounting to revolution in our understanding of nervous systems is happening by the accumulation of many discrete discoveries, and that this process may be expected to continue for a long time. Twelve propositions are put forward illustrative of ideas developed during and influenced by C. L. Prosser's career, all in the segment of neuroscience concerned with subsystem organization. They range from the generally accepted to the frankly polemical and the merely heuristic. (1) Ongoing background activity has different forms. (2) Codes, both spike and graded, are several. (3) Integrative variables in neuron function are several. (4) Identifiable cells may be widespread. (5) Neuronal circuits for behavior are known. (6) Redundancy is usually overlap. (7) Reliability can be high. (8) Recognition neurons may be common and complex. (9) Command neurons may be common and complex. (10) Pattern is often central in origin. (11) Hierarchies and switches may be common. (12) Subsystem function is an intellectual challenge. Each of these is briefly elaborated and its logical relation to the others suggested. The role of discrete discovery is thus illustrated--in the generation of new conceptual frameworks that gradually become interrelated and cumulatively change profoundly our picture of what's going on in the brain.", "contents": "Are we learning what actually goes on when the brain recognizes and controls? Drawing upon recent advances in neuroscience for examples, the thesis is defended that, in contrast to a Kuhnian view of proress by overturning whole sciences, progress amounting to revolution in our understanding of nervous systems is happening by the accumulation of many discrete discoveries, and that this process may be expected to continue for a long time. Twelve propositions are put forward illustrative of ideas developed during and influenced by C. L. Prosser's career, all in the segment of neuroscience concerned with subsystem organization. They range from the generally accepted to the frankly polemical and the merely heuristic. (1) Ongoing background activity has different forms. (2) Codes, both spike and graded, are several. (3) Integrative variables in neuron function are several. (4) Identifiable cells may be widespread. (5) Neuronal circuits for behavior are known. (6) Redundancy is usually overlap. (7) Reliability can be high. (8) Recognition neurons may be common and complex. (9) Command neurons may be common and complex. (10) Pattern is often central in origin. (11) Hierarchies and switches may be common. (12) Subsystem function is an intellectual challenge. Each of these is briefly elaborated and its logical relation to the others suggested. The role of discrete discovery is thus illustrated--in the generation of new conceptual frameworks that gradually become interrelated and cumulatively change profoundly our picture of what's going on in the brain.", "PMID": 1104751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_856", "title": "Extensive and intensive factors determining the performance of striated muscle.", "content": "Striated muscle is obviously a versatile tissue, one which has been malleable to selective pressure and has become modified for many specific tasks. The variations which adapt striated muscle to particular functions involve both changes in its structural organization and changes in the chemical nature of its components. Although a number of factors have been identified which contribute to the diversity of muscle performance, it is not yet possible to account adequately for the wide range in muscle performance throughout the animal kingdom. While not a new direction in comparative physiology, developing quantitative explanations for the diversity of muscle performance is still an obvious, remaining task.", "contents": "Extensive and intensive factors determining the performance of striated muscle. Striated muscle is obviously a versatile tissue, one which has been malleable to selective pressure and has become modified for many specific tasks. The variations which adapt striated muscle to particular functions involve both changes in its structural organization and changes in the chemical nature of its components. Although a number of factors have been identified which contribute to the diversity of muscle performance, it is not yet possible to account adequately for the wide range in muscle performance throughout the animal kingdom. While not a new direction in comparative physiology, developing quantitative explanations for the diversity of muscle performance is still an obvious, remaining task.", "PMID": 1104752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_857", "title": "Temperature as a selective factor in protein evolution: the adaptational strategy of \"compromise\".", "content": "Most of the important functional and structural properties of enzymes are affected by temperature. In order to maintain critical enzymic properties such as regulatory sensitivity, catalytic potential and structural stability, significant changes have been made in enzymes during evolution in different thermal regimes. Regulatory function, as typified by substrate binding ability, has been especially conservative. For a given enzyme, substrate binding ability is maintained at a relatively stable level over the entire temperature range experienced by the organism (enzyme), in spite of wide variation in substrate affinity at temperatures outside the biological range. Similarities in substrate affinity among homologues and analogues of enzymes from bacteria, invertebrates, fishes and mammals, at respective physiological temperatures for the enzymes, demonstrate the crucial importance of regulatory abilities in enzymes. Two facts, (a) that enzymes function at sub-maximal rates, and (b) that low temperature compensation is not effected by wholesale reductions in apparent Km values, argue that regulation outweighs sheer catalytic potential in enzymic function. The efficiency of an enzyme to catalyze a reaction at a rapid rate appears highest in low cell-temperature forms. The finding that catalytic efficiency is inversely correlated with enzymic heat stability suggests that enzymes with relatively great abilities to undergo conformational changes during catalysis are capable of supplying the most energy for activation events, this energy arising in part from the exergonic formation of weak bonds during the activation step in catalysis. Energy changes due to conformational changes may also be used to reduce the net enthalpy change which occurs during ligand binding, a mechanism we refer to as \"coupled-compensating enthalpy changes.\" Comparisons of amino acid compositions of enzyme homologues and analogues from differently thermally adapted species do not reveal major differences, for example, in the overall hydrophobicity of enzymes. We propose that observed differences in enzyme thermal stability derive more from quantitative differences, i.e., differences in total numbers of secondary interactions, than from quilitative differences, i.e., differences in the relative importance of different classes of weak bonds.", "contents": "Temperature as a selective factor in protein evolution: the adaptational strategy of \"compromise\". Most of the important functional and structural properties of enzymes are affected by temperature. In order to maintain critical enzymic properties such as regulatory sensitivity, catalytic potential and structural stability, significant changes have been made in enzymes during evolution in different thermal regimes. Regulatory function, as typified by substrate binding ability, has been especially conservative. For a given enzyme, substrate binding ability is maintained at a relatively stable level over the entire temperature range experienced by the organism (enzyme), in spite of wide variation in substrate affinity at temperatures outside the biological range. Similarities in substrate affinity among homologues and analogues of enzymes from bacteria, invertebrates, fishes and mammals, at respective physiological temperatures for the enzymes, demonstrate the crucial importance of regulatory abilities in enzymes. Two facts, (a) that enzymes function at sub-maximal rates, and (b) that low temperature compensation is not effected by wholesale reductions in apparent Km values, argue that regulation outweighs sheer catalytic potential in enzymic function. The efficiency of an enzyme to catalyze a reaction at a rapid rate appears highest in low cell-temperature forms. The finding that catalytic efficiency is inversely correlated with enzymic heat stability suggests that enzymes with relatively great abilities to undergo conformational changes during catalysis are capable of supplying the most energy for activation events, this energy arising in part from the exergonic formation of weak bonds during the activation step in catalysis. Energy changes due to conformational changes may also be used to reduce the net enthalpy change which occurs during ligand binding, a mechanism we refer to as \"coupled-compensating enthalpy changes.\" Comparisons of amino acid compositions of enzyme homologues and analogues from differently thermally adapted species do not reveal major differences, for example, in the overall hydrophobicity of enzymes. We propose that observed differences in enzyme thermal stability derive more from quantitative differences, i.e., differences in total numbers of secondary interactions, than from quilitative differences, i.e., differences in the relative importance of different classes of weak bonds.", "PMID": 1104753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_858", "title": "Water states and water gates in osmotic processes, and the inoperative concept of molfraction of water.", "content": "An historical account is given of concepts regarding the mechanism of osmosis and imbibition, starting with Lord Kelvin's gravitational column, where he pointed out that a capillary standing in a dish of water within an isothermal enclosure must have a lowered vapor pressure at its elevated meniscus so as to match that emanating from the surface in the dish, otherwise distillation would violate the Second law. A brilliant sequence to this simple idea followed through Poynting, Arrhenius, Noyes and culminated with Hulett, who in 1901 formulated the \"solvent tension theory\" of osmosis, stating in essence that the thermal motion of the solute molecules by impact with the free solvent surface put the solvent under tension. This lowers the vapor pressure and thereby also its freezing point. Perrin, in famous experiments on Brownian motion, demonstrated solute-solvent independence within a solution and further support came through Herzfeld, Mysels and Duclaux. We measured negative pressures in salt-free sap of mangroves and other plants matching the osmotic pressure in the leaf cells. A series of measurements on magnetic and gravitational effects on osmotic pressure likewise bore out the tension theory. The fashionable \"water concentration theory\" is left experimentally contradicted and in violation of the Second law.", "contents": "Water states and water gates in osmotic processes, and the inoperative concept of molfraction of water. An historical account is given of concepts regarding the mechanism of osmosis and imbibition, starting with Lord Kelvin's gravitational column, where he pointed out that a capillary standing in a dish of water within an isothermal enclosure must have a lowered vapor pressure at its elevated meniscus so as to match that emanating from the surface in the dish, otherwise distillation would violate the Second law. A brilliant sequence to this simple idea followed through Poynting, Arrhenius, Noyes and culminated with Hulett, who in 1901 formulated the \"solvent tension theory\" of osmosis, stating in essence that the thermal motion of the solute molecules by impact with the free solvent surface put the solvent under tension. This lowers the vapor pressure and thereby also its freezing point. Perrin, in famous experiments on Brownian motion, demonstrated solute-solvent independence within a solution and further support came through Herzfeld, Mysels and Duclaux. We measured negative pressures in salt-free sap of mangroves and other plants matching the osmotic pressure in the leaf cells. A series of measurements on magnetic and gravitational effects on osmotic pressure likewise bore out the tension theory. The fashionable \"water concentration theory\" is left experimentally contradicted and in violation of the Second law.", "PMID": 1104754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_859", "title": "Models for coupling of salt and water transport; Proximal tubular reabsorption in Necturus kidney.", "content": "Models for coupling of salt and water transport are developed with two important assumptions appropriate for leaky epithelia. (a) The tight junction is permeable to both sale and water. (b) Active Na transport into the lateral speces is assumed to occur uniformly along the length of the channel. The proposed models deal specifically with the intraepithelial mechanism of proximal tubular resbsorption in the Necturus kidney although they have implications for epithelial transport in the gallbladder and small intestine as well. The first model (continuous version) is similar to the standing gradient model devised by Diamond and Bossert but used different boundary conditions. In contrast to Diamond and Bossert's model, the predicted concentration profiles are relatively flat with no sizable gradients along the interspace. The second model (compartment version) expands Curran's model of epithelial salt and water transport by including additional compartments and considering both electrical and chemical driving forces for individual Na and Cl ions as well as hydraulic and osmotic driving forces for water. In both models, ion and water fluxes are investigated as a function of the transport parameters. The behavior of the models is consistent with previously suggested mechanisms for the control of net transport, particularly during saline diuresis. Under all conditions the predicted ratio of net solute to solvent flux, or emergent concentration, deviates from exact isotonicity (except when the basement membrane has an appreciable salt reflection coefficient). However, the degree of hypertonicity may be small enough to be experimentally indistinguishable from isotonic transport.", "contents": "Models for coupling of salt and water transport; Proximal tubular reabsorption in Necturus kidney. Models for coupling of salt and water transport are developed with two important assumptions appropriate for leaky epithelia. (a) The tight junction is permeable to both sale and water. (b) Active Na transport into the lateral speces is assumed to occur uniformly along the length of the channel. The proposed models deal specifically with the intraepithelial mechanism of proximal tubular resbsorption in the Necturus kidney although they have implications for epithelial transport in the gallbladder and small intestine as well. The first model (continuous version) is similar to the standing gradient model devised by Diamond and Bossert but used different boundary conditions. In contrast to Diamond and Bossert's model, the predicted concentration profiles are relatively flat with no sizable gradients along the interspace. The second model (compartment version) expands Curran's model of epithelial salt and water transport by including additional compartments and considering both electrical and chemical driving forces for individual Na and Cl ions as well as hydraulic and osmotic driving forces for water. In both models, ion and water fluxes are investigated as a function of the transport parameters. The behavior of the models is consistent with previously suggested mechanisms for the control of net transport, particularly during saline diuresis. Under all conditions the predicted ratio of net solute to solvent flux, or emergent concentration, deviates from exact isotonicity (except when the basement membrane has an appreciable salt reflection coefficient). However, the degree of hypertonicity may be small enough to be experimentally indistinguishable from isotonic transport.", "PMID": 1104761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_860", "title": "Membrane resistance change of the frog taste cells in response to water and Nacl.", "content": "The electrical properties of the frog taste cells during gustatory stimulations with distilled water and varying concentrations of NaCl were studied with intracellular microelectrodes. Under the Ringer adaptation of the tongue, two types of taste cells were distinguished by the gustatory stimuli. One type, termed NaCl-sensitive (NS) cells, responded to water with hyperpolarizations and responded to concentrated NaCl with depolarizations. In contrast, the other type of cells, termed water-sensitive (WS) cells, responded to water depolarizations and responded to concentrated NaCl with hyperpolarizations. The membrane resistance of both taste cell types increased during the hyperpolarizing receptor potentials and decreased during the depolarizing receptor potentials, Reversal potentials for the depolarizing and hyperpolarizing responses in each cell type were a few millivolts positive above the zero membrane potential. When the tongue was adapted with Na-free Ringer solution for 30 min, the amplitude of the depolarizing responses in the NS cells reduced to 50% of the control value under normal Ringer adaptation. On the basis of the present results, it is concluded (a) that the depolarizing responses of the NS and WS cells under the Ringer adaptation are produced by the permeability increase in some ions, mainly Na+ ions across the taste cell membranes, and (b) that the hyperpolarizing responses of both types of taste cells are produced by a decrease in the cell membrane permeability to some ions, probably Na+ ions, which is slightly enhanced during the Ringer adaptation.", "contents": "Membrane resistance change of the frog taste cells in response to water and Nacl. The electrical properties of the frog taste cells during gustatory stimulations with distilled water and varying concentrations of NaCl were studied with intracellular microelectrodes. Under the Ringer adaptation of the tongue, two types of taste cells were distinguished by the gustatory stimuli. One type, termed NaCl-sensitive (NS) cells, responded to water with hyperpolarizations and responded to concentrated NaCl with depolarizations. In contrast, the other type of cells, termed water-sensitive (WS) cells, responded to water depolarizations and responded to concentrated NaCl with hyperpolarizations. The membrane resistance of both taste cell types increased during the hyperpolarizing receptor potentials and decreased during the depolarizing receptor potentials, Reversal potentials for the depolarizing and hyperpolarizing responses in each cell type were a few millivolts positive above the zero membrane potential. When the tongue was adapted with Na-free Ringer solution for 30 min, the amplitude of the depolarizing responses in the NS cells reduced to 50% of the control value under normal Ringer adaptation. On the basis of the present results, it is concluded (a) that the depolarizing responses of the NS and WS cells under the Ringer adaptation are produced by the permeability increase in some ions, mainly Na+ ions across the taste cell membranes, and (b) that the hyperpolarizing responses of both types of taste cells are produced by a decrease in the cell membrane permeability to some ions, probably Na+ ions, which is slightly enhanced during the Ringer adaptation.", "PMID": 1104762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_861", "title": "Mutations affecting aromatic amino acid transport in Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "A genetic locus, aroT, located between chr and the trp operon in Salmonella typhimurium, and similar genes, aroR and aroS, near the trp locus of Escherichia coli, were found to be involved in the transport of aromatic amino acids. Genetic lesions at these loci cause  a variable diminution in uptake and accumulation of aromatic amino acids, alanine and glycine compared with the wild type. The F'trp episome carries the aro R locus. Curing an E. coli strain of the F'trp episome which covers a chromosomal deletion from cysB through the trp operon and tonB regions, results in a 60 to 80% decrease in tryptophan uptake. The introduction of F'trp into a trp operon-deleted S. typhimurium of low transport ability restores transportability, suggesting that aroT in this organism may be homologous with aroR in E. coli. In E. coli, tryptophan accumulation is normally increased by prior growth in L-tryptophan, while in S. typhimurium it is repressed. In both genera, the trpR gene appears to have no effect on the tryptophan transport capabilities in response to changes in the concentration of L-tryptophan in the medium. Tryptophan transport in the S. typhimurium F'trp hybrid was subject to repression, while in the E. coli strain which carries F'trp covering the equivalent chromosomal delection, an increase in tryptophan accumulation was shown after growth in L-tryptophan supplemented medium.", "contents": "Mutations affecting aromatic amino acid transport in Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium. A genetic locus, aroT, located between chr and the trp operon in Salmonella typhimurium, and similar genes, aroR and aroS, near the trp locus of Escherichia coli, were found to be involved in the transport of aromatic amino acids. Genetic lesions at these loci cause  a variable diminution in uptake and accumulation of aromatic amino acids, alanine and glycine compared with the wild type. The F'trp episome carries the aro R locus. Curing an E. coli strain of the F'trp episome which covers a chromosomal deletion from cysB through the trp operon and tonB regions, results in a 60 to 80% decrease in tryptophan uptake. The introduction of F'trp into a trp operon-deleted S. typhimurium of low transport ability restores transportability, suggesting that aroT in this organism may be homologous with aroR in E. coli. In E. coli, tryptophan accumulation is normally increased by prior growth in L-tryptophan, while in S. typhimurium it is repressed. In both genera, the trpR gene appears to have no effect on the tryptophan transport capabilities in response to changes in the concentration of L-tryptophan in the medium. Tryptophan transport in the S. typhimurium F'trp hybrid was subject to repression, while in the E. coli strain which carries F'trp covering the equivalent chromosomal delection, an increase in tryptophan accumulation was shown after growth in L-tryptophan supplemented medium.", "PMID": 1104763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_862", "title": "R factor tetracycline and chloramphenicol resistance in Escherichia coli K12 cmlB mutants.", "content": "The isolation of Escherichia coli chromosomal mutants that increased the level of resistance of a partially tetracycline-sensitive mutant of RI00-I is described. Plasmid-less derivatives of these moderately resistant mutants were phenotypically similar to the cmlB mutants described by Reeve (1966, 1968), and also mapped in the same region. The level of intrinsic resistance to both chloramphenicol and tetracycline was increased about twofold. Also, the levels of R factor-determined resistance to these drugs were increased by this host mutation and tetracycline resistance was expressed constitutively. A cmlB accumulated tetracycline at a threefold lower rate than the wild-type strain, and it is proposed that the mutants have an altered permeability to the drugs and that this acts synergistically with the products of the R factor chloramphenicol and tetracycline resistance genes.", "contents": "R factor tetracycline and chloramphenicol resistance in Escherichia coli K12 cmlB mutants. The isolation of Escherichia coli chromosomal mutants that increased the level of resistance of a partially tetracycline-sensitive mutant of RI00-I is described. Plasmid-less derivatives of these moderately resistant mutants were phenotypically similar to the cmlB mutants described by Reeve (1966, 1968), and also mapped in the same region. The level of intrinsic resistance to both chloramphenicol and tetracycline was increased about twofold. Also, the levels of R factor-determined resistance to these drugs were increased by this host mutation and tetracycline resistance was expressed constitutively. A cmlB accumulated tetracycline at a threefold lower rate than the wild-type strain, and it is proposed that the mutants have an altered permeability to the drugs and that this acts synergistically with the products of the R factor chloramphenicol and tetracycline resistance genes.", "PMID": 1104764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_863", "title": "A new M-type of group A streptococcus of clinical importance in pyoderma and pharyngitis.", "content": "A new M-type of group A streptococcus, provisionally designated type 65, is described. The vaccine and other initially isolated strains of this type attracted attention because of the T-agglutination reactions 2/25, not previously encountered among pyoderma streptococci. The investigations characterizing the strains as members of a new type were done with streptococci isolated from patients with pyoderma. However, type 65 was subsequently found to cause both pyoderma and acute pharyngitis.  The T-2 agglutination reactions encountered with original members of this type, plus the cross-reactions later seen with type 65 antiserum and M-type 2 streptococci, prompted a comparison of this new type with M-type 2 streptococci, including those with the T-2 agglutination and others with the 8-25-Imp. 19 complex. The two M-antigens were clearly distinguished from one another in reciprocal bactericidal and precipitin tests with absorbed antisera. They were further distinguished in that all type 65 strains were opacity-factor (OF) negative, whereas type 2 streptococci were uniformly OF-positive. Most M-type 65 strains subsequently found in surveillance studies were shown to be members of the 8-25-Imp,19 T-complex. Type 65 is thus a newly described type which shares with M-types 55 and 57 a commom T-agglutination pattern and, like members of these types, fails to produce opacity factor. In our colleciton of strains, from both pyoderma and pharyngitis, shown to be members of the 8-25-Imp. 19 complex, and OF-negative, only type 65 has been identified to date. In contrast to types 55 and 57, the new type 65 does not appear to be of major importance in causing acute glomerulonephritis.", "contents": "A new M-type of group A streptococcus of clinical importance in pyoderma and pharyngitis. A new M-type of group A streptococcus, provisionally designated type 65, is described. The vaccine and other initially isolated strains of this type attracted attention because of the T-agglutination reactions 2/25, not previously encountered among pyoderma streptococci. The investigations characterizing the strains as members of a new type were done with streptococci isolated from patients with pyoderma. However, type 65 was subsequently found to cause both pyoderma and acute pharyngitis.  The T-2 agglutination reactions encountered with original members of this type, plus the cross-reactions later seen with type 65 antiserum and M-type 2 streptococci, prompted a comparison of this new type with M-type 2 streptococci, including those with the T-2 agglutination and others with the 8-25-Imp. 19 complex. The two M-antigens were clearly distinguished from one another in reciprocal bactericidal and precipitin tests with absorbed antisera. They were further distinguished in that all type 65 strains were opacity-factor (OF) negative, whereas type 2 streptococci were uniformly OF-positive. Most M-type 65 strains subsequently found in surveillance studies were shown to be members of the 8-25-Imp,19 T-complex. Type 65 is thus a newly described type which shares with M-types 55 and 57 a commom T-agglutination pattern and, like members of these types, fails to produce opacity factor. In our colleciton of strains, from both pyoderma and pharyngitis, shown to be members of the 8-25-Imp. 19 complex, and OF-negative, only type 65 has been identified to date. In contrast to types 55 and 57, the new type 65 does not appear to be of major importance in causing acute glomerulonephritis.", "PMID": 1104766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_864", "title": "An enrichment technique for auxotrophs of Agrobacterium tumefaciens using a combination of carbenicillin and lysozyme.", "content": "A procedure to enrich for auxotrophic and fermentation mutants of Agrobacterium tumefaciens is described. The method is based on the amplification of the killing power of carbenicillin by the addition of lysozyme. Isolation frequencies of some types of mutants are presented, with and without the application of the proposed procedure. The yield of mutants is usually enhanced a hundredfold per enrichment treatment.", "contents": "An enrichment technique for auxotrophs of Agrobacterium tumefaciens using a combination of carbenicillin and lysozyme. A procedure to enrich for auxotrophic and fermentation mutants of Agrobacterium tumefaciens is described. The method is based on the amplification of the killing power of carbenicillin by the addition of lysozyme. Isolation frequencies of some types of mutants are presented, with and without the application of the proposed procedure. The yield of mutants is usually enhanced a hundredfold per enrichment treatment.", "PMID": 1104767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_865", "title": "Amide utilization in Aspergillus nidulans: evidence for a third amidase enzyme.", "content": "A mutation in a gene designated gmdA has been found to lead to loss of ability of Aspergillus nidulans to use benzamide, phenylacetamide and several other amides as sole nitrogen sources for growth. The gmdA1 lesion results in low levels of an enzyme, called the general amidase, which has acitivity for a wide range of amide substrates. This enzyme is reressed by certain nitrogen-containing metabolites, including ammonium, but is probably not regulated by induction or by carbon catabolite repression. Evidence is presented for the general amidase being distinct from the previously characterized acetamidase and formamidase enzymes. The data also indicate that there is a fourth amidase capable of the hydrolysis of valeramide and hexanamide.", "contents": "Amide utilization in Aspergillus nidulans: evidence for a third amidase enzyme. A mutation in a gene designated gmdA has been found to lead to loss of ability of Aspergillus nidulans to use benzamide, phenylacetamide and several other amides as sole nitrogen sources for growth. The gmdA1 lesion results in low levels of an enzyme, called the general amidase, which has acitivity for a wide range of amide substrates. This enzyme is reressed by certain nitrogen-containing metabolites, including ammonium, but is probably not regulated by induction or by carbon catabolite repression. Evidence is presented for the general amidase being distinct from the previously characterized acetamidase and formamidase enzymes. The data also indicate that there is a fourth amidase capable of the hydrolysis of valeramide and hexanamide.", "PMID": 1104771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_866", "title": "Hysteria, hypnosis, psychopathology. History and perspectives.", "content": "A historical outline is given of the search for an explanation of the still elusive nature of hysteria and hypnosis, their mutual relationship, and that which they bear to psychopathology. Charcot regarded hypnosis as an artificially induced hysterical neurosis, and it was he who first introduced Freud to these two states. Freud was the first to see in hypnosis an experimental instrument for understanding psychopathological mechanisms. His subsequent conceptualization of psychoanalysis derived from these two phenomena at this decisive period. In 1895 Freud attempted to achieve a psychophysiological synthesis of the mental apparatus in his \"Project for a Scientific Psychology,\" but then decided not to publish it. Whether or not recent advance in neurophysiology are sufficiently important bo bring about this synthesis remains an open question. In recent years some psychoanalysts have become interested in hypnosis, which one of them described as a focus for psychophysiological and psychoanalytic investigations. Any theory of the psychical apparatus which does not account for such an obvious psychical phenomenon must necessarily be incomplete. Since Charcot, hysteria presents hardly any new openings for experimental work. It is suggested that the solution of psyche-soma interaction might be sought in the study of hypnosis. It is postulated that hypnosis is a \"fourth organismic state,\" not as yet objectifiable (in contradistinction to the waking state, sleep, and dreaming): a kind of natural or inborn mechanism which acts as one of the regulators of man's relationships with  the environment. The author discusses briefly the aims and methodology of future interdisciplinary research on hypnosis, and the study of the transition from one state of consciousness to another, and their potential application to a wide range of subjects, namely, wherever man's relations with the environment are involved.", "contents": "Hysteria, hypnosis, psychopathology. History and perspectives. A historical outline is given of the search for an explanation of the still elusive nature of hysteria and hypnosis, their mutual relationship, and that which they bear to psychopathology. Charcot regarded hypnosis as an artificially induced hysterical neurosis, and it was he who first introduced Freud to these two states. Freud was the first to see in hypnosis an experimental instrument for understanding psychopathological mechanisms. His subsequent conceptualization of psychoanalysis derived from these two phenomena at this decisive period. In 1895 Freud attempted to achieve a psychophysiological synthesis of the mental apparatus in his \"Project for a Scientific Psychology,\" but then decided not to publish it. Whether or not recent advance in neurophysiology are sufficiently important bo bring about this synthesis remains an open question. In recent years some psychoanalysts have become interested in hypnosis, which one of them described as a focus for psychophysiological and psychoanalytic investigations. Any theory of the psychical apparatus which does not account for such an obvious psychical phenomenon must necessarily be incomplete. Since Charcot, hysteria presents hardly any new openings for experimental work. It is suggested that the solution of psyche-soma interaction might be sought in the study of hypnosis. It is postulated that hypnosis is a \"fourth organismic state,\" not as yet objectifiable (in contradistinction to the waking state, sleep, and dreaming): a kind of natural or inborn mechanism which acts as one of the regulators of man's relationships with  the environment. The author discusses briefly the aims and methodology of future interdisciplinary research on hypnosis, and the study of the transition from one state of consciousness to another, and their potential application to a wide range of subjects, namely, wherever man's relations with the environment are involved.", "PMID": 1104772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_867", "title": "A review of the effects of diazepam on cognitive and psychomotor performance.", "content": "Studies evaluating the effects of diazepam (Valium) on psychomotor and cognitive functions are reviewed an integrated. The importance of the full and clear documentation of such drug effects lies in the wide usage of diazepam today for a variety of medical, psychiatric, and dental purposes. The various tasks used to assess drug effects were classified into six major groups based on apparent similarity of functions tapped. These groupings are: reflex speed; critical flicker fusion threshold; attention and vigilance; decision making; learning and memory; psychomotor performance. In all functions except simple reflexive responding; some indications of impaired performances were reported, the results being most definitive for the critical flicker fusion where even small doses lowered the threshold and for a slower performance on letter cancellation tasks. There appeared to be some interaction between diazepam and alcohol although the nature of this interaction is still unclear. Because of the extensive use of both of these drugs and the possibility of a synergistic or a potentiation effect, it is important that this area receive further study. It was suggested that future studies either control for or analyze the data to assess the possible interactive effects of diazepam with subject variables such as sex, personality type, and for population characteristics. These variables have been shown to affect responses in other studies and hence could also interact with cognitive and psychomotor performance. It was noted that most of the studies reviewed used normal, healthy, male volunteer subjects and may not be comparable to the clinical populations for whom the drug is typically prescribed.", "contents": "A review of the effects of diazepam on cognitive and psychomotor performance. Studies evaluating the effects of diazepam (Valium) on psychomotor and cognitive functions are reviewed an integrated. The importance of the full and clear documentation of such drug effects lies in the wide usage of diazepam today for a variety of medical, psychiatric, and dental purposes. The various tasks used to assess drug effects were classified into six major groups based on apparent similarity of functions tapped. These groupings are: reflex speed; critical flicker fusion threshold; attention and vigilance; decision making; learning and memory; psychomotor performance. In all functions except simple reflexive responding; some indications of impaired performances were reported, the results being most definitive for the critical flicker fusion where even small doses lowered the threshold and for a slower performance on letter cancellation tasks. There appeared to be some interaction between diazepam and alcohol although the nature of this interaction is still unclear. Because of the extensive use of both of these drugs and the possibility of a synergistic or a potentiation effect, it is important that this area receive further study. It was suggested that future studies either control for or analyze the data to assess the possible interactive effects of diazepam with subject variables such as sex, personality type, and for population characteristics. These variables have been shown to affect responses in other studies and hence could also interact with cognitive and psychomotor performance. It was noted that most of the studies reviewed used normal, healthy, male volunteer subjects and may not be comparable to the clinical populations for whom the drug is typically prescribed.", "PMID": 1104773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_868", "title": "Hypothalamic and pancreatic lesions with diabetes mellitus.", "content": "A case is reported of a neoplasm of mixed mesenchymal and neuroepithelial origin consisting of plasmacytoma, lymphoma, ganglioneuroma, and astrocytoma in the same mass. The tumour arose in the hypothalamus of a 43 year old diabetic woman who also had alpha cell hyperplasia and beta cell hypoplasia of the islets of Langerhans. It is suggested that both hypothalamic and pancreatic lesions produced diabetes mellitus in this patient.", "contents": "Hypothalamic and pancreatic lesions with diabetes mellitus. A case is reported of a neoplasm of mixed mesenchymal and neuroepithelial origin consisting of plasmacytoma, lymphoma, ganglioneuroma, and astrocytoma in the same mass. The tumour arose in the hypothalamus of a 43 year old diabetic woman who also had alpha cell hyperplasia and beta cell hypoplasia of the islets of Langerhans. It is suggested that both hypothalamic and pancreatic lesions produced diabetes mellitus in this patient.", "PMID": 1104774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_869", "title": "Immunohistochemical demonstration of tubulin associated with microtubules and synaptic junctions in mammalian brain.", "content": "The distribution of tubulin in brain tissue has been investigated by light and electron microscopic immunohistochemistry using an antiserum raised against electrophoretically purified microtubule derived tubulin. The specificity of the staining is indicated by the lack of staining when non-immune serum is substituted for anti-tubulin serum and the quite different staining obtained with antisera against antigens other than tubulin. The anti-tubulin immunohistochemistry reveals tubulin antigen in microtubules and in the postsynaptic junctional lattice of most synapses. No antigen has been detected in either the synaptic cleft or in the axon terminal. This distribution confirms previous biochemical identification of tubulin as a major postsynaptic junctional component, but suggests that it is not common to all synaptic junctions.", "contents": "Immunohistochemical demonstration of tubulin associated with microtubules and synaptic junctions in mammalian brain. The distribution of tubulin in brain tissue has been investigated by light and electron microscopic immunohistochemistry using an antiserum raised against electrophoretically purified microtubule derived tubulin. The specificity of the staining is indicated by the lack of staining when non-immune serum is substituted for anti-tubulin serum and the quite different staining obtained with antisera against antigens other than tubulin. The anti-tubulin immunohistochemistry reveals tubulin antigen in microtubules and in the postsynaptic junctional lattice of most synapses. No antigen has been detected in either the synaptic cleft or in the axon terminal. This distribution confirms previous biochemical identification of tubulin as a major postsynaptic junctional component, but suggests that it is not common to all synaptic junctions.", "PMID": 1104776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_870", "title": "Management of diabetes insipidus in neurosurgical patients.", "content": "The authors present a brief review of the problem of diabetes insipidus in neurosurgical patients, with particular emphasis on the differential diagnosis of postoperative and posttraumatic polyuria and the management of diabetes insipidus in these periods. A listing of drugs currently used in its treatment is given.", "contents": "Management of diabetes insipidus in neurosurgical patients. The authors present a brief review of the problem of diabetes insipidus in neurosurgical patients, with particular emphasis on the differential diagnosis of postoperative and posttraumatic polyuria and the management of diabetes insipidus in these periods. A listing of drugs currently used in its treatment is given.", "PMID": 1104777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_871", "title": "Compound elevated fractures of the skull.", "content": "The author presents two cases of compound elevated fractures of the skull and discusses the mechanics of their production. These lesions, seldom recognized in modern clinical practice, are first described in the oldest scientific and surgical treatise known, the Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus, over 5000 years ago.", "contents": "Compound elevated fractures of the skull. The author presents two cases of compound elevated fractures of the skull and discusses the mechanics of their production. These lesions, seldom recognized in modern clinical practice, are first described in the oldest scientific and surgical treatise known, the Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus, over 5000 years ago.", "PMID": 1104778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_872", "title": "Retained intracranial metallic foreign bodies. Report of two cases.", "content": "The authors discuss two examples of extensive migration of retained metallic foreign bodies. The potential for further neurological injury from migration, formation of neurotoxic breakdown products, and the danger of infection are factors to be assessed when considering the removal of retained intracranial metallic foreign bodies.", "contents": "Retained intracranial metallic foreign bodies. Report of two cases. The authors discuss two examples of extensive migration of retained metallic foreign bodies. The potential for further neurological injury from migration, formation of neurotoxic breakdown products, and the danger of infection are factors to be assessed when considering the removal of retained intracranial metallic foreign bodies.", "PMID": 1104779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_873", "title": "Comprehensive evaluation of renal function in the transplanted kidney.", "content": "By means of a comprehensive renal function test based on the analysis of orthoidohippurate kinetics carried out 223 times in 86 renal transplatn patients, we have been able to separate clearly five clinical entities: normally functioning transplanted kidneys, acute tubular necrosis, cell-mediated rejection, humoral (chromin) rejection, and postrenal obstruction. Accurate prediction of the fate of the rejecting kidney can be made while still subclinical as much as a week before manifestations by other techniques are evident. Data on 22 donors studied 44 times are also presented. The comprehensive test consists of measurements of effective renal plasma flow (ERPF), sequential scintigraphy, calculations of excretory index (EI) (percent dose actually found in bladder and voided urine as a fraction of the percent dose expected at a given time after injection at the patient's specific ERPF), and residual urine volume. Formulas and regression equations for the calculation of ERPF, EI, residual urine, etc., are presented.", "contents": "Comprehensive evaluation of renal function in the transplanted kidney. By means of a comprehensive renal function test based on the analysis of orthoidohippurate kinetics carried out 223 times in 86 renal transplatn patients, we have been able to separate clearly five clinical entities: normally functioning transplanted kidneys, acute tubular necrosis, cell-mediated rejection, humoral (chromin) rejection, and postrenal obstruction. Accurate prediction of the fate of the rejecting kidney can be made while still subclinical as much as a week before manifestations by other techniques are evident. Data on 22 donors studied 44 times are also presented. The comprehensive test consists of measurements of effective renal plasma flow (ERPF), sequential scintigraphy, calculations of excretory index (EI) (percent dose actually found in bladder and voided urine as a fraction of the percent dose expected at a given time after injection at the patient's specific ERPF), and residual urine volume. Formulas and regression equations for the calculation of ERPF, EI, residual urine, etc., are presented.", "PMID": 1104781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_874", "title": "Total mandibular alveolar osteotomy in the management of skeletal (infantile) apertognathia.", "content": "When intraoral access is adequate and other physical characteristics are satisfactory, total mandibular alveolar osteotomy can be used effectively to correct skeletal (infantile) apertognathia. The procedure, not frequently used, resulted in significant improvement of a massive open bite in a 15-year-old girl.", "contents": "Total mandibular alveolar osteotomy in the management of skeletal (infantile) apertognathia. When intraoral access is adequate and other physical characteristics are satisfactory, total mandibular alveolar osteotomy can be used effectively to correct skeletal (infantile) apertognathia. The procedure, not frequently used, resulted in significant improvement of a massive open bite in a 15-year-old girl.", "PMID": 1104788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_875", "title": "Vestibuloplasty with skin grafting.", "content": "A review of 68 vestibuloplasties during a seven-year period indicated that there is no need for the routine use of either antibiotics or corticosteroids after vestibuloplasty for correction of an atrophic mandibular ridge. Vigorous massage after healing was beneficial. Improved tolerance and function of dentures were obtained in all instances. Paresthesia of the lower lip occurred in a significant number of patients.", "contents": "Vestibuloplasty with skin grafting. A review of 68 vestibuloplasties during a seven-year period indicated that there is no need for the routine use of either antibiotics or corticosteroids after vestibuloplasty for correction of an atrophic mandibular ridge. Vigorous massage after healing was beneficial. Improved tolerance and function of dentures were obtained in all instances. Paresthesia of the lower lip occurred in a significant number of patients.", "PMID": 1104789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_876", "title": "Anatomic considerations in infections of the face and neck: review of the literature.", "content": "An attempt was made to summarize the literature concerning the potential spaces between fascial layers in the face and neck and to correlate the variations in terminology used by different authors. It soon became evident in a search of the literature that far too many names are given to the same anatomical space and that there is a wealth of written material for study. As a result, the descriptions given here deal with the terminology that was most frequently encountered (Table). As anatomical relations form the basis of diagnosis and therapy, a thorough knowledge of the nature of infective processes in the facial and cervical regions is essential. The various fascial spaces are described and some general aspects of diagnosis are considered.", "contents": "Anatomic considerations in infections of the face and neck: review of the literature. An attempt was made to summarize the literature concerning the potential spaces between fascial layers in the face and neck and to correlate the variations in terminology used by different authors. It soon became evident in a search of the literature that far too many names are given to the same anatomical space and that there is a wealth of written material for study. As a result, the descriptions given here deal with the terminology that was most frequently encountered (Table). As anatomical relations form the basis of diagnosis and therapy, a thorough knowledge of the nature of infective processes in the facial and cervical regions is essential. The various fascial spaces are described and some general aspects of diagnosis are considered.", "PMID": 1104790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_877", "title": "Mandibular retrognathia: a review of the literature and selected cases.", "content": "Many techniques have been developed since the first osteotomy for correction of retrognathism was performed in 1905. These techniques have been in two groups--those that are performed in the mandibular body and those that are performed in the mandibular ramus. Ramus procedures are more favored because there is less morbidity in comparison to body procedures. Regardless of the procedure used, an adequate preoperative evaluation based on oral and radiographic examinations, study models, cephalometric analysis, and photographs is mandatory to achieve satisfactory results. A more satisfactory result can almost always be attained if a cooperative effort is made by the oral surgeon and orthodontist in the treatment of retrognathism.", "contents": "Mandibular retrognathia: a review of the literature and selected cases. Many techniques have been developed since the first osteotomy for correction of retrognathism was performed in 1905. These techniques have been in two groups--those that are performed in the mandibular body and those that are performed in the mandibular ramus. Ramus procedures are more favored because there is less morbidity in comparison to body procedures. Regardless of the procedure used, an adequate preoperative evaluation based on oral and radiographic examinations, study models, cephalometric analysis, and photographs is mandatory to achieve satisfactory results. A more satisfactory result can almost always be attained if a cooperative effort is made by the oral surgeon and orthodontist in the treatment of retrognathism.", "PMID": 1104791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_878", "title": "Combined light and electron-microscope morphometric studies of acute puromycin aminonucleoside nephropathy in rats.", "content": "Morphometric observations were made on rats injected subcutaneously daily with puromycin aminonucleoside after two, four, six and eight daily injections. As a result it was possible to correlate the morphological alterations of the various glomerular components with the biochemical manifestations of the nephrotic syndrome particularly the onset of proteinuria. There was already significant loss of foot processes of the glomerular epithelial cells by the 2nd day, that is before the onset of proteinuria, suggesting that the loss of foot processes is a consequence of some metabolic impairment produced by the puromycin aminonucleoside which also subsequently causes the proteinuria. Swelling of the glomerular epithelial cells became significant by the 6th and 8th day of injection after the development of proteinuria, suggesting that it is a consequence of the increased amount of protein in the glomerular filtrate. Two independent morphometric methods suggest a decrease in the amount of glomerular basement membrane. Unfortunately because of difficulties in the determination of mean glomerular volumes it is not possible to be absolutely certain that this is a true finding, however it is what would be expected if the synthesis of basement membrane was depressed by the puromycin aminonucleoside.", "contents": "Combined light and electron-microscope morphometric studies of acute puromycin aminonucleoside nephropathy in rats. Morphometric observations were made on rats injected subcutaneously daily with puromycin aminonucleoside after two, four, six and eight daily injections. As a result it was possible to correlate the morphological alterations of the various glomerular components with the biochemical manifestations of the nephrotic syndrome particularly the onset of proteinuria. There was already significant loss of foot processes of the glomerular epithelial cells by the 2nd day, that is before the onset of proteinuria, suggesting that the loss of foot processes is a consequence of some metabolic impairment produced by the puromycin aminonucleoside which also subsequently causes the proteinuria. Swelling of the glomerular epithelial cells became significant by the 6th and 8th day of injection after the development of proteinuria, suggesting that it is a consequence of the increased amount of protein in the glomerular filtrate. Two independent morphometric methods suggest a decrease in the amount of glomerular basement membrane. Unfortunately because of difficulties in the determination of mean glomerular volumes it is not possible to be absolutely certain that this is a true finding, however it is what would be expected if the synthesis of basement membrane was depressed by the puromycin aminonucleoside.", "PMID": 1104792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_879", "title": "The response of the newborn rat to injury. II. Histopathological aspects and mononuclear cell turnover.", "content": "Histopathological investigations of skin lesions induced by subcutaneous implantation of glass coverslips were carried out in rats between birth and adulthood. Differences were found between the cellular reactions of newborn and adult rats to this irritant. An increased number of cells was found in the skin lesions of newborn rats, compared with adults. Uptake of a 30-min. pulse of tritiated thymidine by mononuclear cells was found to be higher in newborn skin lesions than in those of adult rats. The reverse was observed for the mononuclear cells adherent to implanted glass coverslips. Giant cells were less evident on coverslips removed from the skin of newborn rats.", "contents": "The response of the newborn rat to injury. II. Histopathological aspects and mononuclear cell turnover. Histopathological investigations of skin lesions induced by subcutaneous implantation of glass coverslips were carried out in rats between birth and adulthood. Differences were found between the cellular reactions of newborn and adult rats to this irritant. An increased number of cells was found in the skin lesions of newborn rats, compared with adults. Uptake of a 30-min. pulse of tritiated thymidine by mononuclear cells was found to be higher in newborn skin lesions than in those of adult rats. The reverse was observed for the mononuclear cells adherent to implanted glass coverslips. Giant cells were less evident on coverslips removed from the skin of newborn rats.", "PMID": 1104793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_880", "title": "Scanning electron micrographs of cancellous bone from the human sternum.", "content": "Thick sections from the manubrium and the first and second sternabrae were polished and the marrow removed. Low magnification scanning electron micrographs show that the cancellous bone near the medial plane is lightly constructed, is not markedly anisotropic and does not vary greatly from place to place. In the lateral parts of the sternabrae the trabeculae are somewhat thicker and the spaces between them are larger. Measurements on the polished surface lead to numerical values of a number of parameters characteristic of the surface patterns, such as the relative surface occupied by bone, the mean widths of the trabecular sections, the mean path lengths through the bone or marrow, and a number representing the departure from isotropy of the pattern. Parameters characteristic of the three-dimensional trabecular structure can be deduced, viz., the relative volume of bone, the area of the interface between bone and marrow and the mean thickness of the trabeculae. The sternum is compared with other bones which have been investigated by the same methods. There is little resemblance to the rib or to the proximal femur. The cancellous bone in the sternum and in the lumbar vertebral body are similar in appearance but the former has slighter trabeculae and larger marrow spaces.", "contents": "Scanning electron micrographs of cancellous bone from the human sternum. Thick sections from the manubrium and the first and second sternabrae were polished and the marrow removed. Low magnification scanning electron micrographs show that the cancellous bone near the medial plane is lightly constructed, is not markedly anisotropic and does not vary greatly from place to place. In the lateral parts of the sternabrae the trabeculae are somewhat thicker and the spaces between them are larger. Measurements on the polished surface lead to numerical values of a number of parameters characteristic of the surface patterns, such as the relative surface occupied by bone, the mean widths of the trabecular sections, the mean path lengths through the bone or marrow, and a number representing the departure from isotropy of the pattern. Parameters characteristic of the three-dimensional trabecular structure can be deduced, viz., the relative volume of bone, the area of the interface between bone and marrow and the mean thickness of the trabeculae. The sternum is compared with other bones which have been investigated by the same methods. There is little resemblance to the rib or to the proximal femur. The cancellous bone in the sternum and in the lumbar vertebral body are similar in appearance but the former has slighter trabeculae and larger marrow spaces.", "PMID": 1104794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_881", "title": "First reported successful management of Serratia marcescens bacteremia after open heart surgery in a child.", "content": "A 7 and one-half yr-old girl developed bacteremia from S. marcescens following debanding of the pulmonary artery and closure of multiple ventricular septal defects with a Dacron patch and multiple Teflon pledgets. The site of entry was probably a radial arterial catheter left in place for 8 days. Infection was eradicated by a combination of gentamicin and carbenicillin over a 4-wk period. Of 12 cases of postoperative Serratia bacteremia in adults following valve replacement, only four survived. Antibiotics of proven effectiveness against the specific isolated Serratia strain, prompt therapy sustained for 6 wk offers the prospect for cure of this serious complication of cardiac surgery.", "contents": "First reported successful management of Serratia marcescens bacteremia after open heart surgery in a child. A 7 and one-half yr-old girl developed bacteremia from S. marcescens following debanding of the pulmonary artery and closure of multiple ventricular septal defects with a Dacron patch and multiple Teflon pledgets. The site of entry was probably a radial arterial catheter left in place for 8 days. Infection was eradicated by a combination of gentamicin and carbenicillin over a 4-wk period. Of 12 cases of postoperative Serratia bacteremia in adults following valve replacement, only four survived. Antibiotics of proven effectiveness against the specific isolated Serratia strain, prompt therapy sustained for 6 wk offers the prospect for cure of this serious complication of cardiac surgery.", "PMID": 1104800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_882", "title": "The validity of projective techniques and their research and clinical contribution.", "content": "Numerous surveys have alternately demonstrated either a decline or continued vitality of diagnostic assessment and projective techniques in clinical psychology. This paper examines some of the factors which have contributed to the ambivalent attitudes about projective procedures. The first part of the paper considers questions about the limitations and potential contributions of projective techniques in research. The second portion of the paper examines some of the issues which limit the contributions of diagnostic assessment and projective techniques in clinical practice. A proposal is made for conceptualizing diagnostic assessment as a more integral part of the therapeutic process.", "contents": "The validity of projective techniques and their research and clinical contribution. Numerous surveys have alternately demonstrated either a decline or continued vitality of diagnostic assessment and projective techniques in clinical psychology. This paper examines some of the factors which have contributed to the ambivalent attitudes about projective procedures. The first part of the paper considers questions about the limitations and potential contributions of projective techniques in research. The second portion of the paper examines some of the issues which limit the contributions of diagnostic assessment and projective techniques in clinical practice. A proposal is made for conceptualizing diagnostic assessment as a more integral part of the therapeutic process.", "PMID": 1104801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_883", "title": "Professional training, psychodiagnostic skill, and kinetic family drawings.", "content": "On the basis of Kinetic Family Drawings, doctoral level clinicians, predoctoral interns, and hospital secretaries judged 36 children to be normal or disturbed and indicated their degree of confidence in each rating. The groups were not found to differ in overall diagnostic accuracy or in degree of confidence, but professional training level did appear related to the ability to better a chance level of performance. The performance of a KFD expert was no better than the mean performance of judges in the three experimental groups.", "contents": "Professional training, psychodiagnostic skill, and kinetic family drawings. On the basis of Kinetic Family Drawings, doctoral level clinicians, predoctoral interns, and hospital secretaries judged 36 children to be normal or disturbed and indicated their degree of confidence in each rating. The groups were not found to differ in overall diagnostic accuracy or in degree of confidence, but professional training level did appear related to the ability to better a chance level of performance. The performance of a KFD expert was no better than the mean performance of judges in the three experimental groups.", "PMID": 1104802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_884", "title": "Chloroquine resistance in malaria: variations of substrate-stimulated chloroquine accumulation.", "content": "The response of [14C]chloroquine accumulation to the provision of substrate was evaluated using washed erythrocytes infected with Plasmodium berghei CS (chloroquine-susceptible), with P. berghei CR (chloroquine-resistant), with Plasmodium vinckei CS, with P. vinckei CR, or with a strain of P. berghei spontaneously resistant to chloroquine, Plasmodium berghei yoelii 17X. Erythrocytes infected with chloroquine-resistant parasites had a blunted response, particularly to low glucose concentrations. In the presence of 0.5 mM glucose in one set of experiments, for example, chloroquine accumulation increased by a factor of 8 in erythrocytes infected with P. berghei CS whereas there was no increase in erythrocytes infected with P. berghei CR or with P. berghei yoelii 17X; the difference between P. vinckei CS and P. vinckei CR was less dramatic. In every case except for P. berghei CR, the process of chloroquine accumulation in the presence of 5 mM glucose exhibited a component which became saturated at low concentrations of chloroquine in the medium. For P. berghei CR, plotting steady-state accumulation of chloroquine as a function of the concentration of chloroquine in the medium yielded a sigmoid curve, revealing that higher concentrations of chloroquine (above 100 mM) somehow relieve the blunted response to glucose and suggesting that the variation is in the process of accumulation rather than in substrate utilization.", "contents": "Chloroquine resistance in malaria: variations of substrate-stimulated chloroquine accumulation. The response of [14C]chloroquine accumulation to the provision of substrate was evaluated using washed erythrocytes infected with Plasmodium berghei CS (chloroquine-susceptible), with P. berghei CR (chloroquine-resistant), with Plasmodium vinckei CS, with P. vinckei CR, or with a strain of P. berghei spontaneously resistant to chloroquine, Plasmodium berghei yoelii 17X. Erythrocytes infected with chloroquine-resistant parasites had a blunted response, particularly to low glucose concentrations. In the presence of 0.5 mM glucose in one set of experiments, for example, chloroquine accumulation increased by a factor of 8 in erythrocytes infected with P. berghei CS whereas there was no increase in erythrocytes infected with P. berghei CR or with P. berghei yoelii 17X; the difference between P. vinckei CS and P. vinckei CR was less dramatic. In every case except for P. berghei CR, the process of chloroquine accumulation in the presence of 5 mM glucose exhibited a component which became saturated at low concentrations of chloroquine in the medium. For P. berghei CR, plotting steady-state accumulation of chloroquine as a function of the concentration of chloroquine in the medium yielded a sigmoid curve, revealing that higher concentrations of chloroquine (above 100 mM) somehow relieve the blunted response to glucose and suggesting that the variation is in the process of accumulation rather than in substrate utilization.", "PMID": 1104805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_885", "title": "A study of posterior palatal seals with varying palatal forms.", "content": "A study was carried out to determine the depth and width of posterior palatal seals in different shapes of palates. Four different methods of developing the posterior palatal seal were utilized on each patient. The width of the posterior palatal seal area was compared with original models which were produced by plaster impressions.", "contents": "A study of posterior palatal seals with varying palatal forms. A study was carried out to determine the depth and width of posterior palatal seals in different shapes of palates. Four different methods of developing the posterior palatal seal were utilized on each patient. The width of the posterior palatal seal area was compared with original models which were produced by plaster impressions.", "PMID": 1104808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_886", "title": "Prosthetic implications of Eagle's syndrome.", "content": "Eagle's syndrome can produce symptoms that may be easily confused with those resulting from wearing a prosthetic restoration. The symptoms resulting from elongated styloid processes and methods of diagnosis and treatment of these processes were described. A patient with Eagle's syndrome has been presented. The symptoms were initially suspected to be due to an ill-fitting mandibular removable partial denture. Further clinical and radiographic examination led to the diagnosis of Eagle's syndrome, and surgical correction was done. The prosthodontist should consider surgery as a possible treatment when the symptoms of the syndrome cannot be attributed to a prosthetic restoration. Various radiographic projections and panoramic radiography are valuable in confirming the presence of a calcified stylohyoid ligament or an elongated styloid process.", "contents": "Prosthetic implications of Eagle's syndrome. Eagle's syndrome can produce symptoms that may be easily confused with those resulting from wearing a prosthetic restoration. The symptoms resulting from elongated styloid processes and methods of diagnosis and treatment of these processes were described. A patient with Eagle's syndrome has been presented. The symptoms were initially suspected to be due to an ill-fitting mandibular removable partial denture. Further clinical and radiographic examination led to the diagnosis of Eagle's syndrome, and surgical correction was done. The prosthodontist should consider surgery as a possible treatment when the symptoms of the syndrome cannot be attributed to a prosthetic restoration. Various radiographic projections and panoramic radiography are valuable in confirming the presence of a calcified stylohyoid ligament or an elongated styloid process.", "PMID": 1104809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_887", "title": "Phonetic considerations of chromium alloy palates for complete dentures.", "content": "Two useful approaches for the construction of dentures with a chromium alloy palate have been described. The phonetic considerations were recognized, and allowances were made for their vital role when determining the palatal contours of both the metal and plastic portions of the denture base.", "contents": "Phonetic considerations of chromium alloy palates for complete dentures. Two useful approaches for the construction of dentures with a chromium alloy palate have been described. The phonetic considerations were recognized, and allowances were made for their vital role when determining the palatal contours of both the metal and plastic portions of the denture base.", "PMID": 1104810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_888", "title": "Variations in a removable maxillary partial denture design by dentists.", "content": "Fifty-seven different removable partial denture designs for a patient were submitted by 57 dentists. Many designs were adequate to provide true health service for the patient. Others, however, could prove detrimental if worn by the patient. Dentists should be concerned with partial denture design if patients are to have prostheses that are functional and compatible with the oral environment.", "contents": "Variations in a removable maxillary partial denture design by dentists. Fifty-seven different removable partial denture designs for a patient were submitted by 57 dentists. Many designs were adequate to provide true health service for the patient. Others, however, could prove detrimental if worn by the patient. Dentists should be concerned with partial denture design if patients are to have prostheses that are functional and compatible with the oral environment.", "PMID": 1104811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_889", "title": "Restoration of teeth with subgingival and subosseous fractures.", "content": "Subgingival and subosseous fractured teeth may be repaired and should continue to function if treated by use of sound restorative techniques. Three recommendations are offered. The fractured tooth segment should be used to make a custom matrix. Minor gingival surgery will aid in gaining access to a subgingival margin. Amalgam is well tolerated and may be used subgingivally.", "contents": "Restoration of teeth with subgingival and subosseous fractures. Subgingival and subosseous fractured teeth may be repaired and should continue to function if treated by use of sound restorative techniques. Three recommendations are offered. The fractured tooth segment should be used to make a custom matrix. Minor gingival surgery will aid in gaining access to a subgingival margin. Amalgam is well tolerated and may be used subgingivally.", "PMID": 1104812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_890", "title": "Children's schemata of man and woman: a comparison with the schemata of heterosexual and homosexual populations.", "content": "The present study was designed to examine the man-woman schemata employed by children and compare them with those used by different sexually mature populations. A central hypothesis of the investigation was that the frequency with which children use various male-female schemata more closely resembles the frequency with which homosexuals use these schemata than either group resembles the pattern pervasive in mature heterosexual populations. The Ss were 70 white boys and 70 white girls in the fourth grade of large urban public schools. The task was the free placement of figures cut from felt on a flannel board. One group of figures contained a man, a woman, and two rectangles, while the other group consisted of two man figures and two woman figures. The schemata employed by the children in their figure arrangements were significantly different from those of adult heterosexuals and resembled those of adult homosexuals. The discussion includes the consideration of a \"bracketing schema\" that is employed far more often by adult heterosexuals than it is by children or homosexuals.", "contents": "Children's schemata of man and woman: a comparison with the schemata of heterosexual and homosexual populations. The present study was designed to examine the man-woman schemata employed by children and compare them with those used by different sexually mature populations. A central hypothesis of the investigation was that the frequency with which children use various male-female schemata more closely resembles the frequency with which homosexuals use these schemata than either group resembles the pattern pervasive in mature heterosexual populations. The Ss were 70 white boys and 70 white girls in the fourth grade of large urban public schools. The task was the free placement of figures cut from felt on a flannel board. One group of figures contained a man, a woman, and two rectangles, while the other group consisted of two man figures and two woman figures. The schemata employed by the children in their figure arrangements were significantly different from those of adult heterosexuals and resembled those of adult homosexuals. The discussion includes the consideration of a \"bracketing schema\" that is employed far more often by adult heterosexuals than it is by children or homosexuals.", "PMID": 1104816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_891", "title": "Serum proteins promoting [3H]thymidine uptake by Trypanosoma (Schizotrypanum) cruzi (Chagas) in vitro.", "content": "Five proteins capable of stimulating [3H]thymidine uptake by Trypanosoma cruzi in vitro were isolated from fetal calf serum by (NH4)2SO4 precipitation and ion exchange column chromatography. The proteins were partially characterized by immunodiffusion, immunoelectrophoresis, polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis, and SDS electrophoresis. As estimated by SDS electrophoresis, using 4 standards, the molecular weight of protein 1 was 100,000, that of protein 2 was 76,000, and that of proteins 3-5 was 68,000 daltons.", "contents": "Serum proteins promoting [3H]thymidine uptake by Trypanosoma (Schizotrypanum) cruzi (Chagas) in vitro. Five proteins capable of stimulating [3H]thymidine uptake by Trypanosoma cruzi in vitro were isolated from fetal calf serum by (NH4)2SO4 precipitation and ion exchange column chromatography. The proteins were partially characterized by immunodiffusion, immunoelectrophoresis, polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis, and SDS electrophoresis. As estimated by SDS electrophoresis, using 4 standards, the molecular weight of protein 1 was 100,000, that of protein 2 was 76,000, and that of proteins 3-5 was 68,000 daltons.", "PMID": 1104817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_892", "title": "Ethical problems in the management of myelomeningocele and hydrocephalus. The Milroy Lecture 1975.", "content": "Within the last generation the application of major advances in drug therapy, intensive care, transfusion techniques, surgery, anaesthesia, and radiotherapy, together with a vast expansion of knowledge due to increased investigative facilities, have led to an unprecedented, dramatic and beneficial increase in the number of persons who would previously have died, or lived with severe handicaps, but can now be cured. Techniques have also been developed to prolong the lives of many people who are now able to enjoy several extra years of productive and meaningful existence, and to alleviate and improve the quality of life of many seriously handicapped persons, enabling them to become integrated as useful and contented members of the community. Choosing from numerous examples of paediatric experience, it is notable that many more extremely premature infants now survive without physical or intellectual damage; infection can almost always be cured, including neonatal and all other forms of pyogenic meningitis and the now rare cases of tuberculous meningitis and miliary tuberculosis. The few remaining new cases of Rh-haemolytic disease are also readily cured. There are outstanding successes in the treatment of childhood malignancy. Paediatric surgery has made great strides. The prognosis of congenital heart disease, of obstructions of the alimentary canal and many other conditions has improved beyond recognition. Unfortunately, the indiscriminate use of advanced techniques of all types has also kept alive those who would have died but now live with distressing physical or mental handicaps or both, often for many years, without hope of ever having an independent existence compatible with human dignity. There are many examples, including those who have sustained major brain or spinal cord injuries.", "contents": "Ethical problems in the management of myelomeningocele and hydrocephalus. The Milroy Lecture 1975. Within the last generation the application of major advances in drug therapy, intensive care, transfusion techniques, surgery, anaesthesia, and radiotherapy, together with a vast expansion of knowledge due to increased investigative facilities, have led to an unprecedented, dramatic and beneficial increase in the number of persons who would previously have died, or lived with severe handicaps, but can now be cured. Techniques have also been developed to prolong the lives of many people who are now able to enjoy several extra years of productive and meaningful existence, and to alleviate and improve the quality of life of many seriously handicapped persons, enabling them to become integrated as useful and contented members of the community. Choosing from numerous examples of paediatric experience, it is notable that many more extremely premature infants now survive without physical or intellectual damage; infection can almost always be cured, including neonatal and all other forms of pyogenic meningitis and the now rare cases of tuberculous meningitis and miliary tuberculosis. The few remaining new cases of Rh-haemolytic disease are also readily cured. There are outstanding successes in the treatment of childhood malignancy. Paediatric surgery has made great strides. The prognosis of congenital heart disease, of obstructions of the alimentary canal and many other conditions has improved beyond recognition. Unfortunately, the indiscriminate use of advanced techniques of all types has also kept alive those who would have died but now live with distressing physical or mental handicaps or both, often for many years, without hope of ever having an independent existence compatible with human dignity. There are many examples, including those who have sustained major brain or spinal cord injuries.", "PMID": 1104820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_893", "title": "Unusal signs and symptoms associated with oral contraceptive medication.", "content": "A review of medical literature concerning case history reports of adverse clinical manifestations of hormonal contraceptives is presented. While extremely rare, these side-effects often present with obscure etiology, and the physician is cautioned to be aware of their occurrence.", "contents": "Unusal signs and symptoms associated with oral contraceptive medication. A review of medical literature concerning case history reports of adverse clinical manifestations of hormonal contraceptives is presented. While extremely rare, these side-effects often present with obscure etiology, and the physician is cautioned to be aware of their occurrence.", "PMID": 1104827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_894", "title": "Screening obstetric out-patients for bacteriuria.", "content": "Two hundred urine samples were obtained at the out-patient Obstetric-Gynecology Clinic, Loyola University Medical Center, from women in various stages of pregnancy. The specimens were screened for bacteriuria using a new dehydrated and miniaturized culture medium and the results compared with standard agar cultures. Of the urines examined, 6.5% proved to be bacteriuruic (greater than 10(5) organisms/ml) based on agar cultures; results from the new culture method correlated well, yielding 11 true positives versus 13 from the agar plate and only 2 false positives in 200.", "contents": "Screening obstetric out-patients for bacteriuria. Two hundred urine samples were obtained at the out-patient Obstetric-Gynecology Clinic, Loyola University Medical Center, from women in various stages of pregnancy. The specimens were screened for bacteriuria using a new dehydrated and miniaturized culture medium and the results compared with standard agar cultures. Of the urines examined, 6.5% proved to be bacteriuruic (greater than 10(5) organisms/ml) based on agar cultures; results from the new culture method correlated well, yielding 11 true positives versus 13 from the agar plate and only 2 false positives in 200.", "PMID": 1104828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_895", "title": "Antimalarials. Synthesis and antimalarial activity of 1-(4-methoxycinnamoyl)-4-(5-phenyl-4-oxo-2-oxazolin-2-yl)piperazine and derivatives.", "content": "The preparation and activity against Plasmodium berghei of derivatives of 1-(4-methoxycinnamoyl)-4-(5-phenyl-4-oxo-2-oxazolin-2-yl)piperazine are described. Replacement of the cinnamoyl group was accomplished by acylation or alkylation of 1-(5-phenyl-4-oxo-2-oxazolin-2-yl)piperazine. Modifications of the 5-phenyl group were prepared either by a sequence of reactions involving mandelic ester-pemoline-piperazine pemoline or by the reaction of 5-aryl-2-thio-2,4-oxazolidinedione with piperazine or N-substituted piperazines. In a similar manner, pemoline was allowed to react with N-arylpiperazine, hexahydro-1H-1,4-diazepine, and 2,6-dimethylpiperazine to provide N-arylpiperazine pemoline derivatives and variations in the piperazine moiety. Several compounds in which the 2-oxazolin-4-one ring was replaced with other heterocyclic rings were prepared as were several open-chain analogs. Five compounds (three of them substituted in the para position of the 5-phenyl group and two N-arylpiperazine pemoline derivatives) were found to be active against Plasmodium berghei. The remaining active compound possessed changes in the cinnamoyl group and substitution on the 5-phenyl group.", "contents": "Antimalarials. Synthesis and antimalarial activity of 1-(4-methoxycinnamoyl)-4-(5-phenyl-4-oxo-2-oxazolin-2-yl)piperazine and derivatives. The preparation and activity against Plasmodium berghei of derivatives of 1-(4-methoxycinnamoyl)-4-(5-phenyl-4-oxo-2-oxazolin-2-yl)piperazine are described. Replacement of the cinnamoyl group was accomplished by acylation or alkylation of 1-(5-phenyl-4-oxo-2-oxazolin-2-yl)piperazine. Modifications of the 5-phenyl group were prepared either by a sequence of reactions involving mandelic ester-pemoline-piperazine pemoline or by the reaction of 5-aryl-2-thio-2,4-oxazolidinedione with piperazine or N-substituted piperazines. In a similar manner, pemoline was allowed to react with N-arylpiperazine, hexahydro-1H-1,4-diazepine, and 2,6-dimethylpiperazine to provide N-arylpiperazine pemoline derivatives and variations in the piperazine moiety. Several compounds in which the 2-oxazolin-4-one ring was replaced with other heterocyclic rings were prepared as were several open-chain analogs. Five compounds (three of them substituted in the para position of the 5-phenyl group and two N-arylpiperazine pemoline derivatives) were found to be active against Plasmodium berghei. The remaining active compound possessed changes in the cinnamoyl group and substitution on the 5-phenyl group.", "PMID": 1104830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_896", "title": "Antimalarials. 3. 3-Substituted 1-naphthalenemethanols.", "content": "The synthesis and antimalarial activity of 22 3-substituted 1-naphthalenemethanols whose substitution was patterned after the antimalarial 2-substituted 4-quinolinemethanols are described. The compounds were active against Plasmodium berghei in mice, the most active being 6-chloro-alpha-(dibutylaminomethyl)-3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-naphthalenemethanol hydrochloride (3b). The naphthalenemethanols tested, 1b and 2b, were not photosensitizing to albino mice. Structure-activity relationships between the naphthalene and quinoline isosteres are discussed.", "contents": "Antimalarials. 3. 3-Substituted 1-naphthalenemethanols. The synthesis and antimalarial activity of 22 3-substituted 1-naphthalenemethanols whose substitution was patterned after the antimalarial 2-substituted 4-quinolinemethanols are described. The compounds were active against Plasmodium berghei in mice, the most active being 6-chloro-alpha-(dibutylaminomethyl)-3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-naphthalenemethanol hydrochloride (3b). The naphthalenemethanols tested, 1b and 2b, were not photosensitizing to albino mice. Structure-activity relationships between the naphthalene and quinoline isosteres are discussed.", "PMID": 1104831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_897", "title": "Antimalarials. 10. Substituted 3-halo- and 3-methoxy-2-aryl-4-quinoline(di-n-butylaminomethyl)methanols.", "content": "Four 2-aryl-4-quinoline(di-n-butylaminomethyl)methanols with Br, Cl, F, or OMe in position 3 were synthesized by modifications of standard reactions. The antimalarial activity decreased with increased size of the 3-substituent. The 3-F-4',6,8-Cl3 compound was the most active (at 2.5 mg/kg) and was completely curative at 80 mg/kg against P. berghei in mice.", "contents": "Antimalarials. 10. Substituted 3-halo- and 3-methoxy-2-aryl-4-quinoline(di-n-butylaminomethyl)methanols. Four 2-aryl-4-quinoline(di-n-butylaminomethyl)methanols with Br, Cl, F, or OMe in position 3 were synthesized by modifications of standard reactions. The antimalarial activity decreased with increased size of the 3-substituent. The 3-F-4',6,8-Cl3 compound was the most active (at 2.5 mg/kg) and was completely curative at 80 mg/kg against P. berghei in mice.", "PMID": 1104832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_898", "title": "Antagonism of luteinizing hormone release and of ovulation by an analog of the luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone.", "content": "Two varients of LH-RH, less than Glu-D-Phe-Trp-D-Ala-Leu-Arg-Pro-Gly-NH2 (I) and less than Glu-D-Phe-Trp-Ser-Tyr-D-Ala-Leu-Arg-Pro-NHCH2CH3 (II), have been synthesized by solid-phase methods. Both peptides strongly inhibit the LH-RH induced secretion of LH in an in vitro assay; however, only I proved effective in preventing ovulation in the 4-day cycling rat.", "contents": "Antagonism of luteinizing hormone release and of ovulation by an analog of the luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone. Two varients of LH-RH, less than Glu-D-Phe-Trp-D-Ala-Leu-Arg-Pro-Gly-NH2 (I) and less than Glu-D-Phe-Trp-Ser-Tyr-D-Ala-Leu-Arg-Pro-NHCH2CH3 (II), have been synthesized by solid-phase methods. Both peptides strongly inhibit the LH-RH induced secretion of LH in an in vitro assay; however, only I proved effective in preventing ovulation in the 4-day cycling rat.", "PMID": 1104833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_899", "title": "Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone. Antiovulatory activity of analogs substituted in positions 2 and 6.", "content": "Ten analogs of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) substituted in position 2 with D-amino acids and at 6 with either a D-amino acid or a nonasymmetric amino acid were synthesized by solid-phase methodology and assayed for antiovulatory activity. [D-Phe2]-LH-RH substituted in the 6 position with D-Ala, D-Leu, D-Arg, D-(Ph)Gly, D-Phe, or 2-Me-Ala possessed varying degrees of antiovulatory activity. [D-p-F-Phe2-D-Ala6]-LH-RH was one of the most active antiovulatory compounds, while the [D-p-Cl-Phe2-D-Ala6]-LH-RH analog was devoid of activity at a comparable dose.", "contents": "Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone. Antiovulatory activity of analogs substituted in positions 2 and 6. Ten analogs of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) substituted in position 2 with D-amino acids and at 6 with either a D-amino acid or a nonasymmetric amino acid were synthesized by solid-phase methodology and assayed for antiovulatory activity. [D-Phe2]-LH-RH substituted in the 6 position with D-Ala, D-Leu, D-Arg, D-(Ph)Gly, D-Phe, or 2-Me-Ala possessed varying degrees of antiovulatory activity. [D-p-F-Phe2-D-Ala6]-LH-RH was one of the most active antiovulatory compounds, while the [D-p-Cl-Phe2-D-Ala6]-LH-RH analog was devoid of activity at a comparable dose.", "PMID": 1104834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_900", "title": "Comparison of membrane organization in mitochondria from yeast and rat liver by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.", "content": "Proton magnetic resonance (PMR) and carbon-13 magnetic resonance (CMR) spectra of intact, unsonicated yeast and rat liver motochondria show differences which may be correlated with the composition of the membranes. High resolution PMR and CMR signals in intact yeast mitochondria have been assigned to regions of fluid lipid-lipid interaction on the basis of spectra of extracted lipid and protein, and the temperature dependence of NMR signals from the intact membrane. PMR spectra suggest that about 20% of total yeast phospholipid is in regions where both intramolecular fatty acid chain mobility and lateral diffusion of entire phospholipid molecules are possible. No such regions apear to exist in rat liver mitochondria. For both yeast and rat liver mitochondria, comparison of PMR and CMR spectra suggests that about 50% of phospholipid appears to be in regions where intramolecular fatty acid chain motion is considerable, but lateral diffusion is restricted. The remaining phospholipid appears to have little inter- or intramolecular mobility. Since NMR observation of lipid extracts from membranes indicates that phospholipid-sterol interactions do not account for the spectra of intact mitochondria, these effects are interpreted in terms of extensive lipid-protein interactions.", "contents": "Comparison of membrane organization in mitochondria from yeast and rat liver by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Proton magnetic resonance (PMR) and carbon-13 magnetic resonance (CMR) spectra of intact, unsonicated yeast and rat liver motochondria show differences which may be correlated with the composition of the membranes. High resolution PMR and CMR signals in intact yeast mitochondria have been assigned to regions of fluid lipid-lipid interaction on the basis of spectra of extracted lipid and protein, and the temperature dependence of NMR signals from the intact membrane. PMR spectra suggest that about 20% of total yeast phospholipid is in regions where both intramolecular fatty acid chain mobility and lateral diffusion of entire phospholipid molecules are possible. No such regions apear to exist in rat liver mitochondria. For both yeast and rat liver mitochondria, comparison of PMR and CMR spectra suggests that about 50% of phospholipid appears to be in regions where intramolecular fatty acid chain motion is considerable, but lateral diffusion is restricted. The remaining phospholipid appears to have little inter- or intramolecular mobility. Since NMR observation of lipid extracts from membranes indicates that phospholipid-sterol interactions do not account for the spectra of intact mitochondria, these effects are interpreted in terms of extensive lipid-protein interactions.", "PMID": 1104837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_901", "title": "Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of promitochondrial membranes from yeast grown under different regimes of lipid supplementation.", "content": "Promitochondrial membranes, prepared from Saccharomyces cerevisiae grown anaerobically under different conditions of lipid supplementation, have been examined by PMR spectroscopy. Promitochondria from cells cultured anaerobically in media containing both unsaturated fatty acid and sterol supplements, or containing unsaturated fatty acid alone, yield high resolution spectra similar to those which are characteristic of aerobic mitochondria. By contrast, promitochondrial membranes from cells grown only with sterol supplementation in order to deplete unsaturated fatty acid and total phospholipid content of the organelles, yielded PMR spectra which were very substantially broadened. These spectra are similar to those obtained with rat liver mitochondria. PMR spectra of promitochondria from each cell type dispersed in trifluoroacetic acid, or of extracted lipids or residual proteins similarly dispersed, were different only in detail. It appears, therefore, that in the native state membranes of unsaturated fatty acid-depleted promitochondria are structurally different from promitochondria of the other two cell types. The difference may be a consequence of altered lipid-to-protein ratios, and thus of changes in the extent of lipid domain formation in the membranes of these organelles.", "contents": "Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of promitochondrial membranes from yeast grown under different regimes of lipid supplementation. Promitochondrial membranes, prepared from Saccharomyces cerevisiae grown anaerobically under different conditions of lipid supplementation, have been examined by PMR spectroscopy. Promitochondria from cells cultured anaerobically in media containing both unsaturated fatty acid and sterol supplements, or containing unsaturated fatty acid alone, yield high resolution spectra similar to those which are characteristic of aerobic mitochondria. By contrast, promitochondrial membranes from cells grown only with sterol supplementation in order to deplete unsaturated fatty acid and total phospholipid content of the organelles, yielded PMR spectra which were very substantially broadened. These spectra are similar to those obtained with rat liver mitochondria. PMR spectra of promitochondria from each cell type dispersed in trifluoroacetic acid, or of extracted lipids or residual proteins similarly dispersed, were different only in detail. It appears, therefore, that in the native state membranes of unsaturated fatty acid-depleted promitochondria are structurally different from promitochondria of the other two cell types. The difference may be a consequence of altered lipid-to-protein ratios, and thus of changes in the extent of lipid domain formation in the membranes of these organelles.", "PMID": 1104838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_902", "title": "Topological formulation of finger-tip patterns: comparison of complete and incomplete 21 trisomics with normal subjects.", "content": "Description of the topological formulation of finger-print patterns is given and illustrated by examples. In particular, the way of setting up a dictionary of total finger pattern types for the two hands separately and combined is explained. Samples of 302 normal individuals, 225 complete 21-trisomics and 173 incomplete 21-trisomics are analysed here using this method. The frequencies of the commonest total finger pattern types are compared in the three groups, using dictionaries, in which all the formulae have been listed. The mean values of radial and ulnar components for each pair of homologous fingers separately are also compared. The method is recommended for comparisons of populations, particularly if the use of a computer is expected; it can also be helpful in evaluating the total finger pattern type of any individual, in terms of the probability of belonging to one population or another, particularly if the total palmar and sole pattern types can be compared as well. Some limitations of the method from a statistical point of view are also discussed.", "contents": "Topological formulation of finger-tip patterns: comparison of complete and incomplete 21 trisomics with normal subjects. Description of the topological formulation of finger-print patterns is given and illustrated by examples. In particular, the way of setting up a dictionary of total finger pattern types for the two hands separately and combined is explained. Samples of 302 normal individuals, 225 complete 21-trisomics and 173 incomplete 21-trisomics are analysed here using this method. The frequencies of the commonest total finger pattern types are compared in the three groups, using dictionaries, in which all the formulae have been listed. The mean values of radial and ulnar components for each pair of homologous fingers separately are also compared. The method is recommended for comparisons of populations, particularly if the use of a computer is expected; it can also be helpful in evaluating the total finger pattern type of any individual, in terms of the probability of belonging to one population or another, particularly if the total palmar and sole pattern types can be compared as well. Some limitations of the method from a statistical point of view are also discussed.", "PMID": 1104839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_903", "title": "Electron microscopy of critical point dried whole cultured cells.", "content": "To determine the overall fine structure of whole, unsectioned cells, cells from rat embryos were cultured on Formvar, glutaraldehyde/osmium-fixed, transferred to grids, dehypdrated, critical point dried, then examined by transmission electron microscopy at either 80 or 1000 kV. In contrast to air-dried material, critical point dried cells revealed each component clearly and with excellent contrast. All normal cytoplasmic structures (including coated vesicles, polyribosomes, microtubules and other fine components) were readily identifiable. Extensive structures such as microtubules and the endoplasmic reticulum (which appear fragmented in sections) were well displayed. At 1000 kV the beam readily penetrated even the thick nuclear and perinuclear cell regions and produced exceptionally crisp images. The methods described provide a simplified approach to the study of overall cell fine structure.", "contents": "Electron microscopy of critical point dried whole cultured cells. To determine the overall fine structure of whole, unsectioned cells, cells from rat embryos were cultured on Formvar, glutaraldehyde/osmium-fixed, transferred to grids, dehypdrated, critical point dried, then examined by transmission electron microscopy at either 80 or 1000 kV. In contrast to air-dried material, critical point dried cells revealed each component clearly and with excellent contrast. All normal cytoplasmic structures (including coated vesicles, polyribosomes, microtubules and other fine components) were readily identifiable. Extensive structures such as microtubules and the endoplasmic reticulum (which appear fragmented in sections) were well displayed. At 1000 kV the beam readily penetrated even the thick nuclear and perinuclear cell regions and produced exceptionally crisp images. The methods described provide a simplified approach to the study of overall cell fine structure.", "PMID": 1104850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_904", "title": "Immersion fixation of rapidly frozen, untreated tissues and suspensions of cells including spermatozoa.", "content": "Small pieces of tissue, and cell suspensions in plastic artificial insemination (AI) 'straws', were frozen rapidly in Freon-12 at -155 degrees C, without pre-treatment. Peripheral fragments were thawed directly in 2% glutaraldehyde at 0 degrees C, and processed for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies. Preservation of ultrastructure was satisfactory, and freezing artifacts were minimal.", "contents": "Immersion fixation of rapidly frozen, untreated tissues and suspensions of cells including spermatozoa. Small pieces of tissue, and cell suspensions in plastic artificial insemination (AI) 'straws', were frozen rapidly in Freon-12 at -155 degrees C, without pre-treatment. Peripheral fragments were thawed directly in 2% glutaraldehyde at 0 degrees C, and processed for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies. Preservation of ultrastructure was satisfactory, and freezing artifacts were minimal.", "PMID": 1104851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_905", "title": "New techniques for the preparation of uniform layers of nuclear emulsions for use in micro-autoradiography.", "content": "A procedure is described whereby liquid emulsion can be used to coat glass coverslips to produce films of emulsion suitable for quantitative evaluation of grain density in micro-autoradiographs. Any thickness of emulsion layer can be produced from 3 mum upwards, depending on the volume and dilution of the emulsion dispensed. The uniformity and reproducibility of the films have been tested by observing light transmission of undeveloped preparations using a microscope photometer.", "contents": "New techniques for the preparation of uniform layers of nuclear emulsions for use in micro-autoradiography. A procedure is described whereby liquid emulsion can be used to coat glass coverslips to produce films of emulsion suitable for quantitative evaluation of grain density in micro-autoradiographs. Any thickness of emulsion layer can be produced from 3 mum upwards, depending on the volume and dilution of the emulsion dispensed. The uniformity and reproducibility of the films have been tested by observing light transmission of undeveloped preparations using a microscope photometer.", "PMID": 1104852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_906", "title": "Microscopic tracing of deuterium.", "content": "The development of the ion microprobe analyser has made it possible to follow stable isotopes with microscopic resolution in biological and other materials. An ion microprobe using an oxygen primary beam has been found to produce relatively few mass 2 ions (+ or -) on organic samples. This technique should permit the use of deuterium as a practical tracer with a resolution of about 1 mum in the plane of the section and 2 nm in the depth dimension with available instruments.", "contents": "Microscopic tracing of deuterium. The development of the ion microprobe analyser has made it possible to follow stable isotopes with microscopic resolution in biological and other materials. An ion microprobe using an oxygen primary beam has been found to produce relatively few mass 2 ions (+ or -) on organic samples. This technique should permit the use of deuterium as a practical tracer with a resolution of about 1 mum in the plane of the section and 2 nm in the depth dimension with available instruments.", "PMID": 1104853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_907", "title": "Removal of glass coverslips from cultures flat embedded in epoxy resins using hydrofluoric acid.", "content": "A technique is described which the glass coverslip of a culture, flat embedded in epoxy resins can be removed easily using hydrofluoric acid. Removal by this method leaves the surface of the resin quite smooth and suitable for subsequent thin or ultrathin sectioning for electron microscopy.", "contents": "Removal of glass coverslips from cultures flat embedded in epoxy resins using hydrofluoric acid. A technique is described which the glass coverslip of a culture, flat embedded in epoxy resins can be removed easily using hydrofluoric acid. Removal by this method leaves the surface of the resin quite smooth and suitable for subsequent thin or ultrathin sectioning for electron microscopy.", "PMID": 1104854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_908", "title": "The myofibrillar M-band in the cryo-section-analysis of section thickness.", "content": "Information regarding the formation and the thickness of cryo-sections is of importance for an adequate interpretation of cryo-sectioned biological material. In this study we have taken advantage of the regular arrangement of filaments in myofibrils in an analysis of these matters. It is concluded that the sections are formed partly by fracturing in a way similar to that visualized in replicas made by the freeze-fracturing and -etching procedure.", "contents": "The myofibrillar M-band in the cryo-section-analysis of section thickness. Information regarding the formation and the thickness of cryo-sections is of importance for an adequate interpretation of cryo-sectioned biological material. In this study we have taken advantage of the regular arrangement of filaments in myofibrils in an analysis of these matters. It is concluded that the sections are formed partly by fracturing in a way similar to that visualized in replicas made by the freeze-fracturing and -etching procedure.", "PMID": 1104855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_909", "title": "A container for processing small volumes of cell suspensions for critical point drying.", "content": "The attachment of lymphocytes to glass or filters, in order to facilitate handling for processing prior to scanning electron microscopy, may introduce artefacts in surface topography. A container has therefore been adapted, from an embedding capsule, for the preparation of small volumes of cell suspensions.", "contents": "A container for processing small volumes of cell suspensions for critical point drying. The attachment of lymphocytes to glass or filters, in order to facilitate handling for processing prior to scanning electron microscopy, may introduce artefacts in surface topography. A container has therefore been adapted, from an embedding capsule, for the preparation of small volumes of cell suspensions.", "PMID": 1104856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_910", "title": "Mutagenic topography of the E. coli chromosome.", "content": "The lactose fermenting genes in E. coli have been transposed to various chromosomal locations. The bacterial strains were mutagenized with different chemical mutagens and the frequency of Lac negative mutant colonies was measured as a function of lactose gene location in the chromosome. There appears to be a highly mutable location between 58-60 minutes on the E. coli map. This region does not appear to be correlated with the origin of DNA replication or with the terminus. The possible significance of this mutable region in the evolution of new bacterial genes is discussed.", "contents": "Mutagenic topography of the E. coli chromosome. The lactose fermenting genes in E. coli have been transposed to various chromosomal locations. The bacterial strains were mutagenized with different chemical mutagens and the frequency of Lac negative mutant colonies was measured as a function of lactose gene location in the chromosome. There appears to be a highly mutable location between 58-60 minutes on the E. coli map. This region does not appear to be correlated with the origin of DNA replication or with the terminus. The possible significance of this mutable region in the evolution of new bacterial genes is discussed.", "PMID": 1104881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_911", "title": "Ipsilateral lower extremity flaps in children.", "content": "A technique utilizing an ipsilateral thigh or buttock flap in children is described. Its advantages are the ease with which the patients ambulate and the extremely good tolerance of this position, as well as the placement of the donor scar sufficiently high to enable it to be hidden under most clothing.", "contents": "Ipsilateral lower extremity flaps in children. A technique utilizing an ipsilateral thigh or buttock flap in children is described. Its advantages are the ease with which the patients ambulate and the extremely good tolerance of this position, as well as the placement of the donor scar sufficiently high to enable it to be hidden under most clothing.", "PMID": 1104888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_912", "title": "Hemodynamic alterations with positive end-expiratory pressure: the contribution of the pulmonary vasculature.", "content": "The hemodynamic responses to positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) ventilation have been evaluated. A rise in pulmonary capillary wedge pressure which follows the use of PEEP may not reflect changes in left atrial pressure and may be associated with a fall in cardiac output. This increase in pulmonary capillary wedge pressure suggests that there is a high resistance to flow in the pulmonary circulation and that a lower level of PEEP should be used.", "contents": "Hemodynamic alterations with positive end-expiratory pressure: the contribution of the pulmonary vasculature. The hemodynamic responses to positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) ventilation have been evaluated. A rise in pulmonary capillary wedge pressure which follows the use of PEEP may not reflect changes in left atrial pressure and may be associated with a fall in cardiac output. This increase in pulmonary capillary wedge pressure suggests that there is a high resistance to flow in the pulmonary circulation and that a lower level of PEEP should be used.", "PMID": 1104889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_913", "title": "F-Factor-mediated restriction of bacteriophage T7: synthesis of RNA and protein in T7-infected Escherichia coli F- and F+ cells.", "content": "Bacteriophage T7 is unable to productively infect Escherichia coli strains carrying the sex factor F. T7 phage development, in terms of RNA and protein synthesis, was compared in T7-infected isogenic F- and F+ strains of E. coli. Slightly less T7 early mRNA and early protein were synthesized in F+ cells. In addition to the defect in T7 late protein production in F+ cells reported by others, significantly less T7 late mRNA was synthesized, about one-half of that produced in T7-infected F- cells. Moreover, host RNA synthesis was not completely inhibited. The protein-synthesizing ability of T7-infected F+ cells decayed much faster than that of F- cells both in vivo and in vitro. This faster decay appears to explain the failure of F+ cells to produce T7 late protein in vivo, even in the presence of a considerable amount of translatable T7 late mRNA. Therefore, it may not be necessary to postulate the involvement of specific translational discrimination against T7 late mRNA, although it appears that F-factor-mediated restriction of T7 involves changes in transcription as well as translation.", "contents": "F-Factor-mediated restriction of bacteriophage T7: synthesis of RNA and protein in T7-infected Escherichia coli F- and F+ cells. Bacteriophage T7 is unable to productively infect Escherichia coli strains carrying the sex factor F. T7 phage development, in terms of RNA and protein synthesis, was compared in T7-infected isogenic F- and F+ strains of E. coli. Slightly less T7 early mRNA and early protein were synthesized in F+ cells. In addition to the defect in T7 late protein production in F+ cells reported by others, significantly less T7 late mRNA was synthesized, about one-half of that produced in T7-infected F- cells. Moreover, host RNA synthesis was not completely inhibited. The protein-synthesizing ability of T7-infected F+ cells decayed much faster than that of F- cells both in vivo and in vitro. This faster decay appears to explain the failure of F+ cells to produce T7 late protein in vivo, even in the presence of a considerable amount of translatable T7 late mRNA. Therefore, it may not be necessary to postulate the involvement of specific translational discrimination against T7 late mRNA, although it appears that F-factor-mediated restriction of T7 involves changes in transcription as well as translation.", "PMID": 1104891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_914", "title": "F-Factor-mediated restriction of bacteriophage T7: protein synthesis in cell-free systems from T7-infected Escherichia coli F- and F+ cells.", "content": "A characteristic phenomenon in the F-factor-mediated inhibition of T7 phage is a virtual absence of T7 late protein synthesis in T7-infected Escherichia coli male cells, in spite of the presence of T7 late mRNA which is translatable in vitro when isolated from the cell. To determine whether the translational defect in T7-infected F+ cells is due to a T7 late mRNA-specific translational block, or to a general decrease of F+ cell translational activity, we compared the activities of cell-free, protein-synthesizing systems prepared from isogenic F- and F+ cells harvested at different times of T7 infection. The cell-free systems from uninfected F- and F+ cells translated T7late mRNA equally as well as MS2 RNA and T7early mRNA. The activity of cell-free systems from T7-infected F+ cells to translate MS2 RAN, T7 early mRNA, and T7 late mRNA decreased concomitantly at a much faster rate than that of T7-infected F- cells. Therefore, the abortive infection of F+ cells by T7 does not result from a T7 late mRNA-specific translational inhibition, although a general reduction of the translational activity appears to be a major factor for the inability of the F+ cells to produce a sufficient amount of T7 late proteins.", "contents": "F-Factor-mediated restriction of bacteriophage T7: protein synthesis in cell-free systems from T7-infected Escherichia coli F- and F+ cells. A characteristic phenomenon in the F-factor-mediated inhibition of T7 phage is a virtual absence of T7 late protein synthesis in T7-infected Escherichia coli male cells, in spite of the presence of T7 late mRNA which is translatable in vitro when isolated from the cell. To determine whether the translational defect in T7-infected F+ cells is due to a T7 late mRNA-specific translational block, or to a general decrease of F+ cell translational activity, we compared the activities of cell-free, protein-synthesizing systems prepared from isogenic F- and F+ cells harvested at different times of T7 infection. The cell-free systems from uninfected F- and F+ cells translated T7late mRNA equally as well as MS2 RNA and T7early mRNA. The activity of cell-free systems from T7-infected F+ cells to translate MS2 RAN, T7 early mRNA, and T7 late mRNA decreased concomitantly at a much faster rate than that of T7-infected F- cells. Therefore, the abortive infection of F+ cells by T7 does not result from a T7 late mRNA-specific translational inhibition, although a general reduction of the translational activity appears to be a major factor for the inability of the F+ cells to produce a sufficient amount of T7 late proteins.", "PMID": 1104892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_915", "title": "Bacteriophage P22 virion protein which performs an essential early function. I. Analysis of 16-ts mutants.", "content": "The product of gene 16 of phage P22, P16, is a head protein. P16 does not play an essential role in phage assembly since particles formed without this protein appear normal by electron microscopy examination (Botstein et al., 1973). P16 is essential when the particle infects a cell in the following cycle of infection (Botstein et al., 1973; King et al., 1973). We have characterized a mutant of P22 carrying a temperature-sensitive allele of gene 16. This mutant has previously been referred to as P22 25-ts (Levine et al., 1970, 1972) and P22 X-ts (Bezdek and Soska, 1970, 1973). P22 16-ts behaves as an early mutant at the nonpermissive temperature. Temperature shift experiments show that P16 of the infecting virion acts within the first 10 min at 25 C and that gene 16 product is required late in the latent period for incorporation into infectious phage. Induction does not require P16 for the production of particles. Particles produced either in a P22 16-ts thermal shift-up infection or after induction of 16-ts lysogens at 41 C are missing P16 and are, therefore, defective. P16 in P22 16-ts virions formed at the permissive temperature appears to be heat labile; it is inactivated after infection at 41 C. A simple assay for defective particles based on a complementation test is described.", "contents": "Bacteriophage P22 virion protein which performs an essential early function. I. Analysis of 16-ts mutants. The product of gene 16 of phage P22, P16, is a head protein. P16 does not play an essential role in phage assembly since particles formed without this protein appear normal by electron microscopy examination (Botstein et al., 1973). P16 is essential when the particle infects a cell in the following cycle of infection (Botstein et al., 1973; King et al., 1973). We have characterized a mutant of P22 carrying a temperature-sensitive allele of gene 16. This mutant has previously been referred to as P22 25-ts (Levine et al., 1970, 1972) and P22 X-ts (Bezdek and Soska, 1970, 1973). P22 16-ts behaves as an early mutant at the nonpermissive temperature. Temperature shift experiments show that P16 of the infecting virion acts within the first 10 min at 25 C and that gene 16 product is required late in the latent period for incorporation into infectious phage. Induction does not require P16 for the production of particles. Particles produced either in a P22 16-ts thermal shift-up infection or after induction of 16-ts lysogens at 41 C are missing P16 and are, therefore, defective. P16 in P22 16-ts virions formed at the permissive temperature appears to be heat labile; it is inactivated after infection at 41 C. A simple assay for defective particles based on a complementation test is described.", "PMID": 1104893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_916", "title": "Bacteriophage P22 virion protein which performs an essential early function. II. Characterization of the gene 16 function.", "content": "P16 is a virion protein and, as such, is incorporated into the phage head as a step in morphogenesis. The role of P16 in assembly is not essential since particles are formed without this protein which appear normal by electron microscopy. P16 is essential when the particle infects a cell in the following cycle of infection. In the absence of functional P16, the infection does not appear to proceed beyond release of phage DNA from the capsid. No known genes are expressed, no DNA is transcribed, and the host cell survives the infection, continuing to grow and divide normally. The P16 function is required only during infection for the expression of phage functions. Induction in the absence of P16 proceeds with the expression of early and late genes and results in particle formation. P16 must be incorporated during morphogenesis into progeny particles after both infection and induction for the progeny to be infectious. The P16 function is necessary for transduction as well as for infection. Its activity is independent of new protein synthesis and it is not under immunity control. P16 can act in trans, but appears to act preferentially on the phage or phage DNA with which it is packaged. The data from complementation studies are compatible with P16 release from the capsid with the phage DNA. In the absence of P16 the infection is blocked, but the phage genome is not degraded. The various roles which have been ruled out for P16 are: (i) an early regulatory function, (ii) an enzymatic activity necessary for phage production, (iii) protection of phage DNA from host degradation enzymes, (iv) any generalized alteration of the host cell, (v) binding parental DNA to the replication complex, and (vi) any direct involvement in the replication of P22 DNA. P16 can be responsible for: (i) complete release of the DNA and disengagement from the capsid, (ii) bringing the released DNA to some necessary cell site or compartment such as the cytoplasm, (iii) removal of other virion proteins from the injected DNA, and (iv) alterations of the structure of the injected DNA.", "contents": "Bacteriophage P22 virion protein which performs an essential early function. II. Characterization of the gene 16 function. P16 is a virion protein and, as such, is incorporated into the phage head as a step in morphogenesis. The role of P16 in assembly is not essential since particles are formed without this protein which appear normal by electron microscopy. P16 is essential when the particle infects a cell in the following cycle of infection. In the absence of functional P16, the infection does not appear to proceed beyond release of phage DNA from the capsid. No known genes are expressed, no DNA is transcribed, and the host cell survives the infection, continuing to grow and divide normally. The P16 function is required only during infection for the expression of phage functions. Induction in the absence of P16 proceeds with the expression of early and late genes and results in particle formation. P16 must be incorporated during morphogenesis into progeny particles after both infection and induction for the progeny to be infectious. The P16 function is necessary for transduction as well as for infection. Its activity is independent of new protein synthesis and it is not under immunity control. P16 can act in trans, but appears to act preferentially on the phage or phage DNA with which it is packaged. The data from complementation studies are compatible with P16 release from the capsid with the phage DNA. In the absence of P16 the infection is blocked, but the phage genome is not degraded. The various roles which have been ruled out for P16 are: (i) an early regulatory function, (ii) an enzymatic activity necessary for phage production, (iii) protection of phage DNA from host degradation enzymes, (iv) any generalized alteration of the host cell, (v) binding parental DNA to the replication complex, and (vi) any direct involvement in the replication of P22 DNA. P16 can be responsible for: (i) complete release of the DNA and disengagement from the capsid, (ii) bringing the released DNA to some necessary cell site or compartment such as the cytoplasm, (iii) removal of other virion proteins from the injected DNA, and (iv) alterations of the structure of the injected DNA.", "PMID": 1104894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_917", "title": "Nuclear polyhedrosis virus detection: relative capabilities of clones developed from Trichoplusia ni ovarian cell line TN-368 to serve as indicator cells in a plaque assay.", "content": "Cloned cell lines from the established Trichoplusia ni line TN-368 appear to differ from one another in their relative capabilities to serve as plaque assay indicator cell lines for Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus. Although there seems to be little correlation between their relative generation times and their efficiency in supporting plaque formation as indicator cell lines, there does seem to be a relationship within a given line between its capability to serve as an indicator and its phase of growth as a population; i.e., lag, logarithmic, or stationary. Both the parent line and clone 10 were more efficient indicators when they were in the logarithmic phase of growth than when in either the lag or stationary phases. Also, there appears to be a rough correlation between the capability of a given clone to serve as an indicator and the rate at which polyhedra first appear in the nuclei of the infected cells, with the best indicators producing polyhedra first. Increased incubation time has no effect on equalizing the plaque assay results for the less efficient clones. It was observed, also, that those clones that are the least efficient as plaque assay indicators produce the most external PFU per cell.", "contents": "Nuclear polyhedrosis virus detection: relative capabilities of clones developed from Trichoplusia ni ovarian cell line TN-368 to serve as indicator cells in a plaque assay. Cloned cell lines from the established Trichoplusia ni line TN-368 appear to differ from one another in their relative capabilities to serve as plaque assay indicator cell lines for Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus. Although there seems to be little correlation between their relative generation times and their efficiency in supporting plaque formation as indicator cell lines, there does seem to be a relationship within a given line between its capability to serve as an indicator and its phase of growth as a population; i.e., lag, logarithmic, or stationary. Both the parent line and clone 10 were more efficient indicators when they were in the logarithmic phase of growth than when in either the lag or stationary phases. Also, there appears to be a rough correlation between the capability of a given clone to serve as an indicator and the rate at which polyhedra first appear in the nuclei of the infected cells, with the best indicators producing polyhedra first. Increased incubation time has no effect on equalizing the plaque assay results for the less efficient clones. It was observed, also, that those clones that are the least efficient as plaque assay indicators produce the most external PFU per cell.", "PMID": 1104895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_918", "title": "Chemical stability of bacteriophage T7 early mRNA.", "content": "T7 early mRNA produced by a gene 1 amber mutant phage, T7 am27, is chemically stable interms of acid insolubility and T7 DNA hybridizability. However, the messenger activity of individual T7 early mRNA species, transcripts of gene 1, gene 0.7, and gene 1.3, decay with a half-life of about 6.5 min at 30 C. An extensive secondary structure is present in all T7 early mRNA species and is probably responsible for the chemical stability of the RNAs after the loss of functional activity. It is unlikely that ribosomes protect T7 early mRNA from nucleolytic degradation.", "contents": "Chemical stability of bacteriophage T7 early mRNA. T7 early mRNA produced by a gene 1 amber mutant phage, T7 am27, is chemically stable interms of acid insolubility and T7 DNA hybridizability. However, the messenger activity of individual T7 early mRNA species, transcripts of gene 1, gene 0.7, and gene 1.3, decay with a half-life of about 6.5 min at 30 C. An extensive secondary structure is present in all T7 early mRNA species and is probably responsible for the chemical stability of the RNAs after the loss of functional activity. It is unlikely that ribosomes protect T7 early mRNA from nucleolytic degradation.", "PMID": 1104896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_919", "title": "Radiation nephritis: a review.", "content": "Radiation nephritis is a process of necrosis, atrophy and sclerosis that follows exposure of the kidney to ionizing radiation. Experimental studies with electron microscopy demonstrate that this process begins as degeneration of the glomerular endothelium and the tubular epithelium, and their basement membranes, leading to collapse of these structures and the development of interstitial fibrosis. Rather late and complicating events are necrosis and thrombosis of arteries and arterioles, contributing to the destruction of the renal parenchyma. The process is the same with large doses (5,000 to 10,000 rads) and with medium doses (1,000 to 3,000 rads), the only difference being the extent and the speed with which the lesions develop and the frequency of arterial necrosis.", "contents": "Radiation nephritis: a review. Radiation nephritis is a process of necrosis, atrophy and sclerosis that follows exposure of the kidney to ionizing radiation. Experimental studies with electron microscopy demonstrate that this process begins as degeneration of the glomerular endothelium and the tubular epithelium, and their basement membranes, leading to collapse of these structures and the development of interstitial fibrosis. Rather late and complicating events are necrosis and thrombosis of arteries and arterioles, contributing to the destruction of the renal parenchyma. The process is the same with large doses (5,000 to 10,000 rads) and with medium doses (1,000 to 3,000 rads), the only difference being the extent and the speed with which the lesions develop and the frequency of arterial necrosis.", "PMID": 1104899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_920", "title": "Chemotherapy of advanced prostatic carcinoma with cyclophosphamide or 5-fluorouracil: results of first national randomized study.", "content": "The National Prostatic Cancer Project has randomized this study for endocrine-resistant prostatic cancer patients for treatment with standard hormonal or other therapies compared to 5-fluorouracil and cyclophosphamide. Both agents were found at the probability level of 0.05 to have a significant advantage over standard treatment in terms of objective response, subjective improvement and minimal toxicity. Additional chemotherapy protocols are currently under way. This randomized trial is the first report of such a national study completed to date. We are much encouraged by this program and believe that additional agents now under consideration will provide additionally encouraging results.", "contents": "Chemotherapy of advanced prostatic carcinoma with cyclophosphamide or 5-fluorouracil: results of first national randomized study. The National Prostatic Cancer Project has randomized this study for endocrine-resistant prostatic cancer patients for treatment with standard hormonal or other therapies compared to 5-fluorouracil and cyclophosphamide. Both agents were found at the probability level of 0.05 to have a significant advantage over standard treatment in terms of objective response, subjective improvement and minimal toxicity. Additional chemotherapy protocols are currently under way. This randomized trial is the first report of such a national study completed to date. We are much encouraged by this program and believe that additional agents now under consideration will provide additionally encouraging results.", "PMID": 1104900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_921", "title": "[Studies on the disc method for the determination of bacterial sensitivity to sulfobenzylpenicillin (author's transl)].", "content": "The MIC''s of sulfobenzylpenicillin (SB-PC) were determined by the two-fold serial agar-dilution method for 108 bacterial strains of 21 species. The diameters of inhibition zones of these bacterial strains by the 30 mug and 200 mug SB-PC discs were also measured. The relation between the MIC and the diameter of the inhibition zone was found to be expressed as a primary regression line in all cases of the conventional method (cultured for about 16 hours), delayed assay method (cultured for about 24 hours) and rapid methods (5 to approximately 6 hours and 3 to approximately 4 hours culture m ethods). Thus, it was confirmed that the single-disc method can be employed for the susceptibility test of SB-PC. Subsequently, variations of MICs obtained by the disc-diffusion method were compared with those obtained by the serial agar-dilution method.", "contents": "[Studies on the disc method for the determination of bacterial sensitivity to sulfobenzylpenicillin (author's transl)]. The MIC''s of sulfobenzylpenicillin (SB-PC) were determined by the two-fold serial agar-dilution method for 108 bacterial strains of 21 species. The diameters of inhibition zones of these bacterial strains by the 30 mug and 200 mug SB-PC discs were also measured. The relation between the MIC and the diameter of the inhibition zone was found to be expressed as a primary regression line in all cases of the conventional method (cultured for about 16 hours), delayed assay method (cultured for about 24 hours) and rapid methods (5 to approximately 6 hours and 3 to approximately 4 hours culture m ethods). Thus, it was confirmed that the single-disc method can be employed for the susceptibility test of SB-PC. Subsequently, variations of MICs obtained by the disc-diffusion method were compared with those obtained by the serial agar-dilution method.", "PMID": 1104912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_922", "title": "[In vitro examination on antibacterial activities of broad-spectrum antibiotics against gram-negative clinical isolates (author's transl)].", "content": "In vitro studies were undertaken on clinically isolated strains of various bacteria to examine the antibacterial activity of ampicillin (AB-PC), carbenicillin (CB-PC), sulbenicillin (SB-PC) cephalothin (CET), cefazolin (CEZ) and gentamicin (GM). Fifty three % of Escherichia coli strains 53.3% of Citrobacter sp., 80% of Proteus mirabilis, 42.9% of Morganella and 80% of Bacteroides sp. were susceptible (MIC being not higher than 12.5 mug/ml) to AB-PC. The eight other species were not so susceptible to this penicillin. CB-PC and SB-PC were almost as effective as AB-PC against Escherichia coli and Citrobacter sp. They were less active against Klebsiella sp., but more active against Enterobacter sp., Serratia sp., indole-positive Proteus group and Pseudomonas sp. than AB-PC, SB-PC was more effective than CB-PC against Pseudomonas sp. The strains of Pseudomonas sp. which were resistant to higher concentrations of CB-PC and SB-PC were pyocyanine-negative strains. All strains (100%) of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella sp. and Citrobacter sp. were susceptible to CET and CEZ, while none of Enterobacter sp. , Serratia sp., Proteus vulgaris. Morganella, Rettgerella, Providencia and Pseudomonas sp. were susceptible to these cephalosporins. The MICs of CET and CEZ against Bacteroides sp. were moderately low. Some strains of Providencia and Alkaligenes sp. were resistant of GM but the other 10 species were not resistant to this antibiotic, though it showed comparatively high MICs against Bacteroides sp. When seen from the MIC distribution of each antibiotic, there was a tendency that the strains isolated from the pus were more resistant than those isolated from the other sources (urine, sputum and bile).", "contents": "[In vitro examination on antibacterial activities of broad-spectrum antibiotics against gram-negative clinical isolates (author's transl)]. In vitro studies were undertaken on clinically isolated strains of various bacteria to examine the antibacterial activity of ampicillin (AB-PC), carbenicillin (CB-PC), sulbenicillin (SB-PC) cephalothin (CET), cefazolin (CEZ) and gentamicin (GM). Fifty three % of Escherichia coli strains 53.3% of Citrobacter sp., 80% of Proteus mirabilis, 42.9% of Morganella and 80% of Bacteroides sp. were susceptible (MIC being not higher than 12.5 mug/ml) to AB-PC. The eight other species were not so susceptible to this penicillin. CB-PC and SB-PC were almost as effective as AB-PC against Escherichia coli and Citrobacter sp. They were less active against Klebsiella sp., but more active against Enterobacter sp., Serratia sp., indole-positive Proteus group and Pseudomonas sp. than AB-PC, SB-PC was more effective than CB-PC against Pseudomonas sp. The strains of Pseudomonas sp. which were resistant to higher concentrations of CB-PC and SB-PC were pyocyanine-negative strains. All strains (100%) of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella sp. and Citrobacter sp. were susceptible to CET and CEZ, while none of Enterobacter sp. , Serratia sp., Proteus vulgaris. Morganella, Rettgerella, Providencia and Pseudomonas sp. were susceptible to these cephalosporins. The MICs of CET and CEZ against Bacteroides sp. were moderately low. Some strains of Providencia and Alkaligenes sp. were resistant of GM but the other 10 species were not resistant to this antibiotic, though it showed comparatively high MICs against Bacteroides sp. When seen from the MIC distribution of each antibiotic, there was a tendency that the strains isolated from the pus were more resistant than those isolated from the other sources (urine, sputum and bile).", "PMID": 1104913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_923", "title": "[Sensitivity of bacteria inducing urinary infections to 3 drugs (amoxicillin, ampicillin and cephalexin) and clinical efficacy of amoxicillin (author's transl)].", "content": "MIC of amoxicillin (AMPC), ampicillin (ABPC) and cephalexin (CEX) against bacteria detected from the patients suffering from urinary infections was determined and the clinical efficacy of AMPC was examined. As the result of determining MIC of AMPC against the detected Escherichia coli, 85.4% showed the value of less than 6.25 mcg/ml. AMPC and ABPC seem to be well correlated with each other regarding MIC, and AMPC showed 1 approximately to 2 stage lower concentration than CEX. In connection to clinical efficacy of AMPC, the oral administration at a daily dose of 750 mg gave the effectiveness rate of 92.5%. Few side effects were caused by administering AMPC and this is an excellent drug for healing acute simple urinary infections.", "contents": "[Sensitivity of bacteria inducing urinary infections to 3 drugs (amoxicillin, ampicillin and cephalexin) and clinical efficacy of amoxicillin (author's transl)]. MIC of amoxicillin (AMPC), ampicillin (ABPC) and cephalexin (CEX) against bacteria detected from the patients suffering from urinary infections was determined and the clinical efficacy of AMPC was examined. As the result of determining MIC of AMPC against the detected Escherichia coli, 85.4% showed the value of less than 6.25 mcg/ml. AMPC and ABPC seem to be well correlated with each other regarding MIC, and AMPC showed 1 approximately to 2 stage lower concentration than CEX. In connection to clinical efficacy of AMPC, the oral administration at a daily dose of 750 mg gave the effectiveness rate of 92.5%. Few side effects were caused by administering AMPC and this is an excellent drug for healing acute simple urinary infections.", "PMID": 1104914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_924", "title": "Responses of Clostridium botulinum type B and E progenitor toxins to some clostridial sulfhydryl-dependent proteases.", "content": "Sulfhydryl-dependent proteases produced by Clostridium botulinum types A, B, and F, Clostridium histolyticum, Clostridium sporogenes and Clostridium perfringens activate preferentially type E over type B progenitor toxin but less efficiently than trypsin. The results explain why activable toxin is demonstrable in culture of a strongly proteolytic type B strain.", "contents": "Responses of Clostridium botulinum type B and E progenitor toxins to some clostridial sulfhydryl-dependent proteases. Sulfhydryl-dependent proteases produced by Clostridium botulinum types A, B, and F, Clostridium histolyticum, Clostridium sporogenes and Clostridium perfringens activate preferentially type E over type B progenitor toxin but less efficiently than trypsin. The results explain why activable toxin is demonstrable in culture of a strongly proteolytic type B strain.", "PMID": 1104932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_925", "title": "Adjuvant action of capsular polysaccharide of Klebsiella pneumoniae on antibody response. IV. The roles of antigen and adjuvant for induction of primary and secondary antibody responses and for development of immunological memory to bovine serum albumin.", "content": "A study was performed to clarify the roles of primary and secondary injections of antigen and adjuvant (capsular polysaccharide of Klebsiella pneumoniae, CPS-K) in induction of antibody responses and in the development of immunological memory in mice to bovine serum albumin (BSA). A primary injection of BSA alone neither induced significant primary antibody response nor increased immunological memory for a secondary antibody response but, if primary injections of BSA and CPS-K were performed simultaneously, high antibody responses were induced. Moreover, a prior injection of BSA alone or CPS-K alone decreased the level of primary antibody response and the degree of increase in memory following the subsequent injection of BSA mixed with CPS-K. In contrast, a secondary injection of BSA alone into mice once primed with a mixture of BSA and CPS-K elicited very high secondary type antibody response and increased secondarily the memory for a tertiary antibody response. Injection of CPS-K simultaneously with or shortly before or after the secondary injection of BSA did not increase the level of the secondary antibody response and the degree of the secondary increase in memory. Augmentation of the secondary antibody response was elicited by simultaneous injection of CPS-K only when the secondary response was induced inadequately by a suboptimum or supraoptimum dose of antigen.", "contents": "Adjuvant action of capsular polysaccharide of Klebsiella pneumoniae on antibody response. IV. The roles of antigen and adjuvant for induction of primary and secondary antibody responses and for development of immunological memory to bovine serum albumin. A study was performed to clarify the roles of primary and secondary injections of antigen and adjuvant (capsular polysaccharide of Klebsiella pneumoniae, CPS-K) in induction of antibody responses and in the development of immunological memory in mice to bovine serum albumin (BSA). A primary injection of BSA alone neither induced significant primary antibody response nor increased immunological memory for a secondary antibody response but, if primary injections of BSA and CPS-K were performed simultaneously, high antibody responses were induced. Moreover, a prior injection of BSA alone or CPS-K alone decreased the level of primary antibody response and the degree of increase in memory following the subsequent injection of BSA mixed with CPS-K. In contrast, a secondary injection of BSA alone into mice once primed with a mixture of BSA and CPS-K elicited very high secondary type antibody response and increased secondarily the memory for a tertiary antibody response. Injection of CPS-K simultaneously with or shortly before or after the secondary injection of BSA did not increase the level of the secondary antibody response and the degree of the secondary increase in memory. Augmentation of the secondary antibody response was elicited by simultaneous injection of CPS-K only when the secondary response was induced inadequately by a suboptimum or supraoptimum dose of antigen.", "PMID": 1104933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_926", "title": "In vitro reconstitution of anti-sheep erythrocyte antibody response of T cell-depleted spleen cells by allogeneic T cells or by factors derived from them.", "content": "Restoration of the impaired antibody response to sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) in cultures of mouse spleen cells, which were deprived of thymus-derived lymphocytes (T cells) by treatment with anti-mouse brain-associated theta (BA theta) antiserum and complement, was studied by adding a small portion of syngeneic or allogeneic normal spleen cells in vitro. Allogeneic spleen cells had a far greater effect than syngeneic spleen cells on the restoration, as far as the normal spleen cells added were able to recognize the alloantigens on the anti-BA theta serum-treated spleen cells (bone marrow-derived lymphocytes). Treatment of the allogeneic spleen cells with mitomycin C did not affect their activity in the restoration of the impaired antibody response. The possibility that the role of T cells in the antibody response to SRBC may be replaced by a nonspecific mediator derived from T cells reacting with allogeneic cells was proven by the finding that supernatant of the mixed allogeneic spleen cell cultures restored the impaired anti-SRBC antibody response of the T cell-depleted spleen cells. The effect of such culture supernatant on the restoration of the antibody response was greatest when it was added to the T cell-depleted spleen cell cultures one day after cultivation with SRBC, suggesting that the effectiveness may result from triggering of the proliferation and differentiation of antibody-forming cell precursors, which have already reacted with the antigen, to antibody-forming cells.", "contents": "In vitro reconstitution of anti-sheep erythrocyte antibody response of T cell-depleted spleen cells by allogeneic T cells or by factors derived from them. Restoration of the impaired antibody response to sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) in cultures of mouse spleen cells, which were deprived of thymus-derived lymphocytes (T cells) by treatment with anti-mouse brain-associated theta (BA theta) antiserum and complement, was studied by adding a small portion of syngeneic or allogeneic normal spleen cells in vitro. Allogeneic spleen cells had a far greater effect than syngeneic spleen cells on the restoration, as far as the normal spleen cells added were able to recognize the alloantigens on the anti-BA theta serum-treated spleen cells (bone marrow-derived lymphocytes). Treatment of the allogeneic spleen cells with mitomycin C did not affect their activity in the restoration of the impaired antibody response. The possibility that the role of T cells in the antibody response to SRBC may be replaced by a nonspecific mediator derived from T cells reacting with allogeneic cells was proven by the finding that supernatant of the mixed allogeneic spleen cell cultures restored the impaired anti-SRBC antibody response of the T cell-depleted spleen cells. The effect of such culture supernatant on the restoration of the antibody response was greatest when it was added to the T cell-depleted spleen cell cultures one day after cultivation with SRBC, suggesting that the effectiveness may result from triggering of the proliferation and differentiation of antibody-forming cell precursors, which have already reacted with the antigen, to antibody-forming cells.", "PMID": 1104934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_927", "title": "Relation between enhanced antibody responses elicited by adjuvant injection and those elicited by secondary antigenic stimulation.", "content": "An attempt was made to determine if there is any common mechanism in the enhanced antibody response caused either by injection of adjuvant, such as bacterial endotoxin (LPS) and complexed poly-nucleotides, or by secondary antigenic stimulation. LPS inoculated in mice 4 days before injection of sheep red cells (SRBC) and polyA:U invalidated the adjuvant effect of polyA:U injected together with SRBC, and the hemolysin plaque-forming cell (PFC) response of such mice was similar to that of the mice which received SRBC alone. When mice primed with SRBC 24 days in advance were injected with LPS and 4 days later re-stimulated with SRBC, their PFC response to the secondary stimulation was suppressed to less than one tenth of the normal secondary PFC response. The suppressive effect of LPS on the secondary antibody response was abolished if the serum collected from mice injected with LPS was given to the primed and LPS-injected mice at the time of the secondary antigenic stimulation. From these results we discussed the possibility that some common mediator might play a role in the enhanced antibody response elicited by either adjuvant injection or secondary injection of antigen.", "contents": "Relation between enhanced antibody responses elicited by adjuvant injection and those elicited by secondary antigenic stimulation. An attempt was made to determine if there is any common mechanism in the enhanced antibody response caused either by injection of adjuvant, such as bacterial endotoxin (LPS) and complexed poly-nucleotides, or by secondary antigenic stimulation. LPS inoculated in mice 4 days before injection of sheep red cells (SRBC) and polyA:U invalidated the adjuvant effect of polyA:U injected together with SRBC, and the hemolysin plaque-forming cell (PFC) response of such mice was similar to that of the mice which received SRBC alone. When mice primed with SRBC 24 days in advance were injected with LPS and 4 days later re-stimulated with SRBC, their PFC response to the secondary stimulation was suppressed to less than one tenth of the normal secondary PFC response. The suppressive effect of LPS on the secondary antibody response was abolished if the serum collected from mice injected with LPS was given to the primed and LPS-injected mice at the time of the secondary antigenic stimulation. From these results we discussed the possibility that some common mediator might play a role in the enhanced antibody response elicited by either adjuvant injection or secondary injection of antigen.", "PMID": 1104935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_928", "title": "Studies of Mycobacterium lepraemurium in cell culture. II. Pathogenicity of Mycobacterium lepraemurium maintained in mouse foot pad cell culture and interaction of the bacilli with the infected cells.", "content": "A serially diluted bacterial suspension of the Kurume-42 strain of Mycobacterium lepraemurium maintained for 1255 days in a mouse foot pad (MFP) cell culture was inoculated in mice subcutaneously. The ID50 value was estimated at more than 10.7 and less than 85 organisms, indicating that pathogenicity of the organism had been maintained well in a long-term cell culture. The cells infected and maintained for a long period in the cell culture showed all the stages of cell mitosis. This suggests that the bacterial increase in cell cultures of M. lepraemurium is not only due to rephagocytosis of the bacilli released from the infected cells but also to a constant intracellular growth cycle of the bacilli accompanied by mitosis of the infected cells. In acid phosphatase activity, no appreciable differences were noted between the infected and uninfected cells as far as the present cell culture system was concerned. Most of the bacilli within the cells were ultrastructurally normal. Solid bacilli in phagosomes were surrounded by less electron-dense clear zones.", "contents": "Studies of Mycobacterium lepraemurium in cell culture. II. Pathogenicity of Mycobacterium lepraemurium maintained in mouse foot pad cell culture and interaction of the bacilli with the infected cells. A serially diluted bacterial suspension of the Kurume-42 strain of Mycobacterium lepraemurium maintained for 1255 days in a mouse foot pad (MFP) cell culture was inoculated in mice subcutaneously. The ID50 value was estimated at more than 10.7 and less than 85 organisms, indicating that pathogenicity of the organism had been maintained well in a long-term cell culture. The cells infected and maintained for a long period in the cell culture showed all the stages of cell mitosis. This suggests that the bacterial increase in cell cultures of M. lepraemurium is not only due to rephagocytosis of the bacilli released from the infected cells but also to a constant intracellular growth cycle of the bacilli accompanied by mitosis of the infected cells. In acid phosphatase activity, no appreciable differences were noted between the infected and uninfected cells as far as the present cell culture system was concerned. Most of the bacilli within the cells were ultrastructurally normal. Solid bacilli in phagosomes were surrounded by less electron-dense clear zones.", "PMID": 1104936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_929", "title": "Editorial: The primary glomerular filtration barrier--basement membrane or epithelial slits?", "content": "In 1961, based on results obtained with the particulate tracer ferritin, Farquhar, Wissig and Palade [15] proposed a functional model for the glomerulus and defined a role for each of its components in the filtration process: a) the basement membrane as the main filter; b) the endothelium as a valve, which by the number and size of its fenestrae, controls access to the filter; c) the epithelium as a monitor which partially recovers proteins that leak through the filter; and d) the mesangium which serves to recondition and unclog the filter by incorporating and disposing of filtration residues which accumulate against it. In 1966, based on results obtained with the histochemically demonstrable tracers, horseradish peroxidase and myeloperoxidase, Graham and Karnovsky [24] questioned the basement membrane as the site of the main filter and proposed instead that it functioned as a crude prefilter with the epithelial slits representing the final critical barrier. While the concept of the \"two-barriers-in-series\" has enjoyed wide acceptance, the validity of certain of the experimental data used to support the original hypothesis has been questioned [23, 29, 37]. In the meantime, additional experimental evidence obtained largely with the use of particulate tracers (especially dextrans [23, 43, 44]), has provided strong support for the concept that the basement membrane acts as the main barrier to the passage of molecules in the same size range as plasma proteins (32, 000 to 125,000 mol wt). With respect to the function of the other layers in filtration, additional new information that has come to light has supported the roles proposed above. Work with both particulate [16, 60] and enzymatic [24, 29] tracers, as well as studies by Michael et al [61, 62] with aggregated serum ablumin, supported the phagocytic (unclogging) function of the mesangium. There is evidence from work with particulate tracers (particularly that with dextrans in nephrotic animals [43, 44]) which supports the monitoring function proposed for the epithelium. Recognizing that their work with histochemically demonstrable tracers may have certain technical limitations, Karnovsky, Ainsworth and Schneeberger [29, 37, 38] have recently taken the position that there is no definitive answer to the question of which structure-basement membrane or epithelial slits-represents the principal filter, and have suggested that more information is needed in order to make such a decision. But, in fact, the bulk of the evidence available at present favors the basement membrane as the primary filtration barrier in the glomerulus. Substantial evidence based on work with electronopaque tracers (including recent studies with dextrans) indicates retention of a variety of tracers by the basement membrane. On the other hand, unequivocal demonstration of retention of any tracer by the slits is still lacking.", "contents": "Editorial: The primary glomerular filtration barrier--basement membrane or epithelial slits? In 1961, based on results obtained with the particulate tracer ferritin, Farquhar, Wissig and Palade [15] proposed a functional model for the glomerulus and defined a role for each of its components in the filtration process: a) the basement membrane as the main filter; b) the endothelium as a valve, which by the number and size of its fenestrae, controls access to the filter; c) the epithelium as a monitor which partially recovers proteins that leak through the filter; and d) the mesangium which serves to recondition and unclog the filter by incorporating and disposing of filtration residues which accumulate against it. In 1966, based on results obtained with the histochemically demonstrable tracers, horseradish peroxidase and myeloperoxidase, Graham and Karnovsky [24] questioned the basement membrane as the site of the main filter and proposed instead that it functioned as a crude prefilter with the epithelial slits representing the final critical barrier. While the concept of the \"two-barriers-in-series\" has enjoyed wide acceptance, the validity of certain of the experimental data used to support the original hypothesis has been questioned [23, 29, 37]. In the meantime, additional experimental evidence obtained largely with the use of particulate tracers (especially dextrans [23, 43, 44]), has provided strong support for the concept that the basement membrane acts as the main barrier to the passage of molecules in the same size range as plasma proteins (32, 000 to 125,000 mol wt). With respect to the function of the other layers in filtration, additional new information that has come to light has supported the roles proposed above. Work with both particulate [16, 60] and enzymatic [24, 29] tracers, as well as studies by Michael et al [61, 62] with aggregated serum ablumin, supported the phagocytic (unclogging) function of the mesangium. There is evidence from work with particulate tracers (particularly that with dextrans in nephrotic animals [43, 44]) which supports the monitoring function proposed for the epithelium. Recognizing that their work with histochemically demonstrable tracers may have certain technical limitations, Karnovsky, Ainsworth and Schneeberger [29, 37, 38] have recently taken the position that there is no definitive answer to the question of which structure-basement membrane or epithelial slits-represents the principal filter, and have suggested that more information is needed in order to make such a decision. But, in fact, the bulk of the evidence available at present favors the basement membrane as the primary filtration barrier in the glomerulus. Substantial evidence based on work with electronopaque tracers (including recent studies with dextrans) indicates retention of a variety of tracers by the basement membrane. On the other hand, unequivocal demonstration of retention of any tracer by the slits is still lacking.", "PMID": 1104965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_930", "title": "An ultrastructural study of the mechanisms of proteinuria in aminonucleoside nephrosis.", "content": "Sprague-Dawley rats injected i.v. with a single dose of puromycin aminonucleoside (PAN) developed massive proteinuria five days later. Electron microscopic studies of perfusion-fixed glomeruli showed that loss of epithelial foot processes and their replacement by flattened expanses of epithelial cytoplasm began at two days and was extensive by four days after the injection of PAN. At and after five days (correlating with the onset and persistence of massive proteinuria), areas of focal loss of the epithelial covering on the outside of the glomerular basement membrane (GBM) were observed in 30% of glomeruli. Intravenously administered ferritin was distributed normally in most sections of the GBM of nephrotic animals, but abnormally deep penetration of particles was observed in GBM segments that lacked an external covering of epithelium. The same changes were found following in situ fixation of superficially placed glomeruli of Munich-Wistar rats with PAN nephrosis. We propose that the massive, early proteinuria in PAN nephrosis may be primarily due to a glomerular epithelial lesion, leading to scattered focal defects in the external covering of the GBM. Increased bulk flow of glomerular filtrate across the GBM in such areas may explain the highly selective proteinuria found in this form of the nephrotic syndrome.", "contents": "An ultrastructural study of the mechanisms of proteinuria in aminonucleoside nephrosis. Sprague-Dawley rats injected i.v. with a single dose of puromycin aminonucleoside (PAN) developed massive proteinuria five days later. Electron microscopic studies of perfusion-fixed glomeruli showed that loss of epithelial foot processes and their replacement by flattened expanses of epithelial cytoplasm began at two days and was extensive by four days after the injection of PAN. At and after five days (correlating with the onset and persistence of massive proteinuria), areas of focal loss of the epithelial covering on the outside of the glomerular basement membrane (GBM) were observed in 30% of glomeruli. Intravenously administered ferritin was distributed normally in most sections of the GBM of nephrotic animals, but abnormally deep penetration of particles was observed in GBM segments that lacked an external covering of epithelium. The same changes were found following in situ fixation of superficially placed glomeruli of Munich-Wistar rats with PAN nephrosis. We propose that the massive, early proteinuria in PAN nephrosis may be primarily due to a glomerular epithelial lesion, leading to scattered focal defects in the external covering of the GBM. Increased bulk flow of glomerular filtrate across the GBM in such areas may explain the highly selective proteinuria found in this form of the nephrotic syndrome.", "PMID": 1104966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_931", "title": "Experimental Escherichia coli urinary infection in the rat.", "content": "Twenty-six urinary strains of Escherichia coli belonging to O-sero-groups commonly associated with urinary infection but differeing in serum sensitivity and K antigen content were examined for their ability to survive in the kidneys following inoculation into the bladder of male Wistar rats. Reproducibility studies showed that some strains consistently caused kidney infection whereas others were consistently unable to do so. However, the ability to infect the kidneys was not correlated with serum resistance or K antigen content. Some evidence for the nature of the factors responsible for kidney infection came from a study of various mutants derived from E.coli LP729 (serotype 09), which produces negligible amounts of K antigen and is rapidly killed by serum after a delay of one hour. Both LP729 and a serum-resistant mutant derived from it caused kidney infections, but two rough variants derived from the serum-resistant mutant were unable to infect the rat kidneys. One variant was devoid of lipopolysaccharide O-side chains; the other showed the delayed serum-killing effect characteristic of LP729 and retained 09 specificity with a full complement of O-side chains, suggesting that loss of surface components unrelated to O or K specificity may be responsible for failure to invade the kidneys.", "contents": "Experimental Escherichia coli urinary infection in the rat. Twenty-six urinary strains of Escherichia coli belonging to O-sero-groups commonly associated with urinary infection but differeing in serum sensitivity and K antigen content were examined for their ability to survive in the kidneys following inoculation into the bladder of male Wistar rats. Reproducibility studies showed that some strains consistently caused kidney infection whereas others were consistently unable to do so. However, the ability to infect the kidneys was not correlated with serum resistance or K antigen content. Some evidence for the nature of the factors responsible for kidney infection came from a study of various mutants derived from E.coli LP729 (serotype 09), which produces negligible amounts of K antigen and is rapidly killed by serum after a delay of one hour. Both LP729 and a serum-resistant mutant derived from it caused kidney infections, but two rough variants derived from the serum-resistant mutant were unable to infect the rat kidneys. One variant was devoid of lipopolysaccharide O-side chains; the other showed the delayed serum-killing effect characteristic of LP729 and retained 09 specificity with a full complement of O-side chains, suggesting that loss of surface components unrelated to O or K specificity may be responsible for failure to invade the kidneys.", "PMID": 1104967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_932", "title": "Immunogenicity of Escherichia coli O antigen in upper urinary tract infection.", "content": "The role of immunogenicity of the infecting organism (Escherichia coli) in the antibody response to O antigen in upper urinary tract infection was investigated. Heat-killed vaccines were prepared from \"immunogenic\" organisms which had produced upper urinary tract infection associated with high titers of hemagglutinating antibody to O antigen and \"nonimmunogenic\" organisms which had produced upper urinary tract infection without a rise in antibody titer. \"Immunogenic\" 06 vaccine produced high titers of antibody in patients regarded as possibly \"poor producers\" of antibody, but \"nonimmunogenic\" 011 vaccine was not associated with a rise in titer in patients previously regarded as \"good producers\". These vaccines were significantly different in immunogenicity (P less than 0.05). Five vaccines were tested in 50 rats. The difference in hemagglutinating titers to O antigen between 06 and 011 was highly significant (P less than 0.001). Immunogenicity of the infecting organism appears to be a significant factor in determining antibody response to O antigen in upper tract infection.", "contents": "Immunogenicity of Escherichia coli O antigen in upper urinary tract infection. The role of immunogenicity of the infecting organism (Escherichia coli) in the antibody response to O antigen in upper urinary tract infection was investigated. Heat-killed vaccines were prepared from \"immunogenic\" organisms which had produced upper urinary tract infection associated with high titers of hemagglutinating antibody to O antigen and \"nonimmunogenic\" organisms which had produced upper urinary tract infection without a rise in antibody titer. \"Immunogenic\" 06 vaccine produced high titers of antibody in patients regarded as possibly \"poor producers\" of antibody, but \"nonimmunogenic\" 011 vaccine was not associated with a rise in titer in patients previously regarded as \"good producers\". These vaccines were significantly different in immunogenicity (P less than 0.05). Five vaccines were tested in 50 rats. The difference in hemagglutinating titers to O antigen between 06 and 011 was highly significant (P less than 0.001). Immunogenicity of the infecting organism appears to be a significant factor in determining antibody response to O antigen in upper tract infection.", "PMID": 1104969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_933", "title": "[A railway accident a hundred years ago as reason for systematic testing of colour vision (author's transl)].", "content": "Holmgren's supposition that colour blindness was one of the causes for the train-disaster which happened on 15th November 1875 near Lagerlunda had been passed on as an established fact. The course of the accident is outlined on the basis of the court records. It shows that not colour blindness, but the fact that the engine-driver and the station-master were acting contrary to regulations resulted in the head-on collision with the opposite train. After this event systematic testing of colour vision in railway-men was instituted and the methods of examination were considerably improved.", "contents": "[A railway accident a hundred years ago as reason for systematic testing of colour vision (author's transl)]. Holmgren's supposition that colour blindness was one of the causes for the train-disaster which happened on 15th November 1875 near Lagerlunda had been passed on as an established fact. The course of the accident is outlined on the basis of the court records. It shows that not colour blindness, but the fact that the engine-driver and the station-master were acting contrary to regulations resulted in the head-on collision with the opposite train. After this event systematic testing of colour vision in railway-men was instituted and the methods of examination were considerably improved.", "PMID": 1104986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_934", "title": "[Pilocarpine-ocusert-p-40 in the handicapped glaucoma patient (author's transl)].", "content": "A group of 15 patients with chronic open angle glaucoma had been selected for this study. All of them were handicapped in the long-term self-medication of their antiglaucomatous eye drops either by visual function loss or by, physical or mental disorders. A preliminary test was made in each patient whether there was an essential difference in the therapeutic effect after self-medication and after optimal local application of the miotics by the doctor. Each of the selected patients had profile tonometry after self-medication, after medication by the observer and after Pilocarpine-Ocusert-P-40. There was evidence that the most pronounced therapeutic effect could be achieved by the correct placement of the antiglaucomatous drug in the individual eye. The results on the ocusert system indicate that pilocarpine ocuserts are advantageous over the incorrect placement of different miotics by the handicapped patient. The results had been statistically evaluated using the t-test. The possibilities of using the ocuserts in the elderly glaucoma patient are discussed.", "contents": "[Pilocarpine-ocusert-p-40 in the handicapped glaucoma patient (author's transl)]. A group of 15 patients with chronic open angle glaucoma had been selected for this study. All of them were handicapped in the long-term self-medication of their antiglaucomatous eye drops either by visual function loss or by, physical or mental disorders. A preliminary test was made in each patient whether there was an essential difference in the therapeutic effect after self-medication and after optimal local application of the miotics by the doctor. Each of the selected patients had profile tonometry after self-medication, after medication by the observer and after Pilocarpine-Ocusert-P-40. There was evidence that the most pronounced therapeutic effect could be achieved by the correct placement of the antiglaucomatous drug in the individual eye. The results on the ocusert system indicate that pilocarpine ocuserts are advantageous over the incorrect placement of different miotics by the handicapped patient. The results had been statistically evaluated using the t-test. The possibilities of using the ocuserts in the elderly glaucoma patient are discussed.", "PMID": 1104988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_935", "title": "[Use of muscle surgery sutures in retinal detachment operations (author's transl)].", "content": "In cases of surgery in retinal detachment, borrowing of techniques employed in strabismus surgery is recommended. The opening of the conjunctiva and Tenon's capsule and careful placement of the final suture as published by C\u00fcppers avoids or at least diminishes postoperative cicatrization, retraction, and resulting disturbances of motility and double images. In case where one are several muscles have to be cut, the exact strabismic muscle surgery helps this treatment. In these cases, statistical results are mentioned. Furthermore in cases of high myopia and especially those combined with nystagmus, the so called C\u00fcpper's \"Fadenoperation\" gives excellent results. Three cases operated on by this technique, in which no other method succeeded, are demonstrated.", "contents": "[Use of muscle surgery sutures in retinal detachment operations (author's transl)]. In cases of surgery in retinal detachment, borrowing of techniques employed in strabismus surgery is recommended. The opening of the conjunctiva and Tenon's capsule and careful placement of the final suture as published by C\u00fcppers avoids or at least diminishes postoperative cicatrization, retraction, and resulting disturbances of motility and double images. In case where one are several muscles have to be cut, the exact strabismic muscle surgery helps this treatment. In these cases, statistical results are mentioned. Furthermore in cases of high myopia and especially those combined with nystagmus, the so called C\u00fcpper's \"Fadenoperation\" gives excellent results. Three cases operated on by this technique, in which no other method succeeded, are demonstrated.", "PMID": 1104991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_936", "title": "[Lamellar corneal graft and transposition of a conjunctival flap for surgical treatment of pterygium (author's transl)].", "content": "In advanced primary and recurrent pterygium extensive excision and lamellar corneal grafting have been performed. Closure of the conjunctival wound is achieved by transposition of a temporal conjunctival flap to the excised area. In a follow-up period up to 15 months no recurrence have been observed. The functional and cosmetical results are satisfactory.", "contents": "[Lamellar corneal graft and transposition of a conjunctival flap for surgical treatment of pterygium (author's transl)]. In advanced primary and recurrent pterygium extensive excision and lamellar corneal grafting have been performed. Closure of the conjunctival wound is achieved by transposition of a temporal conjunctival flap to the excised area. In a follow-up period up to 15 months no recurrence have been observed. The functional and cosmetical results are satisfactory.", "PMID": 1104992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_937", "title": "[The operative treatment of nystagmus-caused variable squint angles with C\u00fcppers \"Fadenoperation\" (author's transl)].", "content": "THE \"Fadenoperation\" developed by C\u00fcppers is described. With this, the arc of contact is changed with retension of the anatomical insertion. It is indicated when an innervational factor is to be influenced, especially by the treatment of an instable squint angle caused by nystagmus. A differentiation between a static and dynamic angle must be made. Only the static angle can be corrected by common recession and resection. The dynamic angle can be corrected by the \"Fadenoperation\" described by C\u00fcppers. The difficulty in recognizing the nystagmus and determining the width of the static and dynamic angle is described in detail. Satisfying results were attained, following these criteria, shown by 19 (76%) of the operated convergent squinters with an instable angle.", "contents": "[The operative treatment of nystagmus-caused variable squint angles with C\u00fcppers \"Fadenoperation\" (author's transl)]. THE \"Fadenoperation\" developed by C\u00fcppers is described. With this, the arc of contact is changed with retension of the anatomical insertion. It is indicated when an innervational factor is to be influenced, especially by the treatment of an instable squint angle caused by nystagmus. A differentiation between a static and dynamic angle must be made. Only the static angle can be corrected by common recession and resection. The dynamic angle can be corrected by the \"Fadenoperation\" described by C\u00fcppers. The difficulty in recognizing the nystagmus and determining the width of the static and dynamic angle is described in detail. Satisfying results were attained, following these criteria, shown by 19 (76%) of the operated convergent squinters with an instable angle.", "PMID": 1104993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_938", "title": "[Hypo and hypercalcemia as an emergency].", "content": "1. Hypo- and hypercalcemia can be explained as derangements of the calcium homeostasis. Hypocalcemic tetany usually alarming the patient tremendously is, at least in adults, rarely life-threatening. Hypercalcemia leads in 30% of the cases to clinical symptoms which may inadvertedly pass into a state of hypercalcemic crisis. This latter requires an often difficult emergency treatment. 2. Hypocalcemic tetany may be reversed by administering calcium i.v. or, in severe cases, by a calcium infusion. Only rarely are magnesium supplements necessary to let the tetany disappear. Vitamin D or dihydrotachysterol (DHT) do not correct hypocalcemia immediately, since their effects may be delayed up to 15-25 days. In order to normalize the serum calcium permanently, vitamin D or DHT treatment should be instituted as rarely as possible. 3. Initially, hypercalcemic crisis is best treated by forced intravenous fluid administration with normal saline (and furosemide) in combination with high doses of prednisone. Fluid-, sodium- and potassium balances ought to be checked during this type of treatment. A first evaluation of the effectiveness of these measures is recommended after 24 hours: treatment is continued in patients who respond favorably, while subjects who do not show a significant decrease of the serum calcium may either be given a phosphate infusion or mithramycine as a bolus. Calcitonin appears to be useful only to start treatment before institution of a phosphate infusion.", "contents": "[Hypo and hypercalcemia as an emergency]. 1. Hypo- and hypercalcemia can be explained as derangements of the calcium homeostasis. Hypocalcemic tetany usually alarming the patient tremendously is, at least in adults, rarely life-threatening. Hypercalcemia leads in 30% of the cases to clinical symptoms which may inadvertedly pass into a state of hypercalcemic crisis. This latter requires an often difficult emergency treatment. 2. Hypocalcemic tetany may be reversed by administering calcium i.v. or, in severe cases, by a calcium infusion. Only rarely are magnesium supplements necessary to let the tetany disappear. Vitamin D or dihydrotachysterol (DHT) do not correct hypocalcemia immediately, since their effects may be delayed up to 15-25 days. In order to normalize the serum calcium permanently, vitamin D or DHT treatment should be instituted as rarely as possible. 3. Initially, hypercalcemic crisis is best treated by forced intravenous fluid administration with normal saline (and furosemide) in combination with high doses of prednisone. Fluid-, sodium- and potassium balances ought to be checked during this type of treatment. A first evaluation of the effectiveness of these measures is recommended after 24 hours: treatment is continued in patients who respond favorably, while subjects who do not show a significant decrease of the serum calcium may either be given a phosphate infusion or mithramycine as a bolus. Calcitonin appears to be useful only to start treatment before institution of a phosphate infusion.", "PMID": 1104994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_939", "title": "[Discelectrophoretic analysis of the tubular proteinuria (author's transl)].", "content": "The urinary protein pattern following tubular damage is different from other proteinurias. The tubular proteinuria consists of micromolecular proteins of MW 10-70000. The disturbed tubular function probably leads to a diminished reabsorption of these microproteins from the tubular fluids. By determining the molecular weight of the urinary proteins by SDS-PAA-electrophoresis tubular proteinurias may be distinguished from glomerular and extrarenal forms. Tubular proteinurias are found in inflammatory, degenerative and vascular tubulopathies. The course of acute tubular diseases reveals proteinurias of different micromolecular composition depending of the improving tubular function; this supports the concept of a selective tubular reabsorption of microproteins. Tubular proteinurias are associated with normal as well as with impaired glomerular filtration, which, in part, might influence the amount of microproteins excreted.", "contents": "[Discelectrophoretic analysis of the tubular proteinuria (author's transl)]. The urinary protein pattern following tubular damage is different from other proteinurias. The tubular proteinuria consists of micromolecular proteins of MW 10-70000. The disturbed tubular function probably leads to a diminished reabsorption of these microproteins from the tubular fluids. By determining the molecular weight of the urinary proteins by SDS-PAA-electrophoresis tubular proteinurias may be distinguished from glomerular and extrarenal forms. Tubular proteinurias are found in inflammatory, degenerative and vascular tubulopathies. The course of acute tubular diseases reveals proteinurias of different micromolecular composition depending of the improving tubular function; this supports the concept of a selective tubular reabsorption of microproteins. Tubular proteinurias are associated with normal as well as with impaired glomerular filtration, which, in part, might influence the amount of microproteins excreted.", "PMID": 1104995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_940", "title": "[Immunglobulin levels after kidney transplantation and during rejection crisis (author's transl)].", "content": "In the first three weeks after kidney transplantation the patients were examined for daily changes in immunoglobulin levels. Only very seldom was a decrease of IgM detected in our patients who had undergone splenectomy. During half of the rejection crisis there were indeed short periods of increase (spikes) in immunoglobulins. These were observed always before or concomitantly with the clinical diagnosis of a rejection reaction. In order to determine the connection between immunoglobulin-spikes and an approaching rejection episode the general one-sided binominal test was used. A significant relation was established between IgM peaks and an approaching rejection crisis. No such relation could be found for the IgA peaks observed. The IgG globulins showed no consistent pattern during a transplantation rejection. A persistent fall of the IgG globulins was noted in the first ten days after renal allograft with the immunosuppressive regimen of an initial gramme of methylprednisolon and high dosage of azothioprine. A good correlation was observed with the simultaneous depression of serum albumin concentrations. As losses of protein in urine are minimal (already confirmed by other authors), it must be assumed that in the first place a high rate of catabolism and a restriction in the protein synthesis is responsible for the decrease in the IgG globulins and the serum albumins.", "contents": "[Immunglobulin levels after kidney transplantation and during rejection crisis (author's transl)]. In the first three weeks after kidney transplantation the patients were examined for daily changes in immunoglobulin levels. Only very seldom was a decrease of IgM detected in our patients who had undergone splenectomy. During half of the rejection crisis there were indeed short periods of increase (spikes) in immunoglobulins. These were observed always before or concomitantly with the clinical diagnosis of a rejection reaction. In order to determine the connection between immunoglobulin-spikes and an approaching rejection episode the general one-sided binominal test was used. A significant relation was established between IgM peaks and an approaching rejection crisis. No such relation could be found for the IgA peaks observed. The IgG globulins showed no consistent pattern during a transplantation rejection. A persistent fall of the IgG globulins was noted in the first ten days after renal allograft with the immunosuppressive regimen of an initial gramme of methylprednisolon and high dosage of azothioprine. A good correlation was observed with the simultaneous depression of serum albumin concentrations. As losses of protein in urine are minimal (already confirmed by other authors), it must be assumed that in the first place a high rate of catabolism and a restriction in the protein synthesis is responsible for the decrease in the IgG globulins and the serum albumins.", "PMID": 1104996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_941", "title": "Pathogenesis of cerebellar hypoplasia produced by lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection of neonatal rats. II. An ultrastructural study of the immune-mediated pathology.", "content": "Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, following inoculation of 4-day-old rats, produces an acute destructive but nonfatal necrosis of the cerebellum which is immunologically mediated. An ultrastructural study of the developing lesion indicated the following sequence of events: first, lymphocytic choriomengitis virions appear in the intercellular spaces of apparently normal neural parenchyma, followed shortly thereafter (5 days after infection) by adherence of monocytes to vascular endothelium with migration into tissue and morphologic transformation into activated macrophages, concomitant with necrosis of neural cells which progresses from 1 to 3 weeks after infection. Removal of debris overlaps with and is followed by astrogliosis, collagen deposition, and vascular changes. Finally, several months after infection, an increasing infiltration of plasma cells occurs, accompanied by gradual disappearance of virus from the neural parenchyma. These morphologic observations suggest that the acut immunopathology is cell-mediated whereas local antibody production may play an important role in clearance of virus from persistently infected tissue.", "contents": "Pathogenesis of cerebellar hypoplasia produced by lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection of neonatal rats. II. An ultrastructural study of the immune-mediated pathology. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, following inoculation of 4-day-old rats, produces an acute destructive but nonfatal necrosis of the cerebellum which is immunologically mediated. An ultrastructural study of the developing lesion indicated the following sequence of events: first, lymphocytic choriomengitis virions appear in the intercellular spaces of apparently normal neural parenchyma, followed shortly thereafter (5 days after infection) by adherence of monocytes to vascular endothelium with migration into tissue and morphologic transformation into activated macrophages, concomitant with necrosis of neural cells which progresses from 1 to 3 weeks after infection. Removal of debris overlaps with and is followed by astrogliosis, collagen deposition, and vascular changes. Finally, several months after infection, an increasing infiltration of plasma cells occurs, accompanied by gradual disappearance of virus from the neural parenchyma. These morphologic observations suggest that the acut immunopathology is cell-mediated whereas local antibody production may play an important role in clearance of virus from persistently infected tissue.", "PMID": 1104999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_942", "title": "Segmental flexibility in the myosin molecule: evidence from binding studies of myosin fragments with actin.", "content": "From comparative studies of the association with polymeric actin of the bifunctional species heavy meromyosin and its monofunctional constituents, information about the relative freedom of these paired elements can be derived. An isotherm for the former binding process is presented which involves, as an experimentally determinable parameter, the local concentration of second segment after the first of a pair is attached to the lattice. From combined data for these two association reactions a value of 10(-4) M is obtained for this quantity. The large degree of segmental flexibility reported for the free heavy meromyosin is still manifested in the association with actin.", "contents": "Segmental flexibility in the myosin molecule: evidence from binding studies of myosin fragments with actin. From comparative studies of the association with polymeric actin of the bifunctional species heavy meromyosin and its monofunctional constituents, information about the relative freedom of these paired elements can be derived. An isotherm for the former binding process is presented which involves, as an experimentally determinable parameter, the local concentration of second segment after the first of a pair is attached to the lattice. From combined data for these two association reactions a value of 10(-4) M is obtained for this quantity. The large degree of segmental flexibility reported for the free heavy meromyosin is still manifested in the association with actin.", "PMID": 1105005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_943", "title": "On the enthalpy of binding of ADP to heavy meromyosin.", "content": "The binding of ADP to heavy meromyosin has been studied by microcalorimetry. Minute amounts of myokinase interfere with binding measurements, but by selection of appropriate conditions, we can estimate that the value of the apparent deltaHbinding lies between - 1.0 and - 3.0 kcal per mole of ADP bound (0.3 M KC1, 2 mM MgC12, 20mM Tris, pH 8.00, 20 degrees C). Values of deltaHbinding reported to date are an order of magnitude larger, and we suggest that these values are artifactual results due to myokinase contamination.", "contents": "On the enthalpy of binding of ADP to heavy meromyosin. The binding of ADP to heavy meromyosin has been studied by microcalorimetry. Minute amounts of myokinase interfere with binding measurements, but by selection of appropriate conditions, we can estimate that the value of the apparent deltaHbinding lies between - 1.0 and - 3.0 kcal per mole of ADP bound (0.3 M KC1, 2 mM MgC12, 20mM Tris, pH 8.00, 20 degrees C). Values of deltaHbinding reported to date are an order of magnitude larger, and we suggest that these values are artifactual results due to myokinase contamination.", "PMID": 1105006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_944", "title": "Bilateral chylothorax - complication in malignancy.", "content": "Bilateral chylothorax is a rare condition caused by traumas and disorders with perforation or destruction of main lymphatics in the thorax leading to lymph leakage. Two patients with bilateral chylothorax are presented one of whom was successfully operated on. Etiology, diagnostics and therapy of this condition are discussed.", "contents": "Bilateral chylothorax - complication in malignancy. Bilateral chylothorax is a rare condition caused by traumas and disorders with perforation or destruction of main lymphatics in the thorax leading to lymph leakage. Two patients with bilateral chylothorax are presented one of whom was successfully operated on. Etiology, diagnostics and therapy of this condition are discussed.", "PMID": 1105011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_945", "title": "Hypertension.", "content": "Hypertension, a health problem of epidemic proportions, has not been controlled successfully. Screening efforts are increasing the detection of cases, and current emphasis on treatment rather than detailed evaluation is increasing the incidence of control of hypertension. Patient compliance is crucial, however, because all of the currently available treatments require daily taking of pills by patients who commonly do not understand their disease or the need for treatment. Efforts at increased public education and improved doctor-patient relationships are important if the epidemic is to be overcome. This paper reviews diagnosis, evaluation, treatment, public education, and patient compliance.", "contents": "Hypertension. Hypertension, a health problem of epidemic proportions, has not been controlled successfully. Screening efforts are increasing the detection of cases, and current emphasis on treatment rather than detailed evaluation is increasing the incidence of control of hypertension. Patient compliance is crucial, however, because all of the currently available treatments require daily taking of pills by patients who commonly do not understand their disease or the need for treatment. Efforts at increased public education and improved doctor-patient relationships are important if the epidemic is to be overcome. This paper reviews diagnosis, evaluation, treatment, public education, and patient compliance.", "PMID": 1105015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_946", "title": "Health care in a changing society: the health services of Israel.", "content": "In the pre-State era, Israeli society displayed an \"ascetic\" orientation with emphasis on austerity and egalitarianism. The medical profession was influenced by the basic philosophy of the country and coped successfully with the country's health problems, mainly by lowering morbidity and mortality rates. With the emergence of the State of Israel, mass immigration of people with different backgrounds, cultures, and values occurred, and health problems of the disability, dissatisfaction, and discomfort type arose. The existing medical organizations were unable to handle them. The story of three such organizations is detailed in brief: the first medical school in Jerusalem, the greatest supplier of curative services--the workers' sick fund (Kupa Holim), and the Ministry of Health. Their impact on the health services of the country is described. These services are splintered into numerous self-contained authorities and an understanding of the overall needs is lacking. This state of affairs reflects the antagonistic interests of the political powers behind the various health agencies. A concensus within the health field on the nature of the problems and their solution could be reached if the health organizations accepted a broader philosophy of health, comprising its somatic, mental, and social aspects, and if they commit themselves to applying this philosophy in their activities. This may lead to considerable changes in medical education, more attention being focused on the social functions of medicine than on medical technology; health care would become more comprehensive and would cover all aspects of health in its preventive, curative, and rehabilitative stages. Failure to meet the health needs of the changing society will constitute a false reading of the public pulse. Of late, the voices demanding the conquest of social diseases and the attainment of health in its broadest sense are becoming more and more audible.", "contents": "Health care in a changing society: the health services of Israel. In the pre-State era, Israeli society displayed an \"ascetic\" orientation with emphasis on austerity and egalitarianism. The medical profession was influenced by the basic philosophy of the country and coped successfully with the country's health problems, mainly by lowering morbidity and mortality rates. With the emergence of the State of Israel, mass immigration of people with different backgrounds, cultures, and values occurred, and health problems of the disability, dissatisfaction, and discomfort type arose. The existing medical organizations were unable to handle them. The story of three such organizations is detailed in brief: the first medical school in Jerusalem, the greatest supplier of curative services--the workers' sick fund (Kupa Holim), and the Ministry of Health. Their impact on the health services of the country is described. These services are splintered into numerous self-contained authorities and an understanding of the overall needs is lacking. This state of affairs reflects the antagonistic interests of the political powers behind the various health agencies. A concensus within the health field on the nature of the problems and their solution could be reached if the health organizations accepted a broader philosophy of health, comprising its somatic, mental, and social aspects, and if they commit themselves to applying this philosophy in their activities. This may lead to considerable changes in medical education, more attention being focused on the social functions of medicine than on medical technology; health care would become more comprehensive and would cover all aspects of health in its preventive, curative, and rehabilitative stages. Failure to meet the health needs of the changing society will constitute a false reading of the public pulse. Of late, the voices demanding the conquest of social diseases and the attainment of health in its broadest sense are becoming more and more audible.", "PMID": 1105024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_947", "title": "An emergency room's patients: their characteristics and utilization of hospital services.", "content": "Utilization of the emergency room at an urban community hospital is studied in a format designed to accomplish three complementary objectives: 1) to characterize a sample of individual patients, rather than an unweighted sample of visits, 2) to estimate the number of individuals served during a specified period and the magnitude of the relationship between these patients and the utilization of other hospital services, and 3) to introduce the patient's \"frequency-of-visit\" as an important variable in the analysis of emergency room utilization. Some specific findings are: 1) the vast majority of patients who used the emergency room did so very infrequently; 46,527 visits were made in one year by an estimated 34,286 different patients; 2) an estimated 2,586 patients made three or more visits during the year; a disproportionately large number of these \"high-frequency\" users were black, low-income, and from inner-city areas; a relatively small percentage of their visits were for accidental injury, 3) approximately 53 per cent of the hospital's inpatient admissions and 68 per cent of the inpatient days were generated by patients who also made at least one emergency room visit during the year studied.", "contents": "An emergency room's patients: their characteristics and utilization of hospital services. Utilization of the emergency room at an urban community hospital is studied in a format designed to accomplish three complementary objectives: 1) to characterize a sample of individual patients, rather than an unweighted sample of visits, 2) to estimate the number of individuals served during a specified period and the magnitude of the relationship between these patients and the utilization of other hospital services, and 3) to introduce the patient's \"frequency-of-visit\" as an important variable in the analysis of emergency room utilization. Some specific findings are: 1) the vast majority of patients who used the emergency room did so very infrequently; 46,527 visits were made in one year by an estimated 34,286 different patients; 2) an estimated 2,586 patients made three or more visits during the year; a disproportionately large number of these \"high-frequency\" users were black, low-income, and from inner-city areas; a relatively small percentage of their visits were for accidental injury, 3) approximately 53 per cent of the hospital's inpatient admissions and 68 per cent of the inpatient days were generated by patients who also made at least one emergency room visit during the year studied.", "PMID": 1105025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_948", "title": "A study of consumer attitudes about health care: the role of the emergency room.", "content": "Contrary to the traditional role of the emergency room (ER) as a care source for the treatment of urgent medical needs, it is evident that substantial numbers of people now use the ER for the treatment of nonurgent problems. In this paper, we report on public opinion about the role of the ER, the accessibility of medical care, and factors that prompt the use of the ER rather than other sources of care. The data result from a community survey of households (N = 521) in the area of Rochester, New York, representative of a population of about 580,000 people. The findings, which relate ER utilization to source of payment, use of other sources of care, demographic variables, and consumer attitudes illustrate the rationality of the patient's use of ER facilities and reflect the patient's view of the ER as a place to obtain medical treatment when other sources are not available.", "contents": "A study of consumer attitudes about health care: the role of the emergency room. Contrary to the traditional role of the emergency room (ER) as a care source for the treatment of urgent medical needs, it is evident that substantial numbers of people now use the ER for the treatment of nonurgent problems. In this paper, we report on public opinion about the role of the ER, the accessibility of medical care, and factors that prompt the use of the ER rather than other sources of care. The data result from a community survey of households (N = 521) in the area of Rochester, New York, representative of a population of about 580,000 people. The findings, which relate ER utilization to source of payment, use of other sources of care, demographic variables, and consumer attitudes illustrate the rationality of the patient's use of ER facilities and reflect the patient's view of the ER as a place to obtain medical treatment when other sources are not available.", "PMID": 1105026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_949", "title": "Characteristics of patients and care provided in health-related and skilled nursing facilities.", "content": "This survey study of 433 admissions to four health-related facilities and 738 admissions to 40 skilled nursing facilities in the Rochester region describes the reasons for placement, the patients' physical, mental, and functional characteristics and their personal, nursing, and other care requirements in the institutional setting. The differences and similarities between the two levels of care and between the four HRF's are analyzed in the light of national data; the appropriateness of placement is evaluated and the implications for regulatory systems are discussed.", "contents": "Characteristics of patients and care provided in health-related and skilled nursing facilities. This survey study of 433 admissions to four health-related facilities and 738 admissions to 40 skilled nursing facilities in the Rochester region describes the reasons for placement, the patients' physical, mental, and functional characteristics and their personal, nursing, and other care requirements in the institutional setting. The differences and similarities between the two levels of care and between the four HRF's are analyzed in the light of national data; the appropriateness of placement is evaluated and the implications for regulatory systems are discussed.", "PMID": 1105027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_950", "title": "Adam Politzer, otology and the Centennial Exhibition of 1876.", "content": "The Centennial Exhibition of 1876 was held in Philadelphia. Among the exhibits was a collection of temporal bone dissections produced by Adam Politzer of Vienna. This exhibit included both normal and pathological temporal bones, and emphasized the relationship of the tympanic membrane to the middle ear, external canal and bony labyrinth. At the close of the Centennial Exhibition the collection was purchased by the College of Physicians of Philadelphia. This collection and the congress associated with the Centennial had a tangible effect on the otology in this country.", "contents": "Adam Politzer, otology and the Centennial Exhibition of 1876. The Centennial Exhibition of 1876 was held in Philadelphia. Among the exhibits was a collection of temporal bone dissections produced by Adam Politzer of Vienna. This exhibit included both normal and pathological temporal bones, and emphasized the relationship of the tympanic membrane to the middle ear, external canal and bony labyrinth. At the close of the Centennial Exhibition the collection was purchased by the College of Physicians of Philadelphia. This collection and the congress associated with the Centennial had a tangible effect on the otology in this country.", "PMID": 1105037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_951", "title": "Preoperative laminagraphic evaluation of the sphenoid sinus for transsphenoidal surgery.", "content": "In recent years the transethmoidal and transnasal approaches to the pituitary gland have become increasingly popular. In each case, detailed preoperative analysis of the anatomy of the sphenoid sinus and its boundaries is crucial in facilitating entry to the pituitary fossa and in reducing intraoperative complications. Certain operative difficulties and complications are the result of the marked variability in the anatomy of the sphenoid bone and its sinus. These include: loss of orientation within a capacious sinus; perforation of the carotid artery or cavernous sinus; injury to the optic nerve or ophthalmic artery; and violation of the subarachnoid space with resultant pneumocephalus or cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea. Pneumatization develops originally within the presphenoid, beginning anteriorly and proceeding posteriorly. Around the time of puberty the pneumatization usually penetrates up to the spheno-occipital synchondrosis. Dense bony septa remain within the sinus along the plane of fusion of the various sphenoidal segments. Preoperative laminagraphy of these ridges and septa is extremely helpful in planning the safest and most direct route to the sella. Laminagraphy is preferable to routine skull films because the septal detail is unobscured by overlying facial structures. Pleuridirectional laminagraphic motion (circular or hypocycloidal) is preferred to linear motion because of the clarity and detail that they provide.", "contents": "Preoperative laminagraphic evaluation of the sphenoid sinus for transsphenoidal surgery. In recent years the transethmoidal and transnasal approaches to the pituitary gland have become increasingly popular. In each case, detailed preoperative analysis of the anatomy of the sphenoid sinus and its boundaries is crucial in facilitating entry to the pituitary fossa and in reducing intraoperative complications. Certain operative difficulties and complications are the result of the marked variability in the anatomy of the sphenoid bone and its sinus. These include: loss of orientation within a capacious sinus; perforation of the carotid artery or cavernous sinus; injury to the optic nerve or ophthalmic artery; and violation of the subarachnoid space with resultant pneumocephalus or cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea. Pneumatization develops originally within the presphenoid, beginning anteriorly and proceeding posteriorly. Around the time of puberty the pneumatization usually penetrates up to the spheno-occipital synchondrosis. Dense bony septa remain within the sinus along the plane of fusion of the various sphenoidal segments. Preoperative laminagraphy of these ridges and septa is extremely helpful in planning the safest and most direct route to the sella. Laminagraphy is preferable to routine skull films because the septal detail is unobscured by overlying facial structures. Pleuridirectional laminagraphic motion (circular or hypocycloidal) is preferred to linear motion because of the clarity and detail that they provide.", "PMID": 1105038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_952", "title": "The investigation of Horace Green.", "content": "Horace Green is often regarded as the \"Father of American Laryngology.\" Original in his thinking, innovative in his methods, outspoken in support of his views, Green was often violently criticized by his contemporaries. One medical society attempted to force his resignation as a member. In 1855, the New York Academy of Medicine ordered an investigation of Green and his methods. Honest to the core of his being, Green welcomed the investigation and cooperated in every way possible. Although the investigators' findings were inconclusive, time did bring vindication to Green and to some of his views.", "contents": "The investigation of Horace Green. Horace Green is often regarded as the \"Father of American Laryngology.\" Original in his thinking, innovative in his methods, outspoken in support of his views, Green was often violently criticized by his contemporaries. One medical society attempted to force his resignation as a member. In 1855, the New York Academy of Medicine ordered an investigation of Green and his methods. Honest to the core of his being, Green welcomed the investigation and cooperated in every way possible. Although the investigators' findings were inconclusive, time did bring vindication to Green and to some of his views.", "PMID": 1105039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_953", "title": "Arterial blood gas changes following nasal packing in dogs.", "content": "Previous clinical studies pertaining to blood gas changes following nasal packing have agreed that the packing is frequently followed by hypoxia but have found differing responses in arterial PCO2 to nasal packing. This is of more than incidental importance, because the mechanisms by which hypoxia develops should determine the method by which the hypoxia is treated. The various causes of hypoxia are reviewed, and a method of instituting an indwelling systemic arterial catheter for the purpose of drawing sequential blood samples for gas determinations is described. Using the indwelling arterial catheters, arterial blood was sampled from a series of awake, unsedated dogs before, during, and after the dogs were subjected to anterior and posterior nasal packing. Blood gas determinations showed significant depressions of PO2 and elevations of PCO2 during the period when the packing was in place. The altered blood gas values quickly returned to essentially normal (control) values after the packing was removed. In order to help assess the degree of lower airway response to an upper airway stimulus as a cause of these blood gas changes, the protocol was repeated in previously laryngectomized dogs. In these animals no consistently significant change occurred in either the PO2 or PCO2 following either the packing or its removal. Our findings suggest that airway obstruction (and hypoventilation) rather than increased bronchomotor tone is the main cause of hypoxia in awake dogs with anterior and posterior packing. Because of the likelihood of hypoventilation and significant hypercarbia in patients in whom nasal packing is employed, we discourage the routine usage of oxygen, unless blood gas levels are checked prior to the institution of oxygen therapy.", "contents": "Arterial blood gas changes following nasal packing in dogs. Previous clinical studies pertaining to blood gas changes following nasal packing have agreed that the packing is frequently followed by hypoxia but have found differing responses in arterial PCO2 to nasal packing. This is of more than incidental importance, because the mechanisms by which hypoxia develops should determine the method by which the hypoxia is treated. The various causes of hypoxia are reviewed, and a method of instituting an indwelling systemic arterial catheter for the purpose of drawing sequential blood samples for gas determinations is described. Using the indwelling arterial catheters, arterial blood was sampled from a series of awake, unsedated dogs before, during, and after the dogs were subjected to anterior and posterior nasal packing. Blood gas determinations showed significant depressions of PO2 and elevations of PCO2 during the period when the packing was in place. The altered blood gas values quickly returned to essentially normal (control) values after the packing was removed. In order to help assess the degree of lower airway response to an upper airway stimulus as a cause of these blood gas changes, the protocol was repeated in previously laryngectomized dogs. In these animals no consistently significant change occurred in either the PO2 or PCO2 following either the packing or its removal. Our findings suggest that airway obstruction (and hypoventilation) rather than increased bronchomotor tone is the main cause of hypoxia in awake dogs with anterior and posterior packing. Because of the likelihood of hypoventilation and significant hypercarbia in patients in whom nasal packing is employed, we discourage the routine usage of oxygen, unless blood gas levels are checked prior to the institution of oxygen therapy.", "PMID": 1105040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_954", "title": "Experimental congenital malformations.", "content": "Traditional approaches to human and experimental teratology are briefly described, with roles of pathologists indicated. Some approaches to experimental teratology which pathologists might use are then described and illustrated. These include identification of subclasses of malformation types, study of the chronologic sequence of maldevelopment, study of embryo death, and examination of tumor-malformation relationships. The malformations used to illustrate these approaches are cleft palate, anencephaly, hydrocephalus, and intestinal atresia. The final section deals with general methodology in experimental teratology; a listing of books dealing with experimental teratology is included.", "contents": "Experimental congenital malformations. Traditional approaches to human and experimental teratology are briefly described, with roles of pathologists indicated. Some approaches to experimental teratology which pathologists might use are then described and illustrated. These include identification of subclasses of malformation types, study of the chronologic sequence of maldevelopment, study of embryo death, and examination of tumor-malformation relationships. The malformations used to illustrate these approaches are cleft palate, anencephaly, hydrocephalus, and intestinal atresia. The final section deals with general methodology in experimental teratology; a listing of books dealing with experimental teratology is included.", "PMID": 1105059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_955", "title": "Experimental muscle diseases.", "content": "The mode of pathological reaction of the skeletal muscle fibres to injury is now well understood as a result of the large number of experimental studies and the wide variety of techniques applied to the problem, as recounted above. The most notable aspect of the reaction of the injured muscle fibre is the remarkable stereotyped character of the resulting changes as demonstrated by many diverse agents producing surprisingly similar results. The initial lesion is essentially local coagulative necrosis of the muscle fibre. If the animal survies, such necrosis is inevitably followed by a series of biological reactions inherent in muscle and which lead to the removal of dbris and the proliferation of myoblasts...", "contents": "Experimental muscle diseases. The mode of pathological reaction of the skeletal muscle fibres to injury is now well understood as a result of the large number of experimental studies and the wide variety of techniques applied to the problem, as recounted above. The most notable aspect of the reaction of the injured muscle fibre is the remarkable stereotyped character of the resulting changes as demonstrated by many diverse agents producing surprisingly similar results. The initial lesion is essentially local coagulative necrosis of the muscle fibre. If the animal survies, such necrosis is inevitably followed by a series of biological reactions inherent in muscle and which lead to the removal of dbris and the proliferation of myoblasts...", "PMID": 1105060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_956", "title": "The nude mouse: a model of deficient T-cell function.", "content": "Congenitally athymic nude mice (nu/nu) are presented as a model for the study of cell-mediated immunologic deficiencies. These mice possess a vestigial thymus which is incapable of producing mature T-cells as shown by a decreased lymphocyte population carrying the theta antigen and depleted 'thymus-dependent' areas in their peripheral lymphoid organs. However, they have T-cell precursors in their bone marrow. Nude mice lack 'thymosin', a thymic factor secreted by the epithelial cells of the thymus. They also have impaired T-cell functions as demonstrated by an absence of delayed hypersensitivity reactions, an inability to reject skin allografts and a decreased antibody response to some T-dependent antigens. But their response to T-independent antigens is normal. The presence of circulating auto-antibodies and immune-complex type glomerulonephritis in nude mice reinforces the hypothesis that spontaneous autoimmunity and B-cell hyperactivity are associated with T-cell deficiency. On the other hand, they are not especially susceptible to spontaneous tumor development. Correlations are made between the pathologic findings in nude mice and some congenital cellular immunologic disorders in man.", "contents": "The nude mouse: a model of deficient T-cell function. Congenitally athymic nude mice (nu/nu) are presented as a model for the study of cell-mediated immunologic deficiencies. These mice possess a vestigial thymus which is incapable of producing mature T-cells as shown by a decreased lymphocyte population carrying the theta antigen and depleted 'thymus-dependent' areas in their peripheral lymphoid organs. However, they have T-cell precursors in their bone marrow. Nude mice lack 'thymosin', a thymic factor secreted by the epithelial cells of the thymus. They also have impaired T-cell functions as demonstrated by an absence of delayed hypersensitivity reactions, an inability to reject skin allografts and a decreased antibody response to some T-dependent antigens. But their response to T-independent antigens is normal. The presence of circulating auto-antibodies and immune-complex type glomerulonephritis in nude mice reinforces the hypothesis that spontaneous autoimmunity and B-cell hyperactivity are associated with T-cell deficiency. On the other hand, they are not especially susceptible to spontaneous tumor development. Correlations are made between the pathologic findings in nude mice and some congenital cellular immunologic disorders in man.", "PMID": 1105061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_957", "title": "Experimental pathology of aging.", "content": "We have been concerned in the first section of this review with those diseases that are aging processes, or appear to be so. Some of these (e.g., cardiovascular, pulmonary, neoplasia) cause the death of a large proportion of animals, while others (e.g., osteoporosis, amyloidosis), though clearly progressive with age, are nonfatal. Many diverse factors influence the normal process of aging. Restriction of dietary caloric intake prolongs  lifespan and decreases the incidence and severity of diseases associated with aging, probably by depressing anterior pituitary gland function...", "contents": "Experimental pathology of aging. We have been concerned in the first section of this review with those diseases that are aging processes, or appear to be so. Some of these (e.g., cardiovascular, pulmonary, neoplasia) cause the death of a large proportion of animals, while others (e.g., osteoporosis, amyloidosis), though clearly progressive with age, are nonfatal. Many diverse factors influence the normal process of aging. Restriction of dietary caloric intake prolongs  lifespan and decreases the incidence and severity of diseases associated with aging, probably by depressing anterior pituitary gland function...", "PMID": 1105062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_958", "title": "Experimental liver diseases.", "content": "The use of animal models in the experimental production of liver diseases similar to those of man is still in its infancy. There is a need to discover new models more closely related to counterpart syndromes in man in the fields of hepatorenal syndrome, neonatal jaundice, Wilson's disease, cholelithiasis, viral hepatitis, biliary atresia, and cirrhosis, to mention only a few. With the continued indiscriminate inbreeding of companion animals as well as the planned inbreeding of laboratory animals, there is little doubt that many more will soon be available. The current availability of mutant rats and sheep with bilirubin transport defects has allowed for a better understanding of how organic anions are transported by the liver. Many other currently available experimental animal models herein briefly reviewed have been only superficially studied. It is the intent of this chapter to provide for post-doctoral students an appreciation for the many animal model systems available for experimental hepatic research.", "contents": "Experimental liver diseases. The use of animal models in the experimental production of liver diseases similar to those of man is still in its infancy. There is a need to discover new models more closely related to counterpart syndromes in man in the fields of hepatorenal syndrome, neonatal jaundice, Wilson's disease, cholelithiasis, viral hepatitis, biliary atresia, and cirrhosis, to mention only a few. With the continued indiscriminate inbreeding of companion animals as well as the planned inbreeding of laboratory animals, there is little doubt that many more will soon be available. The current availability of mutant rats and sheep with bilirubin transport defects has allowed for a better understanding of how organic anions are transported by the liver. Many other currently available experimental animal models herein briefly reviewed have been only superficially studied. It is the intent of this chapter to provide for post-doctoral students an appreciation for the many animal model systems available for experimental hepatic research.", "PMID": 1105063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_959", "title": "Experimental studies on osteoporosis.", "content": "Nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism (NSH) defines a spontaneous and experimental disease in most domesticated and in some wild animals, caused by dietary calcium deficiency and/or phosphorus excess. Calcium deficiency results directly in hypocalcemia, and phosphorus excess induces hyperphosphatemia which causes hypocalcemia. Secondary hyperparathyroidism thus results and the plasma parameters return to normal and are maintained but only at the expense of progressive bone loss. The bone loss is generalized but the bones are not uniformly affected. The hierarchy of bone loss is, in decreasing order, the jaw bones, especially the alveolar bone, other skull bones, ribs, vertebrae and, finally, long bones. Osteocytic osteolysis is the main mechanism of resorption and application of this concept is a condition sine qua non in the interpretation of the histologic lesions. The early loss of alveolar bone constitutes the initial event in periodontal disease in animals. The osseous lesions in animal NSH are reversible by correction of dietary calcium and phosphorus levels, provided a hyperostotic osteodystrophia fibrosa has not yet developed. The applicability of animal NSH as a model for human osteopenic conditions, including periodontal disease and spinal osteoporosis, is supported by the very inadequate calcium and phosphorus nutrition in most Western countries. The diet is deficient in calcium and excessive in phosphorus; both conditions induce NSH in animals. The degree of dietary calcium deficiency, as influenced by geographic, economic, and social factors, is positively correlated to the degree of periodontal disease and osteoporosis in the population. Evidence is presented to show that the radiographic and histologic manifestations of human periodontal disease and osteoporosis are the same as those of animal NSH. Periodontal disease is therefore considered a fore-runner to the clinically more important spinal osteoporosis. Limited experiments in human periodontal disease indicate that added dietary calcium can positively influence the alveolar bone loss.", "contents": "Experimental studies on osteoporosis. Nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism (NSH) defines a spontaneous and experimental disease in most domesticated and in some wild animals, caused by dietary calcium deficiency and/or phosphorus excess. Calcium deficiency results directly in hypocalcemia, and phosphorus excess induces hyperphosphatemia which causes hypocalcemia. Secondary hyperparathyroidism thus results and the plasma parameters return to normal and are maintained but only at the expense of progressive bone loss. The bone loss is generalized but the bones are not uniformly affected. The hierarchy of bone loss is, in decreasing order, the jaw bones, especially the alveolar bone, other skull bones, ribs, vertebrae and, finally, long bones. Osteocytic osteolysis is the main mechanism of resorption and application of this concept is a condition sine qua non in the interpretation of the histologic lesions. The early loss of alveolar bone constitutes the initial event in periodontal disease in animals. The osseous lesions in animal NSH are reversible by correction of dietary calcium and phosphorus levels, provided a hyperostotic osteodystrophia fibrosa has not yet developed. The applicability of animal NSH as a model for human osteopenic conditions, including periodontal disease and spinal osteoporosis, is supported by the very inadequate calcium and phosphorus nutrition in most Western countries. The diet is deficient in calcium and excessive in phosphorus; both conditions induce NSH in animals. The degree of dietary calcium deficiency, as influenced by geographic, economic, and social factors, is positively correlated to the degree of periodontal disease and osteoporosis in the population. Evidence is presented to show that the radiographic and histologic manifestations of human periodontal disease and osteoporosis are the same as those of animal NSH. Periodontal disease is therefore considered a fore-runner to the clinically more important spinal osteoporosis. Limited experiments in human periodontal disease indicate that added dietary calcium can positively influence the alveolar bone loss.", "PMID": 1105064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_960", "title": "[The scientific work of W. J. Schmidt (author's transl)].", "content": "Ten examples from W. J. Schmidt's workshop illustrate the method of ultrastructural research before the advent of the electron microscope. The consistency is shown with which the research worker W. J. Schmidt pursued his goal, how he succeeded in making fundamental discoveries with his polarizing microscope, and interpreted the results of his indirect structural investigations in such a forward-looking and clearsighted manner that many of them were confirmed by direct reproduction in the electron microscope. This makes W. J. Schmidt one of the great pioneers of ultramicroscopic structural research. He was an extremely prolific writer. His list of publications numbers 404 scientific contributions, three classical books among them. The last of these three monographs was written in 1971; its title is \"Polarizing Microscopy in Dental Tissues\"; it deals with the ultrastructure of teeth, a subject which never ceased to attract his attention during the more than 50 years of his career as a scientist. It was his intention to write such a textbook on the ultrastructure of teeth during his retirement, a task which he accomplished in spite of the infirmities of old age, thanks to his unbroken will to work. Another characteristic feature of W. J. Schmidt was his extraordinary insistence on complete independence; there are only four among his 404 publications which he wrote, at an advanced age, jointly with Helmut Ruska, and the dental monograph he published in callaboration with A. Keil. Everything else was entirely his own effort. His capacity for work was almost inexhaustible. In 1937, for instance, he published 18 scientific papers, among them his richly illustrated protoplasm monograph of 388 pages. His inflexible will to observe everything personally and to interpret and edit his findings alone was part of his special intellectual constitution. In discussions he stubbornly defended his point view and considered suggestions and new ideas only after he had tested them with his own experiments. This had already become evident at the beginning of his career in a discussion with Ambronn of the nature of birefringence of organized substances. But once he had accepted something as proved he propounded it with persistence and enthusiasm.", "contents": "[The scientific work of W. J. Schmidt (author's transl)]. Ten examples from W. J. Schmidt's workshop illustrate the method of ultrastructural research before the advent of the electron microscope. The consistency is shown with which the research worker W. J. Schmidt pursued his goal, how he succeeded in making fundamental discoveries with his polarizing microscope, and interpreted the results of his indirect structural investigations in such a forward-looking and clearsighted manner that many of them were confirmed by direct reproduction in the electron microscope. This makes W. J. Schmidt one of the great pioneers of ultramicroscopic structural research. He was an extremely prolific writer. His list of publications numbers 404 scientific contributions, three classical books among them. The last of these three monographs was written in 1971; its title is \"Polarizing Microscopy in Dental Tissues\"; it deals with the ultrastructure of teeth, a subject which never ceased to attract his attention during the more than 50 years of his career as a scientist. It was his intention to write such a textbook on the ultrastructure of teeth during his retirement, a task which he accomplished in spite of the infirmities of old age, thanks to his unbroken will to work. Another characteristic feature of W. J. Schmidt was his extraordinary insistence on complete independence; there are only four among his 404 publications which he wrote, at an advanced age, jointly with Helmut Ruska, and the dental monograph he published in callaboration with A. Keil. Everything else was entirely his own effort. His capacity for work was almost inexhaustible. In 1937, for instance, he published 18 scientific papers, among them his richly illustrated protoplasm monograph of 388 pages. His inflexible will to observe everything personally and to interpret and edit his findings alone was part of his special intellectual constitution. In discussions he stubbornly defended his point view and considered suggestions and new ideas only after he had tested them with his own experiments. This had already become evident at the beginning of his career in a discussion with Ambronn of the nature of birefringence of organized substances. But once he had accepted something as proved he propounded it with persistence and enthusiasm.", "PMID": 1105076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_961", "title": "A mechanical stage for the combined use of two microscopes with a comparison eyepiece.", "content": "When comparing two histological sections with the aid of a comparison eyepiece, it appears very difficult to move the two specimens in conjunction. A single common mechanical stage meets this problem, providing identical movement of two specimens. Details of its construction are described.", "contents": "A mechanical stage for the combined use of two microscopes with a comparison eyepiece. When comparing two histological sections with the aid of a comparison eyepiece, it appears very difficult to move the two specimens in conjunction. A single common mechanical stage meets this problem, providing identical movement of two specimens. Details of its construction are described.", "PMID": 1105077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_962", "title": "A review of bacteria in L-phase and their possible clinical significance.", "content": "L-phase bacteria are bacterial variants produced by adverse conditions in the environment. Although variant growth may be perpetuated for generations, the changes are not of genetic origin, but due solely to the environment which causes damage to the bacterial cell wall. Since the structure of Gram-positive and Gram-negative cell walls is fundamentally different, the degraded variant which will occur in each case will also be different. Such variants are seldom detected in routine diagnostic laboratories because they will not grow on normal media, as their optimal conditions of growth are changed. L-phase variants bear a strong resemblance to the mycoplasmas; both are resistant to penicillin, both lack characteristic bacterial cell wall constituents, and their colonial and cellular morphology are similar. Since the conditions for mycoplasma cultivation are, at this time, more clearly understood, they provide useful models for handling fragile L-phase organisms. L-phase bacteria may be readily produced in vitro by the action of penicillin, and it is theoretically possible for conversion to occur in vivo just as readily during phagocytosis, by the action of bacteriophage, antibiotic therapy, and other defence mechanisms of the host. In the clinical field, the most difficult problem is the assessment of the significance of the isolation of L-phase bacteria in the individual case because they have not been observed with certainty in the pathological process. It is probable that such organisms may be clinically significant in cases of chronic and recurrent infection, since these bacteria will survive the defence mechanisms of the host which are largely directed at the cell wall.", "contents": "A review of bacteria in L-phase and their possible clinical significance. L-phase bacteria are bacterial variants produced by adverse conditions in the environment. Although variant growth may be perpetuated for generations, the changes are not of genetic origin, but due solely to the environment which causes damage to the bacterial cell wall. Since the structure of Gram-positive and Gram-negative cell walls is fundamentally different, the degraded variant which will occur in each case will also be different. Such variants are seldom detected in routine diagnostic laboratories because they will not grow on normal media, as their optimal conditions of growth are changed. L-phase variants bear a strong resemblance to the mycoplasmas; both are resistant to penicillin, both lack characteristic bacterial cell wall constituents, and their colonial and cellular morphology are similar. Since the conditions for mycoplasma cultivation are, at this time, more clearly understood, they provide useful models for handling fragile L-phase organisms. L-phase bacteria may be readily produced in vitro by the action of penicillin, and it is theoretically possible for conversion to occur in vivo just as readily during phagocytosis, by the action of bacteriophage, antibiotic therapy, and other defence mechanisms of the host. In the clinical field, the most difficult problem is the assessment of the significance of the isolation of L-phase bacteria in the individual case because they have not been observed with certainty in the pathological process. It is probable that such organisms may be clinically significant in cases of chronic and recurrent infection, since these bacteria will survive the defence mechanisms of the host which are largely directed at the cell wall.", "PMID": 1105102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_963", "title": "A method of bloodless circumcision.", "content": "A method of circumcision is described which allows accurate removal of the correct amount of tissue. The method is based on the  concept of removal of a flat strp of skin rather than a fold. The removal of the correct amount of tissue with the minimal amount of bleeding and minimal risk to the frenal vessels is effected. The treatment after operation is simple and the results are invariably satisfactory. Damage to the urethra and glans is virtually impossible. Delineation of the incisions with ink before beginning is an important step in the procedure.", "contents": "A method of bloodless circumcision. A method of circumcision is described which allows accurate removal of the correct amount of tissue. The method is based on the  concept of removal of a flat strp of skin rather than a fold. The removal of the correct amount of tissue with the minimal amount of bleeding and minimal risk to the frenal vessels is effected. The treatment after operation is simple and the results are invariably satisfactory. Damage to the urethra and glans is virtually impossible. Delineation of the incisions with ink before beginning is an important step in the procedure.", "PMID": 1105103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_964", "title": "Double-blind trial of mazindol in overweight patients.", "content": "A 12-week double-blind trial involving 50 patients from a suburban general practice showed a highly significant loss of weight in the group taking 2 mg of mazindol (Sanorex) per day.", "contents": "Double-blind trial of mazindol in overweight patients. A 12-week double-blind trial involving 50 patients from a suburban general practice showed a highly significant loss of weight in the group taking 2 mg of mazindol (Sanorex) per day.", "PMID": 1105106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_965", "title": "Plasma phenytoin levels produced by various phenytoin preparations.", "content": "A cross-over study was conducted to compare the plasma phenytoin levels produced by different phenytoin preparations available in Australia. The preparations were found not to be equivalent, a liquid suspension product producing higher levels compared with capsule and tablet formulations. The clinical significance and possible explantation are discussed.", "contents": "Plasma phenytoin levels produced by various phenytoin preparations. A cross-over study was conducted to compare the plasma phenytoin levels produced by different phenytoin preparations available in Australia. The preparations were found not to be equivalent, a liquid suspension product producing higher levels compared with capsule and tablet formulations. The clinical significance and possible explantation are discussed.", "PMID": 1105111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_966", "title": "Prophylactic use of gentamicin in colonic and rectal surgery.", "content": "A double-blind trial was performed to test whether a single intramuscular injection of 80 mg of gentamicin would significantly reduce the incidence of septic complications of elective colonic and rectal surgery. The gentamicin was given at the time of anaesthetic premedication, the operations were performed by either of two surgeons, and the patients were followed up by an independent investigator. Eighty patients satisfactorily completed the trial. There was no significant difference in the incidence of postoperative wound infection, intraperitoneal abscess formation and faecal fistula between the 41 patients who received the gentamicin and the 39 who received the placebo. However, the mortality was significantly lower in the gentamicin group, in which there was only one death.", "contents": "Prophylactic use of gentamicin in colonic and rectal surgery. A double-blind trial was performed to test whether a single intramuscular injection of 80 mg of gentamicin would significantly reduce the incidence of septic complications of elective colonic and rectal surgery. The gentamicin was given at the time of anaesthetic premedication, the operations were performed by either of two surgeons, and the patients were followed up by an independent investigator. Eighty patients satisfactorily completed the trial. There was no significant difference in the incidence of postoperative wound infection, intraperitoneal abscess formation and faecal fistula between the 41 patients who received the gentamicin and the 39 who received the placebo. However, the mortality was significantly lower in the gentamicin group, in which there was only one death.", "PMID": 1105112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_967", "title": "[Acupuncture - has it a demonstrable bronchospasmolytic effect in bronchial asthma (author's transl)].", "content": "In 12 patients with bronchial asthma the effects of acupuncture (45 tests altogether) on airway resistance have been investigated. In 9 patients there was a significant decrease of airway resistance 10 minutes, 1 hour and 2 hours after the end of acupuncture. The lowest level for airway resistance (70,1% of control value) was reached during the first hour after acupuncture. The possibility of a merely suggestive effect could be excluded, because \"placebo-acupunctures\" did not change airway resistance significantly. The comparison with a parasympatholytic acting drug as a metered aerosol (Atrovent) demonstrated that acupuncture had a some-what weaker bronchospasmolytic effect. 3 patients showed after repeated acupunctures no reaction whatever.", "contents": "[Acupuncture - has it a demonstrable bronchospasmolytic effect in bronchial asthma (author's transl)]. In 12 patients with bronchial asthma the effects of acupuncture (45 tests altogether) on airway resistance have been investigated. In 9 patients there was a significant decrease of airway resistance 10 minutes, 1 hour and 2 hours after the end of acupuncture. The lowest level for airway resistance (70,1% of control value) was reached during the first hour after acupuncture. The possibility of a merely suggestive effect could be excluded, because \"placebo-acupunctures\" did not change airway resistance significantly. The comparison with a parasympatholytic acting drug as a metered aerosol (Atrovent) demonstrated that acupuncture had a some-what weaker bronchospasmolytic effect. 3 patients showed after repeated acupunctures no reaction whatever.", "PMID": 1105116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_968", "title": "Evaluation of a test kit for identification of anaerobic bacteria.", "content": "A test kit for identification of anaerobic bacteria--API--has been compared for accuracy in individual tests and for identification on the genus or species level with pre-reduced anaerobically sterilized media methods on 241 anaerobic strains. The microsystem was found to be reliable and permits identification of the clinically most significance anaerobic bacteria if it is supplemented with other tests such as gaschromatographic analysis, morphology, lecithinase, lipase and antibiotic sensitivity pattern.", "contents": "Evaluation of a test kit for identification of anaerobic bacteria. A test kit for identification of anaerobic bacteria--API--has been compared for accuracy in individual tests and for identification on the genus or species level with pre-reduced anaerobically sterilized media methods on 241 anaerobic strains. The microsystem was found to be reliable and permits identification of the clinically most significance anaerobic bacteria if it is supplemented with other tests such as gaschromatographic analysis, morphology, lecithinase, lipase and antibiotic sensitivity pattern.", "PMID": 1105128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_969", "title": "Transformation of lymphocytes in patients with certain bacterial infections.", "content": "The state of cell-mediated immunity was measured by the morphological method of lymphocyte transformation with and without PHA, in a group of 56 patients with bacterial infections and in a group of healthy controls. The patients were divided into three subgroups according to the aetiology: 1. Patients with Gram-positive infections, 2. Patients with Gram-negative infections, and 3. mixed infections. The transformation values with PHA were significantly (t-test) higher in the Gram-positive subgroups than in the control group. Transformation in cultures stimulated by PHA was much higher in the subgroup of patients with Gram-positive aetiology; the difference between the values in the Gram-negative and in the Gram-positive subgroups was also significant. A decrease of transformation value below 50% was observed in 6 out of 18 patients with Gram-negative aetiology, whereas in the Gram-positive group it was noted in only 2 out of 21 patients.", "contents": "Transformation of lymphocytes in patients with certain bacterial infections. The state of cell-mediated immunity was measured by the morphological method of lymphocyte transformation with and without PHA, in a group of 56 patients with bacterial infections and in a group of healthy controls. The patients were divided into three subgroups according to the aetiology: 1. Patients with Gram-positive infections, 2. Patients with Gram-negative infections, and 3. mixed infections. The transformation values with PHA were significantly (t-test) higher in the Gram-positive subgroups than in the control group. Transformation in cultures stimulated by PHA was much higher in the subgroup of patients with Gram-positive aetiology; the difference between the values in the Gram-negative and in the Gram-positive subgroups was also significant. A decrease of transformation value below 50% was observed in 6 out of 18 patients with Gram-negative aetiology, whereas in the Gram-positive group it was noted in only 2 out of 21 patients.", "PMID": 1105129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_970", "title": "Photon attenuation in computed tomography.", "content": "The analysis and understanding of results of computed tomography (CT) require an understanding of photon attenuation in matter. The high sensitivity and resolution of these devices coupled with the use of a polychromatic photon source require a level and breadth of understanding about photon attenuation not usually required in any particular subspecialty of radiological physics. With this goal in mind, a discussion of narrow-beam photon attenuation in matter is given and related to those problems currently underway in the field of computed tomography. Measurements and calculations of tissue properties are presented. Calculations of descriptive quantities relevant to polychromatic source attenuation and CT scanning are described and presented.", "contents": "Photon attenuation in computed tomography. The analysis and understanding of results of computed tomography (CT) require an understanding of photon attenuation in matter. The high sensitivity and resolution of these devices coupled with the use of a polychromatic photon source require a level and breadth of understanding about photon attenuation not usually required in any particular subspecialty of radiological physics. With this goal in mind, a discussion of narrow-beam photon attenuation in matter is given and related to those problems currently underway in the field of computed tomography. Measurements and calculations of tissue properties are presented. Calculations of descriptive quantities relevant to polychromatic source attenuation and CT scanning are described and presented.", "PMID": 1105130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_971", "title": "Spectral effects on three-dimensional reconstruction from rays.", "content": "Continuous bremsstrahlung spectra were calculated for 120 kVp for constant and sinusoidal potentials. Fluorescent radiation for the tungsten target was added to the bremsstrahlung, and the spectra were attenuated through various filter materials. A drawing of an object to be scanned was divided into an array of small squares in which the composition was assumed to be constant. Transmission data for 120 rays at each of 120 angles spanning a range of 180 degrees were calculated. Two algorithms for the reconstruction of attenuation coefficients from projection data, an algebraic reconstruction technique (ART) and the convolution method, were utilized to reconstruct effective coefficients. The effect of spectral filtration on the quality of the reconstruction was evaluated. Lightly filtered x-ray beams give rise to severe distortions in image quality, with values of the reconstructed coefficients rising toward the periphery of the object. Highly filtered beams give rise to images with less pronounced distortion.", "contents": "Spectral effects on three-dimensional reconstruction from rays. Continuous bremsstrahlung spectra were calculated for 120 kVp for constant and sinusoidal potentials. Fluorescent radiation for the tungsten target was added to the bremsstrahlung, and the spectra were attenuated through various filter materials. A drawing of an object to be scanned was divided into an array of small squares in which the composition was assumed to be constant. Transmission data for 120 rays at each of 120 angles spanning a range of 180 degrees were calculated. Two algorithms for the reconstruction of attenuation coefficients from projection data, an algebraic reconstruction technique (ART) and the convolution method, were utilized to reconstruct effective coefficients. The effect of spectral filtration on the quality of the reconstruction was evaluated. Lightly filtered x-ray beams give rise to severe distortions in image quality, with values of the reconstructed coefficients rising toward the periphery of the object. Highly filtered beams give rise to images with less pronounced distortion.", "PMID": 1105131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_972", "title": "[Dental implantations of ceramics-coated metals].", "content": "Recent studies and personal experience of the Authors in the field of dental implants have encountered the same fundamental problem which arises with orthopedic prosthesis procedures. The basic problem is that of adhesion between the bone tissue and the metal implant. Chrome-cobalt alloy, Tantalum and Titanium are the metals of most recent use. The Authors therefore proceeded to investigate the behaviour of alveolar bone tissue in the proximity of artificial teeth made of alloy (platinum-gold) covered with ceramic, as used in prosthetic dentistry. The experiment was carried out in a dog and a man. In the dog, two of its mandibular teeth were substituted with the same ceramic-gold implants: the first, a replica of natural tooth, was placed in the socket and held in place by metal splint and mandibular circumferential wirings. The other implant, without a replicated crown, was left free, within the alveolus, without contacting the near or opposing teeth. A solid smooth surfaced alumina device, shaped like a small cylinder, was implanted in the upper femoral epiphysis of the same animal.", "contents": "[Dental implantations of ceramics-coated metals]. Recent studies and personal experience of the Authors in the field of dental implants have encountered the same fundamental problem which arises with orthopedic prosthesis procedures. The basic problem is that of adhesion between the bone tissue and the metal implant. Chrome-cobalt alloy, Tantalum and Titanium are the metals of most recent use. The Authors therefore proceeded to investigate the behaviour of alveolar bone tissue in the proximity of artificial teeth made of alloy (platinum-gold) covered with ceramic, as used in prosthetic dentistry. The experiment was carried out in a dog and a man. In the dog, two of its mandibular teeth were substituted with the same ceramic-gold implants: the first, a replica of natural tooth, was placed in the socket and held in place by metal splint and mandibular circumferential wirings. The other implant, without a replicated crown, was left free, within the alveolus, without contacting the near or opposing teeth. A solid smooth surfaced alumina device, shaped like a small cylinder, was implanted in the upper femoral epiphysis of the same animal.", "PMID": 1105133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_973", "title": "[Bridge supports on horizontal selfthreading parapulpar pins and slices].", "content": "A new technique for the construction of small bridges consisting of the attachment of braces to live teeth by means of horizontal parapulpar pins and slices is described.", "contents": "[Bridge supports on horizontal selfthreading parapulpar pins and slices]. A new technique for the construction of small bridges consisting of the attachment of braces to live teeth by means of horizontal parapulpar pins and slices is described.", "PMID": 1105134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_974", "title": "Transduction by phage P1CM clr-100 in Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "Phage P1 does not adsorb to S. typhinurium wild type cells. It does adsorb to rough derivatives including strains with mutations in the galE gene. Phage strain P1CM clr-100 can be efficiently propagated in S. typhimurium derivatives, either by induction of a lysogene, or by lytic infection. Phage P1 lysates are able to mobilize genetic markers in a generalized fashion. The transduction system is essentially identical to that in Escherichia coli, except that CaCl2 is not required for efficient adsorption. Two regions of the S. typhimurium chromosome were mapped by P1-mediated transduction. Several examples of genes linked by P1, and unlinked by P22, are presented. The relative efficiency of P1 over P22 in transduction was not determined, however. Data presented indicate unambigously that the gene order for the trp region is: his ... dad A-hem A-trp-pyrF ... pyrC but known markers in between were not used. The gene order for the cys A region was determined to be as follows: pheA ... purC-cys A-trz A-pts-dsd-aro D-purF ... his, and special mapping problems for this region are discussed.", "contents": "Transduction by phage P1CM clr-100 in Salmonella typhimurium. Phage P1 does not adsorb to S. typhinurium wild type cells. It does adsorb to rough derivatives including strains with mutations in the galE gene. Phage strain P1CM clr-100 can be efficiently propagated in S. typhimurium derivatives, either by induction of a lysogene, or by lytic infection. Phage P1 lysates are able to mobilize genetic markers in a generalized fashion. The transduction system is essentially identical to that in Escherichia coli, except that CaCl2 is not required for efficient adsorption. Two regions of the S. typhimurium chromosome were mapped by P1-mediated transduction. Several examples of genes linked by P1, and unlinked by P22, are presented. The relative efficiency of P1 over P22 in transduction was not determined, however. Data presented indicate unambigously that the gene order for the trp region is: his ... dad A-hem A-trp-pyrF ... pyrC but known markers in between were not used. The gene order for the cys A region was determined to be as follows: pheA ... purC-cys A-trz A-pts-dsd-aro D-purF ... his, and special mapping problems for this region are discussed.", "PMID": 1105147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_975", "title": "The effect of gene concentration and relative gene dosage on gene output in Escherichia coli.", "content": "The differential rate of synthesis of several Escherichia coli gene products was measured under conditions in which the average number of copies of the corresponding chromosomal gene had been changed by altering the replication velocity of the chromosome. The data show that in steady state exponential cultures the output of genes in a fully repressed, fully derepressed, or non-repressible state is proportional to the average number of copies of the gene per unit mass (gene: mass ratio) and does not depend on the number of copies of the gene relative to all other genes (gene: DNA ratio). In contrast, the output of a gene which was under regulation by endogenously generated effectors was independent of such changes in gene frequency. The relationship found between the number of copies of a gene per unit of cell mass and enzyme output provides a new method for determining the location of the chromosome origin and the direction of replication in bacteria.", "contents": "The effect of gene concentration and relative gene dosage on gene output in Escherichia coli. The differential rate of synthesis of several Escherichia coli gene products was measured under conditions in which the average number of copies of the corresponding chromosomal gene had been changed by altering the replication velocity of the chromosome. The data show that in steady state exponential cultures the output of genes in a fully repressed, fully derepressed, or non-repressible state is proportional to the average number of copies of the gene per unit mass (gene: mass ratio) and does not depend on the number of copies of the gene relative to all other genes (gene: DNA ratio). In contrast, the output of a gene which was under regulation by endogenously generated effectors was independent of such changes in gene frequency. The relationship found between the number of copies of a gene per unit of cell mass and enzyme output provides a new method for determining the location of the chromosome origin and the direction of replication in bacteria.", "PMID": 1105148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_976", "title": "Independence of F replication and chromosome replication in Escherichia coli.", "content": "Data are presented which show that F replication is not coupled to any stage of the replication cycle of the host chromosome or to cell division, and is probably not related to surface area. It is also shown that the initiation mass of F increases progressively as the growth rate increases, the number of copies of F per unit of mass falling by half between doubling times of 0.8 and 2.7 generations per hour. It is further shown that the presence of an F particle does not influence the initiation mass of the chromosome.", "contents": "Independence of F replication and chromosome replication in Escherichia coli. Data are presented which show that F replication is not coupled to any stage of the replication cycle of the host chromosome or to cell division, and is probably not related to surface area. It is also shown that the initiation mass of F increases progressively as the growth rate increases, the number of copies of F per unit of mass falling by half between doubling times of 0.8 and 2.7 generations per hour. It is further shown that the presence of an F particle does not influence the initiation mass of the chromosome.", "PMID": 1105149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_977", "title": "Genetics of alcohol dehydrogenase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. II. Two loci controlling synthesis of the glucose-repressible ADH II.", "content": "Two unlinked loci controlling the glucose-repressible alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH II) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae were investigated. One locus (AD R2) was characterized by electrophoretically slow and fast alleles and by inactive adr2 mutant alleles. The ADH II pattern of heteroallelic slow X fast diploids indicates a tetrameric structure of the enzyme. AD R2 was considered as the structural gene, which codes for the ADH II subunits. Allelic adr2-f mutants could be classified by their response to the slow wild type allele (AD RS-S) in heterozygous diploids. In most cases, only the slow band appeared. In three adr2-f/ADR2-S crosses hybrid enzymes between inactive fast and active slow enzymes were formed. It was demonstrated, that allelic interactions at the protein level are not restricted to electrophoretical behaviour of hybrid enzymes. They also influence specific activities and substrate affinities. The other locus investigated, AD R1, was characterized by ADH II negative mutants (adr1) and by allelic mutants which generate only very low activity (ADR1-L). ADR1 does not influence the electrophoretic properties of slow and fast ADH II proteins. adr1 mutants have an intact structural gene, which is not expressed. The gene has probably a regulatory function with respect to ADH II synthesis.", "contents": "Genetics of alcohol dehydrogenase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. II. Two loci controlling synthesis of the glucose-repressible ADH II. Two unlinked loci controlling the glucose-repressible alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH II) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae were investigated. One locus (AD R2) was characterized by electrophoretically slow and fast alleles and by inactive adr2 mutant alleles. The ADH II pattern of heteroallelic slow X fast diploids indicates a tetrameric structure of the enzyme. AD R2 was considered as the structural gene, which codes for the ADH II subunits. Allelic adr2-f mutants could be classified by their response to the slow wild type allele (AD RS-S) in heterozygous diploids. In most cases, only the slow band appeared. In three adr2-f/ADR2-S crosses hybrid enzymes between inactive fast and active slow enzymes were formed. It was demonstrated, that allelic interactions at the protein level are not restricted to electrophoretical behaviour of hybrid enzymes. They also influence specific activities and substrate affinities. The other locus investigated, AD R1, was characterized by ADH II negative mutants (adr1) and by allelic mutants which generate only very low activity (ADR1-L). ADR1 does not influence the electrophoretic properties of slow and fast ADH II proteins. adr1 mutants have an intact structural gene, which is not expressed. The gene has probably a regulatory function with respect to ADH II synthesis.", "PMID": 1105150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_978", "title": "Characterization of the DNA from bacteriophage P2-186 hybrids and physical mapping of the 186 chromosome.", "content": "The DNA from two P2-186 hybrid phages and three 186 Insertion mutants have been characterized by heteroduplex analysis and denaturation mapping. The results allow the orientation of the physical and genetic maps of bacteriophage 186 DNA and put physical limits on the chromosomal locations of the phage attachment sites, immunity genes and tail genees.", "contents": "Characterization of the DNA from bacteriophage P2-186 hybrids and physical mapping of the 186 chromosome. The DNA from two P2-186 hybrid phages and three 186 Insertion mutants have been characterized by heteroduplex analysis and denaturation mapping. The results allow the orientation of the physical and genetic maps of bacteriophage 186 DNA and put physical limits on the chromosomal locations of the phage attachment sites, immunity genes and tail genees.", "PMID": 1105151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_979", "title": "Appearance of transducing particles and the fate of host DNA after infection of Salmonella typhimurium with P22-mutants with increased transducing ability (HT-mutants).", "content": "The kinetics of production of transducing particles for different bacterial markers were followed by premature lysis of Salmonella typhimurium cells infected with P22 phages. The were compared for cells infected with wild type phage or with HT-mutants which show increased transduction frequencies. Measuring the sedimentation velocity of bacterial DNA of cells infected with wild type or HT-phages, it was shown that: a) there is no cutting of DNA at random; b) original fragments necessary for packaging host DNA into transducing particles cannot be smaller than 10 phage-genome lengths; c) cutting of transducing fragments leads immediately to the right length; d) there is no loss of precipitable DNA due to phage infection.", "contents": "Appearance of transducing particles and the fate of host DNA after infection of Salmonella typhimurium with P22-mutants with increased transducing ability (HT-mutants). The kinetics of production of transducing particles for different bacterial markers were followed by premature lysis of Salmonella typhimurium cells infected with P22 phages. The were compared for cells infected with wild type phage or with HT-mutants which show increased transduction frequencies. Measuring the sedimentation velocity of bacterial DNA of cells infected with wild type or HT-phages, it was shown that: a) there is no cutting of DNA at random; b) original fragments necessary for packaging host DNA into transducing particles cannot be smaller than 10 phage-genome lengths; c) cutting of transducing fragments leads immediately to the right length; d) there is no loss of precipitable DNA due to phage infection.", "PMID": 1105152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_980", "title": "Isolation of phage P2-186 intervarietal hybrids and 186 insertion mutants.", "content": "Intervarietal hybrids formed between coliphages P2 and 186 have been isolated and their preliminary genetic characterization described. Three insertion mutants of 186 have also been isolated.", "contents": "Isolation of phage P2-186 intervarietal hybrids and 186 insertion mutants. Intervarietal hybrids formed between coliphages P2 and 186 have been isolated and their preliminary genetic characterization described. Three insertion mutants of 186 have also been isolated.", "PMID": 1105153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_981", "title": "Studies of partially repressed mutants at the tamA and areA loci in Aspergillus nidulans.", "content": "Mutants, designated tamAr, have been isolated on the basis of simultaneous resistance to toxic analogues thiourea, aspartate hydroxamate and chlorate with L-alanine as the sole nitrogen source. tamAr mutants are also resistant to methylammonium. This resistance of tamAr mutants is correlated with partially repressed activity of a number of enzyme and transport systems regulated by ammonium. Furthermore, tam-Ar mutants have low NADP-glutamate dehydrogenase (NADP-GDH) activity and also efflux ammonium under certain growth conditions. Mutants at the areA locus (areAr) have also been isolated on the basis of resistance to these analogues, with nitrate or L-aspartate as the nitrogen source. These, similar to tamAr lesions, result in resistance to methylammonium and are partially repressed for ammonium  repressible system, but in contrast to tamAr, areAr alleles have wild-type NADP-GDH activity and normal ammonium efflux. tamAr and areAr mutants grow as wild type on all nitrogen or carbon sources tested, are recessive, and appear to be epistatic to all other mutations (gdhA1, meaA8 and meaB6) which result in derepressed levels of ammonium regulated system. Whereas tamAr and areAr phenotypes are additive, tamAr is epistatic to areAd phenotype.", "contents": "Studies of partially repressed mutants at the tamA and areA loci in Aspergillus nidulans. Mutants, designated tamAr, have been isolated on the basis of simultaneous resistance to toxic analogues thiourea, aspartate hydroxamate and chlorate with L-alanine as the sole nitrogen source. tamAr mutants are also resistant to methylammonium. This resistance of tamAr mutants is correlated with partially repressed activity of a number of enzyme and transport systems regulated by ammonium. Furthermore, tam-Ar mutants have low NADP-glutamate dehydrogenase (NADP-GDH) activity and also efflux ammonium under certain growth conditions. Mutants at the areA locus (areAr) have also been isolated on the basis of resistance to these analogues, with nitrate or L-aspartate as the nitrogen source. These, similar to tamAr lesions, result in resistance to methylammonium and are partially repressed for ammonium  repressible system, but in contrast to tamAr, areAr alleles have wild-type NADP-GDH activity and normal ammonium efflux. tamAr and areAr mutants grow as wild type on all nitrogen or carbon sources tested, are recessive, and appear to be epistatic to all other mutations (gdhA1, meaA8 and meaB6) which result in derepressed levels of ammonium regulated system. Whereas tamAr and areAr phenotypes are additive, tamAr is epistatic to areAd phenotype.", "PMID": 1105154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_982", "title": "Studies on a temperature sensitive nuclear petite mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: phenotypic reversibility of the mitochondrial functions.", "content": "1. We have studied the pleiotropic effect of a single-gene mutation of the pts mutant strain 1511 grown at 23 degrees C and 36 degrees C. 2. Growth of the mutant at the non-permissive temperature results in a decrease of respiration rate to about 50% after one generation and to less than 5% after five generations. The cytochrome spectra analysis revealed that only cytochrome c was present after growth at 36 degrees C. 3. Mitochondrial protein synthesis experiments in vivo demonstrated that the protein synthesizing system was not as rapidly inactivated by high temperature as the respiratory system. 4. The recovery of the respiratory capacity of the cells at 23 degrees C is complete but dependent on the de novo synthesis of a temperature sensitive protein.", "contents": "Studies on a temperature sensitive nuclear petite mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: phenotypic reversibility of the mitochondrial functions. 1. We have studied the pleiotropic effect of a single-gene mutation of the pts mutant strain 1511 grown at 23 degrees C and 36 degrees C. 2. Growth of the mutant at the non-permissive temperature results in a decrease of respiration rate to about 50% after one generation and to less than 5% after five generations. The cytochrome spectra analysis revealed that only cytochrome c was present after growth at 36 degrees C. 3. Mitochondrial protein synthesis experiments in vivo demonstrated that the protein synthesizing system was not as rapidly inactivated by high temperature as the respiratory system. 4. The recovery of the respiratory capacity of the cells at 23 degrees C is complete but dependent on the de novo synthesis of a temperature sensitive protein.", "PMID": 1105155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_983", "title": "panD, a new chromosomal locus of Salmonella typhimurium for the biosynthesis of beta-alanine.", "content": "Three mutants of Salmonella typhimurium LT2, which required either pantothenate or beta-alanine for growth, were obtained after treatment with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. Their phenotype was: SM30 Pan-, SM31 Pan- Met-, SM32 Pan- Thi- (requirement for the thiazole-moiety of thiamine). Neither aspartate, dihydrouracil, nor beta-ureidopropionate replaced beta-alanine as growth factor. By conjugation it was found that the three genetic lesions (Pan-, Met-, Thi-) were located at about minute 128 of the bacterial chromosome. By transduction 63% linkage was found between the Pan and Met loci, and 84% between the Thi and Pan loci. Probably the thiazole auxotrophy was due to a lesion in the thiG locus. The new genetic locus responsible for the synthesis of beta-alanine was named panD.", "contents": "panD, a new chromosomal locus of Salmonella typhimurium for the biosynthesis of beta-alanine. Three mutants of Salmonella typhimurium LT2, which required either pantothenate or beta-alanine for growth, were obtained after treatment with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. Their phenotype was: SM30 Pan-, SM31 Pan- Met-, SM32 Pan- Thi- (requirement for the thiazole-moiety of thiamine). Neither aspartate, dihydrouracil, nor beta-ureidopropionate replaced beta-alanine as growth factor. By conjugation it was found that the three genetic lesions (Pan-, Met-, Thi-) were located at about minute 128 of the bacterial chromosome. By transduction 63% linkage was found between the Pan and Met loci, and 84% between the Thi and Pan loci. Probably the thiazole auxotrophy was due to a lesion in the thiG locus. The new genetic locus responsible for the synthesis of beta-alanine was named panD.", "PMID": 1105156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_984", "title": "Plasmid-determined alterations of Salmonella typhimurium lipopolysaccharides.", "content": "Salmonella typhimurium Rc902 infected with derepressed ColIb mutants gave rise to changes in the composition of bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Bacteria carrying ColIbdrd7, derepressed in transfer, exhibited a marked decrease in the content of all 0-side-chain sugars of LPS. Similar effect were found upon the introduction of R64-11, also derepressed in transfer. In LPS of S. typhimurium containing ColIbdrd2, derepressed in colicin synthesis, a decrease of abequose content associated with an increase of glucose level was observed. Bacteria carrying the wild-type ColIb, the revertant of a drd mutant to the wild type, or the non colicinogenic strain resulting from the elimination of ColIbdrd2, showed no changes in the sugar composition of LPS.", "contents": "Plasmid-determined alterations of Salmonella typhimurium lipopolysaccharides. Salmonella typhimurium Rc902 infected with derepressed ColIb mutants gave rise to changes in the composition of bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Bacteria carrying ColIbdrd7, derepressed in transfer, exhibited a marked decrease in the content of all 0-side-chain sugars of LPS. Similar effect were found upon the introduction of R64-11, also derepressed in transfer. In LPS of S. typhimurium containing ColIbdrd2, derepressed in colicin synthesis, a decrease of abequose content associated with an increase of glucose level was observed. Bacteria carrying the wild-type ColIb, the revertant of a drd mutant to the wild type, or the non colicinogenic strain resulting from the elimination of ColIbdrd2, showed no changes in the sugar composition of LPS.", "PMID": 1105157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_985", "title": "Effect of different mutations in ribosomal protein S5 of Escherichia coli on translational fidelity.", "content": "The effect of three different types of mutations in ribosomal protein S5 of Escherichia coli on translational fidelity has been studied. Two of them, namely that conferring resistance to spectinomycin and that selected for partial suppression of a temperature-sensitive analyl-tRNA synthetase mutation, do not exhibit ribosomal ambiguity in the in vivo and in vitro test system employed. In contrast, mutations in ribosomal protein S5 selected for suppression of streptomycin dependence mutations are able to derestrict the restriction of translational ambiguity imposed by str A mutations, though to different degrees depending on the type of mutation. Mutants in which streptomycin dependence is suppressed by an alteration in protein S5 are more restrictive than mutants resistant to streptomycin. Again, the extent of restriction depends on the type of the str Ad allele. mutations in ribosomal protein S5 can act as ram mutations like mutations in protein S4. The part of the S5 polypeptide involved in control of translational fidelity is different from regions altered in spectinomycin resistant strains and in the alanyl-tRNA synthetase suppressor mutant.", "contents": "Effect of different mutations in ribosomal protein S5 of Escherichia coli on translational fidelity. The effect of three different types of mutations in ribosomal protein S5 of Escherichia coli on translational fidelity has been studied. Two of them, namely that conferring resistance to spectinomycin and that selected for partial suppression of a temperature-sensitive analyl-tRNA synthetase mutation, do not exhibit ribosomal ambiguity in the in vivo and in vitro test system employed. In contrast, mutations in ribosomal protein S5 selected for suppression of streptomycin dependence mutations are able to derestrict the restriction of translational ambiguity imposed by str A mutations, though to different degrees depending on the type of mutation. Mutants in which streptomycin dependence is suppressed by an alteration in protein S5 are more restrictive than mutants resistant to streptomycin. Again, the extent of restriction depends on the type of the str Ad allele. mutations in ribosomal protein S5 can act as ram mutations like mutations in protein S4. The part of the S5 polypeptide involved in control of translational fidelity is different from regions altered in spectinomycin resistant strains and in the alanyl-tRNA synthetase suppressor mutant.", "PMID": 1105158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_986", "title": "The relationship of 2-acetamidofluorene mutagenicity in plate tests with its in vivo liver cell component distribution and its carcinogenic potential.", "content": "Using a plating technique, the mutagenic potentials of 2-acetamidofluorene (AAF) and N-hydroxy-AAF were examined after metabolic activation by liver preparations from different animals. Animals used were: male and female rats; male rats treated with 3-methylcholanthrene (MC); male rats treated with AAF; hamsters; guinea pigs; cotton rats and baboons. Irrespective of the animal susceptibility to AAF carcinogenesis, mutation frequency was always increased in the Salmonella typhimurium TA 1538 tester strain. Indeed, the greater response was found in the presence of liver from cotton rats, a species which is resistant to AAF-induced carcinogenesis. Carcinogen binding, with labelled molecules, was also studied in liver cell constituents of rats, guinea pigs and cotton rats. A much better correlation was found between carcinogenicity and carcinogen binding, at least in those species studied, than between carcogenicity and plate test mutagenicity. The difficulty which this new information poses for the interpretation of plate tests is discussed.", "contents": "The relationship of 2-acetamidofluorene mutagenicity in plate tests with its in vivo liver cell component distribution and its carcinogenic potential. Using a plating technique, the mutagenic potentials of 2-acetamidofluorene (AAF) and N-hydroxy-AAF were examined after metabolic activation by liver preparations from different animals. Animals used were: male and female rats; male rats treated with 3-methylcholanthrene (MC); male rats treated with AAF; hamsters; guinea pigs; cotton rats and baboons. Irrespective of the animal susceptibility to AAF carcinogenesis, mutation frequency was always increased in the Salmonella typhimurium TA 1538 tester strain. Indeed, the greater response was found in the presence of liver from cotton rats, a species which is resistant to AAF-induced carcinogenesis. Carcinogen binding, with labelled molecules, was also studied in liver cell constituents of rats, guinea pigs and cotton rats. A much better correlation was found between carcinogenicity and carcinogen binding, at least in those species studied, than between carcogenicity and plate test mutagenicity. The difficulty which this new information poses for the interpretation of plate tests is discussed.", "PMID": 1105163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_987", "title": "The effect of caffeine on survival of UV-irradiated diploid yeast strains of different sensitivities.", "content": "The action of caffeine post-treatment after UV exposure in three strains of diploid yeast has been studied. The addition of the drug to the plating medium reduced survival in all cases. Higher colony-forming abilities were found in all strains when the UV dose had been split into two fractions with an interval of about 6 h. Caffeine added to the incubation medium between dose fractions did not interfere with this process in the wild type but suppressed split-dose sparing completely in two sensitive strains.", "contents": "The effect of caffeine on survival of UV-irradiated diploid yeast strains of different sensitivities. The action of caffeine post-treatment after UV exposure in three strains of diploid yeast has been studied. The addition of the drug to the plating medium reduced survival in all cases. Higher colony-forming abilities were found in all strains when the UV dose had been split into two fractions with an interval of about 6 h. Caffeine added to the incubation medium between dose fractions did not interfere with this process in the wild type but suppressed split-dose sparing completely in two sensitive strains.", "PMID": 1105164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_988", "title": "Induction of DNA double-strand breaks by X-rays in a radiosensitive strain of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Sedimentation profiles for chromosomal DNA from unirradiated and X-irradiated yeast cells of wild type and rad 52 strains are presented. These profiles indicate that, whereas wild type strains rejoin DNA double-strand breaks, rad 52 strains apparently do not. These data suggest that the rad 52 mutant lacks a repair system for X-ray induced damage and are consistence with the proposal that an unrepaired chromosome break leads to reproductive cell death.", "contents": "Induction of DNA double-strand breaks by X-rays in a radiosensitive strain of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Sedimentation profiles for chromosomal DNA from unirradiated and X-irradiated yeast cells of wild type and rad 52 strains are presented. These profiles indicate that, whereas wild type strains rejoin DNA double-strand breaks, rad 52 strains apparently do not. These data suggest that the rad 52 mutant lacks a repair system for X-ray induced damage and are consistence with the proposal that an unrepaired chromosome break leads to reproductive cell death.", "PMID": 1105165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_989", "title": "Induction of rho- mutants in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by guanidine hydrochloride. II. Conditions that prevent rho- induction.", "content": "The induction of rho- \"petite\" mutants by guanidine hydrochloride (GuHCl) is inhibited in several conditions. Anaerobiosis inhibited the induction either with or without cell multiplication. Both nalidixic acid (NA) and cycloheximide (CH) inhibited the induction of mutants. On the other hand, chloramphenicol (CAP) produced a dual effect: at low concentration it stimulated, at high concentration it inhibited, the induction. The effect of these different inhibitors on the transformation of rho+ mother cells into rho- by GuHCl is discussed.", "contents": "Induction of rho- mutants in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by guanidine hydrochloride. II. Conditions that prevent rho- induction. The induction of rho- \"petite\" mutants by guanidine hydrochloride (GuHCl) is inhibited in several conditions. Anaerobiosis inhibited the induction either with or without cell multiplication. Both nalidixic acid (NA) and cycloheximide (CH) inhibited the induction of mutants. On the other hand, chloramphenicol (CAP) produced a dual effect: at low concentration it stimulated, at high concentration it inhibited, the induction. The effect of these different inhibitors on the transformation of rho+ mother cells into rho- by GuHCl is discussed.", "PMID": 1105166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_990", "title": "1-Phenylalanine mustard (L-PAM) in the management of primary breast cancer. A report of early findings.", "content": "Prolonged 1-phenylalanine mustard (L-PAM) administration as an adjuvant to mastectomy in the management of patients with primary breast cancer and pathologically positive axillary nodes was evaluated by a prospective, randomized, clinical trial. Treatment failures occurred in 22 per cent of 108 patients receiving placebo and 9.7 per cent of 103 women given L-PAM (p = 0.01). A statistically significant difference (p = 0.02) existed in favor of L-PAM relative to disease-free interval. In premenopausal women, the difference with respect to disease-free interval of treated and control groups was highly significant (p = 0.008). A treatment failure occurred in 30 per cent of premenopausal patients receiving placebo and 3 per cent of those treated with L-PAM (p = 0.008). Whereas a similar trend was observed in postmenopausal patients, the difference is not statistically significant. Thus, L-PAM has been demonstrated to be effective in the treatment of women with primary breast cancer, particularly those who are premenopausal. Results were achieved with minimal undesirable side effects.", "contents": "1-Phenylalanine mustard (L-PAM) in the management of primary breast cancer. A report of early findings. Prolonged 1-phenylalanine mustard (L-PAM) administration as an adjuvant to mastectomy in the management of patients with primary breast cancer and pathologically positive axillary nodes was evaluated by a prospective, randomized, clinical trial. Treatment failures occurred in 22 per cent of 108 patients receiving placebo and 9.7 per cent of 103 women given L-PAM (p = 0.01). A statistically significant difference (p = 0.02) existed in favor of L-PAM relative to disease-free interval. In premenopausal women, the difference with respect to disease-free interval of treated and control groups was highly significant (p = 0.008). A treatment failure occurred in 30 per cent of premenopausal patients receiving placebo and 3 per cent of those treated with L-PAM (p = 0.008). Whereas a similar trend was observed in postmenopausal patients, the difference is not statistically significant. Thus, L-PAM has been demonstrated to be effective in the treatment of women with primary breast cancer, particularly those who are premenopausal. Results were achieved with minimal undesirable side effects.", "PMID": 1105174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_991", "title": "HL-A antigens and antibody response after influenza A vaccination. Decreased response associated with HL-A type W16.", "content": "We investigated possible associations of HL-A types and antibody-response patterns during clinical trials with a live, attenuated intranasal influenza A vaccine. After vaccination, subjects with HL-A type W16 had, as a group, a mean convalescent-phase hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody titer of 14, which was significantly lower (P less than 0.001) than the mean titer of 36 in subjects without Type W16. Of 25 subjects with a poor antibody response, 32 per cent had HL-A type W16, whereas only 5 per cent with a good response had Type W16. The mean titers in nasal secretions of five W16 subjects at 13 and 30 days were less than 3; in contrast, similar titers of 22 subjects without W16 were 8 and 9 respectively. The results suggest that the lower antibody response in W16 subjects is due to increased cellular resistance to infection rather than to a suppressed immune response because other subjects with W16 had normal antibody responses after vaccination with killed influenza vaccine.", "contents": "HL-A antigens and antibody response after influenza A vaccination. Decreased response associated with HL-A type W16. We investigated possible associations of HL-A types and antibody-response patterns during clinical trials with a live, attenuated intranasal influenza A vaccine. After vaccination, subjects with HL-A type W16 had, as a group, a mean convalescent-phase hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody titer of 14, which was significantly lower (P less than 0.001) than the mean titer of 36 in subjects without Type W16. Of 25 subjects with a poor antibody response, 32 per cent had HL-A type W16, whereas only 5 per cent with a good response had Type W16. The mean titers in nasal secretions of five W16 subjects at 13 and 30 days were less than 3; in contrast, similar titers of 22 subjects without W16 were 8 and 9 respectively. The results suggest that the lower antibody response in W16 subjects is due to increased cellular resistance to infection rather than to a suppressed immune response because other subjects with W16 had normal antibody responses after vaccination with killed influenza vaccine.", "PMID": 1105178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_992", "title": "A comparison of early-onset group B steptococcal neonatal infection and the respiratory-distress syndrome of the newborn.", "content": "In attempting to differentiate early-onset Group B streptococcal infection from hyaline-membrane disease we found features of severe Group B infection to be rupture of the membranes for more than 12 hours before delivery (four or eight versus one of nine), gram-positive cocci in the gastric aspirate (four or four versus none of one), apnea and shock in the first 24 hours of life (seven of eight versus none of nine), and the generation of lower peak inspiratory pressures on avolume-cycled respirator (mean of 36.5 +/- 2.8 versus 63.9 +/- 6.2 cm of water; P = 0.005). In eight fatal cases of Group B infection, four patients had radiographic features indistinguishable from hyaline-membrane disease whereas the other cases were consistent with neonatal pneumonia. Seven of the eight infected infants had no histologic evidence of coexisting hyaline-membrane disease. Microscopical features of Group B infection included cocci in unevenly distributed hyaline membranes and minimal atelectasis. Group B streptococcal infection differs clinically and pathologically from hyaline-membrane disease. Differentiating clinical features include early apnea and shock and lower inspiratory pressures on mechanical ventilation.", "contents": "A comparison of early-onset group B steptococcal neonatal infection and the respiratory-distress syndrome of the newborn. In attempting to differentiate early-onset Group B streptococcal infection from hyaline-membrane disease we found features of severe Group B infection to be rupture of the membranes for more than 12 hours before delivery (four or eight versus one of nine), gram-positive cocci in the gastric aspirate (four or four versus none of one), apnea and shock in the first 24 hours of life (seven of eight versus none of nine), and the generation of lower peak inspiratory pressures on avolume-cycled respirator (mean of 36.5 +/- 2.8 versus 63.9 +/- 6.2 cm of water; P = 0.005). In eight fatal cases of Group B infection, four patients had radiographic features indistinguishable from hyaline-membrane disease whereas the other cases were consistent with neonatal pneumonia. Seven of the eight infected infants had no histologic evidence of coexisting hyaline-membrane disease. Microscopical features of Group B infection included cocci in unevenly distributed hyaline membranes and minimal atelectasis. Group B streptococcal infection differs clinically and pathologically from hyaline-membrane disease. Differentiating clinical features include early apnea and shock and lower inspiratory pressures on mechanical ventilation.", "PMID": 1105186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_993", "title": "Arthritis associated with intestinal-bypass procedure for morbid obesity. Complement activation and characterization of circulating cryoproteins.", "content": "Five patients were studied after intestinal-bypass operations for morbid obesity to determine if the arthritis observed in three of these patients was associated with circulating cryoproteins. Only serum from the three patients with acute arthritis contained cryoprotein complexes. The complexes comprised IgG, IgM, IgA, complement components C3, C4, C5 and IgG antibody against Escherichia coli and Bacillus fragilis. The C3-activator fragment of the properdin complex was identified in fresh serum samples obtained from two of the three patients with circulating cryoprotein complexes and arthritis. These observations suggest that systemically absorbed intestinal bacterial antigens may lead to (or contribute to) the formation of circulating cryoprotein complexes. Circulating cryoprotein complexes activated both the classical and alternate complement pathways and may be important in the pathogenesis of the arthritis associated with the intestinal-bypass procedure for morbid obesity.", "contents": "Arthritis associated with intestinal-bypass procedure for morbid obesity. Complement activation and characterization of circulating cryoproteins. Five patients were studied after intestinal-bypass operations for morbid obesity to determine if the arthritis observed in three of these patients was associated with circulating cryoproteins. Only serum from the three patients with acute arthritis contained cryoprotein complexes. The complexes comprised IgG, IgM, IgA, complement components C3, C4, C5 and IgG antibody against Escherichia coli and Bacillus fragilis. The C3-activator fragment of the properdin complex was identified in fresh serum samples obtained from two of the three patients with circulating cryoprotein complexes and arthritis. These observations suggest that systemically absorbed intestinal bacterial antigens may lead to (or contribute to) the formation of circulating cryoprotein complexes. Circulating cryoprotein complexes activated both the classical and alternate complement pathways and may be important in the pathogenesis of the arthritis associated with the intestinal-bypass procedure for morbid obesity.", "PMID": 1105187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_994", "title": "Significance of autogenously regulated and constitutive synthesis of regulatory proteins in repressible biosynthetic systems.", "content": "The functional implications of the different modes of regulation have been examined systematically. The results lead to certain predictions. The regulatory protein in repressor-controlled systems is constitutively synthesised. In activator-controlled systems synthesis of the regulatory protein is autogenously regulated. There is favourable agreement between these predictions and published experimental evidence.", "contents": "Significance of autogenously regulated and constitutive synthesis of regulatory proteins in repressible biosynthetic systems. The functional implications of the different modes of regulation have been examined systematically. The results lead to certain predictions. The regulatory protein in repressor-controlled systems is constitutively synthesised. In activator-controlled systems synthesis of the regulatory protein is autogenously regulated. There is favourable agreement between these predictions and published experimental evidence.", "PMID": 1105191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_995", "title": "The place of the australopithecines in human evolution: grounds for doubt?", "content": "Although most studies emphasise the similarity of the australopithecines to modern man, and suggest, therefore, that these creatures were bipedal tool-makers at least one form of which (Australopithecus africanus--\"Homo habilis\", \"Homo africanus\") was almost directly ancestral to man, a series of multivariate statistical studies of various postcranial fragments suggests other conclusions. Their locomotion may not have been like that of modern man, and may, though including a form or forms of bipedality, have been different enough to allow marked abilities for climbing. Bipedality may have arisen more than once, the Australopithecinae displaying one or more experiments in bipedality that failed. The genus Homo may, in fact, be so ancient as to parallel entirely the genus Australopithecus thus denying the latter a direct place in the human lineage.", "contents": "The place of the australopithecines in human evolution: grounds for doubt? Although most studies emphasise the similarity of the australopithecines to modern man, and suggest, therefore, that these creatures were bipedal tool-makers at least one form of which (Australopithecus africanus--\"Homo habilis\", \"Homo africanus\") was almost directly ancestral to man, a series of multivariate statistical studies of various postcranial fragments suggests other conclusions. Their locomotion may not have been like that of modern man, and may, though including a form or forms of bipedality, have been different enough to allow marked abilities for climbing. Bipedality may have arisen more than once, the Australopithecinae displaying one or more experiments in bipedality that failed. The genus Homo may, in fact, be so ancient as to parallel entirely the genus Australopithecus thus denying the latter a direct place in the human lineage.", "PMID": 1105197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_996", "title": "Possibilities of using insectistatics and pheromones in pest control.", "content": "Agents that can decimate insect populations by suppressing growth and reproduction rather than by causing rapid mortality are called insectistatics. Their activity includes interruption of cuticle formation, induction of hormonal imbalance by extrinsic juvenoids or ecdysoids, developmental disturbances due to nutrient antagonists, symbioticides, or accelerators of metabolism. Disruption of mating may be accomplished by pheromone trapping and disorientation or by prevention of sex attraction. The possible contribution of such biotechnical procedures to the control of storage pests is discussed.", "contents": "Possibilities of using insectistatics and pheromones in pest control. Agents that can decimate insect populations by suppressing growth and reproduction rather than by causing rapid mortality are called insectistatics. Their activity includes interruption of cuticle formation, induction of hormonal imbalance by extrinsic juvenoids or ecdysoids, developmental disturbances due to nutrient antagonists, symbioticides, or accelerators of metabolism. Disruption of mating may be accomplished by pheromone trapping and disorientation or by prevention of sex attraction. The possible contribution of such biotechnical procedures to the control of storage pests is discussed.", "PMID": 1105200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_997", "title": "[Modern research on the cell cycle and mitosis in the myxomycete Physarum polycephalum].", "content": "The plasmodial stage of Physarum polycephalum contains up to 10(9) nuclei which undergo a naturally synchronous mitosis every 8 h. Nuclear processes such as DNA and RNA  synthesis as well as many cytoplasmic processes such as histone synthesis are also synchronous. Physarum polycephalum is therefore widely used in studies of cell-cycle events. This article describes experiments that may help to explain two fundamental biological processes: (1) the mechanism that triggers mitosis, (2) the structural basis of mitotic movement.", "contents": "[Modern research on the cell cycle and mitosis in the myxomycete Physarum polycephalum]. The plasmodial stage of Physarum polycephalum contains up to 10(9) nuclei which undergo a naturally synchronous mitosis every 8 h. Nuclear processes such as DNA and RNA  synthesis as well as many cytoplasmic processes such as histone synthesis are also synchronous. Physarum polycephalum is therefore widely used in studies of cell-cycle events. This article describes experiments that may help to explain two fundamental biological processes: (1) the mechanism that triggers mitosis, (2) the structural basis of mitotic movement.", "PMID": 1105201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_998", "title": "[Structure and function of the endoplasmic reticulum].", "content": "After a general review of enzyme topology and the molecular architecture of endoplasmic reticulum the latest research results are discussed. Microsomal enzymes do not occur in specialized regions of the endoplasmic reticulum but are uniformly distributed over the entire membrane system. Functionally associated enzymes are also located in the direct vicinity of the membrane. It has been shown that the catalytic activity of integral enzyme proteins depends on phospholipid and membrane structure. These membrane-bound lipoproteid complexes exert specific effects as vectorial enzyme catalysts. The endoplasmic reticulum is active is active in the intracellular transport of metabolites.", "contents": "[Structure and function of the endoplasmic reticulum]. After a general review of enzyme topology and the molecular architecture of endoplasmic reticulum the latest research results are discussed. Microsomal enzymes do not occur in specialized regions of the endoplasmic reticulum but are uniformly distributed over the entire membrane system. Functionally associated enzymes are also located in the direct vicinity of the membrane. It has been shown that the catalytic activity of integral enzyme proteins depends on phospholipid and membrane structure. These membrane-bound lipoproteid complexes exert specific effects as vectorial enzyme catalysts. The endoplasmic reticulum is active is active in the intracellular transport of metabolites.", "PMID": 1105202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_999", "title": "[Osteosyntheses].", "content": "\"Osteosynthesis\" or internal fixation is the term used for operative reduction of bone fragments. The aim of the procedure is to effect such stable fixation that the affected extremity may be moved freely. The paper gives a survey of the technical basis of and indications for modern methods of internal fixation.", "contents": "[Osteosyntheses]. \"Osteosynthesis\" or internal fixation is the term used for operative reduction of bone fragments. The aim of the procedure is to effect such stable fixation that the affected extremity may be moved freely. The paper gives a survey of the technical basis of and indications for modern methods of internal fixation.", "PMID": 1105204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1000", "title": "Function of the UVR marker in dark repair of DNA molecules.", "content": "It had been found earlier that the excision repair mechanism in E. coli B/R Hcr+ could be depressed by preirradiation, amino acid and thymine starvation; such an interference proved to have no appreciable influence on survival after ultraviolet irradiation. A comparison between Hcr+ and Hcr- cells had revealed that the former were capable of tolerating a greater amount of unexcised dimers than the latter. In this paper it is demonstrated that the above-mentioned pretreatment will depress excision activity also in cultures of E. coli K12 and E. coli 15T- both strains of the uvr+ rec+ genotype. A comparison of two E. coli K12 strains of the uvr+ and uvr- genotype shows that uvr+ cells also have a greater capacity to tolerate unexcised dimers. To throw light on the nature of that increased capacity to tolerate unexicsed dimers we have compared restoration of DNA daughter chains in cells of the uvr+ and uvr- genotype and found that integrity of uvr loci is a conditio sine qua non for an effective restoration of daughter chains, but that depression of excision activity by the mentioned pretreatment does not influence restoration of DNA daughter chains. This suggest that uvr loci are involved not only in excision but also in postreplication mechanism of DNA repair.", "contents": "Function of the UVR marker in dark repair of DNA molecules. It had been found earlier that the excision repair mechanism in E. coli B/R Hcr+ could be depressed by preirradiation, amino acid and thymine starvation; such an interference proved to have no appreciable influence on survival after ultraviolet irradiation. A comparison between Hcr+ and Hcr- cells had revealed that the former were capable of tolerating a greater amount of unexcised dimers than the latter. In this paper it is demonstrated that the above-mentioned pretreatment will depress excision activity also in cultures of E. coli K12 and E. coli 15T- both strains of the uvr+ rec+ genotype. A comparison of two E. coli K12 strains of the uvr+ and uvr- genotype shows that uvr+ cells also have a greater capacity to tolerate unexcised dimers. To throw light on the nature of that increased capacity to tolerate unexicsed dimers we have compared restoration of DNA daughter chains in cells of the uvr+ and uvr- genotype and found that integrity of uvr loci is a conditio sine qua non for an effective restoration of daughter chains, but that depression of excision activity by the mentioned pretreatment does not influence restoration of DNA daughter chains. This suggest that uvr loci are involved not only in excision but also in postreplication mechanism of DNA repair.", "PMID": 1105208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1001", "title": "A new method for producing a chronic E. coli pyelonephritis in rabbits.", "content": "Chronic pyelonephritis, especially that caused by the most common invader E. coli, corresponding satisfactorily to the pathophysiology of the human disease is difficult to reproduce. We have developed a pattern of infection with which we succeeded reliably in producing a chronic E. coli pyelonephritis. This was achieved by inserting a plastic catheter into the renal pelvis. A suspension of E. coli was injected via the catheter into the renal pelvis of 32 rabbits. This pattern of infection takes a chronic progressive course and, in all cases, results in typical macroscopic and histological changes in the kidney. The bacterial excretion in the urine remains unchanged over a period of months. With the experimental procedure described, the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of chronic E. coli pyelonephritis can be clearly studied. Drugs currently used on patients can be tested for their effectiveness in long-term application.", "contents": "A new method for producing a chronic E. coli pyelonephritis in rabbits. Chronic pyelonephritis, especially that caused by the most common invader E. coli, corresponding satisfactorily to the pathophysiology of the human disease is difficult to reproduce. We have developed a pattern of infection with which we succeeded reliably in producing a chronic E. coli pyelonephritis. This was achieved by inserting a plastic catheter into the renal pelvis. A suspension of E. coli was injected via the catheter into the renal pelvis of 32 rabbits. This pattern of infection takes a chronic progressive course and, in all cases, results in typical macroscopic and histological changes in the kidney. The bacterial excretion in the urine remains unchanged over a period of months. With the experimental procedure described, the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of chronic E. coli pyelonephritis can be clearly studied. Drugs currently used on patients can be tested for their effectiveness in long-term application.", "PMID": 1105218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1002", "title": "Blood viscosity factors and occlusive arterial disease in renal transplant recipients.", "content": "29 cadaveric renal transplant recipients were assessed clinically for evidence of occlusive arterial disease prior to undergoing blood viscosity studies. Nineteen patients had manifest arterial disease (myocardial infarction, cerebral thrombosis, angina, intermittent claudication, absent peripheral pulses), while ten were free from vascular complications. Patients with arterial disease showed significant elevations of plasma viscosity (p less than 0.005), aggregation of red cells measured both at 37 and 20 degrees C (p less than 0.05), fibrinogen (p less than 0.005), serum triglyceride (p less than 0.01), serum cholesterol (p less than 0.01), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (p less than 0.02), and a significant reduction in the albumin/fibrinogen ratio (p less than 0.005) when compared with those free of disease. Two patients with no apparent vascular disease when investigated were found to have distinctly abnormal blood viscosity factors, and one subsequently developed retinal arterial thrombosis while the other suffered serious damage of the graft within 3 months of viscosity study. When all patients were considered together, significant correlations were found between viscosity of artificial thrombi or aggregation of red cells and fibrinogen level (both p less than 0.05), and serum triglyceride level (both p less than 0.05); and between rigidity of red cells and the parathyroid hormone level (p less than 0.01).", "contents": "Blood viscosity factors and occlusive arterial disease in renal transplant recipients. 29 cadaveric renal transplant recipients were assessed clinically for evidence of occlusive arterial disease prior to undergoing blood viscosity studies. Nineteen patients had manifest arterial disease (myocardial infarction, cerebral thrombosis, angina, intermittent claudication, absent peripheral pulses), while ten were free from vascular complications. Patients with arterial disease showed significant elevations of plasma viscosity (p less than 0.005), aggregation of red cells measured both at 37 and 20 degrees C (p less than 0.05), fibrinogen (p less than 0.005), serum triglyceride (p less than 0.01), serum cholesterol (p less than 0.01), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (p less than 0.02), and a significant reduction in the albumin/fibrinogen ratio (p less than 0.005) when compared with those free of disease. Two patients with no apparent vascular disease when investigated were found to have distinctly abnormal blood viscosity factors, and one subsequently developed retinal arterial thrombosis while the other suffered serious damage of the graft within 3 months of viscosity study. When all patients were considered together, significant correlations were found between viscosity of artificial thrombi or aggregation of red cells and fibrinogen level (both p less than 0.05), and serum triglyceride level (both p less than 0.05); and between rigidity of red cells and the parathyroid hormone level (p less than 0.01).", "PMID": 1105219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1003", "title": "Acute renal failure after rifampicin: a case report and survey of the literature.", "content": "A new case of acute renal failure after rifampicin is presented, together with a review of the 36 similar cases published up to date in the literature. Evidence is provided that irregularities in drug intake, either as true intermittent treatment or as discontinuation of continuous therapy, play an important role in the pathogenesis of such reactions. Renal failure appeared after a rather long uneventful interval from the beginning of rifampicin therapy, ranging from 1 month to more than 1 year. Its clinical course was favourable in all but one case; the histological picture was mainly of tubulo-interstitial type. The controversial immunological data reported in the literature are reviewed; an increase of histamine release by rat mast cells has been found in presence of rifampicin plus the serum of our patient: the implications of this finding are discussed, suggesting a possible immunological factor in the pathogenesis of acute renal failure after rifampicin.", "contents": "Acute renal failure after rifampicin: a case report and survey of the literature. A new case of acute renal failure after rifampicin is presented, together with a review of the 36 similar cases published up to date in the literature. Evidence is provided that irregularities in drug intake, either as true intermittent treatment or as discontinuation of continuous therapy, play an important role in the pathogenesis of such reactions. Renal failure appeared after a rather long uneventful interval from the beginning of rifampicin therapy, ranging from 1 month to more than 1 year. Its clinical course was favourable in all but one case; the histological picture was mainly of tubulo-interstitial type. The controversial immunological data reported in the literature are reviewed; an increase of histamine release by rat mast cells has been found in presence of rifampicin plus the serum of our patient: the implications of this finding are discussed, suggesting a possible immunological factor in the pathogenesis of acute renal failure after rifampicin.", "PMID": 1105220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1004", "title": "Actinomyces peritonitis associated with dialysis.", "content": "A case of actinomyces peritonitis occurring in a young girl undergoing regular dialytic treatment is reported. The peritoneal localization was the only one detectable and occurred in a patient who at the beginning of the dialytic treatment had received peritoneal dialysis on two occasions. During 4 months of treatment the patient underwent surgical drainage of the peritoneal fluid and medical treatment with various antibiotics. Super-infection with Escherichia coli and Candida, and an acute episode of bronchopneumonia, complicated the course of the treatment which was finally successful", "contents": "Actinomyces peritonitis associated with dialysis. A case of actinomyces peritonitis occurring in a young girl undergoing regular dialytic treatment is reported. The peritoneal localization was the only one detectable and occurred in a patient who at the beginning of the dialytic treatment had received peritoneal dialysis on two occasions. During 4 months of treatment the patient underwent surgical drainage of the peritoneal fluid and medical treatment with various antibiotics. Super-infection with Escherichia coli and Candida, and an acute episode of bronchopneumonia, complicated the course of the treatment which was finally successful", "PMID": 1105221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1005", "title": "\"Phantom\" sensations following intraspinal injury.", "content": "The sensations associated at times with neural lesions in the spinal canal may have the following features and phases: 1) early anosognosia, i.e. lack of awareness of disability; 2) initial stimulation; 3) illusion of amputation; 4) disappearance of that illusion and 5) grotesque sensations. Detailed features of the phantoms such as changes in their size, position, and vividness as well as tactics evoking changes in the sensations are recorded. The special situations are described in which paraplegia is accompanied by actual amputation, or there is a phantom of an upper limb after avulsion of the brachial plexus or after extensive posterior rhizotomy. Finally phantoms associated with incomplete lesions of the cord are analyzed and the basis presented for concluding that a lesion of an ipsilateral posterior column is responsible for the phantom experience in cord lesion.", "contents": "\"Phantom\" sensations following intraspinal injury. The sensations associated at times with neural lesions in the spinal canal may have the following features and phases: 1) early anosognosia, i.e. lack of awareness of disability; 2) initial stimulation; 3) illusion of amputation; 4) disappearance of that illusion and 5) grotesque sensations. Detailed features of the phantoms such as changes in their size, position, and vividness as well as tactics evoking changes in the sensations are recorded. The special situations are described in which paraplegia is accompanied by actual amputation, or there is a phantom of an upper limb after avulsion of the brachial plexus or after extensive posterior rhizotomy. Finally phantoms associated with incomplete lesions of the cord are analyzed and the basis presented for concluding that a lesion of an ipsilateral posterior column is responsible for the phantom experience in cord lesion.", "PMID": 1105222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1006", "title": "Simple determination of the foramen in trigeminus coagulation.", "content": "The object is to achieve a high degree of precision in the determination of the foramen ovale in managing trigeminus neuralgia stereotactically as well as by free-hand penetrations. We carried out exact measurements on lateral skull x-rays of 55 corpses and 25 patients. With the aid of a design and several plain x-ray films we drew connecting-lines between fixed, easily determined points of the skull. The middle of the foramen ovale coincides with the dissecting point of these 3 co-ordinates, the maximal deviation of 2 mm is clinically negligible compared with the total width of the foramen. The average distance of the foramen from the midline as measured on the basic projection is 2.8 cm +/- 2 mm. The puncture technique and the thermocontrolled coagulation of the trigeminus branches are discussed.", "contents": "Simple determination of the foramen in trigeminus coagulation. The object is to achieve a high degree of precision in the determination of the foramen ovale in managing trigeminus neuralgia stereotactically as well as by free-hand penetrations. We carried out exact measurements on lateral skull x-rays of 55 corpses and 25 patients. With the aid of a design and several plain x-ray films we drew connecting-lines between fixed, easily determined points of the skull. The middle of the foramen ovale coincides with the dissecting point of these 3 co-ordinates, the maximal deviation of 2 mm is clinically negligible compared with the total width of the foramen. The average distance of the foramen from the midline as measured on the basic projection is 2.8 cm +/- 2 mm. The puncture technique and the thermocontrolled coagulation of the trigeminus branches are discussed.", "PMID": 1105223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1007", "title": "Light and electron microscopic examination of isolated neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes.", "content": "Astrocytes and neuronal and oligodendroglial perikarya isolated by the method of Norton and Poduslo (1970) were examined by transmission and scanning electron microscopy and inverted phase contrast microscopy. The viability of the cells, as determined by the eosin exclusion method, was also determined. The three cell fractions showed only slight cross-contamination, but the astrocyte fraction contained significant amount of small debris. The ultrastructural appearance of the cells indicated that much of the in situ properties were retained, with bundles of fibrils preserved in astrocytes with well-defined plasma membranes. Oligodendroglial perikarya were found to be the best preserved of the cell types. The viability studies indicated that about 90% of the cells excluded eosin. Scanning electron microscopy revealed the neuronal cell surface to be rough and studded with knob-like bodies. Oligodendrocytes tended to aggregate and demonstrated a much smoother surface than the neurons.", "contents": "Light and electron microscopic examination of isolated neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. Astrocytes and neuronal and oligodendroglial perikarya isolated by the method of Norton and Poduslo (1970) were examined by transmission and scanning electron microscopy and inverted phase contrast microscopy. The viability of the cells, as determined by the eosin exclusion method, was also determined. The three cell fractions showed only slight cross-contamination, but the astrocyte fraction contained significant amount of small debris. The ultrastructural appearance of the cells indicated that much of the in situ properties were retained, with bundles of fibrils preserved in astrocytes with well-defined plasma membranes. Oligodendroglial perikarya were found to be the best preserved of the cell types. The viability studies indicated that about 90% of the cells excluded eosin. Scanning electron microscopy revealed the neuronal cell surface to be rough and studded with knob-like bodies. Oligodendrocytes tended to aggregate and demonstrated a much smoother surface than the neurons.", "PMID": 1105225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1008", "title": "[Two cases of primary intracerebral malignant lymphoma (author's transl)].", "content": "Two cases of primary intracerebral malignant lymphoma were reported. Case 1 was a 42-year-old man who had been suffering from headache and mental disturbances for about 3 months prior to admission. These complaints progressed insidiously. He was admitted to our hospital on March 31, 1973. On neurological examinations he was in somnolence state and had neck rigidity, positive of Kernig's sign, disorientation and dyscalculia. Lumbar puncture gave a C.S.F. pressure of 240 mmH2O and the fluid contained 180 mg/dl of protein. A left vertebral angiogram via brachial artery demonstrated thalamic and cerebellar mass lesions. For the development of symptoms of increased intracranial pressure, a ventriculoperitoneal shunt operation was performed on April 7. A right carotid angiogram after ventriculoperitoneal shunt operation disclosed a frontal mass lesion. On May 2, a right frontal craniotomy was carried out and the frontal lobe was removed together with the tumors. After the operation his consciousness remained stupor. Thereafter consciousness and clinical pictures gradually worsened, and he died on May 30. Autopsy was performed, and gross examinations revealed tumors in the bilateral frontal and temporal lobes, right parietal lobe, and left cerebellar hemisphere. On coronal sections, there were neoplastic proliferation extending from the right thalamus to the putamen and a tumor in the right midbrain. No evidence of neoplastic proliferation was found outside the central nervous system. Microscopic examinations showed a diffuse proliferation of tumor cells with mitosis and polymorphism. The tumor was consisted of small lymphoid cells. Reticulin fibers were not found in the tumor with Watanabe's silver method. It was also unable to impregnate the tumor cells with silver carbonate. This case may be classified the primary interacerebral lymphosarcoma. Case 2 was a 48-year-old man, who was admitted to the hospital complaining of occipitalgia, speech disturbances and diffculty in walking. On neurological examinations, he had a right spastic hemiparesis and dyscalculia. A right carotid angiogram showed the frontal mass lesion. On April 18, a left frontal craniotomy was performed and frontal lobe was removed with the tumor. He made a good recovery from the operation and remained well for about 1 month. However, it culminated in a gradual diminution in the level of consciousness. Unfortunately, he died on June 20. No autopsy was performed. Histologically, the tumor cells had round or ovoid nuclei, mitosis and polymorphism. The perivascular arrangement of the tumor tissue showed tendency to confluence. There were reticulin fibers in the tumor tissue, particularly around the blood vessels. Microglial cells were not impregated with silver carbonate. It is supposed that this case belongs to the primary intracerebral \"reticulum cells sarcoma-microglioma\" described by Rubinstein or reticulum cell sarcoma. Both the case 1 and the case 2 should be filed to be malignant lymphoma in the wide category.", "contents": "[Two cases of primary intracerebral malignant lymphoma (author's transl)]. Two cases of primary intracerebral malignant lymphoma were reported. Case 1 was a 42-year-old man who had been suffering from headache and mental disturbances for about 3 months prior to admission. These complaints progressed insidiously. He was admitted to our hospital on March 31, 1973. On neurological examinations he was in somnolence state and had neck rigidity, positive of Kernig's sign, disorientation and dyscalculia. Lumbar puncture gave a C.S.F. pressure of 240 mmH2O and the fluid contained 180 mg/dl of protein. A left vertebral angiogram via brachial artery demonstrated thalamic and cerebellar mass lesions. For the development of symptoms of increased intracranial pressure, a ventriculoperitoneal shunt operation was performed on April 7. A right carotid angiogram after ventriculoperitoneal shunt operation disclosed a frontal mass lesion. On May 2, a right frontal craniotomy was carried out and the frontal lobe was removed together with the tumors. After the operation his consciousness remained stupor. Thereafter consciousness and clinical pictures gradually worsened, and he died on May 30. Autopsy was performed, and gross examinations revealed tumors in the bilateral frontal and temporal lobes, right parietal lobe, and left cerebellar hemisphere. On coronal sections, there were neoplastic proliferation extending from the right thalamus to the putamen and a tumor in the right midbrain. No evidence of neoplastic proliferation was found outside the central nervous system. Microscopic examinations showed a diffuse proliferation of tumor cells with mitosis and polymorphism. The tumor was consisted of small lymphoid cells. Reticulin fibers were not found in the tumor with Watanabe's silver method. It was also unable to impregnate the tumor cells with silver carbonate. This case may be classified the primary interacerebral lymphosarcoma. Case 2 was a 48-year-old man, who was admitted to the hospital complaining of occipitalgia, speech disturbances and diffculty in walking. On neurological examinations, he had a right spastic hemiparesis and dyscalculia. A right carotid angiogram showed the frontal mass lesion. On April 18, a left frontal craniotomy was performed and frontal lobe was removed with the tumor. He made a good recovery from the operation and remained well for about 1 month. However, it culminated in a gradual diminution in the level of consciousness. Unfortunately, he died on June 20. No autopsy was performed. Histologically, the tumor cells had round or ovoid nuclei, mitosis and polymorphism. The perivascular arrangement of the tumor tissue showed tendency to confluence. There were reticulin fibers in the tumor tissue, particularly around the blood vessels. Microglial cells were not impregated with silver carbonate. It is supposed that this case belongs to the primary intracerebral \"reticulum cells sarcoma-microglioma\" described by Rubinstein or reticulum cell sarcoma. Both the case 1 and the case 2 should be filed to be malignant lymphoma in the wide category.", "PMID": 1105227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1009", "title": "[Artificial hyperventilation in head injury. I. Spontaneous hyperventilation and assisted ventilation (author's transl)].", "content": "The present study was desined to clarify the roles of artificial hyperventilation in management of the patients with cerebral injury. Here reported is the first part of the serial studies and concerned with general informations about hyperventilation. The measurements of PaCO2, minute ventilation volume (VE), dead space (VD), tidal volume (VT), cardiac output (by dye dilution method), oxygen consumption (by Fick' principle) and oxygen equilibrium were performed in the patients suffering from acute, severe head injury. And the effect of assisted ventilation on them were investigated (using pressure-limited respirator). 1. There was a common finding that marked and sustained increase in VE, VA (alveolar ventilation), and decrease in PaCO2 existed during the first week of injury. 97% of both VE and VA were above normal and mean value of PaCO2 was 29-33 mmHg. The syndrome of spontaneous hyperventilation was evidently more prominent in the nonsurvived group of patients. It was noteworthy that increased VE (or VA) was dependent neither on VD or pulmonary dysfunction nor on metabolic acidosis of arterial blood. The relation of VA to base excess in head injury was well contrasted to that of acute CO poisoning. 2. Assisted ventilation resulted in increased VT and decreased respiratory rate, and little change in VE. Consequently, PaCO2 changed only from 33.0 to 29.4 mmHg as a mean of entire series of patients. But when the influence affected by hypoxemic drive was subsided, a significant reduction of PaCO2 was disclosed following assisted ventilation. The assisted ventilation with pure oxygen was also associated with reduced cardiac output (from 6.0l/min to 5.3l/min), though the oxygen consumption changed variedly among the patients. 3. The fact was confirmed that both hypocapnea and alkalosis produced the left-sised shift of oxygen dissociation curve, decrease in P50 (P02 at 50% saturation of oxygen), and in addition, narrowed arterio-mixed venous oxygen difference. The changes of artero-mixed venous oxygen saturation difference which were calculated at 100 mmHg of PaO2 and 40mmHg of mixed venous PO2 were in a linear fashion with those of P50. Apart from the problems on injured brain, the beneficial and non-beneficial effects of hyperventilation were further discussed. The availability and inidcation of artificial hyperventilation should be precisely evaluated later, in a comprehensive manner with the subsequent studies (Part 2 and 3) on cerebral metabolism and intracranial pressure.", "contents": "[Artificial hyperventilation in head injury. I. Spontaneous hyperventilation and assisted ventilation (author's transl)]. The present study was desined to clarify the roles of artificial hyperventilation in management of the patients with cerebral injury. Here reported is the first part of the serial studies and concerned with general informations about hyperventilation. The measurements of PaCO2, minute ventilation volume (VE), dead space (VD), tidal volume (VT), cardiac output (by dye dilution method), oxygen consumption (by Fick' principle) and oxygen equilibrium were performed in the patients suffering from acute, severe head injury. And the effect of assisted ventilation on them were investigated (using pressure-limited respirator). 1. There was a common finding that marked and sustained increase in VE, VA (alveolar ventilation), and decrease in PaCO2 existed during the first week of injury. 97% of both VE and VA were above normal and mean value of PaCO2 was 29-33 mmHg. The syndrome of spontaneous hyperventilation was evidently more prominent in the nonsurvived group of patients. It was noteworthy that increased VE (or VA) was dependent neither on VD or pulmonary dysfunction nor on metabolic acidosis of arterial blood. The relation of VA to base excess in head injury was well contrasted to that of acute CO poisoning. 2. Assisted ventilation resulted in increased VT and decreased respiratory rate, and little change in VE. Consequently, PaCO2 changed only from 33.0 to 29.4 mmHg as a mean of entire series of patients. But when the influence affected by hypoxemic drive was subsided, a significant reduction of PaCO2 was disclosed following assisted ventilation. The assisted ventilation with pure oxygen was also associated with reduced cardiac output (from 6.0l/min to 5.3l/min), though the oxygen consumption changed variedly among the patients. 3. The fact was confirmed that both hypocapnea and alkalosis produced the left-sised shift of oxygen dissociation curve, decrease in P50 (P02 at 50% saturation of oxygen), and in addition, narrowed arterio-mixed venous oxygen difference. The changes of artero-mixed venous oxygen saturation difference which were calculated at 100 mmHg of PaO2 and 40mmHg of mixed venous PO2 were in a linear fashion with those of P50. Apart from the problems on injured brain, the beneficial and non-beneficial effects of hyperventilation were further discussed. The availability and inidcation of artificial hyperventilation should be precisely evaluated later, in a comprehensive manner with the subsequent studies (Part 2 and 3) on cerebral metabolism and intracranial pressure.", "PMID": 1105228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1010", "title": "[Prolactin-secreting pituitary gland adenoma. Present-day possibilities of diagnosis and treatment].", "content": "Among the 230 pituitary adenomas that we treated, 23 patients aging from 20 to 39 had a prolactin-secretary pituitary adenoma and were all demonstrating an amenorrhea-galactorrhea syndrom. It is not always very fast to establish the more and more frequently observed etiology of this clinical state, especially when the existence, or not, of a pituitary adenoma is concerned. A total endocrinological study (determination of serum prolactin and inhibition and stimulation tests) of all hypothalamic-hypophyseal-peripheric axis must be done, as well as precise radiological studies, able of showing small distortions of the sella turcica. On our patients, the diagnosis of a pituitary tumor and the surgical intervention have never been decided on the base of only one element of the diagnosis. We now think that only the presence, at the same time, of clinical, radiological and biological signs, however small they are, allows the decision for a surgical intervention when prolactin-secreting pituitary adenoma is suspected.", "contents": "[Prolactin-secreting pituitary gland adenoma. Present-day possibilities of diagnosis and treatment]. Among the 230 pituitary adenomas that we treated, 23 patients aging from 20 to 39 had a prolactin-secretary pituitary adenoma and were all demonstrating an amenorrhea-galactorrhea syndrom. It is not always very fast to establish the more and more frequently observed etiology of this clinical state, especially when the existence, or not, of a pituitary adenoma is concerned. A total endocrinological study (determination of serum prolactin and inhibition and stimulation tests) of all hypothalamic-hypophyseal-peripheric axis must be done, as well as precise radiological studies, able of showing small distortions of the sella turcica. On our patients, the diagnosis of a pituitary tumor and the surgical intervention have never been decided on the base of only one element of the diagnosis. We now think that only the presence, at the same time, of clinical, radiological and biological signs, however small they are, allows the decision for a surgical intervention when prolactin-secreting pituitary adenoma is suspected.", "PMID": 1105224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1011", "title": "[Two cases of spina bifida cystica with congenital dermal sinus].", "content": "Spina bifida cystica and congenital dermal sinus are congenital anomalies which are called dysraphic states. Numerous reports of congenital dermal sinus can be seen in Europe and America, but in this country we have been able to find no more than six reported cases. Also in this country, to the best of our knowledge, only two cases of combined spina bifida cystica and congenital dermal sinus have been seen. The small incidence of reported cases may be due to the fact that congenital dermal sinus tends to go unnoticed except when infection develops. Consequently when dermal sinus is asymptomatic, even in both combined cases, it probably is thought to be only spina bifida. We have seen the combination with congenital dermal sinus in two among twenty cases of spina bifida cystica which we have observed during the past seven years. We report on this and discuss it in relation to the other literature.", "contents": "[Two cases of spina bifida cystica with congenital dermal sinus]. Spina bifida cystica and congenital dermal sinus are congenital anomalies which are called dysraphic states. Numerous reports of congenital dermal sinus can be seen in Europe and America, but in this country we have been able to find no more than six reported cases. Also in this country, to the best of our knowledge, only two cases of combined spina bifida cystica and congenital dermal sinus have been seen. The small incidence of reported cases may be due to the fact that congenital dermal sinus tends to go unnoticed except when infection develops. Consequently when dermal sinus is asymptomatic, even in both combined cases, it probably is thought to be only spina bifida. We have seen the combination with congenital dermal sinus in two among twenty cases of spina bifida cystica which we have observed during the past seven years. We report on this and discuss it in relation to the other literature.", "PMID": 1105230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1012", "title": "Duchenne dystrophy: electron microscopic findings pointing to a basic or early abnormality in the plasma membrane of the muscle fiber.", "content": "In seven patients with Duchenne dystrophy, high-resolution phase microscopy demonstrated a population on non-necrotic fibers with one or more focal lesions. The typical lesion was wedge-shaped, with the base resting on the fiber surface. In the electron microscope, the plasma membrane overlying the lesion was either absent or disrupted, while the basement  membrane was always preserved. Within the lesion, there were cytoplasmic abnormalities, and in the neighboring fiber region, the myofibrils were usually highly contracted. The structural defect in the plasma membrane suggested that this site was an ineffective cellular barrier. This was confirmed by the frequent ingress of peroxidase-containing extracellular fluid into the lesions. In two control subjects, peroxidase penetration into fibers was seen only rarely and only with other evidence of mechanical injury to the specimen. The findings point to an early and possibly basic abnormality in the plasma membrane of the muscle fiber in Duchenne's dystrophy.", "contents": "Duchenne dystrophy: electron microscopic findings pointing to a basic or early abnormality in the plasma membrane of the muscle fiber. In seven patients with Duchenne dystrophy, high-resolution phase microscopy demonstrated a population on non-necrotic fibers with one or more focal lesions. The typical lesion was wedge-shaped, with the base resting on the fiber surface. In the electron microscope, the plasma membrane overlying the lesion was either absent or disrupted, while the basement  membrane was always preserved. Within the lesion, there were cytoplasmic abnormalities, and in the neighboring fiber region, the myofibrils were usually highly contracted. The structural defect in the plasma membrane suggested that this site was an ineffective cellular barrier. This was confirmed by the frequent ingress of peroxidase-containing extracellular fluid into the lesions. In two control subjects, peroxidase penetration into fibers was seen only rarely and only with other evidence of mechanical injury to the specimen. The findings point to an early and possibly basic abnormality in the plasma membrane of the muscle fiber in Duchenne's dystrophy.", "PMID": 1105232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1013", "title": "[Anti-inflammatory and analgesic action of S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAMe) in experimental tests on laboratory animals].", "content": "S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAMe) always plays an important role in the metabolism of catecholamines. Since the importance of the latter in the inflammatory process has been reported by several Authors, we examined the effect of SAMe in various tests of acute inflammation (carrageenin and white egg oedema) and chronic inflammation (cotton pellet induced granuloma, adjuvant induced arthritis). Considering the positive results we have obtained and being aware that many drugs with antiinflammatory activity also have an antalgic activity, we examined the effects of a treatment with SAMe on animals subjected to analgesic tests: hot plate and streching by acetic acid in mice.", "contents": "[Anti-inflammatory and analgesic action of S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAMe) in experimental tests on laboratory animals]. S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAMe) always plays an important role in the metabolism of catecholamines. Since the importance of the latter in the inflammatory process has been reported by several Authors, we examined the effect of SAMe in various tests of acute inflammation (carrageenin and white egg oedema) and chronic inflammation (cotton pellet induced granuloma, adjuvant induced arthritis). Considering the positive results we have obtained and being aware that many drugs with antiinflammatory activity also have an antalgic activity, we examined the effects of a treatment with SAMe on animals subjected to analgesic tests: hot plate and streching by acetic acid in mice.", "PMID": 1105239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1014", "title": "[Pharmacological and clinical aspects of S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe) in primary degenerative arthropathy (osteoarthrosis)].", "content": "After some preliminary remarks of a biochemical and pharmacological nature, the authors have started a clinical study to test the antiinflammatory activity of the S-adenosyl-methionine (SAMe). An open trial, carried out on 90 patients with severe degenerative arthropathies has shown that 30 mg SAMe intravenously twice a day for 14 days have a marked anti-inflammatory effect a rather term and no side-effects. In a \"double-crossover\" investigation, SAMe was next compared to indomethacin by i.m. administrations to 15 arthropathic patients. The therapeutic responses of the two drugs proved exactly alike, whereas the side-effects following indomethacin administration were not present after SAMe. In 9 patients affected with rheumatoid arthritis administrations of SAMe have proved less effective, although some clinical parameters showed improvements.", "contents": "[Pharmacological and clinical aspects of S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe) in primary degenerative arthropathy (osteoarthrosis)]. After some preliminary remarks of a biochemical and pharmacological nature, the authors have started a clinical study to test the antiinflammatory activity of the S-adenosyl-methionine (SAMe). An open trial, carried out on 90 patients with severe degenerative arthropathies has shown that 30 mg SAMe intravenously twice a day for 14 days have a marked anti-inflammatory effect a rather term and no side-effects. In a \"double-crossover\" investigation, SAMe was next compared to indomethacin by i.m. administrations to 15 arthropathic patients. The therapeutic responses of the two drugs proved exactly alike, whereas the side-effects following indomethacin administration were not present after SAMe. In 9 patients affected with rheumatoid arthritis administrations of SAMe have proved less effective, although some clinical parameters showed improvements.", "PMID": 1105240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1015", "title": "[Antistaphylococcal activity of gentamicin].", "content": "A review of the literature suggests the following conclusions: 1) since its first practical use in 1965, namely over the past 10 years, there has been no drop in activity of Gentamicin on Staphylococcus aureus and on numerous other Staphylococcus and/or Micrococcus species. 2) In comparison with the other aminoglycosidic antibiotics employed up to the present, i.e. Streptomycin, Neomycin, Kanamycin, Amminosidine, and Framycetin, Gentamicin has demonstrated a much superior antistaphylococcic activity, and this has also been documented on numerous strains of staphylococci recalcitrant to Kanamycin, Streptomycin, Framycetin and Neomycin. This goes to prove the absence of any cross resistance between Kanamycin, Streptomycin, Framycetin and Neomycin on the one hand and Gentamycin on the other. 3) Along with Rifampicin, certain Cephalosporins (Cephalotine, Cephaloridine) and Pristinamycin-Virgimycin, Gentamicin must undoubtedly be considered a \"greater\" antibiotic as far as antistaphylococcic activity is concerned. It also has the advantage over other antistaphylococcic-acting antibiotics that only in exceptional cases does it give rise to resistant strains.", "contents": "[Antistaphylococcal activity of gentamicin]. A review of the literature suggests the following conclusions: 1) since its first practical use in 1965, namely over the past 10 years, there has been no drop in activity of Gentamicin on Staphylococcus aureus and on numerous other Staphylococcus and/or Micrococcus species. 2) In comparison with the other aminoglycosidic antibiotics employed up to the present, i.e. Streptomycin, Neomycin, Kanamycin, Amminosidine, and Framycetin, Gentamicin has demonstrated a much superior antistaphylococcic activity, and this has also been documented on numerous strains of staphylococci recalcitrant to Kanamycin, Streptomycin, Framycetin and Neomycin. This goes to prove the absence of any cross resistance between Kanamycin, Streptomycin, Framycetin and Neomycin on the one hand and Gentamycin on the other. 3) Along with Rifampicin, certain Cephalosporins (Cephalotine, Cephaloridine) and Pristinamycin-Virgimycin, Gentamicin must undoubtedly be considered a \"greater\" antibiotic as far as antistaphylococcic activity is concerned. It also has the advantage over other antistaphylococcic-acting antibiotics that only in exceptional cases does it give rise to resistant strains.", "PMID": 1105242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1016", "title": "[Current dietetic and pharmacological treatment of hyperlipoproteinemia].", "content": "Secondary hyperlipoproteinaemia necessitates direct management of the main disease (hypothyroidism, nephrosis, etc.), whereas primary forms are essentially handled by dietary regimens adapted to subject types, as classified by Fredrickson-Levy-Lees and adopted by the WHO. These regimens are described and discussed schematically. Drugs may be employed if diet proves ineffectual. Anionic exchange resins, d-thyroxine, clofibrate and nicotinic acid have been shown effective for this purpose. Their mechanisms, doses and side-effects are described. The criteria governing their selection are explained in the light of the recent literature and with reference to the six phenotypes proposed by Fredrickson-Levy-Lees.", "contents": "[Current dietetic and pharmacological treatment of hyperlipoproteinemia]. Secondary hyperlipoproteinaemia necessitates direct management of the main disease (hypothyroidism, nephrosis, etc.), whereas primary forms are essentially handled by dietary regimens adapted to subject types, as classified by Fredrickson-Levy-Lees and adopted by the WHO. These regimens are described and discussed schematically. Drugs may be employed if diet proves ineffectual. Anionic exchange resins, d-thyroxine, clofibrate and nicotinic acid have been shown effective for this purpose. Their mechanisms, doses and side-effects are described. The criteria governing their selection are explained in the light of the recent literature and with reference to the six phenotypes proposed by Fredrickson-Levy-Lees.", "PMID": 1105243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1017", "title": "[A case of granuloma caused by a plant foreign body retained in the perineal subcutaneous tissue].", "content": "A case of granuloma caused by a foreign vegetal body (part of a thorn of Triticum vissosum) lodged in the subcutis of the perineum, observed at the Department of Surgical Symptomatology of Palermo is reported. The clinical case was of interest for the rarity of the way in which the foreign body reached the perineal tissues, the abnormal resulting clinical episode, and the histological finding. The intention is also to demonstrate how at times symptomatology and clinical objectivity are not always enough to guide the physician to correct diagnosis; where historical data are lacking, clinical objectivity, often suggest neoformation of heteroplastic type or aspecific chronic inflammation rather than granulomatous reactions due to foreign bodies.", "contents": "[A case of granuloma caused by a plant foreign body retained in the perineal subcutaneous tissue]. A case of granuloma caused by a foreign vegetal body (part of a thorn of Triticum vissosum) lodged in the subcutis of the perineum, observed at the Department of Surgical Symptomatology of Palermo is reported. The clinical case was of interest for the rarity of the way in which the foreign body reached the perineal tissues, the abnormal resulting clinical episode, and the histological finding. The intention is also to demonstrate how at times symptomatology and clinical objectivity are not always enough to guide the physician to correct diagnosis; where historical data are lacking, clinical objectivity, often suggest neoformation of heteroplastic type or aspecific chronic inflammation rather than granulomatous reactions due to foreign bodies.", "PMID": 1105245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1018", "title": "Clonidine in menopausal flushing: a double-blind trial.", "content": "Twelve hypertensive women were treated with low doses of the antihypertensive drug clonidine for their menopausal flushing in a double-blind trial. There was a high degree of placebo effect but clonidine at a daily dose of 150mug was more effective than placebo.", "contents": "Clonidine in menopausal flushing: a double-blind trial. Twelve hypertensive women were treated with low doses of the antihypertensive drug clonidine for their menopausal flushing in a double-blind trial. There was a high degree of placebo effect but clonidine at a daily dose of 150mug was more effective than placebo.", "PMID": 1105267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1019", "title": "Abdominal wound disruption.", "content": "Abdominal wound disruption occurred in 6 cases in a series of 2500 consecutive abdominal laparotomies. A prospective study of 900 laparotomies utilizing polyglycolic acid suture material and the Smead-Jones closure technic was carried out over a period of 1 year with a reduction in the incidence of wound disruption from 0.4 to 0.1%. Etiologic factors placing patients in a high-risk category for disruption are identified, and specific prophylactic measures are discussed. Prevention of catastrophic disruption is advocated because of its high mortality rate, averaging 20%.", "contents": "Abdominal wound disruption. Abdominal wound disruption occurred in 6 cases in a series of 2500 consecutive abdominal laparotomies. A prospective study of 900 laparotomies utilizing polyglycolic acid suture material and the Smead-Jones closure technic was carried out over a period of 1 year with a reduction in the incidence of wound disruption from 0.4 to 0.1%. Etiologic factors placing patients in a high-risk category for disruption are identified, and specific prophylactic measures are discussed. Prevention of catastrophic disruption is advocated because of its high mortality rate, averaging 20%.", "PMID": 1105274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1020", "title": "Pituitary and ovarian response patterns to stimulation in the postpartum and in galactorrhea-amenorrhea. The role of prolactin.", "content": "In order to assess the action of prolactin on the puerperal pituitary-ovarian resistance to physiologic stimulation, a study was conducted in 27 women divided into three groups. Group I: 9 postpartum women who did not wish to breastfeed their infants and received 2.5 mg bromocriptin (CB 154) twice daily for 14 days starting immediately after delivery; Group II: 9 normally lactating mothers; and Group III: 9 women with hyperprolactinemia associated with amenorrhea. The three groups underwent stimulation with LHRH and Pergonal 500. Results indicate lack of prolactin dependence in the pituitary-ovarian resistance of the puerperium. The possible mechanisms involved in the anovulatory period of lactation are discussed.", "contents": "Pituitary and ovarian response patterns to stimulation in the postpartum and in galactorrhea-amenorrhea. The role of prolactin. In order to assess the action of prolactin on the puerperal pituitary-ovarian resistance to physiologic stimulation, a study was conducted in 27 women divided into three groups. Group I: 9 postpartum women who did not wish to breastfeed their infants and received 2.5 mg bromocriptin (CB 154) twice daily for 14 days starting immediately after delivery; Group II: 9 normally lactating mothers; and Group III: 9 women with hyperprolactinemia associated with amenorrhea. The three groups underwent stimulation with LHRH and Pergonal 500. Results indicate lack of prolactin dependence in the pituitary-ovarian resistance of the puerperium. The possible mechanisms involved in the anovulatory period of lactation are discussed.", "PMID": 1105275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1021", "title": "Obstetric problems in association with anencephaly. A survey of 60 cases.", "content": "Obstetric problems associated with 60 anencephalic births are analyzed according to cause and severity. Treatment is selected problems is discussed. Early diagnosis and the real problem-prevention-is stressed.", "contents": "Obstetric problems in association with anencephaly. A survey of 60 cases. Obstetric problems associated with 60 anencephalic births are analyzed according to cause and severity. Treatment is selected problems is discussed. Early diagnosis and the real problem-prevention-is stressed.", "PMID": 1105276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1022", "title": "Topical anesthesia of the uterine cervix or corpus.", "content": "A potent topical anesthetic drug, 1% tetracaine, and a placebo were evaluated in a \"double-blind\" study to determine whether or not topical anesthesia could be achieved on the exocervix, endocervix, and endometrial cavity. No anesthetic effect of tetracaine was demonstrated.", "contents": "Topical anesthesia of the uterine cervix or corpus. A potent topical anesthetic drug, 1% tetracaine, and a placebo were evaluated in a \"double-blind\" study to determine whether or not topical anesthesia could be achieved on the exocervix, endocervix, and endometrial cavity. No anesthetic effect of tetracaine was demonstrated.", "PMID": 1105277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1023", "title": "Primary reticulum cell sarcoma of the uterus.", "content": "The authors present a case of primary uterine reticulum cell sarcoma who developed disseminated disease 6 years after undergoing a total abdominal hysterectomy. Review of the literature reveals 27 other patients with uterine lymphomas. Abnormal vaginal bleeding was the presenting complaint in 66% (14/21) of patients. Reticulum cell sarcoma was the most frequent histologic type, 68% (19/28). 28% of patients were alive and well 6-24 years after therapy.", "contents": "Primary reticulum cell sarcoma of the uterus. The authors present a case of primary uterine reticulum cell sarcoma who developed disseminated disease 6 years after undergoing a total abdominal hysterectomy. Review of the literature reveals 27 other patients with uterine lymphomas. Abnormal vaginal bleeding was the presenting complaint in 66% (14/21) of patients. Reticulum cell sarcoma was the most frequent histologic type, 68% (19/28). 28% of patients were alive and well 6-24 years after therapy.", "PMID": 1105279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1024", "title": "The occurrence and pathology of chlamydiosis in domestic and laboratory animals: a review.", "content": "The literature on the various disease syndromes caused by chlamydia in domestic and laboratory animals is summarized. A review of the pathological lesions which characterize these diseases is presented and the pathogenesis of chlamydiosis is briefly discussed. Some aspects of unpublished findings on the occurrence of intestinal, kidney and genital lesions in natural and experimental cases of chlamydiosis in cattle and sheep, abortions and conjunctivitis in horses in South Africa are recorded.", "contents": "The occurrence and pathology of chlamydiosis in domestic and laboratory animals: a review. The literature on the various disease syndromes caused by chlamydia in domestic and laboratory animals is summarized. A review of the pathological lesions which characterize these diseases is presented and the pathogenesis of chlamydiosis is briefly discussed. Some aspects of unpublished findings on the occurrence of intestinal, kidney and genital lesions in natural and experimental cases of chlamydiosis in cattle and sheep, abortions and conjunctivitis in horses in South Africa are recorded.", "PMID": 1105281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1025", "title": "Gamma camera images of the salivary gland using 99mTc. Report of four cases.", "content": "Following the intravenous injection of 99mTc pertechnetate, the gamma camera enabled us to define the dynamic characteristics of salivary gland function as well as morphologic characteristics in a normal patient and in three patients with diseased parotid glands. We will continue this study in an attempt to define further the functional and morphologic characteristics of abnormal salivary glands.", "contents": "Gamma camera images of the salivary gland using 99mTc. Report of four cases. Following the intravenous injection of 99mTc pertechnetate, the gamma camera enabled us to define the dynamic characteristics of salivary gland function as well as morphologic characteristics in a normal patient and in three patients with diseased parotid glands. We will continue this study in an attempt to define further the functional and morphologic characteristics of abnormal salivary glands.", "PMID": 1105282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1026", "title": "Lung growth and alveolar multiplication.", "content": "As the lung grows in volume from infancy to adult life, considerable amounts of tissue are added to the lung, mostly as a result of alveolar multiplication. Species differences may exist: at birth alveoli are absent in mice and rats but alveoli are generally thought to be present in humans at birth. Alveolar multiplication is brought about by the subdivision of the primitive terminal units, primary pulmonary saccules, by secondary alveolar crests, and by alveolarization of nonalveolated and partly alveolated airways. The exact method of alveolar development and the relative importance of the above modes of alveolar growth are not known. In the first few days of life in rats and mice, there is a phase of dilatation of the lung, followed by a phase of rapid cellular and tissue proliferation. Subsequently, remodeling of the lung occurs, during which stage lung tissue increases little and dilatation is more prominent; this leads to stretching of the alveolar walls. Alveolar multiplication may occur throughout life in the rat. In human subjects, alveolar multiplication is most rapid in the first few years of life. After this, it appears to slow and perhaps stop by age 8 years, although there is some suggestion that alveolar multiplication may continue until somatic growth stops. Pneumonectomy produces enlargement and increase in tissue of the contralateral lung by virtue of cellular hyperplasia. Alveolar multiplication likely does not occur. Diminution of intrathoracic volumes produces small lungs which, in the human, may also have too few alveoli if the chest wall deformity has its onset in infancy or in intrauterine life. High altitude produces large, heavy lungs which may have more alveoli than normal.", "contents": "Lung growth and alveolar multiplication. As the lung grows in volume from infancy to adult life, considerable amounts of tissue are added to the lung, mostly as a result of alveolar multiplication. Species differences may exist: at birth alveoli are absent in mice and rats but alveoli are generally thought to be present in humans at birth. Alveolar multiplication is brought about by the subdivision of the primitive terminal units, primary pulmonary saccules, by secondary alveolar crests, and by alveolarization of nonalveolated and partly alveolated airways. The exact method of alveolar development and the relative importance of the above modes of alveolar growth are not known. In the first few days of life in rats and mice, there is a phase of dilatation of the lung, followed by a phase of rapid cellular and tissue proliferation. Subsequently, remodeling of the lung occurs, during which stage lung tissue increases little and dilatation is more prominent; this leads to stretching of the alveolar walls. Alveolar multiplication may occur throughout life in the rat. In human subjects, alveolar multiplication is most rapid in the first few years of life. After this, it appears to slow and perhaps stop by age 8 years, although there is some suggestion that alveolar multiplication may continue until somatic growth stops. Pneumonectomy produces enlargement and increase in tissue of the contralateral lung by virtue of cellular hyperplasia. Alveolar multiplication likely does not occur. Diminution of intrathoracic volumes produces small lungs which, in the human, may also have too few alveoli if the chest wall deformity has its onset in infancy or in intrauterine life. High altitude produces large, heavy lungs which may have more alveoli than normal.", "PMID": 1105318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1027", "title": "Mechanisms of tissue injury in systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "SLE is a syndrome with protean clinical manifestation, a diversity of immunologic abnormalities, and a host of potential etiologic agents. In recent years, considerable information has been accumulated concerning the immunopathogenesis of SLE, and significant advances have been made in the treatment of the disease by utilizing immunosuppressive therapy. Further investigation will be needed to clarify the mechanisms of tissue injury, especially as they relate to the CNS, and to identify the factors responsible for initiating the SLE syndrome.", "contents": "Mechanisms of tissue injury in systemic lupus erythematosus. SLE is a syndrome with protean clinical manifestation, a diversity of immunologic abnormalities, and a host of potential etiologic agents. In recent years, considerable information has been accumulated concerning the immunopathogenesis of SLE, and significant advances have been made in the treatment of the disease by utilizing immunosuppressive therapy. Further investigation will be needed to clarify the mechanisms of tissue injury, especially as they relate to the CNS, and to identify the factors responsible for initiating the SLE syndrome.", "PMID": 1105320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1028", "title": "[Study of the direct immunofluorescence method for the differentiation of trichomonad serotypes].", "content": "It is possible to differentiate the serotypes of Trichomonas vaginalis by the direct immunofluorescent method using the tupe-specific antisera labelled with fluorescein-isot-hiocyanate. The most decisive factor in expressing the degree of induced fluorescence is the serotype of the protozoa. Evans blue, which has an intensive red fluorescence, totally eliminates the green autofluorescence of T. vaginalis and does not influence the induced specific fluorescence.", "contents": "[Study of the direct immunofluorescence method for the differentiation of trichomonad serotypes]. It is possible to differentiate the serotypes of Trichomonas vaginalis by the direct immunofluorescent method using the tupe-specific antisera labelled with fluorescein-isot-hiocyanate. The most decisive factor in expressing the degree of induced fluorescence is the serotype of the protozoa. Evans blue, which has an intensive red fluorescence, totally eliminates the green autofluorescence of T. vaginalis and does not influence the induced specific fluorescence.", "PMID": 1105317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1029", "title": "[Study in man of the blood and urinary effects of intense muscular exercise on certain elements of protein metabolism].", "content": "The effect of heavy physical exercise of long and short duration was studied on a group of 33 sportsmen and non-sportsmen after a run on a treadmill. Blood samples were taken just before the exercise, just after, one hour later and the next day. Urine was collected during the 24 hours preceeding the exercise, just after, one hour after, and then until the following day. Urea, uric acid, creatinine were analysed in each sample and amount of excretion calculated. The results, show an obvious rise in protein catabolism. The increase in urea and uric acid is the consequence of increased adrenal functioning and the increase in creatinine can be explained as the consequence of an increase in its metabolism from phosphagen and creatine. A temporary impairment in renal function, resulting from hemodynamic and humoral conditions was also observed. The relative importance of these two mechanisms varies with the different subjects.", "contents": "[Study in man of the blood and urinary effects of intense muscular exercise on certain elements of protein metabolism]. The effect of heavy physical exercise of long and short duration was studied on a group of 33 sportsmen and non-sportsmen after a run on a treadmill. Blood samples were taken just before the exercise, just after, one hour later and the next day. Urine was collected during the 24 hours preceeding the exercise, just after, one hour after, and then until the following day. Urea, uric acid, creatinine were analysed in each sample and amount of excretion calculated. The results, show an obvious rise in protein catabolism. The increase in urea and uric acid is the consequence of increased adrenal functioning and the increase in creatinine can be explained as the consequence of an increase in its metabolism from phosphagen and creatine. A temporary impairment in renal function, resulting from hemodynamic and humoral conditions was also observed. The relative importance of these two mechanisms varies with the different subjects.", "PMID": 1105325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1030", "title": "[Renal functions and extracorporeal circulation].", "content": "During 76 extracorporeal circulations (CEC) carried out for open heart operations using an identical protocol, the authors carried out renal function tests from the time of administration of the anesthetic to the post-operative period. Various periods may be distinguished: pre-operative, anesthesia induction (CEC 1, CEC 2) post induction (CEC 1, post CEC 2) finally, the post-operative period (post-operative 1 to 4). As far as renal hemodynamics are concerned, the authors made the following observations: constant reduction in thiosulphate clearance and endogenous creatinine clearance, which reflect glomerular filtration. Reduction in PAH clearance, which reflects renal perfusion. Taking into consideration changes in the hematocrit, one may consider that there is a reduction in renal blood flow at all stages of anesthesia. Taking into consideration concomitant variations in blood pressure, one may calculate that intrarenal resistances are increased. The diuresis/minute increases in very great proportions during induction of anesthesia. Plasma osmolality also increases, urinary osmolality becomes reduced and osmolar clearance rises. The ratio between osmolar clearance and creatinine clearance rises. The clearance of free water rises from negative values. The serum sodium becomes slightly reduced, and sodium diuresis increases. Serum potassium becomes slightly reduced and urinary potassium rises. The interpretation of these phenomena is difficult and should take into consideration the experimental conditions. Comparison with published results shows that there are definite differences depending on whether pure or diluted blood is used. It is however, possible to seek the role of the anesthetic, the thoracotomy or the extracorporeal circulation itself and its load, quite independent of prior changes due to decompensation or not of the congenital heart disease, whether or not it has been treated. The study of these changes in renal function permits one to understand better the precariousness of renal perfusion during extracorporeal circulation, imperfectly corrected by osmotic diuresis and responsible for transient and reversible renal hypofunction, liable to lead however, in cases of complications and prolonged low blood flow, to organic renal failure.", "contents": "[Renal functions and extracorporeal circulation]. During 76 extracorporeal circulations (CEC) carried out for open heart operations using an identical protocol, the authors carried out renal function tests from the time of administration of the anesthetic to the post-operative period. Various periods may be distinguished: pre-operative, anesthesia induction (CEC 1, CEC 2) post induction (CEC 1, post CEC 2) finally, the post-operative period (post-operative 1 to 4). As far as renal hemodynamics are concerned, the authors made the following observations: constant reduction in thiosulphate clearance and endogenous creatinine clearance, which reflect glomerular filtration. Reduction in PAH clearance, which reflects renal perfusion. Taking into consideration changes in the hematocrit, one may consider that there is a reduction in renal blood flow at all stages of anesthesia. Taking into consideration concomitant variations in blood pressure, one may calculate that intrarenal resistances are increased. The diuresis/minute increases in very great proportions during induction of anesthesia. Plasma osmolality also increases, urinary osmolality becomes reduced and osmolar clearance rises. The ratio between osmolar clearance and creatinine clearance rises. The clearance of free water rises from negative values. The serum sodium becomes slightly reduced, and sodium diuresis increases. Serum potassium becomes slightly reduced and urinary potassium rises. The interpretation of these phenomena is difficult and should take into consideration the experimental conditions. Comparison with published results shows that there are definite differences depending on whether pure or diluted blood is used. It is however, possible to seek the role of the anesthetic, the thoracotomy or the extracorporeal circulation itself and its load, quite independent of prior changes due to decompensation or not of the congenital heart disease, whether or not it has been treated. The study of these changes in renal function permits one to understand better the precariousness of renal perfusion during extracorporeal circulation, imperfectly corrected by osmotic diuresis and responsible for transient and reversible renal hypofunction, liable to lead however, in cases of complications and prolonged low blood flow, to organic renal failure.", "PMID": 1105326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1031", "title": "[Ultrastructure of the blood platelets in Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome].", "content": "The platelets of 3 undoubted cases of Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome and of 1 suspected case have been investigated from the ultrastructural point of view. The platelet defects were striking by their small size, variable and distorted shape with numerous microvillosities, degranulated cytoplasm (scarce granules or lysosomes, rare mitochondria) and the distension of the canalicular system. The specificity of the ultrastructural platelet defects was discussed in comparison with other hereditary platelet diseases. An attempt was made to find out the meaning of the platelet alterations in this immunologic deficiency.", "contents": "[Ultrastructure of the blood platelets in Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome]. The platelets of 3 undoubted cases of Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome and of 1 suspected case have been investigated from the ultrastructural point of view. The platelet defects were striking by their small size, variable and distorted shape with numerous microvillosities, degranulated cytoplasm (scarce granules or lysosomes, rare mitochondria) and the distension of the canalicular system. The specificity of the ultrastructural platelet defects was discussed in comparison with other hereditary platelet diseases. An attempt was made to find out the meaning of the platelet alterations in this immunologic deficiency.", "PMID": 1105327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1032", "title": "[Reference values in biology. Use and special value in preventive medicine].", "content": "The idea of reference values should replace in biology, the idea of normal or abnormal values. In fact, progress in physiopathology and laboratory techniques has demonstrated the difficulty of fine interpretation of laboratory examinations. It is first necessary to understand factors of variation due to sampling, then the techniques of analysis themselves. Then, the importance of variations within and between individuals for each laboratory examination. Among the most important factors, we may quote age, sex, drugs, exercise, etc. These various possibilities of interference may be classified in order to remember only those which may falsify reference values, i.e. the values used for clinical interpretation. Thus, these factors are of greater importance in preventive medicine where finer and earlier variations may be observed. The best reference is that of the individual himself, if laboratory examinations are to be used profitably both in preventive and curative medicine. It would be necessary to draw up, for each subject, reference values during a period of good health between the ages of 18 and 25.", "contents": "[Reference values in biology. Use and special value in preventive medicine]. The idea of reference values should replace in biology, the idea of normal or abnormal values. In fact, progress in physiopathology and laboratory techniques has demonstrated the difficulty of fine interpretation of laboratory examinations. It is first necessary to understand factors of variation due to sampling, then the techniques of analysis themselves. Then, the importance of variations within and between individuals for each laboratory examination. Among the most important factors, we may quote age, sex, drugs, exercise, etc. These various possibilities of interference may be classified in order to remember only those which may falsify reference values, i.e. the values used for clinical interpretation. Thus, these factors are of greater importance in preventive medicine where finer and earlier variations may be observed. The best reference is that of the individual himself, if laboratory examinations are to be used profitably both in preventive and curative medicine. It would be necessary to draw up, for each subject, reference values during a period of good health between the ages of 18 and 25.", "PMID": 1105328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1033", "title": "[Determination of hemoglobin in gastric juice].", "content": "Among the complications of surgical operations gastric haemorrhages are often unpredictable. Detecting them during the infraclinical stage is possible by measuring hemoglobin in the gastric juice. We have adopted a method allowing the measurement of very low concentrations of hemoglobin.", "contents": "[Determination of hemoglobin in gastric juice]. Among the complications of surgical operations gastric haemorrhages are often unpredictable. Detecting them during the infraclinical stage is possible by measuring hemoglobin in the gastric juice. We have adopted a method allowing the measurement of very low concentrations of hemoglobin.", "PMID": 1105330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1034", "title": "[Tetrazolim nitroblue reduction test. Influence of the latex on the reliability of the results].", "content": "The finding of sudden variations in the results of the N.B.T. reduction test, using Baehner and Nathan's technique, depending on the latex used, led the authors to doubt the quality of this latex. A comparative study was carried out on adult controls with two different types of latex. With the new type of latex, the results were more reproducible and the sensitivity of the technique was increased. A study in rheumatoid arthritis confirmed these two findings and showed that the new latex was more reliable using the N.B.T. reduction test.", "contents": "[Tetrazolim nitroblue reduction test. Influence of the latex on the reliability of the results]. The finding of sudden variations in the results of the N.B.T. reduction test, using Baehner and Nathan's technique, depending on the latex used, led the authors to doubt the quality of this latex. A comparative study was carried out on adult controls with two different types of latex. With the new type of latex, the results were more reproducible and the sensitivity of the technique was increased. A study in rheumatoid arthritis confirmed these two findings and showed that the new latex was more reliable using the N.B.T. reduction test.", "PMID": 1105332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1035", "title": "Effectiveness of carbenicillin - aminoglycoside and of cephalothin-aminoglycoside combinations against enterococci in vitro.", "content": "Combination of carbenicillin and cephalothin with various aminoglycosides (gentamicin, sisomicin, tobramycin, kanamycin and amikacin) were studied in vitro using 20 strains of enterococci isolated from clinical material. The addition of the aminoglycosides to carbenicillin increased the rate of bactericidal action of carbenicillin on most strains. Little benefit was obtained by adding the aminoglycosides to cephalothin and antagonistic action has been observed on some strains.", "contents": "Effectiveness of carbenicillin - aminoglycoside and of cephalothin-aminoglycoside combinations against enterococci in vitro. Combination of carbenicillin and cephalothin with various aminoglycosides (gentamicin, sisomicin, tobramycin, kanamycin and amikacin) were studied in vitro using 20 strains of enterococci isolated from clinical material. The addition of the aminoglycosides to carbenicillin increased the rate of bactericidal action of carbenicillin on most strains. Little benefit was obtained by adding the aminoglycosides to cephalothin and antagonistic action has been observed on some strains.", "PMID": 1105331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1036", "title": "[Trial of use of computer technology for the assistance of neurologic diagnosis].", "content": "This article describes our experience of computer-assisted diagnosis. The original aspects of this work are both the subject chosen and the method used. Our study of clinical and semiological data included the whole of neurological signs above the spinal cord. The interest of the method, based on Bayes theory was in the use of auto-learning and the sample of patients studied as our experience increased. The preliminary results are encouraging, with 85 % correct results, if one considers the first three replies.", "contents": "[Trial of use of computer technology for the assistance of neurologic diagnosis]. This article describes our experience of computer-assisted diagnosis. The original aspects of this work are both the subject chosen and the method used. Our study of clinical and semiological data included the whole of neurological signs above the spinal cord. The interest of the method, based on Bayes theory was in the use of auto-learning and the sample of patients studied as our experience increased. The preliminary results are encouraging, with 85 % correct results, if one considers the first three replies.", "PMID": 1105333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1037", "title": "Method for diphenylhydantoin and phenobarbital assay by gas chromatography.", "content": "A rapid and easy method for determination of diphenylhydantoin and phenobarbital in plasma by gas liquid chromatography which provides monitoring of epileptic patients therapy is described. These drugs are extracted from plasma by partitioning between cholroform and buffered aqueous phase. The final extract is evaporated to dryness and the residue dissolved in an internal standard (methaqualone) solution. An amount of the final extract is injected tnto OV1 3% column at 230degreeC without previous derivative formation. The results are compared to those obtained by thin layer chromatography followed by colorimetry.", "contents": "Method for diphenylhydantoin and phenobarbital assay by gas chromatography. A rapid and easy method for determination of diphenylhydantoin and phenobarbital in plasma by gas liquid chromatography which provides monitoring of epileptic patients therapy is described. These drugs are extracted from plasma by partitioning between cholroform and buffered aqueous phase. The final extract is evaporated to dryness and the residue dissolved in an internal standard (methaqualone) solution. An amount of the final extract is injected tnto OV1 3% column at 230degreeC without previous derivative formation. The results are compared to those obtained by thin layer chromatography followed by colorimetry.", "PMID": 1105335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1038", "title": "[Current data on growth hormone].", "content": "The present concept of growth hormone is not that of an isolated hormone. Growth hormone is closely related to all other parts of system. Chemically, it belongs of to a family of 3 hormones, with prolactin and human placental lactogen. This chemical relationship produces some similar effects. Physiologically, it belongs to  a series of hormonal secretions of which the elements are gradually recognized. Above, it is under the control of a releasing factor, still not identified : somatostatin which is an inhibiting factor, tetradecapeptide recently isolated ; below, the majority of the totality of its actions are developped through another hormone, or group of hormones : somatomedine. Present work on this endocrine system suggests new therapeutic prospects.", "contents": "[Current data on growth hormone]. The present concept of growth hormone is not that of an isolated hormone. Growth hormone is closely related to all other parts of system. Chemically, it belongs of to a family of 3 hormones, with prolactin and human placental lactogen. This chemical relationship produces some similar effects. Physiologically, it belongs to  a series of hormonal secretions of which the elements are gradually recognized. Above, it is under the control of a releasing factor, still not identified : somatostatin which is an inhibiting factor, tetradecapeptide recently isolated ; below, the majority of the totality of its actions are developped through another hormone, or group of hormones : somatomedine. Present work on this endocrine system suggests new therapeutic prospects.", "PMID": 1105334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1039", "title": "[Current evaluation of epidemiologic research on the Australia antigen in Senegal].", "content": "Prevalence of the antigen Australia has been measured in Senegal in different urban groups an rural communities. Three facts seem to characterize the epidemiology of hepatitis B in the sahel area of Senegal. The high level of the prevalence is for all ages, for both sexes and in all the groups. The rapid appearance of the antigen HB in very young children. The decrease of this prevalence from the age of 8 years. This high level of the prevalence seems much more in connection with the intensity of interpersonal contacts than the activity of the anopheline mosquito. For immunologic reasons, in connection with the age at which the children were infected, with the interference of other multiple seem more able to develop chronic infection.", "contents": "[Current evaluation of epidemiologic research on the Australia antigen in Senegal]. Prevalence of the antigen Australia has been measured in Senegal in different urban groups an rural communities. Three facts seem to characterize the epidemiology of hepatitis B in the sahel area of Senegal. The high level of the prevalence is for all ages, for both sexes and in all the groups. The rapid appearance of the antigen HB in very young children. The decrease of this prevalence from the age of 8 years. This high level of the prevalence seems much more in connection with the intensity of interpersonal contacts than the activity of the anopheline mosquito. For immunologic reasons, in connection with the age at which the children were infected, with the interference of other multiple seem more able to develop chronic infection.", "PMID": 1105337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1040", "title": "[Kintetics of lymph node reaction during humoral immunization. Ultrastructural autoradiographic study].", "content": "An ultrastructural autoradiographic analysis was done in order to study the kinetics of the lymph node cellular reactions during primary immunization of the mouse with heterologous red blood cells. A single injection of 3H-thymidine is given 24 hours or 48 hours after the antigen administration ; the animals are sacrified 2 to 48 hours later. The localisation of the labelled immunoblasts varies : they are first concentrated in the germinal centers to be dispersed later in the paracortical area and to infiltrate finally the medullar cords, where they change into plasma cells. These results suggest strongly the existence of an immunoblast migration from the cortex to the medulla.", "contents": "[Kintetics of lymph node reaction during humoral immunization. Ultrastructural autoradiographic study]. An ultrastructural autoradiographic analysis was done in order to study the kinetics of the lymph node cellular reactions during primary immunization of the mouse with heterologous red blood cells. A single injection of 3H-thymidine is given 24 hours or 48 hours after the antigen administration ; the animals are sacrified 2 to 48 hours later. The localisation of the labelled immunoblasts varies : they are first concentrated in the germinal centers to be dispersed later in the paracortical area and to infiltrate finally the medullar cords, where they change into plasma cells. These results suggest strongly the existence of an immunoblast migration from the cortex to the medulla.", "PMID": 1105340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1041", "title": "[Stereologic analysis of differentiation of immunocompetent cells during reactions of humoral type].", "content": "Previous investigations have shown that, during a primary reaction against a single injection of heterologous red blood cells in the Mouse, immunoblasts migrate from the lymph node germinal centers to the medullary cords through the paracortical area. In that study, we combined ultrastructural examination with stereological methods in order to analyze the differentiation of the immunocompetent cells during this migration. The data permit one to characterize two important events in this differentiation. Between the 12th and 24th hour after the antigen injection, when the germinal centers are being dispersed, the cytoplasmic volume of the cells increases 2.5 fold. The estimated number of ribosomes per cell increases from 350,000 to 1 X 10(6) and the volumetric and surface densities of endoplasmic reticulum increase by a factor of 10. Four days later, 120 hours after the antigen administration, the immunoblasts, now located in the medullary cords, show a spectacular increase in the volume and surface density of endoplasmic reticulum, and in the surface density of Golgi membranes. This change results in the transformation of immunoblasts into young plasma cells. Between these two developments, there is a three day period during which the immunoblasts undergo little change.", "contents": "[Stereologic analysis of differentiation of immunocompetent cells during reactions of humoral type]. Previous investigations have shown that, during a primary reaction against a single injection of heterologous red blood cells in the Mouse, immunoblasts migrate from the lymph node germinal centers to the medullary cords through the paracortical area. In that study, we combined ultrastructural examination with stereological methods in order to analyze the differentiation of the immunocompetent cells during this migration. The data permit one to characterize two important events in this differentiation. Between the 12th and 24th hour after the antigen injection, when the germinal centers are being dispersed, the cytoplasmic volume of the cells increases 2.5 fold. The estimated number of ribosomes per cell increases from 350,000 to 1 X 10(6) and the volumetric and surface densities of endoplasmic reticulum increase by a factor of 10. Four days later, 120 hours after the antigen administration, the immunoblasts, now located in the medullary cords, show a spectacular increase in the volume and surface density of endoplasmic reticulum, and in the surface density of Golgi membranes. This change results in the transformation of immunoblasts into young plasma cells. Between these two developments, there is a three day period during which the immunoblasts undergo little change.", "PMID": 1105341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1042", "title": "[Survival in gazeous phase and reconstitution \"in vitro\" of the natural microenvironment of alveolar macrophages].", "content": "Alveolar macrophages of guinea pigs laid on a porous membrane applied to the surface of a reservior filled with nutrient fluid, may be maintained in survival in gaseous phase. The addition of biological material obtained by centrifugation of the broncho-alveolar nutrient fluid, creates in vitro a micro-environment comparable to the physiological alveolar or bronchial environment. Examination of these macrophages under the light and electron microscopes, and study of their phagocytic and bactericidal activity, demonstrate the value of this experimental model, which opens new possibilities for research on the means of phagocytic defence of the respiratory apparatus and their disturbances by gases which pollute the atmosphere.", "contents": "[Survival in gazeous phase and reconstitution \"in vitro\" of the natural microenvironment of alveolar macrophages]. Alveolar macrophages of guinea pigs laid on a porous membrane applied to the surface of a reservior filled with nutrient fluid, may be maintained in survival in gaseous phase. The addition of biological material obtained by centrifugation of the broncho-alveolar nutrient fluid, creates in vitro a micro-environment comparable to the physiological alveolar or bronchial environment. Examination of these macrophages under the light and electron microscopes, and study of their phagocytic and bactericidal activity, demonstrate the value of this experimental model, which opens new possibilities for research on the means of phagocytic defence of the respiratory apparatus and their disturbances by gases which pollute the atmosphere.", "PMID": 1105345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1043", "title": "[Quantitative evaluation and homeostasis of alveolar macrophage populations].", "content": "The rat's alveolar macrophage population is a biological constant which significantly varies according to the season, the strain and the bacteriological state,in healthy animals. The percent rate of excreted macrophages remains constant in spite of the physiological changes of the total population variation. This rate is close to 3,5 %. So, the variations of the population are due to the changes in cell arrival. The possible different sources of alveolar macrophages are analysed and evaluated. The direct monocyte source is not sufficient to insure the stability of this population. Division of intra alveolar macrophage enables homeostasis. In pathological conditions, variations of cell populations result from two effects : reduction of excretion, positive or negative changes in cellular influx.", "contents": "[Quantitative evaluation and homeostasis of alveolar macrophage populations]. The rat's alveolar macrophage population is a biological constant which significantly varies according to the season, the strain and the bacteriological state,in healthy animals. The percent rate of excreted macrophages remains constant in spite of the physiological changes of the total population variation. This rate is close to 3,5 %. So, the variations of the population are due to the changes in cell arrival. The possible different sources of alveolar macrophages are analysed and evaluated. The direct monocyte source is not sufficient to insure the stability of this population. Division of intra alveolar macrophage enables homeostasis. In pathological conditions, variations of cell populations result from two effects : reduction of excretion, positive or negative changes in cellular influx.", "PMID": 1105346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1044", "title": "Immunofluorescent demonstration of lymphocyte surface Markers.", "content": "1. A microscopy system giving good fluorescence at 400 times magnification or greater is essential, and in effect this means a vertical illumination incident light system of the Ploem type, with optical quality lenses and objectives. 2. Enumeration of positive cells must allow for the probability of contamination of separated mononuclear cell preparations by monocytic cells. 3. The specificity of the immunofluorescent reagents used must be rigorously checked, and the presence of aggregated labelled IgG excluded. 4. The concurrent use of an independent method of identifying T-cells provides an important check, especially when there is a possibility of anti-lymphocytic antibodies being present. 5. In chronic lymphocytic leukemia, tests for surface markers for T and for B cells may permit detection of the less common T-cell leukaemia, which may have a graver prognosis. 6. Immunofluorescence tests a morphological lymphocytic marker. In the more subtle forms of lymphocytic disturbance, there is a need for tests of lymphocyte function.", "contents": "Immunofluorescent demonstration of lymphocyte surface Markers. 1. A microscopy system giving good fluorescence at 400 times magnification or greater is essential, and in effect this means a vertical illumination incident light system of the Ploem type, with optical quality lenses and objectives. 2. Enumeration of positive cells must allow for the probability of contamination of separated mononuclear cell preparations by monocytic cells. 3. The specificity of the immunofluorescent reagents used must be rigorously checked, and the presence of aggregated labelled IgG excluded. 4. The concurrent use of an independent method of identifying T-cells provides an important check, especially when there is a possibility of anti-lymphocytic antibodies being present. 5. In chronic lymphocytic leukemia, tests for surface markers for T and for B cells may permit detection of the less common T-cell leukaemia, which may have a graver prognosis. 6. Immunofluorescence tests a morphological lymphocytic marker. In the more subtle forms of lymphocytic disturbance, there is a need for tests of lymphocyte function.", "PMID": 1105348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1045", "title": "[Application of the immunoperoxidase method to the study of the membrane of human lymphocytes].", "content": "Immunoelectron microscopy was applied to human lymphocytes exposed to purified peroxidase-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin. Indeed, detectable surface immunoglobulins are a salient feature of so-called \" B \" lymphocytes. On living cells, a rapid and massive internatization of the labelled membrane is observed. Prior glutaraldehyde cell fixation avoids such a phenomenon. Thus, exposure of fixed cells to conjugated anti-immunoglobulin allows the visualization of a dense and continuous specific membrane labelling. Immunoglobulin-bearing lymphocytes have a characteristic membrane surrounded with numerous microvilli. On the other hand, non-labelled lymphocytes have a smooth membrane. Intermediate forms are also noted among these extreme morphological features.", "contents": "[Application of the immunoperoxidase method to the study of the membrane of human lymphocytes]. Immunoelectron microscopy was applied to human lymphocytes exposed to purified peroxidase-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin. Indeed, detectable surface immunoglobulins are a salient feature of so-called \" B \" lymphocytes. On living cells, a rapid and massive internatization of the labelled membrane is observed. Prior glutaraldehyde cell fixation avoids such a phenomenon. Thus, exposure of fixed cells to conjugated anti-immunoglobulin allows the visualization of a dense and continuous specific membrane labelling. Immunoglobulin-bearing lymphocytes have a characteristic membrane surrounded with numerous microvilli. On the other hand, non-labelled lymphocytes have a smooth membrane. Intermediate forms are also noted among these extreme morphological features.", "PMID": 1105349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1046", "title": "[ Products of fibrin degradation in the urine during experimental and human glomerulonephritis].", "content": "Intravascular coagulation localized in glomeruli is of pathologic importance in human and experimental GN. The measure of fibrinogen related antigen (FRA) in serum and urine after concentration (Merskey's technique) was used to detect and estimate this phenomenon. In Rabbit Masugi GN, FRA were detected in urine  5 to 20 mg/24 h, in close correlation with the amount of proteinuria, the intesity of histological changes and the presence of fibrin deposits in glomeruli. In human GN, urine FRA were detected in many cases (0,5-10 mg/24 h) in correlation with the histological type of lesions (FRA + in primary or secondary proliferative GN) and with the evolutivity of disease (FRA + in cases with rapidly progressive kidney function deficiency). Urine FRA are also in correlation with intraglomerular fibrin deposits : this suggests that urine FRA originate from lysis of fibrin deposited within glomeruli. So urine FRA appears to be an indicator of type and severity of GN and probably of therapeutic measures, indicating anticoagulant and/or antithrombic therapy : the variations of urine FRA during treatment is of value to assess the effects of these drugs and to establish the prognosis of the disease.", "contents": "[ Products of fibrin degradation in the urine during experimental and human glomerulonephritis]. Intravascular coagulation localized in glomeruli is of pathologic importance in human and experimental GN. The measure of fibrinogen related antigen (FRA) in serum and urine after concentration (Merskey's technique) was used to detect and estimate this phenomenon. In Rabbit Masugi GN, FRA were detected in urine  5 to 20 mg/24 h, in close correlation with the amount of proteinuria, the intesity of histological changes and the presence of fibrin deposits in glomeruli. In human GN, urine FRA were detected in many cases (0,5-10 mg/24 h) in correlation with the histological type of lesions (FRA + in primary or secondary proliferative GN) and with the evolutivity of disease (FRA + in cases with rapidly progressive kidney function deficiency). Urine FRA are also in correlation with intraglomerular fibrin deposits : this suggests that urine FRA originate from lysis of fibrin deposited within glomeruli. So urine FRA appears to be an indicator of type and severity of GN and probably of therapeutic measures, indicating anticoagulant and/or antithrombic therapy : the variations of urine FRA during treatment is of value to assess the effects of these drugs and to establish the prognosis of the disease.", "PMID": 1105353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1047", "title": "[Determination of glomerular and tubular clearance in children without urine collection].", "content": "The determination of glomerular and tubular clearance in a child was carried out by using a method excluding urine collection, with a continuous intravenous infusion of polyfructosan and para-amino-hippuric acid. A loading injection followed by a continuous perfusion provides a constant plasmatic level 150 minutes after the beginning of the study.", "contents": "[Determination of glomerular and tubular clearance in children without urine collection]. The determination of glomerular and tubular clearance in a child was carried out by using a method excluding urine collection, with a continuous intravenous infusion of polyfructosan and para-amino-hippuric acid. A loading injection followed by a continuous perfusion provides a constant plasmatic level 150 minutes after the beginning of the study.", "PMID": 1105356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1048", "title": "Hepatomegaly. An approach to differential diagnosis.", "content": "Hepatomegaly is not an uncommon occurrence in infancy and childhood. When the pediatrician encounters a patient with an enlarged liver, he must carefully evaluate that patient in order to determine the necessary approach to establishing a diagnosis. Specific emphasis must be made as to those conditions which necessitate hospital admission and complete evaluation and those self-limited conditions which may resolve with time.", "contents": "Hepatomegaly. An approach to differential diagnosis. Hepatomegaly is not an uncommon occurrence in infancy and childhood. When the pediatrician encounters a patient with an enlarged liver, he must carefully evaluate that patient in order to determine the necessary approach to establishing a diagnosis. Specific emphasis must be made as to those conditions which necessitate hospital admission and complete evaluation and those self-limited conditions which may resolve with time.", "PMID": 1105367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1049", "title": "Pyritinol hydrochloride and cognitive functions: influence on children in slow learner classes.", "content": "Pyritinol-HCl was tested for its impact on the cognitive functions of children with learning disabilities. This study is a contribution to scientific discussion on the complicated methodologic problems in evaluating the clinical efficacy of psychopharmacologic agents. Sixty-seven pupils of slow learner classes between the ages of 11 and 16 years were treated for 6 months with 300 mg pyritinol-HCl/24 hr or placebo under strict double-blind conditions. Drug intake was stimulated and controlled by means of intense psychosocial interaction with the mothers of the subjects. The dependence variables used to test medication effects were 22 parameters of cognitive performance measured in psychologic tests for perceptual and intellectual functions which were administered immediately before and after the medication phase. First the gainscores before and after treatment with pyritinol or placebo within the 22 cognitive parameters were statistically compared. In addition, an analysis of covariance on the corrected results of the second test (treating the results of first testing as covariates) and a two group discriminant analysis for overall differences were performed. None of the 22 parameters showed statistically significant treatment effects with respect to average performance (t (pyritinol - placebo) = 1.96 to 1.31), neither could the two groups be separated by discriminant analysis (Hotelling's T2 = 35.4, df - 22 and 43, P = 0.465). With respect to a variability of gainscores, however, in four parameters there was a significantly higher variance in the pyritinol group (F = 1.85-2.33, P less than 0.05, less than 0.02, respectively). This fact may signify that pyritinol-HCl had different effects on different subjects. By means of prognostic stratification we therefore attempted to define objective criteria for a selection of subjects with probable positive treatment effects. None of the 15 tested criteria, such as body weight, age, perceptual handicaps, or reduced short term memory, IQ range, proved, however, to be critical for a prognosis of pyritinol effects within the present test population.", "contents": "Pyritinol hydrochloride and cognitive functions: influence on children in slow learner classes. Pyritinol-HCl was tested for its impact on the cognitive functions of children with learning disabilities. This study is a contribution to scientific discussion on the complicated methodologic problems in evaluating the clinical efficacy of psychopharmacologic agents. Sixty-seven pupils of slow learner classes between the ages of 11 and 16 years were treated for 6 months with 300 mg pyritinol-HCl/24 hr or placebo under strict double-blind conditions. Drug intake was stimulated and controlled by means of intense psychosocial interaction with the mothers of the subjects. The dependence variables used to test medication effects were 22 parameters of cognitive performance measured in psychologic tests for perceptual and intellectual functions which were administered immediately before and after the medication phase. First the gainscores before and after treatment with pyritinol or placebo within the 22 cognitive parameters were statistically compared. In addition, an analysis of covariance on the corrected results of the second test (treating the results of first testing as covariates) and a two group discriminant analysis for overall differences were performed. None of the 22 parameters showed statistically significant treatment effects with respect to average performance (t (pyritinol - placebo) = 1.96 to 1.31), neither could the two groups be separated by discriminant analysis (Hotelling's T2 = 35.4, df - 22 and 43, P = 0.465). With respect to a variability of gainscores, however, in four parameters there was a significantly higher variance in the pyritinol group (F = 1.85-2.33, P less than 0.05, less than 0.02, respectively). This fact may signify that pyritinol-HCl had different effects on different subjects. By means of prognostic stratification we therefore attempted to define objective criteria for a selection of subjects with probable positive treatment effects. None of the 15 tested criteria, such as body weight, age, perceptual handicaps, or reduced short term memory, IQ range, proved, however, to be critical for a prognosis of pyritinol effects within the present test population.", "PMID": 1105370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1050", "title": "Plasma growth hormone, insulin, and glucagon responses to arginine infusion in children and adolescents with idiopathic short stature, isolated growth hormone deficiency, panhypopituitarism, and anorexia nervosa.", "content": "The effects of intravenous infusion of arginine (20 g/m2) after an overnight fast on plasma immunoreactive growth hormone (GH), insulin (IRI), and glucagon (IRG), and blood glucose were examined in five groups of children and adolescents: 10 normal individuals, 18 with idiopathic short stature, 6 with isolated growth hormone deficiency, 8 with panhypopituitarism, and 6 with anorexia nervosa. The mean fasting plasma GH concentration was significantly elevated in the group with anorexia nervosa (P less than 0.05), and similar to the value for the normal group in all other groups. After arginine infusion, four- to sixfold increases of plasma GH were observed in the normal children, and similar increases were seen in those with idiopathic short stature as well as in those with anorexia nervosa; whereas, in the children with isolated growth hormone deficiency or panhypopituitarism, there was no significant increase in plasma GH. Fasting blood glucose concentrations were significantly lower than normal in subjects with isolated growth hormone deficiency (P less than 0.05), panhypopituitarism (P less than 0.001), and anorexia nervosa (P less than 0.001), whereas fasting plasma IRI and IRG concentrations were similar to the values in the normal group. Plasma IRI increased eightfold at the end of the 30-min arginine infusion in the normal subjects; the increase was slightly but not significantly less in those with idiopathic short stature, and significantly less in those with isolated growth hormone deficiency (P less than 0.05), panhypopituitarism (P less than 0.001), and anorexia nervosa (P less than 0.05). Arginine infusion resulted in two- to threefold increases of plasma IRG in the normal group, and similar increases were observed in all of the other groups tested. These results suggest that whereas pancreatic beta cell responsiveness may be deficient in children and adolescents with isolated growth hormone deficiency, panhypopituitarism, or anorexia nervosa, pancreatic alpha cell responsiveness, to arginine at least, appears to be intact under these conditions.", "contents": "Plasma growth hormone, insulin, and glucagon responses to arginine infusion in children and adolescents with idiopathic short stature, isolated growth hormone deficiency, panhypopituitarism, and anorexia nervosa. The effects of intravenous infusion of arginine (20 g/m2) after an overnight fast on plasma immunoreactive growth hormone (GH), insulin (IRI), and glucagon (IRG), and blood glucose were examined in five groups of children and adolescents: 10 normal individuals, 18 with idiopathic short stature, 6 with isolated growth hormone deficiency, 8 with panhypopituitarism, and 6 with anorexia nervosa. The mean fasting plasma GH concentration was significantly elevated in the group with anorexia nervosa (P less than 0.05), and similar to the value for the normal group in all other groups. After arginine infusion, four- to sixfold increases of plasma GH were observed in the normal children, and similar increases were seen in those with idiopathic short stature as well as in those with anorexia nervosa; whereas, in the children with isolated growth hormone deficiency or panhypopituitarism, there was no significant increase in plasma GH. Fasting blood glucose concentrations were significantly lower than normal in subjects with isolated growth hormone deficiency (P less than 0.05), panhypopituitarism (P less than 0.001), and anorexia nervosa (P less than 0.001), whereas fasting plasma IRI and IRG concentrations were similar to the values in the normal group. Plasma IRI increased eightfold at the end of the 30-min arginine infusion in the normal subjects; the increase was slightly but not significantly less in those with idiopathic short stature, and significantly less in those with isolated growth hormone deficiency (P less than 0.05), panhypopituitarism (P less than 0.001), and anorexia nervosa (P less than 0.05). Arginine infusion resulted in two- to threefold increases of plasma IRG in the normal group, and similar increases were observed in all of the other groups tested. These results suggest that whereas pancreatic beta cell responsiveness may be deficient in children and adolescents with isolated growth hormone deficiency, panhypopituitarism, or anorexia nervosa, pancreatic alpha cell responsiveness, to arginine at least, appears to be intact under these conditions.", "PMID": 1105371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1051", "title": "Kanamycin and gentamicin treatment of neonatal sepsis and meningitis.", "content": "Mortality from neonatal meningitis due to gram-negative microorganisms remains 50% despite use of aminoglycoside antibiotics. Blood was obtained on 238 occasions from 77 neonates with putative or documented sepsis; paired blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples were obtained on 14 occasions from ten neonates with meningitis. Kanamycin and gentamicin were measured by a radioisotopic assay procedure. Kanamycin was administered at 15 mg/kg/day in three divided doses intravenously; serum concentrations peaked at one hour (mean, 7.77mug/ml). Gentamicin was administered at 7.5 mg/kg/day in three divided doses intravenously; serum concentrations peaked at two hours (mean, 5.34mug/ml). Both aminoglycosides generally were nondetectable within the CSF; survival of neonates with gram-negative meningitis correlated specifically with the sensitivity of their isolates to ampicillin which was administered concurrently. This study suggests that alternative approaches to the treatment of neonatal sepsis should be explored; administration of an antibiotic which crosses the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier more readily should be considered.", "contents": "Kanamycin and gentamicin treatment of neonatal sepsis and meningitis. Mortality from neonatal meningitis due to gram-negative microorganisms remains 50% despite use of aminoglycoside antibiotics. Blood was obtained on 238 occasions from 77 neonates with putative or documented sepsis; paired blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples were obtained on 14 occasions from ten neonates with meningitis. Kanamycin and gentamicin were measured by a radioisotopic assay procedure. Kanamycin was administered at 15 mg/kg/day in three divided doses intravenously; serum concentrations peaked at one hour (mean, 7.77mug/ml). Gentamicin was administered at 7.5 mg/kg/day in three divided doses intravenously; serum concentrations peaked at two hours (mean, 5.34mug/ml). Both aminoglycosides generally were nondetectable within the CSF; survival of neonates with gram-negative meningitis correlated specifically with the sensitivity of their isolates to ampicillin which was administered concurrently. This study suggests that alternative approaches to the treatment of neonatal sepsis should be explored; administration of an antibiotic which crosses the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier more readily should be considered.", "PMID": 1105375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1052", "title": "Acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis: report of three cases and review of the literature.", "content": "Attention is directed to the diagnosis of acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis and the possibility of its clinical recognition is discussed. Three case histories, two diagnosed at autopsy and one clinically, are presented. The latter was treated with very generous doses of steroids and recovered spectacularly. On omission of steroids, a mild, temporary clinical recurrence occurred. Clinical, clinico-pathologic, and pathologic aspects of the disease are discussed, and etiologic factors mentioned. Some thoughts on the relationship of this disease to experimental allergic encephalomyelitis are mentioned. Differential diagnosis is considered and the use of biopsy for confirmation of diagnosis especially from herpes encephalitis considered. A plea is made for the trial of treatment with large doses of steroids.", "contents": "Acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis: report of three cases and review of the literature. Attention is directed to the diagnosis of acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis and the possibility of its clinical recognition is discussed. Three case histories, two diagnosed at autopsy and one clinically, are presented. The latter was treated with very generous doses of steroids and recovered spectacularly. On omission of steroids, a mild, temporary clinical recurrence occurred. Clinical, clinico-pathologic, and pathologic aspects of the disease are discussed, and etiologic factors mentioned. Some thoughts on the relationship of this disease to experimental allergic encephalomyelitis are mentioned. Differential diagnosis is considered and the use of biopsy for confirmation of diagnosis especially from herpes encephalitis considered. A plea is made for the trial of treatment with large doses of steroids.", "PMID": 1105376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1053", "title": "The surgical management of pediatric breast masses.", "content": "Information regarding the surgical management of breast masses in the pediatric age group is sparse and is primarily directed at unusual neoplasms. We have reviewed the surgical treatment of 50 patients with inflammatory and neoplastic breast masses occurring in a 15-year period (1957 to 1973) at the Children's Hospital of Los Angeles. There were 42 girls and 8 boys, ranging in age from 12 days to 18 years. All patients had either surgical excision or incision and drainage of the masses with a subsequent histologic diagnosis. A variety of pathologic entities were encountered, but there were no primary malignancies. There were 33 patients with fibroadenomas, including four patients with multiple masses. Thirteen patients, six of whom were male, had cellulitis with an underlying breast abscess. The offending organism was gram-negative in one third of these abscesses. While none of the masses in this series were malignant, surgery was indicated to (1) establish diagnosis, (2) allay fears of patient, family, and referring physician, and (3) correct an obvious cosmetic deformity. Surgical drainage encouraged resolution of the inflammatory process, aided in the recovery of the organism, and assured appropriate drug therapy.", "contents": "The surgical management of pediatric breast masses. Information regarding the surgical management of breast masses in the pediatric age group is sparse and is primarily directed at unusual neoplasms. We have reviewed the surgical treatment of 50 patients with inflammatory and neoplastic breast masses occurring in a 15-year period (1957 to 1973) at the Children's Hospital of Los Angeles. There were 42 girls and 8 boys, ranging in age from 12 days to 18 years. All patients had either surgical excision or incision and drainage of the masses with a subsequent histologic diagnosis. A variety of pathologic entities were encountered, but there were no primary malignancies. There were 33 patients with fibroadenomas, including four patients with multiple masses. Thirteen patients, six of whom were male, had cellulitis with an underlying breast abscess. The offending organism was gram-negative in one third of these abscesses. While none of the masses in this series were malignant, surgery was indicated to (1) establish diagnosis, (2) allay fears of patient, family, and referring physician, and (3) correct an obvious cosmetic deformity. Surgical drainage encouraged resolution of the inflammatory process, aided in the recovery of the organism, and assured appropriate drug therapy.", "PMID": 1105377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1054", "title": "Mortality from tuberculous meningitis reduced by steroid therapy.", "content": "In this study of 99 tuberculous meningitis patients from Cali, Colombia, treatment with steroids (in conjunction with antituberculous drugs) was shown to be more effective in reducing mortality than treatment with antibacterial drugs alone. Results further suggest that low dosages of steroids (1 mg/kg of prednisone daily for r 30 days) are equally effective in treating the disease as high dosages (10 mg/kg of prednisone at the start of treatment, gradually reduced over a 30-day period). These results are band 4(-43 and -kk mg/100 ml) demonstrated cerebral release. Arterial blood hyperammonemia can be detoxified safely in the brain as long as the levels do not exceed approximately 300 mug/100 ml. Beyond that level lactic acidosis is observed, particularly in cerebral venous drainage. Arterial blood hyperammonemia was also related to the extent of alveolar hyperventilation. These findings are very similar to those seen in experimental hyperammonemia and support the concept that neurotoxicity in children with Reye's syndrome is at least partly due to impaired oxidative metabolism secondary to hyperammonemia.", "contents": "Mortality from tuberculous meningitis reduced by steroid therapy. In this study of 99 tuberculous meningitis patients from Cali, Colombia, treatment with steroids (in conjunction with antituberculous drugs) was shown to be more effective in reducing mortality than treatment with antibacterial drugs alone. Results further suggest that low dosages of steroids (1 mg/kg of prednisone daily for r 30 days) are equally effective in treating the disease as high dosages (10 mg/kg of prednisone at the start of treatment, gradually reduced over a 30-day period). These results are band 4(-43 and -kk mg/100 ml) demonstrated cerebral release. Arterial blood hyperammonemia can be detoxified safely in the brain as long as the levels do not exceed approximately 300 mug/100 ml. Beyond that level lactic acidosis is observed, particularly in cerebral venous drainage. Arterial blood hyperammonemia was also related to the extent of alveolar hyperventilation. These findings are very similar to those seen in experimental hyperammonemia and support the concept that neurotoxicity in children with Reye's syndrome is at least partly due to impaired oxidative metabolism secondary to hyperammonemia.", "PMID": 1105378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1055", "title": "Determination of extracellular fluid volume in the dog with ferrocyanide.", "content": "The suitability of ferocyanide as an indicator for the measurement of extracellular fluid volume was tested. Added ferrocyanide could be recovered completely from urine, plasma and blood. In in vitro experiments ferrocyanide did not penetrate into erythrocytes, nor did it adhere to the red cell membrane. In gel filtration and electrophoresis experiments binding of ferrocyanide to plasma proteins could not be demonstrated. In in vivo experiments on dogs, the urinary recovery of intravenously administered ferrocyanide was 98.9 +/- 2.1% (n = 14). The partition ratio of ferrocyanide between lymph water and plasma water was 0.99 +/- 0.02 (n = 20). Ferrocyanide could not be detected in cerebrospinal fluid or red cells of dogs after administration by intravenous infusion. No untoward effects of the infused ferrocyanide were observed during or after the experiments. In nephrectomized dogs ferrocyanide reached its ultimate distribution volume 2 hrs after intravenous administration of a single dose and remained constant for up to 10 hrs. The average distribution volume was 224 +/- 17 ml-kg-1 body mass (n = 6). In intact dogs continuously infused with indicator, ferrocyanide also reached its ultimate distribution volume in 2 hrs and remained constant thereafter for up to 7 hrs after the start of the infusion. The average distribution volume was 237 +/- 27 ml-kg-1 body mass (n = 14). It is concluded that ferrocyanide fulfils the requirements to be met by an indicator for the measurement of the extracellular volume, and is well suited for repeated determinations of the extracellular fluid volume in one and the same experiment.", "contents": "Determination of extracellular fluid volume in the dog with ferrocyanide. The suitability of ferocyanide as an indicator for the measurement of extracellular fluid volume was tested. Added ferrocyanide could be recovered completely from urine, plasma and blood. In in vitro experiments ferrocyanide did not penetrate into erythrocytes, nor did it adhere to the red cell membrane. In gel filtration and electrophoresis experiments binding of ferrocyanide to plasma proteins could not be demonstrated. In in vivo experiments on dogs, the urinary recovery of intravenously administered ferrocyanide was 98.9 +/- 2.1% (n = 14). The partition ratio of ferrocyanide between lymph water and plasma water was 0.99 +/- 0.02 (n = 20). Ferrocyanide could not be detected in cerebrospinal fluid or red cells of dogs after administration by intravenous infusion. No untoward effects of the infused ferrocyanide were observed during or after the experiments. In nephrectomized dogs ferrocyanide reached its ultimate distribution volume 2 hrs after intravenous administration of a single dose and remained constant for up to 10 hrs. The average distribution volume was 224 +/- 17 ml-kg-1 body mass (n = 6). In intact dogs continuously infused with indicator, ferrocyanide also reached its ultimate distribution volume in 2 hrs and remained constant thereafter for up to 7 hrs after the start of the infusion. The average distribution volume was 237 +/- 27 ml-kg-1 body mass (n = 14). It is concluded that ferrocyanide fulfils the requirements to be met by an indicator for the measurement of the extracellular volume, and is well suited for repeated determinations of the extracellular fluid volume in one and the same experiment.", "PMID": 1105397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1056", "title": "Outflow from the left and the right coronary artery into the coronary sinus in the dog heart in situ.", "content": "The fractions of the left and the right coronary arterial flow determining coronary sinus flow (facs, facd) were measured in the open-chest dog. Both coronary arteries were isolated and perfused at the same pressure, while the sinus outflow was isolated and drained against the prevailing mean pressure in the right atrium. The fractions were determined by injecting 51Cr labeled erythrocytes into each coronary artery selectively and measuring the total resulting radioactivity in the sinus blood. In addition, they were estimated from flow measurements. The values of facs and facd were found to approximate 0.70 and 0.02 respectively. The variability between the different dog hearts was considerable and it was demonstrated that they were not intercomparable with respect to their coronary flow distribution.", "contents": "Outflow from the left and the right coronary artery into the coronary sinus in the dog heart in situ. The fractions of the left and the right coronary arterial flow determining coronary sinus flow (facs, facd) were measured in the open-chest dog. Both coronary arteries were isolated and perfused at the same pressure, while the sinus outflow was isolated and drained against the prevailing mean pressure in the right atrium. The fractions were determined by injecting 51Cr labeled erythrocytes into each coronary artery selectively and measuring the total resulting radioactivity in the sinus blood. In addition, they were estimated from flow measurements. The values of facs and facd were found to approximate 0.70 and 0.02 respectively. The variability between the different dog hearts was considerable and it was demonstrated that they were not intercomparable with respect to their coronary flow distribution.", "PMID": 1105398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1057", "title": "Preweaning mortality in pigs. 7. Polyarthritis.", "content": "The incidence and causes of polyarthritis in sucking pigs were studied in herds with 2,936 litters during a 2-year period. Among pigs more than 3 days old, the average morbidity rate was 3.3 per cent and the mortality rate amounted to 1.5 per cent (Table I). Among herds the morbidity ranged from 0.9 to 7.0 per cent and the mortality due to polyarthritis from 0.5 to 2.8 per cent. The incidences of polyarthritis were higher in the progeny of gilts than in the progeny of sows of other age groups (Table II). No consistens correlation between litter size at birth and the mortality rate due to polyarthritis was found (Table III). Cases of polyarthritis were observed in 17.8 per cent of the examined litters. Death due to polyarthritis occurred in 10.8 per cent of the litters (Table I); 67.3 per cent of the fatal cases occurred sporadically with only one pig lost per litter (Table IV). The mortality due to polyarthritis appeared to be higher in male pigs (Table V). An analysis of some possible contributory factors showed that the frequency of polyarthritis was adversely affected by new introduction of female breeding stock, clipping of the canine teeth and tail docking in the new-born, and by occurrence of skin diseases in individual piglets (Table VI, IX & XII). No obvious relation was found with such factors as: season of the year, sow's health condition, herd size (Table I), or hygiene level in the individual herds (Table VIII). Death due to polyarthritis occurred most frequently in pigs 2--4 weeks of age (Table X). The pathological lesions, which varied according to the duration of the inflammation and to the aetiology, are described. Arthritis was most frequently observed in the larger limb joints, although every joint may be affected (Table XI). In the majority of the cases a meningoencephalitis was present. A survey of other concomitant, complicating or possible predisposing lesions are presented (Table XII). The bacteriological examination of joints and other organs Table XIII) showed that haemolytic streptococci by far dominated as causative organism. Staphylococci species and E. coli were isolated from affected joints in 6.4 per cent and 4.3 per cent of the pigs, respectively. C. pyogenes and E. rhusiopathiae were rarely encountered in these sucking pigs with polyarthritis. Aspects of the epidemiology and pathogenesis are discussed in regard of minimizing the losses due to polyarthritis/meningitis in sucking pigs.", "contents": "Preweaning mortality in pigs. 7. Polyarthritis. The incidence and causes of polyarthritis in sucking pigs were studied in herds with 2,936 litters during a 2-year period. Among pigs more than 3 days old, the average morbidity rate was 3.3 per cent and the mortality rate amounted to 1.5 per cent (Table I). Among herds the morbidity ranged from 0.9 to 7.0 per cent and the mortality due to polyarthritis from 0.5 to 2.8 per cent. The incidences of polyarthritis were higher in the progeny of gilts than in the progeny of sows of other age groups (Table II). No consistens correlation between litter size at birth and the mortality rate due to polyarthritis was found (Table III). Cases of polyarthritis were observed in 17.8 per cent of the examined litters. Death due to polyarthritis occurred in 10.8 per cent of the litters (Table I); 67.3 per cent of the fatal cases occurred sporadically with only one pig lost per litter (Table IV). The mortality due to polyarthritis appeared to be higher in male pigs (Table V). An analysis of some possible contributory factors showed that the frequency of polyarthritis was adversely affected by new introduction of female breeding stock, clipping of the canine teeth and tail docking in the new-born, and by occurrence of skin diseases in individual piglets (Table VI, IX & XII). No obvious relation was found with such factors as: season of the year, sow's health condition, herd size (Table I), or hygiene level in the individual herds (Table VIII). Death due to polyarthritis occurred most frequently in pigs 2--4 weeks of age (Table X). The pathological lesions, which varied according to the duration of the inflammation and to the aetiology, are described. Arthritis was most frequently observed in the larger limb joints, although every joint may be affected (Table XI). In the majority of the cases a meningoencephalitis was present. A survey of other concomitant, complicating or possible predisposing lesions are presented (Table XII). The bacteriological examination of joints and other organs Table XIII) showed that haemolytic streptococci by far dominated as causative organism. Staphylococci species and E. coli were isolated from affected joints in 6.4 per cent and 4.3 per cent of the pigs, respectively. C. pyogenes and E. rhusiopathiae were rarely encountered in these sucking pigs with polyarthritis. Aspects of the epidemiology and pathogenesis are discussed in regard of minimizing the losses due to polyarthritis/meningitis in sucking pigs.", "PMID": 1105403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1058", "title": "The influence of oral administered iron compounds on the intestinal absorption of immunoglobulin-G in newborn piglets.", "content": "The intestinal absorption of IgG from colostrum in newborn piglets was not disturbed by oral administration of iron preparations used for prophylactic treatment of anaemia in piglets. Iron dextran, ferrous fumarate or a combination of these compounds were administered simultaneously with the colostrum supply, soon after birth and the concentrations of IgG in serum were determined.", "contents": "The influence of oral administered iron compounds on the intestinal absorption of immunoglobulin-G in newborn piglets. The intestinal absorption of IgG from colostrum in newborn piglets was not disturbed by oral administration of iron preparations used for prophylactic treatment of anaemia in piglets. Iron dextran, ferrous fumarate or a combination of these compounds were administered simultaneously with the colostrum supply, soon after birth and the concentrations of IgG in serum were determined.", "PMID": 1105404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1059", "title": "[Dexon, applicability in the horse (author's transl)].", "content": "Dexon is a new, synthetic, absorbable suture material. Its applicability for suturing distally in the extremities of horses was tested in 65 cases. The indications included burried sutures as well as skin closure. It was concluded that the material can be used with advantage in cases traditionally sutured with catgut, vetafil or mersilene. It is technically a pleasant material and has further the advantage that it shall not be removed.", "contents": "[Dexon, applicability in the horse (author's transl)]. Dexon is a new, synthetic, absorbable suture material. Its applicability for suturing distally in the extremities of horses was tested in 65 cases. The indications included burried sutures as well as skin closure. It was concluded that the material can be used with advantage in cases traditionally sutured with catgut, vetafil or mersilene. It is technically a pleasant material and has further the advantage that it shall not be removed.", "PMID": 1105405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1060", "title": "A study of skin diseases in dogs and cats. I. Histology of the hairy skin of dogs and cats.", "content": "The structure and function of normal hairy skin of dogs anc cats are surveyed. The appearence of sections processed and stained by routine methods is emphasized. A bibliography is provided.", "contents": "A study of skin diseases in dogs and cats. I. Histology of the hairy skin of dogs and cats. The structure and function of normal hairy skin of dogs anc cats are surveyed. The appearence of sections processed and stained by routine methods is emphasized. A bibliography is provided.", "PMID": 1105406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1061", "title": "The incidence of Salmonella bacteria in Danish wildlife and in imported animals.", "content": "Based upon examination during the three-year-period 1972-74 of 2519 Danish game animals and of 415 warmblooded and 214 cold-blooded animals of foreign origin an attempt has been made to make out the incidence of Salmonella infection among Danish game as compared to Danish domestic animals, to estimate the risk of cross contamination in the kitchen from such animals, to find out if Danish game are infected from polluted areas, and to uncover the possible risk of introducing new Salmonella species with imported animals. The results (Table I) show a Salmonella incidence of 0.9% among Danish game, 1.3% among warm-blooded animals of foreign, and 13.6% among reptiles of foreign origin. Details about the distribution of types are given in Table II for animals of Danish origin, and in Table III for imported animals. The conclusion is: (I) In Denmark Salmonella infections are less common among game than among domestic animals. (II) Of game animals regularly used for human consumption only two mallards and no mammals yielded Salmonella, which implies that the risk of cross contamination is very small. (III) Except for sea-gulls Danish game do not seem to pick up infection from polluted areas. (IV) The greatest health hazard seems to be associated with imported reptiles, because these animals are potential excretors of Salmonella and because they are often sold as pets which means that especially children are exposed. Besides what is shown in the tables an outbreak of salmonellosis in small birds during the winter 1973-74 is described. This outbreak, however, does not influence the general estimate of the risk involved in the consumption of game, since small birds are not used for human food in Denmark.", "contents": "The incidence of Salmonella bacteria in Danish wildlife and in imported animals. Based upon examination during the three-year-period 1972-74 of 2519 Danish game animals and of 415 warmblooded and 214 cold-blooded animals of foreign origin an attempt has been made to make out the incidence of Salmonella infection among Danish game as compared to Danish domestic animals, to estimate the risk of cross contamination in the kitchen from such animals, to find out if Danish game are infected from polluted areas, and to uncover the possible risk of introducing new Salmonella species with imported animals. The results (Table I) show a Salmonella incidence of 0.9% among Danish game, 1.3% among warm-blooded animals of foreign, and 13.6% among reptiles of foreign origin. Details about the distribution of types are given in Table II for animals of Danish origin, and in Table III for imported animals. The conclusion is: (I) In Denmark Salmonella infections are less common among game than among domestic animals. (II) Of game animals regularly used for human consumption only two mallards and no mammals yielded Salmonella, which implies that the risk of cross contamination is very small. (III) Except for sea-gulls Danish game do not seem to pick up infection from polluted areas. (IV) The greatest health hazard seems to be associated with imported reptiles, because these animals are potential excretors of Salmonella and because they are often sold as pets which means that especially children are exposed. Besides what is shown in the tables an outbreak of salmonellosis in small birds during the winter 1973-74 is described. This outbreak, however, does not influence the general estimate of the risk involved in the consumption of game, since small birds are not used for human food in Denmark.", "PMID": 1105407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1062", "title": "[Dental health and treatment pattern of Norwegian recruits in 1959].", "content": "The present study describes the treatment pattern of a group of 381 recruits aged 20 in 1959. All men had taken part in the school dental service to the age of 14; 41% continued with regular care, 33% reported occasional treatments (2--4 times), and 12% no care from the of 14 (Table 1). The mean number of decayed (primary and secondary lesions), filled, and extracted teeth was found to be close to 21 in the various treatment groups (Table 2). The findings indicate a mean DMFT between 16 and 20 in the regular treatment group. When the recruits were grouped according to treatment pattern and the number of decayed teeth, the mean number of filled teeth was close to 15 in the sub-grojps with regular treatment (Fig 2). The mean number of filled teeth in the regular treatment groupd may be used as parameter in future evaluations.", "contents": "[Dental health and treatment pattern of Norwegian recruits in 1959]. The present study describes the treatment pattern of a group of 381 recruits aged 20 in 1959. All men had taken part in the school dental service to the age of 14; 41% continued with regular care, 33% reported occasional treatments (2--4 times), and 12% no care from the of 14 (Table 1). The mean number of decayed (primary and secondary lesions), filled, and extracted teeth was found to be close to 21 in the various treatment groups (Table 2). The findings indicate a mean DMFT between 16 and 20 in the regular treatment group. When the recruits were grouped according to treatment pattern and the number of decayed teeth, the mean number of filled teeth was close to 15 in the sub-grojps with regular treatment (Fig 2). The mean number of filled teeth in the regular treatment groupd may be used as parameter in future evaluations.", "PMID": 1105409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1063", "title": "[Surgical treatment of metastases in the cervical spine. Principal orientations].", "content": "Alongside classical methods used against metastatic malignant disease, two methods are suggested aimed at stabilising secondary bony lesions of the cervical spine. For the upper cervical spine an occipito-vertebral plate is used together with a bony arthrodesis using an iliac crest graft. For the lower cervical spine a mixed approach makes possible adequate medullary decompression when used in association with screw fixation of the posterior articulations using Roy Camille plates and a replacement cervical prosthesis after corporectomy.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of metastases in the cervical spine. Principal orientations]. Alongside classical methods used against metastatic malignant disease, two methods are suggested aimed at stabilising secondary bony lesions of the cervical spine. For the upper cervical spine an occipito-vertebral plate is used together with a bony arthrodesis using an iliac crest graft. For the lower cervical spine a mixed approach makes possible adequate medullary decompression when used in association with screw fixation of the posterior articulations using Roy Camille plates and a replacement cervical prosthesis after corporectomy.", "PMID": 1105414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1064", "title": "[Serologic diagnosis of syphilis by the passive hemagglutination test].", "content": "The passive haemagglutination test in the diagnosis of syphilis was used with: 139 sera posing serological problems, 965 sera from subjects with syphilis at all stages of the disease and non-syphilitics. The percentages of agreement seen both in comparison of THPA with the TPI (94,5 p.cent) and the FTA abs test (97 p.cent) demonstrate its high degree of specificity and sensitivity. The reaction may be performed rapidly on a routine basis and requires little in the way of specialised material. These qualities should lead, in the near future, to the adoption of the T.P.H.A. as a routine examination in all laboratories, reserving the use of the F.T.A. abs test and the T.P.I. for difficult cases.", "contents": "[Serologic diagnosis of syphilis by the passive hemagglutination test]. The passive haemagglutination test in the diagnosis of syphilis was used with: 139 sera posing serological problems, 965 sera from subjects with syphilis at all stages of the disease and non-syphilitics. The percentages of agreement seen both in comparison of THPA with the TPI (94,5 p.cent) and the FTA abs test (97 p.cent) demonstrate its high degree of specificity and sensitivity. The reaction may be performed rapidly on a routine basis and requires little in the way of specialised material. These qualities should lead, in the near future, to the adoption of the T.P.H.A. as a routine examination in all laboratories, reserving the use of the F.T.A. abs test and the T.P.I. for difficult cases.", "PMID": 1105415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1065", "title": "[Effects of iodine contrast medias on the function of transplanted kidneys].", "content": "The effects of renal arteriography (n = 94) and intraveinous urography (n = 137) on renal function were studied in 80 renal transplant recipients. No damage to renal function was noted when these investigations were performed in patients with normal renal function. In transplanted patients with previous renal insufficiency, arteriographies, even selective, did not seem to be more dangerous than highdose urographies. The degree of seriousness of nephrotoxic accidents seems to be increased when the iodine dose is more than 1 g/kg b.w. and when the investigations are repeated within short intervals.", "contents": "[Effects of iodine contrast medias on the function of transplanted kidneys]. The effects of renal arteriography (n = 94) and intraveinous urography (n = 137) on renal function were studied in 80 renal transplant recipients. No damage to renal function was noted when these investigations were performed in patients with normal renal function. In transplanted patients with previous renal insufficiency, arteriographies, even selective, did not seem to be more dangerous than highdose urographies. The degree of seriousness of nephrotoxic accidents seems to be increased when the iodine dose is more than 1 g/kg b.w. and when the investigations are repeated within short intervals.", "PMID": 1105419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1066", "title": "[Sequential chemotherapy based on the hypothesis of a circadian rhythm of tumor proliferation].", "content": "The authors treated 41 cases of advanced solid tumors by a combination chemotherapy with methotrexate, vinblastine and cyclophosphamide administered in a sequential manner according to the hypothesis of a circadiam rhythm of proliferation of human neoplasia. A tumoral regression was observed in 66. 6 p. cent of adenocarcinomas and 86.2 p.cent of non glandular carcinomas.", "contents": "[Sequential chemotherapy based on the hypothesis of a circadian rhythm of tumor proliferation]. The authors treated 41 cases of advanced solid tumors by a combination chemotherapy with methotrexate, vinblastine and cyclophosphamide administered in a sequential manner according to the hypothesis of a circadiam rhythm of proliferation of human neoplasia. A tumoral regression was observed in 66. 6 p. cent of adenocarcinomas and 86.2 p.cent of non glandular carcinomas.", "PMID": 1105421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1067", "title": "[Therapeutic action of coagulation factor XIII in scleroderma. 20 cases].", "content": "Clotting factor XIII was used in 13 patients suffering from scleroderma, 17 with generalised scleroderma and 3 with localised scleroderma. The duration of treatment varied between 15 days and 6 months. The effect was marked in 7 cases and more moderate in 5 others. It took the form of increased suppleness of the skin, improved joint mobility and, to a lesser degree, an improvement in vasomotor disturbances of the extremities. Oesophageal abnormalities on X-ray were never altered. The return to normal of alveolar-capillary diffusion seen in two cases requires futher confirmation. The action of factor XIII in scleroderma may be explicable by the formation of transamidation bonds between the alpha chains of the collagen molecule, similar to those obtained on fibrin.", "contents": "[Therapeutic action of coagulation factor XIII in scleroderma. 20 cases]. Clotting factor XIII was used in 13 patients suffering from scleroderma, 17 with generalised scleroderma and 3 with localised scleroderma. The duration of treatment varied between 15 days and 6 months. The effect was marked in 7 cases and more moderate in 5 others. It took the form of increased suppleness of the skin, improved joint mobility and, to a lesser degree, an improvement in vasomotor disturbances of the extremities. Oesophageal abnormalities on X-ray were never altered. The return to normal of alveolar-capillary diffusion seen in two cases requires futher confirmation. The action of factor XIII in scleroderma may be explicable by the formation of transamidation bonds between the alpha chains of the collagen molecule, similar to those obtained on fibrin.", "PMID": 1105424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1068", "title": "Heroines of '98: female Army nurses in the Spanish-American war.", "content": "Experiences of female Army nurses-their devotion to duty, contributions, and successes as well as their trials, tribulations, and sufferings--during the Spanish-American War and afterwards are described. How service by the heroines of '98 led to a change of attitude by the Army Medical Department is sketched. At the beginning of the War with Spain, the Medical Department had been reluctant to use female nurses; by the end of the war, the nurses had so demonstrated their value that Congress established permanent Army Reserve Nurse Corps.", "contents": "Heroines of '98: female Army nurses in the Spanish-American war. Experiences of female Army nurses-their devotion to duty, contributions, and successes as well as their trials, tribulations, and sufferings--during the Spanish-American War and afterwards are described. How service by the heroines of '98 led to a change of attitude by the Army Medical Department is sketched. At the beginning of the War with Spain, the Medical Department had been reluctant to use female nurses; by the end of the war, the nurses had so demonstrated their value that Congress established permanent Army Reserve Nurse Corps.", "PMID": 1105431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1069", "title": "Candida albicans in women.", "content": "Ninety-two pregnant and nonpregnant patients were randomly selected from two obstetric-gynecologic clinics for the purpose of investigating factors that affect the incidence and severity of vaginal candidiasis. Six factors were found to be significantly associated with the incidence of Candida albicans: drug addiction, obesity, birth control pills, pregnancy, antibiotic therapy, and diabetes mellitus.", "contents": "Candida albicans in women. Ninety-two pregnant and nonpregnant patients were randomly selected from two obstetric-gynecologic clinics for the purpose of investigating factors that affect the incidence and severity of vaginal candidiasis. Six factors were found to be significantly associated with the incidence of Candida albicans: drug addiction, obesity, birth control pills, pregnancy, antibiotic therapy, and diabetes mellitus.", "PMID": 1105432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1070", "title": "Experience with prazosin in a clinical setting.", "content": "In a three-phase study that began in 1969, prazosin was shown to be especially suitable for use in treatment of hypertensive patients with gout, renal disease, or borderline diabetes, owing to the sparing of organ systems often harmed by other antihypertensive drugs.", "contents": "Experience with prazosin in a clinical setting. In a three-phase study that began in 1969, prazosin was shown to be especially suitable for use in treatment of hypertensive patients with gout, renal disease, or borderline diabetes, owing to the sparing of organ systems often harmed by other antihypertensive drugs.", "PMID": 1105482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1071", "title": "Clinical evaluation of prazosin in 20 private practice patients.", "content": "The safety and efficacy of prazosin alone and in combination with polythiazide are being assessed in an ongoing study of private patients. All patients entering the study have diastolic pressures consistently greater than 100 mm Hg while taking placebo. Thus far, 20 patients have been given therapy for periods ranging from three to 10 months. In patients with mild hypertension, prazosin in a dosage of 5 mg three or four times a day was consistently effective in lowering blood pressure to less than 100 mm Hg and often reduced it to less than 95 mm Hg. The patients with moderate to severe hypertension responded particularly well when polythiazide was added to prazosin, while those continuing to receive prazosin alone for a comparable period showed no further improvement. Few if any side effects were observed which can be attributed to prazosin.", "contents": "Clinical evaluation of prazosin in 20 private practice patients. The safety and efficacy of prazosin alone and in combination with polythiazide are being assessed in an ongoing study of private patients. All patients entering the study have diastolic pressures consistently greater than 100 mm Hg while taking placebo. Thus far, 20 patients have been given therapy for periods ranging from three to 10 months. In patients with mild hypertension, prazosin in a dosage of 5 mg three or four times a day was consistently effective in lowering blood pressure to less than 100 mm Hg and often reduced it to less than 95 mm Hg. The patients with moderate to severe hypertension responded particularly well when polythiazide was added to prazosin, while those continuing to receive prazosin alone for a comparable period showed no further improvement. Few if any side effects were observed which can be attributed to prazosin.", "PMID": 1105483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1072", "title": "The clinical evaluation of prazosin, a new antihypertensive agent.", "content": "The hemodynamic and therapeutic profiles of prazosin have been delineated in a comprehensive clinical program involving more than 1,000 patients. Efficacy was established in double-blind placebo-controlled studies and open, noncomparative long-term studies and comparisons with standard antihypertensive agents. The efficacy and safety of prazosin make it particularly suitable for initiation and maintenance of long-term outpatient therapy for hypertension.", "contents": "The clinical evaluation of prazosin, a new antihypertensive agent. The hemodynamic and therapeutic profiles of prazosin have been delineated in a comprehensive clinical program involving more than 1,000 patients. Efficacy was established in double-blind placebo-controlled studies and open, noncomparative long-term studies and comparisons with standard antihypertensive agents. The efficacy and safety of prazosin make it particularly suitable for initiation and maintenance of long-term outpatient therapy for hypertension.", "PMID": 1105484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1073", "title": "A three-phase clinical evaluation of prazosin.", "content": "A preliminary study of cardiac hemodynamics with measurement in both supine and tilt positions showed that the antihypertensive effect of prazosin given intravenously is associated with a fall in total peripheral resistance, with minor effects on cardiac output and heart rate, and with no consistent orthostatic hypotension. The postural reflexes appear to remain intact. The results are entirely similar to those reported by Lund-Johansen. In a second, short-term study of ambulatory patients, prazosin alone exerted an antihypertensive effect somewhat less than that of methyldopa, but the difference in blood pressure reduction between supine and standing positions was less with prazosin than with methyldopa. Both drugs were well tolerated. In a third, long-term study, prazosin alone gave satisfactory antihypertensive results, and prazosin used in combination with polythiazide produced a satisfactory response in 80% of the patients.", "contents": "A three-phase clinical evaluation of prazosin. A preliminary study of cardiac hemodynamics with measurement in both supine and tilt positions showed that the antihypertensive effect of prazosin given intravenously is associated with a fall in total peripheral resistance, with minor effects on cardiac output and heart rate, and with no consistent orthostatic hypotension. The postural reflexes appear to remain intact. The results are entirely similar to those reported by Lund-Johansen. In a second, short-term study of ambulatory patients, prazosin alone exerted an antihypertensive effect somewhat less than that of methyldopa, but the difference in blood pressure reduction between supine and standing positions was less with prazosin than with methyldopa. Both drugs were well tolerated. In a third, long-term study, prazosin alone gave satisfactory antihypertensive results, and prazosin used in combination with polythiazide produced a satisfactory response in 80% of the patients.", "PMID": 1105485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1074", "title": "Long-term efficacy and safety of prazosin in essential hypertension.", "content": "The long-term efficacy and safety of prazosin plus a thiazide diuretic in severe hypertension has been evaluated in an open trial that is now in its fifth year. The combination is consistently effective in reducing diastolic blood pressure to 90 mm Hg or less. No side effects or adverse reactions have been observed except a \"first-dose\" fall in blood pressure, and there is no evidence of development of tolerance to the agent.", "contents": "Long-term efficacy and safety of prazosin in essential hypertension. The long-term efficacy and safety of prazosin plus a thiazide diuretic in severe hypertension has been evaluated in an open trial that is now in its fifth year. The combination is consistently effective in reducing diastolic blood pressure to 90 mm Hg or less. No side effects or adverse reactions have been observed except a \"first-dose\" fall in blood pressure, and there is no evidence of development of tolerance to the agent.", "PMID": 1105486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1075", "title": "Experience with prazosin in the treatment of hypertension.", "content": "These data are from a study of 24 hypertensive patients receiving either prazosin alone or prazosin plus one or more other antihypertensive drugs. It appears from the results that prazosin lowers both supine and erect pressures when used alone or in combination with other agents. Side effects do not appear to be a problem.", "contents": "Experience with prazosin in the treatment of hypertension. These data are from a study of 24 hypertensive patients receiving either prazosin alone or prazosin plus one or more other antihypertensive drugs. It appears from the results that prazosin lowers both supine and erect pressures when used alone or in combination with other agents. Side effects do not appear to be a problem.", "PMID": 1105487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1076", "title": "Treatment of hypertension with a combination of prazosin and polythiazide.", "content": "Preliminary results of a study of 20 patients show a combination of prazosin and polythiazide to be effective in controlling hypertension not responsive to the diuretic alone. The maximum useful dosage of prazosin was not defined, but increasing the dosage above 15 mg a day did not improve control of blood pressure.", "contents": "Treatment of hypertension with a combination of prazosin and polythiazide. Preliminary results of a study of 20 patients show a combination of prazosin and polythiazide to be effective in controlling hypertension not responsive to the diuretic alone. The maximum useful dosage of prazosin was not defined, but increasing the dosage above 15 mg a day did not improve control of blood pressure.", "PMID": 1105488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1077", "title": "Double-blind studies of the clinical effectiveness of prazosin.", "content": "In separate double-blind trials, prazosin was compared with placebo and with methyldopa and placebo. In both, prazosin was well tolerated and succeeded in lowering blood pressure in patients with mild to moderate hypertension. The mean reductions with methyldopa were greater, but the difference was not statistically significant and a higher percentage of the patients in the prazosin group became normotensive.", "contents": "Double-blind studies of the clinical effectiveness of prazosin. In separate double-blind trials, prazosin was compared with placebo and with methyldopa and placebo. In both, prazosin was well tolerated and succeeded in lowering blood pressure in patients with mild to moderate hypertension. The mean reductions with methyldopa were greater, but the difference was not statistically significant and a higher percentage of the patients in the prazosin group became normotensive.", "PMID": 1105489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1078", "title": "Clinical experience with prazosin in hypertension.", "content": "Twenty of 24 hypertensive patients, six of whom had severe disease, had a reduction in standing blood pressure to less than 140/90 mm Hg after six weeks of treatment with prazosin alone or prazosin plus other antihypertensive drugs. The absence of significant side effects was impressive.", "contents": "Clinical experience with prazosin in hypertension. Twenty of 24 hypertensive patients, six of whom had severe disease, had a reduction in standing blood pressure to less than 140/90 mm Hg after six weeks of treatment with prazosin alone or prazosin plus other antihypertensive drugs. The absence of significant side effects was impressive.", "PMID": 1105490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1079", "title": "A long-term clinical trial of prazosin.", "content": "The efficacy of prazosin given either alone or in combination with polythiazide was assessed in a study of 50 outpatients with essential hypertension. Among the 29 who completed 42 months of therapy, blood pressure fell significantly in 76%. Of the 21 who dropped out of the study after 1 to 41 1/2 months, 43% showed improvement, 38% showed no change, and 19% showed worsening of hypertension. The most common side effects were lack of energy and weakness. Diabetics and alcoholics tolerated prazosin well. Of the 50 patients who started treatment with prazosin alone, only 23 required addition of polythiazide.", "contents": "A long-term clinical trial of prazosin. The efficacy of prazosin given either alone or in combination with polythiazide was assessed in a study of 50 outpatients with essential hypertension. Among the 29 who completed 42 months of therapy, blood pressure fell significantly in 76%. Of the 21 who dropped out of the study after 1 to 41 1/2 months, 43% showed improvement, 38% showed no change, and 19% showed worsening of hypertension. The most common side effects were lack of energy and weakness. Diabetics and alcoholics tolerated prazosin well. Of the 50 patients who started treatment with prazosin alone, only 23 required addition of polythiazide.", "PMID": 1105491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1080", "title": "Viral and mycoplasmal pneumonias: reviewing current concepts.", "content": "The pathogenesis of viral and mycoplasmal infections is probably similar, but pathologic findings vary, depending on the etiologic agent. In the absence of inclusion bodies in epithelial cells, definitive diagnosis of viral pneumonia depends on isolation of the virus. Viral pneumonias are more insidious in onset than bacterial types. In the early stages, physical findings may be minimal. Complications include those associated with viremia or bacterial superinfection. Culture of a throat swab is suitable for isolation of almost all respiratory viruses except respiratory syncytial virus, which requires special techniques. Antibody studies are also of great value. The major effort in controlling viral illness has been prevention of infection by vaccination. Treatment at present is symptomatic.", "contents": "Viral and mycoplasmal pneumonias: reviewing current concepts. The pathogenesis of viral and mycoplasmal infections is probably similar, but pathologic findings vary, depending on the etiologic agent. In the absence of inclusion bodies in epithelial cells, definitive diagnosis of viral pneumonia depends on isolation of the virus. Viral pneumonias are more insidious in onset than bacterial types. In the early stages, physical findings may be minimal. Complications include those associated with viremia or bacterial superinfection. Culture of a throat swab is suitable for isolation of almost all respiratory viruses except respiratory syncytial virus, which requires special techniques. Antibody studies are also of great value. The major effort in controlling viral illness has been prevention of infection by vaccination. Treatment at present is symptomatic.", "PMID": 1105492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1081", "title": "Effects of cytotoxic and immunosuppressive agents on the immune system.", "content": "Most chemotherapeutic agents are myelosuppressive and immunosuppressive. Consequently their use greatly increases a patient's susceptibility to infection. Neutropenia creates greater risk than lymphopenia and is a particular problem in patients with acute leukemia who are treated with combination chemotherapy. Chemotherapy is less immunosuppressive if given in short intensive courses rather than continuously. Continuous therapy causes severe depression of antibody production and inhibition of delayed hypersensitivity reaction.", "contents": "Effects of cytotoxic and immunosuppressive agents on the immune system. Most chemotherapeutic agents are myelosuppressive and immunosuppressive. Consequently their use greatly increases a patient's susceptibility to infection. Neutropenia creates greater risk than lymphopenia and is a particular problem in patients with acute leukemia who are treated with combination chemotherapy. Chemotherapy is less immunosuppressive if given in short intensive courses rather than continuously. Continuous therapy causes severe depression of antibody production and inhibition of delayed hypersensitivity reaction.", "PMID": 1105494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1082", "title": "Cardiogenic shock: can the prognosis be improved?", "content": "The prognosis in cardiogenic shock remains poor despite improvements in treating other complications of acute myocardial infarction. In some situations, left ventricular function can be improved by increasing the vascular volume, but the benefits of increasing the cardiac uutput must be balanced agains the risk of pulmonary edema. Monitoring of volume therapy is best done via the pulmonary route. The goal of drug therapy is to raise arterial blood pressure and make the heart pump more effectively. An aggressive approach will not cure great numbers of extensive myocardial damage remains, but it will identify those who are hypovolemic or who have other correctable contributory factors. Most important, this approach may help to identify therapies currently in use that may actually increase rather than lessen myocardial damage.", "contents": "Cardiogenic shock: can the prognosis be improved? The prognosis in cardiogenic shock remains poor despite improvements in treating other complications of acute myocardial infarction. In some situations, left ventricular function can be improved by increasing the vascular volume, but the benefits of increasing the cardiac uutput must be balanced agains the risk of pulmonary edema. Monitoring of volume therapy is best done via the pulmonary route. The goal of drug therapy is to raise arterial blood pressure and make the heart pump more effectively. An aggressive approach will not cure great numbers of extensive myocardial damage remains, but it will identify those who are hypovolemic or who have other correctable contributory factors. Most important, this approach may help to identify therapies currently in use that may actually increase rather than lessen myocardial damage.", "PMID": 1105495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1083", "title": "The treatment of cerebral vascular disease.", "content": "The routine investigations in patients with cerebral ischaemia are considered. Surgical treatment of the extracranial carotid and subclavian arteries is still advocated in the management of selected patients with transient cerebral ischaemia. Little fundamental advance has been made in the treatment of acute cerebral infarction. The role of hypertension in cerebrovascular disease is considered and the value of treating associated hypertension is stressed.", "contents": "The treatment of cerebral vascular disease. The routine investigations in patients with cerebral ischaemia are considered. Surgical treatment of the extracranial carotid and subclavian arteries is still advocated in the management of selected patients with transient cerebral ischaemia. Little fundamental advance has been made in the treatment of acute cerebral infarction. The role of hypertension in cerebrovascular disease is considered and the value of treating associated hypertension is stressed.", "PMID": 1105539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1084", "title": "Anxiety/depression in elderly patients. A double-blind comparative study of fluphenazine/nortriptyline and promazine.", "content": "A double-blind study involving sixty-two patients, aged 65 years or over, treated for twenty-eight days, showed that fluphenazine 0-5 mg/nortriptyline 10 mg three times daily was superior to promazine 50 mg three times daily in relieving symptoms of anxiety and was associated with a lower incidence of side-effects. The results are discussed in the light of the nature of anxiety/depression syndromes in the elderly and it is suggested that since symptoms of anxiety in these disorders are often manifestations of an underlying depressive illness, the antidepressant effect of the nortriptyline may have enhanced the 'anxiolytic' advantage of fluphenazine/nortriptyline.", "contents": "Anxiety/depression in elderly patients. A double-blind comparative study of fluphenazine/nortriptyline and promazine. A double-blind study involving sixty-two patients, aged 65 years or over, treated for twenty-eight days, showed that fluphenazine 0-5 mg/nortriptyline 10 mg three times daily was superior to promazine 50 mg three times daily in relieving symptoms of anxiety and was associated with a lower incidence of side-effects. The results are discussed in the light of the nature of anxiety/depression syndromes in the elderly and it is suggested that since symptoms of anxiety in these disorders are often manifestations of an underlying depressive illness, the antidepressant effect of the nortriptyline may have enhanced the 'anxiolytic' advantage of fluphenazine/nortriptyline.", "PMID": 1105543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1085", "title": "Survival and 'true' rehabilitation after dialysis and transplantation: a 7-year follow-up.", "content": "Serial follow-ups of processed and recorded semi-quantitative data (bone biopsies, nerve conduction velocity, glucose A-V, etc.) have been carried out in 152 chronic uraemic patients of which 39 underwent kidney transplantation. The comparative studies have been performed in order to evaluate the magnitude of survival/rehabilitation ratio due to dialysis and transplantation. After a minimum of five years, the overall survival rate is better on dialysis. The most important determining factors seem to be: type of donor in transplantation and the nature of renal lesions and residual Ccr in dialysis. 'True' or 'effective' rehabilitation has been documented only after transplantation. Dialysis does not reverse systemic uraemic changes and the rehabilitation in survivors may be 'apparent'. Dialysis may prevent systemic uraemia, provided that starting time of treatment is gauged earlier (residual Ccr greater than 10).", "contents": "Survival and 'true' rehabilitation after dialysis and transplantation: a 7-year follow-up. Serial follow-ups of processed and recorded semi-quantitative data (bone biopsies, nerve conduction velocity, glucose A-V, etc.) have been carried out in 152 chronic uraemic patients of which 39 underwent kidney transplantation. The comparative studies have been performed in order to evaluate the magnitude of survival/rehabilitation ratio due to dialysis and transplantation. After a minimum of five years, the overall survival rate is better on dialysis. The most important determining factors seem to be: type of donor in transplantation and the nature of renal lesions and residual Ccr in dialysis. 'True' or 'effective' rehabilitation has been documented only after transplantation. Dialysis does not reverse systemic uraemic changes and the rehabilitation in survivors may be 'apparent'. Dialysis may prevent systemic uraemia, provided that starting time of treatment is gauged earlier (residual Ccr greater than 10).", "PMID": 1105548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1086", "title": "Urinary excretion of NAG and FDP in acute renal graft rejection.", "content": "Determination of the urinary excretion of N-acetyl-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) and fibrin degradation products (FDP) made it possible to make a diagnosis of 25 out of 26 acute rejection episodes at least 24 hr before deterioration in renal function occurred. Of the two tests, the estimation of daily urinary NAG is the most practical for routine clinical use. This test alone permitted early diagnosis in 21 out of 26 episodes. In 9 out of 11 episodes in which both estimations showed an increase, the rise in FDP occurred before the rise in NAG. This is consistent with the view that in some forms of rejection, at least, intravascular fibrin deposition occurs first and causes ischaemic damage to renal tubular cells and consequent deterioration in function.", "contents": "Urinary excretion of NAG and FDP in acute renal graft rejection. Determination of the urinary excretion of N-acetyl-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) and fibrin degradation products (FDP) made it possible to make a diagnosis of 25 out of 26 acute rejection episodes at least 24 hr before deterioration in renal function occurred. Of the two tests, the estimation of daily urinary NAG is the most practical for routine clinical use. This test alone permitted early diagnosis in 21 out of 26 episodes. In 9 out of 11 episodes in which both estimations showed an increase, the rise in FDP occurred before the rise in NAG. This is consistent with the view that in some forms of rejection, at least, intravascular fibrin deposition occurs first and causes ischaemic damage to renal tubular cells and consequent deterioration in function.", "PMID": 1105552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1087", "title": "A modified rosette inhibition test in the early diagnosis of renal allograft rejection.", "content": "The rosette inhibition test has been employed in the follow-up of 30 renal transplant patients using a technique which enables highly accurate marking of T-lymphocytes. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of anti-lymphocyte globulin (ALG) - that is, that concentration of ALG causing 25% inhibition of rosette formation-was higher than 1/16,000 in 32 (97%) out of 33 separate determinations made two to six days befor rejection became clinically evident, and lower than 1/16,000 in 323 (92%) out of 351 determinations after which no clinical evidence of rejection developed. The results presented in this paper indicate that this modified test is a useful tool either to predict the occurrence of or to confirm the diagnosis of rejection.", "contents": "A modified rosette inhibition test in the early diagnosis of renal allograft rejection. The rosette inhibition test has been employed in the follow-up of 30 renal transplant patients using a technique which enables highly accurate marking of T-lymphocytes. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of anti-lymphocyte globulin (ALG) - that is, that concentration of ALG causing 25% inhibition of rosette formation-was higher than 1/16,000 in 32 (97%) out of 33 separate determinations made two to six days befor rejection became clinically evident, and lower than 1/16,000 in 323 (92%) out of 351 determinations after which no clinical evidence of rejection developed. The results presented in this paper indicate that this modified test is a useful tool either to predict the occurrence of or to confirm the diagnosis of rejection.", "PMID": 1105553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1088", "title": "Proteinuria as diagnostic marker after human kidney transplantation.", "content": "Molecular weight analyses of urinary proteins in 34 patients following cadaveric kidney transplantation were performed by SDS-PAA-electrophoresis in order to diagnose transplant complications. A micromolecular 'tubular' proteinuria (mw 70-10,000) was found in all post-operative urines. Later on during clinically normal periods the patients exhibited an unphysiological proteinuria of mw 70-40,000. Recurrence of tubular proteinuria was associated with rejection episodes and acute kidney failure. Twelve patients developed a macromolecular glomerular proteinuria (mw greater than 60,000), caused by recurrent glomerulonephritis, glomerular rejection disease or renal vein thrombosis. Steroid treatment reduced the glomerular permeability for macromolecules above mw 65,000.", "contents": "Proteinuria as diagnostic marker after human kidney transplantation. Molecular weight analyses of urinary proteins in 34 patients following cadaveric kidney transplantation were performed by SDS-PAA-electrophoresis in order to diagnose transplant complications. A micromolecular 'tubular' proteinuria (mw 70-10,000) was found in all post-operative urines. Later on during clinically normal periods the patients exhibited an unphysiological proteinuria of mw 70-40,000. Recurrence of tubular proteinuria was associated with rejection episodes and acute kidney failure. Twelve patients developed a macromolecular glomerular proteinuria (mw greater than 60,000), caused by recurrent glomerulonephritis, glomerular rejection disease or renal vein thrombosis. Steroid treatment reduced the glomerular permeability for macromolecules above mw 65,000.", "PMID": 1105554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1089", "title": "Cellular and humoral immunity after clinical renal transplantation.", "content": "Cellular and humoral responses against donor lymphocytes were studied in ten kidney-transplant patients, nine of whom had well functioning grafts. No(T)cell-mediated cytotoxicity against donor cells was demonstrated. Specific anti-donor antibodies were found in two recipients with well-accepted grafts. A single immunological factor responsible for a favourable clinical course was not demonstrated. Neither complete T nor B cell tolerance against donor cells had developed, and a well-tolerated graft could coexist with antibodies directed against donor cells.", "contents": "Cellular and humoral immunity after clinical renal transplantation. Cellular and humoral responses against donor lymphocytes were studied in ten kidney-transplant patients, nine of whom had well functioning grafts. No(T)cell-mediated cytotoxicity against donor cells was demonstrated. Specific anti-donor antibodies were found in two recipients with well-accepted grafts. A single immunological factor responsible for a favourable clinical course was not demonstrated. Neither complete T nor B cell tolerance against donor cells had developed, and a well-tolerated graft could coexist with antibodies directed against donor cells.", "PMID": 1105555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1090", "title": "Minimising the risks of treating acute allograft rejection.", "content": "The risks of treating allograft rejection are primarily related to high-dose steroid therapy. To determine when the possible benefit of anti-rejection therapy might not justify the risks, we analysed 20 severe rejection (SAR) episodes for indices of reversibility. Prior renal function was similar in all patients. Ccr fell to 10 ml/min or less, but degree of renal dysfunction was not predictive of reversibility, nor were time since transplant, oliguro/anuria, proteinuria, or hypertension. The only consistent finding was that function began to improve in reversible rejection 3.8 +/- 1 days after beginning therapy. Our rejection treatment, based on this finding, is to use gram doses of IV prednisolone, up to three times in five to seven days. Among 41 patients with 45 grafts so treated, there was no fatality or gastrointestinal haemorrhage. Other complications (fistulae and/or infections) were related to total dose and frequency, to intensive therapy during severe renal dysfunction or to urinary leaks. Limitation of the period of high-dose steroid therapy was associated with reduced morbidity and mortality in renal allograft recipients.", "contents": "Minimising the risks of treating acute allograft rejection. The risks of treating allograft rejection are primarily related to high-dose steroid therapy. To determine when the possible benefit of anti-rejection therapy might not justify the risks, we analysed 20 severe rejection (SAR) episodes for indices of reversibility. Prior renal function was similar in all patients. Ccr fell to 10 ml/min or less, but degree of renal dysfunction was not predictive of reversibility, nor were time since transplant, oliguro/anuria, proteinuria, or hypertension. The only consistent finding was that function began to improve in reversible rejection 3.8 +/- 1 days after beginning therapy. Our rejection treatment, based on this finding, is to use gram doses of IV prednisolone, up to three times in five to seven days. Among 41 patients with 45 grafts so treated, there was no fatality or gastrointestinal haemorrhage. Other complications (fistulae and/or infections) were related to total dose and frequency, to intensive therapy during severe renal dysfunction or to urinary leaks. Limitation of the period of high-dose steroid therapy was associated with reduced morbidity and mortality in renal allograft recipients.", "PMID": 1105556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1091", "title": "Terminal renal failure due to oxalosis in 14 patients.", "content": "The present status of regular dialysis and renal transplantation in patients with end-stage renal disease secondary to primary hyperoxaluria is reported. Clinical studies include one personal case with an 18-month period of follow-up and data concerning thirteen patients treated in 10 centres in Europe which have been collected through a cooperative survey carried out with the assistance of Registry of the EDTA. On January 1 st, 1974, mean survival of patients with oxalosis treated by RDT was 30.4 months (range 6 to 102 months). Five cadaveric renal transplants have been performed in four patients; two patients are surviving with grafts functioning for 18 and 45 months. Dialysis and/or transplantation should be performed in patients with oxalosis early enough to prevent ischaemic, cardiac and neuromusclar complications which occur at the end-stage of the disease. Evidence for blood coagulation disorders, particularly chronic consumption coagulopathy, should be investigated for with adequate laboratory methods and long-term heparin therapy instituted if necessary. No convincing reports concerning the efficiency of the various drugs which have been tried out to reduce the biosynthesis of oxalic acid in patients with oxalosis have been issued to this date.", "contents": "Terminal renal failure due to oxalosis in 14 patients. The present status of regular dialysis and renal transplantation in patients with end-stage renal disease secondary to primary hyperoxaluria is reported. Clinical studies include one personal case with an 18-month period of follow-up and data concerning thirteen patients treated in 10 centres in Europe which have been collected through a cooperative survey carried out with the assistance of Registry of the EDTA. On January 1 st, 1974, mean survival of patients with oxalosis treated by RDT was 30.4 months (range 6 to 102 months). Five cadaveric renal transplants have been performed in four patients; two patients are surviving with grafts functioning for 18 and 45 months. Dialysis and/or transplantation should be performed in patients with oxalosis early enough to prevent ischaemic, cardiac and neuromusclar complications which occur at the end-stage of the disease. Evidence for blood coagulation disorders, particularly chronic consumption coagulopathy, should be investigated for with adequate laboratory methods and long-term heparin therapy instituted if necessary. No convincing reports concerning the efficiency of the various drugs which have been tried out to reduce the biosynthesis of oxalic acid in patients with oxalosis have been issued to this date.", "PMID": 1105557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1092", "title": "Assessment of renal osteodystrophy following renal transplantation.", "content": "Serial histological studies in patients after successful renal transplantation indicate that with restoration of adequate renal function osteomalacia invariably improves with symptomatic relief in bone pain. Histological changes of osteitis fibrosa resolve more slowly and radiological changes may persist longer, occasionally in the absence of confirmatory histological evidence of secondary hyperparathyroidism. For accurate and sensitive follow-up a combination of biochemistry, histology and radiology is desirable.", "contents": "Assessment of renal osteodystrophy following renal transplantation. Serial histological studies in patients after successful renal transplantation indicate that with restoration of adequate renal function osteomalacia invariably improves with symptomatic relief in bone pain. Histological changes of osteitis fibrosa resolve more slowly and radiological changes may persist longer, occasionally in the absence of confirmatory histological evidence of secondary hyperparathyroidism. For accurate and sensitive follow-up a combination of biochemistry, histology and radiology is desirable.", "PMID": 1105559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1093", "title": "A controlled trial of cyclophosphamide in the treatment of proliferative glomerulonephritis.", "content": "Cyclophosphamide was administered orally, in a dose just sufficient to depress the white-cell count to 3000-4000 per mm3 (mean 1.5 mg/kg/day), to 27 patients with proliferative glomerulonephritis for 12 months; 26 patients acted as controls. Cyclophosphamide conferred no benefit as judged by mortality, morbidity, renal function (serum creatinine and creatinine clearance) or proteinuria. The side effects of cyclophosphamide included permanent amenorrhoea in five of seven menstruating women. Since no controlled trial has yet shown that any immuno-suppressive drug benefits proliferative glomerulonephritis we question whether such drugs should be administered in this disease except in the course of planned prospective trials.", "contents": "A controlled trial of cyclophosphamide in the treatment of proliferative glomerulonephritis. Cyclophosphamide was administered orally, in a dose just sufficient to depress the white-cell count to 3000-4000 per mm3 (mean 1.5 mg/kg/day), to 27 patients with proliferative glomerulonephritis for 12 months; 26 patients acted as controls. Cyclophosphamide conferred no benefit as judged by mortality, morbidity, renal function (serum creatinine and creatinine clearance) or proteinuria. The side effects of cyclophosphamide included permanent amenorrhoea in five of seven menstruating women. Since no controlled trial has yet shown that any immuno-suppressive drug benefits proliferative glomerulonephritis we question whether such drugs should be administered in this disease except in the course of planned prospective trials.", "PMID": 1105560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1094", "title": "Complement deposition in glomerular diseases.", "content": "Biopsies from 400 patients affected by glomerular diseases, both \"primary\" and secondary to systemic diseases, have been studied by immunofluorescence. Staining was performed for immunoglobulins fibrogen and C1q, C4, C3 and C3A. C1q, C4 and C3 were positive in a high percentage of cases in focal glomerulosclerosis, membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, lupus nephritis and essential cryoglobulinaemia glomerulonephritis. C1q and C4 were very rarely present in focal proliferative glomerulonephritis and rheumatoid purpura glomerulonephritis. C3A was found frequently only in acute glomerulonephritis. Results are discussed with reference to their diagnostic value and to information about mechanisms of complement activation.", "contents": "Complement deposition in glomerular diseases. Biopsies from 400 patients affected by glomerular diseases, both \"primary\" and secondary to systemic diseases, have been studied by immunofluorescence. Staining was performed for immunoglobulins fibrogen and C1q, C4, C3 and C3A. C1q, C4 and C3 were positive in a high percentage of cases in focal glomerulosclerosis, membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, lupus nephritis and essential cryoglobulinaemia glomerulonephritis. C1q and C4 were very rarely present in focal proliferative glomerulonephritis and rheumatoid purpura glomerulonephritis. C3A was found frequently only in acute glomerulonephritis. Results are discussed with reference to their diagnostic value and to information about mechanisms of complement activation.", "PMID": 1105561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1095", "title": "Drug induced hypersensitivity nephritis.", "content": "Drug-induced hypersensitivity nephritis may show several histological and clinical patterns. In most of these microscopic vascular involvement of the kidney seems to be very frequent. On immunofluorescence, deposits of C3 in mesangium and in arterioles were observed in almost all cases, independently of histological features on light microscopy. The pointing out of clinico-histological relationship seems to be the best rational approach to diagnosis of these conditions.", "contents": "Drug induced hypersensitivity nephritis. Drug-induced hypersensitivity nephritis may show several histological and clinical patterns. In most of these microscopic vascular involvement of the kidney seems to be very frequent. On immunofluorescence, deposits of C3 in mesangium and in arterioles were observed in almost all cases, independently of histological features on light microscopy. The pointing out of clinico-histological relationship seems to be the best rational approach to diagnosis of these conditions.", "PMID": 1105562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1096", "title": "DNA replication in vitro starting with an intact phiX174 phage.", "content": "Conversion of the single-stranded DNA in the intact phiX174 phage particle to the duplex replicative form (RF) has been demonstrated in lysates form phage-sensitive cells. The conversion is resistant to rifampicin and requires participation of both a \"membrane\" fraction of the lysate and a multienzyme replicative system. The lipopolysaccharide phage receptor, while essential, does not replace the membrane fraction. Clear, nonsedimentable extract fractions prepared with a certain nonionic detergent can replace the membrane fraction. Purification of the activity in these extracts by adsorption to polypropylene film yields a fraction with a 5-fold increase in activity relative to lipopolysaccharide and 50-fold increase relative to protein. The low buoyant density (1.03 g/cm3) suggests a high phospholipid or detergent content in this fraction.", "contents": "DNA replication in vitro starting with an intact phiX174 phage. Conversion of the single-stranded DNA in the intact phiX174 phage particle to the duplex replicative form (RF) has been demonstrated in lysates form phage-sensitive cells. The conversion is resistant to rifampicin and requires participation of both a \"membrane\" fraction of the lysate and a multienzyme replicative system. The lipopolysaccharide phage receptor, while essential, does not replace the membrane fraction. Clear, nonsedimentable extract fractions prepared with a certain nonionic detergent can replace the membrane fraction. Purification of the activity in these extracts by adsorption to polypropylene film yields a fraction with a 5-fold increase in activity relative to lipopolysaccharide and 50-fold increase relative to protein. The low buoyant density (1.03 g/cm3) suggests a high phospholipid or detergent content in this fraction.", "PMID": 1105565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1097", "title": "Restriction endonuclease analysis of mitochondrial DNA from grande and genetically characterized cytoplasmic petite clones of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Digestion of grande mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) BY EcoRI restriction endonuclease gives rise to nine fragments with a total molecular weight of 51.8 x 10(6). HindIII digestion yields six fragments with a similar total molecular weight. Specific restriction fragments can be detected despite the fact that yeast mtDNA consists of a heterogeneous distribution of randomly broken molecules. Digestion patterns of 10 genetically characterized petite clones containing various combinations of five antiobiotic resistance markers indicate that the petite mtDNA predominantly represents deletion of the grande genome. The petite mtDNAs contained up to seven EcoRI restriction fragments which comigrate with grande restriction fragments, and at least one fragment that did not correspond to any in the grande. Some strains contained multiple fragments with mobility different from that of grande; these fragments were usually present in less than molar concentrations. The genetic markers were associated with individual sets of restriction fragments. However, several internal inconsistencies prevent the construction of a definitive genetic fragment map. These anomalies, together with the digestion patterns, provide strong evidence that, in addition to single contiguous deletion, other changes such as multiple deletion and heterogeneity of mtDNA populations are present in some of the petite mtDNAs.", "contents": "Restriction endonuclease analysis of mitochondrial DNA from grande and genetically characterized cytoplasmic petite clones of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Digestion of grande mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) BY EcoRI restriction endonuclease gives rise to nine fragments with a total molecular weight of 51.8 x 10(6). HindIII digestion yields six fragments with a similar total molecular weight. Specific restriction fragments can be detected despite the fact that yeast mtDNA consists of a heterogeneous distribution of randomly broken molecules. Digestion patterns of 10 genetically characterized petite clones containing various combinations of five antiobiotic resistance markers indicate that the petite mtDNA predominantly represents deletion of the grande genome. The petite mtDNAs contained up to seven EcoRI restriction fragments which comigrate with grande restriction fragments, and at least one fragment that did not correspond to any in the grande. Some strains contained multiple fragments with mobility different from that of grande; these fragments were usually present in less than molar concentrations. The genetic markers were associated with individual sets of restriction fragments. However, several internal inconsistencies prevent the construction of a definitive genetic fragment map. These anomalies, together with the digestion patterns, provide strong evidence that, in addition to single contiguous deletion, other changes such as multiple deletion and heterogeneity of mtDNA populations are present in some of the petite mtDNAs.", "PMID": 1105566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1098", "title": "Neutron scattering measurements of separation and shape of proteins in 30S ribosomal subunit of Escherichia coli: S2-S5, S5-S8, S3-S7.", "content": "Neutron scattering measurements done on E. coli 30S ribosomal subunit specimens in which specific pairs of proteins were deuterated have enabled us to estimate the distances between the labeled proteins. The distances between centers of gravity of three protein pairs have been determined: S2-S5 (105 A), S3-S7 (115 A), and S5-S8 (35 A). A method for extracting shape information about these proteins from the neutron scattering profiles is demonstrated. The method shows that S5 and S8 are compact and S2 is extended.", "contents": "Neutron scattering measurements of separation and shape of proteins in 30S ribosomal subunit of Escherichia coli: S2-S5, S5-S8, S3-S7. Neutron scattering measurements done on E. coli 30S ribosomal subunit specimens in which specific pairs of proteins were deuterated have enabled us to estimate the distances between the labeled proteins. The distances between centers of gravity of three protein pairs have been determined: S2-S5 (105 A), S3-S7 (115 A), and S5-S8 (35 A). A method for extracting shape information about these proteins from the neutron scattering profiles is demonstrated. The method shows that S5 and S8 are compact and S2 is extended.", "PMID": 1105567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1099", "title": "Yeast manno-protein biosynthesis: solubilization and selective assay of four mannosyltransferases.", "content": "Using appropriate yeast strains and exogenous acceptors, we have devised specific assays for four mannosyltransferase activities involved in biosynthesis of the carbohydrate outer chain of yeast mannoproteins. The assays utilize GDP-[14C]mannose as the donor and unlabeled oligosaccharides as the acceptors, the products being neutral radioactive oligosaccharides one mannose unit larger than the acceptors. The multiglycosyltransferase system from Saccharomyces cerevisiae was solubilized in Triton X-100 and urea and purified 100-fold. Free mannose is an acceptor for the alpha1 leads to 2-mannosyltransferase, the major product being alpha[14C]Man leads to 2Man. The alpha1 leads to 6-mannooligosaccharides serve as acceptors for both the alpha1 leads to 2- and alpha1 leads to 6-transferases, but the tetrasaccharide alphaMan leads to 3alphsMan leads to 2alphaMan is a specific acceptor for the latter enzyme and yields (see article). When reduced, this same tetrasaccharide serves as the acceptor for an alpha1 leads to 3-mannosyltransferase from Saccharomyces chevalieri, yielding a pentasaccharide with two terminal 1 leads to 3 linkages. Assay of the alpha1 leads to 3-transferase in S. cerevisiae utilizes reduced alpha1 leads to 2-mannotriose as the acceptor, the product being alpha[14C]Man leads to 3alphaMan leads to 2alphaMan leads to 2Mannitol. The multienzyme system works in concert to make \"mannan\" in a cell-free in vitro system.", "contents": "Yeast manno-protein biosynthesis: solubilization and selective assay of four mannosyltransferases. Using appropriate yeast strains and exogenous acceptors, we have devised specific assays for four mannosyltransferase activities involved in biosynthesis of the carbohydrate outer chain of yeast mannoproteins. The assays utilize GDP-[14C]mannose as the donor and unlabeled oligosaccharides as the acceptors, the products being neutral radioactive oligosaccharides one mannose unit larger than the acceptors. The multiglycosyltransferase system from Saccharomyces cerevisiae was solubilized in Triton X-100 and urea and purified 100-fold. Free mannose is an acceptor for the alpha1 leads to 2-mannosyltransferase, the major product being alpha[14C]Man leads to 2Man. The alpha1 leads to 6-mannooligosaccharides serve as acceptors for both the alpha1 leads to 2- and alpha1 leads to 6-transferases, but the tetrasaccharide alphaMan leads to 3alphsMan leads to 2alphaMan is a specific acceptor for the latter enzyme and yields (see article). When reduced, this same tetrasaccharide serves as the acceptor for an alpha1 leads to 3-mannosyltransferase from Saccharomyces chevalieri, yielding a pentasaccharide with two terminal 1 leads to 3 linkages. Assay of the alpha1 leads to 3-transferase in S. cerevisiae utilizes reduced alpha1 leads to 2-mannotriose as the acceptor, the product being alpha[14C]Man leads to 3alphaMan leads to 2alphaMan leads to 2Mannitol. The multienzyme system works in concert to make \"mannan\" in a cell-free in vitro system.", "PMID": 1105568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1100", "title": "Role of leucyl-tRNA synthetase in regulation of branched-chain amino-acid transport.", "content": "The regulation of the transport of leucine, isoleucine, and valine in Escherichia coli B/r was studied in a mutant with a complete deletion of the leucine biosynthetic operon and a temperature-sensitive leucyl-tRNA synthetase [L-leucine:tRNALeu ligase (AMP-forming), EC 6.1.1.4]. Under conditions of excess leucine and a functional leucyl-tRNA synthetase transport activity was repressed. Shifting the culture to a temperature at which the activation of leucine to an appropriate tRNA species became growth-rate-limiting led to a large increase in the high-affinity transport of leucine, isoleucine, and valine (system LIV-I) while the uptake of histidine and proline was unchanged. A similar increase was observed for branched-chain amino-acid binding protein activity. The temperature change did not alter the transport activity for any of these substrates or the level of the binding proteins in an isogenic strain with a normal leucyl-tRNA synthetase. The increase in transport activity observed in the mutant was prevented by inhibitors of protein and RNA synthesis and probably represents an increase in the differential rate of synthesis of the protein(s) required for transport. These experiments demonstrate that the repression of branched-chain amino-acid transport involves the interaction of leucine with its aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase and its cognate leucyl-tRNA species.", "contents": "Role of leucyl-tRNA synthetase in regulation of branched-chain amino-acid transport. The regulation of the transport of leucine, isoleucine, and valine in Escherichia coli B/r was studied in a mutant with a complete deletion of the leucine biosynthetic operon and a temperature-sensitive leucyl-tRNA synthetase [L-leucine:tRNALeu ligase (AMP-forming), EC 6.1.1.4]. Under conditions of excess leucine and a functional leucyl-tRNA synthetase transport activity was repressed. Shifting the culture to a temperature at which the activation of leucine to an appropriate tRNA species became growth-rate-limiting led to a large increase in the high-affinity transport of leucine, isoleucine, and valine (system LIV-I) while the uptake of histidine and proline was unchanged. A similar increase was observed for branched-chain amino-acid binding protein activity. The temperature change did not alter the transport activity for any of these substrates or the level of the binding proteins in an isogenic strain with a normal leucyl-tRNA synthetase. The increase in transport activity observed in the mutant was prevented by inhibitors of protein and RNA synthesis and probably represents an increase in the differential rate of synthesis of the protein(s) required for transport. These experiments demonstrate that the repression of branched-chain amino-acid transport involves the interaction of leucine with its aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase and its cognate leucyl-tRNA species.", "PMID": 1105569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1101", "title": "Methylation of a membrane protein involved in bacterial chemotaxis.", "content": "A protein methylation reaction involved in chemotaxis of Escherichia coli has been identified. The involvement of this reaction in chemotaxis in indicated by four lines of evidence. (a) The methylation reaction is altered in several classes of generally nonchemotactic mutants and is coreverted with the chemotaxis defects. (b) The methylation level of the protein is affected by chemotactic stimuli. (c) The transferred methyl group is derived from methionine and is labile, in accord with the known fact that chemotaxis requires a continuous supply of methionine. (d) Methylation is abnormal in various mutants having defective or missing flagella.", "contents": "Methylation of a membrane protein involved in bacterial chemotaxis. A protein methylation reaction involved in chemotaxis of Escherichia coli has been identified. The involvement of this reaction in chemotaxis in indicated by four lines of evidence. (a) The methylation reaction is altered in several classes of generally nonchemotactic mutants and is coreverted with the chemotaxis defects. (b) The methylation level of the protein is affected by chemotactic stimuli. (c) The transferred methyl group is derived from methionine and is labile, in accord with the known fact that chemotaxis requires a continuous supply of methionine. (d) Methylation is abnormal in various mutants having defective or missing flagella.", "PMID": 1105570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1102", "title": "Polypeptide chain initiation in eukaryotes: initiation factor MP in Artemia salina embryos.", "content": "The activity of IF-MP, a polypeptide chain initiation factor that forms a ternary complex with eukaryotic initiator Met-tRNA  and GTP and promotes binding of the initiator to 40S ribosomes, is very low in undeveloped Artemia salina embryos but increases over 20-fold following resumption of development upon hydration of the cysts. The factor is present in both the ribosomal salt wash and high-speed-supernatant. Its specific activity is 50 times higher in the wash but its total activity is only about twice as high in the wash as in the supernatant. As is true of IF-MP from other eukaryotic sources, the A. salina factor is specific for eukaryotic Met-tRNAi and sensitive to SH-reagents, and its activity is GTP dependent.", "contents": "Polypeptide chain initiation in eukaryotes: initiation factor MP in Artemia salina embryos. The activity of IF-MP, a polypeptide chain initiation factor that forms a ternary complex with eukaryotic initiator Met-tRNA  and GTP and promotes binding of the initiator to 40S ribosomes, is very low in undeveloped Artemia salina embryos but increases over 20-fold following resumption of development upon hydration of the cysts. The factor is present in both the ribosomal salt wash and high-speed-supernatant. Its specific activity is 50 times higher in the wash but its total activity is only about twice as high in the wash as in the supernatant. As is true of IF-MP from other eukaryotic sources, the A. salina factor is specific for eukaryotic Met-tRNAi and sensitive to SH-reagents, and its activity is GTP dependent.", "PMID": 1105571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1103", "title": "Chitin synthetase zymogen is attached to the yeast plasma membrane.", "content": "Pretreatment of yeast protoplasts with concanavalin A, according to the method used by G. A. Scarborough for Neurospora (J. Biol. Chem. 250, 1106-1111, 1975), reinforced the plasma membranes, and helped to maintain their integrity during subsequent lysis of the protoplasts. After purification by centrifuging on a Renografin density gradient, practically intact membranes were obtained. Previous labeling of the protoplasts with 125I or with [3H]concanavalin A resulted in recovery of the radioactivity in the membrane fraction. The bulk of the chitin synthetase (chitin synthase; UDP-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose:chitin 4-beta-acetamidodeoxyglucosyltransferase; EC 2.4.1.16) recovered in the gradient was also found In this fraction; in the zymogen form. About 20% of the activity sedimented in a plasma-membrane-free fraction at lower density. Glutaraldehyde inactivated chitin synthetase when it was added to a lysate, but not when applied to intact protoplasts. It is concluded that chitin synthetase is so oriented in the membrane that it is only accessible from the inside of the cell. These results confirm our previous hypothesis that the chitin synthetase zymogen is associated with the plasma membrane, a basic assumption for the explanation of localized activation of the enzyme and initiation of septum formation.", "contents": "Chitin synthetase zymogen is attached to the yeast plasma membrane. Pretreatment of yeast protoplasts with concanavalin A, according to the method used by G. A. Scarborough for Neurospora (J. Biol. Chem. 250, 1106-1111, 1975), reinforced the plasma membranes, and helped to maintain their integrity during subsequent lysis of the protoplasts. After purification by centrifuging on a Renografin density gradient, practically intact membranes were obtained. Previous labeling of the protoplasts with 125I or with [3H]concanavalin A resulted in recovery of the radioactivity in the membrane fraction. The bulk of the chitin synthetase (chitin synthase; UDP-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose:chitin 4-beta-acetamidodeoxyglucosyltransferase; EC 2.4.1.16) recovered in the gradient was also found In this fraction; in the zymogen form. About 20% of the activity sedimented in a plasma-membrane-free fraction at lower density. Glutaraldehyde inactivated chitin synthetase when it was added to a lysate, but not when applied to intact protoplasts. It is concluded that chitin synthetase is so oriented in the membrane that it is only accessible from the inside of the cell. These results confirm our previous hypothesis that the chitin synthetase zymogen is associated with the plasma membrane, a basic assumption for the explanation of localized activation of the enzyme and initiation of septum formation.", "PMID": 1105572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1104", "title": "Colony hybridization: a method for the isolation of cloned DNAs that contain a specific gene.", "content": "A method has been developed whereby a very large number of colonies of Escherichia coli carrying different hybrid plasmids can be rapidly screened to determine which hybrid plasmids contain a specified DNA sequence or genes. The colonies to be screened are formed on nitrocellulose filters, and, after a reference set of these colonies has been prepared by replica plating, are lysed and their DNA is denatured and fixed to the filter in situ. The resulting DNA-prints of the colonies are then hybridized to a radioactive RNA that defines the sequence or gene of interest, and the result of this hybridization is assayed by autoradiography. Colonies whose DNA-prints exhibit hybridization can then be picked from the reference plate. We have used this method to isolate clones of ColE1 hybrid plasmids that contain Drosophila melanogaster genes for 18 and 28S rRNAs. In principle, the method can be used to isolate any gene whose base sequence is represented in an available RNA.", "contents": "Colony hybridization: a method for the isolation of cloned DNAs that contain a specific gene. A method has been developed whereby a very large number of colonies of Escherichia coli carrying different hybrid plasmids can be rapidly screened to determine which hybrid plasmids contain a specified DNA sequence or genes. The colonies to be screened are formed on nitrocellulose filters, and, after a reference set of these colonies has been prepared by replica plating, are lysed and their DNA is denatured and fixed to the filter in situ. The resulting DNA-prints of the colonies are then hybridized to a radioactive RNA that defines the sequence or gene of interest, and the result of this hybridization is assayed by autoradiography. Colonies whose DNA-prints exhibit hybridization can then be picked from the reference plate. We have used this method to isolate clones of ColE1 hybrid plasmids that contain Drosophila melanogaster genes for 18 and 28S rRNAs. In principle, the method can be used to isolate any gene whose base sequence is represented in an available RNA.", "PMID": 1105573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1105", "title": "Cerebellar cell surface antigens of mouse brain.", "content": "Reaggregated cells from 6- to 8-day-old mouse cerebella have been used to raise antibodies in rabbits. The interaction of these antibodies with cerebellar cell surface components was assessed by cytotoxicity of 51Cr-labeled cerebellar cell cultures and indirect immunofluorescence. A quantitative comparison of the relative amount of antigen on cells from other mouse tissues, brain regions, cerebella of various aged mice and mutant mice, and other animal species, as well as several clonal cell lines of nervous system origin, was made. A fixed subthreshold concentration of antiserum was adsorbed with increasing numbers of dissociated cells or amounts of particulate tissue prior to incubation with complement and 51Cr-labeled cerebellar target cells. Mouse thymus, spleen, liver, and heart tissue possess negligible adsorbing capacity, whereas kidney and sperm gave some adsorption. Of the brain regions examined, only cerebellum removed all immunofluorescence and cytotoxic activity, whereas other regions removed less than 90%, suggesting the possibility of cerebellar specific antigens on certain cell types. Only mouse and rat cerebellum gave measurable adsorptions, and this capacity decreased with increasing age. Although cerebellar mutants (stagger, weaver, and nervous) possessed similar adsorptive capacity, glioma and neuroblastoma clonal cell lines differed measurably in their adsorption; only the mouse neuroblastoma clones displayed significant adsorption of the antiserum.", "contents": "Cerebellar cell surface antigens of mouse brain. Reaggregated cells from 6- to 8-day-old mouse cerebella have been used to raise antibodies in rabbits. The interaction of these antibodies with cerebellar cell surface components was assessed by cytotoxicity of 51Cr-labeled cerebellar cell cultures and indirect immunofluorescence. A quantitative comparison of the relative amount of antigen on cells from other mouse tissues, brain regions, cerebella of various aged mice and mutant mice, and other animal species, as well as several clonal cell lines of nervous system origin, was made. A fixed subthreshold concentration of antiserum was adsorbed with increasing numbers of dissociated cells or amounts of particulate tissue prior to incubation with complement and 51Cr-labeled cerebellar target cells. Mouse thymus, spleen, liver, and heart tissue possess negligible adsorbing capacity, whereas kidney and sperm gave some adsorption. Of the brain regions examined, only cerebellum removed all immunofluorescence and cytotoxic activity, whereas other regions removed less than 90%, suggesting the possibility of cerebellar specific antigens on certain cell types. Only mouse and rat cerebellum gave measurable adsorptions, and this capacity decreased with increasing age. Although cerebellar mutants (stagger, weaver, and nervous) possessed similar adsorptive capacity, glioma and neuroblastoma clonal cell lines differed measurably in their adsorption; only the mouse neuroblastoma clones displayed significant adsorption of the antiserum.", "PMID": 1105574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1106", "title": "Mechanism of dissociation of ribosomes of Escherichia coli by initiation factor IF-3.", "content": "Initiation factor IF-3 clearly can cause dissociation of ribosomes by binding to 30S subunits and thus shifting the spontaneous equilibrium, but it theoretically may also do so by binding to 70S ribosomes. Previously reported experiments with differentially labeled ribosomes and subunits seemed to eliminate the latter mechanism, but these experiments neglected a substantial decrease in the specific activity of the added subunits resulting from net dissociation of the ribosomes by IF-3. The present experiments eliminate or correct this effect. The results exclude direct action on 70S ribosomes as a significant mechanism of dissociation by IF-3.", "contents": "Mechanism of dissociation of ribosomes of Escherichia coli by initiation factor IF-3. Initiation factor IF-3 clearly can cause dissociation of ribosomes by binding to 30S subunits and thus shifting the spontaneous equilibrium, but it theoretically may also do so by binding to 70S ribosomes. Previously reported experiments with differentially labeled ribosomes and subunits seemed to eliminate the latter mechanism, but these experiments neglected a substantial decrease in the specific activity of the added subunits resulting from net dissociation of the ribosomes by IF-3. The present experiments eliminate or correct this effect. The results exclude direct action on 70S ribosomes as a significant mechanism of dissociation by IF-3.", "PMID": 1105575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1107", "title": "Identification of a soluble protein that stimulates peptide bond synthesis.", "content": "A soluble protein factor was isolated, free of elongation factor (EF)-T and EF-G, based on its ability to stimulate the synthesis of peptide bonds using ribosomal bound 70S-AUG-N-formyl-[35S]methionyl-tRNA complex and added puromycin as substrates. Over 90% of this activity was found in the ribosome-free cytoplasm of Escherichia coli extracts. Otherfeatures such as molecular weight, purification properties, and catalytic activities distinguish this factor from ribosomal proteins and known activators of translation. The factor requires all components needed for peptide bond synthesis and is inhibited by antibiotics known to specifically block the peptidyl transferase activity of ribosomes. The factor increases the binding affinity of the ribosome for the aminoacyl-tRNA analog puromycin about 10-fold. We suggest that this extraribosomal factor modulates the intrinsic activity of ribosomes to catalyze peptide-bond synthesis, and regard it as a new factor required for peptide chain elongation, which we call EF-P.", "contents": "Identification of a soluble protein that stimulates peptide bond synthesis. A soluble protein factor was isolated, free of elongation factor (EF)-T and EF-G, based on its ability to stimulate the synthesis of peptide bonds using ribosomal bound 70S-AUG-N-formyl-[35S]methionyl-tRNA complex and added puromycin as substrates. Over 90% of this activity was found in the ribosome-free cytoplasm of Escherichia coli extracts. Otherfeatures such as molecular weight, purification properties, and catalytic activities distinguish this factor from ribosomal proteins and known activators of translation. The factor requires all components needed for peptide bond synthesis and is inhibited by antibiotics known to specifically block the peptidyl transferase activity of ribosomes. The factor increases the binding affinity of the ribosome for the aminoacyl-tRNA analog puromycin about 10-fold. We suggest that this extraribosomal factor modulates the intrinsic activity of ribosomes to catalyze peptide-bond synthesis, and regard it as a new factor required for peptide chain elongation, which we call EF-P.", "PMID": 1105576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1108", "title": "Enzymatic induction of DNA double-strand breaks in gamma-irradiated Escherichia coli K-12.", "content": "The polA1 mutation increases the sensitivity of E. coli K-12 by killing by gamma-irradiation in air by a factor of 2.9 and increases the yield of DNA double-strand breaks by a factor of 2.5. These additional DNA double-strand breaks appear to be due to the action of nucleases in the polA1 strain rather than to the rejoining of radiation-induced double-strand breaks in the pol+ strain. This conclusion is based upon the observation that gamma-irradiation at 3 degrees did not affect the yield of DNA double-strand breaks in the pol+ strain, but decreased the yield in the polA1 strain by a factor of 2.2. Irradiation of the polA1 strain at 3 degrees followed by incubation at 3 degrees for 20 min before plating resulted in approximately a 1.5-fold increase in the D0. The yield of DNA double-strand breaks was reduced by a factor of 1.5. The pol+ strain, however, did not show the protective effect of the low temperature incubation upon either survival or DNA double-strand breakage. We suggest that the increased yield of DNA double-strand breaks in the polA1 strain may be the result of the unsuccessful exision repair of ionizing radiation-induced DNA base damage.", "contents": "Enzymatic induction of DNA double-strand breaks in gamma-irradiated Escherichia coli K-12. The polA1 mutation increases the sensitivity of E. coli K-12 by killing by gamma-irradiation in air by a factor of 2.9 and increases the yield of DNA double-strand breaks by a factor of 2.5. These additional DNA double-strand breaks appear to be due to the action of nucleases in the polA1 strain rather than to the rejoining of radiation-induced double-strand breaks in the pol+ strain. This conclusion is based upon the observation that gamma-irradiation at 3 degrees did not affect the yield of DNA double-strand breaks in the pol+ strain, but decreased the yield in the polA1 strain by a factor of 2.2. Irradiation of the polA1 strain at 3 degrees followed by incubation at 3 degrees for 20 min before plating resulted in approximately a 1.5-fold increase in the D0. The yield of DNA double-strand breaks was reduced by a factor of 1.5. The pol+ strain, however, did not show the protective effect of the low temperature incubation upon either survival or DNA double-strand breakage. We suggest that the increased yield of DNA double-strand breaks in the polA1 strain may be the result of the unsuccessful exision repair of ionizing radiation-induced DNA base damage.", "PMID": 1105577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1109", "title": "Quaternary constraint in hybrid of aspartate transcarbamylase containing wild-type and mutant catalytic subunits.", "content": "Unusual quaternary constraint in the regulatory enzyme, aspartate transcarbamylase (aspartate carbamoyltransferase or carbamoylphosphate:L-aspartate carbamoyltransferase, EC 2.1.3.2) from Escherichia coli, was demonstrated with a hybrid composed of one inactive \"catalytic\" subunit from a mutant strain and one active catalytic subunit and three regulatory subunits from the wild-type strain. The hybrid had a high affinity for three molecules of the bi-substrat analog, N-(phosphonacetyl)-L-aspartate, compared to the six strong binding sites in the wild-type enzyme and none in the mutant. However, the Vmax of the hybrid was only about 25% that of the wild-type enzyme. In addition, the hybrid exhibited a very low apparent affinity for the substrate, aspartate [Michaelis constant (Km) about 90 mM], as compared to the wild-type enzyme (apparent Km of 7 mM). No homotropic effect was observed for the hybrid in the absence of nucleotides as contrasted to the cooperativity of the wild-type enzyme; also, large changes in the Vmax of the hybrid were caused by the addition of the nucleotide effectors, CTP and ATP, which do not affect the Vmax of the wild-type, but influence only the cooperativity and the apparent Km. Although the hybrid undergoes a ligand-promoted conformational change analogous to that of the wild-type enzyme, this transition required a 20-fold higher concentration of the substrate analog, succinate. It appears that the \"paralysis\" of the wild-type catalytic subunit in the hybrid can be attributed to subunit interactions which constrain the molecule in a low-affinity state.", "contents": "Quaternary constraint in hybrid of aspartate transcarbamylase containing wild-type and mutant catalytic subunits. Unusual quaternary constraint in the regulatory enzyme, aspartate transcarbamylase (aspartate carbamoyltransferase or carbamoylphosphate:L-aspartate carbamoyltransferase, EC 2.1.3.2) from Escherichia coli, was demonstrated with a hybrid composed of one inactive \"catalytic\" subunit from a mutant strain and one active catalytic subunit and three regulatory subunits from the wild-type strain. The hybrid had a high affinity for three molecules of the bi-substrat analog, N-(phosphonacetyl)-L-aspartate, compared to the six strong binding sites in the wild-type enzyme and none in the mutant. However, the Vmax of the hybrid was only about 25% that of the wild-type enzyme. In addition, the hybrid exhibited a very low apparent affinity for the substrate, aspartate [Michaelis constant (Km) about 90 mM], as compared to the wild-type enzyme (apparent Km of 7 mM). No homotropic effect was observed for the hybrid in the absence of nucleotides as contrasted to the cooperativity of the wild-type enzyme; also, large changes in the Vmax of the hybrid were caused by the addition of the nucleotide effectors, CTP and ATP, which do not affect the Vmax of the wild-type, but influence only the cooperativity and the apparent Km. Although the hybrid undergoes a ligand-promoted conformational change analogous to that of the wild-type enzyme, this transition required a 20-fold higher concentration of the substrate analog, succinate. It appears that the \"paralysis\" of the wild-type catalytic subunit in the hybrid can be attributed to subunit interactions which constrain the molecule in a low-affinity state.", "PMID": 1105578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1110", "title": "Structural properties of pyruvate carboxylases from chicken liver and other sources.", "content": "Varieties of pyruvate carboxylase [pyruvate: CO2 ligase (ADP-forming), EC 6.4.1.1] obtained from the livers of several species of vertebrates, including humans, all show the same basic structure. They are composed of large polypeptide chains of molecular weights ranging from 1.2 to 1.3 X 10(5) for the different varieties of the enzyme. The native form of the enzyme appears to be a tetramer with a molecular weight of about 5 X 10(5). In the case of pyruvate carboxylase from chicken liver each polypeptide chain contains a biotin moiety, thus supporting the thesis that the tetramer contains four identical polypeptide chains. Pyruvate carboxylase from yeast appears to be basically similar to those from the vertebrate species and has a tetrameric structure. Each protomer contains a single polypeptide chain with a molecular weitht of 1.25 X 10(5). In contrast, pyruvate carboxylase from two bacterial species, Pseudomonas citronellolis and Axotobacter vinelandii, appears to be a dimer with a molecular weight (2.5 X 10(5)) about half that of the animal and yeast species. As a further difference, each of the protomers of the bacterial enzymes contain two polypeptides of 6.5 and 5.4 X 10(5) molecular weight in case of the Pseudomonas enzyme. The larger of the two polypeptides contains the biotin moiety. The functional units of the bacterial enzyme thus appear to contain two polypeptides while that of the liver and yeast enzymes is made up of a single chain. Neither of these arrangements corresponds with those of other biotin enzymes whose structure has been extensively studied (acetyl-CoA carboxylases from liver or Excherichia coli, and transcarboxylase from Propionibacterium).", "contents": "Structural properties of pyruvate carboxylases from chicken liver and other sources. Varieties of pyruvate carboxylase [pyruvate: CO2 ligase (ADP-forming), EC 6.4.1.1] obtained from the livers of several species of vertebrates, including humans, all show the same basic structure. They are composed of large polypeptide chains of molecular weights ranging from 1.2 to 1.3 X 10(5) for the different varieties of the enzyme. The native form of the enzyme appears to be a tetramer with a molecular weight of about 5 X 10(5). In the case of pyruvate carboxylase from chicken liver each polypeptide chain contains a biotin moiety, thus supporting the thesis that the tetramer contains four identical polypeptide chains. Pyruvate carboxylase from yeast appears to be basically similar to those from the vertebrate species and has a tetrameric structure. Each protomer contains a single polypeptide chain with a molecular weitht of 1.25 X 10(5). In contrast, pyruvate carboxylase from two bacterial species, Pseudomonas citronellolis and Axotobacter vinelandii, appears to be a dimer with a molecular weight (2.5 X 10(5)) about half that of the animal and yeast species. As a further difference, each of the protomers of the bacterial enzymes contain two polypeptides of 6.5 and 5.4 X 10(5) molecular weight in case of the Pseudomonas enzyme. The larger of the two polypeptides contains the biotin moiety. The functional units of the bacterial enzyme thus appear to contain two polypeptides while that of the liver and yeast enzymes is made up of a single chain. Neither of these arrangements corresponds with those of other biotin enzymes whose structure has been extensively studied (acetyl-CoA carboxylases from liver or Excherichia coli, and transcarboxylase from Propionibacterium).", "PMID": 1105579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1111", "title": "Identification of a region in 23S rRNA located at the peptidyl transferase center.", "content": "A photolyzable derivative of dipeptidyl-tRNA, p-azido-N-tBoc-Phe-[3H]Phe-tRNA, bound reversibly to 70S ribosomes in the presence of poly(U), becomes, when irradiated, covalently attached to components of the 50S ribosomal subunit. Most of the reaction occurs within the 23S RNA, while ribosomal proteins are only weakly labeled. Reversible binding as well as the covalent reaction are reduced in the absence of poly(U) or in the presence of several antibiotics specific for the 50S ribosomal subunit. There are apparently few sites (or perhaps a single site) of reaction on the 23S RNA that are exclusively located within the 2000 nucleotides from the 3 terminus of the molecule. Part of the 23S RNA within this region must therefore be closely associated with the peptidyl transferase center of the ribosome.", "contents": "Identification of a region in 23S rRNA located at the peptidyl transferase center. A photolyzable derivative of dipeptidyl-tRNA, p-azido-N-tBoc-Phe-[3H]Phe-tRNA, bound reversibly to 70S ribosomes in the presence of poly(U), becomes, when irradiated, covalently attached to components of the 50S ribosomal subunit. Most of the reaction occurs within the 23S RNA, while ribosomal proteins are only weakly labeled. Reversible binding as well as the covalent reaction are reduced in the absence of poly(U) or in the presence of several antibiotics specific for the 50S ribosomal subunit. There are apparently few sites (or perhaps a single site) of reaction on the 23S RNA that are exclusively located within the 2000 nucleotides from the 3 terminus of the molecule. Part of the 23S RNA within this region must therefore be closely associated with the peptidyl transferase center of the ribosome.", "PMID": 1105580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1112", "title": "Biochemical construction and selection of hybrid plasmids containing specific segments of the Escherichia coli genome.", "content": "Using a poly(dA-dT) \"connector\" method, a population of annealed hybrid circular DNAs was constructed in vitro; each hybrid DNA circle containing one full-length molecule of poly(dT)-tailed DNA from E1 colicinogenic factor (Col E1) fragmented by EcoRI endonuclease annealed to any one of a collection of poly(dA)-tailed linear DNA fragments of the entire E. coli genome. This annealed, but unligated, hybrid DNA was used to transform several different auxotrophic mutants of E. coli, and by direct selection, bacterial clones were isolated which contained specific hybrid plasmids. In this manner, bacterial strains containing Col E1 hybrid plasmids carrying the entire tryptophan operon or the arabinsoe and leucine operons were isolated. The methods described should allow the molecular cloning of any portion of the E. coli genome by selection from a pool of DNA molecules containing at least several hundred different hybrids representing the entire bacterial genome.", "contents": "Biochemical construction and selection of hybrid plasmids containing specific segments of the Escherichia coli genome. Using a poly(dA-dT) \"connector\" method, a population of annealed hybrid circular DNAs was constructed in vitro; each hybrid DNA circle containing one full-length molecule of poly(dT)-tailed DNA from E1 colicinogenic factor (Col E1) fragmented by EcoRI endonuclease annealed to any one of a collection of poly(dA)-tailed linear DNA fragments of the entire E. coli genome. This annealed, but unligated, hybrid DNA was used to transform several different auxotrophic mutants of E. coli, and by direct selection, bacterial clones were isolated which contained specific hybrid plasmids. In this manner, bacterial strains containing Col E1 hybrid plasmids carrying the entire tryptophan operon or the arabinsoe and leucine operons were isolated. The methods described should allow the molecular cloning of any portion of the E. coli genome by selection from a pool of DNA molecules containing at least several hundred different hybrids representing the entire bacterial genome.", "PMID": 1105581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1113", "title": "Guanosine 5'-diphosphate 3'-diphosphate (ppGpp): positive effector for histidine operon transcription and general signal for amino-acid deficiency.", "content": "Maximal expression of the histidine operon of Salmonella typhimurium in a coupled in vitro transcription-translation system is strongly dependent upon addition of guanosine 5'-diphosphate 3'-diphosphate (ppGpp). This requirement for ppGpp is exerted at the level of transcription through a mechanism distinct from the his-operon-specific regulatory mechanism. In vivo derepression of the his operon is markedly defective when histidine starvation is imposed on a relA mutant--unable to rapidly increase synthesis of ppGpp--growing in amino-acid-rich medium. Increased sensitivity of relA mutants to growth inhibition by a number of amino-acid analogs suggests that ppGpp is generally important in adjusting expression of amino-acid-producing systems. Analysis of these findings leads us to propose that ppGpp is a positive effector in a system that enables the cell to balance endogenous amino-acid production with environmental conditions of amino-acid availability, and to compensate efficiently for transient changes in these conditions. We propose a unifying theory of the role of ppGpp as the general signal molecule (alarmone) in a \"super-control\" which senses an amino-acid deficiency and redirects the cell's economy in response.", "contents": "Guanosine 5'-diphosphate 3'-diphosphate (ppGpp): positive effector for histidine operon transcription and general signal for amino-acid deficiency. Maximal expression of the histidine operon of Salmonella typhimurium in a coupled in vitro transcription-translation system is strongly dependent upon addition of guanosine 5'-diphosphate 3'-diphosphate (ppGpp). This requirement for ppGpp is exerted at the level of transcription through a mechanism distinct from the his-operon-specific regulatory mechanism. In vivo derepression of the his operon is markedly defective when histidine starvation is imposed on a relA mutant--unable to rapidly increase synthesis of ppGpp--growing in amino-acid-rich medium. Increased sensitivity of relA mutants to growth inhibition by a number of amino-acid analogs suggests that ppGpp is generally important in adjusting expression of amino-acid-producing systems. Analysis of these findings leads us to propose that ppGpp is a positive effector in a system that enables the cell to balance endogenous amino-acid production with environmental conditions of amino-acid availability, and to compensate efficiently for transient changes in these conditions. We propose a unifying theory of the role of ppGpp as the general signal molecule (alarmone) in a \"super-control\" which senses an amino-acid deficiency and redirects the cell's economy in response.", "PMID": 1105582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1114", "title": "Structure of yeast phenylalanine transfer RNA at 2.5 A resolution.", "content": "The x-ray analysis of the monoclinic form of yeast tRNAPhe has been taken to a resolution of 2.5 A by the method of isomorphous replacement. The model proposed at 3 A has been confirmed and extended to reveal additional features of the tertiary structure and of the stereochemistry. An extensive hydrogen bonding network is described involving specific interactions between bases and the ribose-phosphate backbone. The structure of a G-U base pair has been solved.", "contents": "Structure of yeast phenylalanine transfer RNA at 2.5 A resolution. The x-ray analysis of the monoclinic form of yeast tRNAPhe has been taken to a resolution of 2.5 A by the method of isomorphous replacement. The model proposed at 3 A has been confirmed and extended to reveal additional features of the tertiary structure and of the stereochemistry. An extensive hydrogen bonding network is described involving specific interactions between bases and the ribose-phosphate backbone. The structure of a G-U base pair has been solved.", "PMID": 1105583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1115", "title": "Two stages in lymphocyte mediator production by differential susceptibility to blockade using niridazole.", "content": "Sera from guinea pigs given niridazole, an anti-schistosomal compound, have been shown to reversibly block the production of antigen-induced migration inhibitory factor by sensitized guinea pig lymph node cells. Since niridazole itself has no effect in vitro, the blockade of production of migration inhibitory factor is probably due to drug metabolites in the serum. We report here further studies on the mechanism of this drug-induced suppression of cellular hypersensitivity; the data show that niridazole active serum does not block the production of migration inhibitory factor once it has been initiated. Indeed, if niridazole active serum is added a little as 60 sec after the addition of antigen, the lymphocytes will produce migration inhibitory factor. These results suggest the presence of at least two stages in production of migration inhibitory factor after the addition of antigen to lymphocytes. The first, lasting less than 60 sec, is susceptible to blockade by niridazole active serum; the second is not. The elucidation of the mechanism of this blockade should lead to further understanding of the early events after antigen triggering of sensitized lymphocytes.", "contents": "Two stages in lymphocyte mediator production by differential susceptibility to blockade using niridazole. Sera from guinea pigs given niridazole, an anti-schistosomal compound, have been shown to reversibly block the production of antigen-induced migration inhibitory factor by sensitized guinea pig lymph node cells. Since niridazole itself has no effect in vitro, the blockade of production of migration inhibitory factor is probably due to drug metabolites in the serum. We report here further studies on the mechanism of this drug-induced suppression of cellular hypersensitivity; the data show that niridazole active serum does not block the production of migration inhibitory factor once it has been initiated. Indeed, if niridazole active serum is added a little as 60 sec after the addition of antigen, the lymphocytes will produce migration inhibitory factor. These results suggest the presence of at least two stages in production of migration inhibitory factor after the addition of antigen to lymphocytes. The first, lasting less than 60 sec, is susceptible to blockade by niridazole active serum; the second is not. The elucidation of the mechanism of this blockade should lead to further understanding of the early events after antigen triggering of sensitized lymphocytes.", "PMID": 1105584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1116", "title": "Association of salmonella mutants with germfree rats: site specific model to detect carcinogens as mutagens.", "content": "An association of the histidine auxotroph of Salmonella typhimurium (strain TA1538) within the gastrointestinal tract of otherwise germfree Sprague-Dawley rats is maintained during periods of observation lasting as long as 7 months. The bacteria are found at levels exceeding 10(7) per g in the forestomach and at levels greater than 10(8) per g in the lower bowel and in the feces. Only approximately 10(4) bacteria per g are found in the posterior stomach and in the upper small intestine. The association of the salmonella mutants is maintained when the bacterial association is increased by the addition of other bacteria characteristic of the gastrointestinal flora. Carcinogenic amines, which cause strain TA1538 to revert to histidine independence in Ames' in vitro assays, increase the number of revertants in the feces when fed to the salmonella-associated rats. In contrast, the number of revertants in the feces does not increase when the rats are fed structurally related compounds which are not mutagenic to the bacteria in vitro and for which no evidence of carcinogenicity exists. Sacrifice of rats after feeding the carcinogen 2-nitrofluorene indicates that the number of revertants is increased in the cecum and colon as well as in the feces. The apparent proximity of the bacterial mutagenic response to the location of the tumor response in the colon suggests that the rat associated with the histidine auxotroph may provide a useful model for further investigation of the possible association between bacterial mutagenesis and carcinogenesis within the gastrointestinal tract. In addition, with this model it may be possible to evaluate selectively the effects of various constituents of the flora on the activation of compounds provoking the revertant response.", "contents": "Association of salmonella mutants with germfree rats: site specific model to detect carcinogens as mutagens. An association of the histidine auxotroph of Salmonella typhimurium (strain TA1538) within the gastrointestinal tract of otherwise germfree Sprague-Dawley rats is maintained during periods of observation lasting as long as 7 months. The bacteria are found at levels exceeding 10(7) per g in the forestomach and at levels greater than 10(8) per g in the lower bowel and in the feces. Only approximately 10(4) bacteria per g are found in the posterior stomach and in the upper small intestine. The association of the salmonella mutants is maintained when the bacterial association is increased by the addition of other bacteria characteristic of the gastrointestinal flora. Carcinogenic amines, which cause strain TA1538 to revert to histidine independence in Ames' in vitro assays, increase the number of revertants in the feces when fed to the salmonella-associated rats. In contrast, the number of revertants in the feces does not increase when the rats are fed structurally related compounds which are not mutagenic to the bacteria in vitro and for which no evidence of carcinogenicity exists. Sacrifice of rats after feeding the carcinogen 2-nitrofluorene indicates that the number of revertants is increased in the cecum and colon as well as in the feces. The apparent proximity of the bacterial mutagenic response to the location of the tumor response in the colon suggests that the rat associated with the histidine auxotroph may provide a useful model for further investigation of the possible association between bacterial mutagenesis and carcinogenesis within the gastrointestinal tract. In addition, with this model it may be possible to evaluate selectively the effects of various constituents of the flora on the activation of compounds provoking the revertant response.", "PMID": 1105585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1117", "title": "Role of methionine in bacterial chemotaxis: requirement for tumbling and involvement in information processing.", "content": "Chemotactic responses are mediated by modulation of the frequency of tumbling. Studies with methionine auxotrophs of wild-type Escherichia coli and four mutants which tumble continuously show that methionine or one of its metabolites is involved in the tumbling process. Following removal of methionine, the wild type and two mutants, after various periods of time, became unable to tumble. The presence of constant levels of chemical attractants considerably shortened these periods in the three strains and eliminated tumbling in another mutant. This effect of attractants considerably shortened these periods in the three strains and eliminated tumbling in another mutant. This effect of attractants implies that methionine or some derivative of methionine is also involved in transducing chemical stimuli to bacterial responses.", "contents": "Role of methionine in bacterial chemotaxis: requirement for tumbling and involvement in information processing. Chemotactic responses are mediated by modulation of the frequency of tumbling. Studies with methionine auxotrophs of wild-type Escherichia coli and four mutants which tumble continuously show that methionine or one of its metabolites is involved in the tumbling process. Following removal of methionine, the wild type and two mutants, after various periods of time, became unable to tumble. The presence of constant levels of chemical attractants considerably shortened these periods in the three strains and eliminated tumbling in another mutant. This effect of attractants considerably shortened these periods in the three strains and eliminated tumbling in another mutant. This effect of attractants implies that methionine or some derivative of methionine is also involved in transducing chemical stimuli to bacterial responses.", "PMID": 1105586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1118", "title": "Induction of error-prone repair as a consequence of DNA ligase deficiency in Escherichia coli.", "content": "DNA ligase deficiency is shown to induce generalized mutator activity in E. coli. This mutator activity is unaffected by 3 mug/ml of chloramphenicol but is abolished both in lig-recA double mutants and by incubation with 20 mug/ml of chloramphenicol. Dna ligase deficiency is also shown to reactivate ultraviolet light-irradiated phage lambda and T7 and to increase both spontaneous and ultraviolet light-induced mutagenesis in phage lambda, all of which are abolished in lig-recA strains. Interaction occurs between the molecular events of mutagenesis induced by ultraviolet irradiation and those induced by DNA ligase deficiency. These observations suggest a common pathway, coordinately expressed with the inducible repair mode, that is responsible for mutagenesis.", "contents": "Induction of error-prone repair as a consequence of DNA ligase deficiency in Escherichia coli. DNA ligase deficiency is shown to induce generalized mutator activity in E. coli. This mutator activity is unaffected by 3 mug/ml of chloramphenicol but is abolished both in lig-recA double mutants and by incubation with 20 mug/ml of chloramphenicol. Dna ligase deficiency is also shown to reactivate ultraviolet light-irradiated phage lambda and T7 and to increase both spontaneous and ultraviolet light-induced mutagenesis in phage lambda, all of which are abolished in lig-recA strains. Interaction occurs between the molecular events of mutagenesis induced by ultraviolet irradiation and those induced by DNA ligase deficiency. These observations suggest a common pathway, coordinately expressed with the inducible repair mode, that is responsible for mutagenesis.", "PMID": 1105587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1119", "title": "An x-ray study of valgus ankles in spina bifida children with valgus flat foot deformity.", "content": "Radiological examination of the ankles of spina bifida children with flail lower limbs and valgus flat foot deformity has revealed a high incidence of abnormal valgus tilt of the ankle-joint. A study of ankle X-rays of spina bifida children before and after extra-articular subtalar fusion in which the bone graft is removed from the ipsilateral tibia has shown that the valgus tilt of the mortice may increase after this procedure.", "contents": "An x-ray study of valgus ankles in spina bifida children with valgus flat foot deformity. Radiological examination of the ankles of spina bifida children with flail lower limbs and valgus flat foot deformity has revealed a high incidence of abnormal valgus tilt of the ankle-joint. A study of ankle X-rays of spina bifida children before and after extra-articular subtalar fusion in which the bone graft is removed from the ipsilateral tibia has shown that the valgus tilt of the mortice may increase after this procedure.", "PMID": 1105595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1120", "title": "Improved rapid method to check electrode localizations in the brain.", "content": "A modification of known rapid methods to check electrode localization in the brain is described: the essential point consists in immersing the brain, after fixation in 4 percent Formalin, in pure heptane at -30 degrees C for 5 hr. Unstained sections, cut with the freezing microtome, are placed uncovered on glass slides and photographed (in an enlarger, as if they were negatives) either wet, to obtain  a contrast resembling Weil staining, or dry, to obtain a picture corresponding to Nissl staining.", "contents": "Improved rapid method to check electrode localizations in the brain. A modification of known rapid methods to check electrode localization in the brain is described: the essential point consists in immersing the brain, after fixation in 4 percent Formalin, in pure heptane at -30 degrees C for 5 hr. Unstained sections, cut with the freezing microtome, are placed uncovered on glass slides and photographed (in an enlarger, as if they were negatives) either wet, to obtain  a contrast resembling Weil staining, or dry, to obtain a picture corresponding to Nissl staining.", "PMID": 1105607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1121", "title": "[Physical methods in the treatment and prevention of deep phlebitis of the leg].", "content": "By the term \"physical methods\" the author envisages primarily walking, wearing an elastic support, and rest with the legs raised. Physical methods for the prevention and cure of phlebitis were worked out by two French surgeons between the two wars but have been rapidly replaced by coagulant treatment. Now these methods have been reduced, in most cases, simply to a \"fight against haemostasis\" by means of verbal instructions and with no relation to the original methods : in many cases the methods are not known to the younger generation of physicians because they have not been taught them. Several factors are leading to renewed interest in these methods : on the one hand the undeniable dissatisfaction with anticoagulant therapy, and on the other hand the many experiments that, in the last 15 years, have led to an understanding of the mode of action of the physical methods. These experiments are reviewed in the present article. From the practical point of view, improvements in materials have led to improvements in the range of bandaging techniques. The authors looked back at the original publications, that is to say to the publications of Chalier and of Nard, who described methods, which have been much referred to, that were quite exacting. The different types of bandaging for the prevention and cure of thrombosis are illustrated by numerous pictures. In the curative treatment of phlebitis, there are three essential indications for the use of physical methods : contraindications for anticoagulants, their failure, and the prevention of sequelae. In the prevention of phlebitis, the raising of the legs when seated, a factor in a quasi-experimental stasis, must give way to mobilization - very early and very frequent walking. It is the opinion of specialists in phlebitis, who have used these methods over many years, that the physical methods, which are also physiological, are a valuable complement to biological methods. Their effectiveness is, however, a function of the rigour with which they are applied : --as regards degree : the support must be applied in the correct dosage, as, for example, must heparin and digitalin ; --as regards staff : the patient and his associates must collaborate closely, and nursing staff are indispensable ; --as regards skill : the faith of the physician alone can overcome the doubts or scepticism of others.", "contents": "[Physical methods in the treatment and prevention of deep phlebitis of the leg]. By the term \"physical methods\" the author envisages primarily walking, wearing an elastic support, and rest with the legs raised. Physical methods for the prevention and cure of phlebitis were worked out by two French surgeons between the two wars but have been rapidly replaced by coagulant treatment. Now these methods have been reduced, in most cases, simply to a \"fight against haemostasis\" by means of verbal instructions and with no relation to the original methods : in many cases the methods are not known to the younger generation of physicians because they have not been taught them. Several factors are leading to renewed interest in these methods : on the one hand the undeniable dissatisfaction with anticoagulant therapy, and on the other hand the many experiments that, in the last 15 years, have led to an understanding of the mode of action of the physical methods. These experiments are reviewed in the present article. From the practical point of view, improvements in materials have led to improvements in the range of bandaging techniques. The authors looked back at the original publications, that is to say to the publications of Chalier and of Nard, who described methods, which have been much referred to, that were quite exacting. The different types of bandaging for the prevention and cure of thrombosis are illustrated by numerous pictures. In the curative treatment of phlebitis, there are three essential indications for the use of physical methods : contraindications for anticoagulants, their failure, and the prevention of sequelae. In the prevention of phlebitis, the raising of the legs when seated, a factor in a quasi-experimental stasis, must give way to mobilization - very early and very frequent walking. It is the opinion of specialists in phlebitis, who have used these methods over many years, that the physical methods, which are also physiological, are a valuable complement to biological methods. Their effectiveness is, however, a function of the rigour with which they are applied : --as regards degree : the support must be applied in the correct dosage, as, for example, must heparin and digitalin ; --as regards staff : the patient and his associates must collaborate closely, and nursing staff are indispensable ; --as regards skill : the faith of the physician alone can overcome the doubts or scepticism of others.", "PMID": 1105604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1122", "title": "[Brain tumor diagnosis using 3-detector-gamma-encephalography].", "content": "The probability of diagnosis of brain tumours by means of 3-detector-gamma-encephalography (Hg 197-Neohydrin) is higher than that of the scintigraphic procedures so far available. Above all, the diagnostic accuracy of foci with low storage rates and space-occupying processes of the infratentorial region is improved. The short duration of the examination allows the method to be applied as a screening test.", "contents": "[Brain tumor diagnosis using 3-detector-gamma-encephalography]. The probability of diagnosis of brain tumours by means of 3-detector-gamma-encephalography (Hg 197-Neohydrin) is higher than that of the scintigraphic procedures so far available. Above all, the diagnostic accuracy of foci with low storage rates and space-occupying processes of the infratentorial region is improved. The short duration of the examination allows the method to be applied as a screening test.", "PMID": 1105614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1123", "title": "[Report on research into the methods of group psychotherapy].", "content": "An attempt has been made by the present authors to arrive at a better understanding of and describe, the process of group therapy and its dynamics by means of an intensive and multidimensional study of a group of hospitalized neurotics undergoing psychotherapeutic treatment. The records of twenty group sessions, which were obtained from tape recordings, were analyzed by Hill's method with regard to their contents. Also, sociometric records were made of selected sessions, and we analyzed all of the various sessions and studies with regard to their latent manifestational contents. The results thus obtained are presently being evaluated. It appears that processes of group therapy are characterized by changes and by what may be called \"nodal points\"; what is suggestive of this is the noncasual coincidence of parameter variations observed when different methods of investigation were used. It is resonable to assume that interventions made at such points will increase the effectiveness of therapy.", "contents": "[Report on research into the methods of group psychotherapy]. An attempt has been made by the present authors to arrive at a better understanding of and describe, the process of group therapy and its dynamics by means of an intensive and multidimensional study of a group of hospitalized neurotics undergoing psychotherapeutic treatment. The records of twenty group sessions, which were obtained from tape recordings, were analyzed by Hill's method with regard to their contents. Also, sociometric records were made of selected sessions, and we analyzed all of the various sessions and studies with regard to their latent manifestational contents. The results thus obtained are presently being evaluated. It appears that processes of group therapy are characterized by changes and by what may be called \"nodal points\"; what is suggestive of this is the noncasual coincidence of parameter variations observed when different methods of investigation were used. It is resonable to assume that interventions made at such points will increase the effectiveness of therapy.", "PMID": 1105616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1124", "title": "[The position of concentrated relaxation in a training program for the psychoprerention of myocardial infarction].", "content": "After a summarised presentation of the institutional framework and of the aims of a  training programme developed from psychotherapeutic and social psychological techniques, the method of concentrated relaxation is described in detail and its especial function in the first phase of training is explained. Through prompt realization results being made available through identification being made easier by the assigning into groups, through the stimulation of independent activity and the creation of an initial awareness of the problem, concentrated relaxation becomes the upholding element of this first phase, the aim of which is the increasing of motivation towards further participation in training in this relatively unsusceptible group.", "contents": "[The position of concentrated relaxation in a training program for the psychoprerention of myocardial infarction]. After a summarised presentation of the institutional framework and of the aims of a  training programme developed from psychotherapeutic and social psychological techniques, the method of concentrated relaxation is described in detail and its especial function in the first phase of training is explained. Through prompt realization results being made available through identification being made easier by the assigning into groups, through the stimulation of independent activity and the creation of an initial awareness of the problem, concentrated relaxation becomes the upholding element of this first phase, the aim of which is the increasing of motivation towards further participation in training in this relatively unsusceptible group.", "PMID": 1105617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1125", "title": "The sexual significance of the axillae.", "content": "The present paper will review the existing material on the relationships between the axillae and sexuality, present examples of the relationship from clinical practice, everyday life, art, anthropology, mythology, and literature, and consider the relevant human and primate physiological knowledge.", "contents": "The sexual significance of the axillae. The present paper will review the existing material on the relationships between the axillae and sexuality, present examples of the relationship from clinical practice, everyday life, art, anthropology, mythology, and literature, and consider the relevant human and primate physiological knowledge.", "PMID": 1105619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1126", "title": "The significance of depersonalization in the life and writings of Joseph Conrad.", "content": "Through reference to his letters and fiction, this paper attempts to demonstrate how Conrad made use of depersonalization in order to cope with the childhood loss of his parents and to avoid, whenever possible, psychotic regression. Genetic and dynamic aspects of depersonalization are noted along with the relationship between dream and depersonalization.", "contents": "The significance of depersonalization in the life and writings of Joseph Conrad. Through reference to his letters and fiction, this paper attempts to demonstrate how Conrad made use of depersonalization in order to cope with the childhood loss of his parents and to avoid, whenever possible, psychotic regression. Genetic and dynamic aspects of depersonalization are noted along with the relationship between dream and depersonalization.", "PMID": 1105623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1127", "title": "Nostalgia: a 'forgotten' psychological disorder.", "content": "Nostalgia, a psychopathological condition affecting individuals who are uprooted, whose social contacts are fragmented, who are isolated and who feel totally frustrated and alienated, was first described in the 17th century and was a problem of considerable interest to physicians in the 18th and 19th centuries. By the 20th century it seemed to have disappeared, but reappeared under other labels.", "contents": "Nostalgia: a 'forgotten' psychological disorder. Nostalgia, a psychopathological condition affecting individuals who are uprooted, whose social contacts are fragmented, who are isolated and who feel totally frustrated and alienated, was first described in the 17th century and was a problem of considerable interest to physicians in the 18th and 19th centuries. By the 20th century it seemed to have disappeared, but reappeared under other labels.", "PMID": 1105625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1128", "title": "The effect of diazepam and fentanyl on mental, psychomotor and electroencephalographic functions and their rate of recovery.", "content": "Ten healthy male subjects received diazepam (10 or 20 mg), fentanyl (0.1 or 0.2 mg) or a placebo intravenously at weekly intervals according to a latin square design. They were tested on a battery of psychological and electroencephalographic tests at 0.5, 2, 6, and 8 hrs following injection. Fentanyl had little effect on memory while diazepam reduced the ability to learn without increasing forgetting of material alread acquired. By the 2nd hour post injection, only the low dose of fentanyl had no residual effect. Recovery was complete by the 6th hour for all treatments according to the psychological tests except for the lagging effect of high dose of diazepam on memory. The electroencephalographic effects of diazepam persisted beyond the end of the testing sessions while those of the high dose of fentanyl recovered by the 8th hour. Thus in the dosages tested, diazepam had more intense and prolonged effects than fentanyl.", "contents": "The effect of diazepam and fentanyl on mental, psychomotor and electroencephalographic functions and their rate of recovery. Ten healthy male subjects received diazepam (10 or 20 mg), fentanyl (0.1 or 0.2 mg) or a placebo intravenously at weekly intervals according to a latin square design. They were tested on a battery of psychological and electroencephalographic tests at 0.5, 2, 6, and 8 hrs following injection. Fentanyl had little effect on memory while diazepam reduced the ability to learn without increasing forgetting of material alread acquired. By the 2nd hour post injection, only the low dose of fentanyl had no residual effect. Recovery was complete by the 6th hour for all treatments according to the psychological tests except for the lagging effect of high dose of diazepam on memory. The electroencephalographic effects of diazepam persisted beyond the end of the testing sessions while those of the high dose of fentanyl recovered by the 8th hour. Thus in the dosages tested, diazepam had more intense and prolonged effects than fentanyl.", "PMID": 1105627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1129", "title": "Effect of ECT and imipramine treatment on the concentration of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5HIAA) and homovanillic acid (HVA) in the cerebrospinal fluid of depressed patients.", "content": "The influence of probenecid administration on 5HIAA and HVA concentrations in the CSF of depressed patients, was studied before and after treatment with imipramine or ECT. The average increase of the two metabolites in the CSF after probenecid was similar in the untreated depressed patients and in the same patients improved after both imipramine or ECT treatment. The treatment determined a significant increase in the CSF concentration of the acid metabolites also before the probenecid administration.", "contents": "Effect of ECT and imipramine treatment on the concentration of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5HIAA) and homovanillic acid (HVA) in the cerebrospinal fluid of depressed patients. The influence of probenecid administration on 5HIAA and HVA concentrations in the CSF of depressed patients, was studied before and after treatment with imipramine or ECT. The average increase of the two metabolites in the CSF after probenecid was similar in the untreated depressed patients and in the same patients improved after both imipramine or ECT treatment. The treatment determined a significant increase in the CSF concentration of the acid metabolites also before the probenecid administration.", "PMID": 1105628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1130", "title": "The effect of lithium treatment on manic symptoms and levels of monoamine metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid of manic depressive patients.", "content": "Clinical effects, levels of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) and homovanillic acid (HVA) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and lithium levels in serum were examined in 13 manic depressive patients acutely admitted because of a manic or hypomanic episode. Patients were examined before and 12 days after the beginning of lithium treatment. Manic scores were significantly reduced during treatment. The levels of 5-HIAA as well as HVA increased significantly during treatment. The HVA to 5-HIAA ratio was significantly reduced, indicating a more pronounced change in 5-HIAA than in HVA. The 5-HIAA and HVA levels before as well as after 12 days of treatment were significantly correlated. No significant correlation was found between manic scores and monoamine metabolites in CSF or between lithium level in serum and reduction of manic scores or elevation of monoamine metabolites in CSF in the relative small number of patients studied.", "contents": "The effect of lithium treatment on manic symptoms and levels of monoamine metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid of manic depressive patients. Clinical effects, levels of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) and homovanillic acid (HVA) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and lithium levels in serum were examined in 13 manic depressive patients acutely admitted because of a manic or hypomanic episode. Patients were examined before and 12 days after the beginning of lithium treatment. Manic scores were significantly reduced during treatment. The levels of 5-HIAA as well as HVA increased significantly during treatment. The HVA to 5-HIAA ratio was significantly reduced, indicating a more pronounced change in 5-HIAA than in HVA. The 5-HIAA and HVA levels before as well as after 12 days of treatment were significantly correlated. No significant correlation was found between manic scores and monoamine metabolites in CSF or between lithium level in serum and reduction of manic scores or elevation of monoamine metabolites in CSF in the relative small number of patients studied.", "PMID": 1105629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1131", "title": "Smooth-pursuit eye movements, and diazepam, CPZ, and secobarbital.", "content": "This study examined the effects on smooth-pursuit eye tracking of single doses of CPZ (0.667 and 1.334 mg/kg), diazepam (0.071, 0.142, and 0.284 mg/kg), and secobarbital (100 mg). Only the barbiturate significantly affected the ability to follow a moving target with smooth-pursuit eye movements. In repeated testing of a single subject, 130 mg of secobarbital disrupted smooth-pursuit movements at least until 24 hrs after ingestion.", "contents": "Smooth-pursuit eye movements, and diazepam, CPZ, and secobarbital. This study examined the effects on smooth-pursuit eye tracking of single doses of CPZ (0.667 and 1.334 mg/kg), diazepam (0.071, 0.142, and 0.284 mg/kg), and secobarbital (100 mg). Only the barbiturate significantly affected the ability to follow a moving target with smooth-pursuit eye movements. In repeated testing of a single subject, 130 mg of secobarbital disrupted smooth-pursuit movements at least until 24 hrs after ingestion.", "PMID": 1105630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1132", "title": "Divided attention performance of cannabis users and non-users following cannabis and alcohol.", "content": "The effects of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta9-THC) and alcohol, and their combination, on divided attention performance were compared for cannabis users and non-users of both sexes. Performance by all subjects was significantly impaired following 2.6 and 5.2 mg delta9-THC but not at blood alcohol concentrations of 48 and 96 mg/100 ml. The combined effect of the 2 drugs depended upon prior experience with cannabis. A synergistic action occurred in non-users while an antagonistic effect occurred in the group of users. Differences in the alcohol effects between users and non-users provided evidence of cross-tolerance between cannabis and alcohol.", "contents": "Divided attention performance of cannabis users and non-users following cannabis and alcohol. The effects of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta9-THC) and alcohol, and their combination, on divided attention performance were compared for cannabis users and non-users of both sexes. Performance by all subjects was significantly impaired following 2.6 and 5.2 mg delta9-THC but not at blood alcohol concentrations of 48 and 96 mg/100 ml. The combined effect of the 2 drugs depended upon prior experience with cannabis. A synergistic action occurred in non-users while an antagonistic effect occurred in the group of users. Differences in the alcohol effects between users and non-users provided evidence of cross-tolerance between cannabis and alcohol.", "PMID": 1105631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1133", "title": "A study of abrupt lithium withdrawal.", "content": "Twelve patients were abruptly switched from lithium to placebo as part of a double-blind cross-over study. In contrast to other drugs effective in mood disorders, lithium produced no withdrawal syndrome.", "contents": "A study of abrupt lithium withdrawal. Twelve patients were abruptly switched from lithium to placebo as part of a double-blind cross-over study. In contrast to other drugs effective in mood disorders, lithium produced no withdrawal syndrome.", "PMID": 1105632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1134", "title": "The effect of adrenaline on human platelet MAO activity.", "content": "Platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity was determined before and after the subcutaneous administration of adrenaline to nine healthy volunteers. Significant increases were found 15 min and 1 hr after adrenaline in the enzymatic activity with benzylamine acting as substrate. Increases were also found in all but two samples in the activity towards tyramine. Such increases may be part of a general response to \"stress\", and, if so, need to be taken into account when interpreting changes in platelet MAO activity in psychiatric patients.", "contents": "The effect of adrenaline on human platelet MAO activity. Platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity was determined before and after the subcutaneous administration of adrenaline to nine healthy volunteers. Significant increases were found 15 min and 1 hr after adrenaline in the enzymatic activity with benzylamine acting as substrate. Increases were also found in all but two samples in the activity towards tyramine. Such increases may be part of a general response to \"stress\", and, if so, need to be taken into account when interpreting changes in platelet MAO activity in psychiatric patients.", "PMID": 1105633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1135", "title": "Prediction of response to chlorpromazine treatment in schizophrenics.", "content": "A dose of 50 mg of chlorpromazine (CPZ) was  given to 6 untreated schizophrenic patients and 8 healthy volunteers at 7:00 a.m. before breakfast. Blood samples were taken 3, 6, 9 and 24 hrs after for the analyses of CPZ and its metabolites by gas chromatographic techniques. In the cases of schizophrenic patients, the CPZ treatment was continued. Serum drug levels were monitored and clinical response assessed. The drug levels in serum of another group of patients already under long term treatment were also determined. Although wide inter-patients variations in serum drug levels after a single dose administration were observed, the CPZ level in the patients decreased faster than in the normal subjects. Patients showing high levels of the metabolites such as demethylated CPZ and CPZ sulfoxide after a single dose of CPZ tended to achieve poorer clinical improvement in CPZ therapy, agreeing with the results that poor responders to long term CPZ treatment revealed relatively high levels of the metabolites of CPZ compared with CPZ level. The results indicate that the study of a single dose administration prior to initiating treatment with CPZ can be used to determine how an individual patient would respond to CPZ therapy and be a valuable tool in the rational pharmacotherapy of schizophrenic patients.", "contents": "Prediction of response to chlorpromazine treatment in schizophrenics. A dose of 50 mg of chlorpromazine (CPZ) was  given to 6 untreated schizophrenic patients and 8 healthy volunteers at 7:00 a.m. before breakfast. Blood samples were taken 3, 6, 9 and 24 hrs after for the analyses of CPZ and its metabolites by gas chromatographic techniques. In the cases of schizophrenic patients, the CPZ treatment was continued. Serum drug levels were monitored and clinical response assessed. The drug levels in serum of another group of patients already under long term treatment were also determined. Although wide inter-patients variations in serum drug levels after a single dose administration were observed, the CPZ level in the patients decreased faster than in the normal subjects. Patients showing high levels of the metabolites such as demethylated CPZ and CPZ sulfoxide after a single dose of CPZ tended to achieve poorer clinical improvement in CPZ therapy, agreeing with the results that poor responders to long term CPZ treatment revealed relatively high levels of the metabolites of CPZ compared with CPZ level. The results indicate that the study of a single dose administration prior to initiating treatment with CPZ can be used to determine how an individual patient would respond to CPZ therapy and be a valuable tool in the rational pharmacotherapy of schizophrenic patients.", "PMID": 1105634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1136", "title": "Insulin antibodies and the control of diabetes.", "content": "Seventy-two insulin-treated diabetic patients were classified on the basis of a clinical evaluation of their control of diabetes. There were 39 stable patients, 23 unstable patients and 10 patients of intermediate degree of control. Four insulin resistant patients were also studied. Serum insulin antibodies were measured in each patient and the concept of insulin buffering by its antibody was developed. Most unstable patients had low concentrations of insulin antibody. Twenty-four of the 39 stable patients had a significant concentration of insulin antibody and 15 patients had low levels of antibody. The insulin resistant patients had hugh levels of antibody. All unstable patients had low antibody buffering and all insulin resistant patients had high antibody buffering. Although many stable patients had buffering antibodies others lacking antibody required a low insulin dose and their stability of diabetic control was attributed to residual pancreatic function.", "contents": "Insulin antibodies and the control of diabetes. Seventy-two insulin-treated diabetic patients were classified on the basis of a clinical evaluation of their control of diabetes. There were 39 stable patients, 23 unstable patients and 10 patients of intermediate degree of control. Four insulin resistant patients were also studied. Serum insulin antibodies were measured in each patient and the concept of insulin buffering by its antibody was developed. Most unstable patients had low concentrations of insulin antibody. Twenty-four of the 39 stable patients had a significant concentration of insulin antibody and 15 patients had low levels of antibody. The insulin resistant patients had hugh levels of antibody. All unstable patients had low antibody buffering and all insulin resistant patients had high antibody buffering. Although many stable patients had buffering antibodies others lacking antibody required a low insulin dose and their stability of diabetic control was attributed to residual pancreatic function.", "PMID": 1105646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1137", "title": "Studies on the nature and causes of hyperlipidaemia in uraemia, maintenance dialysis and renal transplantation.", "content": "Fasting serum triglyceride and cholesterol measurements, and lipoprotein characterization by ultracentrifugation, were performed in four groups of patients with chronic renal disease (uraemic, short- and long-term haemodialysis and renal transplant recipients) and the results compared with those obtained from age- and sex-matched control subjects. Basal insulin and growth hormone levels, and serum creatinine and albumin concentrations were measured in, and detailed dietary histories taken from patients in each group. The predominant lipid abnormalities were hypertriglyceridaemia and increased very low density lipoproteins (type IV hyperlipoproteinaemia) in both uraemic and haemodialysis patients. Following renal transplantation, a different pattern of hyperlipidaemia was found. Hypercholesterolaemia was more common and hypertriglyceridaemia less common than in the uraemic and haemodialysis group. The lipoprotein abnormalities were increased low density and/or very low density lipoproteins, with types IIa IIb and IV hyperlipoproteinaemia occurring equally frequently. In uraemic and haemodialysis patients, the proportion of carbohydrate in the diet was high, and may have played a role in the genesis of hypertriglyceridaemia. There was a positive correlation between relative body weight and serum triglyceride in the long-term dialysis group. In renal allograft recipients hypertriglyceridaemia could be attributed, at least in part, to obesity, prednisone dosage and the degree of impairment of graft function. The aetiology of hypercholesterolaemia in the transplant recipients was unclear. Neither basal insulin nor growth hormone levels were elevated in any patient group. Uraemic hypertriglyceridaemia is a clearly defined and well documented metabolic abnormality which is not corrected by dialysis. Post-transplantation hyperlipidaemia however, is a condition of variable presentation and multifactorial aetiology.", "contents": "Studies on the nature and causes of hyperlipidaemia in uraemia, maintenance dialysis and renal transplantation. Fasting serum triglyceride and cholesterol measurements, and lipoprotein characterization by ultracentrifugation, were performed in four groups of patients with chronic renal disease (uraemic, short- and long-term haemodialysis and renal transplant recipients) and the results compared with those obtained from age- and sex-matched control subjects. Basal insulin and growth hormone levels, and serum creatinine and albumin concentrations were measured in, and detailed dietary histories taken from patients in each group. The predominant lipid abnormalities were hypertriglyceridaemia and increased very low density lipoproteins (type IV hyperlipoproteinaemia) in both uraemic and haemodialysis patients. Following renal transplantation, a different pattern of hyperlipidaemia was found. Hypercholesterolaemia was more common and hypertriglyceridaemia less common than in the uraemic and haemodialysis group. The lipoprotein abnormalities were increased low density and/or very low density lipoproteins, with types IIa IIb and IV hyperlipoproteinaemia occurring equally frequently. In uraemic and haemodialysis patients, the proportion of carbohydrate in the diet was high, and may have played a role in the genesis of hypertriglyceridaemia. There was a positive correlation between relative body weight and serum triglyceride in the long-term dialysis group. In renal allograft recipients hypertriglyceridaemia could be attributed, at least in part, to obesity, prednisone dosage and the degree of impairment of graft function. The aetiology of hypercholesterolaemia in the transplant recipients was unclear. Neither basal insulin nor growth hormone levels were elevated in any patient group. Uraemic hypertriglyceridaemia is a clearly defined and well documented metabolic abnormality which is not corrected by dialysis. Post-transplantation hyperlipidaemia however, is a condition of variable presentation and multifactorial aetiology.", "PMID": 1105647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1138", "title": "Structural specificity in the lethal and mutagenic activity of furocoumarins in yeast cells.", "content": "Using monofunctional (Angelicin) and bifunctional furocoumarins (Psoralen and 8 Methoxypsoralen) plus 365 nm light it is shown that both damages, the induced monoadducts and/or crosslinks in DNA, provoke lethal and mutgenic effects in haploid and diploid cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Bifunctional furocoumarins are about 20 times more effective in cell killing than Angelicin. Diploid cells are always more resistant than haploid cells. Dark repair (agar haolding) increases survival. This effect can be at least in part correlated to the release of bound material from DNA in dark repair conditions. Bifunctional psoralens (10 mug/ml) are at least 10-fold more effective in inducing nuclear gene black mutations (his- to HIS+) than Angelicin (10 mug/ml) plus 365 nm light or 254 nm ultraviolet light. In contrast cytoplasmic \"petite\" (delta-) mutations are about as frequently induced by Angelicin plus 365 nm light as by 254 nm UV light. Bifunctional furocoumarins are less effective. The frequency of cytoplasmic \"petite\" mutations per survivors decreases during dark repair conditions more efficiently after Angelicin than after Psoralen plus 365 nm light treatment.", "contents": "Structural specificity in the lethal and mutagenic activity of furocoumarins in yeast cells. Using monofunctional (Angelicin) and bifunctional furocoumarins (Psoralen and 8 Methoxypsoralen) plus 365 nm light it is shown that both damages, the induced monoadducts and/or crosslinks in DNA, provoke lethal and mutgenic effects in haploid and diploid cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Bifunctional furocoumarins are about 20 times more effective in cell killing than Angelicin. Diploid cells are always more resistant than haploid cells. Dark repair (agar haolding) increases survival. This effect can be at least in part correlated to the release of bound material from DNA in dark repair conditions. Bifunctional psoralens (10 mug/ml) are at least 10-fold more effective in inducing nuclear gene black mutations (his- to HIS+) than Angelicin (10 mug/ml) plus 365 nm light or 254 nm ultraviolet light. In contrast cytoplasmic \"petite\" (delta-) mutations are about as frequently induced by Angelicin plus 365 nm light as by 254 nm UV light. Bifunctional furocoumarins are less effective. The frequency of cytoplasmic \"petite\" mutations per survivors decreases during dark repair conditions more efficiently after Angelicin than after Psoralen plus 365 nm light treatment.", "PMID": 1105649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1139", "title": "Studies on the energy metabolism during the respiratory process by baker's yeast.", "content": "Microcalorimetry, in combination with conventional methods for determining metabolic activity, opens the possibility to study the efficiency with which ATP, produced as a result of metabolic activity, is utilized by the cell for energy-requiring synthetic reactions. Using commercial baker's yeast as a test organism and glucose, ethanol, acetic and lactic acids as substrates, the fate of the ATP produced by the respiratory process was studied by measuring oxygen consumption (using the Warburg technique) and the corresponding heat development (using the LKB Flow-Microcalorimeter). From these data heat development per mm3 oxygen consumed was calculated. Values obtained should fall within a heat production range that can be calculated from the combustion heat of the process (maximum heat development) and maximum energy conservation, assuming full participation of ATP in energy-requiring synthetic reactions (minimum heat development). It was found that during the respiratory process of \"resting\" cells of baker's yeast, regardless of the substrate used, heat development was close to the maximum value inherent with substrate oxidation. Consequently, practically all ATP, produced as a result of the respiratory process, is de-phosphorylated under heat development and thus is not (or very inefficiently) utilized for energy-requiring synthetic reactions. In accordance with this conclusion it was found that addition of 2-4-DNP, a powerful uncoupler of phosphorylation from the respiratory process, did not result in an appriciable increase in heat development. Even in the presence of an assimilable N source, allowing unrestricted growth, initially only a very small percentage of the ATP produced is utilized for synthetic processes. A gradual improvement of this poor economic ATP utilization was observed during the prelogarithmic growth phase. As a possible explanation of this wasteful aerobic metabolism of baker's yeast and its restricted ability to utilize ATP for synthetic processes was mentioned the exceptional low content of messenger RNA, typical for a baker's yeast subjected to a ripening process before harvesting.", "contents": "Studies on the energy metabolism during the respiratory process by baker's yeast. Microcalorimetry, in combination with conventional methods for determining metabolic activity, opens the possibility to study the efficiency with which ATP, produced as a result of metabolic activity, is utilized by the cell for energy-requiring synthetic reactions. Using commercial baker's yeast as a test organism and glucose, ethanol, acetic and lactic acids as substrates, the fate of the ATP produced by the respiratory process was studied by measuring oxygen consumption (using the Warburg technique) and the corresponding heat development (using the LKB Flow-Microcalorimeter). From these data heat development per mm3 oxygen consumed was calculated. Values obtained should fall within a heat production range that can be calculated from the combustion heat of the process (maximum heat development) and maximum energy conservation, assuming full participation of ATP in energy-requiring synthetic reactions (minimum heat development). It was found that during the respiratory process of \"resting\" cells of baker's yeast, regardless of the substrate used, heat development was close to the maximum value inherent with substrate oxidation. Consequently, practically all ATP, produced as a result of the respiratory process, is de-phosphorylated under heat development and thus is not (or very inefficiently) utilized for energy-requiring synthetic reactions. In accordance with this conclusion it was found that addition of 2-4-DNP, a powerful uncoupler of phosphorylation from the respiratory process, did not result in an appriciable increase in heat development. Even in the presence of an assimilable N source, allowing unrestricted growth, initially only a very small percentage of the ATP produced is utilized for synthetic processes. A gradual improvement of this poor economic ATP utilization was observed during the prelogarithmic growth phase. As a possible explanation of this wasteful aerobic metabolism of baker's yeast and its restricted ability to utilize ATP for synthetic processes was mentioned the exceptional low content of messenger RNA, typical for a baker's yeast subjected to a ripening process before harvesting.", "PMID": 1105650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1140", "title": "Influence of energy metabolism on the repair of x-ray damage in living cells. IV. Effects of 2-deoxy-D-glucose on the repair phenomena during fractionated irradiation of yeast.", "content": "Inhibition of repair of sublethal and potentially lethal damage was observed in respiratory-deficient mutants of yeast during fractionated X-irradiation in the presence of equimolar concentrations of 2-deoxy-D-glucose and glucose in the growth medium. In the wild-type cells, on the other hand, an enhancement of repair of the potentially lethal damage was obtained under similar conditions. These results suggest, by analogy, that in higher organisms also, 2-deoxy-D-glucose may differentially inhibit the repair of radiation damage in hypoxic tumor cells while enhancement of repair processes could be expected in normal tissues.", "contents": "Influence of energy metabolism on the repair of x-ray damage in living cells. IV. Effects of 2-deoxy-D-glucose on the repair phenomena during fractionated irradiation of yeast. Inhibition of repair of sublethal and potentially lethal damage was observed in respiratory-deficient mutants of yeast during fractionated X-irradiation in the presence of equimolar concentrations of 2-deoxy-D-glucose and glucose in the growth medium. In the wild-type cells, on the other hand, an enhancement of repair of the potentially lethal damage was obtained under similar conditions. These results suggest, by analogy, that in higher organisms also, 2-deoxy-D-glucose may differentially inhibit the repair of radiation damage in hypoxic tumor cells while enhancement of repair processes could be expected in normal tissues.", "PMID": 1105651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1141", "title": "Effect of irradiation on immune responses.", "content": "The radioresistance of antibody-mediated immune response is lowest when radiation is given before antigen, and rises steadily with time after antigen stimulation to reach a maximum when serum antibody is at a maximum, suggesting that antibody-producing cells are highly resistant. Irradiation affects the antibody-mediated response by 1) lengthening the period between stimulation and production of detectabel levels of serum antibody, 2) decreasing the rate of increase in serum antibody levls, and 3) decreasing the maximum concentration of serum antibody. Irradiation affects the cell-mediated response by inhibiting immunization and delayed hypersensitivity reactions when administered before antigen. Because the cell-mediated response involves nonlymphoid cells whose precursors are also radiosensitive, irradiation following stimulation may also produce temporary suppression.", "contents": "Effect of irradiation on immune responses. The radioresistance of antibody-mediated immune response is lowest when radiation is given before antigen, and rises steadily with time after antigen stimulation to reach a maximum when serum antibody is at a maximum, suggesting that antibody-producing cells are highly resistant. Irradiation affects the antibody-mediated response by 1) lengthening the period between stimulation and production of detectabel levels of serum antibody, 2) decreasing the rate of increase in serum antibody levls, and 3) decreasing the maximum concentration of serum antibody. Irradiation affects the cell-mediated response by inhibiting immunization and delayed hypersensitivity reactions when administered before antigen. Because the cell-mediated response involves nonlymphoid cells whose precursors are also radiosensitive, irradiation following stimulation may also produce temporary suppression.", "PMID": 1105662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1142", "title": "Nonspecific immunotherapy of malignant tumors.", "content": "At present, nonspecific immunotherapy of malignant tumors seems to be the most promising among immunotherapeutic modalities. Potent nonspecific immunostimulants, Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) and Corynebacterium parvum, exhibit an antitumor activity in experimental animals, which is commonly manifested by reduced tumor growth and sometimes by complete regression of tumors. Antitumor effectiveness of these bacteria is largely related to tumor immunogenicity and host immunocompetence. Recently, BCG has frequently been used for clinical immunotherapy and has provided therapeutic benefit in many instances, particularly when combined with chemotherapy, radiotherapy or surgery. Clinical experience with C. parvum is so far limited.", "contents": "Nonspecific immunotherapy of malignant tumors. At present, nonspecific immunotherapy of malignant tumors seems to be the most promising among immunotherapeutic modalities. Potent nonspecific immunostimulants, Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) and Corynebacterium parvum, exhibit an antitumor activity in experimental animals, which is commonly manifested by reduced tumor growth and sometimes by complete regression of tumors. Antitumor effectiveness of these bacteria is largely related to tumor immunogenicity and host immunocompetence. Recently, BCG has frequently been used for clinical immunotherapy and has provided therapeutic benefit in many instances, particularly when combined with chemotherapy, radiotherapy or surgery. Clinical experience with C. parvum is so far limited.", "PMID": 1105663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1143", "title": "HL-A histocompatibility antigens and their relation to disease.", "content": "Table 14 summarizes the data presented in this review. The table lists the various diseases, along with whatever HL-A-antigen associations may be present, and the ranking that is based on the accumulated confidence of the associations; also, it lists the individual antigens and those disease states in which the incidence of the various antigens is increased ro decreased. The Table should expand rapidly in future years. There are a number of problems involved in this area of research: (1) There is a scarcity and lack of stability of good reagents, as well as the general difficulty of HL-A serology. (2) Many studies are retrospective on cells that may be abnormal. We have mentioned the changing sensitivity of lymphocytes to HL-A antibodies in disease. Increased sensitivity of weak antibodies present in the HL-A antisera may create the false impression of increased frequencies. (3) What control population one selects is also of the utmost importance. One method of internal control is to include in the controls related and unrelated individuals, all tests being run at the same time, employing the same reagents, and being run by the same technician. (4) In some disease states, notably Hodgkin's disease and SLE, autoantibodies present may interfere with the HL-A antisera reactions. All of this is compounded by the fact that the lymphocyte is constantly and rapidly shedding and replacing the HL-A antigens; the rate of turnover may change in patients, thus introducing an additional problem. Finally, there is a need for a standardization of statistical tools and for the reporting of both positive and negative results [133]. The concern for a significant quantity of test data and the problems of evaluating statistical data bring out many views. Boswell, in The Life of Samuel Johnson, noted: \"I recollect nothing passed this day except Johnson's quickness, who, when Dr. Beattie observed, as something remarkable which happened to him, that he had chanced to see both No. 1 and No. 1000 of the hackney-coaches. The first and the last, 'Why Sir' (said Johnson) 'there is an equal chance for one's seeing those two numbers as any other two.'\" A partial solution to these problems may be offered by the evaluation of the LD antigens [49, 63, 64]. In any event, HL-A typing offers an unique opportunity for the grouping of related diseases, as similar clinical findings with related distributions of HL-A antigens may indicate disease relationships not previously considered [27].", "contents": "HL-A histocompatibility antigens and their relation to disease. Table 14 summarizes the data presented in this review. The table lists the various diseases, along with whatever HL-A-antigen associations may be present, and the ranking that is based on the accumulated confidence of the associations; also, it lists the individual antigens and those disease states in which the incidence of the various antigens is increased ro decreased. The Table should expand rapidly in future years. There are a number of problems involved in this area of research: (1) There is a scarcity and lack of stability of good reagents, as well as the general difficulty of HL-A serology. (2) Many studies are retrospective on cells that may be abnormal. We have mentioned the changing sensitivity of lymphocytes to HL-A antibodies in disease. Increased sensitivity of weak antibodies present in the HL-A antisera may create the false impression of increased frequencies. (3) What control population one selects is also of the utmost importance. One method of internal control is to include in the controls related and unrelated individuals, all tests being run at the same time, employing the same reagents, and being run by the same technician. (4) In some disease states, notably Hodgkin's disease and SLE, autoantibodies present may interfere with the HL-A antisera reactions. All of this is compounded by the fact that the lymphocyte is constantly and rapidly shedding and replacing the HL-A antigens; the rate of turnover may change in patients, thus introducing an additional problem. Finally, there is a need for a standardization of statistical tools and for the reporting of both positive and negative results [133]. The concern for a significant quantity of test data and the problems of evaluating statistical data bring out many views. Boswell, in The Life of Samuel Johnson, noted: \"I recollect nothing passed this day except Johnson's quickness, who, when Dr. Beattie observed, as something remarkable which happened to him, that he had chanced to see both No. 1 and No. 1000 of the hackney-coaches. The first and the last, 'Why Sir' (said Johnson) 'there is an equal chance for one's seeing those two numbers as any other two.'\" A partial solution to these problems may be offered by the evaluation of the LD antigens [49, 63, 64]. In any event, HL-A typing offers an unique opportunity for the grouping of related diseases, as similar clinical findings with related distributions of HL-A antigens may indicate disease relationships not previously considered [27].", "PMID": 1105669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1144", "title": "Laboratory tests for diagnosis of autoimmune diseases.", "content": "1. Antimitochondrial antibody titers of 1:160 are practically diagnostic of primary biliary cirrhosis [71]. Serum antimitochondrial antibody titers of less than 1:16 are seen in 10% of cases of primary biliary cirrhosis. The antimitochondrial antibodies are usually absent in jaundiced patients with extrahepatic obstruction, drug sensitivity, and viral hepatitis. 2. Anti-smooth-muscle antibodies are noted in the various autoimmune liver disorders, viral hepatitis, infectious mononucleosis, malignancy, and intrinsic bronchial asthma. The smooth muscle antibody test helps in the differential diagnosis of lupoid hepatitis vs. systemic lupus erythematosus. The anti-smooth-muscle antibodies are usually absent in systemic lupus erythematosus. 3. The antinuclear antibody is frequently positive in the autoimmune liver diseases. In cases of chronic aggressive hepatitis associated with a high titer of antinuclear antibody the prognosis is usually grave. 4. The presence of antimicrosomal liver and kidney antibody is indicative of chronic aggressive liver disease, which is different from the classic lupoid hepatitis [95, 97]. 5. Hepatitis-B-antigen assay should be performed routinely to exclude viral hepatitis, type B. Heterophile antibody tests should done when the possibility of infectious mononucleosis must be considered. 6. Serum immunoglobulin determinations are of secondary importance in the laboratory diagnosis of autoimmune liver disorders. There is usually a polyclonal elevation of the major immunoglobulin in most chronic parenchymal liver diseases[48].", "contents": "Laboratory tests for diagnosis of autoimmune diseases. 1. Antimitochondrial antibody titers of 1:160 are practically diagnostic of primary biliary cirrhosis [71]. Serum antimitochondrial antibody titers of less than 1:16 are seen in 10% of cases of primary biliary cirrhosis. The antimitochondrial antibodies are usually absent in jaundiced patients with extrahepatic obstruction, drug sensitivity, and viral hepatitis. 2. Anti-smooth-muscle antibodies are noted in the various autoimmune liver disorders, viral hepatitis, infectious mononucleosis, malignancy, and intrinsic bronchial asthma. The smooth muscle antibody test helps in the differential diagnosis of lupoid hepatitis vs. systemic lupus erythematosus. The anti-smooth-muscle antibodies are usually absent in systemic lupus erythematosus. 3. The antinuclear antibody is frequently positive in the autoimmune liver diseases. In cases of chronic aggressive hepatitis associated with a high titer of antinuclear antibody the prognosis is usually grave. 4. The presence of antimicrosomal liver and kidney antibody is indicative of chronic aggressive liver disease, which is different from the classic lupoid hepatitis [95, 97]. 5. Hepatitis-B-antigen assay should be performed routinely to exclude viral hepatitis, type B. Heterophile antibody tests should done when the possibility of infectious mononucleosis must be considered. 6. Serum immunoglobulin determinations are of secondary importance in the laboratory diagnosis of autoimmune liver disorders. There is usually a polyclonal elevation of the major immunoglobulin in most chronic parenchymal liver diseases[48].", "PMID": 1105671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1145", "title": "Value of exercise testing for screening asymptomatic men for latent coronary artery disease.", "content": "Treadmill exercise testing identifies a group of men at high risk for coronary atherosclerotic heart disease. However, the predictive value and sensitivity limitations are obvious. An abnormal electrocardiographic response does not absolutely predict the presence of coronary atherosclerotic heart disease, and a normal response does not rule out this possibility. Thus in appropriate instances when the minimal risk of coronary angiography is justified this procedure can be used to determine the anatomic correlation of exercise-induced functional ST-segment changes.", "contents": "Value of exercise testing for screening asymptomatic men for latent coronary artery disease. Treadmill exercise testing identifies a group of men at high risk for coronary atherosclerotic heart disease. However, the predictive value and sensitivity limitations are obvious. An abnormal electrocardiographic response does not absolutely predict the presence of coronary atherosclerotic heart disease, and a normal response does not rule out this possibility. Thus in appropriate instances when the minimal risk of coronary angiography is justified this procedure can be used to determine the anatomic correlation of exercise-induced functional ST-segment changes.", "PMID": 1105668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1146", "title": "Risk factors in breast cancer.", "content": "Various factors have been found to be predictors of the relative risk of breast cancer (Table 2). Epidemiologic variables influencing breast cancer risk include age, marital status, geographic location, racial or ethnic extraction, and socioeconomic status. The risk of developing mammary carcinoma is increased with advancing age, among unmarried women, in the United States and Europe, and among women of higher socioeconomic classes. Conversely, a decreased breast cancer risk is observed among fertile married women in Asian countries, among Oriental women, and in lower socioeconomic classes. Reproductive history plays an important role in determining breast cancer risk. The risk of developing mammary carcinoma is increased by an early menarche and decreased by delayed first menses. A late natural menopause increases breast cancer risk while an early oophorectomy offers protection. Hormonal factors are thought to play important roles in the etiology of breast cancer, but the contributions of estrogenic and androgenic influences to mammary neoplasia have not been delineated. Certain estrogen fractions have been implicated as mammary carcinogens, while certain adrenal androgenic steroids have been shown to be promotors of breast cancers. Chronic cystic mastitis is associated with an increased breast cancer risk. A positive family history increases the risk of developing mammary carcinoma and a past history of breast cancer markedly increases the possibility of subsequent breast neoplasia.", "contents": "Risk factors in breast cancer. Various factors have been found to be predictors of the relative risk of breast cancer (Table 2). Epidemiologic variables influencing breast cancer risk include age, marital status, geographic location, racial or ethnic extraction, and socioeconomic status. The risk of developing mammary carcinoma is increased with advancing age, among unmarried women, in the United States and Europe, and among women of higher socioeconomic classes. Conversely, a decreased breast cancer risk is observed among fertile married women in Asian countries, among Oriental women, and in lower socioeconomic classes. Reproductive history plays an important role in determining breast cancer risk. The risk of developing mammary carcinoma is increased by an early menarche and decreased by delayed first menses. A late natural menopause increases breast cancer risk while an early oophorectomy offers protection. Hormonal factors are thought to play important roles in the etiology of breast cancer, but the contributions of estrogenic and androgenic influences to mammary neoplasia have not been delineated. Certain estrogen fractions have been implicated as mammary carcinogens, while certain adrenal androgenic steroids have been shown to be promotors of breast cancers. Chronic cystic mastitis is associated with an increased breast cancer risk. A positive family history increases the risk of developing mammary carcinoma and a past history of breast cancer markedly increases the possibility of subsequent breast neoplasia.", "PMID": 1105679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1147", "title": "Prostaglandin E2 on the electroencephalogram.", "content": "Present study was prompted by the report from another center on the occasional occurrence of convulsions and abnormal electroencephalogram (E.E.G.) patterns in women aborted with intra-amniotic prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha). Fifty four subjects were investigated by means of an E.E.G. taken before and after initiation of PGE2 administration. They included pregnant and non-pregnant patients, nearly half (23) of whom were known epileptics. One seizure was observed during PG administration in a man with daily psychomotor attacks who had not taken his anticonvulsants on the day the test was performed. PGE2 caused no alteration of the E.E.G. in subjects with a normal control tracing; in those with an abnormal E.E.G., a deterioration was seen in one and an improvement in three. It is concluded that PGE2 is not epileptogenic at doses required for termination of pregnancy.", "contents": "Prostaglandin E2 on the electroencephalogram. Present study was prompted by the report from another center on the occasional occurrence of convulsions and abnormal electroencephalogram (E.E.G.) patterns in women aborted with intra-amniotic prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha). Fifty four subjects were investigated by means of an E.E.G. taken before and after initiation of PGE2 administration. They included pregnant and non-pregnant patients, nearly half (23) of whom were known epileptics. One seizure was observed during PG administration in a man with daily psychomotor attacks who had not taken his anticonvulsants on the day the test was performed. PGE2 caused no alteration of the E.E.G. in subjects with a normal control tracing; in those with an abnormal E.E.G., a deterioration was seen in one and an improvement in three. It is concluded that PGE2 is not epileptogenic at doses required for termination of pregnancy.", "PMID": 1105691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1148", "title": "Laminaria augmentation of intra-amniotic PGF2 for midtrimester pregnancy termination.", "content": "In our hands, intra-amniotic PGF2alpha 40 mg for midtrimester pregnancy termination had a mean infusion to abortion interval of 29.4 hr. However, pretreatment of 230 patients with laminaria tents inserted 14-18 hr before PGF2alpha infusion resulted in a dramatically reduced time to abortion (14.3 hr mean) with a low incidence of gastrointestinal and other side effects. Laminaria tents inserted at the same time as PGF2alpha infusion in 26 patients also resulted in reduced time to abortion (18.6 hr mean). In the laminaria pretreated group, the infusion to abortion interval was indirectly related to the number of laminaria inserted and not to the nulliparous or parous state. Although we have made significant strides in shortening the abortion interval in the hospital, retained placentae and blood loss persist as problems related to the use of prostaglandin for abortion.", "contents": "Laminaria augmentation of intra-amniotic PGF2 for midtrimester pregnancy termination. In our hands, intra-amniotic PGF2alpha 40 mg for midtrimester pregnancy termination had a mean infusion to abortion interval of 29.4 hr. However, pretreatment of 230 patients with laminaria tents inserted 14-18 hr before PGF2alpha infusion resulted in a dramatically reduced time to abortion (14.3 hr mean) with a low incidence of gastrointestinal and other side effects. Laminaria tents inserted at the same time as PGF2alpha infusion in 26 patients also resulted in reduced time to abortion (18.6 hr mean). In the laminaria pretreated group, the infusion to abortion interval was indirectly related to the number of laminaria inserted and not to the nulliparous or parous state. Although we have made significant strides in shortening the abortion interval in the hospital, retained placentae and blood loss persist as problems related to the use of prostaglandin for abortion.", "PMID": 1105692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1149", "title": "Induction of abortion with intra-amniotic or intra-muscular 15(S)-15-methyl-prostaglandin F2alpha.", "content": "In order to evaluate the efficacy and acceptability of 15(S)-15-methyl-prostaglandin F2alpha (15-me-PGF2alpha) for pregnancy termination, we induced 30 abortions with single intra-amniotic injections of 2,5 mg of 15-me-PGF2alpha and 25 abortions with intra-muscular 15-me-PGF2alpha administered 200 mug initially and 300 mug every third hour until 30 hrs or abortion. Abortion occurred within 30 hrs in 97% of cases in the intra-amniotic group, with a mean abortion time of 17,6 hrs and in 80% in the intramuscular group, with a mean abortion time of 15.0 hrs. Neither parity nor gestational age was significantly related to the abortifacient efficacy of 15-me-PGF2alpha. No serious complications occurred. Vomiting (83-84%) and diarrhoea (23-92%) were the most common complaints. Uterine contractions were more painful if induction was effected with intra-amniotic rather than intramuscular injections. 15-me-PGF2alpha appears to be an effective and practicable abortifacient which can be used intra-amniotically or intramuscularly according to the ease of amniocentesis.", "contents": "Induction of abortion with intra-amniotic or intra-muscular 15(S)-15-methyl-prostaglandin F2alpha. In order to evaluate the efficacy and acceptability of 15(S)-15-methyl-prostaglandin F2alpha (15-me-PGF2alpha) for pregnancy termination, we induced 30 abortions with single intra-amniotic injections of 2,5 mg of 15-me-PGF2alpha and 25 abortions with intra-muscular 15-me-PGF2alpha administered 200 mug initially and 300 mug every third hour until 30 hrs or abortion. Abortion occurred within 30 hrs in 97% of cases in the intra-amniotic group, with a mean abortion time of 17,6 hrs and in 80% in the intramuscular group, with a mean abortion time of 15.0 hrs. Neither parity nor gestational age was significantly related to the abortifacient efficacy of 15-me-PGF2alpha. No serious complications occurred. Vomiting (83-84%) and diarrhoea (23-92%) were the most common complaints. Uterine contractions were more painful if induction was effected with intra-amniotic rather than intramuscular injections. 15-me-PGF2alpha appears to be an effective and practicable abortifacient which can be used intra-amniotically or intramuscularly according to the ease of amniocentesis.", "PMID": 1105693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1150", "title": "The effect of prostaglandin F2beta on expiratory flow rates.", "content": "Prostaglandin F2beta (PGF2beta), a stereoisomer of F2alpha was administered by ultrasonic nebulization to eight patients with bronchial asthma and four normal subjects in increasing doses up to 200 mug maximum dose. Maximum expiratory flow (MEF) and forced vital capacity (FVC) were analyzed at 5, 15, 30, 60 and 120 minutes after administration of aerosol. All expiratory flow rates were reduced after 5 minutes. Some increase in terminal flow rates was observed after 60 minutes. We conclude that PGF2beta in not an effective bronchodilator at this dose level.", "contents": "The effect of prostaglandin F2beta on expiratory flow rates. Prostaglandin F2beta (PGF2beta), a stereoisomer of F2alpha was administered by ultrasonic nebulization to eight patients with bronchial asthma and four normal subjects in increasing doses up to 200 mug maximum dose. Maximum expiratory flow (MEF) and forced vital capacity (FVC) were analyzed at 5, 15, 30, 60 and 120 minutes after administration of aerosol. All expiratory flow rates were reduced after 5 minutes. Some increase in terminal flow rates was observed after 60 minutes. We conclude that PGF2beta in not an effective bronchodilator at this dose level.", "PMID": 1105694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1151", "title": "Decreased inhibition of platelet aggregation by PGE1 in children with cystic fibrosis and their parents.", "content": "PGE1 inhibited ADP-induced platelet aggregation in children with cystic fibrosis and their parents to a much lesser extent than in normal controls. We suggest that this may be a reliable test for heterozygote carriers of cystic fibrosis.", "contents": "Decreased inhibition of platelet aggregation by PGE1 in children with cystic fibrosis and their parents. PGE1 inhibited ADP-induced platelet aggregation in children with cystic fibrosis and their parents to a much lesser extent than in normal controls. We suggest that this may be a reliable test for heterozygote carriers of cystic fibrosis.", "PMID": 1105695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1152", "title": "The effect of indomethacin on plasma renin activity in man under normal conditions and after stimulation of the renin angiotensin system.", "content": "1) The influence of oral indomethacin on basal and stimulated plasma renin activity in normal human subjects was determined. 2) Indomethacin lowers the basal plasma renin activity in man. 3) The response of the plasma renin activity after indomethacin to physiological and pharmacological stimuli is maintained at a lower level. 4) There is no evidence from our experiments that major changes in the sodium balance are responsible for the effects observed.", "contents": "The effect of indomethacin on plasma renin activity in man under normal conditions and after stimulation of the renin angiotensin system. 1) The influence of oral indomethacin on basal and stimulated plasma renin activity in normal human subjects was determined. 2) Indomethacin lowers the basal plasma renin activity in man. 3) The response of the plasma renin activity after indomethacin to physiological and pharmacological stimuli is maintained at a lower level. 4) There is no evidence from our experiments that major changes in the sodium balance are responsible for the effects observed.", "PMID": 1105696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1153", "title": "Antagonism of the effects of furosemide by indomethacin in normal and hypertensive man.", "content": "Furosemide and the prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor, indomethacin, were administered singly and in combination to four normal subjects and six patients with essential hypertension in order to determine whether the antihypertensive, natriuretic and other effects of furosemide could be altered by inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis. In all subjects indomethacin treatment alone resulted in a significant elevation of blood pressure and a fall in plasma renin without any change in sodium excretion. Furosemide alone resulted in a significant blood pressure fall with a rise in plasma renin and urinary aldosterone with a marked increase in urinary sodium loss. These effects were either obviated or blunted by addition of indomethacin. The results are compatible with hypothesis that the antihypertensive and natriuretic effects of furosemide might be mediated at least in part by prostaglandin synthesis. In addition, the effects of indomethacin should be considered when using this drug in hypertensive patients and in subjects requiring diuretic therapy.", "contents": "Antagonism of the effects of furosemide by indomethacin in normal and hypertensive man. Furosemide and the prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor, indomethacin, were administered singly and in combination to four normal subjects and six patients with essential hypertension in order to determine whether the antihypertensive, natriuretic and other effects of furosemide could be altered by inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis. In all subjects indomethacin treatment alone resulted in a significant elevation of blood pressure and a fall in plasma renin without any change in sodium excretion. Furosemide alone resulted in a significant blood pressure fall with a rise in plasma renin and urinary aldosterone with a marked increase in urinary sodium loss. These effects were either obviated or blunted by addition of indomethacin. The results are compatible with hypothesis that the antihypertensive and natriuretic effects of furosemide might be mediated at least in part by prostaglandin synthesis. In addition, the effects of indomethacin should be considered when using this drug in hypertensive patients and in subjects requiring diuretic therapy.", "PMID": 1105697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1154", "title": "Treatment with reserpine of patients resistant to tricyclic antidepressants. A double-blind trial.", "content": "The literature concerning the therapeutic effects of the administration of reserpine to patients who fail to respond satisfactorily is discussed briefly. A double-blind study was conducted on 14 patients; eight were given 5 mg of reserpine i.m. and six were given 2 ml of normal saline on 2 successive days. The administration of the tricyclic antidepressants the patients had been taking, was continued. The Hamilton Depressive Rating Scale was administered on the day before treatment was commenced, and repeated on the fourth day. Statistical analysis revealed that the patients who received reserpine showed a highly significant improvement of a good quality. The mean fall in the Hamilton rating for the placebo group was 6 points, and in the reserpine group it was 18.87. The therapeutic significance of the findings is discussed.", "contents": "Treatment with reserpine of patients resistant to tricyclic antidepressants. A double-blind trial. The literature concerning the therapeutic effects of the administration of reserpine to patients who fail to respond satisfactorily is discussed briefly. A double-blind study was conducted on 14 patients; eight were given 5 mg of reserpine i.m. and six were given 2 ml of normal saline on 2 successive days. The administration of the tricyclic antidepressants the patients had been taking, was continued. The Hamilton Depressive Rating Scale was administered on the day before treatment was commenced, and repeated on the fourth day. Statistical analysis revealed that the patients who received reserpine showed a highly significant improvement of a good quality. The mean fall in the Hamilton rating for the placebo group was 6 points, and in the reserpine group it was 18.87. The therapeutic significance of the findings is discussed.", "PMID": 1105698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1155", "title": "Myofibrillar abnormalities following cardiac muscle cell injury.", "content": "A review is presented of morphological aspects of myofibrillar alterations which occur in cardiac muscle cells following various types of injury. Emphasis is placed on the association between specific patterns of alterations involving the structure or the orientation of myofibrils and diverse forms of myocardial injury.", "contents": "Myofibrillar abnormalities following cardiac muscle cell injury. A review is presented of morphological aspects of myofibrillar alterations which occur in cardiac muscle cells following various types of injury. Emphasis is placed on the association between specific patterns of alterations involving the structure or the orientation of myofibrils and diverse forms of myocardial injury.", "PMID": 1105713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1156", "title": "Different morphological types of myocardial cell death in man.", "content": "The evolutive histological stages, the frequency, and the eventual association of the different types of myocardial cell death have been studied in the following human material: acute infarction, sudden \"coronary\" death, accidental death, pheochromocytoma, transplanted hearts, \"stone\" heart syndrome, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, and alcoholic cardiomyopathy. Three distinct main histological types of myocardial cell death are recognizable: Coagulation necrosis, the fundamental lesion in infarcts in which the myocardial cell loses its capability to contract and dies in an atonic state with overdistension due to the intraventricular pressure. No early myofibrillar damage is seen. Coagulative myocytolysis, found in all the present cases, always seen in the outer zone of an early infarct and in the surrounding normal myocardium at any stage of the repair process in most of the acute infarcts and in most cases of sudden death. The myocardial cell dies in a hypercontracted state, with early myofibrillar rhexis, and anomalous irregular cross-band formations. This tetanic death is similar to that seen in pheochromocytoma and in experimental catecholamine-induced necrosis. Colliquative myocytolysis, in which edematous vacuolization with dissolution of myofibrils is the main early finding, without hypercontraction, anomalous bands, and myofibrillar rhexis. This pattern, likely related to the low-output syndrome, was often seen in the preserved subendocardial and perivascular muscle fibers of acute infarct cases, in some transplanted hearts, and in all the alcoholic hearts. The different clear-cut morphological patterns of these three types of myocardial necrosis suggest a different pathogenesis and that different pathogenetic mechanisms may act in the same disease.", "contents": "Different morphological types of myocardial cell death in man. The evolutive histological stages, the frequency, and the eventual association of the different types of myocardial cell death have been studied in the following human material: acute infarction, sudden \"coronary\" death, accidental death, pheochromocytoma, transplanted hearts, \"stone\" heart syndrome, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, and alcoholic cardiomyopathy. Three distinct main histological types of myocardial cell death are recognizable: Coagulation necrosis, the fundamental lesion in infarcts in which the myocardial cell loses its capability to contract and dies in an atonic state with overdistension due to the intraventricular pressure. No early myofibrillar damage is seen. Coagulative myocytolysis, found in all the present cases, always seen in the outer zone of an early infarct and in the surrounding normal myocardium at any stage of the repair process in most of the acute infarcts and in most cases of sudden death. The myocardial cell dies in a hypercontracted state, with early myofibrillar rhexis, and anomalous irregular cross-band formations. This tetanic death is similar to that seen in pheochromocytoma and in experimental catecholamine-induced necrosis. Colliquative myocytolysis, in which edematous vacuolization with dissolution of myofibrils is the main early finding, without hypercontraction, anomalous bands, and myofibrillar rhexis. This pattern, likely related to the low-output syndrome, was often seen in the preserved subendocardial and perivascular muscle fibers of acute infarct cases, in some transplanted hearts, and in all the alcoholic hearts. The different clear-cut morphological patterns of these three types of myocardial necrosis suggest a different pathogenesis and that different pathogenetic mechanisms may act in the same disease.", "PMID": 1105714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1157", "title": "Evaluation of lung function indices for bronchodilator trials. Results of a cross-over study of fenoterol.", "content": "In 10 patients with airway obstruction, spirographic indices and maximal expiratory flow rates were measured before inhalation of fenoterol and at different time intervals, for 5 h, following the inhalation of 200 mug of this substance. 10 min after inhalation of fenoterol, there was a statistically significant increase in all lung function indices. A further increase was observed later. 3 h after inhalation of fenoterol, all indices were still significantly higher than control values. No side effects were observed. At all time intervals, the increase of the forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV1.0), peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) and maximal expiratory flow rate at 50 and 75% of the vital capacity reached a similar level of statistical significance. It is concluded that for the trial of the bronchodilator drugs, any of these indices may be used, and for practical purposes FEV1.0 and PEFR are best suited.", "contents": "Evaluation of lung function indices for bronchodilator trials. Results of a cross-over study of fenoterol. In 10 patients with airway obstruction, spirographic indices and maximal expiratory flow rates were measured before inhalation of fenoterol and at different time intervals, for 5 h, following the inhalation of 200 mug of this substance. 10 min after inhalation of fenoterol, there was a statistically significant increase in all lung function indices. A further increase was observed later. 3 h after inhalation of fenoterol, all indices were still significantly higher than control values. No side effects were observed. At all time intervals, the increase of the forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV1.0), peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) and maximal expiratory flow rate at 50 and 75% of the vital capacity reached a similar level of statistical significance. It is concluded that for the trial of the bronchodilator drugs, any of these indices may be used, and for practical purposes FEV1.0 and PEFR are best suited.", "PMID": 1105725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1158", "title": "Objective evaluation of antitussive agents under clinical conditions.", "content": "A new method for objective assessment of cough under normal or pathological conditions is described. Thoracic coughing can be discriminated from any other pressure wave because of its relatively high frequency. This method was applied in a double blind crossover trial in 18 patients with respiratory disease.", "contents": "Objective evaluation of antitussive agents under clinical conditions. A new method for objective assessment of cough under normal or pathological conditions is described. Thoracic coughing can be discriminated from any other pressure wave because of its relatively high frequency. This method was applied in a double blind crossover trial in 18 patients with respiratory disease.", "PMID": 1105726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1159", "title": "Production of MIF-like supernatants by rheumatoid arthritis lymphocytes stimulated by immunoglobulin G.", "content": "Patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), patients with positive tuberculin (PPD) skin-tests and controls were studied. The lymphocytes from these groups were cultured in serum-free medium to obtain cell-free supernatants. These lymphocyte cultures were pre-incubated with the appropriate antigen or reconstituted after removal of the cells. Supernatants from RA lymphocytes stimulated in vitro by IgG induced an inhibition of the leucocyte migration, as well as the supernatants from tuberculin-sensitized lymphocytes. However, supernatants from non-RA lymphocytes or tuberculin-unsensitized lymphocytes did not show such an inhibition. These MIF-like supernatants have been studied by Sephadex G-100 gel filtration. A MIF activity has been found for PPD and IgG supernatants between the chymotrypsinogen (MW 23,000) and the lysozyme (MW 17,000). This seems to agree with the classical region where MIF can be usually isolated.", "contents": "Production of MIF-like supernatants by rheumatoid arthritis lymphocytes stimulated by immunoglobulin G. Patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), patients with positive tuberculin (PPD) skin-tests and controls were studied. The lymphocytes from these groups were cultured in serum-free medium to obtain cell-free supernatants. These lymphocyte cultures were pre-incubated with the appropriate antigen or reconstituted after removal of the cells. Supernatants from RA lymphocytes stimulated in vitro by IgG induced an inhibition of the leucocyte migration, as well as the supernatants from tuberculin-sensitized lymphocytes. However, supernatants from non-RA lymphocytes or tuberculin-unsensitized lymphocytes did not show such an inhibition. These MIF-like supernatants have been studied by Sephadex G-100 gel filtration. A MIF activity has been found for PPD and IgG supernatants between the chymotrypsinogen (MW 23,000) and the lysozyme (MW 17,000). This seems to agree with the classical region where MIF can be usually isolated.", "PMID": 1105742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1160", "title": "Experimental arthritis produced by injection of mediators of delayed hypersensitivity.", "content": "Synovitis was produced in the rabbit knee by repeated intraarticular injection of a preparation of mediators of cellular immunity. The mediators were prepared by incubation of KLH with lymph node cells of animals previously immunized with KLH in Freund's adjuvant. Following three intraarticular injections, a chronic synovitis resulted in which hyperplasia of the lining layer and infiltration of the sublining layer occurred. The cell types in the sublining layer were predominantly histiocytes and fibroblasts. These experiments demonstrate that mediators of cellular immunity may produce a chronic inflammatory reaction when injected repeatedly into normal joints. They indicate that the cellular immune response may play a role in the development of the synovitis of immunologically induced arthritides.", "contents": "Experimental arthritis produced by injection of mediators of delayed hypersensitivity. Synovitis was produced in the rabbit knee by repeated intraarticular injection of a preparation of mediators of cellular immunity. The mediators were prepared by incubation of KLH with lymph node cells of animals previously immunized with KLH in Freund's adjuvant. Following three intraarticular injections, a chronic synovitis resulted in which hyperplasia of the lining layer and infiltration of the sublining layer occurred. The cell types in the sublining layer were predominantly histiocytes and fibroblasts. These experiments demonstrate that mediators of cellular immunity may produce a chronic inflammatory reaction when injected repeatedly into normal joints. They indicate that the cellular immune response may play a role in the development of the synovitis of immunologically induced arthritides.", "PMID": 1105748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1161", "title": "The origin of rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "The origin of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is in our opinion a bacterial infection. The infection gives rise to changes in the macrophages, with release of enzymes, etc., and secondarily abnormal immune processes occur. In favor of this opinion is, among other things, the similarity with rheumatic fever, which is caused by streptococci group A, as well as experience gained in connection with experimentally provoked arthritis. In experimental arthritis, produced by streptococci group B (Svartz), there appears in rats the same type of joint disease as in human RA and, besides, a rheumatoid factor (RF)-like macroglobulin, which cannot be distinguished by available methods from human RF macroglobulin. A 7 S hemagglutinating RF (RF II) was also produced in animals, as well as some other immunoglobulins. The RF II has a much weaker hemagglutinating capacity than the usual RF macroglobulin which for comparison could be termed RF I. The streptococci B used in our investigations were mostly isolated from the nasopharynx of RA patients.", "contents": "The origin of rheumatoid arthritis. The origin of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is in our opinion a bacterial infection. The infection gives rise to changes in the macrophages, with release of enzymes, etc., and secondarily abnormal immune processes occur. In favor of this opinion is, among other things, the similarity with rheumatic fever, which is caused by streptococci group A, as well as experience gained in connection with experimentally provoked arthritis. In experimental arthritis, produced by streptococci group B (Svartz), there appears in rats the same type of joint disease as in human RA and, besides, a rheumatoid factor (RF)-like macroglobulin, which cannot be distinguished by available methods from human RF macroglobulin. A 7 S hemagglutinating RF (RF II) was also produced in animals, as well as some other immunoglobulins. The RF II has a much weaker hemagglutinating capacity than the usual RF macroglobulin which for comparison could be termed RF I. The streptococci B used in our investigations were mostly isolated from the nasopharynx of RA patients.", "PMID": 1105749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1162", "title": "Studies on the production of MIF and mitogenic factor using highly purified human T and B lymphocytes.", "content": "Human lymphocytes were separated into highly purified populations using an immunoadsorbent column technique. It was previously reported that both T and B cells exhibited increased 3H-thymidine incorporation in response to PHA, Con A and pokeweed mitogens, whereas only T cells showed increased incorporation in response to specific antigen. In the present studies, the cellular basis of MIF and mitogenic factor production was studied. Both T and B cells produced MIF in response to antigen. The MIF produced by both T and B cells elutes from Sephadex G-100 columns in the same fraction. Studies using BUdR and light suggest that the T cell which produces MIF is also a proliferating cell, whereas the B cell producing MIF is not. Only T cells produce mitogenic factor in response to antigen. The mitogenic factor produced, however, causes both T and B cell populations to increase 3H-thymidine incorporation. The present studies indicate that antigen induced mitogenic factor production and increased 3H-thymidine incorporation are properties of T cells per se, whereas antigen-induced MIF is made by both T and B cells.", "contents": "Studies on the production of MIF and mitogenic factor using highly purified human T and B lymphocytes. Human lymphocytes were separated into highly purified populations using an immunoadsorbent column technique. It was previously reported that both T and B cells exhibited increased 3H-thymidine incorporation in response to PHA, Con A and pokeweed mitogens, whereas only T cells showed increased incorporation in response to specific antigen. In the present studies, the cellular basis of MIF and mitogenic factor production was studied. Both T and B cells produced MIF in response to antigen. The MIF produced by both T and B cells elutes from Sephadex G-100 columns in the same fraction. Studies using BUdR and light suggest that the T cell which produces MIF is also a proliferating cell, whereas the B cell producing MIF is not. Only T cells produce mitogenic factor in response to antigen. The mitogenic factor produced, however, causes both T and B cell populations to increase 3H-thymidine incorporation. The present studies indicate that antigen induced mitogenic factor production and increased 3H-thymidine incorporation are properties of T cells per se, whereas antigen-induced MIF is made by both T and B cells.", "PMID": 1105751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1163", "title": "Lumbar traction: a double-blind controlled study for sciatica.", "content": "A double-blind control study of lumbar traction for sciatica has been carried out. Although there is a tendency for traction to produce improvement in pain and straight-leg raise the extent does not achieve statistical significance. Changing 'control' patients to 'treatment' seemed to produce worthwhile relief of pain for all who were not already improving. It is suggested that a large trial using more discriminating criteria might delineate a group of patients susceptible to help by traction.", "contents": "Lumbar traction: a double-blind controlled study for sciatica. A double-blind control study of lumbar traction for sciatica has been carried out. Although there is a tendency for traction to produce improvement in pain and straight-leg raise the extent does not achieve statistical significance. Changing 'control' patients to 'treatment' seemed to produce worthwhile relief of pain for all who were not already improving. It is suggested that a large trial using more discriminating criteria might delineate a group of patients susceptible to help by traction.", "PMID": 1105752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1164", "title": "Sinus arrhythmia in man: influence of tidal volume and oesophageal pressure.", "content": "The effect of tidal volume (VT) and of the intrathoracic pressure (Poes) on the respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) was studied in healthy subjects. They breathed into a spirometer with a VT of 1, 1.5, and 2 1, at a standardized, slow respiratory rate, 6-min-1 (A). Poes was varied by (B) adding a negative inspiratory pressure (NIP) of 5 cm of water and by (C) intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV) at identical VT and respiratory frequency. In a separate study (D), intermittent negative pressure ventilation (INPV) was induced by applying negative pressure on the thorax. In A, increasing VT provoked an augmented RSA by a more marked tachycardia as well as bradycardia. On increasing the amplitude of Poes in B, RSA was somewhat more marked due to a lower minimum heart rate. When comparing respiratory cycles that had similar Poes but a different VT, the larger VT caused a slight increase in the RSA amplitude due to a more marked deceleration of the heart rate. IPPV almost abolished RSA, whereas INPV did not reduce the arrhythmia. It is concluded that pulmonary stretch reflexes to a minor extent contribute to RSA, whereas the hypothesis of a central nervous origin does not gain support. Cardiovascular reflexes remain the main possible cause of RSA.", "contents": "Sinus arrhythmia in man: influence of tidal volume and oesophageal pressure. The effect of tidal volume (VT) and of the intrathoracic pressure (Poes) on the respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) was studied in healthy subjects. They breathed into a spirometer with a VT of 1, 1.5, and 2 1, at a standardized, slow respiratory rate, 6-min-1 (A). Poes was varied by (B) adding a negative inspiratory pressure (NIP) of 5 cm of water and by (C) intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV) at identical VT and respiratory frequency. In a separate study (D), intermittent negative pressure ventilation (INPV) was induced by applying negative pressure on the thorax. In A, increasing VT provoked an augmented RSA by a more marked tachycardia as well as bradycardia. On increasing the amplitude of Poes in B, RSA was somewhat more marked due to a lower minimum heart rate. When comparing respiratory cycles that had similar Poes but a different VT, the larger VT caused a slight increase in the RSA amplitude due to a more marked deceleration of the heart rate. IPPV almost abolished RSA, whereas INPV did not reduce the arrhythmia. It is concluded that pulmonary stretch reflexes to a minor extent contribute to RSA, whereas the hypothesis of a central nervous origin does not gain support. Cardiovascular reflexes remain the main possible cause of RSA.", "PMID": 1105758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1165", "title": "The effect of physical training on the sympathoadrenal response to exercise.", "content": "The urinary excretion of catecholamines was measured in six healthy male volunteers at rest and during a fixed amount of work before and after physical training. It was found that, although training resulted in a significantly lower heart rate during exercise, the output of catecholamines was unaltered, indicating that the total activation of the sympathoadrenal system by exercise was similar before and after training. A similar heart rate study before and after training was also made during beta-adrenergic receptor blockade. Under these conditions the heart rate during exercise was not significantly changed by training. It is suggested that physical training reduces the sensitivity of the beta-receptors of the heart.", "contents": "The effect of physical training on the sympathoadrenal response to exercise. The urinary excretion of catecholamines was measured in six healthy male volunteers at rest and during a fixed amount of work before and after physical training. It was found that, although training resulted in a significantly lower heart rate during exercise, the output of catecholamines was unaltered, indicating that the total activation of the sympathoadrenal system by exercise was similar before and after training. A similar heart rate study before and after training was also made during beta-adrenergic receptor blockade. Under these conditions the heart rate during exercise was not significantly changed by training. It is suggested that physical training reduces the sensitivity of the beta-receptors of the heart.", "PMID": 1105759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1166", "title": "Solid-phase cobalamin assay using cobalamin-binding protein from dog stomach.", "content": "Ninety-five samples from 42 animals were studied for the presence of a cobalamin-binding protein fulfilling the criteria of occurring in major quantities and being homogeneous regarding size and binding constant. The binder from dog stomach thus found was made insoluble by coupling to bromoacetyl-cellulose and used for solid-phase assay of serum cobalamins. Equilibrium between free and bound radioactive cobalamin was unaffected by centrifugation of the samples, thus allowing the straightforward use of the Scatchard equation for calculation of results. The precision of the method was 0.05 to 0.10 at concentrations above 100 pmolX1(-1), the sensitivity was about 30 pmolX1(-1), the accuracy could be based on aqueous solutions of cyanocobalamin, and the reference interval was as for the Lactobacillus leichmannii method, i.e. 160-480 pmolX1(-1).", "contents": "Solid-phase cobalamin assay using cobalamin-binding protein from dog stomach. Ninety-five samples from 42 animals were studied for the presence of a cobalamin-binding protein fulfilling the criteria of occurring in major quantities and being homogeneous regarding size and binding constant. The binder from dog stomach thus found was made insoluble by coupling to bromoacetyl-cellulose and used for solid-phase assay of serum cobalamins. Equilibrium between free and bound radioactive cobalamin was unaffected by centrifugation of the samples, thus allowing the straightforward use of the Scatchard equation for calculation of results. The precision of the method was 0.05 to 0.10 at concentrations above 100 pmolX1(-1), the sensitivity was about 30 pmolX1(-1), the accuracy could be based on aqueous solutions of cyanocobalamin, and the reference interval was as for the Lactobacillus leichmannii method, i.e. 160-480 pmolX1(-1).", "PMID": 1105760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1167", "title": "Experimental gingivitis in young dogs.", "content": "The aim of the present study was to analyze and express in quantitative terms some of the structural alterations which develop in an initially normal gingiva during a phase of continuous plaque accumulation. Four beagle dogs were used. The animals had from birth been twice daily subjected to meticulous mechanical tooth cleaning. When the dogs were 10 months of age their gingiva were in excellent health as evaluated by Gingival Index and Gingival Exudate measurements. Gingival tissues were harvested from the premolar and molar regions in the right jaws. The tooth cleanings were then terminated and plaque allowed to accumulate. Clinical examinations were performed and gingival biopsies sampled after 4, 7, 14, 21 and 28 d. The composition of the gingival biopsies was analyzed in a sampling microscope. After 4 d of plaque accumulation significant amounts of gingival exudate could be sampled. The exudation then gradually increased during the following weeks. Biopsies representing day zero did not contain any inflammatory cell infiltrates. However, after 4 d of the experiment leukocytes were found in the collagen-poor connective tissue immediately beneath the junctional epithelium. The size of the infiltrated connective tissue (ICT) gradually increased during the experiment. The volumetric density of collagen in the noninfiltrated connective tissue (NCT) was always much higher than in ICT. In ICT, however, this density parameter remained rather constant throughout the study. On days 4 and 7 neutrophilic granulocytes constituted 60-70% of the leukocyte population. On day 28, however, the infiltrate comprised mainly mononuclear leukocytes, especially plasma cells, neutrophils at that time occupying only a small fraction of the infiltrate.", "contents": "Experimental gingivitis in young dogs. The aim of the present study was to analyze and express in quantitative terms some of the structural alterations which develop in an initially normal gingiva during a phase of continuous plaque accumulation. Four beagle dogs were used. The animals had from birth been twice daily subjected to meticulous mechanical tooth cleaning. When the dogs were 10 months of age their gingiva were in excellent health as evaluated by Gingival Index and Gingival Exudate measurements. Gingival tissues were harvested from the premolar and molar regions in the right jaws. The tooth cleanings were then terminated and plaque allowed to accumulate. Clinical examinations were performed and gingival biopsies sampled after 4, 7, 14, 21 and 28 d. The composition of the gingival biopsies was analyzed in a sampling microscope. After 4 d of plaque accumulation significant amounts of gingival exudate could be sampled. The exudation then gradually increased during the following weeks. Biopsies representing day zero did not contain any inflammatory cell infiltrates. However, after 4 d of the experiment leukocytes were found in the collagen-poor connective tissue immediately beneath the junctional epithelium. The size of the infiltrated connective tissue (ICT) gradually increased during the experiment. The volumetric density of collagen in the noninfiltrated connective tissue (NCT) was always much higher than in ICT. In ICT, however, this density parameter remained rather constant throughout the study. On days 4 and 7 neutrophilic granulocytes constituted 60-70% of the leukocyte population. On day 28, however, the infiltrate comprised mainly mononuclear leukocytes, especially plasma cells, neutrophils at that time occupying only a small fraction of the infiltrate.", "PMID": 1105761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1168", "title": "Peritonitis fibroplastica incapsulata with superadded post-operative starch powder peritonitis.", "content": "Peritonitis fibroplastica incapsulata is not generally accepted as a distinct syndrome. However, characteristic pathological alterations can be identified at laparotomy and by histological examinations. The aetiology of the disease is unknown. In the case reported a second disease arose, i.e. the peritoneal reaction to corn starch powder in the course of the surgical treatment of the peritonitis fibroplastica.", "contents": "Peritonitis fibroplastica incapsulata with superadded post-operative starch powder peritonitis. Peritonitis fibroplastica incapsulata is not generally accepted as a distinct syndrome. However, characteristic pathological alterations can be identified at laparotomy and by histological examinations. The aetiology of the disease is unknown. In the case reported a second disease arose, i.e. the peritoneal reaction to corn starch powder in the course of the surgical treatment of the peritonitis fibroplastica.", "PMID": 1105762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1169", "title": "Acute abdominal complications of coeliac disease.", "content": "Two rare complications of coeliac disease are described in patients who presented as acute abdominal emergencies. One of the patients had both oesophageal and small intestinal obstruction produced by an ulcerative process involving these portions of the gastro-intestinal tract. The other, a patient with long standing dermatitis herpetiformis, perforated his small intestine at a site involved by both a lymphoma and partial villous atrophy.", "contents": "Acute abdominal complications of coeliac disease. Two rare complications of coeliac disease are described in patients who presented as acute abdominal emergencies. One of the patients had both oesophageal and small intestinal obstruction produced by an ulcerative process involving these portions of the gastro-intestinal tract. The other, a patient with long standing dermatitis herpetiformis, perforated his small intestine at a site involved by both a lymphoma and partial villous atrophy.", "PMID": 1105763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1170", "title": "Haematopoietic defects of W/WV mice studied with the spleen colony, agar colony, and diffusion chamber techniques.", "content": "Bone marrow progenitor cells from anaemic W/WV mice were compared with normal +/+ cells utilizing the spleen colony, the agar colony and the diffusion chamber techniques. Spleen colony formation from W/WV cells was markedly defective, and more so for erythroid than for granuloid colonies. The progenitor cell concentration was apparently normal as measured by the two other techniques. The concentration of circulating progenitor cells also seemed to be normal. On the other hand, the cell formation per progenitor cell was subnormal in all three assay systems. The initial proliferative response of W/WV spleen colony-formers and agar colony-formers to short-term diffusion chamber culturing was apparently normal. The incorporation of 3H-thymidine, related to the number of proliferative granulocytes present in the chambers, also seemed to be normal. The results indicate that the W/WV defect is not limited to the multipotent stem cells. A possible interpretation is that it is the capacity for continued self-renewal of immature cells that is defective.", "contents": "Haematopoietic defects of W/WV mice studied with the spleen colony, agar colony, and diffusion chamber techniques. Bone marrow progenitor cells from anaemic W/WV mice were compared with normal +/+ cells utilizing the spleen colony, the agar colony and the diffusion chamber techniques. Spleen colony formation from W/WV cells was markedly defective, and more so for erythroid than for granuloid colonies. The progenitor cell concentration was apparently normal as measured by the two other techniques. The concentration of circulating progenitor cells also seemed to be normal. On the other hand, the cell formation per progenitor cell was subnormal in all three assay systems. The initial proliferative response of W/WV spleen colony-formers and agar colony-formers to short-term diffusion chamber culturing was apparently normal. The incorporation of 3H-thymidine, related to the number of proliferative granulocytes present in the chambers, also seemed to be normal. The results indicate that the W/WV defect is not limited to the multipotent stem cells. A possible interpretation is that it is the capacity for continued self-renewal of immature cells that is defective.", "PMID": 1105764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1171", "title": "Ultrastructural study of bone morrow-derived granulocytic colonies in diffusion chambers in rats.", "content": "An ultrastructural study of diffusion chamber granulocytic colonies is reported. The colonies were derived from normal rat bone marrow cells and the chambers were inserted into the peritoneal cavity of lethally irradiated rats. The colonies were processed en bloc for electron microscopy enabling observation of cellular relationship to be made. Ultrastructural analysis of colonies disclosed normal maturing cells at all stages of maturation, with the exception of occasional granulocytes on neutrophil type that presented narrow strips of chromatin ('nuclear blebs'). The cells in colonies generally occurred in close apposition to one another and to occasional macrophages. This organization possible enhanced transmission of factors of maturation. Advantages of diffusion chamber haematopoietic culture are discussed; among the most important are the occurrence of fibroblasts originating from implanted marrow cells and the local formation of fibrin within the chambers.", "contents": "Ultrastructural study of bone morrow-derived granulocytic colonies in diffusion chambers in rats. An ultrastructural study of diffusion chamber granulocytic colonies is reported. The colonies were derived from normal rat bone marrow cells and the chambers were inserted into the peritoneal cavity of lethally irradiated rats. The colonies were processed en bloc for electron microscopy enabling observation of cellular relationship to be made. Ultrastructural analysis of colonies disclosed normal maturing cells at all stages of maturation, with the exception of occasional granulocytes on neutrophil type that presented narrow strips of chromatin ('nuclear blebs'). The cells in colonies generally occurred in close apposition to one another and to occasional macrophages. This organization possible enhanced transmission of factors of maturation. Advantages of diffusion chamber haematopoietic culture are discussed; among the most important are the occurrence of fibroblasts originating from implanted marrow cells and the local formation of fibrin within the chambers.", "PMID": 1105765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1172", "title": "Immunofluorescence microphotometry for the detection of platelet antibodies. III. Demonstration of autoantibodies against platelets.", "content": "After a survey of the literature dealing with the demonstration of platelet autoantibodies by immunofluorescence techniques, the results are given of a study in which immunofluorescence microphotometry was used for this purpose. The serum of 58, the platelets of 34, and the megakaryocytes of 2 patients with thrombocytopenia were investigated. In 21 of 52 sera (40%) in which the presence of platelet autoantibodies could be expected, positive results were obtained that could not be due to isoantibodies, either because the patients had not been pregnant and had not received blood transfusions or because the reactivity of the serum with the patient's own platelets was demonstrated. The platelets of 28 patients with thrombocytopenia not due to a platelet defect or decreased thrombopoiesis were investigated. In the platelets of 15 (54%) of these, significant differences in fluorescence were found with anti-immunoglobulin conjugate as well as with anti-IgG, -IgA, -IgM, or -complement reagents. It was concluded that in these patients in vivo sensitization of the platelets with autoantibody was demonstrated. In two patients an indication of the in vivo sensitization of the megakaryocytes was also obtained.", "contents": "Immunofluorescence microphotometry for the detection of platelet antibodies. III. Demonstration of autoantibodies against platelets. After a survey of the literature dealing with the demonstration of platelet autoantibodies by immunofluorescence techniques, the results are given of a study in which immunofluorescence microphotometry was used for this purpose. The serum of 58, the platelets of 34, and the megakaryocytes of 2 patients with thrombocytopenia were investigated. In 21 of 52 sera (40%) in which the presence of platelet autoantibodies could be expected, positive results were obtained that could not be due to isoantibodies, either because the patients had not been pregnant and had not received blood transfusions or because the reactivity of the serum with the patient's own platelets was demonstrated. The platelets of 28 patients with thrombocytopenia not due to a platelet defect or decreased thrombopoiesis were investigated. In the platelets of 15 (54%) of these, significant differences in fluorescence were found with anti-immunoglobulin conjugate as well as with anti-IgG, -IgA, -IgM, or -complement reagents. It was concluded that in these patients in vivo sensitization of the platelets with autoantibody was demonstrated. In two patients an indication of the in vivo sensitization of the megakaryocytes was also obtained.", "PMID": 1105766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1173", "title": "Correction: mouse spleen cells cultured in homologous serum can indeed make primary antibodies to sheep erythrocytes.", "content": "Contrary to what I have reported in a previous article, I now present data that prove that spleen cells from various strains of mice can make primary antibodies to sheep erythrocytes in syngeneic adult serum. The reasons for this dichotomy of data are not clear. The present results indicate that it is possible to obtain an antibody response in the absence of demonstrable mitogens or polyclonal activators, suggesting activating signals only between antigen-specific cells. Primary IgG formation in vitro was demonstrable in cultures with normal mouse serum but not in fetal-calf-serum-substituted cultures. Since antigen has never induced antibody formation in vitro under serum-free conditions, it is now deduced that normal adult serum, in addition to containing suppressor molecules that restrain general lymphocyte proliferation, also contains material absolutely essential for antigen-induced specific cell proliferation to occur. These latter substances work even at very high dilutions.", "contents": "Correction: mouse spleen cells cultured in homologous serum can indeed make primary antibodies to sheep erythrocytes. Contrary to what I have reported in a previous article, I now present data that prove that spleen cells from various strains of mice can make primary antibodies to sheep erythrocytes in syngeneic adult serum. The reasons for this dichotomy of data are not clear. The present results indicate that it is possible to obtain an antibody response in the absence of demonstrable mitogens or polyclonal activators, suggesting activating signals only between antigen-specific cells. Primary IgG formation in vitro was demonstrable in cultures with normal mouse serum but not in fetal-calf-serum-substituted cultures. Since antigen has never induced antibody formation in vitro under serum-free conditions, it is now deduced that normal adult serum, in addition to containing suppressor molecules that restrain general lymphocyte proliferation, also contains material absolutely essential for antigen-induced specific cell proliferation to occur. These latter substances work even at very high dilutions.", "PMID": 1105767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1174", "title": "Experimental murine leprosy. IX. Antibodies against Mycobacterium lepraemurium in C3H and C57BL mice with murine leprosy and in patients with lepromatous leprosy.", "content": "Sera from C3H and C57BL mice infected with Mycobacterium lepraemurium (MLM) and from human leprosy patients were examined for antibodies against MLM by a crossed immunoelectrophoresis (CIE) technique. Altogether antibodies against six or seven MLM antigens were found in the mouse sera. After a small inoculum of MLM, C3H mice produced more antibodies than C57BL mice. After a large inoculum both strains produced about the same amount of antibodies but showed qualitative differences in their response patterns. A serum pool from patients with lepromatous leprosy contained antibodies against six MLM antigens; five of these were identical with the antigens against which antibodies were found in infected mice. C57BL mice that had lost their delayed-type hypersensitivity to MLM during the course of a disseminated infection showed a fairly strong antibody response to three antigens and a weak response to three others. Since almost the same spectrum of antibodies, although in lower titres, could be demonstrated in C57BL mice with intact delayed-type hypersensitivity to the bacilli, these antibodies did not seem to interfere with the expression of cell-mediated immunity.", "contents": "Experimental murine leprosy. IX. Antibodies against Mycobacterium lepraemurium in C3H and C57BL mice with murine leprosy and in patients with lepromatous leprosy. Sera from C3H and C57BL mice infected with Mycobacterium lepraemurium (MLM) and from human leprosy patients were examined for antibodies against MLM by a crossed immunoelectrophoresis (CIE) technique. Altogether antibodies against six or seven MLM antigens were found in the mouse sera. After a small inoculum of MLM, C3H mice produced more antibodies than C57BL mice. After a large inoculum both strains produced about the same amount of antibodies but showed qualitative differences in their response patterns. A serum pool from patients with lepromatous leprosy contained antibodies against six MLM antigens; five of these were identical with the antigens against which antibodies were found in infected mice. C57BL mice that had lost their delayed-type hypersensitivity to MLM during the course of a disseminated infection showed a fairly strong antibody response to three antigens and a weak response to three others. Since almost the same spectrum of antibodies, although in lower titres, could be demonstrated in C57BL mice with intact delayed-type hypersensitivity to the bacilli, these antibodies did not seem to interfere with the expression of cell-mediated immunity.", "PMID": 1105768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1175", "title": "IgG rheumatoid factor in dental periapical lesions of patients with rheumatoid disease.", "content": "To detect \"hidden\" IgG rheumatoid factor in tissues from dental periapical lesions, 26 rheumatoid and 14 control patients were examined by the direct immunofluorescence technique for binding of FITC-labelled IgG before and after pepsin digestion. Whereas free rheumatoid factor was detected in only 1 rheumatoid tissue before digestion with pepsin, this tissue as well as 8 other rheumatoid tissues strongly bound heat-aggregated IgG after the digestion procedure. Six of these 9 tissues also bound native IgG. In no control tissue was free rheumatoid factor detected and in only 1 was \"hidden\" rheumatoid factor revealed after pepsin digestion. Hence, presence of IgG rheumatoid factor correlated positively with the presence of rheumatoid disease, and evidence was established that certain features of rheumatoid inflammation occur in dental periapical lesions of many patients with rheumatoid disease.", "contents": "IgG rheumatoid factor in dental periapical lesions of patients with rheumatoid disease. To detect \"hidden\" IgG rheumatoid factor in tissues from dental periapical lesions, 26 rheumatoid and 14 control patients were examined by the direct immunofluorescence technique for binding of FITC-labelled IgG before and after pepsin digestion. Whereas free rheumatoid factor was detected in only 1 rheumatoid tissue before digestion with pepsin, this tissue as well as 8 other rheumatoid tissues strongly bound heat-aggregated IgG after the digestion procedure. Six of these 9 tissues also bound native IgG. In no control tissue was free rheumatoid factor detected and in only 1 was \"hidden\" rheumatoid factor revealed after pepsin digestion. Hence, presence of IgG rheumatoid factor correlated positively with the presence of rheumatoid disease, and evidence was established that certain features of rheumatoid inflammation occur in dental periapical lesions of many patients with rheumatoid disease.", "PMID": 1105774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1176", "title": "Occurrence of amyloid in the teeth-supporting tissues of patients with rheumatoid diseases. An immunohistochemical study.", "content": "An investigation was carried out to determine whether amyloid could be detected in the dental periapical lesions or gingival buccal fold, or in both, of patients with rheumatoid disease but in whom amyloidosis had not been diagnosed. Tissue from the dental periapical lesions of 36 rheumatoid and 23 control patients, as well as from the gingival buccal fold of 11 of the rheumatoid and 11 of the control patients, were examined by the direct immunofluorescence technique and by polarization microscopy of sections stained with Congo red. Amyloid was observed almost 5 times more often, or in 19% of the dental periapical lesions of rheumatoid patients: it was detected by immunofluorescence in 7 rheumatoid patients and 1 control patient, and by polarization microscopy in 6 of these 7 rheumatoid patients as well as in the 1 control. Rectal biopsies performed on these 8 patients were positive in only 1 of the rheumatoid patients. Amyloid was not detected in any of the gingival biopsies. Serum samples from the rheumatoid and the control patients were tested for the presence of the nonimmunoglobulin amyloid fibril-related serum component, protein ASC. Nineteen of the 36 rheumatoid patients, including the 7 whose dental periapical lesions contained amyloid, had protein ASC in their serum.", "contents": "Occurrence of amyloid in the teeth-supporting tissues of patients with rheumatoid diseases. An immunohistochemical study. An investigation was carried out to determine whether amyloid could be detected in the dental periapical lesions or gingival buccal fold, or in both, of patients with rheumatoid disease but in whom amyloidosis had not been diagnosed. Tissue from the dental periapical lesions of 36 rheumatoid and 23 control patients, as well as from the gingival buccal fold of 11 of the rheumatoid and 11 of the control patients, were examined by the direct immunofluorescence technique and by polarization microscopy of sections stained with Congo red. Amyloid was observed almost 5 times more often, or in 19% of the dental periapical lesions of rheumatoid patients: it was detected by immunofluorescence in 7 rheumatoid patients and 1 control patient, and by polarization microscopy in 6 of these 7 rheumatoid patients as well as in the 1 control. Rectal biopsies performed on these 8 patients were positive in only 1 of the rheumatoid patients. Amyloid was not detected in any of the gingival biopsies. Serum samples from the rheumatoid and the control patients were tested for the presence of the nonimmunoglobulin amyloid fibril-related serum component, protein ASC. Nineteen of the 36 rheumatoid patients, including the 7 whose dental periapical lesions contained amyloid, had protein ASC in their serum.", "PMID": 1105775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1177", "title": "Treatment of chronic articular effusions with 90-yttrium (90Y).", "content": "In an open, controlled trial, radioactive 90Yttrium was injected in doses of 3-6 mCi into 40 joints with chronic effusions in patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatoid diseases. The processing in a computer was carried out by the punch card method. Intra-articular administration of 90Y resulted in a significant improvement of five objective criteria. In our study we have paid particular attention to the clinical and statistical differentiation of the effects of systemic, and especially of basic therapy, from the effects of topical intra-articular therapy. At the time of the last check-up examination, 43% of the patients were free of any effusion. The treatment was well tolerated. Skin necrosis occurred in only one single case. Intra-articular treatment with radioactive 90Yttrium represents a valuable contribution to the therapeutic arsenal for the treatment of the chronic articular effusions when all other methods of treatment failed.", "contents": "Treatment of chronic articular effusions with 90-yttrium (90Y). In an open, controlled trial, radioactive 90Yttrium was injected in doses of 3-6 mCi into 40 joints with chronic effusions in patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatoid diseases. The processing in a computer was carried out by the punch card method. Intra-articular administration of 90Y resulted in a significant improvement of five objective criteria. In our study we have paid particular attention to the clinical and statistical differentiation of the effects of systemic, and especially of basic therapy, from the effects of topical intra-articular therapy. At the time of the last check-up examination, 43% of the patients were free of any effusion. The treatment was well tolerated. Skin necrosis occurred in only one single case. Intra-articular treatment with radioactive 90Yttrium represents a valuable contribution to the therapeutic arsenal for the treatment of the chronic articular effusions when all other methods of treatment failed.", "PMID": 1105776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1178", "title": "The value of roentgen irradiation in the treatment of painful degenerative and inflammatory musculoskeletal conditions. A double-blind study.", "content": "A double-blind trial was carried out to study the effect of roentgen radiation treatment in 104 patients presenting 127 painful disorders of the joints and muscles. 64 disorders received genuine treatment and 63 had sham treatment. Improvement occurred in 59% of the genuinely treated group and in 65% of the placebo group. The results were about the same 2 weeks and 6 weeks after termination of treatment. Thus there was no significant difference between the groups.", "contents": "The value of roentgen irradiation in the treatment of painful degenerative and inflammatory musculoskeletal conditions. A double-blind study. A double-blind trial was carried out to study the effect of roentgen radiation treatment in 104 patients presenting 127 painful disorders of the joints and muscles. 64 disorders received genuine treatment and 63 had sham treatment. Improvement occurred in 59% of the genuinely treated group and in 65% of the placebo group. The results were about the same 2 weeks and 6 weeks after termination of treatment. Thus there was no significant difference between the groups.", "PMID": 1105777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1179", "title": "Prognosis of post-neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) treated with positive end-expiratory pressure ventilation (PEEP).", "content": "Thirty-six patients with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) were treated with mechanical ventilation with positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP). In 16 patients the RDS was the result of direct pulmonary injury due to chest trauma (group A), and in 20 patients the RDS followed non-direct injury of the lungs (group B). Fifteen patients died. At the moment of death the RDS had disappeared. No difference in mortality existed between groups A and B. Four patients died from causes unrelated to the RDS, one patient died from an avoidable error in the treatment. The ultimate outcome did not seem to be related to age, use of mechanical ventilation or PEEP, or occurrence of complications (e.g. a pneumothorax, which appeared to be related rather to the chest trauma). Of probably prognostic significance was the presence of a combination of massive aspiration and RDS. Of the 12 patients who suffered from this combination, nine died. PEEP ventilation was more unsuccessful in raising PaO2 appreciably in these patients than in others. The combination of massive aspiration and RDS posses a therapeutic dilemma. PEEP ventilation is invaluable in the treatment of RDS. Interruption of the PEEP within the first 1-2 days may sometimes result in massive recurrence of the RDS. Endotracheal suctioning which is a prerequisite for the treatment of massive aspiration, may under these circumstances be virtually impossible within this period. A compromise, including PEEP ventilation for as short a period as possible (usually no longer than 2 to 3 days) without interruption, followed thereafter by intensive physiotherapy with endotracheal suctioning, may succeed in saving some of the patients.", "contents": "Prognosis of post-neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) treated with positive end-expiratory pressure ventilation (PEEP). Thirty-six patients with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) were treated with mechanical ventilation with positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP). In 16 patients the RDS was the result of direct pulmonary injury due to chest trauma (group A), and in 20 patients the RDS followed non-direct injury of the lungs (group B). Fifteen patients died. At the moment of death the RDS had disappeared. No difference in mortality existed between groups A and B. Four patients died from causes unrelated to the RDS, one patient died from an avoidable error in the treatment. The ultimate outcome did not seem to be related to age, use of mechanical ventilation or PEEP, or occurrence of complications (e.g. a pneumothorax, which appeared to be related rather to the chest trauma). Of probably prognostic significance was the presence of a combination of massive aspiration and RDS. Of the 12 patients who suffered from this combination, nine died. PEEP ventilation was more unsuccessful in raising PaO2 appreciably in these patients than in others. The combination of massive aspiration and RDS posses a therapeutic dilemma. PEEP ventilation is invaluable in the treatment of RDS. Interruption of the PEEP within the first 1-2 days may sometimes result in massive recurrence of the RDS. Endotracheal suctioning which is a prerequisite for the treatment of massive aspiration, may under these circumstances be virtually impossible within this period. A compromise, including PEEP ventilation for as short a period as possible (usually no longer than 2 to 3 days) without interruption, followed thereafter by intensive physiotherapy with endotracheal suctioning, may succeed in saving some of the patients.", "PMID": 1105779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1180", "title": "Function and homeostasis of copper and zinc in mammals.", "content": "Recently there has been great interest in the determination of levels of trace elements in biological systems. The goals of many researchers in this field have been: understanding the roles of micronutrients in biochemical processes and the evaluation of biological mechanisms that maintain tissue concentrations at relatively constants levels. The biochemical and physiological functions of the micronutrients copper and zinc have been reviewed with emphasis on factors, both endogenous and exogenous, associated with the maintenance of homeostatic levels in mammalian sera. Understanding the mechanisms affecting homeostasis will provide a background necessary for the application of data on serum trace minerals in the diagnosis and prognosis of disease states. The general roles of copper and zinc in animal nutrition may be understood by evaluating physiologic changes associated with deficiency states of these essential elements. Deficiencies are associated with antagonisms and interactions from other elements and from chelating organic compounds as well as with primary deficiencies due to insufficient dietary levels. Biochemical and physiochemical properties of copper and zinc biomolecules are discussed with primary emphasis on the forms of these metals in serum. Also discussed in detail, are the effects of disease, radiation exposure and environmental factors on serum and tissue copper and zinc levels.", "contents": "Function and homeostasis of copper and zinc in mammals. Recently there has been great interest in the determination of levels of trace elements in biological systems. The goals of many researchers in this field have been: understanding the roles of micronutrients in biochemical processes and the evaluation of biological mechanisms that maintain tissue concentrations at relatively constants levels. The biochemical and physiological functions of the micronutrients copper and zinc have been reviewed with emphasis on factors, both endogenous and exogenous, associated with the maintenance of homeostatic levels in mammalian sera. Understanding the mechanisms affecting homeostasis will provide a background necessary for the application of data on serum trace minerals in the diagnosis and prognosis of disease states. The general roles of copper and zinc in animal nutrition may be understood by evaluating physiologic changes associated with deficiency states of these essential elements. Deficiencies are associated with antagonisms and interactions from other elements and from chelating organic compounds as well as with primary deficiencies due to insufficient dietary levels. Biochemical and physiochemical properties of copper and zinc biomolecules are discussed with primary emphasis on the forms of these metals in serum. Also discussed in detail, are the effects of disease, radiation exposure and environmental factors on serum and tissue copper and zinc levels.", "PMID": 1105784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1181", "title": "Bone resorption restored in osteopetrotic mice by transplants of normal bone marrow and spleen cells.", "content": "Capacity to resorb bone and calcified cartilage was restored permanently in mice with inherited osteopetrosis by the intravenous administration of cell suspensions prepared from spleen and bone marrow of normal littermates. Beginning near active growth plates as early as 2 weeks after transplantation, replacement of the abnormal spongiosa continued until medullary cavitites were fully expanded.", "contents": "Bone resorption restored in osteopetrotic mice by transplants of normal bone marrow and spleen cells. Capacity to resorb bone and calcified cartilage was restored permanently in mice with inherited osteopetrosis by the intravenous administration of cell suspensions prepared from spleen and bone marrow of normal littermates. Beginning near active growth plates as early as 2 weeks after transplantation, replacement of the abnormal spongiosa continued until medullary cavitites were fully expanded.", "PMID": 1105786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1182", "title": "Mefloquine (WR 142,490) in the treatment of human malaria.", "content": "Mefloquine hydrochloride, a new 4-quinolinemethanol, was administered as a single oral dose to 47 volunteers infected with malaria. Treatment resulted in rapid clearence of fever and parasitemia. No recrudescence of parasites was observed after treatment of chloroquine-sensitive infections of Plasmodium falciparum. More significantly, in nonimmune persons with chloroquine-resistant infections, 1 gram of mefloquine cured 10 of 12 patients and 1.5 grams cured all 8 patients who received this dose of the drug. The marked activity of a single dose of mefloquine against chloroquine-resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum suggests that this agent may be more useful than currently available drugs are for the treatment of drug-resistant malaria.", "contents": "Mefloquine (WR 142,490) in the treatment of human malaria. Mefloquine hydrochloride, a new 4-quinolinemethanol, was administered as a single oral dose to 47 volunteers infected with malaria. Treatment resulted in rapid clearence of fever and parasitemia. No recrudescence of parasites was observed after treatment of chloroquine-sensitive infections of Plasmodium falciparum. More significantly, in nonimmune persons with chloroquine-resistant infections, 1 gram of mefloquine cured 10 of 12 patients and 1.5 grams cured all 8 patients who received this dose of the drug. The marked activity of a single dose of mefloquine against chloroquine-resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum suggests that this agent may be more useful than currently available drugs are for the treatment of drug-resistant malaria.", "PMID": 1105787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1183", "title": "Exocrine pancreas: evidence for topographic partition of secretory function.", "content": "The pattern of amylase, lipase, and chymotrpsinogen content found in pancreatic exocrine tissue surrounding the islets of Langerhans (periinsular halos) differs from that of the rest, or teleinsular part, of the pancreas. Such a topographic partition of secretory function may play a role in the regulation of pancreatic juice composition.", "contents": "Exocrine pancreas: evidence for topographic partition of secretory function. The pattern of amylase, lipase, and chymotrpsinogen content found in pancreatic exocrine tissue surrounding the islets of Langerhans (periinsular halos) differs from that of the rest, or teleinsular part, of the pancreas. Such a topographic partition of secretory function may play a role in the regulation of pancreatic juice composition.", "PMID": 1105788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1184", "title": "Familial polycythemia.", "content": "Since erythropoiesis is regulated at a number of steps, it seems likely that multiple genetically determined defects could result in polycythemia in families. These defects might be recognized by distinct patterns of marrow regulation--physiologic studies relating ESF production, oxygen transport, and red cell production in affected individuals. Defects in renal or extrarenal mechanisms of ESF production and release, oxygen sensing by the kidney, and in receptor site number or function on target cells within the marrow should be characterized by distinctive patterns of ESF production at rest and in response to altered oxygen supply. Continued study should allow the dissection of levels of regulation under genetic control and lead to a better understanding of the physiology of red cell production in normal man.", "contents": "Familial polycythemia. Since erythropoiesis is regulated at a number of steps, it seems likely that multiple genetically determined defects could result in polycythemia in families. These defects might be recognized by distinct patterns of marrow regulation--physiologic studies relating ESF production, oxygen transport, and red cell production in affected individuals. Defects in renal or extrarenal mechanisms of ESF production and release, oxygen sensing by the kidney, and in receptor site number or function on target cells within the marrow should be characterized by distinctive patterns of ESF production at rest and in response to altered oxygen supply. Continued study should allow the dissection of levels of regulation under genetic control and lead to a better understanding of the physiology of red cell production in normal man.", "PMID": 1105792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1185", "title": "Pharmacology of ethaverine HC1: human and animal studies.", "content": "The pharmacology of ethaverine hydrochloride has been studied in humans and animals. The studies determined that the drug was an effective smooth muscle relaxant. The ethaverine hydrochloride produced significant increase in peripheral blood flow in patients with occlusive artery disease. In longitudinal studies there was no evidence of toxic effects in patients receiving 100 mg ethaverine HCl three times a day.", "contents": "Pharmacology of ethaverine HC1: human and animal studies. The pharmacology of ethaverine hydrochloride has been studied in humans and animals. The studies determined that the drug was an effective smooth muscle relaxant. The ethaverine hydrochloride produced significant increase in peripheral blood flow in patients with occlusive artery disease. In longitudinal studies there was no evidence of toxic effects in patients receiving 100 mg ethaverine HCl three times a day.", "PMID": 1105795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1186", "title": "Le Fort III osteotomy to correct dish-face deformity resulting from facial trauma.", "content": "Untreated craniofacial fractures may result in a deformity similar to that which results from underdevelopment of the maxilla. Such a deformity can be corrected by osteotomy simulating Le Fort type III fracture lines. This operation necessitates careful pre-operative planning which incorporates a feasibility study with the combined use of dental study casts, cephalometric radiography and life-size photographic reproductions. A case history which describes the management of late complications of a malunited class III fracture is given.", "contents": "Le Fort III osteotomy to correct dish-face deformity resulting from facial trauma. Untreated craniofacial fractures may result in a deformity similar to that which results from underdevelopment of the maxilla. Such a deformity can be corrected by osteotomy simulating Le Fort type III fracture lines. This operation necessitates careful pre-operative planning which incorporates a feasibility study with the combined use of dental study casts, cephalometric radiography and life-size photographic reproductions. A case history which describes the management of late complications of a malunited class III fracture is given.", "PMID": 1105813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1187", "title": "Aneurysms of the renal artery with a case of extracorporeal repair.", "content": "Four patients with aneurysms of the renal artery are presented. They underwent reconstructive vascular surgery with preservation of renal function. In 1 patient the extracorporeal or 'bench-top' surgical technique was used, with cold renal perfusion and autotransplantation of the kidney to the pelvis.", "contents": "Aneurysms of the renal artery with a case of extracorporeal repair. Four patients with aneurysms of the renal artery are presented. They underwent reconstructive vascular surgery with preservation of renal function. In 1 patient the extracorporeal or 'bench-top' surgical technique was used, with cold renal perfusion and autotransplantation of the kidney to the pelvis.", "PMID": 1105816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1188", "title": "Cerclage in the treatment of incompetent cervix.", "content": "A retrospective study was undertaken of 71 patients who underwent a postconceptional cervical cerclage operation. The previous pregnancy loss in these patients was 71,4% compared with an 84,5% success rate after the operation had been performed. The possible reasons for the failures are discussed. The incidence of immediate postoperative complications was 14%. Infection, probably as a result of insertion of the suture, occurred in 30% of the patients.", "contents": "Cerclage in the treatment of incompetent cervix. A retrospective study was undertaken of 71 patients who underwent a postconceptional cervical cerclage operation. The previous pregnancy loss in these patients was 71,4% compared with an 84,5% success rate after the operation had been performed. The possible reasons for the failures are discussed. The incidence of immediate postoperative complications was 14%. Infection, probably as a result of insertion of the suture, occurred in 30% of the patients.", "PMID": 1105819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1189", "title": "The autopsy findings in a case of heterotopic cardiac transplantation with left ventricular bypass for ischaemic heart failure.", "content": "The autopsy findings in a White man aged 59 years are presented; he underwent heterotopic cardiac transplantation with left ventricular bypass for irreversible left ventricular failure caused by severe ischaemic heart disease. Microscopically, the donor heart showed mild signs of chronic rejection with negligible loss of functional myocardium, and no complications attributable to the surgical technique. Severe, generalised atherosclerosis had resulted in fibrous replacement of the recipient left ventricular myocardium and intra-operative atheromatous embolisation to the brain, the latter being the main contributory factor in the patient's death. Other significant findings were bilateral femoral vein thrombosis with recurrent pulmonary infarction, Aspergillus granulomata of the right lung, cytomegalovirus infection of lungs and oesophagus, Herpes simplex infection of the tongue and oesophagus, and duodenal ulceration with haemorrhage.", "contents": "The autopsy findings in a case of heterotopic cardiac transplantation with left ventricular bypass for ischaemic heart failure. The autopsy findings in a White man aged 59 years are presented; he underwent heterotopic cardiac transplantation with left ventricular bypass for irreversible left ventricular failure caused by severe ischaemic heart disease. Microscopically, the donor heart showed mild signs of chronic rejection with negligible loss of functional myocardium, and no complications attributable to the surgical technique. Severe, generalised atherosclerosis had resulted in fibrous replacement of the recipient left ventricular myocardium and intra-operative atheromatous embolisation to the brain, the latter being the main contributory factor in the patient's death. Other significant findings were bilateral femoral vein thrombosis with recurrent pulmonary infarction, Aspergillus granulomata of the right lung, cytomegalovirus infection of lungs and oesophagus, Herpes simplex infection of the tongue and oesophagus, and duodenal ulceration with haemorrhage.", "PMID": 1105821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1190", "title": "Preoperative preparation of the patients with carcinoma of the colon.", "content": "The efficacy of the neomycin-erythromycin combination as prophylaxis before operation for carcinoma of the colon (3 gm. of each of the day preoperatively, plus mechanical cleansing) was evaluated in a study of 74 patients for whom primary operations for colon carcinoma were performed from January 1973 through June 1974. Twenty three other patients received other preparations. Of the 74 who received neomycin and erythromycin, 4 had postoperative infectious complications (5 per cent). Of the 23 patients who received other preparations, 8 had significant complications (35 per cent). Although operability, age, concurrent medical problems and surgical technique probably influence postoperative sepsis, the use of oral neomycin-erythromycin combination as preoperative prophylaxis appears satisfactory for prevention of infection after operations for colon carcinoma.", "contents": "Preoperative preparation of the patients with carcinoma of the colon. The efficacy of the neomycin-erythromycin combination as prophylaxis before operation for carcinoma of the colon (3 gm. of each of the day preoperatively, plus mechanical cleansing) was evaluated in a study of 74 patients for whom primary operations for colon carcinoma were performed from January 1973 through June 1974. Twenty three other patients received other preparations. Of the 74 who received neomycin and erythromycin, 4 had postoperative infectious complications (5 per cent). Of the 23 patients who received other preparations, 8 had significant complications (35 per cent). Although operability, age, concurrent medical problems and surgical technique probably influence postoperative sepsis, the use of oral neomycin-erythromycin combination as preoperative prophylaxis appears satisfactory for prevention of infection after operations for colon carcinoma.", "PMID": 1105833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1191", "title": "Oral bacille Calmette Gu\u00e9rin immunostimulation in malignant melanoma.", "content": "Forty-seven patients representing all stages of malignant melanoma have been treated orally with bacille Calmette Gu\u00e9rin as an adjunct to standard treatment regimens. This is a preliminary study, but it appears that orally administered bacille Calmette Gu\u00e9rin in localized disease may delay the development of local recurrence and distant spread. In patients with disseminated melanoma but without intracranial metastases, the survival time is increased from 4.0 to 12.7 months. It has no effect on the progress of disease in patients with intracranial metastases or in those with hepatic metastases from intraocular melanoma.", "contents": "Oral bacille Calmette Gu\u00e9rin immunostimulation in malignant melanoma. Forty-seven patients representing all stages of malignant melanoma have been treated orally with bacille Calmette Gu\u00e9rin as an adjunct to standard treatment regimens. This is a preliminary study, but it appears that orally administered bacille Calmette Gu\u00e9rin in localized disease may delay the development of local recurrence and distant spread. In patients with disseminated melanoma but without intracranial metastases, the survival time is increased from 4.0 to 12.7 months. It has no effect on the progress of disease in patients with intracranial metastases or in those with hepatic metastases from intraocular melanoma.", "PMID": 1105837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1192", "title": "A twenty year survey of arterial complications of renal transplantation.", "content": "The significant arterial complications of renal transplantation are hemorrhage, infarction, stenosis and aneurysm formation. Hemorrhage is often associated with sepsis and may be lifethreatening. Large infarcts may be secondary to multiple small vessels or intraoperative hypotension with inadequate perfusion of the organ. Nephrectomy is invariably indicated in these situations. Renal artery stenosis with resultant hypertension may occur secondary to stenosis at the anastomosis, atherosclerotic plaque formation or intimal fibrosis of the renal artery. Operative reconstruction if the anastomotic site may relieve hypertension is selected patients but places the transplanted kidney greatly at risk. Aneurysm formation is often mycotic and is associated with multiple operations and wound sepsis. The iliac artery may be ligated without loss of limb, while the resultant claudication may be relieved by a surgical bypass procedure.", "contents": "A twenty year survey of arterial complications of renal transplantation. The significant arterial complications of renal transplantation are hemorrhage, infarction, stenosis and aneurysm formation. Hemorrhage is often associated with sepsis and may be lifethreatening. Large infarcts may be secondary to multiple small vessels or intraoperative hypotension with inadequate perfusion of the organ. Nephrectomy is invariably indicated in these situations. Renal artery stenosis with resultant hypertension may occur secondary to stenosis at the anastomosis, atherosclerotic plaque formation or intimal fibrosis of the renal artery. Operative reconstruction if the anastomotic site may relieve hypertension is selected patients but places the transplanted kidney greatly at risk. Aneurysm formation is often mycotic and is associated with multiple operations and wound sepsis. The iliac artery may be ligated without loss of limb, while the resultant claudication may be relieved by a surgical bypass procedure.", "PMID": 1105838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1193", "title": "Dominant role of complement in the hyperacute xenograft rejection reaction.", "content": "Xenotransplantation in distantly related donor-recipient systems is rejected within minutes. According to present theories, hyperacute rejection is due to preformed antibodies. However, our results suggest that a nonimmunologic reaction plays a dominant role in the hyperacute rejection reaction. To analyze the hyperacute rejection reaction, a previously described model of isolated in vitro xenohemoperfusion was used in which rat kidneys were perfused with dog blood at constant pressure. Rejection criterion was cessation of xenograft perfusion flow rate with constant perfusion pressure and histologic findings of aggregation of thrombocytes and endothelial lesions. In our experimental approach, the donor kidney was perfused with separate cellular and humoral components of the recipient blood with redetection of the rejection activity in one of the recipient blood components. Each blood component was tested for preformed antibody before hemoperfusion. In control studies, xenoperfusion of rat kidneys with whole blood from the dog always resulted in hyperacute rejection. In contrast, allogenic perfusion with whole blood caused no rejection. In three groups, typical hyperacute rejection occurred. Perfusion with whole blood from newborn dogs; no preformed antibodies in vitro; perfusion with reactivated dog whole blood containing no preformed xenohemoagglutinating antibodies, which had been eliminated by adsorption, and perfusion with reactivated dog whole blood containing no preformed xenocomplement fixing antibodies also eliminated by adsorption, all resulted in hyperacute rejection. Whole blood from newborn dogs and reactivated, adsorbed antibody-free whole blood from dogs contained active complement. Perfusion of rat kidneys with heat decomplemented, antibody-containing or antibody-free dog blood showed no hyperacute rejection reaction. The addition of fresh complement to these last two groups resulted in typical hyperacute rejection.", "contents": "Dominant role of complement in the hyperacute xenograft rejection reaction. Xenotransplantation in distantly related donor-recipient systems is rejected within minutes. According to present theories, hyperacute rejection is due to preformed antibodies. However, our results suggest that a nonimmunologic reaction plays a dominant role in the hyperacute rejection reaction. To analyze the hyperacute rejection reaction, a previously described model of isolated in vitro xenohemoperfusion was used in which rat kidneys were perfused with dog blood at constant pressure. Rejection criterion was cessation of xenograft perfusion flow rate with constant perfusion pressure and histologic findings of aggregation of thrombocytes and endothelial lesions. In our experimental approach, the donor kidney was perfused with separate cellular and humoral components of the recipient blood with redetection of the rejection activity in one of the recipient blood components. Each blood component was tested for preformed antibody before hemoperfusion. In control studies, xenoperfusion of rat kidneys with whole blood from the dog always resulted in hyperacute rejection. In contrast, allogenic perfusion with whole blood caused no rejection. In three groups, typical hyperacute rejection occurred. Perfusion with whole blood from newborn dogs; no preformed antibodies in vitro; perfusion with reactivated dog whole blood containing no preformed xenohemoagglutinating antibodies, which had been eliminated by adsorption, and perfusion with reactivated dog whole blood containing no preformed xenocomplement fixing antibodies also eliminated by adsorption, all resulted in hyperacute rejection. Whole blood from newborn dogs and reactivated, adsorbed antibody-free whole blood from dogs contained active complement. Perfusion of rat kidneys with heat decomplemented, antibody-containing or antibody-free dog blood showed no hyperacute rejection reaction. The addition of fresh complement to these last two groups resulted in typical hyperacute rejection.", "PMID": 1105839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1194", "title": "The effect of skin graft preparation on wound contraction.", "content": "Both clinically and experimentally, full thickness skin grafts inhibit wound contraction better than do split thickness grafts. This occurs even if full thickness grafts are thinner than split grafts. Since inhibition of wound contraction does not depend on graft thickness alone, other differences should be sought between full and split grafts to explain this inhibition. One such difference is method of preparation. While full thickness grafts are cut with sharp dissection, split grafts are cut with mineral oil or with dermatome glue which is then stripped off. Both mineral oil and surface stripping in intact skin cause epidermal hyperplasia, more prominent in split grafts than in full thickness grafts. In this study, the effect of skin graft preparation on wound contraction and epidermal hyperplasia was tested. Seventy-four split thickness skin grafts were cut from Fischer rats with lubrication using mineral oil, Lubafax, normal saline solution or glue and a Padgett dermatome. Six full thickness grafts were treated with mineral oil. All grafts were placed on syngeneic rats; the area was measured with a planimeter, and biopsies were taken at zero, one, two, four, eight, 14 and 20 weeks. Mineral oil prepared split grafts lost 17.8 +/- 2.2 per cent area by one week, with a maximal loss of 38.8 +/- 4.8 per cent by four weeks. Split grafts cut with Lubafax, saline solution or glue plus drum dermatome lost similar area. Split grafts later enlarged as the rats grew, but in no group did split grafts surpass their original area. Full thickness grafts, even though treated with mineral oil, grew 3.9 +/- 4.3 per cent beyond their original area by four weeks and enlarged through 20 weeks. Histologic examination showed that all split skin grafts, regardless of surface preparation, had considerable epidermal hyperplasia and scarring in graft dermis and bed between one and four weeks. Thus, both skin graft contraction and epidermal hyperplasia occur independently of how grafts are prepared. The explantation of why full and split thickness grafts inhibit wound contraction differently must lie intrinsic rather than extrinsic to the skin.", "contents": "The effect of skin graft preparation on wound contraction. Both clinically and experimentally, full thickness skin grafts inhibit wound contraction better than do split thickness grafts. This occurs even if full thickness grafts are thinner than split grafts. Since inhibition of wound contraction does not depend on graft thickness alone, other differences should be sought between full and split grafts to explain this inhibition. One such difference is method of preparation. While full thickness grafts are cut with sharp dissection, split grafts are cut with mineral oil or with dermatome glue which is then stripped off. Both mineral oil and surface stripping in intact skin cause epidermal hyperplasia, more prominent in split grafts than in full thickness grafts. In this study, the effect of skin graft preparation on wound contraction and epidermal hyperplasia was tested. Seventy-four split thickness skin grafts were cut from Fischer rats with lubrication using mineral oil, Lubafax, normal saline solution or glue and a Padgett dermatome. Six full thickness grafts were treated with mineral oil. All grafts were placed on syngeneic rats; the area was measured with a planimeter, and biopsies were taken at zero, one, two, four, eight, 14 and 20 weeks. Mineral oil prepared split grafts lost 17.8 +/- 2.2 per cent area by one week, with a maximal loss of 38.8 +/- 4.8 per cent by four weeks. Split grafts cut with Lubafax, saline solution or glue plus drum dermatome lost similar area. Split grafts later enlarged as the rats grew, but in no group did split grafts surpass their original area. Full thickness grafts, even though treated with mineral oil, grew 3.9 +/- 4.3 per cent beyond their original area by four weeks and enlarged through 20 weeks. Histologic examination showed that all split skin grafts, regardless of surface preparation, had considerable epidermal hyperplasia and scarring in graft dermis and bed between one and four weeks. Thus, both skin graft contraction and epidermal hyperplasia occur independently of how grafts are prepared. The explantation of why full and split thickness grafts inhibit wound contraction differently must lie intrinsic rather than extrinsic to the skin.", "PMID": 1105840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1195", "title": "Historical notes on gonioscopy.", "content": "The evolution of gonioscopy is reviewed, beginning with the first in vivo examination of the angle of the anterior chamber in 1867. The people and events responsible for the successful development of this important technique are discussed.", "contents": "Historical notes on gonioscopy. The evolution of gonioscopy is reviewed, beginning with the first in vivo examination of the angle of the anterior chamber in 1867. The people and events responsible for the successful development of this important technique are discussed.", "PMID": 1105844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1196", "title": "Oculomotor paresis with cyclic spasms. A critical review of the literature and a new case.", "content": "Oculomotor paresis with cyclic spasms is a rare syndrome, usually noticeable at birth or developing during the first year of life. On a background of oculomotor paresis, spastic movements occur at regular intervals: about every second minute the lid is raised, the globe wanders toward midline, the pupil contracts, and accomodation increases. These spasms last from 10 to 30 seconds, and then give way again to paresis. Since this phenomenon was first described, opinions were divided about its mechanism and about the site of the responsible defect. Based on a quantitative analysis of a new case, and of all previously published reports, a new theory is proposed which can account for all features of the syndrome.", "contents": "Oculomotor paresis with cyclic spasms. A critical review of the literature and a new case. Oculomotor paresis with cyclic spasms is a rare syndrome, usually noticeable at birth or developing during the first year of life. On a background of oculomotor paresis, spastic movements occur at regular intervals: about every second minute the lid is raised, the globe wanders toward midline, the pupil contracts, and accomodation increases. These spasms last from 10 to 30 seconds, and then give way again to paresis. Since this phenomenon was first described, opinions were divided about its mechanism and about the site of the responsible defect. Based on a quantitative analysis of a new case, and of all previously published reports, a new theory is proposed which can account for all features of the syndrome.", "PMID": 1105845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1197", "title": "Corneal edema: cause and treatment.", "content": "Corneal edema, adequately understood and appropriately treated, has a good prognosis. The pathophysiological bases and the various causes are considered. Goals and techniques of medical and surgical therapies are reviewed.", "contents": "Corneal edema: cause and treatment. Corneal edema, adequately understood and appropriately treated, has a good prognosis. The pathophysiological bases and the various causes are considered. Goals and techniques of medical and surgical therapies are reviewed.", "PMID": 1105846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1198", "title": "Problems of eye care delivery.", "content": "The past 50 years have seen the development of ophthalmology as a sophisticated specialty with improved training programs, increased output of ophthalmologists and growth of knowledge and technology. In spite of this progress, serious problems and conflicts impair the delivery of eye care. One solution may be found in a cooperative Screening Consultation Team system, such as the one currently being evaluated at the University of Florida.", "contents": "Problems of eye care delivery. The past 50 years have seen the development of ophthalmology as a sophisticated specialty with improved training programs, increased output of ophthalmologists and growth of knowledge and technology. In spite of this progress, serious problems and conflicts impair the delivery of eye care. One solution may be found in a cooperative Screening Consultation Team system, such as the one currently being evaluated at the University of Florida.", "PMID": 1105847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1199", "title": "Surgical stabilization of traumatic flail chest.", "content": "Since 1970 we have stabilized the ribs to correct paradoxical movement of the chest wall in chest injuries, using an original technique, in order to avoid as far as possible the need for long-term chest wall stabilization by intermittent positive pressure respiration (IPPR). The technical details of surgical stabilization are described, and the different types of stainless steel struts are shown. Type I was originally used either as an intramedullary nail or as an external brace. Types II and III were designed for external fixation of the strut to the rib. Treatment of 29 patients with severe flail chest, classified into four groups is shown: group I was treated by IPPR, group II by IPPR plus surgical stabilization, group III by surgical stabilization only, and group IV by surgical stabilization after exploratory thoracotomy. The clinical results are discussed. We conclude that surgical stabilization of the paradoxial movement of the chest wall can avoid the use of the respirator or at least reduce the interval of IPPR to a short period during the initial recovery from trauma. Using type III struts, we have obtained stabilization of the flail chest in all cases even in patients with severe anterior paradoxical movement. The patients' tolerance of surgical stainless steel struts was good.", "contents": "Surgical stabilization of traumatic flail chest. Since 1970 we have stabilized the ribs to correct paradoxical movement of the chest wall in chest injuries, using an original technique, in order to avoid as far as possible the need for long-term chest wall stabilization by intermittent positive pressure respiration (IPPR). The technical details of surgical stabilization are described, and the different types of stainless steel struts are shown. Type I was originally used either as an intramedullary nail or as an external brace. Types II and III were designed for external fixation of the strut to the rib. Treatment of 29 patients with severe flail chest, classified into four groups is shown: group I was treated by IPPR, group II by IPPR plus surgical stabilization, group III by surgical stabilization only, and group IV by surgical stabilization after exploratory thoracotomy. The clinical results are discussed. We conclude that surgical stabilization of the paradoxial movement of the chest wall can avoid the use of the respirator or at least reduce the interval of IPPR to a short period during the initial recovery from trauma. Using type III struts, we have obtained stabilization of the flail chest in all cases even in patients with severe anterior paradoxical movement. The patients' tolerance of surgical stainless steel struts was good.", "PMID": 1105874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1200", "title": "[Evaluation of the interaction between blood and foreign material in the pump oxygenator during open-heart surgery in infants by scanning electron microscopy (author's transl)].", "content": "Scanning electron microscopy was used to elucidate the interaction between blood and foreign material in the pump oxygenator during open-heart surgery in 7 infants. The loss of platelets upstream of the blood pump is caused by thrombogenicity. The pump itself causes massive destruction of platelets and red blood cells; thromboembolie up to 100 mu and foreign body particles up to 200 mu are being detached from the wall of the tubing to a large extent. The particulate matter is trapped in arterial line filter. Particles up to 40 mu and cellular aggregates up to 60 mu can pass through the filter and enter the patient's systemic circulation.", "contents": "[Evaluation of the interaction between blood and foreign material in the pump oxygenator during open-heart surgery in infants by scanning electron microscopy (author's transl)]. Scanning electron microscopy was used to elucidate the interaction between blood and foreign material in the pump oxygenator during open-heart surgery in 7 infants. The loss of platelets upstream of the blood pump is caused by thrombogenicity. The pump itself causes massive destruction of platelets and red blood cells; thromboembolie up to 100 mu and foreign body particles up to 200 mu are being detached from the wall of the tubing to a large extent. The particulate matter is trapped in arterial line filter. Particles up to 40 mu and cellular aggregates up to 60 mu can pass through the filter and enter the patient's systemic circulation.", "PMID": 1105888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1201", "title": "An immunofluorescent and electron microscopic study of measles skin eruptions.", "content": "Immunofluorescent study was attempted to determine whether or not virus antigen were present in the epidermis of measles eruptions. The electron microscopic observations of the same materials were also performed to detect viral localization in affected skins. The failure to detect any virus antigen in affected eipdermis throughout all eruptive stages seems to be sufficient evidence to conclude that measles rash is not a manifestation of viral replication in the epidermis. Dotted fluorescences were detected in a specimen taken at pre-eruptive day in capillary endothelium of dermis. At the same stage, microtubular structures which were probably identical with measles virus nucleocapsids occurred in capillary endothelium under the electron microscopic observations. It is concluded that measles rash is possibly caused by an antigen-antibody reaction of Arthus type. On very rare occasions, measles virus nucleocaspids were found in the cytoplasm of dermal fibroblast in the vicinity of dermal capillary. Ultrastructural features of these nucleocapsids were demonstrated to be identical to features of microtubular structures found in endothelial cells.", "contents": "An immunofluorescent and electron microscopic study of measles skin eruptions. Immunofluorescent study was attempted to determine whether or not virus antigen were present in the epidermis of measles eruptions. The electron microscopic observations of the same materials were also performed to detect viral localization in affected skins. The failure to detect any virus antigen in affected eipdermis throughout all eruptive stages seems to be sufficient evidence to conclude that measles rash is not a manifestation of viral replication in the epidermis. Dotted fluorescences were detected in a specimen taken at pre-eruptive day in capillary endothelium of dermis. At the same stage, microtubular structures which were probably identical with measles virus nucleocapsids occurred in capillary endothelium under the electron microscopic observations. It is concluded that measles rash is possibly caused by an antigen-antibody reaction of Arthus type. On very rare occasions, measles virus nucleocaspids were found in the cytoplasm of dermal fibroblast in the vicinity of dermal capillary. Ultrastructural features of these nucleocapsids were demonstrated to be identical to features of microtubular structures found in endothelial cells.", "PMID": 1105894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1202", "title": "[Studies on the rationalization of prosthesdontic clinical and techincal work procedures].", "content": "Attempts to rationalize stomatological working processes are often associated with the acquisition of new methods and procedures. Some instances of model-cast crowns and bridges and of deep-drawn objects testify to the effects in the clinico-stomatological and technical fields as well as on the patients, the material consumption standards and the quality characteristics.", "contents": "[Studies on the rationalization of prosthesdontic clinical and techincal work procedures]. Attempts to rationalize stomatological working processes are often associated with the acquisition of new methods and procedures. Some instances of model-cast crowns and bridges and of deep-drawn objects testify to the effects in the clinico-stomatological and technical fields as well as on the patients, the material consumption standards and the quality characteristics.", "PMID": 1105899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1203", "title": "[Experiences in the use of Sanal-Silcoflex for the corrective or double casting method in stomatological practice].", "content": "The author describes a modification of the use of Sanal-Silcoflex for the double-impression method. Thus, it is possible to use the total work-time allocation in stomatological practice more rationally without reducing the quality of work. Six months of experience permit to recommend this method for stomatological practice.", "contents": "[Experiences in the use of Sanal-Silcoflex for the corrective or double casting method in stomatological practice]. The author describes a modification of the use of Sanal-Silcoflex for the double-impression method. Thus, it is possible to use the total work-time allocation in stomatological practice more rationally without reducing the quality of work. Six months of experience permit to recommend this method for stomatological practice.", "PMID": 1105900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1204", "title": "Urinary bladder carcinogenesis in the dog: preliminary studies on cellular immunity.", "content": "The immunologic status of dogs undergoing bladder carcinogenesis with 4-amino-biphenyl and normal littermate controls is being evaluated. Studies using blastogenic transformation, nonimmune cytotoxic reactions, and rosette formation have revealed that dogs possess lymphocytes that have some properties similar to those of B and T cells of other species. Since tumors are now just appearing and hence are not yet available for specific immunologic determinations, the assessments had to be limited for the present to other types of antigens and mitogens (yeast, red blood cells and plant lectins). No major changes in reactions of cells from the carcinogenized animals have yet been observed during the preneoplastic phase as measured by phagocytosis, migration inhibition, or cytotoxicity tests, although a trend to lower blastogenic responses was noted. It yet remains to be seen whether lower lymphocyte responses to mitogens in carcinogenized dogs are of prognostic value for the early detection of tumors of the bladder.", "contents": "Urinary bladder carcinogenesis in the dog: preliminary studies on cellular immunity. The immunologic status of dogs undergoing bladder carcinogenesis with 4-amino-biphenyl and normal littermate controls is being evaluated. Studies using blastogenic transformation, nonimmune cytotoxic reactions, and rosette formation have revealed that dogs possess lymphocytes that have some properties similar to those of B and T cells of other species. Since tumors are now just appearing and hence are not yet available for specific immunologic determinations, the assessments had to be limited for the present to other types of antigens and mitogens (yeast, red blood cells and plant lectins). No major changes in reactions of cells from the carcinogenized animals have yet been observed during the preneoplastic phase as measured by phagocytosis, migration inhibition, or cytotoxicity tests, although a trend to lower blastogenic responses was noted. It yet remains to be seen whether lower lymphocyte responses to mitogens in carcinogenized dogs are of prognostic value for the early detection of tumors of the bladder.", "PMID": 1105912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1205", "title": "Prolongation of skin allograft survival by Valium (diazepam).", "content": "The survival of rat skin allografts was significantly increased by repeated intraperitoneal injections of 2.5 mg Valium (diazepam) into hosts. In addition, in vivo pretreatment of the donor animals at this dose level decreased the intensity of the recipients' immune responses to skin allografts. In vitro exposure of skin grafts to Valium also prolonged allograft survival.", "contents": "Prolongation of skin allograft survival by Valium (diazepam). The survival of rat skin allografts was significantly increased by repeated intraperitoneal injections of 2.5 mg Valium (diazepam) into hosts. In addition, in vivo pretreatment of the donor animals at this dose level decreased the intensity of the recipients' immune responses to skin allografts. In vitro exposure of skin grafts to Valium also prolonged allograft survival.", "PMID": 1105915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1206", "title": "[Inactivation of hematopoietic stem cells by means of lymphocytes depending upon the genotype of the interacting cells].", "content": "Inoculation of a mixture of bone marrow cells with allogeneic lymphocytes into irradiated mice of inbred strains or into F1 hybrids results in the depression of bone marrow cell proliferation in the spleen of the recipient: the effect of inactivation of nonsyngeneic stem cells. The inactivation of stem cells by allogeneic lymphocytes can be detected in all tested combinations of mice strains - donors of lymphocytes and bone marrow cells and mice - recipients but the degree of inactivation differs and depends on the genotype of cell donors rather than on the genotype of the recipient. Lymphocytes of some mice strains (haplotypes H-2k and H-2a) are more active killers of bone marrow cells as compares with lymphocytes of other strains (hyplotypes H-2b and H-2d). Probably, the degree of stem cells inactivation by lymphocytes depends on the differences of their histocompatibility in H-2 system.", "contents": "[Inactivation of hematopoietic stem cells by means of lymphocytes depending upon the genotype of the interacting cells]. Inoculation of a mixture of bone marrow cells with allogeneic lymphocytes into irradiated mice of inbred strains or into F1 hybrids results in the depression of bone marrow cell proliferation in the spleen of the recipient: the effect of inactivation of nonsyngeneic stem cells. The inactivation of stem cells by allogeneic lymphocytes can be detected in all tested combinations of mice strains - donors of lymphocytes and bone marrow cells and mice - recipients but the degree of inactivation differs and depends on the genotype of cell donors rather than on the genotype of the recipient. Lymphocytes of some mice strains (haplotypes H-2k and H-2a) are more active killers of bone marrow cells as compares with lymphocytes of other strains (hyplotypes H-2b and H-2d). Probably, the degree of stem cells inactivation by lymphocytes depends on the differences of their histocompatibility in H-2 system.", "PMID": 1105916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1207", "title": "[Factors participating in regulation of protein biosynthesis].", "content": "Studies in the processes of protein biosynthesis regulation revealed a close dependence of the biosynthetic processes (synthesis of many precursors of proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, carbohydrates as well as of tricarboxylic cycle acids) on the processes of carboxylation in the organism. A possibility is shown of the biosynthetic processes stimulation by activating the carboxylation processes. On this bases a highly effective method to increase productivity of farm animals and poultry and that for considerable acceleration of the regeneration processes of the damaged tissues and blood with blood less were developed. It is also established that at extremal states of the organism (long complete fasting, late stages of cancer, thyreoid toxicosis, experimental atherosclerosis, etc.) in tissues there occurs biosynthesis of proteins with differing primary structure, physiochemical properties and enzymatic activity as compared to proteins of the normal animals. The same changes in the primary structure and properties of proteins in the process of their biosynthesis are observed with the surplus feeding the animals on certain amino acids aginst a background of protein free ration. Possible mechanisms of changes in the primary structure of proteins in the process of their biosynthesis at extremal states of the organism are under discussion. In experiments in vitro on the tissue preparations, on the cell-free protein-synthetizing systems as well as in experiments with animals in vivo the presence of synergic and antagonistic interrelation was established between certain amino acids in the process of their utilization for protein biosynthesis. These interrelations are established to take place at the stage of transfer ribonucleic acids aminoacylation. Some details of this phenomenon are found out. Amino acids are shown to play not only a substrate role but also the regulatory one in the process of protein biosynthesis.", "contents": "[Factors participating in regulation of protein biosynthesis]. Studies in the processes of protein biosynthesis regulation revealed a close dependence of the biosynthetic processes (synthesis of many precursors of proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, carbohydrates as well as of tricarboxylic cycle acids) on the processes of carboxylation in the organism. A possibility is shown of the biosynthetic processes stimulation by activating the carboxylation processes. On this bases a highly effective method to increase productivity of farm animals and poultry and that for considerable acceleration of the regeneration processes of the damaged tissues and blood with blood less were developed. It is also established that at extremal states of the organism (long complete fasting, late stages of cancer, thyreoid toxicosis, experimental atherosclerosis, etc.) in tissues there occurs biosynthesis of proteins with differing primary structure, physiochemical properties and enzymatic activity as compared to proteins of the normal animals. The same changes in the primary structure and properties of proteins in the process of their biosynthesis are observed with the surplus feeding the animals on certain amino acids aginst a background of protein free ration. Possible mechanisms of changes in the primary structure of proteins in the process of their biosynthesis at extremal states of the organism are under discussion. In experiments in vitro on the tissue preparations, on the cell-free protein-synthetizing systems as well as in experiments with animals in vivo the presence of synergic and antagonistic interrelation was established between certain amino acids in the process of their utilization for protein biosynthesis. These interrelations are established to take place at the stage of transfer ribonucleic acids aminoacylation. Some details of this phenomenon are found out. Amino acids are shown to play not only a substrate role but also the regulatory one in the process of protein biosynthesis.", "PMID": 1105920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1208", "title": "Bladder inhibition with functional electrical stimulation.", "content": "Spastic or hyperreflex bladder dysfunction can cause frequency, urgency, and incontinence. Detrusor activity was inhibited by FES (functional electrical stimulation) applied to the anal sphincter causing decreased bladder spasticity and increased bladder capacity. FES is indicated for incontinence not only because of weakness of the pelvic floor but also because of hyperreflex bladder.", "contents": "Bladder inhibition with functional electrical stimulation. Spastic or hyperreflex bladder dysfunction can cause frequency, urgency, and incontinence. Detrusor activity was inhibited by FES (functional electrical stimulation) applied to the anal sphincter causing decreased bladder spasticity and increased bladder capacity. FES is indicated for incontinence not only because of weakness of the pelvic floor but also because of hyperreflex bladder.", "PMID": 1105926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1209", "title": "[Studies in the field of chemistry, biochemistry and photobiochemistry of sterols].", "content": "The article deals with a review of the results of studies performed at the Department of photobiochemistry of the A. V. Palladin Institute of Biochemistry of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR. It is emphasized that beginning from the first product of squalene cyclization--lanosterol, all the sterols participating in cholesterol biosynthesis, besides playing the parts of its precursors, are ancestors of their own, derivatives which realize specific function in the organism. On the example of 7-dehydrocholesterol it is shown that it transforms in the animal organism into a series of biologically active products of oxidative transformation and photoisomerization. Much attention was also given to the studies in sterol composition of nonsaponifiable fraction of organs and tissues and their subcellular structures in norm and with pathology. Derivatives of cholesterol certain precursors possessing highly interesting biological properties are found in the nonsaponifiable fractions of some organs and tissues.", "contents": "[Studies in the field of chemistry, biochemistry and photobiochemistry of sterols]. The article deals with a review of the results of studies performed at the Department of photobiochemistry of the A. V. Palladin Institute of Biochemistry of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR. It is emphasized that beginning from the first product of squalene cyclization--lanosterol, all the sterols participating in cholesterol biosynthesis, besides playing the parts of its precursors, are ancestors of their own, derivatives which realize specific function in the organism. On the example of 7-dehydrocholesterol it is shown that it transforms in the animal organism into a series of biologically active products of oxidative transformation and photoisomerization. Much attention was also given to the studies in sterol composition of nonsaponifiable fraction of organs and tissues and their subcellular structures in norm and with pathology. Derivatives of cholesterol certain precursors possessing highly interesting biological properties are found in the nonsaponifiable fractions of some organs and tissues.", "PMID": 1105921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1210", "title": "Effect of ureteral stent on urinary tract infections in renal transplantation.", "content": "A retrospective study was carried out to determine the effect of ureteral intubation during renal transplantation. We noted urinary tract infections in 76 per cent of those patients whose ureters were intubated during transplantation, as opposed to 45 per cent in those transplant recipients without ureteral stents. The incidence of recurrent urinary tract infections also increased from 18 to 34 per cent with the use of ureteral catheters. Ten separate episodes of bacteremia, indirectly related to indwelling catheters, are noted.", "contents": "Effect of ureteral stent on urinary tract infections in renal transplantation. A retrospective study was carried out to determine the effect of ureteral intubation during renal transplantation. We noted urinary tract infections in 76 per cent of those patients whose ureters were intubated during transplantation, as opposed to 45 per cent in those transplant recipients without ureteral stents. The incidence of recurrent urinary tract infections also increased from 18 to 34 per cent with the use of ureteral catheters. Ten separate episodes of bacteremia, indirectly related to indwelling catheters, are noted.", "PMID": 1105928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1211", "title": "Turner-Warwick urethroplasty and urethral stricture. Results in 60 patients.", "content": "Sixty patients with urethral strictures at the bulbous and membranous levels were treated with Turner-Warwick urethroplasty. Initially, there were significant difficulties with restenosis of either the proximal or distal st-ma following the first-stage urethroplasty. Use of nitrofurazone-hydrocortisone (Furacin-Hc) urethral suppositories practically eliminated recurrent stomal stenosis after the first stage. Several additional modifications were made in the original technique; these included placement of urethral sutures prior to scrotal mobilization and abandonment of the suprapublic cystotomy for frainage at the second stage of the procedure. These modifications increased the chances of achieving a successful result while facilitating the actual surgery and improving the patients' comfort. The over-all success rate was approximately 90 per cent. Patients with urethral stricture surgery subsequent to prostatectomy had problems with urinary control, but not so if prostatectomy was done after the first stage of urethroplasty. It appears that the Turner-Warwick urethroplasty is good one, and predictably good results can be expected on selected patients with urethral strictures.", "contents": "Turner-Warwick urethroplasty and urethral stricture. Results in 60 patients. Sixty patients with urethral strictures at the bulbous and membranous levels were treated with Turner-Warwick urethroplasty. Initially, there were significant difficulties with restenosis of either the proximal or distal st-ma following the first-stage urethroplasty. Use of nitrofurazone-hydrocortisone (Furacin-Hc) urethral suppositories practically eliminated recurrent stomal stenosis after the first stage. Several additional modifications were made in the original technique; these included placement of urethral sutures prior to scrotal mobilization and abandonment of the suprapublic cystotomy for frainage at the second stage of the procedure. These modifications increased the chances of achieving a successful result while facilitating the actual surgery and improving the patients' comfort. The over-all success rate was approximately 90 per cent. Patients with urethral stricture surgery subsequent to prostatectomy had problems with urinary control, but not so if prostatectomy was done after the first stage of urethroplasty. It appears that the Turner-Warwick urethroplasty is good one, and predictably good results can be expected on selected patients with urethral strictures.", "PMID": 1105929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1212", "title": "Microvascular surgery: adjunct to renal transplantation.", "content": "A new technique for microvascular anastomosis of the polar artery to the renal artery, end to side, is presented. It was performed in 5 cases of renal transplantation with a successful result in all.", "contents": "Microvascular surgery: adjunct to renal transplantation. A new technique for microvascular anastomosis of the polar artery to the renal artery, end to side, is presented. It was performed in 5 cases of renal transplantation with a successful result in all.", "PMID": 1105930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1213", "title": "[Certain difficulties of diagnosis and treatment of patent ductus arteriosus].", "content": "The diagnosis of patent arterial duct (PAD) is not felt to be difficult in the presence of systolic-diastolic murmur, and in 91.7% of cases it would be established on general clinical investigations. In 8.3% of cases the main ausculatatory sign of this defect was distorted or utterly absent. In such cases the correct diagnosis was somewhat difficult. The absence of systolic-diastolic murmur in patients with PAD with conditioned by pulmonary hypertension, insufficiency of pulmonary artery valves, mitral defect, a small diameter of the duct, aneurysm-like changes in the aorta and pulmonary artery, decreased elastic properties of the latter walls, as well. In the absence of PAD pathognomonic signs catheterization of heart cavities and aortography should be employed. Surgical therapy for the lesion concerned in complicated cases shows some specificity. Utilization of the posterolateral approach, controlled hypotension, provisional application of holders to the aorta and below the duct, its being ligated on synthetic pads made it possible to improve the results of treatment of the lesion involved.", "contents": "[Certain difficulties of diagnosis and treatment of patent ductus arteriosus]. The diagnosis of patent arterial duct (PAD) is not felt to be difficult in the presence of systolic-diastolic murmur, and in 91.7% of cases it would be established on general clinical investigations. In 8.3% of cases the main ausculatatory sign of this defect was distorted or utterly absent. In such cases the correct diagnosis was somewhat difficult. The absence of systolic-diastolic murmur in patients with PAD with conditioned by pulmonary hypertension, insufficiency of pulmonary artery valves, mitral defect, a small diameter of the duct, aneurysm-like changes in the aorta and pulmonary artery, decreased elastic properties of the latter walls, as well. In the absence of PAD pathognomonic signs catheterization of heart cavities and aortography should be employed. Surgical therapy for the lesion concerned in complicated cases shows some specificity. Utilization of the posterolateral approach, controlled hypotension, provisional application of holders to the aorta and below the duct, its being ligated on synthetic pads made it possible to improve the results of treatment of the lesion involved.", "PMID": 1105935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1214", "title": "[Results of treatment of patients with deep burns].", "content": "The authors have studied the results of treatment in 615 patients who suffered deep burns. The disability in the late period was stated in 20 per cent of patients, but only 5% of those disabled patients fail to work. Radical necrectomy and skin plasty provide shorter terms of therapy and better results.", "contents": "[Results of treatment of patients with deep burns]. The authors have studied the results of treatment in 615 patients who suffered deep burns. The disability in the late period was stated in 20 per cent of patients, but only 5% of those disabled patients fail to work. Radical necrectomy and skin plasty provide shorter terms of therapy and better results.", "PMID": 1105938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1215", "title": "[Comparative assesment of methods for the operative treatment of dislocations of the acromial end of the clavicle].", "content": "During 20 years the authors observed 861 patients with dislocations of the clavicular acromial process, that made 14% in relation to all other types of dislocations. 252 patients (29.3%) were treated surgically. Capron tapes being used most frequently as an alloplastic material. Surgery was performed after the technic elaborated at the clinic. Late results of the treatment were studied in 202 patients within the terms from 1 to 15 years. Good issues were noted in 76.2%, satisfactory in 37%, poor in 5.5% of patients.", "contents": "[Comparative assesment of methods for the operative treatment of dislocations of the acromial end of the clavicle]. During 20 years the authors observed 861 patients with dislocations of the clavicular acromial process, that made 14% in relation to all other types of dislocations. 252 patients (29.3%) were treated surgically. Capron tapes being used most frequently as an alloplastic material. Surgery was performed after the technic elaborated at the clinic. Late results of the treatment were studied in 202 patients within the terms from 1 to 15 years. Good issues were noted in 76.2%, satisfactory in 37%, poor in 5.5% of patients.", "PMID": 1105941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1216", "title": "[Methodological characteristics of restorative surgery and orthodontic treatment in the correction of extensive defects of the tissues in the oral region and the anterior portion of the mandible].", "content": "In the paper, technical and tactical features while using reconstructive surgery and orthopedic therapy for liquidation of vast tissue defects in the adoral region and anterior mandibular portion are discussed. The importance of planning plastic operative procedures with optimum utilization of local tissues, especially in labioplasty, is substantiated, and some definite recommendations on using the pedicled graft tissue are given. A sequence of stages in replacement of soft tissues is described, as well as some features of elimination of the anterior mandibular defect by the iliac bone graft. It is for the first time that the importance of joint efforts of surgical and orthopedic specialists for providing a large scale complex therapy is emphasized, that may contribute to favourable anatomical, cosmetic and functional results in liquidation of vast tissue defects of the adoral region and anterior mandible.", "contents": "[Methodological characteristics of restorative surgery and orthodontic treatment in the correction of extensive defects of the tissues in the oral region and the anterior portion of the mandible]. In the paper, technical and tactical features while using reconstructive surgery and orthopedic therapy for liquidation of vast tissue defects in the adoral region and anterior mandibular portion are discussed. The importance of planning plastic operative procedures with optimum utilization of local tissues, especially in labioplasty, is substantiated, and some definite recommendations on using the pedicled graft tissue are given. A sequence of stages in replacement of soft tissues is described, as well as some features of elimination of the anterior mandibular defect by the iliac bone graft. It is for the first time that the importance of joint efforts of surgical and orthopedic specialists for providing a large scale complex therapy is emphasized, that may contribute to favourable anatomical, cosmetic and functional results in liquidation of vast tissue defects of the adoral region and anterior mandible.", "PMID": 1105942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1217", "title": "[Prevention and treatment of postburn deformations of the breasts].", "content": "Twenty six girls with deep burns of the anterior and lateral surface of the chest were treated in Gorky Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedy. The obserrvations indicated that an early closure of burn wounds in this region with adequate skin grafts could prevent gross deformity of mammary glands. Moreover, 70 females with deformation of mammary glands were under observations. In 16 of them operative procedures were undertaken for isolated lesions of 22 mammary glands. Various methods of skin plasty were employed: local, free, combined. Good and satisfactory results were gained. In 54 female patients deformities in the region of 68 mammary glands were eliminated simultaneously during surgical procedures for cicatricial contractures of the brachial joint, coxa and neck. The results obtained are described.", "contents": "[Prevention and treatment of postburn deformations of the breasts]. Twenty six girls with deep burns of the anterior and lateral surface of the chest were treated in Gorky Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedy. The obserrvations indicated that an early closure of burn wounds in this region with adequate skin grafts could prevent gross deformity of mammary glands. Moreover, 70 females with deformation of mammary glands were under observations. In 16 of them operative procedures were undertaken for isolated lesions of 22 mammary glands. Various methods of skin plasty were employed: local, free, combined. Good and satisfactory results were gained. In 54 female patients deformities in the region of 68 mammary glands were eliminated simultaneously during surgical procedures for cicatricial contractures of the brachial joint, coxa and neck. The results obtained are described.", "PMID": 1105943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1218", "title": "[Lymphangioadenography in the diagnosis of retroperitoneal tumors].", "content": "A method of direct lymphangioadenography was employed in 18 patients with abdominal tumors of obscure origin. These were as follows: lymphogranuloma, splenic lymphosarcoma, tumors of the stomach, kidney, pancreas both benign and malignant, retroperitoneal cysts, fibroma, malignant periganglioma. Roentgenological symptoms of abdominal tumors of various localization are reported.", "contents": "[Lymphangioadenography in the diagnosis of retroperitoneal tumors]. A method of direct lymphangioadenography was employed in 18 patients with abdominal tumors of obscure origin. These were as follows: lymphogranuloma, splenic lymphosarcoma, tumors of the stomach, kidney, pancreas both benign and malignant, retroperitoneal cysts, fibroma, malignant periganglioma. Roentgenological symptoms of abdominal tumors of various localization are reported.", "PMID": 1105945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1219", "title": "[Surgical treatment of elephantiasis of the upper extremities].", "content": "According to the author' data elephantiasis of the upper extremities was observed in 13 (6.2%) among 215 patients, operated upon for elephantiasis of the extremities. There were 3 males and 10 females. The patients' age ranged from 3 to 56 years. Five patients suffered elephantiasis of the upper extremity since their birth, 8 patients showed acquired elephantiasis, in particular after mastectomy and operative procedures in the axillary region. Late results of surgical treatment proved to be quite satisfactory.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of elephantiasis of the upper extremities]. According to the author' data elephantiasis of the upper extremities was observed in 13 (6.2%) among 215 patients, operated upon for elephantiasis of the extremities. There were 3 males and 10 females. The patients' age ranged from 3 to 56 years. Five patients suffered elephantiasis of the upper extremity since their birth, 8 patients showed acquired elephantiasis, in particular after mastectomy and operative procedures in the axillary region. Late results of surgical treatment proved to be quite satisfactory.", "PMID": 1105946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1220", "title": "[Origin and treatment of bone cysts].", "content": "Osteocyst is shown to be the resulting issue of a number of pathological processes in bones, its etiology could be determined only if tissues typical for some lesions are revealed in cystic walls. At the CITO department of bone pathology for adults the author observed 49 patients having cysts of the proximal femoral portion. Pathological fractures were noted in 16 of 49 patients. It is the author's opinion that a carefully selected anamnesis and clinico-roentgenological investigation are of great importance in establishing the diagnosis of an isolated osteocyst. The differential diagnosis is made between this lesion and tumors, inflammatory process, Recklinghausen disease, etc. All patients under investigation were treated surgically. The results of treatment are described.", "contents": "[Origin and treatment of bone cysts]. Osteocyst is shown to be the resulting issue of a number of pathological processes in bones, its etiology could be determined only if tissues typical for some lesions are revealed in cystic walls. At the CITO department of bone pathology for adults the author observed 49 patients having cysts of the proximal femoral portion. Pathological fractures were noted in 16 of 49 patients. It is the author's opinion that a carefully selected anamnesis and clinico-roentgenological investigation are of great importance in establishing the diagnosis of an isolated osteocyst. The differential diagnosis is made between this lesion and tumors, inflammatory process, Recklinghausen disease, etc. All patients under investigation were treated surgically. The results of treatment are described.", "PMID": 1105949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1221", "title": "The equine practice laboratory.", "content": "The authors discuss the value of a practice laboratory to the equine clinician and its priorities. Laboratory examinations of particular value are described in relation to their clinical application. The need to establish normal values according to laboratory and horse population is stressed. Tables of normal parameters related to age groups of horses in the authors' practice are presented.", "contents": "The equine practice laboratory. The authors discuss the value of a practice laboratory to the equine clinician and its priorities. Laboratory examinations of particular value are described in relation to their clinical application. The need to establish normal values according to laboratory and horse population is stressed. Tables of normal parameters related to age groups of horses in the authors' practice are presented.", "PMID": 1105951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1222", "title": "[Typing of E. coli strains isolated from a turkey and a test of their sensitivity in relation to antibiotics].", "content": "The turkey-poults on an industrial turkey-breeding farm were studied. A total of 75 strains of Escherichia coli were isolated. Typing was performed by Sojka's method: serotype 0-2 was established in 42.2 percent of the cases, 0-71-- in 12.6 per cent, 0-78 (11.2%), and 0-1 (8.4%). The sensitivity of the typed strains was tested to 8 antibiotics and furazolidon. It was found that all strains possess certain amount of resistance to streptomycin, chloramphenicol, oxitetracycli, and spectam. The same strains proved sensitive to ampicillin, colimycin, tetraoleandomycin, and to a certain extent to kanamycin. It is concluded that prophylaxis and treatment should be carried out with the use of ampicillin, colimycin, furazolidon, and tetraloleandomycin.", "contents": "[Typing of E. coli strains isolated from a turkey and a test of their sensitivity in relation to antibiotics]. The turkey-poults on an industrial turkey-breeding farm were studied. A total of 75 strains of Escherichia coli were isolated. Typing was performed by Sojka's method: serotype 0-2 was established in 42.2 percent of the cases, 0-71-- in 12.6 per cent, 0-78 (11.2%), and 0-1 (8.4%). The sensitivity of the typed strains was tested to 8 antibiotics and furazolidon. It was found that all strains possess certain amount of resistance to streptomycin, chloramphenicol, oxitetracycli, and spectam. The same strains proved sensitive to ampicillin, colimycin, tetraoleandomycin, and to a certain extent to kanamycin. It is concluded that prophylaxis and treatment should be carried out with the use of ampicillin, colimycin, furazolidon, and tetraloleandomycin.", "PMID": 1105955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1223", "title": "[Study of the effectiveness of some new agents for the deep freezing of bull sperm].", "content": "Semen was used of four breeding bulls of the Bulgarian Red breed and the Alpine Brown one. A total of 26 ejaculates were subjected to 344 laboratory investigations. The semen was diluted in a yolk-lactose-glycerine medium and was frozen by the fast method of Nagase-Niwa. Studied were in dynamics some biologic and biochemical indexes, such as: heat resistance at 46 degrees C, percentage of dead and pathologic spermatozoa, intake of oxygen, and release of CO2. The respiratory coefficient was established by the direct method of Umbreit and coll. The survival rate proved better, lower was the number of dead and pathologic spermatozoa in a test medium containing slightly mineralized water. The consumption of oxygen and the amount of the CO2 released by spermatozoa showed a dependable decrease following equilibration and freezing. Similar, however, unreliable were the data of changes observed with the respiratory coefficient. The semen frozen in the new synthetic medium showed higher biologic value and higher fertilizing capacity (12.2 per cent) as compared with the control.", "contents": "[Study of the effectiveness of some new agents for the deep freezing of bull sperm]. Semen was used of four breeding bulls of the Bulgarian Red breed and the Alpine Brown one. A total of 26 ejaculates were subjected to 344 laboratory investigations. The semen was diluted in a yolk-lactose-glycerine medium and was frozen by the fast method of Nagase-Niwa. Studied were in dynamics some biologic and biochemical indexes, such as: heat resistance at 46 degrees C, percentage of dead and pathologic spermatozoa, intake of oxygen, and release of CO2. The respiratory coefficient was established by the direct method of Umbreit and coll. The survival rate proved better, lower was the number of dead and pathologic spermatozoa in a test medium containing slightly mineralized water. The consumption of oxygen and the amount of the CO2 released by spermatozoa showed a dependable decrease following equilibration and freezing. Similar, however, unreliable were the data of changes observed with the respiratory coefficient. The semen frozen in the new synthetic medium showed higher biologic value and higher fertilizing capacity (12.2 per cent) as compared with the control.", "PMID": 1105956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1224", "title": "[Study of the fertility of bull sperm contaminated with Aspergillus fumigatus spores].", "content": "Tested was the penetrating capacity of 55 samples of bulls' semen, contaminated with Aspergillus fumigatus, so far as the estrous secretion of cows was concerned. A total of ten cows in heat were inseminated with spermatozoa carrying the Aspergillus spore infection. It was found that the contaminated semen was with deteriorated quality and a 50 per cent lowered penetrating capacity as against the controls. The inseminated cows conceived with difficulty, exhibited disturbances in their sexual cycle, and two of the animals showed data of early embryonal death.", "contents": "[Study of the fertility of bull sperm contaminated with Aspergillus fumigatus spores]. Tested was the penetrating capacity of 55 samples of bulls' semen, contaminated with Aspergillus fumigatus, so far as the estrous secretion of cows was concerned. A total of ten cows in heat were inseminated with spermatozoa carrying the Aspergillus spore infection. It was found that the contaminated semen was with deteriorated quality and a 50 per cent lowered penetrating capacity as against the controls. The inseminated cows conceived with difficulty, exhibited disturbances in their sexual cycle, and two of the animals showed data of early embryonal death.", "PMID": 1105957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1225", "title": "[Data on animal husbandry and veterinary medicine in the middle of the 17th century in Bulgaria and neighboring countries based on a journey by Evliia Chelebi].", "content": "It has been established that Evliya Chelebby's travel notes contain valuable information about veterinary medicine. Evliya Chelebby himself was a Turkish traveller who had made a number of journeys throughout Bulgaria and its adjacent countries over the 1651-1655 period. According to the data found in these notes the ruined fortresses round the cities were used as folds for sheep and goats. During that period sheep-breeding was flourishing. Horse-breeding was concentrated in the various estates belonging to the Sultan, and was intended to supply the needs of the army and the administration. Information is also contained about the physiotherapy practised at that time on the territory of the enslaved peoples on the Balkan peninsula. Popular were the balneotherapy, mud-cure, spending the summer time up in the mountains, the alternation of warm and cold water procedures known as Scottish shower, etc. These procedures were likewise used in the treatment of domestic animals.", "contents": "[Data on animal husbandry and veterinary medicine in the middle of the 17th century in Bulgaria and neighboring countries based on a journey by Evliia Chelebi]. It has been established that Evliya Chelebby's travel notes contain valuable information about veterinary medicine. Evliya Chelebby himself was a Turkish traveller who had made a number of journeys throughout Bulgaria and its adjacent countries over the 1651-1655 period. According to the data found in these notes the ruined fortresses round the cities were used as folds for sheep and goats. During that period sheep-breeding was flourishing. Horse-breeding was concentrated in the various estates belonging to the Sultan, and was intended to supply the needs of the army and the administration. Information is also contained about the physiotherapy practised at that time on the territory of the enslaved peoples on the Balkan peninsula. Popular were the balneotherapy, mud-cure, spending the summer time up in the mountains, the alternation of warm and cold water procedures known as Scottish shower, etc. These procedures were likewise used in the treatment of domestic animals.", "PMID": 1105958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1226", "title": "[Effect of guanine and guanosine-2',3' phosphate on sarcolysin-H3 binding to the DNA of rat liver].", "content": "Rats were injected sarcolysin-H3 in a dose of 200 or 500 mC per rat. In animals sacrificed 30, 60 and 90 minutes following sarcolysin-H3 injection an increased radioactivity of DNA was noted that indicates binding of sarcolysin-H3 or its labelled derivatives to DNA. Guanine or quanosine-2', 3' monophosphate injected in animals decreased binding of sarcolysin-H3 to the rat liver DNA (maximum reduction of DNA radioactivity in 47%). In the experiments in vitro guanosine-2', 3' phosphate inhibited sarcolysin-H3 binding to DNA isolated from E. coli. A protective effect of quanine and guanosine-2', 3' phosphate with respect to DNA alkylation seems to be considerably conditioned by a competitive action of these nucleophils.", "contents": "[Effect of guanine and guanosine-2',3' phosphate on sarcolysin-H3 binding to the DNA of rat liver]. Rats were injected sarcolysin-H3 in a dose of 200 or 500 mC per rat. In animals sacrificed 30, 60 and 90 minutes following sarcolysin-H3 injection an increased radioactivity of DNA was noted that indicates binding of sarcolysin-H3 or its labelled derivatives to DNA. Guanine or quanosine-2', 3' monophosphate injected in animals decreased binding of sarcolysin-H3 to the rat liver DNA (maximum reduction of DNA radioactivity in 47%). In the experiments in vitro guanosine-2', 3' phosphate inhibited sarcolysin-H3 binding to DNA isolated from E. coli. A protective effect of quanine and guanosine-2', 3' phosphate with respect to DNA alkylation seems to be considerably conditioned by a competitive action of these nucleophils.", "PMID": 1105966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1227", "title": "[Stereotaxic biopsy of cerebral subcortical structures in parkinsonism].", "content": "The design-features of a stereotaxic cannula for biopsy of subcortical cerebral structures and the procedure for performing stereotaxic biopsy are described. A total of 9 stereotaxic biopsies of the ventro-lateral thalamic nucleus, median center and globus pallidus were effected. As illustrated by a number of electronograms the material obtained during operations proved to be completely intact and suitable for electron microscope examinations. Ways and objectives for analyzing the ultrastructure of subcortical formations in parkinsonism and other hyperkineses are outlined.", "contents": "[Stereotaxic biopsy of cerebral subcortical structures in parkinsonism]. The design-features of a stereotaxic cannula for biopsy of subcortical cerebral structures and the procedure for performing stereotaxic biopsy are described. A total of 9 stereotaxic biopsies of the ventro-lateral thalamic nucleus, median center and globus pallidus were effected. As illustrated by a number of electronograms the material obtained during operations proved to be completely intact and suitable for electron microscope examinations. Ways and objectives for analyzing the ultrastructure of subcortical formations in parkinsonism and other hyperkineses are outlined.", "PMID": 1105969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1228", "title": "A new reversed passive hemagglutination test for detection of HBsAg.", "content": "A new reversed passive hemagglutination test for HBsAg, termed Raphadex B, has been developed using immunochemically purified chimpanzee anti-HBs bound to stabilized human erythrocytes. The test has been found to have equivalent sensitivity to the Ausria 125I radioimmunoassay, and detected a similar number of HBsAg-containing specimens in screening of volunteer blood donors. This method offers an economical approach to third generation methodology for hepatitis B screening of blood donors.", "contents": "A new reversed passive hemagglutination test for detection of HBsAg. A new reversed passive hemagglutination test for HBsAg, termed Raphadex B, has been developed using immunochemically purified chimpanzee anti-HBs bound to stabilized human erythrocytes. The test has been found to have equivalent sensitivity to the Ausria 125I radioimmunoassay, and detected a similar number of HBsAg-containing specimens in screening of volunteer blood donors. This method offers an economical approach to third generation methodology for hepatitis B screening of blood donors.", "PMID": 1105975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1229", "title": "[Recognition of the depth of tumor extent in the cerebral hemispheres by electroencephalographic signs using a computer].", "content": "To obtain electroencephalographic criteria for in-depth occurrence of supratentorial tumours the mathematical theory of image recognition has been used. A map of electroencephalographic signs has been drawn up and 182 patients were coded electroencephalographically. Six signs were obtained with the help of the linear minimax algorhythm and in constructing diagnostic combinations of sign gradations--20 syndromes were fixed with whose help it becomes possible to recognize the depth of the tumour occurrence. Both rules were applied in an examination sequence of 51 EEG. The reliability of the results is as high as 0.95.", "contents": "[Recognition of the depth of tumor extent in the cerebral hemispheres by electroencephalographic signs using a computer]. To obtain electroencephalographic criteria for in-depth occurrence of supratentorial tumours the mathematical theory of image recognition has been used. A map of electroencephalographic signs has been drawn up and 182 patients were coded electroencephalographically. Six signs were obtained with the help of the linear minimax algorhythm and in constructing diagnostic combinations of sign gradations--20 syndromes were fixed with whose help it becomes possible to recognize the depth of the tumour occurrence. Both rules were applied in an examination sequence of 51 EEG. The reliability of the results is as high as 0.95.", "PMID": 1105971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1230", "title": "Characterization of a stable spheroplast type L-form of Proteus mirabilis D 52 as cell envelope mutant. I. Isolation, growth characteristics, biochemical activities, and sensitivity to bacteriophages.", "content": "A stable spheroplast type L-form could be isolated by transferring 627 single colonies and 195 agar blocks with several colonies of unstable L-forms of Proteus mirabilis D 52 on agar media without supplements of penicillin. The L-form grows well on complex and synthetic agar media, however, it failed to grow in any of the liquid media which have been proved. With one exception (formation of acid from maltose) the L-form shows the same bioche mical activities like the parent rod-shaped bacterium. However, the insensitivity for various phages and the failure of DAP in the envelopes demonstrate that there are profound alterations in the biosynthesis and structure of the murein and of the outer wall layers. The results of these investigations and an ultrastructural analysis (Gumpert and Taubeneck 1975) show that the stable spheroplast type L-form LD 52 B of Proteus mirabilis must be considered as a true cell envelope mutant.", "contents": "Characterization of a stable spheroplast type L-form of Proteus mirabilis D 52 as cell envelope mutant. I. Isolation, growth characteristics, biochemical activities, and sensitivity to bacteriophages. A stable spheroplast type L-form could be isolated by transferring 627 single colonies and 195 agar blocks with several colonies of unstable L-forms of Proteus mirabilis D 52 on agar media without supplements of penicillin. The L-form grows well on complex and synthetic agar media, however, it failed to grow in any of the liquid media which have been proved. With one exception (formation of acid from maltose) the L-form shows the same bioche mical activities like the parent rod-shaped bacterium. However, the insensitivity for various phages and the failure of DAP in the envelopes demonstrate that there are profound alterations in the biosynthesis and structure of the murein and of the outer wall layers. The results of these investigations and an ultrastructural analysis (Gumpert and Taubeneck 1975) show that the stable spheroplast type L-form LD 52 B of Proteus mirabilis must be considered as a true cell envelope mutant.", "PMID": 1105990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1231", "title": "Mode of growth and division of Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "A temperature-sensitive strain (HD 20) of Salmonella typhimurium is described. At restrictive temperature this strain shows an envelope alteration and a defect in division associated with an increase in cell diameter. On a shift to 42 degrees C there is residual division for ca. 30 min and then no further increase in cell number. In minimal medium (MM) at 42 degrees C cell diameter remains unchanged for about one mass doubling and then increases. From measurements of cell elongation, it is concluded that such increases in diameter occur because cell volume increases exponentially at 42 degrees C but increases in the rate of elongation occur for only a short period and then elongation rate becomes constant. This conclusion is supported by the observation that HD 20 cells show no increase in diameter at 42 degrees C when cultured in media supplemented with sucrose and Mg++; normal increases in elongation rate occur in such media. A model which fits the experimental data has been constructed. This model has two main features namely (1) the elongation of individual cells is linear with the rate of elongation doubling close to division and (2) such doublings in elongation rate are linked to division such that division cannot occur if elongation rate has not doubled shortly before. In the mutant it is proposed that only a few doublings in elongation rate occur at 42 degrees C and these are responsible for the residual division. The model fits the data for cultures shifted to 42 degrees C in MM or in yeast extract casamino acids MM (YE Cas MM) and for cultures shifted to 42 degrees C and shifted up from MM to YE Cas MM. The observations on these medium shifted cultures suggest that the activity of growth zones responsible for elongation is medium dependent.", "contents": "Mode of growth and division of Salmonella typhimurium. A temperature-sensitive strain (HD 20) of Salmonella typhimurium is described. At restrictive temperature this strain shows an envelope alteration and a defect in division associated with an increase in cell diameter. On a shift to 42 degrees C there is residual division for ca. 30 min and then no further increase in cell number. In minimal medium (MM) at 42 degrees C cell diameter remains unchanged for about one mass doubling and then increases. From measurements of cell elongation, it is concluded that such increases in diameter occur because cell volume increases exponentially at 42 degrees C but increases in the rate of elongation occur for only a short period and then elongation rate becomes constant. This conclusion is supported by the observation that HD 20 cells show no increase in diameter at 42 degrees C when cultured in media supplemented with sucrose and Mg++; normal increases in elongation rate occur in such media. A model which fits the experimental data has been constructed. This model has two main features namely (1) the elongation of individual cells is linear with the rate of elongation doubling close to division and (2) such doublings in elongation rate are linked to division such that division cannot occur if elongation rate has not doubled shortly before. In the mutant it is proposed that only a few doublings in elongation rate occur at 42 degrees C and these are responsible for the residual division. The model fits the data for cultures shifted to 42 degrees C in MM or in yeast extract casamino acids MM (YE Cas MM) and for cultures shifted to 42 degrees C and shifted up from MM to YE Cas MM. The observations on these medium shifted cultures suggest that the activity of growth zones responsible for elongation is medium dependent.", "PMID": 1105991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1232", "title": "[Haloprogin. Its effects in the presence of glucocorticoids and neomycin].", "content": "The problem was studied whether the activity of haloprogin is decreased in the presence of glucocorticoids (6-methyl-prednisolone hemisuccinate sodium; hydrocortisone) or in the presence of a bacteriostatic antibiotic (neomycin). Antifungal activity was determined by measuring changes in oxygen consumption of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in the resting phase. The results revealed that neither glucocorticoids in concentrations which activate yeast metabolism, nor neomycin impair the antifungal activity of haloprogin. Therefore, haloprogin may safely be used together with glucocorticoids and neomycin in topical therapy.", "contents": "[Haloprogin. Its effects in the presence of glucocorticoids and neomycin]. The problem was studied whether the activity of haloprogin is decreased in the presence of glucocorticoids (6-methyl-prednisolone hemisuccinate sodium; hydrocortisone) or in the presence of a bacteriostatic antibiotic (neomycin). Antifungal activity was determined by measuring changes in oxygen consumption of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in the resting phase. The results revealed that neither glucocorticoids in concentrations which activate yeast metabolism, nor neomycin impair the antifungal activity of haloprogin. Therefore, haloprogin may safely be used together with glucocorticoids and neomycin in topical therapy.", "PMID": 1106008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1233", "title": "[An improved method for the preparation of histological sections for electron microscopy].", "content": "Unsatisfying cut and electronmicroscopical figures of liver- and kidney preparations after organophosphate poisoning with Vestopal W, could be removed by experiments with new mixtures consisting of Vestopal W and Mikropal, obtaining reproductable cut-thickness and contrasty pictures for electronmicroscopical exploration.", "contents": "[An improved method for the preparation of histological sections for electron microscopy]. Unsatisfying cut and electronmicroscopical figures of liver- and kidney preparations after organophosphate poisoning with Vestopal W, could be removed by experiments with new mixtures consisting of Vestopal W and Mikropal, obtaining reproductable cut-thickness and contrasty pictures for electronmicroscopical exploration.", "PMID": 1106020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1234", "title": "[Results of the Chiari pelvic osteotomy (author's transl)].", "content": "This is a report about 82 Chiari pelvic osteotomies, the functional and the x-ray results are demonstrated. On the x-rays of the hip the CE- und the ACM-angles were measured routinely. In opposite to satisfying results on the x-rays we did not find adequate functional results.", "contents": "[Results of the Chiari pelvic osteotomy (author's transl)]. This is a report about 82 Chiari pelvic osteotomies, the functional and the x-ray results are demonstrated. On the x-rays of the hip the CE- und the ACM-angles were measured routinely. In opposite to satisfying results on the x-rays we did not find adequate functional results.", "PMID": 1106022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1235", "title": "[The speed of nerve-conduction after micro-surgical suture of the tibial nerve of the rabbit (author's transl)].", "content": "Isolated division of the tibial nerve in the thigh preserving the peroneal and sural nerves does not cause loss of normal position of the animal, in particular of sitting. Nor does it lead to pressure sores. The animals are fitter then after division of the sciatic nerve. Microsurgical suture of the isolated tibial nerve in the thigh of the rabbit with 1 or 2 simple sutures with 10 x 0 thread show that an average recovery can be achieved in over 80 per cent. As few sutures as possible should be used. Otherwise there with be scarring and no return of function.", "contents": "[The speed of nerve-conduction after micro-surgical suture of the tibial nerve of the rabbit (author's transl)]. Isolated division of the tibial nerve in the thigh preserving the peroneal and sural nerves does not cause loss of normal position of the animal, in particular of sitting. Nor does it lead to pressure sores. The animals are fitter then after division of the sciatic nerve. Microsurgical suture of the isolated tibial nerve in the thigh of the rabbit with 1 or 2 simple sutures with 10 x 0 thread show that an average recovery can be achieved in over 80 per cent. As few sutures as possible should be used. Otherwise there with be scarring and no return of function.", "PMID": 1106023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1236", "title": "A comparison of staples and nylon closure in varicose vein surgery.", "content": "This report describes our experience at wound closure using metallic staples and nylon sutures in 150 patients undergoing elective ligation and stripping for varicose veins. We compared the two methods for speed of closure and wound complications. Closure by Auto Suture is delightfully quick. Fewer patients developed complications from the staples as judged by wound sepsis, separation of the incision and keloid formation.", "contents": "A comparison of staples and nylon closure in varicose vein surgery. This report describes our experience at wound closure using metallic staples and nylon sutures in 150 patients undergoing elective ligation and stripping for varicose veins. We compared the two methods for speed of closure and wound complications. Closure by Auto Suture is delightfully quick. Fewer patients developed complications from the staples as judged by wound sepsis, separation of the incision and keloid formation.", "PMID": 1106030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1237", "title": "Pulmonary arteriovenous fistula. A review.", "content": "A successfully treated case of an arteriovenous fistula of the lung is reported. An exhaustive review is made of the pertinent literature and the pathophysiology, embryology, clinical aspects, diagnosis and treatment are discussed.", "contents": "Pulmonary arteriovenous fistula. A review. A successfully treated case of an arteriovenous fistula of the lung is reported. An exhaustive review is made of the pertinent literature and the pathophysiology, embryology, clinical aspects, diagnosis and treatment are discussed.", "PMID": 1106032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1238", "title": "[Mixed connective tissue disease. Clinical studies on a new group of collagenoses].", "content": "The clinical features of 6 patients with symptoms of various connective tissue diseases and rheumatoid arthritis are reported. The frequency of symptoms corresponded to that of the syndrome, which Sharp et al. (1971) termed mixed connective tissue disease. The antibodies to an extractable nuclear antigen are a characteristic feature. Moreover, one may detect a speckled staining pattern by indirect immunofluorescence. In addition, moderate immunoglobulin deposits were observed in the skin and kidneys of our patients. The pathomechanism of these deposits is discussed.", "contents": "[Mixed connective tissue disease. Clinical studies on a new group of collagenoses]. The clinical features of 6 patients with symptoms of various connective tissue diseases and rheumatoid arthritis are reported. The frequency of symptoms corresponded to that of the syndrome, which Sharp et al. (1971) termed mixed connective tissue disease. The antibodies to an extractable nuclear antigen are a characteristic feature. Moreover, one may detect a speckled staining pattern by indirect immunofluorescence. In addition, moderate immunoglobulin deposits were observed in the skin and kidneys of our patients. The pathomechanism of these deposits is discussed.", "PMID": 1106037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1239", "title": "[Clinical study on a new acetylsalicylic acid/paracetamol preparation with gastric acid resistant coating (Safapryn), and on two various phenylbutazone dosages in patients with primary chronic polyarthritis as based on a new evaluation method].", "content": "The authors describe a simple non-crossover-blind test for the evaluation of subjective indices. A table for recording pains during the 14 days' study is described. The patient's satisfaction with the treatment and the number of days until withdrawal from the trial are recorded. The statistical procedure takes into consideration differences between the treatment groups and makes possible a valuable comparison with drugs tested in other clinical trials. The three dose schedules of antirheumatic treatment were tested on 122 patients and the results compared with those of 342 patients treated with the 6 other antirheumatic drugs (enteric-coated aspirin, paracetamol, indomethacin, flurbiprofen, mefenamic acid, and prednisolone) and those of 41 patients who received placebos. The results show that Safapryn (3,6 g aspirin + 3.0 g paracetamol daily) compared with 3.9 g enteric coated aspirin does not offer any advantage in its analgesic effect, although it gives rise to fewer side effects. Phenylbutazone (3000 mg) was almost as effective as 15 mg prednisolone daily. Between the effects of this dosage of phenylbutazone and other non-steroidal antirheumatic drugs, however, no significant difference could be detected. 50 mg phenylbutazone daily and placebo treatment could not be distinguished. The authors thank the Arthritis and Rheumatism Council for Research in Great Britain for its financial support. One of the authors (PL) was a Merck, Sharp, and Dohme Research Fellow and another one (PMB) received a Robins research scholarship.", "contents": "[Clinical study on a new acetylsalicylic acid/paracetamol preparation with gastric acid resistant coating (Safapryn), and on two various phenylbutazone dosages in patients with primary chronic polyarthritis as based on a new evaluation method]. The authors describe a simple non-crossover-blind test for the evaluation of subjective indices. A table for recording pains during the 14 days' study is described. The patient's satisfaction with the treatment and the number of days until withdrawal from the trial are recorded. The statistical procedure takes into consideration differences between the treatment groups and makes possible a valuable comparison with drugs tested in other clinical trials. The three dose schedules of antirheumatic treatment were tested on 122 patients and the results compared with those of 342 patients treated with the 6 other antirheumatic drugs (enteric-coated aspirin, paracetamol, indomethacin, flurbiprofen, mefenamic acid, and prednisolone) and those of 41 patients who received placebos. The results show that Safapryn (3,6 g aspirin + 3.0 g paracetamol daily) compared with 3.9 g enteric coated aspirin does not offer any advantage in its analgesic effect, although it gives rise to fewer side effects. Phenylbutazone (3000 mg) was almost as effective as 15 mg prednisolone daily. Between the effects of this dosage of phenylbutazone and other non-steroidal antirheumatic drugs, however, no significant difference could be detected. 50 mg phenylbutazone daily and placebo treatment could not be distinguished. The authors thank the Arthritis and Rheumatism Council for Research in Great Britain for its financial support. One of the authors (PL) was a Merck, Sharp, and Dohme Research Fellow and another one (PMB) received a Robins research scholarship.", "PMID": 1106038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1240", "title": "The growth cycle of influenza viruses as studied in touch preparations of the allantoic layer of chick embryos. 3. The growth cycle of influenza A virus in allantoic cells as studied by immunofluorescence.", "content": "The growth cycle of Influenza A virus has been studied in touch preparations of infected allantoic layers of the chick embryo using the immunofluorescence technique. Eggs incubated for 11 days were inoculated with either of two comparative doses: (A) 10(9)ID50 (high multiplicity) and (B) 200 ID50 (low multiplicity). (A) After inoculation of 10(9)ID50 (multiplicity: 100ID50 to 3 cells) into the allantoic cavity, two closely associated cycles of infection were observed. (a) A single cycle of multiplication which occurred simultaneously in all cells (those in contact with the allantoic fluid) of the surface stratum of the allantoic layer and terminated with their degeneration followed by desquamation at around the 18-21st hour after inoculation. Consequently, the cells of the deep stratum, denuded of surface stratum, came into contact with the allantoic fluid, a fluid heavily infectious. This first infectious process is termed the major growth cycle. (b) Multiple cycles of infection which occurred in only about 1-5% of cells of the deep stratum of the allantoic layer, the other 95% of deep cells remaining constantly free from infection. This condition is referred to as the minor growth cycle and it lasted until death of the embryos occurred within a maximum of 6-7 days after inoculation.", "contents": "The growth cycle of influenza viruses as studied in touch preparations of the allantoic layer of chick embryos. 3. The growth cycle of influenza A virus in allantoic cells as studied by immunofluorescence. The growth cycle of Influenza A virus has been studied in touch preparations of infected allantoic layers of the chick embryo using the immunofluorescence technique. Eggs incubated for 11 days were inoculated with either of two comparative doses: (A) 10(9)ID50 (high multiplicity) and (B) 200 ID50 (low multiplicity). (A) After inoculation of 10(9)ID50 (multiplicity: 100ID50 to 3 cells) into the allantoic cavity, two closely associated cycles of infection were observed. (a) A single cycle of multiplication which occurred simultaneously in all cells (those in contact with the allantoic fluid) of the surface stratum of the allantoic layer and terminated with their degeneration followed by desquamation at around the 18-21st hour after inoculation. Consequently, the cells of the deep stratum, denuded of surface stratum, came into contact with the allantoic fluid, a fluid heavily infectious. This first infectious process is termed the major growth cycle. (b) Multiple cycles of infection which occurred in only about 1-5% of cells of the deep stratum of the allantoic layer, the other 95% of deep cells remaining constantly free from infection. This condition is referred to as the minor growth cycle and it lasted until death of the embryos occurred within a maximum of 6-7 days after inoculation.", "PMID": 1106059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1241", "title": "[Serotype 185 and E. coli O115 - two distinct bioseropathotypes (author's transl)].", "content": "E. coli O115 strain 27w and TRABULSI's serotype 185 have been subjected by us to comparing examinations of the serological behaviour of their cell wall and their protoplasmatic antigens, of their biochemical and cultural behaviour and their pathogenicity for the mucous membranes of guinea-pigs. As a result of this inquiry it was found, that E. coli O115 27w and the dysentery-provoking serotype 185 are biological distinct bacteria which only share a minor cross relationship of their O-antigens, and which should not be classified together.", "contents": "[Serotype 185 and E. coli O115 - two distinct bioseropathotypes (author's transl)]. E. coli O115 strain 27w and TRABULSI's serotype 185 have been subjected by us to comparing examinations of the serological behaviour of their cell wall and their protoplasmatic antigens, of their biochemical and cultural behaviour and their pathogenicity for the mucous membranes of guinea-pigs. As a result of this inquiry it was found, that E. coli O115 27w and the dysentery-provoking serotype 185 are biological distinct bacteria which only share a minor cross relationship of their O-antigens, and which should not be classified together.", "PMID": 1106060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1242", "title": "[Occurrence of the cathode-bound group antigen of the dysentery bacilli in Escherichieae types of intermediate character (author's transl)].", "content": "Protoplasmatic antigens of 28 strains of 27 Escherichieae types not accepted as Shigellae have been examined for the occurrence of a cathode-bound group antigen (KGA). From the tested cultures of non-dysentery-provoking types E. coli O28 E1073(z) TAYLOR, E. coli O32, E. coli O115 (27w), Alkalescens-Dispar O1, A.-D. O1 var. Koji, A.-D. O2, A.-D. O3, A.-D. O4, A.-D. O5, A.-D. O6, A.-D. O7, and the intermediate serotypes H62 and 6275-52 no one possessed KGA, and likewise one of the two examined E. coli O136 cultures proved to be KGA-negative. In contrast, KGA was found in the dysentery types 147, 792, 185, Sh. guanabara, E. coli O124, E. coli O136 (one strain), E. coli O143, E. coli O144, and E. coli O152, in the Shigella-like serotypes 2044-54 and 1831, in the E. coli serotypes O112a,b:K68 and RUCHMAN, which have been suspected to provoke dysentery but are showing the biochemical behavior of typical E. coli, finally in Alkalescens-Dispar O8, which is known to be apathogenic for mucous membranes. After, all, KGA seems to be a constituent of all dysentery bacilli, but might be absent in individual cultures. On the other hand, KGA exceptionally seems to be found also in Escherichieae types not enteropathogenic for men.", "contents": "[Occurrence of the cathode-bound group antigen of the dysentery bacilli in Escherichieae types of intermediate character (author's transl)]. Protoplasmatic antigens of 28 strains of 27 Escherichieae types not accepted as Shigellae have been examined for the occurrence of a cathode-bound group antigen (KGA). From the tested cultures of non-dysentery-provoking types E. coli O28 E1073(z) TAYLOR, E. coli O32, E. coli O115 (27w), Alkalescens-Dispar O1, A.-D. O1 var. Koji, A.-D. O2, A.-D. O3, A.-D. O4, A.-D. O5, A.-D. O6, A.-D. O7, and the intermediate serotypes H62 and 6275-52 no one possessed KGA, and likewise one of the two examined E. coli O136 cultures proved to be KGA-negative. In contrast, KGA was found in the dysentery types 147, 792, 185, Sh. guanabara, E. coli O124, E. coli O136 (one strain), E. coli O143, E. coli O144, and E. coli O152, in the Shigella-like serotypes 2044-54 and 1831, in the E. coli serotypes O112a,b:K68 and RUCHMAN, which have been suspected to provoke dysentery but are showing the biochemical behavior of typical E. coli, finally in Alkalescens-Dispar O8, which is known to be apathogenic for mucous membranes. After, all, KGA seems to be a constituent of all dysentery bacilli, but might be absent in individual cultures. On the other hand, KGA exceptionally seems to be found also in Escherichieae types not enteropathogenic for men.", "PMID": 1106061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1243", "title": "[Protective oral immunization against coli enterotoxemia in swine (author's tranls)].", "content": "The issue of immunity in the case of enteric infections caused by bacteria is still widely unresolved. To clarify this, weaned piglets 6-7 weeks of age were used as a model, because of the particular susceptibility to colienterotoxemia shown by them at this particular age. The experimental design was as follows. The animals were immunized orally and parenterally (i.v. and i.p. routes) by means of a vaccine consisting of bacteria incapable of reproduction. 14 days later, the animals were challenged orally with virulent EC-O 141 B 85 and EC-O 139 B 82. The results have shown that a) parenteral immunization did not induce protection against oral infection with virulent E. coli; b) repeated oral immunization produced measurable immunity against oral infection; and c) 1 7-hour broth culture proved to be particularly suitable for oral infection. Results also point to the fact local immunity in the intestine as present after enteric infection by bacteria may be artificially induced only by protective oral immunization.", "contents": "[Protective oral immunization against coli enterotoxemia in swine (author's tranls)]. The issue of immunity in the case of enteric infections caused by bacteria is still widely unresolved. To clarify this, weaned piglets 6-7 weeks of age were used as a model, because of the particular susceptibility to colienterotoxemia shown by them at this particular age. The experimental design was as follows. The animals were immunized orally and parenterally (i.v. and i.p. routes) by means of a vaccine consisting of bacteria incapable of reproduction. 14 days later, the animals were challenged orally with virulent EC-O 141 B 85 and EC-O 139 B 82. The results have shown that a) parenteral immunization did not induce protection against oral infection with virulent E. coli; b) repeated oral immunization produced measurable immunity against oral infection; and c) 1 7-hour broth culture proved to be particularly suitable for oral infection. Results also point to the fact local immunity in the intestine as present after enteric infection by bacteria may be artificially induced only by protective oral immunization.", "PMID": 1106063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1244", "title": "[Demonstration of antigen and production of interferon in rabbits infected with borna virus (author's transl)].", "content": "Examinations were carried out on the occurrence of active virus, antigen and antibodies in the brain blood, or resp. of rabbits which were infected intracerebrally with the virus of Borna disease as a model of slow viruses. The techniques of the complement fixation and the immunofluorescence were used. Furthermore, an attempt was made to demonstrate interferon in the blood serum of the infected rabbits. Virulent Boran virus was observed two days after the infection and complement fixing antigen from the 10th day on. The immunofluorescence technique gave positive results in the nucleus of ganglion cells eight days after infection. The production of interferon in the sera could not be demonstrated. The brains tested 2, 4, 8, and 20 days after infection were also negative.", "contents": "[Demonstration of antigen and production of interferon in rabbits infected with borna virus (author's transl)]. Examinations were carried out on the occurrence of active virus, antigen and antibodies in the brain blood, or resp. of rabbits which were infected intracerebrally with the virus of Borna disease as a model of slow viruses. The techniques of the complement fixation and the immunofluorescence were used. Furthermore, an attempt was made to demonstrate interferon in the blood serum of the infected rabbits. Virulent Boran virus was observed two days after the infection and complement fixing antigen from the 10th day on. The immunofluorescence technique gave positive results in the nucleus of ganglion cells eight days after infection. The production of interferon in the sera could not be demonstrated. The brains tested 2, 4, 8, and 20 days after infection were also negative.", "PMID": 1106064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1245", "title": "[A method for routine identification of anaerobic bacteria, in particular of non-sporogenic forms (author's transl)].", "content": "In the Institute of Bacteriology of Allgemeines Krankenhaus St. Georg, Hamburg, all clinical specimens received (except stools, sputum, and vaginal swabs) have been studied for the presence of anaerobians since 1947. More than 25 years' experience has convinced the authors that not infrequently, non-sporogenic anaerobians occur as infectious agents. Statistical data compiled for the period 1956-1972 revealed that from a total of 71,973 specimens contaminated with bacteria, 7,047 (9.8%) were containing non-sporogenic anaerobians. Pure anaerobic cultures were obtained in 2.404 cases (3.3%) and mixed cultures of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria in 4,643 cases (6.5%). The pathogenic importance was revealed by identifications from osteomyelitis cases: 11-13.7% pure cultures and 17% mixed cultures (with aerobians). Also in cases of total endoprosthesis of complicated course they were detected in up to 23%. On account of the frequent cultures of non-sporogenic anaerobians obtained from clinical specimens, the authors demand a routine analysis of all clinical specimens for the presence of anerobians...", "contents": "[A method for routine identification of anaerobic bacteria, in particular of non-sporogenic forms (author's transl)]. In the Institute of Bacteriology of Allgemeines Krankenhaus St. Georg, Hamburg, all clinical specimens received (except stools, sputum, and vaginal swabs) have been studied for the presence of anaerobians since 1947. More than 25 years' experience has convinced the authors that not infrequently, non-sporogenic anaerobians occur as infectious agents. Statistical data compiled for the period 1956-1972 revealed that from a total of 71,973 specimens contaminated with bacteria, 7,047 (9.8%) were containing non-sporogenic anaerobians. Pure anaerobic cultures were obtained in 2.404 cases (3.3%) and mixed cultures of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria in 4,643 cases (6.5%). The pathogenic importance was revealed by identifications from osteomyelitis cases: 11-13.7% pure cultures and 17% mixed cultures (with aerobians). Also in cases of total endoprosthesis of complicated course they were detected in up to 23%. On account of the frequent cultures of non-sporogenic anaerobians obtained from clinical specimens, the authors demand a routine analysis of all clinical specimens for the presence of anerobians...", "PMID": 1106065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1246", "title": "Selective involvement of the brain in experimental murine cryptococcosis. II. Histopathological observations.", "content": "In the present communication the previously described cultural findings about the selective involvement of the central nervous system by C. neoformans, strain W 2/A 94, have been supplemented by the results of histopathological investigations. Attention has been paid to the organ specific tissue reaction during the course of infection, with special reference to the involvement of the brain. In agreement with former observations concerning the cryptococcoma in the muscle-tissue, the cryptococcal foci in the brain also showed the phenomenon of vascularisation. The results have been compared with those of the C. neoformans, strain W 71/A 117 which does not allow such a prolonged selective involvement of the central nervous system due to its high virulence for the white mice. These observations impressively demonstrate the significance of simultaneous microbiological and histopathological examinations for the detection of infections caused by such facultative pathogens.", "contents": "Selective involvement of the brain in experimental murine cryptococcosis. II. Histopathological observations. In the present communication the previously described cultural findings about the selective involvement of the central nervous system by C. neoformans, strain W 2/A 94, have been supplemented by the results of histopathological investigations. Attention has been paid to the organ specific tissue reaction during the course of infection, with special reference to the involvement of the brain. In agreement with former observations concerning the cryptococcoma in the muscle-tissue, the cryptococcal foci in the brain also showed the phenomenon of vascularisation. The results have been compared with those of the C. neoformans, strain W 71/A 117 which does not allow such a prolonged selective involvement of the central nervous system due to its high virulence for the white mice. These observations impressively demonstrate the significance of simultaneous microbiological and histopathological examinations for the detection of infections caused by such facultative pathogens.", "PMID": 1106066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1247", "title": "Typing of Shigella sonnei colicins by means of specific indicators.", "content": "An enlarged and perfected scheme of typing of Shigella sonnei colicins is based on the knowledge of types of colicins produced by Abbott's types as well as by newly discovered and determined colicin types. A set of specific indicators prepared from E. coli K13 HfrR, E. coli C6 and Shigella sonnei by a selection of suitable mutants and recombinations was used for the typing. Seven new colicin types were determined on typing shigellae found in the field. Type 9A produces colicins E3, Ia, Type 16 produces colicin B, Type 17 colicins B, Ib, Type 18 colicins E2+?, Type 19 colicins E2, Ia, Type 20 colicins E1, Ib, Type 21 colicins E2, ib. The present scheme can be enlarged, when new types are found.", "contents": "Typing of Shigella sonnei colicins by means of specific indicators. An enlarged and perfected scheme of typing of Shigella sonnei colicins is based on the knowledge of types of colicins produced by Abbott's types as well as by newly discovered and determined colicin types. A set of specific indicators prepared from E. coli K13 HfrR, E. coli C6 and Shigella sonnei by a selection of suitable mutants and recombinations was used for the typing. Seven new colicin types were determined on typing shigellae found in the field. Type 9A produces colicins E3, Ia, Type 16 produces colicin B, Type 17 colicins B, Ib, Type 18 colicins E2+?, Type 19 colicins E2, Ia, Type 20 colicins E1, Ib, Type 21 colicins E2, ib. The present scheme can be enlarged, when new types are found.", "PMID": 1106068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1248", "title": "Investigations on the efficacy of surface disinfection and surface cleaning procedures. 2. Laboratory testing of the efficacy under conditions simulating those of real-life.", "content": "Using a standardised method (impression method by means of 'Rodac' plates and glass as well as ceramic surfaces as germ carriers) we tested for the efficacy of 3 surface disinfectants (aldehydes, aldehydes + detergent substances, phenol derivatives) and 3 disinfectant cleaning agents (aldehydes + detergent substances + wax) and 2 per cent soft soap solution on Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Sarcina lutea. The method enabled us to calculate the actual germ count reduction and also took account of the natural dying-rate of the test organisms. Their resistance to the different types of active substances varied greatly. Thus the 3 disinfectants had a better effect on Klebsiellae and Staphylococci than on Sarcinae. 2 of the 3 disinfectant cleaning agents, on the other hand, turned out to be less suitable for the elimination of Klebsiellae. It thus follows that Sarcina cannot be used as test organism for in-use tests (see Communication 1) unless the resistance of Staphylococci and Klebsiellae to the test preparation has first been established in laboratory experiments. The general question, namely whether in-use tests provide meaningful and accurate results remain to be elucidated. On the basis of our test results, the exclusive use of soap for cleaning floors, as a substitute of disinfection, should definitely be ruled out. Although soap reduces Gram-positive cocci well in actual practice, it is almost ineffective against problem germs such as Klebsiellae. What should be stipulated is the use of broad-spectrum disinfectants, i.e. they should, if possible, act equally well against different types of germs. From the commercially-available preparations that were tested, a phenol-base product gave the best results. On the basis of these results we venture to doubt that the use of aldehyde preparations which is customary at the moment, is the right approach to fight hospital infections.", "contents": "Investigations on the efficacy of surface disinfection and surface cleaning procedures. 2. Laboratory testing of the efficacy under conditions simulating those of real-life. Using a standardised method (impression method by means of 'Rodac' plates and glass as well as ceramic surfaces as germ carriers) we tested for the efficacy of 3 surface disinfectants (aldehydes, aldehydes + detergent substances, phenol derivatives) and 3 disinfectant cleaning agents (aldehydes + detergent substances + wax) and 2 per cent soft soap solution on Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Sarcina lutea. The method enabled us to calculate the actual germ count reduction and also took account of the natural dying-rate of the test organisms. Their resistance to the different types of active substances varied greatly. Thus the 3 disinfectants had a better effect on Klebsiellae and Staphylococci than on Sarcinae. 2 of the 3 disinfectant cleaning agents, on the other hand, turned out to be less suitable for the elimination of Klebsiellae. It thus follows that Sarcina cannot be used as test organism for in-use tests (see Communication 1) unless the resistance of Staphylococci and Klebsiellae to the test preparation has first been established in laboratory experiments. The general question, namely whether in-use tests provide meaningful and accurate results remain to be elucidated. On the basis of our test results, the exclusive use of soap for cleaning floors, as a substitute of disinfection, should definitely be ruled out. Although soap reduces Gram-positive cocci well in actual practice, it is almost ineffective against problem germs such as Klebsiellae. What should be stipulated is the use of broad-spectrum disinfectants, i.e. they should, if possible, act equally well against different types of germs. From the commercially-available preparations that were tested, a phenol-base product gave the best results. On the basis of these results we venture to doubt that the use of aldehyde preparations which is customary at the moment, is the right approach to fight hospital infections.", "PMID": 1106069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1249", "title": "Investigations on the efficacy of surface disinfection and surface cleaning procedures. 3. Evaluation of the results of in-use and laboratory tests.", "content": "3 disinfectants and 3 disinfectant cleaning agents were subjected to comparative tests as to their germicidal activity. These were (a) laboratory tests with germ carriers and (b) in-use tests with Sarcina-contaminated floor surfaces in a medical institute. The results, details of which are given in the two preceding publications, were assessed under the following angles: Validity of the test methods, requisite changes of the test procedures and practical usefulness of the different types of preparations. This assessment led to the following conclusions: New preparations should first be tested for their bacteriostatic activity according to DGHM and the neutralising agents should be determined. The suspensions tests - which remain to be standardised- provide information on the sensitivity to protein, hard water and detergent surface active substances. The germ carrier tests with operating-theatre tiles, carried out with at least 5 test germs, must result in a germ count reduction of more than 5 powers of ten (regardless of the elimination rate due to drying). In-use tests should stand at the end of the test series. Regular epidemiological studies are hardly feasible in all individual cases. An assessment on the basis of the behaviour of normal bacterial spores is likewise impracticable. The use of test germs cannot be dispensed with. Sarcina is a suitable species provided germ-carrier tests have first been carried out and have shown that Staphylococci, Klebsiellae and other high-risk germs are more sensitive to the preparation than Sarcina lutea. In the in-use tests, we consider a reduction by 2 to 3 powers of ten to be sufficient.", "contents": "Investigations on the efficacy of surface disinfection and surface cleaning procedures. 3. Evaluation of the results of in-use and laboratory tests. 3 disinfectants and 3 disinfectant cleaning agents were subjected to comparative tests as to their germicidal activity. These were (a) laboratory tests with germ carriers and (b) in-use tests with Sarcina-contaminated floor surfaces in a medical institute. The results, details of which are given in the two preceding publications, were assessed under the following angles: Validity of the test methods, requisite changes of the test procedures and practical usefulness of the different types of preparations. This assessment led to the following conclusions: New preparations should first be tested for their bacteriostatic activity according to DGHM and the neutralising agents should be determined. The suspensions tests - which remain to be standardised- provide information on the sensitivity to protein, hard water and detergent surface active substances. The germ carrier tests with operating-theatre tiles, carried out with at least 5 test germs, must result in a germ count reduction of more than 5 powers of ten (regardless of the elimination rate due to drying). In-use tests should stand at the end of the test series. Regular epidemiological studies are hardly feasible in all individual cases. An assessment on the basis of the behaviour of normal bacterial spores is likewise impracticable. The use of test germs cannot be dispensed with. Sarcina is a suitable species provided germ-carrier tests have first been carried out and have shown that Staphylococci, Klebsiellae and other high-risk germs are more sensitive to the preparation than Sarcina lutea. In the in-use tests, we consider a reduction by 2 to 3 powers of ten to be sufficient.", "PMID": 1106070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1250", "title": "[Present-day status of the problem and the prospects for the development of the theory of the role of L-form bacteria and Mycoplasma in human urological diseases].", "content": "The authors consider the current state of the problem and personal data on the role of L-forms of bacteria and mycoplasma in human infectious pathology. L-forms of bacteria were isolated from the urine in 10% of the patients suffering from pyelonephritis and mycoplasmae--in over one third of all the patients both with pyelonephritis and with cystites and prostatitis. Some of the isolated strains of mycoplasmae produced a cytopathogenic effect on the cell cultures, whereas the rest caused a latent infection. Drug sensitivity determined to ten antibacterial preparations with a wide range of action differed in strains of the same species. The efficacy of treatment and the prospects of microbiological studies in cases with atypical and latent courses of inflammatory processes of the urogenital organs in discussed.", "contents": "[Present-day status of the problem and the prospects for the development of the theory of the role of L-form bacteria and Mycoplasma in human urological diseases]. The authors consider the current state of the problem and personal data on the role of L-forms of bacteria and mycoplasma in human infectious pathology. L-forms of bacteria were isolated from the urine in 10% of the patients suffering from pyelonephritis and mycoplasmae--in over one third of all the patients both with pyelonephritis and with cystites and prostatitis. Some of the isolated strains of mycoplasmae produced a cytopathogenic effect on the cell cultures, whereas the rest caused a latent infection. Drug sensitivity determined to ten antibacterial preparations with a wide range of action differed in strains of the same species. The efficacy of treatment and the prospects of microbiological studies in cases with atypical and latent courses of inflammatory processes of the urogenital organs in discussed.", "PMID": 1106079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1251", "title": "[Approximate assessment of the successfulness of bacteriological and serological methods of studying rodents in natural plague foci].", "content": "On the basis of the study of two mathematical models of the epizootics the authors suggest a criterion for the determination of the correlation of the value of the results of bacteriological and serological examination of rodents in the natural foci of plague. In accordance with the criteria obtained an evaluation was made of this correlation for Pallasiomys meridianus of the left and right banks of the Volga. It appeared that the calculated assessment of the value of the results of the two methods under study correlated satisfactorily with the data obtained in practice during the epizootologic examination of the Volgo-Urals natural focus of infection.", "contents": "[Approximate assessment of the successfulness of bacteriological and serological methods of studying rodents in natural plague foci]. On the basis of the study of two mathematical models of the epizootics the authors suggest a criterion for the determination of the correlation of the value of the results of bacteriological and serological examination of rodents in the natural foci of plague. In accordance with the criteria obtained an evaluation was made of this correlation for Pallasiomys meridianus of the left and right banks of the Volga. It appeared that the calculated assessment of the value of the results of the two methods under study correlated satisfactorily with the data obtained in practice during the epizootologic examination of the Volgo-Urals natural focus of infection.", "PMID": 1106080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1252", "title": "[Results of a study of some methods of differentiating M. pneumoniae strains by the virulence of the degree of attenuation].", "content": "Study of five M. pneumoniae strains by the intensity of hemolysis and hemadsorption demonstrated no definite differences between them. Experiments on Cricetus auratus W. showed a higher virulence of the strains isolated from the patients with pneumonia in comparison with the strains isolated in acute respiratory diseases of the upper respiratory tracts. Attenuated straines were characterized by a weak intensity to reproduction in the lung tissue of Cricetus auratus W. and mildness of the histopathological changes which they caused.", "contents": "[Results of a study of some methods of differentiating M. pneumoniae strains by the virulence of the degree of attenuation]. Study of five M. pneumoniae strains by the intensity of hemolysis and hemadsorption demonstrated no definite differences between them. Experiments on Cricetus auratus W. showed a higher virulence of the strains isolated from the patients with pneumonia in comparison with the strains isolated in acute respiratory diseases of the upper respiratory tracts. Attenuated straines were characterized by a weak intensity to reproduction in the lung tissue of Cricetus auratus W. and mildness of the histopathological changes which they caused.", "PMID": 1106083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1253", "title": "[Correlation of the antibody concentrations in the cells, subcellular structures and blood serum of rabbits immunized with cholera vaccine].", "content": "Experiments were conducted on animals. Following immunization with cholera vaccine there were revealed vibriocidal antibodies, sometimes -- agglutinating, but no vibriolysins in the cells of the mucosal epithelium of the small intestine, of the liver, the spleen and in the fractions obtained from the cells with the aid of differential centrifugation. This corresponds to the high titre of vibriocidal antibodies in the serum and a relatively low titre of the other types of antibodies. In parenteral immunization with various doses of cholera vaccine the concentration of vibriocidal antibodies reached 10(1)-10(7) per 1 mg of protein, which was millions of times less than in the blood serum.", "contents": "[Correlation of the antibody concentrations in the cells, subcellular structures and blood serum of rabbits immunized with cholera vaccine]. Experiments were conducted on animals. Following immunization with cholera vaccine there were revealed vibriocidal antibodies, sometimes -- agglutinating, but no vibriolysins in the cells of the mucosal epithelium of the small intestine, of the liver, the spleen and in the fractions obtained from the cells with the aid of differential centrifugation. This corresponds to the high titre of vibriocidal antibodies in the serum and a relatively low titre of the other types of antibodies. In parenteral immunization with various doses of cholera vaccine the concentration of vibriocidal antibodies reached 10(1)-10(7) per 1 mg of protein, which was millions of times less than in the blood serum.", "PMID": 1106088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1254", "title": "[Epidemiology of El Tor cholera in Indonesia].", "content": "The authors analyze data on El Tor cholera morbidity in Indonesia in the past and at present. It was shown that before the year of 1961 the infection was limited to the Sulavesi island and was epidemic in character, but it differed from classic endemic cholera by a number of signs. In 1961 and 1970 the spread of El Tor cholera along Indonesia was practically synchronous with its spread along the vast territories of the world, this apparently pointing to the effect of some general factor which caused the activization of El Tor cholera in its various foci.", "contents": "[Epidemiology of El Tor cholera in Indonesia]. The authors analyze data on El Tor cholera morbidity in Indonesia in the past and at present. It was shown that before the year of 1961 the infection was limited to the Sulavesi island and was epidemic in character, but it differed from classic endemic cholera by a number of signs. In 1961 and 1970 the spread of El Tor cholera along Indonesia was practically synchronous with its spread along the vast territories of the world, this apparently pointing to the effect of some general factor which caused the activization of El Tor cholera in its various foci.", "PMID": 1106089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1255", "title": "[Role of E. coli 06 in the epidemiology of acute intestinal diseases].", "content": "The authors demonstrated the etiological role of E. coli 06 in group acute intestinal diseases with the clinical picture of food poisoning. The leading role of the food factor in the spread of this infection was established. A study was made of 64 E. coli 06 cultures isolated from the patients in group infection and from the carriers examined by various indications. The cultures produced no keratoconjunctivitis in guinea pigs. The capacity to produce enterotoxin was revealed in 2 of 5 cultures tested in experiments with the intranasal infection of albino mice.", "contents": "[Role of E. coli 06 in the epidemiology of acute intestinal diseases]. The authors demonstrated the etiological role of E. coli 06 in group acute intestinal diseases with the clinical picture of food poisoning. The leading role of the food factor in the spread of this infection was established. A study was made of 64 E. coli 06 cultures isolated from the patients in group infection and from the carriers examined by various indications. The cultures produced no keratoconjunctivitis in guinea pigs. The capacity to produce enterotoxin was revealed in 2 of 5 cultures tested in experiments with the intranasal infection of albino mice.", "PMID": 1106090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1256", "title": "[Study of the virulence of Shigella sonnei isolated from persons with different forms of dysenteric infection].", "content": "Possible ranges of virulence of Sh. sonnei strains isolated from the patients and carriers in the foci of Sonne dysentery, supposedly with the same source of infection, were studied. Sh. sonnei strains isolated from carriers proved to be less virulent than the strains isolated from patients with the clinical manifestation of the infection. A hypothesis was put forward explaining some aspects of carrier state in Sonne dysentery, which most probably was explained by the refracterity of the macroorganism, not by the alterations in the genom of the causative agent.", "contents": "[Study of the virulence of Shigella sonnei isolated from persons with different forms of dysenteric infection]. Possible ranges of virulence of Sh. sonnei strains isolated from the patients and carriers in the foci of Sonne dysentery, supposedly with the same source of infection, were studied. Sh. sonnei strains isolated from carriers proved to be less virulent than the strains isolated from patients with the clinical manifestation of the infection. A hypothesis was put forward explaining some aspects of carrier state in Sonne dysentery, which most probably was explained by the refracterity of the macroorganism, not by the alterations in the genom of the causative agent.", "PMID": 1106091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1257", "title": "[Utilization of a solid nutrient medium for the serological method of detecting the causative agent of typhoid in patients' feces].", "content": "The causative agent of typhoid fever can be revealed in feces of patients not only by the bacteriological, but also by the serological method, if the material is preliminarily grown on hard nutrient media; Ploskirev's medium proved to be the optimal. It is suggested that microbial cultures left on the ager in Petri dishes after the bacteriological study should be used for bacteriological analysis. In a number of cases it was possible to reveal the causative agent of typhoid fever in feces by the serological method, although no coproculture was isolated bacteriologically.", "contents": "[Utilization of a solid nutrient medium for the serological method of detecting the causative agent of typhoid in patients' feces]. The causative agent of typhoid fever can be revealed in feces of patients not only by the bacteriological, but also by the serological method, if the material is preliminarily grown on hard nutrient media; Ploskirev's medium proved to be the optimal. It is suggested that microbial cultures left on the ager in Petri dishes after the bacteriological study should be used for bacteriological analysis. In a number of cases it was possible to reveal the causative agent of typhoid fever in feces by the serological method, although no coproculture was isolated bacteriologically.", "PMID": 1106092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1258", "title": "[Deaminase activity of Cl. botulinum type A, B, E and F cultures].", "content": "The authors present the results of a comparative study of desaminase activity in the suspensions of resting cells and in ultrasonic desintegrates of cells of Cl. botulinum types A, B, E and F against a number of amino acids and their amides. It was shown that types A, B, E and F possessed active desamination enzymes; this process, however coursed with a different degree of intensity depending on the substrate. Common for all the 4 types was the presence of desamidase L-asparaginase and L-glutaminase, and also of the desamination enzymes of the aspartic and glutamic acids. Strains of type B had the greatest set of enzymes, and of type A--the least; bacteria of types E and F occupied an intermediate position. None of the types studied contained tryptophandesaminase. Some of desaminases are bound to subcellular structures.", "contents": "[Deaminase activity of Cl. botulinum type A, B, E and F cultures]. The authors present the results of a comparative study of desaminase activity in the suspensions of resting cells and in ultrasonic desintegrates of cells of Cl. botulinum types A, B, E and F against a number of amino acids and their amides. It was shown that types A, B, E and F possessed active desamination enzymes; this process, however coursed with a different degree of intensity depending on the substrate. Common for all the 4 types was the presence of desamidase L-asparaginase and L-glutaminase, and also of the desamination enzymes of the aspartic and glutamic acids. Strains of type B had the greatest set of enzymes, and of type A--the least; bacteria of types E and F occupied an intermediate position. None of the types studied contained tryptophandesaminase. Some of desaminases are bound to subcellular structures.", "PMID": 1106094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1259", "title": "Antidotal therapy and changes of acetylcholinesterase activity following isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate intoxication in mice.", "content": "The antidotal action of atropine with trimedoxime, obidoxime or methoxime against isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate intoxication in mice was studied. The best antidotal effect was demonstrated for the combination of atropine and methoxime (tested as therapeutic index or D50 index). The effect of atropine (constant dose) and methoxime (different doses) on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in four parts of the mouse brain following isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate intoxication was described. The therapeutic effect could be improved by increasing dose of methoxime. AChE activity in the pontomedullar area was increased on increasing the dose of methoxime (p less than 0.005). A correlation between residual AChE activity in the pontomedullar part of the mouse brain and mortality was demonstrated.", "contents": "Antidotal therapy and changes of acetylcholinesterase activity following isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate intoxication in mice. The antidotal action of atropine with trimedoxime, obidoxime or methoxime against isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate intoxication in mice was studied. The best antidotal effect was demonstrated for the combination of atropine and methoxime (tested as therapeutic index or D50 index). The effect of atropine (constant dose) and methoxime (different doses) on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in four parts of the mouse brain following isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate intoxication was described. The therapeutic effect could be improved by increasing dose of methoxime. AChE activity in the pontomedullar area was increased on increasing the dose of methoxime (p less than 0.005). A correlation between residual AChE activity in the pontomedullar part of the mouse brain and mortality was demonstrated.", "PMID": 1106095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1260", "title": "[Bronchussuture (author's transl)].", "content": "We describe the method of manual bronchussuture, used from 1968 until new, which gave us complete satisfaction. Many of the important factors are discussed. The results are analysed and concluding we expose the reasons why we found manual bronchussuture better than any automatic stapling device.", "contents": "[Bronchussuture (author's transl)]. We describe the method of manual bronchussuture, used from 1968 until new, which gave us complete satisfaction. Many of the important factors are discussed. The results are analysed and concluding we expose the reasons why we found manual bronchussuture better than any automatic stapling device.", "PMID": 1106096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1261", "title": "[Reconstruction of skin defects of the cheek with a large island flap (author's transl)].", "content": "An island skin flap sliding on its own subcutaneous tissue is described to replace large cheek wound defects after tumor resection in elderly patients. The simplicity of the method and the uniformly good results in 25 cases have led the author to prefer this flap to all other types of local flaps.", "contents": "[Reconstruction of skin defects of the cheek with a large island flap (author's transl)]. An island skin flap sliding on its own subcutaneous tissue is described to replace large cheek wound defects after tumor resection in elderly patients. The simplicity of the method and the uniformly good results in 25 cases have led the author to prefer this flap to all other types of local flaps.", "PMID": 1106097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1262", "title": "[Interfascicular dissection of peripheral nerve with a surgical microscope. A propos of one case of partial section of the median nerve (author's transl)].", "content": "The author reports a case of partial section of the median nerve treated by inlay graft performed under the microscope. He insists on the opportunities offered by microsurgery in the field of the peripheral nerve.", "contents": "[Interfascicular dissection of peripheral nerve with a surgical microscope. A propos of one case of partial section of the median nerve (author's transl)]. The author reports a case of partial section of the median nerve treated by inlay graft performed under the microscope. He insists on the opportunities offered by microsurgery in the field of the peripheral nerve.", "PMID": 1106098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1263", "title": "Septic candidasis with intrahepatic cholestasis and immunoglobuline deficiency after renal transplantation.", "content": "Two renal allograft recipients with acquired immunoglobulin deficiency had a disseminated infection with candida albicans. Septic fever, intrahepatic cholestasis and pulmonary mycotic disease were the prominent clinical symptoms. Recurrence of septic fever during the clinical course was associated with increase of intrahepatic cholestasis. On the other hand there was an amelioration of cholestasis when effective antimycotic therapy was instituted. In our patients there was no evidence that intrahepatic cholestasis was drug-related. It was assumed that toxic metabolits of candida albicans were responsible for intrahepatic cholestasis.", "contents": "Septic candidasis with intrahepatic cholestasis and immunoglobuline deficiency after renal transplantation. Two renal allograft recipients with acquired immunoglobulin deficiency had a disseminated infection with candida albicans. Septic fever, intrahepatic cholestasis and pulmonary mycotic disease were the prominent clinical symptoms. Recurrence of septic fever during the clinical course was associated with increase of intrahepatic cholestasis. On the other hand there was an amelioration of cholestasis when effective antimycotic therapy was instituted. In our patients there was no evidence that intrahepatic cholestasis was drug-related. It was assumed that toxic metabolits of candida albicans were responsible for intrahepatic cholestasis.", "PMID": 1106101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1264", "title": "Non-digestive functions of the intestinal hormones (enterines). New data and hypotheses based on experimental duodenectomy (Short review).", "content": "In cats and dogs, total duodenectomy with transplantation of the papilla Vateri into the jejunum and gastroenteroanastomosis has been shown to result in the so-called \"duodenal deficiency syndrome\" which is characterized, in the first phase, by cachexia of the animals occurring within 6 weeks after operation followed by obesity in the second phase. In contrast, animals with preserved by isolated duodenum do not exhibit pronounced changes in body weight as compared to intact controls. Consequently, it is suggested that intestinal hormones (enterines) not only exert gastrointestinal effects but also systemic ones. Thus, duodenectomy has been shown to lead to disturbances of lipid and protein metabolism, decreased secretory activities of the thyroid gland and the hypothalamus. Due to these findings, -- in addition to the even well-known intestinal hormones -- the existence of enterines with thyrotropic, lipotropic, hypothalamotropic, and appetite-regulating functions can be assumed which may make the duodenum act as an \"abdominal hypophysis\".", "contents": "Non-digestive functions of the intestinal hormones (enterines). New data and hypotheses based on experimental duodenectomy (Short review). In cats and dogs, total duodenectomy with transplantation of the papilla Vateri into the jejunum and gastroenteroanastomosis has been shown to result in the so-called \"duodenal deficiency syndrome\" which is characterized, in the first phase, by cachexia of the animals occurring within 6 weeks after operation followed by obesity in the second phase. In contrast, animals with preserved by isolated duodenum do not exhibit pronounced changes in body weight as compared to intact controls. Consequently, it is suggested that intestinal hormones (enterines) not only exert gastrointestinal effects but also systemic ones. Thus, duodenectomy has been shown to lead to disturbances of lipid and protein metabolism, decreased secretory activities of the thyroid gland and the hypothalamus. Due to these findings, -- in addition to the even well-known intestinal hormones -- the existence of enterines with thyrotropic, lipotropic, hypothalamotropic, and appetite-regulating functions can be assumed which may make the duodenum act as an \"abdominal hypophysis\".", "PMID": 1106102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1265", "title": "An open assessment of becotide (beclomethasone dipropionate) nasal spray in seasonal allergic rhinitis.", "content": "The effect of beclomethasone dipropionate (Becotide) intranasally on hay-fever has been studied in 38 adult volunteers with grass pollen allergy. The trial was carried out as an open assessment with simultaneous pollen count during the months of June and July, 1974. With the dose 300 mug/day intranasally, 95 per cent of the subjects regarded the treatment as successful for the nasal symptoms. No effect on eye symptoms was recorded, and no evident side-effects were noted.", "contents": "An open assessment of becotide (beclomethasone dipropionate) nasal spray in seasonal allergic rhinitis. The effect of beclomethasone dipropionate (Becotide) intranasally on hay-fever has been studied in 38 adult volunteers with grass pollen allergy. The trial was carried out as an open assessment with simultaneous pollen count during the months of June and July, 1974. With the dose 300 mug/day intranasally, 95 per cent of the subjects regarded the treatment as successful for the nasal symptoms. No effect on eye symptoms was recorded, and no evident side-effects were noted.", "PMID": 1106108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1266", "title": "Inhibition of human leukocyte migration inhibitory factor (LIF) by alpha-L-fucose.", "content": "Peak leukocyte migration inhibitory activity was produced in vitro by human lymphocytes stimulated with concanavalin A and eluted from Sephadex G-100 gel columns in fractions containing molecules of mol. wt. 40,000-50,000 daltons. No activity was found in fractions containing molecules of mol. wt. 23,000 daltons which is the estimated size of the human macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF). In the present experiments migration inhibition was tested on human peripheral blood leukocytes migrating under agarose. Unconcentrated supernatant activity was reduced in a dose-related manner by alpha-L-fucose. At a concentration of 0.1 M alpha-L-fucose, the mediator activity was completely neutralized. The effect was reversible and specific for alpha-L-fucose. Concentrated supernatant activity, however, was only slightly reduced even in the presence of a higher concentration of sugar. The possible role of alpha-L-fucose as a part of a mediator receptor on the indicator cells is discussed.", "contents": "Inhibition of human leukocyte migration inhibitory factor (LIF) by alpha-L-fucose. Peak leukocyte migration inhibitory activity was produced in vitro by human lymphocytes stimulated with concanavalin A and eluted from Sephadex G-100 gel columns in fractions containing molecules of mol. wt. 40,000-50,000 daltons. No activity was found in fractions containing molecules of mol. wt. 23,000 daltons which is the estimated size of the human macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF). In the present experiments migration inhibition was tested on human peripheral blood leukocytes migrating under agarose. Unconcentrated supernatant activity was reduced in a dose-related manner by alpha-L-fucose. At a concentration of 0.1 M alpha-L-fucose, the mediator activity was completely neutralized. The effect was reversible and specific for alpha-L-fucose. Concentrated supernatant activity, however, was only slightly reduced even in the presence of a higher concentration of sugar. The possible role of alpha-L-fucose as a part of a mediator receptor on the indicator cells is discussed.", "PMID": 1106109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1267", "title": "Different methods of reconstruction after vulvectomies for cancer of the vulva.", "content": "Direct wound closure with or without flap-plasty after vulvectomy gives satisfactory cosmetic and functional results. Split thickness skin-grafts seem to be of limited value in the repair of the defects.", "contents": "Different methods of reconstruction after vulvectomies for cancer of the vulva. Direct wound closure with or without flap-plasty after vulvectomy gives satisfactory cosmetic and functional results. Split thickness skin-grafts seem to be of limited value in the repair of the defects.", "PMID": 1106112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1268", "title": "Infantile cortical hyperostosis. Follow-up of 29 cases.", "content": "Twenty-nine cases of infantile cortical hyperostosis with a wide range of bone involvement are reviewed. Soft tissue painful swellings began before roentgenographic changes appeared in the underlying bone. In 17 babies gradual involvement of different bones was noted. In seven cases lesions previously healed became reactivated. The disease is self-limiting and appears in a narrow age group. Mandibular involvement is most common. The clinical picture and laboratory data are reported. Differential diagnosis and possible etiological factors are discussed. The similarity of infantile cortical hyperostosis to extreme periosteal new bone formation in response to trauma in sensorily deprived children is suggested as a possible etiological factor.", "contents": "Infantile cortical hyperostosis. Follow-up of 29 cases. Twenty-nine cases of infantile cortical hyperostosis with a wide range of bone involvement are reviewed. Soft tissue painful swellings began before roentgenographic changes appeared in the underlying bone. In 17 babies gradual involvement of different bones was noted. In seven cases lesions previously healed became reactivated. The disease is self-limiting and appears in a narrow age group. Mandibular involvement is most common. The clinical picture and laboratory data are reported. Differential diagnosis and possible etiological factors are discussed. The similarity of infantile cortical hyperostosis to extreme periosteal new bone formation in response to trauma in sensorily deprived children is suggested as a possible etiological factor.", "PMID": 1106113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1269", "title": "Rapid identification of gram-negative rods using a three-tube method combined with a dichotomic key.", "content": "A three-tube method combined with a dichotomic key is presented which will identify virtually all Enterobacteriaceae as well as a number of other frequently encountered Gram-negative rods at a genus or species level within 20 hours following the primary isolation. The method is shown to be reliable and simple, saving processing time and material.", "contents": "Rapid identification of gram-negative rods using a three-tube method combined with a dichotomic key. A three-tube method combined with a dichotomic key is presented which will identify virtually all Enterobacteriaceae as well as a number of other frequently encountered Gram-negative rods at a genus or species level within 20 hours following the primary isolation. The method is shown to be reliable and simple, saving processing time and material.", "PMID": 1106114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1270", "title": "Pleural effusion disease in rabbits, clinical and post mortem observations.", "content": "In Denmark and probably in other countries as well, the infectious agent causing intercurrent death of rabbits by passages of Nichols pathogenic Treponema pallidum has been studied in rabbits in the absence of T. pallidum. This agent can be propagated in rabbits at intervals of 2 to 30 days and, depending on the interval between passages and the number of passages, the mortality may vary from zero to almost 70 per cent. Based on the post mortem findings in fatal cases, the name pleural effusion disease is suggested for this rabbit infection. Iridocyclitis, haematological and biochemical changes are signs of the disease not described previously. The source of the infectious agent is discussed.", "contents": "Pleural effusion disease in rabbits, clinical and post mortem observations. In Denmark and probably in other countries as well, the infectious agent causing intercurrent death of rabbits by passages of Nichols pathogenic Treponema pallidum has been studied in rabbits in the absence of T. pallidum. This agent can be propagated in rabbits at intervals of 2 to 30 days and, depending on the interval between passages and the number of passages, the mortality may vary from zero to almost 70 per cent. Based on the post mortem findings in fatal cases, the name pleural effusion disease is suggested for this rabbit infection. Iridocyclitis, haematological and biochemical changes are signs of the disease not described previously. The source of the infectious agent is discussed.", "PMID": 1106115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1271", "title": "Escherichia coli O:H serotypes isolated from human blood. Prevalence of the K1 antigen with technical details of O and H antigenic determination.", "content": "Escherichia coli strains isolated from human blood obtained from 539 different patients all over Denmark were examined serologically for O and H antigesn. 425 strains could be O grouped with O sera 1 to 150. 90 strains were spontaneously agglutinable. Using O sera to the ten most frequent O groups: 2, 4, 6, 75, 9, 8, 18, 7, 22 and 1, 57 per cent of all strains could be grouped. Using sera corresponding to the ten most frequent O and the ten most frequent H sera, it was possible to O:H type 68 per cent of all O groupable strains. The K1 antigen was detected in 18 per cent of the strains.", "contents": "Escherichia coli O:H serotypes isolated from human blood. Prevalence of the K1 antigen with technical details of O and H antigenic determination. Escherichia coli strains isolated from human blood obtained from 539 different patients all over Denmark were examined serologically for O and H antigesn. 425 strains could be O grouped with O sera 1 to 150. 90 strains were spontaneously agglutinable. Using O sera to the ten most frequent O groups: 2, 4, 6, 75, 9, 8, 18, 7, 22 and 1, 57 per cent of all strains could be grouped. Using sera corresponding to the ten most frequent O and the ten most frequent H sera, it was possible to O:H type 68 per cent of all O groupable strains. The K1 antigen was detected in 18 per cent of the strains.", "PMID": 1106116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1272", "title": "Psychiatric epidemiology in Israel: an analysis of community studies.", "content": "A review is presented of all psychiatric surveys conducted thus far in Israel. A brief description of these five epidemiological studies is followed by an analysis which focuses on the objectives of the studies, their respective methodology and data sources. The results obtained in these studies are discussed according to several parameters, i.e., the range of prevalence rates found, the differential distribution of rates among social groups and the relationship found between psychopathology and several variables such as age, country of origin, social class and area of residence. Suggestions for further epidemiological research are included.", "contents": "Psychiatric epidemiology in Israel: an analysis of community studies. A review is presented of all psychiatric surveys conducted thus far in Israel. A brief description of these five epidemiological studies is followed by an analysis which focuses on the objectives of the studies, their respective methodology and data sources. The results obtained in these studies are discussed according to several parameters, i.e., the range of prevalence rates found, the differential distribution of rates among social groups and the relationship found between psychopathology and several variables such as age, country of origin, social class and area of residence. Suggestions for further epidemiological research are included.", "PMID": 1106119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1273", "title": "Genetic effects of acute and chronic irradiation with 14 MeV neutrons.", "content": "Male CBA mice were exposed to 14.5 MeV neutron, either in an acute (150 or 250 rad) or a chronic dose (250 rad) and the genetic effects of the irradiations were compared. No detectable difference in the rate of mutations existed between acute and chronic exposure, with these neutrons.", "contents": "Genetic effects of acute and chronic irradiation with 14 MeV neutrons. Male CBA mice were exposed to 14.5 MeV neutron, either in an acute (150 or 250 rad) or a chronic dose (250 rad) and the genetic effects of the irradiations were compared. No detectable difference in the rate of mutations existed between acute and chronic exposure, with these neutrons.", "PMID": 1106120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1274", "title": "Survival of patients on hemodialysis after renal graft failure.", "content": "The influence of kidney graft failure on the survival rate after reentering maintenance hemodialysis has been studied in 63 patients. Twenty-eight patients were observed for at least 12 months after a primary graft failure and 35 had a second transplant some time during this period. Patient survival 12 months after graft failure was 57%. This result was compared with the 1-year survival of 82% in 150 patients dialyzed prior to the first transplantation. The majority of the deaths on dialysis after graft failure were caused by infectious complications probably related to the immunosuppressive treatment. It is suggested that survival on dialysis after graft failure may be improved by an early reduction of the immunosuppressive treatment in patients with failing grafts.", "contents": "Survival of patients on hemodialysis after renal graft failure. The influence of kidney graft failure on the survival rate after reentering maintenance hemodialysis has been studied in 63 patients. Twenty-eight patients were observed for at least 12 months after a primary graft failure and 35 had a second transplant some time during this period. Patient survival 12 months after graft failure was 57%. This result was compared with the 1-year survival of 82% in 150 patients dialyzed prior to the first transplantation. The majority of the deaths on dialysis after graft failure were caused by infectious complications probably related to the immunosuppressive treatment. It is suggested that survival on dialysis after graft failure may be improved by an early reduction of the immunosuppressive treatment in patients with failing grafts.", "PMID": 1106122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1275", "title": "Phylogeny of functional humoral transplantation immunity: comparative studies in amphibians and rodents.", "content": "Remarkably comparable observations from parallel experiments in salamanders and mice utilizing three related model systems (implant-induced immunomanipulation; passive transfer; and putative B cell suppression) argue directly that functional humoral transplantation immunity is highly developed at the phylogenetic level of Amphibia and that it plays a major role in regulating graft survival in these species (Fig. 4). Although it is still conjectural whether such humoral immunity and weak H-antigens evolved concurrently, the argument that enhancing atibodies evolved exclusively in viviparous species to protect the fetus from potential rejection by the maternal immune system no longer seems tenable (1).", "contents": "Phylogeny of functional humoral transplantation immunity: comparative studies in amphibians and rodents. Remarkably comparable observations from parallel experiments in salamanders and mice utilizing three related model systems (implant-induced immunomanipulation; passive transfer; and putative B cell suppression) argue directly that functional humoral transplantation immunity is highly developed at the phylogenetic level of Amphibia and that it plays a major role in regulating graft survival in these species (Fig. 4). Although it is still conjectural whether such humoral immunity and weak H-antigens evolved concurrently, the argument that enhancing atibodies evolved exclusively in viviparous species to protect the fetus from potential rejection by the maternal immune system no longer seems tenable (1).", "PMID": 1106149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1276", "title": "Body surface isopotential mapping in Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome: noninvasive method to determine the localization of the accessory atrioventricular pathway.", "content": "The body surface isopotential maps of 22 patients with WPM syndrome were obtained from the 85 unipolar lead ECG's using the on-line minicomputer system newly devised by the author's group. The map patterns were classified into three types-I, II, and III (Type I, eight; Type II, seven; Type III, three; and unclassified, four cases). In Type I, the back surface displayed the negative potential throughout the entire ventricular activation, and at the terminal stage the lower precordial area displayed the positive potential and the upper precordial area, the negative one. Type II was characterized by two longitudinal lines, one staying at its place on the back and the other moving right to left on the precordial area following the process of ventricular activation. In Type III, the right precordial area displayed negative potential in the early stage, and in the terminal stage the upper part of the right side of chest surface displayed positive potential and the lower part, negative potential. It was surmised from these patterns that the pre-excited area was located at the posterior region of the ventricles in Type I, at the right ventricle in Type II, and the right ventricular base near the posterior margin of the ventricular septum in Type III. Type A patients in the conventional ECG classification fell under Type I; Type C patients, under Type III; Type B patients under either Type I or Type II.", "contents": "Body surface isopotential mapping in Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome: noninvasive method to determine the localization of the accessory atrioventricular pathway. The body surface isopotential maps of 22 patients with WPM syndrome were obtained from the 85 unipolar lead ECG's using the on-line minicomputer system newly devised by the author's group. The map patterns were classified into three types-I, II, and III (Type I, eight; Type II, seven; Type III, three; and unclassified, four cases). In Type I, the back surface displayed the negative potential throughout the entire ventricular activation, and at the terminal stage the lower precordial area displayed the positive potential and the upper precordial area, the negative one. Type II was characterized by two longitudinal lines, one staying at its place on the back and the other moving right to left on the precordial area following the process of ventricular activation. In Type III, the right precordial area displayed negative potential in the early stage, and in the terminal stage the upper part of the right side of chest surface displayed positive potential and the lower part, negative potential. It was surmised from these patterns that the pre-excited area was located at the posterior region of the ventricles in Type I, at the right ventricle in Type II, and the right ventricular base near the posterior margin of the ventricular septum in Type III. Type A patients in the conventional ECG classification fell under Type I; Type C patients, under Type III; Type B patients under either Type I or Type II.", "PMID": 1106164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1277", "title": "Changes in transthoracic electrical impedance during submaximal treadmill exercise in patients with ischemic heart disease--A preliminary report.", "content": "Twenty normal subjects and 32 patients with ischemic heart disease (IHD) were subjected to submaximal treadmill exercise. The mean transthoracic electrical impedance (TEI) was measured with a tetrapolar lead system and the changes were correlated to the extent of ST depression observed on an on-line digital computer. Six subjects of pre-excitation syndrome with \"false\" ST depression were also studied. The normal subjects did not show a significant change of TEI during exercise. The patients with IHD showed a steady and significant decrease in TEI, correlating with the extent of ST depression. Recovery was slow after the cessation of exercise. The subjects with false ST changes showed no decrease of TEI. The changes were more profound in subjects who developed anginal pain during the test. These findings are attributed to an increase in the thoracic blood volume and pulmonary extravascular water due to transient left ventricular dysfunction in angina.", "contents": "Changes in transthoracic electrical impedance during submaximal treadmill exercise in patients with ischemic heart disease--A preliminary report. Twenty normal subjects and 32 patients with ischemic heart disease (IHD) were subjected to submaximal treadmill exercise. The mean transthoracic electrical impedance (TEI) was measured with a tetrapolar lead system and the changes were correlated to the extent of ST depression observed on an on-line digital computer. Six subjects of pre-excitation syndrome with \"false\" ST depression were also studied. The normal subjects did not show a significant change of TEI during exercise. The patients with IHD showed a steady and significant decrease in TEI, correlating with the extent of ST depression. Recovery was slow after the cessation of exercise. The subjects with false ST changes showed no decrease of TEI. The changes were more profound in subjects who developed anginal pain during the test. These findings are attributed to an increase in the thoracic blood volume and pulmonary extravascular water due to transient left ventricular dysfunction in angina.", "PMID": 1106166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1278", "title": "Risk factors and coronary heart disease--facts or fancy?", "content": "The importance of the many well-published epidemiologic studies for the philosophy of prevention of ischemic heart disease has led to this analysis of the background design and early results of three such studies, i.e., the Framingham study, the National Pooling Project, and the Stockholm Prospective Study. Besides indicating certain flaws in the early design, it is demonstrated that the authors usually press their factual data to conclusions that are not only really valid, with some exceptions. This analysis leads to the conclusion that high blood pressure and cigarette smoking seem to be much more important for the development of ischemic heart disease than high serum lipids in the populations studied. They are, furthermore, selected in such a way that the results cannot have any bearing on the general population and, in particular, on its lower and higher social strata.", "contents": "Risk factors and coronary heart disease--facts or fancy? The importance of the many well-published epidemiologic studies for the philosophy of prevention of ischemic heart disease has led to this analysis of the background design and early results of three such studies, i.e., the Framingham study, the National Pooling Project, and the Stockholm Prospective Study. Besides indicating certain flaws in the early design, it is demonstrated that the authors usually press their factual data to conclusions that are not only really valid, with some exceptions. This analysis leads to the conclusion that high blood pressure and cigarette smoking seem to be much more important for the development of ischemic heart disease than high serum lipids in the populations studied. They are, furthermore, selected in such a way that the results cannot have any bearing on the general population and, in particular, on its lower and higher social strata.", "PMID": 1106167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1279", "title": "Electrophysiologic studies in the denervated transplanted human heart. II. Response to norepinephrine, isoproterenol and propranolol.", "content": "Five patients who had received a transplanted human heart 1 to 3 years previously were studied to determine the effects of norepinephrine, isoproterenol and propranolol on the atrioventricular (A-V) conduction system. Using the His bundle technique, atrial, His bundle and ventricular electrograms were recorded, and central aortic pressure was monitored during the administration of these drugs. Norepinephrine was given by continuous infusion to four patients in doses ranging from 4 to 8 mug/min, with the systolic arterial pressure increasing by an average of 72 mm Hg. Concomitantly, there was an average increase in the rate of the donor atrium of 32 beats/min, and a reflex slowing of the recipient atrium of 23 beats/min. The A-H interval shortened by an average of 27 msec. Isoproterenol dose-response curves were performed in three patients, with the maximal dose being 5.2 mug by intravenous bolus infusion. The rate of the donor atrium increased by an average of 40 beats/min, and that of the recipient atrium by 18 beats/min. The A-H time shortened by an average of 25 msec, with a drop in systolic blood pressure averaging 23 mm Hg. Propranolol (7 mg intravenously) was given to three patients and the peak doses of norepinephrine and isoproterenol were again infused. Beta adrenergic blockade was achieved at this dose of propranolol since there was only a minimal increase in the donor atrial rate after infusion of the drug. The A-H interval was not altered by catecholamine infusion after achievement of beta blockade. However, the levels of systolic hypertension noted after infusion of norepinephrine was not altered by propranolol. The denervated transplanted human heart appears to respond normally to norepinephrine and isoproterenol, and the electrophysiologic effects of these agents are blocked by propranolol. Extensive investigative work in the denervated canine model has demonstrated the presence of the alpha and beta cardiovascular receptors. Although the automonic nervous system is important in cardiac performance, this work is the first validation in man that (1) the functional integrity of the beta receptor is maintained even when the autonomic nerves are absent, and (2) the intrinsic properties of the sinus and atrioventricular nodes are the keystone in stabilizing cardiac electrophysiology after denervation.", "contents": "Electrophysiologic studies in the denervated transplanted human heart. II. Response to norepinephrine, isoproterenol and propranolol. Five patients who had received a transplanted human heart 1 to 3 years previously were studied to determine the effects of norepinephrine, isoproterenol and propranolol on the atrioventricular (A-V) conduction system. Using the His bundle technique, atrial, His bundle and ventricular electrograms were recorded, and central aortic pressure was monitored during the administration of these drugs. Norepinephrine was given by continuous infusion to four patients in doses ranging from 4 to 8 mug/min, with the systolic arterial pressure increasing by an average of 72 mm Hg. Concomitantly, there was an average increase in the rate of the donor atrium of 32 beats/min, and a reflex slowing of the recipient atrium of 23 beats/min. The A-H interval shortened by an average of 27 msec. Isoproterenol dose-response curves were performed in three patients, with the maximal dose being 5.2 mug by intravenous bolus infusion. The rate of the donor atrium increased by an average of 40 beats/min, and that of the recipient atrium by 18 beats/min. The A-H time shortened by an average of 25 msec, with a drop in systolic blood pressure averaging 23 mm Hg. Propranolol (7 mg intravenously) was given to three patients and the peak doses of norepinephrine and isoproterenol were again infused. Beta adrenergic blockade was achieved at this dose of propranolol since there was only a minimal increase in the donor atrial rate after infusion of the drug. The A-H interval was not altered by catecholamine infusion after achievement of beta blockade. However, the levels of systolic hypertension noted after infusion of norepinephrine was not altered by propranolol. The denervated transplanted human heart appears to respond normally to norepinephrine and isoproterenol, and the electrophysiologic effects of these agents are blocked by propranolol. Extensive investigative work in the denervated canine model has demonstrated the presence of the alpha and beta cardiovascular receptors. Although the automonic nervous system is important in cardiac performance, this work is the first validation in man that (1) the functional integrity of the beta receptor is maintained even when the autonomic nerves are absent, and (2) the intrinsic properties of the sinus and atrioventricular nodes are the keystone in stabilizing cardiac electrophysiology after denervation.", "PMID": 1106169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1280", "title": "Metabolism of free fatty acids, glucose and catecholamines in acute myocardial infarction. Relation to myocardial ischemia and infarct size.", "content": "The myocardial metabolism of free fatty acids, glucose and catecholamines is reviewed in relation to current trends in the therapy of experimental myocardial infarction. Major modifications in the metabolism of free fatty acids, glucose and catecholamines have already been found after acute myocardial infarction in man, and animal experimental data suggest that such metabolic changes might play a role in the modification of infarct size and sometimes in the development of arrhythmias. However, animal experiments often represent extreme situations and the therapeutic use in man of agents to modify the metabolism of free fatty acids, glucose or catecholamines after myocardial infarction needs intensive investigation before general application. The sum total of the evidence from animal experiments suggests that increased circulating concentrations of free fatty acids and catecholamines, if sufficiently high, may be harmful rather than helpful to the outcome of acute myocardial infarction, and that increased provision of glucose (as glucose, insulin and potassium) may be beneficial. Reservations to these conclusions are that the concentrations used appear to be important factors in catecholamine and free fatty acid effects, and that the mechanism of action of glucose-insulin-potassium is more complex than originally thought.", "contents": "Metabolism of free fatty acids, glucose and catecholamines in acute myocardial infarction. Relation to myocardial ischemia and infarct size. The myocardial metabolism of free fatty acids, glucose and catecholamines is reviewed in relation to current trends in the therapy of experimental myocardial infarction. Major modifications in the metabolism of free fatty acids, glucose and catecholamines have already been found after acute myocardial infarction in man, and animal experimental data suggest that such metabolic changes might play a role in the modification of infarct size and sometimes in the development of arrhythmias. However, animal experiments often represent extreme situations and the therapeutic use in man of agents to modify the metabolism of free fatty acids, glucose or catecholamines after myocardial infarction needs intensive investigation before general application. The sum total of the evidence from animal experiments suggests that increased circulating concentrations of free fatty acids and catecholamines, if sufficiently high, may be harmful rather than helpful to the outcome of acute myocardial infarction, and that increased provision of glucose (as glucose, insulin and potassium) may be beneficial. Reservations to these conclusions are that the concentrations used appear to be important factors in catecholamine and free fatty acid effects, and that the mechanism of action of glucose-insulin-potassium is more complex than originally thought.", "PMID": 1106170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1281", "title": "Cost of cardiac pacing.", "content": "The patient with a permanent pacemaker faces significant lifetime medical expenses. The financial records of 15 patients with more than 4 years' (average 73 months) of cardiac pacing were reviewed to establish the basic cost of pacing. Each pacemaker was electively replaced after 24 months of service. During the total of 1,096 months of pacing there were 65 hospital admissions. Medical expenses for the 15 patients totaled $112,160, of whic- $93,410 was for hospital expenses and $18,750 for physicians'fees. The average monthly cost per patient was $102 (range $84 to $130).", "contents": "Cost of cardiac pacing. The patient with a permanent pacemaker faces significant lifetime medical expenses. The financial records of 15 patients with more than 4 years' (average 73 months) of cardiac pacing were reviewed to establish the basic cost of pacing. Each pacemaker was electively replaced after 24 months of service. During the total of 1,096 months of pacing there were 65 hospital admissions. Medical expenses for the 15 patients totaled $112,160, of whic- $93,410 was for hospital expenses and $18,750 for physicians'fees. The average monthly cost per patient was $102 (range $84 to $130).", "PMID": 1106173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1282", "title": "The hypothalamic magnocellular neurosecretory system of the guinea pig. I. Immunohistochemical localization of neurophysin in the adult.", "content": "With the use of the unlabeled antibody enzyme technique and antiserum against bovine neurophysin I, neurophysin was localized in the hypothalamic magnocellular neurosecretory system of the adult guinea pig. Immunoreactive deposits were found in the perikarya of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei, their fiber projections and terminals in the posterior pituitary. No parvicellular neurophysin-positive components were observed. In the median eminence neurophysin was seen in the zona interna where axons of the supraoptico-hypophysial tract pass on their way to the neural lobe. The peptide was also present in axons projecting into zona externa which terminate on the primary portal plexus.", "contents": "The hypothalamic magnocellular neurosecretory system of the guinea pig. I. Immunohistochemical localization of neurophysin in the adult. With the use of the unlabeled antibody enzyme technique and antiserum against bovine neurophysin I, neurophysin was localized in the hypothalamic magnocellular neurosecretory system of the adult guinea pig. Immunoreactive deposits were found in the perikarya of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei, their fiber projections and terminals in the posterior pituitary. No parvicellular neurophysin-positive components were observed. In the median eminence neurophysin was seen in the zona interna where axons of the supraoptico-hypophysial tract pass on their way to the neural lobe. The peptide was also present in axons projecting into zona externa which terminate on the primary portal plexus.", "PMID": 1106174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1283", "title": "The hypothalamic magnocellular neurosecretory system of the guinea pig. II. Immunohistochemical localization of neurophysin and vasopressin in the fetus.", "content": "The development of the hypothalamic magnocellular neurosecretory system of the fetal guinea pig was examined by immunohistochemistry. Neurophysin was first observed in the supraoptic nucleus (SON), median eminence (ME) and posterior pituitary (PP) on day 40 of gestation. It was not regularly present in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) until day 47. Vasopressin was first observed in the SON, ME and PP on day 45. In the median eminence immunoreactive deposits indicative of both peptides were observed in both the fibers of the hypothalamo-hypophysial tract (H-HT) in the presumptive zona interna as well as in axons projecting to the developing primary portal plexus.", "contents": "The hypothalamic magnocellular neurosecretory system of the guinea pig. II. Immunohistochemical localization of neurophysin and vasopressin in the fetus. The development of the hypothalamic magnocellular neurosecretory system of the fetal guinea pig was examined by immunohistochemistry. Neurophysin was first observed in the supraoptic nucleus (SON), median eminence (ME) and posterior pituitary (PP) on day 40 of gestation. It was not regularly present in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) until day 47. Vasopressin was first observed in the SON, ME and PP on day 45. In the median eminence immunoreactive deposits indicative of both peptides were observed in both the fibers of the hypothalamo-hypophysial tract (H-HT) in the presumptive zona interna as well as in axons projecting to the developing primary portal plexus.", "PMID": 1106175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1284", "title": "Structural modification of Schwann cells in the pancreatic islets of the dog.", "content": "In dog pancreatic islets, Schwann cells not only ensheath autonomic nerves but also have cytoplasmic processes that are contiguous with large expanses of the islet surface. These processes are interposed between the islet basal lamina and the endocrine parenchyma. This structural modification of Schwann cells may play a role in the neural control of islet function.", "contents": "Structural modification of Schwann cells in the pancreatic islets of the dog. In dog pancreatic islets, Schwann cells not only ensheath autonomic nerves but also have cytoplasmic processes that are contiguous with large expanses of the islet surface. These processes are interposed between the islet basal lamina and the endocrine parenchyma. This structural modification of Schwann cells may play a role in the neural control of islet function.", "PMID": 1106176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1285", "title": "Ultrastructural observation of anterior pituitary gonadotrophs following hypophysial portal vessel infusion of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone.", "content": "Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) (50 ng) was infused with a microcannula into hypothalamo-hypophysial stalk portal vessels of adult male rats. Anterior pituitaries were prepared for electron microscopy at 1, 5, 10, 15, 30 and 60 minutes after infusion. Granule release (exocytosis) from gonadotrophs was stimulated within one minute. Evidence of increased protein synthesis began at 5-10 minutes but was not maximal until 15 minutes. The majority of new granules appeared in the Golgi apparatus at 15 and 30 minutes. This study provides morphological evidence for LHRH-induced hormone and synthesis release under physiological conditions.", "contents": "Ultrastructural observation of anterior pituitary gonadotrophs following hypophysial portal vessel infusion of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone. Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) (50 ng) was infused with a microcannula into hypothalamo-hypophysial stalk portal vessels of adult male rats. Anterior pituitaries were prepared for electron microscopy at 1, 5, 10, 15, 30 and 60 minutes after infusion. Granule release (exocytosis) from gonadotrophs was stimulated within one minute. Evidence of increased protein synthesis began at 5-10 minutes but was not maximal until 15 minutes. The majority of new granules appeared in the Golgi apparatus at 15 and 30 minutes. This study provides morphological evidence for LHRH-induced hormone and synthesis release under physiological conditions.", "PMID": 1106177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1286", "title": "Primary neonatal hyperparathyroidism. Report of a case and review of the literature.", "content": "The seventh case in the world literature of primary hyperparathyroidism in a neonate is reported. This is the fifth case in which an autopsy was performed. The clinical and anatomic findings in all seven cases are reviewed and compared. Neonates with primary hyperparathyroidism show diffuse hyperplasia of the parathyroid glands. The bones show disturbed osteogenesis, bone resorption, and widespread fibrosis of the marrow cavities. Bony cysts are not appreciated. Pathologic fractures are common. Marked hypercalciuria or hyperphosphaturia is usually not observed, perhaps because the immature renal tubules fail to respond to the influence of excess parathormone. Aminoaciduria and anemia are commonly observed. The prognosis is grave, and the etiology of this syndrome remains unexplained.", "contents": "Primary neonatal hyperparathyroidism. Report of a case and review of the literature. The seventh case in the world literature of primary hyperparathyroidism in a neonate is reported. This is the fifth case in which an autopsy was performed. The clinical and anatomic findings in all seven cases are reviewed and compared. Neonates with primary hyperparathyroidism show diffuse hyperplasia of the parathyroid glands. The bones show disturbed osteogenesis, bone resorption, and widespread fibrosis of the marrow cavities. Bony cysts are not appreciated. Pathologic fractures are common. Marked hypercalciuria or hyperphosphaturia is usually not observed, perhaps because the immature renal tubules fail to respond to the influence of excess parathormone. Aminoaciduria and anemia are commonly observed. The prognosis is grave, and the etiology of this syndrome remains unexplained.", "PMID": 1106178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1287", "title": "An immunofluorescent procedure for detection of Hb F (gamma chain) in peripheral erythrocytes.", "content": "A direct fluorescent method for the detection of the gamma chain of Hb F in erythrocytes is described. The method is easier to interpret and more sensitive than the classic Kleihauer-Betke procedure.", "contents": "An immunofluorescent procedure for detection of Hb F (gamma chain) in peripheral erythrocytes. A direct fluorescent method for the detection of the gamma chain of Hb F in erythrocytes is described. The method is easier to interpret and more sensitive than the classic Kleihauer-Betke procedure.", "PMID": 1106179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1288", "title": "Nocardia asteroides bacteremia in an immunosuppressed renal-transplant patient.", "content": "A patient with a polymicrobial bacteremia due to Nocardia asteroides and Escherichia coli is presented. Rapid overgrowth of all cultures with the E. coli necessitated the use of selective media containing antimicrobial agents to which the E. coli was sensitive. Only five previous cases of N. asteroides bacteremia have been reported.", "contents": "Nocardia asteroides bacteremia in an immunosuppressed renal-transplant patient. A patient with a polymicrobial bacteremia due to Nocardia asteroides and Escherichia coli is presented. Rapid overgrowth of all cultures with the E. coli necessitated the use of selective media containing antimicrobial agents to which the E. coli was sensitive. Only five previous cases of N. asteroides bacteremia have been reported.", "PMID": 1106180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1289", "title": "Segmental mastectomy plus radiation therapy for stage I cancer of the breast.", "content": "Segmental mastectomy (surgical removal of the palpable tumor mass with a shell of normal tissue) plus irradiation to the entire remaining breast and regional lymph nodes is commonly used in other countries as a treatment for Stage I cancer of the breast. It is not, however, generally practiced or accepted in the United States. Adequate postoperative irradiation consisting of 4,500-5,000 rads to regional lymph nodes and a slightly higher dose to the breast itself will eliminate more than 90% of remaining subclinical tumor, as evidence by very low local recurrence rates. Many patients having local recurrence may then be salvaged by mastectomy or axillary node dissection. Equal five- and ten-year survival rates are obtained compared with radical mastectomy with less physical and psychological morbidity for the patient. While this treatment is not suitable for all Stage I cases, its efficacy should be more widely recognized.", "contents": "Segmental mastectomy plus radiation therapy for stage I cancer of the breast. Segmental mastectomy (surgical removal of the palpable tumor mass with a shell of normal tissue) plus irradiation to the entire remaining breast and regional lymph nodes is commonly used in other countries as a treatment for Stage I cancer of the breast. It is not, however, generally practiced or accepted in the United States. Adequate postoperative irradiation consisting of 4,500-5,000 rads to regional lymph nodes and a slightly higher dose to the breast itself will eliminate more than 90% of remaining subclinical tumor, as evidence by very low local recurrence rates. Many patients having local recurrence may then be salvaged by mastectomy or axillary node dissection. Equal five- and ten-year survival rates are obtained compared with radical mastectomy with less physical and psychological morbidity for the patient. While this treatment is not suitable for all Stage I cases, its efficacy should be more widely recognized.", "PMID": 1106182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1290", "title": "Paralysis of the diaphragm.", "content": "Diaphragmatic paralysis has been mentioned infrequently as a cause of respiratory symptoms in children. During a three-year period, diaphragmatic paralysis has occurred in 12 neonates following birth trauma (six) or thoracotomy (six) and in four older children following thoracotomy. Spontaneous recovery occurred in all four older children and in five of the 12 neonates. Although two neonates became asymptomatic despite persistent paralysis, the remaining five neonates required prolonged intermittent positive-pressure breathing; two eventually died of secondary pneumonia, and three became asymptomatic only after plication of the affected diaphragm.", "contents": "Paralysis of the diaphragm. Diaphragmatic paralysis has been mentioned infrequently as a cause of respiratory symptoms in children. During a three-year period, diaphragmatic paralysis has occurred in 12 neonates following birth trauma (six) or thoracotomy (six) and in four older children following thoracotomy. Spontaneous recovery occurred in all four older children and in five of the 12 neonates. Although two neonates became asymptomatic despite persistent paralysis, the remaining five neonates required prolonged intermittent positive-pressure breathing; two eventually died of secondary pneumonia, and three became asymptomatic only after plication of the affected diaphragm.", "PMID": 1106183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1291", "title": "Prospective, randomized study of diagnosis and outcome in acute upper-gastrointestinal bleeding: endoscopy versus conventional radiography.", "content": "Sixty patients with mild to moderate upper-gastrointestinal bleeding were admitted to a prospective, controlled study of diagnosis and management, and were randomized to endoscopy or upper-gastrointestinal (UGI) barium series as the initial study. Definitive localization of the source of bleeding was made initially in 69% of the endoscopy group and 21% of the UGI group (P less than 0.0005). Of 54 patients undergoing both studies, endoscopy was definitive in 67% and UGI series in 22%. Thus, endoscopy also made more diagnoses when used as the second study (P less than .01). The use of endoscopy as the initial procedure led to significantly more rapid diagnosis than with UGI series. However, there were no significant differences between the two groups in clinical outcome. Endoscopy is the initial diagnostic procedure of choice in patients with mild to moderate upper-gastrointestinal bleeding because it enables detection of superficial bleeding lesions and has significantly increased the speed of diagnosis.", "contents": "Prospective, randomized study of diagnosis and outcome in acute upper-gastrointestinal bleeding: endoscopy versus conventional radiography. Sixty patients with mild to moderate upper-gastrointestinal bleeding were admitted to a prospective, controlled study of diagnosis and management, and were randomized to endoscopy or upper-gastrointestinal (UGI) barium series as the initial study. Definitive localization of the source of bleeding was made initially in 69% of the endoscopy group and 21% of the UGI group (P less than 0.0005). Of 54 patients undergoing both studies, endoscopy was definitive in 67% and UGI series in 22%. Thus, endoscopy also made more diagnoses when used as the second study (P less than .01). The use of endoscopy as the initial procedure led to significantly more rapid diagnosis than with UGI series. However, there were no significant differences between the two groups in clinical outcome. Endoscopy is the initial diagnostic procedure of choice in patients with mild to moderate upper-gastrointestinal bleeding because it enables detection of superficial bleeding lesions and has significantly increased the speed of diagnosis.", "PMID": 1106185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1292", "title": "Jejunal fluid and electrolyte secretion in carcinoid syndrome.", "content": "To evaluate the pathogenesis of the diarrhea of carcinoid syndrome, triple-lumen jejunal-perfusion studies were performed in three patients with carcinoid syndrome and diarrhea and eleven control subjects. In contrast to the net absorption observed in the control subjects during perfusion with an isotonic mannitol-saline solution, net secretion occurred in two of the three carcinoid-syndrome patients. Glucose absorption and glucose-stimulated fluid absorption were normal in the carcinoid-syndrome patients. Methysergide controlled the diarrhea and in one patient net absorption was observed during methysergide therapy. These studies suggest that intestinal secretion may be one of the pathogenetic factors responsible for the diarrhea of carcinoid syndrome and provide additional evidence of the importance of intestinal electrolyte secretion in the genesis of many diarrheal states.", "contents": "Jejunal fluid and electrolyte secretion in carcinoid syndrome. To evaluate the pathogenesis of the diarrhea of carcinoid syndrome, triple-lumen jejunal-perfusion studies were performed in three patients with carcinoid syndrome and diarrhea and eleven control subjects. In contrast to the net absorption observed in the control subjects during perfusion with an isotonic mannitol-saline solution, net secretion occurred in two of the three carcinoid-syndrome patients. Glucose absorption and glucose-stimulated fluid absorption were normal in the carcinoid-syndrome patients. Methysergide controlled the diarrhea and in one patient net absorption was observed during methysergide therapy. These studies suggest that intestinal secretion may be one of the pathogenetic factors responsible for the diarrhea of carcinoid syndrome and provide additional evidence of the importance of intestinal electrolyte secretion in the genesis of many diarrheal states.", "PMID": 1106186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1293", "title": "Metiamide in the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.", "content": "The histamine H2-receptor antagonist metiamide is an inhibitor of endogenous and stimulated gastric-acid secretion. It appears to have therapeutic possibilities in duodenal-ulcer disease. Three patients exhibiting the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome have been treated with this drug for six months or more. Rapid symptomatic improvement occurred in each case, followed by ulcer healing. There were also reductions in gastric secretion and consistent changes in the fasting serum-gastrin concentration. On patient relapsed temporarily during therapy. There have been no side effects. It is concluded that, in the short term, metiamide is of benefit in the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.", "contents": "Metiamide in the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. The histamine H2-receptor antagonist metiamide is an inhibitor of endogenous and stimulated gastric-acid secretion. It appears to have therapeutic possibilities in duodenal-ulcer disease. Three patients exhibiting the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome have been treated with this drug for six months or more. Rapid symptomatic improvement occurred in each case, followed by ulcer healing. There were also reductions in gastric secretion and consistent changes in the fasting serum-gastrin concentration. On patient relapsed temporarily during therapy. There have been no side effects. It is concluded that, in the short term, metiamide is of benefit in the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.", "PMID": 1106187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1294", "title": "Early clinical experience with metiamide, a histamine H2-receptor antagonist, in patients with duodenal ulcer.", "content": "The clinical, endoscopic, and biochemical effects of metiamide, a histamine H2-receptor antagonist, in therapeutic dosage have been studied in a 28-day open trial in patients with duodenal ulcer disease. A good symptomatic response, combined with a 72% ulcer healing rate was observed. There were small but significant rises in plasma creatinine, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, and serum lactate dehydrogenase during treatment. Small quantities of amino acids appeared in the urine, and the heart size increased slightly. It is concluded that histamine H2-receptor antagonism may be an important therapeutic approach to duodenal ulcer disease.", "contents": "Early clinical experience with metiamide, a histamine H2-receptor antagonist, in patients with duodenal ulcer. The clinical, endoscopic, and biochemical effects of metiamide, a histamine H2-receptor antagonist, in therapeutic dosage have been studied in a 28-day open trial in patients with duodenal ulcer disease. A good symptomatic response, combined with a 72% ulcer healing rate was observed. There were small but significant rises in plasma creatinine, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, and serum lactate dehydrogenase during treatment. Small quantities of amino acids appeared in the urine, and the heart size increased slightly. It is concluded that histamine H2-receptor antagonism may be an important therapeutic approach to duodenal ulcer disease.", "PMID": 1106188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1295", "title": "Bile reflux gastritis. Analysis of fasting and postprandial gastric aspirates.", "content": "Gastric aspirates from 11 patients with bile reflux gastritis were studied for pH, bacterial cultures, proteolytic acitivity and bile salt pattern. Hypochlorhydria, significant bacterial overgrowth and unconjugated bile salts were found in all gastric specimens tested. The presence of unconjugated bile salts may account for the severity of the gastritis seen in these patients.", "contents": "Bile reflux gastritis. Analysis of fasting and postprandial gastric aspirates. Gastric aspirates from 11 patients with bile reflux gastritis were studied for pH, bacterial cultures, proteolytic acitivity and bile salt pattern. Hypochlorhydria, significant bacterial overgrowth and unconjugated bile salts were found in all gastric specimens tested. The presence of unconjugated bile salts may account for the severity of the gastritis seen in these patients.", "PMID": 1106189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1296", "title": "Alveolar capillary basement membrane lesions in Goodpasture's syndrome and idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis.", "content": "An ultrastructural study of lung distinguised between lesions of the alveolar capillary basement membrane in a case of Good pasture's syndrome and in three cases of idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis. In Goodpasture's syndrome, diffuse vascular injury with wide endothelial gaps, diffusely fragmented basement membranes and an electron dense layer on the basement membrane was found. In idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis, focal ruptures of the basement membrane were associated with hydropic changes in pneumocytes and, although fibroblasts were not seen, collagen deposition occurred within the basement membrane. immunofluorescent studies failed to show deposition of immunoglobulins G (IgG), A (IgA), M (IgM) or C3 in the lung in either disease. The ultrastructural lesions appear to separate these clinically similar entities.", "contents": "Alveolar capillary basement membrane lesions in Goodpasture's syndrome and idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis. An ultrastructural study of lung distinguised between lesions of the alveolar capillary basement membrane in a case of Good pasture's syndrome and in three cases of idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis. In Goodpasture's syndrome, diffuse vascular injury with wide endothelial gaps, diffusely fragmented basement membranes and an electron dense layer on the basement membrane was found. In idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis, focal ruptures of the basement membrane were associated with hydropic changes in pneumocytes and, although fibroblasts were not seen, collagen deposition occurred within the basement membrane. immunofluorescent studies failed to show deposition of immunoglobulins G (IgG), A (IgA), M (IgM) or C3 in the lung in either disease. The ultrastructural lesions appear to separate these clinically similar entities.", "PMID": 1106191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1297", "title": "The role of complement, immunoglobulin and bacterial antigen in coagulase-negative staphylococcal shunt nephritis.", "content": "We describe three patients with arrested hydrocephalus in whom glomerulonephritis developed secondary to Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteremia from an infected ventriculoatrial shunt. Investigation of the immune-mediated renal disease associated with this chronic infection showed that (1) complement depletion during the acute phase of bacteremia and nephritis was predominantly via the classic pathway; (2) rheumatoid factor was associated with bacteremia, fever, proteinuria and low complement levels; (3) early complement components (C1q, C4, C3), immunoglobulin (predominantly immunoglobulin M [IgM], Staph. epidermidis antigen(s) and electron denxe subendothelial deposits were localized within the renal glomerulus; (4) C1q, and IgM derived from patient serums, were the most prominent in vitro immunoreactants to Staph. epidermidis cell walls; and (5) the causative organisms, Staph. epidermidis, shared common antigens with Staph. aureus, and antibody from patient serums cross reacted with extracts from both of these organisms.", "contents": "The role of complement, immunoglobulin and bacterial antigen in coagulase-negative staphylococcal shunt nephritis. We describe three patients with arrested hydrocephalus in whom glomerulonephritis developed secondary to Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteremia from an infected ventriculoatrial shunt. Investigation of the immune-mediated renal disease associated with this chronic infection showed that (1) complement depletion during the acute phase of bacteremia and nephritis was predominantly via the classic pathway; (2) rheumatoid factor was associated with bacteremia, fever, proteinuria and low complement levels; (3) early complement components (C1q, C4, C3), immunoglobulin (predominantly immunoglobulin M [IgM], Staph. epidermidis antigen(s) and electron denxe subendothelial deposits were localized within the renal glomerulus; (4) C1q, and IgM derived from patient serums, were the most prominent in vitro immunoreactants to Staph. epidermidis cell walls; and (5) the causative organisms, Staph. epidermidis, shared common antigens with Staph. aureus, and antibody from patient serums cross reacted with extracts from both of these organisms.", "PMID": 1106192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1298", "title": "B and T cell lymphomas. Analysis of blood and lymph nodes in 87 patients.", "content": "B and T cell populations were studied in blood and neoplastic tissues from 64 untreated and 23 treated patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. This study was undertaken primarily to evaluate the relation of B and T cell markers in various lymphomas to the currently accepted morphologic classifications and to determine the utility of various tissues in defining the cell of origin of a lymphoma. When histologically involved blood, bone marrow, lymph nodes or body fluids were studied, a B or T cell origin of the lymphoma was identified in 26 of 28 (68 per cent) patients. A B cell origin was found in 17 adults classified as having nodular (N) or diffuse (D) poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma (PDLL). One lymphoma of T cell origin was observed in an adult with poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma-diffuse (PDLL-D). In contrast, all cases of PDLL-D in children were T cell in origin. The origin of American Burkitt's (stem cell) lymphoma in two children was the B cell. When histologically involved blood was studied, a B or T cell origin was demonstrated in 10 of 21 (48 percent) adults. Evidence of a monoclonal proliferation of B lymphocytes in the blood was found two adults with more than 7 per cent lymphoma cells in Wright-Giemsa stained blood smears. When neoplastic lymph nodes were studied, the diagnosis of a B cell lymphoma was made in 8 of 12 (67 per cent) adults. Study of surface markers on malignant cells in cerebrospinal or serosal fluids frequently revealed a B or T cell origin of the lymphoma. B and T lymphocyte numbers in the blood did not correlate with immunoglobulin or skin test abnormalities. Abnormalities in circulating B or T cell percentages at diagnosis were a poor prognostic sign in patients with PDLL-D.", "contents": "B and T cell lymphomas. Analysis of blood and lymph nodes in 87 patients. B and T cell populations were studied in blood and neoplastic tissues from 64 untreated and 23 treated patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. This study was undertaken primarily to evaluate the relation of B and T cell markers in various lymphomas to the currently accepted morphologic classifications and to determine the utility of various tissues in defining the cell of origin of a lymphoma. When histologically involved blood, bone marrow, lymph nodes or body fluids were studied, a B or T cell origin of the lymphoma was identified in 26 of 28 (68 per cent) patients. A B cell origin was found in 17 adults classified as having nodular (N) or diffuse (D) poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma (PDLL). One lymphoma of T cell origin was observed in an adult with poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma-diffuse (PDLL-D). In contrast, all cases of PDLL-D in children were T cell in origin. The origin of American Burkitt's (stem cell) lymphoma in two children was the B cell. When histologically involved blood was studied, a B or T cell origin was demonstrated in 10 of 21 (48 percent) adults. Evidence of a monoclonal proliferation of B lymphocytes in the blood was found two adults with more than 7 per cent lymphoma cells in Wright-Giemsa stained blood smears. When neoplastic lymph nodes were studied, the diagnosis of a B cell lymphoma was made in 8 of 12 (67 per cent) adults. Study of surface markers on malignant cells in cerebrospinal or serosal fluids frequently revealed a B or T cell origin of the lymphoma. B and T lymphocyte numbers in the blood did not correlate with immunoglobulin or skin test abnormalities. Abnormalities in circulating B or T cell percentages at diagnosis were a poor prognostic sign in patients with PDLL-D.", "PMID": 1106193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1299", "title": "The responses to synthetic luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone in patients with primary selective pituitary deficiency in gonadotropins.", "content": "Fifteen patients, 11 female and four male, with primary selective pituitary deficiency in gonadotropins were submitted to the subcutaneous administration of 100 to 400 mcg. of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH). When compared to the effect of LH-RH in eight normal female subjects, two types of responses were observed: there were either small increments in both luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) or increases comparable to those observed in normal subjects. Five patients received 100 mcg. of LH-RH daily over four consecutive days. No additive nor depleting effects could be observed. The responses in seven patients given 400 mcg. were not significantly different from those obtained with 100 mcg. Our results indicate two possible etiologies of primary hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. A normal response in LH and FSH after administration of LH-RH assesses a selective hypothalamic deficit in releasing hormones, whereas a negative or low response suggests a dysfunction of the pituitary gonadotropic cell.", "contents": "The responses to synthetic luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone in patients with primary selective pituitary deficiency in gonadotropins. Fifteen patients, 11 female and four male, with primary selective pituitary deficiency in gonadotropins were submitted to the subcutaneous administration of 100 to 400 mcg. of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH). When compared to the effect of LH-RH in eight normal female subjects, two types of responses were observed: there were either small increments in both luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) or increases comparable to those observed in normal subjects. Five patients received 100 mcg. of LH-RH daily over four consecutive days. No additive nor depleting effects could be observed. The responses in seven patients given 400 mcg. were not significantly different from those obtained with 100 mcg. Our results indicate two possible etiologies of primary hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. A normal response in LH and FSH after administration of LH-RH assesses a selective hypothalamic deficit in releasing hormones, whereas a negative or low response suggests a dysfunction of the pituitary gonadotropic cell.", "PMID": 1106195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1300", "title": "The effect of antibiotic prophylaxis on patients undergoing vaginal operations. II. Alterations of microbial flora.", "content": "Preoperative and postoperative cultures of the upper vagina were taken from 48 women who underwent vaginal hysterectomy. They received a five-day course of either prophylactic cephalosporins or placebo. Comparisons of preoperative and postoperative flora in both the active-drug and placebo groups as well as comparisons between the postoperative flora of the drug group and that of the placebo group were made. Alterations of the bacterial flora occurred whether or not the patient received prophylactic antibiotics.", "contents": "The effect of antibiotic prophylaxis on patients undergoing vaginal operations. II. Alterations of microbial flora. Preoperative and postoperative cultures of the upper vagina were taken from 48 women who underwent vaginal hysterectomy. They received a five-day course of either prophylactic cephalosporins or placebo. Comparisons of preoperative and postoperative flora in both the active-drug and placebo groups as well as comparisons between the postoperative flora of the drug group and that of the placebo group were made. Alterations of the bacterial flora occurred whether or not the patient received prophylactic antibiotics.", "PMID": 1106196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1301", "title": "Antibodies to herpesvirus type 2 in carcinoma of the cervix uteri in Ibadan, Nigeria.", "content": "Carcinoma of the cervix is by far the commonest gynecologic malignancy seen in Ibadan, Nigeria. In a study aimed at investigating the role of herpesvirus type 2 (HT-2) in its pathogenesis, antibodies to HT-2 were detected by immunofluorescence above a titer of 640 in 31 (70.5 percent) of 44 women with invasive carcinoma of the cervix as compared with five (11.1 percent) of 45 healthy women of the same age group. Analysis according to histologic types of growths showed that 31 (83.8 percent) of 37 cases of squamous-cell carcinoma had antibodies above a titer of 640, whereas none of the other types (one adenocarcinoma and six undifferentiated carcinoma of the cervix) had antibodies above this titer. It was concluded that the results of the present study support the hypothesis of an association between HT-2 and carcinoma of the cervix, most especially the squamous-cell type.", "contents": "Antibodies to herpesvirus type 2 in carcinoma of the cervix uteri in Ibadan, Nigeria. Carcinoma of the cervix is by far the commonest gynecologic malignancy seen in Ibadan, Nigeria. In a study aimed at investigating the role of herpesvirus type 2 (HT-2) in its pathogenesis, antibodies to HT-2 were detected by immunofluorescence above a titer of 640 in 31 (70.5 percent) of 44 women with invasive carcinoma of the cervix as compared with five (11.1 percent) of 45 healthy women of the same age group. Analysis according to histologic types of growths showed that 31 (83.8 percent) of 37 cases of squamous-cell carcinoma had antibodies above a titer of 640, whereas none of the other types (one adenocarcinoma and six undifferentiated carcinoma of the cervix) had antibodies above this titer. It was concluded that the results of the present study support the hypothesis of an association between HT-2 and carcinoma of the cervix, most especially the squamous-cell type.", "PMID": 1106197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1302", "title": "Studies of blood glucose and plasma insulin in \"normal\" women using mechanical contraception for 6 months.", "content": "A prospective study of carbohydrate metabolism was done with 56 \"normal\"  women who were 4 to 11 weeks post partum. Each had a 3 hour oral glucose tolerance test performed before and after 6 months of using an intrauterine contraceptive device (IUCD). The results showed only slight changes in blood glucose and plasma insulin levels between the two tests. There were elevations of the fasting and 0.5 hour glucose values and the 2 hour plasma insulin value at the 6 month test. These data provide a further understanding of the changing metabolic parameters associated with pregnancy and they also give the \"control\" baseline information for comparison with other postpartum studies on the metabolic effects of contraceptive steriods.", "contents": "Studies of blood glucose and plasma insulin in \"normal\" women using mechanical contraception for 6 months. A prospective study of carbohydrate metabolism was done with 56 \"normal\"  women who were 4 to 11 weeks post partum. Each had a 3 hour oral glucose tolerance test performed before and after 6 months of using an intrauterine contraceptive device (IUCD). The results showed only slight changes in blood glucose and plasma insulin levels between the two tests. There were elevations of the fasting and 0.5 hour glucose values and the 2 hour plasma insulin value at the 6 month test. These data provide a further understanding of the changing metabolic parameters associated with pregnancy and they also give the \"control\" baseline information for comparison with other postpartum studies on the metabolic effects of contraceptive steriods.", "PMID": 1106200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1303", "title": "Response of ovarian steroid secretion to the intrinsic gonadotropin release caused by the administration of synthetic luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone.", "content": "During gynecologic laparotomies, both ovarian and peripheral venous blood specimens were collected simultaneously, and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone(LH), estradiol, and progesterone were measured in each sample by means of the radioimmunoassay technique before and after the administration of synthetic LH-releasing hormone (LH-RH). The FSH levels rose significantly 30 minutes after the LH-RH injection, while the LH values had already increased significantly at 15 minutes. A significant decrease of the average FSH AND LH levels during the follicular phase and the average LH levels during the luteal phase was observed in the ovarian as compared to the peripheral venous blood. The estradiol levels in the ovarian venous blood made a prompt and significant increase almost in parallel with the gonadotropin release. During the luteal phase, the progesterone concentrations in the ovarian and peripheral venous blood increased significantly. It is considered that the human ovary responds quite promptly to an abrupt release of intrinsic FSH and LH caused by the administration of synthetic LH-RH and secretes estradiol and progesterone immediately.", "contents": "Response of ovarian steroid secretion to the intrinsic gonadotropin release caused by the administration of synthetic luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone. During gynecologic laparotomies, both ovarian and peripheral venous blood specimens were collected simultaneously, and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone(LH), estradiol, and progesterone were measured in each sample by means of the radioimmunoassay technique before and after the administration of synthetic LH-releasing hormone (LH-RH). The FSH levels rose significantly 30 minutes after the LH-RH injection, while the LH values had already increased significantly at 15 minutes. A significant decrease of the average FSH AND LH levels during the follicular phase and the average LH levels during the luteal phase was observed in the ovarian as compared to the peripheral venous blood. The estradiol levels in the ovarian venous blood made a prompt and significant increase almost in parallel with the gonadotropin release. During the luteal phase, the progesterone concentrations in the ovarian and peripheral venous blood increased significantly. It is considered that the human ovary responds quite promptly to an abrupt release of intrinsic FSH and LH caused by the administration of synthetic LH-RH and secretes estradiol and progesterone immediately.", "PMID": 1106201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1304", "title": "Maternal smoking and fetal breathing movements.", "content": "Pregnant, habitually smoking women were studied during the last trimester when smoking a standard cigarette, smoking a nontobacco cigarette, or chewing a piece of chewing gum containing 2 or 4 mg. of nicotine. The effects of the experimental interventions were followed on the concentration of nicotine and the percentage of carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) in maternal blood, on the amount and pattern of the fetal breathing movements, and on the maternal heart rate, breathing rate, and blood glucose level. The maternal blood concentration of nicotine was increased by the standard cigarette, the 4 mg. nicotine chewing gum, and the 2 mg. nicotine chewing gum in descending order. The COHb percentage in maternal blood was increased by the standard cigarette and to a lower degree by the nontobacco cigarette. A significant increase of apnea and periodic breathing movements in the fetus followed the smoking of a standard cigarette; a similar but nonsignificant change occurred in a dose-related way after the 4 mg. and the 2 mg. chewing gum. The maternal heart rate was positively correlated to the level of blood breathing movements occurring after smoking one standard cigarette. The suppression of the fetal breathing movements in utero poses the question whether iterated maternal smoking might influence the prenatal assessment of fetal maturity using determination of pulmonary surfactants in the amniotic fluid.", "contents": "Maternal smoking and fetal breathing movements. Pregnant, habitually smoking women were studied during the last trimester when smoking a standard cigarette, smoking a nontobacco cigarette, or chewing a piece of chewing gum containing 2 or 4 mg. of nicotine. The effects of the experimental interventions were followed on the concentration of nicotine and the percentage of carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) in maternal blood, on the amount and pattern of the fetal breathing movements, and on the maternal heart rate, breathing rate, and blood glucose level. The maternal blood concentration of nicotine was increased by the standard cigarette, the 4 mg. nicotine chewing gum, and the 2 mg. nicotine chewing gum in descending order. The COHb percentage in maternal blood was increased by the standard cigarette and to a lower degree by the nontobacco cigarette. A significant increase of apnea and periodic breathing movements in the fetus followed the smoking of a standard cigarette; a similar but nonsignificant change occurred in a dose-related way after the 4 mg. and the 2 mg. chewing gum. The maternal heart rate was positively correlated to the level of blood breathing movements occurring after smoking one standard cigarette. The suppression of the fetal breathing movements in utero poses the question whether iterated maternal smoking might influence the prenatal assessment of fetal maturity using determination of pulmonary surfactants in the amniotic fluid.", "PMID": 1106202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1305", "title": "Oral contraceptives and thromboembolism: a reassessment.", "content": "The relationship between oral contraceptive usage and thromboembolism is controversial. Since thromboembolism is often undiagnosed, both clinically and at routine autopsy, most epidemiologic analyses rest or a very uncertain factual base. There are increases in blood coagulation factors in oral contraceptive users similar to, but less than, those seen in pregnancy, which is not associated with increased thromboembolism. Hematologists emphasize that these changes do not define a \"hypercoagulable\" state, and they do not define or predict the occurrence of thrombosis. Intrinsic vascular wall changes, unrelated to drug use, may play a role in sporadic cases of thromboembolism. When the incidence of thromboembolism in very large Phase III trials of conventional oral contraceptives is compared to that in other populations (patients admitted to the hospital, women who visit a physician, pregnant women, or users of nonestrogenic oral contraceptives), no difference is seen. Epidemiologic studies by the \"case-control\" (\"trohoc\") method consistently show an increase \"relative risk\" associated with oral contraceptive use in subjects with \"idiopathic\" thromboembolism but no increased risk in thromboembolism patients as a whole or in those with predisposing factors. This retrospective epidemiologic technique, its particular applications, and the inferences drawn are open to serious criticism, as are studies claiming a relationship between estrogen dose and thromboembolism incidence. An Australian prospective survey found no increased risk among users, and a large British study which initially reported an increased risk is currently undergoing recalculation. The only controlled clinical experiment (with random assignment of subjects to vaginal versus high-estrogen contraceptives) showed no increased incidence in the drug-treated group. Statistical associations derived from \"trohoc\" studies do not establish causal relationships; moreover, their risk estimates are in conflict with the findings of large Phase III clinical surveys including subjects using estrogen-free contraceptives, with at least one prospective clinical survey, and with a randomized, controlled clinical trial. The data relating estrogen dosage to thromboembolism incidence are ambiguous, at best. Thus, the claim of a causal relationship between oral contraceptive steroids and thromboembolism does not appear to be firmly founded, and the belief that predisposing factors increase the risk to contraceptive users is equally insubstantial.", "contents": "Oral contraceptives and thromboembolism: a reassessment. The relationship between oral contraceptive usage and thromboembolism is controversial. Since thromboembolism is often undiagnosed, both clinically and at routine autopsy, most epidemiologic analyses rest or a very uncertain factual base. There are increases in blood coagulation factors in oral contraceptive users similar to, but less than, those seen in pregnancy, which is not associated with increased thromboembolism. Hematologists emphasize that these changes do not define a \"hypercoagulable\" state, and they do not define or predict the occurrence of thrombosis. Intrinsic vascular wall changes, unrelated to drug use, may play a role in sporadic cases of thromboembolism. When the incidence of thromboembolism in very large Phase III trials of conventional oral contraceptives is compared to that in other populations (patients admitted to the hospital, women who visit a physician, pregnant women, or users of nonestrogenic oral contraceptives), no difference is seen. Epidemiologic studies by the \"case-control\" (\"trohoc\") method consistently show an increase \"relative risk\" associated with oral contraceptive use in subjects with \"idiopathic\" thromboembolism but no increased risk in thromboembolism patients as a whole or in those with predisposing factors. This retrospective epidemiologic technique, its particular applications, and the inferences drawn are open to serious criticism, as are studies claiming a relationship between estrogen dose and thromboembolism incidence. An Australian prospective survey found no increased risk among users, and a large British study which initially reported an increased risk is currently undergoing recalculation. The only controlled clinical experiment (with random assignment of subjects to vaginal versus high-estrogen contraceptives) showed no increased incidence in the drug-treated group. Statistical associations derived from \"trohoc\" studies do not establish causal relationships; moreover, their risk estimates are in conflict with the findings of large Phase III clinical surveys including subjects using estrogen-free contraceptives, with at least one prospective clinical survey, and with a randomized, controlled clinical trial. The data relating estrogen dosage to thromboembolism incidence are ambiguous, at best. Thus, the claim of a causal relationship between oral contraceptive steroids and thromboembolism does not appear to be firmly founded, and the belief that predisposing factors increase the risk to contraceptive users is equally insubstantial.", "PMID": 1106204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1306", "title": "Pituitary responses to LRH in the postpartum periods.", "content": "Pituitary responses to luteinizing-hormone-releasing-hormone (LRH) in the postpartum periods were studied. Following a subcutaneous injection of 100 mug of synthetic LRH to postpartum subjects, no statistically significant changes in the levels of LH and FSH could be demonstrated in five subjects on postpartum day 1 or 3 and the three subjects on postpartum day 8. A normal elevation of LH and FSH following LRH was demonstrated in one subject 36 days post partum. The findings are in agreement with previous studies demonstrating a persistence of pituitary suppression during the early postpartum period. No correlation could be drawn between the pituitary responses to LRH and the plasma levels of estradiol-17 beta and progesterone.", "contents": "Pituitary responses to LRH in the postpartum periods. Pituitary responses to luteinizing-hormone-releasing-hormone (LRH) in the postpartum periods were studied. Following a subcutaneous injection of 100 mug of synthetic LRH to postpartum subjects, no statistically significant changes in the levels of LH and FSH could be demonstrated in five subjects on postpartum day 1 or 3 and the three subjects on postpartum day 8. A normal elevation of LH and FSH following LRH was demonstrated in one subject 36 days post partum. The findings are in agreement with previous studies demonstrating a persistence of pituitary suppression during the early postpartum period. No correlation could be drawn between the pituitary responses to LRH and the plasma levels of estradiol-17 beta and progesterone.", "PMID": 1106206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1307", "title": "Alcohol and marijuana effects on static visual acuity.", "content": "Static visual acuity was measured at two contrast levels (12 and 49%) in ten subjects in a double blind experiment  involving five drug conditions of alcohol and marijuana (0.5 ml and 1.0 ml/kg body weight of 95% ethanol, 8 and 15 mg delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), and a placebo). We found no statistically significant change in static visual acuity for any of the dose levels at any of the measurement time up to six hours following drug ingestion; this is sharply contrasted with the marked decrements in acuity which were found in the same subjects under the same drug conditions when the targets were in motion and required corrdinated eye movements for their resolution.", "contents": "Alcohol and marijuana effects on static visual acuity. Static visual acuity was measured at two contrast levels (12 and 49%) in ten subjects in a double blind experiment  involving five drug conditions of alcohol and marijuana (0.5 ml and 1.0 ml/kg body weight of 95% ethanol, 8 and 15 mg delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), and a placebo). We found no statistically significant change in static visual acuity for any of the dose levels at any of the measurement time up to six hours following drug ingestion; this is sharply contrasted with the marked decrements in acuity which were found in the same subjects under the same drug conditions when the targets were in motion and required corrdinated eye movements for their resolution.", "PMID": 1106208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1308", "title": "Computer-assisted eye examinations IV. \"Additive\" lens systems in eye refractors.", "content": "After a brief introduction to the optical principles and terms, formulas are derived which demonstrate that with conventional methods and designs it is not possible to summate with accuracy the labeled power of three or more ophthalmic lenses in tandem. The effective power of sphero-cylindrical  combinations in all currently available eye refractors, when powers of eight to ten diopters are exceeded, may differ from the summated labeled power by a quarter diopter or more, which can be clinically significant. This error can be directly and readily eliminated only in computer-actuated refractors by including a computer program which calculates the effective power and makes the necessary correction.", "contents": "Computer-assisted eye examinations IV. \"Additive\" lens systems in eye refractors. After a brief introduction to the optical principles and terms, formulas are derived which demonstrate that with conventional methods and designs it is not possible to summate with accuracy the labeled power of three or more ophthalmic lenses in tandem. The effective power of sphero-cylindrical  combinations in all currently available eye refractors, when powers of eight to ten diopters are exceeded, may differ from the summated labeled power by a quarter diopter or more, which can be clinically significant. This error can be directly and readily eliminated only in computer-actuated refractors by including a computer program which calculates the effective power and makes the necessary correction.", "PMID": 1106209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1309", "title": "Clinical experience with the acid-etch technique in orthodontics.", "content": "The acid-etch technique and the development of improved composite resin systems have made the direct bonding of orthodontic attachments an accepted clinical procedure. This technique can be used with confidence as an adjunct in the armamentarium of the orthodontist.", "contents": "Clinical experience with the acid-etch technique in orthodontics. The acid-etch technique and the development of improved composite resin systems have made the direct bonding of orthodontic attachments an accepted clinical procedure. This technique can be used with confidence as an adjunct in the armamentarium of the orthodontist.", "PMID": 1106210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1310", "title": "Direct bonding on impacted teeth.", "content": "In eighteen patients twenty-three impacted teeth were surgically exposed and provided with Cuspid-Pull Brackets by the direct-bonding technique. Light orthodontic traction was applied after 10 minutes. Only three brackets were lost during the experiment. The experiment showed that sufficient bonding could be established on impacted teeth without pumicing the tooth surface and that phosphoric acid in minimal amounts causes no harm to the adjacent tissues but assists in preventing bleeding from the surrounding tissues. This made it possible to obtain the necessary dryness of the exposed tooth surface. The reasons for bond failure are discussed.", "contents": "Direct bonding on impacted teeth. In eighteen patients twenty-three impacted teeth were surgically exposed and provided with Cuspid-Pull Brackets by the direct-bonding technique. Light orthodontic traction was applied after 10 minutes. Only three brackets were lost during the experiment. The experiment showed that sufficient bonding could be established on impacted teeth without pumicing the tooth surface and that phosphoric acid in minimal amounts causes no harm to the adjacent tissues but assists in preventing bleeding from the surrounding tissues. This made it possible to obtain the necessary dryness of the exposed tooth surface. The reasons for bond failure are discussed.", "PMID": 1106211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1311", "title": "Patterns of muscular activity around the hip joint in ambulatory children with cerebral palsy. An electromyographic study.", "content": "Effect of posture and voluntary movements on hip muclses in eithteen spastic ambulatory children with cerebral palsy were examined electromyographically. Five normal adults were also examined as controls. In each posture, subluxation hips showed greater activity than concentric and normal hips, and the activity pattern was mostly that of either the flexion or the extension synergies in voluntary movements. The concentric hips did not show the characteristic pattern.", "contents": "Patterns of muscular activity around the hip joint in ambulatory children with cerebral palsy. An electromyographic study. Effect of posture and voluntary movements on hip muclses in eithteen spastic ambulatory children with cerebral palsy were examined electromyographically. Five normal adults were also examined as controls. In each posture, subluxation hips showed greater activity than concentric and normal hips, and the activity pattern was mostly that of either the flexion or the extension synergies in voluntary movements. The concentric hips did not show the characteristic pattern.", "PMID": 1106213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1312", "title": "Why a psychoanalytic core in psychiatric education?", "content": "The author presents arguments for a historical psychogenetic approach to psychiatric education with a focus on psychodynamic understanding of behavior. Psychoanalysis provides a developmental psychology and a body of clinical data that are uniquely suited to this purpose. This focus is meant to be complemented by consideration of genetic, social, cultural, learning, and biophysiological forces. The author relates trends in psychiatric education to the changing identity of the psychiatrist and the history of the discipline.", "contents": "Why a psychoanalytic core in psychiatric education? The author presents arguments for a historical psychogenetic approach to psychiatric education with a focus on psychodynamic understanding of behavior. Psychoanalysis provides a developmental psychology and a body of clinical data that are uniquely suited to this purpose. This focus is meant to be complemented by consideration of genetic, social, cultural, learning, and biophysiological forces. The author relates trends in psychiatric education to the changing identity of the psychiatrist and the history of the discipline.", "PMID": 1106215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1313", "title": "A placebo-controlled study of lithium combined with neuroleptics in chronic schizophrenic patients.", "content": "Lithium combined with major tranquilizers was administered to 22 hospitalized chronic schizophrenic patients with minimal neurotoxicity or other side effects. Moreover, 10 of the patients benefited significantly with lithium as compared to placebo in terms of blind psychiatric and nursing ratings and nonblind clinical judgments of outcome. These results contrast with previous negative reports in the literature and the generally poor prognosis in chronic schizophrenic patients. The authors suggest that a trial combining lithium with psychotropic drugs is warranted in schizophrenic patients who do not respond satisfactorily to conventional treatment", "contents": "A placebo-controlled study of lithium combined with neuroleptics in chronic schizophrenic patients. Lithium combined with major tranquilizers was administered to 22 hospitalized chronic schizophrenic patients with minimal neurotoxicity or other side effects. Moreover, 10 of the patients benefited significantly with lithium as compared to placebo in terms of blind psychiatric and nursing ratings and nonblind clinical judgments of outcome. These results contrast with previous negative reports in the literature and the generally poor prognosis in chronic schizophrenic patients. The authors suggest that a trial combining lithium with psychotropic drugs is warranted in schizophrenic patients who do not respond satisfactorily to conventional treatment", "PMID": 1106217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1314", "title": "Blood pressure and pulse changes in hyperactive children treated with imipramine and methylphenidate.", "content": "The authors found significant increases in systolic and diastolic blood pressure and pulse rate in hyperactive children treated with imipramine. Methylphenidate-treated children showed significant weight loss but no significant changes in blood pressure or pulse. The authors recommend caution in the use of imipramine and suggest the need for further study to determine short- and long-term effects of imipramine on blood pressure.", "contents": "Blood pressure and pulse changes in hyperactive children treated with imipramine and methylphenidate. The authors found significant increases in systolic and diastolic blood pressure and pulse rate in hyperactive children treated with imipramine. Methylphenidate-treated children showed significant weight loss but no significant changes in blood pressure or pulse. The authors recommend caution in the use of imipramine and suggest the need for further study to determine short- and long-term effects of imipramine on blood pressure.", "PMID": 1106218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1315", "title": "Family interactions as etiological factors in mental disorders: An analysis of the American Journal of Insanity, 1844-1848.", "content": "A review of the first four volumes of the American Journal of Insanity indicated that the primary etiological factor noted by authors during that period was disturbed brain functioning, although emotional factors were often mentioned as additional explanations for mental illness. The influence of familial factors and interactions on the development of mental illness was rarely explored. The author concludes that psychiatry at this time did not yet recognize the importance of the dynamics of and interpersonal stresses within family relationships.", "contents": "Family interactions as etiological factors in mental disorders: An analysis of the American Journal of Insanity, 1844-1848. A review of the first four volumes of the American Journal of Insanity indicated that the primary etiological factor noted by authors during that period was disturbed brain functioning, although emotional factors were often mentioned as additional explanations for mental illness. The influence of familial factors and interactions on the development of mental illness was rarely explored. The author concludes that psychiatry at this time did not yet recognize the importance of the dynamics of and interpersonal stresses within family relationships.", "PMID": 1106219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1316", "title": "Current perspectives on giardiasis.", "content": "Giardia lamblia infestation can cause severe diarrhea and malabsorption, and the diagnosis is usually made by identification of cysts in the feces, but small intestinal biopsy or smears may be required. A wide spectrum of roentgen changes may be seen. In patients with a normal immune status, the small bowel is normal or shows an inflammatory bowel disease pattern. Eradication of the parasite reverses these changes. In some patients with IgA deficiency, nodular lymphoid hyperplasia occurs, and this is usually not reversible. Other patients with hypogammaglobulinemia or dysgammaglobulinemia and giardiasis may show a sprue pattern. This pattern  most often persists after eradication of the parasite. Although the triad of giardiasis, IgA deficiency, and nodular lymphoid hyperplasia has a particularly high association, these, together with diarrhea, malabsorption, and various altered immune states may occur in any combination.", "contents": "Current perspectives on giardiasis. Giardia lamblia infestation can cause severe diarrhea and malabsorption, and the diagnosis is usually made by identification of cysts in the feces, but small intestinal biopsy or smears may be required. A wide spectrum of roentgen changes may be seen. In patients with a normal immune status, the small bowel is normal or shows an inflammatory bowel disease pattern. Eradication of the parasite reverses these changes. In some patients with IgA deficiency, nodular lymphoid hyperplasia occurs, and this is usually not reversible. Other patients with hypogammaglobulinemia or dysgammaglobulinemia and giardiasis may show a sprue pattern. This pattern  most often persists after eradication of the parasite. Although the triad of giardiasis, IgA deficiency, and nodular lymphoid hyperplasia has a particularly high association, these, together with diarrhea, malabsorption, and various altered immune states may occur in any combination.", "PMID": 1106221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1317", "title": "Esophageal moniliasis. A review of common and less frequent characteristics.", "content": "Invasion of the esophagus by Candida albicans probably occurs more frequently than the reported cases suggest. The disease usually occurs following immunosuppression but may occur after antibiotic therapy. It is heralded by the sudden onset of severe pain and dysphagia, and recovery or death from dissemination may occur. Roentgenographically, impaired motility is much more prominent than disordered motility or spasm. Narrowing, a cobblestone epithelium, and later, erosions and ulcerations are seen. Antifungal agents are adequate therapy.", "contents": "Esophageal moniliasis. A review of common and less frequent characteristics. Invasion of the esophagus by Candida albicans probably occurs more frequently than the reported cases suggest. The disease usually occurs following immunosuppression but may occur after antibiotic therapy. It is heralded by the sudden onset of severe pain and dysphagia, and recovery or death from dissemination may occur. Roentgenographically, impaired motility is much more prominent than disordered motility or spasm. Narrowing, a cobblestone epithelium, and later, erosions and ulcerations are seen. Antifungal agents are adequate therapy.", "PMID": 1106222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1318", "title": "Angiography in expansile lesions of the spleen.", "content": "The angiographic findings in a relatively large number of expansile lesions of the spleen are presented. In cysts our findings correspond to those in earlier reports, the hallmark being stretching of intrasplenic arteries and veins around an avascular espansile lesion. As to neoplasms (primary as well as secondary), however, our findings suggest that the criteria of malignancy, that is, neovascularity, vascular encasement, and arteriovenous shunting, may be more frequent than is evident from earlier reports.", "contents": "Angiography in expansile lesions of the spleen. The angiographic findings in a relatively large number of expansile lesions of the spleen are presented. In cysts our findings correspond to those in earlier reports, the hallmark being stretching of intrasplenic arteries and veins around an avascular espansile lesion. As to neoplasms (primary as well as secondary), however, our findings suggest that the criteria of malignancy, that is, neovascularity, vascular encasement, and arteriovenous shunting, may be more frequent than is evident from earlier reports.", "PMID": 1106223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1319", "title": "Congenital avalvular pulmonary artery and infantile lobar emphysema. A diagnostic correlation.", "content": "Some cardiovascular lesions may result in tracheobronchial obstruction and many of these will commonly be associated with infantile lobar emphysema (ILE). By contrast a relatively smaller percentage of cases of ILE results from vascular compression. We offer a new term, \"congenital avalvular pulmonary artery (CAPA),\" to describe the complex of the absent pulmonary valve and the concomitant marked pulmonary artery dilatation because CAPA is more descriptively inclusive of the abnormality of the artery beyond the valve. The diagnostic correlation of CAPA and ILE is of considerable importance since the initial presentation of CAPA is usually as ILE and the recognition of a triangular or rounded hilar density should raise suspicion for CAPA even before clinical signs become evident. Differential diagnosis must include other causes of ILE including infantile lobar emphysema with bronchial atresia.", "contents": "Congenital avalvular pulmonary artery and infantile lobar emphysema. A diagnostic correlation. Some cardiovascular lesions may result in tracheobronchial obstruction and many of these will commonly be associated with infantile lobar emphysema (ILE). By contrast a relatively smaller percentage of cases of ILE results from vascular compression. We offer a new term, \"congenital avalvular pulmonary artery (CAPA),\" to describe the complex of the absent pulmonary valve and the concomitant marked pulmonary artery dilatation because CAPA is more descriptively inclusive of the abnormality of the artery beyond the valve. The diagnostic correlation of CAPA and ILE is of considerable importance since the initial presentation of CAPA is usually as ILE and the recognition of a triangular or rounded hilar density should raise suspicion for CAPA even before clinical signs become evident. Differential diagnosis must include other causes of ILE including infantile lobar emphysema with bronchial atresia.", "PMID": 1106224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1320", "title": "Pulmonary venous air embolism in hyaline membrane disease.", "content": "A newborn infant with the respiratory distress syndrome in whom pulmonary venous air embolism (PVAE) developed as a complication of positive pressure therapy is reported. The underlying pathophysiology in this disorder is probably the development of alveolar-capillary fistulae secondary to unduly high intrabronchial pressures. An increased awareness by radiologists and clinicians of PVAE as a potential complication of aggressive respiratory therapy will result in more frequent recognition of this uncommon but lethal disorder.", "contents": "Pulmonary venous air embolism in hyaline membrane disease. A newborn infant with the respiratory distress syndrome in whom pulmonary venous air embolism (PVAE) developed as a complication of positive pressure therapy is reported. The underlying pathophysiology in this disorder is probably the development of alveolar-capillary fistulae secondary to unduly high intrabronchial pressures. An increased awareness by radiologists and clinicians of PVAE as a potential complication of aggressive respiratory therapy will result in more frequent recognition of this uncommon but lethal disorder.", "PMID": 1106225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1321", "title": "Pulmonary edema and continuous positive pressure breathing (CPPB).", "content": "We have successfully treated severe pulmonary edema of various etiologies and the concomitant hypoxia in 17 infants and children with continuous positive pressure spontaneous breathing. The pressure used was 8 to 14 cm of water above atmospheric pressure. No significant changes occurred in arterial or central venous blood pressure, and no patient developed clinical evidence of peripheral venous engorgement. Pulmonary edema cleared within 24 hours in all cases. We believe this rapid clearing may differentiate pulmonary edema from pneumonia and pulmonary hemorrhage. The pathophysiology and the roentgenologic findings are presented.", "contents": "Pulmonary edema and continuous positive pressure breathing (CPPB). We have successfully treated severe pulmonary edema of various etiologies and the concomitant hypoxia in 17 infants and children with continuous positive pressure spontaneous breathing. The pressure used was 8 to 14 cm of water above atmospheric pressure. No significant changes occurred in arterial or central venous blood pressure, and no patient developed clinical evidence of peripheral venous engorgement. Pulmonary edema cleared within 24 hours in all cases. We believe this rapid clearing may differentiate pulmonary edema from pneumonia and pulmonary hemorrhage. The pathophysiology and the roentgenologic findings are presented.", "PMID": 1106226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1322", "title": "Radionuclide studies in bronchogenic carcinoma of the Hilum. Scintigraphy and tomography: their complementary features.", "content": "Thirty-eight cases with direct or indirect signs of hilar masses were investigated by roentgenologic, radioisotopic and surgical methods. Reasonable correlation between tomography and scintigraphy was confirmed, substantiating their complementary nature. Bronchogenic carcinoma of the central airways was most frequent among the hilar masses. Masses as well as other involvement of the bronchovascular structures of the hilum on conventional tomography were confirmed by the gallium-67 scan, and inhalation and perfusion scintigraphy. Some cases which simulated bronchogenic carcinoma were presented. Hilar masses without destruction of the bronchovascular structures showed normal inhalation and perfusion scintigrams with positive gallium-67 accumulation. These lesions were metastatic cancer, malignant lymphoma, and sarcoidosis. If these diseases involve the airways and the vessels of the hilum, differentiation from bronchogenic carcinoma may naturally be difficult.", "contents": "Radionuclide studies in bronchogenic carcinoma of the Hilum. Scintigraphy and tomography: their complementary features. Thirty-eight cases with direct or indirect signs of hilar masses were investigated by roentgenologic, radioisotopic and surgical methods. Reasonable correlation between tomography and scintigraphy was confirmed, substantiating their complementary nature. Bronchogenic carcinoma of the central airways was most frequent among the hilar masses. Masses as well as other involvement of the bronchovascular structures of the hilum on conventional tomography were confirmed by the gallium-67 scan, and inhalation and perfusion scintigraphy. Some cases which simulated bronchogenic carcinoma were presented. Hilar masses without destruction of the bronchovascular structures showed normal inhalation and perfusion scintigrams with positive gallium-67 accumulation. These lesions were metastatic cancer, malignant lymphoma, and sarcoidosis. If these diseases involve the airways and the vessels of the hilum, differentiation from bronchogenic carcinoma may naturally be difficult.", "PMID": 1106227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1323", "title": "Ileocolonic perforation. A complication following renal transplantation.", "content": "During the decade, February, 1965, through February, 1975, 248 patients underwent renal transplantation at the Duke Medical Center. One hundred twenty-five were living related recipients, while 123 were cadaveric recipients. Eleven patients developed ileocolonic perforation. Six cases were felt to represent non-immunologic etiologies while the remaining 5 were felt to be associated with the allograft response and high dose steroid therapy. Only 3 of the patients survived this complication and in each case the perforation was localized. High dose steroid therapy interferes with prompt diagnosis and severely impairs successful treatment. Radiologists must be familiar with the problem of ileocolonic perforation in patients on steroid therapy, must have a high index of suspicion of the site of perforation, and must recommend and complete water soluble contrast examination for establishment of the diagnosis. Early diagnosis, prompt surgical intervention, and discontinuation of immunosuppressive therapy are recommended.", "contents": "Ileocolonic perforation. A complication following renal transplantation. During the decade, February, 1965, through February, 1975, 248 patients underwent renal transplantation at the Duke Medical Center. One hundred twenty-five were living related recipients, while 123 were cadaveric recipients. Eleven patients developed ileocolonic perforation. Six cases were felt to represent non-immunologic etiologies while the remaining 5 were felt to be associated with the allograft response and high dose steroid therapy. Only 3 of the patients survived this complication and in each case the perforation was localized. High dose steroid therapy interferes with prompt diagnosis and severely impairs successful treatment. Radiologists must be familiar with the problem of ileocolonic perforation in patients on steroid therapy, must have a high index of suspicion of the site of perforation, and must recommend and complete water soluble contrast examination for establishment of the diagnosis. Early diagnosis, prompt surgical intervention, and discontinuation of immunosuppressive therapy are recommended.", "PMID": 1106228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1324", "title": "Chemosuppressive field trials in Thailand. II. The suppression of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax parasitemias by a diformyldapsone-pyrimethamine combination.", "content": "In an area of Thailand where chloroquine-resistant falciparum malaria is known to exist, a chemosuppressive field trial was undertaken to test the efficacy of the preparation diformyldapsone (DFD) combined with pyrimethamine (Py) in suppressing falciparum and vivax parasitemias. Six hundred and fifty-nine Thai villagers were randomly assigned to one of five treatment groups: DFD-Py; dapsone (DDS)-Py; DFD alone; Py alone; and placebo. Five hundred and ninety-three study subjects completed the 26-week trial. The combination DFD-Py given weekly was shown to be an effective chemosuppressive against both falciparum and vivax parasitmias, causing a more than fourfold reduction in falciparum and an approximately threefold reduction in vivax parasitemias; however, this combination was not more efficacious than DDS-Py for the chemosuppression of falciparum malaria. DFD alone was only moderately effective, while there was no difference in chemosuppression between Py alone and placebo.", "contents": "Chemosuppressive field trials in Thailand. II. The suppression of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax parasitemias by a diformyldapsone-pyrimethamine combination. In an area of Thailand where chloroquine-resistant falciparum malaria is known to exist, a chemosuppressive field trial was undertaken to test the efficacy of the preparation diformyldapsone (DFD) combined with pyrimethamine (Py) in suppressing falciparum and vivax parasitemias. Six hundred and fifty-nine Thai villagers were randomly assigned to one of five treatment groups: DFD-Py; dapsone (DDS)-Py; DFD alone; Py alone; and placebo. Five hundred and ninety-three study subjects completed the 26-week trial. The combination DFD-Py given weekly was shown to be an effective chemosuppressive against both falciparum and vivax parasitmias, causing a more than fourfold reduction in falciparum and an approximately threefold reduction in vivax parasitemias; however, this combination was not more efficacious than DDS-Py for the chemosuppression of falciparum malaria. DFD alone was only moderately effective, while there was no difference in chemosuppression between Py alone and placebo.", "PMID": 1106229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1325", "title": "Isolation of La Crosse virus (California encephalitis group) from the chipmunk (Tamias striatus), an amplifier host.", "content": "La Crosse (LAC) virus was isolated from the blood of seven chipmunks (Tamias striatus) captured during the summer of 1970 in southwestern Wisconsin. With the exception of the original isolate obtained from human brain after fatal encephalitis, these represent the first known isolations of LAC virus from a naturally infected free-living vertebrate. The chipmunks were trapped and periodically recaptured in two study areas where 59 chipmunks became infected and developed neutralizing antibody during the summer cycle of virus transmission. All isolates were obtained from blood samples collected within a 7 week period between 11 July and 23 August, and all were from seronegative chipmunks; 6 of these were recaptured and found to be seropositive 2 to 3 weeks later. The isolates proved identical to each other in comparative micro-neutralization tests using BHK21 cell cultures and immune chipmunk serum or hyperimmune mouse ascitic fluids. Neutralization tests showed the isolates to be different from snowshoe hare, trivittatus, and Jamestown Canyon prototype virus strains but indistinguishable from the LAC prototype. Findings demonstrate multiplication and transmissibility of LAC virus in a naturally infected host and are consistent with the thesis that chipmunks are important amplifying hosts for LAC virus and that Aedes triseriatus mosquitoes serve as vectors in transmitting their infections. Ecological significance of the findings are discussed in regard to current perspectives.", "contents": "Isolation of La Crosse virus (California encephalitis group) from the chipmunk (Tamias striatus), an amplifier host. La Crosse (LAC) virus was isolated from the blood of seven chipmunks (Tamias striatus) captured during the summer of 1970 in southwestern Wisconsin. With the exception of the original isolate obtained from human brain after fatal encephalitis, these represent the first known isolations of LAC virus from a naturally infected free-living vertebrate. The chipmunks were trapped and periodically recaptured in two study areas where 59 chipmunks became infected and developed neutralizing antibody during the summer cycle of virus transmission. All isolates were obtained from blood samples collected within a 7 week period between 11 July and 23 August, and all were from seronegative chipmunks; 6 of these were recaptured and found to be seropositive 2 to 3 weeks later. The isolates proved identical to each other in comparative micro-neutralization tests using BHK21 cell cultures and immune chipmunk serum or hyperimmune mouse ascitic fluids. Neutralization tests showed the isolates to be different from snowshoe hare, trivittatus, and Jamestown Canyon prototype virus strains but indistinguishable from the LAC prototype. Findings demonstrate multiplication and transmissibility of LAC virus in a naturally infected host and are consistent with the thesis that chipmunks are important amplifying hosts for LAC virus and that Aedes triseriatus mosquitoes serve as vectors in transmitting their infections. Ecological significance of the findings are discussed in regard to current perspectives.", "PMID": 1106233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1326", "title": "Prevention and management of contractures in patients with burns of the neck.", "content": "Two hundred patients with neck burns were analyzed to determine the incidence of contractures. It was found that only 8 per cent of patients with second degree burns had contractures, all of which were mild. Both the overall incidence of cervical contractures in patients with third degree neck burns and their severity can be decreased by the use of a custom-formed isoprene splint. Splinting should begin as soon as possible after the burn and continue until scar maturation is complete.", "contents": "Prevention and management of contractures in patients with burns of the neck. Two hundred patients with neck burns were analyzed to determine the incidence of contractures. It was found that only 8 per cent of patients with second degree burns had contractures, all of which were mild. Both the overall incidence of cervical contractures in patients with third degree neck burns and their severity can be decreased by the use of a custom-formed isoprene splint. Splinting should begin as soon as possible after the burn and continue until scar maturation is complete.", "PMID": 1106246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1327", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of epithelia prepared by blunt dissection.", "content": "Simple dissection techniques of samples to be examined in the scanning electron microscope allow one to visualize easily the three-dimensional shape of epithelial cells in situ. Such preparations reveal a complex system of ridges and folds on the lateral surface of the cells whose intricacy can best be appreciated with SEM. In many epithelia there is a smooth apical band which corresponds to the region occupied by the junctional complex previously identified with conventional EM techniques. The secretion of chylomicra that result from a fatty meal can be observed. It is possible to study the distribution of concanavalin A binding sites on the lateral surfaces of the cells utilizing hemocyanin as a marker. In the case of the proximal tubule epithelium, the apical cell surface has many more binding sites than the lateral cell surface and there is a sharp demarcation at the level of the apical band. After blunt dissection the relationship of the basal surface of the cells with the basement lamina and the basement membrane can be appreciated as well. Possible physiological meaning of the morphological features observed is briefly discussed.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of epithelia prepared by blunt dissection. Simple dissection techniques of samples to be examined in the scanning electron microscope allow one to visualize easily the three-dimensional shape of epithelial cells in situ. Such preparations reveal a complex system of ridges and folds on the lateral surface of the cells whose intricacy can best be appreciated with SEM. In many epithelia there is a smooth apical band which corresponds to the region occupied by the junctional complex previously identified with conventional EM techniques. The secretion of chylomicra that result from a fatty meal can be observed. It is possible to study the distribution of concanavalin A binding sites on the lateral surfaces of the cells utilizing hemocyanin as a marker. In the case of the proximal tubule epithelium, the apical cell surface has many more binding sites than the lateral cell surface and there is a sharp demarcation at the level of the apical band. After blunt dissection the relationship of the basal surface of the cells with the basement lamina and the basement membrane can be appreciated as well. Possible physiological meaning of the morphological features observed is briefly discussed.", "PMID": 1106252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1328", "title": "Diagnosis of pneumothorax complicating mechanical ventilation.", "content": "Pneumothorax developed in 4 patients as a complication of mechanical ventilation and the manifestations were different in each case. The first patient had had a previous pneumomediastinum with symptoms of chest pain and rise in blood pressure. The second became restless and \"fought\" the ventilator. The third had pneumothorax previously and developed tachycardia and arrhythmias, and the level of end-expiratory pressure in the manometer of the ventilator rose above the present level. In the fourth patient, subcutaneous and submucous emphysema were apparent before pneumothorax was diagnosed. Pneumothorax was diagnosed promptly in all these patients, permitting adequate management without additional complications.", "contents": "Diagnosis of pneumothorax complicating mechanical ventilation. Pneumothorax developed in 4 patients as a complication of mechanical ventilation and the manifestations were different in each case. The first patient had had a previous pneumomediastinum with symptoms of chest pain and rise in blood pressure. The second became restless and \"fought\" the ventilator. The third had pneumothorax previously and developed tachycardia and arrhythmias, and the level of end-expiratory pressure in the manometer of the ventilator rose above the present level. In the fourth patient, subcutaneous and submucous emphysema were apparent before pneumothorax was diagnosed. Pneumothorax was diagnosed promptly in all these patients, permitting adequate management without additional complications.", "PMID": 1106253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1329", "title": "The effect of repeated doses of succinylcholine on serum potsssium in patients with renal failure.", "content": "The effect of 1 mg/kg of succinylcholine IV in repeated doses on serum potassium (K+) was studied in 11 patients with renal failure. Increases in K+ did not differ from those seen in patients with normal kidney function, the largest increase being 0.6 mEq/L. The authors conclude that succinylcholine administered repeatedly at this dosage is not contraindicated in patients with renal failure.", "contents": "The effect of repeated doses of succinylcholine on serum potsssium in patients with renal failure. The effect of 1 mg/kg of succinylcholine IV in repeated doses on serum potassium (K+) was studied in 11 patients with renal failure. Increases in K+ did not differ from those seen in patients with normal kidney function, the largest increase being 0.6 mEq/L. The authors conclude that succinylcholine administered repeatedly at this dosage is not contraindicated in patients with renal failure.", "PMID": 1106254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1330", "title": "Relationship of B blood group locus to skin allograft in chickens.", "content": "Skin grafts were exchanged among 21 genotypic pairs of B blood group locus in the non-inbred chicks of White Leghorn at 5-7 days of age. The mean percentages of B locus compatible pairs were 94.7, 84.2 and 56.8 at the 11th, 15th and 19th days after grafting, respectively. These percentages of survival grafts were significantly higher than those of incompatible pairs. The effects of three B alleles were investigated but the differences of effects of them were not found in this experiment. Two of the prolonged survival grafts survived for 35 days after grafting and all of the incompatible grafts were rejected the 20th day after grafting. The results of skin graft provided evidence that the B blood group locus was a histocompatibility locus or closely linked to such a locus.", "contents": "Relationship of B blood group locus to skin allograft in chickens. Skin grafts were exchanged among 21 genotypic pairs of B blood group locus in the non-inbred chicks of White Leghorn at 5-7 days of age. The mean percentages of B locus compatible pairs were 94.7, 84.2 and 56.8 at the 11th, 15th and 19th days after grafting, respectively. These percentages of survival grafts were significantly higher than those of incompatible pairs. The effects of three B alleles were investigated but the differences of effects of them were not found in this experiment. Two of the prolonged survival grafts survived for 35 days after grafting and all of the incompatible grafts were rejected the 20th day after grafting. The results of skin graft provided evidence that the B blood group locus was a histocompatibility locus or closely linked to such a locus.", "PMID": 1106260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1331", "title": "Effects of stimuli emanating from the nest on the reproductive cycle in the ring dove. I: pre-laying behaviour.", "content": "The course of several behavioural patterns could be influenced by controlling the state of the nest available to a pair of ring doves (Streptopelia risoria). These patterns were: wing-flipping, handling of nesting material, nest bowl occupancy, and nervous activities. In groups having to build nests, the onset of wing-flipping by the female occurred at a predictable time before egg-laying. It is argued that during nest-building a female influences the male to carry material to her by sitting in the nest bowl and wing-flipping. In pairs provided with a completed nest, the course of the pre-laying cycle was changed and the 'typical' sex roles did not emerge. The relationships between the male and female are discussed.", "contents": "Effects of stimuli emanating from the nest on the reproductive cycle in the ring dove. I: pre-laying behaviour. The course of several behavioural patterns could be influenced by controlling the state of the nest available to a pair of ring doves (Streptopelia risoria). These patterns were: wing-flipping, handling of nesting material, nest bowl occupancy, and nervous activities. In groups having to build nests, the onset of wing-flipping by the female occurred at a predictable time before egg-laying. It is argued that during nest-building a female influences the male to carry material to her by sitting in the nest bowl and wing-flipping. In pairs provided with a completed nest, the course of the pre-laying cycle was changed and the 'typical' sex roles did not emerge. The relationships between the male and female are discussed.", "PMID": 1106261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1332", "title": "The effect of immune milk as a treatment for ragweed pollinosis.", "content": "The effect of treating ragweed hay fever with oral hyperimmune milk globulin was evaluated in a double-blind study. Thirteen matched patient pairs were treated with capsules containing either specific protein isolated from the colostrum of cows that had been hyperimmunized with fall pollen allergens or with placebo. The results suggest that immune milk treatment did not alter IgE antibody response after pollen exposure; neither was immune milk markedly better than placebo in controlling symptoms.", "contents": "The effect of immune milk as a treatment for ragweed pollinosis. The effect of treating ragweed hay fever with oral hyperimmune milk globulin was evaluated in a double-blind study. Thirteen matched patient pairs were treated with capsules containing either specific protein isolated from the colostrum of cows that had been hyperimmunized with fall pollen allergens or with placebo. The results suggest that immune milk treatment did not alter IgE antibody response after pollen exposure; neither was immune milk markedly better than placebo in controlling symptoms.", "PMID": 1106262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1333", "title": "[Microassay of adenine by an enzymatic isotope dilution kinetics method].", "content": "Owing to the very low levels of adenine in the intracellular and extracellular compartments and its low excretion by the kidney, no method of estimation was, until now, sufficiently specific and sensitive to determine precisely quantities of the order of 1 nanomole. The method of \"isotopic enzymatic kinetic dilution\" proposed by Newsholme et Taylor, has been used. The kinetic conditions of the reaction catalysed by adenine-phosphoribosyltransferase are favourable, [in particular KM (adenine) is very low, about 2.1(-6) M] and are not very sensitive to the action of other effectors. The technique proposed permits one to determine quantities of adenine between 0.05 and 1.2 nmole, i.e. 0.007 to 0.16 mug, with a precision of about 5 p. cent. Easy to carry out, it is useful in large series. Normal values in man of adenine thus measured (15 adult subjects) were as follows: Plasma: 1.13 +/- 0.41 nmoles.ml(-1), i.e. 0.152 +/-0 0.055 mug.ml(-1). Red cells: 3.65 +/- 0.87 nmoles.ml(-1), i.e. 0.493 +/- 0.117 mug.ml(-1). Urine (24 hour excretion): 11.41 +/- 1.24 mumoles, i.e. 1.54 +/- 0.17 mg.", "contents": "[Microassay of adenine by an enzymatic isotope dilution kinetics method]. Owing to the very low levels of adenine in the intracellular and extracellular compartments and its low excretion by the kidney, no method of estimation was, until now, sufficiently specific and sensitive to determine precisely quantities of the order of 1 nanomole. The method of \"isotopic enzymatic kinetic dilution\" proposed by Newsholme et Taylor, has been used. The kinetic conditions of the reaction catalysed by adenine-phosphoribosyltransferase are favourable, [in particular KM (adenine) is very low, about 2.1(-6) M] and are not very sensitive to the action of other effectors. The technique proposed permits one to determine quantities of adenine between 0.05 and 1.2 nmole, i.e. 0.007 to 0.16 mug, with a precision of about 5 p. cent. Easy to carry out, it is useful in large series. Normal values in man of adenine thus measured (15 adult subjects) were as follows: Plasma: 1.13 +/- 0.41 nmoles.ml(-1), i.e. 0.152 +/-0 0.055 mug.ml(-1). Red cells: 3.65 +/- 0.87 nmoles.ml(-1), i.e. 0.493 +/- 0.117 mug.ml(-1). Urine (24 hour excretion): 11.41 +/- 1.24 mumoles, i.e. 1.54 +/- 0.17 mg.", "PMID": 1106266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1334", "title": "[Demonstration by direct immunofluorescence of intracellular immunoglobulins on sections of tissues fixed in Bouin's fluid and embedded in paraplast].", "content": "Sections obtained from lymphoid tissues fixed immediately after biopsy in Bouin's fluid and embedded in paraplast may be used to visualize the immunosecretory cells with classical direct immunofluorescence. A comparative study of the same fragments processed according to the frozen section method followed by acetone fixation or according to Sainte-Marie's method confirms the value and the advantages of the proposed technique. Early fixation of thin fragments seems to be the main point.", "contents": "[Demonstration by direct immunofluorescence of intracellular immunoglobulins on sections of tissues fixed in Bouin's fluid and embedded in paraplast]. Sections obtained from lymphoid tissues fixed immediately after biopsy in Bouin's fluid and embedded in paraplast may be used to visualize the immunosecretory cells with classical direct immunofluorescence. A comparative study of the same fragments processed according to the frozen section method followed by acetone fixation or according to Sainte-Marie's method confirms the value and the advantages of the proposed technique. Early fixation of thin fragments seems to be the main point.", "PMID": 1106264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1335", "title": "General anesthesia and the lung.", "content": "In this review, an attempt has been made to select, evaluate, and interpret the pertinent literature relative to general anesthesia and the lung. Concepts of intrapulmonary gas exchange and respiratory system mechanics were synthesized, emphasizing the importance of changes in intrapulmonary gas distribution that are induced by general anesthesia and exploring the possible underlying mechanisms of these changes. The area of control mechanisms and the effects of anesthesia on respiratory regulation were not discussed, nor was the distribution of pulmonary blood flow examined. The following general conclusions can be reached: (1) impaired gas exchange occurs during general anesthesia, with both impaired oxygenation and CO2 elimination; (2) increased venous admixture and increased alveolar dead space impair gas exchange; (3) the distribution of ventilation is changed during general anesthesia, and this change is related to a decrease in FRC in the recumbent positions and to altered chest-wall mechanics. Numerous questions regarding the effect of anesthesia on the lung remain unanswered. The close relationship between advances in pulmonary physiology and the pulmonary effects of anesthetic actions is increasingly apparent, as is the importance of this knowledge in applying mechanical ventilation and end-expiratory pressure to patients with pulmonary disease.", "contents": "General anesthesia and the lung. In this review, an attempt has been made to select, evaluate, and interpret the pertinent literature relative to general anesthesia and the lung. Concepts of intrapulmonary gas exchange and respiratory system mechanics were synthesized, emphasizing the importance of changes in intrapulmonary gas distribution that are induced by general anesthesia and exploring the possible underlying mechanisms of these changes. The area of control mechanisms and the effects of anesthesia on respiratory regulation were not discussed, nor was the distribution of pulmonary blood flow examined. The following general conclusions can be reached: (1) impaired gas exchange occurs during general anesthesia, with both impaired oxygenation and CO2 elimination; (2) increased venous admixture and increased alveolar dead space impair gas exchange; (3) the distribution of ventilation is changed during general anesthesia, and this change is related to a decrease in FRC in the recumbent positions and to altered chest-wall mechanics. Numerous questions regarding the effect of anesthesia on the lung remain unanswered. The close relationship between advances in pulmonary physiology and the pulmonary effects of anesthetic actions is increasingly apparent, as is the importance of this knowledge in applying mechanical ventilation and end-expiratory pressure to patients with pulmonary disease.", "PMID": 1106275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1336", "title": "Azathioprine plus prednisone compared with prednisone alone in the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus. Report of a prospective controlled trial in 24 patients.", "content": "A prospective, randomized drug trial compared prednisone (60 mg per day initially) to azathioprine (3 to 4 mg/kg of body weight - day initially) plus prednisone in 24 patients with life-threatening systemic lupus erythematosus. Each group contained patients matched for age, sex, disease duration, previous therapy, and clinical and laboratory features of lupus erythematosus. During a mean follow-up period of 18 to 24 months, there were no significant differences between the two groups in number of deaths, renal or extrarenal manifestations of disease, serum complement levels, DNA antibodies, antinuclear antibody titers, lupus erythematosus cells, or Coombs' antibodies. There was no convincing evidence of a steroid-sparing effect of azathioprine. Side effects attributable to steroids were equally common in both groups; infections were not increased in the combination therapy group. Azathioprine was hepatotoxic in doses of 200 mg daily or more. Azathioprine was not a useful adjunct to corticosterolds in short-term therapy of a small number of patients with severe systemic lupus.", "contents": "Azathioprine plus prednisone compared with prednisone alone in the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus. Report of a prospective controlled trial in 24 patients. A prospective, randomized drug trial compared prednisone (60 mg per day initially) to azathioprine (3 to 4 mg/kg of body weight - day initially) plus prednisone in 24 patients with life-threatening systemic lupus erythematosus. Each group contained patients matched for age, sex, disease duration, previous therapy, and clinical and laboratory features of lupus erythematosus. During a mean follow-up period of 18 to 24 months, there were no significant differences between the two groups in number of deaths, renal or extrarenal manifestations of disease, serum complement levels, DNA antibodies, antinuclear antibody titers, lupus erythematosus cells, or Coombs' antibodies. There was no convincing evidence of a steroid-sparing effect of azathioprine. Side effects attributable to steroids were equally common in both groups; infections were not increased in the combination therapy group. Azathioprine was hepatotoxic in doses of 200 mg daily or more. Azathioprine was not a useful adjunct to corticosterolds in short-term therapy of a small number of patients with severe systemic lupus.", "PMID": 1106277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1337", "title": "Cyclophosphamide or azathioprine in lupus glomerulonephritis. A controlled trial: results at 28 months.", "content": "Thirty-eight patients with diffuse glomerulonephritis of systemic lupus erythematosus were randomly assigned to add cyclophosphamide, azathioprine, or nothing to low-dose corticosteroid treatment and have been followed for a mean of 21/3 years thereafter. Of the 11 patients with unfavorable outcomes (8 deaths and 2 beginning hemodialyses), 2 occurred on cyclophosphamide, 4 on azathioprine, and 5 on prednisone only. Deaths due to infection occurred on the cytotoxics, while deaths ascribed to central nervous system lupus erythematosus occurred exclusively on prednisone only. Gradual deterioration of renal function was observed in all three groups, most frequently on prednisone only. Undesirable events, some due to drugs, were observed. At the time of reporting, the cytotoxic agents seemed to add marginally to the control of the disease; other treatment schedules should be evaluated.", "contents": "Cyclophosphamide or azathioprine in lupus glomerulonephritis. A controlled trial: results at 28 months. Thirty-eight patients with diffuse glomerulonephritis of systemic lupus erythematosus were randomly assigned to add cyclophosphamide, azathioprine, or nothing to low-dose corticosteroid treatment and have been followed for a mean of 21/3 years thereafter. Of the 11 patients with unfavorable outcomes (8 deaths and 2 beginning hemodialyses), 2 occurred on cyclophosphamide, 4 on azathioprine, and 5 on prednisone only. Deaths due to infection occurred on the cytotoxics, while deaths ascribed to central nervous system lupus erythematosus occurred exclusively on prednisone only. Gradual deterioration of renal function was observed in all three groups, most frequently on prednisone only. Undesirable events, some due to drugs, were observed. At the time of reporting, the cytotoxic agents seemed to add marginally to the control of the disease; other treatment schedules should be evaluated.", "PMID": 1106278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1338", "title": "Renal transplantation in multiple myeloma. A case report.", "content": "A patient with plasma cell myeloma presented in severe renal failure but was otherwise considered a good risk candidate for chemotherapy. Supported by hemodialysis she received intensive cyclophosphamide chemotherapy, resulting in a stabilization of all overt manifestations of her disease except for the renal failure. After 11 1/2 months of follow-up without showing any further progression of the myeloma process, she received a successful cadaveric renal transplant, which functioned well until the time of her death 15 months later. No evidence of recurrent myeloma kidney disease was found at postmortem examination.", "contents": "Renal transplantation in multiple myeloma. A case report. A patient with plasma cell myeloma presented in severe renal failure but was otherwise considered a good risk candidate for chemotherapy. Supported by hemodialysis she received intensive cyclophosphamide chemotherapy, resulting in a stabilization of all overt manifestations of her disease except for the renal failure. After 11 1/2 months of follow-up without showing any further progression of the myeloma process, she received a successful cadaveric renal transplant, which functioned well until the time of her death 15 months later. No evidence of recurrent myeloma kidney disease was found at postmortem examination.", "PMID": 1106279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1339", "title": "Prevention of nosocomial viral hepatitis, type B (hepatitis B).", "content": "Nosocomial viral hepatitis, type B, is assuming increasing importance in the United States. The keystone to an effective hepatitis control program is surveillance of patients and personnel, especially in high-risk areas, namely dialysis units, hematology-oncology units, and laboratories. Measures to control infection are outlined for specific areas of the hospital. Data currently available suggest that employees who have persisting hepatitis B surface antigen (HBSAg) need not be removed from their positions unless they have been proved to disseminate infection. Future investigations should include methods to study: [a] the mechanisms of nonpercutaneous spread of hepatitis B virus, [b] the role of the individual with persisting HBSAg in the dissemination of hepatitis B virus, [c] the efficacy of hepatitis B immune globulin in high-risk areas, and [d] the effectiveness of various chemical and physical procedures in use for inactivation of hepatitis B virus using animal model systems.", "contents": "Prevention of nosocomial viral hepatitis, type B (hepatitis B). Nosocomial viral hepatitis, type B, is assuming increasing importance in the United States. The keystone to an effective hepatitis control program is surveillance of patients and personnel, especially in high-risk areas, namely dialysis units, hematology-oncology units, and laboratories. Measures to control infection are outlined for specific areas of the hospital. Data currently available suggest that employees who have persisting hepatitis B surface antigen (HBSAg) need not be removed from their positions unless they have been proved to disseminate infection. Future investigations should include methods to study: [a] the mechanisms of nonpercutaneous spread of hepatitis B virus, [b] the role of the individual with persisting HBSAg in the dissemination of hepatitis B virus, [c] the efficacy of hepatitis B immune globulin in high-risk areas, and [d] the effectiveness of various chemical and physical procedures in use for inactivation of hepatitis B virus using animal model systems.", "PMID": 1106282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1340", "title": "The laboratory diagnosis of syphilis. New concepts.", "content": "Although new tests for syphilis, as well as new applications of standard tests, continue to appear, the usefulness of several of these procedures has not been determined. When the Fluorescent Treponemal Antibody-Absorption (FTA-ABS) test is used to screen for syphilis, the proportion of positive results that are true positives decreases. The value of modified FTA tests in the diagnosis of neurosyphilis and congenital syphilis remains unproved. Although not studied as extensively as the standard tests, several newer methods--the direct fluorescent antibody test for Treponema pallidum (DFATP), the Rapid Plasma Reagin (RPR) card test, and the microhemagglutination test for T. pallidum (MHA-TP)--may have certain advantages. To be of optimal diagnostic value, tests for syphilis must be selected according to the clinical situation.", "contents": "The laboratory diagnosis of syphilis. New concepts. Although new tests for syphilis, as well as new applications of standard tests, continue to appear, the usefulness of several of these procedures has not been determined. When the Fluorescent Treponemal Antibody-Absorption (FTA-ABS) test is used to screen for syphilis, the proportion of positive results that are true positives decreases. The value of modified FTA tests in the diagnosis of neurosyphilis and congenital syphilis remains unproved. Although not studied as extensively as the standard tests, several newer methods--the direct fluorescent antibody test for Treponema pallidum (DFATP), the Rapid Plasma Reagin (RPR) card test, and the microhemagglutination test for T. pallidum (MHA-TP)--may have certain advantages. To be of optimal diagnostic value, tests for syphilis must be selected according to the clinical situation.", "PMID": 1106283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1341", "title": "Acute intermittent porphyria: clinical and selected research aspects.", "content": "Acute intermittent porphyria is an inborn error of metabolism characterized by the excretion of excess porphyrin precursors (porphobilinogen and usually delta-aminolevulinic acid) in the urine, and by sporadic attacks of neurologic dysfunction. The disease is complex, involving variable patterns of autonomic and peripheral neuropathy as well as the central nervous system manifestations. There may be alterations in carbohydrate, lipid, water, and electrolyte metabolism in addition to clinically inapparent endocrine abnormalities. The fundamental defect is thought to be a 50% decrease of uroporphyrinogen I synthetase, the third enzyme of the heme biosynthetic pathway. This is associated with a marked increase of hepatic delta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase, the first and rate controlling enzyme of the pathway. The measurement of uroporphyrinogen I synthetase in erythrocytes now provides an enzyme diagnostic test for the disease. Two therapeutic approaches that may prove to reverse the fundamental disease process, at least in some patients, involve [1] a high carbohydrate intake, and [2] intravenous administration of hematin. The latter, only recently introduced, is now being investigated.", "contents": "Acute intermittent porphyria: clinical and selected research aspects. Acute intermittent porphyria is an inborn error of metabolism characterized by the excretion of excess porphyrin precursors (porphobilinogen and usually delta-aminolevulinic acid) in the urine, and by sporadic attacks of neurologic dysfunction. The disease is complex, involving variable patterns of autonomic and peripheral neuropathy as well as the central nervous system manifestations. There may be alterations in carbohydrate, lipid, water, and electrolyte metabolism in addition to clinically inapparent endocrine abnormalities. The fundamental defect is thought to be a 50% decrease of uroporphyrinogen I synthetase, the third enzyme of the heme biosynthetic pathway. This is associated with a marked increase of hepatic delta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase, the first and rate controlling enzyme of the pathway. The measurement of uroporphyrinogen I synthetase in erythrocytes now provides an enzyme diagnostic test for the disease. Two therapeutic approaches that may prove to reverse the fundamental disease process, at least in some patients, involve [1] a high carbohydrate intake, and [2] intravenous administration of hematin. The latter, only recently introduced, is now being investigated.", "PMID": 1106284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1342", "title": "Immunologic benefits and hazards of milk in maternal-perinatal relationship.", "content": "Aside from nutritional significance, milk affords infant mammals immunologic benefits. However, it is not without immunologically based hazards. These stem from its antigenicity and the fact that in certain species that receive their maternal immunologic endowment postpartum, hemolytic disease of the newborn may be mediated by colostral antibodies. Awareness that viable leukocytes are ingredients of colostrum and milk has stimulated interest in the significance of these cells. Skin grafting tests on foster-nursed rats and mice have given circumstantial evidence that, in these species, leukocytes may be transmitted naturally from the mother's blood stream to the suckling's blood stream through the milk, and that these cells may be beneficial (adoptive immunization) or, in some genetic contexts, harmful (initiating graft-versus-host disease). In man, too, studies on necrotizing enteritis and other disease provide increasing support for the thesis that leukocytes in milk fulfill a protective function, possibly as a consequence of their \"natural\" transplantation.", "contents": "Immunologic benefits and hazards of milk in maternal-perinatal relationship. Aside from nutritional significance, milk affords infant mammals immunologic benefits. However, it is not without immunologically based hazards. These stem from its antigenicity and the fact that in certain species that receive their maternal immunologic endowment postpartum, hemolytic disease of the newborn may be mediated by colostral antibodies. Awareness that viable leukocytes are ingredients of colostrum and milk has stimulated interest in the significance of these cells. Skin grafting tests on foster-nursed rats and mice have given circumstantial evidence that, in these species, leukocytes may be transmitted naturally from the mother's blood stream to the suckling's blood stream through the milk, and that these cells may be beneficial (adoptive immunization) or, in some genetic contexts, harmful (initiating graft-versus-host disease). In man, too, studies on necrotizing enteritis and other disease provide increasing support for the thesis that leukocytes in milk fulfill a protective function, possibly as a consequence of their \"natural\" transplantation.", "PMID": 1106285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1343", "title": "The remarkable Dr. Abildgaard and countershock. The bicentennial of his electrical experiments on animals.", "content": "In 1775 Peter Christian Abildgaard, a Danish veterinarian and physician, conducted experiments on electrical countershock on animals. He succeeded in first rendering fowl lifeless by an electric shock and then reviving them by a countershock applied to the chest. Ventricular fibrillation and defibrillation were not known and could not be documented at that early date, but his report suggests he accomplished these changes long before other physiologists described them. Dr. Abildgaard's long and varied career included many significant contributions to veterinary and human medicine, biology, zoology, botany, physics, chemistry, and mineralogy. He also took an interest and was active in politics, economics, and community affairs. This short biography is intended as a fitting, though belated, tribute to his pioneer work on effects of electric shock.", "contents": "The remarkable Dr. Abildgaard and countershock. The bicentennial of his electrical experiments on animals. In 1775 Peter Christian Abildgaard, a Danish veterinarian and physician, conducted experiments on electrical countershock on animals. He succeeded in first rendering fowl lifeless by an electric shock and then reviving them by a countershock applied to the chest. Ventricular fibrillation and defibrillation were not known and could not be documented at that early date, but his report suggests he accomplished these changes long before other physiologists described them. Dr. Abildgaard's long and varied career included many significant contributions to veterinary and human medicine, biology, zoology, botany, physics, chemistry, and mineralogy. He also took an interest and was active in politics, economics, and community affairs. This short biography is intended as a fitting, though belated, tribute to his pioneer work on effects of electric shock.", "PMID": 1106286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1344", "title": "Public health considerations in the management of meningococcal disease.", "content": "We discuss chemoprophylaxis of household contacts of cases, the current status and use of meningococcal vaccine, and the role of surveillance of household contacts. Available data on secondary attack rates strongly support the need for chemoprophylaxis of household contacts of meningococcal disease cases. Until the current difficulties with side reactions to minocycline are resolved, we recommend the use of rifampin. Surveillance of household contacts alone is an untested, generally impractical, and probably ineffective method of preventing secondary cases of meningococcal disease, although it may have some effect in preventing death by encouraging prompt and appropriate treatment of cases. We recommend the use of serogroups A or C vaccine, or both, in populations experiencing an epidemic of serogroups A or C meningococcal disease. The use of serogroups A or C meningococcal polysaccharide vaccines should also be considered, along with chemoprophylaxis for household contacts of sporadic cases due to either of these organisms.", "contents": "Public health considerations in the management of meningococcal disease. We discuss chemoprophylaxis of household contacts of cases, the current status and use of meningococcal vaccine, and the role of surveillance of household contacts. Available data on secondary attack rates strongly support the need for chemoprophylaxis of household contacts of meningococcal disease cases. Until the current difficulties with side reactions to minocycline are resolved, we recommend the use of rifampin. Surveillance of household contacts alone is an untested, generally impractical, and probably ineffective method of preventing secondary cases of meningococcal disease, although it may have some effect in preventing death by encouraging prompt and appropriate treatment of cases. We recommend the use of serogroups A or C vaccine, or both, in populations experiencing an epidemic of serogroups A or C meningococcal disease. The use of serogroups A or C meningococcal polysaccharide vaccines should also be considered, along with chemoprophylaxis for household contacts of sporadic cases due to either of these organisms.", "PMID": 1106287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1345", "title": "Management of type IV hyperlipoproteinemia. Evaluation of practical clinical approaches.", "content": "A lipid intervention clinic screened 4000 employees (89% participation) and identified 150 type IV subjects (top 5 percentile triglyceride values, 100% initial participation, 6% drop out). The 150 healthy type IV subjects, ages 20 to 49, were randomly divided into treatment subgroups: A, treatment by clinic nutritionist and physician with the National Heart and Lung Institute's type IV diet for 6 weeks, then diet plus clofibrate for 18 weeks; B, same treatment by private physician; C, no intervention for 24 weeks, subjects advised of abnormality. The group A mean fasting serum triglyceride of 407 mg/dl declined 50% at 6 weeks, 61% at 12 weeks, and was unchanged at 24 weeks (P less than 0.0005 at 6, 12, 24 weeks). Group B triglyceride decreased 42%, 50%, 41% (P less than 0.0005 at 6, 12, 24 weeks). Group C triglyceride declined 20%, 1st to 24th week. Body weight decreased 8% (A) and 4% (B) at 6 weeks (P less than 0.0005) and was unchanged at 24 weeks. The maximum cholesterol decrease (A) was 11% (P less than 0.0005). Type IV hyperlipoproteinemia can readily be identified in a working population; treatment by clinic or private physician will markedly lower fasting serum triglyceride values in apparently healthy type IV subjects for at least 24 weeks.", "contents": "Management of type IV hyperlipoproteinemia. Evaluation of practical clinical approaches. A lipid intervention clinic screened 4000 employees (89% participation) and identified 150 type IV subjects (top 5 percentile triglyceride values, 100% initial participation, 6% drop out). The 150 healthy type IV subjects, ages 20 to 49, were randomly divided into treatment subgroups: A, treatment by clinic nutritionist and physician with the National Heart and Lung Institute's type IV diet for 6 weeks, then diet plus clofibrate for 18 weeks; B, same treatment by private physician; C, no intervention for 24 weeks, subjects advised of abnormality. The group A mean fasting serum triglyceride of 407 mg/dl declined 50% at 6 weeks, 61% at 12 weeks, and was unchanged at 24 weeks (P less than 0.0005 at 6, 12, 24 weeks). Group B triglyceride decreased 42%, 50%, 41% (P less than 0.0005 at 6, 12, 24 weeks). Group C triglyceride declined 20%, 1st to 24th week. Body weight decreased 8% (A) and 4% (B) at 6 weeks (P less than 0.0005) and was unchanged at 24 weeks. The maximum cholesterol decrease (A) was 11% (P less than 0.0005). Type IV hyperlipoproteinemia can readily be identified in a working population; treatment by clinic or private physician will markedly lower fasting serum triglyceride values in apparently healthy type IV subjects for at least 24 weeks.", "PMID": 1106289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1346", "title": "Serratia marcescens endocarditis: a regional illness associated with intravenous drug abuse.", "content": "From 1969 to 1974, 19 cases of Serratia marcescens endocarditis were observed in the San Francisco Bay Area. Seventeen patients were intravenous drug users, and Serratia caused 14% of all addict-associated endocarditis in San Francisco. Serratia strains were nonpigmented and had typical antibiotic sensitivities, except that 9 of the isolates exhibited colonial variation, with each variant having different antibiotic sensitivities. Aortic or mitral valves were involved in 13 patients, and heart failure developed in 9 of these. Twelve patients had embolic episodes to brain, iliofemoral arteries, or lung. Five of 6 patients with tricuspid valvulitis were cured by antibiotics either with (1) or without excision of the valve. All 12 patients with aortic or mitral valvulitis treated medically died; 11 had unremitting sepsis. Aortic valve replacement and antibiotics were effective in 1. Gentamicin combined with either carbenicillin or chloramphenicol was the most effective treatment regimen.", "contents": "Serratia marcescens endocarditis: a regional illness associated with intravenous drug abuse. From 1969 to 1974, 19 cases of Serratia marcescens endocarditis were observed in the San Francisco Bay Area. Seventeen patients were intravenous drug users, and Serratia caused 14% of all addict-associated endocarditis in San Francisco. Serratia strains were nonpigmented and had typical antibiotic sensitivities, except that 9 of the isolates exhibited colonial variation, with each variant having different antibiotic sensitivities. Aortic or mitral valves were involved in 13 patients, and heart failure developed in 9 of these. Twelve patients had embolic episodes to brain, iliofemoral arteries, or lung. Five of 6 patients with tricuspid valvulitis were cured by antibiotics either with (1) or without excision of the valve. All 12 patients with aortic or mitral valvulitis treated medically died; 11 had unremitting sepsis. Aortic valve replacement and antibiotics were effective in 1. Gentamicin combined with either carbenicillin or chloramphenicol was the most effective treatment regimen.", "PMID": 1106290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1347", "title": "Dermatomyositis and malignancy. A review of the literature.", "content": "Although there appears to be an increased incidence of malignancy among patients with dermatomyositis, demonstration of definitive statistical significance is precluded by the lack of large, controlled series. Patients with the two diseases tend to be older than the general dermatomyositis population and younger than those with cancer alone; and there is a preponderance of female patients. Tumors of the ovary and stomach are more frequently observed than in the general population, while colorectal malignancies are underrepresented. Most reported cases show development of the diseases within a year of one another, and, in some patients, the course of the myopathy follows that of the tumor. No definitive cause for the myopathy in these patients has been established.", "contents": "Dermatomyositis and malignancy. A review of the literature. Although there appears to be an increased incidence of malignancy among patients with dermatomyositis, demonstration of definitive statistical significance is precluded by the lack of large, controlled series. Patients with the two diseases tend to be older than the general dermatomyositis population and younger than those with cancer alone; and there is a preponderance of female patients. Tumors of the ovary and stomach are more frequently observed than in the general population, while colorectal malignancies are underrepresented. Most reported cases show development of the diseases within a year of one another, and, in some patients, the course of the myopathy follows that of the tumor. No definitive cause for the myopathy in these patients has been established.", "PMID": 1106291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1348", "title": "Mammography: a contrary view.", "content": "Experimental and clinical data on mammography as a tool for population screening are reviewed. The conclusions are that [1] there is good evidence that annual history, physical examination, and mammography can reduce short-term and midrange breast cancer mortality by about one third; [2] the evidence that mammography alone plays a significant role in this reduction is weak and indirect; [4] data on long-term effects of mammography are lacking; [4] no satisfactory investigations of associated radiation hazards have been published; and [5] the possible benefits of mammography have received more emphasis in the clinical literature than have its defects. Promotion of mammography as a general public health measure is premature.", "contents": "Mammography: a contrary view. Experimental and clinical data on mammography as a tool for population screening are reviewed. The conclusions are that [1] there is good evidence that annual history, physical examination, and mammography can reduce short-term and midrange breast cancer mortality by about one third; [2] the evidence that mammography alone plays a significant role in this reduction is weak and indirect; [4] data on long-term effects of mammography are lacking; [4] no satisfactory investigations of associated radiation hazards have been published; and [5] the possible benefits of mammography have received more emphasis in the clinical literature than have its defects. Promotion of mammography as a general public health measure is premature.", "PMID": 1106292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1349", "title": "[Genetic map and structure in \"Escherichia coli\" K12 of a resistance plasmid isolated from \"Salmonella ordonez\" (author's transl)].", "content": "A resistance plasmid called R IP173 has been transferred into E. coli K12 from a multiresistant strain of S. ordonez isolated during an epidemic in Dakar. This plasmid mediates for colicine Ib production and resistance to ampicillin, streptomycin, spectinomycin, kanamycin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline and sulfonamides. It is transducible \"en bloc\" by the phage P1-kc between strains of E. coli K12. Compatibility studies have shown that R IP173 belongs to the fi- class, I1 group. It is transferred \"en bloc\" in conjugation experiments between E. coli K12 strains. But during transfers from S. ordonez into E. coli, incomplete variants are obtained, lacking different markers. A deletion map was obtained after analysis of 19 different variants, and it is suggested that the loss of markers results from the loss of genetic material during transfer. In this particular case, the deletions observed in transduction or conjugation experiments lead to identical genetic maps.", "contents": "[Genetic map and structure in \"Escherichia coli\" K12 of a resistance plasmid isolated from \"Salmonella ordonez\" (author's transl)]. A resistance plasmid called R IP173 has been transferred into E. coli K12 from a multiresistant strain of S. ordonez isolated during an epidemic in Dakar. This plasmid mediates for colicine Ib production and resistance to ampicillin, streptomycin, spectinomycin, kanamycin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline and sulfonamides. It is transducible \"en bloc\" by the phage P1-kc between strains of E. coli K12. Compatibility studies have shown that R IP173 belongs to the fi- class, I1 group. It is transferred \"en bloc\" in conjugation experiments between E. coli K12 strains. But during transfers from S. ordonez into E. coli, incomplete variants are obtained, lacking different markers. A deletion map was obtained after analysis of 19 different variants, and it is suggested that the loss of markers results from the loss of genetic material during transfer. In this particular case, the deletions observed in transduction or conjugation experiments lead to identical genetic maps.", "PMID": 1106293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1350", "title": "The isolation and characterization of a strain of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis measles-related virus.", "content": "The isolation of a measles-like virus in CV-1 cell cultures from a biopsy specimen obtained from a case of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) is reported. Evidence of the presence of cell-free virus was obtained from the fifth cell culture passage of the isolated virus. The virus was identified as measles-related by standard immune sera. IF study did not show relevant differences between the isolated virus and the Edmonston strain of measles virus, even though the proportion of cells showing nuclear antigen was higher following the infection with the isolated virus than with the Edmonston strain. Electron microscopy study failed to demonstrate viral structures in the cells from the brain biopsy, while numerous large aggregates of nucleocapsids were found in the cytoplasm of infected cells observed on the third and fourth passage in tissue culture. The neuropathogenicity assay carried out on newborn hamsters, rats and mice using a suspension of disrupted infected cells did not show any clinical pathological effect due to the SSPE strain. These results are partially in contrast with previous findings which indicate relevant differences in the morphology and pathogenicity of SSPE derived strains as compared to reference measles virus.", "contents": "The isolation and characterization of a strain of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis measles-related virus. The isolation of a measles-like virus in CV-1 cell cultures from a biopsy specimen obtained from a case of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) is reported. Evidence of the presence of cell-free virus was obtained from the fifth cell culture passage of the isolated virus. The virus was identified as measles-related by standard immune sera. IF study did not show relevant differences between the isolated virus and the Edmonston strain of measles virus, even though the proportion of cells showing nuclear antigen was higher following the infection with the isolated virus than with the Edmonston strain. Electron microscopy study failed to demonstrate viral structures in the cells from the brain biopsy, while numerous large aggregates of nucleocapsids were found in the cytoplasm of infected cells observed on the third and fourth passage in tissue culture. The neuropathogenicity assay carried out on newborn hamsters, rats and mice using a suspension of disrupted infected cells did not show any clinical pathological effect due to the SSPE strain. These results are partially in contrast with previous findings which indicate relevant differences in the morphology and pathogenicity of SSPE derived strains as compared to reference measles virus.", "PMID": 1106294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1351", "title": "The effect of different modes of artificial ventilation and of some prophylactic means on the incidence of postoperative deep vein thrombosis.", "content": "The occurrence of postoperative deep vein thrombosis (DVT) was studied in 209 elective surgery patients aged 40 years or over. Most of the operations were cholecystectomies or other major abdominal operations. In the detection of thrombosis the 125I-fibrinogen method was used. Of 209 patients, 51 (24.4%) developed postoperative DVT and of these 10 developed thrombosis in both legs. In 36% of the DVT cases the process started during the operation or on the first postoperative day. Clinical signs of DVT did not agree with the 125I-fibrinogen test very well, whereas the correlation of the 125I-fibrinogen test with phlebography was good: of the 17 patients with a postive 125I-fibrinogen test in whom a phlebography was done, the latter method revealed thrombosis in 14 patients (82.4%). The main purpose of the study was to determine whether the mode of mechanical ventilation used during anaesthesia has any effect on the occurrence of postoperative DVT. One hundred and nine patients received intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV), whereas in 100 patients the intrathoracic pressure was decreased by applying intermittent positive-negative (--5 cmH2O) pressure ventilation (IPNPV). Ventilation was standardized in both groups by keeping the end-tidal CO2% at a constant level. Inspired oxygen concentration was the same in every patient. The decreasing effect of IPNPV on intrathoracic pressure and central venous pressure as compared with IPPV was confirmed in preliminary studies.", "contents": "The effect of different modes of artificial ventilation and of some prophylactic means on the incidence of postoperative deep vein thrombosis. The occurrence of postoperative deep vein thrombosis (DVT) was studied in 209 elective surgery patients aged 40 years or over. Most of the operations were cholecystectomies or other major abdominal operations. In the detection of thrombosis the 125I-fibrinogen method was used. Of 209 patients, 51 (24.4%) developed postoperative DVT and of these 10 developed thrombosis in both legs. In 36% of the DVT cases the process started during the operation or on the first postoperative day. Clinical signs of DVT did not agree with the 125I-fibrinogen test very well, whereas the correlation of the 125I-fibrinogen test with phlebography was good: of the 17 patients with a postive 125I-fibrinogen test in whom a phlebography was done, the latter method revealed thrombosis in 14 patients (82.4%). The main purpose of the study was to determine whether the mode of mechanical ventilation used during anaesthesia has any effect on the occurrence of postoperative DVT. One hundred and nine patients received intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV), whereas in 100 patients the intrathoracic pressure was decreased by applying intermittent positive-negative (--5 cmH2O) pressure ventilation (IPNPV). Ventilation was standardized in both groups by keeping the end-tidal CO2% at a constant level. Inspired oxygen concentration was the same in every patient. The decreasing effect of IPNPV on intrathoracic pressure and central venous pressure as compared with IPPV was confirmed in preliminary studies.", "PMID": 1106311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1352", "title": "Injuries to the neonatal larynx from long-term endotracheal tube intubation and suggested tube modification for prevention.", "content": "Since the early 1960's nasotracheal tubes have been used for neonates with primary respiratory diseases which necessitated positive pressure ventilation. This therapy may be required for extended periods of weeks to months meaning prolonged trauma to the neonatal larynx. The initial injury and long-term effects of the endotracheal tube in this age group have not been adequately investigated. The acute findings can be arytenoid and posterior commissure ulcerations and, in some cases, cartilage erosion. Long-term follow-up in these children to age 3.5 years showed a persistent arytenoid defect with chronic hoarseness. The consideration of a change in the structure of the endotracheal tube is suggested as a possible means of avoiding these injuries.", "contents": "Injuries to the neonatal larynx from long-term endotracheal tube intubation and suggested tube modification for prevention. Since the early 1960's nasotracheal tubes have been used for neonates with primary respiratory diseases which necessitated positive pressure ventilation. This therapy may be required for extended periods of weeks to months meaning prolonged trauma to the neonatal larynx. The initial injury and long-term effects of the endotracheal tube in this age group have not been adequately investigated. The acute findings can be arytenoid and posterior commissure ulcerations and, in some cases, cartilage erosion. Long-term follow-up in these children to age 3.5 years showed a persistent arytenoid defect with chronic hoarseness. The consideration of a change in the structure of the endotracheal tube is suggested as a possible means of avoiding these injuries.", "PMID": 1106308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1353", "title": "Frey's syndrome-a technical remedy.", "content": "The symptoms of Frey's syndrome are occasionally of sufficient magnitude to warrant curative treatment. In four patients, a fascia lata graft was placed under the involved skin in an attempt to offer permanent relief from the cutaneous discomfort suffered during eating. Two of these patients have excellent long-term results. The other two patients were lost to long-term follow-up but were asymptomatic several months following grafting.", "contents": "Frey's syndrome-a technical remedy. The symptoms of Frey's syndrome are occasionally of sufficient magnitude to warrant curative treatment. In four patients, a fascia lata graft was placed under the involved skin in an attempt to offer permanent relief from the cutaneous discomfort suffered during eating. Two of these patients have excellent long-term results. The other two patients were lost to long-term follow-up but were asymptomatic several months following grafting.", "PMID": 1106307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1354", "title": "Influence of coliform source on evaluation of membrane filters.", "content": "Four brands of membrane filters were examined for total and fecal coliform recovery performance by two experimental approaches. Using diluted EC broth cultures of water samples, Johns-Manville filters were superior to Sartorius filters for fecal coliform but equivalent for total coliform recovery. Using river water samples, Johns-Manville filters were superior to Sartorius filters for total coliform but equivalent for fecal coliform recovery. No differences were observed between Johns-Manville and Millipore or Millipore and Sartorius filters for total or fecal coliform recoveries using either approach, nor was any difference observed between Millipore and Gelman filters for fecal coliform recovery from river water samples. These results indicate that the source of the coliform bacteria has an important influence on the conclusions of membrane filter evaluation studies.", "contents": "Influence of coliform source on evaluation of membrane filters. Four brands of membrane filters were examined for total and fecal coliform recovery performance by two experimental approaches. Using diluted EC broth cultures of water samples, Johns-Manville filters were superior to Sartorius filters for fecal coliform but equivalent for total coliform recovery. Using river water samples, Johns-Manville filters were superior to Sartorius filters for total coliform but equivalent for fecal coliform recovery. No differences were observed between Johns-Manville and Millipore or Millipore and Sartorius filters for total or fecal coliform recoveries using either approach, nor was any difference observed between Millipore and Gelman filters for fecal coliform recovery from river water samples. These results indicate that the source of the coliform bacteria has an important influence on the conclusions of membrane filter evaluation studies.", "PMID": 1106318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1355", "title": "Dection of salmonellae in the environment.", "content": "The incidence of salmonellae in contrasting environments was compared in this study. Samples collected from or near surface waters in a lush hardwood forest yielded four salmonellae serotypes from six culturally positive samples. A total of 76 samples collected from the top of a granite outcropping over a 3-month period yielded 10 positive samples. Only two salmonellae serotypes were isolated, and one of these was isolated only once. The nature of the sample material had no significant effect on the detection of salmonellae from the two sampling sites. However, the presence or absence of visible moisture in the sample significantly affected the recovery of salmonellae. The results showed that even a harsh environment such as that found on top of Stone Moutain may serve as an ecological niche for the survival and transmission of salmonellae.", "contents": "Dection of salmonellae in the environment. The incidence of salmonellae in contrasting environments was compared in this study. Samples collected from or near surface waters in a lush hardwood forest yielded four salmonellae serotypes from six culturally positive samples. A total of 76 samples collected from the top of a granite outcropping over a 3-month period yielded 10 positive samples. Only two salmonellae serotypes were isolated, and one of these was isolated only once. The nature of the sample material had no significant effect on the detection of salmonellae from the two sampling sites. However, the presence or absence of visible moisture in the sample significantly affected the recovery of salmonellae. The results showed that even a harsh environment such as that found on top of Stone Moutain may serve as an ecological niche for the survival and transmission of salmonellae.", "PMID": 1106319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1356", "title": "Effect of added iron on the formation of clostridial inhibitors.", "content": "Inhibition of Clostridium botulinum by nitrite was potentiated by the addition of Fe(II) or Fe(III) to the culture medium. The effect of iron was more pronounced when nitrite was added after autoclaving.", "contents": "Effect of added iron on the formation of clostridial inhibitors. Inhibition of Clostridium botulinum by nitrite was potentiated by the addition of Fe(II) or Fe(III) to the culture medium. The effect of iron was more pronounced when nitrite was added after autoclaving.", "PMID": 1106320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1357", "title": "Method for collecting naturally occurring airborne bacterial spores for determining their thermal resistance.", "content": "The ability to determine the thermal resistance of naturally occurring airborne bacterial spores associated with spacecraft and their assembly areas has been hindered by lack of an effective collecting system. Efforts to collect and concentrate spores with air samplers or from air filters have not been successful. A fallout method was developed for this purpose and tested. Sterile Teflon ribbons (7.6 by 183 cm) were exposed in pertinent spacecraft assembly areas and subsequently treated with dry heat. Thermal inactivation experiments were conducted at 125 and 113 C. Heating intervals ranged from 1 to 12 h at 125 C and 6, 12, 18, and 24 h at 113 C. Eight hours was the longest heating time yielding survivors at 125 C, whereas survivors were recovered at all of the heating intervals at 113 C. D125C values were calculated using the fractional-replicate-unit-negative technique of Pflug and Schmidt (1968) and ranged from 25 to 126 min. This variation indicated that the most probable number of survivors at each heating interval did not fall on a straight line passing through the initial spore population. However, the most-probable-number values taken alone formed a straight line suggesting logarithmic thermal destruction of a subpopulation of spores with a D125C value of 6.3 h.", "contents": "Method for collecting naturally occurring airborne bacterial spores for determining their thermal resistance. The ability to determine the thermal resistance of naturally occurring airborne bacterial spores associated with spacecraft and their assembly areas has been hindered by lack of an effective collecting system. Efforts to collect and concentrate spores with air samplers or from air filters have not been successful. A fallout method was developed for this purpose and tested. Sterile Teflon ribbons (7.6 by 183 cm) were exposed in pertinent spacecraft assembly areas and subsequently treated with dry heat. Thermal inactivation experiments were conducted at 125 and 113 C. Heating intervals ranged from 1 to 12 h at 125 C and 6, 12, 18, and 24 h at 113 C. Eight hours was the longest heating time yielding survivors at 125 C, whereas survivors were recovered at all of the heating intervals at 113 C. D125C values were calculated using the fractional-replicate-unit-negative technique of Pflug and Schmidt (1968) and ranged from 25 to 126 min. This variation indicated that the most probable number of survivors at each heating interval did not fall on a straight line passing through the initial spore population. However, the most-probable-number values taken alone formed a straight line suggesting logarithmic thermal destruction of a subpopulation of spores with a D125C value of 6.3 h.", "PMID": 1106321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1358", "title": "Effect of physical parameters on the in situ survival of Escherichia coli MC-6 in an estuarine environment.", "content": "Survival of Escherichia coli MC-6 of fecal origin in an estuarine environment as affected by time, water temperature, dissolved oxygen, salinity, and montmorillonite in diffusion chambers has been elucidated. Several in situ physical parameters were recorded simultaneously, and viable cell numbers were estimated. The survival of the bacteria varied seasonally. Montmorillonite addition extended the time needed for a 50% reduction of the viable cell population (t1/2) of cells by 40% over the t1/2 of cells in Rhode River water alone. The effect of this clay was not significantly greater between 50- to 1,000 mug/ml montmorillonite concentrations. In all experiments, the relationships among pairs of variables were studied by regression and correlation analysis. The slope between viable cell numbers and water temperatures increased about 50% for each 10 C increment in temperature and gave a correlation coefficient r = 0.617, significant at 95% confidence level. A similar correlation coefficient, r = 0.670, was obtained between water temperature and t1/2 of the initial cell population. In all experiments regressions were performed considering all variables after bacteria had been in the Rhode River environment for 3 days. Coefficient of multiple determination was estimated as R2 = 0.756. Approximately 75.6% of the variance of viable cell numbers can be explained by variation in water temperature, dissolved oxygen, and salinity. Simple correlation coefficients within the regression steps were also computed. Survival of bacteria was closely and negatively correlated with increasing water temperature (r = -0.717). It is suggested that water temperature is the most important factor in predicting fecal coliform survival from point and nonpoint sources in assessing water quality in an estuarine ecosystem.", "contents": "Effect of physical parameters on the in situ survival of Escherichia coli MC-6 in an estuarine environment. Survival of Escherichia coli MC-6 of fecal origin in an estuarine environment as affected by time, water temperature, dissolved oxygen, salinity, and montmorillonite in diffusion chambers has been elucidated. Several in situ physical parameters were recorded simultaneously, and viable cell numbers were estimated. The survival of the bacteria varied seasonally. Montmorillonite addition extended the time needed for a 50% reduction of the viable cell population (t1/2) of cells by 40% over the t1/2 of cells in Rhode River water alone. The effect of this clay was not significantly greater between 50- to 1,000 mug/ml montmorillonite concentrations. In all experiments, the relationships among pairs of variables were studied by regression and correlation analysis. The slope between viable cell numbers and water temperatures increased about 50% for each 10 C increment in temperature and gave a correlation coefficient r = 0.617, significant at 95% confidence level. A similar correlation coefficient, r = 0.670, was obtained between water temperature and t1/2 of the initial cell population. In all experiments regressions were performed considering all variables after bacteria had been in the Rhode River environment for 3 days. Coefficient of multiple determination was estimated as R2 = 0.756. Approximately 75.6% of the variance of viable cell numbers can be explained by variation in water temperature, dissolved oxygen, and salinity. Simple correlation coefficients within the regression steps were also computed. Survival of bacteria was closely and negatively correlated with increasing water temperature (r = -0.717). It is suggested that water temperature is the most important factor in predicting fecal coliform survival from point and nonpoint sources in assessing water quality in an estuarine ecosystem.", "PMID": 1106322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1359", "title": "Low-temperature irradiation of beef and methods of evaluation of radappertization process.", "content": "An inoculated, irradiated beef pack (1,240 cans) was conducted for the determination of microbiological safety for unrestricted human consumption. Each can contained a mixture of 10(6) spores of each of 10 strains of Clostridium botulinum (5 type A and 5 type B), or a total of 10(7) spores/can. The cans were irradiated to various doses (100 cans/dose) with 60Co gamma rays at -30 +/- 10 C, incubated at 30 +/- 2 C for 6 months, and examined for swelling, toxicity, and recoverable botulinal cells. The minimal experimental sterilizing dose based on nonswollen, nontoxic sterile cans were 2.2 less than experimental sterilizing dose based on nonswollen, nontoxic sterile cans was 2.2 less than experimental sterilizing dose less than or equal to 2.6 Mrad. Using recoverable cells as the most stringent criterion of spoilage, and assuming the conventional simple exponential (without an initial shoulder) rate of spore kill, the \"12D\" dose was 3.7 Mrad when estimated on the basis of mixture of 10 strains totaling 10(7) spores/can, and 4.3 Mrad if it is assumed that each can of beef contained 10(6) spores of a single most resistant strain and all of these spores were of identical resistances. However, an analysis of the data by extreme value statistics indicated with 90% confidence that the spore death rate was not a simple exponential but might be a shifted exponential (with an initial shoulder), Weibull, lognormal, or normal, with a \"12D\" equivalent of about 3.0 Mrad regardless of the initial spore density per can. There was an apparent antagonism between the irradiated type A and B strains in the cans. Some of the cans contained type B toxin but did not include type B viable cells. Other cans had a mixture of type A and B toxins, but a large number of these cans did not yield recoverable type B cells. However, type A viable cells could always be demonstrated in those cans containing type A toxin.", "contents": "Low-temperature irradiation of beef and methods of evaluation of radappertization process. An inoculated, irradiated beef pack (1,240 cans) was conducted for the determination of microbiological safety for unrestricted human consumption. Each can contained a mixture of 10(6) spores of each of 10 strains of Clostridium botulinum (5 type A and 5 type B), or a total of 10(7) spores/can. The cans were irradiated to various doses (100 cans/dose) with 60Co gamma rays at -30 +/- 10 C, incubated at 30 +/- 2 C for 6 months, and examined for swelling, toxicity, and recoverable botulinal cells. The minimal experimental sterilizing dose based on nonswollen, nontoxic sterile cans were 2.2 less than experimental sterilizing dose based on nonswollen, nontoxic sterile cans was 2.2 less than experimental sterilizing dose less than or equal to 2.6 Mrad. Using recoverable cells as the most stringent criterion of spoilage, and assuming the conventional simple exponential (without an initial shoulder) rate of spore kill, the \"12D\" dose was 3.7 Mrad when estimated on the basis of mixture of 10 strains totaling 10(7) spores/can, and 4.3 Mrad if it is assumed that each can of beef contained 10(6) spores of a single most resistant strain and all of these spores were of identical resistances. However, an analysis of the data by extreme value statistics indicated with 90% confidence that the spore death rate was not a simple exponential but might be a shifted exponential (with an initial shoulder), Weibull, lognormal, or normal, with a \"12D\" equivalent of about 3.0 Mrad regardless of the initial spore density per can. There was an apparent antagonism between the irradiated type A and B strains in the cans. Some of the cans contained type B toxin but did not include type B viable cells. Other cans had a mixture of type A and B toxins, but a large number of these cans did not yield recoverable type B cells. However, type A viable cells could always be demonstrated in those cans containing type A toxin.", "PMID": 1106323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1360", "title": "Development of a micromethod for identification of anaerobic bacteria.", "content": "A microprocedure was described for determining the carbohydrate fermentation patterns of 48 anaerobic bacteria at one time in microtiter plates. The cultures were transferred into agar-filled wells of microtiter plates with a replicator inside an anaerobic glove box. Fermentation was measured both with a colorimetric indicator and with a small pH electrode. The method was approximately 97% accurate. It would be most useful for laboratories that need to  identify large numbers of anaerobes at one time.", "contents": "Development of a micromethod for identification of anaerobic bacteria. A microprocedure was described for determining the carbohydrate fermentation patterns of 48 anaerobic bacteria at one time in microtiter plates. The cultures were transferred into agar-filled wells of microtiter plates with a replicator inside an anaerobic glove box. Fermentation was measured both with a colorimetric indicator and with a small pH electrode. The method was approximately 97% accurate. It would be most useful for laboratories that need to  identify large numbers of anaerobes at one time.", "PMID": 1106324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1361", "title": "Micromethod for identification of anaerobic bacteria: design and operation of apparatus.", "content": "A replicator is described for transferring 48 bacterial cultures into separate wells of microtiter plates. The device was designed for determination of carbohydrate fermentation patterns of anaerobic bacteria but should be useful for other applications. A simple device for filling microtiter wells with media is also described.", "contents": "Micromethod for identification of anaerobic bacteria: design and operation of apparatus. A replicator is described for transferring 48 bacterial cultures into separate wells of microtiter plates. The device was designed for determination of carbohydrate fermentation patterns of anaerobic bacteria but should be useful for other applications. A simple device for filling microtiter wells with media is also described.", "PMID": 1106325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1362", "title": "Evaluation of coli-count samplers for possible use in standard couting of total and fecal coliforms in recreational waters.", "content": "Millipore Coli-Count Samplers were used to enumerate colonies of laboratory cultureunts than standard membrane0filter procedures for both total and fecal coliforms. Althought the samplers are useful for semiquantitative analysis as indicated by the manufacturer, they are not suitable examinations of recreational waters.", "contents": "Evaluation of coli-count samplers for possible use in standard couting of total and fecal coliforms in recreational waters. Millipore Coli-Count Samplers were used to enumerate colonies of laboratory cultureunts than standard membrane0filter procedures for both total and fecal coliforms. Althought the samplers are useful for semiquantitative analysis as indicated by the manufacturer, they are not suitable examinations of recreational waters.", "PMID": 1106326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1363", "title": "Erythema nodosum leprosum in a general hospital.", "content": "We report 32 patients with erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL). Twenty-two patients developed ENL before beginning chemotherapy. The recognition that ENL in the absence of chemotherapy is not an uncommon event is of importance, not simply as a fact in and of itself, but because this observation raises provocative questions when placed in the context of current ideas concerning ENL. ENL should be regarded as a manifestation of leprosy, not necessarily as a complication of its therapy.", "contents": "Erythema nodosum leprosum in a general hospital. We report 32 patients with erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL). Twenty-two patients developed ENL before beginning chemotherapy. The recognition that ENL in the absence of chemotherapy is not an uncommon event is of importance, not simply as a fact in and of itself, but because this observation raises provocative questions when placed in the context of current ideas concerning ENL. ENL should be regarded as a manifestation of leprosy, not necessarily as a complication of its therapy.", "PMID": 1106330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1364", "title": "The treatment of genetic disorders.", "content": "Dermatologists see many patients with disorders that have an important but variable genetic component. Conditions caused by multifactorial inheritance, which account for many patients seen in dermatologic practice, have a strong environmental component in their cause and are generally the most responsive to therapy. Treatment is also possible for many conditions of dermatologic importance that are caused by mutant genes of large effect. At this time, there is little chance of treating the patient in the sense of genetic engineering, but some understanding of the theoretic basis for laboratory manipulation of DNA is a prerequisite to understanding the possible potential of new forms of therapy.", "contents": "The treatment of genetic disorders. Dermatologists see many patients with disorders that have an important but variable genetic component. Conditions caused by multifactorial inheritance, which account for many patients seen in dermatologic practice, have a strong environmental component in their cause and are generally the most responsive to therapy. Treatment is also possible for many conditions of dermatologic importance that are caused by mutant genes of large effect. At this time, there is little chance of treating the patient in the sense of genetic engineering, but some understanding of the theoretic basis for laboratory manipulation of DNA is a prerequisite to understanding the possible potential of new forms of therapy.", "PMID": 1106331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1365", "title": "Early neonatal hypocalcaemia.", "content": "In our hospital early neonatal hypocalcaemia is now the major cause of low serum calcium in the neonatal period. Over a 2-year period, only 2 cases of hypocalcaemic convulsions were seen in a total of 8700 deliveries, though 51 infants had early neonatal hypocalcaemia. All sick low birth-weight infants should have daily serum calcium estimations carried out. Calcium supplements should be considered if symptoms of hypocalcaemia are present.", "contents": "Early neonatal hypocalcaemia. In our hospital early neonatal hypocalcaemia is now the major cause of low serum calcium in the neonatal period. Over a 2-year period, only 2 cases of hypocalcaemic convulsions were seen in a total of 8700 deliveries, though 51 infants had early neonatal hypocalcaemia. All sick low birth-weight infants should have daily serum calcium estimations carried out. Calcium supplements should be considered if symptoms of hypocalcaemia are present.", "PMID": 1106332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1366", "title": "Hyperbilirubinaemia and bacterial infection in the newborn. A prospective study.", "content": "The incidence of bacterial infection associated with unexplained hyperbilirubinaemia was determined prospectively in 69 infants under 2 weeks of age. Blood and urine cultures were obtained from all patients, and 22 patients had their CSF cultured. Bacterial infection was documented in only 2 infants, who had asymptomatic Gram-negative urinary tract infection.", "contents": "Hyperbilirubinaemia and bacterial infection in the newborn. A prospective study. The incidence of bacterial infection associated with unexplained hyperbilirubinaemia was determined prospectively in 69 infants under 2 weeks of age. Blood and urine cultures were obtained from all patients, and 22 patients had their CSF cultured. Bacterial infection was documented in only 2 infants, who had asymptomatic Gram-negative urinary tract infection.", "PMID": 1106333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1367", "title": "Immunofluorescent investigations in cutaneous vasculitis. I. Histotopical demonstration of complement/complement factors.", "content": "Using an indirect double layer immunofluorescence method, fresh skin lesions of 10 patients with different forms of cutaneous vasculitis were tested for the occurrence of complement-factors C1q (C1), alpha2D(C3) and beta1F (C5). In contrast to the irregularly found complement fixing immunoglobulins IgG and IgM, complement could be regularly seen bound to the cutaneous vessel walls; mostly the C3-factor alpha2D. C1q was demonstrable, combined with IgG and/or IgM only in 2 cases. In 5 patients there was a non-homogenous, roddy fluorescenece of the epidermal basal membrane zone and the cutaneous vessels, when alpha2D or beta1F were tested. Our findings suggest that the \"alternate pathway\" beginning with C3-activation is followed in most cases, whereas a typical \"immune complex vasculitis\" is obviously rare. The constant occurrence of complement in the cutaneous vessel walls of vascultis lesions is consistent with the known chemotactic and destructive role of complement factors in experimental models of angiitis, but it may not necessarily involve a specific immunological process.", "contents": "Immunofluorescent investigations in cutaneous vasculitis. I. Histotopical demonstration of complement/complement factors. Using an indirect double layer immunofluorescence method, fresh skin lesions of 10 patients with different forms of cutaneous vasculitis were tested for the occurrence of complement-factors C1q (C1), alpha2D(C3) and beta1F (C5). In contrast to the irregularly found complement fixing immunoglobulins IgG and IgM, complement could be regularly seen bound to the cutaneous vessel walls; mostly the C3-factor alpha2D. C1q was demonstrable, combined with IgG and/or IgM only in 2 cases. In 5 patients there was a non-homogenous, roddy fluorescenece of the epidermal basal membrane zone and the cutaneous vessels, when alpha2D or beta1F were tested. Our findings suggest that the \"alternate pathway\" beginning with C3-activation is followed in most cases, whereas a typical \"immune complex vasculitis\" is obviously rare. The constant occurrence of complement in the cutaneous vessel walls of vascultis lesions is consistent with the known chemotactic and destructive role of complement factors in experimental models of angiitis, but it may not necessarily involve a specific immunological process.", "PMID": 1106336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1368", "title": "Antibody suppression by cadmium.", "content": "Mice exposed to subclinical doses of cadmium chloride for ten weeks and inoculated with antigen six weeks after discontinuance of exposure had a remarkable decrease in antibody-forming cells, particularly IgG. These results indicate that immunosuppression produced by environmental contaminants may persist for several months after exposure to the contaminant.", "contents": "Antibody suppression by cadmium. Mice exposed to subclinical doses of cadmium chloride for ten weeks and inoculated with antigen six weeks after discontinuance of exposure had a remarkable decrease in antibody-forming cells, particularly IgG. These results indicate that immunosuppression produced by environmental contaminants may persist for several months after exposure to the contaminant.", "PMID": 1106337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1369", "title": "Quantitative nitro blue tetrazolium test in febrile patients. Correlation with diagnosis and bacterial activity of leukocytes.", "content": "The quantitative nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT) test did not show increased NBT reduction in bacterial infections as frequently as has been reported with the qualitative NBT test in untreated infections. Lower than normal values were seen in septic shock and bacterial endocarditis, and normal results were seen in most other bacterial infections. Increased NBT reduction was seen with reticulum cell sarcoma, Hodgkin disease, postoperative wound infections, and upper respiratory tract infections. Thus, the quantitative NBT was of little use in diagnosis of acute infections. The correlation between quantitative tests and tests of bactericidal capacity of leukocytes was poor. These data suggest that NBT reduction and bactericidal activity are dissociative events within phagocytes. Patients with low NBT results usually had bactericidal activity within normal limits.", "contents": "Quantitative nitro blue tetrazolium test in febrile patients. Correlation with diagnosis and bacterial activity of leukocytes. The quantitative nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT) test did not show increased NBT reduction in bacterial infections as frequently as has been reported with the qualitative NBT test in untreated infections. Lower than normal values were seen in septic shock and bacterial endocarditis, and normal results were seen in most other bacterial infections. Increased NBT reduction was seen with reticulum cell sarcoma, Hodgkin disease, postoperative wound infections, and upper respiratory tract infections. Thus, the quantitative NBT was of little use in diagnosis of acute infections. The correlation between quantitative tests and tests of bactericidal capacity of leukocytes was poor. These data suggest that NBT reduction and bactericidal activity are dissociative events within phagocytes. Patients with low NBT results usually had bactericidal activity within normal limits.", "PMID": 1106339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1370", "title": "Wound infections in renal transplant wounds: pathogenetic and prognostic factors.", "content": "The factors contributing to transplant wound infection, as well as those determining its outcome, have been reviewed in 27 transplant patients with wound infection. Unrelated cadaver kidneys, diabetes, urinary fistulas and wound hematomas are all factors predisposing to wound infection. Overall incidence of wound infection in this series was 6.1% (27/439). When infections secondary to known preventable causes (i.e. hematomas and fistulas) were excluded, the incidence of wound infection was only 1.6%. Furthermore, if diabetics and retransplanted patients were excluded, the incidence of wound infection in non-diabetic patients who had their first transplant was only 0.7%. Perinephric infections are much more serious and carry a worse prognosis than superficial infections. Overall mortality of wound infections was 40% (8/27), most deaths being caused by sepsis from deep infection. Only three patients (11%) healed their wounds and saved their kidneys, whereas the rest of the survivors (15/18) healed their wounds but lost their kidneys. It is emphasized that prevention of hematomas and urinary fistulas is the most important measure in the prevention of transplant wound infection.", "contents": "Wound infections in renal transplant wounds: pathogenetic and prognostic factors. The factors contributing to transplant wound infection, as well as those determining its outcome, have been reviewed in 27 transplant patients with wound infection. Unrelated cadaver kidneys, diabetes, urinary fistulas and wound hematomas are all factors predisposing to wound infection. Overall incidence of wound infection in this series was 6.1% (27/439). When infections secondary to known preventable causes (i.e. hematomas and fistulas) were excluded, the incidence of wound infection was only 1.6%. Furthermore, if diabetics and retransplanted patients were excluded, the incidence of wound infection in non-diabetic patients who had their first transplant was only 0.7%. Perinephric infections are much more serious and carry a worse prognosis than superficial infections. Overall mortality of wound infections was 40% (8/27), most deaths being caused by sepsis from deep infection. Only three patients (11%) healed their wounds and saved their kidneys, whereas the rest of the survivors (15/18) healed their wounds but lost their kidneys. It is emphasized that prevention of hematomas and urinary fistulas is the most important measure in the prevention of transplant wound infection.", "PMID": 1106338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1371", "title": "Sexual differentiation in Aspergillus nidulans: the requirement for manganese and its effect on alpha-1,3 glucan synthesis and degradation.", "content": "Aspergillus nidulans was grown on media with added amounts of manganese ranging from 0--2.5 muM. Manganese deficiency prevented cleistothecium development, although good vegetative growth was retained. Subsequent analysis of the mycelium produced under Mn2+ deficient growth revealed that alpha-1,3 glucan, the man carbon and energy source for fructification, was virtually absent from the cell wall. Several enzymes related to cell wall composition were investigated. Beta-1,3 glucanase, and very remarkably, alpha-1,3 glucanase reached about the same activity on the Mn2+ deficient and sufficient media, but amylase and protease were about 60 and 75% lower respectively on the Mn2+ deficient media and the correlation of these findings is discussed.", "contents": "Sexual differentiation in Aspergillus nidulans: the requirement for manganese and its effect on alpha-1,3 glucan synthesis and degradation. Aspergillus nidulans was grown on media with added amounts of manganese ranging from 0--2.5 muM. Manganese deficiency prevented cleistothecium development, although good vegetative growth was retained. Subsequent analysis of the mycelium produced under Mn2+ deficient growth revealed that alpha-1,3 glucan, the man carbon and energy source for fructification, was virtually absent from the cell wall. Several enzymes related to cell wall composition were investigated. Beta-1,3 glucanase, and very remarkably, alpha-1,3 glucanase reached about the same activity on the Mn2+ deficient and sufficient media, but amylase and protease were about 60 and 75% lower respectively on the Mn2+ deficient media and the correlation of these findings is discussed.", "PMID": 1106342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1372", "title": "Reduction of tetrathionate, trithionate and thiosulphate, and oxidation of sulphide in proteus mirabilis.", "content": "The reductase catalyzing the reduction of tetrathionate and thiosulphate in Proteus mirabilis is also concerned with the reduction of trithionate and the oxidation of sulphide. Tetrathionate is reduced to thiosulphate, thiosulphate to sulphite and sulphide, and trithionate is reduced to thiosulphate plus sulphite. The oxidation of sulphide in cell-free extracts proceeds most likely to polysulphanes or to elemental sulphur, depending on the conditions. The kinetics of the reduction of tetrathionate imply a simultaneous interaction of tetrathionate and thiosulphate on the reductase molecule. The reduction of tetrathionate is activated by thiosulphate causing a non-linear progress of this reaction. On the other hand the reduction of thiosulphate is completely blocked until tetrathionate has been depleted. The order of reduction in a mixture of thiosulphate and trithionate is imputed by the enzymatic constants of the reductase for both substrates. Therefore in cell-free extracts thiosulphate is reduced prior to trithionate and afterwards, when thiosulphate has been exhausted, trithionate and the produced thiosulphate are reduced simultaneously. Fast growing cells, however, reduce trithionate first since their intracellular redox potential is insufficiently low to permit the reduction of any thiosulphate.", "contents": "Reduction of tetrathionate, trithionate and thiosulphate, and oxidation of sulphide in proteus mirabilis. The reductase catalyzing the reduction of tetrathionate and thiosulphate in Proteus mirabilis is also concerned with the reduction of trithionate and the oxidation of sulphide. Tetrathionate is reduced to thiosulphate, thiosulphate to sulphite and sulphide, and trithionate is reduced to thiosulphate plus sulphite. The oxidation of sulphide in cell-free extracts proceeds most likely to polysulphanes or to elemental sulphur, depending on the conditions. The kinetics of the reduction of tetrathionate imply a simultaneous interaction of tetrathionate and thiosulphate on the reductase molecule. The reduction of tetrathionate is activated by thiosulphate causing a non-linear progress of this reaction. On the other hand the reduction of thiosulphate is completely blocked until tetrathionate has been depleted. The order of reduction in a mixture of thiosulphate and trithionate is imputed by the enzymatic constants of the reductase for both substrates. Therefore in cell-free extracts thiosulphate is reduced prior to trithionate and afterwards, when thiosulphate has been exhausted, trithionate and the produced thiosulphate are reduced simultaneously. Fast growing cells, however, reduce trithionate first since their intracellular redox potential is insufficiently low to permit the reduction of any thiosulphate.", "PMID": 1106343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1373", "title": "Growth of escherichia coli B/r/1 in a semi-continuous system designed for the synchronization of cell division.", "content": "Escherichia coli B/r/1 was grown under conditions of periodic feeding. Glucose, the only carbon source, was supplied at intervals longer than the generation time of the organism. Thus, each period of glucose availability was followed by a period of depletion. This process gave rise to two synchronous populations, one dividing shortly after a new supply of fresh medium and the other dividing at a later stage within the feeding cycle. Thymine incorporation experiments suggested that the double population emerged as the result of a discriminatory blockage of DNA replication.", "contents": "Growth of escherichia coli B/r/1 in a semi-continuous system designed for the synchronization of cell division. Escherichia coli B/r/1 was grown under conditions of periodic feeding. Glucose, the only carbon source, was supplied at intervals longer than the generation time of the organism. Thus, each period of glucose availability was followed by a period of depletion. This process gave rise to two synchronous populations, one dividing shortly after a new supply of fresh medium and the other dividing at a later stage within the feeding cycle. Thymine incorporation experiments suggested that the double population emerged as the result of a discriminatory blockage of DNA replication.", "PMID": 1106344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1374", "title": "Production of gluconic acid and 2-ketogluconic acid by Klebsiella aerogenes NCTA 418.", "content": "2-Ketogluconic acid and, to a lesser extent, gluconic acid were found to be major products of glucose catabolism by phosphate-limited cultures of Klebsiella aerogenes NCTC 418, and together accounted for up to 46% of the glucose carbon that was metabolized. Although the concentrations of both acids increased substantially at low growth rates, their specific rates of synthesis decreased markedly, ad did the proportion of glucose converted into these products. Determination of the affinity constant, for glucose, of phosphate-limited organisms showed it ot be not significantly different from that of glucose-limited organisms (KS less than or equal to 50 muM), indicative of the phosphotransferase uptake system. And since these organisms possessed an active glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and had no detectable glucose dehydrogenase activity, it was concluded that gluconic acid and 2-keto-gluconic acid arose from their corresponding phosphorylated metabolites, and not directly from glucose.", "contents": "Production of gluconic acid and 2-ketogluconic acid by Klebsiella aerogenes NCTA 418. 2-Ketogluconic acid and, to a lesser extent, gluconic acid were found to be major products of glucose catabolism by phosphate-limited cultures of Klebsiella aerogenes NCTC 418, and together accounted for up to 46% of the glucose carbon that was metabolized. Although the concentrations of both acids increased substantially at low growth rates, their specific rates of synthesis decreased markedly, ad did the proportion of glucose converted into these products. Determination of the affinity constant, for glucose, of phosphate-limited organisms showed it ot be not significantly different from that of glucose-limited organisms (KS less than or equal to 50 muM), indicative of the phosphotransferase uptake system. And since these organisms possessed an active glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and had no detectable glucose dehydrogenase activity, it was concluded that gluconic acid and 2-keto-gluconic acid arose from their corresponding phosphorylated metabolites, and not directly from glucose.", "PMID": 1106345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1375", "title": "[Sensitivity of mastitis pathogens to antibiotics and chemotherapeutic agents].", "content": "Sensitivity of mastitis bacteria to antibiotics and chemotherapeutic agents. The author tested the following bacteria, isolated from milk: -2236 strains of streptococci (1384 of group B, 262 of group C, 62 of group D, 109 of E, 16 of F, 24 of G, 7 of H, 11 of K, 270 of L, 5 of M, 41 of N, 45 of P); 361 ungroupable streptococci; 18,481 CAMP-positve, 1,966 CAMP-negative beta-haemolytic streptococci; 5,403 CAMP-negative, non-haemolytic streptococci; 1,179 strains of staphylococci, 596 of coliforms, 477 Corynebacterium pyogenes. They were tested against penicillin, streptomycin, chloramphenicol, oxytetracycline, and some were also tested against Nifuzin, Suprazid and sulfadimidine. A high proportion of the streptococci, which were the dominant mastitis agents, was sensitive to penicillin: - 97.2% of group B, 99.2% of C, 96.3% of E, 99.6% of L, 98.7% of CAMP-positive strains, 99.6% of beta-haemolytic strains. Only 20 strains of streptococci (0.08%) were resistent to penicillin. More than half were resistent to streptomycin (52.19%) while 44.38% showed decreased sensitivity. Nearly all streptococci (98.53%) were susceptible to chloramphenicol. With oxytetracycline most CAMP-positive (96.4%) and group B streptococci (95.4%) were sensitive, but only 53.4% of groups C, G and L and 31.4% of beta-haemolytic streptococci were. Sensitivity to Nifuzin, Suprazid and sulfadimidine was variable: the proportion of streptococci sensitive to each drug was 75.32%, 58.51% and 66.05%. During the ten year period of testing (1963 to 1972) the only evidence of an increase in resistance was with oxytetracycline, involving streptococci of groups N and P, the ungroupable strains and above all the beta-haemolytic strains. 82% of the staphylococci were sensitive to penicillin, 89.6% to streptomycin, 95.5% to chloramphenicol and 96.2% to oxytetracycline. Between 1963/66 and 1972 the proportion of strains showing reduced sensitivity to penicillin rose by 28.1%. With sulphonamides, 80.4% were sensitive to Suprazid and 80.6% to sulfadimidine, showing that these drugs were less effective in vitro than antibiotics. 92% of staphylococcal strains were sensitive to Nifuzin. Among coliform bacteria the dominant pattern was sensitivity to streptomycin (96%-, chloramphenicol (97.3%), oxytetracycline (88%), Nifuzin (95%), Suprazid (92%) and sulfadimidine (91.3%). The only change between 1963 and 1972 was a 14% increase in strains resistant to oxytetracacline. Strains of Corynebacterium pyogenes were generally sensitive to penicillin (100%), chloramphenicol (100%) and oxytetracycline (99%); the proportion sensitive to streptomycin was 88%, to Nifuzin 84.8%, and to sulfadimidine only 36%. There was no change in the sensitivity pattern between 1963 and 1972.", "contents": "[Sensitivity of mastitis pathogens to antibiotics and chemotherapeutic agents]. Sensitivity of mastitis bacteria to antibiotics and chemotherapeutic agents. The author tested the following bacteria, isolated from milk: -2236 strains of streptococci (1384 of group B, 262 of group C, 62 of group D, 109 of E, 16 of F, 24 of G, 7 of H, 11 of K, 270 of L, 5 of M, 41 of N, 45 of P); 361 ungroupable streptococci; 18,481 CAMP-positve, 1,966 CAMP-negative beta-haemolytic streptococci; 5,403 CAMP-negative, non-haemolytic streptococci; 1,179 strains of staphylococci, 596 of coliforms, 477 Corynebacterium pyogenes. They were tested against penicillin, streptomycin, chloramphenicol, oxytetracycline, and some were also tested against Nifuzin, Suprazid and sulfadimidine. A high proportion of the streptococci, which were the dominant mastitis agents, was sensitive to penicillin: - 97.2% of group B, 99.2% of C, 96.3% of E, 99.6% of L, 98.7% of CAMP-positive strains, 99.6% of beta-haemolytic strains. Only 20 strains of streptococci (0.08%) were resistent to penicillin. More than half were resistent to streptomycin (52.19%) while 44.38% showed decreased sensitivity. Nearly all streptococci (98.53%) were susceptible to chloramphenicol. With oxytetracycline most CAMP-positive (96.4%) and group B streptococci (95.4%) were sensitive, but only 53.4% of groups C, G and L and 31.4% of beta-haemolytic streptococci were. Sensitivity to Nifuzin, Suprazid and sulfadimidine was variable: the proportion of streptococci sensitive to each drug was 75.32%, 58.51% and 66.05%. During the ten year period of testing (1963 to 1972) the only evidence of an increase in resistance was with oxytetracycline, involving streptococci of groups N and P, the ungroupable strains and above all the beta-haemolytic strains. 82% of the staphylococci were sensitive to penicillin, 89.6% to streptomycin, 95.5% to chloramphenicol and 96.2% to oxytetracycline. Between 1963/66 and 1972 the proportion of strains showing reduced sensitivity to penicillin rose by 28.1%. With sulphonamides, 80.4% were sensitive to Suprazid and 80.6% to sulfadimidine, showing that these drugs were less effective in vitro than antibiotics. 92% of staphylococcal strains were sensitive to Nifuzin. Among coliform bacteria the dominant pattern was sensitivity to streptomycin (96%-, chloramphenicol (97.3%), oxytetracycline (88%), Nifuzin (95%), Suprazid (92%) and sulfadimidine (91.3%). The only change between 1963 and 1972 was a 14% increase in strains resistant to oxytetracacline. Strains of Corynebacterium pyogenes were generally sensitive to penicillin (100%), chloramphenicol (100%) and oxytetracycline (99%); the proportion sensitive to streptomycin was 88%, to Nifuzin 84.8%, and to sulfadimidine only 36%. There was no change in the sensitivity pattern between 1963 and 1972.", "PMID": 1106346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1376", "title": "[Experimental studies on the pathogenesis of coli enterotoxemia in swine. I. Comparison of toxin effect of 2 different E. coli serotypes following parenteral toxin administration].", "content": "Broth culture filtrate containing endotoxin, prepared from serotype O 139:K82(?):H1 was given by the intra-enteric route with and without dimethyl sulphoxide, and with or without blockade of the RES by intravenous injection of trypan blue, using about five piglets for each of the four combinations. Clinical signs, blood pressure, ECG, respiration, temperature, haematology and pathological findings were recorded. Coli enterotoxaemia manifested by fatal endotoxin shock developed in all ten piglets given toxin plus dimethyl sulphoxide, and in 4 of 5 similarly treated after RES blockade. The sondrmoe did not develop in piglets given large amounts of toxin without dimethyl sulphoxide, whether the RES was blocked or not. When enteric absorption of toxin was promoted by dimethyl sulphoxide, RES blockade increased the sensitivity of the animal to toxin (shortening of the time till death). The results show that there are two functional barriers to endotoxin: - the intestinal barrier, which normally prevents large amounts of toxin from entering the circulation; and RES, which plays a part in detoxifying and eliminating endotoxin which has been absorbed. Application of these findings to the pathogenesis of coli, enterotoxaemia is discussed.", "contents": "[Experimental studies on the pathogenesis of coli enterotoxemia in swine. I. Comparison of toxin effect of 2 different E. coli serotypes following parenteral toxin administration]. Broth culture filtrate containing endotoxin, prepared from serotype O 139:K82(?):H1 was given by the intra-enteric route with and without dimethyl sulphoxide, and with or without blockade of the RES by intravenous injection of trypan blue, using about five piglets for each of the four combinations. Clinical signs, blood pressure, ECG, respiration, temperature, haematology and pathological findings were recorded. Coli enterotoxaemia manifested by fatal endotoxin shock developed in all ten piglets given toxin plus dimethyl sulphoxide, and in 4 of 5 similarly treated after RES blockade. The sondrmoe did not develop in piglets given large amounts of toxin without dimethyl sulphoxide, whether the RES was blocked or not. When enteric absorption of toxin was promoted by dimethyl sulphoxide, RES blockade increased the sensitivity of the animal to toxin (shortening of the time till death). The results show that there are two functional barriers to endotoxin: - the intestinal barrier, which normally prevents large amounts of toxin from entering the circulation; and RES, which plays a part in detoxifying and eliminating endotoxin which has been absorbed. Application of these findings to the pathogenesis of coli, enterotoxaemia is discussed.", "PMID": 1106347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1377", "title": "[Infrared spectrophotometry of culture broth and toxins of enteropathogenic strains of Escherichia coli].", "content": "Lyophilized preparations of sterile broth, broth used for cultivation of enteropathogenic E. coli strains from which endotoxin and enterotoxin had been removed, were prepared for spectrophotometry by mixture with potassium bromide, and examined in heavy water. Despite basic biochemical differences, all the preparations showed similar or identical curves, with the same absorption maximum and wave length. The substances present in broth (proteins, lipids, sugars, etc.) were so dominant that that completely masked substances specific for E. coli and its toxins. Spectrophotometry revealed only the pattern belonging to broth, so that toxins can be only examined by this method after they have been separated from the broth. It is hoped to do this in the future.", "contents": "[Infrared spectrophotometry of culture broth and toxins of enteropathogenic strains of Escherichia coli]. Lyophilized preparations of sterile broth, broth used for cultivation of enteropathogenic E. coli strains from which endotoxin and enterotoxin had been removed, were prepared for spectrophotometry by mixture with potassium bromide, and examined in heavy water. Despite basic biochemical differences, all the preparations showed similar or identical curves, with the same absorption maximum and wave length. The substances present in broth (proteins, lipids, sugars, etc.) were so dominant that that completely masked substances specific for E. coli and its toxins. Spectrophotometry revealed only the pattern belonging to broth, so that toxins can be only examined by this method after they have been separated from the broth. It is hoped to do this in the future.", "PMID": 1106348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1378", "title": "[Sodium thiocyanate as a protective agent in intensive calf fattening. Brief report].", "content": "Daily administration of sodium thiocyanate at 750 mg a calf for the first three weeks in the fattening stalls reduced the occurrence of illness by 60%. This protective effect seemed to persist during the following weeks without additional treatment. Addition of the thiocyanate to the food may be beneficial through a nutritive effect.", "contents": "[Sodium thiocyanate as a protective agent in intensive calf fattening. Brief report]. Daily administration of sodium thiocyanate at 750 mg a calf for the first three weeks in the fattening stalls reduced the occurrence of illness by 60%. This protective effect seemed to persist during the following weeks without additional treatment. Addition of the thiocyanate to the food may be beneficial through a nutritive effect.", "PMID": 1106349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1379", "title": "Lithium carbonate in affective disorders. IV. A double-blind study of prophylaxis in unipolar recurrent depression.", "content": "The prophylactic efficacy of lithium carbonate vs placebo was examined in a double-blind study in a carefully delineated group of 28 unipolar recurrent depressed patients followed up from three months to four years. Indexes of prophylactic efficacy revealed a statistically significant decrease in episode frequency, depth of global depression scores, and increased clinic attendance rate in the lithium carbonate group compared with the placebo group. Planned studies are now needed to determine which unipolar patients do best on a maintenance regimen of lithium carbonate alone, lithium carbonate plus tricyclic drugs, or tricyclic drugs alone.", "contents": "Lithium carbonate in affective disorders. IV. A double-blind study of prophylaxis in unipolar recurrent depression. The prophylactic efficacy of lithium carbonate vs placebo was examined in a double-blind study in a carefully delineated group of 28 unipolar recurrent depressed patients followed up from three months to four years. Indexes of prophylactic efficacy revealed a statistically significant decrease in episode frequency, depth of global depression scores, and increased clinic attendance rate in the lithium carbonate group compared with the placebo group. Planned studies are now needed to determine which unipolar patients do best on a maintenance regimen of lithium carbonate alone, lithium carbonate plus tricyclic drugs, or tricyclic drugs alone.", "PMID": 1106350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1380", "title": "[Comparative considerations on incidence of malignant neoplasms in the United States (White) 1969-1971 and in the German Democratic Republic 1971 (author's transl)].", "content": "An analysis of the incidence of malignant neoplasms in the GDR 1971 as compared with the United States 1969-1971 shows that in the USA, incidence of total cancer and of several individual sites is significantly higher than in the GDR. Possible reasons for this observation are discussed. The much higher incidence of nearly all malignant neoplasms in high age in the USA raises suspicion that cancer registration in the GDR for these age groups is incomplete. Wide differences in younger and middle age cannot be solely explained by underregistration in one country. Incidence of stomach cancer is much higher in the GDR than in the USA and incidence of malignant neoplasms of colon, breast (female), prostate, and urinary bladder is significantly higher in North America. Remarkable but not as big differences are observed for most cancer sites. Only part of these observations can be explained by different diagnostic criteria (e. g. acute leukosis). It is concluded that there is a real difference in cancer risk between the GDR and the USA. It is hoped that these results stimulate special studies in order to elucidate the causes of different cancer incidence and there by to gain more insight in factors which enhance the risk of cancer.", "contents": "[Comparative considerations on incidence of malignant neoplasms in the United States (White) 1969-1971 and in the German Democratic Republic 1971 (author's transl)]. An analysis of the incidence of malignant neoplasms in the GDR 1971 as compared with the United States 1969-1971 shows that in the USA, incidence of total cancer and of several individual sites is significantly higher than in the GDR. Possible reasons for this observation are discussed. The much higher incidence of nearly all malignant neoplasms in high age in the USA raises suspicion that cancer registration in the GDR for these age groups is incomplete. Wide differences in younger and middle age cannot be solely explained by underregistration in one country. Incidence of stomach cancer is much higher in the GDR than in the USA and incidence of malignant neoplasms of colon, breast (female), prostate, and urinary bladder is significantly higher in North America. Remarkable but not as big differences are observed for most cancer sites. Only part of these observations can be explained by different diagnostic criteria (e. g. acute leukosis). It is concluded that there is a real difference in cancer risk between the GDR and the USA. It is hoped that these results stimulate special studies in order to elucidate the causes of different cancer incidence and there by to gain more insight in factors which enhance the risk of cancer.", "PMID": 1106351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1381", "title": "Contractile microfilaments in granulosa cells. An ultrastructural and immunochemical study.", "content": "Electron microscope observations demonstrated bundles of microfilaments measuring 40-70 A in diameter in the granulosa cells of normal developing follicles of rabbit ovary. The microfilaments appeared concentrated in the cortical areas of the cytoplasm and within large evaginations and microvilli. In addition the filaments were particularly abundant in the granulosa cells of corona radiata and free cells in the cavity. Immunofluorescent staining on frozen sections of rabbit ovary demonstrated that the granulosa cells of developing follicles bind antimyosin-like antibodies (AMA). Considering the correspondence between the immunochemical and ultrastructural fingings it is suggested that the microfilaments contain a \"myosin-like\" protein. It seems then reasonable to suggest that the ovarian follicles are not kinetically passive organs, but they contain contractile filaments for their specific functions.", "contents": "Contractile microfilaments in granulosa cells. An ultrastructural and immunochemical study. Electron microscope observations demonstrated bundles of microfilaments measuring 40-70 A in diameter in the granulosa cells of normal developing follicles of rabbit ovary. The microfilaments appeared concentrated in the cortical areas of the cytoplasm and within large evaginations and microvilli. In addition the filaments were particularly abundant in the granulosa cells of corona radiata and free cells in the cavity. Immunofluorescent staining on frozen sections of rabbit ovary demonstrated that the granulosa cells of developing follicles bind antimyosin-like antibodies (AMA). Considering the correspondence between the immunochemical and ultrastructural fingings it is suggested that the microfilaments contain a \"myosin-like\" protein. It seems then reasonable to suggest that the ovarian follicles are not kinetically passive organs, but they contain contractile filaments for their specific functions.", "PMID": 1106352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1382", "title": "Discontinuance of immunosuprression in renal transplant patients.", "content": "Immunosuppressive therapy was discontinued in six patients for an average of 27 months. In these six patients, only two rejections have occurred. A survey of other transplant centers showed that in such patients rejection was often delayed weeks or months after therapy was stopped. Once immunosuppressive therapy has been stopped, for whatever reason, and rejection has not occurred, consideration should be given to not resuming therapy unless signs of rejection appear.", "contents": "Discontinuance of immunosuprression in renal transplant patients. Immunosuppressive therapy was discontinued in six patients for an average of 27 months. In these six patients, only two rejections have occurred. A survey of other transplant centers showed that in such patients rejection was often delayed weeks or months after therapy was stopped. Once immunosuppressive therapy has been stopped, for whatever reason, and rejection has not occurred, consideration should be given to not resuming therapy unless signs of rejection appear.", "PMID": 1106353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1383", "title": "Digitalis after two centuries (William Withering).", "content": "It is the bicentennial anniversary of the introduction of digitalis into medicine. Digitalis is one of the most important drugs ever discovered, and after two centuries, it is still the most widely used drug in cardiology. However, it was at one time so badly abused that for nearly a century it was almost abandoned. Early in this century, the valuable effects of digitalis were once again recognized and extended. The molecular basis of action has been defined and now methods are available to detect early toxicity. Recent advances in combating toxic effects show considerable promise. Skillful administration of the drug, using purified standard tablets, careful monitoring by clinical electrocargiography, and analytical methods can secure the maximun benefits with the minimum degree of toxicity.", "contents": "Digitalis after two centuries (William Withering). It is the bicentennial anniversary of the introduction of digitalis into medicine. Digitalis is one of the most important drugs ever discovered, and after two centuries, it is still the most widely used drug in cardiology. However, it was at one time so badly abused that for nearly a century it was almost abandoned. Early in this century, the valuable effects of digitalis were once again recognized and extended. The molecular basis of action has been defined and now methods are available to detect early toxicity. Recent advances in combating toxic effects show considerable promise. Skillful administration of the drug, using purified standard tablets, careful monitoring by clinical electrocargiography, and analytical methods can secure the maximun benefits with the minimum degree of toxicity.", "PMID": 1106355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1384", "title": "Growth of baby kidneys transplanted into adults.", "content": "To determine whether the growth of a kidney is affected by the age of the host or is independently programmed, baby rat kidneys were isologously transplanted into adult rats that underwent unilateral or bilateral nephrectomies. The growth of these transplanted baby kidneys was compared to the growth of baby kidneys that were left intact in the growing baby rat. After allowing for compensatory hypertrophy, the kidneys, whether in babies or adults, were found to grow at the same rate and to the same ultimate size. Renal size could be predictably related to renal age, but not to the age of the host.", "contents": "Growth of baby kidneys transplanted into adults. To determine whether the growth of a kidney is affected by the age of the host or is independently programmed, baby rat kidneys were isologously transplanted into adult rats that underwent unilateral or bilateral nephrectomies. The growth of these transplanted baby kidneys was compared to the growth of baby kidneys that were left intact in the growing baby rat. After allowing for compensatory hypertrophy, the kidneys, whether in babies or adults, were found to grow at the same rate and to the same ultimate size. Renal size could be predictably related to renal age, but not to the age of the host.", "PMID": 1106356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1385", "title": "A new sutureless technique for skin closure.", "content": "A sutureless wound-closure device was used in 150 patients. The average time spent to effect skin closure was reduced; removal was easy; skin apposition was satisfactory; and patient response was favorable. Sutureless tape closures eliminate the disadvantages of invasive skin closures. The device described provides secure tape adhesion to the skin and does not cover the wound. It can be easily applied, adjusted, and removed, in addition to serving as a protective splint to the healing wound. This method can reduce operative time of skin closure with highly satisfactory cosmetic results.", "contents": "A new sutureless technique for skin closure. A sutureless wound-closure device was used in 150 patients. The average time spent to effect skin closure was reduced; removal was easy; skin apposition was satisfactory; and patient response was favorable. Sutureless tape closures eliminate the disadvantages of invasive skin closures. The device described provides secure tape adhesion to the skin and does not cover the wound. It can be easily applied, adjusted, and removed, in addition to serving as a protective splint to the healing wound. This method can reduce operative time of skin closure with highly satisfactory cosmetic results.", "PMID": 1106358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1386", "title": "The nature of adenovirus persistence in human adenoid vegetations.", "content": "Ninety-seven adenoid vegetations (AV) originating from children aged 2 to 11 years were examined for the presence of adenoviruses. No infectious virus was detected in cell-free homogenates. However, adenovirus was recovered in 30 instances from either fragment or trypsinized cell cultures, or both, of the same tissues. The viruses belonged to types 1, 2, 5 and 6. It was determined by the infectious center assay that the frequency of virus-producing cells in different AV varied between 1 of every 10(5) cells to 1 of every 10(7) cells. Cells reactive with hamster sera containing antibody against the adenovirus early (\"T\") antigen and with rabbit sera containing antibody against the virus structural antigens were detected in cell smears from trypsinized virus-positive AV. The frequency of positive cells was very low. Nearly 80 per cent of extracts from virus-positive AV contained substances neutralizing the homotypic viruses. Adenovirus-neutralizing substances were only rarely detected in extracts from virus-negative AV. The neutralizing substances could be removed from the extracts by absorbtion with concentrates of the homotypic viruses. Most of the subjects from whom AV containing neutralizing substances were obtained, possessed high levels of homotypic serum antibodies.", "contents": "The nature of adenovirus persistence in human adenoid vegetations. Ninety-seven adenoid vegetations (AV) originating from children aged 2 to 11 years were examined for the presence of adenoviruses. No infectious virus was detected in cell-free homogenates. However, adenovirus was recovered in 30 instances from either fragment or trypsinized cell cultures, or both, of the same tissues. The viruses belonged to types 1, 2, 5 and 6. It was determined by the infectious center assay that the frequency of virus-producing cells in different AV varied between 1 of every 10(5) cells to 1 of every 10(7) cells. Cells reactive with hamster sera containing antibody against the adenovirus early (\"T\") antigen and with rabbit sera containing antibody against the virus structural antigens were detected in cell smears from trypsinized virus-positive AV. The frequency of positive cells was very low. Nearly 80 per cent of extracts from virus-positive AV contained substances neutralizing the homotypic viruses. Adenovirus-neutralizing substances were only rarely detected in extracts from virus-negative AV. The neutralizing substances could be removed from the extracts by absorbtion with concentrates of the homotypic viruses. Most of the subjects from whom AV containing neutralizing substances were obtained, possessed high levels of homotypic serum antibodies.", "PMID": 1106359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1387", "title": "[Influence of cortisone on the implantation of skin allotransplants].", "content": "Skin transplants of CC57 Brown mice to CBA mice different in strong antigens controlled by H-2 locus of histocompatibility were studied with special attention given to the division of epithelial cells. Five-day-long injecting of cortisone (single dose 2,5 mg) was performed in 2 variants of experiments: 2 days before or 3 days after operation. The mean day of rejection of the graft after injection of the hormone was prolonged from 6,9 to 17,8--19,8 days. Cortisone retarded development of the inflammatory reaction, formation of the granular tissue and decreased mitotic activity in the recipient's epithelium delaying its growth and thus the transplant elimination. Degenerative changes in the transplant tissues diminished, while the mitotic activity kept its sufficiently high level until rejection.", "contents": "[Influence of cortisone on the implantation of skin allotransplants]. Skin transplants of CC57 Brown mice to CBA mice different in strong antigens controlled by H-2 locus of histocompatibility were studied with special attention given to the division of epithelial cells. Five-day-long injecting of cortisone (single dose 2,5 mg) was performed in 2 variants of experiments: 2 days before or 3 days after operation. The mean day of rejection of the graft after injection of the hormone was prolonged from 6,9 to 17,8--19,8 days. Cortisone retarded development of the inflammatory reaction, formation of the granular tissue and decreased mitotic activity in the recipient's epithelium delaying its growth and thus the transplant elimination. Degenerative changes in the transplant tissues diminished, while the mitotic activity kept its sufficiently high level until rejection.", "PMID": 1106360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1388", "title": "[Intracellular parasitism of Shigella in patients with dysentery].", "content": "Bioptic specimens of the mucosa of the distal portion of the colon in patients with dysentery, caused by Flexner and Sonne shigellas, were studied by luminescent-serological and electron-microscopy methods. In the cells with unchanged ultrastructure no shigellas were detected. Intracellular localization of shigellas was observed only in cases of deep irreversible alterations in the ultrastructure of the cells.", "contents": "[Intracellular parasitism of Shigella in patients with dysentery]. Bioptic specimens of the mucosa of the distal portion of the colon in patients with dysentery, caused by Flexner and Sonne shigellas, were studied by luminescent-serological and electron-microscopy methods. In the cells with unchanged ultrastructure no shigellas were detected. Intracellular localization of shigellas was observed only in cases of deep irreversible alterations in the ultrastructure of the cells.", "PMID": 1106366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1389", "title": "[Current data on the functional morphology of granulation tissue cells in skin wounds].", "content": "The article summarizes the latest literature data on the morphology of the granulation tissue cells: neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, mast cells and fibroblasts. In the majority of cases these cells were studied with the help of such methods as electron microscopy, histochemical analysis autoradiography. Sources of origin of these cells and dynamics of their development in the period of formation and maturation of the granulation tissue are considered. Findings of the current studies into the structure and functions of fibroblasts and their role in collagen formation, as well as the role of hormonal factors in these processes are analysed in detail.", "contents": "[Current data on the functional morphology of granulation tissue cells in skin wounds]. The article summarizes the latest literature data on the morphology of the granulation tissue cells: neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, mast cells and fibroblasts. In the majority of cases these cells were studied with the help of such methods as electron microscopy, histochemical analysis autoradiography. Sources of origin of these cells and dynamics of their development in the period of formation and maturation of the granulation tissue are considered. Findings of the current studies into the structure and functions of fibroblasts and their role in collagen formation, as well as the role of hormonal factors in these processes are analysed in detail.", "PMID": 1106368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1390", "title": "Complications of dermal graft protection of carotid artery.", "content": "The efficacy of autogenous dermal grafts for carotid artery protection in head and neck surgery has been investigated experimentally and propounded clinically. A review of 194 dermal grafts from 1966 to 1972 at the otolaryngology service of Washington University Medical Center revealed two broad categories of complications that were unique to dermal graft protection of the carotid artery. Two cases of inclusion cysts that developed two years after implantation of the dermal graft were classified as a complication secondary to technical problems of taking the graft. The second category of complications arose as a result of epithelialization of the exposed dermal graft. While the overall incidence of complications that were attributable to the dermal graft was approximately 6%, autogenous dermis continues to provide an excellent method for carotid artery protection.", "contents": "Complications of dermal graft protection of carotid artery. The efficacy of autogenous dermal grafts for carotid artery protection in head and neck surgery has been investigated experimentally and propounded clinically. A review of 194 dermal grafts from 1966 to 1972 at the otolaryngology service of Washington University Medical Center revealed two broad categories of complications that were unique to dermal graft protection of the carotid artery. Two cases of inclusion cysts that developed two years after implantation of the dermal graft were classified as a complication secondary to technical problems of taking the graft. The second category of complications arose as a result of epithelialization of the exposed dermal graft. While the overall incidence of complications that were attributable to the dermal graft was approximately 6%, autogenous dermis continues to provide an excellent method for carotid artery protection.", "PMID": 1106374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1391", "title": "Multiplicity of the tumor-directed immune response. Implications for immunotherapy.", "content": "The host may generate several different types of immune response to a tumor. Some of these responses are advantageous to the host; others are not. There is evidence that several tumor-associated antigens, perhaps stimulating different facets of the immune response, are expressed by the tumor cell. We discuss the implications of this concept for immunotherapy.", "contents": "Multiplicity of the tumor-directed immune response. Implications for immunotherapy. The host may generate several different types of immune response to a tumor. Some of these responses are advantageous to the host; others are not. There is evidence that several tumor-associated antigens, perhaps stimulating different facets of the immune response, are expressed by the tumor cell. We discuss the implications of this concept for immunotherapy.", "PMID": 1106375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1392", "title": "Immunosuppression and cancer. Importance in head and neck surgery.", "content": "The immune system is an important factor in the host's defenses against cancer. Immunosuppressive therapy associated with organ transplantation is accompanied by a substantially increased incidence of malignant neoplasms, many of which involve the head and neck. Treatment of carcinoma of the larynx by excision and laryngeal transplantation is not justified because of the complications,  including malignant neoplasm, that are associated with immunosuppressive therapy. Cancer chemotherapeutic agents have immunosuppressive side-effects, and patients have manifested new malignant neoplasms while their original tumors were controlled by the antineoplastic drugs. These findings have important implications for the management of patients with malignant neoplasms, since other forms of cancer treatment, such as radical surgical procedures and radiotherapy, may also impair the host's resistance to cancer. Therefore, we should reappraise our methods of cancer therapy and examine their effects on the host's resistance to his neoplasm.", "contents": "Immunosuppression and cancer. Importance in head and neck surgery. The immune system is an important factor in the host's defenses against cancer. Immunosuppressive therapy associated with organ transplantation is accompanied by a substantially increased incidence of malignant neoplasms, many of which involve the head and neck. Treatment of carcinoma of the larynx by excision and laryngeal transplantation is not justified because of the complications,  including malignant neoplasm, that are associated with immunosuppressive therapy. Cancer chemotherapeutic agents have immunosuppressive side-effects, and patients have manifested new malignant neoplasms while their original tumors were controlled by the antineoplastic drugs. These findings have important implications for the management of patients with malignant neoplasms, since other forms of cancer treatment, such as radical surgical procedures and radiotherapy, may also impair the host's resistance to cancer. Therefore, we should reappraise our methods of cancer therapy and examine their effects on the host's resistance to his neoplasm.", "PMID": 1106376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1393", "title": "Subglottic enlargement using cartilage-mucosa autograft. A preliminary experimental study.", "content": "Subglottic stenosis in the infant currently has no well-accepted surgical correction. Our experimental study was designed to determine the effectiveness of a nasal septal cartilage-mucosa autograft in increasing the subglottic circumference and its effect on subsequent subglottic growth. Six pairs of matched mongrel puppy litter mates were used; one underwent surgery, the other served as a control. The cricoid and first tracheal rings were split anteriorly, and widened 5 mm to accept an autogenous nasal septal cartilage-mucosa graft. All animals were killed after six months of postoperative growth. The autografts appeared to be partially or completely replaced by fibrous tissue but a persistent enlargement in the subglottic airway was found in the animals that underwent surgery, with glottic measurements the same in both groups. Thus, a septal cartilage autograft to the subglottic larynx in puppies appears to result in persistent enlargement of the subglottic area, but produces no interference with subsequent normal laryngeal growth and development.", "contents": "Subglottic enlargement using cartilage-mucosa autograft. A preliminary experimental study. Subglottic stenosis in the infant currently has no well-accepted surgical correction. Our experimental study was designed to determine the effectiveness of a nasal septal cartilage-mucosa autograft in increasing the subglottic circumference and its effect on subsequent subglottic growth. Six pairs of matched mongrel puppy litter mates were used; one underwent surgery, the other served as a control. The cricoid and first tracheal rings were split anteriorly, and widened 5 mm to accept an autogenous nasal septal cartilage-mucosa graft. All animals were killed after six months of postoperative growth. The autografts appeared to be partially or completely replaced by fibrous tissue but a persistent enlargement in the subglottic airway was found in the animals that underwent surgery, with glottic measurements the same in both groups. Thus, a septal cartilage autograft to the subglottic larynx in puppies appears to result in persistent enlargement of the subglottic area, but produces no interference with subsequent normal laryngeal growth and development.", "PMID": 1106377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1394", "title": "Innominate artery compression of the Trachea.", "content": "We review innominate artery compression of the trachea in 60 surgically corrected patients and 30 in patients who did not undergo surgery. The symptoms and radiologic features are correlated with the degree of tracheal narrowing at bronchoscopy and with associated defects that may exist. From this study, a history of respiratory distress with \"reflex apnea\" associated with tracheal narrowing is a strong indication for surgery. Stridor and recurrent respiratory infections are not an indication in themselves, and must be assessed with the severity of tracheal narrowing and presence or absence of associated defects. Surgery resulted in complete or moderate relief in most patients, although the results were less gratifying when subglottic stenosis or a repaired tracheoesophageal fistula existed.", "contents": "Innominate artery compression of the Trachea. We review innominate artery compression of the trachea in 60 surgically corrected patients and 30 in patients who did not undergo surgery. The symptoms and radiologic features are correlated with the degree of tracheal narrowing at bronchoscopy and with associated defects that may exist. From this study, a history of respiratory distress with \"reflex apnea\" associated with tracheal narrowing is a strong indication for surgery. Stridor and recurrent respiratory infections are not an indication in themselves, and must be assessed with the severity of tracheal narrowing and presence or absence of associated defects. Surgery resulted in complete or moderate relief in most patients, although the results were less gratifying when subglottic stenosis or a repaired tracheoesophageal fistula existed.", "PMID": 1106378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1395", "title": "Bleeding following tonsillectomy. A study of electrocoagulation and ligation techniques.", "content": "The efficiency of electrocoagulation (spot or zonal) and ligation for the control of bleeding was compared in 376 patients with tonsillectomy. Electrocoagulation and ligation was used in the same number of patients (188) in each group. A notable reduction in operative time (40%) was seen in cases in which spot or zonal electrocoagulation was employed. More morbidity was found in cases treated with zonal electrocoagulation. Both techniques were concluded to be equally effective in the control of bleeding following tonsillectomy.", "contents": "Bleeding following tonsillectomy. A study of electrocoagulation and ligation techniques. The efficiency of electrocoagulation (spot or zonal) and ligation for the control of bleeding was compared in 376 patients with tonsillectomy. Electrocoagulation and ligation was used in the same number of patients (188) in each group. A notable reduction in operative time (40%) was seen in cases in which spot or zonal electrocoagulation was employed. More morbidity was found in cases treated with zonal electrocoagulation. Both techniques were concluded to be equally effective in the control of bleeding following tonsillectomy.", "PMID": 1106380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1396", "title": "The royal derwent hospital in tasmania: historical perspectives on the meaning of community psychiatry.", "content": "Throughout the history of the hospital, local social institutions, formal and informal, tended to perform casualty and receiving functions so that the Royal Derwent has always served as institution of last resort. Case books show that both illnesses and treatment conformed to those familiar elsewhere in the British Empire and developed no local perculiarities. The records provide epidemiological evidence of a dramatic decline in incidence of first admission for psychosis after the period when convict transportation created a high rate of social dependency.", "contents": "The royal derwent hospital in tasmania: historical perspectives on the meaning of community psychiatry. Throughout the history of the hospital, local social institutions, formal and informal, tended to perform casualty and receiving functions so that the Royal Derwent has always served as institution of last resort. Case books show that both illnesses and treatment conformed to those familiar elsewhere in the British Empire and developed no local perculiarities. The records provide epidemiological evidence of a dramatic decline in incidence of first admission for psychosis after the period when convict transportation created a high rate of social dependency.", "PMID": 1106389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1397", "title": "Guided fantasy as a treatment for childhood insomnia.", "content": "A \"guided fantasy\" technique is described to relieve insomnia in children without the use of chemotherapy or the more conventional forms of hypnotherapy. In children at an age where fantasy is a spontaneous everyday response, relaxed sleep is induced through listening to a story from a tape that is created from the child's favourite fantasy figures and everyday likes and interests. The 'guided fantasy' is presented by the parents as a novel bedtime story rather than as a therapy procedure by the therapist. The child is allowed to feel he has a controlling influence in putting a favourite figure to sleep within the story, and so is gently led to accept sleep himself by choice. No active therapist is involved so there are no dangers of expected transference or abreaction.", "contents": "Guided fantasy as a treatment for childhood insomnia. A \"guided fantasy\" technique is described to relieve insomnia in children without the use of chemotherapy or the more conventional forms of hypnotherapy. In children at an age where fantasy is a spontaneous everyday response, relaxed sleep is induced through listening to a story from a tape that is created from the child's favourite fantasy figures and everyday likes and interests. The 'guided fantasy' is presented by the parents as a novel bedtime story rather than as a therapy procedure by the therapist. The child is allowed to feel he has a controlling influence in putting a favourite figure to sleep within the story, and so is gently led to accept sleep himself by choice. No active therapist is involved so there are no dangers of expected transference or abreaction.", "PMID": 1106390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1398", "title": "Influence of age on the serological response of chickens to Salmonella typhimurium infection.", "content": "After chickens 1-126 days old were infected orally with Salmonella typhimurium, antibody responses were determined by microagglutination (MA) and microantiglobulin (MAG) test procedures. In all groups six weeks old or older, a high and continuing level of salmonella group B antibody was demonstrated by the MAG test but not by the MA test. Serological response was maximal at about 15 weeks or later. Reinoculation with S. typhimurium 129 days after initial infection elevated antibody titers in all groups, and immunological paralysis was evident in only the two youngest groups. S. typhimurium-positive cloacal swabs tended to decline rapidly in all groups; although MAG agglutinin titers remained positive.", "contents": "Influence of age on the serological response of chickens to Salmonella typhimurium infection. After chickens 1-126 days old were infected orally with Salmonella typhimurium, antibody responses were determined by microagglutination (MA) and microantiglobulin (MAG) test procedures. In all groups six weeks old or older, a high and continuing level of salmonella group B antibody was demonstrated by the MAG test but not by the MA test. Serological response was maximal at about 15 weeks or later. Reinoculation with S. typhimurium 129 days after initial infection elevated antibody titers in all groups, and immunological paralysis was evident in only the two youngest groups. S. typhimurium-positive cloacal swabs tended to decline rapidly in all groups; although MAG agglutinin titers remained positive.", "PMID": 1106387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1399", "title": "The molecular mechanism of benzimidazole mutagenicity: in vitro studies on transcription and translation.", "content": "Benzimidazoles are weak mutagens acting through base substitutions; they are incorporated into nucleic acids. Experiments with deoxyribohomopolymers as templates demonstrated that benzimidazole nucleoside triphosphate is polymerized by RNA polymerase only in the presence of poly dC, i.e., instead of guanine. In plasmolyzed Escherichia coli cells, benzimidazole ribonucleoside diphosphate is polymerized by polynucleotide phosphorylase and can, after blocking of the normal mRNA synthesis with actinomycin D, be used as a messenger for polypeptide formation. The addition of radioactive amino acids to this system showed that benzimidazole is not read preferentially as guanine, as would have been expected from the RNA polymerase results. Instead, the reading was position dependent and brnzimidazole is recognized (1) in the first codon position as adenine, (2) in the second as purine, and (3) in the third possibly only as base. Benzimidazole mutagenicity is thus explained as a G in equilibrium A transition.", "contents": "The molecular mechanism of benzimidazole mutagenicity: in vitro studies on transcription and translation. Benzimidazoles are weak mutagens acting through base substitutions; they are incorporated into nucleic acids. Experiments with deoxyribohomopolymers as templates demonstrated that benzimidazole nucleoside triphosphate is polymerized by RNA polymerase only in the presence of poly dC, i.e., instead of guanine. In plasmolyzed Escherichia coli cells, benzimidazole ribonucleoside diphosphate is polymerized by polynucleotide phosphorylase and can, after blocking of the normal mRNA synthesis with actinomycin D, be used as a messenger for polypeptide formation. The addition of radioactive amino acids to this system showed that benzimidazole is not read preferentially as guanine, as would have been expected from the RNA polymerase results. Instead, the reading was position dependent and brnzimidazole is recognized (1) in the first codon position as adenine, (2) in the second as purine, and (3) in the third possibly only as base. Benzimidazole mutagenicity is thus explained as a G in equilibrium A transition.", "PMID": 1106401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1400", "title": "Messenger activity of ribonucleic acid form yeast mitochondria.", "content": "Total yeast mitochondrial RNA was shown to possess messenger RNA activity when injected into oocytes of the frog Xenopus laevis. The specific polypeptides formed were precipitated by mitochondrial antisera. A comparison was made of the molecular weights of the proteins obtained form this system with those made by mitochondria in vivo in the presence of cycloheximide. No RNA containing poly(A) sequences was detected in yeast mitochondria.", "contents": "Messenger activity of ribonucleic acid form yeast mitochondria. Total yeast mitochondrial RNA was shown to possess messenger RNA activity when injected into oocytes of the frog Xenopus laevis. The specific polypeptides formed were precipitated by mitochondrial antisera. A comparison was made of the molecular weights of the proteins obtained form this system with those made by mitochondria in vivo in the presence of cycloheximide. No RNA containing poly(A) sequences was detected in yeast mitochondria.", "PMID": 1106402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1401", "title": "Synthesis time of beta-galactosidase in Escherichia coli B/r as a function of growth rate.", "content": "By analysing the kinetics of beta-galactosidase accumulation after induction, the synthesis time of beta-galactosidase in Escherichia coli B/r was found to be 75s in rapidly growing cells (1.36 and 2.1 doublings/h), and 90s in slowly growing cells (0.63 doubling/h). These values correspond to peptide-chain-elongation rates of 16 and 13 amino acids/s respectively, in agreement with previous findings, indicating that the peptide-chain growth rate is constant (presumably maximal) in fast-growing bacteria, but decreased in slowly growing bacteria [Forchhammer & Lindahl (1971) J. Mol. Biol. 55, 563-568].", "contents": "Synthesis time of beta-galactosidase in Escherichia coli B/r as a function of growth rate. By analysing the kinetics of beta-galactosidase accumulation after induction, the synthesis time of beta-galactosidase in Escherichia coli B/r was found to be 75s in rapidly growing cells (1.36 and 2.1 doublings/h), and 90s in slowly growing cells (0.63 doubling/h). These values correspond to peptide-chain-elongation rates of 16 and 13 amino acids/s respectively, in agreement with previous findings, indicating that the peptide-chain growth rate is constant (presumably maximal) in fast-growing bacteria, but decreased in slowly growing bacteria [Forchhammer & Lindahl (1971) J. Mol. Biol. 55, 563-568].", "PMID": 1106403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1402", "title": "Insulin and glucagon secretion from isolated islets of Langerhans. The effects of calcium ionophores.", "content": "The role of Ca2+ in the secretion of insulin and glucagon was investigated by studying the effects of Ca2+ ionophores on hormone secretion from isolated perifused islets of Langerhans. Ionophore X537A (100 muM), which binds alkaline earth cations and also complexes some univalent cations, caused a rapid transient increase in insulin and glucagon secretion which was not dependent on the presence of Ca2+ in the perifusion medium. Ionophore A23187 (100 muM), which specifically binds bivalent cations at neutral pH values, similarly increased insulin secretion in complete and Ca2+-free medium, but only stimulated glucagon release in the presence of extracellular Ca2+. Since the stimulatory effects of both ionophores were associated with an increased Ca2+ flux in the islets, these experiments support the hypothesis that Ca2+ may trigger the release of insulin and suggest that it is also involved in the secretion of glucagon. The basal rate of both insulin and glucagon release was significantly increased when Ca2+ was omitted from the perifusion medium, but it is proposed that this finding may be due to adverse effects on cell-membrane function under these conditions.", "contents": "Insulin and glucagon secretion from isolated islets of Langerhans. The effects of calcium ionophores. The role of Ca2+ in the secretion of insulin and glucagon was investigated by studying the effects of Ca2+ ionophores on hormone secretion from isolated perifused islets of Langerhans. Ionophore X537A (100 muM), which binds alkaline earth cations and also complexes some univalent cations, caused a rapid transient increase in insulin and glucagon secretion which was not dependent on the presence of Ca2+ in the perifusion medium. Ionophore A23187 (100 muM), which specifically binds bivalent cations at neutral pH values, similarly increased insulin secretion in complete and Ca2+-free medium, but only stimulated glucagon release in the presence of extracellular Ca2+. Since the stimulatory effects of both ionophores were associated with an increased Ca2+ flux in the islets, these experiments support the hypothesis that Ca2+ may trigger the release of insulin and suggest that it is also involved in the secretion of glucagon. The basal rate of both insulin and glucagon release was significantly increased when Ca2+ was omitted from the perifusion medium, but it is proposed that this finding may be due to adverse effects on cell-membrane function under these conditions.", "PMID": 1106404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1403", "title": "Regulatory state of ribosomal genes and physiological changes in the concentration of free ribonucleic acid polymerase in Escherichia coli.", "content": "The concept of promoter efficiency is introduced as frequency of RNA chain initiation at a given promoter normalized to the intracellular concentration of free (but functional) RNA polymerase. Previous observations from this laboratory on the synthesis of ribosomes and beta-galactosidase are used to show that during a nutritional shift-up from succinate minimal to glucose-amino acids medium (3-fold increase in steady-state growth rate) the concentration of free (active) RNA polymerase decreases to one-quarter of the pre-shift value and the promoter efficiencies of the genes for ribosomal RNA and ribosomal proteins increase 9- and 6-fold respectively. This extent of control of ribosomal genes is much greater than expected on the basis of the increase in the rate of ribosome synthesis (3-fold).", "contents": "Regulatory state of ribosomal genes and physiological changes in the concentration of free ribonucleic acid polymerase in Escherichia coli. The concept of promoter efficiency is introduced as frequency of RNA chain initiation at a given promoter normalized to the intracellular concentration of free (but functional) RNA polymerase. Previous observations from this laboratory on the synthesis of ribosomes and beta-galactosidase are used to show that during a nutritional shift-up from succinate minimal to glucose-amino acids medium (3-fold increase in steady-state growth rate) the concentration of free (active) RNA polymerase decreases to one-quarter of the pre-shift value and the promoter efficiencies of the genes for ribosomal RNA and ribosomal proteins increase 9- and 6-fold respectively. This extent of control of ribosomal genes is much greater than expected on the basis of the increase in the rate of ribosome synthesis (3-fold).", "PMID": 1106405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1404", "title": "Identification of immunoglobulins and complement in rheumatoid articular collagenous tissues.", "content": "Ninety-three patients with a variety of joint diseases were studied for evidence of immune complexes in articular collagenous tissues. Frozen sections of freshly obtained biopsies of hyaline articular cartilage and menisci were stained with fluoresceinated monospecific antisera for evidence of human immunoglobulins (IgG, IgM,IgA) and the beta1c component of complement. The criterion for the presence of complexes was the staining of two or more immunoglobulins and beta1c in an identical location of sequentially cut sections. Of the 42 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) 83% were positive by this criterion. In those with classic RA the incidence was 92%. Sixteen patients with fresh joint trauma or nonarthritic disease had negative findings. Among 26 patients with noninflammatory disease, 4 of 8 with polyarthritis whose features suggested primary degeneration, 1 of 11 patients with secondary degenerative arthritis, and a single case of synovial osteochondromatosis had positive findings. Among 9 patients with miscellaneous inflammatory arthritides, all of 3 with psoriatic arthritis were negative; however 2 of 6 with other inflammatory arthritides were positive. The findings in classic RA suggest that immune complexes are deposited in the articular collagenous tissues. The persistence of these complexes may play a significant role in the chronicity of the synovitis.", "contents": "Identification of immunoglobulins and complement in rheumatoid articular collagenous tissues. Ninety-three patients with a variety of joint diseases were studied for evidence of immune complexes in articular collagenous tissues. Frozen sections of freshly obtained biopsies of hyaline articular cartilage and menisci were stained with fluoresceinated monospecific antisera for evidence of human immunoglobulins (IgG, IgM,IgA) and the beta1c component of complement. The criterion for the presence of complexes was the staining of two or more immunoglobulins and beta1c in an identical location of sequentially cut sections. Of the 42 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) 83% were positive by this criterion. In those with classic RA the incidence was 92%. Sixteen patients with fresh joint trauma or nonarthritic disease had negative findings. Among 26 patients with noninflammatory disease, 4 of 8 with polyarthritis whose features suggested primary degeneration, 1 of 11 patients with secondary degenerative arthritis, and a single case of synovial osteochondromatosis had positive findings. Among 9 patients with miscellaneous inflammatory arthritides, all of 3 with psoriatic arthritis were negative; however 2 of 6 with other inflammatory arthritides were positive. The findings in classic RA suggest that immune complexes are deposited in the articular collagenous tissues. The persistence of these complexes may play a significant role in the chronicity of the synovitis.", "PMID": 1106425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1405", "title": "[Centrophenoxin-induced dissolution and removal of lipofuscin. An electron microscopic study (author's transl)].", "content": "Three batches of senile guinea pigs were injected i.m. daily with 80 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg, or 30 mg/kg up to 10 weeks. With the dosage employed neurons of the central nervous system showed in all animals a significant reduction of lipofuscin pigment. A characteristic type of vacuolisation of the pigment is a preliminary sign of its reduction in size and quantity. Residuals of lipofuscin can be detected in astrocytes and in greater quantity in microglia cells and cells of the capillary wall. The dissolution of lipofuscin is not only found in the CNS but also in the myocardium and in the liver. In the latter organs the removal of pigment is carried out by phagocytes towards capillaries. The actual uptake of phagocytes is believed to occur by the process of exocytosis and pinocytosis. A destruction or an invasion of neurons by microglia has not been observed. Lipofuscin removal at a very small rate by microglia cells appears to occur normally in the ageing animal, but is greatly enhanced by centrophenoxin. Cessation of drug application does not stop the process of removal at once and the process continues as far as we can judge by our experiments for several weeks without further drug application. Even 30 mg/kg per day were found to be sufficient to initiate and sustain lipofuscin removal.", "contents": "[Centrophenoxin-induced dissolution and removal of lipofuscin. An electron microscopic study (author's transl)]. Three batches of senile guinea pigs were injected i.m. daily with 80 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg, or 30 mg/kg up to 10 weeks. With the dosage employed neurons of the central nervous system showed in all animals a significant reduction of lipofuscin pigment. A characteristic type of vacuolisation of the pigment is a preliminary sign of its reduction in size and quantity. Residuals of lipofuscin can be detected in astrocytes and in greater quantity in microglia cells and cells of the capillary wall. The dissolution of lipofuscin is not only found in the CNS but also in the myocardium and in the liver. In the latter organs the removal of pigment is carried out by phagocytes towards capillaries. The actual uptake of phagocytes is believed to occur by the process of exocytosis and pinocytosis. A destruction or an invasion of neurons by microglia has not been observed. Lipofuscin removal at a very small rate by microglia cells appears to occur normally in the ageing animal, but is greatly enhanced by centrophenoxin. Cessation of drug application does not stop the process of removal at once and the process continues as far as we can judge by our experiments for several weeks without further drug application. Even 30 mg/kg per day were found to be sufficient to initiate and sustain lipofuscin removal.", "PMID": 1106435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1406", "title": "[Pathogenicity factors of gramnegative enteropathogenic bacteria and pathogenesis of intestinal diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "Enterotoxins as produced by the majority of enteropathogenic bacteria play a central role in the pathogenesis of cholera and E. coli enteritis but are obviously of little significance as to the development of Salmonella enteritis and dysentery. Pathology of Salmonella enteritis and dysentery results from multiplication of bacteria within the bowel wall and from the damage of tissue caused thereby. The lipopolysaccharides (endotoxins) of invasive enteropathogenic bacteria do not possess the character of a primary pathogenicity factor but operate as a protective agent versus bactericidal mechanisms of the macroorganism and probably also as an agent toxic for the tissue.", "contents": "[Pathogenicity factors of gramnegative enteropathogenic bacteria and pathogenesis of intestinal diseases (author's transl)]. Enterotoxins as produced by the majority of enteropathogenic bacteria play a central role in the pathogenesis of cholera and E. coli enteritis but are obviously of little significance as to the development of Salmonella enteritis and dysentery. Pathology of Salmonella enteritis and dysentery results from multiplication of bacteria within the bowel wall and from the damage of tissue caused thereby. The lipopolysaccharides (endotoxins) of invasive enteropathogenic bacteria do not possess the character of a primary pathogenicity factor but operate as a protective agent versus bactericidal mechanisms of the macroorganism and probably also as an agent toxic for the tissue.", "PMID": 1106437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1407", "title": "Current concepts on the regulation of purine biosynthesis de novo in man.", "content": "In the present discussion we have presented our views on how purine biosynthesis de novo is regulated in man. The rate of the initital step unique to purine ribonucleotide biosynthesis de novo is controlled by the intracellular concentration of PP-ribose-P and purine ribonucleotides. This critical interaction of PP-ribose-P and purine ribonucleotides may be explained by a change in the physical properties of the enzyme that catalyzes this reaction. The first branch point in the pathway, following this initial step involves the utilization of IMP. Based on an in vitro analysis of the enzymes participating directly in the two biosynthetic pathways for which IMP is a substrate, we propose that the intracellular level of GTP may be more critical than previously recognized.", "contents": "Current concepts on the regulation of purine biosynthesis de novo in man. In the present discussion we have presented our views on how purine biosynthesis de novo is regulated in man. The rate of the initital step unique to purine ribonucleotide biosynthesis de novo is controlled by the intracellular concentration of PP-ribose-P and purine ribonucleotides. This critical interaction of PP-ribose-P and purine ribonucleotides may be explained by a change in the physical properties of the enzyme that catalyzes this reaction. The first branch point in the pathway, following this initial step involves the utilization of IMP. Based on an in vitro analysis of the enzymes participating directly in the two biosynthetic pathways for which IMP is a substrate, we propose that the intracellular level of GTP may be more critical than previously recognized.", "PMID": 1106431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1408", "title": "Halofenate. Its selection and trial as a primary uricosuric agent.", "content": "In vitro binding studies on antiinflammatory and uricosuric acidic anions performed under \"physiologic\" conditions have demonstrated that these substances displace urate from its protein bond. The property of urate displacement appears to be a useful marker for potential uricosuric activity in vivo, and thereby a means to detect novel uricosuric drugs. One such drug, halofenate, was indeed a safe and effective uricosuric (comparable to probenecid) when used to treat hyperuricemia/gout over the long term; it did result in a modest and variable fall in serum lipid concentrations. However, used as a single fixed dose, halofenate did not produce a marked and consistent effect on the elevated serum triglyceride concentrations so commonly present in gouty patients.", "contents": "Halofenate. Its selection and trial as a primary uricosuric agent. In vitro binding studies on antiinflammatory and uricosuric acidic anions performed under \"physiologic\" conditions have demonstrated that these substances displace urate from its protein bond. The property of urate displacement appears to be a useful marker for potential uricosuric activity in vivo, and thereby a means to detect novel uricosuric drugs. One such drug, halofenate, was indeed a safe and effective uricosuric (comparable to probenecid) when used to treat hyperuricemia/gout over the long term; it did result in a modest and variable fall in serum lipid concentrations. However, used as a single fixed dose, halofenate did not produce a marked and consistent effect on the elevated serum triglyceride concentrations so commonly present in gouty patients.", "PMID": 1106434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1409", "title": "[Synergism of colistin and sulfonamide in proteus species (author's transl)].", "content": "In agar diffusion testing of Proteus mirabilis strains sensitive to sulfonamide a synergistic effect of colistine (C) and sulfonamide (S) was demonstrated. By quantitative evaluation these results were confirmed in 100 strains of Proteus mirabilis and 100 strains of indol-positive Proteus spp. using broth dilution method. Combining 1 part C with 10 parts S the mean increase in sulfonamide sensitivity was enhanced fourfold. Increasing the inoculum sensitivity of Proteus against the combination of C and S was still found to range within therapeutic blood levels. Therefore in treatment of Proteus infection the positive synergistic effect of C+S should be taken into consideration.", "contents": "[Synergism of colistin and sulfonamide in proteus species (author's transl)]. In agar diffusion testing of Proteus mirabilis strains sensitive to sulfonamide a synergistic effect of colistine (C) and sulfonamide (S) was demonstrated. By quantitative evaluation these results were confirmed in 100 strains of Proteus mirabilis and 100 strains of indol-positive Proteus spp. using broth dilution method. Combining 1 part C with 10 parts S the mean increase in sulfonamide sensitivity was enhanced fourfold. Increasing the inoculum sensitivity of Proteus against the combination of C and S was still found to range within therapeutic blood levels. Therefore in treatment of Proteus infection the positive synergistic effect of C+S should be taken into consideration.", "PMID": 1106440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1410", "title": "Modified method for recording cortical and subcortical visually evoked potentials in the conscious rabbit with chronically implanted electrodes.", "content": "A modified stereotaxic surgical and implantation technique for animal EEG studies in rabbits is described. The use of a stereotaxic \"socklet unit\" with a minimum of operational equipment, high accuracy, simple handling, and good tissue compatibility permits the repetition of EEG studies in the same animal with a large number of electrodes and over a period of several months. For example for this technique an experimental arrangement for recording visually evoked potentials is described. The importance of a careful selection of the experimental animals, of maintaining constant test conditions, and of the selecting of test parameters as a prerequisite for assessing induced alterations is emphasized and discussed.", "contents": "Modified method for recording cortical and subcortical visually evoked potentials in the conscious rabbit with chronically implanted electrodes. A modified stereotaxic surgical and implantation technique for animal EEG studies in rabbits is described. The use of a stereotaxic \"socklet unit\" with a minimum of operational equipment, high accuracy, simple handling, and good tissue compatibility permits the repetition of EEG studies in the same animal with a large number of electrodes and over a period of several months. For example for this technique an experimental arrangement for recording visually evoked potentials is described. The importance of a careful selection of the experimental animals, of maintaining constant test conditions, and of the selecting of test parameters as a prerequisite for assessing induced alterations is emphasized and discussed.", "PMID": 1106441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1411", "title": "[Coronary collateral vessels after long-term treatment with fendiline hydrochloride in a double-blind study (author's transl)].", "content": "After long-therapy with 5 mg/kg body-weight of N-(2-benzhydryl-ethyl)-N-(1-phenyl-ethyl)amine hydrochloride (fendiline hydrochloride, Sensit) in dogs the development of functioning coronary collateral vessels can be proven by filling the vessel system with synthetic resin. From earlier studies, it is known that coronary collateral vessels can protect the heart from the consequences of stenoses and tissue damage due to hypoxia.", "contents": "[Coronary collateral vessels after long-term treatment with fendiline hydrochloride in a double-blind study (author's transl)]. After long-therapy with 5 mg/kg body-weight of N-(2-benzhydryl-ethyl)-N-(1-phenyl-ethyl)amine hydrochloride (fendiline hydrochloride, Sensit) in dogs the development of functioning coronary collateral vessels can be proven by filling the vessel system with synthetic resin. From earlier studies, it is known that coronary collateral vessels can protect the heart from the consequences of stenoses and tissue damage due to hypoxia.", "PMID": 1106442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1412", "title": "[Administrative and juridicial problems in psychopharmacology (author's transl)].", "content": "The problem of a juridical and administrative regulation for therapeutic drugs is analyzed. There are 3 concurring factors of public interest: 1. protection of the patient against dangerous side-effects, 2. promotion of new effective therapies. 3. position and responsibility of the physician. Risks and problems of control are discussed in the light of development of a new preparation. A scheme of functions in the clinical trial under auspices of medico-ethical postulations is mentioned. Restrictive facts on behalf of a quick development of drug therapy are discussed. The necessity of intensifying biological basic research is emphasized.", "contents": "[Administrative and juridicial problems in psychopharmacology (author's transl)]. The problem of a juridical and administrative regulation for therapeutic drugs is analyzed. There are 3 concurring factors of public interest: 1. protection of the patient against dangerous side-effects, 2. promotion of new effective therapies. 3. position and responsibility of the physician. Risks and problems of control are discussed in the light of development of a new preparation. A scheme of functions in the clinical trial under auspices of medico-ethical postulations is mentioned. Restrictive facts on behalf of a quick development of drug therapy are discussed. The necessity of intensifying biological basic research is emphasized.", "PMID": 1106443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1413", "title": "Multiple sclerosis immunogenetics. A possible correlation with human leukocyte HL-A antigens.", "content": "To investigate the relationships of genotype to susceptibility to multiple sclerosis, 42 patients hospitalized into Multiple Sclerosis Study Center of The Milan Medical School were typed for 14 HL-A specificities: HL-A1, HL-A2 + W 28, HL-A3, HL-A10 + W 19, HL-A11, HL-A9 of the 1st Series and HL-A5, HL-A7, HL-A8, HL-A12, HL-A13 of the 2nd Series. The increased HL-A9 frequency found in a previous study has been confirmed. Moreover in the total of multiple sclerosis patients this deviation reaches a higher degree of significance (P less than 0.01) and one antigen HL-A10 + W 19 appears to be significantly decreased (P less than 0.01). No variations were found in HL-A3, HL-A7 frequencies.", "contents": "Multiple sclerosis immunogenetics. A possible correlation with human leukocyte HL-A antigens. To investigate the relationships of genotype to susceptibility to multiple sclerosis, 42 patients hospitalized into Multiple Sclerosis Study Center of The Milan Medical School were typed for 14 HL-A specificities: HL-A1, HL-A2 + W 28, HL-A3, HL-A10 + W 19, HL-A11, HL-A9 of the 1st Series and HL-A5, HL-A7, HL-A8, HL-A12, HL-A13 of the 2nd Series. The increased HL-A9 frequency found in a previous study has been confirmed. Moreover in the total of multiple sclerosis patients this deviation reaches a higher degree of significance (P less than 0.01) and one antigen HL-A10 + W 19 appears to be significantly decreased (P less than 0.01). No variations were found in HL-A3, HL-A7 frequencies.", "PMID": 1106444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1414", "title": "Absorption of erythromycin. A cross-over study in healthy volunteers.", "content": "The absorptions of 6 erythromycin preparations were compared in a cross-over study in healthy humans. In a single-dose study, 500 mg of each preparation was, after an overnight fast, given to 10 volunteers. The two enterosoluble preparations of erythromycin base studied were absorbed slowly, and the peak serum concentration (1.5-2 mg/l) was achieved only at 4 h. The absorption of the stearates was quick, but especially one of them was poorly absorbed, the serum concentration being always below 1 mg/l. Both of the two estolates gave highest apparent concentrations, and the maximum serum level (2-2.5 mg/l) was achieved at 2 h, but the concentration of active erythromycin remains unknown. In the second part of the study, two erythromycin stearates and one base preparation were given at 6-h interval in a cross-over fashion, each for 4 days. On the 4th day, blood samples were analyzed. The erythromycin base gave higher serum concentrations than did the two stearates, which were equivalent. It seems doubtful that the erythromycin stearate at the dose of 250 mg every 6th hour would give satisfactory serum levels of erythromycin which would be effective against most bacteria during the whole treatment.", "contents": "Absorption of erythromycin. A cross-over study in healthy volunteers. The absorptions of 6 erythromycin preparations were compared in a cross-over study in healthy humans. In a single-dose study, 500 mg of each preparation was, after an overnight fast, given to 10 volunteers. The two enterosoluble preparations of erythromycin base studied were absorbed slowly, and the peak serum concentration (1.5-2 mg/l) was achieved only at 4 h. The absorption of the stearates was quick, but especially one of them was poorly absorbed, the serum concentration being always below 1 mg/l. Both of the two estolates gave highest apparent concentrations, and the maximum serum level (2-2.5 mg/l) was achieved at 2 h, but the concentration of active erythromycin remains unknown. In the second part of the study, two erythromycin stearates and one base preparation were given at 6-h interval in a cross-over fashion, each for 4 days. On the 4th day, blood samples were analyzed. The erythromycin base gave higher serum concentrations than did the two stearates, which were equivalent. It seems doubtful that the erythromycin stearate at the dose of 250 mg every 6th hour would give satisfactory serum levels of erythromycin which would be effective against most bacteria during the whole treatment.", "PMID": 1106445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1415", "title": "A 1,4-benzodiazepine, temazepam (K 3917), its effect on some psychological parameters of sleep and behaviour.", "content": "In 30 physically and mentally healthy volunteers, 7-chloro-1,3-dihydro-3-hydroxy-1-methyl-5-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one (temazepam, K 3917) was tested for its sleep inducing action, the subjective quality of sleep and any post-medication effects. Temazepam was orally administered at doses of 15, 20 or 30 mg in hard gelatin capsules or 20 mg in soft gelatin capsules. Nitrazepam (5 mg) and amylobarbitone sodium (100 mg) were used for comparison as well as a placebo. Temazepam showed very much the same effects as they are known from conventional 1,4-benzodiazepines except for its lack of impairment in early morning behavior following night time medication.", "contents": "A 1,4-benzodiazepine, temazepam (K 3917), its effect on some psychological parameters of sleep and behaviour. In 30 physically and mentally healthy volunteers, 7-chloro-1,3-dihydro-3-hydroxy-1-methyl-5-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one (temazepam, K 3917) was tested for its sleep inducing action, the subjective quality of sleep and any post-medication effects. Temazepam was orally administered at doses of 15, 20 or 30 mg in hard gelatin capsules or 20 mg in soft gelatin capsules. Nitrazepam (5 mg) and amylobarbitone sodium (100 mg) were used for comparison as well as a placebo. Temazepam showed very much the same effects as they are known from conventional 1,4-benzodiazepines except for its lack of impairment in early morning behavior following night time medication.", "PMID": 1106446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1416", "title": "[Pharmacokinetic studies on absorption and excretion of oxazepam in Combination with alcohol (author's transl)].", "content": "The influence of 7-chloro-1,3-dihydro-3-hydroxy-5-phenyl 2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one (oxazepam, Adumbran) (30 mg) on the effects produced by alcohol (0.75 g/kg) and vice versa was studied in 14 male test subjects using the following scheme: (A) alcohol; (B) placebo; (C) oxazepam; (D) oxazepam and alcohol combined; (E) alcohol given 30 min prior to oxazepam. Blood and serum levels were determined and excretion in the urine was tested during the 7-h duration of the experiment. The blood alcohol curves show a similar course, leading to the conclusion that oxazepam has no influence on the elimination of alcohol. Alcohol retrads the intestinal absorption of oxazepam but, on the other hand, does not show an effect on the specific metabolism of oxazepam.", "contents": "[Pharmacokinetic studies on absorption and excretion of oxazepam in Combination with alcohol (author's transl)]. The influence of 7-chloro-1,3-dihydro-3-hydroxy-5-phenyl 2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one (oxazepam, Adumbran) (30 mg) on the effects produced by alcohol (0.75 g/kg) and vice versa was studied in 14 male test subjects using the following scheme: (A) alcohol; (B) placebo; (C) oxazepam; (D) oxazepam and alcohol combined; (E) alcohol given 30 min prior to oxazepam. Blood and serum levels were determined and excretion in the urine was tested during the 7-h duration of the experiment. The blood alcohol curves show a similar course, leading to the conclusion that oxazepam has no influence on the elimination of alcohol. Alcohol retrads the intestinal absorption of oxazepam but, on the other hand, does not show an effect on the specific metabolism of oxazepam.", "PMID": 1106447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1417", "title": "Mutagenic activity of anthraquinone derivatives used as dyes in a textile factory.", "content": "Some anthraquinone derivatives used as dyes in a textile factory have been tested for their mutagenic activity on the Ames' strains of Salmonella typhimurium. 1-amino-4-hydroxy-anthraquinone proved to be a mutagen of the frameshift type. It is active without need of metabolic activation. Studies are in progress in order to clarify if the mutagenic activity of other substituted anthraquinones, which do not act as direct mutagens, can become evident after metabolic activation. Further tests are needed to decide if substituted anthraquinones are hazardous for exposed people.", "contents": "Mutagenic activity of anthraquinone derivatives used as dyes in a textile factory. Some anthraquinone derivatives used as dyes in a textile factory have been tested for their mutagenic activity on the Ames' strains of Salmonella typhimurium. 1-amino-4-hydroxy-anthraquinone proved to be a mutagen of the frameshift type. It is active without need of metabolic activation. Studies are in progress in order to clarify if the mutagenic activity of other substituted anthraquinones, which do not act as direct mutagens, can become evident after metabolic activation. Further tests are needed to decide if substituted anthraquinones are hazardous for exposed people.", "PMID": 1106724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1418", "title": "Detection of Bhanja virus in cell cultures by fluorescent antibody technique.", "content": "The multiplication of Bhanja virus in CV-1 cells was studied both by staining the viral antigens with the FA technique and measuring the light intensity emitted by the fluorescent cells with a photomultiplier and by the simultaneous titration of intracellular and extracellular virus. The fluorescence appeared at 3 hrs post adsorption in the form of very small granules in the cytoplasm of the infected cells. Percentage of cells containing viral antigens reached its maximum at 18 hrs post adsorption. Later on the fluorescence slowly decreased. The virus in infected cells was demonstrated 9 hrs post adsorption and maximum titre was reached 48 hrs post adsorption. The cell sheet remained apparently normal and no sign of cytopathic effect was observed until 36 hrs post adsorption.", "contents": "Detection of Bhanja virus in cell cultures by fluorescent antibody technique. The multiplication of Bhanja virus in CV-1 cells was studied both by staining the viral antigens with the FA technique and measuring the light intensity emitted by the fluorescent cells with a photomultiplier and by the simultaneous titration of intracellular and extracellular virus. The fluorescence appeared at 3 hrs post adsorption in the form of very small granules in the cytoplasm of the infected cells. Percentage of cells containing viral antigens reached its maximum at 18 hrs post adsorption. Later on the fluorescence slowly decreased. The virus in infected cells was demonstrated 9 hrs post adsorption and maximum titre was reached 48 hrs post adsorption. The cell sheet remained apparently normal and no sign of cytopathic effect was observed until 36 hrs post adsorption.", "PMID": 1106725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1419", "title": "[Studies on the adaptation of various strains of orthomyxovirus type A, subtype A/equi 2, passaged either on bovine kidney cells or on chicken fibroblasts or on RK-13 cells or by those passages alternating with \"in ovo\" passages].", "content": "The Authors have researched to adapt Orthomyxovirus, subtype A/equi-2 (Naples/213/67, Andria/60/68 and Miami/63), by serial passages on kidney calf cells, chick embryo cells and RK-13 cell line or by one or two passages on these colture media alternated with one passage \"in ovo\". The results obtained show that only kidney calf cells are most suitable because the viruses replicate for eleven passages. On the chick embryo cells and RK-13 cell line the viruses replicate only for two passages and these results are not modified when one or two passages are alternated with one passage \"in ovo\". The Authors have observed the production of infectious but not haemadsorbing and haemagglutining virus. The phenomenon is discussed and integrated with collateral tests.", "contents": "[Studies on the adaptation of various strains of orthomyxovirus type A, subtype A/equi 2, passaged either on bovine kidney cells or on chicken fibroblasts or on RK-13 cells or by those passages alternating with \"in ovo\" passages]. The Authors have researched to adapt Orthomyxovirus, subtype A/equi-2 (Naples/213/67, Andria/60/68 and Miami/63), by serial passages on kidney calf cells, chick embryo cells and RK-13 cell line or by one or two passages on these colture media alternated with one passage \"in ovo\". The results obtained show that only kidney calf cells are most suitable because the viruses replicate for eleven passages. On the chick embryo cells and RK-13 cell line the viruses replicate only for two passages and these results are not modified when one or two passages are alternated with one passage \"in ovo\". The Authors have observed the production of infectious but not haemadsorbing and haemagglutining virus. The phenomenon is discussed and integrated with collateral tests.", "PMID": 1106726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1420", "title": "Search for bacterial l forms in some diseases of human pathology.", "content": "The Authors report their investigations performed in the attempt to isolate bacterial L Forms or protoplasts from human materials (urine, blood) and relate their presence with an underlying pathology, and discuss the results obtained.", "contents": "Search for bacterial l forms in some diseases of human pathology. The Authors report their investigations performed in the attempt to isolate bacterial L Forms or protoplasts from human materials (urine, blood) and relate their presence with an underlying pathology, and discuss the results obtained.", "PMID": 1106727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1421", "title": "[Immunological aspects of bronchial asthma].", "content": "Advances in understanding of bronchial asthma are to be expected from more detailed information on the immuno-pathological mechanisms involved. Reaginic IgE antibodies are responsible for the great majority of extrinsic asthma, but in some cases immune complexes could probably be also important. A great progress has been achieved after reproducible methods for detecting cellular and serum specific IgE antibodies were introduced. Moreover, the immunological and biological changes induced by immunotherapy are better known. Standardization and purification of allergenic extracts is now under study in many laboratories, our own included. As concerns the intrinsic asthma attempts to demonstrate the importance of (auto) immune mechanisms have been performed. The results of these studies are reported.", "contents": "[Immunological aspects of bronchial asthma]. Advances in understanding of bronchial asthma are to be expected from more detailed information on the immuno-pathological mechanisms involved. Reaginic IgE antibodies are responsible for the great majority of extrinsic asthma, but in some cases immune complexes could probably be also important. A great progress has been achieved after reproducible methods for detecting cellular and serum specific IgE antibodies were introduced. Moreover, the immunological and biological changes induced by immunotherapy are better known. Standardization and purification of allergenic extracts is now under study in many laboratories, our own included. As concerns the intrinsic asthma attempts to demonstrate the importance of (auto) immune mechanisms have been performed. The results of these studies are reported.", "PMID": 1106728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1422", "title": "[Effects of thymectomy on the natural bactericidal power of thymectomized mice].", "content": "T and B-dependent systems are correlated between themselves and with the macrophage system in eliciting the immune humoral response. Not all immunogens require T-B interactions to elicit the antibody response: consequently, the problem of the limits of T-dependence, with regard to different immunogen stimulations, remains open. The comparative study of the serum antibody response in mice, thymectomized at birth and in the normal ones, inferred from the values of bactericidal activity (b.a.), detected versus E. coli, S. typhi and S. albus strains did point out evident variation. Thymectomy has impaired b.a. against E. coli; it seems to have no consequence on b.a. against S. typhi; is not possible to the results of our investigation, it seems that the response to the immunogens, responsible for the so-called natural antibodies does require T-B cooperation only for some bacterial species and not for others. A higher bactericidal capacity of normal serum with regard to Gram positive as compared with Gram negative bacteria, is confirmed.", "contents": "[Effects of thymectomy on the natural bactericidal power of thymectomized mice]. T and B-dependent systems are correlated between themselves and with the macrophage system in eliciting the immune humoral response. Not all immunogens require T-B interactions to elicit the antibody response: consequently, the problem of the limits of T-dependence, with regard to different immunogen stimulations, remains open. The comparative study of the serum antibody response in mice, thymectomized at birth and in the normal ones, inferred from the values of bactericidal activity (b.a.), detected versus E. coli, S. typhi and S. albus strains did point out evident variation. Thymectomy has impaired b.a. against E. coli; it seems to have no consequence on b.a. against S. typhi; is not possible to the results of our investigation, it seems that the response to the immunogens, responsible for the so-called natural antibodies does require T-B cooperation only for some bacterial species and not for others. A higher bactericidal capacity of normal serum with regard to Gram positive as compared with Gram negative bacteria, is confirmed.", "PMID": 1106729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1423", "title": "The interaction of tubocurarine and suxamethonium at different stages of recovery from tubocurarine-induced neuromuscular blockade in anaesthetized man.", "content": "The interaction of tubocurarine and suxamethonium in man was studied by the use of tetanic and single twitch contractions of the adductor pollicis muscles. Suxamethonium 0.2 mg/kg was administered at the times when the recovery of the tetanic contraction from neuromuscular blockade produced by tubocurarine 0.2 mg/kg had reached 20% and 50% of the control. At the 20% recovery point, suxamethonium improved both the tetanic and single twitch contractions; at the 50% recovery point, the single twitch response was markedly enhanced but the tetanic contraction was depressed. The findings suggest that the interaction of tubocurarine and suxamethonium is both antagonistic and synergistic. The tetanic contraction is more sensitive to the synergistic action compared with the single twitch contraction. When the interaction of these two agents is being evaluated it is important to consider the doses of the agents, the stage of curarization where the interaction took place and the method of assessing the neuromuscular blockade.", "contents": "The interaction of tubocurarine and suxamethonium at different stages of recovery from tubocurarine-induced neuromuscular blockade in anaesthetized man. The interaction of tubocurarine and suxamethonium in man was studied by the use of tetanic and single twitch contractions of the adductor pollicis muscles. Suxamethonium 0.2 mg/kg was administered at the times when the recovery of the tetanic contraction from neuromuscular blockade produced by tubocurarine 0.2 mg/kg had reached 20% and 50% of the control. At the 20% recovery point, suxamethonium improved both the tetanic and single twitch contractions; at the 50% recovery point, the single twitch response was markedly enhanced but the tetanic contraction was depressed. The findings suggest that the interaction of tubocurarine and suxamethonium is both antagonistic and synergistic. The tetanic contraction is more sensitive to the synergistic action compared with the single twitch contraction. When the interaction of these two agents is being evaluated it is important to consider the doses of the agents, the stage of curarization where the interaction took place and the method of assessing the neuromuscular blockade.", "PMID": 1106737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1424", "title": "Inhibition of suxamethonium relaxation by tubocurarine and gallamine pretreatment during induction of anaesthesia in man.", "content": "The effect of tubocurarine and gallamine pretreatments on suxamethonium relaxation was measured in 81 patients. The blocking effect of a constant infusion of suxamethonium (0.58 mg/sec) on the recorded thumb adduction in response to supramaximal ulnar nerve stimulation was reproducible in 18 control subjects: infusion time for 50% block was 37.7 (+/- SEM 1.02) sec. Tubocurarine 3 mg and 6 mg increased the infusion time required to produce 50% block by 33.4 and 54.8% respectively. Gallamine had a similar effect. Clinical conditions for endotracheal intubation were evaluated on a blind basis. Both drugs produced impairment of clinical conditions for intubation after suxamethonium 60 mg infusion. However, when pretreatment by tubocurarine 3 mg was followed by suxamethonium infusion at 1 mg/sec the time course of neuromuscular blockade was identical to that of the controls. There were no fasciculations with this dosage and conditions for endotracheal intubation were excellent.", "contents": "Inhibition of suxamethonium relaxation by tubocurarine and gallamine pretreatment during induction of anaesthesia in man. The effect of tubocurarine and gallamine pretreatments on suxamethonium relaxation was measured in 81 patients. The blocking effect of a constant infusion of suxamethonium (0.58 mg/sec) on the recorded thumb adduction in response to supramaximal ulnar nerve stimulation was reproducible in 18 control subjects: infusion time for 50% block was 37.7 (+/- SEM 1.02) sec. Tubocurarine 3 mg and 6 mg increased the infusion time required to produce 50% block by 33.4 and 54.8% respectively. Gallamine had a similar effect. Clinical conditions for endotracheal intubation were evaluated on a blind basis. Both drugs produced impairment of clinical conditions for intubation after suxamethonium 60 mg infusion. However, when pretreatment by tubocurarine 3 mg was followed by suxamethonium infusion at 1 mg/sec the time course of neuromuscular blockade was identical to that of the controls. There were no fasciculations with this dosage and conditions for endotracheal intubation were excellent.", "PMID": 1106738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1425", "title": "Evaluation of etidocaine in extradural block.", "content": "Etidocaine has been evaluated in extradural block with regard to its absorption, toxicity and clinical effectiveness, which have been compared with those of bupivacaine. Etidocaine is associated with lower plasma concentrations than bupivacaine and its absorption is decreased by the addition of adrenaline 1:200,000 to a greater extent than is the case with bupivacaine. Etidocaine causes motor paralysis more frequently than does bupivacaine, especially if adrenaline is added. The duration of action of the two drugs is similar when comparing etidocaine 1% and bupivacaine 0.5%. Bupivacaine 0.75%, however, acts for a significantly longer time than etidocaine 1%. The drug is a useful addition to the range of local anaesthetics, especially with regard to the degree of motor blockade it can achieve during surgical procedures.", "contents": "Evaluation of etidocaine in extradural block. Etidocaine has been evaluated in extradural block with regard to its absorption, toxicity and clinical effectiveness, which have been compared with those of bupivacaine. Etidocaine is associated with lower plasma concentrations than bupivacaine and its absorption is decreased by the addition of adrenaline 1:200,000 to a greater extent than is the case with bupivacaine. Etidocaine causes motor paralysis more frequently than does bupivacaine, especially if adrenaline is added. The duration of action of the two drugs is similar when comparing etidocaine 1% and bupivacaine 0.5%. Bupivacaine 0.75%, however, acts for a significantly longer time than etidocaine 1%. The drug is a useful addition to the range of local anaesthetics, especially with regard to the degree of motor blockade it can achieve during surgical procedures.", "PMID": 1106739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1426", "title": "The skeletal muscle response to edrophonium during neuromuscular blockade by tubocurarine in anaesthetized man.", "content": "Tetanic contractions of the adductor pollicis muscle in man were evaluated continuously after the administration of tubocurarine 0.2 mg/kg and during reversal by edrophonium 0.1 mg/kg. Single twitch contractions of the adductor pollicis were measured simultaneously. The response of tetanic and single twitch contractions during the reversal of tubocurarine blockade by edrophonium were compared. With the tetanic contractions edrophonium, given at recovery up to 20% of the control value, increased the peak tetanic height and restored fully sustained tetanic contractions. This reversal, however, lasted only 3-4 min. The initial peak force of the tetanus settled at a slightly greater level than the value before the administration of edrophonium. The single twitch, however, was reversed and this reversal was well maintained and showed no decline. The results indicate that tetanic and single twitch contractions of the adductor pollicis muscle in man probably represent different aspects of the responses of the neuromuscular junction to edrophonium. The recording of the single twitch alone during the reversal of neuromuscular blockade by edrophonium could lead to a false conclusion about the recovery of transmission.", "contents": "The skeletal muscle response to edrophonium during neuromuscular blockade by tubocurarine in anaesthetized man. Tetanic contractions of the adductor pollicis muscle in man were evaluated continuously after the administration of tubocurarine 0.2 mg/kg and during reversal by edrophonium 0.1 mg/kg. Single twitch contractions of the adductor pollicis were measured simultaneously. The response of tetanic and single twitch contractions during the reversal of tubocurarine blockade by edrophonium were compared. With the tetanic contractions edrophonium, given at recovery up to 20% of the control value, increased the peak tetanic height and restored fully sustained tetanic contractions. This reversal, however, lasted only 3-4 min. The initial peak force of the tetanus settled at a slightly greater level than the value before the administration of edrophonium. The single twitch, however, was reversed and this reversal was well maintained and showed no decline. The results indicate that tetanic and single twitch contractions of the adductor pollicis muscle in man probably represent different aspects of the responses of the neuromuscular junction to edrophonium. The recording of the single twitch alone during the reversal of neuromuscular blockade by edrophonium could lead to a false conclusion about the recovery of transmission.", "PMID": 1106740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1427", "title": "Bronchial hyperreactivity.", "content": "Bronchial hyperreactivity is characterized by increased responsiveness of bronchial smooth muscle to non-specific constrictor stimuli. Tests used in assessing airway calibre are influenced by a number of factors and should be regarded as providing a qualitative rather than quantitative index of reactivity. One important determinant of bronchial reactivity is the resting state of the airways. An increase in resting bronchomotor tone either by the direct action of spasmogens or by the autonomic nervous system may potentiate a subsequent constrictor stimulus. Bronchial challenge may help in the diagnosis of asthma in patients with normal lung function at the time of testing.", "contents": "Bronchial hyperreactivity. Bronchial hyperreactivity is characterized by increased responsiveness of bronchial smooth muscle to non-specific constrictor stimuli. Tests used in assessing airway calibre are influenced by a number of factors and should be regarded as providing a qualitative rather than quantitative index of reactivity. One important determinant of bronchial reactivity is the resting state of the airways. An increase in resting bronchomotor tone either by the direct action of spasmogens or by the autonomic nervous system may potentiate a subsequent constrictor stimulus. Bronchial challenge may help in the diagnosis of asthma in patients with normal lung function at the time of testing.", "PMID": 1106744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1428", "title": "Betamethasone valerate in corticosteroid-dependent asthmatics. The integrity of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis.", "content": "In a single-blind trial 29 patients with corticosteroid-dependent asthma reduced their daily dose of oral prednisolone by 1 mg/week while using a placebo inhaler until an unacceptable degree of asthma occurred. Betamethasone-17-vlaerate in a dose of 800 mug/day and if necessary 1600 mug/day was then substituted for the placebo inhaler and the reduction of oral prednisolone continued until the prednisolone was withdrawn completely or an unacceptable degree of asthma recurred. In 22 patients (76%) prednisolone was withdrawn completely, 11 on 800 mug and 11 on 1600 mug betamethasone-17-valerate. The mean reduction of prednisolone was 3-8 mg on placebo, 5-4 mg on 800 mug and a further 1-8 mg in patients requiring 1600 mug of betamethasone-17-valerate. The hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis was assessed by tetracosactrin and insulin stress tests at the start of the study and after withdrawal of oral prednisolone. The results indicate that an HPA axis which is completely suppressed by systemic corticosteroids can regain normal integrity when the systemic steroid is replaced by betamethasone-17-valerate in a dose of either 800 mug/day or 1600 mug/day. Candidiasis was observed, but will be reported later.", "contents": "Betamethasone valerate in corticosteroid-dependent asthmatics. The integrity of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis. In a single-blind trial 29 patients with corticosteroid-dependent asthma reduced their daily dose of oral prednisolone by 1 mg/week while using a placebo inhaler until an unacceptable degree of asthma occurred. Betamethasone-17-vlaerate in a dose of 800 mug/day and if necessary 1600 mug/day was then substituted for the placebo inhaler and the reduction of oral prednisolone continued until the prednisolone was withdrawn completely or an unacceptable degree of asthma recurred. In 22 patients (76%) prednisolone was withdrawn completely, 11 on 800 mug and 11 on 1600 mug betamethasone-17-valerate. The mean reduction of prednisolone was 3-8 mg on placebo, 5-4 mg on 800 mug and a further 1-8 mg in patients requiring 1600 mug of betamethasone-17-valerate. The hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis was assessed by tetracosactrin and insulin stress tests at the start of the study and after withdrawal of oral prednisolone. The results indicate that an HPA axis which is completely suppressed by systemic corticosteroids can regain normal integrity when the systemic steroid is replaced by betamethasone-17-valerate in a dose of either 800 mug/day or 1600 mug/day. Candidiasis was observed, but will be reported later.", "PMID": 1106745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1429", "title": "Objective and subjective comparisons of terbutaline and rimiterol bronchodilator aerosols.", "content": "Double-blind studies of the bronchodilator effects of rimiterol, terbutaline and a combination of rimiterol and terbutaline were performed in patients with chronic asthma. An objective assessment in 21 patients showed no significant differences between the mean improvements in FEV1 during the first 30 minutes after drug administration. At 45 minutes and thereafter terbutaline produced a significantly greater degree of bronchodilatation than rimiterol or the combination of rimiterol and terbutaline. In a subjective study of 27 patients it was found that they were able to detect the more prolonged duration of bronchodilator activity of terbutaline but not the more rapid speed of onset of action of rimiterol.", "contents": "Objective and subjective comparisons of terbutaline and rimiterol bronchodilator aerosols. Double-blind studies of the bronchodilator effects of rimiterol, terbutaline and a combination of rimiterol and terbutaline were performed in patients with chronic asthma. An objective assessment in 21 patients showed no significant differences between the mean improvements in FEV1 during the first 30 minutes after drug administration. At 45 minutes and thereafter terbutaline produced a significantly greater degree of bronchodilatation than rimiterol or the combination of rimiterol and terbutaline. In a subjective study of 27 patients it was found that they were able to detect the more prolonged duration of bronchodilator activity of terbutaline but not the more rapid speed of onset of action of rimiterol.", "PMID": 1106746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1430", "title": "Pathological aspects of immunization of mice against influenza virus infection.", "content": "Groups of mice were immunized against influenza Ao/NWS virus by a single intranasal administration of inactivated homologous virus, by 2 intranasal doses of vaccine separated by an interval of 2 weeks, or by 2 intraperitoneal doses of the same vaccine. When subjected 2 weeks later to a standard challenge of 6 x 10(5) egg infecting units Ao/NWS virus instilled intranasally, mortality fell significantly from 64% in unimmunized mice to 39% in mice given a single intranasal dose of vaccine and to 29% in animals which received double intranasal vaccine. The best protection was conferred by double intraperitoneal immunization, after which mortality was 10%. Immunity waned with time, since the mortality of mice doubly immunized by the respiratory route and challenged 30 weeks later was 49%. Intrapulmonary lymphoid tissue developed in large amounts in a proportion of mice immunized by all methods and challenged after an interval of 2 weeks. Attention is drawn to this reaction as a possible unfavourable consequence of vaccination. There were no lesions in the lungs or central nervous system after immunization without subsequent challenge. The importance of histopathology in vaccine trials in experimental animals is emphasized by the consistently higher detection rate of lesions in lungs by histological examination than by visual inspection alone.", "contents": "Pathological aspects of immunization of mice against influenza virus infection. Groups of mice were immunized against influenza Ao/NWS virus by a single intranasal administration of inactivated homologous virus, by 2 intranasal doses of vaccine separated by an interval of 2 weeks, or by 2 intraperitoneal doses of the same vaccine. When subjected 2 weeks later to a standard challenge of 6 x 10(5) egg infecting units Ao/NWS virus instilled intranasally, mortality fell significantly from 64% in unimmunized mice to 39% in mice given a single intranasal dose of vaccine and to 29% in animals which received double intranasal vaccine. The best protection was conferred by double intraperitoneal immunization, after which mortality was 10%. Immunity waned with time, since the mortality of mice doubly immunized by the respiratory route and challenged 30 weeks later was 49%. Intrapulmonary lymphoid tissue developed in large amounts in a proportion of mice immunized by all methods and challenged after an interval of 2 weeks. Attention is drawn to this reaction as a possible unfavourable consequence of vaccination. There were no lesions in the lungs or central nervous system after immunization without subsequent challenge. The importance of histopathology in vaccine trials in experimental animals is emphasized by the consistently higher detection rate of lesions in lungs by histological examination than by visual inspection alone.", "PMID": 1106747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1431", "title": "Demonstration of immunoglobulin containing deposits in glomerular basement membrane in experimental chronic serum sickness using horseradish peroxidase labelled antiserum.", "content": "Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) labelled antibodies were used in rabbit glomerulonephritis to obtain localization of immunoglobulins in the glomerulus at a light and electron microscope level. Better localization of deposits was obtained with peroxidase labelled antiserum than with immunofluorescence at the light microscope level. Ultrastructurally, immunoglobulin localization was seen to correspond to the electron dense deposits demonstrated in and on the glomerular basement membrane by conventional microscopy.", "contents": "Demonstration of immunoglobulin containing deposits in glomerular basement membrane in experimental chronic serum sickness using horseradish peroxidase labelled antiserum. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) labelled antibodies were used in rabbit glomerulonephritis to obtain localization of immunoglobulins in the glomerulus at a light and electron microscope level. Better localization of deposits was obtained with peroxidase labelled antiserum than with immunofluorescence at the light microscope level. Ultrastructurally, immunoglobulin localization was seen to correspond to the electron dense deposits demonstrated in and on the glomerular basement membrane by conventional microscopy.", "PMID": 1106748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1432", "title": "Action of histamine on endothelial cells of guinea-pig isolated hepatic portal vein and its modification by indomethacin or removal of calcium.", "content": "Methods are described for preparing guinea-pig hepatic portal vein endothelium for light microscopy and electron microscopy. Histamine (100 mug/ml) caused damage to the endothelium which was visible with both the light and electron microscopes. The damage was reduced in the absence of calcium. The reduction was more apparent with the electron microscope than with the light microscope. Indomethacin (100 mug/ml) protected the endothelial cells against the damaging effects of histamine. Possible modes of action of histamine and indomethacin are discussed.", "contents": "Action of histamine on endothelial cells of guinea-pig isolated hepatic portal vein and its modification by indomethacin or removal of calcium. Methods are described for preparing guinea-pig hepatic portal vein endothelium for light microscopy and electron microscopy. Histamine (100 mug/ml) caused damage to the endothelium which was visible with both the light and electron microscopes. The damage was reduced in the absence of calcium. The reduction was more apparent with the electron microscope than with the light microscope. Indomethacin (100 mug/ml) protected the endothelial cells against the damaging effects of histamine. Possible modes of action of histamine and indomethacin are discussed.", "PMID": 1106749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1433", "title": "Influence of time of infection during pregnancy with coxsackievirus B3 on maternal pathology and foetal growth in mice.", "content": "Coxsackievirus B3 causes foetal wastage and growth retardation in mice which may be attributed to the action of the virus in destroying the maternal exocrine pancreas. Injection of virus on Day 4 or 8 of gestation caused greater foetal wastage than injection at 12 days. Foetal and placental weights in infected animals were less than in the controls but did not vary according to the time of infection. Little support is offered for the view that the mouse foetus differs in its susceptibility to Coxsackievirus B3 according to the stage in gestation of infection.", "contents": "Influence of time of infection during pregnancy with coxsackievirus B3 on maternal pathology and foetal growth in mice. Coxsackievirus B3 causes foetal wastage and growth retardation in mice which may be attributed to the action of the virus in destroying the maternal exocrine pancreas. Injection of virus on Day 4 or 8 of gestation caused greater foetal wastage than injection at 12 days. Foetal and placental weights in infected animals were less than in the controls but did not vary according to the time of infection. Little support is offered for the view that the mouse foetus differs in its susceptibility to Coxsackievirus B3 according to the stage in gestation of infection.", "PMID": 1106750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1434", "title": "Response of ampicillin resistant Escherichia coli to cephalosporins in an in vitro model simulating conditions of bacterial growth in the urinary bladder.", "content": "Five ampicillin resistant strains of Escherichia coli were exposed to cephalosporins in an in vitro model which simulates the hydrokinetic features of the urinary bladder. Although the strains showed substantial zones of inhibition when tested against cephalosporins by the disc diffusion method, the results in the bladder model suggest that, in conditions where the antibiotic concentration is being reduced by dilution and micturition as well as enzymic hydrolysis by the organism, activity of this group of agents may be insufficient to eradicate infection. It is suggested that the results warrant a closer investigation into the efficacy of cephalosporins against ampicillin resistant Gram negative bacilli in vivo.", "contents": "Response of ampicillin resistant Escherichia coli to cephalosporins in an in vitro model simulating conditions of bacterial growth in the urinary bladder. Five ampicillin resistant strains of Escherichia coli were exposed to cephalosporins in an in vitro model which simulates the hydrokinetic features of the urinary bladder. Although the strains showed substantial zones of inhibition when tested against cephalosporins by the disc diffusion method, the results in the bladder model suggest that, in conditions where the antibiotic concentration is being reduced by dilution and micturition as well as enzymic hydrolysis by the organism, activity of this group of agents may be insufficient to eradicate infection. It is suggested that the results warrant a closer investigation into the efficacy of cephalosporins against ampicillin resistant Gram negative bacilli in vivo.", "PMID": 1106751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1435", "title": "Failure of \"thymus factor\" to restore transplantation immunity in athymic mice.", "content": "Implantation of cell impermeable Millipore chambers containing thymuses from normal newborn donors into athymic mice does not confer on them the capability to reject allogeneic skin grafts. The same deficiency is manifested when skin grafted female nude mice are pregnant of foetuses with normal thymuses. These data are thus in sharp contrast to those previously reported for thymic factors reconstituting neonatally thymectomized mice.", "contents": "Failure of \"thymus factor\" to restore transplantation immunity in athymic mice. Implantation of cell impermeable Millipore chambers containing thymuses from normal newborn donors into athymic mice does not confer on them the capability to reject allogeneic skin grafts. The same deficiency is manifested when skin grafted female nude mice are pregnant of foetuses with normal thymuses. These data are thus in sharp contrast to those previously reported for thymic factors reconstituting neonatally thymectomized mice.", "PMID": 1106752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1436", "title": "Livedo reticularis. Signs in the skin of disturbance of blood viscosity and of blood flow.", "content": "The clinical sign of livedo reticularis derives from stasis of blood in the superficial venous drainage systems of the skin. Many factors can delay the flow of de-oxygenated blood away from the skin, notably hyperviscosity of the blood itself and obstruction due to disease affecting dermal arteries, capillaries, or venules.", "contents": "Livedo reticularis. Signs in the skin of disturbance of blood viscosity and of blood flow. The clinical sign of livedo reticularis derives from stasis of blood in the superficial venous drainage systems of the skin. Many factors can delay the flow of de-oxygenated blood away from the skin, notably hyperviscosity of the blood itself and obstruction due to disease affecting dermal arteries, capillaries, or venules.", "PMID": 1106753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1437", "title": "Treatment of pemphigus with cyclophosphamide.", "content": "Cyclophosphamide was ineffective in controlling acute disease activity in nine of eleven pemphigus patients, but when given during the remission phase even 50 mg cyclophosphamide per day was sufficient to prevent subsequent relapses in all the patients for quite long periods of follow-up. This small dose of cyclophosphamide could be given to outpatients and there were no side effects.", "contents": "Treatment of pemphigus with cyclophosphamide. Cyclophosphamide was ineffective in controlling acute disease activity in nine of eleven pemphigus patients, but when given during the remission phase even 50 mg cyclophosphamide per day was sufficient to prevent subsequent relapses in all the patients for quite long periods of follow-up. This small dose of cyclophosphamide could be given to outpatients and there were no side effects.", "PMID": 1106754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1438", "title": "Hypothalmic-pituitary relationships in the polycystic ovary syndrome serum gonadotrophin levels following injection of oestradiol benzoate.", "content": "Injection of oestradiol benzoate was found to elicit a surge of luteinizing hormone (LH) in 15 of 19 patients with polycystic ovary (PCO) syndrome; follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) was also released, in conjunction with the LH surge, in eight patients. It is concluded that the oestrogen feedback mechanisms controlling mid-cycle gonadotrophin release are functioning normally in the majority of patients with PCO syndrome. Ovulation was subsequently induced by clomiphene alone in those patients who had an LH surge, and by a combination of clomiphene and human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) in those who had not shown any LH release.", "contents": "Hypothalmic-pituitary relationships in the polycystic ovary syndrome serum gonadotrophin levels following injection of oestradiol benzoate. Injection of oestradiol benzoate was found to elicit a surge of luteinizing hormone (LH) in 15 of 19 patients with polycystic ovary (PCO) syndrome; follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) was also released, in conjunction with the LH surge, in eight patients. It is concluded that the oestrogen feedback mechanisms controlling mid-cycle gonadotrophin release are functioning normally in the majority of patients with PCO syndrome. Ovulation was subsequently induced by clomiphene alone in those patients who had an LH surge, and by a combination of clomiphene and human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) in those who had not shown any LH release.", "PMID": 1106757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1439", "title": "Endometrial washings histological and cytological assessment of material obtained with an intrauterine jet washing device.", "content": "The histological and cytological assessment of material obtained with an intrauterine jet washing device from 138 patients with postmenopausal bleeding, abnormal premenopausal bleeding or infertility is presented. In the first part of the study 55 washings were examined by histological techniques and the findings compared with those in material subsequently obtained by curettage or endometrial biopsy. Only 32 (58 per cent) of the washings were satisfactory for evaluation of the endometrium compared with 46 (84 per cent) of the curettings. When, in the second part of the study the washings in 83 cases were examined by both histological and cytological methods, 76 (92 per cent) were satisfactory compared with 59 (71 per cent) of the curettings. Cytological examination of the washings in the postmenopausal women provided a significantly higher proportion of satisfactory specimens than histological examination alone or evaluation of the curettings. In the whole study, three cases of endometrial carcinoma were diagnosed by endometrial washings and by curettage, while in six cases of endometrial hyperplasia one false negative was obtained by histological examination of the washings and one by examination of the curettings. This study shows that endometrial samples obtained with the intrauterine jet washer provide information about the endometrium which is comparable with that obtained by conventional curettage, and also that in postmenopausal women endometrial lavage may be more reliable than curettage.", "contents": "Endometrial washings histological and cytological assessment of material obtained with an intrauterine jet washing device. The histological and cytological assessment of material obtained with an intrauterine jet washing device from 138 patients with postmenopausal bleeding, abnormal premenopausal bleeding or infertility is presented. In the first part of the study 55 washings were examined by histological techniques and the findings compared with those in material subsequently obtained by curettage or endometrial biopsy. Only 32 (58 per cent) of the washings were satisfactory for evaluation of the endometrium compared with 46 (84 per cent) of the curettings. When, in the second part of the study the washings in 83 cases were examined by both histological and cytological methods, 76 (92 per cent) were satisfactory compared with 59 (71 per cent) of the curettings. Cytological examination of the washings in the postmenopausal women provided a significantly higher proportion of satisfactory specimens than histological examination alone or evaluation of the curettings. In the whole study, three cases of endometrial carcinoma were diagnosed by endometrial washings and by curettage, while in six cases of endometrial hyperplasia one false negative was obtained by histological examination of the washings and one by examination of the curettings. This study shows that endometrial samples obtained with the intrauterine jet washer provide information about the endometrium which is comparable with that obtained by conventional curettage, and also that in postmenopausal women endometrial lavage may be more reliable than curettage.", "PMID": 1106758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1440", "title": "Mooren's ulcer. Treatment by conjunctival excision.", "content": "Ten eyes with progressing Mooren's or similar ulcers were treated by excising a 3 to 4 mm ring of limbal conjunctiva adjacent to the ulcer. Eight eyes healed within 3 weeks. Seven of these eyes have remained healed, while one eye has had repeated ulcers which healed when re-treated with conjunctival exicision.", "contents": "Mooren's ulcer. Treatment by conjunctival excision. Ten eyes with progressing Mooren's or similar ulcers were treated by excising a 3 to 4 mm ring of limbal conjunctiva adjacent to the ulcer. Eight eyes healed within 3 weeks. Seven of these eyes have remained healed, while one eye has had repeated ulcers which healed when re-treated with conjunctival exicision.", "PMID": 1106759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1441", "title": "Cavernous haemangioma of the retina and optic disc. A report of three cases and a review of the literature.", "content": "We report characteristics of three cases of cavernous haemangioma of the retina, bringing to 37 the number now reported in the available literature. This rare, benign, congenital malformation is non-progressive, usually unilateral, somewhat more frequent in women, and rarely a source of intraocular haemorrhage. The fluorescein angiographic features include a normal arterial and venous supply, extraordinarily slowed venous drainage, no arterio-venous shunting, no disturbances of vascular permeability, and no secondary retinal exudation. Almost always, isolated clusters of vascular globules with plasma/erythrocyte sedimentation surround the main body of the malformation. These findings differentiate the anomaly from other retinal vascular diseases. Therapeutic intervention is seldom necessary.", "contents": "Cavernous haemangioma of the retina and optic disc. A report of three cases and a review of the literature. We report characteristics of three cases of cavernous haemangioma of the retina, bringing to 37 the number now reported in the available literature. This rare, benign, congenital malformation is non-progressive, usually unilateral, somewhat more frequent in women, and rarely a source of intraocular haemorrhage. The fluorescein angiographic features include a normal arterial and venous supply, extraordinarily slowed venous drainage, no arterio-venous shunting, no disturbances of vascular permeability, and no secondary retinal exudation. Almost always, isolated clusters of vascular globules with plasma/erythrocyte sedimentation surround the main body of the malformation. These findings differentiate the anomaly from other retinal vascular diseases. Therapeutic intervention is seldom necessary.", "PMID": 1106760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1442", "title": "Lenticonus in spina bifida. A case report.", "content": "A previously unreported association between spina bifida and anterior lenticonus is noted. The significance of this finding to the aetiology of some cases of spina bifida is discussed.", "contents": "Lenticonus in spina bifida. A case report. A previously unreported association between spina bifida and anterior lenticonus is noted. The significance of this finding to the aetiology of some cases of spina bifida is discussed.", "PMID": 1106761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1443", "title": "Utilization of 14C-labelled Escherichia coli by rats.", "content": "1. Escherichia coli was grown on 14C-labelled glucose and fractions representing \"whole cells\", \"cell contents\" and \"cell walls\" were administered orally to rats. 2. 14C appearing as 14CO2 in the expired air and as unidentified radioactive products in urine and faeces was measured until the cumulative recovery showed little change with time. 3. All fractions were digested. The digestibility of cell walls was less than that of the other fractions. 4. There was considerable variation among individual rats.", "contents": "Utilization of 14C-labelled Escherichia coli by rats. 1. Escherichia coli was grown on 14C-labelled glucose and fractions representing \"whole cells\", \"cell contents\" and \"cell walls\" were administered orally to rats. 2. 14C appearing as 14CO2 in the expired air and as unidentified radioactive products in urine and faeces was measured until the cumulative recovery showed little change with time. 3. All fractions were digested. The digestibility of cell walls was less than that of the other fractions. 4. There was considerable variation among individual rats.", "PMID": 1106763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1444", "title": "The induction of obesity in rodents by means of monosodium glutamate.", "content": "1. Monosodium glutamate (MSG) was administered by various methods to mice and rats of various ages and the incidence of obesity was later measured. 2. Newborn mice were injected subcutaneously with 3 mg MSG/g body-weight at 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, and 8 d of age; 16% died before weaning. Of the survivors, 90% or more became markedly obese. Mean carcass lipid content was increased by about 120% in both sexes at 20-30 weeks old. In male mice, MSG treatment increased body-weight and epididymal fat pad weight, and greatly decreased adrenaline-stimulated lipolysis in isolated fat cells. Body-eright of females was not increased significantly. Food intake was not increased in either sex from weeks 13 to 15. Blood glucose level was not generally increased by MSG but some of the male mice had abnormally high values. 3. Obesity was not detected in the offspring of female mice that had received 100 g MSG/kg diet, either from 3 weeks before mating until weaning, or from the 14th day of pregnancy until weaning. 4. Intraperitoneal injection of 10 mg MSG/g body-weight (in two doses) at weaning increased carcass lipid content in female mice by 34% by 23 weeks of age, but female rats were not affected. 5. The addition of 20 g MSG/l to the drinking-water from weaning onwards did not increase carcass lipid content in female rats or mice. 6. The addition of 20 g MSG/kg diet from weaning onwards did not alter body-weight or carcass lipid content in male and female rats by 14 weeks of age. 7. The obesity induced in mice by MSG was not associated with hyperphagia, unlike genetic obesity and obesity induced by gold thioglucose (GTG). 8. All types of mouse studied, obese and lean, had essentially the same linear relationship between carcass water content and carcass lipid content. 9. Although MSG-obese mice could not readily be differentiated from normal mice by the increase in body-weight, which was only about 10% compared to 50-120% for genetic and GTG-induced obesity, the proposed schedule of injections in the newborn was almost 100% reliable in inducing a high extent of adiposity.", "contents": "The induction of obesity in rodents by means of monosodium glutamate. 1. Monosodium glutamate (MSG) was administered by various methods to mice and rats of various ages and the incidence of obesity was later measured. 2. Newborn mice were injected subcutaneously with 3 mg MSG/g body-weight at 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, and 8 d of age; 16% died before weaning. Of the survivors, 90% or more became markedly obese. Mean carcass lipid content was increased by about 120% in both sexes at 20-30 weeks old. In male mice, MSG treatment increased body-weight and epididymal fat pad weight, and greatly decreased adrenaline-stimulated lipolysis in isolated fat cells. Body-eright of females was not increased significantly. Food intake was not increased in either sex from weeks 13 to 15. Blood glucose level was not generally increased by MSG but some of the male mice had abnormally high values. 3. Obesity was not detected in the offspring of female mice that had received 100 g MSG/kg diet, either from 3 weeks before mating until weaning, or from the 14th day of pregnancy until weaning. 4. Intraperitoneal injection of 10 mg MSG/g body-weight (in two doses) at weaning increased carcass lipid content in female mice by 34% by 23 weeks of age, but female rats were not affected. 5. The addition of 20 g MSG/l to the drinking-water from weaning onwards did not increase carcass lipid content in female rats or mice. 6. The addition of 20 g MSG/kg diet from weaning onwards did not alter body-weight or carcass lipid content in male and female rats by 14 weeks of age. 7. The obesity induced in mice by MSG was not associated with hyperphagia, unlike genetic obesity and obesity induced by gold thioglucose (GTG). 8. All types of mouse studied, obese and lean, had essentially the same linear relationship between carcass water content and carcass lipid content. 9. Although MSG-obese mice could not readily be differentiated from normal mice by the increase in body-weight, which was only about 10% compared to 50-120% for genetic and GTG-induced obesity, the proposed schedule of injections in the newborn was almost 100% reliable in inducing a high extent of adiposity.", "PMID": 1106764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1445", "title": "Substitution of cellular fatty acids in yeast cells by the antibiotic cerulenin and exogenous fatty acids.", "content": "Cell growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC 12341 inhibited by the antibiotic cerulenin, a specific inhibitor of fatty acid and sterol syntheses, was reversed by various exogenous fatty acids. Myristic acid (14 : 0), pentadecanoic acid (15 : 0), palmitic acid (16 : 0), and oleic acid (18 : 1) reversed effectively the growth inhibition by cerulenin. When these cells were reversed by adding pentadecanoic acid, over 90% of native even-numbered fatty acids was substituted by odd-numbered fatty acids. Those in the cells reversed by adding oleic acid were almost all unsaturated fatty acids. Cerulenin did not inhibit either elongation or desaturation systems in S. cerevisiae.", "contents": "Substitution of cellular fatty acids in yeast cells by the antibiotic cerulenin and exogenous fatty acids. Cell growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC 12341 inhibited by the antibiotic cerulenin, a specific inhibitor of fatty acid and sterol syntheses, was reversed by various exogenous fatty acids. Myristic acid (14 : 0), pentadecanoic acid (15 : 0), palmitic acid (16 : 0), and oleic acid (18 : 1) reversed effectively the growth inhibition by cerulenin. When these cells were reversed by adding pentadecanoic acid, over 90% of native even-numbered fatty acids was substituted by odd-numbered fatty acids. Those in the cells reversed by adding oleic acid were almost all unsaturated fatty acids. Cerulenin did not inhibit either elongation or desaturation systems in S. cerevisiae.", "PMID": 1106765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1446", "title": "Abundant species of poly(A)-containing RNA from Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Hybridization experiments using uniformly labeled poly(A) RNA derived from Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains carrying the \"killer character\" showed that (1) these molecules appear to be transcribed from repetitive DNA sequences. (2) there are approximately 35 DNA template sequences that are transcribed into poly(A) RNA. It is concluded that under the RNA extraction procedure used, most of the poly (A) RNA represents killer-RNA as judged by the dependence of the kinetic complexity of poly(A) RNA on the genomic complexity of killer-RNA.", "contents": "Abundant species of poly(A)-containing RNA from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Hybridization experiments using uniformly labeled poly(A) RNA derived from Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains carrying the \"killer character\" showed that (1) these molecules appear to be transcribed from repetitive DNA sequences. (2) there are approximately 35 DNA template sequences that are transcribed into poly(A) RNA. It is concluded that under the RNA extraction procedure used, most of the poly (A) RNA represents killer-RNA as judged by the dependence of the kinetic complexity of poly(A) RNA on the genomic complexity of killer-RNA.", "PMID": 1106766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1447", "title": "Activities of guanosine triphosphate analogues in reactions catalyzed by elongation factor Tu and initiation factor 2 of Escherichia coli.", "content": "In earlier studies two natural analogues of GTP, guanosine 3'-diphosphate 5'-triphosphate (pppGpp) and dGTP, were found to substitute for GTP in reactions catalyzed by initiation factor 2 (IF-2) and elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu), while only dGTP could replace GTP with elongation factor G. These observations with IF-2 and EF-Tu have been extended to two analogues of GTP modified at the 3' ribose hydroxyl position, 3'-deoxyguanosine 5'-triphosphate (3'dGTP) and 3'-deoxy-3'-aminoguanosine 5'-triphosphate (3'dNH2GTP). These compounds were found to be similar to GTP, dGTP, and pppGpp in IF-2-dependent formation of N-formylmethionyl-puromycin and EF-Tu-dependent formation of N-acetyl-Phe-Phe-tRNA. The apparent Km values for the five guanosine nucleotides were 2 - 10(-6)-4 - 10(-6)M in the former reaction and 2-10(-7)--6-10(-7) M in the latter. These reactions did not have an absolute requirement for either an intact pentose ring or for the guanine base in the nucleotide. Although substantially less active than the guanine nucleotides, ITP and the dialcohol derived from GTP by periodate oxidation and borohydride reduction (ox-redGTP) were partially active in both the IF-2 and EF-Tu-dependent reactions, with apparent Km values about 40-100 times those of GTP.", "contents": "Activities of guanosine triphosphate analogues in reactions catalyzed by elongation factor Tu and initiation factor 2 of Escherichia coli. In earlier studies two natural analogues of GTP, guanosine 3'-diphosphate 5'-triphosphate (pppGpp) and dGTP, were found to substitute for GTP in reactions catalyzed by initiation factor 2 (IF-2) and elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu), while only dGTP could replace GTP with elongation factor G. These observations with IF-2 and EF-Tu have been extended to two analogues of GTP modified at the 3' ribose hydroxyl position, 3'-deoxyguanosine 5'-triphosphate (3'dGTP) and 3'-deoxy-3'-aminoguanosine 5'-triphosphate (3'dNH2GTP). These compounds were found to be similar to GTP, dGTP, and pppGpp in IF-2-dependent formation of N-formylmethionyl-puromycin and EF-Tu-dependent formation of N-acetyl-Phe-Phe-tRNA. The apparent Km values for the five guanosine nucleotides were 2 - 10(-6)-4 - 10(-6)M in the former reaction and 2-10(-7)--6-10(-7) M in the latter. These reactions did not have an absolute requirement for either an intact pentose ring or for the guanine base in the nucleotide. Although substantially less active than the guanine nucleotides, ITP and the dialcohol derived from GTP by periodate oxidation and borohydride reduction (ox-redGTP) were partially active in both the IF-2 and EF-Tu-dependent reactions, with apparent Km values about 40-100 times those of GTP.", "PMID": 1106767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1448", "title": "Evidence for the participation of a host enzyme in the activation of poly (A)-Qbeta RNA as an infectious agent.", "content": "It has been reported earlier that phage Qbeta RNA (Gilvarg, C., Bollum, F.J. and Weissmann, C. (1975) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 72, 428-432) elongated at its 3' terminus with up to 100 or more AMP residues retained its full infectivity for Escherichia coli spheroplasts, and that the resulting progeny did not inherit the poly (A) appendage. We now show that while poly (A)-Qbeta RNA appears to function normally as messenger for the synthesis of virus-specific proteins it has lost its capacity to serve as template for Qbeta replicase. Template function could be restored by phosphorolysis with polynucleotide phosphorylase. Taken in conjunction, these results imply that after poly (A)-Qbeta RNA enters the spheroplast a host enzyme (perhaps polynucleotide phosphorylase) removes part or all of the adenylate residues prior to replication of the RNA.", "contents": "Evidence for the participation of a host enzyme in the activation of poly (A)-Qbeta RNA as an infectious agent. It has been reported earlier that phage Qbeta RNA (Gilvarg, C., Bollum, F.J. and Weissmann, C. (1975) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 72, 428-432) elongated at its 3' terminus with up to 100 or more AMP residues retained its full infectivity for Escherichia coli spheroplasts, and that the resulting progeny did not inherit the poly (A) appendage. We now show that while poly (A)-Qbeta RNA appears to function normally as messenger for the synthesis of virus-specific proteins it has lost its capacity to serve as template for Qbeta replicase. Template function could be restored by phosphorolysis with polynucleotide phosphorylase. Taken in conjunction, these results imply that after poly (A)-Qbeta RNA enters the spheroplast a host enzyme (perhaps polynucleotide phosphorylase) removes part or all of the adenylate residues prior to replication of the RNA.", "PMID": 1106768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1449", "title": "Isolation and partial characterization of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii chromatin.", "content": "The use of a cell wall less mutant of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii allowed the isolation of the nuclei of this organism. The study of the extracted desoxyribonucleoprotein shows that a set of established properties of the chromatin of higher eucaryotes do not apply to this material. This is particularly the case for the failure to sediment in  a good yield. This could be due to a low content in basic proteins of the chromatin of Chlamydomonas.", "contents": "Isolation and partial characterization of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii chromatin. The use of a cell wall less mutant of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii allowed the isolation of the nuclei of this organism. The study of the extracted desoxyribonucleoprotein shows that a set of established properties of the chromatin of higher eucaryotes do not apply to this material. This is particularly the case for the failure to sediment in  a good yield. This could be due to a low content in basic proteins of the chromatin of Chlamydomonas.", "PMID": 1106772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1450", "title": "The determination of the primary structure of the 16S ribosomal RNA of Escherichia coli. III. Further studies.", "content": "In this paper, we describe in detail the recent progress in the nucleotide sequence analysis of the 16S ribosomal RNA from E. coli. The sequence which has been partially or completely determined so far encompasses 1520 nucleotides, i.e. about 95 percent of the molecule. Possible features of the secondary structure are suggested on the basis of the nucleotide sequence and data on sequence heterogeneities, repetitions and the location of modified nucleotides are presented.", "contents": "The determination of the primary structure of the 16S ribosomal RNA of Escherichia coli. III. Further studies. In this paper, we describe in detail the recent progress in the nucleotide sequence analysis of the 16S ribosomal RNA from E. coli. The sequence which has been partially or completely determined so far encompasses 1520 nucleotides, i.e. about 95 percent of the molecule. Possible features of the secondary structure are suggested on the basis of the nucleotide sequence and data on sequence heterogeneities, repetitions and the location of modified nucleotides are presented.", "PMID": 1106773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1451", "title": "Further analysis of acyl-CoA-ACP-transacylases of mycobacterium smegmatis. Identification of a long chain alkyl malonyl-CoA-ACP-transacylase.", "content": "Homogenates were prepared from three sources, Mycobacterium smegmatis Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Escherichia coli and tested for docosyl malonyl-CoA-ACP transacylase activity, using ACP purified from E. coli strain B and [2R, 2S, 1, 3-14C2] docosyl malonyl-CoA synthesized chemically, as substrates. Only homogenates of M. semegmatis showed positive transacylase activity. Successive chromatographies on Sephadex G-150 and then on DEAE-Sephadex A-50 prove that neither the palmityl-CoA-ACP-transacylase nor the malonyl-CoA-ACP-transacylase of M. smegmatis are responsible for this activity. The question concerning the identity of the enzyme with one of the two entities exhibiting acetyl-CoA-ACP-transacylase activity, previously identified in homogenates of this microorganism (1973 this journal, 55, 1381-1394), remains open for further experimentation. The physiological significance of the presence of a long chain alkyl malonyl-CoA-ACP-transacylase in homogenates of M. smegmatis, a representative of the Actinomycetales, is discussed in relation to the mechanism of the biosynthesis of mycolic acids. Chromatography on Sephadex G-100 showed that the substrate of the enzyme, docosyl malonyl-CoA, exists, in 50 mu molar aqueous solution, mostly in an aggregated state. A factor has been identified in the homogenates, which in the presence of radioactive docosyl malonyl-CoA, leads to the formation of a radioactive material showing an apparent molecular weight less than 10000. The nature of this material is discussed.", "contents": "Further analysis of acyl-CoA-ACP-transacylases of mycobacterium smegmatis. Identification of a long chain alkyl malonyl-CoA-ACP-transacylase. Homogenates were prepared from three sources, Mycobacterium smegmatis Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Escherichia coli and tested for docosyl malonyl-CoA-ACP transacylase activity, using ACP purified from E. coli strain B and [2R, 2S, 1, 3-14C2] docosyl malonyl-CoA synthesized chemically, as substrates. Only homogenates of M. semegmatis showed positive transacylase activity. Successive chromatographies on Sephadex G-150 and then on DEAE-Sephadex A-50 prove that neither the palmityl-CoA-ACP-transacylase nor the malonyl-CoA-ACP-transacylase of M. smegmatis are responsible for this activity. The question concerning the identity of the enzyme with one of the two entities exhibiting acetyl-CoA-ACP-transacylase activity, previously identified in homogenates of this microorganism (1973 this journal, 55, 1381-1394), remains open for further experimentation. The physiological significance of the presence of a long chain alkyl malonyl-CoA-ACP-transacylase in homogenates of M. smegmatis, a representative of the Actinomycetales, is discussed in relation to the mechanism of the biosynthesis of mycolic acids. Chromatography on Sephadex G-100 showed that the substrate of the enzyme, docosyl malonyl-CoA, exists, in 50 mu molar aqueous solution, mostly in an aggregated state. A factor has been identified in the homogenates, which in the presence of radioactive docosyl malonyl-CoA, leads to the formation of a radioactive material showing an apparent molecular weight less than 10000. The nature of this material is discussed.", "PMID": 1106774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1452", "title": "[Effect of ultraviolet light on sterol-containing membranes in nystatin solutions].", "content": "The nystatin induced conductivity of artificial phospholipid membranes containing ergosterol or 7-dehydrocholesterol drops sharply under the action of ultra-violet light as a result of the transformation of these provitamins into adequate D2 and D3 vitamins. The UV-light does not change the conductivity of the membranes containing cholestrol in nystatin solution. Nystatin slightly effects the membrane resistance in the presence of D2 and D3 vitamins.", "contents": "[Effect of ultraviolet light on sterol-containing membranes in nystatin solutions]. The nystatin induced conductivity of artificial phospholipid membranes containing ergosterol or 7-dehydrocholesterol drops sharply under the action of ultra-violet light as a result of the transformation of these provitamins into adequate D2 and D3 vitamins. The UV-light does not change the conductivity of the membranes containing cholestrol in nystatin solution. Nystatin slightly effects the membrane resistance in the presence of D2 and D3 vitamins.", "PMID": 1106770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1453", "title": "[Kinetic equation for the process of accumulation of paramagnetic centers in proteins exposed to UV-radiation].", "content": "The process of accumulation of paramagnetic centres in UV-irradiated solutions of simple proteins at 77 degrees K has been studied. A kinetic equation describing the accumulation of radicals in protein is obtained. Experimentally obtained curves of radical accumulation coincide with the theoretical ones.", "contents": "[Kinetic equation for the process of accumulation of paramagnetic centers in proteins exposed to UV-radiation]. The process of accumulation of paramagnetic centres in UV-irradiated solutions of simple proteins at 77 degrees K has been studied. A kinetic equation describing the accumulation of radicals in protein is obtained. Experimentally obtained curves of radical accumulation coincide with the theoretical ones.", "PMID": 1106771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1454", "title": "[Stimulation of rna synthesis by chloramphenicol].", "content": "The influence of different concentrations of chloramphenicol on the RNA synthesis was studied in E. coli strains CP 78 (rel+) and CP 79 (rel-). In cells growing in the medium with succinate as a carbon source the maximal stimulation of RNA synthesis was obtained in the presence of 5-10 mug/ml of chloramphenicol-that is when the protein synthesis in the cells is decreased to 50-30%. Concentrations of antibiotic 50-100 mug/ml only slightly stimulate the incorporation of 14C-uracil in TCA-insoluble fraction. The high level of RNA synthesis once achieved in the presence of small doses of chloramphenicol was not affected by higher concentrations of antibiotic up to 105 mug/ml. It is suggested that at low doses of chloramphenicol some proteins of positive control of RNA synthesis are synthesized. Under amino acids starvation in the presence of succinate only rel+ cells stopped RNA synthesis. The phenotypic suppression of RNA synthesis with chloramphenicol in these cells is achieved only by high concentrations of antibiotic (50-100 mug/ml). It is proposed that under amino acid starvation RNA synthesis is independent on the protein formation and is determined by relative contents of programmed ribosomes in cells.", "contents": "[Stimulation of rna synthesis by chloramphenicol]. The influence of different concentrations of chloramphenicol on the RNA synthesis was studied in E. coli strains CP 78 (rel+) and CP 79 (rel-). In cells growing in the medium with succinate as a carbon source the maximal stimulation of RNA synthesis was obtained in the presence of 5-10 mug/ml of chloramphenicol-that is when the protein synthesis in the cells is decreased to 50-30%. Concentrations of antibiotic 50-100 mug/ml only slightly stimulate the incorporation of 14C-uracil in TCA-insoluble fraction. The high level of RNA synthesis once achieved in the presence of small doses of chloramphenicol was not affected by higher concentrations of antibiotic up to 105 mug/ml. It is suggested that at low doses of chloramphenicol some proteins of positive control of RNA synthesis are synthesized. Under amino acids starvation in the presence of succinate only rel+ cells stopped RNA synthesis. The phenotypic suppression of RNA synthesis with chloramphenicol in these cells is achieved only by high concentrations of antibiotic (50-100 mug/ml). It is proposed that under amino acid starvation RNA synthesis is independent on the protein formation and is determined by relative contents of programmed ribosomes in cells.", "PMID": 1106775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1455", "title": "[Conformational aspects of peptide interaction with proteolytic enzymes. Effect of amino acid residue configuration on binding of stereoisomeric N-acetylleucyltyrosine and N-acetyltyrosylleucine methylamides with pepsin].", "content": "Ki, Km and kcat. constants which characterize the interaction with pepsin of a complete series of Ac-Leu-Tyr-NHMe and Ac-Tyr-Leu-NHMe stereoisomers are determined. In compounds, containing residues of different configuration, Ki was found to have higher values than Ki or Km in DD- and LL-dipeptides. The data obtained show that not only the rate of peptide bond hydrolysis but also the efficiency of the binding with the enzyme depend on the configuration of the amino acid residue. Differences in the efficiency of pepsin binding of diastereomers is a manifestation of differences in their conformational characteristics. Data on \"secondary\" binding sites of pepsin are used to account for a mixed type inhibition observed in some cases.", "contents": "[Conformational aspects of peptide interaction with proteolytic enzymes. Effect of amino acid residue configuration on binding of stereoisomeric N-acetylleucyltyrosine and N-acetyltyrosylleucine methylamides with pepsin]. Ki, Km and kcat. constants which characterize the interaction with pepsin of a complete series of Ac-Leu-Tyr-NHMe and Ac-Tyr-Leu-NHMe stereoisomers are determined. In compounds, containing residues of different configuration, Ki was found to have higher values than Ki or Km in DD- and LL-dipeptides. The data obtained show that not only the rate of peptide bond hydrolysis but also the efficiency of the binding with the enzyme depend on the configuration of the amino acid residue. Differences in the efficiency of pepsin binding of diastereomers is a manifestation of differences in their conformational characteristics. Data on \"secondary\" binding sites of pepsin are used to account for a mixed type inhibition observed in some cases.", "PMID": 1106776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1456", "title": "[Isolation and characteristics of homopolyribonucleotide synthesized in toluene-treated E. coli cells].", "content": "Optimal conditions of homopolyribonucleotide (poly-A-14C) synthesis in toluene-treated E. coli cells under incubation with ADP-14C, Mg2+ and tris. HCl buffer (pH 8.0) are studied. Optimal Mg2+ concentration was 0.75.-10(-3) M. Heterogeneity of the isolated poly-A-14C from E. coli cell was demonstrated by means of sucrose density gradient (5-20%) centrifugation and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Actinomycin D was found not to affect the reaction rate of polymerization of ADP-14C, UDP-14C and GDP-14C, catalyzed by polynucleotide phosphorylase in toluene-treated E. coli cells.", "contents": "[Isolation and characteristics of homopolyribonucleotide synthesized in toluene-treated E. coli cells]. Optimal conditions of homopolyribonucleotide (poly-A-14C) synthesis in toluene-treated E. coli cells under incubation with ADP-14C, Mg2+ and tris. HCl buffer (pH 8.0) are studied. Optimal Mg2+ concentration was 0.75.-10(-3) M. Heterogeneity of the isolated poly-A-14C from E. coli cell was demonstrated by means of sucrose density gradient (5-20%) centrifugation and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Actinomycin D was found not to affect the reaction rate of polymerization of ADP-14C, UDP-14C and GDP-14C, catalyzed by polynucleotide phosphorylase in toluene-treated E. coli cells.", "PMID": 1106777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1457", "title": "[Inactivation of yeast inorganic pyrophosphatase by sodium dodecyl sulfate and cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide].", "content": "The kinetics of the inactivation of yeast inorganic pyrophosphatase by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide were studied. Micellar forms of detergents were shown to be an active reagetns under conditions tudied. The possible scheme of the inactivation including reversible formation of the micellar-protein complex and subsequent penetration of the bound detergent molecules in the protein is proposed. The enzyme ionogenic group with pK 7-8 by 25 degrees C is found to be responsible for conformational changes of the enzymes. The influence of the specific ligands on inactivation of yeast pyrophosphatase by SDS is studied, and dissociations constants of corresponding enzyme-ligand complexes are calculated.", "contents": "[Inactivation of yeast inorganic pyrophosphatase by sodium dodecyl sulfate and cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide]. The kinetics of the inactivation of yeast inorganic pyrophosphatase by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide were studied. Micellar forms of detergents were shown to be an active reagetns under conditions tudied. The possible scheme of the inactivation including reversible formation of the micellar-protein complex and subsequent penetration of the bound detergent molecules in the protein is proposed. The enzyme ionogenic group with pK 7-8 by 25 degrees C is found to be responsible for conformational changes of the enzymes. The influence of the specific ligands on inactivation of yeast pyrophosphatase by SDS is studied, and dissociations constants of corresponding enzyme-ligand complexes are calculated.", "PMID": 1106780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1458", "title": "[Conformational aspects of peptide interaction with proteolytic enzymes. Pepsin-catalyzed hydrolysis of cyclic peptides, containing leucyl-tyrosine fragments].", "content": "Pepsin was found capable of splitting cycloota- and cyclodecapeptides cyclo (-L-leucyl-L-tyrosyl-glycln-), n=6 or 8. The 18-membered peptides cyclo(-L-leucyl-L-tyrosyl-glycyl4-) and cyclo(-L-leucyl-L-tyrosy-delta-aminovaleroyl2-) were found stable to the effect of pepsin. To study the kinectics of hydrolysis for tyrosine-containing substrates of pepsin, a method of isolation of the unsplit substrate using ion-exchange resins and quantitative spectrophotometric estimation by absortion of tyysis of cycoocta and cyclodecapeptides was characterized by Km and kcat values.", "contents": "[Conformational aspects of peptide interaction with proteolytic enzymes. Pepsin-catalyzed hydrolysis of cyclic peptides, containing leucyl-tyrosine fragments]. Pepsin was found capable of splitting cycloota- and cyclodecapeptides cyclo (-L-leucyl-L-tyrosyl-glycln-), n=6 or 8. The 18-membered peptides cyclo(-L-leucyl-L-tyrosyl-glycyl4-) and cyclo(-L-leucyl-L-tyrosy-delta-aminovaleroyl2-) were found stable to the effect of pepsin. To study the kinectics of hydrolysis for tyrosine-containing substrates of pepsin, a method of isolation of the unsplit substrate using ion-exchange resins and quantitative spectrophotometric estimation by absortion of tyysis of cycoocta and cyclodecapeptides was characterized by Km and kcat values.", "PMID": 1106781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1459", "title": "[Application of the automatic Edman procedure to establishing the primary structure of swine pepsinogen and its fragments].", "content": "The automatic Edman procedure was applied to elucidate N-terminal sequences of swine pepsinogen, pepsin, and the fragments of its degradation by BrCN, i. e. B-1 and B-5. A \"Beckman\"  model 890 instrument was used in experiments. 50 amino acid residues were split off the pepsinogen molecule and identified and 55 amino acid residues-off the pepsin molecule by means of gas chromatography. A continuous N-terminal sequence of pepsinogen was 119 amino acids, in which the overlapping of the known peptide sequences with enzymic hydrolysers was taken into account. In B-1, B-4, B-5 fragments 22, 31 and 38, residues, respectively were analyzed with the sequencer.", "contents": "[Application of the automatic Edman procedure to establishing the primary structure of swine pepsinogen and its fragments]. The automatic Edman procedure was applied to elucidate N-terminal sequences of swine pepsinogen, pepsin, and the fragments of its degradation by BrCN, i. e. B-1 and B-5. A \"Beckman\"  model 890 instrument was used in experiments. 50 amino acid residues were split off the pepsinogen molecule and identified and 55 amino acid residues-off the pepsin molecule by means of gas chromatography. A continuous N-terminal sequence of pepsinogen was 119 amino acids, in which the overlapping of the known peptide sequences with enzymic hydrolysers was taken into account. In B-1, B-4, B-5 fragments 22, 31 and 38, residues, respectively were analyzed with the sequencer.", "PMID": 1106783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1460", "title": "Comparison of batch and semicontinuous cultures for production of protein from mesquite wood by Brevibacterium sp. JM98A.", "content": "The production of protein by a Brevibacterium sp. JM98A using mesquite wood as the substrate was compared in batch and semicontinuous cultures. A 14 liter glass fermentor with automatic pH, temperature, and foam control was used for the study. A pH range of 6.6 to 7.2 was optimum for the growth of JM98A. The batch and semicontinuous cultures were compared on the basis of viable cell counts, protein production, CMC-Ase (beta-1,4-glucanase) activity, and filter paper cellulase (beta-1,4-glucan cellobiohydrolyase) activity. Total hexose, cellulose, and reducing sugar consumption were measured. The semicontinuous process yielded 2.97 times as much protein in 72 hr as the batch cultures. Most of the biomass resulted from the utilization of soluble sugars rather than from the degradation of cellulose during the semicontinuous process.", "contents": "Comparison of batch and semicontinuous cultures for production of protein from mesquite wood by Brevibacterium sp. JM98A. The production of protein by a Brevibacterium sp. JM98A using mesquite wood as the substrate was compared in batch and semicontinuous cultures. A 14 liter glass fermentor with automatic pH, temperature, and foam control was used for the study. A pH range of 6.6 to 7.2 was optimum for the growth of JM98A. The batch and semicontinuous cultures were compared on the basis of viable cell counts, protein production, CMC-Ase (beta-1,4-glucanase) activity, and filter paper cellulase (beta-1,4-glucan cellobiohydrolyase) activity. Total hexose, cellulose, and reducing sugar consumption were measured. The semicontinuous process yielded 2.97 times as much protein in 72 hr as the batch cultures. Most of the biomass resulted from the utilization of soluble sugars rather than from the degradation of cellulose during the semicontinuous process.", "PMID": 1106791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1461", "title": "Engineering analysis of continuous production of L-aspartic acid by immobilized Escherichia coli cells in fixed beds.", "content": "The reaction mechanism and decay behavior of aspartase activity for immobilized Escherichia coli cells were investigated by using a sectional packed column. Reaction within the immobilized cell column proceeded at zero-order on substrate solutions ranging in concentration from 0.1 to 1.0M, and the initial reaction rate was found to be 1.556 X 10(-2) mol/min/liter of immobilized cells. The effect of temperature on the reaction rate constant was investigated. The Arrhenius plot was a straight line at temperatures below 43 degrees C, and the activation energy for immobilized cells was calculated to be 12.36 kcal/mol. Aspartase activity in the immobilized cell column decayed exponentially and uniformly in all sections of a column. Its half-life was approximately 120 days. The rate of formation of L-aspartic acid was shown to be independent of column dimensions.", "contents": "Engineering analysis of continuous production of L-aspartic acid by immobilized Escherichia coli cells in fixed beds. The reaction mechanism and decay behavior of aspartase activity for immobilized Escherichia coli cells were investigated by using a sectional packed column. Reaction within the immobilized cell column proceeded at zero-order on substrate solutions ranging in concentration from 0.1 to 1.0M, and the initial reaction rate was found to be 1.556 X 10(-2) mol/min/liter of immobilized cells. The effect of temperature on the reaction rate constant was investigated. The Arrhenius plot was a straight line at temperatures below 43 degrees C, and the activation energy for immobilized cells was calculated to be 12.36 kcal/mol. Aspartase activity in the immobilized cell column decayed exponentially and uniformly in all sections of a column. Its half-life was approximately 120 days. The rate of formation of L-aspartic acid was shown to be independent of column dimensions.", "PMID": 1106792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1462", "title": "The heterogeneity and properties of folate binding proteins from chronic myelogenous leukemia cells.", "content": "Previous studies have demonstrated that some chronic myelogenous leukemia cells contain a macromolecular binding factor for folic acid. This binder, which previously was believed to be a single factor, has now been resolved into two distinct binding proteins. Separation of each binder was obtained by DEAE chromatography of the partially purified lysate of chronic myelogenous leukemia cells. One binder has a molecular weight of 30;000-35,000, and the second binder has a molecular weight of 40,000-45,000. Both proteins bind the mono-, di-, and triglutamates of folic acid, N10-methyl-folate, dihydro-folate, and N5-methyltetrahydrofolate. Neither binder has determinants for N5-formyltetrahydrofolate or methotrexate. The preferred substrates for both binders appear to be the fully oxidized and partially reduced folates rather than the fully reduced folates. The lower-molecular-weight folate binding protein shows reversible binding with partially and fully reduced folates but irreversible binding with oxidized folates. This property suggests that this binder may have some function in the transport and storage of folate. The higher-molecular-weight folate binding protein, however, has only slight reversibility of binding with the partially and fully reduced folates, and it is therefore more difficult to postulate a physiologic function for this binding factor.", "contents": "The heterogeneity and properties of folate binding proteins from chronic myelogenous leukemia cells. Previous studies have demonstrated that some chronic myelogenous leukemia cells contain a macromolecular binding factor for folic acid. This binder, which previously was believed to be a single factor, has now been resolved into two distinct binding proteins. Separation of each binder was obtained by DEAE chromatography of the partially purified lysate of chronic myelogenous leukemia cells. One binder has a molecular weight of 30;000-35,000, and the second binder has a molecular weight of 40,000-45,000. Both proteins bind the mono-, di-, and triglutamates of folic acid, N10-methyl-folate, dihydro-folate, and N5-methyltetrahydrofolate. Neither binder has determinants for N5-formyltetrahydrofolate or methotrexate. The preferred substrates for both binders appear to be the fully oxidized and partially reduced folates rather than the fully reduced folates. The lower-molecular-weight folate binding protein shows reversible binding with partially and fully reduced folates but irreversible binding with oxidized folates. This property suggests that this binder may have some function in the transport and storage of folate. The higher-molecular-weight folate binding protein, however, has only slight reversibility of binding with the partially and fully reduced folates, and it is therefore more difficult to postulate a physiologic function for this binding factor.", "PMID": 1106796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1463", "title": "Central nervous system complications in patients with diffuse histiocytic and undifferentiated lymphoma: leukemia revisited.", "content": "Fifteen of 52 patients (29%) with diffuse histiocytic and undifferentiated pleomorphic lymphoma developed central nervous system (CNS) complications, primarily leptomeningeal lymphoma. Lumbar puncture with cerebrospinal fluid cytology was the most useful test for diagnosis, and for following the response to therapy. Leptomeningitis developed during all stages of the patients' clinical course: at time of diagnosis, during progression of systemic disease, and most importantly as the initial site of relapse within 7 mo of attaining a complete clinical remission. Patients with bone marrow involvement are at high risk for the development of leptomeningeal lymphoma. Pathologic findings suggest that entry into the leptomeninges involves extension from the medullary bone marrow cavity along perforating vessels through dura into the arachnoid space. The leptomeningeal lymphoma has been successfully controlled in all patients receiving intensive central nervous system therapy consisting of a combination of intrathecal drug administration and radiotherapy. The high frequency of this syndrome and the success in its control suggest that a controlled trial of prophylactic CNS therapy be instituted in patients with these histologic types of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas.", "contents": "Central nervous system complications in patients with diffuse histiocytic and undifferentiated lymphoma: leukemia revisited. Fifteen of 52 patients (29%) with diffuse histiocytic and undifferentiated pleomorphic lymphoma developed central nervous system (CNS) complications, primarily leptomeningeal lymphoma. Lumbar puncture with cerebrospinal fluid cytology was the most useful test for diagnosis, and for following the response to therapy. Leptomeningitis developed during all stages of the patients' clinical course: at time of diagnosis, during progression of systemic disease, and most importantly as the initial site of relapse within 7 mo of attaining a complete clinical remission. Patients with bone marrow involvement are at high risk for the development of leptomeningeal lymphoma. Pathologic findings suggest that entry into the leptomeninges involves extension from the medullary bone marrow cavity along perforating vessels through dura into the arachnoid space. The leptomeningeal lymphoma has been successfully controlled in all patients receiving intensive central nervous system therapy consisting of a combination of intrathecal drug administration and radiotherapy. The high frequency of this syndrome and the success in its control suggest that a controlled trial of prophylactic CNS therapy be instituted in patients with these histologic types of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas.", "PMID": 1106798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1464", "title": "Bone marrow transplantation in children with aplastic anemia and acute lymphatic leukemia.", "content": "A boy with severe Aplastic Anemia (AA) and a girl with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) in relapse have been grafted with marrow from HL-A identical, mixed leukocyte culture (MLC) negative siblings after appropriate immunosuppressive and antileukemic therapy. Both of them are well 7 and 2 months after transplantation respectively. Bone marrow transplantation should be considered in children with AA and ALL in relapse, if HL-A identical, MLC negative siblings are available.", "contents": "Bone marrow transplantation in children with aplastic anemia and acute lymphatic leukemia. A boy with severe Aplastic Anemia (AA) and a girl with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) in relapse have been grafted with marrow from HL-A identical, mixed leukocyte culture (MLC) negative siblings after appropriate immunosuppressive and antileukemic therapy. Both of them are well 7 and 2 months after transplantation respectively. Bone marrow transplantation should be considered in children with AA and ALL in relapse, if HL-A identical, MLC negative siblings are available.", "PMID": 1106800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1465", "title": "A comparison of EMG feedback and progressive muscle relaxation training in anxiety neurosis.", "content": "Two similar groups of adult psychiatric patients carrying the diagnosis of anxiety neurosis were compared in their response to different methods of training in deep muscle relaxation. One group received EMG feedback and the other a modification of the Jacobson Progressive Relaxation method. The frontalis muscle was chosen as the target for feedback training and for the measurement of tension reduction in both groups, for the reason that this muscle has been shown to reflect the general muscle tension level in anxious patients. Training was carried out under controlled laboratory conditions, and objective muscle tension levels were obtained. Overall changes in the status of the anxiety symptoms, as determined by global ratings from patients and from primary therapists, were also compared in the two groups at the end of training. The results of the study indicated that both EMG feedback and the progressive muscle relaxation training produced significant reductions in frontalis tension levels. However, EMG feedback was found to be generally superior in producing larger reductions in muscle activity, with a concomitant relief in anxiety symptoms, for a greater number of the patients.", "contents": "A comparison of EMG feedback and progressive muscle relaxation training in anxiety neurosis. Two similar groups of adult psychiatric patients carrying the diagnosis of anxiety neurosis were compared in their response to different methods of training in deep muscle relaxation. One group received EMG feedback and the other a modification of the Jacobson Progressive Relaxation method. The frontalis muscle was chosen as the target for feedback training and for the measurement of tension reduction in both groups, for the reason that this muscle has been shown to reflect the general muscle tension level in anxious patients. Training was carried out under controlled laboratory conditions, and objective muscle tension levels were obtained. Overall changes in the status of the anxiety symptoms, as determined by global ratings from patients and from primary therapists, were also compared in the two groups at the end of training. The results of the study indicated that both EMG feedback and the progressive muscle relaxation training produced significant reductions in frontalis tension levels. However, EMG feedback was found to be generally superior in producing larger reductions in muscle activity, with a concomitant relief in anxiety symptoms, for a greater number of the patients.", "PMID": 1106804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1466", "title": "Recognizing faces.", "content": "Following a review of the stimulus and subject factors which have been found to affect recognition faces, the question of whether this process can be considered a special one is dealt with. Evidence from studies involving the development of face recognition, the recognition of inverted faces, and the clinical condition prosopagnosia is considered, and in each case found to be inadequate for the unequivocal conclusion that the processes underlying face recognition are qualitatively different from those employed in recognizing other pictorial material.", "contents": "Recognizing faces. Following a review of the stimulus and subject factors which have been found to affect recognition faces, the question of whether this process can be considered a special one is dealt with. Evidence from studies involving the development of face recognition, the recognition of inverted faces, and the clinical condition prosopagnosia is considered, and in each case found to be inadequate for the unequivocal conclusion that the processes underlying face recognition are qualitatively different from those employed in recognizing other pictorial material.", "PMID": 1106805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1467", "title": "How tight should tension sutures be tied? A controlled clinical trial.", "content": "In a prospective randomized trial there was no advantage in tying tension sutures flush with the wound; by tying them loosely (over three fingers of the assistant's hand) there was less wound pain and less cutting in of the tension suture into the ridge of the wound and along the suture tracks.", "contents": "How tight should tension sutures be tied? A controlled clinical trial. In a prospective randomized trial there was no advantage in tying tension sutures flush with the wound; by tying them loosely (over three fingers of the assistant's hand) there was less wound pain and less cutting in of the tension suture into the ridge of the wound and along the suture tracks.", "PMID": 1106806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1468", "title": "Does the choice of suture material affect the incidence of wound infection? A comparison of dexon (polyglycolic acid) sutures with other commonly used sutures in an accident and emergency department.", "content": "One hundred and four patients with superficial lacerations were sutured with either Dexon (polyglycolic acid), silk, polyethylene or nylon sutures. The incidence of postoperative tissue reaction and wound infection was compared. There were few complications and these occurred with almost the same frequency in each suture group, although there were slightly more cases of infection in the patients who were sutured with silk. Dexon was seen to possess certain advantages in that it caused as little tissue reaction as the other sutures but did not have to be removed subsequently. This could clearly be of benefit to the patients and hospital staff alike.", "contents": "Does the choice of suture material affect the incidence of wound infection? A comparison of dexon (polyglycolic acid) sutures with other commonly used sutures in an accident and emergency department. One hundred and four patients with superficial lacerations were sutured with either Dexon (polyglycolic acid), silk, polyethylene or nylon sutures. The incidence of postoperative tissue reaction and wound infection was compared. There were few complications and these occurred with almost the same frequency in each suture group, although there were slightly more cases of infection in the patients who were sutured with silk. Dexon was seen to possess certain advantages in that it caused as little tissue reaction as the other sutures but did not have to be removed subsequently. This could clearly be of benefit to the patients and hospital staff alike.", "PMID": 1106807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1469", "title": "Comparison between ibuterol hydrochloride and terbutaline in asthma.", "content": "The bronchodilating effect, circulatory effects, and subjective side effects of ibuterol hydrochloride, the di-isobutyric acid ester of terbutaline, at two dose levels (2 and 4 mg) were compared with those of 5 mg terbutaline sulphate in a double-blind cross-over study on 12 patients with asthma. Both drugs were given by mouth. The 2-mg dose of ibuterol had the same bronchodilating effect during the first three hours as 5 mg terbutaline. The 4-mg dose, however, produced a significantly greater increase in the peak expiratory flow rate between the 30th and 120th minutes than terbutaline. No significant changes in heart rate or pulse amplitude were noted, and there was no difference in the incidence of subjective side effects between ibuterol at either dose level and terbutaline.", "contents": "Comparison between ibuterol hydrochloride and terbutaline in asthma. The bronchodilating effect, circulatory effects, and subjective side effects of ibuterol hydrochloride, the di-isobutyric acid ester of terbutaline, at two dose levels (2 and 4 mg) were compared with those of 5 mg terbutaline sulphate in a double-blind cross-over study on 12 patients with asthma. Both drugs were given by mouth. The 2-mg dose of ibuterol had the same bronchodilating effect during the first three hours as 5 mg terbutaline. The 4-mg dose, however, produced a significantly greater increase in the peak expiratory flow rate between the 30th and 120th minutes than terbutaline. No significant changes in heart rate or pulse amplitude were noted, and there was no difference in the incidence of subjective side effects between ibuterol at either dose level and terbutaline.", "PMID": 1106810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1470", "title": "Saccharomyces cerevisiae petite mitochondrial DNA of suppressive and neutral haploids and of [rho-] diploids obtained from crossing [rho+] to a neutral petite.", "content": "An unusual property of GR25a [rho+] was the production of 20 to 30 percent [rho-] zygote colonies when crossed to a tester strain lacking mitochondrial DNA. Spontaneous [rho-] isolates of GR25a [rho+] were observed to be highly suppressive and to contain mitochondrial DNA of a parental buoyant density (1.685 g/cm3). Three ethidium bromide induced neutral petites of GR25 a [rho+] did not have detectable mitochondrial DNA and were neutral in crosses to [rho+] strains. Seven [rho-] zygote colony isolates obtained from crossing GR25a [rho+] to a neutral peptite were shown to contain abnormal mitochondrial DNA. Six zygote colony isolates had mitochondrial DNA of a buoyant density less than, or equal to, GR25a (1.682 - 1.685 g/cm3), whereas one isolate had a buoyant density greater than GR25a (1.688 g/cm3). It was suggested that abnormal mitochondrial DNA is generated during the mating reaction.", "contents": "Saccharomyces cerevisiae petite mitochondrial DNA of suppressive and neutral haploids and of [rho-] diploids obtained from crossing [rho+] to a neutral petite. An unusual property of GR25a [rho+] was the production of 20 to 30 percent [rho-] zygote colonies when crossed to a tester strain lacking mitochondrial DNA. Spontaneous [rho-] isolates of GR25a [rho+] were observed to be highly suppressive and to contain mitochondrial DNA of a parental buoyant density (1.685 g/cm3). Three ethidium bromide induced neutral petites of GR25 a [rho+] did not have detectable mitochondrial DNA and were neutral in crosses to [rho+] strains. Seven [rho-] zygote colony isolates obtained from crossing GR25a [rho+] to a neutral peptite were shown to contain abnormal mitochondrial DNA. Six zygote colony isolates had mitochondrial DNA of a buoyant density less than, or equal to, GR25a (1.682 - 1.685 g/cm3), whereas one isolate had a buoyant density greater than GR25a (1.688 g/cm3). It was suggested that abnormal mitochondrial DNA is generated during the mating reaction.", "PMID": 1106822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1471", "title": "Action of \"colonie lisse\" mutation on cell morphology of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "The mutation of one of the genes of the series PLi in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hansen brings about a reduction in the size of the cells. Besides, the mutation of some genes (PLi 5 and PLi 7) induces a change in the scanning microscopy appearance of the cell wall.", "contents": "Action of \"colonie lisse\" mutation on cell morphology of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The mutation of one of the genes of the series PLi in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hansen brings about a reduction in the size of the cells. Besides, the mutation of some genes (PLi 5 and PLi 7) induces a change in the scanning microscopy appearance of the cell wall.", "PMID": 1106823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1472", "title": "An account of the radium collar and the Finzi Harmer implant.", "content": "Dr. J. G. Stewart of the Christie Hospital and Holt Radium Institute in Manchester gave an anecdotal account of two methods which were previously used to radiate laryngeal carcinomata and neck nodes. Both techniques have been superseded by newer irradiation techniques, but in view of their considerable success and historical interest, they are included here. The first paper concerns the radium collar which was used for the treatment of late cases of laryngeal carcinoma, and in particular for cases with neck nodes. The second is a brief account of the Finzi Harmer radium needle implant technique, which was at one time widely used.", "contents": "An account of the radium collar and the Finzi Harmer implant. Dr. J. G. Stewart of the Christie Hospital and Holt Radium Institute in Manchester gave an anecdotal account of two methods which were previously used to radiate laryngeal carcinomata and neck nodes. Both techniques have been superseded by newer irradiation techniques, but in view of their considerable success and historical interest, they are included here. The first paper concerns the radium collar which was used for the treatment of late cases of laryngeal carcinoma, and in particular for cases with neck nodes. The second is a brief account of the Finzi Harmer radium needle implant technique, which was at one time widely used.", "PMID": 1106824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1473", "title": "Delayed primary closure in colon operations.", "content": "Secondary closure of incisions by tape is a simple, safe procedure. In a retrospective series of 179 contaminated surgical wounds (incisions for colon operations) delayed wound closure resulted in a lower incidence of wound infection (5.8%) than did primary closure of similar wounds (11.8%). Although wounds left open do become infected, the acute swelling and systemic signs typical of an infection in a closed wound never develop. Delayed closure facilitated wound healing in hospital: only 3.8% of patients thus treated left hospital with open wounds, but 9.5% of patients whose wounds were closed primarily left hospital with wounds that were partially or completely open.", "contents": "Delayed primary closure in colon operations. Secondary closure of incisions by tape is a simple, safe procedure. In a retrospective series of 179 contaminated surgical wounds (incisions for colon operations) delayed wound closure resulted in a lower incidence of wound infection (5.8%) than did primary closure of similar wounds (11.8%). Although wounds left open do become infected, the acute swelling and systemic signs typical of an infection in a closed wound never develop. Delayed closure facilitated wound healing in hospital: only 3.8% of patients thus treated left hospital with open wounds, but 9.5% of patients whose wounds were closed primarily left hospital with wounds that were partially or completely open.", "PMID": 1106826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1474", "title": "Delayed primary closure of the skin and subcutaneous tissue in abdominal surgery.", "content": "Infection-prone abdominal incisions in 143 patients were managed by delayed primary closure of the skin and subcutaneous tissue of the abdominal wall. The overall wound infection rate was 1.4% and the rate for 74 open, large bowel operations was 2.7%. These rates compare favourably with a rate of 3.1% for clean inguinal hernia repairs done by the same surgical team over the same period. Delayed primary closure, carried out on the ward 3 days after operation, was simple, easy and did not prolong hospital stay. Its use is recommended in closing all abdominal wounds associated with a special risk of infection.", "contents": "Delayed primary closure of the skin and subcutaneous tissue in abdominal surgery. Infection-prone abdominal incisions in 143 patients were managed by delayed primary closure of the skin and subcutaneous tissue of the abdominal wall. The overall wound infection rate was 1.4% and the rate for 74 open, large bowel operations was 2.7%. These rates compare favourably with a rate of 3.1% for clean inguinal hernia repairs done by the same surgical team over the same period. Delayed primary closure, carried out on the ward 3 days after operation, was simple, easy and did not prolong hospital stay. Its use is recommended in closing all abdominal wounds associated with a special risk of infection.", "PMID": 1106827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1475", "title": "Dexon: an excellent suture for midline incisions.", "content": "In a period of 18 months, 100 midline incisions of 93 patients were closed with interrupted 0 Dexon sutures. The Smead-Jones far-and-near stitch was used. There were no early disruptions and no incisional hernias in follow-up periods ranging from 5 days to 14 months. Four wound infections healed readily without prolonged drainage. Incisional pain was minimal in all patients. A group of 18 patients with potential for poor healing because of hemorrhage, sepsis, malignancy and steroids had no wound complications apart from an acceptable rate of infection. It is concluded that interupted 0 Dexon with wide fascial placement provides an excellent closure for midline incisions.", "contents": "Dexon: an excellent suture for midline incisions. In a period of 18 months, 100 midline incisions of 93 patients were closed with interrupted 0 Dexon sutures. The Smead-Jones far-and-near stitch was used. There were no early disruptions and no incisional hernias in follow-up periods ranging from 5 days to 14 months. Four wound infections healed readily without prolonged drainage. Incisional pain was minimal in all patients. A group of 18 patients with potential for poor healing because of hemorrhage, sepsis, malignancy and steroids had no wound complications apart from an acceptable rate of infection. It is concluded that interupted 0 Dexon with wide fascial placement provides an excellent closure for midline incisions.", "PMID": 1106828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1476", "title": "Involvement of the central nervous system in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.", "content": "Twenty-four patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and CNS involvement are presented. There were 7 cases with diffuse histiocytic lymphoma (HL), 9 with diffuse poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma (PDLL-D), of whom 6 patients were in leukemic conversion, 5 patients with nodular poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma (PDLL-N), and 3 cases with undifferentiated lymphoma (UL). CNS complications were noted only in Stage IV lymphoma; the prognosis was generally poor. Histiocytic lymphoma was associated with widespread parenchymatous infiltration, whereas PDLL was usually associated with leptomeningeal seeding. The clinical course and the neuropathologic findings are discussed.", "contents": "Involvement of the central nervous system in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Twenty-four patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and CNS involvement are presented. There were 7 cases with diffuse histiocytic lymphoma (HL), 9 with diffuse poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma (PDLL-D), of whom 6 patients were in leukemic conversion, 5 patients with nodular poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma (PDLL-N), and 3 cases with undifferentiated lymphoma (UL). CNS complications were noted only in Stage IV lymphoma; the prognosis was generally poor. Histiocytic lymphoma was associated with widespread parenchymatous infiltration, whereas PDLL was usually associated with leptomeningeal seeding. The clinical course and the neuropathologic findings are discussed.", "PMID": 1106832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1477", "title": "1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea(BCNU), cyclophosphamide, vincristine- and prednisone-(BCOP). A new therapeutic regimen for diffuse histiocytic lymphoma.", "content": "Sixty-seven evaluable patients with mixed cellular and histiocytic lymphomas, both nodular and diffuse, were treated with a combined drug regimen of BCNU, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and prednisone administered for six monthly courses. Of 28 previously untreated patients with diffuse histiocytic lymphoma, 14 (50%) achieved a complete remission, and an additional 7 (25%) had a good partial response for an overall remission rate of 75%. Complete remissions were also obtained among the small number of mixed and nodular histiocytic lymphomas which were treated. The median survival for previously untreated patients with diffuse histiocytic lymphoma who achieved a complete remission is nearly two years and 42% (8/19) of these patients remain in their initial unmaintained remission (range 2-119 weeks). Hematologic toxicity, although acceptable, was the limiting factor. Granulocytes were more often and more severely depressed than platelets.", "contents": "1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea(BCNU), cyclophosphamide, vincristine- and prednisone-(BCOP). A new therapeutic regimen for diffuse histiocytic lymphoma. Sixty-seven evaluable patients with mixed cellular and histiocytic lymphomas, both nodular and diffuse, were treated with a combined drug regimen of BCNU, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and prednisone administered for six monthly courses. Of 28 previously untreated patients with diffuse histiocytic lymphoma, 14 (50%) achieved a complete remission, and an additional 7 (25%) had a good partial response for an overall remission rate of 75%. Complete remissions were also obtained among the small number of mixed and nodular histiocytic lymphomas which were treated. The median survival for previously untreated patients with diffuse histiocytic lymphoma who achieved a complete remission is nearly two years and 42% (8/19) of these patients remain in their initial unmaintained remission (range 2-119 weeks). Hematologic toxicity, although acceptable, was the limiting factor. Granulocytes were more often and more severely depressed than platelets.", "PMID": 1106833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1478", "title": "Differential uptake of alkylating agents by normal and leukemic lymphocytes.", "content": "When 14C-labeled cyclophosphamide and nitrogen mustard were incubated separately with normal lymphocytes and lymphocytes from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia, the amount of radioactivity associated with the normal cells far exceeded that detected on the leukemic lymphocytes. This comparative diminution may be analogous to the impaired PHA response and excess surface immunoglobulin which serve as identifying markers of the malignant B cell. Cytotoxicity and neuraminidase experiments indicated that drug uptake by lymphocytes is not capricious and may occur in an optimum, predetermined fashion. Although surface uptake and therapeutic response are not necessarily directly interrelated, initial peripheral contact with an antineoplastic agent may be an essential step which modifies tumor sensitivity or resistance.", "contents": "Differential uptake of alkylating agents by normal and leukemic lymphocytes. When 14C-labeled cyclophosphamide and nitrogen mustard were incubated separately with normal lymphocytes and lymphocytes from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia, the amount of radioactivity associated with the normal cells far exceeded that detected on the leukemic lymphocytes. This comparative diminution may be analogous to the impaired PHA response and excess surface immunoglobulin which serve as identifying markers of the malignant B cell. Cytotoxicity and neuraminidase experiments indicated that drug uptake by lymphocytes is not capricious and may occur in an optimum, predetermined fashion. Although surface uptake and therapeutic response are not necessarily directly interrelated, initial peripheral contact with an antineoplastic agent may be an essential step which modifies tumor sensitivity or resistance.", "PMID": 1106834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1479", "title": "Metastatic reticulum cell sarcoma and lactic acidosis.", "content": "The clinical course of a woman with metastatic reticulum cell sarcoma and intractable lactic acidosis is described. Although her illness was dominated by a myelopathy, she developed severe lactic acidosis which could not be related to decreased tissue oxygen delivery. Necropsy showed extensive hepatic replacement with tumor and widespread disease. This and other possible pathogenetic factors causing lactic acidosis are discussed.", "contents": "Metastatic reticulum cell sarcoma and lactic acidosis. The clinical course of a woman with metastatic reticulum cell sarcoma and intractable lactic acidosis is described. Although her illness was dominated by a myelopathy, she developed severe lactic acidosis which could not be related to decreased tissue oxygen delivery. Necropsy showed extensive hepatic replacement with tumor and widespread disease. This and other possible pathogenetic factors causing lactic acidosis are discussed.", "PMID": 1106835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1480", "title": "Clinical evaluation of a method of quantitative determination of homovanillic acid for the estimation of degree of tumor dissemination process in melanoma of the skin.", "content": "Homovanillic acid (HVA) was determined both in 45 patients with different forms of melanoma and those hospitalized on the suspicion of melanoma and in 15 healthy persons. Excretion rate of homovanillic acid within the normal limits was observed in patients with benign melanotic neoplasms of the skin (4.4 +/- 0.56 mg/24 hr) and in local forms of melanotic melanoma of the skin (4.5 +/- 0.24 mg/24 hr). In patients with metastases to regional nodes as well as in patients with locally disseminated forms of melanotic melanoma of the skin the concentration of homovanillic acid increased up to 11.1 +/- 0.93 mg/24 hr. Especially strong concentration of homovanillic acid was registered in patients with disseminated malanotic melanoma of the skin, and it made up 15.7 +/- 2.04 mg/24 hr. There was evident tendency to the elevation of HVA excretion level as generalization of the process which was taking place. The data obtained enable the authors to recommend the determination of HVA excretion as an additional diagnostic test as well for prognosis of melanoma development together with other clinicomorphological data.", "contents": "Clinical evaluation of a method of quantitative determination of homovanillic acid for the estimation of degree of tumor dissemination process in melanoma of the skin. Homovanillic acid (HVA) was determined both in 45 patients with different forms of melanoma and those hospitalized on the suspicion of melanoma and in 15 healthy persons. Excretion rate of homovanillic acid within the normal limits was observed in patients with benign melanotic neoplasms of the skin (4.4 +/- 0.56 mg/24 hr) and in local forms of melanotic melanoma of the skin (4.5 +/- 0.24 mg/24 hr). In patients with metastases to regional nodes as well as in patients with locally disseminated forms of melanotic melanoma of the skin the concentration of homovanillic acid increased up to 11.1 +/- 0.93 mg/24 hr. Especially strong concentration of homovanillic acid was registered in patients with disseminated malanotic melanoma of the skin, and it made up 15.7 +/- 2.04 mg/24 hr. There was evident tendency to the elevation of HVA excretion level as generalization of the process which was taking place. The data obtained enable the authors to recommend the determination of HVA excretion as an additional diagnostic test as well for prognosis of melanoma development together with other clinicomorphological data.", "PMID": 1106836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1481", "title": "Breast thermography as a screening technique. An evaluation of performance data.", "content": "The concepts of relative operating characteristics (ROC-curves) and detectability index (d') are introduced for the purpose of evaluating performance in breast thermography. In assessing published information on the subject we have found that much of it is anecdotal and lacks sufficient data to determine performance. We have also found that for those published findings which had sufficient data it was possible to reconcile conflicting conclusions as to the efficacy of thermography, and that performance could be quantitated with the use of the detectability index. Conclusions for optimizing available clinical thermographic techniques are given together with ways for future improvement.", "contents": "Breast thermography as a screening technique. An evaluation of performance data. The concepts of relative operating characteristics (ROC-curves) and detectability index (d') are introduced for the purpose of evaluating performance in breast thermography. In assessing published information on the subject we have found that much of it is anecdotal and lacks sufficient data to determine performance. We have also found that for those published findings which had sufficient data it was possible to reconcile conflicting conclusions as to the efficacy of thermography, and that performance could be quantitated with the use of the detectability index. Conclusions for optimizing available clinical thermographic techniques are given together with ways for future improvement.", "PMID": 1106837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1482", "title": "Interaction of Rhodium(II) carboxylates with molecules of biologic importance.", "content": "Rhodium(II) acetate, propionate, and butyrate showed a considerable variation in their antitumor activity against Ehrlich ascites tumor cells in mice, with the butyrate complex being the most active. The three complexes markedly inhibited DNA synthesis of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells in vivo. Rhodium (II) butyrate was the most potent inhibitor followed by the propionate complex. One hour after administration, rhodium(II) propionate and butyrate induce more uridine-5-3H incorporation into RNA than is seen in the controls. Equilibrium dialysis studied showed that rhodium(II) acetate-1-14C binds to single stranded DNA, poly-A, ribonuclease A, and bovine serum albumin but not to highly polymerized native calf thymus DNA, poly-G, or poly-C. In these cases binding occurred at the two axial positions of rhodium(II) acetate to a nitrogen donor in the ligands. The formation constants of the rhodium(II) acetate and propionate complexes with 5'-adenosine monophosphate were determined. The rhodium(II) propionate complex was more stable. Sedimentation and viscosity measurements of poly-A and poly-A/rhodium(II) acetate complexes indicate a high degree of intramolecular crosslinking in the rhodium(II) acetate/poly-A complex. The rhodium(II) carboxylate complexes were also found to be potent inhibitors of purified DNA polymerase I and RNA polymerase from Escherichia coli.", "contents": "Interaction of Rhodium(II) carboxylates with molecules of biologic importance. Rhodium(II) acetate, propionate, and butyrate showed a considerable variation in their antitumor activity against Ehrlich ascites tumor cells in mice, with the butyrate complex being the most active. The three complexes markedly inhibited DNA synthesis of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells in vivo. Rhodium (II) butyrate was the most potent inhibitor followed by the propionate complex. One hour after administration, rhodium(II) propionate and butyrate induce more uridine-5-3H incorporation into RNA than is seen in the controls. Equilibrium dialysis studied showed that rhodium(II) acetate-1-14C binds to single stranded DNA, poly-A, ribonuclease A, and bovine serum albumin but not to highly polymerized native calf thymus DNA, poly-G, or poly-C. In these cases binding occurred at the two axial positions of rhodium(II) acetate to a nitrogen donor in the ligands. The formation constants of the rhodium(II) acetate and propionate complexes with 5'-adenosine monophosphate were determined. The rhodium(II) propionate complex was more stable. Sedimentation and viscosity measurements of poly-A and poly-A/rhodium(II) acetate complexes indicate a high degree of intramolecular crosslinking in the rhodium(II) acetate/poly-A complex. The rhodium(II) carboxylate complexes were also found to be potent inhibitors of purified DNA polymerase I and RNA polymerase from Escherichia coli.", "PMID": 1106839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1483", "title": "Review of the current clinical status of platinum coordination complexes in cancer chemotherapy.", "content": "During the past 3 years, eight hospitals and one cooperative study group have reported their initial clinical results with cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum (II). The most popular clinical schedule was 15-25 mg/m2/day for 5 days repeated every 3-4 weeks. Almost all patients had extremely advanced disease. Of 323 patients in whom response could be evaluated, there were 12 complete responses, 25 partial responses (greater than 50% decrease in tumor size), and 23 improvements (greater than 50% decrease in tumor size) for a 19% overall response rate. The tumor most sensitive to cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum (II) was testicular carcinoma in which seven complete responses, three partial responses, and three improvements were observed in 16 patients treated at Roswell Park Memorial Institute. Other sensitive tumors were lymphoma (63% response and improvements), squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (41% response and imporvements), and ovarian carcinoma (40% response and improvements). Complete responses were also seen in one patient with thyroid carcinoma and two with bladder carcinoma, while partial remissions were recorded in two patients with breast carcinoma and one patient each with acute myelogenous leukemia, endometrial carcinoma, renal carcinoma, malignant thymoma, neuroblastoma, adenocarcinoma of the lung, and an undifferentiated tumor of unknown origin. Five major types of toxicity were encountered: gastrointestinal, hematopoietic, immunosuppressive, otologic, and renal, with the last two generally the most serious. Serial audiometry testing can generally warn of the otologic toxicity and thus prevent permanent acoustic damage. Renal toxicity, which is similar to that seen with heavy-metal poisoning, appears to be dose related, cumulative, and only partly reversible, thus, severely limiting the repeated administration of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum (II). Recent laboratory studies suggest that combination chemotherapy with this drug may be rewarding. Studies of this nature should be pursued along with attempts to find more effective less toxic platinum compounds.", "contents": "Review of the current clinical status of platinum coordination complexes in cancer chemotherapy. During the past 3 years, eight hospitals and one cooperative study group have reported their initial clinical results with cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum (II). The most popular clinical schedule was 15-25 mg/m2/day for 5 days repeated every 3-4 weeks. Almost all patients had extremely advanced disease. Of 323 patients in whom response could be evaluated, there were 12 complete responses, 25 partial responses (greater than 50% decrease in tumor size), and 23 improvements (greater than 50% decrease in tumor size) for a 19% overall response rate. The tumor most sensitive to cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum (II) was testicular carcinoma in which seven complete responses, three partial responses, and three improvements were observed in 16 patients treated at Roswell Park Memorial Institute. Other sensitive tumors were lymphoma (63% response and improvements), squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (41% response and imporvements), and ovarian carcinoma (40% response and improvements). Complete responses were also seen in one patient with thyroid carcinoma and two with bladder carcinoma, while partial remissions were recorded in two patients with breast carcinoma and one patient each with acute myelogenous leukemia, endometrial carcinoma, renal carcinoma, malignant thymoma, neuroblastoma, adenocarcinoma of the lung, and an undifferentiated tumor of unknown origin. Five major types of toxicity were encountered: gastrointestinal, hematopoietic, immunosuppressive, otologic, and renal, with the last two generally the most serious. Serial audiometry testing can generally warn of the otologic toxicity and thus prevent permanent acoustic damage. Renal toxicity, which is similar to that seen with heavy-metal poisoning, appears to be dose related, cumulative, and only partly reversible, thus, severely limiting the repeated administration of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum (II). Recent laboratory studies suggest that combination chemotherapy with this drug may be rewarding. Studies of this nature should be pursued along with attempts to find more effective less toxic platinum compounds.", "PMID": 1106840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1484", "title": "Clinical phase I trial of inosine dialdehyde (NSC-118994).", "content": "An initial clinical phase I trial of inosine dialdehyde has been carried out in 40 patients at dose levels of 30-4000 mg/m2 for 5 days given intravenously (iv) monthly. At 1.5 g/m2, noncumulative dose-related toxicity occurred in all patients which consisted of nausea and vomiting, local pain, alterations in coagulation mechanism, elevated partial thromboplastin time, and positive Coombs' test. No dose-limiting leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, anemia, or bleeding occurred; however, depression of the leukocyte and platelet counts, and decreased hemoglobin value were observed. The dose-limiting toxic effect was renal tubular damage with reversible acute renal failure in one of four patients who received 3000 mg/m2 iv for 5 days. Refractory hypercalcemia was controlled in three of three patients without tumor effect. Responses occurred in patients with seminoma, oat cell carcinoma, and melanoma. A starting dose of 2 g/m2 for 3 days monthly is recommended for phase II trials and a trial in lung carcinoma is now being conducted.", "contents": "Clinical phase I trial of inosine dialdehyde (NSC-118994). An initial clinical phase I trial of inosine dialdehyde has been carried out in 40 patients at dose levels of 30-4000 mg/m2 for 5 days given intravenously (iv) monthly. At 1.5 g/m2, noncumulative dose-related toxicity occurred in all patients which consisted of nausea and vomiting, local pain, alterations in coagulation mechanism, elevated partial thromboplastin time, and positive Coombs' test. No dose-limiting leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, anemia, or bleeding occurred; however, depression of the leukocyte and platelet counts, and decreased hemoglobin value were observed. The dose-limiting toxic effect was renal tubular damage with reversible acute renal failure in one of four patients who received 3000 mg/m2 iv for 5 days. Refractory hypercalcemia was controlled in three of three patients without tumor effect. Responses occurred in patients with seminoma, oat cell carcinoma, and melanoma. A starting dose of 2 g/m2 for 3 days monthly is recommended for phase II trials and a trial in lung carcinoma is now being conducted.", "PMID": 1106841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1485", "title": "Use of combination adriamycin (NSC-123127) and DTIC (NSC-45388) in children with advanced stage IV neuroblastoma.", "content": "Adriamycin and DTIC were used in combination because of their reported effectiveness in neuroblastoma when administered as single agents and because of the poor survival rate of patients with this malignancy in its disseminated stage. Eighteen patients with previously treated stage IV neuroblastoma received this combination chemotherapy every 21 days. Two to eight courses were administered. Two partial and no complete remissions were seen. Mild to moderate gastrointestinal and hematologic toxicity was observed.", "contents": "Use of combination adriamycin (NSC-123127) and DTIC (NSC-45388) in children with advanced stage IV neuroblastoma. Adriamycin and DTIC were used in combination because of their reported effectiveness in neuroblastoma when administered as single agents and because of the poor survival rate of patients with this malignancy in its disseminated stage. Eighteen patients with previously treated stage IV neuroblastoma received this combination chemotherapy every 21 days. Two to eight courses were administered. Two partial and no complete remissions were seen. Mild to moderate gastrointestinal and hematologic toxicity was observed.", "PMID": 1106842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1486", "title": "Structural studies on the O-specific side-chains of the cell-wall lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli O 75.", "content": "The structure of the O-specific side-chains of the cell-wall lipopolysaccharide of Escherichia coli O 75 has been investigated, using methylation analysis and Smith degradation as the principal methods. The O-specific side-chain was found to be composed of a tetrasaccharide repeating-unit of the following structure: (see article)", "contents": "Structural studies on the O-specific side-chains of the cell-wall lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli O 75. The structure of the O-specific side-chains of the cell-wall lipopolysaccharide of Escherichia coli O 75 has been investigated, using methylation analysis and Smith degradation as the principal methods. The O-specific side-chain was found to be composed of a tetrasaccharide repeating-unit of the following structure: (see article)", "PMID": 1106850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1487", "title": "Haemodynamic studies during short-term preservation of the autoperfusing heart-lung preparation.", "content": "Preservation of the donor heart in a viable state for even a few hours would greatly facilitate clinical cardiac transplantation. The autoperfusing heart-lung preparation has been investigated for periods of 2 to 6 has a means of short-term preservation of the heart. Its functional capability has been assessed by observations of a number of haemodynamic parameters, including those parameters believed to give an indication of the state of myocardial contractility. Although conversion of the normal circulation to that of the preparation was accompanied by considerable falls in max dP/dt and its derivative max dP/dt/P, there was a subsequent stabilization or improvement in these parameters during the period of autoperfusion. Haematoxylin-basic fuchsin-picric acid staining of the myocardium showed no evidence of myocardial ischaemia during the perfusion period. These observations, together with other haemodynamic and histological observations, suggested that myocardial perfusion by this technique was satisfactory. The effects of a coronary dilator such as dipyridamole have been observed, and its value in approximating the coronary and pulmonary blood flows in such a preparation is discussed. These studies would suggest that the autoperfusing heart-lung preparation can provide a simple and satisfactory form of short-term storage of the heart and, with further experience, may prove of value in clinical cardiac transplantation.", "contents": "Haemodynamic studies during short-term preservation of the autoperfusing heart-lung preparation. Preservation of the donor heart in a viable state for even a few hours would greatly facilitate clinical cardiac transplantation. The autoperfusing heart-lung preparation has been investigated for periods of 2 to 6 has a means of short-term preservation of the heart. Its functional capability has been assessed by observations of a number of haemodynamic parameters, including those parameters believed to give an indication of the state of myocardial contractility. Although conversion of the normal circulation to that of the preparation was accompanied by considerable falls in max dP/dt and its derivative max dP/dt/P, there was a subsequent stabilization or improvement in these parameters during the period of autoperfusion. Haematoxylin-basic fuchsin-picric acid staining of the myocardium showed no evidence of myocardial ischaemia during the perfusion period. These observations, together with other haemodynamic and histological observations, suggested that myocardial perfusion by this technique was satisfactory. The effects of a coronary dilator such as dipyridamole have been observed, and its value in approximating the coronary and pulmonary blood flows in such a preparation is discussed. These studies would suggest that the autoperfusing heart-lung preparation can provide a simple and satisfactory form of short-term storage of the heart and, with further experience, may prove of value in clinical cardiac transplantation.", "PMID": 1106851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1488", "title": "Effects of catecholamines on the coronary circulation in the Langendorff-type transplanted dog heart.", "content": "Intracoronary administration of isoprenaline, adrenaline, and the noradrenaline in the Langendorff-type transplanted dog heart transiently decreased coronary blood flow measured from the inflow vessel; flow then increased. The reduction in coronary flow coincided with increased myocardial contractility and was prevented by keeping the left ventricle empty. Propranolol prevented changes in flow and contractility. It is concluded that positive inotropic changes result in the ejection of accumulated Thesbesian flow from the ventricle and affect coronary flow measurements and that the interpretation of flow changes requires a steady state.", "contents": "Effects of catecholamines on the coronary circulation in the Langendorff-type transplanted dog heart. Intracoronary administration of isoprenaline, adrenaline, and the noradrenaline in the Langendorff-type transplanted dog heart transiently decreased coronary blood flow measured from the inflow vessel; flow then increased. The reduction in coronary flow coincided with increased myocardial contractility and was prevented by keeping the left ventricle empty. Propranolol prevented changes in flow and contractility. It is concluded that positive inotropic changes result in the ejection of accumulated Thesbesian flow from the ventricle and affect coronary flow measurements and that the interpretation of flow changes requires a steady state.", "PMID": 1106852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1489", "title": "Alternating administration of adriamycin (NSC-123127) and vincristine (NSC-67574)-actinomycin D (NSC-3053) in advanced sarcomas.", "content": "Fifteen patients with surgically incurable, advanced, and metastatic sarcomas were treated with courses of adriamycin and vincristine-actinomycin D alternating within a 7-week cycle. Three patients had objective partial responses for more than 3 months (liposarcoma, 4 months; fibrous histiocytoma, 15+ months; desmoid tumor, 19+ months) while two other patients (liposarcoma, leiomyosarcoma) had lesser responses. No beneficial effect could be attributed to therapy in two patients with leiomyosarcoma, two patients each with synovial cell sarcoma, fibrosarcoma, and chondrosarcoma, and one patient each with rhabdomyosarcoma and mesenchymoma. No additive effect of alternating full doses of these agents could be demonstrated over the published data on response to adriamycin or actinomycin D alone.", "contents": "Alternating administration of adriamycin (NSC-123127) and vincristine (NSC-67574)-actinomycin D (NSC-3053) in advanced sarcomas. Fifteen patients with surgically incurable, advanced, and metastatic sarcomas were treated with courses of adriamycin and vincristine-actinomycin D alternating within a 7-week cycle. Three patients had objective partial responses for more than 3 months (liposarcoma, 4 months; fibrous histiocytoma, 15+ months; desmoid tumor, 19+ months) while two other patients (liposarcoma, leiomyosarcoma) had lesser responses. No beneficial effect could be attributed to therapy in two patients with leiomyosarcoma, two patients each with synovial cell sarcoma, fibrosarcoma, and chondrosarcoma, and one patient each with rhabdomyosarcoma and mesenchymoma. No additive effect of alternating full doses of these agents could be demonstrated over the published data on response to adriamycin or actinomycin D alone.", "PMID": 1106847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1490", "title": "Dibromodulcitol (NSC-104800) compared with cyclophosphamide (NSC-26271) as remission maintenance therapy in previously treated children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia or acute undifferentiated leukemia: possible effectiveness in reducing the incidence of central nervous system leukemia.", "content": "Dibromodulcitol and cyclophosphamide are both alkylating agents. In this study, these two drugs were compared for their effectiveness as remission maintenance therapy for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia or acute undifferentiated leukemia. Toxic effects were similar in both groups of patients although cystitis did not occur with the dibromodulcitol treatment. The duration of remission was slightly shorter for dibromodulcitol than for cyclophosphamide (P = 0.04). There was, however, a lower incidence of CNS leukemia in the patients treated with dibromodulcitol, which did not seem to be related to a basic difference in the patient groups.", "contents": "Dibromodulcitol (NSC-104800) compared with cyclophosphamide (NSC-26271) as remission maintenance therapy in previously treated children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia or acute undifferentiated leukemia: possible effectiveness in reducing the incidence of central nervous system leukemia. Dibromodulcitol and cyclophosphamide are both alkylating agents. In this study, these two drugs were compared for their effectiveness as remission maintenance therapy for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia or acute undifferentiated leukemia. Toxic effects were similar in both groups of patients although cystitis did not occur with the dibromodulcitol treatment. The duration of remission was slightly shorter for dibromodulcitol than for cyclophosphamide (P = 0.04). There was, however, a lower incidence of CNS leukemia in the patients treated with dibromodulcitol, which did not seem to be related to a basic difference in the patient groups.", "PMID": 1106848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1491", "title": "Phase II study of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) (NSC-119875) in combination with cyclophosphamide (NSC-26271) in the treatment of human malignancies.", "content": "The effectiveness of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) in the treatment of human malignancies is evaluated. The first stage of our investigation consisted of a phase I study to determine toxicity. In the second stage attempts were made to reduce toxicity by varying the modes of administration, and the third stage comprised studies of combination chemotherapy including cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II). A total of 74 patients have been treated, 20 of whom received the combination of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) and cyclophosphamide. Major toxic effects included vomiting, mild leukopenia and thrombocytopenia, decreased creatinine clearance, audiologic toxic effects, hyperuricemia, and nephrotoxicity. Measurable regression of tumors was seen in 18 of the 74 patients and ten of the 18 patients who responded had been given the combination of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(ii) and cyclophosphamide.", "contents": "Phase II study of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) (NSC-119875) in combination with cyclophosphamide (NSC-26271) in the treatment of human malignancies. The effectiveness of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) in the treatment of human malignancies is evaluated. The first stage of our investigation consisted of a phase I study to determine toxicity. In the second stage attempts were made to reduce toxicity by varying the modes of administration, and the third stage comprised studies of combination chemotherapy including cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II). A total of 74 patients have been treated, 20 of whom received the combination of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) and cyclophosphamide. Major toxic effects included vomiting, mild leukopenia and thrombocytopenia, decreased creatinine clearance, audiologic toxic effects, hyperuricemia, and nephrotoxicity. Measurable regression of tumors was seen in 18 of the 74 patients and ten of the 18 patients who responded had been given the combination of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(ii) and cyclophosphamide.", "PMID": 1106849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1492", "title": "The surface structure of isolated pancreatic islet cells.", "content": "The surfaces of isolated pancreatic islet cells were studied with the scanning and transmission electron microscopes. Islets were isolated from the pancreas of Wistar rats by collagenase treatment and were incubated either in glucose-free medium or in 300 mg% glucose for one hour. Immunoreactive insulin (IRI) in the media of both control and experimental preparations was assayed. Islets were then transferred to 4% glutaraldehyde, buffered with cacodylate, pH 7.4, and prepared for scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Cell masses average 200 mu in diameter. Alpha cells appear pyramidal in shape, are about 8 mu in diameter and appear in groups. Beta cells are round or oval in shape and have an average diameter of 10 mu. Glucose stimulation raised the IRI value tenfold and increased the number of blebs and other surface irregularities per unit area of beta cell surface. Comparison with transmission electron micrographs suggests that the blebs are related to the process of emiocytosis.", "contents": "The surface structure of isolated pancreatic islet cells. The surfaces of isolated pancreatic islet cells were studied with the scanning and transmission electron microscopes. Islets were isolated from the pancreas of Wistar rats by collagenase treatment and were incubated either in glucose-free medium or in 300 mg% glucose for one hour. Immunoreactive insulin (IRI) in the media of both control and experimental preparations was assayed. Islets were then transferred to 4% glutaraldehyde, buffered with cacodylate, pH 7.4, and prepared for scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Cell masses average 200 mu in diameter. Alpha cells appear pyramidal in shape, are about 8 mu in diameter and appear in groups. Beta cells are round or oval in shape and have an average diameter of 10 mu. Glucose stimulation raised the IRI value tenfold and increased the number of blebs and other surface irregularities per unit area of beta cell surface. Comparison with transmission electron micrographs suggests that the blebs are related to the process of emiocytosis.", "PMID": 1106868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1493", "title": "Changes in myosin distribution in dedifferentiating and redifferentiating smooth muscle cells in tissue culture.", "content": "Isolated smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts from the newborn guinea-pig vas deferens were grown in culture. In the first 2 days, all cells characterized as smooth muscle by phase-contrast microscopy reacted intensely with fluoresceinated antibodies against smooth muscle myosin. The fluorescence was in the form of particles (termed here \"myosin aggregates\"), which were often aligned to give the cell a striated appearance. After 3-5 days, coarse fluorescent fibrils were also visible. These were termed \"attachment fibrils\" (\"A-fibrils\") since they were thought to represent myosin in microfilament bundles. Between 6 and  days in culture, the smooth muscle cells began to dedifferentiate morphologically. At this time, the \"myosin aggregates\" became clumped and less intensely fluorescent. \"A-fibrils\" also decreased in fluorescence intensity. By 8 days in culture, the dedifferentiated cells had undergone intense proliferation and gave only a minimal reaction with myosin antibodies. However, when a confluent monolayer of cells formed on day 9 or 10, they immediately began to redifferentiate ultrastructurally and to regain immunofluorescence in both \"myosin aggregates\" and \"A-fibrils\". Throughout the entire culture period, cells characterized as fibroblasts by phase contrast microscopy gave only a weak reaction with fluoresceinated antibodies to myosin showing \"A-fibrils\" but no \"myosin aggregates\".", "contents": "Changes in myosin distribution in dedifferentiating and redifferentiating smooth muscle cells in tissue culture. Isolated smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts from the newborn guinea-pig vas deferens were grown in culture. In the first 2 days, all cells characterized as smooth muscle by phase-contrast microscopy reacted intensely with fluoresceinated antibodies against smooth muscle myosin. The fluorescence was in the form of particles (termed here \"myosin aggregates\"), which were often aligned to give the cell a striated appearance. After 3-5 days, coarse fluorescent fibrils were also visible. These were termed \"attachment fibrils\" (\"A-fibrils\") since they were thought to represent myosin in microfilament bundles. Between 6 and  days in culture, the smooth muscle cells began to dedifferentiate morphologically. At this time, the \"myosin aggregates\" became clumped and less intensely fluorescent. \"A-fibrils\" also decreased in fluorescence intensity. By 8 days in culture, the dedifferentiated cells had undergone intense proliferation and gave only a minimal reaction with myosin antibodies. However, when a confluent monolayer of cells formed on day 9 or 10, they immediately began to redifferentiate ultrastructurally and to regain immunofluorescence in both \"myosin aggregates\" and \"A-fibrils\". Throughout the entire culture period, cells characterized as fibroblasts by phase contrast microscopy gave only a weak reaction with fluoresceinated antibodies to myosin showing \"A-fibrils\" but no \"myosin aggregates\".", "PMID": 1106869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1494", "title": "Lung water and urea indicator dilution studies in cardiac surgery patients. Comparisons of measurements in aortocoronary bypass and mitral valve replacement.", "content": "We measured transpulmonary indicator dilution curves of 51Cr-erythrocytes, 125I-albumin, 14C-urea, and 3H-water before and six and 24 hours after operation in seven patients undergoing aortocoronary bypass (ACB) and eight patients undergoing mitral valve replacement (MVR). We calculated cardiac output (CO), extravascular lung water (EVLW), the difference between 125I-albumin and 51Cr-erythrocyte distribution volumes (EV albumin), the difference between 14C-urea and 51Cr-erythrocyte distribution volumes (EV urea) and 14C-urea extraction (E) and permeability -surface ares (PS) products. Comparisons between 16 ACB studies and 17 MVR studies showed the MVR group to have a higher EVLW (P less than 0.01). Extravascular lung water decreased after operation. The ratio of EV urea to EV albumin averaged 1.35 in the MVR group and 0.91 in the ACB group (P less than 0.001). 14C-urea E was also higher in the MVR group (P less than 0.05), but PS was similar in the two groups. None of the differences was related to the time that studies were done. We showed that EVLW, calculated using both 125I-albumin and 51Cr-erythrocytes as intravascular indicators and measured blood water content, had a constant relationship to EVLW calculated using only 125-I-albumin as the intravascular indicator and neglecting blood water content, over a broad range of cardiac outputs, hematocrist, and lung water volumes. We conclude that patients with mitral valve disease have an increased distribution volume and E for urea, probably due to hemodynamic changes but possibly due to increased vascular permeability. Extravascular lung water decreases after cardiac surgery regardless of the type of operation. A single intravascular indicator is adequate for estimating extravascular lung water in humans.", "contents": "Lung water and urea indicator dilution studies in cardiac surgery patients. Comparisons of measurements in aortocoronary bypass and mitral valve replacement. We measured transpulmonary indicator dilution curves of 51Cr-erythrocytes, 125I-albumin, 14C-urea, and 3H-water before and six and 24 hours after operation in seven patients undergoing aortocoronary bypass (ACB) and eight patients undergoing mitral valve replacement (MVR). We calculated cardiac output (CO), extravascular lung water (EVLW), the difference between 125I-albumin and 51Cr-erythrocyte distribution volumes (EV albumin), the difference between 14C-urea and 51Cr-erythrocyte distribution volumes (EV urea) and 14C-urea extraction (E) and permeability -surface ares (PS) products. Comparisons between 16 ACB studies and 17 MVR studies showed the MVR group to have a higher EVLW (P less than 0.01). Extravascular lung water decreased after operation. The ratio of EV urea to EV albumin averaged 1.35 in the MVR group and 0.91 in the ACB group (P less than 0.001). 14C-urea E was also higher in the MVR group (P less than 0.05), but PS was similar in the two groups. None of the differences was related to the time that studies were done. We showed that EVLW, calculated using both 125I-albumin and 51Cr-erythrocytes as intravascular indicators and measured blood water content, had a constant relationship to EVLW calculated using only 125-I-albumin as the intravascular indicator and neglecting blood water content, over a broad range of cardiac outputs, hematocrist, and lung water volumes. We conclude that patients with mitral valve disease have an increased distribution volume and E for urea, probably due to hemodynamic changes but possibly due to increased vascular permeability. Extravascular lung water decreases after cardiac surgery regardless of the type of operation. A single intravascular indicator is adequate for estimating extravascular lung water in humans.", "PMID": 1106909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1495", "title": "Electrophoretic amylase fractionation as an aid in diagnosis of pancreatic disease.", "content": "Six alpha-amylase (EC 3.2.1.1) isoenzymes have been resolved electrophoretically on cellulose acetate membranes in a discontinuous buffer system. The fastest migrating isoenzymes are of salivary origin (S1, S2, S3), the slower ones of pancreatic origin (P1, P2, P3). We determined the amylase isoenzyme distribution in the sera of 240 subjects. A specific pancreatic isoenzyme (P3) was observed in all clinically diagnosed cases of acute or chronic pancreatitis as well as in 15 of 40 renal-transplant patients. Moreover, P3 isoenzyme activity declined during apparent recovery from pancreatitis. The P2 isoenzyme appeared in 95% of all specimens, P1 in only 2%. The pancreatic isoenzymes were preferentially excreted in the urine of both renal-transplant patients and normal individuals. The major salivary isoenzyme, S1, was observed in 95% of all serum and urine samples; however, the S2 and S3 appeared less consistently. Our method is simple and rapid, and quite applicable for use in clinical evaluation of patients with pancreatitis or with certain nonpancreatic dysfunctions.", "contents": "Electrophoretic amylase fractionation as an aid in diagnosis of pancreatic disease. Six alpha-amylase (EC 3.2.1.1) isoenzymes have been resolved electrophoretically on cellulose acetate membranes in a discontinuous buffer system. The fastest migrating isoenzymes are of salivary origin (S1, S2, S3), the slower ones of pancreatic origin (P1, P2, P3). We determined the amylase isoenzyme distribution in the sera of 240 subjects. A specific pancreatic isoenzyme (P3) was observed in all clinically diagnosed cases of acute or chronic pancreatitis as well as in 15 of 40 renal-transplant patients. Moreover, P3 isoenzyme activity declined during apparent recovery from pancreatitis. The P2 isoenzyme appeared in 95% of all specimens, P1 in only 2%. The pancreatic isoenzymes were preferentially excreted in the urine of both renal-transplant patients and normal individuals. The major salivary isoenzyme, S1, was observed in 95% of all serum and urine samples; however, the S2 and S3 appeared less consistently. Our method is simple and rapid, and quite applicable for use in clinical evaluation of patients with pancreatitis or with certain nonpancreatic dysfunctions.", "PMID": 1106910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1496", "title": "Improved microscale assay for purine phosphoribosyltransferase activities.", "content": "We describe an improved and rapid filter-type assay for purine phosphoribosyltransferase activities. 14C-labeled purine bases are used as substrates, and the equipment includes a sampling manifold and glass-fiber filters coated with polyethyleneimine-cellulose. The method is especially suited for assay of a large number of samples, and may be useful for other enzyme activity measurements.", "contents": "Improved microscale assay for purine phosphoribosyltransferase activities. We describe an improved and rapid filter-type assay for purine phosphoribosyltransferase activities. 14C-labeled purine bases are used as substrates, and the equipment includes a sampling manifold and glass-fiber filters coated with polyethyleneimine-cellulose. The method is especially suited for assay of a large number of samples, and may be useful for other enzyme activity measurements.", "PMID": 1106911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1497", "title": "The immunological consequences of antigen overload in experimental mycobacterial infections of mice.", "content": "Mice infected in the tail with M. ulcerans developed transient cell-mediated immunity which disappeared as the bacterial load increased. Lymph node cells from animals in this late phase of the disease transformed spontaneously in vitro. This transformation was inhibited by mycobacterial antigen. Lymph node cells from mice injected intravenously with 10(8) or 10(9) BCG also transformed spontaneously in vitro. Such animals did not become foot pad test-positive. Evidence is presented that the spontaneous transformation may represent an accumulation of specifically sensitized cells due to trapping in nodes overloaded with persistent antigen. The relevance of such a phenomenon to 'desensitization' in human and animal disease is discussed.", "contents": "The immunological consequences of antigen overload in experimental mycobacterial infections of mice. Mice infected in the tail with M. ulcerans developed transient cell-mediated immunity which disappeared as the bacterial load increased. Lymph node cells from animals in this late phase of the disease transformed spontaneously in vitro. This transformation was inhibited by mycobacterial antigen. Lymph node cells from mice injected intravenously with 10(8) or 10(9) BCG also transformed spontaneously in vitro. Such animals did not become foot pad test-positive. Evidence is presented that the spontaneous transformation may represent an accumulation of specifically sensitized cells due to trapping in nodes overloaded with persistent antigen. The relevance of such a phenomenon to 'desensitization' in human and animal disease is discussed.", "PMID": 1106912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1498", "title": "Rapid quantitation of changes in macrophage volume induced by lymphokine in vitro.", "content": "A new machine, the Coulter Channelyzer P128, has been used to measure the mean cell volume of suspensions of normal guinea-pig macrophages. Macrophage volume, expressed in cubic microns, has been examined after various times of storage and subsequently after contact with varying concentrations of lymphokine. It is suggested that this machine improves the speed and accuracy of quantitating one in vitro assay of lymphokine activity.", "contents": "Rapid quantitation of changes in macrophage volume induced by lymphokine in vitro. A new machine, the Coulter Channelyzer P128, has been used to measure the mean cell volume of suspensions of normal guinea-pig macrophages. Macrophage volume, expressed in cubic microns, has been examined after various times of storage and subsequently after contact with varying concentrations of lymphokine. It is suggested that this machine improves the speed and accuracy of quantitating one in vitro assay of lymphokine activity.", "PMID": 1106913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1499", "title": "Guinea-pig nephrotoxic nephritis. I. The role of complement and polymorphonuclear leucocytes and the effect of antibody subclass and fragments in the heterologous phase.", "content": "In guinea-pig nephrotoxic nephritis induced by a sheep antibody there was minimal glomerular capillary deposition of C3 and accumulation of polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMN) in the heterologous phase. The C4-deficient strain developed the same injury as normal Duncan-Hartley animals. Complement depletion with cobra venom factor, polymorph depletion with nitrogen mustard or anti-PMN serum and treatment with antihistamines provided no protection. The relationship between the dose of nephrotoxic antibody and the proteinuria was similar for gamma1 and gamma2 subclasses and the F(ab')2 fragment of gamma1 antibody. However, the F(ab') and F(ab) antibody fragments, though fixing on the glomerular basement membrane, did not cause proteinuria. It is concluded that the development of proteinuria in this system: is largely independent of the complement-polymorph system; is due to the fixation of the F(ab')2 fragment of the antibody molecule; and does not depend on an intact Fc piece.", "contents": "Guinea-pig nephrotoxic nephritis. I. The role of complement and polymorphonuclear leucocytes and the effect of antibody subclass and fragments in the heterologous phase. In guinea-pig nephrotoxic nephritis induced by a sheep antibody there was minimal glomerular capillary deposition of C3 and accumulation of polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMN) in the heterologous phase. The C4-deficient strain developed the same injury as normal Duncan-Hartley animals. Complement depletion with cobra venom factor, polymorph depletion with nitrogen mustard or anti-PMN serum and treatment with antihistamines provided no protection. The relationship between the dose of nephrotoxic antibody and the proteinuria was similar for gamma1 and gamma2 subclasses and the F(ab')2 fragment of gamma1 antibody. However, the F(ab') and F(ab) antibody fragments, though fixing on the glomerular basement membrane, did not cause proteinuria. It is concluded that the development of proteinuria in this system: is largely independent of the complement-polymorph system; is due to the fixation of the F(ab')2 fragment of the antibody molecule; and does not depend on an intact Fc piece.", "PMID": 1106914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1500", "title": "A paraprotein in severe combined immunodefeciency disease detected by immunoelectrophoretic analysis of plasma.", "content": "A qualitative study was made of the plasma immunoglobulins of a child with severe combined immunodeficiency. By immunoelectrophoresis an immunoglobulin with an abnormal electrophoretic mobility was detected. This protein possessed mu heavy chain determinants, gave no detectable reaction with antisera specific for light chains, was of a relatively small molecular size, and was probably not composed of subunits held together by easily reduced disulfide bonds. The light chains that were present in this patient's plasma had a homogeneous electrophoretic mobility. The patient's plasma also contained at least two other immunoglobulins whose antigenic identity could not be established. One of these was abnormal in its electrophoretic mobility. The presence of the abnormal protein with mu determinants in the plasma of the second unrelated child with a similar disease suggests that the detection of this protein may have implications for the diagnosis or classification of immunodeficiency diseases.", "contents": "A paraprotein in severe combined immunodefeciency disease detected by immunoelectrophoretic analysis of plasma. A qualitative study was made of the plasma immunoglobulins of a child with severe combined immunodeficiency. By immunoelectrophoresis an immunoglobulin with an abnormal electrophoretic mobility was detected. This protein possessed mu heavy chain determinants, gave no detectable reaction with antisera specific for light chains, was of a relatively small molecular size, and was probably not composed of subunits held together by easily reduced disulfide bonds. The light chains that were present in this patient's plasma had a homogeneous electrophoretic mobility. The patient's plasma also contained at least two other immunoglobulins whose antigenic identity could not be established. One of these was abnormal in its electrophoretic mobility. The presence of the abnormal protein with mu determinants in the plasma of the second unrelated child with a similar disease suggests that the detection of this protein may have implications for the diagnosis or classification of immunodeficiency diseases.", "PMID": 1106915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1501", "title": "An indirect immunofluorescent test for human antibodies to tetanus toxoid using an insoluble toxoid as antigen.", "content": "An indirect fluorescent antibody (FA) test for detection of human antibodies to tetanus toxoid is described using an ethylchloroformate-prepared polymer of tetanus toxoid as the particulate slide test antigen. Titres of the FA test were compared with those obtained with the toxin neutralization (TN) test in mice. No antisera were FA-positive at less than 0-0025 AU/ml. Positive correlation of the FA test with the TN test was 50% between 0-0025 and 0-01 antitoxin units/ml (AU/ml) and 100% between 0-02 and 160 AU/ml. In general, an increase in FA titres correlated with an increase in TN titres beginning at about 0-08-0-16 AU/ml.", "contents": "An indirect immunofluorescent test for human antibodies to tetanus toxoid using an insoluble toxoid as antigen. An indirect fluorescent antibody (FA) test for detection of human antibodies to tetanus toxoid is described using an ethylchloroformate-prepared polymer of tetanus toxoid as the particulate slide test antigen. Titres of the FA test were compared with those obtained with the toxin neutralization (TN) test in mice. No antisera were FA-positive at less than 0-0025 AU/ml. Positive correlation of the FA test with the TN test was 50% between 0-0025 and 0-01 antitoxin units/ml (AU/ml) and 100% between 0-02 and 160 AU/ml. In general, an increase in FA titres correlated with an increase in TN titres beginning at about 0-08-0-16 AU/ml.", "PMID": 1106916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1502", "title": "Clinical applications of the continuous flow blood separator machine.", "content": "The NCl/IBM or Aminco Continuous Flow Blood Separator Machine is a safe apparatus for the selective removal or exchange of either packed red blood cells, leucocyte-rich or platelet-rich layers or plasma. Abnormal fractions from any of these layers may be collected and discarded. Normal constituents may be collected for therapeutic uses. The wide scope of its applications includes important uses in clinical immunology: temporary provision of good leucocytes or platelets; harvesting of immune leucocytes (preparation of transfer factor at up to 10 units per harvest); removal of cryo- or macro-globulins, immune complexes or blocking factors; replacement therapy for antibody or complement deficiencies. Examples are given of such uses together with some of the medical problems so far encountered.", "contents": "Clinical applications of the continuous flow blood separator machine. The NCl/IBM or Aminco Continuous Flow Blood Separator Machine is a safe apparatus for the selective removal or exchange of either packed red blood cells, leucocyte-rich or platelet-rich layers or plasma. Abnormal fractions from any of these layers may be collected and discarded. Normal constituents may be collected for therapeutic uses. The wide scope of its applications includes important uses in clinical immunology: temporary provision of good leucocytes or platelets; harvesting of immune leucocytes (preparation of transfer factor at up to 10 units per harvest); removal of cryo- or macro-globulins, immune complexes or blocking factors; replacement therapy for antibody or complement deficiencies. Examples are given of such uses together with some of the medical problems so far encountered.", "PMID": 1106917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1503", "title": "Binding of the complement intermediate C56 to zymosan in acute phase human sera.", "content": "C56 is known to appear in the fluid phase when zymosan is incubated at 37 degrees C with certain acute phase 'reactor' sera. In the present study, C56 was detected bound to the zymosan particle prior to its appearance free in solution. In reactor sera C56 was formed and released with kinetics similar to that of the generation and decay of a C56-binding site formed when zymosan was incubated with normal serum. Bound and fluid phase C56 was detected only in reactor sera, and was generated only by agents known preferentially to activate the properdin pathway. Elution of C56 from zymosan in hypertonic salt solutions proved to be a convenient step in the partial purification of large amounts of this haemolytically active bimolecular complex.", "contents": "Binding of the complement intermediate C56 to zymosan in acute phase human sera. C56 is known to appear in the fluid phase when zymosan is incubated at 37 degrees C with certain acute phase 'reactor' sera. In the present study, C56 was detected bound to the zymosan particle prior to its appearance free in solution. In reactor sera C56 was formed and released with kinetics similar to that of the generation and decay of a C56-binding site formed when zymosan was incubated with normal serum. Bound and fluid phase C56 was detected only in reactor sera, and was generated only by agents known preferentially to activate the properdin pathway. Elution of C56 from zymosan in hypertonic salt solutions proved to be a convenient step in the partial purification of large amounts of this haemolytically active bimolecular complex.", "PMID": 1106918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1504", "title": "Increased antibody production following depression of hepatic phagocytosis.", "content": "The influence of Kupffer cell blockade on the humoral immune response to suboptimal doses of intravenous sheep red blood cells has been measured in mice. Hepatic phagocytosis was suppressed using dextran sulphate. Direct (IgM) and indirect (IgG) plaque-forming cells were measured in spleens from treated and untreated mice at varying times after the antigen. The results show that after Kupffer cell blockade both IgM and IgG responses correspond to the responses seen after a 10-fold greater dose of cells in control animals. The implications of this are discussed.", "contents": "Increased antibody production following depression of hepatic phagocytosis. The influence of Kupffer cell blockade on the humoral immune response to suboptimal doses of intravenous sheep red blood cells has been measured in mice. Hepatic phagocytosis was suppressed using dextran sulphate. Direct (IgM) and indirect (IgG) plaque-forming cells were measured in spleens from treated and untreated mice at varying times after the antigen. The results show that after Kupffer cell blockade both IgM and IgG responses correspond to the responses seen after a 10-fold greater dose of cells in control animals. The implications of this are discussed.", "PMID": 1106919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1505", "title": "Ultrastructural and serological studies on the resistance of activated B cells to the cytotoxic effects of anti-immunoglobulin serum. Patch and cap formation of surface immunoglobulin on mitotic B lymphocytes.", "content": "Previous studies have shown that rabbit anti-mouse immunoglobulin sera (anti-Ig) which kill non-activated B lymphocytes in the presence of complement, are incapable of doing so when the cells are activated by antigen or mitogen into mitosis. Results reported here indicate that the resistance is not dependent on either the source of antiserum or complement, or on the presence of a mitotic inhibitor, colcemid. Immunoperoxidase staining-electron microscopy techniques were applied to assess whether there was any conspicuous difference between unstimulated versus mitogen-stimulated, mitotic cells with respect to density or distribution of cell surface Ig. No such differences were found; furthermore, mitotic cells showed rapid classical 'patch and cap' formation of cell surface Ig when incubated with anti-Ig at room temperature, indicating the retention of fluid membrane dynamics by lymphocytes in this stage of the cell cycle. In contrast to this cytotoxic resistance, T or B lymphocytes in mitosis were found to be as sensitive, or more so, to lysis by various other antisera when compared to non-mitotic cells. Thus the resistance of mitotic B cells to the cytotoxic effects of anti-Ig serum seems unique and appears independent of any conspicuous quantitative or qualitative change in cell surface Ig.", "contents": "Ultrastructural and serological studies on the resistance of activated B cells to the cytotoxic effects of anti-immunoglobulin serum. Patch and cap formation of surface immunoglobulin on mitotic B lymphocytes. Previous studies have shown that rabbit anti-mouse immunoglobulin sera (anti-Ig) which kill non-activated B lymphocytes in the presence of complement, are incapable of doing so when the cells are activated by antigen or mitogen into mitosis. Results reported here indicate that the resistance is not dependent on either the source of antiserum or complement, or on the presence of a mitotic inhibitor, colcemid. Immunoperoxidase staining-electron microscopy techniques were applied to assess whether there was any conspicuous difference between unstimulated versus mitogen-stimulated, mitotic cells with respect to density or distribution of cell surface Ig. No such differences were found; furthermore, mitotic cells showed rapid classical 'patch and cap' formation of cell surface Ig when incubated with anti-Ig at room temperature, indicating the retention of fluid membrane dynamics by lymphocytes in this stage of the cell cycle. In contrast to this cytotoxic resistance, T or B lymphocytes in mitosis were found to be as sensitive, or more so, to lysis by various other antisera when compared to non-mitotic cells. Thus the resistance of mitotic B cells to the cytotoxic effects of anti-Ig serum seems unique and appears independent of any conspicuous quantitative or qualitative change in cell surface Ig.", "PMID": 1106920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1506", "title": "Effects of oestrogens and pregnancy on the distribution of sheep erythrocytes and the antibody response in mice.", "content": "Mice pre-treated with three oestrogenic preparations showed increased hepatic and reduced splenic uptake of 51Cr-labelled sheep erythrocytes (SRBC). The anitbody response to SRBC wahe number of antibody-forming cells in the spleen parallels the amount of SRBC localizing in this organ and that both can be depressed or enhanced by appropriate pre-treatments with oestrogens or colloidal carbon. The effects of these agents are mediated through stimulation or 'blockade' of the phagocytic activity of liver macrophages. Changes in localization of SRBC in pregnant mice were similar to those found after treatment with oestrogens. These changes were, however, rather small and the antibody response of pregnant animals was not affected.", "contents": "Effects of oestrogens and pregnancy on the distribution of sheep erythrocytes and the antibody response in mice. Mice pre-treated with three oestrogenic preparations showed increased hepatic and reduced splenic uptake of 51Cr-labelled sheep erythrocytes (SRBC). The anitbody response to SRBC wahe number of antibody-forming cells in the spleen parallels the amount of SRBC localizing in this organ and that both can be depressed or enhanced by appropriate pre-treatments with oestrogens or colloidal carbon. The effects of these agents are mediated through stimulation or 'blockade' of the phagocytic activity of liver macrophages. Changes in localization of SRBC in pregnant mice were similar to those found after treatment with oestrogens. These changes were, however, rather small and the antibody response of pregnant animals was not affected.", "PMID": 1106921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1507", "title": "Human sperm antigens and antisperm antibodies I. Studies on vasectomy patients.", "content": "This study documents the types and incidence of antisperm antibody, detectable by indirect immunofluorescence, in 114 patients before vasectomy, 112 at 2 months and 71 patients at 6-9 months after vasectomy. Indirect immunofluorescence techniques revealed antibodies to seven distinct sperm antigens. Five of these antigens were readily accessible to antibody in vitro, and the remaining two were accessible only after treatment of spermatozoa with dithiothreitol and trypsin. Antisperm antibodies were detected in 61% of patients before vasectomy. The incidence rose to 77% at 2 months and 90% at 6-9 months after vasectomy. These antibodies were distinguishable into two groups based on their incidence before vasectomy. The first group included antibodies to antigens in the acrosome with a diffuse distribution, the equatorial region, the postacrosomal region and the midpiece of the tail. Its incidence was 61% before vasectomy; increased to 73% at 2 months and 80% at 6-9 months after vasectomy. The second group included antibodies to the sperm nucleus, the tail and to discrete antigens over the acrosome. They were found rarely (3%) in patients before vasectomy; increased in incidence to 25% at 2 months and 55% at 6-9 months after vasectomy. Antisperm antibodies of both groups existed as IgG and IgM classes; an exception being antibodies to sperm nucleus which were almost exclusively IgG. Of the antibodies, 14% were found to fix complement in vitro. Other autoantibodies, including antinuclear, antimitochondrial and antismooth muscle antibodies, did not develop following vasectomy.", "contents": "Human sperm antigens and antisperm antibodies I. Studies on vasectomy patients. This study documents the types and incidence of antisperm antibody, detectable by indirect immunofluorescence, in 114 patients before vasectomy, 112 at 2 months and 71 patients at 6-9 months after vasectomy. Indirect immunofluorescence techniques revealed antibodies to seven distinct sperm antigens. Five of these antigens were readily accessible to antibody in vitro, and the remaining two were accessible only after treatment of spermatozoa with dithiothreitol and trypsin. Antisperm antibodies were detected in 61% of patients before vasectomy. The incidence rose to 77% at 2 months and 90% at 6-9 months after vasectomy. These antibodies were distinguishable into two groups based on their incidence before vasectomy. The first group included antibodies to antigens in the acrosome with a diffuse distribution, the equatorial region, the postacrosomal region and the midpiece of the tail. Its incidence was 61% before vasectomy; increased to 73% at 2 months and 80% at 6-9 months after vasectomy. The second group included antibodies to the sperm nucleus, the tail and to discrete antigens over the acrosome. They were found rarely (3%) in patients before vasectomy; increased in incidence to 25% at 2 months and 55% at 6-9 months after vasectomy. Antisperm antibodies of both groups existed as IgG and IgM classes; an exception being antibodies to sperm nucleus which were almost exclusively IgG. Of the antibodies, 14% were found to fix complement in vitro. Other autoantibodies, including antinuclear, antimitochondrial and antismooth muscle antibodies, did not develop following vasectomy.", "PMID": 1106922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1508", "title": "Humoral and cell-mediated immunity in experimental progressive thyroiditis in rabbits.", "content": "Rabbits immunized over a long period of time with serial injections of aqueous preparations of either bovine thyroglobulin or chemically altered rabbit thyroglobulin develop progressive thyroiditis. As is short-term thyroiditis in rabbits and mice, this thyroiditis is characterized by lesions and cellular infiltration similar to that observed in Arthus reactions. Once the progressive thyroiditis is established, the rabbits respond readily to subsequent injections of native rabbit thyroglobulin. No significant reduction of lesions or circulating antibody is observed when injections of native rabbit thyroglobulin are substituted for the preparations used to induce the disease. Cell-mediated hypersensitivity to rabbit thyroglobulin, as evidenced by MIF activity, develops in rabbits after prolonged immunization with altered or cross-reacting thyroglobulin. It is suggested that this activity develops as a result of a loss in the unresponsive state in T lymphocytes. The data indicate that it is the persistence of circulating antibody to autologous thyroglobulin which sequesters autologous thyroglobulin from peripheral lymphoid tissue, and thus, results in the loss of the unresponsive state in lymphocytes of these tissues. It is suggested that similar events may be involved in the development of cell-mediated hypersensitivity in thyroiditis in humans.", "contents": "Humoral and cell-mediated immunity in experimental progressive thyroiditis in rabbits. Rabbits immunized over a long period of time with serial injections of aqueous preparations of either bovine thyroglobulin or chemically altered rabbit thyroglobulin develop progressive thyroiditis. As is short-term thyroiditis in rabbits and mice, this thyroiditis is characterized by lesions and cellular infiltration similar to that observed in Arthus reactions. Once the progressive thyroiditis is established, the rabbits respond readily to subsequent injections of native rabbit thyroglobulin. No significant reduction of lesions or circulating antibody is observed when injections of native rabbit thyroglobulin are substituted for the preparations used to induce the disease. Cell-mediated hypersensitivity to rabbit thyroglobulin, as evidenced by MIF activity, develops in rabbits after prolonged immunization with altered or cross-reacting thyroglobulin. It is suggested that this activity develops as a result of a loss in the unresponsive state in T lymphocytes. The data indicate that it is the persistence of circulating antibody to autologous thyroglobulin which sequesters autologous thyroglobulin from peripheral lymphoid tissue, and thus, results in the loss of the unresponsive state in lymphocytes of these tissues. It is suggested that similar events may be involved in the development of cell-mediated hypersensitivity in thyroiditis in humans.", "PMID": 1106923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1509", "title": "The immunoglobulin class responses to oral poliovaccine in coeliac disease.", "content": "An indirect immunofluorescent technique has been used to study the incidence and immunoglobulin class distribution of the serum antibody response to type II oral poliovaccine in patients with adult coeliac disease and matched control subjects. Nineteen out of thirty-eight (50%) patients with coeliac disease showed an antibody response compared with only seven out of thirty-eight (18%) control subjects. Poliovirus-specific IgA responses were observed in sixteen out of thirty-eight (42%) coeliac patients compared with seven out of thirty-eight (18%) control subjects, while poliovirus-specific IgG responses were observed in only ten out of thirty-eight (26%) coeliac patients and four out of thirty-eight (11%) control subjects. No poliovirus-specific IgM responses were observed. The pre-immunization poliovirus-specific IgA titres of those subjects who showed an antibody response were significantly higher in the coeliac group than in the control group.", "contents": "The immunoglobulin class responses to oral poliovaccine in coeliac disease. An indirect immunofluorescent technique has been used to study the incidence and immunoglobulin class distribution of the serum antibody response to type II oral poliovaccine in patients with adult coeliac disease and matched control subjects. Nineteen out of thirty-eight (50%) patients with coeliac disease showed an antibody response compared with only seven out of thirty-eight (18%) control subjects. Poliovirus-specific IgA responses were observed in sixteen out of thirty-eight (42%) coeliac patients compared with seven out of thirty-eight (18%) control subjects, while poliovirus-specific IgG responses were observed in only ten out of thirty-eight (26%) coeliac patients and four out of thirty-eight (11%) control subjects. No poliovirus-specific IgM responses were observed. The pre-immunization poliovirus-specific IgA titres of those subjects who showed an antibody response were significantly higher in the coeliac group than in the control group.", "PMID": 1106924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1510", "title": "Localization of immunoglobulins in intestinal mucosa and the production of secretory antibodies in response to intraluminal administration of bacterial antigens in the preruminant calf.", "content": "Immunofluorescent studies of intestinal tissues from young preruminant calves demonstrate the presence of two main populations of immunocytes synthesizing IgA and IgM. These cells had infiltrated the lamina propria of the intestine as early as 4 days of age. There was little evidence of any significant involvement of IgG1 in intestinal immune synthesis of calves at this age although activity was demonstrable in the ileum and colon of one calf. In general there were more IgG2-synthesizing cells than IgG1, but these were few compared with the main populations of IgA and IgM cells. Local antigenic stimulus to the intestinal mucosa of young fistulated calves using extracts of heat-killed Gram-negative bacteria produced antibody in the secretions over a period of approximately 3 weeks. A second administration of a similar antigenic dose produced a similar response indicating the requirement for continuous stimuli to maintain a measurable level of antibody secretion. Gel filtration and antiglobulin assays indicated that the antibacterial activity was predominantly associated with IgA and that IgM also played a significant role. Oral administration of bacterial antigens to colostrum-fed calves from 5 to 8 days of age produced a faecal antibody response, indicating that intestinal secretion could be successfully interrelated with the declining passive antibody to maintain an almost continuous level of intestinal antibody in early life.", "contents": "Localization of immunoglobulins in intestinal mucosa and the production of secretory antibodies in response to intraluminal administration of bacterial antigens in the preruminant calf. Immunofluorescent studies of intestinal tissues from young preruminant calves demonstrate the presence of two main populations of immunocytes synthesizing IgA and IgM. These cells had infiltrated the lamina propria of the intestine as early as 4 days of age. There was little evidence of any significant involvement of IgG1 in intestinal immune synthesis of calves at this age although activity was demonstrable in the ileum and colon of one calf. In general there were more IgG2-synthesizing cells than IgG1, but these were few compared with the main populations of IgA and IgM cells. Local antigenic stimulus to the intestinal mucosa of young fistulated calves using extracts of heat-killed Gram-negative bacteria produced antibody in the secretions over a period of approximately 3 weeks. A second administration of a similar antigenic dose produced a similar response indicating the requirement for continuous stimuli to maintain a measurable level of antibody secretion. Gel filtration and antiglobulin assays indicated that the antibacterial activity was predominantly associated with IgA and that IgM also played a significant role. Oral administration of bacterial antigens to colostrum-fed calves from 5 to 8 days of age produced a faecal antibody response, indicating that intestinal secretion could be successfully interrelated with the declining passive antibody to maintain an almost continuous level of intestinal antibody in early life.", "PMID": 1106925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1511", "title": "PHA stimulation of separated human lymphocyte populations.", "content": "Lymphocyte preparations from peripheral blood and tonsils were separated into populations enriched with T or B cells by formation of rosettes with SRBC and separation of the rosette-forming and non-rosette-forming populations. T cell-enriched populations were also prepared by nylon column filtration. Using these methods preparations were obtained which comprised 80--95% T or B lymphocytes as determined by E-rosette formation and surface immunoglobulin (Ig) staining. PHA responsiveness, measured by [3H]thymidine incorporation, varied between relatively wide limits and was critically dependent on the degree of separation obtained. Relatively pure B-cell populations (less than 12% T cells) from blood and tonsils gave low PHA responses while preparations from blood still containing 24--38% T cells gave responses equal to or even greater than those of unseparated controls (60--78% T cells). T cell-enriched populations (80--86% T cells) responded to an equal or greater degree than controls but more efficient separation (greater than 90% T cells) resulted in markedly reduced stimulation. There was thus no simple correlation between the degree of phytomitogen-induced transformation and the number of T cells present. It is concluded that the low response of relatively pure T-cell populations may be due to depletion of B cells or non-lymphoid cells (or both) during the separation procedures. These observations have implications for the use of PHA stimulation as a measure of T-cell activity in mixed populations such as those of human peripheral blood leucocytes.", "contents": "PHA stimulation of separated human lymphocyte populations. Lymphocyte preparations from peripheral blood and tonsils were separated into populations enriched with T or B cells by formation of rosettes with SRBC and separation of the rosette-forming and non-rosette-forming populations. T cell-enriched populations were also prepared by nylon column filtration. Using these methods preparations were obtained which comprised 80--95% T or B lymphocytes as determined by E-rosette formation and surface immunoglobulin (Ig) staining. PHA responsiveness, measured by [3H]thymidine incorporation, varied between relatively wide limits and was critically dependent on the degree of separation obtained. Relatively pure B-cell populations (less than 12% T cells) from blood and tonsils gave low PHA responses while preparations from blood still containing 24--38% T cells gave responses equal to or even greater than those of unseparated controls (60--78% T cells). T cell-enriched populations (80--86% T cells) responded to an equal or greater degree than controls but more efficient separation (greater than 90% T cells) resulted in markedly reduced stimulation. There was thus no simple correlation between the degree of phytomitogen-induced transformation and the number of T cells present. It is concluded that the low response of relatively pure T-cell populations may be due to depletion of B cells or non-lymphoid cells (or both) during the separation procedures. These observations have implications for the use of PHA stimulation as a measure of T-cell activity in mixed populations such as those of human peripheral blood leucocytes.", "PMID": 1106926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1512", "title": "Randomized trial of transfer factor treatment of human warts.", "content": "Dialysed transfer factor, prepared from the leucocytes of a donor whose warts had undergone recent spontaneous regression, was used in the treatment of a child with the Wiskott--Aldrich syndrome. The child then had a spontaneous regression at multiple warty areas. A similar relationship was seen in four otherwise healthy patients in a pilot study. A randomized double-blind study of thirty patients failed to confirm a causal relationship between the transfer factor therapy (equivalent to 2-1 X 10(8) leucocytes) and wart regressions. The need for randomized trials of transfer factor therapy for diseases with a variable natural history is emphasized.", "contents": "Randomized trial of transfer factor treatment of human warts. Dialysed transfer factor, prepared from the leucocytes of a donor whose warts had undergone recent spontaneous regression, was used in the treatment of a child with the Wiskott--Aldrich syndrome. The child then had a spontaneous regression at multiple warty areas. A similar relationship was seen in four otherwise healthy patients in a pilot study. A randomized double-blind study of thirty patients failed to confirm a causal relationship between the transfer factor therapy (equivalent to 2-1 X 10(8) leucocytes) and wart regressions. The need for randomized trials of transfer factor therapy for diseases with a variable natural history is emphasized.", "PMID": 1106927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1513", "title": "Leukocyte responses to acute renal transplant rejection.", "content": "A retrospective study of the response of the leukocyte count to renal transplant rejection was performed in 159 rejection episodes. Results of the study showed that 1. contrary to what is commonly thought leukocytosis is the least common response to acute rejection and a decrease in leukocyte count is far more common, 2. a sudden decrease in leukocyte count in a previously stable patient can be an early sign of rejection, 3. there is a significantly greater incidence of graft loss in rejection episodes characterized by leukopenia and 4. the risk of infection following rejection is greatest in patients with rejection characterized by leukopenia.", "contents": "Leukocyte responses to acute renal transplant rejection. A retrospective study of the response of the leukocyte count to renal transplant rejection was performed in 159 rejection episodes. Results of the study showed that 1. contrary to what is commonly thought leukocytosis is the least common response to acute rejection and a decrease in leukocyte count is far more common, 2. a sudden decrease in leukocyte count in a previously stable patient can be an early sign of rejection, 3. there is a significantly greater incidence of graft loss in rejection episodes characterized by leukopenia and 4. the risk of infection following rejection is greatest in patients with rejection characterized by leukopenia.", "PMID": 1106931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1514", "title": "Impairment of phagocytic activity of macrophages as studied by the skin window test in patients on regular hemodialysis treatment.", "content": "In 7 patients with less than 4 months of regular hemodialysis treatment (RDT), in 28 patients with more than 4 months RDT and in 9 normal subjects, the skin window technic of Rebuck and Crowley was used to study the cellular response and the phagocytic activity of macrophages. Phagocytosis of carbon particles is decreased in the patients with less than 4 months dialysis, whereas it is not significantly different from the normals in those being dialyzed for longer periods.", "contents": "Impairment of phagocytic activity of macrophages as studied by the skin window test in patients on regular hemodialysis treatment. In 7 patients with less than 4 months of regular hemodialysis treatment (RDT), in 28 patients with more than 4 months RDT and in 9 normal subjects, the skin window technic of Rebuck and Crowley was used to study the cellular response and the phagocytic activity of macrophages. Phagocytosis of carbon particles is decreased in the patients with less than 4 months dialysis, whereas it is not significantly different from the normals in those being dialyzed for longer periods.", "PMID": 1106932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1515", "title": "The efficacy of carbamazepine combinations in epilepsy.", "content": "The efficacy and bioavailability, and tolerance to carbamazepinee when administered with phenobarbital or phenytoin or with both drugs were evaluated in a prospective, double-blind study of patients whose seizures were not completely controlled by currently available antiepileptic drugs in usually therapeutic dosages as determined by serum levels. During each of four 21-day treatment periods, one fourth of the patients received daily doses of: (1) carbamazepine (1,200 mg) and phenytoin (300 mg); (2) carbamazepine (1,200 mg) and phenobarbital (300 mg); (3) phenytoin (300 mg) and phenobarbital (300 mg); or (4) carbamazepine (1,200 mg), with phenytoin (300 mg) and phenobarbital (300 mg). The treatment periods were separated by 2 wk of each patient's usual prestudy medication. Treatment with all three drugs was the most efficacious for seizure control. Serum carbamazepine concentration was significantly decreased when the drug was administered with either phenytoin or phenobarbital or both.", "contents": "The efficacy of carbamazepine combinations in epilepsy. The efficacy and bioavailability, and tolerance to carbamazepinee when administered with phenobarbital or phenytoin or with both drugs were evaluated in a prospective, double-blind study of patients whose seizures were not completely controlled by currently available antiepileptic drugs in usually therapeutic dosages as determined by serum levels. During each of four 21-day treatment periods, one fourth of the patients received daily doses of: (1) carbamazepine (1,200 mg) and phenytoin (300 mg); (2) carbamazepine (1,200 mg) and phenobarbital (300 mg); (3) phenytoin (300 mg) and phenobarbital (300 mg); or (4) carbamazepine (1,200 mg), with phenytoin (300 mg) and phenobarbital (300 mg). The treatment periods were separated by 2 wk of each patient's usual prestudy medication. Treatment with all three drugs was the most efficacious for seizure control. Serum carbamazepine concentration was significantly decreased when the drug was administered with either phenytoin or phenobarbital or both.", "PMID": 1106934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1516", "title": "Superior bioavailability of digoxin solution in capsules.", "content": "The bioavailability of various formulations of digoxin was assessed after single and multiple doses in a series of crossover studies in human volunteers. Digoxin tablets that were 97% dissolved in 1 hr in vitro were not significantly better absorbed than tablets with a dissolution rate of 78%. A solution given in capsule form had greater bioavailability than tablets of 97% dissolution rate; serum and urinary glycoside levels after 0.4 mg doses of the encapsulated solution were similar to those attained after 0.5 mg doses of tablets with dissolution rates of 78% and 97%. The bioavailability of the solution in capsule form exceeded that of equal doses of the same solution given as a liquid or that of a standard elixir. No increase in gastrointestinal or cardiac toxicity was detected. Inter- and intrasubject variation in bioavailability was not decreased. Above a certain level, dissolution rate is no longer the limiting factor in digoxin absorption. The mechanism of the enhanced bioavailability of concentrated liquid digoxin in capsule form remains to be determined. Such a preparation deserves further consideration as a possible replacement for digoxin tablets.", "contents": "Superior bioavailability of digoxin solution in capsules. The bioavailability of various formulations of digoxin was assessed after single and multiple doses in a series of crossover studies in human volunteers. Digoxin tablets that were 97% dissolved in 1 hr in vitro were not significantly better absorbed than tablets with a dissolution rate of 78%. A solution given in capsule form had greater bioavailability than tablets of 97% dissolution rate; serum and urinary glycoside levels after 0.4 mg doses of the encapsulated solution were similar to those attained after 0.5 mg doses of tablets with dissolution rates of 78% and 97%. The bioavailability of the solution in capsule form exceeded that of equal doses of the same solution given as a liquid or that of a standard elixir. No increase in gastrointestinal or cardiac toxicity was detected. Inter- and intrasubject variation in bioavailability was not decreased. Above a certain level, dissolution rate is no longer the limiting factor in digoxin absorption. The mechanism of the enhanced bioavailability of concentrated liquid digoxin in capsule form remains to be determined. Such a preparation deserves further consideration as a possible replacement for digoxin tablets.", "PMID": 1106935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1517", "title": "Assay of aspirin and naproxen analgesia.", "content": "To establish the relative potency of naproxen and aspirin for oral analgesia, a 4-point, noncrossover bioassay with placebo control was undertaken with 197 patients. Subjective-response methods were used to determine two measures of postoperative analgesia over a period of 6 hr. With reasonable confidence for an oral analgesic assay, we found 220 mg of naproxen to be equivalent to 600 mg of aspirin for pain relief and 330 mg of naproxen to be equivalent to 600 mg of aspirin for decreased pain intensity.", "contents": "Assay of aspirin and naproxen analgesia. To establish the relative potency of naproxen and aspirin for oral analgesia, a 4-point, noncrossover bioassay with placebo control was undertaken with 197 patients. Subjective-response methods were used to determine two measures of postoperative analgesia over a period of 6 hr. With reasonable confidence for an oral analgesic assay, we found 220 mg of naproxen to be equivalent to 600 mg of aspirin for pain relief and 330 mg of naproxen to be equivalent to 600 mg of aspirin for decreased pain intensity.", "PMID": 1106936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1518", "title": "The nylon column dye test: a possible screening test of phagocyte function.", "content": "1. A simple quantitative test has been developed to investigate phagocyte function. 2. This test is performed by the addition of Nitroblue Tetrazolium to whole blood, followed by the isolation of leucocytes on a column of nylon wool. Dye reduction by phagocytes is apparent as a blue coloration of the column due to the formation of formazan. The formazan can be extracted from the column and measured spectrophotometrically. 3. The formation of formazan was found to be directly related to the number of phagocytes in blood. 4. Two patients with chronic granulomatous disease gave abnormal results, suggesting that the test procedure may be of value as a screening procedure for this disease.", "contents": "The nylon column dye test: a possible screening test of phagocyte function. 1. A simple quantitative test has been developed to investigate phagocyte function. 2. This test is performed by the addition of Nitroblue Tetrazolium to whole blood, followed by the isolation of leucocytes on a column of nylon wool. Dye reduction by phagocytes is apparent as a blue coloration of the column due to the formation of formazan. The formazan can be extracted from the column and measured spectrophotometrically. 3. The formation of formazan was found to be directly related to the number of phagocytes in blood. 4. Two patients with chronic granulomatous disease gave abnormal results, suggesting that the test procedure may be of value as a screening procedure for this disease.", "PMID": 1106938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1519", "title": "\"Mental illness\" and \"disease\": outmoded concepts in alcohol and drug rehabilitation.", "content": "Are the addict and alcoholic mentally ill? By traditional standards, yes. The validity of the \"mental illness\" concept and its associated psychiatric labeling process, however, is challenged. A synthesis of the human ecological systems and third-force frames of reference is presented as a viable alternative to the medical \"disease\" model of alcoholism and drug dependency. According to the proposed disease model, \"alcoholism,\" \"addiction,\" and \"mental illness\" are considered to be modes of coping with pain and anger associated with a person's participating in social systems that frustrate self-actualization and diminish self-esteem. Combined treatment of \"alcoholics,\" \"addicts,\" and \"nonaddicted psychiatric patients\" is supported with qualifications.", "contents": "\"Mental illness\" and \"disease\": outmoded concepts in alcohol and drug rehabilitation. Are the addict and alcoholic mentally ill? By traditional standards, yes. The validity of the \"mental illness\" concept and its associated psychiatric labeling process, however, is challenged. A synthesis of the human ecological systems and third-force frames of reference is presented as a viable alternative to the medical \"disease\" model of alcoholism and drug dependency. According to the proposed disease model, \"alcoholism,\" \"addiction,\" and \"mental illness\" are considered to be modes of coping with pain and anger associated with a person's participating in social systems that frustrate self-actualization and diminish self-esteem. Combined treatment of \"alcoholics,\" \"addicts,\" and \"nonaddicted psychiatric patients\" is supported with qualifications.", "PMID": 1106940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1520", "title": "Time constant of thermistors and its role in thermodilution methods.", "content": "Thermolution serves for measuring either the cardiac output or the size of cardiac ventricles. In the former instance, an accurate determination of the area under the dilution curve, and in the latter, a true tracing of the thermal changes with time are of special importance. Because the size of the area is independent of the time constant, and a curve devoid of marked stroke waves is better suited for automatic integration, thermistors with time constants of 0.8 to 1.0 sec are chosen for this purpose. A reliable determination of the time constant is described. In measurements of the size of cardiac ventricles, a true course of thermal changes with time can be recorded with a thermistor possessing a very short time constant: 0.01 to 0.02 seconds. It is very difficult to make such thermistorized probes or catheters. It is easier to make thermistors with a time constant of 0.1 o 0.2 sec, well insulated, which may serve both requirements. By compensation, the time constant is reducible to 0.01 to 0.2 sec, making possible a true-shape recording of thermal changes for the measurement of the ventricular size, or the constant can be prolonged to 0.8 to 1.0 sec for instrumental integration. If both the shape and the time course of the thermal changes have to be truly recorded, then a non-insulated thermistor with a very short time constant has to be used.", "contents": "Time constant of thermistors and its role in thermodilution methods. Thermolution serves for measuring either the cardiac output or the size of cardiac ventricles. In the former instance, an accurate determination of the area under the dilution curve, and in the latter, a true tracing of the thermal changes with time are of special importance. Because the size of the area is independent of the time constant, and a curve devoid of marked stroke waves is better suited for automatic integration, thermistors with time constants of 0.8 to 1.0 sec are chosen for this purpose. A reliable determination of the time constant is described. In measurements of the size of cardiac ventricles, a true course of thermal changes with time can be recorded with a thermistor possessing a very short time constant: 0.01 to 0.02 seconds. It is very difficult to make such thermistorized probes or catheters. It is easier to make thermistors with a time constant of 0.1 o 0.2 sec, well insulated, which may serve both requirements. By compensation, the time constant is reducible to 0.01 to 0.2 sec, making possible a true-shape recording of thermal changes for the measurement of the ventricular size, or the constant can be prolonged to 0.8 to 1.0 sec for instrumental integration. If both the shape and the time course of the thermal changes have to be truly recorded, then a non-insulated thermistor with a very short time constant has to be used.", "PMID": 1106949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1521", "title": "An historical survey of radiobiology and radiotherapy with fast neutrons.", "content": "The treatment of cancer using fast neutrons was first attempted from 1938 to 1942, only a few years after the identification of the particle in 1932. The radiobiological information which was available at that time was both inadequate and contradictory, and provided no definite rationale for using neutrons in preference to X-rays. The doses given were often too high, causing many patients to suffer severe late reactions. As a result, further attempts to use fast neutrons in radiotherapy were abandoned for nearly 30 years. Interest in the use of fast neutrons was stimulated again by the elucidation of the oxygen effect and the discovery that it was less for neutrons than for X-rays. Thus tumours containing hypoxic cells would be less protected against neutrons. Also the reduced repair of sublethal damage with neutrons provided at least a partial explanation of the miscalculation of dose in the early trial. This was confirmed by means of a series of experiments on pig skin, from which it was also concluded that late damage was not more severe after neutrons, compared with X-rays for a given degree of early damage. A new clinical trial began in 1966, and the results so far are encouraging. In order to relate radiotherapy experience with X-rays to neutrons, it is necessary to measure the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of neutrons. This has been done for skin of man, pig, mouse and rat. Because of the smaller recovery from sublethal damage after neutrons, the RBE increases as the dose per fraction decreases, but the relationship between RBE and dose per fraction is the same for all four species. Similar information, but only for rodents, has been obtained for a variety of other normal tissues with both cyclotron-produced and monoenergetic 14 or 15 meV neutrons. Experiments with animal tumours have indicated that there might be a wide variation in RBE from tumour to tumour due both to the presence of hypoxic cells and to differences in their capacities to recover from sublethal damage after X-rays and neutrons. The largest series of experiments on one tumour shows that whereas certain fractionation techniques with X-rays may produce a poor tumour response for a given level of normal tissue damage, all the neutron regimes produced a similar, close to optimum result. There is no evidence from which to expect any special dangers from neutron irradiation, and their likely advantage is that they may provide a more reliable method of radiotherapy as well as sterilizing some tumours which are normally resistant to X-rays.", "contents": "An historical survey of radiobiology and radiotherapy with fast neutrons. The treatment of cancer using fast neutrons was first attempted from 1938 to 1942, only a few years after the identification of the particle in 1932. The radiobiological information which was available at that time was both inadequate and contradictory, and provided no definite rationale for using neutrons in preference to X-rays. The doses given were often too high, causing many patients to suffer severe late reactions. As a result, further attempts to use fast neutrons in radiotherapy were abandoned for nearly 30 years. Interest in the use of fast neutrons was stimulated again by the elucidation of the oxygen effect and the discovery that it was less for neutrons than for X-rays. Thus tumours containing hypoxic cells would be less protected against neutrons. Also the reduced repair of sublethal damage with neutrons provided at least a partial explanation of the miscalculation of dose in the early trial. This was confirmed by means of a series of experiments on pig skin, from which it was also concluded that late damage was not more severe after neutrons, compared with X-rays for a given degree of early damage. A new clinical trial began in 1966, and the results so far are encouraging. In order to relate radiotherapy experience with X-rays to neutrons, it is necessary to measure the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of neutrons. This has been done for skin of man, pig, mouse and rat. Because of the smaller recovery from sublethal damage after neutrons, the RBE increases as the dose per fraction decreases, but the relationship between RBE and dose per fraction is the same for all four species. Similar information, but only for rodents, has been obtained for a variety of other normal tissues with both cyclotron-produced and monoenergetic 14 or 15 meV neutrons. Experiments with animal tumours have indicated that there might be a wide variation in RBE from tumour to tumour due both to the presence of hypoxic cells and to differences in their capacities to recover from sublethal damage after X-rays and neutrons. The largest series of experiments on one tumour shows that whereas certain fractionation techniques with X-rays may produce a poor tumour response for a given level of normal tissue damage, all the neutron regimes produced a similar, close to optimum result. There is no evidence from which to expect any special dangers from neutron irradiation, and their likely advantage is that they may provide a more reliable method of radiotherapy as well as sterilizing some tumours which are normally resistant to X-rays.", "PMID": 1106959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1522", "title": "Colicin typing of Shigella sonnei isolated in Northern Taiwan.", "content": "Eighty-eight strains of Shigella sonnei isolated in northern Taiwan during the period of 1970-1974, were studied for their colicin types by a modified method of Abbott and Shannon. As a result, 67(76%) typable and 21(24%) non-typable strains were found. The prevalent colicin types of S. sonnei in northern Taiwan were types 15(52%) and 6(15%), followed by types 8(3%), 11(3%) and 12(3%). Other types were not found.", "contents": "Colicin typing of Shigella sonnei isolated in Northern Taiwan. Eighty-eight strains of Shigella sonnei isolated in northern Taiwan during the period of 1970-1974, were studied for their colicin types by a modified method of Abbott and Shannon. As a result, 67(76%) typable and 21(24%) non-typable strains were found. The prevalent colicin types of S. sonnei in northern Taiwan were types 15(52%) and 6(15%), followed by types 8(3%), 11(3%) and 12(3%). Other types were not found.", "PMID": 1106960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1523", "title": "Escherichia coli isolation from raw milk in central and southern Taiwan and their susceptibility to drugs.", "content": "From September 1972 to May 1973, 285 raw milk samples and 25 samples of high temperature treated retail milk were examined for Escherichia coli. High temperature treated mild was negative but from raw milk samples 320 strains of E. coli were isolated, among which 25 were enteropathogenic. Using Poly A, Poly B and nonovalent antisera whose pathogenic strains were classified into 6 serotypes: 0-26, 0-55, 0-119,0-125, 0-126 ad 0-128. About half (12) of them belonged to 0-119. Three pathogenic E. coli were sensitive to all of the 8 antibiotics tested while others were resistant to 1-3 antibiotics. Among the 295 nonpathogenic strains, 115 were sensitive to all antibiotics whereas the rest were resistant to 1-5 kinds of antibiotics.", "contents": "Escherichia coli isolation from raw milk in central and southern Taiwan and their susceptibility to drugs. From September 1972 to May 1973, 285 raw milk samples and 25 samples of high temperature treated retail milk were examined for Escherichia coli. High temperature treated mild was negative but from raw milk samples 320 strains of E. coli were isolated, among which 25 were enteropathogenic. Using Poly A, Poly B and nonovalent antisera whose pathogenic strains were classified into 6 serotypes: 0-26, 0-55, 0-119,0-125, 0-126 ad 0-128. About half (12) of them belonged to 0-119. Three pathogenic E. coli were sensitive to all of the 8 antibiotics tested while others were resistant to 1-3 antibiotics. Among the 295 nonpathogenic strains, 115 were sensitive to all antibiotics whereas the rest were resistant to 1-5 kinds of antibiotics.", "PMID": 1106961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1524", "title": "A comparison of dextro-amphetamine and racemic-amphetamine in the treatment of the hyperkinetic syndrome or minimal brain dysfunction.", "content": "In a double-blind trial of placebo, dextro-amphetamine, racemic-amphetamine, and methylphenidate, each used for a week, in 48 children with the diagnosis of Minimal Brain Dysfunction or Hyperkinetic Syndrome, it was found that although on the average dextro-amphetamine as well as methylphenidate was significantly superior to racemic-amphetamine, with side effects about the same, in some cases racemic-amphetamine was superior to both dextro-amphetamine and methylphenidate. In 20 cases, improvement was about the same for both the dextro and racemic forms; of these 20, side effects were absent for both in 10 patients; dextro-amphetamine showed fewer side effects in 3 patients, and racemic-amphetamine showed fewer side effects in 7 patients. In 20 other patients, dextro-amphetamine resulted in greater clinical improvement than racemic-amphetamine, while in 7 cases the reverse was true.", "contents": "A comparison of dextro-amphetamine and racemic-amphetamine in the treatment of the hyperkinetic syndrome or minimal brain dysfunction. In a double-blind trial of placebo, dextro-amphetamine, racemic-amphetamine, and methylphenidate, each used for a week, in 48 children with the diagnosis of Minimal Brain Dysfunction or Hyperkinetic Syndrome, it was found that although on the average dextro-amphetamine as well as methylphenidate was significantly superior to racemic-amphetamine, with side effects about the same, in some cases racemic-amphetamine was superior to both dextro-amphetamine and methylphenidate. In 20 cases, improvement was about the same for both the dextro and racemic forms; of these 20, side effects were absent for both in 10 patients; dextro-amphetamine showed fewer side effects in 3 patients, and racemic-amphetamine showed fewer side effects in 7 patients. In 20 other patients, dextro-amphetamine resulted in greater clinical improvement than racemic-amphetamine, while in 7 cases the reverse was true.", "PMID": 1106966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1525", "title": "Liquid lithium vs. solid lithium: an open, cross-over, pilot study comparing oral preparations.", "content": "This paper suggests some of the possible advantages of a liquid lithium preparation and describes an open, cross-over, pilot study comparing solid (capsule or tablet) with liquid lithium salt preparations in terms of obtained blood levels and side-effects for a nonmanic-depressive prison population.", "contents": "Liquid lithium vs. solid lithium: an open, cross-over, pilot study comparing oral preparations. This paper suggests some of the possible advantages of a liquid lithium preparation and describes an open, cross-over, pilot study comparing solid (capsule or tablet) with liquid lithium salt preparations in terms of obtained blood levels and side-effects for a nonmanic-depressive prison population.", "PMID": 1106967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1526", "title": "Isoniazid (I.N.H.) in the treatment of depressive syndrome: a pilot trial.", "content": "An account of a pilot trial of Isoniazid as an anti-depressant is given. About 70% of the total patients improved and above 50% of them improved markedly. The improvement was sustained even after withdrawal of the drug. No patient worsened and the drug was very well tolerated on the whole. These preliminary results of a pilot trial amply justifies further exhaustive study of this drug, particularly in depressions.", "contents": "Isoniazid (I.N.H.) in the treatment of depressive syndrome: a pilot trial. An account of a pilot trial of Isoniazid as an anti-depressant is given. About 70% of the total patients improved and above 50% of them improved markedly. The improvement was sustained even after withdrawal of the drug. No patient worsened and the drug was very well tolerated on the whole. These preliminary results of a pilot trial amply justifies further exhaustive study of this drug, particularly in depressions.", "PMID": 1106968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1527", "title": "Self-training of new eating behavior for weight reduction.", "content": "The problems of obesity are well documented, but few medical treatment programs have proven successful. Recently developed behavioral techniques have offered promise in the treatment of obesity. However, the time invested by a therapist limited their practical use and adoption by the general physician. A pilot study was conducted which employed a brief period of explanation of behavior modification techniques, development of an individualized program of eating behavior and recording of weight changes to provide feedback on progress. The program is carried out by patients at home with a minimum of physician supervision. The results indicate that such an approach is feasible and successful. Comparing this program to other programs is difficult because of the variability in reporting data and results.", "contents": "Self-training of new eating behavior for weight reduction. The problems of obesity are well documented, but few medical treatment programs have proven successful. Recently developed behavioral techniques have offered promise in the treatment of obesity. However, the time invested by a therapist limited their practical use and adoption by the general physician. A pilot study was conducted which employed a brief period of explanation of behavior modification techniques, development of an individualized program of eating behavior and recording of weight changes to provide feedback on progress. The program is carried out by patients at home with a minimum of physician supervision. The results indicate that such an approach is feasible and successful. Comparing this program to other programs is difficult because of the variability in reporting data and results.", "PMID": 1106969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1528", "title": "[Long-term follow-up of children with urinary tract infection: bacterial spectrum, E. coli-serotypes 0, relapse, and reinfection (author's transl)].", "content": "Within 4 years 1400 children were investigated for urinary-tract infection in a long-term study. Children with manifest infection were treated and followed-up. In 59 children with chronic pyelonephritis 159 recurrences were observed: 146 were reinfections (change of organism) and 13 relapses (organism unchanged). Serotyping of 0-antigens showed differences between children with chronic pyelonephritis and children with a single exacerbation within the observation period. Reinfection with resistant bacteria mainly occurred shortly after cessation of therapy.", "contents": "[Long-term follow-up of children with urinary tract infection: bacterial spectrum, E. coli-serotypes 0, relapse, and reinfection (author's transl)]. Within 4 years 1400 children were investigated for urinary-tract infection in a long-term study. Children with manifest infection were treated and followed-up. In 59 children with chronic pyelonephritis 159 recurrences were observed: 146 were reinfections (change of organism) and 13 relapses (organism unchanged). Serotyping of 0-antigens showed differences between children with chronic pyelonephritis and children with a single exacerbation within the observation period. Reinfection with resistant bacteria mainly occurred shortly after cessation of therapy.", "PMID": 1106977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1529", "title": "[Diagnostic approaches in systemic lupus erythematosus (author's transl)].", "content": "333 sera from 295 patients were tested for antinuclear antibodies (ANA) by indirect immunofluorescence, and for their binding capacities towards \"native\", double stranded DNA (anti-nDNA) by a commercially available radioassay kit. 63 out of 66 SLE sera were ANA positive, and 42 were anti-nDNA positive. 267 \"non-SLE\" sera were also tested, originating from patients with chronic aggressive hepatitis (77), rheumatoid arthritis (86), scleroderma (40), pseudo-LE syndrome (35), and various other \"collagenous\" diseases (29). 120 of these 267 sera were ANA positive, while only 16 (6%) gave elevated anti-nDNA values. Thus it appears that this anti-nDNA test kit is a helpful tool for the serological diagnosis of SLE.", "contents": "[Diagnostic approaches in systemic lupus erythematosus (author's transl)]. 333 sera from 295 patients were tested for antinuclear antibodies (ANA) by indirect immunofluorescence, and for their binding capacities towards \"native\", double stranded DNA (anti-nDNA) by a commercially available radioassay kit. 63 out of 66 SLE sera were ANA positive, and 42 were anti-nDNA positive. 267 \"non-SLE\" sera were also tested, originating from patients with chronic aggressive hepatitis (77), rheumatoid arthritis (86), scleroderma (40), pseudo-LE syndrome (35), and various other \"collagenous\" diseases (29). 120 of these 267 sera were ANA positive, while only 16 (6%) gave elevated anti-nDNA values. Thus it appears that this anti-nDNA test kit is a helpful tool for the serological diagnosis of SLE.", "PMID": 1106979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1530", "title": "Simple analgesics.", "content": "A number of drugs are available that act fairly specifically as \"mild\" analgesics, although this description by no means implies that their clinical effectiveness is limited to the relief of slight pain and trivial disability. They are effective by mouth and their action is mediated peripherally. Among the possible mechanisms of action, the inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis is currently regarded as most likely to be relevant. Some centrally acting drugs  of the narcotic analgesic type, such as codeine and dextropropoxyphene are effective orally; they are usable in the same way as other mild analgesics and may be preferable for some types of pain. Many problems arise in the assessment and comparison of mild analgesics, both experimentally and clinically. Subjective assessments may be made on a pain scale by the patient himself, or by a trained observer. Individual variations are all-important, and the limitations of controlled trials need to be remembered. Alternative drugs and mixtures have little advantage over aspirin, but specific drug tolerance, in the long term, varies from patient to patient. Gastric irritation is most likely to occur with aspirin in the presence of chronic dyspepsia or acute precipitating causes such as alchoholic gastritis. Allergy also occurs in some susceptible individuals. The risk of renal damage with phenacetin is increasingly appreciated, and the possibility of hepatic damage from paracetamol is now recognised. Other side-effects and interactions are summarized in the review, and some notes are given on therapeutic and non-therapeutic use.", "contents": "Simple analgesics. A number of drugs are available that act fairly specifically as \"mild\" analgesics, although this description by no means implies that their clinical effectiveness is limited to the relief of slight pain and trivial disability. They are effective by mouth and their action is mediated peripherally. Among the possible mechanisms of action, the inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis is currently regarded as most likely to be relevant. Some centrally acting drugs  of the narcotic analgesic type, such as codeine and dextropropoxyphene are effective orally; they are usable in the same way as other mild analgesics and may be preferable for some types of pain. Many problems arise in the assessment and comparison of mild analgesics, both experimentally and clinically. Subjective assessments may be made on a pain scale by the patient himself, or by a trained observer. Individual variations are all-important, and the limitations of controlled trials need to be remembered. Alternative drugs and mixtures have little advantage over aspirin, but specific drug tolerance, in the long term, varies from patient to patient. Gastric irritation is most likely to occur with aspirin in the presence of chronic dyspepsia or acute precipitating causes such as alchoholic gastritis. Allergy also occurs in some susceptible individuals. The risk of renal damage with phenacetin is increasingly appreciated, and the possibility of hepatic damage from paracetamol is now recognised. Other side-effects and interactions are summarized in the review, and some notes are given on therapeutic and non-therapeutic use.", "PMID": 1107000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1531", "title": "[Allergic reactions of the mouth mucosa in patients wearing dental prostheses].", "content": "Due to the increase in the frequency of allergic disorders it is necessary also to consider allergic reactions in the case of unspecific lesions in the oral region. Intolerance of drugs, resins, and metals can be demonstrated by elimination and exposure tests, but also by epicutaneous tests. Diagnostic measures and therapy vary with the type of allergy in each case.", "contents": "[Allergic reactions of the mouth mucosa in patients wearing dental prostheses]. Due to the increase in the frequency of allergic disorders it is necessary also to consider allergic reactions in the case of unspecific lesions in the oral region. Intolerance of drugs, resins, and metals can be demonstrated by elimination and exposure tests, but also by epicutaneous tests. Diagnostic measures and therapy vary with the type of allergy in each case.", "PMID": 1107005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1532", "title": "[The patient's intolerance of dentures from the internal medicine veiwpoint].", "content": "Similar complaints these found in cases of denture incompatibility (itching of palate and tongue, dry mouth, sores in the mouth as well as other unpleasant sensations) may be observed in many disorders of internal medicine. Therefore considerable difficulties are often involved in the differential diagnostic considerations and delimination of such complaints.", "contents": "[The patient's intolerance of dentures from the internal medicine veiwpoint]. Similar complaints these found in cases of denture incompatibility (itching of palate and tongue, dry mouth, sores in the mouth as well as other unpleasant sensations) may be observed in many disorders of internal medicine. Therefore considerable difficulties are often involved in the differential diagnostic considerations and delimination of such complaints.", "PMID": 1107008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1533", "title": "Prolactin and growth hormone secretion in chemically induced and genetically obese mice.", "content": "Experiments were performed to determine PRL and GH concentrations in mice rendered obese by chemical means and to compare these concentrations with those of mice obese as a result of genetic mutation. Basal levels of serum PRL and GH were generally lower in gold thioglucose (GTG) and bipiperidyl mustard (BPM)-treated obese mice compared with lean controls. In the pituitary gland, the hormonal changes varied from lower or unchanged levels of PRL and GH shortly after drug injection to very high concentrations of PRL (but not of GH) a year later. However, when the mice were challenged with perphenazine, a drug that causes prompt release of PRL, GTG and BPM-obese mice released 2-5 times as much PRL as did lean controls, suggesting an impairment in the hypothalamic control of PRL secretion in GTG/BPM-obese mice. Basal levels of PRL and GH in genetically obese (ob/ob) mice of both sexes were also lower than those in their lean relatives (?/+). This was true for both serum and pituitary concentrations of the two hormones, the only exception being pituitary GH concentrations in females which were higher than or equal to those of controls. However, unlike GTG and BPM-obese mice, genetically obese mice released very little PRL compared with their lean relatives when stimulated with perphenazine, which suggested an insufficiency of pituitary function in ob/ob mice. The results demonstrate abnormalities in the secretion of PRL and GH in obese mice of both types.", "contents": "Prolactin and growth hormone secretion in chemically induced and genetically obese mice. Experiments were performed to determine PRL and GH concentrations in mice rendered obese by chemical means and to compare these concentrations with those of mice obese as a result of genetic mutation. Basal levels of serum PRL and GH were generally lower in gold thioglucose (GTG) and bipiperidyl mustard (BPM)-treated obese mice compared with lean controls. In the pituitary gland, the hormonal changes varied from lower or unchanged levels of PRL and GH shortly after drug injection to very high concentrations of PRL (but not of GH) a year later. However, when the mice were challenged with perphenazine, a drug that causes prompt release of PRL, GTG and BPM-obese mice released 2-5 times as much PRL as did lean controls, suggesting an impairment in the hypothalamic control of PRL secretion in GTG/BPM-obese mice. Basal levels of PRL and GH in genetically obese (ob/ob) mice of both sexes were also lower than those in their lean relatives (?/+). This was true for both serum and pituitary concentrations of the two hormones, the only exception being pituitary GH concentrations in females which were higher than or equal to those of controls. However, unlike GTG and BPM-obese mice, genetically obese mice released very little PRL compared with their lean relatives when stimulated with perphenazine, which suggested an insufficiency of pituitary function in ob/ob mice. The results demonstrate abnormalities in the secretion of PRL and GH in obese mice of both types.", "PMID": 1107014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1534", "title": "The stimulatory and inhibitory function of theophylline on amino acid-induced insulin release: studies with the perfused rat pancreas.", "content": "The effects of 5 mM theophylline on L-phenylalanine, L-alanine, and L-leucine-induced insulin secretion were studied using the isolated perfused rat pancreas, varying the sequence of the stimuli. Theophylline in the absence or presence of 3 mM D-glucose caused a small amount of insulin release with a slow onset and a slight and steady increase. Theophylline had no effect on phenylalanine (5, 10, or 20 mM)-induced insulin release independent of the sequence of stimuli. Alanine (20 mM), in the absence of glucose, had no significant insulin stimulatory action. When theophylline was added during the alanine perfusion only a small insulin release, comparable to that given by theophylline alone, could be observed. However, superimposing alanine on a theophylline perfusion led to a potentiation of insulin release. The leucine-induced insulin secretion was significantly altered by the addition of theophylline. At a low concentration of leucine (5 mM) theophylline caused potentiation of leucine-induced insulin secretion. At 10 and 20 mM leucine, theophylline led to a rapid concentration-dependent inhibitory period, followed by a potentiation in the case of 10 mM leucine, and by a restoration of the secretion rate at 20 mM leucine which did not exceed the secretion rate of 20 mM leucine alone. Subsequent removal of theophylline caused a marked \"off effect.\" When 5 or 20 mM leucine was superimposed on a theophylline perfusion, a marked dose-dependent potentiation of the biphasic leucine-induced insulin release and no inhibitory phase could be observed. From these data it must be concluded that the effect of theophylline on the insulin secretory reposure of the beta cell to theophylline and the stimulus. Possible explanations for these phenomena are discussed.", "contents": "The stimulatory and inhibitory function of theophylline on amino acid-induced insulin release: studies with the perfused rat pancreas. The effects of 5 mM theophylline on L-phenylalanine, L-alanine, and L-leucine-induced insulin secretion were studied using the isolated perfused rat pancreas, varying the sequence of the stimuli. Theophylline in the absence or presence of 3 mM D-glucose caused a small amount of insulin release with a slow onset and a slight and steady increase. Theophylline had no effect on phenylalanine (5, 10, or 20 mM)-induced insulin release independent of the sequence of stimuli. Alanine (20 mM), in the absence of glucose, had no significant insulin stimulatory action. When theophylline was added during the alanine perfusion only a small insulin release, comparable to that given by theophylline alone, could be observed. However, superimposing alanine on a theophylline perfusion led to a potentiation of insulin release. The leucine-induced insulin secretion was significantly altered by the addition of theophylline. At a low concentration of leucine (5 mM) theophylline caused potentiation of leucine-induced insulin secretion. At 10 and 20 mM leucine, theophylline led to a rapid concentration-dependent inhibitory period, followed by a potentiation in the case of 10 mM leucine, and by a restoration of the secretion rate at 20 mM leucine which did not exceed the secretion rate of 20 mM leucine alone. Subsequent removal of theophylline caused a marked \"off effect.\" When 5 or 20 mM leucine was superimposed on a theophylline perfusion, a marked dose-dependent potentiation of the biphasic leucine-induced insulin release and no inhibitory phase could be observed. From these data it must be concluded that the effect of theophylline on the insulin secretory reposure of the beta cell to theophylline and the stimulus. Possible explanations for these phenomena are discussed.", "PMID": 1107015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1535", "title": "Ewe luteal function influenced by pulsatile administration of synthetic LHRH/FSHRH.", "content": "The influence of repetitive administration of synthetic LHRH/FSHRH or saline (S) on 17beta-estradiol (E2)-induced precocious luteal regression in the ewe was examined. Ewes were pre-treated on days 10 and 11 of the estrous cycle with either 750 mug E2 (total dose = 1.5 mg) in oil or with oil (O) alone. Treatment involved in delivery of 10 mug of synthetic LHRH/FSHRH in saline or an equal volume of saline only, administered at 2-h intervals beginning on day 12 of the estrous cycle and continuing through the succeeding 72 hours. During the period of LHRH administration, the serum LH patterns in the O-LHRH and E2-LHRH groups were characterized by rhythmic fluctuation, rising in response to LHRH and falling prior to the subsequent treatment injection. Throughout the course of the treatment period, the serum LH levels in the O-LHRH group were consistently higher than those in the E2-LHRH group. No increase in serum LH concentration was observed in the saline-treated animals. The mean luteal weight and mean luteal progesterone content at the end of the 72-h period were not significantly different between the O-S and E2-LHRH groups (543 +/- 88 vs. 455 +/- 126 mg and 13.1 +/- 6.2 vs 16.0 +/- 9.7 mug, respectively). Both luteal weight and progesterone content were increased (P less than .01) in the O-LHRH group (1089 +/- 87 mg and 47.5 +/- 3.1 mug) and significantly reduced (P less than .05) in the E2-S group (309 +/- 49 mg and 5.2 +/- 0.1 mug) compared with those of either the O-S group or the E2-LHRH group. Thus LHRH treatment increased mean luteal weight and mean luteal progesterone content while E2 pre-treatment depressed the same parameters. These data suggest that pulsatile administration of synthetic LHRH is able to elevate serum LH levels to an extent sufficient to counteract both natural luteolysis and premature luteal regression induced by E2 treatment.", "contents": "Ewe luteal function influenced by pulsatile administration of synthetic LHRH/FSHRH. The influence of repetitive administration of synthetic LHRH/FSHRH or saline (S) on 17beta-estradiol (E2)-induced precocious luteal regression in the ewe was examined. Ewes were pre-treated on days 10 and 11 of the estrous cycle with either 750 mug E2 (total dose = 1.5 mg) in oil or with oil (O) alone. Treatment involved in delivery of 10 mug of synthetic LHRH/FSHRH in saline or an equal volume of saline only, administered at 2-h intervals beginning on day 12 of the estrous cycle and continuing through the succeeding 72 hours. During the period of LHRH administration, the serum LH patterns in the O-LHRH and E2-LHRH groups were characterized by rhythmic fluctuation, rising in response to LHRH and falling prior to the subsequent treatment injection. Throughout the course of the treatment period, the serum LH levels in the O-LHRH group were consistently higher than those in the E2-LHRH group. No increase in serum LH concentration was observed in the saline-treated animals. The mean luteal weight and mean luteal progesterone content at the end of the 72-h period were not significantly different between the O-S and E2-LHRH groups (543 +/- 88 vs. 455 +/- 126 mg and 13.1 +/- 6.2 vs 16.0 +/- 9.7 mug, respectively). Both luteal weight and progesterone content were increased (P less than .01) in the O-LHRH group (1089 +/- 87 mg and 47.5 +/- 3.1 mug) and significantly reduced (P less than .05) in the E2-S group (309 +/- 49 mg and 5.2 +/- 0.1 mug) compared with those of either the O-S group or the E2-LHRH group. Thus LHRH treatment increased mean luteal weight and mean luteal progesterone content while E2 pre-treatment depressed the same parameters. These data suggest that pulsatile administration of synthetic LHRH is able to elevate serum LH levels to an extent sufficient to counteract both natural luteolysis and premature luteal regression induced by E2 treatment.", "PMID": 1107016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1536", "title": "Somatostatin inhibition of glucose-, tolbutamide-, theophylline, cytochalasin B-, and calcium-stimulated insulin release in monolayer cultures of rat endocrine pancreas.", "content": "Somatostatin inhibited insulin secretion stimulated by glucose, tolbutamide, glucose-theophylline, glucose-cytochalasin B, and calcium in monolayer cell cultures of neonatal rat endocrine pancreas. Both 2-deoxyglucose-inhibited glucose-induced insulin release and basal insulin secretion occurring at glucose 1.7 mM were further reduced by somatostatin. In the presence of somatostatin, 1.0 mug/ml, insulin secretion due to glucose, tolbutamide, or glucose-cytochalasin B were inhibited to levels below the basal secretion seen with glucose 1.7 mM. However, insulin secretion stimulated by calcium, and especially by glucose plus theophylline, remained considerably above basal insulin levels, even with somatostatin 1.0 mug/ml. For all stimuli except calcium, at lower concentrations of somatostatin (0.001-0.10 mug/ml) but not at somatostatin 1.0 mug/ml, increased stimulus concentration partially reversed inhibition by somatostatin. For calcium, even at somatostatin 1.0 mug/ml, insulin release was greater when the calcium concentration was raised. Since net calcium uptake by the beta cell or intracellular translocation of calcium within the beta cell from an organelle-bound pool to a cytoplasmic pool may trigger insulin secretion through interaction of calcium with the microtubular-microfilamentous system, we suggest that the inhibition by somatostatin of calcium influx would explain our findings.", "contents": "Somatostatin inhibition of glucose-, tolbutamide-, theophylline, cytochalasin B-, and calcium-stimulated insulin release in monolayer cultures of rat endocrine pancreas. Somatostatin inhibited insulin secretion stimulated by glucose, tolbutamide, glucose-theophylline, glucose-cytochalasin B, and calcium in monolayer cell cultures of neonatal rat endocrine pancreas. Both 2-deoxyglucose-inhibited glucose-induced insulin release and basal insulin secretion occurring at glucose 1.7 mM were further reduced by somatostatin. In the presence of somatostatin, 1.0 mug/ml, insulin secretion due to glucose, tolbutamide, or glucose-cytochalasin B were inhibited to levels below the basal secretion seen with glucose 1.7 mM. However, insulin secretion stimulated by calcium, and especially by glucose plus theophylline, remained considerably above basal insulin levels, even with somatostatin 1.0 mug/ml. For all stimuli except calcium, at lower concentrations of somatostatin (0.001-0.10 mug/ml) but not at somatostatin 1.0 mug/ml, increased stimulus concentration partially reversed inhibition by somatostatin. For calcium, even at somatostatin 1.0 mug/ml, insulin release was greater when the calcium concentration was raised. Since net calcium uptake by the beta cell or intracellular translocation of calcium within the beta cell from an organelle-bound pool to a cytoplasmic pool may trigger insulin secretion through interaction of calcium with the microtubular-microfilamentous system, we suggest that the inhibition by somatostatin of calcium influx would explain our findings.", "PMID": 1107017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1537", "title": "Differential effects of hypothalamic deafferentation upon luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone in the median eminence and organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis.", "content": "Complete deafferentation of the medial basal hypothalamus (MBH) was performed in male rats to ascertain the location of the cell bodies of nerve terminals containing luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) in the external layer of the median eminence and the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT). Radioimmunoassayable LH-RH in the MBH decreased to one-fourth of the control value 10 days after complete deafferentation, whereas, no change was observed in an area coextensive with the OVLT. Immunohistochemical staining of LH-RH appeared less intense within the median eminence of deafferented animals but was normal in the OVLT. These results suggest that the cell bodies of neurons producing LH-RH found in terminals in the OVLT lie outside the MBH. The possible explanations for the decreased LH-RH content in the median eminence are discussed.", "contents": "Differential effects of hypothalamic deafferentation upon luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone in the median eminence and organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis. Complete deafferentation of the medial basal hypothalamus (MBH) was performed in male rats to ascertain the location of the cell bodies of nerve terminals containing luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) in the external layer of the median eminence and the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT). Radioimmunoassayable LH-RH in the MBH decreased to one-fourth of the control value 10 days after complete deafferentation, whereas, no change was observed in an area coextensive with the OVLT. Immunohistochemical staining of LH-RH appeared less intense within the median eminence of deafferented animals but was normal in the OVLT. These results suggest that the cell bodies of neurons producing LH-RH found in terminals in the OVLT lie outside the MBH. The possible explanations for the decreased LH-RH content in the median eminence are discussed.", "PMID": 1107018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1538", "title": "Partitioning of trace metals in selective chemical fractions of nearshore sediments.", "content": "A series of chemical extraction procedures are used to obtain data on the partitioning of trace metals among the various geochemical phases of sediments. These components include intersititial water, solubility of solid minerals, ions on exchange sites, metal carbonates, easily reducible phases, organics and sulfides, iron oxides, and lithogenous (mineral residual) fractions. In general, a mass balance of less than 10% deviation can be obtained. Experimental results show very small fractions of trace metals to be in the form of interstital water or soluble ions. Trace metals in the exchangeable phase are almost negligible, and those in the mineral residual phases range from 2.5% Cd for one sediment to 98% Cu for another. The non-residual trace metals content is found to increase with decreasing sand content.", "contents": "Partitioning of trace metals in selective chemical fractions of nearshore sediments. A series of chemical extraction procedures are used to obtain data on the partitioning of trace metals among the various geochemical phases of sediments. These components include intersititial water, solubility of solid minerals, ions on exchange sites, metal carbonates, easily reducible phases, organics and sulfides, iron oxides, and lithogenous (mineral residual) fractions. In general, a mass balance of less than 10% deviation can be obtained. Experimental results show very small fractions of trace metals to be in the form of interstital water or soluble ions. Trace metals in the exchangeable phase are almost negligible, and those in the mineral residual phases range from 2.5% Cd for one sediment to 98% Cu for another. The non-residual trace metals content is found to increase with decreasing sand content.", "PMID": 1107019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1539", "title": "Solvent extraction of organomercury compounds with quaternary amines.", "content": "Methylmercuric chloride and phenylmercuric acetate extract very efficiently with quaternary amines dissolved in diethylbenzene or other simple solvents. The extraction is effective from either alkaline or acidic solution. The technique considerably extends the scope of conventional solvent extraction practice to permit the extraction and concentration of total mercury in environmental and biological matrices.", "contents": "Solvent extraction of organomercury compounds with quaternary amines. Methylmercuric chloride and phenylmercuric acetate extract very efficiently with quaternary amines dissolved in diethylbenzene or other simple solvents. The extraction is effective from either alkaline or acidic solution. The technique considerably extends the scope of conventional solvent extraction practice to permit the extraction and concentration of total mercury in environmental and biological matrices.", "PMID": 1107020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1540", "title": "Actions and interactions of dipropylacetate and penicillin on evoked potentials of excised prepiriform cortex of guinea pig.", "content": "Slices from guinea pig brain containing the lateral olfactory tract (LOT) and the prepiriform cortex were studied in vitro. Field potentials, evoked by stimulation of the LOT, were recorded extracellularly. This field potential comprises a compound action potential, a surface negative wave (identified as EPSP), and superimposed positive peaks (\"population spikes\" or PSs) reflecting postsynaptic activity. In a previous article the penicillin-induced increase of EPSP and of both amplitude and number of PSs was described. Now we are reporting the slight depression of EPSP and PSs and the prevention of the appearance of penicillin-induced PSs by an antiepileptic drug sodium dipropylacetate (Depakine). The effect was dose-dependent. Models explaining the effects of penicillin and dipropylacetate are discussed.", "contents": "Actions and interactions of dipropylacetate and penicillin on evoked potentials of excised prepiriform cortex of guinea pig. Slices from guinea pig brain containing the lateral olfactory tract (LOT) and the prepiriform cortex were studied in vitro. Field potentials, evoked by stimulation of the LOT, were recorded extracellularly. This field potential comprises a compound action potential, a surface negative wave (identified as EPSP), and superimposed positive peaks (\"population spikes\" or PSs) reflecting postsynaptic activity. In a previous article the penicillin-induced increase of EPSP and of both amplitude and number of PSs was described. Now we are reporting the slight depression of EPSP and PSs and the prevention of the appearance of penicillin-induced PSs by an antiepileptic drug sodium dipropylacetate (Depakine). The effect was dose-dependent. Models explaining the effects of penicillin and dipropylacetate are discussed.", "PMID": 1107021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1541", "title": "Concentration of dipropylacetate in plasma.", "content": "Dipropylacetate is absorbed rapidly and attains a maximum concentration in serum 1 to 3 hr after ingestion. Since its half-life is on the order of 8 to 10 hr, it must be prescribed three times a day, every 8 hr. It reaches a stable concentration in blood within 48 hr after treatment is begun (by contrast with diphenylhydantoin and phenobarbital) and might therefore be useful when seizures must be controlled quickly. The serum concentration can be altered by some other anticonvulsant drugs, but these interactions should be studied in more detail. The serum concentration varies considerably in the course of a day and from one day to the next in the same subject, which makes it difficult to adjust the blood level. Depamide is rapidly transformed in vivo to dipropylacetate.", "contents": "Concentration of dipropylacetate in plasma. Dipropylacetate is absorbed rapidly and attains a maximum concentration in serum 1 to 3 hr after ingestion. Since its half-life is on the order of 8 to 10 hr, it must be prescribed three times a day, every 8 hr. It reaches a stable concentration in blood within 48 hr after treatment is begun (by contrast with diphenylhydantoin and phenobarbital) and might therefore be useful when seizures must be controlled quickly. The serum concentration can be altered by some other anticonvulsant drugs, but these interactions should be studied in more detail. The serum concentration varies considerably in the course of a day and from one day to the next in the same subject, which makes it difficult to adjust the blood level. Depamide is rapidly transformed in vivo to dipropylacetate.", "PMID": 1107022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1542", "title": "Specificity of ATP-dependent and GTP-dependent protein kinases with respect to ribosomal proteins of Escherichia coli.", "content": "Two protein kinases differing in substrate specificity were used to phosphorylate the 30-S and the 50-S ribosomal subunits of Escherichia coli. The catalytic subunit from the rabbit skeletal muscle protein kinase phosphorylates proteins S1, S4, S9, S13 and S18 of the 30-S subunit and proteins L2, L4, L5, L16, L18 and L23 of the 50-S subunit with (gamma-32P)ATP as phosphoryl donor. A second protein kinase isolated from rabbit reticulocytes, formerly shown to phosphorylate preferentially acidic proteins and to use GTP as well as ATP, strongly phosphorylated protein S6, an acidic protein of the small ribosomal subunit, and to a lesser extent proteins L7 and L12 or the large subunit. Evidence is presented showing different phosphorylation patterns when either whole subunits or the extracted proteins were used as substrate for the protein kinase. Kinetic studies showed proteins S1 and S4 to become most rapidly phosphorylated. Although most proteins incorporated less than stoichiometric amounts of phosphate, it is shown that with a high excess of ATP L2 bound 1 mol phosphate/mol protein.", "contents": "Specificity of ATP-dependent and GTP-dependent protein kinases with respect to ribosomal proteins of Escherichia coli. Two protein kinases differing in substrate specificity were used to phosphorylate the 30-S and the 50-S ribosomal subunits of Escherichia coli. The catalytic subunit from the rabbit skeletal muscle protein kinase phosphorylates proteins S1, S4, S9, S13 and S18 of the 30-S subunit and proteins L2, L4, L5, L16, L18 and L23 of the 50-S subunit with (gamma-32P)ATP as phosphoryl donor. A second protein kinase isolated from rabbit reticulocytes, formerly shown to phosphorylate preferentially acidic proteins and to use GTP as well as ATP, strongly phosphorylated protein S6, an acidic protein of the small ribosomal subunit, and to a lesser extent proteins L7 and L12 or the large subunit. Evidence is presented showing different phosphorylation patterns when either whole subunits or the extracted proteins were used as substrate for the protein kinase. Kinetic studies showed proteins S1 and S4 to become most rapidly phosphorylated. Although most proteins incorporated less than stoichiometric amounts of phosphate, it is shown that with a high excess of ATP L2 bound 1 mol phosphate/mol protein.", "PMID": 1107023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1543", "title": "The major proteins of the Escherichia coli outer cell envelope membrane. Characterization of proteins II* and III, comparison of all proteins.", "content": "Protein II*, one of the major Escherichia coli outer cell envelope membrane proteins has been characterized. The protein is heat-modifiable and perhaps due to complete unfolding and/or binding of sodium dodecylsulfate only at higher temperatures the modified protein exhibits a higher apparent molecular weight (33,000) than the non-modified form (28,000). Protein-chemical evidence as well as the behavior of two mutant proteins II* very strongly suggest that this protein consists of a single polypeptide chain and that in the strains studied there is no other major protein with similar characteristics. For another outer membrane protein, protein III (molecular weight 17,000), it has not yet been established if it should be classified as a major protein. Protein III consists of one or perhaps two polypeptide chains. The possibility existed that protein III is bound covalently to lipopolysaccharide, and this has been ruled out. Also, the lipopolysaccharide of the E. coli strains studied does not carry covalently bound protein in amounts anywhere near stoichiometry. N-on-protein substituents were neither found in protein II* nor in protein III. It is concluded that in E. coli B/r and the E. coli K12 strains used there are three major proteins: I, II, and IV; protein III may also belong to this class. There are not more major proteins than these. All four proteins are compared and discussed regarding their unknown functions and their relation to E. coli outer membrane proteins studied by other authors.", "contents": "The major proteins of the Escherichia coli outer cell envelope membrane. Characterization of proteins II* and III, comparison of all proteins. Protein II*, one of the major Escherichia coli outer cell envelope membrane proteins has been characterized. The protein is heat-modifiable and perhaps due to complete unfolding and/or binding of sodium dodecylsulfate only at higher temperatures the modified protein exhibits a higher apparent molecular weight (33,000) than the non-modified form (28,000). Protein-chemical evidence as well as the behavior of two mutant proteins II* very strongly suggest that this protein consists of a single polypeptide chain and that in the strains studied there is no other major protein with similar characteristics. For another outer membrane protein, protein III (molecular weight 17,000), it has not yet been established if it should be classified as a major protein. Protein III consists of one or perhaps two polypeptide chains. The possibility existed that protein III is bound covalently to lipopolysaccharide, and this has been ruled out. Also, the lipopolysaccharide of the E. coli strains studied does not carry covalently bound protein in amounts anywhere near stoichiometry. N-on-protein substituents were neither found in protein II* nor in protein III. It is concluded that in E. coli B/r and the E. coli K12 strains used there are three major proteins: I, II, and IV; protein III may also belong to this class. There are not more major proteins than these. All four proteins are compared and discussed regarding their unknown functions and their relation to E. coli outer membrane proteins studied by other authors.", "PMID": 1107024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1544", "title": "Inter-relations between the phospholipids of rat pancreatic islets during glucose stimulation, and their response to medium inositol and tetracaine.", "content": "1. Isolated rat pancreatic islets subjected to an increase in glucose concentration from 0.5 to 3 mg/ml showed an increased insulin secretion and 32P-labelling of their phospholipids, especially of phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, and CDP diglyceride. Neither fructose or inositol produced a similar effect. 2. The enhanced labelling of CDP diglyceride and phosphatidylglycerol was suppressed  by adding inositol (0.1 mg/ml), while the phosphatidylinositol labelling was increased still further. 3. Tetracaine (0.5 mM), an antagonist of insulin secretion, inhi-ited phosphatidylinositol synthesis while phosphatidylglycerol, CDP diglyceride and phosphatidic acid formation were markedly increased. These effects on phospholipid synthesis were substantially reversed by adding inositol to the medium. Tetracaine also prevented the catabolism of phosphatidylinositol in prelabelled islets but this inhibiton was not reversed by inositol. 4. Inositol addition did not affect insulin secretion in glucose-stimulated islets nor secretion in tetracaine-treated islets. This need not exclude a possible role for heightened phosphatidylinositol cleavage in stimulated insulin secretion.", "contents": "Inter-relations between the phospholipids of rat pancreatic islets during glucose stimulation, and their response to medium inositol and tetracaine. 1. Isolated rat pancreatic islets subjected to an increase in glucose concentration from 0.5 to 3 mg/ml showed an increased insulin secretion and 32P-labelling of their phospholipids, especially of phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, and CDP diglyceride. Neither fructose or inositol produced a similar effect. 2. The enhanced labelling of CDP diglyceride and phosphatidylglycerol was suppressed  by adding inositol (0.1 mg/ml), while the phosphatidylinositol labelling was increased still further. 3. Tetracaine (0.5 mM), an antagonist of insulin secretion, inhi-ited phosphatidylinositol synthesis while phosphatidylglycerol, CDP diglyceride and phosphatidic acid formation were markedly increased. These effects on phospholipid synthesis were substantially reversed by adding inositol to the medium. Tetracaine also prevented the catabolism of phosphatidylinositol in prelabelled islets but this inhibiton was not reversed by inositol. 4. Inositol addition did not affect insulin secretion in glucose-stimulated islets nor secretion in tetracaine-treated islets. This need not exclude a possible role for heightened phosphatidylinositol cleavage in stimulated insulin secretion.", "PMID": 1107025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1545", "title": "Small-angle x-ray studies on the structure of 16-S ribosomal RNA and of a complex of ribosomal protein S4 and 16-S ribosomal RNA from Escherichia coli.", "content": "16-S ribosomal RNA and a complex of ribosomal protein S4 and 16-S rRNA were studied in solution by small-angle X-ray scattering. Concentration series of the 16-S rRNA and the S4 - 16-S-rRNA complex were measured in 37.5 mM Tris-HCl buffer pH 7.4 at 5 degrees C. The following data were determined. The radii of gyration for the 16-S rRNA and S4 - 16-S-rRNA complex were R = 17.6 +/- 0.6 nm, respectively. The two respective values of the radii of gyration of the cross-section were Rq,1 = 8.42 +/- 0.1 nm and 8.33 +/- 0.3 nm, and Rq,2 = 0.988 +/- 0.03 nm and 0.996 +/- 0.03 nm. The largest diameters of the 16-S RNA and S4 - 16-S-RNA complex were L = 61.8 +/- 1 nm and 60.0 +/- 1 nm, respectively. Volumes of V = 1570 +/- 60 nm3 were found for both particles. In the Tris buffer used, no significant differences were found between the scattering curves of 16-S rRNA and the complex is a flat elliptical cylinder with the following dimensions: large axis 61.7 nm, small axis 35.4 nm and height 2 nm. The theoretical scattering curve fits the experimental one as long as the shape of the measured curve is due only to the overall shape of the particle. A model equivalent over the whole measured angular range is one built up from a large number of spheres that simulate the known substructure of the RNA. The outer dimensions of this model correspond to those of the flat elliptical cylinder.", "contents": "Small-angle x-ray studies on the structure of 16-S ribosomal RNA and of a complex of ribosomal protein S4 and 16-S ribosomal RNA from Escherichia coli. 16-S ribosomal RNA and a complex of ribosomal protein S4 and 16-S rRNA were studied in solution by small-angle X-ray scattering. Concentration series of the 16-S rRNA and the S4 - 16-S-rRNA complex were measured in 37.5 mM Tris-HCl buffer pH 7.4 at 5 degrees C. The following data were determined. The radii of gyration for the 16-S rRNA and S4 - 16-S-rRNA complex were R = 17.6 +/- 0.6 nm, respectively. The two respective values of the radii of gyration of the cross-section were Rq,1 = 8.42 +/- 0.1 nm and 8.33 +/- 0.3 nm, and Rq,2 = 0.988 +/- 0.03 nm and 0.996 +/- 0.03 nm. The largest diameters of the 16-S RNA and S4 - 16-S-RNA complex were L = 61.8 +/- 1 nm and 60.0 +/- 1 nm, respectively. Volumes of V = 1570 +/- 60 nm3 were found for both particles. In the Tris buffer used, no significant differences were found between the scattering curves of 16-S rRNA and the complex is a flat elliptical cylinder with the following dimensions: large axis 61.7 nm, small axis 35.4 nm and height 2 nm. The theoretical scattering curve fits the experimental one as long as the shape of the measured curve is due only to the overall shape of the particle. A model equivalent over the whole measured angular range is one built up from a large number of spheres that simulate the known substructure of the RNA. The outer dimensions of this model correspond to those of the flat elliptical cylinder.", "PMID": 1107026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1546", "title": "Disturbance in the regulation of the type of collagen synthesized in a form of osteogenesis imperfecta.", "content": "Fibroblasts derived from skin biopsies of a patient with a congenital defect of connective tissue revealed a disturbance in collagen synthesis. The defect was found in the mechanism that controls the type of collagen synthesized. Biochemical data as well as evaluation of immunofluorescent micrographs using collagen type-specific antibodies, suggested that the fibroblasts of this patient synthesized type III collagen, at a time and rate which was not found in fibroblasts from an age-matched healthy individual.", "contents": "Disturbance in the regulation of the type of collagen synthesized in a form of osteogenesis imperfecta. Fibroblasts derived from skin biopsies of a patient with a congenital defect of connective tissue revealed a disturbance in collagen synthesis. The defect was found in the mechanism that controls the type of collagen synthesized. Biochemical data as well as evaluation of immunofluorescent micrographs using collagen type-specific antibodies, suggested that the fibroblasts of this patient synthesized type III collagen, at a time and rate which was not found in fibroblasts from an age-matched healthy individual.", "PMID": 1107027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1547", "title": "Gram-scale purification of methionyl-tRNA and tyrosyl-tRNA synthetases from Escherichia coli.", "content": "A procedure is presented for the purification of 3 g of homogeneous methionyl-tRNA synthetase and 1 g of homogeneous tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase from 50 kg batches of Escherichia coli. The procedure permits the isolation of many enzymes simultaneously and the elution positions of seven other aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, catalase, rhodanese, phosphofructokinase, elongation factor Tu and cytochrome b-562 are indicated. The problems of extraction work on this scale are discussed.", "contents": "Gram-scale purification of methionyl-tRNA and tyrosyl-tRNA synthetases from Escherichia coli. A procedure is presented for the purification of 3 g of homogeneous methionyl-tRNA synthetase and 1 g of homogeneous tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase from 50 kg batches of Escherichia coli. The procedure permits the isolation of many enzymes simultaneously and the elution positions of seven other aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, catalase, rhodanese, phosphofructokinase, elongation factor Tu and cytochrome b-562 are indicated. The problems of extraction work on this scale are discussed.", "PMID": 1107028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1548", "title": "Isolation and properties of an arginine-binding protein from Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Transfer of exponentially growing cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae epsilon 1278 b to a fresh medium (or simply to distilled water) resulted in the loss of ability to transport arginine (and lysine), accompanied by the release of several proteins from the membrane surface or periplasmic space. Fractionation by ultrafiltration, Sephadex G-50 chromatography and freeze-drying yielded a homogeneous protein (55 mg per 100 g dry weight of cells) with specific binding ability for L-arginine (Kd = 3.8 X 10(-1) M) and L-lysine (Ki = 4.2 X 10(-4) M). The protein contains over 40 amino acid residues and has a molecular weight of about 5,000. In solution, it appears to aggregate as its concentration is raised, thereby decreasing the overall binding capacity for arginine. Addition of the protein to a depleted culture does not restore the transport of arginine. It is apparently the recognition protein for the specific arginine-transporting system of Saccharomyces cerevisiae but it occurs in almost identical amounts in the MG 168 mutant with impaired arginine transport.", "contents": "Isolation and properties of an arginine-binding protein from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Transfer of exponentially growing cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae epsilon 1278 b to a fresh medium (or simply to distilled water) resulted in the loss of ability to transport arginine (and lysine), accompanied by the release of several proteins from the membrane surface or periplasmic space. Fractionation by ultrafiltration, Sephadex G-50 chromatography and freeze-drying yielded a homogeneous protein (55 mg per 100 g dry weight of cells) with specific binding ability for L-arginine (Kd = 3.8 X 10(-1) M) and L-lysine (Ki = 4.2 X 10(-4) M). The protein contains over 40 amino acid residues and has a molecular weight of about 5,000. In solution, it appears to aggregate as its concentration is raised, thereby decreasing the overall binding capacity for arginine. Addition of the protein to a depleted culture does not restore the transport of arginine. It is apparently the recognition protein for the specific arginine-transporting system of Saccharomyces cerevisiae but it occurs in almost identical amounts in the MG 168 mutant with impaired arginine transport.", "PMID": 1107029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1549", "title": "Amino-acid incorporation into tRNA fragments and into heterologous combinations of fragments.", "content": "When the CCA-halves of tRNAAla1(yeast) and tRNAVal1(Escherichia coli) were incubated with the pG-halves of tRNAVal1 (E.coli) and trnaala1 (yeast), respectively, heterologous complexes were detected. When a 10-fold excess of one half was applied, up to 50% of the other half could be complexed. 5--12% alanine and valine incorporation was observed into the heterolgous combinations in which the pG-halves were derived from tRNAAla1 (yeast) and tRNAVal1 (E.coli), respectively. Although the values are small they appear to be significant considering the results of a number of control experiments. The CCA-half of tRNASer1,2(yeast) and another fragment of this tRNA which extends from the dihydrouridine region to the CCA-terminus were inactive in the aminoacylation assay but they could be converted into a form which accepted serine under standard conditions even in the absence of a complementary fragment. One activation procedure involved the addition of MgCl2 to Mg2+-free fragment solutions, the other consisted in a brief heating-cooling cycle of the fragment solutions at low Mg2+ concentrations. With the two procedures up to 20% or up to 40%, respectively, of the maximal serine incorporation were achieved. At 37 degrees C the active conformation of the fragments persisted only for a few minutes. Analogously, the CCA-halves of tRNAPhe (yeast), tRNAAla1 (yeast), and tRNAVal1 (E.coli)could be activated although here the extent of aminoacylation varied greatly from one experiment to the other. Mischarging of the activated CCA-halves of tRNASer1,2 (yeast) and tRNAPhe (yeast) with phenylalanine and serine, respectively, was not observed. The results obtained with the hererologous fragment combinations and with the CCA-halves alone, which at first sight seem to contradict each other, are discussed with respect to the conformational requirements of synthetase-tRNA recognition.", "contents": "Amino-acid incorporation into tRNA fragments and into heterologous combinations of fragments. When the CCA-halves of tRNAAla1(yeast) and tRNAVal1(Escherichia coli) were incubated with the pG-halves of tRNAVal1 (E.coli) and trnaala1 (yeast), respectively, heterologous complexes were detected. When a 10-fold excess of one half was applied, up to 50% of the other half could be complexed. 5--12% alanine and valine incorporation was observed into the heterolgous combinations in which the pG-halves were derived from tRNAAla1 (yeast) and tRNAVal1 (E.coli), respectively. Although the values are small they appear to be significant considering the results of a number of control experiments. The CCA-half of tRNASer1,2(yeast) and another fragment of this tRNA which extends from the dihydrouridine region to the CCA-terminus were inactive in the aminoacylation assay but they could be converted into a form which accepted serine under standard conditions even in the absence of a complementary fragment. One activation procedure involved the addition of MgCl2 to Mg2+-free fragment solutions, the other consisted in a brief heating-cooling cycle of the fragment solutions at low Mg2+ concentrations. With the two procedures up to 20% or up to 40%, respectively, of the maximal serine incorporation were achieved. At 37 degrees C the active conformation of the fragments persisted only for a few minutes. Analogously, the CCA-halves of tRNAPhe (yeast), tRNAAla1 (yeast), and tRNAVal1 (E.coli)could be activated although here the extent of aminoacylation varied greatly from one experiment to the other. Mischarging of the activated CCA-halves of tRNASer1,2 (yeast) and tRNAPhe (yeast) with phenylalanine and serine, respectively, was not observed. The results obtained with the hererologous fragment combinations and with the CCA-halves alone, which at first sight seem to contradict each other, are discussed with respect to the conformational requirements of synthetase-tRNA recognition.", "PMID": 1107030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1550", "title": "Temperature-sensitive mutants of the yeast fatty-acid-synthetase complex.", "content": "By genetic complementation analysis, 88 independently isolated temperature-sensitive fatty acid synthetase mutants have been assigned to the six different fas-complementation groups II (fas 1), III (fas 1), Vb (fas 1), VI (fas 2), VIII (fas 2) and IX (fas 2). The complementation groups Va, Vc, Vd, IV and VII observed among nonconditional fas-mutants have not been found among the temperature-sensitive strains studied. From the failure to detect pantetheine-deficient conditional fas-mutants it is concluded that the yease acyl-carrier protein has an exceptionally stable tertiary structure. Furthermore, the lack of temperature-sensitive mutants of complementation group IV possibly indicates that this group specifically represents only nonsense and frameshift mutations. Almost half of the temperature-sensitive fas 1 and fas 2 mutants studied exhigited non-complementing characteristics. These results confirm the existence of non-complementing fas1 and fas2 missense mutations. From this it is concluded that both fatty acid synthetase loci encode multifunctional polypeptide chains rather than several monofunctional component enzymes. The possible existence of an independent acyl-carrier protein, as suggested by the genetic data reported in this study, is discussed. With 10 different temperature-sensitive fas1 and fas2 mutants the dependence of cellular growth rates on growth temperature and fatty acid supplementation was determined. With all mutants studied fatty-acid-independent growth was completely suppressed at non-permissive temperatures (34 -37 degrees C). In fatty-acid-supplemented media, however, these mutants exhibited the same growth characteristics as wild-type yeast cells. In contrast to this, wild-type yeast growth was found to be fatty-acid-independent at all temperatures studied. Other than in vivo, the purified fatty acid synthetase isolated from five different temperature-sensitive fas1 and fas2 mutants exhibited in vitro no increased thermolability compared to the wild-type enzyme. From this it is concluded that the specific conformation of fatty acid synthetase subunits either forms only at the ribosomal level during translation, or that this conformation is stabilized by the assembly of subunits into the multienzyme complex structure.", "contents": "Temperature-sensitive mutants of the yeast fatty-acid-synthetase complex. By genetic complementation analysis, 88 independently isolated temperature-sensitive fatty acid synthetase mutants have been assigned to the six different fas-complementation groups II (fas 1), III (fas 1), Vb (fas 1), VI (fas 2), VIII (fas 2) and IX (fas 2). The complementation groups Va, Vc, Vd, IV and VII observed among nonconditional fas-mutants have not been found among the temperature-sensitive strains studied. From the failure to detect pantetheine-deficient conditional fas-mutants it is concluded that the yease acyl-carrier protein has an exceptionally stable tertiary structure. Furthermore, the lack of temperature-sensitive mutants of complementation group IV possibly indicates that this group specifically represents only nonsense and frameshift mutations. Almost half of the temperature-sensitive fas 1 and fas 2 mutants studied exhigited non-complementing characteristics. These results confirm the existence of non-complementing fas1 and fas2 missense mutations. From this it is concluded that both fatty acid synthetase loci encode multifunctional polypeptide chains rather than several monofunctional component enzymes. The possible existence of an independent acyl-carrier protein, as suggested by the genetic data reported in this study, is discussed. With 10 different temperature-sensitive fas1 and fas2 mutants the dependence of cellular growth rates on growth temperature and fatty acid supplementation was determined. With all mutants studied fatty-acid-independent growth was completely suppressed at non-permissive temperatures (34 -37 degrees C). In fatty-acid-supplemented media, however, these mutants exhibited the same growth characteristics as wild-type yeast cells. In contrast to this, wild-type yeast growth was found to be fatty-acid-independent at all temperatures studied. Other than in vivo, the purified fatty acid synthetase isolated from five different temperature-sensitive fas1 and fas2 mutants exhibited in vitro no increased thermolability compared to the wild-type enzyme. From this it is concluded that the specific conformation of fatty acid synthetase subunits either forms only at the ribosomal level during translation, or that this conformation is stabilized by the assembly of subunits into the multienzyme complex structure.", "PMID": 1107031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1551", "title": "Amino-acid sequence of lac repressor from Escherichia coli. Isolation, sequence analysis and sequence assembly of tryptic peptides and cyanogen-bromide fragments.", "content": "The lac repressor from Escherichia coli, composed of four identical subunits with a molecular weight of 37160, was carboxymethylated and fragmented by tryptic digestion and cyanogen bromide treatment. Using ion-exchange chromatography, gel filtration and preparative thin-layer electrophoresis and chromatography 29 of the 30 tryptic peptides were isolated in pure form. Direct Edman degradation and the dansyl-Edman technique were used to determine the sequence of the small tryptic peptides. Special emphasis was put on the sequence determination of the six large tryptic fragments which together account for 177 residues, corresponding to 51% of the repressor subunit with its 347 residues. The large tryptic fragments were analyzed after fragmentation with chymotrypsin, thermolysin and dipeptidyl aminopeptidase I. Thus the sequence of all 30 tryptic peptides could be deduced. The complete sequences of all cyanogen bromide fragments were deduced from peptides obtained by tryptic, chymotryptic and thermolytic digestion of the individual fragments and by automated stepwise Edman degradation of lac repressor and of the large cyanogen bromide fragments. The order of the cyanogen bromide fragments was given by overlapping tryptic peptides. The resulting amino acid composition of the monomer is Asp15, Asn11, Thr18, Ser30, Glu14, Gln27, Pro13, Gly22, Ala44, Cys3, Val33, Met9, Ile17, Leu40, Tyr8, Phe4, Trp2, Lys11, His7, Arg19. The sequence of lac repressor shows no similarities with that of other proteins known to bind to DNA or RNA. The N-terminal 55 residues contain two homologous regions. This part of the sequence which is involved in lac operator binding might have been formed by gene duplication.", "contents": "Amino-acid sequence of lac repressor from Escherichia coli. Isolation, sequence analysis and sequence assembly of tryptic peptides and cyanogen-bromide fragments. The lac repressor from Escherichia coli, composed of four identical subunits with a molecular weight of 37160, was carboxymethylated and fragmented by tryptic digestion and cyanogen bromide treatment. Using ion-exchange chromatography, gel filtration and preparative thin-layer electrophoresis and chromatography 29 of the 30 tryptic peptides were isolated in pure form. Direct Edman degradation and the dansyl-Edman technique were used to determine the sequence of the small tryptic peptides. Special emphasis was put on the sequence determination of the six large tryptic fragments which together account for 177 residues, corresponding to 51% of the repressor subunit with its 347 residues. The large tryptic fragments were analyzed after fragmentation with chymotrypsin, thermolysin and dipeptidyl aminopeptidase I. Thus the sequence of all 30 tryptic peptides could be deduced. The complete sequences of all cyanogen bromide fragments were deduced from peptides obtained by tryptic, chymotryptic and thermolytic digestion of the individual fragments and by automated stepwise Edman degradation of lac repressor and of the large cyanogen bromide fragments. The order of the cyanogen bromide fragments was given by overlapping tryptic peptides. The resulting amino acid composition of the monomer is Asp15, Asn11, Thr18, Ser30, Glu14, Gln27, Pro13, Gly22, Ala44, Cys3, Val33, Met9, Ile17, Leu40, Tyr8, Phe4, Trp2, Lys11, His7, Arg19. The sequence of lac repressor shows no similarities with that of other proteins known to bind to DNA or RNA. The N-terminal 55 residues contain two homologous regions. This part of the sequence which is involved in lac operator binding might have been formed by gene duplication.", "PMID": 1107032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1552", "title": "Readenylation of polyadenylate-free globin messenger RNA restores its stability in vivo.", "content": "Using an ATP:RNA adenyltransferase from Escherichia coli, a polyadenylic sequence was resynthesized onto rabbit globin mRNA from which the poly (A) segment had been previously removed. Conditions for obtaining a homogenous reconstituted globin mRNA preparation containing 30 adenylic residues per message molecule were determined. The reconstituted globin mRNA was microinjected into Xenopus laevis oocytes. Its stability was very similar to that of native mRNA.", "contents": "Readenylation of polyadenylate-free globin messenger RNA restores its stability in vivo. Using an ATP:RNA adenyltransferase from Escherichia coli, a polyadenylic sequence was resynthesized onto rabbit globin mRNA from which the poly (A) segment had been previously removed. Conditions for obtaining a homogenous reconstituted globin mRNA preparation containing 30 adenylic residues per message molecule were determined. The reconstituted globin mRNA was microinjected into Xenopus laevis oocytes. Its stability was very similar to that of native mRNA.", "PMID": 1107033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1553", "title": "Heterogeneity of lipopolysaccharides. Analysis of polysaccharide chain lengths by sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.", "content": "Lipopolysaccharide preparations from R(rough) Escherichia coli O8-,SR(semirough) Salmonella typhimurium and S (smooth) strains E. coli O8 and Citrobacter 396 were disintegrated with sodium dodecylsulfate and subjected to polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of 1% sodium dodecylsulfate. The results obtained were compared with those obtained from the same lipopolysaccharide preparations by degradation analysis. In dodecylsulfate gel electrophoresis the lipopolysaccharide preparation from the E. coli R mutant and the S. typhimurium SR mutant showed one band each (R-and SR-band, respectively) with different electrophoretic mobilities. The lipopolysaccharide preparations from the E. coli O8-strain exhibited two bands, one of which had the same electrophoretic mobility as the R-band and the other was identified as S-band. The lipopolysaccharide preparation from the Citrobacter 396-S-strain exhibited four bands: one R-band, one SR-band and two S-bands. The results showed that wild-type S strains contain more than one type of lipopolysaccharide. They differ in the length of their O-specific polysaccharide chains. The lipid A content of the different lipopolysaccharide was expressed in their electrophoretic mobilities.", "contents": "Heterogeneity of lipopolysaccharides. Analysis of polysaccharide chain lengths by sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Lipopolysaccharide preparations from R(rough) Escherichia coli O8-,SR(semirough) Salmonella typhimurium and S (smooth) strains E. coli O8 and Citrobacter 396 were disintegrated with sodium dodecylsulfate and subjected to polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of 1% sodium dodecylsulfate. The results obtained were compared with those obtained from the same lipopolysaccharide preparations by degradation analysis. In dodecylsulfate gel electrophoresis the lipopolysaccharide preparation from the E. coli R mutant and the S. typhimurium SR mutant showed one band each (R-and SR-band, respectively) with different electrophoretic mobilities. The lipopolysaccharide preparations from the E. coli O8-strain exhibited two bands, one of which had the same electrophoretic mobility as the R-band and the other was identified as S-band. The lipopolysaccharide preparation from the Citrobacter 396-S-strain exhibited four bands: one R-band, one SR-band and two S-bands. The results showed that wild-type S strains contain more than one type of lipopolysaccharide. They differ in the length of their O-specific polysaccharide chains. The lipid A content of the different lipopolysaccharide was expressed in their electrophoretic mobilities.", "PMID": 1107034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1554", "title": "Recognition of initiation codons in modified f2 RNA by Escherichia coli ribosomes.", "content": "f2 phage RNA treated with O-methylhydroxylamine under denaturing conditions loses its ordered structure with consequent exposure of the normally hidden initiation codons. In the presence of Escherichia coli ribosomes and crude initiation factors modified f2 RNA binds about 50 times more f-[3H]Met-tRNA than native f2 RNA. The interaction of native f2[14C]RNA with ribosomes requires initiation factors. The binding of O-methylhydroxylamine-modified f2 [14C]RNA to E. coli 70-S or 20-S ribosomes does not depend on the presence of initiation factors. A significant number of ribosomes deficient in initiation factors interact with a molecule of modified f2 [14C]RNA. Treatment of the resultant polysomal complex with pancreatic RNase yields ribosomes with f2 RNA fragments protected against RNase. Almost all AUG/GUG codons in the f2 RNA are located on the RNase-insensitive ribosome-bound fragments, constituting only 25% of the entire molecule. Addition of crude initiation factors to such ribosomes with fragments of modified f2 RNA promotes binding of f-[3H]Met-tRNA. The resultant complex is fully reactive with puromycin. No binding of Ac-Phe-tRNA takes place under similar conditions.", "contents": "Recognition of initiation codons in modified f2 RNA by Escherichia coli ribosomes. f2 phage RNA treated with O-methylhydroxylamine under denaturing conditions loses its ordered structure with consequent exposure of the normally hidden initiation codons. In the presence of Escherichia coli ribosomes and crude initiation factors modified f2 RNA binds about 50 times more f-[3H]Met-tRNA than native f2 RNA. The interaction of native f2[14C]RNA with ribosomes requires initiation factors. The binding of O-methylhydroxylamine-modified f2 [14C]RNA to E. coli 70-S or 20-S ribosomes does not depend on the presence of initiation factors. A significant number of ribosomes deficient in initiation factors interact with a molecule of modified f2 [14C]RNA. Treatment of the resultant polysomal complex with pancreatic RNase yields ribosomes with f2 RNA fragments protected against RNase. Almost all AUG/GUG codons in the f2 RNA are located on the RNase-insensitive ribosome-bound fragments, constituting only 25% of the entire molecule. Addition of crude initiation factors to such ribosomes with fragments of modified f2 RNA promotes binding of f-[3H]Met-tRNA. The resultant complex is fully reactive with puromycin. No binding of Ac-Phe-tRNA takes place under similar conditions.", "PMID": 1107035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1555", "title": "The major proteins of the Escherichia coli outer cell-envelope membrane. Cyanogen bromide fragments of protein I, composition and order.", "content": "The cyanogen bromide fragments of protein I, a major protein of the Escherichia coli outer cell envelope membrane, have been isolated and characterized. There appear to be two methionine-serine or methionine-threonine sequences causing incomplete cleavage but complete conversion of methionine to homoserine. Largely due to the existence of these overlapping fragments the order of 5 of the 6 fragments present could be deduced. None of the fragments exhibits any remarkable low degree of polarity, and the tryptic fingerprint of the largest fragment (comprising about 60% of protein I) also does not show any conspicuous large fraction of lipophilic peptides. It is concluded that the domain of protein I that may be buried in the lipid phase of the outer membrane in all likelihood is not very large, and there is, in fact, no definite proof yet that protein I is a membrane protein sensu stricto.", "contents": "The major proteins of the Escherichia coli outer cell-envelope membrane. Cyanogen bromide fragments of protein I, composition and order. The cyanogen bromide fragments of protein I, a major protein of the Escherichia coli outer cell envelope membrane, have been isolated and characterized. There appear to be two methionine-serine or methionine-threonine sequences causing incomplete cleavage but complete conversion of methionine to homoserine. Largely due to the existence of these overlapping fragments the order of 5 of the 6 fragments present could be deduced. None of the fragments exhibits any remarkable low degree of polarity, and the tryptic fingerprint of the largest fragment (comprising about 60% of protein I) also does not show any conspicuous large fraction of lipophilic peptides. It is concluded that the domain of protein I that may be buried in the lipid phase of the outer membrane in all likelihood is not very large, and there is, in fact, no definite proof yet that protein I is a membrane protein sensu stricto.", "PMID": 1107036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1556", "title": "Rapid isolation of highly active RNA polymerase from Escherichia coli and its subunits by matrix-bound heparin.", "content": "1. RNA polymerase from Escherichia coli is selectively and strongly retained by a heparin-substituted agarose and can be eluted therefrom by a neutral buffer containing 0.6 M salt. The method is applicable to relatively crude preparations of the enzyme on a preparative scale giving highly purified RNA polymerase in excellent yield. The enzyme obtained by this procedure shows the highest specific activity so far reported and is pure and enriched in factor sigma as indicated by dodecylsulfate gel electrophoresis. 2. Based on the differential affinity of the subunits of the enzyme for the heparin-carrying gel matrix, a method for separation of alpha, beta' + beta and sigma subunits by application of urea and salt-containing buffers is described. Upon recombination and dialysis with urea-free buffer 40-50% of the enzyme activity is restored.", "contents": "Rapid isolation of highly active RNA polymerase from Escherichia coli and its subunits by matrix-bound heparin. 1. RNA polymerase from Escherichia coli is selectively and strongly retained by a heparin-substituted agarose and can be eluted therefrom by a neutral buffer containing 0.6 M salt. The method is applicable to relatively crude preparations of the enzyme on a preparative scale giving highly purified RNA polymerase in excellent yield. The enzyme obtained by this procedure shows the highest specific activity so far reported and is pure and enriched in factor sigma as indicated by dodecylsulfate gel electrophoresis. 2. Based on the differential affinity of the subunits of the enzyme for the heparin-carrying gel matrix, a method for separation of alpha, beta' + beta and sigma subunits by application of urea and salt-containing buffers is described. Upon recombination and dialysis with urea-free buffer 40-50% of the enzyme activity is restored.", "PMID": 1107037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1557", "title": "Studies of intracellular thymidine nucleotides. Thymineless death and the recovery after re-addition of thymine in Escherichia coli K 12.", "content": "In a thymine-deprived culture, the mutant cells (deficient in dTDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase activity and named Ter-15) lose viability at a faster rate, form longer filaments for the first 60 min and lose thymidine nucleotides and dTDP-sugar pools at a faster rate for the first 15 min than those of the parent cells, but the dTDP-sugar pool in the parent cells is maintained at high concentration for the first 90 min during thymine starvation. In the recovery of cell growth after re-addition of thymine into the thymine-deprived culture, parent cells recommence growth immediately, but the mutant cells (Ter-15) show a lag-phase for 45 min after which time their growth recommences. The rate of dTTP synthesis for the first 10 to 15 min after re-addition of thymine to thymine-deprived cultures of parent and mutant (Ter-15) cells is three-fold higher than that of thymine nondeprived culture (control), but the rates of dTMP and dTDP-sugar syntheses are the same as those of the control. The total DNA synthesis after re-addition of thymine is equal to that of the control, and the period of thymine starvation other than the number of viable cells during thymine starvation plays an important role. After separation of the filament cells from normal-sized cells by sucrose gradient centrifugation, the initial rate of DNA synthesis of filament cells is three-fold faster than that of normal-sized cells. These results show that the dependency of DNA synthesis upon dTTP concentration is maintained after re-addition of thymine into thymine-deprived culture.", "contents": "Studies of intracellular thymidine nucleotides. Thymineless death and the recovery after re-addition of thymine in Escherichia coli K 12. In a thymine-deprived culture, the mutant cells (deficient in dTDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase activity and named Ter-15) lose viability at a faster rate, form longer filaments for the first 60 min and lose thymidine nucleotides and dTDP-sugar pools at a faster rate for the first 15 min than those of the parent cells, but the dTDP-sugar pool in the parent cells is maintained at high concentration for the first 90 min during thymine starvation. In the recovery of cell growth after re-addition of thymine into the thymine-deprived culture, parent cells recommence growth immediately, but the mutant cells (Ter-15) show a lag-phase for 45 min after which time their growth recommences. The rate of dTTP synthesis for the first 10 to 15 min after re-addition of thymine to thymine-deprived cultures of parent and mutant (Ter-15) cells is three-fold higher than that of thymine nondeprived culture (control), but the rates of dTMP and dTDP-sugar syntheses are the same as those of the control. The total DNA synthesis after re-addition of thymine is equal to that of the control, and the period of thymine starvation other than the number of viable cells during thymine starvation plays an important role. After separation of the filament cells from normal-sized cells by sucrose gradient centrifugation, the initial rate of DNA synthesis of filament cells is three-fold faster than that of normal-sized cells. These results show that the dependency of DNA synthesis upon dTTP concentration is maintained after re-addition of thymine into thymine-deprived culture.", "PMID": 1107038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1558", "title": "Evidence for an aminoendopeptidase localized near the cell surface of Escherichia coli. Regulation of synthesis by inorganic phosphate.", "content": "An enzyme capable of hydrolyzing the substrate L-alanine p-nitroanilide has been found in the various Escherichia coli strains tested. This enzyme has been called aminoendopeptidase since it shows both activities (see accompanying paper). It is released from the cells by osmotic shock and by lysozyme -- EDTA spheroplasting treatment, and 50% of the total activity is directly detectable with suspensions of intact cells. However, the release by osmotic shock or spheroplasting is not as efficient as it is for alkaline phosphatase. This periplasmic aminoendopeptidase is constitutively produced but the differential rate of synthesis is increased 4-fold when the cell growth is limited by Pi. The occurrence of this 'derepression' is simultaneous with that of alkaline phosphatase. Increasing the concentration of inorganic phosphate in the medium has no effect on the constitutive aminoendopeptidase synthesis. The effect of phosphate starvation is specific since starvation for neither nitrogen nor carbon and energy source are effective in derepressing aminoendopeptidase.", "contents": "Evidence for an aminoendopeptidase localized near the cell surface of Escherichia coli. Regulation of synthesis by inorganic phosphate. An enzyme capable of hydrolyzing the substrate L-alanine p-nitroanilide has been found in the various Escherichia coli strains tested. This enzyme has been called aminoendopeptidase since it shows both activities (see accompanying paper). It is released from the cells by osmotic shock and by lysozyme -- EDTA spheroplasting treatment, and 50% of the total activity is directly detectable with suspensions of intact cells. However, the release by osmotic shock or spheroplasting is not as efficient as it is for alkaline phosphatase. This periplasmic aminoendopeptidase is constitutively produced but the differential rate of synthesis is increased 4-fold when the cell growth is limited by Pi. The occurrence of this 'derepression' is simultaneous with that of alkaline phosphatase. Increasing the concentration of inorganic phosphate in the medium has no effect on the constitutive aminoendopeptidase synthesis. The effect of phosphate starvation is specific since starvation for neither nitrogen nor carbon and energy source are effective in derepressing aminoendopeptidase.", "PMID": 1107039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1559", "title": "Regulation of Escherichia coli K10 aminoendopeptidase synthesis. Effects of mutations involved in the regulation of alkaline phosphatase.", "content": "The synthesis of alkaline phosphatase in Escherichia coli is controlled by the action of at least four genes denoted phoS, phoT, phoR and phoB. The effect of mutations in the first three of these genes on the synthesis of periplasmic aminoendopeptidase of E. coli K 10 have been investigated. phoR gene product does not seem to be involved either in the constitutive or in the derepressed synthesis of this enzyme. Mutations in phoS or phoT influence the intracellular level of Pi in much the same way as depletion of Pi from the growth medium, and only as a consequence influence the synthesis of aminoendopeptidase and alkaline phosphatase. Point, amber or deletion mutations in the alkaline phosphatase structural gene do not affect aminoendopeptidase synthesis. Thus, alkaline phosphatase and 'derepressed' aminoendopeptidase synthesis are co-regulated by the endogenous level of inorganic phosphate. The way by which this regulation operates is discussed.", "contents": "Regulation of Escherichia coli K10 aminoendopeptidase synthesis. Effects of mutations involved in the regulation of alkaline phosphatase. The synthesis of alkaline phosphatase in Escherichia coli is controlled by the action of at least four genes denoted phoS, phoT, phoR and phoB. The effect of mutations in the first three of these genes on the synthesis of periplasmic aminoendopeptidase of E. coli K 10 have been investigated. phoR gene product does not seem to be involved either in the constitutive or in the derepressed synthesis of this enzyme. Mutations in phoS or phoT influence the intracellular level of Pi in much the same way as depletion of Pi from the growth medium, and only as a consequence influence the synthesis of aminoendopeptidase and alkaline phosphatase. Point, amber or deletion mutations in the alkaline phosphatase structural gene do not affect aminoendopeptidase synthesis. Thus, alkaline phosphatase and 'derepressed' aminoendopeptidase synthesis are co-regulated by the endogenous level of inorganic phosphate. The way by which this regulation operates is discussed.", "PMID": 1107040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1560", "title": "The first enzyme of the gal operon in inducible and operator-constitutive strains of Escherichia coli. A comparison of the porperties and amino-terminal sequences of UDP galactose 4-epimerase.", "content": "1. UDPgalactose 4-epimerase, the product of the first structural gene of the gal operon in Escherichia coli K-12, has been purified from strain HfrH and from its gal operator-constitutive mutant, HfrH 81-2. 2. The two enzymes are purified by the same procedure, behaving identically throughout. They are identical in sedimentation coefficient, sioelectric point, electrophoretic mobility at pH 8.8 and amino-terminal sequence for the first 30 residues. 3. Slight but reporducible differences were observed between the amino acid compositions and peptide maps of the two proteins. These differences may indicate real differences in the primary sequences of the proteins, but if so they are unlikely to be due to the operator-constitutive mutation because of the identy of the sequences for the first 30 residues. 4. No evidence was found to indicate that the gal operator might overlap with the first structural gene.", "contents": "The first enzyme of the gal operon in inducible and operator-constitutive strains of Escherichia coli. A comparison of the porperties and amino-terminal sequences of UDP galactose 4-epimerase. 1. UDPgalactose 4-epimerase, the product of the first structural gene of the gal operon in Escherichia coli K-12, has been purified from strain HfrH and from its gal operator-constitutive mutant, HfrH 81-2. 2. The two enzymes are purified by the same procedure, behaving identically throughout. They are identical in sedimentation coefficient, sioelectric point, electrophoretic mobility at pH 8.8 and amino-terminal sequence for the first 30 residues. 3. Slight but reporducible differences were observed between the amino acid compositions and peptide maps of the two proteins. These differences may indicate real differences in the primary sequences of the proteins, but if so they are unlikely to be due to the operator-constitutive mutation because of the identy of the sequences for the first 30 residues. 4. No evidence was found to indicate that the gal operator might overlap with the first structural gene.", "PMID": 1107041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1561", "title": "Biosynthesis of a specific lipoprotein of the Escherichia coli outer membrane on polyribosomes.", "content": "With use of polyribosomes isolated from Escherichia coli, biosynthesis of a specific lipoprotein of the E. coli outer membrane was investigated. The products of the cell-free system were analyzed by sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoprecipitation with anti-lipoportein serum, followed by sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. It was found that one of the major products was the lipoprotein of the E. coli outer membrane. The lipoprotein was also found to be preferentially synthsized on smaller polyribosomes.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of a specific lipoprotein of the Escherichia coli outer membrane on polyribosomes. With use of polyribosomes isolated from Escherichia coli, biosynthesis of a specific lipoprotein of the E. coli outer membrane was investigated. The products of the cell-free system were analyzed by sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoprecipitation with anti-lipoportein serum, followed by sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. It was found that one of the major products was the lipoprotein of the E. coli outer membrane. The lipoprotein was also found to be preferentially synthsized on smaller polyribosomes.", "PMID": 1107042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1562", "title": "The binding of maltose to 'virgin' maltose-binding protein is biphasic.", "content": "The biphasic binding properties of the galactose-binding and maltose-binding proteins of Escherichia coli may be important in the functioning of these proteins as recognition components of chemoreceptors. However, Richarme and Kepes [Eur. J. Binding curve of the galactose-binding protein may be the result of isotopic dilution, during equilibrium dialysis, by unlabeled ligand retained by the binding throughout purification. Here the binding of maltose to maltose-binding protein which has never previously been exposed to sugar ('virgin' binding protein) is shown to be biphasic. This implies that the unusual binding properties are attributable to the maltose-binding protein itself.", "contents": "The binding of maltose to 'virgin' maltose-binding protein is biphasic. The biphasic binding properties of the galactose-binding and maltose-binding proteins of Escherichia coli may be important in the functioning of these proteins as recognition components of chemoreceptors. However, Richarme and Kepes [Eur. J. Binding curve of the galactose-binding protein may be the result of isotopic dilution, during equilibrium dialysis, by unlabeled ligand retained by the binding throughout purification. Here the binding of maltose to maltose-binding protein which has never previously been exposed to sugar ('virgin' binding protein) is shown to be biphasic. This implies that the unusual binding properties are attributable to the maltose-binding protein itself.", "PMID": 1107043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1563", "title": "The tryptophan synthase from Escherichia coli. An improved purification procedure for the alpha-subunit and binding studies with substrate analogues.", "content": "An improved method is described for the purification of the alpha-subunit of tryptophan synthase from Escherichia coli. The standard manganese chloride and acid-precipitation steps have been replaced by rapid and efficient chromatographic procedures. Indoleethanol phosphate, indoleprapanol phosphate and indolebutanol phosphate have been synthesized. They are not cleaved by tryptophan synthase and are strictly competitive inhibitors versus indoleglycerol phosphate. The inhibition constant decreases as the number of methylene groups in the side chain increases. This may reflect an improved accommodation of the indole and phosphate moienerated by binding indole, indoleglycerol phosphate and indolepropanol phosphate to the alpha-subunit are very similar. This reflects the transfer of the indole moiety to an hydrophobic environment within the active center. The binding of indolepropanol phosphate to the alpha2beta2-complex perturbs the spectrum of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate located in the beta2-subunit. This demonstrates direct or indirect interactions between the component active sites. Bind studies by spectrophotometric titration and equilibrium dialysis with indolepropanol [32P]phosphate show that there is only one binding site per equivalent of alpha-subunit. Complex formation with the beta2-subunit increases the affinity of the alpha-subunit for indolepropanol phosphate, It is a general consequence of protein-protein interaction in this system.", "contents": "The tryptophan synthase from Escherichia coli. An improved purification procedure for the alpha-subunit and binding studies with substrate analogues. An improved method is described for the purification of the alpha-subunit of tryptophan synthase from Escherichia coli. The standard manganese chloride and acid-precipitation steps have been replaced by rapid and efficient chromatographic procedures. Indoleethanol phosphate, indoleprapanol phosphate and indolebutanol phosphate have been synthesized. They are not cleaved by tryptophan synthase and are strictly competitive inhibitors versus indoleglycerol phosphate. The inhibition constant decreases as the number of methylene groups in the side chain increases. This may reflect an improved accommodation of the indole and phosphate moienerated by binding indole, indoleglycerol phosphate and indolepropanol phosphate to the alpha-subunit are very similar. This reflects the transfer of the indole moiety to an hydrophobic environment within the active center. The binding of indolepropanol phosphate to the alpha2beta2-complex perturbs the spectrum of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate located in the beta2-subunit. This demonstrates direct or indirect interactions between the component active sites. Bind studies by spectrophotometric titration and equilibrium dialysis with indolepropanol [32P]phosphate show that there is only one binding site per equivalent of alpha-subunit. Complex formation with the beta2-subunit increases the affinity of the alpha-subunit for indolepropanol phosphate, It is a general consequence of protein-protein interaction in this system.", "PMID": 1107044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1564", "title": "Chemical inactivation of Escherichia coli 30-S ribosomes by iodination. Identification of proteins involved in tRNA binding.", "content": "30-S ribosomal subunits are inactivated by iodination for both enzymic fMet-tRNA and non-enzymic Phe-tRNA binding activities. This inactivation is due to modification of the protein moiety of the ribosome. Reconstitutions were performed with 16-S RNA and mixtures of total protein isolated from modified subunits and purified proteins isolated from unmodified subunits. This allowed identification of the individual proteins which restore tRNA binding activity. S3, S14 and S19 were identified as proteins involved in fMet-tRNA binding. S1, S2, S3, S14 and S19 were identified as proteins involved in Phe-tRNA binding. Modified particles shown normal sedimentation constants and complete protein compositions both before and after reconstitution. This suggests that the loss of activity is due to modification of one or more of the actual binding sites located on the 30-S subunit and that restoration of activity is due to structural correction at this site rather than to correction of an assembly defect.", "contents": "Chemical inactivation of Escherichia coli 30-S ribosomes by iodination. Identification of proteins involved in tRNA binding. 30-S ribosomal subunits are inactivated by iodination for both enzymic fMet-tRNA and non-enzymic Phe-tRNA binding activities. This inactivation is due to modification of the protein moiety of the ribosome. Reconstitutions were performed with 16-S RNA and mixtures of total protein isolated from modified subunits and purified proteins isolated from unmodified subunits. This allowed identification of the individual proteins which restore tRNA binding activity. S3, S14 and S19 were identified as proteins involved in fMet-tRNA binding. S1, S2, S3, S14 and S19 were identified as proteins involved in Phe-tRNA binding. Modified particles shown normal sedimentation constants and complete protein compositions both before and after reconstitution. This suggests that the loss of activity is due to modification of one or more of the actual binding sites located on the 30-S subunit and that restoration of activity is due to structural correction at this site rather than to correction of an assembly defect.", "PMID": 1107046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1565", "title": "Studies of intracellular thymidine nucleotides. Relationship between the synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid and the thymidine triphosphate pool in Escherichia coli K12.", "content": "The two types of mutant strains which show resistance to T-even phage infection have been isolated and been shown to have either a higher or lower ratio of dTDP-sugar to dTTP than that of the parent strains. The one with a higher ratio of dTDP-sugar to dTTP than the parents has a large dTDP-sugar pool and small dTTP pool, and a high level of dTDPG pyrophosphorylase activity. The other one, with a lower ratio of dTDP-sugar to dTTP than the parents, has a small dTDP-sugar pool and large dTTP pool, and a low or deficient level of this enzyme activity. They form an entirely mucoid colony in the synthetic agar plate. Mutant cells (Ter-6 and Ter-21) which have deficient dTDPG pyrophosphorylase activity show 2 -- 3 times higher activity of UDPG pyrophosphoyrlase than that of parent cells. The dTDPG pyrophosphorylase-deficient mutants (Ter-15 and Ter-21) have a 3 -- 4 times higher concentration of dTTP and a faster rate of DNA synthesis and cell division than those of parent strains in growth with external thymine. The dTDPG pyrophosphorylase constitutive mutant (Ter-4) has a 0.5 -- 0.33 smaller dTTP pool and a slower rate of DNA synthesis and cell division than those of parent cells grown in the same medium. In the Ter-15 and Ter-21 mutants, the intracellular dTTP-dependent DNA synthesis rapidly disappeared in thymine suboptimal concentration, but the Ter-4 mutant maintained its dTTP-dependent DNA synthesis over a 20 muM concentration of external thymine. In high concentration (100 muM) of external thymidine, the thymidine effects on the intracellular dTTP concentration do not significantly appear in these enzyme-deficient mutants (Ter-15 and Ter-21). Also, the concentration of intracellular dTTP in the cell growth with external thymidine is 2.5 times greater than that with external thymine in these enzyme-deficient mutants (Ter-15 and Ter-21).", "contents": "Studies of intracellular thymidine nucleotides. Relationship between the synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid and the thymidine triphosphate pool in Escherichia coli K12. The two types of mutant strains which show resistance to T-even phage infection have been isolated and been shown to have either a higher or lower ratio of dTDP-sugar to dTTP than that of the parent strains. The one with a higher ratio of dTDP-sugar to dTTP than the parents has a large dTDP-sugar pool and small dTTP pool, and a high level of dTDPG pyrophosphorylase activity. The other one, with a lower ratio of dTDP-sugar to dTTP than the parents, has a small dTDP-sugar pool and large dTTP pool, and a low or deficient level of this enzyme activity. They form an entirely mucoid colony in the synthetic agar plate. Mutant cells (Ter-6 and Ter-21) which have deficient dTDPG pyrophosphorylase activity show 2 -- 3 times higher activity of UDPG pyrophosphoyrlase than that of parent cells. The dTDPG pyrophosphorylase-deficient mutants (Ter-15 and Ter-21) have a 3 -- 4 times higher concentration of dTTP and a faster rate of DNA synthesis and cell division than those of parent strains in growth with external thymine. The dTDPG pyrophosphorylase constitutive mutant (Ter-4) has a 0.5 -- 0.33 smaller dTTP pool and a slower rate of DNA synthesis and cell division than those of parent cells grown in the same medium. In the Ter-15 and Ter-21 mutants, the intracellular dTTP-dependent DNA synthesis rapidly disappeared in thymine suboptimal concentration, but the Ter-4 mutant maintained its dTTP-dependent DNA synthesis over a 20 muM concentration of external thymine. In high concentration (100 muM) of external thymidine, the thymidine effects on the intracellular dTTP concentration do not significantly appear in these enzyme-deficient mutants (Ter-15 and Ter-21). Also, the concentration of intracellular dTTP in the cell growth with external thymidine is 2.5 times greater than that with external thymine in these enzyme-deficient mutants (Ter-15 and Ter-21).", "PMID": 1107047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1566", "title": "Respiratory failure after liver transplantation.", "content": "A rapidly growing haemangioendothelial sarcoma of the liver in a twenty-two year old woman was treated by liver transplantation. Disseminated intravascular coagulation resulted in massive blood loss during surgery, and contributed to the death of the patient from respiratory failure on the fourth post-operative day, despite continuous post-operative intermittent positive-pressure ventilation. Other factors leading to her respiratory failure are discussed. There was no evidence of dysfunction in the transplanted liver.", "contents": "Respiratory failure after liver transplantation. A rapidly growing haemangioendothelial sarcoma of the liver in a twenty-two year old woman was treated by liver transplantation. Disseminated intravascular coagulation resulted in massive blood loss during surgery, and contributed to the death of the patient from respiratory failure on the fourth post-operative day, despite continuous post-operative intermittent positive-pressure ventilation. Other factors leading to her respiratory failure are discussed. There was no evidence of dysfunction in the transplanted liver.", "PMID": 1107048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1567", "title": "Malaria, favism and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency.", "content": "Although glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficient individuals may suffer (sometimes fatally) from favism, a high incidence of this trait occurs in many Mediterranean populations. This apparent paradox is explained on the basis of a synergistic interaction between favism and G-6-PD deficiency that provides increased protection against malaria compared to that of the G-6-PD deficiency alone. This relationship is analogous to that between various hemoglobins and malaria in that there is selection for a more severe trait if it provides more protection against malaria.", "contents": "Malaria, favism and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. Although glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficient individuals may suffer (sometimes fatally) from favism, a high incidence of this trait occurs in many Mediterranean populations. This apparent paradox is explained on the basis of a synergistic interaction between favism and G-6-PD deficiency that provides increased protection against malaria compared to that of the G-6-PD deficiency alone. This relationship is analogous to that between various hemoglobins and malaria in that there is selection for a more severe trait if it provides more protection against malaria.", "PMID": 1107056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1568", "title": "Colloidal gold granules as markers for cell surface receptors in the scanning electron microscope.", "content": "A rapid method has been developed to visualize cell surface receptors in the SEM. Thus mannan at the surface of Candida utilis cells was localized by stabilized colloidal gold granules coated with either anti-mannan antibodies or Con A.", "contents": "Colloidal gold granules as markers for cell surface receptors in the scanning electron microscope. A rapid method has been developed to visualize cell surface receptors in the SEM. Thus mannan at the surface of Candida utilis cells was localized by stabilized colloidal gold granules coated with either anti-mannan antibodies or Con A.", "PMID": 1107057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1569", "title": "Suppression of sebaceous gland non-specific esterase activity be electrophilic alpha beta-unsaturated compounds.", "content": "Sebaceous gland non-specific esterase activity was suppressed following application to mouse skin of 2 electrophilic alpha beta-unsaturated compounds, o-chlorobenzylidenemalononitrile and beta-nitrostyrene, but not by three others.", "contents": "Suppression of sebaceous gland non-specific esterase activity be electrophilic alpha beta-unsaturated compounds. Sebaceous gland non-specific esterase activity was suppressed following application to mouse skin of 2 electrophilic alpha beta-unsaturated compounds, o-chlorobenzylidenemalononitrile and beta-nitrostyrene, but not by three others.", "PMID": 1107058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1570", "title": "Visualization of chicken red blood cells in capillaries by immunofluorescence.", "content": "Chicken red blood cells labelled with specific rabbit antiserum were used for the demonstration of cortical distribution of blood in the dog kidney by means of direct immunofluorescence. Immunization and labelling techniques are described.", "contents": "Visualization of chicken red blood cells in capillaries by immunofluorescence. Chicken red blood cells labelled with specific rabbit antiserum were used for the demonstration of cortical distribution of blood in the dog kidney by means of direct immunofluorescence. Immunization and labelling techniques are described.", "PMID": 1107061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1571", "title": "Isatin-3-anils as excystment and cysticidal agents against Schizopyrenus russelli.", "content": "A series of isatin-3-anils (with or without a N-piperidino/morpholinomethyl substituent) have been screened for their cysticidal activity against Schizopyrenus russelli. Their ability to cause excystment has also been studied.", "contents": "Isatin-3-anils as excystment and cysticidal agents against Schizopyrenus russelli. A series of isatin-3-anils (with or without a N-piperidino/morpholinomethyl substituent) have been screened for their cysticidal activity against Schizopyrenus russelli. Their ability to cause excystment has also been studied.", "PMID": 1107062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1572", "title": "Investigation of the organization of mammalian chromosomes at the DNA sequence level.", "content": "New developments in DNA sequencing techniques permit rapid progress in the determination of both repetitious and single-copy mammalian sequences. Three distinct families of highly repetitious satellite DNA's from the kangaroo rat Dipodomys ordii have been sequenced. With the MS satellite it was possible to show that the basic repeat sequence and its variants were arranged in a nonrandom order suggesting a hierarchy of repeats. The HS-alpha satellite from D. ordii was shown to resemble the guinea pig alpha satellite, a long term evolutionary persistence inconsistent with previous models. Sequences from hemoglobin mRNA were determined using hemoglobin complementary DNA as template for transcription in vitro. Seven of the largest fragments have been assigned to untranslated regions of the mRNA whereas 15 others have been tentatively located within the structural genes. From correlations with sequences from corresponding regions in the human hemoglobin mRNA's we have been able to make the first direct measurements of the rate of fixation of mutations that do not change the amino acid sequence. The minimum estimate for this rate is greater than the highest previously estimated rates of fixation of neutral mutations (calculated for fibrinopeptide A. A new technique, deoxysubstitution sequencing, which should speed determination of the complete mRNA sequences, is described.", "contents": "Investigation of the organization of mammalian chromosomes at the DNA sequence level. New developments in DNA sequencing techniques permit rapid progress in the determination of both repetitious and single-copy mammalian sequences. Three distinct families of highly repetitious satellite DNA's from the kangaroo rat Dipodomys ordii have been sequenced. With the MS satellite it was possible to show that the basic repeat sequence and its variants were arranged in a nonrandom order suggesting a hierarchy of repeats. The HS-alpha satellite from D. ordii was shown to resemble the guinea pig alpha satellite, a long term evolutionary persistence inconsistent with previous models. Sequences from hemoglobin mRNA were determined using hemoglobin complementary DNA as template for transcription in vitro. Seven of the largest fragments have been assigned to untranslated regions of the mRNA whereas 15 others have been tentatively located within the structural genes. From correlations with sequences from corresponding regions in the human hemoglobin mRNA's we have been able to make the first direct measurements of the rate of fixation of mutations that do not change the amino acid sequence. The minimum estimate for this rate is greater than the highest previously estimated rates of fixation of neutral mutations (calculated for fibrinopeptide A. A new technique, deoxysubstitution sequencing, which should speed determination of the complete mRNA sequences, is described.", "PMID": 1107072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1573", "title": "Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone versus human chorionic gonadotropin: differential effect on the development of ovulatory refractoriness and antibodies.", "content": "Cyclic intramuscular injections of 25 IU of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) at 3-week intervals induced ovulatory refractoriness and HCG antibodies after five to eight treatment cycles. Two of fifty rabbits failed to ovulate following two successive injections of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH); however, no LH-RH antibodies were detected in the sera of these two animals, suggesting that these observations were due to chance alone. Thus, 0.5 mug of LH-RH injected intramuscularly at 3-week intervals did not induce ovulatory refractoriness or antibody formation after as many as 18 successive treatment cycles.", "contents": "Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone versus human chorionic gonadotropin: differential effect on the development of ovulatory refractoriness and antibodies. Cyclic intramuscular injections of 25 IU of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) at 3-week intervals induced ovulatory refractoriness and HCG antibodies after five to eight treatment cycles. Two of fifty rabbits failed to ovulate following two successive injections of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH); however, no LH-RH antibodies were detected in the sera of these two animals, suggesting that these observations were due to chance alone. Thus, 0.5 mug of LH-RH injected intramuscularly at 3-week intervals did not induce ovulatory refractoriness or antibody formation after as many as 18 successive treatment cycles.", "PMID": 1107073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1574", "title": "The induction of ovulation in amenorrheic patients with synthetic luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone: the significance of pituitary responsiveness.", "content": "The pituitary reserve of gonadotropins was evaluated with intravenous injections of 25 mug of synthetic luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) in 32 patients with secondary amenorrhea. An obvious individual difference in the magnitude of the serum LH response was noted in these patients. Thus the patients were classified into four groups according to their pituitary responsiveness as expressed by the ratio of the serum LH stimulated peak to the basal level. Patients with values within the range of, or higher than, that of the normal follicular phase were classified as having high response (750% and above); within the range of that of the normal luteal phase as having moderate response (500 to 740%); between that of the normal luteal phase and that of postmenopausal women as having low response (250 to 490%); and within the range of, or lower than, that of postmenopausal women as having no response (240% and below). Among 26 clomiphene-failed patients in this series who were treated again with clomiphene and subsequent injection of LH-RH; 10 of 12 patients (25 or 35 cycles) with high response, 6 of 10 patients (12 of 28 cycles) with moderate response, and 1 of 4 patients (1 of 13 cycles) with low response ovulated. Five patients became pregnant. The results of this study indicate that in amenorrheic women the higher the pituitary response to LH-RH the greater the chance of inducing ovulation. Patients with secondary amenorrhea may thus be classified by assessing their pituitary response to LH-RH, which may be useful in predicting the chance for the successful induction of ovulation.", "contents": "The induction of ovulation in amenorrheic patients with synthetic luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone: the significance of pituitary responsiveness. The pituitary reserve of gonadotropins was evaluated with intravenous injections of 25 mug of synthetic luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) in 32 patients with secondary amenorrhea. An obvious individual difference in the magnitude of the serum LH response was noted in these patients. Thus the patients were classified into four groups according to their pituitary responsiveness as expressed by the ratio of the serum LH stimulated peak to the basal level. Patients with values within the range of, or higher than, that of the normal follicular phase were classified as having high response (750% and above); within the range of that of the normal luteal phase as having moderate response (500 to 740%); between that of the normal luteal phase and that of postmenopausal women as having low response (250 to 490%); and within the range of, or lower than, that of postmenopausal women as having no response (240% and below). Among 26 clomiphene-failed patients in this series who were treated again with clomiphene and subsequent injection of LH-RH; 10 of 12 patients (25 or 35 cycles) with high response, 6 of 10 patients (12 of 28 cycles) with moderate response, and 1 of 4 patients (1 of 13 cycles) with low response ovulated. Five patients became pregnant. The results of this study indicate that in amenorrheic women the higher the pituitary response to LH-RH the greater the chance of inducing ovulation. Patients with secondary amenorrhea may thus be classified by assessing their pituitary response to LH-RH, which may be useful in predicting the chance for the successful induction of ovulation.", "PMID": 1107074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1575", "title": "[Histochemical study of the vasomotor innervation of the internal carotid artery basin].", "content": "In the dog, the internal carotid artery and its branches were found to have a well developed nervous plexus with two kinds of nerve fibers: containing either active cholinesterase or catecholamines. In various segments of the basin, both the cholinergic and the adrenergic nerve fibers reveal structural and topographical differences depending on the structural and functional features of the vascular wall. The adrenergic and cholinergic nerve fibers are mainly situated in the adventitia of the internal carotid artery forming a terminal nervous plexus in deep portions, while in the vasa vasorum and in the siphon region they are terminated also in superficial layers of muscular coat. The data obtained suggest that the vasomotor effects of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems are most obvious in the intracranial part of the internal carotid artery, in the region of convolution, and in the adjacent portions of the artery situated within the cavernous sinus.", "contents": "[Histochemical study of the vasomotor innervation of the internal carotid artery basin]. In the dog, the internal carotid artery and its branches were found to have a well developed nervous plexus with two kinds of nerve fibers: containing either active cholinesterase or catecholamines. In various segments of the basin, both the cholinergic and the adrenergic nerve fibers reveal structural and topographical differences depending on the structural and functional features of the vascular wall. The adrenergic and cholinergic nerve fibers are mainly situated in the adventitia of the internal carotid artery forming a terminal nervous plexus in deep portions, while in the vasa vasorum and in the siphon region they are terminated also in superficial layers of muscular coat. The data obtained suggest that the vasomotor effects of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems are most obvious in the intracranial part of the internal carotid artery, in the region of convolution, and in the adjacent portions of the artery situated within the cavernous sinus.", "PMID": 1107081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1576", "title": "[Characteristics of the functional behavior of different cerebral arteries and angiospasm location in them].", "content": "For the major arteries of the brain, when their tone is normal, the constrictory responses are much greater than the dilatory ones while the tendency to dilation of the pial arteries is considerably greater than their tendency to constriction; some luminal contraction and no dilation of the intracerebral arteries (in the depth of the cortex) appears even at an increased blood flow. The tendency to a spasm of the cerebral arteries is corroborated by the peculiarities of their functional behavior: the spasm-like constriction of the major arteries of the brain occurs much easier than that of the pial arteries; a spasm of the intracerebral arteries may develop, but only under some local effect.", "contents": "[Characteristics of the functional behavior of different cerebral arteries and angiospasm location in them]. For the major arteries of the brain, when their tone is normal, the constrictory responses are much greater than the dilatory ones while the tendency to dilation of the pial arteries is considerably greater than their tendency to constriction; some luminal contraction and no dilation of the intracerebral arteries (in the depth of the cortex) appears even at an increased blood flow. The tendency to a spasm of the cerebral arteries is corroborated by the peculiarities of their functional behavior: the spasm-like constriction of the major arteries of the brain occurs much easier than that of the pial arteries; a spasm of the intracerebral arteries may develop, but only under some local effect.", "PMID": 1107082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1577", "title": "[Criteria of the optimal functioning of large and small pial artery subsystems].", "content": "The geometrical parameters of the pial arterial systems were studied in total microscopic preparations of the pia mater of rabbits. The subsystem of the larger pial arteries (with the diameter over 100 microns) was shown to provide a blood transport with the minimum energy losses. On the other hand, in the subsystem of the smaller arteries (under 100 microns), the effective resistance should be relatively great under normal conditions, but when the blood supply to the brain tissue becomes diminished, the changes of their diameters provide the minimum energy loss. Hence, the main function of the larger pial arteries is the blood transport, while that of the smaller ones -- regulation of the blood supply intensity in respective cortical areas.", "contents": "[Criteria of the optimal functioning of large and small pial artery subsystems]. The geometrical parameters of the pial arterial systems were studied in total microscopic preparations of the pia mater of rabbits. The subsystem of the larger pial arteries (with the diameter over 100 microns) was shown to provide a blood transport with the minimum energy losses. On the other hand, in the subsystem of the smaller arteries (under 100 microns), the effective resistance should be relatively great under normal conditions, but when the blood supply to the brain tissue becomes diminished, the changes of their diameters provide the minimum energy loss. Hence, the main function of the larger pial arteries is the blood transport, while that of the smaller ones -- regulation of the blood supply intensity in respective cortical areas.", "PMID": 1107083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1578", "title": "[Migration of leukocytes in late syphilis].", "content": "Following non-specific inflammation, greater numbers of mononuclears than polymorphonuclear leukocytes were found to migrate into a 'skin-window' in patients with late syphilis. This mononuclear preponderance was statistically significant, the normal control subjects showing a preponderance of polymorphonuclears.", "contents": "[Migration of leukocytes in late syphilis]. Following non-specific inflammation, greater numbers of mononuclears than polymorphonuclear leukocytes were found to migrate into a 'skin-window' in patients with late syphilis. This mononuclear preponderance was statistically significant, the normal control subjects showing a preponderance of polymorphonuclears.", "PMID": 1107089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1579", "title": "Topical treatment with urea-hydrocortisone in atopic dermatitis. A controlled study against betamethasone 17-valerate.", "content": "When comparing 1% hydrocortisone in a stabilized 10% urea cream with 0.1% betamethasone 17-valerate cream in a double-blind study on 49 patients with atopic dermatitis or atopic winter feet, betamethasone cream was found to be the most potent. The study also showed that in approximately 60% of the patients the clinical response was equal. It is suggested that the urea-hydrocortisone combination may have its place in the long-term topical treatment of atopic dermatitis on account of its water-binding effect.", "contents": "Topical treatment with urea-hydrocortisone in atopic dermatitis. A controlled study against betamethasone 17-valerate. When comparing 1% hydrocortisone in a stabilized 10% urea cream with 0.1% betamethasone 17-valerate cream in a double-blind study on 49 patients with atopic dermatitis or atopic winter feet, betamethasone cream was found to be the most potent. The study also showed that in approximately 60% of the patients the clinical response was equal. It is suggested that the urea-hydrocortisone combination may have its place in the long-term topical treatment of atopic dermatitis on account of its water-binding effect.", "PMID": 1107090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1580", "title": "Cellular detection of HBsAg by immunofluorescence in liver of HBsAg positive and negative subjects.", "content": "Demonstration of direct immunofluorescence of HBsAg in the cytoplasm and the nucleus of hepatocytes. The study is based on 77 patients: 32 clinically healthy carriers and 45 patients with acute or chronic hepatitis.", "contents": "Cellular detection of HBsAg by immunofluorescence in liver of HBsAg positive and negative subjects. Demonstration of direct immunofluorescence of HBsAg in the cytoplasm and the nucleus of hepatocytes. The study is based on 77 patients: 32 clinically healthy carriers and 45 patients with acute or chronic hepatitis.", "PMID": 1107092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1581", "title": "The inexhaustible beta cell.", "content": "Repeated intensive pancreatic beta-cell stimulation was carried out in 42 subjects, comprising 22 normal controls, 10 mild to \"severe\" maturity-onset diabetics, and 10 chronic pancreatitis patients. Each subject received 75 gm. oral glucose twice and 1 mg. glucagon plus 0.5 gm. tolbutamide intravenously three times at short intervals. Each of the three combined stimuli caused almost equivalent marked spikes of insulin release in all experimental groups. The total calculated output of insulin was equivalent to the total daily insulin output in normal subjects. Pancreatitics and those with severe diabetes (fasting blood sugar greater than 120 mg./100 ml.) had qualitatively similar but a quantitatively smaller response. Those with mild diabetes were similar to the normal subjects but had an exaggerated response to the second oral glucose dose, suggesting overactivity of the enteroinsular axis. Despite the inordinate insulin levels, hypoglycemia did not occur.", "contents": "The inexhaustible beta cell. Repeated intensive pancreatic beta-cell stimulation was carried out in 42 subjects, comprising 22 normal controls, 10 mild to \"severe\" maturity-onset diabetics, and 10 chronic pancreatitis patients. Each subject received 75 gm. oral glucose twice and 1 mg. glucagon plus 0.5 gm. tolbutamide intravenously three times at short intervals. Each of the three combined stimuli caused almost equivalent marked spikes of insulin release in all experimental groups. The total calculated output of insulin was equivalent to the total daily insulin output in normal subjects. Pancreatitics and those with severe diabetes (fasting blood sugar greater than 120 mg./100 ml.) had qualitatively similar but a quantitatively smaller response. Those with mild diabetes were similar to the normal subjects but had an exaggerated response to the second oral glucose dose, suggesting overactivity of the enteroinsular axis. Despite the inordinate insulin levels, hypoglycemia did not occur.", "PMID": 1107093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1582", "title": "A nonsuppressible increase of glucagon secretion by isolated islets of high-protein-fed rats.", "content": "We recently demonstrated increased plasma glucagon but nomal insulin in rats fed a high-protein, carbohydrate-free (HP) diet; however, other investigators have reported that both plasma glucagon and insulin are increased after protein feeding. For this reason, we have investigated the ffects of an HP diet on pancreatic secretion of insulin and glucagon. Male rats were fed an HP or control diet for one, three, or five days, and, at the end of the feeding period, blood was taken for glucose, insulin, and glucagon determinations. Additional animals fed the HP and control diets for up to 10 days were sacrificed, the pancreases removed, and islets of Langerhans isolated. Islets were incubated for 30 minutes in media with glucose concentration of1.7, 8.3, 16.7, or 33.4 mM. Insulin and glucagon secreted into the media were determined by radioimmunoassay. Plasma insulin was markedly reduced after one day of HP feeding but gradually returned to normal by the fifth day. Plasma glucagon was not altered on day 1 but was significantly increased after three days of HP feeding. The I/G molar ratio, which declined precipitously on day 1, increased thereafter but, as shown previously, remained at a level that promotes gluconeogenesis for up to 10 days. Insulin secretion by isolated islets of control and HP rats increased more than 10-fold as medium glucose was raised from 1.7 to 16.7 mM. There was no difference in insulin release by the two groups of islets. Glucagon secretion by HP islest at low medium glucose remained normal during the first five days; however, beginning on day 3 there was gradual loss of the suppressive effect of high medium glucose on glucagon secretion. After one week of HP feeding, glucagon secretion at low medium glucose was doubled and there was complete lack of suppression of the elevated hormone production by high medium glucose. The alterations of alpha-cell function induced by HP feeding are similar to those found in human and experimental diabetes.", "contents": "A nonsuppressible increase of glucagon secretion by isolated islets of high-protein-fed rats. We recently demonstrated increased plasma glucagon but nomal insulin in rats fed a high-protein, carbohydrate-free (HP) diet; however, other investigators have reported that both plasma glucagon and insulin are increased after protein feeding. For this reason, we have investigated the ffects of an HP diet on pancreatic secretion of insulin and glucagon. Male rats were fed an HP or control diet for one, three, or five days, and, at the end of the feeding period, blood was taken for glucose, insulin, and glucagon determinations. Additional animals fed the HP and control diets for up to 10 days were sacrificed, the pancreases removed, and islets of Langerhans isolated. Islets were incubated for 30 minutes in media with glucose concentration of1.7, 8.3, 16.7, or 33.4 mM. Insulin and glucagon secreted into the media were determined by radioimmunoassay. Plasma insulin was markedly reduced after one day of HP feeding but gradually returned to normal by the fifth day. Plasma glucagon was not altered on day 1 but was significantly increased after three days of HP feeding. The I/G molar ratio, which declined precipitously on day 1, increased thereafter but, as shown previously, remained at a level that promotes gluconeogenesis for up to 10 days. Insulin secretion by isolated islets of control and HP rats increased more than 10-fold as medium glucose was raised from 1.7 to 16.7 mM. There was no difference in insulin release by the two groups of islets. Glucagon secretion by HP islest at low medium glucose remained normal during the first five days; however, beginning on day 3 there was gradual loss of the suppressive effect of high medium glucose on glucagon secretion. After one week of HP feeding, glucagon secretion at low medium glucose was doubled and there was complete lack of suppression of the elevated hormone production by high medium glucose. The alterations of alpha-cell function induced by HP feeding are similar to those found in human and experimental diabetes.", "PMID": 1107094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1583", "title": "Studies on the mechanism of epinephrine-induced hyperglycemia in man. Evidence for participation of pancreatic glucagon secretion.", "content": "In man, epinephrine induces increases in plasma levels of glucagon, a lipolytic and hyperglycemic hormone. To determine glucagon's contribution to this hyperglycemia and lipolysis, the effects of inhibition of pancreatic alpha-cell responses to epinephrine were investigated with somatostatin and adrenergic receptor blockade. To avoid ambiguities that might result from concomitant changes in endogenous insulin secretion, these studies were performed in juvenile-type, insulin-deficient diabetic subjects. Compared with normal subjects, the diabetics had excessive glucagon responses to epinephrine, which had been infused to attain circulating levels within the range found in man in severe stress. Both somatostatin and propranolol completely prevented glucagon responses and diminished the glycemic response to epinephrine by 40 to 50 per cent. Free fatty acid responses to epinephrine were completely prevented by propranolol but unaffected with somatostatin. Phentolamine had no effect on glucose, free fatty acid, or glucagon responses to epinephrine. These studies demonstrate that epinephrine, via a beta-adrenergic receptor mechanism, causes excessive plasma glucagon elevation in human diabetes mellitus and indicate that this hyperglucagonemia participates in the hyperglycemic, but not the lipolytic, response to epinephrine. Catecholamine-induced hyperglucagonemia may thus provide an additional explantation for the deterioration in carbohydrate tolerance associated with stress.", "contents": "Studies on the mechanism of epinephrine-induced hyperglycemia in man. Evidence for participation of pancreatic glucagon secretion. In man, epinephrine induces increases in plasma levels of glucagon, a lipolytic and hyperglycemic hormone. To determine glucagon's contribution to this hyperglycemia and lipolysis, the effects of inhibition of pancreatic alpha-cell responses to epinephrine were investigated with somatostatin and adrenergic receptor blockade. To avoid ambiguities that might result from concomitant changes in endogenous insulin secretion, these studies were performed in juvenile-type, insulin-deficient diabetic subjects. Compared with normal subjects, the diabetics had excessive glucagon responses to epinephrine, which had been infused to attain circulating levels within the range found in man in severe stress. Both somatostatin and propranolol completely prevented glucagon responses and diminished the glycemic response to epinephrine by 40 to 50 per cent. Free fatty acid responses to epinephrine were completely prevented by propranolol but unaffected with somatostatin. Phentolamine had no effect on glucose, free fatty acid, or glucagon responses to epinephrine. These studies demonstrate that epinephrine, via a beta-adrenergic receptor mechanism, causes excessive plasma glucagon elevation in human diabetes mellitus and indicate that this hyperglucagonemia participates in the hyperglycemic, but not the lipolytic, response to epinephrine. Catecholamine-induced hyperglucagonemia may thus provide an additional explantation for the deterioration in carbohydrate tolerance associated with stress.", "PMID": 1107095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1584", "title": "Stereotaxic neurosurgery in the management of cerebral palsy.", "content": "Ten children with cerebral palsy are presented on whom stereotaxic operations on the central nervous system were performed with the aim of ameliorating athetosis and spasticity. Tere were seven alert and co-operative children with spastic hemiplegia or diplegia, of whom six received benefit from thalamotomy or dentatotomy. The seventh, a child with diplegia, had improvement of his left lower limb, but the right became worse. One child with spastic diplegia, in whom a thoracic meningocoele had been closed at birth, was not improved by bilateral dentatotomy. Two severely quadriplegic children each had bilateral dentatotomy; one was a child with dystonic and spastic quadriplegia. In both cases the resulting reduction in tone and extensor spasm rendered the nursing of these patients much easier. The place of stereotaxic surgery in the central nervous system in the management of children with cerebral palsy is discussed. We suggest that in selected cases the stereotaxic operation should be performed early in order to gain the greatest benefit. Stereotaxic surgery should be regarded as an integral part of the management which involves close co-operation of paediatrician, physiotherapist, neurosurgeon and orthopaedic surgeon.", "contents": "Stereotaxic neurosurgery in the management of cerebral palsy. Ten children with cerebral palsy are presented on whom stereotaxic operations on the central nervous system were performed with the aim of ameliorating athetosis and spasticity. Tere were seven alert and co-operative children with spastic hemiplegia or diplegia, of whom six received benefit from thalamotomy or dentatotomy. The seventh, a child with diplegia, had improvement of his left lower limb, but the right became worse. One child with spastic diplegia, in whom a thoracic meningocoele had been closed at birth, was not improved by bilateral dentatotomy. Two severely quadriplegic children each had bilateral dentatotomy; one was a child with dystonic and spastic quadriplegia. In both cases the resulting reduction in tone and extensor spasm rendered the nursing of these patients much easier. The place of stereotaxic surgery in the central nervous system in the management of children with cerebral palsy is discussed. We suggest that in selected cases the stereotaxic operation should be performed early in order to gain the greatest benefit. Stereotaxic surgery should be regarded as an integral part of the management which involves close co-operation of paediatrician, physiotherapist, neurosurgeon and orthopaedic surgeon.", "PMID": 1107096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1585", "title": "The stimulus-secretion coupling of glucose-induced insulin release XIX. The insulinotropic effect of glyceraldehyde.", "content": "Glyceraldehyde is known to stimulate insulin release. Its influence on various parameters of islet function was investigated in order to assess the possible significance of glycolsis in the insulinotropic action of glucose. In the absence of glucose, glyceraldehyde (5-20 mM), but neither dihydroxyacetone nor glycerol stimulated insulin release in rat isolated islets. The glucose-like effect glyceraldehyde (10 mM) was characterized by a shift to the left of the curve relating insulin release to glucose concentration, without any significant increase in the maximal velocity of the secretory process. In the isolated perfused rat pancreas, glyceraldehyde provoked a biphasic secretory response. Glyceraldehyde-induced insulin release was inhibited in the absence of calcium or in the presence of epinephrine, unaffected by mannoheptulose or 3,3-tetramethyleneglutaric acid, and enhanced by theophylline and cytochalism B. Glyceraldehyde also stimulated to pro-insulin biosynthesis and 45Ca net uptake by isolated islets, the latter effect being apparently due, in part at least, to inhibition of calcium outward transport across the cell membrane. At concentrations of nearly equivalent insulinotropic potency, glucose and glyceraldehyde were metabolized at rates yielding comparable output of both lactate and 14CO2. The data indicate that glyceraldehyde mimics many effects of glucose on islet function, suggesting that the insulinotropic action of glucose may be related to its metabolism through the glycolytic pathway.", "contents": "The stimulus-secretion coupling of glucose-induced insulin release XIX. The insulinotropic effect of glyceraldehyde. Glyceraldehyde is known to stimulate insulin release. Its influence on various parameters of islet function was investigated in order to assess the possible significance of glycolsis in the insulinotropic action of glucose. In the absence of glucose, glyceraldehyde (5-20 mM), but neither dihydroxyacetone nor glycerol stimulated insulin release in rat isolated islets. The glucose-like effect glyceraldehyde (10 mM) was characterized by a shift to the left of the curve relating insulin release to glucose concentration, without any significant increase in the maximal velocity of the secretory process. In the isolated perfused rat pancreas, glyceraldehyde provoked a biphasic secretory response. Glyceraldehyde-induced insulin release was inhibited in the absence of calcium or in the presence of epinephrine, unaffected by mannoheptulose or 3,3-tetramethyleneglutaric acid, and enhanced by theophylline and cytochalism B. Glyceraldehyde also stimulated to pro-insulin biosynthesis and 45Ca net uptake by isolated islets, the latter effect being apparently due, in part at least, to inhibition of calcium outward transport across the cell membrane. At concentrations of nearly equivalent insulinotropic potency, glucose and glyceraldehyde were metabolized at rates yielding comparable output of both lactate and 14CO2. The data indicate that glyceraldehyde mimics many effects of glucose on islet function, suggesting that the insulinotropic action of glucose may be related to its metabolism through the glycolytic pathway.", "PMID": 1107091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1586", "title": "Selection of early treatment of myelomeningocele: a retrospective analysis of selection procedures.", "content": "In an attempt to formulate a procedure for the selection of those children with open myelomeningocele most likely to benefit from early surgery, the records of 163 children have been reviewed. No physical findings, either singly or in combination, were found to distinguish accurately between children with good and poor prognoses, and an alternative selection procedure is proposed which takes into consideration the absence or presence of lacunar skull deformity (a finding strongly associated with mental retardation). Early surgery is not recommended for children with lacunar skull deformity and at least two of Lorber's major adverse neonatal criteria, or children with associated gross congenital anomalies. This selection procedure has been applied retrospectively to the 163 children reviewed and has been shown to predict the (known) outcome of these children much more reliably than existing selection criteria.", "contents": "Selection of early treatment of myelomeningocele: a retrospective analysis of selection procedures. In an attempt to formulate a procedure for the selection of those children with open myelomeningocele most likely to benefit from early surgery, the records of 163 children have been reviewed. No physical findings, either singly or in combination, were found to distinguish accurately between children with good and poor prognoses, and an alternative selection procedure is proposed which takes into consideration the absence or presence of lacunar skull deformity (a finding strongly associated with mental retardation). Early surgery is not recommended for children with lacunar skull deformity and at least two of Lorber's major adverse neonatal criteria, or children with associated gross congenital anomalies. This selection procedure has been applied retrospectively to the 163 children reviewed and has been shown to predict the (known) outcome of these children much more reliably than existing selection criteria.", "PMID": 1107097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1587", "title": "Methods of assessing and recording motor skills and movement patterns.", "content": "The literature in different fields of assessment and recording motor skills and movement patterns in children is reviewed and various methods of movement analysis are discussed from a clinical and instrumental point of view. Their advantages and disadvantages in the study of motor development and in neuropaediatric diagnosis and research are considered. The methods chosen for a special purpose, whether a motoscopic, motometric or motographic technique, depend on what the investigator wants to study and on the available facilities, and is also influenced by the degree of co-operation of the patient. Whatever technique is used, the results obtained must enable comparisons to be made with later assessments as that valid statements about the child's progress become possible.", "contents": "Methods of assessing and recording motor skills and movement patterns. The literature in different fields of assessment and recording motor skills and movement patterns in children is reviewed and various methods of movement analysis are discussed from a clinical and instrumental point of view. Their advantages and disadvantages in the study of motor development and in neuropaediatric diagnosis and research are considered. The methods chosen for a special purpose, whether a motoscopic, motometric or motographic technique, depend on what the investigator wants to study and on the available facilities, and is also influenced by the degree of co-operation of the patient. Whatever technique is used, the results obtained must enable comparisons to be made with later assessments as that valid statements about the child's progress become possible.", "PMID": 1107102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1588", "title": "Physical and biochemical characteristics of the human dysraphic spinal cord.", "content": "The spinal cords were removed from 29 infants between 17 and 46 weeks gestation, all with various forms of spinal dysraphia. The spinal cords were assessed for weight, length, thickness, size and number of cells, and myelination, and then were compared with 86 control spinal cords. The strongest characteristic of the dysraphic cords was a reduced degree of myelination. Cell size and number generally were appropriate for the weight of the cords. There was a tendency for cord weight, length and thickness to be reduced, though in part this was a reflection of poor over-all bodily growth. In a small group of infants these measurements were increased in comparison with the controls.", "contents": "Physical and biochemical characteristics of the human dysraphic spinal cord. The spinal cords were removed from 29 infants between 17 and 46 weeks gestation, all with various forms of spinal dysraphia. The spinal cords were assessed for weight, length, thickness, size and number of cells, and myelination, and then were compared with 86 control spinal cords. The strongest characteristic of the dysraphic cords was a reduced degree of myelination. Cell size and number generally were appropriate for the weight of the cords. There was a tendency for cord weight, length and thickness to be reduced, though in part this was a reflection of poor over-all bodily growth. In a small group of infants these measurements were increased in comparison with the controls.", "PMID": 1107107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1589", "title": "Bacterial colonisation and infection in lesions of the central nervous system.", "content": "A study was made of the pattern of bacterial colonisation during the first month of life in a group of 116 newborn infants with spina bifida. 55 patients subsequently developed a total of 90 infective episodes and in over three-quarters of these episodes there was a correlation between the infecting and colonising organisms. The principal sites of infection were the lesion, the ventricles and the urinary tract, and infection accounted for 27 of the 35 deaths in the series. Some of the factors governing the pattern of colonisation and the development of infection in newborn patients are discussed.", "contents": "Bacterial colonisation and infection in lesions of the central nervous system. A study was made of the pattern of bacterial colonisation during the first month of life in a group of 116 newborn infants with spina bifida. 55 patients subsequently developed a total of 90 infective episodes and in over three-quarters of these episodes there was a correlation between the infecting and colonising organisms. The principal sites of infection were the lesion, the ventricles and the urinary tract, and infection accounted for 27 of the 35 deaths in the series. Some of the factors governing the pattern of colonisation and the development of infection in newborn patients are discussed.", "PMID": 1107108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1590", "title": "Mycoplasma meningitis in infants with spina bifida.", "content": "Infants with myelomeningocele are liable to develop bacterial colonisation of the lesion which, in the case of Gram-negative bacteria, often progresses to meningitis because of the infants' immature immune status. The time and origin of the bacterial colonisation usually are uncertain. This study reports seven cases of meningitis caused by Mycoplasma hominis, an organism not previously reported to cause meningitis. The commensal status of Mycoplasma hominis in the vagina of many women, and its isolation from the mother of one patient in this group, suggests that the infant acquired the organism in the birth canal and that infection developed over a period of days. Routine cultures from the sac or wound did not show the presence of organisms until after the child had developed signs and symptoms of meningitis. Commensal organisms from the vagina may lie dormant for several days within the closed myelomeningocele and their more virulent strains may then produce meningitis. It is suggested that neonatal meningitis may be caused by organisms acquired during birth, as well as by those to which the infant is exposed later.", "contents": "Mycoplasma meningitis in infants with spina bifida. Infants with myelomeningocele are liable to develop bacterial colonisation of the lesion which, in the case of Gram-negative bacteria, often progresses to meningitis because of the infants' immature immune status. The time and origin of the bacterial colonisation usually are uncertain. This study reports seven cases of meningitis caused by Mycoplasma hominis, an organism not previously reported to cause meningitis. The commensal status of Mycoplasma hominis in the vagina of many women, and its isolation from the mother of one patient in this group, suggests that the infant acquired the organism in the birth canal and that infection developed over a period of days. Routine cultures from the sac or wound did not show the presence of organisms until after the child had developed signs and symptoms of meningitis. Commensal organisms from the vagina may lie dormant for several days within the closed myelomeningocele and their more virulent strains may then produce meningitis. It is suggested that neonatal meningitis may be caused by organisms acquired during birth, as well as by those to which the infant is exposed later.", "PMID": 1107109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1591", "title": "Continence, friends, marriage and children in 51 adults with spina bifida.", "content": "Fifty-one adults with spina bifida (28 men and 23 women aged between 17 and 56 years) were interviewed in their own homes in South Wales. 17 were completely continent, 10 were incontinent and the remainder were continent to some degree. Seven of the 51 had no close friends but almost half the total had five or more close friends. Of the 29 who were unmarried, nine had a steady relationship but 13 felt that they were disqualified from such a relationship because of their disabilities. 11 men and 11 women were married and a total of 39 pregnancies had come to term, resulting in 32 normal children, five stillbirths (two with anencephaly) and two children with spina bifida. The risk of having an affected offspring when one of the parents has spina bifida (based on the combined London, Munster and Cardiff series) is 1 in 23. It is suggested that the children now growing up who have received 'total care' will be more handicapped than the adults in this series.", "contents": "Continence, friends, marriage and children in 51 adults with spina bifida. Fifty-one adults with spina bifida (28 men and 23 women aged between 17 and 56 years) were interviewed in their own homes in South Wales. 17 were completely continent, 10 were incontinent and the remainder were continent to some degree. Seven of the 51 had no close friends but almost half the total had five or more close friends. Of the 29 who were unmarried, nine had a steady relationship but 13 felt that they were disqualified from such a relationship because of their disabilities. 11 men and 11 women were married and a total of 39 pregnancies had come to term, resulting in 32 normal children, five stillbirths (two with anencephaly) and two children with spina bifida. The risk of having an affected offspring when one of the parents has spina bifida (based on the combined London, Munster and Cardiff series) is 1 in 23. It is suggested that the children now growing up who have received 'total care' will be more handicapped than the adults in this series.", "PMID": 1107110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1592", "title": "The effects of hydrocephalus on intelligence, visual perception and school attainment.", "content": "A group of 59 children with spina bifida, and a group of matched controls, were given detailed psychological and educational tests at five and seven years. The scores of the control group were similar to the national figures. The scores of the children with spina bifida only (without hydrocephalus) were closest to normal, but still below average. Those with spontaneously arrested hydrocephalus were in the backward range of abilities, and those with shunt-treated hydrocephalus had scores which generally were incompatible with normal levels of intelligence and attainment. Abnormal visuo-perceptual functioning closely correlated with defects in intelligence. The results of the school-attainment tests paralleled the distribution of intelligence but many of the children were found to be functioning below expectation for both age and measured intelligence.", "contents": "The effects of hydrocephalus on intelligence, visual perception and school attainment. A group of 59 children with spina bifida, and a group of matched controls, were given detailed psychological and educational tests at five and seven years. The scores of the control group were similar to the national figures. The scores of the children with spina bifida only (without hydrocephalus) were closest to normal, but still below average. Those with spontaneously arrested hydrocephalus were in the backward range of abilities, and those with shunt-treated hydrocephalus had scores which generally were incompatible with normal levels of intelligence and attainment. Abnormal visuo-perceptual functioning closely correlated with defects in intelligence. The results of the school-attainment tests paralleled the distribution of intelligence but many of the children were found to be functioning below expectation for both age and measured intelligence.", "PMID": 1107111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1593", "title": "Cerebrospinal fluid pressure-gradients in spina bifida cystica, with special reference to the Arnold-Chiari malformation and aqueductal stenosis.", "content": "Ten infants with spina bifida cystica were investigated during life by simultaneous ventricular and intraspinal CSF pressure recordings, and 11 post-mortem specimens were studied by means of crystic resin castings of the ventricles. The results indicate marked pressure differentials between the lateral ventricles and intraspinal CSF pathways, which contribute to the moulding of the Arnold-Chiari malformation as a sliding hernia. Similar pressure differentials may exist at the incisura, with moulding of tissues producing blockage of the aqueduct and the subarachnoid pathways. A valvular action was demonstrated, in which baseline pressure differences were exaggerated by the infant's straining (e.g. crying, sucking), and it seems that complete dissociation between the two pressures may develop as a result of periods of partial dissociation. Removal of the meningocele sac increased the peaks in recordings of intraspinal pressure produced by straining. If it is carried out when there is a valvular effect, it seems that it will hasten the onset of established ventriculo-spinal pressure dissociation and uncompensated hydrocephalus by leading to impaction of the Arnold-Chiari malformation in the foramen magnum. The results indicate that even after birth the CSF pathways of babies with spina bifida cystica are in a plastic and changeable condition, with competition between constricting and distending forces. The demonstration that pressures tend to be low in the spine and to become lower before exacerbation of hydrocephalus suggests that all the intracranial manifestations of spina bifida cystica may be due to low intraspinal pressure, which results from initial failure of the neural tube to close during embryogenesis.", "contents": "Cerebrospinal fluid pressure-gradients in spina bifida cystica, with special reference to the Arnold-Chiari malformation and aqueductal stenosis. Ten infants with spina bifida cystica were investigated during life by simultaneous ventricular and intraspinal CSF pressure recordings, and 11 post-mortem specimens were studied by means of crystic resin castings of the ventricles. The results indicate marked pressure differentials between the lateral ventricles and intraspinal CSF pathways, which contribute to the moulding of the Arnold-Chiari malformation as a sliding hernia. Similar pressure differentials may exist at the incisura, with moulding of tissues producing blockage of the aqueduct and the subarachnoid pathways. A valvular action was demonstrated, in which baseline pressure differences were exaggerated by the infant's straining (e.g. crying, sucking), and it seems that complete dissociation between the two pressures may develop as a result of periods of partial dissociation. Removal of the meningocele sac increased the peaks in recordings of intraspinal pressure produced by straining. If it is carried out when there is a valvular effect, it seems that it will hasten the onset of established ventriculo-spinal pressure dissociation and uncompensated hydrocephalus by leading to impaction of the Arnold-Chiari malformation in the foramen magnum. The results indicate that even after birth the CSF pathways of babies with spina bifida cystica are in a plastic and changeable condition, with competition between constricting and distending forces. The demonstration that pressures tend to be low in the spine and to become lower before exacerbation of hydrocephalus suggests that all the intracranial manifestations of spina bifida cystica may be due to low intraspinal pressure, which results from initial failure of the neural tube to close during embryogenesis.", "PMID": 1107112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1594", "title": "A quantitative study of the cell population of the cerebellum in children with myelomeningocele.", "content": "A quantitative assessment has been carried out on the cell populations and DNA content of the cells in the internal granular layer of the central lobes of the cerebellum from 100 children with myelomeningocele and from 120 normal controls. The method used was a computerised analysis of a television image of the neurones in standardised sections. The cell and DNA complement of the declive and central lobe are only slightly reduced in the cases of myelomeningocele, but there is frequently cellular and DNA loss throughout the pyramid and uvula to the nodule. These findings suggest that the central lobes of the cerebellum are probably genetically normal but have irregular degeneration and arrest of growth, probably as an effect of pressure at the foramen magnum.", "contents": "A quantitative study of the cell population of the cerebellum in children with myelomeningocele. A quantitative assessment has been carried out on the cell populations and DNA content of the cells in the internal granular layer of the central lobes of the cerebellum from 100 children with myelomeningocele and from 120 normal controls. The method used was a computerised analysis of a television image of the neurones in standardised sections. The cell and DNA complement of the declive and central lobe are only slightly reduced in the cases of myelomeningocele, but there is frequently cellular and DNA loss throughout the pyramid and uvula to the nodule. These findings suggest that the central lobes of the cerebellum are probably genetically normal but have irregular degeneration and arrest of growth, probably as an effect of pressure at the foramen magnum.", "PMID": 1107113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1595", "title": "The embryogenesis of trypan-blue induced spina bifida aperta and short tail in the rat.", "content": "The study of litters from 140 Wistar-derived rats injected with trypan blue during gestation leads to conclusion that a myelocele can result from faulty closure of the neural plate and that this is accompanied in many cases by blebs in the paraxial mesoderm. Haematomata usually underlie the open neural plate at an early stage and they form by extravasation of blood from the dorsal aortae into the blebs. Local ventral deflection of the notochord beneath a myelocele probably results from delayed separation of the notochord from the hindgut. Complete failure of separation and abnormality induced in the tail-bud could result in sacral agenesis and/or a short tail. All these malformations may result from varying severity of the action of the trypan blue at different developmental stages.", "contents": "The embryogenesis of trypan-blue induced spina bifida aperta and short tail in the rat. The study of litters from 140 Wistar-derived rats injected with trypan blue during gestation leads to conclusion that a myelocele can result from faulty closure of the neural plate and that this is accompanied in many cases by blebs in the paraxial mesoderm. Haematomata usually underlie the open neural plate at an early stage and they form by extravasation of blood from the dorsal aortae into the blebs. Local ventral deflection of the notochord beneath a myelocele probably results from delayed separation of the notochord from the hindgut. Complete failure of separation and abnormality induced in the tail-bud could result in sacral agenesis and/or a short tail. All these malformations may result from varying severity of the action of the trypan blue at different developmental stages.", "PMID": 1107114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1596", "title": "Lacunar skull deformity related to intelligence in children with myelomeningocele and hydrocephalus.", "content": "It has been suggested that the presence of lacunar skull deformity in infants with myelomeningocele and hydrocephalus is indicative of later lowered intelligence and therefore is a useful criterion in early selection for treatment. In the present study, retrospective investigations were made of the clinical records and skull X-rays of 169 surviving children who had been admitted immediately after birth with myelomeningocele and hydrocephalus to the Children's Hospital, Sheffield. Adequate X-rays were available for 131 of the children, of whom 97 per cent exhibited some degree of lacunar skull deformity. At five years of age or older, the 131 children were tested on the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children. The differences in mean IQ between the various degrees of severity were not large, and it was found that 82 per cent of children with the most severe degree of lacunar skull deformity had IQs above 70. These findings do not support the use of lacunar skull deformity as an important measure in selection for treatment of children with myelomeningocele and hydrocephalus.", "contents": "Lacunar skull deformity related to intelligence in children with myelomeningocele and hydrocephalus. It has been suggested that the presence of lacunar skull deformity in infants with myelomeningocele and hydrocephalus is indicative of later lowered intelligence and therefore is a useful criterion in early selection for treatment. In the present study, retrospective investigations were made of the clinical records and skull X-rays of 169 surviving children who had been admitted immediately after birth with myelomeningocele and hydrocephalus to the Children's Hospital, Sheffield. Adequate X-rays were available for 131 of the children, of whom 97 per cent exhibited some degree of lacunar skull deformity. At five years of age or older, the 131 children were tested on the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children. The differences in mean IQ between the various degrees of severity were not large, and it was found that 82 per cent of children with the most severe degree of lacunar skull deformity had IQs above 70. These findings do not support the use of lacunar skull deformity as an important measure in selection for treatment of children with myelomeningocele and hydrocephalus.", "PMID": 1107115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1597", "title": "Some factors relating to intelligence in treated children with spina bifida cystica.", "content": "The 83 survivors of a consecutive series of children with spina bifida cystica, born between 1963 and 1971 and treated non-selectively since birth, were assessed by intelligence and developmental testing. In nine of the children who had not required shunts the distribution of intelligence was within the normal range. The need for a shunt was significantly related to the presence of craniolacunae and to the sensory level of the lesion recorded at birth. Seven of the 74 shunt-treated children had suffered ventriculitis, meningitis or septicaemia, and their intelligence was significantly worse than the others. In the 67 shunt-treated children who had not suffered infection, intelligence was significantly related to the thickness of the pallium when the shunt was inserted during the first four weeks of life, and to the sensory level of the lesion recorded at birth. Intelligence was not related to the function of the shunt at time of assessment, to the number of revisions of the shunt, or to the rate of increase in head size during the first four weeks of life. It is concluded that the best indication of later intelligence can be gained at birth from the thickness of the pallium and the sensory level of the lesion.", "contents": "Some factors relating to intelligence in treated children with spina bifida cystica. The 83 survivors of a consecutive series of children with spina bifida cystica, born between 1963 and 1971 and treated non-selectively since birth, were assessed by intelligence and developmental testing. In nine of the children who had not required shunts the distribution of intelligence was within the normal range. The need for a shunt was significantly related to the presence of craniolacunae and to the sensory level of the lesion recorded at birth. Seven of the 74 shunt-treated children had suffered ventriculitis, meningitis or septicaemia, and their intelligence was significantly worse than the others. In the 67 shunt-treated children who had not suffered infection, intelligence was significantly related to the thickness of the pallium when the shunt was inserted during the first four weeks of life, and to the sensory level of the lesion recorded at birth. Intelligence was not related to the function of the shunt at time of assessment, to the number of revisions of the shunt, or to the rate of increase in head size during the first four weeks of life. It is concluded that the best indication of later intelligence can be gained at birth from the thickness of the pallium and the sensory level of the lesion.", "PMID": 1107116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1598", "title": "Study of indirect methods for measuring hepatic blood flow in the isolated perfused dog liver.", "content": "This study was undertaken to assess the reliability of the constant infusion clearance and extraction technique (CIT) and the single injection clearance method (SIT), to measure hepatic perfusate flow at different levels of liver function. In the 36 isolated perfused dog livers, hepatic perfusate flow(HPF) was monitored by a direct method (DM), and the HPF was simultaneously measured with an indirect method (IM) utilizing bromosulphophthalein BSP) as indicator (20 SIT and 16 SIT). In 16 experiments, absolute ethanol (750 mM) and sodium taurocholate (600 muM) were seperately utilized to impair BSP metabolism. By comparison with DM, in the experiments with an extraction ratio(ER) of BSP lower than 10%, the error of the IM (ml/min) was for the CIT 154.57 +/- 46.55 and for the SIT 107.25 +/- 34.20. This error was significantly greater than in the experiments with an ER greater than 10% (CIT 15.70 +/- 3.88, SIT 8.20 +/- 1.38) p less than 0.01. In the studies with ER less than 10%, no difference was found in the error detected with the SIT (107 +/- 34.20) and CIT measurements (154.37 +/- 46.55); in the experiments with an ER greater than 10%, the error with the CIT (15.70 +/- 3.88) was greater than the one attained with the SIT (8.20 +/- 1.38, p less than 0.10 greater than 0.05). It is concluded that both methods are reliable techniques, for measuring HPF in livers with normal or near normal clearance capacity, but even in these ideal experimental conditions the values for HPF are inacurate when the liver clearance function is moderate or severly impaired.", "contents": "Study of indirect methods for measuring hepatic blood flow in the isolated perfused dog liver. This study was undertaken to assess the reliability of the constant infusion clearance and extraction technique (CIT) and the single injection clearance method (SIT), to measure hepatic perfusate flow at different levels of liver function. In the 36 isolated perfused dog livers, hepatic perfusate flow(HPF) was monitored by a direct method (DM), and the HPF was simultaneously measured with an indirect method (IM) utilizing bromosulphophthalein BSP) as indicator (20 SIT and 16 SIT). In 16 experiments, absolute ethanol (750 mM) and sodium taurocholate (600 muM) were seperately utilized to impair BSP metabolism. By comparison with DM, in the experiments with an extraction ratio(ER) of BSP lower than 10%, the error of the IM (ml/min) was for the CIT 154.57 +/- 46.55 and for the SIT 107.25 +/- 34.20. This error was significantly greater than in the experiments with an ER greater than 10% (CIT 15.70 +/- 3.88, SIT 8.20 +/- 1.38) p less than 0.01. In the studies with ER less than 10%, no difference was found in the error detected with the SIT (107 +/- 34.20) and CIT measurements (154.37 +/- 46.55); in the experiments with an ER greater than 10%, the error with the CIT (15.70 +/- 3.88) was greater than the one attained with the SIT (8.20 +/- 1.38, p less than 0.10 greater than 0.05). It is concluded that both methods are reliable techniques, for measuring HPF in livers with normal or near normal clearance capacity, but even in these ideal experimental conditions the values for HPF are inacurate when the liver clearance function is moderate or severly impaired.", "PMID": 1107117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1599", "title": "Ultrastructural changes of the endocrine pancreas in pregnant rats.", "content": "The ultramicroscopic appearence of the B-cell of the pregnant rat suggests hyperinsulinism of the individual beta cell. In pregnant rats the B-cell contains an increased volume and an increased number of light granules as well as enlarged mitochondria.", "contents": "Ultrastructural changes of the endocrine pancreas in pregnant rats. The ultramicroscopic appearence of the B-cell of the pregnant rat suggests hyperinsulinism of the individual beta cell. In pregnant rats the B-cell contains an increased volume and an increased number of light granules as well as enlarged mitochondria.", "PMID": 1107118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1600", "title": "Estimation of pancreatic IRI output rate and its relations to glucose tolerance in normal anasthetized dogs.", "content": "The pancreaticoduodenal and portal venous blood flows were recorded electromagnetically in anaesthetized dogs. Blood glucose and IRI were measured in the arterial, portal, and peripheral venous as well as in the intestinal venous blood. By a mathematical model the actual net IRI output of the whole pancreas was estimated. Under basal conditions it is 10.2 +/- 2.4 mU/min (n = 30; 26 kg mean body wt.). After i.v. glucose injection, IRI output is rapidly enhanced. The biphasic nature of this reaction was unequivocally demonstrated by consideration of the ratio IRI output : blood glucose. Pancreaticoduodenal blood flow increases transiently in relation to the increased blood glucose concentration. The IRI secretion rate is well correlated with the blood glucose concentration and to the amounts of glucose or of blood reaching the whole pancreas. It is also correlated with the portal IRI Concentration. The overall peripheral venous or arterial IRI concentrations are correlated with the IRI secretion rate, but not in all individual experiments. The different phases of IRI output (basal rate, stimulated output 1-10 min and 10-60 min) show no influence on each other, nor are they correlated with the peripheral IRI concentration area. Basal IRI output is negatively correlated with the glucose assimilation constants. These constants or the peripheral BG areas, however, are independent of the stimulated IRI output rate. However, both the assimilation constants and the peripheral BG areas are related to the peripheral IRI concentration areas. Hepatic uptake of insulin and dynamics of pancreatic blood flow seem to contribute considerably to the estimated correlation pattern.", "contents": "Estimation of pancreatic IRI output rate and its relations to glucose tolerance in normal anasthetized dogs. The pancreaticoduodenal and portal venous blood flows were recorded electromagnetically in anaesthetized dogs. Blood glucose and IRI were measured in the arterial, portal, and peripheral venous as well as in the intestinal venous blood. By a mathematical model the actual net IRI output of the whole pancreas was estimated. Under basal conditions it is 10.2 +/- 2.4 mU/min (n = 30; 26 kg mean body wt.). After i.v. glucose injection, IRI output is rapidly enhanced. The biphasic nature of this reaction was unequivocally demonstrated by consideration of the ratio IRI output : blood glucose. Pancreaticoduodenal blood flow increases transiently in relation to the increased blood glucose concentration. The IRI secretion rate is well correlated with the blood glucose concentration and to the amounts of glucose or of blood reaching the whole pancreas. It is also correlated with the portal IRI Concentration. The overall peripheral venous or arterial IRI concentrations are correlated with the IRI secretion rate, but not in all individual experiments. The different phases of IRI output (basal rate, stimulated output 1-10 min and 10-60 min) show no influence on each other, nor are they correlated with the peripheral IRI concentration area. Basal IRI output is negatively correlated with the glucose assimilation constants. These constants or the peripheral BG areas, however, are independent of the stimulated IRI output rate. However, both the assimilation constants and the peripheral BG areas are related to the peripheral IRI concentration areas. Hepatic uptake of insulin and dynamics of pancreatic blood flow seem to contribute considerably to the estimated correlation pattern.", "PMID": 1107119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1601", "title": "Tolbutamide-induced changes of the DNA, protein and insulin content and the secretory activity of isolated rat pancreatic islets.", "content": "Following prolonged administration of tolbutamide the DNA- and protein content per islet was enhanced but the IRI content per islet was diminished. Glucose-induced (2.0, 8.0 or 16.6 mM) and leucine-induced (12.5 or 25.0 mM) IRI release from isolated islets, as well as 14C02-production from U-14C glucose, were decreased. Theophylline (5.0 mM) restored the glucose sensitivity of the islets towards normal. The results indicate that tolbutamide-induced islet cell hyperplasia does not entail islet hyperfunction, as previously thought. Decreased IRI release may partially be explained by a tolbutamide-induced alteration of the adenylate cyclase/phosphodiesterase system of the B-cell.", "contents": "Tolbutamide-induced changes of the DNA, protein and insulin content and the secretory activity of isolated rat pancreatic islets. Following prolonged administration of tolbutamide the DNA- and protein content per islet was enhanced but the IRI content per islet was diminished. Glucose-induced (2.0, 8.0 or 16.6 mM) and leucine-induced (12.5 or 25.0 mM) IRI release from isolated islets, as well as 14C02-production from U-14C glucose, were decreased. Theophylline (5.0 mM) restored the glucose sensitivity of the islets towards normal. The results indicate that tolbutamide-induced islet cell hyperplasia does not entail islet hyperfunction, as previously thought. Decreased IRI release may partially be explained by a tolbutamide-induced alteration of the adenylate cyclase/phosphodiesterase system of the B-cell.", "PMID": 1107120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1602", "title": "Immuno-fluorescent reactivity to anti-somatostatin in the gastro-intestinal mucosa of the dog.", "content": "Evidence is presented that somatostatin-containing cells are present in the gastro-intestinal tract of the dog. Thus immuno-fluorescent cells were detected by the use of antiserum to cyclic somatostatin. These cells were mainly encountered in the antral mucosa and in the neighbourhood of gastrin-producing cells. No cross reaction was observed between gastrin and somatostatin. It is suggested that locally produced somatostatin controls gastrin secretion, and, more generally, that somatostatin-containing cells, multifocally distributed, modulates secretion of a large number of glands.", "contents": "Immuno-fluorescent reactivity to anti-somatostatin in the gastro-intestinal mucosa of the dog. Evidence is presented that somatostatin-containing cells are present in the gastro-intestinal tract of the dog. Thus immuno-fluorescent cells were detected by the use of antiserum to cyclic somatostatin. These cells were mainly encountered in the antral mucosa and in the neighbourhood of gastrin-producing cells. No cross reaction was observed between gastrin and somatostatin. It is suggested that locally produced somatostatin controls gastrin secretion, and, more generally, that somatostatin-containing cells, multifocally distributed, modulates secretion of a large number of glands.", "PMID": 1107121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1603", "title": "Diabetes in the mouse due to two mutant genes -  a bibliography.", "content": "A bibliography is presented of work involving the two diabetes-producing autosomal recessive mutations in the mouse, db and db2j.", "contents": "Diabetes in the mouse due to two mutant genes -  a bibliography. A bibliography is presented of work involving the two diabetes-producing autosomal recessive mutations in the mouse, db and db2j.", "PMID": 1107122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1604", "title": "Influence of anoxia on glucose metabolism in pancreatic islets: lack of correlation between fructose-1,6-diphosphate and apparent glycolytic flux.", "content": "When equilibrated with O2-CO2 (95:5), pancreatic islets of non-inbred ob/ob-mice exhibited a sigmoidal dependence of 3H2O production on D-(5-3H)-glucose concentration; the rate was most sensitive to changes of glucose concentration around 5mM and tended to be maximum above about 15mM glucose. 3H2O production from more than 5 mM D-(5-3H)-glucose was about twice as fast as the production of 14CO2 from equimolar D-(U-14C)-glucose. Islets equilibrated with N2-CO2 (95:5) did not exhibit a sigmoidal dose-response curve for 3h2o production, the process being inhibited by anoxia at glucose concentrations above 5mM. Pieces of exocrine pancreas had a slower aerobic 3H2O production than the islets and showed a clear enhancement of the process during anoxia. In comparison with oxygenated islets, anoxic islets exhibited decreased concentrations of glucose-6-phosphate and increased concentrations of furctose-1,6-diphosphate. The concomitant inhibition of glycolytic flux may be due to a low lactate dehydrogenase activity in islets yielding a slow reoxidation of NADH and a slow phosphoglyceraldehyde oxidation under anaerobic conditions.", "contents": "Influence of anoxia on glucose metabolism in pancreatic islets: lack of correlation between fructose-1,6-diphosphate and apparent glycolytic flux. When equilibrated with O2-CO2 (95:5), pancreatic islets of non-inbred ob/ob-mice exhibited a sigmoidal dependence of 3H2O production on D-(5-3H)-glucose concentration; the rate was most sensitive to changes of glucose concentration around 5mM and tended to be maximum above about 15mM glucose. 3H2O production from more than 5 mM D-(5-3H)-glucose was about twice as fast as the production of 14CO2 from equimolar D-(U-14C)-glucose. Islets equilibrated with N2-CO2 (95:5) did not exhibit a sigmoidal dose-response curve for 3h2o production, the process being inhibited by anoxia at glucose concentrations above 5mM. Pieces of exocrine pancreas had a slower aerobic 3H2O production than the islets and showed a clear enhancement of the process during anoxia. In comparison with oxygenated islets, anoxic islets exhibited decreased concentrations of glucose-6-phosphate and increased concentrations of furctose-1,6-diphosphate. The concomitant inhibition of glycolytic flux may be due to a low lactate dehydrogenase activity in islets yielding a slow reoxidation of NADH and a slow phosphoglyceraldehyde oxidation under anaerobic conditions.", "PMID": 1107124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1605", "title": "Monoamine oxidase inhibitors: nature of their interaction with rabbit pancreatic islets to alter insluin secretion.", "content": "Using an in vitro rabbit pancreas system, we studied the effect of monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors on flucose-stimulated insulin secretion. We evaluated the effect of both brief (15 min) and prolonged (60 min) exposure of pancreas segments to non-hydrazine (harmine, alpha-methyltryptamine, tranylcypromine and pargyline) and hydrazine (phenelzine, nialamide, iproniazid) type MAO inhibitors. All of the hydrazine type MAO inhibitors potentiated glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Of the non-hydrazine inhibitors, only harmine and alpha-methyltryptamine potentiated glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Hydrazine, although not itself an MAO inhibitor, also potentiated insulin secretion. Sixty minutes of exposure to tranylcypromine or alpha-methyltryptamine caused a decrease in insulin secretion. These MAO inhibitors are primary amines and primary amines can inhibit insulin secretion. The dopamine (DA) or serotonin (5-HT) content of the B-cells was increased by incubating rabbit pancreas with L-3, 4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-Dopa) or 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) for forty-five minutes prior to stimulation with glucose. Non-hydrazine MAO inhibitors increased dopamine inhibition of insulin secretion and either did not alter, or decreased serotonin inhibition of insulin secretion. Rabbit pancreatic islets were isolated using the collagenase digestion technique. The MAO activity of islet homogenates was determined using 5-HT and DA as substrates. Rabbit islet MAO has only one-tenth the specific activity against 5-HT (35 +/- 8.7 mumumoles/mg/min, M +/- SEM) that it has against DA (357 +/- 62.3 mumumoles/mg/min). This suggests that one reason that MAT inhibitors do not increase serotonin inhibition of insulin secretion is because MAO is not the major pathway for 5-HT inactivation in rabbit pancreatic islets. These studies suggest that MAO inhibitors alter insulin secretion, by both decreasing B-cell monoamine degradation and by mechanisms that do not involve MAO inhibition.", "contents": "Monoamine oxidase inhibitors: nature of their interaction with rabbit pancreatic islets to alter insluin secretion. Using an in vitro rabbit pancreas system, we studied the effect of monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors on flucose-stimulated insulin secretion. We evaluated the effect of both brief (15 min) and prolonged (60 min) exposure of pancreas segments to non-hydrazine (harmine, alpha-methyltryptamine, tranylcypromine and pargyline) and hydrazine (phenelzine, nialamide, iproniazid) type MAO inhibitors. All of the hydrazine type MAO inhibitors potentiated glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Of the non-hydrazine inhibitors, only harmine and alpha-methyltryptamine potentiated glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Hydrazine, although not itself an MAO inhibitor, also potentiated insulin secretion. Sixty minutes of exposure to tranylcypromine or alpha-methyltryptamine caused a decrease in insulin secretion. These MAO inhibitors are primary amines and primary amines can inhibit insulin secretion. The dopamine (DA) or serotonin (5-HT) content of the B-cells was increased by incubating rabbit pancreas with L-3, 4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-Dopa) or 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) for forty-five minutes prior to stimulation with glucose. Non-hydrazine MAO inhibitors increased dopamine inhibition of insulin secretion and either did not alter, or decreased serotonin inhibition of insulin secretion. Rabbit pancreatic islets were isolated using the collagenase digestion technique. The MAO activity of islet homogenates was determined using 5-HT and DA as substrates. Rabbit islet MAO has only one-tenth the specific activity against 5-HT (35 +/- 8.7 mumumoles/mg/min, M +/- SEM) that it has against DA (357 +/- 62.3 mumumoles/mg/min). This suggests that one reason that MAT inhibitors do not increase serotonin inhibition of insulin secretion is because MAO is not the major pathway for 5-HT inactivation in rabbit pancreatic islets. These studies suggest that MAO inhibitors alter insulin secretion, by both decreasing B-cell monoamine degradation and by mechanisms that do not involve MAO inhibition.", "PMID": 1107123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1606", "title": "[Morphologic characteristics of lysogenic phages with conversion activity in Shigella flexneri].", "content": "The morphology of three lysogenic bacteriophages which induce antigenic conversion in various Shigella flexneri serotypes (II and V type antigen and 7.8 group antigen) has been investigated. A quite different morphology appeared with respect to that of Salmonella.", "contents": "[Morphologic characteristics of lysogenic phages with conversion activity in Shigella flexneri]. The morphology of three lysogenic bacteriophages which induce antigenic conversion in various Shigella flexneri serotypes (II and V type antigen and 7.8 group antigen) has been investigated. A quite different morphology appeared with respect to that of Salmonella.", "PMID": 1107127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1607", "title": "Recurrent peptic ulcer.", "content": "From 1 to 5% of patients can be expected to develop recurrent ulceration following current surgical therapy for peptic ulcer disease. The development of recurrent ulcer frequently reflects an inadequacy of the initial procedure. The nature of the inadequacy is often difficult to delineate because of alterations in anatomy and physiology and the lack of accurate diagnostic procedures. Incomplete vagotomy and inadequate gastric resection account for the vast majority of surgical deficiencies. Gastrinoma, retained gastric antrum, and hyperparathyroidism are the most frequently encountered endocrine causes. A thorough evaluation must include gastrointestinal X-rays, fiberoptic endoscopy, multiple serum calcium and gastrin determinations, and provocative testing. Medical management of recurrent ulcer fails in the vast majority of cases. Reoperation is successful in about 70% of cases and has a mortality rate of 4%. Recurrent ulcer after simple gastroenterostomy is best treated by gastric resection or vagotomy and resection. After initial adequate gastric resection, vagotomy alone usually suffices. Antrectomy and, if necessary, re-vagotomy should be done for recurrent ulcer after vagotomy and drainage. Re-vagotomy alone is usually effective therapy for recurrent ulcer after initial vagotomy and resection. Non-acid reducing operations should not be done, as they result in high mortality and high second recurrence rates.", "contents": "Recurrent peptic ulcer. From 1 to 5% of patients can be expected to develop recurrent ulceration following current surgical therapy for peptic ulcer disease. The development of recurrent ulcer frequently reflects an inadequacy of the initial procedure. The nature of the inadequacy is often difficult to delineate because of alterations in anatomy and physiology and the lack of accurate diagnostic procedures. Incomplete vagotomy and inadequate gastric resection account for the vast majority of surgical deficiencies. Gastrinoma, retained gastric antrum, and hyperparathyroidism are the most frequently encountered endocrine causes. A thorough evaluation must include gastrointestinal X-rays, fiberoptic endoscopy, multiple serum calcium and gastrin determinations, and provocative testing. Medical management of recurrent ulcer fails in the vast majority of cases. Reoperation is successful in about 70% of cases and has a mortality rate of 4%. Recurrent ulcer after simple gastroenterostomy is best treated by gastric resection or vagotomy and resection. After initial adequate gastric resection, vagotomy alone usually suffices. Antrectomy and, if necessary, re-vagotomy should be done for recurrent ulcer after vagotomy and drainage. Re-vagotomy alone is usually effective therapy for recurrent ulcer after initial vagotomy and resection. Non-acid reducing operations should not be done, as they result in high mortality and high second recurrence rates.", "PMID": 1107137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1608", "title": "Histological sexing of a reticulum cell sarcoma arising after liver transplantation.", "content": "Nuclear sex determination, based on both X and Y chromatin counts in a reticulum cell sarcoma which arose in the liver 5 months after orthotopic grafting, clearly showed that the tumor was of host origin. The Kupffer cells of the graft were also found to be of host origin, demonstrating that their replacement may occur within 6 months of operation.", "contents": "Histological sexing of a reticulum cell sarcoma arising after liver transplantation. Nuclear sex determination, based on both X and Y chromatin counts in a reticulum cell sarcoma which arose in the liver 5 months after orthotopic grafting, clearly showed that the tumor was of host origin. The Kupffer cells of the graft were also found to be of host origin, demonstrating that their replacement may occur within 6 months of operation.", "PMID": 1107139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1609", "title": "Genetic and physiological characterization of met15 mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: a selective system for forward and reverse mutations.", "content": "One hundred and thirty-three spontaneous and induced mutants of the met15 locus in Saccharomyces cerevisiae were characterized with respect to temperature sensitivity, osmotic remediability, interallelic complementation, and suppressibility by amber and ochre suppressors. Forty mutants are osmotic remedial; 17 of these, and no others, are also temperature-sensitive. Seven of 133 mutations are suppressible by an amber suppressor and 11 are suppressible by an ochre suppressor. Seventy percent of the mutants exhibited interallelic complementation, suggesting that the functional gene product of the met15 gene is a multimeric protein. Relative map positions of 30 met15 were estimated from the frequencies of X-ray-induced mitotic reversion of various heteroallelic diploids. All complementing nonsense mutations are located near one end of the gene in contrast to other nonsense mutations which span most of the gene, thus relating the direction of translation of the mRNA with respect to the fine-structure map. Recombination studies indicated that two of 30 mutants contained deletions of the entire met15 locus. -- It was established that a variety of mutational types, including missense, nonsense, and deletions, are recovered with this unique system in which both forward and reverse mutations can be selected on the basis of methyl mercury resistance and methionine requirement of the met15 mutants.", "contents": "Genetic and physiological characterization of met15 mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: a selective system for forward and reverse mutations. One hundred and thirty-three spontaneous and induced mutants of the met15 locus in Saccharomyces cerevisiae were characterized with respect to temperature sensitivity, osmotic remediability, interallelic complementation, and suppressibility by amber and ochre suppressors. Forty mutants are osmotic remedial; 17 of these, and no others, are also temperature-sensitive. Seven of 133 mutations are suppressible by an amber suppressor and 11 are suppressible by an ochre suppressor. Seventy percent of the mutants exhibited interallelic complementation, suggesting that the functional gene product of the met15 gene is a multimeric protein. Relative map positions of 30 met15 were estimated from the frequencies of X-ray-induced mitotic reversion of various heteroallelic diploids. All complementing nonsense mutations are located near one end of the gene in contrast to other nonsense mutations which span most of the gene, thus relating the direction of translation of the mRNA with respect to the fine-structure map. Recombination studies indicated that two of 30 mutants contained deletions of the entire met15 locus. -- It was established that a variety of mutational types, including missense, nonsense, and deletions, are recovered with this unique system in which both forward and reverse mutations can be selected on the basis of methyl mercury resistance and methionine requirement of the met15 mutants.", "PMID": 1107143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1610", "title": "Regulation of newly evolved enzymes. II. The ebg repressor.", "content": "The ebg (evolved beta-galactosidase) regulatory locus has been mapped. The map order is argG-ebgA-ebgR-tolC-metC, and there is 1.6% recombination between ebgR and ebgA. Studies with ebgR-/ebgR+ merdiploids have shown that ebgR- is recessive, and it is concluded that the synthesis of ebg enzyme is under negative control.", "contents": "Regulation of newly evolved enzymes. II. The ebg repressor. The ebg (evolved beta-galactosidase) regulatory locus has been mapped. The map order is argG-ebgA-ebgR-tolC-metC, and there is 1.6% recombination between ebgR and ebgA. Studies with ebgR-/ebgR+ merdiploids have shown that ebgR- is recessive, and it is concluded that the synthesis of ebg enzyme is under negative control.", "PMID": 1107144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1611", "title": "Genetic analysis of regulatory mutants of alkaline phosphatase of E. coli.", "content": "A fine structure map of the phoR region of E. coli, mutations of which affect the rate of alkaline phosphatase synthesis, was constructed by Hfr X F- crosses. Mutations causing three different phenotypes (previously reported as phoRa, phoRb, phoRc (Garen and Echols 1962a,b) are clustered in three closely linked genetic loci. PhoR mutants of all three types, including the phoRb type not previously tested, are recessive to wild-type phoR+. In addition, phoRa and phoRc complement each other, while phoRa and phoRb do not. Our results support the hypothesis of Morris et al. (1974) that phoRc mutants represent a cistron (phoB) different from phoR.", "contents": "Genetic analysis of regulatory mutants of alkaline phosphatase of E. coli. A fine structure map of the phoR region of E. coli, mutations of which affect the rate of alkaline phosphatase synthesis, was constructed by Hfr X F- crosses. Mutations causing three different phenotypes (previously reported as phoRa, phoRb, phoRc (Garen and Echols 1962a,b) are clustered in three closely linked genetic loci. PhoR mutants of all three types, including the phoRb type not previously tested, are recessive to wild-type phoR+. In addition, phoRa and phoRc complement each other, while phoRa and phoRb do not. Our results support the hypothesis of Morris et al. (1974) that phoRc mutants represent a cistron (phoB) different from phoR.", "PMID": 1107145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1612", "title": "Relationship between DNA repair capacity and cellular aging.", "content": "The experimental evidence is reviewed which bears on the theory that aging in mammalian cells may be related to a decline in the efficiency of normal DNA repair processes. Although the data are as yet fragmentary, they do suggest that there is an age-associated decline in the capacity of cells to perform at least certain types of repair. This is particularly noticeable in human diploid cells as they reach terminal senescence in vitro. Whether this decline is causally related or even contributory to normal aging remains, however, an open question.", "contents": "Relationship between DNA repair capacity and cellular aging. The experimental evidence is reviewed which bears on the theory that aging in mammalian cells may be related to a decline in the efficiency of normal DNA repair processes. Although the data are as yet fragmentary, they do suggest that there is an age-associated decline in the capacity of cells to perform at least certain types of repair. This is particularly noticeable in human diploid cells as they reach terminal senescence in vitro. Whether this decline is causally related or even contributory to normal aging remains, however, an open question.", "PMID": 1107150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1613", "title": "Cancer-related aspects of regeneration research: a review.", "content": "Tissue regeneration is simply the replacement of lost cells of a tissue by those remaining. Epimorphic regeneration involves dedifferentiation of many tissues and their organization into a blastema which eventually differentiates into the missing part, usually an appendage. A detailed comparison of the cell membrane changes occurring in epimorphic regeneration, tissue regeneration and cancer can contribute to greater understanding of the differences between normal and tumor cells. Further, there is evidence that epimorphic regeneration fields may in some instances suppress tuomr induction and control existing tumors. This influence may be mediated by bioelectric fields, which are ubiquitous in nature and appear to control many cellular events. Disruption of these bioelectric fields suppresses epimorphic regeneration and may lead to cancer in mammals, while applied electric fields alter regenerative events and cause tumor regression.", "contents": "Cancer-related aspects of regeneration research: a review. Tissue regeneration is simply the replacement of lost cells of a tissue by those remaining. Epimorphic regeneration involves dedifferentiation of many tissues and their organization into a blastema which eventually differentiates into the missing part, usually an appendage. A detailed comparison of the cell membrane changes occurring in epimorphic regeneration, tissue regeneration and cancer can contribute to greater understanding of the differences between normal and tumor cells. Further, there is evidence that epimorphic regeneration fields may in some instances suppress tuomr induction and control existing tumors. This influence may be mediated by bioelectric fields, which are ubiquitous in nature and appear to control many cellular events. Disruption of these bioelectric fields suppresses epimorphic regeneration and may lead to cancer in mammals, while applied electric fields alter regenerative events and cause tumor regression.", "PMID": 1107167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1614", "title": "[Pathogenetic model-theories of endogenous psychoses (author's transl)].", "content": "The multiplicity of frequently conflicting views in the psychiatry of today inspires the wish for a uniform way thinking about the thorough knowledge and the many hypotheses that have become almost boundlessly vast. Such ideas of models as have played a part for quite some time in the mathematical and natural sciences, and of late in the sociology, are also to be found in the field of psychiatry, without however always being called so expressis verbis. Guided by the historical development an attempt has been made to expose model-like ideas about the etiology and pathogenesis of endogenic psychoses, first of all of schizophrenia, as they have become decisive for modern psychiatry. It appears that in the abbreviation of the \"model\" the basis for a discussion already overdue is to be found.", "contents": "[Pathogenetic model-theories of endogenous psychoses (author's transl)]. The multiplicity of frequently conflicting views in the psychiatry of today inspires the wish for a uniform way thinking about the thorough knowledge and the many hypotheses that have become almost boundlessly vast. Such ideas of models as have played a part for quite some time in the mathematical and natural sciences, and of late in the sociology, are also to be found in the field of psychiatry, without however always being called so expressis verbis. Guided by the historical development an attempt has been made to expose model-like ideas about the etiology and pathogenesis of endogenic psychoses, first of all of schizophrenia, as they have become decisive for modern psychiatry. It appears that in the abbreviation of the \"model\" the basis for a discussion already overdue is to be found.", "PMID": 1107193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1615", "title": "Characteristics of DNA fractionated on benzoylated DEAE-cellulose.", "content": "Chromatography on BD-cellulose columns with a salt gradient and formamide separates cellular DNA into two fractions (fraction I eluted within the salt gradient, fraction II with formamide), the proportions of these two fractions (ca. 2:1) being similar for DNA from a number of eucaryotic organisms. Yeast DNA was chosen for a detailed study of the mode of fractionation. Several physicochemical parameters, binding to nitrocellulose filters, sensitivity towards nuclease S1, labelling properties in vivo, and hybridization properties of the two DNA fractions were compared. It was shown that both fractions are native DNA and that the fractionation does not depend on the size or the (G + C) content of the DNA. Fraction I DNA contains only a small portion of molecules having single-stranded ends. Fraction II DNA is a heterogeneous population, containing molecules with peculiar structural characteristics: (a) It contains DNA molecules with single-stranded ends and/or gaps sensitive to nuclease S1; labeling experiments suggested that these are molecules undergoing repair and replication. (b) Another portion of fraction II is molecules sensitive to nuclease S1 in regions which are not single-stranded. (c) A third portion is DNA which, after treatment with nuclease S1, is still strongly bound to the resin. Indications that the segregation may be due to the presence of specific DNA sequences comes from the above experiments and from the finding that fraction I DNA is enriched in ribosomal genes and fraction II DNA in tRNA genes.", "contents": "Characteristics of DNA fractionated on benzoylated DEAE-cellulose. Chromatography on BD-cellulose columns with a salt gradient and formamide separates cellular DNA into two fractions (fraction I eluted within the salt gradient, fraction II with formamide), the proportions of these two fractions (ca. 2:1) being similar for DNA from a number of eucaryotic organisms. Yeast DNA was chosen for a detailed study of the mode of fractionation. Several physicochemical parameters, binding to nitrocellulose filters, sensitivity towards nuclease S1, labelling properties in vivo, and hybridization properties of the two DNA fractions were compared. It was shown that both fractions are native DNA and that the fractionation does not depend on the size or the (G + C) content of the DNA. Fraction I DNA contains only a small portion of molecules having single-stranded ends. Fraction II DNA is a heterogeneous population, containing molecules with peculiar structural characteristics: (a) It contains DNA molecules with single-stranded ends and/or gaps sensitive to nuclease S1; labeling experiments suggested that these are molecules undergoing repair and replication. (b) Another portion of fraction II is molecules sensitive to nuclease S1 in regions which are not single-stranded. (c) A third portion is DNA which, after treatment with nuclease S1, is still strongly bound to the resin. Indications that the segregation may be due to the presence of specific DNA sequences comes from the above experiments and from the finding that fraction I DNA is enriched in ribosomal genes and fraction II DNA in tRNA genes.", "PMID": 1107198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1616", "title": "Purification of tDNA from yeast.", "content": "tRNA-tDNA hybrids from yeast have been isolated. The main step in purification was chromatography on a BD-cellulose column with salt gradients and formamide, which separates the hybrid material from excess DNA. The hybrids were characterized by density centrifugation in CS2SO4 and by treatment with alkali and pancreatic ribonuclease. Experiments in which DNA that had been sheared to different molecular weights was used for hybrid formation suggest that the tRNA cistrons are tandemly arranged and that the external spacer DNA is preserved in the tDNA.", "contents": "Purification of tDNA from yeast. tRNA-tDNA hybrids from yeast have been isolated. The main step in purification was chromatography on a BD-cellulose column with salt gradients and formamide, which separates the hybrid material from excess DNA. The hybrids were characterized by density centrifugation in CS2SO4 and by treatment with alkali and pancreatic ribonuclease. Experiments in which DNA that had been sheared to different molecular weights was used for hybrid formation suggest that the tRNA cistrons are tandemly arranged and that the external spacer DNA is preserved in the tDNA.", "PMID": 1107199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1617", "title": "Isolation, chemical and electron microscopical characterization of neutral-salt-soluble type III collagen and procollagen from fetal bovine skin.", "content": "Extraction of fetal bovine skin at neutral pH and in the presence of protease inhibitors solubilized substantial amounts of type I and type type III collagen and Type III procollagen. Type I and Type III collagen were separated from each other by salt precipitation, and DEAE-cellulose chromatography was used to separate collagen from procollagen. The main chain constituents in type III collagen and procollagen were disulfide-bonded gamma and pgamma components, respectively. Amino acid composition, cross striation banding as observed using electron microscopy, cyanogen bromide peptide patterns in disc electrophoresis gels and resistance of the disulfide regions to pepsin digestion indicated a close similarity to previously described insoluble type III collagen, which was solubilized by limited pepsin digestion. Electron microscopy of long-spacing-segment crystallites and evidence for an extended form of the disulfide-bonded cyanogen bromide peptide suggested that neutral-salt-soluble type III collagon is longer at its C-terminal end by about 10 to 20 amino acid residues than pepsin-treated material. A small elongation was also indicated in the N-terminal portion of the molecule. Procollagen has an additional N-terminal extension with a length of about 160 A, but no difference was observed between collagen and procollagen at their C-terminal ends.", "contents": "Isolation, chemical and electron microscopical characterization of neutral-salt-soluble type III collagen and procollagen from fetal bovine skin. Extraction of fetal bovine skin at neutral pH and in the presence of protease inhibitors solubilized substantial amounts of type I and type type III collagen and Type III procollagen. Type I and Type III collagen were separated from each other by salt precipitation, and DEAE-cellulose chromatography was used to separate collagen from procollagen. The main chain constituents in type III collagen and procollagen were disulfide-bonded gamma and pgamma components, respectively. Amino acid composition, cross striation banding as observed using electron microscopy, cyanogen bromide peptide patterns in disc electrophoresis gels and resistance of the disulfide regions to pepsin digestion indicated a close similarity to previously described insoluble type III collagen, which was solubilized by limited pepsin digestion. Electron microscopy of long-spacing-segment crystallites and evidence for an extended form of the disulfide-bonded cyanogen bromide peptide suggested that neutral-salt-soluble type III collagon is longer at its C-terminal end by about 10 to 20 amino acid residues than pepsin-treated material. A small elongation was also indicated in the N-terminal portion of the molecule. Procollagen has an additional N-terminal extension with a length of about 160 A, but no difference was observed between collagen and procollagen at their C-terminal ends.", "PMID": 1107200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1618", "title": "[Reactivity of the 3'-terminal oligonucleotide Sequence C-A-C-C-A of tRNAPhe and tRNAVal from baker's yeast upon N-oxidation with monoperphthalic acid as compared to the oligonucleotides C-A-C-C-A and A-A-A-U-C-A-C-C-A (author's transl)].", "content": "The nucleobases adenine and cytosine were subjected to N-oxidation by monoperphthalic acid at pH 7 and 0 degrees C in tRNAPhe, in the 3'-terminal pentanucleotide C-A-C-C-A from tRNAPhe, as well as in tRNAVal and in the 3'-terminal nonanucleotide A-A-A-U-C-A-C-C-A from tRNAVal. In the tRNAs, the oxidative attack occurs stepwise from the 3'-end. First the 3'-terminal adenine is oxidized, then the following two cytosines, then the following adenine. The oligonucleotides are far more reactive than the identical sequences in tRNA and are not oxidized according to a sequential mechanism.", "contents": "[Reactivity of the 3'-terminal oligonucleotide Sequence C-A-C-C-A of tRNAPhe and tRNAVal from baker's yeast upon N-oxidation with monoperphthalic acid as compared to the oligonucleotides C-A-C-C-A and A-A-A-U-C-A-C-C-A (author's transl)]. The nucleobases adenine and cytosine were subjected to N-oxidation by monoperphthalic acid at pH 7 and 0 degrees C in tRNAPhe, in the 3'-terminal pentanucleotide C-A-C-C-A from tRNAPhe, as well as in tRNAVal and in the 3'-terminal nonanucleotide A-A-A-U-C-A-C-C-A from tRNAVal. In the tRNAs, the oxidative attack occurs stepwise from the 3'-end. First the 3'-terminal adenine is oxidized, then the following two cytosines, then the following adenine. The oligonucleotides are far more reactive than the identical sequences in tRNA and are not oxidized according to a sequential mechanism.", "PMID": 1107201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1619", "title": "Blastogenesis of human lymphocytes by endotoxin.", "content": "Lipopolysaccharides of S. typhimurium, S. enteritidis and E. coli at wide range of concentrations were used to induce blastogenesis in human and mouse (nude) lymphocytes. Human lymphocytes from peripheral blood showed positive response to at least one source of LPS (stimulation index of 2-9). The optimum concentration resulting in maximum stimulation varied with different individual, sources and concentrations of LPS used. Lymphocytes from cord blood failed to respond to LPS, but had positive response to PHA. All three LPS produced about equally strong mitogenic effects on mouse spleen cells.", "contents": "Blastogenesis of human lymphocytes by endotoxin. Lipopolysaccharides of S. typhimurium, S. enteritidis and E. coli at wide range of concentrations were used to induce blastogenesis in human and mouse (nude) lymphocytes. Human lymphocytes from peripheral blood showed positive response to at least one source of LPS (stimulation index of 2-9). The optimum concentration resulting in maximum stimulation varied with different individual, sources and concentrations of LPS used. Lymphocytes from cord blood failed to respond to LPS, but had positive response to PHA. All three LPS produced about equally strong mitogenic effects on mouse spleen cells.", "PMID": 1107213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1620", "title": "Phagocytosis as a surface phenomenon. V. Contact angles and phagocytosis of rough and smooth strains of Salmonella typhimurium, and the influence of specific antiserum.", "content": "The angle made by a drop of saline in contact with a monolayer of Salmonella typhimurium or phagocytic cells, the contact angle, is a measure of their relative interfacial tension, and is predictive of a successful phagocytosis. Smooth strains of S. typhimurium possess a contact angle lower than the phagocytic cells and resist phagocytosis. Rough strains have an angle higher than the phagocytes and are readily engulfed. The lower contact angle of smooth strains can be increased by treatment with specific antibody resulting in more efficient phagocytosis.", "contents": "Phagocytosis as a surface phenomenon. V. Contact angles and phagocytosis of rough and smooth strains of Salmonella typhimurium, and the influence of specific antiserum. The angle made by a drop of saline in contact with a monolayer of Salmonella typhimurium or phagocytic cells, the contact angle, is a measure of their relative interfacial tension, and is predictive of a successful phagocytosis. Smooth strains of S. typhimurium possess a contact angle lower than the phagocytic cells and resist phagocytosis. Rough strains have an angle higher than the phagocytes and are readily engulfed. The lower contact angle of smooth strains can be increased by treatment with specific antibody resulting in more efficient phagocytosis.", "PMID": 1107214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1621", "title": "Antibodies to heat-labile Escherichia coli enterotoxin in Apaches in Whiteriver, Arizona.", "content": "Antitoxin titers to heat-labile Escherichia coli enterotoxin were measured in Apache children hospitalized with acute diarrhea and in Apaches of different age groups without diarrhea in Whiteriver, Ariz. The study suggests that in this locale, exposure to enterotocigenic E. coli is probably widespread and occurs early in life. Antitoxin titer rises after idarrheal disease associated with enterotocigenic E. coli infection, however, were not regulary found.", "contents": "Antibodies to heat-labile Escherichia coli enterotoxin in Apaches in Whiteriver, Arizona. Antitoxin titers to heat-labile Escherichia coli enterotoxin were measured in Apache children hospitalized with acute diarrhea and in Apaches of different age groups without diarrhea in Whiteriver, Ariz. The study suggests that in this locale, exposure to enterotocigenic E. coli is probably widespread and occurs early in life. Antitoxin titer rises after idarrheal disease associated with enterotocigenic E. coli infection, however, were not regulary found.", "PMID": 1107221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1622", "title": "Extracellular iron acquisition by mycobacteria: role of the exochelins and evidence against the participation of mycobactin.", "content": "Mycobacterium bovis var. BCG was grown under iron-deficient conditions in the presence and absence of 1% Tween 80. Mycobactin, the iron iron ionophore of mycobacteria, was found solely within the bacteria grown in the absence of Tween, but low concentrations (0.75 mug/ml) of it appeared in the medium in the presence of the surfactant. Both types of medium contain agents, named exochelins, which could solubilize iron. 55Fe added to spent culture media was recovered only chelated to these compounds. Two exochelins were detected, isolated, and purified. Neither were precursors or breakdown products of mycobactin. In the desferri-form, exochelin MB-2, the major component, reversed the inhibitory effect of serum on the growth of BCG, and in their ferri-forms exochelins MB-1, MB-2, and MS (from Mycobacterium smegmatis) stimulated the growth of their producing organism in the presence of serum. Exochelin MB-2 could physically remove iron from ferritin, and BCG used ferritin as a source of iron during growth even when ferritin was separated from the bacteria by a dialysis membrane. As solutions of the exochelins were freely dialyzable, whereas solutions of mycobactin, even in Tween, were not, only exochelin could have been active in this experiment. The exochelins are proposed as the functional extracellular iron-binding agents of BCG and other mycobacteria, the role of mycobactin being confined to that of a cell wall iron transporter.", "contents": "Extracellular iron acquisition by mycobacteria: role of the exochelins and evidence against the participation of mycobactin. Mycobacterium bovis var. BCG was grown under iron-deficient conditions in the presence and absence of 1% Tween 80. Mycobactin, the iron iron ionophore of mycobacteria, was found solely within the bacteria grown in the absence of Tween, but low concentrations (0.75 mug/ml) of it appeared in the medium in the presence of the surfactant. Both types of medium contain agents, named exochelins, which could solubilize iron. 55Fe added to spent culture media was recovered only chelated to these compounds. Two exochelins were detected, isolated, and purified. Neither were precursors or breakdown products of mycobactin. In the desferri-form, exochelin MB-2, the major component, reversed the inhibitory effect of serum on the growth of BCG, and in their ferri-forms exochelins MB-1, MB-2, and MS (from Mycobacterium smegmatis) stimulated the growth of their producing organism in the presence of serum. Exochelin MB-2 could physically remove iron from ferritin, and BCG used ferritin as a source of iron during growth even when ferritin was separated from the bacteria by a dialysis membrane. As solutions of the exochelins were freely dialyzable, whereas solutions of mycobactin, even in Tween, were not, only exochelin could have been active in this experiment. The exochelins are proposed as the functional extracellular iron-binding agents of BCG and other mycobacteria, the role of mycobactin being confined to that of a cell wall iron transporter.", "PMID": 1107222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1623", "title": "Induction of heat-labile enterotoxin synthesis in enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli mitomycin C.", "content": "Introduction of heat-labile toxin (LT) synthesis in enterotocigenic strains of Escherichia coli by mitomycin C (MTC) was demonstrated. Six enteropathogenic strains which produce LT were inducible, exhibiting an 896-fold increase in LT when compared to ininduced cultures. On the other hand, four nonenteropathogens and three other pathogens which produce only the heat-stable toxin were not induced to produce LT. Gel filtration chromatography, antibody neutration, and heat lability studies suggest that the toxin synthesized in the presence of MTC is the same as the toxin synthesized in the absence of MTC.", "contents": "Induction of heat-labile enterotoxin synthesis in enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli mitomycin C. Introduction of heat-labile toxin (LT) synthesis in enterotocigenic strains of Escherichia coli by mitomycin C (MTC) was demonstrated. Six enteropathogenic strains which produce LT were inducible, exhibiting an 896-fold increase in LT when compared to ininduced cultures. On the other hand, four nonenteropathogens and three other pathogens which produce only the heat-stable toxin were not induced to produce LT. Gel filtration chromatography, antibody neutration, and heat lability studies suggest that the toxin synthesized in the presence of MTC is the same as the toxin synthesized in the absence of MTC.", "PMID": 1107223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1624", "title": "Effects of BCG, Corynebacterium parvum, and methanol-extration residue in the reduction of mortality from Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans infections in immunosuppressed mice.", "content": "An immunosuppressed mouse model was devised to test the effects of immunopotentiators on the prevention of bacterial and fungal infections. The effects of BCG and Corynebacterium were tested against Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans infection. The effect of methanol-extraction residue (MER-BCG) was tested against S. aureus septicemia. CDF mice were given various doses of BCG, 1.0 mg of C. parvum, or 0.5 mg of MER intraperitoneally at varying intervals before injection of an intravenous bacterial challenge. Four days before challenge, 300 mg of cyclophosphamide per ml was given intraperitoneally. BCG (106 colony-forming units) reduced mortality due to S.aureus at pretreatment intervals of 3, 7, 14, and 28 days. Isonicotinic acid hydrazide treatment elimated the protective effect of the live BCG. C. parvum was as effective as BCG against S. aureus septicemia when given 3 days before infection, but lost most of its protective effect after that time. MER protected at doses as small as 0.25 mg when given 25 days prior to challenge. Both BCG and C. parvum exerted a protective effect against Candida albicans infection.", "contents": "Effects of BCG, Corynebacterium parvum, and methanol-extration residue in the reduction of mortality from Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans infections in immunosuppressed mice. An immunosuppressed mouse model was devised to test the effects of immunopotentiators on the prevention of bacterial and fungal infections. The effects of BCG and Corynebacterium were tested against Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans infection. The effect of methanol-extraction residue (MER-BCG) was tested against S. aureus septicemia. CDF mice were given various doses of BCG, 1.0 mg of C. parvum, or 0.5 mg of MER intraperitoneally at varying intervals before injection of an intravenous bacterial challenge. Four days before challenge, 300 mg of cyclophosphamide per ml was given intraperitoneally. BCG (106 colony-forming units) reduced mortality due to S.aureus at pretreatment intervals of 3, 7, 14, and 28 days. Isonicotinic acid hydrazide treatment elimated the protective effect of the live BCG. C. parvum was as effective as BCG against S. aureus septicemia when given 3 days before infection, but lost most of its protective effect after that time. MER protected at doses as small as 0.25 mg when given 25 days prior to challenge. Both BCG and C. parvum exerted a protective effect against Candida albicans infection.", "PMID": 1107224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1625", "title": "Production and properties of an extracellular bacteriocin from Streptococcus mutans bacteriocidal for group A and other streptococci.", "content": "An extracellular bacteriocidal substance is produced by a serotype c strain of Streptococcus mutans in liquid meduim during the stationary phase of growth. The lethal effect of the substance was demonstrated by the decrease in viable counts of a standardized suspension of group A streptococci in broth. No lysis of affected cells was observed and no changes in appearance of these cells was seen in electron micrographs. The material was effective against certain strains of immmunological groups A, C, D, G, H, L, and O streptococci. It was inactive against strains of S. mutans belonging to the a, b, c, and d serotypes, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli. The factor was purified 273-fold from the culture fluid by column chromatography. It was sensitive to trysin and Pronase and resistant to catalase. It possessed a molecular weight of more than 20,000 and was not dialyzable. The properties of this substance indicate that it is a bacteriocin. Group A streptococci, which had been treated with antiserum specific for the cell wall group and type antigens, were susceptible to the bacteriocin. Streptococcal strains resistant to the lethal action of the bacteriocin adsorbed the bacteriocin from the solutions, as did the sensitive cells. The bacteriocin was not adsorbed at 0 C.", "contents": "Production and properties of an extracellular bacteriocin from Streptococcus mutans bacteriocidal for group A and other streptococci. An extracellular bacteriocidal substance is produced by a serotype c strain of Streptococcus mutans in liquid meduim during the stationary phase of growth. The lethal effect of the substance was demonstrated by the decrease in viable counts of a standardized suspension of group A streptococci in broth. No lysis of affected cells was observed and no changes in appearance of these cells was seen in electron micrographs. The material was effective against certain strains of immmunological groups A, C, D, G, H, L, and O streptococci. It was inactive against strains of S. mutans belonging to the a, b, c, and d serotypes, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli. The factor was purified 273-fold from the culture fluid by column chromatography. It was sensitive to trysin and Pronase and resistant to catalase. It possessed a molecular weight of more than 20,000 and was not dialyzable. The properties of this substance indicate that it is a bacteriocin. Group A streptococci, which had been treated with antiserum specific for the cell wall group and type antigens, were susceptible to the bacteriocin. Streptococcal strains resistant to the lethal action of the bacteriocin adsorbed the bacteriocin from the solutions, as did the sensitive cells. The bacteriocin was not adsorbed at 0 C.", "PMID": 1107225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1626", "title": "Decontamination of gnotobiotic mice experimentally monoassociated with Candida albicans.", "content": "Gnotobiotic AKR mice, experimentally monoassociated with Candida albicans, were successfully decontaminated by oral treatment with amphotericin B incorporated in the drinking water. Germfree mice first were swabbed orally with viable C. albicans and then were allowed to acclimatize for 4 weeks. The log10 of number of C. albicans per gram of organ (with luminal contents) was 7.9 and 7.7 in the stomach and cecum, respectively. Direct fecal smears, as well as impresssion smears of stomach and cecum mucosal surfaces, revealed yeastphase cells, many with germ tubes, but no hyphal forms. No illness or mortality was observed over this period. The mice then were given amphotericin B DISsolved in the drinking water and offered ad libitum. At levels of 0.1 and 0.2 mg/ml, the number of fecal C. albicans was decreased but not eliminated completely. However, 0.3 mg/ml was sufficient to decontaminate the mice completely and return them to the germfree state. Residual amphotericin B was detected in the feces of the mice only while they were receiving the 0.3 mg/ml dose level. These mice remained germfree until the termination of the experiment, 10 weeks after the antibiotic had been discontinued and replaced by plain drinking water.", "contents": "Decontamination of gnotobiotic mice experimentally monoassociated with Candida albicans. Gnotobiotic AKR mice, experimentally monoassociated with Candida albicans, were successfully decontaminated by oral treatment with amphotericin B incorporated in the drinking water. Germfree mice first were swabbed orally with viable C. albicans and then were allowed to acclimatize for 4 weeks. The log10 of number of C. albicans per gram of organ (with luminal contents) was 7.9 and 7.7 in the stomach and cecum, respectively. Direct fecal smears, as well as impresssion smears of stomach and cecum mucosal surfaces, revealed yeastphase cells, many with germ tubes, but no hyphal forms. No illness or mortality was observed over this period. The mice then were given amphotericin B DISsolved in the drinking water and offered ad libitum. At levels of 0.1 and 0.2 mg/ml, the number of fecal C. albicans was decreased but not eliminated completely. However, 0.3 mg/ml was sufficient to decontaminate the mice completely and return them to the germfree state. Residual amphotericin B was detected in the feces of the mice only while they were receiving the 0.3 mg/ml dose level. These mice remained germfree until the termination of the experiment, 10 weeks after the antibiotic had been discontinued and replaced by plain drinking water.", "PMID": 1107226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1627", "title": "Ineffectiveness of Vi and chemically treated endotoxins as typhoid vaccines in mice challenged with a Salmonella typhosa-Salmonella typhimurium hybrid.", "content": "Purified Vi antigen, acetic anthydride-treated Salmonella typhosa endotoxin, and potassium methylate-treated S. typhosa endotoxin employed as vaccines in Swiss white mice failed to protect these animals against challenge with a  virulent S. typhimurium hybrid expressing S. typhosa antigens.", "contents": "Ineffectiveness of Vi and chemically treated endotoxins as typhoid vaccines in mice challenged with a Salmonella typhosa-Salmonella typhimurium hybrid. Purified Vi antigen, acetic anthydride-treated Salmonella typhosa endotoxin, and potassium methylate-treated S. typhosa endotoxin employed as vaccines in Swiss white mice failed to protect these animals against challenge with a  virulent S. typhimurium hybrid expressing S. typhosa antigens.", "PMID": 1107227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1628", "title": "Cephamycins: a review, prospects and some original observations.", "content": "The cephamycins are a group with great potential. The first member of the group intended for therapeutic use offers the following advantages over existing cephalosporins: 1. Stability to various beta-lactamases; in an environment increasingly threatened by R-factors, this property may be of increasing value as time passes. 2. Possible lack of cross-allergenicity with other beta-lactam antibiotics. 3. Activity against anaerobic strains. Cefoxitin is only the first semi-synthetic derivative; presumably there are other compounds awaiting assessment which have even more favourable properties.", "contents": "Cephamycins: a review, prospects and some original observations. The cephamycins are a group with great potential. The first member of the group intended for therapeutic use offers the following advantages over existing cephalosporins: 1. Stability to various beta-lactamases; in an environment increasingly threatened by R-factors, this property may be of increasing value as time passes. 2. Possible lack of cross-allergenicity with other beta-lactam antibiotics. 3. Activity against anaerobic strains. Cefoxitin is only the first semi-synthetic derivative; presumably there are other compounds awaiting assessment which have even more favourable properties.", "PMID": 1107228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1629", "title": "Lymphokines. II. Use of horse monocytes as indicator cells for human MIF.", "content": "Peritoneal exudate macrophages in guinea pigs and peripheral blood monocytes in man are the most readily available cells sensitive to the migration-inhibiting factor(s) (MIF) induced by tuberculin or insoluble concanavalin A in supernatants of stimulated lymphocyte cultures. The scarcity of MIF-sensitive cells is probably the main reason for the unsatisfactory results obtained with direct and indirect MIF tests when using white blood cells as indicator cells. Isolated horse monocytes represent an alternative sensitive source of indicator cells for human MIF assays, whereas guinea pig peritoneal exudate macrophages appear to be less sensitive and to show large individual variations in sensitivity to human MIF. The species specificity of MIF from various origins shows various patterns and is briefly discussed.", "contents": "Lymphokines. II. Use of horse monocytes as indicator cells for human MIF. Peritoneal exudate macrophages in guinea pigs and peripheral blood monocytes in man are the most readily available cells sensitive to the migration-inhibiting factor(s) (MIF) induced by tuberculin or insoluble concanavalin A in supernatants of stimulated lymphocyte cultures. The scarcity of MIF-sensitive cells is probably the main reason for the unsatisfactory results obtained with direct and indirect MIF tests when using white blood cells as indicator cells. Isolated horse monocytes represent an alternative sensitive source of indicator cells for human MIF assays, whereas guinea pig peritoneal exudate macrophages appear to be less sensitive and to show large individual variations in sensitivity to human MIF. The species specificity of MIF from various origins shows various patterns and is briefly discussed.", "PMID": 1107231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1630", "title": "Antibodies against Escherichia coli O antigen. Antibody amounts and avidities measured with ammonium sulfate precipitation technique.", "content": "The ammonium sulfate precipitation (ASP) technique, modified Farr assay, has been utilized to study antibodies to Escherichia coli O2, O4, O6 and O75 antigens the induction of which could not be ascribed to the effect of a defined antigen. It was noted that the antibody titers against the O6 antigen in children, 0.1-2.5 years of age, were of lower magnitude than the others, significantly for the O2 and O4 antigens. Comparison between boys and girls under and over 1.0 year of age revealed higher titers in sera from girls and in the older children. However, significant differences were obtained only in a few instances. The antibody avidities were in most cases low and no correlation was found between antibody quantity and avidity. In consecutive samples from adults a varying pattern of antibodies to the O6 and O75 antigens was observed.", "contents": "Antibodies against Escherichia coli O antigen. Antibody amounts and avidities measured with ammonium sulfate precipitation technique. The ammonium sulfate precipitation (ASP) technique, modified Farr assay, has been utilized to study antibodies to Escherichia coli O2, O4, O6 and O75 antigens the induction of which could not be ascribed to the effect of a defined antigen. It was noted that the antibody titers against the O6 antigen in children, 0.1-2.5 years of age, were of lower magnitude than the others, significantly for the O2 and O4 antigens. Comparison between boys and girls under and over 1.0 year of age revealed higher titers in sera from girls and in the older children. However, significant differences were obtained only in a few instances. The antibody avidities were in most cases low and no correlation was found between antibody quantity and avidity. In consecutive samples from adults a varying pattern of antibodies to the O6 and O75 antigens was observed.", "PMID": 1107232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1631", "title": "Fraction A: a new immunotherapeutic approach for ragweed pollinosis.", "content": "Fraction A, a concentrate derived from short ragweed extract by (NH4)2SO4 precipitation, contains all major allergens including antigen E. Therapeutic efficacy and safety of this alum-adsorbed product was evaluated in a multicenter double-blind clinical trial by comparing it to placebo in 131 randomly matched ragweed hay fever patients who were not treated for at least 1 year. Therapeutic response to fraction A injections was more significant than placebo (p less than 0.05) by investigators' evaluation, by average daily symptom score (1.097 vs. 1.378, p less than 0.05) during the peak ragweed season, or by average proportion of days in which medication was required (0.411 vs. 0.584, p = 0.01). Fraction A patients exhibited a significantly higher (p less than 0.0005) increase in hemagglutinating titer after treatment than placebo controls. Radioallergosorbent binding, evaluated in a subgroup of 31 patients before and after the ragweed season, was unchanged or decreased in 12 of 15 patients treated with fraction A. In contrast, 9 of 16 placebo-treated patients showed an increase in this index. Systemic effects were noted after 42 (1.5%) of 2.641 injections, while local reactions occurred at the rate of 2.3%. It is concluded that a single course of preseasonal immunotherapy wih alum-adsorbed fraction A is effective and relatively safe.", "contents": "Fraction A: a new immunotherapeutic approach for ragweed pollinosis. Fraction A, a concentrate derived from short ragweed extract by (NH4)2SO4 precipitation, contains all major allergens including antigen E. Therapeutic efficacy and safety of this alum-adsorbed product was evaluated in a multicenter double-blind clinical trial by comparing it to placebo in 131 randomly matched ragweed hay fever patients who were not treated for at least 1 year. Therapeutic response to fraction A injections was more significant than placebo (p less than 0.05) by investigators' evaluation, by average daily symptom score (1.097 vs. 1.378, p less than 0.05) during the peak ragweed season, or by average proportion of days in which medication was required (0.411 vs. 0.584, p = 0.01). Fraction A patients exhibited a significantly higher (p less than 0.0005) increase in hemagglutinating titer after treatment than placebo controls. Radioallergosorbent binding, evaluated in a subgroup of 31 patients before and after the ragweed season, was unchanged or decreased in 12 of 15 patients treated with fraction A. In contrast, 9 of 16 placebo-treated patients showed an increase in this index. Systemic effects were noted after 42 (1.5%) of 2.641 injections, while local reactions occurred at the rate of 2.3%. It is concluded that a single course of preseasonal immunotherapy wih alum-adsorbed fraction A is effective and relatively safe.", "PMID": 1107233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1632", "title": "Effects of contact sensitization and delayed hypersensitivity reactions on immune responses to non-related antigens. Modulation of Immune responses.", "content": "Guinea pigs were immunized intracutaneously into the ears with sheep red blood cells (SRBC). Application of a sensitizing dose of the contact allergen dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) onto the same ears was shown to suppress or enhance the humoral response to SRBC depending on the time of application. When guinea pigs were sensitized to a contact allergen, application of a sensitizing dose of a non-related allergen on the same ears either had no effect or caused a clear enhancement of the development of delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH). Strongest enhancement was found when both sensitizations were performed on the same day. Further experiments on the effects of a concomitant DTH reaction elicited at the site of application of a contact allergen showed a strong potentiation of DTH when B-cell suppression was minimized by pretreatment with cyclophosphamide (CY). It was considered that CY-DTH-immunopotentiation might be a useful tool for achieving a higher level of sensitivity after epicutaneous sensitization.", "contents": "Effects of contact sensitization and delayed hypersensitivity reactions on immune responses to non-related antigens. Modulation of Immune responses. Guinea pigs were immunized intracutaneously into the ears with sheep red blood cells (SRBC). Application of a sensitizing dose of the contact allergen dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) onto the same ears was shown to suppress or enhance the humoral response to SRBC depending on the time of application. When guinea pigs were sensitized to a contact allergen, application of a sensitizing dose of a non-related allergen on the same ears either had no effect or caused a clear enhancement of the development of delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH). Strongest enhancement was found when both sensitizations were performed on the same day. Further experiments on the effects of a concomitant DTH reaction elicited at the site of application of a contact allergen showed a strong potentiation of DTH when B-cell suppression was minimized by pretreatment with cyclophosphamide (CY). It was considered that CY-DTH-immunopotentiation might be a useful tool for achieving a higher level of sensitivity after epicutaneous sensitization.", "PMID": 1107234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1633", "title": "The industrialization of fetishism or the fetishism of industrialization: a critique of Ivan Illich.", "content": "This article critically assesses the ideology of industrialism in light of Ivan Illich's Medical Nemesis. The paper is divided into three sections. The first section is a description of the main features of that ideology, the most prevalent and influential one used in sociological literature to explain the state both of Western societies and of our health services. Also in this section, it is shown how these features appear in Illich's analysis of our societies, of our health services, and of the different clinical, social, and structural iatrogeneses that health services create. The second section examines the assumptions underlying Illich's analysis and discusses their validity to explain the nature and function of our Western health services and their iatrogenic effects. Where Illich's explanations are considered invalid, alternative explanations are presented. Among them, it is postulated that it is not industrialism, but the assumedly transcended category of capitalism that is the cause of the social and structural iatrogeneses. The third section discusses the political implications of Illich's analysis, in a moment when our Western societies are supposedly in crisis.", "contents": "The industrialization of fetishism or the fetishism of industrialization: a critique of Ivan Illich. This article critically assesses the ideology of industrialism in light of Ivan Illich's Medical Nemesis. The paper is divided into three sections. The first section is a description of the main features of that ideology, the most prevalent and influential one used in sociological literature to explain the state both of Western societies and of our health services. Also in this section, it is shown how these features appear in Illich's analysis of our societies, of our health services, and of the different clinical, social, and structural iatrogeneses that health services create. The second section examines the assumptions underlying Illich's analysis and discusses their validity to explain the nature and function of our Western health services and their iatrogenic effects. Where Illich's explanations are considered invalid, alternative explanations are presented. Among them, it is postulated that it is not industrialism, but the assumedly transcended category of capitalism that is the cause of the social and structural iatrogeneses. The third section discusses the political implications of Illich's analysis, in a moment when our Western societies are supposedly in crisis.", "PMID": 1107235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1634", "title": "1974 and after: a general practitioner's views of the reorganization of the British National Health Service.", "content": "Living and working through the period since the British National Health Service began in 1947, the author describes his experiences as a family and general practitioner and in particular notes the effects and non-effects of the reorganization that took place in the National Health Service in 1974.", "contents": "1974 and after: a general practitioner's views of the reorganization of the British National Health Service. Living and working through the period since the British National Health Service began in 1947, the author describes his experiences as a family and general practitioner and in particular notes the effects and non-effects of the reorganization that took place in the National Health Service in 1974.", "PMID": 1107236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1635", "title": "The correlation between the clinical effectiveness and ratio of blood concentration to minimum inhibitory concentration of sulfamethoxazole against Escherichia coli isolates. The determination of a parameter in a dosage equation by the pharmacokinetics.", "content": "The correlation between the clinical effectiveness and ratio of blood concentration to minimum inhibitory concentration of sulfamethoxazole against Escherichia coli isolated from clinical specimens were studied. This value is one of important parameters in a dosage equation by the pharmacokinetics, it showing sigma in an equation, were determined by clinical trial for acute simple cystitis of women. The sigma values were justified as 4 or more.", "contents": "The correlation between the clinical effectiveness and ratio of blood concentration to minimum inhibitory concentration of sulfamethoxazole against Escherichia coli isolates. The determination of a parameter in a dosage equation by the pharmacokinetics. The correlation between the clinical effectiveness and ratio of blood concentration to minimum inhibitory concentration of sulfamethoxazole against Escherichia coli isolated from clinical specimens were studied. This value is one of important parameters in a dosage equation by the pharmacokinetics, it showing sigma in an equation, were determined by clinical trial for acute simple cystitis of women. The sigma values were justified as 4 or more.", "PMID": 1107237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1636", "title": "Plastic surgery of the ureteropelvic junction with a pedicle stomach flap.", "content": "Experiments were carried out on dogs on the application of a pedicle flap cut from the stomach in plastic surgery of the ureteropelvic junction. The experiments showed that the flap healed well without any stenosis at the site where it was sewn in. An analysis of microscopic patterns showed that there was primary repair of the ureter wound which was the result of an adequate supply of blood to the flap.", "contents": "Plastic surgery of the ureteropelvic junction with a pedicle stomach flap. Experiments were carried out on dogs on the application of a pedicle flap cut from the stomach in plastic surgery of the ureteropelvic junction. The experiments showed that the flap healed well without any stenosis at the site where it was sewn in. An analysis of microscopic patterns showed that there was primary repair of the ureter wound which was the result of an adequate supply of blood to the flap.", "PMID": 1107248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1637", "title": "Cell-mediated tumour immunity in patients with transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder.", "content": "Some recent data on problems of cell-mediated immune reaction directed against tumour-associated antigens (TAA) of transitional cell carcinomas of the urinary bladder (BTCC) are reviewed. All of the 13 samples of BTCC examined in our laboratory using a lymphocytotoxicity microassay contained the characteristic TAA of urinary bladder carcinomas. TAA were absent in 14 control tissue samples. Forty-seven out of 70 (67%) patients with BTCC developed cytotoxic lymphocytes reacting with BTCC cells. However, cytotoxic lymphocytes were also found in the blood of 8 out of 165 (4.8%) control lymphocyte donors.", "contents": "Cell-mediated tumour immunity in patients with transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Some recent data on problems of cell-mediated immune reaction directed against tumour-associated antigens (TAA) of transitional cell carcinomas of the urinary bladder (BTCC) are reviewed. All of the 13 samples of BTCC examined in our laboratory using a lymphocytotoxicity microassay contained the characteristic TAA of urinary bladder carcinomas. TAA were absent in 14 control tissue samples. Forty-seven out of 70 (67%) patients with BTCC developed cytotoxic lymphocytes reacting with BTCC cells. However, cytotoxic lymphocytes were also found in the blood of 8 out of 165 (4.8%) control lymphocyte donors.", "PMID": 1107249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1638", "title": "Significance of anaerobic bacteria isolated from the urinary tract. II. Experimental studies.", "content": "An attempt to cause retrograde urinary tract infection with Bacteroides fragilis (a strain subcultured in artificial media) failed to produce any significant renal infection in rats. Intravenous inoculation with Fusobacterium (a strain subcultured in artificial media) also did not cause demonstrable renal infection in rats. Nor could the anaerobic organism be demonstrated in the kidneys of these animals. Animals receiving Bacteroides (a strain subcultured in artificial media) inoculated directly into the renal medulla developed no renal infection. The anaerobic organism however, continued to be demonstrable in the kidneys of 78 per cent of these animals even on the 3rd day after inoculation. Rabbits receiving Bacteroides (a fresh clinical isolate) which was injected into the subcutaneously fixed kidney with ureteral obstruction all developed overt renal infection. There was also evidence of marked proliferation of the injected anaerobic bacteria and pyuria in these cases.", "contents": "Significance of anaerobic bacteria isolated from the urinary tract. II. Experimental studies. An attempt to cause retrograde urinary tract infection with Bacteroides fragilis (a strain subcultured in artificial media) failed to produce any significant renal infection in rats. Intravenous inoculation with Fusobacterium (a strain subcultured in artificial media) also did not cause demonstrable renal infection in rats. Nor could the anaerobic organism be demonstrated in the kidneys of these animals. Animals receiving Bacteroides (a strain subcultured in artificial media) inoculated directly into the renal medulla developed no renal infection. The anaerobic organism however, continued to be demonstrable in the kidneys of 78 per cent of these animals even on the 3rd day after inoculation. Rabbits receiving Bacteroides (a fresh clinical isolate) which was injected into the subcutaneously fixed kidney with ureteral obstruction all developed overt renal infection. There was also evidence of marked proliferation of the injected anaerobic bacteria and pyuria in these cases.", "PMID": 1107257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1639", "title": "Enfranchisement and rationing: effects of Medicare on discretionary hospital use.", "content": "This study examines the effects of Medicare on hospital output using an economic model in which market demand for hospital care is treated as the sum of demands in separable markets. Results indicate that Medicare affected utilization patterns by the elderly, but in terms of an increased level of admissions and increased lengths of stay, not in terms of case mix or (apparently) in the level of the nondiscretionary component of care. However, the results also show the Medicare resulted in rationing of hospital services to patients under 65 years of age: case-specific lengths of stay declined, and there appears to have been a distinct decline in the degree of discretionary hospital use by this patient group.", "contents": "Enfranchisement and rationing: effects of Medicare on discretionary hospital use. This study examines the effects of Medicare on hospital output using an economic model in which market demand for hospital care is treated as the sum of demands in separable markets. Results indicate that Medicare affected utilization patterns by the elderly, but in terms of an increased level of admissions and increased lengths of stay, not in terms of case mix or (apparently) in the level of the nondiscretionary component of care. However, the results also show the Medicare resulted in rationing of hospital services to patients under 65 years of age: case-specific lengths of stay declined, and there appears to have been a distinct decline in the degree of discretionary hospital use by this patient group.", "PMID": 1107272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1640", "title": "Response to LH-RH and HCG in two brothers with the Reifenstein syndrome.", "content": "Two brothers with Reifenstein syndrome underwent LH-RH and HCG tests at various ages ranging from 13 to 17 years. We found that at age 13 the plasma LH and FSH response to one LH-RH injection was normal. After the age of 14, the basal plasma concentration of LH and FSH and their response to LH-RH became elevated. Concomitantly the plasma testosterone levels rose to abnormal levels. These findings are compatible with progressive development of primary gonadal dysfunction and with peripheral insensitivity to testosterone.", "contents": "Response to LH-RH and HCG in two brothers with the Reifenstein syndrome. Two brothers with Reifenstein syndrome underwent LH-RH and HCG tests at various ages ranging from 13 to 17 years. We found that at age 13 the plasma LH and FSH response to one LH-RH injection was normal. After the age of 14, the basal plasma concentration of LH and FSH and their response to LH-RH became elevated. Concomitantly the plasma testosterone levels rose to abnormal levels. These findings are compatible with progressive development of primary gonadal dysfunction and with peripheral insensitivity to testosterone.", "PMID": 1107277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1641", "title": "[Surgery of injuries of the facial nerve on the lateral region of the face (author's transl)].", "content": "Injuries of the lateral facial region frequently cause a partial or complete destruction of the trunk or individual branches of the facial nerve. Operative methods are presented, which have proved to be especially successful for reconstruction of the facial nerve. For a successful outcome of the nerve suture together with a good functional result later on, an exact suture tehcnique is mandatory. The procedure is discussed. On the other hand, the indication for operation raises a number of problems, which mainly concern the extent of nerve injury and the period elapsed after the damage.", "contents": "[Surgery of injuries of the facial nerve on the lateral region of the face (author's transl)]. Injuries of the lateral facial region frequently cause a partial or complete destruction of the trunk or individual branches of the facial nerve. Operative methods are presented, which have proved to be especially successful for reconstruction of the facial nerve. For a successful outcome of the nerve suture together with a good functional result later on, an exact suture tehcnique is mandatory. The procedure is discussed. On the other hand, the indication for operation raises a number of problems, which mainly concern the extent of nerve injury and the period elapsed after the damage.", "PMID": 1107278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1642", "title": "[Angiography in the diagnosis of nasopharyngeal tumours (author's transl)].", "content": "The angiography of tumours of the nasopharynx is an important contribution to preoperative diagnostis. Applying modern, improved techniques (superselective catheterisation, magnification angiography, subtraction methods) it is possible to have an idea of the size and the localization of the tumour as well as of afferent and efferent vessels. Often a differential diagnosis is achieved; in some tumours (angiofibromas, haemangiomas, cysts, vascular malignant tumours) the angiographic findings are pathognomonic.", "contents": "[Angiography in the diagnosis of nasopharyngeal tumours (author's transl)]. The angiography of tumours of the nasopharynx is an important contribution to preoperative diagnostis. Applying modern, improved techniques (superselective catheterisation, magnification angiography, subtraction methods) it is possible to have an idea of the size and the localization of the tumour as well as of afferent and efferent vessels. Often a differential diagnosis is achieved; in some tumours (angiofibromas, haemangiomas, cysts, vascular malignant tumours) the angiographic findings are pathognomonic.", "PMID": 1107279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1643", "title": "A spectrophotometric assay for gentamicin.", "content": "A rapid and accurate spectrophotometric assay has been developed for the determination of blood werum levels of gentamicin and related antibiotics. The assay uses a purified enzyme from Escherichia coli JR88/C600 that acetylates gentamicin with the production of coenzyme A, linked to a chemical reaction with a sulfhydryl reagent to produce stoichiometric amounts of a sensitive chromophore, monitored in the visible spectrum. The system provides advantages of speed, cost, convenience, accuracy, and enzyme stability to the desirable characteristics encountered with previous enzymatic methods.", "contents": "A spectrophotometric assay for gentamicin. A rapid and accurate spectrophotometric assay has been developed for the determination of blood werum levels of gentamicin and related antibiotics. The assay uses a purified enzyme from Escherichia coli JR88/C600 that acetylates gentamicin with the production of coenzyme A, linked to a chemical reaction with a sulfhydryl reagent to produce stoichiometric amounts of a sensitive chromophore, monitored in the visible spectrum. The system provides advantages of speed, cost, convenience, accuracy, and enzyme stability to the desirable characteristics encountered with previous enzymatic methods.", "PMID": 1107283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1644", "title": "Cognitive processing and linguistic reference in autistic children.", "content": "Mutism or echolalia and failure to analyze sentences for their deep structures are characteristics of the language behavior of autistic children. The experimental literature indicates that cognitive processes which underlie the construction of a lexicon or the learning of ordering rules may be disturbed in these children. The inability to coordinate visual and aural stimulation inhibits lexical development, while difficulties in sequencing and use of inappropriate sequencing codes inhibits the growth of a productive grammar. It is suggested that remedial programs which include training in these processes may prove beneficial, and that substitute modes of information processing which the autistic child uses may be exploited to teach language forms.", "contents": "Cognitive processing and linguistic reference in autistic children. Mutism or echolalia and failure to analyze sentences for their deep structures are characteristics of the language behavior of autistic children. The experimental literature indicates that cognitive processes which underlie the construction of a lexicon or the learning of ordering rules may be disturbed in these children. The inability to coordinate visual and aural stimulation inhibits lexical development, while difficulties in sequencing and use of inappropriate sequencing codes inhibits the growth of a productive grammar. It is suggested that remedial programs which include training in these processes may prove beneficial, and that substitute modes of information processing which the autistic child uses may be exploited to teach language forms.", "PMID": 1107300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1645", "title": "Genetic control of multiple pathways of post-replicational repair in uvrB strains of Escherichia coli K-12.", "content": "The effect of the recA, uvrD, exrA, and recB mutations and of post-irradiation treatment with chloramphenicol on the survival and post-replication repair after ultraviolet irradiation of uvrB strains of Escherichia coli K-12 was examined. Each of these mutations or treatments was found to decrease survival and the extent of repair. The interactions of the inhibitory effects of the uvrD, exaA, and recB mutations and chloramphenicol treatment were determined by examining the survival and repair characteristics of the several multiple mutants. The survival results suggest that the post-replication repair process in uvrB strains may be subdivided into at least five different branches. These include three branches that are blocked by the exrA, recB, or uvrD mutation, a fourth branch that is blocked by any of these mutations and is also sensitive to chloramphenicol treatment, and at least one additional branch that is not sensitive to either of these mutations or to chloramphenicol treatment. The extent of post-replicational repair observed with each of the strains is in general agreement with the pathways postulated on the basis of the survival data, although there are several apparent exceptions to this correlation.", "contents": "Genetic control of multiple pathways of post-replicational repair in uvrB strains of Escherichia coli K-12. The effect of the recA, uvrD, exrA, and recB mutations and of post-irradiation treatment with chloramphenicol on the survival and post-replication repair after ultraviolet irradiation of uvrB strains of Escherichia coli K-12 was examined. Each of these mutations or treatments was found to decrease survival and the extent of repair. The interactions of the inhibitory effects of the uvrD, exaA, and recB mutations and chloramphenicol treatment were determined by examining the survival and repair characteristics of the several multiple mutants. The survival results suggest that the post-replication repair process in uvrB strains may be subdivided into at least five different branches. These include three branches that are blocked by the exrA, recB, or uvrD mutation, a fourth branch that is blocked by any of these mutations and is also sensitive to chloramphenicol treatment, and at least one additional branch that is not sensitive to either of these mutations or to chloramphenicol treatment. The extent of post-replicational repair observed with each of the strains is in general agreement with the pathways postulated on the basis of the survival data, although there are several apparent exceptions to this correlation.", "PMID": 1107301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1646", "title": "Inactivation of adenosine 5'-triphosphate synthesis and reduced-form nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase activity in Escherichia coli by near-ultraviolet and violet radiations.", "content": "Near-ultraviolet (near-UV) light (300 to 380 nm) is a significant component of sunlight and has a variety of effects on biological systems. The present work is an attempt to identify chromophores (molecular absorbers of light) and targets (critical damaged molecules) for inhibition of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis in Escherichia coli by near UV. The fluence of 334 nm required for 37% survival of net ATP synthesis (F37) in E. coli AB2463 in succinate medium is 140 kJ/m2. The action spectrum for this inactivation is almost structureless, exhibiting a smooth transition from high efficiency at 313 nm to low efficiency at 405 nm. The action spectrum for inhibition of net ATP synthesis is consistent with the chromophore being either ubiquinone Q-8 or vitamin K2. The fluence required is consistent with ubiquinone Q-8 also being a target molecule. The activity of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase in extracts of E. coli B is also inactivated by near UV and shows an F37 of about 40 kJ/m2. The action spectrum for this effect is quite structureless; it shows high efficiency at 313 nm and low efficiency at 435 nm. The data do not suggest a target molecule for this action, although it is possible that ubiquinone Q-8 absorbs the near-UV energy and then passes it on to some other target molecule. The data further indicate that inactivation of the oxidative phosphorylation system is not a primary factor in near-UV-induced growth delay in E. coli.", "contents": "Inactivation of adenosine 5'-triphosphate synthesis and reduced-form nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase activity in Escherichia coli by near-ultraviolet and violet radiations. Near-ultraviolet (near-UV) light (300 to 380 nm) is a significant component of sunlight and has a variety of effects on biological systems. The present work is an attempt to identify chromophores (molecular absorbers of light) and targets (critical damaged molecules) for inhibition of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis in Escherichia coli by near UV. The fluence of 334 nm required for 37% survival of net ATP synthesis (F37) in E. coli AB2463 in succinate medium is 140 kJ/m2. The action spectrum for this inactivation is almost structureless, exhibiting a smooth transition from high efficiency at 313 nm to low efficiency at 405 nm. The action spectrum for inhibition of net ATP synthesis is consistent with the chromophore being either ubiquinone Q-8 or vitamin K2. The fluence required is consistent with ubiquinone Q-8 also being a target molecule. The activity of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase in extracts of E. coli B is also inactivated by near UV and shows an F37 of about 40 kJ/m2. The action spectrum for this effect is quite structureless; it shows high efficiency at 313 nm and low efficiency at 435 nm. The data do not suggest a target molecule for this action, although it is possible that ubiquinone Q-8 absorbs the near-UV energy and then passes it on to some other target molecule. The data further indicate that inactivation of the oxidative phosphorylation system is not a primary factor in near-UV-induced growth delay in E. coli.", "PMID": 1107302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1647", "title": "Plasmid-determined beta-lactamase indistinguishable from the chromosomal beta-lactamase of Escherichia coli.", "content": "A plasmid, derived from a naturally occurring strain of Proteus mirabilis, conferred resistance to cephalosporins, apparently mediated by a beta-lactamase indistinguishable from that determined by the chromosomal gene of Escherichia coli K-12. There was evidence for a recombination event between the wild-type plasmid and a defective F factor (Fsp) in the Escherichia coli K-12 culture in which it was stored.", "contents": "Plasmid-determined beta-lactamase indistinguishable from the chromosomal beta-lactamase of Escherichia coli. A plasmid, derived from a naturally occurring strain of Proteus mirabilis, conferred resistance to cephalosporins, apparently mediated by a beta-lactamase indistinguishable from that determined by the chromosomal gene of Escherichia coli K-12. There was evidence for a recombination event between the wild-type plasmid and a defective F factor (Fsp) in the Escherichia coli K-12 culture in which it was stored.", "PMID": 1107303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1648", "title": "Deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase II activity in an Escherichia coli mutator strain.", "content": "The polB gene encoding deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) polymerase II has been located close to a mutator gene, mutT1, in Escherichia coli. We find the DNA polymerase II prepared from mutT1, strains to be normal in reaction requirements, heat stability, and ability to remove mismatched bases at termini. Recombinants formed from a mutant defective in DNA polymerase II (polB100) and mutT1 are deficient in polymerase II and have the same mutator phenotype as mutT1. Our linkage analysis indicates that mutT1 and polB100 are not isoallelic.", "contents": "Deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase II activity in an Escherichia coli mutator strain. The polB gene encoding deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) polymerase II has been located close to a mutator gene, mutT1, in Escherichia coli. We find the DNA polymerase II prepared from mutT1, strains to be normal in reaction requirements, heat stability, and ability to remove mismatched bases at termini. Recombinants formed from a mutant defective in DNA polymerase II (polB100) and mutT1 are deficient in polymerase II and have the same mutator phenotype as mutT1. Our linkage analysis indicates that mutT1 and polB100 are not isoallelic.", "PMID": 1107304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1649", "title": "Inhibition of nucleoside Q formation in transfer ribonucleic acid during methionine starvation of relaxed-control Escherichia coli.", "content": "The elution profiles of Asp-tRNA from unstarved and starved cultures of a relaxed-control (Rel-) strain of Escherichia coli were compared by reversed-phase chromatography. Methionine starvation results in the appearance of several additional species of Asp-tRNA which are not observed with starvation for leucine or histidine. By the criterion of cyanogen bromide-effected shifts in chromatographic elution position, a large portion of the tRNAAsp synthesized in methionine-starved cells lacks the normal Q nucleoside. By the same criterion, virtually all of the tRNAAsp from unstarved, leucine-starved, and histidine-starved cells contain Q. We conclude that methionine starvation prevents the formation of the norma Q nucleoside in Rel- E. coli.", "contents": "Inhibition of nucleoside Q formation in transfer ribonucleic acid during methionine starvation of relaxed-control Escherichia coli. The elution profiles of Asp-tRNA from unstarved and starved cultures of a relaxed-control (Rel-) strain of Escherichia coli were compared by reversed-phase chromatography. Methionine starvation results in the appearance of several additional species of Asp-tRNA which are not observed with starvation for leucine or histidine. By the criterion of cyanogen bromide-effected shifts in chromatographic elution position, a large portion of the tRNAAsp synthesized in methionine-starved cells lacks the normal Q nucleoside. By the same criterion, virtually all of the tRNAAsp from unstarved, leucine-starved, and histidine-starved cells contain Q. We conclude that methionine starvation prevents the formation of the norma Q nucleoside in Rel- E. coli.", "PMID": 1107305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1650", "title": "Excision of pyrimidine dimers in toluene-treated Escherichia coli.", "content": "Toluene-treated cells were used for examining excision of pyrimidine dimers in Escherichia coli strains W3110, DM845 (uvrA-), P3478 (polA-), and KS5064 (polAex1). Excision occurring in toluene-treated cells is rapid, adenosine 5'-triphosphate dependent, and requires the uvrA gene function. In strains lacking either the polymerizing or 5' leads to 3' exonucleolytic activity of deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase I, excision does occur. However, both in vivo and in vitro, the excision in such strains is initially slower than wild type.", "contents": "Excision of pyrimidine dimers in toluene-treated Escherichia coli. Toluene-treated cells were used for examining excision of pyrimidine dimers in Escherichia coli strains W3110, DM845 (uvrA-), P3478 (polA-), and KS5064 (polAex1). Excision occurring in toluene-treated cells is rapid, adenosine 5'-triphosphate dependent, and requires the uvrA gene function. In strains lacking either the polymerizing or 5' leads to 3' exonucleolytic activity of deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase I, excision does occur. However, both in vivo and in vitro, the excision in such strains is initially slower than wild type.", "PMID": 1107306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1651", "title": "cis-Dominant, transfer-deficient mutants of the Escherichia coli K-12 F sex factor.", "content": "Rare conjugational progeny formed by crossing each of five Hfr strains with a recA-F- strain have been characterized. Selection was made for a proximal Hfr marker, taking strict precautions to prevent transfer of recA+ to the zygotes. Most of the progeny were found to be F' strains containing deletion mutant plasmids. With two exceptions, these mutant plasmids have lost all of the tra genes, which are required to confer conjugational donor ability upon a host. In addition, all but the exceptional mutant plasmids were found to be very poorly transmissible from transient heterozygotes which also contain a wild-type F' plasmid. The poor transmissibility is a cis-dominant transfer-defective phenotype which may result from deletion of all or part of the origin of transfer replication (ori), or of a gene determining a cis-acting protein. The two exceptional mutant plasmids may carry short deletions of some of the tra genes or polar tra mutations. The remaining progeny were nonmutant F' strains and F- strains. The frequency with which the F- strains were recovered permits us to estimate that the maximum amount of recombination possible in a recA56 zygote is 10(-6) that of a recA+ zygote.", "contents": "cis-Dominant, transfer-deficient mutants of the Escherichia coli K-12 F sex factor. Rare conjugational progeny formed by crossing each of five Hfr strains with a recA-F- strain have been characterized. Selection was made for a proximal Hfr marker, taking strict precautions to prevent transfer of recA+ to the zygotes. Most of the progeny were found to be F' strains containing deletion mutant plasmids. With two exceptions, these mutant plasmids have lost all of the tra genes, which are required to confer conjugational donor ability upon a host. In addition, all but the exceptional mutant plasmids were found to be very poorly transmissible from transient heterozygotes which also contain a wild-type F' plasmid. The poor transmissibility is a cis-dominant transfer-defective phenotype which may result from deletion of all or part of the origin of transfer replication (ori), or of a gene determining a cis-acting protein. The two exceptional mutant plasmids may carry short deletions of some of the tra genes or polar tra mutations. The remaining progeny were nonmutant F' strains and F- strains. The frequency with which the F- strains were recovered permits us to estimate that the maximum amount of recombination possible in a recA56 zygote is 10(-6) that of a recA+ zygote.", "PMID": 1107307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1652", "title": "Morphological analysis of nuclear separation and cell division during the life cycle of Escherichia coli.", "content": "Quantitative electron microscope observations were performed on Escherichia coli B/r after balanced growth with doubling times (tau) of 32 and 60 min. The experimental approach allowed the timing of morphological events during the cell cycle by classifying serially sectioned cells according to length. Visible separation of the nucleoplasm was found to coincide with the time of termination of chromosome replication as predicted by the Cooper-Helmstetter model. The duration of the process of constrictive cell division (10 min) appeared to be independent of the growth rate for tau equals 60 min or less but to increase with increase doubling time in more slowly growing cells. Physiological division, i.e., compartmentalization prior to physical separation of the cells, was only observed to occur in the last minute of the cell cycle. The morphological results indicate that cell elongation continues during the division process in cells with tau equals 32 min, but fails to continue in cells with tau equals 60 min.", "contents": "Morphological analysis of nuclear separation and cell division during the life cycle of Escherichia coli. Quantitative electron microscope observations were performed on Escherichia coli B/r after balanced growth with doubling times (tau) of 32 and 60 min. The experimental approach allowed the timing of morphological events during the cell cycle by classifying serially sectioned cells according to length. Visible separation of the nucleoplasm was found to coincide with the time of termination of chromosome replication as predicted by the Cooper-Helmstetter model. The duration of the process of constrictive cell division (10 min) appeared to be independent of the growth rate for tau equals 60 min or less but to increase with increase doubling time in more slowly growing cells. Physiological division, i.e., compartmentalization prior to physical separation of the cells, was only observed to occur in the last minute of the cell cycle. The morphological results indicate that cell elongation continues during the division process in cells with tau equals 32 min, but fails to continue in cells with tau equals 60 min.", "PMID": 1107308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1653", "title": "Thermosensitive mutations affecting ribonucleic acid polymerases in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Among 150 temperature-sensitive Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutants which we have isolated, 15 are specifically affected in ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesis. Four of these mutants exhibit particularly drastic changes and were chosen for a more detailed study. In these four mutants, RNA synthesis is immediately blocked after a shift at the nonpermissive temperature (37 C), protein synthesis decays at a rate compatible with messenger RNA half-life, and deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis increases by about 40%. All the mutations display a recessive phenotype. The segregation of the four allelic pairs ts-/ts+ in diploids is mendelian, and the four mutants belong to three complementation groups. The elution patterns (diethylaminoethyl-Sephadex) of the three RNA polymerases of the mutants grown at 37 C for 3.5 h show very low residual activities. The in vitro thermodenaturation confirms the in vivo results; the half-lives of the mutant activities at 45 C are 10 times smaller than those of the wild-type enzymes. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis shows that the synthesis of all species of RNA is thermosensitive. The existence of three distinct genes, which are each indispensable for the activity of the three RNA polymerases in vivo as well as in vitro, strongly favors the hypothesis of three common subunits in the three RNA polymerases.", "contents": "Thermosensitive mutations affecting ribonucleic acid polymerases in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Among 150 temperature-sensitive Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutants which we have isolated, 15 are specifically affected in ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesis. Four of these mutants exhibit particularly drastic changes and were chosen for a more detailed study. In these four mutants, RNA synthesis is immediately blocked after a shift at the nonpermissive temperature (37 C), protein synthesis decays at a rate compatible with messenger RNA half-life, and deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis increases by about 40%. All the mutations display a recessive phenotype. The segregation of the four allelic pairs ts-/ts+ in diploids is mendelian, and the four mutants belong to three complementation groups. The elution patterns (diethylaminoethyl-Sephadex) of the three RNA polymerases of the mutants grown at 37 C for 3.5 h show very low residual activities. The in vitro thermodenaturation confirms the in vivo results; the half-lives of the mutant activities at 45 C are 10 times smaller than those of the wild-type enzymes. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis shows that the synthesis of all species of RNA is thermosensitive. The existence of three distinct genes, which are each indispensable for the activity of the three RNA polymerases in vivo as well as in vitro, strongly favors the hypothesis of three common subunits in the three RNA polymerases.", "PMID": 1107309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1654", "title": "Direction of deoxyribonucleic acid replication in Escherichia coli under various conditions of cell growth.", "content": "The direction of chromosome replication in a temperature-sensitive initiation mutant of Escherichia coli (CT28) is shown autoradiographically to be bidirectional. This mode of replication persists even when the rate of replication is reduced by slow growth in succinate minimal medium or in the presence of chloramphenicol. Therefore, although the rate of replication can be affected by certain physiological stimuli, the topology of replication need not be.", "contents": "Direction of deoxyribonucleic acid replication in Escherichia coli under various conditions of cell growth. The direction of chromosome replication in a temperature-sensitive initiation mutant of Escherichia coli (CT28) is shown autoradiographically to be bidirectional. This mode of replication persists even when the rate of replication is reduced by slow growth in succinate minimal medium or in the presence of chloramphenicol. Therefore, although the rate of replication can be affected by certain physiological stimuli, the topology of replication need not be.", "PMID": 1107310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1655", "title": "Actin-like properties from Escherichia coli: concept of cytotonus as the missing link between cell metabolism and the biological ion-exchange resin.", "content": "A protein fraction (A-L fraction) with characteristics reminiscent of muscle actin has been isolated from Escherichia coli. The A-L fraction undergoes reversible aggregation under the same conditions in which actin is polymerized and depends primarily on potassium for its polymerization. This fraction, upon electrophoresis on acrylamide gels in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate, exhibits a distinct peak at the characteristic molecular weight of 45,000. Passage of skeletal muscle myosin through the A-L fraction specifically removes this 45,000-molecular weight peak. Examination of the myosin by sodium dodecyl sulfate electrophoresis after the passage reveals a new band at the proper molecular weight. The A-L fraction from wild-type E. coli is compared with the protein from a potassium transport mutant. Important catalytic differences exist between the A-L fractions of the two strains. The A-L fraction from the mutant fails to polymerize in low-K media in the K+ concentration range in which the mutant fails to take up to K+. In low-K+ media, the parent strain accumulates potassium and the A-L fraction from this organism polymerizes. The cell swelling reaction of both strains has been studied. Parent cells swell during low-K+ uptake, whereas the mutant does not. It is construed from this that the differences in the characterization of the A-L fraction relative to that of the wild type are related to the loss of cell swelling in the mutant and hence to the loss in alkali cation selectivity. The possible role of contractile proteins in biological ion exchange is discussed.", "contents": "Actin-like properties from Escherichia coli: concept of cytotonus as the missing link between cell metabolism and the biological ion-exchange resin. A protein fraction (A-L fraction) with characteristics reminiscent of muscle actin has been isolated from Escherichia coli. The A-L fraction undergoes reversible aggregation under the same conditions in which actin is polymerized and depends primarily on potassium for its polymerization. This fraction, upon electrophoresis on acrylamide gels in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate, exhibits a distinct peak at the characteristic molecular weight of 45,000. Passage of skeletal muscle myosin through the A-L fraction specifically removes this 45,000-molecular weight peak. Examination of the myosin by sodium dodecyl sulfate electrophoresis after the passage reveals a new band at the proper molecular weight. The A-L fraction from wild-type E. coli is compared with the protein from a potassium transport mutant. Important catalytic differences exist between the A-L fractions of the two strains. The A-L fraction from the mutant fails to polymerize in low-K media in the K+ concentration range in which the mutant fails to take up to K+. In low-K+ media, the parent strain accumulates potassium and the A-L fraction from this organism polymerizes. The cell swelling reaction of both strains has been studied. Parent cells swell during low-K+ uptake, whereas the mutant does not. It is construed from this that the differences in the characterization of the A-L fraction relative to that of the wild type are related to the loss of cell swelling in the mutant and hence to the loss in alkali cation selectivity. The possible role of contractile proteins in biological ion exchange is discussed.", "PMID": 1107311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1656", "title": "Isolation of Escherichia coli K-12 mutants with altered level of beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase.", "content": "Eight mutants with less than 25% of the wild-type level of beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase activity have been isolated from Escherichia coli K-12. Studies on these mutants suggest that less than 1% of the wild-type level of this enzyme may be adequate for the normal growth and division of E. coli cells.", "contents": "Isolation of Escherichia coli K-12 mutants with altered level of beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase. Eight mutants with less than 25% of the wild-type level of beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase activity have been isolated from Escherichia coli K-12. Studies on these mutants suggest that less than 1% of the wild-type level of this enzyme may be adequate for the normal growth and division of E. coli cells.", "PMID": 1107312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1657", "title": "Cell cycle-specific incorporation of lipoprotein into the outer membrane of Escherichia coli.", "content": "A cell cycle-specific incorporation of free lipoprotein into the outer membrane of Escherichia coli was observed, with a maximal rate of incorporation occuring at the time of septation.", "contents": "Cell cycle-specific incorporation of lipoprotein into the outer membrane of Escherichia coli. A cell cycle-specific incorporation of free lipoprotein into the outer membrane of Escherichia coli was observed, with a maximal rate of incorporation occuring at the time of septation.", "PMID": 1107313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1658", "title": "Repression of diaminopimelic acid decarboxylase in Escherichia coli: gene dosage effects and escape synthesis.", "content": "Gene dosage and escape synthesis experiments support the hypothesis that diaminopimelate decarboxylase repression by lysine involves a repressor molecule in a negative control system.", "contents": "Repression of diaminopimelic acid decarboxylase in Escherichia coli: gene dosage effects and escape synthesis. Gene dosage and escape synthesis experiments support the hypothesis that diaminopimelate decarboxylase repression by lysine involves a repressor molecule in a negative control system.", "PMID": 1107314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1659", "title": "Effect of GAL4 gene dosage on the level of galactose catabolic enzymes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Lack of GAL4 gene dosage on the level of uridine diphosphogalactose epimerase (EC 5.1.3.2) activity suggests the positive regulatory role for this locus on the control of galactose catabolic enzymes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "contents": "Effect of GAL4 gene dosage on the level of galactose catabolic enzymes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Lack of GAL4 gene dosage on the level of uridine diphosphogalactose epimerase (EC 5.1.3.2) activity suggests the positive regulatory role for this locus on the control of galactose catabolic enzymes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "PMID": 1107315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1660", "title": "Increased loss of duplicated genes in streptomycin-resistant (strA) mutants of Escherichia coli k-12.", "content": "The recombination-dependent loss of a duplicated portion of the Escherichia coli chromosome is five- to tenfold greater in strains containing streptomycin resistance (strA) mutations than in the strA+ parental strain. Streptomycin (500 mug/ml) partially reverses the increase. These results suggest an interaction between strA mutations and recombination.", "contents": "Increased loss of duplicated genes in streptomycin-resistant (strA) mutants of Escherichia coli k-12. The recombination-dependent loss of a duplicated portion of the Escherichia coli chromosome is five- to tenfold greater in strains containing streptomycin resistance (strA) mutations than in the strA+ parental strain. Streptomycin (500 mug/ml) partially reverses the increase. These results suggest an interaction between strA mutations and recombination.", "PMID": 1107316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1661", "title": "Plasmid-determined ability of a Salmonella tennessee strain to ferment lactose and sucrose.", "content": "The ability of a Salmonella tennessee strain to ferment both lactose and sucrose was attributed to a conjugally transmissible plasmid, deoxyribonucleic acid molecular weight 164 x 10(6), bearing the genetic determinants of both fermentation characters.", "contents": "Plasmid-determined ability of a Salmonella tennessee strain to ferment lactose and sucrose. The ability of a Salmonella tennessee strain to ferment both lactose and sucrose was attributed to a conjugally transmissible plasmid, deoxyribonucleic acid molecular weight 164 x 10(6), bearing the genetic determinants of both fermentation characters.", "PMID": 1107317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1662", "title": "Genetic and physical studies of recombinant plasmids formed between an R plasmid of compatibility group FI and sex factor F of HfrH.", "content": "Recombinant plasmids between an R plasmid of the FI group (R162/3) and the sex factor F or HfrH were produced after the conjugal transfer of this R plasmid into HfrH. Three types of recombinant plasmids were identified after the mating of HfrH (R162/3) with recA and rec+ recipients. One specimen of each type (pIP218, pIP222, pIP226) was studied in this report. All three recombinant plasmids carry the same genetic information for resistance to antibiotics (CSSuT) retained from R162/3. pIP218 retained all the other properties from F of HfrH: derepression for pilus synthesis, mobilization of the chromosome for the proximally transferred HfrH genes (thr, leu, proA), interference with T7 propagation, and ability to be cured by acridine orange. pIP222 retained from F of HfrH the derepression for pilus synthesis and the same polarity of chromosome transfer (thr, leu, proA), while pIP226 retained the interference with T7 propagation and acridine orange curing. Physical studies revealed that replication control and/or recovery of F and pIP218 as covalent circles of deoxyribonucleic acid are similar, and are different from R162/3. The new plasmids are more likely the result of a substitutive recombination event than a fusion. We propose genetic maps of these recombinant plasmids, showing the unequal participation of the parental plasmids in their formation.", "contents": "Genetic and physical studies of recombinant plasmids formed between an R plasmid of compatibility group FI and sex factor F of HfrH. Recombinant plasmids between an R plasmid of the FI group (R162/3) and the sex factor F or HfrH were produced after the conjugal transfer of this R plasmid into HfrH. Three types of recombinant plasmids were identified after the mating of HfrH (R162/3) with recA and rec+ recipients. One specimen of each type (pIP218, pIP222, pIP226) was studied in this report. All three recombinant plasmids carry the same genetic information for resistance to antibiotics (CSSuT) retained from R162/3. pIP218 retained all the other properties from F of HfrH: derepression for pilus synthesis, mobilization of the chromosome for the proximally transferred HfrH genes (thr, leu, proA), interference with T7 propagation, and ability to be cured by acridine orange. pIP222 retained from F of HfrH the derepression for pilus synthesis and the same polarity of chromosome transfer (thr, leu, proA), while pIP226 retained the interference with T7 propagation and acridine orange curing. Physical studies revealed that replication control and/or recovery of F and pIP218 as covalent circles of deoxyribonucleic acid are similar, and are different from R162/3. The new plasmids are more likely the result of a substitutive recombination event than a fusion. We propose genetic maps of these recombinant plasmids, showing the unequal participation of the parental plasmids in their formation.", "PMID": 1107318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1663", "title": "Coupling of rates of transcription, translation, and messenger ribonucleic acid degradation in streptomycin-dependent mutants of Escherichia coli.", "content": "The growth rates of streptomycin-dependent mutants varied in proportion to the level of streptomycin supplied; growth also varied characteristically from one dependent strain to another at a given streptomycin concentration. When cells growing at different rates (over a threefold range) were treated with rifampin, direct proportionality was observed for three parameters: (i) the rates of shutoff of transcription of total ribonucleic acid (RNA) and ribosomal RNA, as measured by pulse labeling at later times; (ii) the translation time for molecules of beta-galactosidase; and (iii) the rate of chemical degradation of messenger RNA. In contrast, the rate of functional inactivation of both total and beta-galactosidase messenger RNA was about the same at all growth rates. None of the variations of growth or other parameters were observed in an otherwise isogenic streptomycin-resistant strain treated with streptomycin. Since the mutational change in strd mutants and the site of action of streptomycin are in the 30S ribosomal subunits, it is suggested that the rate of ribosome function is set by the dependent lesion (and the level of streptomycin). One possibility is that the other correlated effects are mechanistically \"coupled\" to ribosome function, but the apparent coupling could also be an indirect result of differential effects of streptomycin on variables such as ribosomal miscoding and nucleotide pool size. However, since the rate of functional inactivation of messenger RNA is constant even when the RNA is broken down two- to fourfold more slowly, translation yield tends to be proportional to the growth rate of the dependent strains.", "contents": "Coupling of rates of transcription, translation, and messenger ribonucleic acid degradation in streptomycin-dependent mutants of Escherichia coli. The growth rates of streptomycin-dependent mutants varied in proportion to the level of streptomycin supplied; growth also varied characteristically from one dependent strain to another at a given streptomycin concentration. When cells growing at different rates (over a threefold range) were treated with rifampin, direct proportionality was observed for three parameters: (i) the rates of shutoff of transcription of total ribonucleic acid (RNA) and ribosomal RNA, as measured by pulse labeling at later times; (ii) the translation time for molecules of beta-galactosidase; and (iii) the rate of chemical degradation of messenger RNA. In contrast, the rate of functional inactivation of both total and beta-galactosidase messenger RNA was about the same at all growth rates. None of the variations of growth or other parameters were observed in an otherwise isogenic streptomycin-resistant strain treated with streptomycin. Since the mutational change in strd mutants and the site of action of streptomycin are in the 30S ribosomal subunits, it is suggested that the rate of ribosome function is set by the dependent lesion (and the level of streptomycin). One possibility is that the other correlated effects are mechanistically \"coupled\" to ribosome function, but the apparent coupling could also be an indirect result of differential effects of streptomycin on variables such as ribosomal miscoding and nucleotide pool size. However, since the rate of functional inactivation of messenger RNA is constant even when the RNA is broken down two- to fourfold more slowly, translation yield tends to be proportional to the growth rate of the dependent strains.", "PMID": 1107319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1664", "title": "Regulatory mutants and control of cysteine biosynthetic enzymes in Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "The cysB region in Salmonella typhimurium regulates in a positive manner the noncontiguous structural genes for the enzymes responsible for sulfate reduction in cysteine biosynthesis. We treated three cysB mutants with chemical mutagens and selected 81 secondary mutants in which the inability to utilize sulfate was suppressed. Growth experiments on the suppressed mutants showed that the original loss of sulfate utilization had been corrected to varying degrees and that portions of the pathway had been established in abnormal relationship to one another. Sixty of the suppressed mutations were mapped via transductional analysis, and each was very closely linked to the original cysB mutation. We demonstrated that the cysB product functions in the regulation of the cysteine biosynthetic enzymes during both logarithmic growth and stationary phase. Mutation can alter the regulatory response of one enzyme in either an upward or downward direction while the regulation of other enzymes in the pathway remains unchanged. These data are consistent with the idea of a multivalent or multisite regulator molecule.", "contents": "Regulatory mutants and control of cysteine biosynthetic enzymes in Salmonella typhimurium. The cysB region in Salmonella typhimurium regulates in a positive manner the noncontiguous structural genes for the enzymes responsible for sulfate reduction in cysteine biosynthesis. We treated three cysB mutants with chemical mutagens and selected 81 secondary mutants in which the inability to utilize sulfate was suppressed. Growth experiments on the suppressed mutants showed that the original loss of sulfate utilization had been corrected to varying degrees and that portions of the pathway had been established in abnormal relationship to one another. Sixty of the suppressed mutations were mapped via transductional analysis, and each was very closely linked to the original cysB mutation. We demonstrated that the cysB product functions in the regulation of the cysteine biosynthetic enzymes during both logarithmic growth and stationary phase. Mutation can alter the regulatory response of one enzyme in either an upward or downward direction while the regulation of other enzymes in the pathway remains unchanged. These data are consistent with the idea of a multivalent or multisite regulator molecule.", "PMID": 1107320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1665", "title": "Cytochrome abnormalities and cyanide-resistant respiration in extranuclear mutants of Aspergillus nidulans.", "content": "The cytochrome spectra of two extranuclear mutants of Aspergillus nidulans and the double-mutant recombinant formed from them have been examined both at room temperature and at the temperature of liquid N2 and compared with those of the wild-type strain. The oligomycin-resistant, slow growing mutant contained an increased amount of cytochrome c without any loss of cytochromes b and a,a3. The cold-sensitive mutant, apparently normal when grown at 37 C, showed an increased amount of cytochrome c and a partial loss of cytochromes b and a,a3 when grown at 20 C. A combination of these effects was observed in the double-mutant recombinant. Cyanide-resistant respiration was present in both mutant strains and in the recombinant at much higher levels than in the wild-type strain. In the oligomycin-resistant mutant, this was usually present together with cyanide-sensitive respiration, whereas in the cold-sensitive mutant and recombinant grown at 20 C cyanide-resistant approached 100%. Inhibitor and growth yield studies indicated that the cyanide-resistant pathway was not used by the cold-sensitive mutant during growth at 20 C.", "contents": "Cytochrome abnormalities and cyanide-resistant respiration in extranuclear mutants of Aspergillus nidulans. The cytochrome spectra of two extranuclear mutants of Aspergillus nidulans and the double-mutant recombinant formed from them have been examined both at room temperature and at the temperature of liquid N2 and compared with those of the wild-type strain. The oligomycin-resistant, slow growing mutant contained an increased amount of cytochrome c without any loss of cytochromes b and a,a3. The cold-sensitive mutant, apparently normal when grown at 37 C, showed an increased amount of cytochrome c and a partial loss of cytochromes b and a,a3 when grown at 20 C. A combination of these effects was observed in the double-mutant recombinant. Cyanide-resistant respiration was present in both mutant strains and in the recombinant at much higher levels than in the wild-type strain. In the oligomycin-resistant mutant, this was usually present together with cyanide-sensitive respiration, whereas in the cold-sensitive mutant and recombinant grown at 20 C cyanide-resistant approached 100%. Inhibitor and growth yield studies indicated that the cyanide-resistant pathway was not used by the cold-sensitive mutant during growth at 20 C.", "PMID": 1107321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1666", "title": "Extrachromosomal deoxyribonucleic acid in R factor-harboring Enterobacteriaceae.", "content": "Extrachromosomal deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) from 24 different R factor-harboring Enterobacteriaceae was isolated and characterized by analytical ultracentrifugation and electron microscopy. The R factors represented 15 different patterns of transferable drug resistance found in enterobacteria from an enclosed geographic area. All of the strains contained extrachromosomal, circular DNA molecules within the range of 0.4 to 52 mum. More than one size class of circular DNA molecules was observed in the majority of the extrachromosomal DNA preparations. The buoyant density of the extrachromosomal DNA ranged from 1.700 to 1.720 g/cm3. The majority of the bacteria contained extrachromosomal DNAs of various densities. Three-fourths of the R factors were classified as fi+. The investigation illustrates the extensive variability in the physical characteristics of plasmid DNA from R factor-harboring strains.", "contents": "Extrachromosomal deoxyribonucleic acid in R factor-harboring Enterobacteriaceae. Extrachromosomal deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) from 24 different R factor-harboring Enterobacteriaceae was isolated and characterized by analytical ultracentrifugation and electron microscopy. The R factors represented 15 different patterns of transferable drug resistance found in enterobacteria from an enclosed geographic area. All of the strains contained extrachromosomal, circular DNA molecules within the range of 0.4 to 52 mum. More than one size class of circular DNA molecules was observed in the majority of the extrachromosomal DNA preparations. The buoyant density of the extrachromosomal DNA ranged from 1.700 to 1.720 g/cm3. The majority of the bacteria contained extrachromosomal DNAs of various densities. Three-fourths of the R factors were classified as fi+. The investigation illustrates the extensive variability in the physical characteristics of plasmid DNA from R factor-harboring strains.", "PMID": 1107322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1667", "title": "H2-dependent anaerobic growth of Escherichia coli on L-malate: succinate formation.", "content": "Escherichia coli grew anaerobically on L-malate only in the presence of H2; 91% of the L-malate utilized was converted to succinate. Anaerobically isolated membrane vesicles catalyzed the reduction of fumarate with H2 and contained a b-type cytochrome. Cytochrome c552 was present in the \"periplasmic space.\"", "contents": "H2-dependent anaerobic growth of Escherichia coli on L-malate: succinate formation. Escherichia coli grew anaerobically on L-malate only in the presence of H2; 91% of the L-malate utilized was converted to succinate. Anaerobically isolated membrane vesicles catalyzed the reduction of fumarate with H2 and contained a b-type cytochrome. Cytochrome c552 was present in the \"periplasmic space.\"", "PMID": 1107323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1668", "title": "Selection and properties of Escherichia coli mutants defective in the synthesis of cyclopropane fatty acids.", "content": "Mutants of Escherichia coli K-12 defective in the synthesis of cyclopropane fatty acids (CFA) have been selected and isolated by a L-[methyl-3H]methionine suicide procedure. Two mutants were isolated. Stationary-phase cultures of both mutants contain less than 0.7% of the CFA content found in the parental strain. The CFA deficiency is attributed to a deficiency of CFA synthetase activity. Extracts of both mutants contain less than 10% of the CFA synthetase activity found in extracts of the parental strain. Experiments in which parental and mutant extracts were mixed indicate that the lack of activity in the mutant strains is not due to an inhibitor of CFA synthetase present in the mutant extracts. We have not yet detected a physiological phenotype for these mutants. These strains grow normally at various temperatures in a variety of media. We have tested survival (colony-forming ability) in response to (i) prolonged incubation in stationary phase, (ii) exposure to drying, and (iii) exposure to detergents, heavy metals, low pH, high salt concentration, and a variety of other environmental conditions. The survival of both mutants is identical to that of the parental strain under all conditions tested. The compositions (excepting the CFA deficiency) and metabolic turnover rates of the phospholipids of both mutant strains are indistinguishable from those of the wild-type strain. The transport of several amino acids also seems normal in these mutants.", "contents": "Selection and properties of Escherichia coli mutants defective in the synthesis of cyclopropane fatty acids. Mutants of Escherichia coli K-12 defective in the synthesis of cyclopropane fatty acids (CFA) have been selected and isolated by a L-[methyl-3H]methionine suicide procedure. Two mutants were isolated. Stationary-phase cultures of both mutants contain less than 0.7% of the CFA content found in the parental strain. The CFA deficiency is attributed to a deficiency of CFA synthetase activity. Extracts of both mutants contain less than 10% of the CFA synthetase activity found in extracts of the parental strain. Experiments in which parental and mutant extracts were mixed indicate that the lack of activity in the mutant strains is not due to an inhibitor of CFA synthetase present in the mutant extracts. We have not yet detected a physiological phenotype for these mutants. These strains grow normally at various temperatures in a variety of media. We have tested survival (colony-forming ability) in response to (i) prolonged incubation in stationary phase, (ii) exposure to drying, and (iii) exposure to detergents, heavy metals, low pH, high salt concentration, and a variety of other environmental conditions. The survival of both mutants is identical to that of the parental strain under all conditions tested. The compositions (excepting the CFA deficiency) and metabolic turnover rates of the phospholipids of both mutant strains are indistinguishable from those of the wild-type strain. The transport of several amino acids also seems normal in these mutants.", "PMID": 1107324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1669", "title": "Evidence for the involvement of ribonucleic acid in the production of F pili.", "content": "The effects of rifampin and streptolydigin, inhibitors of ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesis, on the production of F pili by Escherichia coli were studied by electron microscopy. The inhibition of RNA synthesis reduces the number of new pili produced by depiliated cells, but does not affect their length or the number of pili present at the time of inhibition or the retraction of pili. We suggest that the rifampin-sensitive step may be linked to the establishement of a site for pili production. Evidence is provided that chloramphenicol inhibits retraction. We suggest that retraction requires some protein whose pool size is limited.", "contents": "Evidence for the involvement of ribonucleic acid in the production of F pili. The effects of rifampin and streptolydigin, inhibitors of ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesis, on the production of F pili by Escherichia coli were studied by electron microscopy. The inhibition of RNA synthesis reduces the number of new pili produced by depiliated cells, but does not affect their length or the number of pili present at the time of inhibition or the retraction of pili. We suggest that the rifampin-sensitive step may be linked to the establishement of a site for pili production. Evidence is provided that chloramphenicol inhibits retraction. We suggest that retraction requires some protein whose pool size is limited.", "PMID": 1107325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1670", "title": "Turnover of polyadenylate-containing ribonucleic acid in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "We examined the kinetics of incorporation of [3H]adenine into polyadenylate-containing ribonucleic acid [poly(A)-containing RNA] in yeast. The total poly(A)-containing RNA from spheroplasts and intact cells and the polysomal poly(A)-containing RNA exhibited similar incorporation kinetics. At 30 C half-saturation of the pool of poly(A)-containing RNA with label occurred in approximately 22 min. Since precursor pools appeared to require 5 min to saturate with label, we conclude that at 30 C messenger RNA molecules in yeast decay with an average half-life of 17 min.", "contents": "Turnover of polyadenylate-containing ribonucleic acid in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We examined the kinetics of incorporation of [3H]adenine into polyadenylate-containing ribonucleic acid [poly(A)-containing RNA] in yeast. The total poly(A)-containing RNA from spheroplasts and intact cells and the polysomal poly(A)-containing RNA exhibited similar incorporation kinetics. At 30 C half-saturation of the pool of poly(A)-containing RNA with label occurred in approximately 22 min. Since precursor pools appeared to require 5 min to saturate with label, we conclude that at 30 C messenger RNA molecules in yeast decay with an average half-life of 17 min.", "PMID": 1107326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1671", "title": "Isolation and characterization of Escherichia coli chromosomal mutants affecting plasmid copy number.", "content": "We have isolated chromosomal mutants of an Escherchia coli K-12 strain that maintain higher levels of an F' plasmid. The mutants are designated as plasmid copy number (pcn) mutants. They were detected by selecting for increased lactose fermentation in bacteria deleted for the lac operon but harboring an F'lacI,P pro+ plasmid. When examined for the amount of F' plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) by the dye-CsCl isopycnic technique, the mutants show two to seven times as much covalently closed, circular (CCC) DNA as does the parental strain. The increased plasmid level in one mutant strain (pcn-24) was confirmed by DNA-DNA hybridization; however, this latter technique indicated about a twofold lower increase when compared with the increase measured for pcn-24 by the dye-CsCl technique. In mutant pcn-24 the increased amount of F' DNA reflects a proportional increase in monomeric-size plasmid molecules because oligomeric forms are not found. Also, in mutant pcn-24 the extra CCC plasmid copies do not seem to be randomly distributed throughout the cell's cytoplasm but appear complexed in situ with their host's folded chromosome. In all pcn mutants examined to date, the classical sex factor F is maintained at normal levels, whereas the viral plasmid Pl CM is maintained at two to three times the normal level. In all 17 pcn mutants isolated, the pcn mutation maps on the chromosome and not on the plasmid. Finally, the absolute amount of CCC F' DNA detectable in lysates of the six different pcn mutants examined decreased 50 to 90% upon incubation of the lysate at 37 C. In contrast, no loss of CCC DNA occurs when lysates of the parental F' strain are incubated at 37 C.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of Escherichia coli chromosomal mutants affecting plasmid copy number. We have isolated chromosomal mutants of an Escherchia coli K-12 strain that maintain higher levels of an F' plasmid. The mutants are designated as plasmid copy number (pcn) mutants. They were detected by selecting for increased lactose fermentation in bacteria deleted for the lac operon but harboring an F'lacI,P pro+ plasmid. When examined for the amount of F' plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) by the dye-CsCl isopycnic technique, the mutants show two to seven times as much covalently closed, circular (CCC) DNA as does the parental strain. The increased plasmid level in one mutant strain (pcn-24) was confirmed by DNA-DNA hybridization; however, this latter technique indicated about a twofold lower increase when compared with the increase measured for pcn-24 by the dye-CsCl technique. In mutant pcn-24 the increased amount of F' DNA reflects a proportional increase in monomeric-size plasmid molecules because oligomeric forms are not found. Also, in mutant pcn-24 the extra CCC plasmid copies do not seem to be randomly distributed throughout the cell's cytoplasm but appear complexed in situ with their host's folded chromosome. In all pcn mutants examined to date, the classical sex factor F is maintained at normal levels, whereas the viral plasmid Pl CM is maintained at two to three times the normal level. In all 17 pcn mutants isolated, the pcn mutation maps on the chromosome and not on the plasmid. Finally, the absolute amount of CCC F' DNA detectable in lysates of the six different pcn mutants examined decreased 50 to 90% upon incubation of the lysate at 37 C. In contrast, no loss of CCC DNA occurs when lysates of the parental F' strain are incubated at 37 C.", "PMID": 1107327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1672", "title": "Adaptation of membrane lipids to alcohols.", "content": "The effects of alcohols of different chain lengths on the fatty acid composition of Escherichia coli K-12 have been examined. My results indicate that these cells radically change their fatty acid composition when grown in the presence of alcohols. These changes represent an adaptive membrane alteration compensating for the direct physicochemical interaction of alcohols with the membrane. Similar adaptive responses of membrane lipids are proposed as a possible biochemical basis for tolerance to alcohol and related drugs.", "contents": "Adaptation of membrane lipids to alcohols. The effects of alcohols of different chain lengths on the fatty acid composition of Escherichia coli K-12 have been examined. My results indicate that these cells radically change their fatty acid composition when grown in the presence of alcohols. These changes represent an adaptive membrane alteration compensating for the direct physicochemical interaction of alcohols with the membrane. Similar adaptive responses of membrane lipids are proposed as a possible biochemical basis for tolerance to alcohol and related drugs.", "PMID": 1107328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1673", "title": "Analytical isoelectric focusing of R factor-determined beta-lactamases: correlation with plasmid compatibility.", "content": "R factor-determined beta-lactamases have been investigated by analytical isoelectric focusing. The enzymes such as those specified by the R6K and RP4 plasmids (TEM-type enzymes) are notably homogenous in biochemical tests (Hedges et al., 1974), but two subclasses can be distinguished by isoelectric focusing. Three subclasses can be distinguished among the oxacillin-hydrolyzing enzymes, in good agreement with the classification based upon biochemical characteristics (Dale and Smith, 1974). The TEM-type beta-lactamases are promiscuously distributed among plasmids of a wide variety of compatibility groups, whereas the various oxacillin-hydrolyzing enzymes show some degree of correlation with compatibility.", "contents": "Analytical isoelectric focusing of R factor-determined beta-lactamases: correlation with plasmid compatibility. R factor-determined beta-lactamases have been investigated by analytical isoelectric focusing. The enzymes such as those specified by the R6K and RP4 plasmids (TEM-type enzymes) are notably homogenous in biochemical tests (Hedges et al., 1974), but two subclasses can be distinguished by isoelectric focusing. Three subclasses can be distinguished among the oxacillin-hydrolyzing enzymes, in good agreement with the classification based upon biochemical characteristics (Dale and Smith, 1974). The TEM-type beta-lactamases are promiscuously distributed among plasmids of a wide variety of compatibility groups, whereas the various oxacillin-hydrolyzing enzymes show some degree of correlation with compatibility.", "PMID": 1107329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1674", "title": "Physical properties of L-asparaginase from Serratia marcescens.", "content": "Purified L-asparaginase from Serratia marcescens had an apparent-weight average molecular weight of 171,000 to 180,000 as determined by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels and by sedimentation equilibrium at low speed in an analytical ultracentrifuge. A subunit molecular weight of 31,500 +/- 1,500 was estimated for the enzyme after treatment with sodium dodecyl sulfate and urea and electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels; a similar value was obtained by high-speed sedimentation equilibrium in the presence of guanidine hydrochloride. Our data indicate that the Serratia enzyme could have five or six subunits of 32,000 daltons, compared to four subunits of 32,000 daltons in the Escherichia coli enzyme. The Serratia L-asparaginase also appears to be a larger molecule than the enzyme from Erwinia carotovora, Proteus vulgaris, Acinetobacter glutaminasificans, and Alcaligenes eutrophus. The Serratia enzyme, like that from E. caratovora, was more resistant than the E. coli enzyme to dissociation by sodium dodecyl sulfate. This resistance could be due to the finding that the Serratia enzyme had a relatively high hydrophobicity, similar to the enzyme from E. caratovora, when compared with the hydrophobicity of the E. coli enzyme. The isoelectric point of the Serratia enzyme was approximately 5.2. The influence of certain physical characteristics of the enzyme on the biological properties is discussed.", "contents": "Physical properties of L-asparaginase from Serratia marcescens. Purified L-asparaginase from Serratia marcescens had an apparent-weight average molecular weight of 171,000 to 180,000 as determined by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels and by sedimentation equilibrium at low speed in an analytical ultracentrifuge. A subunit molecular weight of 31,500 +/- 1,500 was estimated for the enzyme after treatment with sodium dodecyl sulfate and urea and electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels; a similar value was obtained by high-speed sedimentation equilibrium in the presence of guanidine hydrochloride. Our data indicate that the Serratia enzyme could have five or six subunits of 32,000 daltons, compared to four subunits of 32,000 daltons in the Escherichia coli enzyme. The Serratia L-asparaginase also appears to be a larger molecule than the enzyme from Erwinia carotovora, Proteus vulgaris, Acinetobacter glutaminasificans, and Alcaligenes eutrophus. The Serratia enzyme, like that from E. caratovora, was more resistant than the E. coli enzyme to dissociation by sodium dodecyl sulfate. This resistance could be due to the finding that the Serratia enzyme had a relatively high hydrophobicity, similar to the enzyme from E. caratovora, when compared with the hydrophobicity of the E. coli enzyme. The isoelectric point of the Serratia enzyme was approximately 5.2. The influence of certain physical characteristics of the enzyme on the biological properties is discussed.", "PMID": 1107330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1675", "title": "Construction of intergeneric hybrids using bacteriophage P1CM: transfer of the Klebsiella aerogenes ribitol dehydrogenase gene to Escherichia coli.", "content": "Study of many of the interesting properties of Klebsiella aerogenes is limited by the lack of a well-characterized genetic system for this organism. Our investigations of the evolution of the enzyme ribitol dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.56) in K. aerogenes would be greatly facilitated by the availability of such a system, and we here report two approaches to developing one. We have isolated mutants sensitive to the coliphage P1, which will efficiently tranduce genetic markers between such sensitive strains and which will thus make detailed mapping studies possible. Derivatives of K. aerogenes lysogenic for P1 can be readily isolated by using the specialized transducing particle P1CMclr100. Bacteria lysogenic for this phage are chloramphenicol resistant and temperature sensitive. Phage particles produced by temperature induction of such lysogens can be used to transfer K. aerogenes genes to the natural host of P1 phage. Escherichia coli. We have used this method to prepare derivatives of E. coli K-12 carrying the K. aerogenes genes conferring the ability to metabolize the pentitols ribitol and D-arabitol. We have shown that these E. coli-K. aerogenes hybrids synthesize a ribitol dehydrogenase with the properties of the K. aerogenes enzyme and have mapped the position of the transferred gene on the E. coli chromosome. The ramifications of this methodology are discussed.", "contents": "Construction of intergeneric hybrids using bacteriophage P1CM: transfer of the Klebsiella aerogenes ribitol dehydrogenase gene to Escherichia coli. Study of many of the interesting properties of Klebsiella aerogenes is limited by the lack of a well-characterized genetic system for this organism. Our investigations of the evolution of the enzyme ribitol dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.56) in K. aerogenes would be greatly facilitated by the availability of such a system, and we here report two approaches to developing one. We have isolated mutants sensitive to the coliphage P1, which will efficiently tranduce genetic markers between such sensitive strains and which will thus make detailed mapping studies possible. Derivatives of K. aerogenes lysogenic for P1 can be readily isolated by using the specialized transducing particle P1CMclr100. Bacteria lysogenic for this phage are chloramphenicol resistant and temperature sensitive. Phage particles produced by temperature induction of such lysogens can be used to transfer K. aerogenes genes to the natural host of P1 phage. Escherichia coli. We have used this method to prepare derivatives of E. coli K-12 carrying the K. aerogenes genes conferring the ability to metabolize the pentitols ribitol and D-arabitol. We have shown that these E. coli-K. aerogenes hybrids synthesize a ribitol dehydrogenase with the properties of the K. aerogenes enzyme and have mapped the position of the transferred gene on the E. coli chromosome. The ramifications of this methodology are discussed.", "PMID": 1107331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1676", "title": "Escherichia coli glyoxalate carboligase. Properties and reconstitution with 5-deazaFAD and 1,5-dihydrodeazaFADH2.", "content": "Glyoxalate carboligase (EC 4.1.1.47) has been purified to electrophoretic homogeneity from Escherichia coli. The enzyme was found to be a dimer of subunits of identical molecular weight of 68,000. Resolution of the holoenzyme into apoenzyme and FAD led to a dissociation of the dimer into monomers. The apoenzyme could be reconsitituted to full catalytic activity with FAD or the flavin coenzyme analogue 5-deazaFAD. Reconstitution of the apoenzyme with the reduced flavin analogue 1,5-dihydro-5-deazaFADH2 led to the recovery of 50% of enzymatic activity. The reconstitution of apoglyoxalate carboligase with all three coenzymes followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics with Km values of 0.25, 0.74, and 0.72 muM for FAD deazaFAD, and deazaFADH2, respectively.", "contents": "Escherichia coli glyoxalate carboligase. Properties and reconstitution with 5-deazaFAD and 1,5-dihydrodeazaFADH2. Glyoxalate carboligase (EC 4.1.1.47) has been purified to electrophoretic homogeneity from Escherichia coli. The enzyme was found to be a dimer of subunits of identical molecular weight of 68,000. Resolution of the holoenzyme into apoenzyme and FAD led to a dissociation of the dimer into monomers. The apoenzyme could be reconsitituted to full catalytic activity with FAD or the flavin coenzyme analogue 5-deazaFAD. Reconstitution of the apoenzyme with the reduced flavin analogue 1,5-dihydro-5-deazaFADH2 led to the recovery of 50% of enzymatic activity. The reconstitution of apoglyoxalate carboligase with all three coenzymes followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics with Km values of 0.25, 0.74, and 0.72 muM for FAD deazaFAD, and deazaFADH2, respectively.", "PMID": 1107332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1677", "title": "Actin, alpha-actinin, and tropomyosin interaction in the structural organization of actin filaments in nonmuscle cells.", "content": "During the spreading of a population of rat embryo cells, approximately 40% of the cells develop a strikingly regular network which precedes the formation of the straight actin filament bundles seen in the fully spread out cells. Immunofluorescence studies with antibodies specific for the skeletal muscle structural proteins actin, alpha-actinin, and tropomyosin indicate that this network is composed of foci containing actin and alpha-actinin, connected by tropomyosin-associated actin filaments. Actin filaments, having both tropomyosin and alpha-actinin associated with them, are also seen to extend from the vertices of this network to the edges of the cell. These results demonstrate a specific interaction of alpha-actinin and tropomyosin with actin filaments during the assembly and organization of the actin filament bundles of tissue culture cells. The three-dimensional network  they form may be regarded as the structural precursor and the vertices of this network as the organization centers of the ultimately formed actin filament bundles of the fully spread out cells.", "contents": "Actin, alpha-actinin, and tropomyosin interaction in the structural organization of actin filaments in nonmuscle cells. During the spreading of a population of rat embryo cells, approximately 40% of the cells develop a strikingly regular network which precedes the formation of the straight actin filament bundles seen in the fully spread out cells. Immunofluorescence studies with antibodies specific for the skeletal muscle structural proteins actin, alpha-actinin, and tropomyosin indicate that this network is composed of foci containing actin and alpha-actinin, connected by tropomyosin-associated actin filaments. Actin filaments, having both tropomyosin and alpha-actinin associated with them, are also seen to extend from the vertices of this network to the edges of the cell. These results demonstrate a specific interaction of alpha-actinin and tropomyosin with actin filaments during the assembly and organization of the actin filament bundles of tissue culture cells. The three-dimensional network  they form may be regarded as the structural precursor and the vertices of this network as the organization centers of the ultimately formed actin filament bundles of the fully spread out cells.", "PMID": 1107334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1678", "title": "Studies of muscle proteins in embryonic myocardial cells of cardiac lethal mutant mexican axolotls (Ambystoma mexicanum) by use of heavy meromyosin binding and sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.", "content": "In the Mexican axolotl Ambystoma mexicanum recessive mutant gene c, by way of abnormal inductive processes from surrounding tissues, results in an absence of embryonic heart function. The lack of contractions in mutant heart cells apparently results from their inability to form normally organized myofibrils, even though a few actin-like (60-A) and myosin-like (150-A) filaments are present. Amorphous \"proteinaceous\" collections are often visible. In the present study, heavy meromyosin (HMM) treatment of mutant heart tissue greatly increases the number of thin filaments and decorates them in the usual fashion, confirming that they are actin. The amorphous collections disappear with the addition of HMM. In addition, an analysis of the constituent proteins of normal and mutant embryonic hearts and other tissues is made by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) gel electrophoresis. These experiments are in full agreement with the morphological and HMM binding studies. The gels show distinct 42,000-dalton bands for both normal and mutant hearts, supporting the presence of normal actin. During early developmental stages (Harrison's stage 34) the cardiac tissues in normal and mutant siblings have indistinguishable banding patterns, but with increasing development several differences appear. Myosin heavy chain (200,000 daltons) increases substantially in normal hearts during development but very little in mutants. Even so the quantity of 200,000-dalton protein in mutant hearts is significantly more than in any of the nonmuscle tissues studied (i.e. gut, liver, brain). Unlike normal hearts, the mutant hearts lack a prominent 34,000-dalton band, indicating that if mutants contain muscle tropomyosin at all, it is present in drastically reduced amounts. Also, mutant hearts retain large amounts of yolk proteins at stages when the platelets have virtually disappeared from normal hearts. The morphologies and electrophoresis patterns of skeletal muscle from normal and mutant siblings are identical, confirming that gene c affects only heart muscle differentiation and not skeletal muscle. The results of the study suggest that the precardiac mesoderm in cardiac lethal mutant axolotl embryos initiates but then fails to complete its differentiation into functional muscle tissue. It appears that this single gene mutation, by way of abnormal inductive processes, affects the accumulation and organization of several different muscle proteins, including actin, myosin, and tropomyosin.", "contents": "Studies of muscle proteins in embryonic myocardial cells of cardiac lethal mutant mexican axolotls (Ambystoma mexicanum) by use of heavy meromyosin binding and sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In the Mexican axolotl Ambystoma mexicanum recessive mutant gene c, by way of abnormal inductive processes from surrounding tissues, results in an absence of embryonic heart function. The lack of contractions in mutant heart cells apparently results from their inability to form normally organized myofibrils, even though a few actin-like (60-A) and myosin-like (150-A) filaments are present. Amorphous \"proteinaceous\" collections are often visible. In the present study, heavy meromyosin (HMM) treatment of mutant heart tissue greatly increases the number of thin filaments and decorates them in the usual fashion, confirming that they are actin. The amorphous collections disappear with the addition of HMM. In addition, an analysis of the constituent proteins of normal and mutant embryonic hearts and other tissues is made by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) gel electrophoresis. These experiments are in full agreement with the morphological and HMM binding studies. The gels show distinct 42,000-dalton bands for both normal and mutant hearts, supporting the presence of normal actin. During early developmental stages (Harrison's stage 34) the cardiac tissues in normal and mutant siblings have indistinguishable banding patterns, but with increasing development several differences appear. Myosin heavy chain (200,000 daltons) increases substantially in normal hearts during development but very little in mutants. Even so the quantity of 200,000-dalton protein in mutant hearts is significantly more than in any of the nonmuscle tissues studied (i.e. gut, liver, brain). Unlike normal hearts, the mutant hearts lack a prominent 34,000-dalton band, indicating that if mutants contain muscle tropomyosin at all, it is present in drastically reduced amounts. Also, mutant hearts retain large amounts of yolk proteins at stages when the platelets have virtually disappeared from normal hearts. The morphologies and electrophoresis patterns of skeletal muscle from normal and mutant siblings are identical, confirming that gene c affects only heart muscle differentiation and not skeletal muscle. The results of the study suggest that the precardiac mesoderm in cardiac lethal mutant axolotl embryos initiates but then fails to complete its differentiation into functional muscle tissue. It appears that this single gene mutation, by way of abnormal inductive processes, affects the accumulation and organization of several different muscle proteins, including actin, myosin, and tropomyosin.", "PMID": 1107335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1679", "title": "Selection of chinese hamster somatic cell mutants after irradiation of BUdR-labelled cells.", "content": "The selection of somatic cell mutants after irradiation of BUdR-labelled cells is improved with the use of a mercury lamp combined with a plastic sheet which filters the unwanted wave lengths below 303 nm. New somatic cell mutants defective for galactose metabolism or auxotrophe for fetal calf serum were thus isolated.", "contents": "Selection of chinese hamster somatic cell mutants after irradiation of BUdR-labelled cells. The selection of somatic cell mutants after irradiation of BUdR-labelled cells is improved with the use of a mercury lamp combined with a plastic sheet which filters the unwanted wave lengths below 303 nm. New somatic cell mutants defective for galactose metabolism or auxotrophe for fetal calf serum were thus isolated.", "PMID": 1107336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1680", "title": "Distribution of lipid in the lamellate endocuticle of Rhodnius prolixus (Hemiptera).", "content": "The lamellate appearance of the cuticle in the abdomen of the Rhodnius larva conforms to the conception of Bouligand in being an optical artifact which results from the spiral arrangement of successive layers of oriented fibrils. But superimposed on this structure is an actual lamination of bound lipid with the same spacing. The relation of the lipid layers to the optical lamination changes with the aspect from which the system is viewed. There must therefore be a cyclical secretion of lipid by the epidermal cells. Since the period of this cycle agrees with the cycle of rotation of the fibrous layers, which is supposedly inherent in the chemistry of the system, it is possible that it is the lipid which controls or initiates this helicoidal 'cholesteric crystallization'. There is evidence of a cyclical change in the secretion of lipid by the microvilli; it is suggested that there may be alternating cycles of eccrine and apocrine secretion, and that the lipid laminae represent the apocrine phases. The pore canals in Rhodnius are roughly cylindrical in cross-section, with lipid-impregnated walls. The contents of the lumen become slightly more electron opaque before the cuticle is stretched by feeding. There is probably some enzymic dissolution of the cuticle which precedes stretching; and this may concern particularly the lipid fraction. After the great distension and expansion of the cuticle which occur at feeding, lipid laminae can no longer be demonstrated in the old cuticle.", "contents": "Distribution of lipid in the lamellate endocuticle of Rhodnius prolixus (Hemiptera). The lamellate appearance of the cuticle in the abdomen of the Rhodnius larva conforms to the conception of Bouligand in being an optical artifact which results from the spiral arrangement of successive layers of oriented fibrils. But superimposed on this structure is an actual lamination of bound lipid with the same spacing. The relation of the lipid layers to the optical lamination changes with the aspect from which the system is viewed. There must therefore be a cyclical secretion of lipid by the epidermal cells. Since the period of this cycle agrees with the cycle of rotation of the fibrous layers, which is supposedly inherent in the chemistry of the system, it is possible that it is the lipid which controls or initiates this helicoidal 'cholesteric crystallization'. There is evidence of a cyclical change in the secretion of lipid by the microvilli; it is suggested that there may be alternating cycles of eccrine and apocrine secretion, and that the lipid laminae represent the apocrine phases. The pore canals in Rhodnius are roughly cylindrical in cross-section, with lipid-impregnated walls. The contents of the lumen become slightly more electron opaque before the cuticle is stretched by feeding. There is probably some enzymic dissolution of the cuticle which precedes stretching; and this may concern particularly the lipid fraction. After the great distension and expansion of the cuticle which occur at feeding, lipid laminae can no longer be demonstrated in the old cuticle.", "PMID": 1107337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1681", "title": "Incorporation of lipid into the epicuticle of Rhodnius (Hemiptera).", "content": "The incorporation of lipid into both the outer and inner epicuticle during deposition is described. Waterproofing of the epicuticle by secretion of the wax layer, and sclerotization with or without melanization, are controlled from a distance by the epidermal cells by way of the pore canals. The pore canals gradually narrow as they approach the epicuticle. On reaching the inner epicuticle the canal ends in a conical projection from the apex of which a permeable lipophilic channel about 20-25 nm in diameter runs vertically to the apex of which a permeable lipophilic channel about 20-25 nm in diameter runs vertically to the surface. Shortly before ecdysis, silver-binding material (perhaps protein rich in tyrosine, or other precursors concerned in sclerotization) spreads radially from a point in the cuticular channels just below the outer epicuticle, and gradually impregnates the outer two thirds or more of the inner epicuticle. The precise pattern varies in different cuticular structures. Argentaffin materials (polyphenols) first appear in these same sites at the time of ecdysis and increase rapidly during the next 24 h. Lipid appears in the lumen of the distal parts of the pore canals (with a patchy distribution) shortly before ecdysis. When digestion and absorption of the old endocuticle are almost complete, minute lipid droplets appear on the surface of the epicuticle, apparently exuded from the epicuticular channels, and spread to make a uniform layer. When first formed this layer strains readily with Sudan B, but the lipid becomes incorporated in a delicate non-lipid silver-binding membrane (also exuded from the epicuticular channels) and hardens just before ecdysis, to form the so-called 'wax layer' which then no longer stains with Sudan B. Within half an hour after ecdysis the alcian blue-staining cement layer is poured out by the dermal glands, and forms a continuous but somewhat irregular covering over the 'wax layer'. Changes in the epicticle that accompany the repair of abrasions are described.", "contents": "Incorporation of lipid into the epicuticle of Rhodnius (Hemiptera). The incorporation of lipid into both the outer and inner epicuticle during deposition is described. Waterproofing of the epicuticle by secretion of the wax layer, and sclerotization with or without melanization, are controlled from a distance by the epidermal cells by way of the pore canals. The pore canals gradually narrow as they approach the epicuticle. On reaching the inner epicuticle the canal ends in a conical projection from the apex of which a permeable lipophilic channel about 20-25 nm in diameter runs vertically to the apex of which a permeable lipophilic channel about 20-25 nm in diameter runs vertically to the surface. Shortly before ecdysis, silver-binding material (perhaps protein rich in tyrosine, or other precursors concerned in sclerotization) spreads radially from a point in the cuticular channels just below the outer epicuticle, and gradually impregnates the outer two thirds or more of the inner epicuticle. The precise pattern varies in different cuticular structures. Argentaffin materials (polyphenols) first appear in these same sites at the time of ecdysis and increase rapidly during the next 24 h. Lipid appears in the lumen of the distal parts of the pore canals (with a patchy distribution) shortly before ecdysis. When digestion and absorption of the old endocuticle are almost complete, minute lipid droplets appear on the surface of the epicuticle, apparently exuded from the epicuticular channels, and spread to make a uniform layer. When first formed this layer strains readily with Sudan B, but the lipid becomes incorporated in a delicate non-lipid silver-binding membrane (also exuded from the epicuticular channels) and hardens just before ecdysis, to form the so-called 'wax layer' which then no longer stains with Sudan B. Within half an hour after ecdysis the alcian blue-staining cement layer is poured out by the dermal glands, and forms a continuous but somewhat irregular covering over the 'wax layer'. Changes in the epicticle that accompany the repair of abrasions are described.", "PMID": 1107338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1682", "title": "Isolation and quantitation of picomole quantities of digoxin, digitoxin and their metabolites by high-pressure liquid chromatography.", "content": "The following high-pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) separations are described: (1) isocratic separation of digoxin and its metabolites, (2) isocratic separation of digitoxin and its metabolites, (3) gradient elution separation of digoxin, digitoxin and their metabolites, and (4) gradient elution separation of gitoxin from digoxin and its metabolites. These methods utilize a multi-wavelength UV detector set at 220 nm and a reversed-phase column with various mixtures of acetonitrile and water as the mobile phase. The feasibility of using these HPLC methods as qualitative and quantitative techniques for digitalis glycosides is discussed.", "contents": "Isolation and quantitation of picomole quantities of digoxin, digitoxin and their metabolites by high-pressure liquid chromatography. The following high-pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) separations are described: (1) isocratic separation of digoxin and its metabolites, (2) isocratic separation of digitoxin and its metabolites, (3) gradient elution separation of digoxin, digitoxin and their metabolites, and (4) gradient elution separation of gitoxin from digoxin and its metabolites. These methods utilize a multi-wavelength UV detector set at 220 nm and a reversed-phase column with various mixtures of acetonitrile and water as the mobile phase. The feasibility of using these HPLC methods as qualitative and quantitative techniques for digitalis glycosides is discussed.", "PMID": 1107340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1683", "title": "Analytical aspects of capillary gas chromatography of lower fatty acids [up to C18].", "content": "The principal aspects influencing analytical capillary gas chromatography of fatty acids up to C18 have been evaluated. Selected fundamental problems of interlaboratory exchange of retention data were problems of defined temperature in commercial thermostated air baths, of capillary tubing, and of stationary phases. A modification of commercial thermostats has been proposed in order to secure a defined temperature for glass capillary columns. It has been found that retention data of fatty-acid methyl esters can be measured under standard conditions with the same accuracy as retention data of hydrocarbons on squalane. Metal capillary columns coated with Apiezon L were found to be unsuitable for the analysis of fatty-acid methyl esters when compared with the results of their quantitative analysis in packed Apiezon L and polar capillary columns. Possibilities of a nontraditional statistical evaluation of the results of measurements are suggested. A program in FORTRAN IV language is given for the calculation of Kovats' retention indices for fatty-acid methyl esters.", "contents": "Analytical aspects of capillary gas chromatography of lower fatty acids [up to C18]. The principal aspects influencing analytical capillary gas chromatography of fatty acids up to C18 have been evaluated. Selected fundamental problems of interlaboratory exchange of retention data were problems of defined temperature in commercial thermostated air baths, of capillary tubing, and of stationary phases. A modification of commercial thermostats has been proposed in order to secure a defined temperature for glass capillary columns. It has been found that retention data of fatty-acid methyl esters can be measured under standard conditions with the same accuracy as retention data of hydrocarbons on squalane. Metal capillary columns coated with Apiezon L were found to be unsuitable for the analysis of fatty-acid methyl esters when compared with the results of their quantitative analysis in packed Apiezon L and polar capillary columns. Possibilities of a nontraditional statistical evaluation of the results of measurements are suggested. A program in FORTRAN IV language is given for the calculation of Kovats' retention indices for fatty-acid methyl esters.", "PMID": 1107342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1684", "title": "Strength-duration characteristics of estrogen effects on gonadotropin response to gonadotropin-releasing hormone in women. I. Effects of varying duration of estradiol administration.", "content": "This study was designed to investigate the effects of increased serum concentrations of estradiol of varying durations upon the gonadotropin responses to synthetic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH or LRF). Beginning at 8:00 PM on the first day of the menstrual cycle, subjects received im injections of estradiol benzoate (E2B), 5 mug/kg initially, followed by 2.5 mug/kg every 12 h for a total of 3, 5, 7, 9, or 11 injections. Twelve h after the last E2B injection, or 36, 60, 84, 108, or 132 h after the first injection of E2B (2 subjects at each time interval), each subject received 100 mug GnRH, iv. In addition, each subject received 100 mug GnRH iv during one of the seven days of the antecedent (control) menstrual cycle during which no exogenous estradiol was administered. When GnRH was infused 36 h after the initiation of E2B pretreatment, there was no significant LH or FSH increase. In contrast, LH and FSH responses were augmented and prolonged when compared with control cycles when GnRH was administered at 84, 108, or 132 h. At 60 h, responses of LH were augmented, although not to as great a degree. FSH responses were not augmented at 60 h. Expressed as maximal increase from baseline, gonadotropin responses following E2B were 1 1/2 to 9 times those achieved during control cycles (without E2B). Since mean serum estradiol concentrations at 36 h (185.9 +/- 20.0), when gonadotropin responses were absent, were similar to those at 60 (157.7 +/- 31.6), 84 (186.2 +/- 38.1), 108 (181.3 +/- 46.7), and 132 h (128.0 +/- 43.0 pg/ml), when responses were augmented, these results support the concept that the modulating effect of estradiol on pituitary response is dependent upon the duration of exposure of the hypothalamic-pituitary system to increased concentrations of estradiol. It is probable that the duration of the late follicular phase rise in serum estradiol is responsible, at least in part, for the augmented gonadotropin response seen at midcycle.", "contents": "Strength-duration characteristics of estrogen effects on gonadotropin response to gonadotropin-releasing hormone in women. I. Effects of varying duration of estradiol administration. This study was designed to investigate the effects of increased serum concentrations of estradiol of varying durations upon the gonadotropin responses to synthetic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH or LRF). Beginning at 8:00 PM on the first day of the menstrual cycle, subjects received im injections of estradiol benzoate (E2B), 5 mug/kg initially, followed by 2.5 mug/kg every 12 h for a total of 3, 5, 7, 9, or 11 injections. Twelve h after the last E2B injection, or 36, 60, 84, 108, or 132 h after the first injection of E2B (2 subjects at each time interval), each subject received 100 mug GnRH, iv. In addition, each subject received 100 mug GnRH iv during one of the seven days of the antecedent (control) menstrual cycle during which no exogenous estradiol was administered. When GnRH was infused 36 h after the initiation of E2B pretreatment, there was no significant LH or FSH increase. In contrast, LH and FSH responses were augmented and prolonged when compared with control cycles when GnRH was administered at 84, 108, or 132 h. At 60 h, responses of LH were augmented, although not to as great a degree. FSH responses were not augmented at 60 h. Expressed as maximal increase from baseline, gonadotropin responses following E2B were 1 1/2 to 9 times those achieved during control cycles (without E2B). Since mean serum estradiol concentrations at 36 h (185.9 +/- 20.0), when gonadotropin responses were absent, were similar to those at 60 (157.7 +/- 31.6), 84 (186.2 +/- 38.1), 108 (181.3 +/- 46.7), and 132 h (128.0 +/- 43.0 pg/ml), when responses were augmented, these results support the concept that the modulating effect of estradiol on pituitary response is dependent upon the duration of exposure of the hypothalamic-pituitary system to increased concentrations of estradiol. It is probable that the duration of the late follicular phase rise in serum estradiol is responsible, at least in part, for the augmented gonadotropin response seen at midcycle.", "PMID": 1107343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1685", "title": "Serum LH and FSH responses to the repetitive administration of gonadotropin-releasing hormone in patients with idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism.", "content": "The serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) responses to the repetitive administration of synthetic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) were studied in six male patients with idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Each patient received 50 mug of GnRH intravenously every four hours for 43 consecutive doses, i.e., for one week. Five of the six patients had substantially greater maximum serum LH concentrations in response to the 43rd dose than to the first dose. The mean (+/- SE) maximum serum LH concentration of all six patients following the 43rd dose (14.6 +/- 3.0 mIU/ml) was significantly (P less than 0.01) greater than that to the first dose (8.3 +/- 2.6 mIU/ml. These results suggest that the LH response of the human gonadotroph to GnRH depends on the prior exposure of the gonadotroph to GnRH. All six patients had substantially higher basal serum FSH levels prior to the 43rd dose (13.6 +/- 2.6 mIU/ml) than prior to the first dose (2.8 +/- 0.4; P less than 0.01). Four patients had increases in basal FSH level to within the normal adult male range (5-15 mIU/ml), and two had increases to above it. This uniform elevation of the serum FSH level to normal or above normal suggests that GnRH may be the primary FSH-releasing hormone as well as the primary LH-releasing hormone.", "contents": "Serum LH and FSH responses to the repetitive administration of gonadotropin-releasing hormone in patients with idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. The serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) responses to the repetitive administration of synthetic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) were studied in six male patients with idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Each patient received 50 mug of GnRH intravenously every four hours for 43 consecutive doses, i.e., for one week. Five of the six patients had substantially greater maximum serum LH concentrations in response to the 43rd dose than to the first dose. The mean (+/- SE) maximum serum LH concentration of all six patients following the 43rd dose (14.6 +/- 3.0 mIU/ml) was significantly (P less than 0.01) greater than that to the first dose (8.3 +/- 2.6 mIU/ml. These results suggest that the LH response of the human gonadotroph to GnRH depends on the prior exposure of the gonadotroph to GnRH. All six patients had substantially higher basal serum FSH levels prior to the 43rd dose (13.6 +/- 2.6 mIU/ml) than prior to the first dose (2.8 +/- 0.4; P less than 0.01). Four patients had increases in basal FSH level to within the normal adult male range (5-15 mIU/ml), and two had increases to above it. This uniform elevation of the serum FSH level to normal or above normal suggests that GnRH may be the primary FSH-releasing hormone as well as the primary LH-releasing hormone.", "PMID": 1107344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1686", "title": "Gonadotropin secretion in prepubertal and pubertal primary hypogonadism: response to LHRH.", "content": "Plasma LH and FSH were measured before and after LHRH administration in 10 patients with Turner's syndrome, in 7 with anorchia, in 2 castrates, in 18 with Klinefelter's syndrome, and in 11 prepubertal subjects with unilateral cryptochidism used as a control group. Basal LH was elevated in 4 and basal FSH in 8 of 10 patients with Turner's syndrome. Four patients with anorchia showed elevations of LH while FSH had increased in all of them. The two castrates had normal or slightly increased basal LH and definite elevations of FSH. Prepubertal subjects with Klinefelter's syndrome had normal plasma LH and FSH levels, but showed a marked elevation when they developed puberty. After LHRH administration, mean LH increased by 297% and FSH by 81% in Turner's syndrome, while in anorchia LH increased 757% and FSH 104%. After LHRH administration, patients with unilateral cryptorchidism had an LH increment of 316% and a FSH increment of 164%. Patients with prepubertal Klinefelter's syndrome showed elevations of 261% for LH and 221% for FSH after LHRH treatment. Adolescent subjects with Klinefelter's syndrome had an increment of 352% for LH and only 13% for FSH after LHRH administration. We have concluded that patients without functioning gonads fail to suppress gonadotropin secretion even before puberty while the gonads of the prepubertal Klinefelter's syndrome are able to control LH and FSH release. After puberty, in spite of the hypersection of LH and FSH observed in all subjects with agonadism there is a large pituitary reserve of the gonadotropins. We suggest that the relative inability of pubertal patients with Klinefelter's syndrome to increase FSH after LHRH treatment might be due to the presence of an abnormal compound secreted by the gonads.", "contents": "Gonadotropin secretion in prepubertal and pubertal primary hypogonadism: response to LHRH. Plasma LH and FSH were measured before and after LHRH administration in 10 patients with Turner's syndrome, in 7 with anorchia, in 2 castrates, in 18 with Klinefelter's syndrome, and in 11 prepubertal subjects with unilateral cryptochidism used as a control group. Basal LH was elevated in 4 and basal FSH in 8 of 10 patients with Turner's syndrome. Four patients with anorchia showed elevations of LH while FSH had increased in all of them. The two castrates had normal or slightly increased basal LH and definite elevations of FSH. Prepubertal subjects with Klinefelter's syndrome had normal plasma LH and FSH levels, but showed a marked elevation when they developed puberty. After LHRH administration, mean LH increased by 297% and FSH by 81% in Turner's syndrome, while in anorchia LH increased 757% and FSH 104%. After LHRH administration, patients with unilateral cryptorchidism had an LH increment of 316% and a FSH increment of 164%. Patients with prepubertal Klinefelter's syndrome showed elevations of 261% for LH and 221% for FSH after LHRH treatment. Adolescent subjects with Klinefelter's syndrome had an increment of 352% for LH and only 13% for FSH after LHRH administration. We have concluded that patients without functioning gonads fail to suppress gonadotropin secretion even before puberty while the gonads of the prepubertal Klinefelter's syndrome are able to control LH and FSH release. After puberty, in spite of the hypersection of LH and FSH observed in all subjects with agonadism there is a large pituitary reserve of the gonadotropins. We suggest that the relative inability of pubertal patients with Klinefelter's syndrome to increase FSH after LHRH treatment might be due to the presence of an abnormal compound secreted by the gonads.", "PMID": 1107345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1687", "title": "Carbohydrate metabolism in pregnancy: XIII. Relationships between plasma insulin and proinsulin during late pregnancy in normal and diabetic subjects.", "content": "To assess the effects of pregnancy on the relationships between plasma insulin and proinsulin, studies were performed during late gestation in women with normal carbohydrate metabolism or diabetes mellitus. Plasma was secured after overnight fast and 1, 2, and 3 hours following oral glucose (100 g). Samples were analyzed directly for total immunoreactive insulin (TIR) and for insulin and proinsulin following plasma fractionation by gel filtration. Fractionation disclosed that most of the normal gestational increase in basal and glucose-stimulated TIR can be ascribed to insulin rather than disproportionate increments in proinsulin-like components. Normal proinsulin/insulin relationships were also preserved in mild diabetics despite greater variability in their TIR response to glucose. Thus, mild carbohydrate intolerance during pregnancy is not attended by abnormalities in plasma proinsulin. In contrast basal proinsulin levels were elevated in 4 of 9 pregnant subjects with diabetes sufficiently severe to necessitate subsequent insulin therapy. Following glucose administration in the severe diabetics, the relative contribution from proinsulin to TIR was altered so that ratios of circulating proinsulin/insulin were increased at all levels of blood sugar. Postpartum tests of glucose tolerance in some of the normal and mildly diabetic subjects confirmed that pregnancy per se does not modify appreciably the relationships between plasma insulin and proinsulin although there may be some tendency for proinsulin to account for a smaller proportion of TIR.", "contents": "Carbohydrate metabolism in pregnancy: XIII. Relationships between plasma insulin and proinsulin during late pregnancy in normal and diabetic subjects. To assess the effects of pregnancy on the relationships between plasma insulin and proinsulin, studies were performed during late gestation in women with normal carbohydrate metabolism or diabetes mellitus. Plasma was secured after overnight fast and 1, 2, and 3 hours following oral glucose (100 g). Samples were analyzed directly for total immunoreactive insulin (TIR) and for insulin and proinsulin following plasma fractionation by gel filtration. Fractionation disclosed that most of the normal gestational increase in basal and glucose-stimulated TIR can be ascribed to insulin rather than disproportionate increments in proinsulin-like components. Normal proinsulin/insulin relationships were also preserved in mild diabetics despite greater variability in their TIR response to glucose. Thus, mild carbohydrate intolerance during pregnancy is not attended by abnormalities in plasma proinsulin. In contrast basal proinsulin levels were elevated in 4 of 9 pregnant subjects with diabetes sufficiently severe to necessitate subsequent insulin therapy. Following glucose administration in the severe diabetics, the relative contribution from proinsulin to TIR was altered so that ratios of circulating proinsulin/insulin were increased at all levels of blood sugar. Postpartum tests of glucose tolerance in some of the normal and mildly diabetic subjects confirmed that pregnancy per se does not modify appreciably the relationships between plasma insulin and proinsulin although there may be some tendency for proinsulin to account for a smaller proportion of TIR.", "PMID": 1107346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1688", "title": "LH and FSH response to synthetic LHRH after consecutive administration of clomiphene citrate in normal males.", "content": "LHRH tests (100 mug iv) were performed in 11 normal male volunteers before and after administration of 100 mg clomiphene citrate per os for 7 days. Serum FSH, both pre and post LHRH levels (peak value and area under response curve) were significantly increased (P less than 0.01) by clomiphene citrate, while the maximum increments of FSH above baseline (deltaFSH) and area under response curve from basal level (deltaarea) were unchanged. On the other hand, basal serum LH levels increased significantly (P less than 0.005), post LHRH levels did not change by clomiphene citrate, whereas the increments after LHRH administration (both deltaLH and deltaarea) decreased significantly (P less than 0.05) on the second LHRH test. Basal levels of testosterone increased following clomiphene citrate treatment (P less than 0.005). The increased testosterone is considered to suppress the effect of LHRH on LH secretion.", "contents": "LH and FSH response to synthetic LHRH after consecutive administration of clomiphene citrate in normal males. LHRH tests (100 mug iv) were performed in 11 normal male volunteers before and after administration of 100 mg clomiphene citrate per os for 7 days. Serum FSH, both pre and post LHRH levels (peak value and area under response curve) were significantly increased (P less than 0.01) by clomiphene citrate, while the maximum increments of FSH above baseline (deltaFSH) and area under response curve from basal level (deltaarea) were unchanged. On the other hand, basal serum LH levels increased significantly (P less than 0.005), post LHRH levels did not change by clomiphene citrate, whereas the increments after LHRH administration (both deltaLH and deltaarea) decreased significantly (P less than 0.05) on the second LHRH test. Basal levels of testosterone increased following clomiphene citrate treatment (P less than 0.005). The increased testosterone is considered to suppress the effect of LHRH on LH secretion.", "PMID": 1107347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1689", "title": "Disappearance of biologic activity of synthetic LRH in normal and hypogonadal men.", "content": "The disappearance rates of the biologic activity of synthetic LRH have been measured in normal and hypogonadal men before and during estrogen treatment. Biologic activity was assayed by the change in radioimmunoassayable rat LH levels induced by injection of human plasma into ovariectomized rats pretreated with estrogen and progesterone, and compared with a dose-response curve using synthetic LRH. Following rapid iv injection of 100 micrograms synthetic LRH, peripheral blood peak levels of biologic activity occurred in less than 2-6 minutes, and the disappearance curve contained 2 exponential components. In 3 normal men the initial component had a t1/2 of 2 minutes and the second component a t1/2 of 10 minutes. Six hypogonadal men had first and second components of disappearance no different from normals whether or not they responded to LRH injection with increased endogenous hLH. While diethylstilbestrol 2 mg orally for 7 days suppressed pituitary hLH response to exogenous synthetic LRH (mean max.deltahLH 236 VS 46 NG/ml), it did not alter the disappearance rates in normal or hypogonadal men. These studies show that the biologic activity of synthetic LRH disappears from the blood after iv administration at rates similar to radioimmunoassayable and radioactive-labeled LRH. They further suggest that the lack of pituitary responsiveness to LRH in hypogonadal and estrogen-treated men is not due to more rapid clearance of the releasing hormone.", "contents": "Disappearance of biologic activity of synthetic LRH in normal and hypogonadal men. The disappearance rates of the biologic activity of synthetic LRH have been measured in normal and hypogonadal men before and during estrogen treatment. Biologic activity was assayed by the change in radioimmunoassayable rat LH levels induced by injection of human plasma into ovariectomized rats pretreated with estrogen and progesterone, and compared with a dose-response curve using synthetic LRH. Following rapid iv injection of 100 micrograms synthetic LRH, peripheral blood peak levels of biologic activity occurred in less than 2-6 minutes, and the disappearance curve contained 2 exponential components. In 3 normal men the initial component had a t1/2 of 2 minutes and the second component a t1/2 of 10 minutes. Six hypogonadal men had first and second components of disappearance no different from normals whether or not they responded to LRH injection with increased endogenous hLH. While diethylstilbestrol 2 mg orally for 7 days suppressed pituitary hLH response to exogenous synthetic LRH (mean max.deltahLH 236 VS 46 NG/ml), it did not alter the disappearance rates in normal or hypogonadal men. These studies show that the biologic activity of synthetic LRH disappears from the blood after iv administration at rates similar to radioimmunoassayable and radioactive-labeled LRH. They further suggest that the lack of pituitary responsiveness to LRH in hypogonadal and estrogen-treated men is not due to more rapid clearance of the releasing hormone.", "PMID": 1107348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1690", "title": "Direct inoculation procedure for the rapid classification of bacteria from blood culture.", "content": "A procedure was developed for 4-h identification of bacteria from blood culture. From a turbid blood culture bottle a 10- to 15-ml aliquot was drawn off and centrifuged. The pellet was utilized to inoculate a series of enzymatic and physiologic reactions. Three hundred eight positive blood cultures were tested including 222 strains of Enterobacteriaceae, 40 strains of facultative grampositive cocci, 26 strains of anaerobes, and 20 assorted strains. There was over 96.5% agreement between 4-h and conventional methods with the Enterobacteriaceae, 98% with facultative gram-positive cocci, 100% with anaerobes, and 99% with the assorted strains.", "contents": "Direct inoculation procedure for the rapid classification of bacteria from blood culture. A procedure was developed for 4-h identification of bacteria from blood culture. From a turbid blood culture bottle a 10- to 15-ml aliquot was drawn off and centrifuged. The pellet was utilized to inoculate a series of enzymatic and physiologic reactions. Three hundred eight positive blood cultures were tested including 222 strains of Enterobacteriaceae, 40 strains of facultative grampositive cocci, 26 strains of anaerobes, and 20 assorted strains. There was over 96.5% agreement between 4-h and conventional methods with the Enterobacteriaceae, 98% with facultative gram-positive cocci, 100% with anaerobes, and 99% with the assorted strains.", "PMID": 1107349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1691", "title": "Isolation of Yersinia enterocolitica from swine.", "content": "Data pertaining to 20 strains of Yensinia enterocolitica isolated from the cecal content of swine slaughtered at Toronto Abattoirs are presented. Fifteen of 20 cultures belonged to the two predominant human serotypes in Ontario (i.e., serotype O:3 and O:5,27.) Seven cultures of Y. enterocolitica O:3 belonged to the \"Canadian\" human phage type 9b. These findings are further proof that swine are reservoirs for Y. enterocolitica human infection. Seventeen Y. enterocolitica cultures were isolated by the cold enrichment method only. Difficulties encountered in isolating Y. enterocolitica from feces specimens are discussed. It would appear that the reported rate of Y. enterocolitica isolation from feces specimens is far below the actual incidence. Fourteen isolates of Y. pseudotuberculosis serotype III were isolated during the same survey.", "contents": "Isolation of Yersinia enterocolitica from swine. Data pertaining to 20 strains of Yensinia enterocolitica isolated from the cecal content of swine slaughtered at Toronto Abattoirs are presented. Fifteen of 20 cultures belonged to the two predominant human serotypes in Ontario (i.e., serotype O:3 and O:5,27.) Seven cultures of Y. enterocolitica O:3 belonged to the \"Canadian\" human phage type 9b. These findings are further proof that swine are reservoirs for Y. enterocolitica human infection. Seventeen Y. enterocolitica cultures were isolated by the cold enrichment method only. Difficulties encountered in isolating Y. enterocolitica from feces specimens are discussed. It would appear that the reported rate of Y. enterocolitica isolation from feces specimens is far below the actual incidence. Fourteen isolates of Y. pseudotuberculosis serotype III were isolated during the same survey.", "PMID": 1107350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1692", "title": "Evaluation of a microscopy method for rapid detection and identification of Mycoplasma pneumoniae.", "content": "A microscopy test that used the typical shape of Mycoplasma pneumoniae cells growing on glass was investigated for its value for diagnostic purposes. Suspensions from 108 throat swabs were infected artificially with 102, 103, and 104 colony-forming units of three M. pneumoniae strains per ml. Agar medium, a diphasic medium, and the microscopy method with liquid medium in cover slip chambers were compared for isolation of the mycoplasmas. The mycoplasms were detected first by the microscopy method in nearly all concentrations tested. Typical M. pneumoniae cells could often be detected after 48 h. No differences were found between a laboratory strain and two low-passage strains. The experimental results suggest that under special circumstances the microscopy method could be a useful tool for isolation and identification of M. pneumoniae.", "contents": "Evaluation of a microscopy method for rapid detection and identification of Mycoplasma pneumoniae. A microscopy test that used the typical shape of Mycoplasma pneumoniae cells growing on glass was investigated for its value for diagnostic purposes. Suspensions from 108 throat swabs were infected artificially with 102, 103, and 104 colony-forming units of three M. pneumoniae strains per ml. Agar medium, a diphasic medium, and the microscopy method with liquid medium in cover slip chambers were compared for isolation of the mycoplasmas. The mycoplasms were detected first by the microscopy method in nearly all concentrations tested. Typical M. pneumoniae cells could often be detected after 48 h. No differences were found between a laboratory strain and two low-passage strains. The experimental results suggest that under special circumstances the microscopy method could be a useful tool for isolation and identification of M. pneumoniae.", "PMID": 1107351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1693", "title": "Clinical isolation of Yersinia enterocolitica: cold temperature enrichment.", "content": "A cold-temperature enrichment procedure was used to isolate Yersinia enterocolitica serotype 6 from a clinical stool specimen. The use of conventional laboratory media and enrichment procedures failed to isolate this organism.", "contents": "Clinical isolation of Yersinia enterocolitica: cold temperature enrichment. A cold-temperature enrichment procedure was used to isolate Yersinia enterocolitica serotype 6 from a clinical stool specimen. The use of conventional laboratory media and enrichment procedures failed to isolate this organism.", "PMID": 1107352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1694", "title": "Skin test and blastogenic responses to Sporotrichun schenckii.", "content": "In vivo skin testing and in vitro lymphocyte blastogenesis were evaluated in a young adult population as methods for detecting cellular immunity to Sporotrichum schenckii. Similar procedures for Candida albicans and Coccidioides immitis were also investigated. 5 of 143 subjects had positive skin tests and 14 had positive blastogenic responses to S. schenckii. These 14 subjects also exhibited unusually high responses to C. albicans in vitro and 11 of the 14 were female. Data demonstrated a correlation coefficient of 0.89 when comparing the blastogenic assays for S. schenckii and C. albicans, suggesting cross antigenicity. Intact cellular immune mechanisms in combination with exposure to C. albicans may protect the host from systemic infection with S. schenckii. Although a limited number of subjects were studied, as a group, females had more vigorous cellular immune responses to C. albicans than males. The rare occurence of sporothrix infection in females as compared to males may be the result of antigenic stimulation from commonly observed vaginal colonization with C. albicans. The present data indirectly support this hypothesis.", "contents": "Skin test and blastogenic responses to Sporotrichun schenckii. In vivo skin testing and in vitro lymphocyte blastogenesis were evaluated in a young adult population as methods for detecting cellular immunity to Sporotrichum schenckii. Similar procedures for Candida albicans and Coccidioides immitis were also investigated. 5 of 143 subjects had positive skin tests and 14 had positive blastogenic responses to S. schenckii. These 14 subjects also exhibited unusually high responses to C. albicans in vitro and 11 of the 14 were female. Data demonstrated a correlation coefficient of 0.89 when comparing the blastogenic assays for S. schenckii and C. albicans, suggesting cross antigenicity. Intact cellular immune mechanisms in combination with exposure to C. albicans may protect the host from systemic infection with S. schenckii. Although a limited number of subjects were studied, as a group, females had more vigorous cellular immune responses to C. albicans than males. The rare occurence of sporothrix infection in females as compared to males may be the result of antigenic stimulation from commonly observed vaginal colonization with C. albicans. The present data indirectly support this hypothesis.", "PMID": 1107353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1695", "title": "Pathogenesis of shigella diarrhea. Serum anticytotoxin antibody response produced by toxigenic and nontoxigenic Shigella dysenteriae 1.", "content": "The serum antitoxin response to the cytotoxin contained in preparations of Shigella dysenteriae 1 (Shiga's bacillus) exotoxin was studied in natural and experimental infections of man. Natural infection resulted in the rapid appearance of toxin-neutralizing antibody, which disappeared some time between 9 and 18 mo after infection. Experimental infection of human volunteers provided the opportunity to study immunoglobulin class of the antibody in sera obtained serially from 7 to 50 days after infection. Neutralizing antibody was present only in the IgM fraction isolated by sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation. This was confirmed by the use of solid-phase immunoaffinity chromatography. Even though the time-course and immunoglobulin class of the antitoxin antibody response was similar to that previously observed for anti-O polysaccharide antibody, the biologically active cytotoxin was shown to be highly susceptible to destruction by proteolytic enzymes. Sera from subjects infected with a virulent invasive chlorate-resistant Shiga mutant thought to be \"nontoxigenic\" also contained antibody which was similarly restricted to the IgM fraction. Biologically active cytotoxin was recovered when this mutant organism was grown in liquid media with controlled ion concentration. The mutant cytotoxin was heat labile, neutralized by antiwild-type cytotoxin antibody, and was separable by isoelectric focusing into two fractions with pI 7.2 and 6.1 like the wild-type toxin. These studies show that cytotoxin antigen is produced during in vivo infection with Shiga bacilli, resulting in a serum antitoxin antibody response. Without explanation is the restriction of the antibody to the IgM class and lack of evidence for an IgG antibody to the protein cytotoxin. Finally, mutant strain 725, previously designated \"nontoxigenic,\" was shown to produce biologically active cytotoxin in vitro and, in experimentally infected volunteers, to result in a serum IgM antibody similar to that observed during infection with the wild-type strain.", "contents": "Pathogenesis of shigella diarrhea. Serum anticytotoxin antibody response produced by toxigenic and nontoxigenic Shigella dysenteriae 1. The serum antitoxin response to the cytotoxin contained in preparations of Shigella dysenteriae 1 (Shiga's bacillus) exotoxin was studied in natural and experimental infections of man. Natural infection resulted in the rapid appearance of toxin-neutralizing antibody, which disappeared some time between 9 and 18 mo after infection. Experimental infection of human volunteers provided the opportunity to study immunoglobulin class of the antibody in sera obtained serially from 7 to 50 days after infection. Neutralizing antibody was present only in the IgM fraction isolated by sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation. This was confirmed by the use of solid-phase immunoaffinity chromatography. Even though the time-course and immunoglobulin class of the antitoxin antibody response was similar to that previously observed for anti-O polysaccharide antibody, the biologically active cytotoxin was shown to be highly susceptible to destruction by proteolytic enzymes. Sera from subjects infected with a virulent invasive chlorate-resistant Shiga mutant thought to be \"nontoxigenic\" also contained antibody which was similarly restricted to the IgM fraction. Biologically active cytotoxin was recovered when this mutant organism was grown in liquid media with controlled ion concentration. The mutant cytotoxin was heat labile, neutralized by antiwild-type cytotoxin antibody, and was separable by isoelectric focusing into two fractions with pI 7.2 and 6.1 like the wild-type toxin. These studies show that cytotoxin antigen is produced during in vivo infection with Shiga bacilli, resulting in a serum antitoxin antibody response. Without explanation is the restriction of the antibody to the IgM class and lack of evidence for an IgG antibody to the protein cytotoxin. Finally, mutant strain 725, previously designated \"nontoxigenic,\" was shown to produce biologically active cytotoxin in vitro and, in experimentally infected volunteers, to result in a serum IgM antibody similar to that observed during infection with the wild-type strain.", "PMID": 1107354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1696", "title": "Homozygous human C3 deficiency. The role of C3 in antibody production, C-1s-induced vasopermeability, and cobra venom-induced passive hemolysis.", "content": "Studies of the family of a patient with marked deficiency of the third component of complement (C3) demonstrated that the patient was homozygous for a blank allele at the C3 locus, C3-. Metabolic studies with purified radiolabeled C3 in the patient revealed a mildly elevated fractional catabolic rate and a markedly reduced synthesis rate, consistent with a lack of C3 synthesis as the patient's primary defect. There was also a mild increase in the rate of conversion of purified C3 added to her serum and incubated at 37 degrees C in vitro. Major blood group-compatible erythrocytes from a patient with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria had the same shortened survival in the C3-deficient patient as in a normal control. Although no leukocytosis developed in the patient in spontaneous infection by pyogenic organisms, there was a normal leukocytosis in response to the injection of thyphoid vaccine. The intradermal injection of C-1s, which produces a marked increase in vasopermeability in the skin of normal subjects, produced no definite change in the patient, possibly implicating C3 or a protein in the alternative pathway as the normal mediator of this response. The patient's serum exhibited near-normal immune adherence activity, confirming the lack of requirement of C3 for this function. C5 inactivation and passive hemolysis of unsensitized guinea pig erythrocytes occurred normally in C3-deficient serum on incubation with cobra venom factor, indicating that C3 is not required for these reactions. The patient's humoral antibody response to both protein and carbohydrate antigens was entirely normal, making it unlikely that C3 is required for antigen processing.", "contents": "Homozygous human C3 deficiency. The role of C3 in antibody production, C-1s-induced vasopermeability, and cobra venom-induced passive hemolysis. Studies of the family of a patient with marked deficiency of the third component of complement (C3) demonstrated that the patient was homozygous for a blank allele at the C3 locus, C3-. Metabolic studies with purified radiolabeled C3 in the patient revealed a mildly elevated fractional catabolic rate and a markedly reduced synthesis rate, consistent with a lack of C3 synthesis as the patient's primary defect. There was also a mild increase in the rate of conversion of purified C3 added to her serum and incubated at 37 degrees C in vitro. Major blood group-compatible erythrocytes from a patient with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria had the same shortened survival in the C3-deficient patient as in a normal control. Although no leukocytosis developed in the patient in spontaneous infection by pyogenic organisms, there was a normal leukocytosis in response to the injection of thyphoid vaccine. The intradermal injection of C-1s, which produces a marked increase in vasopermeability in the skin of normal subjects, produced no definite change in the patient, possibly implicating C3 or a protein in the alternative pathway as the normal mediator of this response. The patient's serum exhibited near-normal immune adherence activity, confirming the lack of requirement of C3 for this function. C5 inactivation and passive hemolysis of unsensitized guinea pig erythrocytes occurred normally in C3-deficient serum on incubation with cobra venom factor, indicating that C3 is not required for these reactions. The patient's humoral antibody response to both protein and carbohydrate antigens was entirely normal, making it unlikely that C3 is required for antigen processing.", "PMID": 1107355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1697", "title": "Maintenance of insulin release from pancreatic islets stored in the cold for up to 5 weeks.", "content": "Insulin content and release were measured from hand-dissected pancreatic islets from noninbred ob/ob mice after 1-5 wk storage in tissue culture medium 199 at various temperatures and glucose concentrations. After storage of islets for 1 wk at 37 degrees, 22 degrees, or 8 degrees C in 18 mM glucose medium and preincubation with 1 mM glucose, glucose-stimulated insulin release during the subsequent incubation was only 20-35% of that of fresh islets. The addition of a 4-h period at 37 degrees C with 18 mM glucose between the cold storage and perincubation restored glucose-stimulated insulin release from 8 degrees C stored islets to fresh-islet levels. Release throughout the 1-18 mM glucose range was strikingly parallel to that of fresh islets. Exposure of fresh islets to the same 4-h period increased basal release but did not affect maximal release. When islets were stored at 8 degrees C with 18 mM glucose for more than 1 wk, a short period at 37 degrees C every week was necessary for maintenance of release. After 5 wk of this procedure, glucose-stimulated insulin release was one-third that of fresh islets, or similar to that of islets stored for only 1 wk at 37 degrees C. Storage at 8 degrees C for 1 wk with 3 mM glucose, or continuously for 3 or 5 wk with 18 mM glucose, maintained islet insulin content, whereas release was lost. Thus, glucose-stimulated insulin release is best maintained by storage of pancreatic islets in tissue culture medium with a high concentration of glucose at 8 degrees C with short weekly periods at 37 degrees C.", "contents": "Maintenance of insulin release from pancreatic islets stored in the cold for up to 5 weeks. Insulin content and release were measured from hand-dissected pancreatic islets from noninbred ob/ob mice after 1-5 wk storage in tissue culture medium 199 at various temperatures and glucose concentrations. After storage of islets for 1 wk at 37 degrees, 22 degrees, or 8 degrees C in 18 mM glucose medium and preincubation with 1 mM glucose, glucose-stimulated insulin release during the subsequent incubation was only 20-35% of that of fresh islets. The addition of a 4-h period at 37 degrees C with 18 mM glucose between the cold storage and perincubation restored glucose-stimulated insulin release from 8 degrees C stored islets to fresh-islet levels. Release throughout the 1-18 mM glucose range was strikingly parallel to that of fresh islets. Exposure of fresh islets to the same 4-h period increased basal release but did not affect maximal release. When islets were stored at 8 degrees C with 18 mM glucose for more than 1 wk, a short period at 37 degrees C every week was necessary for maintenance of release. After 5 wk of this procedure, glucose-stimulated insulin release was one-third that of fresh islets, or similar to that of islets stored for only 1 wk at 37 degrees C. Storage at 8 degrees C for 1 wk with 3 mM glucose, or continuously for 3 or 5 wk with 18 mM glucose, maintained islet insulin content, whereas release was lost. Thus, glucose-stimulated insulin release is best maintained by storage of pancreatic islets in tissue culture medium with a high concentration of glucose at 8 degrees C with short weekly periods at 37 degrees C.", "PMID": 1107356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1698", "title": "Isolation of chlamydia in irradiated and non-irradiated McCoy cells.", "content": "Specimens from eye and genital tract were cultured in parallel in irradiated and non-irradiated McCoy cells and the frequency of isolation of chlamydia using these culture methods was compared. There was a significant difference between the frequencies of isolation; irradiated McCoy cells produced a greater number of positive results.", "contents": "Isolation of chlamydia in irradiated and non-irradiated McCoy cells. Specimens from eye and genital tract were cultured in parallel in irradiated and non-irradiated McCoy cells and the frequency of isolation of chlamydia using these culture methods was compared. There was a significant difference between the frequencies of isolation; irradiated McCoy cells produced a greater number of positive results.", "PMID": 1107357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1699", "title": "Laboratory contamination of blood cultures.", "content": "A prospective study of the use of a laminar flow cabinet, an exhaust-ventilated safety hood, and the open bench for the microbiological examination of blood is described. Blood samples from 1600 patients were subcultured on the open bench, 2700 in a safety hood, and 2607 in a laminar flow cabinet. Use of the laminar flow cabinet produced a significantly greater level of contamination than the other methods, and it is concluded that the exhaust-ventilated safety hood should be used for this procedure.", "contents": "Laboratory contamination of blood cultures. A prospective study of the use of a laminar flow cabinet, an exhaust-ventilated safety hood, and the open bench for the microbiological examination of blood is described. Blood samples from 1600 patients were subcultured on the open bench, 2700 in a safety hood, and 2607 in a laminar flow cabinet. Use of the laminar flow cabinet produced a significantly greater level of contamination than the other methods, and it is concluded that the exhaust-ventilated safety hood should be used for this procedure.", "PMID": 1107358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1700", "title": "Controlled clinical trial of oral and parenteral nefopam hydrochloride. A novel and potent analgesic drug.", "content": "The results of a controlled, double-blind clinical trial are reported demonstrating the potency of analgesia produced by orally and parenterally administered nefopam HCl in hospitalized patients with pain principally of skeletal and neuromuscular origin. The drug is an analogue of orphenadrine, consisting of a cyclization of the diphenhydramine molecule. A double-blind, crossover study was made of the analgesic effects of intramuscular doses of 20 mg nefopam HCl, 50 mg pethidine, and saline placebo in 20 patients. Nefopam and pethidine were found to be equally effective and statistically superior to placebo. A double-blind, randomized study was made of orally administered nefopam HCl, 60 mg t.i.d., for three days and of placebo t.i.d. for three days in 80 patients. Nefopam was distinctly superior to placebo in analgesic effectiveness, both in the initial single dose and in maintaining therapeutic benefit for the duration of the three-day trial. It was concluded that nefopam is a potent analgesic of novel structure and unique physiologic properties.", "contents": "Controlled clinical trial of oral and parenteral nefopam hydrochloride. A novel and potent analgesic drug. The results of a controlled, double-blind clinical trial are reported demonstrating the potency of analgesia produced by orally and parenterally administered nefopam HCl in hospitalized patients with pain principally of skeletal and neuromuscular origin. The drug is an analogue of orphenadrine, consisting of a cyclization of the diphenhydramine molecule. A double-blind, crossover study was made of the analgesic effects of intramuscular doses of 20 mg nefopam HCl, 50 mg pethidine, and saline placebo in 20 patients. Nefopam and pethidine were found to be equally effective and statistically superior to placebo. A double-blind, randomized study was made of orally administered nefopam HCl, 60 mg t.i.d., for three days and of placebo t.i.d. for three days in 80 patients. Nefopam was distinctly superior to placebo in analgesic effectiveness, both in the initial single dose and in maintaining therapeutic benefit for the duration of the three-day trial. It was concluded that nefopam is a potent analgesic of novel structure and unique physiologic properties.", "PMID": 1107359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1701", "title": "A double-blind comparison of loxapine succinate and trifluoperazine in newly admitted schizophrenic patients.", "content": "A study was conducted evaluating the efficacy of loxapine succinate in newly admitted schizophrenic patients through a four-week double-blind comparison with trifluoperazine. Twenty-four patients received between 40 and 80 mg loxapine succinate daily and 19 patients received between 20 and 50 mg trifluoperazine daily. The two groups showed comparable significant improvement on the BPRS and CGI. The discharge and termination rates of the two groups were not significantly different and the incidence and severity of side effects, most frequently extrapyramidal signs, were similar in both groups. Loxapine succinate was judged to be an effective treatment for newly admitted schizophrenic patients.", "contents": "A double-blind comparison of loxapine succinate and trifluoperazine in newly admitted schizophrenic patients. A study was conducted evaluating the efficacy of loxapine succinate in newly admitted schizophrenic patients through a four-week double-blind comparison with trifluoperazine. Twenty-four patients received between 40 and 80 mg loxapine succinate daily and 19 patients received between 20 and 50 mg trifluoperazine daily. The two groups showed comparable significant improvement on the BPRS and CGI. The discharge and termination rates of the two groups were not significantly different and the incidence and severity of side effects, most frequently extrapyramidal signs, were similar in both groups. Loxapine succinate was judged to be an effective treatment for newly admitted schizophrenic patients.", "PMID": 1107360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1702", "title": "Rapid detoxification of the narcotic addict with naloxone hydrochloride. A preliminary report.", "content": "Parenteral (0.2--2.0 mg) and oral (500 mg) doses of naloxone hydrochloride were administered to 29 parolees showing evidence of increasing opiate use while participating in an aftercare abstinence program. The naloxone was found to be capable of inducing withdrawal symptoms, the intensity of which being a function of the amount of naloxone administered and of the level of physical dependence. Some patients (38%) showed a \"detoxification effect\" characterized by a positive abstinence reaction to initial naloxone administrations but a negative reaction to subsequent administrations. All of the 29 subjects, however, returned to illicit heroin use within several days following their release from the treatment unit. the potential of naloxone as a rapid detoxification tool is discussed in counterpoint to the apparent lack of potential the procedure has as a means of attenuating opiate-seeking behavior.", "contents": "Rapid detoxification of the narcotic addict with naloxone hydrochloride. A preliminary report. Parenteral (0.2--2.0 mg) and oral (500 mg) doses of naloxone hydrochloride were administered to 29 parolees showing evidence of increasing opiate use while participating in an aftercare abstinence program. The naloxone was found to be capable of inducing withdrawal symptoms, the intensity of which being a function of the amount of naloxone administered and of the level of physical dependence. Some patients (38%) showed a \"detoxification effect\" characterized by a positive abstinence reaction to initial naloxone administrations but a negative reaction to subsequent administrations. All of the 29 subjects, however, returned to illicit heroin use within several days following their release from the treatment unit. the potential of naloxone as a rapid detoxification tool is discussed in counterpoint to the apparent lack of potential the procedure has as a means of attenuating opiate-seeking behavior.", "PMID": 1107361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1703", "title": "A dual approach to the evaluation of the efficacy of a new rheumatoid arthritic agent--pirprofen.", "content": "Pirprofen was compared to placebo in a double-blind crossover study in 12 rheumatoid arthritis patients. Two approaches--univariate and multivariate--were used to analyze the study results which were in the form of arithmetic changes from pretreatment levels of six efficacy measurements. The univariate analysis failed to permit a single decision to be made regarding the further investigation and use of pirprofen in rheumatoid arthritis. However, the multivariate analysis which treats the efficacy variables simultaneously showed a clear differentation from placebo. Thus, multivariate analysis enabled the clinical pharmacologist to evaluate the new therapeutic agent in a complete and comprehensive manner. It allowed for a single decision to be made regarding the merits of pirprofen compared to placebo.", "contents": "A dual approach to the evaluation of the efficacy of a new rheumatoid arthritic agent--pirprofen. Pirprofen was compared to placebo in a double-blind crossover study in 12 rheumatoid arthritis patients. Two approaches--univariate and multivariate--were used to analyze the study results which were in the form of arithmetic changes from pretreatment levels of six efficacy measurements. The univariate analysis failed to permit a single decision to be made regarding the further investigation and use of pirprofen in rheumatoid arthritis. However, the multivariate analysis which treats the efficacy variables simultaneously showed a clear differentation from placebo. Thus, multivariate analysis enabled the clinical pharmacologist to evaluate the new therapeutic agent in a complete and comprehensive manner. It allowed for a single decision to be made regarding the merits of pirprofen compared to placebo.", "PMID": 1107362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1704", "title": "The topographical distribution of S-100 and GFA proteins in the adult rat brain: an immunohistochemical study using horseradish peroxidase-labelled antibodies.", "content": "The cytological and topographical distribution of S-100 and glial fibrillary acidic (GFA) proteins in the adult rat brain has been compared using the horseradish peroxidase-labelled antibody technique. Both proteins are present in astrocytes and structures composed of astrocytic processes, namely the glial limitans and the perivascular membranes, but the cytological localization varies between the two proteins. S-100 is found in the nucleus and cytoplasm whereas GFA protein is confined to the cytoplasm. Neither is found in neurons, but S-100 is present in some oligodendroglia, suggesting a general regulatory role in glia. Although GFA protein in present in both protoplasmic and fibrous astrocytes, it is more prominent in the latter, confirming its association with astrocytic filaments.", "contents": "The topographical distribution of S-100 and GFA proteins in the adult rat brain: an immunohistochemical study using horseradish peroxidase-labelled antibodies. The cytological and topographical distribution of S-100 and glial fibrillary acidic (GFA) proteins in the adult rat brain has been compared using the horseradish peroxidase-labelled antibody technique. Both proteins are present in astrocytes and structures composed of astrocytic processes, namely the glial limitans and the perivascular membranes, but the cytological localization varies between the two proteins. S-100 is found in the nucleus and cytoplasm whereas GFA protein is confined to the cytoplasm. Neither is found in neurons, but S-100 is present in some oligodendroglia, suggesting a general regulatory role in glia. Although GFA protein in present in both protoplasmic and fibrous astrocytes, it is more prominent in the latter, confirming its association with astrocytic filaments.", "PMID": 1107363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1705", "title": "Metabolism and toxicity of cadmium, mercury, and lead in animals: a review.", "content": "Cadmium, mercury, and lead are toxic to humans and animals. Although cadmium and inorganic mercury toxicities occur in humans, they have not been observed in domestic livestock under practical conditions. In contrast, cattle, especially young calves, are extremely susceptible to lead toxicity. Apparently, cattle are more tolerant of cadmium than are other animal species. Due partially to higher absorption and longer retention times in the body, the alkyl mercuries, especially methyl mercury, are more toxic than inorganic mercury compounds. Inorganic forms of cadmium, mercury, and lead are poorly absorbed from the intestine. However, due to lack of effective homeostasis, after absorption retention time is long. Injected cadmium, mercury, and lead are metabolized differently from that naturally absorbed. Most cadmium and mercury are in kidney and liver (50 and 23% of total body in goats); but highest total load of methyl mercury is in muscle (72% in cows). With low to moderate body burden, most lead is retained in the skeleton. However, beyond a certain point, the kidney accumulates large quantities. Only minute amounts of cadmium and mercury are secreted into milk, but milk is only moderately well protected from dietary lead. Likewise, little cadmium and inorganic mercury pass the placental barrier whereas lead and methyl mercury pass more readily.", "contents": "Metabolism and toxicity of cadmium, mercury, and lead in animals: a review. Cadmium, mercury, and lead are toxic to humans and animals. Although cadmium and inorganic mercury toxicities occur in humans, they have not been observed in domestic livestock under practical conditions. In contrast, cattle, especially young calves, are extremely susceptible to lead toxicity. Apparently, cattle are more tolerant of cadmium than are other animal species. Due partially to higher absorption and longer retention times in the body, the alkyl mercuries, especially methyl mercury, are more toxic than inorganic mercury compounds. Inorganic forms of cadmium, mercury, and lead are poorly absorbed from the intestine. However, due to lack of effective homeostasis, after absorption retention time is long. Injected cadmium, mercury, and lead are metabolized differently from that naturally absorbed. Most cadmium and mercury are in kidney and liver (50 and 23% of total body in goats); but highest total load of methyl mercury is in muscle (72% in cows). With low to moderate body burden, most lead is retained in the skeleton. However, beyond a certain point, the kidney accumulates large quantities. Only minute amounts of cadmium and mercury are secreted into milk, but milk is only moderately well protected from dietary lead. Likewise, little cadmium and inorganic mercury pass the placental barrier whereas lead and methyl mercury pass more readily.", "PMID": 1107364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1706", "title": "Sodium cloxacillin for treatment of mastitis in lactating cows.", "content": "Sodium cloxacillin was used to treat 107 cows affected with acute mastitis and 138 affected with subclinical mastitis. Based on the application of conservative bacteriologic criteria, the cure rate was 53% for acute staphylococci mastitis and 65% for subclinical staphylococci mastitis. The cure rate for Streptococcus agalactiae infections was 91% in acute conditions and 92% in subclinical conditions. The cure rate was 73% for the acute infections and 88% in cases of subclinical infections when Streptococcus spp. \"non ag\" was the cause. Daily milk production had no effect on response rate. No adverse reactions due to treatment were reported by any investigator.", "contents": "Sodium cloxacillin for treatment of mastitis in lactating cows. Sodium cloxacillin was used to treat 107 cows affected with acute mastitis and 138 affected with subclinical mastitis. Based on the application of conservative bacteriologic criteria, the cure rate was 53% for acute staphylococci mastitis and 65% for subclinical staphylococci mastitis. The cure rate for Streptococcus agalactiae infections was 91% in acute conditions and 92% in subclinical conditions. The cure rate was 73% for the acute infections and 88% in cases of subclinical infections when Streptococcus spp. \"non ag\" was the cause. Daily milk production had no effect on response rate. No adverse reactions due to treatment were reported by any investigator.", "PMID": 1107365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1707", "title": "A study of three preoperative sedative combinations.", "content": "The use of drugs as premedication for child patients to be treated in the office may provide the dentist with an adequate means of controlling the patient otherwise incapable of cooperation. Drug dosages for children cannot be determined alone on the basis of weight and age, especially when dental treatment is to be provided. Alphaprodine and promethazine; chloral hydrate and hydroxyzine pamoate; pentobarbital, meperidine, and scopolamine are three groups of balanced medication that fulfill the needs in pedodontic office procedures. The Pedi-Wrap is an important factor in treatment and control of movements unknowingly exhibited by the patient from one to six years of age. Its use should be required for the very young child patient, to prevent falls and bodily injury and to allow the doctor to execute his treatment effectively.", "contents": "A study of three preoperative sedative combinations. The use of drugs as premedication for child patients to be treated in the office may provide the dentist with an adequate means of controlling the patient otherwise incapable of cooperation. Drug dosages for children cannot be determined alone on the basis of weight and age, especially when dental treatment is to be provided. Alphaprodine and promethazine; chloral hydrate and hydroxyzine pamoate; pentobarbital, meperidine, and scopolamine are three groups of balanced medication that fulfill the needs in pedodontic office procedures. The Pedi-Wrap is an important factor in treatment and control of movements unknowingly exhibited by the patient from one to six years of age. Its use should be required for the very young child patient, to prevent falls and bodily injury and to allow the doctor to execute his treatment effectively.", "PMID": 1107370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1708", "title": "Strain typing of oral streptococci by the use of bacterial antagonism.", "content": "Strain-typing methods utilizing microbial antagonism have been developed for S sanguis and for S mutans. The inhibition observed resembled that of bacteriocins. Inhibition within the species S sanguis was obtained with group D streptococci and facultative members of the genus Bacillus. Thirty-three inhibitors were paired (not in all possible combinations) with 37 isolates of S sanguis. Depending on the inhibitor, growth of between 15 and 85% of the sensitive indicators was halted. Three of the inhibitors manifested identical patterns of inhibition. Of the 37 S sanguis isolates, 34 exhibited individual patterns of inhibition. The three exceptions could be differentiated by their antagonism against sensitive indicators of S mutans. Variations in susceptibility to antagonism produced by group D streptococci allowed each of ten strains of S mutans to be typed. Present work for typing the oral streptococci is focused on computer-assisted searches for minimal typing sets. S mutans is sensitive to inhibition by some members of the species S sanguis. From a group of 58 challengers, 44 inhibited at least one of ten strains of S mutans, and 11 strains of S sanguis were able to halt the growth of half or more of the sensitive indicators. These results are useful not only for strain typing but form the basis for in vivo competition studies.", "contents": "Strain typing of oral streptococci by the use of bacterial antagonism. Strain-typing methods utilizing microbial antagonism have been developed for S sanguis and for S mutans. The inhibition observed resembled that of bacteriocins. Inhibition within the species S sanguis was obtained with group D streptococci and facultative members of the genus Bacillus. Thirty-three inhibitors were paired (not in all possible combinations) with 37 isolates of S sanguis. Depending on the inhibitor, growth of between 15 and 85% of the sensitive indicators was halted. Three of the inhibitors manifested identical patterns of inhibition. Of the 37 S sanguis isolates, 34 exhibited individual patterns of inhibition. The three exceptions could be differentiated by their antagonism against sensitive indicators of S mutans. Variations in susceptibility to antagonism produced by group D streptococci allowed each of ten strains of S mutans to be typed. Present work for typing the oral streptococci is focused on computer-assisted searches for minimal typing sets. S mutans is sensitive to inhibition by some members of the species S sanguis. From a group of 58 challengers, 44 inhibited at least one of ten strains of S mutans, and 11 strains of S sanguis were able to halt the growth of half or more of the sensitive indicators. These results are useful not only for strain typing but form the basis for in vivo competition studies.", "PMID": 1107377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1709", "title": "Attitudes toward and use of pit and fissure sealants.", "content": "The results indicate that attitudes toward and use of sealants are generally low. There are, however, some dentists who use sealants proportionately more than other dentists, these being less recent graduates, dentists who practice in the northeast, and those dentists who are oriented generally more toward preventive procedures. The reasons selected by dentists for not using pit-and-fissure sealants were surprising. Despite considerable published evidence to the contrary and the provisional acceptance of two by the American Dental Association, Council on Dental Materials and Devices, most dentists are not yet convinced of the effectiveness of the procedure in preventing caries. In addition, many dentists were concerned that the material did not last long in the mouth, although high retention rates for periods in excess of one to three years had been reported. Also, a great concern for the possible sealing in of decay seems unsubstantiated by either clinical experience or reports from studies designed to monitor the activity of bacteria sealed in pits and fissures of teeth. Conversely, dentists infrequently selected either the cost of equipment and material or the time required for the procedure as reasons for not using pit-and-fissure sealants. The demanding technical requirements for proper application of the sealant, however, especially the avoidance of any moisture contamination, does require skilled personnel and substantial chair time. These factors are important considerations in the determination of the cost-effectiveness of this procedure in comparison to other preventive procedures for pit-and-fissure caries. These inconsistencies indicate a problem in the transmission of knowledge regarding sealants. Increased use of sealants, then, seems to be dependent on improving communication regarding their function and value to the dental profession. Data on the effectiveness of sealants over periods of three or more years have recently been reported and additional evaluations of this procedure are being reported. It would be expected that reports published since this research during the winter of 1974 will have an effect on both attitudes toward and use of sealants.", "contents": "Attitudes toward and use of pit and fissure sealants. The results indicate that attitudes toward and use of sealants are generally low. There are, however, some dentists who use sealants proportionately more than other dentists, these being less recent graduates, dentists who practice in the northeast, and those dentists who are oriented generally more toward preventive procedures. The reasons selected by dentists for not using pit-and-fissure sealants were surprising. Despite considerable published evidence to the contrary and the provisional acceptance of two by the American Dental Association, Council on Dental Materials and Devices, most dentists are not yet convinced of the effectiveness of the procedure in preventing caries. In addition, many dentists were concerned that the material did not last long in the mouth, although high retention rates for periods in excess of one to three years had been reported. Also, a great concern for the possible sealing in of decay seems unsubstantiated by either clinical experience or reports from studies designed to monitor the activity of bacteria sealed in pits and fissures of teeth. Conversely, dentists infrequently selected either the cost of equipment and material or the time required for the procedure as reasons for not using pit-and-fissure sealants. The demanding technical requirements for proper application of the sealant, however, especially the avoidance of any moisture contamination, does require skilled personnel and substantial chair time. These factors are important considerations in the determination of the cost-effectiveness of this procedure in comparison to other preventive procedures for pit-and-fissure caries. These inconsistencies indicate a problem in the transmission of knowledge regarding sealants. Increased use of sealants, then, seems to be dependent on improving communication regarding their function and value to the dental profession. Data on the effectiveness of sealants over periods of three or more years have recently been reported and additional evaluations of this procedure are being reported. It would be expected that reports published since this research during the winter of 1974 will have an effect on both attitudes toward and use of sealants.", "PMID": 1107371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1710", "title": "Serological identification of Actinomyces using fluorescent antibody techniques.", "content": "Species-specific FITC conjugated antiserum can be prepared for each of the five species of Actinomyces and for Arachnia propionica. These serums can be used for rapid and specific identification of pure or mixed cultures of the bacteria and for identification of organisms seen in direct smears of clinical material or in tissue sections. Two serotypes each of A bovis, A odontolyticus, A israelii, A viscosus, and A propionica have been established, and A naeslundii has been tentatively divided into four serotypes.", "contents": "Serological identification of Actinomyces using fluorescent antibody techniques. Species-specific FITC conjugated antiserum can be prepared for each of the five species of Actinomyces and for Arachnia propionica. These serums can be used for rapid and specific identification of pure or mixed cultures of the bacteria and for identification of organisms seen in direct smears of clinical material or in tissue sections. Two serotypes each of A bovis, A odontolyticus, A israelii, A viscosus, and A propionica have been established, and A naeslundii has been tentatively divided into four serotypes.", "PMID": 1107378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1711", "title": "A comparison between stainless steel crowns and multisurface amalgams in primary molars.", "content": "From the findings in this study, it appears that steel crowns for primary teeth are significantly superior to multisurface amalgam fillings, in terms of the percentage of teeth requiring subsequent care: 88.7 percent of the teeth initially restored with amalgam required follow-up treatment, and only 30.3 percent of the crowned teeth required such treatment. Because both types of restorations were studied for approximately the same length of time, one could not justly conclude that the crowns were superior in terms of longevity. Steel crowns may prove to be more economical for the patient than amalgam fillings, if follow-up visits are considered. The author plans to conduct a second study on the cost factor.", "contents": "A comparison between stainless steel crowns and multisurface amalgams in primary molars. From the findings in this study, it appears that steel crowns for primary teeth are significantly superior to multisurface amalgam fillings, in terms of the percentage of teeth requiring subsequent care: 88.7 percent of the teeth initially restored with amalgam required follow-up treatment, and only 30.3 percent of the crowned teeth required such treatment. Because both types of restorations were studied for approximately the same length of time, one could not justly conclude that the crowns were superior in terms of longevity. Steel crowns may prove to be more economical for the patient than amalgam fillings, if follow-up visits are considered. The author plans to conduct a second study on the cost factor.", "PMID": 1107373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1712", "title": "Preparation of antiserums for use in the fluorescent antibody identification of certain plaque bacteria.", "content": "The interaction of many factors involved in FA antiserum production determines the quality of each antiserum or conjugate prepared. Performance and physicochemical characteristics of 58 FA antiserums to S mutans currently in use suggested that many of these conjugates could have been improved by using the methods and evaluation procedures described in this symposium. Deficiencies in the conjugates included low titers, incomplete fractionation, inadequately labeled antibody, fluorochromed albumin, free fluorescein and cross-reactions. Titers ranged from 1:1 up to 1:4,000. Titers for S mutans serotype c conjugates were uniformly low. S mutans serotype c conjugates were prepared from antiserums produced using a modified immunization schedule. The schedule used both viable and killed whole cells and gave FA titers as high as 1:1,000 (adjusted to 10 mg protein/ml). Procedures presented in this paper and the report by Pittman and co-workers27 should permit direct FA serum titers of up to 1:1,000 for each of the recognized serotypes of S mutans. The availability of highly specific antiserums with adequate titers will advance the use of the FA technique to identify microorganisms directly in specimens, such as dental plaque.29,30 This technique could be used to study such phenomena as the transmission of microorganisms from person to person and the establishment of the oral flora. It could also be used in epidemiological studies and perhaps to monitor the effect of a therapeutic agent on microbial composition of dental plaque.", "contents": "Preparation of antiserums for use in the fluorescent antibody identification of certain plaque bacteria. The interaction of many factors involved in FA antiserum production determines the quality of each antiserum or conjugate prepared. Performance and physicochemical characteristics of 58 FA antiserums to S mutans currently in use suggested that many of these conjugates could have been improved by using the methods and evaluation procedures described in this symposium. Deficiencies in the conjugates included low titers, incomplete fractionation, inadequately labeled antibody, fluorochromed albumin, free fluorescein and cross-reactions. Titers ranged from 1:1 up to 1:4,000. Titers for S mutans serotype c conjugates were uniformly low. S mutans serotype c conjugates were prepared from antiserums produced using a modified immunization schedule. The schedule used both viable and killed whole cells and gave FA titers as high as 1:1,000 (adjusted to 10 mg protein/ml). Procedures presented in this paper and the report by Pittman and co-workers27 should permit direct FA serum titers of up to 1:1,000 for each of the recognized serotypes of S mutans. The availability of highly specific antiserums with adequate titers will advance the use of the FA technique to identify microorganisms directly in specimens, such as dental plaque.29,30 This technique could be used to study such phenomena as the transmission of microorganisms from person to person and the establishment of the oral flora. It could also be used in epidemiological studies and perhaps to monitor the effect of a therapeutic agent on microbial composition of dental plaque.", "PMID": 1107379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1713", "title": "Computer content analysis of applied biological knowledge in dentistry.", "content": "The study suggests that the Inquirer II System used by computers in content analysis of (textual) specific written material has value for longitudinal studies. The research findings indicate that the application of the computer in content analysis requires considerable effort in the preparation of materials and specifications of directions to the computer; standardizes data analysis, thus reducing subjective error in replication of studies; reduced measurement error in longitudinal studies, giving greater stability and power to statistical comparison; classified data as it is collected, quickly and reliably, while tabulating statistical information; reduced costs compared to human coders when used with large amounts of data; and competes effectively with human coders in terms of reliability and validity.", "contents": "Computer content analysis of applied biological knowledge in dentistry. The study suggests that the Inquirer II System used by computers in content analysis of (textual) specific written material has value for longitudinal studies. The research findings indicate that the application of the computer in content analysis requires considerable effort in the preparation of materials and specifications of directions to the computer; standardizes data analysis, thus reducing subjective error in replication of studies; reduced measurement error in longitudinal studies, giving greater stability and power to statistical comparison; classified data as it is collected, quickly and reliably, while tabulating statistical information; reduced costs compared to human coders when used with large amounts of data; and competes effectively with human coders in terms of reliability and validity.", "PMID": 1107382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1714", "title": "The ecology of the prosthodontic problem.", "content": "Denture failures are a constant reminder that mechanical fit and good occlusion are not necessarily the only factors that contribute to denture success. Although diet and nutrition represent one of the significant factors in determining the resistance or susceptibility of oral tissues to the denture and its trauma, they receive little attention in the average dental office. This is true notwithstanding the fact that many published clinical observations attest to the importance of diet and nutrition in the assurance of denture success. A cursory review of the literature, however, revealed only two controlled studies dealing with nutrition and denture success or failure. These reports suggest that protein, trace minerals, and the reduction in refined carbohydrate intake can be used to increase denture tolerance. Such an effect increases the chance of denture success and decreases the chance of denture failure.", "contents": "The ecology of the prosthodontic problem. Denture failures are a constant reminder that mechanical fit and good occlusion are not necessarily the only factors that contribute to denture success. Although diet and nutrition represent one of the significant factors in determining the resistance or susceptibility of oral tissues to the denture and its trauma, they receive little attention in the average dental office. This is true notwithstanding the fact that many published clinical observations attest to the importance of diet and nutrition in the assurance of denture success. A cursory review of the literature, however, revealed only two controlled studies dealing with nutrition and denture success or failure. These reports suggest that protein, trace minerals, and the reduction in refined carbohydrate intake can be used to increase denture tolerance. Such an effect increases the chance of denture success and decreases the chance of denture failure.", "PMID": 1107393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1715", "title": "Bacteriological evaluation of a mobile laminar cross-flow unit for surgery, under laboratory circumstances.", "content": "A mobile laminar cross-flow unit for surgery has been evaluated by the use of an experimental bacterial aerosol of Escherichia coli in different concentrations, generated at several different sites. A separate ventilation system, mounted underneath the table, produced an almost downward directed curtain of sterile air along both sides of the table. When the velocity of the air stream, discharged by the cross-flow unit, was adjusted at 0-50 m./sec. at 2 m. from the filter face (at the head end of the operation table), the surface of the table could be maintained free of bacterial settling even after aerosolization of heavily concentrated suspensions of 10(8) bacteria/ml. at different sites outside the enclosure and underneath the table as well.", "contents": "Bacteriological evaluation of a mobile laminar cross-flow unit for surgery, under laboratory circumstances. A mobile laminar cross-flow unit for surgery has been evaluated by the use of an experimental bacterial aerosol of Escherichia coli in different concentrations, generated at several different sites. A separate ventilation system, mounted underneath the table, produced an almost downward directed curtain of sterile air along both sides of the table. When the velocity of the air stream, discharged by the cross-flow unit, was adjusted at 0-50 m./sec. at 2 m. from the filter face (at the head end of the operation table), the surface of the table could be maintained free of bacterial settling even after aerosolization of heavily concentrated suspensions of 10(8) bacteria/ml. at different sites outside the enclosure and underneath the table as well.", "PMID": 1107410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1716", "title": "Specific immunoglobulins in infants with the congenital rubella syndrome.", "content": "The indirect immunofluorescent technique has been used to detect and titrate the specific immunoglobulins in serum specimens from 154 infants with confirmed or suspected congenital rubella. IgM antibody was stained more efficiently in sucrose density gradient fractions than in whole serum and was detected in this way in 27 out of 40 patients with confirmed congenital rubella at ages ranging from birth to 2 years. It was present in 48 out of 50 serum specimens during the first 6 months of life and in 11 out of 38 specimens obtained at ages between 6 1/2 months and 2 years. IgM antibody was therefore estimated to persist for about 6 months in the majority of cases and up to 2 years in a few individuals. IgM antibody was also detected by this method in 11 out of 114 infants with suspected but unconfirmed congenital rubella at ages up to 5 months. The total concentrations of IgM were above the normal range in nearly all sera taken from confirmed cases during the first 3 months of life and in half the specimens obtained between the ages of 3 and 6 months. IgG antibody was detected by fluorescent staining of whole serum in all patients with congenital rubella. Geometric mean titres increased during the first 3 months of life and then declined slowly. IgA antibody was not detected, except in two patients in whom traces were present at the age of 6 months, and the total concentrations of IgA were usually within normal limits. Fluorescent staining of fractions showed that the sedimentation characteristics of rubella IgG and IgM antibodies were the same in infants as in adults. The peak IgM fractions never contained IgG antibody, and the presence of specific IgM in these fractions could usually  have been safely inferred from their HAI titres. Fluorescent staining, however, was more sensitive and frequently detected IgM antibody in fractions which had no definite HAI activity. Fluorescent staining of whole serum for IgM antibody was less distinct, and often unsuccessful, even in specimens in which specific IgM was detected in the fractions. The addition of IgG- to IgM-containing fractions caused depression of IgM staining and suggested that failure to detect IgM antibody in whole serum was partly due to competitive inhibition by specific IgG.", "contents": "Specific immunoglobulins in infants with the congenital rubella syndrome. The indirect immunofluorescent technique has been used to detect and titrate the specific immunoglobulins in serum specimens from 154 infants with confirmed or suspected congenital rubella. IgM antibody was stained more efficiently in sucrose density gradient fractions than in whole serum and was detected in this way in 27 out of 40 patients with confirmed congenital rubella at ages ranging from birth to 2 years. It was present in 48 out of 50 serum specimens during the first 6 months of life and in 11 out of 38 specimens obtained at ages between 6 1/2 months and 2 years. IgM antibody was therefore estimated to persist for about 6 months in the majority of cases and up to 2 years in a few individuals. IgM antibody was also detected by this method in 11 out of 114 infants with suspected but unconfirmed congenital rubella at ages up to 5 months. The total concentrations of IgM were above the normal range in nearly all sera taken from confirmed cases during the first 3 months of life and in half the specimens obtained between the ages of 3 and 6 months. IgG antibody was detected by fluorescent staining of whole serum in all patients with congenital rubella. Geometric mean titres increased during the first 3 months of life and then declined slowly. IgA antibody was not detected, except in two patients in whom traces were present at the age of 6 months, and the total concentrations of IgA were usually within normal limits. Fluorescent staining of fractions showed that the sedimentation characteristics of rubella IgG and IgM antibodies were the same in infants as in adults. The peak IgM fractions never contained IgG antibody, and the presence of specific IgM in these fractions could usually  have been safely inferred from their HAI titres. Fluorescent staining, however, was more sensitive and frequently detected IgM antibody in fractions which had no definite HAI activity. Fluorescent staining of whole serum for IgM antibody was less distinct, and often unsuccessful, even in specimens in which specific IgM was detected in the fractions. The addition of IgG- to IgM-containing fractions caused depression of IgM staining and suggested that failure to detect IgM antibody in whole serum was partly due to competitive inhibition by specific IgG.", "PMID": 1107411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1717", "title": "Survival of Salmonella east bourne and Salmonella typhimurium in chocolate.", "content": "Experiments were carried out to assess the reduction rate of two salmonella strains (S. eastbourne and S. typhimurium) in chocolate bars. After artificial contamination of chocolate, after 'conching', with about 10(6) S. eastbourne/g. this organism was still recovered after 9 months storage. The strain of S. typhimurium was less resistant. Both serotypes died off more rapidly in bitter chocolate than in milk chocolate. After contamination with a smaller dose (about 10(3)/g.) with these two serotypes, similar differences were observed.", "contents": "Survival of Salmonella east bourne and Salmonella typhimurium in chocolate. Experiments were carried out to assess the reduction rate of two salmonella strains (S. eastbourne and S. typhimurium) in chocolate bars. After artificial contamination of chocolate, after 'conching', with about 10(6) S. eastbourne/g. this organism was still recovered after 9 months storage. The strain of S. typhimurium was less resistant. Both serotypes died off more rapidly in bitter chocolate than in milk chocolate. After contamination with a smaller dose (about 10(3)/g.) with these two serotypes, similar differences were observed.", "PMID": 1107412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1718", "title": "The preparation of simulated water samples for the purpose of bacteriological quality control.", "content": "As part of the bacteriological quality control programme of the Public Health Laboratory Service, we were asked to investigate the possibility of providing simulated water samples for distribution to the laboratories. For this purpose it was necessary to find some means whereby suspensions of coliform organisms and Escherichia coli could be kept relatively stable in number at room temperature for a period of 7-10 days. This, it was finally found, was best achieved by adding selected strains of the organisms to improved formate lactose glutamate medium (Gray, 1964) without the lactose but with added boric acid to a final concentration of 1-8%. The procedures adopted in the successful quality control programme are described.", "contents": "The preparation of simulated water samples for the purpose of bacteriological quality control. As part of the bacteriological quality control programme of the Public Health Laboratory Service, we were asked to investigate the possibility of providing simulated water samples for distribution to the laboratories. For this purpose it was necessary to find some means whereby suspensions of coliform organisms and Escherichia coli could be kept relatively stable in number at room temperature for a period of 7-10 days. This, it was finally found, was best achieved by adding selected strains of the organisms to improved formate lactose glutamate medium (Gray, 1964) without the lactose but with added boric acid to a final concentration of 1-8%. The procedures adopted in the successful quality control programme are described.", "PMID": 1107413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1719", "title": "Studies on the estimation of the hygienic condition of frozen broiler chickens.", "content": "Various sampling techniques to determine the aerobic, E. coli and Enterobacteriaceae counts and to detect the presence of salmonellas were compared. As a simple method for the detection of salmonellas a modified Surkeiwicz procedure using both drip and rinse water is advocated. To evaluate hygiene during processing, determination of the number of Enterobacteriaceae in pieces of skin from the ventral, lateral and breast region is preferred.", "contents": "Studies on the estimation of the hygienic condition of frozen broiler chickens. Various sampling techniques to determine the aerobic, E. coli and Enterobacteriaceae counts and to detect the presence of salmonellas were compared. As a simple method for the detection of salmonellas a modified Surkeiwicz procedure using both drip and rinse water is advocated. To evaluate hygiene during processing, determination of the number of Enterobacteriaceae in pieces of skin from the ventral, lateral and breast region is preferred.", "PMID": 1107414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1720", "title": "Observations on environmental contamination in a microbiological laboratory.", "content": "Contamination of a laboratory environment with pathogenic or non-pathogenic micro-organisms may be relevant to safety of technicians and quality of technical performance. Two widely separated incidents in 1968 and 1974 initiated a study of aspects of the laboratory environment. Water-baths, water of syneresis and portions of salmonella cultures spurting out of the sterilizing flame were examined. The water of water-baths was shown to be contaminated from the fluid cultures incubated in them. This raised questions of potential cross-contamination and reporting of false positives. Water of syneresis was sometimes contaminated with salmonellas. A few quantitative counts were made. The range of counts varied between 16 salmonellas per ml. and 13,000,000 salmonellas per ml. Five hundred portions of salmonella cultures and 571 portions of Shigella sonnei cultures which had spurted from the sterilizing flame were examined. All these samples failed to grow salmonellas or shigellas. Precautions necessary to avoid environmental contamination are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Observations on environmental contamination in a microbiological laboratory. Contamination of a laboratory environment with pathogenic or non-pathogenic micro-organisms may be relevant to safety of technicians and quality of technical performance. Two widely separated incidents in 1968 and 1974 initiated a study of aspects of the laboratory environment. Water-baths, water of syneresis and portions of salmonella cultures spurting out of the sterilizing flame were examined. The water of water-baths was shown to be contaminated from the fluid cultures incubated in them. This raised questions of potential cross-contamination and reporting of false positives. Water of syneresis was sometimes contaminated with salmonellas. A few quantitative counts were made. The range of counts varied between 16 salmonellas per ml. and 13,000,000 salmonellas per ml. Five hundred portions of salmonella cultures and 571 portions of Shigella sonnei cultures which had spurted from the sterilizing flame were examined. All these samples failed to grow salmonellas or shigellas. Precautions necessary to avoid environmental contamination are briefly discussed.", "PMID": 1107415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1721", "title": "The virulence of trimethoprim-resistant thymine-requiring strains of Salmonella.", "content": "A thymine-requiring (thy-), trimethoprim-resistant (tmpr) mutant isolated from the faeces of chickens experimentally infected with salmonella typhimurium and treated with mixture of trimethoprim and sulphadiazine was less virulent for chickens than the parent strain and a thy+tmps revertant prepared in vitro from the mutant. The difference in chicken-virulence was more noticeable when the strains were administered orally than when they were administered subcutaneously. All tmpr mutants prepared in vitro from four other salmonella strains were also thy-; those tested were less virulent for chickens and mice than their parent strains. After oral infection, thy- salmonella organisms were found much less commonly in the alimentary tract of chickens then were thy+ organisms. This was especially so in the caeca, the principal site of colonization of both the thy+ and thy- organisms. Relatiely high concentrations of thymine or related compounds were found in the contents of all regions of the alimentary tract of chickens except the caeca; the caeca usually contained low or undetectable concentrations. The thy- salmonella strains would not grow on one brand of briliant green agar because of its deficiency in thymine; their colonial and appearance on other kinds of media used for isolating salmonellae from clinical material was often 'un-salmonella-like'.", "contents": "The virulence of trimethoprim-resistant thymine-requiring strains of Salmonella. A thymine-requiring (thy-), trimethoprim-resistant (tmpr) mutant isolated from the faeces of chickens experimentally infected with salmonella typhimurium and treated with mixture of trimethoprim and sulphadiazine was less virulent for chickens than the parent strain and a thy+tmps revertant prepared in vitro from the mutant. The difference in chicken-virulence was more noticeable when the strains were administered orally than when they were administered subcutaneously. All tmpr mutants prepared in vitro from four other salmonella strains were also thy-; those tested were less virulent for chickens and mice than their parent strains. After oral infection, thy- salmonella organisms were found much less commonly in the alimentary tract of chickens then were thy+ organisms. This was especially so in the caeca, the principal site of colonization of both the thy+ and thy- organisms. Relatiely high concentrations of thymine or related compounds were found in the contents of all regions of the alimentary tract of chickens except the caeca; the caeca usually contained low or undetectable concentrations. The thy- salmonella strains would not grow on one brand of briliant green agar because of its deficiency in thymine; their colonial and appearance on other kinds of media used for isolating salmonellae from clinical material was often 'un-salmonella-like'.", "PMID": 1107416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1722", "title": "An eosinophil chemotactic factor present in blister fluids of bullous pemphigoid patients.", "content": "Tissue eosinophilia is often found in the inflammatory lesions of bullous perphigoid. A study made on naturally occurring eosinophil chemotactic activity in the blister fluids of four bullous pemphigoid patients revealed the existence of this activity in all of them. Sephadex G-25 column chromatography showed that the greater part of this eosinophil chemotactic activity was composed of low molecular substance of which the weight was close to that of vitamin B12 (m.w. 1357). The blister fluids and the sera of these patients contained elevated levels of IgE. An IgE anti-skin basement, membrane antibody was found in two if the four sera, and deposits of IgE were detected along the basement membrane zone of the involved skin in one of the patients. On the basis of these findings, we have reason to believe that an eosinophil chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis (ECF-A) participates in the accumulation of eosinophils in the lesions of bullous pemphigoid.", "contents": "An eosinophil chemotactic factor present in blister fluids of bullous pemphigoid patients. Tissue eosinophilia is often found in the inflammatory lesions of bullous perphigoid. A study made on naturally occurring eosinophil chemotactic activity in the blister fluids of four bullous pemphigoid patients revealed the existence of this activity in all of them. Sephadex G-25 column chromatography showed that the greater part of this eosinophil chemotactic activity was composed of low molecular substance of which the weight was close to that of vitamin B12 (m.w. 1357). The blister fluids and the sera of these patients contained elevated levels of IgE. An IgE anti-skin basement, membrane antibody was found in two if the four sera, and deposits of IgE were detected along the basement membrane zone of the involved skin in one of the patients. On the basis of these findings, we have reason to believe that an eosinophil chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis (ECF-A) participates in the accumulation of eosinophils in the lesions of bullous pemphigoid.", "PMID": 1107422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1723", "title": "Partial characterization of murine migration inhibitory factor (MIF).", "content": "These studies describe the production of murine migration inhibitory factor (MIF)3 in sufficient quantities to allow  its partial characterization by physiochemical and enzymatic methods. MIF was obtained from murine spleen cell cultures (C57BL/6 strain) stimulated with concanavalin A (Con A). Characterization of murine MIF was performed using Sephadex G-100 gel chromatography, isopycnic centrifugation in a CsCl density gradient, polyacrylamide disc electrophoresis, heat stability, and enzymatic treatment. MIF-containing and control fractions were assayed on normal C57BL/6 peritoneal exudate cells by using a microcapillary tube assay. Peak MIF activity was found in a Sephadex G-100 fraction containing molecules the size of albumin and slightly smaller, molecular weight 67,000 to 48,000. Murine MIF was stable to heating at 56 degrees C for 30 min but lost its activity at 80 degrees C for 30 min. Incubation of G-100 fractions containing MIF with water insoluble chymotrypsin destroyed the activity of MIF, indicating its protein nature. CsCl density gradient centrifugation revealed that murine MIF had a buoyand density greater than protein, consistent with its being a glycoprotein. Further, when subjected to disc electrophoresis on polyacylamide gels, murine MIF migrated in a region cathodal to albumin. Thus, mitogen stimulation of murine spleen cells produced MIF in quantities which allowed its partial characterization and purification, and its comparison with human and guinea pig MIF; this makes it feasible to analyze the role of murine MIF in cellular immunity and in its relationship to lymphocyte mediators which regulate humoral immune responses.", "contents": "Partial characterization of murine migration inhibitory factor (MIF). These studies describe the production of murine migration inhibitory factor (MIF)3 in sufficient quantities to allow  its partial characterization by physiochemical and enzymatic methods. MIF was obtained from murine spleen cell cultures (C57BL/6 strain) stimulated with concanavalin A (Con A). Characterization of murine MIF was performed using Sephadex G-100 gel chromatography, isopycnic centrifugation in a CsCl density gradient, polyacrylamide disc electrophoresis, heat stability, and enzymatic treatment. MIF-containing and control fractions were assayed on normal C57BL/6 peritoneal exudate cells by using a microcapillary tube assay. Peak MIF activity was found in a Sephadex G-100 fraction containing molecules the size of albumin and slightly smaller, molecular weight 67,000 to 48,000. Murine MIF was stable to heating at 56 degrees C for 30 min but lost its activity at 80 degrees C for 30 min. Incubation of G-100 fractions containing MIF with water insoluble chymotrypsin destroyed the activity of MIF, indicating its protein nature. CsCl density gradient centrifugation revealed that murine MIF had a buoyand density greater than protein, consistent with its being a glycoprotein. Further, when subjected to disc electrophoresis on polyacylamide gels, murine MIF migrated in a region cathodal to albumin. Thus, mitogen stimulation of murine spleen cells produced MIF in quantities which allowed its partial characterization and purification, and its comparison with human and guinea pig MIF; this makes it feasible to analyze the role of murine MIF in cellular immunity and in its relationship to lymphocyte mediators which regulate humoral immune responses.", "PMID": 1107423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1724", "title": "Age-dependent changes in sensitivity to antigen: its relationship with the antigen processing system.", "content": "The relationship between the antigen processing or accessory cell system and the maturation, with age, of antibody-producing capability was investigated in the mouse. This was done by analyzing the antibody responses given by immunocompetent cells from neonatal and from adult male mice in an identical antigen-processing system environment. Specifically, 4 x 10(7) normal spleen cells from either 12-day-old or adult mice were challenged with varying numbers of SRC in adult irradiated syngeneic recipients. The subsequent IgM and IgG2a PFC responses for both age groups were analyzed in terms of antigen dose-antibody response curves. Analyses of these curves indicate: 1) the dose of antigen required to elicit the optimal antibody response is essentially identical for both age groups and (2) the bandwidths obtained using neonatal donors are significantly narrower than those obtained with adult donors. Whereas, intact neonatal and adult mice exhibit differences in antigen optimal doses, these differences are eliminated when the immunocompetent cells are stimulated in the presence of identical antigen-processing systems. It is concluded that maturation of the antigen-processing system results in an increased sensitivity to antigen. Examination of the bandwidths of the dose-response curves revealed that immunocompetent cells from the young mice, either in situ or in adult irradiated recipients exhibited narrower bandwidths than did their adult counter parts. Thus, the increase in bandwidth observed with age is attributed to changes in the population of immunocompetent cells--perhaps a reflection of increased diversity, and is not due to the antigen-processing system. Quantitation of the antigen-processing function using accessory cell-depleted and partially restored mice indicated that when IgG responses were compared a higher frequency of accessory cells was demonstrated in adultspleens as opposed to neonatal spleens.", "contents": "Age-dependent changes in sensitivity to antigen: its relationship with the antigen processing system. The relationship between the antigen processing or accessory cell system and the maturation, with age, of antibody-producing capability was investigated in the mouse. This was done by analyzing the antibody responses given by immunocompetent cells from neonatal and from adult male mice in an identical antigen-processing system environment. Specifically, 4 x 10(7) normal spleen cells from either 12-day-old or adult mice were challenged with varying numbers of SRC in adult irradiated syngeneic recipients. The subsequent IgM and IgG2a PFC responses for both age groups were analyzed in terms of antigen dose-antibody response curves. Analyses of these curves indicate: 1) the dose of antigen required to elicit the optimal antibody response is essentially identical for both age groups and (2) the bandwidths obtained using neonatal donors are significantly narrower than those obtained with adult donors. Whereas, intact neonatal and adult mice exhibit differences in antigen optimal doses, these differences are eliminated when the immunocompetent cells are stimulated in the presence of identical antigen-processing systems. It is concluded that maturation of the antigen-processing system results in an increased sensitivity to antigen. Examination of the bandwidths of the dose-response curves revealed that immunocompetent cells from the young mice, either in situ or in adult irradiated recipients exhibited narrower bandwidths than did their adult counter parts. Thus, the increase in bandwidth observed with age is attributed to changes in the population of immunocompetent cells--perhaps a reflection of increased diversity, and is not due to the antigen-processing system. Quantitation of the antigen-processing function using accessory cell-depleted and partially restored mice indicated that when IgG responses were compared a higher frequency of accessory cells was demonstrated in adultspleens as opposed to neonatal spleens.", "PMID": 1107424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1725", "title": "Antibody responses of mice to alkaline detoxifield lipopolysaccharide.", "content": "The antibody responses of outbred normal mice and nude mice injected with alkaline detoxified lipopolysaccharide (Alk-LPS) were measured. In some cases the antibody against lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and native protoplasmic polysaccharide (NPP). The kinetics of the primary responses to Alk-LPS and NPP were similar, whereas LPS stimulated a more rapid appearance of antibodies in the primary responses. Alk-LPS stimulated only primary antibody responses in both types of mice and sensitized nude mice for secondary responses which could be triggered with LPS. However, secondary antibody responses could not be triggered in normal mice primed with Alk-LPS. These data suggested that, on a functional basis, Alk-LPS possessed the specific antigenic signal associated with LPS antigens but lack the second nonspecific mitogenic signal dependent on the lipid A portion of LPS.", "contents": "Antibody responses of mice to alkaline detoxifield lipopolysaccharide. The antibody responses of outbred normal mice and nude mice injected with alkaline detoxified lipopolysaccharide (Alk-LPS) were measured. In some cases the antibody against lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and native protoplasmic polysaccharide (NPP). The kinetics of the primary responses to Alk-LPS and NPP were similar, whereas LPS stimulated a more rapid appearance of antibodies in the primary responses. Alk-LPS stimulated only primary antibody responses in both types of mice and sensitized nude mice for secondary responses which could be triggered with LPS. However, secondary antibody responses could not be triggered in normal mice primed with Alk-LPS. These data suggested that, on a functional basis, Alk-LPS possessed the specific antigenic signal associated with LPS antigens but lack the second nonspecific mitogenic signal dependent on the lipid A portion of LPS.", "PMID": 1107425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1726", "title": "The effect of heat-killed streptococci on the survival of heart grafts in inbred strains of mice.", "content": "Studies with inbred strains of mice revealed that exposure to type 12, Group A, beta-hemolytic streptococci affects the host response to heart grafts implanted in the ear. Intraperitoneal injection of streptococci 10 days before grafting led to curtailed survival of syngrafts without altering the normal rejection time of allografts. Similar sensitization, combined with local injection of streptococci into the graft site at the time of grafting, was followed by rapid rejection of both syngrafts and allografts. The time interval between exposure and grafting was critical. Injection with streptococci 5 days before grafting led to a prolonged survival of allografts and no demonstrable effect on syngrafts. In contrast, injection of streptococci 15 days before grafting did not alter survival of either type of graft. The data indicate heart grafts implanted in the ear may serve as a useful model for the study of the host responses to streptococcal antigens.", "contents": "The effect of heat-killed streptococci on the survival of heart grafts in inbred strains of mice. Studies with inbred strains of mice revealed that exposure to type 12, Group A, beta-hemolytic streptococci affects the host response to heart grafts implanted in the ear. Intraperitoneal injection of streptococci 10 days before grafting led to curtailed survival of syngrafts without altering the normal rejection time of allografts. Similar sensitization, combined with local injection of streptococci into the graft site at the time of grafting, was followed by rapid rejection of both syngrafts and allografts. The time interval between exposure and grafting was critical. Injection with streptococci 5 days before grafting led to a prolonged survival of allografts and no demonstrable effect on syngrafts. In contrast, injection of streptococci 15 days before grafting did not alter survival of either type of graft. The data indicate heart grafts implanted in the ear may serve as a useful model for the study of the host responses to streptococcal antigens.", "PMID": 1107426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1727", "title": "Acute and chronic infection of human lymphoblastoid cell lines with measles virus.", "content": "Several human continuous lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCL) having T or B characteristics were infected with low and high passage strains of measles virus. All of the cell lines were susceptible to one or the other or to both strains of measles virus with the production of typical syncytial giant cells and released cell-free infectious virus into the supernatant medium. There was no consistent pattern of susceptibility of LCL with either T or B characteristics to infection by measles virus. Viral induced cytolysis of the lymphoblastoid cells in many of the lines was marked, but in the LCL that could be maintained over longer periods of time, a state of chronic, less cytolytic and persistent infection could be established. The infection was characterized by the production of moderate amounts of cell-free infectious virus for up to 4 1/2 months after initial infection with little change in the number of viable cells in culture. Long-term low multiplicity of infection (MOI) experiments demonstrated that the cell-free infectious virus was being produced only by a small number of cells, but the majority of cells in culture contained measles antigen that was in a cell-restricted, noninfectious, or defective form. Electron microscopic examination of the chronically infected cells demonstrated that many of them contained aggregates of hollow tubular intranuclear nucleocapsids whose \"stripped\" appearance was in marked contrast to the larger granular intracytoplasmic nucleocapsids found during earlier stages of infection. It is theorized that the persistent infection of LCL may serve as a model in understanding the immune mechanisms which permit latent and chronic measles infection in man.", "contents": "Acute and chronic infection of human lymphoblastoid cell lines with measles virus. Several human continuous lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCL) having T or B characteristics were infected with low and high passage strains of measles virus. All of the cell lines were susceptible to one or the other or to both strains of measles virus with the production of typical syncytial giant cells and released cell-free infectious virus into the supernatant medium. There was no consistent pattern of susceptibility of LCL with either T or B characteristics to infection by measles virus. Viral induced cytolysis of the lymphoblastoid cells in many of the lines was marked, but in the LCL that could be maintained over longer periods of time, a state of chronic, less cytolytic and persistent infection could be established. The infection was characterized by the production of moderate amounts of cell-free infectious virus for up to 4 1/2 months after initial infection with little change in the number of viable cells in culture. Long-term low multiplicity of infection (MOI) experiments demonstrated that the cell-free infectious virus was being produced only by a small number of cells, but the majority of cells in culture contained measles antigen that was in a cell-restricted, noninfectious, or defective form. Electron microscopic examination of the chronically infected cells demonstrated that many of them contained aggregates of hollow tubular intranuclear nucleocapsids whose \"stripped\" appearance was in marked contrast to the larger granular intracytoplasmic nucleocapsids found during earlier stages of infection. It is theorized that the persistent infection of LCL may serve as a model in understanding the immune mechanisms which permit latent and chronic measles infection in man.", "PMID": 1107427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1728", "title": "A microplate culture method for assay of guinea pig mitogenic factor.", "content": "An improved method for assay of guinea pig mitogenic factor (MF) is described. The technique is based on the use of thymocytes in microplate cultures and yields significant savings in time, labour and materials. The quantitative potential of the assay is examined using antigen- and concanavalin A-indiced MF, and its application to assessing in vitro immune responsiveness of individual guinea pigs is explored.", "contents": "A microplate culture method for assay of guinea pig mitogenic factor. An improved method for assay of guinea pig mitogenic factor (MF) is described. The technique is based on the use of thymocytes in microplate cultures and yields significant savings in time, labour and materials. The quantitative potential of the assay is examined using antigen- and concanavalin A-indiced MF, and its application to assessing in vitro immune responsiveness of individual guinea pigs is explored.", "PMID": 1107428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1729", "title": "Antibodies ot double-stranded RNA: specificity and serum nucleases.", "content": "An antiserum was prepared in rabbits to the synthetic double-stranded ribonucleic acid (ds RNA) poly rI:rC. Using a liquid-phase radioimmunoassay, the antiserum cross-reacted with a natural ds RNA isolated from the cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus of the silkworm, binding 95% of the RNA at a 1 : 20 serum dilution. Preliminary tests of the specificity of the antiserum showed that it did not bind single-stranded RNA (ss RNA) or deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), but also revealed that the serum contained an enzyme activity which degraded ss RNA into acid-insoluble fragments. It was therefore possible that the failure to bind ss RNA resulted from the degradation of the antigen rather than from an absence of cross-reacting antibodies. However, when the serum ribonuclease activity was inhibited by macaloid, the antiserum still did not bind the ss RNA antigen. This demonstrated that the antibodies to ds RNA did not cross-react with ss RNA. The existence of serum enzymes capable of degrading nucleic acid antigens emphasizes the need for caution in assessing the specificity of such antisera.", "contents": "Antibodies ot double-stranded RNA: specificity and serum nucleases. An antiserum was prepared in rabbits to the synthetic double-stranded ribonucleic acid (ds RNA) poly rI:rC. Using a liquid-phase radioimmunoassay, the antiserum cross-reacted with a natural ds RNA isolated from the cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus of the silkworm, binding 95% of the RNA at a 1 : 20 serum dilution. Preliminary tests of the specificity of the antiserum showed that it did not bind single-stranded RNA (ss RNA) or deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), but also revealed that the serum contained an enzyme activity which degraded ss RNA into acid-insoluble fragments. It was therefore possible that the failure to bind ss RNA resulted from the degradation of the antigen rather than from an absence of cross-reacting antibodies. However, when the serum ribonuclease activity was inhibited by macaloid, the antiserum still did not bind the ss RNA antigen. This demonstrated that the antibodies to ds RNA did not cross-react with ss RNA. The existence of serum enzymes capable of degrading nucleic acid antigens emphasizes the need for caution in assessing the specificity of such antisera.", "PMID": 1107429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1730", "title": "Dilatometry, a neglected method in immunological studies.", "content": "Dilatometry has become a useful method for the study of proteins owing to its simplicity and accuracy. However, it has seldom been used in the study of immunoglobulins. Therefore possible applications of the method for that study are being discussed. A description is also given of the most common experimental set-up and procedure for dilatometric experiments. Finally, several papers describing the application of dilatometry to the study of immunoglobulins are reviewed.", "contents": "Dilatometry, a neglected method in immunological studies. Dilatometry has become a useful method for the study of proteins owing to its simplicity and accuracy. However, it has seldom been used in the study of immunoglobulins. Therefore possible applications of the method for that study are being discussed. A description is also given of the most common experimental set-up and procedure for dilatometric experiments. Finally, several papers describing the application of dilatometry to the study of immunoglobulins are reviewed.", "PMID": 1107430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1731", "title": "Reproducibility of the immunofluorescent test for antimelanoma antibodies.", "content": "The reproducibility of the indirect immunofluorescent test for antibodies to human malignant melanoma cytoplasmic antigens was investigated by testing panels of melanoma and normal sera against cells of each of several different melanomas. Tests were performed in replicate, read blindly by two observers, and repeated on different days. Different observers agreed in the interpretation of replicate assays in approximately 80 to 90% of cases. Variability increased considerably when assays were repeated on different days or when different in as few as 21% of tests. Thus, the results of the indirect immunofluorescent test for melanoma cytoplasmic antibodies must, at the present time, be interpreted with great caution.", "contents": "Reproducibility of the immunofluorescent test for antimelanoma antibodies. The reproducibility of the indirect immunofluorescent test for antibodies to human malignant melanoma cytoplasmic antigens was investigated by testing panels of melanoma and normal sera against cells of each of several different melanomas. Tests were performed in replicate, read blindly by two observers, and repeated on different days. Different observers agreed in the interpretation of replicate assays in approximately 80 to 90% of cases. Variability increased considerably when assays were repeated on different days or when different in as few as 21% of tests. Thus, the results of the indirect immunofluorescent test for melanoma cytoplasmic antibodies must, at the present time, be interpreted with great caution.", "PMID": 1107431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1732", "title": "Experimental cutaneous candidiasis in rodents.", "content": "Epicutaneous application of viable Candida albicans or Candida stellatoidea under an occlusive dressing resulted in subcorneal microabscesses in newborn rats and mice. Neither heat-killed C. albicans nor occlusion alone resulted in epidermal micropustules. These results were dependent upon the number of organisms applied and the duration of application. Four additional species of Candida tested did not produce epidermal micropustules. The microscopic pathology of the abscesses revealed penetration of the epidermis by Candida pseudohyphae; the tips of the hyphal processes were seen within the pustules when sections were stained by the periodic acid-Schiff method. The resident flora of the newborn mouse or rat was not substantially altered by occlusion with or without C. albicans during the interval tested. The animal model of cutaneous candidiasis with permit greater manipulation and control in investigations of cutaneous candidiasis and the factors influencing neutrophil accumulation in the epidermis.", "contents": "Experimental cutaneous candidiasis in rodents. Epicutaneous application of viable Candida albicans or Candida stellatoidea under an occlusive dressing resulted in subcorneal microabscesses in newborn rats and mice. Neither heat-killed C. albicans nor occlusion alone resulted in epidermal micropustules. These results were dependent upon the number of organisms applied and the duration of application. Four additional species of Candida tested did not produce epidermal micropustules. The microscopic pathology of the abscesses revealed penetration of the epidermis by Candida pseudohyphae; the tips of the hyphal processes were seen within the pustules when sections were stained by the periodic acid-Schiff method. The resident flora of the newborn mouse or rat was not substantially altered by occlusion with or without C. albicans during the interval tested. The animal model of cutaneous candidiasis with permit greater manipulation and control in investigations of cutaneous candidiasis and the factors influencing neutrophil accumulation in the epidermis.", "PMID": 1107433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1733", "title": "Epidermal cytoplasmic antibodies: incidence and type in normal persons and patients with melanoma.", "content": "Antibodies to epidermal cytoplasmic antigens were present in 25 to 34% of 32 normal persons and in 34 to 50% of 53 patients with melanoma. There were at least two different types of cytoplasmic antibodies. The most common reacted to cytoplasmic antigens present only in the upper layers of the epidermis. This type of antibody occurred with equal frequency in patients with melanoma and in normal persons. The increased incidence of cytoplasmic antibodies in melanoma was due to antibodies to cytoplasmic antigens present throughout the epidermis. These antibodies were 2 1/2 times more common in patients with melanoma than in normal persons. The presence of different cytoplasmic antigens in distinct strata of the epidermis suggests they result from epidermal cell differentiation. The epidermal cytoplasmic antigens present throughout the epidermis appear to partially cross-react with cytoplasmic antigens in melanoma cells.", "contents": "Epidermal cytoplasmic antibodies: incidence and type in normal persons and patients with melanoma. Antibodies to epidermal cytoplasmic antigens were present in 25 to 34% of 32 normal persons and in 34 to 50% of 53 patients with melanoma. There were at least two different types of cytoplasmic antibodies. The most common reacted to cytoplasmic antigens present only in the upper layers of the epidermis. This type of antibody occurred with equal frequency in patients with melanoma and in normal persons. The increased incidence of cytoplasmic antibodies in melanoma was due to antibodies to cytoplasmic antigens present throughout the epidermis. These antibodies were 2 1/2 times more common in patients with melanoma than in normal persons. The presence of different cytoplasmic antigens in distinct strata of the epidermis suggests they result from epidermal cell differentiation. The epidermal cytoplasmic antigens present throughout the epidermis appear to partially cross-react with cytoplasmic antigens in melanoma cells.", "PMID": 1107434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1734", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of ticarcillin in patients with abnormal renal function.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of ticarcillin were determined in patients with abnormal renal function. In individuals with rates of creatinine clearance of greater than 60 ml per min, the half-life (+/- standard deviation) of ticarcillin was 71 +/- 6 min after intravenous administration. In patients with rates of creatinine clearance of 30-60 ml per min, 10-30 ml per min, and less than 10 ml per min, ticarcillin had a half-life of 3.0 +/- 0.6 hr, 8.5 +/- 2.1 hr, and 14.8 +/- 3.7 hr, respectively. Urinary concentrations of ticarcillin after intravenous administration were adequate at all levels of renal function. Ticarcillin was removed by hemodialysis with a reduction in half-life to 3.4 +/- 0.8 hr, but peritoneal dialysis was minimally effective in removing the drug. A program for the use of ticarcillin patients with renal insufficiency was outlined.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of ticarcillin in patients with abnormal renal function. The pharmacokinetics of ticarcillin were determined in patients with abnormal renal function. In individuals with rates of creatinine clearance of greater than 60 ml per min, the half-life (+/- standard deviation) of ticarcillin was 71 +/- 6 min after intravenous administration. In patients with rates of creatinine clearance of 30-60 ml per min, 10-30 ml per min, and less than 10 ml per min, ticarcillin had a half-life of 3.0 +/- 0.6 hr, 8.5 +/- 2.1 hr, and 14.8 +/- 3.7 hr, respectively. Urinary concentrations of ticarcillin after intravenous administration were adequate at all levels of renal function. Ticarcillin was removed by hemodialysis with a reduction in half-life to 3.4 +/- 0.8 hr, but peritoneal dialysis was minimally effective in removing the drug. A program for the use of ticarcillin patients with renal insufficiency was outlined.", "PMID": 1107435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1735", "title": "Delayed hypersensitivity to fungal antigens in mice. I. Use of the intradermal skin and footpad swelling tests as assays of active and passive sensitization.", "content": "Mice were sensitized to Coccidioides immitis and Candida albicans antigens and tested for sensitivity by the intradermal and footpad swelling methods. In mice actively sensitized with killed antigen, antigen-specific intradermal and footpad induration responses occurred 24 and 48 hr after sensitization. Antigen-specific intradermal and footpad responses were transferred to normal mice with spleen cells from immune animals. Such responses were also transferred with normal spleen cells that had been incubated in vitro with immune RNA preparations. Histologic studies of intradermal reactions showed a mixed response of neutrophilic and mononuclear leukocytes, with slight vascular involvement compatible with delayed hypersensitivity. No intradermal or footpad responses were observed 4, 24, or 48 hr after injection in recipients of serum from actively sensitized mice. Histologic examination of skin sites in these mice revealed only a polymorphonuclear response. It is concluded that these intradermal and footpad responses are the result of delayed hypersensitivity and can be used as assays for this type of immunity in mice.", "contents": "Delayed hypersensitivity to fungal antigens in mice. I. Use of the intradermal skin and footpad swelling tests as assays of active and passive sensitization. Mice were sensitized to Coccidioides immitis and Candida albicans antigens and tested for sensitivity by the intradermal and footpad swelling methods. In mice actively sensitized with killed antigen, antigen-specific intradermal and footpad induration responses occurred 24 and 48 hr after sensitization. Antigen-specific intradermal and footpad responses were transferred to normal mice with spleen cells from immune animals. Such responses were also transferred with normal spleen cells that had been incubated in vitro with immune RNA preparations. Histologic studies of intradermal reactions showed a mixed response of neutrophilic and mononuclear leukocytes, with slight vascular involvement compatible with delayed hypersensitivity. No intradermal or footpad responses were observed 4, 24, or 48 hr after injection in recipients of serum from actively sensitized mice. Histologic examination of skin sites in these mice revealed only a polymorphonuclear response. It is concluded that these intradermal and footpad responses are the result of delayed hypersensitivity and can be used as assays for this type of immunity in mice.", "PMID": 1107436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1736", "title": "Genetics of resistance to infection with Salmonella typhimurium in mice.", "content": "Eight strains of inbred mice fell into two sharply defined groups. Four strains (CBA, A/JAX, C3H/He, and DBA/2) were resistant (LD50, greater than 10(5)) to Salmonella typhimurium C5 given subcutaneously. The other four strains (Balb/c, C57BL, B10.D2 [new line], and DBA/1) were susceptible (LD50, less than 10). No intermediate resistance was seen. Examination of the F1, F2, and parental backcross generations bred from matings of CBA and Balb/c mice showed that resistance behaved as a simple Mendelian dominant. Resistance was not linked to H-2 genes, and no useful marker has yet been found. However, as previously demonstrated in the parent strains, resistance in the hybrids was related to the ability to produce a good delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction to an extract of S. typhimurium.", "contents": "Genetics of resistance to infection with Salmonella typhimurium in mice. Eight strains of inbred mice fell into two sharply defined groups. Four strains (CBA, A/JAX, C3H/He, and DBA/2) were resistant (LD50, greater than 10(5)) to Salmonella typhimurium C5 given subcutaneously. The other four strains (Balb/c, C57BL, B10.D2 [new line], and DBA/1) were susceptible (LD50, less than 10). No intermediate resistance was seen. Examination of the F1, F2, and parental backcross generations bred from matings of CBA and Balb/c mice showed that resistance behaved as a simple Mendelian dominant. Resistance was not linked to H-2 genes, and no useful marker has yet been found. However, as previously demonstrated in the parent strains, resistance in the hybrids was related to the ability to produce a good delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction to an extract of S. typhimurium.", "PMID": 1107437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1737", "title": "Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli: lack of correlation of serotype with pathogenicity.", "content": "Forty-eight strains of Escherichia coli isolated from children with diarrhea were classified according to nine enteropathogenic serotypes. The strains were examined for production of enterotoxin and for invasiveness by study of bacteria or bacteria-free filtrates in conventional animal and tissue culture models. Filtrates of only three strains (6%) consistently dilated rabbit ileal loops, while all 48 strains yielded negative results in suckling mice, adrenal cells, and guinea pig eyes. When filtrates of the three strains that dilated the rabbit ileum were heated at 60 C for 30 min, the reaction in rabbit ileal loops was negative; this finding indicated the production of a heat-labile enterotoxin. This study shows the lack of correlation between classical enteropathogenic serotypes of E. coli and presently known virulence properties in animal models. The results raise doubts about the value of serotyping E. coli isolates from sporadic cases of diarrhea. When it is suspected that an E. coli isolate is enteropathogenic, it may be important to perform more than one laboratory assay.", "contents": "Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli: lack of correlation of serotype with pathogenicity. Forty-eight strains of Escherichia coli isolated from children with diarrhea were classified according to nine enteropathogenic serotypes. The strains were examined for production of enterotoxin and for invasiveness by study of bacteria or bacteria-free filtrates in conventional animal and tissue culture models. Filtrates of only three strains (6%) consistently dilated rabbit ileal loops, while all 48 strains yielded negative results in suckling mice, adrenal cells, and guinea pig eyes. When filtrates of the three strains that dilated the rabbit ileum were heated at 60 C for 30 min, the reaction in rabbit ileal loops was negative; this finding indicated the production of a heat-labile enterotoxin. This study shows the lack of correlation between classical enteropathogenic serotypes of E. coli and presently known virulence properties in animal models. The results raise doubts about the value of serotyping E. coli isolates from sporadic cases of diarrhea. When it is suspected that an E. coli isolate is enteropathogenic, it may be important to perform more than one laboratory assay.", "PMID": 1107438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1738", "title": "Immunofluorescent localization of factor VIII-related antigen, fibrinogen, and several other plasma proteins in hemostatic plugs in humans.", "content": "Factor VIII-related antigen and its low ionic strength subunits were demonstrated in endothelium and hemostatic plugs obtained from punch biopsies of bleeding time wounds according to Mielke. No IgG, IgA, IgM, C4-C3, albumin, or prothrombin was demonstrated in the cryostat sections of hemostatic plugs. Antifibrinogen stained the hemostatic plug and fibrin fibers along the edges of the skin wound. Antiplatelet actomyosin stained the hemostatic plug and the endothelium and pericytes of blood vessels. These results suggest that factor VIII is present in the hemostatic plug not by trapping of plasma but by close association with or presence within the blood platelets. The positive staining of a hemostatic plug in which most platelets have undergone the release reaction indicates that antifactor VIII may be useful for the detection of platelet thrombi in tissue of patients with suspected diffuse intravascular coagulation.", "contents": "Immunofluorescent localization of factor VIII-related antigen, fibrinogen, and several other plasma proteins in hemostatic plugs in humans. Factor VIII-related antigen and its low ionic strength subunits were demonstrated in endothelium and hemostatic plugs obtained from punch biopsies of bleeding time wounds according to Mielke. No IgG, IgA, IgM, C4-C3, albumin, or prothrombin was demonstrated in the cryostat sections of hemostatic plugs. Antifibrinogen stained the hemostatic plug and fibrin fibers along the edges of the skin wound. Antiplatelet actomyosin stained the hemostatic plug and the endothelium and pericytes of blood vessels. These results suggest that factor VIII is present in the hemostatic plug not by trapping of plasma but by close association with or presence within the blood platelets. The positive staining of a hemostatic plug in which most platelets have undergone the release reaction indicates that antifactor VIII may be useful for the detection of platelet thrombi in tissue of patients with suspected diffuse intravascular coagulation.", "PMID": 1107447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1739", "title": "Genetic typing of alpha1-antitrypsin by immunofixation electrophoresis, identification of subtypes of Pi M.", "content": "Prolonged electrophoresis in alkaline agarose gels, followed by immunofixation, is a valuable addition to acid starch gel electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing for the genetic phenotyping of alpha1-antitrypsin. This technique is helpful in clarifying certain variants and in ascertaining types in serum and amniotic fluid samples with secondary changes. In addition, heterogeneity may be detected within the variants found at pH 4.95, analogous to hemoglobin polymorphism. Two \"new\" variants, PiMLamb and PiMBaldwin, have been detected by a combination of immunofixation electrophoresis and acid starch gel electrophoresis.", "contents": "Genetic typing of alpha1-antitrypsin by immunofixation electrophoresis, identification of subtypes of Pi M. Prolonged electrophoresis in alkaline agarose gels, followed by immunofixation, is a valuable addition to acid starch gel electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing for the genetic phenotyping of alpha1-antitrypsin. This technique is helpful in clarifying certain variants and in ascertaining types in serum and amniotic fluid samples with secondary changes. In addition, heterogeneity may be detected within the variants found at pH 4.95, analogous to hemoglobin polymorphism. Two \"new\" variants, PiMLamb and PiMBaldwin, have been detected by a combination of immunofixation electrophoresis and acid starch gel electrophoresis.", "PMID": 1107448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1740", "title": "Biological properties of a granuloma glycoprotein that inhibits macrophage phagocytosis.", "content": "The biological activity of a purified glycoprotein inhibitor isolated from mature (42-day) polyvinyl sponge granulomas on macrophage phagocytosis was examined under a variety of in vitro conditions. Its activity was compared with partially purified inhibitor isolated from young (14-day) sponge granulomas. Experiments were conducted to define the mechanism of action of the inhibitor protein, and to differentiate it from other substances known to affect macrophage function. Inhibitor activity was demonstrated in neutral salt-soluble extracts from open wound granulation tissue, guinea pig and NZB/NZW mouse spleen, and acute-phase guinea pig serum. Fresh guinea pig serum and extracts of normal guinea pig tissues did not contain inhibitor material. Immunofluorescent studies demonstrated that the inhibitor was localized in or on a subpopulation of mononuclear cells within the sponge granuloma.", "contents": "Biological properties of a granuloma glycoprotein that inhibits macrophage phagocytosis. The biological activity of a purified glycoprotein inhibitor isolated from mature (42-day) polyvinyl sponge granulomas on macrophage phagocytosis was examined under a variety of in vitro conditions. Its activity was compared with partially purified inhibitor isolated from young (14-day) sponge granulomas. Experiments were conducted to define the mechanism of action of the inhibitor protein, and to differentiate it from other substances known to affect macrophage function. Inhibitor activity was demonstrated in neutral salt-soluble extracts from open wound granulation tissue, guinea pig and NZB/NZW mouse spleen, and acute-phase guinea pig serum. Fresh guinea pig serum and extracts of normal guinea pig tissues did not contain inhibitor material. Immunofluorescent studies demonstrated that the inhibitor was localized in or on a subpopulation of mononuclear cells within the sponge granuloma.", "PMID": 1107449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1741", "title": "Host resistance to Serratia marcescens infection: serum bactericidal activity and phagocytosis by normal blood leukocytes.", "content": "Serratia marcescens strains isolated from clinical specimens can be divided into those which are sensitive or resistant to the bactericidal activity of normal human serum. Serum bactericidal activity is heat labile, cation dependent, and is absorbable by whole, serum-sensitive Serratia or ethanol-insoluble extracts of these organisms. Bacteremic Serratia infection is invariably caused by the serum-resistant strains. Serum resistant Serratia are ingested and killed by normal human leukocytes and fresh normal serum. Heating or preabsorption of serum with whole, heat-killed, or ethanol-insoluble antigen extracts of the serum-resistant Serratia diminishes opsonization and phagocytosis. Serratia opsonins in the serum of healthy individuals are type-specific IgM globulins which combine with the organism and activate complement by the alternate pathway.", "contents": "Host resistance to Serratia marcescens infection: serum bactericidal activity and phagocytosis by normal blood leukocytes. Serratia marcescens strains isolated from clinical specimens can be divided into those which are sensitive or resistant to the bactericidal activity of normal human serum. Serum bactericidal activity is heat labile, cation dependent, and is absorbable by whole, serum-sensitive Serratia or ethanol-insoluble extracts of these organisms. Bacteremic Serratia infection is invariably caused by the serum-resistant strains. Serum resistant Serratia are ingested and killed by normal human leukocytes and fresh normal serum. Heating or preabsorption of serum with whole, heat-killed, or ethanol-insoluble antigen extracts of the serum-resistant Serratia diminishes opsonization and phagocytosis. Serratia opsonins in the serum of healthy individuals are type-specific IgM globulins which combine with the organism and activate complement by the alternate pathway.", "PMID": 1107450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1742", "title": "Salt-induced hypertension in rats with hereditary hydronephrosis: the effect of renomedullary transplantation.", "content": "The antihypertensive action of renomedullary autotransplantation was investigated in rats with unilateral hereditary hydronephrosis showing extensive destruction of the medulla of the affected kidney. All rats were divided into three groups and unilaterally nephrectomized. The first group consisted of rats with a normal kidney remaining. The second and third groups had the hydronephrotic kidney remaining and received renomedullary and renocortical autotransplants, respectively. After completion of baseline studies, all rats were given 1 per cent saline solution instead of drinking water, and relevant parameters were re-examined 14 days later. Significant increase in blood pressure (greater than 150 mm. Hg), extracellular fluid volume, and plasma volume were found in group 3 while no changes were detected in groups 1 and 2. After administration of aspirin (and presumed blockade of prostaglandin synthesis) significant increases in plasma and extracellular fluid volumes were detected in groups 1 and 2, but no change in blood pressure was found. The results show that renomedullary transplantation protects against salt-induced hypertension and further indicate that the renomedullary prostaglandins are not a likely mediator of the antihypertensive action of the renal medulla.", "contents": "Salt-induced hypertension in rats with hereditary hydronephrosis: the effect of renomedullary transplantation. The antihypertensive action of renomedullary autotransplantation was investigated in rats with unilateral hereditary hydronephrosis showing extensive destruction of the medulla of the affected kidney. All rats were divided into three groups and unilaterally nephrectomized. The first group consisted of rats with a normal kidney remaining. The second and third groups had the hydronephrotic kidney remaining and received renomedullary and renocortical autotransplants, respectively. After completion of baseline studies, all rats were given 1 per cent saline solution instead of drinking water, and relevant parameters were re-examined 14 days later. Significant increase in blood pressure (greater than 150 mm. Hg), extracellular fluid volume, and plasma volume were found in group 3 while no changes were detected in groups 1 and 2. After administration of aspirin (and presumed blockade of prostaglandin synthesis) significant increases in plasma and extracellular fluid volumes were detected in groups 1 and 2, but no change in blood pressure was found. The results show that renomedullary transplantation protects against salt-induced hypertension and further indicate that the renomedullary prostaglandins are not a likely mediator of the antihypertensive action of the renal medulla.", "PMID": 1107451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1743", "title": "Autoantigens in human sweat: purification and characterization of the D-group antigens.", "content": "We have found several heteropolysaccharides in human thermal sweat which are both autoantigenic and isoantigenic for a majority of healthy adults. They are present in trace amounts and are difficult to isolate. We have facilitated extraction through the use of a DEAE-Sephadex batch technique. One of the major antigenic fractions, the D group, has been purified and characterized. It contains 88.5 per cent carbohydrate as uronic acid, hexosamine, methyl pentose, and glucose. The protein content was 12.5 per cent.", "contents": "Autoantigens in human sweat: purification and characterization of the D-group antigens. We have found several heteropolysaccharides in human thermal sweat which are both autoantigenic and isoantigenic for a majority of healthy adults. They are present in trace amounts and are difficult to isolate. We have facilitated extraction through the use of a DEAE-Sephadex batch technique. One of the major antigenic fractions, the D group, has been purified and characterized. It contains 88.5 per cent carbohydrate as uronic acid, hexosamine, methyl pentose, and glucose. The protein content was 12.5 per cent.", "PMID": 1107452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1744", "title": "Direct quantitation of cholestanol in plasma by gas-liquid chromatography.", "content": "A gas-liquid chromatographic (GLC) method for quantitation of cholestanol in plasma was developed using SP-1000 without the need for argentation thin-layer chromatography and silylation. Cholestanol was resolved well before cholesterol and the phytosterols. This method was sensitive, specific for cholestanol, and reproducible.", "contents": "Direct quantitation of cholestanol in plasma by gas-liquid chromatography. A gas-liquid chromatographic (GLC) method for quantitation of cholestanol in plasma was developed using SP-1000 without the need for argentation thin-layer chromatography and silylation. Cholestanol was resolved well before cholesterol and the phytosterols. This method was sensitive, specific for cholestanol, and reproducible.", "PMID": 1107453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1745", "title": "Systems analysis of computerized EKG processing center.", "content": "A functional description of a computerized system for analysis of electrocardiograms (EKGs) is presented. Although it is recognized that the diagnostic accuracy of the program is the critical parameter in determining system acceptance, other system features such as quality control, turn around time and cost are shown to be of high importance. A digital simulation of alternative configurations for on-line data acquisition is presented. The simulation predicts the system throughout and wait times in different phases of a telephone EKG transmission for combinations of interfaces, telephone lines and acquisition procedures. These results should be helpful in selecting the appropriate configuration for each special situation.", "contents": "Systems analysis of computerized EKG processing center. A functional description of a computerized system for analysis of electrocardiograms (EKGs) is presented. Although it is recognized that the diagnostic accuracy of the program is the critical parameter in determining system acceptance, other system features such as quality control, turn around time and cost are shown to be of high importance. A digital simulation of alternative configurations for on-line data acquisition is presented. The simulation predicts the system throughout and wait times in different phases of a telephone EKG transmission for combinations of interfaces, telephone lines and acquisition procedures. These results should be helpful in selecting the appropriate configuration for each special situation.", "PMID": 1107461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1746", "title": "Endocrine changes in male sexual deviants after treatment with anti-androgens, oestrogens or tranquillizers.", "content": "The endocrine effects of drugs on two groups of 12 male sexual offenders in a special hospital were studied. In the first study benperidol, chlorpromazine and placebo were compared and in the second ethynyl oestradiol and cyproterone acetate were compared with no treatment. In the first study there was no difference between the three drugs in their effects on plasma testosterone or luteinizing hormone (LH). In the second study cyproterone acetate produced a reduction in plasma testosterone, LH and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). Ethynyl oestradiol produced a rise in plasma testosterone and LH, and no change in FSH. Neither drug changed total plasma oestrogen levels. The unexpected effects of ethynyl oestradiol were attributed to an increase in sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) leading to a rise in bound, inactive testosterone. Direct measurement showed a two- to threefold increase in SHBG with ethynyl oestradiol treatment and no change in SHBG with cyproterone acetate treatment. In spite of these contrasting endocrine effects, ethynyl oestradiol, cyproterone acetate and benperidol produced similar behavioural changes.", "contents": "Endocrine changes in male sexual deviants after treatment with anti-androgens, oestrogens or tranquillizers. The endocrine effects of drugs on two groups of 12 male sexual offenders in a special hospital were studied. In the first study benperidol, chlorpromazine and placebo were compared and in the second ethynyl oestradiol and cyproterone acetate were compared with no treatment. In the first study there was no difference between the three drugs in their effects on plasma testosterone or luteinizing hormone (LH). In the second study cyproterone acetate produced a reduction in plasma testosterone, LH and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). Ethynyl oestradiol produced a rise in plasma testosterone and LH, and no change in FSH. Neither drug changed total plasma oestrogen levels. The unexpected effects of ethynyl oestradiol were attributed to an increase in sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) leading to a rise in bound, inactive testosterone. Direct measurement showed a two- to threefold increase in SHBG with ethynyl oestradiol treatment and no change in SHBG with cyproterone acetate treatment. In spite of these contrasting endocrine effects, ethynyl oestradiol, cyproterone acetate and benperidol produced similar behavioural changes.", "PMID": 1107462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1747", "title": "Effects of progesterone and synthetic luteinizing hormone releasing hormone on the release of luteinizing hormone during sexual maturation in the hen (Gallus domesticus).", "content": "Single intramuscular injections of 0-5 mg progesterone/kg resulted in increased LH secretion in laying hens but not in pullets with completely undeveloped sexual organs. Injections of the steroid were first able to stimulate LH release 8-10 weeks before the onset of lay when the comb, ovary and oviduct had started to grow and basal plasma LH concentrations were beginning to rise. At this time, injecitons of 10 mug synthetic LH-RH/kg resulted in an incremental change in plasma LH levels of around 26 ng/ml. A similar incremental change was observed after giving the same dose of LH-RH to pullets with no signs of sexual development. Three to four weeks before the first eggs were laid, basal plasma LH levles started to fall, the pituitary became progressively more insensitive to synthetic LH-RH and injections of 0-5 mg progesterone/kg resulted in a reduced LH response. Ten mug LH-RH/kg caused incremental changes in blood levels of LH of less than 5 ng/ml. The final stage of sexual maturation occurred during the week before the onset of lay and was characterized by a rapid growth of large yolky ovarian follicles and a further fall in the sensitivity of the pituitary to synthetic LH-RH. However, injections of 0-5 mg progesterone/kg resulted in a prolonged release of LH. These observations are discussed in relation to the maturatio of the positive feedback mechanism by which progesterone stimulates the secretion of LH.", "contents": "Effects of progesterone and synthetic luteinizing hormone releasing hormone on the release of luteinizing hormone during sexual maturation in the hen (Gallus domesticus). Single intramuscular injections of 0-5 mg progesterone/kg resulted in increased LH secretion in laying hens but not in pullets with completely undeveloped sexual organs. Injections of the steroid were first able to stimulate LH release 8-10 weeks before the onset of lay when the comb, ovary and oviduct had started to grow and basal plasma LH concentrations were beginning to rise. At this time, injecitons of 10 mug synthetic LH-RH/kg resulted in an incremental change in plasma LH levels of around 26 ng/ml. A similar incremental change was observed after giving the same dose of LH-RH to pullets with no signs of sexual development. Three to four weeks before the first eggs were laid, basal plasma LH levles started to fall, the pituitary became progressively more insensitive to synthetic LH-RH and injections of 0-5 mg progesterone/kg resulted in a reduced LH response. Ten mug LH-RH/kg caused incremental changes in blood levels of LH of less than 5 ng/ml. The final stage of sexual maturation occurred during the week before the onset of lay and was characterized by a rapid growth of large yolky ovarian follicles and a further fall in the sensitivity of the pituitary to synthetic LH-RH. However, injections of 0-5 mg progesterone/kg resulted in a prolonged release of LH. These observations are discussed in relation to the maturatio of the positive feedback mechanism by which progesterone stimulates the secretion of LH.", "PMID": 1107466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1748", "title": "Potentiation by urethane and inhibition by pentobarbitone of oxytocin release in vitro.", "content": "Isolated rat neural lobes were incubated in vitro in Locke's solution containing anaesthetic quantities of urethane, pentobarbitone or tribromoethanol. The oxytocin content of the incubation medium was estimated before, during and after stimulation of the tissue by raising the potassium chloride concentration from 5-6 to 56 mmol/l. Urethane (25 mmol/l) significantly potentiated oxytocin release (P less than 0-01) whereas tribromoethanol (0-5 mmol/l) had no obvious effect and pentobarbitone (0-4 mmol/l) significantly (P less than 0-01) inhibited its release. Reduction of the sodium chloride concentration in the medium potentiated the release of oxytocin in each case but did not alter its pattern. Urethane which increased secretion of oxytocin also increased calcium ion uptake by the neural lobes and pentobarbitone which decreased oxytocin release decreased calcium ion uptake. The results may explain why the blood concentration of the neurohypophysial hormones tends to be higher in rats anaesthetized with urethane than with tribromoethanol. Inhibition of hormone release by pentobarbitone suggests that this anaesthetic is unsuitable for use in studies of neurohypophysial hormone release. A partial explanation of the anaesthetic properties of urethane and pentobarbitone may also have been found if the release of neurotransmitter substances is influenced in a similar manner.", "contents": "Potentiation by urethane and inhibition by pentobarbitone of oxytocin release in vitro. Isolated rat neural lobes were incubated in vitro in Locke's solution containing anaesthetic quantities of urethane, pentobarbitone or tribromoethanol. The oxytocin content of the incubation medium was estimated before, during and after stimulation of the tissue by raising the potassium chloride concentration from 5-6 to 56 mmol/l. Urethane (25 mmol/l) significantly potentiated oxytocin release (P less than 0-01) whereas tribromoethanol (0-5 mmol/l) had no obvious effect and pentobarbitone (0-4 mmol/l) significantly (P less than 0-01) inhibited its release. Reduction of the sodium chloride concentration in the medium potentiated the release of oxytocin in each case but did not alter its pattern. Urethane which increased secretion of oxytocin also increased calcium ion uptake by the neural lobes and pentobarbitone which decreased oxytocin release decreased calcium ion uptake. The results may explain why the blood concentration of the neurohypophysial hormones tends to be higher in rats anaesthetized with urethane than with tribromoethanol. Inhibition of hormone release by pentobarbitone suggests that this anaesthetic is unsuitable for use in studies of neurohypophysial hormone release. A partial explanation of the anaesthetic properties of urethane and pentobarbitone may also have been found if the release of neurotransmitter substances is influenced in a similar manner.", "PMID": 1107467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1749", "title": "Genetical and biochemical aspects of resistance to p-fluorophenylalanine in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Growth of haploid yeast strains was inhibited by the phenylalanine (PA) analogue DL-p-fluorophenylalanine (FPA) in yeast extract media containing 0-2 mg PA/ml. Most strains had a maximum FPA tolerance of about 0-25 mg/ml when glycerol was the carbon source and 0-5 mg/ml in in glucose medium. Spontaneous FPA-resistant mutants isolated on glucose medium showed little or no increase in FPA tolerance over that of the parent when metabolizing glycerol. Resistance was controlled by a different nuclear gene in each of four mutants analysed. In a proportion of the mutants the amount of FPA incorporated into cellular proteins in competition with PA was less than into the proteins of sensitive parental cells, whether glucose or glycerol was used as carbon source. This suggests that the mutational change allowed the cytoplasmic system to descriminate against the analogue without affecting its incorporation into mitochondrially-synthesized proteins. Although attempts to measure the latter were not made, the observed decrease in respiratory activity of cells grown in the presence of FPA suggests such incorporation. In other mutants showing resistance to FPA in glucose medium, the amount of FPA incorporated into cellular proteins varied with the carbon source, less analogue being incorporated in glucose medium than in glycerol medium.", "contents": "Genetical and biochemical aspects of resistance to p-fluorophenylalanine in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Growth of haploid yeast strains was inhibited by the phenylalanine (PA) analogue DL-p-fluorophenylalanine (FPA) in yeast extract media containing 0-2 mg PA/ml. Most strains had a maximum FPA tolerance of about 0-25 mg/ml when glycerol was the carbon source and 0-5 mg/ml in in glucose medium. Spontaneous FPA-resistant mutants isolated on glucose medium showed little or no increase in FPA tolerance over that of the parent when metabolizing glycerol. Resistance was controlled by a different nuclear gene in each of four mutants analysed. In a proportion of the mutants the amount of FPA incorporated into cellular proteins in competition with PA was less than into the proteins of sensitive parental cells, whether glucose or glycerol was used as carbon source. This suggests that the mutational change allowed the cytoplasmic system to descriminate against the analogue without affecting its incorporation into mitochondrially-synthesized proteins. Although attempts to measure the latter were not made, the observed decrease in respiratory activity of cells grown in the presence of FPA suggests such incorporation. In other mutants showing resistance to FPA in glucose medium, the amount of FPA incorporated into cellular proteins varied with the carbon source, less analogue being incorporated in glucose medium than in glycerol medium.", "PMID": 1107471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1750", "title": "The inhibitory action of fatty acids on the growth of Escherichia coli.", "content": "The effect of fatty acids on Escherichia coli K12 was dependent on the source of the inoculum, the growth phase and the washing of the bacteria. The effects of saturated fatty acids from C4 to C16 and oleic acid at two concentrations (0-I and 0-4%, w/v) were determined on E. coli K12/154 growing exponentially in five different culture media. Depending on the media, 0-I % fatty acids increased the doubling times of the cultures by up to 96 %. Fatty acids of medium chain length (C6 to CII) at 0-4 % produced a decrease in cell concentration, nonanoic and decanoic acids being the most effective. A correlation was found between the decrease in cell concentration and the loss of viability of the culutres after addition of 0-4 % decanoic acid, with stationary-phase bacteria being affected more than those from exponential-phase cultures. Experiments carried out with E. coli B and C gave results similar to those obtained with E. coli K12/154.", "contents": "The inhibitory action of fatty acids on the growth of Escherichia coli. The effect of fatty acids on Escherichia coli K12 was dependent on the source of the inoculum, the growth phase and the washing of the bacteria. The effects of saturated fatty acids from C4 to C16 and oleic acid at two concentrations (0-I and 0-4%, w/v) were determined on E. coli K12/154 growing exponentially in five different culture media. Depending on the media, 0-I % fatty acids increased the doubling times of the cultures by up to 96 %. Fatty acids of medium chain length (C6 to CII) at 0-4 % produced a decrease in cell concentration, nonanoic and decanoic acids being the most effective. A correlation was found between the decrease in cell concentration and the loss of viability of the culutres after addition of 0-4 % decanoic acid, with stationary-phase bacteria being affected more than those from exponential-phase cultures. Experiments carried out with E. coli B and C gave results similar to those obtained with E. coli K12/154.", "PMID": 1107472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1751", "title": "Hybridization and selection for increased penicillin titre in wild-type isolates of Aspergillus nidulans.", "content": "Repeated hybridization and selection among wild-type isolates produced strains of Aspergillus nidulans with increased penicillin titre. Four independent selection lines were established, each originating from a sexual cross between two different heterokaryon-incompatible wild-type isolates. In each generation, two selected high-titre sister strains were crossed to produce the next generation. An initial increase in titre was obtained in each line, but after four or five generations of selection the genetic variation was considerably reduced and the rate of response to selection had decreased. From a base population of wild-type isolates with a mean titre of 8-6 units/ml the progeny mean titre was raised to between 16 and 20 units/ml in each line. The gradual nature of the response suggests that a number of genes determine penicillin titre in the wild-type isolates used. The gene action throughout the selection programme was predominantly additive.", "contents": "Hybridization and selection for increased penicillin titre in wild-type isolates of Aspergillus nidulans. Repeated hybridization and selection among wild-type isolates produced strains of Aspergillus nidulans with increased penicillin titre. Four independent selection lines were established, each originating from a sexual cross between two different heterokaryon-incompatible wild-type isolates. In each generation, two selected high-titre sister strains were crossed to produce the next generation. An initial increase in titre was obtained in each line, but after four or five generations of selection the genetic variation was considerably reduced and the rate of response to selection had decreased. From a base population of wild-type isolates with a mean titre of 8-6 units/ml the progeny mean titre was raised to between 16 and 20 units/ml in each line. The gradual nature of the response suggests that a number of genes determine penicillin titre in the wild-type isolates used. The gene action throughout the selection programme was predominantly additive.", "PMID": 1107473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1752", "title": "Hybridization and selection for increased penicillin titre in wile-type isolates of Aspergillus nidulans.", "content": "Repeated hybridization and selection among wild-type isolates produced strains of Aspergillus nidulans with increased penicillin titre. Four independent selection lines were established, each originating from a sexual cross between two different heterokaryon-incompatible wild-type isolates. In each generation, two selected high-titre sister strains were crossed to produce the next generation. An initial increase in titre was obtained in each line, but after four or five generations of selection the genetic variation was considerably reduced and the rate of response to selection had decreased. From a base population of wild-type isolates with a mean titre of 8-6 units/ml the progeny mean titre was raised to between 16 and 20 units/ml in each line. The gradual nature of the response suggests that a number of genes determine penicillin titre in the wild-type isolates used. The gene action throughout the selection programme was predominantly additive.", "contents": "Hybridization and selection for increased penicillin titre in wile-type isolates of Aspergillus nidulans. Repeated hybridization and selection among wild-type isolates produced strains of Aspergillus nidulans with increased penicillin titre. Four independent selection lines were established, each originating from a sexual cross between two different heterokaryon-incompatible wild-type isolates. In each generation, two selected high-titre sister strains were crossed to produce the next generation. An initial increase in titre was obtained in each line, but after four or five generations of selection the genetic variation was considerably reduced and the rate of response to selection had decreased. From a base population of wild-type isolates with a mean titre of 8-6 units/ml the progeny mean titre was raised to between 16 and 20 units/ml in each line. The gradual nature of the response suggests that a number of genes determine penicillin titre in the wild-type isolates used. The gene action throughout the selection programme was predominantly additive.", "PMID": 1107474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1753", "title": "The inheritance of penicillin titre in crosses between lines of Aspergillus nidulans selected for increased productivity.", "content": "Selection for increased penicillin production among the progeny of pairwise crosses between wild-type isolates of Aspergillus nidulans resulted in the production of high-titre strains. Three crosses were made between strains with increased titre derived from independent selection lines. Significant genetic variation was found among the progeny of each cross, indicating that different genes for increased titre had been selected in each line. Gene action was additive in each cross. Renewed selection from the progeny of one 'between-line' cross resulted in further increases in titre, over three successive generations.", "contents": "The inheritance of penicillin titre in crosses between lines of Aspergillus nidulans selected for increased productivity. Selection for increased penicillin production among the progeny of pairwise crosses between wild-type isolates of Aspergillus nidulans resulted in the production of high-titre strains. Three crosses were made between strains with increased titre derived from independent selection lines. Significant genetic variation was found among the progeny of each cross, indicating that different genes for increased titre had been selected in each line. Gene action was additive in each cross. Renewed selection from the progeny of one 'between-line' cross resulted in further increases in titre, over three successive generations.", "PMID": 1107475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1754", "title": "A timing control of cell division in Escherichia coli.", "content": "The effect of heat treatment at 42degreeC on a thermosensitive division-defective strain of Escherichia coli K12, MAC1, has been studied under conditions which support a generation time of about 50 min. Synchronous cells gained simultaneously the ability to divide at 42degreeC and to divide in the presence of nalidixic acid or chloramphenicol, 20 min before physical separation of daughter cells. When synchronous cells of different ages (between 0 to 20 min after elution from an absorbent membrane) were subjected to a heat shock, division always took place 55 to 60 min after the shock. A similar treatment of an exponential culture resulted in synchronous cell division after a lag of 55 to 60 min during which no division occurred. Division is probably controlled for 40 to 45 min by the gene mutated in MAC1. Thus MAC1 cells of different ages appear to return to the same point of their division cycle when they are heated at 42degreeC. We propose that the gene mutated in MAC1 has a role in the timing control of E. coli cell division. Progress to division appears to require a fixed period in which the function controlled by the gene is performed: this period ends, under physiological conditions, when division does not require further protein or DNA synthesis.", "contents": "A timing control of cell division in Escherichia coli. The effect of heat treatment at 42degreeC on a thermosensitive division-defective strain of Escherichia coli K12, MAC1, has been studied under conditions which support a generation time of about 50 min. Synchronous cells gained simultaneously the ability to divide at 42degreeC and to divide in the presence of nalidixic acid or chloramphenicol, 20 min before physical separation of daughter cells. When synchronous cells of different ages (between 0 to 20 min after elution from an absorbent membrane) were subjected to a heat shock, division always took place 55 to 60 min after the shock. A similar treatment of an exponential culture resulted in synchronous cell division after a lag of 55 to 60 min during which no division occurred. Division is probably controlled for 40 to 45 min by the gene mutated in MAC1. Thus MAC1 cells of different ages appear to return to the same point of their division cycle when they are heated at 42degreeC. We propose that the gene mutated in MAC1 has a role in the timing control of E. coli cell division. Progress to division appears to require a fixed period in which the function controlled by the gene is performed: this period ends, under physiological conditions, when division does not require further protein or DNA synthesis.", "PMID": 1107476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1755", "title": "Mutagenic DNA repair in Escherichia coli: conditions for error-free filling of daughter strand gaps.", "content": "Two situations have been observed in which daughter strand gaps in DNA synthesized after exposure of excision-deficient Escherichia coli to ultraviolet light are filled but in which no mutations are formed as judged by loss of photoreversibility: (i) during the first 20 min of growth after u.v. irradiation, and (ii) when repair is allowed to occur in buffer. We suggest as an explanation that the majority of daughter strand gap-filling is error free and that mutations arise through a minor error-prone repair pathway which is inoperative under these conditions.", "contents": "Mutagenic DNA repair in Escherichia coli: conditions for error-free filling of daughter strand gaps. Two situations have been observed in which daughter strand gaps in DNA synthesized after exposure of excision-deficient Escherichia coli to ultraviolet light are filled but in which no mutations are formed as judged by loss of photoreversibility: (i) during the first 20 min of growth after u.v. irradiation, and (ii) when repair is allowed to occur in buffer. We suggest as an explanation that the majority of daughter strand gap-filling is error free and that mutations arise through a minor error-prone repair pathway which is inoperative under these conditions.", "PMID": 1107477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1756", "title": "The molecular relatedness of R factors in enterobacteria of human and animal origin.", "content": "The molecular length and DNA homology of R factors isolated from enterobacteria of human and animal origin have been examined. DNA from plasmids of the same compatibility group, whether of human or animal origin is indistinguishable, after allowance has been made for the regions coding for different antibiotic resistances. These results indicate that there is a common pool of R factors in man and ainmals.", "contents": "The molecular relatedness of R factors in enterobacteria of human and animal origin. The molecular length and DNA homology of R factors isolated from enterobacteria of human and animal origin have been examined. DNA from plasmids of the same compatibility group, whether of human or animal origin is indistinguishable, after allowance has been made for the regions coding for different antibiotic resistances. These results indicate that there is a common pool of R factors in man and ainmals.", "PMID": 1107478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1757", "title": "Mutations in Escherichia coli that relieve catabolite repression of tryptophanase synthesis. Tryptophanase promoter-like mutations.", "content": "From a strain lacking adenyl cyclase and the catabolite-sensitive gene activator protein, two mutants were isolated that can synthesize tryptophanase. Each mutation is extremely closely linked to the tryptophanase structural gene. The mutations differ from one another in the rate of synthesis of tryptophanase that they permit in the genetic background in which they were isolated; they differ from one another and also from the wild type in the maximum rate of synthesis of tryptophanase that they permit in a genetic background with intact adenyl cyclase and catabolite-sensitive gene activator protein. Both mutations appear to lie in the tryptophanase promoter.", "contents": "Mutations in Escherichia coli that relieve catabolite repression of tryptophanase synthesis. Tryptophanase promoter-like mutations. From a strain lacking adenyl cyclase and the catabolite-sensitive gene activator protein, two mutants were isolated that can synthesize tryptophanase. Each mutation is extremely closely linked to the tryptophanase structural gene. The mutations differ from one another in the rate of synthesis of tryptophanase that they permit in the genetic background in which they were isolated; they differ from one another and also from the wild type in the maximum rate of synthesis of tryptophanase that they permit in a genetic background with intact adenyl cyclase and catabolite-sensitive gene activator protein. Both mutations appear to lie in the tryptophanase promoter.", "PMID": 1107479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1758", "title": "Genetical and physiological studies on a thermosensitive mutant of Escherichia coli defective in cell division.", "content": "A new temperature-sensitive mutant of E. coli, defective in cell division, was isolated after selection for tolerance to colicin E2. The mutant strain, ASHI24, growing in either minimal or complex medium, commences filament formation immediately upon shift to high temperature. High densities of bacteria or the presence of 0-44 M-sucrose prevents filament formation at 42 degrees C and division continues. Filament formation in the mutant is reversible and upon return to 29 degrees C the multinucleate filaments divide up into normal-sized bacteria by a series of rapid but sequential divisions. In the presence of chloramphenicol at 29 degrees C, 25% of these division sites are still expressed. A genetic locus designated ftsH, apparently controlling both temperature sensitivity and filament formation, was provisionally mapped at minute 80 on the E. coli K12 map.", "contents": "Genetical and physiological studies on a thermosensitive mutant of Escherichia coli defective in cell division. A new temperature-sensitive mutant of E. coli, defective in cell division, was isolated after selection for tolerance to colicin E2. The mutant strain, ASHI24, growing in either minimal or complex medium, commences filament formation immediately upon shift to high temperature. High densities of bacteria or the presence of 0-44 M-sucrose prevents filament formation at 42 degrees C and division continues. Filament formation in the mutant is reversible and upon return to 29 degrees C the multinucleate filaments divide up into normal-sized bacteria by a series of rapid but sequential divisions. In the presence of chloramphenicol at 29 degrees C, 25% of these division sites are still expressed. A genetic locus designated ftsH, apparently controlling both temperature sensitivity and filament formation, was provisionally mapped at minute 80 on the E. coli K12 map.", "PMID": 1107480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1759", "title": "Free mycolic acids as criteria in the classification of Nocardia and the 'rhodochrous' complex.", "content": "The methyl esters of free mycolic acids from representative strains of Nocardia asteroides, N. brasiliensis, N. caviae and the 'rhodochrous' complex were subjected to detailed mass spectral analysis. The anhydromycolic esters of the Nocardia strains consisted of homologous series containing from zero to three double bonds, with the main components of the parent mycolic acids centred on C52 to C54 (range C46 to C58). The anhydromycolates from one rhodochrous strain, Nocardia opaca, had a molecular weight range similar to the nocardiae (C46 to C57) but the remaining rhodochrous strains gave an homologous series of anhydromycolates containing from zero to two double bonds, with the main components of the parent mycolic acids centred on C38, C42, C44 or C46 (total range from C34 to C50). The mycolic acids from the rhodochrous strains with chain lengths centred around C40 form a group intermediate in size between corynomycolic acids (centred around C32) and nocardomycolic acids (centred around C50). These data weaken the case for retaining the 'rhodochrous' complex in the genus Mycobacterium, and also show that many rhodochrous strains can be distinguished from true nocardiae and corynebacteria. These results confirm the value of lipid characters in the classification of these organisms.", "contents": "Free mycolic acids as criteria in the classification of Nocardia and the 'rhodochrous' complex. The methyl esters of free mycolic acids from representative strains of Nocardia asteroides, N. brasiliensis, N. caviae and the 'rhodochrous' complex were subjected to detailed mass spectral analysis. The anhydromycolic esters of the Nocardia strains consisted of homologous series containing from zero to three double bonds, with the main components of the parent mycolic acids centred on C52 to C54 (range C46 to C58). The anhydromycolates from one rhodochrous strain, Nocardia opaca, had a molecular weight range similar to the nocardiae (C46 to C57) but the remaining rhodochrous strains gave an homologous series of anhydromycolates containing from zero to two double bonds, with the main components of the parent mycolic acids centred on C38, C42, C44 or C46 (total range from C34 to C50). The mycolic acids from the rhodochrous strains with chain lengths centred around C40 form a group intermediate in size between corynomycolic acids (centred around C32) and nocardomycolic acids (centred around C50). These data weaken the case for retaining the 'rhodochrous' complex in the genus Mycobacterium, and also show that many rhodochrous strains can be distinguished from true nocardiae and corynebacteria. These results confirm the value of lipid characters in the classification of these organisms.", "PMID": 1107481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1760", "title": "On the nature and formation of the fibrillar nets produced by protoplasts of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in liquid media: an electronmicroscopic, X-ray diffraction and chemical study.", "content": "The nets produced by protoplasts of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in liquid culture media consisted of microfibrils about 20 nm wide, forming flat, fairly straight bundles of variable width and length, up to about 500 nm wide and 4 mum long. Ends of microfibrils were seldom found. They were not attacked by chitinase or dilute acids, but the net structure disappeared in 3% (w/v) NaOH, leaving about 60% dry wt of the nets as partly microfibrillar clusters. The X-ray powder pattern from the nets, in contrast to that from normal walls, exhibited a set of well-defined rings which identified two micro-crystalline constituents: chitin and unbranched chains of beta-(1 leads to 3)-linked D-glucose residues. These latter were the alkali-soluble fraction. The X-ray diagram of the glucan, corresponding to that of paramylon, indicated an in vivo crystal modification. Up to 15% dry wt was chitin which was found de novo by the protoplasts. A fine net structure of microfibrils about 7-5 to 10 nm thick with meshes about 20 to 60 nm wide was demonstrated in normal walls, forming the entire inner layer and consisting mainly of yeast glucan. This glucan and chitin were only slightly crystalline in these walls. The features of the glucan and chitin of the protoplast nets indicate that enzymes active in normal wall formation were differentially removed or inactivated by the liquid medium.", "contents": "On the nature and formation of the fibrillar nets produced by protoplasts of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in liquid media: an electronmicroscopic, X-ray diffraction and chemical study. The nets produced by protoplasts of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in liquid culture media consisted of microfibrils about 20 nm wide, forming flat, fairly straight bundles of variable width and length, up to about 500 nm wide and 4 mum long. Ends of microfibrils were seldom found. They were not attacked by chitinase or dilute acids, but the net structure disappeared in 3% (w/v) NaOH, leaving about 60% dry wt of the nets as partly microfibrillar clusters. The X-ray powder pattern from the nets, in contrast to that from normal walls, exhibited a set of well-defined rings which identified two micro-crystalline constituents: chitin and unbranched chains of beta-(1 leads to 3)-linked D-glucose residues. These latter were the alkali-soluble fraction. The X-ray diagram of the glucan, corresponding to that of paramylon, indicated an in vivo crystal modification. Up to 15% dry wt was chitin which was found de novo by the protoplasts. A fine net structure of microfibrils about 7-5 to 10 nm thick with meshes about 20 to 60 nm wide was demonstrated in normal walls, forming the entire inner layer and consisting mainly of yeast glucan. This glucan and chitin were only slightly crystalline in these walls. The features of the glucan and chitin of the protoplast nets indicate that enzymes active in normal wall formation were differentially removed or inactivated by the liquid medium.", "PMID": 1107482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1761", "title": "On the nature and formation of the fibrillar nets produced by protoplasts of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in liquid media: an electronmicroscopic, x-ray diffraction and chemical study.", "content": "The nets produced by protoplasts of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in liquid culture media consisted of microfibrils about 20 nm wide, forming flat, fairly straight bundles of variable width and length, up to about 500 nm wide and 4 mum long. Ends of microfibrils were seldom found. They were not attacked by chitinase or dilute acids, but the net structure disappeared in 3% (w/v) NaOH, leaving about 60% dry wt of the nets as partly microfibrillar clusters. The X-ray powder pattern from the nets, in contrast to that from normal walls, exhibited a set of well-defined rings which identified two micro-crystalline constituents: chitin and unbranched chains of beta-(I leads to 3)-linked D-glucose residues. These latter were the alkali-soluble fraction. The X-ray diagram of the glucan, corresponding to that of paramylon, indicated an in vivo crystal modification. Up to 15% dry wt was chitin which was formed de novo by the protoplasts. A fine net structure of microfibrils about 7-5 to 10 nm thick with meshes about 20 to 60 nm wide was demonstrated in normal walls, forming the entire inner layer and consisting mainly of yeast glucan. This glucan and chitin were only slightly crystalline in these walls. The features of the glucan and chitin of the protoplast nets indicate that enzymes active in normal wall formation were differentially removed or inactivated by the liquid medium.", "contents": "On the nature and formation of the fibrillar nets produced by protoplasts of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in liquid media: an electronmicroscopic, x-ray diffraction and chemical study. The nets produced by protoplasts of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in liquid culture media consisted of microfibrils about 20 nm wide, forming flat, fairly straight bundles of variable width and length, up to about 500 nm wide and 4 mum long. Ends of microfibrils were seldom found. They were not attacked by chitinase or dilute acids, but the net structure disappeared in 3% (w/v) NaOH, leaving about 60% dry wt of the nets as partly microfibrillar clusters. The X-ray powder pattern from the nets, in contrast to that from normal walls, exhibited a set of well-defined rings which identified two micro-crystalline constituents: chitin and unbranched chains of beta-(I leads to 3)-linked D-glucose residues. These latter were the alkali-soluble fraction. The X-ray diagram of the glucan, corresponding to that of paramylon, indicated an in vivo crystal modification. Up to 15% dry wt was chitin which was formed de novo by the protoplasts. A fine net structure of microfibrils about 7-5 to 10 nm thick with meshes about 20 to 60 nm wide was demonstrated in normal walls, forming the entire inner layer and consisting mainly of yeast glucan. This glucan and chitin were only slightly crystalline in these walls. The features of the glucan and chitin of the protoplast nets indicate that enzymes active in normal wall formation were differentially removed or inactivated by the liquid medium.", "PMID": 1107483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1762", "title": "The dispersal of an initial concentration of motile bacteria.", "content": "The dispersal of an initial concentration of identical Brownian particles is accurately described by the solution of the conventional diffusion equation, and a diffusion coefficient can be assigned to the assembly of particles. However, the dispersal of an initial concentration of motile bacteria is not well described by the same solution, in spite of the similarity between the random motion of a bacterium and a Brownian particle. Reasons for the failure of the Gaussian solution of the diffusion equation to describe the dispersal of Escherichia coli are discussed. An equation is formulated which gives the concentration of dispersing organisms as a function of space and time if the speed distribution function of the assembly of organism is known and reproduction is suppressed. For three assumed speed distributions the results are compared with concentrations measured by previous authors.", "contents": "The dispersal of an initial concentration of motile bacteria. The dispersal of an initial concentration of identical Brownian particles is accurately described by the solution of the conventional diffusion equation, and a diffusion coefficient can be assigned to the assembly of particles. However, the dispersal of an initial concentration of motile bacteria is not well described by the same solution, in spite of the similarity between the random motion of a bacterium and a Brownian particle. Reasons for the failure of the Gaussian solution of the diffusion equation to describe the dispersal of Escherichia coli are discussed. An equation is formulated which gives the concentration of dispersing organisms as a function of space and time if the speed distribution function of the assembly of organism is known and reproduction is suppressed. For three assumed speed distributions the results are compared with concentrations measured by previous authors.", "PMID": 1107484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1763", "title": "The elimination of urease activity in Streptococcus faecium as evidence for plasmid-coded urease.", "content": "A strain of Streptococcus faecium from the sheep rumen showed spontaneous loss of urease activity when subcultured at the normal rumen temperature of 38 degrees C, although in mixed cultures in vivo or in vitro loss of urease was not apparent. The rate of loss of urease in pure cultures was increased at incubation temperatures above 38 degrees C, but loss was never complete. However, at temperatures below 38 degrees C loss was greater, and at 22 or 18 degrees C the urease was completely eliminated. Incubation with sodium dodecyl sulphate (0-002%) or ethidium bromide (2-5 X 10(-5)M) caused complete loss of urease activity. The urease activity was also eliminated when the streptococcus was grown aerobically, and this loss of activity was irreversible. It is suggested that the urease activity is controlled by a plasmid gene and that aeration, low growth temperature and chemical agents 'cure' the streptococcus of the plasmid. Attempts to demonstrate the presence of covalently closed circular extrachromosomal DNA by caesium chloride-ethidium bromide equilibrium density-gradient centrifugation were unsuccessful.", "contents": "The elimination of urease activity in Streptococcus faecium as evidence for plasmid-coded urease. A strain of Streptococcus faecium from the sheep rumen showed spontaneous loss of urease activity when subcultured at the normal rumen temperature of 38 degrees C, although in mixed cultures in vivo or in vitro loss of urease was not apparent. The rate of loss of urease in pure cultures was increased at incubation temperatures above 38 degrees C, but loss was never complete. However, at temperatures below 38 degrees C loss was greater, and at 22 or 18 degrees C the urease was completely eliminated. Incubation with sodium dodecyl sulphate (0-002%) or ethidium bromide (2-5 X 10(-5)M) caused complete loss of urease activity. The urease activity was also eliminated when the streptococcus was grown aerobically, and this loss of activity was irreversible. It is suggested that the urease activity is controlled by a plasmid gene and that aeration, low growth temperature and chemical agents 'cure' the streptococcus of the plasmid. Attempts to demonstrate the presence of covalently closed circular extrachromosomal DNA by caesium chloride-ethidium bromide equilibrium density-gradient centrifugation were unsuccessful.", "PMID": 1107485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1764", "title": "The stability of toxigenicity in Clostridium botulinum types C and D.", "content": "Several type C and D strains of Clostridium botulinum, which had been converted to the toxgenic state by phages, were serially transferred through cooked meat medium with and without specific anti-phage serum. Most of the converted strains lost their toxigenicity even during transfer without antiserum, and the non-toxigenic variants that appeared were resistant to lysis and conversion by the original phage. However, in some combinations of phage and host bacteria toxigenicity was stable after ten transfers, though it showed a transient decrease, and the non-toxigenic variants that arose remained sensitive to lysis and conversion. When converted strains were transferred in medium containing anti-phage serum, toxigenicity was lost more rapidly than in the absence of serum and the non-toxigenic variants that appeared remained sensitive to lysis and conversion by the parent phage. Filtrates of the supernatants of culture fluids of strains transferred without anti-phase serum converted non-toxigenic strains to toxigenicity at varying rates.", "contents": "The stability of toxigenicity in Clostridium botulinum types C and D. Several type C and D strains of Clostridium botulinum, which had been converted to the toxgenic state by phages, were serially transferred through cooked meat medium with and without specific anti-phage serum. Most of the converted strains lost their toxigenicity even during transfer without antiserum, and the non-toxigenic variants that appeared were resistant to lysis and conversion by the original phage. However, in some combinations of phage and host bacteria toxigenicity was stable after ten transfers, though it showed a transient decrease, and the non-toxigenic variants that arose remained sensitive to lysis and conversion. When converted strains were transferred in medium containing anti-phage serum, toxigenicity was lost more rapidly than in the absence of serum and the non-toxigenic variants that appeared remained sensitive to lysis and conversion by the parent phage. Filtrates of the supernatants of culture fluids of strains transferred without anti-phase serum converted non-toxigenic strains to toxigenicity at varying rates.", "PMID": 1107486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1765", "title": "The effect of sublethal doses of rifampin on the sporulation of Clostridium botulinum.", "content": "Sublethal doses of rifampin (0-005 mug/ml), added to vegetatively growing cultures of a sporogenic mutant of Clostridium botulinum at inoculation time or after 4 h, resulted in a decrease of growth and in blockage of spore formation. But when rifampin was added 6 to 24 h after inoculation, normal growth and sporulation occurred, indicating that the time of addition was critical and that rifampin was most effective on rapidly dividing, exponential-phase cells. Ultrastructural studies showed that when rifampin was added at the time of inoculation, endospore development was blocked at stage III. During subsequent incubation (greater than 10 h) the cells lost their rigidity, and lysis of the mother cell was followed by that of the forespore. When the cultures were treated with rifampin at 4 h, about 40% of the cells were blocked at stage III and about 60% reached stages IV and V. Some showed excessive elongation and contained developing spores at each pole. They appeared to be derived from two daughter cells unable to form a division septum because of a specific inhibitory effect of rifampin on division. It would seem, therefore, that two daughter cells which are genetically coded to form endospores will do so irrespective of the development of a division septum, and the spores are formed at the 'old' polar regions.", "contents": "The effect of sublethal doses of rifampin on the sporulation of Clostridium botulinum. Sublethal doses of rifampin (0-005 mug/ml), added to vegetatively growing cultures of a sporogenic mutant of Clostridium botulinum at inoculation time or after 4 h, resulted in a decrease of growth and in blockage of spore formation. But when rifampin was added 6 to 24 h after inoculation, normal growth and sporulation occurred, indicating that the time of addition was critical and that rifampin was most effective on rapidly dividing, exponential-phase cells. Ultrastructural studies showed that when rifampin was added at the time of inoculation, endospore development was blocked at stage III. During subsequent incubation (greater than 10 h) the cells lost their rigidity, and lysis of the mother cell was followed by that of the forespore. When the cultures were treated with rifampin at 4 h, about 40% of the cells were blocked at stage III and about 60% reached stages IV and V. Some showed excessive elongation and contained developing spores at each pole. They appeared to be derived from two daughter cells unable to form a division septum because of a specific inhibitory effect of rifampin on division. It would seem, therefore, that two daughter cells which are genetically coded to form endospores will do so irrespective of the development of a division septum, and the spores are formed at the 'old' polar regions.", "PMID": 1107487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1766", "title": "Arthritis in myasthenia gravis.", "content": "Seven patients with myasthenia gravis developed clinical signs of arthropathy. In two patients, the symptoms were due to a deforming rheumatoid arthritis and the myasthenic symptoms appeared as a transitory phase during the course of the disease. Muscle antibodies of IgG class were demonstrated with sera from both patients. Autoreactivity between muscle antibodies and rheumatoid factor was detected in one patient. Both patients died from sudden cardiac failure. Necropsy was performed in one and revealed a spotty myocardial necrosis. One patient had juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Two patients had mild articular symptoms with indices of multivisceral disease and serological findings indicating a systemic lupus erythematous. One patient had classical ankylosing spondylitis, and one, unspecified arthropathy.", "contents": "Arthritis in myasthenia gravis. Seven patients with myasthenia gravis developed clinical signs of arthropathy. In two patients, the symptoms were due to a deforming rheumatoid arthritis and the myasthenic symptoms appeared as a transitory phase during the course of the disease. Muscle antibodies of IgG class were demonstrated with sera from both patients. Autoreactivity between muscle antibodies and rheumatoid factor was detected in one patient. Both patients died from sudden cardiac failure. Necropsy was performed in one and revealed a spotty myocardial necrosis. One patient had juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Two patients had mild articular symptoms with indices of multivisceral disease and serological findings indicating a systemic lupus erythematous. One patient had classical ankylosing spondylitis, and one, unspecified arthropathy.", "PMID": 1107489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1767", "title": "Marked suppression of thyroid function in rats with gram-negative septicemia.", "content": "Gram-negative septicemia was induced in rats by two daily injections of fecal mixture into the thigh, after which the thyroid function was markedly suppressed for 2 days. Iodine metabolism was studied by organ radioassay and by imaging with a multiwire proportional chamber (MWPC) at various time intervals after intravenous injection of 125I. Plasma T3, T4, and TSH, measured by radioimmunoassays, were suppressed, as were the T3-resin uptakes. Fractional blood supply to the thyroid glands of the infected rats, studied by the 81Rb uptake method, was also found to be markedly reduced. Sections of the thyroid glands showed little structural change during the period of marked thyroid suppression. There was no biochemical evidence of renal failure in the septicemic rats.", "contents": "Marked suppression of thyroid function in rats with gram-negative septicemia. Gram-negative septicemia was induced in rats by two daily injections of fecal mixture into the thigh, after which the thyroid function was markedly suppressed for 2 days. Iodine metabolism was studied by organ radioassay and by imaging with a multiwire proportional chamber (MWPC) at various time intervals after intravenous injection of 125I. Plasma T3, T4, and TSH, measured by radioimmunoassays, were suppressed, as were the T3-resin uptakes. Fractional blood supply to the thyroid glands of the infected rats, studied by the 81Rb uptake method, was also found to be markedly reduced. Sections of the thyroid glands showed little structural change during the period of marked thyroid suppression. There was no biochemical evidence of renal failure in the septicemic rats.", "PMID": 1107490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1768", "title": "Radionuclide determination of cardiac chamber flow/volume characteristics.", "content": "The flow/volume characteristics of an externally monitored radionuclide dilution curve may contain valuable information about specific cardiac chamber abnormalities. a simplified method of obtaining this flow/volume ratio on a standard scintillation camera is presented. Preliminary clinical application to right-sided cardiac lesions has been undertaken. The implications of flow/volume variation with time are discussed.", "contents": "Radionuclide determination of cardiac chamber flow/volume characteristics. The flow/volume characteristics of an externally monitored radionuclide dilution curve may contain valuable information about specific cardiac chamber abnormalities. a simplified method of obtaining this flow/volume ratio on a standard scintillation camera is presented. Preliminary clinical application to right-sided cardiac lesions has been undertaken. The implications of flow/volume variation with time are discussed.", "PMID": 1107491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1769", "title": "Initial assessment of a simple functional image of ventilation.", "content": "Several methods for quantitatively measuring regional ventilation using an inert gas such as Xe133 have been described. One such method provides a functional image of washout. A particularly simple functional image may be derived from the mean transit time for clearance. Regional ventilation may thus be represented as a single image in which the spatial distribution of washout from multiple small regions of the lung is displayed. In 100 patients for whom such a functional image of ventilation was obtained, the functional image was found to be generally more useful and easier to interpret than sequential images taken during the period of washout. Distributions of half-time (t1/2) for washout and the mean transit time (t) in the same population were similar in shape, but the t distribution peaked about 15 sec later than the t1/2 distribution. The mathematical simplicity of the functional image described here should permit its implementation on virtually any nuclear medicine computer system.", "contents": "Initial assessment of a simple functional image of ventilation. Several methods for quantitatively measuring regional ventilation using an inert gas such as Xe133 have been described. One such method provides a functional image of washout. A particularly simple functional image may be derived from the mean transit time for clearance. Regional ventilation may thus be represented as a single image in which the spatial distribution of washout from multiple small regions of the lung is displayed. In 100 patients for whom such a functional image of ventilation was obtained, the functional image was found to be generally more useful and easier to interpret than sequential images taken during the period of washout. Distributions of half-time (t1/2) for washout and the mean transit time (t) in the same population were similar in shape, but the t distribution peaked about 15 sec later than the t1/2 distribution. The mathematical simplicity of the functional image described here should permit its implementation on virtually any nuclear medicine computer system.", "PMID": 1107492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1770", "title": "Use of direct bonding materials for fixation and stabilization in the correction of facial deformities.", "content": "Comparatively little time is required for placement of orthodontic brackets with a direct-bonding technique. No anesthesia is required and no discomfort is caused to the patient. Fixation is esthetically acceptable and periodontal health is preserved during fixation. The procedure has been used successfully for immobilization after anterior segmental osteotomies and for maxillomandibular fixation after complete mandibular and maxillary osteotomies.", "contents": "Use of direct bonding materials for fixation and stabilization in the correction of facial deformities. Comparatively little time is required for placement of orthodontic brackets with a direct-bonding technique. No anesthesia is required and no discomfort is caused to the patient. Fixation is esthetically acceptable and periodontal health is preserved during fixation. The procedure has been used successfully for immobilization after anterior segmental osteotomies and for maxillomandibular fixation after complete mandibular and maxillary osteotomies.", "PMID": 1107497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1771", "title": "Alloplastic augmentation of middle-third facial deformities.", "content": "In reconstruction of deformities of the middle third of the face, an advantage in the use of an alloplastic implant rather than tissue transplantation is that only one surgical procedure is needed. A more accurate fit and better esthetic results are obtained with custom-made implants of silicone rubber. Carved implants require less fabrication time and offer adequate results although they are not always shaped as accurately.", "contents": "Alloplastic augmentation of middle-third facial deformities. In reconstruction of deformities of the middle third of the face, an advantage in the use of an alloplastic implant rather than tissue transplantation is that only one surgical procedure is needed. A more accurate fit and better esthetic results are obtained with custom-made implants of silicone rubber. Carved implants require less fabrication time and offer adequate results although they are not always shaped as accurately.", "PMID": 1107498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1772", "title": "The adverse effect of anticonvulsant therapy on renal allograft survival. A preliminary report.", "content": "Administration of anticonvulsant medication to recipients of cadaver renal allografts appears to be associated with decreased allograft survival. The one-and two-year actuarial graft survival rates for 20 index grafts was significantly lower than for 92 control grafts. Since phenobarbital and diphenylhydantoin increase the metabolism of corticosteroids, it is proposed that renal allograft recipients receiving these anticonvulsants may have ineffective immunosuppression, leading to a higher incidence of graft failure.", "contents": "The adverse effect of anticonvulsant therapy on renal allograft survival. A preliminary report. Administration of anticonvulsant medication to recipients of cadaver renal allografts appears to be associated with decreased allograft survival. The one-and two-year actuarial graft survival rates for 20 index grafts was significantly lower than for 92 control grafts. Since phenobarbital and diphenylhydantoin increase the metabolism of corticosteroids, it is proposed that renal allograft recipients receiving these anticonvulsants may have ineffective immunosuppression, leading to a higher incidence of graft failure.", "PMID": 1107499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1773", "title": "Iron deficiency and behavior.", "content": "The literature bearing on the behavioral correlates of sideropenia in animals and man is reviewed. There is evidence to support the contention that sideropenia, per se, is causally related to the subjective complaints of the iron-deficient and/or anemic individual. And, although important biochemical pathways involving electron transport, catecholamine catabolism, and porphyrin synthesis have been shown to be deranged in iron-deficient animals and human beings, the role of these alterations in any putative behavioral aberration is conjectural at present. Given the high prevalence of iron deficiency in the world's population, these issues should be addressed by appropriate biochemical and psychologic studies in animals and human beings.", "contents": "Iron deficiency and behavior. The literature bearing on the behavioral correlates of sideropenia in animals and man is reviewed. There is evidence to support the contention that sideropenia, per se, is causally related to the subjective complaints of the iron-deficient and/or anemic individual. And, although important biochemical pathways involving electron transport, catecholamine catabolism, and porphyrin synthesis have been shown to be deranged in iron-deficient animals and human beings, the role of these alterations in any putative behavioral aberration is conjectural at present. Given the high prevalence of iron deficiency in the world's population, these issues should be addressed by appropriate biochemical and psychologic studies in animals and human beings.", "PMID": 1107503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1774", "title": "Laron dwarfism: growth and immunoreactive insulin following treatment with human growth hormone.", "content": "A 13 1/2-year-old boy with features of growth hormone deficiency had elevated fasting plasma GH levels (5.7 to 66 ng/ml). Serum somatomedin values remained low despite treatment with human growth hormone. Plasma GH values were suppressed following oral administration of glucose and increased following insulin-induced hypoglycemia, L-dopa, and arginine. Chlorpromazine suppressed GH, both fasting and during IIH. These results suggest that the neuroendocrine mechanisms mediating GH secretion seemed to be intact. Peak plasma insulin levels increased in response to glucose administration after HGH suggesting that GH has a direct effect on the pancreatic beta cell which is not mediated by Sm. Plasma testosterone values increased to adult male levels, but there was inadequate secondary sexual response. Growth was enhanced by HGH and may have been due to testosterone and/or insulin. Although Laron dwarfism may result from a receptor defect, an abnormality in GH structure is also possible.", "contents": "Laron dwarfism: growth and immunoreactive insulin following treatment with human growth hormone. A 13 1/2-year-old boy with features of growth hormone deficiency had elevated fasting plasma GH levels (5.7 to 66 ng/ml). Serum somatomedin values remained low despite treatment with human growth hormone. Plasma GH values were suppressed following oral administration of glucose and increased following insulin-induced hypoglycemia, L-dopa, and arginine. Chlorpromazine suppressed GH, both fasting and during IIH. These results suggest that the neuroendocrine mechanisms mediating GH secretion seemed to be intact. Peak plasma insulin levels increased in response to glucose administration after HGH suggesting that GH has a direct effect on the pancreatic beta cell which is not mediated by Sm. Plasma testosterone values increased to adult male levels, but there was inadequate secondary sexual response. Growth was enhanced by HGH and may have been due to testosterone and/or insulin. Although Laron dwarfism may result from a receptor defect, an abnormality in GH structure is also possible.", "PMID": 1107504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1775", "title": "Ovarian hyperthecosis in the adolescent patient.", "content": "The endocrine findings in two adolescents with hyperthecosis are compared to those in a patient with an androgenic ovarian tumor. In patients with hyperthecosis, luteinizing hormone values were elevated or in the upper normal range, and plasma testosterone and androstenedione values were increased. Following dexamethasone suppression, testosterone and androstenedione values remained elevated, but after administration of human chorionic gonadotropin, they increased further in only one patient. Baseline 17-ketosteroid values were normal, suppressed with dexamethasone, and stimulated to baseline levels following HCG. The patient with a lipoid cell ovarian tumor had low baseline LH levels, and elevated testosterone, androstenedione, and 17-ketosteroid values. Dexamethasone produced little change in urinary or plasma values, but the 17-ketosteroids increased markedly after administration of HCG. The finding of low serum LH values in patients with hirsutism and elevated androgen secretion should alert the clinician to the possibility of a tumor.", "contents": "Ovarian hyperthecosis in the adolescent patient. The endocrine findings in two adolescents with hyperthecosis are compared to those in a patient with an androgenic ovarian tumor. In patients with hyperthecosis, luteinizing hormone values were elevated or in the upper normal range, and plasma testosterone and androstenedione values were increased. Following dexamethasone suppression, testosterone and androstenedione values remained elevated, but after administration of human chorionic gonadotropin, they increased further in only one patient. Baseline 17-ketosteroid values were normal, suppressed with dexamethasone, and stimulated to baseline levels following HCG. The patient with a lipoid cell ovarian tumor had low baseline LH levels, and elevated testosterone, androstenedione, and 17-ketosteroid values. Dexamethasone produced little change in urinary or plasma values, but the 17-ketosteroids increased markedly after administration of HCG. The finding of low serum LH values in patients with hirsutism and elevated androgen secretion should alert the clinician to the possibility of a tumor.", "PMID": 1107505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1776", "title": "Effect of synthetic luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone on the release of gonadotropins in hypophysogonadal disorders of children and adolscents. VII. Constitutional delay of puberty in males.", "content": "Serum gonadotropins (LH and FSH) were measured by radioimmunoassay before and after intravenous injection of 0.1 mg/m2 of synthetic luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone in 20 male patients, aged 15 to 18 years, with constitutional delay of puberty. Basal plasma levels of LH and FSH were in the prepubertal range. After administration of LH-RH, the increase in LH was significantly high than in prepubertal control subjects, aged 1 to 13 years; the difference between test patients and pubertal control subjects was not significant. The increase in FSH was in the prepubertal range, significantly lower than that in pubertal control subjects. This discrepancy between LH and FSH responses to LH-RH is similar to that observed in normal boys at the late prepubertal stage and suggests that an elevation of readily releasable pituitary stores of LH correlates with the first step of pubertal onset in males, even if puberty is delayed.", "contents": "Effect of synthetic luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone on the release of gonadotropins in hypophysogonadal disorders of children and adolscents. VII. Constitutional delay of puberty in males. Serum gonadotropins (LH and FSH) were measured by radioimmunoassay before and after intravenous injection of 0.1 mg/m2 of synthetic luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone in 20 male patients, aged 15 to 18 years, with constitutional delay of puberty. Basal plasma levels of LH and FSH were in the prepubertal range. After administration of LH-RH, the increase in LH was significantly high than in prepubertal control subjects, aged 1 to 13 years; the difference between test patients and pubertal control subjects was not significant. The increase in FSH was in the prepubertal range, significantly lower than that in pubertal control subjects. This discrepancy between LH and FSH responses to LH-RH is similar to that observed in normal boys at the late prepubertal stage and suggests that an elevation of readily releasable pituitary stores of LH correlates with the first step of pubertal onset in males, even if puberty is delayed.", "PMID": 1107506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1777", "title": "Anorectal Manometry as a diagnostic method in the neonatal period.", "content": "Presented are the results of manometric investigation of 63 neonates. The method was correct in 92% of all cases at first investigation, and if delay was justifiable on clinical grounds, this figure rose to 98%. Most problems in diagnosis using this method were related to abnormal smooth muscle contractility, which is regarded as being the most important single factor to determine. In patients in whom contractility was abnormal, sepsis, hypoxia, and hypothermia were associated with the generally poor clinical condition. The return of normal contractility paralleled the improvement in the patient's general clinical condition. Neither the maturity nor the size of the patient was felt to be a factor influencing the success or failure of manometry as a diagnostic method.", "contents": "Anorectal Manometry as a diagnostic method in the neonatal period. Presented are the results of manometric investigation of 63 neonates. The method was correct in 92% of all cases at first investigation, and if delay was justifiable on clinical grounds, this figure rose to 98%. Most problems in diagnosis using this method were related to abnormal smooth muscle contractility, which is regarded as being the most important single factor to determine. In patients in whom contractility was abnormal, sepsis, hypoxia, and hypothermia were associated with the generally poor clinical condition. The return of normal contractility paralleled the improvement in the patient's general clinical condition. Neither the maturity nor the size of the patient was felt to be a factor influencing the success or failure of manometry as a diagnostic method.", "PMID": 1107507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1778", "title": "Evaluation of cleansing devices in the maintenance of interproximal gingival health.", "content": "This study consisted of 24 dental students, who 10 days prior to the start of the experimental period, were thoroughly scaled and given instructions in the use of a rubber tip stimulator, unwaxed dental floss, and a modified Bass brushing technique. On day 0, the subjects had reached a high level of interproximal gingival health as measured by intracrevicular exudate flow and l\u00f6e's Gingival Index. Subjects were then randomly divided into 4 groups which were to brush; brush and floss; brush and rubber tip; and brush, floss and rubber tip. Evaluation was performed on days 0, 9, 15, and 33 using L\u00f6e's Gingival Index, Podchadley's Plaque Index, and gingival exudate flow. The results of this study indicate that interproximal gingival health can be maintained in motivated patients with initially healthy gingivae (for at least several weeks) with proper use of the modified Bass brushing technique alone.", "contents": "Evaluation of cleansing devices in the maintenance of interproximal gingival health. This study consisted of 24 dental students, who 10 days prior to the start of the experimental period, were thoroughly scaled and given instructions in the use of a rubber tip stimulator, unwaxed dental floss, and a modified Bass brushing technique. On day 0, the subjects had reached a high level of interproximal gingival health as measured by intracrevicular exudate flow and l\u00f6e's Gingival Index. Subjects were then randomly divided into 4 groups which were to brush; brush and floss; brush and rubber tip; and brush, floss and rubber tip. Evaluation was performed on days 0, 9, 15, and 33 using L\u00f6e's Gingival Index, Podchadley's Plaque Index, and gingival exudate flow. The results of this study indicate that interproximal gingival health can be maintained in motivated patients with initially healthy gingivae (for at least several weeks) with proper use of the modified Bass brushing technique alone.", "PMID": 1107508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1779", "title": "Effects of fear appeals and physiological arousal upon emotion, attitudes, and cigarette smoking.", "content": "Two experiments are reported that attempted to replicate conceptually Schachter's theory of the determinants of emotion and to test the feasibility of extending the theory to attitudes and behavior that may be mediated by the emotion of fear. A total of 279 cigarette smokers were administered either epinephrine or a placebo and then exposed to situational cues suggestive of disparate emotional states (Experiment 1) or different intensities of the same emotion (Experiment 2). Contrary to preictions based upon Schachter's theory, manipulated physiological arousal was not necessary for emotional labeling and under some conditions elicited fear. The situational cues affected emotion and attitudes. Higher levels of fear appeals strengthened intentions to quit smoking, and reassurance of the efficacy of stopping smoking reduced cigarette consumption.", "contents": "Effects of fear appeals and physiological arousal upon emotion, attitudes, and cigarette smoking. Two experiments are reported that attempted to replicate conceptually Schachter's theory of the determinants of emotion and to test the feasibility of extending the theory to attitudes and behavior that may be mediated by the emotion of fear. A total of 279 cigarette smokers were administered either epinephrine or a placebo and then exposed to situational cues suggestive of disparate emotional states (Experiment 1) or different intensities of the same emotion (Experiment 2). Contrary to preictions based upon Schachter's theory, manipulated physiological arousal was not necessary for emotional labeling and under some conditions elicited fear. The situational cues affected emotion and attitudes. Higher levels of fear appeals strengthened intentions to quit smoking, and reassurance of the efficacy of stopping smoking reduced cigarette consumption.", "PMID": 1107512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1780", "title": "Antimalarial amino alcohols II: anthraceneaminoethanols and anthraceneaminopropanols (1- and 9-substituted).", "content": "The syntheses of seven anthracene amino alcohols with one, two, or three additional substituents are described. These compounds include three 1-aminoethanols, two 9-aminoethanols, and two 9-aminopropanols, prepared from substituted anthraquinones or from 10-chloro-9-anthraldehydes. The antimalarial activity of these compounds, as well as tentative structure-activity relationships, is discussed in the light of previously published work.", "contents": "Antimalarial amino alcohols II: anthraceneaminoethanols and anthraceneaminopropanols (1- and 9-substituted). The syntheses of seven anthracene amino alcohols with one, two, or three additional substituents are described. These compounds include three 1-aminoethanols, two 9-aminoethanols, and two 9-aminopropanols, prepared from substituted anthraquinones or from 10-chloro-9-anthraldehydes. The antimalarial activity of these compounds, as well as tentative structure-activity relationships, is discussed in the light of previously published work.", "PMID": 1107515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1781", "title": "Synthesis of 2-pyridyl-alpha-toluenesulfonates as antimalarials.", "content": "A series of substituted 2-pyridyl-alpha-toluenesulfonates was synthesized for antimalarial testing. They were prepared by treating various 2-pyridinols with alpha-toluenesulfonyl chlorides in the presence of an alkali. In tests against Plasmodium berghei in mice at 640 mg/kg, only 3,5-dichloro-2-pyridyl-alpha-toluenesulfonate was considered active, i.e., doubled the mean survival time.", "contents": "Synthesis of 2-pyridyl-alpha-toluenesulfonates as antimalarials. A series of substituted 2-pyridyl-alpha-toluenesulfonates was synthesized for antimalarial testing. They were prepared by treating various 2-pyridinols with alpha-toluenesulfonyl chlorides in the presence of an alkali. In tests against Plasmodium berghei in mice at 640 mg/kg, only 3,5-dichloro-2-pyridyl-alpha-toluenesulfonate was considered active, i.e., doubled the mean survival time.", "PMID": 1107516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1782", "title": "Calcium and stimulus-secretion coupling in the adrenal medulla: contrasting stimulating effects of the ionophores X-537A and A23187 on catecholamine output.", "content": "1. The ionophores X-537A and A23187, which are known to transfer calcuim across cell membranes, stimulated catecholamine release from perfused cat adrenal glands. 2. These stimulant effects persisted in the presence of hexamethonium and atropine and are therefore attributable to direct actions of the ionophores on the adrenal chromaffin cells. 3. Perfusion with calcium-free Locke abolished responses to A23187 and reduced those to X-537A. 4. Responses to X-537A were consistently large and comparable with those produced by 56 mM potassium. By contrast, responses to A23177, over the wide range of concentrations tested, were variable and much smaller. 5. That the two ionophores can stimulate through calcium-dependent mechanisms is considered fresh support for the calcium hypothesis of stimulus-secretion coupling. That they differ in effectiveness may mean that factors besides calcium are important. The greater potency of the less specific ionophore, X-537A, may be attributable to its ability to depolarize as well as carry calcuim, while the relatively small effects of A23187, a generally more effective ionophore for calcuim, may indicate that inward movement of calcium without a background of membrane perturbation such as may be produced by depolarization, is insufficient to elicit strong secretory responses.", "contents": "Calcium and stimulus-secretion coupling in the adrenal medulla: contrasting stimulating effects of the ionophores X-537A and A23187 on catecholamine output. 1. The ionophores X-537A and A23187, which are known to transfer calcuim across cell membranes, stimulated catecholamine release from perfused cat adrenal glands. 2. These stimulant effects persisted in the presence of hexamethonium and atropine and are therefore attributable to direct actions of the ionophores on the adrenal chromaffin cells. 3. Perfusion with calcium-free Locke abolished responses to A23187 and reduced those to X-537A. 4. Responses to X-537A were consistently large and comparable with those produced by 56 mM potassium. By contrast, responses to A23177, over the wide range of concentrations tested, were variable and much smaller. 5. That the two ionophores can stimulate through calcium-dependent mechanisms is considered fresh support for the calcium hypothesis of stimulus-secretion coupling. That they differ in effectiveness may mean that factors besides calcium are important. The greater potency of the less specific ionophore, X-537A, may be attributable to its ability to depolarize as well as carry calcuim, while the relatively small effects of A23187, a generally more effective ionophore for calcuim, may indicate that inward movement of calcium without a background of membrane perturbation such as may be produced by depolarization, is insufficient to elicit strong secretory responses.", "PMID": 1107520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1783", "title": "The influence of secretin on the secretion of pepsin in response to acid stimulants in the anaesthetized cat.", "content": "Peptic secretion was studied in fasting anaesthetized cats in which the pylorus and common bile duct had been occluded to prevent the release of duodenal hormones which might stimulate or inhibit gastric secretion. Dilute acid was instilled into the stomach at intervals to aid recovery of gastric secretion and to preserve peptic activity. 2. Caerulein, histamine and N-methyl histamine did not increase the output of pepsin when given on their own. Desulphated caerulein was a weak peptic stimulant. 3. Two C.H.R. u./kg per hour secretin initiated pancreatic secretion, the volume of which increased progressively as the dose was increased by stages to 32 C.H.R. u./kg per hour. 4. Four C.H.R. u./kg per hour secretin did not increase the output of pepsin. Peptic secretion was stimulated by 8 C.H.R. u./kg per hour. A maximal output of approximately 2000 u. pepsin/15 min was obtained when 16 C.H.R. u./kg per hour was infused. 5. When each acid stimulant was infused along with 4 C.H.R. u./kg per hour secretin the output of pepsin increased significantly. The peak output, which usually occurred between 15 and 30 min after stimulation, did not exceed 1000 u. pepsin/15 min. 6. The proposed explanation for the potentiation of the peptic response when an acid stimulant is infused along with a dose of secretin, in itself below the threshold of peptic stimulation, is that each acid stimulant increases gastric mucosal blood flow, approximately doubling the effective concentration of secretin delivered to the peptic cell.", "contents": "The influence of secretin on the secretion of pepsin in response to acid stimulants in the anaesthetized cat. Peptic secretion was studied in fasting anaesthetized cats in which the pylorus and common bile duct had been occluded to prevent the release of duodenal hormones which might stimulate or inhibit gastric secretion. Dilute acid was instilled into the stomach at intervals to aid recovery of gastric secretion and to preserve peptic activity. 2. Caerulein, histamine and N-methyl histamine did not increase the output of pepsin when given on their own. Desulphated caerulein was a weak peptic stimulant. 3. Two C.H.R. u./kg per hour secretin initiated pancreatic secretion, the volume of which increased progressively as the dose was increased by stages to 32 C.H.R. u./kg per hour. 4. Four C.H.R. u./kg per hour secretin did not increase the output of pepsin. Peptic secretion was stimulated by 8 C.H.R. u./kg per hour. A maximal output of approximately 2000 u. pepsin/15 min was obtained when 16 C.H.R. u./kg per hour was infused. 5. When each acid stimulant was infused along with 4 C.H.R. u./kg per hour secretin the output of pepsin increased significantly. The peak output, which usually occurred between 15 and 30 min after stimulation, did not exceed 1000 u. pepsin/15 min. 6. The proposed explanation for the potentiation of the peptic response when an acid stimulant is infused along with a dose of secretin, in itself below the threshold of peptic stimulation, is that each acid stimulant increases gastric mucosal blood flow, approximately doubling the effective concentration of secretin delivered to the peptic cell.", "PMID": 1107522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1784", "title": "Acrosomal enzymes: Immunochemical localization of acrosin and hyaluronidase in ram spermatozoa.", "content": "Acrosin and hyaluronidase have been localized in the acrosomal region of ram spermatozoa using specific antibodies raised against the highly purified enzymes. Hyaluronidase staining was denser at the periphery of the sperm head; whereas acrosin staining was denser in the equatorial region and appeared to be bound to the inner acrosomal membrane.", "contents": "Acrosomal enzymes: Immunochemical localization of acrosin and hyaluronidase in ram spermatozoa. Acrosin and hyaluronidase have been localized in the acrosomal region of ram spermatozoa using specific antibodies raised against the highly purified enzymes. Hyaluronidase staining was denser at the periphery of the sperm head; whereas acrosin staining was denser in the equatorial region and appeared to be bound to the inner acrosomal membrane.", "PMID": 1107535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1785", "title": "Functional and structural relationships in the Graafian follicle population of the sheep ovary.", "content": "The Graafian follicle population in sheep can be divided into two groups on the basis of the capacity that individual follicle have for secreting oestrogen when isolated from the remainder of the ovary (Moor, 1973). The most developed one or two non-atretic follicle from each animal generally produce large amounts of oestrogen in culture and can thus be classified as steroidogenically 'activated'. The other follicles usually produce very little oestrogen in culture and are accordingly classified as 'non-activated'. In this paper the above classification will be used and the two groups of follicles will be considered separately. In the first section of the paper the response of the non-activated follicles to gonadotrophic stimuli will be described and related to growth and atresia within this population. The steroidogenic potential of the activated follicles at different stages of the cycle will be discussed in the second part of the paper. In the third part, an attempt will be made to relate the ultrastructure of the activated follicles to the functional activity of their component tissues, namely the theca interna and membrana granulosa.", "contents": "Functional and structural relationships in the Graafian follicle population of the sheep ovary. The Graafian follicle population in sheep can be divided into two groups on the basis of the capacity that individual follicle have for secreting oestrogen when isolated from the remainder of the ovary (Moor, 1973). The most developed one or two non-atretic follicle from each animal generally produce large amounts of oestrogen in culture and can thus be classified as steroidogenically 'activated'. The other follicles usually produce very little oestrogen in culture and are accordingly classified as 'non-activated'. In this paper the above classification will be used and the two groups of follicles will be considered separately. In the first section of the paper the response of the non-activated follicles to gonadotrophic stimuli will be described and related to growth and atresia within this population. The steroidogenic potential of the activated follicles at different stages of the cycle will be discussed in the second part of the paper. In the third part, an attempt will be made to relate the ultrastructure of the activated follicles to the functional activity of their component tissues, namely the theca interna and membrana granulosa.", "PMID": 1107536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1786", "title": "Relationship between the secretion of the corpus luteum and the length of the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle.", "content": "The variation in the length of the follicular phase in many mammals may be related to the cellular origin of oestradiol secreted during the luteal phase. In all species the time taken for a small developing follicle (4-5 layers of granulosa cells) to mature to a preovulatory follicle may be the same as that which has been found experimentally in the mouse (10-17 days). In animals such as the sheep, in which there is no source of oestradiol other than the Graafian follicle, follicular development proceeds unimpaired throughout the luteal phase, and the 'follicular phse' which involves only the final stages of maturation of the Graafian follicle is relatively short. In primates, however, in which there is an extrafollicular source of oestrogen from the CL, the secretion of gonadotrophins is suppressed during each luteal phase to a level too low to initiate and maintain follicular development. At the end of each luteal phase and the beginning of the subsequent follicular phase, therefore, it is necessary to initiate the growth of a new crop of small follicles. The time taken for these follicles to develop inot preovulatory follicles determines the length of the follicular phase.", "contents": "Relationship between the secretion of the corpus luteum and the length of the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle. The variation in the length of the follicular phase in many mammals may be related to the cellular origin of oestradiol secreted during the luteal phase. In all species the time taken for a small developing follicle (4-5 layers of granulosa cells) to mature to a preovulatory follicle may be the same as that which has been found experimentally in the mouse (10-17 days). In animals such as the sheep, in which there is no source of oestradiol other than the Graafian follicle, follicular development proceeds unimpaired throughout the luteal phase, and the 'follicular phse' which involves only the final stages of maturation of the Graafian follicle is relatively short. In primates, however, in which there is an extrafollicular source of oestrogen from the CL, the secretion of gonadotrophins is suppressed during each luteal phase to a level too low to initiate and maintain follicular development. At the end of each luteal phase and the beginning of the subsequent follicular phase, therefore, it is necessary to initiate the growth of a new crop of small follicles. The time taken for these follicles to develop inot preovulatory follicles determines the length of the follicular phase.", "PMID": 1107537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1787", "title": "Control of microflora in stallion semen with a semen extender.", "content": "Sterile equipment was used to collect ten ejaculates from each of ten normal stallions and quantitative and qualitative bacterial counts were made within 15 min after collection. The mean bacterial population in undiluted semen was found to be 573,000 +/- 374,000 organisms/ml. The bacterial content of semen diluted with two parts sterile physiological saline, or with two parts of a cream-gelatin extender, was measured within 15 min after collection and again after 2 hr at 25 degrees C. The number of bacteria was slightly increased in the saline after 2 hr, but 1 93% and 99% reduction occurred in the extended semen within 15 min and after 2 hr at room temperature.", "contents": "Control of microflora in stallion semen with a semen extender. Sterile equipment was used to collect ten ejaculates from each of ten normal stallions and quantitative and qualitative bacterial counts were made within 15 min after collection. The mean bacterial population in undiluted semen was found to be 573,000 +/- 374,000 organisms/ml. The bacterial content of semen diluted with two parts sterile physiological saline, or with two parts of a cream-gelatin extender, was measured within 15 min after collection and again after 2 hr at 25 degrees C. The number of bacteria was slightly increased in the saline after 2 hr, but 1 93% and 99% reduction occurred in the extended semen within 15 min and after 2 hr at room temperature.", "PMID": 1107540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1788", "title": "The use of Gn-RH for controlling the oestrous cycle of the mare (preliminary report).", "content": "Clinical tests with synthetic gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (Hoechst) were made during the breeding seasons of 1973 and 1974, using 128 mares injected with 1-0 to 4-0 mg of the substance intramuscularly. The mares were placed in one of five groups based on ovarian condition determined by clinical evidence. Some success was obtained in the induction of ovulation in mares with inactive and sub-normally active ovaries and in a small group having cystic ovaries. A large proportion of mares having a mature follicle responded within 48 hr, but others with atretic follicles failed to respond. The usefulness of Gn-RH for this purpose is discussed.", "contents": "The use of Gn-RH for controlling the oestrous cycle of the mare (preliminary report). Clinical tests with synthetic gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (Hoechst) were made during the breeding seasons of 1973 and 1974, using 128 mares injected with 1-0 to 4-0 mg of the substance intramuscularly. The mares were placed in one of five groups based on ovarian condition determined by clinical evidence. Some success was obtained in the induction of ovulation in mares with inactive and sub-normally active ovaries and in a small group having cystic ovaries. A large proportion of mares having a mature follicle responded within 48 hr, but others with atretic follicles failed to respond. The usefulness of Gn-RH for this purpose is discussed.", "PMID": 1107541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1789", "title": "Duration of oestrus and time of ovulation in mares treated with synthetic Gn-RH (AY-24,031).", "content": "Synthetic Gn-RH, administered during oestrus, stimulates the release of pituitary LH in the cyclic mare. Duration of oestrus was significantly reduced by 1 mg Gn-RH given on Day 2 of oestrus; the time of ovulation, measured in days from the onset of oestrus, also tended to be reduced. An injection of 2 mg Gn-RH had nor further effect, but daily injections from Day 2 until ovulation significantly shortened the duration of oestrus and the time to ovulation. The profiles of LH were found to be variable from mare to mare, but in all mares, treated and control, elevation of LH was detected close to the time of ovulation.", "contents": "Duration of oestrus and time of ovulation in mares treated with synthetic Gn-RH (AY-24,031). Synthetic Gn-RH, administered during oestrus, stimulates the release of pituitary LH in the cyclic mare. Duration of oestrus was significantly reduced by 1 mg Gn-RH given on Day 2 of oestrus; the time of ovulation, measured in days from the onset of oestrus, also tended to be reduced. An injection of 2 mg Gn-RH had nor further effect, but daily injections from Day 2 until ovulation significantly shortened the duration of oestrus and the time to ovulation. The profiles of LH were found to be variable from mare to mare, but in all mares, treated and control, elevation of LH was detected close to the time of ovulation.", "PMID": 1107542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1790", "title": "The contribution of the mule to scientific thought.", "content": "The infertility of the mule has proved a continuing challenge to scientific thought. Since the chromosomal differences between the two parental species are so great as to render normal meiosis impossible, it is postulated that all mules and hinnies are sterile. The problem now is to explain how mules and hinnies can occasionally produce spermatozoa or ova. The appearance of the mule was sufficient to persuade the ancients that both parents, not just the male, must contribute to the make-up of the offspring. The mule has also taught us that, when the number of oocytes in the ovary is reduced, the ovary becomes the time-clock that regulates the length of the oestrous cycle. A study of gonadotrophin production in horses and donkeys bearing hybrid foals has yielded fascinating results about the immunology of pregnancy. The behaviour of the sex chromosomes of female mules and hinnies has helped to confirm the Lyon hypothesis about X-chromosome inactivation. The mule has also provided spectacular proof of the doctrine of hybrid vigour, and the marked deficiency of males at birth confirms the general truth of Haldane's Law. The mule and the hinny remain man's only successful attempt at the production of a commercially viable interspecific mammalian hybrid.", "contents": "The contribution of the mule to scientific thought. The infertility of the mule has proved a continuing challenge to scientific thought. Since the chromosomal differences between the two parental species are so great as to render normal meiosis impossible, it is postulated that all mules and hinnies are sterile. The problem now is to explain how mules and hinnies can occasionally produce spermatozoa or ova. The appearance of the mule was sufficient to persuade the ancients that both parents, not just the male, must contribute to the make-up of the offspring. The mule has also taught us that, when the number of oocytes in the ovary is reduced, the ovary becomes the time-clock that regulates the length of the oestrous cycle. A study of gonadotrophin production in horses and donkeys bearing hybrid foals has yielded fascinating results about the immunology of pregnancy. The behaviour of the sex chromosomes of female mules and hinnies has helped to confirm the Lyon hypothesis about X-chromosome inactivation. The mule has also provided spectacular proof of the doctrine of hybrid vigour, and the marked deficiency of males at birth confirms the general truth of Haldane's Law. The mule and the hinny remain man's only successful attempt at the production of a commercially viable interspecific mammalian hybrid.", "PMID": 1107543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1791", "title": "Infection of the horse fetus.", "content": "Many infections of the equine placenta and fetus result from ascending spread along the cervical canal. Most abortions due to infection occur during the later stages of pregnancy and the possible effects of intrauterine infection on the developing fetus and young foal are discussed.", "contents": "Infection of the horse fetus. Many infections of the equine placenta and fetus result from ascending spread along the cervical canal. Most abortions due to infection occur during the later stages of pregnancy and the possible effects of intrauterine infection on the developing fetus and young foal are discussed.", "PMID": 1107544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1792", "title": "A review of surfactant principles in the fetal physiology of man and animals.", "content": "A short review is given of the problems concerning surfactant principles in the fetal physiology of man and animals and our present knowledge of the subject.", "contents": "A review of surfactant principles in the fetal physiology of man and animals. A short review is given of the problems concerning surfactant principles in the fetal physiology of man and animals and our present knowledge of the subject.", "PMID": 1107545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1793", "title": "Difference in antimalarial activity between certain amino alcohol diastereomers.", "content": "A striking difference in antimalarial activity between the diastereomers of 6-bromo-alpha-[2-(1-methylpiperidyl)]-9-phenanthrenemethanol, alpha-(3-peperidyl)-3,6-bis(trifluoromethyl)-9-phenanthrenemethanol, and alpha-(3-piperidyl)-2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)-4-quinolinemethanol was observed. A possible explanation involving the N-O distance and active site binding requirements is suggested.", "contents": "Difference in antimalarial activity between certain amino alcohol diastereomers. A striking difference in antimalarial activity between the diastereomers of 6-bromo-alpha-[2-(1-methylpiperidyl)]-9-phenanthrenemethanol, alpha-(3-peperidyl)-3,6-bis(trifluoromethyl)-9-phenanthrenemethanol, and alpha-(3-piperidyl)-2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)-4-quinolinemethanol was observed. A possible explanation involving the N-O distance and active site binding requirements is suggested.", "PMID": 1107548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1794", "title": "Synthesis of 5-substituted uracil derivatives.", "content": "The synthesis of a series of 5-substituted uracil derivatives is described. 5-Bromoacetyluracil (2a) was converted to the glycolyl (2b), glycyl (2c), N,N-dimethylglycyl (2d), 4-imidazolyl (3), and 2-amino-4-thiazolyl (4) derivatives. 5-Formyluracil (5) was used in the preparation of the 2-imidazolyl (6), the 3-acrylic acid (7b), the ester (7a), and the 3-N,N-dimethylacrylamide (8) derivatives. A Mannich reaction converted 5-acetyluracil to the amino ketone 9 which was reduced to give the 3-dimethylamino-1-propanol derivative 10. Compounds 2b,d,3,4,6, and 7b failed to inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli B and Staphylococcus aureus.", "contents": "Synthesis of 5-substituted uracil derivatives. The synthesis of a series of 5-substituted uracil derivatives is described. 5-Bromoacetyluracil (2a) was converted to the glycolyl (2b), glycyl (2c), N,N-dimethylglycyl (2d), 4-imidazolyl (3), and 2-amino-4-thiazolyl (4) derivatives. 5-Formyluracil (5) was used in the preparation of the 2-imidazolyl (6), the 3-acrylic acid (7b), the ester (7a), and the 3-N,N-dimethylacrylamide (8) derivatives. A Mannich reaction converted 5-acetyluracil to the amino ketone 9 which was reduced to give the 3-dimethylamino-1-propanol derivative 10. Compounds 2b,d,3,4,6, and 7b failed to inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli B and Staphylococcus aureus.", "PMID": 1107549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1795", "title": "Correlation analysis of Baker's studies on enzyme inhibition. 2. Chymotrypsin, trypsin, thymidine phosphorylase, uridine phosphorylase, thymidylate synthetase, cytosine nucleoside deaminase, dihydrofolate reductase, malate dehydrogenase, glutamate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, and glyceraldehyde-phosphate dehydrogenase.", "content": "The inhibitory activity of 1058 inhibitors of the title enzymes has been formulated in 13 equations correlating chemical structure with inhibitory potency. Two types of regions in enzymes have been defined by means of pi and molar refractivity constants. The use of indicator variables has been extensively developed to suggest special enzyme-ligand interactions. Several examples are given of the use of correlation equations in comparing structural features of different systems.", "contents": "Correlation analysis of Baker's studies on enzyme inhibition. 2. Chymotrypsin, trypsin, thymidine phosphorylase, uridine phosphorylase, thymidylate synthetase, cytosine nucleoside deaminase, dihydrofolate reductase, malate dehydrogenase, glutamate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, and glyceraldehyde-phosphate dehydrogenase. The inhibitory activity of 1058 inhibitors of the title enzymes has been formulated in 13 equations correlating chemical structure with inhibitory potency. Two types of regions in enzymes have been defined by means of pi and molar refractivity constants. The use of indicator variables has been extensively developed to suggest special enzyme-ligand interactions. Several examples are given of the use of correlation equations in comparing structural features of different systems.", "PMID": 1107550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1796", "title": "Enumeration of beta-haemolytic streptococci on normal skin by direct agar contact.", "content": "Normal skin sites in children from a population in which streptococcal impetigo is endemic were examined for the presence of beta-haemolytic streptococci by a direct agar-contact technique. Ninety-eight of 554 samples (18%) were positive for these organisms. Penicillin prophylaxis reduced the frequency of isolation of streptococci from the normal skin for a period of 3 weeks, perhaps accounting in part for the lower isolation rate in this than in earlier studies. Numbers of streptococcal colony-forming units in positive samples were generally low, both in terms of absolute numbers isolated from the surface area sampled and in comparison with numbers of other aerobic flora recovered. The presence of streptococcal pyoderma at the time of agar contact was not necessarily associated with the presence of or with increased numbers of streptococci on samples obtained from normal skin sites. Low counts were consistently found in early summer and higher counts in some samples in late summer. In a simultaneous comparison of paired samples taken from adjacent sites, the frequency of detection of streptococci by direct agar contact compared favourably with that obtained with a moist-swab method. The increased frequency of detection by the agar-contact method appeared to be related to an increased sensitivity for the detection of low numbers of streptococcal colony-forming units on the normal skin.", "contents": "Enumeration of beta-haemolytic streptococci on normal skin by direct agar contact. Normal skin sites in children from a population in which streptococcal impetigo is endemic were examined for the presence of beta-haemolytic streptococci by a direct agar-contact technique. Ninety-eight of 554 samples (18%) were positive for these organisms. Penicillin prophylaxis reduced the frequency of isolation of streptococci from the normal skin for a period of 3 weeks, perhaps accounting in part for the lower isolation rate in this than in earlier studies. Numbers of streptococcal colony-forming units in positive samples were generally low, both in terms of absolute numbers isolated from the surface area sampled and in comparison with numbers of other aerobic flora recovered. The presence of streptococcal pyoderma at the time of agar contact was not necessarily associated with the presence of or with increased numbers of streptococci on samples obtained from normal skin sites. Low counts were consistently found in early summer and higher counts in some samples in late summer. In a simultaneous comparison of paired samples taken from adjacent sites, the frequency of detection of streptococci by direct agar contact compared favourably with that obtained with a moist-swab method. The increased frequency of detection by the agar-contact method appeared to be related to an increased sensitivity for the detection of low numbers of streptococcal colony-forming units on the normal skin.", "PMID": 1107553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1797", "title": "Transmission of human rotaviruses to gnotobiotic piglets.", "content": "Faecal filtrates containing rotavirus particles, from children with acute infectious diarrhoea, were inoculated intranasally into gnotobiotic piglets. The piglets developed no symptoms, but birus was readily found by electron microscopy in their faeces during three serial passages. Among 11 piglets tested 3 weeks after inoculation of virus, all had developed fluorescent antibodies against tissue-culture-adapted calf rotavirus but only two had neutralising antibody. Growth of human rotavirus did not occur in either normal or \"nude\", thymus-deficient suckling mice.", "contents": "Transmission of human rotaviruses to gnotobiotic piglets. Faecal filtrates containing rotavirus particles, from children with acute infectious diarrhoea, were inoculated intranasally into gnotobiotic piglets. The piglets developed no symptoms, but birus was readily found by electron microscopy in their faeces during three serial passages. Among 11 piglets tested 3 weeks after inoculation of virus, all had developed fluorescent antibodies against tissue-culture-adapted calf rotavirus but only two had neutralising antibody. Growth of human rotavirus did not occur in either normal or \"nude\", thymus-deficient suckling mice.", "PMID": 1107554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1798", "title": "A new method for comparative light and electron microscopic studies of individual cells, selected in the living state.", "content": "A method is described which permits comparative light and electronmicroscopic studies of cell cultures, cell spreads or single selected cells which have been kept in the Plastic Film Dish (PFD). The PFD is a versatile large surface tissue culture chamber which, for electron microscopy, is mounted with a transparent FEP-Teflon film bottom. Cells are observed, selected and marked on the PFD-bottom with a high power inverted light microscope. The cells are fixed and dehydrated with a semi-automatic device while they are still in situ in the PFD. During the preparation steps for electron microscopy the topographical relationship between individual cells and between cells and cell support is accurately retained. After embedding and polymerization the Teflon film is easily peeled off the polymerized Epon, leaving a replica of the mark around the selected cell. This permits relocation of the selected cells for ultrathin sectioning in a plane plan-parallel to the original cell support. To enable orientated sectioning of selected cells in a plane perpendicular to the cell support, cells are tagged with Letraset-letters after original embedding and polymerization. Subsequently the re-embedded polymerized specimens are orientated in the microtome in a position which permits controlled thin sectioning of the tagged cells in the previously selected plane.", "contents": "A new method for comparative light and electron microscopic studies of individual cells, selected in the living state. A method is described which permits comparative light and electronmicroscopic studies of cell cultures, cell spreads or single selected cells which have been kept in the Plastic Film Dish (PFD). The PFD is a versatile large surface tissue culture chamber which, for electron microscopy, is mounted with a transparent FEP-Teflon film bottom. Cells are observed, selected and marked on the PFD-bottom with a high power inverted light microscope. The cells are fixed and dehydrated with a semi-automatic device while they are still in situ in the PFD. During the preparation steps for electron microscopy the topographical relationship between individual cells and between cells and cell support is accurately retained. After embedding and polymerization the Teflon film is easily peeled off the polymerized Epon, leaving a replica of the mark around the selected cell. This permits relocation of the selected cells for ultrathin sectioning in a plane plan-parallel to the original cell support. To enable orientated sectioning of selected cells in a plane perpendicular to the cell support, cells are tagged with Letraset-letters after original embedding and polymerization. Subsequently the re-embedded polymerized specimens are orientated in the microtome in a position which permits controlled thin sectioning of the tagged cells in the previously selected plane.", "PMID": 1107555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1799", "title": "A comparative study in the transmission electron microscope and scanning electron microscope of intracellular structures in sheep heart muscle cells.", "content": "The internal cellular structures of the sheep ventricular myocardium have been comparatively studied in the transmission electron microscope (TEM) and in the scanning electron microscope (SEM). For TEM studies the tissue was prepared according to standard methods. Thick sections (10 mum) of paraffin embedded material were, after they had been deparaffinized in toluene, critical point dried, coated with gold and examined in the SEM. The comparative TEM and SEM investigations revealed very good correspondence, and it is evident that the described preparation procedure for SEM has preserved the fine structures of myofibrils, mitochondria, T-Tubules and sarcoplasmic reticulum in an excellent life-like pattern. Of special interest was the three-dimensional demonstration of triads and circumferentially arranged T-tubules.", "contents": "A comparative study in the transmission electron microscope and scanning electron microscope of intracellular structures in sheep heart muscle cells. The internal cellular structures of the sheep ventricular myocardium have been comparatively studied in the transmission electron microscope (TEM) and in the scanning electron microscope (SEM). For TEM studies the tissue was prepared according to standard methods. Thick sections (10 mum) of paraffin embedded material were, after they had been deparaffinized in toluene, critical point dried, coated with gold and examined in the SEM. The comparative TEM and SEM investigations revealed very good correspondence, and it is evident that the described preparation procedure for SEM has preserved the fine structures of myofibrils, mitochondria, T-Tubules and sarcoplasmic reticulum in an excellent life-like pattern. Of special interest was the three-dimensional demonstration of triads and circumferentially arranged T-tubules.", "PMID": 1107556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1800", "title": "Ice crystal growth in skeletal muscle fibres.", "content": "Ice crystal growth was studied in rapidly frozen skeletal muscle fibres which were treated with cryo-protective additives (glycerol, DMSO, sucrose) or which were untreated. Freeze cleaving and etching was the basic method, with conventional plastic embedding and cryo-ultramicrotomy arred during freezing in all unprotected fibres. Just below the fibre surface the crystals were numerous but small, while deeper in the fibre they were fewer but larger. The deeper within the specimen a fibre was located, the larger, in general, was the crystal size. The crystal volume density was about 55%, irrespective of crystal size. Ice recrystallization was practically absent at the temperature normally used in cryo-sectioning (-70 degrees C). Anti-freeze treatment eliminated crystal growth. If the anti-freeze agents were used in non-toxic concentrations, however, their effect on crystal growth was very limited. 'Dry'-cut, freeze-dried ultra-thin cryosections of protected and unprotected fibres confirmed these observations, while sections obtained by 'wet' cryo-cutting showed no apparent signs of crystal growth. In plastic sections of frozen and thawed fibres a previous occurrence of crystals was only slightly indicated. In interpreting the ultrastructure in 'wet'-cut cryo-sections of unprotected frozen muscle fibres, the distorting effects of ice crystals through mechanical compression and alterations in sectioning conditions, must be taken into consideration. Crystal growth also strongly limits the possibilities of using 'dry'-cut sections of untreated frozen tissue for analytical electron microscopy; only the most superficial parts of the fibres seem to be suitable for microanalysis.", "contents": "Ice crystal growth in skeletal muscle fibres. Ice crystal growth was studied in rapidly frozen skeletal muscle fibres which were treated with cryo-protective additives (glycerol, DMSO, sucrose) or which were untreated. Freeze cleaving and etching was the basic method, with conventional plastic embedding and cryo-ultramicrotomy arred during freezing in all unprotected fibres. Just below the fibre surface the crystals were numerous but small, while deeper in the fibre they were fewer but larger. The deeper within the specimen a fibre was located, the larger, in general, was the crystal size. The crystal volume density was about 55%, irrespective of crystal size. Ice recrystallization was practically absent at the temperature normally used in cryo-sectioning (-70 degrees C). Anti-freeze treatment eliminated crystal growth. If the anti-freeze agents were used in non-toxic concentrations, however, their effect on crystal growth was very limited. 'Dry'-cut, freeze-dried ultra-thin cryosections of protected and unprotected fibres confirmed these observations, while sections obtained by 'wet' cryo-cutting showed no apparent signs of crystal growth. In plastic sections of frozen and thawed fibres a previous occurrence of crystals was only slightly indicated. In interpreting the ultrastructure in 'wet'-cut cryo-sections of unprotected frozen muscle fibres, the distorting effects of ice crystals through mechanical compression and alterations in sectioning conditions, must be taken into consideration. Crystal growth also strongly limits the possibilities of using 'dry'-cut sections of untreated frozen tissue for analytical electron microscopy; only the most superficial parts of the fibres seem to be suitable for microanalysis.", "PMID": 1107557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1801", "title": "Doublet frequencies in sequenced nucleic acids.", "content": "A doublet frequency count (set of frequencies of the 16 possible two-base sequences) can be calculated from the experimentally determined overall sequence of a nucleic acid. In this paper, a statistical methodology is developed for comparing such counts with random, with others of the same type or with doublet proportions found in whole DNAs. The methods are applied to two major categories of sequenced RNAs. It is found that vertebrate ribosomal and transfer RNAs show significant differences from the overall vertebrate DNA pattern, especially in the frequency of the doublet CG. Bacterial rRNA and tRNA, on the other hand, show less dissimilarity from total DNA. In the RNA of the small bacteriophage MS2, the doublet frequencies of the translated regions of the genome resemble those in the host E. coli, whereas those in the intercistronic regions differ substantially. All these findings are discussed in relation to the origin, evolution and selection of the nucleic acids concerned.", "contents": "Doublet frequencies in sequenced nucleic acids. A doublet frequency count (set of frequencies of the 16 possible two-base sequences) can be calculated from the experimentally determined overall sequence of a nucleic acid. In this paper, a statistical methodology is developed for comparing such counts with random, with others of the same type or with doublet proportions found in whole DNAs. The methods are applied to two major categories of sequenced RNAs. It is found that vertebrate ribosomal and transfer RNAs show significant differences from the overall vertebrate DNA pattern, especially in the frequency of the doublet CG. Bacterial rRNA and tRNA, on the other hand, show less dissimilarity from total DNA. In the RNA of the small bacteriophage MS2, the doublet frequencies of the translated regions of the genome resemble those in the host E. coli, whereas those in the intercistronic regions differ substantially. All these findings are discussed in relation to the origin, evolution and selection of the nucleic acids concerned.", "PMID": 1107565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1802", "title": "The phylogenetic status of Pasteurella pestis.", "content": "Yersinia pestis has been characterized in terms of fingerprints of digests (pancreatic and/or T1 ribonuclease) of its 16S and 5S ribosomal RNAs. These show clearly that Y. pestis is a member of the Enterobacteriaceae and suggest that within the Family it is most closely related to Serratia and/or Proteus.", "contents": "The phylogenetic status of Pasteurella pestis. Yersinia pestis has been characterized in terms of fingerprints of digests (pancreatic and/or T1 ribonuclease) of its 16S and 5S ribosomal RNAs. These show clearly that Y. pestis is a member of the Enterobacteriaceae and suggest that within the Family it is most closely related to Serratia and/or Proteus.", "PMID": 1107566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1803", "title": "Defective monocyte function in patients with genitourinary carcinoma.", "content": "An assay allowing quantitation of monocyte function, i.e., chemotaxis, was used to study the activity of monocytes in patients with neoplasms of the urinary tract. Twenty-four subjects with various stages of renal carcinoma exhibited a mean chemotactic defect of 34% (P less than 0.005) as compared to normal controls and patients hospitalized with nonneoplastic diseases. Twelve persons with transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder had a 29.8% (P less than 0.01) mean chemotactic defect as compared to the controls. There was no correlation between tumor stage and degree of chemotactic defect;--J Natl Cancer Inst 55: 1047-1054, 1975.", "contents": "Defective monocyte function in patients with genitourinary carcinoma. An assay allowing quantitation of monocyte function, i.e., chemotaxis, was used to study the activity of monocytes in patients with neoplasms of the urinary tract. Twenty-four subjects with various stages of renal carcinoma exhibited a mean chemotactic defect of 34% (P less than 0.005) as compared to normal controls and patients hospitalized with nonneoplastic diseases. Twelve persons with transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder had a 29.8% (P less than 0.01) mean chemotactic defect as compared to the controls. There was no correlation between tumor stage and degree of chemotactic defect;--J Natl Cancer Inst 55: 1047-1054, 1975.", "PMID": 1107568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1804", "title": "Granulopoiesis in \"preleukemic\" mice with anemia induced by Rauscher leukemia virus, variant a.", "content": "To understand further the hematopoietic dyscrasias induced by a variant (a) of Rauscher leukemia virus (RLV), we used Escherichia coli endotoxin to stress the hematopoietic system of control and RLV/a-infected BALB/c mice. During the preleukemic stages of virus infection, there was slight splenomegaly without peripheral blood erythroblastosis. Granulocyte release and tissue mobilization mechanisms appeared unaffected by the RLV/a infection. Both RLV/a-infected and control mice reacted to endotoxin with peripheral granulocytosis and peritoneal granulocyte mobilization, though the circulating granulocyte levels in RLV/a-treated mice initially were lower than those in controls. Spleen of RLV/a-infected animals were larger than those of controls, but both responded to endotoxin with elevated numbers of granulocytes and erythroblasts. Since numbers of bone marrow erythroblasts in both groups of mice were decreased after endotoxin, stem cell competition and/or shunting of stem cells from marrow to spleen may have been involved. Endotoxin also induced rapid falls in hematocrit levels in both groups. These studies suggested that RLV/a-infected mice can be a model to study 1) erythropoietic dysfunction uncomplicated by defective granulopoietic release and tissue mobilization control mechanisms, and 2) progression of evolving granulocytic leukemia.", "contents": "Granulopoiesis in \"preleukemic\" mice with anemia induced by Rauscher leukemia virus, variant a. To understand further the hematopoietic dyscrasias induced by a variant (a) of Rauscher leukemia virus (RLV), we used Escherichia coli endotoxin to stress the hematopoietic system of control and RLV/a-infected BALB/c mice. During the preleukemic stages of virus infection, there was slight splenomegaly without peripheral blood erythroblastosis. Granulocyte release and tissue mobilization mechanisms appeared unaffected by the RLV/a infection. Both RLV/a-infected and control mice reacted to endotoxin with peripheral granulocytosis and peritoneal granulocyte mobilization, though the circulating granulocyte levels in RLV/a-treated mice initially were lower than those in controls. Spleen of RLV/a-infected animals were larger than those of controls, but both responded to endotoxin with elevated numbers of granulocytes and erythroblasts. Since numbers of bone marrow erythroblasts in both groups of mice were decreased after endotoxin, stem cell competition and/or shunting of stem cells from marrow to spleen may have been involved. Endotoxin also induced rapid falls in hematocrit levels in both groups. These studies suggested that RLV/a-infected mice can be a model to study 1) erythropoietic dysfunction uncomplicated by defective granulopoietic release and tissue mobilization control mechanisms, and 2) progression of evolving granulocytic leukemia.", "PMID": 1107569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1805", "title": "Leukemia-associated antigens in man.", "content": "Rabbit antisera raised against acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cells were used to distinguish ALL from other leukemias, to identify rare leukemia cells in the bone marrow of patients in remission, and to define human leukemia-associated antigens. Antibody binding was studied with the use of immunofluorescence reagents and the analytic capacity of the Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorter-1 (FACS-1). The results indicated that most non-T-cell ALL have three leukemia-associated antigens on their surface which are absent from normal lymphoid cells: 1) an antigen shared with myelocytes, myeloblastic leukemia cells, and fetal liver (hematopoietic) cells; 2) an antigen shared with a subset of intermediate normoblasts in normal bone marrow and fetal liver; and 3) an antigen found thus far only on non-T-cell ALL and in some acute undifferentiated leukemias, which we therefore regard as a strong candidate for a leukemia-specific antigen. These antigens are absent from a subgroup of ALL patients in which the lymphoblasta express T-cell surface markers. Preliminary studies on the bone marrow samples of patients in remission indicated that rare leukemia cells were present in some samples. The implications of these findings with respect to the heterogeneity and cell origin(s) of ALL, its diagnosis, and its potential monitoring during treatment were discussed.", "contents": "Leukemia-associated antigens in man. Rabbit antisera raised against acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cells were used to distinguish ALL from other leukemias, to identify rare leukemia cells in the bone marrow of patients in remission, and to define human leukemia-associated antigens. Antibody binding was studied with the use of immunofluorescence reagents and the analytic capacity of the Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorter-1 (FACS-1). The results indicated that most non-T-cell ALL have three leukemia-associated antigens on their surface which are absent from normal lymphoid cells: 1) an antigen shared with myelocytes, myeloblastic leukemia cells, and fetal liver (hematopoietic) cells; 2) an antigen shared with a subset of intermediate normoblasts in normal bone marrow and fetal liver; and 3) an antigen found thus far only on non-T-cell ALL and in some acute undifferentiated leukemias, which we therefore regard as a strong candidate for a leukemia-specific antigen. These antigens are absent from a subgroup of ALL patients in which the lymphoblasta express T-cell surface markers. Preliminary studies on the bone marrow samples of patients in remission indicated that rare leukemia cells were present in some samples. The implications of these findings with respect to the heterogeneity and cell origin(s) of ALL, its diagnosis, and its potential monitoring during treatment were discussed.", "PMID": 1107571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1806", "title": "Distribution of latex-ingesting cells, T cells, and B cells in the peripheral blood of patients with malignant melanoma.", "content": "The distribution among peripheral blood mononuclear cells of latex-ingesting cells, T cells, and B cells was determined with samples from 38 normal donors and 25 patients with malignant melanoma. The mean percentage of latex-ingesting cells, as well as B and T cells, was significantly reduced in the 25 patients with malignant melanoma, stages I and II, compared to the controls. Several explanations for these unexpected findings were considered; possibly the presence of occult neoplasm was responsible for the observed changes in cell distribution.", "contents": "Distribution of latex-ingesting cells, T cells, and B cells in the peripheral blood of patients with malignant melanoma. The distribution among peripheral blood mononuclear cells of latex-ingesting cells, T cells, and B cells was determined with samples from 38 normal donors and 25 patients with malignant melanoma. The mean percentage of latex-ingesting cells, as well as B and T cells, was significantly reduced in the 25 patients with malignant melanoma, stages I and II, compared to the controls. Several explanations for these unexpected findings were considered; possibly the presence of occult neoplasm was responsible for the observed changes in cell distribution.", "PMID": 1107572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1807", "title": "Stimulation of lymphoid cells by components of BCG.", "content": "BCG was fractionated into a delipidated mycobacterial cell fraction (DMC) and lipid by exhaustive chloroform-methanol extraction. The effects of these fractions were tested on mouse spleen cells, nonadherent spleen cells (lymphocytes), thymus cells, and adherent spleen cells (macrophages) in vitro and were compared with effects of the whole bacilli and a methanol-extraction residue (MER). Tritiated thymidine incorporation into spleen cells, purified spleen lymphocytes, and thymus cells was measured as an indicator of activity on these cells; lymphocyte-activating factor (LAF) production was used to measure activation of macrophages. DMC and MER were at least equivalent to, and often exceeded, whole BCG in their stimulation of spleen cells and spleen lymphocytes. DMC was a poor thymic mitogen in contrast to MER, which was as strong as BCG in this regard. Lipid was far less effective a mitogen for all cells tested, and failed to augment the effectiveness of DMC on thymus cells when both were present in the incubation mixture. LAF production was significantly increased by whole BCG (18-fold above controls), whereas each fraction increased production threefold to sixfold. These in vitro results seemed to reflect the known in vivo activity of BCG and its components and suggest further antitumor applications.", "contents": "Stimulation of lymphoid cells by components of BCG. BCG was fractionated into a delipidated mycobacterial cell fraction (DMC) and lipid by exhaustive chloroform-methanol extraction. The effects of these fractions were tested on mouse spleen cells, nonadherent spleen cells (lymphocytes), thymus cells, and adherent spleen cells (macrophages) in vitro and were compared with effects of the whole bacilli and a methanol-extraction residue (MER). Tritiated thymidine incorporation into spleen cells, purified spleen lymphocytes, and thymus cells was measured as an indicator of activity on these cells; lymphocyte-activating factor (LAF) production was used to measure activation of macrophages. DMC and MER were at least equivalent to, and often exceeded, whole BCG in their stimulation of spleen cells and spleen lymphocytes. DMC was a poor thymic mitogen in contrast to MER, which was as strong as BCG in this regard. Lipid was far less effective a mitogen for all cells tested, and failed to augment the effectiveness of DMC on thymus cells when both were present in the incubation mixture. LAF production was significantly increased by whole BCG (18-fold above controls), whereas each fraction increased production threefold to sixfold. These in vitro results seemed to reflect the known in vivo activity of BCG and its components and suggest further antitumor applications.", "PMID": 1107573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1808", "title": "Eradication of microscopic lymph nodes metastases after injection of living BCG adjacent to the primary tumor.", "content": "Guinea pigs with established intradermal tumors and microscopic axillary lymph node metastases were treated with a combination of surgery and BCG. The tumors were excised and BCG was given in attempts to eliminate residual malignant disease. Injection of BCG into established intradermal tumors 7 days before local excision successfully eradicated microscopic axillary lymph node metastases and cured significant numbers of animals. Injection of BCG into dermal tumors 20 minutes or 1 day before excision prolonged survival but did not cure a significant number of animals. Injection of BCG into the skin adjacent to the dermal tumor 7 days before local excision eradicated microscopic axillary lymph node metastases. However, such injection 1 day before local excision did not eradicate metastases. BCG administered by intravenous, intra-arterial, or intranodal injection did not eliminate reidual malignant disease. Several factors were evaluated as possible correlates of successful immunotherapy. The development of tuberculin hypersensitivity, the magnitude of regional adenopathy, and the number of BCG organisms in axillary nodes were not useful correlates. Histologically, the presence of tumor cells, multiple focal granuloma, or histiocytosis in axillary nodes faiiled to correlate with results of therapy. The development of tumor-specific transplantation immunity provided the best correlate of successful immunotherapy.", "contents": "Eradication of microscopic lymph nodes metastases after injection of living BCG adjacent to the primary tumor. Guinea pigs with established intradermal tumors and microscopic axillary lymph node metastases were treated with a combination of surgery and BCG. The tumors were excised and BCG was given in attempts to eliminate residual malignant disease. Injection of BCG into established intradermal tumors 7 days before local excision successfully eradicated microscopic axillary lymph node metastases and cured significant numbers of animals. Injection of BCG into dermal tumors 20 minutes or 1 day before excision prolonged survival but did not cure a significant number of animals. Injection of BCG into the skin adjacent to the dermal tumor 7 days before local excision eradicated microscopic axillary lymph node metastases. However, such injection 1 day before local excision did not eradicate metastases. BCG administered by intravenous, intra-arterial, or intranodal injection did not eliminate reidual malignant disease. Several factors were evaluated as possible correlates of successful immunotherapy. The development of tuberculin hypersensitivity, the magnitude of regional adenopathy, and the number of BCG organisms in axillary nodes were not useful correlates. Histologically, the presence of tumor cells, multiple focal granuloma, or histiocytosis in axillary nodes faiiled to correlate with results of therapy. The development of tumor-specific transplantation immunity provided the best correlate of successful immunotherapy.", "PMID": 1107574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1809", "title": "Suppression of an AKR lymphoma by antibody and chlorambucil.", "content": "A cell-surface localizing xenogeneic antibody against an AKR mouse lymphoma of spontaneous origin could be bound to chlorambucil without interference with either the alkylating activity of chlorambucil or the immunologic reactivity of the antibody. Exposure of the lymphoma cells to chlorambucil-bound antibody caused greater tumor inhibition both in vitro and vivo than did the synergistic effect of exposure seperately to the antibody and chlorambucil.", "contents": "Suppression of an AKR lymphoma by antibody and chlorambucil. A cell-surface localizing xenogeneic antibody against an AKR mouse lymphoma of spontaneous origin could be bound to chlorambucil without interference with either the alkylating activity of chlorambucil or the immunologic reactivity of the antibody. Exposure of the lymphoma cells to chlorambucil-bound antibody caused greater tumor inhibition both in vitro and vivo than did the synergistic effect of exposure seperately to the antibody and chlorambucil.", "PMID": 1107575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1810", "title": "Reversal of leukemia virus-induced immunosuppression in vitro by peritoneal macrophages.", "content": "When spleen cells from mice infected with Rowson-Parr virus (RPV) were cultivated with sheep red blood cells (SRBC), antibody plaque responses were markedly lower than those in similarly cultivated spleen cells from normal mice. Addition of as few as 10(3) spleen cells from RPV-infected mice to cultures of normal aplenocytes markedly depressed the expected immune response. Although RPV-infected mice showed maximum immunodpression in vivo only during the first week after infection, their spleen cells, obtained later in the course of infection, depressed the immunologic responsiveness of normal splenocytes in vitro. Increased doses of SRBC or addition of bacterial lipopolysaccharide to cultures of spleen cells from immunodepressed, RPV-infected mice stimulated antibody formation, and near-normal numbers of antibody-producing cells were evident. Peritoneal exudate (PE) cells, but not thymus, bone marrow, or unfractioned spleen cells, restored immunocompetence to cultures of spleen cells from RPV-infected mice but did not affect the suppressive properties of the infected cells on normal splenocytes. The function of PE cell macrophages in restoring immunocompetence to infected spleen cells in cultures seemed related to a possible antigen-focusing activity of the cells; antibody-producing cell precursors in infected cultures seemed to be preferentially affected by the presence of normal PE cells.", "contents": "Reversal of leukemia virus-induced immunosuppression in vitro by peritoneal macrophages. When spleen cells from mice infected with Rowson-Parr virus (RPV) were cultivated with sheep red blood cells (SRBC), antibody plaque responses were markedly lower than those in similarly cultivated spleen cells from normal mice. Addition of as few as 10(3) spleen cells from RPV-infected mice to cultures of normal aplenocytes markedly depressed the expected immune response. Although RPV-infected mice showed maximum immunodpression in vivo only during the first week after infection, their spleen cells, obtained later in the course of infection, depressed the immunologic responsiveness of normal splenocytes in vitro. Increased doses of SRBC or addition of bacterial lipopolysaccharide to cultures of spleen cells from immunodepressed, RPV-infected mice stimulated antibody formation, and near-normal numbers of antibody-producing cells were evident. Peritoneal exudate (PE) cells, but not thymus, bone marrow, or unfractioned spleen cells, restored immunocompetence to cultures of spleen cells from RPV-infected mice but did not affect the suppressive properties of the infected cells on normal splenocytes. The function of PE cell macrophages in restoring immunocompetence to infected spleen cells in cultures seemed related to a possible antigen-focusing activity of the cells; antibody-producing cell precursors in infected cultures seemed to be preferentially affected by the presence of normal PE cells.", "PMID": 1107576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1811", "title": "Schistosomiasis as a worldwide problem: pathology.", "content": "Low-grade schistosome infection is often well tolerated, except for the danger of ectopic lesions; the risk of life-threatening pathology increases with rising worm burdens. At present, quantitative stool or urine egg counts do not reliably measure individual infection intensity, especially in adult patients, and more precise methods are needed on which to base therapeutic decisions. Timely schistosomicidal treatment will prevent or improve bilharzial lesions, often dramatically, but can not reverse established liver pipe stem fibrosis. Pathological studies in Ibadan and Cairo have shown that in schistosomiasis haematobia the frequency of obstructive uropathy increases in relation to the egg load in urinary tissues. Obstruction, in turn, predisposes to bacterial superinfection and is a significant cause of renal failure and death in highly endemic populations. Urinary bilharzial lesions are most active in the young and tend to become inactive in older patients. Urinary tissue egg burdens first rise, plateau, and ultimately decrease with age, most sharply after the fifth decade. The relationship between tissue egg burden and 24-hr urinary egg output varies according to stage of activity, while the severity of disease depends on egg burden regardless of stage. Therefore, during the inactive stage, severe pathology can coexist with a minimal urinary egg output. Both clinical and autopsy statistics show a correlation between the frequency and the intensity of bilharzial infection. Most of the severe pathology occurs in population groups with an autopsy frequency above a threshold of 30%. The clinical and epidemiological implications of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "Schistosomiasis as a worldwide problem: pathology. Low-grade schistosome infection is often well tolerated, except for the danger of ectopic lesions; the risk of life-threatening pathology increases with rising worm burdens. At present, quantitative stool or urine egg counts do not reliably measure individual infection intensity, especially in adult patients, and more precise methods are needed on which to base therapeutic decisions. Timely schistosomicidal treatment will prevent or improve bilharzial lesions, often dramatically, but can not reverse established liver pipe stem fibrosis. Pathological studies in Ibadan and Cairo have shown that in schistosomiasis haematobia the frequency of obstructive uropathy increases in relation to the egg load in urinary tissues. Obstruction, in turn, predisposes to bacterial superinfection and is a significant cause of renal failure and death in highly endemic populations. Urinary bilharzial lesions are most active in the young and tend to become inactive in older patients. Urinary tissue egg burdens first rise, plateau, and ultimately decrease with age, most sharply after the fifth decade. The relationship between tissue egg burden and 24-hr urinary egg output varies according to stage of activity, while the severity of disease depends on egg burden regardless of stage. Therefore, during the inactive stage, severe pathology can coexist with a minimal urinary egg output. Both clinical and autopsy statistics show a correlation between the frequency and the intensity of bilharzial infection. Most of the severe pathology occurs in population groups with an autopsy frequency above a threshold of 30%. The clinical and epidemiological implications of these findings are discussed.", "PMID": 1107577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1812", "title": "Clinical evaluation of niridazole and hycanthone in schistosomiasis mansoni endemic areas.", "content": "One hundred patients with active schistosomiasis mansoni were treated with niridazole (25 mg/kg/day po for 7 days). The most serious side effects were those connected with the neuropsychic area (convulsion, hallucination, etc.). Therapeutic activity, based on repeated stool examinations, was about 90% in adults and 60% in children. Because of the side effects, as well as the long-term schedule of treatment, niridazole is not recommended for use under field conditions. Seven hundred and forty-five patients were treated with hycanthone (2.5 mg/kg im) after clinical examination. The side effects observed were mild and of short duration (24-48 hr). The therapeutic activity was very high (about 95% cure). So far we have treated more than 9,000 infected patients without severe complications, including hepatic failure and death, which have been reported by some authors. A hycanthone-resistant strain has been isolated from two patients unsuccessfully treated twice with hycanthone and once with niridazole. Considering that an important aspect of the control of schistosomiasis is mass treatment, further studies regarding mutagenicity, teratogenicity, resistance, and toxicological effects of hycanthone are still required before this drug can be recommended for wide use.", "contents": "Clinical evaluation of niridazole and hycanthone in schistosomiasis mansoni endemic areas. One hundred patients with active schistosomiasis mansoni were treated with niridazole (25 mg/kg/day po for 7 days). The most serious side effects were those connected with the neuropsychic area (convulsion, hallucination, etc.). Therapeutic activity, based on repeated stool examinations, was about 90% in adults and 60% in children. Because of the side effects, as well as the long-term schedule of treatment, niridazole is not recommended for use under field conditions. Seven hundred and forty-five patients were treated with hycanthone (2.5 mg/kg im) after clinical examination. The side effects observed were mild and of short duration (24-48 hr). The therapeutic activity was very high (about 95% cure). So far we have treated more than 9,000 infected patients without severe complications, including hepatic failure and death, which have been reported by some authors. A hycanthone-resistant strain has been isolated from two patients unsuccessfully treated twice with hycanthone and once with niridazole. Considering that an important aspect of the control of schistosomiasis is mass treatment, further studies regarding mutagenicity, teratogenicity, resistance, and toxicological effects of hycanthone are still required before this drug can be recommended for wide use.", "PMID": 1107578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1813", "title": "A comparative study on the genetic effects of hycanthone and oxamniquine.", "content": "Oxamniquine (UK-4271; 6-hydroxymethyl-2-isopropylaminomethyl-7-nitro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline) is a new schistosomicidal agent currently undergoing clinical investigation in South America. Essentially a complete cure rate against Brazilian Schistosoma mansoni has been seen in adults with a single im dose of 7.5 mg/kg or a single oral dose of 15 mg/kg. These regimens were tolerated without significant toxicity. To assess its mutagenic potential, oxamniquine was examined in a battery of genetic tests designed to detect mutations at the gene and chromosome levels. For comparative purposes, hycanthone, a schistosomicide with extensively studied mutagenic properties, was evaluated in a similar series of tests. Point mutations were measured in a series of histidineless auxotrophs of Salmonella typhimurium in direct plate and host-mediated assays. Gross chromosomal aberrations were assessed in human leucocyte cultures and in bone marrow preparations from drug-treated mice. Effects on germ cells were tested in the dominant-lethal assay. Hycanthone showed significant mutagenic activity in the direct bacterial tests and the in vivo and in vitro cytogenetic assays. No response was detected in the host-mediated or dominant-lethal assays. On the other hand, oxamniquine produced no drug-related mutagenic effects in the cytogenetic, host-mediated, or dominant-lethal tests at doses up to 150 mg/kg administered parenterally. Oxamniquine produced a weak response in the frameshift mutant, TA1538, of Salmonella typhimurium in direct plate tests with and without liver microsomal enzymes. However, this response was achieved only by using a concentration of compound which was several orders of magnitude higher than that required to produce a similar response to hycanthone.", "contents": "A comparative study on the genetic effects of hycanthone and oxamniquine. Oxamniquine (UK-4271; 6-hydroxymethyl-2-isopropylaminomethyl-7-nitro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline) is a new schistosomicidal agent currently undergoing clinical investigation in South America. Essentially a complete cure rate against Brazilian Schistosoma mansoni has been seen in adults with a single im dose of 7.5 mg/kg or a single oral dose of 15 mg/kg. These regimens were tolerated without significant toxicity. To assess its mutagenic potential, oxamniquine was examined in a battery of genetic tests designed to detect mutations at the gene and chromosome levels. For comparative purposes, hycanthone, a schistosomicide with extensively studied mutagenic properties, was evaluated in a similar series of tests. Point mutations were measured in a series of histidineless auxotrophs of Salmonella typhimurium in direct plate and host-mediated assays. Gross chromosomal aberrations were assessed in human leucocyte cultures and in bone marrow preparations from drug-treated mice. Effects on germ cells were tested in the dominant-lethal assay. Hycanthone showed significant mutagenic activity in the direct bacterial tests and the in vivo and in vitro cytogenetic assays. No response was detected in the host-mediated or dominant-lethal assays. On the other hand, oxamniquine produced no drug-related mutagenic effects in the cytogenetic, host-mediated, or dominant-lethal tests at doses up to 150 mg/kg administered parenterally. Oxamniquine produced a weak response in the frameshift mutant, TA1538, of Salmonella typhimurium in direct plate tests with and without liver microsomal enzymes. However, this response was achieved only by using a concentration of compound which was several orders of magnitude higher than that required to produce a similar response to hycanthone.", "PMID": 1107579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1814", "title": "Genetic activity spectra of some antischistosomal compounds, with particular emphasis on thioxanthenones and benzothiopyranoindazoles.", "content": "In this review we note that hycanthone (Etrenol) is mutagenic for bacteriophage, bacteria, yeast, Neurospora, Drosophila, and for mammalian tissue culture cells, and we point out other genetic activities of this thioxanthenone and of related compounds. One alarming genetic activity is the ability of hycanthone to cause transformation of tissue culture cells in vitro in a test designed to detect carcinogens, results that parallel the direct demonstration of carcinogenic activity of hycanthone in the mouse in vivo. These and other results are compatible with the somatic mutation theory of cancer induction. Factors likely to affect the quantitative genetic activity of hycanthone and its congeners are summarized. Attempts are made to weave the more critical experimental evidence into a molecular model that accounts for the genetic activities of this series of compounds. We conclude that hycanthone is a directly acting mutagen that intercalates into DNA and preferentially alkylates deoxyguanosine residues via formation of a strongly electrophilic molecular species, the carbonium ion. Finally, we show that genetic activity can be dissociated from schistosomicidal activity by appropriate modifications in the thioxanthenone molecule. Preliminary experiments on a newly synthesized piperazinyl N-oxide derivative demonstrate no detectable mutagenic activity; yet considerable schistosomicidal activity is retained.", "contents": "Genetic activity spectra of some antischistosomal compounds, with particular emphasis on thioxanthenones and benzothiopyranoindazoles. In this review we note that hycanthone (Etrenol) is mutagenic for bacteriophage, bacteria, yeast, Neurospora, Drosophila, and for mammalian tissue culture cells, and we point out other genetic activities of this thioxanthenone and of related compounds. One alarming genetic activity is the ability of hycanthone to cause transformation of tissue culture cells in vitro in a test designed to detect carcinogens, results that parallel the direct demonstration of carcinogenic activity of hycanthone in the mouse in vivo. These and other results are compatible with the somatic mutation theory of cancer induction. Factors likely to affect the quantitative genetic activity of hycanthone and its congeners are summarized. Attempts are made to weave the more critical experimental evidence into a molecular model that accounts for the genetic activities of this series of compounds. We conclude that hycanthone is a directly acting mutagen that intercalates into DNA and preferentially alkylates deoxyguanosine residues via formation of a strongly electrophilic molecular species, the carbonium ion. Finally, we show that genetic activity can be dissociated from schistosomicidal activity by appropriate modifications in the thioxanthenone molecule. Preliminary experiments on a newly synthesized piperazinyl N-oxide derivative demonstrate no detectable mutagenic activity; yet considerable schistosomicidal activity is retained.", "PMID": 1107580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1815", "title": "Mutagenicity testing of antischistosomal thioxanthenones and indazoles on yeast.", "content": "Two antischistosomal thioxanthenones, lucanthone and hycanthone, and four antischistosomal indazoles, IA-3, IA-4, IA-5, and IA-6, have been tested for mutagenicity on stationary phase cells of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It was shown that, although there are some gaps in the data, hycanthone and IA-6 are mutagenic at pH 7.0, hycanthone is mutagenic at 5.9, and none of the other compounds is mutagenic at either pH. (Because mutagenicity of these compounds at pH 7.0 appears to be related to the presence of a methoxy group at position 5 of the polycyclic ring, it is possible that IA-4 will be mutagenic on yeast when it is tested at pH 7.0.) An excision-repair-deficient strain of yeast is no more sensitive than other strains. It was found from time-concentration studies on lethality that an inverse relation held: cells exposed to a mutagenic compound are more sensitive when time of exposure was varied and concentration of the compound was held constant, and cells exposed to a nonmutagenic compound are more sensitive when concentration is varied and time of exposure held constant. When the compounds were tested on growing cells of yeast in rich media, none of the compounds is mutagenic, although some are lethal. The kinetic behavior in reversion of yeast exposed to these compounds shows marked departures from similar reversion studies where yeast is exposed to radiation, implicating different physiological mechanisms for the alteration of responses of yeast cells exposed to the different mutagens.", "contents": "Mutagenicity testing of antischistosomal thioxanthenones and indazoles on yeast. Two antischistosomal thioxanthenones, lucanthone and hycanthone, and four antischistosomal indazoles, IA-3, IA-4, IA-5, and IA-6, have been tested for mutagenicity on stationary phase cells of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It was shown that, although there are some gaps in the data, hycanthone and IA-6 are mutagenic at pH 7.0, hycanthone is mutagenic at 5.9, and none of the other compounds is mutagenic at either pH. (Because mutagenicity of these compounds at pH 7.0 appears to be related to the presence of a methoxy group at position 5 of the polycyclic ring, it is possible that IA-4 will be mutagenic on yeast when it is tested at pH 7.0.) An excision-repair-deficient strain of yeast is no more sensitive than other strains. It was found from time-concentration studies on lethality that an inverse relation held: cells exposed to a mutagenic compound are more sensitive when time of exposure was varied and concentration of the compound was held constant, and cells exposed to a nonmutagenic compound are more sensitive when concentration is varied and time of exposure held constant. When the compounds were tested on growing cells of yeast in rich media, none of the compounds is mutagenic, although some are lethal. The kinetic behavior in reversion of yeast exposed to these compounds shows marked departures from similar reversion studies where yeast is exposed to radiation, implicating different physiological mechanisms for the alteration of responses of yeast cells exposed to the different mutagens.", "PMID": 1107581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1816", "title": "Comparative efficiency of pyrimethamine-sulphormethoxine in malaria suppression given as single weekly, fortnightly and monthly doses.", "content": "2. One hundred and seventy inhabitants of the Ilorin area, Nigeria, were observed over a period of five months during the season of maximum malaria transmission while taking pyrimethamine-sulphormethoxine weekly, fortnightly and every four weeks. 2. There was no episode of malaria parasitaemia in the group receiving weekly doses of 25 mg. pyrimethamine and 0-5 mg. sulphormethoxine throughout the course of the trials. 3. There was one episode of asexual parasitaemia at the second month in the group receiving double fortnightly doses, but none by the third or fourth months. 4. The group receiving 75 mg. pyrimethamine and 1-5 mg. of sulphormethoxine had seven episodes of asexual parasitaemia throughout the course of the trial. 5. In all three groups there was no evidence of clinical acute malaria. 6. There were no appriciable side-effects in all groups within a follow-up period of four months. 7. The present trials confirm the advantage of the drug combination which proved to be more effective when given as weekly or fortnightly doses.", "contents": "Comparative efficiency of pyrimethamine-sulphormethoxine in malaria suppression given as single weekly, fortnightly and monthly doses. 2. One hundred and seventy inhabitants of the Ilorin area, Nigeria, were observed over a period of five months during the season of maximum malaria transmission while taking pyrimethamine-sulphormethoxine weekly, fortnightly and every four weeks. 2. There was no episode of malaria parasitaemia in the group receiving weekly doses of 25 mg. pyrimethamine and 0-5 mg. sulphormethoxine throughout the course of the trials. 3. There was one episode of asexual parasitaemia at the second month in the group receiving double fortnightly doses, but none by the third or fourth months. 4. The group receiving 75 mg. pyrimethamine and 1-5 mg. of sulphormethoxine had seven episodes of asexual parasitaemia throughout the course of the trial. 5. In all three groups there was no evidence of clinical acute malaria. 6. There were no appriciable side-effects in all groups within a follow-up period of four months. 7. The present trials confirm the advantage of the drug combination which proved to be more effective when given as weekly or fortnightly doses.", "PMID": 1107584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1817", "title": "[Bilateral cancer of the kidney (author's transl)].", "content": "The simultaneous or successive occurrence of bilateral nephro-epithelioma in the adult is a possibility which is much rarer than that of the tumor in the child. The possibility of partial nephrectomy, carried out ex-vivo with renal auto-transplant should the occasion arise and that of total nephrectomy with allo-transplant brought up with their results.", "contents": "[Bilateral cancer of the kidney (author's transl)]. The simultaneous or successive occurrence of bilateral nephro-epithelioma in the adult is a possibility which is much rarer than that of the tumor in the child. The possibility of partial nephrectomy, carried out ex-vivo with renal auto-transplant should the occasion arise and that of total nephrectomy with allo-transplant brought up with their results.", "PMID": 1107586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1818", "title": "[Study of cellular immunity in the course of nephro-epithelioma. Preliminary study concerning 12 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "The cellular immunity of 12 adult subjects suffering from nephro-epithelioma was studied by means of lymphoblastic transformation tests repeated regularly. Perhaps a certain agreement could be observed between the clinical course and the subject's sensitization to the tumor antigens.", "contents": "[Study of cellular immunity in the course of nephro-epithelioma. Preliminary study concerning 12 cases (author's transl)]. The cellular immunity of 12 adult subjects suffering from nephro-epithelioma was studied by means of lymphoblastic transformation tests repeated regularly. Perhaps a certain agreement could be observed between the clinical course and the subject's sensitization to the tumor antigens.", "PMID": 1107587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1819", "title": "Replication and recombination of gene 59 mutant of bacteriophage T4D.", "content": "After infection of Escherichia coli B with phage T4D carrying an amber mutation in gene 59, recombination between two rII markers is reduced two- to three-fold. This level of recombination deficiency persists even when burst size similar to wild type is induced by the suppression of the mutant DNA-arrest phenotype. In the background of two other DNA-arrest mutants in genes 46 and 47, a 10- to 11-fold reduction in recombination is observed. The cumulative effect of gene 59 mutation on gene 46-47 mutant suggests that complicated interactions must occur in the production of genetic recombinants. The DNA-arrest phenotype of gene 59 mutant can be suppressed by inhibiting the synthesis of late phage proteins. Under these conditions, DNA replicative intermediates similar to those associated with wild-type infection are induced. Synthesis of late phage proteins, however, results in the degradation of mutant 200S replicative intermediate into molecules are associated with membrane, they do not replicate. These results suggest a role for gene 59 product, in addition to a possible requirement of concatemeric DNA in late replication of phage T4 DNA.", "contents": "Replication and recombination of gene 59 mutant of bacteriophage T4D. After infection of Escherichia coli B with phage T4D carrying an amber mutation in gene 59, recombination between two rII markers is reduced two- to three-fold. This level of recombination deficiency persists even when burst size similar to wild type is induced by the suppression of the mutant DNA-arrest phenotype. In the background of two other DNA-arrest mutants in genes 46 and 47, a 10- to 11-fold reduction in recombination is observed. The cumulative effect of gene 59 mutation on gene 46-47 mutant suggests that complicated interactions must occur in the production of genetic recombinants. The DNA-arrest phenotype of gene 59 mutant can be suppressed by inhibiting the synthesis of late phage proteins. Under these conditions, DNA replicative intermediates similar to those associated with wild-type infection are induced. Synthesis of late phage proteins, however, results in the degradation of mutant 200S replicative intermediate into molecules are associated with membrane, they do not replicate. These results suggest a role for gene 59 product, in addition to a possible requirement of concatemeric DNA in late replication of phage T4 DNA.", "PMID": 1107596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1820", "title": "Replication of nuclear polyhedrosis virus in a continuous cell culture of Spodoptera frugiperda: microscopy study of the sequence of events of the virus infection.", "content": "A microscopy study of the sequence of morphogenic events of Spodoptera frugiperda nuclear polyhedrosis virus infection of S. frugiperda cells is presented which orders the sequence of replication and establishes the time scale within which the events occur. The virus entered the cell by 1 h postinfection and was uncoated. The eclipse period was 9 h and the latent period was 12 h. Polyhedron formation was detected by 18 h postinfection and continued until the deposition of the polyhedron membrane was completed by 48 h postinfection. Aberrant morphogenic characteristics of virus repeatedly passaged in the cell culture were also recorded. Adsorption, envelope morphogenesis, and release mechanisms are discussed in light of other data on in vivo and in vitro baculovirus infections.", "contents": "Replication of nuclear polyhedrosis virus in a continuous cell culture of Spodoptera frugiperda: microscopy study of the sequence of events of the virus infection. A microscopy study of the sequence of morphogenic events of Spodoptera frugiperda nuclear polyhedrosis virus infection of S. frugiperda cells is presented which orders the sequence of replication and establishes the time scale within which the events occur. The virus entered the cell by 1 h postinfection and was uncoated. The eclipse period was 9 h and the latent period was 12 h. Polyhedron formation was detected by 18 h postinfection and continued until the deposition of the polyhedron membrane was completed by 48 h postinfection. Aberrant morphogenic characteristics of virus repeatedly passaged in the cell culture were also recorded. Adsorption, envelope morphogenesis, and release mechanisms are discussed in light of other data on in vivo and in vitro baculovirus infections.", "PMID": 1107597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1821", "title": "T7 protein synthesis in F-factor-containing cells: evidence for an episomally induced impairment of translation and relation to an alteration in membrane permeability.", "content": "T7 infection of F-factor-containing PIFA+, B+ cells is abortive. In spite of the presence of mRNA for all three classes of T7 proteins, only the earliest of the T7 proteins are synthesized. A crucial question is whether the failure of T7 to develop in PIFA+, B+ cells is the result of an inability to translate the late classes of T7 mRNA or, as has been recently suggested (Britton, and Haselkorn, 1975; Condit, 1975), whether it is the result of a more generalized alteration in membrane permeability. We have examined the effects of the wild-type PIFA+, B+ spisome and two sipsomal mutations (pifA- and pifB-) on in vitro translation and membrane permeability. In vivo the episomal mutations allow partial or complete T7 development to occur. We demonstrate that cell-free protein-synthesizing systems from T7-infected PIFA+, B+ cells show a three- to fivefold decrease in the rate of translation of both natural and synthetic mRNA. In addition, ribosomes from T7-infected PIFA+, B+ cells are defective in their ability to bind Fmet tRNAf in response to natural mRNA. By contrast, cell-free extracts from T7-infected pifA-(PIFA-, B+) celld retain the ability to bind Fmet defective T7-infected PIFA+, B+ rigosomes can be restored to full activity by a trypsin-sensitive fraction from uninfected PIFA+, B+ or T7-infected PIFA-, B+ cells. Despite the differences in translational capacity of these extracts, both T7-infected PIFA+, B+ and PIFA-, B+ cells display the same permeability lesions as measured by the loss of ATP from the cells into the supernatant. Mutation of the episome of pifB- prevents the loss of ATP from the cells after T7 infection.", "contents": "T7 protein synthesis in F-factor-containing cells: evidence for an episomally induced impairment of translation and relation to an alteration in membrane permeability. T7 infection of F-factor-containing PIFA+, B+ cells is abortive. In spite of the presence of mRNA for all three classes of T7 proteins, only the earliest of the T7 proteins are synthesized. A crucial question is whether the failure of T7 to develop in PIFA+, B+ cells is the result of an inability to translate the late classes of T7 mRNA or, as has been recently suggested (Britton, and Haselkorn, 1975; Condit, 1975), whether it is the result of a more generalized alteration in membrane permeability. We have examined the effects of the wild-type PIFA+, B+ spisome and two sipsomal mutations (pifA- and pifB-) on in vitro translation and membrane permeability. In vivo the episomal mutations allow partial or complete T7 development to occur. We demonstrate that cell-free protein-synthesizing systems from T7-infected PIFA+, B+ cells show a three- to fivefold decrease in the rate of translation of both natural and synthetic mRNA. In addition, ribosomes from T7-infected PIFA+, B+ cells are defective in their ability to bind Fmet tRNAf in response to natural mRNA. By contrast, cell-free extracts from T7-infected pifA-(PIFA-, B+) celld retain the ability to bind Fmet defective T7-infected PIFA+, B+ rigosomes can be restored to full activity by a trypsin-sensitive fraction from uninfected PIFA+, B+ or T7-infected PIFA-, B+ cells. Despite the differences in translational capacity of these extracts, both T7-infected PIFA+, B+ and PIFA-, B+ cells display the same permeability lesions as measured by the loss of ATP from the cells into the supernatant. Mutation of the episome of pifB- prevents the loss of ATP from the cells after T7 infection.", "PMID": 1107598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1822", "title": "Urinary tract complications in myelomeningocele patients.", "content": "Urinary tract complications such as urinary tract infection, ureteral reflux, upper tract dilatation and incontinence are common with myelomeningocele. Regular urological evaluations, including measurement of residual urine, uranalysis, urine culture, voiding cystourethrogram, excretory urogram and renal function studies, are essential for the diagnosis and management of such complications. Conservative therapy with Crede bladder expression and urethral catheter drainage has been unsuccessful in managing these complications and preventing upper tract deterioration.", "contents": "Urinary tract complications in myelomeningocele patients. Urinary tract complications such as urinary tract infection, ureteral reflux, upper tract dilatation and incontinence are common with myelomeningocele. Regular urological evaluations, including measurement of residual urine, uranalysis, urine culture, voiding cystourethrogram, excretory urogram and renal function studies, are essential for the diagnosis and management of such complications. Conservative therapy with Crede bladder expression and urethral catheter drainage has been unsuccessful in managing these complications and preventing upper tract deterioration.", "PMID": 1107599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1823", "title": "Flexible tip ureteral catheters in clinical practice.", "content": "An ideal ureteral catheter has been produced and subjected to extensive clinical trial. Its safe, flexible tip permits passage into almost every orifice and ureter, regardless of its configuration, tortuosity or degree of obstruction. The flexi-tip catheter meets all of the criteria of the theoretical ideal ureteral catheter. It would appear to be the catheter of choice for most clinical situations and should be a welcome addition to the urologist's armamentarium.", "contents": "Flexible tip ureteral catheters in clinical practice. An ideal ureteral catheter has been produced and subjected to extensive clinical trial. Its safe, flexible tip permits passage into almost every orifice and ureter, regardless of its configuration, tortuosity or degree of obstruction. The flexi-tip catheter meets all of the criteria of the theoretical ideal ureteral catheter. It would appear to be the catheter of choice for most clinical situations and should be a welcome addition to the urologist's armamentarium.", "PMID": 1107600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1824", "title": "Carcinoembryonic antigen and bladder carcinoma.", "content": "The 24-hour urinary carcinoembryonic antigen determinations were performed on 61 patients with different stages of bladder carcinoma. Elevated titers were found in 81 per cent of the patients with active tumors and falsely positive studies were found in 7 per cent. High stage lesions were found to have high carcinoembryonic antigen levels. Plasma carcinoembryonic antigen determinations were elevated in only 45 per cent of the patients with active tumors but further study may be warranted in advanced bladder cancer cases. The 24-hour urinary carcinoembryonic antigen measurements yield the highest percentage elevations in bladder carcinoma and further investigation is required to better define its clinical application.", "contents": "Carcinoembryonic antigen and bladder carcinoma. The 24-hour urinary carcinoembryonic antigen determinations were performed on 61 patients with different stages of bladder carcinoma. Elevated titers were found in 81 per cent of the patients with active tumors and falsely positive studies were found in 7 per cent. High stage lesions were found to have high carcinoembryonic antigen levels. Plasma carcinoembryonic antigen determinations were elevated in only 45 per cent of the patients with active tumors but further study may be warranted in advanced bladder cancer cases. The 24-hour urinary carcinoembryonic antigen measurements yield the highest percentage elevations in bladder carcinoma and further investigation is required to better define its clinical application.", "PMID": 1107601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1825", "title": "End stage polycystic kidney disease: management by renal transplantation and selective use of preliminary nephrectomy.", "content": "The results have been reviewed of 35 renal transplants performed on 31 patients with end stage polycystic renal disease. Patient survival is 81 per cent and 71 per cent of the patients have functioning grafts at an average followup of 3.1 years. The need for pre-transplant nephrectomy was evaluated early in the series and since then the operation has been practiced selectively. Twenty-two patients have received transplants with both polycystic kidneys in situ, while 2 patients have undergone transplantation after unilateral nephrectomy. In the absence of a history of renal infection or significant hematuria it has proved safe and desirable to leave the polycystic kidneys in situ. During the post-transplant period in such cases there has been no difficulty attributed to the in situ polycystic kidneys after more than 450 patient months of immunosuppressive therapy. The size of the polycystic kidneys has not been an indication of nephrectomy in our series and no significant technical difficulties have been encountered with large polycystic kidneys remaining in situ. Hypertension associated with end stage polycystic kidney disease has been controlled easily and has not proved an indication for pre-transplant nephrectomy.", "contents": "End stage polycystic kidney disease: management by renal transplantation and selective use of preliminary nephrectomy. The results have been reviewed of 35 renal transplants performed on 31 patients with end stage polycystic renal disease. Patient survival is 81 per cent and 71 per cent of the patients have functioning grafts at an average followup of 3.1 years. The need for pre-transplant nephrectomy was evaluated early in the series and since then the operation has been practiced selectively. Twenty-two patients have received transplants with both polycystic kidneys in situ, while 2 patients have undergone transplantation after unilateral nephrectomy. In the absence of a history of renal infection or significant hematuria it has proved safe and desirable to leave the polycystic kidneys in situ. During the post-transplant period in such cases there has been no difficulty attributed to the in situ polycystic kidneys after more than 450 patient months of immunosuppressive therapy. The size of the polycystic kidneys has not been an indication of nephrectomy in our series and no significant technical difficulties have been encountered with large polycystic kidneys remaining in situ. Hypertension associated with end stage polycystic kidney disease has been controlled easily and has not proved an indication for pre-transplant nephrectomy.", "PMID": 1107602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1826", "title": "The present status of bilateral nephrectomy in transplant recipients.", "content": "Routine use of bilateral nephrectomy in renal transplant patients has been replaced by a careful evaluation of the indications for the procedure and the increasing appreciation of the contributions of non-excretory kidneys. These contributions are identified and the indications are discussed. When bilateral nephrectomy is required the clear superiority of the bilateral simultaneous posterior approach over other techniques is documented.", "contents": "The present status of bilateral nephrectomy in transplant recipients. Routine use of bilateral nephrectomy in renal transplant patients has been replaced by a careful evaluation of the indications for the procedure and the increasing appreciation of the contributions of non-excretory kidneys. These contributions are identified and the indications are discussed. When bilateral nephrectomy is required the clear superiority of the bilateral simultaneous posterior approach over other techniques is documented.", "PMID": 1107603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1827", "title": "Chemotherapy of advanced carcinoma of the prostate with 5-fluorouracil, cyclophosphamide and adriamycin.", "content": "There were 33 patients with clinically relapsing advanced prostatic carcinoma (stages C and D) treated by 2 different combinations of chemotherapy. The 13 patients in group 1 received 5-fluorouracil and cyclophosphamide and 20 patients in group 2 received adriamycin and cyclophosphamide. The over-all response was 69.3 per cent in group 1 and 65 per cent in group 2. Our preliminary results should encourage further evaluation of these drug combinations by other investigators under carefully controlled conditions.", "contents": "Chemotherapy of advanced carcinoma of the prostate with 5-fluorouracil, cyclophosphamide and adriamycin. There were 33 patients with clinically relapsing advanced prostatic carcinoma (stages C and D) treated by 2 different combinations of chemotherapy. The 13 patients in group 1 received 5-fluorouracil and cyclophosphamide and 20 patients in group 2 received adriamycin and cyclophosphamide. The over-all response was 69.3 per cent in group 1 and 65 per cent in group 2. Our preliminary results should encourage further evaluation of these drug combinations by other investigators under carefully controlled conditions.", "PMID": 1107604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1828", "title": "Nitrous oxide as an analgesic in acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "Nitrous oxide in a concentration of 35% has been shown to ameliorate the pain of acute myocardial infarction. This conclusion was reached on the basis of a double-blind study in 69 patients and a clinical study in an additional 42 patients. The use of nitrous oxide was not accompanied by hemodynamic changes or significant adverse reactions.", "contents": "Nitrous oxide as an analgesic in acute myocardial infarction. Nitrous oxide in a concentration of 35% has been shown to ameliorate the pain of acute myocardial infarction. This conclusion was reached on the basis of a double-blind study in 69 patients and a clinical study in an additional 42 patients. The use of nitrous oxide was not accompanied by hemodynamic changes or significant adverse reactions.", "PMID": 1107612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1829", "title": "Use of free peritoneal patch in reenforcing alimentary tract anastomosis.", "content": "The use of free peritoneal patch was evaluated for the effect on protection against intestinal anastomotic leakage in dogs. Free peritoneal patch was found to be effective in preventing the anastomotic leakage of the alimentary tract in borderline situation. Free peritoneal patch was more effective when applied with the 'smooth side out' than with the \"smooth side in'. The usefulness of free peritoneal patch was also demonstrated in the treatment of the already established fistula of the cervical esophagus.", "contents": "Use of free peritoneal patch in reenforcing alimentary tract anastomosis. The use of free peritoneal patch was evaluated for the effect on protection against intestinal anastomotic leakage in dogs. Free peritoneal patch was found to be effective in preventing the anastomotic leakage of the alimentary tract in borderline situation. Free peritoneal patch was more effective when applied with the 'smooth side out' than with the \"smooth side in'. The usefulness of free peritoneal patch was also demonstrated in the treatment of the already established fistula of the cervical esophagus.", "PMID": 1107631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1830", "title": "Mechanism of diuretic response to increased left atrial pressure in the anesthetized dog.", "content": "The mechanism whereby an increase in left atrial pressure (LAP) causes a water diuresis in the anesthetized dog remains controversial. In the present study LAP was increased by inflation of an atrial balloon in two groups of animals. In the first group of eight intact dogs, mean LAP was increased from 3.4 to 17.6 mm Hg (P less than 0.001). The rise in LAP was associated with a mean increase in urine flow (V) from 0.70 to 1.29 ml/min (P less than 0.001), a decrease in urinary osmolality (Uosm) from 808 to 490 mOsm/kg of H2O (P less than 0.001) and an increase in free water clearance (CH2O) from -0.684 to -0.200 ml/min (P less than 0.025). This diuresis was associated with a mean decrease in antidiuretic hormone concentrations in plasma as measured by radioimmunoassay from 27.6 to 12.3 pg/ml (P less than 0.02). The changes in the urinary indexes and in the antidiuretic hormone concentrations were reversible and returned to control levels when the LAP was allowed to return to normal. A second group of dogs was acutely hypophysectomized, steroid replaced and given a constant infusion of vasopressin. In these animals, mean LAP was increased from 3.0 to 16.0 mm Hg (P less than 0.001) but no significant change in V (0.49 to 0.56 ml/min), Uosm (878 to 845 mOsm/kg of H2O) or CH2O (-0.750 to -0.620 ml/min) occurred. Cardiac output, renal arterial pressure, glomerular filtration rate and solute excretion were comparable in the two groups. We therefore conclude that suppression of antidiuretic hormone release is the primary mechanism whereby increased LAP causes a water diuresis in the anesthetized dog.", "contents": "Mechanism of diuretic response to increased left atrial pressure in the anesthetized dog. The mechanism whereby an increase in left atrial pressure (LAP) causes a water diuresis in the anesthetized dog remains controversial. In the present study LAP was increased by inflation of an atrial balloon in two groups of animals. In the first group of eight intact dogs, mean LAP was increased from 3.4 to 17.6 mm Hg (P less than 0.001). The rise in LAP was associated with a mean increase in urine flow (V) from 0.70 to 1.29 ml/min (P less than 0.001), a decrease in urinary osmolality (Uosm) from 808 to 490 mOsm/kg of H2O (P less than 0.001) and an increase in free water clearance (CH2O) from -0.684 to -0.200 ml/min (P less than 0.025). This diuresis was associated with a mean decrease in antidiuretic hormone concentrations in plasma as measured by radioimmunoassay from 27.6 to 12.3 pg/ml (P less than 0.02). The changes in the urinary indexes and in the antidiuretic hormone concentrations were reversible and returned to control levels when the LAP was allowed to return to normal. A second group of dogs was acutely hypophysectomized, steroid replaced and given a constant infusion of vasopressin. In these animals, mean LAP was increased from 3.0 to 16.0 mm Hg (P less than 0.001) but no significant change in V (0.49 to 0.56 ml/min), Uosm (878 to 845 mOsm/kg of H2O) or CH2O (-0.750 to -0.620 ml/min) occurred. Cardiac output, renal arterial pressure, glomerular filtration rate and solute excretion were comparable in the two groups. We therefore conclude that suppression of antidiuretic hormone release is the primary mechanism whereby increased LAP causes a water diuresis in the anesthetized dog.", "PMID": 1107639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1831", "title": "[Block-excision of intraocular processes. I. Tumors of the anterior uvea (author's transl)].", "content": "Tumors of the ciliary body and peripheral choroid are removed together with the adjacent cornea, sclera, iris and retina as a single \"block\". A lamellar preparation of the sclera is avoided because extent of the tumorinvasion into the sclera cannot be clinically reconized. The border of the tumor is found by fiber-optic-transillumination and thus the diameter of the block-excision is determined. The resulting defect of the globe is covered by a tectonic corneal graft. From 1971-1974 12 eyes have been operated with this method: 3 malignant melanomas of the iris invading the ciliary body; 5 tumors of the ciliary body and 4 extensive malignant melanomas involving also the peripheral choroid. The diameter of the block-excision varied from 5.5 X 5.5 to 14 X 18 mm. Simultaneous cataract extraction was performed in 5 eyes. Approximately 4 hours of the ciliary-body-circumference are excised. The preliminary results are satisfactory in view of the size of the excised tumors.", "contents": "[Block-excision of intraocular processes. I. Tumors of the anterior uvea (author's transl)]. Tumors of the ciliary body and peripheral choroid are removed together with the adjacent cornea, sclera, iris and retina as a single \"block\". A lamellar preparation of the sclera is avoided because extent of the tumorinvasion into the sclera cannot be clinically reconized. The border of the tumor is found by fiber-optic-transillumination and thus the diameter of the block-excision is determined. The resulting defect of the globe is covered by a tectonic corneal graft. From 1971-1974 12 eyes have been operated with this method: 3 malignant melanomas of the iris invading the ciliary body; 5 tumors of the ciliary body and 4 extensive malignant melanomas involving also the peripheral choroid. The diameter of the block-excision varied from 5.5 X 5.5 to 14 X 18 mm. Simultaneous cataract extraction was performed in 5 eyes. Approximately 4 hours of the ciliary-body-circumference are excised. The preliminary results are satisfactory in view of the size of the excised tumors.", "PMID": 1107644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1832", "title": "[Basaliom of the eyelids (author's transl)].", "content": "From 1959-1973 128 patients with tumors of the eyelids were treated at the \"Augenklinik im Krankenhaus Nordstadt Hannover\"; in 103 cases the diagnosis of basal cell carcinoma was histologically proved. With 62.1% of male patients prevailed the female patients with 37.9%. The age of the patients, localisation of the tumors, previous treatment and duration of involvement are discussed in detail. With the exception of 3 cases, which had a primary or secondary radiation they were surgically treated. A short explanation of the technics is given. In 82 out of 101 surgically treated cases (81%) the patients were clinically healed by a single operative treatment. During our observation there was no recurrence. Together with the number of patients, who were treated for several time, the over-all-cure-rate was 98.2%. Complications of surgical treatment are described and compared with those of other types of therapy. According to our results and as mentioned in the literature basal cell carcinomas of the peri-orbital region should be treated only by ophthalmologists. Lifelong control is necessary because of the extraordinary character of the tumor, which shows many exceptions in regard to basal cell carcinomas on other parts of the body.", "contents": "[Basaliom of the eyelids (author's transl)]. From 1959-1973 128 patients with tumors of the eyelids were treated at the \"Augenklinik im Krankenhaus Nordstadt Hannover\"; in 103 cases the diagnosis of basal cell carcinoma was histologically proved. With 62.1% of male patients prevailed the female patients with 37.9%. The age of the patients, localisation of the tumors, previous treatment and duration of involvement are discussed in detail. With the exception of 3 cases, which had a primary or secondary radiation they were surgically treated. A short explanation of the technics is given. In 82 out of 101 surgically treated cases (81%) the patients were clinically healed by a single operative treatment. During our observation there was no recurrence. Together with the number of patients, who were treated for several time, the over-all-cure-rate was 98.2%. Complications of surgical treatment are described and compared with those of other types of therapy. According to our results and as mentioned in the literature basal cell carcinomas of the peri-orbital region should be treated only by ophthalmologists. Lifelong control is necessary because of the extraordinary character of the tumor, which shows many exceptions in regard to basal cell carcinomas on other parts of the body.", "PMID": 1107645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1833", "title": "[Cardona keratoprosthesis as ultima ratio (author's transl)].", "content": "In a 61-year-old patient affected with degenerative keratopathy after attacks of interstitial keratitis a Cardona keratoprosthesis was successfully implanted in the right eye after two fruitless optic corneal grafts in the left eye.", "contents": "[Cardona keratoprosthesis as ultima ratio (author's transl)]. In a 61-year-old patient affected with degenerative keratopathy after attacks of interstitial keratitis a Cardona keratoprosthesis was successfully implanted in the right eye after two fruitless optic corneal grafts in the left eye.", "PMID": 1107646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1834", "title": "[A report on Ocusert (author's transl)].", "content": "The third communication on the drug delivery system Ocusert (Alza Corporation, Palo Alto; Federal Republic of Germany: Chemic Gr\u00fcmenthal) deals with experiences of a 15 month follow-up study. Again we found that the system provides effective around-the-clock control for at least 7 days. During 15 months the system was effective in all patients. In comparison to pilocarpine-eyedrops the Ocusert-system has the following advantages: less pilocarpine-induced myopia and miosis, myopia and miosis extremely constant, minimal local side effects, reduced amount of drug release, almost no therapeutic discomfort for the patient, isolating the patient from the disease and good controlpossibility of the success of the treatment. The problems of a permanent drug release are discussed.", "contents": "[A report on Ocusert (author's transl)]. The third communication on the drug delivery system Ocusert (Alza Corporation, Palo Alto; Federal Republic of Germany: Chemic Gr\u00fcmenthal) deals with experiences of a 15 month follow-up study. Again we found that the system provides effective around-the-clock control for at least 7 days. During 15 months the system was effective in all patients. In comparison to pilocarpine-eyedrops the Ocusert-system has the following advantages: less pilocarpine-induced myopia and miosis, myopia and miosis extremely constant, minimal local side effects, reduced amount of drug release, almost no therapeutic discomfort for the patient, isolating the patient from the disease and good controlpossibility of the success of the treatment. The problems of a permanent drug release are discussed.", "PMID": 1107648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1835", "title": "[On the closure of the defect after tumor removal in the medial canthus (author's transl)].", "content": "After the excision of the growths different plastic operations (pediculated flap, sliding flap, free transplantation) were performed. The postoperative functional and aesthetic results are discussed.", "contents": "[On the closure of the defect after tumor removal in the medial canthus (author's transl)]. After the excision of the growths different plastic operations (pediculated flap, sliding flap, free transplantation) were performed. The postoperative functional and aesthetic results are discussed.", "PMID": 1107651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1836", "title": "[Implantable materials (author's transl)].", "content": "There is a steadily increasing importance of implants used as substitutions for body functions which have been impaired due to disease, natural abrasion or accident. With the present state of the art, the limitations for the application of surgical substitutions are due to insufficient properties of biomaterials with regard to specific applications as well as to deficiencies in design and function of the implants used. The basis for the improvement and new development of implants is therefore a functionally adequate design in which the specific properties of the material are taken into account with regard to the individual requirements of the implantation site. For orthopedic implants, materials have to be developed which are to a large extent corrosion and degradation resistant, and withstand high mechanical stress. For implants in the cardiovascular system, compatibility with blood is most significant. Present research in this field is concentrated on efforts to improve the thromboresistivity of conventional polymers by different kinds of surface treatments. One possibility is to influence actively the electrochemical interactions between material and blood components, e.g. by the use of redox catalysts.", "contents": "[Implantable materials (author's transl)]. There is a steadily increasing importance of implants used as substitutions for body functions which have been impaired due to disease, natural abrasion or accident. With the present state of the art, the limitations for the application of surgical substitutions are due to insufficient properties of biomaterials with regard to specific applications as well as to deficiencies in design and function of the implants used. The basis for the improvement and new development of implants is therefore a functionally adequate design in which the specific properties of the material are taken into account with regard to the individual requirements of the implantation site. For orthopedic implants, materials have to be developed which are to a large extent corrosion and degradation resistant, and withstand high mechanical stress. For implants in the cardiovascular system, compatibility with blood is most significant. Present research in this field is concentrated on efforts to improve the thromboresistivity of conventional polymers by different kinds of surface treatments. One possibility is to influence actively the electrochemical interactions between material and blood components, e.g. by the use of redox catalysts.", "PMID": 1107653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1837", "title": "Serodiagnosis of nosematosis by immunofluorescence using cell-culture-grown organisms.", "content": "This simple procedure for the detection of serum antibodies to Nosema cuniculi in rabbits and other host species incorporates indirect immunofluorescence and uses as antigen N. cuniculi isolated from urine and cultured in a human fibroblast-like cell line derived from foetal tongue. Examination of rabbit sera from 8 institutions indicated that no institution was free from Nosema infection. The prevalence of infection in 4 separate Australian rabbit colonies varied from 25 to 75%.", "contents": "Serodiagnosis of nosematosis by immunofluorescence using cell-culture-grown organisms. This simple procedure for the detection of serum antibodies to Nosema cuniculi in rabbits and other host species incorporates indirect immunofluorescence and uses as antigen N. cuniculi isolated from urine and cultured in a human fibroblast-like cell line derived from foetal tongue. Examination of rabbit sera from 8 institutions indicated that no institution was free from Nosema infection. The prevalence of infection in 4 separate Australian rabbit colonies varied from 25 to 75%.", "PMID": 1107657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1838", "title": "The use of the pig as an animal model to study problems associated with low birthweight.", "content": "Attention is drawn to some of the consequences associated with the postnatal development of low birthweight human infants and the use of the piglet as a model to study such problems. A description is given of the production and methods of rearing of these animals along with an outline of studies currently in progress.", "contents": "The use of the pig as an animal model to study problems associated with low birthweight. Attention is drawn to some of the consequences associated with the postnatal development of low birthweight human infants and the use of the piglet as a model to study such problems. A description is given of the production and methods of rearing of these animals along with an outline of studies currently in progress.", "PMID": 1107658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1839", "title": "[Effect of positive transverse acceleration on the transmitting properties of human operators].", "content": "The results of experimental studies of the effect of +Gz acceleration on the transmissive properties of the man-operator involved in the tracking system are discussed. With an increase of the acceleration value and the exposure time the law of distribution of tracking errors made by the operator varies from the normal to the uniform pattern. The estimates of the quality of tracking of a complex signal upon an exposure of the operator to accelerations of different values are given.", "contents": "[Effect of positive transverse acceleration on the transmitting properties of human operators]. The results of experimental studies of the effect of +Gz acceleration on the transmissive properties of the man-operator involved in the tracking system are discussed. With an increase of the acceleration value and the exposure time the law of distribution of tracking errors made by the operator varies from the normal to the uniform pattern. The estimates of the quality of tracking of a complex signal upon an exposure of the operator to accelerations of different values are given.", "PMID": 1107655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1840", "title": "Studies on the primary structure of 14 proteins from the large subunit of Escherichia coli ribosomes with an improved protein sequenator and with mass spectrometry.", "content": "Fourteen proteins from the large subunit of Escherichia coli ribosomes were analyzed in an improved sequenator. In addition to our previously described modifications of a Beckman sequenator, new valves which work free of a dead volume were constructed. By this and the previous improvements (e.g., a new vacuum system with a recorder, cool traps, automatic conversion) much better results were obtained than before. It was even possible to use (in addition to the standard methods, e.g., thin-layer chromatography and amino acid analysis) mass spectrometry without preceding gas chromatography for identification of the released PTH amino acids. Our experience with the various methods, especially mass spectrometry, is described and the techniques are compared. The results obtained by the described methods on the amino acid sequences of the 14 ribosomal proteins are summarized.", "contents": "Studies on the primary structure of 14 proteins from the large subunit of Escherichia coli ribosomes with an improved protein sequenator and with mass spectrometry. Fourteen proteins from the large subunit of Escherichia coli ribosomes were analyzed in an improved sequenator. In addition to our previously described modifications of a Beckman sequenator, new valves which work free of a dead volume were constructed. By this and the previous improvements (e.g., a new vacuum system with a recorder, cool traps, automatic conversion) much better results were obtained than before. It was even possible to use (in addition to the standard methods, e.g., thin-layer chromatography and amino acid analysis) mass spectrometry without preceding gas chromatography for identification of the released PTH amino acids. Our experience with the various methods, especially mass spectrometry, is described and the techniques are compared. The results obtained by the described methods on the amino acid sequences of the 14 ribosomal proteins are summarized.", "PMID": 1107676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1841", "title": "Immunologic defects in lung cancer patients.", "content": "Ninety-three patients with lung cancer were evaluated by delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity testing. Twenty-eight of these patients were evaluated by in vitro lymphocyte function. Thirty-three patients were evaluated prior to surgery and defects in the immune response were closely associated with unresectable disease. In vitro and in vivo studies indicate an antigen recognition defect in the cellular immune mechanisms of these patients. Preliminary studies suggest that the immunopotentiating agent Levamisole may be able to augment this defective cellular immunity in patients with lung cancer.", "contents": "Immunologic defects in lung cancer patients. Ninety-three patients with lung cancer were evaluated by delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity testing. Twenty-eight of these patients were evaluated by in vitro lymphocyte function. Thirty-three patients were evaluated prior to surgery and defects in the immune response were closely associated with unresectable disease. In vitro and in vivo studies indicate an antigen recognition defect in the cellular immune mechanisms of these patients. Preliminary studies suggest that the immunopotentiating agent Levamisole may be able to augment this defective cellular immunity in patients with lung cancer.", "PMID": 1107678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1842", "title": "Preliminary clinical experience with a new radioisotope-powered cardiac pacemaker.", "content": "A small light-weight nuclear-powered pacer has been developed. The pulse generator weight 61 Gm. and occupies a volume of 33 sq. cm. It is a standard R-wave inhibited (VVI) demand pulse generator. The unit has met all United States and foreign atomic energy commission safety specifications including mechanical shock, industrial fire, accidental crush, cremation, impact, and corrosion. Its calculated life is in excess of 20 years. The unit has been shown to be insensitive to electromagnetic interference (EMI) over a wide range of commonly encountered sources of interference. An extensive dog testing program has been carried out and is continuing. The United States Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) has issued a license to conduct clinical trials. These began in October, 1974, and a total of 30 units of 30 units have been implanted so far. An equal number of chemical battery-powered pulse generators has been implanted in a control series of 30 patients. Preliminary results have been gratifying.", "contents": "Preliminary clinical experience with a new radioisotope-powered cardiac pacemaker. A small light-weight nuclear-powered pacer has been developed. The pulse generator weight 61 Gm. and occupies a volume of 33 sq. cm. It is a standard R-wave inhibited (VVI) demand pulse generator. The unit has met all United States and foreign atomic energy commission safety specifications including mechanical shock, industrial fire, accidental crush, cremation, impact, and corrosion. Its calculated life is in excess of 20 years. The unit has been shown to be insensitive to electromagnetic interference (EMI) over a wide range of commonly encountered sources of interference. An extensive dog testing program has been carried out and is continuing. The United States Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) has issued a license to conduct clinical trials. These began in October, 1974, and a total of 30 units of 30 units have been implanted so far. An equal number of chemical battery-powered pulse generators has been implanted in a control series of 30 patients. Preliminary results have been gratifying.", "PMID": 1107679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1843", "title": "The effects of carbon dioxide on pulmonary mechanics in hyperventilating, normal volunteers.", "content": "Transpulmonary pressure, air flow, and end-tidal carbon dioxide levels were measured in normal human volunteers during hypocapnic, eucapnic, and hypercapnic hyperventilation. Respiratory rate and tidal volumes were well matched at a minute ventilation of 52 L. on three inspired gas mixtures: 21 per cent oxygen and 79 per cent nitrogen; 5 per cent carbon dioxide, 21 per cent oxygen and 74 per cent nitrogen; and 12 per cent carbon dioxide, 21 per cent oxygen and 67 per cent nitrogen. Respiratory rate, tidal volume, lung compliance, resistance, and resistive work per liter were calculated with a digital computer. In 13 experiments in 7 normal volunteers, no net bronchoconstriction or bronchodilatation was observed when eucapnic hyperventilation was compared to hypocapnic or hypercapnic hyperventilation. During hyperventilation of this degree, a change in bronchomotor tone owing to alteration in arterial or alveolar PCO2 either does not occur or else is masked by other reflexes or mechanical factors acting on the bronchi.", "contents": "The effects of carbon dioxide on pulmonary mechanics in hyperventilating, normal volunteers. Transpulmonary pressure, air flow, and end-tidal carbon dioxide levels were measured in normal human volunteers during hypocapnic, eucapnic, and hypercapnic hyperventilation. Respiratory rate and tidal volumes were well matched at a minute ventilation of 52 L. on three inspired gas mixtures: 21 per cent oxygen and 79 per cent nitrogen; 5 per cent carbon dioxide, 21 per cent oxygen and 74 per cent nitrogen; and 12 per cent carbon dioxide, 21 per cent oxygen and 67 per cent nitrogen. Respiratory rate, tidal volume, lung compliance, resistance, and resistive work per liter were calculated with a digital computer. In 13 experiments in 7 normal volunteers, no net bronchoconstriction or bronchodilatation was observed when eucapnic hyperventilation was compared to hypocapnic or hypercapnic hyperventilation. During hyperventilation of this degree, a change in bronchomotor tone owing to alteration in arterial or alveolar PCO2 either does not occur or else is masked by other reflexes or mechanical factors acting on the bronchi.", "PMID": 1107680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1844", "title": "Orthognathic surgery. Review of mandibular body procedures.", "content": "In a clinical diagnostic approach to orthognathic deformities, the patient's past medical and dental histories and the indications and potential complications of mandibular body ostectomy and osteotomy are important considerations. The need for a team approach in the diagnostic, orthodontic, and surgical phase of the treatment is also important. The mandibular body procedure has a definite place in the armamentarium of the oral surgeon because certain mandibular deformities can be corrected only by this method. Predictable and stable results can be expected in indicated cases if one adheres to the principles of exacting surgical technique, precision immobilization, and neuromuscular balance. Presurgical and postsurgical orthodontic treatment enhances the functional and esthetic correction and furnished indispensable surgical fixation appliances for precision segment immobilization.", "contents": "Orthognathic surgery. Review of mandibular body procedures. In a clinical diagnostic approach to orthognathic deformities, the patient's past medical and dental histories and the indications and potential complications of mandibular body ostectomy and osteotomy are important considerations. The need for a team approach in the diagnostic, orthodontic, and surgical phase of the treatment is also important. The mandibular body procedure has a definite place in the armamentarium of the oral surgeon because certain mandibular deformities can be corrected only by this method. Predictable and stable results can be expected in indicated cases if one adheres to the principles of exacting surgical technique, precision immobilization, and neuromuscular balance. Presurgical and postsurgical orthodontic treatment enhances the functional and esthetic correction and furnished indispensable surgical fixation appliances for precision segment immobilization.", "PMID": 1107682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1845", "title": "Who responds to sugar pills?", "content": "Among 288 cancer patients undergoing controlled trials of oral analgesics there were 112 who received 50% or greater pain relief from placebo formulations. Patients who responded to placebo had a greater response rate to active drugs. They also had a higher incidence of central nervous system side effects to placebo. Patient groups showing as increased placebo response included those with a high level of education, farmers, those with a professional occupation, women working outside the home, and patients who were widowed, separated, or divorced. Those resistant to placebo were patients with a low educational level, unskilled workers, housewives, married women without children, and smokers. It is theorized that placebo response is a type of autohypnosis phenomenon resulting from exaggerated oral-dependency needs. Particularly vulnerable to placebo effect is the very self-sufficient individual with heavy responsibilities who is thrust into the unaccustomed dependency of disabling illness.", "contents": "Who responds to sugar pills? Among 288 cancer patients undergoing controlled trials of oral analgesics there were 112 who received 50% or greater pain relief from placebo formulations. Patients who responded to placebo had a greater response rate to active drugs. They also had a higher incidence of central nervous system side effects to placebo. Patient groups showing as increased placebo response included those with a high level of education, farmers, those with a professional occupation, women working outside the home, and patients who were widowed, separated, or divorced. Those resistant to placebo were patients with a low educational level, unskilled workers, housewives, married women without children, and smokers. It is theorized that placebo response is a type of autohypnosis phenomenon resulting from exaggerated oral-dependency needs. Particularly vulnerable to placebo effect is the very self-sufficient individual with heavy responsibilities who is thrust into the unaccustomed dependency of disabling illness.", "PMID": 1107683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1846", "title": "Sindbis virus replication in vertebrate and mosquito cells: an interpretation.", "content": "This paper summarizes recent comparative studies of Sindbis virus (SV) replication in cultured Aedes albopictus (A. albo) or (A. aegypti (A. aeg) and BHK21 or chick embryo (CEF) cells. 1. Viral growth kinetics and yields are similar in A. albo cells at 28 degress C and in vertebrate cells at 37 degrees C. A. albo exhibit no CPE and yield persistenetly infected cultures. 2. SV grown in A. albo cells lacks sialic acid but is antigenically and in terms of particle/PFU or particle/HAU ratios equivalent to SV derived from vertebrate cells. The contrast to VSV in the latter respect is discussed. 3. SV from persistently infected A. albo or A. aeg cells is temperature-sensitive, thermolabile, and produces small plaques. Partial characterization of these mutants, of RNA associated with their replication, and their high reversion rate to ts+ upon serial undiluted passage in GHK21 cells are presented. 4. Hostdependent differences in the generation of defective-interfering (DI) SV particles and of low molecular weight viral RNA species have been observed upon undiluted serial passages in BHK21 and CEF. In contrast, serial passage in A. albo cells appears not to produce DI particles or small RNA species nor do these cells \"recognize\" as such DI particles from BHK21 cells. 5. Possible implications of these observations fro the natural life cycle of arthropod-borne togaviruses are discussed.", "contents": "Sindbis virus replication in vertebrate and mosquito cells: an interpretation. This paper summarizes recent comparative studies of Sindbis virus (SV) replication in cultured Aedes albopictus (A. albo) or (A. aegypti (A. aeg) and BHK21 or chick embryo (CEF) cells. 1. Viral growth kinetics and yields are similar in A. albo cells at 28 degress C and in vertebrate cells at 37 degrees C. A. albo exhibit no CPE and yield persistenetly infected cultures. 2. SV grown in A. albo cells lacks sialic acid but is antigenically and in terms of particle/PFU or particle/HAU ratios equivalent to SV derived from vertebrate cells. The contrast to VSV in the latter respect is discussed. 3. SV from persistently infected A. albo or A. aeg cells is temperature-sensitive, thermolabile, and produces small plaques. Partial characterization of these mutants, of RNA associated with their replication, and their high reversion rate to ts+ upon serial undiluted passage in GHK21 cells are presented. 4. Hostdependent differences in the generation of defective-interfering (DI) SV particles and of low molecular weight viral RNA species have been observed upon undiluted serial passages in BHK21 and CEF. In contrast, serial passage in A. albo cells appears not to produce DI particles or small RNA species nor do these cells \"recognize\" as such DI particles from BHK21 cells. 5. Possible implications of these observations fro the natural life cycle of arthropod-borne togaviruses are discussed.", "PMID": 1107684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1847", "title": "Replication of Semliki Forest virus.", "content": "Replication of Semliki Forest virus, a typical alphavirus, takes place in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The virus genome, the 42 S RNA, directs the synthesis of at least two RNA-dependent RNA polymerases. By the aid of these enzymes complementary 45 S RNA is synthesized; it serves as a template for the synthesis of positive RNA strands with sedimentation values of 45 S and 26 S. In BHK cells close to 200,000 molecules of each RNA species are produced per cell. Both 26 S and 42 S RNAs are associated with polysomes synthesizing viral structural proteins. The 26 S RNA is a duplication of the nucleotide sequences coding for the virion proteins. These are translated as a polyprotein with the capsid protein at the N-terminal end followed by the envelope proteins E2 and E1. Usually only small amounts of nonstructural proteins are synthesized at the exponential phase of virus growth, indicating that a translational control operates in Semliki Forest virus-infected cells. One of our temperature-sensitive mutants, ts-1, directs, however, the synthesis of two nonstructural proteins with MWs of 78,000 and 86,000 when grown at the nonpermissive temperature. The assembly of the viral nucleocapsid begins by association of the capsid protein with the 42 S RNA, which is still serving as a messenger. In this process a cytoplasmic structure sedimenting at about 65 S is presumably one of the capsid protein donors. The 140 S nucleocapsid buds through the host cell plasma membrane whereby the capsid protein interacts with the envelope proteins creating a specific viral envelope devoid of host proteins. Altogether 5,000 to 20,000 virus particles are released from each cell by the end of the growth cycle, representing about 10% of the 42 S RNA molecules synthesized during the infection.", "contents": "Replication of Semliki Forest virus. Replication of Semliki Forest virus, a typical alphavirus, takes place in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The virus genome, the 42 S RNA, directs the synthesis of at least two RNA-dependent RNA polymerases. By the aid of these enzymes complementary 45 S RNA is synthesized; it serves as a template for the synthesis of positive RNA strands with sedimentation values of 45 S and 26 S. In BHK cells close to 200,000 molecules of each RNA species are produced per cell. Both 26 S and 42 S RNAs are associated with polysomes synthesizing viral structural proteins. The 26 S RNA is a duplication of the nucleotide sequences coding for the virion proteins. These are translated as a polyprotein with the capsid protein at the N-terminal end followed by the envelope proteins E2 and E1. Usually only small amounts of nonstructural proteins are synthesized at the exponential phase of virus growth, indicating that a translational control operates in Semliki Forest virus-infected cells. One of our temperature-sensitive mutants, ts-1, directs, however, the synthesis of two nonstructural proteins with MWs of 78,000 and 86,000 when grown at the nonpermissive temperature. The assembly of the viral nucleocapsid begins by association of the capsid protein with the 42 S RNA, which is still serving as a messenger. In this process a cytoplasmic structure sedimenting at about 65 S is presumably one of the capsid protein donors. The 140 S nucleocapsid buds through the host cell plasma membrane whereby the capsid protein interacts with the envelope proteins creating a specific viral envelope devoid of host proteins. Altogether 5,000 to 20,000 virus particles are released from each cell by the end of the growth cycle, representing about 10% of the 42 S RNA molecules synthesized during the infection.", "PMID": 1107685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1848", "title": "Processing of alphavirus-specific proteins in infected cells.", "content": "The RNA of the alphaviruses contains the genetic information for both the non-structural and the structural polypeptides. The former are contained in the initial two-thirds of the sequence (from the 5'-terminus) and are read directly from the virus particle RNA, but whether post-translational cleavage is involved or not is not known. The genes for the structural polypeptides are in the final one-third of the genome, and are probably not read directly but are transcribed selectively to produce a sub-genomic messenger RNA with only one initiation site. Translation produces the structural pooypeptides and post-translation cleavage does occur. However, the rate at which cleavage occurs is variable--cleavage to release the core polypeptide occurs while the nascent polypeptide is still attached to the ribosome, while cleavage to form two of the virus envelope glycoproteins occurs as the virus buds from the cell. The cleavage mechanism which leads to release of the core polypeptide also takes place in vitro and may be catalysed by the structural polypeptide itself.", "contents": "Processing of alphavirus-specific proteins in infected cells. The RNA of the alphaviruses contains the genetic information for both the non-structural and the structural polypeptides. The former are contained in the initial two-thirds of the sequence (from the 5'-terminus) and are read directly from the virus particle RNA, but whether post-translational cleavage is involved or not is not known. The genes for the structural polypeptides are in the final one-third of the genome, and are probably not read directly but are transcribed selectively to produce a sub-genomic messenger RNA with only one initiation site. Translation produces the structural pooypeptides and post-translation cleavage does occur. However, the rate at which cleavage occurs is variable--cleavage to release the core polypeptide occurs while the nascent polypeptide is still attached to the ribosome, while cleavage to form two of the virus envelope glycoproteins occurs as the virus buds from the cell. The cleavage mechanism which leads to release of the core polypeptide also takes place in vitro and may be catalysed by the structural polypeptide itself.", "PMID": 1107686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1849", "title": "Translation of Semliki forest virus 42S and 26S RNAs in a cell-free system derived from Escherichia coli.", "content": "The SFV 42S RNA and the intracellular 26S RNA have been translated in a prokaryotic cell-free system, the E. coli S30. About half of the [35S]methionine-labelled products directed by both RNAs had molecular weights larger than 20,000 on polyacrylamide gels. Both products contained tryptic peptides which comigrated with all the capsid and envelope protein-derived peptides. The most striking difference between the prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems lay in the translation of the 42 S RNA: The \"42S RNA-specific nonstructural\" peptides, which predominate in the eukaryotic systems, were apparently absent from the product translated by the prokaryotic system.", "contents": "Translation of Semliki forest virus 42S and 26S RNAs in a cell-free system derived from Escherichia coli. The SFV 42S RNA and the intracellular 26S RNA have been translated in a prokaryotic cell-free system, the E. coli S30. About half of the [35S]methionine-labelled products directed by both RNAs had molecular weights larger than 20,000 on polyacrylamide gels. Both products contained tryptic peptides which comigrated with all the capsid and envelope protein-derived peptides. The most striking difference between the prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems lay in the translation of the 42 S RNA: The \"42S RNA-specific nonstructural\" peptides, which predominate in the eukaryotic systems, were apparently absent from the product translated by the prokaryotic system.", "PMID": 1107687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1850", "title": "The structure of togaviruses and bunyaviruses.", "content": "This article reviews the properties of arthropod-borne and nonarbo togaviruses and members of the Bunyaviridae family. Averaged information is given on the morphology and substructure of the virion, its physical properties, its chemical composition and the function of its constituents. Special attention is given to distinctive traits which might be useful for virus classification.", "contents": "The structure of togaviruses and bunyaviruses. This article reviews the properties of arthropod-borne and nonarbo togaviruses and members of the Bunyaviridae family. Averaged information is given on the morphology and substructure of the virion, its physical properties, its chemical composition and the function of its constituents. Special attention is given to distinctive traits which might be useful for virus classification.", "PMID": 1107688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1851", "title": "The structure of Uukuniemi virus, a proposed member of the bunyaviruses.", "content": "Uukuniemi virus, a proposed member of the new large Bunyavirus group of arboviruses, has an interesting structure which differs in many respects from that of other enveloped RNA viruses. The surface structure reveals a clustering of the two glycoproteins into distinct capsomere-like subunits, arranged in a T = 12 icosahedral lattice. The genome is found in at least three pieces that appear to represent unique virus-specific RNAs. The ribonucleoproteins corresponding to the RNA species are circular, according to electron micrographs. The virion contains an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase suggesting that Uukuniemi virus is a negative-strand virus. This paper summarizes the data obtained on the structure of Uukuniemi virus and discusses its relationship to other members of the Bunyavirus group.", "contents": "The structure of Uukuniemi virus, a proposed member of the bunyaviruses. Uukuniemi virus, a proposed member of the new large Bunyavirus group of arboviruses, has an interesting structure which differs in many respects from that of other enveloped RNA viruses. The surface structure reveals a clustering of the two glycoproteins into distinct capsomere-like subunits, arranged in a T = 12 icosahedral lattice. The genome is found in at least three pieces that appear to represent unique virus-specific RNAs. The ribonucleoproteins corresponding to the RNA species are circular, according to electron micrographs. The virion contains an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase suggesting that Uukuniemi virus is a negative-strand virus. This paper summarizes the data obtained on the structure of Uukuniemi virus and discusses its relationship to other members of the Bunyavirus group.", "PMID": 1107689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1852", "title": "Hemodynamic consequences of cardiac dysrhythmias.", "content": "To understand the hemodynamic changes produced by arrhythmias is to understand cardiovascular physiology. The changes in rate are accompanied by changes in contractility, receptor stimulation, peripheral vascular response, and flow to other vital organs. In addition, one must keep in mind the underlying pathology of the cardiovascular system. As a therapeutic program is initiated and adjusted, it must be done in accordance with the changes produced in the hemodynamics as well as the rhythm.", "contents": "Hemodynamic consequences of cardiac dysrhythmias. To understand the hemodynamic changes produced by arrhythmias is to understand cardiovascular physiology. The changes in rate are accompanied by changes in contractility, receptor stimulation, peripheral vascular response, and flow to other vital organs. In addition, one must keep in mind the underlying pathology of the cardiovascular system. As a therapeutic program is initiated and adjusted, it must be done in accordance with the changes produced in the hemodynamics as well as the rhythm.", "PMID": 1107694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1853", "title": "The tachycardia-bradycardia syndrome.", "content": "The tachycardia-bradycardia syndrome (paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, flutter, or tachycardia followed by sinoatrial block or sinus arrest resulting in Stokes-Adams attacks) is an important clinical entity that requires familiarity by the clinician. Pathologic studies and physiologic mechanisms as revealed in the electrocardiogram indicate multiple disturbances in the conduction system of the heart (sinus node, atria, and atrioventricular junctional tissues). The electrocardiogram establishes the diagnosis. Pacemaker implantation with supplementary drugs has provided a satisfactory means of therapy. With proper treatment the prognosis of patients with the tachycardia-bradycardia syndrome has improved to the extent that the primary determinant of mortality is no longer the arrhythmia, but the underlying cardiac and/or systemic pathology.", "contents": "The tachycardia-bradycardia syndrome. The tachycardia-bradycardia syndrome (paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, flutter, or tachycardia followed by sinoatrial block or sinus arrest resulting in Stokes-Adams attacks) is an important clinical entity that requires familiarity by the clinician. Pathologic studies and physiologic mechanisms as revealed in the electrocardiogram indicate multiple disturbances in the conduction system of the heart (sinus node, atria, and atrioventricular junctional tissues). The electrocardiogram establishes the diagnosis. Pacemaker implantation with supplementary drugs has provided a satisfactory means of therapy. With proper treatment the prognosis of patients with the tachycardia-bradycardia syndrome has improved to the extent that the primary determinant of mortality is no longer the arrhythmia, but the underlying cardiac and/or systemic pathology.", "PMID": 1107695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1854", "title": "[New evaluation of effect of total colectomy and intestinal sterilization following portacaval shunt].", "content": "The effect of total colectomy and \"intestinal sterilisation\" following chronic portocaval shunt was investigated in 96 Sprague-Dawley rats: while both therapeutic procedures are of no significant impact on serum ammonia concentrations there is a significant reduction of brain octopamine, a known false neuro-chemical transmitter, and a clear response on aromatic amino acid levels in brain and plasma. The interference with central and peripheral neurotransmitters is suggested as an alternative mechanism in experimental encephalopathy.", "contents": "[New evaluation of effect of total colectomy and intestinal sterilization following portacaval shunt]. The effect of total colectomy and \"intestinal sterilisation\" following chronic portocaval shunt was investigated in 96 Sprague-Dawley rats: while both therapeutic procedures are of no significant impact on serum ammonia concentrations there is a significant reduction of brain octopamine, a known false neuro-chemical transmitter, and a clear response on aromatic amino acid levels in brain and plasma. The interference with central and peripheral neurotransmitters is suggested as an alternative mechanism in experimental encephalopathy.", "PMID": 1107699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1855", "title": "[Early recognition of a rejection crisis following kidney transplantation by determination of a low-molecular protease inhibitor in serum and urine].", "content": "The dynamic of the lowmolecular acid stable inhibitor in serum and urine was investigated in 10 patients with kidney transplants. The same was done with serum creatinin levels. In kidney transplantation changing serum levels and excretion of acid stable proteinase inhibitors early indicate the starting function of the kidney transplant. Rapid reduction of the inhibitors serum level and massive excretion are sign of the functioning of the kidney transplant even though creatinin levels remain elevated. An increasing inhibitor concentration in serum indicates the beginning of a rejection crisis. This is an easy check-up which takes only a few minutes.", "contents": "[Early recognition of a rejection crisis following kidney transplantation by determination of a low-molecular protease inhibitor in serum and urine]. The dynamic of the lowmolecular acid stable inhibitor in serum and urine was investigated in 10 patients with kidney transplants. The same was done with serum creatinin levels. In kidney transplantation changing serum levels and excretion of acid stable proteinase inhibitors early indicate the starting function of the kidney transplant. Rapid reduction of the inhibitors serum level and massive excretion are sign of the functioning of the kidney transplant even though creatinin levels remain elevated. An increasing inhibitor concentration in serum indicates the beginning of a rejection crisis. This is an easy check-up which takes only a few minutes.", "PMID": 1107700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1856", "title": "[Thermography: a method for the assessment of rejection time in skin transplants].", "content": "It is possible to register the rejection time of allografts quantitatively by the method of thermography. Results are congruent with a micromorphological state, but only partially with the macroscopic pictures.", "contents": "[Thermography: a method for the assessment of rejection time in skin transplants]. It is possible to register the rejection time of allografts quantitatively by the method of thermography. Results are congruent with a micromorphological state, but only partially with the macroscopic pictures.", "PMID": 1107701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1857", "title": "[T- and B-lymphocytes in patients with kidney transplants].", "content": "T and B cells were estimated in kidney allograft recipients under immunosuppressive therapy by spontaneous rosette formation with sheep erythrocytes and fluorescent staining with anti-immunoglobulin serum. Pronounced lymphopenia could be shown in all patients when compared with normal as well as uremic controls. Under standard immunosuppression with azathioprine and oral steroids T cells were reduced to 840 +/- 215 and B cells to 286 +/- 69 per mm3 blood. Lymphopenia was further augmented by additional intravenous treatment with prednisolone in high dosage (1g). Under these conditions a prevailing reduction of T cells was found.", "contents": "[T- and B-lymphocytes in patients with kidney transplants]. T and B cells were estimated in kidney allograft recipients under immunosuppressive therapy by spontaneous rosette formation with sheep erythrocytes and fluorescent staining with anti-immunoglobulin serum. Pronounced lymphopenia could be shown in all patients when compared with normal as well as uremic controls. Under standard immunosuppression with azathioprine and oral steroids T cells were reduced to 840 +/- 215 and B cells to 286 +/- 69 per mm3 blood. Lymphopenia was further augmented by additional intravenous treatment with prednisolone in high dosage (1g). Under these conditions a prevailing reduction of T cells was found.", "PMID": 1107702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1858", "title": "[Immune response following portal and caval anastomosis of kidney transplants in the rat].", "content": "The technique of renal transplantation in the rat was modified by anastomosing the renal vein to the portal vein. Transplantation of DA-kidneys to BDE-Han-rats did not result in a prolongation of survival time in this strong histoincompatible system. No differences were found in the immune response on the 7th postoperative day.", "contents": "[Immune response following portal and caval anastomosis of kidney transplants in the rat]. The technique of renal transplantation in the rat was modified by anastomosing the renal vein to the portal vein. Transplantation of DA-kidneys to BDE-Han-rats did not result in a prolongation of survival time in this strong histoincompatible system. No differences were found in the immune response on the 7th postoperative day.", "PMID": 1107703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1859", "title": "[Pulmonary homotransplantation in the dog with contralateral ligation of the pulmonary artery and subsequent contralateral pneumonectomy].", "content": "Five mongrel dogs underwent a left side pulmonary homotransplantation and simultaneous contralateral pulmonary artery ligation using a standardized operative technique. The contralateral lung of the recipient was successfully removed on the first postoperative day. From the present study may be concluded that the transplanted lung is able to provide adequate respiratory function immediate postoperatively and is able to tolerate the total cardiac output in the presence of increased vascular resistence of the recipient contralateral lung.", "contents": "[Pulmonary homotransplantation in the dog with contralateral ligation of the pulmonary artery and subsequent contralateral pneumonectomy]. Five mongrel dogs underwent a left side pulmonary homotransplantation and simultaneous contralateral pulmonary artery ligation using a standardized operative technique. The contralateral lung of the recipient was successfully removed on the first postoperative day. From the present study may be concluded that the transplanted lung is able to provide adequate respiratory function immediate postoperatively and is able to tolerate the total cardiac output in the presence of increased vascular resistence of the recipient contralateral lung.", "PMID": 1107704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1860", "title": "[Hormonal tendolysis in animal experiment].", "content": "After testing a new method of postoperative immobilisation the tendon of the m. flexor digit. longus of 49 adult rabbits was tenotomised and resewn. Comparing to a control-group a distinctly less accentuated reaction and scarring of the connected tissues as well as calcified reactionless necrosises can be found in the histology depending of the dosage of the postoperative cortison-treatment. The cellular alterations are described in details. For a definite judgement rupturing-tests will be necessary.", "contents": "[Hormonal tendolysis in animal experiment]. After testing a new method of postoperative immobilisation the tendon of the m. flexor digit. longus of 49 adult rabbits was tenotomised and resewn. Comparing to a control-group a distinctly less accentuated reaction and scarring of the connected tissues as well as calcified reactionless necrosises can be found in the histology depending of the dosage of the postoperative cortison-treatment. The cellular alterations are described in details. For a definite judgement rupturing-tests will be necessary.", "PMID": 1107706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1861", "title": "Experimental replacement of esophagus by tissue tube in dogs.", "content": "After subcutaneous implantation of a silastic rod 1.2 cm in diameter covered by a lacelike polyester fibre mesh an autogenous tissue tube can be prepared which was used for segmental esophageal replacement with satisfactory results in 5 out of 7 dogs.", "contents": "Experimental replacement of esophagus by tissue tube in dogs. After subcutaneous implantation of a silastic rod 1.2 cm in diameter covered by a lacelike polyester fibre mesh an autogenous tissue tube can be prepared which was used for segmental esophageal replacement with satisfactory results in 5 out of 7 dogs.", "PMID": 1107707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1862", "title": "Continuous positive airway pressure in the prophylaxis of the adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).", "content": "Alternate patients believed to be at risk for developing ARDS were placed on CPAP for the first twenty-four hours post upper abdominal surgery. Ten of the 58 controls developed ARDS, requiring prolonged mechanical ventilation with a 30% mortality rate. Only one of the 59 CPAP patients developed evidence of ARDS. This patient, however, is believed to have had fluid overload, and responded quickly to diuretics and was extubated within two days. Thus, prophylactic CPAP has greatly decreased our postoperative morbidity and mortality related to respiratory causes.", "contents": "Continuous positive airway pressure in the prophylaxis of the adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Alternate patients believed to be at risk for developing ARDS were placed on CPAP for the first twenty-four hours post upper abdominal surgery. Ten of the 58 controls developed ARDS, requiring prolonged mechanical ventilation with a 30% mortality rate. Only one of the 59 CPAP patients developed evidence of ARDS. This patient, however, is believed to have had fluid overload, and responded quickly to diuretics and was extubated within two days. Thus, prophylactic CPAP has greatly decreased our postoperative morbidity and mortality related to respiratory causes.", "PMID": 1107708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1863", "title": "[Quantitative bacteriological evaluation of intraoperative peritoneal lavage in animal experiment].", "content": "In a model experiment with albino rats the effectiveness of intraoperative peritoneal lavage has been tested by means of defined lethal staphylococus aureus infections. A positive result can only be expected, if intraperitoneal lavage is started immediately after bacterial contamination. In this can a 10% decrease in the total number of germs be expected. If the lavage is done up to 15 or 30 min after the germ application the efficiency rate declines to less than 1%. In addition bacteraemia could be proved already 15 min after germ application. These results clearly show the limits of peritoneal lavage with physiological saline.", "contents": "[Quantitative bacteriological evaluation of intraoperative peritoneal lavage in animal experiment]. In a model experiment with albino rats the effectiveness of intraoperative peritoneal lavage has been tested by means of defined lethal staphylococus aureus infections. A positive result can only be expected, if intraperitoneal lavage is started immediately after bacterial contamination. In this can a 10% decrease in the total number of germs be expected. If the lavage is done up to 15 or 30 min after the germ application the efficiency rate declines to less than 1%. In addition bacteraemia could be proved already 15 min after germ application. These results clearly show the limits of peritoneal lavage with physiological saline.", "PMID": 1107709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1864", "title": "[Computer-aided diagnosis for pancreatic function test (author's transl)].", "content": "The use of multivariate nonlinear discriminant analysis raised the rate of correct classification for 585 pancreatic function tests from 84 percent by the doctor to 93 percent by computer analysis. In addition to the \"normal\" and \"pancreatic\" disease groups, a group of 388 patients was found in whom secretion levels were neither normal nor typical of pancreatic disease. For this group, nonpancreatic gastroenterologic disease was established with a diagnostic accuracy of 98 percent. Representation of secretion data by Andrews' method for the differentiation of pancreatitis from carcinoma allows moderately sensitive but highly specific testing.", "contents": "[Computer-aided diagnosis for pancreatic function test (author's transl)]. The use of multivariate nonlinear discriminant analysis raised the rate of correct classification for 585 pancreatic function tests from 84 percent by the doctor to 93 percent by computer analysis. In addition to the \"normal\" and \"pancreatic\" disease groups, a group of 388 patients was found in whom secretion levels were neither normal nor typical of pancreatic disease. For this group, nonpancreatic gastroenterologic disease was established with a diagnostic accuracy of 98 percent. Representation of secretion data by Andrews' method for the differentiation of pancreatitis from carcinoma allows moderately sensitive but highly specific testing.", "PMID": 1107710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1865", "title": "[Surgical treatment of benign and semimalignant tumors (author's transl)].", "content": "The differential diagnosis of of benign, semimalignant (or, more correctly, potentially malignant) tumors from malignant tumors or pathologic tumorlike changes is often difficult. Routine angiography and scintigraphy certainly help a great deal in differential diagnosis. The major causes of threatened or pathologic fractures are primary bone tumors and pathologic tumorlike changes. In this connection, a spontaneous fracture is a sign of a benign tumor.  Excochleation or resection, with subsequent filling of the defect with homologous bone chips and fixation with a metal aid if necessary, has proved successful as a treatment for benign and potentially malignant tumors and for tumorlike changes. Joint replacement and amputation are necessary only in exceptional cases.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of benign and semimalignant tumors (author's transl)]. The differential diagnosis of of benign, semimalignant (or, more correctly, potentially malignant) tumors from malignant tumors or pathologic tumorlike changes is often difficult. Routine angiography and scintigraphy certainly help a great deal in differential diagnosis. The major causes of threatened or pathologic fractures are primary bone tumors and pathologic tumorlike changes. In this connection, a spontaneous fracture is a sign of a benign tumor.  Excochleation or resection, with subsequent filling of the defect with homologous bone chips and fixation with a metal aid if necessary, has proved successful as a treatment for benign and potentially malignant tumors and for tumorlike changes. Joint replacement and amputation are necessary only in exceptional cases.", "PMID": 1107711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1866", "title": "[Treatment of Dupuytren's contracture (author's transl)].", "content": "Surgical treatment of Dupuytren's contracture improves function but cannot remove the cause of the disease. Strict selection of cases, knowledge of the anatomy, the use of incisions appropriate to the local alterations, an atraumatic operative technique, and careful aftercare are essential for positive results. The literature cites success rates of between 60 and 85 percent. Recurrences cannot always be avoided but the frequency can be reduced by meticulous removal of all diseased and normal connective tissue in this area.", "contents": "[Treatment of Dupuytren's contracture (author's transl)]. Surgical treatment of Dupuytren's contracture improves function but cannot remove the cause of the disease. Strict selection of cases, knowledge of the anatomy, the use of incisions appropriate to the local alterations, an atraumatic operative technique, and careful aftercare are essential for positive results. The literature cites success rates of between 60 and 85 percent. Recurrences cannot always be avoided but the frequency can be reduced by meticulous removal of all diseased and normal connective tissue in this area.", "PMID": 1107712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1867", "title": "[Construction of the vagina by means of split-skin or mucosal grafts (author's transl)].", "content": "Of the various methods of lining the vaginal canal with skin, i.e. split-skin, corium, and mesh grafts, the mesh graft offers the best results in terms of both take and shrinkage. The plastic surgeon's principle of performing construction or reconstruction work with similar or neighboring tissue is best met by the use of small-bowel composite grafts in the case of the vagina. Mucosa-muscularis grafts of sufficient size can be taken from the small bowel with relatively low risk; they take very well and the results also appear most appropriate from the anato-mical and physiological aspect.", "contents": "[Construction of the vagina by means of split-skin or mucosal grafts (author's transl)]. Of the various methods of lining the vaginal canal with skin, i.e. split-skin, corium, and mesh grafts, the mesh graft offers the best results in terms of both take and shrinkage. The plastic surgeon's principle of performing construction or reconstruction work with similar or neighboring tissue is best met by the use of small-bowel composite grafts in the case of the vagina. Mucosa-muscularis grafts of sufficient size can be taken from the small bowel with relatively low risk; they take very well and the results also appear most appropriate from the anato-mical and physiological aspect.", "PMID": 1107713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1868", "title": "[Construction of the vagina with transposition of the signoid colon (author's transl)].", "content": "Sigmoid transposition for reconstruction of the vagina in congenital aplasia was first carried out at the 2nd Surgical University Clinic in Vienna in 1904 by P. Albrecht. This operation was not frequently used because of possible complications thought to be inherent in the method. In 1954 the author redesigned some essential parts of this procedure with suggestions for avoiding the complications mentioned above. Of 23 patients operated on with this modified technique, in 21 the immediate result was perfect. Necrosis developed in two cases without general symptoms.", "contents": "[Construction of the vagina with transposition of the signoid colon (author's transl)]. Sigmoid transposition for reconstruction of the vagina in congenital aplasia was first carried out at the 2nd Surgical University Clinic in Vienna in 1904 by P. Albrecht. This operation was not frequently used because of possible complications thought to be inherent in the method. In 1954 the author redesigned some essential parts of this procedure with suggestions for avoiding the complications mentioned above. Of 23 patients operated on with this modified technique, in 21 the immediate result was perfect. Necrosis developed in two cases without general symptoms.", "PMID": 1107714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1869", "title": "[Skin replacement on the penis (author's transl)].", "content": "For skin replacement on the penis and scrotum, only a free split-skin graft (about 0.45 mm in thickness) can be considered in cases where local flaps are not available. The transplant is fixed on the denuded penis with a special thermoplast splint, which ensures healing in. Additional sedation is necessary. Pedicle flaps taken from some distance away are too voluminous for the penis and not adequate. Cases with eschars and granulation tissue must be carefully cleaned to avoid hypertrophic scars. Covering can also be achieved with mesh-grafts in these cases.", "contents": "[Skin replacement on the penis (author's transl)]. For skin replacement on the penis and scrotum, only a free split-skin graft (about 0.45 mm in thickness) can be considered in cases where local flaps are not available. The transplant is fixed on the denuded penis with a special thermoplast splint, which ensures healing in. Additional sedation is necessary. Pedicle flaps taken from some distance away are too voluminous for the penis and not adequate. Cases with eschars and granulation tissue must be carefully cleaned to avoid hypertrophic scars. Covering can also be achieved with mesh-grafts in these cases.", "PMID": 1107715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1870", "title": "[Surgical treatment in coronary heart disease (author's transl)].", "content": "This paper describes the operative techniques appropriate to the treatment of coronary heart disease. The chapters deal with general preliminaries and indications for surgery, the selection of bypass material, surgical instruments for coronary opertaions, the methods of extracorporeal circulation, the distal coronary anastomosis, the proximal aortal anastomosis, intraoperative monitoring of results, intra- and postoperative myocardinal infarction, the fate of venous bypass grafts, operative treatment of the ruptured ventricular septum and papillary muscle, and ventricular aneurysmectomy.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment in coronary heart disease (author's transl)]. This paper describes the operative techniques appropriate to the treatment of coronary heart disease. The chapters deal with general preliminaries and indications for surgery, the selection of bypass material, surgical instruments for coronary opertaions, the methods of extracorporeal circulation, the distal coronary anastomosis, the proximal aortal anastomosis, intraoperative monitoring of results, intra- and postoperative myocardinal infarction, the fate of venous bypass grafts, operative treatment of the ruptured ventricular septum and papillary muscle, and ventricular aneurysmectomy.", "PMID": 1107716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1871", "title": "[The history of wound dressings (author's transl)].", "content": "The introduction of antisepsis and asepsis brought about decisive changes in the dressing of wounds. For thousands of years, dressing material had been regarded as protection for wounds, absorbent material, or a base for healing substances, while healing per secundam intentionem by the production of \"pus laudabile\" was the general rule. With the advent of antisepsis, dressings became a type of medication, healing the wounds per primam intentionem. Different materials have been used over the years, but the most important steps in the development of new dressings were made in the nineteenth century, with the introduction of a degreased cotton and of medicated plasters.", "contents": "[The history of wound dressings (author's transl)]. The introduction of antisepsis and asepsis brought about decisive changes in the dressing of wounds. For thousands of years, dressing material had been regarded as protection for wounds, absorbent material, or a base for healing substances, while healing per secundam intentionem by the production of \"pus laudabile\" was the general rule. With the advent of antisepsis, dressings became a type of medication, healing the wounds per primam intentionem. Different materials have been used over the years, but the most important steps in the development of new dressings were made in the nineteenth century, with the introduction of a degreased cotton and of medicated plasters.", "PMID": 1107717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1872", "title": "[Thoracic surgery: history and present status (author's transl)].", "content": "Following adoption of the differential airways pressure principle (Sauerbruch), continuous positive airway pressure breathing, together with earlier physiological and clinical preliminary reports on artificial lung ventilation, was a major step on the way to intratracheal anesthesia, which was brought to perfection only after World War II. Up to then, the earlier method that Sauerbruch had used in his pioneer work had been prevalent in thoracic surgery. Since Sauerbruch's death, surgery of the heart and thoracic vessels has developed most successfully, while pulmonary tuberculosis now has hardly any surgical significance.", "contents": "[Thoracic surgery: history and present status (author's transl)]. Following adoption of the differential airways pressure principle (Sauerbruch), continuous positive airway pressure breathing, together with earlier physiological and clinical preliminary reports on artificial lung ventilation, was a major step on the way to intratracheal anesthesia, which was brought to perfection only after World War II. Up to then, the earlier method that Sauerbruch had used in his pioneer work had been prevalent in thoracic surgery. Since Sauerbruch's death, surgery of the heart and thoracic vessels has developed most successfully, while pulmonary tuberculosis now has hardly any surgical significance.", "PMID": 1107718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1873", "title": "[Experimental surgery in pancreas/autotransplantation (author's transl)].", "content": "We have described to technique of one stage intraabdominal heterotopic pancreaticduodenal autotransplantation which has resulted in long term survival of dogs in good health. Malnutrition related to pancreatic exocrine hypofunction occurs initially but gradual recovery by 3 months nutrition is normal. In contrast, endocrine function is well preserved throughout the postoperative period except for a few days immediately after transplantation. Tolbutamide testing showed a significant prolongation of hypoglycemia as compared to controls although glucose tolerance curves were normal. There was no fibrosis after pancreas-autotransplantation. This experimental model is useful for long term evaluation of heterotopic transplantation of the pancreas. Denervation and lymphatic interruption of the pancreas may cause a transient but not definitive influence on pancreatic endocrine or exocrine function.", "contents": "[Experimental surgery in pancreas/autotransplantation (author's transl)]. We have described to technique of one stage intraabdominal heterotopic pancreaticduodenal autotransplantation which has resulted in long term survival of dogs in good health. Malnutrition related to pancreatic exocrine hypofunction occurs initially but gradual recovery by 3 months nutrition is normal. In contrast, endocrine function is well preserved throughout the postoperative period except for a few days immediately after transplantation. Tolbutamide testing showed a significant prolongation of hypoglycemia as compared to controls although glucose tolerance curves were normal. There was no fibrosis after pancreas-autotransplantation. This experimental model is useful for long term evaluation of heterotopic transplantation of the pancreas. Denervation and lymphatic interruption of the pancreas may cause a transient but not definitive influence on pancreatic endocrine or exocrine function.", "PMID": 1107719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1874", "title": "Focal glomerular sclerosis: contrasting clinical patterns in children and adults.", "content": "In a retrospective clinicopathological study, 48 kidney biopsy specimens from 16 children (mean age, 7 years) and 17 adults (mean age, 33 years) with histological evidence of focal glomerular sclerosis (FGS) were examined using light, immunofluorescence and electron microscopy. The histopathological findings were related to the clinical course of each patient. At the clinical onset of the disease, the nephrotic syndrome was seen more commonly in children (12/16) than adults (7/17), while the incidence of both hypertension (children 1/16 versus adults, 9/17) and renal insufficiency (children, 0/16 versus adults, 7/17) was greater in adults. Despite a shorter average follow-up, (adults 3 10/12 years versus children, 7 years), the incidence of hypertension (adults, 13/17 versus children, 7/16) and renal functional impairment (adults, 13/17 versus children, 3/16) remained greater in the adult patients. One child and three adults died in renal failure while two adults underwent transplantation and on requires regular dialysis therapy. Nine of 15 pediatric patients treated with corticosteroids experienced partial or complete remission in either their nephrotic syndrome or level of urine protein excretion, while just 3 of 6 adult patients treated with corticosteroids experienced a partial remission, but never became protein-free. There was an excellent correlation in all patients between the degree of functional renal impairment and the extent of glomerular and nonglomerular histopathological damage in the kidney. It is concluded that in the adults, FGS represents a more severe and progressive disease process and is less responsive to therapy.", "contents": "Focal glomerular sclerosis: contrasting clinical patterns in children and adults. In a retrospective clinicopathological study, 48 kidney biopsy specimens from 16 children (mean age, 7 years) and 17 adults (mean age, 33 years) with histological evidence of focal glomerular sclerosis (FGS) were examined using light, immunofluorescence and electron microscopy. The histopathological findings were related to the clinical course of each patient. At the clinical onset of the disease, the nephrotic syndrome was seen more commonly in children (12/16) than adults (7/17), while the incidence of both hypertension (children 1/16 versus adults, 9/17) and renal insufficiency (children, 0/16 versus adults, 7/17) was greater in adults. Despite a shorter average follow-up, (adults 3 10/12 years versus children, 7 years), the incidence of hypertension (adults, 13/17 versus children, 7/16) and renal functional impairment (adults, 13/17 versus children, 3/16) remained greater in the adult patients. One child and three adults died in renal failure while two adults underwent transplantation and on requires regular dialysis therapy. Nine of 15 pediatric patients treated with corticosteroids experienced partial or complete remission in either their nephrotic syndrome or level of urine protein excretion, while just 3 of 6 adult patients treated with corticosteroids experienced a partial remission, but never became protein-free. There was an excellent correlation in all patients between the degree of functional renal impairment and the extent of glomerular and nonglomerular histopathological damage in the kidney. It is concluded that in the adults, FGS represents a more severe and progressive disease process and is less responsive to therapy.", "PMID": 1107746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1875", "title": "[Electron microscopic studies on the retina of the honey bee (Apis mellifica): II. Investigations on reactions of the fine structure of the rhabdomeric tubuli after exposure to various experimental influences, especially to light of different wavelength (author's transl)].", "content": "Electron microscopic studies were made on the fine structure of the rhabdomeric tubuli of the honey bee-eye after exposure to white and monochromatic light. Several preparation and fixation techniques were tested. A method to irradiate the eyes in vitro by high intensity of white or monochromatic light was developped.", "contents": "[Electron microscopic studies on the retina of the honey bee (Apis mellifica): II. Investigations on reactions of the fine structure of the rhabdomeric tubuli after exposure to various experimental influences, especially to light of different wavelength (author's transl)]. Electron microscopic studies were made on the fine structure of the rhabdomeric tubuli of the honey bee-eye after exposure to white and monochromatic light. Several preparation and fixation techniques were tested. A method to irradiate the eyes in vitro by high intensity of white or monochromatic light was developped.", "PMID": 1107749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1876", "title": "[Quantitative image analysis as a scanning method in histopathological routine diagnostics applied for instance to chronical liver diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "A method is given by means of which histological image contents can quantitatively be determined with the help of electronic image analysis. A case of a chronical liver disease is quoted as instance for the application of the method in routine diagnosis. A possibility is shown to open quantitative and reproducible computation to descriptive histopathology.", "contents": "[Quantitative image analysis as a scanning method in histopathological routine diagnostics applied for instance to chronical liver diseases (author's transl)]. A method is given by means of which histological image contents can quantitatively be determined with the help of electronic image analysis. A case of a chronical liver disease is quoted as instance for the application of the method in routine diagnosis. A possibility is shown to open quantitative and reproducible computation to descriptive histopathology.", "PMID": 1107750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1877", "title": "[Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus in the medium on the level of reserve carbohydrates in the cells of a dividing baker's yeast culture].", "content": "Changes in the content of reserve carbohydrates (trehalose, glycogen) were studied in the cells of baker's yeast during their continuous cultivation at various doses of nitrogen and phosphorus in the medium. The content of reserve carbohydrates in the cells, and their viability, increased with a decrease of nitrogen in the medium. Phosphorus displayed the opposite effect, which was however insignificant within the range of its concentrations used in the experiments.", "contents": "[Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus in the medium on the level of reserve carbohydrates in the cells of a dividing baker's yeast culture]. Changes in the content of reserve carbohydrates (trehalose, glycogen) were studied in the cells of baker's yeast during their continuous cultivation at various doses of nitrogen and phosphorus in the medium. The content of reserve carbohydrates in the cells, and their viability, increased with a decrease of nitrogen in the medium. Phosphorus displayed the opposite effect, which was however insignificant within the range of its concentrations used in the experiments.", "PMID": 1107759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1878", "title": "[Isolation of pure methanotrophic cultures and their properties].", "content": "Pure cultures of obligate methanotrophic bacteria were isolated from natural habitats and cultivated on media containing silica gel which provided more elective conditions than media with agar. According to their morphology, fine structure, cultural, physiological and biochemical properties, the bacteria were identified as Methylosinus trichosporium, Methylosinus trichosporium var. methanolicum, Methylocystis parvus, Methylocytis parvus var. fuscus, Methylomonas methanica.", "contents": "[Isolation of pure methanotrophic cultures and their properties]. Pure cultures of obligate methanotrophic bacteria were isolated from natural habitats and cultivated on media containing silica gel which provided more elective conditions than media with agar. According to their morphology, fine structure, cultural, physiological and biochemical properties, the bacteria were identified as Methylosinus trichosporium, Methylosinus trichosporium var. methanolicum, Methylocystis parvus, Methylocytis parvus var. fuscus, Methylomonas methanica.", "PMID": 1107760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1879", "title": "[Irregular growth of Escherichia coli under periodic cultivation conditions].", "content": "Uneven growth of Escherichia coli ML 30 was found in periodic conditions of cultivation on a defined medium containing maltose or glucose as a source of carbon. This is demonstrated by changes in the slope of the logarithmic curve expressed in units of optical density, and the curve of the specific growth rate plotted against time. The uneven pattern of growth can be revealed only if samples are taken every 15 min. Variations in the growth rate are accompanied with irregular utilization of carbon sources, acidification of the medium, accumulation of organic acids in the cultural broth, deviations in the enzyme activity and the content of polymers in the cells. According to the dynamics of the aforementioned parameters, the growth phase of E. coli is complex and can be subdivided into five different cycles. Such a synchronization of growth is presumed to be due to changes in the composition of the growth medium.", "contents": "[Irregular growth of Escherichia coli under periodic cultivation conditions]. Uneven growth of Escherichia coli ML 30 was found in periodic conditions of cultivation on a defined medium containing maltose or glucose as a source of carbon. This is demonstrated by changes in the slope of the logarithmic curve expressed in units of optical density, and the curve of the specific growth rate plotted against time. The uneven pattern of growth can be revealed only if samples are taken every 15 min. Variations in the growth rate are accompanied with irregular utilization of carbon sources, acidification of the medium, accumulation of organic acids in the cultural broth, deviations in the enzyme activity and the content of polymers in the cells. According to the dynamics of the aforementioned parameters, the growth phase of E. coli is complex and can be subdivided into five different cycles. Such a synchronization of growth is presumed to be due to changes in the composition of the growth medium.", "PMID": 1107761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1880", "title": "[Total count, biomass and production of microorganisms in the water of the South Sea].", "content": "The total number of microorganisms in waters of the Southern Ocean was determined by direct count in capillaries of Perfiliev and Gabe. Ninety samples of water, obtained at depths from 0 to 7,000 m in the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific sectors of the Southern Ocean, have been analyzed. The number of microorganisms in these samples varied from hundreds to dozens of thousand cells in 1 ml of water, being in most cases thousands of cells in 1 ml of water. An increase in the concentration of cells, as compared to higher and lower horizons, was registered in some layers of subsurface, intermediate, and deep waters.", "contents": "[Total count, biomass and production of microorganisms in the water of the South Sea]. The total number of microorganisms in waters of the Southern Ocean was determined by direct count in capillaries of Perfiliev and Gabe. Ninety samples of water, obtained at depths from 0 to 7,000 m in the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific sectors of the Southern Ocean, have been analyzed. The number of microorganisms in these samples varied from hundreds to dozens of thousand cells in 1 ml of water, being in most cases thousands of cells in 1 ml of water. An increase in the concentration of cells, as compared to higher and lower horizons, was registered in some layers of subsurface, intermediate, and deep waters.", "PMID": 1107762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1881", "title": "Massive air embolism in a neonate with respiratory distress.", "content": "The occurrence of massive air embolism in a neonate during treatment with intermittent positive-pressure respiration and positive end expiratory pressure is reported as a note of caution. It is possible that this complication may indeed be more common. Careful post-mortem examinations (including radiological examinations) are advocated in order that the true incidence of this devastating event shall be known.", "contents": "Massive air embolism in a neonate with respiratory distress. The occurrence of massive air embolism in a neonate during treatment with intermittent positive-pressure respiration and positive end expiratory pressure is reported as a note of caution. It is possible that this complication may indeed be more common. Careful post-mortem examinations (including radiological examinations) are advocated in order that the true incidence of this devastating event shall be known.", "PMID": 1107768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1882", "title": "Alprenolol in angina pectoris. A comparative study of the tablet form and slow-release formulation.", "content": "In a double-blind crossover trial in angina pectoris patients, alprenolol in a slow-release formulation (Aptin Durules) was compared with ordinary Aptin tablets. Four hundred mg per day in tablets given four times a day produced the same increase in exercise tolerance five hours after last intake as did an equivalent dose of slow-release formulation given twice per day nine hours after intake. Aptin Durules in double the dosage had a considerably greater effect. An optimal, sustained and antianginal effect of alprenolol is best achieved by giving 400 to 800 mg per day of slow-release formulation with 10 to 12 hours' dosage interval.", "contents": "Alprenolol in angina pectoris. A comparative study of the tablet form and slow-release formulation. In a double-blind crossover trial in angina pectoris patients, alprenolol in a slow-release formulation (Aptin Durules) was compared with ordinary Aptin tablets. Four hundred mg per day in tablets given four times a day produced the same increase in exercise tolerance five hours after last intake as did an equivalent dose of slow-release formulation given twice per day nine hours after intake. Aptin Durules in double the dosage had a considerably greater effect. An optimal, sustained and antianginal effect of alprenolol is best achieved by giving 400 to 800 mg per day of slow-release formulation with 10 to 12 hours' dosage interval.", "PMID": 1107769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1883", "title": "The healing of gastric ulcers by zinc sulphate.", "content": "A double-blind trial of zinc sulphate given by mouth (220 mg, three times a day) and placebo was undertaken in patients with benign gastric ulcers. The drug was given for a three-week period and the healing of the ulcers was estimated from results of barium-meal X-ray films taken immediately before and after this period. There were ten patients taking zinc sulphate and eight patients taking placebo. The two groups of patients were comparable in all respects, including initial ulcer size. Patients taking zinc sulphate had an ulcer healing rate three times that of patients treated with placebo. This difference was significant (P less than 0-05). Complete healing of ulcers occurred more frequently in the patients taking zinc sulphate than in patients treated with placebo. The placebo group contained more patients whose ulcers did not heal at all, than the group taking zinc sulphate. No side effects from zinc sulphate were noted. There was no evidence of zinc deficiency in any of the patients.", "contents": "The healing of gastric ulcers by zinc sulphate. A double-blind trial of zinc sulphate given by mouth (220 mg, three times a day) and placebo was undertaken in patients with benign gastric ulcers. The drug was given for a three-week period and the healing of the ulcers was estimated from results of barium-meal X-ray films taken immediately before and after this period. There were ten patients taking zinc sulphate and eight patients taking placebo. The two groups of patients were comparable in all respects, including initial ulcer size. Patients taking zinc sulphate had an ulcer healing rate three times that of patients treated with placebo. This difference was significant (P less than 0-05). Complete healing of ulcers occurred more frequently in the patients taking zinc sulphate than in patients treated with placebo. The placebo group contained more patients whose ulcers did not heal at all, than the group taking zinc sulphate. No side effects from zinc sulphate were noted. There was no evidence of zinc deficiency in any of the patients.", "PMID": 1107772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1884", "title": "Example of a human ovum in a cervicovaginal smear fact or artefact?", "content": "A further example in a cervicovaginal smear of a structure with the morphological features of an unfertilized human ovum is reported. Previously published case reports of similar objects are reviewed, and alternative sources of bodies which could be incorrectly identified as ova are discussed together with suggested methods of establishing precise identity.", "contents": "Example of a human ovum in a cervicovaginal smear fact or artefact? A further example in a cervicovaginal smear of a structure with the morphological features of an unfertilized human ovum is reported. Previously published case reports of similar objects are reviewed, and alternative sources of bodies which could be incorrectly identified as ova are discussed together with suggested methods of establishing precise identity.", "PMID": 1107774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1885", "title": "Mutagenic DNA repair in Escherichia coli. II. Factors affecting loss of photoreversibility of UV induced mutations.", "content": "The photoreversibility of UV-induced mutations to Trp+ in strain Escherichia coli WP2 uvrA trp (unable to excise pyrimidine dimers) was lost at different rates during incubation in different media. In Casamino acids medium after a short initial lag, photoreversibility was lost over about one generation time; in minimal medium with tryptophan, photoreversibility persisted for more than two generations; in Casamino acids medium with pantoyl lactone photoreversibility was lost extremely slowly. The rate of loss of photoreversibility was unaffected by UV dose in either Casamino acids medium or in minimal medium. The same eventual number of induced mutants was obtained when cells were incubated for two generations in any of the three media before being transferred to selective plates supplemented with Casamino acids. Thus in each the proportion of cells capable of giving rise to a mutant was the same and only the rate at which these cells did so during post-irradiation growth varied, suggesting that there might be a specific fraction of pyrimidine dimers at a given site capable  of initiating a mutagenic repair event, and that the size of this fraction is dose dependent. Segregation experiments have shown that error-prone repair appears to occur once only and is not repeated in subsequent replication cycles, in contrast to (presumed error-free) recombination repair. The results are discussed in the light of current models of UV mutagenesis.", "contents": "Mutagenic DNA repair in Escherichia coli. II. Factors affecting loss of photoreversibility of UV induced mutations. The photoreversibility of UV-induced mutations to Trp+ in strain Escherichia coli WP2 uvrA trp (unable to excise pyrimidine dimers) was lost at different rates during incubation in different media. In Casamino acids medium after a short initial lag, photoreversibility was lost over about one generation time; in minimal medium with tryptophan, photoreversibility persisted for more than two generations; in Casamino acids medium with pantoyl lactone photoreversibility was lost extremely slowly. The rate of loss of photoreversibility was unaffected by UV dose in either Casamino acids medium or in minimal medium. The same eventual number of induced mutants was obtained when cells were incubated for two generations in any of the three media before being transferred to selective plates supplemented with Casamino acids. Thus in each the proportion of cells capable of giving rise to a mutant was the same and only the rate at which these cells did so during post-irradiation growth varied, suggesting that there might be a specific fraction of pyrimidine dimers at a given site capable  of initiating a mutagenic repair event, and that the size of this fraction is dose dependent. Segregation experiments have shown that error-prone repair appears to occur once only and is not repeated in subsequent replication cycles, in contrast to (presumed error-free) recombination repair. The results are discussed in the light of current models of UV mutagenesis.", "PMID": 1107795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1886", "title": "Cytoplasmic inheritance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: comparison of first zygotic budsite to mitochondrial inheritance patterns.", "content": "Zygotic first budsite in Saccharomyces cerevisiae was studied in relation to defined mitochondrial inheritance systems: both petite and drug resistance. It was hypothesized that a highly asymmetric inheritance pattern would be correlated to a high frequency of first budsites on the petite or drug resistant end of the zygote (i.e., that portion of the zygote which was originally the drug resistant or petite haploid before zygote formation). The data collected did not support the hypothesis. For drug resistance, the budsite pattern is identical for a highly biased and a moderately biased inheritance pattern. In a grande by grande cross there is a high probability of the first bud appearing on the conjugation bridge, with lower but equal probabilities of the first bud appearing on one end or the other of the zygote. A grande by petite cross changes this pattern to a high probability of the first bud appearing on the grade end of the zygote, with a lesser probability of the first bud appearing on the conjugation bridge and virtually no budding of the petite end. This phenomenon is independent of degree of neutrality or suppressiveness of the petite strain used, however. The difference between a grande and a grande by petite pattern may be due to the relative functional ability of the mitochondria in each end of the zygote. Tests using antimitochondrial drugs suggest that selection of first budsite on a zygote is a complex phenomenon, not simply dependent upon mitochondrial phenotype. In conclusion, selection of the first zygotic budsite appears to be independent of mitochondrial inheritance patterns.", "contents": "Cytoplasmic inheritance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: comparison of first zygotic budsite to mitochondrial inheritance patterns. Zygotic first budsite in Saccharomyces cerevisiae was studied in relation to defined mitochondrial inheritance systems: both petite and drug resistance. It was hypothesized that a highly asymmetric inheritance pattern would be correlated to a high frequency of first budsites on the petite or drug resistant end of the zygote (i.e., that portion of the zygote which was originally the drug resistant or petite haploid before zygote formation). The data collected did not support the hypothesis. For drug resistance, the budsite pattern is identical for a highly biased and a moderately biased inheritance pattern. In a grande by grande cross there is a high probability of the first bud appearing on the conjugation bridge, with lower but equal probabilities of the first bud appearing on one end or the other of the zygote. A grande by petite cross changes this pattern to a high probability of the first bud appearing on the grade end of the zygote, with a lesser probability of the first bud appearing on the conjugation bridge and virtually no budding of the petite end. This phenomenon is independent of degree of neutrality or suppressiveness of the petite strain used, however. The difference between a grande and a grande by petite pattern may be due to the relative functional ability of the mitochondria in each end of the zygote. Tests using antimitochondrial drugs suggest that selection of first budsite on a zygote is a complex phenomenon, not simply dependent upon mitochondrial phenotype. In conclusion, selection of the first zygotic budsite appears to be independent of mitochondrial inheritance patterns.", "PMID": 1107796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1887", "title": "The mating reaction in yeast. I. A new mutation involved in the determination of mating-type.", "content": "The isolation and preliminary characterisation of a mutation, not linked to the mating type locus, but which apparently alters the mating type directed sequence of events during sexual conjugation is described. Haploids of the alpha mating type carrying this gene will now mate with other alpha haploids, creating diploids homozygous for the alpha mating type locus. This gene can be carried, but not expressed, in a haploids, however in a/alpha diploids homozygous for this gene mating is now possible with both a and alpha haploids giving either a/a/alpha or a/alpha/alpha triploids. Using these strains mating-deficient mutants have been isolated and preliminary results on their characterisation presented.", "contents": "The mating reaction in yeast. I. A new mutation involved in the determination of mating-type. The isolation and preliminary characterisation of a mutation, not linked to the mating type locus, but which apparently alters the mating type directed sequence of events during sexual conjugation is described. Haploids of the alpha mating type carrying this gene will now mate with other alpha haploids, creating diploids homozygous for the alpha mating type locus. This gene can be carried, but not expressed, in a haploids, however in a/alpha diploids homozygous for this gene mating is now possible with both a and alpha haploids giving either a/a/alpha or a/alpha/alpha triploids. Using these strains mating-deficient mutants have been isolated and preliminary results on their characterisation presented.", "PMID": 1107797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1888", "title": "The stoichiometry of the ribosomal proteins of Escherichia coli.", "content": "A ribosome preparation from E. coli made without stringent washing procedures has been shown to contain the same relative amounts of nearly all the ribosomal proteins as ribosomes in intact cells. Stoichiometric measurements on all the proteins of this preparation except for L8, L20, L31 and L34 have been made using an isotope dilution technique. When the scatter of the values obtained, the uncertainty in the molecular weights, and the losses occurring during extraction are taken into account, none of the proteins except L7/L12 is present at a level significantly different from one molecule per ribosome. There are multiple copies of L7/L12. These data suggest that the ribosomes of Escherichia coli are homogeneous in vivo.", "contents": "The stoichiometry of the ribosomal proteins of Escherichia coli. A ribosome preparation from E. coli made without stringent washing procedures has been shown to contain the same relative amounts of nearly all the ribosomal proteins as ribosomes in intact cells. Stoichiometric measurements on all the proteins of this preparation except for L8, L20, L31 and L34 have been made using an isotope dilution technique. When the scatter of the values obtained, the uncertainty in the molecular weights, and the losses occurring during extraction are taken into account, none of the proteins except L7/L12 is present at a level significantly different from one molecule per ribosome. There are multiple copies of L7/L12. These data suggest that the ribosomes of Escherichia coli are homogeneous in vivo.", "PMID": 1107798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1889", "title": "Genetic control of chromosome instability in Aspergillus nidulans as a mean for gene amplification in eukaryotic microorganisms.", "content": "A haploid strain of Aspergillus nidulans carrying I-II duplication homozygous for the leaky mutation adE20 shows impreved growth on minimal medium. The duplication, though more stable than disomics, still shows instability. Several methods were used for detecting genetic control of improved stability. (a) visual selection, using a duplicated strain which is very unstable due to UV sensitivity, (adE20, biAl/dp yA2; uvsB). One stable strain showed a deletion (or a lethal mutation?) DISTAL TO BIA on the segment at the original position (on chromosome I). This deletion reduces crossing over frequency between the two homologous segments. As the deletion of the non-translocated segment (yelow sectors) must be preceded by crossing over, the above reduces the frequency of yellow sectors. A deletion of the translocated segment (green sectors) results in non-viability due to the deletion, and such sectors do not appear. The net result is a stable duplication involving only 12 C.O. units carrying the gene in concern. (b) Suppressors of UV sensitivity (su-uvsB) were attempted using the above uvs duplicated strain. Phenotypic revertants were easily obtained, but all were back mutations at the uvsB locus. (c) Mutations for UV resistance higher than that of the wild type were not obtained, in spite of the strong selective pressure inserted. (d) Recombination deficient mutations (rec), six altogether, all uvs+, did not have any effect on stability.", "contents": "Genetic control of chromosome instability in Aspergillus nidulans as a mean for gene amplification in eukaryotic microorganisms. A haploid strain of Aspergillus nidulans carrying I-II duplication homozygous for the leaky mutation adE20 shows impreved growth on minimal medium. The duplication, though more stable than disomics, still shows instability. Several methods were used for detecting genetic control of improved stability. (a) visual selection, using a duplicated strain which is very unstable due to UV sensitivity, (adE20, biAl/dp yA2; uvsB). One stable strain showed a deletion (or a lethal mutation?) DISTAL TO BIA on the segment at the original position (on chromosome I). This deletion reduces crossing over frequency between the two homologous segments. As the deletion of the non-translocated segment (yelow sectors) must be preceded by crossing over, the above reduces the frequency of yellow sectors. A deletion of the translocated segment (green sectors) results in non-viability due to the deletion, and such sectors do not appear. The net result is a stable duplication involving only 12 C.O. units carrying the gene in concern. (b) Suppressors of UV sensitivity (su-uvsB) were attempted using the above uvs duplicated strain. Phenotypic revertants were easily obtained, but all were back mutations at the uvsB locus. (c) Mutations for UV resistance higher than that of the wild type were not obtained, in spite of the strong selective pressure inserted. (d) Recombination deficient mutations (rec), six altogether, all uvs+, did not have any effect on stability.", "PMID": 1107799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1890", "title": "Properties of plasmids produced by recombination between R factors of groups J and FII.", "content": "Recombinant plasmids have been produced both by transduction of genetic material from FIIR factors into Proteus mirabilis strains carrying plasmids of group J and by insertion of a transposon conferring streptomycin and trimethoprim resistances into a J group R factor. The transposon-carrying derivative and one of the transductants were shown to be members of group J whereas another transductant was shown to be compatible with members of this group. This recombinant plasmid was able to eliminate but not to be eliminable by R factors of group FII. A model for the origin of this anomalous compatibility characteristic is presented based on the assumption that the recombinant plasmid carries part but not all of a complex of binding sites for the repressor of replication [Uhlin and Nordstr\u00f6m (1975)].", "contents": "Properties of plasmids produced by recombination between R factors of groups J and FII. Recombinant plasmids have been produced both by transduction of genetic material from FIIR factors into Proteus mirabilis strains carrying plasmids of group J and by insertion of a transposon conferring streptomycin and trimethoprim resistances into a J group R factor. The transposon-carrying derivative and one of the transductants were shown to be members of group J whereas another transductant was shown to be compatible with members of this group. This recombinant plasmid was able to eliminate but not to be eliminable by R factors of group FII. A model for the origin of this anomalous compatibility characteristic is presented based on the assumption that the recombinant plasmid carries part but not all of a complex of binding sites for the repressor of replication [Uhlin and Nordstr\u00f6m (1975)].", "PMID": 1107800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1891", "title": "Genetic analysis of mutants of Escherichia coli defective in dicarboxylate transport.", "content": "Mutants of E.coli deficient in dicarboxylate transport can be mapped at three different loci. The dctA locus is linked to xyl and the dctB and cbt loci are linked to gal. Transduction tests reveal that the likely order of genes in the gal region is dctB-cbt-nadA-galK.", "contents": "Genetic analysis of mutants of Escherichia coli defective in dicarboxylate transport. Mutants of E.coli deficient in dicarboxylate transport can be mapped at three different loci. The dctA locus is linked to xyl and the dctB and cbt loci are linked to gal. Transduction tests reveal that the likely order of genes in the gal region is dctB-cbt-nadA-galK.", "PMID": 1107801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1892", "title": "Prophage induction and cell division in E. coli. III. Mutations sfiA and sfiB restore division in tif and lon strains and permit the expression of mutator properties of tif.", "content": "In E. coli K12, cell filamentation promoted by tif is enhanced by the lon mutation; in contrast, prophage induction and repair of UV-irradiated phage lambda, also promoted by tif, are not affected by lon. From a tif lon double mutant, \"revertants\" having recovered the ability to divide at 41 degrees were isolated, among which most (95%) had also lost their Lon filamentous phenotype after ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. From these 95% of revertants: (1) 94% are suppressed for the whole Tif phenotype, by additional mutations that render them deficient in DNA repair, as judged from their high UV sensitivity; some have been characterized as recA mutants. (2) 1% have recovered a control on cell division at 41 degrees or after UV irradiation by means of secondary mutations altering neither the other phenotypic properties of tif and lon, nor the repair and recombination ability of the cells: in particular, this class of \"revertants\" remains thermoinducible upon lysogenisation; the mutations which specifically suppress filamentation have been mapped at two loci, sfiA and sfiB, cotransducible respectively with pyrD and leu. In the remaining 5% of revertants that still exhibit an UV-induced filamentous growth, 3% can be tentatively classified as true tif+ revertants; 2% behave as tif thermodependent revertants, showing suppression of the Tif (and Lon) phenotype only at 41 degrees: 2recAts have been identified in this class. Non-lysogenic tif lon sfi and tif sfi strains remain viable during prolonged growth at 41 degrees. Under these conditions, tif expresses mutator properties, which can be conveniently analyzed in this sfi background. The action of lif, lon and sfi mutations is tentatively interpreted on the basis of a negative control of cell division specifically associated with DNA repair.", "contents": "Prophage induction and cell division in E. coli. III. Mutations sfiA and sfiB restore division in tif and lon strains and permit the expression of mutator properties of tif. In E. coli K12, cell filamentation promoted by tif is enhanced by the lon mutation; in contrast, prophage induction and repair of UV-irradiated phage lambda, also promoted by tif, are not affected by lon. From a tif lon double mutant, \"revertants\" having recovered the ability to divide at 41 degrees were isolated, among which most (95%) had also lost their Lon filamentous phenotype after ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. From these 95% of revertants: (1) 94% are suppressed for the whole Tif phenotype, by additional mutations that render them deficient in DNA repair, as judged from their high UV sensitivity; some have been characterized as recA mutants. (2) 1% have recovered a control on cell division at 41 degrees or after UV irradiation by means of secondary mutations altering neither the other phenotypic properties of tif and lon, nor the repair and recombination ability of the cells: in particular, this class of \"revertants\" remains thermoinducible upon lysogenisation; the mutations which specifically suppress filamentation have been mapped at two loci, sfiA and sfiB, cotransducible respectively with pyrD and leu. In the remaining 5% of revertants that still exhibit an UV-induced filamentous growth, 3% can be tentatively classified as true tif+ revertants; 2% behave as tif thermodependent revertants, showing suppression of the Tif (and Lon) phenotype only at 41 degrees: 2recAts have been identified in this class. Non-lysogenic tif lon sfi and tif sfi strains remain viable during prolonged growth at 41 degrees. Under these conditions, tif expresses mutator properties, which can be conveniently analyzed in this sfi background. The action of lif, lon and sfi mutations is tentatively interpreted on the basis of a negative control of cell division specifically associated with DNA repair.", "PMID": 1107802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1893", "title": "Biogenesis of mitochondria 40. Phenotypic suppression of a mitochondrial mutation by a nuclear gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "A mutant has been isolated which carries a nuclear mutation capable of suppressing certain aspects of the phenotype imposed by a specific mitochondrial mutation. The mitochondrial mutation [tso-r] confers cold sensitivity to growth on nonfermentable substrates and resistance to oligomycin. When both the mitochondrial and nuclear mutations are present in the same cell the cell is phenotypically cold resistant but retains a high level of oligomycin resistance. The extent of cold sensitivity suppression is dependent upon other unspecified nuclear genes. The molecular basis for the suppression may involve interactions between cytoplasmic and mitochondrial ATPase.", "contents": "Biogenesis of mitochondria 40. Phenotypic suppression of a mitochondrial mutation by a nuclear gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A mutant has been isolated which carries a nuclear mutation capable of suppressing certain aspects of the phenotype imposed by a specific mitochondrial mutation. The mitochondrial mutation [tso-r] confers cold sensitivity to growth on nonfermentable substrates and resistance to oligomycin. When both the mitochondrial and nuclear mutations are present in the same cell the cell is phenotypically cold resistant but retains a high level of oligomycin resistance. The extent of cold sensitivity suppression is dependent upon other unspecified nuclear genes. The molecular basis for the suppression may involve interactions between cytoplasmic and mitochondrial ATPase.", "PMID": 1107803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1894", "title": "Manganese mutagenesis in yeast. IV. The effects of magnesium, protein synthesis inhibitors and hydroxyurea on AntR induction in mitochondrial DNA.", "content": "The induction of antibiotic-resistant mutations in yeast mitochondrial DNA by manganese is decreased when the manganese-containing medium is additionally supplemented with magnesium. At equimolar concentrations of manganese and magnesium the former is no longer mutagenic. Amino acid starvation, cycloheximide, chloramphenicol and erythromycin have very little, if any, effect on the mutagenicity of manganese. Hydroxyurea itself seems to be slightly mutagenicity of manganese. Our results show that manganese acts as an error-producing factor in DNA replication probably through a direct interaction with mitDNA polymerase(s).", "contents": "Manganese mutagenesis in yeast. IV. The effects of magnesium, protein synthesis inhibitors and hydroxyurea on AntR induction in mitochondrial DNA. The induction of antibiotic-resistant mutations in yeast mitochondrial DNA by manganese is decreased when the manganese-containing medium is additionally supplemented with magnesium. At equimolar concentrations of manganese and magnesium the former is no longer mutagenic. Amino acid starvation, cycloheximide, chloramphenicol and erythromycin have very little, if any, effect on the mutagenicity of manganese. Hydroxyurea itself seems to be slightly mutagenicity of manganese. Our results show that manganese acts as an error-producing factor in DNA replication probably through a direct interaction with mitDNA polymerase(s).", "PMID": 1107804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1895", "title": "Synthesis of E colicins in Escherichia coli.", "content": "Mitomycin C treatment of Escherichia coli cells containing one of the ColE plasmids results in specific inhibition of chromosomal protein synthesis and a high rate of protein synthesis from about 35% of the plasmid genome, whereas similar treatment of plasmid-free cells has no measureable effect on protein synthesis. In the case of ColE2- and ColE3-containing cells, the antibiotic colicin protein (molecular weight about 78000) and two others (molecular weight about 11000 and 6000) are coordinately synthesized in the approximate molar ratio 1:4:1, while in ColE1-containing cells only the colicin protein is synthesized in large amounts. Partially purified colicin E2 isolated from the outer cell surface is associated with the two small proteins in the approximate molar ratio 1:1:1, indicating that not are they only synthesized coordinately but are released as a ternary complex.", "contents": "Synthesis of E colicins in Escherichia coli. Mitomycin C treatment of Escherichia coli cells containing one of the ColE plasmids results in specific inhibition of chromosomal protein synthesis and a high rate of protein synthesis from about 35% of the plasmid genome, whereas similar treatment of plasmid-free cells has no measureable effect on protein synthesis. In the case of ColE2- and ColE3-containing cells, the antibiotic colicin protein (molecular weight about 78000) and two others (molecular weight about 11000 and 6000) are coordinately synthesized in the approximate molar ratio 1:4:1, while in ColE1-containing cells only the colicin protein is synthesized in large amounts. Partially purified colicin E2 isolated from the outer cell surface is associated with the two small proteins in the approximate molar ratio 1:1:1, indicating that not are they only synthesized coordinately but are released as a ternary complex.", "PMID": 1107805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1896", "title": "Physical studies of a plasmid mediating tetracycline resistance and hydrogen sulfide production in Escherichia coli.", "content": "Tetracycline resistance and hydrogen sulfide production have been previously found to be plasmid-mediated in a naturally-occurring strain of Escherichia coli; both functions are specified by a single conjugative plasmid called pIP231(Te-H2S); pIP231DNA was isolated as covalently closed molecules in dye-buoyant density gradients. The base ratio of the DNA was found to be 50% GC by density gradient analysis. Electron micrographs of plasmid molecules showed a contour length of 20 +/- 2 mum (40 +/- 4 X 10(6) daltons). Between one and two copies of pIP231 molecules per host chromosome were found in E. coli K12.", "contents": "Physical studies of a plasmid mediating tetracycline resistance and hydrogen sulfide production in Escherichia coli. Tetracycline resistance and hydrogen sulfide production have been previously found to be plasmid-mediated in a naturally-occurring strain of Escherichia coli; both functions are specified by a single conjugative plasmid called pIP231(Te-H2S); pIP231DNA was isolated as covalently closed molecules in dye-buoyant density gradients. The base ratio of the DNA was found to be 50% GC by density gradient analysis. Electron micrographs of plasmid molecules showed a contour length of 20 +/- 2 mum (40 +/- 4 X 10(6) daltons). Between one and two copies of pIP231 molecules per host chromosome were found in E. coli K12.", "PMID": 1107806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1897", "title": "Genetic control of invertase formation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. I. Isolation and characterization of mutants affecting sucrose utilization.", "content": "Nine sucrose nonfermenting mutants have been isolated from yeast strain EK-6B, carrying the tightly linked SUC3 and MAL3 genes. These mutants are allelic to the SUC3 gene recessive in nature and none of them has detectable levels of either internal or external invertase. A single point mutation leading to the loss of both invertases suggests that either SUC3 is a control gene or codes for a polypeptide which is shared by both invertases.", "contents": "Genetic control of invertase formation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. I. Isolation and characterization of mutants affecting sucrose utilization. Nine sucrose nonfermenting mutants have been isolated from yeast strain EK-6B, carrying the tightly linked SUC3 and MAL3 genes. These mutants are allelic to the SUC3 gene recessive in nature and none of them has detectable levels of either internal or external invertase. A single point mutation leading to the loss of both invertases suggests that either SUC3 is a control gene or codes for a polypeptide which is shared by both invertases.", "PMID": 1107807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1898", "title": "DNA repair in Proteus mirabilis. III.Survival, dimer excision, and UV reactivation in comparison with Escherichia coli K12.", "content": "Measurements of UV sensitivity of wildtype cells (wt) and UV senistive mutants of E. coli and P. mirabilis suggest that the increased sensitivity of P. mirabilis (wt) is due either to incomplete repair of DNA lesions or to additive lethality probably as a result of UV induction of defective phage(s) present in P. mitabilis (Taubeneck, 1967). Direct estimates of the rate of pyrimidine dimer excision and a comparison of the UV reactivation capacity of E. coli and P. mirabilis for the temperate phages lambda and pi 1, respectively, support this conclusion.", "contents": "DNA repair in Proteus mirabilis. III.Survival, dimer excision, and UV reactivation in comparison with Escherichia coli K12. Measurements of UV sensitivity of wildtype cells (wt) and UV senistive mutants of E. coli and P. mirabilis suggest that the increased sensitivity of P. mirabilis (wt) is due either to incomplete repair of DNA lesions or to additive lethality probably as a result of UV induction of defective phage(s) present in P. mitabilis (Taubeneck, 1967). Direct estimates of the rate of pyrimidine dimer excision and a comparison of the UV reactivation capacity of E. coli and P. mirabilis for the temperate phages lambda and pi 1, respectively, support this conclusion.", "PMID": 1107808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1899", "title": "Genetic consequences of transfection with heterduplex bacteriophage lambda DNA.", "content": "The role of rectification of heteroduplex heterozygotes in the formation of recombinant genotypes involving closely linked markers has been examined. Heteroduplex molecules of bacteriophage lambda DNA, heterozygous at several alleles, have been constructed and the genetic composition of phage present in infective centers derived by transfection with such molecules has been determined. Allele loss and concomitant recombinant formation is frequent, and appears to reflect marker specificity as well as specificities imposed by whether or not the transfection recipient is permissive or nonpermissive for DNA duplication of the transfecting genome. The observations support the proposal that many, perhaps most, of the events involving separation of closely linked markers occur by rectification of non-recombinant heterozygotes.", "contents": "Genetic consequences of transfection with heterduplex bacteriophage lambda DNA. The role of rectification of heteroduplex heterozygotes in the formation of recombinant genotypes involving closely linked markers has been examined. Heteroduplex molecules of bacteriophage lambda DNA, heterozygous at several alleles, have been constructed and the genetic composition of phage present in infective centers derived by transfection with such molecules has been determined. Allele loss and concomitant recombinant formation is frequent, and appears to reflect marker specificity as well as specificities imposed by whether or not the transfection recipient is permissive or nonpermissive for DNA duplication of the transfecting genome. The observations support the proposal that many, perhaps most, of the events involving separation of closely linked markers occur by rectification of non-recombinant heterozygotes.", "PMID": 1107809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1900", "title": "Genetic analysis of mutants of Escherichia coli K12 and Salmonella typhimurium LT2 deficient in hydrogenase activity.", "content": "A genetic study of mutants deficient in hydrogenase activity was performed. In E. coli, the affected gene (hyd) is located at 51 min, between cys C and nal B; in S. typhimurium, it probably lies in the homologous region of the chromosome.", "contents": "Genetic analysis of mutants of Escherichia coli K12 and Salmonella typhimurium LT2 deficient in hydrogenase activity. A genetic study of mutants deficient in hydrogenase activity was performed. In E. coli, the affected gene (hyd) is located at 51 min, between cys C and nal B; in S. typhimurium, it probably lies in the homologous region of the chromosome.", "PMID": 1107810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1901", "title": "A mutant of Escherichia coli deficient in pyruvate formate lyase.", "content": "A genetic study was performed on a mutation which has caused loss of pyruvate formate lyase. The gene affected is designated pfl and is located close to ser C, i.e. at 20 mn on the chromosomal map of E. coli.", "contents": "A mutant of Escherichia coli deficient in pyruvate formate lyase. A genetic study was performed on a mutation which has caused loss of pyruvate formate lyase. The gene affected is designated pfl and is located close to ser C, i.e. at 20 mn on the chromosomal map of E. coli.", "PMID": 1107811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1902", "title": "The mating reaction in yeast. II. Spontaneous occurrence of omni-mating types.", "content": "Meiosis in diploids of Saccharomyces cerevisiae either homozygous or heterozygous for the dmt gene result, in about 5% of the meiotic products, in spores which have undergone an interconversion at the mating-type locus. Some of these interconversions appear to be the result in the generation of spontaneous omni-mating strains. This phenomenon has now been quantitated and the distribution of mating-type loci in these \"natural\" amni-mating types determined.", "contents": "The mating reaction in yeast. II. Spontaneous occurrence of omni-mating types. Meiosis in diploids of Saccharomyces cerevisiae either homozygous or heterozygous for the dmt gene result, in about 5% of the meiotic products, in spores which have undergone an interconversion at the mating-type locus. Some of these interconversions appear to be the result in the generation of spontaneous omni-mating strains. This phenomenon has now been quantitated and the distribution of mating-type loci in these \"natural\" amni-mating types determined.", "PMID": 1107812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1903", "title": "Mapping of gshA, a gene for the biosynthesis of glutathione in Eschericha coli K12.", "content": "A mutation affecting the activity of the first enzyme in glutathione biosynthesis in E. coli K 12 has been mapped. The mutant allele called gshA is located by transduction in the pheA-nalB segment. The linkages with pheA and tyrA provide a convenient method for transfer of gshA to other strains and so introduce a very low level of non-protein sulfhydryl groups into the E. coli cells.", "contents": "Mapping of gshA, a gene for the biosynthesis of glutathione in Eschericha coli K12. A mutation affecting the activity of the first enzyme in glutathione biosynthesis in E. coli K 12 has been mapped. The mutant allele called gshA is located by transduction in the pheA-nalB segment. The linkages with pheA and tyrA provide a convenient method for transfer of gshA to other strains and so introduce a very low level of non-protein sulfhydryl groups into the E. coli cells.", "PMID": 1107813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1904", "title": "Hyperproduction of the sigma subunit of RNA polymerase in a mutant of Escherichia coli.", "content": "A mutant of Escherichia coli K12 is described in which sigma and alpha subunits of the DNA-dependent RNA polymerase (EC 2.7.7.6) are produced at the rates much higher than in the normal strain. The rate of synthesis for sigma subunit was found to be at least 10-times higher, though the rapid degradation of sigma polypeptides accompanied with the accelerated synthesis precludes accurate estimation of the extent of hyperproduction. The alpha subunit synthesis was about 5-times higher in this mutant than in the control, and excess alpha polypeptides produced were as stable as the bulk of protein under the conditions employed. Genetic analyses of the mutant by conjugation and by transduction with phage P1 revealed that at least three distinct but closely linked mutations are responsible for hyperproduction of the sigma subunit; one (sig-1) is located very close to rif, and the others (sig-2 and sig-3) at the argH-bfe and metB regions, respectively. The results further indicate that the accelerated synthesis of alpha subunit is due to a mutation also located at the metB region. The present finding suggests that the synthesis of sigma subunit is subject to a complex control that can be affected by a number of cellular processes. The possible involvement of the core polymerase in determining the rate of synthesis of sigma subunit is discussed.", "contents": "Hyperproduction of the sigma subunit of RNA polymerase in a mutant of Escherichia coli. A mutant of Escherichia coli K12 is described in which sigma and alpha subunits of the DNA-dependent RNA polymerase (EC 2.7.7.6) are produced at the rates much higher than in the normal strain. The rate of synthesis for sigma subunit was found to be at least 10-times higher, though the rapid degradation of sigma polypeptides accompanied with the accelerated synthesis precludes accurate estimation of the extent of hyperproduction. The alpha subunit synthesis was about 5-times higher in this mutant than in the control, and excess alpha polypeptides produced were as stable as the bulk of protein under the conditions employed. Genetic analyses of the mutant by conjugation and by transduction with phage P1 revealed that at least three distinct but closely linked mutations are responsible for hyperproduction of the sigma subunit; one (sig-1) is located very close to rif, and the others (sig-2 and sig-3) at the argH-bfe and metB regions, respectively. The results further indicate that the accelerated synthesis of alpha subunit is due to a mutation also located at the metB region. The present finding suggests that the synthesis of sigma subunit is subject to a complex control that can be affected by a number of cellular processes. The possible involvement of the core polymerase in determining the rate of synthesis of sigma subunit is discussed.", "PMID": 1107814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1905", "title": "The effect of lexA and recF mutations on post-replication repair and DNA synthesis in Escherichia coli K-12.", "content": "We have examined lexA1 uvrA6 and recF143 uvrBdelta derivatives of Escherichia coli K-12 for post-replication repair and DNA synthesis after UV irradiation. Compared to corresponding lex+ rec+ strains, we found that the lexA and recF cells were defective in (1) converting short DNA segments synthesized after irradiation to DNA of normal size; (2) synthesizing high molecular weight DNA after irradiation; (3) transferring pyrimidine dimers from irradiated DNA into unirradiated daughter strands. Our results support the hypothesis that after UV irradiation the formation of large DNA molecules in excision-deficient cells of E.coli depends directly or indirectly upon joining short DNA segments into longer strands, concomitant with the transfer of DNA from irradiated tamplates into unirradiated daughter strands. This process appears to require the activity of lexA and recF genes.", "contents": "The effect of lexA and recF mutations on post-replication repair and DNA synthesis in Escherichia coli K-12. We have examined lexA1 uvrA6 and recF143 uvrBdelta derivatives of Escherichia coli K-12 for post-replication repair and DNA synthesis after UV irradiation. Compared to corresponding lex+ rec+ strains, we found that the lexA and recF cells were defective in (1) converting short DNA segments synthesized after irradiation to DNA of normal size; (2) synthesizing high molecular weight DNA after irradiation; (3) transferring pyrimidine dimers from irradiated DNA into unirradiated daughter strands. Our results support the hypothesis that after UV irradiation the formation of large DNA molecules in excision-deficient cells of E.coli depends directly or indirectly upon joining short DNA segments into longer strands, concomitant with the transfer of DNA from irradiated tamplates into unirradiated daughter strands. This process appears to require the activity of lexA and recF genes.", "PMID": 1107815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1906", "title": "Localized mutagenesis of the aroE-strA section of the Escherichia coli chromosome coding for ribosomal proteins.", "content": "In order to obtain E. coli strains altered in ribosomal proteins the following isolation technique was used: Phage P1 grown in a streptomycin resistant E. coli strain, was mutagenized by hydroxylamine or nitrous acid, and was used to transduce into a strain auxotrophic for aroE. Transductants with streptomycin resistance and aroE prototrophy were selected and tested for their growth at various temperatures (20 degrees, 30 degrees and 42 degrees) and their response to different antibiotics. Ribosomes from seventeen transductants with an altered response to temperature or antibiotics were isolated. They were tested for alterations in their ribosomal subunit profiles by sucrose centrifugation and for altered ribosomal proteins by two dimensional gel electrophoresis. Two strains showed accumulation of 50S ribosomal precursors and three strains had an altered 50S protein L18. This protein belongs to the 5S RNA-protein complex having GTPase and ATPase activity.", "contents": "Localized mutagenesis of the aroE-strA section of the Escherichia coli chromosome coding for ribosomal proteins. In order to obtain E. coli strains altered in ribosomal proteins the following isolation technique was used: Phage P1 grown in a streptomycin resistant E. coli strain, was mutagenized by hydroxylamine or nitrous acid, and was used to transduce into a strain auxotrophic for aroE. Transductants with streptomycin resistance and aroE prototrophy were selected and tested for their growth at various temperatures (20 degrees, 30 degrees and 42 degrees) and their response to different antibiotics. Ribosomes from seventeen transductants with an altered response to temperature or antibiotics were isolated. They were tested for alterations in their ribosomal subunit profiles by sucrose centrifugation and for altered ribosomal proteins by two dimensional gel electrophoresis. Two strains showed accumulation of 50S ribosomal precursors and three strains had an altered 50S protein L18. This protein belongs to the 5S RNA-protein complex having GTPase and ATPase activity.", "PMID": 1107816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1907", "title": "Studies on bacteriophage T7 DNA synthesis in vitro. I. Resolution of the T7 replication system into its components.", "content": "A soluble extract prepared from T7-infected E. coli is able to initiate DNA synthesis on an exogenous T7 DNA template. We have developed a fractionation procedure to resolve and identify the proteins required for T7 DNA synthesis. By this method we have purified the following T7 replication-related proteins (each greater than 50% pure as judged by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis): T7 DNA-binding protein (27,000 daltons), T7 RNA polymerase (105,000 daltons), T7 DNA polymerase (gene 5-protein, 85,000 daltons, plus host-factor), T7 DNA ligase (40,000 daltons), and T7 DNA-priming protein (65,000 daltons). The T7 DNA-priming protein, synthesized between 7.5 and 15 min following infection, was not detectable if the infecting phage carried an amber mutation in gene 4. Using an in vitro complementation assay which specifically measures the stimulation of DNA synthesis in an extract prepared from T7 gene 4-mutant infected cells, we have purified the DNA-priming protein about 2,000-fold. The purified priming protein preparations are essentially free of endonuclease, exonuclease, DNA ligase and DNA polymerase activity, but they do contain measurable DNA-dependent RNA synthetic acitvity. The enzyme is rapidly inactivated by heating to 46 degrees C and by treatment with N-ethylmalemide. In the presence of T7 DNA-binding protein and all four ribonucleoside triphosphates, the DNA-priming protein enables T7 DNA polymerase to initiate DNA synthesis on intact duplex T7 DNA. Closer studies of its enzymatic function as well as of the possible roles of the other proteins in the T7 replication system will be presented in the accompanying paper.", "contents": "Studies on bacteriophage T7 DNA synthesis in vitro. I. Resolution of the T7 replication system into its components. A soluble extract prepared from T7-infected E. coli is able to initiate DNA synthesis on an exogenous T7 DNA template. We have developed a fractionation procedure to resolve and identify the proteins required for T7 DNA synthesis. By this method we have purified the following T7 replication-related proteins (each greater than 50% pure as judged by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis): T7 DNA-binding protein (27,000 daltons), T7 RNA polymerase (105,000 daltons), T7 DNA polymerase (gene 5-protein, 85,000 daltons, plus host-factor), T7 DNA ligase (40,000 daltons), and T7 DNA-priming protein (65,000 daltons). The T7 DNA-priming protein, synthesized between 7.5 and 15 min following infection, was not detectable if the infecting phage carried an amber mutation in gene 4. Using an in vitro complementation assay which specifically measures the stimulation of DNA synthesis in an extract prepared from T7 gene 4-mutant infected cells, we have purified the DNA-priming protein about 2,000-fold. The purified priming protein preparations are essentially free of endonuclease, exonuclease, DNA ligase and DNA polymerase activity, but they do contain measurable DNA-dependent RNA synthetic acitvity. The enzyme is rapidly inactivated by heating to 46 degrees C and by treatment with N-ethylmalemide. In the presence of T7 DNA-binding protein and all four ribonucleoside triphosphates, the DNA-priming protein enables T7 DNA polymerase to initiate DNA synthesis on intact duplex T7 DNA. Closer studies of its enzymatic function as well as of the possible roles of the other proteins in the T7 replication system will be presented in the accompanying paper.", "PMID": 1107817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1908", "title": "Increased spontaneous reversion of certain frameshift mutations in DNA polymerase I deficient strains of Escherichia coli.", "content": "A tenfold increase in the spontaneous reversion frequency of two of six lacZ frameshift mutations tested was observed in strains containing the following DNA polymerase I mutations--polA1, polA5, polA6, polAex1, res-3 and resA1. Reconstruction experiments indicated that this increase was not the result of a selective effect. Only a fourfold increase in frameshift mutations was found in strains containing a polA107 mutation. Both the polAex1 and polA107 mutations result in defective 5' to 3' exonuclease activity and do not affect polymerizing activity, but have different effects on frameshift mutation. A polA mutation on the chromosome induced frameshift mutations in a gene on an F episome. None of three auxotrophic mutations studied showed high frequency reversion in the presence of the polA1 or polA6 mutations.", "contents": "Increased spontaneous reversion of certain frameshift mutations in DNA polymerase I deficient strains of Escherichia coli. A tenfold increase in the spontaneous reversion frequency of two of six lacZ frameshift mutations tested was observed in strains containing the following DNA polymerase I mutations--polA1, polA5, polA6, polAex1, res-3 and resA1. Reconstruction experiments indicated that this increase was not the result of a selective effect. Only a fourfold increase in frameshift mutations was found in strains containing a polA107 mutation. Both the polAex1 and polA107 mutations result in defective 5' to 3' exonuclease activity and do not affect polymerizing activity, but have different effects on frameshift mutation. A polA mutation on the chromosome induced frameshift mutations in a gene on an F episome. None of three auxotrophic mutations studied showed high frequency reversion in the presence of the polA1 or polA6 mutations.", "PMID": 1107818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1909", "title": "Compatibility properties of P1 and PhiAMP prophages.", "content": "Although phages P1 and PhiAmp are heteroimmune (Chesney and Scott, 1975 and Yarmolinsky, unpublished), their plasmid prophages are incompatible. Thus, the immunity and compatibility systems are two distinct regulators of phage replication. The two prophages, and plasmid P15B (Ikeda, Inzuka and Tomizawa, 1970) constitute a new compatibility group, designated Y.", "contents": "Compatibility properties of P1 and PhiAMP prophages. Although phages P1 and PhiAmp are heteroimmune (Chesney and Scott, 1975 and Yarmolinsky, unpublished), their plasmid prophages are incompatible. Thus, the immunity and compatibility systems are two distinct regulators of phage replication. The two prophages, and plasmid P15B (Ikeda, Inzuka and Tomizawa, 1970) constitute a new compatibility group, designated Y.", "PMID": 1107819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1910", "title": "[BCG-septicemia and mucocutaneous candidiasis due to familial combined immunodeficiency (authors transl)].", "content": "The history of a patient with mucocutaneous candidiasis and BCG-septicemia is reported. Combined immunodeficiency has been diagnosed as the underlying cause. A sister of the patient died at seven months of age under similar circumstances. The importance of the immunological diagnosis in severe bacterial and mycotic infection during early infancy has been emphasized. In such cases vaccinations with life vaccine are strongly contraindicated.", "contents": "[BCG-septicemia and mucocutaneous candidiasis due to familial combined immunodeficiency (authors transl)]. The history of a patient with mucocutaneous candidiasis and BCG-septicemia is reported. Combined immunodeficiency has been diagnosed as the underlying cause. A sister of the patient died at seven months of age under similar circumstances. The importance of the immunological diagnosis in severe bacterial and mycotic infection during early infancy has been emphasized. In such cases vaccinations with life vaccine are strongly contraindicated.", "PMID": 1107821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1911", "title": "[Light and electron microscopic study of melanosis coli].", "content": "The authors describe the results of light- and electronmicroscopic investigation of the colonic mucosa in melanosis, occurring at a 35 years old male patient. In the tunica propria mucosae pigment storage macrophages described histologically can be recognized as well by the aid of electron microscope. In contrast to the light-microscopic picture, electronmicroscopically separation of the epithelial cells of the mucosa, accumulation of foreign material in the enlarged intercellular spaces, accumulation of granular-fibrillar matrix in the tunica propria and presence of plasma cells with increased secretory activity can be revealed. It is assumed, that separation of epithelial cells of the mucosa goes with the disturbance of the absorptive function. It can not be excluded, that electronmicroscopically revealed lesions of the coolnic musoca aggravate the severe obstipation. For this reason early diagnosis of the melanosis coli and ceasing the medication with athranol-glycosida-containing laxatives are very important.", "contents": "[Light and electron microscopic study of melanosis coli]. The authors describe the results of light- and electronmicroscopic investigation of the colonic mucosa in melanosis, occurring at a 35 years old male patient. In the tunica propria mucosae pigment storage macrophages described histologically can be recognized as well by the aid of electron microscope. In contrast to the light-microscopic picture, electronmicroscopically separation of the epithelial cells of the mucosa, accumulation of foreign material in the enlarged intercellular spaces, accumulation of granular-fibrillar matrix in the tunica propria and presence of plasma cells with increased secretory activity can be revealed. It is assumed, that separation of epithelial cells of the mucosa goes with the disturbance of the absorptive function. It can not be excluded, that electronmicroscopically revealed lesions of the coolnic musoca aggravate the severe obstipation. For this reason early diagnosis of the melanosis coli and ceasing the medication with athranol-glycosida-containing laxatives are very important.", "PMID": 1107825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1912", "title": "Effects of sodium arsenite on the survival of UV-irradiated Escherichia coli: inhibition of a recA-dependent function.", "content": "Epidemiological studies and clinical observation suggesting potential hazards of arsenic compounds in increasing the incidence of cancer have been in complete contradiction with experimental findings in animals. Because of the predominance of skin cancers in the epidemiological reports, we decided to investigate the possibility that arsenic compounds might interfere with DNA repair. Using Escherichia coli as a test system, we show that this is indeed the case. Sodium arsenite, at concentrations of 0.1 mM and higher, decreases the survival of ultraviolet-irradiated E. coli WP2, a strain which possesses the full complement of repair genes. The effect of the arsenite increases with increasing ultraviolet dose. Similar results were obtained with the excision repair deficient strains WWP2 (uvrA) and WP6 (polA). Sodium arsenite had no effect on the survival of a recA mutant, WP10. Survival of ultraviolet-irradiated WP5 (exrA) was enhanced by sodium ardenite, the effect being greatest at low ultraviolet doses. It is postulated that arsenite inhibits a recA-dependent step in DNA repair. To account for the increased survival of the exrA mutant, we suggest that in the absence of the exr+ gene, the arsenite-sensitive recA-dependent function is deleterious. The ability of arsenite to inhibit DNA repair may account for the clinical and epidemiological reports linking arsenicals with an increased incidence of cancer.", "contents": "Effects of sodium arsenite on the survival of UV-irradiated Escherichia coli: inhibition of a recA-dependent function. Epidemiological studies and clinical observation suggesting potential hazards of arsenic compounds in increasing the incidence of cancer have been in complete contradiction with experimental findings in animals. Because of the predominance of skin cancers in the epidemiological reports, we decided to investigate the possibility that arsenic compounds might interfere with DNA repair. Using Escherichia coli as a test system, we show that this is indeed the case. Sodium arsenite, at concentrations of 0.1 mM and higher, decreases the survival of ultraviolet-irradiated E. coli WP2, a strain which possesses the full complement of repair genes. The effect of the arsenite increases with increasing ultraviolet dose. Similar results were obtained with the excision repair deficient strains WWP2 (uvrA) and WP6 (polA). Sodium arsenite had no effect on the survival of a recA mutant, WP10. Survival of ultraviolet-irradiated WP5 (exrA) was enhanced by sodium ardenite, the effect being greatest at low ultraviolet doses. It is postulated that arsenite inhibits a recA-dependent step in DNA repair. To account for the increased survival of the exrA mutant, we suggest that in the absence of the exr+ gene, the arsenite-sensitive recA-dependent function is deleterious. The ability of arsenite to inhibit DNA repair may account for the clinical and epidemiological reports linking arsenicals with an increased incidence of cancer.", "PMID": 1107828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1913", "title": "The effect of streptomycin resistance, caffeine and acriflavine on ultraviolet light-induced reversion to tryptophan independence in strains of Escherichia coli B/r.", "content": "When the excision proficient strain E. coli WP2 Hcr+ trp- was grown to stationary phase by glucose starvation in M-9 minimal medium before UV -irradiation, the ability of nutrient broth enrichment of minimal medium to enhance trp- leads to Trp+ reversion was greatly reduced. Less than 50% of the Trp+ revertants were found to be ochre suppressors. However, in the WWP2 Hcr- strain, 75-86% of the tested revertants were ochre suppressors. This indicates that, under the cultural conditions employed, many potential suppressor mutations were removed by excision repair in the presence of broth enrichment. Broth enhancement of reversion also occurred in the Hcr- strain, which indicates that a less error-prone mode of recombination repair functions under minimal growth conditions. An Hcr+ strr derivative of WP2 Hcr+ was more resistant than its strs parent to the lethal effect of UV light and showed a lower UV-induced Trp+ reversion frequency. The percentage of Trp+ revertants that were due to ochre suppressors was markedly reduced in the strr strain. The Hcr- strr strain also had a lower UV-induced Trp+ reversion frequency than its strs parent. The excision repair inhibitor caffeine had little effect at lower UV doses on increasing Trp+ reversion in both Hcr+ strains. Acriflavine, however, was effective at lower UV doses in enhancing reversiin of the Hcr+ strains and the degree of enhancement increased with the dose. Acriflavine appeared to specifically enhance the number of ochre suppressing Trp+ revertants. In both Hcr- strains (strs and strr) caffeine (500 mug/ml) had no effect on survival but reduced the UV-induced Trp+ reversion frequency acting as an antimutagen. In contrast, acriflavine (2 mug/ml) decreased survival and increased the Trp+ reversion frequency of the Hcr- strains. The data on spontaneous Trp+ reversion frequencies show that the Hcr+ strs strain had a higher spontaneous reversion frequency than the Hcr- strs strain on all plating media. Further, caffeine was shown to reduce spontaneous Trp+ reversion in both Hcr+ and Hcr- strains while acriflavine increased the spontaneous reversion frequencies of both strains.", "contents": "The effect of streptomycin resistance, caffeine and acriflavine on ultraviolet light-induced reversion to tryptophan independence in strains of Escherichia coli B/r. When the excision proficient strain E. coli WP2 Hcr+ trp- was grown to stationary phase by glucose starvation in M-9 minimal medium before UV -irradiation, the ability of nutrient broth enrichment of minimal medium to enhance trp- leads to Trp+ reversion was greatly reduced. Less than 50% of the Trp+ revertants were found to be ochre suppressors. However, in the WWP2 Hcr- strain, 75-86% of the tested revertants were ochre suppressors. This indicates that, under the cultural conditions employed, many potential suppressor mutations were removed by excision repair in the presence of broth enrichment. Broth enhancement of reversion also occurred in the Hcr- strain, which indicates that a less error-prone mode of recombination repair functions under minimal growth conditions. An Hcr+ strr derivative of WP2 Hcr+ was more resistant than its strs parent to the lethal effect of UV light and showed a lower UV-induced Trp+ reversion frequency. The percentage of Trp+ revertants that were due to ochre suppressors was markedly reduced in the strr strain. The Hcr- strr strain also had a lower UV-induced Trp+ reversion frequency than its strs parent. The excision repair inhibitor caffeine had little effect at lower UV doses on increasing Trp+ reversion in both Hcr+ strains. Acriflavine, however, was effective at lower UV doses in enhancing reversiin of the Hcr+ strains and the degree of enhancement increased with the dose. Acriflavine appeared to specifically enhance the number of ochre suppressing Trp+ revertants. In both Hcr- strains (strs and strr) caffeine (500 mug/ml) had no effect on survival but reduced the UV-induced Trp+ reversion frequency acting as an antimutagen. In contrast, acriflavine (2 mug/ml) decreased survival and increased the Trp+ reversion frequency of the Hcr- strains. The data on spontaneous Trp+ reversion frequencies show that the Hcr+ strs strain had a higher spontaneous reversion frequency than the Hcr- strs strain on all plating media. Further, caffeine was shown to reduce spontaneous Trp+ reversion in both Hcr+ and Hcr- strains while acriflavine increased the spontaneous reversion frequencies of both strains.", "PMID": 1107829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1914", "title": "A kinetic analysis of spontaneous rho- mutations in yeast.", "content": "Spontaneous mutation to the petite state at the level of the individual cell was studied in a haploid strain of yeast by the technique of pedigree analysis. Results indicated that (1) the mutability of rho+ cells within a population in log phase is variable; (2) rho+ mitotic buds are, on the average, about 50% more mutable than the rho+ cells from which they arose; (3) the mutability of a rho+ cell tends to decrease as it produces consecutive buds: (4) the probability that a mother cell will become rho- at or immediately subsequent to cell division is, on the average, one third the probability that its bud will be rho-; (5) most, if not all spontaneous rho- mutant cells contain mitochondrial DNA as judged from suppressiveness measurements. The data indicate that the spontaneous production of a mutant cell is a multi-step process. Neither a replicative advantage of defective mitochondrial DNA nor the existence of a \"master\" mitochondrial genome provides a satisfactory explanation of the process. Either selective dispensation of defective mitochondria to the bud at cytokinesis or normal retention by the mother cell of factors influencing the amplification or rate of induction of defective mitochondrial DNA could be involved.", "contents": "A kinetic analysis of spontaneous rho- mutations in yeast. Spontaneous mutation to the petite state at the level of the individual cell was studied in a haploid strain of yeast by the technique of pedigree analysis. Results indicated that (1) the mutability of rho+ cells within a population in log phase is variable; (2) rho+ mitotic buds are, on the average, about 50% more mutable than the rho+ cells from which they arose; (3) the mutability of a rho+ cell tends to decrease as it produces consecutive buds: (4) the probability that a mother cell will become rho- at or immediately subsequent to cell division is, on the average, one third the probability that its bud will be rho-; (5) most, if not all spontaneous rho- mutant cells contain mitochondrial DNA as judged from suppressiveness measurements. The data indicate that the spontaneous production of a mutant cell is a multi-step process. Neither a replicative advantage of defective mitochondrial DNA nor the existence of a \"master\" mitochondrial genome provides a satisfactory explanation of the process. Either selective dispensation of defective mitochondria to the bud at cytokinesis or normal retention by the mother cell of factors influencing the amplification or rate of induction of defective mitochondrial DNA could be involved.", "PMID": 1107830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1915", "title": "Repair of UV-induced DNA damage and survival in yeast. I. Dimer excision.", "content": "The amount of pyrimidine dimer UV photoproduct lost from the DNA of irradiated yeast cells during dark incubation has been measured in various conditions. It was found that no dimers were lost when cells were incubated in saline. When the cells were incubated, with aeration, in a full growth medium, dimers were lost, most excision being complete within 4 h. Not all dimers were lost and the number lost was a function of UV dose. Maximum loss, amounting to 50 000 dimers per genome was observed after 4000 or 6000 erg/mm2 of UV. At higher doses, the number excised declined. Making the assumptions that dimers are the principal lethal product of UV, that a single dimer remaining in its genome is enough to prevent a cell from multiplying and that excision is the principal dark-repair process in yeast, these data were incorporated into the repair term of an expression relating survival to repair8 and it was found that the survival of yeast at doses up to 2000 erg/mm2 of UV could be quite accurately predicted. This is the first time it has been possible to account for survival in terms of measured repair. It is suggested that the divergence of the predicted and observed curves at higher doses is due to other processes known to exist in yeast.", "contents": "Repair of UV-induced DNA damage and survival in yeast. I. Dimer excision. The amount of pyrimidine dimer UV photoproduct lost from the DNA of irradiated yeast cells during dark incubation has been measured in various conditions. It was found that no dimers were lost when cells were incubated in saline. When the cells were incubated, with aeration, in a full growth medium, dimers were lost, most excision being complete within 4 h. Not all dimers were lost and the number lost was a function of UV dose. Maximum loss, amounting to 50 000 dimers per genome was observed after 4000 or 6000 erg/mm2 of UV. At higher doses, the number excised declined. Making the assumptions that dimers are the principal lethal product of UV, that a single dimer remaining in its genome is enough to prevent a cell from multiplying and that excision is the principal dark-repair process in yeast, these data were incorporated into the repair term of an expression relating survival to repair8 and it was found that the survival of yeast at doses up to 2000 erg/mm2 of UV could be quite accurately predicted. This is the first time it has been possible to account for survival in terms of measured repair. It is suggested that the divergence of the predicted and observed curves at higher doses is due to other processes known to exist in yeast.", "PMID": 1107831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1916", "title": "Ethidium bromide mutagenesis in yeast: protection by anaerobiosis.", "content": "The mutagenesis by ethidium bromide, an intercalating dye, which induces the mutation from wild type (rho+) to the cytoplasmic respiratory deficient petite (rho-) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, was studied under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. During growth of anaerobic cells at pH 6.5, ethidium bromide at a concentration of 2 mug/ml is unable to induce rho- mutants whereas under aerobic conditions the entire population is converted into rho- cells within 1 generation at the same drug concentration. With ethidium bromide 10 mug/ml 98% of the anaerobic cells are transformed into rho- in 5.5 h (more than 2 generations). In non-growing conditions, ethidium bromide 10 mug/ml has no effect in anaerobic cells. 3 h adapted cells used as control, are converted into rho- in 8 h. Increasing the ethidium bromide concentration to 20 mug/ml resulted in the appearance of some rho- mutants in the anaerobic population but marked at the same time the onset of a detectable toxic effect of the drug.", "contents": "Ethidium bromide mutagenesis in yeast: protection by anaerobiosis. The mutagenesis by ethidium bromide, an intercalating dye, which induces the mutation from wild type (rho+) to the cytoplasmic respiratory deficient petite (rho-) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, was studied under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. During growth of anaerobic cells at pH 6.5, ethidium bromide at a concentration of 2 mug/ml is unable to induce rho- mutants whereas under aerobic conditions the entire population is converted into rho- cells within 1 generation at the same drug concentration. With ethidium bromide 10 mug/ml 98% of the anaerobic cells are transformed into rho- in 5.5 h (more than 2 generations). In non-growing conditions, ethidium bromide 10 mug/ml has no effect in anaerobic cells. 3 h adapted cells used as control, are converted into rho- in 8 h. Increasing the ethidium bromide concentration to 20 mug/ml resulted in the appearance of some rho- mutants in the anaerobic population but marked at the same time the onset of a detectable toxic effect of the drug.", "PMID": 1107832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1917", "title": "Treatment of Parkinson's disease with aporphines. Possible role of growth hormone.", "content": "To avoid the main drawbacks of prolonged treatment with levodopa (involuntary movements and the \"on-off\" phenomenon), we administered apomorphine by mouth to 14 patients with Parkinson's disease. This treatment caused azotemia, which we circumvented by switching to N-propylnoraporpine, whose nephrotoxic dose (80 mg six times per day) was larger than its therapeutic dose (10 to 15 mg six times per day). Slowly increasing doses induced significant improvement (P less than 0.005) in all 24 patients studied, transitory mental aberrations in seven, and release of growth hormone in three patients tested. In patients previously on prolonged levodopa administration, the dyskinesia and \"on-off\" phenomenon were almost identical with N-propylnoraporphine, but both drawbacks were reduced or abolished in six patients by coadministration of alpha-methyldopa hydrazine plus levodopa. This coadministration seemed to abolish tachyphylaxis. We conclude that N-propylnoraporphine is very useful in the treatment of Parkinson's disease.", "contents": "Treatment of Parkinson's disease with aporphines. Possible role of growth hormone. To avoid the main drawbacks of prolonged treatment with levodopa (involuntary movements and the \"on-off\" phenomenon), we administered apomorphine by mouth to 14 patients with Parkinson's disease. This treatment caused azotemia, which we circumvented by switching to N-propylnoraporpine, whose nephrotoxic dose (80 mg six times per day) was larger than its therapeutic dose (10 to 15 mg six times per day). Slowly increasing doses induced significant improvement (P less than 0.005) in all 24 patients studied, transitory mental aberrations in seven, and release of growth hormone in three patients tested. In patients previously on prolonged levodopa administration, the dyskinesia and \"on-off\" phenomenon were almost identical with N-propylnoraporphine, but both drawbacks were reduced or abolished in six patients by coadministration of alpha-methyldopa hydrazine plus levodopa. This coadministration seemed to abolish tachyphylaxis. We conclude that N-propylnoraporphine is very useful in the treatment of Parkinson's disease.", "PMID": 1107835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1918", "title": "Detection of a liver-membrane autoantibody in HBsAg-negative chronic active hepatitis.", "content": "Investigation of humoral immunity against hepatocellular membrane antigens in patients with chronic active hepatitis and other liver diseases showed two different immunofluorescence patterns of IgG on hepatocyte membranes. A linear pattern was seen in HBsAg-negative hepatitis, but HBsAg-positive cases and some of protracted, acute hepatitis B had a granular pattern. In patients with IgG bound to hepatocytes, continuing necrosis of parenchymal liver cells was seen. Conversely, hepatocytes without bound IgG were found in cases of chronic active hepatitis in remission, acute viral hepatitis without HBsAg and chronic persistent hepatitis, in \"healthy\" HBsAg-carriers and in patients with fatty liver or alcoholic cirrhosis. A liver-membrane autoantibody in serum, proved by fixation on membranes of isolated rabbit hepatocytes, could be demonstrated only in HBsAg-negative chronic active hepatitis with elevated IgG-concentrations. The results support the existence of different pathogenetic types of chronic active hepatitis, a so-called autoimmune type and a hepatitis virus-B-induced type.", "contents": "Detection of a liver-membrane autoantibody in HBsAg-negative chronic active hepatitis. Investigation of humoral immunity against hepatocellular membrane antigens in patients with chronic active hepatitis and other liver diseases showed two different immunofluorescence patterns of IgG on hepatocyte membranes. A linear pattern was seen in HBsAg-negative hepatitis, but HBsAg-positive cases and some of protracted, acute hepatitis B had a granular pattern. In patients with IgG bound to hepatocytes, continuing necrosis of parenchymal liver cells was seen. Conversely, hepatocytes without bound IgG were found in cases of chronic active hepatitis in remission, acute viral hepatitis without HBsAg and chronic persistent hepatitis, in \"healthy\" HBsAg-carriers and in patients with fatty liver or alcoholic cirrhosis. A liver-membrane autoantibody in serum, proved by fixation on membranes of isolated rabbit hepatocytes, could be demonstrated only in HBsAg-negative chronic active hepatitis with elevated IgG-concentrations. The results support the existence of different pathogenetic types of chronic active hepatitis, a so-called autoimmune type and a hepatitis virus-B-induced type.", "PMID": 1107836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1919", "title": "Secretory component deficiency. A disorder of the IgA immune system.", "content": "We studied a 15-year-old boy with chronic intestinal candidiasis who had normal serum IgA levels without IgA in his secretions. There was an elevated number of peripheral blood lymphocytes bearing surface IgA. In addition, the lymphocytes cultured in vitro with pokeweed mitogen produced IgA as well as other immunoglubulins. Despite this evidence of normal IgA synthetic capacity, the patient had greatly diminished levels of IgA in the saliva and jejunal fluid, and, as estimated by 14C-L-leucine incorporation, could not synthesize IgA locally at intestinal-mucosal sites. Finally, the patient had no detectable free secretory component in saliva or jejunal fluid in contrast to normal persons and to patients with IgA deficiency. The basis of this disorder is probably a defect in the homing of IgA precursor cells to secretory sites or in the selective proliferation/differentiation of IgA cells at such sites.", "contents": "Secretory component deficiency. A disorder of the IgA immune system. We studied a 15-year-old boy with chronic intestinal candidiasis who had normal serum IgA levels without IgA in his secretions. There was an elevated number of peripheral blood lymphocytes bearing surface IgA. In addition, the lymphocytes cultured in vitro with pokeweed mitogen produced IgA as well as other immunoglubulins. Despite this evidence of normal IgA synthetic capacity, the patient had greatly diminished levels of IgA in the saliva and jejunal fluid, and, as estimated by 14C-L-leucine incorporation, could not synthesize IgA locally at intestinal-mucosal sites. Finally, the patient had no detectable free secretory component in saliva or jejunal fluid in contrast to normal persons and to patients with IgA deficiency. The basis of this disorder is probably a defect in the homing of IgA precursor cells to secretory sites or in the selective proliferation/differentiation of IgA cells at such sites.", "PMID": 1107842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1920", "title": "Etiologic heterogeneity of neural-tube defects.", "content": "We classified 106 stillborn and live-born infants with anencephaly, meningomyelocele, meningocele and encephalocele according to the recognized causes of these malformations. Six different causes were identified, including both genetic and nongenetic disorders; 12 per cent had nongenetic disorders, a chromosome abnormality, or an encephalocele as part of the autosomal recessive Meckel syndrome. Therefore, for this 12 per cent genetic counseling normally provided for isolated anencephaly, meningomyelocele or encephalocele would have been incorrect. If all infants were considered together regardless of cause, the precurrence and recurrence rates of similar malformations in the sibs were 5.2 and 1.7 per cent respectively. However, if infants with other disorders, especially the Meckel syndrome, were excluded, the precurrence and recurrence rates for isolated anencephaly, meningomyelocele and encephalocele among white infants were only 1.7 per cent and 0 per cent. These rates are much lower than the risk of 5 per cent currently being used in genetic counseling in the United States.", "contents": "Etiologic heterogeneity of neural-tube defects. We classified 106 stillborn and live-born infants with anencephaly, meningomyelocele, meningocele and encephalocele according to the recognized causes of these malformations. Six different causes were identified, including both genetic and nongenetic disorders; 12 per cent had nongenetic disorders, a chromosome abnormality, or an encephalocele as part of the autosomal recessive Meckel syndrome. Therefore, for this 12 per cent genetic counseling normally provided for isolated anencephaly, meningomyelocele or encephalocele would have been incorrect. If all infants were considered together regardless of cause, the precurrence and recurrence rates of similar malformations in the sibs were 5.2 and 1.7 per cent respectively. However, if infants with other disorders, especially the Meckel syndrome, were excluded, the precurrence and recurrence rates for isolated anencephaly, meningomyelocele and encephalocele among white infants were only 1.7 per cent and 0 per cent. These rates are much lower than the risk of 5 per cent currently being used in genetic counseling in the United States.", "PMID": 1107843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1921", "title": "In vitro study of bovine oligodendroglia.", "content": "Oligodendroglia were prepared by 'Ficoll' density gradient centrifugation from the centrum ovale of fetal and adult bovine brains. When cultivated in Rose Chambers, and provided an air bubble was included in the chamber during the cultivation, processes developed on cells around the circumference of the bubble. A sizeable air phase seems to be important for process formation in isolated bovine glial preparations. Various culture systems, media and additions to the cultures were examined for their effect on the behavior of the cultures. Fibroblast overgrowth occurred in oligodendroglial cultures from fetal brains in media supplemented with fetal bovine serum (FBS) but not in medium 199 supplemented with 2.5% FBS.", "contents": "In vitro study of bovine oligodendroglia. Oligodendroglia were prepared by 'Ficoll' density gradient centrifugation from the centrum ovale of fetal and adult bovine brains. When cultivated in Rose Chambers, and provided an air bubble was included in the chamber during the cultivation, processes developed on cells around the circumference of the bubble. A sizeable air phase seems to be important for process formation in isolated bovine glial preparations. Various culture systems, media and additions to the cultures were examined for their effect on the behavior of the cultures. Fibroblast overgrowth occurred in oligodendroglial cultures from fetal brains in media supplemented with fetal bovine serum (FBS) but not in medium 199 supplemented with 2.5% FBS.", "PMID": 1107875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1922", "title": "[Some observations on prognosis in congenital hydrocephalus (second report) -with reference to the physical handicap in survival cases (author's transl)].", "content": "The prognosis of surgically treated congenital hydrocephalus has lately proven to give a remarkably increased expectation of life for patient. However, numerous reports hve shown that the prognosis of congenital hydrocephalus have not always shown favourable turns from the viewpoints of physical and mental disability. This problem has been considered many times over the past years. But, an important problem has been left unsolved. The children of social and physical disability are most serious problem, so we attempt to obain a new interpretation about the influence factors upon the prognosis. Present report consists of follow-up studies of long surviving patients who have studied the fatty acid metabolism in the cerebrospinal fluid during postoperatively, the influeence on prognosis of complicated central nervous system malformation and discussed motor and mental disability in survival cases. Since lipids are essential factors in composing the brain tissues, quantitative composition of fatty acid inC.S.F. was determined by the method of gaschromatography using the arachidic acid as an indicator...", "contents": "[Some observations on prognosis in congenital hydrocephalus (second report) -with reference to the physical handicap in survival cases (author's transl)]. The prognosis of surgically treated congenital hydrocephalus has lately proven to give a remarkably increased expectation of life for patient. However, numerous reports hve shown that the prognosis of congenital hydrocephalus have not always shown favourable turns from the viewpoints of physical and mental disability. This problem has been considered many times over the past years. But, an important problem has been left unsolved. The children of social and physical disability are most serious problem, so we attempt to obain a new interpretation about the influence factors upon the prognosis. Present report consists of follow-up studies of long surviving patients who have studied the fatty acid metabolism in the cerebrospinal fluid during postoperatively, the influeence on prognosis of complicated central nervous system malformation and discussed motor and mental disability in survival cases. Since lipids are essential factors in composing the brain tissues, quantitative composition of fatty acid inC.S.F. was determined by the method of gaschromatography using the arachidic acid as an indicator...", "PMID": 1107877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1923", "title": "An ultrastructural and radioimmunoassay study of anterior pituitary somatotrophs following pituitary portal vessel infusion of growth hormone releasing factor.", "content": "The hypophysial portal vessels and anterior pituitary glands of adult male rats were surgically exposed, cannulated and infused for 1 min with saline, growth hormone-releasing factor (GH-RF), and dbcAMP. After cessation of infusion, anterior pituitary glands were collected at 1, 5, 15, 30 or 60 min for electron microscopic and ultrastructural cytochemical examination. Before and after cannulation of a portal vessel a 1-ml sample of blood was collected at 1, 5, 15, 30 or 60 min from the femoral vein for RIA of growth hormone. When viewed ultrastructurally, the initial response following the infusion of GH-RF into a portal vessel was one of granule release. Emiocytic activity was observed at all time intervals studied. This response was followed 30 min later by evidence of increased protein synthesis. Significant increases in plasma GH levels were present at 1, 5, and 15 min following infusion of GH-RF but not at 30 or 60 min. Preliminary analysis of the RIA data suggests that dbcAMP was significantly more potent than GH-RF in elevating radioimmunoassayable plasma GH levels. The results suggest that similar mechanisms of synthesis and release were involved.", "contents": "An ultrastructural and radioimmunoassay study of anterior pituitary somatotrophs following pituitary portal vessel infusion of growth hormone releasing factor. The hypophysial portal vessels and anterior pituitary glands of adult male rats were surgically exposed, cannulated and infused for 1 min with saline, growth hormone-releasing factor (GH-RF), and dbcAMP. After cessation of infusion, anterior pituitary glands were collected at 1, 5, 15, 30 or 60 min for electron microscopic and ultrastructural cytochemical examination. Before and after cannulation of a portal vessel a 1-ml sample of blood was collected at 1, 5, 15, 30 or 60 min from the femoral vein for RIA of growth hormone. When viewed ultrastructurally, the initial response following the infusion of GH-RF into a portal vessel was one of granule release. Emiocytic activity was observed at all time intervals studied. This response was followed 30 min later by evidence of increased protein synthesis. Significant increases in plasma GH levels were present at 1, 5, and 15 min following infusion of GH-RF but not at 30 or 60 min. Preliminary analysis of the RIA data suggests that dbcAMP was significantly more potent than GH-RF in elevating radioimmunoassayable plasma GH levels. The results suggest that similar mechanisms of synthesis and release were involved.", "PMID": 1107880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1924", "title": "Effects of coincubation of the pituitary and hypothalamus of intact and castrate male rats and the influence of LH-RH on pituitary 5 alpha-reductase activity1,2.", "content": "Pituitary 5 alpha-reductase activity in intact male rats increases after the pituitary is incubated with the hypothalamus. Incubating the pituitary of castrate rats with the hypothalamus of intact rats relatively inhibits pituitary 5alpha-reductase activity. Coincubation of the pituitary and hypothalamus of castrate rats, or the pituitary of intact with the hypothalamus of castrate males, does not elicit changes in pituitary 5alpha-reductase activity. Different amounts of LH-RH in the incubation medium can modify 5alpha-reductase activity, i.e., activate it in the intact pituitary and inhibit it in the castrate pituitary. Hypothalamus from intact rats, which according to SHIN et al. [1974] is 'rich' in LH-RH, induces changes in pituitary 5alpha-reductase activity. The LH-RH-'poor' hypothalamus of castrate rats does not cause changes in this enzyme activity. The results suggest that there is a very close relationship between LH-RH and 5alpha-reductase activity in the pituitary.", "contents": "Effects of coincubation of the pituitary and hypothalamus of intact and castrate male rats and the influence of LH-RH on pituitary 5 alpha-reductase activity1,2. Pituitary 5 alpha-reductase activity in intact male rats increases after the pituitary is incubated with the hypothalamus. Incubating the pituitary of castrate rats with the hypothalamus of intact rats relatively inhibits pituitary 5alpha-reductase activity. Coincubation of the pituitary and hypothalamus of castrate rats, or the pituitary of intact with the hypothalamus of castrate males, does not elicit changes in pituitary 5alpha-reductase activity. Different amounts of LH-RH in the incubation medium can modify 5alpha-reductase activity, i.e., activate it in the intact pituitary and inhibit it in the castrate pituitary. Hypothalamus from intact rats, which according to SHIN et al. [1974] is 'rich' in LH-RH, induces changes in pituitary 5alpha-reductase activity. The LH-RH-'poor' hypothalamus of castrate rats does not cause changes in this enzyme activity. The results suggest that there is a very close relationship between LH-RH and 5alpha-reductase activity in the pituitary.", "PMID": 1107881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1925", "title": "Effect of propranolol on essential tremor.", "content": "The investigators tested the effect of 120 mg propranolol daily on 21 patients with essential tremor using a double-blind cross-over method and electrical recording of tremor amplitude and frequency. The patients varied in age between 15 and 60 years and had a mean tremor frequency of 10 cps. Propranolol had no effect on the tremor frequency but reduced the amplutide in 15 of the patients. Propranolol was most effective in older patients and in those with slow tremor frequencies.", "contents": "Effect of propranolol on essential tremor. The investigators tested the effect of 120 mg propranolol daily on 21 patients with essential tremor using a double-blind cross-over method and electrical recording of tremor amplitude and frequency. The patients varied in age between 15 and 60 years and had a mean tremor frequency of 10 cps. Propranolol had no effect on the tremor frequency but reduced the amplutide in 15 of the patients. Propranolol was most effective in older patients and in those with slow tremor frequencies.", "PMID": 1107883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1926", "title": "Masculinizing ovarian tumors.", "content": "In a study of 194 masculinizing ovarian tumors from the Ovarian Tumor Registry, the criteria for reclassifying these tumors on a histologic basis are discussed. It is proposed that the terms \"gynandroblastoma\" and \"arrhenoblastoma\" be discarded in favor of \"gonadal stromal,\" and that the general classification of \"lipoid tumor\" can be avoided if careful search is made for specific histologic structures. Finally, it is suggested that the malignancy rate for gonadal stromal tumors, Sertoli-Leydig tumors, hilus cell tumors and adrenal rest tumors is closer to 5% rather than 25-30%.", "contents": "Masculinizing ovarian tumors. In a study of 194 masculinizing ovarian tumors from the Ovarian Tumor Registry, the criteria for reclassifying these tumors on a histologic basis are discussed. It is proposed that the terms \"gynandroblastoma\" and \"arrhenoblastoma\" be discarded in favor of \"gonadal stromal,\" and that the general classification of \"lipoid tumor\" can be avoided if careful search is made for specific histologic structures. Finally, it is suggested that the malignancy rate for gonadal stromal tumors, Sertoli-Leydig tumors, hilus cell tumors and adrenal rest tumors is closer to 5% rather than 25-30%.", "PMID": 1107904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1927", "title": "Placenta percreta.", "content": "A patient with an unsuspected placenta percreta presented with intraperitoneal bleeding at 33 weeks' gestation. Because of the clinical picture and a lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio of 1:1, this patient was treated conservatively until 38 weeks' gestation when an L/S ratio test indicated fetal maturity. The pregnancy was successfully terminated by cesarean hysterectomy.", "contents": "Placenta percreta. A patient with an unsuspected placenta percreta presented with intraperitoneal bleeding at 33 weeks' gestation. Because of the clinical picture and a lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio of 1:1, this patient was treated conservatively until 38 weeks' gestation when an L/S ratio test indicated fetal maturity. The pregnancy was successfully terminated by cesarean hysterectomy.", "PMID": 1107905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1928", "title": "Pregnancy in a patient with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria.", "content": "A case of successful gestation, delivery, and postpartum recovery in a woman with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is presented. The rarity of pregnancy in patients with PNH and the nature and high rate of complications in such cases are discussed. Finally, suggestions are made for both antepartum and postpartum management of these unusual and complicated pregnancies.", "contents": "Pregnancy in a patient with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. A case of successful gestation, delivery, and postpartum recovery in a woman with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is presented. The rarity of pregnancy in patients with PNH and the nature and high rate of complications in such cases are discussed. Finally, suggestions are made for both antepartum and postpartum management of these unusual and complicated pregnancies.", "PMID": 1107906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1929", "title": "Pregnancy associated with hypergonadotropic hypogonadism.", "content": "A case of a 30-year-old female with secondary amenorrhea and relative hypergonadotropic hypogonadism is presented. The patient demonstrated persistently elevated levels of gonadotropins in spite of clinical and laboratory evidence of estrogen production. Laparoscopic directed biopsy revealed a total absence of ova, but in spite of this finding, conception ensued. Variations in ovarian sensitivity throughout the female reproductive period and in certain pathologic states are discussed, as well as the apparent limitation of single laparoscopic directed biopsies for confirming the diagnosis of premature menopause. Finally, the theoretical use of exogenous estrogen to induce ovulation in patients with the ovarian insensitivity syndrome is discussed.", "contents": "Pregnancy associated with hypergonadotropic hypogonadism. A case of a 30-year-old female with secondary amenorrhea and relative hypergonadotropic hypogonadism is presented. The patient demonstrated persistently elevated levels of gonadotropins in spite of clinical and laboratory evidence of estrogen production. Laparoscopic directed biopsy revealed a total absence of ova, but in spite of this finding, conception ensued. Variations in ovarian sensitivity throughout the female reproductive period and in certain pathologic states are discussed, as well as the apparent limitation of single laparoscopic directed biopsies for confirming the diagnosis of premature menopause. Finally, the theoretical use of exogenous estrogen to induce ovulation in patients with the ovarian insensitivity syndrome is discussed.", "PMID": 1107907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1930", "title": "Antenatal infection: adequate protection against hyaline membrane disease?", "content": "It has been argued that fetal and placental infections decrease the incidence of hyaline membrane disease (HMD). However, others contend that this is not so. We performed a rigidly controlled clinicopathologic investigation of one group of infants with evidence of severe antenatal infection compared with another group free of infection. This study shows that placental infection correlated positively with neonatal sepsis and that in this series of patients neither infection nor prolonged rupture of membranes is associated with a decrease of HMD. Our data do not support the proposal that antenatal infections protect the neonate against later development of HMD.", "contents": "Antenatal infection: adequate protection against hyaline membrane disease? It has been argued that fetal and placental infections decrease the incidence of hyaline membrane disease (HMD). However, others contend that this is not so. We performed a rigidly controlled clinicopathologic investigation of one group of infants with evidence of severe antenatal infection compared with another group free of infection. This study shows that placental infection correlated positively with neonatal sepsis and that in this series of patients neither infection nor prolonged rupture of membranes is associated with a decrease of HMD. Our data do not support the proposal that antenatal infections protect the neonate against later development of HMD.", "PMID": 1107908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1931", "title": "Topical 5-fluorouracil in the treatment of carcinoma in situ of the vulva.", "content": "The clinical and pathologic response of carcinoma in situ of the vulva in a 42-year-old woman treated with topical 5-fluorouracil is reported. Except for one persistent area of involvement in the anal region which required local excision, the result of treatment was excellent, with no evidence of recurrence after 2 years' followup. This important adjunct in the treatment of intra-epithelial carcinoma deserves long-range investigation.", "contents": "Topical 5-fluorouracil in the treatment of carcinoma in situ of the vulva. The clinical and pathologic response of carcinoma in situ of the vulva in a 42-year-old woman treated with topical 5-fluorouracil is reported. Except for one persistent area of involvement in the anal region which required local excision, the result of treatment was excellent, with no evidence of recurrence after 2 years' followup. This important adjunct in the treatment of intra-epithelial carcinoma deserves long-range investigation.", "PMID": 1107909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1932", "title": "Pleuroperitoneal endometriosis.", "content": "A nearly unique case is presented of pleural and peritoneal endometriosis with bloody pleural effusion and 4700 cc of bloody ascites. Theories of pathogenesis, differential diagnosis, and treatment are discussed. This represents another of the protean manifestations of endometriosis to complement the many others described in the literature.", "contents": "Pleuroperitoneal endometriosis. A nearly unique case is presented of pleural and peritoneal endometriosis with bloody pleural effusion and 4700 cc of bloody ascites. Theories of pathogenesis, differential diagnosis, and treatment are discussed. This represents another of the protean manifestations of endometriosis to complement the many others described in the literature.", "PMID": 1107910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1933", "title": "Serum FSH and synthetic LHRG response in pregnant women at term and in the newborn.", "content": "Serum immunoreactive FSH was undetectable in a) pregnant women past 38 weeks of gestation, b) newborn infants, and c) anencephalic infants. The intravenous administration of 100 mug of synthetic LHRH elicited no FSH release in each instance. These results seem to indicate that the absence of FSH in serum in pregnant women in the last trimester, as well as in the newborn, is due to the suppressive effect on the anterior pituitary of the increased amount of circulating sex steroids.", "contents": "Serum FSH and synthetic LHRG response in pregnant women at term and in the newborn. Serum immunoreactive FSH was undetectable in a) pregnant women past 38 weeks of gestation, b) newborn infants, and c) anencephalic infants. The intravenous administration of 100 mug of synthetic LHRH elicited no FSH release in each instance. These results seem to indicate that the absence of FSH in serum in pregnant women in the last trimester, as well as in the newborn, is due to the suppressive effect on the anterior pituitary of the increased amount of circulating sex steroids.", "PMID": 1107911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1934", "title": "Clinical evaluation of two weekly dose schedules of 'IC-140'. 4-N, N-bis (2-Chloroethyl) amino phenyl N (P-carboxyphenyl) carbamate, in the treatmentment of solid tumors 1,2.", "content": "53 patients with intractable malignant diseases that were treated with a new alkylating agent, 4-N,N-bis (2-chloroethyl) amino phenyl N (P-carboxyphenyl) carbanate, also knows as 'IC-140' were evaluated. The records of an additional 41 patients entered on this study could not be assessed from the standpoint of toxicity. At the dose level of 150 mg/m2/week, severe leukopenia (less than 2,000) and thrombocytopenia ( less than 75,000) were encountered in 23 of 34 patients. On the other hand, at the 100 mg/m2/week dose level, the severe toxicity was reduced to 8 out of 19 patients. Tumor response was evaluated in 43  patients. The overall response was 23% (29% at the 150 mg/m2, 13% at the 100 mg/m2) and the duration of the response varied from 3 to 32 weeks with a mean duration of 13 weeks. Responses were noted in patients with ovarian, renal, lung, hepatic, breast carcinomas and lymphosarcoma.", "contents": "Clinical evaluation of two weekly dose schedules of 'IC-140'. 4-N, N-bis (2-Chloroethyl) amino phenyl N (P-carboxyphenyl) carbamate, in the treatmentment of solid tumors 1,2. 53 patients with intractable malignant diseases that were treated with a new alkylating agent, 4-N,N-bis (2-chloroethyl) amino phenyl N (P-carboxyphenyl) carbanate, also knows as 'IC-140' were evaluated. The records of an additional 41 patients entered on this study could not be assessed from the standpoint of toxicity. At the dose level of 150 mg/m2/week, severe leukopenia (less than 2,000) and thrombocytopenia ( less than 75,000) were encountered in 23 of 34 patients. On the other hand, at the 100 mg/m2/week dose level, the severe toxicity was reduced to 8 out of 19 patients. Tumor response was evaluated in 43  patients. The overall response was 23% (29% at the 150 mg/m2, 13% at the 100 mg/m2) and the duration of the response varied from 3 to 32 weeks with a mean duration of 13 weeks. Responses were noted in patients with ovarian, renal, lung, hepatic, breast carcinomas and lymphosarcoma.", "PMID": 1107919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1935", "title": "The trophoblast theory of cancer (John Beard, 1857-1924) revisited.", "content": "Beard's theory can be restated in a modified form in modern terms in the following way. Cancer represents primarily trophoblastic tissue derived either from an aberrant germ cell or from a somatic cell whose normally repressed 'asexual generation' genes are abnormally reactivated ('derepressed'). The variety of tumors, other than teratomas, may be due to a parallel chance derepression of some genes of somatic ('sexual gneration') characters. This would be a defensive reaction against intramural parasitization by trophoblast and would result in the differentiation and hyperplasia of normally present more primative somatic cells.", "contents": "The trophoblast theory of cancer (John Beard, 1857-1924) revisited. Beard's theory can be restated in a modified form in modern terms in the following way. Cancer represents primarily trophoblastic tissue derived either from an aberrant germ cell or from a somatic cell whose normally repressed 'asexual generation' genes are abnormally reactivated ('derepressed'). The variety of tumors, other than teratomas, may be due to a parallel chance derepression of some genes of somatic ('sexual gneration') characters. This would be a defensive reaction against intramural parasitization by trophoblast and would result in the differentiation and hyperplasia of normally present more primative somatic cells.", "PMID": 1107920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1936", "title": "Comparison of tissue reaction to nylon and prolene sutures in rabbit iris and cornea.", "content": "The tissue reaction in rabbit iris and cornea to prolene suture is equivalent to the tissue reaction to nylon suture. The prolene suture retains its tensile strength indefinitely and this may make it particularly useful in situations where a permanent suture is desired, such as in refractive keratoplasty, scleral buckle, or to suture an intraocular lens to the iris. The prolene suture also has a greater elasticity and this property may be advantageous in some clinical applications. We feel that a clinical study on humans is now warranted and we have started such a study.", "contents": "Comparison of tissue reaction to nylon and prolene sutures in rabbit iris and cornea. The tissue reaction in rabbit iris and cornea to prolene suture is equivalent to the tissue reaction to nylon suture. The prolene suture retains its tensile strength indefinitely and this may make it particularly useful in situations where a permanent suture is desired, such as in refractive keratoplasty, scleral buckle, or to suture an intraocular lens to the iris. The prolene suture also has a greater elasticity and this property may be advantageous in some clinical applications. We feel that a clinical study on humans is now warranted and we have started such a study.", "PMID": 1107923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1937", "title": "The evaluation of 7-0 Polyglactin 910 suture in cataract surgery.", "content": "The new synthetic absorbable suture, Polyglactin 910, represents a significant step toward absorbable suture perfection. In 218 cataract surgical procedures, the performance of Polyglactin 910 was compared to that of Chromic Catgut and Chromic Collagen. The results obtained in this series of cases is the basis for this article. When compared to Chromic Catgut and Chromic Collagen, Polyglactin 910 consistently provided greater tensile strength, improved handling, significantly decreased tissue reaction, more batch-to-batch uniformity, superior wound tensile strength retention, and a predictable absorption rate that is virtually completed in 35 days. Both nonprotein and nonantigenic, Polyglactin 910 evoked less tissue reaction and proved more versatile and reliable than either of the other sutures.", "contents": "The evaluation of 7-0 Polyglactin 910 suture in cataract surgery. The new synthetic absorbable suture, Polyglactin 910, represents a significant step toward absorbable suture perfection. In 218 cataract surgical procedures, the performance of Polyglactin 910 was compared to that of Chromic Catgut and Chromic Collagen. The results obtained in this series of cases is the basis for this article. When compared to Chromic Catgut and Chromic Collagen, Polyglactin 910 consistently provided greater tensile strength, improved handling, significantly decreased tissue reaction, more batch-to-batch uniformity, superior wound tensile strength retention, and a predictable absorption rate that is virtually completed in 35 days. Both nonprotein and nonantigenic, Polyglactin 910 evoked less tissue reaction and proved more versatile and reliable than either of the other sutures.", "PMID": 1107925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1938", "title": "Immunization of mice and guinea-pigs against Salmonella dublin infection with live and inactivated vaccine.", "content": "The immunogenicity of a number of avirulent rough Salmonella dublin mutants was compared in mice and guinea-pigs. Live vaccine prepared from Strain HB 1/17 at doses of 5 X 10(7) per mouse usually gave an immunity of between 70 and 80% but in certain experiments the results were more variable and always poorer. This strain gave a cross protection of 28,5% to S. typhimurium in mice. In guinea-pigs it evoked an average protection of approximately 46% to homologous challenge and approximately 26% to challenge with S. tryphimurium. Strain 5765 protected up to 80% of mice against S. dublin infection and was generally superior to Strain HB 1/17 in this respect. It was, however, less effective in protecting mice against S. tryphimurium (20%). In guinea-pigs it was also less effective than Strain HB 1/17, giving 34% protection against homologous and 20% against heterologous challenge. Other strains also produced immunity in mice but they were not studied in detail. Formalin-inactivated alum-precipitated vaccine prepared from avirulent smooth strain and containing 0,5% packed cells proved to be extremely effective in protecting mice against S. dublin infection. It produced an average immunity of 75% and was often 100% effective. It also protected 60% of mice against challenge with S. tryphimurium. In guinea-pigs it was, however, totally ineffective against challenge with both S. dublin and S. tryphimurium.", "contents": "Immunization of mice and guinea-pigs against Salmonella dublin infection with live and inactivated vaccine. The immunogenicity of a number of avirulent rough Salmonella dublin mutants was compared in mice and guinea-pigs. Live vaccine prepared from Strain HB 1/17 at doses of 5 X 10(7) per mouse usually gave an immunity of between 70 and 80% but in certain experiments the results were more variable and always poorer. This strain gave a cross protection of 28,5% to S. typhimurium in mice. In guinea-pigs it evoked an average protection of approximately 46% to homologous challenge and approximately 26% to challenge with S. tryphimurium. Strain 5765 protected up to 80% of mice against S. dublin infection and was generally superior to Strain HB 1/17 in this respect. It was, however, less effective in protecting mice against S. tryphimurium (20%). In guinea-pigs it was also less effective than Strain HB 1/17, giving 34% protection against homologous and 20% against heterologous challenge. Other strains also produced immunity in mice but they were not studied in detail. Formalin-inactivated alum-precipitated vaccine prepared from avirulent smooth strain and containing 0,5% packed cells proved to be extremely effective in protecting mice against S. dublin infection. It produced an average immunity of 75% and was often 100% effective. It also protected 60% of mice against challenge with S. tryphimurium. In guinea-pigs it was, however, totally ineffective against challenge with both S. dublin and S. tryphimurium.", "PMID": 1107926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1939", "title": "Infected total hip replacement after dental procedures.", "content": "Three cases are reported in which there was a worrisome association between dental work and an infected total hip replacement. The patients had long asymptomatic intervals subsequent to implantation of prosthetic hip joints. After dental procedures, infections became apparent in these hips. Such infections carry an enormous and crippling morbidity. The potential complications of transient bacteremia in the patient with a cardiac valvular prosthesis are appreciated and the importance of prophylactic antibodies for dental work in such patients is well known. Although we emphasize that there is no proof that the infections in our patients were metastatic from the mouth, the sequence of events is suggestive. We recommend prophylactic antibiotics for dental work in the patient with a total hip replacement.", "contents": "Infected total hip replacement after dental procedures. Three cases are reported in which there was a worrisome association between dental work and an infected total hip replacement. The patients had long asymptomatic intervals subsequent to implantation of prosthetic hip joints. After dental procedures, infections became apparent in these hips. Such infections carry an enormous and crippling morbidity. The potential complications of transient bacteremia in the patient with a cardiac valvular prosthesis are appreciated and the importance of prophylactic antibodies for dental work in such patients is well known. Although we emphasize that there is no proof that the infections in our patients were metastatic from the mouth, the sequence of events is suggestive. We recommend prophylactic antibiotics for dental work in the patient with a total hip replacement.", "PMID": 1107928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1940", "title": "A fractured mandible, from initial operation to removal of tantalum mesh. Report of a case.", "content": "Report is made of a case of fracture of the angle of the mandible. Treatment was attempted with the Sampson pericortical bone clamp, but was unsuccessful. Routine use of intraosseous wire led to a localized osteomyelitis, without union of the fracture. Treatment then was made with a particulate marrow graft contained within a tantalum mesh screen. The screen was removed 30 months postoperatively.", "contents": "A fractured mandible, from initial operation to removal of tantalum mesh. Report of a case. Report is made of a case of fracture of the angle of the mandible. Treatment was attempted with the Sampson pericortical bone clamp, but was unsuccessful. Routine use of intraosseous wire led to a localized osteomyelitis, without union of the fracture. Treatment then was made with a particulate marrow graft contained within a tantalum mesh screen. The screen was removed 30 months postoperatively.", "PMID": 1107929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1941", "title": "Circulatory reflexes in tetraplegics during artifical ventilation and general anaesthesia.", "content": "The arterial blood pressure, heart rate and electrocardiograph were recorded, and plasma electrolytes, arterial blood gases and pH, and plasma catecholamines were estimated in seven patients with physiologically complete cervical spinal cord transections who needed intermittent possitive pressure ventilation (I.P.P.V.) or were undergoing urological surgery under general anaesthesia. In the tetraplegics on I.P.P.V., bradycardia, and in two patients even cardiac arrest, occurred during tracheal suction, especially in the presence of hypoxia. In one tetraplegic being anaesthetised, cardiac arrest occurred during endotracheal intubation. This reflex bradycardia and cardiac arrest appeared to be due to a vago-vagal reflex, unopposed by sympathetic activity or by the pulmonary (inflation) vagal reflex. Atropine was effective in preventing this reflex. In the tetraplegics undergoing urological surgery, severe hypertension resulting from visceral stimulation was effectively reduced by halothane. In these patients, control of arterial blood pressure with lower concentrations of halothane may also be achieved with I.P.P.V.", "contents": "Circulatory reflexes in tetraplegics during artifical ventilation and general anaesthesia. The arterial blood pressure, heart rate and electrocardiograph were recorded, and plasma electrolytes, arterial blood gases and pH, and plasma catecholamines were estimated in seven patients with physiologically complete cervical spinal cord transections who needed intermittent possitive pressure ventilation (I.P.P.V.) or were undergoing urological surgery under general anaesthesia. In the tetraplegics on I.P.P.V., bradycardia, and in two patients even cardiac arrest, occurred during tracheal suction, especially in the presence of hypoxia. In one tetraplegic being anaesthetised, cardiac arrest occurred during endotracheal intubation. This reflex bradycardia and cardiac arrest appeared to be due to a vago-vagal reflex, unopposed by sympathetic activity or by the pulmonary (inflation) vagal reflex. Atropine was effective in preventing this reflex. In the tetraplegics undergoing urological surgery, severe hypertension resulting from visceral stimulation was effectively reduced by halothane. In these patients, control of arterial blood pressure with lower concentrations of halothane may also be achieved with I.P.P.V.", "PMID": 1107946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1942", "title": "Gonadotropin and testosterone measurements after estrogen administration to adult men, prepubertal and pubertal boys, and men with hypogonadotropism: evidence for maturation of positive feedback in the male.", "content": "Nineteen male subjects were fiven five daily injections of 17beta-estradiol and circulating levels of estradiol (E2), testerone (T), and gonadotropins were determined by radioimmunoassay before, during, and after the steroid course. Peak levels of E2 attained during the 5 days of treatment ranged from 173-577 pg/ml. Four of seven normal adult men and one castrate man demonstrated suppression of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) with a subsequent rise in LH (positive feedback) while E2 levels remained elevated. A rise in T was associated with the LH increment in the four normal men. Nine pre-, early, or midpubertal boys and two men with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism displayed only gonadotropin suppression after E2 administration. The difference in LH response to estrogen (i.e., positive feedback) between the adult men with normal or elevated gonadotropin levels as compared with the endocrinologically normal boys is significant (P less than 0.01).", "contents": "Gonadotropin and testosterone measurements after estrogen administration to adult men, prepubertal and pubertal boys, and men with hypogonadotropism: evidence for maturation of positive feedback in the male. Nineteen male subjects were fiven five daily injections of 17beta-estradiol and circulating levels of estradiol (E2), testerone (T), and gonadotropins were determined by radioimmunoassay before, during, and after the steroid course. Peak levels of E2 attained during the 5 days of treatment ranged from 173-577 pg/ml. Four of seven normal adult men and one castrate man demonstrated suppression of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) with a subsequent rise in LH (positive feedback) while E2 levels remained elevated. A rise in T was associated with the LH increment in the four normal men. Nine pre-, early, or midpubertal boys and two men with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism displayed only gonadotropin suppression after E2 administration. The difference in LH response to estrogen (i.e., positive feedback) between the adult men with normal or elevated gonadotropin levels as compared with the endocrinologically normal boys is significant (P less than 0.01).", "PMID": 1107952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1943", "title": "A review: relation between invasiveness and the K1 capsular polysaccharide of Escherichia coli.", "content": "The conclusions from our studies to date may be summarized as follows. (1) Invasive E. coli strains causing neonatal meningitis are encapsulated. At least 80% of those strains inducing mengitis are K1 and approximately 40% of those strains isolated from infants with septicemia but without meningitis are also K1. Invasiveness is best related to the K1 antigen and not to E. coli O and H antigens. (2) The capsular content of CSF strains is not related to their invasiveness. In contrast to observations reporting higher K capsular polysaccharide content and molecular weight of E. coli invading the renal parenychma as compared with those E. coli confined to the bladder or in the stool, there were no differences among DSF K1 strains. Sepculation as to the mechanism of the invasive properties conferred by acidic capsular polysaccharides may be derived from the literature. Unencapsulated or \"rough bacteria\" are susceptible to the bactericidal action of agammaglobulinemice sera (15, 53). When injected into precolostral (agammaglobulinemic but complement containing), cesarian-delivered, and antigen-deprived piglets, unencapsulated bacteria are rapidly cleared from the circulation. In contrast, smooth bacteria injected into these same animals circulate without detectable splenic or hepatic clearance, multiply, and result in the death of these animals. The mechanism of the resistance of encapsulated bacteria has been postulated to be due to the inaccessibility of the deep somatic antigen structures capable of activating the alternate complement pathway system. Thus, opsoninization and other host complement-dependent activities may of necessity be antibody mediated for encapsulated bacteria. This complement resistance of encapsulated organisms may be quanititative and studies should be done to determine differences among various K1 E. coli strains. (3) K1 strains are widely prevalent among infants, children, and adults and are quickly transmitted to infants. In most cases the source of the infecting strain in diseased infants is the mother. However, transmission from attendants, demonstrable in our studies, is also a possible mechanism. (4) A protective role of serum anticapsular antibodies in animal models has been demonstrated. Our initial observations indicating low serum K1 antibodies in the general population and the finding that K1 antibodies are predominantly IgM in two animal species studied so far suggest that colostral K1 antibodies may be important in conferring immunity to this disease.", "contents": "A review: relation between invasiveness and the K1 capsular polysaccharide of Escherichia coli. The conclusions from our studies to date may be summarized as follows. (1) Invasive E. coli strains causing neonatal meningitis are encapsulated. At least 80% of those strains inducing mengitis are K1 and approximately 40% of those strains isolated from infants with septicemia but without meningitis are also K1. Invasiveness is best related to the K1 antigen and not to E. coli O and H antigens. (2) The capsular content of CSF strains is not related to their invasiveness. In contrast to observations reporting higher K capsular polysaccharide content and molecular weight of E. coli invading the renal parenychma as compared with those E. coli confined to the bladder or in the stool, there were no differences among DSF K1 strains. Sepculation as to the mechanism of the invasive properties conferred by acidic capsular polysaccharides may be derived from the literature. Unencapsulated or \"rough bacteria\" are susceptible to the bactericidal action of agammaglobulinemice sera (15, 53). When injected into precolostral (agammaglobulinemic but complement containing), cesarian-delivered, and antigen-deprived piglets, unencapsulated bacteria are rapidly cleared from the circulation. In contrast, smooth bacteria injected into these same animals circulate without detectable splenic or hepatic clearance, multiply, and result in the death of these animals. The mechanism of the resistance of encapsulated bacteria has been postulated to be due to the inaccessibility of the deep somatic antigen structures capable of activating the alternate complement pathway system. Thus, opsoninization and other host complement-dependent activities may of necessity be antibody mediated for encapsulated bacteria. This complement resistance of encapsulated organisms may be quanititative and studies should be done to determine differences among various K1 E. coli strains. (3) K1 strains are widely prevalent among infants, children, and adults and are quickly transmitted to infants. In most cases the source of the infecting strain in diseased infants is the mother. However, transmission from attendants, demonstrable in our studies, is also a possible mechanism. (4) A protective role of serum anticapsular antibodies in animal models has been demonstrated. Our initial observations indicating low serum K1 antibodies in the general population and the finding that K1 antibodies are predominantly IgM in two animal species studied so far suggest that colostral K1 antibodies may be important in conferring immunity to this disease.", "PMID": 1107953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1944", "title": "Topical application of insulin in the treatment of decubitus ulcers: a pilot study.", "content": "To test the hypothesis that there will be a significantly greater increase in the rate of healing of decubitus ulcers in subjects who receive topical insulin therapy than in subjects who receive other forms of therapy, a pilot study was conducted, utilizing a two-group before and after design. Decubitus ulcers of six experimental group subjects were treated with a topical application of ten units of regular insulin twice a day for five days; eight control group subjects received one of a variety of topical therapies other than insulin. Data were collected on all subjects for a 15-day period. Although generalizations cannot be based on the results of 14 subjects, data analysis showed that insulin was a safe and effective agent in the healing of small, uncomplicated decubitus ulcers. The results appear to warrant a more extensive study of the subject.", "contents": "Topical application of insulin in the treatment of decubitus ulcers: a pilot study. To test the hypothesis that there will be a significantly greater increase in the rate of healing of decubitus ulcers in subjects who receive topical insulin therapy than in subjects who receive other forms of therapy, a pilot study was conducted, utilizing a two-group before and after design. Decubitus ulcers of six experimental group subjects were treated with a topical application of ten units of regular insulin twice a day for five days; eight control group subjects received one of a variety of topical therapies other than insulin. Data were collected on all subjects for a 15-day period. Although generalizations cannot be based on the results of 14 subjects, data analysis showed that insulin was a safe and effective agent in the healing of small, uncomplicated decubitus ulcers. The results appear to warrant a more extensive study of the subject.", "PMID": 1107960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1945", "title": "Antiserotonin agents in the treatment of migraine.", "content": "The authors present the results of own investigations about the use of both pizotifen (SandomigranR) and cyproheptadine (PeritolR). 32 sufferers were treated with pizotifen and showed positive improvement in 68% of the cases. In this group no serious side effects were found. 20 patients before administration of the drug had placebo and this helped to establish the results statistically. 25 sufferers were treated with cyproheptadine and equally positive results in 64% of the cases. In this group were noted infrequent side effects. The results of the two tests were compared with the results of other tests done with other drug. From this it has been established that the antiserotonin drugs are the most effective at present in the treatment of migraine.", "contents": "Antiserotonin agents in the treatment of migraine. The authors present the results of own investigations about the use of both pizotifen (SandomigranR) and cyproheptadine (PeritolR). 32 sufferers were treated with pizotifen and showed positive improvement in 68% of the cases. In this group no serious side effects were found. 20 patients before administration of the drug had placebo and this helped to establish the results statistically. 25 sufferers were treated with cyproheptadine and equally positive results in 64% of the cases. In this group were noted infrequent side effects. The results of the two tests were compared with the results of other tests done with other drug. From this it has been established that the antiserotonin drugs are the most effective at present in the treatment of migraine.", "PMID": 1107969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1946", "title": "Potential biologically active agents. IX. Synthesis of N-piperidino-(morpholino)-methylisatin-3-anils.", "content": "Sixteen N-piperidino-(morpholino)-methylisatin-3-anils have been synthesised and evaluated for their antimicrobial activity.", "contents": "Potential biologically active agents. IX. Synthesis of N-piperidino-(morpholino)-methylisatin-3-anils. Sixteen N-piperidino-(morpholino)-methylisatin-3-anils have been synthesised and evaluated for their antimicrobial activity.", "PMID": 1107971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1947", "title": "[Polyester tendon for atraumatic cervical suture during pregnancy].", "content": "There are presented the attempts of operative treatment of so called habitual abortions resulting from uterine cervix insufficiency. Two groups of operations were distinguished, based on the methods of Shirodkar and McDonald. Advantages and disadvantages of these operations, and their modifications used in obstetrical clinical practice are discussed. The importance of the selection of suitable material for the suture was pointed out. The authors developed an atraumatic needle provided with a polyester tendon. There are shown advantageous clinical resutls in 56 patients, out of whom 48 have given birth to viable children. Abortions occurred in 3 cases, premature deliveries in 3 and immature deliveries in 2.", "contents": "[Polyester tendon for atraumatic cervical suture during pregnancy]. There are presented the attempts of operative treatment of so called habitual abortions resulting from uterine cervix insufficiency. Two groups of operations were distinguished, based on the methods of Shirodkar and McDonald. Advantages and disadvantages of these operations, and their modifications used in obstetrical clinical practice are discussed. The importance of the selection of suitable material for the suture was pointed out. The authors developed an atraumatic needle provided with a polyester tendon. There are shown advantageous clinical resutls in 56 patients, out of whom 48 have given birth to viable children. Abortions occurred in 3 cases, premature deliveries in 3 and immature deliveries in 2.", "PMID": 1107977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1948", "title": "[Study of the antibacterial activity of ftorlon threads].", "content": "The study concerned antibacterial properties of the ftorlon threads obtained from acetone or dimethylformamide polymer solution containing antibacterial derivatives of 5-nitrofuran added which were known to be active against the germs most commonly causing the postoperative infection including Staphylococci, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus vulgaris and Candida type fungi. Basing of the laboratory test following the method of infected medium and suspension method it was found that the best effects were obtained when using threads produced from the acetone polymer solution added with beta-(5-nitrofuryl-2)-acroleine and those containing furazolidone obtained from acetone or dimethylformamide polymer solution. Antibacterial properties of the ftorlon threads did not change upon autoclaving, gamma irradiation and prolonged storage.", "contents": "[Study of the antibacterial activity of ftorlon threads]. The study concerned antibacterial properties of the ftorlon threads obtained from acetone or dimethylformamide polymer solution containing antibacterial derivatives of 5-nitrofuran added which were known to be active against the germs most commonly causing the postoperative infection including Staphylococci, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus vulgaris and Candida type fungi. Basing of the laboratory test following the method of infected medium and suspension method it was found that the best effects were obtained when using threads produced from the acetone polymer solution added with beta-(5-nitrofuryl-2)-acroleine and those containing furazolidone obtained from acetone or dimethylformamide polymer solution. Antibacterial properties of the ftorlon threads did not change upon autoclaving, gamma irradiation and prolonged storage.", "PMID": 1107978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1949", "title": "[Method for producing spheroplasts from yeast cells].", "content": "A method for producing spheroplasts from yeast cells has been developed. The method involves: 1) prefreezing and thawing of cells in the minimal nutrient medium; 2) treatment with the mixture of 86 mM 2-mercaptoethanol, 5% sodium dodecylsulphate and 6% Triton X-100; 3) enzymic digestion by the digestive juice of grape helix. The formation of spheroplasts was controlled by microscopy and measurement of the optic density of the spheroplast suspension in the incubation medium and in 1% sodium dodecylsulphate. The method has been successfully tested on some bakery yeast: Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces paradoxus, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Saccharomyces globosus, Saccharomyces carlsbergensis.", "contents": "[Method for producing spheroplasts from yeast cells]. A method for producing spheroplasts from yeast cells has been developed. The method involves: 1) prefreezing and thawing of cells in the minimal nutrient medium; 2) treatment with the mixture of 86 mM 2-mercaptoethanol, 5% sodium dodecylsulphate and 6% Triton X-100; 3) enzymic digestion by the digestive juice of grape helix. The formation of spheroplasts was controlled by microscopy and measurement of the optic density of the spheroplast suspension in the incubation medium and in 1% sodium dodecylsulphate. The method has been successfully tested on some bakery yeast: Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces paradoxus, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Saccharomyces globosus, Saccharomyces carlsbergensis.", "PMID": 1107988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1950", "title": "[Primary classification of beer infecting yeast by a combined test].", "content": "The paper describes the use of crystal-violet and lysine containing media to detect yeast infection in brewing and to classify it. The crystal-violet containing medium helps to separate brewing yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Saccharomyces carlsbergensis from wild yeast of the Saccharomyces genus, whereas the lysine containing medium--from wild yeast of the genera Candida, Debaryomyces, Brethanomyces, Pichia. The test has been used both on museum cultures and on yeast isolated from beer and non-alcoholic beverages.", "contents": "[Primary classification of beer infecting yeast by a combined test]. The paper describes the use of crystal-violet and lysine containing media to detect yeast infection in brewing and to classify it. The crystal-violet containing medium helps to separate brewing yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Saccharomyces carlsbergensis from wild yeast of the Saccharomyces genus, whereas the lysine containing medium--from wild yeast of the genera Candida, Debaryomyces, Brethanomyces, Pichia. The test has been used both on museum cultures and on yeast isolated from beer and non-alcoholic beverages.", "PMID": 1107989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1951", "title": "[Method for determining methionine in plant material].", "content": "Methionine was determined in corn, barley, oat, wheat, rye, pea, vetch by the two methods: the microbiological method using the methionine deficient mutant of E. coli and the method using the Hd1200E amino acid analyzer. The results showed a good agreement between the data obtained by the two methods.", "contents": "[Method for determining methionine in plant material]. Methionine was determined in corn, barley, oat, wheat, rye, pea, vetch by the two methods: the microbiological method using the methionine deficient mutant of E. coli and the method using the Hd1200E amino acid analyzer. The results showed a good agreement between the data obtained by the two methods.", "PMID": 1107990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1952", "title": "[Bactericidal properties of volatile fractions of garlic phytoncids].", "content": "Changes in the bactericidal effect of volatile fractions of garlic were examined during storage. B. coli communis, Proteus vulgaris and Staph. pyogenes aureus 209 were used as test-organisms. Bactericidal properties of volatile fractions of garlic phytoncids were most pronounced prior to storage. During storage they reduced. At higher temperature (16 degrees) the decline in the bactericidal properties was much more significant than at low temperature of storage (2 degrees).", "contents": "[Bactericidal properties of volatile fractions of garlic phytoncids]. Changes in the bactericidal effect of volatile fractions of garlic were examined during storage. B. coli communis, Proteus vulgaris and Staph. pyogenes aureus 209 were used as test-organisms. Bactericidal properties of volatile fractions of garlic phytoncids were most pronounced prior to storage. During storage they reduced. At higher temperature (16 degrees) the decline in the bactericidal properties was much more significant than at low temperature of storage (2 degrees).", "PMID": 1107992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1953", "title": "[Optimization of cultivation conditions of baker's yeast].", "content": "By an integrated factorial experiment optimal proportions of the quantity of inoculation yeast, molasses dosage and degree of their initial water dilution have been established for the periodic yeast cultivation. An equation describing the process has been derived. This equation makes is possible to assess yeast yield at any value of the above parameters within their extreme limits. The yeast cultivation under optimized conditions results in a 25% increase of the economic coefficient coefficient of reproduction as compared with the control, thus approximating the theoretically conceivable value.", "contents": "[Optimization of cultivation conditions of baker's yeast]. By an integrated factorial experiment optimal proportions of the quantity of inoculation yeast, molasses dosage and degree of their initial water dilution have been established for the periodic yeast cultivation. An equation describing the process has been derived. This equation makes is possible to assess yeast yield at any value of the above parameters within their extreme limits. The yeast cultivation under optimized conditions results in a 25% increase of the economic coefficient coefficient of reproduction as compared with the control, thus approximating the theoretically conceivable value.", "PMID": 1107993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1954", "title": "Applications of natural-abundance nitrogen-15 nuclear magnetic resonance to large biochemically important molecules.", "content": "Natural-abundance nitrogen-15 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of enzymes and other biopolymers is found to be feasible using newly available instrumentation. The long correlation times of such molecules result in short spin-lattice relaxation times, and these in turn allow rapid signal accumulation. The advantages of short T1 values are sometimes offset, however, by unfavorable nuclear Overhauser effects. The dependence of T1 and nuclear Overhauser effects upon correlation time is discussed, and preliminary nitrogen-15 nuclear magnetic resonance results for several biopolymers, including lysozyme, protamines, pepsin, hemoglobin, vitamin B 12, and tRNA, are presented.", "contents": "Applications of natural-abundance nitrogen-15 nuclear magnetic resonance to large biochemically important molecules. Natural-abundance nitrogen-15 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of enzymes and other biopolymers is found to be feasible using newly available instrumentation. The long correlation times of such molecules result in short spin-lattice relaxation times, and these in turn allow rapid signal accumulation. The advantages of short T1 values are sometimes offset, however, by unfavorable nuclear Overhauser effects. The dependence of T1 and nuclear Overhauser effects upon correlation time is discussed, and preliminary nitrogen-15 nuclear magnetic resonance results for several biopolymers, including lysozyme, protamines, pepsin, hemoglobin, vitamin B 12, and tRNA, are presented.", "PMID": 1107997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1955", "title": "How ribosomes select initiator regions in mRNA: base pair formation between the 3' terminus of 16S rRNA and the mRNA during initiation of protein synthesis in Escherichia coli.", "content": "Initiation complexes formed by E. coli ribosomes in the presence of 32P-labeled A protein initiator region from R17 bacteriophage Rna have been treated with colicin E3 and disassembled by exposure to 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate. Electrophoresis on 9% polyacrylamide gels reveals a dissociable complex containing the 30-nucleotide-long messenger fragment and the 50-nucleotide-long colicin fragment, which arises from the 3' terminus of the 16S RNA. The complex is a pure RNA-RNA hybird; it is apparently maintained by a seven-base complementarity between the two RNA fragments. Detection of this mRNA-rRNA complex strongly supports the hypothesis that during the initiation step of protein biosynthesis the 3' end of 16S RNA base pairs with the polypurine stretch common to initiator regions in E. coli and bacteriophage mRNAs. The implications of our findings with respect to the molecular mechanism of initiation site selection and mRNA binding to ribosomes, the role of rRNA in ribosome function, and species specificity in translation are explored.", "contents": "How ribosomes select initiator regions in mRNA: base pair formation between the 3' terminus of 16S rRNA and the mRNA during initiation of protein synthesis in Escherichia coli. Initiation complexes formed by E. coli ribosomes in the presence of 32P-labeled A protein initiator region from R17 bacteriophage Rna have been treated with colicin E3 and disassembled by exposure to 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate. Electrophoresis on 9% polyacrylamide gels reveals a dissociable complex containing the 30-nucleotide-long messenger fragment and the 50-nucleotide-long colicin fragment, which arises from the 3' terminus of the 16S RNA. The complex is a pure RNA-RNA hybird; it is apparently maintained by a seven-base complementarity between the two RNA fragments. Detection of this mRNA-rRNA complex strongly supports the hypothesis that during the initiation step of protein biosynthesis the 3' end of 16S RNA base pairs with the polypurine stretch common to initiator regions in E. coli and bacteriophage mRNAs. The implications of our findings with respect to the molecular mechanism of initiation site selection and mRNA binding to ribosomes, the role of rRNA in ribosome function, and species specificity in translation are explored.", "PMID": 1107998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1956", "title": "Promoter-dependent transcription of tRNAITyr genes using DNA fragments produced by restriction enzymes.", "content": "Two DNA fragments prepared from the transducing bacteriophage strains \u00f880psuIII+ and \u00f880hpsuIII+,- by digestion with restriction enzymes contain one tyrosine tRNA gene (suIII+) and two tyrosine tRNA genes (suIII+, su-) in tandem, respectively, a single promoter in both cases, and some additional DNA regions at the two ends of both. Using these fragments, we have studied characteristics of the promoter-dependent transcription of the tyrosine tRNA genes. The promoter-dependent transcripts were shown to correspond to the expected tRNA precursors. Exposure of the transcript from the single gene fragment to an S100 extract from Escherichia coli gave, via intermediates, 4S material which was active in enzymatically accepting tyrosine and contained some modified bases.", "contents": "Promoter-dependent transcription of tRNAITyr genes using DNA fragments produced by restriction enzymes. Two DNA fragments prepared from the transducing bacteriophage strains \u00f880psuIII+ and \u00f880hpsuIII+,- by digestion with restriction enzymes contain one tyrosine tRNA gene (suIII+) and two tyrosine tRNA genes (suIII+, su-) in tandem, respectively, a single promoter in both cases, and some additional DNA regions at the two ends of both. Using these fragments, we have studied characteristics of the promoter-dependent transcription of the tyrosine tRNA genes. The promoter-dependent transcripts were shown to correspond to the expected tRNA precursors. Exposure of the transcript from the single gene fragment to an S100 extract from Escherichia coli gave, via intermediates, 4S material which was active in enzymatically accepting tyrosine and contained some modified bases.", "PMID": 1107999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1957", "title": "Content of elongation factor Tu in Escherichia coli.", "content": "The content of elongation factor Tu in E. coli B has been determined both by radioimmune assay and by GDP binding. The two assays gave comparable results: cells growing at 2 doublings per hour contained about 8 molecules of Tu per ribosome, whereas those growing at 0.22 doublings per hour contained about 14 molecules per ribosome. These levels resemble those reported for tRNA, in contrast with the 1:1 ratio of factor to ribosomes reported for elongation factors Ts and G.", "contents": "Content of elongation factor Tu in Escherichia coli. The content of elongation factor Tu in E. coli B has been determined both by radioimmune assay and by GDP binding. The two assays gave comparable results: cells growing at 2 doublings per hour contained about 8 molecules of Tu per ribosome, whereas those growing at 0.22 doublings per hour contained about 14 molecules per ribosome. These levels resemble those reported for tRNA, in contrast with the 1:1 ratio of factor to ribosomes reported for elongation factors Ts and G.", "PMID": 1108000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1958", "title": "A method for the isolation of specific tRNA precursors.", "content": "tRNA affinity chromatography, based on complex formation between tRNAs with complementary anticodons, has been applied to the isolation of specific tRNA precursors. When [32P]RNA, isolated from an Escherichia coli strain containing a thermolabile ribonuclease P, was chromatographed on resin-bound yeast phenylalanine tRNA, precursor tRNAGlu (possessing the complementary anticodon) was specifically retained. Likewise, precursor tRNAPhe was isolated from a column of resin-bound E. coli glutamate tRNA. Both precursor tRNAs isolated were monomeric and may be processed products of an originally larger RNA precursor. Both tRNA precursors contain additional nucleotides beyond the 5'-end of the mature tRNA and have all modified bases found in mature tRNA. The method can be extended to isolate other tRNA precursors by affinity chromatography with different tRNAs. Since the principle of complementary anticodon interaction is not restricted to any particular organism, specific precursor tRNAs from other sources may also be isolated in this way.", "contents": "A method for the isolation of specific tRNA precursors. tRNA affinity chromatography, based on complex formation between tRNAs with complementary anticodons, has been applied to the isolation of specific tRNA precursors. When [32P]RNA, isolated from an Escherichia coli strain containing a thermolabile ribonuclease P, was chromatographed on resin-bound yeast phenylalanine tRNA, precursor tRNAGlu (possessing the complementary anticodon) was specifically retained. Likewise, precursor tRNAPhe was isolated from a column of resin-bound E. coli glutamate tRNA. Both precursor tRNAs isolated were monomeric and may be processed products of an originally larger RNA precursor. Both tRNA precursors contain additional nucleotides beyond the 5'-end of the mature tRNA and have all modified bases found in mature tRNA. The method can be extended to isolate other tRNA precursors by affinity chromatography with different tRNAs. Since the principle of complementary anticodon interaction is not restricted to any particular organism, specific precursor tRNAs from other sources may also be isolated in this way.", "PMID": 1108001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1959", "title": "Studies on nucleic acid reassociation kinetics: reactivity of single-stranded tails in DNA-DNA renaturation.", "content": "The reassociation kinetics of Escherichia coli DNA were measured by S1 nuclease resistance and hydroxyapatite binding. While the reaction assayed by hydroxyapatite displays second order kinetics, the S1 nuclease measurements follow a non-second order from, as previously reported by Morrow (Ph.D. Dissertation, Stanford University. 1974). Much of the reaction measured with S1 nuclease occurs between single stranded regions of fragments already bearing duplex structures from previous collisions, and between such regions and totally free single strands. Experimental determinations indicate that the nucleation rate of single stranded regions on fragments also containing duplexes is inhibited by an average factor of 2 to 4.", "contents": "Studies on nucleic acid reassociation kinetics: reactivity of single-stranded tails in DNA-DNA renaturation. The reassociation kinetics of Escherichia coli DNA were measured by S1 nuclease resistance and hydroxyapatite binding. While the reaction assayed by hydroxyapatite displays second order kinetics, the S1 nuclease measurements follow a non-second order from, as previously reported by Morrow (Ph.D. Dissertation, Stanford University. 1974). Much of the reaction measured with S1 nuclease occurs between single stranded regions of fragments already bearing duplex structures from previous collisions, and between such regions and totally free single strands. Experimental determinations indicate that the nucleation rate of single stranded regions on fragments also containing duplexes is inhibited by an average factor of 2 to 4.", "PMID": 1108002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1960", "title": "Histone gene arrangement in the sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus.", "content": "The DNA coding for histones from Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, purified up to 100-fold with the use of Hg+2-CS2-SO4 and actinomycin-CsC1 equilibrium density gradients, has been used to study the clustering of genes coding for different histones and the size of the repeating multigene cluster. When digested with EcoRI restriction endonuclease, the histone DNA is identified in two classes of fragments with molecular weights of 1.15 X 106 and 2.8 X 106, whereas after treatment of the DNA with HindIII restriction endonuclease, histone gene sequences can be identified only in a fragment of 3.95 X 106. Treatment of the DNA with both enzymes simultaneously shows that there is a HindIII site within the smaller EcoRI fragment. Partial digests with HindIII give fragment sizes that appear to be simple multiples of a 3.95 X 106 repeat. Individual histone mRNAs all hybridize to the 3.95 X 106 fragment but only to one or the other EcoRI fragments. The evidence strongly suggests a repeating unit of 3.95 X 106 containing the genes for most, if not all, the histonrs.", "contents": "Histone gene arrangement in the sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. The DNA coding for histones from Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, purified up to 100-fold with the use of Hg+2-CS2-SO4 and actinomycin-CsC1 equilibrium density gradients, has been used to study the clustering of genes coding for different histones and the size of the repeating multigene cluster. When digested with EcoRI restriction endonuclease, the histone DNA is identified in two classes of fragments with molecular weights of 1.15 X 106 and 2.8 X 106, whereas after treatment of the DNA with HindIII restriction endonuclease, histone gene sequences can be identified only in a fragment of 3.95 X 106. Treatment of the DNA with both enzymes simultaneously shows that there is a HindIII site within the smaller EcoRI fragment. Partial digests with HindIII give fragment sizes that appear to be simple multiples of a 3.95 X 106 repeat. Individual histone mRNAs all hybridize to the 3.95 X 106 fragment but only to one or the other EcoRI fragments. The evidence strongly suggests a repeating unit of 3.95 X 106 containing the genes for most, if not all, the histonrs.", "PMID": 1108003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1961", "title": "Architecture of the Escherichia coli ribosome as determined by immune electron microscopy.", "content": "Binding sites for antibodies specific to nineteen of the twenty-one ribosomal proteins from the 30S subunit of E. coli ribosomes have been localized on the surface of the 30S ribosomal subunit by immune electron microscopy. The locations of 13 ribosomal proteins from the 50S subunit were similarily assessed. The arrangement of these proteins is illustrated in three-dimensional models of the 30S and 50S ribosomal subunits and of 70S ribosomes. With specific antibodies to six proteins of the 30S subunit we found only one attachment point for each protein. Antibodies against each of nine of the proteins attached at two separate sites that were separated by various distances. Four further proteins were exposed at three or four sites for antibody binding. Altogether eight to ten of the 19 proteins of the 30S subunit have shown antibody attachment sites at remote points on the surface of the ribosome, at distances which are incompatible with globular shapes; these proteins must therefore have elongated or fibrous structures within the ribosome. On the other hand, only two proteins of the 50S subunit, namely L11 and L18, have so far revealed two separated antibody binding sites; proteins L7/L12 occurred, however, at multiple sites.", "contents": "Architecture of the Escherichia coli ribosome as determined by immune electron microscopy. Binding sites for antibodies specific to nineteen of the twenty-one ribosomal proteins from the 30S subunit of E. coli ribosomes have been localized on the surface of the 30S ribosomal subunit by immune electron microscopy. The locations of 13 ribosomal proteins from the 50S subunit were similarily assessed. The arrangement of these proteins is illustrated in three-dimensional models of the 30S and 50S ribosomal subunits and of 70S ribosomes. With specific antibodies to six proteins of the 30S subunit we found only one attachment point for each protein. Antibodies against each of nine of the proteins attached at two separate sites that were separated by various distances. Four further proteins were exposed at three or four sites for antibody binding. Altogether eight to ten of the 19 proteins of the 30S subunit have shown antibody attachment sites at remote points on the surface of the ribosome, at distances which are incompatible with globular shapes; these proteins must therefore have elongated or fibrous structures within the ribosome. On the other hand, only two proteins of the 50S subunit, namely L11 and L18, have so far revealed two separated antibody binding sites; proteins L7/L12 occurred, however, at multiple sites.", "PMID": 1108004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1962", "title": "Separation of lymphocyte chromatin into template-active fractions with specificity for eukaryotic RNA polymerase II or prokaryotic RNA polymerase.", "content": "When chromatin prepared from WI-L2 lymphocytes by low salt extraction and shearing is centrifuged on a glycerol gradient, one area of the gradient yields chromatin enriched in template activity for Escherichia coli DNA-dependent RNA polymerase (EC 2.7.7.6; nucleosidetriphosphate:RNA nucleotidyltransferase) as compared to Saccharomyces cerevisiae RNA polymerase II (or B). Another area yields chromatin preferred by the eukaryotic enzyme. Kinetic studies indicate that the differences in activity cannot be explained by differences in affinity of the enzymes for the various templates. The DNA isolated from either fraction has a molecular weight of 8.5 X 106. The \"yeast active\" fraction seems enriched in proteins. Mixing experiments indicate that the yeast enzyme does not alter the template in such a way as to improve it for the bacterial enzyme.", "contents": "Separation of lymphocyte chromatin into template-active fractions with specificity for eukaryotic RNA polymerase II or prokaryotic RNA polymerase. When chromatin prepared from WI-L2 lymphocytes by low salt extraction and shearing is centrifuged on a glycerol gradient, one area of the gradient yields chromatin enriched in template activity for Escherichia coli DNA-dependent RNA polymerase (EC 2.7.7.6; nucleosidetriphosphate:RNA nucleotidyltransferase) as compared to Saccharomyces cerevisiae RNA polymerase II (or B). Another area yields chromatin preferred by the eukaryotic enzyme. Kinetic studies indicate that the differences in activity cannot be explained by differences in affinity of the enzymes for the various templates. The DNA isolated from either fraction has a molecular weight of 8.5 X 106. The \"yeast active\" fraction seems enriched in proteins. Mixing experiments indicate that the yeast enzyme does not alter the template in such a way as to improve it for the bacterial enzyme.", "PMID": 1108005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1963", "title": "Strand-selective transcription of globin genes in rabbit erythroid cells and chromatin.", "content": "In order to investigate the symmetry of globin gene transcription, complementary RNA (cRNA) was synthesized using rabbit globin complementary DNA (cDNA) as a template for Escherichia coli DNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RNA nucleotidyltransferase). The cRNA hybridized specifically to its own cDNA template but not to sheep cDNA, rabbit globin mRNA, or poly(dT). Hybridization studies with cRNA demonstrated that RNA sequences transcribed from the DNA strand complementary to the globin gene region (anti-strand) were not present in cellular, total nuclear, or fractionated nuclear RNA from rabbit marrow. Such sequences were detected in RNA transcribed from rabbit marrow chromatin by E. coli or sheep liver RNA polymerases, but amounted to less than 50% of the globin mRNA sequences present in the same transcript. The evidence indicates that globin mRNA transcription is predominantly DNA strand specific.", "contents": "Strand-selective transcription of globin genes in rabbit erythroid cells and chromatin. In order to investigate the symmetry of globin gene transcription, complementary RNA (cRNA) was synthesized using rabbit globin complementary DNA (cDNA) as a template for Escherichia coli DNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RNA nucleotidyltransferase). The cRNA hybridized specifically to its own cDNA template but not to sheep cDNA, rabbit globin mRNA, or poly(dT). Hybridization studies with cRNA demonstrated that RNA sequences transcribed from the DNA strand complementary to the globin gene region (anti-strand) were not present in cellular, total nuclear, or fractionated nuclear RNA from rabbit marrow. Such sequences were detected in RNA transcribed from rabbit marrow chromatin by E. coli or sheep liver RNA polymerases, but amounted to less than 50% of the globin mRNA sequences present in the same transcript. The evidence indicates that globin mRNA transcription is predominantly DNA strand specific.", "PMID": 1108006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1964", "title": "Hydrogen bonding in yeast phenylalanine transfer RNA.", "content": "Further analysis of the three-dimensional electron density map of yeast phenylalanine tRNA is presented. Attention is focused on the several types of unique hydrogen bonding that are found in the molecule and a number of sections of the electron density map are presented. These sections are compared with an electron density map of a dinucleoside phosphate. The bases in the helical stem regions are all involved in Watson-Crick hydrogen bonding interactions with the exception of the guanine-uracil base pair. Several additional tertiary hydrogen bonding interactions are described.", "contents": "Hydrogen bonding in yeast phenylalanine transfer RNA. Further analysis of the three-dimensional electron density map of yeast phenylalanine tRNA is presented. Attention is focused on the several types of unique hydrogen bonding that are found in the molecule and a number of sections of the electron density map are presented. These sections are compared with an electron density map of a dinucleoside phosphate. The bases in the helical stem regions are all involved in Watson-Crick hydrogen bonding interactions with the exception of the guanine-uracil base pair. Several additional tertiary hydrogen bonding interactions are described.", "PMID": 1108007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1965", "title": "Effects of bacteriophage T4-induced modification of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase on gene expression in vitro.", "content": "After T4 bacteriophage infection of E. coli a complex series of events take place in the bacterium, including gross inhibition of host transcription and discrete changes in the classes of the genes of T4 that are transcribed. Accompanying these changes in the pattern of transcription one finds T4-induced changes in the RNA polymerase (EC 2.7.7.6; nucleosidetriphosphate:RNA nucleotidyltransferase). The effects of modified polymerase on transcription can be advantageously analyzed in a DNA-directed cell-free system for protein synthesis. In this system gene activity is measured indirectly by the amounts and types of proteins sythesized. In the DNA-directed cell-free system this modified polymerase, like normal polymerase, transcribes T4 DNA with a high efficiency but transcribes bacteriophage lambda and host DNA very poorly. Polymerase reconstruction experiments show that modification of the alpha subunit of the RNA polymerase is sufficient for inhibition of host transcription. Host transcription is also inhibited in vitro by T4 DNA. This latter type of inhibition is presumed to involve competition between host DNA and T4 DNA for some factor essential for transcription. The T4-modified polymerase transcribes from T4 DNA many of the same genes as normal unmodified polymerase; it also shows a capability for transcribing certain \"non-early\" T4 genes which is enhanced in the presence of protein-containing extracts from T4-infected cells.", "contents": "Effects of bacteriophage T4-induced modification of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase on gene expression in vitro. After T4 bacteriophage infection of E. coli a complex series of events take place in the bacterium, including gross inhibition of host transcription and discrete changes in the classes of the genes of T4 that are transcribed. Accompanying these changes in the pattern of transcription one finds T4-induced changes in the RNA polymerase (EC 2.7.7.6; nucleosidetriphosphate:RNA nucleotidyltransferase). The effects of modified polymerase on transcription can be advantageously analyzed in a DNA-directed cell-free system for protein synthesis. In this system gene activity is measured indirectly by the amounts and types of proteins sythesized. In the DNA-directed cell-free system this modified polymerase, like normal polymerase, transcribes T4 DNA with a high efficiency but transcribes bacteriophage lambda and host DNA very poorly. Polymerase reconstruction experiments show that modification of the alpha subunit of the RNA polymerase is sufficient for inhibition of host transcription. Host transcription is also inhibited in vitro by T4 DNA. This latter type of inhibition is presumed to involve competition between host DNA and T4 DNA for some factor essential for transcription. The T4-modified polymerase transcribes from T4 DNA many of the same genes as normal unmodified polymerase; it also shows a capability for transcribing certain \"non-early\" T4 genes which is enhanced in the presence of protein-containing extracts from T4-infected cells.", "PMID": 1108008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1966", "title": "Regulation of histidine operon does not require hisG enzyme.", "content": "Mutations are described which delete all or part of the first structural gene (hisG) of the histidine operon of Salmonella typhimurium. Physiological regulation of histidine enzymes occurs normally in strains carrying any deletion that has both endpoints within the hisG gene. Constitutive high operon expression is observed in strains carrying any hisG deletion and an unlinked regulatory mutation, hisT1504. These results strongly indicate that the hisG protein is not an essential component of the mechanism for regulating expression of the histidine operon.", "contents": "Regulation of histidine operon does not require hisG enzyme. Mutations are described which delete all or part of the first structural gene (hisG) of the histidine operon of Salmonella typhimurium. Physiological regulation of histidine enzymes occurs normally in strains carrying any deletion that has both endpoints within the hisG gene. Constitutive high operon expression is observed in strains carrying any hisG deletion and an unlinked regulatory mutation, hisT1504. These results strongly indicate that the hisG protein is not an essential component of the mechanism for regulating expression of the histidine operon.", "PMID": 1108009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1967", "title": "Identification of a gene for the alpha-subunit of RNA polymerase at the str-spc region of the Escherichia coli chromosome.", "content": "A structural gene for the alpha-subunit of RNA polymerase (nucleosidetriphosphate:RNA nucleotidyltransferase; EC 2.7.7.6) has been identified and mapped between spcA and trkA, near 64 min on the E. coli chromosome. It appears to be coordinately expressed and possibly cotranscribed with the genes for ribosomal proteins S11, S4, and L17.", "contents": "Identification of a gene for the alpha-subunit of RNA polymerase at the str-spc region of the Escherichia coli chromosome. A structural gene for the alpha-subunit of RNA polymerase (nucleosidetriphosphate:RNA nucleotidyltransferase; EC 2.7.7.6) has been identified and mapped between spcA and trkA, near 64 min on the E. coli chromosome. It appears to be coordinately expressed and possibly cotranscribed with the genes for ribosomal proteins S11, S4, and L17.", "PMID": 1108010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1968", "title": "Electron microscopic observations on the meiotic karyotype of diploid and tetraploid Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Certain strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae contain visible segments of synaptonemal complex which are apparent components of bivalents in pachytene of meiotic prophase. The synaptonemal complex has the typical width in the frontal plane but is unusually thin in the sagittal plane, thus accounting for its poor visibility. Amorphous densities situated adjacent to the central element occur at intervals suggesting their coincidence with sites of crossing over. Reconstruction of the synaptonemal complex from serial sections has permitted karyotypic analysis. The number of segments of synaptonemal complex and the distribution of their legths is consistent with the genetic map. Two, possibly three, segments enter the nucleolus as if bearing sequences encoding ribosomal RNA. Reconstruction of tetraploid nuclei reveals an approximate doubling of the diploid chromosome number and confirms the pattern of nucleolar entry. Quadrivalent pairing is evident between the pairs of synaptonemal complex segments in the tetraploid nuclei.", "contents": "Electron microscopic observations on the meiotic karyotype of diploid and tetraploid Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Certain strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae contain visible segments of synaptonemal complex which are apparent components of bivalents in pachytene of meiotic prophase. The synaptonemal complex has the typical width in the frontal plane but is unusually thin in the sagittal plane, thus accounting for its poor visibility. Amorphous densities situated adjacent to the central element occur at intervals suggesting their coincidence with sites of crossing over. Reconstruction of the synaptonemal complex from serial sections has permitted karyotypic analysis. The number of segments of synaptonemal complex and the distribution of their legths is consistent with the genetic map. Two, possibly three, segments enter the nucleolus as if bearing sequences encoding ribosomal RNA. Reconstruction of tetraploid nuclei reveals an approximate doubling of the diploid chromosome number and confirms the pattern of nucleolar entry. Quadrivalent pairing is evident between the pairs of synaptonemal complex segments in the tetraploid nuclei.", "PMID": 1108011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1969", "title": "Functional interactions of viral and histocompatibility antigens at tumor cell surfaces.", "content": "Several lines of evidence are presented to suggest that histocompatibility antigens can be physically associated on the cell surface with viral antigens and possibly other foreign antigens. The lysis of the murine tumor cells EL4 and P388 by syngeneic cytotoxic lymphocytes was inhibited by antisera directed against the H-2 antigens on the tumor cells, consistent with the hypothesis that H-2 antigens are part of the target of the cytotoxic lymphocytes. Moreover, it was found that patching and capping of the H-2 antigens on EL4 cells resulted in the co-patching and co-capping of viral antigens as detected by antisera against Rauscher leukemia virus. Capping of H-2 antigens also resulted in co-capping of determinants detected by an antiserum to the viral protein gp69/71. On the basis of these and other observations, we propose the hypothesis that the H-2 molecules serve as adaptors that combine with viral antigens on the cell surface to form hybrid antigens containing elements of self (H-2) and non-self (virus). The adaptor-antigen complex may then be recognized by a subclass of thymus-derived (T) lymphocytes that possesses a repertoire of receptors directed against hybirds of foreign and H-2 antigens. This raises the possibility that other products of the major histocompatibility complex may have analogous functions.", "contents": "Functional interactions of viral and histocompatibility antigens at tumor cell surfaces. Several lines of evidence are presented to suggest that histocompatibility antigens can be physically associated on the cell surface with viral antigens and possibly other foreign antigens. The lysis of the murine tumor cells EL4 and P388 by syngeneic cytotoxic lymphocytes was inhibited by antisera directed against the H-2 antigens on the tumor cells, consistent with the hypothesis that H-2 antigens are part of the target of the cytotoxic lymphocytes. Moreover, it was found that patching and capping of the H-2 antigens on EL4 cells resulted in the co-patching and co-capping of viral antigens as detected by antisera against Rauscher leukemia virus. Capping of H-2 antigens also resulted in co-capping of determinants detected by an antiserum to the viral protein gp69/71. On the basis of these and other observations, we propose the hypothesis that the H-2 molecules serve as adaptors that combine with viral antigens on the cell surface to form hybrid antigens containing elements of self (H-2) and non-self (virus). The adaptor-antigen complex may then be recognized by a subclass of thymus-derived (T) lymphocytes that possesses a repertoire of receptors directed against hybirds of foreign and H-2 antigens. This raises the possibility that other products of the major histocompatibility complex may have analogous functions.", "PMID": 1108012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1970", "title": "Immunosurgery of mouse blastocyst.", "content": "Mouse blastocysts with and without zonae pellucidae are susceptible to complement-dependent antibody cytotoxicity. Exposure of blastocysts to rabbit anti-mouse serum together with complement results in the death of all cells; however, when blastocysts are exposed to antiserum alone and then transferred to guinea pig complement, only the trophoblastic cells are killed. These results suggest that the mouse blastocyst is not permeable for certain antibodies. The inner cell masses can easily be separated from the remnants of trophoblastic cells and are then able to grow and differentiate in vitro. This method of immunosurgery can be used to obtain large quantities of pure inner cell masses in a relatively short period of time.", "contents": "Immunosurgery of mouse blastocyst. Mouse blastocysts with and without zonae pellucidae are susceptible to complement-dependent antibody cytotoxicity. Exposure of blastocysts to rabbit anti-mouse serum together with complement results in the death of all cells; however, when blastocysts are exposed to antiserum alone and then transferred to guinea pig complement, only the trophoblastic cells are killed. These results suggest that the mouse blastocyst is not permeable for certain antibodies. The inner cell masses can easily be separated from the remnants of trophoblastic cells and are then able to grow and differentiate in vitro. This method of immunosurgery can be used to obtain large quantities of pure inner cell masses in a relatively short period of time.", "PMID": 1108013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1971", "title": "Alterations in envelope structure of heptose-deficient mutants of Escherichia coli as revealed by freeze-etching.", "content": "The surface of freeze-etched E. coli strain GR467, a heptose-deficient (\"deep rough\") mutant derived from CR34, was studied by electron microscopy. The outer membrane of GR467 has an increased ratio of phospholipid to protein, mainly due to a decreased protein content. Freeze-etched CR34 showed structural features indistinguishable for wild-type E. coli, i.e., the primary cleavage occurring in the inner membrane with only minor appearance of cleavage within the outer membrane. In contrast to this, in mutant GR467 most of the freeze-cleavages had taken place along a new plane, presumably in a hydrophobic region of the outer membrane. In this cleavage plane numerous particles were seen. Often the cleavage extended over the entire exposed cell surface; occasionally only a few large plateaus were visible, around which the next deeper cleavage plane, that of the protoplasmic or inner membrane, was discernible. Two spontaneous revertants (R11 and R16) with protein and lipid A levels similar to wild-type cells showed mostly freeze fractures with wild-type characteristics, and only a few cells had retained fracturing properties of GR467. A partial revertant revealed intermediate characteristics. Thus, there appears to be a morphological correlation with the chemical data relating the amount of outer membrane protein with the heptose content of the lipopolysaccharide.", "contents": "Alterations in envelope structure of heptose-deficient mutants of Escherichia coli as revealed by freeze-etching. The surface of freeze-etched E. coli strain GR467, a heptose-deficient (\"deep rough\") mutant derived from CR34, was studied by electron microscopy. The outer membrane of GR467 has an increased ratio of phospholipid to protein, mainly due to a decreased protein content. Freeze-etched CR34 showed structural features indistinguishable for wild-type E. coli, i.e., the primary cleavage occurring in the inner membrane with only minor appearance of cleavage within the outer membrane. In contrast to this, in mutant GR467 most of the freeze-cleavages had taken place along a new plane, presumably in a hydrophobic region of the outer membrane. In this cleavage plane numerous particles were seen. Often the cleavage extended over the entire exposed cell surface; occasionally only a few large plateaus were visible, around which the next deeper cleavage plane, that of the protoplasmic or inner membrane, was discernible. Two spontaneous revertants (R11 and R16) with protein and lipid A levels similar to wild-type cells showed mostly freeze fractures with wild-type characteristics, and only a few cells had retained fracturing properties of GR467. A partial revertant revealed intermediate characteristics. Thus, there appears to be a morphological correlation with the chemical data relating the amount of outer membrane protein with the heptose content of the lipopolysaccharide.", "PMID": 1108014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1972", "title": "Novel F prime factors able to replicate in Escherichia coli Hfr strains.", "content": "A novel type of F' plasmid that can replicate extrachromosomally in cells of Hfr strains has been isolated. Genetic analysis of these plasmids indicates that all carry the dnaA-bglA region of the E. coli chromosome as well as ilv+ used as a selective marker. It is suggested that a specific site, designated poh+ (permissive on Hfr), is located in this region, and is essential for these plasmids to replicate in Hfr cells. The most interesting explanation, among others, would be that the poh+ site represents the replication origin of the bacterial chromosome.", "contents": "Novel F prime factors able to replicate in Escherichia coli Hfr strains. A novel type of F' plasmid that can replicate extrachromosomally in cells of Hfr strains has been isolated. Genetic analysis of these plasmids indicates that all carry the dnaA-bglA region of the E. coli chromosome as well as ilv+ used as a selective marker. It is suggested that a specific site, designated poh+ (permissive on Hfr), is located in this region, and is essential for these plasmids to replicate in Hfr cells. The most interesting explanation, among others, would be that the poh+ site represents the replication origin of the bacterial chromosome.", "PMID": 1108015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1973", "title": "Serial propagation of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in guinea pigs.", "content": "The transmission and serial propagation of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease from man to guinea pigs are reported. The latency, symptomatology, and morphology of the infection during the first four passages are presented. The incubation period between the first and subsequent passages was halved. One hundred percent take, morbidity, and mortality were achieved in all inoculated animals. All guinea pigs developed a subacute spongiform virus encephalopathy with marked neuronal destruction in the cerebral cortex and subcortical grey structures. The neuronal loss resulted in cerebral atrophy and hydrocephalus ex vacuo.", "contents": "Serial propagation of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in guinea pigs. The transmission and serial propagation of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease from man to guinea pigs are reported. The latency, symptomatology, and morphology of the infection during the first four passages are presented. The incubation period between the first and subsequent passages was halved. One hundred percent take, morbidity, and mortality were achieved in all inoculated animals. All guinea pigs developed a subacute spongiform virus encephalopathy with marked neuronal destruction in the cerebral cortex and subcortical grey structures. The neuronal loss resulted in cerebral atrophy and hydrocephalus ex vacuo.", "PMID": 1108016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1974", "title": "Does somatostatin inhibition of insulin secretion involve two mechanisms of action?", "content": "Somatostatin, the hypothalamic growth hormone release inhibitory factor (GHRIF), directly inhibits both the first and second phases of insulin secretion. The sensitivities of these two phases of insulin secretion to somatostatin differ remarkably. The first phase of secretion is approximately 25 to 50 times more sensitive to somatostatin inhibition than is the second phase. In addition, somatostatin inhibition of insulin secretion during the second phase is \"reversed\" by supplemental calcium, whereas the somatostatin effect on the first phase is unaffected by additional calcium. These findings suggest that the cellular events which produce the two phases of insulin secretion are separate processes, and that somatostatin has a dual mechanism of action in inhibiting insulin secretion.", "contents": "Does somatostatin inhibition of insulin secretion involve two mechanisms of action? Somatostatin, the hypothalamic growth hormone release inhibitory factor (GHRIF), directly inhibits both the first and second phases of insulin secretion. The sensitivities of these two phases of insulin secretion to somatostatin differ remarkably. The first phase of secretion is approximately 25 to 50 times more sensitive to somatostatin inhibition than is the second phase. In addition, somatostatin inhibition of insulin secretion during the second phase is \"reversed\" by supplemental calcium, whereas the somatostatin effect on the first phase is unaffected by additional calcium. These findings suggest that the cellular events which produce the two phases of insulin secretion are separate processes, and that somatostatin has a dual mechanism of action in inhibiting insulin secretion.", "PMID": 1108017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1975", "title": "A DNA fragment from the origin of single-strand to double-strand DNA replication of bacteriophage fd.", "content": "A specific complex is formed between fd DNA, Escherichia coli DNA unwinding protein, and RNA polymerase (EC 2.7.7.6; nucleosidetriphosphate:RNA nucleotidyltransferase) during the first steps in the conversion of the single-stranded viral DNA to the double-stranded replicative form. In this complex a unique DNA fragment of about 120 nucleotides is protected against nuclease digestion. Both the requirements for its isolation and its position on the map of the phage genome indicate that the fragment contains the origin of single-strand to double-strand DNA replication. The isolated DNA fragment possesses double-strand-like characteristics, which protect it from being covered by the DNA unwinding protein and thus indirectly positions the RNA polymerase to the origin of replication.", "contents": "A DNA fragment from the origin of single-strand to double-strand DNA replication of bacteriophage fd. A specific complex is formed between fd DNA, Escherichia coli DNA unwinding protein, and RNA polymerase (EC 2.7.7.6; nucleosidetriphosphate:RNA nucleotidyltransferase) during the first steps in the conversion of the single-stranded viral DNA to the double-stranded replicative form. In this complex a unique DNA fragment of about 120 nucleotides is protected against nuclease digestion. Both the requirements for its isolation and its position on the map of the phage genome indicate that the fragment contains the origin of single-strand to double-strand DNA replication. The isolated DNA fragment possesses double-strand-like characteristics, which protect it from being covered by the DNA unwinding protein and thus indirectly positions the RNA polymerase to the origin of replication.", "PMID": 1108018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1976", "title": "Mechanism of growth delay induced in Escherichia coli by near ultraviolet radiation.", "content": "Continuously growing cultures of E. coli B/r were irradiated with a fluence of broad-band near-ultraviolet radiation (315-405 nm) sufficient to cause extensive growth delay and complete cessation of net RNA synthesis. Chloramphenicol treatment was found to stimulate resumption of RNA synthesis, similar to that observed with chloramphenicol treatment after amino-acid starvation. E. coli strains in which amino-acid starvation does not result in cessation of RNA synthesis (\"relaxed\" or rel- strains) show no cessation of growth and only a slight effect on the rate of growth or of RNA synthesis. These findings show that such near-UV fluences do not inactivate the RNA synthetic machinery but affect the regulation of RNA synthesis, in a manner similat to that produced by amino-acid starvation. Such regulation is believed to be mediated through alterations in concentration of guanosine tetraphosphate (ppGpp), and our estimations of ppGpp after near-UV irradiation are consistent with such an interpretation. These data, combined with earlier published data, strongly suggest that the mechanism of near-UV-induced growth delay in E. coli involves partial inactivation of certain tRNA species, which is interpreted by the cell in a manner similar to that of amino-acid starvation, causing a rise in ppGpp levels, a shut-off of net RNA synthesis, and the induction of a growth delay.", "contents": "Mechanism of growth delay induced in Escherichia coli by near ultraviolet radiation. Continuously growing cultures of E. coli B/r were irradiated with a fluence of broad-band near-ultraviolet radiation (315-405 nm) sufficient to cause extensive growth delay and complete cessation of net RNA synthesis. Chloramphenicol treatment was found to stimulate resumption of RNA synthesis, similar to that observed with chloramphenicol treatment after amino-acid starvation. E. coli strains in which amino-acid starvation does not result in cessation of RNA synthesis (\"relaxed\" or rel- strains) show no cessation of growth and only a slight effect on the rate of growth or of RNA synthesis. These findings show that such near-UV fluences do not inactivate the RNA synthetic machinery but affect the regulation of RNA synthesis, in a manner similat to that produced by amino-acid starvation. Such regulation is believed to be mediated through alterations in concentration of guanosine tetraphosphate (ppGpp), and our estimations of ppGpp after near-UV irradiation are consistent with such an interpretation. These data, combined with earlier published data, strongly suggest that the mechanism of near-UV-induced growth delay in E. coli involves partial inactivation of certain tRNA species, which is interpreted by the cell in a manner similar to that of amino-acid starvation, causing a rise in ppGpp levels, a shut-off of net RNA synthesis, and the induction of a growth delay.", "PMID": 1108019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1977", "title": "Molecular cloning of DNA from F sex factor of Escherichia coli K-12.", "content": "We describe the molecular cloning of various DNA segments generated by partial EcoRI endonuclease digestion of the sex factor F. These segments have been analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis of EcoRI digests and were arranged in a series of overlapping fragments using the EcoRI fragment map of F established by H. Ohtsubo and E. Ohtsubo. The clones isolated demonstrate one or more of the following F-specified functions: inhibition of female-specific phage (T7) multiplication, formation of F pili, surface exclusion, or immunity to lethal zygosis. These properties are discussed in terms of the EcoRI fragments of F that specify them.", "contents": "Molecular cloning of DNA from F sex factor of Escherichia coli K-12. We describe the molecular cloning of various DNA segments generated by partial EcoRI endonuclease digestion of the sex factor F. These segments have been analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis of EcoRI digests and were arranged in a series of overlapping fragments using the EcoRI fragment map of F established by H. Ohtsubo and E. Ohtsubo. The clones isolated demonstrate one or more of the following F-specified functions: inhibition of female-specific phage (T7) multiplication, formation of F pili, surface exclusion, or immunity to lethal zygosis. These properties are discussed in terms of the EcoRI fragments of F that specify them.", "PMID": 1108020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1978", "title": "Incorporation of fatty acids containing photosensitive groups into phospholipids of Escherichia coli.", "content": "A series of new fatty acids containing photosensitive groups at different positions on the paraffin chains supported the growth of an auxotroph of E. coli requiring unsaturated fatty acids. The derivatives were 6-, 9-, 11-, and 12-azidostearic acids, 12-azido-oleic acid, 16-azidopalmitelaidic acid, and 12-(4-azido-2-nitrophenoxy)-stearic and -oleic acids. Analyses of the phospholipids from cultures grown in the presence of the first six compounds showed that these derivatives accounted for 16-43% of the total fatty acids. Further analysis of phospholipids from cultures grown with 12-azido-oleic acid, 11-azidostearic acid, or 16-azidopalmitelaidic acid indicated that the azido fatty acids were at the 2-position of the glycerol moieties. The incorporation of these fatty acid derivatives offers a new approach to the study of membrane structure and, in particular, phospholipid-protein interactions by photolysis-induced crosslinking of the fatty acids to the structures in their immediate vicinity.", "contents": "Incorporation of fatty acids containing photosensitive groups into phospholipids of Escherichia coli. A series of new fatty acids containing photosensitive groups at different positions on the paraffin chains supported the growth of an auxotroph of E. coli requiring unsaturated fatty acids. The derivatives were 6-, 9-, 11-, and 12-azidostearic acids, 12-azido-oleic acid, 16-azidopalmitelaidic acid, and 12-(4-azido-2-nitrophenoxy)-stearic and -oleic acids. Analyses of the phospholipids from cultures grown in the presence of the first six compounds showed that these derivatives accounted for 16-43% of the total fatty acids. Further analysis of phospholipids from cultures grown with 12-azido-oleic acid, 11-azidostearic acid, or 16-azidopalmitelaidic acid indicated that the azido fatty acids were at the 2-position of the glycerol moieties. The incorporation of these fatty acid derivatives offers a new approach to the study of membrane structure and, in particular, phospholipid-protein interactions by photolysis-induced crosslinking of the fatty acids to the structures in their immediate vicinity.", "PMID": 1108021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1979", "title": "Chemical and enzymatic synthesis of lactose operator of Escherichia coli and its binding to lactose repressor.", "content": "The 21-nucleotide-long duplex DNA constituting the lactose operator sequence of E. coli has been synthesized by both chemical and enzymatic methods. The synthetic duplex has the essential feature of the lactose operator as seen by its binding to the lactose repressor. The binding of the synthetic operator fragment to the lactose repressor is specific because it is inhibited by the inducing ligand isopropyl-beta-D-thiogalactoside. Thus, it is now possible to show that a chemically synthesized oligodeoxynucleotide can be specifically recognized by its natural regulatory protein.", "contents": "Chemical and enzymatic synthesis of lactose operator of Escherichia coli and its binding to lactose repressor. The 21-nucleotide-long duplex DNA constituting the lactose operator sequence of E. coli has been synthesized by both chemical and enzymatic methods. The synthetic duplex has the essential feature of the lactose operator as seen by its binding to the lactose repressor. The binding of the synthetic operator fragment to the lactose repressor is specific because it is inhibited by the inducing ligand isopropyl-beta-D-thiogalactoside. Thus, it is now possible to show that a chemically synthesized oligodeoxynucleotide can be specifically recognized by its natural regulatory protein.", "PMID": 1108022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1980", "title": "Position of aminoacylation of individual Escherichia coli and yeast tRNAs.", "content": "Transfer RNAs terminating 2'-or 3'-deoxyadenosine were prepared from unfractionated E. coli and yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) tRNAs and purified to remove unmodified tRNAs. The modified tRNA species were assayed for aminoacylation with each of the 20 amino acids to determine the initial position of tRNA aminoacylation. The E. coli and yeast aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases specific for arginine, isoleucine, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine, and valine, as well as the E. coli glutamyl-tRNA synthetase, aminoacylated only those cognate tRNAs terminating in 3'-deoxyadenosine (i.e., those having a 2'-OH group). On the other hand, those E. coli and yeast synthetases specific for alanine, glycine, histidine, lysine, proline, serine, and threonine, as well as the yeast synthetase specific for glutamine, utilized exclusively those tRNAs having an available 3'-OH group on the 3'-terminal nucleoside, while the E. coli and yeast synthetases specific for asparagine, cysteine, and tyrosine, and the yeast aspartyl-tRNA synthetase, utilized both of the modified cognate tRNAs. The only observed difference in specificity between the E. coli and yeast systems was for tRNATrp, which was aminoacylated on the 2'-position in E. coli and the 3'-position in yeast. The results indicate that the initial position of aminoacylation is not uniform for all tRNAs, although for individual tRNAs the specificity has been conserved during the evolution from a prokaryotic to eukaryotic organism.", "contents": "Position of aminoacylation of individual Escherichia coli and yeast tRNAs. Transfer RNAs terminating 2'-or 3'-deoxyadenosine were prepared from unfractionated E. coli and yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) tRNAs and purified to remove unmodified tRNAs. The modified tRNA species were assayed for aminoacylation with each of the 20 amino acids to determine the initial position of tRNA aminoacylation. The E. coli and yeast aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases specific for arginine, isoleucine, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine, and valine, as well as the E. coli glutamyl-tRNA synthetase, aminoacylated only those cognate tRNAs terminating in 3'-deoxyadenosine (i.e., those having a 2'-OH group). On the other hand, those E. coli and yeast synthetases specific for alanine, glycine, histidine, lysine, proline, serine, and threonine, as well as the yeast synthetase specific for glutamine, utilized exclusively those tRNAs having an available 3'-OH group on the 3'-terminal nucleoside, while the E. coli and yeast synthetases specific for asparagine, cysteine, and tyrosine, and the yeast aspartyl-tRNA synthetase, utilized both of the modified cognate tRNAs. The only observed difference in specificity between the E. coli and yeast systems was for tRNATrp, which was aminoacylated on the 2'-position in E. coli and the 3'-position in yeast. The results indicate that the initial position of aminoacylation is not uniform for all tRNAs, although for individual tRNAs the specificity has been conserved during the evolution from a prokaryotic to eukaryotic organism.", "PMID": 1108023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1981", "title": "Studies on nucleic acid reassociation kinetics: empirical equations describing DNA reassociation.", "content": "The rate of appearance of duplex DNA renaturation, measured with single strand specific nuclease, deviates significantly from a second order reaction. Measurements reported in paper I of this series indicate an inhibition in the rate of reassociation of single strand tails on partially reassociated molecules by a factor of at least two. Equations are derived that describe the observed form of reassociation kinetics as measured with hydroxyapatite and with single strand specific nuclease. The free parameter that describes the extent of inhibition of nucleation with single strand tails in these equations has been evaluated by least squares methods and agrees with the experimentally measured value.", "contents": "Studies on nucleic acid reassociation kinetics: empirical equations describing DNA reassociation. The rate of appearance of duplex DNA renaturation, measured with single strand specific nuclease, deviates significantly from a second order reaction. Measurements reported in paper I of this series indicate an inhibition in the rate of reassociation of single strand tails on partially reassociated molecules by a factor of at least two. Equations are derived that describe the observed form of reassociation kinetics as measured with hydroxyapatite and with single strand specific nuclease. The free parameter that describes the extent of inhibition of nucleation with single strand tails in these equations has been evaluated by least squares methods and agrees with the experimentally measured value.", "PMID": 1108024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1982", "title": "Visualization of prokaryotic DNA in a regularly condensed chromatin-like fiber.", "content": "Electron microscopy of disrupted Escherichia coli cells under certain conditions revealed loops of a fiber 120 A in diameter which were attached to the cell envelope and showed a 130 A repeating beaded substructure. These fibers were detected only when the cells were lysed in 0.15 M NaCl solutions directly on the electron microscope supporting films and if the dehydration steps began within 2 min of lysis. Under these conditions examination of cells lysogenic for phage lambda after superinfection with lambda wild type or deletion mutants disclosed short loops of a 120 A diameter fiber free of the cell envelope. Because the contour length of these loops was proportionate to the DNA content of the superinfecting lambda phage, it was concluded that the fibers contained DNA condensed 6.5-fold in blocks of about 250 base pairs.", "contents": "Visualization of prokaryotic DNA in a regularly condensed chromatin-like fiber. Electron microscopy of disrupted Escherichia coli cells under certain conditions revealed loops of a fiber 120 A in diameter which were attached to the cell envelope and showed a 130 A repeating beaded substructure. These fibers were detected only when the cells were lysed in 0.15 M NaCl solutions directly on the electron microscope supporting films and if the dehydration steps began within 2 min of lysis. Under these conditions examination of cells lysogenic for phage lambda after superinfection with lambda wild type or deletion mutants disclosed short loops of a 120 A diameter fiber free of the cell envelope. Because the contour length of these loops was proportionate to the DNA content of the superinfecting lambda phage, it was concluded that the fibers contained DNA condensed 6.5-fold in blocks of about 250 base pairs.", "PMID": 1108025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1983", "title": "Comparison of three hemolytic plaque assays using sheep and mouse erythrocytes as antigens in rats.", "content": "Several hemolytic plaque assays using spleen cells from rats immunized with sheep or mouse erythrocytes were compared. Modifications of the assays were made to define optimal conditions. Mrbc in assays with guinea pig complement yield a much reduced number of plaques than is observed when human complement is used. In contrast, no difference in numbers is noted with Srbc regardless of complement source. The use of Srbc in an assay technique that does not employ agarose is more sensitive than techniques that require agarose; the result is a 50-100% increase in the number of plaques. This increase in plaque number was observed with either guinea pig or human complement.  In contrast, there was considerable clumping of Mrbc in the absence of agarose which tended to obscure distinct plaque formation. Increased sensitivity of plaque development for Srbc in the absence of agarose was due to increased numbers of direct (IgM) plaque detection and not to concomitant detection of cells producing IgG (indirect plaques). Maximal detection of plaques with Mrbc was observed when human complement was used in assays containing agarose. These assays gave a threefold increase in plaque numbers when compared with assays without agarose. It is evident from the above that the most sensitive and reproducible hemolytic plaque assay to be used by an investigator will depend primarily upon the antigen, and on reagents selected for the test.", "contents": "Comparison of three hemolytic plaque assays using sheep and mouse erythrocytes as antigens in rats. Several hemolytic plaque assays using spleen cells from rats immunized with sheep or mouse erythrocytes were compared. Modifications of the assays were made to define optimal conditions. Mrbc in assays with guinea pig complement yield a much reduced number of plaques than is observed when human complement is used. In contrast, no difference in numbers is noted with Srbc regardless of complement source. The use of Srbc in an assay technique that does not employ agarose is more sensitive than techniques that require agarose; the result is a 50-100% increase in the number of plaques. This increase in plaque number was observed with either guinea pig or human complement.  In contrast, there was considerable clumping of Mrbc in the absence of agarose which tended to obscure distinct plaque formation. Increased sensitivity of plaque development for Srbc in the absence of agarose was due to increased numbers of direct (IgM) plaque detection and not to concomitant detection of cells producing IgG (indirect plaques). Maximal detection of plaques with Mrbc was observed when human complement was used in assays containing agarose. These assays gave a threefold increase in plaque numbers when compared with assays without agarose. It is evident from the above that the most sensitive and reproducible hemolytic plaque assay to be used by an investigator will depend primarily upon the antigen, and on reagents selected for the test.", "PMID": 1108037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1984", "title": "Evidence for the dark repair of ultraviolet damage in Saccharomyces cerevisiae mitochondrial DNA.", "content": "Evidence for the dark repair of ultraviolet damage to yeast mitochondrial DNA has been observed. The ultraviolet dose necessary to inflict significant damage to both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA was determined. Cell survival at large doses of ultraviolet light was observed after immediate and delayed plating of yeast onto 1% pyruvate and 1% glucose media. In the highly lethal dose ranges of irradiation an increase in the number of normal colonies appeared after a period of liquid holding and delayed plating. This increase, demonstrated separately on 1% glucose and 1% pyruvate media suggested that the repair of both mitochondrial and nuclear DNA had occurred. After low doses of ultraviolet light an actual decrease in the number of petite survivors was seen after delayed plating, even though the total number of survivors increased. When a known repair inhibitor, caffeine, was added to the liquid holding buffer prior to the delayed plating of yeast, a marked decrease in the number of petites did not occur after delayed plating. Therefore, the decrease in the number of petite survivors after delayed plating following low doses of ultraviolet light is attributed to the repair of yeast mitochondrial DNA.", "contents": "Evidence for the dark repair of ultraviolet damage in Saccharomyces cerevisiae mitochondrial DNA. Evidence for the dark repair of ultraviolet damage to yeast mitochondrial DNA has been observed. The ultraviolet dose necessary to inflict significant damage to both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA was determined. Cell survival at large doses of ultraviolet light was observed after immediate and delayed plating of yeast onto 1% pyruvate and 1% glucose media. In the highly lethal dose ranges of irradiation an increase in the number of normal colonies appeared after a period of liquid holding and delayed plating. This increase, demonstrated separately on 1% glucose and 1% pyruvate media suggested that the repair of both mitochondrial and nuclear DNA had occurred. After low doses of ultraviolet light an actual decrease in the number of petite survivors was seen after delayed plating, even though the total number of survivors increased. When a known repair inhibitor, caffeine, was added to the liquid holding buffer prior to the delayed plating of yeast, a marked decrease in the number of petites did not occur after delayed plating. Therefore, the decrease in the number of petite survivors after delayed plating following low doses of ultraviolet light is attributed to the repair of yeast mitochondrial DNA.", "PMID": 1108038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1985", "title": "Effect of short-term castration and starvation upon hypothalamic content of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone in adult male rats.", "content": "A sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay for hypothalamic LH-RH has been described. Within 7 days after castration there is a significant decline in hypothalamic content of LH-RH in adult male rats. Total starvation for 7 days does not affect hypothalamic content of LH-RH in either intact or castrated rats.", "contents": "Effect of short-term castration and starvation upon hypothalamic content of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone in adult male rats. A sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay for hypothalamic LH-RH has been described. Within 7 days after castration there is a significant decline in hypothalamic content of LH-RH in adult male rats. Total starvation for 7 days does not affect hypothalamic content of LH-RH in either intact or castrated rats.", "PMID": 1108039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1986", "title": "Origin of antibody-dependent, lymphoid-cell-independent hemolytic plaques in rabbit spleen cell cultures.", "content": "This report describes a phenomenon that may be a significant source of error in the data acquired from hemolytic plaque assays of lymphocyte cultures. The data show that background antibody in the normal-serum supplement of the culture medium does not actually support initiation of a vigorous primary-type plaque-forming cell (PFC) response to sheep erythrocytes (SE). Instead, the background antibody causes the development of numerous spurious lymphoid-cell-independent plaques (LCIP). In general agreement with the literature, primary-type rabbit spleen cell responses in vitro were low in culture media supplemented with fetal bovine serum, a serum which does not contain background antibodies to SE.", "contents": "Origin of antibody-dependent, lymphoid-cell-independent hemolytic plaques in rabbit spleen cell cultures. This report describes a phenomenon that may be a significant source of error in the data acquired from hemolytic plaque assays of lymphocyte cultures. The data show that background antibody in the normal-serum supplement of the culture medium does not actually support initiation of a vigorous primary-type plaque-forming cell (PFC) response to sheep erythrocytes (SE). Instead, the background antibody causes the development of numerous spurious lymphoid-cell-independent plaques (LCIP). In general agreement with the literature, primary-type rabbit spleen cell responses in vitro were low in culture media supplemented with fetal bovine serum, a serum which does not contain background antibodies to SE.", "PMID": 1108040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1987", "title": "Effects of allogenic and effector cells on the development of antibody-producing cells, in vitro.", "content": "Effects of allogenic and effector spleen cells on the development of anti-SRBC plaque-forming cells from target spleen cells in vitro were studied. Addition of allogeneic cells resulted in various degrees of suppression of target cell PFC production. This allogeneic suppression could be abolished by pretreating the cells with either uv or X irradiation. Addition of effector cells to target spleen cell cultures markedly suppressed PFC production. Effector cell suppression of PFC production was anti-BAtheta serum-sensitive and radiation-resistant.", "contents": "Effects of allogenic and effector cells on the development of antibody-producing cells, in vitro. Effects of allogenic and effector spleen cells on the development of anti-SRBC plaque-forming cells from target spleen cells in vitro were studied. Addition of allogeneic cells resulted in various degrees of suppression of target cell PFC production. This allogeneic suppression could be abolished by pretreating the cells with either uv or X irradiation. Addition of effector cells to target spleen cell cultures markedly suppressed PFC production. Effector cell suppression of PFC production was anti-BAtheta serum-sensitive and radiation-resistant.", "PMID": 1108041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1988", "title": "Influence of lead and cadmium on the susceptibility of rats to bacterial challenge.", "content": "Intravenous administration of an acute dose of lead acetate or cadmium acetate enhanced the susceptibility of rats to intravenous challenge with E. coli by approximately 1000-fold. Since equivalent vulnerability of lead- or cadmium-treated rats to killed E. coli was observed, toxicity is probably due to the endotoxin content of the bacteria. This postulate is further supported by the observation that equal doses of the Gram-positive bacteria, Staphylococci epidermidis, failed to elicit lethality in the acute lead-intoxicated rats. The synthetic glucocorticoid, methylprednisolone, prevented lethality induced by the Gram-negative bacteria in lead-treated rats. It did not, however, afford significant protection in cadmium-treated rats in the presence of E. coli. Marked alterations in hepatic morphology were apparent in both lead- and cadmium-treated rats challenged with E. coli.", "contents": "Influence of lead and cadmium on the susceptibility of rats to bacterial challenge. Intravenous administration of an acute dose of lead acetate or cadmium acetate enhanced the susceptibility of rats to intravenous challenge with E. coli by approximately 1000-fold. Since equivalent vulnerability of lead- or cadmium-treated rats to killed E. coli was observed, toxicity is probably due to the endotoxin content of the bacteria. This postulate is further supported by the observation that equal doses of the Gram-positive bacteria, Staphylococci epidermidis, failed to elicit lethality in the acute lead-intoxicated rats. The synthetic glucocorticoid, methylprednisolone, prevented lethality induced by the Gram-negative bacteria in lead-treated rats. It did not, however, afford significant protection in cadmium-treated rats in the presence of E. coli. Marked alterations in hepatic morphology were apparent in both lead- and cadmium-treated rats challenged with E. coli.", "PMID": 1108042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1989", "title": "Effect of acute infection and endotoxemia on zinc absorption in the rat.", "content": "Intestinal zinc absorption was found to be significantly increased during acute bacterial infection and endotoxemia in the rat. Although serum zinc concentrations were depressed, there was a significant accumulation of 65Zn in the livers of the stressed animals. This study demonstrates that acute inflammation produces a redistribution of zinc within the host, which results in both increased zinc absorption and retention.", "contents": "Effect of acute infection and endotoxemia on zinc absorption in the rat. Intestinal zinc absorption was found to be significantly increased during acute bacterial infection and endotoxemia in the rat. Although serum zinc concentrations were depressed, there was a significant accumulation of 65Zn in the livers of the stressed animals. This study demonstrates that acute inflammation produces a redistribution of zinc within the host, which results in both increased zinc absorption and retention.", "PMID": 1108043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1990", "title": "Human figure drawings by children with Duchenne's muscular dystrophy.", "content": "Seventy-two human figure drawings by forty-three patients who had a diagnosis of Duchenne's muscular dystrophy were examined. The study includes a description of these human figure drawings according to eleven emotional indicators and according to directionality quadrants. When the human figure drawings were used as a projective tool, four personality traits of some of the children were identified: physical inadequacy, immaturity, body anxiety, and insecurity. Both the emotional indicators and the quadrant in which the figures appeared were examined in relation to stages of the disease process to see if the human figure drawings of the children might reflect more stress and anxiety at a particular stage of the disease. Suggestions for improvements and recommendations for future study are given.", "contents": "Human figure drawings by children with Duchenne's muscular dystrophy. Seventy-two human figure drawings by forty-three patients who had a diagnosis of Duchenne's muscular dystrophy were examined. The study includes a description of these human figure drawings according to eleven emotional indicators and according to directionality quadrants. When the human figure drawings were used as a projective tool, four personality traits of some of the children were identified: physical inadequacy, immaturity, body anxiety, and insecurity. Both the emotional indicators and the quadrant in which the figures appeared were examined in relation to stages of the disease process to see if the human figure drawings of the children might reflect more stress and anxiety at a particular stage of the disease. Suggestions for improvements and recommendations for future study are given.", "PMID": 1108054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1991", "title": "[On the philosophical genealogy of Freud].", "content": "The origins of psycho-analysis, like those of every other medico-psychological study, have their own particular scientific and specific social, historical and philosophical-theoretical presuppositions. Freud's philosophical genealogy is closely linked to classical german philosophy and subsequent philosophical movements. I. Kant, J.-F. Herbart, A. Schopenhauer, F. Nietzsche, E. v. Hartmann, G. T. Fechner, E. Mach, W. Ostwald, L. Feuerbach and others did not only emphasise the significance of drives and the unconscious in human behaviour, they also described many psychological mechanisms from depth psychology, (for example repression, condensation, substitution, sublimation). Some false theoretical trends in psycho-analysis (biologism, psychologism and simplifying psycho-energetics to simplify) can be explained to some extent by the influences mentioned above.", "contents": "[On the philosophical genealogy of Freud]. The origins of psycho-analysis, like those of every other medico-psychological study, have their own particular scientific and specific social, historical and philosophical-theoretical presuppositions. Freud's philosophical genealogy is closely linked to classical german philosophy and subsequent philosophical movements. I. Kant, J.-F. Herbart, A. Schopenhauer, F. Nietzsche, E. v. Hartmann, G. T. Fechner, E. Mach, W. Ostwald, L. Feuerbach and others did not only emphasise the significance of drives and the unconscious in human behaviour, they also described many psychological mechanisms from depth psychology, (for example repression, condensation, substitution, sublimation). Some false theoretical trends in psycho-analysis (biologism, psychologism and simplifying psycho-energetics to simplify) can be explained to some extent by the influences mentioned above.", "PMID": 1108066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1992", "title": "[Carl Hohnbaum, the life and work of a distinguished neurologist, founder of the contemporary Hildburghausen District Hospital].", "content": "Carl Hohnbaum was the founder of what is now the Hildburghausen District Mental Hospital. He was born at Coburg in 1780, called to Hildburghausen in 1805 after having been active as a general practitioner for a short time, and appointed chief medical officer of the former Duchy. He devoted much of his time and effort to improving medical care for the inmates, and he thus made a meritorious contribution to the treatment of mental and emotional disorders. Hohnbaum was one of the most productive medical writers of his time. He died in 1855. In an obituary published in the Village Paper he was designated as one of Hildburghausen's \"most distinguished and eminent\" citizens.", "contents": "[Carl Hohnbaum, the life and work of a distinguished neurologist, founder of the contemporary Hildburghausen District Hospital]. Carl Hohnbaum was the founder of what is now the Hildburghausen District Mental Hospital. He was born at Coburg in 1780, called to Hildburghausen in 1805 after having been active as a general practitioner for a short time, and appointed chief medical officer of the former Duchy. He devoted much of his time and effort to improving medical care for the inmates, and he thus made a meritorious contribution to the treatment of mental and emotional disorders. Hohnbaum was one of the most productive medical writers of his time. He died in 1855. In an obituary published in the Village Paper he was designated as one of Hildburghausen's \"most distinguished and eminent\" citizens.", "PMID": 1108067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1993", "title": "Gilbert's first night anxiety.", "content": "W. S. Gilbert, librettist of the Gilbert and Sullivan operas, suffered from such extreme anxiety at the opening night performance of his plays that he was unable to remain in the theater. This paper explores the dynamics behind Gilbert's first night anxiety, utilizing his literary works as well as biographical and autobiographical sources.", "contents": "Gilbert's first night anxiety. W. S. Gilbert, librettist of the Gilbert and Sullivan operas, suffered from such extreme anxiety at the opening night performance of his plays that he was unable to remain in the theater. This paper explores the dynamics behind Gilbert's first night anxiety, utilizing his literary works as well as biographical and autobiographical sources.", "PMID": 1108071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1994", "title": "The effects of n-dipropylacetate on the acquisition of conditioned behaviour with negative reinforcement in mice.", "content": "n-Dipropylacetate (nDPA), at a dose of 100 mg/kg, has a facilitating action on the acquisition of conditioned reactions with negative reinforcement in mice. On the other hand, nDPA reduces the number of conditioned reactions with a dose of 200 mg/kg. These effects of nDPA on conditioned behaviour are correlated with the increase of the level of brain gamma-aminobutyric acid, following administration of nDPA.", "contents": "The effects of n-dipropylacetate on the acquisition of conditioned behaviour with negative reinforcement in mice. n-Dipropylacetate (nDPA), at a dose of 100 mg/kg, has a facilitating action on the acquisition of conditioned reactions with negative reinforcement in mice. On the other hand, nDPA reduces the number of conditioned reactions with a dose of 200 mg/kg. These effects of nDPA on conditioned behaviour are correlated with the increase of the level of brain gamma-aminobutyric acid, following administration of nDPA.", "PMID": 1108073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1995", "title": "The De Carvalho and acid-barium tests in the demonstration of an unsuspected gastro-oesophageal reflux and its related oesophagitis.", "content": "Importance of the water and acid-barium tests (De Carvalho and Donner tests) was proved in a large series of cases demonstrating an unknown gastro-oesophageal reflux and an associated oesophagitis.", "contents": "The De Carvalho and acid-barium tests in the demonstration of an unsuspected gastro-oesophageal reflux and its related oesophagitis. Importance of the water and acid-barium tests (De Carvalho and Donner tests) was proved in a large series of cases demonstrating an unknown gastro-oesophageal reflux and an associated oesophagitis.", "PMID": 1108101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1996", "title": "Total body irradiation in the management of malignant lymphoma.", "content": "A pilot study for the evaluation of fractionated total body irradiation in the management of disseminated lymphomas is reported. Nine patients were treated in the period February - August, 1973. A telecobalt unit with treatment distance of 328 cm was used. Daily fractions of 15 rad total body dose measured in the midpelvic plane were given for the first 5 days. Thereafter a dose of 10--15 rad per session was given every other day or at longer intervals depending on the leukocyte and thrombocyte count. The total dose for a full course varied between 200 and 265 rad in 5--12 weeks. The results of the study demonstrate the value of total body irradiation in the treatment of patients with stage III lymphosarcoma, and potentially in the management of disseminated mycosis fungoidis.", "contents": "Total body irradiation in the management of malignant lymphoma. A pilot study for the evaluation of fractionated total body irradiation in the management of disseminated lymphomas is reported. Nine patients were treated in the period February - August, 1973. A telecobalt unit with treatment distance of 328 cm was used. Daily fractions of 15 rad total body dose measured in the midpelvic plane were given for the first 5 days. Thereafter a dose of 10--15 rad per session was given every other day or at longer intervals depending on the leukocyte and thrombocyte count. The total dose for a full course varied between 200 and 265 rad in 5--12 weeks. The results of the study demonstrate the value of total body irradiation in the treatment of patients with stage III lymphosarcoma, and potentially in the management of disseminated mycosis fungoidis.", "PMID": 1108102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1997", "title": "Immunosuppressive anticancer drugs in man: their oncogenic potential.", "content": "As therapy of cancer becomes more sucessful, the number of long-term survivors is increasing. In addition, cancer chemotherapeutic drugs are being used as immunosuppressive agents in the chronic treatment of non-neoplastic diseases. The long-range hazards of therapy are a serious consideration in these two groups of patients. This brief review examines the potential oncogenic as well as co-oncogenic hazards of cancer chemotherapy in man. Many of these drugs are oncogenic and/or co-oncogenic in experimental animals.", "contents": "Immunosuppressive anticancer drugs in man: their oncogenic potential. As therapy of cancer becomes more sucessful, the number of long-term survivors is increasing. In addition, cancer chemotherapeutic drugs are being used as immunosuppressive agents in the chronic treatment of non-neoplastic diseases. The long-range hazards of therapy are a serious consideration in these two groups of patients. This brief review examines the potential oncogenic as well as co-oncogenic hazards of cancer chemotherapy in man. Many of these drugs are oncogenic and/or co-oncogenic in experimental animals.", "PMID": 1108104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1998", "title": "Granulomatous disease of the intestinal tract (Crohn's disease).", "content": "In a landmark lecture on this disease, the author presents his experience with some 8,000 cases of regional enteritis and 4,000 of granulomatous colitis. The paper is divided into sections on the history, pathology, pathogenesis, roentgen findings, and course of the disease. The main thrust of the paper is the extensive roentgen analysis of granulomatous disease, with a discussion of differential diagnosis, especially from ulcerative colitis. Through the years, the author has been impressed with certain clinical and roentgen features of this malady (his Ten Principles of Crohn's Disease) which are carefully reviewed.", "contents": "Granulomatous disease of the intestinal tract (Crohn's disease). In a landmark lecture on this disease, the author presents his experience with some 8,000 cases of regional enteritis and 4,000 of granulomatous colitis. The paper is divided into sections on the history, pathology, pathogenesis, roentgen findings, and course of the disease. The main thrust of the paper is the extensive roentgen analysis of granulomatous disease, with a discussion of differential diagnosis, especially from ulcerative colitis. Through the years, the author has been impressed with certain clinical and roentgen features of this malady (his Ten Principles of Crohn's Disease) which are carefully reviewed.", "PMID": 1108108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_1999", "title": "Computed tomography with the EMI scanner in the diagnosis of primary and metastatic intracranial neoplasms.", "content": "The findings and diagnostic results in 600 examinations of primary and metastatic intracranial neoplasms performed at one hospital with the EMI scanner are presented and the effectiveness of this method is compared with that of radionuclide imaging, cerebral angiography, and pneumoencephalography. The computed scan proved to be highly reliable in the diagnosis of glioma, cerebral metastases, meningioma, and acoustic neuroma.", "contents": "Computed tomography with the EMI scanner in the diagnosis of primary and metastatic intracranial neoplasms. The findings and diagnostic results in 600 examinations of primary and metastatic intracranial neoplasms performed at one hospital with the EMI scanner are presented and the effectiveness of this method is compared with that of radionuclide imaging, cerebral angiography, and pneumoencephalography. The computed scan proved to be highly reliable in the diagnosis of glioma, cerebral metastases, meningioma, and acoustic neuroma.", "PMID": 1108109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2000", "title": "Atraumatic evaluation of myocardial revascularization procedures with 43K1.", "content": "Least-squares regression analysis was computerized to provide functional color images of myocardial perfusion patterns. In 8 of the 9 patients studied, changes in pattern indicated that the revascularization procedure speeded the appearance time and/or net rate of 43K uptake. The functional images correlated well with coronary arteriograms made before and after surgery. This noninvasive isotope technique may prove to be clinically useful in (a) evaluating coronary artery disease, (b) defining the remaining viable myocardium when an aneurysm is present, and (c) determining the effectiveness of the revascularization procedure.", "contents": "Atraumatic evaluation of myocardial revascularization procedures with 43K1. Least-squares regression analysis was computerized to provide functional color images of myocardial perfusion patterns. In 8 of the 9 patients studied, changes in pattern indicated that the revascularization procedure speeded the appearance time and/or net rate of 43K uptake. The functional images correlated well with coronary arteriograms made before and after surgery. This noninvasive isotope technique may prove to be clinically useful in (a) evaluating coronary artery disease, (b) defining the remaining viable myocardium when an aneurysm is present, and (c) determining the effectiveness of the revascularization procedure.", "PMID": 1108110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2001", "title": "Improved isolation, separation and cytochemistry of living cells.", "content": "1. This paper describes improved methods of obtaining, purifying and studying bulk suspensions of isolated living hepatocytes and other cells of adult rats and urodeles. 2. The cells were isolated largely by dissolving the hepatic ground substance through the extracorporeal portal perfusion and further incubation of the excised liver with 0.05% collagenase and 0.1% hyaluronidase. The different kinds of cells were then separated from one another by counter-current centrifugation. The isolated cells were examined by differential interference, phase-contrast, amplitude-contrast, ultraviolet, fluorescence and electron microscopy. Various cytochemical tests were carried out. Whenever possible, for each method of examination, the isolated cells were compared with cells of the same kind which had not undergone isolation. 3. Dye-exclusion, lysochromy, fluorescence and differential interference microscopical analysis indicated viability rates between 75 and 99%. Succinate dehydrogenase activity was preserved at a high level in nearly all isolated cells. In hepatocytes, the essentially extracellular cells. In hepatocytes, the essentially extracellular 'soluble' alkaline phosphatase activity of bile canaliculi was retained. Living hepatocytes were studied by super-modulating methods of microscopy for the first time, with somewhat unexpected findings. It now seems probable that previous methods of tissue preparation produced gross alterations in hepatocyte mitochondria. The assessment of the viability of isolated cells was re-examined. 4. The methods described may permit a more meaningful correlation between biochemical, cytochemical, ultrastructural and biophysical findings than that obtainable by the use of current methods.", "contents": "Improved isolation, separation and cytochemistry of living cells. 1. This paper describes improved methods of obtaining, purifying and studying bulk suspensions of isolated living hepatocytes and other cells of adult rats and urodeles. 2. The cells were isolated largely by dissolving the hepatic ground substance through the extracorporeal portal perfusion and further incubation of the excised liver with 0.05% collagenase and 0.1% hyaluronidase. The different kinds of cells were then separated from one another by counter-current centrifugation. The isolated cells were examined by differential interference, phase-contrast, amplitude-contrast, ultraviolet, fluorescence and electron microscopy. Various cytochemical tests were carried out. Whenever possible, for each method of examination, the isolated cells were compared with cells of the same kind which had not undergone isolation. 3. Dye-exclusion, lysochromy, fluorescence and differential interference microscopical analysis indicated viability rates between 75 and 99%. Succinate dehydrogenase activity was preserved at a high level in nearly all isolated cells. In hepatocytes, the essentially extracellular cells. In hepatocytes, the essentially extracellular 'soluble' alkaline phosphatase activity of bile canaliculi was retained. Living hepatocytes were studied by super-modulating methods of microscopy for the first time, with somewhat unexpected findings. It now seems probable that previous methods of tissue preparation produced gross alterations in hepatocyte mitochondria. The assessment of the viability of isolated cells was re-examined. 4. The methods described may permit a more meaningful correlation between biochemical, cytochemical, ultrastructural and biophysical findings than that obtainable by the use of current methods.", "PMID": 1108111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2002", "title": "Temperature and vision.", "content": "Published information concerning the influence of temperature in the physiological range (0-40 degrees) on various aspects of the visual process in invertebrates and vertebrates (poikilotherms and homeotherms) is reviewed. Bleaching and regeneration of scotopic and photopic pigments is influenced by temperature; so is the porphyropsin-rhodopsin ratio in fresh-water fishes. Effect on electrophysiological responses such as early receptor potential (ERP), electroretinogram (ERG) and its flicker fusion frequencies (FFF), S-potentials, glial membrane optic nerve and brain responses is presented. Histophysiological responses such as photomechanical or retinomotor responses are influenced by temperature. It also affects behavioural responses such as innate light reflexes, colour change, sensitivity, threshold acuity, FFF, spectral sensitivity and conditioned responses. General aspects such as oxygen consumption of the retina, acid formation and survival times are discussed with reference to their modification by temperature. Theoretical aspects such as the interaction between light and thermal energy in the absorption of a photon by a molecule, and available equations for comparing the effect of temperature on biological processes are also discussed. An attempt is made to draw a coherent picture and to discuss the significance of the thermal influence on vision to the animal. New avenues of research are also indicated. One hundred and eighty-eight (188) references are cited.", "contents": "Temperature and vision. Published information concerning the influence of temperature in the physiological range (0-40 degrees) on various aspects of the visual process in invertebrates and vertebrates (poikilotherms and homeotherms) is reviewed. Bleaching and regeneration of scotopic and photopic pigments is influenced by temperature; so is the porphyropsin-rhodopsin ratio in fresh-water fishes. Effect on electrophysiological responses such as early receptor potential (ERP), electroretinogram (ERG) and its flicker fusion frequencies (FFF), S-potentials, glial membrane optic nerve and brain responses is presented. Histophysiological responses such as photomechanical or retinomotor responses are influenced by temperature. It also affects behavioural responses such as innate light reflexes, colour change, sensitivity, threshold acuity, FFF, spectral sensitivity and conditioned responses. General aspects such as oxygen consumption of the retina, acid formation and survival times are discussed with reference to their modification by temperature. Theoretical aspects such as the interaction between light and thermal energy in the absorption of a photon by a molecule, and available equations for comparing the effect of temperature on biological processes are also discussed. An attempt is made to draw a coherent picture and to discuss the significance of the thermal influence on vision to the animal. New avenues of research are also indicated. One hundred and eighty-eight (188) references are cited.", "PMID": 1108124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2003", "title": "Similarity of acetaldehyde and sulfhydryl reagent actions on the perfused guinea pig heart.", "content": "The effects of acetaldehyde (1 mM) and two known sulfhydryl reagents, diamide (0.25 mM) and cystamine (0.5 mM), on the perfused guinea pig heart were compared and were found to be markedly similar. All compounds increased heart rate and coronary flow. Dichloroisoproterenol blocked the increase in heart rate but not the increase in coronary flow. It is concluded that acetaldehyde may produce its effects by reaction with cellular thiols.", "contents": "Similarity of acetaldehyde and sulfhydryl reagent actions on the perfused guinea pig heart. The effects of acetaldehyde (1 mM) and two known sulfhydryl reagents, diamide (0.25 mM) and cystamine (0.5 mM), on the perfused guinea pig heart were compared and were found to be markedly similar. All compounds increased heart rate and coronary flow. Dichloroisoproterenol blocked the increase in heart rate but not the increase in coronary flow. It is concluded that acetaldehyde may produce its effects by reaction with cellular thiols.", "PMID": 1108126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2004", "title": "Resting bradycardia of exercise training: a concept based on currently available data.", "content": "The classic view that the resting bradycardia of exercise training is due to an increase in the tonic discharge of the vagi is no longer tenable; If it were true, full doses of atropine would accelerate the heart to a greater extent in the athletic animal. All investigators agree that the reverse is the case. Some workers report a decrease in cardiac sympathetic influence after training. This would cause a preponderance of vagal influence which may decrease to a lesser extent than the sympathetics or may not change at all. Several studies have demonstrated that training causes a distinct slowing of the intrinsic rate of the pacemaker. It is concluded that two factors operate to lower the resting heart rate after athletic training: 1) slowing of the intrinsic rate of the pacemaker, 2) Increase in cholinergic predominance on the pacemaker frequency as a result of a decrease in adrenergic influence. Vagal influence per se seems either to remain the same or to decrease slightly in the athlete compared to the nonathelete. It appears that slowing of the intrinsic rate plays a more important role, a factor that has been hitherto overlooked. The mechanisms underlying these changes remain obscure.", "contents": "Resting bradycardia of exercise training: a concept based on currently available data. The classic view that the resting bradycardia of exercise training is due to an increase in the tonic discharge of the vagi is no longer tenable; If it were true, full doses of atropine would accelerate the heart to a greater extent in the athletic animal. All investigators agree that the reverse is the case. Some workers report a decrease in cardiac sympathetic influence after training. This would cause a preponderance of vagal influence which may decrease to a lesser extent than the sympathetics or may not change at all. Several studies have demonstrated that training causes a distinct slowing of the intrinsic rate of the pacemaker. It is concluded that two factors operate to lower the resting heart rate after athletic training: 1) slowing of the intrinsic rate of the pacemaker, 2) Increase in cholinergic predominance on the pacemaker frequency as a result of a decrease in adrenergic influence. Vagal influence per se seems either to remain the same or to decrease slightly in the athlete compared to the nonathelete. It appears that slowing of the intrinsic rate plays a more important role, a factor that has been hitherto overlooked. The mechanisms underlying these changes remain obscure.", "PMID": 1108127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2005", "title": "[Etiology of Paget's disease of bone].", "content": "The etiology of Paget's disease is just as doubtful in 1975 as it was in 1876 when Sir James Paget described the disease. The authors analyse the etiology on the basis of 100 personal cases and the literature. Although there are undoubtedly familial cases of the disease, investigation of the leucocyte grouping of 46 patients with Paget's disease did not reveal any correlation between occurrence of the disease and the HL-A antigens. Various pathological associations have been reported in the literature and were also found in this series. These associations were at the limits of coincidence (inflammatory rheumatism, diffuse chondrocalcinosis, multiple myeloma...). Metabolic changes (hyperuricaemia, hyperglycaemia, dyslipidaemia) did not appear to be more frequent than in control patients. Involvement of elastic tissue and the presence of pseudocrystalline inclusions in the osteoclasts constitute interesting points for discussion.", "contents": "[Etiology of Paget's disease of bone]. The etiology of Paget's disease is just as doubtful in 1975 as it was in 1876 when Sir James Paget described the disease. The authors analyse the etiology on the basis of 100 personal cases and the literature. Although there are undoubtedly familial cases of the disease, investigation of the leucocyte grouping of 46 patients with Paget's disease did not reveal any correlation between occurrence of the disease and the HL-A antigens. Various pathological associations have been reported in the literature and were also found in this series. These associations were at the limits of coincidence (inflammatory rheumatism, diffuse chondrocalcinosis, multiple myeloma...). Metabolic changes (hyperuricaemia, hyperglycaemia, dyslipidaemia) did not appear to be more frequent than in control patients. Involvement of elastic tissue and the presence of pseudocrystalline inclusions in the osteoclasts constitute interesting points for discussion.", "PMID": 1108161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2006", "title": "[The cardiovascular manifestations of Paget's disease].", "content": "After reviewing the old ideas (peripheral syndrome and cardiac insufficiency at high outputs) and more recent ideas (arterial and intracardiac vascular calcification), the authors report their experiences based on the study of the histories of 150 patients suffering from Paget's disease followed for several years. First they emphasize the frequent latency of cardiac manifestations looked for systematically by means of the electrocardiogram particularly during evolutive stages of the disease. Electrocardiographic disturbances were observed 91 times and included 43 cases of conduction disorders and 48 of repolarization disorders; their distribution was studied as a function of various inherent parameters, of the patient (age and sex) and of the disease (its evolutive character and its degree of diffusion). On the basis of the anti-arythmic power of calcitonin found during experiments and obtained excellent results three times. Finally the place of cardiovascular manifestations in the pathogenic hypotheses and nosology of Paget's disease is discussed.", "contents": "[The cardiovascular manifestations of Paget's disease]. After reviewing the old ideas (peripheral syndrome and cardiac insufficiency at high outputs) and more recent ideas (arterial and intracardiac vascular calcification), the authors report their experiences based on the study of the histories of 150 patients suffering from Paget's disease followed for several years. First they emphasize the frequent latency of cardiac manifestations looked for systematically by means of the electrocardiogram particularly during evolutive stages of the disease. Electrocardiographic disturbances were observed 91 times and included 43 cases of conduction disorders and 48 of repolarization disorders; their distribution was studied as a function of various inherent parameters, of the patient (age and sex) and of the disease (its evolutive character and its degree of diffusion). On the basis of the anti-arythmic power of calcitonin found during experiments and obtained excellent results three times. Finally the place of cardiovascular manifestations in the pathogenic hypotheses and nosology of Paget's disease is discussed.", "PMID": 1108162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2007", "title": "[The neurologic complications of Paget's disease].", "content": "There are several neurological complications of Paget's disease. They may concern the medulla, the cauda equina, and also the cerebral trunk, the cranial nerves, and the brain. Complications are rare when the great frequency of Paget's disease is considered. But they should be recognized because they constitute an aspect of the disease the treatment of which is usually well tolerated of even negligible. The signs of involvement of the medulla, of the cauda equina, and those which complicate the basilar impressions usually develop in a progressive and not very spectacular fashion. Nevertheless, they should be recognized as soon as possible so that therapeutic measures may be taken. The results of modern medical treatments, calcitonin, cellulolytic medications, and possibly others are already sufficiently established to justify their use initially. Indications for surgical treatment appear when a check in medical therapy is observed after three months of treatment.", "contents": "[The neurologic complications of Paget's disease]. There are several neurological complications of Paget's disease. They may concern the medulla, the cauda equina, and also the cerebral trunk, the cranial nerves, and the brain. Complications are rare when the great frequency of Paget's disease is considered. But they should be recognized because they constitute an aspect of the disease the treatment of which is usually well tolerated of even negligible. The signs of involvement of the medulla, of the cauda equina, and those which complicate the basilar impressions usually develop in a progressive and not very spectacular fashion. Nevertheless, they should be recognized as soon as possible so that therapeutic measures may be taken. The results of modern medical treatments, calcitonin, cellulolytic medications, and possibly others are already sufficiently established to justify their use initially. Indications for surgical treatment appear when a check in medical therapy is observed after three months of treatment.", "PMID": 1108163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2008", "title": "[Radiculomedullary compressions by osteosarcoma and by giant cell tumor of the spine occurring in Paget's disease].", "content": "Two complications of Paget's disease are presented : they include an osteogenic sarcoma and a giant-cell tumour (GCT) of the lumbar spine with a radiculo-medullary compression syndrome. The rarity of sarcomatous degeneration of the spine affected by Paget's disease is emphasized and also the unusual character of the spinal GCT which develop in the presence of Paget's disease. As in the present case, it is often difficult to confirm the benign or malignant character of a GCT and the principal criteria of this classification are discussed.", "contents": "[Radiculomedullary compressions by osteosarcoma and by giant cell tumor of the spine occurring in Paget's disease]. Two complications of Paget's disease are presented : they include an osteogenic sarcoma and a giant-cell tumour (GCT) of the lumbar spine with a radiculo-medullary compression syndrome. The rarity of sarcomatous degeneration of the spine affected by Paget's disease is emphasized and also the unusual character of the spinal GCT which develop in the presence of Paget's disease. As in the present case, it is often difficult to confirm the benign or malignant character of a GCT and the principal criteria of this classification are discussed.", "PMID": 1108164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2009", "title": "[Neurosensory complications of Paget's disease].", "content": "The authors made a bibliographic study and report their conclusions with reference to problems concerning a personal series of 17 patients who had undergone an ocular examination, a cranial radiography studying the joint, a bilateral radiotomographic study of the ossicles and of the petrosal bone, an audiogram, and a bilateral electronystagmogram: 1. the rarity of angioid striae, the existence of which, in the view of the authors, does not allow Paget's disease to be included within the framework of the systemized elastorrhexis, 2. the frequency of ocular vascular lesions, 3. deafness is a constant phenomenon, when the cranial arch is affected usually in combination with other lesions ;  the deafness is sometimes of transmission or sometimes of perception, but it can precede the cranial lesions. The signs of these can be found radiologically in the chain of ossicles and in the cochlea by means of special projections. The part played by basilar pressure in this deafness is negligible. Labyrinth disorders are rarely met.", "contents": "[Neurosensory complications of Paget's disease]. The authors made a bibliographic study and report their conclusions with reference to problems concerning a personal series of 17 patients who had undergone an ocular examination, a cranial radiography studying the joint, a bilateral radiotomographic study of the ossicles and of the petrosal bone, an audiogram, and a bilateral electronystagmogram: 1. the rarity of angioid striae, the existence of which, in the view of the authors, does not allow Paget's disease to be included within the framework of the systemized elastorrhexis, 2. the frequency of ocular vascular lesions, 3. deafness is a constant phenomenon, when the cranial arch is affected usually in combination with other lesions ;  the deafness is sometimes of transmission or sometimes of perception, but it can precede the cranial lesions. The signs of these can be found radiologically in the chain of ossicles and in the cochlea by means of special projections. The part played by basilar pressure in this deafness is negligible. Labyrinth disorders are rarely met.", "PMID": 1108165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2010", "title": "[Deafness and Paget's disease].", "content": "Cases of deafness due to Paget's disease can be separated into two types : (1) deafness of a mainly mixed type in which progressive aggravation occurs particularly in the inner ear, and (2) perceptional deafness which progresses without involvement of the transmission apparatus. Among 35 hospitalized patients with Paget's disease, 21 of whom suffered cranial involvement, 18 cases of deafness related to the bone disease were discovered by means of systematic examinations. The deafness was of the mixed type in 11 cases and of the perceptional type in the other 7. Of the 11 patients with the mixed type of deafness with an ankylosis syndrome of the ossicles, 3 were operated upon : one of them underwent an operation to mobilize the stapes, and the two others underwent total stapedectomy followed by venous interposition and the positioning of a Teflon piston. The long-term results were frankly disappointing and did not suggest that these attempts at surgical treatment should be followed up. Calcitonin was employed in 9 patients (6 with mixed deafness and 3 with perception type deafness), with comparative audiograms in 5 cases, and was also not very effective : this lack of effect was a result of the long duration of the Paget's disease and of the deafness in the patients treated. The value of hormonal treatment in cases of deafness associated with Paget's disease will probably be in the prevention of this complication.", "contents": "[Deafness and Paget's disease]. Cases of deafness due to Paget's disease can be separated into two types : (1) deafness of a mainly mixed type in which progressive aggravation occurs particularly in the inner ear, and (2) perceptional deafness which progresses without involvement of the transmission apparatus. Among 35 hospitalized patients with Paget's disease, 21 of whom suffered cranial involvement, 18 cases of deafness related to the bone disease were discovered by means of systematic examinations. The deafness was of the mixed type in 11 cases and of the perceptional type in the other 7. Of the 11 patients with the mixed type of deafness with an ankylosis syndrome of the ossicles, 3 were operated upon : one of them underwent an operation to mobilize the stapes, and the two others underwent total stapedectomy followed by venous interposition and the positioning of a Teflon piston. The long-term results were frankly disappointing and did not suggest that these attempts at surgical treatment should be followed up. Calcitonin was employed in 9 patients (6 with mixed deafness and 3 with perception type deafness), with comparative audiograms in 5 cases, and was also not very effective : this lack of effect was a result of the long duration of the Paget's disease and of the deafness in the patients treated. The value of hormonal treatment in cases of deafness associated with Paget's disease will probably be in the prevention of this complication.", "PMID": 1108166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2011", "title": "[Problems posed during surgical repair of a gunshot wound in the mandible].", "content": "The authors present a case of a balistic lesion of the labio-mental region after attempted suicide. They expose the different procedures used for its repair and attempt to analyze the problems which arose from the therapeutic standpoint. They lay stress on the necessity to immobilize these mandibular fragments in good occlusion, as rapidly as possibly.", "contents": "[Problems posed during surgical repair of a gunshot wound in the mandible]. The authors present a case of a balistic lesion of the labio-mental region after attempted suicide. They expose the different procedures used for its repair and attempt to analyze the problems which arose from the therapeutic standpoint. They lay stress on the necessity to immobilize these mandibular fragments in good occlusion, as rapidly as possibly.", "PMID": 1108168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2012", "title": "[Midfacial necrosis: a propos of 2 cases and review of the literature].", "content": "Two patients presenting the clinical characteristics of the \"Lethal Midline Granuloma\" are discussed. In the first case, the autopsy allowed the final diagnosis of a histiocytic medullary reticulosis (Robb-Smith). For the second patient the late evolution and the final biopsy gave the diagnosis of malignant reticulosis without further detail. These two cases prove that for a midface necrosis no final diagnosis can be obtained without an extensive clinical examination and autopsy material. There are numerous arguments to consider the \"Lethal Midline Granuloma\" as a clinical term which can cover several pathological entities. A classification is proposed.", "contents": "[Midfacial necrosis: a propos of 2 cases and review of the literature]. Two patients presenting the clinical characteristics of the \"Lethal Midline Granuloma\" are discussed. In the first case, the autopsy allowed the final diagnosis of a histiocytic medullary reticulosis (Robb-Smith). For the second patient the late evolution and the final biopsy gave the diagnosis of malignant reticulosis without further detail. These two cases prove that for a midface necrosis no final diagnosis can be obtained without an extensive clinical examination and autopsy material. There are numerous arguments to consider the \"Lethal Midline Granuloma\" as a clinical term which can cover several pathological entities. A classification is proposed.", "PMID": 1108169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2013", "title": "[An original method of plastic surgery after treatment of cancer of the lower lip by resection].", "content": "Oncological surgery leads to tissue loss which must be urgently compensated for in the facial region. Thus oncological facial surgery is the result of two components: excision surgery and restorative surgery which are in continuous contradiction, but which must attain perfect unity. By the method described, it is possible to carry out at a single intervention, scraping, excision and plastic repair, in this order, with maximum sparing of the other topographical regions of the face. It is indicated in limited lesions or on the contrary very wide-spread lesions of the lower lip, ensuring good anatomical and functional results.", "contents": "[An original method of plastic surgery after treatment of cancer of the lower lip by resection]. Oncological surgery leads to tissue loss which must be urgently compensated for in the facial region. Thus oncological facial surgery is the result of two components: excision surgery and restorative surgery which are in continuous contradiction, but which must attain perfect unity. By the method described, it is possible to carry out at a single intervention, scraping, excision and plastic repair, in this order, with maximum sparing of the other topographical regions of the face. It is indicated in limited lesions or on the contrary very wide-spread lesions of the lower lip, ensuring good anatomical and functional results.", "PMID": 1108170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2014", "title": "Noise reduction of ECG by averaging. An experimental study of the procedure and a validated method.", "content": "Electrical noise often hampers the interpretation of ECG and other heart-synchronous signals. Time-coherent averaging is a commonly used method to reduce the noise. This method has been implemented on a computer with 12,000 12-bit words of core memory, suitable for on-line use in any clinical laboratory. An analysis was made of which demands apply to the exactness of synchronization of added heart cycles. The method was tested with respect to these demands and also, on a limited scale, for its efficiency in eliminating ectopic beats from the average.", "contents": "Noise reduction of ECG by averaging. An experimental study of the procedure and a validated method. Electrical noise often hampers the interpretation of ECG and other heart-synchronous signals. Time-coherent averaging is a commonly used method to reduce the noise. This method has been implemented on a computer with 12,000 12-bit words of core memory, suitable for on-line use in any clinical laboratory. An analysis was made of which demands apply to the exactness of synchronization of added heart cycles. The method was tested with respect to these demands and also, on a limited scale, for its efficiency in eliminating ectopic beats from the average.", "PMID": 1108174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2015", "title": "Selective culturing of Yersinia enterocolitica at a low temperature.", "content": "Stool specimens from patients with suspected Yersinia enterocolitica (Y. ent.) infection were cultured at +4 degrees C in a nutrient broth for 5 days and at the same time the same stool specimens were cultured by the routine method of the laboratory. The routine method gave 34 Y. ent. isolations. Selective culturing at +4 degrees C succeeded in isolation of the same 34 Y. ent. strains but also 15 further strains or a 44% increase in yield. Serial dilutions in broth of 34 strains of Y. ent., 7 strains of Y. pseudotuberculosis and 14 strains of other gram-negative enterobacteria were cultured at +4 degrees C. Colony counts were performed from each dilution after 2 and 5 days. Human pathogenic strains of Y. ent. (serotype 3, 8, 9) increased markedly at +4 degrees C in contrast to the other gram-negative enterobacteria.", "contents": "Selective culturing of Yersinia enterocolitica at a low temperature. Stool specimens from patients with suspected Yersinia enterocolitica (Y. ent.) infection were cultured at +4 degrees C in a nutrient broth for 5 days and at the same time the same stool specimens were cultured by the routine method of the laboratory. The routine method gave 34 Y. ent. isolations. Selective culturing at +4 degrees C succeeded in isolation of the same 34 Y. ent. strains but also 15 further strains or a 44% increase in yield. Serial dilutions in broth of 34 strains of Y. ent., 7 strains of Y. pseudotuberculosis and 14 strains of other gram-negative enterobacteria were cultured at +4 degrees C. Colony counts were performed from each dilution after 2 and 5 days. Human pathogenic strains of Y. ent. (serotype 3, 8, 9) increased markedly at +4 degrees C in contrast to the other gram-negative enterobacteria.", "PMID": 1108175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2016", "title": "The effect of doxycycline and tetracycline hydrochloride on the aerobic fecal flora, with special reference to Escherichia coli.", "content": "The effect on the aerobic faecal flora of a 10-day course of doxycycline or tetracycline hydrochloride was compared in 36 patients with acute infections mainly of respiratory origin. The patients were treated in hospital with a well-developed barrier nursing technique. The proportions of isolates of Escherichia coli resistant to tetracyclines were significantly lower after 10 days' treatment with doxycycline (80%) as well as one month later (24%), compared to the figures for tetracycline HCI (100% and 46%, respectively). The resistant strains selected during therapy probably represented the community flora. Only a small increase in multiresistant strains occurred and no identical strains were found in different patients. Thus, it seems possible to limit the biological side-effects of tetracyclines by a good barrier nursing technique. An increase in the number of E. coli resistant to tetracyclines cannot be avoided, but is more limited when doxycycline is used.", "contents": "The effect of doxycycline and tetracycline hydrochloride on the aerobic fecal flora, with special reference to Escherichia coli. The effect on the aerobic faecal flora of a 10-day course of doxycycline or tetracycline hydrochloride was compared in 36 patients with acute infections mainly of respiratory origin. The patients were treated in hospital with a well-developed barrier nursing technique. The proportions of isolates of Escherichia coli resistant to tetracyclines were significantly lower after 10 days' treatment with doxycycline (80%) as well as one month later (24%), compared to the figures for tetracycline HCI (100% and 46%, respectively). The resistant strains selected during therapy probably represented the community flora. Only a small increase in multiresistant strains occurred and no identical strains were found in different patients. Thus, it seems possible to limit the biological side-effects of tetracyclines by a good barrier nursing technique. An increase in the number of E. coli resistant to tetracyclines cannot be avoided, but is more limited when doxycycline is used.", "PMID": 1108176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2017", "title": "Complications of transrectal aspiration biopsy of the prostate.", "content": "Four cases of coli-sepsis, one with a fatal outcome have been observed after more than 14 000 transrectal aspiration biopsies (TAB) of the prostate performed at Karolinska Sjukhuset with Franz\u00e9n's apparatus. A few cases of transient febrile reaction and urinary contamination after TAB of the prostate have also been recognised. One of the patients with sepsis and two with febrile reactions belonged to a relatively small group of patients referred from the Department of Rheumatology. These observations prompted the present study. The records of all the patients referred for TAB of the prostate from the Department of Rheumatology were reviewed. Four complications (three patients with febrile reaction and growth of E. coli in the urine and one case of sepsis) were observed after 63 biopsies in 51 patients (6.3%). The patient with sepsis and two other patients with complications belonged to a group of 32 patients with proven rheumatic disease (chronic polyarthritis): 42 biopsies had been performed in this particular group of patients, bringing the incidence of complication to 7.1%. For comparison the records of 294 patients from the Department of Urology submitted to TAB of the prostate were also reviewed. Complications in the form of transient febrile reactions were found in five cases after 508 biopsies (1.0%). In addition, three cases of coli-sepsis not belonging to the above-mentioned groups are briefly described as case reports. Patients with rheumatic disease (chronic polyarthritis) seem to run a higher risk of complications after TAB of the prostate. Sepsis from E. coli is a rare but serious complication which can develop into, often fatal, endotoxin shock. TAB of the prostate should therefore be restricted to cases with clinical suspicion of prostatic malignancy.", "contents": "Complications of transrectal aspiration biopsy of the prostate. Four cases of coli-sepsis, one with a fatal outcome have been observed after more than 14 000 transrectal aspiration biopsies (TAB) of the prostate performed at Karolinska Sjukhuset with Franz\u00e9n's apparatus. A few cases of transient febrile reaction and urinary contamination after TAB of the prostate have also been recognised. One of the patients with sepsis and two with febrile reactions belonged to a relatively small group of patients referred from the Department of Rheumatology. These observations prompted the present study. The records of all the patients referred for TAB of the prostate from the Department of Rheumatology were reviewed. Four complications (three patients with febrile reaction and growth of E. coli in the urine and one case of sepsis) were observed after 63 biopsies in 51 patients (6.3%). The patient with sepsis and two other patients with complications belonged to a group of 32 patients with proven rheumatic disease (chronic polyarthritis): 42 biopsies had been performed in this particular group of patients, bringing the incidence of complication to 7.1%. For comparison the records of 294 patients from the Department of Urology submitted to TAB of the prostate were also reviewed. Complications in the form of transient febrile reactions were found in five cases after 508 biopsies (1.0%). In addition, three cases of coli-sepsis not belonging to the above-mentioned groups are briefly described as case reports. Patients with rheumatic disease (chronic polyarthritis) seem to run a higher risk of complications after TAB of the prostate. Sepsis from E. coli is a rare but serious complication which can develop into, often fatal, endotoxin shock. TAB of the prostate should therefore be restricted to cases with clinical suspicion of prostatic malignancy.", "PMID": 1108177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2018", "title": "A modified nephrostomy in the management of urinary fistula after renal transplantation.", "content": "A technique for complete urinary diversion was used in the management of urinary fistula following renal transplantation. Nephrostomy was modified by closing the renal pelvis at the ureteropelvic junction. No impairment of renal function occurred. In the presence of infection, it is reasonable first to treat the infection and postpone the reconstructive procedure until the infection has subsided.", "contents": "A modified nephrostomy in the management of urinary fistula after renal transplantation. A technique for complete urinary diversion was used in the management of urinary fistula following renal transplantation. Nephrostomy was modified by closing the renal pelvis at the ureteropelvic junction. No impairment of renal function occurred. In the presence of infection, it is reasonable first to treat the infection and postpone the reconstructive procedure until the infection has subsided.", "PMID": 1108178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2019", "title": "Sudden massive hemorrhage after renal transplantation.", "content": "Five cases of sudden massive hemorrhage after renal transplantation are reported. It is supposed that an infective arteritis with damage of the artery wall caused the observed disruption of the arteries. Prompt ligation far from the infected site is recommended as necessary to prevent recurrence of the bleeding and to afford the best possibility for survival.", "contents": "Sudden massive hemorrhage after renal transplantation. Five cases of sudden massive hemorrhage after renal transplantation are reported. It is supposed that an infective arteritis with damage of the artery wall caused the observed disruption of the arteries. Prompt ligation far from the infected site is recommended as necessary to prevent recurrence of the bleeding and to afford the best possibility for survival.", "PMID": 1108179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2020", "title": "The effects of beta-adrenergic agents on the contractility of transplanted canine heart.", "content": "The effects of isoprenaline and adrenalin on the myocardial contractility of transplanted heart were studied in 6 mongrel dogs which had undergone orthotopic cardiac transplantation. Isoprenaline and adrenaline produced a fall in end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes, and an increase in stroke volume, cardiac output and velocity of contraction when the heart rate was increased. Similar changes were observed in 4 mongrel dogs tested as controls, with the exception of a less pronounced increase of cardiac output after administration of isoprenaline and adrenalin and a fall in stroke volume associated with a higher acceleration of heart rate after administration of isoprenaline. These minor differences between the transplanted and intact heart were thought to be a reflexion of the increased blood volume following heart transplantation.", "contents": "The effects of beta-adrenergic agents on the contractility of transplanted canine heart. The effects of isoprenaline and adrenalin on the myocardial contractility of transplanted heart were studied in 6 mongrel dogs which had undergone orthotopic cardiac transplantation. Isoprenaline and adrenaline produced a fall in end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes, and an increase in stroke volume, cardiac output and velocity of contraction when the heart rate was increased. Similar changes were observed in 4 mongrel dogs tested as controls, with the exception of a less pronounced increase of cardiac output after administration of isoprenaline and adrenalin and a fall in stroke volume associated with a higher acceleration of heart rate after administration of isoprenaline. These minor differences between the transplanted and intact heart were thought to be a reflexion of the increased blood volume following heart transplantation.", "PMID": 1108180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2021", "title": "Oscillography and digital pulse plethysmography in occlusive disease of the subclavian artery and the brachiocephalic trunk. A pre- and postoperative study.", "content": "Patients with occlusive disease of the subclavian artery or brachiocephalic trunk were examined by oscillography (17 cases) and digital pulse plethysmography (19 cases) before and after reconstruction of the occluded vessel. Before surgery the oscillographic amplitudes were significantly lower on the occluded than the contralateral arm, with no difference between the registration levels. Shape analysis of the digital pulse curve recordings gave significant differences in all variables, between the occluded and the contralateral arm, inclination time and RAMP25 being most sensitive. Idential studies repeated up to 6 months after surgery demonstrated a marked increase in oscillometric amplitudes at all levels on the operated side. In the digital pulse-curve recordings the greatest improvement was found in inclination time and RAMP25.", "contents": "Oscillography and digital pulse plethysmography in occlusive disease of the subclavian artery and the brachiocephalic trunk. A pre- and postoperative study. Patients with occlusive disease of the subclavian artery or brachiocephalic trunk were examined by oscillography (17 cases) and digital pulse plethysmography (19 cases) before and after reconstruction of the occluded vessel. Before surgery the oscillographic amplitudes were significantly lower on the occluded than the contralateral arm, with no difference between the registration levels. Shape analysis of the digital pulse curve recordings gave significant differences in all variables, between the occluded and the contralateral arm, inclination time and RAMP25 being most sensitive. Idential studies repeated up to 6 months after surgery demonstrated a marked increase in oscillometric amplitudes at all levels on the operated side. In the digital pulse-curve recordings the greatest improvement was found in inclination time and RAMP25.", "PMID": 1108181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2022", "title": "[Experiences with allogeneic and isogeneic bone marrow transplantations in aplastic anemia and acute leukemia].", "content": "A report is presented on 13 clinical bone marrow transplantations (BMT). Six of 6 patients with refractory aplastic anemia are presently alive with partial to complete hemopoetic reconstitution now lasting up to 3 years and more. It is shown that after immunosuppression with ALG and cyclophosphamide, followed by BMT, the patient's own hemopoetic system can recover. Two failures occurred in patients over 50 years of age and in one who had donor transfusions before the graft. Two of 4 patients grafted for acute refractory leukemia are alive, one being in complete remission on day 140. One died from interstitial pneumonia and one had no take although the donor was an identical twin. This patient had been on a maintenance program which included active immunotherapy.", "contents": "[Experiences with allogeneic and isogeneic bone marrow transplantations in aplastic anemia and acute leukemia]. A report is presented on 13 clinical bone marrow transplantations (BMT). Six of 6 patients with refractory aplastic anemia are presently alive with partial to complete hemopoetic reconstitution now lasting up to 3 years and more. It is shown that after immunosuppression with ALG and cyclophosphamide, followed by BMT, the patient's own hemopoetic system can recover. Two failures occurred in patients over 50 years of age and in one who had donor transfusions before the graft. Two of 4 patients grafted for acute refractory leukemia are alive, one being in complete remission on day 140. One died from interstitial pneumonia and one had no take although the donor was an identical twin. This patient had been on a maintenance program which included active immunotherapy.", "PMID": 1108182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2023", "title": "[Evaluation of new histocompatibility tests for bone marrow transplantation].", "content": "Histocompatibility testing has been performed in the families of 20 patients with aplastic anemia or acute leukemia, in order to identify a compatible donor for marrow transplantation. In several cases, the interpretation of the tests has been difficult because of abnormalities in the immune reactivity of patients' lymphocytes. Humoral or cellular immunization against donor incompatible antigens seems to prevent a \"take\" of the graft or a subsequent hematological remission.", "contents": "[Evaluation of new histocompatibility tests for bone marrow transplantation]. Histocompatibility testing has been performed in the families of 20 patients with aplastic anemia or acute leukemia, in order to identify a compatible donor for marrow transplantation. In several cases, the interpretation of the tests has been difficult because of abnormalities in the immune reactivity of patients' lymphocytes. Humoral or cellular immunization against donor incompatible antigens seems to prevent a \"take\" of the graft or a subsequent hematological remission.", "PMID": 1108183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2024", "title": "[Neutropenia in disorders of the neutrophil motility].", "content": "A 51-year-old patient exhibited severe neutropenia over a period of 12 months following lobectomy for carcinoma of the lung. Marrow neutrophil mass and marrow neutrophil production were measured quantitatively and were within normal limits. Mobilization into a skin window was absent. A defect in neutrophil motility could be demonstrated in vitro and was confirmed in vivo by poor neutrophil release from the marrow following injection of hydrocortisone; it thus represented a lazy leukocyte syndrome of the adult.", "contents": "[Neutropenia in disorders of the neutrophil motility]. A 51-year-old patient exhibited severe neutropenia over a period of 12 months following lobectomy for carcinoma of the lung. Marrow neutrophil mass and marrow neutrophil production were measured quantitatively and were within normal limits. Mobilization into a skin window was absent. A defect in neutrophil motility could be demonstrated in vitro and was confirmed in vivo by poor neutrophil release from the marrow following injection of hydrocortisone; it thus represented a lazy leukocyte syndrome of the adult.", "PMID": 1108184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2025", "title": "[Connective tissue suspension in blade implantations. Preliminary report].", "content": "An investigation on blade implants is in process. These implants represent endstanding abutments of fixed bridgework. It was found that the implants, adapting to heavy masticatory stresses, show a response in the bone representing a connective tissue suspension.", "contents": "[Connective tissue suspension in blade implantations. Preliminary report]. An investigation on blade implants is in process. These implants represent endstanding abutments of fixed bridgework. It was found that the implants, adapting to heavy masticatory stresses, show a response in the bone representing a connective tissue suspension.", "PMID": 1108185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2026", "title": "[Problems of prosthetic treatment following preprosthetic measures in the maxilla].", "content": "The experiences with prosthetic treatment of the maxilla, following praeprosthetic surgery have been examined. It is of significance that this surgical intervention does not always result in a more favorable jawform and interalveolar relationship, factors which help determine the stability of the denture during mastication. The postoperative prosthodontic treatment of maxillary resorption remains problematical quite often becoming still more complicated because of additional problems in part undiagnosed by the dentist. Some of these problems and their solutions are discussed in a clinical case. The importance of denture stability during mastication independent of other retentive factors is emphasized as well as an occlusion coordinated with the \"condyle in fossacentric\" and the chewing strokes. The disregard of these stabilizing and retentive factors is too frequently the cause of praeoperative as well as postoperative failure in addition to contributing to accelerated residual ridge resorption.", "contents": "[Problems of prosthetic treatment following preprosthetic measures in the maxilla]. The experiences with prosthetic treatment of the maxilla, following praeprosthetic surgery have been examined. It is of significance that this surgical intervention does not always result in a more favorable jawform and interalveolar relationship, factors which help determine the stability of the denture during mastication. The postoperative prosthodontic treatment of maxillary resorption remains problematical quite often becoming still more complicated because of additional problems in part undiagnosed by the dentist. Some of these problems and their solutions are discussed in a clinical case. The importance of denture stability during mastication independent of other retentive factors is emphasized as well as an occlusion coordinated with the \"condyle in fossacentric\" and the chewing strokes. The disregard of these stabilizing and retentive factors is too frequently the cause of praeoperative as well as postoperative failure in addition to contributing to accelerated residual ridge resorption.", "PMID": 1108186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2027", "title": "Microtubule assembly and the intracellular transport of secretory granules in pancreatic islets.", "content": "Polymerized and depolymerized tubulin were measured in pancreatic islets under various physiological and pharmacological conditions. Variations in insulin release from islets of fed or fasted rats were accompanied by concomitant changes in tubulin polymerization. Glucose induced the formation of microtubules in vitro independent of extracellular calcium. Total and polymerized tubulin content were decreased by fasting and restored by glucose feeding.", "contents": "Microtubule assembly and the intracellular transport of secretory granules in pancreatic islets. Polymerized and depolymerized tubulin were measured in pancreatic islets under various physiological and pharmacological conditions. Variations in insulin release from islets of fed or fasted rats were accompanied by concomitant changes in tubulin polymerization. Glucose induced the formation of microtubules in vitro independent of extracellular calcium. Total and polymerized tubulin content were decreased by fasting and restored by glucose feeding.", "PMID": 1108194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2028", "title": "The neural crest and the origin of the insulin-producing and other gastrointestinal hormone-producing cells.", "content": "It has been proposed that the endocrine cells of the digestive tract derive from the neuroectoderm (neural crest). To test this hypothesis we removed the entire ectoderm, the precursor of the neural crest, of embryonic rats prior to the formation of the neural crest and cultured the mesoendoderm for 11 days. In every case where a pancreas developed, insulin was detected or B cells were observed. Thus, a neural crest origin for these cells is eiliminated.", "contents": "The neural crest and the origin of the insulin-producing and other gastrointestinal hormone-producing cells. It has been proposed that the endocrine cells of the digestive tract derive from the neuroectoderm (neural crest). To test this hypothesis we removed the entire ectoderm, the precursor of the neural crest, of embryonic rats prior to the formation of the neural crest and cultured the mesoendoderm for 11 days. In every case where a pancreas developed, insulin was detected or B cells were observed. Thus, a neural crest origin for these cells is eiliminated.", "PMID": 1108195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2029", "title": "Blockage of ovulation in rats by inhibitory analogs of luteinizing hormones-releasing hormone.", "content": "An antagonist of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH). [D-Phe2-Phe3-D-Phe6]-LH-RH (Phe, phenylalanine), suppressed luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) release in male rats in response to LH-RH for at least 4 hours. Three subcutaneous injection of 1 milligram of this antagonist into rats during proestrus completely suppressed ovulation, while a single injection of 1.5 milligrams per rat inhibited 95.3 percent of the preovulatory surge of LH, 84.2 percent of the FSH surge, and suppressed ovulation by 86.4 percent.", "contents": "Blockage of ovulation in rats by inhibitory analogs of luteinizing hormones-releasing hormone. An antagonist of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH). [D-Phe2-Phe3-D-Phe6]-LH-RH (Phe, phenylalanine), suppressed luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) release in male rats in response to LH-RH for at least 4 hours. Three subcutaneous injection of 1 milligram of this antagonist into rats during proestrus completely suppressed ovulation, while a single injection of 1.5 milligrams per rat inhibited 95.3 percent of the preovulatory surge of LH, 84.2 percent of the FSH surge, and suppressed ovulation by 86.4 percent.", "PMID": 1108196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2030", "title": "Haploidploidy and the evolution of the social insect.", "content": "Halminton (1) was apparently the first to appreciate that the synthesis of Mendelian genetics with Darwin's theory of natural selection had profound implications for social theory. In particular, insofar as almost all social behavior is either selfish or altruistic (or has such effects), genetical reasoning suggests that an individual's social behavior should be adjusted to his or her degree of relatedness, r, to all individuals affected by the behavior. We call this theory kinship theory. The social insects provide a critical test of Hamilton's kinship theory. When such theory is combined with the sex ratio theory of Fisher (9), a body of consistent predictions emerges regarding the haplodiploid Hymenoptera. The evolution of female workers helping their mother reproduce is more likely in the Hymenoptera than in diploid groups, provided that such workers lay some of the male-producing eggs or bias the ratio of investment toward reproductive females. Once eusocial colonies appear, certain biases by sex in these colonies are expected to evolve. In general, but especially in eusocial ants, the ratio of investment should be biased in favor of females, and in it is expected to equilibrate at 1 : 3 (male to female). We present evidence from 20 species that the ratio of investment in monogynous ants is, indeed, about 1 : 3, and we subject this discovery to a series of tests. As expected, the slave-making ants produce a ratio of investment of 1 : 1, polygynoys ants produce many more males than expected on the basis of relative dry weight alone, solitary bees and wasps produce a ratio of investment near 1 : 1 (and no greater than 1 : 2), and the social bumblebees produce ratios of investment between 1 : 1 and 1 : 3. In addition, sex ratios in monogynous ants and in trapnested wasps are, as predicted by Fisher, inversely related to the relative cost in these species of producing a male instead of a female. Taken together, these data provide quantitative evidence in support of kinship theory, sex ratio theory, the assumption that the offspring is capable of acting counter to its parents' best interests, and the supposition that haplodiploidy has played a unique role in the evolution of the social insects. Finally, we outline a theory for the evolution of worker-queen conflict, a theory which explains the queen's advantage in competition over male-producing workers and the workers' advantage regarding the ratio of investment. The theory uses the asymmetries of haplodiploidy to explain how the evolved outcome of parent-offspring conflict in the social Hymenoptera is expected to be a function of certain social and life history parameters.", "contents": "Haploidploidy and the evolution of the social insect. Halminton (1) was apparently the first to appreciate that the synthesis of Mendelian genetics with Darwin's theory of natural selection had profound implications for social theory. In particular, insofar as almost all social behavior is either selfish or altruistic (or has such effects), genetical reasoning suggests that an individual's social behavior should be adjusted to his or her degree of relatedness, r, to all individuals affected by the behavior. We call this theory kinship theory. The social insects provide a critical test of Hamilton's kinship theory. When such theory is combined with the sex ratio theory of Fisher (9), a body of consistent predictions emerges regarding the haplodiploid Hymenoptera. The evolution of female workers helping their mother reproduce is more likely in the Hymenoptera than in diploid groups, provided that such workers lay some of the male-producing eggs or bias the ratio of investment toward reproductive females. Once eusocial colonies appear, certain biases by sex in these colonies are expected to evolve. In general, but especially in eusocial ants, the ratio of investment should be biased in favor of females, and in it is expected to equilibrate at 1 : 3 (male to female). We present evidence from 20 species that the ratio of investment in monogynous ants is, indeed, about 1 : 3, and we subject this discovery to a series of tests. As expected, the slave-making ants produce a ratio of investment of 1 : 1, polygynoys ants produce many more males than expected on the basis of relative dry weight alone, solitary bees and wasps produce a ratio of investment near 1 : 1 (and no greater than 1 : 2), and the social bumblebees produce ratios of investment between 1 : 1 and 1 : 3. In addition, sex ratios in monogynous ants and in trapnested wasps are, as predicted by Fisher, inversely related to the relative cost in these species of producing a male instead of a female. Taken together, these data provide quantitative evidence in support of kinship theory, sex ratio theory, the assumption that the offspring is capable of acting counter to its parents' best interests, and the supposition that haplodiploidy has played a unique role in the evolution of the social insects. Finally, we outline a theory for the evolution of worker-queen conflict, a theory which explains the queen's advantage in competition over male-producing workers and the workers' advantage regarding the ratio of investment. The theory uses the asymmetries of haplodiploidy to explain how the evolved outcome of parent-offspring conflict in the social Hymenoptera is expected to be a function of certain social and life history parameters.", "PMID": 1108197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2031", "title": "BCG inhibition of murine leudemia: local suppression and systemic tumor immunity require different doses.", "content": "The quantitative relationship between bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) and tumor cells which are optimal for suppressing the growth of tumor cells in BCG-tumor cell mixtures are detrimental to the development of a sustained, systemic tumor rejection immunity in the LSTRA murine leukemia.", "contents": "BCG inhibition of murine leudemia: local suppression and systemic tumor immunity require different doses. The quantitative relationship between bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) and tumor cells which are optimal for suppressing the growth of tumor cells in BCG-tumor cell mixtures are detrimental to the development of a sustained, systemic tumor rejection immunity in the LSTRA murine leukemia.", "PMID": 1108198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2032", "title": "Melatonin inhibition of the neonatal pituitary response to luteinizing hormone-releasing factor.", "content": "Neonatal rat anterior pituitary glands treated in organ culture with 1 nanomolar luteinzing hormone-releasing factor (LRF) showed a tenfold increase in medium luteinizing hormone (LH) concentrations over control values. Simultaneous treatment of the glands with 1 nanomolar melatonin significantly reduced the stimulatory effect of LRF on release of LH. This finding indicates that melatonin can act directly on the neonatal pituitary to inhibit the LH response to LRF.", "contents": "Melatonin inhibition of the neonatal pituitary response to luteinizing hormone-releasing factor. Neonatal rat anterior pituitary glands treated in organ culture with 1 nanomolar luteinzing hormone-releasing factor (LRF) showed a tenfold increase in medium luteinizing hormone (LH) concentrations over control values. Simultaneous treatment of the glands with 1 nanomolar melatonin significantly reduced the stimulatory effect of LRF on release of LH. This finding indicates that melatonin can act directly on the neonatal pituitary to inhibit the LH response to LRF.", "PMID": 1108199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2033", "title": "Sleep during transcendental meditation.", "content": "Five experienced practitioners of transcendental meditation spent appreciable parts of meditation sesions in sleep stages 2, 3, and 4. Time spent in each sleep stage varied both between sessions for a given subject and between subjects. In addition, we compare electroencephalogram records made during meditation with those made during naps taken at the same time of day. The range of states observed during meditation does not support the view that meditation produces a single, unique state of consciousness.", "contents": "Sleep during transcendental meditation. Five experienced practitioners of transcendental meditation spent appreciable parts of meditation sesions in sleep stages 2, 3, and 4. Time spent in each sleep stage varied both between sessions for a given subject and between subjects. In addition, we compare electroencephalogram records made during meditation with those made during naps taken at the same time of day. The range of states observed during meditation does not support the view that meditation produces a single, unique state of consciousness.", "PMID": 1108200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2034", "title": "Influence of brain and behavior on the immune system.", "content": "It has been shown experimentally that psychosocial processes influence the susceptibility to some infections, to some neoplastic processes, and to some aspects of humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. These psychosocial effects may be related to hypothalamic activity. Reviewing the mechanisms that may be involved in the role of the hypothalamus in immune responses indicates that there is no single mediating factor. Various processes may participate, including the autonomic nervous system and neuroendocrine activity. The research reviewed has been limited primarily to a consideration of the effect of hypothalamic lesions on humoral immune responses. There is some evidence (45, 80) indicating that hypothalamic lesions also modify cell-mediated immune responses. Further research is required to evaluate the effect of the hypothalamus on cell-mediated immunity.", "contents": "Influence of brain and behavior on the immune system. It has been shown experimentally that psychosocial processes influence the susceptibility to some infections, to some neoplastic processes, and to some aspects of humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. These psychosocial effects may be related to hypothalamic activity. Reviewing the mechanisms that may be involved in the role of the hypothalamus in immune responses indicates that there is no single mediating factor. Various processes may participate, including the autonomic nervous system and neuroendocrine activity. The research reviewed has been limited primarily to a consideration of the effect of hypothalamic lesions on humoral immune responses. There is some evidence (45, 80) indicating that hypothalamic lesions also modify cell-mediated immune responses. Further research is required to evaluate the effect of the hypothalamus on cell-mediated immunity.", "PMID": 1108202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2035", "title": "Characterization of a cell-lethal product from the photooxidation of tryptophan: hydrogen peroxide.", "content": "Near-ultraviolet (300 to 400 nanometers) irradiation of saturated, oxygenated solutions of tryptophan in the absence of added sensitizer gives rise to substances that have various biological effects on isolated cells, including mutagenicity and selective lethality to recombination-deficient bacterial mutants. One of these biologically active products has been identified as H2O2, on the basis of spectrometric, chromatographic, chemical, and biological properties. Now H2O2 has been shown to account for the biological activities mentioned above.", "contents": "Characterization of a cell-lethal product from the photooxidation of tryptophan: hydrogen peroxide. Near-ultraviolet (300 to 400 nanometers) irradiation of saturated, oxygenated solutions of tryptophan in the absence of added sensitizer gives rise to substances that have various biological effects on isolated cells, including mutagenicity and selective lethality to recombination-deficient bacterial mutants. One of these biologically active products has been identified as H2O2, on the basis of spectrometric, chromatographic, chemical, and biological properties. Now H2O2 has been shown to account for the biological activities mentioned above.", "PMID": 1108203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2036", "title": "Combined use of ultrasound and nuclear medicine techniques in kidney disease.", "content": "Combined ultrasound and nuclear medicine procedures in the evaluation of urinary-tract disease are essentially limited to the kidneys. They are useful in the evaluation of patients with masses, renal failure, unilateral nonfunctioning kidney, trauma, and transplants. In our experience the combined use of these techniques has increased diagnostic accuracy and in many cases has obviated the need for more complex procedures associated with higher radiation doses. This is an especially important factor in children and in adults in the childbearing age group. We have achieved success with these modalities because of the constant communication between the referring physicians and the ultrasound and nuclear medicine divisions.", "contents": "Combined use of ultrasound and nuclear medicine techniques in kidney disease. Combined ultrasound and nuclear medicine procedures in the evaluation of urinary-tract disease are essentially limited to the kidneys. They are useful in the evaluation of patients with masses, renal failure, unilateral nonfunctioning kidney, trauma, and transplants. In our experience the combined use of these techniques has increased diagnostic accuracy and in many cases has obviated the need for more complex procedures associated with higher radiation doses. This is an especially important factor in children and in adults in the childbearing age group. We have achieved success with these modalities because of the constant communication between the referring physicians and the ultrasound and nuclear medicine divisions.", "PMID": 1108205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2037", "title": "Applications of diagnostic ultrasound and radionuclides to cardiovascular diagnosis. Part II. Cardiovascular disease in the young.", "content": "Echocardiography (ECHO) and radionuclide cardiography have had a significant impact on pediatric cardiology because they have proved to be sensitive enough to permit early diagnosis of many forms of heart disease and in some cases to estimate its severity and to provide information concerning ventricular performance. An overview of the anatomic and functional information that can be obtained from these two methods will be presented first, followed by details concerning the indications for their use and their relative clinical value in various acquired and congenital heart diseases. We have stressed particularly those facets of pediatric cardiac disease that differ most from those in the adult.", "contents": "Applications of diagnostic ultrasound and radionuclides to cardiovascular diagnosis. Part II. Cardiovascular disease in the young. Echocardiography (ECHO) and radionuclide cardiography have had a significant impact on pediatric cardiology because they have proved to be sensitive enough to permit early diagnosis of many forms of heart disease and in some cases to estimate its severity and to provide information concerning ventricular performance. An overview of the anatomic and functional information that can be obtained from these two methods will be presented first, followed by details concerning the indications for their use and their relative clinical value in various acquired and congenital heart diseases. We have stressed particularly those facets of pediatric cardiac disease that differ most from those in the adult.", "PMID": 1108206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2038", "title": "Nuclear medicine and ultrasound in the evaluation of neurologic diseases.", "content": "Echoencephalography and radionuclide brain imaging are used to aid in the diagnosis of a variety of intracranial abnormalities. Because of technical considerations, A-mode rather than B-mode echography must, under most circumstances, be employed for examination of the head. There are technical limitations to echoencephalography, and it tends to be relatively subjective and dependent on the skill of the sonographer. These factors have, to some extent, been responsible for the more limited application of ultrasound to neurologic diagnosis, as compared to the application of radionuclides. The most common use of echoencephalography is in the detection of midline shifts associated with various sequelae of head trauma. Ultrasound has also been used to detect space-occupying lesions, either directly or more usually by determing associated midline displacements. The characterization and follow-up of known lesions with ultrasound has also been described. In the above instances its usefulness is usually as a noninvasive technique complementary to nuclear medicine studies, which under most circumstances are more effective than ultrasound. The evaluation of ventricular enlargement, which is not usually possible per se with radionuclides, is possible with ultrasound. Computerized transverse tomography (CTT) can be applied more efficiently in a routine way in many of the above circumstances, including evaluation of ventricular size. The combination of CTT and nuclear medicine procedures in the brain area is so effective and comprehensive that where these are both available the demand for ultrasound will probably decrease but will not be eliminated.", "contents": "Nuclear medicine and ultrasound in the evaluation of neurologic diseases. Echoencephalography and radionuclide brain imaging are used to aid in the diagnosis of a variety of intracranial abnormalities. Because of technical considerations, A-mode rather than B-mode echography must, under most circumstances, be employed for examination of the head. There are technical limitations to echoencephalography, and it tends to be relatively subjective and dependent on the skill of the sonographer. These factors have, to some extent, been responsible for the more limited application of ultrasound to neurologic diagnosis, as compared to the application of radionuclides. The most common use of echoencephalography is in the detection of midline shifts associated with various sequelae of head trauma. Ultrasound has also been used to detect space-occupying lesions, either directly or more usually by determing associated midline displacements. The characterization and follow-up of known lesions with ultrasound has also been described. In the above instances its usefulness is usually as a noninvasive technique complementary to nuclear medicine studies, which under most circumstances are more effective than ultrasound. The evaluation of ventricular enlargement, which is not usually possible per se with radionuclides, is possible with ultrasound. Computerized transverse tomography (CTT) can be applied more efficiently in a routine way in many of the above circumstances, including evaluation of ventricular size. The combination of CTT and nuclear medicine procedures in the brain area is so effective and comprehensive that where these are both available the demand for ultrasound will probably decrease but will not be eliminated.", "PMID": 1108207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2039", "title": "Comparison of 99mTc-labeled phosphate and phosphonate agents for skeletal imaging.", "content": "The use of 99mTc-labeled phosphate and phosphonate compounds in place of 18F, 85Sr, and 87Sr for bone scintigraphy has become commonplace throughout the world in a relatively short time. The labeling of polyphosphate with 99mTc 4 years ago, followed rapidly by the introduction of 99mTc-labeled pyrophosphate for skeletal imaging, must therefore be regarded as a major contribution to the practice of diagnostic nuclear medicine. The markedly reduced patient radiation exposure and concomitant increase in photon detection efficiency derived from the more favorable physical decay characteristics of 99mTc led to increased sensitivity and resolution and in turn to improved diagnostic efficacy. The subsequent clinical use of the phosphonate complex 99mTc-HEDP represented a further modification of the same basic approach. Current clinical trials with 99mTc-labeled methylene diphosphonic acid (MDP), which appears to demonstrate enhanced biologic properties for scintigraphy of the osseous structures, is the latest example in this series of refinements. This article compares the technetium-labeled agents already in clinical use and, using animal data, contrasts them with several new multifunctional phosphonates and the novel inorganic compound sodium imidodiphosphate (IDP). In addition, an attempt is made to clarify the conflicting evidence in the nuclear medicine literature regarding the relationship between polyphosphate chain length and skeletal uptake.", "contents": "Comparison of 99mTc-labeled phosphate and phosphonate agents for skeletal imaging. The use of 99mTc-labeled phosphate and phosphonate compounds in place of 18F, 85Sr, and 87Sr for bone scintigraphy has become commonplace throughout the world in a relatively short time. The labeling of polyphosphate with 99mTc 4 years ago, followed rapidly by the introduction of 99mTc-labeled pyrophosphate for skeletal imaging, must therefore be regarded as a major contribution to the practice of diagnostic nuclear medicine. The markedly reduced patient radiation exposure and concomitant increase in photon detection efficiency derived from the more favorable physical decay characteristics of 99mTc led to increased sensitivity and resolution and in turn to improved diagnostic efficacy. The subsequent clinical use of the phosphonate complex 99mTc-HEDP represented a further modification of the same basic approach. Current clinical trials with 99mTc-labeled methylene diphosphonic acid (MDP), which appears to demonstrate enhanced biologic properties for scintigraphy of the osseous structures, is the latest example in this series of refinements. This article compares the technetium-labeled agents already in clinical use and, using animal data, contrasts them with several new multifunctional phosphonates and the novel inorganic compound sodium imidodiphosphate (IDP). In addition, an attempt is made to clarify the conflicting evidence in the nuclear medicine literature regarding the relationship between polyphosphate chain length and skeletal uptake.", "PMID": 1108208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2040", "title": "Paget's disease of bone.", "content": "Nuclear medicine techniques are currently playing an important complementary role in the evaluation, management, and follow-up of the patient who is suspected of having Paget's disease of bone. The earlier diagnoses made possible by some of the described techniques should lead to a better understanding of the basic pathophysiology and, in addition, result in improved therapeutic modalities.", "contents": "Paget's disease of bone. Nuclear medicine techniques are currently playing an important complementary role in the evaluation, management, and follow-up of the patient who is suspected of having Paget's disease of bone. The earlier diagnoses made possible by some of the described techniques should lead to a better understanding of the basic pathophysiology and, in addition, result in improved therapeutic modalities.", "PMID": 1108209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2041", "title": "Bone and marrow imaging in sickle cell disease: diagnosis of infarction.", "content": "Sickling of erythrocytes in patients with S-hemoglobin causes marrow and bone infarction. The former can be demonstrated as a lack of 99mTc-sulfur colloid uptake on marrow imaging examination. These defects may resolve or persist long after the acute episode. If the bone is involved in the acute episode, imaging within the first few days of onset of symptoms can show lack of 99mTc-labeled phosphate uptake, usually in a smaller area than that shown by marrow scanning. Follow-up bone imaging shows increased activity, particularly along the circumference of the bone where periosteal reaction can be demonstrated radiographically. Magnification by use of the pinhole collimator provides better definition of the uptake defect and the distribution of the increased reactive uptake. Timing of examination is important. If marrow imaging is performed in an asymptomatic period, the repeat examination during a painful crisis permits differentiation of old and acute marrow infarction. If 99mTc-phosphate imaging is performed after about 2 days of symptoms, acute infarction can be differentiated from osteomyelitis, which it may mimic clinically. Although osteomyelitis may cause no increased activity in the first 48 hr after onset of symptoms, it is characterized by intense focal activity thereafter (see article by Handmaker in this issue). To assist in differentiating bone infection in a site of marrow infarction demonstrated by marrow imaging, serial bone imaging with magnification may be useful. The uptake defect, followed in several days to 2 weeks, by circumferential increased activity, is a different pattern than the homogeneously intense activity of osteomyelitis, but the peripheral distribution may not be apparent on routine imaging. It is hoped that the utilization of these techniques can decrease the emotional and economic costs of prolonged hospitalization for suspected infection and can also expand our knowledge of the complex pathophysiologic changes of sickle cell bone disease.", "contents": "Bone and marrow imaging in sickle cell disease: diagnosis of infarction. Sickling of erythrocytes in patients with S-hemoglobin causes marrow and bone infarction. The former can be demonstrated as a lack of 99mTc-sulfur colloid uptake on marrow imaging examination. These defects may resolve or persist long after the acute episode. If the bone is involved in the acute episode, imaging within the first few days of onset of symptoms can show lack of 99mTc-labeled phosphate uptake, usually in a smaller area than that shown by marrow scanning. Follow-up bone imaging shows increased activity, particularly along the circumference of the bone where periosteal reaction can be demonstrated radiographically. Magnification by use of the pinhole collimator provides better definition of the uptake defect and the distribution of the increased reactive uptake. Timing of examination is important. If marrow imaging is performed in an asymptomatic period, the repeat examination during a painful crisis permits differentiation of old and acute marrow infarction. If 99mTc-phosphate imaging is performed after about 2 days of symptoms, acute infarction can be differentiated from osteomyelitis, which it may mimic clinically. Although osteomyelitis may cause no increased activity in the first 48 hr after onset of symptoms, it is characterized by intense focal activity thereafter (see article by Handmaker in this issue). To assist in differentiating bone infection in a site of marrow infarction demonstrated by marrow imaging, serial bone imaging with magnification may be useful. The uptake defect, followed in several days to 2 weeks, by circumferential increased activity, is a different pattern than the homogeneously intense activity of osteomyelitis, but the peripheral distribution may not be apparent on routine imaging. It is hoped that the utilization of these techniques can decrease the emotional and economic costs of prolonged hospitalization for suspected infection and can also expand our knowledge of the complex pathophysiologic changes of sickle cell bone disease.", "PMID": 1108210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2042", "title": "The benign lymphoepithelial lesion--a harbinger of neoplasia.", "content": "The patient presented had well-documented benign lymphoepithelial lesion, many years before the appearance of neoplastic disease. The relationship between this type of lesion and the later development of neoplasia is unclear, but evidence points to its existence, and further study is needed to clarify its frequency and significance. It appears that in some patients the benign lymphoepithelial lesion is a forerunner of the neoplastic process, and thus may serve as another clinical clue to the early diagnosis of neoplasia, especially that on the lymphoreticuloendothelial cell type.", "contents": "The benign lymphoepithelial lesion--a harbinger of neoplasia. The patient presented had well-documented benign lymphoepithelial lesion, many years before the appearance of neoplastic disease. The relationship between this type of lesion and the later development of neoplasia is unclear, but evidence points to its existence, and further study is needed to clarify its frequency and significance. It appears that in some patients the benign lymphoepithelial lesion is a forerunner of the neoplastic process, and thus may serve as another clinical clue to the early diagnosis of neoplasia, especially that on the lymphoreticuloendothelial cell type.", "PMID": 1108213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2043", "title": "Synthesis of certain puromycin analogues and their use in studying the peptidyl synthetase enzyme of e. coli and rat liver ribosomes.", "content": "The beta-alanyl and L-histidyl analogues of puromycin were synthesized chemically and tested for their ability to release [3H] N-acetylphenylalanine from its tRNA carrier in the rat liver and E. Coli ribosomal systems. Both analogues were found to be inactive in releasing [3H] N-acetylphenylalanine. Reasons for the inactivity of these compounds are discussed in relation to the structure of the puromycin molecule and the requirements for puromycin-like activity.", "contents": "Synthesis of certain puromycin analogues and their use in studying the peptidyl synthetase enzyme of e. coli and rat liver ribosomes. The beta-alanyl and L-histidyl analogues of puromycin were synthesized chemically and tested for their ability to release [3H] N-acetylphenylalanine from its tRNA carrier in the rat liver and E. Coli ribosomal systems. Both analogues were found to be inactive in releasing [3H] N-acetylphenylalanine. Reasons for the inactivity of these compounds are discussed in relation to the structure of the puromycin molecule and the requirements for puromycin-like activity.", "PMID": 1108234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2044", "title": "Carbenicillin in acute renal failure.", "content": "Three septicaemic patients with acute renal failure required carbenicillin. Septicaemia was caused by Pseudomonas in 2 patients and by Serratia marcescens in the third. Therapy in the first 2 patients was complicated by massive gastro-intestinal and uterine bleeding. Septicaemia in the third patient was initially uncontrolled owing to inadequate serum levels of carbenicillin, despite increased dosage as renal function improved. The problems and indications for the use of carbenicillin in renal failure are discussed and the possible relationship to bleeding diathesis is considered.", "contents": "Carbenicillin in acute renal failure. Three septicaemic patients with acute renal failure required carbenicillin. Septicaemia was caused by Pseudomonas in 2 patients and by Serratia marcescens in the third. Therapy in the first 2 patients was complicated by massive gastro-intestinal and uterine bleeding. Septicaemia in the third patient was initially uncontrolled owing to inadequate serum levels of carbenicillin, despite increased dosage as renal function improved. The problems and indications for the use of carbenicillin in renal failure are discussed and the possible relationship to bleeding diathesis is considered.", "PMID": 1108235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2045", "title": "History of mental health services in South Africa. Part XI. Services for alcoholics.", "content": "The earliest services for alcoholics in South Africa were begun by private organisations. The first legal steps were taken in 1911. The number of alcoholics in South Africa is discussed and a report on the 'tot system' is given. The facilities for the treatment of alcoholics are described, with special reference to the role of the Department of Social Welfare and the South African National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence.", "contents": "History of mental health services in South Africa. Part XI. Services for alcoholics. The earliest services for alcoholics in South Africa were begun by private organisations. The first legal steps were taken in 1911. The number of alcoholics in South Africa is discussed and a report on the 'tot system' is given. The facilities for the treatment of alcoholics are described, with special reference to the role of the Department of Social Welfare and the South African National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence.", "PMID": 1108236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2046", "title": "History of mental health in South Africa. Part XII. Services for criminals, delinquents and psychopaths.", "content": "The development in the United States of psychiatric services for delinquents and criminals, which had a considerable influence on mental health services in South Africa, is described. It was followed by the appointment of court psychiatrists in thsi country, mainly to assist the Children's Courts. The findings of the Rumpff Commission on the responsibility of the mentally deranged persons are described, and psychiatric services for children are discussed.", "contents": "History of mental health in South Africa. Part XII. Services for criminals, delinquents and psychopaths. The development in the United States of psychiatric services for delinquents and criminals, which had a considerable influence on mental health services in South Africa, is described. It was followed by the appointment of court psychiatrists in thsi country, mainly to assist the Children's Courts. The findings of the Rumpff Commission on the responsibility of the mentally deranged persons are described, and psychiatric services for children are discussed.", "PMID": 1108238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2047", "title": "Factors influencing morbidity and mortality of renal transplantation in a high risk population.", "content": "A group of 37 patients with 39 renal transplants were studied from January 1971 to June 1974, in which 32 were considered at high risk by well defined cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, cerebral vascular, or pulmonary disease or age categories. Three of the 37 patients have died, and two patients in the high risk group, 92 per cent. Eighty-eight per cent of the entire group have functioning kidneys at present, and 93 per cent of those in the high risk group have functioning kidneys. Evaluation of pretransplant mixed lymphocyte cultures, HL-A antigen, and immune responder status; close follow-up observation of lymphocyte culture and humoral responses by in vitro testing; and the use of antilymphoblast globulin are considered to be the reasons for the improved results.", "contents": "Factors influencing morbidity and mortality of renal transplantation in a high risk population. A group of 37 patients with 39 renal transplants were studied from January 1971 to June 1974, in which 32 were considered at high risk by well defined cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, cerebral vascular, or pulmonary disease or age categories. Three of the 37 patients have died, and two patients in the high risk group, 92 per cent. Eighty-eight per cent of the entire group have functioning kidneys at present, and 93 per cent of those in the high risk group have functioning kidneys. Evaluation of pretransplant mixed lymphocyte cultures, HL-A antigen, and immune responder status; close follow-up observation of lymphocyte culture and humoral responses by in vitro testing; and the use of antilymphoblast globulin are considered to be the reasons for the improved results.", "PMID": 1108242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2048", "title": "Effect of suture materials on healing skin wounds.", "content": "A systematic comparison has been made of six suture materials used as subcuticular closure of abdominal incisions in dogs. The effect on wound healing was measured by mechanical, biochemical, and histologic methods. No difference was demonstrated in wound breading strength among wounds closed with different suture materials up to 28 days postoperatively. At 70 days, wounds sutured with nonabsorbable sutures were weaker than those closed with absorbable sutures, but this difference probably was due to a much higher incidence of infection in wounds closed with nonabsorbable sutures. It was our observation that monofilament sutures were superior to multifilament sutures with regard to the incidence of wound infection. By five days, the rate of collagen synthesis in wounds was increased over that of normal skin and remained elevated throughout the 120 day observation period. Suture material had no effect on collagen synthesis. The rate of noncollagenous protein synthesis in the wound was not altered throughout the entire observation period and did not differ from that measured in normal skin. Catgut, both plain and chromic, produced only a mild cellular reaction in dogs after 21 days as contrasted with the intense inflammatory reaction reported by others in rats and rabbits. We observed neither plain nor chromic catgut was absorbed rapidly in dogs; intact sutures were frequently observed at 120 days. Polyglactin, a synthetic absorbable suture, produced a moderate tissue reaction and uniformly disappeared between the twenty-eighth and seventieth days. Silk and Mersilene showed the highest rate of wound infection and the most intense and prolonged tissue reaction. Prolene, a monofilament suture, produced only a mild to moderate tissue reaction. These results taken in conjunction with those of other investigators suggest a marked species difference in the reaction to suture materials, particularly catgut, and suggest caution in transferring these observations to human beings.", "contents": "Effect of suture materials on healing skin wounds. A systematic comparison has been made of six suture materials used as subcuticular closure of abdominal incisions in dogs. The effect on wound healing was measured by mechanical, biochemical, and histologic methods. No difference was demonstrated in wound breading strength among wounds closed with different suture materials up to 28 days postoperatively. At 70 days, wounds sutured with nonabsorbable sutures were weaker than those closed with absorbable sutures, but this difference probably was due to a much higher incidence of infection in wounds closed with nonabsorbable sutures. It was our observation that monofilament sutures were superior to multifilament sutures with regard to the incidence of wound infection. By five days, the rate of collagen synthesis in wounds was increased over that of normal skin and remained elevated throughout the 120 day observation period. Suture material had no effect on collagen synthesis. The rate of noncollagenous protein synthesis in the wound was not altered throughout the entire observation period and did not differ from that measured in normal skin. Catgut, both plain and chromic, produced only a mild cellular reaction in dogs after 21 days as contrasted with the intense inflammatory reaction reported by others in rats and rabbits. We observed neither plain nor chromic catgut was absorbed rapidly in dogs; intact sutures were frequently observed at 120 days. Polyglactin, a synthetic absorbable suture, produced a moderate tissue reaction and uniformly disappeared between the twenty-eighth and seventieth days. Silk and Mersilene showed the highest rate of wound infection and the most intense and prolonged tissue reaction. Prolene, a monofilament suture, produced only a mild to moderate tissue reaction. These results taken in conjunction with those of other investigators suggest a marked species difference in the reaction to suture materials, particularly catgut, and suggest caution in transferring these observations to human beings.", "PMID": 1108243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2049", "title": "Colonoscopy associated bacteremia.", "content": "Fifty-two patients undergoing uneventful diagnostic colonoscopy with or without polypectomy and biopsy were evaluated for evidence of bacteremia during and after the procedure. In only two instances was bacteremia noted. Positive findings were noted in patients with carcinomatosis and severe liver involvement. These data suggest that routine prophylactic antibiotic coverage is unnecessary in uncompromised patients. Further studies are warranted when patients have either severe liver involvement or impairment of normal host defense mechanisms.", "contents": "Colonoscopy associated bacteremia. Fifty-two patients undergoing uneventful diagnostic colonoscopy with or without polypectomy and biopsy were evaluated for evidence of bacteremia during and after the procedure. In only two instances was bacteremia noted. Positive findings were noted in patients with carcinomatosis and severe liver involvement. These data suggest that routine prophylactic antibiotic coverage is unnecessary in uncompromised patients. Further studies are warranted when patients have either severe liver involvement or impairment of normal host defense mechanisms.", "PMID": 1108244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2050", "title": "Computer processed 99mTc-DTPA studies of renal allotransplants.", "content": "In order to refine the diagnostic possibilities of the radionuclide renal study in transplanted patients and to compensate for the nonspecificity of the 131I-hippuran study in some situation, 99mTc-DTPA WAS USED SIMULTANEOUSLY FOR IMAGING AND TIME-ACTIVITY CURVES. For these curves to be significant, appropriate background subtraction had to be made with a simple computer-processing method. The results obtained have shown that it is possible to distinguish marked acute tubular necrosis from milder degrees, thus affording a prognostic index in the immediate postoperative period, when the hippuran data are often nonspecific. Further, the diagnosis and follow-up of acute rejection episodes can be improved by the DTPA processed curves. Although these curves when examined individually do not show a specific pattern for rejection, they may reveal striking evolutionary changes when compared to the previous studies, even when the hippuran curves are unchanged. The physiologic basis for the differences between the two time-activity curves may be related to the differential handling of the two radiopharmaceuticals by the kidney.", "contents": "Computer processed 99mTc-DTPA studies of renal allotransplants. In order to refine the diagnostic possibilities of the radionuclide renal study in transplanted patients and to compensate for the nonspecificity of the 131I-hippuran study in some situation, 99mTc-DTPA WAS USED SIMULTANEOUSLY FOR IMAGING AND TIME-ACTIVITY CURVES. For these curves to be significant, appropriate background subtraction had to be made with a simple computer-processing method. The results obtained have shown that it is possible to distinguish marked acute tubular necrosis from milder degrees, thus affording a prognostic index in the immediate postoperative period, when the hippuran data are often nonspecific. Further, the diagnosis and follow-up of acute rejection episodes can be improved by the DTPA processed curves. Although these curves when examined individually do not show a specific pattern for rejection, they may reveal striking evolutionary changes when compared to the previous studies, even when the hippuran curves are unchanged. The physiologic basis for the differences between the two time-activity curves may be related to the differential handling of the two radiopharmaceuticals by the kidney.", "PMID": 1108255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2051", "title": "Hyperglycemic pseudorejection in the diabetic transplant patient.", "content": "Serum creatinine elevation in a stable transplant recipient most often suggests rejection of the transplant and requires further evaluation and management. In our series of juvenile diabetic patients who have received kidney transplants, we frequently have observed creatinine elevations in association with hyperglycemia. Correction of the hyperglycemia resulted in return of serum creatinine to normal levels and no rejection therapy was required. To better define this syndrome, 2,734 paired measurements of blood glucose and serum creatinine were obtained in 52 stable post-transplant diabetic patients. A mean increase in blood glucose of 100 mg. per 100 ml. was found to increase serum creatinine by 0.5 mg. per 100 ml. in these patients (r=0.93; p less than or equal to 0.001). Evidence strongly suggests that the pathogenesis of this phenomenon is not a result of a laboratory artifact due to the technique used to determine serum creatinine. The pathogenesis may be due to the increased serum osmolarity and resulting intracellular dehydration associated with hyperglycemia. Recognition of this syndrome is important to all centers participating in the care and management of the diabetic transplant recipient.", "contents": "Hyperglycemic pseudorejection in the diabetic transplant patient. Serum creatinine elevation in a stable transplant recipient most often suggests rejection of the transplant and requires further evaluation and management. In our series of juvenile diabetic patients who have received kidney transplants, we frequently have observed creatinine elevations in association with hyperglycemia. Correction of the hyperglycemia resulted in return of serum creatinine to normal levels and no rejection therapy was required. To better define this syndrome, 2,734 paired measurements of blood glucose and serum creatinine were obtained in 52 stable post-transplant diabetic patients. A mean increase in blood glucose of 100 mg. per 100 ml. was found to increase serum creatinine by 0.5 mg. per 100 ml. in these patients (r=0.93; p less than or equal to 0.001). Evidence strongly suggests that the pathogenesis of this phenomenon is not a result of a laboratory artifact due to the technique used to determine serum creatinine. The pathogenesis may be due to the increased serum osmolarity and resulting intracellular dehydration associated with hyperglycemia. Recognition of this syndrome is important to all centers participating in the care and management of the diabetic transplant recipient.", "PMID": 1108254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2052", "title": "Serum lactic dehydrogenase and irreversible renal allograft rejection.", "content": "The relationship between serum lactic dehydrogenase (SLDH) values and renal allograft rejection was examined in the dog and in man. Nine dogs with renal allografts and four with autografts had similar maximal elevations of SLDH during the first five postoperative days (mean, 420 +/- 213 and 433 +/- 80 I.U. per liter, respectively). During rejection of the allografts between days 7 and 14 the maximum SLDH was 810 +/- 285 I.U. per liter, and in autografts the peak SLDH was 233 +/- 22 I.U. per liter (p less than 0.01). The isoenzyme pattern of maximum SLDH during rejection was prominent in LDH5 and corresponded with renal tissue LDH isoenzyme composition. In 93 episodes of initial acute human renal allograft rejection reactions, the SLDH peaked above 500 I.U. per liter in 23 cases and remained below 500 I.U. per liter in 70 cases. SLDH levels above 500 I.U. per liter were associated with complete rejection of the kidney in 91 percent of patients and SLDH levels persistently below 500 I.U. per liter corresponded with reversal of rejection reaction in 99 percent of patients (p less than 0.01). Marked SLDH elevation is associated with severe, usually complete renal allograft rejection and may be useful in identifying patients with irreversible rejection reactions.", "contents": "Serum lactic dehydrogenase and irreversible renal allograft rejection. The relationship between serum lactic dehydrogenase (SLDH) values and renal allograft rejection was examined in the dog and in man. Nine dogs with renal allografts and four with autografts had similar maximal elevations of SLDH during the first five postoperative days (mean, 420 +/- 213 and 433 +/- 80 I.U. per liter, respectively). During rejection of the allografts between days 7 and 14 the maximum SLDH was 810 +/- 285 I.U. per liter, and in autografts the peak SLDH was 233 +/- 22 I.U. per liter (p less than 0.01). The isoenzyme pattern of maximum SLDH during rejection was prominent in LDH5 and corresponded with renal tissue LDH isoenzyme composition. In 93 episodes of initial acute human renal allograft rejection reactions, the SLDH peaked above 500 I.U. per liter in 23 cases and remained below 500 I.U. per liter in 70 cases. SLDH levels above 500 I.U. per liter were associated with complete rejection of the kidney in 91 percent of patients and SLDH levels persistently below 500 I.U. per liter corresponded with reversal of rejection reaction in 99 percent of patients (p less than 0.01). Marked SLDH elevation is associated with severe, usually complete renal allograft rejection and may be useful in identifying patients with irreversible rejection reactions.", "PMID": 1108256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2053", "title": "Ophthalmic complications of giant cell arteritis.", "content": "Temporal arteritis, or giant cell arteritis, is a common cause of blindness among older age groups. Classical and occult forms are described with particular reference to ocular symptomatology. Although the disease is self-limiting and usually subsides spontaneously within a year, prompt diagnosis and treatment are required if second eye involvement and blindness are to be prevented. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate is of major significance to diagnosis, but biopsy is necessary to prove or disprove the existence of temporal arteritis. Pathology, etiology, association with other disorders and laboratory studies are discussed. A regime of corticosteroid therapy is recommended and described in detail.", "contents": "Ophthalmic complications of giant cell arteritis. Temporal arteritis, or giant cell arteritis, is a common cause of blindness among older age groups. Classical and occult forms are described with particular reference to ocular symptomatology. Although the disease is self-limiting and usually subsides spontaneously within a year, prompt diagnosis and treatment are required if second eye involvement and blindness are to be prevented. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate is of major significance to diagnosis, but biopsy is necessary to prove or disprove the existence of temporal arteritis. Pathology, etiology, association with other disorders and laboratory studies are discussed. A regime of corticosteroid therapy is recommended and described in detail.", "PMID": 1108251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2054", "title": "Improved patient survival in renal transplantation.", "content": "Patient and graft survival in 655 consecutive renal transplants performed at the University of California, San Francisco, was analyzed in two separate groups to assess the results of the low-dose immunosuppressive regimen established in September, 1972. These results show that graft survival is not jeopardized by adopting a policy of low-dose immunosuppressive therapy, but, in fact, that patient survival is improved significantly. This study also shows that cadaver renal transplantation can be performed with a mortality rate comparable to or better than that in patients on chronic hemodialysis.", "contents": "Improved patient survival in renal transplantation. Patient and graft survival in 655 consecutive renal transplants performed at the University of California, San Francisco, was analyzed in two separate groups to assess the results of the low-dose immunosuppressive regimen established in September, 1972. These results show that graft survival is not jeopardized by adopting a policy of low-dose immunosuppressive therapy, but, in fact, that patient survival is improved significantly. This study also shows that cadaver renal transplantation can be performed with a mortality rate comparable to or better than that in patients on chronic hemodialysis.", "PMID": 1108257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2055", "title": "Oculogenital disease.", "content": "This review comprises brief discussions of the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, laboratory features, and treatment of the oculogenital diseases as they appear typically in the newborn infant, the child, and the adult. Inclusion conjunctivitis is the most frequently occurring oculogenital infection in all three categories of patient. Oculogenital diseases are becoming increasingly important in both frequency and severity. They can be extremely serious and may thus require the immediate attention of the physician.", "contents": "Oculogenital disease. This review comprises brief discussions of the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, laboratory features, and treatment of the oculogenital diseases as they appear typically in the newborn infant, the child, and the adult. Inclusion conjunctivitis is the most frequently occurring oculogenital infection in all three categories of patient. Oculogenital diseases are becoming increasingly important in both frequency and severity. They can be extremely serious and may thus require the immediate attention of the physician.", "PMID": 1108250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2056", "title": "The incidence of adverse reactions from steroid/antiinfective combinations.", "content": "Steroid/antiinfective combinations have a number of advantages over the separate ingredients, but the possibility of complications has been a subject of concern. Based on data obtained from the files of eight pharmaceutical companies and the health registry records of the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand for the period 1964-1973, it is concluded that the statistical incidence of adverse reactions was no greater with the steroid/antiinfective combinations than with their separate ingredients. In addition, there was no increase in incidence of the reactions during the same period with combinations. These conclusions were borne out by adverse reaction data reported in the literature and in certain unpublished prospective clinical studies. It was not feasible to obtain data from ophthalmologists who may have observed adverse reactions, but not reported them. A critical evaluation by Dr. Philip Ellis follows the review.", "contents": "The incidence of adverse reactions from steroid/antiinfective combinations. Steroid/antiinfective combinations have a number of advantages over the separate ingredients, but the possibility of complications has been a subject of concern. Based on data obtained from the files of eight pharmaceutical companies and the health registry records of the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand for the period 1964-1973, it is concluded that the statistical incidence of adverse reactions was no greater with the steroid/antiinfective combinations than with their separate ingredients. In addition, there was no increase in incidence of the reactions during the same period with combinations. These conclusions were borne out by adverse reaction data reported in the literature and in certain unpublished prospective clinical studies. It was not feasible to obtain data from ophthalmologists who may have observed adverse reactions, but not reported them. A critical evaluation by Dr. Philip Ellis follows the review.", "PMID": 1108252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2057", "title": "Immunotherapy with neuraminidase-treated cells and bacillus Calmette-Guerin.", "content": "Experiments were designed to determine the effectiveness of active immunotherapy, both specific (neuraminidase-treated cells) and nonspecific [bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) organisms] in the L1210-BDF1 tumor-host system. Tumor burden was minimized with chemotherapy (1,3-bis-(20chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea) prior to immunotherapy. The effectiveness of immunotherapy was dependent on the amount of drug used to minimize tumor burden. An interval 36 hours between chemotherapy and immunotherapy produced the maximum number of survivors. A single immunization with 10(4) neuraminidase-treated cells was superior to other single or multiple immunizations. BCG was most effective when mice were given 393 X 10(5) organisms. Beneficial effects of immunotherapy were observed only when immunizations were given by an intraperitoneal route. All mice cured of tumor developed tumor-specific immunity. The highest levels of immunity were observed in mice given both neuraminidase-treated cells and BCG organisms after chemotherapy.", "contents": "Immunotherapy with neuraminidase-treated cells and bacillus Calmette-Guerin. Experiments were designed to determine the effectiveness of active immunotherapy, both specific (neuraminidase-treated cells) and nonspecific [bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) organisms] in the L1210-BDF1 tumor-host system. Tumor burden was minimized with chemotherapy (1,3-bis-(20chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea) prior to immunotherapy. The effectiveness of immunotherapy was dependent on the amount of drug used to minimize tumor burden. An interval 36 hours between chemotherapy and immunotherapy produced the maximum number of survivors. A single immunization with 10(4) neuraminidase-treated cells was superior to other single or multiple immunizations. BCG was most effective when mice were given 393 X 10(5) organisms. Beneficial effects of immunotherapy were observed only when immunizations were given by an intraperitoneal route. All mice cured of tumor developed tumor-specific immunity. The highest levels of immunity were observed in mice given both neuraminidase-treated cells and BCG organisms after chemotherapy.", "PMID": 1108258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2058", "title": "Studies on infiltrating host cells harvested from acutely rejecting rat cardiac allografts.", "content": "Although the cellular events of rejection of organ allografts have been fully described histologically, little information exists regarding actual mechanisms of graft destruction. Available concepts are based primarily upon assays performed in vitro. This study describes a model designed to correlate such in vitro information with events occurring in vivo within acutely rejecting organ allografts. Infiltrating host cells had been harvested by two techniques from heterotopic cardiac allografts in rats. The various cell classes have been noted and their differential rates of accumulation compared to serial histological observations. Subpopulations of cells have been identified by surface markers, and specific cytotoxicity against donor alloantigen has been determined as a T lymphocyte function. These techniques may be of aid in unraveling the complexities of graft rejection.", "contents": "Studies on infiltrating host cells harvested from acutely rejecting rat cardiac allografts. Although the cellular events of rejection of organ allografts have been fully described histologically, little information exists regarding actual mechanisms of graft destruction. Available concepts are based primarily upon assays performed in vitro. This study describes a model designed to correlate such in vitro information with events occurring in vivo within acutely rejecting organ allografts. Infiltrating host cells had been harvested by two techniques from heterotopic cardiac allografts in rats. The various cell classes have been noted and their differential rates of accumulation compared to serial histological observations. Subpopulations of cells have been identified by surface markers, and specific cytotoxicity against donor alloantigen has been determined as a T lymphocyte function. These techniques may be of aid in unraveling the complexities of graft rejection.", "PMID": 1108259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2059", "title": "Isolated metachronous renal artery emboli.", "content": "We have reported on a patient with isolated metachronous renal artery emboli. The second embolus was treated successfully surgically 12 hours after the onset of symptoms. A review of the literature shows that emboli to the renal arteries occur more frequently than realized and that late embolectomy often is successful. A clinical triad of flank pain, atrial fibrillation, and nonfunctioning of the involved kidney has been discussed.", "contents": "Isolated metachronous renal artery emboli. We have reported on a patient with isolated metachronous renal artery emboli. The second embolus was treated successfully surgically 12 hours after the onset of symptoms. A review of the literature shows that emboli to the renal arteries occur more frequently than realized and that late embolectomy often is successful. A clinical triad of flank pain, atrial fibrillation, and nonfunctioning of the involved kidney has been discussed.", "PMID": 1108260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2060", "title": "In situ kidney preservation for transplantation with use of profound hypothermia (5 to 20 degrees C.) with an intact circulation.", "content": "Twenty-seven anesthetized dogs were surface cooled at 4 to 6 degrees C. or 15 to 20 degrees C. Circulation was provided by the mechanical ventricular assist in 23 dogs. After 24 or 48 hours of in situ preservation, the kidneys were transplanted into the necks or iliac fossas of anephric recipients. Renal function was preserved in the cadaver for up to 48 hours at 15 to 20 degrees C. by maintaining a pulsatile circulation. Further cooling to 4 to 6 degrees C. caused progressive deterioration in renal function. The nonperfused kidneys kept in situ at 4 to 6 degrees C. did not produce any urine after transplantation. If the practical problems of total body cooling are solved, in situ preservation of multiple organs in the cadaver would increase the number of available organs for transplantation.", "contents": "In situ kidney preservation for transplantation with use of profound hypothermia (5 to 20 degrees C.) with an intact circulation. Twenty-seven anesthetized dogs were surface cooled at 4 to 6 degrees C. or 15 to 20 degrees C. Circulation was provided by the mechanical ventricular assist in 23 dogs. After 24 or 48 hours of in situ preservation, the kidneys were transplanted into the necks or iliac fossas of anephric recipients. Renal function was preserved in the cadaver for up to 48 hours at 15 to 20 degrees C. by maintaining a pulsatile circulation. Further cooling to 4 to 6 degrees C. caused progressive deterioration in renal function. The nonperfused kidneys kept in situ at 4 to 6 degrees C. did not produce any urine after transplantation. If the practical problems of total body cooling are solved, in situ preservation of multiple organs in the cadaver would increase the number of available organs for transplantation.", "PMID": 1108261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2061", "title": "Vascular complications in human renal transplantation.", "content": "There were 13 arterial complications in 202 transplants done in 162 patients, an incidence of 6.5 percent. Renal arterial stenosis was demonstrated by angiogram in six kidneys; four were reconstructed successfully. Four renal arterial occlusions were found in delayed rejected kidneys. Of three arterial dehiscences secondary to infection, all led to graftectomy. One of these patients died 56 days later due to infectious hepatitis, and one underwent a successful retransplant. One patient had an occluded iliac artery which was repaired successfully. A single venous complication occurred in one patient.", "contents": "Vascular complications in human renal transplantation. There were 13 arterial complications in 202 transplants done in 162 patients, an incidence of 6.5 percent. Renal arterial stenosis was demonstrated by angiogram in six kidneys; four were reconstructed successfully. Four renal arterial occlusions were found in delayed rejected kidneys. Of three arterial dehiscences secondary to infection, all led to graftectomy. One of these patients died 56 days later due to infectious hepatitis, and one underwent a successful retransplant. One patient had an occluded iliac artery which was repaired successfully. A single venous complication occurred in one patient.", "PMID": 1108262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2062", "title": "Response of serum LH, FSH and prolactin to injection of synthetic LH-RH into rat anterior pituitary.", "content": "Changes in serum LH, FSH and prolactin were measured by radioimmunoassay following injection of synthetic LH-RH into the anterior pituitary and median eminence of rats. The time course of serum levels of LH and FSH after injection of synthetic LH-RH into the pituitary showed a peak at 15 min. The synthetic LH-RH had a more marked releasing effect on LH than on FSH. After injection of 20 ng into the pituitary, the serum LH rose to about 10.7 times the control level but the serum FSH only to about 1.8 times. A significant rise of serum LH over the control level was noted after injection of more than 0.2 ng of synthetic LH-RH, while that of serum FSH was after injection of more than 2 ng. An injection of 2 ng of synthetic LH-RH into the pituitary following 0.1 mug of estradiol benzoate resulted in a fall of serum LH and FSH levels, and a rise of serum prolactin level. An injection of 2 ng of synthetic LH-RH into the median eminence resulted in a tendency towards slight decrease in serum LH and FSH. No significant response of serum prolactin to synthetic LH-RH was noted.", "contents": "Response of serum LH, FSH and prolactin to injection of synthetic LH-RH into rat anterior pituitary. Changes in serum LH, FSH and prolactin were measured by radioimmunoassay following injection of synthetic LH-RH into the anterior pituitary and median eminence of rats. The time course of serum levels of LH and FSH after injection of synthetic LH-RH into the pituitary showed a peak at 15 min. The synthetic LH-RH had a more marked releasing effect on LH than on FSH. After injection of 20 ng into the pituitary, the serum LH rose to about 10.7 times the control level but the serum FSH only to about 1.8 times. A significant rise of serum LH over the control level was noted after injection of more than 0.2 ng of synthetic LH-RH, while that of serum FSH was after injection of more than 2 ng. An injection of 2 ng of synthetic LH-RH into the pituitary following 0.1 mug of estradiol benzoate resulted in a fall of serum LH and FSH levels, and a rise of serum prolactin level. An injection of 2 ng of synthetic LH-RH into the median eminence resulted in a tendency towards slight decrease in serum LH and FSH. No significant response of serum prolactin to synthetic LH-RH was noted.", "PMID": 1108288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2063", "title": "Fixation of dormant Tilletia teliospores for thin sectioning.", "content": "Dormant Tilletia caries teliospores in fixative solution or distilled water were frozen onto specimen chucks of an FTS Sorvall-Christensen frozen thin sectioner and cut or fractured at various temperatures (-20 C to -75 C) and thickness settings (10, 15, 20 and 25 mum). Cytoplasm of dormant spores was well preserved and organelles were found to differ from those of germinated spores in morphology. This procedure makes it possible to fix adequately dormant spores and thus compare the ultrastructure and histochemistry of dormant spores with those of germinated spores.", "contents": "Fixation of dormant Tilletia teliospores for thin sectioning. Dormant Tilletia caries teliospores in fixative solution or distilled water were frozen onto specimen chucks of an FTS Sorvall-Christensen frozen thin sectioner and cut or fractured at various temperatures (-20 C to -75 C) and thickness settings (10, 15, 20 and 25 mum). Cytoplasm of dormant spores was well preserved and organelles were found to differ from those of germinated spores in morphology. This procedure makes it possible to fix adequately dormant spores and thus compare the ultrastructure and histochemistry of dormant spores with those of germinated spores.", "PMID": 1108292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2064", "title": "[Review on the afterloading technics in gynecological radiotherapy].", "content": "A review of clinically used afterloading techniques - remote controlled and manually operated ones - is given by tables. The advantages of afterloading techniques are discussed with regard to radiation protection as well as to the therapy of gynecologic carcinomas.", "contents": "[Review on the afterloading technics in gynecological radiotherapy]. A review of clinically used afterloading techniques - remote controlled and manually operated ones - is given by tables. The advantages of afterloading techniques are discussed with regard to radiation protection as well as to the therapy of gynecologic carcinomas.", "PMID": 1108304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2065", "title": "[The bilateral breast neoplasm].", "content": "Of 282 patients, who had been treated for breast cancer between 1968 and 1973, bilateral carcinoma was diagnosed in 23 women. In these, a simultaneous second carcinoma was found seven times; in 16 cases, the second carcinoma developed during the further course of the disease, wherein the free intervals amounted to maximally 20 years. Attention is drawn to the relatively high risk of up to eight or ten per cent for the development of a carcinoma in the contralateral breast following the previous unilateral carcinoma. This reason calls for a half-yearly, clinical and radiological check-up examination of women having been treated for carcinoma of the breast. Finally, the problem of differentiation of a primary, autonomous second carcinoma from metastases of the first carcinoma on the contralateral side is considered and discussed with regard to the corresponding references in literature.", "contents": "[The bilateral breast neoplasm]. Of 282 patients, who had been treated for breast cancer between 1968 and 1973, bilateral carcinoma was diagnosed in 23 women. In these, a simultaneous second carcinoma was found seven times; in 16 cases, the second carcinoma developed during the further course of the disease, wherein the free intervals amounted to maximally 20 years. Attention is drawn to the relatively high risk of up to eight or ten per cent for the development of a carcinoma in the contralateral breast following the previous unilateral carcinoma. This reason calls for a half-yearly, clinical and radiological check-up examination of women having been treated for carcinoma of the breast. Finally, the problem of differentiation of a primary, autonomous second carcinoma from metastases of the first carcinoma on the contralateral side is considered and discussed with regard to the corresponding references in literature.", "PMID": 1108305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2066", "title": "Modification of the rat alloimmune response by enhancing antibodies and the role of blocking factors in the survival of renal grafts.", "content": "Correlation of morphological and immunological events ocurring in control and passively enhanced rat renal allograft recipients has revealed an important role for vasculitis in rejection, whereas the tempo and severity of graft lymphocyte infiltration and tubular damage was comparable in both groups during the first 5 days. Thereafter, the degree of cellular infiltration in enhanced allografts progressed and actually exceeded that in control grafts. 2-Mercaptoethanol-sensitive lymphocytotoxic antibodies were present in both groups with comparable titers and appearance times; however, the presence of a severe IgG-containing necrotizing arteritis and glomerulitis in control, but not enhanced, grafts suggests that passive enhancement protects by interfereing with the cooperative T cell-dependent inductive response. Further support for this possibility comes from the fact that the development of cytotoxic lymphocytes against donor target cells was delayed for 48 hr in the enhanced group. While controls died at days 9-11, enhanced animals entered a period of prolonged survival with stable renal function. This state of \"autoenhancement\" was characterized by a low degree of cell-mediated cytotoxicity and the appearance of serum factors that blocked the in vitro cellular assay. Blocking factors have a low affinity for the attacking cell population, suggesting that they are immune complexes or anti-idiotypic antibodies, and not free alloantibody of high affinity.", "contents": "Modification of the rat alloimmune response by enhancing antibodies and the role of blocking factors in the survival of renal grafts. Correlation of morphological and immunological events ocurring in control and passively enhanced rat renal allograft recipients has revealed an important role for vasculitis in rejection, whereas the tempo and severity of graft lymphocyte infiltration and tubular damage was comparable in both groups during the first 5 days. Thereafter, the degree of cellular infiltration in enhanced allografts progressed and actually exceeded that in control grafts. 2-Mercaptoethanol-sensitive lymphocytotoxic antibodies were present in both groups with comparable titers and appearance times; however, the presence of a severe IgG-containing necrotizing arteritis and glomerulitis in control, but not enhanced, grafts suggests that passive enhancement protects by interfereing with the cooperative T cell-dependent inductive response. Further support for this possibility comes from the fact that the development of cytotoxic lymphocytes against donor target cells was delayed for 48 hr in the enhanced group. While controls died at days 9-11, enhanced animals entered a period of prolonged survival with stable renal function. This state of \"autoenhancement\" was characterized by a low degree of cell-mediated cytotoxicity and the appearance of serum factors that blocked the in vitro cellular assay. Blocking factors have a low affinity for the attacking cell population, suggesting that they are immune complexes or anti-idiotypic antibodies, and not free alloantibody of high affinity.", "PMID": 1108311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2067", "title": "The immunogenicity of tooth allografts in rats.", "content": "Orthotopic and heterotopic tooth allografts stimulated the production of alloantibodies in rats incompatible at the major histocompatibility locus. The immunogenicity of whole tooth grafts was slightly diminished but not eliminated by sealing the pulp cavity prior to grafting. Suspensions of dentine in saline elicited alloantibody formation on i.p. injection into allogeneic hosts. Orthotopic tooth allografts, but not heterotopic grafts, were as effective as skin allografts at stimulating second set rejection of challenging skin grafts. Orthotopic tooth allografts were indistinguishable from syngeneic grafts on histological examination over the period 1-6 weeks after grafting. The occurrence of alloantibody formation after tooth grafting was capricious, and this, combined with the histological difficulty of distinguishing syngeneic from allogeneic grafts, and also the differing capacity of orthotopic and heterotopic tooth allografts to provoke accelerated skin grafts rejection, probably accounts for some of the differences of opinion expressed previously on the immunogenicity of grafted teeth.", "contents": "The immunogenicity of tooth allografts in rats. Orthotopic and heterotopic tooth allografts stimulated the production of alloantibodies in rats incompatible at the major histocompatibility locus. The immunogenicity of whole tooth grafts was slightly diminished but not eliminated by sealing the pulp cavity prior to grafting. Suspensions of dentine in saline elicited alloantibody formation on i.p. injection into allogeneic hosts. Orthotopic tooth allografts, but not heterotopic grafts, were as effective as skin allografts at stimulating second set rejection of challenging skin grafts. Orthotopic tooth allografts were indistinguishable from syngeneic grafts on histological examination over the period 1-6 weeks after grafting. The occurrence of alloantibody formation after tooth grafting was capricious, and this, combined with the histological difficulty of distinguishing syngeneic from allogeneic grafts, and also the differing capacity of orthotopic and heterotopic tooth allografts to provoke accelerated skin grafts rejection, probably accounts for some of the differences of opinion expressed previously on the immunogenicity of grafted teeth.", "PMID": 1108312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2068", "title": "Cytotoxic and enhancing properties of early gammaM alloantibodies elicited by first set renal allografts. In vitro and in vivo studies with rat and guinea pig complement on somatic target cells with varying antigen density.", "content": "First set rat renal allografts transplanted over the strong Ag-B histocompatibility locus elicit antibodies of the gammaM class demonstrable at the time of graft rejection. These early gammaM alloantibodies with guinea pig complement are cytotoxic in vitro to high antigen density target cells like lymph node cells and splenocytes but not to low antigen density target cells like thymocytes and bone marrow cells. With rat complement, gammaM alloantibodies are required in far greater amounts to kill some high density target cells. This in vitro discrepancy between rat and guinea pig complement is not caused by the presence of natural antibody in guinea pig serum nor by a deficiency of complement components in rat serum, but is dependent on the antigen antibody interaction studied. In vivo studies show early gammaM alloantibodies to be cytotoxic to donor lymphoid cells but to enhance renal allografts. These cytotoxic and enhancing qualities reside in the same preparation of immunoglobulin and are influenced by antigen density. These studies suggest that the failure to damage donor kidneys by early, probably low avidity, antibody is caused by a low concentration of antigen on the endothelial cells within the renal graft, and or an inability of this antibody antigen interaction to activate syngeneic complement.", "contents": "Cytotoxic and enhancing properties of early gammaM alloantibodies elicited by first set renal allografts. In vitro and in vivo studies with rat and guinea pig complement on somatic target cells with varying antigen density. First set rat renal allografts transplanted over the strong Ag-B histocompatibility locus elicit antibodies of the gammaM class demonstrable at the time of graft rejection. These early gammaM alloantibodies with guinea pig complement are cytotoxic in vitro to high antigen density target cells like lymph node cells and splenocytes but not to low antigen density target cells like thymocytes and bone marrow cells. With rat complement, gammaM alloantibodies are required in far greater amounts to kill some high density target cells. This in vitro discrepancy between rat and guinea pig complement is not caused by the presence of natural antibody in guinea pig serum nor by a deficiency of complement components in rat serum, but is dependent on the antigen antibody interaction studied. In vivo studies show early gammaM alloantibodies to be cytotoxic to donor lymphoid cells but to enhance renal allografts. These cytotoxic and enhancing qualities reside in the same preparation of immunoglobulin and are influenced by antigen density. These studies suggest that the failure to damage donor kidneys by early, probably low avidity, antibody is caused by a low concentration of antigen on the endothelial cells within the renal graft, and or an inability of this antibody antigen interaction to activate syngeneic complement.", "PMID": 1108313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2069", "title": "Adverse effects of meglumine diatrizoate on renal function in the early post-transplant period.", "content": "Thirty-four renal transplant recipients received drip infusion urograms from 2-24 days post-transplantation. Twenty-two patients exhibited changes in renal function within 1-4 days of the urogram that were indistinguishable from allograft rejection: a tender, swollen kidney, elevation of serum creatinine, oliguria, decreased urine sodium concentration, weight gain, and hypertension. Two patients developed acute tubular necrosis and required hemodialysis, but renal function in the remaining 20 patients improved after therapy for \"graft rejection\" with i.v. methyprednisolone sodium succinnate. Kidneys from older-age donors that were functioning suboptimally and kidneys which exhibited subsequent clinical allograft rejection were more at risk for contrast media toxicity. This suggests that occult vascular lesions may have been present in the allograft which were exacerbated when exposed to the irritant vascular effects of contrast media, producing a mild, reversible toxic nephritis. However, several kidneys with normal function and several kidneys which never exhibited rejection activity were also adversely affected by exposure to contrast media. It appears these agents should be used cautiously, if at all, in the early post-transplant period.", "contents": "Adverse effects of meglumine diatrizoate on renal function in the early post-transplant period. Thirty-four renal transplant recipients received drip infusion urograms from 2-24 days post-transplantation. Twenty-two patients exhibited changes in renal function within 1-4 days of the urogram that were indistinguishable from allograft rejection: a tender, swollen kidney, elevation of serum creatinine, oliguria, decreased urine sodium concentration, weight gain, and hypertension. Two patients developed acute tubular necrosis and required hemodialysis, but renal function in the remaining 20 patients improved after therapy for \"graft rejection\" with i.v. methyprednisolone sodium succinnate. Kidneys from older-age donors that were functioning suboptimally and kidneys which exhibited subsequent clinical allograft rejection were more at risk for contrast media toxicity. This suggests that occult vascular lesions may have been present in the allograft which were exacerbated when exposed to the irritant vascular effects of contrast media, producing a mild, reversible toxic nephritis. However, several kidneys with normal function and several kidneys which never exhibited rejection activity were also adversely affected by exposure to contrast media. It appears these agents should be used cautiously, if at all, in the early post-transplant period.", "PMID": 1108314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2070", "title": "An immunological study of renal allograft rejection using the direct macrophage inhibition test.", "content": "The direct macrophage inhibition test was used to evaluate the relationship between cellular immune response and graft rejection in related renal allograft recipients. Forty recipients were evaluated before and at regular intervals after transplantation while on maintenance immunosuppressive therapy. Allograft recipients were classified into four categories: 1) Non-HL-A-identical with a rejection episode (14 patients); 2) non-HL-A-identical without a rejection episode (13 patients); 3) 3) HL-A-identical with a rejection episode (3 patients); 4) HL-A-identical without a rejection episode (10 patients). Ten HL-A-identical sibling pairs in good health were utilized as controls. Cellular immunity against donor antigen (macrophage inhibition greater than 20%) uniformly occurred in 16 of the 17 patients who experienced episodes of rejection in both the HL-A-identical and nonidentical graft recipient groups. Transplant recipients who did no experience any rejection episodes up to 2 years post-transplant, and members of the HL-A-identical control group had negative inhibition tests. In 5 cases changes in cellular immune response preceded rejection by several days. The two recipients with positive macrophage inhibition to their prospective donors before transplantation experienced irreversible accelerated rejection. Thus, the direct macrophage inhibition test can be used to screen prospective related donors and to monitor cellular immunity in recipients after transplantation. Preexistent cellular immunity to the donor detected before transplantation correlates with a very high incidence of rejection episodes. Graft recipients who experienced no rejection episodes failed to develop cellular immunity to their donors.", "contents": "An immunological study of renal allograft rejection using the direct macrophage inhibition test. The direct macrophage inhibition test was used to evaluate the relationship between cellular immune response and graft rejection in related renal allograft recipients. Forty recipients were evaluated before and at regular intervals after transplantation while on maintenance immunosuppressive therapy. Allograft recipients were classified into four categories: 1) Non-HL-A-identical with a rejection episode (14 patients); 2) non-HL-A-identical without a rejection episode (13 patients); 3) 3) HL-A-identical with a rejection episode (3 patients); 4) HL-A-identical without a rejection episode (10 patients). Ten HL-A-identical sibling pairs in good health were utilized as controls. Cellular immunity against donor antigen (macrophage inhibition greater than 20%) uniformly occurred in 16 of the 17 patients who experienced episodes of rejection in both the HL-A-identical and nonidentical graft recipient groups. Transplant recipients who did no experience any rejection episodes up to 2 years post-transplant, and members of the HL-A-identical control group had negative inhibition tests. In 5 cases changes in cellular immune response preceded rejection by several days. The two recipients with positive macrophage inhibition to their prospective donors before transplantation experienced irreversible accelerated rejection. Thus, the direct macrophage inhibition test can be used to screen prospective related donors and to monitor cellular immunity in recipients after transplantation. Preexistent cellular immunity to the donor detected before transplantation correlates with a very high incidence of rejection episodes. Graft recipients who experienced no rejection episodes failed to develop cellular immunity to their donors.", "PMID": 1108315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2071", "title": "The fate of cadaver renal allografts contaminated before transplantation.", "content": "Through the routine use of cultures from saline slush transport solution and the initial and final organ perfusates, 14 of 81 cadaver allografts (17.3%) were found to have been contaminated before transplantation. Gram negative organisms, cultured from 5 of the 14 contaminated allografts, resulted in the recipient's death on the first encounter with this problem and the loss of two other allografts. Early antibiotic therapy begun even without evidence of overt infection appeared to prevent any further deaths or graft loss in those whose allografts were contaminated and yielded an overall survival comparable to that of uncontaminated allografts. Without such an approach to the study of perfused cadaver allografts and the management of them when found to be contaminated, this type of infection may go undetected and contribute to allograft and patient loss.", "contents": "The fate of cadaver renal allografts contaminated before transplantation. Through the routine use of cultures from saline slush transport solution and the initial and final organ perfusates, 14 of 81 cadaver allografts (17.3%) were found to have been contaminated before transplantation. Gram negative organisms, cultured from 5 of the 14 contaminated allografts, resulted in the recipient's death on the first encounter with this problem and the loss of two other allografts. Early antibiotic therapy begun even without evidence of overt infection appeared to prevent any further deaths or graft loss in those whose allografts were contaminated and yielded an overall survival comparable to that of uncontaminated allografts. Without such an approach to the study of perfused cadaver allografts and the management of them when found to be contaminated, this type of infection may go undetected and contribute to allograft and patient loss.", "PMID": 1108317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2072", "title": "Prevention of blood transfusion-induced immunization against transplantation antigens by treatment of the blood with antibody.", "content": "The experiments reported show that alloantisera directed against the transplantation antigens of allogeneic blood will completely suppress (1) the lymphocytotoxic antibody response to the blood and (2) its ability to sensitize against renal allografts. AS (Ag-B1) rats injected i.v. with 1 ml of August (Ag-B5) blood gave a strong primary (mainly IgM) and secondary (IgG) lymphocytotoxin response. If the August blood was mixed with AS anti-August serum in vitro before injection, the lymphocytotoxin response was completely suppressed. However, rats given the blood-antiserum mixture gave a primary IgM response upon rechallenge with blood. Rats previously primed with blood had substantial but only partial suppression of the secondary response if the secondary stimulus was given as a blood-antiserum mixture. An AS anti-Wistar (Ag-B2) serum, which showed only weak serological cross-reaction with August lymphocytes, could suppress the lymphocytotoxin response to August blood. A protocol of widely spaced injections of August blood was found to sensitize AS rats to (AS X August)F1 renal allografts. If the blood injections were given as a blood-antiserum mixture, sensitization was prevented. In addition, the blood-antiserum mixtures were found to induce a slight degree of immunosuppression. The clinical application of this approach to preventing blood transfusion-induced sensitization is discussed.", "contents": "Prevention of blood transfusion-induced immunization against transplantation antigens by treatment of the blood with antibody. The experiments reported show that alloantisera directed against the transplantation antigens of allogeneic blood will completely suppress (1) the lymphocytotoxic antibody response to the blood and (2) its ability to sensitize against renal allografts. AS (Ag-B1) rats injected i.v. with 1 ml of August (Ag-B5) blood gave a strong primary (mainly IgM) and secondary (IgG) lymphocytotoxin response. If the August blood was mixed with AS anti-August serum in vitro before injection, the lymphocytotoxin response was completely suppressed. However, rats given the blood-antiserum mixture gave a primary IgM response upon rechallenge with blood. Rats previously primed with blood had substantial but only partial suppression of the secondary response if the secondary stimulus was given as a blood-antiserum mixture. An AS anti-Wistar (Ag-B2) serum, which showed only weak serological cross-reaction with August lymphocytes, could suppress the lymphocytotoxin response to August blood. A protocol of widely spaced injections of August blood was found to sensitize AS rats to (AS X August)F1 renal allografts. If the blood injections were given as a blood-antiserum mixture, sensitization was prevented. In addition, the blood-antiserum mixtures were found to induce a slight degree of immunosuppression. The clinical application of this approach to preventing blood transfusion-induced sensitization is discussed.", "PMID": 1108318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2073", "title": "Effect of polyunsaturated fatty acids on skin allograft survival and primary and secondary cytotoxic response in mice.", "content": "Primary and secondary cell-mediated immune responses are inhibited in vitro and in vivo by polyunsaturated fatty acids, which may have an immune regulatory function in the organism.", "contents": "Effect of polyunsaturated fatty acids on skin allograft survival and primary and secondary cytotoxic response in mice. Primary and secondary cell-mediated immune responses are inhibited in vitro and in vivo by polyunsaturated fatty acids, which may have an immune regulatory function in the organism.", "PMID": 1108321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2074", "title": "Allogeneic bone marrow chimerism in germ-free mice. IV. Therapy of \"Hodgkin's-like\" reticulum cell sarcoma in SJL mice.", "content": "\"Hodgkin's-like reticulum cell sarcoma develops spontaneously in most SJL mice. Germ-free and conventional SJL mice bearing advanced reticulum cell sarcoma were treated with X-irradiation and transplantation of bone marrow from SJL or C3H/He donors. The 120-day survival rate of germ-free mice receiving allogeneic bone marrow (70%) exceeded that of all control groups; more importantly, germ-free mice that survived more than 4 months after treatment with allogeneic cells had no evidence of neoplastic lesions when killed. The germ-free environment effectively prevented graft-versus-host disease that was lethal to conventional mice. The results of these experiments offer additional evidence that bone marrow transplantation can be used as a therapeutic tool for spontaneous murine neoplasms.", "contents": "Allogeneic bone marrow chimerism in germ-free mice. IV. Therapy of \"Hodgkin's-like\" reticulum cell sarcoma in SJL mice. \"Hodgkin's-like reticulum cell sarcoma develops spontaneously in most SJL mice. Germ-free and conventional SJL mice bearing advanced reticulum cell sarcoma were treated with X-irradiation and transplantation of bone marrow from SJL or C3H/He donors. The 120-day survival rate of germ-free mice receiving allogeneic bone marrow (70%) exceeded that of all control groups; more importantly, germ-free mice that survived more than 4 months after treatment with allogeneic cells had no evidence of neoplastic lesions when killed. The germ-free environment effectively prevented graft-versus-host disease that was lethal to conventional mice. The results of these experiments offer additional evidence that bone marrow transplantation can be used as a therapeutic tool for spontaneous murine neoplasms.", "PMID": 1108322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2075", "title": "Immunological reactivity of B mice reconstituted with various numbers of syngeneic bone marrow cells.", "content": "Adult thymectomized mice were sublethally irradiated and reconstituted with various doses of syngeneic bone marrow. Immunological reactivity was assessed by allogeneic skin grafting at various intervals after reconstitution. It was found that reconstitution with high doses (1 X 10(7), 2 X 10(7)) of bone marrow was associated with an ability to reject allogeneic skin grafts and that this reactivity increased with time. Following rejection of a first skin graft, second grafts were rejected in an accelerated manner. These mice had measurable levels of Thy 1.2 positive cells in the spleen. In contrast, low-dose bone marrow reconstitution (1 X 10(6), 2 X10(6)) produced mice which did not reject either first or second allogeneic skin grafts, and such mice had at most only very low levels of Thy 1.2 positive cells in their spleens.", "contents": "Immunological reactivity of B mice reconstituted with various numbers of syngeneic bone marrow cells. Adult thymectomized mice were sublethally irradiated and reconstituted with various doses of syngeneic bone marrow. Immunological reactivity was assessed by allogeneic skin grafting at various intervals after reconstitution. It was found that reconstitution with high doses (1 X 10(7), 2 X 10(7)) of bone marrow was associated with an ability to reject allogeneic skin grafts and that this reactivity increased with time. Following rejection of a first skin graft, second grafts were rejected in an accelerated manner. These mice had measurable levels of Thy 1.2 positive cells in the spleen. In contrast, low-dose bone marrow reconstitution (1 X 10(6), 2 X10(6)) produced mice which did not reject either first or second allogeneic skin grafts, and such mice had at most only very low levels of Thy 1.2 positive cells in their spleens.", "PMID": 1108323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2076", "title": "B cell ontogeny in rabbits. Immunofluoresecent localization of B cells in fetal and neonatal rabbits.", "content": "The mammalian equivalent of the Bursa of Fabricius, the organ responsible for B cell maturation in avian species, has not been identified despite anatomic and ablative studies which suggest that the gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT) subserve this function. By analogy to the Bursa, the mammalian organ directing B cell ontogeny should be the site where IgM-bearing cells (B cells) are first identifiable. In this study, fluorescein-tagged heavy chain specific antirabbit IgM is used to localize initial sites of B cell appearance in rabbit fetal and neonatal lymphoid tissues. IgM-bearing cells are found 2 days before birth in the thymus and 1 day before birth in GALT. Immunoglobulin-bearing cells in spleen, lymph node, and bone marrow are undetectable until after birth. B cells bearing the IgM marked precede the appearance of IgG-bearing cells by 1 to 4 days in all instances. Intraperitoneal implantation of Millipore chambers containing immature fetal thymic tissue into neonatal hosts reveals that in situ development of IgM cells takes place independent of host cell traffic. The results suggest that B cell ontogeny in mammals is more complex than in avian species and demonstrates probable involvement of the thymus in the maturational process.", "contents": "B cell ontogeny in rabbits. Immunofluoresecent localization of B cells in fetal and neonatal rabbits. The mammalian equivalent of the Bursa of Fabricius, the organ responsible for B cell maturation in avian species, has not been identified despite anatomic and ablative studies which suggest that the gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT) subserve this function. By analogy to the Bursa, the mammalian organ directing B cell ontogeny should be the site where IgM-bearing cells (B cells) are first identifiable. In this study, fluorescein-tagged heavy chain specific antirabbit IgM is used to localize initial sites of B cell appearance in rabbit fetal and neonatal lymphoid tissues. IgM-bearing cells are found 2 days before birth in the thymus and 1 day before birth in GALT. Immunoglobulin-bearing cells in spleen, lymph node, and bone marrow are undetectable until after birth. B cells bearing the IgM marked precede the appearance of IgG-bearing cells by 1 to 4 days in all instances. Intraperitoneal implantation of Millipore chambers containing immature fetal thymic tissue into neonatal hosts reveals that in situ development of IgM cells takes place independent of host cell traffic. The results suggest that B cell ontogeny in mammals is more complex than in avian species and demonstrates probable involvement of the thymus in the maturational process.", "PMID": 1108324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2077", "title": "Enhancement of skin allograft survival by soluble alloantigen is serum-mediated.", "content": "H-2d mice treated before skin grafting with either soluble alloantigen prepared from H-2b cells or with serum obtained from similarly sensitized mice showed a significantly prolonged survival of H-2b skin allografts. This in vivo enhancement was paralleled by a depression of cell-mediated cytotoxicity to [51Cr]H-2b target cells in vitro. Such in vitro and in vivo effects were abrogated when mice were repeatedly injected with soluble alloantigen before and after skin grafting, demonstrating that enhancing antibody present could be neutralized by this mode of antigen administration. The data suggest that serum factors present in mice pretreated with soluble alloantigen lead to specific blocking at the induction phase of the cell-mediated immune response and result in skin graft enhancement.", "contents": "Enhancement of skin allograft survival by soluble alloantigen is serum-mediated. H-2d mice treated before skin grafting with either soluble alloantigen prepared from H-2b cells or with serum obtained from similarly sensitized mice showed a significantly prolonged survival of H-2b skin allografts. This in vivo enhancement was paralleled by a depression of cell-mediated cytotoxicity to [51Cr]H-2b target cells in vitro. Such in vitro and in vivo effects were abrogated when mice were repeatedly injected with soluble alloantigen before and after skin grafting, demonstrating that enhancing antibody present could be neutralized by this mode of antigen administration. The data suggest that serum factors present in mice pretreated with soluble alloantigen lead to specific blocking at the induction phase of the cell-mediated immune response and result in skin graft enhancement.", "PMID": 1108325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2078", "title": "[New data on the structure of fibrinogen].", "content": "The results of physical and chemical investigations show the closeness of fibrinogen to globular proteins, but some differences from globular proteins in certain characteristic features are found resulted from high asymmetry or high hydration of the molecule. The results of electron microscopy cannot be interpreted in a simple way, but nevertheless they show the presence of conformational mobility and existence of configurational isomers. The amino acid sequence of the most important parts of a fibrinogen molecule is known now: \"the N-terminal disulphide knot\" including peptides A and B being splitted by thrombin, and the part of the gamma-chain participating in covalent binding of fibrin. The study of plasmin and CNBr split products is a fruitful approach to the study of fibrinogen structure and the chemical models of fibrinogen are based on them. In the latest models the N-terminal parts of all 6 polypeptide chains of fibrinogen are located in the centre of a molecule, so the earlier concepts on monomeric fibrin polymerization in the end-to-end way must be reconsidered. None of the existing models produces a definite description of the functional properties of fibrinogen; the appearance of such a model is expected in the nearest future.", "contents": "[New data on the structure of fibrinogen]. The results of physical and chemical investigations show the closeness of fibrinogen to globular proteins, but some differences from globular proteins in certain characteristic features are found resulted from high asymmetry or high hydration of the molecule. The results of electron microscopy cannot be interpreted in a simple way, but nevertheless they show the presence of conformational mobility and existence of configurational isomers. The amino acid sequence of the most important parts of a fibrinogen molecule is known now: \"the N-terminal disulphide knot\" including peptides A and B being splitted by thrombin, and the part of the gamma-chain participating in covalent binding of fibrin. The study of plasmin and CNBr split products is a fruitful approach to the study of fibrinogen structure and the chemical models of fibrinogen are based on them. In the latest models the N-terminal parts of all 6 polypeptide chains of fibrinogen are located in the centre of a molecule, so the earlier concepts on monomeric fibrin polymerization in the end-to-end way must be reconsidered. None of the existing models produces a definite description of the functional properties of fibrinogen; the appearance of such a model is expected in the nearest future.", "PMID": 1108327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2079", "title": "[Synthesis of RNA and proteins with exogenous template in the DNA-directed cell-free system from Escherichia coli B. after UV-irradiation].", "content": "The RNA and protein synthesis was studied in the DNA-directed cell-free system with extracts and ribosomes of intact and ultraviolet (UV) irradiated E. coli B. The UV-doses used did not kill the cells, but produced noticeable morphological changes. DNA of bacteriophage T2 was used as a template for the RNA synthesis. All the UV-doses used cause an approximately equal decrease in the incorporation of uracil-14C into the acid-insoluble sediment in assays incubated with the extracts of the irradiated cells. The presence of ribosomes from the irradiated cells does not affect the uracil-14C incorporation. With the lower UV-doses incorporation of 14C-labelled amino acids into the acid-insoluble seciment by the irradiated cells extract decreases to the same degree as the uracil-14C incorporation. This may be the result of proportional decrease in the intensity of total RNA and m-RNA synthesis. The intensity of 14C-labelled amino-acid 14C incorporation with the ribosomes from the cells irradiated with lower UV-doses is decreased too. This testifies to a direct effect of uv on the ribosomes. With an increase in the UV-doses these effects disappear. It is supposed that the applied doses of UV-irradiation change differently the properties of the components of RNA- and protein-synthesing systens. This discrepancy becomes more noticeable with an increase in UV-dose.", "contents": "[Synthesis of RNA and proteins with exogenous template in the DNA-directed cell-free system from Escherichia coli B. after UV-irradiation]. The RNA and protein synthesis was studied in the DNA-directed cell-free system with extracts and ribosomes of intact and ultraviolet (UV) irradiated E. coli B. The UV-doses used did not kill the cells, but produced noticeable morphological changes. DNA of bacteriophage T2 was used as a template for the RNA synthesis. All the UV-doses used cause an approximately equal decrease in the incorporation of uracil-14C into the acid-insoluble sediment in assays incubated with the extracts of the irradiated cells. The presence of ribosomes from the irradiated cells does not affect the uracil-14C incorporation. With the lower UV-doses incorporation of 14C-labelled amino acids into the acid-insoluble seciment by the irradiated cells extract decreases to the same degree as the uracil-14C incorporation. This may be the result of proportional decrease in the intensity of total RNA and m-RNA synthesis. The intensity of 14C-labelled amino-acid 14C incorporation with the ribosomes from the cells irradiated with lower UV-doses is decreased too. This testifies to a direct effect of uv on the ribosomes. With an increase in the UV-doses these effects disappear. It is supposed that the applied doses of UV-irradiation change differently the properties of the components of RNA- and protein-synthesing systens. This discrepancy becomes more noticeable with an increase in UV-dose.", "PMID": 1108329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2080", "title": "[Etiology, diagnosis and treatment of spontaneous ruptures of the kidney (author's transl)].", "content": "Spontaneous ruptures of the kidney occur seldom. As a rule they are observed in impaired organs. According to the various underlying diseases the symptomatology can differ widely. Etiology and pathogenesis often become clear only after surgical exposure of the kidney. Our own observation of such a case lead us to review the causes as well as the diagnosis and treatment of spontaneous ruptures of the kidney. For clinical purposes we propose a classification into spontaneous ruptures of the kidney with perirenal hematoma and spontaneous ruptures of the pelviocalyceal system.", "contents": "[Etiology, diagnosis and treatment of spontaneous ruptures of the kidney (author's transl)]. Spontaneous ruptures of the kidney occur seldom. As a rule they are observed in impaired organs. According to the various underlying diseases the symptomatology can differ widely. Etiology and pathogenesis often become clear only after surgical exposure of the kidney. Our own observation of such a case lead us to review the causes as well as the diagnosis and treatment of spontaneous ruptures of the kidney. For clinical purposes we propose a classification into spontaneous ruptures of the kidney with perirenal hematoma and spontaneous ruptures of the pelviocalyceal system.", "PMID": 1108337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2081", "title": "[Excoriation injuries of the penis and scrotum (author's transl)].", "content": "In total excoriation of the penis and scrotum caused by injury the immediate manifestations of new skin cover are seen within 8-12 hrs. In the sense of a \"postponed emergency\" the usual wound toilet should be performed, a bladder catheter introduced, and penis lowered into a subcutaneous tunnel beneath the abdomen. However, in every case, the ultimate goal is formation of a new skin covering via a split skin flap. The testicles should be lowered into a pouch on the thigh where they will not suffer thermal damage.", "contents": "[Excoriation injuries of the penis and scrotum (author's transl)]. In total excoriation of the penis and scrotum caused by injury the immediate manifestations of new skin cover are seen within 8-12 hrs. In the sense of a \"postponed emergency\" the usual wound toilet should be performed, a bladder catheter introduced, and penis lowered into a subcutaneous tunnel beneath the abdomen. However, in every case, the ultimate goal is formation of a new skin covering via a split skin flap. The testicles should be lowered into a pouch on the thigh where they will not suffer thermal damage.", "PMID": 1108338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2082", "title": "[Varicocele as a cause of disorder in fertility (author's transl)].", "content": "In this study the pathophysiological connections in varicocele genesis are discussed, as well as its effect upon spermiogenesis and the causal factors. In 73 patients the high retroperitoneal ligature of the testicular vein was performed. Indication was given either on the basis of subjective complaints or on the proof of subfertility. In 79% of the cases a good anatomic result was obtained after operation. Of the spermiograms established prior to operation 56% showed postoperatively a distinct improvement in quality. In 52% of the sterile marriages conception occurred following operative intervention. In our clinic the operative method according to Bernardi is preferred, since it meets best the criteria of an ideal varicocelectomy. Operative intervention should take place early for possible preventing of spermiogenetic lesion.", "contents": "[Varicocele as a cause of disorder in fertility (author's transl)]. In this study the pathophysiological connections in varicocele genesis are discussed, as well as its effect upon spermiogenesis and the causal factors. In 73 patients the high retroperitoneal ligature of the testicular vein was performed. Indication was given either on the basis of subjective complaints or on the proof of subfertility. In 79% of the cases a good anatomic result was obtained after operation. Of the spermiograms established prior to operation 56% showed postoperatively a distinct improvement in quality. In 52% of the sterile marriages conception occurred following operative intervention. In our clinic the operative method according to Bernardi is preferred, since it meets best the criteria of an ideal varicocelectomy. Operative intervention should take place early for possible preventing of spermiogenetic lesion.", "PMID": 1108339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2083", "title": "[How to prevent the TUR-syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "The TUR-syndrome is due to the absorption of irrigating fluid free of electrolytes, producing hypervolemia, and dilutional hyponatremia, as well as hyperkalemia. Strict adherence to the above ten rules is necessary in preventing the TUR-syndrome. After using them for 30 years, we were able to avoid this complication without using non-hemolytic solutions nor limiting the operative time.", "contents": "[How to prevent the TUR-syndrome (author's transl)]. The TUR-syndrome is due to the absorption of irrigating fluid free of electrolytes, producing hypervolemia, and dilutional hyponatremia, as well as hyperkalemia. Strict adherence to the above ten rules is necessary in preventing the TUR-syndrome. After using them for 30 years, we were able to avoid this complication without using non-hemolytic solutions nor limiting the operative time.", "PMID": 1108340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2084", "title": "[Pancreatic islets, plasma glucagon and renal calcification in rats fed various diets. Results of a pilot study (author's transl)].", "content": "Rats fed abnormally composed isocaloric diets during 21 days (low magnesium, atherogenous, high in proteins or carbohydrates) develop a mean increase in total number of pancreatic A cells, a significant increase of A/B ratio (atherogenous), and hyperglucagonemia in most of the groups under study. Histologic examination reveals calcification most marked in animals under low magnesium and atherogenous diets. They are only scarce following high protein diet; a normal or carbohydrate rich diet nullifies this phenomenon. Independent of the morphologic and functional state of the islets, supplementation by argining and histidine of normal chow is followed by a certain degree of renal calcification. Lowered urinary magnesium and calcium and elevated urinary sodium and phosphate together with a tendency toward hypercalcemia point to stimulation of parathyroids during malnutrition. Absolute or relative hyperglucagonemia must be considered the main causstive factor.", "contents": "[Pancreatic islets, plasma glucagon and renal calcification in rats fed various diets. Results of a pilot study (author's transl)]. Rats fed abnormally composed isocaloric diets during 21 days (low magnesium, atherogenous, high in proteins or carbohydrates) develop a mean increase in total number of pancreatic A cells, a significant increase of A/B ratio (atherogenous), and hyperglucagonemia in most of the groups under study. Histologic examination reveals calcification most marked in animals under low magnesium and atherogenous diets. They are only scarce following high protein diet; a normal or carbohydrate rich diet nullifies this phenomenon. Independent of the morphologic and functional state of the islets, supplementation by argining and histidine of normal chow is followed by a certain degree of renal calcification. Lowered urinary magnesium and calcium and elevated urinary sodium and phosphate together with a tendency toward hypercalcemia point to stimulation of parathyroids during malnutrition. Absolute or relative hyperglucagonemia must be considered the main causstive factor.", "PMID": 1108341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2085", "title": "Renal fascia of Gerota.", "content": "There are controversial views regarding the configuration of the renal fascia of Gerota. Various arrangements described in the literature are presented. A consensus is derived and its clinical importance stressed.", "contents": "Renal fascia of Gerota. There are controversial views regarding the configuration of the renal fascia of Gerota. Various arrangements described in the literature are presented. A consensus is derived and its clinical importance stressed.", "PMID": 1108342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2086", "title": "Simplified experimental ureteroneocystostomy.", "content": "Improvement in renal transplantation has been the result of increased clinical experience and laboratory investigation. One of the causes of transplant failure is urinary leakage and slough at the ureteroneocystostomy site. A simplified extravesical ureteral implantation technique is described. This method has been used in more than 200 canine renal transplants producing consistently good results.", "contents": "Simplified experimental ureteroneocystostomy. Improvement in renal transplantation has been the result of increased clinical experience and laboratory investigation. One of the causes of transplant failure is urinary leakage and slough at the ureteroneocystostomy site. A simplified extravesical ureteral implantation technique is described. This method has been used in more than 200 canine renal transplants producing consistently good results.", "PMID": 1108345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2087", "title": "Disseminated nocardiosis presenting as testicular abscess.", "content": "A case of a localized testicular abscess due to Nocardia asteroides in a patient on immunosuppressive therapy for a myeloproliferative disorder is reported. Subsequent fatal dissemination of the infection to the prostate, lungs, and liver occurred. This represents the second reported case of nocardiosis of the testis. Extrapulmonary forms of nocardiosis must be recognized so that appropriate treatment can be instituted prior to dissemination.", "contents": "Disseminated nocardiosis presenting as testicular abscess. A case of a localized testicular abscess due to Nocardia asteroides in a patient on immunosuppressive therapy for a myeloproliferative disorder is reported. Subsequent fatal dissemination of the infection to the prostate, lungs, and liver occurred. This represents the second reported case of nocardiosis of the testis. Extrapulmonary forms of nocardiosis must be recognized so that appropriate treatment can be instituted prior to dissemination.", "PMID": 1108346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2088", "title": "Analgesic abuse nephropathy.", "content": "Analgesic abuse nephropathy is seldom considered as a cause in patients presenting with chronic renal disease. In a three-year period 450 patients were seen with chronic renal failure. Of these 103 had interstitial renal disease as the cause of their failure. Twenty of these 103 were due to chronic analgesic abuse, which indicates that need for a greater awareness of this problem. The spectrum of clinical and roentgenographic aspects of analgesic abuse nephropathy are discussed. What constitutes analgesic abuse, helpful clinical findings, frequency of other medical illnesses, and the low incidence of documented renal infection prior to onset of renal failure are discussed. Intravenous pyelographic findings related to visualization, renal size, corticomedullary margins and pelvicalyceal changes are also discussed and demonstrated.", "contents": "Analgesic abuse nephropathy. Analgesic abuse nephropathy is seldom considered as a cause in patients presenting with chronic renal disease. In a three-year period 450 patients were seen with chronic renal failure. Of these 103 had interstitial renal disease as the cause of their failure. Twenty of these 103 were due to chronic analgesic abuse, which indicates that need for a greater awareness of this problem. The spectrum of clinical and roentgenographic aspects of analgesic abuse nephropathy are discussed. What constitutes analgesic abuse, helpful clinical findings, frequency of other medical illnesses, and the low incidence of documented renal infection prior to onset of renal failure are discussed. Intravenous pyelographic findings related to visualization, renal size, corticomedullary margins and pelvicalyceal changes are also discussed and demonstrated.", "PMID": 1108348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2089", "title": "Compression neuropathy subsequent to renal transplantation.", "content": "Compression neuropathy occurred in 7 patients who underwent renal transplantation. The neuropathy occurred on the same side as the surgery and was associated with the use of selfretaining retractors. Other contributing factors were presence and degree of uremia and diabetes. We suggest that self-retaining retractors be used carefully and length of application reduced to a minimum. Efficient dialysis prior to transplantation may decrease the incidence and severity of neurologic deficit by reducing the extent of uremia.", "contents": "Compression neuropathy subsequent to renal transplantation. Compression neuropathy occurred in 7 patients who underwent renal transplantation. The neuropathy occurred on the same side as the surgery and was associated with the use of selfretaining retractors. Other contributing factors were presence and degree of uremia and diabetes. We suggest that self-retaining retractors be used carefully and length of application reduced to a minimum. Efficient dialysis prior to transplantation may decrease the incidence and severity of neurologic deficit by reducing the extent of uremia.", "PMID": 1108349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2090", "title": "Twenty-eight-day courses of antibiotics for urinary tract infection.", "content": "A prospective double-blind study was performed in which 30 adult patients with recurrent urinary tract infections due to Escherichia coli, and Proteus mirabilis organisms were treated by twenty-eight-day courses of either ampicillin, 500 mg. four times a day, or trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole, 2 tablets twice a day. In terms of freedom from infection fifty-six days after the cessation of treatment in both complicated and uncomplicated infections, trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole yielded results superior to those of ampicillin. In comparing the results of this study with those of a similar study in which the same agents were given for ten-day courses it appears that only in the complicated infection is there an advantage in giving a prolonged course of trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole. This study did not generate any evidence to support the extension of ampicillin therapy for urinary tract infection beyond ten days.", "contents": "Twenty-eight-day courses of antibiotics for urinary tract infection. A prospective double-blind study was performed in which 30 adult patients with recurrent urinary tract infections due to Escherichia coli, and Proteus mirabilis organisms were treated by twenty-eight-day courses of either ampicillin, 500 mg. four times a day, or trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole, 2 tablets twice a day. In terms of freedom from infection fifty-six days after the cessation of treatment in both complicated and uncomplicated infections, trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole yielded results superior to those of ampicillin. In comparing the results of this study with those of a similar study in which the same agents were given for ten-day courses it appears that only in the complicated infection is there an advantage in giving a prolonged course of trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole. This study did not generate any evidence to support the extension of ampicillin therapy for urinary tract infection beyond ten days.", "PMID": 1108350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2091", "title": "Comparison of absorbable sutures in urinary bladder.", "content": "Experimental cystotomy wounds in dogs were closed with sutures of polyglactin-910, polyglycolic acid, and chromic catgut. Animals were sacrificed at intervals of five to thirty days, and wounds were examined grossly and microscopically. This study reconfirms the benignity of early tissue reaction to catgut and points out the similarity of tissue reaction to polyglycolic acid and polyglactin-910 suture in the urinary bladder, the reaction characterized by early separation and invasion of suture fibers by cellular infiltration.", "contents": "Comparison of absorbable sutures in urinary bladder. Experimental cystotomy wounds in dogs were closed with sutures of polyglactin-910, polyglycolic acid, and chromic catgut. Animals were sacrificed at intervals of five to thirty days, and wounds were examined grossly and microscopically. This study reconfirms the benignity of early tissue reaction to catgut and points out the similarity of tissue reaction to polyglycolic acid and polyglactin-910 suture in the urinary bladder, the reaction characterized by early separation and invasion of suture fibers by cellular infiltration.", "PMID": 1108351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2092", "title": "Immunostaging in carcinoma of prostate.", "content": "Immunostaging is a new method of assessing patients immunologically before and after immunotherapy. Twenty-eight patients with adenocarcinoma of the prostate were immunostaged independently by two investigators. There was a positive correlation between both immunostagings. There was also a positive correlation between the patient's immunostage and the clinical stage of his cancer.", "contents": "Immunostaging in carcinoma of prostate. Immunostaging is a new method of assessing patients immunologically before and after immunotherapy. Twenty-eight patients with adenocarcinoma of the prostate were immunostaged independently by two investigators. There was a positive correlation between both immunostagings. There was also a positive correlation between the patient's immunostage and the clinical stage of his cancer.", "PMID": 1108352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2093", "title": "Ultrasound in diagnosis and evaluation of lymphoceles after renal transplantation.", "content": "Three cases of lymphoceles after renal transplantation are described. The value of ultrasound is stressed in making the diagnosis, totally delineating the size, following the progression, evaluating the transplanted kidney for secondary hydronephrosis, and localizing the lymphocele for aspiration. Ultrasound is, therefore, believed to be a valuable diagnostic study in the evaluation of patients with a transplanted kidney with an unexplained reduction in renal function, leg edema, or a suspicion of a pelvic mass.", "contents": "Ultrasound in diagnosis and evaluation of lymphoceles after renal transplantation. Three cases of lymphoceles after renal transplantation are described. The value of ultrasound is stressed in making the diagnosis, totally delineating the size, following the progression, evaluating the transplanted kidney for secondary hydronephrosis, and localizing the lymphocele for aspiration. Ultrasound is, therefore, believed to be a valuable diagnostic study in the evaluation of patients with a transplanted kidney with an unexplained reduction in renal function, leg edema, or a suspicion of a pelvic mass.", "PMID": 1108353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2094", "title": "Congenital choanal atresia -- a technique for surgical correction.", "content": "A technique for transnasal correction of unilateral and bilateral congenital atresia in both infants and older children has been used repeadedly with no difficulty encountered in creating an adequate passage in patients with either unilateral or bilateral atresia. In no instances was there any deviation from the intended path of the boring tool causing injury to the palatine vessels, roof of the nasopharynx, or posterior pharyngeal wall.", "contents": "Congenital choanal atresia -- a technique for surgical correction. A technique for transnasal correction of unilateral and bilateral congenital atresia in both infants and older children has been used repeadedly with no difficulty encountered in creating an adequate passage in patients with either unilateral or bilateral atresia. In no instances was there any deviation from the intended path of the boring tool causing injury to the palatine vessels, roof of the nasopharynx, or posterior pharyngeal wall.", "PMID": 1108361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2095", "title": "The influence of subconjunctival depot corticosteroid on choroidal detachment following retinal detachment surgery.", "content": "This study indicates that primary retinal detachment surgery on patients aged 55 or over is complicated by uveitis and choroidal detachment at approximate rates of 24% and 44%, respectively. These complications did not influence the anatomic cure rate or recovery of visual acuity. Although only 89 patients were recruited, the technique of random selection equally distributed the parameters studied and provided results of high reliability. The internal controls of the protocol prevented the examiners from being aware of whether the drug or placebo had been administered. We were concerned that the corticosteroid injection might have been producing the apparent increase in infection rate of 7.7% and the study was temporarily discontinued. Because statistical analysis showed there was no significant difference in infection rate between the treatment and control groups, the project could have been continued again.", "contents": "The influence of subconjunctival depot corticosteroid on choroidal detachment following retinal detachment surgery. This study indicates that primary retinal detachment surgery on patients aged 55 or over is complicated by uveitis and choroidal detachment at approximate rates of 24% and 44%, respectively. These complications did not influence the anatomic cure rate or recovery of visual acuity. Although only 89 patients were recruited, the technique of random selection equally distributed the parameters studied and provided results of high reliability. The internal controls of the protocol prevented the examiners from being aware of whether the drug or placebo had been administered. We were concerned that the corticosteroid injection might have been producing the apparent increase in infection rate of 7.7% and the study was temporarily discontinued. Because statistical analysis showed there was no significant difference in infection rate between the treatment and control groups, the project could have been continued again.", "PMID": 1108355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2096", "title": "Palatoplasty: a comparative study.", "content": "A comparative analysis of 275 patients who underwent palatoplasty between 1961 and 9171 is presented. Of these, 149 patients had a Langenbeck palatoplasty and 188 a V-Y pushback palatoplasty. Speech results in these patients were carefully assessed by experience speech pathologists using conversational and structured (word articulation tests) speech, manometric ratios, and radiographic evidence of palatal movement. Over all, 73% of the V-Y pushback patients attained acceptable speech compared to 56% in the Langenbeck category. Patients with clefts of the soft palate only had the highest incidence of acceptable speech (91% in Langenbeck, 81% in V-Y). In both categories the results were poorer in the more extensive clefts.", "contents": "Palatoplasty: a comparative study. A comparative analysis of 275 patients who underwent palatoplasty between 1961 and 9171 is presented. Of these, 149 patients had a Langenbeck palatoplasty and 188 a V-Y pushback palatoplasty. Speech results in these patients were carefully assessed by experience speech pathologists using conversational and structured (word articulation tests) speech, manometric ratios, and radiographic evidence of palatal movement. Over all, 73% of the V-Y pushback patients attained acceptable speech compared to 56% in the Langenbeck category. Patients with clefts of the soft palate only had the highest incidence of acceptable speech (91% in Langenbeck, 81% in V-Y). In both categories the results were poorer in the more extensive clefts.", "PMID": 1108362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2097", "title": "Two remarkable events in the field of intraocular foreign body: (1) The reversal of siderosis bulbi. (2) The spontaneous extrusion of an intraocular copper foreign body.", "content": "Two unusual events concerning intraocular foreign bodies are presented. The first patient had an occult or unsuspected intraocular foreign body. He showed iridoplegia with mydriasis, siderosis iridis, and an intraocular piece of iron lying posteriorly near the retina. The foreign body was removed and the patient regained normal iris color and pupillary activity. His vision remains 20/15 six years postoperatively dispite ensuing retinal detachment one year after removal of the foreign body. The second patient was a young boy injured by a blasting cap explosion. He lost one eye from the injury and had a piece of intraocular brass in his left eye. In spite of the development of chalcosis and a mature cataract the lens gradually shrank in the pupillary space permitting a clear aphakic area and 20/25 vision. The brass fragment migrated forward and inferiorly and was finally extruded under the conjunctiva five years later, where it was removed and chemically analyzed by x-ray diffraction.", "contents": "Two remarkable events in the field of intraocular foreign body: (1) The reversal of siderosis bulbi. (2) The spontaneous extrusion of an intraocular copper foreign body. Two unusual events concerning intraocular foreign bodies are presented. The first patient had an occult or unsuspected intraocular foreign body. He showed iridoplegia with mydriasis, siderosis iridis, and an intraocular piece of iron lying posteriorly near the retina. The foreign body was removed and the patient regained normal iris color and pupillary activity. His vision remains 20/15 six years postoperatively dispite ensuing retinal detachment one year after removal of the foreign body. The second patient was a young boy injured by a blasting cap explosion. He lost one eye from the injury and had a piece of intraocular brass in his left eye. In spite of the development of chalcosis and a mature cataract the lens gradually shrank in the pupillary space permitting a clear aphakic area and 20/25 vision. The brass fragment migrated forward and inferiorly and was finally extruded under the conjunctiva five years later, where it was removed and chemically analyzed by x-ray diffraction.", "PMID": 1108372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2098", "title": "[Comparative characteristics of the methods of surgical treatment of extrasphincteric rectal fistulas].", "content": "The number of recurrences ranged from 2.1% to 14.3% depending on the degree of fistula complexity. Fistulectomy with suturing of its stump by dosage sphincterotomy is indicated in case of extrasphincteric fistulas without cicatricial and inflammatory changes in the intestinal wall and pararectal cellular spaces. Fistulectomy with suturing of the sphincter should be accomplished only in patients with non-branching extrasphincteric fistulas without inflammatory changes in pararectal cellular spaces. The technic of ligation may be employed in most complex forms of rectal extrasphincteric fistulas. A variant of surgery when ligature is put during the operative procedure and the wound is partially closed makes it possible to obtain adequate functional results.", "contents": "[Comparative characteristics of the methods of surgical treatment of extrasphincteric rectal fistulas]. The number of recurrences ranged from 2.1% to 14.3% depending on the degree of fistula complexity. Fistulectomy with suturing of its stump by dosage sphincterotomy is indicated in case of extrasphincteric fistulas without cicatricial and inflammatory changes in the intestinal wall and pararectal cellular spaces. Fistulectomy with suturing of the sphincter should be accomplished only in patients with non-branching extrasphincteric fistulas without inflammatory changes in pararectal cellular spaces. The technic of ligation may be employed in most complex forms of rectal extrasphincteric fistulas. A variant of surgery when ligature is put during the operative procedure and the wound is partially closed makes it possible to obtain adequate functional results.", "PMID": 1108378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2099", "title": "[Use of a hollow drill in osteoplastic arthrodesis of the hip joint].", "content": "The technic of osteoplastic arthrodesis of the coxa, using a hollow drill, is described. The operation was performed in 54 patients. 48 patients were examined within the terms from 1 year to 5 years postoperatively. Ankylosis occurred in 46 cases. The cause of a failure in 2 cases was an early cessation of immobilization.", "contents": "[Use of a hollow drill in osteoplastic arthrodesis of the hip joint]. The technic of osteoplastic arthrodesis of the coxa, using a hollow drill, is described. The operation was performed in 54 patients. 48 patients were examined within the terms from 1 year to 5 years postoperatively. Ankylosis occurred in 46 cases. The cause of a failure in 2 cases was an early cessation of immobilization.", "PMID": 1108379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2100", "title": "[Injuries of the large veins of the limbs].", "content": "161 observations of the extremity vein injuries, including 141 cases with associated arterial injuries and 11 cases with isolated traumas, as well as 9 cases of replantation of the extremity in complete tears are analysed. Venous reconstruction was performed in 37 patients, in the remainder veins were ligated. Indications to reconstructive procedures and ligation of injured veins are discussed.", "contents": "[Injuries of the large veins of the limbs]. 161 observations of the extremity vein injuries, including 141 cases with associated arterial injuries and 11 cases with isolated traumas, as well as 9 cases of replantation of the extremity in complete tears are analysed. Venous reconstruction was performed in 37 patients, in the remainder veins were ligated. Indications to reconstructive procedures and ligation of injured veins are discussed.", "PMID": 1108380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2101", "title": "[Open diaphyseal fractures of the long tubular bones and their treatment].", "content": "Based on the study of the immediate results of therapy in 172 patients and late results in 123 patients with open diaphyseal fractures of long tubular bones, the number of poor immediate and late results were found to be directly related with the degree of damaging soft tissues at the fracture site. An analysis of the results also indicated their reliable dependence on the choice of the therapeutic method employed. A predominant immobilization of the fracture in a plaster dressing after primary surgical treatment of the wound and open or closed reposition of the fracture is largely recommended. In some kinds of fractures when securing of fragments in a plaster dressing was unfeasible, then the use of delayed metallic osteosynthesis is indicated. Primary osteosynthesis in open fractures may be used only if specially indicated.", "contents": "[Open diaphyseal fractures of the long tubular bones and their treatment]. Based on the study of the immediate results of therapy in 172 patients and late results in 123 patients with open diaphyseal fractures of long tubular bones, the number of poor immediate and late results were found to be directly related with the degree of damaging soft tissues at the fracture site. An analysis of the results also indicated their reliable dependence on the choice of the therapeutic method employed. A predominant immobilization of the fracture in a plaster dressing after primary surgical treatment of the wound and open or closed reposition of the fracture is largely recommended. In some kinds of fractures when securing of fragments in a plaster dressing was unfeasible, then the use of delayed metallic osteosynthesis is indicated. Primary osteosynthesis in open fractures may be used only if specially indicated.", "PMID": 1108381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2102", "title": "Bacteriological and pathological studies of the \"collapse syndrome\" in suckled calves.", "content": "During the winter of 1971-72 faecal samples from 91 diarrhoeic calves, 25 of which were considered to be suffering from the \"collapse syndrome\" were examined bacteriologically. E coli of serotypes reported as having the ability to produce enterotoxins were isolated from most of the calves with the \"collapse syndrome\", but from only a few of the other diarrhoeic calves, as well as a few unaffected in-contact animals. On post mortem examination, abomasal dilatation was a characteristic finding in calves dying of the \"collapse syndrome\" but not of other diarrhoeic deaths. The significance of these findings is discussed.", "contents": "Bacteriological and pathological studies of the \"collapse syndrome\" in suckled calves. During the winter of 1971-72 faecal samples from 91 diarrhoeic calves, 25 of which were considered to be suffering from the \"collapse syndrome\" were examined bacteriologically. E coli of serotypes reported as having the ability to produce enterotoxins were isolated from most of the calves with the \"collapse syndrome\", but from only a few of the other diarrhoeic calves, as well as a few unaffected in-contact animals. On post mortem examination, abomasal dilatation was a characteristic finding in calves dying of the \"collapse syndrome\" but not of other diarrhoeic deaths. The significance of these findings is discussed.", "PMID": 1108382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2103", "title": "[Influence of tissue emulsions on the phagocytic activity of the RES].", "content": "Radiometric, microbiologic, biochemical and morphologic investigations were carried out with a total of 95 guinea pigs and 20 rabbits in order to study the effect of the biogenic stimulants after Filatov on the phagocytic activity of the reticulo-endothelial system. Use was made of a tissue emulsion of swine embryos with biologic activity up to 160 per cent and a microbial stain - Escherichia coli 078. The labeling of the microorganisms was effected by means of 32P as obtained from Na2 H32PO4. It was found that the parenteral treatment of the animals with tissue emulsion after Filatov leads to the enhancement of the phagocytic activity and the lysing of the phagocytised bacteria by the elements of the reticulo-endothelial system by 7 to 10 per cent more than was observed with the use of control animals. The biogenic stimulants after Filatov activate the plasmocytic reaction of the body and the development of ribonucleoproteids in the parenchymal organs, and raise the level of properdin and gamma-globulins in the blood of the treated animals.", "contents": "[Influence of tissue emulsions on the phagocytic activity of the RES]. Radiometric, microbiologic, biochemical and morphologic investigations were carried out with a total of 95 guinea pigs and 20 rabbits in order to study the effect of the biogenic stimulants after Filatov on the phagocytic activity of the reticulo-endothelial system. Use was made of a tissue emulsion of swine embryos with biologic activity up to 160 per cent and a microbial stain - Escherichia coli 078. The labeling of the microorganisms was effected by means of 32P as obtained from Na2 H32PO4. It was found that the parenteral treatment of the animals with tissue emulsion after Filatov leads to the enhancement of the phagocytic activity and the lysing of the phagocytised bacteria by the elements of the reticulo-endothelial system by 7 to 10 per cent more than was observed with the use of control animals. The biogenic stimulants after Filatov activate the plasmocytic reaction of the body and the development of ribonucleoproteids in the parenchymal organs, and raise the level of properdin and gamma-globulins in the blood of the treated animals.", "PMID": 1108406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2104", "title": "[Influence of the storage of slaughtered birds at low temperature on the viability of some microorganisms].", "content": "Studied was the effect of the period of storing slaughtered broiler birds at low temperatures on the activity of pathogenic staphylococci, enteropathogenic Escherichia coli organisms and pathogenic species of the Proteus genus. It was found that freezing at minus 34 degrees C and storage of the slaughtered birds at minus 18 degrees C contribute to the considerable decrease in the bacterial count of the investigated test organisms, this being observed to a highest extent during the first fifteen days of storage.", "contents": "[Influence of the storage of slaughtered birds at low temperature on the viability of some microorganisms]. Studied was the effect of the period of storing slaughtered broiler birds at low temperatures on the activity of pathogenic staphylococci, enteropathogenic Escherichia coli organisms and pathogenic species of the Proteus genus. It was found that freezing at minus 34 degrees C and storage of the slaughtered birds at minus 18 degrees C contribute to the considerable decrease in the bacterial count of the investigated test organisms, this being observed to a highest extent during the first fifteen days of storage.", "PMID": 1108407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2105", "title": "[Diagnostic scheme of the causes of embryonal morbidity in poultry].", "content": "A diagnostic scheme has been worked out to reveal the factors causing higher embryonic morbidity and mortality rates in birds. It is based on the morphologic analysis and the bacteriologic and mycologic studies, and can be programmed and put into effect in three stages in the course of 48 hours. On the one hand, the post-mortem analysis is useful in establishing the factors of noninfectious character (overheating, insufficient heating, humidity of low or high values, poor air exchange, improper egg position, insufficient air velocity, improper and continuous storage of eggs, deficiency and hereditary diseases). In such cases the scheme provides a special table displaying the correspondence between the morphologic changes and some possible reasons of embryonic mortality, coded from \"A\" to \"K\". On the other hand, the bacteriologic and mycologic investigations are helpful in establishing the factors of infectious character (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella gallinarum-pullorum and other Salmonellae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Aspergillus fumigatus, etc.).", "contents": "[Diagnostic scheme of the causes of embryonal morbidity in poultry]. A diagnostic scheme has been worked out to reveal the factors causing higher embryonic morbidity and mortality rates in birds. It is based on the morphologic analysis and the bacteriologic and mycologic studies, and can be programmed and put into effect in three stages in the course of 48 hours. On the one hand, the post-mortem analysis is useful in establishing the factors of noninfectious character (overheating, insufficient heating, humidity of low or high values, poor air exchange, improper egg position, insufficient air velocity, improper and continuous storage of eggs, deficiency and hereditary diseases). In such cases the scheme provides a special table displaying the correspondence between the morphologic changes and some possible reasons of embryonic mortality, coded from \"A\" to \"K\". On the other hand, the bacteriologic and mycologic investigations are helpful in establishing the factors of infectious character (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella gallinarum-pullorum and other Salmonellae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Aspergillus fumigatus, etc.).", "PMID": 1108408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2106", "title": "[Methods of treatment of puerperal endometritis in cows].", "content": "Tested were two drug combinations for the treatment of a total of 111 cows affected postpartum with acute endometritis. The cows showed equal values in terms of age, annual milk yield, tending and feeding. The animals were treated via the uterus, three times at the interval of 48 hours. Used were antibiotics in combination with other therapeutic means. The first combination used included: furaccillin 1g, furazolidon 0,5 g, kanamicyn 1 g, penicillin 1 g, citric acid 5 g, and trivitaminol 80 cu. cm. Its use contributed to a 76.3 per cent conception rate within the limits of an 80-day service period, and a 56.2 per cent conception rate at first insemination. The second combination consisted of tetracycline 0.5 g, norsulfasol 5 g, pepsin 3 g, citric acid 5 g, and trivitaminol 80 cu. cm. In this case the conception rate obtained was 47.4 per cent and 28.9 per cent, respectively. The cows treated with the first combination had a shorter service period (15.9 days shorter), and the insemination index was 0.3 lower as compared with the cows treated with the second combination.", "contents": "[Methods of treatment of puerperal endometritis in cows]. Tested were two drug combinations for the treatment of a total of 111 cows affected postpartum with acute endometritis. The cows showed equal values in terms of age, annual milk yield, tending and feeding. The animals were treated via the uterus, three times at the interval of 48 hours. Used were antibiotics in combination with other therapeutic means. The first combination used included: furaccillin 1g, furazolidon 0,5 g, kanamicyn 1 g, penicillin 1 g, citric acid 5 g, and trivitaminol 80 cu. cm. Its use contributed to a 76.3 per cent conception rate within the limits of an 80-day service period, and a 56.2 per cent conception rate at first insemination. The second combination consisted of tetracycline 0.5 g, norsulfasol 5 g, pepsin 3 g, citric acid 5 g, and trivitaminol 80 cu. cm. In this case the conception rate obtained was 47.4 per cent and 28.9 per cent, respectively. The cows treated with the first combination had a shorter service period (15.9 days shorter), and the insemination index was 0.3 lower as compared with the cows treated with the second combination.", "PMID": 1108409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2107", "title": "[Study of Salmonella cultures. IV. Immunogenicity of Salmonella resistant to antibiotics].", "content": "Three avirulent and 5 slightly virulent for birds mutants of Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella braenderup, resistant to streptomycin (S), chlorteracyclin (CT), and chloramphenicol (Ch) were used in the production of live vaccines. The latter were tested for immunogenicity on albino mice and birds. On the eighth and 15th day following vaccination the protein fractions in the blood serum of the birds were followed up through electrophoresis on agar gel, while the agglutinin titer was determined by means of test tube agglutination. The experimental results were mathematically processed with the use of statistical methods. All slightly virulent and resistant to antibiotics mutants showed strong immunogenic properties and gave protection (preventing death) to 76.2-81.82 per cent of the mice. Of the avirulent mutants one showed moderate virulence giving protection to 71.43 per cent of the animals. Tested on 110-day-old chickens the avirulent mutants gave protection to 80 per cent of them. The average titers of the blood serum antibodies of birds vaccinated with immunogenic mutants, and the average percent values of the gamma-globulin fractions were higher on the eighth than on the 15th day. The protein fractions showed changes in the albumin and the gamma-globulin. The rate of correlation between these indices, as shown by the coefficient of correlation, is high (rxy = - 0.843). In this case the negative value of rxy in the equation points to the negative link between the characters.", "contents": "[Study of Salmonella cultures. IV. Immunogenicity of Salmonella resistant to antibiotics]. Three avirulent and 5 slightly virulent for birds mutants of Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella braenderup, resistant to streptomycin (S), chlorteracyclin (CT), and chloramphenicol (Ch) were used in the production of live vaccines. The latter were tested for immunogenicity on albino mice and birds. On the eighth and 15th day following vaccination the protein fractions in the blood serum of the birds were followed up through electrophoresis on agar gel, while the agglutinin titer was determined by means of test tube agglutination. The experimental results were mathematically processed with the use of statistical methods. All slightly virulent and resistant to antibiotics mutants showed strong immunogenic properties and gave protection (preventing death) to 76.2-81.82 per cent of the mice. Of the avirulent mutants one showed moderate virulence giving protection to 71.43 per cent of the animals. Tested on 110-day-old chickens the avirulent mutants gave protection to 80 per cent of them. The average titers of the blood serum antibodies of birds vaccinated with immunogenic mutants, and the average percent values of the gamma-globulin fractions were higher on the eighth than on the 15th day. The protein fractions showed changes in the albumin and the gamma-globulin. The rate of correlation between these indices, as shown by the coefficient of correlation, is high (rxy = - 0.843). In this case the negative value of rxy in the equation points to the negative link between the characters.", "PMID": 1108410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2108", "title": "[Telegammatherapy in the treatment of malignant neoplasms of the nasopharynx].", "content": "The authors present an analysis of clinical and pathomorphological findings in 48 cases of malignant neoplasms of the epipharynx. The immediate and late results obtained in radiation, associated radiation and combined therapy are discussed. As a result of the conducted investigation, it was concluded that, while planning a distant radiotherapy, it is essential to take into account the histomorphology, and extent of local and regional spread of malignant epipharyngeal tumor. It is felt that 6000 rads is an optimum absorbed dose in the primary focus and regional metastases. A specific method of an associated radiotherapy for epipharyngeal neoplasms, including distant gammatherapy of the primary focus and lymph outflow routes, and irradiation with fast electrons (15 Mev) to zones of regional metastases is described.", "contents": "[Telegammatherapy in the treatment of malignant neoplasms of the nasopharynx]. The authors present an analysis of clinical and pathomorphological findings in 48 cases of malignant neoplasms of the epipharynx. The immediate and late results obtained in radiation, associated radiation and combined therapy are discussed. As a result of the conducted investigation, it was concluded that, while planning a distant radiotherapy, it is essential to take into account the histomorphology, and extent of local and regional spread of malignant epipharyngeal tumor. It is felt that 6000 rads is an optimum absorbed dose in the primary focus and regional metastases. A specific method of an associated radiotherapy for epipharyngeal neoplasms, including distant gammatherapy of the primary focus and lymph outflow routes, and irradiation with fast electrons (15 Mev) to zones of regional metastases is described.", "PMID": 1108435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2109", "title": "[The effect of hormones regulating calcium metabolism on the growth and metastasis of experimental tumors].", "content": "Injection of parathormone and thyrocalcitonin into rats with DMBA induced sarcomas resulted in a considerable stimulation of the metastasization process. It was found that the level of total Ca++ in tumor tissue was reduced under the influence of PTH. Under conditions of chronic exogenous hyperparathyroidism autoimmunereactions were suppressed. A prolonged administration of TCT did not alter considerable the total Ca++ content in tumor and markedly activated the autoantibody production in immunocompetent cells.", "contents": "[The effect of hormones regulating calcium metabolism on the growth and metastasis of experimental tumors]. Injection of parathormone and thyrocalcitonin into rats with DMBA induced sarcomas resulted in a considerable stimulation of the metastasization process. It was found that the level of total Ca++ in tumor tissue was reduced under the influence of PTH. Under conditions of chronic exogenous hyperparathyroidism autoimmunereactions were suppressed. A prolonged administration of TCT did not alter considerable the total Ca++ content in tumor and markedly activated the autoantibody production in immunocompetent cells.", "PMID": 1108436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2110", "title": "[An analysis of meat products as possible factors responsible for transmission of dysenterial toxic infections].", "content": "The paper carries experimental data derived from a bacteriological analysis of infected minced meat products for the presence of Shigella sonnei and for ascertaining technological stages non-compliance with whose proper course presents the greatest epidemiological hazards. The procedures employed in analyzing infected meat products are shown to be sufficiently sensitive, for they enable one to count Shigella dysenteriae in numbers of 102-106/g, depending upon the degree of total bacterial contamination of these products. The infringement upon the established process most dangerous epidemiologically is incomplete thermal treatment of the meat products.", "contents": "[An analysis of meat products as possible factors responsible for transmission of dysenterial toxic infections]. The paper carries experimental data derived from a bacteriological analysis of infected minced meat products for the presence of Shigella sonnei and for ascertaining technological stages non-compliance with whose proper course presents the greatest epidemiological hazards. The procedures employed in analyzing infected meat products are shown to be sufficiently sensitive, for they enable one to count Shigella dysenteriae in numbers of 102-106/g, depending upon the degree of total bacterial contamination of these products. The infringement upon the established process most dangerous epidemiologically is incomplete thermal treatment of the meat products.", "PMID": 1108439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2111", "title": "[Comparative characteristics of some products of decomposition of lactic protein and fat in cheeses produced with addition of boar pepsin].", "content": "The influence of a mixture of pig pepsin with renin (in a ratio of 1:1), used instead of renin in making natural cheeses according to the method proposed by the authors, on the content of some products secondary to decomposition of lactic protein and fat because of a dissimilar nutritional value of the latter, was studied. It has been found that cheeses prepared by using the above mixture do not differ from the control ones in the content of soluble forms of nitrogen, essential amino acids, volatile fatty acids, the sum-total of higher fatty acids and differ but slightly (except for butanone-2) in the proportion of various carbonyl compounds. Hence, an inference is drawn on the suitability of using the renin and pig pepsin mixture in making cheeses according to the method proposed by the authors, since the composition and the quantitative content of products secondary to decompesition of lactic protein and fat in test specimens of the cheese did not differ from the control ones which, in turn, points to the identity of the nutritional value of the finished products in either of these cases.", "contents": "[Comparative characteristics of some products of decomposition of lactic protein and fat in cheeses produced with addition of boar pepsin]. The influence of a mixture of pig pepsin with renin (in a ratio of 1:1), used instead of renin in making natural cheeses according to the method proposed by the authors, on the content of some products secondary to decomposition of lactic protein and fat because of a dissimilar nutritional value of the latter, was studied. It has been found that cheeses prepared by using the above mixture do not differ from the control ones in the content of soluble forms of nitrogen, essential amino acids, volatile fatty acids, the sum-total of higher fatty acids and differ but slightly (except for butanone-2) in the proportion of various carbonyl compounds. Hence, an inference is drawn on the suitability of using the renin and pig pepsin mixture in making cheeses according to the method proposed by the authors, since the composition and the quantitative content of products secondary to decompesition of lactic protein and fat in test specimens of the cheese did not differ from the control ones which, in turn, points to the identity of the nutritional value of the finished products in either of these cases.", "PMID": 1108440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2112", "title": "[Study of the specificity of various classes of immunoglobulins (IgM and IgG) v techenie ornitozno\u012d infektsii].", "content": "Studies of the specificity of immunoglobulins of different classes in the course of both experimental and natural orinthosis infection showed IgG antibody to possess a wide spectrum of activity: group-, species- and strain-specific, but specificity to group antigenic components was predominant. IgM antibodies were species-specific, however, population of gammaM-immunoglobulins of animal sera in approximately 7 and 14 days after infection antibody suggested a method for the study of the antigenic structure of the agents of the genus Chlamydia.", "contents": "[Study of the specificity of various classes of immunoglobulins (IgM and IgG) v techenie ornitozno\u012d infektsii]. Studies of the specificity of immunoglobulins of different classes in the course of both experimental and natural orinthosis infection showed IgG antibody to possess a wide spectrum of activity: group-, species- and strain-specific, but specificity to group antigenic components was predominant. IgM antibodies were species-specific, however, population of gammaM-immunoglobulins of animal sera in approximately 7 and 14 days after infection antibody suggested a method for the study of the antigenic structure of the agents of the genus Chlamydia.", "PMID": 1108451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2113", "title": "[Physicochemical characteristics and macromolecular organization of bacteriophage FI-5 (author's transl)].", "content": "Physico-chemical parameters and features of macromolecular orgnization of FI-5 phage were studied. This virus was shown to contain a molecule of double-strander DNA with the standard set of nitrous bases (37.8 mol% GC). The molecule of this DNA in situ is characterized by partial disorder of the second structure. Phage virions contain about 47% of DNA and 53% of protein. The genome of the phage is represented by a DNA molecule with molecular weight 65X10(6) daltons and is capable of coding for a least 15 different proteins.", "contents": "[Physicochemical characteristics and macromolecular organization of bacteriophage FI-5 (author's transl)]. Physico-chemical parameters and features of macromolecular orgnization of FI-5 phage were studied. This virus was shown to contain a molecule of double-strander DNA with the standard set of nitrous bases (37.8 mol% GC). The molecule of this DNA in situ is characterized by partial disorder of the second structure. Phage virions contain about 47% of DNA and 53% of protein. The genome of the phage is represented by a DNA molecule with molecular weight 65X10(6) daltons and is capable of coding for a least 15 different proteins.", "PMID": 1108452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2114", "title": "[Optimization of a method for setting up the neuraminidase activity inhibition reaction (author's transl)].", "content": "Different conditions for neuraminidase activity inhibition test using ovomucine as the substrate were compared. The optimal results could be obtained after 1-hour contact of virus with antibody at 37 degrees C and after 18-hour contact of virus-antibody mixture with the substrate also at 37 degrees C. Antineuraminidase antibody titer may be calculated by the results of the test integration in comparison with virus control without correction for normal rabbit serum.", "contents": "[Optimization of a method for setting up the neuraminidase activity inhibition reaction (author's transl)]. Different conditions for neuraminidase activity inhibition test using ovomucine as the substrate were compared. The optimal results could be obtained after 1-hour contact of virus with antibody at 37 degrees C and after 18-hour contact of virus-antibody mixture with the substrate also at 37 degrees C. Antineuraminidase antibody titer may be calculated by the results of the test integration in comparison with virus control without correction for normal rabbit serum.", "PMID": 1108453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2115", "title": "[Surgical technique for institution and plastic closure of the tracheostoma. Ist communication].", "content": "Within the frame of intensive care we do no longer use the conventional tracheostomy but the so called \"sewed-up tracheostomy\". Between January 1971 until November 1973 31 children of all age-groups were treated by that method. Special care for patients with sewed-up tracheostoma is obviously facilitated. The replacement of cannulas has become easy. Plastic closure after decannulation offers good functional and cosmetic results. Surgical techniques, indications and criteria for institution and closure of the tracheostomas are described and 31 cases are evaluated. Complications occuring during the period of tracheostoma and subsequent to the plastic closure as well as the general fate of the children are reported.", "contents": "[Surgical technique for institution and plastic closure of the tracheostoma. Ist communication]. Within the frame of intensive care we do no longer use the conventional tracheostomy but the so called \"sewed-up tracheostomy\". Between January 1971 until November 1973 31 children of all age-groups were treated by that method. Special care for patients with sewed-up tracheostoma is obviously facilitated. The replacement of cannulas has become easy. Plastic closure after decannulation offers good functional and cosmetic results. Surgical techniques, indications and criteria for institution and closure of the tracheostomas are described and 31 cases are evaluated. Complications occuring during the period of tracheostoma and subsequent to the plastic closure as well as the general fate of the children are reported.", "PMID": 1108467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2116", "title": "[Identification of antibodies by means of immunofluorescence in autoimmune diseases].", "content": "A short survey of the methods of the immunofluorescence microscopy for the demonstration of various humoral antibodies is given. It is referred to the necessity of a far-reaching standardisation, whereby especially exact data in publications are necessary. Apart from the fluorochromium/protein ratio as conjuncate criteria among others have proved the ratio of antibody protein to the total protein content and the suitability test at the antigenic material concerned. The following antibodies are dealt with in particulars; antinuclear factors, antibodies of thrombocytes, antibodies of the skeletal muscles, antibodies against smooth musculature, antibodies against mitochondria, antibodies of parietal cells, antibodies against microsomas and antibodies against structures of connective tissue.", "contents": "[Identification of antibodies by means of immunofluorescence in autoimmune diseases]. A short survey of the methods of the immunofluorescence microscopy for the demonstration of various humoral antibodies is given. It is referred to the necessity of a far-reaching standardisation, whereby especially exact data in publications are necessary. Apart from the fluorochromium/protein ratio as conjuncate criteria among others have proved the ratio of antibody protein to the total protein content and the suitability test at the antigenic material concerned. The following antibodies are dealt with in particulars; antinuclear factors, antibodies of thrombocytes, antibodies of the skeletal muscles, antibodies against smooth musculature, antibodies against mitochondria, antibodies of parietal cells, antibodies against microsomas and antibodies against structures of connective tissue.", "PMID": 1108470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2117", "title": "[The larval development of the warble-fly Oestromyia leporina Pall. (Deptera, Hyodermah'dae) (author's transl)].", "content": "The present paper deals with the larval development of the warble-fly Oestromyia leporina and especially with the development of the first instar larvae (L 1). The hatching from the egg and the modus of infection is described. The migration of the L 1 within the host is reported for the first time as well as the perforation of the skin after the migration period. Exact dates on the duration of the different larval stages are given. Experimental infection reveals a partial immunization of the host against new infections. Some remaining problems of larval biology are discussed. By comparison several facts suggest our present knowledge of the perforation of larval (L 1) Hypoderma bovis probably to be wrong.", "contents": "[The larval development of the warble-fly Oestromyia leporina Pall. (Deptera, Hyodermah'dae) (author's transl)]. The present paper deals with the larval development of the warble-fly Oestromyia leporina and especially with the development of the first instar larvae (L 1). The hatching from the egg and the modus of infection is described. The migration of the L 1 within the host is reported for the first time as well as the perforation of the skin after the migration period. Exact dates on the duration of the different larval stages are given. Experimental infection reveals a partial immunization of the host against new infections. Some remaining problems of larval biology are discussed. By comparison several facts suggest our present knowledge of the perforation of larval (L 1) Hypoderma bovis probably to be wrong.", "PMID": 1108475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2118", "title": "[Light microscopical, electron microscopical and clinical findings in orthotopic allogenic porcine liver homografts (author's transl)].", "content": "Orthotopic allogenic liver transplantations were carried out on 39 pigs. The length of survival time ranged from a few hours until 179 days. The clinical and biochemical laboratory findings as well as the macroscopical, light microscopical and electron microscopical findings established by biopsy and autopsy in the period after the transplantation are described and discussed with regard to their diagnostic significance and pathogenesis. The causes of death are generalized haemorrhages (15 cases), post-operatively bleeding gastric ulcers (12 cases), infections (7 cases), and early or late complications connected with the surgical interventions (5 cases). Observations of liver homografts over a long period after healing-in without complications and during sufficient function of the transplant show (without immunosuppressive treatment) the development of alterations in accordance with the features of chronic aggressive hepatitis and subsequent liver cirrhosis. Complications resulting from this account for some of the established causes of death. According to the results of experiments in animals surviving for a longer time after transplantation there are a general adaptive activation of metabolism and focal alterations in the outer cell membrane of the parenchymal cells in the transplanted liver. This alteration in the cell membrane of the liver epithelial cells causes an abnormal permeability and may lead to partial peripheral lysis and to total lytic necrosis (colliquation necrosis) of these cells. The main cause of these changes is ischaemia or hypoxia brought about by a variety of factors and the cytolytic effect of specifically sensitized lymphocytes (\"killer\", lymphocytes, immunocytes, effector cells) of the host organism which is the basis of the actual immunologic rejection process. The observed increase of glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (GOT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) as well as potassium in the blood serum may be regarded as a sign of a progressive (developing) rejection or a chronic insufficience of blood circulation of the transplant. Long-term observations show the tendency for a slow continuous reduction in number of the erythrocytes and leucocytes in the host animals. The behaviour of the macrophages (Kupffer cells) in the liver transplant in relation to erythrocytes, thrombocytes and also lymphocytes of the host organism requires particular attention.", "contents": "[Light microscopical, electron microscopical and clinical findings in orthotopic allogenic porcine liver homografts (author's transl)]. Orthotopic allogenic liver transplantations were carried out on 39 pigs. The length of survival time ranged from a few hours until 179 days. The clinical and biochemical laboratory findings as well as the macroscopical, light microscopical and electron microscopical findings established by biopsy and autopsy in the period after the transplantation are described and discussed with regard to their diagnostic significance and pathogenesis. The causes of death are generalized haemorrhages (15 cases), post-operatively bleeding gastric ulcers (12 cases), infections (7 cases), and early or late complications connected with the surgical interventions (5 cases). Observations of liver homografts over a long period after healing-in without complications and during sufficient function of the transplant show (without immunosuppressive treatment) the development of alterations in accordance with the features of chronic aggressive hepatitis and subsequent liver cirrhosis. Complications resulting from this account for some of the established causes of death. According to the results of experiments in animals surviving for a longer time after transplantation there are a general adaptive activation of metabolism and focal alterations in the outer cell membrane of the parenchymal cells in the transplanted liver. This alteration in the cell membrane of the liver epithelial cells causes an abnormal permeability and may lead to partial peripheral lysis and to total lytic necrosis (colliquation necrosis) of these cells. The main cause of these changes is ischaemia or hypoxia brought about by a variety of factors and the cytolytic effect of specifically sensitized lymphocytes (\"killer\", lymphocytes, immunocytes, effector cells) of the host organism which is the basis of the actual immunologic rejection process. The observed increase of glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (GOT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) as well as potassium in the blood serum may be regarded as a sign of a progressive (developing) rejection or a chronic insufficience of blood circulation of the transplant. Long-term observations show the tendency for a slow continuous reduction in number of the erythrocytes and leucocytes in the host animals. The behaviour of the macrophages (Kupffer cells) in the liver transplant in relation to erythrocytes, thrombocytes and also lymphocytes of the host organism requires particular attention.", "PMID": 1108505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2119", "title": "[Results of preventive mycological examination in pregnant women].", "content": "From accidential patients fifteen per cent of 2328 pregnant women showed in a cultural method (malt-extract-agar) a vaginal mycosis in the seventh month of pregnancy. In most of the cases it was Candida albicans, but there were also other cases of Candida and Toruplopsis glabrata. The therapy of vaginal mycosis during pregnancy should be done generally, to prevent infections of infants and infections is gynecological and neonatological departments.", "contents": "[Results of preventive mycological examination in pregnant women]. From accidential patients fifteen per cent of 2328 pregnant women showed in a cultural method (malt-extract-agar) a vaginal mycosis in the seventh month of pregnancy. In most of the cases it was Candida albicans, but there were also other cases of Candida and Toruplopsis glabrata. The therapy of vaginal mycosis during pregnancy should be done generally, to prevent infections of infants and infections is gynecological and neonatological departments.", "PMID": 1108508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2120", "title": "Collagen antibodies and collagen- anticollagen immune complexes in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Serum, synovial fluid and synovial fluid cells of 14 patients with classic rheumatoid arthritis and of 5 controls were investigated serologically in regard to rheumatoid factors and collagen antibodies and by immunofluorescence double staining in regard to localization of collagen and gammaglobulin in fluid cells. Three patterns of staining were observed: a) gammaglobulin inclusions, b) gammaglobulin and collagen in identical localization, c) collagen inclusions. While distinct staining for gammaglobulin appeared only in seropositive cases, collagen inclusions were only observed in RA, however in seropositive and seronegative cases. In 5 RA cases collagen and gammaglobulin were demonstrated additionally in such identical localization that conclusion in regard to collagen-anticollagen immune complexes seems justified. 9 of 14 RA cases had collagen antibodies, all cases were collagen antibody positive which had collagen and gammaglobulin in identical localization in same inclusions.", "contents": "Collagen antibodies and collagen- anticollagen immune complexes in rheumatoid arthritis. Serum, synovial fluid and synovial fluid cells of 14 patients with classic rheumatoid arthritis and of 5 controls were investigated serologically in regard to rheumatoid factors and collagen antibodies and by immunofluorescence double staining in regard to localization of collagen and gammaglobulin in fluid cells. Three patterns of staining were observed: a) gammaglobulin inclusions, b) gammaglobulin and collagen in identical localization, c) collagen inclusions. While distinct staining for gammaglobulin appeared only in seropositive cases, collagen inclusions were only observed in RA, however in seropositive and seronegative cases. In 5 RA cases collagen and gammaglobulin were demonstrated additionally in such identical localization that conclusion in regard to collagen-anticollagen immune complexes seems justified. 9 of 14 RA cases had collagen antibodies, all cases were collagen antibody positive which had collagen and gammaglobulin in identical localization in same inclusions.", "PMID": 1108503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2121", "title": "[Characteristics of the immunomorphological substrate in secondary immunization as dependent on the functional state of the hypothalamic nuclei].", "content": "The authors traced the morphological and serological shifts occurring in secondary immunological response against the background of destruction of the posterior hypothalamic nuclei. It was revealed in experiments on rabbits that in primary and secondary immunization carried out against the background of bilateral coagulation of the posterior hypothalamic nucleus the secondary immunological response was reduced in comparison with control. Depression occurred both on account of reduction of the number of cells-precursors, and in connection with disturbances of differentiation of the antibody-forming cells. When the primary immunization was conducted against the background of the intact brain, and destruction of the posterior hyfothalamic nuclei preceded the secondary immunization there occurred a change in the number of cells-precursors involved in differentiation, without disturbance of the differentiation itself.", "contents": "[Characteristics of the immunomorphological substrate in secondary immunization as dependent on the functional state of the hypothalamic nuclei]. The authors traced the morphological and serological shifts occurring in secondary immunological response against the background of destruction of the posterior hypothalamic nuclei. It was revealed in experiments on rabbits that in primary and secondary immunization carried out against the background of bilateral coagulation of the posterior hypothalamic nucleus the secondary immunological response was reduced in comparison with control. Depression occurred both on account of reduction of the number of cells-precursors, and in connection with disturbances of differentiation of the antibody-forming cells. When the primary immunization was conducted against the background of the intact brain, and destruction of the posterior hyfothalamic nuclei preceded the secondary immunization there occurred a change in the number of cells-precursors involved in differentiation, without disturbance of the differentiation itself.", "PMID": 1108511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2122", "title": "[Comparative characteristics of 2 methods of separating mouse T- and B-lymphocytes].", "content": "The results of separation of T- and B-cells of the C3H/Sn and AKR/j micr lymph nodes with AKR-anti-theta3H and C3H-thetaAKR isosera and cellular immunosorbents containing the antigen-antibody complexes were analyzed in this work. The strain differences in the theta+-cells (T-lymphocytes) level were demonstrated in the untreated mice of the noted strains. Populations enriched by B-lymphocytes under different methods of separation differed somewhat in composition. The cellular immunosorption had many advantages in comparison with the cytotoxic-immune sera used for the T- and B-cell separation.", "contents": "[Comparative characteristics of 2 methods of separating mouse T- and B-lymphocytes]. The results of separation of T- and B-cells of the C3H/Sn and AKR/j micr lymph nodes with AKR-anti-theta3H and C3H-thetaAKR isosera and cellular immunosorbents containing the antigen-antibody complexes were analyzed in this work. The strain differences in the theta+-cells (T-lymphocytes) level were demonstrated in the untreated mice of the noted strains. Populations enriched by B-lymphocytes under different methods of separation differed somewhat in composition. The cellular immunosorption had many advantages in comparison with the cytotoxic-immune sera used for the T- and B-cell separation.", "PMID": 1108512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2123", "title": "[Detection of the causative agent of tularemia in the organs of animals in the early stages of development of the infection].", "content": "A study was made of a possibility of detection of the causative agent of tularemia in the organism of albino mice at early stages of development of the infection after subcutaneous infection with 1, 10 and 100 microbial cells of strains No. 503/834 (Holarctic race) and Schu (nearctic race). The following examinations were made: cultivation on nutrient media, immunofluorescent study, the antibody neutralization test and the passive hemagglutination test with erythrocytic diagnostic agents. The microbe could be regularly revealed three days after the infection. Detection of the causative agent was possible in individual cases at the earlier dates by seeding and by the fluorescent antibody method. Although by cultivation it is possible to reveal individual microbes, but the growth appears on the 3rd--5th day and later. The most rapid response (1.5--2 hours) results (on the presence of the microbe) can be obtained with the aid of the fluorescent antibody method. Application of the mentioned tests with the erythrocytic diagnostic agents permits to obtain data not only on the presence of the causative agent, but also on its quantity of the causative agent in the organism of the infected animal. The mentioned methods provide the most complete characteristics of the dynamics of the accumulation of the microbe in the animal organism.", "contents": "[Detection of the causative agent of tularemia in the organs of animals in the early stages of development of the infection]. A study was made of a possibility of detection of the causative agent of tularemia in the organism of albino mice at early stages of development of the infection after subcutaneous infection with 1, 10 and 100 microbial cells of strains No. 503/834 (Holarctic race) and Schu (nearctic race). The following examinations were made: cultivation on nutrient media, immunofluorescent study, the antibody neutralization test and the passive hemagglutination test with erythrocytic diagnostic agents. The microbe could be regularly revealed three days after the infection. Detection of the causative agent was possible in individual cases at the earlier dates by seeding and by the fluorescent antibody method. Although by cultivation it is possible to reveal individual microbes, but the growth appears on the 3rd--5th day and later. The most rapid response (1.5--2 hours) results (on the presence of the microbe) can be obtained with the aid of the fluorescent antibody method. Application of the mentioned tests with the erythrocytic diagnostic agents permits to obtain data not only on the presence of the causative agent, but also on its quantity of the causative agent in the organism of the infected animal. The mentioned methods provide the most complete characteristics of the dynamics of the accumulation of the microbe in the animal organism.", "PMID": 1108514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2124", "title": "[Use of the immunofluorescence method to detect the causative agent of tularemia in developing chick embryos].", "content": "There was shown a possibility of using the immunofluorescent method for detection of the causative agent of tularemia in the developing chick embryos, infected with the virulent strains 503 (holoarctic race) and Schu (nonarctic race). The greatest accumulation of bacteria was revealed in the yolk sacs, and the least--in the chorionallantoic fliud; the greatest accumulation of bacteria was observed on the 3rd--4th days after the infection. In infection with various doses of the causative agent--from 1 milliard to 1 microbial cell-positive results were noted in 92.3% of cases (according to the data of fluorescent microscopy) and in 77.3% of cases (according to the data of light microscopy), this pointing to a greater sensitivity of the method of fluorescent in comparison with the light microscopy. Immunofluorescent method can be recommended for detection of the causative agent of tularemia in the yolk sacs of chick embryos.", "contents": "[Use of the immunofluorescence method to detect the causative agent of tularemia in developing chick embryos]. There was shown a possibility of using the immunofluorescent method for detection of the causative agent of tularemia in the developing chick embryos, infected with the virulent strains 503 (holoarctic race) and Schu (nonarctic race). The greatest accumulation of bacteria was revealed in the yolk sacs, and the least--in the chorionallantoic fliud; the greatest accumulation of bacteria was observed on the 3rd--4th days after the infection. In infection with various doses of the causative agent--from 1 milliard to 1 microbial cell-positive results were noted in 92.3% of cases (according to the data of fluorescent microscopy) and in 77.3% of cases (according to the data of light microscopy), this pointing to a greater sensitivity of the method of fluorescent in comparison with the light microscopy. Immunofluorescent method can be recommended for detection of the causative agent of tularemia in the yolk sacs of chick embryos.", "PMID": 1108521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2125", "title": "[Phagocytic activity of the neutrophils in tularemia in animals with varying infective sensitivity].", "content": "A study was made of the ingestive capacity of blood neutrophils; there were revealed no significant differences in the intact animals with a different infectious sensitivity to tularemia. With the development of infection the ingestive activity of leukocytes increased in the infected highly sensitive animals, but the digestive function was not manifest. In albino rats (with a low sensitivity to tularemia) the disease induced an intensification of the ingestive and the manifestation of the digestive function of neutrophils dynamically developing together with the specific immunity reactions.", "contents": "[Phagocytic activity of the neutrophils in tularemia in animals with varying infective sensitivity]. A study was made of the ingestive capacity of blood neutrophils; there were revealed no significant differences in the intact animals with a different infectious sensitivity to tularemia. With the development of infection the ingestive activity of leukocytes increased in the infected highly sensitive animals, but the digestive function was not manifest. In albino rats (with a low sensitivity to tularemia) the disease induced an intensification of the ingestive and the manifestation of the digestive function of neutrophils dynamically developing together with the specific immunity reactions.", "PMID": 1108522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2126", "title": "[Production of antirickettsial sera by immunizing horses. II. Obtaining and testing an immune serum to D. sibericus].", "content": "The authors present the results of immunization of horses-producers with a commercial antigen and the yolk culture of the living R. sibericus (strain K1) for the purpose of obtaining specific immune sera for many purposes. It was shown that the original combined scheme of immunization and reimmunization of horses, successfully approved in the preparation of immune sera to Rickettsia prowazeki also proved to be highly effective for obtaining the antisera to R. sibericus. Sera obtained after the primary immunization of horses could be successfully used as diagnostic sera, but they were of no use for the preparation of fluorescent antibodies and the highly active hemosensitin; as to the sera obtained after the remote reimmunization--they were universal raw material. Dry fluorescent antibodies to R. sibericus were prepared of the horse sera (their stain titre was 1 : 256--1 : 512) a highly active hemosensitin, and also dry commercial diagnostic sera for the IHT, CFR and the immunofluorescent reaction of microagglutination.", "contents": "[Production of antirickettsial sera by immunizing horses. II. Obtaining and testing an immune serum to D. sibericus]. The authors present the results of immunization of horses-producers with a commercial antigen and the yolk culture of the living R. sibericus (strain K1) for the purpose of obtaining specific immune sera for many purposes. It was shown that the original combined scheme of immunization and reimmunization of horses, successfully approved in the preparation of immune sera to Rickettsia prowazeki also proved to be highly effective for obtaining the antisera to R. sibericus. Sera obtained after the primary immunization of horses could be successfully used as diagnostic sera, but they were of no use for the preparation of fluorescent antibodies and the highly active hemosensitin; as to the sera obtained after the remote reimmunization--they were universal raw material. Dry fluorescent antibodies to R. sibericus were prepared of the horse sera (their stain titre was 1 : 256--1 : 512) a highly active hemosensitin, and also dry commercial diagnostic sera for the IHT, CFR and the immunofluorescent reaction of microagglutination.", "PMID": 1108523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2127", "title": "[Effect of the economic activity of man on natural foci of plague].", "content": "Under the effect of human economic activity in the natural plague foci there occurred changes in the structures of local biocenoses. The extent and the direction of these changes were determined by the character and the scale of the economic activity. The final outcome of ploughing up, irrigation and supply with water of the vast areas is elimination of the focus or of its autonomic areas, but excessive exploitation of the desert pastures not infrequently leads to the opposite result. Large industrial construction and building of means of communications decreased the territories of the natural foci of plague only slightly, although no significant action was produced by them on the structure of biocenoses and the state of the foci.", "contents": "[Effect of the economic activity of man on natural foci of plague]. Under the effect of human economic activity in the natural plague foci there occurred changes in the structures of local biocenoses. The extent and the direction of these changes were determined by the character and the scale of the economic activity. The final outcome of ploughing up, irrigation and supply with water of the vast areas is elimination of the focus or of its autonomic areas, but excessive exploitation of the desert pastures not infrequently leads to the opposite result. Large industrial construction and building of means of communications decreased the territories of the natural foci of plague only slightly, although no significant action was produced by them on the structure of biocenoses and the state of the foci.", "PMID": 1108524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2128", "title": "[Interaction of the causative agent of pseudotuberculosis with the peritoneal macrophages from an immune and a nonimmune organism].", "content": "The role of phagocytosis in experimental pseudotuberculosis was demonstrated in vivo and in vitro. Virulent Y. pseudotuberculosis strain caused the death of the majority of the cells, whereas the weakly-virulent ones--degenerative changes and the death of but of few of them. The capacity of the causative agents of pseudotuberculosis to survive and to reproduce within the cells could be regarded as one of the significant factors of virulence of these microbes. The maximal immunizing effect was observed in infection of the animals with sublethal dose of the living Y. pseudotuberculosis culture. A somewhat lesser, but a sufficiently high, immunizing effect was produced by lipopolysaccharide. A method of macrophage culture can be used for the assessment of the immunogenicity of various antigenic complexes of the microbes.", "contents": "[Interaction of the causative agent of pseudotuberculosis with the peritoneal macrophages from an immune and a nonimmune organism]. The role of phagocytosis in experimental pseudotuberculosis was demonstrated in vivo and in vitro. Virulent Y. pseudotuberculosis strain caused the death of the majority of the cells, whereas the weakly-virulent ones--degenerative changes and the death of but of few of them. The capacity of the causative agents of pseudotuberculosis to survive and to reproduce within the cells could be regarded as one of the significant factors of virulence of these microbes. The maximal immunizing effect was observed in infection of the animals with sublethal dose of the living Y. pseudotuberculosis culture. A somewhat lesser, but a sufficiently high, immunizing effect was produced by lipopolysaccharide. A method of macrophage culture can be used for the assessment of the immunogenicity of various antigenic complexes of the microbes.", "PMID": 1108525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2129", "title": "[Effect of a mixed E. coli O-111 (RNA-azopositive and RNA-azonegative strains) and Coxsackie B3 viral infection on oxygen demand and on the succinate dehydrogenase activity of an HEp-2 cell culture according to polarographic study data].", "content": "The authors determined polarographically the intensity of oxygen consumption and the activity of succinic dehydrogenase of the HEp-2 cell culture infected with the association of the Cocksackie B3 with the RNA-asopositive and RNA-asonegative strains of E. coli O--111, in comparison with the uninfected and separately infected virus or control bacteria. The results were recorded 2, 6, 12, 18 and 24 hours after the infection of the cell cultures. Mixed virus-bacterial infection intensified the oxygen consumption and the activity of succinic dehydrogenase by the HEp-2 cells, followed by a profound respiratory depression. The same effect was produced by the infection of cells by the virus alone. Less pronounced was the action of bacterial component. A change in the cell repiration of the infected cultures was independent of the RNA-ase activity of bacteria. Under conditions of mixed infection the intensity of the changes in oxygen consumption and of the succinic dehydrogenase activity was determined by the viral component of the association.", "contents": "[Effect of a mixed E. coli O-111 (RNA-azopositive and RNA-azonegative strains) and Coxsackie B3 viral infection on oxygen demand and on the succinate dehydrogenase activity of an HEp-2 cell culture according to polarographic study data]. The authors determined polarographically the intensity of oxygen consumption and the activity of succinic dehydrogenase of the HEp-2 cell culture infected with the association of the Cocksackie B3 with the RNA-asopositive and RNA-asonegative strains of E. coli O--111, in comparison with the uninfected and separately infected virus or control bacteria. The results were recorded 2, 6, 12, 18 and 24 hours after the infection of the cell cultures. Mixed virus-bacterial infection intensified the oxygen consumption and the activity of succinic dehydrogenase by the HEp-2 cells, followed by a profound respiratory depression. The same effect was produced by the infection of cells by the virus alone. Less pronounced was the action of bacterial component. A change in the cell repiration of the infected cultures was independent of the RNA-ase activity of bacteria. Under conditions of mixed infection the intensity of the changes in oxygen consumption and of the succinic dehydrogenase activity was determined by the viral component of the association.", "PMID": 1108526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2130", "title": "[Antistaphylococcal bacteriostatic activity of the sera from surgical patients].", "content": "Blood serum was examined in 41 patients (operated for various forms of acute appendicitis) on the 5th--6th day after the operation when 10 of the patients developed purulent complications of staphylococcal etiology. A determination was made of the titres of beta-lysins and the bacteriostatic activity against 2 strains of S. aureus by the modified Ehrenkranz et al method. The mentioned indices were low in the great majority of cases; consequently, the appearance of purulent complications in the operated patients was independent of the antistaphylococcal bacteriostatic activity and the beta-lysin titres in their sera. Prophylactic express-immunization of a number of patients by crude staphylococcus toxoid did not influence the nonspecific humoral immunity factors.", "contents": "[Antistaphylococcal bacteriostatic activity of the sera from surgical patients]. Blood serum was examined in 41 patients (operated for various forms of acute appendicitis) on the 5th--6th day after the operation when 10 of the patients developed purulent complications of staphylococcal etiology. A determination was made of the titres of beta-lysins and the bacteriostatic activity against 2 strains of S. aureus by the modified Ehrenkranz et al method. The mentioned indices were low in the great majority of cases; consequently, the appearance of purulent complications in the operated patients was independent of the antistaphylococcal bacteriostatic activity and the beta-lysin titres in their sera. Prophylactic express-immunization of a number of patients by crude staphylococcus toxoid did not influence the nonspecific humoral immunity factors.", "PMID": 1108527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2131", "title": "[Effect of nucleic acids on the outcome of acute streptococcal infection].", "content": "The work is devoted to the experimental study of the effect of exogenous heterologous RNA and DNA on the outcome of infection caused by streptococci--virulent and of low virulence, of the 1st and 2nd serological types of group A, in mice. It was found that the severity of the outcomes of the infectious process was not associated with the type of nucleic acids, but was determined by the dose and the periods of their administration in relation to the time of infection of the animals and the streptococcus virulence. Aggravation of the outcomes of the infection under the effect of exogenous RNA and DNA was accompanied by an increase in the virulence of the causative agent.", "contents": "[Effect of nucleic acids on the outcome of acute streptococcal infection]. The work is devoted to the experimental study of the effect of exogenous heterologous RNA and DNA on the outcome of infection caused by streptococci--virulent and of low virulence, of the 1st and 2nd serological types of group A, in mice. It was found that the severity of the outcomes of the infectious process was not associated with the type of nucleic acids, but was determined by the dose and the periods of their administration in relation to the time of infection of the animals and the streptococcus virulence. Aggravation of the outcomes of the infection under the effect of exogenous RNA and DNA was accompanied by an increase in the virulence of the causative agent.", "PMID": 1108528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2132", "title": "[Genetic control of the capacity of Sh. flexneri to exert a lethal effect on macrophages. II. Mapping of the cyt-determinant on the Shigella chromosome].", "content": "Crossing experiments showed independence of the genetic determinants controlling the capacity of Sh. flexneri to synthesize the primary S-specific side chains (antigen 3,4) and to produce a lethal action on macrophages cultivated in vitro. Cytotoxicity was restored only in transmission to the R-strain of shigellae of the capacity to synthesize the antigenic factor 3,4 from the cyt+, but not from the cyt-- donor of Sh. flexneri. The determinant responsible for the synthesis of cytotoxin designated as cyt was mapped on the chromosome of shigellae near the rfb gene, controlling the synthesis of the group-specific factor 3,4. The rate of linkage of the cyt+ a 3,4+ was equal to 24.4%. Transductants of the his--cyt-- strain of Sh. flexneri of the S-chemotype acquired the capacity to produce a lethal action on the macrophages with the frequency of the contransduction his+cyt+ equal to 2%. Since the rough (his+R) hybrids of Sh. flexneri and the lysozyme spheroplasts obtained from the cytotoxic strain lost the cytotoxicity whereas the synthesis of the group-specific factor 3,4 provided by itself no lethal effect of the dysentery bacilli on the macrophages it could be supposed that cytotoxin represented an additional thermolabile (in connection with the sensitivity to the temperature action) part of the Sh. flexneri O-antigen.", "contents": "[Genetic control of the capacity of Sh. flexneri to exert a lethal effect on macrophages. II. Mapping of the cyt-determinant on the Shigella chromosome]. Crossing experiments showed independence of the genetic determinants controlling the capacity of Sh. flexneri to synthesize the primary S-specific side chains (antigen 3,4) and to produce a lethal action on macrophages cultivated in vitro. Cytotoxicity was restored only in transmission to the R-strain of shigellae of the capacity to synthesize the antigenic factor 3,4 from the cyt+, but not from the cyt-- donor of Sh. flexneri. The determinant responsible for the synthesis of cytotoxin designated as cyt was mapped on the chromosome of shigellae near the rfb gene, controlling the synthesis of the group-specific factor 3,4. The rate of linkage of the cyt+ a 3,4+ was equal to 24.4%. Transductants of the his--cyt-- strain of Sh. flexneri of the S-chemotype acquired the capacity to produce a lethal action on the macrophages with the frequency of the contransduction his+cyt+ equal to 2%. Since the rough (his+R) hybrids of Sh. flexneri and the lysozyme spheroplasts obtained from the cytotoxic strain lost the cytotoxicity whereas the synthesis of the group-specific factor 3,4 provided by itself no lethal effect of the dysentery bacilli on the macrophages it could be supposed that cytotoxin represented an additional thermolabile (in connection with the sensitivity to the temperature action) part of the Sh. flexneri O-antigen.", "PMID": 1108529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2133", "title": "[Palatine tonsils and immunity. IV. Lymphocyte blast transformation in various lymphoid organs of animals immunized with microbial antigens].", "content": "For the purpose of ascertaining the peculiarities of cellular differentiation of lymphoid cells of the palatine tonsils experiments were conducted on rabbits immunized intravenously and subcutaneously with streptococcus and paratyphoid B antigens; a study was made (in the blast-transformation reaction) of a comparative response of the lymphocytes of the palatine tonsils, the thymus, the spleen, the appendix and the regional lymph node. In case of stimulation with the specific microbial antigens and PHA the proliferative response was greater in the culture of the splenic lymphocytes and the regional lymph node than in the culture of the lymphocytes of the palatine tonsils and the appendix. The thymus lymphocytes responded to PHA only. A conclusion was drawn that the paratyphoid B and streptococcus antigens penetrating into the lymphoid tissue by hematogenic route stimulated a relatively low percentage of lymphocytes of the palatine tonsils and the appendix in comparison with the regional lymph node and the spleen.", "contents": "[Palatine tonsils and immunity. IV. Lymphocyte blast transformation in various lymphoid organs of animals immunized with microbial antigens]. For the purpose of ascertaining the peculiarities of cellular differentiation of lymphoid cells of the palatine tonsils experiments were conducted on rabbits immunized intravenously and subcutaneously with streptococcus and paratyphoid B antigens; a study was made (in the blast-transformation reaction) of a comparative response of the lymphocytes of the palatine tonsils, the thymus, the spleen, the appendix and the regional lymph node. In case of stimulation with the specific microbial antigens and PHA the proliferative response was greater in the culture of the splenic lymphocytes and the regional lymph node than in the culture of the lymphocytes of the palatine tonsils and the appendix. The thymus lymphocytes responded to PHA only. A conclusion was drawn that the paratyphoid B and streptococcus antigens penetrating into the lymphoid tissue by hematogenic route stimulated a relatively low percentage of lymphocytes of the palatine tonsils and the appendix in comparison with the regional lymph node and the spleen.", "PMID": 1108531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2134", "title": "[Study of the sensitivity of a morphological mutant of S. typhimurium to irradiation].", "content": "Morphological Salmonella typhimurium LT2 WT--ED 143 mutant was similar by the character of the UV-sensitivity to the lon-mutants of Escherichia coli K-12. The paper treats of the data on the UV-sensitivity of the mutant and the initial strains at various growth phases, by the capacity to restore the irradiated P22 and Felix O bacteriophages and by the effect of various postradiational treatment on the irradiated strains. Data are presented on densitometry of the membrane proteins of the initial and the mutant strains, permitting to associate the unusual morphology, disturbed division and increased UV-sensitivity with the state of the membrane components of the bacterial cell.", "contents": "[Study of the sensitivity of a morphological mutant of S. typhimurium to irradiation]. Morphological Salmonella typhimurium LT2 WT--ED 143 mutant was similar by the character of the UV-sensitivity to the lon-mutants of Escherichia coli K-12. The paper treats of the data on the UV-sensitivity of the mutant and the initial strains at various growth phases, by the capacity to restore the irradiated P22 and Felix O bacteriophages and by the effect of various postradiational treatment on the irradiated strains. Data are presented on densitometry of the membrane proteins of the initial and the mutant strains, permitting to associate the unusual morphology, disturbed division and increased UV-sensitivity with the state of the membrane components of the bacterial cell.", "PMID": 1108536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2135", "title": "[Genetic determinants of the O-antigens of serologically typed E. coli].", "content": "A study was made of the genetic determinants of the O-antigenicity in the E. coli, O25 and O86 serological groups in experiments on conjugation and transduction. In analysis of genetic recombinants selected from the crosses of the serologically typed and nontyped bacteria there was revealed a relationship between the inheritance of the antigenic signs (O25+ and O86+) and the capacity of histidine to synthesis. The S-form and the O25-antigenicity signs were readily cotransduced with the his+ marker, this pointing to the close linking of the corresponding genes loci on the bacterial chromosome.", "contents": "[Genetic determinants of the O-antigens of serologically typed E. coli]. A study was made of the genetic determinants of the O-antigenicity in the E. coli, O25 and O86 serological groups in experiments on conjugation and transduction. In analysis of genetic recombinants selected from the crosses of the serologically typed and nontyped bacteria there was revealed a relationship between the inheritance of the antigenic signs (O25+ and O86+) and the capacity of histidine to synthesis. The S-form and the O25-antigenicity signs were readily cotransduced with the his+ marker, this pointing to the close linking of the corresponding genes loci on the bacterial chromosome.", "PMID": 1108537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2136", "title": "[Data on the biological characteristics of serological group O4 Escherichia isolated in acute intestinal diseases].", "content": "A study was made of 155 strains of E. coli of the O4 serological group isolated from sick children and adults during group and sporadic acute intestinal diseases), from persons who came in contact with them, and also from healthy persons during prophylactic examination; three standard cultures were examined as well. Along with strains with a typical enzymatic activity there were strains which produced retarded lactose fermentation and also gas-free, immobile and lysin-negative strains resembling Shigellae. Eight biochemical types were determined among E. coli 04. A study of the antigenic structure by cross agglutinin adsorption indicated identicity of the strains by O-antigen and their difference by the K- and H-antigens. Circulation of E. coli of serological types O4: K12(L): H1,O4: K3(L): H5,O4: K3(L): H12,04: K12(L): H40,04: K52(L): H4, and O4: K12(L) HII was revealed; the first two serological types prevailed. Serological types of O4: K3(L):H12, O4: K12(L): HI and O4: K12(L): H40, isolated in cases of group and sporadic acute intestinal diseases were described for the first time.", "contents": "[Data on the biological characteristics of serological group O4 Escherichia isolated in acute intestinal diseases]. A study was made of 155 strains of E. coli of the O4 serological group isolated from sick children and adults during group and sporadic acute intestinal diseases), from persons who came in contact with them, and also from healthy persons during prophylactic examination; three standard cultures were examined as well. Along with strains with a typical enzymatic activity there were strains which produced retarded lactose fermentation and also gas-free, immobile and lysin-negative strains resembling Shigellae. Eight biochemical types were determined among E. coli 04. A study of the antigenic structure by cross agglutinin adsorption indicated identicity of the strains by O-antigen and their difference by the K- and H-antigens. Circulation of E. coli of serological types O4: K12(L): H1,O4: K3(L): H5,O4: K3(L): H12,04: K12(L): H40,04: K52(L): H4, and O4: K12(L) HII was revealed; the first two serological types prevailed. Serological types of O4: K3(L):H12, O4: K12(L): HI and O4: K12(L): H40, isolated in cases of group and sporadic acute intestinal diseases were described for the first time.", "PMID": 1108538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2137", "title": "[Characteristics of serological group O144:K? Escherichia isolated in acute intestinal diseases].", "content": "A study of 14 strains of E. coli belonging to serological group O144: K? isolated in clinical dysentery (bacteriologically unconfirmed), from contacts in the foci of clinical dysentery and acute enteric disease of unknown etiology, and also in prophylactic examination, was made. Among these cultures there were strains with shigella characteristics. Along with the serological type O144: K?: H--described earlier there was determined serological type O144: K?: H4 differing in the enzymatic activity and the absence of the capacity to produce shigellae keratoconjunctivitis. The cultures of the given serological type were isolated in the focus of bacteriologically-undeciphered acute intestinal disease, this pointing to their possible etiological role. In the light of the aforesaid escherichia of the O144: K? serologically groups could be referred to the enteropathogenic ones; in this connection it is necessary to prepare preparations for their serological identification.", "contents": "[Characteristics of serological group O144:K? Escherichia isolated in acute intestinal diseases]. A study of 14 strains of E. coli belonging to serological group O144: K? isolated in clinical dysentery (bacteriologically unconfirmed), from contacts in the foci of clinical dysentery and acute enteric disease of unknown etiology, and also in prophylactic examination, was made. Among these cultures there were strains with shigella characteristics. Along with the serological type O144: K?: H--described earlier there was determined serological type O144: K?: H4 differing in the enzymatic activity and the absence of the capacity to produce shigellae keratoconjunctivitis. The cultures of the given serological type were isolated in the focus of bacteriologically-undeciphered acute intestinal disease, this pointing to their possible etiological role. In the light of the aforesaid escherichia of the O144: K? serologically groups could be referred to the enteropathogenic ones; in this connection it is necessary to prepare preparations for their serological identification.", "PMID": 1108539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2138", "title": "[Several aspects of the study of human embryo brains].", "content": "Using the Coons direct and indirect fluorescent antibody method, cryostatic sections and cultured neuroblasts of embryonic human brain were examined for the presence of intracellular antigens. The embryonic brain tissue was obtained from mentally healthy and schizophrenic women undergoing medically indicated, induced abortion during the first four months of pregnancy. As early as four weeks after the onset of embryonal development, positive cytoplasmatic and nuclear fluorescence were seen, with one exception, after incubation with gamma -- chain specific, anti-human IgG, and antirabbit immune globulin serum. More rarely, positive fluorescence was seen following incubation with alpha-chain specific anti-human IgA. Tests with anti-human IgM were persistently negative. The serum of two acutely ill, schizophrenic women contained a factor which --a) could easily be related to the cytoplasm of embryonic brain cells; b) could be absorbed out with whole thymocytes obtained post mortem from human newborn and c) produced positive cellular fluorescence when incubated with chain-specific antihuman IgG and IgA.", "contents": "[Several aspects of the study of human embryo brains]. Using the Coons direct and indirect fluorescent antibody method, cryostatic sections and cultured neuroblasts of embryonic human brain were examined for the presence of intracellular antigens. The embryonic brain tissue was obtained from mentally healthy and schizophrenic women undergoing medically indicated, induced abortion during the first four months of pregnancy. As early as four weeks after the onset of embryonal development, positive cytoplasmatic and nuclear fluorescence were seen, with one exception, after incubation with gamma -- chain specific, anti-human IgG, and antirabbit immune globulin serum. More rarely, positive fluorescence was seen following incubation with alpha-chain specific anti-human IgA. Tests with anti-human IgM were persistently negative. The serum of two acutely ill, schizophrenic women contained a factor which --a) could easily be related to the cytoplasm of embryonic brain cells; b) could be absorbed out with whole thymocytes obtained post mortem from human newborn and c) produced positive cellular fluorescence when incubated with chain-specific antihuman IgG and IgA.", "PMID": 1108556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2139", "title": "Differential diagnosis and treatment of gas-producing infections.", "content": "During an 8-year period, 30 patients with gas-producing infections were admitted for treatment of hyperbaric oxygen. Infection was a consequence of trauma and operation in 26 cases and a complication of other diseases in 4 cases. The definitive diagnoses were clostridial myositis in 12 cases, clostridial cellulitis in 7, non-clostridial cellulitis in 9 (mainly E. coli infections); in 2 cases the diagnoses were uncertain. Six cases of E. coli infection were misinterpreted as myositis and were treated with hyperbaric oxygen at 3 atm. abs. without effect. Five of these cases were cured by antibiotic therapy and surgical drainage. The risk of hyperbaric oxygen at 3 atm. abs. necessitates a strong indication for this kind of treatment. Thirteen cases of clostridial infections (2 with cellulitis, 11 with myositis) were successfully treated with hyperbaric oxygen except in 2 cases of myositis. Helpful data for the plausible diagnosis clostridial myositis in the acute stage were: a typical clinical picture with rapid progress of the local necrosis and inflammatory reaction, roentgenographically demonstrable intramuscular gas, and abundance of gram-positive rods in exudate from the inflammation. Laboratory data had a limited value. In some cases of clostridial myositis, a fall of hemoglobin to low values (less than 7.5 g%) was seen in the first 24 hours and high values of hemoglobin/plasma were noted in 4 cases. Incidents of side-effects from hyperbaric oxygen treatment were frequent but only a few were serious and these subsided during a short interruption of the treatment.", "contents": "Differential diagnosis and treatment of gas-producing infections. During an 8-year period, 30 patients with gas-producing infections were admitted for treatment of hyperbaric oxygen. Infection was a consequence of trauma and operation in 26 cases and a complication of other diseases in 4 cases. The definitive diagnoses were clostridial myositis in 12 cases, clostridial cellulitis in 7, non-clostridial cellulitis in 9 (mainly E. coli infections); in 2 cases the diagnoses were uncertain. Six cases of E. coli infection were misinterpreted as myositis and were treated with hyperbaric oxygen at 3 atm. abs. without effect. Five of these cases were cured by antibiotic therapy and surgical drainage. The risk of hyperbaric oxygen at 3 atm. abs. necessitates a strong indication for this kind of treatment. Thirteen cases of clostridial infections (2 with cellulitis, 11 with myositis) were successfully treated with hyperbaric oxygen except in 2 cases of myositis. Helpful data for the plausible diagnosis clostridial myositis in the acute stage were: a typical clinical picture with rapid progress of the local necrosis and inflammatory reaction, roentgenographically demonstrable intramuscular gas, and abundance of gram-positive rods in exudate from the inflammation. Laboratory data had a limited value. In some cases of clostridial myositis, a fall of hemoglobin to low values (less than 7.5 g%) was seen in the first 24 hours and high values of hemoglobin/plasma were noted in 4 cases. Incidents of side-effects from hyperbaric oxygen treatment were frequent but only a few were serious and these subsided during a short interruption of the treatment.", "PMID": 1108564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2140", "title": "Small heparin doses as prophylaxis against deep-vein thrombosis in major surgery.", "content": "100 patients were treated either with heparin 5,000 i.u. every 12 hours or placebo in a double-blind, randomized, prospective trial. The treatment was commenced 1-3 hours before surgery and was continued for 6 1/2 days. The criteria for the selection of patients and the principles on which the treatment and investigation schedules were based corresponded generally to those laid down by Kakkar et al. (1972). The incidence of deep-vein thrombosis of the lower extremities was 6% in the group treated with heparin and 20% in the placebo group. The decisive diagnosis of thrombosis was based on the scanning of the lower extremities after administration of I125-fibrinogen. No case of pulmonary embolism occurred and no complications because of the treatment were noted. We propose to institute investigations on a larger scale to evaluate the prophylactic value of small heparin doses with respect to pulmonary embolism.", "contents": "Small heparin doses as prophylaxis against deep-vein thrombosis in major surgery. 100 patients were treated either with heparin 5,000 i.u. every 12 hours or placebo in a double-blind, randomized, prospective trial. The treatment was commenced 1-3 hours before surgery and was continued for 6 1/2 days. The criteria for the selection of patients and the principles on which the treatment and investigation schedules were based corresponded generally to those laid down by Kakkar et al. (1972). The incidence of deep-vein thrombosis of the lower extremities was 6% in the group treated with heparin and 20% in the placebo group. The decisive diagnosis of thrombosis was based on the scanning of the lower extremities after administration of I125-fibrinogen. No case of pulmonary embolism occurred and no complications because of the treatment were noted. We propose to institute investigations on a larger scale to evaluate the prophylactic value of small heparin doses with respect to pulmonary embolism.", "PMID": 1108565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2141", "title": "Effect of actinomycin D on the pituitary response to LH-RH.", "content": "The effect of Actinomycin D (Act D) on the release of LH and FSH induced by LH-RH was investigated in rats. Immature male rats received an iv infusion over a period of 3-4 h or a quick iv injection of synthetic LH-RH. Infusion of LH-RH significantly increased serum LH and FSH levels at 1, 2, 3 and 4 h after the initiation of infusion. Pre-treatment with 100 mug/100 g.b.w. Act D failed to affect the rise of serum LH and FSH levels 1 h after the infusion but significantly suppressed the response at 2, 3 and 4 h. The increase in serum LH and FSH levels after a quick injection of LH-RH was unaffected by pre-treatment with Act D whether the antibiotic was injected 1 or 2 h before LH-RH. The results suggest that the initial phase of the pituitary response to LH-RH does not require DNA-dependent RNA synthesis, whereas that in the later period does. RNA synthesis may be necessary only to maintain the increased secretion of both LH and FSH during a continuous stimulation with LH-RH.", "contents": "Effect of actinomycin D on the pituitary response to LH-RH. The effect of Actinomycin D (Act D) on the release of LH and FSH induced by LH-RH was investigated in rats. Immature male rats received an iv infusion over a period of 3-4 h or a quick iv injection of synthetic LH-RH. Infusion of LH-RH significantly increased serum LH and FSH levels at 1, 2, 3 and 4 h after the initiation of infusion. Pre-treatment with 100 mug/100 g.b.w. Act D failed to affect the rise of serum LH and FSH levels 1 h after the infusion but significantly suppressed the response at 2, 3 and 4 h. The increase in serum LH and FSH levels after a quick injection of LH-RH was unaffected by pre-treatment with Act D whether the antibiotic was injected 1 or 2 h before LH-RH. The results suggest that the initial phase of the pituitary response to LH-RH does not require DNA-dependent RNA synthesis, whereas that in the later period does. RNA synthesis may be necessary only to maintain the increased secretion of both LH and FSH during a continuous stimulation with LH-RH.", "PMID": 1108569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2142", "title": "Migration inhibition of human leukocytes mixed with phytohemagglutinin-preincubated mononuclear leukocytes.", "content": "An in vitro test able to demonstrate phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-induced migration inhibition of human peripheral blood leukocytes was investigated. The migration inhibition was demonstrated by the agarose migration technique. Purified mononuclear leukocytes which had been incubated for 30 min with PHA, then washed and added to non-separated leukocytes induced migration inhibition of the mixed cell population. Since no PHA was added to the non-separated leukocytes, a direct PHA effect on polymorph migration was avoided. If the PHA-preincubated mononuclear leukocytes were heated at 56 degrees C for 30 min, their ability to cause migration inhibition was abolished. This suggests that the inhibition was caused by migration inhibitory factor (MIF) produced by the PHA-stimulated lymphocytes.", "contents": "Migration inhibition of human leukocytes mixed with phytohemagglutinin-preincubated mononuclear leukocytes. An in vitro test able to demonstrate phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-induced migration inhibition of human peripheral blood leukocytes was investigated. The migration inhibition was demonstrated by the agarose migration technique. Purified mononuclear leukocytes which had been incubated for 30 min with PHA, then washed and added to non-separated leukocytes induced migration inhibition of the mixed cell population. Since no PHA was added to the non-separated leukocytes, a direct PHA effect on polymorph migration was avoided. If the PHA-preincubated mononuclear leukocytes were heated at 56 degrees C for 30 min, their ability to cause migration inhibition was abolished. This suggests that the inhibition was caused by migration inhibitory factor (MIF) produced by the PHA-stimulated lymphocytes.", "PMID": 1108573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2143", "title": "Beclomethasone dipropionate aerosol in reversible obstructive airways disease. A clinical evaluation of one year's treatment.", "content": "Seven patients with reversible obstructive airways disease, who were unsatisfactorily relieved by conventional bronchodilating drugs, were admitted to a 1-year-long therapeutic trial with beclomethasone dipropionate aerosol, 400 mug a day. After 3 weeks of treatment the mean values of VC, FEV, and PEFR were increased by about 100 per cent of the pretreatmetn values, and the consumption of self-administered bronchodilators was markedly diminished. Throughout the trial the occupationa diability and need for hospitalization were negligible compared with the previous year. Development of tolerance to the drug was not observed during the trial. The adrenocortical function remained unaffected, as judged by the plasma cortisol levels and adrenocortical stimulation tests. Continuously low normal levels of excreted urinary 17-ketogenic-steroids might indicate a very slight adrenal suppression.", "contents": "Beclomethasone dipropionate aerosol in reversible obstructive airways disease. A clinical evaluation of one year's treatment. Seven patients with reversible obstructive airways disease, who were unsatisfactorily relieved by conventional bronchodilating drugs, were admitted to a 1-year-long therapeutic trial with beclomethasone dipropionate aerosol, 400 mug a day. After 3 weeks of treatment the mean values of VC, FEV, and PEFR were increased by about 100 per cent of the pretreatmetn values, and the consumption of self-administered bronchodilators was markedly diminished. Throughout the trial the occupationa diability and need for hospitalization were negligible compared with the previous year. Development of tolerance to the drug was not observed during the trial. The adrenocortical function remained unaffected, as judged by the plasma cortisol levels and adrenocortical stimulation tests. Continuously low normal levels of excreted urinary 17-ketogenic-steroids might indicate a very slight adrenal suppression.", "PMID": 1108574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2144", "title": "Side effects and skills related to driving after intramuscular administration of bupivacaine and etidocaine.", "content": "Eleven healthy subjects were injected intramuscularly with a saline placebo, 1.3 mg/kg of 0.5% plain bupivacaine, or 2.6 mg/kg of 1.0% plain etidocaine in a double-blind cross-over fashion. Before and at 1/2, 2 and 4 h after injection, side effects were recorded, and psychomotor skills related to driving were measured. Fatigue, dizziness, and sore thighs were significantly more common with etidocaine than with bupivacaine or the saline solution. Bupivacaine significantly impaired eye-hand cooridination and flicker fusion discrimination during the whole observation period. Etidocaine impaired flicker fusion discrimination only. The subjects' adaption to darkness, sensitivity to brightness, and visual discrimination ability in bright counterlight remained unaltered after each treatment. The results suggest that such psychomotor performance as driving ability is impaired for at least 2 h after a patient receives 1.3 mg/kg of plain bupivacaine or 2.6 mg/kg of plain etidocaine intramuscularly.", "contents": "Side effects and skills related to driving after intramuscular administration of bupivacaine and etidocaine. Eleven healthy subjects were injected intramuscularly with a saline placebo, 1.3 mg/kg of 0.5% plain bupivacaine, or 2.6 mg/kg of 1.0% plain etidocaine in a double-blind cross-over fashion. Before and at 1/2, 2 and 4 h after injection, side effects were recorded, and psychomotor skills related to driving were measured. Fatigue, dizziness, and sore thighs were significantly more common with etidocaine than with bupivacaine or the saline solution. Bupivacaine significantly impaired eye-hand cooridination and flicker fusion discrimination during the whole observation period. Etidocaine impaired flicker fusion discrimination only. The subjects' adaption to darkness, sensitivity to brightness, and visual discrimination ability in bright counterlight remained unaltered after each treatment. The results suggest that such psychomotor performance as driving ability is impaired for at least 2 h after a patient receives 1.3 mg/kg of plain bupivacaine or 2.6 mg/kg of plain etidocaine intramuscularly.", "PMID": 1108581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2145", "title": "Thoracic epidural analgesia I-a double-blind study between bupivacaine and etidocaine.", "content": "A double-blind comparison was made in 40 patients undergoing thoracic epidural analgesia with either bupivacaine 0.5% or etidocaine 1.0%, both with adrenaline 5 mug/ml. All patients were undergoing elective upper abdominal surgery. They were studied both pre- and postoperatively. The parameters measured were: onset time, segmental spread and duration of analgesia; and also systolic blood pressure, heart rate and peak expiratory flow rate. In respect of these parameters, no major differences were found between the two solutions under the conditions of the study. The overall results, however, differ in many respects to those found when these agents are used in lumbar epidural analgesia.", "contents": "Thoracic epidural analgesia I-a double-blind study between bupivacaine and etidocaine. A double-blind comparison was made in 40 patients undergoing thoracic epidural analgesia with either bupivacaine 0.5% or etidocaine 1.0%, both with adrenaline 5 mug/ml. All patients were undergoing elective upper abdominal surgery. They were studied both pre- and postoperatively. The parameters measured were: onset time, segmental spread and duration of analgesia; and also systolic blood pressure, heart rate and peak expiratory flow rate. In respect of these parameters, no major differences were found between the two solutions under the conditions of the study. The overall results, however, differ in many respects to those found when these agents are used in lumbar epidural analgesia.", "PMID": 1108582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2146", "title": "Histopathology of the endocrine pancreas of a fresh-water fish, Clarias batrachus (L.). V. Effect of epinephrine administration.", "content": "Intramuscular administration of epinephrine in 2 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg body weight doses to Clarias batrachus caused significant hyperglycemia between 12 and 18 h after treatment. The hormone produced a small decrease in the liver glycogen, but induced a notable fall in the glycogen of muscles and a transient increase in the brain glycogen. Light-microscopical examination of the pancreatic islets revealed degranulation and vacuolization of the beta-cells accompanied by acute necrosis. Damage to the alpha-cells was also noticed in hyperglycemic fish. The changes in the cellular configuration of the islets, blood glucose and on the tissue glycogen contents were dose-dependent. It is suggested that epinephrine alters the carbohydrate metabolism through the alpha-cells of the islets.", "contents": "Histopathology of the endocrine pancreas of a fresh-water fish, Clarias batrachus (L.). V. Effect of epinephrine administration. Intramuscular administration of epinephrine in 2 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg body weight doses to Clarias batrachus caused significant hyperglycemia between 12 and 18 h after treatment. The hormone produced a small decrease in the liver glycogen, but induced a notable fall in the glycogen of muscles and a transient increase in the brain glycogen. Light-microscopical examination of the pancreatic islets revealed degranulation and vacuolization of the beta-cells accompanied by acute necrosis. Damage to the alpha-cells was also noticed in hyperglycemic fish. The changes in the cellular configuration of the islets, blood glucose and on the tissue glycogen contents were dose-dependent. It is suggested that epinephrine alters the carbohydrate metabolism through the alpha-cells of the islets.", "PMID": 1108583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2147", "title": "Inhibition by quinaldate of dehydrogenases.", "content": "Quinaldate (quinoline-2-carboxylate) inhibits pyridine-, and flavin nucleotide-dependent dehydrogenases, both inside the mitochondria and in isolated form. Other mitochondrial functions and some other isolated enzymes (with one exception) are not influenced by quinaldate at all. Thus, quinaldate can be regarded as a specific \"dehydrogenase inhibitor\". The inhibition of alcohol dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.1) and lactate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.27) by quinaldate is of mixed type, both with respect to NAD+ and ethanol or lactate, respectively. The Ki for alcohol dehydrogenase is 4.5 mM, that of lactate dehydrogenase 7.5 mM. It can be assumed that the inhibition by quinaldate of dehydrogenases is a consequence of its binding to that part of the active centre which takes part in the dehydrogenation itself and might possess very similar structure in all dehydrogenases.", "contents": "Inhibition by quinaldate of dehydrogenases. Quinaldate (quinoline-2-carboxylate) inhibits pyridine-, and flavin nucleotide-dependent dehydrogenases, both inside the mitochondria and in isolated form. Other mitochondrial functions and some other isolated enzymes (with one exception) are not influenced by quinaldate at all. Thus, quinaldate can be regarded as a specific \"dehydrogenase inhibitor\". The inhibition of alcohol dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.1) and lactate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.27) by quinaldate is of mixed type, both with respect to NAD+ and ethanol or lactate, respectively. The Ki for alcohol dehydrogenase is 4.5 mM, that of lactate dehydrogenase 7.5 mM. It can be assumed that the inhibition by quinaldate of dehydrogenases is a consequence of its binding to that part of the active centre which takes part in the dehydrogenation itself and might possess very similar structure in all dehydrogenases.", "PMID": 1108584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2148", "title": "Dark neurons: a significant artifact: the influence of the maturational state of neurons on the occurrence of the phenomenon.", "content": "In cerebella of young rats, killed by decapitation, dark Purkinje cells were readily observed in animals from 16 days of age onward. In younger animals (from 0-12 days of age) these dark neurons were never observed. The author agrees with Cammermeyer and others that dark neurons are an avoidable artifact. The findings presented suggest, however, that the possibility of the occurrence of this type of artifact depends on the maturational state of the neurons concerned.", "contents": "Dark neurons: a significant artifact: the influence of the maturational state of neurons on the occurrence of the phenomenon. In cerebella of young rats, killed by decapitation, dark Purkinje cells were readily observed in animals from 16 days of age onward. In younger animals (from 0-12 days of age) these dark neurons were never observed. The author agrees with Cammermeyer and others that dark neurons are an avoidable artifact. The findings presented suggest, however, that the possibility of the occurrence of this type of artifact depends on the maturational state of the neurons concerned.", "PMID": 1108586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2149", "title": "Eye injuries cuased by tear-gas hand weapons.", "content": "Six patients hospitalized by eye injuries caused by tear-gas hand weapons are presented. Five of the lesions resulted from a short-distance shot of aerosol irritant projectors. Severe swelling and bloodshot of the lids and conjunctiva occurred in all cases. Epithelial defects, swelling and blurring of the parenchym were observed in the cornea. The treatment of each case took weeks, even months. Such an injury can because of scars in the cornea permanently lower the visual acuity.", "contents": "Eye injuries cuased by tear-gas hand weapons. Six patients hospitalized by eye injuries caused by tear-gas hand weapons are presented. Five of the lesions resulted from a short-distance shot of aerosol irritant projectors. Severe swelling and bloodshot of the lids and conjunctiva occurred in all cases. Epithelial defects, swelling and blurring of the parenchym were observed in the cornea. The treatment of each case took weeks, even months. Such an injury can because of scars in the cornea permanently lower the visual acuity.", "PMID": 1108587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2150", "title": "The interstitial space of adipose tissue as determined by single injection and equilibration techniques.", "content": "The interstitial 14C-sucrose space was determined in the subsutaneous adipose tissue of the dog using both a single injection-indicator dilution technique and an equilibration-tissue sampling method. 131I-albumin and 51Cr-labelled erythrocytes served as intravascular indicators. The conventional extrapolation method for single injection curves yielded space values several times lower than those measured by the equilibration technique, although sampling was continued until the venous outflow samples contained less than 1% of the peak 14C-sucrose activity. This discrepancy may be due to long transit times, for which the conventional extrapolation procedure does not account. An extrapolation procedure is proposed based on the assumption that the area under the normalized extra- and intravascular curves should be equal. By this procedure as well as by the equilibration technique the interstitial 14C-sucrose space in adipose tissue measures approximately 10 mlX100 g-1. The single injection technique does not appear applicable for space determinations in adipose tissue during sympathetic nerve stimulation (3-7 Hz), possibly due to \"trapping\" of the tracers within the tissue.", "contents": "The interstitial space of adipose tissue as determined by single injection and equilibration techniques. The interstitial 14C-sucrose space was determined in the subsutaneous adipose tissue of the dog using both a single injection-indicator dilution technique and an equilibration-tissue sampling method. 131I-albumin and 51Cr-labelled erythrocytes served as intravascular indicators. The conventional extrapolation method for single injection curves yielded space values several times lower than those measured by the equilibration technique, although sampling was continued until the venous outflow samples contained less than 1% of the peak 14C-sucrose activity. This discrepancy may be due to long transit times, for which the conventional extrapolation procedure does not account. An extrapolation procedure is proposed based on the assumption that the area under the normalized extra- and intravascular curves should be equal. By this procedure as well as by the equilibration technique the interstitial 14C-sucrose space in adipose tissue measures approximately 10 mlX100 g-1. The single injection technique does not appear applicable for space determinations in adipose tissue during sympathetic nerve stimulation (3-7 Hz), possibly due to \"trapping\" of the tracers within the tissue.", "PMID": 1108597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2151", "title": "A controlled clinical trial of treatment with ALG in established rejection of renal allografts.", "content": "A controlled clinical investigation of the effect of equine anti-human-lymphocyte globulin (ALG) on established rejection after transplantation has been carried out in a group of 31 patients. Compared with a control group, the treated group showed a significantly positive effect of ALG in the form of a faster reversal of rejection episodes (p less than 0.05). Leucocytes, lymphocytes, erythrocytes, thrombocytes and immunoglobulins were unaffected by the treatment, but there were signs of a complement-consuming process and an influence on blast transformation tests. No rise in antibody titre against equine globulin was seen.", "contents": "A controlled clinical trial of treatment with ALG in established rejection of renal allografts. A controlled clinical investigation of the effect of equine anti-human-lymphocyte globulin (ALG) on established rejection after transplantation has been carried out in a group of 31 patients. Compared with a control group, the treated group showed a significantly positive effect of ALG in the form of a faster reversal of rejection episodes (p less than 0.05). Leucocytes, lymphocytes, erythrocytes, thrombocytes and immunoglobulins were unaffected by the treatment, but there were signs of a complement-consuming process and an influence on blast transformation tests. No rise in antibody titre against equine globulin was seen.", "PMID": 1108600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2152", "title": "Differential count of urinary leucocytes and renal epithelial cells by phase contrast microscopy.", "content": "A total of 291 urine sediments from 255 patients with various renal or urinary tract diseases have been studied by phase contrast microscopy. Based upon morphological criteria, leucocytes were distinguished from renal epithelial cells and the white blood cells were classified either as mononuclear or polynuclear in 179 patients. The percentage of the different cell types varied considerably between and within the different diseases. The median values for polynuclear granulocytes were higher than 90% in bacterial renal or urinary tract disease and in polycystic kidney disease. In interstitial nephritis, nephrosclerosis and in renal transplanted patients the percentage of polynuclear granulocytes was somewhat lower, 76-85%. In diabetes, amyloidosis, tubular nephrosis (necrosis) glomerulonephritis, lupus nephritis and endemic benign nephropathy there were 14-66% polynuclear granulocytes. 29-33% mononuclear leucocytes were found in lupus nephritis and endemic benign nephropathy. The greatest proportion of renal epithelial cells was found in endemic benign nephropathy, namely 49%. 36% renal epithelial cells were found in tubular nephrosis (necrosis) and in glomerulonephritis. The technique is rapid and inexpensive. It facilitates differential diagnostics of urinary tract disease with pyuria.", "contents": "Differential count of urinary leucocytes and renal epithelial cells by phase contrast microscopy. A total of 291 urine sediments from 255 patients with various renal or urinary tract diseases have been studied by phase contrast microscopy. Based upon morphological criteria, leucocytes were distinguished from renal epithelial cells and the white blood cells were classified either as mononuclear or polynuclear in 179 patients. The percentage of the different cell types varied considerably between and within the different diseases. The median values for polynuclear granulocytes were higher than 90% in bacterial renal or urinary tract disease and in polycystic kidney disease. In interstitial nephritis, nephrosclerosis and in renal transplanted patients the percentage of polynuclear granulocytes was somewhat lower, 76-85%. In diabetes, amyloidosis, tubular nephrosis (necrosis) glomerulonephritis, lupus nephritis and endemic benign nephropathy there were 14-66% polynuclear granulocytes. 29-33% mononuclear leucocytes were found in lupus nephritis and endemic benign nephropathy. The greatest proportion of renal epithelial cells was found in endemic benign nephropathy, namely 49%. 36% renal epithelial cells were found in tubular nephrosis (necrosis) and in glomerulonephritis. The technique is rapid and inexpensive. It facilitates differential diagnostics of urinary tract disease with pyuria.", "PMID": 1108601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2153", "title": "Studies on cytochrome b2 synthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Synthesis of cytochrome b2 together with that of other hemoproteins is induced by oxygen. It is further stimulated by L-lactate. This is true for the enyzme in mitochondrial as well as cytoplasmic cell fractions. Chloramphenicol and erythromycin do not effect cytochrome b2 biosynthesis, whereas cycloheximide prevents it in aerobicallly adapting cells. Mutants lacking cytochrome b2 activity still exhibit the activities of D-lactate dehydrogenase and D-2hydroxyacid dehydrogenase.", "contents": "Studies on cytochrome b2 synthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Synthesis of cytochrome b2 together with that of other hemoproteins is induced by oxygen. It is further stimulated by L-lactate. This is true for the enyzme in mitochondrial as well as cytoplasmic cell fractions. Chloramphenicol and erythromycin do not effect cytochrome b2 biosynthesis, whereas cycloheximide prevents it in aerobicallly adapting cells. Mutants lacking cytochrome b2 activity still exhibit the activities of D-lactate dehydrogenase and D-2hydroxyacid dehydrogenase.", "PMID": 1108602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2154", "title": "Cysteine biosynthesis in Aspergillus nidulans.", "content": "The existence of two postulated pathways of anabolic cysteine biosynthesis in Aspergillus midulans was investigated. No activities of the postulated pathway involving S-sulfocysteine as intermediate have been detected. Investigations on cyteine and methionine requiring mutants revealed independent regulation of O-acetylserine sulfhydrylase by endogeneous cysteine and methionine pools. The reaction catalysed by O-acetylserine sulfhydrylase is postulated as the only anabolic pathway of cysteine biosynthesis in A. nidulans.", "contents": "Cysteine biosynthesis in Aspergillus nidulans. The existence of two postulated pathways of anabolic cysteine biosynthesis in Aspergillus midulans was investigated. No activities of the postulated pathway involving S-sulfocysteine as intermediate have been detected. Investigations on cyteine and methionine requiring mutants revealed independent regulation of O-acetylserine sulfhydrylase by endogeneous cysteine and methionine pools. The reaction catalysed by O-acetylserine sulfhydrylase is postulated as the only anabolic pathway of cysteine biosynthesis in A. nidulans.", "PMID": 1108603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2155", "title": "Changes in the biochemical properties of Shigella flexneri la as a result of recombination with Escherichia coli K12.", "content": "The fermentative properties of recombinants obtained after conjugation between E. coli K12 HfeC and S. flexneri la Lac Phe mutant were investigated. The recombinants showed the antigenic structure of S. flexneri but their biochemical characteristics differed from the properties typical for this genus. The recombinants were found to acquire the ability to ferment several carbohydrates not degraded by the S. flexneri recipient strain.", "contents": "Changes in the biochemical properties of Shigella flexneri la as a result of recombination with Escherichia coli K12. The fermentative properties of recombinants obtained after conjugation between E. coli K12 HfeC and S. flexneri la Lac Phe mutant were investigated. The recombinants showed the antigenic structure of S. flexneri but their biochemical characteristics differed from the properties typical for this genus. The recombinants were found to acquire the ability to ferment several carbohydrates not degraded by the S. flexneri recipient strain.", "PMID": 1108604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2156", "title": "Central nervous structures participanting in the simple recognition of touch.", "content": "Short review of a series of experiments in the dog aimed at studying the correlation between lesions of the two cerebral somatosensory areas or the different spinal pathways projecting to these areas and defects in tactile sensitivity.", "contents": "Central nervous structures participanting in the simple recognition of touch. Short review of a series of experiments in the dog aimed at studying the correlation between lesions of the two cerebral somatosensory areas or the different spinal pathways projecting to these areas and defects in tactile sensitivity.", "PMID": 1108605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2157", "title": "Morphological examination of the juxtaglomerular apparatus following the fluorescence microscopic demonstration of sympathetic nerves.", "content": "Several catecholamine demonstrating fluorescence techniques based on the formaldehyde-condensation principle have been examined for the possibility of application of juxtaglomerular granulum demonstrating methods. Freezing and thawing cause a distruption of juxtaglomerular granules. Short formalin fixation does not prevent this damage. Juxtaglomerular granules were successfully stained after freeze-drying. The adaptation of Endes's trichrome method on the basis of the classical catecholamine technique of Falck and Owman resulted in a reliable practical method. Procedures introduced into the trichrome methods to increase the colour and intensity contrast of the staining of juxtaglomerular granules and to stain the elastic membranes are described. Some aspects of the staining mechanism of juxtaglomerular specific granules are also discussed.", "contents": "Morphological examination of the juxtaglomerular apparatus following the fluorescence microscopic demonstration of sympathetic nerves. Several catecholamine demonstrating fluorescence techniques based on the formaldehyde-condensation principle have been examined for the possibility of application of juxtaglomerular granulum demonstrating methods. Freezing and thawing cause a distruption of juxtaglomerular granules. Short formalin fixation does not prevent this damage. Juxtaglomerular granules were successfully stained after freeze-drying. The adaptation of Endes's trichrome method on the basis of the classical catecholamine technique of Falck and Owman resulted in a reliable practical method. Procedures introduced into the trichrome methods to increase the colour and intensity contrast of the staining of juxtaglomerular granules and to stain the elastic membranes are described. Some aspects of the staining mechanism of juxtaglomerular specific granules are also discussed.", "PMID": 1108606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2158", "title": "Dietary potassium deficiency in the elderly: a controlled trial.", "content": "A controlled cross-over trial of supplementary potassium was conducted in 46 elderly people whose dietary intake of potassium appeared to be no more than 45 mEq per day. Their grip strength and mental function were no better after two weeks' treatment with 48 mEq than when they received placebo tablets. It was concluded that the possible benefits of widespread potassium supplementation do not justify the risks which would be incurred.", "contents": "Dietary potassium deficiency in the elderly: a controlled trial. A controlled cross-over trial of supplementary potassium was conducted in 46 elderly people whose dietary intake of potassium appeared to be no more than 45 mEq per day. Their grip strength and mental function were no better after two weeks' treatment with 48 mEq than when they received placebo tablets. It was concluded that the possible benefits of widespread potassium supplementation do not justify the risks which would be incurred.", "PMID": 1108622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2159", "title": "Electroencephalographic study in acute rheumatic carditis.", "content": "Electroencephalographic studies were done in rheumatic fever patients in order to determine the distribution of normal and abnormal EEG patterns in different clinical forms. The duration of EEG abnormalities related to rheumatic activity was compared with the duration of increased sedimentation rate and tachycardia. Rheumatic fever cases were divided into four groups: (1) acute active rheumatic carditis, (2) acute polyarthritis without carditis, (3) nonactive old rheumatic valvular heart disease, and (4) Sydenham's chorea. EEG findings were within normal limits in acute polyarthritis and in nonactive rheumatic valvular heart disease, but there were abnormal EEG findings in 29 per cent of chorea and in 94 per cent of active carditis cases. In active carditis all EEG changes returned to normal approximately within 8 weeks, whereas the sedimentation rate and tachycardia returned to normal within a shorter period.", "contents": "Electroencephalographic study in acute rheumatic carditis. Electroencephalographic studies were done in rheumatic fever patients in order to determine the distribution of normal and abnormal EEG patterns in different clinical forms. The duration of EEG abnormalities related to rheumatic activity was compared with the duration of increased sedimentation rate and tachycardia. Rheumatic fever cases were divided into four groups: (1) acute active rheumatic carditis, (2) acute polyarthritis without carditis, (3) nonactive old rheumatic valvular heart disease, and (4) Sydenham's chorea. EEG findings were within normal limits in acute polyarthritis and in nonactive rheumatic valvular heart disease, but there were abnormal EEG findings in 29 per cent of chorea and in 94 per cent of active carditis cases. In active carditis all EEG changes returned to normal approximately within 8 weeks, whereas the sedimentation rate and tachycardia returned to normal within a shorter period.", "PMID": 1108626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2160", "title": "The effects of milling on diameters and lengths of fibrous glass and chrysotile asbestos fibers.", "content": "An investigation on the ffects of milling on diameters and lengths of fibrous glass and chrysotile asbestos was performed. A wool type fibrous glass and chrysotile asbestos were ball milled, one at a time, for selected periods of time. After each milling time a sample was taken by using a special technique to obtain representative samples. The samples from all milling times were analyzed by phase contrast microscopy with a Zeiss phase contrast objective at  a total magnification of 625 X. Selected samples were observed and photographed in a Phillips EM 200 electron miscroscope. The results of examination by phase contrast microscopy showed that milling had no significant effect on diameters of fibrous glass fibers, but reduced the lengths of these fibers and reduced both diameters and lengths of chrysotile asbestos...", "contents": "The effects of milling on diameters and lengths of fibrous glass and chrysotile asbestos fibers. An investigation on the ffects of milling on diameters and lengths of fibrous glass and chrysotile asbestos was performed. A wool type fibrous glass and chrysotile asbestos were ball milled, one at a time, for selected periods of time. After each milling time a sample was taken by using a special technique to obtain representative samples. The samples from all milling times were analyzed by phase contrast microscopy with a Zeiss phase contrast objective at  a total magnification of 625 X. Selected samples were observed and photographed in a Phillips EM 200 electron miscroscope. The results of examination by phase contrast microscopy showed that milling had no significant effect on diameters of fibrous glass fibers, but reduced the lengths of these fibers and reduced both diameters and lengths of chrysotile asbestos...", "PMID": 1108627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2161", "title": "Clinical significance of coronary arterial ectasia.", "content": "In a study group of 2,457 consecutive patients undergoing cardiac catheterization, 30 patients had coronary arterial ectasia, an irregular dilatation of major vessels up to seven times the diameter of branch vessels. The frequency of hypertension, abnormal electrocardiogram and history of myocardial infarction was greater than that in a control group with obstructive coronary artery disease. Patients with ectasia did not differ from patients with obstructive disease in sex, age, prevalence of angina or presence of metabolic abnormalities. Six deaths occurred in the group with ectasia during a mean follow-up period of 24 months (annual rate of 15 percent). Extensive destruction of the musculoelastic elements was evident, resulting in marked attenuation of the vessel wall. The short-term prognosis in this group is the same as in medically treated patients with three vessel obstructive coronary artery disease.", "contents": "Clinical significance of coronary arterial ectasia. In a study group of 2,457 consecutive patients undergoing cardiac catheterization, 30 patients had coronary arterial ectasia, an irregular dilatation of major vessels up to seven times the diameter of branch vessels. The frequency of hypertension, abnormal electrocardiogram and history of myocardial infarction was greater than that in a control group with obstructive coronary artery disease. Patients with ectasia did not differ from patients with obstructive disease in sex, age, prevalence of angina or presence of metabolic abnormalities. Six deaths occurred in the group with ectasia during a mean follow-up period of 24 months (annual rate of 15 percent). Extensive destruction of the musculoelastic elements was evident, resulting in marked attenuation of the vessel wall. The short-term prognosis in this group is the same as in medically treated patients with three vessel obstructive coronary artery disease.", "PMID": 1108631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2162", "title": "Hereditary prolongation of the Q-T interval. Genetic observations and management in three families with twelve affected members.", "content": "Three families with the prolongation Q-T interval are described. Two demonstrated the nonsex-linked dominant mode of inheritance of the condition without neural deafness (the Romano-Ward syndrome). Family A had four affected members in three generations. Family B had three affected members in two generations, but the parents of the affected children were distant relatives. Family C had five affected members in three generations. Of the nine living affected members, seven were asymptomatic and never experienced syncope. The remaining two, aged 7 and 9 years, respectively, had multiple syncopal attacks. Of three affected members who died, two had electrocardiograms before death. The thirds, an apparently healthy boy of 14 years, had a single syncopal attack 13 months before he died in his sleep. The nature of the dysrhythmia causing syncope was documented in two cases. One of the affected children was treated successfully with a permanent demand pacemaker and propranolol, the other with propranolol alone. The electrophysiologic findings and the management of both symptomatic and asymptomatic patients are discussed.", "contents": "Hereditary prolongation of the Q-T interval. Genetic observations and management in three families with twelve affected members. Three families with the prolongation Q-T interval are described. Two demonstrated the nonsex-linked dominant mode of inheritance of the condition without neural deafness (the Romano-Ward syndrome). Family A had four affected members in three generations. Family B had three affected members in two generations, but the parents of the affected children were distant relatives. Family C had five affected members in three generations. Of the nine living affected members, seven were asymptomatic and never experienced syncope. The remaining two, aged 7 and 9 years, respectively, had multiple syncopal attacks. Of three affected members who died, two had electrocardiograms before death. The thirds, an apparently healthy boy of 14 years, had a single syncopal attack 13 months before he died in his sleep. The nature of the dysrhythmia causing syncope was documented in two cases. One of the affected children was treated successfully with a permanent demand pacemaker and propranolol, the other with propranolol alone. The electrophysiologic findings and the management of both symptomatic and asymptomatic patients are discussed.", "PMID": 1108632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2163", "title": "Resolution problems in echocardiology: a source of interpretation errors.", "content": "Resolution is the ability of the echocardiographic system to distinguish closely lying structures. This is usually defined in two directions: laterally (lateral resolution) and in depth (axial resolution). With use of short ultrasonic pulses, axial resolution is not a major problem. By far the more important problem is the limited lateral resolution that results from the finite beam width of current ultrasonic devices. This results in the display of echoes that originate from off-axis structures. How these off-axis or \"spurious echoes\" affect the display is a function of the way the echographic information is handled. In conventional M-mode tracings, spurious echoes are displayed at a site where there is no directly corresponding anatomic structure, whereas with two-dimensional imaging, these echoes may result in important distortions of structures. The underlying principles are illustrated by a clinical experiment wherein the ball of a Starr-Edwards mitral valve prosthesis serves as a target of known shape and dimensions. These data are used to elucidate some of the problems and potential errors encountered in the interpretation of clinical M-mode recordings of the aorta, mitral valve and the left ventricular endocardium as well as their cross-sectional analysis. They also explain the present limitations of quantification of left ventricular performance from cross-sectional images.", "contents": "Resolution problems in echocardiology: a source of interpretation errors. Resolution is the ability of the echocardiographic system to distinguish closely lying structures. This is usually defined in two directions: laterally (lateral resolution) and in depth (axial resolution). With use of short ultrasonic pulses, axial resolution is not a major problem. By far the more important problem is the limited lateral resolution that results from the finite beam width of current ultrasonic devices. This results in the display of echoes that originate from off-axis structures. How these off-axis or \"spurious echoes\" affect the display is a function of the way the echographic information is handled. In conventional M-mode tracings, spurious echoes are displayed at a site where there is no directly corresponding anatomic structure, whereas with two-dimensional imaging, these echoes may result in important distortions of structures. The underlying principles are illustrated by a clinical experiment wherein the ball of a Starr-Edwards mitral valve prosthesis serves as a target of known shape and dimensions. These data are used to elucidate some of the problems and potential errors encountered in the interpretation of clinical M-mode recordings of the aorta, mitral valve and the left ventricular endocardium as well as their cross-sectional analysis. They also explain the present limitations of quantification of left ventricular performance from cross-sectional images.", "PMID": 1108633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2164", "title": "Isosorbide dinitrate for the relief of severe heart failure after myocardial infarction.", "content": "Severe congestive heart failure secondary to myocardial infarction remains a difficult management problem. Although intravenous vasodilators and mechanical assist devices have been reported to improve the depressed hemodynamic function, these interventions are limited to the intensive care unit and cannot be used for long-term management. This study evaluates the hemodynamic and symptomatic response to sublingual administration to isosorbide dinitrate (5 to 10 mg) in seven consecutive patients with severe congestive heart failure after anterior wall myocardial infarction. Serial measurements of mean right atrial and pulmonary arterial end-diastolic pressure, mean blood pressure, heart rate and cardiac output were obtained during the control period and during the 4 hours after administration of isosorbide dinitrate. The peak response occurred approximately 30 minutes after drug administration with an 83 percent reduction in mean right atrial pressure (from 6 to 1 mm Hg, P less than 0.02), a 36 percent reduction in pulmonary arterial end-diastolic pressure (from 25 to 16 mm Hg, P less than 0.0001) and a 6 percent reduction in mean blood pressure (from 94 to 88 mm Hg (P less than 0.05). There were small but statistically not significant increases in cardiac index (from 2.3 to 2.6 liters/min per m2 and stroke work index (from 26 to 32 gm/beat per m2). The total systemic vascular resistance was reduced by 5 percent from 1,605 to 1,518 dynes sec cm-5 (P less than 0.10). The baseline heart rate of 105 beats/min was not significantly changed. The reduction in pulmonary arterial end-diastolic pressure became statistically significant (P less than 0.05) between 15 and 30 minutes after administration of isosorbide dinitrate and remained significant for 3 to 4 hours. This reduction of pulmonary arterial end-diastolic pressure to less than 22 mm Hg was associated with relief of the patients' pulmonary symptoms. The response to nitroglycerin (0.4 mg) was similar in magnitude but of much shorter duration (approximately 15 minutes for nitroglycerin versus 4 hours for isosorbide dinitrate in patients with and without congestive heart failure. The slope (calculated by dividing the change in cardiac index or stroke work index by the change in pulmonary arterial end-diastolic pressure) was significantly (P less than 0.05) depressed in the patients with congestive heart failure. These data demonstrate that the symptomatic pulmonary venous hypertension can be effectively relieved by isosorbide dinitrate without further compromising left ventricular function.", "contents": "Isosorbide dinitrate for the relief of severe heart failure after myocardial infarction. Severe congestive heart failure secondary to myocardial infarction remains a difficult management problem. Although intravenous vasodilators and mechanical assist devices have been reported to improve the depressed hemodynamic function, these interventions are limited to the intensive care unit and cannot be used for long-term management. This study evaluates the hemodynamic and symptomatic response to sublingual administration to isosorbide dinitrate (5 to 10 mg) in seven consecutive patients with severe congestive heart failure after anterior wall myocardial infarction. Serial measurements of mean right atrial and pulmonary arterial end-diastolic pressure, mean blood pressure, heart rate and cardiac output were obtained during the control period and during the 4 hours after administration of isosorbide dinitrate. The peak response occurred approximately 30 minutes after drug administration with an 83 percent reduction in mean right atrial pressure (from 6 to 1 mm Hg, P less than 0.02), a 36 percent reduction in pulmonary arterial end-diastolic pressure (from 25 to 16 mm Hg, P less than 0.0001) and a 6 percent reduction in mean blood pressure (from 94 to 88 mm Hg (P less than 0.05). There were small but statistically not significant increases in cardiac index (from 2.3 to 2.6 liters/min per m2 and stroke work index (from 26 to 32 gm/beat per m2). The total systemic vascular resistance was reduced by 5 percent from 1,605 to 1,518 dynes sec cm-5 (P less than 0.10). The baseline heart rate of 105 beats/min was not significantly changed. The reduction in pulmonary arterial end-diastolic pressure became statistically significant (P less than 0.05) between 15 and 30 minutes after administration of isosorbide dinitrate and remained significant for 3 to 4 hours. This reduction of pulmonary arterial end-diastolic pressure to less than 22 mm Hg was associated with relief of the patients' pulmonary symptoms. The response to nitroglycerin (0.4 mg) was similar in magnitude but of much shorter duration (approximately 15 minutes for nitroglycerin versus 4 hours for isosorbide dinitrate in patients with and without congestive heart failure. The slope (calculated by dividing the change in cardiac index or stroke work index by the change in pulmonary arterial end-diastolic pressure) was significantly (P less than 0.05) depressed in the patients with congestive heart failure. These data demonstrate that the symptomatic pulmonary venous hypertension can be effectively relieved by isosorbide dinitrate without further compromising left ventricular function.", "PMID": 1108634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2165", "title": "Localization of antisera to LHbeta and FSHbeta in the rat pituitary gland.", "content": "Pituitary glands from adult male and female rats were stained by the immunocytochemical bridge technique with antisera to ovine LHbeta and human FSHbeta. Peroxidase reaction product was localized in the same PAS-positive cells with both antisera. The cells varied in size and topographical distribution within the pars distalis. These observations support the concept that a single cell type is responsible for the synthesis of both LH and FSH in the rat.", "contents": "Localization of antisera to LHbeta and FSHbeta in the rat pituitary gland. Pituitary glands from adult male and female rats were stained by the immunocytochemical bridge technique with antisera to ovine LHbeta and human FSHbeta. Peroxidase reaction product was localized in the same PAS-positive cells with both antisera. The cells varied in size and topographical distribution within the pars distalis. These observations support the concept that a single cell type is responsible for the synthesis of both LH and FSH in the rat.", "PMID": 1108637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2166", "title": "Scanning electron microscopic study of the effects of pressure on the luminal surface of the rabbit aorta.", "content": "The effects of pressure on the luminal surface of the rabbit aorta were investigated using the scanning electron microscope. The method followed was perfusion under hydrostatic pressure of a section of thoracic aorta, in vitro. The characteristic ridged pattern seen in sections fixed at zero hydrostatic pressure was to a large extent eliminated when fixation occurred at pressures equivalent to those experienced by the aorta at systole or diastole. This study suggests that the spiral ridged pattern is dependent upon the fixation pressure and may not be present in a normally functioning artery. Any attempts to characterize or interpret the appearance of the luminal arterial wall must take into account the effects of pressure.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopic study of the effects of pressure on the luminal surface of the rabbit aorta. The effects of pressure on the luminal surface of the rabbit aorta were investigated using the scanning electron microscope. The method followed was perfusion under hydrostatic pressure of a section of thoracic aorta, in vitro. The characteristic ridged pattern seen in sections fixed at zero hydrostatic pressure was to a large extent eliminated when fixation occurred at pressures equivalent to those experienced by the aorta at systole or diastole. This study suggests that the spiral ridged pattern is dependent upon the fixation pressure and may not be present in a normally functioning artery. Any attempts to characterize or interpret the appearance of the luminal arterial wall must take into account the effects of pressure.", "PMID": 1108638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2167", "title": "Hypothesis: energy wastage in alcoholism and drug abuse: possible role of hepatic microsomal enzymes.", "content": "Hepatic microsomal drug oxidation appears to be an energy-wasteful process because it has no known link with energy-conserving mechanisms such as the synthesis of ATP, and in addition it requires the uncoupled oxidation of NADPH. It is postulated that this can appreciably alter the energy balance of the whole body under certain conditions. Such an imbalance would be favored by the repeated intake of drugs that induce hepatic microsomal enzymes and by the provision of ethanol as a major source of calories. The hypothesis is consistent with the changes in body weight in humans and animals after chronic ethanol intake. It is supported by observations of an increased oxygen consumption in rats given ethanol or barbiturates in doses that induce hepatic microsomal enzymes.", "contents": "Hypothesis: energy wastage in alcoholism and drug abuse: possible role of hepatic microsomal enzymes. Hepatic microsomal drug oxidation appears to be an energy-wasteful process because it has no known link with energy-conserving mechanisms such as the synthesis of ATP, and in addition it requires the uncoupled oxidation of NADPH. It is postulated that this can appreciably alter the energy balance of the whole body under certain conditions. Such an imbalance would be favored by the repeated intake of drugs that induce hepatic microsomal enzymes and by the provision of ethanol as a major source of calories. The hypothesis is consistent with the changes in body weight in humans and animals after chronic ethanol intake. It is supported by observations of an increased oxygen consumption in rats given ethanol or barbiturates in doses that induce hepatic microsomal enzymes.", "PMID": 1108639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2168", "title": "Metrication of clinical laboratory data in SI units.", "content": "The development and general concepts of the Syst\u00e8me International d'Unit\u00e9s (SI units) are discussed. The basic and derived quantities and units of the SI used for clinical laboratory data are reviewed. Ranges of normal values for a number of body fluid constituents are given in the units in current general use and in SI units, with corresponding conversion factors.", "contents": "Metrication of clinical laboratory data in SI units. The development and general concepts of the Syst\u00e8me International d'Unit\u00e9s (SI units) are discussed. The basic and derived quantities and units of the SI used for clinical laboratory data are reviewed. Ranges of normal values for a number of body fluid constituents are given in the units in current general use and in SI units, with corresponding conversion factors.", "PMID": 1108640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2169", "title": "Evaluation of amniotic fluid for aerobic and anaerobic bacteria.", "content": "Studies of 117 pregnant women, 83 at term, were instituted to determine the bacteriologic state of amniotic fluid, utilizing both standard aerobic and anaerobic technics. A high association of postpartum infection was found in women who had long periods of premature reptured membranes and many vaginal examinations. Significant organisms including anaerobes, were isolated in many of these instances. Based on the findings of these studies, it is recommended that amniocentesis for aerobic and anaerobic cultures be done when membranes have been ruptured for 8 hours or more, and when the patient has had seven or more vaginal examinations during the course of labor.", "contents": "Evaluation of amniotic fluid for aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. Studies of 117 pregnant women, 83 at term, were instituted to determine the bacteriologic state of amniotic fluid, utilizing both standard aerobic and anaerobic technics. A high association of postpartum infection was found in women who had long periods of premature reptured membranes and many vaginal examinations. Significant organisms including anaerobes, were isolated in many of these instances. Based on the findings of these studies, it is recommended that amniocentesis for aerobic and anaerobic cultures be done when membranes have been ruptured for 8 hours or more, and when the patient has had seven or more vaginal examinations during the course of labor.", "PMID": 1108641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2170", "title": "Clonorchis sinensis and pancreatitis. Twenty-five after endemic exposure.", "content": "Clonorchis sinensis is an aften-cited but rarely reported cause of acute pancreatitis. We report a patient with Clonorchis infestation detected 24 years after leaving the endemic area, in whom the parasite is a likely cause of pancreatitis. Recognizing the popularity of the Cantonese style of Chinese cooking and noting relaxation of travel restrictions to the endemic areas, we feel Clonorchis should be sought in the obscure case of pancreatitis, especially in Orientals and travelers who have lived in the endemic area.", "contents": "Clonorchis sinensis and pancreatitis. Twenty-five after endemic exposure. Clonorchis sinensis is an aften-cited but rarely reported cause of acute pancreatitis. We report a patient with Clonorchis infestation detected 24 years after leaving the endemic area, in whom the parasite is a likely cause of pancreatitis. Recognizing the popularity of the Cantonese style of Chinese cooking and noting relaxation of travel restrictions to the endemic areas, we feel Clonorchis should be sought in the obscure case of pancreatitis, especially in Orientals and travelers who have lived in the endemic area.", "PMID": 1108642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2171", "title": "Age trends in human chiasma frequencies and recombination fractions. II. Method for analyzing recombination fractions and applications to the ABO:nail-patella linkage.", "content": "A new method is presented for studying the relationship between human recombination fractions and parental age at the time of conception. Assuming the sex specific recombination fraction to be a linear function of age, a feasible computer algorithm is described whereby the likelihood of multigenerational families can be calculated. Using this method and the likelihood ratio test, it is found that for the ABO:nail-patella linkage age (P= .17)is more significant than sex (p= .23) in its effect on the recombination fraction. The age effect, if it is real, appears to be limited to males: the paternal recombination fraction decreases by .0062(+/- .0036) per year.", "contents": "Age trends in human chiasma frequencies and recombination fractions. II. Method for analyzing recombination fractions and applications to the ABO:nail-patella linkage. A new method is presented for studying the relationship between human recombination fractions and parental age at the time of conception. Assuming the sex specific recombination fraction to be a linear function of age, a feasible computer algorithm is described whereby the likelihood of multigenerational families can be calculated. Using this method and the likelihood ratio test, it is found that for the ABO:nail-patella linkage age (P= .17)is more significant than sex (p= .23) in its effect on the recombination fraction. The age effect, if it is real, appears to be limited to males: the paternal recombination fraction decreases by .0062(+/- .0036) per year.", "PMID": 1108643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2172", "title": "Drug default among schizophrenic patients.", "content": "This study attempted to isolate the relationship of two variables that operate to influence drug compliance among schizophrenic patients: the patient's attitude toward his disturbance, and the treatment milieu employed during hospitalization. Schizophrenic patients were administered the Rorschach test upon admission to the psychiatric service of a general hospital to determine their perception of their disturbance. Results of this psychological test were used to randomly select 48 patients who were then randomly assigned to two treatment milius: self-medication during hospitalization and as an outpatient, and traditional drug administration during hospitalization and self-medication as an outpatient. Phenothiazine drugs were used, and compliance was determined by urinalysis. Patients who were generally realistic in their perception of their disorder were significantly more compliant during hospitalization and subsequent outpatient treatment. The treatment milieu variable was not a significant influence. Further analysis via a linear regression model confirmed the relationship of several other compliance factors previously reported in the literature. The role of the patient's attitude toward his illness and the importance of personal relationships are considered in terms of the role of the pharmacist in influencing compliance.", "contents": "Drug default among schizophrenic patients. This study attempted to isolate the relationship of two variables that operate to influence drug compliance among schizophrenic patients: the patient's attitude toward his disturbance, and the treatment milieu employed during hospitalization. Schizophrenic patients were administered the Rorschach test upon admission to the psychiatric service of a general hospital to determine their perception of their disturbance. Results of this psychological test were used to randomly select 48 patients who were then randomly assigned to two treatment milius: self-medication during hospitalization and as an outpatient, and traditional drug administration during hospitalization and self-medication as an outpatient. Phenothiazine drugs were used, and compliance was determined by urinalysis. Patients who were generally realistic in their perception of their disorder were significantly more compliant during hospitalization and subsequent outpatient treatment. The treatment milieu variable was not a significant influence. Further analysis via a linear regression model confirmed the relationship of several other compliance factors previously reported in the literature. The role of the patient's attitude toward his illness and the importance of personal relationships are considered in terms of the role of the pharmacist in influencing compliance.", "PMID": 1108645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2173", "title": "Vasodilator drugs in peripheral vascular disease.", "content": "The use of vasodilator drugs in peripheral vascular disease is reviewed. Discussed are actions and efficacy of direct-acting drugs such as isoxsuprine, papaverinek niacin and cyclandelate; the beta-receptor stimulating drug, nylidrin; and drugs which affect the sympathetic nervous system, such as tolazoline, reserpine, guanethidine, methyldopa, ergot alkaloids and alcohol. Both animal and clinical studies reveal little evidence of the effectiveness of vasodilator drugs in the treatment of obstructive arterial disease. In some patients with vasospastic diseases, vasodilators which act upon the sympathetic nervous system (reserpine and guanethidine) may have an ameliorating effect by increasing cutaneous capillary blood flow.", "contents": "Vasodilator drugs in peripheral vascular disease. The use of vasodilator drugs in peripheral vascular disease is reviewed. Discussed are actions and efficacy of direct-acting drugs such as isoxsuprine, papaverinek niacin and cyclandelate; the beta-receptor stimulating drug, nylidrin; and drugs which affect the sympathetic nervous system, such as tolazoline, reserpine, guanethidine, methyldopa, ergot alkaloids and alcohol. Both animal and clinical studies reveal little evidence of the effectiveness of vasodilator drugs in the treatment of obstructive arterial disease. In some patients with vasospastic diseases, vasodilators which act upon the sympathetic nervous system (reserpine and guanethidine) may have an ameliorating effect by increasing cutaneous capillary blood flow.", "PMID": 1108646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2174", "title": "A double-blind investigation into the effects of ritodrine on uterine blood flow during the third trimester of pregnancy.", "content": "The object of this double-blind crossover study was to investigate the effect of a beta-mimetic agent-ritodrine-administered intravenously at increasing infusion rates on uterine blood flow and the maternal cardiovascular system during the third trimester of normal pregnancies and pregnancies complicated by intrauterine growth retardation and/or hypertension. Uterine blood flow, maternal arterial blood pressure, maternal and fetal heart rate, and uterine activity were simultaneously recorded throughout the study. In normal pregnancies the changes in different parameters during ritodrine and placebo administration were slight. In the \"pathologic\" pregnancies there was a highly significant increase in maternal heart rate, differential blood pressure, and uterine blood flow during ritodrine administration. The differences in response to ritodrine and placebo were statistically significant in this later group. This study demonstrates increased sensitivity of the maternal cardiovascular system to this beta-mimetic agent in certain categories of high-risk pregnancies and possibily an increase in uteroplacental blood flow.", "contents": "A double-blind investigation into the effects of ritodrine on uterine blood flow during the third trimester of pregnancy. The object of this double-blind crossover study was to investigate the effect of a beta-mimetic agent-ritodrine-administered intravenously at increasing infusion rates on uterine blood flow and the maternal cardiovascular system during the third trimester of normal pregnancies and pregnancies complicated by intrauterine growth retardation and/or hypertension. Uterine blood flow, maternal arterial blood pressure, maternal and fetal heart rate, and uterine activity were simultaneously recorded throughout the study. In normal pregnancies the changes in different parameters during ritodrine and placebo administration were slight. In the \"pathologic\" pregnancies there was a highly significant increase in maternal heart rate, differential blood pressure, and uterine blood flow during ritodrine administration. The differences in response to ritodrine and placebo were statistically significant in this later group. This study demonstrates increased sensitivity of the maternal cardiovascular system to this beta-mimetic agent in certain categories of high-risk pregnancies and possibily an increase in uteroplacental blood flow.", "PMID": 1108656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2175", "title": "Maternal endotoxemia, fetal anomalies, and central nervous system damage: a rat model of a human problem.", "content": "Endotoxemia is a common consequence of the gram-negative urinary tract infections that complicate human pregnancies. Only rarely, however, have the effects of maternal endotoxemia been evaluated by animal experiments or by human investigations. Data of the Collaborative Perinatal Study suggest an association between maternal endotoxemia and fetal central nervous system damage. For these reasons we performed controlled studies of the fetal effects of treatment of pregnant rats, at appropriate gestational ages, with E. coli endotoxin. We found a maximum 7 per cent incidence of fetal anomalies in the treated animals but no anomalies in controls. Placental light microscopy examinations indicated the mechanism to include Shwartzman-lixemia produces periventricular leukomalacia. We obtained an incidence of neuronal necrosis in treated fetuses that was 10 times greater than in control fetuses. It is therefore of importance that additional studies of the pathologic effects of endotoxin be performed.", "contents": "Maternal endotoxemia, fetal anomalies, and central nervous system damage: a rat model of a human problem. Endotoxemia is a common consequence of the gram-negative urinary tract infections that complicate human pregnancies. Only rarely, however, have the effects of maternal endotoxemia been evaluated by animal experiments or by human investigations. Data of the Collaborative Perinatal Study suggest an association between maternal endotoxemia and fetal central nervous system damage. For these reasons we performed controlled studies of the fetal effects of treatment of pregnant rats, at appropriate gestational ages, with E. coli endotoxin. We found a maximum 7 per cent incidence of fetal anomalies in the treated animals but no anomalies in controls. Placental light microscopy examinations indicated the mechanism to include Shwartzman-lixemia produces periventricular leukomalacia. We obtained an incidence of neuronal necrosis in treated fetuses that was 10 times greater than in control fetuses. It is therefore of importance that additional studies of the pathologic effects of endotoxin be performed.", "PMID": 1108657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2176", "title": "Amikacin therapy of infections in neutropenic patients.", "content": "Amikacin, a new aminoglycoside antibiotic, was utilized in the treatment of 49 cases of infection which occurred in 39 neutropenic cancer patients. Thirty-four patients (69 per cent) responded to this antibiotic. Pneumonia and septicemia were the most common types of infection treated and the response rates were 65 per cent and 75 per cent, respectively. Gram-negative bacili were responsible for 93 per cent of the identified infections and 74 per cent responded. E. coli, Ps. aeruginosa, and organisms of the Klebsiella-Enterobacter-Serratia group were the most common gram-negative bacilli causing infection. Responses were more frequent among patients who maintained higher serum concentrations of antibiotic, but the differences were not statistically significant. Patients with severe neutropenia (less than 100 neutrophils/mm3) had a response rate of 68 per cent. Toxicity was manifested as azotemia and hearing loss which occurred in 13 per cent and 6 per cent, respectively. However, toxicity was directly related to serum concentration and to the number of treatments with amikacin. This antibiotic is of potential importance because of its efficacy against gram-negative bacilli infections. Best results were obtained when sufficient drug was given as a continuous intravenous infusion to maintain serum concentrations of about 15 mu g/ml.", "contents": "Amikacin therapy of infections in neutropenic patients. Amikacin, a new aminoglycoside antibiotic, was utilized in the treatment of 49 cases of infection which occurred in 39 neutropenic cancer patients. Thirty-four patients (69 per cent) responded to this antibiotic. Pneumonia and septicemia were the most common types of infection treated and the response rates were 65 per cent and 75 per cent, respectively. Gram-negative bacili were responsible for 93 per cent of the identified infections and 74 per cent responded. E. coli, Ps. aeruginosa, and organisms of the Klebsiella-Enterobacter-Serratia group were the most common gram-negative bacilli causing infection. Responses were more frequent among patients who maintained higher serum concentrations of antibiotic, but the differences were not statistically significant. Patients with severe neutropenia (less than 100 neutrophils/mm3) had a response rate of 68 per cent. Toxicity was manifested as azotemia and hearing loss which occurred in 13 per cent and 6 per cent, respectively. However, toxicity was directly related to serum concentration and to the number of treatments with amikacin. This antibiotic is of potential importance because of its efficacy against gram-negative bacilli infections. Best results were obtained when sufficient drug was given as a continuous intravenous infusion to maintain serum concentrations of about 15 mu g/ml.", "PMID": 1108649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2177", "title": "Parathyroid hormone and the regulation of acid-base balance.", "content": "Parathormone (PTH) excess limits renal bicarbonate reabsorption. This may aggravate the acidosis in patients with renal insufficiency and secondary hyperparathyroidism. Why parathormone, the primary action of which is thought to be stabilization of the inonized fraction of calcium, affects acid-base balance remains uncertain. Parathormone not only promotes the release of calcium from bone but also mobilizes salts, including bicarbonate and phosphate. Accumulation of these anions in the extracellular fluid would limit the ionization of calcium. Teleologically it is not unexpected to find that, coincident with evolution of a mechanism which permits rapid mobilization of calcium from bone, a system had to develop which removed the byproducts of bone dissolution. If this concept is valid, parathormone-induced depression of renal bicarbonate reabsorption in uremia represents an undesired side effect of an adaptive mechanism. This would extend Bricker's \"trade-off\" hypothesis which ascribes metabolic bone disease due to PTH-induced phosphate loss to include metabolic acidosis resulting from diminished renal bicarbonate regeneration. Parathyroidectomy or phosphate restriction have been proposed for correction of the side effects of secondary hyperparathyroidism. These therapeutic manipulations cannot be recommended for general use. A more rational apprach for prevention of secondary hyperparathyroidism is the combined use of phosphate restriction with a short-acting vitamin D derivative.", "contents": "Parathyroid hormone and the regulation of acid-base balance. Parathormone (PTH) excess limits renal bicarbonate reabsorption. This may aggravate the acidosis in patients with renal insufficiency and secondary hyperparathyroidism. Why parathormone, the primary action of which is thought to be stabilization of the inonized fraction of calcium, affects acid-base balance remains uncertain. Parathormone not only promotes the release of calcium from bone but also mobilizes salts, including bicarbonate and phosphate. Accumulation of these anions in the extracellular fluid would limit the ionization of calcium. Teleologically it is not unexpected to find that, coincident with evolution of a mechanism which permits rapid mobilization of calcium from bone, a system had to develop which removed the byproducts of bone dissolution. If this concept is valid, parathormone-induced depression of renal bicarbonate reabsorption in uremia represents an undesired side effect of an adaptive mechanism. This would extend Bricker's \"trade-off\" hypothesis which ascribes metabolic bone disease due to PTH-induced phosphate loss to include metabolic acidosis resulting from diminished renal bicarbonate regeneration. Parathyroidectomy or phosphate restriction have been proposed for correction of the side effects of secondary hyperparathyroidism. These therapeutic manipulations cannot be recommended for general use. A more rational apprach for prevention of secondary hyperparathyroidism is the combined use of phosphate restriction with a short-acting vitamin D derivative.", "PMID": 1108650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2178", "title": "Policy development and strategy in the licensure of speech pathologists and audiologists.", "content": "This article presents an account of the licensure movement in the professions of speech pathology and audiology and the role of the American Speech and Hearing Association (ASHA) in that movement. The introductory section relates the evolution of ASHA's position on licensure from one of opposition in the 1960's to the current position of active support, whereas the body of the article delineates the processes by which three state speech and hearing associations initiated and brought to fruition their licensure efforts. The conclusion of the article summarizes the legislative recommendations made by ASHA members from the 25 states that have enacted licensure laws. These recommendations cover such areas as organizing a licensure effort, garnering support from professional and other groups, and managing the bill in the state legislature. The author concludes that, while the profession has benefited from its licensure achievements, efforts to protect present gains and secure new ones must continue.", "contents": "Policy development and strategy in the licensure of speech pathologists and audiologists. This article presents an account of the licensure movement in the professions of speech pathology and audiology and the role of the American Speech and Hearing Association (ASHA) in that movement. The introductory section relates the evolution of ASHA's position on licensure from one of opposition in the 1960's to the current position of active support, whereas the body of the article delineates the processes by which three state speech and hearing associations initiated and brought to fruition their licensure efforts. The conclusion of the article summarizes the legislative recommendations made by ASHA members from the 25 states that have enacted licensure laws. These recommendations cover such areas as organizing a licensure effort, garnering support from professional and other groups, and managing the bill in the state legislature. The author concludes that, while the profession has benefited from its licensure achievements, efforts to protect present gains and secure new ones must continue.", "PMID": 1108661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2179", "title": "Clinical pathologic correlation in viral hepatitis. The effect of the virus on the liver.", "content": "In clinical pathologic correlations, including the potential effect of the virus on the liver, the morphologic features of the various stages of viral hepatitis are the firm information available today. With acute hepatitis being an inflammatory reaction to cell injury and necrosis, and chronic hepatitis being sustained inflammation, correlation with clinical features and functional defects is good in acute hepatitis and less so in the chronic stages. The pathogenesis of the diseases-including cell necrosis, inflammation, fibrosis, and cirrhosis formation-is reasonably well understood, and this knowledge assists both in prognosis and in monitoring of therapy. The localization of the components of the hepatitis B antigen and their effects, including the nature of the immune response, is the most exciting aspect of the clinical pathologic problem. Today's interpretations offer, at best, a working hypothesis promising further understanding of the evolution of the disease.", "contents": "Clinical pathologic correlation in viral hepatitis. The effect of the virus on the liver. In clinical pathologic correlations, including the potential effect of the virus on the liver, the morphologic features of the various stages of viral hepatitis are the firm information available today. With acute hepatitis being an inflammatory reaction to cell injury and necrosis, and chronic hepatitis being sustained inflammation, correlation with clinical features and functional defects is good in acute hepatitis and less so in the chronic stages. The pathogenesis of the diseases-including cell necrosis, inflammation, fibrosis, and cirrhosis formation-is reasonably well understood, and this knowledge assists both in prognosis and in monitoring of therapy. The localization of the components of the hepatitis B antigen and their effects, including the nature of the immune response, is the most exciting aspect of the clinical pathologic problem. Today's interpretations offer, at best, a working hypothesis promising further understanding of the evolution of the disease.", "PMID": 1108667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2180", "title": "Psychosocial development among black children and youth: a reexamination.", "content": "The fundamental assumptions and empirical evidence, upon which are based conventional views of the nature and meaning of black self-esteem, are examined. Review of the literature reveals that a number of these assumptions and conclusions have been drawn from rather weak empirical data. Results of recent investigations, suggesting alternative interpretations and conclusions regarding the level and quality of black self-esteem, are presented.", "contents": "Psychosocial development among black children and youth: a reexamination. The fundamental assumptions and empirical evidence, upon which are based conventional views of the nature and meaning of black self-esteem, are examined. Review of the literature reveals that a number of these assumptions and conclusions have been drawn from rather weak empirical data. Results of recent investigations, suggesting alternative interpretations and conclusions regarding the level and quality of black self-esteem, are presented.", "PMID": 1108669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2181", "title": "Recent advances in the study of the epidemiology of hepatitis B.", "content": "Recent advances in the study of hepatitis B shed much light on the basic epidemiologic patterns of this unique infection. The spectrum of host responses following exposure is unusually wide. Hepatitis B appears to be one of the most widespread infections; the total number of chronic carriers of the hepatitis B antigen has been estimated as at least 120 million. The following factors have been found to be closely associated with the risk of hepatitis B; geography, sex, age at testing, age at primary infection, socioeconomic status, ethnicity, occupation, sharing a household with a carrier, sexual promiscuity, and immunologic responsiveness. Data concerning the infectivity of an asymptomatic carrier are ambiguous; whether a carrier can transmit the virus by sexual intercourse also remains unknown. Available evidence seems to suggest that genetic factors may be of importance in the aggregation and segregation of hepatitis B.", "contents": "Recent advances in the study of the epidemiology of hepatitis B. Recent advances in the study of hepatitis B shed much light on the basic epidemiologic patterns of this unique infection. The spectrum of host responses following exposure is unusually wide. Hepatitis B appears to be one of the most widespread infections; the total number of chronic carriers of the hepatitis B antigen has been estimated as at least 120 million. The following factors have been found to be closely associated with the risk of hepatitis B; geography, sex, age at testing, age at primary infection, socioeconomic status, ethnicity, occupation, sharing a household with a carrier, sexual promiscuity, and immunologic responsiveness. Data concerning the infectivity of an asymptomatic carrier are ambiguous; whether a carrier can transmit the virus by sexual intercourse also remains unknown. Available evidence seems to suggest that genetic factors may be of importance in the aggregation and segregation of hepatitis B.", "PMID": 1108668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2182", "title": "Overview: maintenance therapy in psychiatry: II. Affective disorders.", "content": "In the first part of this overview the author reviewed the clinical literature on prophylactic treatment of schizophrenia with maintenance antipsychotic drugs. In this second part he reviews the literature on maintenance treatment of affective disorders with lithium and tricyclics. He concludes that the growing realization that maintenance treatment is necessary to prevent recurrences of both mania and depression in bipolar disease and depression in unipolar disease is one of the most important advances in psychiatric therapeutics. The effectiveness of maintenance treatment provides the potential for a truly preventive approach to the treatment of affective disorders.", "contents": "Overview: maintenance therapy in psychiatry: II. Affective disorders. In the first part of this overview the author reviewed the clinical literature on prophylactic treatment of schizophrenia with maintenance antipsychotic drugs. In this second part he reviews the literature on maintenance treatment of affective disorders with lithium and tricyclics. He concludes that the growing realization that maintenance treatment is necessary to prevent recurrences of both mania and depression in bipolar disease and depression in unipolar disease is one of the most important advances in psychiatric therapeutics. The effectiveness of maintenance treatment provides the potential for a truly preventive approach to the treatment of affective disorders.", "PMID": 1108674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2183", "title": "Community mental health center legislation: flight of the phoenix.", "content": "The author describes the history and implications of recent legislation affecting community mental health centers. New legislative requirements will result in centers seeing typically underserved populations (children, the elderly, and drug and alcohol abusers) as part of 7 new essential services. The impact of new grant mechanisms and the role of the National Institute of Mental Health in assisting and evaluating centers are examined. The author concludes that as a result of legislative and other trends in mental health care, psychiatrists will be seeing sicker patients for shorter periods, role confusion in the mental health professions will lessen, and centers will be forced to devote much time and effort to financial concerns and appropriate allocation of manpower.", "contents": "Community mental health center legislation: flight of the phoenix. The author describes the history and implications of recent legislation affecting community mental health centers. New legislative requirements will result in centers seeing typically underserved populations (children, the elderly, and drug and alcohol abusers) as part of 7 new essential services. The impact of new grant mechanisms and the role of the National Institute of Mental Health in assisting and evaluating centers are examined. The author concludes that as a result of legislative and other trends in mental health care, psychiatrists will be seeing sicker patients for shorter periods, role confusion in the mental health professions will lessen, and centers will be forced to devote much time and effort to financial concerns and appropriate allocation of manpower.", "PMID": 1108676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2184", "title": "A note on some recent studies of released mental hospital patients in the community.", "content": "The author conducted a literature search for follow-up studies of patients released from state mental hospitals to the community to assess the impact of released patients and the community on one another. She found that the follow-up studies lacked comparability in several ways and concludes that there is a need for greater comparability in future studies so that their validity as indicators of patients' postrelease functioning may be increased.", "contents": "A note on some recent studies of released mental hospital patients in the community. The author conducted a literature search for follow-up studies of patients released from state mental hospitals to the community to assess the impact of released patients and the community on one another. She found that the follow-up studies lacked comparability in several ways and concludes that there is a need for greater comparability in future studies so that their validity as indicators of patients' postrelease functioning may be increased.", "PMID": 1108677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2185", "title": "An eclectic approach to quality control in fee-for-service health care: The New York City Medicaid Experience.", "content": "A computer-based system for evaluating the quality of fee-for-service health care in the New York City Medicaid Program is described. Specific information is sought for use in educational, enforcement and managerial activities to improve health care quality. The gathering of this information necessitates coordinated assessment of the structure, process and outcome of health care, through inspection of offices, computerized analysis of patterns of practice as revealed by billing forms, and reexamination of patients. The program's focus on patterns of practice, its use of multiple assessment techniques, and its concentration on unequivocally substandard care circumvent several limitations on current evaluation technology. Implications for Professional Standards Review Organizations and national health insurance are explored.", "contents": "An eclectic approach to quality control in fee-for-service health care: The New York City Medicaid Experience. A computer-based system for evaluating the quality of fee-for-service health care in the New York City Medicaid Program is described. Specific information is sought for use in educational, enforcement and managerial activities to improve health care quality. The gathering of this information necessitates coordinated assessment of the structure, process and outcome of health care, through inspection of offices, computerized analysis of patterns of practice as revealed by billing forms, and reexamination of patients. The program's focus on patterns of practice, its use of multiple assessment techniques, and its concentration on unequivocally substandard care circumvent several limitations on current evaluation technology. Implications for Professional Standards Review Organizations and national health insurance are explored.", "PMID": 1108679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2186", "title": "Canine salmonellosis: A review and report of dog to child transmission of Salmonella enteritidis.", "content": "Dogs have been shown to harbor 53 salmonellae serotypes. Multiple simultaneous infections with 2  to 4 serotypes have been observed. The prevalence of canine salmonellosis may be a high as 27 per cent. Salmonella typhimurium and S. anatum are the most common etiologic agents. Dogs commonly experience a sub-clinical course of salmonellosis. Some investigators state that the dog may serve as a source of human infections. A few reports in the literature have documented this fact. The transmissions of S. enteritidis from dog to child is described in this article.", "contents": "Canine salmonellosis: A review and report of dog to child transmission of Salmonella enteritidis. Dogs have been shown to harbor 53 salmonellae serotypes. Multiple simultaneous infections with 2  to 4 serotypes have been observed. The prevalence of canine salmonellosis may be a high as 27 per cent. Salmonella typhimurium and S. anatum are the most common etiologic agents. Dogs commonly experience a sub-clinical course of salmonellosis. Some investigators state that the dog may serve as a source of human infections. A few reports in the literature have documented this fact. The transmissions of S. enteritidis from dog to child is described in this article.", "PMID": 1108681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2187", "title": "The paleoepidemiology of porotic hyperostosis in the American Southwest: Radiological and ecological considerations.", "content": "Porotic hyperostosis was observed in 34 percent of 539 crania excavated from sites in Arizona and New Mexico. Common causes of this cranial pathology in the Old World (thalassemia, sickel cell anemia, and malargia) do not explain its occurrence in the American Southwest, as malaria and hemoglobinopathies are not known to have existed in the New World prior to European contact. Iron deficiency anemia which may also be assoicated with porotic hyperostosis occurs on a mass level only with hookworm infestation or nutritionally-related iron deficiency. Since hookworm infestation is rare in the American southwest and has not been reported in prehistoric southwestern American Indians, the hypothesis of nutritional anemia was examined. In canyon bottom sites where the diet was heavily dependent on maize, which is low in iron and also contains an inhibitor of iron absorption, significantly more crania had porotic hyperostosis than in sage plain sites, where the diet included ample animal protein rich in easily absorbable iron (p less than .001). Furthermore, canyon bottom children, who were more susceptible to iron deficiency anemia, had a higher incidence of porotic hyperostosis lesions than adults (p less than .0001).", "contents": "The paleoepidemiology of porotic hyperostosis in the American Southwest: Radiological and ecological considerations. Porotic hyperostosis was observed in 34 percent of 539 crania excavated from sites in Arizona and New Mexico. Common causes of this cranial pathology in the Old World (thalassemia, sickel cell anemia, and malargia) do not explain its occurrence in the American Southwest, as malaria and hemoglobinopathies are not known to have existed in the New World prior to European contact. Iron deficiency anemia which may also be assoicated with porotic hyperostosis occurs on a mass level only with hookworm infestation or nutritionally-related iron deficiency. Since hookworm infestation is rare in the American southwest and has not been reported in prehistoric southwestern American Indians, the hypothesis of nutritional anemia was examined. In canyon bottom sites where the diet was heavily dependent on maize, which is low in iron and also contains an inhibitor of iron absorption, significantly more crania had porotic hyperostosis than in sage plain sites, where the diet included ample animal protein rich in easily absorbable iron (p less than .001). Furthermore, canyon bottom children, who were more susceptible to iron deficiency anemia, had a higher incidence of porotic hyperostosis lesions than adults (p less than .0001).", "PMID": 1108684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2188", "title": "Long-term exocrine function of the pancreas transplant.", "content": "The long-term exocrine function of fifty-nine pancreaticoduodenal isografts was evaluated in rats for up to one year post transplantation. At one, three, six, nine, and twelve months after transplantation the grafts were cannulated and the exocrine secretion was collected. The volume, protein content, pH, amylase and trypsin concentrations, and electrolyte composition of the secretion were compared with those obtained from the host pancreas in nineteen control rats. Twenty-four hour secretion studies demonstrated normal basal function of the pancreas transplant when compared with that of the host. Pancreozymin stimulation caused an increase in volume, trypsin concentration, and amylase concentration of the graft pancreas secretion that was similar to those seen in the host. These studies indicate that there is normal exocrine secretion of pancreas transplants in the absence of rejection and that denervation of the gland has little direct effect on over-all pancreatic function.", "contents": "Long-term exocrine function of the pancreas transplant. The long-term exocrine function of fifty-nine pancreaticoduodenal isografts was evaluated in rats for up to one year post transplantation. At one, three, six, nine, and twelve months after transplantation the grafts were cannulated and the exocrine secretion was collected. The volume, protein content, pH, amylase and trypsin concentrations, and electrolyte composition of the secretion were compared with those obtained from the host pancreas in nineteen control rats. Twenty-four hour secretion studies demonstrated normal basal function of the pancreas transplant when compared with that of the host. Pancreozymin stimulation caused an increase in volume, trypsin concentration, and amylase concentration of the graft pancreas secretion that was similar to those seen in the host. These studies indicate that there is normal exocrine secretion of pancreas transplants in the absence of rejection and that denervation of the gland has little direct effect on over-all pancreatic function.", "PMID": 1108685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2189", "title": "Transplantation of the pancreas into a retroperitoneal jejunal loop.", "content": "A new technic of pancreatic transplantation was developed and assessed in sixty-nine dog experiments. The body and tail of the pancreas were transplanted into the side of the Roux-en-Y retroperitoneal limb of jejunum. A dual venous anastomosis of the splenic vein to the vena cava was utilized to avoid venous congestion. Mean survival with normoglycemia was 32.4 days in thirty dogs with autografts and 24.6 days in twenty-seven dogs with allografts. Two dogs with autotransplants remain alive at 106 and 128 days, and the longest normoglycemic survival achieved with an allograft was 85 days. With experience the incidence of pancreatitis and abscess formation decreased. The problem of venous thrombosis was eliminated and the patency of the pancreatic duct was maintained.", "contents": "Transplantation of the pancreas into a retroperitoneal jejunal loop. A new technic of pancreatic transplantation was developed and assessed in sixty-nine dog experiments. The body and tail of the pancreas were transplanted into the side of the Roux-en-Y retroperitoneal limb of jejunum. A dual venous anastomosis of the splenic vein to the vena cava was utilized to avoid venous congestion. Mean survival with normoglycemia was 32.4 days in thirty dogs with autografts and 24.6 days in twenty-seven dogs with allografts. Two dogs with autotransplants remain alive at 106 and 128 days, and the longest normoglycemic survival achieved with an allograft was 85 days. With experience the incidence of pancreatitis and abscess formation decreased. The problem of venous thrombosis was eliminated and the patency of the pancreatic duct was maintained.", "PMID": 1108686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2190", "title": "Reflux gastritis: the consequences of intestinal juice in the stomach.", "content": "The consequences of exposure of the intact stomach to intestinal contents were examined in six dogs. Diversion of duodenal contents through the stomach lead to the following changes: histologic gastritis in both antrum and corpus, increase in resting and postprandial serum gastrin levels, increased parietal cell density in four of six animals, and enhanced maximal acid secretory capacity in three of six animals. No significant changes were seen in insulin-stimulated acid secretion, insulin-stimulated pepsin secretion, antral gastrin levels, or G cell numbers. We conclude that chronic exposure of the intact stomach to duodenal contents results in gastritis and an amplified gastrin response to food. Parietal cell numbers and maximal acid secretory capacity are increased in some animals.", "contents": "Reflux gastritis: the consequences of intestinal juice in the stomach. The consequences of exposure of the intact stomach to intestinal contents were examined in six dogs. Diversion of duodenal contents through the stomach lead to the following changes: histologic gastritis in both antrum and corpus, increase in resting and postprandial serum gastrin levels, increased parietal cell density in four of six animals, and enhanced maximal acid secretory capacity in three of six animals. No significant changes were seen in insulin-stimulated acid secretion, insulin-stimulated pepsin secretion, antral gastrin levels, or G cell numbers. We conclude that chronic exposure of the intact stomach to duodenal contents results in gastritis and an amplified gastrin response to food. Parietal cell numbers and maximal acid secretory capacity are increased in some animals.", "PMID": 1108687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2191", "title": "Prospective studies of gastric secretion in trauma patients.", "content": "Patients who had cranial injuries and those who were less severely injured had a normal gastric acid output. Pepsin output decreased throughout the first 72 hours after trauma. Gastric juice protein output was slightly increased. Gastric mucosal cell renewal as estimated by gastric juice DNA was increased. Patients who were more severely injured and those with intra-abdominal trauma had markedly increased gastric acid, pepsin, and protein output after increased gastric mucosal cell exfoliation but a relatively decreased gastric mucosal cell renewal between 36 and 72 hours after trauma. It is concluded that the gastric mucosa must be protected by antacids and/or gastric aspiration before 24 hours after trauma and continued through at least 72 hours. This study supports the importance of acid-pepsin damage during gastric mucosal cell exfoliation and decreased renewal in trauma patients and indicates the timing and value of prophylactic treatment.", "contents": "Prospective studies of gastric secretion in trauma patients. Patients who had cranial injuries and those who were less severely injured had a normal gastric acid output. Pepsin output decreased throughout the first 72 hours after trauma. Gastric juice protein output was slightly increased. Gastric mucosal cell renewal as estimated by gastric juice DNA was increased. Patients who were more severely injured and those with intra-abdominal trauma had markedly increased gastric acid, pepsin, and protein output after increased gastric mucosal cell exfoliation but a relatively decreased gastric mucosal cell renewal between 36 and 72 hours after trauma. It is concluded that the gastric mucosa must be protected by antacids and/or gastric aspiration before 24 hours after trauma and continued through at least 72 hours. This study supports the importance of acid-pepsin damage during gastric mucosal cell exfoliation and decreased renewal in trauma patients and indicates the timing and value of prophylactic treatment.", "PMID": 1108689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2192", "title": "Lister on chloroform.", "content": "The attitude of Joseph Lister (1827-1912) to chloroform is considered with particular reference to contemporary methods of administration and the effect of the agent on cardiac and respiratory function.", "contents": "Lister on chloroform. The attitude of Joseph Lister (1827-1912) to chloroform is considered with particular reference to contemporary methods of administration and the effect of the agent on cardiac and respiratory function.", "PMID": 1108693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2193", "title": "Prevention of headache consequent upon dural puncture in obstetric patient.", "content": "Three consecutive groups of 50 obstetric patients received spinal anaesthesia. The control group received no prophylactic treatment for spinal headache, the second group were treated by the epidural injection of 20-25 ml of normal saline and the third group were treated by abdominal binder. There was no statistically significant difference between the two forms of treatment but the results show that the incidence of post spinal puncture headache can be significantly reduced by applying either of them.", "contents": "Prevention of headache consequent upon dural puncture in obstetric patient. Three consecutive groups of 50 obstetric patients received spinal anaesthesia. The control group received no prophylactic treatment for spinal headache, the second group were treated by the epidural injection of 20-25 ml of normal saline and the third group were treated by abdominal binder. There was no statistically significant difference between the two forms of treatment but the results show that the incidence of post spinal puncture headache can be significantly reduced by applying either of them.", "PMID": 1108694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2194", "title": "Topical cocaine and general anaesthesia: an investigation of the efficacy and side effects of cocaine on the nasal mucosae.", "content": "A double-blind investigation has been carried out using three different doses (20, 35 and 50 mg) of cocaine which were sprayed onto the nasal mucous membranes of forty-five patients for nasal surgery. The cocaine was administered after induction of general anaesthesia in all cases. The 20 mg dose of cocaine dissolved in 2 ml of saline without adrenaline was found to be safe and produced adequate nasal decongestion in the absence of other predominant factors. The efficacy of cocaine and its safety with regard to systemic absorption are assessed.", "contents": "Topical cocaine and general anaesthesia: an investigation of the efficacy and side effects of cocaine on the nasal mucosae. A double-blind investigation has been carried out using three different doses (20, 35 and 50 mg) of cocaine which were sprayed onto the nasal mucous membranes of forty-five patients for nasal surgery. The cocaine was administered after induction of general anaesthesia in all cases. The 20 mg dose of cocaine dissolved in 2 ml of saline without adrenaline was found to be safe and produced adequate nasal decongestion in the absence of other predominant factors. The efficacy of cocaine and its safety with regard to systemic absorption are assessed.", "PMID": 1108695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2195", "title": "Errors in pneumotachography with intermittent positive pressure ventilation.", "content": "Instrument errors that can occur when pneumotachography is used during Intermittedt Positive Pressure Ventilation (IPPV) have been described previously (Kafer 1973). Our efforts to eliminate these errors led to the discovery of further inaccuracies, which appear to be due to the design of the differential pressure transducers used with pneumotachograph head. A system was used in which a sine-wave pump delivered a constant tidal volume to a dummy lung, the tidal volume being measured by means of a pneumotachograph. Using Grass, Statham and Devices differential pressure transducers, the volume recorded as leaving the dummy lung was consistently greater than that recorded as entering, and changing the pneumatic polarity of the differential pressure transducer produced large differences in the recorded volume. In some cases the error was greater than the volume being measured. There would seem to be several causes of such errors. The Sanborn 270 differential pressure transducer and the Greer micromanometer appeared to be free of these artifacts. The results of this study throw into doubt much previously published work using pneumotachography during IPPV.", "contents": "Errors in pneumotachography with intermittent positive pressure ventilation. Instrument errors that can occur when pneumotachography is used during Intermittedt Positive Pressure Ventilation (IPPV) have been described previously (Kafer 1973). Our efforts to eliminate these errors led to the discovery of further inaccuracies, which appear to be due to the design of the differential pressure transducers used with pneumotachograph head. A system was used in which a sine-wave pump delivered a constant tidal volume to a dummy lung, the tidal volume being measured by means of a pneumotachograph. Using Grass, Statham and Devices differential pressure transducers, the volume recorded as leaving the dummy lung was consistently greater than that recorded as entering, and changing the pneumatic polarity of the differential pressure transducer produced large differences in the recorded volume. In some cases the error was greater than the volume being measured. There would seem to be several causes of such errors. The Sanborn 270 differential pressure transducer and the Greer micromanometer appeared to be free of these artifacts. The results of this study throw into doubt much previously published work using pneumotachography during IPPV.", "PMID": 1108696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2196", "title": "The peri-operative measurement of cardiac output in infancy by the thermodilution technique.", "content": "Cardiac output has been measured in infants by thermodilution during and after surgery. A method employing commerically available equipment has been developed. An animal model has been devised whereby right heart outputs of 210 ml to 2240 ml, measured by thermodilution, could be compared with left heart outputs measured by an aortic by-pass. The results of this study suggest that thermodilution is a simple, accurate method for measurement of cardiac output in infancy.", "contents": "The peri-operative measurement of cardiac output in infancy by the thermodilution technique. Cardiac output has been measured in infants by thermodilution during and after surgery. A method employing commerically available equipment has been developed. An animal model has been devised whereby right heart outputs of 210 ml to 2240 ml, measured by thermodilution, could be compared with left heart outputs measured by an aortic by-pass. The results of this study suggest that thermodilution is a simple, accurate method for measurement of cardiac output in infancy.", "PMID": 1108697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2197", "title": "The Geoffrey Kaye museum collection of portable ether inhalers.", "content": "A collection of twenty nine portable \"hold in hand\" ether inhalers is housed in the Geoffrey Kaye Museum. These inhalers are briefly described together with some historical notes.", "contents": "The Geoffrey Kaye museum collection of portable ether inhalers. A collection of twenty nine portable \"hold in hand\" ether inhalers is housed in the Geoffrey Kaye Museum. These inhalers are briefly described together with some historical notes.", "PMID": 1108698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2198", "title": "Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and lysergic acid diethylamide: comparative changes in the supraoptic and paraventricular neurosecretory activities in rat hypothalamus.", "content": "Acute delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Delta-9-THC) administration (50 mg/kg, i.p.) produced accumulation of stainable neurosecretory materials (NSM) in the neural lobe (NL) region with a concomitant dispersion of stainable NSM in the neuronal perikarya of hypothalamic supraoptic nucleus (SON) and paraventricular nucleus (PVN) regions. Chronic treatment with delta-9-THC (10 mg/kg, 15 days) produced marked accumulation of NSM in the NL with more prominent degranulation of the neuronal perikarya of SON and PVN. Acute LSD treatment (50 mug/kg) caused accumulation of stainable NSM in the NL region, with unaltered perikaryal distribution pattern of both SON and PVN; chronic LSD treatment (10 mug/kg, 15 days), on the other hand, caused marked increase of NSM in the neuronal perikarya of SON and PVN with no prominent accumulation in the NL. Results indicated that chronic exposure of delta-9-THC lowered the functional activity of SON and PVN neurons while chronic LSD treatment stimulated the hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal neurosecretory system of rats.", "contents": "Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and lysergic acid diethylamide: comparative changes in the supraoptic and paraventricular neurosecretory activities in rat hypothalamus. Acute delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Delta-9-THC) administration (50 mg/kg, i.p.) produced accumulation of stainable neurosecretory materials (NSM) in the neural lobe (NL) region with a concomitant dispersion of stainable NSM in the neuronal perikarya of hypothalamic supraoptic nucleus (SON) and paraventricular nucleus (PVN) regions. Chronic treatment with delta-9-THC (10 mg/kg, 15 days) produced marked accumulation of NSM in the NL with more prominent degranulation of the neuronal perikarya of SON and PVN. Acute LSD treatment (50 mug/kg) caused accumulation of stainable NSM in the NL region, with unaltered perikaryal distribution pattern of both SON and PVN; chronic LSD treatment (10 mug/kg, 15 days), on the other hand, caused marked increase of NSM in the neuronal perikarya of SON and PVN with no prominent accumulation in the NL. Results indicated that chronic exposure of delta-9-THC lowered the functional activity of SON and PVN neurons while chronic LSD treatment stimulated the hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal neurosecretory system of rats.", "PMID": 1108702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2199", "title": "Successful use of a reduced dose of protamine after cardiopulmonary bypass.", "content": "The dose of protamine necessary to reverse heparin was examined in 60 patients. Half the patients (controls) received a reversal dose of protamine equal to the entire amount of heparin given them, while half received a reversal dose based on a heparin half-life of 2 hours. Postoperative chest drainage for the first 12 hours and for 48 hours was markedly reduced in patients given the reduced dose of protamine. Platelet counts were higher and postoperative clotting studies varied less from control in patients receiving the smaller dose of protamine. The authors suggest reevaluation of the dose of protamine necessary to reverse the anticoagulant effects of heparin in patients for cardiopulmonary bypass, since larger doses protamine may contribute to the conditions which increase postoperative bleeding.", "contents": "Successful use of a reduced dose of protamine after cardiopulmonary bypass. The dose of protamine necessary to reverse heparin was examined in 60 patients. Half the patients (controls) received a reversal dose of protamine equal to the entire amount of heparin given them, while half received a reversal dose based on a heparin half-life of 2 hours. Postoperative chest drainage for the first 12 hours and for 48 hours was markedly reduced in patients given the reduced dose of protamine. Platelet counts were higher and postoperative clotting studies varied less from control in patients receiving the smaller dose of protamine. The authors suggest reevaluation of the dose of protamine necessary to reverse the anticoagulant effects of heparin in patients for cardiopulmonary bypass, since larger doses protamine may contribute to the conditions which increase postoperative bleeding.", "PMID": 1108703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2200", "title": "Hemodynamic effects of isoflurane and halothane in patients with coronary artery disease.", "content": "In 12 patients undergoing saphenous vein coronary artery bypass operations, cardiovascular hemodynamics were studied in the awake state (control) and during anesthesia with isoflurane (inspired concentration, 1.24%, 7 patients) or with halothane (inspired concentration, 0.77%, 5 patients). Isoflurane anesthesia was accompanied by decreases of 19% in the cardiac index (Q), 19% in mean arterial pressure (AP), and 16% in heart rate (HR). Only the change in AP was statistically significant. Halothane anesthesia was accompanied by decreases in Q (28%), AP (22%), and HR (10%). The changes in Q and AP were significant. HR did not change significantly following the induction of anesthesia with either agent. The decrease in AP was similar with both agents, and, in this regard, neither agent was clearly superior for patients with occlusive coronary artery disease.", "contents": "Hemodynamic effects of isoflurane and halothane in patients with coronary artery disease. In 12 patients undergoing saphenous vein coronary artery bypass operations, cardiovascular hemodynamics were studied in the awake state (control) and during anesthesia with isoflurane (inspired concentration, 1.24%, 7 patients) or with halothane (inspired concentration, 0.77%, 5 patients). Isoflurane anesthesia was accompanied by decreases of 19% in the cardiac index (Q), 19% in mean arterial pressure (AP), and 16% in heart rate (HR). Only the change in AP was statistically significant. Halothane anesthesia was accompanied by decreases in Q (28%), AP (22%), and HR (10%). The changes in Q and AP were significant. HR did not change significantly following the induction of anesthesia with either agent. The decrease in AP was similar with both agents, and, in this regard, neither agent was clearly superior for patients with occlusive coronary artery disease.", "PMID": 1108706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2201", "title": "Allergy of the nervous system: a review.", "content": "Allergies of the nervous system cause diverse behavioral disturbances, including headaches, convulsions, learning disabilities, schizophrenia and depression. Some of the biological mechanisms have been established by research; others remain to be explored. Effective diagnosis and treatment include the elimination diet, followed by dietary rotation and avoidance of offending substances.", "contents": "Allergy of the nervous system: a review. Allergies of the nervous system cause diverse behavioral disturbances, including headaches, convulsions, learning disabilities, schizophrenia and depression. Some of the biological mechanisms have been established by research; others remain to be explored. Effective diagnosis and treatment include the elimination diet, followed by dietary rotation and avoidance of offending substances.", "PMID": 1108712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2202", "title": "Changes in airway resistance following droperidol, hydroxyzine, and diazepam in normal volunteers.", "content": "The effects of droperidol, hydroxyzine, and diazepam on airway resistance (AR), functional residual capacity (FRC), and thoracic gas volume (TGV) were compared, using a CPI model-2000 body plethysmograph. Significant decreases in AR were seen following droperidol and hydroxyzine at all time intervals. A significant increase in AR also was noted 90 minutes after diazepam injection. FRC significantly decreased at 60, 90, 120, and 150 minutes following droperidol, and at 90 minutes following hydroxyzine, while no change was seen following diazepam. No significant changes in TGV were seen following administration of any of the drugs.", "contents": "Changes in airway resistance following droperidol, hydroxyzine, and diazepam in normal volunteers. The effects of droperidol, hydroxyzine, and diazepam on airway resistance (AR), functional residual capacity (FRC), and thoracic gas volume (TGV) were compared, using a CPI model-2000 body plethysmograph. Significant decreases in AR were seen following droperidol and hydroxyzine at all time intervals. A significant increase in AR also was noted 90 minutes after diazepam injection. FRC significantly decreased at 60, 90, 120, and 150 minutes following droperidol, and at 90 minutes following hydroxyzine, while no change was seen following diazepam. No significant changes in TGV were seen following administration of any of the drugs.", "PMID": 1108707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2203", "title": "Anesthesia for transcervical thymectomy in myasthenia gravis.", "content": "This review of anesthetic experience in 100 cases of transcervical thymectomy for myasthenia gravis (MG) at The Mount Sinai Hospital (1970-1974) underlines current trends in the surgical management at Mount Sinai, where transcervical thymectomy is the procedure of choice for all patients with nonthymomatous MG and for selected patients with thymomatous MG. The transthoracic approach is now limited to malignant thymomas and tumors not accessible through the transcervical approach. Formerly, patients coming for thymectomy either already had a preexisting tracheostomy, or an elective tracheostomy was performed at the time of thymectomy. Since 1972, none of these patients has had elective tracheostomy at the time of operation, and only four were performed in the postoperative period, patients being intubated orotracheally at the time of operation. The tube is usually removed within 1 hour after completion of thymectomy. All patients are followed in the intensive care unit for 24 hours or longer, under close supervision of experienced personnel aware of the inherent problems and able to assist ventilation at any stage. This approach has greatly changed the postoperative course of this disease.", "contents": "Anesthesia for transcervical thymectomy in myasthenia gravis. This review of anesthetic experience in 100 cases of transcervical thymectomy for myasthenia gravis (MG) at The Mount Sinai Hospital (1970-1974) underlines current trends in the surgical management at Mount Sinai, where transcervical thymectomy is the procedure of choice for all patients with nonthymomatous MG and for selected patients with thymomatous MG. The transthoracic approach is now limited to malignant thymomas and tumors not accessible through the transcervical approach. Formerly, patients coming for thymectomy either already had a preexisting tracheostomy, or an elective tracheostomy was performed at the time of thymectomy. Since 1972, none of these patients has had elective tracheostomy at the time of operation, and only four were performed in the postoperative period, patients being intubated orotracheally at the time of operation. The tube is usually removed within 1 hour after completion of thymectomy. All patients are followed in the intensive care unit for 24 hours or longer, under close supervision of experienced personnel aware of the inherent problems and able to assist ventilation at any stage. This approach has greatly changed the postoperative course of this disease.", "PMID": 1108705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2204", "title": "[Natural history of molecular pathology].", "content": "The author recalls the main stages of biosynthesis of proteins based on molecular pathology : transcription of DNA into messenger RNA, the genetic code, translation of protein molecules and regulation of their synthesis. Examples are then given of qualitative and quantitative disturbances. Qualitative disturbances with synthesis of abnormal proteins, or protein diseases of protein structure, together with their consequences. Quantitative disorders, with modified synthesis of normal proteins, result very often from abnormalities of structural genes, but also from abnormalities of transcription or translation. The author considers, in conclusion, pathological situations based on molecular abnormalities for mutations occur at random and it may be possible to correct them by genetic manipulation.", "contents": "[Natural history of molecular pathology]. The author recalls the main stages of biosynthesis of proteins based on molecular pathology : transcription of DNA into messenger RNA, the genetic code, translation of protein molecules and regulation of their synthesis. Examples are then given of qualitative and quantitative disturbances. Qualitative disturbances with synthesis of abnormal proteins, or protein diseases of protein structure, together with their consequences. Quantitative disorders, with modified synthesis of normal proteins, result very often from abnormalities of structural genes, but also from abnormalities of transcription or translation. The author considers, in conclusion, pathological situations based on molecular abnormalities for mutations occur at random and it may be possible to correct them by genetic manipulation.", "PMID": 1108713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2205", "title": "Effect of position (semirecumbent versus supine) on postoperative oxygenation in markedly obese subjects.", "content": "In 22 markedly obese, otherwise healthy, women studied postoperatively on each of days 1 through 3 after intra-abdominal operation, the effect of position change on arterial oxygenation was assessed. There was a statistically significant decrease in PaO2, an increase in A-aDO2 and a simultaneous modest reduction in PaCO2 with the assumption of the supine position on postoperative days 1 and 2, but not positional difference demonstrable in any studied variable by day 3. This report suggests that during the first 48 hours after abdominal surgery in obese patients, assumption and maintenance of the semirecumbent posture is a valuable therapeutic modality to improve arterial oxygenation.", "contents": "Effect of position (semirecumbent versus supine) on postoperative oxygenation in markedly obese subjects. In 22 markedly obese, otherwise healthy, women studied postoperatively on each of days 1 through 3 after intra-abdominal operation, the effect of position change on arterial oxygenation was assessed. There was a statistically significant decrease in PaO2, an increase in A-aDO2 and a simultaneous modest reduction in PaCO2 with the assumption of the supine position on postoperative days 1 and 2, but not positional difference demonstrable in any studied variable by day 3. This report suggests that during the first 48 hours after abdominal surgery in obese patients, assumption and maintenance of the semirecumbent posture is a valuable therapeutic modality to improve arterial oxygenation.", "PMID": 1108708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2206", "title": "[Study of the transferable factors of antibiotic resistance in the enterobacteria isolated at the Regional Hospital Center of Nantes].", "content": "Characteristics of transferable resistance of 72 entero-bacteriaceae resistant to one more antibiotic, isolated from February to September 1972, showed that this was common. Multi-resistant strains permit one to obtain transfer of various characteristics either alone or together in 76 per cent of cases, whereas strains with less than three characteristics, transferred in only 9 per cent of cases. The transfers were uncommon in the case of Proteus compared with other enterobacteriaceae and, in particular, Klebsiella, Escherichia coli and Salmonella.", "contents": "[Study of the transferable factors of antibiotic resistance in the enterobacteria isolated at the Regional Hospital Center of Nantes]. Characteristics of transferable resistance of 72 entero-bacteriaceae resistant to one more antibiotic, isolated from February to September 1972, showed that this was common. Multi-resistant strains permit one to obtain transfer of various characteristics either alone or together in 76 per cent of cases, whereas strains with less than three characteristics, transferred in only 9 per cent of cases. The transfers were uncommon in the case of Proteus compared with other enterobacteriaceae and, in particular, Klebsiella, Escherichia coli and Salmonella.", "PMID": 1108714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2207", "title": "A regional anesthetic approach for renal transplantation.", "content": "After consideration of surgical demands and patient condition, regional anesthesia is preferred for renal transplantation at the University of Rochester Medical Center. Of 75 consecutive cases, 64 were successfully managed with single high-dose spinal anesthesia (10 to 20 mg tetracaine, mean 16.5 mg). The technic avoids untoward effects of neuromuscular blocking drugs, iatrogenic pulmonary infection from anesthetic equipment, and problems with potent general and anesthetics. Patients are made comfortable by judicious low-dose sedation. Cardiovascular instability and blood loss are not troublesome. There have been no permanent neurologic sequelae or postspinal headaches. The authors believe this technic produces minimal biochemical and physiologic derangement for renal transplantation in the patient with chronic renal failure.", "contents": "A regional anesthetic approach for renal transplantation. After consideration of surgical demands and patient condition, regional anesthesia is preferred for renal transplantation at the University of Rochester Medical Center. Of 75 consecutive cases, 64 were successfully managed with single high-dose spinal anesthesia (10 to 20 mg tetracaine, mean 16.5 mg). The technic avoids untoward effects of neuromuscular blocking drugs, iatrogenic pulmonary infection from anesthetic equipment, and problems with potent general and anesthetics. Patients are made comfortable by judicious low-dose sedation. Cardiovascular instability and blood loss are not troublesome. There have been no permanent neurologic sequelae or postspinal headaches. The authors believe this technic produces minimal biochemical and physiologic derangement for renal transplantation in the patient with chronic renal failure.", "PMID": 1108709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2208", "title": "Pathogenesis of edema disease in swine: pathologic effects of hemolysin, autolysate, and endotoxin of Escherichia coli (O141).", "content": "Hemolysin, cell-free autolysate, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) prepared from Escherichia coli (O141) were parenterally administered to 113 weaned pigs. Both the hemolysin and the cell-free autolysate were crude preparations which probably contained several biologically active substances. Pigs in all groups which die less than 72 hours after injection had similar gross and microscopic lesions. The pigs which survived (chronically affected pigs) were killed 3 to 12 days after injection. Of the pigs that lived more than 72 hours after injection, those given hemolysin and autolysate had generalized vascular myolysis and fibrinoid necrosis, whereas those given LPS had morphologically normal blood vessels. The vascular changes produced by hemolysin and autolysates of E coli (O141) were the same as the histologic angiopathy of naturally occurring edema disease of pigs. The LPS produced acute lesions of endotoxin shock in the pigs, but did not produce the angiopathy characteristic of edema disease. Typical clinical signs of naturally occurring edema disease were not a consistent observation in any of the treatment groups.", "contents": "Pathogenesis of edema disease in swine: pathologic effects of hemolysin, autolysate, and endotoxin of Escherichia coli (O141). Hemolysin, cell-free autolysate, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) prepared from Escherichia coli (O141) were parenterally administered to 113 weaned pigs. Both the hemolysin and the cell-free autolysate were crude preparations which probably contained several biologically active substances. Pigs in all groups which die less than 72 hours after injection had similar gross and microscopic lesions. The pigs which survived (chronically affected pigs) were killed 3 to 12 days after injection. Of the pigs that lived more than 72 hours after injection, those given hemolysin and autolysate had generalized vascular myolysis and fibrinoid necrosis, whereas those given LPS had morphologically normal blood vessels. The vascular changes produced by hemolysin and autolysates of E coli (O141) were the same as the histologic angiopathy of naturally occurring edema disease of pigs. The LPS produced acute lesions of endotoxin shock in the pigs, but did not produce the angiopathy characteristic of edema disease. Typical clinical signs of naturally occurring edema disease were not a consistent observation in any of the treatment groups.", "PMID": 1108715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2209", "title": "Rapid anesthesia induction in combat casualties with full stomachs.", "content": "A series of 50 combat-injured patients given crash intubation for rapid induction of anesthesia is presented. The technic consisted of injection of 3 mg of d-tubocurarine and 0.4 mg of atropine IV, preoxygenation by face mask for 3 minutes, and then injection of sodium thiopental or ketamine, followed immediately by 60 to 80 mg of succinylcholine IV. Intubation was performed with a cuffed tube after cessation of spontaneous respirations and relaxation of the jaw. In the entire series there was no vomiting or aspiration on induction. Thirty-six patients were induced with thiopental and 14 with ketamine. Three patients given thiopental and 2 given ketamine had a fall in blood pressure to below 100 torr systolic. The average BP change was in a positive direction with both agents.", "contents": "Rapid anesthesia induction in combat casualties with full stomachs. A series of 50 combat-injured patients given crash intubation for rapid induction of anesthesia is presented. The technic consisted of injection of 3 mg of d-tubocurarine and 0.4 mg of atropine IV, preoxygenation by face mask for 3 minutes, and then injection of sodium thiopental or ketamine, followed immediately by 60 to 80 mg of succinylcholine IV. Intubation was performed with a cuffed tube after cessation of spontaneous respirations and relaxation of the jaw. In the entire series there was no vomiting or aspiration on induction. Thirty-six patients were induced with thiopental and 14 with ketamine. Three patients given thiopental and 2 given ketamine had a fall in blood pressure to below 100 torr systolic. The average BP change was in a positive direction with both agents.", "PMID": 1108710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2210", "title": "Separation from whey of three growth factors for Streptococcus agalactiae.", "content": "Wheys of milk and colostrum were treated with ethanol and the concentrated supernatant fluids were subjected to chromatographic procedures (anion exchange resin, using distilled water as eluent). The fractions were tested for capabilities to stimulate the growth of Streptococcus agalactiae in a mixture (1:32) of pasteurized milk and steamed milk. Three stimulatory factors (F), designated F-1, F-2, and F-3, were separated; F-1 was nonionic, and F-2 and F-3 were cationic. A mixture containing any 2 factors gave greater stimulation than either factor tested alone, and a mixture of all 3 gave the greatest stimulation. The F-2 activity was attributed to cystine.", "contents": "Separation from whey of three growth factors for Streptococcus agalactiae. Wheys of milk and colostrum were treated with ethanol and the concentrated supernatant fluids were subjected to chromatographic procedures (anion exchange resin, using distilled water as eluent). The fractions were tested for capabilities to stimulate the growth of Streptococcus agalactiae in a mixture (1:32) of pasteurized milk and steamed milk. Three stimulatory factors (F), designated F-1, F-2, and F-3, were separated; F-1 was nonionic, and F-2 and F-3 were cationic. A mixture containing any 2 factors gave greater stimulation than either factor tested alone, and a mixture of all 3 gave the greatest stimulation. The F-2 activity was attributed to cystine.", "PMID": 1108716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2211", "title": "N2O volumes absorbed and excreted during N2O anesthesia in children.", "content": "Exhaled volumes were measured in 8 children during uptake and elimination of 3 percent and 75 percent N2O, using a volume-controlled ventilator. Absorption of 75 percent N2O during induction reduced the exhaled minute volume, which fell a mean of 16 percent in the 1st or 2nd minute and returned to normal by 15 to 20 minutes. Elimination was the mirror image of uptake; the mean increase in the exhaled minute volume was 13 percent. The concentration effect during uptake was measured (3 percent versus 75 percent N2O) and the data were used to calculate a fall in alveolar volume of at least 8 percent by the 2nd minute of uptake. The type of ventilation (volume-limited, pressure-limited, or spontaneous) was seen to have a modifying role on the respiratory pattern caused by the absorbed and excreted volume of N2O.", "contents": "N2O volumes absorbed and excreted during N2O anesthesia in children. Exhaled volumes were measured in 8 children during uptake and elimination of 3 percent and 75 percent N2O, using a volume-controlled ventilator. Absorption of 75 percent N2O during induction reduced the exhaled minute volume, which fell a mean of 16 percent in the 1st or 2nd minute and returned to normal by 15 to 20 minutes. Elimination was the mirror image of uptake; the mean increase in the exhaled minute volume was 13 percent. The concentration effect during uptake was measured (3 percent versus 75 percent N2O) and the data were used to calculate a fall in alveolar volume of at least 8 percent by the 2nd minute of uptake. The type of ventilation (volume-limited, pressure-limited, or spontaneous) was seen to have a modifying role on the respiratory pattern caused by the absorbed and excreted volume of N2O.", "PMID": 1108711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2212", "title": "The effect of terbutaline in exercise-induced asthma.", "content": "A double blind study of 5 asthmatic subjects in remission demonstrated that the severity of bronchoconstriction after exercise was decreased by a single oral dose of 5 mg of terbutaline. The effect lasted for at least 6 hours and was significantly better than the protection afforded by 20 mg of metaproterenol, which was itself more effective than a placebo. In these doses, neither terbutaline nor metaproterenol affected heart rate or blood pressure at rest or in exercise, and no drug-induced side effects were found.", "contents": "The effect of terbutaline in exercise-induced asthma. A double blind study of 5 asthmatic subjects in remission demonstrated that the severity of bronchoconstriction after exercise was decreased by a single oral dose of 5 mg of terbutaline. The effect lasted for at least 6 hours and was significantly better than the protection afforded by 20 mg of metaproterenol, which was itself more effective than a placebo. In these doses, neither terbutaline nor metaproterenol affected heart rate or blood pressure at rest or in exercise, and no drug-induced side effects were found.", "PMID": 1108720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2213", "title": "Acute torsion of the gallbladder: review of the literature and report of a case.", "content": "A case report is presented, and the literature reviewed, of acute torsion of the gallbladder. Originally described as a rare pathological entity, it is being witnessed more frequently as a probable concomitant of increasing life expectancy. Because it is a benign condition if diagnosed rapidly and treated surgically, it should be considered in differential diagnostic possibilities. When encountered intraoperatively, prompt recognition of the process should lead to detorsion of the organ and cholecystectomy as the procedure of choice.", "contents": "Acute torsion of the gallbladder: review of the literature and report of a case. A case report is presented, and the literature reviewed, of acute torsion of the gallbladder. Originally described as a rare pathological entity, it is being witnessed more frequently as a probable concomitant of increasing life expectancy. Because it is a benign condition if diagnosed rapidly and treated surgically, it should be considered in differential diagnostic possibilities. When encountered intraoperatively, prompt recognition of the process should lead to detorsion of the organ and cholecystectomy as the procedure of choice.", "PMID": 1108723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2214", "title": "Current status of lumbar sympathectomy.", "content": "A review of a recent series of lumbar sympathectomies would appear to support the continued use of the procedure in the treatment of selected patients with localized pre-gangrenous lesions or superficial ischemic ulcerations in whom arterial reconstructive operation is not feasible. A conclusion regarding the use of the procedure in conjunction with bypass grafting or thromboendarterectomy cannot be made. Indications for the treatment of nonatherosclerotic disease are briefly mentioned. Nevertheless, the morbidity and mortality from the operation itself is significant and suggests that its use as a temporizing measure in highly doubtful cases is not warranted.", "contents": "Current status of lumbar sympathectomy. A review of a recent series of lumbar sympathectomies would appear to support the continued use of the procedure in the treatment of selected patients with localized pre-gangrenous lesions or superficial ischemic ulcerations in whom arterial reconstructive operation is not feasible. A conclusion regarding the use of the procedure in conjunction with bypass grafting or thromboendarterectomy cannot be made. Indications for the treatment of nonatherosclerotic disease are briefly mentioned. Nevertheless, the morbidity and mortality from the operation itself is significant and suggests that its use as a temporizing measure in highly doubtful cases is not warranted.", "PMID": 1108724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2215", "title": "Therapeutic use of inducers of interferon on Herpes simplex keratitis in humans.", "content": "The double-stranded RNA interferon inducer polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (In-Cn) was used to treat acute dendritic keratitis in man in a double-blind manner with IDU. The success rate for this agent was similar to IDU and was found efficacious in cases not responsive to IDU. Prophylaxis with In-Cn did not prevent recurrences of epithelial herpes, but such recurrences were responsive to IDU or In-Cn.", "contents": "Therapeutic use of inducers of interferon on Herpes simplex keratitis in humans. The double-stranded RNA interferon inducer polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (In-Cn) was used to treat acute dendritic keratitis in man in a double-blind manner with IDU. The success rate for this agent was similar to IDU and was found efficacious in cases not responsive to IDU. Prophylaxis with In-Cn did not prevent recurrences of epithelial herpes, but such recurrences were responsive to IDU or In-Cn.", "PMID": 1108735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2216", "title": "[Studies on haemolysins of \"enterobacteriaceae\" (author's transl)].", "content": "Haemolysin production of 1,103 strains of Enterobacteriaceae was investigated on trypticase soja agar containing washed horse erythrocytes. Nearly all haemolytic strains belonged to the genus Escherichia (103 haemolytic strains out of 349 examined). The 3 remaining haemolytic strains belonged to the genus Serratia (of which 244 strains were examined). Plasmidic determinism of haemolysis was demonstrated for six of the Hly+ E. coli strains, and these plasmids were transferred to E. coli K12, Salmonella typhia and S. typhi-murium. Investigations about coexistence of four of these plasmids with \"metabolic\" plasmids and with representatives of the plasmids compatibility groups presently known, showed that two of these plasmids were fi+ and belonged to the FIII group, and that two other were fi- and related to the I2 group. Thus, different plasmids can determine haemolysin-production in E. coli strains.", "contents": "[Studies on haemolysins of \"enterobacteriaceae\" (author's transl)]. Haemolysin production of 1,103 strains of Enterobacteriaceae was investigated on trypticase soja agar containing washed horse erythrocytes. Nearly all haemolytic strains belonged to the genus Escherichia (103 haemolytic strains out of 349 examined). The 3 remaining haemolytic strains belonged to the genus Serratia (of which 244 strains were examined). Plasmidic determinism of haemolysis was demonstrated for six of the Hly+ E. coli strains, and these plasmids were transferred to E. coli K12, Salmonella typhia and S. typhi-murium. Investigations about coexistence of four of these plasmids with \"metabolic\" plasmids and with representatives of the plasmids compatibility groups presently known, showed that two of these plasmids were fi+ and belonged to the FIII group, and that two other were fi- and related to the I2 group. Thus, different plasmids can determine haemolysin-production in E. coli strains.", "PMID": 1108730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2217", "title": "The effect of 10-0 running nylon versus 8-0 silk on the healing of corneal gragts.", "content": "A previously reported well standardized tensile strength model in rabbits was sued in order to answer whether or not monofilament nylon does in fact delay corneal wound healing in general, and in particular, in corneal grafts. The tensile strength of penetrating keratoplasty wounds closed with either 10-0 running monofilament nylon or 8-0 interrupted black silk was measured in rabbits. The tensile strength of wounds closed with either suture was comparable in all groups. The advantages of 10-0 nylon in corneal transplantation and cataract extraction was presented. In addition, the assumption that the tensile strength of linear central wounds parallels that of a circular trephine wound was proven to be correct.", "contents": "The effect of 10-0 running nylon versus 8-0 silk on the healing of corneal gragts. A previously reported well standardized tensile strength model in rabbits was sued in order to answer whether or not monofilament nylon does in fact delay corneal wound healing in general, and in particular, in corneal grafts. The tensile strength of penetrating keratoplasty wounds closed with either 10-0 running monofilament nylon or 8-0 interrupted black silk was measured in rabbits. The tensile strength of wounds closed with either suture was comparable in all groups. The advantages of 10-0 nylon in corneal transplantation and cataract extraction was presented. In addition, the assumption that the tensile strength of linear central wounds parallels that of a circular trephine wound was proven to be correct.", "PMID": 1108736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2218", "title": "Sythesis and turnover of phospholipids in Escherichia coli cells with inhibited DNA synthesis.", "content": "The relative amounts of individual phospholipids are not greatly affected in E. coli B cells inhibited with mitomycin C, nalidixic acid or hydroxyurea. Turnover and synthesis of phospholipids continue in the first 40 minute period of treatment with nalidixic acid and then cease. Arrest of phospholipid synthesis is not coupled with protein synthesis since beta-galactosidase is still induced after cessation of phospholipid metabolism. The cells, washed free of drug, resume growth as well as synthesis and turnover of phospholipids. During the lag phase preceding the renewal of cell division, a decrease in phosphatidylglycerol content and an increase in cardiolipin content are observed. The ratio of these phospholipids is then comparable with that found in normal non-dividing cells. We suggest that the variation in the relative contents of cardiolipin and phosphatidylglycerol might be related to the cell division process.", "contents": "Sythesis and turnover of phospholipids in Escherichia coli cells with inhibited DNA synthesis. The relative amounts of individual phospholipids are not greatly affected in E. coli B cells inhibited with mitomycin C, nalidixic acid or hydroxyurea. Turnover and synthesis of phospholipids continue in the first 40 minute period of treatment with nalidixic acid and then cease. Arrest of phospholipid synthesis is not coupled with protein synthesis since beta-galactosidase is still induced after cessation of phospholipid metabolism. The cells, washed free of drug, resume growth as well as synthesis and turnover of phospholipids. During the lag phase preceding the renewal of cell division, a decrease in phosphatidylglycerol content and an increase in cardiolipin content are observed. The ratio of these phospholipids is then comparable with that found in normal non-dividing cells. We suggest that the variation in the relative contents of cardiolipin and phosphatidylglycerol might be related to the cell division process.", "PMID": 1108728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2219", "title": "[Sensitivity and resistance of pathogenic yeasts to 5-fluoropyrimidines. I.--Relation between the phenotypes of resistance to 5-fluorocytosine, the serotype of Candida albicans and the ecology of various species of Candida of human origin (author's transl)].", "content": "The sensitivity to 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC), 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and 5-fluorouridine (5-FUri) of 583 strains of C. albicans of human origin shows a relationship between their ecology, their serotype and their sensitivity to 5-FC. The incidence of the primary resistant strains isolated from patients with systemic candidiasis is of 4%, and 88.8% of the resistant strains belong to serotype B. In a closed community of premature infants the only resistant isolate amongst 78 strains recovered during hospitalization also belong to the B serotype and was introduced from outside. African strains of vaginal origin showed a higher incidence (21.6%) of resistance than did the european strains (4.5%) and this resistance was related to the B serotype predominant in the African environment. This raises the problem of the structure of the cell wall in connection with the active sites, the antigenic determinants and the enzymatic equipment.", "contents": "[Sensitivity and resistance of pathogenic yeasts to 5-fluoropyrimidines. I.--Relation between the phenotypes of resistance to 5-fluorocytosine, the serotype of Candida albicans and the ecology of various species of Candida of human origin (author's transl)]. The sensitivity to 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC), 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and 5-fluorouridine (5-FUri) of 583 strains of C. albicans of human origin shows a relationship between their ecology, their serotype and their sensitivity to 5-FC. The incidence of the primary resistant strains isolated from patients with systemic candidiasis is of 4%, and 88.8% of the resistant strains belong to serotype B. In a closed community of premature infants the only resistant isolate amongst 78 strains recovered during hospitalization also belong to the B serotype and was introduced from outside. African strains of vaginal origin showed a higher incidence (21.6%) of resistance than did the european strains (4.5%) and this resistance was related to the B serotype predominant in the African environment. This raises the problem of the structure of the cell wall in connection with the active sites, the antigenic determinants and the enzymatic equipment.", "PMID": 1108732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2220", "title": "Corneal chromomycosis: double infection by Phialophora verrucosa (Medlar) and Cladosporium cladosporioides (Frescenius).", "content": "Phialophora verrucosa and Cladosporium cladosporioides were isolated from a corneal ulcer. The lesion had been previously treated with antivirals and steroids and did not respond to Pimaricin therapy or conjunctival flap. A penetrating keratoplasty was performed with good functional and optical results. Chromomycosis of the cornea is an unusual infection. This is the second case of Phialophora in Florida and the first case of Cladosporium infection.", "contents": "Corneal chromomycosis: double infection by Phialophora verrucosa (Medlar) and Cladosporium cladosporioides (Frescenius). Phialophora verrucosa and Cladosporium cladosporioides were isolated from a corneal ulcer. The lesion had been previously treated with antivirals and steroids and did not respond to Pimaricin therapy or conjunctival flap. A penetrating keratoplasty was performed with good functional and optical results. Chromomycosis of the cornea is an unusual infection. This is the second case of Phialophora in Florida and the first case of Cladosporium infection.", "PMID": 1108737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2221", "title": "Importance of nasal lesions in early lepromatous leprosy.", "content": "There are some 20 million people in the world with leprosy. In the lepromatous form of the illness the nose becomes infected very early in the disease process. The nasal discharge which occurs is heavily bacillated and is the most potent source of exit of Mycobacterium leprae from the body. The necessity for early diagnosis and treatment of leprosy in the absence of an effective vaccine is discussed and the pathological changes that occur in the nose are outlined. The roles which the leprologist and the rhinologist are able to play are mentioned.", "contents": "Importance of nasal lesions in early lepromatous leprosy. There are some 20 million people in the world with leprosy. In the lepromatous form of the illness the nose becomes infected very early in the disease process. The nasal discharge which occurs is heavily bacillated and is the most potent source of exit of Mycobacterium leprae from the body. The necessity for early diagnosis and treatment of leprosy in the absence of an effective vaccine is discussed and the pathological changes that occur in the nose are outlined. The roles which the leprologist and the rhinologist are able to play are mentioned.", "PMID": 1108744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2222", "title": "Observations on a trypanosomatid flagellate in a flea, Peromyscopsylla silvatica spectabilis.", "content": "The method of attachment of a trypanosomatid parasite to the cuticular epithelium of the hindgut of a flea Peromyscopsylla silvatica spectabilis by a desmosome-like structure is described; the flagella are modified and have enlarged intraflagellar areas which occupy the whole surface area of the gut, including clefts and folds of the epithelium. Unusual features of the parasite itself include a very much reduced flagellar pocket and pellicular microtubules which are made up of doublets and triplets. The problems of differentiation and characterisation of monogenetic insect flagellates are discussed in the light of these findings.", "contents": "Observations on a trypanosomatid flagellate in a flea, Peromyscopsylla silvatica spectabilis. The method of attachment of a trypanosomatid parasite to the cuticular epithelium of the hindgut of a flea Peromyscopsylla silvatica spectabilis by a desmosome-like structure is described; the flagella are modified and have enlarged intraflagellar areas which occupy the whole surface area of the gut, including clefts and folds of the epithelium. Unusual features of the parasite itself include a very much reduced flagellar pocket and pellicular microtubules which are made up of doublets and triplets. The problems of differentiation and characterisation of monogenetic insect flagellates are discussed in the light of these findings.", "PMID": 1108739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2223", "title": "Treatment of post-prostatectomy urinary incontinence with heterologous bone implant.", "content": "A description is given of an improvised method used in the treatment of post-prostatectomy urinary incontinence in a case in which a Kaufman 2 procedure had failed. At the second-operation, Kieler spongiosa bone packaged in a dacron net was used to support the bulbous urethra.", "contents": "Treatment of post-prostatectomy urinary incontinence with heterologous bone implant. A description is given of an improvised method used in the treatment of post-prostatectomy urinary incontinence in a case in which a Kaufman 2 procedure had failed. At the second-operation, Kieler spongiosa bone packaged in a dacron net was used to support the bulbous urethra.", "PMID": 1108748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2224", "title": "Loperamide in the symptomatic control of chronic diarrhoea. Double-blind placebo-controlled study.", "content": "Fifteen patients (20-66 years) with persistent diarrhoea of varying aetiology were selected for an open trial of loperamide 2 mg capsules. The optimal daily dose for substantial reduction of the diarrhoea ranged from two to seven capsules. Eleven patients showed a significant improvement in stool consistency, a highly significant decrease in stool frequency and a decrease of abdominal cramps. One ileostomy patient with abundant ileostomy output and intermittent leaking of the ileosotmy appliance at night experienced a substantial reduction of the stoma output with virtual disappearance of soiling accidents as night. Loperamide appeared to be ineffective in two patients with cholerrhoeic diarrhoea; in one patient with laxative-induced diarrhoea and in one patient with probable nervous diarrhoea. The eleven successfully treated patients then entered a doubleblind placebo-controlled trial for ten days or util relaps, the daily dose being indentical to the optimal one previously determined in the open phase of the study. The investigator was able to guess the code correctly in ten out of eleven cases. The drug was well tolerated. Because of its considerable efficacy and low side-effect liability, loperamide has to be considered a promising drug in the treatment of chronic diarrhoea.", "contents": "Loperamide in the symptomatic control of chronic diarrhoea. Double-blind placebo-controlled study. Fifteen patients (20-66 years) with persistent diarrhoea of varying aetiology were selected for an open trial of loperamide 2 mg capsules. The optimal daily dose for substantial reduction of the diarrhoea ranged from two to seven capsules. Eleven patients showed a significant improvement in stool consistency, a highly significant decrease in stool frequency and a decrease of abdominal cramps. One ileostomy patient with abundant ileostomy output and intermittent leaking of the ileosotmy appliance at night experienced a substantial reduction of the stoma output with virtual disappearance of soiling accidents as night. Loperamide appeared to be ineffective in two patients with cholerrhoeic diarrhoea; in one patient with laxative-induced diarrhoea and in one patient with probable nervous diarrhoea. The eleven successfully treated patients then entered a doubleblind placebo-controlled trial for ten days or util relaps, the daily dose being indentical to the optimal one previously determined in the open phase of the study. The investigator was able to guess the code correctly in ten out of eleven cases. The drug was well tolerated. Because of its considerable efficacy and low side-effect liability, loperamide has to be considered a promising drug in the treatment of chronic diarrhoea.", "PMID": 1108754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2225", "title": "Quantitative antibiotic susceptibility testing: Haemophilus influenzae type B.", "content": "Twelve strains of Haemophilus influenzae were tested for susceptibility to gentamicin, ampicillin, chloramphenicol and cephalothin using two methods, agar dilution and microdilution (broth). Although inocula and incubation conditions were standardized, significant differences in the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) were seen as a result of growth media. Method dependent differences were also observed for some antibiotics. Notwithstanding such variation, high level resistance of H. influenzae to ampicillin was readily detected by either broth or agar dilution tests.", "contents": "Quantitative antibiotic susceptibility testing: Haemophilus influenzae type B. Twelve strains of Haemophilus influenzae were tested for susceptibility to gentamicin, ampicillin, chloramphenicol and cephalothin using two methods, agar dilution and microdilution (broth). Although inocula and incubation conditions were standardized, significant differences in the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) were seen as a result of growth media. Method dependent differences were also observed for some antibiotics. Notwithstanding such variation, high level resistance of H. influenzae to ampicillin was readily detected by either broth or agar dilution tests.", "PMID": 1108755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2226", "title": "Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency: a review; 1963-1975.", "content": "Alpha-1-antitrypsin (A1AT) deficiency originally was recognized as a biochemical abnormality in patients with pulmonary emphysema. Studies of the protein nature of A1AT during attempts to help explain the disease, led to the recognition of a protein polymorphism which expressed itself in several different phenotypes. As investigative work progressed, the spectrum of diseases associated with a deficiency of A1AT increased. Methods for determination of quantitative levels have been developed but these have proved lacking for the discrimination of the various phenotypes, for which specialized testing is necessary. Of the clinical states associated with deficiencies of A1AT, pulmonary emphysema and hepatic disease are the best defined. Pathogenetic implications, however, remain elusive. As a consequence, preventive aspects are debatable and the usefulness of the determination of A1AT levels as screening measures is controversial.", "contents": "Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency: a review; 1963-1975. Alpha-1-antitrypsin (A1AT) deficiency originally was recognized as a biochemical abnormality in patients with pulmonary emphysema. Studies of the protein nature of A1AT during attempts to help explain the disease, led to the recognition of a protein polymorphism which expressed itself in several different phenotypes. As investigative work progressed, the spectrum of diseases associated with a deficiency of A1AT increased. Methods for determination of quantitative levels have been developed but these have proved lacking for the discrimination of the various phenotypes, for which specialized testing is necessary. Of the clinical states associated with deficiencies of A1AT, pulmonary emphysema and hepatic disease are the best defined. Pathogenetic implications, however, remain elusive. As a consequence, preventive aspects are debatable and the usefulness of the determination of A1AT levels as screening measures is controversial.", "PMID": 1108756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2227", "title": "Molecular and genetic recombination of bacteriophage T4.", "content": "Most genetic characteristics of T4 recombination (the effects of chromosomal termini on recombination, heterozygosity, high negative interference, base mismatch repair, polarized segregation, and the stimulation or depression of recombination in response to phage mutations or external perturbations) can be expressed adequately in terms of our present understanding of the molecular events of T4 infection cycles. T4 DNA replication begins and ends with linear chromosomes and does not require a circular intermediate. Replication is bi-directional, possibly from multiple origins. Two phases of replication are distinguishable: (a) an early mode during which about 20 progeny copies of infecting chromosomes are made prior to (b) a recombination-dependent mode during which progeny molecules associate to form covalently joined linear concatemers. Further replication is generally arrested if concatemerization is prevented. T4 DNA recombination depends on the production of single-stranded gaps and termini. If replication is inhibited, the single-stranded regions are produced by deoxyribonuclease activities. In contrast, during partial replication of damaged chromosomes, during slow replication when enzymes or subtrates are limited, and during normal replication, they are formed by strand-displacement DNA polymerization. As a rule, any agents or perturbations that cause an accumulation of single-stranded regions stimulate recombination, whereas efficient repair of such regions depresses it. Both the preservation and pairing of single-stranded regions are facilitated by the gene-32 single-stranded DNA binding protein. Covalent repair of strand interruptions between recombined DNA segments requires polymerases or nucleases as well as ligases.", "contents": "Molecular and genetic recombination of bacteriophage T4. Most genetic characteristics of T4 recombination (the effects of chromosomal termini on recombination, heterozygosity, high negative interference, base mismatch repair, polarized segregation, and the stimulation or depression of recombination in response to phage mutations or external perturbations) can be expressed adequately in terms of our present understanding of the molecular events of T4 infection cycles. T4 DNA replication begins and ends with linear chromosomes and does not require a circular intermediate. Replication is bi-directional, possibly from multiple origins. Two phases of replication are distinguishable: (a) an early mode during which about 20 progeny copies of infecting chromosomes are made prior to (b) a recombination-dependent mode during which progeny molecules associate to form covalently joined linear concatemers. Further replication is generally arrested if concatemerization is prevented. T4 DNA recombination depends on the production of single-stranded gaps and termini. If replication is inhibited, the single-stranded regions are produced by deoxyribonuclease activities. In contrast, during partial replication of damaged chromosomes, during slow replication when enzymes or subtrates are limited, and during normal replication, they are formed by strand-displacement DNA polymerization. As a rule, any agents or perturbations that cause an accumulation of single-stranded regions stimulate recombination, whereas efficient repair of such regions depresses it. Both the preservation and pairing of single-stranded regions are facilitated by the gene-32 single-stranded DNA binding protein. Covalent repair of strand interruptions between recombined DNA segments requires polymerases or nucleases as well as ligases.", "PMID": 1108766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2228", "title": "[Action of hygromycin B on the producers of levorin and mycoheptin].", "content": "The effect of hygromycin B on survival and variation of the levorin and mycoheptinproducing organisms, i.e. Act levoris, strains 28 and PR-52/67 and streptoverticcium mycoheptincium, strain 44B/I was studied. When added to the agarized medium, hygromycin B had a lethal effect on the above strains. The lethal effect increased with an increase in the concentration from 2.5 80 Units/ml. High modification variation of the colony morphology was observed on media with hygromycin B. At the same time hygromycin B induced morphological and hygromycin-resistant mutants. The variation of the property of the antibiotic production in the above cultures increased under the effect of hygromycinB. The maximum rate of the plus variants was observed at high lethal effects of hygromycin B, when the survival rate of the spores was 10(-3) and 10(-4). An individual reaction of the cultures to hygromycin B was found. Formation of the mutation of resistance to the specific phage in the genome of strain PR of the levorin-producing organism increased its sensitivity to hygromycin and variation of the colony morphology and the property of the antibiotic production.", "contents": "[Action of hygromycin B on the producers of levorin and mycoheptin]. The effect of hygromycin B on survival and variation of the levorin and mycoheptinproducing organisms, i.e. Act levoris, strains 28 and PR-52/67 and streptoverticcium mycoheptincium, strain 44B/I was studied. When added to the agarized medium, hygromycin B had a lethal effect on the above strains. The lethal effect increased with an increase in the concentration from 2.5 80 Units/ml. High modification variation of the colony morphology was observed on media with hygromycin B. At the same time hygromycin B induced morphological and hygromycin-resistant mutants. The variation of the property of the antibiotic production in the above cultures increased under the effect of hygromycinB. The maximum rate of the plus variants was observed at high lethal effects of hygromycin B, when the survival rate of the spores was 10(-3) and 10(-4). An individual reaction of the cultures to hygromycin B was found. Formation of the mutation of resistance to the specific phage in the genome of strain PR of the levorin-producing organism increased its sensitivity to hygromycin and variation of the colony morphology and the property of the antibiotic production.", "PMID": 1108771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2229", "title": "[Transmissivity of the various R factors found among E. coli cultures circulating under natural conditions].", "content": "Transmissivity of drug resistance in wild strains of E. coli was shown to be determined not only by the presence of the transmissive factor and r-determinants in the microbial cell, but also by the functional activity of the R-factor. The capacity of the R-factor for transmission depended to a certain extent on the number of the r-determinants in the R-factor and the presence of various r-determinants in the R-factor.", "contents": "[Transmissivity of the various R factors found among E. coli cultures circulating under natural conditions]. Transmissivity of drug resistance in wild strains of E. coli was shown to be determined not only by the presence of the transmissive factor and r-determinants in the microbial cell, but also by the functional activity of the R-factor. The capacity of the R-factor for transmission depended to a certain extent on the number of the r-determinants in the R-factor and the presence of various r-determinants in the R-factor.", "PMID": 1108772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2230", "title": "[Suppression of the conjugational transfer of derepressed R factors by the dye, metachrome yellow].", "content": "Metachrome yellow widely used for preparation of nutrient media was tested with respect to its effect on conjugation of R-transfer. The standardized kinetic system described by the authors earlier was used. It was shown that metachrome yellow had a pronounced inhibitory effect on conjugation transfer of depressive R-factors RI drd and R 64 drd. The effect was markedly pronounced even in the presence of 100 gamma/ml of metachrome yellow, the concentration which was practically not bacteriostatic as it was shown in the analysis of the microbial growth curve in the presence of 100, 200 and 400 gamma/ml of the dye. The inhibition coefficients for 100 gamma/ml of metachrome yellow in the experiments with the donor of E. coli J 53 (R1 drd) were 11.8 and 12.1 times at 1-hour cultivation and t leads to infinity respectively, while in the experiments with the donor of E. coli J53 (R 64 drd) the respective values were 9.1 and 11.1. It was found that metachrome yellow induced no elimination of R-factors at low concentrations, such as 100 and 200 gamma/ml, which was indicative of the fact that the inhibitory effect on R-transfer was not connected with elimination of R-factors. It was also shown that preliminary cultivation of the donor in the presence of 100 and 400 gamma/ml of the dye did not induce any decrease in its donor competence which did not confirm the assumption of the inhibitory effect of metachrome yellow on synthesis of sex-pilei.", "contents": "[Suppression of the conjugational transfer of derepressed R factors by the dye, metachrome yellow]. Metachrome yellow widely used for preparation of nutrient media was tested with respect to its effect on conjugation of R-transfer. The standardized kinetic system described by the authors earlier was used. It was shown that metachrome yellow had a pronounced inhibitory effect on conjugation transfer of depressive R-factors RI drd and R 64 drd. The effect was markedly pronounced even in the presence of 100 gamma/ml of metachrome yellow, the concentration which was practically not bacteriostatic as it was shown in the analysis of the microbial growth curve in the presence of 100, 200 and 400 gamma/ml of the dye. The inhibition coefficients for 100 gamma/ml of metachrome yellow in the experiments with the donor of E. coli J 53 (R1 drd) were 11.8 and 12.1 times at 1-hour cultivation and t leads to infinity respectively, while in the experiments with the donor of E. coli J53 (R 64 drd) the respective values were 9.1 and 11.1. It was found that metachrome yellow induced no elimination of R-factors at low concentrations, such as 100 and 200 gamma/ml, which was indicative of the fact that the inhibitory effect on R-transfer was not connected with elimination of R-factors. It was also shown that preliminary cultivation of the donor in the presence of 100 and 400 gamma/ml of the dye did not induce any decrease in its donor competence which did not confirm the assumption of the inhibitory effect of metachrome yellow on synthesis of sex-pilei.", "PMID": 1108773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2231", "title": "[Prodigiosin in the overall therapy of dysentery and in the prevention of intrahospital viral respiratory infection in children].", "content": "Prodigiozan was tested in complex therapy of children with acute dysentery. Comparison of clinical symptoms, specific immunogenesis and child sanation periods from Shigella in the child groups treated (80) and non-treated (74) with prodigiozan showed that prodigiozan lowered the rate of intrahospital acute respiratory virus infection, provided more favourable dysentery progression, more tensed specific immunity and the patient clearance from Shigella.", "contents": "[Prodigiosin in the overall therapy of dysentery and in the prevention of intrahospital viral respiratory infection in children]. Prodigiozan was tested in complex therapy of children with acute dysentery. Comparison of clinical symptoms, specific immunogenesis and child sanation periods from Shigella in the child groups treated (80) and non-treated (74) with prodigiozan showed that prodigiozan lowered the rate of intrahospital acute respiratory virus infection, provided more favourable dysentery progression, more tensed specific immunity and the patient clearance from Shigella.", "PMID": 1108774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2232", "title": "Human therapeutic and agricultural uses of antibacterial drugs and resistance of the enteric flora of humans.", "content": "Fecal samples were collected from five groups of people differing in the manner of their exposure to antibacterial drugs. The groups included: (i) people working on farms who were continuously in contact with the predominantly resistant florae of farm animals receiving rations containing antibacterial drugs, (ii) people residing on the same farms with no direct exposure to the farm animals, (iii) people treated with antibacterial drugs, (iv) untreated people residing with treated individuals, and (v) untreated people with no exposure to farm animals or treated individuals. The samples were examined by quantitative plating for proportions of antibiotic-resistant, gram-negative enteric organisms. Individual isolates were also examined for their susceptibility to 11 different antibacterial drugs. The results indicate that enteric florae unexposed directly to the selective effects of antibacterial drugs may be affected by contact with predominantly resistant florae directly exposed to antibacterial drugs.", "contents": "Human therapeutic and agricultural uses of antibacterial drugs and resistance of the enteric flora of humans. Fecal samples were collected from five groups of people differing in the manner of their exposure to antibacterial drugs. The groups included: (i) people working on farms who were continuously in contact with the predominantly resistant florae of farm animals receiving rations containing antibacterial drugs, (ii) people residing on the same farms with no direct exposure to the farm animals, (iii) people treated with antibacterial drugs, (iv) untreated people residing with treated individuals, and (v) untreated people with no exposure to farm animals or treated individuals. The samples were examined by quantitative plating for proportions of antibiotic-resistant, gram-negative enteric organisms. Individual isolates were also examined for their susceptibility to 11 different antibacterial drugs. The results indicate that enteric florae unexposed directly to the selective effects of antibacterial drugs may be affected by contact with predominantly resistant florae directly exposed to antibacterial drugs.", "PMID": 1108775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2233", "title": "Minimal inhibitory concentration of dapsone for Mycobacterium leprae in rats.", "content": "To define the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of dapsone (DDS) for Mycobacterium leprae in rats, we determined the relationship between dietary and plasma levels of DDS in uninfected male and female Lewis rats. This knowledge was applied to the design of experiments using rats inoculated in the footpads with M. leprae. The MIC for DDS in male and female rats, respectively, was 1.5 to 4.0 ng and 1.8 to 3.0 ng of DDS/ml of plasma, even though the sexes exhibited markedly different concentrations of DDS when receiving the same dietary level of DDS. These values for the MIC of DDS for M. leprae in rats are nearly identical to the previously determined MIC of DDS for M. leprae in mice.", "contents": "Minimal inhibitory concentration of dapsone for Mycobacterium leprae in rats. To define the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of dapsone (DDS) for Mycobacterium leprae in rats, we determined the relationship between dietary and plasma levels of DDS in uninfected male and female Lewis rats. This knowledge was applied to the design of experiments using rats inoculated in the footpads with M. leprae. The MIC for DDS in male and female rats, respectively, was 1.5 to 4.0 ng and 1.8 to 3.0 ng of DDS/ml of plasma, even though the sexes exhibited markedly different concentrations of DDS when receiving the same dietary level of DDS. These values for the MIC of DDS for M. leprae in rats are nearly identical to the previously determined MIC of DDS for M. leprae in mice.", "PMID": 1108776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2234", "title": "Multiplicity reactivation of 5-iodouracil-substituted, nonviable bacteriophage T4td8.", "content": "Nonviable, 5-iodouracil (IUra)-substituted bacteriophage T4td8 can be multiplicity reactivated. The data indicate that two nonviable, IUra-substituted T4td8 phage can complement each other intracellularly to produce viable progeny. Phage particles in lysates of T4td8-infected Escherichia coli BT(-), prepared in the presence of varying mole fractions of IUra plus thymine, were examined by infecting with low and high dilutions of lysate. The yields of multiplicity reactivable particles were identical, regardless of the mole fractions of IUra present in the growth media. However, the yields of viable phage, measured at low multiplicities of infection, decreased with increasing mole fraction of IUra. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that the lethal effect of IUra is a consequence of its incorporation into DNA. Further, the IUra-induced lesion cannot involve genetic damage that shuts off expression at a single region of the genome.", "contents": "Multiplicity reactivation of 5-iodouracil-substituted, nonviable bacteriophage T4td8. Nonviable, 5-iodouracil (IUra)-substituted bacteriophage T4td8 can be multiplicity reactivated. The data indicate that two nonviable, IUra-substituted T4td8 phage can complement each other intracellularly to produce viable progeny. Phage particles in lysates of T4td8-infected Escherichia coli BT(-), prepared in the presence of varying mole fractions of IUra plus thymine, were examined by infecting with low and high dilutions of lysate. The yields of multiplicity reactivable particles were identical, regardless of the mole fractions of IUra present in the growth media. However, the yields of viable phage, measured at low multiplicities of infection, decreased with increasing mole fraction of IUra. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that the lethal effect of IUra is a consequence of its incorporation into DNA. Further, the IUra-induced lesion cannot involve genetic damage that shuts off expression at a single region of the genome.", "PMID": 1108777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2235", "title": "Treatment of respiratory Klebsiella pneumoniae infection in mice with aerosols of kanamycin.", "content": "Aerosols of kanamycin resulted in greater survival of mice challenged with respiratory Klebsiella pneumoniae than the same dosage given intramuscularly. Determinations of viable bacteria in the blood and lungs revealed that aerosolized kanamycin was most effective when infection was confined to the lungs. After the organisms had spread to other areas, however, aerosol therapy was still more effective than intramuscular therapy, but only one-half the infected mice survived.", "contents": "Treatment of respiratory Klebsiella pneumoniae infection in mice with aerosols of kanamycin. Aerosols of kanamycin resulted in greater survival of mice challenged with respiratory Klebsiella pneumoniae than the same dosage given intramuscularly. Determinations of viable bacteria in the blood and lungs revealed that aerosolized kanamycin was most effective when infection was confined to the lungs. After the organisms had spread to other areas, however, aerosol therapy was still more effective than intramuscular therapy, but only one-half the infected mice survived.", "PMID": 1108778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2236", "title": "Inhibtory effect of colicin E2 on transport systems of Escherichia coli in the presence of the rex gene of lambda prophage.", "content": "Purified colicin E(2) was found to cause marked inhibition of the permeation rate of o-nitrophenyl-galactoside (ONPG) in several lambda-lysogenic strains of Escherichia coli in the presence of chloramphenicol to prevent prophage induction. The inhibitory effect of colicin E(2) on transport systems was analyzed with cells of E. coli CP78(lambda). The dose of colicin E(2) for the half-maximum inhibition of the ONPG-permeation rate was about 9 molecules of the colicin per bacterium under the aerobic condition, which corresponded to about 1 killing unit per bacterium. Kinetics of the transport of [(14)C]methylthiogalactoside suggested that colicin E(2) began to inhibit the influx rate of beta-galactosides within a few minutes after the colicin addition, and the maximum inhibition reached more than 80%. Extensive leakage of intracellular potassium ion and inhibition of l-proline transport also occurred at the same time. Acid solubilization of cellular deoxyribonucleic acid by the colicin was apparently delayed to the initiation of the transport inhibition. The extents of the inhibition of beta-galactoside transport and leakage of potassium ion by the colicin were extensive in cells lysogenic for wild lambda phage or lambdaind(-), whereas the extents were slight in the nonlysogenic cells or cells carrying lambdarex(-) prophage. It was concluded that the sensitization of membrane transport systems of E. coli cells to colicin E(2) was achieved by the presence of the rex gene product of lambda phage.", "contents": "Inhibtory effect of colicin E2 on transport systems of Escherichia coli in the presence of the rex gene of lambda prophage. Purified colicin E(2) was found to cause marked inhibition of the permeation rate of o-nitrophenyl-galactoside (ONPG) in several lambda-lysogenic strains of Escherichia coli in the presence of chloramphenicol to prevent prophage induction. The inhibitory effect of colicin E(2) on transport systems was analyzed with cells of E. coli CP78(lambda). The dose of colicin E(2) for the half-maximum inhibition of the ONPG-permeation rate was about 9 molecules of the colicin per bacterium under the aerobic condition, which corresponded to about 1 killing unit per bacterium. Kinetics of the transport of [(14)C]methylthiogalactoside suggested that colicin E(2) began to inhibit the influx rate of beta-galactosides within a few minutes after the colicin addition, and the maximum inhibition reached more than 80%. Extensive leakage of intracellular potassium ion and inhibition of l-proline transport also occurred at the same time. Acid solubilization of cellular deoxyribonucleic acid by the colicin was apparently delayed to the initiation of the transport inhibition. The extents of the inhibition of beta-galactoside transport and leakage of potassium ion by the colicin were extensive in cells lysogenic for wild lambda phage or lambdaind(-), whereas the extents were slight in the nonlysogenic cells or cells carrying lambdarex(-) prophage. It was concluded that the sensitization of membrane transport systems of E. coli cells to colicin E(2) was achieved by the presence of the rex gene product of lambda phage.", "PMID": 1108779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2237", "title": "Rifampin susceptibility of ribonucleic acid synthesis in a fragile Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutant.", "content": "Ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesis in the sorbitol-dependent, fragile yeast mutant VY1160 (Venkov et al., 1974) is rapidly inhibited by rifampin. The growth of the mutant cells and protein synthesis are more slowly affected by the antibiotic, apparently as secondary phenomena. Lower doses of rifampin (50 to 100 mug/ml) preferentially inhibit ribosomal RNA synthesis in comparison to that of messenger RNA and transfer RNA. Transcription and translation of messenger RNA continues in the presence of low doses of rifampin, as evidenced by the unimpaired induction of alpha-glucosidase. Partially purified RNA polymerase II from this mutant, in contrast to that from the parental strain, is strongly inhibited by low concentrations (1 mug/ml) of rifampin, whereas RNA polymerase I from the two strains is similar in behavior. The mutant may be useful for the study of regulatory mechanisms of transcription in eukaryotes.", "contents": "Rifampin susceptibility of ribonucleic acid synthesis in a fragile Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutant. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesis in the sorbitol-dependent, fragile yeast mutant VY1160 (Venkov et al., 1974) is rapidly inhibited by rifampin. The growth of the mutant cells and protein synthesis are more slowly affected by the antibiotic, apparently as secondary phenomena. Lower doses of rifampin (50 to 100 mug/ml) preferentially inhibit ribosomal RNA synthesis in comparison to that of messenger RNA and transfer RNA. Transcription and translation of messenger RNA continues in the presence of low doses of rifampin, as evidenced by the unimpaired induction of alpha-glucosidase. Partially purified RNA polymerase II from this mutant, in contrast to that from the parental strain, is strongly inhibited by low concentrations (1 mug/ml) of rifampin, whereas RNA polymerase I from the two strains is similar in behavior. The mutant may be useful for the study of regulatory mechanisms of transcription in eukaryotes.", "PMID": 1108780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2238", "title": "Influence of subtherapeutic levels of oxytetracycline on Salmonella typhimurium in swine, alves, and chickens.", "content": "Subtherapeutic levels of oxytetracycline in animal feeds have been evaluated to determine their influence on the relative quantity, prevalence, shedding, and antibiotic susceptibility of Salmonella typhimurium in swine, calves, and chickens, when compared with nonmedicated controls. The medicated groups were fed rations containing oxytetracycline commencing 5 days prior to oral inoculation with S. typhimurium and continuing through a 28-day post-inoculation period. Colonization of S. typhimurium occurred in all three animal species as evidenced by clinical signs of infection and/or colony counts in feces measured on seven separate occasions over the 28-day observation period. The accumulated data demonstrate that the subtherapeutic use of oxytetracycline did not bring about any increases in the quantity, prevalence, or shedding of S. typhimurium in swine, calves, and chickens. In fact, the medication generally brought about a decrease in the percentage of animals carrying S. typhimurium during the study period. In contrast to results in swine and calves, there was a significant occurrence of S. typhimurium resistance to oxytetracycline in chickens. Resistant colonies were isolated from chickens sporadically but never on more than two consecutive test periods. These isolates were also resistant to streptomycin, but not to the other six antibiotics tested. The population of resistant S. typhimurium isolated from medicated chickens was no larger than that of susceptible S. typhimurium isolated from the nonmedicated animals. It is concluded that no evidence has been obtained which would relate the continuous low-level feeding of oxytetracycline for a 4-week period to an increased incidence of disease in animals or as a hazard to humans.", "contents": "Influence of subtherapeutic levels of oxytetracycline on Salmonella typhimurium in swine, alves, and chickens. Subtherapeutic levels of oxytetracycline in animal feeds have been evaluated to determine their influence on the relative quantity, prevalence, shedding, and antibiotic susceptibility of Salmonella typhimurium in swine, calves, and chickens, when compared with nonmedicated controls. The medicated groups were fed rations containing oxytetracycline commencing 5 days prior to oral inoculation with S. typhimurium and continuing through a 28-day post-inoculation period. Colonization of S. typhimurium occurred in all three animal species as evidenced by clinical signs of infection and/or colony counts in feces measured on seven separate occasions over the 28-day observation period. The accumulated data demonstrate that the subtherapeutic use of oxytetracycline did not bring about any increases in the quantity, prevalence, or shedding of S. typhimurium in swine, calves, and chickens. In fact, the medication generally brought about a decrease in the percentage of animals carrying S. typhimurium during the study period. In contrast to results in swine and calves, there was a significant occurrence of S. typhimurium resistance to oxytetracycline in chickens. Resistant colonies were isolated from chickens sporadically but never on more than two consecutive test periods. These isolates were also resistant to streptomycin, but not to the other six antibiotics tested. The population of resistant S. typhimurium isolated from medicated chickens was no larger than that of susceptible S. typhimurium isolated from the nonmedicated animals. It is concluded that no evidence has been obtained which would relate the continuous low-level feeding of oxytetracycline for a 4-week period to an increased incidence of disease in animals or as a hazard to humans.", "PMID": 1108781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2239", "title": "Antimicrobial effect of simple lipids with different branches at the methyl end group.", "content": "Various fatty acids of branched nature possess fungistatic and bacteriostatic properties. Some of these, particularly those of iso-configuration, strongly enhance the effect of conventional antimicrobial agents that act inside the cell membrane. A relation between this biological effect and the collapse properties of the corresponding monomolecular surface film on water has been observed. In this work, a series of fatty acids with a slightly smaller end group than iso-propyl, the omega-cyclopropane fatty acids, as well as one possessing a somewhat larger end group, the neo-branched fatty acids, have been examined. The omega-cyclopropane fatty acids were found to be more fungistatic than the iso-acids studied earlier. Furthermore, both cyclopropane and neo-fatty acids of short chain lengths exhibited synergistic effects in combination with tetramethylthiuramdisulfide.", "contents": "Antimicrobial effect of simple lipids with different branches at the methyl end group. Various fatty acids of branched nature possess fungistatic and bacteriostatic properties. Some of these, particularly those of iso-configuration, strongly enhance the effect of conventional antimicrobial agents that act inside the cell membrane. A relation between this biological effect and the collapse properties of the corresponding monomolecular surface film on water has been observed. In this work, a series of fatty acids with a slightly smaller end group than iso-propyl, the omega-cyclopropane fatty acids, as well as one possessing a somewhat larger end group, the neo-branched fatty acids, have been examined. The omega-cyclopropane fatty acids were found to be more fungistatic than the iso-acids studied earlier. Furthermore, both cyclopropane and neo-fatty acids of short chain lengths exhibited synergistic effects in combination with tetramethylthiuramdisulfide.", "PMID": 1108782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2240", "title": "Growth, respiration and cytology of acetate-negative mutants of Candida albicans.", "content": "A number of acriflavine-induced mutants of Candida albicans, characterized by their inability to grow on acetate as a source of energy, were screened for their cytochrome absorption spectra. Three mutants with different spectra, along with their parent, were selected for comparative studies of their growth, respiratory activities and cellular structure. The spectrum of one of the mutants was the same as that of the wild-type, but the growth rate and yield of cells on glucose medium were only about 60% of the wild-type's; those of a second mutant deficient in cytochromes aa3 were 50%, and those of a third mutant deficient in cytochromes aa3 and b were less than 5% of those of the wild-type. The cytochrome-complete mutant and the wild-type showed respiratory activity both on glucose and ethanol well above the endogenous, the cytochrome aa3-deficient mutant showed only endogenous respiration, and the cytochrome aa3, b-deficient mutant no respiration at all. Electron microscopy of the wild-type cells revealed discrete, regular ovoidal, cristate mitochondria spaced near the periphery of the protoplasm; the cytochrome-complete mutant showed an abundance of large, cristate, but morphologically irregular mitochondria; the cytochrome aa3-deficient mutant had fewer but still large, cristate, somewhat irregular mitochondria; and the cytochrome aa3, b-deficient mutant only a few simple vesicles without discernible cristae.", "contents": "Growth, respiration and cytology of acetate-negative mutants of Candida albicans. A number of acriflavine-induced mutants of Candida albicans, characterized by their inability to grow on acetate as a source of energy, were screened for their cytochrome absorption spectra. Three mutants with different spectra, along with their parent, were selected for comparative studies of their growth, respiratory activities and cellular structure. The spectrum of one of the mutants was the same as that of the wild-type, but the growth rate and yield of cells on glucose medium were only about 60% of the wild-type's; those of a second mutant deficient in cytochromes aa3 were 50%, and those of a third mutant deficient in cytochromes aa3 and b were less than 5% of those of the wild-type. The cytochrome-complete mutant and the wild-type showed respiratory activity both on glucose and ethanol well above the endogenous, the cytochrome aa3-deficient mutant showed only endogenous respiration, and the cytochrome aa3, b-deficient mutant no respiration at all. Electron microscopy of the wild-type cells revealed discrete, regular ovoidal, cristate mitochondria spaced near the periphery of the protoplasm; the cytochrome-complete mutant showed an abundance of large, cristate, but morphologically irregular mitochondria; the cytochrome aa3-deficient mutant had fewer but still large, cristate, somewhat irregular mitochondria; and the cytochrome aa3, b-deficient mutant only a few simple vesicles without discernible cristae.", "PMID": 1108784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2241", "title": "Effects of stereotactic lesions of the pulvinar and lateralis posterior nucleus on intractable pain and dyskinetic syndromes of man.", "content": "In a series of 18 patients suffering from intractable pain or different types of dyskinetic syndromes, 28 stereotactic lesions of the pulvinar, associated with six lesions of the laterlis posterior nucleus, have been performed. The evaluation of long-term results in intractable pain reduces the therapeutic benefit of the stereotactic pulvinolysis. Concerning dyskinetic syndromes, the pulvinar does not seem to play an important role in spasticity, while its role in other dyskinetic syndromes can be questionable.", "contents": "Effects of stereotactic lesions of the pulvinar and lateralis posterior nucleus on intractable pain and dyskinetic syndromes of man. In a series of 18 patients suffering from intractable pain or different types of dyskinetic syndromes, 28 stereotactic lesions of the pulvinar, associated with six lesions of the laterlis posterior nucleus, have been performed. The evaluation of long-term results in intractable pain reduces the therapeutic benefit of the stereotactic pulvinolysis. Concerning dyskinetic syndromes, the pulvinar does not seem to play an important role in spasticity, while its role in other dyskinetic syndromes can be questionable.", "PMID": 1108788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2242", "title": "Determination of intracerebral structures using osseous reference points for computer-aided stereotactic operations.", "content": "Computer-aided sterotactic neurosurgery can be improved and simplified by using craniocerebral parameters for the calculation of subcortical target points and avoiding an air-filling of the ventricles. This was achieved by selecting 403 pneumo-encephalographic studies at random, measuring the craniocerebral parameters according to age and sex. There is a correlation between the bony cranium and the brain axis. We established a formula and a table to determine in the plain X-ray the entrance of the foramen of Monroi with a standard deviation of +/- 1.5 mm and the inclination of the intracerebral basic line we used (foramen Monroi-commissura posterior). With this information various subcortical targets can be determined by means of computer programs.", "contents": "Determination of intracerebral structures using osseous reference points for computer-aided stereotactic operations. Computer-aided sterotactic neurosurgery can be improved and simplified by using craniocerebral parameters for the calculation of subcortical target points and avoiding an air-filling of the ventricles. This was achieved by selecting 403 pneumo-encephalographic studies at random, measuring the craniocerebral parameters according to age and sex. There is a correlation between the bony cranium and the brain axis. We established a formula and a table to determine in the plain X-ray the entrance of the foramen of Monroi with a standard deviation of +/- 1.5 mm and the inclination of the intracerebral basic line we used (foramen Monroi-commissura posterior). With this information various subcortical targets can be determined by means of computer programs.", "PMID": 1108789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2243", "title": "Survey of stereotactic and functional neurosurgery in the United States and Canada.", "content": "A survey of the number of neurosurgeons performing stereotactic and functional neurosurgery in the United States and Canada was conducted by questionnaire. Of the 637 respondents, 433 conducted either stereotactic or functional neurosurgery or both. The indications and number of stereotactic procedures done annually are presented. The number of neurosurgeons performing each of the various procedures is outlined, as well as the types of stereotactic apparatus and lesion employed.", "contents": "Survey of stereotactic and functional neurosurgery in the United States and Canada. A survey of the number of neurosurgeons performing stereotactic and functional neurosurgery in the United States and Canada was conducted by questionnaire. Of the 637 respondents, 433 conducted either stereotactic or functional neurosurgery or both. The indications and number of stereotactic procedures done annually are presented. The number of neurosurgeons performing each of the various procedures is outlined, as well as the types of stereotactic apparatus and lesion employed.", "PMID": 1108790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2244", "title": "A statisticl outline of the subthalamic target for the arrest of tremor.", "content": "In 60 cases operated on for the treatment of tremor, the insertion of an electrode that measured 1 mm in diameter produced complete arrest (40 cases) or significant decrease (20 cases) of the tremor on the contralateral side. The area where such effect was obtained was studied in AP and lateral radiograms. Using a method of standardization of the size of the thalamus and subthalamus, based on a proportional reucction of the length of the AC-PC line, the cases were found to cover a small area in the subthalamus. A statistical analysis of the position of the electrode tips at the moment the tremor was arrested was carried out in order to determine, with a high degree of probability, the area that includes the mean value of the target for the general population. This work allowed us to outline a small zone in the subthalamus as the target to be destroyed in future cases. The practical implications of the method are discussed and the possibility of reducing the size of the lesion is pointed out.", "contents": "A statisticl outline of the subthalamic target for the arrest of tremor. In 60 cases operated on for the treatment of tremor, the insertion of an electrode that measured 1 mm in diameter produced complete arrest (40 cases) or significant decrease (20 cases) of the tremor on the contralateral side. The area where such effect was obtained was studied in AP and lateral radiograms. Using a method of standardization of the size of the thalamus and subthalamus, based on a proportional reucction of the length of the AC-PC line, the cases were found to cover a small area in the subthalamus. A statistical analysis of the position of the electrode tips at the moment the tremor was arrested was carried out in order to determine, with a high degree of probability, the area that includes the mean value of the target for the general population. This work allowed us to outline a small zone in the subthalamus as the target to be destroyed in future cases. The practical implications of the method are discussed and the possibility of reducing the size of the lesion is pointed out.", "PMID": 1108791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2245", "title": "Improved method of selection for mutants of Pseudomonas putida.", "content": "Optimum conditions for enrichment of mutants of Pseudomonas putida in liquid culture were established using a procedure which combines N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine mutagenesis with an improved D-cycloserine selection.", "contents": "Improved method of selection for mutants of Pseudomonas putida. Optimum conditions for enrichment of mutants of Pseudomonas putida in liquid culture were established using a procedure which combines N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine mutagenesis with an improved D-cycloserine selection.", "PMID": 1108792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2246", "title": "Growth potential of Clostridium botulinum in fresh mushrooms packaged in semipermeable plastic film.", "content": "Fresh mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) were inoculated in the stem, gill, or cap with Clostridium botulinum spores. They were placed with uninoculated mushrooms in paper board trays, which were then covered and sealed in a polyvinyl chloride stretch film to simulate prepackaged mushrooms available at retail stores. When incubated at 20 C, botulinum toxin could be detected as early as  day 3, or 4, when the mushrooms still appear edible. Mushrooms inoculated in the stem with 1,000 type A spores frequently became botulinogenic; higher spore levels were needed if gills or caps were inoculation sites. Type B spores were less apt to produce toxic mushrooms. Respiration of the fresh mushrooms used up O2 more rapidly than could enter through the semipermeable wrapping film, so that the equilibrium O2 concentration became low enough for growth of C. botulinum. Inoculated mushrooms did not become botulinogenic when held at 4 C.", "contents": "Growth potential of Clostridium botulinum in fresh mushrooms packaged in semipermeable plastic film. Fresh mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) were inoculated in the stem, gill, or cap with Clostridium botulinum spores. They were placed with uninoculated mushrooms in paper board trays, which were then covered and sealed in a polyvinyl chloride stretch film to simulate prepackaged mushrooms available at retail stores. When incubated at 20 C, botulinum toxin could be detected as early as  day 3, or 4, when the mushrooms still appear edible. Mushrooms inoculated in the stem with 1,000 type A spores frequently became botulinogenic; higher spore levels were needed if gills or caps were inoculation sites. Type B spores were less apt to produce toxic mushrooms. Respiration of the fresh mushrooms used up O2 more rapidly than could enter through the semipermeable wrapping film, so that the equilibrium O2 concentration became low enough for growth of C. botulinum. Inoculated mushrooms did not become botulinogenic when held at 4 C.", "PMID": 1108793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2247", "title": "The role of carrier in sensitivity to chromium and cobalt.", "content": "Patients suffering from contact dermatitis caused by chromium sensitivity showed positive reactions to intradermal tests with chromium and cobalt chlorides. Patch tests to cobalt in unaffected and in healed eczematous skin areas gave negative results. A large number of chromium-sensitive patients also showed a positive intradermal test reaction to cobalt bound to human serum albumin and a negative reaction to cobalt bound to rabbit liver glycogen. It has been suggested that these positive reactions to cobalt are secondary sensitivities to cobalt, caused by cobalt-denaturated human serum albumin that is so similar to the denaturated product of chromium cations that the competent cells cannot distinguish between them.", "contents": "The role of carrier in sensitivity to chromium and cobalt. Patients suffering from contact dermatitis caused by chromium sensitivity showed positive reactions to intradermal tests with chromium and cobalt chlorides. Patch tests to cobalt in unaffected and in healed eczematous skin areas gave negative results. A large number of chromium-sensitive patients also showed a positive intradermal test reaction to cobalt bound to human serum albumin and a negative reaction to cobalt bound to rabbit liver glycogen. It has been suggested that these positive reactions to cobalt are secondary sensitivities to cobalt, caused by cobalt-denaturated human serum albumin that is so similar to the denaturated product of chromium cations that the competent cells cannot distinguish between them.", "PMID": 1108802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2248", "title": "Dermatitis herpetiformis and bullous pemphigoid. Intermediate and mixed forms.", "content": "Nine patients had clinical and histological features suggestive of both dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) and bullous pemphigold (BP).  Five patients responded to treatment with sulfapyridine or sulfones: in two the response was inconsistent, and the disease was controlled by combined treatment with prednisone; in one patient, there was no response to sulfapyridine or sulfones. Immunofluorescence studies showed IgA deposits in a linear homogeneous pattern at the basement membrane zone in all patients, and IgG was present in five. No circulating anti-basement membrane antibodies were detected by repeated immunofluorescence examinations. The authors conclude that the occasional overlapping of BP and DH should not lead to dropping the distinction between the two entities. For overlap cases that cannot be classified as BP or DH, the term \"intermediate or mixed form of DH and BP\" seems to be most suitable.", "contents": "Dermatitis herpetiformis and bullous pemphigoid. Intermediate and mixed forms. Nine patients had clinical and histological features suggestive of both dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) and bullous pemphigold (BP).  Five patients responded to treatment with sulfapyridine or sulfones: in two the response was inconsistent, and the disease was controlled by combined treatment with prednisone; in one patient, there was no response to sulfapyridine or sulfones. Immunofluorescence studies showed IgA deposits in a linear homogeneous pattern at the basement membrane zone in all patients, and IgG was present in five. No circulating anti-basement membrane antibodies were detected by repeated immunofluorescence examinations. The authors conclude that the occasional overlapping of BP and DH should not lead to dropping the distinction between the two entities. For overlap cases that cannot be classified as BP or DH, the term \"intermediate or mixed form of DH and BP\" seems to be most suitable.", "PMID": 1108803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2249", "title": "Scabies simulating Darier disease in an immunosuppressed host.", "content": "A patient who had recently had renal transplant was on a maintenance regimen of azathioprine and prednisone. She developed a florid, scaling, papular eruption clinically identical to Darler disease. Biopsy specimens and skin scrapings, however, showed a scabietic infestation. We believe that this highly atypical presenation, which had several features found in Norwegian scabies, was due to  muted inflammatory response that permitted a great proliferation of the mites.", "contents": "Scabies simulating Darier disease in an immunosuppressed host. A patient who had recently had renal transplant was on a maintenance regimen of azathioprine and prednisone. She developed a florid, scaling, papular eruption clinically identical to Darler disease. Biopsy specimens and skin scrapings, however, showed a scabietic infestation. We believe that this highly atypical presenation, which had several features found in Norwegian scabies, was due to  muted inflammatory response that permitted a great proliferation of the mites.", "PMID": 1108804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2250", "title": "Occurrence of bullous pemphigoid after furosemide therapy.", "content": "A 78-year-old woman with Parkinson disease developed tense bullous lesions on the chest, arms, and in the groin that were diagnosed as bullous pemphigoid. Histologic examination, as well as immunofluorescence tests, confirmed this diagnosis. The possibility of a drug-induced disease was considered because she was taking seven different medications. Furosemide (Lasix) was suspected primarily. Complete clearing occurred with prednisone therapy, but readministration of furosemide resulted in bulla formation.", "contents": "Occurrence of bullous pemphigoid after furosemide therapy. A 78-year-old woman with Parkinson disease developed tense bullous lesions on the chest, arms, and in the groin that were diagnosed as bullous pemphigoid. Histologic examination, as well as immunofluorescence tests, confirmed this diagnosis. The possibility of a drug-induced disease was considered because she was taking seven different medications. Furosemide (Lasix) was suspected primarily. Complete clearing occurred with prednisone therapy, but readministration of furosemide resulted in bulla formation.", "PMID": 1108805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2251", "title": "Sex-related incidence in proteus infection of the urinary tract in childhood.", "content": "Over a 2-year period 80% of children found to have significant Proteus bacteriuria were boys. The organism was isolated from the prepuce in 30% of normal boys and 32% of those with balanitis. Proteus urinary tract infection should be carefully confirmed and proved cases thoroughly investigated.", "contents": "Sex-related incidence in proteus infection of the urinary tract in childhood. Over a 2-year period 80% of children found to have significant Proteus bacteriuria were boys. The organism was isolated from the prepuce in 30% of normal boys and 32% of those with balanitis. Proteus urinary tract infection should be carefully confirmed and proved cases thoroughly investigated.", "PMID": 1108808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2252", "title": "[Defective polymorphonuclear leukocyte function in chronic granulomatous muco-cutaneous candidiasis (author's transl)].", "content": "Chronic granulomatous muco-cutaneous candidiasis is reported in a 12-year-old boy who died of pulmonal cryptococcosis. Chemotactic and phagocytic functions of the neutrophilic polymorphonuclear leukocytes were deficient while the cell mediated immunity was not disturbed and no decrease of immunoglobulins and complement factors--especially C3 and C5--was found in the serum. The possibility is considered that the disturbance of lymphocyte mediated immune response is the normal, but not only fundamental aetiological factor of chronic muco-cutaneous candidiasis.", "contents": "[Defective polymorphonuclear leukocyte function in chronic granulomatous muco-cutaneous candidiasis (author's transl)]. Chronic granulomatous muco-cutaneous candidiasis is reported in a 12-year-old boy who died of pulmonal cryptococcosis. Chemotactic and phagocytic functions of the neutrophilic polymorphonuclear leukocytes were deficient while the cell mediated immunity was not disturbed and no decrease of immunoglobulins and complement factors--especially C3 and C5--was found in the serum. The possibility is considered that the disturbance of lymphocyte mediated immune response is the normal, but not only fundamental aetiological factor of chronic muco-cutaneous candidiasis.", "PMID": 1108810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2253", "title": "Treatment of chronic renal failure by transplantation and dialysis: two decades of cooperation.", "content": "The overall transplant experience at the Peter Bent Brigham Hospital which extends over twenty years has been reviewed; the course of all patients was updated to a followup of at least one year (through October 1973). A total of 388 patients received 427 renal isografts and allografts between March 1951 and October 1972. Of these, 58% were still alive at the end of the followup period, 50% with a functioning graft. The results of patient and allograft survival early (1959-1968) and later (1968-1973) in the experience have been compared. The significant decline in patient mortality, especially among recipients of cadaver allografts, demonstrates improved treatment of complications and increased availability of dialysis. The improvement of allograft function during the two time periods is less striking but still significant. Overall social and work rehabilitation following transplantation was evaluated in 284 patients, 86% of whom became at least as well adjusted as they had been prior to the development of renal failure. The incidence and individual causes for mortality and complications of transplantation have been compared to results from the National Dialysis Registry, figures comparable to those of the dialysis program at this institution. Transplantation and dialysis must be used conjointly and in a complimentary manner as part of the total treatment for those with end-stage renal failure.", "contents": "Treatment of chronic renal failure by transplantation and dialysis: two decades of cooperation. The overall transplant experience at the Peter Bent Brigham Hospital which extends over twenty years has been reviewed; the course of all patients was updated to a followup of at least one year (through October 1973). A total of 388 patients received 427 renal isografts and allografts between March 1951 and October 1972. Of these, 58% were still alive at the end of the followup period, 50% with a functioning graft. The results of patient and allograft survival early (1959-1968) and later (1968-1973) in the experience have been compared. The significant decline in patient mortality, especially among recipients of cadaver allografts, demonstrates improved treatment of complications and increased availability of dialysis. The improvement of allograft function during the two time periods is less striking but still significant. Overall social and work rehabilitation following transplantation was evaluated in 284 patients, 86% of whom became at least as well adjusted as they had been prior to the development of renal failure. The incidence and individual causes for mortality and complications of transplantation have been compared to results from the National Dialysis Registry, figures comparable to those of the dialysis program at this institution. Transplantation and dialysis must be used conjointly and in a complimentary manner as part of the total treatment for those with end-stage renal failure.", "PMID": 1108811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2254", "title": "Heidenhain pouch distension as a stimulus for acid and pepsin secretion.", "content": "Heidenhain pouches, in dogs with simple gastric fistulae, were distended with saline (30, 60 and 90 ml). Pouch acid and pepsin increased linearly with increasing saline volume. Additional pentagastrin augmented the acid but antagonized the pepsin responses. Atropine depressed both the acid and pepsin responses to distention. Ganglionic blockade and local anesthetization of the secretory mucosa also depressed the acid but spared the pepsin response.", "contents": "Heidenhain pouch distension as a stimulus for acid and pepsin secretion. Heidenhain pouches, in dogs with simple gastric fistulae, were distended with saline (30, 60 and 90 ml). Pouch acid and pepsin increased linearly with increasing saline volume. Additional pentagastrin augmented the acid but antagonized the pepsin responses. Atropine depressed both the acid and pepsin responses to distention. Ganglionic blockade and local anesthetization of the secretory mucosa also depressed the acid but spared the pepsin response.", "PMID": 1108812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2255", "title": "Cardiac output measurement by thermal dilution: reproducibility and comparison with the dye-dilution technique.", "content": "Cardiac output estimates by the principle of thermodilution (COth) was compared with dye-dilution estimates (COdye) in pigs. For COth estimates a Swan-Ganz 7 F floating thermodilution catheter and a 9500 Edwards Computer, were used. The COdye estimates were obtained by the apparatus constructed by Zijlstra and Mook. The effect of the thermistor position in the pulmonary artery on the COth estimates was also investigated. The reproducibility of COth was examined by duplicate determinations. Based on 101 simultaneous estimates of COth and COdye the correlation was found COth = 1.020 COdye + 0.2378, r = 0.971 for cardiac outputs between 0.65 l/min and 11 l/min. For 111 duplicate determinations of COth between 2 and 9 l/min the coefficient of variation was 4.74%. The thermistor position in the pulmonary artery had no influence on the COth estimates provided an undamped pressure curve could be monitored from the tip of the catheter. Cardiac output can thus be measured rapidly with good accuracy also for low values by means of a blindly inserted thermistor catheter positioned without x-ray control and a computer with digital display.", "contents": "Cardiac output measurement by thermal dilution: reproducibility and comparison with the dye-dilution technique. Cardiac output estimates by the principle of thermodilution (COth) was compared with dye-dilution estimates (COdye) in pigs. For COth estimates a Swan-Ganz 7 F floating thermodilution catheter and a 9500 Edwards Computer, were used. The COdye estimates were obtained by the apparatus constructed by Zijlstra and Mook. The effect of the thermistor position in the pulmonary artery on the COth estimates was also investigated. The reproducibility of COth was examined by duplicate determinations. Based on 101 simultaneous estimates of COth and COdye the correlation was found COth = 1.020 COdye + 0.2378, r = 0.971 for cardiac outputs between 0.65 l/min and 11 l/min. For 111 duplicate determinations of COth between 2 and 9 l/min the coefficient of variation was 4.74%. The thermistor position in the pulmonary artery had no influence on the COth estimates provided an undamped pressure curve could be monitored from the tip of the catheter. Cardiac output can thus be measured rapidly with good accuracy also for low values by means of a blindly inserted thermistor catheter positioned without x-ray control and a computer with digital display.", "PMID": 1108813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2256", "title": "Acute colitis in the renal allograft recipient.", "content": "Four renal allograft recipients with evidence of ischemic damage to the colon are presented and compared with 11 cases from 5 major series. Similarities in the patients included: deterioration of renal function, multiple immunosuppressive and antibiotic regimens, the use of cadaver renal allografts, and diagnostic and therapeutic measures requiring frequent enemas with barium and ion-exchange resins. Two of our patients underwent surgery for the removal of segments of necrotic colon after several weeks of fever and abdominal pain initially attributed to either acute rejection, viral infection, or pancreatitis. One patient had three days of melena and responded to non-operative therapy. The fourth patient developed ischemic colonic changes 10 weeks after allograft nephrectomy and was receiving no immunosuppression at the time. Broad spectrum antibiotics were used at various times in all patients. Early aggressive evaluation of gastrointestinal complaints--including barium enema, upper gastrointestinal series with small bowel follow-through, proctosigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy, and arteriography--is indicated, in view of the lethality of the complication of colonic ulceration. The clinical pictures presented emphasize the fact that recipients of renal allografts are commonly heir to many complications which may be considered rare in the normal population.", "contents": "Acute colitis in the renal allograft recipient. Four renal allograft recipients with evidence of ischemic damage to the colon are presented and compared with 11 cases from 5 major series. Similarities in the patients included: deterioration of renal function, multiple immunosuppressive and antibiotic regimens, the use of cadaver renal allografts, and diagnostic and therapeutic measures requiring frequent enemas with barium and ion-exchange resins. Two of our patients underwent surgery for the removal of segments of necrotic colon after several weeks of fever and abdominal pain initially attributed to either acute rejection, viral infection, or pancreatitis. One patient had three days of melena and responded to non-operative therapy. The fourth patient developed ischemic colonic changes 10 weeks after allograft nephrectomy and was receiving no immunosuppression at the time. Broad spectrum antibiotics were used at various times in all patients. Early aggressive evaluation of gastrointestinal complaints--including barium enema, upper gastrointestinal series with small bowel follow-through, proctosigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy, and arteriography--is indicated, in view of the lethality of the complication of colonic ulceration. The clinical pictures presented emphasize the fact that recipients of renal allografts are commonly heir to many complications which may be considered rare in the normal population.", "PMID": 1108814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2257", "title": "Historical aspects in the development of venous autografts.", "content": "During the past 75 years much progress has occurred in the field of vascular surgery. During this period, contributions from clinical surgeons have stimulated new scientific discoveries which have led to further clinical applications in a mutually perpetuating cycle of surgical advancement. One of the major achievements has been the use of the venous autograft employed as an arterial substitute. First used by Goyanes in 1906 to replace a popliteal aneurysm, a venous autograft was first successfully employed in the United States by Bernheim in 1915. The stepwise development of this aspect of modern vascular surgery is presented, and the role of other related contributions in making its use feasible is reviewed.", "contents": "Historical aspects in the development of venous autografts. During the past 75 years much progress has occurred in the field of vascular surgery. During this period, contributions from clinical surgeons have stimulated new scientific discoveries which have led to further clinical applications in a mutually perpetuating cycle of surgical advancement. One of the major achievements has been the use of the venous autograft employed as an arterial substitute. First used by Goyanes in 1906 to replace a popliteal aneurysm, a venous autograft was first successfully employed in the United States by Bernheim in 1915. The stepwise development of this aspect of modern vascular surgery is presented, and the role of other related contributions in making its use feasible is reviewed.", "PMID": 1108815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2258", "title": "Innominate artery rupture. A major complication of tracheal surgery.", "content": "Innominate artery rupture is a life-threatening complication of tracheal reconstructive surgery. Early postoperative rupture of the innominate artery occurred in 8 of 100 consecutive patients undergoing tracheal resection and reconstruction (93, end-to-end anastomosis; 7, Marlex prosthesis). A premonitory transient hemoptysis occurred in 4 of the 8 patients. This sign may permit early diagnosis and effective treatment. When massive hemorrhage occurs, prompt arterial compression, control of the airway, and subsequent ligation of the artery may be lifesaving. Direct repair of the arterial defect is not recommended. If the innominate artery lies in direct contact with the suture line following primary anastomosis, soft tissue interposition is recommended.", "contents": "Innominate artery rupture. A major complication of tracheal surgery. Innominate artery rupture is a life-threatening complication of tracheal reconstructive surgery. Early postoperative rupture of the innominate artery occurred in 8 of 100 consecutive patients undergoing tracheal resection and reconstruction (93, end-to-end anastomosis; 7, Marlex prosthesis). A premonitory transient hemoptysis occurred in 4 of the 8 patients. This sign may permit early diagnosis and effective treatment. When massive hemorrhage occurs, prompt arterial compression, control of the airway, and subsequent ligation of the artery may be lifesaving. Direct repair of the arterial defect is not recommended. If the innominate artery lies in direct contact with the suture line following primary anastomosis, soft tissue interposition is recommended.", "PMID": 1108816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2259", "title": "Trachea--innominate artery fistula following tracheostomy. Successful repair using an innominate vein graft.", "content": "This report discusses the first recorded patient in whom a trachea--innominate artery fistula after tracheostomy was treated successfully by resection of the eroded segment of artery followed by graft replacement using the patient's left innominate vein. The mechanism of vessel erosion and its prevention are discussed. Also, suitable methods are presented for obtaining temporary control of the severe hemorrhage associated with a tracheoarterial fistula while simultaneously maintaining an adequate airway.", "contents": "Trachea--innominate artery fistula following tracheostomy. Successful repair using an innominate vein graft. This report discusses the first recorded patient in whom a trachea--innominate artery fistula after tracheostomy was treated successfully by resection of the eroded segment of artery followed by graft replacement using the patient's left innominate vein. The mechanism of vessel erosion and its prevention are discussed. Also, suitable methods are presented for obtaining temporary control of the severe hemorrhage associated with a tracheoarterial fistula while simultaneously maintaining an adequate airway.", "PMID": 1108817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2260", "title": "The surgical treatment of pectus excavatum: an experience with 90 operations.", "content": "Funnel chest, a congenital hereditary deformity, may lead to impairment of cardiopulmonary function. The predominant motives for operation are psychological and cosmetic. Patients with minor deformities amenable to physiotherapy should not be operated upon, but moderately severe defects justify surgical intervention. Objective photographic documentation is essential. Because of their importance to surgical technique and results, the symmetrical, asymmetrical, localized, and extensive deformities should be distinguished. Ninety operations were performed between 1951 and 1974 according to the various techniques known during that period. Results were irregular until the introduction eight years ago of an operation combining extensive resection according to Ravitch and stabilization by a metal strut as recommended by Adkins and others. Of 24 operations performed during the last eight years, 23 have given excellent long-term results.", "contents": "The surgical treatment of pectus excavatum: an experience with 90 operations. Funnel chest, a congenital hereditary deformity, may lead to impairment of cardiopulmonary function. The predominant motives for operation are psychological and cosmetic. Patients with minor deformities amenable to physiotherapy should not be operated upon, but moderately severe defects justify surgical intervention. Objective photographic documentation is essential. Because of their importance to surgical technique and results, the symmetrical, asymmetrical, localized, and extensive deformities should be distinguished. Ninety operations were performed between 1951 and 1974 according to the various techniques known during that period. Results were irregular until the introduction eight years ago of an operation combining extensive resection according to Ravitch and stabilization by a metal strut as recommended by Adkins and others. Of 24 operations performed during the last eight years, 23 have given excellent long-term results.", "PMID": 1108818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2261", "title": "Pleural flap closure of pericardial defects following intrapericardial pneumonectomy.", "content": "Persistent pericardial defects following intrapericardial pneumonectomy are, historically, the major cause of iatrogenic cardiac herniation. This complication is uniformly fatal when unrecognized and untreated and has been associated with a 43% mortality even with surgical correction. Suture approximation of all small defects is recommended, and a technique for routine pleural flap closure of moderate to large-sized defects is described.", "contents": "Pleural flap closure of pericardial defects following intrapericardial pneumonectomy. Persistent pericardial defects following intrapericardial pneumonectomy are, historically, the major cause of iatrogenic cardiac herniation. This complication is uniformly fatal when unrecognized and untreated and has been associated with a 43% mortality even with surgical correction. Suture approximation of all small defects is recommended, and a technique for routine pleural flap closure of moderate to large-sized defects is described.", "PMID": 1108819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2262", "title": "Quadruple coronary artery bypass grafting.", "content": "In our last 150 consecutive revascularization operations, 30 patients (20%) have had 4 or more bypass grafts. One patient died after quadruple grafting (mortality, 3%). Twenty-two (75%) of the survivors have been rehabilitated to active work status and 25 (86%) were considered by their cardiologists to have improved function postoperatively by New York Heart Association criteria. Preoperatively 15 patients (50% of the group) had either a markedly diminished ejection fraction (EF) or extreme elevation in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) or both. Complete revascularization, with resection of ventricular aneurysms when present, can be carried out successfully in a high-risk group of patients. Elevated LVEDP or diminished EF per se is not a valid contraindication to myocardial revascularization.", "contents": "Quadruple coronary artery bypass grafting. In our last 150 consecutive revascularization operations, 30 patients (20%) have had 4 or more bypass grafts. One patient died after quadruple grafting (mortality, 3%). Twenty-two (75%) of the survivors have been rehabilitated to active work status and 25 (86%) were considered by their cardiologists to have improved function postoperatively by New York Heart Association criteria. Preoperatively 15 patients (50% of the group) had either a markedly diminished ejection fraction (EF) or extreme elevation in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) or both. Complete revascularization, with resection of ventricular aneurysms when present, can be carried out successfully in a high-risk group of patients. Elevated LVEDP or diminished EF per se is not a valid contraindication to myocardial revascularization.", "PMID": 1108820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2263", "title": "Caustic ingestion and subsequent damage to the oropharyngeal and digestive passages.", "content": "The characteristics, diagnosis, and management of oropharyngeal and digestive passage lesions due to ingestion of caustic agents are presented. Previous experimental and clinical studies are reviewed with discussion of the peculiar qualities of the newer caustics. Differentiation in treatment of burns caused by solid and liquid agents is stressed.", "contents": "Caustic ingestion and subsequent damage to the oropharyngeal and digestive passages. The characteristics, diagnosis, and management of oropharyngeal and digestive passage lesions due to ingestion of caustic agents are presented. Previous experimental and clinical studies are reviewed with discussion of the peculiar qualities of the newer caustics. Differentiation in treatment of burns caused by solid and liquid agents is stressed.", "PMID": 1108822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2264", "title": "Propranolol as primary therapy for thyrotoxicosis.", "content": "It has been suggested that propranolol hydrochloride alone is effective in the treatment of thyrotoxicosis. To test this hypothesis, eight mildly thyrotoxic individuals were prospectively studied for an average of eight months, during which propranolol alone was administered and thyroid function tests, cardiac systolic time intervals, and body densities were sequentially measured. Two patients became euthyroid. The others had adequate but incomplete symptomatic control. Weight loss was not corrected, but no changes in lean body mass were induced. The augmented myocardial contractility of thyrotoxicosis, as determined by systolic time intervals, improved but failed to return completely to normal. Thus, systolic time intervals are a practical means of following the peripheral response to chronic beta-adrenergic blockage in thyrotoxic patients. However, these observations do not support the use of propranolol alone as the first choice of therapy for thyrotoxicosis.", "contents": "Propranolol as primary therapy for thyrotoxicosis. It has been suggested that propranolol hydrochloride alone is effective in the treatment of thyrotoxicosis. To test this hypothesis, eight mildly thyrotoxic individuals were prospectively studied for an average of eight months, during which propranolol alone was administered and thyroid function tests, cardiac systolic time intervals, and body densities were sequentially measured. Two patients became euthyroid. The others had adequate but incomplete symptomatic control. Weight loss was not corrected, but no changes in lean body mass were induced. The augmented myocardial contractility of thyrotoxicosis, as determined by systolic time intervals, improved but failed to return completely to normal. Thus, systolic time intervals are a practical means of following the peripheral response to chronic beta-adrenergic blockage in thyrotoxic patients. However, these observations do not support the use of propranolol alone as the first choice of therapy for thyrotoxicosis.", "PMID": 1108824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2265", "title": "Candida endocarditis in two patients.", "content": "On the basis of the data currently available, no dogmatic statements can be made about optimal therapy for Candida endocarditis. In those with valve protheses, early surgery should be carefully assessed even though the differences in outcome (17% vs 53% survival) are not yet statistically significant.", "contents": "Candida endocarditis in two patients. On the basis of the data currently available, no dogmatic statements can be made about optimal therapy for Candida endocarditis. In those with valve protheses, early surgery should be carefully assessed even though the differences in outcome (17% vs 53% survival) are not yet statistically significant.", "PMID": 1108825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2266", "title": "Meningoencephalitis caused by Histoplasma capsulatum: occurrence in a renal transplant recipient and a review of the literature.", "content": "A case of meningoencephalitis caused by histoplasmosis in a renal transplant patient is described. The diagnosis was made postmortem. The clinicopathological features of 39 additional cases of central nervous system (CNS) invasion by histoplasmosis were reviewed. In the great majority of instances (92.1%), CNS involvement occurred in the disseminated form of the disease. Diagnosis was proved by culturing the fungus from bone marrow, blood, lymph nodes, or liver. Neurological symptoms and signs and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) changes did not occur until extensive brain damage had resulted. Difficulty in culturing the organism in the (CSF) caused a further delay in making an early diagnosis of CNS involvement. The use of meningeal and brain biopsy specimens in conjunction with the electroencephalogram (EEG) may help in making an earlier diagnosis of CNS involvement.", "contents": "Meningoencephalitis caused by Histoplasma capsulatum: occurrence in a renal transplant recipient and a review of the literature. A case of meningoencephalitis caused by histoplasmosis in a renal transplant patient is described. The diagnosis was made postmortem. The clinicopathological features of 39 additional cases of central nervous system (CNS) invasion by histoplasmosis were reviewed. In the great majority of instances (92.1%), CNS involvement occurred in the disseminated form of the disease. Diagnosis was proved by culturing the fungus from bone marrow, blood, lymph nodes, or liver. Neurological symptoms and signs and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) changes did not occur until extensive brain damage had resulted. Difficulty in culturing the organism in the (CSF) caused a further delay in making an early diagnosis of CNS involvement. The use of meningeal and brain biopsy specimens in conjunction with the electroencephalogram (EEG) may help in making an earlier diagnosis of CNS involvement.", "PMID": 1108826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2267", "title": "The life table. A method for analyzing longitudinal studies.", "content": "The life table is presented as the method of choice for analyzing data from longitudinal studies in which the outcome under study occurs randomly and in which patients are followed up varying lengths of time. We discuss the superiority of the life table to methods typically used, the calculation of its entries, and some of the clinical uses that can be made of its results. The method is applied to follow-up data on manic-depressive patients maintained with prophylactic lithium carbonate or with control regimens, and it is shown to disclose mathematical regularities in the parameters of longitudinal course.", "contents": "The life table. A method for analyzing longitudinal studies. The life table is presented as the method of choice for analyzing data from longitudinal studies in which the outcome under study occurs randomly and in which patients are followed up varying lengths of time. We discuss the superiority of the life table to methods typically used, the calculation of its entries, and some of the clinical uses that can be made of its results. The method is applied to follow-up data on manic-depressive patients maintained with prophylactic lithium carbonate or with control regimens, and it is shown to disclose mathematical regularities in the parameters of longitudinal course.", "PMID": 1108831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2268", "title": "Lithium carbonate and affective disorders. V: A double-blind study of prophylaxis of depression in bipolar illness.", "content": "The efficacy of lithium carbonate as a prophylactic drug against depression in bipolar manic depressive patients was assessed through a double-blind, placebo-controlled study of patients who had histories of recurrent depressions and hypomanias (\"bipolar II\"). The results revealed that treatment with lithium carbonate resulted in a reduction in the frequency of depressive attacks was observed with lithium carbonate treatment during the study (mean length of study, approximately 16 months), although there was a suggestion that the depressive attacks that occurred during treatment with lithium carbonate might be less severe than with placebo treatment.", "contents": "Lithium carbonate and affective disorders. V: A double-blind study of prophylaxis of depression in bipolar illness. The efficacy of lithium carbonate as a prophylactic drug against depression in bipolar manic depressive patients was assessed through a double-blind, placebo-controlled study of patients who had histories of recurrent depressions and hypomanias (\"bipolar II\"). The results revealed that treatment with lithium carbonate resulted in a reduction in the frequency of depressive attacks was observed with lithium carbonate treatment during the study (mean length of study, approximately 16 months), although there was a suggestion that the depressive attacks that occurred during treatment with lithium carbonate might be less severe than with placebo treatment.", "PMID": 1108832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2269", "title": "[Morphological aspects of the functional stability of the kidney].", "content": "Specific features of the internal architectonics of the secondary kidney have been analyzed from standpoints of main propositions of cybernetics. The high stability of the organ as a biological system is determined by a great number of non-equivalent elements both in the composition of the nephron in the level of coalition of nephrons and in other subsystems. It promotes 1) preservation of a part of neurons under extreme effects, 2) duplication, 3) creation of optimal variants of active functioning coalitions of nephrons, 4) maintenance of optimal regimen of work of the nephron and kidney as a whole. Specialization of cells, their ability to regenerate, control in many levels also contribute to stability. It is supposed that non-equivalence of the elements of subsystems in ontogenesis is sustained by their asynchronous development, while in phylogenesis--by intratissue divergence.", "contents": "[Morphological aspects of the functional stability of the kidney]. Specific features of the internal architectonics of the secondary kidney have been analyzed from standpoints of main propositions of cybernetics. The high stability of the organ as a biological system is determined by a great number of non-equivalent elements both in the composition of the nephron in the level of coalition of nephrons and in other subsystems. It promotes 1) preservation of a part of neurons under extreme effects, 2) duplication, 3) creation of optimal variants of active functioning coalitions of nephrons, 4) maintenance of optimal regimen of work of the nephron and kidney as a whole. Specialization of cells, their ability to regenerate, control in many levels also contribute to stability. It is supposed that non-equivalence of the elements of subsystems in ontogenesis is sustained by their asynchronous development, while in phylogenesis--by intratissue divergence.", "PMID": 1108846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2270", "title": "'Figure 8' ipsilateral autokeratoplasty. A modification using standard corneal trephines.", "content": "A modification of the \"figure 8\" ipsilateral autokeratoplasty uses a silicone wafer beneath a portion of a standard sized corneal trephine to limit its cutting edge. This procedure eliminates the necessity of a custom-made instrument in a seldom-performed operation.", "contents": "'Figure 8' ipsilateral autokeratoplasty. A modification using standard corneal trephines. A modification of the \"figure 8\" ipsilateral autokeratoplasty uses a silicone wafer beneath a portion of a standard sized corneal trephine to limit its cutting edge. This procedure eliminates the necessity of a custom-made instrument in a seldom-performed operation.", "PMID": 1108848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2271", "title": "Cancer of the skin of the nose. Treatment by total skin excision and three-quarter thickness skin graft.", "content": "We describe a method of treatment and repair of superficial cancers of the skin of the nose. In 124 patients in whom excision of the lesion and a split thickness skin graft were used, 77% were alive and free of their disease after five years of follow-up. Three patients in whom a skin graft was performed were unavailable for follow-up, and 15 patients developed local recurrence either in the area of excision or in the surrounding skin. The method is easy, reliable, and the cosmetic results are satisfactory.", "contents": "Cancer of the skin of the nose. Treatment by total skin excision and three-quarter thickness skin graft. We describe a method of treatment and repair of superficial cancers of the skin of the nose. In 124 patients in whom excision of the lesion and a split thickness skin graft were used, 77% were alive and free of their disease after five years of follow-up. Three patients in whom a skin graft was performed were unavailable for follow-up, and 15 patients developed local recurrence either in the area of excision or in the surrounding skin. The method is easy, reliable, and the cosmetic results are satisfactory.", "PMID": 1108849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2272", "title": "The metallography of a nickel base casting alloy.", "content": "Three groups of tensile test pieces were produced using a nickel base partial denture casting alloy and employing induction fusion in each case. The first group was produced fro new metal, the second from metal which had been recast four times, and the third from new overheated metal. Samples of alloy were cut from each group, and together with a piece from an original ingot, were mounted, polished, etched, and examined under a metallurgical microscope.", "contents": "The metallography of a nickel base casting alloy. Three groups of tensile test pieces were produced using a nickel base partial denture casting alloy and employing induction fusion in each case. The first group was produced fro new metal, the second from metal which had been recast four times, and the third from new overheated metal. Samples of alloy were cut from each group, and together with a piece from an original ingot, were mounted, polished, etched, and examined under a metallurgical microscope.", "PMID": 1108851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2273", "title": "A forcast of requirements for the treatment of chronic renal failure in Victoria.", "content": "Using a Markov chain mathematical model, dialysis and transplantation requirements for Victoria in the next five to ten years have been predicted. The numerical constants in the model are based on data from past Australian experience. Predictions showed a steady rise in numbers requiring dialysis and transplantation. Home dialysis numbers will probably double within five years but hospital dialysis numbers will only increase by 50% in the same period. If as many patients as possible were trained for home dialysis on entering the treatment programme, home dialysis numbers could triple in five years, but hospital dialysis numbers would be correspondingly reduced. It is hoped that this model will enable planning authorities to allocate resources for renal failure treatment in a more rational manner.", "contents": "A forcast of requirements for the treatment of chronic renal failure in Victoria. Using a Markov chain mathematical model, dialysis and transplantation requirements for Victoria in the next five to ten years have been predicted. The numerical constants in the model are based on data from past Australian experience. Predictions showed a steady rise in numbers requiring dialysis and transplantation. Home dialysis numbers will probably double within five years but hospital dialysis numbers will only increase by 50% in the same period. If as many patients as possible were trained for home dialysis on entering the treatment programme, home dialysis numbers could triple in five years, but hospital dialysis numbers would be correspondingly reduced. It is hoped that this model will enable planning authorities to allocate resources for renal failure treatment in a more rational manner.", "PMID": 1108852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2274", "title": "Successful use of combination chemotherapy in pure red cell aplasia associated with malignant lymphoma, histiocytic type.", "content": "A case of pure red cell aplasia developing in a woman aged 78 is reported. Biopsy of an enlarged axillary lymph node disclosed a malignant lymphoma, histiocytic type. Therapy with intermittent cyclophosphamide and prednisone was instituted. There was rapid remission of the red cell aplasia. Clinical recurrence of the histiocytic lymphoma has not occurred.", "contents": "Successful use of combination chemotherapy in pure red cell aplasia associated with malignant lymphoma, histiocytic type. A case of pure red cell aplasia developing in a woman aged 78 is reported. Biopsy of an enlarged axillary lymph node disclosed a malignant lymphoma, histiocytic type. Therapy with intermittent cyclophosphamide and prednisone was instituted. There was rapid remission of the red cell aplasia. Clinical recurrence of the histiocytic lymphoma has not occurred.", "PMID": 1108853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2275", "title": "Chest injuries in road trauma.", "content": "A review of major chest injuries sustained by road crash victims attending the Preston and Northcote Community Hospital over the four-year period 1971 to 1974 highlights the vulnerability of car occupants to this type of injury, particularly those involved in side-impact collisions. In this type of collision seat-belt restraint does not influence the incidence of chest injury. Major injuries to other body areas and the delayed development of serious pulmonary complications call for continuous expert medical cae with the use of the facilities of an intensive care ward. The range of complications in a survey of 60 such patients admitted to hospital in 1974 is highlighted. A regime of management is outlined.", "contents": "Chest injuries in road trauma. A review of major chest injuries sustained by road crash victims attending the Preston and Northcote Community Hospital over the four-year period 1971 to 1974 highlights the vulnerability of car occupants to this type of injury, particularly those involved in side-impact collisions. In this type of collision seat-belt restraint does not influence the incidence of chest injury. Major injuries to other body areas and the delayed development of serious pulmonary complications call for continuous expert medical cae with the use of the facilities of an intensive care ward. The range of complications in a survey of 60 such patients admitted to hospital in 1974 is highlighted. A regime of management is outlined.", "PMID": 1108854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2276", "title": "Subcutaneous mastectomy with immediate reconstruction of the breast.", "content": "The operation of subcutaneous mastectomy is evolving as an alternative to simple mastectomy for diseases of the breast parenchyma where preservation of the skin capsule is thought possible. Simple mastectomy is a mutilating procedure, cosmetically unacceptable to both patient and surgeon. The psychological implications of breast absence in women are now well known, and attempts to preserve the shape and volume of the breast must receive attention.", "contents": "Subcutaneous mastectomy with immediate reconstruction of the breast. The operation of subcutaneous mastectomy is evolving as an alternative to simple mastectomy for diseases of the breast parenchyma where preservation of the skin capsule is thought possible. Simple mastectomy is a mutilating procedure, cosmetically unacceptable to both patient and surgeon. The psychological implications of breast absence in women are now well known, and attempts to preserve the shape and volume of the breast must receive attention.", "PMID": 1108855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2277", "title": "Omental transfer for the treatment of radionecrosis of chest wall.", "content": "A technique is described for the treatment of non-healing deep ulcers of the chest wall following radiotherapy. These ulcers are avascular and may involve the costal cartilages. The skin around them is stretched and fixed, so that covering and healing them has been a challenging problem to surgeons. The method used in this patient utilized the transfer of the whole of the greater omentum attached to the greater curve of the stomach, which provides clean, vascular bed for the skin graft, and has been nature's best help to surgeons.", "contents": "Omental transfer for the treatment of radionecrosis of chest wall. A technique is described for the treatment of non-healing deep ulcers of the chest wall following radiotherapy. These ulcers are avascular and may involve the costal cartilages. The skin around them is stretched and fixed, so that covering and healing them has been a challenging problem to surgeons. The method used in this patient utilized the transfer of the whole of the greater omentum attached to the greater curve of the stomach, which provides clean, vascular bed for the skin graft, and has been nature's best help to surgeons.", "PMID": 1108856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2278", "title": "Pregnant stewardess--should she fly?", "content": "There is much pressure on the airlines to allow stewardesses to fly while pregnant. Some of them want to fly in quite advanced stages of pregnancy. This paper offers a survey of the problem, the hazards that may occur and some guidelines for the physician. The author outlines the normal changes to be expected with advancing pregnancy and those factors that could have an adverse effect on a pregnant stewardess and her fetus, such as hypoxia, trauma, abortion, the hazards of travel, and flying itself. Certain legal problems of unemployment and medical disability also are discussed. Travel alone offers no real danger to the pregnant stewardess in the first trimester of pregnancy; however, because of the changing mechanics of her size, posture, and increasing unsteadiness, it would be wisest to require a pregnant stewardess to cease flying at 13 weeks, with an absolute prohibition of flying after the 20th week.", "contents": "Pregnant stewardess--should she fly? There is much pressure on the airlines to allow stewardesses to fly while pregnant. Some of them want to fly in quite advanced stages of pregnancy. This paper offers a survey of the problem, the hazards that may occur and some guidelines for the physician. The author outlines the normal changes to be expected with advancing pregnancy and those factors that could have an adverse effect on a pregnant stewardess and her fetus, such as hypoxia, trauma, abortion, the hazards of travel, and flying itself. Certain legal problems of unemployment and medical disability also are discussed. Travel alone offers no real danger to the pregnant stewardess in the first trimester of pregnancy; however, because of the changing mechanics of her size, posture, and increasing unsteadiness, it would be wisest to require a pregnant stewardess to cease flying at 13 weeks, with an absolute prohibition of flying after the 20th week.", "PMID": 1108865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2279", "title": "Heteropyknosis of the chromosomes in liver cells of different ploidy: a nuclear image study.", "content": "The chromatin densities of Feulgen-stained diploid, tetraploid, octoploid and binucleate cells of smear preparations of the liver of female field voles, Microtus agrestis, were examined by means of image analysis. The ratio of the areas of flattened nuclei of 2n, 4n and 8n ploidy was about 1 : 1.62 :2.60 and that of the relative DNA content 1 : 2 : 4. In flattened polyploid nuclei, the chromosomes are more densely arranged than in diploid. In diploid nuclei, absolutely and percentually smaller areas of dark chromatin particles were found than in polyploid nuclei. After correction of the grey values with a density factor, the frequency distribution curves of all ploidy classes were found to be nearly identical. The results show that the percentage of heteropyknotic chromosome material is the same in diploid, polyploid and binucleate liver cells.", "contents": "Heteropyknosis of the chromosomes in liver cells of different ploidy: a nuclear image study. The chromatin densities of Feulgen-stained diploid, tetraploid, octoploid and binucleate cells of smear preparations of the liver of female field voles, Microtus agrestis, were examined by means of image analysis. The ratio of the areas of flattened nuclei of 2n, 4n and 8n ploidy was about 1 : 1.62 :2.60 and that of the relative DNA content 1 : 2 : 4. In flattened polyploid nuclei, the chromosomes are more densely arranged than in diploid. In diploid nuclei, absolutely and percentually smaller areas of dark chromatin particles were found than in polyploid nuclei. After correction of the grey values with a density factor, the frequency distribution curves of all ploidy classes were found to be nearly identical. The results show that the percentage of heteropyknotic chromosome material is the same in diploid, polyploid and binucleate liver cells.", "PMID": 1108870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2280", "title": "Regulation of synthesis of ribosomal proteins during pyrimidine starvation in Escherichia coli.", "content": "The synthesis of ribosomal proteins during pyrimidine starvation was investigated. A progressive turn-off of protein synthesis, with a decay half-time of about 5 min, was observed when Escherichia coli cells were starved of uridine. By means of double-labelling, the syntheses of different ribosomal proteins were shown to be turned off unequally during the starvation. Comparison of the turn-off patterns for some proteins and the known polycistronic organization of the structural genes for these proteins suggests that a major cause of the unequal turn-off was the degradation of mRNA molecules for the ribosomal proteins from the 5'-end toward the 3'-end.", "contents": "Regulation of synthesis of ribosomal proteins during pyrimidine starvation in Escherichia coli. The synthesis of ribosomal proteins during pyrimidine starvation was investigated. A progressive turn-off of protein synthesis, with a decay half-time of about 5 min, was observed when Escherichia coli cells were starved of uridine. By means of double-labelling, the syntheses of different ribosomal proteins were shown to be turned off unequally during the starvation. Comparison of the turn-off patterns for some proteins and the known polycistronic organization of the structural genes for these proteins suggests that a major cause of the unequal turn-off was the degradation of mRNA molecules for the ribosomal proteins from the 5'-end toward the 3'-end.", "PMID": 1108874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2281", "title": "Gene activities for ribosomal components in Escherichia coli B/r.", "content": "The relative transcriptional activities of genes coding for ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and ribosomal proteins (r-proteins) at a steady-state growth rates ranging from 0.65 to 2.1 doublings/h can be estimated from previous measurements of the synthesis rates of stable and unstable RNA (Pato & von Meyenburg, 1970; Nierlich, 1972a,b; Bremer et al., 1973; Dennis & Bremer, 1973b, 1974b) and ribosomal proteins (Schleif, 1967; Dennis & Bremer, 1974a). Comparison of these transcriptional activities suggests that the expression of the r-protein genes and rRNA genes is controlled seperately.", "contents": "Gene activities for ribosomal components in Escherichia coli B/r. The relative transcriptional activities of genes coding for ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and ribosomal proteins (r-proteins) at a steady-state growth rates ranging from 0.65 to 2.1 doublings/h can be estimated from previous measurements of the synthesis rates of stable and unstable RNA (Pato & von Meyenburg, 1970; Nierlich, 1972a,b; Bremer et al., 1973; Dennis & Bremer, 1973b, 1974b) and ribosomal proteins (Schleif, 1967; Dennis & Bremer, 1974a). Comparison of these transcriptional activities suggests that the expression of the r-protein genes and rRNA genes is controlled seperately.", "PMID": 1108875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2282", "title": "S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase from baker's yeast.", "content": "1. S-Adenosyl-L-methionine decarboxylase (S-adenosyl-L-methionine carboxy-lyase, EC 4.1.1.50) was purified more than 1100-fold from extracts of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by affinity chromatography on columns of Sepharose containing covalently bound methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone) (1,1'[(methylethanediylidene)dinitrilo]diguanidine) [Pegg, (1974) Biochem J. 141, 581-583]. The final preparation appeared to be homogeneous on polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis at pH 8.4. 2. S-Adenosylmethionine decarboxylase activity was completely separated from spermidine synthase activity [5'-deoxyadenosyl-(5'),3-aminopropyl-(1),methylsulphonium-salt-putrescine 3-aminopropyltransferase, EC 2.5.1.16] during the purification procedure. 3. Adenosylmethionine decarboxylase activity from crude extracts of baker's yeast was stimulated by putrescine, 1,3-diamino-propane, cadaverine (1,5-diaminopentane) and spermidine; however, the purified enzyme, although still stimulated by the diamines, was completely insensitive to spermidine. 4. Adenosylmethionine decarboxylase has an apparent Km value of 0.09 mM for adenosylmethionine in the presence of saturating concentrations of putrescine. The omission of putrescine resulted in a five-fold increase in the apparent Km value for adenosylmethionine. 5. The apparent Ka value for putrescine, as the activator of the reaction, was 0.012 mM. 6. Methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone) and S-methyladenosylhomocysteamine (decarboxylated adenosylmethionine) were powerful inhibitors of the enzyme. 7. Adenosylmethionine decarboxylase from baker's yeast was inhibited by a number of conventional carbonyl reagents, but in no case could the inhibition be reversed with exogenous pyridoxal 5'-phosphate.", "contents": "S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase from baker's yeast. 1. S-Adenosyl-L-methionine decarboxylase (S-adenosyl-L-methionine carboxy-lyase, EC 4.1.1.50) was purified more than 1100-fold from extracts of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by affinity chromatography on columns of Sepharose containing covalently bound methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone) (1,1'[(methylethanediylidene)dinitrilo]diguanidine) [Pegg, (1974) Biochem J. 141, 581-583]. The final preparation appeared to be homogeneous on polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis at pH 8.4. 2. S-Adenosylmethionine decarboxylase activity was completely separated from spermidine synthase activity [5'-deoxyadenosyl-(5'),3-aminopropyl-(1),methylsulphonium-salt-putrescine 3-aminopropyltransferase, EC 2.5.1.16] during the purification procedure. 3. Adenosylmethionine decarboxylase activity from crude extracts of baker's yeast was stimulated by putrescine, 1,3-diamino-propane, cadaverine (1,5-diaminopentane) and spermidine; however, the purified enzyme, although still stimulated by the diamines, was completely insensitive to spermidine. 4. Adenosylmethionine decarboxylase has an apparent Km value of 0.09 mM for adenosylmethionine in the presence of saturating concentrations of putrescine. The omission of putrescine resulted in a five-fold increase in the apparent Km value for adenosylmethionine. 5. The apparent Ka value for putrescine, as the activator of the reaction, was 0.012 mM. 6. Methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone) and S-methyladenosylhomocysteamine (decarboxylated adenosylmethionine) were powerful inhibitors of the enzyme. 7. Adenosylmethionine decarboxylase from baker's yeast was inhibited by a number of conventional carbonyl reagents, but in no case could the inhibition be reversed with exogenous pyridoxal 5'-phosphate.", "PMID": 1108876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2283", "title": "Histocompatibility in ruminants. The production and evaluation of allo-antibodies for GL-A typing in goats.", "content": "The production of goat lymphocytotoxic allo-antisera by immunization by lymphocytes or allografting is described. Analysis of typing results of several goat families and the correlation between the lengthening of allograft survival and graft exchange between compatible and incompatible animals, suggest the existence of a major histocompatibility system (GL-A) in goats.", "contents": "Histocompatibility in ruminants. The production and evaluation of allo-antibodies for GL-A typing in goats. The production of goat lymphocytotoxic allo-antisera by immunization by lymphocytes or allografting is described. Analysis of typing results of several goat families and the correlation between the lengthening of allograft survival and graft exchange between compatible and incompatible animals, suggest the existence of a major histocompatibility system (GL-A) in goats.", "PMID": 1109132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2284", "title": "Attempt at \"immunological castration\" as an approach to the problem of the involvement of testosterone in control of expression of certain mouse antigens.", "content": "Adult male mice of the strain B10.A were immunized with a testosterone-protein conjugate, testosterone 3-(O-CARBOXYMETHYL)-oxime-bovine serum albumin which contained 27-75 steroid residues/mol BSA. Two different immunization doses of the conjugate were used, respectively, 2 x 40 mug and 2 x 200 mug in complete Freund's adjuvant or in alum adjuvant. There were two groups of control males, non-immunized and immunized with BSA in adjuvant. In the pooled immune sera, antibodies to testosterone were determined by radioimmunoassay; their titre ranged between 7 and 10. On histological sections of testes, inhibition of spermatogenesis (manifested by a sower frequency or even absence of tubules producing mature sperm, reduced frequency of tubular cells and their degenerative changes) was observed in almost all males immunized with the higher dose of the conjugate. In such animals, increased frequency of interstitial cells (except vascular elements) and enlarged nuclei of Leydig cells were found. In spite of these signs of a hyperproduction of testosterone by the Leydig cells, the product seemed to have lacked its normal biological activity as suggested not only by the low activity of spermatogenesis, but also by a significantly subnormal level of the androgen-dependent serum protein Ss.", "contents": "Attempt at \"immunological castration\" as an approach to the problem of the involvement of testosterone in control of expression of certain mouse antigens. Adult male mice of the strain B10.A were immunized with a testosterone-protein conjugate, testosterone 3-(O-CARBOXYMETHYL)-oxime-bovine serum albumin which contained 27-75 steroid residues/mol BSA. Two different immunization doses of the conjugate were used, respectively, 2 x 40 mug and 2 x 200 mug in complete Freund's adjuvant or in alum adjuvant. There were two groups of control males, non-immunized and immunized with BSA in adjuvant. In the pooled immune sera, antibodies to testosterone were determined by radioimmunoassay; their titre ranged between 7 and 10. On histological sections of testes, inhibition of spermatogenesis (manifested by a sower frequency or even absence of tubules producing mature sperm, reduced frequency of tubular cells and their degenerative changes) was observed in almost all males immunized with the higher dose of the conjugate. In such animals, increased frequency of interstitial cells (except vascular elements) and enlarged nuclei of Leydig cells were found. In spite of these signs of a hyperproduction of testosterone by the Leydig cells, the product seemed to have lacked its normal biological activity as suggested not only by the low activity of spermatogenesis, but also by a significantly subnormal level of the androgen-dependent serum protein Ss.", "PMID": 1109133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2285", "title": "Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice: genetic control of susceptibility.", "content": "Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) was induced in inbred and congenic strains of mice by injection of mouse spinal cord homogenate (MSCH) in Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA) with pertussis vaccine. Genetic analyses showed that susceptibility to EAE in mice was inherited as a dominant trait and was in part controlled by genes located in the centromeric half of the H-2 complex. Mice with EAE developed cell-mediated immune responsiveness to basic protein of myelin (BPM), as judged by the macrophage migration inhibition assay, using peritonealyexudate cells; this was not observed with mice of resistant strains. However, the migration of peritoneal exudate cells of both susceptible and resistant strains was significantly inhibited in the presence of purified protein derivative (PPD) of M. tuberculosis. Thus, the genes involved in the control of susceptibility to EAE also influence T cell responsiveness to BPM. Antibody to BPM, as judged by radioimmunoassay, was detected in susceptible and resistant strains but there was no correlation between the presence or levels of antibody and susceptibility or resistance to EAE. It is suggested that resistance to EAE is associated with failure of T cells to recognize and/or respond to the encephalitogenic determinant of the BPM molecule.", "contents": "Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice: genetic control of susceptibility. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) was induced in inbred and congenic strains of mice by injection of mouse spinal cord homogenate (MSCH) in Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA) with pertussis vaccine. Genetic analyses showed that susceptibility to EAE in mice was inherited as a dominant trait and was in part controlled by genes located in the centromeric half of the H-2 complex. Mice with EAE developed cell-mediated immune responsiveness to basic protein of myelin (BPM), as judged by the macrophage migration inhibition assay, using peritonealyexudate cells; this was not observed with mice of resistant strains. However, the migration of peritoneal exudate cells of both susceptible and resistant strains was significantly inhibited in the presence of purified protein derivative (PPD) of M. tuberculosis. Thus, the genes involved in the control of susceptibility to EAE also influence T cell responsiveness to BPM. Antibody to BPM, as judged by radioimmunoassay, was detected in susceptible and resistant strains but there was no correlation between the presence or levels of antibody and susceptibility or resistance to EAE. It is suggested that resistance to EAE is associated with failure of T cells to recognize and/or respond to the encephalitogenic determinant of the BPM molecule.", "PMID": 1109134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2286", "title": "HL-A antigens in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "HL-A antigens were examined in sixty-two patients, thirty-one boys and thirty-one girls, diagnosed as having JRA. HL-A 27 was the only antigen with a significantly increased frequency. This increase concerned predominantly male patients in whom the disease developed at the beginning of puberty. In this group of sixteen boys, the polyarticular form was more frequent and tended to be associated with sacroliitis, while the rheumatoid factor was negative in all but one. The frequency of HL-A 27 in this group was 65.5%. The patients were also examined by the lymphotoxic test with anti H-2 alloimmune sera known to exhibit a high degree of association with some HL-A antigens. On JRA lymphocytes these associations were confirmed for HL-A 2 and anti-H-2f and for HL-A 27 and anti-H-2p. The strongest reactions were observed with lymphocytes from male patients around the age of puberty. These data indicate that steroid hormones influence the expressivity of some HL-A associated cell plasma membrane structures.", "contents": "HL-A antigens in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. HL-A antigens were examined in sixty-two patients, thirty-one boys and thirty-one girls, diagnosed as having JRA. HL-A 27 was the only antigen with a significantly increased frequency. This increase concerned predominantly male patients in whom the disease developed at the beginning of puberty. In this group of sixteen boys, the polyarticular form was more frequent and tended to be associated with sacroliitis, while the rheumatoid factor was negative in all but one. The frequency of HL-A 27 in this group was 65.5%. The patients were also examined by the lymphotoxic test with anti H-2 alloimmune sera known to exhibit a high degree of association with some HL-A antigens. On JRA lymphocytes these associations were confirmed for HL-A 2 and anti-H-2f and for HL-A 27 and anti-H-2p. The strongest reactions were observed with lymphocytes from male patients around the age of puberty. These data indicate that steroid hormones influence the expressivity of some HL-A associated cell plasma membrane structures.", "PMID": 1109135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2287", "title": "The training and role of nurse-therapists in a general hospital's psychiatric unit.", "content": "The author's discuss their experience using nurses as therapists on a small unit at St. Joseph's Hospital, a general hospital in Hamilton, Ontario. They describe the training of the first nurse-therapists and the three-level training system established to make the program self-sustaining. The nurse-therapist system is now used on several psychiatric units in the hospital. Problems in role relationships and schedules occurred, but the authors, noting the patient-care, economic, and staff benefits, believe that the system would be especially useful in small inpatient units.", "contents": "The training and role of nurse-therapists in a general hospital's psychiatric unit. The author's discuss their experience using nurses as therapists on a small unit at St. Joseph's Hospital, a general hospital in Hamilton, Ontario. They describe the training of the first nurse-therapists and the three-level training system established to make the program self-sustaining. The nurse-therapist system is now used on several psychiatric units in the hospital. Problems in role relationships and schedules occurred, but the authors, noting the patient-care, economic, and staff benefits, believe that the system would be especially useful in small inpatient units.", "PMID": 1109160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2288", "title": "Using short-term intervention with priests.", "content": "In ten weekly sessions, each lasting one and a half hours, the authors met with six priests to increase the priests' knowledge of mental health resources, to break down stereotypes concerning both mental health professionals and priests, and to help them deal with the changes that are occurring in the church organization. The priests were able to deal only superficially with issues such as identity and intimacy. But as a result of the experience, they could cope better with their day-to-day work and were better able to use mental health professionals as consultants.", "contents": "Using short-term intervention with priests. In ten weekly sessions, each lasting one and a half hours, the authors met with six priests to increase the priests' knowledge of mental health resources, to break down stereotypes concerning both mental health professionals and priests, and to help them deal with the changes that are occurring in the church organization. The priests were able to deal only superficially with issues such as identity and intimacy. But as a result of the experience, they could cope better with their day-to-day work and were better able to use mental health professionals as consultants.", "PMID": 1109161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2289", "title": "Criteria for releasing patients from psychiatric hospitals.", "content": "The authors conducted a pilot study to determine the kinds of criteria being used by mental health professionals in discharging patients from mental hospitals. Twenty-one criteria were identified in the first phase of the study, and 43 staff members later rated the items according to their perceived importance. Although there was general agreement on most of the items, reliable differences of opinion were expressed in some instances. The differences were attributed less to the respondents' professional discipline than to their hospital affiliation (VA or non-VA). The authors emphasize the need for developing a standardized list of discharge criteria and discuss uses for such criteria.", "contents": "Criteria for releasing patients from psychiatric hospitals. The authors conducted a pilot study to determine the kinds of criteria being used by mental health professionals in discharging patients from mental hospitals. Twenty-one criteria were identified in the first phase of the study, and 43 staff members later rated the items according to their perceived importance. Although there was general agreement on most of the items, reliable differences of opinion were expressed in some instances. The differences were attributed less to the respondents' professional discipline than to their hospital affiliation (VA or non-VA). The authors emphasize the need for developing a standardized list of discharge criteria and discuss uses for such criteria.", "PMID": 1109162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2290", "title": "The women's liberation movement: its impact on marriage.", "content": "The author discusses marriages in which a basically insecure husband plays a god-like role and his wife, who initially worshipped him, matures and finds her situation depressing and degrading. With support from the women's liberation movement, many women have found the courage and conviction to challenge such situations. The challenges often bring the husbands' repressed feelings of inadequacy to the surface, which leads to increased turmoil and finally to requests for professional help, first by the wife and later by her husband. During counseling both become more open and develop as individuals. As a result their marriage improves.", "contents": "The women's liberation movement: its impact on marriage. The author discusses marriages in which a basically insecure husband plays a god-like role and his wife, who initially worshipped him, matures and finds her situation depressing and degrading. With support from the women's liberation movement, many women have found the courage and conviction to challenge such situations. The challenges often bring the husbands' repressed feelings of inadequacy to the surface, which leads to increased turmoil and finally to requests for professional help, first by the wife and later by her husband. During counseling both become more open and develop as individuals. As a result their marriage improves.", "PMID": 1109163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2291", "title": "The effect of pressure or flow stress on right ventricular protein synthesis in the face of constant and restricted coronary perfusion.", "content": "Cardiac stress produced by hypertension or excess volume loading results in different types of hypertrophy. Elevated left ventricular pressure rapidly results in increased myocardial protein synthesis in vivo and in vitro, but such rapid alterations are not consistently seen in volume loading. The difference in response is difficult to clarify since it is not possible to effect alterations in left ventricular pressure or perfusion without profoundly affecting coronary perfusion. The present study describes cardiac protein synthesis in the right ventricle of the young guinea pig heart in vitro by utilizing a perfusion model in which the right ventricle could be stressed by elevations of pressure or volume loading in the presence of constant and restricted coronary perfusion. With coronary flow maintained at 4 ml/min per heart equivalent to 25 ml/min/g dry wt, an increase in right ventricular pressure from normal levels of 3 mm Hg to 11 mm Hg resulted in a 60 percent increase of myocardial incorporation of (14C)lysine into protein. However, with further increases of right ventricular pressure to 22 mm Hg, protein synthesis dropped back to normal levels. The falloff in protein synthesis was not due to decreased contractility, alterations in intracellular lysine pool specific activity, or alterations in distribution of coronary flow. a 60 percent increase in coronary perfusion was again associated with a similar response of protein synthesis to progressive elevations of pressure despite a rise in the ATP levels and a fall in lactate production. Thus, a deficiency of O2 did not entirely explain the decline of protein synthesis with maximal pressures. At all levels of coronary perfusion, volume loading for 3 h did not result in increased protein incorporation of (14C)lysine. The studies support a relationship between ventricular pressure and protein synthesis unrelated to coronary flow per se. A pressure receptor triggering protein synthesis within the ventricular wall is postulated. Such a relationship is not apparent in short-term volume loading in vitro.", "contents": "The effect of pressure or flow stress on right ventricular protein synthesis in the face of constant and restricted coronary perfusion. Cardiac stress produced by hypertension or excess volume loading results in different types of hypertrophy. Elevated left ventricular pressure rapidly results in increased myocardial protein synthesis in vivo and in vitro, but such rapid alterations are not consistently seen in volume loading. The difference in response is difficult to clarify since it is not possible to effect alterations in left ventricular pressure or perfusion without profoundly affecting coronary perfusion. The present study describes cardiac protein synthesis in the right ventricle of the young guinea pig heart in vitro by utilizing a perfusion model in which the right ventricle could be stressed by elevations of pressure or volume loading in the presence of constant and restricted coronary perfusion. With coronary flow maintained at 4 ml/min per heart equivalent to 25 ml/min/g dry wt, an increase in right ventricular pressure from normal levels of 3 mm Hg to 11 mm Hg resulted in a 60 percent increase of myocardial incorporation of (14C)lysine into protein. However, with further increases of right ventricular pressure to 22 mm Hg, protein synthesis dropped back to normal levels. The falloff in protein synthesis was not due to decreased contractility, alterations in intracellular lysine pool specific activity, or alterations in distribution of coronary flow. a 60 percent increase in coronary perfusion was again associated with a similar response of protein synthesis to progressive elevations of pressure despite a rise in the ATP levels and a fall in lactate production. Thus, a deficiency of O2 did not entirely explain the decline of protein synthesis with maximal pressures. At all levels of coronary perfusion, volume loading for 3 h did not result in increased protein incorporation of (14C)lysine. The studies support a relationship between ventricular pressure and protein synthesis unrelated to coronary flow per se. A pressure receptor triggering protein synthesis within the ventricular wall is postulated. Such a relationship is not apparent in short-term volume loading in vitro.", "PMID": 1109173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2292", "title": "Mechanism of secretion of biliary lipids. I. Role of bile canalicular and microsomal membranes in the synthesis and transport of biliary lecithin and cholesterol.", "content": "The role of bile canalicular and microsomal membranes in the synthesis and transport of biliary lipids was investigated by using the isolated perfused rat liver model. Labeled lecithin precursors ((3H)-palmitic acid, (14C)linoleic acid, (3H)choline, and 32PO4) and a cholesterol precursor ((3H)mevalonic acid) were administered with and without sodium taurocholate. The incorporation pattern of these labeled precursors into linoleyl and arachidonyl lecithins and cholesterol fractions of microsomes, bile canaliculi, and bile were examined at 30-min intervals up to 90 min. Marker enzymes and electron microscopy indicated that isolated subfractions of plasma membranes were enriched with bile canaliculi (less than 10 percent microsomal contamination). Taurocholate significantly stimulated the incorporation of 32PO4, (3H)choline, (3H)palmitic acid, and (14C)linoleic acid into linoleyl and arachidonyl lecithin with parallel incorporation curves for microsomal and bile canalicular membranes throughout the 90-min study period. During the 30-60-min period, however, these same lecithin fractions in bile significantly exceeded the specific activity of the membrane lecithins. The enzyme CDP-choline diglyceride transferase was virtually absent from canaliculi relative to microsomes, indicating that canaliculi lack the capacity for de novo lecithin synthesis. Incorporation of (3H)mevalonic acid into membranous and biliary cholesterol followed a pattern similar to that for lecithin. These data provide evidence that (a) biliary lecithin and cholesterol are derived from a microsomal subpool regulated by the flux of enterohepatic bile acids, (b) the role of the bile canalicular membranes with respect to biliary lipids is primarily transport rather than synthesis, and (c) lecithin and cholesterol are transported together from microsomes to bile. The findings are consistent with the existence of a cytoplasmic lipid complex within the hepatocyte which is actively involved in the intermembrane transport of biliary lipid.", "contents": "Mechanism of secretion of biliary lipids. I. Role of bile canalicular and microsomal membranes in the synthesis and transport of biliary lecithin and cholesterol. The role of bile canalicular and microsomal membranes in the synthesis and transport of biliary lipids was investigated by using the isolated perfused rat liver model. Labeled lecithin precursors ((3H)-palmitic acid, (14C)linoleic acid, (3H)choline, and 32PO4) and a cholesterol precursor ((3H)mevalonic acid) were administered with and without sodium taurocholate. The incorporation pattern of these labeled precursors into linoleyl and arachidonyl lecithins and cholesterol fractions of microsomes, bile canaliculi, and bile were examined at 30-min intervals up to 90 min. Marker enzymes and electron microscopy indicated that isolated subfractions of plasma membranes were enriched with bile canaliculi (less than 10 percent microsomal contamination). Taurocholate significantly stimulated the incorporation of 32PO4, (3H)choline, (3H)palmitic acid, and (14C)linoleic acid into linoleyl and arachidonyl lecithin with parallel incorporation curves for microsomal and bile canalicular membranes throughout the 90-min study period. During the 30-60-min period, however, these same lecithin fractions in bile significantly exceeded the specific activity of the membrane lecithins. The enzyme CDP-choline diglyceride transferase was virtually absent from canaliculi relative to microsomes, indicating that canaliculi lack the capacity for de novo lecithin synthesis. Incorporation of (3H)mevalonic acid into membranous and biliary cholesterol followed a pattern similar to that for lecithin. These data provide evidence that (a) biliary lecithin and cholesterol are derived from a microsomal subpool regulated by the flux of enterohepatic bile acids, (b) the role of the bile canalicular membranes with respect to biliary lipids is primarily transport rather than synthesis, and (c) lecithin and cholesterol are transported together from microsomes to bile. The findings are consistent with the existence of a cytoplasmic lipid complex within the hepatocyte which is actively involved in the intermembrane transport of biliary lipid.", "PMID": 1109174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2293", "title": "Effects of neomycin on absorption, synthesis, and/or flux of cholesterol in man.", "content": "The mode of action of the hypocholesteremic drug neomycin (2 g/day) was studied in four patients. All showed a significant reduction in plasma cholesterol concentrations (mean 25 percent, range 18-31 percent), and in one of three patients with hyperglyceridemia there was a decrease of plasma triglycerides of 26 percent. Cholesterol absorption was measured in three of four patients: there was a marked decrease. Sterol balance studies in four patients showed an unabating increase in fecal neutral steroid excretion (mean increase 345 mg/day, range 323-361) for 3-5 wk after plasma cholesterol levels had reached a new and lower plateau. Fecal acidic steroid excretion increased temporarily in two patients, with a sustained increase of 93 mg/day in only one. Daily stool weights increased significantly in three of four patients, though none had steatorrhea; there was a significant reduction in excretion of secondary bile acids; neutral sterol degradation rates were not affected by the drug. Slopes of plasma cholesterol-specific activity time curves did not change. These results fail to support the suggestion that neomycin acts as a bile acid precipitant. The finding of increased fecal neutral steroid excretion is consistent with decreased cholesterol absorption, but also with increased cholesterol absorption, but also with increased cholesterol synthesis (secondary to release of negative feedback control), with increased flux of cholesterol from tissues, or with a combination of all three actions.", "contents": "Effects of neomycin on absorption, synthesis, and/or flux of cholesterol in man. The mode of action of the hypocholesteremic drug neomycin (2 g/day) was studied in four patients. All showed a significant reduction in plasma cholesterol concentrations (mean 25 percent, range 18-31 percent), and in one of three patients with hyperglyceridemia there was a decrease of plasma triglycerides of 26 percent. Cholesterol absorption was measured in three of four patients: there was a marked decrease. Sterol balance studies in four patients showed an unabating increase in fecal neutral steroid excretion (mean increase 345 mg/day, range 323-361) for 3-5 wk after plasma cholesterol levels had reached a new and lower plateau. Fecal acidic steroid excretion increased temporarily in two patients, with a sustained increase of 93 mg/day in only one. Daily stool weights increased significantly in three of four patients, though none had steatorrhea; there was a significant reduction in excretion of secondary bile acids; neutral sterol degradation rates were not affected by the drug. Slopes of plasma cholesterol-specific activity time curves did not change. These results fail to support the suggestion that neomycin acts as a bile acid precipitant. The finding of increased fecal neutral steroid excretion is consistent with decreased cholesterol absorption, but also with increased cholesterol absorption, but also with increased cholesterol synthesis (secondary to release of negative feedback control), with increased flux of cholesterol from tissues, or with a combination of all three actions.", "PMID": 1109175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2294", "title": "Defect in insulin binding to receptors in obese man. Amelioration with calorie restriction.", "content": "With insulin at 0.1 ng/ml, the binding of (125I)insulin in vitro to circulating lymphocytes from 11 obese patients was less than that observed with cells from 10 thin volunteers. Furthermore, with obese cells, unlabeled insulin was less effective in competing with labeled hormone for binding, both at low and high concentrations of unlabeled insulin. These differences were not accounted for by the high concentrations of insulin in the circulation of the obese patients at the time fthe blood was drawn, or by differences in degradation of hormone, or in the characteristics of the cell population. The decrease in binding appears to be due to a lowering of the receptor concentration, but some loss of affinity has not been excluded. Institution of a calorie restricted diet (nine patients) which ameliorated the hyperinsulinemia, produced an improvement in hormone binding. Since the insulin receptors of lymphocytes in metabolic disorders seem to reflect the state of insulin receptors or target cells such as liver and fat, the lymphocytes or other leukocytes appear to be ideal for studies of impaired cell responsiveness to hormones in man.", "contents": "Defect in insulin binding to receptors in obese man. Amelioration with calorie restriction. With insulin at 0.1 ng/ml, the binding of (125I)insulin in vitro to circulating lymphocytes from 11 obese patients was less than that observed with cells from 10 thin volunteers. Furthermore, with obese cells, unlabeled insulin was less effective in competing with labeled hormone for binding, both at low and high concentrations of unlabeled insulin. These differences were not accounted for by the high concentrations of insulin in the circulation of the obese patients at the time fthe blood was drawn, or by differences in degradation of hormone, or in the characteristics of the cell population. The decrease in binding appears to be due to a lowering of the receptor concentration, but some loss of affinity has not been excluded. Institution of a calorie restricted diet (nine patients) which ameliorated the hyperinsulinemia, produced an improvement in hormone binding. Since the insulin receptors of lymphocytes in metabolic disorders seem to reflect the state of insulin receptors or target cells such as liver and fat, the lymphocytes or other leukocytes appear to be ideal for studies of impaired cell responsiveness to hormones in man.", "PMID": 1109176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2295", "title": "Plasma glucagon and insulin in rat pregnancy. Roles in glucose homeostasis.", "content": "To determine if pancreatic glucoregulatory hormones can be implicated in the glucose fall of pregnancy, we have measured plasma immunoreactive insulin and glucagon (IRI and IRG) in rats. Fed rats in midgestation show a rise in IRI without a corresponding increase in IRG. In late gestation, IRG rises significantly, but only enough to keep pace with a further rise in IRI. On a molar basis, IRI remains the predominant hormone despite a marked fall in blood glucose. After a 48-h fast IRI falls to comparably low levels in pregnant and virgin rats. A small rise in IRG is seen in virgin but not in pregnant rats despite frank hypoglycemia in the latter. Thus, IRG secretion in pregnancy is diminished relative to IRI in the fed state and fails to increase in the fasted state despite the stimulus of a lower glucose in both instances. To evaluate IRG secretory reserve, the IRG response to i.v. alanine was assessed in late gestation. In fed rats a greater IRG increase is seen in pregnancy; after fasting no difference is seen between pregnant and virgin rats. These results preclude an absolute deficiency in glucagon secretion. Pancreas hormone stores were alos measured in an effort to explain the altered secretory state. We find reciprocal changes in IRI and IRG content favoring IRG in midgestation and IRI in late gestation. Thus, pancreas hormone storage is altered in pregnancy but does not account for the changes in hormone secretion. Rather, pregnancy exerts an effect on the islet secretory process itself. Release of IRI is enhanced relative to IRG regardless of the blood sugar level. These observations suggest that in the pregnant rat circulating levels of insulin and glucagon may act to limit hepatic glucose output. Available evidence from the literature supports the concept of restrained glucose production. It is proposed that a lower blood glucose production. It is proposed that a lower blood glucose in rat pregnancy may be a lesser liability teleologically than would be the obligate nitrogen wasting which accompanies gluconeogenesis.", "contents": "Plasma glucagon and insulin in rat pregnancy. Roles in glucose homeostasis. To determine if pancreatic glucoregulatory hormones can be implicated in the glucose fall of pregnancy, we have measured plasma immunoreactive insulin and glucagon (IRI and IRG) in rats. Fed rats in midgestation show a rise in IRI without a corresponding increase in IRG. In late gestation, IRG rises significantly, but only enough to keep pace with a further rise in IRI. On a molar basis, IRI remains the predominant hormone despite a marked fall in blood glucose. After a 48-h fast IRI falls to comparably low levels in pregnant and virgin rats. A small rise in IRG is seen in virgin but not in pregnant rats despite frank hypoglycemia in the latter. Thus, IRG secretion in pregnancy is diminished relative to IRI in the fed state and fails to increase in the fasted state despite the stimulus of a lower glucose in both instances. To evaluate IRG secretory reserve, the IRG response to i.v. alanine was assessed in late gestation. In fed rats a greater IRG increase is seen in pregnancy; after fasting no difference is seen between pregnant and virgin rats. These results preclude an absolute deficiency in glucagon secretion. Pancreas hormone stores were alos measured in an effort to explain the altered secretory state. We find reciprocal changes in IRI and IRG content favoring IRG in midgestation and IRI in late gestation. Thus, pancreas hormone storage is altered in pregnancy but does not account for the changes in hormone secretion. Rather, pregnancy exerts an effect on the islet secretory process itself. Release of IRI is enhanced relative to IRG regardless of the blood sugar level. These observations suggest that in the pregnant rat circulating levels of insulin and glucagon may act to limit hepatic glucose output. Available evidence from the literature supports the concept of restrained glucose production. It is proposed that a lower blood glucose production. It is proposed that a lower blood glucose in rat pregnancy may be a lesser liability teleologically than would be the obligate nitrogen wasting which accompanies gluconeogenesis.", "PMID": 1109177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2296", "title": "An efficient optimization technique for recovering ventilation-perfusion distributions from inert gas data. Effects of random experimental error.", "content": "A variable metric optimization method of numerical analysis has been used to recover known distributions of intrapulmonary ventilation-perfusion ratios from inert gas data. Hypothetical lungs were simulated and corresponding inert gas retentions calculated. By using error-free retentions for seven gases and a 50-compartment model, it was possible to recover distributions containing up to three modes accurately and with greater efficiency than with other numerical methods. When random error of a magnitude consistent with present analytical techniques was introduced into retention data, the recovered distributions differed qualitatively from the original ones. This resulted from the ill-conditioned nature of the mathematical problem, which makes a recovered distribution extremely sensitive to small errors in retention. Thus, present levels of measurement error represent an important limitation in current techniques for deriving distributions from inert gas measurements.", "contents": "An efficient optimization technique for recovering ventilation-perfusion distributions from inert gas data. Effects of random experimental error. A variable metric optimization method of numerical analysis has been used to recover known distributions of intrapulmonary ventilation-perfusion ratios from inert gas data. Hypothetical lungs were simulated and corresponding inert gas retentions calculated. By using error-free retentions for seven gases and a 50-compartment model, it was possible to recover distributions containing up to three modes accurately and with greater efficiency than with other numerical methods. When random error of a magnitude consistent with present analytical techniques was introduced into retention data, the recovered distributions differed qualitatively from the original ones. This resulted from the ill-conditioned nature of the mathematical problem, which makes a recovered distribution extremely sensitive to small errors in retention. Thus, present levels of measurement error represent an important limitation in current techniques for deriving distributions from inert gas measurements.", "PMID": 1109178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2297", "title": "Uterine prostaglandin E secretion and uterine blood flow in the pregnant rabbit.", "content": "Studies were performed in pregnant rabbits to assess the effect of inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis on uterine blood flow. Cardiac output and uteroplacental blood flow (UPBF) were measured using radiolabeled microspheres. Prostaglandin E (PGE) concentration was measured by radioimmunoassay in the uterine vein and peripheral artery of the pregnant nephrectomized rabbit. Either meclofenamate or indomethacin 2 mg/kg were utilized to inhibit prostaglandin synthesis. Systemic arterial pressure increased from 86 mm Hg to 98 mm Hg (P less than0.0001) after prostaglandin inhibition. Cardiac output was unchanged after the inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis, 326 ml/min to 7.8 ml/min. Uterine vein PGE concentration was extremely high, 172.4 ng/ml, with concomitant peripheral arterial PGE 2.1 NG/ML. Intravenous administration of either meclofenamate or indomethacin reduced uterine vein PGE to 23 ng/ml (P less than 0.01) and arterial PGE to 1.0 ng/ml (P less than 0.05). Male and nonpregnant female rabbits had lower arterial PGE, 0.37 ng/ml (P less 0.05). Studies in non-nephrectomized pregnant animals demonstrated that uteroplacental secretion of PGE was greater than five times renal secretion. These studies demonstrate that the rabbit uteroplacental unit is a rich source of PGE and suggest that production of the vasoactive lipid may have a key role in regulating UPBF during pregnancy.", "contents": "Uterine prostaglandin E secretion and uterine blood flow in the pregnant rabbit. Studies were performed in pregnant rabbits to assess the effect of inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis on uterine blood flow. Cardiac output and uteroplacental blood flow (UPBF) were measured using radiolabeled microspheres. Prostaglandin E (PGE) concentration was measured by radioimmunoassay in the uterine vein and peripheral artery of the pregnant nephrectomized rabbit. Either meclofenamate or indomethacin 2 mg/kg were utilized to inhibit prostaglandin synthesis. Systemic arterial pressure increased from 86 mm Hg to 98 mm Hg (P less than0.0001) after prostaglandin inhibition. Cardiac output was unchanged after the inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis, 326 ml/min to 7.8 ml/min. Uterine vein PGE concentration was extremely high, 172.4 ng/ml, with concomitant peripheral arterial PGE 2.1 NG/ML. Intravenous administration of either meclofenamate or indomethacin reduced uterine vein PGE to 23 ng/ml (P less than 0.01) and arterial PGE to 1.0 ng/ml (P less than 0.05). Male and nonpregnant female rabbits had lower arterial PGE, 0.37 ng/ml (P less 0.05). Studies in non-nephrectomized pregnant animals demonstrated that uteroplacental secretion of PGE was greater than five times renal secretion. These studies demonstrate that the rabbit uteroplacental unit is a rich source of PGE and suggest that production of the vasoactive lipid may have a key role in regulating UPBF during pregnancy.", "PMID": 1109179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2298", "title": "Regional myocardial blood flow during graded treadmill exercise in the dog.", "content": "Regional myocardial blood flow was measured in nine dogs at rest and during three levels of treadmill exercise by using left atrial injections of 7-10-mum radioactive microspheres. At rest, heart rate was 76 plus or minus 3 beats/min (mean plus or minus SEM), mean left ventricular myocardial flow was 0.94 plus or minus 0.09 ml/min/g and endocardial flow (endo) exceeded epicardial flow (epi) in all regions (endo/epi equals 1.12-1.33). When treadmill exercise was regulated to increase heart rates from 152 plus or minus 3 to 190 plus or minus 3 to 240 plus or minus 6 beats/min, myocardial blood flow (MBF) to all regions of the left ventricle increased linearly with heart rate (HR) from 1.83 plus or minus 0.11 to 2.75 plus or minus 0.22 to 3.90 plus or minus 0.26 ml/min/g (MBF EQUALs 0.0175 HR - 0.523 PLUS OR MINUS 0.614, R EQUALS 0.87). Exercise abolished the gradient of blood flow favoring the left ventricular endocardium at rest, so that the endo/epi flow ratios were not significantly different from 1.00. Right ventricular flows were consistently less than corresponding left ventricular flows, but showed a similar linear increase with heart rate. Right ventricular endo/epi ratios were not different from 1.00 either at rest or during exercise. Thus, exercise resulted in increased myocardial blood flow to all regions of the left and right ventricles with maintenance of subendocardial flow equal to subepicardial flow.", "contents": "Regional myocardial blood flow during graded treadmill exercise in the dog. Regional myocardial blood flow was measured in nine dogs at rest and during three levels of treadmill exercise by using left atrial injections of 7-10-mum radioactive microspheres. At rest, heart rate was 76 plus or minus 3 beats/min (mean plus or minus SEM), mean left ventricular myocardial flow was 0.94 plus or minus 0.09 ml/min/g and endocardial flow (endo) exceeded epicardial flow (epi) in all regions (endo/epi equals 1.12-1.33). When treadmill exercise was regulated to increase heart rates from 152 plus or minus 3 to 190 plus or minus 3 to 240 plus or minus 6 beats/min, myocardial blood flow (MBF) to all regions of the left ventricle increased linearly with heart rate (HR) from 1.83 plus or minus 0.11 to 2.75 plus or minus 0.22 to 3.90 plus or minus 0.26 ml/min/g (MBF EQUALs 0.0175 HR - 0.523 PLUS OR MINUS 0.614, R EQUALS 0.87). Exercise abolished the gradient of blood flow favoring the left ventricular endocardium at rest, so that the endo/epi flow ratios were not significantly different from 1.00. Right ventricular flows were consistently less than corresponding left ventricular flows, but showed a similar linear increase with heart rate. Right ventricular endo/epi ratios were not different from 1.00 either at rest or during exercise. Thus, exercise resulted in increased myocardial blood flow to all regions of the left and right ventricles with maintenance of subendocardial flow equal to subepicardial flow.", "PMID": 1109180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2299", "title": "Prolonged contraction duration in aged myocardium.", "content": "Isometric performance at 29degreesC was measured in left ventricular trabeculae carneae from young adult (6-mo) and aged (25-mo) rats (n equals 18 in each group). Active tension and maximal rate of tension development did not differ with age, but contraction duration was 255plus or minus6 ms in the young adult and 283plus or minus6 ms in the aged group (P less than0.001). Although catecholamine content per gram heart weight was less in the aged myocardium, additional experiments showed that neither 1 times 10-6 M propranolol nor pretreatment with 6-hydroxydopamine eliminated the age difference in contraction duration. To determine if this age difference resulted from a prolonged active state, electromechanical dissociation and the overshoot of contraction duration during recovery from hypoxia were measured. During paired stimulation greater mechanical refractoriness was found in aged muscles (P less than0.01), but intracellular action potential recordings showed no age difference in the electrical refractory period. On recovery from hypoxia, contraction duration overshoot was 117plus or minus 4percent of control in the young and 138plus or minus 4percent of control in the aged muscles (P less than0.01). The greater electromechanical dissociation and greater overshoot in contraction duration following hypoxia in aged myocardium suggests that prolonged contraction duration in aged myocardium results from a prolonged active state rather than changes in passive properties or myocardial catecholamine content.", "contents": "Prolonged contraction duration in aged myocardium. Isometric performance at 29degreesC was measured in left ventricular trabeculae carneae from young adult (6-mo) and aged (25-mo) rats (n equals 18 in each group). Active tension and maximal rate of tension development did not differ with age, but contraction duration was 255plus or minus6 ms in the young adult and 283plus or minus6 ms in the aged group (P less than0.001). Although catecholamine content per gram heart weight was less in the aged myocardium, additional experiments showed that neither 1 times 10-6 M propranolol nor pretreatment with 6-hydroxydopamine eliminated the age difference in contraction duration. To determine if this age difference resulted from a prolonged active state, electromechanical dissociation and the overshoot of contraction duration during recovery from hypoxia were measured. During paired stimulation greater mechanical refractoriness was found in aged muscles (P less than0.01), but intracellular action potential recordings showed no age difference in the electrical refractory period. On recovery from hypoxia, contraction duration overshoot was 117plus or minus 4percent of control in the young and 138plus or minus 4percent of control in the aged muscles (P less than0.01). The greater electromechanical dissociation and greater overshoot in contraction duration following hypoxia in aged myocardium suggests that prolonged contraction duration in aged myocardium results from a prolonged active state rather than changes in passive properties or myocardial catecholamine content.", "PMID": 1109181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2300", "title": "Regulation of blood flow in Paget's disease of bone.", "content": "Previous studies have demonstrated an increase in blood flow to extremities involved by Paget's disease of bone. It has been assumed that the increase in blood flow is through bone, but warmth of skin overlying Pagetic bone suggests that cutaneous blood flow might be increased. In three patients with Paget's disease involving one extremity, we compared blood flow in \"Pagetic\" extremities with flow in the contralateral normal extremities. Resting blood flow (measured with water plethysmographs) was 14.2plus or minus2.9 (meanplus or minusSE) ml/min times 100 ml extremity in the Pagetic limbs. The contribution of cutaneous flow to the increase in extremity blood flow was evaluated with epinephrine iontophoresis, which suppresses flow to skin but not to underlying tissue. Epinephrine iontophoresis of the Pagetic extremities decreased blood flow from 14.2plus or minus2.9 to 3.6plus or minus1.5 ml/min. Local heating (which increases cutaneous flow only) failed to increase blood flow in the Pagetic extremities as much as it did in the normal extremities. This suggests that cutaneous vessels in the Pagetic extremities were already dilated. During heating, blood flow in the normal extremities was similar to resting flow in the Pagetic extremities; this indicates that increases in cutaneous flow could account for most of the increase in total blood flow in the Pagetic extremities. Adrenergic control of blood flow to the Pagetic extremities was compared with that of the normal extremities. Vasoconstrictor responses to reflex stimuli in the Pagetic extremities were reduced; when vasoconstriction occurred it was gradual and sustained after termination of the stimuli, which suggests an exaggerated humoral response but reduced neural response to the stimuli. Intravenous epinephrine produced vasoconstriction in the Pagetic extremities and vasodilatation in the normal extremities. In summary, responses to epinephrine iontophoresis and heating suggest that the increase in blood flow in Pagetic extremities is primarily the result of cutaneous vasodilatation.", "contents": "Regulation of blood flow in Paget's disease of bone. Previous studies have demonstrated an increase in blood flow to extremities involved by Paget's disease of bone. It has been assumed that the increase in blood flow is through bone, but warmth of skin overlying Pagetic bone suggests that cutaneous blood flow might be increased. In three patients with Paget's disease involving one extremity, we compared blood flow in \"Pagetic\" extremities with flow in the contralateral normal extremities. Resting blood flow (measured with water plethysmographs) was 14.2plus or minus2.9 (meanplus or minusSE) ml/min times 100 ml extremity in the Pagetic limbs. The contribution of cutaneous flow to the increase in extremity blood flow was evaluated with epinephrine iontophoresis, which suppresses flow to skin but not to underlying tissue. Epinephrine iontophoresis of the Pagetic extremities decreased blood flow from 14.2plus or minus2.9 to 3.6plus or minus1.5 ml/min. Local heating (which increases cutaneous flow only) failed to increase blood flow in the Pagetic extremities as much as it did in the normal extremities. This suggests that cutaneous vessels in the Pagetic extremities were already dilated. During heating, blood flow in the normal extremities was similar to resting flow in the Pagetic extremities; this indicates that increases in cutaneous flow could account for most of the increase in total blood flow in the Pagetic extremities. Adrenergic control of blood flow to the Pagetic extremities was compared with that of the normal extremities. Vasoconstrictor responses to reflex stimuli in the Pagetic extremities were reduced; when vasoconstriction occurred it was gradual and sustained after termination of the stimuli, which suggests an exaggerated humoral response but reduced neural response to the stimuli. Intravenous epinephrine produced vasoconstriction in the Pagetic extremities and vasodilatation in the normal extremities. In summary, responses to epinephrine iontophoresis and heating suggest that the increase in blood flow in Pagetic extremities is primarily the result of cutaneous vasodilatation.", "PMID": 1109182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2301", "title": "Detection of platelet isoantibodies by (3H)serotonin platelet release and its clinical application to the problem of platelet matching.", "content": "The detection of platelet isoantibodies by the release of (3H)serotonin from platelets has been evaluated. The conditions for optimal release of (3H)serotonin with platelet isoantibodies using a microtechnique have been defined. A group of cardiac surgery patients were followed pre- and post-transfusions, with 48percent developing a positive serotonin release assay. Of these patients, 16percent also had a platelet complement-fixing and/or lymphocytotoxic isoantibody. There was variation in the degree of correlation between (3H)serotonin release and lymphocytotoxicity using individual National Institutes of Health typing serum. The matching obtained between family members by both techniques showed a close correlation when each technique was evaluated separately using the same NIH typing serum. The detection of iso-antibodies in patients with hematological malignancies correlated with the unresponsiveness to unmatched platelet transfusions in 15 out of 17 cases. The use of the patient's isoantibody to matched platelets of family members by (3H)serotonin release correlated well with the clinical response to transfusion with these platelets. The data suggest that (a) platelet isoantibodies can be detected with increased frequency by (3H)serotonin release; (b) (3H)serotonin release is a specific reaction depending on the surface antigen of the platelet; and (c) the method can be used to match compatible family members for platelet transfusions.", "contents": "Detection of platelet isoantibodies by (3H)serotonin platelet release and its clinical application to the problem of platelet matching. The detection of platelet isoantibodies by the release of (3H)serotonin from platelets has been evaluated. The conditions for optimal release of (3H)serotonin with platelet isoantibodies using a microtechnique have been defined. A group of cardiac surgery patients were followed pre- and post-transfusions, with 48percent developing a positive serotonin release assay. Of these patients, 16percent also had a platelet complement-fixing and/or lymphocytotoxic isoantibody. There was variation in the degree of correlation between (3H)serotonin release and lymphocytotoxicity using individual National Institutes of Health typing serum. The matching obtained between family members by both techniques showed a close correlation when each technique was evaluated separately using the same NIH typing serum. The detection of iso-antibodies in patients with hematological malignancies correlated with the unresponsiveness to unmatched platelet transfusions in 15 out of 17 cases. The use of the patient's isoantibody to matched platelets of family members by (3H)serotonin release correlated well with the clinical response to transfusion with these platelets. The data suggest that (a) platelet isoantibodies can be detected with increased frequency by (3H)serotonin release; (b) (3H)serotonin release is a specific reaction depending on the surface antigen of the platelet; and (c) the method can be used to match compatible family members for platelet transfusions.", "PMID": 1109183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2302", "title": "Hodgkin's Disease, tonsillectomy and family size.", "content": "The association of tonsillectomy and Hodgkin's disease was investigated by comparison of 136 young adult patients with their 315 siblings and 78 spouses. On the basis of a case-spouse comparison, the risk ratio of Hodgkin's disease among tonsillectomized persons was 3.1 (1.5 to 7.7, 95 per cent confidence limits); on the basis of a case-sibling comparison it was 1.4 (0.8-2.6). The case-sibling analysis was repeated according to sibship size, and increased risk of disease was associated with tonsillectomy only within the 37 sibships of size two. A similar variation of risk ratio with sibship size was found in data from a prior study. The range of the association implies that the relation beteeen tonsillectomy and Hodgkin's disease either is noncausal or is complex and modified by family size. Risk of Hodgkin's disease was found to increase as a sibship size decreased, suggesting that a cause of Hodgkin's disease is correlated with childhood social class.", "contents": "Hodgkin's Disease, tonsillectomy and family size. The association of tonsillectomy and Hodgkin's disease was investigated by comparison of 136 young adult patients with their 315 siblings and 78 spouses. On the basis of a case-spouse comparison, the risk ratio of Hodgkin's disease among tonsillectomized persons was 3.1 (1.5 to 7.7, 95 per cent confidence limits); on the basis of a case-sibling comparison it was 1.4 (0.8-2.6). The case-sibling analysis was repeated according to sibship size, and increased risk of disease was associated with tonsillectomy only within the 37 sibships of size two. A similar variation of risk ratio with sibship size was found in data from a prior study. The range of the association implies that the relation beteeen tonsillectomy and Hodgkin's disease either is noncausal or is complex and modified by family size. Risk of Hodgkin's disease was found to increase as a sibship size decreased, suggesting that a cause of Hodgkin's disease is correlated with childhood social class.", "PMID": 1109186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2303", "title": "Spontaneous regression of friend virus induced leukemia: coinfection with regressing and conventional strains of virus.", "content": "Mixtures of friend virus (CFV) and the regressing strain of friend virus (RFV) induce leukemia which regresses. The dominance of the regressing phenotype is solely a function of a threshold dose of RFV. The minimum amount of RFV which induced regression of CFV leukemia is below the titer for induction of friend disease, but does correlate ith the titer of lymphocytic leukemia (helper) activity in the these stocks.", "contents": "Spontaneous regression of friend virus induced leukemia: coinfection with regressing and conventional strains of virus. Mixtures of friend virus (CFV) and the regressing strain of friend virus (RFV) induce leukemia which regresses. The dominance of the regressing phenotype is solely a function of a threshold dose of RFV. The minimum amount of RFV which induced regression of CFV leukemia is below the titer for induction of friend disease, but does correlate ith the titer of lymphocytic leukemia (helper) activity in the these stocks.", "PMID": 1109226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2304", "title": "Halogenated hydrocarbons in New Orleans drinking water and blood plasma.", "content": "Volatile organics from New Orleans drinking water and pooled plasma were collected on a solid phenyl ether polymer and analyzed by gas chromatographic and mass spectrometric techniques. Thirteen halogenated hydrocarbons were identified in the drinking water. Five halogenated compounds were found in the plasma. Tetrachloroethylene and carbon tetrachloride were found in both the plasma and the drinking water. Considerable variation in the relative concentrations of the halogenated hydrocarbons was noted from day to day in the drinking water.", "contents": "Halogenated hydrocarbons in New Orleans drinking water and blood plasma. Volatile organics from New Orleans drinking water and pooled plasma were collected on a solid phenyl ether polymer and analyzed by gas chromatographic and mass spectrometric techniques. Thirteen halogenated hydrocarbons were identified in the drinking water. Five halogenated compounds were found in the plasma. Tetrachloroethylene and carbon tetrachloride were found in both the plasma and the drinking water. Considerable variation in the relative concentrations of the halogenated hydrocarbons was noted from day to day in the drinking water.", "PMID": 1109227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2305", "title": "Retrograde amnesia: temporal gradient in very long term memory following electroconvulsive therapy.", "content": "A newly designed remote memory test has been used to assess the temporal dimension of prolonged retrograde amnesia. Patients given a course of electroconvulsive treatments for relief of depressive illness exhibited a temporal gradient of retrograde amnesia after five treatments. Memories acquired up to about 3 years before treatment were impaired, but memories acquired 4 to 17 yearss before treatment were not affected. The results suggest that the neural substrate of memory gradually changes with the passage of time after learning and that resistance to amnesic treatment can continue to develop for years.", "contents": "Retrograde amnesia: temporal gradient in very long term memory following electroconvulsive therapy. A newly designed remote memory test has been used to assess the temporal dimension of prolonged retrograde amnesia. Patients given a course of electroconvulsive treatments for relief of depressive illness exhibited a temporal gradient of retrograde amnesia after five treatments. Memories acquired up to about 3 years before treatment were impaired, but memories acquired 4 to 17 yearss before treatment were not affected. The results suggest that the neural substrate of memory gradually changes with the passage of time after learning and that resistance to amnesic treatment can continue to develop for years.", "PMID": 1109228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2306", "title": "Quantitative studies of pinocytosis. I. Kinetics of uptake of (125I)polyvinylpyrrolidone by rat yolk sac cultured in vitro.", "content": "A method is described for the in vitro culture of 17.5-day rat visceral yolk sac. Tissue survival was good as judged by light and electron microscopy. The rate of pinocytic uptake of 125I-labeled polyvinylpyrrolidone by the tissue was constant both within and between experiments. Within the concentration range 0.15-24 mug/ml, the 125I-labeled polyvinylpyrrolidone neither stimulated nor inhibited pinocytosis. The system offers many advantages in the quantitative study of the physical basis of pinocytosis.", "contents": "Quantitative studies of pinocytosis. I. Kinetics of uptake of (125I)polyvinylpyrrolidone by rat yolk sac cultured in vitro. A method is described for the in vitro culture of 17.5-day rat visceral yolk sac. Tissue survival was good as judged by light and electron microscopy. The rate of pinocytic uptake of 125I-labeled polyvinylpyrrolidone by the tissue was constant both within and between experiments. Within the concentration range 0.15-24 mug/ml, the 125I-labeled polyvinylpyrrolidone neither stimulated nor inhibited pinocytosis. The system offers many advantages in the quantitative study of the physical basis of pinocytosis.", "PMID": 1109230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2307", "title": "Meiotic DNA synthesis during mouse spermatogenesis.", "content": "The incorporation of radioactivity into various cells in the sequence of spermatogenesis was measured by preparing highly purified spermatozoan nuclei from the cauda epididymidis of mice at daily intervals after injection of (3H)thymidine. The stages of differentiation of these sperm at the time of thymidine administration were calculated from the kinetics of spermatogenesis. The procedure for purification of sperm nuclei included sonication, mechanical shearing, and treatment with trypsin, DNase, Triton X-100, 2M NaC1, and sodium dodecyl sulfate. DNA was isolated from these nuclei by treatment with dithiothreitol and pronase, followed by phenol extraction and ethanol precipitation. The levels of radioactivity in the epididymal sperm head preparations were low (less than 13 dpm/mouse) for 27 days after injection, and then rose dramatically to over 4 times 104 dpm/mouse. Further experiments demonstrated that the 11 dpm of 3H radioactivity contained in sperm heads at 21 or 26 days after injection of (3H)TdR was significantly above background and contamination levels from other cells or other sources. Most of the radioactivity was in the sperm DNA and represented incorporation of tritium from (3H)TdR into the nuclear DNA of meiotic cells at 0.002 percent of the rate of incorporation into S-phase cells. Little, if any, (3H)TdR was incorporation into the DNA of spermatids. The levels of DNA synthesis during the meiotic prophase in the mouse appear to be much lower than those reported for other organisms.", "contents": "Meiotic DNA synthesis during mouse spermatogenesis. The incorporation of radioactivity into various cells in the sequence of spermatogenesis was measured by preparing highly purified spermatozoan nuclei from the cauda epididymidis of mice at daily intervals after injection of (3H)thymidine. The stages of differentiation of these sperm at the time of thymidine administration were calculated from the kinetics of spermatogenesis. The procedure for purification of sperm nuclei included sonication, mechanical shearing, and treatment with trypsin, DNase, Triton X-100, 2M NaC1, and sodium dodecyl sulfate. DNA was isolated from these nuclei by treatment with dithiothreitol and pronase, followed by phenol extraction and ethanol precipitation. The levels of radioactivity in the epididymal sperm head preparations were low (less than 13 dpm/mouse) for 27 days after injection, and then rose dramatically to over 4 times 104 dpm/mouse. Further experiments demonstrated that the 11 dpm of 3H radioactivity contained in sperm heads at 21 or 26 days after injection of (3H)TdR was significantly above background and contamination levels from other cells or other sources. Most of the radioactivity was in the sperm DNA and represented incorporation of tritium from (3H)TdR into the nuclear DNA of meiotic cells at 0.002 percent of the rate of incorporation into S-phase cells. Little, if any, (3H)TdR was incorporation into the DNA of spermatids. The levels of DNA synthesis during the meiotic prophase in the mouse appear to be much lower than those reported for other organisms.", "PMID": 1109231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2308", "title": "Actin associated with membranes from 3T3 mouse fibroblast and HeLa cells.", "content": "A protein component of membranes isolated from 3T3 mouse fibroblasts and HeLa cells has been identified as actin by peptide mapping. Extensive but apparently not total coincidence was found between the peptide maps of these two nonmuscle membrane-associated actins compared to chick skeletal muscle actin. Between 2 and 4 percent of the total membrane protein appears in the actin band on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels of 3T3 membranes while about 4 percent of the membrane protein appears as the actin band from HeLa membranes. These values represent approximately the same proportion of actin to total protein found in the cell homogenates. Treatment of intact cells with levels of cytochalasin B sufficient to cause pronounced morphological changes did not change the amount of actin associated with the membrane in either 3T3 or HeLa cells. However, incubation of isolated membranes under conditions favoring conversion of actin from filamentous to monomeric form resulted in dissociation of approximately 80 and 60 percent of the actin from 3T3 and HeLa membranes, respectively. Thus, approximately 20 percent of 3T3 membrane actin and 40 percent of HeLa membrane actin remained associated with the membrane even under actin depolymerizing conditions.", "contents": "Actin associated with membranes from 3T3 mouse fibroblast and HeLa cells. A protein component of membranes isolated from 3T3 mouse fibroblasts and HeLa cells has been identified as actin by peptide mapping. Extensive but apparently not total coincidence was found between the peptide maps of these two nonmuscle membrane-associated actins compared to chick skeletal muscle actin. Between 2 and 4 percent of the total membrane protein appears in the actin band on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels of 3T3 membranes while about 4 percent of the membrane protein appears as the actin band from HeLa membranes. These values represent approximately the same proportion of actin to total protein found in the cell homogenates. Treatment of intact cells with levels of cytochalasin B sufficient to cause pronounced morphological changes did not change the amount of actin associated with the membrane in either 3T3 or HeLa cells. However, incubation of isolated membranes under conditions favoring conversion of actin from filamentous to monomeric form resulted in dissociation of approximately 80 and 60 percent of the actin from 3T3 and HeLa membranes, respectively. Thus, approximately 20 percent of 3T3 membrane actin and 40 percent of HeLa membrane actin remained associated with the membrane even under actin depolymerizing conditions.", "PMID": 1109232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2309", "title": "Microtubules with 15 subunits in cockroach epidermal cells.", "content": "Since Ledbetter and Porter (1964) described the 13 subunits which are visible in cross sections of negatively stained plant microtubules, subsequent observations have generally confirmed this number. By using Mizuhira's fixative composed of tannic acid and glutaraldehyde, it is easyto demonstrate the subunits of microtublules without optical reinforcement Cytoplasmic microtubules and sperm axonemes, fixed with Mizuhira's fixtive, similarly show 13 subunits (Mizuhira's and Futaesaku, 1971, 1972; Futaesaky et al., 1972; Tilney et al., 1973). This paper will describe a particular type of microtubule in insect epidermal cells fixed with the above fixative. The number of the subunits is found to be 15 in tranverse sections.", "contents": "Microtubules with 15 subunits in cockroach epidermal cells. Since Ledbetter and Porter (1964) described the 13 subunits which are visible in cross sections of negatively stained plant microtubules, subsequent observations have generally confirmed this number. By using Mizuhira's fixative composed of tannic acid and glutaraldehyde, it is easyto demonstrate the subunits of microtublules without optical reinforcement Cytoplasmic microtubules and sperm axonemes, fixed with Mizuhira's fixtive, similarly show 13 subunits (Mizuhira's and Futaesaku, 1971, 1972; Futaesaky et al., 1972; Tilney et al., 1973). This paper will describe a particular type of microtubule in insect epidermal cells fixed with the above fixative. The number of the subunits is found to be 15 in tranverse sections.", "PMID": 1109233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2310", "title": "Locations of 18S and 28S ribosomal genes on the chromosomes of the Indian muntjac.", "content": "The locations of genes coding for 18S and 28S ribosomal RNA have been mapped on metaphase chromosomes of the Indian muntjac M. muntjak by in situ hybridization with (3H)rRNA from the toad X. laevis. The results show that, in the muntjac, rDNA clusters are associated with the prominent secondary constrictions on the X and the Y1 chromos. In addition a cluster of rDNA is found near the tip of one arm on the longest pair of autosomes. The autosomal cluster of rDNAs usually does not express as a secondary constriction at metaphase.", "contents": "Locations of 18S and 28S ribosomal genes on the chromosomes of the Indian muntjac. The locations of genes coding for 18S and 28S ribosomal RNA have been mapped on metaphase chromosomes of the Indian muntjac M. muntjak by in situ hybridization with (3H)rRNA from the toad X. laevis. The results show that, in the muntjac, rDNA clusters are associated with the prominent secondary constrictions on the X and the Y1 chromos. In addition a cluster of rDNA is found near the tip of one arm on the longest pair of autosomes. The autosomal cluster of rDNAs usually does not express as a secondary constriction at metaphase.", "PMID": 1109234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2311", "title": "Cytochemical demonstration of hydrogen peroxide in polymorphonuclear leukocyte phagosomes.", "content": "Phagocytosis by polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) is accompanied by specific morphological and metabolic events which may result in the killing of internalized micro-organism. Hydrogen peroxide is produced in increased amounts during phagocytosis (17) and in combination with myeloperoxidase and halide ions constitute a potent, microbicidal mechanism (8,9,11). There can be direct iodination of micro-organisms (10), or alternatively, other intermediate reaction products, i.e. chloramines and aldehydes (21), can exert a microbicidal effect. The H2O2-peroxidase-halide system is presumed to operate within the phagocytic vacuole (12,18). Myeloperoxidase, present in the primary granules of PMN, enters the phagocytic vacuole during degranulation (1,4,7), and halide ions are probably derived from the extracellular medium or are present in the PMN (see 11, 18). For the operation of this system in intact cells, the presence of H2O2 in the phagocytic vacuole is necessary, and indeed this has been suggested by the work of several investigators (12, 18, 21). In the present investigation, the diaminobenzidine reaction of Graham and Karnovsky (5), modified to utilize endogenous myeloperoxidase and hydrogen peroxide, has been applied to actively phagocytizing PMN to demonstrate cytochemically the presence of H2O2 in the phagocytic vacuole.", "contents": "Cytochemical demonstration of hydrogen peroxide in polymorphonuclear leukocyte phagosomes. Phagocytosis by polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) is accompanied by specific morphological and metabolic events which may result in the killing of internalized micro-organism. Hydrogen peroxide is produced in increased amounts during phagocytosis (17) and in combination with myeloperoxidase and halide ions constitute a potent, microbicidal mechanism (8,9,11). There can be direct iodination of micro-organisms (10), or alternatively, other intermediate reaction products, i.e. chloramines and aldehydes (21), can exert a microbicidal effect. The H2O2-peroxidase-halide system is presumed to operate within the phagocytic vacuole (12,18). Myeloperoxidase, present in the primary granules of PMN, enters the phagocytic vacuole during degranulation (1,4,7), and halide ions are probably derived from the extracellular medium or are present in the PMN (see 11, 18). For the operation of this system in intact cells, the presence of H2O2 in the phagocytic vacuole is necessary, and indeed this has been suggested by the work of several investigators (12, 18, 21). In the present investigation, the diaminobenzidine reaction of Graham and Karnovsky (5), modified to utilize endogenous myeloperoxidase and hydrogen peroxide, has been applied to actively phagocytizing PMN to demonstrate cytochemically the presence of H2O2 in the phagocytic vacuole.", "PMID": 1109235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2312", "title": "Ribosomal RNA metabolism during renal hypertrophy. Evidence of decreased degradation of newly synthesized ribosomal RNA.", "content": "The degradation rates of kidney rRNA labeled before UNI or sham are unchanged 5 days after the operations (t one-and-a half, 88 h). Therefore, there is no contribution from pre-existing rRNA to the increased amount of rRNA in the stimulated kidney. After labeling with L-(methyl-3H)methionine, the kinetics of incorporation into rRNA precursors, 10-60 min and at the postoperative times of 4, 16, 36, and 96 h. The specific activity of cytoplasmic rRNA after 1-h labeling with L-(methyl-3H)methionine increased occured at 4 or 96 h. Since (a) the rate of degradation of rRNA, (b) the kinetics of incorporation and processing of rRNA precursors, and (c) the rate of RNA synthesis appear unchanged after UNI, the accretion of rRNA must involve decreased degradation of newly synthesized rRNA.", "contents": "Ribosomal RNA metabolism during renal hypertrophy. Evidence of decreased degradation of newly synthesized ribosomal RNA. The degradation rates of kidney rRNA labeled before UNI or sham are unchanged 5 days after the operations (t one-and-a half, 88 h). Therefore, there is no contribution from pre-existing rRNA to the increased amount of rRNA in the stimulated kidney. After labeling with L-(methyl-3H)methionine, the kinetics of incorporation into rRNA precursors, 10-60 min and at the postoperative times of 4, 16, 36, and 96 h. The specific activity of cytoplasmic rRNA after 1-h labeling with L-(methyl-3H)methionine increased occured at 4 or 96 h. Since (a) the rate of degradation of rRNA, (b) the kinetics of incorporation and processing of rRNA precursors, and (c) the rate of RNA synthesis appear unchanged after UNI, the accretion of rRNA must involve decreased degradation of newly synthesized rRNA.", "PMID": 1109236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2313", "title": "Electron probe analysis of calcium transport by small intestine.", "content": "Calcium transport in small intestine of rat and chick has been studied at the cellular level using the electron probe X-ray microanalyzer. Tissues were examined directly after removal as well as after incubation in a calcium solution. In both preparations, discrete calcium localizations were found associated with intracellular and extracellular goblet cell mucus. The in vitro preparations showed calcium in transit across the absorptive epithelium in discrete localizations. Although the primary path of transport was along lateral cell borders, some localizations were found in the cytoplasm in a supranuclear position. The effect of vitamin D depletion and repletion was to decrease and increase, respectively, the number of calcium localizations in transit across the epithelium. These results suggest that calcium is transported while in a sequestered form and indicate that goblet cell mucus plays a role in this transport process.", "contents": "Electron probe analysis of calcium transport by small intestine. Calcium transport in small intestine of rat and chick has been studied at the cellular level using the electron probe X-ray microanalyzer. Tissues were examined directly after removal as well as after incubation in a calcium solution. In both preparations, discrete calcium localizations were found associated with intracellular and extracellular goblet cell mucus. The in vitro preparations showed calcium in transit across the absorptive epithelium in discrete localizations. Although the primary path of transport was along lateral cell borders, some localizations were found in the cytoplasm in a supranuclear position. The effect of vitamin D depletion and repletion was to decrease and increase, respectively, the number of calcium localizations in transit across the epithelium. These results suggest that calcium is transported while in a sequestered form and indicate that goblet cell mucus plays a role in this transport process.", "PMID": 1109237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2314", "title": "Left ventricular function in patients with and without myocardial infarction and one, two or three vessel coronary artery disease.", "content": "Ninety-six patients with chest pain were studied to determine the relation between left ventricular function and severity of coronary artery disease in patients with and without a history of myocardial infarction. Coronary arteriography was performed obtaining cineangiograms (60 frames/sec) and large roll film angiograms (2 to 6 frames/sec) for precise definition of the coronary anatomy. The criteria for diagnosis of myocardial infarction were a typical history, a rise and fall in serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase levels and evolutionary S-T segment changes associated with Q waves of at least 0.03 second. Left ventricular function was assessed by measurement of left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and volume, and left ventricular ejection fraction, mass and compliance. Fifteen patients had normal findings; 81 were classified according to number of diseased vessels and presence or absence of myocardial infarction. There were no group differences in age or heart rate. Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure was abnormally increased in patients with three vessel disease and myocardial infarction. Left ventricular end-diastolic volume was increased and the ejection fraction was reduced in patients in each vessel disease group with myocardial infarction. Although ejection fraction was reduced in patients with three vessel disease without myocardial infarction, it was further reduced when infarction occurred. Left ventricular mass increased in patients with three vessel disease with or without myocardial infarction. Values for ventricular compliance were reduced in all patients with myocardial infarction and were lower in those with two and three vessel disease and infarction than in those with two and three vessel disease without infarction. These findings suggest that a previous history of myocardial infarction needs to be considered together with anatomic abnormalities of the coronary arteries in assessing cardiac performance in patients with ischemic heart disease, a previous myocardial infarction significantly alters left ventricular performance; the ejection fraction is a more sensitive measurement of left ventricular function than left ventricular end-diastolic pressure or volume.", "contents": "Left ventricular function in patients with and without myocardial infarction and one, two or three vessel coronary artery disease. Ninety-six patients with chest pain were studied to determine the relation between left ventricular function and severity of coronary artery disease in patients with and without a history of myocardial infarction. Coronary arteriography was performed obtaining cineangiograms (60 frames/sec) and large roll film angiograms (2 to 6 frames/sec) for precise definition of the coronary anatomy. The criteria for diagnosis of myocardial infarction were a typical history, a rise and fall in serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase levels and evolutionary S-T segment changes associated with Q waves of at least 0.03 second. Left ventricular function was assessed by measurement of left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and volume, and left ventricular ejection fraction, mass and compliance. Fifteen patients had normal findings; 81 were classified according to number of diseased vessels and presence or absence of myocardial infarction. There were no group differences in age or heart rate. Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure was abnormally increased in patients with three vessel disease and myocardial infarction. Left ventricular end-diastolic volume was increased and the ejection fraction was reduced in patients in each vessel disease group with myocardial infarction. Although ejection fraction was reduced in patients with three vessel disease without myocardial infarction, it was further reduced when infarction occurred. Left ventricular mass increased in patients with three vessel disease with or without myocardial infarction. Values for ventricular compliance were reduced in all patients with myocardial infarction and were lower in those with two and three vessel disease and infarction than in those with two and three vessel disease without infarction. These findings suggest that a previous history of myocardial infarction needs to be considered together with anatomic abnormalities of the coronary arteries in assessing cardiac performance in patients with ischemic heart disease, a previous myocardial infarction significantly alters left ventricular performance; the ejection fraction is a more sensitive measurement of left ventricular function than left ventricular end-diastolic pressure or volume.", "PMID": 1109238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2315", "title": "Internal mammary arteriovenous malformation with communication to the pulmonary vessels.", "content": "A 25 year old asymptomatic man with a past history of pulmonary tuberculosis presented with a continuous murmur. Selective arteriography revealed a left internal mammary arteriovenous malformation in communication with vessels in the left upper pulmonary lobe. No significant hemodynamic abnormalities were detected. This is the 26th reported case of internal mammary arteriovenous fistula and the 6th with a pulmonary communication. Review of the data in previous cases suggests that surgical indications are limited to symptomatic relief, heart failure during infancy or the possible risk of endarteritis, proximal arterial degeneration or rupture.", "contents": "Internal mammary arteriovenous malformation with communication to the pulmonary vessels. A 25 year old asymptomatic man with a past history of pulmonary tuberculosis presented with a continuous murmur. Selective arteriography revealed a left internal mammary arteriovenous malformation in communication with vessels in the left upper pulmonary lobe. No significant hemodynamic abnormalities were detected. This is the 26th reported case of internal mammary arteriovenous fistula and the 6th with a pulmonary communication. Review of the data in previous cases suggests that surgical indications are limited to symptomatic relief, heart failure during infancy or the possible risk of endarteritis, proximal arterial degeneration or rupture.", "PMID": 1109239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2316", "title": "Progressive pulmonary vascular disease after surgical correction (Mustard procedure) of transposition of great arteries with intact ventricular septum.", "content": "Severe pulmonary vascular disease developed 1 year after a Mustard operation in a 2 1/3 year old boy with transposition of the great arteries and intact ventricular septum. The possible etiologic factors responsible for the development of pulmonary vascular disease are discussed, and it is suggested that this disturbing late postoperative complication may occur more frequently than is recognized.", "contents": "Progressive pulmonary vascular disease after surgical correction (Mustard procedure) of transposition of great arteries with intact ventricular septum. Severe pulmonary vascular disease developed 1 year after a Mustard operation in a 2 1/3 year old boy with transposition of the great arteries and intact ventricular septum. The possible etiologic factors responsible for the development of pulmonary vascular disease are discussed, and it is suggested that this disturbing late postoperative complication may occur more frequently than is recognized.", "PMID": 1109240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2317", "title": "Mechanism of the bradycardia during coronary angiography.", "content": "Bradycardia occurring during coronary angiography may be due to the direct effect of dye or to reflex vagal effects on pacemaker centers. Fifteen patients were classified according to the origin of the sinus nodal and atrioventricular nodal arteries. In patients with type A anatomy, both the sinus and the atrioventricular nodal arteries arose from the right coronary artery. In those with type B anatomy, only the atrioventricular nodal artery arose from the right coronary artery. Heart rate recordings were made during coronary angiography before and after selective infusion of atropine (0.2mg) into the right coronary artery. In type A patients, the sinus bradycardia observed during right coronary dye injection was caused by a combination of both direct and reflex effects on pacemaker tissue. Sinus bradycardia occurring with left coronary dye injections was entirely reflex in nature and was completely blocked with right coronary arterial injection of atropine. In type B patients, sinus bradycardia with right coronary dye injections was produced by reflex suppression of the sinus pacemaker. A junctional rhythm was consistently produced after administration of atropine. Junctional bradycardia in type B patients was caused by direct suppression of the junctional pacemaker. Thus, angiographic dye appears to decrease heart rate by a direct effect on pacemaker tissue and by reflex vagal suppression of the sinus pacemaker.", "contents": "Mechanism of the bradycardia during coronary angiography. Bradycardia occurring during coronary angiography may be due to the direct effect of dye or to reflex vagal effects on pacemaker centers. Fifteen patients were classified according to the origin of the sinus nodal and atrioventricular nodal arteries. In patients with type A anatomy, both the sinus and the atrioventricular nodal arteries arose from the right coronary artery. In those with type B anatomy, only the atrioventricular nodal artery arose from the right coronary artery. Heart rate recordings were made during coronary angiography before and after selective infusion of atropine (0.2mg) into the right coronary artery. In type A patients, the sinus bradycardia observed during right coronary dye injection was caused by a combination of both direct and reflex effects on pacemaker tissue. Sinus bradycardia occurring with left coronary dye injections was entirely reflex in nature and was completely blocked with right coronary arterial injection of atropine. In type B patients, sinus bradycardia with right coronary dye injections was produced by reflex suppression of the sinus pacemaker. A junctional rhythm was consistently produced after administration of atropine. Junctional bradycardia in type B patients was caused by direct suppression of the junctional pacemaker. Thus, angiographic dye appears to decrease heart rate by a direct effect on pacemaker tissue and by reflex vagal suppression of the sinus pacemaker.", "PMID": 1109243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2318", "title": "Subendocardial ischemia provoked by tachycardia in conscious dogs with coronary stenosis.", "content": "We investigated the effect that mild coronary stenosis exerts on the ability of the coronary circulation to compensate for the increased extravascular compression that occurs in the subendocardium during tachycardia. An electromagnetic flowmeter transducer and balloon cuff occluder were implanted on the left circumflex coronary artery in seven dogs, and experiments were performed 1 week later with the dogs under sedation but conscious. Stenosis of the left circumflex artery was produced by partial inflation of the cuff occluder. We determined coronary blood flow distribution by the radioactive microsphere technique, injection 200,000 15mu spheres into the left ventricular cavity during (1) a control period, (2) stenosis of the left circumflex artery and a normal heart rate, and (3) stenosis of the left circumflex artery and tachycardia. When the heart rate was normal, the degree of stenosis used caused no change in myocardial microsphere distribution but eliminated postocclusion reactive hyperemia. Thus, reserve coronary vasodilation compensated for the stenosis. With the degree of stenosis kept constant, an increase in heart rate to 196 beats/min caused a marked transmural shift in distribution of microspheres from subendocardium into subepicardium within the region of the left ventricle supplied by the left circumflex artery. There was no significant transmural shift in the region supplied by the uninvolved left anterior descending coronary artery. Myocardial lactate extraction decreased. These results suggest that when reserve coronary vasodilation has already been utilized to compensate for coronary stenosis, the increased extravascular coronary compression from tachycardia causes subendocardial ischemia and hypoxia.", "contents": "Subendocardial ischemia provoked by tachycardia in conscious dogs with coronary stenosis. We investigated the effect that mild coronary stenosis exerts on the ability of the coronary circulation to compensate for the increased extravascular compression that occurs in the subendocardium during tachycardia. An electromagnetic flowmeter transducer and balloon cuff occluder were implanted on the left circumflex coronary artery in seven dogs, and experiments were performed 1 week later with the dogs under sedation but conscious. Stenosis of the left circumflex artery was produced by partial inflation of the cuff occluder. We determined coronary blood flow distribution by the radioactive microsphere technique, injection 200,000 15mu spheres into the left ventricular cavity during (1) a control period, (2) stenosis of the left circumflex artery and a normal heart rate, and (3) stenosis of the left circumflex artery and tachycardia. When the heart rate was normal, the degree of stenosis used caused no change in myocardial microsphere distribution but eliminated postocclusion reactive hyperemia. Thus, reserve coronary vasodilation compensated for the stenosis. With the degree of stenosis kept constant, an increase in heart rate to 196 beats/min caused a marked transmural shift in distribution of microspheres from subendocardium into subepicardium within the region of the left ventricle supplied by the left circumflex artery. There was no significant transmural shift in the region supplied by the uninvolved left anterior descending coronary artery. Myocardial lactate extraction decreased. These results suggest that when reserve coronary vasodilation has already been utilized to compensate for coronary stenosis, the increased extravascular coronary compression from tachycardia causes subendocardial ischemia and hypoxia.", "PMID": 1109244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2319", "title": "Effects of unipolar cathodal and bipolar stimulation on vulnerability of ischemic ventricles to fibrillation.", "content": "The effects of unipolar and bipolar stimulation on ventricular fibrillation threshold were studied during acute occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery in 13 anesthetized dogs. Values for ventricular fibrillation threshold were determined by delivering trains of rapid bipolar or unipolar pulses (100/sec) during the vulnerable period. The mean threshold value was found to be 13.0 ma for bipolar, 13.9 ma for unipolar anodal and 21.0 ma for unipolar cathodal stimulation. Ventricular fibrillation threshold was significantly lower (P less than 0.01) with both unipolar anodal and bipolar stimulation than with unipolar cathodal stimulation. In these animals, the first premature beats induced by the rapid stimuli occurred significantly earlier with unipolar anodal and bipolar stimulation than with unipolar cathodal stimulation. The effect of competition of unipolar or bipolar pacing stimuli with normally conducted ventricular beats was also studied in a group of 16 dogs. Repeated trials of competitive pacing during coronary occlusion showed that the incidence of ventricular fibrillation was significantly greater (P less 0.05) with bipolar pacing (36 percent) than with unipolar cathodal pacing (15 percent). These results indicate that bipolar pacing is potentially more dangerous than unipolar cathodal pacing and suggest that the incidence of pacemaker-induced ventricular fibrillation might be further reduced by the use of unipolar cathodal stimulation during acute myocardial infarction.", "contents": "Effects of unipolar cathodal and bipolar stimulation on vulnerability of ischemic ventricles to fibrillation. The effects of unipolar and bipolar stimulation on ventricular fibrillation threshold were studied during acute occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery in 13 anesthetized dogs. Values for ventricular fibrillation threshold were determined by delivering trains of rapid bipolar or unipolar pulses (100/sec) during the vulnerable period. The mean threshold value was found to be 13.0 ma for bipolar, 13.9 ma for unipolar anodal and 21.0 ma for unipolar cathodal stimulation. Ventricular fibrillation threshold was significantly lower (P less than 0.01) with both unipolar anodal and bipolar stimulation than with unipolar cathodal stimulation. In these animals, the first premature beats induced by the rapid stimuli occurred significantly earlier with unipolar anodal and bipolar stimulation than with unipolar cathodal stimulation. The effect of competition of unipolar or bipolar pacing stimuli with normally conducted ventricular beats was also studied in a group of 16 dogs. Repeated trials of competitive pacing during coronary occlusion showed that the incidence of ventricular fibrillation was significantly greater (P less 0.05) with bipolar pacing (36 percent) than with unipolar cathodal pacing (15 percent). These results indicate that bipolar pacing is potentially more dangerous than unipolar cathodal pacing and suggest that the incidence of pacemaker-induced ventricular fibrillation might be further reduced by the use of unipolar cathodal stimulation during acute myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 1109245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2320", "title": "Double outlet right ventricle (S,D,L) with subaortic ventricular septal defect and pulmonary stenosis. Report of six cases.", "content": "The clinical, hemodynamic, angiocardiographic and pathologic findings are presented in an infrequent but surgically correctable type of double outlet right ventricle. This study is based on six cases, one with autopsy confirmation. In all, the viscera and atria were in situs solitus (S). A ventricular d-loop was present (D). There was I-malposition of the great arteries, the aorta being to the left of, and anterior to, the pulmonary artery (L). Hence, this anomaly may conveniently be represented as double outlet right ventricle (S,D,L,). The ventricular septal defect to the ventricular septum. A bilateral conus was present beneath both the aortic and pulmonary valves, preventing any semilunar-atrioventricular fibrous continuity. The subpulmonary conus was poorly expanded, resulting in pulmonary infundibular and valvular (annular) stenosis. The clinical features were those of cyanosis, clubbing and accentuation of the second heart sound in the pulmonary area (related to aortic valve closure). There was a systolic ejection murmur along the upper left sternal border, related to pulmonary outflow tract stenosis. Selective right and left ventricular angiocardiography was diagnostic. Relatively early surgical correction is suggested to minimize the progression of pulmonary infundibular stenosis and to avoid acquired atresia. In this malformation, pulmonary outflow tract reconstruction is more difficult than in tetralogy of Fallot because of the rather posterior location of the pulmonary outflow tract, and because the right coronary artery crosses the stenotic pulmonary outflow tract in front of the pulmonary valve.", "contents": "Double outlet right ventricle (S,D,L) with subaortic ventricular septal defect and pulmonary stenosis. Report of six cases. The clinical, hemodynamic, angiocardiographic and pathologic findings are presented in an infrequent but surgically correctable type of double outlet right ventricle. This study is based on six cases, one with autopsy confirmation. In all, the viscera and atria were in situs solitus (S). A ventricular d-loop was present (D). There was I-malposition of the great arteries, the aorta being to the left of, and anterior to, the pulmonary artery (L). Hence, this anomaly may conveniently be represented as double outlet right ventricle (S,D,L,). The ventricular septal defect to the ventricular septum. A bilateral conus was present beneath both the aortic and pulmonary valves, preventing any semilunar-atrioventricular fibrous continuity. The subpulmonary conus was poorly expanded, resulting in pulmonary infundibular and valvular (annular) stenosis. The clinical features were those of cyanosis, clubbing and accentuation of the second heart sound in the pulmonary area (related to aortic valve closure). There was a systolic ejection murmur along the upper left sternal border, related to pulmonary outflow tract stenosis. Selective right and left ventricular angiocardiography was diagnostic. Relatively early surgical correction is suggested to minimize the progression of pulmonary infundibular stenosis and to avoid acquired atresia. In this malformation, pulmonary outflow tract reconstruction is more difficult than in tetralogy of Fallot because of the rather posterior location of the pulmonary outflow tract, and because the right coronary artery crosses the stenotic pulmonary outflow tract in front of the pulmonary valve.", "PMID": 1109246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2321", "title": "Echocardiography in atrioventricular canal defect: a clinical spectrum.", "content": "Echocardiographic examinations were performed in 30 children with atrioventricular (A-V) canal defect to determine the diagnostic value of recording A-V valve motion. Although a wide spectrum of abnormal movement was observed, four main diagnostic types emerged. Type 1, prolonged mitral-septal approximation during diastole, resulted from anterior displacement of the cleft anterior mitral leaflet. Type 2, the most diagnostic motion, was recorded when the common anterior A-V leaflet traversed the interventricular septum. Type 3 motion reflected posterior displacement of the septal tricuspid leaflet, which appeared to arise from the interventricular septum. Normal posterior diastolic motion of the septal leaflet was never recorded. Type 4, double contour of the mitral valve during systole and marked duplication of the systolic image, corresponded to irregularities in the mitral valve. When these patterns are recorded in a patient with congenital heart disease the diagnosis of A-V canal defect can be made with confidence.", "contents": "Echocardiography in atrioventricular canal defect: a clinical spectrum. Echocardiographic examinations were performed in 30 children with atrioventricular (A-V) canal defect to determine the diagnostic value of recording A-V valve motion. Although a wide spectrum of abnormal movement was observed, four main diagnostic types emerged. Type 1, prolonged mitral-septal approximation during diastole, resulted from anterior displacement of the cleft anterior mitral leaflet. Type 2, the most diagnostic motion, was recorded when the common anterior A-V leaflet traversed the interventricular septum. Type 3 motion reflected posterior displacement of the septal tricuspid leaflet, which appeared to arise from the interventricular septum. Normal posterior diastolic motion of the septal leaflet was never recorded. Type 4, double contour of the mitral valve during systole and marked duplication of the systolic image, corresponded to irregularities in the mitral valve. When these patterns are recorded in a patient with congenital heart disease the diagnosis of A-V canal defect can be made with confidence.", "PMID": 1109247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2322", "title": "Clinical implications of warfarin interactions with five sedatives.", "content": "The intensity, uniformity and time course of anticoagulant interference by phenobarbital, secobarbital, glutethimide, chloral hydrate and methaqualone were systematically investigated in 16 patients receiving coumarin therapy. Each subject received an individualized fixed daily dose of warfarin and served as his own pre- and postsedative treatment control. Prothrombin times were measured four times weekly during five long-term experiments. Anticoagulant inhibition was observed during the administration of phenobarbital, secobarbital and glutethimide; there was no significant change in prothrombin test results during the trials of chloral hydrate and methaqualone. Barbiturates and glutethimide should not be administered to patients receiving coumarin drugs. The concurrent use of drugs from these groups is decreasing according to a survey of 200 hospital medical records. Chloral hydrate and methaqualone interact pharmacologically with orally administered anticoagulant agents, but the effect is not clinically significant. It is concluded that chloral hydrate and methaqualone may be administered safely without additional caution in prothrombin test monitoring during oral anticoagulant therapy.", "contents": "Clinical implications of warfarin interactions with five sedatives. The intensity, uniformity and time course of anticoagulant interference by phenobarbital, secobarbital, glutethimide, chloral hydrate and methaqualone were systematically investigated in 16 patients receiving coumarin therapy. Each subject received an individualized fixed daily dose of warfarin and served as his own pre- and postsedative treatment control. Prothrombin times were measured four times weekly during five long-term experiments. Anticoagulant inhibition was observed during the administration of phenobarbital, secobarbital and glutethimide; there was no significant change in prothrombin test results during the trials of chloral hydrate and methaqualone. Barbiturates and glutethimide should not be administered to patients receiving coumarin drugs. The concurrent use of drugs from these groups is decreasing according to a survey of 200 hospital medical records. Chloral hydrate and methaqualone interact pharmacologically with orally administered anticoagulant agents, but the effect is not clinically significant. It is concluded that chloral hydrate and methaqualone may be administered safely without additional caution in prothrombin test monitoring during oral anticoagulant therapy.", "PMID": 1109248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2323", "title": "Hemophilus aphrophilus endocarditis: review of 23 cases.", "content": "A case of bacterial endocarditis caused by Hemophilus aphrophilus is described, and 22 previously reported cases are reviewed. Eleven patients died and 12 survived; comparison of these two groups reveals that the patients who died were in the older population. The male/female ratio was 3.6:1. The organism was difficult to identify but had a wide range of in vitro bacteriologic sensitivities. This type of endocarditis is frequently associated with emboli and congestive heart failure; each occurred in 9 of 11 fatal cases and 3 of 12 nonfatal cases. Among the nonfatal cases, two patients had both emboli and congestive heart failure, requiring aortic valve replacement despite their precarious clinical condition. Initial drug therapy before results of antibiotic sensitivity tests are known should consist of penicillin combined with streptomycin. When emboli or congestive heart failure appears in Hemophilus aphrophilus endocarditis, early surgical intervention with valve replacement is indicated.", "contents": "Hemophilus aphrophilus endocarditis: review of 23 cases. A case of bacterial endocarditis caused by Hemophilus aphrophilus is described, and 22 previously reported cases are reviewed. Eleven patients died and 12 survived; comparison of these two groups reveals that the patients who died were in the older population. The male/female ratio was 3.6:1. The organism was difficult to identify but had a wide range of in vitro bacteriologic sensitivities. This type of endocarditis is frequently associated with emboli and congestive heart failure; each occurred in 9 of 11 fatal cases and 3 of 12 nonfatal cases. Among the nonfatal cases, two patients had both emboli and congestive heart failure, requiring aortic valve replacement despite their precarious clinical condition. Initial drug therapy before results of antibiotic sensitivity tests are known should consist of penicillin combined with streptomycin. When emboli or congestive heart failure appears in Hemophilus aphrophilus endocarditis, early surgical intervention with valve replacement is indicated.", "PMID": 1109249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2324", "title": "Precordial honk due to tricuspid regurgitation.", "content": "A systolic honk developed in a woman with idiopathic cardiomyopathy and congestive heart failure. The honk was present only during deep inspiration, disappeared as her cardiovascular status improved, but recurred when her cardiovascular function declined. Further investigation indicated that the honk was the result of tricuspid regurgitation.", "contents": "Precordial honk due to tricuspid regurgitation. A systolic honk developed in a woman with idiopathic cardiomyopathy and congestive heart failure. The honk was present only during deep inspiration, disappeared as her cardiovascular status improved, but recurred when her cardiovascular function declined. Further investigation indicated that the honk was the result of tricuspid regurgitation.", "PMID": 1109250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2325", "title": "Primary cardiomyopathy in identical twins.", "content": "Seventeen year old identical twin brothers with no family history of cardiopathy began experiencing palpitations almost simultaneously. In both, examination revealed marked cardiomegaly and hypokinesia of the ventricular walls, and clinical and radiologic signs of progressive cardiac failure developed a few days later. Both boys died suddenly, 49 days and 5 months, respectively, after the initial examination. Electrocardiographic and vectorcardiographic studies revealed a severe intraventricular conduction disturbance that coincided with histologic changes in the myocardial tissue, including profuse interstitial fibrosis, hypertrophy and degeneration of the myocardial fibers, aberrant arrangement of the muscular fibers and considerable alteration of the structure of cardiac tissue. In the absence of hereditary and chromosomal factors, and excluding possible viral intervention during fetal life, it is believed that a teratogenic factor can produce the structural alterations of the tissue and derangement of the fibers observed in these hearts. The irregular contractions of the heart at the level of the net-like meshwork, disarrangement of myocardial fibers, and adaptative mechanisms of the heart inherent in the destruction of the contractile tissue contributed to the functional cardiac disorders that resulted in congestive heart failure and sudden death in these twins.", "contents": "Primary cardiomyopathy in identical twins. Seventeen year old identical twin brothers with no family history of cardiopathy began experiencing palpitations almost simultaneously. In both, examination revealed marked cardiomegaly and hypokinesia of the ventricular walls, and clinical and radiologic signs of progressive cardiac failure developed a few days later. Both boys died suddenly, 49 days and 5 months, respectively, after the initial examination. Electrocardiographic and vectorcardiographic studies revealed a severe intraventricular conduction disturbance that coincided with histologic changes in the myocardial tissue, including profuse interstitial fibrosis, hypertrophy and degeneration of the myocardial fibers, aberrant arrangement of the muscular fibers and considerable alteration of the structure of cardiac tissue. In the absence of hereditary and chromosomal factors, and excluding possible viral intervention during fetal life, it is believed that a teratogenic factor can produce the structural alterations of the tissue and derangement of the fibers observed in these hearts. The irregular contractions of the heart at the level of the net-like meshwork, disarrangement of myocardial fibers, and adaptative mechanisms of the heart inherent in the destruction of the contractile tissue contributed to the functional cardiac disorders that resulted in congestive heart failure and sudden death in these twins.", "PMID": 1109251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2326", "title": "Objective criteria for evaluating occupational health programs.", "content": "An objective scoring system is proposed as a single and flexible method of evaluating occupational health programs to appraise the extent to which existing programs approach a basic standard of excellence as defined by a theoretical model based on published and professionally acceptable guidelines and standards. This proposed system emphasizes the importance of an interdependent relationship between four program components: (1) guiding philosophy and policy; (2) organizational structure; (3) resources; (4) occupational health services, and it stresses the importance of long range health commitments to employee health status in contrasts to short range health commitments aimed primarily at an economic payoff to a sponsoring agency, institution, or company. The proposed evaluation scheme should enable self-evaluation by individual programs. Additionally, programs can utilize this evaluative tool to examine their influence on such important questions as employee hospital utilization and other specific elements of employee health in an objective, relatively simple manner.", "contents": "Objective criteria for evaluating occupational health programs. An objective scoring system is proposed as a single and flexible method of evaluating occupational health programs to appraise the extent to which existing programs approach a basic standard of excellence as defined by a theoretical model based on published and professionally acceptable guidelines and standards. This proposed system emphasizes the importance of an interdependent relationship between four program components: (1) guiding philosophy and policy; (2) organizational structure; (3) resources; (4) occupational health services, and it stresses the importance of long range health commitments to employee health status in contrasts to short range health commitments aimed primarily at an economic payoff to a sponsoring agency, institution, or company. The proposed evaluation scheme should enable self-evaluation by individual programs. Additionally, programs can utilize this evaluative tool to examine their influence on such important questions as employee hospital utilization and other specific elements of employee health in an objective, relatively simple manner.", "PMID": 1109256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2327", "title": "Program planning, evaluation, and the problem of alcoholism.", "content": "Rational program planning and evaluation has been suggested as a necessary skill. First, a conceptual framework for planning and evaluation was presented and discussed, using the example of preventing alcoholism and providing services and rehabilitation for alcoholics. Second, a case study was presented, which is similar to that used by many professionals in their efforts to plan programs. Finally, some of the marked limitations of the case study were pointed out, when it was projected upon the conceptual framework.", "contents": "Program planning, evaluation, and the problem of alcoholism. Rational program planning and evaluation has been suggested as a necessary skill. First, a conceptual framework for planning and evaluation was presented and discussed, using the example of preventing alcoholism and providing services and rehabilitation for alcoholics. Second, a case study was presented, which is similar to that used by many professionals in their efforts to plan programs. Finally, some of the marked limitations of the case study were pointed out, when it was projected upon the conceptual framework.", "PMID": 1109258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2328", "title": "Decontamination procedures for skin exposed to phenolic substances.", "content": "Spraying or swabbing with a mixture of polyethylene glycol 300/industrial methylated spirits (PEG-300/IMS) (2:1 by volume) has been shown to substantially reduce mortality, systemic effects, and skin burns resulting from skin contamination by phenol, cumene hydroperoxide, or phenol/acetone cleavage product. The skin-damaging potentials of sodium hydroxide and sulfuric acid have also been investigated. PEG-300/IMS(2:1 by volume) mixture was found, in rats, to be slightly less effective than water as means of decontamination. The PEG-300/IMS mixture has been shown not to cause eye irritation, and so should not present a hazard where this mixture is used as a decontaminant spray.", "contents": "Decontamination procedures for skin exposed to phenolic substances. Spraying or swabbing with a mixture of polyethylene glycol 300/industrial methylated spirits (PEG-300/IMS) (2:1 by volume) has been shown to substantially reduce mortality, systemic effects, and skin burns resulting from skin contamination by phenol, cumene hydroperoxide, or phenol/acetone cleavage product. The skin-damaging potentials of sodium hydroxide and sulfuric acid have also been investigated. PEG-300/IMS(2:1 by volume) mixture was found, in rats, to be slightly less effective than water as means of decontamination. The PEG-300/IMS mixture has been shown not to cause eye irritation, and so should not present a hazard where this mixture is used as a decontaminant spray.", "PMID": 1109265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2329", "title": "Moderate hypoxia exposure and fetal development.", "content": "Exposure of rabbits to 15.5% oxygen during pregnancy resulted in a 17% decrease of birth weight and a neonatal mortality of 19% as opposed to 1% in the control groups, just corresponding to the effects obtained previously by moderate exposure of pregnant rabbits to carbon monoxide. Since additive effects of hypoxia exposure and carbon monoxide exposure are supposed to occur, it is concluded that women living at a high altitude should be warned particularly about the risk of delivering small babies if they have been smoking during their pregnancy.", "contents": "Moderate hypoxia exposure and fetal development. Exposure of rabbits to 15.5% oxygen during pregnancy resulted in a 17% decrease of birth weight and a neonatal mortality of 19% as opposed to 1% in the control groups, just corresponding to the effects obtained previously by moderate exposure of pregnant rabbits to carbon monoxide. Since additive effects of hypoxia exposure and carbon monoxide exposure are supposed to occur, it is concluded that women living at a high altitude should be warned particularly about the risk of delivering small babies if they have been smoking during their pregnancy.", "PMID": 1109266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2330", "title": "A syndrome of multiple congenital anomalies associated with teratogenic exposure.", "content": "A study of 19 patients with multiple congenital anomalies described by the acronym VACTERL (Vertebral, Anal, Cardiac, Tracheoesophageal, Renal, and Limb) revealed exposure at the vulnerable period of embryogenesis to a progestogen/estrogen compound or a progestogen alone in 13 patients. These hormones were taken as a \"pregnancy test,\" and for a variety of other reasons. Comparison of VACTERL patients with paired and matched controls, one group with chromosomal anomalies (other than Down syndrome) and another group with functional murmurs, revealed a significant difference with respect to exposure to hormonal contraceptives. The multiple anomalies of skeletal, cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal structures recapitulate the systems involved in the thalidomide syndrome, but present a variation of the pattern. Until more definitive data are available it would be prudent to emphasize the need to verify the absence of pregnancy before initiation of oral contraception and to discontinue hormonal agents as tests for pregnancy.", "contents": "A syndrome of multiple congenital anomalies associated with teratogenic exposure. A study of 19 patients with multiple congenital anomalies described by the acronym VACTERL (Vertebral, Anal, Cardiac, Tracheoesophageal, Renal, and Limb) revealed exposure at the vulnerable period of embryogenesis to a progestogen/estrogen compound or a progestogen alone in 13 patients. These hormones were taken as a \"pregnancy test,\" and for a variety of other reasons. Comparison of VACTERL patients with paired and matched controls, one group with chromosomal anomalies (other than Down syndrome) and another group with functional murmurs, revealed a significant difference with respect to exposure to hormonal contraceptives. The multiple anomalies of skeletal, cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal structures recapitulate the systems involved in the thalidomide syndrome, but present a variation of the pattern. Until more definitive data are available it would be prudent to emphasize the need to verify the absence of pregnancy before initiation of oral contraception and to discontinue hormonal agents as tests for pregnancy.", "PMID": 1109267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2331", "title": "Short-term inhalation toxicity of halogenated hydrocarbons: effects on fasting rats.", "content": "Male rats, fasted overnight (18 hours), and exposed to various materials in inhalation were more sensitive to the hepatotoxic effects of carbon tetrachloride, 2-chlorobutadiene, 1,1-dibromoethylene, and 1,1-dichloroethylene (DCE). Vinyl chloride monomer and 1,1-difluoroethylene were not acutely hepatotoxic in fed or fasted rats at any concentration tested. Vinyl chloride monomer when administered simultaneously with DCE prevented the injury associated with DCE inhalation in fasted rats. This prevention of injury may be a result of a competitive interaction since the effect was concentration dependent.", "contents": "Short-term inhalation toxicity of halogenated hydrocarbons: effects on fasting rats. Male rats, fasted overnight (18 hours), and exposed to various materials in inhalation were more sensitive to the hepatotoxic effects of carbon tetrachloride, 2-chlorobutadiene, 1,1-dibromoethylene, and 1,1-dichloroethylene (DCE). Vinyl chloride monomer and 1,1-difluoroethylene were not acutely hepatotoxic in fed or fasted rats at any concentration tested. Vinyl chloride monomer when administered simultaneously with DCE prevented the injury associated with DCE inhalation in fasted rats. This prevention of injury may be a result of a competitive interaction since the effect was concentration dependent.", "PMID": 1109268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2332", "title": "Hexachlorophene in mice. Effects after long-term percutaneous applications.", "content": "The toxicity and carcinogenicity of life-time applications of hexachlorophene on the skin of Swiss mice were studied. Twice weekly applications of 0.02 ml of a 50% or 25% solution produced necrosis and ulceration of the skin as well as neurological symptoms and a mortality of up to 22% within two weeks. At autopsy, edema and cystic lesions were seen in the white matter of the central nervous system. The neurological symptoms were reversible, though a proportion of the cystic lesions persisted. Only one skin tumor was seen and the number of tumors of other organs, lymphomas, lung adenomas, liver hemangiomas, and other tumors, was not higher than in the controls. It is concluded from this study that percutaneous application of hexachlorophene has toxic local and systemic effects in mice, but no carcinogenic effects.", "contents": "Hexachlorophene in mice. Effects after long-term percutaneous applications. The toxicity and carcinogenicity of life-time applications of hexachlorophene on the skin of Swiss mice were studied. Twice weekly applications of 0.02 ml of a 50% or 25% solution produced necrosis and ulceration of the skin as well as neurological symptoms and a mortality of up to 22% within two weeks. At autopsy, edema and cystic lesions were seen in the white matter of the central nervous system. The neurological symptoms were reversible, though a proportion of the cystic lesions persisted. Only one skin tumor was seen and the number of tumors of other organs, lymphomas, lung adenomas, liver hemangiomas, and other tumors, was not higher than in the controls. It is concluded from this study that percutaneous application of hexachlorophene has toxic local and systemic effects in mice, but no carcinogenic effects.", "PMID": 1109269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2333", "title": "Effects of ozone and brief exercise on specific airway conductance in man.", "content": "Four normal male subjects were exposed to 0.9 ppm ozone with exercise for five minutes. Specific airway conductance (Gaw/Vtg) was increased by exercise and decreased by inhalation of ozone in most subjects, but these effects were small. Ozone inhalation with exercise resulted in a highly significant decrease of Gaw/Vtg. It would seem that a peak concentration of 0.9 ppm of ozone for five minutes produces adverse effects when the subject undertakes exxercise in it.", "contents": "Effects of ozone and brief exercise on specific airway conductance in man. Four normal male subjects were exposed to 0.9 ppm ozone with exercise for five minutes. Specific airway conductance (Gaw/Vtg) was increased by exercise and decreased by inhalation of ozone in most subjects, but these effects were small. Ozone inhalation with exercise resulted in a highly significant decrease of Gaw/Vtg. It would seem that a peak concentration of 0.9 ppm of ozone for five minutes produces adverse effects when the subject undertakes exxercise in it.", "PMID": 1109270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2334", "title": "Ozone and human blood.", "content": "Statistically significant changes (P less than .05) were observed in erythrocytes (RBC) and sera of young adult human males following a single short-term exposure to 0.50 ppm ozone (O3) for 2 3/4 hours. The RBC membrane fragility, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) enzyme activities were increased, while RBC acetylcholinesterase (AcChase) activity and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels were decreased. The RBC glutathione reductase (GSSRase) activities were not significantly altered. Serum GSSRase activity, however, was significantly decreased while serum vitamin E, and lipid peroxidation levels were significantly increased. These alterations tend to disappear gradually, but were still detectable two weeks following exposure.", "contents": "Ozone and human blood. Statistically significant changes (P less than .05) were observed in erythrocytes (RBC) and sera of young adult human males following a single short-term exposure to 0.50 ppm ozone (O3) for 2 3/4 hours. The RBC membrane fragility, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) enzyme activities were increased, while RBC acetylcholinesterase (AcChase) activity and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels were decreased. The RBC glutathione reductase (GSSRase) activities were not significantly altered. Serum GSSRase activity, however, was significantly decreased while serum vitamin E, and lipid peroxidation levels were significantly increased. These alterations tend to disappear gradually, but were still detectable two weeks following exposure.", "PMID": 1109271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2335", "title": "Hexachlorobenzene contamination: its effects in a Louisiana population.", "content": "Plasma hexachlorobenzene (HCB) residues in a Louisiana population exposed through the transportation and disposal of chemical waste containing HCB averaged 3.6 plus or minus 4.3 parts per billion (ppb) in a sample of 86 people. The highest level was 345 ppb in a waste disposal facility worker while the highest level in the general population was 23 ppb. There was no evidence of cutaneous porphyria by history or skin examination. Males had significantly higher residues than females (4.71 vs. 2.79 ppb) but there were no age differences. A possible association between HCB residues and coproporphyrin and lactic dehydrogenase was found. Only 2 of 48 meals sampled were positive for HCB. There was a correlation between HCB levels in household dust and plasma levels. Perchloroethylene and carbon tetrachloride production workers had plasma HCB levels of up to 233 ppb.", "contents": "Hexachlorobenzene contamination: its effects in a Louisiana population. Plasma hexachlorobenzene (HCB) residues in a Louisiana population exposed through the transportation and disposal of chemical waste containing HCB averaged 3.6 plus or minus 4.3 parts per billion (ppb) in a sample of 86 people. The highest level was 345 ppb in a waste disposal facility worker while the highest level in the general population was 23 ppb. There was no evidence of cutaneous porphyria by history or skin examination. Males had significantly higher residues than females (4.71 vs. 2.79 ppb) but there were no age differences. A possible association between HCB residues and coproporphyrin and lactic dehydrogenase was found. Only 2 of 48 meals sampled were positive for HCB. There was a correlation between HCB levels in household dust and plasma levels. Perchloroethylene and carbon tetrachloride production workers had plasma HCB levels of up to 233 ppb.", "PMID": 1109272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2336", "title": "Pesticide containers: their contribution to poisoning.", "content": "Pesticide containers play an important role in the epidemiology of pesticide poisonings. Investigations of short-term exposures have shown that difficulty in disposal  of used containers, inappropriate pesticide paskaging, and lack of safety containers for household products contribute to morbidity. Remedies for some of the container-associated hazards could be achieved under existing laws.", "contents": "Pesticide containers: their contribution to poisoning. Pesticide containers play an important role in the epidemiology of pesticide poisonings. Investigations of short-term exposures have shown that difficulty in disposal  of used containers, inappropriate pesticide paskaging, and lack of safety containers for household products contribute to morbidity. Remedies for some of the container-associated hazards could be achieved under existing laws.", "PMID": 1109273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2337", "title": "Percutaneous penetration and disposition of triclocarban in man: body showering.", "content": "The percutaneous penetration and metabolic disposition of 14C-3-4,4'-trichlorocarbanilide (triclocarban, TCC) after body showering has been determined in man. Single intravenous doses of trace amounts 14C-triclocarban were given to subjects to determine the pharmacologic disposition of the compound before conducting the shower study. Radioactivity was rapidly cleared from blood after intravenous administrations of 14C-triclocarban in propylene glycol with a blood clearance half-life of 8.6 hours. About 54% of the dose was excreted in the feces and 21% of the dose in the urine with a urinary elimination half-life of ten hours. No radioactivity was detected in the saliva. Subjects took a single shower employing a whole body lather with approximately 7 gm of soap containing 2% 14C-triclocarban on a soap basis. Special blood withdrawal and urinary/fecal collection techniques were utilized that minimized contamination of samples by extraneous 14C-triclocarban. About 0.23% of the applied radioactive dose was recovered in the feces after six days and 0.16% of the dose in the urine after two days. At all sampling times blood levels of radioactivity were below the detection limit of the method (10 part per billion).", "contents": "Percutaneous penetration and disposition of triclocarban in man: body showering. The percutaneous penetration and metabolic disposition of 14C-3-4,4'-trichlorocarbanilide (triclocarban, TCC) after body showering has been determined in man. Single intravenous doses of trace amounts 14C-triclocarban were given to subjects to determine the pharmacologic disposition of the compound before conducting the shower study. Radioactivity was rapidly cleared from blood after intravenous administrations of 14C-triclocarban in propylene glycol with a blood clearance half-life of 8.6 hours. About 54% of the dose was excreted in the feces and 21% of the dose in the urine with a urinary elimination half-life of ten hours. No radioactivity was detected in the saliva. Subjects took a single shower employing a whole body lather with approximately 7 gm of soap containing 2% 14C-triclocarban on a soap basis. Special blood withdrawal and urinary/fecal collection techniques were utilized that minimized contamination of samples by extraneous 14C-triclocarban. About 0.23% of the applied radioactive dose was recovered in the feces after six days and 0.16% of the dose in the urine after two days. At all sampling times blood levels of radioactivity were below the detection limit of the method (10 part per billion).", "PMID": 1109279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2338", "title": "Afferents to prefrontal cortex from the thalamic mediodorsal nucleus in the rhesus monkey.", "content": "Thalamic afferents to Macaque prefrontal cortex from the mediodorsal nucleus were examined by techniques specific for anterograde degeneration and axoplasmic transport. The sampling procedure employed permits establishing the extent of topographic projections to cortex from subcortical foci for the same brain which was surveyed subsequently in tracing specific neuronal connections by electron microscopy. Topographic and general laminar distribution of thalamic terminals are presented in terms of 3 subareas of prefrontal cortex. The dorsolateral and ventral (orbital) surfaces of prefrontal cortex receive respectively projections from the lateral and medial subdivision of the mediodorsal nucleus. In addition, the medial wall of the frontal lobe, including the dorsomedial part of the lateral convexity, heretofore regarded as athalamic, receives input from the caudal-dorsomedial aspect of the mediodorsal nucleus. Preliminary evidence suggests that axons from the mediodorsal nucleus terminate in the head of caudate nucleus, as Sachs-81 described 65 years ago in the first orthograde study of thalamo-prefrontal cortex connections.", "contents": "Afferents to prefrontal cortex from the thalamic mediodorsal nucleus in the rhesus monkey. Thalamic afferents to Macaque prefrontal cortex from the mediodorsal nucleus were examined by techniques specific for anterograde degeneration and axoplasmic transport. The sampling procedure employed permits establishing the extent of topographic projections to cortex from subcortical foci for the same brain which was surveyed subsequently in tracing specific neuronal connections by electron microscopy. Topographic and general laminar distribution of thalamic terminals are presented in terms of 3 subareas of prefrontal cortex. The dorsolateral and ventral (orbital) surfaces of prefrontal cortex receive respectively projections from the lateral and medial subdivision of the mediodorsal nucleus. In addition, the medial wall of the frontal lobe, including the dorsomedial part of the lateral convexity, heretofore regarded as athalamic, receives input from the caudal-dorsomedial aspect of the mediodorsal nucleus. Preliminary evidence suggests that axons from the mediodorsal nucleus terminate in the head of caudate nucleus, as Sachs-81 described 65 years ago in the first orthograde study of thalamo-prefrontal cortex connections.", "PMID": 1109293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2339", "title": "Reexamination of the force relationship of cortical cell discharge patterns with conditioned wrist movements.", "content": "Single unit recordings were obtained from 103 precentral cortical cells whose activity was related to an alternate wrist flexion-extension task in monkeys. Although the task was carried out under different loads only a weak relationship between cortical cell firing rates and static force levels was observed for force in one direction. A large change in firing rate occurred, however, when direction of force shifted as a result of a change in the predominant activity between extensor and flexor muscles. The firing patterns of the observed cortical cells suggest that the motor cortex is involved in specifying the muscles to be activated for a given movement and not the level of force to be produced by these muscles. During the dynamic phase of the movement little change in cortical cell firing pattern was observed for large changes in the rate of change of force. Motor cortex cell firing patterns appear to be unrelated to the large values of rate of change of force seen in this experiment.", "contents": "Reexamination of the force relationship of cortical cell discharge patterns with conditioned wrist movements. Single unit recordings were obtained from 103 precentral cortical cells whose activity was related to an alternate wrist flexion-extension task in monkeys. Although the task was carried out under different loads only a weak relationship between cortical cell firing rates and static force levels was observed for force in one direction. A large change in firing rate occurred, however, when direction of force shifted as a result of a change in the predominant activity between extensor and flexor muscles. The firing patterns of the observed cortical cells suggest that the motor cortex is involved in specifying the muscles to be activated for a given movement and not the level of force to be produced by these muscles. During the dynamic phase of the movement little change in cortical cell firing pattern was observed for large changes in the rate of change of force. Motor cortex cell firing patterns appear to be unrelated to the large values of rate of change of force seen in this experiment.", "PMID": 1109294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2340", "title": "Postnatal maturation of the cochlear neclei in the cat: a neurophysiological study.", "content": "The study of the postnatal maturation of the ventral cochlear nuclei (VCN) and the dorsal cochlear nuclei (DCN) was carried out on the cat by means of recordings of the extra-cellular neuronal activity. At birth it is already possible to obtain toneburst responses in the VCN and DCN. At this age the responses are characterised by a small number of spikes grouped in three bursts when the tone-bursts lasted 500 msec. Subsequently, the number of bursts increases until, from 9 or 10 days onwards the responses become sustained. These responses do not acquire their adult characteristics until more than a month after birth. During postnatal maturation of the cochlear nuclei, the VCN is distinguishable from the DCN by the greater number of units revealing spontaneous activity. Another criterion, such as latency, differentiates the VCN from the DCN from the point of view of the kinetics of maturation.", "contents": "Postnatal maturation of the cochlear neclei in the cat: a neurophysiological study. The study of the postnatal maturation of the ventral cochlear nuclei (VCN) and the dorsal cochlear nuclei (DCN) was carried out on the cat by means of recordings of the extra-cellular neuronal activity. At birth it is already possible to obtain toneburst responses in the VCN and DCN. At this age the responses are characterised by a small number of spikes grouped in three bursts when the tone-bursts lasted 500 msec. Subsequently, the number of bursts increases until, from 9 or 10 days onwards the responses become sustained. These responses do not acquire their adult characteristics until more than a month after birth. During postnatal maturation of the cochlear nuclei, the VCN is distinguishable from the DCN by the greater number of units revealing spontaneous activity. Another criterion, such as latency, differentiates the VCN from the DCN from the point of view of the kinetics of maturation.", "PMID": 1109295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2341", "title": "The effect of undernutrition in early life on cell generation in the rat brain.", "content": "In undernourished rats aged up to 21 days, the DNA synthesis period in dividing cells of the subependymal and external granular layers is consistently and markedly prolonged, while rates of cell production from these layers are only slightly altered. Cell cycle times are unchanged up to the end of the first week of life and prolonged from day 12. The G1 phase is markedly shortened at 1, 6 and 12 days of age. It would appear that, in comparison with controls, disappearance of the external granular layer is delayed, and cell numbers in both germinal layers may be reduced.", "contents": "The effect of undernutrition in early life on cell generation in the rat brain. In undernourished rats aged up to 21 days, the DNA synthesis period in dividing cells of the subependymal and external granular layers is consistently and markedly prolonged, while rates of cell production from these layers are only slightly altered. Cell cycle times are unchanged up to the end of the first week of life and prolonged from day 12. The G1 phase is markedly shortened at 1, 6 and 12 days of age. It would appear that, in comparison with controls, disappearance of the external granular layer is delayed, and cell numbers in both germinal layers may be reduced.", "PMID": 1109296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2342", "title": "Motor co-ordination and cerebellar size in adult rats undernourished in early life.", "content": "The male progeny of mother rats which had been undernourished during most of gestation and all of lactation were divided into two groups when weaned at 25 days. One group was nutritionally rehabilitated (G-L-) while the other was underfed for a further 9 weeks (G-L-W-) before nutritional rehabilitation. Despite this further undernutrition the G-L-W- rats eventually caught up in both body and brain weight with the G-L- group. Compared with control rats of the same age that had been well fed throughout life, the G-L- and G-L-W- animals had permanent deficits in body and regional brain weights. At 36 weeks rats were given two tests of motor co-ordination. They were required (a) to run backwards on a revolving drum and (b) to cross a chasm bridged by a ladder or parallel rods for a food reward. Both previously undernourished groups did consistently worse than controls of the same age or of similar body weight on two measures of co-ordination: falls from the revolving drum and stumbles on the bridge-crossing test. It is postulated that these differences indicate impaired cerebellar function in the prevously undernourished rats.", "contents": "Motor co-ordination and cerebellar size in adult rats undernourished in early life. The male progeny of mother rats which had been undernourished during most of gestation and all of lactation were divided into two groups when weaned at 25 days. One group was nutritionally rehabilitated (G-L-) while the other was underfed for a further 9 weeks (G-L-W-) before nutritional rehabilitation. Despite this further undernutrition the G-L-W- rats eventually caught up in both body and brain weight with the G-L- group. Compared with control rats of the same age that had been well fed throughout life, the G-L- and G-L-W- animals had permanent deficits in body and regional brain weights. At 36 weeks rats were given two tests of motor co-ordination. They were required (a) to run backwards on a revolving drum and (b) to cross a chasm bridged by a ladder or parallel rods for a food reward. Both previously undernourished groups did consistently worse than controls of the same age or of similar body weight on two measures of co-ordination: falls from the revolving drum and stumbles on the bridge-crossing test. It is postulated that these differences indicate impaired cerebellar function in the prevously undernourished rats.", "PMID": 1109297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2343", "title": "Histamine synthesis in the developing rat brain: evidence for a multiple compartmentation.", "content": "Subcellular fractionation techniques, radio-labeling by the 3H-precursor and pharmacological approach applied to the developing rat indicate the presence of at least two types of histamine-containing cells in brain. The presence of the histamine synthesizing enzyme in neurons is suggested by its developmental pattern: there is a 4- to 5-fold increase in enzyme activity from birth to adulthood, with a time-course paralleling the synaptogenesis in whole brain as well as in the 4 regions studied (medulla-pons, midbrain, hypothalamus and forebrain). As is the case for different transmitter synthesizing enzymes such as tyrosine hydroxylase, there is a shift in the subcellular distribution of histidine decarboxylase (H.D.) activity from the soluble fraction at birth to the synaptosomal fraction in the adult brain. On the other hand, several lines of evidence indicates that a portion of histamine is localized, at least in the noenatal rat brain, in mast cells: (a) the high level of histamine in the neonatal rat brain is, like in peripheral mast-cells, associated with a low enzyme activity; (b) the half-life of [3H]histidine injected s.c. at birth was about 4 days, a value close to that found in skin (a tissue rich in mast cells), but contrasting with that in adult brain (less than 1 h); (c) after subcellular fractionation, the endogenously formed [3H]histamine was recovered in the crude nuclear fraction as was the amine from peritoneal mast cells added to the brain homogenate; (d) the mast cell degranulators, compound 48/80 and polymyxin B, induce a small but significant release of the amine from incubated neonatal brain slices. Thus it appears that cerebral histamine is localized in at least two cell types. Its presence in neurons is compatible with a neurotransmitter function and its release from mast cells might represent some primitive form of cell-to-cell communication.", "contents": "Histamine synthesis in the developing rat brain: evidence for a multiple compartmentation. Subcellular fractionation techniques, radio-labeling by the 3H-precursor and pharmacological approach applied to the developing rat indicate the presence of at least two types of histamine-containing cells in brain. The presence of the histamine synthesizing enzyme in neurons is suggested by its developmental pattern: there is a 4- to 5-fold increase in enzyme activity from birth to adulthood, with a time-course paralleling the synaptogenesis in whole brain as well as in the 4 regions studied (medulla-pons, midbrain, hypothalamus and forebrain). As is the case for different transmitter synthesizing enzymes such as tyrosine hydroxylase, there is a shift in the subcellular distribution of histidine decarboxylase (H.D.) activity from the soluble fraction at birth to the synaptosomal fraction in the adult brain. On the other hand, several lines of evidence indicates that a portion of histamine is localized, at least in the noenatal rat brain, in mast cells: (a) the high level of histamine in the neonatal rat brain is, like in peripheral mast-cells, associated with a low enzyme activity; (b) the half-life of [3H]histidine injected s.c. at birth was about 4 days, a value close to that found in skin (a tissue rich in mast cells), but contrasting with that in adult brain (less than 1 h); (c) after subcellular fractionation, the endogenously formed [3H]histamine was recovered in the crude nuclear fraction as was the amine from peritoneal mast cells added to the brain homogenate; (d) the mast cell degranulators, compound 48/80 and polymyxin B, induce a small but significant release of the amine from incubated neonatal brain slices. Thus it appears that cerebral histamine is localized in at least two cell types. Its presence in neurons is compatible with a neurotransmitter function and its release from mast cells might represent some primitive form of cell-to-cell communication.", "PMID": 1109298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2344", "title": "Effects of low temperatures on microtubules in the non-myelinated axons of post-ganglionic sympathetic nerves.", "content": "The effect of temperature changes on the number of microtubules in non-myelinated axons has been studied in cat inferior mesenteric ganglion/hypogastric nerve preparations incubated at various temperatures in Eagles minimal essential tissue culture medium in vitro. At 37 degrees C the non-myelinated axons contained 28.4 plus or minus 0.8 S.E.M. (54) microtubules per axon. After incubation at 0 degrees C for 4 h this number fell to 2.3 plus or minus 0.1 S.E.M. (41) but returned to normal levels when the nerves were rewarmed. This loss of microtubules on cooling the nerves and their reappearance on rewarming was a rapid process; it was independent of the influence of the nueronal cell body and of protein synthesis within the axon. The preservation of the microtubules was improved when D2O was present in the incubation medium. Reformed microtubules appeared to function normally with respect to their possible role in the transport of noradrenaline storage vesicles along the axons.", "contents": "Effects of low temperatures on microtubules in the non-myelinated axons of post-ganglionic sympathetic nerves. The effect of temperature changes on the number of microtubules in non-myelinated axons has been studied in cat inferior mesenteric ganglion/hypogastric nerve preparations incubated at various temperatures in Eagles minimal essential tissue culture medium in vitro. At 37 degrees C the non-myelinated axons contained 28.4 plus or minus 0.8 S.E.M. (54) microtubules per axon. After incubation at 0 degrees C for 4 h this number fell to 2.3 plus or minus 0.1 S.E.M. (41) but returned to normal levels when the nerves were rewarmed. This loss of microtubules on cooling the nerves and their reappearance on rewarming was a rapid process; it was independent of the influence of the nueronal cell body and of protein synthesis within the axon. The preservation of the microtubules was improved when D2O was present in the incubation medium. Reformed microtubules appeared to function normally with respect to their possible role in the transport of noradrenaline storage vesicles along the axons.", "PMID": 1109299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2345", "title": "Effect of steroid competition and time on the uptake of (3H)corticosterone in the rat brain; an autoradiographic study.", "content": "The localization of [3H]corticosterone in the brain and pituitary of the adrenalectomized rat was studied by autoradiography. Corticosterone was concentrated preferentially by neurons in the hippocampus, septum, amygdala, and neocortex, with the hippocampal and septal neurons having the greatest concentration. [3H]-Corticosterone localization was significantly greater in neurons from adrenalectomized animals. Administration of unlabeled corticosterone (3 mg) 30 min before injection with [3H]corticosterone significantly decreased cellular localization of the labeled corticosterone, whereas [3H]corticosterone localization was not affected by progesterone pretreatment. Animals were sacrificed 15, 30 and 120 min after the injection of [3H]corticosterone to study the distribution of the hormone over the cytoplasm and nuclei. Silver grains were localized primarily over the cytoplasm of the concentrating neurons 15 min after injection; however, by 30 min after injection they were evenly distributed over both nuclei and cytoplasm.", "contents": "Effect of steroid competition and time on the uptake of (3H)corticosterone in the rat brain; an autoradiographic study. The localization of [3H]corticosterone in the brain and pituitary of the adrenalectomized rat was studied by autoradiography. Corticosterone was concentrated preferentially by neurons in the hippocampus, septum, amygdala, and neocortex, with the hippocampal and septal neurons having the greatest concentration. [3H]-Corticosterone localization was significantly greater in neurons from adrenalectomized animals. Administration of unlabeled corticosterone (3 mg) 30 min before injection with [3H]corticosterone significantly decreased cellular localization of the labeled corticosterone, whereas [3H]corticosterone localization was not affected by progesterone pretreatment. Animals were sacrificed 15, 30 and 120 min after the injection of [3H]corticosterone to study the distribution of the hormone over the cytoplasm and nuclei. Silver grains were localized primarily over the cytoplasm of the concentrating neurons 15 min after injection; however, by 30 min after injection they were evenly distributed over both nuclei and cytoplasm.", "PMID": 1109300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2346", "title": "Differential effects of the optical isomers of amphetamine on neuronal activity in the reticular formation and caudate nucleus of the rat.", "content": "The activity of neurons in the caudate nucleus and reticular formation was recorded following intraperitoneal injection of the optical isomers of amphetamine. In general, D-amphetamine sulfate (2.0 mg/kg) produced an initial increase in firing rate of neurons in the caudate nucleus approximately 8-10 min following intraperitoneal injection, and a subsequent depression of firing rat which lasted for a period of time of from 70 to 120 min. Similar injections of L-amphetamine sulfate produced only a depression of activity in the caudate nucleus which was less marked and of lesser duration. Mephentermine sulfate (6.0 mg/kg), a peripheral sympathomimetic, did not produce these effects. Both D-amphetamine and L-amphetamine sulfate at the same dose produced an increase in firing rate of neurons in the reticular formation, although that produced by the L-isomer was less marked and of lesser duration. Mephentermine sulfate also produced an increase in reticular formation neuronal activity comparable to that produced by L-amphetamine sulfate. In some cases, neuronal activity was held for prolonged periods of time following injection. In the caudate nucleus, a rebound increase in firing rate was observed following the marked depression produced by both isomers of amphetamine. A rebound depression of activity was observed in the reticular formation following the initial increase in neuronal activity produced by these drugs. The results are discussed in terms of the known biochemical and behavioral effects of the stereoisomers of amphetamine.", "contents": "Differential effects of the optical isomers of amphetamine on neuronal activity in the reticular formation and caudate nucleus of the rat. The activity of neurons in the caudate nucleus and reticular formation was recorded following intraperitoneal injection of the optical isomers of amphetamine. In general, D-amphetamine sulfate (2.0 mg/kg) produced an initial increase in firing rate of neurons in the caudate nucleus approximately 8-10 min following intraperitoneal injection, and a subsequent depression of firing rat which lasted for a period of time of from 70 to 120 min. Similar injections of L-amphetamine sulfate produced only a depression of activity in the caudate nucleus which was less marked and of lesser duration. Mephentermine sulfate (6.0 mg/kg), a peripheral sympathomimetic, did not produce these effects. Both D-amphetamine and L-amphetamine sulfate at the same dose produced an increase in firing rate of neurons in the reticular formation, although that produced by the L-isomer was less marked and of lesser duration. Mephentermine sulfate also produced an increase in reticular formation neuronal activity comparable to that produced by L-amphetamine sulfate. In some cases, neuronal activity was held for prolonged periods of time following injection. In the caudate nucleus, a rebound increase in firing rate was observed following the marked depression produced by both isomers of amphetamine. A rebound depression of activity was observed in the reticular formation following the initial increase in neuronal activity produced by these drugs. The results are discussed in terms of the known biochemical and behavioral effects of the stereoisomers of amphetamine.", "PMID": 1109301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2347", "title": "Synaptosomal plasma membrane glycoproteins: fractionation by affinity chromatography on concanavalin A.", "content": "Synaptosomal plasma membrane glycoproteins were solubilized in 0.08% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and separated by affinity chromatography on concanavalin A-Sepharose. Three fractions were obtained. Fraction CO (unadsorbed) contained 63% of the protein, but only 23% of the sugar and was rich in fucose, galactose and N-acetyl-neuraminic acid (NANA) relative to the other sugars. Many proteins were detected in this fraction by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, but only on band stained well for carbohydrate. Fraction CR (retarded) contained glycoproteins which reacted weakly with concanavalin A and stained poorly with periodic acid-Schiff reagent (PAS). There was no enrichment in total sugar/mg protein relative to the original fraction, but there was a marked enrichment in N-acetyl-glucosamine and NANA relative to the other sugars. The protein profile of this faction was complex, but only one major PAS-positive band was detected. However, most, if not all, the proteins seemed to be weakly PAS-positive. Fraction C1 (adsorbed) was markedly enriched (5-fold) in sugar/mg protein, particularly in mannose and N-acetyl-glucosamine. It had a relatively simple protein profile, and most of the protwin bands stained well with the PAS reaction. Glucose was detected in the initial fraction, and in all the subfractions, but it could not be shown definitely to be either a contaminant or an intrinsic constituent of synaptosomal plasma membrane (SPM) glycoproteins. Minor sugars, if present, could, at most, account for less than 0.25% of the carbohydrate.", "contents": "Synaptosomal plasma membrane glycoproteins: fractionation by affinity chromatography on concanavalin A. Synaptosomal plasma membrane glycoproteins were solubilized in 0.08% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and separated by affinity chromatography on concanavalin A-Sepharose. Three fractions were obtained. Fraction CO (unadsorbed) contained 63% of the protein, but only 23% of the sugar and was rich in fucose, galactose and N-acetyl-neuraminic acid (NANA) relative to the other sugars. Many proteins were detected in this fraction by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, but only on band stained well for carbohydrate. Fraction CR (retarded) contained glycoproteins which reacted weakly with concanavalin A and stained poorly with periodic acid-Schiff reagent (PAS). There was no enrichment in total sugar/mg protein relative to the original fraction, but there was a marked enrichment in N-acetyl-glucosamine and NANA relative to the other sugars. The protein profile of this faction was complex, but only one major PAS-positive band was detected. However, most, if not all, the proteins seemed to be weakly PAS-positive. Fraction C1 (adsorbed) was markedly enriched (5-fold) in sugar/mg protein, particularly in mannose and N-acetyl-glucosamine. It had a relatively simple protein profile, and most of the protwin bands stained well with the PAS reaction. Glucose was detected in the initial fraction, and in all the subfractions, but it could not be shown definitely to be either a contaminant or an intrinsic constituent of synaptosomal plasma membrane (SPM) glycoproteins. Minor sugars, if present, could, at most, account for less than 0.25% of the carbohydrate.", "PMID": 1109303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2348", "title": "A study of the dynamic relations between the mitral valve echogram and phasic mitral flow.", "content": "Echocardiographically recorded mitral valve motion was compared with phasic transmitral flow in 17 open chest dogs. The normal mitral valve opening started with the onset of mitral flow and reached its full excursion while flow was still accelerating. Complete valve opening occurred .044 sec (plus or minus .002 sem) before peak flow, during which time an average of 17.6 percent of total mitral filling volume had passed through the valve. In contrast to the opening movement, the closing motion of the anterior mitral valve cusp lagged behind the deceleration of mitral flow. The E-F phase of the mitral valve echogram started while mitral flow was still increasing and resulted from a combined posterior motion of the cusp and the ring. The E-F slope of the normal valve was found to decrease with reduced cardiac output. The amplitude of the anterior cusp excursion did not reflect the amount of mitral flow. Prolonged P-R interval may induce a mid-diastolic reversal of mitral flow which, in turn, may be accompanied by partial or complete valve closure, occurring before the onset of ventricular contraction. Such premature closure of the mitral valve may be accompanied by a certain amount of regurgitant flow.", "contents": "A study of the dynamic relations between the mitral valve echogram and phasic mitral flow. Echocardiographically recorded mitral valve motion was compared with phasic transmitral flow in 17 open chest dogs. The normal mitral valve opening started with the onset of mitral flow and reached its full excursion while flow was still accelerating. Complete valve opening occurred .044 sec (plus or minus .002 sem) before peak flow, during which time an average of 17.6 percent of total mitral filling volume had passed through the valve. In contrast to the opening movement, the closing motion of the anterior mitral valve cusp lagged behind the deceleration of mitral flow. The E-F phase of the mitral valve echogram started while mitral flow was still increasing and resulted from a combined posterior motion of the cusp and the ring. The E-F slope of the normal valve was found to decrease with reduced cardiac output. The amplitude of the anterior cusp excursion did not reflect the amount of mitral flow. Prolonged P-R interval may induce a mid-diastolic reversal of mitral flow which, in turn, may be accompanied by partial or complete valve closure, occurring before the onset of ventricular contraction. Such premature closure of the mitral valve may be accompanied by a certain amount of regurgitant flow.", "PMID": 1109311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2349", "title": "Systolic time intervals by echocardiography.", "content": "Technical difficulties in recording phonocardiogram or indirect carotid pulse occasionally preclude determination of the systolic time intervals. Accordingly, an alternative method was tested in 52 patients, using high-speed strip chart recording of the aortic valve echocardiogram. Satisfactory records were obtained in 36. The interval from opening to closing of the aortic valve (ejection time) was subtracted from the interval between the Q wave of the electrocardiogram and the closing of the aortic valve (total electromechanical systole) to provide the pre-ejection period. When these intervals and the pre-ejection period/ejection time ratio were compared to corresponding values obtained by conventional methods from the simultaneously recorded phonocardiograms and indirect carotid pulses, a high degree of correlation (r greater than 0.97) was found. Differences between the two methods for each interval were insignificant, being greatest in the case of the ejection time but never exceeding 16 msec. These findings indicate that the echocardiogram of the aortic valve provides an alternative, noninvasive method for determination of the systolic time intervals whenever the usual methods fail.", "contents": "Systolic time intervals by echocardiography. Technical difficulties in recording phonocardiogram or indirect carotid pulse occasionally preclude determination of the systolic time intervals. Accordingly, an alternative method was tested in 52 patients, using high-speed strip chart recording of the aortic valve echocardiogram. Satisfactory records were obtained in 36. The interval from opening to closing of the aortic valve (ejection time) was subtracted from the interval between the Q wave of the electrocardiogram and the closing of the aortic valve (total electromechanical systole) to provide the pre-ejection period. When these intervals and the pre-ejection period/ejection time ratio were compared to corresponding values obtained by conventional methods from the simultaneously recorded phonocardiograms and indirect carotid pulses, a high degree of correlation (r greater than 0.97) was found. Differences between the two methods for each interval were insignificant, being greatest in the case of the ejection time but never exceeding 16 msec. These findings indicate that the echocardiogram of the aortic valve provides an alternative, noninvasive method for determination of the systolic time intervals whenever the usual methods fail.", "PMID": 1109312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2350", "title": "Prognosis in coronary artery disease. Angiographic, hemodynamic, and clinical factors.", "content": "Evaluation of the results of surgery for coronary artery disease requires a knowledge of the clinical course of patients not having this mode of treatment. To obtain such information we performed a retrospective analysis of the fate of 266 patients with arteriographically documented significant stenosis following from one to ten years. For the entire group the five year survival was 73%. Subdivided into single, double or triple vessel disease categories the percent five year survival rates were respectively 92, 65 and 55. A history of angina pectoris or myocardial infarction prior to angiography did not affect survival. However, hypertension, congestive heart failure, abnormal hemodynamics or left ventricular asynergy were all associated with a diminished five year survival, the values being respectively 61%, 38%, 62% and 58%. These results should be of VALUE IN ASSESSING THE PROGNOSIS OF NONSURGICALLY TREATED PATIENTS WITH CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE.", "contents": "Prognosis in coronary artery disease. Angiographic, hemodynamic, and clinical factors. Evaluation of the results of surgery for coronary artery disease requires a knowledge of the clinical course of patients not having this mode of treatment. To obtain such information we performed a retrospective analysis of the fate of 266 patients with arteriographically documented significant stenosis following from one to ten years. For the entire group the five year survival was 73%. Subdivided into single, double or triple vessel disease categories the percent five year survival rates were respectively 92, 65 and 55. A history of angina pectoris or myocardial infarction prior to angiography did not affect survival. However, hypertension, congestive heart failure, abnormal hemodynamics or left ventricular asynergy were all associated with a diminished five year survival, the values being respectively 61%, 38%, 62% and 58%. These results should be of VALUE IN ASSESSING THE PROGNOSIS OF NONSURGICALLY TREATED PATIENTS WITH CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE.", "PMID": 1109313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2351", "title": "Mechanism of normal splitting of the second heart sound.", "content": "The mode of inspiratory augmentation (1A) of the A2-P2 interval was investigated in seven normal volunteers (group 1) and six patients with pulmonary hypertension of diverse etiology (group 2) using catheter-tip micromanometers. In group 1 subjects, inspiratory widening of this interval was found to average 27.2 msec, of which 7.6 plus or minus 2.7 msec (1 sd) or 27 plus or minus 7% was due to a decrease in the Q-A2 interval. The major contribution of Q-P2 interval prolongation was divided into two components: a) Q-O was measured from the onset of the QRS to the onset of the rapid descent of the right ventricular (RV) negative dp/dt, which was felt to reflect the duration of RV electromechanical systole, b) O-P2 or Q-P2 - Q-O. Increase in the Q-O interval accounted for only 7.7 plus or minus 5.0 msec or 28 plus or minus 12% of the total IA. The major single component of IA was the increase in O-P2 which averaged 11.9 plus or minus 3.0 msec. Five of six group 2 patients demonstrated significant respiratory change in Q-P2 intervals. In contrast to group 1 subjects, however, this was accomplished primarily via increases in the duration of RV electromechanical systole. The O-P2 interval is felt to primarily reflect the impedance characteristics of the pulmonary vascular bed. It is concluded that physiologic splitting of the second heart sound in normal subjects is most probably due to an inspiratory decrease in impedance of the pulmonary bed rather than the traditional explanation of prolongation of RV systole secondary to an increase in venous return. When the normal impedance characteristics of this bed are lost, as in pulmonary hypertension, IA must occur primarily via increases in the duration of RV systole. The inspiratory delay from the conclusion of RV systole to the occurrence of P2 is attributed to the inertiance of the RV stroke mass.", "contents": "Mechanism of normal splitting of the second heart sound. The mode of inspiratory augmentation (1A) of the A2-P2 interval was investigated in seven normal volunteers (group 1) and six patients with pulmonary hypertension of diverse etiology (group 2) using catheter-tip micromanometers. In group 1 subjects, inspiratory widening of this interval was found to average 27.2 msec, of which 7.6 plus or minus 2.7 msec (1 sd) or 27 plus or minus 7% was due to a decrease in the Q-A2 interval. The major contribution of Q-P2 interval prolongation was divided into two components: a) Q-O was measured from the onset of the QRS to the onset of the rapid descent of the right ventricular (RV) negative dp/dt, which was felt to reflect the duration of RV electromechanical systole, b) O-P2 or Q-P2 - Q-O. Increase in the Q-O interval accounted for only 7.7 plus or minus 5.0 msec or 28 plus or minus 12% of the total IA. The major single component of IA was the increase in O-P2 which averaged 11.9 plus or minus 3.0 msec. Five of six group 2 patients demonstrated significant respiratory change in Q-P2 intervals. In contrast to group 1 subjects, however, this was accomplished primarily via increases in the duration of RV electromechanical systole. The O-P2 interval is felt to primarily reflect the impedance characteristics of the pulmonary vascular bed. It is concluded that physiologic splitting of the second heart sound in normal subjects is most probably due to an inspiratory decrease in impedance of the pulmonary bed rather than the traditional explanation of prolongation of RV systole secondary to an increase in venous return. When the normal impedance characteristics of this bed are lost, as in pulmonary hypertension, IA must occur primarily via increases in the duration of RV systole. The inspiratory delay from the conclusion of RV systole to the occurrence of P2 is attributed to the inertiance of the RV stroke mass.", "PMID": 1109314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2352", "title": "Postural changes in left ventricular and mitral valvular dynamics in the systolic click - late systolic murmur syndrome.", "content": "Marked changes in the auscultatory pattern with posture have been noted in patients with mid-systolic clicks and/or late systolic murmurs (MSC-LSM). MSC tend to move earlier in systole and LSM become longer and often louder when patients assume upright posture. Systolic prolapse of the mitral leaflets with mild regurgitation account for MSC-LSM; earlier and greater prolapse with more and prolonged regurgitation associated with a reduced left ventricular volume (LVV) in the upright position would explain the auscultatory changes. Twenty-two patients with MSC-LSM were studied supine and at 45 degrees head-up tilt, recording intracardiac pressures, cardiac outputs, systolic time intervals, and performing LV cineangiography. Systolic prolapse of one or both mitral leaflets was demonstrated in all patients. Left ventricular end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes both decreased significantly at 45 degrees in all sixteen technically satisfactory studies. Greater mitral prolapse was noted upright in 12 of 14 studies with enough sinus beats to judge. The amount of mitral regurgitation was mild in all, and changes in amount from supine to upright posture could not be discerned angiographically. THE FINDINGS, SUGGEST THAT THE AUSCULTATORY CHANGES OCCURRING WITH UPRIGHT POSTURE IN PATIENTS WITH MSC-LSM are related to greater prolapse of the mitral leaflets which is associated with a small LVV in the upright position.", "contents": "Postural changes in left ventricular and mitral valvular dynamics in the systolic click - late systolic murmur syndrome. Marked changes in the auscultatory pattern with posture have been noted in patients with mid-systolic clicks and/or late systolic murmurs (MSC-LSM). MSC tend to move earlier in systole and LSM become longer and often louder when patients assume upright posture. Systolic prolapse of the mitral leaflets with mild regurgitation account for MSC-LSM; earlier and greater prolapse with more and prolonged regurgitation associated with a reduced left ventricular volume (LVV) in the upright position would explain the auscultatory changes. Twenty-two patients with MSC-LSM were studied supine and at 45 degrees head-up tilt, recording intracardiac pressures, cardiac outputs, systolic time intervals, and performing LV cineangiography. Systolic prolapse of one or both mitral leaflets was demonstrated in all patients. Left ventricular end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes both decreased significantly at 45 degrees in all sixteen technically satisfactory studies. Greater mitral prolapse was noted upright in 12 of 14 studies with enough sinus beats to judge. The amount of mitral regurgitation was mild in all, and changes in amount from supine to upright posture could not be discerned angiographically. THE FINDINGS, SUGGEST THAT THE AUSCULTATORY CHANGES OCCURRING WITH UPRIGHT POSTURE IN PATIENTS WITH MSC-LSM are related to greater prolapse of the mitral leaflets which is associated with a small LVV in the upright position.", "PMID": 1109315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2353", "title": "Bacterial endocarditis in subjects 60 years of age and older.", "content": "Forty-two cases of bacterial endocarditis with pathologic confirmation are reviewed. Infection was restricted to one or both left-sided valves in 31 cases, right-sided valves in five cases, and valves in both sides of the heart in six cases. In those specimens available for review, underlying valvular disease was identifiable in 24 of 38 cases (63%). The common underlying diseases, in order of decreasing frequency, were calcified or otherwise deformed aortic valves (11 cases) and rheumatic fibrosis of the mitral valve (eight cases). The floppy mitral valve was the underlying condition in two cases and amyloid infiltration of the tricuspid valve in one. Among the 34 cases from which a specific organism was identified, the dominant organisms were Staphylococcus (14 cases) and various types of Streptococci(ten cases). Fungi were the causative organisms in two cases. The clinical suspicion for the presence of bacterial endocarditis was low (40% of 40 cases with adequate data). In those cases with adequate data, murmurs were present in 68% and fever in 93%. Of those patients with fever, clinical diagnosis was made or suspected in only 38%. When a murmur was present, the clinical diagnosis was made or suspected in 54% of the cases, while when a murmur was absent the disease was suspected in only 9% of the cases. The clinical diagnosis of bacterial endocarditis in older subjects depends upon 1) knowledge that the disease may occur in such subjects and 2) recognition that, although fever is commonly present, murmurs may be absent.", "contents": "Bacterial endocarditis in subjects 60 years of age and older. Forty-two cases of bacterial endocarditis with pathologic confirmation are reviewed. Infection was restricted to one or both left-sided valves in 31 cases, right-sided valves in five cases, and valves in both sides of the heart in six cases. In those specimens available for review, underlying valvular disease was identifiable in 24 of 38 cases (63%). The common underlying diseases, in order of decreasing frequency, were calcified or otherwise deformed aortic valves (11 cases) and rheumatic fibrosis of the mitral valve (eight cases). The floppy mitral valve was the underlying condition in two cases and amyloid infiltration of the tricuspid valve in one. Among the 34 cases from which a specific organism was identified, the dominant organisms were Staphylococcus (14 cases) and various types of Streptococci(ten cases). Fungi were the causative organisms in two cases. The clinical suspicion for the presence of bacterial endocarditis was low (40% of 40 cases with adequate data). In those cases with adequate data, murmurs were present in 68% and fever in 93%. Of those patients with fever, clinical diagnosis was made or suspected in only 38%. When a murmur was present, the clinical diagnosis was made or suspected in 54% of the cases, while when a murmur was absent the disease was suspected in only 9% of the cases. The clinical diagnosis of bacterial endocarditis in older subjects depends upon 1) knowledge that the disease may occur in such subjects and 2) recognition that, although fever is commonly present, murmurs may be absent.", "PMID": 1109316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2354", "title": "Visualization and measurement of the main bronchi by tomography as an objective indicator of thoracic situs in congenital heart disease.", "content": "When investigating complex congenital heart disease, determination of atrial situs is essential. Pathological studies have demonstrated that the best predictor of atrial situs is thoracic situs. To assess thoracic situs, bronchial tomography was performed in 92 patients with congenital heart disease. Sixty-four of these, without abnormalities of situs or cardiac position, formed 'normal' controls. The lengths of the left and right main bronchi were measured. When these were related to age, and the results analyzed statistically, linear discriminant equations resulted giving a chance of only 0.09% of misclassifying a bronchus of unknown morphology. The lowest ratio between bronchial lengths (BLR) in any individual was 1.71:1. These results were then used to assess thoracic situs in 17 patients with abnormal situs or CARDIAC POSITION. In 7 (2 with situs inversus), abdominal and thoracic situs agreed. Of 6 patients with bilateral left lung, 3 had an interrupted inferior vena cava. Of 4 patients with presumptive asplenia, 2 had bilateral right lung, but two had thoracic lateralization, one solitus and one inversus. The highest BLR in thoracic isomerism was 1.4:1. This emphasizes the complex interrelation of splenic status, thoracic, and abdominal situs, but demonstrates the value of bronchial measurement particularly in apparent situs indeterminatus.", "contents": "Visualization and measurement of the main bronchi by tomography as an objective indicator of thoracic situs in congenital heart disease. When investigating complex congenital heart disease, determination of atrial situs is essential. Pathological studies have demonstrated that the best predictor of atrial situs is thoracic situs. To assess thoracic situs, bronchial tomography was performed in 92 patients with congenital heart disease. Sixty-four of these, without abnormalities of situs or cardiac position, formed 'normal' controls. The lengths of the left and right main bronchi were measured. When these were related to age, and the results analyzed statistically, linear discriminant equations resulted giving a chance of only 0.09% of misclassifying a bronchus of unknown morphology. The lowest ratio between bronchial lengths (BLR) in any individual was 1.71:1. These results were then used to assess thoracic situs in 17 patients with abnormal situs or CARDIAC POSITION. In 7 (2 with situs inversus), abdominal and thoracic situs agreed. Of 6 patients with bilateral left lung, 3 had an interrupted inferior vena cava. Of 4 patients with presumptive asplenia, 2 had bilateral right lung, but two had thoracic lateralization, one solitus and one inversus. The highest BLR in thoracic isomerism was 1.4:1. This emphasizes the complex interrelation of splenic status, thoracic, and abdominal situs, but demonstrates the value of bronchial measurement particularly in apparent situs indeterminatus.", "PMID": 1109318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2355", "title": "Return of normal conduction after paroxysmal heart block. Report of a case with major discordance of electrophysiological and pathological findings.", "content": "This report describes a 52-year-old male with paroxysmal heart block as well as left and right bundle branch block, resulting in Stokes-Adams attacks. The patient experienced a return to 1:1 atrioventricular (A-V) conduction with narrow QRS within 48 hours of the attacks and heart block never recurred. Electrophysiological studies three weeks later revealed a narrow QRS, a normal H-V interval (36 msec), 1:1 A-V conduction up to an atrial paced rate of 210 beats/min, and normal refractory periods with atrial extrastimulus techniques (His-Purkinje system refractory periods less than 370 msec). The patient died from a cerebral embolus incurred during diagnostic left heart catheterization two days after electrophysiological studies. Postmortem examination revealed calcific aortic stenosis with calcific impingement upon the pars membranacea resulting in compression of the distal His bundle and marked disruption of the proximal portions of both bundle branches. This report documents a major limitation of electrophysiological studies, this limitation being that these studies may be totally normal on one occasion in a patient with pathologically significant chronic conduction disease, which may become clinically manifest on another occasion.", "contents": "Return of normal conduction after paroxysmal heart block. Report of a case with major discordance of electrophysiological and pathological findings. This report describes a 52-year-old male with paroxysmal heart block as well as left and right bundle branch block, resulting in Stokes-Adams attacks. The patient experienced a return to 1:1 atrioventricular (A-V) conduction with narrow QRS within 48 hours of the attacks and heart block never recurred. Electrophysiological studies three weeks later revealed a narrow QRS, a normal H-V interval (36 msec), 1:1 A-V conduction up to an atrial paced rate of 210 beats/min, and normal refractory periods with atrial extrastimulus techniques (His-Purkinje system refractory periods less than 370 msec). The patient died from a cerebral embolus incurred during diagnostic left heart catheterization two days after electrophysiological studies. Postmortem examination revealed calcific aortic stenosis with calcific impingement upon the pars membranacea resulting in compression of the distal His bundle and marked disruption of the proximal portions of both bundle branches. This report documents a major limitation of electrophysiological studies, this limitation being that these studies may be totally normal on one occasion in a patient with pathologically significant chronic conduction disease, which may become clinically manifest on another occasion.", "PMID": 1109319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2356", "title": "Transposition of the great arteries. Results of treatment with early palliation and late intracardiac repair.", "content": "A longitudinal study was made of 62 patients with dextro-transposition of the great arteries. The patients were managed with balloon atrial septostomy (BAS), palliative surgery if any operation was needed in the first year of life, and Mustard intra-atrial baffle repair after one year of age. Of the 47 patients with intact ventricular septum (IVS) treated in this manner, 41 (87 percent) were living at three months of age, 36 (77 percent) at one year, and 31 (66 percent) at two years of age. Survival rates were lower at each age for patients with associated ventricular septal defect (VSD). In relation to therapeutic interventions in the 62 patients, there were six medical deaths within one week of BAS, three deaths during palliative operations, and eight deaths associated with 31 Mustard procedures. Three patients with IVS and five with VSD developed pulmonary vascular obstructive disease, and two patients suffered strokes. In view of the relatively low mortality rate after the neonatal period and our good results with palliative surgery, we continue to defer the Mustard procedure to the second year of life. This is in contrast to the policy of some centers which now advocate elective intracardiac repair in the first year of life.", "contents": "Transposition of the great arteries. Results of treatment with early palliation and late intracardiac repair. A longitudinal study was made of 62 patients with dextro-transposition of the great arteries. The patients were managed with balloon atrial septostomy (BAS), palliative surgery if any operation was needed in the first year of life, and Mustard intra-atrial baffle repair after one year of age. Of the 47 patients with intact ventricular septum (IVS) treated in this manner, 41 (87 percent) were living at three months of age, 36 (77 percent) at one year, and 31 (66 percent) at two years of age. Survival rates were lower at each age for patients with associated ventricular septal defect (VSD). In relation to therapeutic interventions in the 62 patients, there were six medical deaths within one week of BAS, three deaths during palliative operations, and eight deaths associated with 31 Mustard procedures. Three patients with IVS and five with VSD developed pulmonary vascular obstructive disease, and two patients suffered strokes. In view of the relatively low mortality rate after the neonatal period and our good results with palliative surgery, we continue to defer the Mustard procedure to the second year of life. This is in contrast to the policy of some centers which now advocate elective intracardiac repair in the first year of life.", "PMID": 1109320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2357", "title": "Problems in the recognition of conduction disturbances in the His bundle.", "content": "Two cases with conduction disturbances in the His bundle are described. In each it was not possible to obtain both components, H and H', of the \"split\" His bundle potential at one time from a single bipolar electrode catheter with an interelectrode distance of 10 mm. Initial failure to record the proximal His component (H) let to the incorrect diagnosis of block located within the atrioventricular (A-V) node, of third degree, in patient A, and of first to second degree in patient B. However, careful withdrawal of the catheter resulted in the appearance of proximal components (H), accompanied by disappearance of the distal components (H') of the His bundle potential. Apparently the lesion in the His bundle and the recording electrodes were spatially related in such a way that the bipolar electrode could not override the lesion. In view of these findings it is advocated that in patients the A-V conduction disturbances the His bundle catheter should be withdrawn carefully, if the initial recording reveals His bundle potentials bearing a time relation to the ventricular complexes, or advanced carefully, if these His potentials are related to the atrial activations, in order to demonstrate the (co)existence of a lesion in the His bundle. Search for a proximal His potential by withdrawal of the catheter should be done, if possible, while the atrium is paced at a rate in excess of the spontaneous sinus rate since the H potential may be obscured by the atrial complex if the A-V nodal transmission time is short at the spontaneous rate, as was the case with patient A. In patient B the not yet described phenomenon of bradycardia-dependent block within the His bundle was observed.", "contents": "Problems in the recognition of conduction disturbances in the His bundle. Two cases with conduction disturbances in the His bundle are described. In each it was not possible to obtain both components, H and H', of the \"split\" His bundle potential at one time from a single bipolar electrode catheter with an interelectrode distance of 10 mm. Initial failure to record the proximal His component (H) let to the incorrect diagnosis of block located within the atrioventricular (A-V) node, of third degree, in patient A, and of first to second degree in patient B. However, careful withdrawal of the catheter resulted in the appearance of proximal components (H), accompanied by disappearance of the distal components (H') of the His bundle potential. Apparently the lesion in the His bundle and the recording electrodes were spatially related in such a way that the bipolar electrode could not override the lesion. In view of these findings it is advocated that in patients the A-V conduction disturbances the His bundle catheter should be withdrawn carefully, if the initial recording reveals His bundle potentials bearing a time relation to the ventricular complexes, or advanced carefully, if these His potentials are related to the atrial activations, in order to demonstrate the (co)existence of a lesion in the His bundle. Search for a proximal His potential by withdrawal of the catheter should be done, if possible, while the atrium is paced at a rate in excess of the spontaneous sinus rate since the H potential may be obscured by the atrial complex if the A-V nodal transmission time is short at the spontaneous rate, as was the case with patient A. In patient B the not yet described phenomenon of bradycardia-dependent block within the His bundle was observed.", "PMID": 1109321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2358", "title": "Analysis of re-entry mechanisms in the three patients with concealed Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome.", "content": "Three patients with recurring attacks of supraventricular tachycardia and no electrocardiographic evidence of the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome (WPW syndrome) were studied using intracardiac recordings and atrial stimulation. The findings are interpreted as evidence of a concealed WPW syndrome. In all patients there was antegrade block of the anomalous atrioventricular (A-V) pathway while retrograde conduction was unimpaired and allowed the initiation of the observed reciprocating tachycardias. The diagnosis was based on the assumption that the ventricular myocardium was an essential link in the re-entry circuit. The three most important findings to support this assumption are: 1) retrograde conduction time, measured by the Q-A' interval (Q in ECG to atrial echo), and the rate of tachycardia were dependent on the mode of intraventricular conduction: 2) the first Q-A' interval of the tachycardia was independent of the A-H interval (initiation of atrial impulse to first activation of the His bundle) of the initiating premature atrial depolarization (PAD); 3) there was retrograde conduction following a ventricular premature beat during tachycardia at a time when the A-V node and/or the bundle of His would be refractory.", "contents": "Analysis of re-entry mechanisms in the three patients with concealed Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Three patients with recurring attacks of supraventricular tachycardia and no electrocardiographic evidence of the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome (WPW syndrome) were studied using intracardiac recordings and atrial stimulation. The findings are interpreted as evidence of a concealed WPW syndrome. In all patients there was antegrade block of the anomalous atrioventricular (A-V) pathway while retrograde conduction was unimpaired and allowed the initiation of the observed reciprocating tachycardias. The diagnosis was based on the assumption that the ventricular myocardium was an essential link in the re-entry circuit. The three most important findings to support this assumption are: 1) retrograde conduction time, measured by the Q-A' interval (Q in ECG to atrial echo), and the rate of tachycardia were dependent on the mode of intraventricular conduction: 2) the first Q-A' interval of the tachycardia was independent of the A-H interval (initiation of atrial impulse to first activation of the His bundle) of the initiating premature atrial depolarization (PAD); 3) there was retrograde conduction following a ventricular premature beat during tachycardia at a time when the A-V node and/or the bundle of His would be refractory.", "PMID": 1109322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2359", "title": "Echocardiographic analysis of mitral valve motion after acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "To examine the effects of acute myocardial infarction on mitral valve diastolic velocity, echocardiograms were performed in 18 patients on admission, daily in the Coronary Care Unit, and at 3-day intervals during the remainder of hospitalization. These patients were divided into three groups based on the time interval between onset of symptoms and initial echocardiogram. Five of six patients admitted within 5 hours of onset of myocardial infarction had a triphasic response of mitral valve diastolic velocity with a transient  rise above initial values, followed by a fall to below initial values, and then a slow rise during recovery. Seven of eight patients admitted 1-2 days after onset of myocardial infarction had a biphasic response, i.e., a fall from initial values and then a slow rise. Four patients admitted later in the course of myocardial infarction had a monophasic response, i.e. low initial velocity followed by a slow recovery. We conclude that in patients with myocardial infarction the mitral valve diastolic velocity following myocardial infarction shows a triphasic response which may appear biphasic or monophasic depending on the interval between myocardial infarction and admission. The temporal pattern of mitral valve diastolic velocity changes may reflect the dynamic alterations of myocardial function and compliance that are occurring after acute myocardial infarction and during the recovery period.", "contents": "Echocardiographic analysis of mitral valve motion after acute myocardial infarction. To examine the effects of acute myocardial infarction on mitral valve diastolic velocity, echocardiograms were performed in 18 patients on admission, daily in the Coronary Care Unit, and at 3-day intervals during the remainder of hospitalization. These patients were divided into three groups based on the time interval between onset of symptoms and initial echocardiogram. Five of six patients admitted within 5 hours of onset of myocardial infarction had a triphasic response of mitral valve diastolic velocity with a transient  rise above initial values, followed by a fall to below initial values, and then a slow rise during recovery. Seven of eight patients admitted 1-2 days after onset of myocardial infarction had a biphasic response, i.e., a fall from initial values and then a slow rise. Four patients admitted later in the course of myocardial infarction had a monophasic response, i.e. low initial velocity followed by a slow recovery. We conclude that in patients with myocardial infarction the mitral valve diastolic velocity following myocardial infarction shows a triphasic response which may appear biphasic or monophasic depending on the interval between myocardial infarction and admission. The temporal pattern of mitral valve diastolic velocity changes may reflect the dynamic alterations of myocardial function and compliance that are occurring after acute myocardial infarction and during the recovery period.", "PMID": 1109323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2360", "title": "The echocardiogram of the anterior leaflet of the mitral valve. Correlation with hemodynamic and cineroentgenographic studies in dogs.", "content": "The echocardiogram of the anterior leaflet of the mitral valve (ECHO) was compared to hemodynamic and cineroentgenographic data to evaluate its accuracy in timing mitral valve (MV) opening and closure, and to validate it as an indicator of MV motion. The ECHO, high speed cineroentgenography at 250 frames/sec, and/or measurement of intracardiac pressures allowed accurate timing of the events of MV motion in dogs on right heart bypass. The intersection of left ventricular and left atrial pressures in early diastole preceded the onset of rapid anterior motion of ECHO (D' point) by 17 to 33 plus or minus 7.6 msec; r equals 0.98. The onset of left ventricular systole occurred before the termination of final rapid posterior motion of the ECHO in end diastole (Co point) by 25 plus or minus 10 msec; r equals 0.96. Radiopaque clips were attached to the free edges of both leaflets of the MV. Cineroentgenographically determined plots of clip distance from the ultrasound transducer were morphologically similar to the simultaneously recorded ECHO. A delay of 23 plus or minus 3 (0 to 40) msec was observed in the ECHO peaks of diastolic anterior excursion compared to clip motion. Contrast medium advances beyond the free edges of MV leaflets mixing with left ventricular blood 43 plus or minus 3 msec after initial separation. These cineroentgenographic studies elucidate nonuniformity of leaflet motion responsible for ECHO delays. Thus, ECHO D' and Co correlate well with hemodynamic indicators of MV opening and closure. However, ECHO motion, although qualitatively similar, is unpredictably delayed compared to cineroentgenography of clips on the MV free edge. Since the ECHO correlates well with hemodynamic indices of MV opening and closure, this noninvasive technique can be used as a reference in the timing of intracardiac events and in the determination of systolic and diastolic time intervals.", "contents": "The echocardiogram of the anterior leaflet of the mitral valve. Correlation with hemodynamic and cineroentgenographic studies in dogs. The echocardiogram of the anterior leaflet of the mitral valve (ECHO) was compared to hemodynamic and cineroentgenographic data to evaluate its accuracy in timing mitral valve (MV) opening and closure, and to validate it as an indicator of MV motion. The ECHO, high speed cineroentgenography at 250 frames/sec, and/or measurement of intracardiac pressures allowed accurate timing of the events of MV motion in dogs on right heart bypass. The intersection of left ventricular and left atrial pressures in early diastole preceded the onset of rapid anterior motion of ECHO (D' point) by 17 to 33 plus or minus 7.6 msec; r equals 0.98. The onset of left ventricular systole occurred before the termination of final rapid posterior motion of the ECHO in end diastole (Co point) by 25 plus or minus 10 msec; r equals 0.96. Radiopaque clips were attached to the free edges of both leaflets of the MV. Cineroentgenographically determined plots of clip distance from the ultrasound transducer were morphologically similar to the simultaneously recorded ECHO. A delay of 23 plus or minus 3 (0 to 40) msec was observed in the ECHO peaks of diastolic anterior excursion compared to clip motion. Contrast medium advances beyond the free edges of MV leaflets mixing with left ventricular blood 43 plus or minus 3 msec after initial separation. These cineroentgenographic studies elucidate nonuniformity of leaflet motion responsible for ECHO delays. Thus, ECHO D' and Co correlate well with hemodynamic indicators of MV opening and closure. However, ECHO motion, although qualitatively similar, is unpredictably delayed compared to cineroentgenography of clips on the MV free edge. Since the ECHO correlates well with hemodynamic indices of MV opening and closure, this noninvasive technique can be used as a reference in the timing of intracardiac events and in the determination of systolic and diastolic time intervals.", "PMID": 1109324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2361", "title": "The echocardiographic determination of mitral valve opening and closure. Correlation with hemodynamic studies in man.", "content": "The ability of the echocardiogram to define mitral valve opening and closure was assessed by simultaneously recording the echocardiogram of the anterior leaflet (ECHO) with intracardiac pressures, aortic second sound, and ECG on 38 occasions in 14 patients undergoing cardiac catheterization. Hemodynamic opening and closure were defined by intersection of the pulmonary wedge and left ventricular pressures and the onset of left ventricular systole. The onset of the most rapid anterior motion (D') in early diastole and termination of the last rapid posterior movement in end diastole (Co) were used as echocardiographic markers of mitral valve opening and closure. Intervals measured included: the isovolumic relaxation period (IRP) from A2 to either hemodynamic (IRPH) or echocardiographic (IRPE) opening; the Q to closure interval (QCI) from the Q wave to either hemodynamic (QCIH) or echocardiographic (QCIE) closure; and diastolic filling period (DFP), either hemodynamic (DFPH) or echocardiographic (DFPE). The following significant (P less than .01) regression equations resulted: IRPE equals (.97) IRPH plus 30 (sem plus or minus 8 msec) r equals .89; QCIE equals (.68) QCIH plus 37 (sem plus or minus 7 msec) r equals .71; DEPE equals (.98) DFPH plus 10 (sem plus or minus 18 msec) r equals .98. Thus hemodynamic markers of opening  and closure systematically precede echocardiographic markers of opening (D') and closure (Co) and the diastolic filling periods are equal within 10 msec. It is concluded that the echocardiogram of the anterior leaflet is a reliable indicator of hemodynamic markers of opening and closure of the mitral valve in man and is useful in the noninvasive determination of certain systolic and diastolic time intervals.", "contents": "The echocardiographic determination of mitral valve opening and closure. Correlation with hemodynamic studies in man. The ability of the echocardiogram to define mitral valve opening and closure was assessed by simultaneously recording the echocardiogram of the anterior leaflet (ECHO) with intracardiac pressures, aortic second sound, and ECG on 38 occasions in 14 patients undergoing cardiac catheterization. Hemodynamic opening and closure were defined by intersection of the pulmonary wedge and left ventricular pressures and the onset of left ventricular systole. The onset of the most rapid anterior motion (D') in early diastole and termination of the last rapid posterior movement in end diastole (Co) were used as echocardiographic markers of mitral valve opening and closure. Intervals measured included: the isovolumic relaxation period (IRP) from A2 to either hemodynamic (IRPH) or echocardiographic (IRPE) opening; the Q to closure interval (QCI) from the Q wave to either hemodynamic (QCIH) or echocardiographic (QCIE) closure; and diastolic filling period (DFP), either hemodynamic (DFPH) or echocardiographic (DFPE). The following significant (P less than .01) regression equations resulted: IRPE equals (.97) IRPH plus 30 (sem plus or minus 8 msec) r equals .89; QCIE equals (.68) QCIH plus 37 (sem plus or minus 7 msec) r equals .71; DEPE equals (.98) DFPH plus 10 (sem plus or minus 18 msec) r equals .98. Thus hemodynamic markers of opening  and closure systematically precede echocardiographic markers of opening (D') and closure (Co) and the diastolic filling periods are equal within 10 msec. It is concluded that the echocardiogram of the anterior leaflet is a reliable indicator of hemodynamic markers of opening and closure of the mitral valve in man and is useful in the noninvasive determination of certain systolic and diastolic time intervals.", "PMID": 1109325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2362", "title": "Procaine HCl (Gerovital H3): a weak, reversible, fully competitive inhibitor of monoamine oxidase.", "content": "A specially stabilized form of procaine hydrochloride (Gerovital H3) has been shown to be a more potent inhibitor of monoamine oxidase than procaine HCl itself and a weaker inhibitor of this enzyme than iproniazid. This preparation was studied to determine its mode of interaction with monoamine oxidase using purified rat brain mitochondrial monoamine oxidase as the enzyme source. Reaction velocities were determined spectrophotometrically by quantitating the rate of appearance of 4-hydroxyquinoline from kynuramine. Dilutional studies comparing the mechanism of inhibition of monoamine oxidase produced by Gerovital H3 and by ipronizid demonstrated that Gerovital H3 was a reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase. Analysis of studies using Lineweaver-Burk and Dixon plots revealed that Gerovital H3 was a fully competitive inhibitor of monoamine oxidase. That Gerovital H3 is a weak, reversible, competitive inhibitor of monoamine oxidase may explain the absence of adverse reactions associated with the clinical use of Gerovital H3 as compared to the severe adverse reactions that have been associated with the use of irreversible monoamine oxidase inhibitors.", "contents": "Procaine HCl (Gerovital H3): a weak, reversible, fully competitive inhibitor of monoamine oxidase. A specially stabilized form of procaine hydrochloride (Gerovital H3) has been shown to be a more potent inhibitor of monoamine oxidase than procaine HCl itself and a weaker inhibitor of this enzyme than iproniazid. This preparation was studied to determine its mode of interaction with monoamine oxidase using purified rat brain mitochondrial monoamine oxidase as the enzyme source. Reaction velocities were determined spectrophotometrically by quantitating the rate of appearance of 4-hydroxyquinoline from kynuramine. Dilutional studies comparing the mechanism of inhibition of monoamine oxidase produced by Gerovital H3 and by ipronizid demonstrated that Gerovital H3 was a reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase. Analysis of studies using Lineweaver-Burk and Dixon plots revealed that Gerovital H3 was a fully competitive inhibitor of monoamine oxidase. That Gerovital H3 is a weak, reversible, competitive inhibitor of monoamine oxidase may explain the absence of adverse reactions associated with the clinical use of Gerovital H3 as compared to the severe adverse reactions that have been associated with the use of irreversible monoamine oxidase inhibitors.", "PMID": 1109354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2363", "title": "Restricted replicative life-span of diabetic fibroblasts in vitro: its relation to microangiopathy.", "content": "The finding that diabetic microangiopathy is caused by accumulation of multiple layers of basal lamina and experiments in which similar basal lamina layering is produced when new cell generations repopulate preexisting basal lamina scaffolding (from which previous cell generations have shed) indicate, that the rates of cell death and cell replenishment are accelerated in diabetics. Because the lesions are focal and regional and develop at different ages and in different time sequences, we have proposed that the accelerated cell turnover is probably caused by increased vulnerability of diabetic cells to injury which in turn may represent the expression of a genetically transmitted defect. To test whether this aberration can be detected in vitro, we examined the replicative life-span of skin fibroblasts from three nondiabetics, three age- and sex-matched diabetics and one individual with acquired hyperglycemia due to pancreatitis. Cells of diabetics exhibited about half the number of population doublings as cells from nondiabetics (0.01 less than P less than 0.025). Cells of the individual with pancreatitis generated a normal number of cell doublings. The interpretation that fits best with all data is that decreased replicative life span of diabetic fibroblasts in vitro is also an expression of increased susceptibility of diabetics' cells to injury and dying.", "contents": "Restricted replicative life-span of diabetic fibroblasts in vitro: its relation to microangiopathy. The finding that diabetic microangiopathy is caused by accumulation of multiple layers of basal lamina and experiments in which similar basal lamina layering is produced when new cell generations repopulate preexisting basal lamina scaffolding (from which previous cell generations have shed) indicate, that the rates of cell death and cell replenishment are accelerated in diabetics. Because the lesions are focal and regional and develop at different ages and in different time sequences, we have proposed that the accelerated cell turnover is probably caused by increased vulnerability of diabetic cells to injury which in turn may represent the expression of a genetically transmitted defect. To test whether this aberration can be detected in vitro, we examined the replicative life-span of skin fibroblasts from three nondiabetics, three age- and sex-matched diabetics and one individual with acquired hyperglycemia due to pancreatitis. Cells of diabetics exhibited about half the number of population doublings as cells from nondiabetics (0.01 less than P less than 0.025). Cells of the individual with pancreatitis generated a normal number of cell doublings. The interpretation that fits best with all data is that decreased replicative life span of diabetic fibroblasts in vitro is also an expression of increased susceptibility of diabetics' cells to injury and dying.", "PMID": 1109356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2364", "title": "Age-related changes in the thermoregulatory capacity of tryptophan-deficient rats.", "content": "From a larger study seeking to develop indexes of physiological aging, the present experiment was designed 1) to test thermoregulatory capacity in the aging and old rat subjected to 3 minutes of whole-body ice water immersion, and 2) using this index of physiological age, to determine whether tryptophan deficiency from time of weaning can retard the onset of senescence. Results indicate a progressive prolongation of temperature recovery time from young to middle age to old, and tryptophan-deficient animals restored to commercial diet at middle age show the thermoregulatory capacity of young adults. The implications of tryptophan deficiency with respect to brain development, serotonin metabolism, and temperature regulation are also discussed in terms of the possibility of intervening with the aging process.", "contents": "Age-related changes in the thermoregulatory capacity of tryptophan-deficient rats. From a larger study seeking to develop indexes of physiological aging, the present experiment was designed 1) to test thermoregulatory capacity in the aging and old rat subjected to 3 minutes of whole-body ice water immersion, and 2) using this index of physiological age, to determine whether tryptophan deficiency from time of weaning can retard the onset of senescence. Results indicate a progressive prolongation of temperature recovery time from young to middle age to old, and tryptophan-deficient animals restored to commercial diet at middle age show the thermoregulatory capacity of young adults. The implications of tryptophan deficiency with respect to brain development, serotonin metabolism, and temperature regulation are also discussed in terms of the possibility of intervening with the aging process.", "PMID": 1109358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2365", "title": "Zinc deficiency and brain development in the rat.", "content": "Effects of prenatal and postnatal zinc deficiency on the composition of the brain and on subsequent adult behavior were studied. Deficiency throughout the latter third of pregnancy resulted in decreased body and brain size without affecting total brain DNA, RNA, or protein. Adult males that had been subjected to intrauterine zinc deficiency displayed impaired shock avoidance. Zinc deficiency from birth until 21 days of age resulted in impaired growth, decreased brain size, diminished brain DNA, RNA and protein. Cerebellar lipid concentration was also diminished. Such male animals displayed impaired maze acquisition as adults.", "contents": "Zinc deficiency and brain development in the rat. Effects of prenatal and postnatal zinc deficiency on the composition of the brain and on subsequent adult behavior were studied. Deficiency throughout the latter third of pregnancy resulted in decreased body and brain size without affecting total brain DNA, RNA, or protein. Adult males that had been subjected to intrauterine zinc deficiency displayed impaired shock avoidance. Zinc deficiency from birth until 21 days of age resulted in impaired growth, decreased brain size, diminished brain DNA, RNA and protein. Cerebellar lipid concentration was also diminished. Such male animals displayed impaired maze acquisition as adults.", "PMID": 1109359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2366", "title": "Pituitary inhibitor of thyroxine.", "content": "A description is given of a new pituitary function. It is suggested that the new function acts to decrease gradually the responsiveness of the peripheral tissues to thyroid hormones throughout life. It is suggested that the postulated relative hypothyroidism of older animals might contribute to their loss of viability.", "contents": "Pituitary inhibitor of thyroxine. A description is given of a new pituitary function. It is suggested that the new function acts to decrease gradually the responsiveness of the peripheral tissues to thyroid hormones throughout life. It is suggested that the postulated relative hypothyroidism of older animals might contribute to their loss of viability.", "PMID": 1109360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2367", "title": "Olfactory bulb connections with basal rhinencephalon in the ferret: an evoked potential and neuroanatomical study.", "content": "The lateral olfactory tract (LOT) of the ferret has been shown to project to most of the pyriform lobe, as in the cat. Only a small medio-posterior region of the pyriform cortex (the angular cortex), which has a distinctly different appearance in Nissl stained sections, proves to be devoid of olfactory connections. Despite the fact that sub-areas can be recognized within olfactory cortex, there is an underlying constancy in design throughout. Latency measurements indicate that fine collateral branches of theLOT reach the posterior olfactory cortex, whereas mainly larger diameter (faster conducting) fibres comprise the contribution to anterior olfactory cortex. Thus in the present context it is sufficient to recognise just an anterior and posterior subdivisionof olfactory cortex, contingent on the above criterion and correlated with cytoarchitectural features, chiefly variations in cortical layers II and III of the regions concerned. Pyriform cortex directly in receipt of LOT fibres, and associated deeper cortical zones, generated potentials in the olfactory bulbs which can only be attributed to centrifugal input, thus further substantiating an olfactory role for this cortex. In addition, non-cortical regions in receipt of LOT fibres, namely the anterior olfactory nucleus, olfactory tubercle, cortical amygdaloid nucleus and nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract, also contribute centrifugal input to the bulbs. All these regions are thereby capable of providing a rather direct feedback on olfactory bulb activity. The exact pathways concerned have yet to be determined.", "contents": "Olfactory bulb connections with basal rhinencephalon in the ferret: an evoked potential and neuroanatomical study. The lateral olfactory tract (LOT) of the ferret has been shown to project to most of the pyriform lobe, as in the cat. Only a small medio-posterior region of the pyriform cortex (the angular cortex), which has a distinctly different appearance in Nissl stained sections, proves to be devoid of olfactory connections. Despite the fact that sub-areas can be recognized within olfactory cortex, there is an underlying constancy in design throughout. Latency measurements indicate that fine collateral branches of theLOT reach the posterior olfactory cortex, whereas mainly larger diameter (faster conducting) fibres comprise the contribution to anterior olfactory cortex. Thus in the present context it is sufficient to recognise just an anterior and posterior subdivisionof olfactory cortex, contingent on the above criterion and correlated with cytoarchitectural features, chiefly variations in cortical layers II and III of the regions concerned. Pyriform cortex directly in receipt of LOT fibres, and associated deeper cortical zones, generated potentials in the olfactory bulbs which can only be attributed to centrifugal input, thus further substantiating an olfactory role for this cortex. In addition, non-cortical regions in receipt of LOT fibres, namely the anterior olfactory nucleus, olfactory tubercle, cortical amygdaloid nucleus and nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract, also contribute centrifugal input to the bulbs. All these regions are thereby capable of providing a rather direct feedback on olfactory bulb activity. The exact pathways concerned have yet to be determined.", "PMID": 1109378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2368", "title": "Retinogeniculate projections in the rabbits of the albino allelomorphic series1.", "content": "Retinogeniculate pathways have been studied by fiber degeneration and autoradiographic methods in rabbits that are homozygous for alleles of the albino series of genes. It has been found that albino and Himalayan rabbits, which both lack all melanin pigment in the eye, have a similar abnormality of the retinogeniculate pathway. The number ofipsilateral optic fibers going to the lateral geniculate nucleus is reduced in these rabbits, the ipsilateral projection forms a discontinuous terminal zone instead of the normal continuous zone, and some of the ipsilateral axons terminate in an inappropriate part of the nucleus, so that regions receiving a crossed input in normal rabbits receive an uncrossed input in the abnormal rabbits. Chinchilla rabbits show a slightly reducedfur pigmentation but have a normal distribution of pigment in the retinal pigment epithelium and these rabbits have normal retinogeniculate pathways. In addition,the normalretinogeniculate pathway was studied. Autoradiographic methods show that the beta segment of the lateral geniculate nucleus receives a contralateral input. Hence, earlier views that this segment projects to the visual cortex but receives no retinal input, areuntenable. Further, in the autoradiographic material it was not possible to identify seperate ipsilateral laminae and it was concluded that in the normally pigmented rabbit the ipsilateral retinogeniculate projection forms one relatively continuous group.", "contents": "Retinogeniculate projections in the rabbits of the albino allelomorphic series1. Retinogeniculate pathways have been studied by fiber degeneration and autoradiographic methods in rabbits that are homozygous for alleles of the albino series of genes. It has been found that albino and Himalayan rabbits, which both lack all melanin pigment in the eye, have a similar abnormality of the retinogeniculate pathway. The number ofipsilateral optic fibers going to the lateral geniculate nucleus is reduced in these rabbits, the ipsilateral projection forms a discontinuous terminal zone instead of the normal continuous zone, and some of the ipsilateral axons terminate in an inappropriate part of the nucleus, so that regions receiving a crossed input in normal rabbits receive an uncrossed input in the abnormal rabbits. Chinchilla rabbits show a slightly reducedfur pigmentation but have a normal distribution of pigment in the retinal pigment epithelium and these rabbits have normal retinogeniculate pathways. In addition,the normalretinogeniculate pathway was studied. Autoradiographic methods show that the beta segment of the lateral geniculate nucleus receives a contralateral input. Hence, earlier views that this segment projects to the visual cortex but receives no retinal input, areuntenable. Further, in the autoradiographic material it was not possible to identify seperate ipsilateral laminae and it was concluded that in the normally pigmented rabbit the ipsilateral retinogeniculate projection forms one relatively continuous group.", "PMID": 1109379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2369", "title": "The distribution of acetylcholinesterase in buds of the rat vallate papilla as determined by electron microscope histochemistry.", "content": "The distribution of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the rat vallate papillary bud was investigated by histochemical electron microscopy. Previous reports of specific AChE activity around subgemmal and intragemmal nerves and between some taste bud cells have been confirmed. In addition we have consistently observed dense precipitation between microvilli in the taste pore. The studies suggest that the neurotransmitter, acetylcholine, may be involved in early events in the taste process which are believed to occur in the pore.", "contents": "The distribution of acetylcholinesterase in buds of the rat vallate papilla as determined by electron microscope histochemistry. The distribution of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the rat vallate papillary bud was investigated by histochemical electron microscopy. Previous reports of specific AChE activity around subgemmal and intragemmal nerves and between some taste bud cells have been confirmed. In addition we have consistently observed dense precipitation between microvilli in the taste pore. The studies suggest that the neurotransmitter, acetylcholine, may be involved in early events in the taste process which are believed to occur in the pore.", "PMID": 1109380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2370", "title": "The autopsy in geriatrics.", "content": "The marked decline in the autopsy rate is a serious matter that is not receiving enough attention in the present medical system. Before 1940, a high rate of postmortem examinations was a mark of distinction for a hospital and the findings contributed greatly to our knowledge of disease. This should continue. In geriatrics, a valuable goal is the differentiation of pathologic processes from the process of aging. One outstanding factor in the neglect of the autopsy is the cost to the hospital or other institution; moreover, the cost is not reimbursable by third-party insurance payers. The Pathology Resource Center is proposed as a solution for the problem. Regional autopsy centers could serve the surrounding institutions with greater competence and economy. Medicine should no longer be restricted regarding the valuable contributions to knowledge provided by autopsy findings.", "contents": "The autopsy in geriatrics. The marked decline in the autopsy rate is a serious matter that is not receiving enough attention in the present medical system. Before 1940, a high rate of postmortem examinations was a mark of distinction for a hospital and the findings contributed greatly to our knowledge of disease. This should continue. In geriatrics, a valuable goal is the differentiation of pathologic processes from the process of aging. One outstanding factor in the neglect of the autopsy is the cost to the hospital or other institution; moreover, the cost is not reimbursable by third-party insurance payers. The Pathology Resource Center is proposed as a solution for the problem. Regional autopsy centers could serve the surrounding institutions with greater competence and economy. Medicine should no longer be restricted regarding the valuable contributions to knowledge provided by autopsy findings.", "PMID": 1109381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2371", "title": "The pathologist and the geriatric autopsy.", "content": "In the past forty years the autopsy rate in many large institutions has fallen drastically to a level of only 20-25 per cent. The large number of diagnostic errors revealed in autopsy records is in itself a cogent reason for a return to higher standards. The inhibitory effect of high cost would be modified by the use of central regional pathology services and by reimbursement from third-party insurance carriers. The end-result would be a higher quality of medical care for all patients, not excepting those in the geriatric age group.", "contents": "The pathologist and the geriatric autopsy. In the past forty years the autopsy rate in many large institutions has fallen drastically to a level of only 20-25 per cent. The large number of diagnostic errors revealed in autopsy records is in itself a cogent reason for a return to higher standards. The inhibitory effect of high cost would be modified by the use of central regional pathology services and by reimbursement from third-party insurance carriers. The end-result would be a higher quality of medical care for all patients, not excepting those in the geriatric age group.", "PMID": 1109382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2372", "title": "Autopsy data and their total evaluation.", "content": "The role of the autopsy is discussed in the study of the etiology of the current major causes of death (cardiovascular and neoplastic diseases) in developed countries. Evidence is accumulating for the importance of environmental factors in the etiology of these diseases. The study of regional differences in occurrence is described as a method of identifying specific factors. Maps are shown of mortality rates for all causes of death in Ontario counties for males aged 65-74 and 95+ during 1964-68. Some of the difficulties in obtaining data in this form, and in their analysis, are indicated. Regional mortality patterns can be interpreted by the use of associations with available regional socioeconomic measures, or by the use of regional data on trace-metal levels in autopsy samples of human lung, rib, vertebra, kidney and liver. The methodology and the difficulties involved in the determination of trace-metal levels in these tissues are discussed, as is the possible relevance of these levels to the study of degenerative diseases. All these considerations emphasize the valuable contributions of autopsy studies.", "contents": "Autopsy data and their total evaluation. The role of the autopsy is discussed in the study of the etiology of the current major causes of death (cardiovascular and neoplastic diseases) in developed countries. Evidence is accumulating for the importance of environmental factors in the etiology of these diseases. The study of regional differences in occurrence is described as a method of identifying specific factors. Maps are shown of mortality rates for all causes of death in Ontario counties for males aged 65-74 and 95+ during 1964-68. Some of the difficulties in obtaining data in this form, and in their analysis, are indicated. Regional mortality patterns can be interpreted by the use of associations with available regional socioeconomic measures, or by the use of regional data on trace-metal levels in autopsy samples of human lung, rib, vertebra, kidney and liver. The methodology and the difficulties involved in the determination of trace-metal levels in these tissues are discussed, as is the possible relevance of these levels to the study of degenerative diseases. All these considerations emphasize the valuable contributions of autopsy studies.", "PMID": 1109383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2373", "title": "Progressive deterioration of glucose tolerance in the aged.", "content": "This long-term study of the natural history of glucose tolerance in the aged is now in its eleventh year. Of 411 nondiabetic persons screened on admission to the Jewish Home for the Aged (J.H.A.) since 1968, 15 per cent had abnormally elevated levels of postglucose blood sugar (PGBS) as compared with 25 per cent in the period 1964-1968. Fewer positive reactors were discovered with annual screenings and with the glucose tolerance test (GTT). Although the proportion of positive reactors and of diabetic-type GTT curves was higher in subjects over age 80 than under age 80, there were 83 residents screened annually for five to nine years who retained normal glucose tolerance despite advancing age. The relatively lower rate of deterioration of glucose tolerance in the second period was attributable to: 1) the younger age of residents admitted since 1968, and 2) the diabetes-oriented diet plus emphasis on exercise and prevention of obesity. The reactive hypoglycemia found in 6 per cent of the residents was asymptomatic, whereas iatrogenic hypoglycemia was usually symptomatic and often severe. This led to a deliberate policy of undertreatment. Dietotherapy induced a lasting remission in about 60 per cent of newly diagnosed cases of diabetes, often to the point of normal glucose tolerance. Early diagnosis of chemical diabetes, by postponing or obviating the need for antidiabetic therapy, reduced the incidence of iatrogenic hypoglycemia. Diabetes-oriented measures are recommended for the aged in general, and for residents of homes for the aged in particular.", "contents": "Progressive deterioration of glucose tolerance in the aged. This long-term study of the natural history of glucose tolerance in the aged is now in its eleventh year. Of 411 nondiabetic persons screened on admission to the Jewish Home for the Aged (J.H.A.) since 1968, 15 per cent had abnormally elevated levels of postglucose blood sugar (PGBS) as compared with 25 per cent in the period 1964-1968. Fewer positive reactors were discovered with annual screenings and with the glucose tolerance test (GTT). Although the proportion of positive reactors and of diabetic-type GTT curves was higher in subjects over age 80 than under age 80, there were 83 residents screened annually for five to nine years who retained normal glucose tolerance despite advancing age. The relatively lower rate of deterioration of glucose tolerance in the second period was attributable to: 1) the younger age of residents admitted since 1968, and 2) the diabetes-oriented diet plus emphasis on exercise and prevention of obesity. The reactive hypoglycemia found in 6 per cent of the residents was asymptomatic, whereas iatrogenic hypoglycemia was usually symptomatic and often severe. This led to a deliberate policy of undertreatment. Dietotherapy induced a lasting remission in about 60 per cent of newly diagnosed cases of diabetes, often to the point of normal glucose tolerance. Early diagnosis of chemical diabetes, by postponing or obviating the need for antidiabetic therapy, reduced the incidence of iatrogenic hypoglycemia. Diabetes-oriented measures are recommended for the aged in general, and for residents of homes for the aged in particular.", "PMID": 1109384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2374", "title": "Surgical mortality in the elderly.", "content": "Surgical mortality rates were reviewed for the four-year period 1970-1973, in a series of 2,186 operations. The majority of these operations were performed in patients aged 70 or older; of these, 116 were performed in patients of the 90+ age group. Predictably, the surgical mortality in the older groups was higher than in the younger groups. However, the overall mortality for patients aged 70 or older was 4.9 per cent as compared with 8 to 21 per cent for series reported in the literature. Gastrointestinal, biliary, and chest procedures carried a much higher mortality than did the other major categories. Minor surgical operations in the elderly should be approached with caution since they may be associated with a significant mortality rate. Nevertheless, elderly patients should not be denied surgical intervention, major or minor, on the basis of age alone when the operation can make their remaining years more comfortable.", "contents": "Surgical mortality in the elderly. Surgical mortality rates were reviewed for the four-year period 1970-1973, in a series of 2,186 operations. The majority of these operations were performed in patients aged 70 or older; of these, 116 were performed in patients of the 90+ age group. Predictably, the surgical mortality in the older groups was higher than in the younger groups. However, the overall mortality for patients aged 70 or older was 4.9 per cent as compared with 8 to 21 per cent for series reported in the literature. Gastrointestinal, biliary, and chest procedures carried a much higher mortality than did the other major categories. Minor surgical operations in the elderly should be approached with caution since they may be associated with a significant mortality rate. Nevertheless, elderly patients should not be denied surgical intervention, major or minor, on the basis of age alone when the operation can make their remaining years more comfortable.", "PMID": 1109385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2375", "title": "Patterns of contacts for residents of age-segregated and age-integrated housing.", "content": "It has been suggested that age-segregated housing for the elderly is undesirable because elderly need contact with, and stimulation from, the young. Research has shown that, even in age-integrated housing, intergenerational contact is normally limited and greater density of age peers will lead to more opportunities for contacts and friendships. Interviews with residents of six retirement facilities and with matched controls in age-integrated housing showed that test residents interacted less than their controls with their children, grandchildren, and other relatives, and fewer had friends younger than 40. Test residents had, relative to their controls, more new friends and visited more with neighbors and with age-peer friends. Very little test-control difference was found on sufficiency of contact. A 2-year follow-up interview showed substantially the same patterns. It was concluded that age-segregated housing does imply different spheres of contacts but that either situation can be satisfactory for person who has freely made the choice.", "contents": "Patterns of contacts for residents of age-segregated and age-integrated housing. It has been suggested that age-segregated housing for the elderly is undesirable because elderly need contact with, and stimulation from, the young. Research has shown that, even in age-integrated housing, intergenerational contact is normally limited and greater density of age peers will lead to more opportunities for contacts and friendships. Interviews with residents of six retirement facilities and with matched controls in age-integrated housing showed that test residents interacted less than their controls with their children, grandchildren, and other relatives, and fewer had friends younger than 40. Test residents had, relative to their controls, more new friends and visited more with neighbors and with age-peer friends. Very little test-control difference was found on sufficiency of contact. A 2-year follow-up interview showed substantially the same patterns. It was concluded that age-segregated housing does imply different spheres of contacts but that either situation can be satisfactory for person who has freely made the choice.", "PMID": 1109386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2376", "title": "The effect of parabiosis on life-span of rats stressed by radiation.", "content": "The life-spans of four series of NEDH rats were compared: (1) single control rats, (2) single rats irradiated with 1000 R, (3) control parabiont rats, (4) parabiont rats one of which had received 1000 R. The stress of radiation (1000 R) produced a median life shortening of 571 days in single rats. Parabiosis followed by irradiation (1000 R) of a member of the pair shortened life 132 days. Parabiosis alone produced a median life shortening of 62 days. Ninety percent of the older irradiated parabiont pairs died with one or more tumors present. Parabiosis largely protected animals from the gastrointestinal radiation syndrome.", "contents": "The effect of parabiosis on life-span of rats stressed by radiation. The life-spans of four series of NEDH rats were compared: (1) single control rats, (2) single rats irradiated with 1000 R, (3) control parabiont rats, (4) parabiont rats one of which had received 1000 R. The stress of radiation (1000 R) produced a median life shortening of 571 days in single rats. Parabiosis followed by irradiation (1000 R) of a member of the pair shortened life 132 days. Parabiosis alone produced a median life shortening of 62 days. Ninety percent of the older irradiated parabiont pairs died with one or more tumors present. Parabiosis largely protected animals from the gastrointestinal radiation syndrome.", "PMID": 1109387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2377", "title": "Runwheel activity patterns of mature-young and senescent mice: the effect of constant lighting conditions.", "content": "A group of 18 5-mo.-old young and a group of 16 27-mo.-old senescent mice of the C57BL/6J strain were adapted for wheel-running under standard LD 12 : 12 cyclic illumination, after which each group was divided into three subgroups. One old and one young subgroup remained in standard lighting conditions as controls, while the two experimental subgroups received constant light followed by constant dark or constant dark followed by constant light. Rhythmic runwheel activity patterns were compared using periodicity, activity-rest ratios, and amplitude as parameters (defined in text). As expected, senescent mice were less active than young mice, although they did not always spend less time in activity than did the young. Generally, young mice were more reactive to the initial experimental conditions than were the senescent mice, whereas the reverse was observed in the final experimental conditions.", "contents": "Runwheel activity patterns of mature-young and senescent mice: the effect of constant lighting conditions. A group of 18 5-mo.-old young and a group of 16 27-mo.-old senescent mice of the C57BL/6J strain were adapted for wheel-running under standard LD 12 : 12 cyclic illumination, after which each group was divided into three subgroups. One old and one young subgroup remained in standard lighting conditions as controls, while the two experimental subgroups received constant light followed by constant dark or constant dark followed by constant light. Rhythmic runwheel activity patterns were compared using periodicity, activity-rest ratios, and amplitude as parameters (defined in text). As expected, senescent mice were less active than young mice, although they did not always spend less time in activity than did the young. Generally, young mice were more reactive to the initial experimental conditions than were the senescent mice, whereas the reverse was observed in the final experimental conditions.", "PMID": 1109388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2378", "title": "Composition of liver histones in aging rat and mouse.", "content": "In contrast to the earlier reports on the age-dependent reduction of the ratio of F3 plus F2al plus F2a2 / Fl plus F2b in rat liver histones and the reduction of arginine-rich histone (F3 or III) in beef thymus, the result obtained by high-resolution polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of histones shows no apparent age-related change in the proportion of any histone fraction of mouse and rat liver chromatin.", "contents": "Composition of liver histones in aging rat and mouse. In contrast to the earlier reports on the age-dependent reduction of the ratio of F3 plus F2al plus F2a2 / Fl plus F2b in rat liver histones and the reduction of arginine-rich histone (F3 or III) in beef thymus, the result obtained by high-resolution polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of histones shows no apparent age-related change in the proportion of any histone fraction of mouse and rat liver chromatin.", "PMID": 1109389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2379", "title": "Aging and the passage of L-tyrosine, L-DOPA, and inulin into mouse brain slices in vitro.", "content": "The effect of age on active transport of catecholamine precursors was studied in a healthy population of mature (12-mo.-old) and senescent (30-mo.-old) C57BL/6J male mice. No age differences were observed in uptake of L-(3H)-tyrosine IN VITRO by slices of hypothalamus, brain stem, and striatum at external concentrations equal to or greater than blood levels. However, age-related reductions were observed intermittently in the hypothalamus, brain stem, and striatum at very low concentrations of tyrosine (less than 10 pg/ml). No age differences were observed in incorporation of L-(3H)-tyrosine into hypothalamic proteins when corrected for intracellular uptake of L-(3H)-tyrosine. No age differences were observed in uptake of L-(3H)-DOPA. The possible contribution of age-related changes in extra-cellular space to decreased uptake was determined to be negligible by wash-out studies of tyrosine and by the uptake of inulin. A significant age-related increase of inulin uptake IN VITRO was observed under ionic conditions which minimize tissue swelling.", "contents": "Aging and the passage of L-tyrosine, L-DOPA, and inulin into mouse brain slices in vitro. The effect of age on active transport of catecholamine precursors was studied in a healthy population of mature (12-mo.-old) and senescent (30-mo.-old) C57BL/6J male mice. No age differences were observed in uptake of L-(3H)-tyrosine IN VITRO by slices of hypothalamus, brain stem, and striatum at external concentrations equal to or greater than blood levels. However, age-related reductions were observed intermittently in the hypothalamus, brain stem, and striatum at very low concentrations of tyrosine (less than 10 pg/ml). No age differences were observed in incorporation of L-(3H)-tyrosine into hypothalamic proteins when corrected for intracellular uptake of L-(3H)-tyrosine. No age differences were observed in uptake of L-(3H)-DOPA. The possible contribution of age-related changes in extra-cellular space to decreased uptake was determined to be negligible by wash-out studies of tyrosine and by the uptake of inulin. A significant age-related increase of inulin uptake IN VITRO was observed under ionic conditions which minimize tissue swelling.", "PMID": 1109390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2380", "title": "Safety of administration of procaine hydrochloride-hematoporphyrin (KH3) to beagle dogs.", "content": "Data were collected as to food consumption, body weight, coat condition, blood cells and chemical constituents, as well as physical and chemical characteristics of urine on 31 adult Beagle dogs (male and female) during a control period and later at monthly intervals during course of the study. After the control period, the dogs were divided into four groups and were given orally for 90 days either placebo, 0.5 gm. (one capsule), 1.5 gm., or 3 gm. of KH3 per day. At the end of the study, animals were necropsied and organs weighed. The coat appeared to be glossy and have luxurious growth. The other parameters studied showed no significant variations from control or normal ranges. Tissues revealed no gross or microscopic abnormalities which could be attributed to treatment. On the basis of this study, KH3 does not appear to have any deleterious effect on dogs at dose levels which are substantially higher than those recommended for animal or human usage.", "contents": "Safety of administration of procaine hydrochloride-hematoporphyrin (KH3) to beagle dogs. Data were collected as to food consumption, body weight, coat condition, blood cells and chemical constituents, as well as physical and chemical characteristics of urine on 31 adult Beagle dogs (male and female) during a control period and later at monthly intervals during course of the study. After the control period, the dogs were divided into four groups and were given orally for 90 days either placebo, 0.5 gm. (one capsule), 1.5 gm., or 3 gm. of KH3 per day. At the end of the study, animals were necropsied and organs weighed. The coat appeared to be glossy and have luxurious growth. The other parameters studied showed no significant variations from control or normal ranges. Tissues revealed no gross or microscopic abnormalities which could be attributed to treatment. On the basis of this study, KH3 does not appear to have any deleterious effect on dogs at dose levels which are substantially higher than those recommended for animal or human usage.", "PMID": 1109391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2381", "title": "Biological and psychological predictors of survival in a psychogeriatric population.", "content": "Out of 206 geriatric subjects who had been assessed with respect to a number of biological and psychological features (M\u00fcller & Grad, 1974), it was possible to reach 180 (or 87%) for a 5-year follow-up. Associations of these previous data to six survival categories were examined in order to explore their prognostic value. Of the biological variables the amount of slow EEG activity showed the greatest predictive power concerning the chances of survival, with only a few subjects, who had shown a slow EEG originally, alive after 5 years. Several other biological variables also showed significant differences between survivors and nonsurvivors; the plasma cortisol levels which were determined after the EEG test were lower in the survivors. Diagnostic and predictive value of routine electroencephalographic examinations in geropsychiatric assessments is emphasized. The close relationship of psychological and biological factors is discussed in the context of a dynamic concept of organic brain syndromes.", "contents": "Biological and psychological predictors of survival in a psychogeriatric population. Out of 206 geriatric subjects who had been assessed with respect to a number of biological and psychological features (M\u00fcller & Grad, 1974), it was possible to reach 180 (or 87%) for a 5-year follow-up. Associations of these previous data to six survival categories were examined in order to explore their prognostic value. Of the biological variables the amount of slow EEG activity showed the greatest predictive power concerning the chances of survival, with only a few subjects, who had shown a slow EEG originally, alive after 5 years. Several other biological variables also showed significant differences between survivors and nonsurvivors; the plasma cortisol levels which were determined after the EEG test were lower in the survivors. Diagnostic and predictive value of routine electroencephalographic examinations in geropsychiatric assessments is emphasized. The close relationship of psychological and biological factors is discussed in the context of a dynamic concept of organic brain syndromes.", "PMID": 1109392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2382", "title": "Fluid and crystallized intelligence in young adulthood and old age.", "content": "The theory of fluid and crystallized intelligence predicts that the relationship between these two abilities will decline systematically across the age span after young adulthood. In order to test this hypothesis in an elderly sample, the Raven Progressive Martices and the WAIS vocabulary subtest were administered to a sample of individuals (N=40), ranging in age from 60 to 79, and also, for purposes of comparison, to a sample of young adults (N=35). It was found that the correlation was significantly lower in the elderly sample (.386) than in the young adult sample (.672).", "contents": "Fluid and crystallized intelligence in young adulthood and old age. The theory of fluid and crystallized intelligence predicts that the relationship between these two abilities will decline systematically across the age span after young adulthood. In order to test this hypothesis in an elderly sample, the Raven Progressive Martices and the WAIS vocabulary subtest were administered to a sample of individuals (N=40), ranging in age from 60 to 79, and also, for purposes of comparison, to a sample of young adults (N=35). It was found that the correlation was significantly lower in the elderly sample (.386) than in the young adult sample (.672).", "PMID": 1109393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2383", "title": "Mode of presentation, age, and short-term memory.", "content": "Female volunteers, ranging in age from 19 to 78 years, viewed or listened to prose passages and sequences of unrelated digits in an evaluation of the effects of modality (visual vs. auditory) upon short-term memory. The data indicated that performance on the digit span task was better with the auditory than with the visual presentation mode, while the opposite effect (i.e., visual better than auditory) was found with the prose passages. Although there were age-related deficits with both types of materials, the modality effects were similar for all age levels.", "contents": "Mode of presentation, age, and short-term memory. Female volunteers, ranging in age from 19 to 78 years, viewed or listened to prose passages and sequences of unrelated digits in an evaluation of the effects of modality (visual vs. auditory) upon short-term memory. The data indicated that performance on the digit span task was better with the auditory than with the visual presentation mode, while the opposite effect (i.e., visual better than auditory) was found with the prose passages. Although there were age-related deficits with both types of materials, the modality effects were similar for all age levels.", "PMID": 1109394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2384", "title": "Social indicators in black and white: some ethnic considerations in delivery of service to the elderly.", "content": "A random sample of older persons who contacted the Central Intake Referral and Information Service (CIRIS) of the Houston Areawide Model Project for the Elderly responded to the Social Indicators Index for the Aged. The scores obtained from this instrument were analyzed with respect to ethnicity. Comparisons were made with data from an independent city-wide sample to which the same instrument was administered. When ethnicity was controlled, consistent differences emerged both between the two samples and within each sample. Significant differences found in the CIRIS sample on measures of income, health, and life satisfaction were combined with differences between the two samples to provide indications of cultural factors involved in utilization of services by the elderly. Our findings support other literature which has stressed the necessity of considering ethnic differences in developing theories on aging and in designing and delivering services to the aged--regardless of whether one is dealing with minority or majority individuals.", "contents": "Social indicators in black and white: some ethnic considerations in delivery of service to the elderly. A random sample of older persons who contacted the Central Intake Referral and Information Service (CIRIS) of the Houston Areawide Model Project for the Elderly responded to the Social Indicators Index for the Aged. The scores obtained from this instrument were analyzed with respect to ethnicity. Comparisons were made with data from an independent city-wide sample to which the same instrument was administered. When ethnicity was controlled, consistent differences emerged both between the two samples and within each sample. Significant differences found in the CIRIS sample on measures of income, health, and life satisfaction were combined with differences between the two samples to provide indications of cultural factors involved in utilization of services by the elderly. Our findings support other literature which has stressed the necessity of considering ethnic differences in developing theories on aging and in designing and delivering services to the aged--regardless of whether one is dealing with minority or majority individuals.", "PMID": 1109395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2385", "title": "Aging and adaptation to illness.", "content": "The relation of age, adaptation to illness, and the severity of cerebral dysfunction was evaluated for persons having suffered cerebrovascular accidents (CVA). All (89) subjects (age range 38 to 84 years, mean 62) were interviewed at least 1 mo. following onset of illness. It was found that older persons were more likely to manifest mental impairment following a DVA but that measures of sensory and motor functions were not similarly affected. The association of age and psychological adaptation varied, depending on the severity of brain dysfunction. Among a minimally impaired group, older persons tended to be more depressed and to use less denial than younger subjects. While denial was increasingly manifested by all persons with severe degrees of cerebral dysfunction, this change was shown to a greater extent by older subjects. The findings suggest that the severity of cerebral dysfunction may be a more critical factor in determining adaptation to illness than chronological age.", "contents": "Aging and adaptation to illness. The relation of age, adaptation to illness, and the severity of cerebral dysfunction was evaluated for persons having suffered cerebrovascular accidents (CVA). All (89) subjects (age range 38 to 84 years, mean 62) were interviewed at least 1 mo. following onset of illness. It was found that older persons were more likely to manifest mental impairment following a DVA but that measures of sensory and motor functions were not similarly affected. The association of age and psychological adaptation varied, depending on the severity of brain dysfunction. Among a minimally impaired group, older persons tended to be more depressed and to use less denial than younger subjects. While denial was increasingly manifested by all persons with severe degrees of cerebral dysfunction, this change was shown to a greater extent by older subjects. The findings suggest that the severity of cerebral dysfunction may be a more critical factor in determining adaptation to illness than chronological age.", "PMID": 1109396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2386", "title": "Voluntary association participation and life satisfaction: a replication note.", "content": "The results of a replication study carried out in Kansas City in 1973 are compared with the original study in Oberlin, Ohio, in 1970 to see if the relationship between participation in voluntary associations and life satisfaction of the aged holds up over time and in a different geographic region. In a confirmation of the original study, the data indicate that health and status characteristics are more potent predictors of life satisfaction than participation in voluntary associations, which shows a nonsignificant relationship to life satisfaction when controlling for the effects of health and status.", "contents": "Voluntary association participation and life satisfaction: a replication note. The results of a replication study carried out in Kansas City in 1973 are compared with the original study in Oberlin, Ohio, in 1970 to see if the relationship between participation in voluntary associations and life satisfaction of the aged holds up over time and in a different geographic region. In a confirmation of the original study, the data indicate that health and status characteristics are more potent predictors of life satisfaction than participation in voluntary associations, which shows a nonsignificant relationship to life satisfaction when controlling for the effects of health and status.", "PMID": 1109397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2387", "title": "A retesting and modification of the Philadelphia Geriatric Center Morale Scale.", "content": "The inter-item structuring of the questions in the Philadelphia Geriatric Center Morale Scale was analyzed for sample members of two studies being conducted by the Dept. of Social Gerontological Research of The Hebrew Rehabilitation Center for Aged (Boston) in an attempt to understand better the several components of the PGC battery first reported by Lawton. PGC items were subjected to principal component and Varimax factor analyses for both the original 22 items and also a reduced 17-item battery. In addition, using more recent findings of Lawton, further structural tests were performed in order to obtain the best possible configuration of items for the several reliable scale components found. The results of these cross SAMPLE ANALYSES INDICATE AN OVER-ALL LEVEL OF RELIABILITY FOR THREE OF THE ORIGINAL PGC components; and at the same time, indices of greater length and reliability resulted when these three PGC components were slightly restructured.", "contents": "A retesting and modification of the Philadelphia Geriatric Center Morale Scale. The inter-item structuring of the questions in the Philadelphia Geriatric Center Morale Scale was analyzed for sample members of two studies being conducted by the Dept. of Social Gerontological Research of The Hebrew Rehabilitation Center for Aged (Boston) in an attempt to understand better the several components of the PGC battery first reported by Lawton. PGC items were subjected to principal component and Varimax factor analyses for both the original 22 items and also a reduced 17-item battery. In addition, using more recent findings of Lawton, further structural tests were performed in order to obtain the best possible configuration of items for the several reliable scale components found. The results of these cross SAMPLE ANALYSES INDICATE AN OVER-ALL LEVEL OF RELIABILITY FOR THREE OF THE ORIGINAL PGC components; and at the same time, indices of greater length and reliability resulted when these three PGC components were slightly restructured.", "PMID": 1109398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2388", "title": "The Philadelphia Geriatric Center Morale Scale: a revision.", "content": "The 22-item Philadelphia Geriatric Center (PGC) Morale Scale was subjected to a series of principal component analyses utilizing different item pools and rotating differing numbers of factors. Subjects were 1086 tenants of federally-assisted housing for the elderly and older people living in the community. Results were compared with analyses of the PGC Scale done by Morris and Sherwood. Consideration of factors defined by the analyses suggested three consistently reproduced factors: Agitation, Attitude Toward Own Aging, and Lonely Dissatisfaction, utilizing 17 of the original items. These results were compared with other multi-dimensional measures of morale: the Bradburn Affect Balance Scale, and morale scales reported by Pierce and Clark, and Schooler. In addition to the dimensions derived from the current study related domains of self-rated health, social accessibility, generalized attitude toward aging, and positive affect were suggested as worthy of further exploration as dimensions of morale.", "contents": "The Philadelphia Geriatric Center Morale Scale: a revision. The 22-item Philadelphia Geriatric Center (PGC) Morale Scale was subjected to a series of principal component analyses utilizing different item pools and rotating differing numbers of factors. Subjects were 1086 tenants of federally-assisted housing for the elderly and older people living in the community. Results were compared with analyses of the PGC Scale done by Morris and Sherwood. Consideration of factors defined by the analyses suggested three consistently reproduced factors: Agitation, Attitude Toward Own Aging, and Lonely Dissatisfaction, utilizing 17 of the original items. These results were compared with other multi-dimensional measures of morale: the Bradburn Affect Balance Scale, and morale scales reported by Pierce and Clark, and Schooler. In addition to the dimensions derived from the current study related domains of self-rated health, social accessibility, generalized attitude toward aging, and positive affect were suggested as worthy of further exploration as dimensions of morale.", "PMID": 1109399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2389", "title": "Changes in size of lacunae during the life of osteocytes in osteons of compact bone.", "content": "The cross-sectional areas of 739 lacunae from 31 osteons of gibbon femur, gibbon ulna, and human humerus were measured and compared on the basis of their distance from the osteon canal. There was great variation in size of lacunae at all distances, but the mean size of lacunae adjacent to the canal and of those in the periphery of the osteon were larger than the mean size of lacunae found intermediate in position. This was interpreted to mean that new osteocytes continue to form bone, thus decreasing the size of their lacunae, but later in their life cycle, enlarge their lacunae through bone absorption. The great variation in size was interpreted to be evidence for alteration of function of osteocytes.", "contents": "Changes in size of lacunae during the life of osteocytes in osteons of compact bone. The cross-sectional areas of 739 lacunae from 31 osteons of gibbon femur, gibbon ulna, and human humerus were measured and compared on the basis of their distance from the osteon canal. There was great variation in size of lacunae at all distances, but the mean size of lacunae adjacent to the canal and of those in the periphery of the osteon were larger than the mean size of lacunae found intermediate in position. This was interpreted to mean that new osteocytes continue to form bone, thus decreasing the size of their lacunae, but later in their life cycle, enlarge their lacunae through bone absorption. The great variation in size was interpreted to be evidence for alteration of function of osteocytes.", "PMID": 1109400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2390", "title": "Characteristics of mentally-impaired aged profiting from individualized treatment.", "content": "This study investigated subjects' characteristics which related to improvements from individualized treatment of mentally impaired aged. Project variables (158) were reduced to 12 Q-type factors. The excess disability (ED) criteria were partialled into experimental/control influences (EDe/c) and residual ED variance. Statistical regressions were run on the EDe/c criteria vs. age and the 12 Q-factors. Age significantly predicted post-treatment ED functioning in both conditions. Younger subjects (ages 65-82) profited most in both groups. After the statistical removal of age in the regression, Factor Q-3 still retained a significant relationship to EDe/c for the experimentals. The correlations indicate the importance of social capabilities, irrespective of age level, with regard to improvements due to ED treatments. For the control subjects, Q-12 and Q-5 showed significant independent relationships to the criteria. Subjects' competence appeared most important for EDe/c gains made without treatment.", "contents": "Characteristics of mentally-impaired aged profiting from individualized treatment. This study investigated subjects' characteristics which related to improvements from individualized treatment of mentally impaired aged. Project variables (158) were reduced to 12 Q-type factors. The excess disability (ED) criteria were partialled into experimental/control influences (EDe/c) and residual ED variance. Statistical regressions were run on the EDe/c criteria vs. age and the 12 Q-factors. Age significantly predicted post-treatment ED functioning in both conditions. Younger subjects (ages 65-82) profited most in both groups. After the statistical removal of age in the regression, Factor Q-3 still retained a significant relationship to EDe/c for the experimentals. The correlations indicate the importance of social capabilities, irrespective of age level, with regard to improvements due to ED treatments. For the control subjects, Q-12 and Q-5 showed significant independent relationships to the criteria. Subjects' competence appeared most important for EDe/c gains made without treatment.", "PMID": 1109401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2391", "title": "Predictors of a dimension of well-being in the relocated healthy aged.", "content": "One hundred twenty-two subjects aged 61 to 88 years were given a wide variety of tests around the time they moved to an apartment complex in which independent living and self-care was necessary. After living in their apartments approximately 15 mo., they were rated for how well they were faring in terms of a clinical dimension, from \"played out\" to \"vital.\" Of 25 predictor variables, 14 were related to this dimension. Two were especially prominent--the WAIS Comprehension subtest and the Crossing-Off psychomotor task.", "contents": "Predictors of a dimension of well-being in the relocated healthy aged. One hundred twenty-two subjects aged 61 to 88 years were given a wide variety of tests around the time they moved to an apartment complex in which independent living and self-care was necessary. After living in their apartments approximately 15 mo., they were rated for how well they were faring in terms of a clinical dimension, from \"played out\" to \"vital.\" Of 25 predictor variables, 14 were related to this dimension. Two were especially prominent--the WAIS Comprehension subtest and the Crossing-Off psychomotor task.", "PMID": 1109402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2392", "title": "The paucity of course work in medical care evaluation.", "content": "In view of the current emphasis on measurement of the quality of health care services, reflected in regulatory provisions and accreditation requirements, an inquiry was made as to the extent to which medical schools are presently offering formal training in the techniques of medical care evaluation. Of 118 medical schools surveyed, 24 responded with the information that they are actually providing such training. The training reported ranged from a one-hour lecture to five elective courses. The implications of the findings are discussed with reference to the need of physicians to become familiar with the principles and methods of scientific evaluation of medical care. Some of the areas that might be covered in courses on evaluation are discussed, and examples of two current programs are given.", "contents": "The paucity of course work in medical care evaluation. In view of the current emphasis on measurement of the quality of health care services, reflected in regulatory provisions and accreditation requirements, an inquiry was made as to the extent to which medical schools are presently offering formal training in the techniques of medical care evaluation. Of 118 medical schools surveyed, 24 responded with the information that they are actually providing such training. The training reported ranged from a one-hour lecture to five elective courses. The implications of the findings are discussed with reference to the need of physicians to become familiar with the principles and methods of scientific evaluation of medical care. Some of the areas that might be covered in courses on evaluation are discussed, and examples of two current programs are given.", "PMID": 1109414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2393", "title": "An outreach program for a rural medical school.", "content": "An outreach program for Dartmouth Medical School has been developed which utilizes rural communities in the education and training of medical students and residents in primary care. A correlated curricular track for primary care and a residency program have been established. The program is interdepartmental and administered by the dean, and services provided to patients are financed by fee-for-service. The cost incurred by the presence of residents and medical students is shared by the community and the medical school. The program is based on a close partnership between the medical school and the community in fulfilling their respective educational and service objectives.", "contents": "An outreach program for a rural medical school. An outreach program for Dartmouth Medical School has been developed which utilizes rural communities in the education and training of medical students and residents in primary care. A correlated curricular track for primary care and a residency program have been established. The program is interdepartmental and administered by the dean, and services provided to patients are financed by fee-for-service. The cost incurred by the presence of residents and medical students is shared by the community and the medical school. The program is based on a close partnership between the medical school and the community in fulfilling their respective educational and service objectives.", "PMID": 1109415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2394", "title": "Evaluation of review courses for the ECFMG examination.", "content": "In this paper three review courses for the Educational Council for Foreign Medical Graduates (ECFMG) examination are described. A comparison of the pass rates on the January 1973 ECFMG examination for examinees taking the courses with those not taking the courses shows a statistically significant difference (47 percent passing for those taking the courses in contrast to 18 percent passing for those not taking the courses). Although the courses appear to be effective, the limitations of the ECFMG examination as a screening device for foreign medical graduates (FMGs) make it unwise to expand the number of such courses. The cramming of basic medical knowledge into students is not a useful solution to the problem of physician shortages. The focus of attention on the FMG in the health care system must shift from a search for expedient ways of providing for greater utilization of FMGs to the deleterious effects of this utilization on the quality of patient care.", "contents": "Evaluation of review courses for the ECFMG examination. In this paper three review courses for the Educational Council for Foreign Medical Graduates (ECFMG) examination are described. A comparison of the pass rates on the January 1973 ECFMG examination for examinees taking the courses with those not taking the courses shows a statistically significant difference (47 percent passing for those taking the courses in contrast to 18 percent passing for those not taking the courses). Although the courses appear to be effective, the limitations of the ECFMG examination as a screening device for foreign medical graduates (FMGs) make it unwise to expand the number of such courses. The cramming of basic medical knowledge into students is not a useful solution to the problem of physician shortages. The focus of attention on the FMG in the health care system must shift from a search for expedient ways of providing for greater utilization of FMGs to the deleterious effects of this utilization on the quality of patient care.", "PMID": 1109416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2395", "title": "Forecasting and medical education.", "content": "The ability to render more accurate predictions of the future will enable medical educators and administrators to make more advantageous policy and program decisions. Modern forecasting techniques and criteria to evaluate prognostic endeavors are described. Examples of how these methods can be applied to medical education are provided.", "contents": "Forecasting and medical education. The ability to render more accurate predictions of the future will enable medical educators and administrators to make more advantageous policy and program decisions. Modern forecasting techniques and criteria to evaluate prognostic endeavors are described. Examples of how these methods can be applied to medical education are provided.", "PMID": 1109417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2396", "title": "Paradigms in medicine: consequences for medical education.", "content": "Paradigms play an important role in the natural sciences. Basic medical science has primary paradigms from which are derived secondary paradigms that allow the practice of medicine. Medical education consists in students acquiring this paradigm and in practitioners changing their paradigm in the light of medical research. Problem-solving plays an important role in the acquisition of this paradigm. Unless educators, especially basic scientists, are aware of their own paradigm, communicating with others who hold different paradigms can be difficult and cause serious misunderstanding.", "contents": "Paradigms in medicine: consequences for medical education. Paradigms play an important role in the natural sciences. Basic medical science has primary paradigms from which are derived secondary paradigms that allow the practice of medicine. Medical education consists in students acquiring this paradigm and in practitioners changing their paradigm in the light of medical research. Problem-solving plays an important role in the acquisition of this paradigm. Unless educators, especially basic scientists, are aware of their own paradigm, communicating with others who hold different paradigms can be difficult and cause serious misunderstanding.", "PMID": 1109418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2397", "title": "An introduction to the study of medicine: phase I of the McMaster M.D. program.", "content": "\"Phase I\" describes the initial 11 weeks of study in the M.D. training program offered by the Faculty of Medicine of McMaster University. This three-year program stresses the responsibility of students for their own education, encourages self-directed learning using realistic biomedical problems, and offers little didactic instruction. Students are assigned to tutorial groups, and much of the educational thrust of the program is built upon interactions within these groups. Phase I is designed to allow students to adapt to a less structured environment, and intensive faculty support is available. The successes and failures of Phase I of the program were examined using a combined questionnaire and interview at various stages during the 11-week period. Not all program goals were satisfactorily measured, but those that could be assessed appeared to have been attained by most students.", "contents": "An introduction to the study of medicine: phase I of the McMaster M.D. program. \"Phase I\" describes the initial 11 weeks of study in the M.D. training program offered by the Faculty of Medicine of McMaster University. This three-year program stresses the responsibility of students for their own education, encourages self-directed learning using realistic biomedical problems, and offers little didactic instruction. Students are assigned to tutorial groups, and much of the educational thrust of the program is built upon interactions within these groups. Phase I is designed to allow students to adapt to a less structured environment, and intensive faculty support is available. The successes and failures of Phase I of the program were examined using a combined questionnaire and interview at various stages during the 11-week period. Not all program goals were satisfactorily measured, but those that could be assessed appeared to have been attained by most students.", "PMID": 1109419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2398", "title": "Absence of hexosaminidase A and B in a normal adult.", "content": "In the course of screening for heterozygotes for beta-hexosaminidase deficiency, the serum and white cells of a clinically normal father of deficient children were found to have an apparent deficiency for both hexosaminidases A and B, assayed with an artificial substrate, 4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-glucosaminide. No inhibitor was present. Assayed with a natural substrate, n-acetylgalactosaminyl beta 1-4 galactosyl beta 1-4 glucosyl ceramide, which had been isolated from the brain of a patient with Tay--Sachs disease and labeled in the terminal n-acetyl-galactosamine, a value in the heterozygote range was found. It was concluded that the proband is probably a double heterozygote for two mutations; one is the classic Sandhoff type (lack of hexosaminidases A and B), giving rise to deficient offspring when combined with the same mutation borne by the wife. The other obscures any activity with the artificial substrate but allows an action on natural substrates, explaining the normal life of its carrier.", "contents": "Absence of hexosaminidase A and B in a normal adult. In the course of screening for heterozygotes for beta-hexosaminidase deficiency, the serum and white cells of a clinically normal father of deficient children were found to have an apparent deficiency for both hexosaminidases A and B, assayed with an artificial substrate, 4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-glucosaminide. No inhibitor was present. Assayed with a natural substrate, n-acetylgalactosaminyl beta 1-4 galactosyl beta 1-4 glucosyl ceramide, which had been isolated from the brain of a patient with Tay--Sachs disease and labeled in the terminal n-acetyl-galactosamine, a value in the heterozygote range was found. It was concluded that the proband is probably a double heterozygote for two mutations; one is the classic Sandhoff type (lack of hexosaminidases A and B), giving rise to deficient offspring when combined with the same mutation borne by the wife. The other obscures any activity with the artificial substrate but allows an action on natural substrates, explaining the normal life of its carrier.", "PMID": 1109441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2399", "title": "Abortion, euthanasia, and care of defective newborns.", "content": "Growing use of abortion to prevent births of infants with unfavorable prenatal diagnoses raises ethical questions about active euthanasia for newborn infants with similar impairments. Two opposing ethical arguments are those of Paul Ramsey, who equates genetically indicated abortion with infanticide disapprovingly, and of Joseph Fletcher, who equates the morality of abortion with selective euthanasia approvingly. Though radically different, these arguments treat the ethical aspects of the prenatal and postnatal situations as essentially similar. There are, however, different moral features between the two situations, in that the postnatal situation is characterized by the independent physical existence of the infant, the possibility of treatment, and the formation of parental loyality to the infant. Thus, a decision for abortion after prenatal diagnosis does not necessarily commit parents to euthanasia in the management of a seriously damaged infant.", "contents": "Abortion, euthanasia, and care of defective newborns. Growing use of abortion to prevent births of infants with unfavorable prenatal diagnoses raises ethical questions about active euthanasia for newborn infants with similar impairments. Two opposing ethical arguments are those of Paul Ramsey, who equates genetically indicated abortion with infanticide disapprovingly, and of Joseph Fletcher, who equates the morality of abortion with selective euthanasia approvingly. Though radically different, these arguments treat the ethical aspects of the prenatal and postnatal situations as essentially similar. There are, however, different moral features between the two situations, in that the postnatal situation is characterized by the independent physical existence of the infant, the possibility of treatment, and the formation of parental loyality to the infant. Thus, a decision for abortion after prenatal diagnosis does not necessarily commit parents to euthanasia in the management of a seriously damaged infant.", "PMID": 1109442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2400", "title": "Active and passive euthanasia.", "content": "The traditional distinction between active and passive euthanasia requires critical analysis. The conventional doctrine is that there is such an important moral difference between the two that, although the latter is sometimes permissible, the former is always forbidden. This doctrine may be challenged for several reasons. First of all, active euthanasia is in many cases more humane than passive euthanasia, Secondly, the conventional doctrine leads to decisions concerning life and death on irrelevant grounds. Thirdly, the doctrine rests on a distinction between killing and letting die that itself has no moral importance. Fourthly, the most common arguments in favor of the doctrine are invalid. I therefore suggest that the American Medical Association policy statement that endorses this doctrine is unsound.", "contents": "Active and passive euthanasia. The traditional distinction between active and passive euthanasia requires critical analysis. The conventional doctrine is that there is such an important moral difference between the two that, although the latter is sometimes permissible, the former is always forbidden. This doctrine may be challenged for several reasons. First of all, active euthanasia is in many cases more humane than passive euthanasia, Secondly, the conventional doctrine leads to decisions concerning life and death on irrelevant grounds. Thirdly, the doctrine rests on a distinction between killing and letting die that itself has no moral importance. Fourthly, the most common arguments in favor of the doctrine are invalid. I therefore suggest that the American Medical Association policy statement that endorses this doctrine is unsound.", "PMID": 1109443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2401", "title": "Clinical approach to jaundice.", "content": "Jaundice, with and without hepatobiliary damage, has a wide spectrum of causes. In the initial evaluation, fractionation of the bilirubin facilitates differential diagnosis. Unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia most often is the result of pigment overload or Gilbert's disease. Most patients with jaundice seen by the clinician have underlying hepatobiliary disease. Liver biopsy usually establishes the etiology of hepatocellular forms of jaundice. In patients with cholestasis, visualization of the biliary tree by either transhepatic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography provides the most direct means of differentiating mechanical biliary obstruction from intrahepatic cholestasis.", "contents": "Clinical approach to jaundice. Jaundice, with and without hepatobiliary damage, has a wide spectrum of causes. In the initial evaluation, fractionation of the bilirubin facilitates differential diagnosis. Unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia most often is the result of pigment overload or Gilbert's disease. Most patients with jaundice seen by the clinician have underlying hepatobiliary disease. Liver biopsy usually establishes the etiology of hepatocellular forms of jaundice. In patients with cholestasis, visualization of the biliary tree by either transhepatic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography provides the most direct means of differentiating mechanical biliary obstruction from intrahepatic cholestasis.", "PMID": 1109492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2402", "title": "Gallstone disease.", "content": "Most gallstones are composed largely or entirely of cholesterol. The larger calculi are more often associated with acute cholecystitis than are smaller stones. Factors predisposing to gallstone formation include sex, age, race, child-bearing, and possibly diet and obesity. About half of all persons with cholelithiasis have symptoms referable to the biliary tract. The most important symptom in the diagnosis of gallstone disease is biliary colic. Biliary pain lasting longer than five or six hours is indicative of acute cholecystitis, with obstruction of the cystic duct by a calculus as the primary event in most instances. The reliability of cholecystography in detecting gallstones is at least 95 percent. In patients over age 60, cholecystectomy is indicated only in those with specific symptoms referable to the biliary tract. The effectiveness of chenodeoxycholic acid in dissolving radiolucent gallstones in asymptomatic patients has been confirmed in several clinical trials. Early operation in patients with acute cholecystitis is advocated.", "contents": "Gallstone disease. Most gallstones are composed largely or entirely of cholesterol. The larger calculi are more often associated with acute cholecystitis than are smaller stones. Factors predisposing to gallstone formation include sex, age, race, child-bearing, and possibly diet and obesity. About half of all persons with cholelithiasis have symptoms referable to the biliary tract. The most important symptom in the diagnosis of gallstone disease is biliary colic. Biliary pain lasting longer than five or six hours is indicative of acute cholecystitis, with obstruction of the cystic duct by a calculus as the primary event in most instances. The reliability of cholecystography in detecting gallstones is at least 95 percent. In patients over age 60, cholecystectomy is indicated only in those with specific symptoms referable to the biliary tract. The effectiveness of chenodeoxycholic acid in dissolving radiolucent gallstones in asymptomatic patients has been confirmed in several clinical trials. Early operation in patients with acute cholecystitis is advocated.", "PMID": 1109493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2403", "title": "Peptic ulcer disease.", "content": "Smoking, heredity, aspirin ingestion, and various diseases are associated with increased prevalence of peptic ulcer disease. Significant pathophysiologic differences between ulcer patients and normal subjects have been shown to exist, but many of the observed abnormalities are still poorly understood and require further study. Prospective studies are also needed to quantitate the role of psychologic factors in the pathogenesis of ulcer disease. Ulcer disease is diagnosed by history, physical examination, upper gastrointestinal radiography, and endoscopy. In some patients measurements of serum gastrin levels and gastric acid secretion at rest and after stimulation give significant information. Antacids and anticholinergics remain the primary therapeutic agents; new therapeutic agents are currently under study.", "contents": "Peptic ulcer disease. Smoking, heredity, aspirin ingestion, and various diseases are associated with increased prevalence of peptic ulcer disease. Significant pathophysiologic differences between ulcer patients and normal subjects have been shown to exist, but many of the observed abnormalities are still poorly understood and require further study. Prospective studies are also needed to quantitate the role of psychologic factors in the pathogenesis of ulcer disease. Ulcer disease is diagnosed by history, physical examination, upper gastrointestinal radiography, and endoscopy. In some patients measurements of serum gastrin levels and gastric acid secretion at rest and after stimulation give significant information. Antacids and anticholinergics remain the primary therapeutic agents; new therapeutic agents are currently under study.", "PMID": 1109494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2404", "title": "Psychosomatic aspects of gastrointestinal disease.", "content": "Gastrointestinal diseases are notoriously protean in their modes of expression. The patient's description of symptoms is particularly important, but psychologic, physiologic, and social factors can cause data-base unreliability. Many of the patients termed crocks have symptoms referable to the gastrointestinal system, and they are at considerable health risk, since they usually alienate health care personnel. Patients with pancreatitis usually have a history of heavy alcohol intake which also needs treatment. Behavioral disturbances are related to toxic psychosis. Pancreatic carcinoma has a higher incidence of associated psychiatric symptoms than other types of cancer. Biologic, psychologic, and environmental factors all interact dynamically to cause peptic ulcer disease. There is a high correlation between the severity of inflammatory bowel disease and degree of emotional disturbances.", "contents": "Psychosomatic aspects of gastrointestinal disease. Gastrointestinal diseases are notoriously protean in their modes of expression. The patient's description of symptoms is particularly important, but psychologic, physiologic, and social factors can cause data-base unreliability. Many of the patients termed crocks have symptoms referable to the gastrointestinal system, and they are at considerable health risk, since they usually alienate health care personnel. Patients with pancreatitis usually have a history of heavy alcohol intake which also needs treatment. Behavioral disturbances are related to toxic psychosis. Pancreatic carcinoma has a higher incidence of associated psychiatric symptoms than other types of cancer. Biologic, psychologic, and environmental factors all interact dynamically to cause peptic ulcer disease. There is a high correlation between the severity of inflammatory bowel disease and degree of emotional disturbances.", "PMID": 1109497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2405", "title": "Diarrhea: pathogenesis and diagnostic techniques.", "content": "Daily fecal weight is the feature most useful in defining diarrhea, as normal weights for various societies are known. Diarrhea is associated with increased fecal water excretion, with heightened sensitivity of the rectal mucosa, and with exudation of mucus. It occurs acutely, as in gastroenteritis, bacterial dysenteries, and parasitic infections, and chronically, as in functional disorders, malabsorption syndromes, and inflammatory bowel disease. Many seemingly unrelated diseases can also cause diarrhea. The patient's history as well as macroscopic, microscopic, and chemical analysis of stools will offer major clues to the cause of the ciarrhea.", "contents": "Diarrhea: pathogenesis and diagnostic techniques. Daily fecal weight is the feature most useful in defining diarrhea, as normal weights for various societies are known. Diarrhea is associated with increased fecal water excretion, with heightened sensitivity of the rectal mucosa, and with exudation of mucus. It occurs acutely, as in gastroenteritis, bacterial dysenteries, and parasitic infections, and chronically, as in functional disorders, malabsorption syndromes, and inflammatory bowel disease. Many seemingly unrelated diseases can also cause diarrhea. The patient's history as well as macroscopic, microscopic, and chemical analysis of stools will offer major clues to the cause of the ciarrhea.", "PMID": 1109498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2406", "title": "Intestinal gas.", "content": "Patients with functional bowel disease commonly complain of abdominal pain, bloating, and excessive flatulence and eructation. Pain and bloating may be primarily caused by abnormal intestinal motility rather than by excessive intestinal gas. As yet there are no data available that prove excessive flatulence is actually caused by the presence of excessive intestinal gas. A study of the composition of intestinal gas provides insight into whether it is derived from swallowed air or from intraluminal metabolism. Therapy aims primarily at excluding the presence of organic disease as a cause and reassuring the patient that the disorder is functional in nature. Dietary manipulation, changing the habit of aerophagia, exercise, and pressure and heat applied to be abdominal area are all possibilities to be tried.", "contents": "Intestinal gas. Patients with functional bowel disease commonly complain of abdominal pain, bloating, and excessive flatulence and eructation. Pain and bloating may be primarily caused by abnormal intestinal motility rather than by excessive intestinal gas. As yet there are no data available that prove excessive flatulence is actually caused by the presence of excessive intestinal gas. A study of the composition of intestinal gas provides insight into whether it is derived from swallowed air or from intraluminal metabolism. Therapy aims primarily at excluding the presence of organic disease as a cause and reassuring the patient that the disorder is functional in nature. Dietary manipulation, changing the habit of aerophagia, exercise, and pressure and heat applied to be abdominal area are all possibilities to be tried.", "PMID": 1109499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2407", "title": "Recent advances in management of gastroesophageal reflux.", "content": "Gastroesophageal reflux is not synonymous with sliding hiatus hernia. It should be approached as a condition dependent on the intrinsic strength of the lower esophageal sphincter rather than on the presence of a hiatus hernia. The patient's account of symptoms is probably the most important means of diagnosis, but in addition the patient's history should be supplemented by radiographic evaluation. Initially the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux is one of prevention. If this conservative approach proves ineffective, drugs that restore sphincter strength can be tried. Surgery should be resorted to only if medical treatment fails, and then one of the newer specific antireflux procedures should be the operation of choice.", "contents": "Recent advances in management of gastroesophageal reflux. Gastroesophageal reflux is not synonymous with sliding hiatus hernia. It should be approached as a condition dependent on the intrinsic strength of the lower esophageal sphincter rather than on the presence of a hiatus hernia. The patient's account of symptoms is probably the most important means of diagnosis, but in addition the patient's history should be supplemented by radiographic evaluation. Initially the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux is one of prevention. If this conservative approach proves ineffective, drugs that restore sphincter strength can be tried. Surgery should be resorted to only if medical treatment fails, and then one of the newer specific antireflux procedures should be the operation of choice.", "PMID": 1109500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2408", "title": "Effects of therapeutic ultrasound on bone marrow in dogs.", "content": "With a thermocouple in the medullary cavity of one dog's femur, the increases in bone marrow temperature were demonstrated at five different intensities of ultrasound. The right distal femurs of six dogs were treated ten times, three dogs at 1.5 w/cm2 and three dogs at 2.5 w/cm2 each for five minutes. At a later date, two of these dogs received an additional ten minutes of ultrasound at 2.5 w/cm2 for ten treatments. Histological and hematological studies gave presumptive evidence of bone marrow damage and regeneration. A marked increase in oil was also seen in the bone marrow smears.", "contents": "Effects of therapeutic ultrasound on bone marrow in dogs. With a thermocouple in the medullary cavity of one dog's femur, the increases in bone marrow temperature were demonstrated at five different intensities of ultrasound. The right distal femurs of six dogs were treated ten times, three dogs at 1.5 w/cm2 and three dogs at 2.5 w/cm2 each for five minutes. At a later date, two of these dogs received an additional ten minutes of ultrasound at 2.5 w/cm2 for ten treatments. Histological and hematological studies gave presumptive evidence of bone marrow damage and regeneration. A marked increase in oil was also seen in the bone marrow smears.", "PMID": 1109501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2409", "title": "Vibratory stimulation. Part II. Vibratory stimulation as an evaluation tool.", "content": "Phasic neural mechanisms are heavily involved in volitional movements, where as tonic mechanisms support postural adjustments. Yet, the two systems are so intimately related that any disturbance in one will exert profound effects on the other. Whether one system or the other is involved preferentially in different neural disorders is not known; hence, tests are needed to evaluate phasic and tonic functions independently. In this article, the classical applications of the tendon jerk reflex and H-response for assessing phasic mechanisms are first reviewed. Following this review, the tonic stretch reflex and tonic vibration reflex (TVR) are analyzed and compared. The effects of experimentally ablating or stimulating precise brain regions are described as a means of revealing the role of supraspinal mechanisms in the TVR. Finally, the responses to vibratory stimulation in specific motor disorders are examined and discussed as to their usefulness in prognosis and diagnosis.", "contents": "Vibratory stimulation. Part II. Vibratory stimulation as an evaluation tool. Phasic neural mechanisms are heavily involved in volitional movements, where as tonic mechanisms support postural adjustments. Yet, the two systems are so intimately related that any disturbance in one will exert profound effects on the other. Whether one system or the other is involved preferentially in different neural disorders is not known; hence, tests are needed to evaluate phasic and tonic functions independently. In this article, the classical applications of the tendon jerk reflex and H-response for assessing phasic mechanisms are first reviewed. Following this review, the tonic stretch reflex and tonic vibration reflex (TVR) are analyzed and compared. The effects of experimentally ablating or stimulating precise brain regions are described as a means of revealing the role of supraspinal mechanisms in the TVR. Finally, the responses to vibratory stimulation in specific motor disorders are examined and discussed as to their usefulness in prognosis and diagnosis.", "PMID": 1109502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2410", "title": "Methods of reducing environmental stress for the acute burn patient.", "content": "All measures must be taken to enhance conservation of energy in patients with burns so that they can withstand the stresses imposed upon them. Many environmental factors can be regulated to decrease these stresses. Room temperature can be regulated to 29 degrees Celsius (84 degrees F) to decrease evaporative cooling and fluid loss. Humidity can be regulated to approximately 30 percent. Water temperature can be maintained between 35 and 37 degrees Celsius (95-98 degrees F) to encourage mobility and relaxation and to minimize shivering. Proper concentration of sodium can be used in the tank to minimize leaching to the electrolyte from the wound into the water. These measures for conserving energy help to provide the patient with the maximal metabolic efficiency necessary for wound healing and recovery.", "contents": "Methods of reducing environmental stress for the acute burn patient. All measures must be taken to enhance conservation of energy in patients with burns so that they can withstand the stresses imposed upon them. Many environmental factors can be regulated to decrease these stresses. Room temperature can be regulated to 29 degrees Celsius (84 degrees F) to decrease evaporative cooling and fluid loss. Humidity can be regulated to approximately 30 percent. Water temperature can be maintained between 35 and 37 degrees Celsius (95-98 degrees F) to encourage mobility and relaxation and to minimize shivering. Proper concentration of sodium can be used in the tank to minimize leaching to the electrolyte from the wound into the water. These measures for conserving energy help to provide the patient with the maximal metabolic efficiency necessary for wound healing and recovery.", "PMID": 1109507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2411", "title": "Mortality and morbidity rates after inferior vena caval clipping.", "content": "In 112 patients receiving inferior vena caval, serrated, Teflon clips over a 7 year period beginning Jan. 1, 1966, the operative mortality rate was 6 percent (seven patients) and the 1 to 12 month mortality rate was 9 percent (10 patients). Patients with severe heart disease accounted for eight of these 17 deaths. The mortaligy rate was zero in patients who were free of heart disease, malignancy, sepsis, or massive pulmonary embolism. Recurrent pulmonary embolism was suspected, but not lethal, in four patients and was proved in two. Patients who had leg swelling preoperatively were more likely to have swelling postoperatively than those who were initially free of swelling. Postoperative anticoagulation was ineffective in preventing edema and carried the risk of wound hemorrhage. Twelve months after operation, 12 of the 83 patients available for follow-up had severe lower extremity symptoms and 23 had milder, easily controlled edema. Late stasis changes, therefore, appeared at an acceptably low frequency and could reasonably be expected for patients with lower extremity phlebothrombosis. There was no instance of fatal pulmonary embolism in the follow-up period extending from 1 to 6 years.", "contents": "Mortality and morbidity rates after inferior vena caval clipping. In 112 patients receiving inferior vena caval, serrated, Teflon clips over a 7 year period beginning Jan. 1, 1966, the operative mortality rate was 6 percent (seven patients) and the 1 to 12 month mortality rate was 9 percent (10 patients). Patients with severe heart disease accounted for eight of these 17 deaths. The mortaligy rate was zero in patients who were free of heart disease, malignancy, sepsis, or massive pulmonary embolism. Recurrent pulmonary embolism was suspected, but not lethal, in four patients and was proved in two. Patients who had leg swelling preoperatively were more likely to have swelling postoperatively than those who were initially free of swelling. Postoperative anticoagulation was ineffective in preventing edema and carried the risk of wound hemorrhage. Twelve months after operation, 12 of the 83 patients available for follow-up had severe lower extremity symptoms and 23 had milder, easily controlled edema. Late stasis changes, therefore, appeared at an acceptably low frequency and could reasonably be expected for patients with lower extremity phlebothrombosis. There was no instance of fatal pulmonary embolism in the follow-up period extending from 1 to 6 years.", "PMID": 1109511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2412", "title": "The effect of Travase on heat-injured skin.", "content": "When applied topically and compared to its placebo experimentally in guinea pigs, Travase was associated with no damage to the epithelium of normal skin, slight damage to that of mechanically injuried (donor-site) skin, and total destruction of all the epithelium in skin subjected to severe but otherwise reversible burn injury. While not preventing this destruction of heat-injured epithelium by Travase, simultaneous use of topical silver sulfadiazine cream did reduce the weight loss and purulence associated with Travase therapy of burns. To evaluate the safety of any form of topical burn therapy satisfactorily, preclinical testing should consider its effects on (1) uninjured skin, (2) skin reversibly injured by heat, and (3) skin immediately coagulated (irreversibly injured) by heat.", "contents": "The effect of Travase on heat-injured skin. When applied topically and compared to its placebo experimentally in guinea pigs, Travase was associated with no damage to the epithelium of normal skin, slight damage to that of mechanically injuried (donor-site) skin, and total destruction of all the epithelium in skin subjected to severe but otherwise reversible burn injury. While not preventing this destruction of heat-injured epithelium by Travase, simultaneous use of topical silver sulfadiazine cream did reduce the weight loss and purulence associated with Travase therapy of burns. To evaluate the safety of any form of topical burn therapy satisfactorily, preclinical testing should consider its effects on (1) uninjured skin, (2) skin reversibly injured by heat, and (3) skin immediately coagulated (irreversibly injured) by heat.", "PMID": 1109512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2413", "title": "Accidents and complications in selective and proximal gastric vagotomy.", "content": "In 3 years 266 consecutive patients were electively operated on for ulcer disease with either selective vagotomy (SV) with drainage (159) or proximal gastric vagotomy (PGV) without drainage (107). The total number of operative accidents was 15 (6 percent), similar to that of truncal vagotomy. Perforation of the stomach occurred in six SV and in one PGV. The perforation went unobserved in two patients, of whom one died. Esophageal perforations were not observed. Bleeding from the lesser omentum or from the spleen was seen in seven patients, requiring reoperation in one. Postoperative surgical complications were seen in 25 patients (9 percent): clinical gastric retention was observed in nine patients, five with SV and four with PGV, and 13 had wound abscesses or dehiscence. Fifty-nine patients had other complications, of which 52 were radiologically demonstrated atelectases, mostly without any clinical significance. The total mortality rate was 1.1 percent, similar to that of truncal vagotomy. The duration of the two operative procedures did not differ, and the greater care required for preservation of the nerve of Latarjet tended to diminish the number of operative accidents.", "contents": "Accidents and complications in selective and proximal gastric vagotomy. In 3 years 266 consecutive patients were electively operated on for ulcer disease with either selective vagotomy (SV) with drainage (159) or proximal gastric vagotomy (PGV) without drainage (107). The total number of operative accidents was 15 (6 percent), similar to that of truncal vagotomy. Perforation of the stomach occurred in six SV and in one PGV. The perforation went unobserved in two patients, of whom one died. Esophageal perforations were not observed. Bleeding from the lesser omentum or from the spleen was seen in seven patients, requiring reoperation in one. Postoperative surgical complications were seen in 25 patients (9 percent): clinical gastric retention was observed in nine patients, five with SV and four with PGV, and 13 had wound abscesses or dehiscence. Fifty-nine patients had other complications, of which 52 were radiologically demonstrated atelectases, mostly without any clinical significance. The total mortality rate was 1.1 percent, similar to that of truncal vagotomy. The duration of the two operative procedures did not differ, and the greater care required for preservation of the nerve of Latarjet tended to diminish the number of operative accidents.", "PMID": 1109513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2414", "title": "Liver regeneration after portacaval transportation in rats.", "content": "General recognition of the presence of a specific hepatotrophic factor in portal blood that is necessary for liver regeneration was delayed by two major problems. First, there was a long period of confusion regarding liver atrophy, liver hypertrophy, and cellular hyperplasia. Second, because only exposure to other liver tissue destroys the hepatotrophic activity, all of the studies that were based on bypassing the portal blood into the systemic circulation merely diluted the active substance, which still was available to the hepatocytes by recirculation through the hepatic artery. These problems have been resolved by the development of more sophisticated methods by which to assay liver regeneration and by the introduction of the double liver model to study regeneration. During the time when liver weight alone was used to assess regeneration, the regenerative capacity of the liver was reported to be much greater after portacaval transposition than after end-to-side portacaval shunt, a finding that is inconsistent with current knowledge of the hepatotrophic portal blood factor. To re-evaluate the effect on liver regeneration of providing a compensatory systemic venous inflow after complete portal diversion, 40 partially hepatectomized inbred rats which had previously undergone either a sham operation and end-to-side portacaval shunt or a portacaval transposition were compared on the basis of six separate criteria of regeneration. All of the livers actively regenerated and no significant advantage of providing a substitute systemic venous inflow to the liver could be detected by any of the criteria.", "contents": "Liver regeneration after portacaval transportation in rats. General recognition of the presence of a specific hepatotrophic factor in portal blood that is necessary for liver regeneration was delayed by two major problems. First, there was a long period of confusion regarding liver atrophy, liver hypertrophy, and cellular hyperplasia. Second, because only exposure to other liver tissue destroys the hepatotrophic activity, all of the studies that were based on bypassing the portal blood into the systemic circulation merely diluted the active substance, which still was available to the hepatocytes by recirculation through the hepatic artery. These problems have been resolved by the development of more sophisticated methods by which to assay liver regeneration and by the introduction of the double liver model to study regeneration. During the time when liver weight alone was used to assess regeneration, the regenerative capacity of the liver was reported to be much greater after portacaval transposition than after end-to-side portacaval shunt, a finding that is inconsistent with current knowledge of the hepatotrophic portal blood factor. To re-evaluate the effect on liver regeneration of providing a compensatory systemic venous inflow after complete portal diversion, 40 partially hepatectomized inbred rats which had previously undergone either a sham operation and end-to-side portacaval shunt or a portacaval transposition were compared on the basis of six separate criteria of regeneration. All of the livers actively regenerated and no significant advantage of providing a substitute systemic venous inflow to the liver could be detected by any of the criteria.", "PMID": 1109514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2415", "title": "Primary adenocarcinoma of the jejunum and coexisting primary adenocarcinoma of the vermiform appendix: a case report.", "content": "An unusual case of primary adenocarcinoma of the proximal jejunum with coexisting primary adenocarcinoma of the appendix is presented. The symptomatology, diagnosis, surgical management, and prognosis are also presented. To our knowledge, this is the only such case reported in the medical literature of English-speaking countries.", "contents": "Primary adenocarcinoma of the jejunum and coexisting primary adenocarcinoma of the vermiform appendix: a case report. An unusual case of primary adenocarcinoma of the proximal jejunum with coexisting primary adenocarcinoma of the appendix is presented. The symptomatology, diagnosis, surgical management, and prognosis are also presented. To our knowledge, this is the only such case reported in the medical literature of English-speaking countries.", "PMID": 1109515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2416", "title": "Arterial embolectomy before and after the Fogarty catheter.", "content": "Arterial emboli were extracted from 79 patients between 1955 and 1963 with polyethylene catheter suction systems and/or retrograde flushing and from 149 patients between 1963 and 1973 with Fogarty catheters. The Fogarty-era patients were older, had a greater incidence of ischemic heart disease, and presented with a greater degree of preoperative peripheral ischemia. The limb salvage rate of 87 percent after Fogarty catheter embolectomy was not statistically different from the salvage rate of 79 percent after suction catheter embolectomy, but the number of limbs with distal pulses postoperatively was significantly greater after Fogarty treatment, 64 vs. 42 percent. Delay in treatment and the presence of prior occlusive vascular disease adversely affected results in both eras. The in-hospital embolic recurrences occurred in 9 percent of the patients anticoagulated postoperatively and in 31 percent of those not anticoagulated. Heparin and warfarin were equally effective in preventing recurrences, but wound complications were seen in 33 percent of the heparinized patients, compared with 7 percent of those receiving warfarin and 4 percent of those not anticoagulated.", "contents": "Arterial embolectomy before and after the Fogarty catheter. Arterial emboli were extracted from 79 patients between 1955 and 1963 with polyethylene catheter suction systems and/or retrograde flushing and from 149 patients between 1963 and 1973 with Fogarty catheters. The Fogarty-era patients were older, had a greater incidence of ischemic heart disease, and presented with a greater degree of preoperative peripheral ischemia. The limb salvage rate of 87 percent after Fogarty catheter embolectomy was not statistically different from the salvage rate of 79 percent after suction catheter embolectomy, but the number of limbs with distal pulses postoperatively was significantly greater after Fogarty treatment, 64 vs. 42 percent. Delay in treatment and the presence of prior occlusive vascular disease adversely affected results in both eras. The in-hospital embolic recurrences occurred in 9 percent of the patients anticoagulated postoperatively and in 31 percent of those not anticoagulated. Heparin and warfarin were equally effective in preventing recurrences, but wound complications were seen in 33 percent of the heparinized patients, compared with 7 percent of those receiving warfarin and 4 percent of those not anticoagulated.", "PMID": 1109516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2417", "title": "The role of vena caval interruption in the management of pulmonary embolism.", "content": "Sixty patients with documented moderate-to-severe pulmonary embolism have been managed primarily with anticoagulant or lytic-anticoagulant therapy during the past 6 years. The in-hospital mortality rate from embolization was 5 percent. Recurrent embolization was documented in only two patients (3 percent). Three patients (5 percent) required caval ligation because of a profound heparin sensitivity, peptic ulcer bleeding, and recurrent embolization while adequately anticoagulated. The study suggests that adequate anticoagulation is sufficient therapy for most patients and is associated with a low incidence of recurrent embolism. In view of the significant mortality rate reported following caval interruption and especially of the associated long-term venous sequelae, it is concluded that inferior vena caval interruption is seldom indicated in the management of pulmonary embolism and should be performed only when firm indications are present.", "contents": "The role of vena caval interruption in the management of pulmonary embolism. Sixty patients with documented moderate-to-severe pulmonary embolism have been managed primarily with anticoagulant or lytic-anticoagulant therapy during the past 6 years. The in-hospital mortality rate from embolization was 5 percent. Recurrent embolization was documented in only two patients (3 percent). Three patients (5 percent) required caval ligation because of a profound heparin sensitivity, peptic ulcer bleeding, and recurrent embolization while adequately anticoagulated. The study suggests that adequate anticoagulation is sufficient therapy for most patients and is associated with a low incidence of recurrent embolism. In view of the significant mortality rate reported following caval interruption and especially of the associated long-term venous sequelae, it is concluded that inferior vena caval interruption is seldom indicated in the management of pulmonary embolism and should be performed only when firm indications are present.", "PMID": 1109517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2418", "title": "The influence of aspirin on postoperative platelet kinetics and venous thrombosis.", "content": "Several parameters of platelet kinetics were followed in 105 middle-aged and elderly postoperative patients, half of whom were randomly allocated to receive aspirin. A significantly lower incidence of venous thrombosis, as detected by 125I-fibrinogen scanning, was found among patients receiving aspirin when compared with the control group. Platelet survival was shortened in the postoperative state, an effect that was inhibited by aspirin. The development of deep vein thrombosis did not shorten platelet survival, nor did fibrinogen survival discriminate patients with venous thrombosis. Treatment with aspirin reduced urinary excretion of 5-hydroxy indole acetic acid--presumably by inhibiting in vivo platelet release of serotonin, reduced postoperative consumption of platelets, and reduced the mean corpuscular volume of the platelet population. These studies suggest that platelet function is important in the pathogenesis of postoperative venous thrombosis.", "contents": "The influence of aspirin on postoperative platelet kinetics and venous thrombosis. Several parameters of platelet kinetics were followed in 105 middle-aged and elderly postoperative patients, half of whom were randomly allocated to receive aspirin. A significantly lower incidence of venous thrombosis, as detected by 125I-fibrinogen scanning, was found among patients receiving aspirin when compared with the control group. Platelet survival was shortened in the postoperative state, an effect that was inhibited by aspirin. The development of deep vein thrombosis did not shorten platelet survival, nor did fibrinogen survival discriminate patients with venous thrombosis. Treatment with aspirin reduced urinary excretion of 5-hydroxy indole acetic acid--presumably by inhibiting in vivo platelet release of serotonin, reduced postoperative consumption of platelets, and reduced the mean corpuscular volume of the platelet population. These studies suggest that platelet function is important in the pathogenesis of postoperative venous thrombosis.", "PMID": 1109518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2419", "title": "Extravascular fibrinogen degradation in experimental burn wounds: a source of fibrin split products.", "content": "Utilizing a 40 percent flame-burned canine model, serial aliquots of burn-wound edema and simultaneous plasma samples were collected for 26 hours after burn, following the injection of 100 muc of 125I-tagged fibrinogen. Both edema fluid and plasma samples were analyzed for radioactivity. In addition, radioactivity in the supernatant was reassayed after sequential in vitro addition of thrombin, protamine sulfate (PS), and trichloroacetic acid (TCA) to each sample. Plasma and edema fibrinogen and fibrin split product concentrations were measured directly. PS and TCA precipitable protein concentrations were calculated. Early post-burn edema radioactivity appeared primarily in the fibrinogen fractions where edema fibrinogen concentration was measured at almost 30 percent of the simultaneous plasma concentration. Late post-burn edema radioactivity (24 to 27 hours) was associated with the PS precipitable protein fraction (soluble fibrin monomer). Fibrin split product concentration increased in both plasma and edema during the study period. These observations allowed construction of a hypothesis to explain the post-burn elevation in plasma fibrin split product concentration noted in burned patients and strongly suggested that the abnormally elevated plasma fibrin split concentrations resulted from extravascular plasmin digestion of fibrinogen.", "contents": "Extravascular fibrinogen degradation in experimental burn wounds: a source of fibrin split products. Utilizing a 40 percent flame-burned canine model, serial aliquots of burn-wound edema and simultaneous plasma samples were collected for 26 hours after burn, following the injection of 100 muc of 125I-tagged fibrinogen. Both edema fluid and plasma samples were analyzed for radioactivity. In addition, radioactivity in the supernatant was reassayed after sequential in vitro addition of thrombin, protamine sulfate (PS), and trichloroacetic acid (TCA) to each sample. Plasma and edema fibrinogen and fibrin split product concentrations were measured directly. PS and TCA precipitable protein concentrations were calculated. Early post-burn edema radioactivity appeared primarily in the fibrinogen fractions where edema fibrinogen concentration was measured at almost 30 percent of the simultaneous plasma concentration. Late post-burn edema radioactivity (24 to 27 hours) was associated with the PS precipitable protein fraction (soluble fibrin monomer). Fibrin split product concentration increased in both plasma and edema during the study period. These observations allowed construction of a hypothesis to explain the post-burn elevation in plasma fibrin split product concentration noted in burned patients and strongly suggested that the abnormally elevated plasma fibrin split concentrations resulted from extravascular plasmin digestion of fibrinogen.", "PMID": 1109519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2420", "title": "Pylorus-preserving gastrectomy for gastric ulcer--one- to nine-year follow-up study.", "content": "Of 100 patients subjected to pylorus-preserving gastrectomy for surgical treatment of gastric ulcer, 60 were available for follow-up for periods of from one to 9 years. Questionnaires and personal interviews of these 60 and additional laboratory examinations of 40 of them showed results tending to favor the procedure as a highly recommendable technique of gastrectomy. Questions about body weight gain, return to preoperative occupation, and satisfaction with the operation all were answered favorably. In the follow-up laboratory examinations, reduction rates of 57.2 percent for maximal acid concentration, 81.6 percent for maximal acid output, and 70.8 percent for peak acid output. Sphincteric function was generally well preserved on the pyloric ring. Gastric emptying times, ranging from 30 to 180 minutes in 79 percent of the cases, were nearly compatible with the control figures. The results of fat and protein absorption tests performed on some of these patients showed their rates to be within normal ranges. No instances of dumping syndrome, recurrence of ulcer, or other significant postgastrectomy sequelae were recognized. The results indicate pylorus-preserving gastrectomy to be preferable for the surgical treatment of gastric ulcer and other benign lesions of the stomach.", "contents": "Pylorus-preserving gastrectomy for gastric ulcer--one- to nine-year follow-up study. Of 100 patients subjected to pylorus-preserving gastrectomy for surgical treatment of gastric ulcer, 60 were available for follow-up for periods of from one to 9 years. Questionnaires and personal interviews of these 60 and additional laboratory examinations of 40 of them showed results tending to favor the procedure as a highly recommendable technique of gastrectomy. Questions about body weight gain, return to preoperative occupation, and satisfaction with the operation all were answered favorably. In the follow-up laboratory examinations, reduction rates of 57.2 percent for maximal acid concentration, 81.6 percent for maximal acid output, and 70.8 percent for peak acid output. Sphincteric function was generally well preserved on the pyloric ring. Gastric emptying times, ranging from 30 to 180 minutes in 79 percent of the cases, were nearly compatible with the control figures. The results of fat and protein absorption tests performed on some of these patients showed their rates to be within normal ranges. No instances of dumping syndrome, recurrence of ulcer, or other significant postgastrectomy sequelae were recognized. The results indicate pylorus-preserving gastrectomy to be preferable for the surgical treatment of gastric ulcer and other benign lesions of the stomach.", "PMID": 1109520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2421", "title": "Psychological antecedents to conception among abortion seekers.", "content": "At a university hospital, 642 women seeking induced abortion for an unwanted pregnancy were surveyed before the procedure regarding their perception of what psychological and behavioral factors, if any, played a role in their becoming pregnant: 35 percent said they had had intercourse during what they believed was a \"safe period\"; 33 percent believed that they had experienced a contraceptive failure; 29 percent indicated fear of side effects influenced their use of a contraceptive method; 27 percent and 21 percent, respectively, indicated that they had thought pregnancy \"couldn't happen to me\" or had \"put the thought of pregnancy out of my mind.\" The women's responses indicated that a number of additional attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors were also important and that for any individual woman at least three or four factors had often combined in a dynamic sequence to greatly increase her risk of pregnancy. The implications of the findings for educational and counseling programs are discussed.", "contents": "Psychological antecedents to conception among abortion seekers. At a university hospital, 642 women seeking induced abortion for an unwanted pregnancy were surveyed before the procedure regarding their perception of what psychological and behavioral factors, if any, played a role in their becoming pregnant: 35 percent said they had had intercourse during what they believed was a \"safe period\"; 33 percent believed that they had experienced a contraceptive failure; 29 percent indicated fear of side effects influenced their use of a contraceptive method; 27 percent and 21 percent, respectively, indicated that they had thought pregnancy \"couldn't happen to me\" or had \"put the thought of pregnancy out of my mind.\" The women's responses indicated that a number of additional attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors were also important and that for any individual woman at least three or four factors had often combined in a dynamic sequence to greatly increase her risk of pregnancy. The implications of the findings for educational and counseling programs are discussed.", "PMID": 1109525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2422", "title": "Management of parkinson's disease--combined therapy with levodopa and thalamotomy.", "content": "An increasing number of parkinsonian patients in whom levodopa fails to relieve tremor are being referred for thalamotomy. The literature suggests that in as many as 50 percent of patients treated with levodopa, there is no relief of tremor because of refractoriness to the medication or intractable side effects which limit dosage. Thalamotomy abolishes contralateral tremor in 90 percent of patients, with an associated mortality rate of 1 to 2 percent and morbidity of 6 percent. The relative merits and complications of levodopa and thalamotomy were reviewed and a therapeutic regimen designed in which the two approaches to treatment are combined to most effectively deal with all the symptoms of parkinsonism.", "contents": "Management of parkinson's disease--combined therapy with levodopa and thalamotomy. An increasing number of parkinsonian patients in whom levodopa fails to relieve tremor are being referred for thalamotomy. The literature suggests that in as many as 50 percent of patients treated with levodopa, there is no relief of tremor because of refractoriness to the medication or intractable side effects which limit dosage. Thalamotomy abolishes contralateral tremor in 90 percent of patients, with an associated mortality rate of 1 to 2 percent and morbidity of 6 percent. The relative merits and complications of levodopa and thalamotomy were reviewed and a therapeutic regimen designed in which the two approaches to treatment are combined to most effectively deal with all the symptoms of parkinsonism.", "PMID": 1109524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2423", "title": "Diuretic-induced hypokalemia.", "content": "Among patients receiving thiazides for hypertension, there was no reliable predictor of those who would develop significant hypokalemia (a decrease in serum potassium of at least 0.5 mEq. per L). Eighty percent of patients required 60 mEq. of potassium chloride 10 percent elixir daily for successful treatment of thiazide-induced hypokalemia. Foods containing potassium or organic anion compounds of potassium are not useful in this potentially dangerous situation.", "contents": "Diuretic-induced hypokalemia. Among patients receiving thiazides for hypertension, there was no reliable predictor of those who would develop significant hypokalemia (a decrease in serum potassium of at least 0.5 mEq. per L). Eighty percent of patients required 60 mEq. of potassium chloride 10 percent elixir daily for successful treatment of thiazide-induced hypokalemia. Foods containing potassium or organic anion compounds of potassium are not useful in this potentially dangerous situation.", "PMID": 1109534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2424", "title": "Febrile seizures in children.", "content": "Benign febrile convulsions occur early in the course of fever of extracranial origin in children six months to five years old. The first seizure always calls for a spinal tap to exclude meningitis, as well as appropriate studies to exclude other causes of seizure activity. An EEG one week later is indicated but more extensive studies are usually nonproductive. The question of whether to employ long-term phenobarbital therapy has not been resolved.", "contents": "Febrile seizures in children. Benign febrile convulsions occur early in the course of fever of extracranial origin in children six months to five years old. The first seizure always calls for a spinal tap to exclude meningitis, as well as appropriate studies to exclude other causes of seizure activity. An EEG one week later is indicated but more extensive studies are usually nonproductive. The question of whether to employ long-term phenobarbital therapy has not been resolved.", "PMID": 1109536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2425", "title": "Perils and pitfalls of open tibial fractures.", "content": "The status of the fibula is an index of the severity of injury. Open tibial fracture with associated fractured fibula is more likely to develop complications. Antibiotics should be started promptly. Judicious debridement is essential but bone fragments should be left whenever possible. When there is any question about contamination, the wound is best left open. Rigid occlusive dressings promote epithelial ingrowth. Fracture distraction and plate fixation are associated with a high incidence of complications.", "contents": "Perils and pitfalls of open tibial fractures. The status of the fibula is an index of the severity of injury. Open tibial fracture with associated fractured fibula is more likely to develop complications. Antibiotics should be started promptly. Judicious debridement is essential but bone fragments should be left whenever possible. When there is any question about contamination, the wound is best left open. Rigid occlusive dressings promote epithelial ingrowth. Fracture distraction and plate fixation are associated with a high incidence of complications.", "PMID": 1109540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2426", "title": "Direct arterial pressure, heart rate, and electrocardiogram during cigarette smoking in unrestricted patients.", "content": "Direct arterial pressure, heart rate, and ECG have been recorded over a 24-hour period in nine individuals who were completely unrestricted throughout the study. Forty-nine separate cigarette smoking episodes were clearly indicated and analyzed. The results of our study confirm a significant increase in arterial pressure five minutes after smoking a cigarette. The systolic rise in pressure (mean 10.7 mm. Hg, P less than 0.001) was approximately twice that of the diastolic rise (5.3 mm. Hg, P less than 0.001) and was present under different conditions of everyday life with notable exception of lying in bed before sleep, We found no quantitative difference between normotensive and hypertensive subjects. There was no certain change in heart rate (mean increase +0.8 beats per minute, t equals 0.59, NS) in the group as a whole. Smoking also had a short-term action consisting of a brief fall in arterial pressure and heart rate occuring over eight to ten heart beats following immediately after the first inhalation of tobacco smoke, followed by a rebound rise in arterial pressure to a level greater than the presmoking level; this is probably a vagal effect. Cigarette smoking caused angina pectoris in one individual and the records showed ST-segment depression in the ECG before the subjective appreciation of pain.", "contents": "Direct arterial pressure, heart rate, and electrocardiogram during cigarette smoking in unrestricted patients. Direct arterial pressure, heart rate, and ECG have been recorded over a 24-hour period in nine individuals who were completely unrestricted throughout the study. Forty-nine separate cigarette smoking episodes were clearly indicated and analyzed. The results of our study confirm a significant increase in arterial pressure five minutes after smoking a cigarette. The systolic rise in pressure (mean 10.7 mm. Hg, P less than 0.001) was approximately twice that of the diastolic rise (5.3 mm. Hg, P less than 0.001) and was present under different conditions of everyday life with notable exception of lying in bed before sleep, We found no quantitative difference between normotensive and hypertensive subjects. There was no certain change in heart rate (mean increase +0.8 beats per minute, t equals 0.59, NS) in the group as a whole. Smoking also had a short-term action consisting of a brief fall in arterial pressure and heart rate occuring over eight to ten heart beats following immediately after the first inhalation of tobacco smoke, followed by a rebound rise in arterial pressure to a level greater than the presmoking level; this is probably a vagal effect. Cigarette smoking caused angina pectoris in one individual and the records showed ST-segment depression in the ECG before the subjective appreciation of pain.", "PMID": 1109547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2427", "title": "The incidence of typical and atypical A-V Wenckebach periodicity.", "content": "The classic pattern of the typical WP's consists of (1) progressive lengthening of the P-R intervals with the largest increment occuring in the second conducted beat, (2) progressive decrease in P-R increment which accounts for the progressive shortening of successive R-R intervals, and (3) the pause produced by the nonconducted P-wave is less than two P-P intervals. In 45 patients with atrial pacing-induced Wendkebach periods of A-V conduction, the structure of these was studied with His bundle recordings. Of the 128 periods analyzed exceeding 3:2 A-V conduction ratios, 66 per cent were atypical. In 24 patients with spontaneous WP's of A-V conduction, the electrocardiographic records were studied. Of the 98 periods analyzed exceeding 3:2 A-V conduction ratios, 86 per cent were atypical. WP's with A-V conduction ratios greater than 6:5 were all atypical. Five categories of atypical WP's are described.", "contents": "The incidence of typical and atypical A-V Wenckebach periodicity. The classic pattern of the typical WP's consists of (1) progressive lengthening of the P-R intervals with the largest increment occuring in the second conducted beat, (2) progressive decrease in P-R increment which accounts for the progressive shortening of successive R-R intervals, and (3) the pause produced by the nonconducted P-wave is less than two P-P intervals. In 45 patients with atrial pacing-induced Wendkebach periods of A-V conduction, the structure of these was studied with His bundle recordings. Of the 128 periods analyzed exceeding 3:2 A-V conduction ratios, 66 per cent were atypical. In 24 patients with spontaneous WP's of A-V conduction, the electrocardiographic records were studied. Of the 98 periods analyzed exceeding 3:2 A-V conduction ratios, 86 per cent were atypical. WP's with A-V conduction ratios greater than 6:5 were all atypical. Five categories of atypical WP's are described.", "PMID": 1109548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2428", "title": "The development of cardiac myxomas and papillary endocardial lesions from mural thrombus.", "content": "A morphologic study of 466 cardiac mural thrombi, 66 examples of nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis, 25 myxomas, and 12 papillary endocardial lesions was performed. It appeared that three different sequences of organization of endocardial thrombi are possible. (1) Ordinary mural thrombi are converted into a flat, fibrous scar by fibroblast proliferation and collagen and elastic fiber deposition. (2) Papillary endocardial lesions develop from non bacterial thrombotic endocarditis as additional thrombus material is acquired in some foci and lost in others. No ingrowth of granulation tissue occurs at the base of these lesions. The thrombus material of the papillae is gradually replaced by fibrous tissue, and the lesion eventually is identical to a large Lambl's excrescence. (3) Myxomas enlarge in part as do the papillary endocardial lesions. In addition, their size increases as a result of influx into the myxoma of fluid from the basal granulation tissue. Although myxomas cannot be differentiated from ordinary mural thrombi on the basis of the cellular and ground substance components, their mode of development results in a distinctive appearance. The mature lesion is composed of three zones: a basal layer of small vascular channels, undifferentiated mesenchymal cells, and ground substance; a middle, acellular zone of ground substance; and a cortical layer of mesenchymal cells. The peculiar arrangement of endothelial cells and undifferentiated mesenchymal cells, the examples of apparent atrial wall invasion, and the cases of embolic \"metastases\" provide no conclusive evidence of neoplasia, since these features may also be seen with ordinary mural thrombi.", "contents": "The development of cardiac myxomas and papillary endocardial lesions from mural thrombus. A morphologic study of 466 cardiac mural thrombi, 66 examples of nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis, 25 myxomas, and 12 papillary endocardial lesions was performed. It appeared that three different sequences of organization of endocardial thrombi are possible. (1) Ordinary mural thrombi are converted into a flat, fibrous scar by fibroblast proliferation and collagen and elastic fiber deposition. (2) Papillary endocardial lesions develop from non bacterial thrombotic endocarditis as additional thrombus material is acquired in some foci and lost in others. No ingrowth of granulation tissue occurs at the base of these lesions. The thrombus material of the papillae is gradually replaced by fibrous tissue, and the lesion eventually is identical to a large Lambl's excrescence. (3) Myxomas enlarge in part as do the papillary endocardial lesions. In addition, their size increases as a result of influx into the myxoma of fluid from the basal granulation tissue. Although myxomas cannot be differentiated from ordinary mural thrombi on the basis of the cellular and ground substance components, their mode of development results in a distinctive appearance. The mature lesion is composed of three zones: a basal layer of small vascular channels, undifferentiated mesenchymal cells, and ground substance; a middle, acellular zone of ground substance; and a cortical layer of mesenchymal cells. The peculiar arrangement of endothelial cells and undifferentiated mesenchymal cells, the examples of apparent atrial wall invasion, and the cases of embolic \"metastases\" provide no conclusive evidence of neoplasia, since these features may also be seen with ordinary mural thrombi.", "PMID": 1109550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2429", "title": "Electrical alternation of the T-wave: clinical and experimental evidence of its relationship with the sympathetic nervous system and with the long Q-T syndrome.", "content": "In a patient affected by the \"long Q-T\" syndrome we observed episodes of alternation of the T-wave associated with emotional or physical stresses. In anesthetized and vagotomized cats, we could reproduce both the lengthening of the Q-T interval and episodes of alternation of the T-wave by electrical stimulation of the left stellate ganglion. Our experiments provide further support on the relationships between the \"long Q-T\" syndrome and the sympathetic nervous system and indicate that alternation of the T-wave may depend on abrupt increases in the sympathetic discharge.", "contents": "Electrical alternation of the T-wave: clinical and experimental evidence of its relationship with the sympathetic nervous system and with the long Q-T syndrome. In a patient affected by the \"long Q-T\" syndrome we observed episodes of alternation of the T-wave associated with emotional or physical stresses. In anesthetized and vagotomized cats, we could reproduce both the lengthening of the Q-T interval and episodes of alternation of the T-wave by electrical stimulation of the left stellate ganglion. Our experiments provide further support on the relationships between the \"long Q-T\" syndrome and the sympathetic nervous system and indicate that alternation of the T-wave may depend on abrupt increases in the sympathetic discharge.", "PMID": 1109551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2430", "title": "Influence of perfusion pressure and heart rate on local myocardial flow in the collateralized heart with chronic coronary occlusion.", "content": "We studied the influence of controlled changes in perfusion pressure and heart rate on the regional distribution of myocardial flow in normal dogs and in dogs with multiple chronic coronary artery occlusions but without infarctions. Local myocardial blood flow was determined with the tracer microsphere technique. By stepwise altering of systemic blood pressure during maximal vasodilation classical pressure flow relations were obtained. One week after complete chronic occlusion a functionally and anatomically well-defined compartmentation of blood flow was found. The dilatory reserve is clearly compromised not only in the collateral-dependent myocardium but also in the apparently normal myocardium which delivers collateral flow. An \"arterio-arterial shunting\" mechanism is shown to exist. Several months after coronary occlusion, regional mycoardial flow is still nonhomogeneous. Although the coronary dilatory capacity of the collateralized myocardium is nearly normal, that of the normal myocardium is found to be higher than normal. Vessel growth in both areas is discussed as being responsible for this phenomenon. Right ventricular pacing during maximal vasodilation produces a flow decrease to the endocardial muscle layers in normal dogs, while the epicardial flow is unchanged. One week after complete chronic coronary occlusion pacing during maximal vasocilation reduces the dilatory capacity in the collateralized areas to such an extent that the supplementary increase in myocardial oxygen demand will induce ischemia because of the compromised oxygen supply.", "contents": "Influence of perfusion pressure and heart rate on local myocardial flow in the collateralized heart with chronic coronary occlusion. We studied the influence of controlled changes in perfusion pressure and heart rate on the regional distribution of myocardial flow in normal dogs and in dogs with multiple chronic coronary artery occlusions but without infarctions. Local myocardial blood flow was determined with the tracer microsphere technique. By stepwise altering of systemic blood pressure during maximal vasodilation classical pressure flow relations were obtained. One week after complete chronic occlusion a functionally and anatomically well-defined compartmentation of blood flow was found. The dilatory reserve is clearly compromised not only in the collateral-dependent myocardium but also in the apparently normal myocardium which delivers collateral flow. An \"arterio-arterial shunting\" mechanism is shown to exist. Several months after coronary occlusion, regional mycoardial flow is still nonhomogeneous. Although the coronary dilatory capacity of the collateralized myocardium is nearly normal, that of the normal myocardium is found to be higher than normal. Vessel growth in both areas is discussed as being responsible for this phenomenon. Right ventricular pacing during maximal vasodilation produces a flow decrease to the endocardial muscle layers in normal dogs, while the epicardial flow is unchanged. One week after complete chronic coronary occlusion pacing during maximal vasocilation reduces the dilatory capacity in the collateralized areas to such an extent that the supplementary increase in myocardial oxygen demand will induce ischemia because of the compromised oxygen supply.", "PMID": 1109552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2431", "title": "Mechanism of the effect of coronary artery stenosis on coronary flow in the dog.", "content": "The hemodynamic mechanism of the effect of coronary artery stenosis on coronary flow was studied in the circumflex artery of 10 open-chest dogs by simultaneously measuring coronary flow, aortic pressure, and coronary artery pressure distal to an adjustable constrictor; while the distal coronary bed was intermittently maximally vasodilated by intracoronary injections of angiographic contrast media (Hypaque-M, 75 per cent). For each stenosis, the pressure gradient across the stenosis varied directly with the flow through the stenosis (r equals 0.99), the slope of the regression indicating the severity of the stenosis. An important observation was that this regression line did not intercept the flow axis at zero flow, but at a positive flow, meaning that for a given regression line slope the pressure gradient was much less than expected. At rest, distal bed resistance decreased as progressive stenosis lowered the distal bed pressure, maintaining flow at control level until the distal bed pressure dropped below 60 mm. HG. However, at maximum hyperemia, distal bed resistance was at a fixed minimum value such that flow was directly proportional to distal bed pressure. Hence, progressive stenosis decreased the ratio of hyperemic to resting flow by: (1) causing the vasodilatory reserve to be used to maintain resting flow, decreasing that available for hyperemia, and (2) dropping the distal bed pressure relatively more for smaller increases in flow. This study provides a hemodynamic explanation for the known fact that progressive stenosis initially limits the maximum hyperemic flow, and only after this flow is decreased almost to resting level, does resting flow fall.", "contents": "Mechanism of the effect of coronary artery stenosis on coronary flow in the dog. The hemodynamic mechanism of the effect of coronary artery stenosis on coronary flow was studied in the circumflex artery of 10 open-chest dogs by simultaneously measuring coronary flow, aortic pressure, and coronary artery pressure distal to an adjustable constrictor; while the distal coronary bed was intermittently maximally vasodilated by intracoronary injections of angiographic contrast media (Hypaque-M, 75 per cent). For each stenosis, the pressure gradient across the stenosis varied directly with the flow through the stenosis (r equals 0.99), the slope of the regression indicating the severity of the stenosis. An important observation was that this regression line did not intercept the flow axis at zero flow, but at a positive flow, meaning that for a given regression line slope the pressure gradient was much less than expected. At rest, distal bed resistance decreased as progressive stenosis lowered the distal bed pressure, maintaining flow at control level until the distal bed pressure dropped below 60 mm. HG. However, at maximum hyperemia, distal bed resistance was at a fixed minimum value such that flow was directly proportional to distal bed pressure. Hence, progressive stenosis decreased the ratio of hyperemic to resting flow by: (1) causing the vasodilatory reserve to be used to maintain resting flow, decreasing that available for hyperemia, and (2) dropping the distal bed pressure relatively more for smaller increases in flow. This study provides a hemodynamic explanation for the known fact that progressive stenosis initially limits the maximum hyperemic flow, and only after this flow is decreased almost to resting level, does resting flow fall.", "PMID": 1109553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2432", "title": "Effect of stimulation site on ventricular threshold in dogs with heart block.", "content": "Ventricular pacing thresholds were measured in barbiturate-anesthetized dogs with complete heart block using an oscilloscope and current probe. All electrode and physiologic variables were carefully controlled in order to compare the effects of stimulus duration and site of ventricular threshold energy requirements. Left ventricular intramyocardial stimulation, at all stimulus durations under 5 msec., required less current and energy, and at all stimulus durations under 2 msec. less voltage, than either right ventricular endocardial or right ventricular intramyocardial stimulation. Chronaxy and polarization losses were lowest and impedance highest with left ventricular intramyocardial stimulation. The two right ventricular sites were almost equivalent electrically. Earlier studies which reported lower thresholds with endocardial stimulation than with intramyocardial stimulation were biased in favor of the endocardial site by lack of control of electrode variables including: material, configuration, cross-sectional area, and epicardial versus intramyocardial location.", "contents": "Effect of stimulation site on ventricular threshold in dogs with heart block. Ventricular pacing thresholds were measured in barbiturate-anesthetized dogs with complete heart block using an oscilloscope and current probe. All electrode and physiologic variables were carefully controlled in order to compare the effects of stimulus duration and site of ventricular threshold energy requirements. Left ventricular intramyocardial stimulation, at all stimulus durations under 5 msec., required less current and energy, and at all stimulus durations under 2 msec. less voltage, than either right ventricular endocardial or right ventricular intramyocardial stimulation. Chronaxy and polarization losses were lowest and impedance highest with left ventricular intramyocardial stimulation. The two right ventricular sites were almost equivalent electrically. Earlier studies which reported lower thresholds with endocardial stimulation than with intramyocardial stimulation were biased in favor of the endocardial site by lack of control of electrode variables including: material, configuration, cross-sectional area, and epicardial versus intramyocardial location.", "PMID": 1109554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2433", "title": "Serum digoxin levels using an 125I-labelled antigen: Validation of method and observations on cardiac patients.", "content": "1. Determinations of serum digoxin levels utilizing commercially available kits with an 125I-labelled antigen were precise and not materially different from results obtained with a 3H-labelled antigen. 2. In order to approximate the steady state level, serum digoxin levels should be drawn either before or at least six hours following the administration of an oral tablet. 3. Concomitantly given thiazide diuretics did not interfere with the absorption of a tablet of digoxin. 4. In the digitalized patient, slow alterations in serum levels after oral administration appeared well correlated with, at least, the negative chronotropic effects of the drug. 5. Maximal exercise testing, a maneuver often applied to cardiac patients, does not significantly alter the serum digoxin level.", "contents": "Serum digoxin levels using an 125I-labelled antigen: Validation of method and observations on cardiac patients. 1. Determinations of serum digoxin levels utilizing commercially available kits with an 125I-labelled antigen were precise and not materially different from results obtained with a 3H-labelled antigen. 2. In order to approximate the steady state level, serum digoxin levels should be drawn either before or at least six hours following the administration of an oral tablet. 3. Concomitantly given thiazide diuretics did not interfere with the absorption of a tablet of digoxin. 4. In the digitalized patient, slow alterations in serum levels after oral administration appeared well correlated with, at least, the negative chronotropic effects of the drug. 5. Maximal exercise testing, a maneuver often applied to cardiac patients, does not significantly alter the serum digoxin level.", "PMID": 1109556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2434", "title": "Variant angina pectoris.", "content": "A patient with variant angina pectoris due to a pedunculated calcific mass extending from the aortic valve and resulting in intermittent obstruction of the left coronary ostia is reported. No atherosclerotic disease was demonstrated by coronary angiography. During attacks, marked ST segment elevation and episodes of tachycardia were associated with a moderate rise in pulmonary artery pressure. Replacement of the calcified aortic valve resulted in total relief of symptomatology.", "contents": "Variant angina pectoris. A patient with variant angina pectoris due to a pedunculated calcific mass extending from the aortic valve and resulting in intermittent obstruction of the left coronary ostia is reported. No atherosclerotic disease was demonstrated by coronary angiography. During attacks, marked ST segment elevation and episodes of tachycardia were associated with a moderate rise in pulmonary artery pressure. Replacement of the calcified aortic valve resulted in total relief of symptomatology.", "PMID": 1109557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2435", "title": "Thymoma masquerading as congenital partial absence of the left pericardium.", "content": "Interpretation of irregularities of the left heart border on routine posterior-anterior and lateral roentgenograms may be quite challenging. Partial absence of the left pericardium provides a characteristic abnormality of the left heart border. Described is a case of a thymoma which mimicked partial absence of the left pericardium on routine roentgenography. The importance of including both partial absence of the left pericardium and thymoma in the differential diagnosis of irregularities of the left heart border is discussed.", "contents": "Thymoma masquerading as congenital partial absence of the left pericardium. Interpretation of irregularities of the left heart border on routine posterior-anterior and lateral roentgenograms may be quite challenging. Partial absence of the left pericardium provides a characteristic abnormality of the left heart border. Described is a case of a thymoma which mimicked partial absence of the left pericardium on routine roentgenography. The importance of including both partial absence of the left pericardium and thymoma in the differential diagnosis of irregularities of the left heart border is discussed.", "PMID": 1109558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2436", "title": "The role of the macrophage in wound repair. A study with hydrocortisone and antimacrophage serum.", "content": "The role of the monocyte/macrophage in wound repair has been investigated by studying the healing process in wounds depleted of this cell and/or its phagocytic activity. Hydrocortisone acetate (0.6 mg/g body weight) administered as a subcutaneous depot was used to induce a prolonged monocytopenia in guinea pigs, and antimacrophage serum (AMS) was used for local elimination of tissue macrophages. In vitro, the presence of complement, macrophages are rapidly lysed and used killed by AMS. In the absence of complement, AMS is not cytotoxic but potently inhibits adherence to and phagocytosis of opsonized erythrocytes by macrophages. AMS titers were obtained by observation of adherence and phagocytosis of opsonized erythrocytes in serial dilutions of AMS. Six groups of animals were studied: a) untreated animals, b)animals receiving daily subcutaneous injections of normal rabbit serum (NRS) around each wound, c)animals receiving daily subcutaneous AMS around each wound, d)animals receiving systemic hydrocortisone, e)animals receiving systemic hydrocortisone and daily injections of NRS around each wound, and f)animals receiving systemic hydrocortisone and daily AMS around each wound. Wounds consisted of a series of six linear incisions in the dorsal skin. Subcutaneous AMS alone has no effect on the number of circulating monocytes, nor was there any observable effect on the number or the phagocytic ability of wound macrophages. Fibrosis in these wounds was unaffected. Systemic hydrocortisone induced a prolonged monocytopenia. The macrophage level in the wounds of these monocytopenic animals was reduced to approximately one-third that of controls; the phagocytic activity of the monocytes/macrophages that did appear in these wounds was, however, similar to that of controls. Some inhibition of wound debridement was observed in these wounds, but fibrosis was virtually unaffected. Collagen synthesis, as judged morphometrically, was similar to that of control wounds at all stages of repair. Conjoint systemic hydrocortisone and subcutaneous AMS around each wound resulted in the almost complete disappearance of macrophages from the wounds. Wound fibrin levels were elevated, and clearance of fibrin, neutrophils, erythrocytes and other miscellaneous debris from these wounds was delayed. Fibroblasts, which in control wounds first appear by 3 days postwounding and reach maximal levels by day 5, did not appear in these wounds until day 5, and their subsequent rate of proliferation was slower than that of controls. Continued.", "contents": "The role of the macrophage in wound repair. A study with hydrocortisone and antimacrophage serum. The role of the monocyte/macrophage in wound repair has been investigated by studying the healing process in wounds depleted of this cell and/or its phagocytic activity. Hydrocortisone acetate (0.6 mg/g body weight) administered as a subcutaneous depot was used to induce a prolonged monocytopenia in guinea pigs, and antimacrophage serum (AMS) was used for local elimination of tissue macrophages. In vitro, the presence of complement, macrophages are rapidly lysed and used killed by AMS. In the absence of complement, AMS is not cytotoxic but potently inhibits adherence to and phagocytosis of opsonized erythrocytes by macrophages. AMS titers were obtained by observation of adherence and phagocytosis of opsonized erythrocytes in serial dilutions of AMS. Six groups of animals were studied: a) untreated animals, b)animals receiving daily subcutaneous injections of normal rabbit serum (NRS) around each wound, c)animals receiving daily subcutaneous AMS around each wound, d)animals receiving systemic hydrocortisone, e)animals receiving systemic hydrocortisone and daily injections of NRS around each wound, and f)animals receiving systemic hydrocortisone and daily AMS around each wound. Wounds consisted of a series of six linear incisions in the dorsal skin. Subcutaneous AMS alone has no effect on the number of circulating monocytes, nor was there any observable effect on the number or the phagocytic ability of wound macrophages. Fibrosis in these wounds was unaffected. Systemic hydrocortisone induced a prolonged monocytopenia. The macrophage level in the wounds of these monocytopenic animals was reduced to approximately one-third that of controls; the phagocytic activity of the monocytes/macrophages that did appear in these wounds was, however, similar to that of controls. Some inhibition of wound debridement was observed in these wounds, but fibrosis was virtually unaffected. Collagen synthesis, as judged morphometrically, was similar to that of control wounds at all stages of repair. Conjoint systemic hydrocortisone and subcutaneous AMS around each wound resulted in the almost complete disappearance of macrophages from the wounds. Wound fibrin levels were elevated, and clearance of fibrin, neutrophils, erythrocytes and other miscellaneous debris from these wounds was delayed. Fibroblasts, which in control wounds first appear by 3 days postwounding and reach maximal levels by day 5, did not appear in these wounds until day 5, and their subsequent rate of proliferation was slower than that of controls. Continued.", "PMID": 1109560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2437", "title": "The fine structure and innervation of the cushion veins of the human nasal respiratory mucosa.", "content": "Cushion veins of the human nasal lining were studied in eight patients of both sexes ranging in age from 11 to 59 years. It was found that the subendothelial cushions were part of the tunica media and consisted of smooth muscle cells, collagen and elastic fibers and occasional fibrocytes. The muscle fibers of the cushion nearest to the endothelium were circular. They extended processes towards the endothelium through gaps in the endothelial basement membrane and formed appositional junctions with the endothelial cells. The rest of the cushion consisted of longitudinal muscle fibers. The sacoplasm of the muscle cells was characterized by large areas filled with vesicles of various sizes. In addition, these cells possessed cytoplasmic processes which were devoid of a basement membrane and which did not show the regular structure of sarcoplasm. The subendothelial cushion possessed a rich, intrinsic nerve supply of adrenergic and cholinergic axons. It is suggested that the cushion veins regulate the drainage of the cavernous tissue and are under nervous and humoral control. The increase in girth of the subendothelial cushion is effected by contraction of the longitudinal muscle cells and probably by uptake of extracellular fluid by means of the specialized cytoplasmic processes. The single layer of circular muscle cells situated between the endothelial lining and the longitudinal musculature, may provide protection to the endothelium against distension when the cushion expands.", "contents": "The fine structure and innervation of the cushion veins of the human nasal respiratory mucosa. Cushion veins of the human nasal lining were studied in eight patients of both sexes ranging in age from 11 to 59 years. It was found that the subendothelial cushions were part of the tunica media and consisted of smooth muscle cells, collagen and elastic fibers and occasional fibrocytes. The muscle fibers of the cushion nearest to the endothelium were circular. They extended processes towards the endothelium through gaps in the endothelial basement membrane and formed appositional junctions with the endothelial cells. The rest of the cushion consisted of longitudinal muscle fibers. The sacoplasm of the muscle cells was characterized by large areas filled with vesicles of various sizes. In addition, these cells possessed cytoplasmic processes which were devoid of a basement membrane and which did not show the regular structure of sarcoplasm. The subendothelial cushion possessed a rich, intrinsic nerve supply of adrenergic and cholinergic axons. It is suggested that the cushion veins regulate the drainage of the cavernous tissue and are under nervous and humoral control. The increase in girth of the subendothelial cushion is effected by contraction of the longitudinal muscle cells and probably by uptake of extracellular fluid by means of the specialized cytoplasmic processes. The single layer of circular muscle cells situated between the endothelial lining and the longitudinal musculature, may provide protection to the endothelium against distension when the cushion expands.", "PMID": 1109561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2438", "title": "Hormonal influences on the morphogenesis of the preputial gland of embryonic mice.", "content": "Fetal preputial glands from 14- to 17-day old mouse embryos undergo comparable growth, branching, and display similar degrees of cytodifferentiation when cultured in vitro on medium lacking hormones, on this medium in the presence of either of the fetal gondas, and on medium supplemented with testosterone dipropionate. Conversely, morphogenesis of these analgen is markedly suppressed by estrogen and an anti-androgen, Cyproterone acetate. These observations demonstrate that acquisition of androgen-sensitivity is a late event in the morphogenesis of the preputial gland and correlate with the developmental properties of preputial mesenchyme as demonstrated in earlier studies on the epithelio-mesenchymal interaction.", "contents": "Hormonal influences on the morphogenesis of the preputial gland of embryonic mice. Fetal preputial glands from 14- to 17-day old mouse embryos undergo comparable growth, branching, and display similar degrees of cytodifferentiation when cultured in vitro on medium lacking hormones, on this medium in the presence of either of the fetal gondas, and on medium supplemented with testosterone dipropionate. Conversely, morphogenesis of these analgen is markedly suppressed by estrogen and an anti-androgen, Cyproterone acetate. These observations demonstrate that acquisition of androgen-sensitivity is a late event in the morphogenesis of the preputial gland and correlate with the developmental properties of preputial mesenchyme as demonstrated in earlier studies on the epithelio-mesenchymal interaction.", "PMID": 1109562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2439", "title": "The repair of fractured membrane bones in the newly hatched chick.", "content": "Repair of a fractured membrane bone, the quadratojugal (QJ), has been studied in the newly hatched chick. Complete open fractures never united by bony fusion, even in birds maintained for six months post-fracture. Extraperiosteal connective tissue invaded the fracture gap and formed thick fibrous bundles which stabilised the fracture. Cartilage of two types formed on these bones. One was derived from periosteal cells and the other from osteoblasts or osteocytes. Considerably more cartilage formed in bones partially fractured than in those completely fractured. The \"periosteal\" cartilage did not form if the periosteum was removed at the time the bone was fractured. This was because, although the fibrous layer of the periosteum regenerated, the cambial layer did not. Metaplastic cartilage did form in the absence of the periosteum. Isolating fractured bones within polyethlene or glass tubes prevented accumulation of a blastema between the bony fragments. Cartilage did not form inside the tubes but did form where the ends of the tubes abutted onto the bones. Large defects in the bones (4 mm gaps, 4 mm of bone in the place of the QJ) healed via fibrous union with minimal osteogenesis and no chondrogenesis. Severing M. depressor mandibulae at the time the bone was fractured inhibited chondrogenesis, favoured osteogenesis and resulted in development of a pseudarthrosis. The potential for differentiation of the cells of the QJ and the role of the adjacent tissues as they related to repair of the fracture was discussed, and the ability of cells from membrane bones to become chondrogenic emphasized.", "contents": "The repair of fractured membrane bones in the newly hatched chick. Repair of a fractured membrane bone, the quadratojugal (QJ), has been studied in the newly hatched chick. Complete open fractures never united by bony fusion, even in birds maintained for six months post-fracture. Extraperiosteal connective tissue invaded the fracture gap and formed thick fibrous bundles which stabilised the fracture. Cartilage of two types formed on these bones. One was derived from periosteal cells and the other from osteoblasts or osteocytes. Considerably more cartilage formed in bones partially fractured than in those completely fractured. The \"periosteal\" cartilage did not form if the periosteum was removed at the time the bone was fractured. This was because, although the fibrous layer of the periosteum regenerated, the cambial layer did not. Metaplastic cartilage did form in the absence of the periosteum. Isolating fractured bones within polyethlene or glass tubes prevented accumulation of a blastema between the bony fragments. Cartilage did not form inside the tubes but did form where the ends of the tubes abutted onto the bones. Large defects in the bones (4 mm gaps, 4 mm of bone in the place of the QJ) healed via fibrous union with minimal osteogenesis and no chondrogenesis. Severing M. depressor mandibulae at the time the bone was fractured inhibited chondrogenesis, favoured osteogenesis and resulted in development of a pseudarthrosis. The potential for differentiation of the cells of the QJ and the role of the adjacent tissues as they related to repair of the fracture was discussed, and the ability of cells from membrane bones to become chondrogenic emphasized.", "PMID": 1109563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2440", "title": "Alterations in the fine structure of hepatocytes in hyperthyroid rats.", "content": "Ultrastructural investigation of liver from ten radiothyroidectomized adult male albino rats, made hyperthyroid by administration of desiccated thyroid for eight to ten weeks, revealed changes in hepatic organelles, but no differences between centrilobular, midzonal and periportal hepatocytes of a single lobule. The mitochondria were enlarged with an increase in matrix density, but no increase in number of mitochondria or alterations in membranes or cristae was observed. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum appeared slightly increased and dilated in treated rats, while stacked cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum were seldom seen. Large vacuoles, which often contained follicular material and frequently opened into the spaces of Disse, were observed at the periphery of hepatocytes. The vacuoles may arise from invaginations of the cell membrane along these spaces to increase the surface area and to act as channels for liver metabolites. Moreover, in hyperthyroid rats hepatic glycogen was uniformly depleted. Whether these changes were a primary effect of thyroid hormone or secondary to metabolic alterations is unclear.", "contents": "Alterations in the fine structure of hepatocytes in hyperthyroid rats. Ultrastructural investigation of liver from ten radiothyroidectomized adult male albino rats, made hyperthyroid by administration of desiccated thyroid for eight to ten weeks, revealed changes in hepatic organelles, but no differences between centrilobular, midzonal and periportal hepatocytes of a single lobule. The mitochondria were enlarged with an increase in matrix density, but no increase in number of mitochondria or alterations in membranes or cristae was observed. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum appeared slightly increased and dilated in treated rats, while stacked cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum were seldom seen. Large vacuoles, which often contained follicular material and frequently opened into the spaces of Disse, were observed at the periphery of hepatocytes. The vacuoles may arise from invaginations of the cell membrane along these spaces to increase the surface area and to act as channels for liver metabolites. Moreover, in hyperthyroid rats hepatic glycogen was uniformly depleted. Whether these changes were a primary effect of thyroid hormone or secondary to metabolic alterations is unclear.", "PMID": 1109564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2441", "title": "Effect of acylation with eleostearic acids on the monoamine oxidase inhibitory potency of some hydrazine antidepressants in mice.", "content": "The effect of incorporation of an eleostearoyl group into molecules of aralkylhydrazines on their monoamine oxidase inhibitory potency was investigated in vitro and in vivo. The results showed that on a molar basis the hydrazides possessed an in vitro potency lower than and an in vivo potency and acute toxicity comparable to those of the corresponding aralkylhydrazines. The sequence of the relative potency of aralkylhydrazines and their hydrazides was similar. The overall pharmacological profile indicated that these aralkylhydrazines retained their monoamine oxidase inhibitory properties when the free hydrazine nitrogen was acylated with an eleostearoyl group.", "contents": "Effect of acylation with eleostearic acids on the monoamine oxidase inhibitory potency of some hydrazine antidepressants in mice. The effect of incorporation of an eleostearoyl group into molecules of aralkylhydrazines on their monoamine oxidase inhibitory potency was investigated in vitro and in vivo. The results showed that on a molar basis the hydrazides possessed an in vitro potency lower than and an in vivo potency and acute toxicity comparable to those of the corresponding aralkylhydrazines. The sequence of the relative potency of aralkylhydrazines and their hydrazides was similar. The overall pharmacological profile indicated that these aralkylhydrazines retained their monoamine oxidase inhibitory properties when the free hydrazine nitrogen was acylated with an eleostearoyl group.", "PMID": 1109570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2442", "title": "The charge-transfer constant. A new substituent constant for structure-activity relationships.", "content": "A new, versatile constant accounting for the pi-complex formation ability of aromatic systems is proposed. The constant is derived from charge-transfer complex data of aromatic species (charge-transfer constant, CT). The applicability of CT in structure-reactivity relations is demonstrated. It is shown that the affinity of various inhibitors (32) and acetylcholinesterase is a function of CT and pi (Hansch hydrophobicity constant).", "contents": "The charge-transfer constant. A new substituent constant for structure-activity relationships. A new, versatile constant accounting for the pi-complex formation ability of aromatic systems is proposed. The constant is derived from charge-transfer complex data of aromatic species (charge-transfer constant, CT). The applicability of CT in structure-reactivity relations is demonstrated. It is shown that the affinity of various inhibitors (32) and acetylcholinesterase is a function of CT and pi (Hansch hydrophobicity constant).", "PMID": 1109571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2443", "title": "Studies on antianaphylactic agents. 4. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of 3-(4-oxo-4H-1-benzopyran-3)acrylic acids, a new series of antiallergic substances, and some related compounds.", "content": "The syntheses of trans-3-(4-oxo-4H-1-benzypyran-3)acrylic acid and a number of analogs shown to be highly active in antiallergic bioassays are described. These compounds are of possible value in the treatment of asthma. The structural requirements for biological activity are discussed with reference to the type of the substituents on the chromone ring or positions of linkage of the acrylic acid on the pyrone ring.", "contents": "Studies on antianaphylactic agents. 4. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of 3-(4-oxo-4H-1-benzopyran-3)acrylic acids, a new series of antiallergic substances, and some related compounds. The syntheses of trans-3-(4-oxo-4H-1-benzypyran-3)acrylic acid and a number of analogs shown to be highly active in antiallergic bioassays are described. These compounds are of possible value in the treatment of asthma. The structural requirements for biological activity are discussed with reference to the type of the substituents on the chromone ring or positions of linkage of the acrylic acid on the pyrone ring.", "PMID": 1109572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2444", "title": "Synthesis and absolute stereochemistry of 5-alkyl-5-(3'-hydroxy-1'-methylbutyl)barbituric acid and 5-alkyl-5-(3'-hydroxy-1'-methylbutyl)-2-thiobarbituric acids.", "content": "5-Alkyl-5-(3-hydroxy-1-methylbutyl) barbituric acid (2) and 5-alkyl-5-(3-hydroxy-1-methylbutyl)-2-thiobarbituric acids (3) are matabolites of 5-alkyl-5-(2-pentyl) barbituric acid and 5-alkyl-5-(2-pantyl)-2-thiobarbituric acid, respectively. We have synthesized the four possible optical isomers of 2 and 3 by a procedure which established the absolute stereochemistry of each isomer. The two racemic pairs in each case were also prepared. The properties of these synthetic samples of 2 and 3 of known stereochemistry are compared to the properties of 2 and 3 which have been isolated from metabolism studies.", "contents": "Synthesis and absolute stereochemistry of 5-alkyl-5-(3'-hydroxy-1'-methylbutyl)barbituric acid and 5-alkyl-5-(3'-hydroxy-1'-methylbutyl)-2-thiobarbituric acids. 5-Alkyl-5-(3-hydroxy-1-methylbutyl) barbituric acid (2) and 5-alkyl-5-(3-hydroxy-1-methylbutyl)-2-thiobarbituric acids (3) are matabolites of 5-alkyl-5-(2-pentyl) barbituric acid and 5-alkyl-5-(2-pantyl)-2-thiobarbituric acid, respectively. We have synthesized the four possible optical isomers of 2 and 3 by a procedure which established the absolute stereochemistry of each isomer. The two racemic pairs in each case were also prepared. The properties of these synthetic samples of 2 and 3 of known stereochemistry are compared to the properties of 2 and 3 which have been isolated from metabolism studies.", "PMID": 1109573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2445", "title": "Aminobenzoic acid diuretics. 7. 3-Substituted 4-phenyl-, 4-arylcarbonyl-, and 4-arylmethyl-5-sulfamoylbenzoic acids and related compounds.", "content": "Various 4-substituted 3-alkylamino-, 3-alkoxy-, 3-alkylthio-, and 3-alkyl-5-sulfamoylbenzoic acids related to known aminobenzoic acid diuretics were synthesized and screened for their diuretic properties in dogs. The tabulated results from a 3-hr test period revealed that generally the diuretic profile and potency could be retained when 3-alkoxy, 3-alkylthio, and 3-phenethyl were substituted for the 3-alkylamino moiety. The high potency of several 3-alkoxy-, 3-alkylthio-, and 3-phenethyl-4-benzoyl-5-sulfamoylbenzoic acids confirmed previous suggestions that the apparent diuretic effect of 4- and 5-alkylamino-6-carboxy-3-phenyl-1,2-benzisothiazole 1,1-dioxides originates from the corresponding 4-benzoyl-5-sulfamoylbenzoic acid derivatives due to an existing equilibrium in plasma. 4-Benzoyl-5-sulfamoyl-3-(3-thenyloxy) benzoic acid (118) is among the most potent benzoic acid diuretics hitherto synthesized and shows significant diuretic activity in dogs at 1 mug/kg. The results obtained with different 3-substituted 4-phenyl-5-sulfamoylbenzoic acids supported the earlier concept regarding the steric influence of the 4-substituent on the diuretic potency of sulfamoylbenzoic acid diuretics.", "contents": "Aminobenzoic acid diuretics. 7. 3-Substituted 4-phenyl-, 4-arylcarbonyl-, and 4-arylmethyl-5-sulfamoylbenzoic acids and related compounds. Various 4-substituted 3-alkylamino-, 3-alkoxy-, 3-alkylthio-, and 3-alkyl-5-sulfamoylbenzoic acids related to known aminobenzoic acid diuretics were synthesized and screened for their diuretic properties in dogs. The tabulated results from a 3-hr test period revealed that generally the diuretic profile and potency could be retained when 3-alkoxy, 3-alkylthio, and 3-phenethyl were substituted for the 3-alkylamino moiety. The high potency of several 3-alkoxy-, 3-alkylthio-, and 3-phenethyl-4-benzoyl-5-sulfamoylbenzoic acids confirmed previous suggestions that the apparent diuretic effect of 4- and 5-alkylamino-6-carboxy-3-phenyl-1,2-benzisothiazole 1,1-dioxides originates from the corresponding 4-benzoyl-5-sulfamoylbenzoic acid derivatives due to an existing equilibrium in plasma. 4-Benzoyl-5-sulfamoyl-3-(3-thenyloxy) benzoic acid (118) is among the most potent benzoic acid diuretics hitherto synthesized and shows significant diuretic activity in dogs at 1 mug/kg. The results obtained with different 3-substituted 4-phenyl-5-sulfamoylbenzoic acids supported the earlier concept regarding the steric influence of the 4-substituent on the diuretic potency of sulfamoylbenzoic acid diuretics.", "PMID": 1109574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2446", "title": "2-aryl-5-benzoxazolealkanoic acid derivatives with notable antiinflammatory activity.", "content": "The synthesis and antiinflammatory activity of 5-substituted 2-arylbenzoxazoles are described. Initial screening on carrageenin-induced rat paw edema showed that alpha-methylacetic substitution in the 5 position was preferable to substitutions with the equivalent esters, amides, alcohols, amines or tetrazoles. Halogen substitution in the aryl ring led to the most active compounds which were 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-alpha-methyl-5-benzoxazoleacetic acid (14) and 2-(4-fluorophenyl)-alpha-methyl-5-benzoxazoleacetic acid (29). These compounds were three to five times more active than phenylbutazone as assessed from ED30 values determined on rat paw edema 5 hr after single oral doses.", "contents": "2-aryl-5-benzoxazolealkanoic acid derivatives with notable antiinflammatory activity. The synthesis and antiinflammatory activity of 5-substituted 2-arylbenzoxazoles are described. Initial screening on carrageenin-induced rat paw edema showed that alpha-methylacetic substitution in the 5 position was preferable to substitutions with the equivalent esters, amides, alcohols, amines or tetrazoles. Halogen substitution in the aryl ring led to the most active compounds which were 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-alpha-methyl-5-benzoxazoleacetic acid (14) and 2-(4-fluorophenyl)-alpha-methyl-5-benzoxazoleacetic acid (29). These compounds were three to five times more active than phenylbutazone as assessed from ED30 values determined on rat paw edema 5 hr after single oral doses.", "PMID": 1109576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2447", "title": "Antitumor agents. 11. Synthesis and cytotoxic activity of epoxides of helenalin related derivatives.", "content": "Several epoxides of helenalin related derivatives have been synthesized in an effort to evaluate the potential significance of the epoxycyclopentanone moiety for cytotoxic activity against the growth of tissue culture cells originating from human epidermoid carcinoma of larynx (H.Ep-2). Helenalin (1) was converted to the monoepoxy derivative 2 and the diepoxy derivative 3 by alkaline hydrogen peroxide at different temperatures. Alternative synthesis of 2 was achieved by a convenient method of protecting the alpha-methylene grouping of the gamma-lactone, i.e., epoxidation of helenalin dimethylamine adduct 4, followed by treatment of the reaction product 5 with m-chloroperbenzoic acid. 2,3-Epoxy-11,13-dihydrohelenalin (8) was prepared by direct epoxidation of 11,13-dihydrohelenalin (7). Treatment of mexicanin A (9) with m-chloroperbenzoic acid gave, in addition to the 1,2-epoxy derivative 10, 1-alpha-hydroxyhelenalin (11) which furnished an acetate (12) upon acetylation. Catalytic hydrogenation of 10 yielded the dihydroepoxide 13. Treatment of 1 or acetylhelenalin (15) with Ac2O-p-TsOH gave the same acetyl dienol acetate (14). Epoxidation of 14 with m-chloroperbenzoic acid gave 1,beta hydroxyhelenalin (19) and a mixture of monoepoxides (17 and 18) which yielded 19 and 11 upon silica gel chromatography. The results of the cytotoxicity test of the compounds studied indicate that either an alpha- or a beta-epoxycyclopentanone moiety in helenalin related derivatives contributes significantly to the cytotoxicity. Furthermore, this cytotoxicity appears to be independent of the presence or absence of an alpha-epoxy-gamma-lactonic moiety.", "contents": "Antitumor agents. 11. Synthesis and cytotoxic activity of epoxides of helenalin related derivatives. Several epoxides of helenalin related derivatives have been synthesized in an effort to evaluate the potential significance of the epoxycyclopentanone moiety for cytotoxic activity against the growth of tissue culture cells originating from human epidermoid carcinoma of larynx (H.Ep-2). Helenalin (1) was converted to the monoepoxy derivative 2 and the diepoxy derivative 3 by alkaline hydrogen peroxide at different temperatures. Alternative synthesis of 2 was achieved by a convenient method of protecting the alpha-methylene grouping of the gamma-lactone, i.e., epoxidation of helenalin dimethylamine adduct 4, followed by treatment of the reaction product 5 with m-chloroperbenzoic acid. 2,3-Epoxy-11,13-dihydrohelenalin (8) was prepared by direct epoxidation of 11,13-dihydrohelenalin (7). Treatment of mexicanin A (9) with m-chloroperbenzoic acid gave, in addition to the 1,2-epoxy derivative 10, 1-alpha-hydroxyhelenalin (11) which furnished an acetate (12) upon acetylation. Catalytic hydrogenation of 10 yielded the dihydroepoxide 13. Treatment of 1 or acetylhelenalin (15) with Ac2O-p-TsOH gave the same acetyl dienol acetate (14). Epoxidation of 14 with m-chloroperbenzoic acid gave 1,beta hydroxyhelenalin (19) and a mixture of monoepoxides (17 and 18) which yielded 19 and 11 upon silica gel chromatography. The results of the cytotoxicity test of the compounds studied indicate that either an alpha- or a beta-epoxycyclopentanone moiety in helenalin related derivatives contributes significantly to the cytotoxicity. Furthermore, this cytotoxicity appears to be independent of the presence or absence of an alpha-epoxy-gamma-lactonic moiety.", "PMID": 1109577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2448", "title": "Preparation and antitumor activity of a rearranged ester of cephalotaxine.", "content": "For further evaluation of structure-activity relationships among the Cephalotaxus alkaloids, a \"rearranged\" ester (2b) of cephalotaxine was prepared, one which is an isomer of deoxyharringtonine (5a). The parent alkaloid, cephalotaxine (1a), was allowed to react with thionyl chloride to replace its hydroxyl group with chlorine. The resulting chloro compound 1b, on treatment with the silver salt of half ester 6, yielded 2b via an allylic rearrangement followed by further double bond migration. The new \"rearranged\" deoxyharringtonine isomer 2b proved to be inactive in the P-388 lymphocytic leukemia system and thus further delineated the structural requirements for antitumor activity in this series of alkaloids.", "contents": "Preparation and antitumor activity of a rearranged ester of cephalotaxine. For further evaluation of structure-activity relationships among the Cephalotaxus alkaloids, a \"rearranged\" ester (2b) of cephalotaxine was prepared, one which is an isomer of deoxyharringtonine (5a). The parent alkaloid, cephalotaxine (1a), was allowed to react with thionyl chloride to replace its hydroxyl group with chlorine. The resulting chloro compound 1b, on treatment with the silver salt of half ester 6, yielded 2b via an allylic rearrangement followed by further double bond migration. The new \"rearranged\" deoxyharringtonine isomer 2b proved to be inactive in the P-388 lymphocytic leukemia system and thus further delineated the structural requirements for antitumor activity in this series of alkaloids.", "PMID": 1109578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2449", "title": "Preparation and antileukemic activity of some alkoxybenzo(c)phenanthridinium salts and corresponding dihydro derivatives.", "content": "Salts of 2,3,8,9-tetrasubstituted alkoxy-, hydroxy-, and acetoxybenzo(c)phenanthridines as well as the corresponding 6-methoxy-5,6-dihydrobenzo(c)phenanthridines were prepared from appropriate chalcones through the tetralone and the 4b,10b,11,12-tetrahydrobenzo(c)phenanthridine intermediates. Complete O-demethylation of the tetramethoxybenzophenanthridine was achieved by fusion with pyridine hydrochloride at elevated temperature. The title compounds are active against leukemias L1210 and P388 in mice and some are curative against Lewis lung carcinoma. The importance of the nature of the environment about the nitrogen atom of these compounds and the substituents is discussed. 3,4-Dimethoxy-3,4-methylenedioxychalcone possesses activity against leukemia P388.", "contents": "Preparation and antileukemic activity of some alkoxybenzo(c)phenanthridinium salts and corresponding dihydro derivatives. Salts of 2,3,8,9-tetrasubstituted alkoxy-, hydroxy-, and acetoxybenzo(c)phenanthridines as well as the corresponding 6-methoxy-5,6-dihydrobenzo(c)phenanthridines were prepared from appropriate chalcones through the tetralone and the 4b,10b,11,12-tetrahydrobenzo(c)phenanthridine intermediates. Complete O-demethylation of the tetramethoxybenzophenanthridine was achieved by fusion with pyridine hydrochloride at elevated temperature. The title compounds are active against leukemias L1210 and P388 in mice and some are curative against Lewis lung carcinoma. The importance of the nature of the environment about the nitrogen atom of these compounds and the substituents is discussed. 3,4-Dimethoxy-3,4-methylenedioxychalcone possesses activity against leukemia P388.", "PMID": 1109579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2450", "title": "Carbocyclic prostaglandin analogs. 1. Steroid carboxylic acids.", "content": "Certain structural similarities between prostaglandins with close-packed side chains and the perhydrocyclopentanophenanthrene nucleus of steroids prompted the synthesis and biological evaluation of 6beta, 17 beta-dihydroxy-5alpha-androstane-2alpha-carboxylic acid (30), its 6-deoxy derivative 28, and the corresponding 6-deoxy-2beta derivative 29 in an attempt to evaluate carbocyclic acids as potential prostaglandin analogs. Preliminary in vitro studies on isolated guinea pig ileum have shown weakly specific, prostaglandin-stimulated smooth muscle antagonism for 28 when compared with antagonism of bradykinin- and acetylcholine-induced contractions. Complete dose-response curves for 28 on prostaglandin-stimulated guinea pig ileum have shown a reduction in the maxium response and a decrease in the slope of the curve, indicating a noncompetitive type of inhibition for this type of derivative.", "contents": "Carbocyclic prostaglandin analogs. 1. Steroid carboxylic acids. Certain structural similarities between prostaglandins with close-packed side chains and the perhydrocyclopentanophenanthrene nucleus of steroids prompted the synthesis and biological evaluation of 6beta, 17 beta-dihydroxy-5alpha-androstane-2alpha-carboxylic acid (30), its 6-deoxy derivative 28, and the corresponding 6-deoxy-2beta derivative 29 in an attempt to evaluate carbocyclic acids as potential prostaglandin analogs. Preliminary in vitro studies on isolated guinea pig ileum have shown weakly specific, prostaglandin-stimulated smooth muscle antagonism for 28 when compared with antagonism of bradykinin- and acetylcholine-induced contractions. Complete dose-response curves for 28 on prostaglandin-stimulated guinea pig ileum have shown a reduction in the maxium response and a decrease in the slope of the curve, indicating a noncompetitive type of inhibition for this type of derivative.", "PMID": 1109580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2451", "title": "Active site titration and aminoacyl adenylate binding stoichiometry of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases.", "content": "A simple, rapid, and economical procedure is described for the determination of the number of catalytically competent active sites on aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases based on the stoichiometry of aminoacyl adenylate formation. On mixing tRNA synthetase, cognate amino acid, (gamma-32P)ATP, and inorganic pyrophosphatase under suitable conditions there is an initial rapid stoichiometric \"burst\" (rate constant k1) of depletion of ATP as enzyme bound aminoacyl adenylate is formed. There is then an initially linear decrease in ATP concentration as the complex hydrolyzes (with rate constant k2) releasing enzyme to form further adenylate. Provided k2 less than k1 the initial burst gives the stoichiometry of aminoacyl adenylate formation. Complexes which are too unstable to be isolated by the usual gel or nitrocellulose disk filtration procedure may be assayed in this way. This technique has been applied to five highly purified aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. The tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase from Bacillus stearothermophilus is shown to bind only one aminoacyl adenylate per dimer.", "contents": "Active site titration and aminoacyl adenylate binding stoichiometry of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. A simple, rapid, and economical procedure is described for the determination of the number of catalytically competent active sites on aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases based on the stoichiometry of aminoacyl adenylate formation. On mixing tRNA synthetase, cognate amino acid, (gamma-32P)ATP, and inorganic pyrophosphatase under suitable conditions there is an initial rapid stoichiometric \"burst\" (rate constant k1) of depletion of ATP as enzyme bound aminoacyl adenylate is formed. There is then an initially linear decrease in ATP concentration as the complex hydrolyzes (with rate constant k2) releasing enzyme to form further adenylate. Provided k2 less than k1 the initial burst gives the stoichiometry of aminoacyl adenylate formation. Complexes which are too unstable to be isolated by the usual gel or nitrocellulose disk filtration procedure may be assayed in this way. This technique has been applied to five highly purified aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. The tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase from Bacillus stearothermophilus is shown to bind only one aminoacyl adenylate per dimer.", "PMID": 1109585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2452", "title": "Binding of calcium to phosphatidylcholines as determined by proton magnetic resonance and infrared spectroscopy.", "content": "The interactions of calcium, magnesium, and the rare earth cations, cerium, neodymium, and praseodymium, with phosphatidylcholines were studied by proton magnetic resonance and infared spectroscopy. The calcium-induced chemical shifts for the various protons of phosphatidylcholine were C alpha choline greater than C beta choline greater than N(CH3)3 greater than C3 glycerol. No significant chemical shifts were observed for the C1 and C2 glycerol protons. None of the acyl chain protons were affected by the presence of calcium. Analysis of the salt-induced chemical shifts yielded binding curves with an excellent fit with the theoretical. The vicinal coupling constants for the various protons of phosphatidylcholine did not appear to change in the presence of calcium. The lanthanide-induced isotropic shifts for the protons of phosphatidylcholines followed the order Cbeta choline greater than C3 glycerol greater than Calpha choline greater than N(CH3)3. Examination of the P=O stretching band (1150-1300 cm-1) of phosphatidylcholines by differential infrared spectroscopy showed that this band shifted to shorter wavelengths in the presence of calcium. The site of calcium binding to phosphatidylcholines as deduced from the proton magnetic resonance and infrared data is discussed in light of the high specificity for calcium in enhancing the amino-catalyzed methanolysis of phosphatidylcholines.", "contents": "Binding of calcium to phosphatidylcholines as determined by proton magnetic resonance and infrared spectroscopy. The interactions of calcium, magnesium, and the rare earth cations, cerium, neodymium, and praseodymium, with phosphatidylcholines were studied by proton magnetic resonance and infared spectroscopy. The calcium-induced chemical shifts for the various protons of phosphatidylcholine were C alpha choline greater than C beta choline greater than N(CH3)3 greater than C3 glycerol. No significant chemical shifts were observed for the C1 and C2 glycerol protons. None of the acyl chain protons were affected by the presence of calcium. Analysis of the salt-induced chemical shifts yielded binding curves with an excellent fit with the theoretical. The vicinal coupling constants for the various protons of phosphatidylcholine did not appear to change in the presence of calcium. The lanthanide-induced isotropic shifts for the protons of phosphatidylcholines followed the order Cbeta choline greater than C3 glycerol greater than Calpha choline greater than N(CH3)3. Examination of the P=O stretching band (1150-1300 cm-1) of phosphatidylcholines by differential infrared spectroscopy showed that this band shifted to shorter wavelengths in the presence of calcium. The site of calcium binding to phosphatidylcholines as deduced from the proton magnetic resonance and infrared data is discussed in light of the high specificity for calcium in enhancing the amino-catalyzed methanolysis of phosphatidylcholines.", "PMID": 1109586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2453", "title": "The effect of succinate on the translational diffusion coefficient of aspartate transcarbamylase.", "content": "Employing a differential optical mixing spectrometer, we have determined that the translational diffusion coefficient (DT) of aspartate transcarbamylase (AT-Case) decreases by (4.1 plus or minus 0.6)% in the presence of succinate and carbamyl phosphate. This result, combined with the change in the sedimentation coefficient determined by Gerhart and Schachman (1968) and repeated by us in the present work indicates that ATCase experiences an increase in frictional coefficient of approximately 4% due to succinate and carbamyl phosphate, and that any change in the enzyme's partial specific volume (v) under these conditions is less than about 0.3%. We have also measured (DT)20,w for ATCase as (3.75 plus of minus 0.11) x 10-7 cm2/sec. Combining this with our measured value of s20,2-o for ATCase of (11.7 plus or minus 0.2) x 10-13 sec and the calculated value of v of 0.738 cm3/g (Rosenbusch and Weber, 1971), we have determined the molecular weight of ATCase as (2.9 plus of minus 0.1) x 10-5. We have also observed the ATCase dimer and find that at a dimer concentration of 0.6 mg/ml the value of s20,w for the dimer is 15.8 x 10-13 sec and that this value decreases by (4.0 plus or minus 0.5)% upon the addition of succinate and carbamyl phosphate, a behavior essentially identical with that of the monomer.", "contents": "The effect of succinate on the translational diffusion coefficient of aspartate transcarbamylase. Employing a differential optical mixing spectrometer, we have determined that the translational diffusion coefficient (DT) of aspartate transcarbamylase (AT-Case) decreases by (4.1 plus or minus 0.6)% in the presence of succinate and carbamyl phosphate. This result, combined with the change in the sedimentation coefficient determined by Gerhart and Schachman (1968) and repeated by us in the present work indicates that ATCase experiences an increase in frictional coefficient of approximately 4% due to succinate and carbamyl phosphate, and that any change in the enzyme's partial specific volume (v) under these conditions is less than about 0.3%. We have also measured (DT)20,w for ATCase as (3.75 plus of minus 0.11) x 10-7 cm2/sec. Combining this with our measured value of s20,2-o for ATCase of (11.7 plus or minus 0.2) x 10-13 sec and the calculated value of v of 0.738 cm3/g (Rosenbusch and Weber, 1971), we have determined the molecular weight of ATCase as (2.9 plus of minus 0.1) x 10-5. We have also observed the ATCase dimer and find that at a dimer concentration of 0.6 mg/ml the value of s20,w for the dimer is 15.8 x 10-13 sec and that this value decreases by (4.0 plus or minus 0.5)% upon the addition of succinate and carbamyl phosphate, a behavior essentially identical with that of the monomer.", "PMID": 1109587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2454", "title": "Studies of specificity of deoxyribonuclease from salmon testes.", "content": "A limited digest of thymus DNA with salmon testes DNase was composed of fragments larger than tetranucleotides. With exhaustive digestion mono-, di-, and trinucleotides were formed. At the (3') omega terminus G predominated, its frequency ranged from approximately 35 to 72% and increased with decreasing size of fragments. The error caused by the ribose-containing contaminants of DNA is significant, and should not be neglected in the evaluation of nucleoside frequency at the terminal positions of fragments.", "contents": "Studies of specificity of deoxyribonuclease from salmon testes. A limited digest of thymus DNA with salmon testes DNase was composed of fragments larger than tetranucleotides. With exhaustive digestion mono-, di-, and trinucleotides were formed. At the (3') omega terminus G predominated, its frequency ranged from approximately 35 to 72% and increased with decreasing size of fragments. The error caused by the ribose-containing contaminants of DNA is significant, and should not be neglected in the evaluation of nucleoside frequency at the terminal positions of fragments.", "PMID": 1109588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2455", "title": "Demonstration of two active sites on a monomeric aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase. Possible roles of negative cooperativity and half-of-the-sites reactivity in oligomeric enzymes.", "content": "The dimeric tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase from Bacillus stearothermophilus which binds (tightly) only one tyrosyl adenylate or tyrosine per dimer is shown from kinetic, equilibrium dialysis, and gel filtration methods to have a second active site. ATP and tyrosine bind strongly and synergistically to the tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase tyrosyl adenylate complex, [E with Tyr similar to AMP], to give the complex [E with Tyr similar to AMP,ATP,Tyr]. This complex probably slowly forms an [E with (Tyr similar to AMP)2] complex which hydrolyses rapidly and does not accumulate. Similarly, the monomeric valyl-enzyme is shown to have two active sites. An [E with Val similar AMP,ATP,Val] complex is formed which probably slowly gives an unstable [E with Val similar AMP)2] complex. In view of this and the recent demonstrations that several aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are composed of repeating sequences it is suggested that all of these enzymes have at least two active sites. The second site is difficult to detect by normal steady-state kinetic measurements and binding assays as these enzymes exhibit negative cooperativity of substrate binding hand half-of-the sites reactivity. A mechanism based on interacting sites is proposed that could account for these observations: changes in binding energy at one site may be coupled with catalysis at the other to give large rate enhancements. Howeever, this cannot account for the high specificity in the acylation of tRNA, A \"VERIFICATION\" PROCEDURE SEEMS ESSENTIAL. The proposed mechanism is quite general for catalysis and could be a reason why so many nonregulatory enzymes have subunits.", "contents": "Demonstration of two active sites on a monomeric aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase. Possible roles of negative cooperativity and half-of-the-sites reactivity in oligomeric enzymes. The dimeric tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase from Bacillus stearothermophilus which binds (tightly) only one tyrosyl adenylate or tyrosine per dimer is shown from kinetic, equilibrium dialysis, and gel filtration methods to have a second active site. ATP and tyrosine bind strongly and synergistically to the tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase tyrosyl adenylate complex, [E with Tyr similar to AMP], to give the complex [E with Tyr similar to AMP,ATP,Tyr]. This complex probably slowly forms an [E with (Tyr similar to AMP)2] complex which hydrolyses rapidly and does not accumulate. Similarly, the monomeric valyl-enzyme is shown to have two active sites. An [E with Val similar AMP,ATP,Val] complex is formed which probably slowly gives an unstable [E with Val similar AMP)2] complex. In view of this and the recent demonstrations that several aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are composed of repeating sequences it is suggested that all of these enzymes have at least two active sites. The second site is difficult to detect by normal steady-state kinetic measurements and binding assays as these enzymes exhibit negative cooperativity of substrate binding hand half-of-the sites reactivity. A mechanism based on interacting sites is proposed that could account for these observations: changes in binding energy at one site may be coupled with catalysis at the other to give large rate enhancements. Howeever, this cannot account for the high specificity in the acylation of tRNA, A \"VERIFICATION\" PROCEDURE SEEMS ESSENTIAL. The proposed mechanism is quite general for catalysis and could be a reason why so many nonregulatory enzymes have subunits.", "PMID": 1109589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2456", "title": "Crystallization and partial characterization of prenyltransferase from avian liver.", "content": "Prenyltransferase (EC 2.5.1.1) has been obtained from chicken liver in a stable crystalline form. The enzyme has been shown to be homogeneous by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at pH 8.4, and by electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate containing gels. Electrofocusing of the crystalline enzyme results in a single sharp protein peak with a pI of 5.72. The protein is a dimer of molecular weight 86,000 whose subunits were not resolved by gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate. Michaelis constants of 0.5 muM for both isopentenyl pyrophosphate and geranyl pyrophosphate are 3-20-fold lower than those found for prenyltransferase from yeast or pig liver (Eberhardt, N., and Rilling, H. C. (1974), J. Biol. Chem. (in press); Dorsey, J. K., Dorsey, J. A., and Porter, J. W. (1966), J. Biol. Chem. 241, 5353; Holloway, P. W., and Popjak, G. (1967), Biochem. J. 104, 57). The enzyme primarily synthesizes farnesyl pyrophosphosphate from dimethylallyl or geranyl pyrophosphate although some geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate is formed under certain conditons. This is the first preparation of a stable crystalline enzyme of sterol and terpene biosynthesis.", "contents": "Crystallization and partial characterization of prenyltransferase from avian liver. Prenyltransferase (EC 2.5.1.1) has been obtained from chicken liver in a stable crystalline form. The enzyme has been shown to be homogeneous by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at pH 8.4, and by electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate containing gels. Electrofocusing of the crystalline enzyme results in a single sharp protein peak with a pI of 5.72. The protein is a dimer of molecular weight 86,000 whose subunits were not resolved by gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate. Michaelis constants of 0.5 muM for both isopentenyl pyrophosphate and geranyl pyrophosphate are 3-20-fold lower than those found for prenyltransferase from yeast or pig liver (Eberhardt, N., and Rilling, H. C. (1974), J. Biol. Chem. (in press); Dorsey, J. K., Dorsey, J. A., and Porter, J. W. (1966), J. Biol. Chem. 241, 5353; Holloway, P. W., and Popjak, G. (1967), Biochem. J. 104, 57). The enzyme primarily synthesizes farnesyl pyrophosphosphate from dimethylallyl or geranyl pyrophosphate although some geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate is formed under certain conditons. This is the first preparation of a stable crystalline enzyme of sterol and terpene biosynthesis.", "PMID": 1109590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2457", "title": "Studies on the binding of acylaminoacyl-tRNA to rat liver 60S ribosomal subunits and its participation in the peptidyltransferase reaction.", "content": "Peptidyltransferase with rat liver 60S subunits can be measured by the reaction between exogenous acylaminoacyl-tRNA and puromycin to form acylaminoacylpuromycin in the presence of 33% methanol, 0.3 M KCl, and 4 mM MgCl2. An assay system has been developed that allows examination of the binding of acetylphenylalanyl-tRNA to the ribosomal subunit \"P\" site, the transpeptidation of the 60S-bound substrate to puromycin, and the requirements for these individual steps. Binding of acetylphenylalanyl-tRNA to 60S subunits is stimulated several-fold by the addition of methanol, but the extent of binding in alcohol is the same in 60 as in 300 mM KCl containing solutions. Formation of acetylphenylalanyl-puromycin from 60S-acetylphenylalanyl-tRNA complex and puromycin stringently requires alcohol and the initial rate of the reaction is markedly greater at 300 mM KCl than at 60 mM KCl concentrations. Thus, alcohol and high concentrations of monovalent cation affect the reaction of an event subsequent to the binding of substrate to the \"P\" site. Preincubation of 60S subunits with poly(U), which stimulates the overall peptidyltransferase reaction, does not affect the amount of acetylphenylalanyl-tRNA that is bound to the particles; however, it markedly stimulates the initial rate of the transpeptidation reaction between 60S-acetylphenylalanyl-tRNA complex and puromycin. The codon specificity and the failure to affect binding with poly(U) suggest a role for the polynucleotide in the alignment or stabilization of the acylaminoacyl-tRNA on the \"P\" site rather than an effect on binding to either of the two particle sites or on the peptidyltransferase \"active center.\" The effect of 40S subunits, which inhibit the overall peptidyltransferase reaction, on the binding of substrate could not be clearly interpreted since all three preparations, 60S subunits, 40S subunits, and combinations of 60S plus 40S particles, appear to bind acetylphenylalanyl-tRNA in the presence of methanol. However, the initial rate of peptide bond formation is several times greater with 60S-acetylphenylalanyl-tRNA complex than with 60S plus 40S particles containing bound acetylphenylalanyl-tRNA and the addition of 40S subunits to preformed 60S-acetylphenylalanyl-tRNA complex during the transpeptidation phase of the reaction in methanol does not affect the rate of peptide bond formation. Thus, 40S subunits seem to inhibit peptidyltransferase by forming less reactive particles in aqueous solutions. Contd.", "contents": "Studies on the binding of acylaminoacyl-tRNA to rat liver 60S ribosomal subunits and its participation in the peptidyltransferase reaction. Peptidyltransferase with rat liver 60S subunits can be measured by the reaction between exogenous acylaminoacyl-tRNA and puromycin to form acylaminoacylpuromycin in the presence of 33% methanol, 0.3 M KCl, and 4 mM MgCl2. An assay system has been developed that allows examination of the binding of acetylphenylalanyl-tRNA to the ribosomal subunit \"P\" site, the transpeptidation of the 60S-bound substrate to puromycin, and the requirements for these individual steps. Binding of acetylphenylalanyl-tRNA to 60S subunits is stimulated several-fold by the addition of methanol, but the extent of binding in alcohol is the same in 60 as in 300 mM KCl containing solutions. Formation of acetylphenylalanyl-puromycin from 60S-acetylphenylalanyl-tRNA complex and puromycin stringently requires alcohol and the initial rate of the reaction is markedly greater at 300 mM KCl than at 60 mM KCl concentrations. Thus, alcohol and high concentrations of monovalent cation affect the reaction of an event subsequent to the binding of substrate to the \"P\" site. Preincubation of 60S subunits with poly(U), which stimulates the overall peptidyltransferase reaction, does not affect the amount of acetylphenylalanyl-tRNA that is bound to the particles; however, it markedly stimulates the initial rate of the transpeptidation reaction between 60S-acetylphenylalanyl-tRNA complex and puromycin. The codon specificity and the failure to affect binding with poly(U) suggest a role for the polynucleotide in the alignment or stabilization of the acylaminoacyl-tRNA on the \"P\" site rather than an effect on binding to either of the two particle sites or on the peptidyltransferase \"active center.\" The effect of 40S subunits, which inhibit the overall peptidyltransferase reaction, on the binding of substrate could not be clearly interpreted since all three preparations, 60S subunits, 40S subunits, and combinations of 60S plus 40S particles, appear to bind acetylphenylalanyl-tRNA in the presence of methanol. However, the initial rate of peptide bond formation is several times greater with 60S-acetylphenylalanyl-tRNA complex than with 60S plus 40S particles containing bound acetylphenylalanyl-tRNA and the addition of 40S subunits to preformed 60S-acetylphenylalanyl-tRNA complex during the transpeptidation phase of the reaction in methanol does not affect the rate of peptide bond formation. Thus, 40S subunits seem to inhibit peptidyltransferase by forming less reactive particles in aqueous solutions. Contd.", "PMID": 1109591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2458", "title": "Evidence for multiple forms and partial resolution of rabbit reticulocyte alpha- and beta-globin messenger RNA by gel isoelectric focusing.", "content": "Isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gels has been used to fractionate and characterize RNAs from rabbit reticulocytes with major emphasis on globin mRNA. Reticulocyte 18S and 28S RNAs banded essentially as single components, well separated from each other and from the multiple forms of tRNA. By contrast, mRNA was resolved into a number of major and minor components. These bands were shown to contain intact globin mRNA by translation in a messenger-dependent cell-free protein synthesizing system. One major band was enriched slightly in alpha-globin mRNA and a second major band was enriched considerably in beta-globin mRNA. Reticulocyte supernatant mRNA, containing predominantly alpha-globin messenger, demonstrated only one major component which banded at the same position as the alpha-enriched band from total mRNA. Little of this material behaved as beta mRNA either by its focusing profile or by its translation products. Globin mRNA fractions with high and low 3' poly(A) contents also demonstrated differences in focusing distribution profiles. Although the basis for separating RNA by this technique has not been established, our results suggest that isoelectric focusing may offer a new approach to fractionation and characterization of specific mRNA species.", "contents": "Evidence for multiple forms and partial resolution of rabbit reticulocyte alpha- and beta-globin messenger RNA by gel isoelectric focusing. Isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gels has been used to fractionate and characterize RNAs from rabbit reticulocytes with major emphasis on globin mRNA. Reticulocyte 18S and 28S RNAs banded essentially as single components, well separated from each other and from the multiple forms of tRNA. By contrast, mRNA was resolved into a number of major and minor components. These bands were shown to contain intact globin mRNA by translation in a messenger-dependent cell-free protein synthesizing system. One major band was enriched slightly in alpha-globin mRNA and a second major band was enriched considerably in beta-globin mRNA. Reticulocyte supernatant mRNA, containing predominantly alpha-globin messenger, demonstrated only one major component which banded at the same position as the alpha-enriched band from total mRNA. Little of this material behaved as beta mRNA either by its focusing profile or by its translation products. Globin mRNA fractions with high and low 3' poly(A) contents also demonstrated differences in focusing distribution profiles. Although the basis for separating RNA by this technique has not been established, our results suggest that isoelectric focusing may offer a new approach to fractionation and characterization of specific mRNA species.", "PMID": 1109592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2459", "title": "Preparation and preliminary characterization of purified ovalbumin messenger RNA from the hen oviduct.", "content": "Preparation of milligram amounts of purified ovalbumin mRNA was accomplished by a sequential combination of precise sizing techniques with the selective purification of the poly(A) containing RNA by either affinity chromatography or adsorption to nitrocellulose filters. Several new techniques were applied to the purification of ovalbumin mRNA including Sepharose 4B chromatography and agarose gel electrophoresis in the presence of 6 M urea at pH 3.5. All the procedures used were adapted on a preparative sacle to the fractionation of large quantities of RNA. The purity of the ovalbumin mRNA was assessed by several independent criteria. (1) Purified ovalbumin mRNA migrated as a single band during both agarose-urea and formamide-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at pH 3.5 and 7.4, respectively. A single absorbance peak containing all of the ovalbumin mRNA activity was also found using linear formamide-sucrose gradients. (2) Determination of both total mRNA activity and ovalbumin mRNA activity in the wheat germ cell-free translation assay revealed that 92% of the total peptides synthesized were specifically immunoprecipitable with an ovalbumin antiserum. (3) Analysis of the total peptides synthesizied in the wheat germ assay by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis demonstrated the presence of a single radioactive peak that corresponded exactly to a specifically immunoprecipitable ovalbumin standard. Thus, based on these observations ovalbumin mRNA appears to be greater than 95% pure. A preliminary estimation of the molecular weight of purified ovalbumin mRNA by formamide-containing sucrose gradients yielded a value of 520,000 or approximately 1600 nucleotides. This value was considerably less than the value of 900,000 obtained by gel electrophoresis under denaturing conditions. Analysis of the poly(A) content by a hybridization assay with (3H)poly(U) revealed the presence of a poly(A) region containing approximately 70 adenosine residues. Thus, the size of the ovalbumin mRNA is considerably greater than that required to code for a protein of 387 amino acids. The availability of large quantities of purified ovalbumin mRNA should now permit a more thorough analysis of its physical and chemical properties.", "contents": "Preparation and preliminary characterization of purified ovalbumin messenger RNA from the hen oviduct. Preparation of milligram amounts of purified ovalbumin mRNA was accomplished by a sequential combination of precise sizing techniques with the selective purification of the poly(A) containing RNA by either affinity chromatography or adsorption to nitrocellulose filters. Several new techniques were applied to the purification of ovalbumin mRNA including Sepharose 4B chromatography and agarose gel electrophoresis in the presence of 6 M urea at pH 3.5. All the procedures used were adapted on a preparative sacle to the fractionation of large quantities of RNA. The purity of the ovalbumin mRNA was assessed by several independent criteria. (1) Purified ovalbumin mRNA migrated as a single band during both agarose-urea and formamide-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at pH 3.5 and 7.4, respectively. A single absorbance peak containing all of the ovalbumin mRNA activity was also found using linear formamide-sucrose gradients. (2) Determination of both total mRNA activity and ovalbumin mRNA activity in the wheat germ cell-free translation assay revealed that 92% of the total peptides synthesized were specifically immunoprecipitable with an ovalbumin antiserum. (3) Analysis of the total peptides synthesizied in the wheat germ assay by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis demonstrated the presence of a single radioactive peak that corresponded exactly to a specifically immunoprecipitable ovalbumin standard. Thus, based on these observations ovalbumin mRNA appears to be greater than 95% pure. A preliminary estimation of the molecular weight of purified ovalbumin mRNA by formamide-containing sucrose gradients yielded a value of 520,000 or approximately 1600 nucleotides. This value was considerably less than the value of 900,000 obtained by gel electrophoresis under denaturing conditions. Analysis of the poly(A) content by a hybridization assay with (3H)poly(U) revealed the presence of a poly(A) region containing approximately 70 adenosine residues. Thus, the size of the ovalbumin mRNA is considerably greater than that required to code for a protein of 387 amino acids. The availability of large quantities of purified ovalbumin mRNA should now permit a more thorough analysis of its physical and chemical properties.", "PMID": 1109593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2460", "title": "Purine nucleoside phosphorylase. Microheterogeneity and comparison of kinetic behavior of the enzyme from several tissues and species.", "content": "The purine nucleoside phosphorylases (PNPases) from human and rat erythrocytes and bovine spleen have been subjected to isoelectric focusing. The crystalline bovine spleen PNPase emerged as a single peak of pI = 5.4 whereas the rat erythrocytic PNPase was distributed into two variants of pI = 5.6 and 5.7 and the crystalline human erythrocytic enzyme produced six variants ranging from pI = 5.85 to 6.25. Treatment of human erythrocytic PNPase with dithiobisnitrobenzoate changed the enzyme to a more acidic form (pI = 5.05). The kinetic behaviors of these electrophoretic variants were studied and compared with the unresolved bovine erythrocytic PNPase. All six variants of the human erythrocytic PNPase and the two variants of rat erythrocytic PNPase displayed substrate activation at high concentrations of inosine and deoxyinosine. Bovine erythrocytic PNPase did not show activation with any of the nucleosides whereas with the bovine spleen enzyme activation occurred only with the deoxynucleosides, deoxyinosine and deoxyguanosine. The Km values for inosine, deoxyinosine, guanosine, deoxyguanosine, guanine, and hypoxanthine, where determined, ranged from 1.3 x 10-5 to 3.0 x 10-5 M for all the enzymes except the rat erythrocytic PNPase variants which have higher Km values for inosine (5.9 x 10-5 M, 8.3 x 10-5 M) and deoxyinosine (13 x 10-5 M, 20 x 10-5 M).", "contents": "Purine nucleoside phosphorylase. Microheterogeneity and comparison of kinetic behavior of the enzyme from several tissues and species. The purine nucleoside phosphorylases (PNPases) from human and rat erythrocytes and bovine spleen have been subjected to isoelectric focusing. The crystalline bovine spleen PNPase emerged as a single peak of pI = 5.4 whereas the rat erythrocytic PNPase was distributed into two variants of pI = 5.6 and 5.7 and the crystalline human erythrocytic enzyme produced six variants ranging from pI = 5.85 to 6.25. Treatment of human erythrocytic PNPase with dithiobisnitrobenzoate changed the enzyme to a more acidic form (pI = 5.05). The kinetic behaviors of these electrophoretic variants were studied and compared with the unresolved bovine erythrocytic PNPase. All six variants of the human erythrocytic PNPase and the two variants of rat erythrocytic PNPase displayed substrate activation at high concentrations of inosine and deoxyinosine. Bovine erythrocytic PNPase did not show activation with any of the nucleosides whereas with the bovine spleen enzyme activation occurred only with the deoxynucleosides, deoxyinosine and deoxyguanosine. The Km values for inosine, deoxyinosine, guanosine, deoxyguanosine, guanine, and hypoxanthine, where determined, ranged from 1.3 x 10-5 to 3.0 x 10-5 M for all the enzymes except the rat erythrocytic PNPase variants which have higher Km values for inosine (5.9 x 10-5 M, 8.3 x 10-5 M) and deoxyinosine (13 x 10-5 M, 20 x 10-5 M).", "PMID": 1109594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2461", "title": "Library cooperation: wave of the future or ripple?", "content": "Little of the literature in library cooperation applies specifically to library service for the health sciences. Based on experience in and observations of the cooperation of health science libraries, this short lecture reviews aspects of general library cooperation, networks, and consortia. The effects on library operation of several cooperative activities are enumerated and cooperation management is discussed briefly.", "contents": "Library cooperation: wave of the future or ripple? Little of the literature in library cooperation applies specifically to library service for the health sciences. Based on experience in and observations of the cooperation of health science libraries, this short lecture reviews aspects of general library cooperation, networks, and consortia. The effects on library operation of several cooperative activities are enumerated and cooperation management is discussed briefly.", "PMID": 1109612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2462", "title": "National Library of Medicine: international cooperation for biomedical communications.", "content": "The international programs of the National Library of Medicine may vary in mechanism, but all share the common objective of improved medical research, education, and practice. They are a natural extension of domestic responsibilities and represent a sharing of time, talent, and resources. The programs may be service-oriented, cooperative efforts based on the computerized information storage and retrieval system (MEDLARS), or establishment of regional medical library programs. Policy and operational aspects are presented.", "contents": "National Library of Medicine: international cooperation for biomedical communications. The international programs of the National Library of Medicine may vary in mechanism, but all share the common objective of improved medical research, education, and practice. They are a natural extension of domestic responsibilities and represent a sharing of time, talent, and resources. The programs may be service-oriented, cooperative efforts based on the computerized information storage and retrieval system (MEDLARS), or establishment of regional medical library programs. Policy and operational aspects are presented.", "PMID": 1109613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2463", "title": "Components for consideration by emerging consortia.", "content": "The Consortium for Information Resources of the West Suburban Hospital Association in Boston is presented as one model for library cooperation. It is described in generalized terms that may be of interest to other consortia planners, rather than as a model for exact replication. Four components are discussed in detail: (1) composite resources, (2) multi-institutional environment, (3) leadership, and (4) activities.", "contents": "Components for consideration by emerging consortia. The Consortium for Information Resources of the West Suburban Hospital Association in Boston is presented as one model for library cooperation. It is described in generalized terms that may be of interest to other consortia planners, rather than as a model for exact replication. Four components are discussed in detail: (1) composite resources, (2) multi-institutional environment, (3) leadership, and (4) activities.", "PMID": 1109615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2464", "title": "Cost-performance analysis of cataloging and card production in a medical center library.", "content": "The unit cost of cataloging current English language monographs was studies and compared with the cost of purchasing catalog cards from a commercial source. Two hypotheses were proposed: (1) in-library costs for cataloging and card production are higher than those for the purchased-card method; (2) throughput time is faster for the in-library method. In addition, the data can be used to develop an analytical cost-performance model for administrative purposes. The data presented support the hypotheses. The model developed provides a mechanism for arriving at a cost for different levels of service and can be used to measure the performance of other alternative methods of cataloging. Implications for the use of CATLINE are discussed and suggestions for further studies are described.", "contents": "Cost-performance analysis of cataloging and card production in a medical center library. The unit cost of cataloging current English language monographs was studies and compared with the cost of purchasing catalog cards from a commercial source. Two hypotheses were proposed: (1) in-library costs for cataloging and card production are higher than those for the purchased-card method; (2) throughput time is faster for the in-library method. In addition, the data can be used to develop an analytical cost-performance model for administrative purposes. The data presented support the hypotheses. The model developed provides a mechanism for arriving at a cost for different levels of service and can be used to measure the performance of other alternative methods of cataloging. Implications for the use of CATLINE are discussed and suggestions for further studies are described.", "PMID": 1109616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2465", "title": "Mechanization of library procedures in the medium-sized medical library: XV. A study of the interaction of nonlibrarian searchers with the MEDLINE retrieval system.", "content": "The MEDLINE searchhes of sixteen nonlibrarian searchers at the School of Medicine Library, Washington University, were examined to determine the amount of utilization of the interactive capabilities of the system. The searchers made an average of 5.7 search statement modifications of their original searc statements and it was concluded that they did indeed use the interactive capabilities of MEDLINE.", "contents": "Mechanization of library procedures in the medium-sized medical library: XV. A study of the interaction of nonlibrarian searchers with the MEDLINE retrieval system. The MEDLINE searchhes of sixteen nonlibrarian searchers at the School of Medicine Library, Washington University, were examined to determine the amount of utilization of the interactive capabilities of the system. The searchers made an average of 5.7 search statement modifications of their original searc statements and it was concluded that they did indeed use the interactive capabilities of MEDLINE.", "PMID": 1109617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2466", "title": "Building a medical history collection.", "content": "The importance of a clearly defined policy for building a medical historical collection is stressed in relation to the type of library and to the financial possibilities for building the collection and for the proper housing, preservation, servicing, and bibliographic control of such a collection.", "contents": "Building a medical history collection. The importance of a clearly defined policy for building a medical historical collection is stressed in relation to the type of library and to the financial possibilities for building the collection and for the proper housing, preservation, servicing, and bibliographic control of such a collection.", "PMID": 1109618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2467", "title": "A further perspective on medical history collecting.", "content": "Part of the proper academic function of the medical librarian is to pay attention to the sources of modern medical knowledge. Secondary works on the history of medicine should be acquired and at least one subject field emphasized for collection in depth historically.", "contents": "A further perspective on medical history collecting. Part of the proper academic function of the medical librarian is to pay attention to the sources of modern medical knowledge. Secondary works on the history of medicine should be acquired and at least one subject field emphasized for collection in depth historically.", "PMID": 1109619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2468", "title": "Health science libraries in the United States: a five-year perspective.", "content": "Two surveys of the universe of health science libraries in the United States have been completed by the Medical Library Association's Committee on Surveys and Statistics over a five-year period. This paper compares, for 1969 and 1973, summary data on the universe, and the distribution of libraries, resources, personnel, and salaries.", "contents": "Health science libraries in the United States: a five-year perspective. Two surveys of the universe of health science libraries in the United States have been completed by the Medical Library Association's Committee on Surveys and Statistics over a five-year period. This paper compares, for 1969 and 1973, summary data on the universe, and the distribution of libraries, resources, personnel, and salaries.", "PMID": 1109620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2469", "title": "Congenital oesophageal strictures due to cartilaginous rings.", "content": "Two cases of distal oesophageal stricture secondary to tracheo-bronchial remnants containing cartilage are presented. The clinical histories and radiographic appearances of these lesions are discussed as is the postulated embryogenesis. A characteristic finding, when present, is the linear collection of barium projecting horizontally from the area of stricture, representing respiratory epithelial ducts.", "contents": "Congenital oesophageal strictures due to cartilaginous rings. Two cases of distal oesophageal stricture secondary to tracheo-bronchial remnants containing cartilage are presented. The clinical histories and radiographic appearances of these lesions are discussed as is the postulated embryogenesis. A characteristic finding, when present, is the linear collection of barium projecting horizontally from the area of stricture, representing respiratory epithelial ducts.", "PMID": 1109621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2470", "title": "Gall-bladder emptying measured by a radioisotopic method.", "content": "A method of oral radioisotope cholecystography is described using 131I sodium ipodate. Gall-bladder emptying was measured by this method and radiographically: (a) in a model, (b) in 34 patients having oral cholecystography. There was a good correlation between the two methods of measuring volume changes, both in vitro and in vivo. The isotope cholecystogram has the advantage of a lower radiation hazard, and is the only satisfactory method of studying the onset, rate and duration of gall-bladder emptying. These may be easily measurable markers of disorders of the upper small bowel.", "contents": "Gall-bladder emptying measured by a radioisotopic method. A method of oral radioisotope cholecystography is described using 131I sodium ipodate. Gall-bladder emptying was measured by this method and radiographically: (a) in a model, (b) in 34 patients having oral cholecystography. There was a good correlation between the two methods of measuring volume changes, both in vitro and in vivo. The isotope cholecystogram has the advantage of a lower radiation hazard, and is the only satisfactory method of studying the onset, rate and duration of gall-bladder emptying. These may be easily measurable markers of disorders of the upper small bowel.", "PMID": 1109622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2471", "title": "The \"chest-abdomen sign\" in familial dysautonomia.", "content": "Both lung pathology and bowel distension are seen simultaneously on radiographs in familial dysautonomia. These are constant findings even in the absence of acute disease. One may thus speak of a \"chest-abdomen sign\" in this entity. Cases with this sign are presented in illustration and the differential diagnosis is discussed.", "contents": "The \"chest-abdomen sign\" in familial dysautonomia. Both lung pathology and bowel distension are seen simultaneously on radiographs in familial dysautonomia. These are constant findings even in the absence of acute disease. One may thus speak of a \"chest-abdomen sign\" in this entity. Cases with this sign are presented in illustration and the differential diagnosis is discussed.", "PMID": 1109623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2472", "title": "A comparison of x-ray spectra and outputs from molybdenum and tungsten targets.", "content": "The relative merits of tungsten and molybdenum targets for mammography have been the subject of much discussion. Therefore the spectra and outputs (at constant potential) from molybdenum and tungsten targets, interchangeable in the same tube, have been measured with a Ge(Li) detector and ion chamber respectively. All conditions apart from the target material were unaltered. The spectra have been corrected for the distortions produced by the detector. The effects of filtration on spectra and exposure rates have been calculated and are in agreement with measured values. The spectra and outputs from molybdenum and tungsten targets filtered by aluminium and molybdenum have been investigated and the results are discussed with reference to mammography and the radiography of specimens.", "contents": "A comparison of x-ray spectra and outputs from molybdenum and tungsten targets. The relative merits of tungsten and molybdenum targets for mammography have been the subject of much discussion. Therefore the spectra and outputs (at constant potential) from molybdenum and tungsten targets, interchangeable in the same tube, have been measured with a Ge(Li) detector and ion chamber respectively. All conditions apart from the target material were unaltered. The spectra have been corrected for the distortions produced by the detector. The effects of filtration on spectra and exposure rates have been calculated and are in agreement with measured values. The spectra and outputs from molybdenum and tungsten targets filtered by aluminium and molybdenum have been investigated and the results are discussed with reference to mammography and the radiography of specimens.", "PMID": 1109625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2473", "title": "Intravenous salbutamol in management of status asthmaticus.", "content": "After the administration of intravenous salbutamol (100-300 mug) to 11 patients admitted to hospital with a severe exacerbation of asthma there was a mean increase in peak expiratory flow of 44% accompanied by a rise in pulse rate of 24 beats/min. Blood gas tensions showed a trend to improvement and there were no serious side effects. It is concluded that intravenous salbutamol is an effective and apparently safe bronchodilator in the management of acutely ill patients with severe asthma.", "contents": "Intravenous salbutamol in management of status asthmaticus. After the administration of intravenous salbutamol (100-300 mug) to 11 patients admitted to hospital with a severe exacerbation of asthma there was a mean increase in peak expiratory flow of 44% accompanied by a rise in pulse rate of 24 beats/min. Blood gas tensions showed a trend to improvement and there were no serious side effects. It is concluded that intravenous salbutamol is an effective and apparently safe bronchodilator in the management of acutely ill patients with severe asthma.", "PMID": 1109657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2474", "title": "Effect of surgery on tumour-directed leucocyte responses.", "content": "Leucocytes from 22 out of 26 patients with mammary carcinoma were significantly cytotoxic in vitro for cells cultured from mammary tumours though only two out of 17 of these preparations were cytotoxic for cells cultured from tumours arising at other sites. In the immediate postoperative period reactivity of patients' leucocytes with mammary tumour cells was undetectable but returned within one week of surgery. Leucocyte cytotoxicity may therefore offer a model in which the mechanism of postoperative depression of immunological competence may be investigated.", "contents": "Effect of surgery on tumour-directed leucocyte responses. Leucocytes from 22 out of 26 patients with mammary carcinoma were significantly cytotoxic in vitro for cells cultured from mammary tumours though only two out of 17 of these preparations were cytotoxic for cells cultured from tumours arising at other sites. In the immediate postoperative period reactivity of patients' leucocytes with mammary tumour cells was undetectable but returned within one week of surgery. Leucocyte cytotoxicity may therefore offer a model in which the mechanism of postoperative depression of immunological competence may be investigated.", "PMID": 1109658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2475", "title": "Study of dust mites in three Birmingham hospitals.", "content": "Samples of dust were collected from wards in a general hospital, a geriatric hospital, and a skin hospital. Mites were found on the floors of all three hospitals; Surprisingly, the skin hospital showed fewer mites than the general hospital. The differences were attributed to the variation in ward activity, the number of visitors on the wards, and the differing cleaning regimens. Plastic-covered mattresses were almost completely free from mites, but foci were found on soft furnishings and on the jackets and overcoats of hospital workers. The total numbers of mites were small compared to those found in house dust, and hospital mites probably do not consitute a serious problem for asthmatic patients.", "contents": "Study of dust mites in three Birmingham hospitals. Samples of dust were collected from wards in a general hospital, a geriatric hospital, and a skin hospital. Mites were found on the floors of all three hospitals; Surprisingly, the skin hospital showed fewer mites than the general hospital. The differences were attributed to the variation in ward activity, the number of visitors on the wards, and the differing cleaning regimens. Plastic-covered mattresses were almost completely free from mites, but foci were found on soft furnishings and on the jackets and overcoats of hospital workers. The total numbers of mites were small compared to those found in house dust, and hospital mites probably do not consitute a serious problem for asthmatic patients.", "PMID": 1109659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2476", "title": "Relationship of inhibition of prostaglandin biosynthesis by analgesics to asthma attacks in aspirin-sensitive patients.", "content": "Eleven patients with asthma and aspirin hypersensitivity have been challenged with eight non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Each drug was given by mouth in at least three different doses and the patients' symptoms and peak expiratory flow (PEF) rates were observed over a three-hour period. Indomethacin 5 mg caused bronchoconstriction in all patients. Therapeutic doses of mefenamic or flufenamic acid caused bronchoconstriction in most patients. Phenylbutazone 200-400 mg induced a moderate fall in PEF. There were no reactions to therapeutic doses of salicylamide, paracetamol, benzydamine, and chloroquine. Microsomal prostaglandin synthetase, activity was inhibited by aspirin, indomethacin, mefenamic acid, flufenamic acid, and phenylbutazone. The other four drugs had no inhibitory effect. We suggest that precipitation of attacks in asthmatic patients hypersensitive to certain anti-inflammatory drugs is related to drug's ability to inhibit prostaglandin biosynthesis.", "contents": "Relationship of inhibition of prostaglandin biosynthesis by analgesics to asthma attacks in aspirin-sensitive patients. Eleven patients with asthma and aspirin hypersensitivity have been challenged with eight non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Each drug was given by mouth in at least three different doses and the patients' symptoms and peak expiratory flow (PEF) rates were observed over a three-hour period. Indomethacin 5 mg caused bronchoconstriction in all patients. Therapeutic doses of mefenamic or flufenamic acid caused bronchoconstriction in most patients. Phenylbutazone 200-400 mg induced a moderate fall in PEF. There were no reactions to therapeutic doses of salicylamide, paracetamol, benzydamine, and chloroquine. Microsomal prostaglandin synthetase, activity was inhibited by aspirin, indomethacin, mefenamic acid, flufenamic acid, and phenylbutazone. The other four drugs had no inhibitory effect. We suggest that precipitation of attacks in asthmatic patients hypersensitive to certain anti-inflammatory drugs is related to drug's ability to inhibit prostaglandin biosynthesis.", "PMID": 1109660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2477", "title": "Cutaneous necrosis due to cetrimide application.", "content": "Reports of necrosis caused by quaternary ammonium compounds, such as cetrimide, are rare. The case is reported of a 77-year-old woman who was admitted to hospital for four months with cutaneous necrosis of the left foot and leg owing to the topical application of cetrimide powder.", "contents": "Cutaneous necrosis due to cetrimide application. Reports of necrosis caused by quaternary ammonium compounds, such as cetrimide, are rare. The case is reported of a 77-year-old woman who was admitted to hospital for four months with cutaneous necrosis of the left foot and leg owing to the topical application of cetrimide powder.", "PMID": 1109661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2478", "title": "Oesophagoscopy, biopsy, and acid perfusion test in diagnosis of \"reflux oesophagitis\".", "content": "The results of fibreoptic endoscopy have been assessed retrospectively in 71 patients referred for consideration of the oesophagus as the possible or probable cause of their symptoms. Gross endoscopic abnormality was uncommon but friability of the mucosa was seen in about half of the patients with typical symptoms of \"reflux-pain\" and a quarter of those without. The combination of radiological reflux and endoscopic abnormality--that is, true reflux oesophagitis--was seen in only a third of the patients with typical symptoms though much less commonly in those with atypical symptoms. Histological abnormality was common but did not relate well to symptom pattern. The results of the acid perfusion test were significantly related to symptom pattern though overlap was observed between the two symptomatic groups. Six of these patients had had or were awaiting surgery to correct reflux and they all had uniformly positive findings. This study confirms the value of the acid perfusion test in clarifying the diagnosis of reflux pain, espcially if the symptoms are difficult to assess. Endoscopy and biopsy added little further information of diagnostic value and could probably be reserved for the small minority of patients who have special problems such as blood loss or dysphagia or where clarification of a radiological lesion is required.", "contents": "Oesophagoscopy, biopsy, and acid perfusion test in diagnosis of \"reflux oesophagitis\". The results of fibreoptic endoscopy have been assessed retrospectively in 71 patients referred for consideration of the oesophagus as the possible or probable cause of their symptoms. Gross endoscopic abnormality was uncommon but friability of the mucosa was seen in about half of the patients with typical symptoms of \"reflux-pain\" and a quarter of those without. The combination of radiological reflux and endoscopic abnormality--that is, true reflux oesophagitis--was seen in only a third of the patients with typical symptoms though much less commonly in those with atypical symptoms. Histological abnormality was common but did not relate well to symptom pattern. The results of the acid perfusion test were significantly related to symptom pattern though overlap was observed between the two symptomatic groups. Six of these patients had had or were awaiting surgery to correct reflux and they all had uniformly positive findings. This study confirms the value of the acid perfusion test in clarifying the diagnosis of reflux pain, espcially if the symptoms are difficult to assess. Endoscopy and biopsy added little further information of diagnostic value and could probably be reserved for the small minority of patients who have special problems such as blood loss or dysphagia or where clarification of a radiological lesion is required.", "PMID": 1109662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2479", "title": "Pathophysiology of subendocardial ischaemia.", "content": "Most forms of heart disease cause myocardial damage which often is confined to the deep (subendocardial) layer of left ventricular muscle. Much clinical and experimental evidence suggests that subendocardial muscle is prone to ischaemic damage, and a physiological mechanism for this vulnerability is described. Furthermore, experiments suggest that pressures recorded at cardiac catheterization can help to assess if there is subendocardial ischaemia in a variety of lesions in man.", "contents": "Pathophysiology of subendocardial ischaemia. Most forms of heart disease cause myocardial damage which often is confined to the deep (subendocardial) layer of left ventricular muscle. Much clinical and experimental evidence suggests that subendocardial muscle is prone to ischaemic damage, and a physiological mechanism for this vulnerability is described. Furthermore, experiments suggest that pressures recorded at cardiac catheterization can help to assess if there is subendocardial ischaemia in a variety of lesions in man.", "PMID": 1109663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2480", "title": "The general practitioner and changes in obstetric practice.", "content": "Compared with the 1960s fewer general practitioners today are obtaining a postgraduate diploma in obstetrics, and the future more stringent criteria for practitioners wishing to undertake this will probably restrict the numbers of family doctors wishing to practise in this field. More deliveries are being performed in institutions--either in consultant or general-practitioner units. Morever, within a decade probably few G.P.s will attend during normal labour or delivery, which can and should be conducted by midwives. In future, therefore, G.P.s should have a new role in obstetrics, being responsible for some antenatal supervision and postnatal care, including postnatal examinations, taking a cervical smear, and advice on birth control.", "contents": "The general practitioner and changes in obstetric practice. Compared with the 1960s fewer general practitioners today are obtaining a postgraduate diploma in obstetrics, and the future more stringent criteria for practitioners wishing to undertake this will probably restrict the numbers of family doctors wishing to practise in this field. More deliveries are being performed in institutions--either in consultant or general-practitioner units. Morever, within a decade probably few G.P.s will attend during normal labour or delivery, which can and should be conducted by midwives. In future, therefore, G.P.s should have a new role in obstetrics, being responsible for some antenatal supervision and postnatal care, including postnatal examinations, taking a cervical smear, and advice on birth control.", "PMID": 1109664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2481", "title": "Effects of amphetamine isomers and neuroleptics on self-stimulation from the nucleus accumbens and dorsal noradrenergic bundle.", "content": "In an attempt to examine the possible role of noradrenergic (NA) and dopaminergic (DA) systems in intracranial self-stimulation (ICS), the rate-increasing effects of D- and L-amphetamine on ICS were determined in rats with nucleus accumbens electrodes (DA placement) or dorsal NA bundle electrodes (NA placement). The D-isomer produced a significantly greater increase in ICS than did the L-isomer in animals with dorsal NA bundle electrodes. In contrast, the amphetamine isomers were equipotent in facilitating ICS in animals with nucleus accumbens electrodes. These data, together with previous observations, suggest that there exists a correlation between equipotential effects of D- and L-amphetamine and DA electrode placements on the one hand, and prepotent effects of D-amphetamine and NA electrode placements on the other. Pimozide and haloperidol, which in low doses are thought to specifically block DA receptors, decreased ICS obtained from both DA and NA electrode placements. It is suggested that neuroleptic drugs may produce a general disruption of operant behavior and that the decrease in ICS produced by these agents does not therefore necessarily implicate dopaminergic mechanisms in the neurochemistry of reward.", "contents": "Effects of amphetamine isomers and neuroleptics on self-stimulation from the nucleus accumbens and dorsal noradrenergic bundle. In an attempt to examine the possible role of noradrenergic (NA) and dopaminergic (DA) systems in intracranial self-stimulation (ICS), the rate-increasing effects of D- and L-amphetamine on ICS were determined in rats with nucleus accumbens electrodes (DA placement) or dorsal NA bundle electrodes (NA placement). The D-isomer produced a significantly greater increase in ICS than did the L-isomer in animals with dorsal NA bundle electrodes. In contrast, the amphetamine isomers were equipotent in facilitating ICS in animals with nucleus accumbens electrodes. These data, together with previous observations, suggest that there exists a correlation between equipotential effects of D- and L-amphetamine and DA electrode placements on the one hand, and prepotent effects of D-amphetamine and NA electrode placements on the other. Pimozide and haloperidol, which in low doses are thought to specifically block DA receptors, decreased ICS obtained from both DA and NA electrode placements. It is suggested that neuroleptic drugs may produce a general disruption of operant behavior and that the decrease in ICS produced by these agents does not therefore necessarily implicate dopaminergic mechanisms in the neurochemistry of reward.", "PMID": 1109690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2482", "title": "A consideration of ketamine dreams.", "content": "This study was designed to see whether covering of the eyes during and after ketamine anaesthesia would reduce the incidence of dreams. One hundred and fifty patients, randomly divided into three groups, underwent therapeutic abortion with ketamine as the sole anaesthesia. One hundred patients had their eyes completely covered, 50 in the operating room only and 50 in the operating room and in the recovery room. The third 50 were controls, with their eyes uncovered. All patients were questioned post-operatively about dreams, nausea and vomiting, headache, dizziness and experiences, and also how frequently they dreamed at home. Although covering the eyes in the recovery room only reduced the incidence of dreams marginally, it became obvious that the patients who dreamed after ketamine (in all 3 groups) were those who normally dreamed at home. There were 82 patients who were recorded as not being home-dreamers, and only two of these dreamed after ketamine. In contrast, of the 68 home-dreamers, 50 dreamed after ketamine, and 17 of these had unpleasant dreams. In the home-dreamers, covering the eyes reduced the incidence of dreams from 86 per cent in Group 1 to 72 per cent in Group 2 and 64 per cent in Group 3. It is suggested that goggles may be advantageous when dealing with home-dreamers, and a question about the patient's tendency to dream should be included in the preoperative questioning. Alterations in premedication and the use of a quiet dark room during recovery may even further reduce unpleasant dreams in this group.", "contents": "A consideration of ketamine dreams. This study was designed to see whether covering of the eyes during and after ketamine anaesthesia would reduce the incidence of dreams. One hundred and fifty patients, randomly divided into three groups, underwent therapeutic abortion with ketamine as the sole anaesthesia. One hundred patients had their eyes completely covered, 50 in the operating room only and 50 in the operating room and in the recovery room. The third 50 were controls, with their eyes uncovered. All patients were questioned post-operatively about dreams, nausea and vomiting, headache, dizziness and experiences, and also how frequently they dreamed at home. Although covering the eyes in the recovery room only reduced the incidence of dreams marginally, it became obvious that the patients who dreamed after ketamine (in all 3 groups) were those who normally dreamed at home. There were 82 patients who were recorded as not being home-dreamers, and only two of these dreamed after ketamine. In contrast, of the 68 home-dreamers, 50 dreamed after ketamine, and 17 of these had unpleasant dreams. In the home-dreamers, covering the eyes reduced the incidence of dreams from 86 per cent in Group 1 to 72 per cent in Group 2 and 64 per cent in Group 3. It is suggested that goggles may be advantageous when dealing with home-dreamers, and a question about the patient's tendency to dream should be included in the preoperative questioning. Alterations in premedication and the use of a quiet dark room during recovery may even further reduce unpleasant dreams in this group.", "PMID": 1109698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2483", "title": "Anaesthetic technicians in the province of Quebec.", "content": "I have described the recent history of the development of anaesthetic technicians in the Province of Quebec. Anaesthetic technicians will have the same training program as inhalation therapists. This program is organized through the CEGEP (College D' Enseignement General et Professionnel) system in Quebec. The Association of Anesthetists of the Province of Quebec (AAPQ) has sponsored inhalation therapy and now sponsors fully the program for training anaesthetic and technicians. The Government has approved the program. It is now in operation and the first anaesthetic technicians in Quebec have in fact graduated in 1973.", "contents": "Anaesthetic technicians in the province of Quebec. I have described the recent history of the development of anaesthetic technicians in the Province of Quebec. Anaesthetic technicians will have the same training program as inhalation therapists. This program is organized through the CEGEP (College D' Enseignement General et Professionnel) system in Quebec. The Association of Anesthetists of the Province of Quebec (AAPQ) has sponsored inhalation therapy and now sponsors fully the program for training anaesthetic and technicians. The Government has approved the program. It is now in operation and the first anaesthetic technicians in Quebec have in fact graduated in 1973.", "PMID": 1109699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2484", "title": "A simplified scoring system for the post-operative recovery room.", "content": "A new and very simple scoring system for recording post-anaesthetic recovery is described. When numerical values are assigned to factors indicating recovery progress or lack of it is obvious. The records may have medico-legal value. It can be incorporated into the Recovery Room Record.", "contents": "A simplified scoring system for the post-operative recovery room. A new and very simple scoring system for recording post-anaesthetic recovery is described. When numerical values are assigned to factors indicating recovery progress or lack of it is obvious. The records may have medico-legal value. It can be incorporated into the Recovery Room Record.", "PMID": 1109700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2485", "title": "Blood substitutes.", "content": "Substitutes for whole blood include blood fractions such as plasma, serum albumin and other fluids of various kinds which are not derived from blood but are used as plasma volume expanders; these, include the usual crystaloid intravenous solutions. Since in comparison to blood far more of these later solutions are given intravenously, a thorough knowledge of plasma volume expanders is essential. The first use of such expanders in human patients was by Hogan in 1915. He used colloidal gelatin and noted an improvement in blood pressure in shock. In 1945, Gronwall and Ingelman advocated the use of dextran in shock. The reguirements for an acceptable plasma substitute are: a satisfactory colloidal osmotic pressure, constand composition at reasonable cost, a viscosity suitable for intravenous administration, stability in prolonged storage at variable temperatures, and sterilization by autoclaving. Such substances must be either fully excreted or metabolized, and must cause no early or late tissue damage. They must be non-antigenic and pyrogen free. They must cause no change in the blood such as haemolysis, R.B.C. agglutination, increased sedimentation rate and no impairment of haemostasis. The presently available plasma expanders include blood derivatives (plasma, albumin), modified protein (gelatin, oxypolygelatin), polymerized carbohydrates (dextran) and plastics (polyvinyl pyrrolidone-PVP). All these substances expand plasma volume, decrease haematocrit and plasma proteins, increase sedimentation rate and blood pressure. Dextran, PVP and geletin do not alter hepatic function. Dextran and gelatin have no deleterious effects on renal function. Features of the clinically used plasma expanders are: 1. Fresh Frozen Plasma Fresh frozen plasma contains all clotting factors except platelets. The risk of the transmission of hepatitis is present as it is with whole blood. 2. Plasma Protein Fractions Plasma protein fractions are free of hepatitis virus, but may cause arteriolar dilatation and hypotension. 3. Serum Albumin Serum albumin is a concentrated blood protein fraction. It is salt poor, stable and does not transmit the virus of hepatitis. Since it has a high oncotic pressure it is necessary to give significant quantities of clear fluids with it. It is expensive, scarce, and dilutes the clotting factors. It is, however, a first choice for emergency treatment of shock; 4. Dextran The dextrans may be of medium or low molecular weight. They are inexpensive and readily available, and do not transmit the virus of hepatitis. In large amounts they cause a coagulation defect and may be antigenic. Continued.", "contents": "Blood substitutes. Substitutes for whole blood include blood fractions such as plasma, serum albumin and other fluids of various kinds which are not derived from blood but are used as plasma volume expanders; these, include the usual crystaloid intravenous solutions. Since in comparison to blood far more of these later solutions are given intravenously, a thorough knowledge of plasma volume expanders is essential. The first use of such expanders in human patients was by Hogan in 1915. He used colloidal gelatin and noted an improvement in blood pressure in shock. In 1945, Gronwall and Ingelman advocated the use of dextran in shock. The reguirements for an acceptable plasma substitute are: a satisfactory colloidal osmotic pressure, constand composition at reasonable cost, a viscosity suitable for intravenous administration, stability in prolonged storage at variable temperatures, and sterilization by autoclaving. Such substances must be either fully excreted or metabolized, and must cause no early or late tissue damage. They must be non-antigenic and pyrogen free. They must cause no change in the blood such as haemolysis, R.B.C. agglutination, increased sedimentation rate and no impairment of haemostasis. The presently available plasma expanders include blood derivatives (plasma, albumin), modified protein (gelatin, oxypolygelatin), polymerized carbohydrates (dextran) and plastics (polyvinyl pyrrolidone-PVP). All these substances expand plasma volume, decrease haematocrit and plasma proteins, increase sedimentation rate and blood pressure. Dextran, PVP and geletin do not alter hepatic function. Dextran and gelatin have no deleterious effects on renal function. Features of the clinically used plasma expanders are: 1. Fresh Frozen Plasma Fresh frozen plasma contains all clotting factors except platelets. The risk of the transmission of hepatitis is present as it is with whole blood. 2. Plasma Protein Fractions Plasma protein fractions are free of hepatitis virus, but may cause arteriolar dilatation and hypotension. 3. Serum Albumin Serum albumin is a concentrated blood protein fraction. It is salt poor, stable and does not transmit the virus of hepatitis. Since it has a high oncotic pressure it is necessary to give significant quantities of clear fluids with it. It is expensive, scarce, and dilutes the clotting factors. It is, however, a first choice for emergency treatment of shock; 4. Dextran The dextrans may be of medium or low molecular weight. They are inexpensive and readily available, and do not transmit the virus of hepatitis. In large amounts they cause a coagulation defect and may be antigenic. Continued.", "PMID": 1109702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2486", "title": "Prediction of arterial carbon dioxide tension during controlled ventilation with a modified Mapleson D system.", "content": "Based on measurements of arterial CO2 tension in 132 adult patients, a curve was constructed relating fresh gas inflow and arterial CO2 tension for a modified Mapleson D system. In patients on controlled ventilation using a ventilating volume greater than the predicted respiratory minute volume, it was found that the arterial Pco2 can be predicted from the fresh gas inflow with an accuracy sufficient to be clinically useful.", "contents": "Prediction of arterial carbon dioxide tension during controlled ventilation with a modified Mapleson D system. Based on measurements of arterial CO2 tension in 132 adult patients, a curve was constructed relating fresh gas inflow and arterial CO2 tension for a modified Mapleson D system. In patients on controlled ventilation using a ventilating volume greater than the predicted respiratory minute volume, it was found that the arterial Pco2 can be predicted from the fresh gas inflow with an accuracy sufficient to be clinically useful.", "PMID": 1109704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2487", "title": "Early changes in lung water after haemorrhagic shock in pigs and dogs.", "content": "This study has demonstrated a 34 per cent rise in lung water after shock and retransfusion of blood. This extra lung water was associated with increased pulmonary artery pressure, increased plumonary vascular resistance and reduced myocardial performance. These findings occurred despite the failure of arterial pressure to return to normal after retransfusion blood. Although this increased lung water is less than anything which can be detected clinically it may represent the beginnings of the shock lung syndrome as oedema progresses over period of weeks. A reasonable approach to the problem should include attempts to reduce the elevated plumonary vascular resistance. NaHCO3 should be infused before or during administration of the first bottle of blood in an attempt to improve myocardial function and reduce pulmonary vascular resistance. Fluids should not be infused simply to return arterial pressures in the pulmonary vascular bed. Pulmonary artery and wedge pressure monitoring with Swan Ganz catheters may improve the management of shock patients.", "contents": "Early changes in lung water after haemorrhagic shock in pigs and dogs. This study has demonstrated a 34 per cent rise in lung water after shock and retransfusion of blood. This extra lung water was associated with increased pulmonary artery pressure, increased plumonary vascular resistance and reduced myocardial performance. These findings occurred despite the failure of arterial pressure to return to normal after retransfusion blood. Although this increased lung water is less than anything which can be detected clinically it may represent the beginnings of the shock lung syndrome as oedema progresses over period of weeks. A reasonable approach to the problem should include attempts to reduce the elevated plumonary vascular resistance. NaHCO3 should be infused before or during administration of the first bottle of blood in an attempt to improve myocardial function and reduce pulmonary vascular resistance. Fluids should not be infused simply to return arterial pressures in the pulmonary vascular bed. Pulmonary artery and wedge pressure monitoring with Swan Ganz catheters may improve the management of shock patients.", "PMID": 1109705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2488", "title": "Use of aspirin in haemorrhagic shock.", "content": "Haemorrhagic shock was induced in two similar groups of dogs for two hours. One group received aspirin before shock and the other group served as a control. When blood was retransfused the PVR which was markedly elevated during shock returned to pre-shock value in the aspirin group but was elevated 100 per cent in the control group, despite correction of a cidosis. Aspirin reduces collagen-induced platelet aggregation and thereby inhibits the formation of platelet micro-emboli without affecting the coagulationfactors. This effect of aspirin is thought to be responsible for the lowering of the elevated PVR to pre-shock values in the aspirin group following retransfusion. Because of the metabolic acidosis associated with the shock state, concurrent administration of sodium bicarbonate is recommended when transfusing shocked patients with blood. A clinical trial of aspirin in early treatment of shocked patients as well as for prophylaxis in high risk situations is justified.", "contents": "Use of aspirin in haemorrhagic shock. Haemorrhagic shock was induced in two similar groups of dogs for two hours. One group received aspirin before shock and the other group served as a control. When blood was retransfused the PVR which was markedly elevated during shock returned to pre-shock value in the aspirin group but was elevated 100 per cent in the control group, despite correction of a cidosis. Aspirin reduces collagen-induced platelet aggregation and thereby inhibits the formation of platelet micro-emboli without affecting the coagulationfactors. This effect of aspirin is thought to be responsible for the lowering of the elevated PVR to pre-shock values in the aspirin group following retransfusion. Because of the metabolic acidosis associated with the shock state, concurrent administration of sodium bicarbonate is recommended when transfusing shocked patients with blood. A clinical trial of aspirin in early treatment of shocked patients as well as for prophylaxis in high risk situations is justified.", "PMID": 1109706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2489", "title": "Chloroprocaine-bupivacaine sequence for obstetric extradural analgesia.", "content": "Two case reports, one a vaginal delivery, the other a Caesarean Section, have been presented to demonstrate the rationale of employing a chloroprocaine-bupivacaine sequence for extradural analgesia in obstetrics. Use of chloroprocaine for initiation and bupivacaine for maintenance of the block offers at least three advantages: (1) onset of pain relief is prompt while duration is prolonged; (2) more than one \"test\" dose of chloroprocaine may be employed with safety in rapid succession; (3) two drugs with different metabolic patterns are used, each in reduced amount.", "contents": "Chloroprocaine-bupivacaine sequence for obstetric extradural analgesia. Two case reports, one a vaginal delivery, the other a Caesarean Section, have been presented to demonstrate the rationale of employing a chloroprocaine-bupivacaine sequence for extradural analgesia in obstetrics. Use of chloroprocaine for initiation and bupivacaine for maintenance of the block offers at least three advantages: (1) onset of pain relief is prompt while duration is prolonged; (2) more than one \"test\" dose of chloroprocaine may be employed with safety in rapid succession; (3) two drugs with different metabolic patterns are used, each in reduced amount.", "PMID": 1109709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2490", "title": "Anaesthesia for posterior cervical osteotomy.", "content": "We have studied 22 consecutive cases of posterior cervical osteotomy done at the Toronto East General Hospital between October 1967 and November 1973. The anaesthetic management is discussed in some detail and consists of psychological preparation of the patient, and neuroleptanalgesia with infiltration with local anaesthetic by the surgeon. The reasons for this choice of technique have been discussed in some detail. There were no deaths during operation, but one patient suffered collapse on the table, which was thought to be due to air embolism. One patient died three weeks post-operatively of pulmonary embolism. Experience in anaesthetizing patients who require operation after previous posterior cervical osteotomy is mentioned briefly and techniques are recommended for successful management of such cases.", "contents": "Anaesthesia for posterior cervical osteotomy. We have studied 22 consecutive cases of posterior cervical osteotomy done at the Toronto East General Hospital between October 1967 and November 1973. The anaesthetic management is discussed in some detail and consists of psychological preparation of the patient, and neuroleptanalgesia with infiltration with local anaesthetic by the surgeon. The reasons for this choice of technique have been discussed in some detail. There were no deaths during operation, but one patient suffered collapse on the table, which was thought to be due to air embolism. One patient died three weeks post-operatively of pulmonary embolism. Experience in anaesthetizing patients who require operation after previous posterior cervical osteotomy is mentioned briefly and techniques are recommended for successful management of such cases.", "PMID": 1109710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2491", "title": "Direct arterial pressure monitoring from the dorsalis pedis artery.", "content": "The arteria dorsalis pedis, when clearly palpable, is a suitable artery for direct arterial blood pressure monitoring. The systolic pressure and the pulse pressure are likely higher in the dorsalis pedis artery when compared to the radial artery but there is no clinically significant difference in mean pressures. In plethysmographic studies it was found that in 16 per cent of the patients examined the pulse in the second toe disappeared after occlusion of the dorsalis pedis artery indicating that it carried the main blood supply to the toes. Although no complications have resulted from cannulation of the dorsalis pedis artery in our practise, some caution is in order and preliminary testing may be advisable even if the posterior tibial artery is distinctly palpable.", "contents": "Direct arterial pressure monitoring from the dorsalis pedis artery. The arteria dorsalis pedis, when clearly palpable, is a suitable artery for direct arterial blood pressure monitoring. The systolic pressure and the pulse pressure are likely higher in the dorsalis pedis artery when compared to the radial artery but there is no clinically significant difference in mean pressures. In plethysmographic studies it was found that in 16 per cent of the patients examined the pulse in the second toe disappeared after occlusion of the dorsalis pedis artery indicating that it carried the main blood supply to the toes. Although no complications have resulted from cannulation of the dorsalis pedis artery in our practise, some caution is in order and preliminary testing may be advisable even if the posterior tibial artery is distinctly palpable.", "PMID": 1109711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2492", "title": "Prevalence and significance of hepatitis B surface antigen in a general hospital.", "content": "Over a 6-month period 2025 patients admitted to New Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto were screened for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) by counter-immunoelectrophoresis (CIEP) and radioimmunoassay (RIA). CIEP detected 12 HBsAg-positive patients and RIA 16. RIA is therefore the more sensitive test for HBsAg. Of the 16 patients 2 had liver disease previously diagnosed, 3 had malignant disease and 11 were asymptomatic carriers. Of the 11 carriers all were born in countries where the carrier rate is known to be high. Routine screening of hospital patients on admission is of no value in detecting unsuspected liver disease but is of value in detecting asymptomatic carriers, which is of importance for the patient and his family. Routine screening tests for HBsAg in Canadian hospitals that treat many patients born in countries with a known high HBsAg prevalence is recommended. Routine screening is also recommended in all hospitals in Mediterranean and Asian countries.", "contents": "Prevalence and significance of hepatitis B surface antigen in a general hospital. Over a 6-month period 2025 patients admitted to New Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto were screened for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) by counter-immunoelectrophoresis (CIEP) and radioimmunoassay (RIA). CIEP detected 12 HBsAg-positive patients and RIA 16. RIA is therefore the more sensitive test for HBsAg. Of the 16 patients 2 had liver disease previously diagnosed, 3 had malignant disease and 11 were asymptomatic carriers. Of the 11 carriers all were born in countries where the carrier rate is known to be high. Routine screening of hospital patients on admission is of no value in detecting unsuspected liver disease but is of value in detecting asymptomatic carriers, which is of importance for the patient and his family. Routine screening tests for HBsAg in Canadian hospitals that treat many patients born in countries with a known high HBsAg prevalence is recommended. Routine screening is also recommended in all hospitals in Mediterranean and Asian countries.", "PMID": 1109723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2493", "title": "Hepatitis B antigen in Montr\u00e9al blood donors: childhood institutionalization as an epidemiologic factor.", "content": "In 1971 the Canadian Red Cross blood tranfusion service instituted routine screening for HBAg of all blood donors, using nationwide a standardized counterimmunoelectrophoretic technique. The prevalence of carriers in the Province of Qu\u00e9bec is unusually high (0.51%), being 3 to 12 times higher than in the other nine provinces. Among the carriers found in the Montr\u00e9al area 289 volunteered to be seen by our group for an extensive interview and a series of laboratory tests. There were 243 men and 46 women; their ages ranged from 18 to 55, 90% being less than 40. Twenty-nine were of foreign origin and 260 were born in Canada. The epidemiologic data revealed that the reservoir of HBAg carriers among the blood donors of the Montr\u00e9al area was found predominantly in the autochthonous population of French origin. Moreover, it appeared that 149 (52%) had lived in institution when they were infants or children: 127 were orphans and had been placed in institutions as newborns or babies, and 22 others had lived in institutions for at least 1 year between the ages of 5 and 10. This was by far the most important single epidemiologic factor that could contribute to the explanation of the abnormally high prevalence of HBAg carriers in the population studied.", "contents": "Hepatitis B antigen in Montr\u00e9al blood donors: childhood institutionalization as an epidemiologic factor. In 1971 the Canadian Red Cross blood tranfusion service instituted routine screening for HBAg of all blood donors, using nationwide a standardized counterimmunoelectrophoretic technique. The prevalence of carriers in the Province of Qu\u00e9bec is unusually high (0.51%), being 3 to 12 times higher than in the other nine provinces. Among the carriers found in the Montr\u00e9al area 289 volunteered to be seen by our group for an extensive interview and a series of laboratory tests. There were 243 men and 46 women; their ages ranged from 18 to 55, 90% being less than 40. Twenty-nine were of foreign origin and 260 were born in Canada. The epidemiologic data revealed that the reservoir of HBAg carriers among the blood donors of the Montr\u00e9al area was found predominantly in the autochthonous population of French origin. Moreover, it appeared that 149 (52%) had lived in institution when they were infants or children: 127 were orphans and had been placed in institutions as newborns or babies, and 22 others had lived in institutions for at least 1 year between the ages of 5 and 10. This was by far the most important single epidemiologic factor that could contribute to the explanation of the abnormally high prevalence of HBAg carriers in the population studied.", "PMID": 1109724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2494", "title": "Hepatitis B antigenemia among blood donors: the changing scene.", "content": "For the period May 1973 to August 1974 inclusive, the mean prevalence of hepatitis B antigenemia (HBsAg) in all Canadian provinces (per 100,000 population) was, for \"first-time\" donors, 242 and, for \"repeat\" donors, 77. A modification of counterimmunoelectrophoresis was used in all 16 regional transfusion centres. The findings confirm the previously noted high prevalence for the Province of Qu\u00e9bec and the continuing relatively high prevalence for Canada. The prevalence of HBsAg among donors could be lessened by institution of the following measures: development of a more effective technique for the screening of hepatitis carriers, study of nonparenterally transmitted hepatitis, better reporting of post-transfusion hepatitis, and greater discrimination in prescribing blood and blood components.", "contents": "Hepatitis B antigenemia among blood donors: the changing scene. For the period May 1973 to August 1974 inclusive, the mean prevalence of hepatitis B antigenemia (HBsAg) in all Canadian provinces (per 100,000 population) was, for \"first-time\" donors, 242 and, for \"repeat\" donors, 77. A modification of counterimmunoelectrophoresis was used in all 16 regional transfusion centres. The findings confirm the previously noted high prevalence for the Province of Qu\u00e9bec and the continuing relatively high prevalence for Canada. The prevalence of HBsAg among donors could be lessened by institution of the following measures: development of a more effective technique for the screening of hepatitis carriers, study of nonparenterally transmitted hepatitis, better reporting of post-transfusion hepatitis, and greater discrimination in prescribing blood and blood components.", "PMID": 1109725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2495", "title": "On the delivery of intensive care.", "content": "A 12-bed medical-surgical intensive care unit in a provincial, university-affiliated teaching hospital had 810 admissions during an 18-month period. Most patients were admitted under the care of a family physician. Quality care in the ICU was maintained by the efforts of dedicated unit managers, specialists and house staff. The overall mortality in the ICU of 8.1%, when added to the post-ICU mortality of 2.7% (giving a total hospital mortality of 10.8%), compares favourably with the best reported figures. Strong emphasis on selection of patients with potentially reversible disease, prompted in part by the limited facilities, may have played a role in yielding such favourable statistics. It is possible to retain participation of all members of the health care team during the brief phase of severe illness requiring intensive care.", "contents": "On the delivery of intensive care. A 12-bed medical-surgical intensive care unit in a provincial, university-affiliated teaching hospital had 810 admissions during an 18-month period. Most patients were admitted under the care of a family physician. Quality care in the ICU was maintained by the efforts of dedicated unit managers, specialists and house staff. The overall mortality in the ICU of 8.1%, when added to the post-ICU mortality of 2.7% (giving a total hospital mortality of 10.8%), compares favourably with the best reported figures. Strong emphasis on selection of patients with potentially reversible disease, prompted in part by the limited facilities, may have played a role in yielding such favourable statistics. It is possible to retain participation of all members of the health care team during the brief phase of severe illness requiring intensive care.", "PMID": 1109726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2496", "title": "The pharmacist as a provider of primary care.", "content": "A survey was undertaken to document the primary health care role of the pharmacist in London, Ont. Of particular interest was the volume of primary contacts, the type of problem handled and the advice given by the pharmacist. The contribution of pharmacists in primary health care was found to be large, with neighbourhood pharmacies being the most active. Eighty percent of all problems were handled by recommending an over-the-counter drug. The pharmacist appears to be comfortable in this function, although a conflict may exist between his professional and merchant roles.", "contents": "The pharmacist as a provider of primary care. A survey was undertaken to document the primary health care role of the pharmacist in London, Ont. Of particular interest was the volume of primary contacts, the type of problem handled and the advice given by the pharmacist. The contribution of pharmacists in primary health care was found to be large, with neighbourhood pharmacies being the most active. Eighty percent of all problems were handled by recommending an over-the-counter drug. The pharmacist appears to be comfortable in this function, although a conflict may exist between his professional and merchant roles.", "PMID": 1109727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2497", "title": "Career and training patterns of students entering Canadian medical schools in 1965.", "content": "This paper follows the careers of the 1128 students who entered Canadian medical schools in 1965, most of whom graduated in 1969. The type of career pursued (whether general or specialty practice or some combination thereof), the type of specialty undertaken, the place of internship and residency training and the 1973 practice location of the graduates are examined. The wide variation in careers followed by the 12 schools' graduates provides the major focus of the paper.", "contents": "Career and training patterns of students entering Canadian medical schools in 1965. This paper follows the careers of the 1128 students who entered Canadian medical schools in 1965, most of whom graduated in 1969. The type of career pursued (whether general or specialty practice or some combination thereof), the type of specialty undertaken, the place of internship and residency training and the 1973 practice location of the graduates are examined. The wide variation in careers followed by the 12 schools' graduates provides the major focus of the paper.", "PMID": 1109728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2498", "title": "Pathogenesis of the \"sentinel headache\" preceding berry aneurysm rupture.", "content": "Pathologic examination in a case of fatal intracerebral hemorrhage from a berry aneurysm showed that the \"sentinel\" or warning headache in this patient was due to the leakage of blood into the subarachnoid space through a previous small tear in the wall of her saccular aneurysm. Oribital pain, transient, dysphasia, dizziness and, later, meningismus might have prompted the performing of a lumbar puncture to determine the presence of blood in the cerebrospinal fluid. This type of event is the likely pathogenetic mechanism for the premonitory headache that may precede a lethal rupture of a saccular aneurysm.", "contents": "Pathogenesis of the \"sentinel headache\" preceding berry aneurysm rupture. Pathologic examination in a case of fatal intracerebral hemorrhage from a berry aneurysm showed that the \"sentinel\" or warning headache in this patient was due to the leakage of blood into the subarachnoid space through a previous small tear in the wall of her saccular aneurysm. Oribital pain, transient, dysphasia, dizziness and, later, meningismus might have prompted the performing of a lumbar puncture to determine the presence of blood in the cerebrospinal fluid. This type of event is the likely pathogenetic mechanism for the premonitory headache that may precede a lethal rupture of a saccular aneurysm.", "PMID": 1109729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2499", "title": "Reappraisal of hemiblock.", "content": "The left bundle branch separates into the left anterior and the left posterior divisions. The impulse travels to the left ventricle via both divisions when they are intact. When one division is blocked, the diagnosis is hemiblock. Diagnostic criteria for left anterior hemiblock are marked left axis deviation, small Q wave in lead I and small R wave in lead III, little or no prolongation of the QRS interval, and no evidence of other causes of left axis deviation. Criteria for left posterior hemiblock are marked right axis deviation, small R wave in lead I and small Q wave in lead III, little or no prolongation of the QRS interval, and no evidence of other causes of right axis deviation. A pure form of hemiblock is not uncommon, especially during acute anterior myocardial infarction, but right bundle-branch block often coexists with hemiblock. Like left bundle-branch block, hemiblocks rarely occur in healthy persons. They are commonly associated with coronary or hypertensive disease or both and are less commonly associated with cardiomyopathies and calcified aortic disease.", "contents": "Reappraisal of hemiblock. The left bundle branch separates into the left anterior and the left posterior divisions. The impulse travels to the left ventricle via both divisions when they are intact. When one division is blocked, the diagnosis is hemiblock. Diagnostic criteria for left anterior hemiblock are marked left axis deviation, small Q wave in lead I and small R wave in lead III, little or no prolongation of the QRS interval, and no evidence of other causes of left axis deviation. Criteria for left posterior hemiblock are marked right axis deviation, small R wave in lead I and small Q wave in lead III, little or no prolongation of the QRS interval, and no evidence of other causes of right axis deviation. A pure form of hemiblock is not uncommon, especially during acute anterior myocardial infarction, but right bundle-branch block often coexists with hemiblock. Like left bundle-branch block, hemiblocks rarely occur in healthy persons. They are commonly associated with coronary or hypertensive disease or both and are less commonly associated with cardiomyopathies and calcified aortic disease.", "PMID": 1109732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2500", "title": "Anemia in adolescence. 2. Hemoglobinopathies and other causes.", "content": "Many complex forces are at work during adolescence which can contribute to the occurrence of anemia. Careful consideration of the entire patient should enable a physician to identify the unusual as well as the more common causes of anemia in this age group. Anemia in teenage girls is primarily due to menstrual iron loss. In boys, borderline diets and the demands of rapid growth predominate as causative factors. Hemoglobinopathies (thalassemia, sickle cell disease), G6PD deficiency, infectious mononucleosis, and illicit drug use account for small proportions of cases.", "contents": "Anemia in adolescence. 2. Hemoglobinopathies and other causes. Many complex forces are at work during adolescence which can contribute to the occurrence of anemia. Careful consideration of the entire patient should enable a physician to identify the unusual as well as the more common causes of anemia in this age group. Anemia in teenage girls is primarily due to menstrual iron loss. In boys, borderline diets and the demands of rapid growth predominate as causative factors. Hemoglobinopathies (thalassemia, sickle cell disease), G6PD deficiency, infectious mononucleosis, and illicit drug use account for small proportions of cases.", "PMID": 1109736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2501", "title": "Distribution of primary cancers of the liver in the Province of Qu\u00e9bec.", "content": "All records of primary liver cancer reported to the tumor registry of the Province of Qu\u00e9bec from 1969 to 1972 were collected and were classified according to sex, age and place of residence. Men had higher incidence of primary liver cancer and the disease developed at an earlier age in men than it did in women. There was a noticeable difference in the number of cases in rural and urban areas, and a significant difference in the incidence in the 10 districts of the province. Cases in urban areas were clustered in a few industrialized cities. Our findings are in agreement with previous reports that show a relationship between primary cancer of the liver and the presence of chemicals in the environment.", "contents": "Distribution of primary cancers of the liver in the Province of Qu\u00e9bec. All records of primary liver cancer reported to the tumor registry of the Province of Qu\u00e9bec from 1969 to 1972 were collected and were classified according to sex, age and place of residence. Men had higher incidence of primary liver cancer and the disease developed at an earlier age in men than it did in women. There was a noticeable difference in the number of cases in rural and urban areas, and a significant difference in the incidence in the 10 districts of the province. Cases in urban areas were clustered in a few industrialized cities. Our findings are in agreement with previous reports that show a relationship between primary cancer of the liver and the presence of chemicals in the environment.", "PMID": 1109747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2502", "title": "Psoriatic arthritis in severe psoriasis.", "content": "Of 100 patients admitted to hospital for treatment of psoriasis, 32 had clinical or radiologic evidence of psoriatic arthritis and 17 had both types of evidence. Eight had radiologic evidence of spinal or sarroiliac involvement without symptoms and seven had clinical evidence of peripheral arthritis without radiologic evidence. Patients with psoriatic sacroilitis and spondylitis were most likely to have typical radiograpic changes. It was concluded that psoriatic arthritis is common in patients with severe psoriasis and that is associated with more extensive skin disease than is found in patients without arthritis.", "contents": "Psoriatic arthritis in severe psoriasis. Of 100 patients admitted to hospital for treatment of psoriasis, 32 had clinical or radiologic evidence of psoriatic arthritis and 17 had both types of evidence. Eight had radiologic evidence of spinal or sarroiliac involvement without symptoms and seven had clinical evidence of peripheral arthritis without radiologic evidence. Patients with psoriatic sacroilitis and spondylitis were most likely to have typical radiograpic changes. It was concluded that psoriatic arthritis is common in patients with severe psoriasis and that is associated with more extensive skin disease than is found in patients without arthritis.", "PMID": 1109748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2503", "title": "Clinical aspects of atypical mycobacterial infection.", "content": "Atypical mycobacterial infections may give rise to various clinical difficulties. Case reports of six patients--three adult patients with pulmonary lesions, two children with cervical lymphadentis and one patient in whom the atypical mycobacterium appeared to be present as a commensal--illustrate these difficulties. Determination of the significance of the organism and differentiation of condition from tuberculosis and others requires consideration of the clinical picture, the results of skin testing, histologic features and cultural characteristics. Three patients, including the two children, were treated with a combination of surgery and chemotherapy, with satisfactory results. An elderly patient with chronic bronchitis and a pulmonary infection due to M. kansasii was treated successfully with antiuberculosis agents alone. Chemotherapy is being tried on a  fifth patient with cavitary disease due to M. intracellulare, but is seems likely that an operation will also be required.", "contents": "Clinical aspects of atypical mycobacterial infection. Atypical mycobacterial infections may give rise to various clinical difficulties. Case reports of six patients--three adult patients with pulmonary lesions, two children with cervical lymphadentis and one patient in whom the atypical mycobacterium appeared to be present as a commensal--illustrate these difficulties. Determination of the significance of the organism and differentiation of condition from tuberculosis and others requires consideration of the clinical picture, the results of skin testing, histologic features and cultural characteristics. Three patients, including the two children, were treated with a combination of surgery and chemotherapy, with satisfactory results. An elderly patient with chronic bronchitis and a pulmonary infection due to M. kansasii was treated successfully with antiuberculosis agents alone. Chemotherapy is being tried on a  fifth patient with cavitary disease due to M. intracellulare, but is seems likely that an operation will also be required.", "PMID": 1109749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2504", "title": "Hepatic artery ligation in treatment of carcinoid syndrome.", "content": "In a patient with malignant carcinoid syndrome with metastasis to the liver, cardiac lesions, pulmonary hypertension, pellagra-like skin lesions and depression developed. Her disability progressed despite medical therapy and two courses of chemotherapy. The primary tumour had been resected but the metastatic mass in the liver could not be resected because of its anatomic position. The dramatic improvement after hepatic artery ligation was correlated with urinary 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid excretion.", "contents": "Hepatic artery ligation in treatment of carcinoid syndrome. In a patient with malignant carcinoid syndrome with metastasis to the liver, cardiac lesions, pulmonary hypertension, pellagra-like skin lesions and depression developed. Her disability progressed despite medical therapy and two courses of chemotherapy. The primary tumour had been resected but the metastatic mass in the liver could not be resected because of its anatomic position. The dramatic improvement after hepatic artery ligation was correlated with urinary 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid excretion.", "PMID": 1109750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2505", "title": "[Teaching of morphologic sciences in 13 Canadian medical schools (author's transl)].", "content": "A survey of teaching of morphologic sciences in Canadian medical schools has shown that few radical changes have taken place in most schools. The survey has also shown the following: (a) department chairmen have a major influence on teaching of morphologic sciences; (b) they are worried about the diminishing time alloted to them; (c) students, by their choice of electives, do not seem to share that worry; (d) lectures remain popular, as does disection in most schools; and (e) audiovisual methods, especially rediology, are becoming more popular but are not yet used on a very large scale.", "contents": "[Teaching of morphologic sciences in 13 Canadian medical schools (author's transl)]. A survey of teaching of morphologic sciences in Canadian medical schools has shown that few radical changes have taken place in most schools. The survey has also shown the following: (a) department chairmen have a major influence on teaching of morphologic sciences; (b) they are worried about the diminishing time alloted to them; (c) students, by their choice of electives, do not seem to share that worry; (d) lectures remain popular, as does disection in most schools; and (e) audiovisual methods, especially rediology, are becoming more popular but are not yet used on a very large scale.", "PMID": 1109751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2506", "title": "Criteria of brain death: review and comparison.", "content": "The concept of brain death has become important in law and medicine, replacing in some instances the concept of circulatory arrest as a definition of death. Yet, brain death has not been established as a clear clinical or pathologic entity, a point brought out here by comparison of criteria for identification. The need for more research is evident.", "contents": "Criteria of brain death: review and comparison. The concept of brain death has become important in law and medicine, replacing in some instances the concept of circulatory arrest as a definition of death. Yet, brain death has not been established as a clear clinical or pathologic entity, a point brought out here by comparison of criteria for identification. The need for more research is evident.", "PMID": 1109757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2507", "title": "Symposium theme: a conceptual approach to integrated cancer therapy.", "content": "The term \"integrated cancer therapy\" reflects treatment in which the decision making process is disease oriented rather than specialty or modality oriented. Two phases of integrated cancer therapy can be defined, the first being a determination of the treatment failure mechanisms for each of the variable clinical presentations of specific neoplasms. The second phase, integration of the available treatment modalities, is aimed at neutralizing the inherent weakness of any one method with the strength of other methods. A general strategic approach is presented.", "contents": "Symposium theme: a conceptual approach to integrated cancer therapy. The term \"integrated cancer therapy\" reflects treatment in which the decision making process is disease oriented rather than specialty or modality oriented. Two phases of integrated cancer therapy can be defined, the first being a determination of the treatment failure mechanisms for each of the variable clinical presentations of specific neoplasms. The second phase, integration of the available treatment modalities, is aimed at neutralizing the inherent weakness of any one method with the strength of other methods. A general strategic approach is presented.", "PMID": 1109766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2508", "title": "Inhibitory effect of prolonged Corynebacterium parvum and cyclophosphamide administration on the growth of established tumors.", "content": "The present study was carried out to investigate the effects of prolonged administration of C. parvum alone and in combination with cyclophosphamide for the treatment of established, measurable C3H tumors. The continued weekly administration of C. parvum by itself provided a limited but significant inhibitory effect on tumor growth and significantly prolonged survival. Intraperitoneal and intravenous administration was found to be more effective than the subcutaneous route. When C. parvum was administered asynchronously in combination with cyclophosphamide at weekly intervals a tumor growth inhibitory effect was achieved which was greater than that resulting from either agent along. Such an effect was consistently obtained and was seemingly independent of the sequence of drug administration. When cyclophosphamide preceded the initial C. parvum administration, arrest in the rate of tumor growth occurred, resulting in infinite tumor doubling time for the duration of observation (greater than 90 days). The combination of C. parvum and cyclophosphamide produced a more effective inhibition of tumor growth than did BCG and cyclophosphamide similarly employed. The importance of these findings relative to clinical application is considered. While the significance and genesis of the marked desmoplastic reaction characterizing tumors from animals treated with C. parvum and cyclophosphamide is at present speculative, consideration is given to the possibility that this could signify a host response against tumor growth.", "contents": "Inhibitory effect of prolonged Corynebacterium parvum and cyclophosphamide administration on the growth of established tumors. The present study was carried out to investigate the effects of prolonged administration of C. parvum alone and in combination with cyclophosphamide for the treatment of established, measurable C3H tumors. The continued weekly administration of C. parvum by itself provided a limited but significant inhibitory effect on tumor growth and significantly prolonged survival. Intraperitoneal and intravenous administration was found to be more effective than the subcutaneous route. When C. parvum was administered asynchronously in combination with cyclophosphamide at weekly intervals a tumor growth inhibitory effect was achieved which was greater than that resulting from either agent along. Such an effect was consistently obtained and was seemingly independent of the sequence of drug administration. When cyclophosphamide preceded the initial C. parvum administration, arrest in the rate of tumor growth occurred, resulting in infinite tumor doubling time for the duration of observation (greater than 90 days). The combination of C. parvum and cyclophosphamide produced a more effective inhibition of tumor growth than did BCG and cyclophosphamide similarly employed. The importance of these findings relative to clinical application is considered. While the significance and genesis of the marked desmoplastic reaction characterizing tumors from animals treated with C. parvum and cyclophosphamide is at present speculative, consideration is given to the possibility that this could signify a host response against tumor growth.", "PMID": 1109767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2509", "title": "Concepts for systemic treatment of micrometastases.", "content": "If total tumor cell kill is a requirement for \"cure,\" as it probably is for at least some tumors, treatment of micrometastases containing less than or equal to 10-6 viable tumor cells is a problem facing all cancer therapists. Metastatic tumor cell foci of less than or equal to 10-6 cells, particularly if widely disseminated, are, in the main, grossly undetectable and are, therefore, the proper targets for the chemotherapist and the immunotherapist. Current knowledge of tumor cell population growth kinetics indicates that the growth fraction (viable cells undergoing active cell replication) is inversely related to population size. Micrometastases should, therefore, be more sensitive to antimetabolite (cell-cycle-specific) anticancer drugs than the larger, grossly apparent, primary tumor from which they were derived. In fact, drug response of the primarytumor may not reliably predict the sensitivity of micrometastases to cell-cycle-specific drugs. In addition, optimal drug treatment scheduling for effective, but noncurative, drugs against clinically recognized tumors may not predict optimal scheduling of the same drugs against micrometastases. This is shown particularly in cell-cycle-specific drugs, since the generation time of tumor cells in small population foci (less than 10-7 cells) is often significantly shorter than in larger population foci (greater than 10-7 cells). Since first-order cell kill kinetics characterizes effective drug kill of tumor cells and the best currently known anticancer drugs have variable but generally limited tumor cell kill potential, drug treatment of likely micrometastases should be started as soon after the end of likely noncurative radiologic or surgical treatment as possible. Experimental data indicating that significantly smaller numbers of viable tumor cells can establish lethal tumors in the presence of radiation-inactivated tumor cells than in their absence suggest that small populations of residual viable tumor cells in radiation-treated tumor sites may be a greater threat to clinical cure than similar sized populations remaining in situ after surgery. Experimental data supporting the above concepts are presented and discussed.", "contents": "Concepts for systemic treatment of micrometastases. If total tumor cell kill is a requirement for \"cure,\" as it probably is for at least some tumors, treatment of micrometastases containing less than or equal to 10-6 viable tumor cells is a problem facing all cancer therapists. Metastatic tumor cell foci of less than or equal to 10-6 cells, particularly if widely disseminated, are, in the main, grossly undetectable and are, therefore, the proper targets for the chemotherapist and the immunotherapist. Current knowledge of tumor cell population growth kinetics indicates that the growth fraction (viable cells undergoing active cell replication) is inversely related to population size. Micrometastases should, therefore, be more sensitive to antimetabolite (cell-cycle-specific) anticancer drugs than the larger, grossly apparent, primary tumor from which they were derived. In fact, drug response of the primarytumor may not reliably predict the sensitivity of micrometastases to cell-cycle-specific drugs. In addition, optimal drug treatment scheduling for effective, but noncurative, drugs against clinically recognized tumors may not predict optimal scheduling of the same drugs against micrometastases. This is shown particularly in cell-cycle-specific drugs, since the generation time of tumor cells in small population foci (less than 10-7 cells) is often significantly shorter than in larger population foci (greater than 10-7 cells). Since first-order cell kill kinetics characterizes effective drug kill of tumor cells and the best currently known anticancer drugs have variable but generally limited tumor cell kill potential, drug treatment of likely micrometastases should be started as soon after the end of likely noncurative radiologic or surgical treatment as possible. Experimental data indicating that significantly smaller numbers of viable tumor cells can establish lethal tumors in the presence of radiation-inactivated tumor cells than in their absence suggest that small populations of residual viable tumor cells in radiation-treated tumor sites may be a greater threat to clinical cure than similar sized populations remaining in situ after surgery. Experimental data supporting the above concepts are presented and discussed.", "PMID": 1109768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2510", "title": "Nodular mesothelial hyperplasia in hernia sacs: a benign reactive condition simulating a neoplastic process.", "content": "Thirteen cases of hernia sacs exhibiting mesothelial hyperplasia of such a degree as to simulate a malignant process are presented. There were 2 infants, 7 children, and 4 adults. The hernias were inguinal in 12 patients and epigastric in the remaining. In 7 cases (52%) there was a history of trauma or some other source of injury to the sac, such as incarceration. Microscopically, solid nodules of atypical mesothelial cells were seen in the hernia sac, either free or attached to the wall. Mitoses, multinucleated cells, and \"strap cells\" were sometimes present. Clues to the mesothelial nature of the proliferation were the cytologic features and the presence of similar changes in the lining of the hernia sac.", "contents": "Nodular mesothelial hyperplasia in hernia sacs: a benign reactive condition simulating a neoplastic process. Thirteen cases of hernia sacs exhibiting mesothelial hyperplasia of such a degree as to simulate a malignant process are presented. There were 2 infants, 7 children, and 4 adults. The hernias were inguinal in 12 patients and epigastric in the remaining. In 7 cases (52%) there was a history of trauma or some other source of injury to the sac, such as incarceration. Microscopically, solid nodules of atypical mesothelial cells were seen in the hernia sac, either free or attached to the wall. Mitoses, multinucleated cells, and \"strap cells\" were sometimes present. Clues to the mesothelial nature of the proliferation were the cytologic features and the presence of similar changes in the lining of the hernia sac.", "PMID": 1109769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2511", "title": "A clinicopathologic study of 92 cases of granulosa cell tumor of the ovary with special reference to the factors influencing prognosis.", "content": "Ninety-two cases of granulosa cell tumor of the ovary have been studied. The clinical and pathologic data from this group were similar to that obtained in previous series. Because of the long natural history of many granulosa cell tumors, crude death rates over a relatively short period give little indication of the true malignant potential of these neoplasms and hence corrected survival rates were calculated; these show that, if no patient died from any other disease, approximately half of the women with this neoplasm would die, as a result of the tumor, within 20 years. Factors indicating a relatively poor survival rate were: age over 40 at the time of diagnosis, a presentation with abdominal symptoms, a palpable mass, a solid large tumor, bilateral tumors, extraovarian spread, and numerous mitotic figures in the tumor. It is suggested that all granulosa cell tumors should be considered as malignant and that the factors pointing to a poor prognosis are those indicating that a particular tumor has been diagnosed at a late stage in its natural history, either because it has been present for a long time or because it is highly malignant. There are no definite criteria for defining the prognosis in a case in which the tumor has been removed at any early stage in its natural life history.", "contents": "A clinicopathologic study of 92 cases of granulosa cell tumor of the ovary with special reference to the factors influencing prognosis. Ninety-two cases of granulosa cell tumor of the ovary have been studied. The clinical and pathologic data from this group were similar to that obtained in previous series. Because of the long natural history of many granulosa cell tumors, crude death rates over a relatively short period give little indication of the true malignant potential of these neoplasms and hence corrected survival rates were calculated; these show that, if no patient died from any other disease, approximately half of the women with this neoplasm would die, as a result of the tumor, within 20 years. Factors indicating a relatively poor survival rate were: age over 40 at the time of diagnosis, a presentation with abdominal symptoms, a palpable mass, a solid large tumor, bilateral tumors, extraovarian spread, and numerous mitotic figures in the tumor. It is suggested that all granulosa cell tumors should be considered as malignant and that the factors pointing to a poor prognosis are those indicating that a particular tumor has been diagnosed at a late stage in its natural history, either because it has been present for a long time or because it is highly malignant. There are no definite criteria for defining the prognosis in a case in which the tumor has been removed at any early stage in its natural life history.", "PMID": 1109770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2512", "title": "Pathologic findings from the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast Project (protocol no. 4). I. Observations concerning the multicentricity of mammary cancer.", "content": "Microscopic foci of multicentric cancer were detected in 121 of 904 breasts surgically removed for a clinically overt, invasive cancer. This incidence of 13.4% is regarded as a conservative estimate since examples of such lesions occurring in the same quadrant as the dominant mass, except in those instances in which the latter was present within the tail of the breast or beneath the nipple, were excluded from the analysis. Further, this data was obtained from only one randomly selected block of the quadrants, and in 41% of the cases only one or two were available for study. Multiple multicentric cancers were found in the same breast in two and three quadrants in 11.6% and 5.8% of the cases respectively. In 9.3% of the cases the multicentric cancers were designated as noninvasive (lobular in situ and/or intraductal) and in 4.1% invasive. An attempt to correlate the occurrence of multicentric cancers with a large number of pathologic and some clinical features disclosed a statistically significant association between multicentricity and grossly nonencapsulated dominant cancers with maximum diameters greater than 5 cm, the presence of a moderate or marked intraductal component and noninvasive cancer in its vicinity, and tumor involvement of the nipple. In addition, it was noted that there was a greater likelihood that the primary tumor was of the lobular invasive type and that the overlying skin was involved when the multicentric cancer was invasive rather than noninvasive. Lymphatic tumor emboli were observed in quadrants in 18 or 2.0% of the cases. Although the number of examples is small, nevertheless positive associations were noted with the occurrence of primary tumors that were in the left breast or beneath the nipple and were not grossly circumscribed, but exhibited a nuclear grade of 1, intralymphatic and blood vessel invasion, calcium, and involvement of the overlying skin as well as nipple. In addition, patients with such intralymphatic extension were more likely to have clinically detectable lymph nodes of which four or more contained metastases. The relationship of these findings to the rationale of such procedures as segmental resection in the surgical treatment of breast cancer is discussed.", "contents": "Pathologic findings from the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast Project (protocol no. 4). I. Observations concerning the multicentricity of mammary cancer. Microscopic foci of multicentric cancer were detected in 121 of 904 breasts surgically removed for a clinically overt, invasive cancer. This incidence of 13.4% is regarded as a conservative estimate since examples of such lesions occurring in the same quadrant as the dominant mass, except in those instances in which the latter was present within the tail of the breast or beneath the nipple, were excluded from the analysis. Further, this data was obtained from only one randomly selected block of the quadrants, and in 41% of the cases only one or two were available for study. Multiple multicentric cancers were found in the same breast in two and three quadrants in 11.6% and 5.8% of the cases respectively. In 9.3% of the cases the multicentric cancers were designated as noninvasive (lobular in situ and/or intraductal) and in 4.1% invasive. An attempt to correlate the occurrence of multicentric cancers with a large number of pathologic and some clinical features disclosed a statistically significant association between multicentricity and grossly nonencapsulated dominant cancers with maximum diameters greater than 5 cm, the presence of a moderate or marked intraductal component and noninvasive cancer in its vicinity, and tumor involvement of the nipple. In addition, it was noted that there was a greater likelihood that the primary tumor was of the lobular invasive type and that the overlying skin was involved when the multicentric cancer was invasive rather than noninvasive. Lymphatic tumor emboli were observed in quadrants in 18 or 2.0% of the cases. Although the number of examples is small, nevertheless positive associations were noted with the occurrence of primary tumors that were in the left breast or beneath the nipple and were not grossly circumscribed, but exhibited a nuclear grade of 1, intralymphatic and blood vessel invasion, calcium, and involvement of the overlying skin as well as nipple. In addition, patients with such intralymphatic extension were more likely to have clinically detectable lymph nodes of which four or more contained metastases. The relationship of these findings to the rationale of such procedures as segmental resection in the surgical treatment of breast cancer is discussed.", "PMID": 1109771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2513", "title": "A family with atypical colonic polyposis and gastric cancer: a three-decade followup.", "content": "A three-decade followup of a family in whom multiple colonic polyps were found in 5 out of 11 members of one generation is presented. In 3 of these members, cancer was present in the colorectum. The clinical picture as well as the pathologic findings differ from those seen in familial polyposis. In the previous generation two cases of gastric cancer were found, as well as one case of colonic cancer. The high incidence of colonic polyps and cancer suggests a hereditary disease, but the mode of transmission cannot be definitely determined without following this family for a longer period.", "contents": "A family with atypical colonic polyposis and gastric cancer: a three-decade followup. A three-decade followup of a family in whom multiple colonic polyps were found in 5 out of 11 members of one generation is presented. In 3 of these members, cancer was present in the colorectum. The clinical picture as well as the pathologic findings differ from those seen in familial polyposis. In the previous generation two cases of gastric cancer were found, as well as one case of colonic cancer. The high incidence of colonic polyps and cancer suggests a hereditary disease, but the mode of transmission cannot be definitely determined without following this family for a longer period.", "PMID": 1109772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2514", "title": "Lymphatic drainage of the breast on and through the pectoral muscles: importance in breast cancer.", "content": "As proponents of lesser procedures have called into question the necessity of removing the pectoral muscles in surgery for cancer of the breast, there has been a need to establish accurately the relationship of the lymphatics to the pectoral muscles and their fascia. This problem has been approached using the technique of high resolution autoradiography. After histologic review of pectoral muscles from rabbits into whom a tritiated high-molecular-weight dextran was injected subareolarly, a high degree of labeling was found deep within the septa of the pectoral muscle bundles as well as along the investing fascia. It was concluded that lymphatic draining mammary lymph pass deep within the pectoral muscles in this species.", "contents": "Lymphatic drainage of the breast on and through the pectoral muscles: importance in breast cancer. As proponents of lesser procedures have called into question the necessity of removing the pectoral muscles in surgery for cancer of the breast, there has been a need to establish accurately the relationship of the lymphatics to the pectoral muscles and their fascia. This problem has been approached using the technique of high resolution autoradiography. After histologic review of pectoral muscles from rabbits into whom a tritiated high-molecular-weight dextran was injected subareolarly, a high degree of labeling was found deep within the septa of the pectoral muscle bundles as well as along the investing fascia. It was concluded that lymphatic draining mammary lymph pass deep within the pectoral muscles in this species.", "PMID": 1109773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2515", "title": "Combined modality therapy of Ewing's sarcoma.", "content": "Since 1964, 66 consecutive patients with Ewing's sarcoma have been treated at the National Cancer Institute with local irradiation of the primary site combined with adjuvant regimens of progressively more intensive systemic chemotherapy. Actuarial survival rates for the total series show a 56% 2-year and 35% 5-year survival. The 43 patients without clinically detectable metastases at diagnosis have 64% 2-year and 52% 5-year survival rates. The current protocol, alternating high-dose pulses of adriamycin and cyclophosphamide-vincristine, is providing improved disease-free survival as compared to previous protocols, and indicates further progress toward the ultimate goal of complete tumor eradication. In addition to the problems of diagnostic accuracy in evaluating treatment results, other major factors influencing prognosis include initial metastatic disease, site of the primary tumor, age at diagnosis, and presence of systemic symptoms. At least these, and probably others, must be taken into account in developing randomized prospective trials for determination of optimal adjuvant therapy.", "contents": "Combined modality therapy of Ewing's sarcoma. Since 1964, 66 consecutive patients with Ewing's sarcoma have been treated at the National Cancer Institute with local irradiation of the primary site combined with adjuvant regimens of progressively more intensive systemic chemotherapy. Actuarial survival rates for the total series show a 56% 2-year and 35% 5-year survival. The 43 patients without clinically detectable metastases at diagnosis have 64% 2-year and 52% 5-year survival rates. The current protocol, alternating high-dose pulses of adriamycin and cyclophosphamide-vincristine, is providing improved disease-free survival as compared to previous protocols, and indicates further progress toward the ultimate goal of complete tumor eradication. In addition to the problems of diagnostic accuracy in evaluating treatment results, other major factors influencing prognosis include initial metastatic disease, site of the primary tumor, age at diagnosis, and presence of systemic symptoms. At least these, and probably others, must be taken into account in developing randomized prospective trials for determination of optimal adjuvant therapy.", "PMID": 1109774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2516", "title": "How do you know you've done any better?", "content": "Three points are made in this paper. It is found that concurrent controlled randomized trials are most useful (especially Phase II trials) in speeding up the introduction of better treatments for cancer patients. A scheme of continuing comparative trials, proposed by Theodore Colton, which require no statistical significance tests, is strongly recommended. The \"historical-controls\" approach of Gehan and Freireich is examined and is largely rejected because it appears to be unworkable. It is urged that patient characteristics that are associated with good response be determined, for the process of giving each patient the optimal treatment for him. This is referred to as \"the epidemiology of treatment.\" Two examples of how early uncontrolled results are misleading in evaluating potential cancer treatments are given.", "contents": "How do you know you've done any better? Three points are made in this paper. It is found that concurrent controlled randomized trials are most useful (especially Phase II trials) in speeding up the introduction of better treatments for cancer patients. A scheme of continuing comparative trials, proposed by Theodore Colton, which require no statistical significance tests, is strongly recommended. The \"historical-controls\" approach of Gehan and Freireich is examined and is largely rejected because it appears to be unworkable. It is urged that patient characteristics that are associated with good response be determined, for the process of giving each patient the optimal treatment for him. This is referred to as \"the epidemiology of treatment.\" Two examples of how early uncontrolled results are misleading in evaluating potential cancer treatments are given.", "PMID": 1109775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2517", "title": "Activity of 6-methyl-8-substituted ergolines against the 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced mammary carcinoma.", "content": "The ability of a series of 8-beta-carboxamido ergolines, 8-formamido ergolines, and 8-methyl ergolines to cause regressions of established dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced mammary carcinomas was compared to some ergot alkaloids. Although most of the ergoline derivatives depressed serum prolactin concentrations in rats, only a few had pronounced effects against the dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced mammary carcinoma in rats. Some derivatives from each of the three groups of substituted ergolines gave comparable activities against the dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced mammary carcinoma.", "contents": "Activity of 6-methyl-8-substituted ergolines against the 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced mammary carcinoma. The ability of a series of 8-beta-carboxamido ergolines, 8-formamido ergolines, and 8-methyl ergolines to cause regressions of established dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced mammary carcinomas was compared to some ergot alkaloids. Although most of the ergoline derivatives depressed serum prolactin concentrations in rats, only a few had pronounced effects against the dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced mammary carcinoma in rats. Some derivatives from each of the three groups of substituted ergolines gave comparable activities against the dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced mammary carcinoma.", "PMID": 1109784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2518", "title": "Inhibition of renal tubular transport of methotrexate by probenecid.", "content": "The mechanism of excretion of methotrexate (MTX) has been investigated in the monkey. Under steady-state conditions of varied plasma levels of MTX, it was determined that MTX was excreted by renal tubular transport as well as by glomerular filtration. The maximum rate of renal tubular transport of MTX (81 mug/min) was attained at plasma levels of MTX from 6 to 8 mug/ml. Correspondingly, the rate of clearance of MTX from plasma was shown to diminish from a value that was 3-fold greater than the glomerular filtration rate at plasma levels of MTX from 6 to 32 mug/ml. Pretreatment of animals with probenecid (700 mg/sq m) totally inhibited renal tubular transport of MTX when MTX was administered in doses from 1.8 to 621 mg/sq m. Following inhibition of renal tubular transport of MTX by probenecid, steady-state plasma levels of MTX in animals pretreated with probenecid (700 mg/sq m) was reduced by a factor of 2.6 from values determined in non-probenecid-pretreated control animals receiving similar varied doses of MTX (1.8 P to greater than 600 mg/sq m). The mode of i.v. injection of MTX was seen to effect the concentration of MTX in plasma. Initial loading followed by continuous sustaining infusion of MTX provided stable and higher levels of MTX in plasma than was determined in controls or in experimental animals pretreated with probenecid and receiving identical doses of MTX by single bolus injection.", "contents": "Inhibition of renal tubular transport of methotrexate by probenecid. The mechanism of excretion of methotrexate (MTX) has been investigated in the monkey. Under steady-state conditions of varied plasma levels of MTX, it was determined that MTX was excreted by renal tubular transport as well as by glomerular filtration. The maximum rate of renal tubular transport of MTX (81 mug/min) was attained at plasma levels of MTX from 6 to 8 mug/ml. Correspondingly, the rate of clearance of MTX from plasma was shown to diminish from a value that was 3-fold greater than the glomerular filtration rate at plasma levels of MTX from 6 to 32 mug/ml. Pretreatment of animals with probenecid (700 mg/sq m) totally inhibited renal tubular transport of MTX when MTX was administered in doses from 1.8 to 621 mg/sq m. Following inhibition of renal tubular transport of MTX by probenecid, steady-state plasma levels of MTX in animals pretreated with probenecid (700 mg/sq m) was reduced by a factor of 2.6 from values determined in non-probenecid-pretreated control animals receiving similar varied doses of MTX (1.8 P to greater than 600 mg/sq m). The mode of i.v. injection of MTX was seen to effect the concentration of MTX in plasma. Initial loading followed by continuous sustaining infusion of MTX provided stable and higher levels of MTX in plasma than was determined in controls or in experimental animals pretreated with probenecid and receiving identical doses of MTX by single bolus injection.", "PMID": 1109785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2519", "title": "Identification, subcellular localization, and estrogen regulation of peroxidase in 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced rat mammary tumors.", "content": "An estrogen-induced, intensely staining peroxidase 3,3-diaminobenzidine-positive reaction product is found to be characteristic of hormone-dependent, 7,12-dimenthylbenz(a)anthracene-induced mammary tumors of the rat. This product is demonstrated in thick sections of such tumors from intact or estrogen-treated castrate rats but is not seen in tumors that are in regression due to castration or estrogen deprivation. It is, furthermore, absent from tumors whose growth is unaffected by castration. The subcellular localization of this enzyme activity is restricted mainly to the nuclear envelope and cisternae of the granular endoplasmic reticulum in addition to secretory granules. This provides the first evidence for a criterion that would allow differentiation of hormone-dependent and hormone-independent mammary cancer on histological sections and, as such, may have considerable potential as an aid in the classification of human breast cancer.", "contents": "Identification, subcellular localization, and estrogen regulation of peroxidase in 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced rat mammary tumors. An estrogen-induced, intensely staining peroxidase 3,3-diaminobenzidine-positive reaction product is found to be characteristic of hormone-dependent, 7,12-dimenthylbenz(a)anthracene-induced mammary tumors of the rat. This product is demonstrated in thick sections of such tumors from intact or estrogen-treated castrate rats but is not seen in tumors that are in regression due to castration or estrogen deprivation. It is, furthermore, absent from tumors whose growth is unaffected by castration. The subcellular localization of this enzyme activity is restricted mainly to the nuclear envelope and cisternae of the granular endoplasmic reticulum in addition to secretory granules. This provides the first evidence for a criterion that would allow differentiation of hormone-dependent and hormone-independent mammary cancer on histological sections and, as such, may have considerable potential as an aid in the classification of human breast cancer.", "PMID": 1109786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2520", "title": "Extraction of a factor from Ehrlich ascites tumor cells that increases the activity of the fetal isozyme of pyruvate kinase in mouse liver.", "content": "Isoelectrofocusing studies of mouse tissue extracts show mice to have a pyruvate kinase isozyme pattern very similar to that of the rat. Moreover, electrofocusing or kinetic assays conducted on liver extracts from normal mice and from mice bearing Ehrlich ascites tumors show that the latter have a higher proportion of the fetal K-isozyme of pyruvate kinase. Serial injection of the supernatant remaining after centrifugation of homogenized tumor cells at 100,000 x g, or of the phenolic extracts from the latter, produced a similar shift in the liver isozyme pattern involves both a decrease in L-isozyme activity and an increase in K-isozyme activity. However, only the increase in activity of the K-isozyme appears to be a specific response to injection of the extracts. The presence of a specific factor in these extracts was confirmed by the observation that similar extracts prepared from normal adult tissues did not increase activity of the K-isozyme. On the other hand, phenolic extracts from fetal mice did increase K-isozyme activity as did injections of serum from tumor-bearing mice or of the cell-free ascites fluid. Evidence is presented supporting the concept that the factor is proteinaceous in a nature, and that it acts by deprepressing synthesis of the K-isozyme.", "contents": "Extraction of a factor from Ehrlich ascites tumor cells that increases the activity of the fetal isozyme of pyruvate kinase in mouse liver. Isoelectrofocusing studies of mouse tissue extracts show mice to have a pyruvate kinase isozyme pattern very similar to that of the rat. Moreover, electrofocusing or kinetic assays conducted on liver extracts from normal mice and from mice bearing Ehrlich ascites tumors show that the latter have a higher proportion of the fetal K-isozyme of pyruvate kinase. Serial injection of the supernatant remaining after centrifugation of homogenized tumor cells at 100,000 x g, or of the phenolic extracts from the latter, produced a similar shift in the liver isozyme pattern involves both a decrease in L-isozyme activity and an increase in K-isozyme activity. However, only the increase in activity of the K-isozyme appears to be a specific response to injection of the extracts. The presence of a specific factor in these extracts was confirmed by the observation that similar extracts prepared from normal adult tissues did not increase activity of the K-isozyme. On the other hand, phenolic extracts from fetal mice did increase K-isozyme activity as did injections of serum from tumor-bearing mice or of the cell-free ascites fluid. Evidence is presented supporting the concept that the factor is proteinaceous in a nature, and that it acts by deprepressing synthesis of the K-isozyme.", "PMID": 1109787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2521", "title": "Clinical and immunological significance of human melanoma cytotoxic antibody.", "content": "The activity of a complement-dependent cytotoxic antibody in the sera of 21 melanoma patients was investigated using a microcytotoxicity assay. Heat-inactivated sera were caused to react against mechanically dispersed fresh tumor cells in the presence of exogenous blood group AB complement. Cytotoxicity was evaluated relative to pooled normal sera as a control. Sera were cytotoxic against autochthonous tumor cells in 9 of 10 patients with localized or regional melanoma and in 1 of 11 patients with disseminated metastases. Cytotoxicity of sera was unrelated to size of tumor burden. Six of 7 antibody-positive sera (autochthonous system) were noncytotoxic to between 2 and 7 different allogeneic melanoma tumor cell preparations. Immunological reactivity of the cytotoxic antibody-positive and -negative groups was similar with respect to their capacity to be sensitized to dinitrochlorobenzene, produce positive skin tests to microbial antigens, and produce antibodies to typhoid vaccination; serum immunoglobulins were comparable. These results support the reported findings of the presence of cytotoxic antibody in the sera of melanoma patients without disseminated metastases.", "contents": "Clinical and immunological significance of human melanoma cytotoxic antibody. The activity of a complement-dependent cytotoxic antibody in the sera of 21 melanoma patients was investigated using a microcytotoxicity assay. Heat-inactivated sera were caused to react against mechanically dispersed fresh tumor cells in the presence of exogenous blood group AB complement. Cytotoxicity was evaluated relative to pooled normal sera as a control. Sera were cytotoxic against autochthonous tumor cells in 9 of 10 patients with localized or regional melanoma and in 1 of 11 patients with disseminated metastases. Cytotoxicity of sera was unrelated to size of tumor burden. Six of 7 antibody-positive sera (autochthonous system) were noncytotoxic to between 2 and 7 different allogeneic melanoma tumor cell preparations. Immunological reactivity of the cytotoxic antibody-positive and -negative groups was similar with respect to their capacity to be sensitized to dinitrochlorobenzene, produce positive skin tests to microbial antigens, and produce antibodies to typhoid vaccination; serum immunoglobulins were comparable. These results support the reported findings of the presence of cytotoxic antibody in the sera of melanoma patients without disseminated metastases.", "PMID": 1109788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2522", "title": "Importance of physical properties of benzo(a)pyrene-ferric oxide mixtures in lung tumor induction.", "content": "Three mixtures of benzo(alpha)(a)pyrene (BP) and ferric oxide with different physical properties were given intratracheally to Syrian golden hamsters for an examination of their neoplastic potential. Hamsters treated with a preparation containing large aggregates of BP and ferric oxide resulting from nucleation of BP on the particles showed an earlier onset and higher incidence of respiratory tract tumors than animals given a mixture containing smaller aggregates prepared by hand-grinding. The greatest number of tumors were present in the trachea and the predominant type was the squamous carcinoma. A third preparation in which the carcinogen was not attached to the ferric oxide showed a low tumor incidence similar to that present after intratracheal intubation of BP in gelatin without a carrier particle. For this model system of respiratory carcinogenesis, the physical attachment of BP and the carrier dust is necessary for a high tumor yield.", "contents": "Importance of physical properties of benzo(a)pyrene-ferric oxide mixtures in lung tumor induction. Three mixtures of benzo(alpha)(a)pyrene (BP) and ferric oxide with different physical properties were given intratracheally to Syrian golden hamsters for an examination of their neoplastic potential. Hamsters treated with a preparation containing large aggregates of BP and ferric oxide resulting from nucleation of BP on the particles showed an earlier onset and higher incidence of respiratory tract tumors than animals given a mixture containing smaller aggregates prepared by hand-grinding. The greatest number of tumors were present in the trachea and the predominant type was the squamous carcinoma. A third preparation in which the carcinogen was not attached to the ferric oxide showed a low tumor incidence similar to that present after intratracheal intubation of BP in gelatin without a carrier particle. For this model system of respiratory carcinogenesis, the physical attachment of BP and the carrier dust is necessary for a high tumor yield.", "PMID": 1109789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2523", "title": "Biological behavior of malignant melanoma cells correlated to their survival in vivo.", "content": "Successive B16 melanoma tumor lines were selected for their ability to form pulmonary tumor nodules. This was accomplished by injecting tumor cells i.v. into syngeneic C57BL/6 mice and 2 to 3 weeks later collecting the secondary tumor growths and placing them into tissue culture. These tumor cells were then injected i.v. into new syngeneic mice and the process was repeated several times. With each successive tumor line the number of experimental lung tumor nodules was significantly increased. The B16 lines were found to be stable in their metastatic properties even after many subculturings in vitro. These studies demonstrated that tumor cells that succeed in forming pulmonary tumor colonies also had increased invasive properties into normal tissues when implanted s.c. In addition, the tumor cell lines were prelabeled in vitro with [125-I]-5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine and suspensions of labeled cells were injected i.v. into normal syngeneic hosts. Animals were killed at intervals afterwards, and the lungs and blood were processed and monitored for radioactivity. At any time interval, the lungs of mice treated by injections of cells of high metastatic yield contained more tumor cells. The differences in tumor cell numbers in the lungs were most pronounced immediately following i.v. injection. These results suggest that an increased initial arrest of highly metastatic cells in a capillary bed may be a major factor in their increased survival. Low numbers of normal lymphocytes or lymphocytes from syngeneic mice immunized to the B16 melanoma, when mixed in vitro with the tumor cells, lead to the formation of multitumor cell-lymphocyte clumps. The degree of clumping was related to both the type of the metastatic tumor line and/or the syngeneic lymphocyte. These results support the hypothesis that the survival of invasive and/or circulating malignant tumor cells is not a random phenomenon; rather it appears that malignant cells possess unique qualities which allow for their survival.", "contents": "Biological behavior of malignant melanoma cells correlated to their survival in vivo. Successive B16 melanoma tumor lines were selected for their ability to form pulmonary tumor nodules. This was accomplished by injecting tumor cells i.v. into syngeneic C57BL/6 mice and 2 to 3 weeks later collecting the secondary tumor growths and placing them into tissue culture. These tumor cells were then injected i.v. into new syngeneic mice and the process was repeated several times. With each successive tumor line the number of experimental lung tumor nodules was significantly increased. The B16 lines were found to be stable in their metastatic properties even after many subculturings in vitro. These studies demonstrated that tumor cells that succeed in forming pulmonary tumor colonies also had increased invasive properties into normal tissues when implanted s.c. In addition, the tumor cell lines were prelabeled in vitro with [125-I]-5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine and suspensions of labeled cells were injected i.v. into normal syngeneic hosts. Animals were killed at intervals afterwards, and the lungs and blood were processed and monitored for radioactivity. At any time interval, the lungs of mice treated by injections of cells of high metastatic yield contained more tumor cells. The differences in tumor cell numbers in the lungs were most pronounced immediately following i.v. injection. These results suggest that an increased initial arrest of highly metastatic cells in a capillary bed may be a major factor in their increased survival. Low numbers of normal lymphocytes or lymphocytes from syngeneic mice immunized to the B16 melanoma, when mixed in vitro with the tumor cells, lead to the formation of multitumor cell-lymphocyte clumps. The degree of clumping was related to both the type of the metastatic tumor line and/or the syngeneic lymphocyte. These results support the hypothesis that the survival of invasive and/or circulating malignant tumor cells is not a random phenomenon; rather it appears that malignant cells possess unique qualities which allow for their survival.", "PMID": 1109790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2524", "title": "Metabolism and selective effects of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine in L1210 and Host tissues in vivo.", "content": "The selectivity of action of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C) against leukemic cells was studied in vivo. Dynamic state tissue levels of ara-C and of its mono-, di-, and triphosphate (ara-CTP) were measured in L1210 leukemic cells and in C57BL x DBA/2 F1 host tissues at different times after various doses of the agent. The levels were correlated with inhibition of thymidine incorporation into DNA and with cytocidal effects as measured by loss of isotopically prelabeled DNA. ara-CTP levels, but not those of the mono- and diphosphates of ara-C, were higher in leukemic cells and in host cell renewal systems than in other host tissues. DNA synthesis was equally inhibited by similar levels of ara-CTP in ascitic L1210 cells, in leukemic infiltrates in liver, and in small intestine. However, L1210 cells accumulated higher levels of ara-CTP for longer periods than did small intestine, and correspondingly the inhibition of DNA synthesis was greater and more prolonged in leukemic cells. ara-C caused greater losses of prelabeled DNA in ascites cells and in infiltrated liver than in host small intestine. It appears that the differential net tissue level of ara-CTP and its duration are the determinants of chemotherapeutic efficacy of ara-C against L1210 leukemia. ara-C was the predominant nucleoside present in hydrolysates of ara-CTP fractions. By contrast, 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosyluracil predominated in hydrolysates of monophosphate nucleotide fractions from ascites cells, liver, small intestine, and blood. Monophosphate nucleotide was also present in ascites fluid and plasma.", "contents": "Metabolism and selective effects of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine in L1210 and Host tissues in vivo. The selectivity of action of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C) against leukemic cells was studied in vivo. Dynamic state tissue levels of ara-C and of its mono-, di-, and triphosphate (ara-CTP) were measured in L1210 leukemic cells and in C57BL x DBA/2 F1 host tissues at different times after various doses of the agent. The levels were correlated with inhibition of thymidine incorporation into DNA and with cytocidal effects as measured by loss of isotopically prelabeled DNA. ara-CTP levels, but not those of the mono- and diphosphates of ara-C, were higher in leukemic cells and in host cell renewal systems than in other host tissues. DNA synthesis was equally inhibited by similar levels of ara-CTP in ascitic L1210 cells, in leukemic infiltrates in liver, and in small intestine. However, L1210 cells accumulated higher levels of ara-CTP for longer periods than did small intestine, and correspondingly the inhibition of DNA synthesis was greater and more prolonged in leukemic cells. ara-C caused greater losses of prelabeled DNA in ascites cells and in infiltrated liver than in host small intestine. It appears that the differential net tissue level of ara-CTP and its duration are the determinants of chemotherapeutic efficacy of ara-C against L1210 leukemia. ara-C was the predominant nucleoside present in hydrolysates of ara-CTP fractions. By contrast, 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosyluracil predominated in hydrolysates of monophosphate nucleotide fractions from ascites cells, liver, small intestine, and blood. Monophosphate nucleotide was also present in ascites fluid and plasma.", "PMID": 1109791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2525", "title": "Effects of cigarette smoking on aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity in lungs and tissues of inbred mice.", "content": "Inbred strains of mice have been classified as aromatic hydrocarbon responsive or nonresponsive depending upon whether the parenteral administration of these substances increases hepatic aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) activity. Aromatic hydrocarbon responsiveness is controlled by genes at a small number of loci. Using 3-methylcholanthrene as inducing agent, strains A/J, C3H/HeJ, and C57BL/6J have been classified as responsive, whereas strains AKR/J, DBA/2J, and SWR/J are nonresponsive. Inhalation of cigarette smoke by both hepatic responsive and nonresponsive mice induces AHH activity in lung, but not in liver, stomach, small intestine, or kidney. The responsive strains have significantly higher levels of basal and induced AHH in the lung than do the hepatic nonresponsive strains. However, because of the especially low basal activity of AHH in lungs of hepatic nonresponsive strains, the ratio of AHH activity in animals treated with cigarette smoke to that in untreated animals is higher in nonresponsive than in responsive strains. AHH activity in lungs is fully induced within 6 to 12 hr after smoke inhalation and remains at the same level whether animals are treated 1 day or daily for 4 week;. AHH in lung returns to basal levels within 5 days after cessation of smoking.", "contents": "Effects of cigarette smoking on aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity in lungs and tissues of inbred mice. Inbred strains of mice have been classified as aromatic hydrocarbon responsive or nonresponsive depending upon whether the parenteral administration of these substances increases hepatic aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) activity. Aromatic hydrocarbon responsiveness is controlled by genes at a small number of loci. Using 3-methylcholanthrene as inducing agent, strains A/J, C3H/HeJ, and C57BL/6J have been classified as responsive, whereas strains AKR/J, DBA/2J, and SWR/J are nonresponsive. Inhalation of cigarette smoke by both hepatic responsive and nonresponsive mice induces AHH activity in lung, but not in liver, stomach, small intestine, or kidney. The responsive strains have significantly higher levels of basal and induced AHH in the lung than do the hepatic nonresponsive strains. However, because of the especially low basal activity of AHH in lungs of hepatic nonresponsive strains, the ratio of AHH activity in animals treated with cigarette smoke to that in untreated animals is higher in nonresponsive than in responsive strains. AHH activity in lungs is fully induced within 6 to 12 hr after smoke inhalation and remains at the same level whether animals are treated 1 day or daily for 4 week;. AHH in lung returns to basal levels within 5 days after cessation of smoking.", "PMID": 1109792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2526", "title": "Specific and nonspecific stimulation of resistance to the growth and metastasis of the line 1 lung carcinoma.", "content": "The effects of specific dead tumor cell immunization and nonspecific immunostimulation with Corynebacterium parvum on the s.c. growth of the line 1 carcinoma in syngeneic BALB/c mice have been studied. Injection of heavily irradiated line ) carcinoma cells did not inhibit the transplantability or growth of the line 1 carcinoma, and in certain cases these treatments actually prolonged the period of rapid growth. This latter observation was traced to a mild inhibition of metastatic spread, which itself can slow the s.c. tumor growth. Treatment of the mice with 0.25 mg of C. parvum 7 days prior to transplant of the tumor had no effect on its growth by itself; but in combination with i.v.-injected tumor cells, which themselves had no effect on tumor growth, a 45% inhibition of tumor growth was induced. These data demonstrate that, in the weekly immunogenic line 1 carcinoma system, inhibition of s.c. transplants requires not only exposure to tumor antigens but also stimulation of the immunological reactivity.", "contents": "Specific and nonspecific stimulation of resistance to the growth and metastasis of the line 1 lung carcinoma. The effects of specific dead tumor cell immunization and nonspecific immunostimulation with Corynebacterium parvum on the s.c. growth of the line 1 carcinoma in syngeneic BALB/c mice have been studied. Injection of heavily irradiated line ) carcinoma cells did not inhibit the transplantability or growth of the line 1 carcinoma, and in certain cases these treatments actually prolonged the period of rapid growth. This latter observation was traced to a mild inhibition of metastatic spread, which itself can slow the s.c. tumor growth. Treatment of the mice with 0.25 mg of C. parvum 7 days prior to transplant of the tumor had no effect on its growth by itself; but in combination with i.v.-injected tumor cells, which themselves had no effect on tumor growth, a 45% inhibition of tumor growth was induced. These data demonstrate that, in the weekly immunogenic line 1 carcinoma system, inhibition of s.c. transplants requires not only exposure to tumor antigens but also stimulation of the immunological reactivity.", "PMID": 1109793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2527", "title": "The effect of nephrectomy on the incidence of breast carcinoma in irradiated parabiosed rats.", "content": "The incidence of carsinoma the breast in parabiosed female NEDH rats is 2.5%. When one member of such a pair is irradiated, the incidence rises to 11% in the irradiated partner and 10% in the nonirradiated partner. If in such a pair of rats one kidney is removed from each partner, the incidence of breast carcinoma rises fivefold in the nonirradiated partner. The factors involved in such an increase probably have to do with alteration in retention, interchange, and feedback of the pituitary and ovarian hormones.", "contents": "The effect of nephrectomy on the incidence of breast carcinoma in irradiated parabiosed rats. The incidence of carsinoma the breast in parabiosed female NEDH rats is 2.5%. When one member of such a pair is irradiated, the incidence rises to 11% in the irradiated partner and 10% in the nonirradiated partner. If in such a pair of rats one kidney is removed from each partner, the incidence of breast carcinoma rises fivefold in the nonirradiated partner. The factors involved in such an increase probably have to do with alteration in retention, interchange, and feedback of the pituitary and ovarian hormones.", "PMID": 1109795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2528", "title": "A role for the macrophage in in vivo and in vitro resistance to murine bladder tumor cell growth.", "content": "Studies were performed to determine the role of macrophages in inhibition of growth of the same tumor cell type both in vitro and in vivo. Bladder transitional epithelium tumor cells were injected s.c. into Toxoplasma-infected mice, previously shown to contain activated macrophages, and into uninfected controls. The subsequent growth of a solid tumor was significantly less in the Toxoplasma-infected animals. Bladder tumor cells from the same cell line were grown in vitro either alone or in the presence of peritoneal lymphocytes and/or macrophages from oxoplasma-infected and control, uninfected mice. [3H]Thymidine incorporation by the tumor cells was inhibited only in the presence of macrophages from the Toxoplasma-infected animals. Lymphocytes alone did not appear to be cytotoxic under the conditions used. Moreover, lymphocytes from Toxoplasma-infected mice did not convey cytotoxicity to macrophages from control animals under the experimental conditions used.", "contents": "A role for the macrophage in in vivo and in vitro resistance to murine bladder tumor cell growth. Studies were performed to determine the role of macrophages in inhibition of growth of the same tumor cell type both in vitro and in vivo. Bladder transitional epithelium tumor cells were injected s.c. into Toxoplasma-infected mice, previously shown to contain activated macrophages, and into uninfected controls. The subsequent growth of a solid tumor was significantly less in the Toxoplasma-infected animals. Bladder tumor cells from the same cell line were grown in vitro either alone or in the presence of peritoneal lymphocytes and/or macrophages from oxoplasma-infected and control, uninfected mice. [3H]Thymidine incorporation by the tumor cells was inhibited only in the presence of macrophages from the Toxoplasma-infected animals. Lymphocytes alone did not appear to be cytotoxic under the conditions used. Moreover, lymphocytes from Toxoplasma-infected mice did not convey cytotoxicity to macrophages from control animals under the experimental conditions used.", "PMID": 1109796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2529", "title": "Suggestive evidence for in vivo binding of specific antitumor antibodies of human melanomas.", "content": "Antibodies eluted from homogenates of human melanoma cells reacted against melanoma cells reacted against melanoma antigens in a complement fixation test. Before elution, sonically treated homogenate did not react significantly against autologous serum but, following elution, antigenic activity increased markedly (up to 32-fold). Eluate of one melanoma reacted with the sonically treated residue of other melanomas but not with similarly prepared residues of sarcoma, carcinomas, or normal tissues. Melanoma eluates comtained more IgG than IgA. Traces of IgM were found in two melanoma eluates. Eluates of normal tissues (lung, kidney, and muscle) were devoid of serum proteins and did not react with the soncially treated melanoma residues. These results support the hypothesis that antitumor antibodies are bound to melanoma cells in vivo and that these antigens are cross-reactive.", "contents": "Suggestive evidence for in vivo binding of specific antitumor antibodies of human melanomas. Antibodies eluted from homogenates of human melanoma cells reacted against melanoma cells reacted against melanoma antigens in a complement fixation test. Before elution, sonically treated homogenate did not react significantly against autologous serum but, following elution, antigenic activity increased markedly (up to 32-fold). Eluate of one melanoma reacted with the sonically treated residue of other melanomas but not with similarly prepared residues of sarcoma, carcinomas, or normal tissues. Melanoma eluates comtained more IgG than IgA. Traces of IgM were found in two melanoma eluates. Eluates of normal tissues (lung, kidney, and muscle) were devoid of serum proteins and did not react with the soncially treated melanoma residues. These results support the hypothesis that antitumor antibodies are bound to melanoma cells in vivo and that these antigens are cross-reactive.", "PMID": 1109797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2530", "title": "Intercalative binding of ellipticine to DNA.", "content": "Ellipticine (NSC 71795), a plant alkaloid with antitumor activity, is a weakly basic polycyclic molecule with dimensions similar to those of proflavin. Like proflavin, ellipticine exhibits hypocromic and bathochromic changes in absorption spectrum in the presence of DNA. It binds preferentially to helical DNA by intercalation, but the strength of binding is substantially greater than that of proflavin. The evidence for intercalation is based on effects on the sedimentation and viscosity of sheared DNA fragments, removal and reversal of the supercoiling of closed circular DNA, and electric dichroism measurements. The sedimentation and viscosity changes are quantitatively similar to those produced by proflavin. The unwinding angle on binding to supercoiled DNA is estimated to be 7.9 degrees, similar to that of proflavin. Electric dichroism shows the plane of the bound ellipticine molecule to be oriented parallel (plus or minus 7 degrees) to the plane of the bases in helical DNA. Ellipticine differs from proflavin in that it is uncharged at neutral pH and becomes protonated under mildly acid conditions. This feature may influence the intracellular distribution of the drug. Ellipticine bound to DNA is probably in its protonated form.", "contents": "Intercalative binding of ellipticine to DNA. Ellipticine (NSC 71795), a plant alkaloid with antitumor activity, is a weakly basic polycyclic molecule with dimensions similar to those of proflavin. Like proflavin, ellipticine exhibits hypocromic and bathochromic changes in absorption spectrum in the presence of DNA. It binds preferentially to helical DNA by intercalation, but the strength of binding is substantially greater than that of proflavin. The evidence for intercalation is based on effects on the sedimentation and viscosity of sheared DNA fragments, removal and reversal of the supercoiling of closed circular DNA, and electric dichroism measurements. The sedimentation and viscosity changes are quantitatively similar to those produced by proflavin. The unwinding angle on binding to supercoiled DNA is estimated to be 7.9 degrees, similar to that of proflavin. Electric dichroism shows the plane of the bound ellipticine molecule to be oriented parallel (plus or minus 7 degrees) to the plane of the bases in helical DNA. Ellipticine differs from proflavin in that it is uncharged at neutral pH and becomes protonated under mildly acid conditions. This feature may influence the intracellular distribution of the drug. Ellipticine bound to DNA is probably in its protonated form.", "PMID": 1109798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2531", "title": "Sputum cytology among frequent users of pressurized spray cans.", "content": "Sputum samples were collected from a group of private patients who had no respiratory symptoms but who frequently used aerosols generated by pressurized cans, and from two groups of controls. Atypical metaplastic changes in exfoliated cells were compared between the groups. An excess of moderate and marked atypical metaplastic cells was found among the frequent aerosol users. This association, which suggests that some aerosol preparations either alter the flora of the bronchial tree or contain carcinogenic agents, strongly suggests that additional studies be done on aerosol can ingredients, and that these sprays be used in a manner to minimize inhalation of the resultant aerosol, except for medical preparations where proper control is exercised.", "contents": "Sputum cytology among frequent users of pressurized spray cans. Sputum samples were collected from a group of private patients who had no respiratory symptoms but who frequently used aerosols generated by pressurized cans, and from two groups of controls. Atypical metaplastic changes in exfoliated cells were compared between the groups. An excess of moderate and marked atypical metaplastic cells was found among the frequent aerosol users. This association, which suggests that some aerosol preparations either alter the flora of the bronchial tree or contain carcinogenic agents, strongly suggests that additional studies be done on aerosol can ingredients, and that these sprays be used in a manner to minimize inhalation of the resultant aerosol, except for medical preparations where proper control is exercised.", "PMID": 1109799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2532", "title": "Lymphatic obstruction in carcinomatous ascites.", "content": "The i.p. inoculation of C3H mice with 5 times 10-6 cells of a transplantable ovarian carcinoma invariably evokes accumulation of large amounts of ascitic fluid. Histological and pharmacotherapeutic studies indicate that obstruction to peritoneal lymphatic drainage is a key factor in the formation of carcinomatous ascites in this model. In the early stages of ascites formation, an intense inflammatory reaction appears to occlude the condusts that connect the peritoneal cavity to the subdiaphragmatic lymphatic plexus. This inflammatory reaction, elicited by the presence of tumor cells within the peritoneal cavity, can be inhibited with high-dose systemic corticosteroid therapy. Ascitic fluid accumulation in animals so treated is markedly retarded. Tumor cells do not gain access to lymphatic capillaries draining the peritoneal cavity until ascitic fluid accumulation is massive. Systemic anticoagulation with heparin or sodium warfarin does not prevent lodgment of tumor cells within these lymphatic capillaries, nor does it alter the pattern of ascitic fluid accumulation. Various considerations suggest that excess production of ascitic fluid is not a likely pathogenetic factor in murine carcinomatous ascites.", "contents": "Lymphatic obstruction in carcinomatous ascites. The i.p. inoculation of C3H mice with 5 times 10-6 cells of a transplantable ovarian carcinoma invariably evokes accumulation of large amounts of ascitic fluid. Histological and pharmacotherapeutic studies indicate that obstruction to peritoneal lymphatic drainage is a key factor in the formation of carcinomatous ascites in this model. In the early stages of ascites formation, an intense inflammatory reaction appears to occlude the condusts that connect the peritoneal cavity to the subdiaphragmatic lymphatic plexus. This inflammatory reaction, elicited by the presence of tumor cells within the peritoneal cavity, can be inhibited with high-dose systemic corticosteroid therapy. Ascitic fluid accumulation in animals so treated is markedly retarded. Tumor cells do not gain access to lymphatic capillaries draining the peritoneal cavity until ascitic fluid accumulation is massive. Systemic anticoagulation with heparin or sodium warfarin does not prevent lodgment of tumor cells within these lymphatic capillaries, nor does it alter the pattern of ascitic fluid accumulation. Various considerations suggest that excess production of ascitic fluid is not a likely pathogenetic factor in murine carcinomatous ascites.", "PMID": 1109800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2533", "title": "Ultrastructural evidence for destruction in the halo nevus.", "content": "Nine halo nevi in various stages of regression were examined by electron microscopy for fine structural evidence of an immunological mechanism of tumor cell destruction and halo formation. Early regressing lesions (Stage I) showed nevus cells associated with infiltrating lymphocytes, monocytes, and plasma cells, but without nevus cell destruction. In later lesions (Stages II and III), vacuolar cytolysis was commonly observed in nevus cells. In Stage III lesions, portions of nevus cells are found within macrophages. The electron microscopic findings of lymphocyte, monocyte, and plasma cell infiltration of the tumor followed by vacuolar cytolysis support the concept of an immune reaction in regressing halo nevi.", "contents": "Ultrastructural evidence for destruction in the halo nevus. Nine halo nevi in various stages of regression were examined by electron microscopy for fine structural evidence of an immunological mechanism of tumor cell destruction and halo formation. Early regressing lesions (Stage I) showed nevus cells associated with infiltrating lymphocytes, monocytes, and plasma cells, but without nevus cell destruction. In later lesions (Stages II and III), vacuolar cytolysis was commonly observed in nevus cells. In Stage III lesions, portions of nevus cells are found within macrophages. The electron microscopic findings of lymphocyte, monocyte, and plasma cell infiltration of the tumor followed by vacuolar cytolysis support the concept of an immune reaction in regressing halo nevi.", "PMID": 1109801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2534", "title": "Mucous metaplasia and gap junctions in the vitamin A acid-treated skin tumor, keratoacanthoma.", "content": "Desmosomes are the usual cell junctions found in normal rabbit epithelium as well as in the untreated keratoacanthoma. This study reports the finding of a second cell junction, the gap junction, when epithelium, normal or tumorous, is subjected to topical applications of vitamin A acid. The gap junction forms early in mucous metaplasia (after 2 days of application of vitamin A acid) and appears before the gross appearance of mucus. The presence of the gap junction occurs when there is an increase in the rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi cisternae and vesicles. It is possible that the early appearance of the gap junction facilitates and mediates the mucous metaplasia. This suggestion is strengthened by the fact that the gap junction, once present in the mucus-producing tumor, is sparse when the tumor reverts back to the dry, keratotic condition upon cessation of vitamin A acid applications.", "contents": "Mucous metaplasia and gap junctions in the vitamin A acid-treated skin tumor, keratoacanthoma. Desmosomes are the usual cell junctions found in normal rabbit epithelium as well as in the untreated keratoacanthoma. This study reports the finding of a second cell junction, the gap junction, when epithelium, normal or tumorous, is subjected to topical applications of vitamin A acid. The gap junction forms early in mucous metaplasia (after 2 days of application of vitamin A acid) and appears before the gross appearance of mucus. The presence of the gap junction occurs when there is an increase in the rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi cisternae and vesicles. It is possible that the early appearance of the gap junction facilitates and mediates the mucous metaplasia. This suggestion is strengthened by the fact that the gap junction, once present in the mucus-producing tumor, is sparse when the tumor reverts back to the dry, keratotic condition upon cessation of vitamin A acid applications.", "PMID": 1109802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2535", "title": "Studies on mammalian ribonucleotide reductase inhibition by pyridoxal phosphate and the dialdehyde derivatives of adenosine, adenosine 5'-monophosphate, and adenosine 5'-triphosphate.", "content": "Ribonucleotide reductase activity in a partially purified enzyme preparation from Ehrilich tumor cells was inhibited by the dialdehyde derivatives of adenosine, 5-adenylic acid, and adenosine 5-triphosphate (prepared by the periodate oxidation of adenosine 5-adenylic acid, and adenosine 5-triphosphate). The borohydride-reduced derivative of periodate-oxidized adenosine was not inhibitory to the ribonucleotide reductase activity, showing that the aldehyde moiety was important in the inhibitory interactions of these compounds. This suggested the formation of a Schiff base between the dialdehyde derivative and an amino group (presumably, the epsilon-amino group of lysine). Pyridoxal phosphate, which is known to inhibit enzymes that have lysyl residues in the catalytic or allosteric sites, was an inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase. Pyridoxal, pyridoxamine phosphate, pyridoxamine, and pyridoxine were not inhibitors. Borohydride reduction of the enzyme in the presence of pyridoxal phosphate produced a protein fraction that had little reductase activity remaining. The inhibition by pyridoxal phosphate was not influenced by increasing the substrate concentration (cytidine 5-diphosphate or adenosine 5-diphosphate), but was diminished by increasing the ratio of allosteric effector to pyridoxal phosphate concentrations, suggesting an interaction of pyridoxal phosphate at the regulatory site of ribonucleotide reductase. The addition of adenosine 5-triphosphate to the pyridoxal phosphate-enzyme mixture, which was subsequently treated with borohydride, partially prevented the inhibition by pyridoxal phosphate. Heat treatment of the ribonucleotide reductase enzyme preparation in the presence of pyridoxal phosphate protected the enzyme against loss of cytidine 5-diphosphate and adenosine 5-diphosphate reductase activities.", "contents": "Studies on mammalian ribonucleotide reductase inhibition by pyridoxal phosphate and the dialdehyde derivatives of adenosine, adenosine 5'-monophosphate, and adenosine 5'-triphosphate. Ribonucleotide reductase activity in a partially purified enzyme preparation from Ehrilich tumor cells was inhibited by the dialdehyde derivatives of adenosine, 5-adenylic acid, and adenosine 5-triphosphate (prepared by the periodate oxidation of adenosine 5-adenylic acid, and adenosine 5-triphosphate). The borohydride-reduced derivative of periodate-oxidized adenosine was not inhibitory to the ribonucleotide reductase activity, showing that the aldehyde moiety was important in the inhibitory interactions of these compounds. This suggested the formation of a Schiff base between the dialdehyde derivative and an amino group (presumably, the epsilon-amino group of lysine). Pyridoxal phosphate, which is known to inhibit enzymes that have lysyl residues in the catalytic or allosteric sites, was an inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase. Pyridoxal, pyridoxamine phosphate, pyridoxamine, and pyridoxine were not inhibitors. Borohydride reduction of the enzyme in the presence of pyridoxal phosphate produced a protein fraction that had little reductase activity remaining. The inhibition by pyridoxal phosphate was not influenced by increasing the substrate concentration (cytidine 5-diphosphate or adenosine 5-diphosphate), but was diminished by increasing the ratio of allosteric effector to pyridoxal phosphate concentrations, suggesting an interaction of pyridoxal phosphate at the regulatory site of ribonucleotide reductase. The addition of adenosine 5-triphosphate to the pyridoxal phosphate-enzyme mixture, which was subsequently treated with borohydride, partially prevented the inhibition by pyridoxal phosphate. Heat treatment of the ribonucleotide reductase enzyme preparation in the presence of pyridoxal phosphate protected the enzyme against loss of cytidine 5-diphosphate and adenosine 5-diphosphate reductase activities.", "PMID": 1109803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2536", "title": "Possible interactions between the urea cycle and synthesis of pyrimidines and polyamines in regenerating liver.", "content": "Ornithine levels rise progressively in the liver of partially hepatectomized rats, probably as a consequence of the increased flow of metabolites through the urea cycle. Ammonia and urea concentrations in the blood and liber of partially hepatectomized animals are not significantly different from those of sham-operated rats. However, in regenerating livers, the ability to remove ammonia from the blood is close to its maximal limit. Ammonia overload leads to the production of large amounts of orotic acid and causes a marked elevation of hepatic ornithine decarboxylase activity. Among the pyrimidine precursors dihydroorotic acid injections increase the activity of the enzyme while orotic acid is without effect. A peak of labeled material that corresponds to dihydroorotic acid was identified by partition chromatography of acid-soluble extracts of livers of partially hepatectomized rats previously given injections of [14-C2 bicarbonate. The labeling of dihydroorotic acid from [14-C] bicarbibate is increased in the liver of rats given injections of ornithine. Despite the difficulties involved in studies of ornithine decarbozylase activity in vivo, our results suggest that mutual interactions between urea, pyrimidine, and polyamine synthesis take place during liver regeneration.", "contents": "Possible interactions between the urea cycle and synthesis of pyrimidines and polyamines in regenerating liver. Ornithine levels rise progressively in the liver of partially hepatectomized rats, probably as a consequence of the increased flow of metabolites through the urea cycle. Ammonia and urea concentrations in the blood and liber of partially hepatectomized animals are not significantly different from those of sham-operated rats. However, in regenerating livers, the ability to remove ammonia from the blood is close to its maximal limit. Ammonia overload leads to the production of large amounts of orotic acid and causes a marked elevation of hepatic ornithine decarboxylase activity. Among the pyrimidine precursors dihydroorotic acid injections increase the activity of the enzyme while orotic acid is without effect. A peak of labeled material that corresponds to dihydroorotic acid was identified by partition chromatography of acid-soluble extracts of livers of partially hepatectomized rats previously given injections of [14-C2 bicarbonate. The labeling of dihydroorotic acid from [14-C] bicarbibate is increased in the liver of rats given injections of ornithine. Despite the difficulties involved in studies of ornithine decarbozylase activity in vivo, our results suggest that mutual interactions between urea, pyrimidine, and polyamine synthesis take place during liver regeneration.", "PMID": 1109804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2537", "title": "Apparent cellular ingress of albumin in Walker 256 tumor and rat muscle.", "content": "Tissue albumin distribution was measured in Walker 256 tumor and skeletal muscle in vivo in 36 rats. Vascular, extravascular-extracellular, and total tissue water spaces were determined for each tissue sample by isotopic techniques. Tissue interstitial and lymph albumin values were calculated from thoracic duct albumin concentrations, and vascular albumin was determined from serum albumin levels. Total tissue albumin was measured by dilution. These data demonstrate a third tissue albumin pool that equilibrates in 3 days compared to the rapid equilibration (2 hr) of vascular and extracellular-extravascular spaces. The pool is present in both muscle and tumor but appears to equilibrate more rapidly in tumor tissue. This finding suggests that cellular ingress of albumin occurs in vivo, which may explain increased albumin catabolism in tumor-bearing hosts.", "contents": "Apparent cellular ingress of albumin in Walker 256 tumor and rat muscle. Tissue albumin distribution was measured in Walker 256 tumor and skeletal muscle in vivo in 36 rats. Vascular, extravascular-extracellular, and total tissue water spaces were determined for each tissue sample by isotopic techniques. Tissue interstitial and lymph albumin values were calculated from thoracic duct albumin concentrations, and vascular albumin was determined from serum albumin levels. Total tissue albumin was measured by dilution. These data demonstrate a third tissue albumin pool that equilibrates in 3 days compared to the rapid equilibration (2 hr) of vascular and extracellular-extravascular spaces. The pool is present in both muscle and tumor but appears to equilibrate more rapidly in tumor tissue. This finding suggests that cellular ingress of albumin occurs in vivo, which may explain increased albumin catabolism in tumor-bearing hosts.", "PMID": 1109805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2538", "title": "The role of serum factors in the acceleration by Freund's complete adjuvant of the growth of transplanted murine leukemic cells.", "content": "Attempted nonspecific immunotherapy led to acceleration rather than retardation of tumor growth. Mice given injections of Freund's adjuvant were more susceptible to transplanted syngeneic Gross virus-induced leukemic cells when Freund's complete adjuvant was administered i.p. 0 to 7 days before or 1 day after tumor; thereafter, the adjuvant had no effect. Two serum-mediated phenomeana were demonstrated in vitro: (a) sera from mice immunized with Freund's complete adjuvant and tumor facilitated killing of tumor cells by peritoneal exudate cells from nonimmune mice; (b) sera from all mice with progressive tumor blocked the cytotoxicity of a xenogeneic tumor-specific serum. Certain sera produced both effects. However, sera that either blocked or facilitated tumor killing in vitro had no effect on the growth in vivo of transplanted tumor cells.", "contents": "The role of serum factors in the acceleration by Freund's complete adjuvant of the growth of transplanted murine leukemic cells. Attempted nonspecific immunotherapy led to acceleration rather than retardation of tumor growth. Mice given injections of Freund's adjuvant were more susceptible to transplanted syngeneic Gross virus-induced leukemic cells when Freund's complete adjuvant was administered i.p. 0 to 7 days before or 1 day after tumor; thereafter, the adjuvant had no effect. Two serum-mediated phenomeana were demonstrated in vitro: (a) sera from mice immunized with Freund's complete adjuvant and tumor facilitated killing of tumor cells by peritoneal exudate cells from nonimmune mice; (b) sera from all mice with progressive tumor blocked the cytotoxicity of a xenogeneic tumor-specific serum. Certain sera produced both effects. However, sera that either blocked or facilitated tumor killing in vitro had no effect on the growth in vivo of transplanted tumor cells.", "PMID": 1109806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2539", "title": "The carcinogenicity of fluorenylhydroxamic acids and N-acetoxy-N-fluorenylacetamides for the rat as related to the reactivity of the esters toward nucleophiles.", "content": "In extension of previous work indicating that the carcinogenicity of isomeric fluorenylhydroxamic acids depends on the point of attachment of the nitrogen atom on the fluorene system, the carcinogenicities of N-hydroxy-3-fluorenylacetamide and of N-hydroxy-4-fluorenylacetamide were evaluated in male and female Sprague-Dawley rats by several routes of administration and were compared with the carcinogenicity of N-hydroxy-2-fluorenylacetamide. The earlier observation that N-hydroxy-3-fluorenylacetamide is a specific mamary carcinogen was confirmed. N-Hydroxy-4-fluorenylacetamide was only marginally carcinogenic. Neither isomer gave tumors at the site after i.m. administration of the compounds into the hind leg of the rat. A comparison of the carcinogenicity of the isomers indicated the following order of activity: N-Hydroxy-2-fluorenylacetamide greater than N-hydroxy-3-fluorenylacetamide greater than N-hydroxy-4-fluorenylacetamide. Because of the current concept that arylhydroxamic acids are further acitvated to electrophilic reactants capable of interacting covalently with cellular nucleophiles and because esters of N-hydroxy-2-fluorenylacetamide give rise to an electrophilic reactant, the acetate esters of N-hydroxy-3-fluorenylacetamide and N-hydroxy-4-fluorenylacetamide were prepared and tested for their carcinogenicity in male and female Spaguw-Dawley rats by i.p. and i.m. administration. The order of carcinogenicity of the isomeric esters followed that of the parent hydroxamic acids (N-acetoxy-2-fluorenylacetamide greater than N-acetoxy-3-fluorenylacetamide greater than N-acetoxy-4-fluorenylacetamide). In order to correlate the carcinogeniciyt of the isomeric esters with their reactivity toward nucleophiles, the esters were reacted with methionine, transfer RNA, and the nucleosides, guanosine and adenosine. Under identical conditions, the reactivity of N-acetoxy-2-fluorenylacetamide towards methionine was at least tenfold greater than that of N-acetoxy-4-fluorenylacetamide. In addition to  o-methylthio-2-fluorenylacemide, a new adduct, o-methylsulfoxo-2-fluorenylacetamide, was isolated from the reaction of N-acetoxy-2-fluorenylacetamide with methionine. Reaction of N-acetoxy-4-fluorenylacetamide and 1-methylthio-4-fluorenylacetamide. N-Acetoxy-3-fluorenylacetamide did not react with methionine. Continued.", "contents": "The carcinogenicity of fluorenylhydroxamic acids and N-acetoxy-N-fluorenylacetamides for the rat as related to the reactivity of the esters toward nucleophiles. In extension of previous work indicating that the carcinogenicity of isomeric fluorenylhydroxamic acids depends on the point of attachment of the nitrogen atom on the fluorene system, the carcinogenicities of N-hydroxy-3-fluorenylacetamide and of N-hydroxy-4-fluorenylacetamide were evaluated in male and female Sprague-Dawley rats by several routes of administration and were compared with the carcinogenicity of N-hydroxy-2-fluorenylacetamide. The earlier observation that N-hydroxy-3-fluorenylacetamide is a specific mamary carcinogen was confirmed. N-Hydroxy-4-fluorenylacetamide was only marginally carcinogenic. Neither isomer gave tumors at the site after i.m. administration of the compounds into the hind leg of the rat. A comparison of the carcinogenicity of the isomers indicated the following order of activity: N-Hydroxy-2-fluorenylacetamide greater than N-hydroxy-3-fluorenylacetamide greater than N-hydroxy-4-fluorenylacetamide. Because of the current concept that arylhydroxamic acids are further acitvated to electrophilic reactants capable of interacting covalently with cellular nucleophiles and because esters of N-hydroxy-2-fluorenylacetamide give rise to an electrophilic reactant, the acetate esters of N-hydroxy-3-fluorenylacetamide and N-hydroxy-4-fluorenylacetamide were prepared and tested for their carcinogenicity in male and female Spaguw-Dawley rats by i.p. and i.m. administration. The order of carcinogenicity of the isomeric esters followed that of the parent hydroxamic acids (N-acetoxy-2-fluorenylacetamide greater than N-acetoxy-3-fluorenylacetamide greater than N-acetoxy-4-fluorenylacetamide). In order to correlate the carcinogeniciyt of the isomeric esters with their reactivity toward nucleophiles, the esters were reacted with methionine, transfer RNA, and the nucleosides, guanosine and adenosine. Under identical conditions, the reactivity of N-acetoxy-2-fluorenylacetamide towards methionine was at least tenfold greater than that of N-acetoxy-4-fluorenylacetamide. In addition to  o-methylthio-2-fluorenylacemide, a new adduct, o-methylsulfoxo-2-fluorenylacetamide, was isolated from the reaction of N-acetoxy-2-fluorenylacetamide with methionine. Reaction of N-acetoxy-4-fluorenylacetamide and 1-methylthio-4-fluorenylacetamide. N-Acetoxy-3-fluorenylacetamide did not react with methionine. Continued.", "PMID": 1109807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2540", "title": "[Expediture during intensification of working processes in the hospital].", "content": "The intensification of working processes in hospitals is reflected also in indicators of expenditure which characterize the consumption expressed in financial terms. The intensity of operation may be reflected to a certain extent also in the operational costs per unit of capacity or performance, although from the expenditure alone it is not possible to draw unequivocal conclusions on the degree of intensity. When evaluating the economic results of hospitals information on the influence of changes as regards the use of bed capacity is useful, as well as information on changes in the length of the diagnostic and therapeutic operations performed by the common diagnostic and therapeutic complement of the hospital with policlinic and the influence of newly established units of intensive care on indicators of operational costs. The present article attempts to indicate the trend and force of action of these changes on the example of a type two hospital possessing all departments (district hospital).", "contents": "[Expediture during intensification of working processes in the hospital]. The intensification of working processes in hospitals is reflected also in indicators of expenditure which characterize the consumption expressed in financial terms. The intensity of operation may be reflected to a certain extent also in the operational costs per unit of capacity or performance, although from the expenditure alone it is not possible to draw unequivocal conclusions on the degree of intensity. When evaluating the economic results of hospitals information on the influence of changes as regards the use of bed capacity is useful, as well as information on changes in the length of the diagnostic and therapeutic operations performed by the common diagnostic and therapeutic complement of the hospital with policlinic and the influence of newly established units of intensive care on indicators of operational costs. The present article attempts to indicate the trend and force of action of these changes on the example of a type two hospital possessing all departments (district hospital).", "PMID": 1109808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2541", "title": "[Mortality due to cardiovascular diseases in relation to age and sex. Comparison  of routine statistics with results of a special epidemiological survey].", "content": "The author presents an account of results of routine statistics and a special epidemiological survey where Prqgue, the Central Bohemian region and CSSR were compared. Existing possibilities as regards the diagnosis of a difficult group of cardiovascular diseases was tested. Careful processing of these causes of death revealed that routine statistics are as regards details of different groups of cardiovascular diseases somewhat inaccurate; despite this they give a fairly correct idea of the mortality from this group of diseases. The results of the investigation confirmed again that cardiovascular diseases are at present not only a very serious health issue but also a social problem.", "contents": "[Mortality due to cardiovascular diseases in relation to age and sex. Comparison  of routine statistics with results of a special epidemiological survey]. The author presents an account of results of routine statistics and a special epidemiological survey where Prqgue, the Central Bohemian region and CSSR were compared. Existing possibilities as regards the diagnosis of a difficult group of cardiovascular diseases was tested. Careful processing of these causes of death revealed that routine statistics are as regards details of different groups of cardiovascular diseases somewhat inaccurate; despite this they give a fairly correct idea of the mortality from this group of diseases. The results of the investigation confirmed again that cardiovascular diseases are at present not only a very serious health issue but also a social problem.", "PMID": 1109809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2542", "title": "[Analysis of mortality in the Zilina district].", "content": "From death certificates assemble in the Zilina district in three years (1968-1970) the authors prepared and coded questionnaires with 29 criteria. In the present article they submit some results obtained by automatic computing and biometric evaluation of these data. In the introduction they draw attention to and explain the rising trend of mortality in the Zilina district as well as in the Slovak Socialist Republic. Significant differences were revealed in the marital status of men and women with a predominance of married man and widows. The investigated variations of the number of deceased per day or week is not statistically significant; they were significant only in the course of the year with the maximum of deaths in March and the minimum in August. The specific mortality by decades revealed that men have from birth throughout life a higher death rate than women. As regards causes of death according to the 17 classes of the International Classification four classes dominate similarly an in the entire Slovak Socialist Republic, i. e. cardiovascular diseases 40.8%, tumours 17.8%, respiratory diseases 17.2% and accidents 7.5% all diagnoses. The order of diseases is the same for men and women only in the five most numerous classes and even there is a significant difference in the mortality level in three. Trichotomic classification of communities throws some light on the problem of causes of death of the rural and urban population. The last doctor attending the patient before death was in 48,3% the health community doctor, in 39,1% the hospital, in 8,9% (accidents and acute attacks) nobody whereby the percentage structure of men and women differs significantly also in this indicator. Finally the authors draw attention to the fact that the number of post mortem examinations (31,8%) is highest, as compared with the Central Slovak region (19,9%), the Slovak Socialist Republic (21,1%), the Czech Socialist Republic (29,8%) and the CSSR (27,6%).", "contents": "[Analysis of mortality in the Zilina district]. From death certificates assemble in the Zilina district in three years (1968-1970) the authors prepared and coded questionnaires with 29 criteria. In the present article they submit some results obtained by automatic computing and biometric evaluation of these data. In the introduction they draw attention to and explain the rising trend of mortality in the Zilina district as well as in the Slovak Socialist Republic. Significant differences were revealed in the marital status of men and women with a predominance of married man and widows. The investigated variations of the number of deceased per day or week is not statistically significant; they were significant only in the course of the year with the maximum of deaths in March and the minimum in August. The specific mortality by decades revealed that men have from birth throughout life a higher death rate than women. As regards causes of death according to the 17 classes of the International Classification four classes dominate similarly an in the entire Slovak Socialist Republic, i. e. cardiovascular diseases 40.8%, tumours 17.8%, respiratory diseases 17.2% and accidents 7.5% all diagnoses. The order of diseases is the same for men and women only in the five most numerous classes and even there is a significant difference in the mortality level in three. Trichotomic classification of communities throws some light on the problem of causes of death of the rural and urban population. The last doctor attending the patient before death was in 48,3% the health community doctor, in 39,1% the hospital, in 8,9% (accidents and acute attacks) nobody whereby the percentage structure of men and women differs significantly also in this indicator. Finally the authors draw attention to the fact that the number of post mortem examinations (31,8%) is highest, as compared with the Central Slovak region (19,9%), the Slovak Socialist Republic (21,1%), the Czech Socialist Republic (29,8%) and the CSSR (27,6%).", "PMID": 1109810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2543", "title": "[Results in the management of transfusion preparations in the West Bohemian Region during 1973].", "content": "The authors present an analysis of the use of transfusion preparations in 1973 in the West Bohemian region, where satisfactory results were obtained due to the cooperation of the regional commission for expedient pharmacotherapy, specialists of different branches, heads of blood transfusion departments and doctors working in these departments. A more objective approach to indications for transfusion is manifested by a reduced administration of whole blood (by 15%), reduced administration of locally produced plasma (by11%), increased administration of erythrocyte mass (by 21%) and special transfusion preparations (by 35%) and thus a reduction of expenditure on blood per bed per day in all district institutes of national health in the West Bohemian region.", "contents": "[Results in the management of transfusion preparations in the West Bohemian Region during 1973]. The authors present an analysis of the use of transfusion preparations in 1973 in the West Bohemian region, where satisfactory results were obtained due to the cooperation of the regional commission for expedient pharmacotherapy, specialists of different branches, heads of blood transfusion departments and doctors working in these departments. A more objective approach to indications for transfusion is manifested by a reduced administration of whole blood (by 15%), reduced administration of locally produced plasma (by11%), increased administration of erythrocyte mass (by 21%) and special transfusion preparations (by 35%) and thus a reduction of expenditure on blood per bed per day in all district institutes of national health in the West Bohemian region.", "PMID": 1109811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2544", "title": "[Drug therapy in homes for retired persons].", "content": "The authors analyzed the prescriptions in an old age pensioners home in Rokytnice near Prerov (240 people) in 1966-1972 and the assembled results were compared with drug expenditure in an old age pensioners home in Radkova Lhota (102 people) in 1972). Almost half the people in these homes suffer from at least three diseases which must be considered during drug pprscription; the great moribidity explains the almost fivefold expenditure on drugs per head, as compared with ambulatory care. Prescription of psychopharmaceutical preparations, antibiotics, analgetics and bronchodilatating drugs corresponds to the principles of expedient pharmacotherapy. More attention must be devoted to the dosage of cardiotonics. Geriatric drugs and vitamins, specially ascorbic acid are prescribed little.", "contents": "[Drug therapy in homes for retired persons]. The authors analyzed the prescriptions in an old age pensioners home in Rokytnice near Prerov (240 people) in 1966-1972 and the assembled results were compared with drug expenditure in an old age pensioners home in Radkova Lhota (102 people) in 1972). Almost half the people in these homes suffer from at least three diseases which must be considered during drug pprscription; the great moribidity explains the almost fivefold expenditure on drugs per head, as compared with ambulatory care. Prescription of psychopharmaceutical preparations, antibiotics, analgetics and bronchodilatating drugs corresponds to the principles of expedient pharmacotherapy. More attention must be devoted to the dosage of cardiotonics. Geriatric drugs and vitamins, specially ascorbic acid are prescribed little.", "PMID": 1109812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2545", "title": "Androgen binding proteins in the anterior pituitary, hypothalamus, preoptic area and brain cortex of the rat.", "content": "The cytosol fractions of the anterior pituitary, hypothalamus, preoptic area and brain cortex of castrated male rats have been found to possess specific androgen binding proteins. The physicochemical characteristics of these binding proteins appear to be very similar. Thus, they were excluded by Sephadex G-100 gel and had a sedimentation coefficient of 6-7S by sucrose gradient centrifugation. The protein nature of the androgen binding components was supported by the fact that protease, but not DNase and RNase eliminated the binding of androgens. In addition, the elimination of the binding by 1 mM p-chloro-mereuriphenylsulfonate (PCMPS) and by heat treatment at 45 C for 30 min indicate that free sulfhydryl groups are necessary for androgen binding and that the proteins are thermolabile. Testosterone, 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone and the antiandrogen Cyproterone acetate were found to possess a much higher affinity than 17beta-estradiol and cortisol for the binding components. Dissociation studies revealed that [3H]testosterone is not easily displaced by unlabeled androgens. In the anterior pituitary, hypothalamus and preoptic area testosterone accounted for the major part of the radioactive material in the total tissue homogenates and also for the greater part of the bound radioactivity 15 min after in vivo administration of [3H]testosterone. [3H]17beta-estradiol accounted for less than 3% of the bound radioactivity under these conditions. If binding of a steroid sex hormone by specific proteins is a prerequisite for the hormonal action, the present study indicates the potential for a direct effect of androgens on the target cells of the anterior pituitary and of the central nervous system", "contents": "Androgen binding proteins in the anterior pituitary, hypothalamus, preoptic area and brain cortex of the rat. The cytosol fractions of the anterior pituitary, hypothalamus, preoptic area and brain cortex of castrated male rats have been found to possess specific androgen binding proteins. The physicochemical characteristics of these binding proteins appear to be very similar. Thus, they were excluded by Sephadex G-100 gel and had a sedimentation coefficient of 6-7S by sucrose gradient centrifugation. The protein nature of the androgen binding components was supported by the fact that protease, but not DNase and RNase eliminated the binding of androgens. In addition, the elimination of the binding by 1 mM p-chloro-mereuriphenylsulfonate (PCMPS) and by heat treatment at 45 C for 30 min indicate that free sulfhydryl groups are necessary for androgen binding and that the proteins are thermolabile. Testosterone, 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone and the antiandrogen Cyproterone acetate were found to possess a much higher affinity than 17beta-estradiol and cortisol for the binding components. Dissociation studies revealed that [3H]testosterone is not easily displaced by unlabeled androgens. In the anterior pituitary, hypothalamus and preoptic area testosterone accounted for the major part of the radioactive material in the total tissue homogenates and also for the greater part of the bound radioactivity 15 min after in vivo administration of [3H]testosterone. [3H]17beta-estradiol accounted for less than 3% of the bound radioactivity under these conditions. If binding of a steroid sex hormone by specific proteins is a prerequisite for the hormonal action, the present study indicates the potential for a direct effect of androgens on the target cells of the anterior pituitary and of the central nervous system", "PMID": 1109895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2546", "title": "Sympathetic innervation of the thyroid: variation with species and with age.", "content": "Fluorescence histochemistry was used to study the sympathetic innervation of the thyroids from adult individuals of six different species; mouse, rat, hamster, dog, sheep, and pig. In addition, thyroids from very young rats and from very old mice were examined. Generally, thyroidal sympathetic, adrenergic nerve terminals were found not only as a network around vessels, but also as single terminals between, and sometimes around, follicles. Interfollicular terminals were numerous in thethyroids of adult mice, sheep and hamsters, but they were few in the thyroids of adult rats and dogs, and even fewer in the porcine thyroid. In contrast to the findings in thyroids from adult mice and rats, several interfollicular terminals were found in thyroids from very young rats while very few such terminals were detected in the thyroids from very old mice. The observations suggest that there is a pronounced interspecies variation in the number of thyroidal interfollicular sympathetic nerve terminals and that, at least in the rat and the mouse, there is also a variation with age. Since, in mice, sympathetic activation appears to induce thyroid hormone secretion by a direct action of norepinephrine released from intrathyroidal sympathetic fibers, the recorded variations are presumed to have functional importance.", "contents": "Sympathetic innervation of the thyroid: variation with species and with age. Fluorescence histochemistry was used to study the sympathetic innervation of the thyroids from adult individuals of six different species; mouse, rat, hamster, dog, sheep, and pig. In addition, thyroids from very young rats and from very old mice were examined. Generally, thyroidal sympathetic, adrenergic nerve terminals were found not only as a network around vessels, but also as single terminals between, and sometimes around, follicles. Interfollicular terminals were numerous in thethyroids of adult mice, sheep and hamsters, but they were few in the thyroids of adult rats and dogs, and even fewer in the porcine thyroid. In contrast to the findings in thyroids from adult mice and rats, several interfollicular terminals were found in thyroids from very young rats while very few such terminals were detected in the thyroids from very old mice. The observations suggest that there is a pronounced interspecies variation in the number of thyroidal interfollicular sympathetic nerve terminals and that, at least in the rat and the mouse, there is also a variation with age. Since, in mice, sympathetic activation appears to induce thyroid hormone secretion by a direct action of norepinephrine released from intrathyroidal sympathetic fibers, the recorded variations are presumed to have functional importance.", "PMID": 1109896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2547", "title": "Mechanism of the effects of hypothalamic deafferentation on prolactin secretion in the rat.", "content": "Male rats with complete hypothalamic deafferentation had consistently lower serums prolactin concentrations than controls when the blood samples were obtained under other anesthesia. However, when rats were decapitated, both groups had similar low prolactin levels. Posterolateral deafferentation was as effective as complete deafferentation in preventing the stress-induced prolactin release, whereas anterior frontal deafferentation had only a small effect, L-Dopa (100 mg/kg body wt, ip) decreased prolactin titers in both control and deafferented animals, whereas reserpine (1 mg/kg body wt, ip) had the opposite effect. Since both drugs inhibited prolactin release from pituitaries in vitro, the decrease of prolactin levels following L-dopa in vivo might have been caused not only by stimulation of PIF release but also at least partly by the direct effect of the drug on the pituitary. However, the increase of serum prolactin following reserpine was in all probability caused by inhibition of PIF secretion. Electrolytic lesions in the median eminence of deafferented rats caused an elevation of serum prolactin which was more marked in female than in male rats. On the contrary, deafferentation in the females affected prolactin levels less than in males. It is concluded that hypothalamic deafferentation prevents ether-induced release of prolactin and that the \"low\" levels of the deafferented animals are probably due to a tonic release of prolactin-inhibiting factor (PIF) from the isolated island. It is though that this continuous release of PIF might be maintained by persisting autonomous activity of the adrenergic, presumably dopaminergic, neurons contained in the isolated island.", "contents": "Mechanism of the effects of hypothalamic deafferentation on prolactin secretion in the rat. Male rats with complete hypothalamic deafferentation had consistently lower serums prolactin concentrations than controls when the blood samples were obtained under other anesthesia. However, when rats were decapitated, both groups had similar low prolactin levels. Posterolateral deafferentation was as effective as complete deafferentation in preventing the stress-induced prolactin release, whereas anterior frontal deafferentation had only a small effect, L-Dopa (100 mg/kg body wt, ip) decreased prolactin titers in both control and deafferented animals, whereas reserpine (1 mg/kg body wt, ip) had the opposite effect. Since both drugs inhibited prolactin release from pituitaries in vitro, the decrease of prolactin levels following L-dopa in vivo might have been caused not only by stimulation of PIF release but also at least partly by the direct effect of the drug on the pituitary. However, the increase of serum prolactin following reserpine was in all probability caused by inhibition of PIF secretion. Electrolytic lesions in the median eminence of deafferented rats caused an elevation of serum prolactin which was more marked in female than in male rats. On the contrary, deafferentation in the females affected prolactin levels less than in males. It is concluded that hypothalamic deafferentation prevents ether-induced release of prolactin and that the \"low\" levels of the deafferented animals are probably due to a tonic release of prolactin-inhibiting factor (PIF) from the isolated island. It is though that this continuous release of PIF might be maintained by persisting autonomous activity of the adrenergic, presumably dopaminergic, neurons contained in the isolated island.", "PMID": 1109897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2548", "title": "Episodic secretion of renin.", "content": "Renin is secreted episodically in the absence of overt stimulation in the pentobarital-anesthetized, saline-loaded cat. Ninety min postlaparotomy, arterial and renal venous plasma renin concentrations (PRC) were determined at 15-min intervals for a 2 hr period. The pattern of renin secretion consisted of significant secretory peaks and periods in which little or no renin was secreted. In only a few instances could renin secretion be attributed to a preceding arterial blood pressure drop. The secretory episodes were also dissociated from flow.", "contents": "Episodic secretion of renin. Renin is secreted episodically in the absence of overt stimulation in the pentobarital-anesthetized, saline-loaded cat. Ninety min postlaparotomy, arterial and renal venous plasma renin concentrations (PRC) were determined at 15-min intervals for a 2 hr period. The pattern of renin secretion consisted of significant secretory peaks and periods in which little or no renin was secreted. In only a few instances could renin secretion be attributed to a preceding arterial blood pressure drop. The secretory episodes were also dissociated from flow.", "PMID": 1109898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2549", "title": "Effect of splanchnic nerve stimulation on glucagon and insulin output in the dog.", "content": "In order to study the role of the sympathetic nerves in the regulation of glucagon and insulin secretion, the distal stump of the left splanchnic nerve was electrically stimulated at the diaphragmatic level in the anesthetized dog under bilateral ligation of the adrenal veins. During stimulation, plasma glucose concentration rose rapidly, and pancreatic vein plasma concentration of glucagon increased along with pancreatic vein blood flow, indicating a greater output of glucagon. Insulin output in pancreatic vein plasma was slowly elevated despite continued stimulation. Pretreatment with propranolol resulted in a decline of the basal output of both glucagon and insulin and in their marked initial fall at the onset of the stimulus. However, glucagon output still showed a vigorous increase during neural stimulation whereas insulin output remained totally suppressed, but showed a rebound rise after cessation of stimulation. Pretreatment with phentolamine evoked an enhancement in both basal output of insulin and its response to splanchnic stimulation, but did not exert any marked effect on glucagon output. Pretreatment with atropine inhibited the basal output of glucagon and insulin, but the response of insulin output to splanchnic stimulation was not suppressed, thus excluding the possibility that activation of aberrant parasympathetic nerve fibers located in the splanchnic nerve would be responsible for the delayed increase in insulin  release. The present results indicate that glucagon secretion may be regulated by different receptor mechanisms from those involved in insulin release following sympathetic activation.", "contents": "Effect of splanchnic nerve stimulation on glucagon and insulin output in the dog. In order to study the role of the sympathetic nerves in the regulation of glucagon and insulin secretion, the distal stump of the left splanchnic nerve was electrically stimulated at the diaphragmatic level in the anesthetized dog under bilateral ligation of the adrenal veins. During stimulation, plasma glucose concentration rose rapidly, and pancreatic vein plasma concentration of glucagon increased along with pancreatic vein blood flow, indicating a greater output of glucagon. Insulin output in pancreatic vein plasma was slowly elevated despite continued stimulation. Pretreatment with propranolol resulted in a decline of the basal output of both glucagon and insulin and in their marked initial fall at the onset of the stimulus. However, glucagon output still showed a vigorous increase during neural stimulation whereas insulin output remained totally suppressed, but showed a rebound rise after cessation of stimulation. Pretreatment with phentolamine evoked an enhancement in both basal output of insulin and its response to splanchnic stimulation, but did not exert any marked effect on glucagon output. Pretreatment with atropine inhibited the basal output of glucagon and insulin, but the response of insulin output to splanchnic stimulation was not suppressed, thus excluding the possibility that activation of aberrant parasympathetic nerve fibers located in the splanchnic nerve would be responsible for the delayed increase in insulin  release. The present results indicate that glucagon secretion may be regulated by different receptor mechanisms from those involved in insulin release following sympathetic activation.", "PMID": 1109899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2550", "title": "Sequential patterns of circulating LH and FSH in female sheep during the early postnatal period: effect of gonadectomy.", "content": "To determine the basis for the marked daily variability in circulating luteinizing hormone (LH) in the female lamb shortly after birth and to determine whether circulating follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) exhibits similar variability during this period of life, serum levels of both gonadotropins were monitored frequently (20-min intervals) over a 3- or 6-hr period each week for the first 9 weeks of life. Similar measurements of circulating LH and FSH were made in lambs ovariectomized at 2 weeks of age to assess whether the ovary influences the secretion of these gonadotropins. Pulsatile release of LH, but not FSH, was observed in both groups of lambs. Although mean concentrations of circulating FSH in intact female lambs were similar to basal levels of the cyclic adult, mean concentrations of serum LH were much higher. Because of the discontinuous release of LH in intact lambs after 4-5 weeks of age, patterns of LH were often indistinguishable from those of the long-term ovariectomized adult. At 9 weeks of age the frequency of episodic LH release in intact lambs ranged from 0.33-1.1 pulses/hr. Castration at 2 weeks of age produced a concomitant, but delayed, rise in mean serum LH and FSH beginning 4-5 weeks later. By 9 weeks of age serum LH, but not FSH, had attained levels comparable to those of the castrated adult, and the mean frequency of LH release (about hourly) was similar for both groups. The results indicate that by 9 weeks of age the ovary of the lamb influences the secretion of LH and FSH. Because in the 9-week-old intact female lamb episodic release of LH occurs producing high (castrate) levels of this gonadotropin while circulating concentrations of FSH remain stable and within basal levels of the adult cycling female, it is suggested that acute concomitant release of LH and FSH  does not occur at this age and that separate negative feedback loops for the control of LH and FSH secretion may exist during early postnatal life.", "contents": "Sequential patterns of circulating LH and FSH in female sheep during the early postnatal period: effect of gonadectomy. To determine the basis for the marked daily variability in circulating luteinizing hormone (LH) in the female lamb shortly after birth and to determine whether circulating follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) exhibits similar variability during this period of life, serum levels of both gonadotropins were monitored frequently (20-min intervals) over a 3- or 6-hr period each week for the first 9 weeks of life. Similar measurements of circulating LH and FSH were made in lambs ovariectomized at 2 weeks of age to assess whether the ovary influences the secretion of these gonadotropins. Pulsatile release of LH, but not FSH, was observed in both groups of lambs. Although mean concentrations of circulating FSH in intact female lambs were similar to basal levels of the cyclic adult, mean concentrations of serum LH were much higher. Because of the discontinuous release of LH in intact lambs after 4-5 weeks of age, patterns of LH were often indistinguishable from those of the long-term ovariectomized adult. At 9 weeks of age the frequency of episodic LH release in intact lambs ranged from 0.33-1.1 pulses/hr. Castration at 2 weeks of age produced a concomitant, but delayed, rise in mean serum LH and FSH beginning 4-5 weeks later. By 9 weeks of age serum LH, but not FSH, had attained levels comparable to those of the castrated adult, and the mean frequency of LH release (about hourly) was similar for both groups. The results indicate that by 9 weeks of age the ovary of the lamb influences the secretion of LH and FSH. Because in the 9-week-old intact female lamb episodic release of LH occurs producing high (castrate) levels of this gonadotropin while circulating concentrations of FSH remain stable and within basal levels of the adult cycling female, it is suggested that acute concomitant release of LH and FSH  does not occur at this age and that separate negative feedback loops for the control of LH and FSH secretion may exist during early postnatal life.", "PMID": 1109900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2551", "title": "The metabolism and binding properties of 3H-aldosterone in plasma and its sex dependence in adrenalectomized rats.", "content": "The rates of clearance of plasma 3-H radioactivitivity following intravenous injection of 3-H aldosterone was demonstrated to be sex-dependent in adrenalectomized rats. The perchantage plasma radioactivity which is CH-2CL-2extractable is greater in female than in male rats from 5 min to 90 min postinjection; however the quantities of CH2-CL2-extractable label are not significantly different until 60 min postinjection. The quantities of nonextractable, water-soluble metabolites of adosterone (NEPD), which are markedly greater in the plasma of males, reach peak levels 30 min after injections of aldosterone, during the latent period of the hormone.N females, these polar metabolites (NEPD)are rapidly cleared from the blood. The quantities of 3-H-radioactivity associated with the plasma binding proteins are similar in both males and females. The unbound levels of aldosterone and its metabolities are significantly greater in the plasma of males. These findings indicate that the sex hormones may influence not only the metabolism of aldosterone in rats, but also the plasma levels of unmetabolized aldosterone and its metabolites.", "contents": "The metabolism and binding properties of 3H-aldosterone in plasma and its sex dependence in adrenalectomized rats. The rates of clearance of plasma 3-H radioactivitivity following intravenous injection of 3-H aldosterone was demonstrated to be sex-dependent in adrenalectomized rats. The perchantage plasma radioactivity which is CH-2CL-2extractable is greater in female than in male rats from 5 min to 90 min postinjection; however the quantities of CH2-CL2-extractable label are not significantly different until 60 min postinjection. The quantities of nonextractable, water-soluble metabolites of adosterone (NEPD), which are markedly greater in the plasma of males, reach peak levels 30 min after injections of aldosterone, during the latent period of the hormone.N females, these polar metabolites (NEPD)are rapidly cleared from the blood. The quantities of 3-H-radioactivity associated with the plasma binding proteins are similar in both males and females. The unbound levels of aldosterone and its metabolities are significantly greater in the plasma of males. These findings indicate that the sex hormones may influence not only the metabolism of aldosterone in rats, but also the plasma levels of unmetabolized aldosterone and its metabolites.", "PMID": 1109901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2552", "title": "The effects of dexamethasone on the peripheral plasma concentrations of androstenedione, testosterone and cortisol in the pregnant rhesus monkey.", "content": "The concentrations of androstenedione, testosterone and cortisol have been measured in the maternal peripheral plasma of normal pregnant rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta), and in rhesus monkeys treated daily with dexamethasone during late pregnancy. During the last 30 days of pregnancy, the mean plasma concentrations of androstenedione, testosterone and cortisol were about 1400-2000 pg/m1375-425pg/ml and 300-400 ng/ml, respectively. None of these steroids increased significantly before parturition. As there was no rise in maternal androgens in late pregnancy when plasma estrogens increase sharply, it suggested that his elevation of plasma estrogens is related to an increase of fetal precursors Dexamethasone treatment resulted in 90% suppression of plasma cortisol and 40%-60% suppression of androstendione and testosterone. As the suppression of maternal androgens was of lesser magnitude than the decline of plasma estrogens, and as the androgens did not continue to fall with continuing dexamethasone treatment as did the estrogens, these findings also suggest that the decline in plasma estrogens is related in large part to suppression and atrophy of the fetal adrenals.", "contents": "The effects of dexamethasone on the peripheral plasma concentrations of androstenedione, testosterone and cortisol in the pregnant rhesus monkey. The concentrations of androstenedione, testosterone and cortisol have been measured in the maternal peripheral plasma of normal pregnant rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta), and in rhesus monkeys treated daily with dexamethasone during late pregnancy. During the last 30 days of pregnancy, the mean plasma concentrations of androstenedione, testosterone and cortisol were about 1400-2000 pg/m1375-425pg/ml and 300-400 ng/ml, respectively. None of these steroids increased significantly before parturition. As there was no rise in maternal androgens in late pregnancy when plasma estrogens increase sharply, it suggested that his elevation of plasma estrogens is related to an increase of fetal precursors Dexamethasone treatment resulted in 90% suppression of plasma cortisol and 40%-60% suppression of androstendione and testosterone. As the suppression of maternal androgens was of lesser magnitude than the decline of plasma estrogens, and as the androgens did not continue to fall with continuing dexamethasone treatment as did the estrogens, these findings also suggest that the decline in plasma estrogens is related in large part to suppression and atrophy of the fetal adrenals.", "PMID": 1109902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2553", "title": "Growth hormone-dependent serum stimulation of DNA synthesis in chick embryo fibroblasts in culture.", "content": "We have investigated the role of GH in the serum requirement for the multiplication of chick embryo fibroblasts (CEF-S) in culture . Serum from hypophysectomized (hypox.) rats is much less effective than normal serum in stimulating the incorporation of (3H-methyl]thymidine into DNA. More importantly, bovine GH(bGH) treatment of the hypox. rat restores 60% or more of the activity in the 3H-thymidine incorporation assay. Bovine GH is inactive when tested directly in the assay. Mixing experiments show that the decreased activity of hypox. serum is not due to the presence of an inhibitor in the hypox. serum. The GH is dependent factor is nondialysable and stable to Boiling at pH5.5. boiling the normal, hypox. and bGH treating hypox. rat sera results not only in enhancement of the activity but also a more linear dose response curve in the 3H-thymidine incorporation assay. The thesis because measurements of cell numbers show the CEFs multiply less well in boiled normal rat serum and bGH treatment of the hypox. rat restores approximately half of the multiplication stimulating activity of normal boiled rat serum. CEFs in culture may provide a satisfactory in vitro system for  the study of the mechanism of action of the growth hormone dependent anabolic factors found in serum.", "contents": "Growth hormone-dependent serum stimulation of DNA synthesis in chick embryo fibroblasts in culture. We have investigated the role of GH in the serum requirement for the multiplication of chick embryo fibroblasts (CEF-S) in culture . Serum from hypophysectomized (hypox.) rats is much less effective than normal serum in stimulating the incorporation of (3H-methyl]thymidine into DNA. More importantly, bovine GH(bGH) treatment of the hypox. rat restores 60% or more of the activity in the 3H-thymidine incorporation assay. Bovine GH is inactive when tested directly in the assay. Mixing experiments show that the decreased activity of hypox. serum is not due to the presence of an inhibitor in the hypox. serum. The GH is dependent factor is nondialysable and stable to Boiling at pH5.5. boiling the normal, hypox. and bGH treating hypox. rat sera results not only in enhancement of the activity but also a more linear dose response curve in the 3H-thymidine incorporation assay. The thesis because measurements of cell numbers show the CEFs multiply less well in boiled normal rat serum and bGH treatment of the hypox. rat restores approximately half of the multiplication stimulating activity of normal boiled rat serum. CEFs in culture may provide a satisfactory in vitro system for  the study of the mechanism of action of the growth hormone dependent anabolic factors found in serum.", "PMID": 1109903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2554", "title": "Changes in plasma calcitonin and calcium during the migration of salmon.", "content": "The levels of immunoassayable calcitonin and of calcium were measured in the preblood of sockeye salmon during their migration from sea water to fresh water to spawn. Plasma calcitonin was higher in the females than in the males during all stages of migration  as was plasma calcium except during spawning. In both sexes calcium decreased progressively throughout migration. In the male, calcitonin decreased as the fish arrived in fresh water but increased again at the spawning. These observations suggest that calcitonin may play an important role in the reproductive cycle of fish.", "contents": "Changes in plasma calcitonin and calcium during the migration of salmon. The levels of immunoassayable calcitonin and of calcium were measured in the preblood of sockeye salmon during their migration from sea water to fresh water to spawn. Plasma calcitonin was higher in the females than in the males during all stages of migration  as was plasma calcium except during spawning. In both sexes calcium decreased progressively throughout migration. In the male, calcitonin decreased as the fish arrived in fresh water but increased again at the spawning. These observations suggest that calcitonin may play an important role in the reproductive cycle of fish.", "PMID": 1109904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2555", "title": "Effects of acute stress on serum LH and prolactin in intact, castrate and dexamethasone-treated male rats.", "content": "The effects of handling, ether vapor anesthesia and blood sampling on serum LH and prolactin were determined in intact, castrate and dexamethasone-treated male rats. Cage removal and transport to an adjacent room increased LH and prolactin levels by 10 and 15 min after the initial animal disturbance. Intact male rats subjected to repeated ether anesthesia and blood sampling showed a more rapid increase in serum LH and prolactin than the preceding rats, since serum LH and prolactin was increased by 4, 8 and 15 min after initial cage disturbance. In a group of rats subjected to serial blood sampling over a longer time interval, both prolactin and LH levels remained higher than 90 min after initial animal handling. At 90 minutes after a single blood sampling, blood prolactin concentration remained higher than in controls. Serum LH levels returned to control levels 90 min after the stress of a single blood sampling. Although serum prolactin was increased in the castrate group subjected to serial anesthesia and blood sampling, LH concentrations were reduced under the same conditions. Injection of 5 and 50 mug of dexamethasone/100 g body wt for 8 days markedly reduced adrenocortical responsiveness to the stress of serial anesthesia and blood sampling at 1, 4, 8 and 15 min after initial rat disturbance. The 50 mug dexamethasone treatment reduced the stress-stimulated increase in serum prolactin at all blood sampling intervals. The dexamethasone-treated groups also showed smaller increases in serum LH at 8 and 15 min after first animal handling than the control rats. These results indicate that serum LH and prolactin concentrations are consistently increased by acute stress in intact male rats, the duration of the stress stimulation of LH and prolactin is at least 90 min under the conditions of this study, serum LH levels of castrate male rats are decreased by acute stress and dexamethasone administration lowers stress stimulation of LH and prolactin release.", "contents": "Effects of acute stress on serum LH and prolactin in intact, castrate and dexamethasone-treated male rats. The effects of handling, ether vapor anesthesia and blood sampling on serum LH and prolactin were determined in intact, castrate and dexamethasone-treated male rats. Cage removal and transport to an adjacent room increased LH and prolactin levels by 10 and 15 min after the initial animal disturbance. Intact male rats subjected to repeated ether anesthesia and blood sampling showed a more rapid increase in serum LH and prolactin than the preceding rats, since serum LH and prolactin was increased by 4, 8 and 15 min after initial cage disturbance. In a group of rats subjected to serial blood sampling over a longer time interval, both prolactin and LH levels remained higher than 90 min after initial animal handling. At 90 minutes after a single blood sampling, blood prolactin concentration remained higher than in controls. Serum LH levels returned to control levels 90 min after the stress of a single blood sampling. Although serum prolactin was increased in the castrate group subjected to serial anesthesia and blood sampling, LH concentrations were reduced under the same conditions. Injection of 5 and 50 mug of dexamethasone/100 g body wt for 8 days markedly reduced adrenocortical responsiveness to the stress of serial anesthesia and blood sampling at 1, 4, 8 and 15 min after initial rat disturbance. The 50 mug dexamethasone treatment reduced the stress-stimulated increase in serum prolactin at all blood sampling intervals. The dexamethasone-treated groups also showed smaller increases in serum LH at 8 and 15 min after first animal handling than the control rats. These results indicate that serum LH and prolactin concentrations are consistently increased by acute stress in intact male rats, the duration of the stress stimulation of LH and prolactin is at least 90 min under the conditions of this study, serum LH levels of castrate male rats are decreased by acute stress and dexamethasone administration lowers stress stimulation of LH and prolactin release.", "PMID": 1109906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2556", "title": "Preparation of sperm-free seminal plasma from human semen.", "content": "Whole human semen was centrifuged at various centrifugal forces to obtain sperm-free seminal plasma. Most samples of seminal plasma collected after centrifguation of up to 10,000 g were contaminated with spermatozoa. Centrifugation at 40,000 g yielded sperm-free seminal plasma in two thirds of the samples centrifuged. Filtration of whole semen with Millipore filters (pore size 0.45 mu) removed all spermatozoa.", "contents": "Preparation of sperm-free seminal plasma from human semen. Whole human semen was centrifuged at various centrifugal forces to obtain sperm-free seminal plasma. Most samples of seminal plasma collected after centrifguation of up to 10,000 g were contaminated with spermatozoa. Centrifugation at 40,000 g yielded sperm-free seminal plasma in two thirds of the samples centrifuged. Filtration of whole semen with Millipore filters (pore size 0.45 mu) removed all spermatozoa.", "PMID": 1109935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2557", "title": "Micropuncture and microanalytic studies of the rat testis and epididymis.", "content": "Micropuncture techniques developed for the study of renal physiology have been adapted for investigation of the male reproductive tract. Ultramicro specimens were obtained in vivo from the tubules of the rat testis and epididymis. These samples were analyzed for sperm morphology and concentration. The new methods developed to conduct these studies are discussed in detail. The mean in vivo spermatocrits were 0.411 plus and minus 0.029, 0.355 plus and minus 0.019, and 0;731 plus and minus 0.028 in the seminiferous tubule, caput epididymidis, and caudal spermatocrit was significantly higher than the spermatocrit in the caput or seminiferous tubule. The percentages of abnormal spermatozoa in the caput and cauda were 5.5% plus and minus .7% and 4.3% plus and minus .6%, respectively.", "contents": "Micropuncture and microanalytic studies of the rat testis and epididymis. Micropuncture techniques developed for the study of renal physiology have been adapted for investigation of the male reproductive tract. Ultramicro specimens were obtained in vivo from the tubules of the rat testis and epididymis. These samples were analyzed for sperm morphology and concentration. The new methods developed to conduct these studies are discussed in detail. The mean in vivo spermatocrits were 0.411 plus and minus 0.029, 0.355 plus and minus 0.019, and 0;731 plus and minus 0.028 in the seminiferous tubule, caput epididymidis, and caudal spermatocrit was significantly higher than the spermatocrit in the caput or seminiferous tubule. The percentages of abnormal spermatozoa in the caput and cauda were 5.5% plus and minus .7% and 4.3% plus and minus .6%, respectively.", "PMID": 1109936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2558", "title": "Development of reversible vas deferens occlusive device: IV. Rigid prosthetic devices.", "content": "Different types of rigid, reversible, vas deferens occlusive devices were developed and evaluated in 14 unilaterally vasectomized dogs. All prosthetic devices had molded silicone rubber bodies, and rigid inflow and outflow tubes. Various techniques for the removal of the vas luminal epithelium, and for the preparation of porous ceramic and etched stainless steel surfaces to encourage tissue ingrowth into the prosthetic device end tubues were attempted. The devices differed in their methods of achieving occlusion. One device used a \"rotary stem valve\" which had a C-section rotating mechanism; the others used the \"shuttle stem valve\" which possessed an occlusive element that moved transverse to the axis of flow in the device, thus occluding the device when the stem was depressed. The rotarystem valve was implanted by means of a longitudinal incision. The remaining 13 shuttle stem devices were placed in the vas using either a longitudinal or a transverse implantation. Inno case was sperm transport through the prosthetic devices obtained for more than a few ejaculations.", "contents": "Development of reversible vas deferens occlusive device: IV. Rigid prosthetic devices. Different types of rigid, reversible, vas deferens occlusive devices were developed and evaluated in 14 unilaterally vasectomized dogs. All prosthetic devices had molded silicone rubber bodies, and rigid inflow and outflow tubes. Various techniques for the removal of the vas luminal epithelium, and for the preparation of porous ceramic and etched stainless steel surfaces to encourage tissue ingrowth into the prosthetic device end tubues were attempted. The devices differed in their methods of achieving occlusion. One device used a \"rotary stem valve\" which had a C-section rotating mechanism; the others used the \"shuttle stem valve\" which possessed an occlusive element that moved transverse to the axis of flow in the device, thus occluding the device when the stem was depressed. The rotarystem valve was implanted by means of a longitudinal incision. The remaining 13 shuttle stem devices were placed in the vas using either a longitudinal or a transverse implantation. Inno case was sperm transport through the prosthetic devices obtained for more than a few ejaculations.", "PMID": 1109937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2559", "title": "Development of reversible vas deferens occlusive device: V. Flexible prosthetic devices.", "content": "In contrast to the results with rigid-ended prosthetic devices implanted in the vas deferens of the dog, effective sperm transport was obtained for prolonged periods of time with flexible-ended (all soft) devices. Such transport could be halted by device occlusion with clips or shuttle stem valves. Opening the devices resulted once again in the passage of spermatozoa, indicating that these devices may be potentially useful as reversible male contraceptives. More research is necessary to determine the cause of an overall decrease in sperm output after device implantations and to evaluate any adverse side effects of such devices. Dacron velour-covered suture rings on the devices permitted effective tissue ingrowth and prevented leakage or recanalization.", "contents": "Development of reversible vas deferens occlusive device: V. Flexible prosthetic devices. In contrast to the results with rigid-ended prosthetic devices implanted in the vas deferens of the dog, effective sperm transport was obtained for prolonged periods of time with flexible-ended (all soft) devices. Such transport could be halted by device occlusion with clips or shuttle stem valves. Opening the devices resulted once again in the passage of spermatozoa, indicating that these devices may be potentially useful as reversible male contraceptives. More research is necessary to determine the cause of an overall decrease in sperm output after device implantations and to evaluate any adverse side effects of such devices. Dacron velour-covered suture rings on the devices permitted effective tissue ingrowth and prevented leakage or recanalization.", "PMID": 1109938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2560", "title": "Prevalence of circulating HL-A lymphocytotoxic antibodies in men after vasectomy.", "content": "Thirty-two men undergoing vasectomy were studied for one year to determine presence of HL-A antibodies after surgery. Blood samples were taken prior to vasectomy and at three, six, nine, and 12 months following surgery. Twenty-six men showed no increase in antibody activity during the study when their sera were matched against a 25-member typed lymphocyte donor panel. Sera of two men showed a definite increase in positive reactions, six to 12 months after surgery. The sera of four men showed slight increases in reactivity between three and 12 months after vasectomy. The serum of one man showed a single positive reaction against his own lymphocytes three months after surgery, but no positive reactivity against the lymphocyte donor panel. These studies suggest that HL-A antibodies are not regularly formed as a result of standard vasectomy procedures, but that further long-term evaluation of vasectomized patients may be needed to make definite conclusions.", "contents": "Prevalence of circulating HL-A lymphocytotoxic antibodies in men after vasectomy. Thirty-two men undergoing vasectomy were studied for one year to determine presence of HL-A antibodies after surgery. Blood samples were taken prior to vasectomy and at three, six, nine, and 12 months following surgery. Twenty-six men showed no increase in antibody activity during the study when their sera were matched against a 25-member typed lymphocyte donor panel. Sera of two men showed a definite increase in positive reactions, six to 12 months after surgery. The sera of four men showed slight increases in reactivity between three and 12 months after vasectomy. The serum of one man showed a single positive reaction against his own lymphocytes three months after surgery, but no positive reactivity against the lymphocyte donor panel. These studies suggest that HL-A antibodies are not regularly formed as a result of standard vasectomy procedures, but that further long-term evaluation of vasectomized patients may be needed to make definite conclusions.", "PMID": 1109939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2561", "title": "In vitro action of progestogens on sperm migration in human cervical mucus;.", "content": "The presence of progestogens in the cervical mucus suppresses and arrests sperm penetration. Using the Kremer technique, the effects of in vitro released progesterone, d-norgestrel, and cyproterone acetate were studied by inserting silicone rubber threads bearing the respective compounds into capillary tubes containing cervical mucus. Control tubes were fitted with nonmedicated silicone rubber threads. After 24 hours of incubation, the sperm migration test was carried out to evaluate penetration depth, qualitative motility, and proportion of motile forms. Progesterone produced the greatest alterations. Migration was arrested within 30 minutes, the distance reached was consistently less than 2 cm, and sperm were completely immobile at 24 hours. D-norgestrel also exhibited a distinct spermiostatic effect, but it was not as intense as that of progesterone. Cyproterone acetate was practically effective during the first 120 minutes and produced alterations only in the qualitative and proportional motility.", "contents": "In vitro action of progestogens on sperm migration in human cervical mucus;. The presence of progestogens in the cervical mucus suppresses and arrests sperm penetration. Using the Kremer technique, the effects of in vitro released progesterone, d-norgestrel, and cyproterone acetate were studied by inserting silicone rubber threads bearing the respective compounds into capillary tubes containing cervical mucus. Control tubes were fitted with nonmedicated silicone rubber threads. After 24 hours of incubation, the sperm migration test was carried out to evaluate penetration depth, qualitative motility, and proportion of motile forms. Progesterone produced the greatest alterations. Migration was arrested within 30 minutes, the distance reached was consistently less than 2 cm, and sperm were completely immobile at 24 hours. D-norgestrel also exhibited a distinct spermiostatic effect, but it was not as intense as that of progesterone. Cyproterone acetate was practically effective during the first 120 minutes and produced alterations only in the qualitative and proportional motility.", "PMID": 1109940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2562", "title": "The effect of combination and low dose progestogen oral contraceptives on serum lipids.", "content": "Fasting serum triglyceride, free fatty acid, phospholipid, and cholesterol levels were determined in women who were taking either combination or low dose progestogen oral contraceptives. The contraceptives used were: ethynodiol diacetate and ethynyl estradiol; norgestrel and ethynyl estradiol; norgestrel; and megestrol acetate. Serum lipids significantly increased in women taking combination pills. They significantly decreased in patients taking norgestrel, while they remained almost unchanged in patients taking megestrol acetate. This decrease varied with the type of progestogen used in continuous low dosage therapy. The confusion when interpreting the results from different reports on the effects of oral contraceptives on serum lipids will be reduced if proper attention is given to the types of steroid used.", "contents": "The effect of combination and low dose progestogen oral contraceptives on serum lipids. Fasting serum triglyceride, free fatty acid, phospholipid, and cholesterol levels were determined in women who were taking either combination or low dose progestogen oral contraceptives. The contraceptives used were: ethynodiol diacetate and ethynyl estradiol; norgestrel and ethynyl estradiol; norgestrel; and megestrol acetate. Serum lipids significantly increased in women taking combination pills. They significantly decreased in patients taking norgestrel, while they remained almost unchanged in patients taking megestrol acetate. This decrease varied with the type of progestogen used in continuous low dosage therapy. The confusion when interpreting the results from different reports on the effects of oral contraceptives on serum lipids will be reduced if proper attention is given to the types of steroid used.", "PMID": 1109941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2563", "title": "Effects of danazol on the pituitary-gonadal axis in male gerbils and mice.", "content": "Danazol administration caused lesions in the seminiferous tubules of gerbils and mice. The seminiferous epithelium became systematically depleted of spermatogonia, spermatocytes, spermatids, and finally spermatozoa. Danazol administration did not cause damage to the epididymal cells but was followed by a significant increase (p smaller than 0.01) in the diameter of the Leydig cell nuclei. The growth of androgen-dependent organs was reversibly suppressed after treatment. Resumption of normal gonadal function in the mouse occurred 32 days after discontinuation of medication. Danazol brought about transient changes resembling those of bilateral gonadectomy in the anterior lobe of the hypophysis. Inhibition of endogenous gonadotropins occurred, reflected in the increased basophilic cell percentage.", "contents": "Effects of danazol on the pituitary-gonadal axis in male gerbils and mice. Danazol administration caused lesions in the seminiferous tubules of gerbils and mice. The seminiferous epithelium became systematically depleted of spermatogonia, spermatocytes, spermatids, and finally spermatozoa. Danazol administration did not cause damage to the epididymal cells but was followed by a significant increase (p smaller than 0.01) in the diameter of the Leydig cell nuclei. The growth of androgen-dependent organs was reversibly suppressed after treatment. Resumption of normal gonadal function in the mouse occurred 32 days after discontinuation of medication. Danazol brought about transient changes resembling those of bilateral gonadectomy in the anterior lobe of the hypophysis. Inhibition of endogenous gonadotropins occurred, reflected in the increased basophilic cell percentage.", "PMID": 1109942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2564", "title": "Prostaglandin F2-alpha for induction of midterm abortion: a comparative study.", "content": "The action of prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2-alpha) to induce midterm abortion in rabbits, rats, hamsters, and mice using different methods and routes of administration was studied. Administration of PGF-alpha in a Silastic-PVP implant was more effective than was the parenteral injection at the same dose levels. The efficacy of PGF2alpha was optimum when deposited locally in the uterine lumen as a Silastic-PVP implant, a condition comparable to a continuous intra-amniotic or extra-amniotic administration of PGF2alpha in women. It is possible that the insertion of a Silastic-PVP implant into the uterine lumen results in a continuous PGF2alpha release and a high local PGF2alpha concentration which minimizes such factors as dilution and the short half life displayed in the general circulation. PGF2alpha contained in a Silastic-PVP implant and inserted into the uterine lumen may effectively induce abortion with a comparatively lower dose than that necessary for parenteral routes of administration.", "contents": "Prostaglandin F2-alpha for induction of midterm abortion: a comparative study. The action of prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2-alpha) to induce midterm abortion in rabbits, rats, hamsters, and mice using different methods and routes of administration was studied. Administration of PGF-alpha in a Silastic-PVP implant was more effective than was the parenteral injection at the same dose levels. The efficacy of PGF2alpha was optimum when deposited locally in the uterine lumen as a Silastic-PVP implant, a condition comparable to a continuous intra-amniotic or extra-amniotic administration of PGF2alpha in women. It is possible that the insertion of a Silastic-PVP implant into the uterine lumen results in a continuous PGF2alpha release and a high local PGF2alpha concentration which minimizes such factors as dilution and the short half life displayed in the general circulation. PGF2alpha contained in a Silastic-PVP implant and inserted into the uterine lumen may effectively induce abortion with a comparatively lower dose than that necessary for parenteral routes of administration.", "PMID": 1109943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2565", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of rhesus monkey chorionic gonadotropin.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay for rhesus monkey chorionic gonadotropin (mCG) employing an antiovine LH antiserum, 125I or 131I-ovine LH tracer, and mCG for standards was developed. Radioimmunoassay of serum levels of mCG during pregnancy indicated that mCG began increasing as early as day 12 after mating, reached a peak by day 25, and declined to nondetectable levels around day 35. The assay procedure was adapted for use as a rapid method for pregnancy diagnosis; the results were available as early as 12 hours after collection of serum samples. The method is capable of detecting a few pregnancies by day 12 and all pregnancies by day 17. Routine use of this method provided accurate pregnancy diagnosis four days earlier than was possible with the mouse uterine weight bioassay method previously used in this laboratory.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of rhesus monkey chorionic gonadotropin. A radioimmunoassay for rhesus monkey chorionic gonadotropin (mCG) employing an antiovine LH antiserum, 125I or 131I-ovine LH tracer, and mCG for standards was developed. Radioimmunoassay of serum levels of mCG during pregnancy indicated that mCG began increasing as early as day 12 after mating, reached a peak by day 25, and declined to nondetectable levels around day 35. The assay procedure was adapted for use as a rapid method for pregnancy diagnosis; the results were available as early as 12 hours after collection of serum samples. The method is capable of detecting a few pregnancies by day 12 and all pregnancies by day 17. Routine use of this method provided accurate pregnancy diagnosis four days earlier than was possible with the mouse uterine weight bioassay method previously used in this laboratory.", "PMID": 1109944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2566", "title": "Halfway houses for the mentally ill and alcoholics: a 1973 survey.", "content": "A survey of halfway houses made in October 1973 identified 209 facilities primarily for psychiatric patients and 597 for alcoholics. The facilities for alcoholics average fewer employees than the psychiatric halfway houses, and proportionately more of them are recovered patients. The alcoholism facilities serve older clients, most of them males. Patients admitted to psychiatric halfway houses are more likely to enter from a hospital than from the community, and they have longer stays than the alcoholic patients. The largest percentage of both groups return to independent living; 15 per cent of the psychiatric patients are readmitted to hospitals.", "contents": "Halfway houses for the mentally ill and alcoholics: a 1973 survey. A survey of halfway houses made in October 1973 identified 209 facilities primarily for psychiatric patients and 597 for alcoholics. The facilities for alcoholics average fewer employees than the psychiatric halfway houses, and proportionately more of them are recovered patients. The alcoholism facilities serve older clients, most of them males. Patients admitted to psychiatric halfway houses are more likely to enter from a hospital than from the community, and they have longer stays than the alcoholic patients. The largest percentage of both groups return to independent living; 15 per cent of the psychiatric patients are readmitted to hospitals.", "PMID": 1110043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2567", "title": "Gathering naturalistic, objective data on the behavior of schizophrenic patients.", "content": "A behavioral observation system, consisting of 12 behavior categories and an apparatus for recording them, was designed as a tool for gathering objective, naturalistic data on the ongoing behavior of hospitalized schizophrenics. After the system was tested and evaluated, it was used to draw behavioral profiles of 62 schizophrenics on two psychiatric wards of a Veterans Administration hospital. The results indicate the labeled schizophrenic is typified by a lack of adaptive behavior, a blankness, and a failure to get involved with his environment.", "contents": "Gathering naturalistic, objective data on the behavior of schizophrenic patients. A behavioral observation system, consisting of 12 behavior categories and an apparatus for recording them, was designed as a tool for gathering objective, naturalistic data on the ongoing behavior of hospitalized schizophrenics. After the system was tested and evaluated, it was used to draw behavioral profiles of 62 schizophrenics on two psychiatric wards of a Veterans Administration hospital. The results indicate the labeled schizophrenic is typified by a lack of adaptive behavior, a blankness, and a failure to get involved with his environment.", "PMID": 1110048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2568", "title": "A study of hospitalized paranoid schizophrenics with grandiose symptomatology.", "content": "Twenty-one paranoid schizophrenics who were being treated in a therapeutic community were divided into groups with grandiose and nongrandiose symptomatology, based on ratings on the Inpatient Multidimensional Psychiatric Scale. The nine nongrandiose patients showed significantly greater improvement during hospitalization. A follow-up of five nongrandiose and nine grandiose patients one year after discharge revealed a trend toward greater improvement by the nongrandiose group. The authors feel that a patient's grandiosity creates a barrier that keeps the therapist and the members of the therapeutic community at a distance and makes him less accessible to therapeutic intervention. The field dependence of patients was also rated, but was of no prognostic significance.", "contents": "A study of hospitalized paranoid schizophrenics with grandiose symptomatology. Twenty-one paranoid schizophrenics who were being treated in a therapeutic community were divided into groups with grandiose and nongrandiose symptomatology, based on ratings on the Inpatient Multidimensional Psychiatric Scale. The nine nongrandiose patients showed significantly greater improvement during hospitalization. A follow-up of five nongrandiose and nine grandiose patients one year after discharge revealed a trend toward greater improvement by the nongrandiose group. The authors feel that a patient's grandiosity creates a barrier that keeps the therapist and the members of the therapeutic community at a distance and makes him less accessible to therapeutic intervention. The field dependence of patients was also rated, but was of no prognostic significance.", "PMID": 1110049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2569", "title": "Catatonia: diagnosis and management.", "content": "The number of cases of catatonic schizophrenia has decreased in the past 50 years, but a few patients with the syndrome are still seen. The author describes the excited and withdrawn types of catatonia, reviews some organic and psychiatric conditions that resemble them, and gives suggestions for making the differential diagnosis. He discusses the use of the barbiturate interview, ECT, and phenothiazines in treatment, using case examples.", "contents": "Catatonia: diagnosis and management. The number of cases of catatonic schizophrenia has decreased in the past 50 years, but a few patients with the syndrome are still seen. The author describes the excited and withdrawn types of catatonia, reviews some organic and psychiatric conditions that resemble them, and gives suggestions for making the differential diagnosis. He discusses the use of the barbiturate interview, ECT, and phenothiazines in treatment, using case examples.", "PMID": 1110050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2570", "title": "Using community psychiatry methods in private practice.", "content": "Two cases that incorporate community resources into psychiatric-medical treatment plans for private patients illustrate the use of community psychiatry concepts in a private office. In both cases the private practitioner formed treatment teams with representatives of other community agencies to help the patients return and adapt to the community. Two problems that arise in the author's continuing work with community resources are the time it takes to implement clinical decisions through an agency and the agency staff's feeling of territoriality.", "contents": "Using community psychiatry methods in private practice. Two cases that incorporate community resources into psychiatric-medical treatment plans for private patients illustrate the use of community psychiatry concepts in a private office. In both cases the private practitioner formed treatment teams with representatives of other community agencies to help the patients return and adapt to the community. Two problems that arise in the author's continuing work with community resources are the time it takes to implement clinical decisions through an agency and the agency staff's feeling of territoriality.", "PMID": 1110051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2571", "title": "The Catholic hospital: options for survival.", "content": "The traditional mission of the Church and its ministry to the sick through the Catholic hospital is being called into question by the confluence of a series of internal and external forces. This questioning occurs simultaneous to the modern world's growing need for the unique contributions of Catholic hospitals. Constructive, careful, and intensive reexamination of assumptions about Catholic hospitals is in order--reexamination by the religious orders who operate the hospitals, by the ecclesiastic authorities who must ultimately approve them, and by the Catholic laity who support them. Each must examine these key questions: What is unique about the Catholic hospital? Is it needed in the modern world? Is that uniqueness indissolubly linked to operation by religious orders? How would an alternate model of the Catholic hospital system be designed? This article has attempted to prove that the Catholic hospital is indeed unique as a religious, Christian, and Catholic institution; that this uniqueness is especially pertinent to some of the major problems of the sick in the modern world; that in essence this uniqueness is not contingent upon operation by religious orders; and that new relationsh?IPS are possible between the laity, the religious congregations, and the ecclesiastic authority which will maintain the Catholicity of the hospital of the future, despite the actions of erosive forces which seem to threaten it today. The Catholic hospital remains one of the most visible and effective witnesses to the Christian message and the Mystical Body. We who constitute it are called upon to reexamine how its mission to the sick can be expanded, not contracted. Expansion requires new forms which promise as much for the future as the older forms have accomplished in the past. In assessing Christ's own healing mission, Romano Guardini pointedly emphasized that Christ was more than \"the great philanthropist.\" Today the sick need such individuals more acutely and more profoundly than ever before. Therein lies the mission--and the obligation--of the Catholic hospital, which must continue into the future whatever new forms of organization exigencies may dictate. By concentrating on its essential features, the Catholic hospital can protect itself against dissolution and an inauthentic existence--alternatives which are neither Christian nor Catholic.", "contents": "The Catholic hospital: options for survival. The traditional mission of the Church and its ministry to the sick through the Catholic hospital is being called into question by the confluence of a series of internal and external forces. This questioning occurs simultaneous to the modern world's growing need for the unique contributions of Catholic hospitals. Constructive, careful, and intensive reexamination of assumptions about Catholic hospitals is in order--reexamination by the religious orders who operate the hospitals, by the ecclesiastic authorities who must ultimately approve them, and by the Catholic laity who support them. Each must examine these key questions: What is unique about the Catholic hospital? Is it needed in the modern world? Is that uniqueness indissolubly linked to operation by religious orders? How would an alternate model of the Catholic hospital system be designed? This article has attempted to prove that the Catholic hospital is indeed unique as a religious, Christian, and Catholic institution; that this uniqueness is especially pertinent to some of the major problems of the sick in the modern world; that in essence this uniqueness is not contingent upon operation by religious orders; and that new relationsh?IPS are possible between the laity, the religious congregations, and the ecclesiastic authority which will maintain the Catholicity of the hospital of the future, despite the actions of erosive forces which seem to threaten it today. The Catholic hospital remains one of the most visible and effective witnesses to the Christian message and the Mystical Body. We who constitute it are called upon to reexamine how its mission to the sick can be expanded, not contracted. Expansion requires new forms which promise as much for the future as the older forms have accomplished in the past. In assessing Christ's own healing mission, Romano Guardini pointedly emphasized that Christ was more than \"the great philanthropist.\" Today the sick need such individuals more acutely and more profoundly than ever before. Therein lies the mission--and the obligation--of the Catholic hospital, which must continue into the future whatever new forms of organization exigencies may dictate. By concentrating on its essential features, the Catholic hospital can protect itself against dissolution and an inauthentic existence--alternatives which are neither Christian nor Catholic.", "PMID": 1110065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2572", "title": "Prognostic factors in colon carcinoma: correlation of serum carcinoembryonic antigen level and tumor histopathology.", "content": "The results of histopathologic study and the preoperative circulating carcinoembryonic antigen levels were correlated with each other and with the postoperative clinical course in 45 surgically treated patients with cancer of the colon. Histopathologic evaluation of the tumor included the depth of bowel wall involvement according to the Dukes classification, the histologic differentiation of cells on the basis of Broders' grades of malignancy, evidence of lymphocyte and plasma cell infiltration within and surrounding the primary tumor, and evidence of blood vessel, lymphatic, and perineural invasion. All these parameters, including the serum carcinoembryonic antigen level, had prognostic value. Low serum carcinoembryonic antigen levels in patients with colonic cancer suggested tumor localized within the bowel wall; the highest values were found in patients with tumors that had spread beyond the bowel wall. An inverse correlation was noted between the degree of tumor differentiation and carcinoembryonic antigen levels in the same patient. Carcinoembryonic antigen levels tended to be elevated when blood vessel, lymphatic, and perineural invasion was present. An inverse correlation was also noted between the preoperative carcinoembryonic antigen level and the degree of lymphocyte and plasma cell infiltration in the primary tumor. Round cell infiltration was interpreted as an indication of the host's immune response against the tumor. Thus, on the basis of clinical follow-up of the patients it is concluded that all morphologic parameters evaluated have prognostic value, that preoperative serum carcinoembryonic antigen levels have prognostic value, that all prognostic parameters correlate with each other appropriately, and that the combined parameters are more reliable than any single one alone.", "contents": "Prognostic factors in colon carcinoma: correlation of serum carcinoembryonic antigen level and tumor histopathology. The results of histopathologic study and the preoperative circulating carcinoembryonic antigen levels were correlated with each other and with the postoperative clinical course in 45 surgically treated patients with cancer of the colon. Histopathologic evaluation of the tumor included the depth of bowel wall involvement according to the Dukes classification, the histologic differentiation of cells on the basis of Broders' grades of malignancy, evidence of lymphocyte and plasma cell infiltration within and surrounding the primary tumor, and evidence of blood vessel, lymphatic, and perineural invasion. All these parameters, including the serum carcinoembryonic antigen level, had prognostic value. Low serum carcinoembryonic antigen levels in patients with colonic cancer suggested tumor localized within the bowel wall; the highest values were found in patients with tumors that had spread beyond the bowel wall. An inverse correlation was noted between the degree of tumor differentiation and carcinoembryonic antigen levels in the same patient. Carcinoembryonic antigen levels tended to be elevated when blood vessel, lymphatic, and perineural invasion was present. An inverse correlation was also noted between the preoperative carcinoembryonic antigen level and the degree of lymphocyte and plasma cell infiltration in the primary tumor. Round cell infiltration was interpreted as an indication of the host's immune response against the tumor. Thus, on the basis of clinical follow-up of the patients it is concluded that all morphologic parameters evaluated have prognostic value, that preoperative serum carcinoembryonic antigen levels have prognostic value, that all prognostic parameters correlate with each other appropriately, and that the combined parameters are more reliable than any single one alone.", "PMID": 1110084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2573", "title": "Immunosuppression and toxoplasmic encephalitis: clinical and experimental aspects.", "content": "Encephalitis developing after prolonged antineoplastic therapy in two patients with Hodgkin's disease and in one with multiple myeloma was found at autopsy to be caused by toxoplasmosis. To better understand the pathogenesis of the brain lesions, ranging from microscopic foci to some having a diameter of 6 cm. and characterized by proliferation of the organisms at the margins of expanding necrosis, an animal model was studied. Similar lesions were produced in hamsters by inducing relapse of chronic latent toxoplasmosis through administration of cortisone, cyclophosphamide, or whole body irradiation, but toxic doses of nitrogen mustard and urethane did not precipitate relapse. Notably, relapsing toxoplasmosis generally involves the brain exclusively, suggesting a special susceptibility related to immune mechanisms. The roles of cells and of antibodies in immune surveillance against this chronic infection in otherwise normal hosts are considered. In man the suppression of cellular immunities by certain antineoplastic agents would seem to be decisive in causing relapse of toxoplasmosis, rather than the replacement of immunologically active cells by neoplasm. Because the infection can be controlled with sulfadiazine and pyrimethamine, a high index of suspicion is essential to detect incipient cerebral toxoplasmosis. serial serologic testing is helpful by demonstrating titer elevations; however, poor antibody production or transferred antibody may be misleading clinically when single tests are evaluated. Similarly, a poor inflammatory cell response can make it difficult for the histopathologist to detect small lesions in these patients.", "contents": "Immunosuppression and toxoplasmic encephalitis: clinical and experimental aspects. Encephalitis developing after prolonged antineoplastic therapy in two patients with Hodgkin's disease and in one with multiple myeloma was found at autopsy to be caused by toxoplasmosis. To better understand the pathogenesis of the brain lesions, ranging from microscopic foci to some having a diameter of 6 cm. and characterized by proliferation of the organisms at the margins of expanding necrosis, an animal model was studied. Similar lesions were produced in hamsters by inducing relapse of chronic latent toxoplasmosis through administration of cortisone, cyclophosphamide, or whole body irradiation, but toxic doses of nitrogen mustard and urethane did not precipitate relapse. Notably, relapsing toxoplasmosis generally involves the brain exclusively, suggesting a special susceptibility related to immune mechanisms. The roles of cells and of antibodies in immune surveillance against this chronic infection in otherwise normal hosts are considered. In man the suppression of cellular immunities by certain antineoplastic agents would seem to be decisive in causing relapse of toxoplasmosis, rather than the replacement of immunologically active cells by neoplasm. Because the infection can be controlled with sulfadiazine and pyrimethamine, a high index of suspicion is essential to detect incipient cerebral toxoplasmosis. serial serologic testing is helpful by demonstrating titer elevations; however, poor antibody production or transferred antibody may be misleading clinically when single tests are evaluated. Similarly, a poor inflammatory cell response can make it difficult for the histopathologist to detect small lesions in these patients.", "PMID": 1110086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2574", "title": "A preliminary report on the supraoptic nucleus and control of intraocular pressure.", "content": "Four animals received unilateral optic nerve sections which ablated that eye's rise in intraocular pressure in response to water drinking. Bilateral supraoptic nucleus lesions in two animals resulted in ablation of the other eye's response to water drinking. Both animals showed histopathologic proof of the lesion site. Two animals received sham operations for the supraoptic nucleus lesions with no change in their differential response to water drinking. This report gives preliminary evidence of the hypothesis of a supraoptic nuclear control mechanism of intraocular pressure.", "contents": "A preliminary report on the supraoptic nucleus and control of intraocular pressure. Four animals received unilateral optic nerve sections which ablated that eye's rise in intraocular pressure in response to water drinking. Bilateral supraoptic nucleus lesions in two animals resulted in ablation of the other eye's response to water drinking. Both animals showed histopathologic proof of the lesion site. Two animals received sham operations for the supraoptic nucleus lesions with no change in their differential response to water drinking. This report gives preliminary evidence of the hypothesis of a supraoptic nuclear control mechanism of intraocular pressure.", "PMID": 1110132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2575", "title": "Morphology of the breakdown of the blood-aqueous barrier in the ciliary processes of the rabbit eye after prostaglandin E2.", "content": "Protaglandin E2, administered topically to the rabbit eye, causes disruption of  the blood-aqueous barrier resulting in a large increase in the protein content of the aqueous humor. The route of plasma proteins into the aqueous humor was studied with the electron microscope, using horseradish peroxidase as a protein tracer. The tracer penetrated the tight junctions of the nonpigmented layer of the ciliary epithelium, filling the lateral intercellular clefts and staining the internal limiting membrane. These morphological studies confirm the prior physiologic demonstration that, in response to prostaglandin, plasma proteins enter the posterior chamber via the intercellular clefts of the nonpigmented epithelium.", "contents": "Morphology of the breakdown of the blood-aqueous barrier in the ciliary processes of the rabbit eye after prostaglandin E2. Protaglandin E2, administered topically to the rabbit eye, causes disruption of  the blood-aqueous barrier resulting in a large increase in the protein content of the aqueous humor. The route of plasma proteins into the aqueous humor was studied with the electron microscope, using horseradish peroxidase as a protein tracer. The tracer penetrated the tight junctions of the nonpigmented layer of the ciliary epithelium, filling the lateral intercellular clefts and staining the internal limiting membrane. These morphological studies confirm the prior physiologic demonstration that, in response to prostaglandin, plasma proteins enter the posterior chamber via the intercellular clefts of the nonpigmented epithelium.", "PMID": 1110133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2576", "title": "Pattern of ocular response to topical and systemic prostaglandin.", "content": "Changes in both intraocular pressure and total outflow facility were determined after short- and long-term infusion and topical application of prostaglandin E1 and E2. The intraocular pressure with both routes of administration increased within 15 minutes by 10 to 15 mm. Hg; long-term infusion caused the intraocular pressure to be elevated for a longer time, although a fall in intraocualr pressure occurred despite continued infusion. Total outflow facility did not increase until 30 minutes after initiation of treatment and thereafter increased further with time, irrespective of the route of drug application. The initial increase in intraocular pressure is suggested to be the result of vascular changes, namely an increase in the leakiness of the iris vessels and the capillary pressure of the ciliary body vessels caused by the vasodilatory actions of prostaglandins.", "contents": "Pattern of ocular response to topical and systemic prostaglandin. Changes in both intraocular pressure and total outflow facility were determined after short- and long-term infusion and topical application of prostaglandin E1 and E2. The intraocular pressure with both routes of administration increased within 15 minutes by 10 to 15 mm. Hg; long-term infusion caused the intraocular pressure to be elevated for a longer time, although a fall in intraocualr pressure occurred despite continued infusion. Total outflow facility did not increase until 30 minutes after initiation of treatment and thereafter increased further with time, irrespective of the route of drug application. The initial increase in intraocular pressure is suggested to be the result of vascular changes, namely an increase in the leakiness of the iris vessels and the capillary pressure of the ciliary body vessels caused by the vasodilatory actions of prostaglandins.", "PMID": 1110134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2577", "title": "The long-acting Ocusert-pilocarpine system in the management of glaucoma.", "content": "The Ocusert-pilocarpine devides with seven days' therapeutic duration were compared with pilocarpine eye drops for efficacy and ocular tolerance in the management of glaucoma in 16 patients. Magnitude of pressure reduction with release rates of 20 mcg. and 40 mcg. of pilocarpine per hour were as effective in the treatment of glaucoma as 2 per cent and 4 per cent pilocarpine eye drops, respectively. Ocular tolerance and retention in the human eyes were good. There were no appreciable side effects other than the occasional sudden leakage phenomenon encountered. Further refinement of the Ocusert-pilocarpine device to reduce the incidence of leakage would not only ensure precision in the rate of drug release, but would also expand its clinical application.", "contents": "The long-acting Ocusert-pilocarpine system in the management of glaucoma. The Ocusert-pilocarpine devides with seven days' therapeutic duration were compared with pilocarpine eye drops for efficacy and ocular tolerance in the management of glaucoma in 16 patients. Magnitude of pressure reduction with release rates of 20 mcg. and 40 mcg. of pilocarpine per hour were as effective in the treatment of glaucoma as 2 per cent and 4 per cent pilocarpine eye drops, respectively. Ocular tolerance and retention in the human eyes were good. There were no appreciable side effects other than the occasional sudden leakage phenomenon encountered. Further refinement of the Ocusert-pilocarpine device to reduce the incidence of leakage would not only ensure precision in the rate of drug release, but would also expand its clinical application.", "PMID": 1110136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2578", "title": "Ocular findings and corticosteroid responsiveness in parents of children with primary infantile glaucoma.", "content": "Aqueous humor dynamics, visual fields, optic discs, anterior chamber angles, and topical cortidosteroid responsiveness were studied in twenty parents of children having primary congenital glaucoma. The findings indicate that parents of children with primary congenital glaucoma resemble the general population with respect to the parameters tested, and do not resemble close relatives of patients with primary open-angle glaucoma.", "contents": "Ocular findings and corticosteroid responsiveness in parents of children with primary infantile glaucoma. Aqueous humor dynamics, visual fields, optic discs, anterior chamber angles, and topical cortidosteroid responsiveness were studied in twenty parents of children having primary congenital glaucoma. The findings indicate that parents of children with primary congenital glaucoma resemble the general population with respect to the parameters tested, and do not resemble close relatives of patients with primary open-angle glaucoma.", "PMID": 1110137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2579", "title": "Water drinking and outflow facility.", "content": "In a series of patients with ocular hypertension, the effect of water drinking upon pressure and outflow facility was determined by impression (Schiotz) tonometry and tonography. The statistical facility-depressing effect of water drinking revealed by numerous earlier studies was confirmed, but found to be too small to be readily demonstrable in the individual eye. The water-drinking test in patients with primary ocular hypertension presents a situation in which tonography adds little to the information provided by tonometry.", "contents": "Water drinking and outflow facility. In a series of patients with ocular hypertension, the effect of water drinking upon pressure and outflow facility was determined by impression (Schiotz) tonometry and tonography. The statistical facility-depressing effect of water drinking revealed by numerous earlier studies was confirmed, but found to be too small to be readily demonstrable in the individual eye. The water-drinking test in patients with primary ocular hypertension presents a situation in which tonography adds little to the information provided by tonometry.", "PMID": 1110138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2580", "title": "Chorioretinal diffusion processes following pigment epithelial degeneration.", "content": "We studied the effect of sodium iodate-induced pigment epithelial degeneration on chorioretinal diffusion processes. Rabbits received two intravenous injections of sodium iodate at the retinotoxic dose of 22.5 mg. per kilogram over a six- to eight-hour period. Combined horseradish peroxidase tracing technique and electron microscopy were used to compare diffusion processes over a five-week period. Ultrastructural examination of retina twenty-four hours after iodate administration revealed pigment epithelial degeneration, accompanied by disruption of junctional complexes (zonulae occludentes). Peroxidase molecules were found in areas of greater cytoplasmic degeneration and in intercellular spaces up to the level of the external limiting membrane. Ultrastructural observations at later stages revealed similar findings except in the case of Muller cells, 20 per cent of which showed cytoplasmic degeneration and peroxidase uptake. The diffusion barrier was not re-established as the replacement cells did not rebuild zonulae occludentes.", "contents": "Chorioretinal diffusion processes following pigment epithelial degeneration. We studied the effect of sodium iodate-induced pigment epithelial degeneration on chorioretinal diffusion processes. Rabbits received two intravenous injections of sodium iodate at the retinotoxic dose of 22.5 mg. per kilogram over a six- to eight-hour period. Combined horseradish peroxidase tracing technique and electron microscopy were used to compare diffusion processes over a five-week period. Ultrastructural examination of retina twenty-four hours after iodate administration revealed pigment epithelial degeneration, accompanied by disruption of junctional complexes (zonulae occludentes). Peroxidase molecules were found in areas of greater cytoplasmic degeneration and in intercellular spaces up to the level of the external limiting membrane. Ultrastructural observations at later stages revealed similar findings except in the case of Muller cells, 20 per cent of which showed cytoplasmic degeneration and peroxidase uptake. The diffusion barrier was not re-established as the replacement cells did not rebuild zonulae occludentes.", "PMID": 1110139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2581", "title": "A new form of hereditary retinal degeneration in Wag/Rij rats.", "content": "A spontaneous, hereditable, bilateral retinal degeneration affecting all adult animals in a closed, imbred colony of Wag/Rij rats has been discovered. The disorder is characterized by early onset and a slow progressive course. Early lesions are detected by one month in retinas which are otherwise fully developed. Destruction of the photoreceptor layer proceeds as more and more cells degenerate. Degeneration appears to begin in the photoreceptor cell body and only secondarily affects the outer segment. Futhermore, phagocytic activity of pigment epithelium remains intact until late in the disease. Endstage lesions include retinal disorganization, proliferation and vascularization of pigment epithelium, and migration of pigment epithilial cells into the retina. The temporal and structural characteristics of this retinopathy indicate it may serve as a useful model for study of retinitis pigmentosa in man.", "contents": "A new form of hereditary retinal degeneration in Wag/Rij rats. A spontaneous, hereditable, bilateral retinal degeneration affecting all adult animals in a closed, imbred colony of Wag/Rij rats has been discovered. The disorder is characterized by early onset and a slow progressive course. Early lesions are detected by one month in retinas which are otherwise fully developed. Destruction of the photoreceptor layer proceeds as more and more cells degenerate. Degeneration appears to begin in the photoreceptor cell body and only secondarily affects the outer segment. Futhermore, phagocytic activity of pigment epithelium remains intact until late in the disease. Endstage lesions include retinal disorganization, proliferation and vascularization of pigment epithelium, and migration of pigment epithilial cells into the retina. The temporal and structural characteristics of this retinopathy indicate it may serve as a useful model for study of retinitis pigmentosa in man.", "PMID": 1110140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2582", "title": "Aphakic macular edema: incidence and pathogenesis.", "content": "In a prospective study, the incidence of cystoid macular edema for two groups of patients was found at six weeks following surgery. The first group who underwent cataract extraction had a 50 per cent incidence. The second group who underwent elective glaucoma surgery had no patient with cystoid macular endema. At six weeks, 16 per cent of those patients who had originally developed cystoid edema, had a visual acuity of 6/12 or less, with no other cause for the poor visual result. The two major differences between these two groups of patients were the actual cataract extraction, and the presence of postoperative vitreous inflammation. No factors were noted to cause persistence of the aphakic macular edema although the technique of cataract extraction and vascular disease were implicated.", "contents": "Aphakic macular edema: incidence and pathogenesis. In a prospective study, the incidence of cystoid macular edema for two groups of patients was found at six weeks following surgery. The first group who underwent cataract extraction had a 50 per cent incidence. The second group who underwent elective glaucoma surgery had no patient with cystoid macular endema. At six weeks, 16 per cent of those patients who had originally developed cystoid edema, had a visual acuity of 6/12 or less, with no other cause for the poor visual result. The two major differences between these two groups of patients were the actual cataract extraction, and the presence of postoperative vitreous inflammation. No factors were noted to cause persistence of the aphakic macular edema although the technique of cataract extraction and vascular disease were implicated.", "PMID": 1110141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2583", "title": "Experimentally determined optical properties of goldfish cones and rods.", "content": "The optical properties of goldfish photoreceptors were evaluated using the special microscope-microspectrophotometer divice. Mode patterns transmitted were identified for both natural and reverse path illumination. Photomechanical changes with adaptive state could be identified. Complex mode interactive phenomena and cross-coupling of energy were observed. These are related to the fact that there are double cones and apposition or near apposition of neighboring receptors  in this species. The directionality of individual cones and rods was quantified by making use of the principle of reversibility of light path. Radiation patterns were recorded and analyzed on a computer controlled microdensitometer. Individual cones and rods were shown to exhibit marked directionality. Light collection properites of cones were strikingly evident.", "contents": "Experimentally determined optical properties of goldfish cones and rods. The optical properties of goldfish photoreceptors were evaluated using the special microscope-microspectrophotometer divice. Mode patterns transmitted were identified for both natural and reverse path illumination. Photomechanical changes with adaptive state could be identified. Complex mode interactive phenomena and cross-coupling of energy were observed. These are related to the fact that there are double cones and apposition or near apposition of neighboring receptors  in this species. The directionality of individual cones and rods was quantified by making use of the principle of reversibility of light path. Radiation patterns were recorded and analyzed on a computer controlled microdensitometer. Individual cones and rods were shown to exhibit marked directionality. Light collection properites of cones were strikingly evident.", "PMID": 1110142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2584", "title": "Ultrasonic transmission holography of the eye.", "content": "Ocular ultrasonic transmission holography of the eye using equipment capable of real-time imaging has not previously been described. A method using pulsed ultrasound focused on an air/liquid interface is used to demonstate normal ocular structures including lens, optic nerve, and sclera. Intraocular foreign bodies imaged include radiopaque and nonradiopaque materials. A limit of resolution of at lease 1 mm. is demonstrated.", "contents": "Ultrasonic transmission holography of the eye. Ocular ultrasonic transmission holography of the eye using equipment capable of real-time imaging has not previously been described. A method using pulsed ultrasound focused on an air/liquid interface is used to demonstate normal ocular structures including lens, optic nerve, and sclera. Intraocular foreign bodies imaged include radiopaque and nonradiopaque materials. A limit of resolution of at lease 1 mm. is demonstrated.", "PMID": 1110143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2585", "title": "Contrast sensitivity in meridional amblyopia.", "content": "Contrast (modulation) sensitivities for gratings of various spatial frequencies and orientations have been determined for meridional amblyopes. The entire contrast sensitivity function is reduced for gratings oriented in the amblyopic meridian. Therefore, neural elements that process a broad range of spatial frequencies are affected by meridional amblyopia.", "contents": "Contrast sensitivity in meridional amblyopia. Contrast (modulation) sensitivities for gratings of various spatial frequencies and orientations have been determined for meridional amblyopes. The entire contrast sensitivity function is reduced for gratings oriented in the amblyopic meridian. Therefore, neural elements that process a broad range of spatial frequencies are affected by meridional amblyopia.", "PMID": 1110144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2586", "title": "Accommodative effects of aceclidine in the treatment of glaucoma.", "content": "In 18 patients, 2% pilocarpine, 2% pilocarpine plus tropicamide 10:1, and 2% aceclidine were tested with respect to the degree of spasm of accommodation induced by these drugs. Aceclidine had the least effect on accommodation, making it the recommended drug for use in patients with glaucoma and considerable remaining accommodation, i.e., most patients under the age of 50 years.", "contents": "Accommodative effects of aceclidine in the treatment of glaucoma. In 18 patients, 2% pilocarpine, 2% pilocarpine plus tropicamide 10:1, and 2% aceclidine were tested with respect to the degree of spasm of accommodation induced by these drugs. Aceclidine had the least effect on accommodation, making it the recommended drug for use in patients with glaucoma and considerable remaining accommodation, i.e., most patients under the age of 50 years.", "PMID": 1110190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2587", "title": "Unsuccessful eccentric perilimbal suction after filtering surgery.", "content": "Eccentric suction was applied over the surgical site in 47 eyes thought to have unsuccessful external filtering procedures. Referrals for suction were made either because the postoperative intraocular pressure was uncontrolled or because blebs were becoming progressively flatter. Patients had an average of seven such treatment sessions. No discernible benefit from eccentric suction in failing filtering surgery was noted one year postoperatively.", "contents": "Unsuccessful eccentric perilimbal suction after filtering surgery. Eccentric suction was applied over the surgical site in 47 eyes thought to have unsuccessful external filtering procedures. Referrals for suction were made either because the postoperative intraocular pressure was uncontrolled or because blebs were becoming progressively flatter. Patients had an average of seven such treatment sessions. No discernible benefit from eccentric suction in failing filtering surgery was noted one year postoperatively.", "PMID": 1110191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2588", "title": "Primary spheroidal degeneration of the cornea in Labrador and northern Newfoundland.", "content": "The reported prevalence and severity of primary spheroidal degeneration in Labrador and nothern Newfoundland is based on a survey of 929 patients. The degeneration is associated with man in outdoor occupations and with pinguecula, but not with glaucoma. Ultraviolet radiation is a probable causative factor and prophylaxis using appropriately filtering glass a possibilty.", "contents": "Primary spheroidal degeneration of the cornea in Labrador and northern Newfoundland. The reported prevalence and severity of primary spheroidal degeneration in Labrador and nothern Newfoundland is based on a survey of 929 patients. The degeneration is associated with man in outdoor occupations and with pinguecula, but not with glaucoma. Ultraviolet radiation is a probable causative factor and prophylaxis using appropriately filtering glass a possibilty.", "PMID": 1110192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2589", "title": "Massive eye relief project in India.", "content": "In India, nearly 1.5% of the population is blind due to cataracts, most of them mature. The facilities available for eye operations are not adequate to restore sight to all these people, so eye camps are conducted all over India. A massive eye camp project begun in June 1972 fixed a goal of 100,000 cataract operations a year in the eye camps. About 50,000 cataract operations were done in that period. Most of the people who receive operations are poor and they are provided with free surgery, medicine, food, and glasses. This project will continue until enough eye hospitals are built to accommodate all the patients in our locality. The other states in India are planning similar programs.", "contents": "Massive eye relief project in India. In India, nearly 1.5% of the population is blind due to cataracts, most of them mature. The facilities available for eye operations are not adequate to restore sight to all these people, so eye camps are conducted all over India. A massive eye camp project begun in June 1972 fixed a goal of 100,000 cataract operations a year in the eye camps. About 50,000 cataract operations were done in that period. Most of the people who receive operations are poor and they are provided with free surgery, medicine, food, and glasses. This project will continue until enough eye hospitals are built to accommodate all the patients in our locality. The other states in India are planning similar programs.", "PMID": 1110193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2590", "title": "A portable monocular indirect ophthalmoscopic technique.", "content": "A simple, inexpensive, and portable method of monocular indirect ophthalmoscopy is used as the physician's examining eye is aligned in the axis of the patient's eye, a flashlight is held against the examiner's malar area beneath the dominant eye, and the beam of the flashlight is directed to the patient's eye. A plus 30 lens is then interposed 1 or 2 inches in front of the patient's eye and the fundus viewed.", "contents": "A portable monocular indirect ophthalmoscopic technique. A simple, inexpensive, and portable method of monocular indirect ophthalmoscopy is used as the physician's examining eye is aligned in the axis of the patient's eye, a flashlight is held against the examiner's malar area beneath the dominant eye, and the beam of the flashlight is directed to the patient's eye. A plus 30 lens is then interposed 1 or 2 inches in front of the patient's eye and the fundus viewed.", "PMID": 1110195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2591", "title": "Leber's miliary aneurysms associated with telangiectasia of the nasal mucosa.", "content": "A 20-year-old woman, treated with cryopexy and xenon- and argon-laser photocoagulation for Leber's miliary aneurysms in her right eye, suffered from repeated epistaxis. She underwent an endoscopy that showed an unusual number of telangiectatic veins. Laboratory results and routine physical and neurologic examinations showed normal values. Dematologic examination revealed no signs of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasis (Osler's disease). Nevertheless, it seems reasonable to assume that the combination of microvascular disturbances in one eye and in the nasal mucous membrane is not a coincidental finding.", "contents": "Leber's miliary aneurysms associated with telangiectasia of the nasal mucosa. A 20-year-old woman, treated with cryopexy and xenon- and argon-laser photocoagulation for Leber's miliary aneurysms in her right eye, suffered from repeated epistaxis. She underwent an endoscopy that showed an unusual number of telangiectatic veins. Laboratory results and routine physical and neurologic examinations showed normal values. Dematologic examination revealed no signs of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasis (Osler's disease). Nevertheless, it seems reasonable to assume that the combination of microvascular disturbances in one eye and in the nasal mucous membrane is not a coincidental finding.", "PMID": 1110200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2592", "title": "Angiographic appearance of the normal equine foot and alterations in chronic laminitis.", "content": "The angiographic appearance of the normal equine foot was compared with the appearance of equine feet affected with chronic laminitis. The normal foot was characterized by complete filling of the terminal arch, 8 to 10 main branches between 0.1 and 0.2 cm in diameter, a symmetrical netlike vascular pattern in the corium of the hoof, and numerous fine vessels in the corium of the coronary band. The feet affected with chronic laminitis were characterized by poor filling of the terminal arch, larger and less numerous primary branches, an irregular vascular pattern in the corium of the hoof, areas of the corium of the hoof that were apparently avascular, and irregular, tortuous vessels in the corium of the coronary band.", "contents": "Angiographic appearance of the normal equine foot and alterations in chronic laminitis. The angiographic appearance of the normal equine foot was compared with the appearance of equine feet affected with chronic laminitis. The normal foot was characterized by complete filling of the terminal arch, 8 to 10 main branches between 0.1 and 0.2 cm in diameter, a symmetrical netlike vascular pattern in the corium of the hoof, and numerous fine vessels in the corium of the coronary band. The feet affected with chronic laminitis were characterized by poor filling of the terminal arch, larger and less numerous primary branches, an irregular vascular pattern in the corium of the hoof, areas of the corium of the hoof that were apparently avascular, and irregular, tortuous vessels in the corium of the coronary band.", "PMID": 1110201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2593", "title": "Best's vitelliform macular dystrophy.", "content": "A patient with Best's vitelliform macular dystrophy in his right eye had an intact vitelliform disk and drusen of the optic papilla. Although the foveola elevated by a few tenths of a millimeter, resolution was only slightly affected and the retinal receptors remained remarkably well-aligned, suggesting that mechanisms subserving receptor alignment still functioned. Hue discrimination and visual acuity were only slightly affected and the electroretinogram and visually evoked response showed essentially normal values. The vitelliform disk in the left eye ruptured by direct, blunt trauma. This same eye later developed subretinal macular neovascularization, as its visual acuity reduced, retinal sensitivity decreased, receptor orientation showed abnormalities, and hue discrimination became less efficient; the electroretinogram and visually evoked response remained normal.", "contents": "Best's vitelliform macular dystrophy. A patient with Best's vitelliform macular dystrophy in his right eye had an intact vitelliform disk and drusen of the optic papilla. Although the foveola elevated by a few tenths of a millimeter, resolution was only slightly affected and the retinal receptors remained remarkably well-aligned, suggesting that mechanisms subserving receptor alignment still functioned. Hue discrimination and visual acuity were only slightly affected and the electroretinogram and visually evoked response showed essentially normal values. The vitelliform disk in the left eye ruptured by direct, blunt trauma. This same eye later developed subretinal macular neovascularization, as its visual acuity reduced, retinal sensitivity decreased, receptor orientation showed abnormalities, and hue discrimination became less efficient; the electroretinogram and visually evoked response remained normal.", "PMID": 1110202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2594", "title": "Delayed diagnosis of pituitary tumors.", "content": "Of 38 patients with presumed or proven pituitary adenomas, 24 first presented with ocular complaints. Of these, ten patients had a physician-caused delay in the formulation of the correct diagnosis. Reasons for the physician-caused delay in diagnosis include inadequate history evaluation, failure to perform adequate testing, provide follow-up examination, and recognize typical signs of pituitary adenomas.", "contents": "Delayed diagnosis of pituitary tumors. Of 38 patients with presumed or proven pituitary adenomas, 24 first presented with ocular complaints. Of these, ten patients had a physician-caused delay in the formulation of the correct diagnosis. Reasons for the physician-caused delay in diagnosis include inadequate history evaluation, failure to perform adequate testing, provide follow-up examination, and recognize typical signs of pituitary adenomas.", "PMID": 1110204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2595", "title": "Superior oblique tendon sheath syndrome of Brown.", "content": "Twenty-four patients with true superior oblique tendon sheath syndrome (Brown's syndrome) were extensively examined surgically. Since a tight or short anterior sheath of the superior oblique tendon was not present in any of our cases, we are not able to support the theory that this form of the syndrome is due to a congenital anomaly of the anterior sheath. The superior oblique tendon was taut and shortened in only two cases; in all the others it was limp, even in attempts to elevate the eye passively in adduction. Thus the majority of cases of constant congenital Brown's syndrome remain unexplained with no obvious abnormality found at surgery in any of the six extraocular muscles. However, our surgical findings did suggest that a restrictive band posterior and inferior to the globe was responsible for the limited elevation in adduction.", "contents": "Superior oblique tendon sheath syndrome of Brown. Twenty-four patients with true superior oblique tendon sheath syndrome (Brown's syndrome) were extensively examined surgically. Since a tight or short anterior sheath of the superior oblique tendon was not present in any of our cases, we are not able to support the theory that this form of the syndrome is due to a congenital anomaly of the anterior sheath. The superior oblique tendon was taut and shortened in only two cases; in all the others it was limp, even in attempts to elevate the eye passively in adduction. Thus the majority of cases of constant congenital Brown's syndrome remain unexplained with no obvious abnormality found at surgery in any of the six extraocular muscles. However, our surgical findings did suggest that a restrictive band posterior and inferior to the globe was responsible for the limited elevation in adduction.", "PMID": 1110205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2596", "title": "Late glaucoma after interstitial keratitis.", "content": "In a systematic study of 45 patients who had syphilitic interstitial keratitis early in life and, many years later, were discovered to have glaucoma, there was evidence of two different but equally common mechanisms. In one group of patients, a deep-chamber type of glaucoma was superimposed on old inflammatory changes, was characteristically refractory to medical treatment, but did well with filtering surgery. The other group of patients had reversible angle-closure glaucoma associated with anatomically small anterior segments, and typically responded well to iridectomy. The late, refractory, deep-chamber type of glaucoma may involve endothelialization and formation of glass membrane in the angle, as seen in one excised eye. Occurrence of the shallow-chamber, reversible angle-closure type of glaucoma after interstitial keratitis may be coincidental, since no other evidence supports the idea that small anterior segments might be particularly prevalent among patients who have had congenital syphilis or interstitial keratitis.", "contents": "Late glaucoma after interstitial keratitis. In a systematic study of 45 patients who had syphilitic interstitial keratitis early in life and, many years later, were discovered to have glaucoma, there was evidence of two different but equally common mechanisms. In one group of patients, a deep-chamber type of glaucoma was superimposed on old inflammatory changes, was characteristically refractory to medical treatment, but did well with filtering surgery. The other group of patients had reversible angle-closure glaucoma associated with anatomically small anterior segments, and typically responded well to iridectomy. The late, refractory, deep-chamber type of glaucoma may involve endothelialization and formation of glass membrane in the angle, as seen in one excised eye. Occurrence of the shallow-chamber, reversible angle-closure type of glaucoma after interstitial keratitis may be coincidental, since no other evidence supports the idea that small anterior segments might be particularly prevalent among patients who have had congenital syphilis or interstitial keratitis.", "PMID": 1110206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2597", "title": "In vitro corticosteroid: correlation response with primary open-angle glaucoma and ocular corticosteroid sensitivity.", "content": "The transformation of human peripheral blood lymphocytes can be inhibited by corticosteroid compounds. In an in vitro study of 100 patients with primary open-angle glaucoma and various degrees of ocular pressure responsiveness to corticosteroid testing, varying degrees of sensitivity to corticosteroid compounds existed systemically in the circulating lymphocyte. A high correlation exists between the level of corticosteroid sensitivity in the lymphocyte and in the eye. In vitro cellular systems may be useful in evaluating the molecular basis of the variability in corticosteroid response, and in understanding the pathogenesis of corticosteroid-induced ocular hypertension and primary open-angle glaucoma.", "contents": "In vitro corticosteroid: correlation response with primary open-angle glaucoma and ocular corticosteroid sensitivity. The transformation of human peripheral blood lymphocytes can be inhibited by corticosteroid compounds. In an in vitro study of 100 patients with primary open-angle glaucoma and various degrees of ocular pressure responsiveness to corticosteroid testing, varying degrees of sensitivity to corticosteroid compounds existed systemically in the circulating lymphocyte. A high correlation exists between the level of corticosteroid sensitivity in the lymphocyte and in the eye. In vitro cellular systems may be useful in evaluating the molecular basis of the variability in corticosteroid response, and in understanding the pathogenesis of corticosteroid-induced ocular hypertension and primary open-angle glaucoma.", "PMID": 1110208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2598", "title": "Chemical sympathectomy with 6-hydroxydopamine in the treatment of primary open-angle glaucoma.", "content": "Chemical sympathectomy with 6-hydroxydopamine combined with subsequent topical epinephrine therapy was evaluated with regard to intraocular pressure effects in primary open-angle glaucoma. After chemical sympathectomy intraocular pressure was maintained below 20 mm Hg  with 1.0% epinephrine three times daily in 29 of 36 eyes of 25 patients for two to 29 weeks. Chemical sympathectomy combined with epinephrine therapy was most effective in patients whose intraocular pressure had been well controlled with pilocarpine and epinephrine and was less effective in patients whose intraocular pressure had not been controllable with maximum medical therapy prior to the administration of 6-hydroxydopamine. The results of this study suggest that chemical sympathectomy combined with topical epinephrine therapy has considerable clinical value in the medical management of primary open-angle glaucoma.", "contents": "Chemical sympathectomy with 6-hydroxydopamine in the treatment of primary open-angle glaucoma. Chemical sympathectomy with 6-hydroxydopamine combined with subsequent topical epinephrine therapy was evaluated with regard to intraocular pressure effects in primary open-angle glaucoma. After chemical sympathectomy intraocular pressure was maintained below 20 mm Hg  with 1.0% epinephrine three times daily in 29 of 36 eyes of 25 patients for two to 29 weeks. Chemical sympathectomy combined with epinephrine therapy was most effective in patients whose intraocular pressure had been well controlled with pilocarpine and epinephrine and was less effective in patients whose intraocular pressure had not been controllable with maximum medical therapy prior to the administration of 6-hydroxydopamine. The results of this study suggest that chemical sympathectomy combined with topical epinephrine therapy has considerable clinical value in the medical management of primary open-angle glaucoma.", "PMID": 1110209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2599", "title": "Enhanced carotid sinus baroreflex responses in dogs with chronic A-V block.", "content": "Effects of carotid sinus pressure on arterial pressure, atrial rate, and ventricular rate were examined in anesthetized normal dogs and in dogs with chronic complete A-V block. Change in arterial pressure per mmHg change in sinus pressure was 0.8 plus or minus 0.2 mmHg for controls but increased (P is less than 0.001) to 1.6 plus or minus 0.1 mmHg in A-V blocked dogs. Arterial pressure was 140-145 mmHg at low sinus pressure in both groups, but at high sinus pressure arterial pressure was significantly lower in A-V blocked dogs (44 plus or minus 4 mmHg) than in controls (92 plus or minus 8 mmHg). These differences were virtually abolished after vagotomy. Heart rate increased in normal dogs as sinus pressure was increased before vagotomy, but decreased after vagotomy. In blocked dogs atrial and ventricular rates decreased at high sinus pressure either before or after vagotomy. The results show that reflex circulatory responses to changes in carotid sinus pressure are enhanced in dogs with A-V block. This enhancement may involve attenuation of buffering influences exerted from other baroreceptors whose afferents are in the vagus nerves.", "contents": "Enhanced carotid sinus baroreflex responses in dogs with chronic A-V block. Effects of carotid sinus pressure on arterial pressure, atrial rate, and ventricular rate were examined in anesthetized normal dogs and in dogs with chronic complete A-V block. Change in arterial pressure per mmHg change in sinus pressure was 0.8 plus or minus 0.2 mmHg for controls but increased (P is less than 0.001) to 1.6 plus or minus 0.1 mmHg in A-V blocked dogs. Arterial pressure was 140-145 mmHg at low sinus pressure in both groups, but at high sinus pressure arterial pressure was significantly lower in A-V blocked dogs (44 plus or minus 4 mmHg) than in controls (92 plus or minus 8 mmHg). These differences were virtually abolished after vagotomy. Heart rate increased in normal dogs as sinus pressure was increased before vagotomy, but decreased after vagotomy. In blocked dogs atrial and ventricular rates decreased at high sinus pressure either before or after vagotomy. The results show that reflex circulatory responses to changes in carotid sinus pressure are enhanced in dogs with A-V block. This enhancement may involve attenuation of buffering influences exerted from other baroreceptors whose afferents are in the vagus nerves.", "PMID": 1110223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2600", "title": "Effect of preinspiratory lung volume on closing volume determination by nitrogen method.", "content": "The effect of preinspiratory lung volume on the N2 closing volume (CV) was studied in simulated CV determination in a lung model. The model analysis supports our hypothesis that inspiration of O2 initiated at the \"closing capacity\" (CC = CV ;V) will improve the resolution of the inflection point between phases III and IV. It further indicates that if the inflection point is located by extrapolating the terminal portion of phase IV, then the original N2 method could underestimate CV systematically as much as 5% VC because of the relatively small initial rise in N2 concentration. Conversely, the CV obtained by the modified method should be closer to the value obtained by the \"bolus method.\" In practice, the modification can be done simply by adding a dead space (DS) with its capacity equal to CV (600-700 ml in male adults). The theoretical lung model analysis was confirmed by the experimental study, which showed that CV with DS was consistently larger than CV without DS (a mean difference of 4.7% VC).", "contents": "Effect of preinspiratory lung volume on closing volume determination by nitrogen method. The effect of preinspiratory lung volume on the N2 closing volume (CV) was studied in simulated CV determination in a lung model. The model analysis supports our hypothesis that inspiration of O2 initiated at the \"closing capacity\" (CC = CV ;V) will improve the resolution of the inflection point between phases III and IV. It further indicates that if the inflection point is located by extrapolating the terminal portion of phase IV, then the original N2 method could underestimate CV systematically as much as 5% VC because of the relatively small initial rise in N2 concentration. Conversely, the CV obtained by the modified method should be closer to the value obtained by the \"bolus method.\" In practice, the modification can be done simply by adding a dead space (DS) with its capacity equal to CV (600-700 ml in male adults). The theoretical lung model analysis was confirmed by the experimental study, which showed that CV with DS was consistently larger than CV without DS (a mean difference of 4.7% VC).", "PMID": 1110224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2601", "title": "Acceleration time series resulting from repetitive extension-flexion of the hand.", "content": "Power, or variance, spectra of acceleration records obtained from normal subjects during extension-flexion oscillations of a hand at frequencies between 0.5-5.0 Hz generally contained two or three frequency bands. Partial separation of these oscillations in the time domain was obtained using the method of digital filtering (smoothing). In general, the peak frequency of the lowest frequency band occurred at, or nearly at, the frequency that the subject attempted to maintain during a 16-s digitization period. Consideration of absolute frequencies and the effect of mass on frequency indicated that one of the higher frequency bands was the result of normal hand tremor. For low frequencies of voluntary oscillation (0.5-1.25 Hz), a second, higher frequency band occurred with a peak frequency (3.0-4.25 Hz) within the range (3-6 Hz) usually reported for abnormal hand tremor. For voluntary oscillation frequencies above about 1.5 Hz, this second, higher frequency oscillation generally occurred at twice the frequency of the voluntary oscillation.", "contents": "Acceleration time series resulting from repetitive extension-flexion of the hand. Power, or variance, spectra of acceleration records obtained from normal subjects during extension-flexion oscillations of a hand at frequencies between 0.5-5.0 Hz generally contained two or three frequency bands. Partial separation of these oscillations in the time domain was obtained using the method of digital filtering (smoothing). In general, the peak frequency of the lowest frequency band occurred at, or nearly at, the frequency that the subject attempted to maintain during a 16-s digitization period. Consideration of absolute frequencies and the effect of mass on frequency indicated that one of the higher frequency bands was the result of normal hand tremor. For low frequencies of voluntary oscillation (0.5-1.25 Hz), a second, higher frequency band occurred with a peak frequency (3.0-4.25 Hz) within the range (3-6 Hz) usually reported for abnormal hand tremor. For voluntary oscillation frequencies above about 1.5 Hz, this second, higher frequency oscillation generally occurred at twice the frequency of the voluntary oscillation.", "PMID": 1110225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2602", "title": "Additive effects of acetylcholine released by vagal nerve stimulation on atrial rate.", "content": "In reserpinized dogs, the decrease in atrial rate (AR) as a function of the frequency of stimulation (supramaximal strength) of a single vagal nerve can be described satisfactorily by a rectangular hyperbola (RH). If the RH of one vagal nerve has been determined and if one point of the RH of the other vagal nerve is known, then the latter RH can be determined. Both RHs being known and assuming that the acetylcholine released by the right and left vagal nerves is additive, the slowing of AR by simultaneous stimulation of both nerves can be predicted. A minor systematic deviation from the predicted AR during simultaneous stimulation is usually found, which could be accounted for by a time dependent decrease of the effect of vagal nerve stimulation. The results are qualitatively similar during norepinephrine infusion. We propose that, although the vagal innervation may vary from pacemaker cell to pacemaker cell, the ratio of the activities of the two vagal nerves is constant throughout the sinoatrial node.", "contents": "Additive effects of acetylcholine released by vagal nerve stimulation on atrial rate. In reserpinized dogs, the decrease in atrial rate (AR) as a function of the frequency of stimulation (supramaximal strength) of a single vagal nerve can be described satisfactorily by a rectangular hyperbola (RH). If the RH of one vagal nerve has been determined and if one point of the RH of the other vagal nerve is known, then the latter RH can be determined. Both RHs being known and assuming that the acetylcholine released by the right and left vagal nerves is additive, the slowing of AR by simultaneous stimulation of both nerves can be predicted. A minor systematic deviation from the predicted AR during simultaneous stimulation is usually found, which could be accounted for by a time dependent decrease of the effect of vagal nerve stimulation. The results are qualitatively similar during norepinephrine infusion. We propose that, although the vagal innervation may vary from pacemaker cell to pacemaker cell, the ratio of the activities of the two vagal nerves is constant throughout the sinoatrial node.", "PMID": 1110226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2603", "title": "De novo biosynthesis of plasminogen in the anephric rat.", "content": "Two major forms of plasminogen exist in the plasma of many different species. Each form is present in normal amounts in anephric patients and each form is synthesized de novo in bilaterally nephrectomized rats. Although the rate of synthesis of each form of plasminogen is lower than normal immediately after nephrectomy, the rate of plasma protein synthesis is also apparently lower than normal in these cases. This is thought to reflect the fact that the nephrectomized rat is in a state of circulatory distress immediately after kidney ligation. It is concluded that the kidney is not responsible for de novo biosynthesis of plasminogen. This point has been the subject of some confusion.", "contents": "De novo biosynthesis of plasminogen in the anephric rat. Two major forms of plasminogen exist in the plasma of many different species. Each form is present in normal amounts in anephric patients and each form is synthesized de novo in bilaterally nephrectomized rats. Although the rate of synthesis of each form of plasminogen is lower than normal immediately after nephrectomy, the rate of plasma protein synthesis is also apparently lower than normal in these cases. This is thought to reflect the fact that the nephrectomized rat is in a state of circulatory distress immediately after kidney ligation. It is concluded that the kidney is not responsible for de novo biosynthesis of plasminogen. This point has been the subject of some confusion.", "PMID": 1110227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2604", "title": "Effect of muscle constriction on flow-limiting collapse of isolated canine trachea.", "content": "Before and after trachealis muscle contraction, induced by application of acetylcholine, the relationship of changing pressures to flow through excised canine tracheas was examined in a mechanical model simulating isovolume pressure-flow relationships in vivo. At the same time, the change in cross-sectional lumen area at a point in the downstream third of the trachea was measured using slit-lamp transillumination and cinematographic measurements. Trachealis muscle contraction reduced the uncompressed lumen area but inhibited dynamic collapse as driving pressures increased. As a result, following contraction, the initial slope of the tracheal pressure-flow (TPF) curve changed, indicating increase in resistance at low flows, but higher flows were achieved at higher driving pressures. Results suggest that smooth muscle tone of large airways may affect maximum expiratory flow (Vmax) and explain apparent discrepancies between in vivo measurements of resistance and Vmax. The magnitude of the Bernoulli effect contributing to airway narrowing was demonstrated by measurements of lateral airway pressures well in excess of driving pressure.", "contents": "Effect of muscle constriction on flow-limiting collapse of isolated canine trachea. Before and after trachealis muscle contraction, induced by application of acetylcholine, the relationship of changing pressures to flow through excised canine tracheas was examined in a mechanical model simulating isovolume pressure-flow relationships in vivo. At the same time, the change in cross-sectional lumen area at a point in the downstream third of the trachea was measured using slit-lamp transillumination and cinematographic measurements. Trachealis muscle contraction reduced the uncompressed lumen area but inhibited dynamic collapse as driving pressures increased. As a result, following contraction, the initial slope of the tracheal pressure-flow (TPF) curve changed, indicating increase in resistance at low flows, but higher flows were achieved at higher driving pressures. Results suggest that smooth muscle tone of large airways may affect maximum expiratory flow (Vmax) and explain apparent discrepancies between in vivo measurements of resistance and Vmax. The magnitude of the Bernoulli effect contributing to airway narrowing was demonstrated by measurements of lateral airway pressures well in excess of driving pressure.", "PMID": 1110228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2605", "title": "Maximum permissible weight to be carried on the head by a male worker from eastern India.", "content": "Six healthy adult male Indian workers whose physical characteristics resembled those of the average worker from eastern India, were required to carry compact loads of 20, 30, 40, and 50 kg at a speed of 5 km/h on separate days. From observations on energy expenditures, of peak pulse rates, and of the patterns of recovery pulse rates, it was decided that for the average eastern Indian male worker the permissible weight of a compact load for manual carriage on a hard, level terrain should not ordinarily be more than 30 kg.", "contents": "Maximum permissible weight to be carried on the head by a male worker from eastern India. Six healthy adult male Indian workers whose physical characteristics resembled those of the average worker from eastern India, were required to carry compact loads of 20, 30, 40, and 50 kg at a speed of 5 km/h on separate days. From observations on energy expenditures, of peak pulse rates, and of the patterns of recovery pulse rates, it was decided that for the average eastern Indian male worker the permissible weight of a compact load for manual carriage on a hard, level terrain should not ordinarily be more than 30 kg.", "PMID": 1110229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2606", "title": "Hypoxic ventilatory depression in dogs.", "content": "It is well known that hypoxia, acting mainly through peripheral chemoreceptors, is an important ventilatory stimulus. It is also known that under certain circumstances hypoxia can lead to ventilatory depression, perhaps through its effect on the central nervous system. This study, utilizing dogs, was carried out to determine the degree of hypoxia required to produce ventilatory depression and to study the effects of chloralose anesthesia, variations in blood carbon dioxide tension, and peripheral chemoreceptor denervation on hypoxic ventilatory depression. In the awake, intact dog, ventilatory depression did not occur until the Pao2 = 18.6 plus or minus 0.8 mmHg (SEM). This value was not significantly different from that observed in chloralose anesthetized dogs, Pao2 = 18.7 plus or minus 0.43 mmHg. Hyper- and hypocapnia had no significant effect on the Pao2 at which ventilatory depression occurred. Denervation of either aortic or carotid chemoreceptors produced a very small change in the Pao2 of ventilatory depression, increasing it from 18.6 plus or minus 0.58 to 20.8 plus or minus 0.93 mmHg. Denervation of both aortic and carotid chemoreceptors produced a further small increase (Pao2 = 21.8 plus or minus 0.76 mm Hg). In peripheral chemoreceptor-denervated animals, hypoxia produced no significant change in ventilation until the ventilatory depression point was reached. These studies indicate that in the dog hypoxic ventilatory depression occurs only during severe hypoxia and ventilatory depression occurs only during severe hypoxia and is uninfluenced by chloralose anesthesia, hyper- or hypocapnia, and only slightly affected by chemoreceptor denervation.", "contents": "Hypoxic ventilatory depression in dogs. It is well known that hypoxia, acting mainly through peripheral chemoreceptors, is an important ventilatory stimulus. It is also known that under certain circumstances hypoxia can lead to ventilatory depression, perhaps through its effect on the central nervous system. This study, utilizing dogs, was carried out to determine the degree of hypoxia required to produce ventilatory depression and to study the effects of chloralose anesthesia, variations in blood carbon dioxide tension, and peripheral chemoreceptor denervation on hypoxic ventilatory depression. In the awake, intact dog, ventilatory depression did not occur until the Pao2 = 18.6 plus or minus 0.8 mmHg (SEM). This value was not significantly different from that observed in chloralose anesthetized dogs, Pao2 = 18.7 plus or minus 0.43 mmHg. Hyper- and hypocapnia had no significant effect on the Pao2 at which ventilatory depression occurred. Denervation of either aortic or carotid chemoreceptors produced a very small change in the Pao2 of ventilatory depression, increasing it from 18.6 plus or minus 0.58 to 20.8 plus or minus 0.93 mmHg. Denervation of both aortic and carotid chemoreceptors produced a further small increase (Pao2 = 21.8 plus or minus 0.76 mm Hg). In peripheral chemoreceptor-denervated animals, hypoxia produced no significant change in ventilation until the ventilatory depression point was reached. These studies indicate that in the dog hypoxic ventilatory depression occurs only during severe hypoxia and ventilatory depression occurs only during severe hypoxia and is uninfluenced by chloralose anesthesia, hyper- or hypocapnia, and only slightly affected by chemoreceptor denervation.", "PMID": 1110230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2607", "title": "A comparison of ventricular weights and geometry in newborn, young, and adult mammals.", "content": "The weight of individual anatomic segments of the heart and calculated left ventricular chamber volumes have been studied in the hearts of 214 normal mammals of seven species (sheep, swine, dogs, cats, rabbits, guinea pigs, and rats). Comparisons have been made between newborn, young, and adult age groups. In addition, the heart weight-to-body weight ratio, percentage of right ventricular free wall weight in relation to left ventricular free wall weight (RVF/LVF), the relationship between calculated ventricular volume and weight and the left ventricular major minor axis ratios were examined in each age range. Heart weight (HW) in relation to body weight (BW) was greater in the newborn than adult in all species except the dog. HW/BW was twice as great in the adult dog as other species. In newborns RVF/LVF ranged from 55 percent in rats to 100 percent in puppies. Less species variation was present in adult hearts. Species with a more spherical adult LV configuration demonstrated a greater chamber mass-to-volume ratio. This may be attributable to greater wall tension.", "contents": "A comparison of ventricular weights and geometry in newborn, young, and adult mammals. The weight of individual anatomic segments of the heart and calculated left ventricular chamber volumes have been studied in the hearts of 214 normal mammals of seven species (sheep, swine, dogs, cats, rabbits, guinea pigs, and rats). Comparisons have been made between newborn, young, and adult age groups. In addition, the heart weight-to-body weight ratio, percentage of right ventricular free wall weight in relation to left ventricular free wall weight (RVF/LVF), the relationship between calculated ventricular volume and weight and the left ventricular major minor axis ratios were examined in each age range. Heart weight (HW) in relation to body weight (BW) was greater in the newborn than adult in all species except the dog. HW/BW was twice as great in the adult dog as other species. In newborns RVF/LVF ranged from 55 percent in rats to 100 percent in puppies. Less species variation was present in adult hearts. Species with a more spherical adult LV configuration demonstrated a greater chamber mass-to-volume ratio. This may be attributable to greater wall tension.", "PMID": 1110231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2608", "title": "Specificity of swim training on maximum oxygen uptake.", "content": "The present study was designed to evaluate the specificity-generality of the cardiorespiratory adaptation to swim training. Fifteen male, college age, recreational swimmers utilized interval swim training procedures 1 h/day, 3 days/wk for 10 wk. Maximum physiological measures (Vo2, Ve, HR, R, and work time) were determined prior to and following swim training during treadmill running and tethered swimming Vo2max tests. Identical measures were made on 15 control subjects who did not participate in any form of training. As a result of training, the experimental subjects significantly increased (all P is less than 0.01) their swimming Vo2max (380 ml/min) max Ve (14.9 l/min,btps) and max swim time (4.0 min), and significantly decreased (P is less than 0.05) their max HR (3.5 beats/min). However, there was no significant improvement in Vo2max when the same subjects were evaluated by the treadmill running test. Differences in Vo2max and associated measures during running and swimming tests remained essentially unchanged for control subjects. The results of the present study clearly demonstrate the specificity of the cardiorespiratory adaptation to swim training in male recreational swimmers.", "contents": "Specificity of swim training on maximum oxygen uptake. The present study was designed to evaluate the specificity-generality of the cardiorespiratory adaptation to swim training. Fifteen male, college age, recreational swimmers utilized interval swim training procedures 1 h/day, 3 days/wk for 10 wk. Maximum physiological measures (Vo2, Ve, HR, R, and work time) were determined prior to and following swim training during treadmill running and tethered swimming Vo2max tests. Identical measures were made on 15 control subjects who did not participate in any form of training. As a result of training, the experimental subjects significantly increased (all P is less than 0.01) their swimming Vo2max (380 ml/min) max Ve (14.9 l/min,btps) and max swim time (4.0 min), and significantly decreased (P is less than 0.05) their max HR (3.5 beats/min). However, there was no significant improvement in Vo2max when the same subjects were evaluated by the treadmill running test. Differences in Vo2max and associated measures during running and swimming tests remained essentially unchanged for control subjects. The results of the present study clearly demonstrate the specificity of the cardiorespiratory adaptation to swim training in male recreational swimmers.", "PMID": 1110232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2609", "title": "Ventilatory effects of hypoxia and their dependence on PCO2.", "content": "In 11 healthy subjects the effect of progressive hypoxia on pulmonary ventilation at various alveolar carbon dioxide pressures was studied. A rebreathing technique was used to produce hypoxia, CO2 was held constant and oxygen saturation was taken as the independent variable. We found a linear relationship between ventilation and falls in oxygen saturation when Pco2 was held at the resting mixed venous, end-tidal, or any intermediate level. Within this range of Pco2, a family of ventilation-So2 response curves was obtained for each subject. The effect of altering the isocapnic level was to change the slope and position of the ventilation-So2 response curve, the amount by which the slope changed being related to the slope for that subject at their mixed venous Pco2.", "contents": "Ventilatory effects of hypoxia and their dependence on PCO2. In 11 healthy subjects the effect of progressive hypoxia on pulmonary ventilation at various alveolar carbon dioxide pressures was studied. A rebreathing technique was used to produce hypoxia, CO2 was held constant and oxygen saturation was taken as the independent variable. We found a linear relationship between ventilation and falls in oxygen saturation when Pco2 was held at the resting mixed venous, end-tidal, or any intermediate level. Within this range of Pco2, a family of ventilation-So2 response curves was obtained for each subject. The effect of altering the isocapnic level was to change the slope and position of the ventilation-So2 response curve, the amount by which the slope changed being related to the slope for that subject at their mixed venous Pco2.", "PMID": 1110233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2610", "title": "Circadian variation of intercompartmental potassium fluxes in man.", "content": "Circadian rhythms of plasma potassium concentration and urinary potassium excretion persisted in three normal volunteers when diurnal variations in activity, posture, and dietary intake were eliminated for 3-10 days. Measurements of the arteriovenous difference in plasma potassium concentration across the resting forearm and of erythrocyte potassium concentration suggested that there is a net flux of potassium from ICF to ECF in the early morning and a reverse net flux later in the day. The total net ICF-ECF fluxes were estimated from the diurnal variations in extracellular potassium content corrected for dietary intake and urinary potassium loss. The net fluxes between ICF and ECF were found to be counterbalanced by the circadian rhythm in urinary potassium excretion. Desynchronization of these rhythms would result in marked fluctuations in extracellular potassium content. These findings suggest that some revision is required of the concept of basal state in potassium homeostasis.", "contents": "Circadian variation of intercompartmental potassium fluxes in man. Circadian rhythms of plasma potassium concentration and urinary potassium excretion persisted in three normal volunteers when diurnal variations in activity, posture, and dietary intake were eliminated for 3-10 days. Measurements of the arteriovenous difference in plasma potassium concentration across the resting forearm and of erythrocyte potassium concentration suggested that there is a net flux of potassium from ICF to ECF in the early morning and a reverse net flux later in the day. The total net ICF-ECF fluxes were estimated from the diurnal variations in extracellular potassium content corrected for dietary intake and urinary potassium loss. The net fluxes between ICF and ECF were found to be counterbalanced by the circadian rhythm in urinary potassium excretion. Desynchronization of these rhythms would result in marked fluctuations in extracellular potassium content. These findings suggest that some revision is required of the concept of basal state in potassium homeostasis.", "PMID": 1110234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2611", "title": "Influence of perfusion rate and compliance on esophageal manometry.", "content": "The accuracy of esophageal manometry using the conventional perfused three-lumen catheter depends on the proper choice of the perfusion rate. Previous investigators have used a wide range of perfusion rates without considering the compliance of the transducer-catheter assembly as a variable in the selection of the perfusion rate for the hydraulic systems. We present a relationship relating the perfusion rate and the compliance which specifies the minimum adequate perfusion rate for a given transducer-catheter assembly. This approach explains apparent discrepancies in the literature regarding the proper rate of perfusion for accurate measurement of esophageal contractions. Esophageal motility tests with 10 subjects confirmed the accuracy of manometric tests at the prescribed perfusion rate (1.25 ml/min) since they compared well with intraluminal pressures measured directly with a Honeywell intraesophageal transducer. The effect of perfusion rate on the apmlitude of esophageal contraction was also investigated and it is shown that high perfusion rates result in increased amplitudes of contraction. Furthermore, at large perfusion rates a large volume of liquid builds up in the esophagus. This fluid accumulation could possibly be responsible for the increased amplitudes of contraction.", "contents": "Influence of perfusion rate and compliance on esophageal manometry. The accuracy of esophageal manometry using the conventional perfused three-lumen catheter depends on the proper choice of the perfusion rate. Previous investigators have used a wide range of perfusion rates without considering the compliance of the transducer-catheter assembly as a variable in the selection of the perfusion rate for the hydraulic systems. We present a relationship relating the perfusion rate and the compliance which specifies the minimum adequate perfusion rate for a given transducer-catheter assembly. This approach explains apparent discrepancies in the literature regarding the proper rate of perfusion for accurate measurement of esophageal contractions. Esophageal motility tests with 10 subjects confirmed the accuracy of manometric tests at the prescribed perfusion rate (1.25 ml/min) since they compared well with intraluminal pressures measured directly with a Honeywell intraesophageal transducer. The effect of perfusion rate on the apmlitude of esophageal contraction was also investigated and it is shown that high perfusion rates result in increased amplitudes of contraction. Furthermore, at large perfusion rates a large volume of liquid builds up in the esophagus. This fluid accumulation could possibly be responsible for the increased amplitudes of contraction.", "PMID": 1110235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2612", "title": "Selective parasympathectomy of the heart.", "content": "Attempts to devise a chronic animal model with parasympathetic cardiac denervation have been complicated by early mortality due to pulmonary and esophagogastric dysfunction. By use of surgical techniques confined to the intrapericardial left atrium and immediately adjacent vena cava, selective cardiac parasympathectomy was performed on dogs. Verification of denervation was performed at the time of surgery by electrical stimulation of the cervical and thoracic vagi and stellate ganglia while recording blood pressure, ECG, and atrial and ventricular contractile force. Results demonstrate complete efferent parasympathetic denervation and abolition of the Bezold-Jurish reflex. Tachycardia at approximately 140/min was noted in all animals immediately and for several weeks postoperatively. No extracardiac complications were noted in any of the animals subjected to this procedure. Right heart catheterization of the conscious sedated dog revealed no evidence of right heart failure. Evidence of parasympathetic efferent reinnervation (sinus arrhythmia) was seen in some animals. This preparation should prove useful in studies of parasympathetic control of the heart, coronary vessels, and cardiovascular reflexes.", "contents": "Selective parasympathectomy of the heart. Attempts to devise a chronic animal model with parasympathetic cardiac denervation have been complicated by early mortality due to pulmonary and esophagogastric dysfunction. By use of surgical techniques confined to the intrapericardial left atrium and immediately adjacent vena cava, selective cardiac parasympathectomy was performed on dogs. Verification of denervation was performed at the time of surgery by electrical stimulation of the cervical and thoracic vagi and stellate ganglia while recording blood pressure, ECG, and atrial and ventricular contractile force. Results demonstrate complete efferent parasympathetic denervation and abolition of the Bezold-Jurish reflex. Tachycardia at approximately 140/min was noted in all animals immediately and for several weeks postoperatively. No extracardiac complications were noted in any of the animals subjected to this procedure. Right heart catheterization of the conscious sedated dog revealed no evidence of right heart failure. Evidence of parasympathetic efferent reinnervation (sinus arrhythmia) was seen in some animals. This preparation should prove useful in studies of parasympathetic control of the heart, coronary vessels, and cardiovascular reflexes.", "PMID": 1110236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2613", "title": "A stable, sensitive, low-compliance capacitance force transducer.", "content": "The measurement of active and passive force levels in heart muscle requires short-and long-term base-line stability. The capacitance force transducer described here represents an optimization of the relationship between sensitivity, compliance, and frequency response in a design that minimizes long-term base-line drift related to thermal gradients within the apparatus. Thermal stability of the instrument is obtained with the use of quartz and Invar in the construction of the variable capacitor, the maintenance of internal transducer temperature at a constant level well above ambient, and the use of thermally insulating air gaps. Sensitivity ranges from 1.0 to 2.0 V/g wt in the several instruments tested, the output is linear, compliance is negligible with static loads up to 6 g wt, hysteresis is not significant with transient loading with 20 g wt, and long-term drift is greater than or equal to 0.050 g wt. These instruments are designed for use with myocardial preparations but can be adapted for skeletal muscle experiments.", "contents": "A stable, sensitive, low-compliance capacitance force transducer. The measurement of active and passive force levels in heart muscle requires short-and long-term base-line stability. The capacitance force transducer described here represents an optimization of the relationship between sensitivity, compliance, and frequency response in a design that minimizes long-term base-line drift related to thermal gradients within the apparatus. Thermal stability of the instrument is obtained with the use of quartz and Invar in the construction of the variable capacitor, the maintenance of internal transducer temperature at a constant level well above ambient, and the use of thermally insulating air gaps. Sensitivity ranges from 1.0 to 2.0 V/g wt in the several instruments tested, the output is linear, compliance is negligible with static loads up to 6 g wt, hysteresis is not significant with transient loading with 20 g wt, and long-term drift is greater than or equal to 0.050 g wt. These instruments are designed for use with myocardial preparations but can be adapted for skeletal muscle experiments.", "PMID": 1110237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2614", "title": "Peripheral vascular response to norepinephrine at temperatures from 2 to 40 degrees C.", "content": "The response to norepinephrine (NE) was studied in the perfused whole vascular bed and perfused arteries in situ and on helical strips of arteries and veins from the isolated duck leg. NE consistently produced vasoconstriction but the sensitivity was 3-50 times greater in the whole vascular bed than in artery segments. The drug effect was maximal at temperatures near 25 degrees C and diminished considerably at low temperatures (2-5 degrees C). Isolated helical strips of arteries and veins, when exposed to NE, showed maximal developed force at 25-30 degrees C. Tibial vessels developed only slight force at 5 degrees C while the tarsal-metatarsal and digital vessels responded even at 2 degrees C. The sensitivity to NE of both vessel types from the same region was similar. Flow in whole vascular bed perfused at constant pressure (40 cmH2O) was maximum at 30-35 degrees C. At both higher and lower temperatures flow declined and was about the same at 2 degrees C as at 40 degrees C. Our findings indicate that the vasoconstrictor effect of NE is exerted on both large and small veins and arteries; yet peripheral vessels respond more than do proximal segments at low temperatures. These findings suggest that peripheral vascular compartments may be capable of regulating regional blood flow at temperatures approaching freezing.", "contents": "Peripheral vascular response to norepinephrine at temperatures from 2 to 40 degrees C. The response to norepinephrine (NE) was studied in the perfused whole vascular bed and perfused arteries in situ and on helical strips of arteries and veins from the isolated duck leg. NE consistently produced vasoconstriction but the sensitivity was 3-50 times greater in the whole vascular bed than in artery segments. The drug effect was maximal at temperatures near 25 degrees C and diminished considerably at low temperatures (2-5 degrees C). Isolated helical strips of arteries and veins, when exposed to NE, showed maximal developed force at 25-30 degrees C. Tibial vessels developed only slight force at 5 degrees C while the tarsal-metatarsal and digital vessels responded even at 2 degrees C. The sensitivity to NE of both vessel types from the same region was similar. Flow in whole vascular bed perfused at constant pressure (40 cmH2O) was maximum at 30-35 degrees C. At both higher and lower temperatures flow declined and was about the same at 2 degrees C as at 40 degrees C. Our findings indicate that the vasoconstrictor effect of NE is exerted on both large and small veins and arteries; yet peripheral vessels respond more than do proximal segments at low temperatures. These findings suggest that peripheral vascular compartments may be capable of regulating regional blood flow at temperatures approaching freezing.", "PMID": 1110238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2615", "title": "Myocardial and total body extractions of radiorubidium in anesthetized dogs.", "content": "Myocardium (EM) and average total body (ETB) extractions of 86-Rb were determined in 24 anesthetized, open-chest dogs. Blood from the coronary sinus and from the pulmonary artery reflected the uptake of 86-Rb by myocardium and the total body, respectively, and extractions were computed from the relative arteriovenous differences (A-V/A). While the arterial concentration of 86-Rb was constant, EM varied from 0.66 plus or minus .02 (SE) at 2-2.5 min to 0.65 plus or minus 0.02 at 5-5.5 min, and ETB varied from 0.63 plus or minus 0.01 to 0.58 plus or minus 0.01 over the same interval. Mean extractions were similar statistically at 2-2.5 min, but individual differences as great as 30% were encountered at the 95% confidence level. After 3 min of 86-Rb administration, EM significantly exceeded ETB (P is less than 0.05) due to the more rapid decline with time of ETB. The similarity of the early extractions of 86-Rb by myocardium and by the total body supports, in general, the use of the radiorubidium uptake method for measuring coronary blood flow. However, the administration of the indicator should be brief, and rather large errors in individual estimates must be anticipated.", "contents": "Myocardial and total body extractions of radiorubidium in anesthetized dogs. Myocardium (EM) and average total body (ETB) extractions of 86-Rb were determined in 24 anesthetized, open-chest dogs. Blood from the coronary sinus and from the pulmonary artery reflected the uptake of 86-Rb by myocardium and the total body, respectively, and extractions were computed from the relative arteriovenous differences (A-V/A). While the arterial concentration of 86-Rb was constant, EM varied from 0.66 plus or minus .02 (SE) at 2-2.5 min to 0.65 plus or minus 0.02 at 5-5.5 min, and ETB varied from 0.63 plus or minus 0.01 to 0.58 plus or minus 0.01 over the same interval. Mean extractions were similar statistically at 2-2.5 min, but individual differences as great as 30% were encountered at the 95% confidence level. After 3 min of 86-Rb administration, EM significantly exceeded ETB (P is less than 0.05) due to the more rapid decline with time of ETB. The similarity of the early extractions of 86-Rb by myocardium and by the total body supports, in general, the use of the radiorubidium uptake method for measuring coronary blood flow. However, the administration of the indicator should be brief, and rather large errors in individual estimates must be anticipated.", "PMID": 1110239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2616", "title": "Effect of added elastances on the first loaded breath in man.", "content": "Tidal volume together with end-inspiratory pressure was measured in four seated healthy men, during normal breathing and during single inspirations taken from a series of rigid containers which provided added elastances (range: 5-70 cmH2O/l). Experiments were performed both during quiet breathing and during ventilation increased by added dead space. Added elastic loads always resulted in a decreased tidal volume. This decrease was partly compensated by increased pressure developed by the inspiratory muscles; being more so with greater added elastance, control ventilation, or both. Analysis of our results indicates that the load-compensatory response may be attributed to changes in mechanical impedance of the ventilatory pump, due to the mechanical arrangement and the intrinsic properties of the inspiratory muscles (force-length and force-velocity relationships), changes in respiratory frequency with increasing ventilation, and to vagally mediated load compensation.", "contents": "Effect of added elastances on the first loaded breath in man. Tidal volume together with end-inspiratory pressure was measured in four seated healthy men, during normal breathing and during single inspirations taken from a series of rigid containers which provided added elastances (range: 5-70 cmH2O/l). Experiments were performed both during quiet breathing and during ventilation increased by added dead space. Added elastic loads always resulted in a decreased tidal volume. This decrease was partly compensated by increased pressure developed by the inspiratory muscles; being more so with greater added elastance, control ventilation, or both. Analysis of our results indicates that the load-compensatory response may be attributed to changes in mechanical impedance of the ventilatory pump, due to the mechanical arrangement and the intrinsic properties of the inspiratory muscles (force-length and force-velocity relationships), changes in respiratory frequency with increasing ventilation, and to vagally mediated load compensation.", "PMID": 1110240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2617", "title": "Energy cost of square dancing.", "content": "This experiment was concerned with determining the energy cost of two popular Western square dancing routines: the \"Mish-Mash,\" which is a relatively fast-moving dance with quick movements, and the \"Singing\" dance, which is a slower and more deliberate type of dance. The subjects were four middle-aged couples, veteran members of a local square dancing club. Sitting and standing pulmonary ventilations were determined through the use of the Tissot gasometer. Kofra\u0144yi-Michaelis respirometers were employed for the dance routine ventilations. These apparatus were fitted with a Monoghan neoprene cushion plastic mask. Gas samples were collected in polyethylene metallized bags and analyzed for O2 and CO2 content. The net energy cost for the two dances was appropriately summarized. The results indicated that for the males the net average energy cost of the \"Mish-Mash\" dance was 0.085 and 0.077 kcal/min per kg for the \"Singing\" dance. For the females, the cost was 0.088 and 0.084 kcal/min per kg, respectively. A net average cost of these two dances yielded a caloric expenditure of 5.7 kcal/min for a 70-kg male and 5.2 kcal/min for a 60-kg female. It was indicated that during the course of a typical square dance evening, a 70-kg man would expend some 425 kcal. while a 60-kg female would burn some 390 kcal. The energy cost of the dances studied were determined to be within the permissible work load of a functional class 1 patient with diseases of the heart as determined by the American Heart Association.", "contents": "Energy cost of square dancing. This experiment was concerned with determining the energy cost of two popular Western square dancing routines: the \"Mish-Mash,\" which is a relatively fast-moving dance with quick movements, and the \"Singing\" dance, which is a slower and more deliberate type of dance. The subjects were four middle-aged couples, veteran members of a local square dancing club. Sitting and standing pulmonary ventilations were determined through the use of the Tissot gasometer. Kofra\u0144yi-Michaelis respirometers were employed for the dance routine ventilations. These apparatus were fitted with a Monoghan neoprene cushion plastic mask. Gas samples were collected in polyethylene metallized bags and analyzed for O2 and CO2 content. The net energy cost for the two dances was appropriately summarized. The results indicated that for the males the net average energy cost of the \"Mish-Mash\" dance was 0.085 and 0.077 kcal/min per kg for the \"Singing\" dance. For the females, the cost was 0.088 and 0.084 kcal/min per kg, respectively. A net average cost of these two dances yielded a caloric expenditure of 5.7 kcal/min for a 70-kg male and 5.2 kcal/min for a 60-kg female. It was indicated that during the course of a typical square dance evening, a 70-kg man would expend some 425 kcal. while a 60-kg female would burn some 390 kcal. The energy cost of the dances studied were determined to be within the permissible work load of a functional class 1 patient with diseases of the heart as determined by the American Heart Association.", "PMID": 1110241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2618", "title": "Effects of atropine on natural deflation flows and P-V curves of the isolated lung lobe.", "content": "Static pressure-volume (P-V) curves and natural deflation flows (NDF) in isolated dog's lung lobes were obtained before and after atropine. Since elastic pressure was the driving force for the expiratory flow this preparation was devoid of the influence of compressive forces. A significant shift to the left of the P-V curve was observed after atropine. Mean increase in volume in the range from 30 to 2 cmH2O transpulmonary pressure (Ptp) was 0.6 ml/g (about 4% increase in percent of maximal lung volume MLV). NDF at the same Ptp (referred to as airway conductance) were significantly higher after atropine (mean increase 3 ml/s per g, about 0.15 l/s). Increase in lung volume after atropine was interpreted as evidence of relaxation of residual bronchomotor tone which in turn, by increasing airway diameters, may produce higher flows. When NDF were plotted against volume, differences between control and atropine were reduced. This was attributed to the observed leftward displacement of the P-V curve. The linear relationship found between NDF and volume in the range 2-8 cmH2O of Ptp (about 35-75% MLV) suggests a proportionate change in airway conductance with lung size. This could indicate that the lobes behaved homogeneously during passive deflation. This pattern was not modified by atropine.", "contents": "Effects of atropine on natural deflation flows and P-V curves of the isolated lung lobe. Static pressure-volume (P-V) curves and natural deflation flows (NDF) in isolated dog's lung lobes were obtained before and after atropine. Since elastic pressure was the driving force for the expiratory flow this preparation was devoid of the influence of compressive forces. A significant shift to the left of the P-V curve was observed after atropine. Mean increase in volume in the range from 30 to 2 cmH2O transpulmonary pressure (Ptp) was 0.6 ml/g (about 4% increase in percent of maximal lung volume MLV). NDF at the same Ptp (referred to as airway conductance) were significantly higher after atropine (mean increase 3 ml/s per g, about 0.15 l/s). Increase in lung volume after atropine was interpreted as evidence of relaxation of residual bronchomotor tone which in turn, by increasing airway diameters, may produce higher flows. When NDF were plotted against volume, differences between control and atropine were reduced. This was attributed to the observed leftward displacement of the P-V curve. The linear relationship found between NDF and volume in the range 2-8 cmH2O of Ptp (about 35-75% MLV) suggests a proportionate change in airway conductance with lung size. This could indicate that the lobes behaved homogeneously during passive deflation. This pattern was not modified by atropine.", "PMID": 1110242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2619", "title": "Effects of changes in PaCO2 on pulmonary input impedance.", "content": "Pulmonary arterial input impedance spectra were computed in goats in whom the appropriate pressure and flow transducers had been chronically implanted. In response to either hypocapnia or hypercapnia, under anesthesia (1% halothane in a 70% nitrous oxide--30% oxygen mixture) there were no significant modifications of impedance at zero frequency; no consistent or significant changes in the impedance moduli at frequencies between 2 and 14 Hz were observed; the position of the first impedance minimum or the subsequent maximum was not modified; however, pulmonary vascular resistance increased significantly with hypercapnia. Although the load opposing right ventricular ejection was not modified by variation of Paco2, right ventricular work was reduced in response to hypocapnia and augmented in response to hypercapnia.", "contents": "Effects of changes in PaCO2 on pulmonary input impedance. Pulmonary arterial input impedance spectra were computed in goats in whom the appropriate pressure and flow transducers had been chronically implanted. In response to either hypocapnia or hypercapnia, under anesthesia (1% halothane in a 70% nitrous oxide--30% oxygen mixture) there were no significant modifications of impedance at zero frequency; no consistent or significant changes in the impedance moduli at frequencies between 2 and 14 Hz were observed; the position of the first impedance minimum or the subsequent maximum was not modified; however, pulmonary vascular resistance increased significantly with hypercapnia. Although the load opposing right ventricular ejection was not modified by variation of Paco2, right ventricular work was reduced in response to hypocapnia and augmented in response to hypercapnia.", "PMID": 1110243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2620", "title": "Forearm blood flow during body temperature transients produced by leg exercise.", "content": "Subjects exercised for 30 min on a bicycle ergometer at 30, 50, and 70% of maximal aerobic power in ambient temperatures of 15, 25, and 35 degrees C and vapor pressures of less than 18 Torr. Exercise was used to vary internal temperature during an experiment, and different ambient temperatures were used to vary skin temperatures independently of internal temperature. Forearm skin temperature was fixed at about 36.5 degrees C. Esophageal temperature (Tes) was measured with a thermocouple at the level of the left atrium, and mean skin temperature (Tsk) was calculated from a weighted mean of thermocouple temperatures at eight skin sites. Forearm blood flow (BF) was measured by electrocapacitance plethysmography. Our data are well accounted for by an equation of the form BF = a1Tes + q2Tsk + b, independent of exercise intensity, although some subjects showed an equivocal vasodilator effect of exercise. The ratios a1/a2 (7.5, 9.6, 11.7) are quite similar to the ratios (8.6, 10.4) of the corresponding coefficients in two recent models of thermoregulatory sweating.", "contents": "Forearm blood flow during body temperature transients produced by leg exercise. Subjects exercised for 30 min on a bicycle ergometer at 30, 50, and 70% of maximal aerobic power in ambient temperatures of 15, 25, and 35 degrees C and vapor pressures of less than 18 Torr. Exercise was used to vary internal temperature during an experiment, and different ambient temperatures were used to vary skin temperatures independently of internal temperature. Forearm skin temperature was fixed at about 36.5 degrees C. Esophageal temperature (Tes) was measured with a thermocouple at the level of the left atrium, and mean skin temperature (Tsk) was calculated from a weighted mean of thermocouple temperatures at eight skin sites. Forearm blood flow (BF) was measured by electrocapacitance plethysmography. Our data are well accounted for by an equation of the form BF = a1Tes + q2Tsk + b, independent of exercise intensity, although some subjects showed an equivocal vasodilator effect of exercise. The ratios a1/a2 (7.5, 9.6, 11.7) are quite similar to the ratios (8.6, 10.4) of the corresponding coefficients in two recent models of thermoregulatory sweating.", "PMID": 1110244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2621", "title": "Role of inertia in the measurement of dynamic compliance.", "content": "Dynamic compliance (Cdyn) was measured at different frequencies (breaths/min) in 30 nonsmoking males and females aged 30-59 yr. In those aged 30-49 yr Cydn at 90 breaths/min was significantly higher than at 15 breaths/min while those aged 50-59 yr showed no significant difference. Assuming an inertance of 0.01 cmH2O/l per s-2, and a sinusoidal breathing frequency, Cydn at 60 and 90 breaths/min was corrected for inertia. In the 30-49 yr age group corrected Cydn did not change with increasing frequency of breathing whereas in the 50-59 yr age group Cydn at 15 breaths/min was significantly higher than at 90 breaths/min (P is less than 0.05). In this age group, four of eight subjects were frequency dependent when corrected for inertia. These findings indicate that inertia influences Cydn at breathing frequencies of 60 per min and above. Unless this is taken into account, frequency dependence of compliance may be missed. The results also indicate that frequency dependence of compliance is normal in some older individuals but is not normal in the younger age group.", "contents": "Role of inertia in the measurement of dynamic compliance. Dynamic compliance (Cdyn) was measured at different frequencies (breaths/min) in 30 nonsmoking males and females aged 30-59 yr. In those aged 30-49 yr Cydn at 90 breaths/min was significantly higher than at 15 breaths/min while those aged 50-59 yr showed no significant difference. Assuming an inertance of 0.01 cmH2O/l per s-2, and a sinusoidal breathing frequency, Cydn at 60 and 90 breaths/min was corrected for inertia. In the 30-49 yr age group corrected Cydn did not change with increasing frequency of breathing whereas in the 50-59 yr age group Cydn at 15 breaths/min was significantly higher than at 90 breaths/min (P is less than 0.05). In this age group, four of eight subjects were frequency dependent when corrected for inertia. These findings indicate that inertia influences Cydn at breathing frequencies of 60 per min and above. Unless this is taken into account, frequency dependence of compliance may be missed. The results also indicate that frequency dependence of compliance is normal in some older individuals but is not normal in the younger age group.", "PMID": 1110245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2622", "title": "Glucagon and plasma catecholamine responses to graded and prolonged exercise in man.", "content": "Eight men were studied during graded (47, 77, and 100% of maximal oxygen uptake) and prolonged (76%) exhaustive treadmill running. During graded exercise the glucagon concentration increased 35% from 81 plus or minus 7 pg/ml (mean and SE) at rest to 109 plus or minus 17 after the heaviest load. During prolonged exercise glucagon increased progressively to three times (226 plus or minus 40) the resting value. Norepinephrine increased from 0.40 plus or minus 0.06 ng/ml to 2.22 plus or minus 0.39, epinephrine from 0.07 plus or minus 0.01 to 0.42 plus or minus 0.13 during graded, and to 1.51 plus or minus 0.08 and 0.33 plus or minus 0.04, respectively, during prolonged exercise. Insulin concentrations were depressed during work except for the heaviest load. Fatty acids rose throughout prolonged exercise, whereas blood glucose significantly diminished 30 min afterward. Glucagon concentrations correlated significantly with norepinephrine and epinephrine concentrations during prolonged and with epinephrine during graded exercise. Although increments in catecholamines were similar, the glucagon secretion was larger during prolonged than during graded exercise. While increments in catecholamines might explain increased glucagon secretion during graded exercise, they cannot account completely for the rise of glucagon during prolonged exercise.", "contents": "Glucagon and plasma catecholamine responses to graded and prolonged exercise in man. Eight men were studied during graded (47, 77, and 100% of maximal oxygen uptake) and prolonged (76%) exhaustive treadmill running. During graded exercise the glucagon concentration increased 35% from 81 plus or minus 7 pg/ml (mean and SE) at rest to 109 plus or minus 17 after the heaviest load. During prolonged exercise glucagon increased progressively to three times (226 plus or minus 40) the resting value. Norepinephrine increased from 0.40 plus or minus 0.06 ng/ml to 2.22 plus or minus 0.39, epinephrine from 0.07 plus or minus 0.01 to 0.42 plus or minus 0.13 during graded, and to 1.51 plus or minus 0.08 and 0.33 plus or minus 0.04, respectively, during prolonged exercise. Insulin concentrations were depressed during work except for the heaviest load. Fatty acids rose throughout prolonged exercise, whereas blood glucose significantly diminished 30 min afterward. Glucagon concentrations correlated significantly with norepinephrine and epinephrine concentrations during prolonged and with epinephrine during graded exercise. Although increments in catecholamines were similar, the glucagon secretion was larger during prolonged than during graded exercise. While increments in catecholamines might explain increased glucagon secretion during graded exercise, they cannot account completely for the rise of glucagon during prolonged exercise.", "PMID": 1110246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2623", "title": "A theory of aerosol deposition in the human respiratory tract.", "content": "The deposition of inhaled aerosol particles in the human respiratory tract is due to the mechanisms of inertia impaction, Brownian diffusion, and gravitational settling. A theory is developed to predict the particle deposition and its distribution in human respiratory tract for any breathing condition. A convection-diffusion equation for the particle concentration with a loss term is used to describe the transport and deposition of particles. In this equation, an apparent diffusion coefficient due to the velocity dispersion in the lung is present and found to be the dominant diffusion mechanism for the cases considered here. Expressions for deposition by various mechanisms are also derived. The governing equation is solved numerically with Weibel's lung model A. The particle concentration at the mouth is calculated during washin and washout and compared favorably with experimental recordings for 0.5-mum diameter di(2-ethylhexyl) sebacate particles. The total deposition in the lung for particle size ranging from 0.05 to 5 mum is also computed for a 500-cm-3 tidal volume and 15 breaths/min. The results in general agree with recent measurements of Heyder et al. However, a particle size of minimum deposition is found to exist theoretically near 0.3 mum.", "contents": "A theory of aerosol deposition in the human respiratory tract. The deposition of inhaled aerosol particles in the human respiratory tract is due to the mechanisms of inertia impaction, Brownian diffusion, and gravitational settling. A theory is developed to predict the particle deposition and its distribution in human respiratory tract for any breathing condition. A convection-diffusion equation for the particle concentration with a loss term is used to describe the transport and deposition of particles. In this equation, an apparent diffusion coefficient due to the velocity dispersion in the lung is present and found to be the dominant diffusion mechanism for the cases considered here. Expressions for deposition by various mechanisms are also derived. The governing equation is solved numerically with Weibel's lung model A. The particle concentration at the mouth is calculated during washin and washout and compared favorably with experimental recordings for 0.5-mum diameter di(2-ethylhexyl) sebacate particles. The total deposition in the lung for particle size ranging from 0.05 to 5 mum is also computed for a 500-cm-3 tidal volume and 15 breaths/min. The results in general agree with recent measurements of Heyder et al. However, a particle size of minimum deposition is found to exist theoretically near 0.3 mum.", "PMID": 1110247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2624", "title": "Aging, isometric strength and endurance, and cardiovascular responses to static effort.", "content": "Previous studies on the relationship of age to isometric muscular strength are few, on isometric endurance rare, and on the physiological responses to static effort nonexistent. This investigation assessed the maximal handgrip strength, the duration of a fatiguing handgrip contraction at a tension of 40% of maximal strength and the heart rate and blood pressure during that contraction of 100 men aged from 22 to 62 yr. The subjects of this study were all men employed in a machine shop for a large aircraft corporation. The homogeneity of their occupations may well explain why, unlike previous reports, we found no change in muscular strength or muscular endurance with age. However, although heart rate increased during the contraction in all subjects, the increase in heart rate was greater in younger men. In contrast, while both systolic and diastolic blood pressures increased during the contraction in all subjects, the largest increase in systolic blood pressure was attained by the men in the older decades; there was no difference due to age in the diastolic blood pressures. The implications of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "Aging, isometric strength and endurance, and cardiovascular responses to static effort. Previous studies on the relationship of age to isometric muscular strength are few, on isometric endurance rare, and on the physiological responses to static effort nonexistent. This investigation assessed the maximal handgrip strength, the duration of a fatiguing handgrip contraction at a tension of 40% of maximal strength and the heart rate and blood pressure during that contraction of 100 men aged from 22 to 62 yr. The subjects of this study were all men employed in a machine shop for a large aircraft corporation. The homogeneity of their occupations may well explain why, unlike previous reports, we found no change in muscular strength or muscular endurance with age. However, although heart rate increased during the contraction in all subjects, the increase in heart rate was greater in younger men. In contrast, while both systolic and diastolic blood pressures increased during the contraction in all subjects, the largest increase in systolic blood pressure was attained by the men in the older decades; there was no difference due to age in the diastolic blood pressures. The implications of these findings are discussed.", "PMID": 1110248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2625", "title": "Mechanical properties of the lungs and experimental asthma in conscious allergic dogs.", "content": "Three allergic dogs were trained to swallow an esophageal balloon, breathe through a tracheostomy tube, and stand quietly in a wooden stall. The mechanical properties of their lungs were measured reproducibly over many months. Average values were: pulmonary resistance 1.33 cmH2O/l per s, static lung compliance 104 ml/cmH2O, and functional residual capacity 982 ml. In two dogs inhalation of histamine aerosol caused a 374% increase in resistance; inhalation of Ascaris suum aerosol caused a 307% increase in resistance. The increased resistance was associated with mild-to-moderate respiratory distress and slightly increased functional residual capacity. Aerosols of isoproterenol or atropine sulfate inhibited the increased resistance. We conclude that the conscious allergic dog is a suitable subject for the long-term study of asthma. Our present results are consistent with our earlier findings in anesthetized dogs, that a vagal reflex is involved in acute bronchomotor responses to inhalation of histamine as well as specific antigen.", "contents": "Mechanical properties of the lungs and experimental asthma in conscious allergic dogs. Three allergic dogs were trained to swallow an esophageal balloon, breathe through a tracheostomy tube, and stand quietly in a wooden stall. The mechanical properties of their lungs were measured reproducibly over many months. Average values were: pulmonary resistance 1.33 cmH2O/l per s, static lung compliance 104 ml/cmH2O, and functional residual capacity 982 ml. In two dogs inhalation of histamine aerosol caused a 374% increase in resistance; inhalation of Ascaris suum aerosol caused a 307% increase in resistance. The increased resistance was associated with mild-to-moderate respiratory distress and slightly increased functional residual capacity. Aerosols of isoproterenol or atropine sulfate inhibited the increased resistance. We conclude that the conscious allergic dog is a suitable subject for the long-term study of asthma. Our present results are consistent with our earlier findings in anesthetized dogs, that a vagal reflex is involved in acute bronchomotor responses to inhalation of histamine as well as specific antigen.", "PMID": 1110249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2626", "title": "Variant HeLa cells selected for their resistance to ouabain.", "content": "The cardiac glyoside, ouabain, normally kills HeLa cells at concentrations of about 10-7 M or greater. By treating a population of HeLa cells with increasingly higher concentrations of the drug, a vaiant population was obtained of HeLa cells capable of growing in medium containing 10-4 M ouabain. Inhibition of volume regulation of cells subjected to hypotonic shock was used as a measure of inhibition of active transport of Na across the plasma membrane. In that way of dose-response curves for the rapid effects of ouabain and other inhibitors of active Na transport were obtained with both the original, ouabain-sensitive (OS) and the variant, ouabain-resistant (OR) cells. Three other cardiac glycosides (digoxin, digtoxin and hellebrin) and two aglycones (digitoxigenin and strophanthidin) were found to be equally as effective as ouabain in inhibiting volume regulation of the OS cells; the concentration whichproduced half-maximum inhibition, I(max/2), was about 6X 10-7 M in each case. Similar inhibition of the OR population by ouabain was observed only when the concentration exceeded 10-4 M [I(max/2-2.5 X 10-4 M], and the other steroid compounds had no effect on the variant cells at the highest concentrations tested (-2 X 10-5 M). OR and OS cells different also in their sensitivities to its cardoactive erythrophleum alkaloid, coumingine; I(max/2) for OS and OR cells was 5 X 10-8 M and 6 X 10-7 M, respectively. These results in addition to results of ouabain binding experiments and measurements of the rates of reversal of inhibition of volume regulation, suggest that a major reason for the differential sensitivities of the two phenotypes to these drugs is different affinities of their sodium pumps for inhibitors of active transport.", "contents": "Variant HeLa cells selected for their resistance to ouabain. The cardiac glyoside, ouabain, normally kills HeLa cells at concentrations of about 10-7 M or greater. By treating a population of HeLa cells with increasingly higher concentrations of the drug, a vaiant population was obtained of HeLa cells capable of growing in medium containing 10-4 M ouabain. Inhibition of volume regulation of cells subjected to hypotonic shock was used as a measure of inhibition of active transport of Na across the plasma membrane. In that way of dose-response curves for the rapid effects of ouabain and other inhibitors of active Na transport were obtained with both the original, ouabain-sensitive (OS) and the variant, ouabain-resistant (OR) cells. Three other cardiac glycosides (digoxin, digtoxin and hellebrin) and two aglycones (digitoxigenin and strophanthidin) were found to be equally as effective as ouabain in inhibiting volume regulation of the OS cells; the concentration whichproduced half-maximum inhibition, I(max/2), was about 6X 10-7 M in each case. Similar inhibition of the OR population by ouabain was observed only when the concentration exceeded 10-4 M [I(max/2-2.5 X 10-4 M], and the other steroid compounds had no effect on the variant cells at the highest concentrations tested (-2 X 10-5 M). OR and OS cells different also in their sensitivities to its cardoactive erythrophleum alkaloid, coumingine; I(max/2) for OS and OR cells was 5 X 10-8 M and 6 X 10-7 M, respectively. These results in addition to results of ouabain binding experiments and measurements of the rates of reversal of inhibition of volume regulation, suggest that a major reason for the differential sensitivities of the two phenotypes to these drugs is different affinities of their sodium pumps for inhibitors of active transport.", "PMID": 1110260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2627", "title": "Slow phase hemolysis in hypotonic electrolyte solutions.", "content": "When a population of erythrocytes is partially hemolyzed the time course of hemolysis can be divided into a fast phase and a slow phase. The slow phase occurs with both rapid and gradual addition of the hypotonic medium (rapid and gradual hemolysis). There is no difference in the osmotic fragility of erythrocytes remaining at 60 minutes after rapid or gradual hemolysis. Erythrocytes near their critical hemolytic volume have an equimolar ouabaininsensitive sodium-potassium exchange. Critical non-hemolytic swelling with resulting stress on the membrane appears requisite to slow phase hemolysis since more non-penetrant sucrose is required to prevent slow phase lysis rather than that which would be predicted from the intracellular colloid osmotic pressure due to hemoglobin. Sucrose protection from slow phase hemolysis thus depends not only on counter-balancing the colloid osmotic pressure, but also removal of sufficient intracellular water to prevent critical membrane strain. This model is consistent with that proposed by Katchalsky. Irreversible membrane changes associated with hypotonic stress manifested by persistent stomatocytic shape change and membrane wrinkling on return of cells to isotonicity appear to be due to critical changes in membrane components. Such cells, having normal indices and specific gravity are less deformable than control cells in 2.8 mum pore size polycarbonate filters.", "contents": "Slow phase hemolysis in hypotonic electrolyte solutions. When a population of erythrocytes is partially hemolyzed the time course of hemolysis can be divided into a fast phase and a slow phase. The slow phase occurs with both rapid and gradual addition of the hypotonic medium (rapid and gradual hemolysis). There is no difference in the osmotic fragility of erythrocytes remaining at 60 minutes after rapid or gradual hemolysis. Erythrocytes near their critical hemolytic volume have an equimolar ouabaininsensitive sodium-potassium exchange. Critical non-hemolytic swelling with resulting stress on the membrane appears requisite to slow phase hemolysis since more non-penetrant sucrose is required to prevent slow phase lysis rather than that which would be predicted from the intracellular colloid osmotic pressure due to hemoglobin. Sucrose protection from slow phase hemolysis thus depends not only on counter-balancing the colloid osmotic pressure, but also removal of sufficient intracellular water to prevent critical membrane strain. This model is consistent with that proposed by Katchalsky. Irreversible membrane changes associated with hypotonic stress manifested by persistent stomatocytic shape change and membrane wrinkling on return of cells to isotonicity appear to be due to critical changes in membrane components. Such cells, having normal indices and specific gravity are less deformable than control cells in 2.8 mum pore size polycarbonate filters.", "PMID": 1110261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2628", "title": "Five fluorocarbons for administration of aerosol bronchodilators.", "content": "The exposure of the upper respiratory tract to aerosol propellants produces apnea, bradycardia, and biphasic fall and rise in aortic blood pressure in anesthetized dogs. This response represents the irritation of sensory receptors in the nasal and nasopharyngeal mucosa and is not elicited with aerosol propellants administered via a tracheal cannula bypassing the upper respiratory tract. When this is done, a different reflex is elicited, consisting of tachycardia that is mediated by the thoracic sympathetic nerves. There is either bronchodilation or bronchoconstriction depending on the type of propellant. The three propellants (11, 12, and 114) widely used in aerosols, when inspired in large doses, elicit both bradycardia and tachycardia and induce bronchoconstriction or bronchodilation. Two additional propellants (115 and C318), which are not ordinarily used to dispense bronchodilator drugs, do not elicit any change in heart rate and produce only bronchodilation. It is suggested that these two propellants merit further investigation and may replace the three widely used ones if these prove the use and abuse of aerosols.", "contents": "Five fluorocarbons for administration of aerosol bronchodilators. The exposure of the upper respiratory tract to aerosol propellants produces apnea, bradycardia, and biphasic fall and rise in aortic blood pressure in anesthetized dogs. This response represents the irritation of sensory receptors in the nasal and nasopharyngeal mucosa and is not elicited with aerosol propellants administered via a tracheal cannula bypassing the upper respiratory tract. When this is done, a different reflex is elicited, consisting of tachycardia that is mediated by the thoracic sympathetic nerves. There is either bronchodilation or bronchoconstriction depending on the type of propellant. The three propellants (11, 12, and 114) widely used in aerosols, when inspired in large doses, elicit both bradycardia and tachycardia and induce bronchoconstriction or bronchodilation. Two additional propellants (115 and C318), which are not ordinarily used to dispense bronchodilator drugs, do not elicit any change in heart rate and produce only bronchodilation. It is suggested that these two propellants merit further investigation and may replace the three widely used ones if these prove the use and abuse of aerosols.", "PMID": 1110267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2629", "title": "Small airway obstruction in allergic rhinitis.", "content": "Applying newer techniques to assess the reactivity of small peripheral airways, we studied the effects of saline and methacholine inhalation in patients with allergic rhinitis. The maximum midexpiratory flow rate (MMF) and the maximum terminal flow (MTF) were used to assess the degree of small airway obstruction. Four rhinitis patients (13 per cent) had abnormal baseline MMF and/or MTF and 12 patients (38 per cent) developed a decrease in MMF and/or MTF after saline inhalation. Twenty-one patients (66 per cent) responded to methacholine inhalation with a greater than 20 per cent fall in the MMF and/or MTF. This response was significantly different from that of the control subjects (p less than 0.01). The patients' hyperresponsiveness appears to be similar to that of asthmatic patients except that the obstruction is primarily limited to the airways.", "contents": "Small airway obstruction in allergic rhinitis. Applying newer techniques to assess the reactivity of small peripheral airways, we studied the effects of saline and methacholine inhalation in patients with allergic rhinitis. The maximum midexpiratory flow rate (MMF) and the maximum terminal flow (MTF) were used to assess the degree of small airway obstruction. Four rhinitis patients (13 per cent) had abnormal baseline MMF and/or MTF and 12 patients (38 per cent) developed a decrease in MMF and/or MTF after saline inhalation. Twenty-one patients (66 per cent) responded to methacholine inhalation with a greater than 20 per cent fall in the MMF and/or MTF. This response was significantly different from that of the control subjects (p less than 0.01). The patients' hyperresponsiveness appears to be similar to that of asthmatic patients except that the obstruction is primarily limited to the airways.", "PMID": 1110292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2630", "title": "Dietary standards.", "content": "There are two primary purposes and uses of dietary standards--the planning of diets or food supplies and the evaluation of dietary histories. It is argured that no single set of dietary standards can adequately fulfill both functions. The design of diets requires considerations other than estimates of nutritional needs--food supplies, food habits, and so forth--and must ordinarily provide the needs of groups ofmixed age, sex, and activity.  Standards based on nutrient density may be the most useful for this purpose.  The evaluation of the nutritional adequacy of foods eaten must be based on estimates of nutritional need. How, in applying, such standards, consideration must be given to the variability in nutrient intake from day to day. Current methods of evaluating dietary data inevitably overestimate the number of individuals at risk of nutritional deficiency.", "contents": "Dietary standards. There are two primary purposes and uses of dietary standards--the planning of diets or food supplies and the evaluation of dietary histories. It is argured that no single set of dietary standards can adequately fulfill both functions. The design of diets requires considerations other than estimates of nutritional needs--food supplies, food habits, and so forth--and must ordinarily provide the needs of groups ofmixed age, sex, and activity.  Standards based on nutrient density may be the most useful for this purpose.  The evaluation of the nutritional adequacy of foods eaten must be based on estimates of nutritional need. How, in applying, such standards, consideration must be given to the variability in nutrient intake from day to day. Current methods of evaluating dietary data inevitably overestimate the number of individuals at risk of nutritional deficiency.", "PMID": 1110294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2631", "title": "Nutritional status of black preschool children in Mississippi. Influence of income, mother's education, and food programs.", "content": "The nutritional status of 247 black preschoolers in two counties of Mississippi was studied by relating caloric and nutrient intakes and anthropometric measurements to homemaker's education, family income, and participation in Food Stamp and donated food programs..23AUTHOR Low intakes of calories, iron, calcium, vitamin A, and ascorbic acid were found in many of the children, regardless of the variable considered. These findings--in comparison with similar studies--imply that, as time passes, low education and income are having less impact on child nutrition. This ameliorating effect may be due to programs designed to educate parents and extend purchasing power of food dollars. Thus, it seems advisable to continue these programs.?23AUTHOR", "contents": "Nutritional status of black preschool children in Mississippi. Influence of income, mother's education, and food programs. The nutritional status of 247 black preschoolers in two counties of Mississippi was studied by relating caloric and nutrient intakes and anthropometric measurements to homemaker's education, family income, and participation in Food Stamp and donated food programs..23AUTHOR Low intakes of calories, iron, calcium, vitamin A, and ascorbic acid were found in many of the children, regardless of the variable considered. These findings--in comparison with similar studies--imply that, as time passes, low education and income are having less impact on child nutrition. This ameliorating effect may be due to programs designed to educate parents and extend purchasing power of food dollars. Thus, it seems advisable to continue these programs.?23AUTHOR", "PMID": 1110295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2632", "title": "Nutritional knowledge, attitudes, and practices of high school graduates.", "content": "A mail survey was conducted to investigate the relationship between previous nutrition education in high school home economics classes and the present nutritional knowledge, attitudes, and practices of Ohio high school graduates. Findings revealed that young women previously enrolled in home economics courses with a unit in food, nutrition, and health did not achieve significantly higher scores in tests of nutritional knowledge, attitudes, and practices than did those who had not been exposed to such nutritional education. Attitudes toward food and nutrition were found to mediate the nutritional knowledge and practices of these high school graduates.", "contents": "Nutritional knowledge, attitudes, and practices of high school graduates. A mail survey was conducted to investigate the relationship between previous nutrition education in high school home economics classes and the present nutritional knowledge, attitudes, and practices of Ohio high school graduates. Findings revealed that young women previously enrolled in home economics courses with a unit in food, nutrition, and health did not achieve significantly higher scores in tests of nutritional knowledge, attitudes, and practices than did those who had not been exposed to such nutritional education. Attitudes toward food and nutrition were found to mediate the nutritional knowledge and practices of these high school graduates.", "PMID": 1110296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2633", "title": "Lipid analysis of a frozen egg substitute.", "content": "The lipid composition of an egg substitute and fresh eggs was conpared. The total lipid was divided into fractions on a silicic acid column. Thin-layer-chromatographic analysis demonstrated that the egg substitute was practically void of cholesteryl esters. Gas-liquid-chromatographic analysis were used to ascertain the fatty acid composition of the various fractions. Eggs contained considerably higher concentrations of saturated and mono-unsaturated fatty acids than did the substitute. The polyunsaturated fatty acid concentration in the substitute was approximately three times that of eggs. In all fractions, the eggs contained several more individual fatty acids than did the egg substitute.", "contents": "Lipid analysis of a frozen egg substitute. The lipid composition of an egg substitute and fresh eggs was conpared. The total lipid was divided into fractions on a silicic acid column. Thin-layer-chromatographic analysis demonstrated that the egg substitute was practically void of cholesteryl esters. Gas-liquid-chromatographic analysis were used to ascertain the fatty acid composition of the various fractions. Eggs contained considerably higher concentrations of saturated and mono-unsaturated fatty acids than did the substitute. The polyunsaturated fatty acid concentration in the substitute was approximately three times that of eggs. In all fractions, the eggs contained several more individual fatty acids than did the egg substitute.", "PMID": 1110297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2634", "title": "Personal history and job tenure of dietary employees.", "content": "Possible relationships of six personal characteristics reported on application blanks and job tenure of hospital dietary employees were statistically analyzed. By chisquare analysis, three characteristics--age (forty-six years or older), marital status (widowed or divorced), and education (less than nine years)--appeared to be positively related to longer tenure (over six months). However, multiple regression analysis to determine the combined effect of all variables indicated no relationship which could be used to predicting tenure when employing dietary workers.", "contents": "Personal history and job tenure of dietary employees. Possible relationships of six personal characteristics reported on application blanks and job tenure of hospital dietary employees were statistically analyzed. By chisquare analysis, three characteristics--age (forty-six years or older), marital status (widowed or divorced), and education (less than nine years)--appeared to be positively related to longer tenure (over six months). However, multiple regression analysis to determine the combined effect of all variables indicated no relationship which could be used to predicting tenure when employing dietary workers.", "PMID": 1110298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2635", "title": "A decade of Dial-a-Dietitian in Columbus, Ohio.", "content": "Data gathered during the decade 1962-1972 on Dial-a-Dietitian as a community service of the Columbus Dietetic Association support the usefulness of this unique experiment in community nutrition education. The image of the dietitian as a spokesman for the science of nutrition and as a contributing member of the health team should be advanced in every way possible. Dial-a-Dietitian is a realistic vehicle which offers much needed assistance. There emerges the need for individualized diet counseling with a fee-for-service and referral from the physician or dentist. Dial-a-Dietitian might then be in a position to direct its enery and resources toward better serving community needs with respect to normal nutrition education. District dietetic associations should define and redefine the objectives to be served by the Dial-a-Diettian program as these relate to specific and changing requirements.", "contents": "A decade of Dial-a-Dietitian in Columbus, Ohio. Data gathered during the decade 1962-1972 on Dial-a-Dietitian as a community service of the Columbus Dietetic Association support the usefulness of this unique experiment in community nutrition education. The image of the dietitian as a spokesman for the science of nutrition and as a contributing member of the health team should be advanced in every way possible. Dial-a-Dietitian is a realistic vehicle which offers much needed assistance. There emerges the need for individualized diet counseling with a fee-for-service and referral from the physician or dentist. Dial-a-Dietitian might then be in a position to direct its enery and resources toward better serving community needs with respect to normal nutrition education. District dietetic associations should define and redefine the objectives to be served by the Dial-a-Diettian program as these relate to specific and changing requirements.", "PMID": 1110301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2636", "title": "Ultrastructural studies of keratinized epithelia of the mouse. III. Determination of the volumes of nuclei and cytoplasm of cells in murine epidermis.", "content": "Simple morphometric analyses were applied to mouse epidermal specimens prepared for electrom microscopy. Mean values were obtained for the dimensions of cells and nuclei in basal, suprabasal, and granular layers. These measurements were applied to simplified models representing the shapes of cells in the three strata. A fourfold increase in cytoplasmic volume was observed as cells passed from the basal to granular layers. During this transition, the nuclear volume did not decrease significantly.", "contents": "Ultrastructural studies of keratinized epithelia of the mouse. III. Determination of the volumes of nuclei and cytoplasm of cells in murine epidermis. Simple morphometric analyses were applied to mouse epidermal specimens prepared for electrom microscopy. Mean values were obtained for the dimensions of cells and nuclei in basal, suprabasal, and granular layers. These measurements were applied to simplified models representing the shapes of cells in the three strata. A fourfold increase in cytoplasmic volume was observed as cells passed from the basal to granular layers. During this transition, the nuclear volume did not decrease significantly.", "PMID": 1110303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2637", "title": "Secretion from human apocrine glands: an electron microscopic study.", "content": "Electron microscopic examination of apocrine glands revealed three types of secretion: merocrine apocrine, and possible holocrine. In the merocrine type of secretion numerous vesicles originating in the Golgi area discharged their granular contents into the lumen of the gland. In the apocrine type of secretion three stages were observed: (1) formation of an apical cap; (2) formation of a dividing membrane at the base of the apical cap; and (3) formation of tubules avove the dividing membrand that extended parallel to the membrane and led to a separation of the apical cap from the underlying cell, In the holocrine type of secretion individual secretory cells or even strands of secretory cells were dischard into the lumen of the gland.", "contents": "Secretion from human apocrine glands: an electron microscopic study. Electron microscopic examination of apocrine glands revealed three types of secretion: merocrine apocrine, and possible holocrine. In the merocrine type of secretion numerous vesicles originating in the Golgi area discharged their granular contents into the lumen of the gland. In the apocrine type of secretion three stages were observed: (1) formation of an apical cap; (2) formation of a dividing membrane at the base of the apical cap; and (3) formation of tubules avove the dividing membrand that extended parallel to the membrane and led to a separation of the apical cap from the underlying cell, In the holocrine type of secretion individual secretory cells or even strands of secretory cells were dischard into the lumen of the gland.", "PMID": 1110304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2638", "title": "Congenital circumscribed hypomelanosis: a characterization based on electron microscopic study of tuberous sclerosis, nevus depigmentosus, and piebaldism.", "content": "Subcellular defects of hypomelanosis in tuberous sclerosis (TS) (28 subjects) were compared by light and electron microscopy with oThere forms of congenital circumscribed hypomelanosis that occur in nevus depigmentosus (ND) (8 subjects) and in piebaldism (PB) (4 subjects), respectively. On the light microscopic level in both TS and ND, the population density of functioning melanocytes was normal but each perikaryon was small, and dopa activity was decreased. On the ultrastructural level, the hypomelanotic skin and hair of TS were associated with a decrease in the synthesis, melanization, and size of melanosomes; the decrease in the size of melanosomes resulted in the aggregation of melanosomes (i.e., a melanosome complex) in the keratinocytes in all the specimens examined. In ND, ther were no obvious changes in the size and melanocytes. the hypomelanosis of ND is related to the decreased synthesis and also, perhaps, abnormal transfer of melanosomes. In PB the hypomelanosis of the skin and hair results from the absence of functional melanocytes. The hypermelanotic areas of PB, however, characteristically contain melanocytes that synthesize abnormal (sperical and granular) as well as normal (ellipsoidal and lamellar) melanosomes.", "contents": "Congenital circumscribed hypomelanosis: a characterization based on electron microscopic study of tuberous sclerosis, nevus depigmentosus, and piebaldism. Subcellular defects of hypomelanosis in tuberous sclerosis (TS) (28 subjects) were compared by light and electron microscopy with oThere forms of congenital circumscribed hypomelanosis that occur in nevus depigmentosus (ND) (8 subjects) and in piebaldism (PB) (4 subjects), respectively. On the light microscopic level in both TS and ND, the population density of functioning melanocytes was normal but each perikaryon was small, and dopa activity was decreased. On the ultrastructural level, the hypomelanotic skin and hair of TS were associated with a decrease in the synthesis, melanization, and size of melanosomes; the decrease in the size of melanosomes resulted in the aggregation of melanosomes (i.e., a melanosome complex) in the keratinocytes in all the specimens examined. In ND, ther were no obvious changes in the size and melanocytes. the hypomelanosis of ND is related to the decreased synthesis and also, perhaps, abnormal transfer of melanosomes. In PB the hypomelanosis of the skin and hair results from the absence of functional melanocytes. The hypermelanotic areas of PB, however, characteristically contain melanocytes that synthesize abnormal (sperical and granular) as well as normal (ellipsoidal and lamellar) melanosomes.", "PMID": 1110305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2639", "title": "Morphometric evaluation of sebaceous gland volume in intact, castrated, and testosterone-treated rats.", "content": "Starting a 19 weeks of age six male rats, castrated at 16 weeks, were injected intramuscularly three times per week with 0.25 mg testosterone propionate (dissolved in sesame oil) per 100 grams body weight. Four castrated control rats received sesame oil only. Samples of dorsal skin were taken under light ether anesthesia at the time of orchidectomy and at weekly intervals during treatment. Histologic sections were cut perpendicular to the skin  surface, stained with hematoxylin and eosin, and analyzed morphometrically for their volume content of sebaceous glands, A square grid of 42 sampling points was superimposed on each microscopic field at a maganification of 300X and an average of about 1000 points were counted over the entire thickness of the skin in each section. The average thickness of the skin was also determined for each sample. Three weeks after castration the mm-3 of sebaceous glands per cm-2 of skin was reduced from 1.76 to 0.96, a difference that is statistically significant at p is less than 0.005. One week after starting testosterone injections, the volume of sebaceous glands was more than double that in the control animals: 3.0 vs 1.2(p is less than 0.02). Even greater differences were found at 2 to 4 weeks of treatment.", "contents": "Morphometric evaluation of sebaceous gland volume in intact, castrated, and testosterone-treated rats. Starting a 19 weeks of age six male rats, castrated at 16 weeks, were injected intramuscularly three times per week with 0.25 mg testosterone propionate (dissolved in sesame oil) per 100 grams body weight. Four castrated control rats received sesame oil only. Samples of dorsal skin were taken under light ether anesthesia at the time of orchidectomy and at weekly intervals during treatment. Histologic sections were cut perpendicular to the skin  surface, stained with hematoxylin and eosin, and analyzed morphometrically for their volume content of sebaceous glands, A square grid of 42 sampling points was superimposed on each microscopic field at a maganification of 300X and an average of about 1000 points were counted over the entire thickness of the skin in each section. The average thickness of the skin was also determined for each sample. Three weeks after castration the mm-3 of sebaceous glands per cm-2 of skin was reduced from 1.76 to 0.96, a difference that is statistically significant at p is less than 0.005. One week after starting testosterone injections, the volume of sebaceous glands was more than double that in the control animals: 3.0 vs 1.2(p is less than 0.02). Even greater differences were found at 2 to 4 weeks of treatment.", "PMID": 1110306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2640", "title": "Serum complement and immunity in experimental simian malaria. II. Preferential activation of early components and failure of depletion of late components to inhibit protective immunity.", "content": "The role of complement in the control of parasitemia was examined. Depletion of late components (3-9) by cobra venom factor did not alter either the degree or course of parasitemia during the pre-immune or immune stages of infection. The pattern of consumption of complement components was therefore examined. Concomitant with schizont rupture there was depletion of early-acting components (C1, C4, and C2) of the clasical complement pathway. The magnitude and remporal relationships of the fall were similar for these three components. Serum levels returned to prerupture values over 36-48 hr, and then the cycle was repeated. There was no simultaneous change in the levels of C3, C3 proactivator, or C6. These results delineate a new pattern of cyclical consumption of early components of the classical complement pathway associated temporally with schizont rupture and suggest that the late-acting components are not required for protective host immunity in malaria.", "contents": "Serum complement and immunity in experimental simian malaria. II. Preferential activation of early components and failure of depletion of late components to inhibit protective immunity. The role of complement in the control of parasitemia was examined. Depletion of late components (3-9) by cobra venom factor did not alter either the degree or course of parasitemia during the pre-immune or immune stages of infection. The pattern of consumption of complement components was therefore examined. Concomitant with schizont rupture there was depletion of early-acting components (C1, C4, and C2) of the clasical complement pathway. The magnitude and remporal relationships of the fall were similar for these three components. Serum levels returned to prerupture values over 36-48 hr, and then the cycle was repeated. There was no simultaneous change in the levels of C3, C3 proactivator, or C6. These results delineate a new pattern of cyclical consumption of early components of the classical complement pathway associated temporally with schizont rupture and suggest that the late-acting components are not required for protective host immunity in malaria.", "PMID": 1110307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2641", "title": "Familial clustering of hepatitis B surface antigen among Panamanian Indians.", "content": "Several authors have suggested that the host genome determines the occurrence of chronic HBS Ag (hepatitis B surface antigen). In attempts to evaluate this possibility, total infection rate and the combined frequencies of HBS Ag and antibody to HBS Ag and radioimmunoprecipitation to measure antibody to HBS Ag, we tested sera from 255 Panamanian Guaymi Indians. They represented 48 families and 32 living units. Clusters of chronically antigenemic individuals were found in families. Clusters of infection were not found in families or living units. Differences in family composition (age and sex) did not explain the increased occurrence of HGS Ag. These findings support the hypothesis that some humans have an inherited susceptibility to chronic infection with hepatitis B virus after exposure.", "contents": "Familial clustering of hepatitis B surface antigen among Panamanian Indians. Several authors have suggested that the host genome determines the occurrence of chronic HBS Ag (hepatitis B surface antigen). In attempts to evaluate this possibility, total infection rate and the combined frequencies of HBS Ag and antibody to HBS Ag and radioimmunoprecipitation to measure antibody to HBS Ag, we tested sera from 255 Panamanian Guaymi Indians. They represented 48 families and 32 living units. Clusters of chronically antigenemic individuals were found in families. Clusters of infection were not found in families or living units. Differences in family composition (age and sex) did not explain the increased occurrence of HGS Ag. These findings support the hypothesis that some humans have an inherited susceptibility to chronic infection with hepatitis B virus after exposure.", "PMID": 1110308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2642", "title": "Normal and branched alkanes from cast skins of the grasshopper Schistocerca vaga (Scudder).", "content": "Gas-liquid chromatographic and mass spectral analyses of the hydrocarbons from cast skins of the grasshopper Schistocerca vaga (Scudder) demonstrated the presence of four homologous series of alkanes: n-alkanes (35%), monomethylalkanes (24%), dimethylalkanes (35%), and trimethylalkanes (3%). The methyl branches were located towards the center of the molecule, and no 2- or 3-methylalkanes were detected by mass spectrometry. The branched alkanes occurred as isomeric mixtures with the methyl group(s) usually located on carbon atom 11, 13, 15, or 17. In the di- and trimethylalkanes, the branch points had isoprenoid spacing. Of the total hydrocarbons, the major component of the n-alkane series was nonacosane, 23%; of the monomethylalkanes, it was 11-, 13-, 15-, and 17-methylpentatriacontanes, 13%; of the dimethylalkanes, 9,13-, 11,15-, 13,17-, and 15,19-dimethylpentatriacontanes, 20%; and of the trimethylalkanes, 11,15,19- and 13,17,21-trimethylpentatriacontanes, 1%.", "contents": "Normal and branched alkanes from cast skins of the grasshopper Schistocerca vaga (Scudder). Gas-liquid chromatographic and mass spectral analyses of the hydrocarbons from cast skins of the grasshopper Schistocerca vaga (Scudder) demonstrated the presence of four homologous series of alkanes: n-alkanes (35%), monomethylalkanes (24%), dimethylalkanes (35%), and trimethylalkanes (3%). The methyl branches were located towards the center of the molecule, and no 2- or 3-methylalkanes were detected by mass spectrometry. The branched alkanes occurred as isomeric mixtures with the methyl group(s) usually located on carbon atom 11, 13, 15, or 17. In the di- and trimethylalkanes, the branch points had isoprenoid spacing. Of the total hydrocarbons, the major component of the n-alkane series was nonacosane, 23%; of the monomethylalkanes, it was 11-, 13-, 15-, and 17-methylpentatriacontanes, 13%; of the dimethylalkanes, 9,13-, 11,15-, 13,17-, and 15,19-dimethylpentatriacontanes, 20%; and of the trimethylalkanes, 11,15,19- and 13,17,21-trimethylpentatriacontanes, 1%.", "PMID": 1110321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2643", "title": "Enzymes of phospholipid metabolism in the plasma membrane of Acanthamoeba castellanii.", "content": "Phospholipase A, lyophospholipase, acyl CoA hydrolase, and palmitoyl CoA synthetase are present in the plasma membrane of Acanthamoeba castellanii. The first three of these enzymes also occur in other cell fractions but in concentrations too low for the activities in the plasma membrane fraction to be accounted for by contamination by any other cell fraction. Palmitoyl CoA synthetase is restricted almost entirely to the plasma membrane and microsomal fractions; the microsomal activity is too low for the plasma membrane activity to be due to contamination by microsomes. Acyl COA:lysolecithin acyltransferase is predominantly localized in the microsomal fraction, but the activity of the plasma membrane is probably too great to be accounted for by microsomal contamination. CDPcholine:1,2-diglyceride cholinephosphotransferase is restricted almost entirely to the microsomal fraction. Phospholipase C was not detected in any cell fraction or in the growth medium.", "contents": "Enzymes of phospholipid metabolism in the plasma membrane of Acanthamoeba castellanii. Phospholipase A, lyophospholipase, acyl CoA hydrolase, and palmitoyl CoA synthetase are present in the plasma membrane of Acanthamoeba castellanii. The first three of these enzymes also occur in other cell fractions but in concentrations too low for the activities in the plasma membrane fraction to be accounted for by contamination by any other cell fraction. Palmitoyl CoA synthetase is restricted almost entirely to the plasma membrane and microsomal fractions; the microsomal activity is too low for the plasma membrane activity to be due to contamination by microsomes. Acyl COA:lysolecithin acyltransferase is predominantly localized in the microsomal fraction, but the activity of the plasma membrane is probably too great to be accounted for by microsomal contamination. CDPcholine:1,2-diglyceride cholinephosphotransferase is restricted almost entirely to the microsomal fraction. Phospholipase C was not detected in any cell fraction or in the growth medium.", "PMID": 1110322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2644", "title": "Biosynthesis of digalactosyl diglyceride in Vicia faba leaves.", "content": "Developing and mature leaf tissue from Vicia faba plants were pulse-fed 14-CO2. The lipids were extracted at intervals after exposure to light, and the galactolipids monogalactosyl diglyceride (MGDG) and digalactosyl diglyceride (DGDG) were separated. After methylation and methanolysis, gas-liquid chromatography was used to separate the two galactose units of DGDG and the galactose of MGDG. The specific activities of the galactoses and the changes over the time period of the experiment were determined. The results support the view that DGDG is formed by galactosylation of MGDG. This does not take place by a rapid two-enzyme system reaction but more slowly in two phases: galactosylation of a pool of newly formed MGDG and a more random galactosylation of MGDG. There is no evidence of a high turnover of galactose in these lipids.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of digalactosyl diglyceride in Vicia faba leaves. Developing and mature leaf tissue from Vicia faba plants were pulse-fed 14-CO2. The lipids were extracted at intervals after exposure to light, and the galactolipids monogalactosyl diglyceride (MGDG) and digalactosyl diglyceride (DGDG) were separated. After methylation and methanolysis, gas-liquid chromatography was used to separate the two galactose units of DGDG and the galactose of MGDG. The specific activities of the galactoses and the changes over the time period of the experiment were determined. The results support the view that DGDG is formed by galactosylation of MGDG. This does not take place by a rapid two-enzyme system reaction but more slowly in two phases: galactosylation of a pool of newly formed MGDG and a more random galactosylation of MGDG. There is no evidence of a high turnover of galactose in these lipids.", "PMID": 1110323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2645", "title": "Failure of the omnicardiogram to predict coronary artery disease in patients with normal resting electrocardiograms.", "content": "Seventy-two male patients over the age of 35 had normal resting twelve lead eletrocardiograms (ECG's). All patients were studied by invasive techniques including complete right and left sided cardiac catheterization, selective coronary arteriography, and left ventricular angiography. All patients had been referred because of chest pain with a presumed diagnosis of coronary artery obstruction and myocardial ischemia. Omnicardiograms were generated from the twelve lead ECG's and diagnosed as \"abnormal\" or \"normal\" by observers having no knowledge of the cardiac catheterization findings. Of 72 patients studied, 21 were free of coronary artery disease. Of these, 14 (66%) had \"abnormal\" omnicardiographic reports. Seven (33%) had \"normal\" omnicardiograms, indicating an incidence of false positive \"abnormal\" omnicardiographic reports as 66%. Fifty-one patients had hemodynamically significant coronary artery disease. In this group, 19 (38%) were reported as \"normal\" by omnicardiogram, an incidence of false negative diagnosis of 38%. When the patients with coronary artery disease were classified as to single, double, or triple coronary obstruction, it was evident that the omnicardiogram had failed to separate patients with more extensive disease. Of the 32 patients with \"abnormal\" omnicardiograms, 56% had double or triple vessel disease, while of the 19 patients with \"normal\" omnicardiograph reports, 78% had double or triple vessel disease. Similarly, the omnicardiograms failed to identify the patients with abnormal left ventricular angiography. Of 19 patients with coronary artery disease and \"normal\" omnicardiograms, only 8 (42%) had normal ventricular angiography. However, of the 32 patients with coronary disease and \"abnormal\" omnicardiograms, only 11 (34%) had abnormal ventriculogram. The omnicardiogram cannot be considered a useful technique for predicting the presence or severity of coronary artery disease or for the identification of abnormal left ventricular function in patients with known coronary artery disease.", "contents": "Failure of the omnicardiogram to predict coronary artery disease in patients with normal resting electrocardiograms. Seventy-two male patients over the age of 35 had normal resting twelve lead eletrocardiograms (ECG's). All patients were studied by invasive techniques including complete right and left sided cardiac catheterization, selective coronary arteriography, and left ventricular angiography. All patients had been referred because of chest pain with a presumed diagnosis of coronary artery obstruction and myocardial ischemia. Omnicardiograms were generated from the twelve lead ECG's and diagnosed as \"abnormal\" or \"normal\" by observers having no knowledge of the cardiac catheterization findings. Of 72 patients studied, 21 were free of coronary artery disease. Of these, 14 (66%) had \"abnormal\" omnicardiographic reports. Seven (33%) had \"normal\" omnicardiograms, indicating an incidence of false positive \"abnormal\" omnicardiographic reports as 66%. Fifty-one patients had hemodynamically significant coronary artery disease. In this group, 19 (38%) were reported as \"normal\" by omnicardiogram, an incidence of false negative diagnosis of 38%. When the patients with coronary artery disease were classified as to single, double, or triple coronary obstruction, it was evident that the omnicardiogram had failed to separate patients with more extensive disease. Of the 32 patients with \"abnormal\" omnicardiograms, 56% had double or triple vessel disease, while of the 19 patients with \"normal\" omnicardiograph reports, 78% had double or triple vessel disease. Similarly, the omnicardiograms failed to identify the patients with abnormal left ventricular angiography. Of 19 patients with coronary artery disease and \"normal\" omnicardiograms, only 8 (42%) had normal ventricular angiography. However, of the 32 patients with coronary disease and \"abnormal\" omnicardiograms, only 11 (34%) had abnormal ventriculogram. The omnicardiogram cannot be considered a useful technique for predicting the presence or severity of coronary artery disease or for the identification of abnormal left ventricular function in patients with known coronary artery disease.", "PMID": 1110333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2646", "title": "Origin of initial escape beat during graded vagal stimulation.", "content": "Graded vagal stimulation was applied to the distal vago-sympathetic trunk in anesthetized dogs. The effects of vagal stimulation were expressed as cardiac delay time, which is specifically measured as the R-R interval of the asystolic period or bradycardial beat, minus the control R-R interval. Graded vagal effects were best obtained by stimulation with varying pulse duration at fixed voltage and frequency. As pulse duration was increased, progressive bradycardia and brief cardiac arrest occurred. With further increase in pulse duration, cardiac delay time increased markedly and remained essentially unchanged over a wide range of still greater pulse durations. ECG's recorded stimultaneously showed initial sinus bradycardia, atrial pacemakers and A-V junctional beats during brief cardiac delays. The initial escape beat following prolonged cardiac delay was always A-V junctional or ventricular ectopic in origin. It is concluded that the initial escape beat following prolonged cardiac delay arises from latent ventricular pacemakers not subject to vagal influence.", "contents": "Origin of initial escape beat during graded vagal stimulation. Graded vagal stimulation was applied to the distal vago-sympathetic trunk in anesthetized dogs. The effects of vagal stimulation were expressed as cardiac delay time, which is specifically measured as the R-R interval of the asystolic period or bradycardial beat, minus the control R-R interval. Graded vagal effects were best obtained by stimulation with varying pulse duration at fixed voltage and frequency. As pulse duration was increased, progressive bradycardia and brief cardiac arrest occurred. With further increase in pulse duration, cardiac delay time increased markedly and remained essentially unchanged over a wide range of still greater pulse durations. ECG's recorded stimultaneously showed initial sinus bradycardia, atrial pacemakers and A-V junctional beats during brief cardiac delays. The initial escape beat following prolonged cardiac delay was always A-V junctional or ventricular ectopic in origin. It is concluded that the initial escape beat following prolonged cardiac delay arises from latent ventricular pacemakers not subject to vagal influence.", "PMID": 1110335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2647", "title": "The quantitative effects of coronary-myocardial ischemia on the S-Q integrals of epicardial electrograms in the dog.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to measure the relationship between quantitative changes in an epicardial electrocardiographic complex and times of total occlusion and reactive hyperemia in the coronary vessel that supplied the myocardium beneath the electrode. Fifty-six experiments were performed on 9 open-chest dog preparations in which the left anterior descending coronary artery had been cannulated and connected by tubing to the left carotid artery. The shunt was totally occulded for 5, 10, 30, 60 and 90 sec intervals and the sugsequent reactive hyperemia was recorded with an extracorporeal electromagnetic flowmeter placed in the shunt. Potentials from an epicardial electrode placed over the probable area of perfusion of the artery were recorded and analyzed by a digital computer. The integral of each beat from the S to the Q point of the ECG complex was computed. The total electrophysiological change from baseline thus quantified was found to be linearly correlated with the volume of flow deprivation during occlusion (perfusion volume debt) and the volume of reactive hyperemic repayment. The study substantiates experimentally earlier exercise studies of patients with ischemic heart disease in which changes in the SQ integral were found to correlate linearly with exercise intensity. The results support the hypothesis that quantitative measures of the electrocardiographic complex may be used to document the severity of ischemia in mammalian ventricles.", "contents": "The quantitative effects of coronary-myocardial ischemia on the S-Q integrals of epicardial electrograms in the dog. The purpose of this study was to measure the relationship between quantitative changes in an epicardial electrocardiographic complex and times of total occlusion and reactive hyperemia in the coronary vessel that supplied the myocardium beneath the electrode. Fifty-six experiments were performed on 9 open-chest dog preparations in which the left anterior descending coronary artery had been cannulated and connected by tubing to the left carotid artery. The shunt was totally occulded for 5, 10, 30, 60 and 90 sec intervals and the sugsequent reactive hyperemia was recorded with an extracorporeal electromagnetic flowmeter placed in the shunt. Potentials from an epicardial electrode placed over the probable area of perfusion of the artery were recorded and analyzed by a digital computer. The integral of each beat from the S to the Q point of the ECG complex was computed. The total electrophysiological change from baseline thus quantified was found to be linearly correlated with the volume of flow deprivation during occlusion (perfusion volume debt) and the volume of reactive hyperemic repayment. The study substantiates experimentally earlier exercise studies of patients with ischemic heart disease in which changes in the SQ integral were found to correlate linearly with exercise intensity. The results support the hypothesis that quantitative measures of the electrocardiographic complex may be used to document the severity of ischemia in mammalian ventricles.", "PMID": 1110336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2648", "title": "The influence of exercise on atrial flutter.", "content": "To study the effect of exercise on atrial flutter the electrocardiogram was recorded continuously before, during and after low level treadmill walking in twenty-two ambulatory patients. Atrial flutter rates increased during exercise testing in four patients. Improved A-V conduction with consequent higher ventricular rates occurred during exercise in thirteen subjects. One patient, with 4:1 conduction at rest, continued with 4:1 block throughout exercise testing, was believed to be over-digitalized. During the recovery period after exercise, ten patients transiently developed periods of Wenckebach A-V block. Walking exercise induced 1:1 conduction in six patients and was promoted by the following circumstances: 1) atrial rates of 250/min or less; 2) inadequate dosage of digitalis; and 3) the administration of quinidine. For the patient with chronic atrial flutter, treadmill testing provides a simple method for demonstrating the range of changes of A-V conduction and for deriving implications for appropriate drug therapy.", "contents": "The influence of exercise on atrial flutter. To study the effect of exercise on atrial flutter the electrocardiogram was recorded continuously before, during and after low level treadmill walking in twenty-two ambulatory patients. Atrial flutter rates increased during exercise testing in four patients. Improved A-V conduction with consequent higher ventricular rates occurred during exercise in thirteen subjects. One patient, with 4:1 conduction at rest, continued with 4:1 block throughout exercise testing, was believed to be over-digitalized. During the recovery period after exercise, ten patients transiently developed periods of Wenckebach A-V block. Walking exercise induced 1:1 conduction in six patients and was promoted by the following circumstances: 1) atrial rates of 250/min or less; 2) inadequate dosage of digitalis; and 3) the administration of quinidine. For the patient with chronic atrial flutter, treadmill testing provides a simple method for demonstrating the range of changes of A-V conduction and for deriving implications for appropriate drug therapy.", "PMID": 1110337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2649", "title": "Two-step electrocardiogram for chest pain reported on multiphasic screening.", "content": "Among 264 consecutive persons (142 men, 122 women) greater than or equal to 35 years of age presenting for multiphasic screening examination, 85 (54 men, 31 women) reported chest pain. In most, the pain was not typical of coronary artery disease. The two-step exercise electrocardiogram (ECG) was positive (greater than or equal to 0.5-mm ischemic ST depression) in 21% of the patients who reported pain and in 19.5% of 66 randomly selected, similarly examined controls without chest pain (36 men, 30 women) (difference not significant). Females with positive ECGs (5-mm or 1-mm depression) predominated over males greater than or equal to 5:1 in the chest pain group and greater than 3:1 in controls. This study indicates that the routine two-step exercise ECG is not helpful in detecting ischemic heart disease in persons reporting chest pain during their multiphasic screening examination.", "contents": "Two-step electrocardiogram for chest pain reported on multiphasic screening. Among 264 consecutive persons (142 men, 122 women) greater than or equal to 35 years of age presenting for multiphasic screening examination, 85 (54 men, 31 women) reported chest pain. In most, the pain was not typical of coronary artery disease. The two-step exercise electrocardiogram (ECG) was positive (greater than or equal to 0.5-mm ischemic ST depression) in 21% of the patients who reported pain and in 19.5% of 66 randomly selected, similarly examined controls without chest pain (36 men, 30 women) (difference not significant). Females with positive ECGs (5-mm or 1-mm depression) predominated over males greater than or equal to 5:1 in the chest pain group and greater than 3:1 in controls. This study indicates that the routine two-step exercise ECG is not helpful in detecting ischemic heart disease in persons reporting chest pain during their multiphasic screening examination.", "PMID": 1110338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2650", "title": "Wenckebach phenomenon within the atria.", "content": "A patient with a history of fainting and a bifacicular block (CRBBB plus LPH) was analyzed by His Bundle electrograms. During atrial pacing at a rate of 138/min, a Wenckebach type of block occurred within the atrium or at the electode-atrium junction, or both. The sinus intra-atrial conduction time (P-A inverval) was normal. During atrial pacing (pacing rate of 138 to 148/min), St-A interval progressively lengthened and ultimately a second degree Wenckebach type of block was obtained. The surface electrocardiogram (ECG) was normal and only electrical pacing brought on the intra-atrial conduction defect. Simultaneous with this atrial block, a second degree (Mobitz II) block developed.", "contents": "Wenckebach phenomenon within the atria. A patient with a history of fainting and a bifacicular block (CRBBB plus LPH) was analyzed by His Bundle electrograms. During atrial pacing at a rate of 138/min, a Wenckebach type of block occurred within the atrium or at the electode-atrium junction, or both. The sinus intra-atrial conduction time (P-A inverval) was normal. During atrial pacing (pacing rate of 138 to 148/min), St-A interval progressively lengthened and ultimately a second degree Wenckebach type of block was obtained. The surface electrocardiogram (ECG) was normal and only electrical pacing brought on the intra-atrial conduction defect. Simultaneous with this atrial block, a second degree (Mobitz II) block developed.", "PMID": 1110339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2651", "title": "Evidence for specialized atrioventricular conduction in hyperkalemia.", "content": "A patient who had chronic coarse atrial fibrillation developed severe hyperkalemia accompanied by total loss of fibrillatory waves while an irregularly irregular ventricular rhythm persisted. Correction of hyperkalemia resulted in prompt return of coarse atrial fibrillation. This sequence of events renders strong support to direct atrioventricular conduction through the specialized internodal tracts.", "contents": "Evidence for specialized atrioventricular conduction in hyperkalemia. A patient who had chronic coarse atrial fibrillation developed severe hyperkalemia accompanied by total loss of fibrillatory waves while an irregularly irregular ventricular rhythm persisted. Correction of hyperkalemia resulted in prompt return of coarse atrial fibrillation. This sequence of events renders strong support to direct atrioventricular conduction through the specialized internodal tracts.", "PMID": 1110340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2652", "title": "An analysis of the circadian rhythmicity of atrial and ventricular rates in complete heart block.", "content": "A 19 year old female human subject with complete heart block was put at complete bed rest for 63 hours during which a Lead II EKG was monitored at half hour intervals. Atrial and ventricular rates demonstrated cyclic activity with peaks during the day and troughs during the night. A correlation coefficient of plus 0.85 and a slope of plus 1.0 from a linear regression between atrial and ventricular rates demonstrated a close parallel. Calculation of the crosscovariances confirmed the observed cyclic activity with a period of 24 hours and phase angle of zero degrees between the two chambers. The data may be explained by one or all of the following mechanisms: (1) both chambers are subject to the same internal milieu, (2) autonomic nervous system discharge and associated reflexes may integrate relative changes in rate, (3) direct mechanical or electrotonic forces may result in alteration of rates in direct proportion to the magnitude of the dominant chamber, (4) program which operates independent of external factors. The question remains for direct experimental data to demonstrate whether the observed phenomenon is an intrinsic biologic rhythm within the heart or in its control system.", "contents": "An analysis of the circadian rhythmicity of atrial and ventricular rates in complete heart block. A 19 year old female human subject with complete heart block was put at complete bed rest for 63 hours during which a Lead II EKG was monitored at half hour intervals. Atrial and ventricular rates demonstrated cyclic activity with peaks during the day and troughs during the night. A correlation coefficient of plus 0.85 and a slope of plus 1.0 from a linear regression between atrial and ventricular rates demonstrated a close parallel. Calculation of the crosscovariances confirmed the observed cyclic activity with a period of 24 hours and phase angle of zero degrees between the two chambers. The data may be explained by one or all of the following mechanisms: (1) both chambers are subject to the same internal milieu, (2) autonomic nervous system discharge and associated reflexes may integrate relative changes in rate, (3) direct mechanical or electrotonic forces may result in alteration of rates in direct proportion to the magnitude of the dominant chamber, (4) program which operates independent of external factors. The question remains for direct experimental data to demonstrate whether the observed phenomenon is an intrinsic biologic rhythm within the heart or in its control system.", "PMID": 1110341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2653", "title": "Idioventricular tachycardia with angina pectoris.", "content": "Idioventricular tachycardia (IVT) occurred in a patient with angina pectoris on three separate occasions associated with stress induced angina. It occurred immediately after a Master's test, a treadmill exercise test, and following an episode of paroxysmal atrial tachycardia which was precipitated by endocardial pacing. His bundle electrograms demonstrated that the rhythm was ventricular in origin. Cardiac catheterization documented the presence of severe coronary artery disease. Idioventricular tachycardia is often seen with acute myocardial infarction. It is rarely seen with angina or with exercise testing. To our knowledge this is the first reported case of IVT which could be repeatedly produced by stress induced angina.", "contents": "Idioventricular tachycardia with angina pectoris. Idioventricular tachycardia (IVT) occurred in a patient with angina pectoris on three separate occasions associated with stress induced angina. It occurred immediately after a Master's test, a treadmill exercise test, and following an episode of paroxysmal atrial tachycardia which was precipitated by endocardial pacing. His bundle electrograms demonstrated that the rhythm was ventricular in origin. Cardiac catheterization documented the presence of severe coronary artery disease. Idioventricular tachycardia is often seen with acute myocardial infarction. It is rarely seen with angina or with exercise testing. To our knowledge this is the first reported case of IVT which could be repeatedly produced by stress induced angina.", "PMID": 1110342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2654", "title": "Therapeutic usefulness of chest wall stimulation in patients with demand pacemakers.", "content": "Chest wall stimulation (CWS) has been used extensively to evaluate the performance of demand pacemakers. This brief report describes how this technique may also be used therapeutically in certain clinical circumstances.", "contents": "Therapeutic usefulness of chest wall stimulation in patients with demand pacemakers. Chest wall stimulation (CWS) has been used extensively to evaluate the performance of demand pacemakers. This brief report describes how this technique may also be used therapeutically in certain clinical circumstances.", "PMID": 1110343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2655", "title": "Cell surface structure of rodent sperm heads.", "content": "Replicas of critical point dried rodent sperm were examined by transmission electron microscopy. The surface of rat sperm heads appeared to be coated with regularly spaced 90A lamellar material. The plasma membrane overlying the acrosomal region of guinea pig spermatozoa displayed a regular scalloped array of lamellar structures. In replicas, the surface of Chinese hamster spermatozoa appeared coated by an array of small tubles and vesicles in the region overlaying the acrosome. It was possible to obtain replicas of the outer acrosomal membrane by removing the plasma membrane of mouse spermatozoa by brief treatment with Hank's balanced salt solution containing 0.2-0.5% MgC12. Replicas of the surface of the outer acrosomal membrane reveal evenly spaced, hexagonally-packed 90A particles similar to those which have been observed by other workers in replicas of freeze fractured outer acrosomal membranes. The finding of hexagonally arranged structures on the surface of the outer acrosomal membrane which appear very similar to those which have been observed in the plane of the membrane suggests that protein molecules in the plane of the membrane may protrude through or in some other manner distort the membrane surface. The post-acrosomal region of mouse sperm displays parallel lamellae with 100A spacing. If surface changes occur on sperm heads during maturation or capacitation, it should be possible to detect them with this technique.", "contents": "Cell surface structure of rodent sperm heads. Replicas of critical point dried rodent sperm were examined by transmission electron microscopy. The surface of rat sperm heads appeared to be coated with regularly spaced 90A lamellar material. The plasma membrane overlying the acrosomal region of guinea pig spermatozoa displayed a regular scalloped array of lamellar structures. In replicas, the surface of Chinese hamster spermatozoa appeared coated by an array of small tubles and vesicles in the region overlaying the acrosome. It was possible to obtain replicas of the outer acrosomal membrane by removing the plasma membrane of mouse spermatozoa by brief treatment with Hank's balanced salt solution containing 0.2-0.5% MgC12. Replicas of the surface of the outer acrosomal membrane reveal evenly spaced, hexagonally-packed 90A particles similar to those which have been observed by other workers in replicas of freeze fractured outer acrosomal membranes. The finding of hexagonally arranged structures on the surface of the outer acrosomal membrane which appear very similar to those which have been observed in the plane of the membrane suggests that protein molecules in the plane of the membrane may protrude through or in some other manner distort the membrane surface. The post-acrosomal region of mouse sperm displays parallel lamellae with 100A spacing. If surface changes occur on sperm heads during maturation or capacitation, it should be possible to detect them with this technique.", "PMID": 1110344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2656", "title": "Exogenous and endogenous control of the annual reproductive cycle in the male golden hamster: participation of the pineal gland.", "content": "Testes and accessory sex organs (seminal vesicles and coagulating glands) of hamsters exposed to natural lighting (NL) conditions beginning September 22 underwent complete degeneration by October 31. The following February the testes began to regrow with the regeneration being complete by mid to late March. Associated with the atrophic response of the testes during the winter months was consistent depression in pituitary prolactin and an inconsistent decrease in pituitary luteinizing hormone levels. If hamsters are pineal lectomized prior to their exposure to NL, the sexual organs do not atrophy and the pituitary hormone levels do not drop. Moving hamsters from NL to the long daily photoperiods (light:dark cycles of 14 hrs light and 10 hrs darknessLD 14:10) of the laboratory near mid winter is followed by regrowth of the gonads and accessory glands. Regeneration of the reproductive system in the spring is not a function of increasing photoperiodic length since if animals are completely deprived of light (by blinding) in February, the gonads still regenerate. When hamsters are exposed to LD 14:10 cycles during the subsequent summer, the return to NL on September 22 is followed by a second involution of the reproductive system. However, if the period of LD 14:10 (the simulated summer) is shortened by ten weeks, the second return to NL does not initiate involution of the reproductive system. During the simulated summer complete light deprivation by blinding is incapable of forcing atrophy of the sexual organs.", "contents": "Exogenous and endogenous control of the annual reproductive cycle in the male golden hamster: participation of the pineal gland. Testes and accessory sex organs (seminal vesicles and coagulating glands) of hamsters exposed to natural lighting (NL) conditions beginning September 22 underwent complete degeneration by October 31. The following February the testes began to regrow with the regeneration being complete by mid to late March. Associated with the atrophic response of the testes during the winter months was consistent depression in pituitary prolactin and an inconsistent decrease in pituitary luteinizing hormone levels. If hamsters are pineal lectomized prior to their exposure to NL, the sexual organs do not atrophy and the pituitary hormone levels do not drop. Moving hamsters from NL to the long daily photoperiods (light:dark cycles of 14 hrs light and 10 hrs darknessLD 14:10) of the laboratory near mid winter is followed by regrowth of the gonads and accessory glands. Regeneration of the reproductive system in the spring is not a function of increasing photoperiodic length since if animals are completely deprived of light (by blinding) in February, the gonads still regenerate. When hamsters are exposed to LD 14:10 cycles during the subsequent summer, the return to NL on September 22 is followed by a second involution of the reproductive system. However, if the period of LD 14:10 (the simulated summer) is shortened by ten weeks, the second return to NL does not initiate involution of the reproductive system. During the simulated summer complete light deprivation by blinding is incapable of forcing atrophy of the sexual organs.", "PMID": 1110345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2657", "title": "Avian scale development V. Ultrastructure of the chorionic epithelium induced by anterior shank dermis from the scaleless mutant.", "content": "In combination with dermis from the anterior shank skin of the scaleless mutant, the chorionic epithelium forms an epidermis whose ultrastructural features are indistinguishable from those seen along the inner surface of normal scales and along the anterior shank of the scaleless mutant.", "contents": "Avian scale development V. Ultrastructure of the chorionic epithelium induced by anterior shank dermis from the scaleless mutant. In combination with dermis from the anterior shank skin of the scaleless mutant, the chorionic epithelium forms an epidermis whose ultrastructural features are indistinguishable from those seen along the inner surface of normal scales and along the anterior shank of the scaleless mutant.", "PMID": 1110346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2658", "title": "Xenoplastic combinations between chick chorionic epithelium and fetal monkey dermis.", "content": "Fetel monkey dermis from the sole of the foot or ear induces the chick chorionic epithelum (CE) to form an epidermis that histologically resembles chick rather than monkey. These results support the conclusion that in epithelial-mesenchymal interactions between animals of different vertebrate classes the epithelium responds in a species-specific manner. Differences were noted, however, in the response of the avian CE to either the sole or ear dermis.", "contents": "Xenoplastic combinations between chick chorionic epithelium and fetal monkey dermis. Fetel monkey dermis from the sole of the foot or ear induces the chick chorionic epithelum (CE) to form an epidermis that histologically resembles chick rather than monkey. These results support the conclusion that in epithelial-mesenchymal interactions between animals of different vertebrate classes the epithelium responds in a species-specific manner. Differences were noted, however, in the response of the avian CE to either the sole or ear dermis.", "PMID": 1110347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2659", "title": "Sex reversal in Betta splendens Regan with emphasis on the problem of sex determination.", "content": "To gain insight into the sex-determining mechanism of the Siamese fighting fish, Betta splendens, sex-reversed individuals were bred and the ratios of the spawnings were examined. Sex-reversal of 245 females was undertaken by ovariectomizing them; of these, 104 became sex-reversed. Twenty-three of these latter fish were mated to normal females and eleven spawnings were raised to maturity. These spawnings resulted in all female broods or mixed broods. Were the male fish heterogametic, a view currently held by some authors, no males would be produced in these spawnings. Thus, male heterogamety was not substaintiated in this study. Contrary to other studies, the experimental sex reversal of females is not a rare event since nearly two-thirds of the fish that survived the surgery became sex-reversed. Gross dissection and histological observation of sex-reversed fish revealed a regenerated, unpaired duct which remained after the ovaries had been removed. The tissue of the regenerate was testicular and contained active spermatogenesis. Some alterative methods of sex determination which may apply to the Betta are examined. These include the possibility of two different sex-determining races, the effects of exogenous factors, and a polygenic system of sex determination.", "contents": "Sex reversal in Betta splendens Regan with emphasis on the problem of sex determination. To gain insight into the sex-determining mechanism of the Siamese fighting fish, Betta splendens, sex-reversed individuals were bred and the ratios of the spawnings were examined. Sex-reversal of 245 females was undertaken by ovariectomizing them; of these, 104 became sex-reversed. Twenty-three of these latter fish were mated to normal females and eleven spawnings were raised to maturity. These spawnings resulted in all female broods or mixed broods. Were the male fish heterogametic, a view currently held by some authors, no males would be produced in these spawnings. Thus, male heterogamety was not substaintiated in this study. Contrary to other studies, the experimental sex reversal of females is not a rare event since nearly two-thirds of the fish that survived the surgery became sex-reversed. Gross dissection and histological observation of sex-reversed fish revealed a regenerated, unpaired duct which remained after the ovaries had been removed. The tissue of the regenerate was testicular and contained active spermatogenesis. Some alterative methods of sex determination which may apply to the Betta are examined. These include the possibility of two different sex-determining races, the effects of exogenous factors, and a polygenic system of sex determination.", "PMID": 1110348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2660", "title": "The effects of epilation and hormones on the activity of rat hair follicles.", "content": "The growth of hair from epilated and non-epilated areas of rats receiving a variety of hormonal treatments was investigaged by pulse-labelling with 35-S-cystine. While epilation at certain stages of the spontaneous cycle may rephase follicular activity, it did not affect the length, rate or duration of growth of the hairs which erupted subsequently, either in untreated or hormone-treated rats. Thyroxine shortened the active as well as the resting phase of the follicular cycle. It also increased the growth rate, so that hairs were ultimately the same length as those from untreated animals. Estradiol slightly shortened the duration of the active phase, even though the complete cycle was prolonged. It also decreased the hair growth. When administered simultaneously, estradiol and thyroxine exerted their effects independently.", "contents": "The effects of epilation and hormones on the activity of rat hair follicles. The growth of hair from epilated and non-epilated areas of rats receiving a variety of hormonal treatments was investigaged by pulse-labelling with 35-S-cystine. While epilation at certain stages of the spontaneous cycle may rephase follicular activity, it did not affect the length, rate or duration of growth of the hairs which erupted subsequently, either in untreated or hormone-treated rats. Thyroxine shortened the active as well as the resting phase of the follicular cycle. It also increased the growth rate, so that hairs were ultimately the same length as those from untreated animals. Estradiol slightly shortened the duration of the active phase, even though the complete cycle was prolonged. It also decreased the hair growth. When administered simultaneously, estradiol and thyroxine exerted their effects independently.", "PMID": 1110349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2661", "title": "The caecilian ear.", "content": "A study of the ear and its responses to acoustic stimuli was carried out in two caecilian species, Geotrypetes seraphini and Dermophis mexicanus. There is no external ear opening or tympanic membrane. The middle ear mechanism consists of a single element, the stapes, with its footplate in the oval window and a headpiece extending anterolaterally to the quadrate. The inner ear contains a single auditory endorgan, the amphibian papilla, somewhat similar to this organ in anurans. The mode of stimulation by sounds, however, involves a reentrant fluid circuit as in certain of the reptiles. In terms of the electrical potentials this ear is rather uniformly sensitive, though in low degree, to tones over the low-frequency range.", "contents": "The caecilian ear. A study of the ear and its responses to acoustic stimuli was carried out in two caecilian species, Geotrypetes seraphini and Dermophis mexicanus. There is no external ear opening or tympanic membrane. The middle ear mechanism consists of a single element, the stapes, with its footplate in the oval window and a headpiece extending anterolaterally to the quadrate. The inner ear contains a single auditory endorgan, the amphibian papilla, somewhat similar to this organ in anurans. The mode of stimulation by sounds, however, involves a reentrant fluid circuit as in certain of the reptiles. In terms of the electrical potentials this ear is rather uniformly sensitive, though in low degree, to tones over the low-frequency range.", "PMID": 1110350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2662", "title": "Dedifferentiation and mitotic activity in amputated newt tails locally deprived of the spinal cord (including a note on effects of amputation level on mitosis).", "content": "The spinal cord of freshly amputated newt tails was displaced cranially by pushing several paraplast chips into the spinal canal with a glass needle. That part of the canal formerly occupied by the spinal cord was then packed with paraplast. Tails treated in this manner failed to regenerate, forming no more than a millimeter of new tissue with little or no cartilage and muscle. Dedifferentiation and early mitotic activity, however, was normal, indicating that the spinal cord exerts its effect on tail regeneration in the later stages. Amputation through the proximal region of a vertebra led to a significantly lower mitotic rate at four days than did amputation through the distal region, a situation contrary to the principle that during regeneration, elongation rate is gennerally faster from proximal than distal levels.", "contents": "Dedifferentiation and mitotic activity in amputated newt tails locally deprived of the spinal cord (including a note on effects of amputation level on mitosis). The spinal cord of freshly amputated newt tails was displaced cranially by pushing several paraplast chips into the spinal canal with a glass needle. That part of the canal formerly occupied by the spinal cord was then packed with paraplast. Tails treated in this manner failed to regenerate, forming no more than a millimeter of new tissue with little or no cartilage and muscle. Dedifferentiation and early mitotic activity, however, was normal, indicating that the spinal cord exerts its effect on tail regeneration in the later stages. Amputation through the proximal region of a vertebra led to a significantly lower mitotic rate at four days than did amputation through the distal region, a situation contrary to the principle that during regeneration, elongation rate is gennerally faster from proximal than distal levels.", "PMID": 1110351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2663", "title": "Neural correlates of associative training in Hermissenda.", "content": "Hair cells in Hermissenda respond to illumination of the ipsilateral and contralateral eyes. These responses are modified by associative training of the animal. The observed electrophysiological changes appear to result from changes in the photoreceptors' synaptic input to the hair cells.", "contents": "Neural correlates of associative training in Hermissenda. Hair cells in Hermissenda respond to illumination of the ipsilateral and contralateral eyes. These responses are modified by associative training of the animal. The observed electrophysiological changes appear to result from changes in the photoreceptors' synaptic input to the hair cells.", "PMID": 1110353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2664", "title": "Techniques for termination of reverberating spreading depression in rats.", "content": "Reverberation of cortical spreading depression (CSD) around a circular obstacle (thermocoagulation lesion) in the frontal cortex of anesthetized rats was elicited by appropriately timed and spaced applications of KCl. The probability of continued reverberation was increased by a pyrrolopyrimidine drug BW 58-271 (10 mg/kg) from 0.93 to 0.98. Three methods of reverberation arrest were tested: a) CSD propagation was blocked by an interfering CSD wave which was initiated in the rear of the reverberating wave, passing through a narrow segment of the circular pathway, and collided with the reverberating wave on the opposite side of the obstacle; b) CSD propagation through a part of the circular pathway was blocked by a 10-min application of 10% MgCl2 on the exposed cortical surface; c) 1-min asphyxia stopped RCSD by increasing the overall refractoriness of cortical tissue. Least reliable was the interference method which stopped reverberation, even with optimum timing, only in 42% of the trials. The magnesium blockade was reliable but slow, the reverberation stopping only 30 min after MgCl2 application. Asphyxia evoked in any phase of the reverberation cycle stopped RCSD reliably and immediately. The results obtained with the interference method confirm the predictions of the mathematical model of impulse reverberation in sheets of excitable tissue. Anoxia seems best suited for practical control of CSD reverberation in functional decortication studies.", "contents": "Techniques for termination of reverberating spreading depression in rats. Reverberation of cortical spreading depression (CSD) around a circular obstacle (thermocoagulation lesion) in the frontal cortex of anesthetized rats was elicited by appropriately timed and spaced applications of KCl. The probability of continued reverberation was increased by a pyrrolopyrimidine drug BW 58-271 (10 mg/kg) from 0.93 to 0.98. Three methods of reverberation arrest were tested: a) CSD propagation was blocked by an interfering CSD wave which was initiated in the rear of the reverberating wave, passing through a narrow segment of the circular pathway, and collided with the reverberating wave on the opposite side of the obstacle; b) CSD propagation through a part of the circular pathway was blocked by a 10-min application of 10% MgCl2 on the exposed cortical surface; c) 1-min asphyxia stopped RCSD by increasing the overall refractoriness of cortical tissue. Least reliable was the interference method which stopped reverberation, even with optimum timing, only in 42% of the trials. The magnesium blockade was reliable but slow, the reverberation stopping only 30 min after MgCl2 application. Asphyxia evoked in any phase of the reverberation cycle stopped RCSD reliably and immediately. The results obtained with the interference method confirm the predictions of the mathematical model of impulse reverberation in sheets of excitable tissue. Anoxia seems best suited for practical control of CSD reverberation in functional decortication studies.", "PMID": 1110377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2665", "title": "Progression of partial experimental injury to peripheral nerve. Part 1: Periodic measurements of muscle contraction strength.", "content": "Isometric measurements of muscle contraction in response to single as well as tetanic volleys of supramaximal stimuli were recorded from the limbs of 32 monkeys with noninjured or partially lacerated tibial nerves. Nerve action potentials (NAP) and muscle action potentials (MAP) were also determined at intervals varying from 1 hour to 52 weeks after injury. Limbs with mobilized noninjured nerve sustained small but definite decreases in muscle contraction strength particularly if the interval between operations was brief. Partially lacerated nerves had immediate averaged decreases in single twitch and supramaximal contraction strengths of 32.8% and 30.4% despite maintenance of NAP velocity. One week following injury, muscle contraction had decreased by another 21.6% and 19.7% respectively while NAP velocity was decreased by 18.5%. Measurements were also reduced at 2, 4, and 8 weeks and to a lesser degree at 12 weeks; at 24 and 36 weeks, muscle contraction was less than pre-injury data but not when compared to recordings 15 minutes after injury. Values recorded at 52 weeks reflected partial reinnervation of Achilles musculature. Studies over a 24-hour period following partial laceration demonstrated significant further decreases in muscle power by 8 hours. The authors conclude that nerve activity following partial laceration fluctuates as function diminishes during the early hours to weeks following injury.", "contents": "Progression of partial experimental injury to peripheral nerve. Part 1: Periodic measurements of muscle contraction strength. Isometric measurements of muscle contraction in response to single as well as tetanic volleys of supramaximal stimuli were recorded from the limbs of 32 monkeys with noninjured or partially lacerated tibial nerves. Nerve action potentials (NAP) and muscle action potentials (MAP) were also determined at intervals varying from 1 hour to 52 weeks after injury. Limbs with mobilized noninjured nerve sustained small but definite decreases in muscle contraction strength particularly if the interval between operations was brief. Partially lacerated nerves had immediate averaged decreases in single twitch and supramaximal contraction strengths of 32.8% and 30.4% despite maintenance of NAP velocity. One week following injury, muscle contraction had decreased by another 21.6% and 19.7% respectively while NAP velocity was decreased by 18.5%. Measurements were also reduced at 2, 4, and 8 weeks and to a lesser degree at 12 weeks; at 24 and 36 weeks, muscle contraction was less than pre-injury data but not when compared to recordings 15 minutes after injury. Values recorded at 52 weeks reflected partial reinnervation of Achilles musculature. Studies over a 24-hour period following partial laceration demonstrated significant further decreases in muscle power by 8 hours. The authors conclude that nerve activity following partial laceration fluctuates as function diminishes during the early hours to weeks following injury.", "PMID": 1110378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2666", "title": "Chronic subdural hematoma simulating transient cerebral ischemic attacks. Case report.", "content": "A patient is presented in whom chronic subdural hematoma simulated transient ischemic attacks. The neurological manifestations were those of recurrent, transient episodes of expressive dysphasia preceded by focal sensory deficit. Various pathophysiological mechanisms which could have caused the unusual clinical picture are briefly considered.", "contents": "Chronic subdural hematoma simulating transient cerebral ischemic attacks. Case report. A patient is presented in whom chronic subdural hematoma simulated transient ischemic attacks. The neurological manifestations were those of recurrent, transient episodes of expressive dysphasia preceded by focal sensory deficit. Various pathophysiological mechanisms which could have caused the unusual clinical picture are briefly considered.", "PMID": 1110379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2667", "title": "Experience with a shunt system using the third ventricle. Technical note.", "content": "The authors present a technique involving placement of a catheter in the third ventricle in shunt systems for hydrocephalus, in order to avoid obstruction of the proximal catheter by particles of chorioid plexus. They emphasize the simplicity of the technique, lack of morbidity, and the good results they have obtained in 30 cases with a follow-up from six to 40 months.", "contents": "Experience with a shunt system using the third ventricle. Technical note. The authors present a technique involving placement of a catheter in the third ventricle in shunt systems for hydrocephalus, in order to avoid obstruction of the proximal catheter by particles of chorioid plexus. They emphasize the simplicity of the technique, lack of morbidity, and the good results they have obtained in 30 cases with a follow-up from six to 40 months.", "PMID": 1110380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2668", "title": "Modification of the Cushing speculum used for transsphenoidal pituitary surgery. Technical note.", "content": "A modification of the original Cushing speculum used in the sublabial-transseptal-transsphenoidal approach to the pituitary is described. Although the modified speculum has smaller dimensions, it allows better visualization of the surgical field, while a new expanding device permits easier opening of the speculum.", "contents": "Modification of the Cushing speculum used for transsphenoidal pituitary surgery. Technical note. A modification of the original Cushing speculum used in the sublabial-transseptal-transsphenoidal approach to the pituitary is described. Although the modified speculum has smaller dimensions, it allows better visualization of the surgical field, while a new expanding device permits easier opening of the speculum.", "PMID": 1110381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2669", "title": "Progression of partial experimental injury to peripheral nerve. Part 2: Light and electron microscopic studies.", "content": "Biopsies from partially lacerated nerves were taken at the sites of proximal stimulus, laceration, and distal recording, and from stimuli and recording sites of control nerves. Electron microscopic examination of the partially lacerated major fasciculus revealed three zones of injury. The laceration zone showed neurotemetic changes, the adjacent or intermediate zone, partial degeneration, and the zone most peripheral to the laceration, changes in ground substance. Progression of the original injury is apparently due to ongoing changes in the intermediate and peripheral zones while much of the relative early recovery is due to reversal of changes in these zones. Regeneration through the laceration of neurotemetic zone is limited but does account for a small amount of late recovery of function.", "contents": "Progression of partial experimental injury to peripheral nerve. Part 2: Light and electron microscopic studies. Biopsies from partially lacerated nerves were taken at the sites of proximal stimulus, laceration, and distal recording, and from stimuli and recording sites of control nerves. Electron microscopic examination of the partially lacerated major fasciculus revealed three zones of injury. The laceration zone showed neurotemetic changes, the adjacent or intermediate zone, partial degeneration, and the zone most peripheral to the laceration, changes in ground substance. Progression of the original injury is apparently due to ongoing changes in the intermediate and peripheral zones while much of the relative early recovery is due to reversal of changes in these zones. Regeneration through the laceration of neurotemetic zone is limited but does account for a small amount of late recovery of function.", "PMID": 1110387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2670", "title": "Congenital scalp defects: aplasia cutis congenita.", "content": "The authors discuss the rare lesion of congenital scalp defect, both partial and full thickness. The majority occur in children who are otherwise normal, but a few are seen in children who have many concomitant anomalies. A high percentage of the multiple anomaly cases were found to have trisomy 13-15. Etiology of these lesions is not clear, but there seems to be an inherited component. Treatment of otherwise normal children is conservative for the smaller lesions, with excision and primary closure when possible for the larger ones.", "contents": "Congenital scalp defects: aplasia cutis congenita. The authors discuss the rare lesion of congenital scalp defect, both partial and full thickness. The majority occur in children who are otherwise normal, but a few are seen in children who have many concomitant anomalies. A high percentage of the multiple anomaly cases were found to have trisomy 13-15. Etiology of these lesions is not clear, but there seems to be an inherited component. Treatment of otherwise normal children is conservative for the smaller lesions, with excision and primary closure when possible for the larger ones.", "PMID": 1110388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2671", "title": "Acute subdural hematomas. Review of 144 cases.", "content": "The authors report 144 cases in which acute subdural hematomas resulting from closed head injury were surgically treated. The mortality rate was 48% for those treated within 24 hours of injury and 45% for those treated within 72 hours. Patients under 10 years of age had a 33% mortality, while 69% of those over 60 years died. In the first 6 years of the series, 75% of the patients were treated by multiple burr holes and a subtemporal craniectomy, with a mortality of 41% in the last 6 years, 92% of the patients had large craniotomies with a 45% mortality. Of the 32 survivors among the last 60 patients treated, nine require full nursing home care, eight have returned to their own homes, 12 are able to care for themselves but not work, and three have returned to work.", "contents": "Acute subdural hematomas. Review of 144 cases. The authors report 144 cases in which acute subdural hematomas resulting from closed head injury were surgically treated. The mortality rate was 48% for those treated within 24 hours of injury and 45% for those treated within 72 hours. Patients under 10 years of age had a 33% mortality, while 69% of those over 60 years died. In the first 6 years of the series, 75% of the patients were treated by multiple burr holes and a subtemporal craniectomy, with a mortality of 41% in the last 6 years, 92% of the patients had large craniotomies with a 45% mortality. Of the 32 survivors among the last 60 patients treated, nine require full nursing home care, eight have returned to their own homes, 12 are able to care for themselves but not work, and three have returned to work.", "PMID": 1110389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2672", "title": "Neurological and pathological effects of second lumbar spondylectomy and spinal column shortening in the dog.", "content": "The second lumbar vertebra was surgically removed from 10 dogs, and the shortened vertebral column was stabilized by internal fixation with two types of plastic plates. Shortening of the spinal column was usually not associated with detectable loss of function or neurological deficit. Histological lesions, however, included widely disseminated axonal degeneration, gliosis, and atrophy of spinal nerve roots in the surgical area. The spinal cord adapted to shortening of the vertebral column by becoming intrinsically shorter, rather than be being displaced within the spinal canal.", "contents": "Neurological and pathological effects of second lumbar spondylectomy and spinal column shortening in the dog. The second lumbar vertebra was surgically removed from 10 dogs, and the shortened vertebral column was stabilized by internal fixation with two types of plastic plates. Shortening of the spinal column was usually not associated with detectable loss of function or neurological deficit. Histological lesions, however, included widely disseminated axonal degeneration, gliosis, and atrophy of spinal nerve roots in the surgical area. The spinal cord adapted to shortening of the vertebral column by becoming intrinsically shorter, rather than be being displaced within the spinal canal.", "PMID": 1110390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2673", "title": "Exposure of two interspaces for lumbar disc surgery.", "content": "In a study of matched pairs of patients with a single ruptured disc, exploration of an additional lumbar interspace did not increase the morbidity of surgery. The author believes that the desire to avoid additional surgery does not, by itself, justify routine myelography.", "contents": "Exposure of two interspaces for lumbar disc surgery. In a study of matched pairs of patients with a single ruptured disc, exploration of an additional lumbar interspace did not increase the morbidity of surgery. The author believes that the desire to avoid additional surgery does not, by itself, justify routine myelography.", "PMID": 1110391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2674", "title": "Loss and recovery of vision with suprasellar meningiomas.", "content": "Central visual acuity losses were documented in a group of 23 patients with surgically and histologically verified suprasellar meningiomas. The pattern demonstrated was that of acute, gradual or fluctuating loss in one eye, followed by later loss of central acuity in the other eye. Both optic nerves and chiasm were invariably involved either by stretching or compression. Neither preoperative field abnormalities nor central acuity deficits could be correlated with the anatomical location of the tumor, nor could postoperative changes in vision be correlated with tumor size. Lengthy duration of acuity loss and severe visual deficit did not preclude postoperative recovery of vision. Improvement in sight most frequently occurred within the first several weeks after operation, and further return of vision was not noted after 1 year.", "contents": "Loss and recovery of vision with suprasellar meningiomas. Central visual acuity losses were documented in a group of 23 patients with surgically and histologically verified suprasellar meningiomas. The pattern demonstrated was that of acute, gradual or fluctuating loss in one eye, followed by later loss of central acuity in the other eye. Both optic nerves and chiasm were invariably involved either by stretching or compression. Neither preoperative field abnormalities nor central acuity deficits could be correlated with the anatomical location of the tumor, nor could postoperative changes in vision be correlated with tumor size. Lengthy duration of acuity loss and severe visual deficit did not preclude postoperative recovery of vision. Improvement in sight most frequently occurred within the first several weeks after operation, and further return of vision was not noted after 1 year.", "PMID": 1110392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2675", "title": "Electrothrombosis of carotid-cavernous fistula.", "content": "The author describes a technique for directly closing a carotid cavernous fistula with electrothrombosis while preserving the intracranial arterial circulation. Copper wires are introduced through the superior ophthalmic vein or a frontotemporal craniotomy, and thus directly into the portion of the sinus into which the fistula drains; if posterior, into the posterior segment of Parkinson's triangle, if inferior, into the pterygoid plexus, and if anterior, through the sphenoparietal sinus and/or middle cerebral vein to the anterior-inferior portion of the sinus. A direct current is applied until a thrombus is confirmed angiographically and the wires are left in place. Four patients treated by this method are presented.", "contents": "Electrothrombosis of carotid-cavernous fistula. The author describes a technique for directly closing a carotid cavernous fistula with electrothrombosis while preserving the intracranial arterial circulation. Copper wires are introduced through the superior ophthalmic vein or a frontotemporal craniotomy, and thus directly into the portion of the sinus into which the fistula drains; if posterior, into the posterior segment of Parkinson's triangle, if inferior, into the pterygoid plexus, and if anterior, through the sphenoparietal sinus and/or middle cerebral vein to the anterior-inferior portion of the sinus. A direct current is applied until a thrombus is confirmed angiographically and the wires are left in place. Four patients treated by this method are presented.", "PMID": 1110393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2676", "title": "Late results of radical excision of craniopharyngiomas in children.", "content": "The results of radical surgical excision of craniopharyngiomas in children operated on by Dr. Donald Matson beginning in 1950 are presented. The patients are analyzed in regard to survival and quality of survival. While 22 of 34 children so treated at the initial operation are presently alive and tumor-free, high mortality and morbidity followed in cases where reoperation was performed. Properly treated endocrinological deficits need not be a serious problem, but persistent hyperosmolality carried a grave prognosis. No predictive criteria are yet available to determine which tumors are amenable to radical surgical excision.", "contents": "Late results of radical excision of craniopharyngiomas in children. The results of radical surgical excision of craniopharyngiomas in children operated on by Dr. Donald Matson beginning in 1950 are presented. The patients are analyzed in regard to survival and quality of survival. While 22 of 34 children so treated at the initial operation are presently alive and tumor-free, high mortality and morbidity followed in cases where reoperation was performed. Properly treated endocrinological deficits need not be a serious problem, but persistent hyperosmolality carried a grave prognosis. No predictive criteria are yet available to determine which tumors are amenable to radical surgical excision.", "PMID": 1110394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2677", "title": "Transfemoral embolization of an external carotid-cavernous fistula. Case report.", "content": "The authors report a case of spontaneous carotid-cavernous fistula in which transfemoral arterial embolization under fluoroscopic control resulted in immediate occlusion of the fistula and dramatic resolution of the patient's signs and symptoms.", "contents": "Transfemoral embolization of an external carotid-cavernous fistula. Case report. The authors report a case of spontaneous carotid-cavernous fistula in which transfemoral arterial embolization under fluoroscopic control resulted in immediate occlusion of the fistula and dramatic resolution of the patient's signs and symptoms.", "PMID": 1110395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2678", "title": "Interpretation of radionuclide liver images: do training and experience make a difference?", "content": "Individual observers interpreted images in order to assess their accuracy and sources of error. Seventy-six liver images were presented to nine readers for interpretation. Readers of differing experience participated in the study: four radiology residents, three fellows in nuclear medicine, and two full-time nuclear medicine physicians. A higher incidence of false-positive reading was more common in inexperienced observers (11-50%) and the most correct readings were obtained by staff physicians (88% overall percentage accuracy). Heterogeneity in radionuclide uptake was the most frequently ill-defined nature was the most common false-positive finding in normal cases. Early stages of cirrhosis, mild hepatitis, and rare diseases such as hepatic sarcoidosis were difficult to detect. Skill of interpretation improved with experience, especially in judging heterogeneity of an ill-defined nature, and the rate of accurate readings was proportional to the level of training of the observer.", "contents": "Interpretation of radionuclide liver images: do training and experience make a difference? Individual observers interpreted images in order to assess their accuracy and sources of error. Seventy-six liver images were presented to nine readers for interpretation. Readers of differing experience participated in the study: four radiology residents, three fellows in nuclear medicine, and two full-time nuclear medicine physicians. A higher incidence of false-positive reading was more common in inexperienced observers (11-50%) and the most correct readings were obtained by staff physicians (88% overall percentage accuracy). Heterogeneity in radionuclide uptake was the most frequently ill-defined nature was the most common false-positive finding in normal cases. Early stages of cirrhosis, mild hepatitis, and rare diseases such as hepatic sarcoidosis were difficult to detect. Skill of interpretation improved with experience, especially in judging heterogeneity of an ill-defined nature, and the rate of accurate readings was proportional to the level of training of the observer.", "PMID": 1110399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2679", "title": "Radioiodinated fatty acids for heart imaging: iodine monochloride addition compared with iodide replacement labeling.", "content": "Radioiodinated fatty acids have been proposed as agents for use in heart imaging. Previous studies in experimental animals and humans using 131I-oleic acid of low specific activity were marginally successful. Higher specific activity compounds offer potential improvement for use as imaging agents for normal myocardium. Methods for preparation of high specific activity, radioiodinated fatty acids by iodine monochloride addition to oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids, and iodide replacement of terminal bromine in 6-bromohexanoic, 11-bromoundecanoic, and 16-bromo-9-hexadecenoic acids are presented and compared. Although both labeling procedures are suitable for use with 123I, the latter synthetic route gives labeled fatty-acid analog molecules and 16-iodo-9-hexadecenoic acid appears to show improved myocardial specificity in preliminary animal studies.", "contents": "Radioiodinated fatty acids for heart imaging: iodine monochloride addition compared with iodide replacement labeling. Radioiodinated fatty acids have been proposed as agents for use in heart imaging. Previous studies in experimental animals and humans using 131I-oleic acid of low specific activity were marginally successful. Higher specific activity compounds offer potential improvement for use as imaging agents for normal myocardium. Methods for preparation of high specific activity, radioiodinated fatty acids by iodine monochloride addition to oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids, and iodide replacement of terminal bromine in 6-bromohexanoic, 11-bromoundecanoic, and 16-bromo-9-hexadecenoic acids are presented and compared. Although both labeling procedures are suitable for use with 123I, the latter synthetic route gives labeled fatty-acid analog molecules and 16-iodo-9-hexadecenoic acid appears to show improved myocardial specificity in preliminary animal studies.", "PMID": 1110400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2680", "title": "67Gallium in 68 consecutive infection searches.", "content": "When employed in the study of peripheral infections, 67Ga scanning is sensitive and accurate. When used as a diagnostic tool for suspected abdominal abscesses, it locates and delineates abscesses in somewhat over half the cases. Moreover, the true-negative rate is high and the false-positive rate is acceptably low. Gallium scans should be interpreted with all available clinical information. The coexistence of noeplasm is a problem which at present is not completely resolved.", "contents": "67Gallium in 68 consecutive infection searches. When employed in the study of peripheral infections, 67Ga scanning is sensitive and accurate. When used as a diagnostic tool for suspected abdominal abscesses, it locates and delineates abscesses in somewhat over half the cases. Moreover, the true-negative rate is high and the false-positive rate is acceptably low. Gallium scans should be interpreted with all available clinical information. The coexistence of noeplasm is a problem which at present is not completely resolved.", "PMID": 1110401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2681", "title": "Clinical experience with 99mTc-DMSA (dimercaptosuccinic acid), a new renal-imaging agent.", "content": "Results are reported from the clinical evaluation of a new radiopharmaceutical for renal imaging, 99mTc-DMSA (dimercaptosuccinic acid). Sixty-five patients were studied and six of these patients' scintiphotos are illustrated. The physical characteristics of 99mTc and the mercurial-like kinetics of the chelate produced high-resolution scintiphotos of the renal parenchyma in patients of all ages and with a variety of disease entities. The commercial availability of the material in kit form permits its usage in all nuclear medicine facilities.", "contents": "Clinical experience with 99mTc-DMSA (dimercaptosuccinic acid), a new renal-imaging agent. Results are reported from the clinical evaluation of a new radiopharmaceutical for renal imaging, 99mTc-DMSA (dimercaptosuccinic acid). Sixty-five patients were studied and six of these patients' scintiphotos are illustrated. The physical characteristics of 99mTc and the mercurial-like kinetics of the chelate produced high-resolution scintiphotos of the renal parenchyma in patients of all ages and with a variety of disease entities. The commercial availability of the material in kit form permits its usage in all nuclear medicine facilities.", "PMID": 1110402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2682", "title": "Red cell and plasma volumes in normal adults.", "content": "Despite numerous published methods for predicting normal red cell and plasma volumes, little is known of the range of normal in subjects of given body dimensions. In this study, reported results of red cell and plasma volumes in 481 normal men and 303 normal women have been used to calculate mean volumes and standard deviations (s.d.) for any given body surface area (male and female results being kept separate). All of these mean volumes, each plus or minus 2 s.d., have been plotted against body surface area. The resulting graphs of means and 95% confidence limits have tended to be curvilinear. Standard deviations have increased with increasing mean volumes, but coefficients of variation (s.d./mean) have shown considerable constancy at 11-12%. The mean values observed in this series have often differed substantially from those predicted from published formulas. Use of the presently observed means with the 11-12% coefficients of variation allows compilation for any surface area of a range of normal against which a clinically obtained volume can be compared.", "contents": "Red cell and plasma volumes in normal adults. Despite numerous published methods for predicting normal red cell and plasma volumes, little is known of the range of normal in subjects of given body dimensions. In this study, reported results of red cell and plasma volumes in 481 normal men and 303 normal women have been used to calculate mean volumes and standard deviations (s.d.) for any given body surface area (male and female results being kept separate). All of these mean volumes, each plus or minus 2 s.d., have been plotted against body surface area. The resulting graphs of means and 95% confidence limits have tended to be curvilinear. Standard deviations have increased with increasing mean volumes, but coefficients of variation (s.d./mean) have shown considerable constancy at 11-12%. The mean values observed in this series have often differed substantially from those predicted from published formulas. Use of the presently observed means with the 11-12% coefficients of variation allows compilation for any surface area of a range of normal against which a clinically obtained volume can be compared.", "PMID": 1110403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2683", "title": "Labeling of phagocytes from human blood with 99mTc-sulfur colloid.", "content": "Experments in this report have shown that peripheral blood leukocytes can be readily labeled with 99mTc-sulfur colloid during in vitro incubation. Phagocytic cells were preferentially labeled by this method. Labeling was enhanced in the presence of normal serum. The data suggest that labeling was accomplished by phagocytosis of the radiocolloid. Labeled granulocytes responded normally to chemotactic stimuli and excluded trypan blue dye normally. Buffy coat cells from 50 ml of peripheral blood could be labeled with 8 mCi of 99mTc after incubation with 20 mCi of TcSC. This report offers a method by which phagocytic cells can be selectively labeled with 99mTc in amounts suitable for scintillation scanning.", "contents": "Labeling of phagocytes from human blood with 99mTc-sulfur colloid. Experments in this report have shown that peripheral blood leukocytes can be readily labeled with 99mTc-sulfur colloid during in vitro incubation. Phagocytic cells were preferentially labeled by this method. Labeling was enhanced in the presence of normal serum. The data suggest that labeling was accomplished by phagocytosis of the radiocolloid. Labeled granulocytes responded normally to chemotactic stimuli and excluded trypan blue dye normally. Buffy coat cells from 50 ml of peripheral blood could be labeled with 8 mCi of 99mTc after incubation with 20 mCi of TcSC. This report offers a method by which phagocytic cells can be selectively labeled with 99mTc in amounts suitable for scintillation scanning.", "PMID": 1110404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2684", "title": "Semiconductor camera for detection of small tumors.", "content": "Early detection of small tumors (approximately 3 mm) with only a moderate uptake ratio is often difficult because of poor statistics and a small signal-to-background ratio. The detection capability of a germanium semiconductor camera is analyzed to show that a very large number of counts is required even when the spatial resolution is matched to the size of the tumor. A potential enhancement of statistics using the tissue-scattered gamma rays is discussed based on the superior energy resolution of the semiconductor.", "contents": "Semiconductor camera for detection of small tumors. Early detection of small tumors (approximately 3 mm) with only a moderate uptake ratio is often difficult because of poor statistics and a small signal-to-background ratio. The detection capability of a germanium semiconductor camera is analyzed to show that a very large number of counts is required even when the spatial resolution is matched to the size of the tumor. A potential enhancement of statistics using the tissue-scattered gamma rays is discussed based on the superior energy resolution of the semiconductor.", "PMID": 1110405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2685", "title": "An evaluation of 99mTc-sulfur colloid liver scintiscans and their usefulness in metastatic workup: a review of 1,424 studies.", "content": "To determine the clinical usefulness of liver scintiscanning in detecting metastatic disease of the liver, 1,424 liver studies performed on 1,115 patients were reviewed along with their charts. Five hundred eighty-one patients had histopathological evaluation by needle biopsy of the liver, laparotomy, and/or autopsy within a mean period of 40 days of liver scan. The histopatholigical findings were correlated with the liver sicntiscan findings and the latter gave an overall accuracy of 77.3%.", "contents": "An evaluation of 99mTc-sulfur colloid liver scintiscans and their usefulness in metastatic workup: a review of 1,424 studies. To determine the clinical usefulness of liver scintiscanning in detecting metastatic disease of the liver, 1,424 liver studies performed on 1,115 patients were reviewed along with their charts. Five hundred eighty-one patients had histopathological evaluation by needle biopsy of the liver, laparotomy, and/or autopsy within a mean period of 40 days of liver scan. The histopatholigical findings were correlated with the liver sicntiscan findings and the latter gave an overall accuracy of 77.3%.", "PMID": 1110406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2686", "title": "Purification and radiochemical quality control of 131I-19-iodocholesterol.", "content": "Radiochemical quality control and purification techniques were developed for 131I-19-cholesterol. The amount of ionic 131I-iodide is rapidly determined using instant thin-layer chromatography. Samples of the labeled steroid that contain greater than 8% of ionic 131I-iodide are purified with one of two techniques, both using a weakly basic ion-exchange resin. The first technique, a batch ion-exchange process, is suitable for removing relatively low concentrations of ionic 131I-iodide; if higher concentrations of this radiochemical contaminant are present, the second or column technique is more suitable.", "contents": "Purification and radiochemical quality control of 131I-19-iodocholesterol. Radiochemical quality control and purification techniques were developed for 131I-19-cholesterol. The amount of ionic 131I-iodide is rapidly determined using instant thin-layer chromatography. Samples of the labeled steroid that contain greater than 8% of ionic 131I-iodide are purified with one of two techniques, both using a weakly basic ion-exchange resin. The first technique, a batch ion-exchange process, is suitable for removing relatively low concentrations of ionic 131I-iodide; if higher concentrations of this radiochemical contaminant are present, the second or column technique is more suitable.", "PMID": 1110407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2687", "title": "Radioscintigraphic studies of 11C distribution in cats given 1-11C-ethanol.", "content": "In vivo studies of 11C isotope distribution in cats given 1-11C-ethanol show accumulation of radioactivity in liver. Redistribution of radiolabel occurs after ethanol loading. Results indicate that some aspects of the matabolism of ethanol in specific tissues can be assessed by gamma-ray scintigraphy.", "contents": "Radioscintigraphic studies of 11C distribution in cats given 1-11C-ethanol. In vivo studies of 11C isotope distribution in cats given 1-11C-ethanol show accumulation of radioactivity in liver. Redistribution of radiolabel occurs after ethanol loading. Results indicate that some aspects of the matabolism of ethanol in specific tissues can be assessed by gamma-ray scintigraphy.", "PMID": 1110408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2688", "title": "Uptake of radiolabeled estradiol by the canine adrenal.", "content": "Tritiated estradiol injected intravenously into 11 mongrel dogs sacrificed at 3, 7, 10, 17, and 60 min showed maximum uptake in the adrenal gland at 3-7 min. The concentrations of radioactivity in the adrenal in percent dose per gram equaled that from 131I-19-iodocholesterol. If a 131I-estradiol could be synthesized that would concentrate similarly in the adrenal, it would offer the advantage of almost instantaneous imaging after the tracer injection and a lower radiation dose.", "contents": "Uptake of radiolabeled estradiol by the canine adrenal. Tritiated estradiol injected intravenously into 11 mongrel dogs sacrificed at 3, 7, 10, 17, and 60 min showed maximum uptake in the adrenal gland at 3-7 min. The concentrations of radioactivity in the adrenal in percent dose per gram equaled that from 131I-19-iodocholesterol. If a 131I-estradiol could be synthesized that would concentrate similarly in the adrenal, it would offer the advantage of almost instantaneous imaging after the tracer injection and a lower radiation dose.", "PMID": 1110409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2689", "title": "Three-dimensional reconstruction of lung perfusion image with positron detection.", "content": "Transverse section images of the distribution of pulmonary perfusion in a canine have been obtained using microspheres labeled with the positron-emitting isotope 68Ga and a three-dimensional reconstruction technique. The reconstruction method is more accurate than conventional tomographic procedures and is facilitated by the use of positron detection. The transverse sections presented demonstrate the capacity of the technique to delineate reduction in regional perfusion resulting from occlusion of the artery to the left lower lobe.", "contents": "Three-dimensional reconstruction of lung perfusion image with positron detection. Transverse section images of the distribution of pulmonary perfusion in a canine have been obtained using microspheres labeled with the positron-emitting isotope 68Ga and a three-dimensional reconstruction technique. The reconstruction method is more accurate than conventional tomographic procedures and is facilitated by the use of positron detection. The transverse sections presented demonstrate the capacity of the technique to delineate reduction in regional perfusion resulting from occlusion of the artery to the left lower lobe.", "PMID": 1110410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2690", "title": "Prostaglandins in mice with neuroblastoma.", "content": "Male albino mice, with and without transplanted neuroblastoma C1300, had tissues analyzed for prostaglandins by radioimmunoassay. Highest prostaglandin concentrations occurred in tumor tissue, lungs, spleen, and kidneys. Tritiated prostaglandins A1 or E1 and tritiated arachidonic acid were injected intravenously. The concentration (organ/tumor) was higher at 1 hr than at 6 or 24 hr. Prostaglandin E1 and arachidonic acid localized principally in the kidney (likely the excretory organ) whereas prostaglandin A1 showed highest concentration in the liver.", "contents": "Prostaglandins in mice with neuroblastoma. Male albino mice, with and without transplanted neuroblastoma C1300, had tissues analyzed for prostaglandins by radioimmunoassay. Highest prostaglandin concentrations occurred in tumor tissue, lungs, spleen, and kidneys. Tritiated prostaglandins A1 or E1 and tritiated arachidonic acid were injected intravenously. The concentration (organ/tumor) was higher at 1 hr than at 6 or 24 hr. Prostaglandin E1 and arachidonic acid localized principally in the kidney (likely the excretory organ) whereas prostaglandin A1 showed highest concentration in the liver.", "PMID": 1110411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2691", "title": "Displacement of anterior cerebral vessels in cerebral dynamic study in cases of chronic subdural hematomas.", "content": "About 75-80% chronic subdural hematomas give positive results in a brain scan. The typical scintigraphic finding of chronic subdural hematoma is a diffuse widening and increase of the peripheral activity on the anterior view. In the flow studies subdural hematomas lead occasionally to peripheral activity defects. In two cases of chronic subdural hematoma without typical patterns in a perfusion study as well as in static images, we found a displacement of the anterior cerebral vessels as an indircet sign of space occupation.", "contents": "Displacement of anterior cerebral vessels in cerebral dynamic study in cases of chronic subdural hematomas. About 75-80% chronic subdural hematomas give positive results in a brain scan. The typical scintigraphic finding of chronic subdural hematoma is a diffuse widening and increase of the peripheral activity on the anterior view. In the flow studies subdural hematomas lead occasionally to peripheral activity defects. In two cases of chronic subdural hematoma without typical patterns in a perfusion study as well as in static images, we found a displacement of the anterior cerebral vessels as an indircet sign of space occupation.", "PMID": 1110412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2692", "title": "Sinusitis demonstrated by brain scanning.", "content": "Increased concentration of technietum was noted in the region of the frontal, ethmoidal, and maxillary sinuses of two patients. Radiographs of the sinuses revealed extensive sinusitis involving the sinuses in the area of increased uptake. The increased uptake was attributed to the sinusitis.", "contents": "Sinusitis demonstrated by brain scanning. Increased concentration of technietum was noted in the region of the frontal, ethmoidal, and maxillary sinuses of two patients. Radiographs of the sinuses revealed extensive sinusitis involving the sinuses in the area of increased uptake. The increased uptake was attributed to the sinusitis.", "PMID": 1110413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2693", "title": "Increased uptake of 99mTc-sulfur colloid in vertebral compression fractures.", "content": "Increased uptake of 99mTc-sulfur colloid in vertebral bodies of two patients with vertebral compression fractures was noted on a liver-spleen scan. This finding has not previously been reported in the literature. The mechanism of localization of 99mTc-sulfur colloid in bone marrow depends on regional blood flow and increased reticuloendothelial and phagocytic cell activity. Both mechanisms are felt to be involved in these cases. In fractures, hyperemia and phagocytic activity are transient phenomena and therefore the above observations may be useful in determining fracture age.", "contents": "Increased uptake of 99mTc-sulfur colloid in vertebral compression fractures. Increased uptake of 99mTc-sulfur colloid in vertebral bodies of two patients with vertebral compression fractures was noted on a liver-spleen scan. This finding has not previously been reported in the literature. The mechanism of localization of 99mTc-sulfur colloid in bone marrow depends on regional blood flow and increased reticuloendothelial and phagocytic cell activity. Both mechanisms are felt to be involved in these cases. In fractures, hyperemia and phagocytic activity are transient phenomena and therefore the above observations may be useful in determining fracture age.", "PMID": 1110414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2694", "title": "High temporal resolution ECG-gated scintigraphic angiocardiography.", "content": "The cardiac blood pool is visualized with high temporal resolution during a complete, average, cardiac cycle. The technique yields both qualitative and quantitative measures of cardiac performance.", "contents": "High temporal resolution ECG-gated scintigraphic angiocardiography. The cardiac blood pool is visualized with high temporal resolution during a complete, average, cardiac cycle. The technique yields both qualitative and quantitative measures of cardiac performance.", "PMID": 1110415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2695", "title": "A bone calcium index based on partial-body calcium measurements by in vivo activation analysis.", "content": "Measurements of partial-body calcium by in vivo neutron activation analysis have been carried out on normal and osteoporotic subjects. Based on measurements on 16 normal subjects (volunteers less than 55 years of age), a calcium index has been established that takes into account variation in skeletal frame size. On the basis of this index, all osteoporotic patients have bone mineral content less than any of the normal subjects. The normal calcium indices range from 0.9 to 1.2, and the osteoporotic indices ranged from 0.41 to 0.83. Thirteen of 22 volunteers over 55 years of age had calcium indices less than 0.9 in agreement with the expected loss of calcium with age. Measurements of total-body potassium were also made on these same subjects and the calcium/potassium ratios calculated. Although as groups the older volunteers and older osteoporotic subjects had mean calcium/potassium ratios similar to the mean for the normal subjects, the osteoporotic subjects under 55 years of age had a mean calcium/potassium ratio significantly lower, indicationg that for this latter group the loss in bone mineral was not associated with a corresponding loss in muscle mass.", "contents": "A bone calcium index based on partial-body calcium measurements by in vivo activation analysis. Measurements of partial-body calcium by in vivo neutron activation analysis have been carried out on normal and osteoporotic subjects. Based on measurements on 16 normal subjects (volunteers less than 55 years of age), a calcium index has been established that takes into account variation in skeletal frame size. On the basis of this index, all osteoporotic patients have bone mineral content less than any of the normal subjects. The normal calcium indices range from 0.9 to 1.2, and the osteoporotic indices ranged from 0.41 to 0.83. Thirteen of 22 volunteers over 55 years of age had calcium indices less than 0.9 in agreement with the expected loss of calcium with age. Measurements of total-body potassium were also made on these same subjects and the calcium/potassium ratios calculated. Although as groups the older volunteers and older osteoporotic subjects had mean calcium/potassium ratios similar to the mean for the normal subjects, the osteoporotic subjects under 55 years of age had a mean calcium/potassium ratio significantly lower, indicationg that for this latter group the loss in bone mineral was not associated with a corresponding loss in muscle mass.", "PMID": 1110417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2696", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of radioiodinated streptokinase.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of radioiodinated streptokinase have been investigated in mice and dogs in order to explore further its potential usefulness as a radiopharmaceutical to detect thrombi and neoplasms. The purified streptokinase used in these studies showed no alteration in its physical or enzymatic properties following radioiodination. In the mouse, radioiodinated streptokinase accumulated rapidly in the liver and at 4 hr, large amounts of free iodine were detected in the plasma. The plasma clearance curve in dogs was biexponential showing that 70% of the protein-bound radioactivity was cleared with a half-life of 1525 min while the remaining 30% was cleared with a half-life of 6080 min. Seventy percent of the plasma radioactivity appeared as free iodine after 4 hr. No change in clearance was obtained by preloading animals with unlabeled streptokinase. Based primarily on the rapid plasma clearance, deiodination, and possible limitations of effectiveness of preloading with unlabeled streptokinase, the results of these studies are in accord with the conclusion that radioiodinated streptokinase may have restricted usefulness as a radiopharmaceutical for detecting thrombi and neoplasms. The full extent of its potential usefulness, however, awaits the provision of further in vivo and in vitro studies directed at testing a covalently modified enzyme that retains streptokinase activity but whose immunologic properties have been altered so that the enzyme is not as rapidly cleared from the plasma.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of radioiodinated streptokinase. The pharmacokinetics of radioiodinated streptokinase have been investigated in mice and dogs in order to explore further its potential usefulness as a radiopharmaceutical to detect thrombi and neoplasms. The purified streptokinase used in these studies showed no alteration in its physical or enzymatic properties following radioiodination. In the mouse, radioiodinated streptokinase accumulated rapidly in the liver and at 4 hr, large amounts of free iodine were detected in the plasma. The plasma clearance curve in dogs was biexponential showing that 70% of the protein-bound radioactivity was cleared with a half-life of 1525 min while the remaining 30% was cleared with a half-life of 6080 min. Seventy percent of the plasma radioactivity appeared as free iodine after 4 hr. No change in clearance was obtained by preloading animals with unlabeled streptokinase. Based primarily on the rapid plasma clearance, deiodination, and possible limitations of effectiveness of preloading with unlabeled streptokinase, the results of these studies are in accord with the conclusion that radioiodinated streptokinase may have restricted usefulness as a radiopharmaceutical for detecting thrombi and neoplasms. The full extent of its potential usefulness, however, awaits the provision of further in vivo and in vitro studies directed at testing a covalently modified enzyme that retains streptokinase activity but whose immunologic properties have been altered so that the enzyme is not as rapidly cleared from the plasma.", "PMID": 1110418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2697", "title": "Production and characteristics of 125Xe: a new noble gas for in vivo studies.", "content": "Radionuclides of the noble gases are extensively used to assess ventilation and blood flow in clinical and investigative studies. Xenon-133 is most commonly used but is not optimal for these in vivo studies. Xenon-125 has better physical characteristics and can be produced with a cyclotron by a 127I(p,3n)125Xe reaction; this reaction results in a maximum of 25 mCi/gm/cm2/muA-hr for 31-MeV protons. Under actual production conditions, 11 mCi/muA-hr were collected. Xenon-125 decays by electron capture with a 17.2-hr half-life and contributes less radiation per dose of radioactivity than 133Xe. The radiation dose to the lungs from 133Xe and 125Xe is 5.0 and 1.8 mrads/mCi-min, respectively. The radiation dose per usable photon for 125Xe is only 0.3 of 133Xe. The principal photons of 125Xe, 188 keV (55%) and 243 keV (29%), are more intense and are in an energy range that is more advantageous for imaging than the 81 keV (35%) of 133Xe. These physical properties of 125Xe result in better spatial resolution at the same information density and with less radioactivity administered to the patient. Phantom studies showed that 12.7-, 9.5-, and 6.4-mm lead bars were resolved with 125Xe using a 410- keV diverging collimator wheras only the 12.7- and 9.k-mm lead bars were resolved using 133Xe and either a 410-keV or 140keV diverging collimator.", "contents": "Production and characteristics of 125Xe: a new noble gas for in vivo studies. Radionuclides of the noble gases are extensively used to assess ventilation and blood flow in clinical and investigative studies. Xenon-133 is most commonly used but is not optimal for these in vivo studies. Xenon-125 has better physical characteristics and can be produced with a cyclotron by a 127I(p,3n)125Xe reaction; this reaction results in a maximum of 25 mCi/gm/cm2/muA-hr for 31-MeV protons. Under actual production conditions, 11 mCi/muA-hr were collected. Xenon-125 decays by electron capture with a 17.2-hr half-life and contributes less radiation per dose of radioactivity than 133Xe. The radiation dose to the lungs from 133Xe and 125Xe is 5.0 and 1.8 mrads/mCi-min, respectively. The radiation dose per usable photon for 125Xe is only 0.3 of 133Xe. The principal photons of 125Xe, 188 keV (55%) and 243 keV (29%), are more intense and are in an energy range that is more advantageous for imaging than the 81 keV (35%) of 133Xe. These physical properties of 125Xe result in better spatial resolution at the same information density and with less radioactivity administered to the patient. Phantom studies showed that 12.7-, 9.5-, and 6.4-mm lead bars were resolved with 125Xe using a 410- keV diverging collimator wheras only the 12.7- and 9.k-mm lead bars were resolved using 133Xe and either a 410-keV or 140keV diverging collimator.", "PMID": 1110419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2698", "title": "Gallium gallbladder scanning in cholecystitis.", "content": "Gallium has been shown to accumulate in metabolically active tissue including sites of infection. The purpose of this study was to evaluate gallium scanning in cholecystitis. Ten patients with cholecystitis were studied using conventional gallium scanning techniques. Five patients with acute cholecystitis showed intense gallium accumulation in the gallbladder area. One of five patients with chronic cholecystitis showed significant accumulation in the gallbladder. The limitations of this method are mainly the need for serial scanning to rule out gallium accumulation in the hepatic flexure of the colon and also the failure to detect consistently a chronically diseased fibrotic gallbladder. We conclude that gallium scanning of the gallbladder is an important adjunctive study in the evaluation of cholecystitis.", "contents": "Gallium gallbladder scanning in cholecystitis. Gallium has been shown to accumulate in metabolically active tissue including sites of infection. The purpose of this study was to evaluate gallium scanning in cholecystitis. Ten patients with cholecystitis were studied using conventional gallium scanning techniques. Five patients with acute cholecystitis showed intense gallium accumulation in the gallbladder area. One of five patients with chronic cholecystitis showed significant accumulation in the gallbladder. The limitations of this method are mainly the need for serial scanning to rule out gallium accumulation in the hepatic flexure of the colon and also the failure to detect consistently a chronically diseased fibrotic gallbladder. We conclude that gallium scanning of the gallbladder is an important adjunctive study in the evaluation of cholecystitis.", "PMID": 1110420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2699", "title": "Thallium-201 for medical use. I.", "content": "Thallium-201 merits evaluation for myocardial visualization, kidney studies, and tumor diagnosis because of its physical and biologic properties. A method is described for preparation of this radiopharmaceutical for human use. A critical evaluation of 201Tl and other radiopharmaceuticals for myocardial visualization is given.", "contents": "Thallium-201 for medical use. I. Thallium-201 merits evaluation for myocardial visualization, kidney studies, and tumor diagnosis because of its physical and biologic properties. A method is described for preparation of this radiopharmaceutical for human use. A critical evaluation of 201Tl and other radiopharmaceuticals for myocardial visualization is given.", "PMID": 1110421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2700", "title": "Thallium-201 for medical use. II: Biologic behavior.", "content": "Thallium-201 has been evaluated for myocardial imaging by determining its distribution and assessing its imaging properties. Organ distribution with time was studied in goats, chosen for their large size and easy operability. Myocardial imaging was performed in living and sacrificed goats and also in two anesthetized dogs, without infarction. Infarcts were made by ligature at open chest surgery on the goats and the infarcts subsequently confirmed histologically. The myocardium of normal and infarced, young and old goats was cut into blocks and the isotope distribution measured and compared with that in the lungs, liver, spleen, and kidney in normal goats. The renal medulla-to-cortex concentration ratio in goats was studied and is approximately five. The heart uptake exceeds 3% for 100 min whereas contiguous organs have less than one-half of the myocardial concentration, and blood clearance is rapid. One problem may prove to be inhomogeneity of uptake of thallium in the \"normal\" myocardium, showing a standard deviation of 1u% in a young goat and 29% in an old goat. In view of the good myocardial uptake, however, this work strongly suggests the trial 201Tl in patients.", "contents": "Thallium-201 for medical use. II: Biologic behavior. Thallium-201 has been evaluated for myocardial imaging by determining its distribution and assessing its imaging properties. Organ distribution with time was studied in goats, chosen for their large size and easy operability. Myocardial imaging was performed in living and sacrificed goats and also in two anesthetized dogs, without infarction. Infarcts were made by ligature at open chest surgery on the goats and the infarcts subsequently confirmed histologically. The myocardium of normal and infarced, young and old goats was cut into blocks and the isotope distribution measured and compared with that in the lungs, liver, spleen, and kidney in normal goats. The renal medulla-to-cortex concentration ratio in goats was studied and is approximately five. The heart uptake exceeds 3% for 100 min whereas contiguous organs have less than one-half of the myocardial concentration, and blood clearance is rapid. One problem may prove to be inhomogeneity of uptake of thallium in the \"normal\" myocardium, showing a standard deviation of 1u% in a young goat and 29% in an old goat. In view of the good myocardial uptake, however, this work strongly suggests the trial 201Tl in patients.", "PMID": 1110422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2701", "title": "Chemical and biologic properties of 111In-phosphate for cisternography and glomerular filtration studies.", "content": "Inorganic 111In-phosphate has been evaluated for cisternography in dogs, rats, and one human volunteer for chemical and biologic stability and renal clearance. It appears to be stable and to be completely cleared by glomerular filtration, suggesting its suitability for cisternography.", "contents": "Chemical and biologic properties of 111In-phosphate for cisternography and glomerular filtration studies. Inorganic 111In-phosphate has been evaluated for cisternography in dogs, rats, and one human volunteer for chemical and biologic stability and renal clearance. It appears to be stable and to be completely cleared by glomerular filtration, suggesting its suitability for cisternography.", "PMID": 1110423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2702", "title": "Diminished uptake of 67Ga-citrate in a case of pseudarthrosis.", "content": "A 22-year-old man with pseudarthrosis and infection of the right hip was referred for a 67Ga-citrate scan. A striking decrease was seen in normal bone and soft-tissue uptake in the entire right leg compared with the normal limb. Aortic injection of 99mTc-labeled microspheres showed increased trapping in the region of the hip but contrast angiography was unremarkable. Despite clinical imporvement, 67Ga uptake by the right leg on a repeat scan did not return to normal. This case represents the first report of a \"photon-deficient\" body part on 67Ga scanning.", "contents": "Diminished uptake of 67Ga-citrate in a case of pseudarthrosis. A 22-year-old man with pseudarthrosis and infection of the right hip was referred for a 67Ga-citrate scan. A striking decrease was seen in normal bone and soft-tissue uptake in the entire right leg compared with the normal limb. Aortic injection of 99mTc-labeled microspheres showed increased trapping in the region of the hip but contrast angiography was unremarkable. Despite clinical imporvement, 67Ga uptake by the right leg on a repeat scan did not return to normal. This case represents the first report of a \"photon-deficient\" body part on 67Ga scanning.", "PMID": 1110424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2703", "title": "Growth rebound after termination of stimulant drugs.", "content": "To explore further the report of an accelerated weight gain following termination of treatment with a stimulant drug, 66 biannual growth measurements were obtained from 1970 to 1973 on hyperactive schoolchildren who were receiving medication. All received either dextroamphetamine or methylphenidate during the school year; some also received it during the summer. The data revealed that those whose stimulant medication was terminated at the start of summer subsequently grew in weight and height at a significantly greater rate than those who continued to receive medication from June to September. In fact, discontinuance of the medication resulted in a growth rebound for this period which was 15-68% above the age-expected increment.", "contents": "Growth rebound after termination of stimulant drugs. To explore further the report of an accelerated weight gain following termination of treatment with a stimulant drug, 66 biannual growth measurements were obtained from 1970 to 1973 on hyperactive schoolchildren who were receiving medication. All received either dextroamphetamine or methylphenidate during the school year; some also received it during the summer. The data revealed that those whose stimulant medication was terminated at the start of summer subsequently grew in weight and height at a significantly greater rate than those who continued to receive medication from June to September. In fact, discontinuance of the medication resulted in a growth rebound for this period which was 15-68% above the age-expected increment.", "PMID": 1110433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2704", "title": "Patent ductus arteriosus complicating respiratory distress syndrome.", "content": "PDA was diagnosed in 76 (19%) of 396 patients with RDS. Evidence of excessive pulmonary blood flow and CHF developed in 15 (20%). CHF was not recognized prior to 10 days of age in any patient. All 15 with CHF were initially managed medically. Seven improved; three died of other causes. Five patients who failed medical management were surgically treated; all survived operation, but only two were improved.", "contents": "Patent ductus arteriosus complicating respiratory distress syndrome. PDA was diagnosed in 76 (19%) of 396 patients with RDS. Evidence of excessive pulmonary blood flow and CHF developed in 15 (20%). CHF was not recognized prior to 10 days of age in any patient. All 15 with CHF were initially managed medically. Seven improved; three died of other causes. Five patients who failed medical management were surgically treated; all survived operation, but only two were improved.", "PMID": 1110435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2705", "title": "Mother-to-child speech at 2 years--effects of early postnatal contact.", "content": "Ten primiparous mothers were randomly selected from two groups of women who had spent different amounts of time with their newborn infants. The speech behavior of the mothers in the two groups was compared while they were addressing their 2-year-old children in an informal play situation. Speech patterns of the mothers revealed that those who had been given extra contact with their infants during the neonatal period used significantly more questions, adjectives, words per proposition, and fewer comands and content words than did the control mothers. These observations suggest that the linguistic behavior of the young child may be shaped by hospital-care practices for mother and her infant.", "contents": "Mother-to-child speech at 2 years--effects of early postnatal contact. Ten primiparous mothers were randomly selected from two groups of women who had spent different amounts of time with their newborn infants. The speech behavior of the mothers in the two groups was compared while they were addressing their 2-year-old children in an informal play situation. Speech patterns of the mothers revealed that those who had been given extra contact with their infants during the neonatal period used significantly more questions, adjectives, words per proposition, and fewer comands and content words than did the control mothers. These observations suggest that the linguistic behavior of the young child may be shaped by hospital-care practices for mother and her infant.", "PMID": 1110438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2706", "title": "Acute hemiphegia of childhood associated with Coxsackie A9 viral infection.", "content": "A 16-mo-old girl is described with acute hemiplegia associated with virologic and serologic evidence of Coxsackie A9 infection. Possibilities of pathogenesis are discussed. It is suggested that the present hemiplegia may have been the result of a focal vasculitis due to Coxsachie A9 viral infection in the region of the middle cerebral artery.", "contents": "Acute hemiphegia of childhood associated with Coxsackie A9 viral infection. A 16-mo-old girl is described with acute hemiplegia associated with virologic and serologic evidence of Coxsackie A9 infection. Possibilities of pathogenesis are discussed. It is suggested that the present hemiplegia may have been the result of a focal vasculitis due to Coxsachie A9 viral infection in the region of the middle cerebral artery.", "PMID": 1110449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2707", "title": "Myocardial infarction complicating bacterial endocarditis in rheumatic heart disease. Report of a case and review of the literature.", "content": "A case of rheumatic heart disease with massive myocardial infarction from coronary embolism complicating bacterial endocarditis is reported. The rarity of this complication in the pediatric age group as compared to the adult age group remains unexplained. Early recognition depends on serial electrocardiographic and enzymatic determinations.", "contents": "Myocardial infarction complicating bacterial endocarditis in rheumatic heart disease. Report of a case and review of the literature. A case of rheumatic heart disease with massive myocardial infarction from coronary embolism complicating bacterial endocarditis is reported. The rarity of this complication in the pediatric age group as compared to the adult age group remains unexplained. Early recognition depends on serial electrocardiographic and enzymatic determinations.", "PMID": 1110450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2708", "title": "The syndrome of multiple aucosal neuromas and medullary thyroid carcinoma in childhood. Importance of recognition of the phenotype for the early detection of malignancy.", "content": "Recognition of the syndrome of OF MMN can identify individuals at risk for the early appearance of MTC. Three such patients are described. Each had the characteristic neuromas and facies, present since infancy. In each, MTC was found in childhood. In the last two patients, the diagnosis was made because of elevated serum CT concentrations. Venous drainage from the tumor, as well as tumor tissue itself, contained high levels of CT. Prompt recognition of persons with MMN is essential for proper investigation and treatment of the associated MTC.", "contents": "The syndrome of multiple aucosal neuromas and medullary thyroid carcinoma in childhood. Importance of recognition of the phenotype for the early detection of malignancy. Recognition of the syndrome of OF MMN can identify individuals at risk for the early appearance of MTC. Three such patients are described. Each had the characteristic neuromas and facies, present since infancy. In each, MTC was found in childhood. In the last two patients, the diagnosis was made because of elevated serum CT concentrations. Venous drainage from the tumor, as well as tumor tissue itself, contained high levels of CT. Prompt recognition of persons with MMN is essential for proper investigation and treatment of the associated MTC.", "PMID": 1110451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2709", "title": "Older paternal age and fresh gene mutation: data on additional disorders.", "content": "Older paternal age has previously been documented as a factor in sporadic fresh mutational cases of several autosomal dominant disorders. In this collaborative study, an older mean paternal age has been documented in sporadic cases of at least five additional dominantly inheritable disorders; the basal cell nevus syndrome, the Waardenburg syndrome, the Crouzon syndrome, the oculo-dental-digital sysdrome, and the Treacher-Collins syndrome. It was also found to be a factor in acrodysostosis and progeria, suggesting a fresh mutant gene etiology for these two conditions in which virtually all cases have been sporadic and the mode of genetic etiology has been unknown.", "contents": "Older paternal age and fresh gene mutation: data on additional disorders. Older paternal age has previously been documented as a factor in sporadic fresh mutational cases of several autosomal dominant disorders. In this collaborative study, an older mean paternal age has been documented in sporadic cases of at least five additional dominantly inheritable disorders; the basal cell nevus syndrome, the Waardenburg syndrome, the Crouzon syndrome, the oculo-dental-digital sysdrome, and the Treacher-Collins syndrome. It was also found to be a factor in acrodysostosis and progeria, suggesting a fresh mutant gene etiology for these two conditions in which virtually all cases have been sporadic and the mode of genetic etiology has been unknown.", "PMID": 1110452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2710", "title": "The effect of HCG on testicular androgen production in adult men with chronic renal failure.", "content": "In sixteen male patients undergoing regular haemodialysis of peritoneal dialysis for chronic renal failure, the testosterone levels were studied before and after treatment with HCG. Testosterone values before (186 ng/100 ml) and after (456 ng/100 ml) HCG were significantly lower than those for normal healthy males. The mean plasma dihydrotestosterone (5alpha-DHT) value of 11.5 ng/100 ml for the treated patients was significantly lower than that of 64 ng/100 ml for the control patients. With HCG, increments in DHT were recorded in three patients, and definite increments in testosterone were observed in six patients. The percentage binding and combining affinity showed little change due to HCG stimulation. Achieving ejaculation was a serious problem  for the patients in whom the lowest increases in testosterone and 5 alpha-DHT levels were observed after HCG stimulation. Low plasma testosterone values were also associated with a low mean area for Type-2 muscle fibres.", "contents": "The effect of HCG on testicular androgen production in adult men with chronic renal failure. In sixteen male patients undergoing regular haemodialysis of peritoneal dialysis for chronic renal failure, the testosterone levels were studied before and after treatment with HCG. Testosterone values before (186 ng/100 ml) and after (456 ng/100 ml) HCG were significantly lower than those for normal healthy males. The mean plasma dihydrotestosterone (5alpha-DHT) value of 11.5 ng/100 ml for the treated patients was significantly lower than that of 64 ng/100 ml for the control patients. With HCG, increments in DHT were recorded in three patients, and definite increments in testosterone were observed in six patients. The percentage binding and combining affinity showed little change due to HCG stimulation. Achieving ejaculation was a serious problem  for the patients in whom the lowest increases in testosterone and 5 alpha-DHT levels were observed after HCG stimulation. Low plasma testosterone values were also associated with a low mean area for Type-2 muscle fibres.", "PMID": 1110462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2711", "title": "Variations in serum FSH, LH and testosterone levels in male rats from birth to sexual maturity.", "content": "Serum LH, FSH and testosterone concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassays in male Sprague-Dawley rats from birth to 80 days of age. The levels of FSH were significantly elevated during the first 5 days of postnatal life. An abrupt decline in FSH concentrations occurred during this period, from levels of 800 ng/ml on day 1 to levels of 300 ng/ml on Day 6. Subsequently, FSH levels fluctuated widely until about Days 30 to 45, when a secondary peak of FSH was observed. Thereafter, a decline in FSH levels to those found in adult rats occurred. This decline in FSH levels appears to coincide with the first release of mature spermatozoa from the germinal epithelium in the testis. During the first 30 days of postnatal life, LH and testosterone values appeared to be inversely related to each other and an LH peak and a nadir of testosterone levels was observed between Days 6 and 14 at time corresponding to regression of the fetal generation of interstitial cells. A parallel rise in LH and testosterone levels occurred from Days 30 to sexual maturity and corresponded to the development of the adult generation of intestitial cells.", "contents": "Variations in serum FSH, LH and testosterone levels in male rats from birth to sexual maturity. Serum LH, FSH and testosterone concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassays in male Sprague-Dawley rats from birth to 80 days of age. The levels of FSH were significantly elevated during the first 5 days of postnatal life. An abrupt decline in FSH concentrations occurred during this period, from levels of 800 ng/ml on day 1 to levels of 300 ng/ml on Day 6. Subsequently, FSH levels fluctuated widely until about Days 30 to 45, when a secondary peak of FSH was observed. Thereafter, a decline in FSH levels to those found in adult rats occurred. This decline in FSH levels appears to coincide with the first release of mature spermatozoa from the germinal epithelium in the testis. During the first 30 days of postnatal life, LH and testosterone values appeared to be inversely related to each other and an LH peak and a nadir of testosterone levels was observed between Days 6 and 14 at time corresponding to regression of the fetal generation of interstitial cells. A parallel rise in LH and testosterone levels occurred from Days 30 to sexual maturity and corresponded to the development of the adult generation of intestitial cells.", "PMID": 1110463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2712", "title": "The effects of tubal ligation on ovum transport in rabbits.", "content": "Ovum transport was studied in rabbit oviducts ligated 18 hr after mating in untreated and oestrogen-treated rabbits. Essentially all ova (93.5%) were recovered from the sham-ligated oviducts averaged 46.7%. Recovery of ova in oviducts ligated at the infundibulum and at the uterotubal junction was 100%. It is likely, therefore, that ova were transported prematurely into the uterus from ligated oviducts. Ovum transport through sham-ligated oviducts was significantly retarded by a single injection of oestradiol cyclopentylpropionate (25 or 250 mug) but remained accelerated in ligated oviducts diminished by 60 hr p.c. in untreated rabbits, but was maintained in oestrogen-treated rabbits. Ovum transport through distended oviducts may be accelerated by the passage of oviducal fluid into the uterus.", "contents": "The effects of tubal ligation on ovum transport in rabbits. Ovum transport was studied in rabbit oviducts ligated 18 hr after mating in untreated and oestrogen-treated rabbits. Essentially all ova (93.5%) were recovered from the sham-ligated oviducts averaged 46.7%. Recovery of ova in oviducts ligated at the infundibulum and at the uterotubal junction was 100%. It is likely, therefore, that ova were transported prematurely into the uterus from ligated oviducts. Ovum transport through sham-ligated oviducts was significantly retarded by a single injection of oestradiol cyclopentylpropionate (25 or 250 mug) but remained accelerated in ligated oviducts diminished by 60 hr p.c. in untreated rabbits, but was maintained in oestrogen-treated rabbits. Ovum transport through distended oviducts may be accelerated by the passage of oviducal fluid into the uterus.", "PMID": 1110472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2713", "title": "Radiation effects on testes. II. incorporation of 65Zn after partial body gamma-irradiation of rats.", "content": "The decrease in the uptake of 65-Zn by irradiated testes (720 R) was followed by recovery after 30 days. After a dose of 2000 R, uptake of 65-Zn was systemtically reduced over a period of 74 days. Studies following the administration of testosterone and FSH germinal cells of the testes is under the control of pituitary gonadotrophins.", "contents": "Radiation effects on testes. II. incorporation of 65Zn after partial body gamma-irradiation of rats. The decrease in the uptake of 65-Zn by irradiated testes (720 R) was followed by recovery after 30 days. After a dose of 2000 R, uptake of 65-Zn was systemtically reduced over a period of 74 days. Studies following the administration of testosterone and FSH germinal cells of the testes is under the control of pituitary gonadotrophins.", "PMID": 1110473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2714", "title": "Pregnancy-terminating effect of human chorionic gonadotrophin in rats.", "content": "A single intramuscular dose of HGC(50) i.u. or more per rat) was able to induce fetal resorption and eventual termination of pregnancy when injected on Day 4 or between days 7 and 11 of pregnancy. This dose was inactive when administered on Day 12 of pregnancy. A single large dose (500 i.u./rat) induced fetal resorption when administered even on Day 12 of pregnancy. In intact rats treated with HCG, daily doses of progesterone were unable to maintain normal implantation; in ovariectomized rats treated with HCG, daily preges. Terone did succeed in maintaining pregnancy in many of the animals. It is suggested that fetal resorption and the eventual pregnancy-terminating effects of HCG in rats are mediated through the alteration of normal ovarian steroidogenesis.", "contents": "Pregnancy-terminating effect of human chorionic gonadotrophin in rats. A single intramuscular dose of HGC(50) i.u. or more per rat) was able to induce fetal resorption and eventual termination of pregnancy when injected on Day 4 or between days 7 and 11 of pregnancy. This dose was inactive when administered on Day 12 of pregnancy. A single large dose (500 i.u./rat) induced fetal resorption when administered even on Day 12 of pregnancy. In intact rats treated with HCG, daily doses of progesterone were unable to maintain normal implantation; in ovariectomized rats treated with HCG, daily preges. Terone did succeed in maintaining pregnancy in many of the animals. It is suggested that fetal resorption and the eventual pregnancy-terminating effects of HCG in rats are mediated through the alteration of normal ovarian steroidogenesis.", "PMID": 1110475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2715", "title": "Hormonal requirements of the different cycles of the seminiferous epithelium during reinitiation of spermatogenesis in long-term hypophysectomized rats.", "content": "Restoration of testicular function in long-term hypo-physectomized rats given different hormonal treatments during the various cycles of the seminiferous epithelium was evaluated on the basis of the weights of testes, epididymides, and other accessory sexual glands, histological examination of testes, and determination of the numbers of spermatozoa/epididymis. The staput fractionation technique for the separation of classes of germinal cells was employed to provide a measure of the advancing front of pulse-labelled cells following the intratesticular administration of (3-H)thymidinemthe results suggested that during the first two cycles, in which spermatogonia develop into pachytene spermatocytes, either LH or testosterone alone was sufficient for partial restoration. During the third cycle of the seminiferous epithelium, LH and FSH were required to allow previously labelled pachytene spermatocytes to progress efficiently to stage 7 spermatids. Administration of LH alone during the final cycle was sufficient to permit stage 7 spermatids to develop into spermatozoa, provided LH plus H had been given during the previous three cycles. Injection of LH during the entire period and of FSH during the third cycle of the seminiferous epithelium was required to achieve Staput profiles characteristic of a normal advancing front of pulse-labelled cells, and to allow partial restoration of spermatogenesis. More complete restoration was obtained in rats given FSH and LH during the first three cycles but, with the doses employed, the number of spermatoza/testis remained subnormal. Efficient completion of each cycle of the seminiferous epithelium appeared to be hormone-dependent. The data are discussed in relation to the possibility that hormones may affect the general development of germinal cells in an indirect manner by their influence on Sertoli cell function.", "contents": "Hormonal requirements of the different cycles of the seminiferous epithelium during reinitiation of spermatogenesis in long-term hypophysectomized rats. Restoration of testicular function in long-term hypo-physectomized rats given different hormonal treatments during the various cycles of the seminiferous epithelium was evaluated on the basis of the weights of testes, epididymides, and other accessory sexual glands, histological examination of testes, and determination of the numbers of spermatozoa/epididymis. The staput fractionation technique for the separation of classes of germinal cells was employed to provide a measure of the advancing front of pulse-labelled cells following the intratesticular administration of (3-H)thymidinemthe results suggested that during the first two cycles, in which spermatogonia develop into pachytene spermatocytes, either LH or testosterone alone was sufficient for partial restoration. During the third cycle of the seminiferous epithelium, LH and FSH were required to allow previously labelled pachytene spermatocytes to progress efficiently to stage 7 spermatids. Administration of LH alone during the final cycle was sufficient to permit stage 7 spermatids to develop into spermatozoa, provided LH plus H had been given during the previous three cycles. Injection of LH during the entire period and of FSH during the third cycle of the seminiferous epithelium was required to achieve Staput profiles characteristic of a normal advancing front of pulse-labelled cells, and to allow partial restoration of spermatogenesis. More complete restoration was obtained in rats given FSH and LH during the first three cycles but, with the doses employed, the number of spermatoza/testis remained subnormal. Efficient completion of each cycle of the seminiferous epithelium appeared to be hormone-dependent. The data are discussed in relation to the possibility that hormones may affect the general development of germinal cells in an indirect manner by their influence on Sertoli cell function.", "PMID": 1110476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2716", "title": "Effects of a protein-free diet on amino acids and sex hormones of rats during the early postimplantation stages of pregnancy.", "content": "In rats, the effect of a protein-free diet on the maintenance of gestation was investigated during the early postimplantation stages (days 7 to 10). The growth kinetics of the implantation site, the concentrations of free amino acids in the implantation sites as well as in the maternal liver and the levels of sex hormones in the maternal serum were determined. The results of these studies showed that in the whole implantation site, the absolute amounts of DNA, RNA and nitrogen were significantly lower in the rats fed a protein-free diet, the concentrations of essential amino acids decreased in the whole implantation site to the same extent as in the maternal liver. In the case of the non-essential amino acids, however, a significant increase in the concentrations of some of the amino acids was observed in the maternal liver. With regard to the essential amino acid pool, it appears that the liver and decidua can be regarded as being in a dynamic equilibrium. Peripheral prolactin and progesterone concentrations significantly decreased on day 8 of gestation, while the amounts of LH and total oestrogens remained unchanged.", "contents": "Effects of a protein-free diet on amino acids and sex hormones of rats during the early postimplantation stages of pregnancy. In rats, the effect of a protein-free diet on the maintenance of gestation was investigated during the early postimplantation stages (days 7 to 10). The growth kinetics of the implantation site, the concentrations of free amino acids in the implantation sites as well as in the maternal liver and the levels of sex hormones in the maternal serum were determined. The results of these studies showed that in the whole implantation site, the absolute amounts of DNA, RNA and nitrogen were significantly lower in the rats fed a protein-free diet, the concentrations of essential amino acids decreased in the whole implantation site to the same extent as in the maternal liver. In the case of the non-essential amino acids, however, a significant increase in the concentrations of some of the amino acids was observed in the maternal liver. With regard to the essential amino acid pool, it appears that the liver and decidua can be regarded as being in a dynamic equilibrium. Peripheral prolactin and progesterone concentrations significantly decreased on day 8 of gestation, while the amounts of LH and total oestrogens remained unchanged.", "PMID": 1110477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2717", "title": "Immunological aspects of gynecological malignancies.", "content": "The intricate aspects of cell mediated immunity in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the cervis and adenocarcinoma of the ovary are demonstrated with an in vitro system. Presensitized lymphocytes from patients with these two gynecologic malignancies demonstrated immediate cytocidal effects on analogous tumor cells in culture. This was not true of lymphocytes from normal health individuals. Some cross-reactivity between surface antigens in fetal gut cells and malignant epithelial cells is suggested by other experiments. These studies are used to formulate a hypothesis that tumor associated antigens do exist in gynecological malignancies.", "contents": "Immunological aspects of gynecological malignancies. The intricate aspects of cell mediated immunity in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the cervis and adenocarcinoma of the ovary are demonstrated with an in vitro system. Presensitized lymphocytes from patients with these two gynecologic malignancies demonstrated immediate cytocidal effects on analogous tumor cells in culture. This was not true of lymphocytes from normal health individuals. Some cross-reactivity between surface antigens in fetal gut cells and malignant epithelial cells is suggested by other experiments. These studies are used to formulate a hypothesis that tumor associated antigens do exist in gynecological malignancies.", "PMID": 1110478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2718", "title": "Basal body temperature recordings in ectopic pregnancy.", "content": "Basal body temperature charts taken during the cycle of conception of tubal pregnancies suggested the presence of luteal phase defect in the background of ectopic implantation and the recurrence of an apparent menstruation at the expected time of the next period. The temperature changes were compatible with the occurrence of a \"superovulation\" shortly before the occurrence of tubal abortion.", "contents": "Basal body temperature recordings in ectopic pregnancy. Basal body temperature charts taken during the cycle of conception of tubal pregnancies suggested the presence of luteal phase defect in the background of ectopic implantation and the recurrence of an apparent menstruation at the expected time of the next period. The temperature changes were compatible with the occurrence of a \"superovulation\" shortly before the occurrence of tubal abortion.", "PMID": 1110480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2719", "title": "Intrapartum hypertension and intravenous saline.", "content": "Four hundred women in labor were given, on a random basis, either 5 per cent dextrose in water or 5 per cent dextrose in normal saline infusions. Normotensive parturients receiving saline showed an increased incidence of elevated blood pressure during labor or postpartum while hypertensive parturients showed no significant increase in mean arterial blood pressure. Fetal serum sodium levels were not affected by whether the mother had received either the dextrose or saline intravenous solution.", "contents": "Intrapartum hypertension and intravenous saline. Four hundred women in labor were given, on a random basis, either 5 per cent dextrose in water or 5 per cent dextrose in normal saline infusions. Normotensive parturients receiving saline showed an increased incidence of elevated blood pressure during labor or postpartum while hypertensive parturients showed no significant increase in mean arterial blood pressure. Fetal serum sodium levels were not affected by whether the mother had received either the dextrose or saline intravenous solution.", "PMID": 1110481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2720", "title": "Effect of water on the thermal death of a hydrocarbon bacterium in a nonaqueous fluid.", "content": "A bacterium that grows in oil was tested for survival at elevated temperatures in menstruums of varying water content. For each doubling of the water concentration, the surviving fraction decreased by a factor of approximately 3.0. A minimum value of 0.02% water is required before enhanced killing occurs.", "contents": "Effect of water on the thermal death of a hydrocarbon bacterium in a nonaqueous fluid. A bacterium that grows in oil was tested for survival at elevated temperatures in menstruums of varying water content. For each doubling of the water concentration, the surviving fraction decreased by a factor of approximately 3.0. A minimum value of 0.02% water is required before enhanced killing occurs.", "PMID": 1110488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2721", "title": "Preparation of 14C-labeled sterigmatocystin in liquid media.", "content": "14C-labeled sterigmatocystin was prepared from surface cultures of Aspergillus versicolor A-18074 maintained in liquid media by multiple additions of (1-14C)acetate to the cultures. The highest yield of 7.75 mg/10 ml was found with a sucrose-asparagine-ammonium medium in which more than 3% of the radioactivity of the added (1-14C)acetate was recovered ithe purified (ring-14C) sterigmatocystin. The method offers an easy way to prepare 14C-labeled sterigmatocystin for studies of this mycotoxin.", "contents": "Preparation of 14C-labeled sterigmatocystin in liquid media. 14C-labeled sterigmatocystin was prepared from surface cultures of Aspergillus versicolor A-18074 maintained in liquid media by multiple additions of (1-14C)acetate to the cultures. The highest yield of 7.75 mg/10 ml was found with a sucrose-asparagine-ammonium medium in which more than 3% of the radioactivity of the added (1-14C)acetate was recovered ithe purified (ring-14C) sterigmatocystin. The method offers an easy way to prepare 14C-labeled sterigmatocystin for studies of this mycotoxin.", "PMID": 1110489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2722", "title": "Pathogenic leptospiras isolated from Malaysian surface waters.", "content": "Pathogenic leptospiras (1,424) isolated from natural waters and wet soils in Malaysia comprised 29 different serovars (synonym serotypes). All except two of the serovars had been found previously in Malaysia. The exceptional serovars were werrasingha, an Autumnalis serogroup member originally isolated in Ceylon, and a new serovar designated evansi. Serovar evansi had serological affinities with serovar ranarum which was isolated from the kidney of a frog in Iowa. The large variety of serovars found in jungle areas was consistent with similar previous findings of diverse serovar infections in troops who had operated in Malaysian jungles.", "contents": "Pathogenic leptospiras isolated from Malaysian surface waters. Pathogenic leptospiras (1,424) isolated from natural waters and wet soils in Malaysia comprised 29 different serovars (synonym serotypes). All except two of the serovars had been found previously in Malaysia. The exceptional serovars were werrasingha, an Autumnalis serogroup member originally isolated in Ceylon, and a new serovar designated evansi. Serovar evansi had serological affinities with serovar ranarum which was isolated from the kidney of a frog in Iowa. The large variety of serovars found in jungle areas was consistent with similar previous findings of diverse serovar infections in troops who had operated in Malaysian jungles.", "PMID": 1110490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2723", "title": "Characterization of Bacillus pumilus E601 spores after single sublethal gamma irradiation treatments.", "content": "Eighteen survivor strains of Bacillus pumilus E601 have been isolated after single sublethal irradiation treatments with 60Co. Primary isolation was based on the loss of motility and pellicle formation. However, with subsequent subcultivation, eight isolates reverted back to the standard of exhibiting motility and pellicle formation. Characteristics of the isolates include alterations in space radiation resistance and in the amino acid requirements for spore germination and outgrowth. Other alterations in cultural and physiological characteristics were found. Three of the isolates were asporogenous.", "contents": "Characterization of Bacillus pumilus E601 spores after single sublethal gamma irradiation treatments. Eighteen survivor strains of Bacillus pumilus E601 have been isolated after single sublethal irradiation treatments with 60Co. Primary isolation was based on the loss of motility and pellicle formation. However, with subsequent subcultivation, eight isolates reverted back to the standard of exhibiting motility and pellicle formation. Characteristics of the isolates include alterations in space radiation resistance and in the amino acid requirements for spore germination and outgrowth. Other alterations in cultural and physiological characteristics were found. Three of the isolates were asporogenous.", "PMID": 1110491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2724", "title": "Incidence of aflatoxin in California almonds.", "content": "In a survey of California almonds, aflatoxin was found in 14% of 74 samples of unsorted, in-shell almonds as received by the processor in 1972, but it occurred at very low levels (below 20 parts per billion (ppb)) in 90% of the contaminated samples. The overall proportion of individual nuts contaminated was especially low and is estimated with 95% probability to have been in the range of 1 nut/55,300 nuts to 1 nut/14,700 nuts. Aflatoxin contamination is not restriced to any particular section of the almond-growing region of California. Commercial sorting procedures are effective in removing most aflatoxin-contaminated nutmeats, since none of 26 samples of processed, whole nutmeats contained aflatoxin. In contrast, 13 of 27 samples of diced almonds were contaminated, but nine of these 13 samples contained less than 20 ppb. Only one of 25 samples of sliced nutmeats contained aflatoxin (4 ppb). Thus, aflatoxin incidence in almonds varies greatly with the category of finished product. The apparent high incidence in diced nutmeats is probably due mostly to the more uniform distribution of aflatoxin occurring in this product (because of its small particle size) than that occurring in the other products. Sample size requirements for monitoring aflatoxin in almonds are discussed.", "contents": "Incidence of aflatoxin in California almonds. In a survey of California almonds, aflatoxin was found in 14% of 74 samples of unsorted, in-shell almonds as received by the processor in 1972, but it occurred at very low levels (below 20 parts per billion (ppb)) in 90% of the contaminated samples. The overall proportion of individual nuts contaminated was especially low and is estimated with 95% probability to have been in the range of 1 nut/55,300 nuts to 1 nut/14,700 nuts. Aflatoxin contamination is not restriced to any particular section of the almond-growing region of California. Commercial sorting procedures are effective in removing most aflatoxin-contaminated nutmeats, since none of 26 samples of processed, whole nutmeats contained aflatoxin. In contrast, 13 of 27 samples of diced almonds were contaminated, but nine of these 13 samples contained less than 20 ppb. Only one of 25 samples of sliced nutmeats contained aflatoxin (4 ppb). Thus, aflatoxin incidence in almonds varies greatly with the category of finished product. The apparent high incidence in diced nutmeats is probably due mostly to the more uniform distribution of aflatoxin occurring in this product (because of its small particle size) than that occurring in the other products. Sample size requirements for monitoring aflatoxin in almonds are discussed.", "PMID": 1110492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2725", "title": "Four hundred consecutive patients with permanent transvenous pacemakers.", "content": "Between April 1, 1965, and May 1, 1973, we inserted permanent transvenous pacemakers in 400 consecutive patients. Patients considered for this type of pacing were those with any episode of heart block and those with other types of bradyarnhythmias who had unexplained vertigo or syncope. There was one operative death and one instance in which the primary unit became infected. Problems with catheter dislocation, electrode fracture, and exit block were few and were easily corrected. We believe transvenous permanent pacing to be the best method of cardiac pacmaking in these patients. It is well tolerated by largely avoidable and easy to correct.", "contents": "Four hundred consecutive patients with permanent transvenous pacemakers. Between April 1, 1965, and May 1, 1973, we inserted permanent transvenous pacemakers in 400 consecutive patients. Patients considered for this type of pacing were those with any episode of heart block and those with other types of bradyarnhythmias who had unexplained vertigo or syncope. There was one operative death and one instance in which the primary unit became infected. Problems with catheter dislocation, electrode fracture, and exit block were few and were easily corrected. We believe transvenous permanent pacing to be the best method of cardiac pacmaking in these patients. It is well tolerated by largely avoidable and easy to correct.", "PMID": 1110570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2726", "title": "Simultaneous mitral valve replacement and ligation of persistent ductus arteriosus; a case report.", "content": "The successful simultaneous closure of a persistent ductus arteriosus and mitral valve replacement in a 65-year-old woman with pulmonary hypertension is reported. The approach through a left thoracotomy gave good exposure and momentary cessation of cardiopulmonary bypass made ligation of the calcified ductus possible. Although this seems to be a rare association, when mitral valve disease is significant the simultaneous closure of the duct and mitral valve surgery is the treatment of choice.", "contents": "Simultaneous mitral valve replacement and ligation of persistent ductus arteriosus; a case report. The successful simultaneous closure of a persistent ductus arteriosus and mitral valve replacement in a 65-year-old woman with pulmonary hypertension is reported. The approach through a left thoracotomy gave good exposure and momentary cessation of cardiopulmonary bypass made ligation of the calcified ductus possible. Although this seems to be a rare association, when mitral valve disease is significant the simultaneous closure of the duct and mitral valve surgery is the treatment of choice.", "PMID": 1110571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2727", "title": "Complications of cloth-covered prosthetic valves: results with a new mitral prosthesis.", "content": "During a 12 year period 5,103 cardiac prosthetic valves in 4,193 patients have been evaluated for performance and incidence of complications. As a result of our experience, the advantages of fewer embolic phenomena, associated with epithelialization in completely cloth-covered valves and those with cloth-covered seating rings, are outweighed by the problems of cloth wear, hemolysis, and hemodynamic obstruction from tissue overgrowth. A valve has been designed which incorporates the desirable features of full-flow orifice, low-profile, self-washing principle, polished contact surfaces, durable materials, and a large eccentric sewing ring into a new mitral prosthesis. Clinical evaluation in 394 patients from Aug. 1, 1971, through Dec. 31, 1973, has demonstrated excellent hemodynamic function and a low incidence of thromboembolic phenomenon.", "contents": "Complications of cloth-covered prosthetic valves: results with a new mitral prosthesis. During a 12 year period 5,103 cardiac prosthetic valves in 4,193 patients have been evaluated for performance and incidence of complications. As a result of our experience, the advantages of fewer embolic phenomena, associated with epithelialization in completely cloth-covered valves and those with cloth-covered seating rings, are outweighed by the problems of cloth wear, hemolysis, and hemodynamic obstruction from tissue overgrowth. A valve has been designed which incorporates the desirable features of full-flow orifice, low-profile, self-washing principle, polished contact surfaces, durable materials, and a large eccentric sewing ring into a new mitral prosthesis. Clinical evaluation in 394 patients from Aug. 1, 1971, through Dec. 31, 1973, has demonstrated excellent hemodynamic function and a low incidence of thromboembolic phenomenon.", "PMID": 1110572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2728", "title": "Coronary collateral blood flow in acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "The evolution and transmural distribution of coronary collateral blood flow in acute myocardial infarction was determined in 24 trained, unanesthetized dogs by injection of radioactive microspheres into the coronary circulation. Acute coronary artery occlusion resulted in a greater decrease in subendocardial flow than subepicardial flow in both the central and marginal zones of the infarct. Coronary collateral blood flow was distributed primarily to the marginal zone and to the subepicardium of the central zone of the infarct. The greatest increase in collateral flow occured between 12 and 18 hours after coronary artery occlusion. By 24 hours after coronary occlusion, blood flow to all areas of the infarct except the subendocardium of the central zone had returned to near control levels. This dispropotionate distribution of coronary collateral blood flow during the early stages of myocardial ischemic injury helps to explain the apparent lack of protection of the subendocardium by collateral flow.", "contents": "Coronary collateral blood flow in acute myocardial infarction. The evolution and transmural distribution of coronary collateral blood flow in acute myocardial infarction was determined in 24 trained, unanesthetized dogs by injection of radioactive microspheres into the coronary circulation. Acute coronary artery occlusion resulted in a greater decrease in subendocardial flow than subepicardial flow in both the central and marginal zones of the infarct. Coronary collateral blood flow was distributed primarily to the marginal zone and to the subepicardium of the central zone of the infarct. The greatest increase in collateral flow occured between 12 and 18 hours after coronary artery occlusion. By 24 hours after coronary occlusion, blood flow to all areas of the infarct except the subendocardium of the central zone had returned to near control levels. This dispropotionate distribution of coronary collateral blood flow during the early stages of myocardial ischemic injury helps to explain the apparent lack of protection of the subendocardium by collateral flow.", "PMID": 1110573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2729", "title": "Interrupted aortic arch and ventricular septal defect. Direct repair through a median sternotomy incision in a 13-day-old infant.", "content": "A type B interrupted aortic arch was successfully repaired in a 13-day-old infant during profound hypothermia and circulatory arrest. Through a median sternotomy incision it was possible to resect a patent ductus arteriosus and mobilize the descending thoracic aorta for anastomosis to the side of the ascending aorta. At the same time a large ventricular septal defect (VSD) and a small atrial septal defect were closed through the right atrium. Cardiac catheterization 5 months after operation showed a small persistent VSD with a pulmonary to systemic blood flow ratio of 1.1/1. The systolic gradient between the ascending and descending aorta was 20 mm. Hg.", "contents": "Interrupted aortic arch and ventricular septal defect. Direct repair through a median sternotomy incision in a 13-day-old infant. A type B interrupted aortic arch was successfully repaired in a 13-day-old infant during profound hypothermia and circulatory arrest. Through a median sternotomy incision it was possible to resect a patent ductus arteriosus and mobilize the descending thoracic aorta for anastomosis to the side of the ascending aorta. At the same time a large ventricular septal defect (VSD) and a small atrial septal defect were closed through the right atrium. Cardiac catheterization 5 months after operation showed a small persistent VSD with a pulmonary to systemic blood flow ratio of 1.1/1. The systolic gradient between the ascending and descending aorta was 20 mm. Hg.", "PMID": 1110574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2730", "title": "Blood platelets and extracorporeal circulation; kinetic studies on dogs on cardiopulmonary bypass.", "content": "Platelet kinetics and functions were studied in dogs during extracorporeal circulation. A transient platelet sequestration in the liver occurs during the bypass. This reversible disappearance is accompanied by a loss of the ability of platelets to adhere or aggregate. The platelets which return to the circulation have normal functions and a normal life span. The irreversible damage is mainly due to the direct blood-gas interface. Impairment of lung function by platelet aggregates is discussed and the importance of an in vivo model to study the factors which affect the platelets, such as antiaggregating agents, is pointed out.", "contents": "Blood platelets and extracorporeal circulation; kinetic studies on dogs on cardiopulmonary bypass. Platelet kinetics and functions were studied in dogs during extracorporeal circulation. A transient platelet sequestration in the liver occurs during the bypass. This reversible disappearance is accompanied by a loss of the ability of platelets to adhere or aggregate. The platelets which return to the circulation have normal functions and a normal life span. The irreversible damage is mainly due to the direct blood-gas interface. Impairment of lung function by platelet aggregates is discussed and the importance of an in vivo model to study the factors which affect the platelets, such as antiaggregating agents, is pointed out.", "PMID": 1110575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2731", "title": "Selection of the candidate for myocardial revascularization; a profile of high risk based on multivariate analysis.", "content": "A survey of 60 patients who died from cardiac related causes after vein or artery bypass operations alone (1967 to 1973) was made with respect to 26 clinical, angiographic, and operative variables. These factors were compared with identical characteristics of 1,188 survivors operated upon in 1973. Through discriminant analysis, the various characteristics, isolated or multiple in any combination, have been converted into risk related to operative death. The distinctive features of the mortality group were vastly different from those in the surviving group. Ten patients (16.67 per cent) of the mortality group were in the ninety-ninth percentile of risk, whereas these factors or variables of similar weight produced an equivalent risk of only 0.34 per cent of the survivors; thus, operative death in these circumstances could be predicted with an estimated 98.0 per cent assurance. Each of 6 patients with mortality risks above 0.99999 had (1) marked cardimegaly, (2) uncompensated congestive heart failure (CHF), (3) triple vessel coronary artery disease and/or obstruction of the left main coronary artery, (4) generalized impairment of left ventricular contraction or segmental left ventricular scar, and (5) evelated left ventricular end-diastolic pressure. As a single factor, congestive heart failure (CHF) exerted the most influence on the probability of dying. A new and more desctiptive statistical interpretation of the factors presumed to affect risk is presented.", "contents": "Selection of the candidate for myocardial revascularization; a profile of high risk based on multivariate analysis. A survey of 60 patients who died from cardiac related causes after vein or artery bypass operations alone (1967 to 1973) was made with respect to 26 clinical, angiographic, and operative variables. These factors were compared with identical characteristics of 1,188 survivors operated upon in 1973. Through discriminant analysis, the various characteristics, isolated or multiple in any combination, have been converted into risk related to operative death. The distinctive features of the mortality group were vastly different from those in the surviving group. Ten patients (16.67 per cent) of the mortality group were in the ninety-ninth percentile of risk, whereas these factors or variables of similar weight produced an equivalent risk of only 0.34 per cent of the survivors; thus, operative death in these circumstances could be predicted with an estimated 98.0 per cent assurance. Each of 6 patients with mortality risks above 0.99999 had (1) marked cardimegaly, (2) uncompensated congestive heart failure (CHF), (3) triple vessel coronary artery disease and/or obstruction of the left main coronary artery, (4) generalized impairment of left ventricular contraction or segmental left ventricular scar, and (5) evelated left ventricular end-diastolic pressure. As a single factor, congestive heart failure (CHF) exerted the most influence on the probability of dying. A new and more desctiptive statistical interpretation of the factors presumed to affect risk is presented.", "PMID": 1110576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2732", "title": "Myocardial revascularization in patients with poor ventricular function.", "content": "Eighty patients with evidence of impaired ventricular function by ventriculography were reviewed. On the basis of the ejection fraction, these patients were divided into three groups. Those with ejection fractions less than 0.2 were considered in very poor condition, those with ejection fractions of 0.2 to 0.4 were considered in poor condition, and those with ejection fractions with between 0.4 and 0.6 were considered fair. Suitability of vessels for bypassing and the presence or absence of collateral cirulation on the cinearteriograms was also noted for possible influence on result. Operative mortality rate in patients having complete repair, defined as bypassing all major vessels with significant obstruction, was 7 per cent. In 26 patients having incomplete repair, the operative mortality was 30 per cent. However, the late mortality rate was not favorably influenced by complete repair, 75 per cent are in improved or good clinical condition, as compared with 65 per cent in the incomplete repair group. As patients with impairment of ventricular contractility are at high risk, it is believed that they should continue to be evaluated on an individual basis for bypass surgery and not categorically denied treatment.", "contents": "Myocardial revascularization in patients with poor ventricular function. Eighty patients with evidence of impaired ventricular function by ventriculography were reviewed. On the basis of the ejection fraction, these patients were divided into three groups. Those with ejection fractions less than 0.2 were considered in very poor condition, those with ejection fractions of 0.2 to 0.4 were considered in poor condition, and those with ejection fractions with between 0.4 and 0.6 were considered fair. Suitability of vessels for bypassing and the presence or absence of collateral cirulation on the cinearteriograms was also noted for possible influence on result. Operative mortality rate in patients having complete repair, defined as bypassing all major vessels with significant obstruction, was 7 per cent. In 26 patients having incomplete repair, the operative mortality was 30 per cent. However, the late mortality rate was not favorably influenced by complete repair, 75 per cent are in improved or good clinical condition, as compared with 65 per cent in the incomplete repair group. As patients with impairment of ventricular contractility are at high risk, it is believed that they should continue to be evaluated on an individual basis for bypass surgery and not categorically denied treatment.", "PMID": 1110577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2733", "title": "The advantages of transthoracic placement of permanent cardiac pacemaker electrodes.", "content": "To determine the effect of stimulation site on cardiac pacing thresholds, identical, small-surface area, cathodal, Elgiloy electrodes were placed intramyocardially on the left and right ventricular apices and transvenously into the right ventricular apex of 20 dogs in complete heart block. At seven stimulus durations, threshold voltage and current were  measured directly with an oscilloscope and current probe. Left ventricular intramyocardial pacing required less threshold stimulus energy than right ventricular intramyocardial or right ventricular endocardial pacing. Previous studies that determined lower thresholds with transvenous right ventricular endocardial leads than with directly placed myocardial leads used stimulating electrodes of differing configuration, surface area, and materials at the different sites and/or used epicardial rather than intramyocardial electrodes. These factors biased the results in favor of the endocardial site. When all clinical and electrophysiological facotrs are considered, direct intramyocardial placement of electrodes deserves a much wider acceptance and application than it now enjoys.", "contents": "The advantages of transthoracic placement of permanent cardiac pacemaker electrodes. To determine the effect of stimulation site on cardiac pacing thresholds, identical, small-surface area, cathodal, Elgiloy electrodes were placed intramyocardially on the left and right ventricular apices and transvenously into the right ventricular apex of 20 dogs in complete heart block. At seven stimulus durations, threshold voltage and current were  measured directly with an oscilloscope and current probe. Left ventricular intramyocardial pacing required less threshold stimulus energy than right ventricular intramyocardial or right ventricular endocardial pacing. Previous studies that determined lower thresholds with transvenous right ventricular endocardial leads than with directly placed myocardial leads used stimulating electrodes of differing configuration, surface area, and materials at the different sites and/or used epicardial rather than intramyocardial electrodes. These factors biased the results in favor of the endocardial site. When all clinical and electrophysiological facotrs are considered, direct intramyocardial placement of electrodes deserves a much wider acceptance and application than it now enjoys.", "PMID": 1110578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2734", "title": "A new radioisotope-powered cardiac pacer.", "content": "A small lighweight nuclear pacer is described. The unit weighs 6) Gm. and occupies a bolume of 33 c.c. It is a standard, R-wave inhibited, demand pacer and has been shown to be insensitive to electromagnetic interference. The unit has met all United States and Foreign Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) safety specification requirements, including cechanical shock, industrial fire, accidental crush, cremation, impact, and corrosion. Its calculated life is in excess of 20 years. Extensive dog testing has been completed and will be described in detail elsewhere. The United States AEC has been issued a license to conduct extensive clinical trials. These began in October 1974, and will be the subject of a later report.", "contents": "A new radioisotope-powered cardiac pacer. A small lighweight nuclear pacer is described. The unit weighs 6) Gm. and occupies a bolume of 33 c.c. It is a standard, R-wave inhibited, demand pacer and has been shown to be insensitive to electromagnetic interference. The unit has met all United States and Foreign Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) safety specification requirements, including cechanical shock, industrial fire, accidental crush, cremation, impact, and corrosion. Its calculated life is in excess of 20 years. Extensive dog testing has been completed and will be described in detail elsewhere. The United States AEC has been issued a license to conduct extensive clinical trials. These began in October 1974, and will be the subject of a later report.", "PMID": 1110579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2735", "title": "One 25 day survivor with total artificial heart.", "content": "One calf, which weighed 87 kilograms, survived for 25 days with a total artificial heart (TAH) implanted orthotopically. All hemodynamic parameters stayed normal except the right atrial pressure (RAP), which increased gradually toward the end of the experiment. The cardiac output was maintained between 8.0 and 11.0 L. per minute. Kidney function was well maintained, and no pulmonary insufficiency was noted. Infection became obvious after 2 weeks of pumping although it was controlled to the extent that the calf was able to eat, to several factors, amont them mechanical damage to red blood cells, infection, malnutrition, and liver damage. The calf was standing until 30 minutes before its sudden death from cerebral thromboembolism. The calf's activity throughout the postoperative course convinced us of the feasibility of clinical application and of immediate application to studies of cardiovascular physiology and pharmacology.", "contents": "One 25 day survivor with total artificial heart. One calf, which weighed 87 kilograms, survived for 25 days with a total artificial heart (TAH) implanted orthotopically. All hemodynamic parameters stayed normal except the right atrial pressure (RAP), which increased gradually toward the end of the experiment. The cardiac output was maintained between 8.0 and 11.0 L. per minute. Kidney function was well maintained, and no pulmonary insufficiency was noted. Infection became obvious after 2 weeks of pumping although it was controlled to the extent that the calf was able to eat, to several factors, amont them mechanical damage to red blood cells, infection, malnutrition, and liver damage. The calf was standing until 30 minutes before its sudden death from cerebral thromboembolism. The calf's activity throughout the postoperative course convinced us of the feasibility of clinical application and of immediate application to studies of cardiovascular physiology and pharmacology.", "PMID": 1110580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2736", "title": "Acoustic neuroma and the suboccipital approach (1967-1972).", "content": "The goal of successful acoustic tumor surgery is to totally remove the tumor and preserve neurologic function. This paper reviews 132 patients, with particular emphasis on the hospital mortality rate, total removal of the neoplasm, and preservation of facial function and, in 3 instances, hearing.", "contents": "Acoustic neuroma and the suboccipital approach (1967-1972). The goal of successful acoustic tumor surgery is to totally remove the tumor and preserve neurologic function. This paper reviews 132 patients, with particular emphasis on the hospital mortality rate, total removal of the neoplasm, and preservation of facial function and, in 3 instances, hearing.", "PMID": 1110581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2737", "title": "Multiple myeloma: review of 869 cases.", "content": "A review  of 869 cases of multiple myeloma seen at the Mayo Clinic from 1960 through 1971 revealed that 98% of patients were 40 years of age or older and that 61% of them were males. Inital findings were bone pain in 68% of patients, anemia in 62%, renal insufficiency in 55%, hypercalcemia in 30%, a palpable liver in 21%, and a palpable spleen in 5%. Proteinuria was noted in 88% and Bence Jones proteinuria was identified in 49%. Skeletal roentgenographic abnormalities were seen in 79%. Serum protein electrophoresis showed a spike in 76%, hypogammaglobulinemia in 9%, and minor or no abnormalities in 15%, and a globulin spike was seen 75% of the urinary electrophoretic patterns. Immunoelectrophoresis of the serum revealed a monoclonal heavy chain in 83% and a monoclonal light chain in the serum, in 8% (Bence Jones proteinemia). Three patients had no monoclonal protein in the serum or the urine (\"nonsecretory\"). Amyloidosis was found in 7% of the patients. Follow-up information was obtained in 99.7% ; 82% of the 869 patients have died. Infection and renal insufficiency were the most common specific causes of death. The median survival was 20 months; 66% of the patients were alive at 1 year and 18% at 5 years.", "contents": "Multiple myeloma: review of 869 cases. A review  of 869 cases of multiple myeloma seen at the Mayo Clinic from 1960 through 1971 revealed that 98% of patients were 40 years of age or older and that 61% of them were males. Inital findings were bone pain in 68% of patients, anemia in 62%, renal insufficiency in 55%, hypercalcemia in 30%, a palpable liver in 21%, and a palpable spleen in 5%. Proteinuria was noted in 88% and Bence Jones proteinuria was identified in 49%. Skeletal roentgenographic abnormalities were seen in 79%. Serum protein electrophoresis showed a spike in 76%, hypogammaglobulinemia in 9%, and minor or no abnormalities in 15%, and a globulin spike was seen 75% of the urinary electrophoretic patterns. Immunoelectrophoresis of the serum revealed a monoclonal heavy chain in 83% and a monoclonal light chain in the serum, in 8% (Bence Jones proteinemia). Three patients had no monoclonal protein in the serum or the urine (\"nonsecretory\"). Amyloidosis was found in 7% of the patients. Follow-up information was obtained in 99.7% ; 82% of the 869 patients have died. Infection and renal insufficiency were the most common specific causes of death. The median survival was 20 months; 66% of the patients were alive at 1 year and 18% at 5 years.", "PMID": 1110582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2738", "title": "Bilateral adrenal medullary hyperplasia in multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 2: the precursor of bilateral pheochromocytoma.", "content": "An asymptomatic 12-year-old girl with multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 2, had high urinary levels of vanillylmandelic acid that suggested pheochromocytoma; she also had bilateral medullary thyroid carcinoma and hyperparathyroidism. Her mother and maternal aunt and uncle  had bilateral pheochromocytoma (metastatic in the former two). Bilateral adrenalectomy was performed. Diffuse, non-nodular adrenal medullary hyperplasia was present. This hyperplasia was characterized by increased medullary mitotic activity, decreased corticomedullary ratio, increased total adrenal weight, and increased total catecholamine content (left adrenal). The results in this case suggest that diffuse hyperplasia of the adrenal medulla may be the precursor of pheochromocytoma in patients with this syndrome.", "contents": "Bilateral adrenal medullary hyperplasia in multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 2: the precursor of bilateral pheochromocytoma. An asymptomatic 12-year-old girl with multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 2, had high urinary levels of vanillylmandelic acid that suggested pheochromocytoma; she also had bilateral medullary thyroid carcinoma and hyperparathyroidism. Her mother and maternal aunt and uncle  had bilateral pheochromocytoma (metastatic in the former two). Bilateral adrenalectomy was performed. Diffuse, non-nodular adrenal medullary hyperplasia was present. This hyperplasia was characterized by increased medullary mitotic activity, decreased corticomedullary ratio, increased total adrenal weight, and increased total catecholamine content (left adrenal). The results in this case suggest that diffuse hyperplasia of the adrenal medulla may be the precursor of pheochromocytoma in patients with this syndrome.", "PMID": 1110583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2739", "title": "The spatial distribution of urban pharmacies.", "content": "Pharmacists are thought to play a central role in providing information and advice on health to lower income and other socially disadvantaged groups. However, recent evidence suggests that social biases exist in the spatial distribution of urban pharmacies. Such biases would severely limit the accessibility of the poor and the nonwhite to pharmacy services. To test the general nature of this evidence, we used multiple regression techniques to assess the simultaneous influence of several ecological and socioeconomic variables on the location of pharmacies in Pittsburgh and Omaha. After controlling for the influence of physicians, hospitals, commercial activity, population, and other variables thought to affect pharmacy location, we were unable to detect any evidence of a direct association between pharmacy location and the socioeconomic or demographic (other than total population) characteristics of areas in either city.", "contents": "The spatial distribution of urban pharmacies. Pharmacists are thought to play a central role in providing information and advice on health to lower income and other socially disadvantaged groups. However, recent evidence suggests that social biases exist in the spatial distribution of urban pharmacies. Such biases would severely limit the accessibility of the poor and the nonwhite to pharmacy services. To test the general nature of this evidence, we used multiple regression techniques to assess the simultaneous influence of several ecological and socioeconomic variables on the location of pharmacies in Pittsburgh and Omaha. After controlling for the influence of physicians, hospitals, commercial activity, population, and other variables thought to affect pharmacy location, we were unable to detect any evidence of a direct association between pharmacy location and the socioeconomic or demographic (other than total population) characteristics of areas in either city.", "PMID": 1110593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2740", "title": "Health and economic development: the example of China and Cuba.", "content": "The unprecedented accomplishments reported from China and Cuba in providing health care to their populations question the assumption that economic development along the model of Western nations is a sine qua non for developing effective health care systems among nonaffluent developing nations. Equal distribution of resources, emphasis on preventive public health measures, and attention to improving overall quality of life have been concepts employed to great advantage by both countries. When it is realized that improved standards of living have far overshadowed modern medical technology in upgrading the health of populations, the policies employed in China and Cuba become especially relevant to other nations, both developed and developing.", "contents": "Health and economic development: the example of China and Cuba. The unprecedented accomplishments reported from China and Cuba in providing health care to their populations question the assumption that economic development along the model of Western nations is a sine qua non for developing effective health care systems among nonaffluent developing nations. Equal distribution of resources, emphasis on preventive public health measures, and attention to improving overall quality of life have been concepts employed to great advantage by both countries. When it is realized that improved standards of living have far overshadowed modern medical technology in upgrading the health of populations, the policies employed in China and Cuba become especially relevant to other nations, both developed and developing.", "PMID": 1110594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2741", "title": "Survival, and a modicum of indulgence in the sick role.", "content": "Serendipitously occasioned, interim findings from an exploratory study \"which-as Whitehead once said of William James's pragmatism-'chiefly starts a log of hares for people to chase.'\"3 The data, collected in a 1965 community survey of health, show that no indulgence in the sick role apparently entails greater mortality risk than does a modicum of such indulgence.", "contents": "Survival, and a modicum of indulgence in the sick role. Serendipitously occasioned, interim findings from an exploratory study \"which-as Whitehead once said of William James's pragmatism-'chiefly starts a log of hares for people to chase.'\"3 The data, collected in a 1965 community survey of health, show that no indulgence in the sick role apparently entails greater mortality risk than does a modicum of such indulgence.", "PMID": 1110595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2742", "title": "Metabolic effects of propranolol in thyrotoxicosis. I. Nitrogen, calcium, and hydroxyproline.", "content": "The effect of propranolol on the hypermetabolism of thyrotoxicosis was investigated in eight subjects with diffuse toxic goiter. After equilibration on a constant nitrogen, calcium, and hydroxproline intake, nitrogen balance was determined before and during propranolol therapy prior to subtotal thyroidectomy and compared to similar data obtained in seven of the patients following surgically induced euthyroidism. Propranolol administration was associated with clinical amelioration and a rapid, statistically significant, improvement in nitrogen retention. A slight additional improvement in retention was noted in the postoperative euthyroid state. Oxygen consumption, measured serially in four patients, was not significantly changed by propranolol. Urinary loss of calcium, phosphorus, and hydroxyproline was unaffected by propranolol, but excretion of these substances was sharply reduced in the subjects restudied postoperatively. These data offer a evidence of a previously unreported nitrogen sparing effect of oral propranolol during its short-term administration in thyrotoxic man.", "contents": "Metabolic effects of propranolol in thyrotoxicosis. I. Nitrogen, calcium, and hydroxyproline. The effect of propranolol on the hypermetabolism of thyrotoxicosis was investigated in eight subjects with diffuse toxic goiter. After equilibration on a constant nitrogen, calcium, and hydroxproline intake, nitrogen balance was determined before and during propranolol therapy prior to subtotal thyroidectomy and compared to similar data obtained in seven of the patients following surgically induced euthyroidism. Propranolol administration was associated with clinical amelioration and a rapid, statistically significant, improvement in nitrogen retention. A slight additional improvement in retention was noted in the postoperative euthyroid state. Oxygen consumption, measured serially in four patients, was not significantly changed by propranolol. Urinary loss of calcium, phosphorus, and hydroxyproline was unaffected by propranolol, but excretion of these substances was sharply reduced in the subjects restudied postoperatively. These data offer a evidence of a previously unreported nitrogen sparing effect of oral propranolol during its short-term administration in thyrotoxic man.", "PMID": 1110624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2743", "title": "Effect of lipids on glucagon secretion in man.", "content": "Animal experiments have suggested a FFA control mechanism for glucagon secretion. In man, the potent effect of FFA on HGH secretion and the similarity of the secretory control mechanisms for HGH and IRG also support a role of FFA in IRG secretion. Our studies in man in which plasma FFA were elevated by either an oral lipid emulsion (Lipomul) or an intravenous lipid suspension (Intralipid)suggest only a minor role of lipids in control of IRG secretion. Plasma FFA and triglyceride elevations did not suppress arginine- or hypoglycemia-induced plasma IRG elevations, but an inhibitory effect of Intralipid on basal plasma IRG concentrations was observed. Although nicotinic acid administration, which caused a depression in plasma FFA, did elevate plasma IRG, the IRG elevation was considered more likely a consequence of stress induced by the drug. The failure of lipids to inhibit IRG secretion at FFA concentrations inhibiting HGH secretion indicates a dissociation in the secretory control mechanisms of the two hormones.", "contents": "Effect of lipids on glucagon secretion in man. Animal experiments have suggested a FFA control mechanism for glucagon secretion. In man, the potent effect of FFA on HGH secretion and the similarity of the secretory control mechanisms for HGH and IRG also support a role of FFA in IRG secretion. Our studies in man in which plasma FFA were elevated by either an oral lipid emulsion (Lipomul) or an intravenous lipid suspension (Intralipid)suggest only a minor role of lipids in control of IRG secretion. Plasma FFA and triglyceride elevations did not suppress arginine- or hypoglycemia-induced plasma IRG elevations, but an inhibitory effect of Intralipid on basal plasma IRG concentrations was observed. Although nicotinic acid administration, which caused a depression in plasma FFA, did elevate plasma IRG, the IRG elevation was considered more likely a consequence of stress induced by the drug. The failure of lipids to inhibit IRG secretion at FFA concentrations inhibiting HGH secretion indicates a dissociation in the secretory control mechanisms of the two hormones.", "PMID": 1110625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2744", "title": "Effect of intravenously administered glucose on glucagon and insulin secretion during fat absorption.", "content": "The intravenous infusion of glucose was found to alter profoundly the response of insulin and glucagon to an intraduodenally administered fat meal in conscious dogs from that of dogs given only intravenous saline as a control. In the latter, insulin rose only 4 muu/ml and glucagon rose from 142 SEM plus or minus 8 to a peak of 221 pg/ml SEM plus or minus 50. When glucose was infused, raising plasma glucose above 173 mg/100 ml, the administration of fat was associated with a rise in mean insulin to 344 muu/ml, and glucagon remained suppressed by hyperglycemia to below baseline level, despite the fat meal. The peak insulin response to a fat meal plus glucose infusion was more than three times the peak level observed when glucose was infused alone without a meal or with a nonabsorbable intraduodenal volume load in the form of mineral oil. This suggests that the absorption of fat elicits an entero-insular signal that is greatly potentiated by exogenous glucose. These glucose-induced changes in the hormonal response to a fat meal may mediate certain of the metabolic effects of carbohydrates.", "contents": "Effect of intravenously administered glucose on glucagon and insulin secretion during fat absorption. The intravenous infusion of glucose was found to alter profoundly the response of insulin and glucagon to an intraduodenally administered fat meal in conscious dogs from that of dogs given only intravenous saline as a control. In the latter, insulin rose only 4 muu/ml and glucagon rose from 142 SEM plus or minus 8 to a peak of 221 pg/ml SEM plus or minus 50. When glucose was infused, raising plasma glucose above 173 mg/100 ml, the administration of fat was associated with a rise in mean insulin to 344 muu/ml, and glucagon remained suppressed by hyperglycemia to below baseline level, despite the fat meal. The peak insulin response to a fat meal plus glucose infusion was more than three times the peak level observed when glucose was infused alone without a meal or with a nonabsorbable intraduodenal volume load in the form of mineral oil. This suggests that the absorption of fat elicits an entero-insular signal that is greatly potentiated by exogenous glucose. These glucose-induced changes in the hormonal response to a fat meal may mediate certain of the metabolic effects of carbohydrates.", "PMID": 1110626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2745", "title": "Inhibition of sucrase by tris in rat and man, demonstrated by oral loading tests with sucrose.", "content": "In the course of work concerned with the inhibition of small intestinal carbohydrate digesting enzymes, experiments were performed on rats and two healthy volunteers using tris as a sucrase inhibitor. The following results were obtained: (1) Tris does not lower the blood glucose in fasting rats after oral or subcutaneous doses up to 500 mg/kg, when administered as neutral solution (pH 7.0). (2) Tris reduces reduces the glycemia in rats and human subjects after a sucrose load. In addition, the insulinemia caused by administration of sucrose is reduced in man. This smoothing effect on both curves is dose-dependent. A delay of gastric emptying by tris could be excluded. (3) After a glucose or matose load in rats, tris has no effect on the blood sugar curve. (4) The marked smoothing effect of tris is after sucrose loading is probably caused by its well-known in vitro inhibitory effect on intestinal sucrase activity of pigs and humans.", "contents": "Inhibition of sucrase by tris in rat and man, demonstrated by oral loading tests with sucrose. In the course of work concerned with the inhibition of small intestinal carbohydrate digesting enzymes, experiments were performed on rats and two healthy volunteers using tris as a sucrase inhibitor. The following results were obtained: (1) Tris does not lower the blood glucose in fasting rats after oral or subcutaneous doses up to 500 mg/kg, when administered as neutral solution (pH 7.0). (2) Tris reduces reduces the glycemia in rats and human subjects after a sucrose load. In addition, the insulinemia caused by administration of sucrose is reduced in man. This smoothing effect on both curves is dose-dependent. A delay of gastric emptying by tris could be excluded. (3) After a glucose or matose load in rats, tris has no effect on the blood sugar curve. (4) The marked smoothing effect of tris is after sucrose loading is probably caused by its well-known in vitro inhibitory effect on intestinal sucrase activity of pigs and humans.", "PMID": 1110627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2746", "title": "Exertional dyspnea and cough as preludes to acute attacks of bronchial asthma.", "content": "Although wheezing is believed to be a cardinal manifestation of asthma, some patients with this disorder may not present with wheezing, but rather with either exertional dyspnea or cough. In 14 such patients with dyspnea, there was peripheral airway dysfunction with markedly elevated residual volumes, frequency dependence of dynamic compliance and depressed flow rates in the middle-vital-capacity range, whereas specific conductance and one-second forced expiratory volumes were normal. Circumstantial evidence suggests that mucosal edema or mucous secretions may have been responsible. In seven patients with cough, studies revealed a more severe obstructive pattern that appeared to be the result of increased large-airway resistance, and the patients' response to isoproterenol indicated that contraction of bronchial smooth muscle may have been principally responsible. Thus, intermittent episodes of cough or breathlessness may represent variant aspects of asthmatic attacks.", "contents": "Exertional dyspnea and cough as preludes to acute attacks of bronchial asthma. Although wheezing is believed to be a cardinal manifestation of asthma, some patients with this disorder may not present with wheezing, but rather with either exertional dyspnea or cough. In 14 such patients with dyspnea, there was peripheral airway dysfunction with markedly elevated residual volumes, frequency dependence of dynamic compliance and depressed flow rates in the middle-vital-capacity range, whereas specific conductance and one-second forced expiratory volumes were normal. Circumstantial evidence suggests that mucosal edema or mucous secretions may have been responsible. In seven patients with cough, studies revealed a more severe obstructive pattern that appeared to be the result of increased large-airway resistance, and the patients' response to isoproterenol indicated that contraction of bronchial smooth muscle may have been principally responsible. Thus, intermittent episodes of cough or breathlessness may represent variant aspects of asthmatic attacks.", "PMID": 1110670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2747", "title": "Comparison of ventricular ectopic activity during 24-hour monitoring and exercise testing in patients with coronary heart disease.", "content": "The exposure of ventricular ectopic activity (VEA) by maximal exercise testing and 24-hour ambulatory monitoring was compared in 100 unselected patients with coronary heart disease. The arrhythmia was noted with exercise in 56 patients and with monitoring in 88. Repetitive forms such as couplets and ventricular tachycardia were found to be twice as frequent (40 vs. 20) with monitoring than with exercise. Patients with prior myocardial infarction had more frequent ventricular ectopic activity of a more advanced grade with both exercise and monitoring than patients with angina pectoris. Exercise exposed the grades of ectopic activity that recurred during two or more hours of the monitoring session. Of seven patients with ventricular tachycardia on exercise only four exhibited this grade with monitoring. It may be that these two methods divulge different information regarding the electrophysiologic state of the myocardium.", "contents": "Comparison of ventricular ectopic activity during 24-hour monitoring and exercise testing in patients with coronary heart disease. The exposure of ventricular ectopic activity (VEA) by maximal exercise testing and 24-hour ambulatory monitoring was compared in 100 unselected patients with coronary heart disease. The arrhythmia was noted with exercise in 56 patients and with monitoring in 88. Repetitive forms such as couplets and ventricular tachycardia were found to be twice as frequent (40 vs. 20) with monitoring than with exercise. Patients with prior myocardial infarction had more frequent ventricular ectopic activity of a more advanced grade with both exercise and monitoring than patients with angina pectoris. Exercise exposed the grades of ectopic activity that recurred during two or more hours of the monitoring session. Of seven patients with ventricular tachycardia on exercise only four exhibited this grade with monitoring. It may be that these two methods divulge different information regarding the electrophysiologic state of the myocardium.", "PMID": 1110691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2748", "title": "The training of manpower needed for biomedical research.", "content": "Increased federal interest in the health of the American people implies federal support not only of biomedical research but also of training the personnel competent to carry out that research. Mechanisms to implement support biomedical research training include institutional training grants, individual fellowships, training grants, training as part of research grants and contracts, and self-support with assistance by federal loans when necessary. Of these, the institutional grants provide the best mechanism since they are most likely to produce stable, high-quality scholarly programs that are continuously under peer review, and since they allow central direction of the mix of disciplines based on monitoring of current and projected requirements.", "contents": "The training of manpower needed for biomedical research. Increased federal interest in the health of the American people implies federal support not only of biomedical research but also of training the personnel competent to carry out that research. Mechanisms to implement support biomedical research training include institutional training grants, individual fellowships, training grants, training as part of research grants and contracts, and self-support with assistance by federal loans when necessary. Of these, the institutional grants provide the best mechanism since they are most likely to produce stable, high-quality scholarly programs that are continuously under peer review, and since they allow central direction of the mix of disciplines based on monitoring of current and projected requirements.", "PMID": 1110707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2749", "title": "Identification and measurement of plasticizer in neonatal tissues after umbilical catheters and blood products.", "content": "Because of concern about tissue uptake of pasticizers used in medical equipment, di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate was measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in neonatal heart and gastro-intestinal tissue. Seventeen infants who had umbilical catheterization alone or with administration of blood products, and 13 stillborn or older controls were studied. The mean levels of the plasticizer for heart residue and pressed extract in the study group --1.27 plus or minus 0.42 and 0.66 plus or minus 0.22 mug per gram respectively--were significantly (pgreater than 0.005) higher than the corresponding control levels (less than 0.07 plus or minus 0.03 and less than 0.07 plus or minus 0.04 mug per gram). Higher levels were associated with larger amounts of blood products, more extensive use of catheters, and early death. Levels in gastrointestinal tissue from three infants who had died of necrotizing enterocolitis were significantly (less than 0.05) higher than those in gastrointestinal tissue from infants without this disease. Thus, plasticizer from medical use of plastics does accumlate in tissues of critically ill infants.", "contents": "Identification and measurement of plasticizer in neonatal tissues after umbilical catheters and blood products. Because of concern about tissue uptake of pasticizers used in medical equipment, di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate was measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in neonatal heart and gastro-intestinal tissue. Seventeen infants who had umbilical catheterization alone or with administration of blood products, and 13 stillborn or older controls were studied. The mean levels of the plasticizer for heart residue and pressed extract in the study group --1.27 plus or minus 0.42 and 0.66 plus or minus 0.22 mug per gram respectively--were significantly (pgreater than 0.005) higher than the corresponding control levels (less than 0.07 plus or minus 0.03 and less than 0.07 plus or minus 0.04 mug per gram). Higher levels were associated with larger amounts of blood products, more extensive use of catheters, and early death. Levels in gastrointestinal tissue from three infants who had died of necrotizing enterocolitis were significantly (less than 0.05) higher than those in gastrointestinal tissue from infants without this disease. Thus, plasticizer from medical use of plastics does accumlate in tissues of critically ill infants.", "PMID": 1110722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2750", "title": "High blood acetaldehyde levels after ethanol administration. Difference between alcoholic and nonalcoholic subjects.", "content": "Blood actaldehyde and ethanol levels were measured in 11 subjects, six with chronic alcholoism and five nonalcholic controls, after alcohol had been given intravenously. Despite a progressive fall in blood ethanol over a range of 54 to 33 mM/acetaldehyde did not decrease in any of the 11 subjects. The mean acetaldehyde plateau level was significantly (p less than 0.001) higher in alcoholic (42.7 plus or minus 1.2 mum) than in nonalcoholic (26.5 plus or minus 1.5 mum) subjects. When the mean blood ethanol concentration reached 24 mM,the acetaldehyde plateau ended abruptly in each subject. The ethanol concentration at which this fall of blood acetaldehyde occurred suggests desaturation of an ethanol oxidizing system other than alcohol dehydrogenase and indicates that at high ethanol blood levels, such a system contributes to ethanol oxidation. The highet acetaldehyde levels in alcholism may result from both greater activity of this system and mitochondrial damage, and could contribut to the neurologic, hepatic and cardiac complications of alcoholism.", "contents": "High blood acetaldehyde levels after ethanol administration. Difference between alcoholic and nonalcoholic subjects. Blood actaldehyde and ethanol levels were measured in 11 subjects, six with chronic alcholoism and five nonalcholic controls, after alcohol had been given intravenously. Despite a progressive fall in blood ethanol over a range of 54 to 33 mM/acetaldehyde did not decrease in any of the 11 subjects. The mean acetaldehyde plateau level was significantly (p less than 0.001) higher in alcoholic (42.7 plus or minus 1.2 mum) than in nonalcoholic (26.5 plus or minus 1.5 mum) subjects. When the mean blood ethanol concentration reached 24 mM,the acetaldehyde plateau ended abruptly in each subject. The ethanol concentration at which this fall of blood acetaldehyde occurred suggests desaturation of an ethanol oxidizing system other than alcohol dehydrogenase and indicates that at high ethanol blood levels, such a system contributes to ethanol oxidation. The highet acetaldehyde levels in alcholism may result from both greater activity of this system and mitochondrial damage, and could contribut to the neurologic, hepatic and cardiac complications of alcoholism.", "PMID": 1110723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2751", "title": "Treatment of the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone with lithium carbonate.", "content": "Lithium, an established inhibitor of antidiuretic hormone action, was used (as the carbonate salt) to treat a patient with the syndrome of inappropriate secreation of antidiuretic hormone. The patient was studied by balance technics, and after  a stablized hyponatremic state developed, 0.9 g of lithium carbonate was administered daily. A prompt water diuresis ensued, with correctionof hyponatremia in two days. Discontinuation of the drug resulted in a gradual return of the hyponatremic state. No change in urinary cyclic AMP occurred during the period of lithium effect. Lithium carbonate may be an effective treatment for both the acute and the chronic forms of the syndrome.", "contents": "Treatment of the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone with lithium carbonate. Lithium, an established inhibitor of antidiuretic hormone action, was used (as the carbonate salt) to treat a patient with the syndrome of inappropriate secreation of antidiuretic hormone. The patient was studied by balance technics, and after  a stablized hyponatremic state developed, 0.9 g of lithium carbonate was administered daily. A prompt water diuresis ensued, with correctionof hyponatremia in two days. Discontinuation of the drug resulted in a gradual return of the hyponatremic state. No change in urinary cyclic AMP occurred during the period of lithium effect. Lithium carbonate may be an effective treatment for both the acute and the chronic forms of the syndrome.", "PMID": 1110724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2752", "title": "Serum lysozyme in Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.", "content": "Serum lysozyme (muramidase) concentrations were determined in patients with different types of inflammatory bowel disease and in normal subjects. The mean (plus or minus S.E.M.) lysozyme concentration for each group was as follows: controls, 8.8 plus or minus 0.3, ulcerative colitis, 9.3 plus or minus 0.6, Crohn's disease, 26.3 plus or minus 1.4. a and bacterial and nonbacterial enteritis, 8.9 plus or minus 0.7 mug per milliliter. Thus, mean enzyme levels were significantly greater in Crohn's disease than in ulcerative colitis (p  smaller than 0.001), bacterial and nonbacterial enteritis (p smaller than 0.001) and healthy volunteers (p smaller than 0.001). The elevation of serum lysozyme in Crohn's disease may be related to tissue macrophages because no correlation was found between either the serum lysozyme concentration and the white-cell counts or the absolute numbers of circulating granulocytes or monocytes. Our findings suggest that serum lysozyme may be useful in the differential diagnosis of Crohn's disease from other types of bowel inflammation.", "contents": "Serum lysozyme in Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Serum lysozyme (muramidase) concentrations were determined in patients with different types of inflammatory bowel disease and in normal subjects. The mean (plus or minus S.E.M.) lysozyme concentration for each group was as follows: controls, 8.8 plus or minus 0.3, ulcerative colitis, 9.3 plus or minus 0.6, Crohn's disease, 26.3 plus or minus 1.4. a and bacterial and nonbacterial enteritis, 8.9 plus or minus 0.7 mug per milliliter. Thus, mean enzyme levels were significantly greater in Crohn's disease than in ulcerative colitis (p  smaller than 0.001), bacterial and nonbacterial enteritis (p smaller than 0.001) and healthy volunteers (p smaller than 0.001). The elevation of serum lysozyme in Crohn's disease may be related to tissue macrophages because no correlation was found between either the serum lysozyme concentration and the white-cell counts or the absolute numbers of circulating granulocytes or monocytes. Our findings suggest that serum lysozyme may be useful in the differential diagnosis of Crohn's disease from other types of bowel inflammation.", "PMID": 1110725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2753", "title": "Women in health care.", "content": "The occupational, class, and sex structure of the United States Health Labor Force is similar to the competitive sector of the economy (i.e., it is predominantly female, poorly paid and poorly unionized). Upper-middle-class men compose the great majority of medical professionals, whereas lower-middle and working-class women form the greatest proportion of all middle-level, clerical and service workers. This division of labor is due to the role of women both in the family and as a reserve of labor for the economy. There is a virtual absence of the majority of producers--lower-middle-class and working-class women-- in the decision-making bodies of the health institutions. The political strategy for change is to introduce institutional democracy in the health sector, with control on the institutions by those who work in them--and those who are served by them.", "contents": "Women in health care. The occupational, class, and sex structure of the United States Health Labor Force is similar to the competitive sector of the economy (i.e., it is predominantly female, poorly paid and poorly unionized). Upper-middle-class men compose the great majority of medical professionals, whereas lower-middle and working-class women form the greatest proportion of all middle-level, clerical and service workers. This division of labor is due to the role of women both in the family and as a reserve of labor for the economy. There is a virtual absence of the majority of producers--lower-middle-class and working-class women-- in the decision-making bodies of the health institutions. The political strategy for change is to introduce institutional democracy in the health sector, with control on the institutions by those who work in them--and those who are served by them.", "PMID": 1110726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2754", "title": "Extension of cervical carcinoma to lumbar spine.", "content": "Carcinoma of the cervix is a lesion in which involvement of the spinal column is not generally considered. Two recent cases attest to the fact that this lesion may compress the lumbar vertebrae and cause paralysis, due to aorta iliac node metastases. Laminectomy with decompression, followed by radiation therapy, only temporarily alters the course of the lesion. With present technics the portals of irradiation are inadequate to prevent this lesion.", "contents": "Extension of cervical carcinoma to lumbar spine. Carcinoma of the cervix is a lesion in which involvement of the spinal column is not generally considered. Two recent cases attest to the fact that this lesion may compress the lumbar vertebrae and cause paralysis, due to aorta iliac node metastases. Laminectomy with decompression, followed by radiation therapy, only temporarily alters the course of the lesion. With present technics the portals of irradiation are inadequate to prevent this lesion.", "PMID": 1110808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2755", "title": "Use of prostaglandin E2 vaginal suppositories in intrauterine fetal death and missed abortion.", "content": "Twenty patients with either missed abortions or intrauterine fetal death were induced with prostaglandin (PGE2) vaginal suppositories. The uterus is surprisingly responsive to PGE2 in cases of intrauterine death, yielding a short treatment-delivery interval. Blood coagulopathies which can develop after intrauterine death can be avoided through early diagnosis and treatment. Eighteen patients completely delivered and there were no serious complications. The remaining 2 patients required curettage. Side effects were mild in nature, consisting of occasional gastrointestinal symptoms. This method is now a standard procedure in cases of intrauterine fetal death and missed abortion at Yale-New Haven Medical Center.", "contents": "Use of prostaglandin E2 vaginal suppositories in intrauterine fetal death and missed abortion. Twenty patients with either missed abortions or intrauterine fetal death were induced with prostaglandin (PGE2) vaginal suppositories. The uterus is surprisingly responsive to PGE2 in cases of intrauterine death, yielding a short treatment-delivery interval. Blood coagulopathies which can develop after intrauterine death can be avoided through early diagnosis and treatment. Eighteen patients completely delivered and there were no serious complications. The remaining 2 patients required curettage. Side effects were mild in nature, consisting of occasional gastrointestinal symptoms. This method is now a standard procedure in cases of intrauterine fetal death and missed abortion at Yale-New Haven Medical Center.", "PMID": 1110809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2756", "title": "Oxytocin challenge test in monitoring high-risk pregnancies.", "content": "Eighty-nine pregnancies, at risk for placental insufficiency, were monitored with serial oxytocin challenge tests (OCT) and estriol determinations on 24-hour urine collections. Intraamniotic catheters were used to accurately record intrauterine pressure in 63% of the tests; 114 of the 116 tests (98%) were adequate for interpretation. Thirteen positive tests were recorded; however, in only 2 cases did the positive OCT predict a dysmature-postmature infant when estriol determinations were normal. Prompt delivery following a positive OCT can significantly reduce the incidence of fetal wastage.", "contents": "Oxytocin challenge test in monitoring high-risk pregnancies. Eighty-nine pregnancies, at risk for placental insufficiency, were monitored with serial oxytocin challenge tests (OCT) and estriol determinations on 24-hour urine collections. Intraamniotic catheters were used to accurately record intrauterine pressure in 63% of the tests; 114 of the 116 tests (98%) were adequate for interpretation. Thirteen positive tests were recorded; however, in only 2 cases did the positive OCT predict a dysmature-postmature infant when estriol determinations were normal. Prompt delivery following a positive OCT can significantly reduce the incidence of fetal wastage.", "PMID": 1110815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2757", "title": "Obstetric aspects of the Guillan-Barr\u00e9 syndrome.", "content": "Two additional cases of Guillain-Barre syndrome complicating pregnancy are reported and the 25 previously published cases reviewed. While fetal prognosis is generally favorable, the occurrence of the disease in late pregnancy is a high-rish maternal condition. Respiratory failure and aspiration pneumonitis may result in premature labor and maternal mortality.", "contents": "Obstetric aspects of the Guillan-Barr\u00e9 syndrome. Two additional cases of Guillain-Barre syndrome complicating pregnancy are reported and the 25 previously published cases reviewed. While fetal prognosis is generally favorable, the occurrence of the disease in late pregnancy is a high-rish maternal condition. Respiratory failure and aspiration pneumonitis may result in premature labor and maternal mortality.", "PMID": 1110816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2758", "title": "Introduction of labor after intrauterine fetal death: A comparison between prostaglandin E2 and oxytocin.", "content": "Medical induction of labor was attempted in 30 women after intrauterine death of the fetus. Labor was induced in 15 patients with oxytocin and in an additional 15 patients with prostaglandin E2. The results suggest that prostaglandin has some advantage over oxytocin in these circumstances, and that prostaglandins may be especially useful in this difficult clinical situation.", "contents": "Introduction of labor after intrauterine fetal death: A comparison between prostaglandin E2 and oxytocin. Medical induction of labor was attempted in 30 women after intrauterine death of the fetus. Labor was induced in 15 patients with oxytocin and in an additional 15 patients with prostaglandin E2. The results suggest that prostaglandin has some advantage over oxytocin in these circumstances, and that prostaglandins may be especially useful in this difficult clinical situation.", "PMID": 1110817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2759", "title": "Suction curettage: therapeutic effectiveness in dysfunctional uterine bleeding.", "content": "A group of 60 patients between the ages of 30 and 45 were randomly selected to have either a suction curettage or dilatation and curettage. The criteria used for patient selection was that they had dysfunctional uterine bleeding, a normal gynecologic examination, and were receiving no hormonal therapy. These patients were followed up for at least 3 months. Although the number of patients is relatively small, the results showed that, therapeutically, suction curettage was equal to dilatation and curettage in alleviating dysfunctional uterine bleeding.", "contents": "Suction curettage: therapeutic effectiveness in dysfunctional uterine bleeding. A group of 60 patients between the ages of 30 and 45 were randomly selected to have either a suction curettage or dilatation and curettage. The criteria used for patient selection was that they had dysfunctional uterine bleeding, a normal gynecologic examination, and were receiving no hormonal therapy. These patients were followed up for at least 3 months. Although the number of patients is relatively small, the results showed that, therapeutically, suction curettage was equal to dilatation and curettage in alleviating dysfunctional uterine bleeding.", "PMID": 1110818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2760", "title": "Effect of PGF2alpha in pseudopregnancy.", "content": "Eleven normal female volunteers received human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) intramuscularly to induce a pseudopregnant state. Twenty-five milligrams of prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) was administered intravenously at selected times during the luteal phase to demonstrate a luteolytic effect, or a local effect upon the endometrium producing early vaginal bleeding. Careful comparison of hormone levels and clinical details in these cycles showed that a) 1000 IU HCG daily does not consistently prolong the luteal phase; b) 2500 IU HCG daily does significantly prolong the luteal phase; c) HCG administration significantly increases progesterone and estradiol output in the treated luteal phase; d) prostaglandin administration at selected times during the luteal phase does not consistently decrease estradiol or progesterone output from the corpus luteum or induce early vaginal bleeding; e) prostaglandin F2alpha, a known stimulant of uterine contractility probably causes vaginal bleeding by mechanical means, as evidenced by show of menses in patients with progesterone levels elevated above normal; f) although variations in progesterone and estradiol output occurred during the hours of prostaglandin infusion, no consistent change was observed except for a compensatory rebound in progesterone output; g) prostaglandin F2alpha, in the dose utilized, is not a luteolytic agent.", "contents": "Effect of PGF2alpha in pseudopregnancy. Eleven normal female volunteers received human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) intramuscularly to induce a pseudopregnant state. Twenty-five milligrams of prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) was administered intravenously at selected times during the luteal phase to demonstrate a luteolytic effect, or a local effect upon the endometrium producing early vaginal bleeding. Careful comparison of hormone levels and clinical details in these cycles showed that a) 1000 IU HCG daily does not consistently prolong the luteal phase; b) 2500 IU HCG daily does significantly prolong the luteal phase; c) HCG administration significantly increases progesterone and estradiol output in the treated luteal phase; d) prostaglandin administration at selected times during the luteal phase does not consistently decrease estradiol or progesterone output from the corpus luteum or induce early vaginal bleeding; e) prostaglandin F2alpha, a known stimulant of uterine contractility probably causes vaginal bleeding by mechanical means, as evidenced by show of menses in patients with progesterone levels elevated above normal; f) although variations in progesterone and estradiol output occurred during the hours of prostaglandin infusion, no consistent change was observed except for a compensatory rebound in progesterone output; g) prostaglandin F2alpha, in the dose utilized, is not a luteolytic agent.", "PMID": 1110819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2761", "title": "A new method of promoting fertility.", "content": "It has been demonstrated that in selected cases of subfertility in men, the first portion of the split ejaculate is superior to the specimen considered as a whole with regard to sperm density, sperm motility, and sperm morphology and also in those cases where there is increased seminal viscosity in the whole ejaculate. The use of a new coital technic, in which the husband practices coital withdrawal after the deposition of the better first portion of the ejaculate during the fertile time of the wife's cycle, has resulted in rapidly achieving pregnancy in many instances where the marriages had been barren for years. A documentation of 33 instances of pregnancy ascribed to this coital technic in the past 4 years, with detailed analyses of whole and split ejaculate semen, is presented.", "contents": "A new method of promoting fertility. It has been demonstrated that in selected cases of subfertility in men, the first portion of the split ejaculate is superior to the specimen considered as a whole with regard to sperm density, sperm motility, and sperm morphology and also in those cases where there is increased seminal viscosity in the whole ejaculate. The use of a new coital technic, in which the husband practices coital withdrawal after the deposition of the better first portion of the ejaculate during the fertile time of the wife's cycle, has resulted in rapidly achieving pregnancy in many instances where the marriages had been barren for years. A documentation of 33 instances of pregnancy ascribed to this coital technic in the past 4 years, with detailed analyses of whole and split ejaculate semen, is presented.", "PMID": 1110820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2762", "title": "Effect of intrauterine device on histology of endometrium.", "content": "Endometrial biopsies were performed in asymptomatic IUD wearers on specific days of the menstrual cycle, and the histologic features were compared to those expected for the day of the cycle. Normal women who had endometrial biopsies performed as part of a sterility workup were used as controls. Endometrial asynchronism (defined as histologic delay or advance of 3 days or more) was observed in 33.5% of 113 biopsies performed on 79 women with IUD'S; 30% showed a delay in endometrial development during the secretory phase. Our findings give further support to those who claim that contraception with the IUD is not achieved through one single process but that a number of mechanisms are possible. Endometrial asynchronism may constitute one of such modes of action.", "contents": "Effect of intrauterine device on histology of endometrium. Endometrial biopsies were performed in asymptomatic IUD wearers on specific days of the menstrual cycle, and the histologic features were compared to those expected for the day of the cycle. Normal women who had endometrial biopsies performed as part of a sterility workup were used as controls. Endometrial asynchronism (defined as histologic delay or advance of 3 days or more) was observed in 33.5% of 113 biopsies performed on 79 women with IUD'S; 30% showed a delay in endometrial development during the secretory phase. Our findings give further support to those who claim that contraception with the IUD is not achieved through one single process but that a number of mechanisms are possible. Endometrial asynchronism may constitute one of such modes of action.", "PMID": 1110821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2763", "title": "Actinomycosis infections associated with intrauterine contraceptive devices.", "content": "A series of 10 instances of genital actinomycosis infection complicating the use of intrauterine contraceptive devices is recorded and its pathogenesis described. The likelihood is suggested that this complication is more frequent than is generally appreciated. A pathway of infection extending upward from the patient's anus, across the perineum, and up the vagina and cervix is suggested as the route of infection. The traumatizing effect of the device and a previously existing or intercurrent infection as additional contributing factors to the development of actinomycotic infection in the female genitalia is also postulated.", "contents": "Actinomycosis infections associated with intrauterine contraceptive devices. A series of 10 instances of genital actinomycosis infection complicating the use of intrauterine contraceptive devices is recorded and its pathogenesis described. The likelihood is suggested that this complication is more frequent than is generally appreciated. A pathway of infection extending upward from the patient's anus, across the perineum, and up the vagina and cervix is suggested as the route of infection. The traumatizing effect of the device and a previously existing or intercurrent infection as additional contributing factors to the development of actinomycotic infection in the female genitalia is also postulated.", "PMID": 1110822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2764", "title": "The value of radiation therapy in uterine sarcoma.", "content": "Fifty-eight cases of leiomyosarcoma of the uterus and 47 endometrial sarcomas of the uterus are reviewed based on the pertinent information related to recurrence patterns. The following conclusions are made: 1) Cases of endometrial sarcoma should receive preoperative pelvic irradiation, or postoperative pelvic irradiation if a diagnosis is not made until the postoperative period. This plan will probably be of most benefit, if at all, in stage 1 disease. 2) A case for pelvic irradiation as an adjuvant to surgery in leiomyosarcoma cannot be made from a review of this material, either from a viewpoint of recurrence patterns or radio-responsiveness.", "contents": "The value of radiation therapy in uterine sarcoma. Fifty-eight cases of leiomyosarcoma of the uterus and 47 endometrial sarcomas of the uterus are reviewed based on the pertinent information related to recurrence patterns. The following conclusions are made: 1) Cases of endometrial sarcoma should receive preoperative pelvic irradiation, or postoperative pelvic irradiation if a diagnosis is not made until the postoperative period. This plan will probably be of most benefit, if at all, in stage 1 disease. 2) A case for pelvic irradiation as an adjuvant to surgery in leiomyosarcoma cannot be made from a review of this material, either from a viewpoint of recurrence patterns or radio-responsiveness.", "PMID": 1110823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2765", "title": "Complications of dermoid tumors of the ovary.", "content": "There were 253 dermoid tumors of the ovary studied. Torsion of the pedicle with hemorrhagic infarction proved to be the most frequent complication; malignant change was the most lethal. Nine patients with malignant dermoid tumors, most of them with locally advanced disease, were treated with conservative surgery, radiation, and/or chemotherapy. The longest known survivor lived 3 years; most patients died within a year. It was concluded that a more aggressive surgical approach might salvage some patients with locally advanced malignant disease.", "contents": "Complications of dermoid tumors of the ovary. There were 253 dermoid tumors of the ovary studied. Torsion of the pedicle with hemorrhagic infarction proved to be the most frequent complication; malignant change was the most lethal. Nine patients with malignant dermoid tumors, most of them with locally advanced disease, were treated with conservative surgery, radiation, and/or chemotherapy. The longest known survivor lived 3 years; most patients died within a year. It was concluded that a more aggressive surgical approach might salvage some patients with locally advanced malignant disease.", "PMID": 1110824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2766", "title": "Disappearance of serum progesterone: after normal delivery and removal of hydatidiform mole.", "content": "Serum progesterone was measured by competitive protein binding  assay at regular intervals up to 24 hours after delivery in 4 normal pregnancies. In 6 cases of hydatidiform mole, serum progesterone was assayed before and at regular intervals up to 48 hours after uterine evacuation or hysterectomy. Serum progesterone dropped rapidly by more than 50% during the first hour postpartum, and it was less than 25% of the predelivery levels 24 hours after parturition. In all 6 cases of molar pregnancies, serum progesterone fell rapidly within the first few hours after uterine evacuation. In the presence of theca lutein cysts (2 cases), serum progesterone fell much more slowly than in the absence of theca lutein cysts after removal of the mole tissue. Serum progesterone was less than 5mg/ml after total hysterectomy of uterine evacuation in moles without theca lutein cysts. These findings suggest that while the placenta is the principal source of elevated serum progesterone in normal pregnancy, the molar trophoblast is the principal source of elevated serum progesterone in hydatidiform mole, with the theca lutein cysts making a contribution when they are present.", "contents": "Disappearance of serum progesterone: after normal delivery and removal of hydatidiform mole. Serum progesterone was measured by competitive protein binding  assay at regular intervals up to 24 hours after delivery in 4 normal pregnancies. In 6 cases of hydatidiform mole, serum progesterone was assayed before and at regular intervals up to 48 hours after uterine evacuation or hysterectomy. Serum progesterone dropped rapidly by more than 50% during the first hour postpartum, and it was less than 25% of the predelivery levels 24 hours after parturition. In all 6 cases of molar pregnancies, serum progesterone fell rapidly within the first few hours after uterine evacuation. In the presence of theca lutein cysts (2 cases), serum progesterone fell much more slowly than in the absence of theca lutein cysts after removal of the mole tissue. Serum progesterone was less than 5mg/ml after total hysterectomy of uterine evacuation in moles without theca lutein cysts. These findings suggest that while the placenta is the principal source of elevated serum progesterone in normal pregnancy, the molar trophoblast is the principal source of elevated serum progesterone in hydatidiform mole, with the theca lutein cysts making a contribution when they are present.", "PMID": 1110825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2767", "title": "Enzymatic alterations in Reye's syndrome: prognostic implications.", "content": "Serial studies on serum enzyme and isoenzyme abnormalities in seven cases of Reye's syndrome were found to segregate patients into three categories of organ involvement. The patients with both extensive hepatic and previously unrecognized skeletal muscle involvement died despite therapeutic measures. The other two groups were characterized by enzyme and isoenzyme changes consistent with either predominantly muscular or hepatic involvement. The prognostic value of these abnormalities has been substantiated in subsequent cases of this syndrome. These findings suggest that those patients at greatest risk may be identified early, thus improving evaluation of the efficacy of specific therapeutic interventions in this disease.", "contents": "Enzymatic alterations in Reye's syndrome: prognostic implications. Serial studies on serum enzyme and isoenzyme abnormalities in seven cases of Reye's syndrome were found to segregate patients into three categories of organ involvement. The patients with both extensive hepatic and previously unrecognized skeletal muscle involvement died despite therapeutic measures. The other two groups were characterized by enzyme and isoenzyme changes consistent with either predominantly muscular or hepatic involvement. The prognostic value of these abnormalities has been substantiated in subsequent cases of this syndrome. These findings suggest that those patients at greatest risk may be identified early, thus improving evaluation of the efficacy of specific therapeutic interventions in this disease.", "PMID": 1110856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2768", "title": "Macroglossia, transient neonatal diabetes mellitus and intrauterine growth failure: a new distinct entity?", "content": "A newborn infant, small for her gestational age with macroglossia and transient insulinopenic diabetes mellitus is described. Two similar cases have been found in the literature. Flat glucose tolerance test results were found in the mother, the mechanism of which was not disclosed; there was no evidence of hyperinsulinism or malabsorption syndrome and the response of plasma growth hormone, and cortisol, and of urinary epinephrine to insulin-induced hypoglycemia was adequate. It is suggested that the triad of intrauterine growth retardation, macroglossia, and transient neonatal diabetes mellitus constitutes a distinct clinical entity. The link to the maternal abnormalities of carbohydrated homeostasis remains speculative.", "contents": "Macroglossia, transient neonatal diabetes mellitus and intrauterine growth failure: a new distinct entity? A newborn infant, small for her gestational age with macroglossia and transient insulinopenic diabetes mellitus is described. Two similar cases have been found in the literature. Flat glucose tolerance test results were found in the mother, the mechanism of which was not disclosed; there was no evidence of hyperinsulinism or malabsorption syndrome and the response of plasma growth hormone, and cortisol, and of urinary epinephrine to insulin-induced hypoglycemia was adequate. It is suggested that the triad of intrauterine growth retardation, macroglossia, and transient neonatal diabetes mellitus constitutes a distinct clinical entity. The link to the maternal abnormalities of carbohydrated homeostasis remains speculative.", "PMID": 1110857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2769", "title": "Newborn screening for Duchenne muscular dystrophy.", "content": "Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) occurs in about 1 of 3,000 to 4,000 boys. Laboratory evidence of the disease, notably elevated creatinephosphokinase (CPK), is present already in the newborn infant. Unspecific CPK elevation occurs in the newborn as well, yet disappears shortly thereafter, while in DMD patients the CPK remains high throughout infancy. A new method to reliably determine CPK in a drop of dried blood is described. The method fulfills the criteria given for a suitable screening method in the newborn infant. Although DMD is an incurable disease, early diagnosis has benefits. The latter include early beginning of supportive treatment and particularly recognition of heterozygous carriers of the mutant gene before other affected children are born in a stricken family. It is proposed to adopt the method as a new screening procedure for male newborn infants.", "contents": "Newborn screening for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) occurs in about 1 of 3,000 to 4,000 boys. Laboratory evidence of the disease, notably elevated creatinephosphokinase (CPK), is present already in the newborn infant. Unspecific CPK elevation occurs in the newborn as well, yet disappears shortly thereafter, while in DMD patients the CPK remains high throughout infancy. A new method to reliably determine CPK in a drop of dried blood is described. The method fulfills the criteria given for a suitable screening method in the newborn infant. Although DMD is an incurable disease, early diagnosis has benefits. The latter include early beginning of supportive treatment and particularly recognition of heterozygous carriers of the mutant gene before other affected children are born in a stricken family. It is proposed to adopt the method as a new screening procedure for male newborn infants.", "PMID": 1110862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2770", "title": "Endogenous and exogenous insulin responses in patients with cystic fibrosis.", "content": "Eight male patients with cystic fibrosis, normal nutrition, normal physical activity, relatively mild pulmonary disease, no evidence of liver disease and no family history of diabetes mellitus underwent a series of carbohydrate tolerance tests in comparison with a group of 18 normal male subjects matched for age and body weight. Compared with the normal group, the patients with cystic fibrosis had significantly impaired glucose tolerance and significantly lower serum immunoreactive insulin levels during oral and intravenous glucose tolerance tests; serum insulin levels were also significantly lower after intravenous administration of tolbutamide in the patients with cystic fibrosis, but the reduction in blood glucose concentration in each group was not significantly different. During an intravenous insulin test, the decrease in blood glucose concentration was the same for both groups, in spite of significantly lower serum insulin levels in the patients with cystic fibrosis .The percentage fall in plasma free fatty acids was at least as great in the patients with cystic fibrosis as in normals during the test procedures; while a significant decrease in plasma alpha-amino nitrogen after intravenously administered insulin was seen only in the patients with cystic fibrosis. These studies suggest that the carbohydrate intolerance of cystic fibrosis is consequent upon an impaired insulin response to glucose, but that this insulin deficiency is partly compensated for by increased peripheral tissue sensitivity to insulin.", "contents": "Endogenous and exogenous insulin responses in patients with cystic fibrosis. Eight male patients with cystic fibrosis, normal nutrition, normal physical activity, relatively mild pulmonary disease, no evidence of liver disease and no family history of diabetes mellitus underwent a series of carbohydrate tolerance tests in comparison with a group of 18 normal male subjects matched for age and body weight. Compared with the normal group, the patients with cystic fibrosis had significantly impaired glucose tolerance and significantly lower serum immunoreactive insulin levels during oral and intravenous glucose tolerance tests; serum insulin levels were also significantly lower after intravenous administration of tolbutamide in the patients with cystic fibrosis, but the reduction in blood glucose concentration in each group was not significantly different. During an intravenous insulin test, the decrease in blood glucose concentration was the same for both groups, in spite of significantly lower serum insulin levels in the patients with cystic fibrosis .The percentage fall in plasma free fatty acids was at least as great in the patients with cystic fibrosis as in normals during the test procedures; while a significant decrease in plasma alpha-amino nitrogen after intravenously administered insulin was seen only in the patients with cystic fibrosis. These studies suggest that the carbohydrate intolerance of cystic fibrosis is consequent upon an impaired insulin response to glucose, but that this insulin deficiency is partly compensated for by increased peripheral tissue sensitivity to insulin.", "PMID": 1110865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2771", "title": "Recurrent acute pancreatitis in patients with cystic fibrosis with normal pancreatic enzymes.", "content": "Ten adolescent and young adults with cystic fibrosis (CF) have had well-documented recurrent attacks of acute pancreatitis. The diagnosis of CF in each patient was delayed because they did not have pancreatic insufficiency. The diagnosis of CF was documented by the typical pulmonary involvement and elevated sweat sodium and chloride levels in all cases and a positive family history in six of the ten patients. Two patients were diagnosed as having acute pancreatitis before the diagnosis of CF was made, thus indicating that acute pancreatitis may be the presenting complaint in the young adult with CF. The diagnosis of acute pancreatitis was based on the presence of severe abdominal pain, usually with vomiting, tenderness in the mid-epigastrium, elevated serum and urinary amylase and serum lipase. Attacks were precipitated by fatty meals, alcohol ingestion; postcholecystectomy and tetracycline administration. In some patients no precipitating event could be elicited. Intravenous secretin-pancreozymin stimulation tests revealed a diminished bicarbonate secretion with little effect on the secretion of the zymogen enzymes. A mild attack of pancreatitis occurred after secretin-pancreozymin stimulation. The endocrine pancreatic function tested in four patients was normal as revealed by the glucose tolerance tests and determinations of serum insulin, growth hormone and free fatty acid. Transduodenal pancreatograms were performed in three patients; one showed a normal pancreatic duct, one showed duct obstruction and in the third patient a beady type of narrowing was found. The selenomethionine Se 75 uptake of the pancreas was noted only in the head of the pancreas. This suggests that loss of function occurs initially to a greater extent in the tail and body of the pancreas. Three patients died and showed characteristic lesions of CF.", "contents": "Recurrent acute pancreatitis in patients with cystic fibrosis with normal pancreatic enzymes. Ten adolescent and young adults with cystic fibrosis (CF) have had well-documented recurrent attacks of acute pancreatitis. The diagnosis of CF in each patient was delayed because they did not have pancreatic insufficiency. The diagnosis of CF was documented by the typical pulmonary involvement and elevated sweat sodium and chloride levels in all cases and a positive family history in six of the ten patients. Two patients were diagnosed as having acute pancreatitis before the diagnosis of CF was made, thus indicating that acute pancreatitis may be the presenting complaint in the young adult with CF. The diagnosis of acute pancreatitis was based on the presence of severe abdominal pain, usually with vomiting, tenderness in the mid-epigastrium, elevated serum and urinary amylase and serum lipase. Attacks were precipitated by fatty meals, alcohol ingestion; postcholecystectomy and tetracycline administration. In some patients no precipitating event could be elicited. Intravenous secretin-pancreozymin stimulation tests revealed a diminished bicarbonate secretion with little effect on the secretion of the zymogen enzymes. A mild attack of pancreatitis occurred after secretin-pancreozymin stimulation. The endocrine pancreatic function tested in four patients was normal as revealed by the glucose tolerance tests and determinations of serum insulin, growth hormone and free fatty acid. Transduodenal pancreatograms were performed in three patients; one showed a normal pancreatic duct, one showed duct obstruction and in the third patient a beady type of narrowing was found. The selenomethionine Se 75 uptake of the pancreas was noted only in the head of the pancreas. This suggests that loss of function occurs initially to a greater extent in the tail and body of the pancreas. Three patients died and showed characteristic lesions of CF.", "PMID": 1110867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2772", "title": "Cystic fibrosis: comparison of two mucolytic drugs for inhalation treatment (acetylcysteine and arginine hydrochloride).", "content": "Clinical, bronchoscopic, spirographic, scintigraphic, and chemical analyses were done in 24 children with cystic fibrosis to assess the mucolytic effects of acetylcysteine inhalations versus L-arginine hydrochloride aerosols. The latter drug is less active than acetylcysteine and should not be used to treat children with cystic fibrosis.", "contents": "Cystic fibrosis: comparison of two mucolytic drugs for inhalation treatment (acetylcysteine and arginine hydrochloride). Clinical, bronchoscopic, spirographic, scintigraphic, and chemical analyses were done in 24 children with cystic fibrosis to assess the mucolytic effects of acetylcysteine inhalations versus L-arginine hydrochloride aerosols. The latter drug is less active than acetylcysteine and should not be used to treat children with cystic fibrosis.", "PMID": 1110869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2773", "title": "Clinical practice--improving instruction and evaluating  performance.", "content": "The cardiac glycoside, ouabain, normally kills HeLa cells at concentrations of about 10-7 M or greater. By treating a population of HeLa cells with increasingly higher concentrations of the drug, a variant population was obtained of HeLa cells capable of growing in medium containing 10 minus 4 M ouabain. Inhibition of volume regulation of cells subjected to hypotonic shock was used as a measure of inhibition of active transport of Na across the plasma membrane. In that way dose-response curves for the rapid effects of ouabain and other inhibitors of active Na transport were obtained with both the original, ouabain-sensitive (OS) and the variant, ouabain-resistant (OR) cells. Three other cardiac glycosides (digoxin, digitoxin and hellebrin) and two aglycones (digitoxigenin and strophanthidin) were found to be equally as effective as ouabain in inhibiting volume regulation of the OS cells; the concentration which produced half-maximum inhibition, I(max/2), was about 6 X 10 minus 7 M in each case. Similar inhibition of the OR population by ouabain was observed only when the concentration exceeded 10 minus 4 M [I(max/2)2.5 X 10 minus 4 M], and the other steroid compounds had no effect on the variant cells at the highest concentrations tested (2 X 10 minus 5 M). OR and OS cells differed also in their sensitivities to the cardioactive erythrophleum alkaloid, coumingine; I(max/2) for OS and OR cells was 5 X 10 minus 8 M and 6 X 10 minus 7 M, respectively. These results, in addition to results of ouabain binding experiments and measurements of the rates of reversal of inhibition of volume regulation, suggest that a major reason for the differential sensitivities of the two phenotypes to these drugs is different affinities of their sodium pumps for inhibitors of active transport.", "contents": "Clinical practice--improving instruction and evaluating  performance. The cardiac glycoside, ouabain, normally kills HeLa cells at concentrations of about 10-7 M or greater. By treating a population of HeLa cells with increasingly higher concentrations of the drug, a variant population was obtained of HeLa cells capable of growing in medium containing 10 minus 4 M ouabain. Inhibition of volume regulation of cells subjected to hypotonic shock was used as a measure of inhibition of active transport of Na across the plasma membrane. In that way dose-response curves for the rapid effects of ouabain and other inhibitors of active Na transport were obtained with both the original, ouabain-sensitive (OS) and the variant, ouabain-resistant (OR) cells. Three other cardiac glycosides (digoxin, digitoxin and hellebrin) and two aglycones (digitoxigenin and strophanthidin) were found to be equally as effective as ouabain in inhibiting volume regulation of the OS cells; the concentration which produced half-maximum inhibition, I(max/2), was about 6 X 10 minus 7 M in each case. Similar inhibition of the OR population by ouabain was observed only when the concentration exceeded 10 minus 4 M [I(max/2)2.5 X 10 minus 4 M], and the other steroid compounds had no effect on the variant cells at the highest concentrations tested (2 X 10 minus 5 M). OR and OS cells differed also in their sensitivities to the cardioactive erythrophleum alkaloid, coumingine; I(max/2) for OS and OR cells was 5 X 10 minus 8 M and 6 X 10 minus 7 M, respectively. These results, in addition to results of ouabain binding experiments and measurements of the rates of reversal of inhibition of volume regulation, suggest that a major reason for the differential sensitivities of the two phenotypes to these drugs is different affinities of their sodium pumps for inhibitors of active transport.", "PMID": 1110982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2774", "title": "Early clinical experience with the ACTA scanner.", "content": "An alternative method of computed tomography has been devised employing a new instrument, the ACTA scanner. This is a total-body scanner which permits study of virtually all body parts, since a water medium is not employed. Early clinical experience with this new method is discussed, and normal and pathological scans are presented.", "contents": "Early clinical experience with the ACTA scanner. An alternative method of computed tomography has been devised employing a new instrument, the ACTA scanner. This is a total-body scanner which permits study of virtually all body parts, since a water medium is not employed. Early clinical experience with this new method is discussed, and normal and pathological scans are presented.", "PMID": 1110988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2775", "title": "Use of cornmeal bolus as an aid in obtaining cranial four-vessel angiograms.", "content": "In cranial angiography it has always been difficult to visualize extracranial vessels of the cervico-thoracic region, upon one radiograph, by using the same exposure factors for both regions. For this reason, we experimented and found that by applying a dry cornmeal bolus on specific areas of the neck a technically superior radiograph of these regions can be achieved. This bolus simulated added soft tissue to the cervical region. The density of the cervical region is now similar to that of the upper thoracic. As a result, factors set for one exposure will adequately penetrate both areas.", "contents": "Use of cornmeal bolus as an aid in obtaining cranial four-vessel angiograms. In cranial angiography it has always been difficult to visualize extracranial vessels of the cervico-thoracic region, upon one radiograph, by using the same exposure factors for both regions. For this reason, we experimented and found that by applying a dry cornmeal bolus on specific areas of the neck a technically superior radiograph of these regions can be achieved. This bolus simulated added soft tissue to the cervical region. The density of the cervical region is now similar to that of the upper thoracic. As a result, factors set for one exposure will adequately penetrate both areas.", "PMID": 1110983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2776", "title": "Plain film recognition of the ligamentum teres hepatis.", "content": "A radiolucent linear shadow can be seen on plain radiographs in the right upper quadrant of 30% of patients. The surface anatomy of the liver and its associated ligaments were studied in the cadaver, clinically, and in surgical patients to determine the cause of this shadow. From these studies it is concluded that the shadow is cast by the fat that normally surrounds the ligamentum teres hepatis. The soft-tissue \"mass\" that the fat shadow demarcates should not be interpreted as a pathological process.", "contents": "Plain film recognition of the ligamentum teres hepatis. A radiolucent linear shadow can be seen on plain radiographs in the right upper quadrant of 30% of patients. The surface anatomy of the liver and its associated ligaments were studied in the cadaver, clinically, and in surgical patients to determine the cause of this shadow. From these studies it is concluded that the shadow is cast by the fat that normally surrounds the ligamentum teres hepatis. The soft-tissue \"mass\" that the fat shadow demarcates should not be interpreted as a pathological process.", "PMID": 1110989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2777", "title": "Collective bargaining for radiologic technologists: organizational vehicles.", "content": "This is the second in a series of articles written by members of the professional affairs committee of The American Society of Radiologic Technologists. The first article alluded to the analogy of a person who was learning to drive vis-a-vis a person who was learning about collective bargaining. The article suggested that the first step might be to study the rules of the road and in this context discussed briefly some of the federal laws that affect the collective bargaining relationship between employees and their employers. In this article, the analogy is carried still further in a discussion of the various types of organizations or groups that could be used for bargaining purposes.", "contents": "Collective bargaining for radiologic technologists: organizational vehicles. This is the second in a series of articles written by members of the professional affairs committee of The American Society of Radiologic Technologists. The first article alluded to the analogy of a person who was learning to drive vis-a-vis a person who was learning about collective bargaining. The article suggested that the first step might be to study the rules of the road and in this context discussed briefly some of the federal laws that affect the collective bargaining relationship between employees and their employers. In this article, the analogy is carried still further in a discussion of the various types of organizations or groups that could be used for bargaining purposes.", "PMID": 1110984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2778", "title": "Peripheral vision, structured noise and film reader error.", "content": "The ability of film readers to detect a nodular target abnormality with the peripheral vision was studied using a gray structureless background, chest radiographs with a bilateral pneumothorax and chest radiographs with pulmonary vasculature. Peripheral detection of the nodular abnormality was profoundly decreased by the presence of the normal structures even though the nodule properties such as size and contrast were not different and, in the case of the pneumothorax, the nodules did not overlap normal structures. Structured noise is an important and often neglected variable in studies of visual search, film reader error and image processing in radiology.", "contents": "Peripheral vision, structured noise and film reader error. The ability of film readers to detect a nodular target abnormality with the peripheral vision was studied using a gray structureless background, chest radiographs with a bilateral pneumothorax and chest radiographs with pulmonary vasculature. Peripheral detection of the nodular abnormality was profoundly decreased by the presence of the normal structures even though the nodule properties such as size and contrast were not different and, in the case of the pneumothorax, the nodules did not overlap normal structures. Structured noise is an important and often neglected variable in studies of visual search, film reader error and image processing in radiology.", "PMID": 1110990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2779", "title": "Retrograde pancreatic venography. An experimental study.", "content": "To explore the feasibility of retrograde pancreatic venography, transhepatic portal catherization via jugular and hepatic veins was performed in 10 dogs. Coaxially introduced catheters were then used to enter individual pancreatic veins for retrograde venography. Appropriate injection technique led to detailed visualization of the pancreatic venous system without anatomically evident injury to the pancreas. The (readily avoidable) injection of contrast agent through catheters wedged into pancreatic veins caused parenchymal extravasation and hemorrhagic pancreatitis. The detection of pancreatic cancer in patients not approachable by arteriography and the intensified search for small islet cell tumors are possible indications for pancreatic venography when the safety of this method is further demonstrated.", "contents": "Retrograde pancreatic venography. An experimental study. To explore the feasibility of retrograde pancreatic venography, transhepatic portal catherization via jugular and hepatic veins was performed in 10 dogs. Coaxially introduced catheters were then used to enter individual pancreatic veins for retrograde venography. Appropriate injection technique led to detailed visualization of the pancreatic venous system without anatomically evident injury to the pancreas. The (readily avoidable) injection of contrast agent through catheters wedged into pancreatic veins caused parenchymal extravasation and hemorrhagic pancreatitis. The detection of pancreatic cancer in patients not approachable by arteriography and the intensified search for small islet cell tumors are possible indications for pancreatic venography when the safety of this method is further demonstrated.", "PMID": 1110991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2780", "title": "The use of prostaglandin E1 to enhance the angiographic visualization of the splanchnic circulation.", "content": "Superior mesenteric angiograms were obtained in a series of dogs before and again after the injection of a 1-ml bolus of prostaglandin E1 (0.1-1.0 mug/kg) through the angiographic catheter. The prostaglandin E1 produced, on the average, a 100% increase in the superior mesenteric arterial blood flow with only minimal changes in the heart rate, systemic arterial pressure, and portal venous pressure. Opacification of the portal venous system was consistently enhanced after the prostaglandin E1. The arterial phase was preserved by increasing the rate of contrast administration.", "contents": "The use of prostaglandin E1 to enhance the angiographic visualization of the splanchnic circulation. Superior mesenteric angiograms were obtained in a series of dogs before and again after the injection of a 1-ml bolus of prostaglandin E1 (0.1-1.0 mug/kg) through the angiographic catheter. The prostaglandin E1 produced, on the average, a 100% increase in the superior mesenteric arterial blood flow with only minimal changes in the heart rate, systemic arterial pressure, and portal venous pressure. Opacification of the portal venous system was consistently enhanced after the prostaglandin E1. The arterial phase was preserved by increasing the rate of contrast administration.", "PMID": 1110992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2781", "title": "The value of the pulmonary-artery-seeking catheter in percutaneous selective pulmonary arteriography.", "content": "Selective catheterization of the main pulmonary artery via the percutaneous route using a pulmonary-artery-seeking catheter was successful in 98.4% of 122 consecutive pulmonary angiographic studies in 114 patients. Complications were comparable to those encountered in other studies. Myocardial perforation, a frequently reported complication, did not occur, a factor attributed to the \"pigtail\" design of the catheter. This catheter was found to offer a distinct advantage in performing percutaneous selective pulmonary arteriography.", "contents": "The value of the pulmonary-artery-seeking catheter in percutaneous selective pulmonary arteriography. Selective catheterization of the main pulmonary artery via the percutaneous route using a pulmonary-artery-seeking catheter was successful in 98.4% of 122 consecutive pulmonary angiographic studies in 114 patients. Complications were comparable to those encountered in other studies. Myocardial perforation, a frequently reported complication, did not occur, a factor attributed to the \"pigtail\" design of the catheter. This catheter was found to offer a distinct advantage in performing percutaneous selective pulmonary arteriography.", "PMID": 1110993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2782", "title": "Role of the coronary collateral circulation in the preservation of left ventricular function.", "content": "An angiographic assessment of the coronary arteries, the presence and quality of arterial collateralization and segmental left ventricular (LV) wall motion indicated that (a) in the presence of total or subtotal obstruction of a coronary artery, there was a significantly higher incidence of normal motion (p less than 0.001) if the segment of LV wall was supplied by good rather than poor collaterals, and (b) normal wall motion with good arterial collateralization was not associated with abnormal Q waves. It is concluded that a positive correlation exists between the quality of collateral filling and the preservation of LV wall motion in the area supplied.", "contents": "Role of the coronary collateral circulation in the preservation of left ventricular function. An angiographic assessment of the coronary arteries, the presence and quality of arterial collateralization and segmental left ventricular (LV) wall motion indicated that (a) in the presence of total or subtotal obstruction of a coronary artery, there was a significantly higher incidence of normal motion (p less than 0.001) if the segment of LV wall was supplied by good rather than poor collaterals, and (b) normal wall motion with good arterial collateralization was not associated with abnormal Q waves. It is concluded that a positive correlation exists between the quality of collateral filling and the preservation of LV wall motion in the area supplied.", "PMID": 1110994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2783", "title": "Bone fragmentation in the rheumatoid wrist: radiographic and pathologic considerations.", "content": "A peculiar pattern of bone fragmentation of the wrist was noted in 16% of 50 rheumatoid patients. This involved erosion of the navicular, distal radius and ulna, carpal fusion, demineralization, and the presence of an elongated bony spicule overlying the radiocarpal joint. Additional examples were found in rheumatoid cadavers. Pathogenesis of the alteration was not entirely clear although contributing factors included extensive pannus proliferation, osseous compression and fracture. The fate of the detached spicules, their relationship to \"fistulous rheumatism\", and the differential diagnosis are discussed.", "contents": "Bone fragmentation in the rheumatoid wrist: radiographic and pathologic considerations. A peculiar pattern of bone fragmentation of the wrist was noted in 16% of 50 rheumatoid patients. This involved erosion of the navicular, distal radius and ulna, carpal fusion, demineralization, and the presence of an elongated bony spicule overlying the radiocarpal joint. Additional examples were found in rheumatoid cadavers. Pathogenesis of the alteration was not entirely clear although contributing factors included extensive pannus proliferation, osseous compression and fracture. The fate of the detached spicules, their relationship to \"fistulous rheumatism\", and the differential diagnosis are discussed.", "PMID": 1110995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2784", "title": "Hemophilia-like arthropathy of the knee associated with cutaneous and synovial hemangiomas. Report of 3 cases and review of the literature.", "content": "Three patients with cutaneous and/or synovial hemangiomas demonstrated roentgenographic alterations in the knees, simulating hemophilic arthropathy. In 2 cases, unilateral synovial hemangiomas appeared to be present; in the third patient, who had bilateral abnormalities, the Kasabach-Merritt syndrome was evident, resulting in a consumption coagulopathy and hemorrhagic tendency. The pathogenesis of this unusual arthropathy is discussed.", "contents": "Hemophilia-like arthropathy of the knee associated with cutaneous and synovial hemangiomas. Report of 3 cases and review of the literature. Three patients with cutaneous and/or synovial hemangiomas demonstrated roentgenographic alterations in the knees, simulating hemophilic arthropathy. In 2 cases, unilateral synovial hemangiomas appeared to be present; in the third patient, who had bilateral abnormalities, the Kasabach-Merritt syndrome was evident, resulting in a consumption coagulopathy and hemorrhagic tendency. The pathogenesis of this unusual arthropathy is discussed.", "PMID": 1110996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2785", "title": "Multicentric reticulohistiocytosis: a rare cause of destructive polyarthritis.", "content": "A case is described of multicentric reticulohistiocytosis or lipid dermatoarthritis with early radiographic findings of subchondral erosions of the distal interphalangeal joint space, more marked that the erosions of the proximal interphalangeal joint space. The clinical and pathologic findings are reviewed.", "contents": "Multicentric reticulohistiocytosis: a rare cause of destructive polyarthritis. A case is described of multicentric reticulohistiocytosis or lipid dermatoarthritis with early radiographic findings of subchondral erosions of the distal interphalangeal joint space, more marked that the erosions of the proximal interphalangeal joint space. The clinical and pathologic findings are reviewed.", "PMID": 1110997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2786", "title": "A case of Lipoatrophic diabetes.", "content": "A case of lipoatrophic diabetes with atypical biochemical and radiological features is presented. Scattered areas of increased radiodensity in the region of all major joints were associated with cystic changes at the shoulders. It is postulated that this condition varies from patient to patient in severity as well as in course and progression.", "contents": "A case of Lipoatrophic diabetes. A case of lipoatrophic diabetes with atypical biochemical and radiological features is presented. Scattered areas of increased radiodensity in the region of all major joints were associated with cystic changes at the shoulders. It is postulated that this condition varies from patient to patient in severity as well as in course and progression.", "PMID": 1110998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2787", "title": "Radiographic changes in the sacroiliac joints in familial Mediterranean fever.", "content": "In a series of 43 patients with familial Mediterranean fever, six were found to have radiographic changes in the sacroiliac joints consisting of loss of normal cortical definition, sclerosis on both sides of the joint with or without erosions, and fusion. These changes were noted despite the absence of clinically symptomatic joint disease. The explanation for these findings is unknown.", "contents": "Radiographic changes in the sacroiliac joints in familial Mediterranean fever. In a series of 43 patients with familial Mediterranean fever, six were found to have radiographic changes in the sacroiliac joints consisting of loss of normal cortical definition, sclerosis on both sides of the joint with or without erosions, and fusion. These changes were noted despite the absence of clinically symptomatic joint disease. The explanation for these findings is unknown.", "PMID": 1110999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2788", "title": "The fascicles of the lateral meniscus: an anatomic-arthrographic correlation.", "content": "A model of the normal anatomy of the capsular attachments of the posterior horn of the lateral meniscus is developed based upon anatomic dissections. The term \"fascicles\" is applied to the delicate bands of connective tissue which join the posterior lateral meniscus to the joint capsule around the popliteal synovial sheath. The normal anatomic arrangement is illustrated with double contrast arthrograms. Abnormalities of the posterior horn of the lateral meniscus are then demonstrated, emphasizing disturbances of attachment around the popliteal sheath.", "contents": "The fascicles of the lateral meniscus: an anatomic-arthrographic correlation. A model of the normal anatomy of the capsular attachments of the posterior horn of the lateral meniscus is developed based upon anatomic dissections. The term \"fascicles\" is applied to the delicate bands of connective tissue which join the posterior lateral meniscus to the joint capsule around the popliteal synovial sheath. The normal anatomic arrangement is illustrated with double contrast arthrograms. Abnormalities of the posterior horn of the lateral meniscus are then demonstrated, emphasizing disturbances of attachment around the popliteal sheath.", "PMID": 1111000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2789", "title": "A new dwarfing syndrome with extreme shortening of humeri and severe coxa vara.", "content": "A previously undescribed form of short-limbed dwarfism is reported in an 86-year-old man. All the long bones were shorter than normal, with extreme shortening of the humeri. Other features included dysplastic humeral heads, coxa vara with dysplasia of the femoral heads and acetabula, platybasia, and small vertebral bodies. In all other respects, including intelligence, the patient was normal for his age.", "contents": "A new dwarfing syndrome with extreme shortening of humeri and severe coxa vara. A previously undescribed form of short-limbed dwarfism is reported in an 86-year-old man. All the long bones were shorter than normal, with extreme shortening of the humeri. Other features included dysplastic humeral heads, coxa vara with dysplasia of the femoral heads and acetabula, platybasia, and small vertebral bodies. In all other respects, including intelligence, the patient was normal for his age.", "PMID": 1111001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2790", "title": "Intraosseous lipoma of the coccyx. Report of a case.", "content": "A case of benign intraosseous lipoma in the form of an expansile, non-radiolucent lesion of the distal coccyx is reported. Bony detail was completely obliterated. The anterior and posterior cortical margins were markedly thin and in places appeared eroded.", "contents": "Intraosseous lipoma of the coccyx. Report of a case. A case of benign intraosseous lipoma in the form of an expansile, non-radiolucent lesion of the distal coccyx is reported. Bony detail was completely obliterated. The anterior and posterior cortical margins were markedly thin and in places appeared eroded.", "PMID": 1111002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2791", "title": "Excretory urographic localization of adrenal cortical tumors and pheochromocytomas.", "content": "An excretory urographic evaluation of 124 surgically proved adrenal tumors comprising 65 pheochromocytomas, 36 cortical adenomas and 23 cortical carcinomas is reported. The addition of linear tomography improved the diagnostic accuracy over conventional excretory urography. All types of tomographic examinations demonstrated at least 70% of adrenal tumors. Excretory urographic procedures are relatively safe, simple and economical and should be used as the initial step in attempting to localize clinically suspected and chemically diagnosed adrenal tumors.", "contents": "Excretory urographic localization of adrenal cortical tumors and pheochromocytomas. An excretory urographic evaluation of 124 surgically proved adrenal tumors comprising 65 pheochromocytomas, 36 cortical adenomas and 23 cortical carcinomas is reported. The addition of linear tomography improved the diagnostic accuracy over conventional excretory urography. All types of tomographic examinations demonstrated at least 70% of adrenal tumors. Excretory urographic procedures are relatively safe, simple and economical and should be used as the initial step in attempting to localize clinically suspected and chemically diagnosed adrenal tumors.", "PMID": 1111003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2792", "title": "Dural fluid collections in infants and children. A successful nuclear medical approach.", "content": "The authors describe their experience in 94 cases of dural fluid collections. The correct diagnosis was made in 94%, which is attributed to (a) including radionuclide angiography and both an immediate and a two- to four-hour delayed scan for every patient undergoing brain studies, (b) a high index of suspicion, and (c) simultaneous interpretation of the scan and the skull film. The false-positive rate was 10%, as shown by cerebral angiography.", "contents": "Dural fluid collections in infants and children. A successful nuclear medical approach. The authors describe their experience in 94 cases of dural fluid collections. The correct diagnosis was made in 94%, which is attributed to (a) including radionuclide angiography and both an immediate and a two- to four-hour delayed scan for every patient undergoing brain studies, (b) a high index of suspicion, and (c) simultaneous interpretation of the scan and the skull film. The false-positive rate was 10%, as shown by cerebral angiography.", "PMID": 1111004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2793", "title": "Sequential brain scanning as an adjunctive scanning procedure.", "content": "Sequential brain scans were performed at various time intervals of up to four hours after injection of 99mTc pertechnetate in 108 patients who had previously undergone \"routine\" one-hour brain scans which were considered normal or equivocal. Forty-six patients were proved to have a discrete morphologic brain lesion. Pathologic processes were demonstrated by the sequential scanning technique in all but 6 cases. In nearly a third of these 46 patients (28%), careful observation of the progressive and subtle changes in radioactivity in the whole sequential scan series was necessary for detection of the lesions: they could not be appreciated on any single static scan when viewed independently.", "contents": "Sequential brain scanning as an adjunctive scanning procedure. Sequential brain scans were performed at various time intervals of up to four hours after injection of 99mTc pertechnetate in 108 patients who had previously undergone \"routine\" one-hour brain scans which were considered normal or equivocal. Forty-six patients were proved to have a discrete morphologic brain lesion. Pathologic processes were demonstrated by the sequential scanning technique in all but 6 cases. In nearly a third of these 46 patients (28%), careful observation of the progressive and subtle changes in radioactivity in the whole sequential scan series was necessary for detection of the lesions: they could not be appreciated on any single static scan when viewed independently.", "PMID": 1111005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2794", "title": "Detection of hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy of skeletal imaging with 99mTc-labeled diphosphonate.", "content": "In two patients with carcinoma of the lung, abnormal findings on skeletal imaging using 99mTc-diphosphonate correctly suggested the diagnosis of hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy, which was later confirmed radiographically. A scintigraphic pattern of abnormal tracer localization distinguishes this benign condition of bone from bony metastases.", "contents": "Detection of hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy of skeletal imaging with 99mTc-labeled diphosphonate. In two patients with carcinoma of the lung, abnormal findings on skeletal imaging using 99mTc-diphosphonate correctly suggested the diagnosis of hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy, which was later confirmed radiographically. A scintigraphic pattern of abnormal tracer localization distinguishes this benign condition of bone from bony metastases.", "PMID": 1111006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2795", "title": "Bifurcation of the portal vein appearing as a focal defect on the liver image.", "content": "A focal defect was seen on a gamma camera image of the liver in 2 patients, a 52-year-old woman with abdominal pain and a 46-year-old woman with pancytopenia. Liver function was normal, and no tumor stain was seen. Angiography revealed that the \"defect\" was in reality the bifurcation of the portal vein. These findings re-emphasize the importance of visceral angiography as a complement to radionuclide imaging in the study of liver disease.", "contents": "Bifurcation of the portal vein appearing as a focal defect on the liver image. A focal defect was seen on a gamma camera image of the liver in 2 patients, a 52-year-old woman with abdominal pain and a 46-year-old woman with pancytopenia. Liver function was normal, and no tumor stain was seen. Angiography revealed that the \"defect\" was in reality the bifurcation of the portal vein. These findings re-emphasize the importance of visceral angiography as a complement to radionuclide imaging in the study of liver disease.", "PMID": 1111007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2796", "title": "Splenic mobility and its effect on estimates of splenic mass.", "content": "In 47 patients the posterior radionuclide views of the spleen in supine and prone positions were evaluated for difference in splenic contour and calculated splenic weight as the patient's position was changed from supine to prone. A significant change in splenic contour was found in almost 50% of the cases. Values for the mass of the spleen varied by a mean of 36% with a range of plus 195 to minus 79%. The differences are attributed primarily to changes in the position of the spleen and liver within the abdomen.", "contents": "Splenic mobility and its effect on estimates of splenic mass. In 47 patients the posterior radionuclide views of the spleen in supine and prone positions were evaluated for difference in splenic contour and calculated splenic weight as the patient's position was changed from supine to prone. A significant change in splenic contour was found in almost 50% of the cases. Values for the mass of the spleen varied by a mean of 36% with a range of plus 195 to minus 79%. The differences are attributed primarily to changes in the position of the spleen and liver within the abdomen.", "PMID": 1111008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2797", "title": "Effect of collimator motion on image quality in nuclear medicine.", "content": "To investigate the quality of gamma camera images obtained with moving collimators, a group of collimators was constructed which could be rotated or sinusoidally oscillated in two dimensions. The date indicate a broadening effect on images in the direction of collimator motion. Moving the collimator during imaging will reduce septal aberrations but will not increase resolution.", "contents": "Effect of collimator motion on image quality in nuclear medicine. To investigate the quality of gamma camera images obtained with moving collimators, a group of collimators was constructed which could be rotated or sinusoidally oscillated in two dimensions. The date indicate a broadening effect on images in the direction of collimator motion. Moving the collimator during imaging will reduce septal aberrations but will not increase resolution.", "PMID": 1111009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2798", "title": "Congenital bronchopulmonary foregut malformation with anomalous pulmonary artery.", "content": "The authors present a case of congenital bronchopulmonary foregut malformation with pulmonary artery blood supply and pulmonary venous drainage in a five-month-old boy.", "contents": "Congenital bronchopulmonary foregut malformation with anomalous pulmonary artery. The authors present a case of congenital bronchopulmonary foregut malformation with pulmonary artery blood supply and pulmonary venous drainage in a five-month-old boy.", "PMID": 1111010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2799", "title": "Arachnoid cyst of the internal auditory canal producing facial paralysis in a three-year-old child.", "content": "The case of a three-year-old child with facial paralysis due to a lesion within the internal auditory canal is reported. Radiographic studies delineated and localized the mass which proved to be an arachnoid cyst. The etiology and differential diagnosis of facial paralysis in children are discussed and correlated with facial nerve anatomy.", "contents": "Arachnoid cyst of the internal auditory canal producing facial paralysis in a three-year-old child. The case of a three-year-old child with facial paralysis due to a lesion within the internal auditory canal is reported. Radiographic studies delineated and localized the mass which proved to be an arachnoid cyst. The etiology and differential diagnosis of facial paralysis in children are discussed and correlated with facial nerve anatomy.", "PMID": 1111011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2800", "title": "Effect of focal spot distribution on blood vessel imaging in magnification radiography.", "content": "From a computer simulation study of blood vessel imaging with uniform, triangular, gaussian, and twin gaussian line spread functions (LSF) corresponding to various focal spot distributions, it is found that vessel images magnified less than 6 times are not strongly dependent upon the focal spot distributions when the size of the focal spot is equal to or smaller than the vessel diameter. When the focal spot is larger than the vessel, image distributions vary appreciably with focal spot distributions, except at low magnification. It is concluded that, in many practical cases, the focal spot distribution does not seriously affect magnified image distributions of blood vessels.", "contents": "Effect of focal spot distribution on blood vessel imaging in magnification radiography. From a computer simulation study of blood vessel imaging with uniform, triangular, gaussian, and twin gaussian line spread functions (LSF) corresponding to various focal spot distributions, it is found that vessel images magnified less than 6 times are not strongly dependent upon the focal spot distributions when the size of the focal spot is equal to or smaller than the vessel diameter. When the focal spot is larger than the vessel, image distributions vary appreciably with focal spot distributions, except at low magnification. It is concluded that, in many practical cases, the focal spot distribution does not seriously affect magnified image distributions of blood vessels.", "PMID": 1111012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2801", "title": "Longitudinal magnification in radiologic images of thick objects: a new concept in magnification radiography.", "content": "New concepts which are useful for evaluating image resolution and distortion in magnification radiography are introduced. It is shown theoretically and experimentally that \"longitudinal magnification\" defined as the ratio of the magnified image size to the conventional image size for objects located in a plane perpendicular to the film, is given approximately by the square of the conventional magnification. Resolution in the radiographically magnified image of such objects is much higher than that obtained by optical magnification. This is confirmed experimentally by radiographs of square-wave test objects. The related image distortion is also discussed.", "contents": "Longitudinal magnification in radiologic images of thick objects: a new concept in magnification radiography. New concepts which are useful for evaluating image resolution and distortion in magnification radiography are introduced. It is shown theoretically and experimentally that \"longitudinal magnification\" defined as the ratio of the magnified image size to the conventional image size for objects located in a plane perpendicular to the film, is given approximately by the square of the conventional magnification. Resolution in the radiographically magnified image of such objects is much higher than that obtained by optical magnification. This is confirmed experimentally by radiographs of square-wave test objects. The related image distortion is also discussed.", "PMID": 1111013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2802", "title": "The evaluation of high-speed screen-film combinations in angiography.", "content": "Various high-speed screen-film combinations were evaluated to compare increase in speed, loss of resolution, and increase in radiographic mottle. Results indicate that the rare-earth film-screen system is the fastest and has a higher x-ray absorption efficiency. The Kodax X-Omatic screen has the greater resolving power but is slower than the high-speed calcium tungstate system. A smaller focal spot can be used with the fast speed of the rare-earth system to increase resolution.", "contents": "The evaluation of high-speed screen-film combinations in angiography. Various high-speed screen-film combinations were evaluated to compare increase in speed, loss of resolution, and increase in radiographic mottle. Results indicate that the rare-earth film-screen system is the fastest and has a higher x-ray absorption efficiency. The Kodax X-Omatic screen has the greater resolving power but is slower than the high-speed calcium tungstate system. A smaller focal spot can be used with the fast speed of the rare-earth system to increase resolution.", "PMID": 1111014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2803", "title": "The cutoff characteristics of rotating grids.", "content": "The cutoff characteristics of rotating grids are qualitatively and quantitatively different from those of comparable stationary grids. Rotating grids focus to a point in space so lateral decentering occurs in all directions from the central axis of the grid. Consequently, they cannot be used for oblique radiographic techniques. For any type or amount of decentering, cutoff is approximately one-third less for rotating grids.", "contents": "The cutoff characteristics of rotating grids. The cutoff characteristics of rotating grids are qualitatively and quantitatively different from those of comparable stationary grids. Rotating grids focus to a point in space so lateral decentering occurs in all directions from the central axis of the grid. Consequently, they cannot be used for oblique radiographic techniques. For any type or amount of decentering, cutoff is approximately one-third less for rotating grids.", "PMID": 1111015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2804", "title": "Selective catheterization of the portal vein and its tributaries. Preliminary report.", "content": "The portal vein and its tributaries were selectively catheterized in 90 patients. Only one complication required surgery. This technique not only provides information about the status of the portal circulation and liver parenchyma but can also be used in the treatment of bleeding esophageal varices by selective embolization of autologous clots or inert material.", "contents": "Selective catheterization of the portal vein and its tributaries. Preliminary report. The portal vein and its tributaries were selectively catheterized in 90 patients. Only one complication required surgery. This technique not only provides information about the status of the portal circulation and liver parenchyma but can also be used in the treatment of bleeding esophageal varices by selective embolization of autologous clots or inert material.", "PMID": 1111016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2805", "title": "Antegrade spermatic vein phlebography in testicular tumors. A preliminary report.", "content": "Phlebography of the spermatic veins may yield valuable information about metastases from testicular tumors. Retrograde venous injection of contrast medium is not always possible but the antegrade approach performed in connection with orchidectomy was successful in all of the 5 cases attempted. If funicular lymphography is performed in connection with the removal of the testis, spermatic vein phlebography may be added with a minimum of additional effort. Whenever orchidectomy for malignant testicular tumor is planned, the possible value of additional diagnostic information from spermatic vein phlebography should be considered.", "contents": "Antegrade spermatic vein phlebography in testicular tumors. A preliminary report. Phlebography of the spermatic veins may yield valuable information about metastases from testicular tumors. Retrograde venous injection of contrast medium is not always possible but the antegrade approach performed in connection with orchidectomy was successful in all of the 5 cases attempted. If funicular lymphography is performed in connection with the removal of the testis, spermatic vein phlebography may be added with a minimum of additional effort. Whenever orchidectomy for malignant testicular tumor is planned, the possible value of additional diagnostic information from spermatic vein phlebography should be considered.", "PMID": 1111017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2806", "title": "Scintigraphy of breast masses.", "content": "Patients undergoing bone scintigraphy or about to have breast surgery were studied with either 99mTc-polyphosphate or 99mTc-diphosphonate. Seven of 8 patients with carcinoma demonstrated a focal area of increased uptake. The 9 controls, who were clinically free of breast disease, had normal images. In the benign group, increased uptake was seen in patients with gynecomastia, lactating breasts, or acute inflammation. Most patients showed correlation with mammography and thermography.", "contents": "Scintigraphy of breast masses. Patients undergoing bone scintigraphy or about to have breast surgery were studied with either 99mTc-polyphosphate or 99mTc-diphosphonate. Seven of 8 patients with carcinoma demonstrated a focal area of increased uptake. The 9 controls, who were clinically free of breast disease, had normal images. In the benign group, increased uptake was seen in patients with gynecomastia, lactating breasts, or acute inflammation. Most patients showed correlation with mammography and thermography.", "PMID": 1111018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2807", "title": "Bedside pulmonary arteriography.", "content": "A new technique of bedside pulmonary arteriography is described, in which small volumes of contrast material are injected manually in order to obtain segmental arteriograms in patients who are too ill to undergo conventional pulmonary angiography. This method is safe and effective and can provide information which is useful in the management of certain critically ill patients.", "contents": "Bedside pulmonary arteriography. A new technique of bedside pulmonary arteriography is described, in which small volumes of contrast material are injected manually in order to obtain segmental arteriograms in patients who are too ill to undergo conventional pulmonary angiography. This method is safe and effective and can provide information which is useful in the management of certain critically ill patients.", "PMID": 1111019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2808", "title": "The use of ROC curves in testing the proficiency of individuals in classifying pneumoconiosis.", "content": "During a test of the ability to classify the profusion characteristics of pneumoconiosis recorded in chest radiographs, a constant decision criterion level needs to be maintained or false conclusions regarding the observer's receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve may result.", "contents": "The use of ROC curves in testing the proficiency of individuals in classifying pneumoconiosis. During a test of the ability to classify the profusion characteristics of pneumoconiosis recorded in chest radiographs, a constant decision criterion level needs to be maintained or false conclusions regarding the observer's receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve may result.", "PMID": 1111020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2809", "title": "A laser localizer light for tomographic positioning.", "content": "The use of a wall-mounted laser localizer light which improves the speed and precision of positioning for fixed-fulcrum tomographic equipment is described. Unproductive scout films are eliminated.", "contents": "A laser localizer light for tomographic positioning. The use of a wall-mounted laser localizer light which improves the speed and precision of positioning for fixed-fulcrum tomographic equipment is described. Unproductive scout films are eliminated.", "PMID": 1111021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2810", "title": "Computed tomography: immobilization of the head by dental holder.", "content": "Movement of the patient's head during computed tomographic studies with the EMI scanner causes some degradation of the quality of the examination. With sufficient movement, major artifacts appear which may obscure intracranial pathology. A simple method of head fixation, utilizing a dental mold, greatly reduces the incidence of unsatisfactory scans.", "contents": "Computed tomography: immobilization of the head by dental holder. Movement of the patient's head during computed tomographic studies with the EMI scanner causes some degradation of the quality of the examination. With sufficient movement, major artifacts appear which may obscure intracranial pathology. A simple method of head fixation, utilizing a dental mold, greatly reduces the incidence of unsatisfactory scans.", "PMID": 1111022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2811", "title": "The coming crisis in radiological manpower--shortage?", "content": "The 1966 NACOR Report spurred such a sharp growth in numbers of radiologists that today there is concern about an oversupply. Considering all the factors involved--panic reaction to an undocumented \"surplus\", sharp diminution of the residents in the training pool, and potantial massive increases in demand for radiological services--the authors believe it not unreasonable to anticipate a real shortage of radiologists in the near future. Any deliberate activity at the present time to reduce the output of radiologists in this country would seem premature and potentially disatrous.", "contents": "The coming crisis in radiological manpower--shortage? The 1966 NACOR Report spurred such a sharp growth in numbers of radiologists that today there is concern about an oversupply. Considering all the factors involved--panic reaction to an undocumented \"surplus\", sharp diminution of the residents in the training pool, and potantial massive increases in demand for radiological services--the authors believe it not unreasonable to anticipate a real shortage of radiologists in the near future. Any deliberate activity at the present time to reduce the output of radiologists in this country would seem premature and potentially disatrous.", "PMID": 1111023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2812", "title": "[Differences in the effect on hypoxia and anoxia of the CNS produced by chlorprotixen during ontogeny (author's transl)].", "content": "In the present paper the author describes the influence of the psychopharmaceutical preparation Chlorprotixen on the response of the CNS to stagnation anoxia (positive radial acceleration 10 g) and aerogenic hypoxia (15 000 m) in the course of ontogeny of the rat. Chlorprotixen increases the resistance to high altitude hypoxia, while it reduces the resistance to anoxia. The greatest differences were observed in the youngest animals.", "contents": "[Differences in the effect on hypoxia and anoxia of the CNS produced by chlorprotixen during ontogeny (author's transl)]. In the present paper the author describes the influence of the psychopharmaceutical preparation Chlorprotixen on the response of the CNS to stagnation anoxia (positive radial acceleration 10 g) and aerogenic hypoxia (15 000 m) in the course of ontogeny of the rat. Chlorprotixen increases the resistance to high altitude hypoxia, while it reduces the resistance to anoxia. The greatest differences were observed in the youngest animals.", "PMID": 1111054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2813", "title": "[Isotonic contraction and contracture of the isolated right rat ventricle. Effect of La3+, prenylamine, ATP, Mg2+ (author's transl)].", "content": "1. The isolated right rat ventricle was immersed in Tyrode solution (25) ml) and stimulated electrically at a frequency of 60/min. Changes in the amplitude of isotonic contractions and contractures were assessed. 2. Isotonic contractions were reduced (after Prenylamine, ATP, Mg), or suppressed (by LaCl3 = 10 mM). Contracture was caused by Prenylamine (4 mg/25 ml Tyrode solution or more). 3. Addition of 100 mM KCl (NaCl reduced equimolarily to 37 mM did not influence contracture in the presence of the investigated substances with the exception of MgCl2 = 10 to 15mM, where only the rate of development of potassium contracture was reduced. 4. After previous immersion of the tissue in the presence of LaCl3 - 10 mM and Prenylamine 1-4 mg/25 ml Tyrode solution the contracture developed after removal of NaCl (substitution by sucrose 270 mM), which, however, declined after addition of NaCl only when previously treated with Prenylamine and not when treated with La. 5. Addition of 100 mM KCl (naCl reduced to 37 mM) after previous immersion of the tissue in the presence of the investigated substances caused contracture the rate of rise of which was smaller after La than in controls: after the remaining substances it did not differ. 6. Reduction of the contracture after reduction of KCl from 100 to 5.6 mM developed only after previous immersion of the tissue in the presence of ATP and Mg and not after previous immersion in the presence of Prenylamine and La. 7. The results are compared with biochemical findings. They suggest a shift of contractile Ca in the heart.", "contents": "[Isotonic contraction and contracture of the isolated right rat ventricle. Effect of La3+, prenylamine, ATP, Mg2+ (author's transl)]. 1. The isolated right rat ventricle was immersed in Tyrode solution (25) ml) and stimulated electrically at a frequency of 60/min. Changes in the amplitude of isotonic contractions and contractures were assessed. 2. Isotonic contractions were reduced (after Prenylamine, ATP, Mg), or suppressed (by LaCl3 = 10 mM). Contracture was caused by Prenylamine (4 mg/25 ml Tyrode solution or more). 3. Addition of 100 mM KCl (NaCl reduced equimolarily to 37 mM did not influence contracture in the presence of the investigated substances with the exception of MgCl2 = 10 to 15mM, where only the rate of development of potassium contracture was reduced. 4. After previous immersion of the tissue in the presence of LaCl3 - 10 mM and Prenylamine 1-4 mg/25 ml Tyrode solution the contracture developed after removal of NaCl (substitution by sucrose 270 mM), which, however, declined after addition of NaCl only when previously treated with Prenylamine and not when treated with La. 5. Addition of 100 mM KCl (naCl reduced to 37 mM) after previous immersion of the tissue in the presence of the investigated substances caused contracture the rate of rise of which was smaller after La than in controls: after the remaining substances it did not differ. 6. Reduction of the contracture after reduction of KCl from 100 to 5.6 mM developed only after previous immersion of the tissue in the presence of ATP and Mg and not after previous immersion in the presence of Prenylamine and La. 7. The results are compared with biochemical findings. They suggest a shift of contractile Ca in the heart.", "PMID": 1111055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2814", "title": "[Association of thyroxine with subcellular fractions of rat liver and adenohypophysis in vitro (author's transl)].", "content": "After incubation of thyroxine (T4) labelled with 125I with liver and adenohypophysial homogenate and differential centrifuging into the \"nuclear\" fraction (600 g), \"mitochondrial\" (10 000 g), \"microsomal\" (105 000 g) fraction and cytosol the authors found a marked preference of association of T4 with mitochondria of rat adenohypophyses; the mitochondrial fraction of rat liver was not preferred. The effect of oestrogens was manifested in addition to the usual increase in weight of the adenohypophysis by increased binding of thyroxine with proteins of adenohypophysial mitochondria of oestrogen-treated animals. In liver this effect was lacking. Subfractionation of mitochondria into a membranous and soluble fraction revealed that a preferential association of thyroxine with membrane proteins of pituitary and liver mitochondria develops, the amount of T4 association protein (per protein unit) was several times (3-6x) higher in membrane proteins, as compared with soluble proteins.", "contents": "[Association of thyroxine with subcellular fractions of rat liver and adenohypophysis in vitro (author's transl)]. After incubation of thyroxine (T4) labelled with 125I with liver and adenohypophysial homogenate and differential centrifuging into the \"nuclear\" fraction (600 g), \"mitochondrial\" (10 000 g), \"microsomal\" (105 000 g) fraction and cytosol the authors found a marked preference of association of T4 with mitochondria of rat adenohypophyses; the mitochondrial fraction of rat liver was not preferred. The effect of oestrogens was manifested in addition to the usual increase in weight of the adenohypophysis by increased binding of thyroxine with proteins of adenohypophysial mitochondria of oestrogen-treated animals. In liver this effect was lacking. Subfractionation of mitochondria into a membranous and soluble fraction revealed that a preferential association of thyroxine with membrane proteins of pituitary and liver mitochondria develops, the amount of T4 association protein (per protein unit) was several times (3-6x) higher in membrane proteins, as compared with soluble proteins.", "PMID": 1111056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2815", "title": "[Inhibition of autohaemolysis in vitro by the action of isolated factors Ac III and Ac IV in so-called autoimmune haemolytic anaemias (author's transl)].", "content": "Hyper- and autohaemolysis of red blood cells resp. in vitro by saturation of serum of patients with so-called autoimmune haemolytic anaemia is conditioned by the lack of factors Ac III and Ac IV resp., or both, in serum. When both factors are lacking also in red blood cells, in addition to hyperhaemolysis complexes are formed which in serological tests appear as antierythrocytic autoantibodies and which by a bond with red blood cells inhibit their breakdown. By adding factor Ac III and IV in suitable concentrations to serum the haemolysing effect and formation of pseudoautoantibodies is completely blocked. The results of experiments in vitro bring up the question whether autoimmune haemolytic anaemia is really conditioned by an immunological process, i. e. by autoimmunization with the formation of autoantibodies which exert an autoaggressive action or whether they are a special manifestation of deficiency of the above factors, similarly as other haemulytic syndromes which develop e. g. as a result of some enzyme deficiencies etc.", "contents": "[Inhibition of autohaemolysis in vitro by the action of isolated factors Ac III and Ac IV in so-called autoimmune haemolytic anaemias (author's transl)]. Hyper- and autohaemolysis of red blood cells resp. in vitro by saturation of serum of patients with so-called autoimmune haemolytic anaemia is conditioned by the lack of factors Ac III and Ac IV resp., or both, in serum. When both factors are lacking also in red blood cells, in addition to hyperhaemolysis complexes are formed which in serological tests appear as antierythrocytic autoantibodies and which by a bond with red blood cells inhibit their breakdown. By adding factor Ac III and IV in suitable concentrations to serum the haemolysing effect and formation of pseudoautoantibodies is completely blocked. The results of experiments in vitro bring up the question whether autoimmune haemolytic anaemia is really conditioned by an immunological process, i. e. by autoimmunization with the formation of autoantibodies which exert an autoaggressive action or whether they are a special manifestation of deficiency of the above factors, similarly as other haemulytic syndromes which develop e. g. as a result of some enzyme deficiencies etc.", "PMID": 1111057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2816", "title": "[Chronic tonsillitis and the upper cervical spine (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors investigated 46 patients with chronic tonsillitis. Only in 5 (11% blockage in the craniocervical junction were absent. The most frequently affected segment was between the occipital bone and the atlas (in 36 patients), between the atlas and axis in two and between the axis and C3 in three patients. In 28 treatment was only surgical. There blockage disappeared only in four, in two blockage developed operation. Five patients were treated before operation also by manipulation. There the blockage relapsed only once. In 10 treatment was by manipulation only. During the observation period (from 3-9 months) not a single relapse of blockage or tonsillitis was observed during the winter period.", "contents": "[Chronic tonsillitis and the upper cervical spine (author's transl)]. The authors investigated 46 patients with chronic tonsillitis. Only in 5 (11% blockage in the craniocervical junction were absent. The most frequently affected segment was between the occipital bone and the atlas (in 36 patients), between the atlas and axis in two and between the axis and C3 in three patients. In 28 treatment was only surgical. There blockage disappeared only in four, in two blockage developed operation. Five patients were treated before operation also by manipulation. There the blockage relapsed only once. In 10 treatment was by manipulation only. During the observation period (from 3-9 months) not a single relapse of blockage or tonsillitis was observed during the winter period.", "PMID": 1111058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2817", "title": "[Age differences in the reactivity of the organism after administration of isoprenaline in rats (author's transl)].", "content": "To three age groups of animals 2, 6 and 12 months old isoprenaline was administered in amounts of 8 mg/kg body weight. In these rats changes in the weight of some organs after administration of isoprenaline were followed-up. In the oldest group of rats were the myocardial lesions were most severe, the authors found the slightest oedematous response of the myocardium. The oedema of their aorta, on the other hand, was most marked. The weight of the adrenals, contrary to younger groups, did not change in the course of the experiment.", "contents": "[Age differences in the reactivity of the organism after administration of isoprenaline in rats (author's transl)]. To three age groups of animals 2, 6 and 12 months old isoprenaline was administered in amounts of 8 mg/kg body weight. In these rats changes in the weight of some organs after administration of isoprenaline were followed-up. In the oldest group of rats were the myocardial lesions were most severe, the authors found the slightest oedematous response of the myocardium. The oedema of their aorta, on the other hand, was most marked. The weight of the adrenals, contrary to younger groups, did not change in the course of the experiment.", "PMID": 1111059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2818", "title": "The epidemiology of enteroviruses.", "content": "International and local Scottish data illustrate the epidemiology of enteroviruses in recent years. Polioviruses still predominate as causes of serious paralytic disease, except where controlled by vaccination and require continuing surveillance. Aseptic meningitis is the commonest reported illness due to enterovirus infection, but notable clinical manifestations of certain types (particularly coxsackie group A) involve the skin and mucous membranes and the respiratory tract. Gastrointestinal disturbance has been reported in some echovirus infections, and cardiac disease is particularly associated with group B coxsackie virus infections. Although most enterovirus infections are silent or trivial in severity, the trend towards periodic epidemicity of different enteroviruses involving older age-groups may entail the emergence of new disease problems of which heart disease may be one example.", "contents": "The epidemiology of enteroviruses. International and local Scottish data illustrate the epidemiology of enteroviruses in recent years. Polioviruses still predominate as causes of serious paralytic disease, except where controlled by vaccination and require continuing surveillance. Aseptic meningitis is the commonest reported illness due to enterovirus infection, but notable clinical manifestations of certain types (particularly coxsackie group A) involve the skin and mucous membranes and the respiratory tract. Gastrointestinal disturbance has been reported in some echovirus infections, and cardiac disease is particularly associated with group B coxsackie virus infections. Although most enterovirus infections are silent or trivial in severity, the trend towards periodic epidemicity of different enteroviruses involving older age-groups may entail the emergence of new disease problems of which heart disease may be one example.", "PMID": 1111084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2819", "title": "The work of a rural practice.", "content": "Study of the work load in the month of November over some years in a single handed rural practice has revealed several interesting trends, one being the way in which the work is gradually increasing. A more detailed study of the work over 12 months has demonstrated how fallacious impressions about one's work can be--the work being spread over a very much larger proportion of the patients than had been originally suspected.", "contents": "The work of a rural practice. Study of the work load in the month of November over some years in a single handed rural practice has revealed several interesting trends, one being the way in which the work is gradually increasing. A more detailed study of the work over 12 months has demonstrated how fallacious impressions about one's work can be--the work being spread over a very much larger proportion of the patients than had been originally suspected.", "PMID": 1111085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2820", "title": "Assessment of severity of haemolytic disease of the newborn at time of birth.", "content": "A new cord blood factor has been suggested as a measure of the severity of haemolytic disease of the newborn at birth. One hundred and seventy three cases of Rhesus iso-immunisation have been classified as mild, moderate and severe according to the readings of Optical Density Difference of bilirubin in the liquor amnii and correlated with the cord blood haemoglobin, cord blood serum bilirubin, and the new cord blood factor. The new cord blood factor gave the best correlation.", "contents": "Assessment of severity of haemolytic disease of the newborn at time of birth. A new cord blood factor has been suggested as a measure of the severity of haemolytic disease of the newborn at birth. One hundred and seventy three cases of Rhesus iso-immunisation have been classified as mild, moderate and severe according to the readings of Optical Density Difference of bilirubin in the liquor amnii and correlated with the cord blood haemoglobin, cord blood serum bilirubin, and the new cord blood factor. The new cord blood factor gave the best correlation.", "PMID": 1111086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2821", "title": "Three common faults in current practice that influence the validity of data obtained from electronic air pollution instrumentation.", "content": "Instrumental development is now entering a more logical era, where the former artistic character of electronics is being replaced by cold technology. Because of this, one should be expect more reliability; however, there still exist many weak links in practical application. Digital readout systems and computer processing induce a false sense of security. In reality, it is the sample-measurement relationship that determines an instrument's credibility and not the number of digits on its meter. In describing three faulty practices that greatly influence an instrument's performance, it is hoped that measurement may be more closely related to the sample!", "contents": "Three common faults in current practice that influence the validity of data obtained from electronic air pollution instrumentation. Instrumental development is now entering a more logical era, where the former artistic character of electronics is being replaced by cold technology. Because of this, one should be expect more reliability; however, there still exist many weak links in practical application. Digital readout systems and computer processing induce a false sense of security. In reality, it is the sample-measurement relationship that determines an instrument's credibility and not the number of digits on its meter. In describing three faulty practices that greatly influence an instrument's performance, it is hoped that measurement may be more closely related to the sample!", "PMID": 1111088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2822", "title": "Dust counting. Critical review and presentation of Vermont practice.", "content": "Counting respirable dust particles using bright field microscopy has been the classic approach for rapid practical evaluation of the dustiness of workplace atmospheres. The technique has been beset with difficulties arising out of variations in the optical systems and the counting cells used by various laboratories. This papar reviews the history of the technique and some of the problems which have been encountered. It also details the method used by the Vermont Division of Occupational Health for the past 20 years to count dust, describing the easily reproducible optical system and the use of a \"thin\" hemocytometer cell employed.", "contents": "Dust counting. Critical review and presentation of Vermont practice. Counting respirable dust particles using bright field microscopy has been the classic approach for rapid practical evaluation of the dustiness of workplace atmospheres. The technique has been beset with difficulties arising out of variations in the optical systems and the counting cells used by various laboratories. This papar reviews the history of the technique and some of the problems which have been encountered. It also details the method used by the Vermont Division of Occupational Health for the past 20 years to count dust, describing the easily reproducible optical system and the use of a \"thin\" hemocytometer cell employed.", "PMID": 1111089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2823", "title": "[Variance of the air sample in air analysis demonstrated on a sample of atmospheric aerosol].", "content": "Particulate matter, sampled during 24-h periods from 200 m-3 urban air, was collected on cellulose filters. Each of the four quarters of the filters was analyzed separately by atomic absorption spectroscopy; the concentration of 11 metals was so determined. The residual standard deviation among the quarters of the filter was 10%. In view of this deviation among the results, attributed to the variance of the air sample, it seems rather doubtful that the intercomparison of air sampling instruments, using ambient air as common \"standard\", will ever give reliable results. It seems likely that air samples, smaller than the 200 m-3 used here, will show an even greater variance, at least with regard to some specific pollutants.", "contents": "[Variance of the air sample in air analysis demonstrated on a sample of atmospheric aerosol]. Particulate matter, sampled during 24-h periods from 200 m-3 urban air, was collected on cellulose filters. Each of the four quarters of the filters was analyzed separately by atomic absorption spectroscopy; the concentration of 11 metals was so determined. The residual standard deviation among the quarters of the filter was 10%. In view of this deviation among the results, attributed to the variance of the air sample, it seems rather doubtful that the intercomparison of air sampling instruments, using ambient air as common \"standard\", will ever give reliable results. It seems likely that air samples, smaller than the 200 m-3 used here, will show an even greater variance, at least with regard to some specific pollutants.", "PMID": 1111090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2824", "title": "Calculation of the mean yearly mixing height over urban areas, from air pollution data.", "content": "Conditions for the usefulness of the ventilation-volume or box model in the representation of long-term averages of pollutant concentrations are discussed. It is shown that yearly averages of mixing heights can be calculated from air pollutant concentration data without reference to meteorological observations. With no pretence to high accuracy, average mixing heights thus obtained are adequate to rapidly characterize an urban area in the low, medium or high bracket of pollutant concentrations. Estimates of yearly average mixing heights for six French and two Japanese towns are given.", "contents": "Calculation of the mean yearly mixing height over urban areas, from air pollution data. Conditions for the usefulness of the ventilation-volume or box model in the representation of long-term averages of pollutant concentrations are discussed. It is shown that yearly averages of mixing heights can be calculated from air pollutant concentration data without reference to meteorological observations. With no pretence to high accuracy, average mixing heights thus obtained are adequate to rapidly characterize an urban area in the low, medium or high bracket of pollutant concentrations. Estimates of yearly average mixing heights for six French and two Japanese towns are given.", "PMID": 1111091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2825", "title": "Mercury and selenium in marine mammals and birds.", "content": "Information is provided concerning the concentrations of mercury and selenium in tissues of marine animals. In marine mammals a 1:1 Hg/Se molecular increment ratio was found and an almost perfect linear correlation between mercury and selenium. It is suggested that marine mammals are able to detoxify methylmercury by a specific chemical mechanism in which selenium is involved. The results also indicate that the fate of methylmercury in fish-eating marine birds differs fundamentally from that in marine mammals.", "contents": "Mercury and selenium in marine mammals and birds. Information is provided concerning the concentrations of mercury and selenium in tissues of marine animals. In marine mammals a 1:1 Hg/Se molecular increment ratio was found and an almost perfect linear correlation between mercury and selenium. It is suggested that marine mammals are able to detoxify methylmercury by a specific chemical mechanism in which selenium is involved. The results also indicate that the fate of methylmercury in fish-eating marine birds differs fundamentally from that in marine mammals.", "PMID": 1111092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2826", "title": "Transfer of lead through the rat's intestinal wall.", "content": "The transfer of 203Pb through the wall of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum in 6- and 26-week old female albino rats was studied by the in vitro method of \"everted sacs\". The lead transport through, and the lead uptake in the wall was practically the same in all intestinal segments. The influence of age on these parameters of lead metabolism was not observed by the method we used. It seems that active transport of lead in all segments of the small intestine in 6-week old rats is negligible.", "contents": "Transfer of lead through the rat's intestinal wall. The transfer of 203Pb through the wall of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum in 6- and 26-week old female albino rats was studied by the in vitro method of \"everted sacs\". The lead transport through, and the lead uptake in the wall was practically the same in all intestinal segments. The influence of age on these parameters of lead metabolism was not observed by the method we used. It seems that active transport of lead in all segments of the small intestine in 6-week old rats is negligible.", "PMID": 1111093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2827", "title": "Troponin and parvalbumin calcium binding regions predicted in myosin light chain and T4 lysozyme.", "content": "A computer search of available protein sequences and structures suggests that bacteriophage T4 lysozyme contains one region and that rabbit myosin light chains contain three regions similar, and supposedly homologous, to the calcium binding region of carp muscle calcium binding parvalbumin.", "contents": "Troponin and parvalbumin calcium binding regions predicted in myosin light chain and T4 lysozyme. A computer search of available protein sequences and structures suggests that bacteriophage T4 lysozyme contains one region and that rabbit myosin light chains contain three regions similar, and supposedly homologous, to the calcium binding region of carp muscle calcium binding parvalbumin.", "PMID": 1111094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2828", "title": "5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid is not a methyl donor for biogenic amines: enzymatic formation of formaldehyde.", "content": "Contrary to previous reports, 5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid does not mediate the methylation of dopamine to epinine. Instead, this methyl donor is degraded enzymatically to formaldehyde, which condenses with dopamine to form a tetahydoisoquinoline derivative. The latter has chromotographic characteristics very similar to those of epinine, which likely accounts for the original misidentification of the product.", "contents": "5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid is not a methyl donor for biogenic amines: enzymatic formation of formaldehyde. Contrary to previous reports, 5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid does not mediate the methylation of dopamine to epinine. Instead, this methyl donor is degraded enzymatically to formaldehyde, which condenses with dopamine to form a tetahydoisoquinoline derivative. The latter has chromotographic characteristics very similar to those of epinine, which likely accounts for the original misidentification of the product.", "PMID": 1111095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2829", "title": "Chromatin fragments resembling v bodies.", "content": "Fragments of chromatin resembling the spheroid chromatin units (v bodies) have been isolated from formaldehyde-fixed and sonicated chicken erythrocyte nuclei. Ultracentrifugal analyses demonstrated that monomer v bodies have a molecular weight of about 300,000 per particle, exhibit a protein to DNA ratio (by weight) of 1.22:1, and contain a DNA fragment with a molecular weight of approximately 140,000 per v body.", "contents": "Chromatin fragments resembling v bodies. Fragments of chromatin resembling the spheroid chromatin units (v bodies) have been isolated from formaldehyde-fixed and sonicated chicken erythrocyte nuclei. Ultracentrifugal analyses demonstrated that monomer v bodies have a molecular weight of about 300,000 per particle, exhibit a protein to DNA ratio (by weight) of 1.22:1, and contain a DNA fragment with a molecular weight of approximately 140,000 per v body.", "PMID": 1111096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2830", "title": "When left-handed mice live in right-handed worlds.", "content": "Many C57BL/6J inbred mice were tested for paw preference. In unbiased worlds, approximately 10 percent exhibited lateral preferences inconsistent with the world bias, and males were more strongly lateralized. Influences of world bias appear to be superimposed upon an already laterally dichotomized population. Initial left-right sense, it is posited, arises as an outcome of a seemingly random process.", "contents": "When left-handed mice live in right-handed worlds. Many C57BL/6J inbred mice were tested for paw preference. In unbiased worlds, approximately 10 percent exhibited lateral preferences inconsistent with the world bias, and males were more strongly lateralized. Influences of world bias appear to be superimposed upon an already laterally dichotomized population. Initial left-right sense, it is posited, arises as an outcome of a seemingly random process.", "PMID": 1111097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2831", "title": "Cyclopentyl ketones: identification and function in Azteca ants.", "content": "The anal gland secretions of dolichoderine ants in the genus Azteca are fortified with cyclopentyl ketones. Since these compounds, 2-methylcyclopentanone, cis-1-acetyl-2-methylcyclopentane, and 2-acetyl-3-methylcyclopentene, release sustained alarm behavior in ant workers, they constitute a new chemical class of insect pheromones. The ketones probably also function as defensive compounds and thus are part of the ants' alarm-defense system.", "contents": "Cyclopentyl ketones: identification and function in Azteca ants. The anal gland secretions of dolichoderine ants in the genus Azteca are fortified with cyclopentyl ketones. Since these compounds, 2-methylcyclopentanone, cis-1-acetyl-2-methylcyclopentane, and 2-acetyl-3-methylcyclopentene, release sustained alarm behavior in ant workers, they constitute a new chemical class of insect pheromones. The ketones probably also function as defensive compounds and thus are part of the ants' alarm-defense system.", "PMID": 1111099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2832", "title": "2,3-diphosphoglycerate: a physiological inhibitor of platelet aggregation.", "content": "2,3-Diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) may inhibit the platelet release reaction and the irreversible aggregation of human blood platelets induced by adenosine diphosphate, epinephrine, or norepinephrine. The effects of 2,3-DPG on platelet aggregation were more pronounced in cases with low hematocrit (less than 30 percent). Dipyridamole and vincaminor potentiated the antiaggregating effect of 2,3-DPG. Erythocytes (10-3 to 10-4 per microliter) exhibited a similar antiaggregating effect, especially when secured from anemic patients.", "contents": "2,3-diphosphoglycerate: a physiological inhibitor of platelet aggregation. 2,3-Diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) may inhibit the platelet release reaction and the irreversible aggregation of human blood platelets induced by adenosine diphosphate, epinephrine, or norepinephrine. The effects of 2,3-DPG on platelet aggregation were more pronounced in cases with low hematocrit (less than 30 percent). Dipyridamole and vincaminor potentiated the antiaggregating effect of 2,3-DPG. Erythocytes (10-3 to 10-4 per microliter) exhibited a similar antiaggregating effect, especially when secured from anemic patients.", "PMID": 1111100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2833", "title": "Heavy cosmic-ray exposure of Apollo astronauts.", "content": "A comprehensive study of the heavy-particle cosmic-ray exposure received by the individual astronauts during the nine lunar Apollo missions reveals a significant variation in the exposure as a function of shielding and the phase of the solar cycle. The data are useful in planning for future long-range missions and in estimating the expected biological damage.", "contents": "Heavy cosmic-ray exposure of Apollo astronauts. A comprehensive study of the heavy-particle cosmic-ray exposure received by the individual astronauts during the nine lunar Apollo missions reveals a significant variation in the exposure as a function of shielding and the phase of the solar cycle. The data are useful in planning for future long-range missions and in estimating the expected biological damage.", "PMID": 1111101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2834", "title": "Self-produced locomotion restores visual capacity after striate lesions.", "content": "Rats permitted unrestrained movement in a patterned visual environment during the interval between two-stage vilateral lesions of the visual cortex reacquire a preoperatively learned pattern discrimination. Rats passively transported through the identical visual environment do not. This is the first demonstration that interoperative self-produced locomotion is essential for recovery of function in the visual system.", "contents": "Self-produced locomotion restores visual capacity after striate lesions. Rats permitted unrestrained movement in a patterned visual environment during the interval between two-stage vilateral lesions of the visual cortex reacquire a preoperatively learned pattern discrimination. Rats passively transported through the identical visual environment do not. This is the first demonstration that interoperative self-produced locomotion is essential for recovery of function in the visual system.", "PMID": 1111102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2835", "title": "Auditory discrimination and recall in monkeys.", "content": "The first auditory recall functions have been derived for monkeys; the same animals also demonstrate perceptual abilities closely approximating those of man. An efficient, powerful psychophysical technique is used to specify and force predicted levels of difficulty of task performance across time, animals, and problems.", "contents": "Auditory discrimination and recall in monkeys. The first auditory recall functions have been derived for monkeys; the same animals also demonstrate perceptual abilities closely approximating those of man. An efficient, powerful psychophysical technique is used to specify and force predicted levels of difficulty of task performance across time, animals, and problems.", "PMID": 1111103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2836", "title": "Dynamic random-dot stereograms reveal up-down anisotropy and left-right isotropy between cortical hemifields.", "content": "With the use of dynamic random-dot sterograms (which are devoid of all monocular depth cues), the temporal duration for detecting a small, briefly presented test square of different depth than the surround varied as a function of its location in the central portion of the visual field. Test squares presented in the upper hemifield were detectable at consistently shorter durations than those in the lower hemifield when the fixation marker was in front of the surround, and vice versa when the marker was behind. No such anisotropy was found for left and right hemifield. Esploratory studies suggested a similar up-down anisotropy and left-right isotropy in spatial resolution. Thus, the upper hemifield representation at the cortex shows a general superiority over the lower one for vinocular detectors tuned to uncrossed disparitites, and the lower hemifield shows superiority for those tuned to crossed disparities.", "contents": "Dynamic random-dot stereograms reveal up-down anisotropy and left-right isotropy between cortical hemifields. With the use of dynamic random-dot sterograms (which are devoid of all monocular depth cues), the temporal duration for detecting a small, briefly presented test square of different depth than the surround varied as a function of its location in the central portion of the visual field. Test squares presented in the upper hemifield were detectable at consistently shorter durations than those in the lower hemifield when the fixation marker was in front of the surround, and vice versa when the marker was behind. No such anisotropy was found for left and right hemifield. Esploratory studies suggested a similar up-down anisotropy and left-right isotropy in spatial resolution. Thus, the upper hemifield representation at the cortex shows a general superiority over the lower one for vinocular detectors tuned to uncrossed disparitites, and the lower hemifield shows superiority for those tuned to crossed disparities.", "PMID": 1111104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2837", "title": "Contradiction of auditory and visual information by brain stimulation.", "content": "Cats with permanently implanted electrodes were trained to discriminate between trains of flashes or clicks at two different repetition frequencies. After substantial overtraining with these sensory stimuli, high levels of stimulus generalization were obtained to electrical stimulation of the reticular formation at either frequency stimultaneously with contradictory flicker or click stimulation at the opposite frequency resulted in control of the behavior by the reticualr stimulus. Lateral geniculate stimulation failed to show this effect.", "contents": "Contradiction of auditory and visual information by brain stimulation. Cats with permanently implanted electrodes were trained to discriminate between trains of flashes or clicks at two different repetition frequencies. After substantial overtraining with these sensory stimuli, high levels of stimulus generalization were obtained to electrical stimulation of the reticular formation at either frequency stimultaneously with contradictory flicker or click stimulation at the opposite frequency resulted in control of the behavior by the reticualr stimulus. Lateral geniculate stimulation failed to show this effect.", "PMID": 1111105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2838", "title": "Sex pheromone of the oak leaf roller: a complex chemical messenger system identified by mass fragmentography.", "content": "The sex pheromone of the oak leaf roller, Archips semiferanus Walker, is composed of a complex mixture of chemical signals. The attractant component of the pheromone contains a series of tetradecenyl acetates having double bonds in positions 2 to 12. Mass fragmentography of the ozonolysis products of the attractant component was used to locate the double bonds in the various isomer.", "contents": "Sex pheromone of the oak leaf roller: a complex chemical messenger system identified by mass fragmentography. The sex pheromone of the oak leaf roller, Archips semiferanus Walker, is composed of a complex mixture of chemical signals. The attractant component of the pheromone contains a series of tetradecenyl acetates having double bonds in positions 2 to 12. Mass fragmentography of the ozonolysis products of the attractant component was used to locate the double bonds in the various isomer.", "PMID": 1111108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2839", "title": "Low frequency electric field induced changes in the shape and motility of amoebas.", "content": "Perpendicular and parallel elongation of the giant amoeba, Chaos chaos (Chaos carolinensis), have been observed in alternating electric fields over a wide frequency range (from about 1 hertz to about 10 megahertz). The characteristics change as a function of frequency. Simple dielectric forces may be important in the production of these effects.", "contents": "Low frequency electric field induced changes in the shape and motility of amoebas. Perpendicular and parallel elongation of the giant amoeba, Chaos chaos (Chaos carolinensis), have been observed in alternating electric fields over a wide frequency range (from about 1 hertz to about 10 megahertz). The characteristics change as a function of frequency. Simple dielectric forces may be important in the production of these effects.", "PMID": 1111109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2840", "title": "Synaptonemal complex complement of man in spreads of spermatocytes, with details of the sex chromosome pair.", "content": "Human pachytene chromosome pairs have been characterized electron microscopically in spread preparations on the basis of synaptonemal complex length, kinetochore position and attached nucleoli when present. The X and Y chromosomes can be followed by their filamentous axial cores from partial synapsis, through precocious disjuction and end-to-end attachment, to differentiation of a network in the sex chromosome pair.", "contents": "Synaptonemal complex complement of man in spreads of spermatocytes, with details of the sex chromosome pair. Human pachytene chromosome pairs have been characterized electron microscopically in spread preparations on the basis of synaptonemal complex length, kinetochore position and attached nucleoli when present. The X and Y chromosomes can be followed by their filamentous axial cores from partial synapsis, through precocious disjuction and end-to-end attachment, to differentiation of a network in the sex chromosome pair.", "PMID": 1111110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2841", "title": "Evaporative water loss in box turtles: effects of rostral brainstem and other temperatures.", "content": "Box turtles were implanted with thermodes astride the preoptic tissue of the brainstem. The rate of evaporative water loss could be transiently increased by heating the rostral brainstem. Heating tissue in the anterior hypothalamus affected evaporative water loss only a high ambient temperatures. The magnitude of the response was proportional both to the change in hypothalamic temperature and to the ambient temperature with which the turtle was in equilibrium. The major fuction of a high rate of evaporative water loss in turtles is probably to protect the brain from overheating during thermal stress.", "contents": "Evaporative water loss in box turtles: effects of rostral brainstem and other temperatures. Box turtles were implanted with thermodes astride the preoptic tissue of the brainstem. The rate of evaporative water loss could be transiently increased by heating the rostral brainstem. Heating tissue in the anterior hypothalamus affected evaporative water loss only a high ambient temperatures. The magnitude of the response was proportional both to the change in hypothalamic temperature and to the ambient temperature with which the turtle was in equilibrium. The major fuction of a high rate of evaporative water loss in turtles is probably to protect the brain from overheating during thermal stress.", "PMID": 1111111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2842", "title": "Dopamine beta-hydroxylase activity in brains of chronic schizophrenic patients.", "content": "Postmorten brain specimens from nine chronic schizophrenic patients and nine control were assayed for activity of dopamine beta-hydroxylase, the enzyme responsible for the conversion of dopamine to norepinephrine. Unlike the results of previous reports, there was no statistically significant difference in enzyme activity between the patient and control groups. There were, however, significant negative correlations between dopamin beta-hydroxylase activity and the tim spent in the morgue before autopsy, and between enzyme activity of schizophrenics and dosage of chlorpromazine or its equivalent.", "contents": "Dopamine beta-hydroxylase activity in brains of chronic schizophrenic patients. Postmorten brain specimens from nine chronic schizophrenic patients and nine control were assayed for activity of dopamine beta-hydroxylase, the enzyme responsible for the conversion of dopamine to norepinephrine. Unlike the results of previous reports, there was no statistically significant difference in enzyme activity between the patient and control groups. There were, however, significant negative correlations between dopamin beta-hydroxylase activity and the tim spent in the morgue before autopsy, and between enzyme activity of schizophrenics and dosage of chlorpromazine or its equivalent.", "PMID": 1111112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2843", "title": "Growth hormone: independent release of big and small forms from rat pituitary in vitro.", "content": "Sequential release of big and small forms of growth hormone by perifused rat pituitaries has been demonstrated by immunoprecipitation. The results suggest that either the two forms are independently synthesized and released, or that a newly synthesized molecule of big growth hormone follows one of two paths: direct release or intracellular processing through the storage compartment with conversion to small growth hormone.", "contents": "Growth hormone: independent release of big and small forms from rat pituitary in vitro. Sequential release of big and small forms of growth hormone by perifused rat pituitaries has been demonstrated by immunoprecipitation. The results suggest that either the two forms are independently synthesized and released, or that a newly synthesized molecule of big growth hormone follows one of two paths: direct release or intracellular processing through the storage compartment with conversion to small growth hormone.", "PMID": 1111113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2844", "title": "Measles virus: an unwanted variant causing hydrocephalus.", "content": "Mutagenization of measles virus with proflavine produced a temperature-sensitive mutant capable of inducing hydrocephalus following intracranial inoculation of newborn hamsters. Hydrocephalus was not produced by the parental strain or by other measles virus mutants. Thus, mutants can be the causative agents of disease not associated with the parental strain. The results dictate caution in the use and distribution of experimentally induced virus variants.", "contents": "Measles virus: an unwanted variant causing hydrocephalus. Mutagenization of measles virus with proflavine produced a temperature-sensitive mutant capable of inducing hydrocephalus following intracranial inoculation of newborn hamsters. Hydrocephalus was not produced by the parental strain or by other measles virus mutants. Thus, mutants can be the causative agents of disease not associated with the parental strain. The results dictate caution in the use and distribution of experimentally induced virus variants.", "PMID": 1111114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2845", "title": "Warning signs in intracranial aneurysms.", "content": "Warning signs preceding major hemorrhage were analyzed in 192 patients with intracranial aneurysms. One hundred and thirteen (59 percent) had warning signs. The average interval between the last warning signs and the major attacks was 16.9 ddays with anterior communicating and anterior cerebral aneurysms, 6 days with middle cerebral aneurysms, and 7.3  days with intradural internal carotid aneurysms. The incidence was much higher in aneurysms (69 percent) and with location of the aneurysms. Early recognition of warning signs may protect patients from the devasting effects of major hemmorhage.", "contents": "Warning signs in intracranial aneurysms. Warning signs preceding major hemorrhage were analyzed in 192 patients with intracranial aneurysms. One hundred and thirteen (59 percent) had warning signs. The average interval between the last warning signs and the major attacks was 16.9 ddays with anterior communicating and anterior cerebral aneurysms, 6 days with middle cerebral aneurysms, and 7.3  days with intradural internal carotid aneurysms. The incidence was much higher in aneurysms (69 percent) and with location of the aneurysms. Early recognition of warning signs may protect patients from the devasting effects of major hemmorhage.", "PMID": 1111139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2846", "title": "Two unusual complications of ventriculo-peritoneal shunt in the same infant.", "content": "A child with hydrocephalus had two rare complications of a ventriculo-peritoneal shunt: exposure of the abdominal catheter through the surgical incision and perforation of the intestine by a new Raimoundi catheter and its emergence from the anus. No infection occurred. The catheter was replaced with a new one on each occasion, without incident.", "contents": "Two unusual complications of ventriculo-peritoneal shunt in the same infant. A child with hydrocephalus had two rare complications of a ventriculo-peritoneal shunt: exposure of the abdominal catheter through the surgical incision and perforation of the intestine by a new Raimoundi catheter and its emergence from the anus. No infection occurred. The catheter was replaced with a new one on each occasion, without incident.", "PMID": 1111140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2847", "title": "Conservative management of the recently ruptured aneurysm.", "content": "Antifibrinolytic drugs and subtotal occulusion of carotid artery have been investigated in a series of 168 patients with recently ruptured intracranial aneursyms. It is concluded that epsilon-aminocaproic acid offers effective treatment, that aggressive hypotensive therapy is dangerous in the severely obtunded patient, and that epsilon-aminocaproic acid plus subtotal carotid occlusion (supplemented by a moderate hypotensive regime) offer the best treatment, in this experience, in the prevention of recurrent hemmorrhages.", "contents": "Conservative management of the recently ruptured aneurysm. Antifibrinolytic drugs and subtotal occulusion of carotid artery have been investigated in a series of 168 patients with recently ruptured intracranial aneursyms. It is concluded that epsilon-aminocaproic acid offers effective treatment, that aggressive hypotensive therapy is dangerous in the severely obtunded patient, and that epsilon-aminocaproic acid plus subtotal carotid occlusion (supplemented by a moderate hypotensive regime) offer the best treatment, in this experience, in the prevention of recurrent hemmorrhages.", "PMID": 1111142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2848", "title": "Venous channels in the tentorium cerebelli: surgical significance.", "content": "A practical surgical approach for exposure of the rostral part of the cerebellum is by way of an occipital craniectomy and incision through a leaf of the tentorium cerebelli. Venous channels of variable dimensions course in this intracranial dural process or partition. Neurosurgeons should be aware of their presence.", "contents": "Venous channels in the tentorium cerebelli: surgical significance. A practical surgical approach for exposure of the rostral part of the cerebellum is by way of an occipital craniectomy and incision through a leaf of the tentorium cerebelli. Venous channels of variable dimensions course in this intracranial dural process or partition. Neurosurgeons should be aware of their presence.", "PMID": 1111143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2849", "title": "Intracerebral schwannoma.", "content": "A case is reported in which the authors describe a rare example of an intracerebral schwannoma in a 63-year-old woman having a clinical history suggesting the presence of the tumor for 40 years. Such an unusually prolonged course is ascribed to extensive regressive changes in the tumor. The occurrence of intracerebral schwannoma indicates the existence of schwann cells deep within the brain substance, although the precise source of these cells remains obscure.", "contents": "Intracerebral schwannoma. A case is reported in which the authors describe a rare example of an intracerebral schwannoma in a 63-year-old woman having a clinical history suggesting the presence of the tumor for 40 years. Such an unusually prolonged course is ascribed to extensive regressive changes in the tumor. The occurrence of intracerebral schwannoma indicates the existence of schwann cells deep within the brain substance, although the precise source of these cells remains obscure.", "PMID": 1111146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2850", "title": "Extraneural metastasis of pineal tumor.", "content": "The case of an eight-year old male with a pineal tumor is reported, in which metastases occurred to extraneural organs. The pineal tumor consisted of portions of benign teratoma, malignant ependymoma and embryonal carcinoma. Only the embryonal carcinoma metastasized. The intracanial and spinal subarachnoid space alos was invaded by disseminated embryonal carcinoma. There have been seven other similar cases reported. All patients were males from five to 34 years of age.", "contents": "Extraneural metastasis of pineal tumor. The case of an eight-year old male with a pineal tumor is reported, in which metastases occurred to extraneural organs. The pineal tumor consisted of portions of benign teratoma, malignant ependymoma and embryonal carcinoma. Only the embryonal carcinoma metastasized. The intracanial and spinal subarachnoid space alos was invaded by disseminated embryonal carcinoma. There have been seven other similar cases reported. All patients were males from five to 34 years of age.", "PMID": 1111147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2851", "title": "A competitive protein binding radioassay for deoxycorticosterone in human plasma.", "content": "A simple, sensitive and reliable competitive protein binding radioassay using dog transcortin has been developed for the measurement of 11-deoxycorticosterone (DOC) in human plasma. A 1% plasma solution from dexamethasone treated male dogs served as the source of the binding protein. Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography was used for the separation of the steroid prior to assay. The method is sensitive enough to detect 50 pg of DOC. The intra- and interassay co-efficients of variation were 11.5% and 11.3% respectively. Water blanks and plasma blanks from adrenalectomized rats and humans gave negligible readings for DOC. Support for the identity of the steroid being assayed as DOC was obtained by subjecting a plasma pool to multiple radioassays using 4 different binding proteins including 2 anti-DOC antibodies. The values obtained in all 4 systems were in good agreement confirming the fact that DOC was the steroid being measured. Morning plasma DOC levels measured in 29 healthy subjects averaged 8.0 plus or minus 1.2 (S.E.) ng% in 14 males, and 8.7 plus or minus 0.9 (S.E.) ng% in 15 females (p greater than 0.3).", "contents": "A competitive protein binding radioassay for deoxycorticosterone in human plasma. A simple, sensitive and reliable competitive protein binding radioassay using dog transcortin has been developed for the measurement of 11-deoxycorticosterone (DOC) in human plasma. A 1% plasma solution from dexamethasone treated male dogs served as the source of the binding protein. Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography was used for the separation of the steroid prior to assay. The method is sensitive enough to detect 50 pg of DOC. The intra- and interassay co-efficients of variation were 11.5% and 11.3% respectively. Water blanks and plasma blanks from adrenalectomized rats and humans gave negligible readings for DOC. Support for the identity of the steroid being assayed as DOC was obtained by subjecting a plasma pool to multiple radioassays using 4 different binding proteins including 2 anti-DOC antibodies. The values obtained in all 4 systems were in good agreement confirming the fact that DOC was the steroid being measured. Morning plasma DOC levels measured in 29 healthy subjects averaged 8.0 plus or minus 1.2 (S.E.) ng% in 14 males, and 8.7 plus or minus 0.9 (S.E.) ng% in 15 females (p greater than 0.3).", "PMID": 1111169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2852", "title": "In vivo androgen retention in mouse kidney.", "content": "The in vivo retention of 3-H-testosterone, dihydrotestosterone (DHT), 3alpha-androstanediol (3alpha-DIOL), 3beta-DIOL, androstenedione, progesterone and cortisol by renal cytoplasm and nuclei of male and female mice was studied. Testosterone was the major androgen isolated from cytoplasm and nuclei following testosterone or androstenedione administration. By contrast, DHT was the major intracellular androgen after DHT, 3alpha- or 3beta-DIOL injection. The uptake of 3-H-testosterone or 3-H-DHT was abolished by excess unlabeled testosterone, DHT or cyproterone acetate. Androgen concentrations in kidney fractions from female mice were similar to those from males. There was no appreciable concentration of the isolated steroids following 3-H-progesterone administration. 3H-cortisol was concentrated in both cytoplasm and nuclei but was not displaced by non-radioactive androgens. These findings suggest that in contrast to prostate, mouse kidney can concentrate both testosterone and DHT. However, since testosterone is the major androgen in blood and since it is not metabolized in kidney, it is the major effector androgen in this organ. Androstenedione is active via conversion to testosterone while DIOLS are androgenic via metabolism to DHT.", "contents": "In vivo androgen retention in mouse kidney. The in vivo retention of 3-H-testosterone, dihydrotestosterone (DHT), 3alpha-androstanediol (3alpha-DIOL), 3beta-DIOL, androstenedione, progesterone and cortisol by renal cytoplasm and nuclei of male and female mice was studied. Testosterone was the major androgen isolated from cytoplasm and nuclei following testosterone or androstenedione administration. By contrast, DHT was the major intracellular androgen after DHT, 3alpha- or 3beta-DIOL injection. The uptake of 3-H-testosterone or 3-H-DHT was abolished by excess unlabeled testosterone, DHT or cyproterone acetate. Androgen concentrations in kidney fractions from female mice were similar to those from males. There was no appreciable concentration of the isolated steroids following 3-H-progesterone administration. 3H-cortisol was concentrated in both cytoplasm and nuclei but was not displaced by non-radioactive androgens. These findings suggest that in contrast to prostate, mouse kidney can concentrate both testosterone and DHT. However, since testosterone is the major androgen in blood and since it is not metabolized in kidney, it is the major effector androgen in this organ. Androstenedione is active via conversion to testosterone while DIOLS are androgenic via metabolism to DHT.", "PMID": 1111170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2853", "title": "The metabolism of synthetic estrogens in non-users and users of oral contraceptives.", "content": "Using both pulse injections and constant infusions of 3-H-mestranol (3H-ME) (1) and 3-H-ethinyl estradiol (3H-EE) we have studied the metabolism of these compounds in non-users and users of oral contraceptives. Following pulse injection of 3-H-ME the disappearance of radioactivity could be described as a function which was the sum of two exponentials. Studied by both types of administration there was no difference in the metabolism of 3H-ME in the two groups; the overall mean plus or minus SE metabolic clearance rate (MCRM) was 690 plus or minus 45 1/day/m2, the mean ratio of the concentrations of radioactivity as EE following administration of ME (CRM-BB,E) was 0.23 plus or minus 0.02 and the mean (p)M,EBB (fraction of administered ME measured in blood as EE) was 0.19 (95% confidence limits equals 0.15 - 0.23). Following pulse injection of 3-H-EE the disappearance of radioactivity was best described as a function which is the sum of three exponentials. Results from both types of administration revealed no difference in the metabolism of 3H-EE between non-users. The overall mean plus or minus SE MCREE was 630 plus or minus 30 1/day/M2. The MCREE is significantly (0.02 greater than P greater than 0.01) less than the mean MCR for estradiol reported previously, in both non-users and users of oral contraceptives. The use of oral contraceptives containing estrogens and progestins does not appear to influence the metabolism of the estrogen used. Approximately 20% of mestranol is converted to and appears in the blood as ethinyl estradiol.", "contents": "The metabolism of synthetic estrogens in non-users and users of oral contraceptives. Using both pulse injections and constant infusions of 3-H-mestranol (3H-ME) (1) and 3-H-ethinyl estradiol (3H-EE) we have studied the metabolism of these compounds in non-users and users of oral contraceptives. Following pulse injection of 3-H-ME the disappearance of radioactivity could be described as a function which was the sum of two exponentials. Studied by both types of administration there was no difference in the metabolism of 3H-ME in the two groups; the overall mean plus or minus SE metabolic clearance rate (MCRM) was 690 plus or minus 45 1/day/m2, the mean ratio of the concentrations of radioactivity as EE following administration of ME (CRM-BB,E) was 0.23 plus or minus 0.02 and the mean (p)M,EBB (fraction of administered ME measured in blood as EE) was 0.19 (95% confidence limits equals 0.15 - 0.23). Following pulse injection of 3-H-EE the disappearance of radioactivity was best described as a function which is the sum of three exponentials. Results from both types of administration revealed no difference in the metabolism of 3H-EE between non-users. The overall mean plus or minus SE MCREE was 630 plus or minus 30 1/day/M2. The MCREE is significantly (0.02 greater than P greater than 0.01) less than the mean MCR for estradiol reported previously, in both non-users and users of oral contraceptives. The use of oral contraceptives containing estrogens and progestins does not appear to influence the metabolism of the estrogen used. Approximately 20% of mestranol is converted to and appears in the blood as ethinyl estradiol.", "PMID": 1111171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2854", "title": "Comparison of dextran-coated charcoal and ammonium sulfate in the radioimmunoassay of estrogens.", "content": "A comparison was made between the use of ammonium sulfate (AS) and Dextran coated charcoal (DCC) to separate free and antibody-bound estrogens in the RIA of estrone and estradiol in serum. Under the conditions tested, AS yielded values which were approximately twice those obtained using DCC. This difference was found for both estrogens, using male and female serum and regardless of whether the estrogens were separated from one another by means of the Girard reagent or TLC. There was no significant difference in the sensitivity, accuracy or usable range of the standard curve or in the water-blank for the two procedures.", "contents": "Comparison of dextran-coated charcoal and ammonium sulfate in the radioimmunoassay of estrogens. A comparison was made between the use of ammonium sulfate (AS) and Dextran coated charcoal (DCC) to separate free and antibody-bound estrogens in the RIA of estrone and estradiol in serum. Under the conditions tested, AS yielded values which were approximately twice those obtained using DCC. This difference was found for both estrogens, using male and female serum and regardless of whether the estrogens were separated from one another by means of the Girard reagent or TLC. There was no significant difference in the sensitivity, accuracy or usable range of the standard curve or in the water-blank for the two procedures.", "PMID": 1111172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2855", "title": "Radioimmunoassay for fluoxymesterone (Halotestin).", "content": "A specific, sensitive, precise and accurate radioimmunoassay has been developed for fluoxymesterone, 9alpha-fluoro-11beta,17beta-dihydroxy-17-methyl-4-androsten-3-one (Halotestin). The method is capable of detecting 25 picograms of drug in 0.1 ml of unextracted serum. The primary antibody was prepared against fluoxymesterone 3-(0-(carboxy-methoxime)) (CMO) bovine serum albumin. The specificity of the assay is greatly influenced by the hydroxyl group at position 11 and the methyl group at position 17. Physiological levels of endogenous steroids did not cross-react significantly with the primary antibody. Blood levels of fluoxymesterone were determined in both human subjects and male beagle dogs after oral administration of Halotestin.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay for fluoxymesterone (Halotestin). A specific, sensitive, precise and accurate radioimmunoassay has been developed for fluoxymesterone, 9alpha-fluoro-11beta,17beta-dihydroxy-17-methyl-4-androsten-3-one (Halotestin). The method is capable of detecting 25 picograms of drug in 0.1 ml of unextracted serum. The primary antibody was prepared against fluoxymesterone 3-(0-(carboxy-methoxime)) (CMO) bovine serum albumin. The specificity of the assay is greatly influenced by the hydroxyl group at position 11 and the methyl group at position 17. Physiological levels of endogenous steroids did not cross-react significantly with the primary antibody. Blood levels of fluoxymesterone were determined in both human subjects and male beagle dogs after oral administration of Halotestin.", "PMID": 1111173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2856", "title": "In vitro metabolism of 3-H-androstenedione by the male rat pituitary, hypothalamus, and hippocampus.", "content": "The in vitro metabolism of 2,2-3-H-androstenedione by the pituitary, hypothalamus, and hippocampus of intact and castrated adult male rats was studied. Conversion of androstenedione to radiochemically pure 5alpha-androstanedione, testosterone, 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone, androsterone, and traces of 3alpha, 5alpha-androstanediol was demonstrated in minced preparations of the three tissues in the absence of cofactors. 5alpha-androstanedione was the metabolite formed in the highest proportion. The pituitary showed the highest enzymatic conversions followed in decreasing order by the hippocampus and the hypothalamus. Castration performed three weeks prior to the experiments resulted in a significant decrease of pituitary 17beta-old-dehydrogenase activity with a concomitant increase of 5alpha-reductase. No significant changes were observed after castration in the hypothalamus and the hippocampus.", "contents": "In vitro metabolism of 3-H-androstenedione by the male rat pituitary, hypothalamus, and hippocampus. The in vitro metabolism of 2,2-3-H-androstenedione by the pituitary, hypothalamus, and hippocampus of intact and castrated adult male rats was studied. Conversion of androstenedione to radiochemically pure 5alpha-androstanedione, testosterone, 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone, androsterone, and traces of 3alpha, 5alpha-androstanediol was demonstrated in minced preparations of the three tissues in the absence of cofactors. 5alpha-androstanedione was the metabolite formed in the highest proportion. The pituitary showed the highest enzymatic conversions followed in decreasing order by the hippocampus and the hypothalamus. Castration performed three weeks prior to the experiments resulted in a significant decrease of pituitary 17beta-old-dehydrogenase activity with a concomitant increase of 5alpha-reductase. No significant changes were observed after castration in the hypothalamus and the hippocampus.", "PMID": 1111174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2857", "title": "Characterization and physiological validation of a radioimmunoassay for plasma testosterone in the male rat.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay (RIA) to measure testosterone concentration in the plasma of male rats was formalized, tested and physiologically validated. The procedure measured testosterone equally well, whether or not estimation of recovery and chromatographic purification preceded the RIA. The results were equivalent to those achieved by the method of competitive protein binding. No 17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one was found in the plasma of male rats. Adrenalectomy did not significantly decrease plasma testosterone in either male or female rats. The simplified protocol met all requirements of precision, sensitivity, accuracy and specificity. A single investigator can analyze 1,000 plasma samples for testosterone in one week if necessary.", "contents": "Characterization and physiological validation of a radioimmunoassay for plasma testosterone in the male rat. A radioimmunoassay (RIA) to measure testosterone concentration in the plasma of male rats was formalized, tested and physiologically validated. The procedure measured testosterone equally well, whether or not estimation of recovery and chromatographic purification preceded the RIA. The results were equivalent to those achieved by the method of competitive protein binding. No 17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one was found in the plasma of male rats. Adrenalectomy did not significantly decrease plasma testosterone in either male or female rats. The simplified protocol met all requirements of precision, sensitivity, accuracy and specificity. A single investigator can analyze 1,000 plasma samples for testosterone in one week if necessary.", "PMID": 1111175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2858", "title": "[Concept of metabolic deviations].", "content": "Disturbance of metabolism has to do always with systems. A change in one unit results in a flow of matter, energy or information to other units. The whole or almost the whole system participates at this chain reaction. Never a simple newtonian reaction can be encountered at this occasion, with its direct cause-effect connection. At least always the feed-back mechanism is triggered. Generally, however, multiple loops of the feed-back mechanism are activated. No strict determinism is present here. In the nature common laws for living and lifeless objects are valid. It does not matter that we cannot yet define the life in terms of classical physics. It will be necessary to construct on one side a new physical concept and on the other to introduce into our biological way of thinking also the quantum mechanics. Metabolism must be defined in terms of statistics and probability. The complex mutual interaction of individual functional levels makes it necessary to shift from the study of isolated events to the general theory of information, integration and control.", "contents": "[Concept of metabolic deviations]. Disturbance of metabolism has to do always with systems. A change in one unit results in a flow of matter, energy or information to other units. The whole or almost the whole system participates at this chain reaction. Never a simple newtonian reaction can be encountered at this occasion, with its direct cause-effect connection. At least always the feed-back mechanism is triggered. Generally, however, multiple loops of the feed-back mechanism are activated. No strict determinism is present here. In the nature common laws for living and lifeless objects are valid. It does not matter that we cannot yet define the life in terms of classical physics. It will be necessary to construct on one side a new physical concept and on the other to introduce into our biological way of thinking also the quantum mechanics. Metabolism must be defined in terms of statistics and probability. The complex mutual interaction of individual functional levels makes it necessary to shift from the study of isolated events to the general theory of information, integration and control.", "PMID": 1111218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2859", "title": "[Anemia in old people].", "content": "In older age the incidence of anemia is more frequent, in patients over 15 years of age anemia was found in 16%, whereas in patients over 60 years of age in 22.5%. The study was done on hospitalized patients. In younger age groups anemic women were more numerous, in older patients on the contrary the majority of anemic patients were men. In both age groups anemia is mostly of a lighter form, but in the older age group a serous form of anemia is more frequent. The development of anemia is due in the first place to economic and social conditions, insufficient health and social care of old persons. The leading cause of anemia is malnutrition of the old, often immobile or mentally altered individuals. To consider the anemia in the old age as physiologic is questionable, as 77.5% of hospital admitted old individuals have no anemia. Anemia is often an early sign of an organic or systemic disease, being in this way an indication to a thorough clinical examination. The treatment should consist in therapy of the underlying disease, in the correlation of nutrition, substitution of nutritional and hemopo\u00ebtic factors and in increased care of old individuals.", "contents": "[Anemia in old people]. In older age the incidence of anemia is more frequent, in patients over 15 years of age anemia was found in 16%, whereas in patients over 60 years of age in 22.5%. The study was done on hospitalized patients. In younger age groups anemic women were more numerous, in older patients on the contrary the majority of anemic patients were men. In both age groups anemia is mostly of a lighter form, but in the older age group a serous form of anemia is more frequent. The development of anemia is due in the first place to economic and social conditions, insufficient health and social care of old persons. The leading cause of anemia is malnutrition of the old, often immobile or mentally altered individuals. To consider the anemia in the old age as physiologic is questionable, as 77.5% of hospital admitted old individuals have no anemia. Anemia is often an early sign of an organic or systemic disease, being in this way an indication to a thorough clinical examination. The treatment should consist in therapy of the underlying disease, in the correlation of nutrition, substitution of nutritional and hemopo\u00ebtic factors and in increased care of old individuals.", "PMID": 1111219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2860", "title": "[Glycide metabolism disorder in renal failure, therapeutic sequelae].", "content": "The in vitro effects of increased concentration of urea, creatinine, phosphate, glucose and of decreased concentration of potassium and calcium on the inhibitory effects of IGU was studied. The following results were obtained: 1. Urea, creatinine and increased concentration of phosphate in the degrees significant clinically did not influence the effect of IGU. 2. Decreased concentration of potassium did not influence utilization of glucose, but abolished completely the inhibitory effect of IGU. 3. Increased concentration of glucose increased its utilization, but did not abolish the inhibitory effect of IGU. The therapeutic implications of these findings for glycid metabolism in renal insufficiency are analysed.", "contents": "[Glycide metabolism disorder in renal failure, therapeutic sequelae]. The in vitro effects of increased concentration of urea, creatinine, phosphate, glucose and of decreased concentration of potassium and calcium on the inhibitory effects of IGU was studied. The following results were obtained: 1. Urea, creatinine and increased concentration of phosphate in the degrees significant clinically did not influence the effect of IGU. 2. Decreased concentration of potassium did not influence utilization of glucose, but abolished completely the inhibitory effect of IGU. 3. Increased concentration of glucose increased its utilization, but did not abolish the inhibitory effect of IGU. The therapeutic implications of these findings for glycid metabolism in renal insufficiency are analysed.", "PMID": 1111220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2861", "title": "[Problems of myocardiopathies in the clinical and experimental cardiology].", "content": "The first part of the study deals with the early diagnosis of cardiomyopathies on the ground of physical examination of the patients and of his ECG and X-ray finding. It is stressed, that in the majority of cases already this set of examination can in the physicial of the first contact awake a suspicion of cardiomyopathy. Further precision of diagnosis demands examination in a cardiological center where the facilities for cardiac catheterization, angiography and coronarogrpahy are available. The second part of the study deals with the problem of mechanism of the early heart failure in caridomyopathies. Studying the structural, metabolic and functional changes of the heart muscle in the dietetic, catecholamine and alkoholic model of experimental cardiomyopathy, the authors came to the conclusion that the main factor in this pathological event is disturbance of the oxidative process and thus of the energy generation at the subcellular level in the heart muscle. This metabolic disturbance is progressively leading to morphological changes and to a weaking of the contractile power of the heart muscle.", "contents": "[Problems of myocardiopathies in the clinical and experimental cardiology]. The first part of the study deals with the early diagnosis of cardiomyopathies on the ground of physical examination of the patients and of his ECG and X-ray finding. It is stressed, that in the majority of cases already this set of examination can in the physicial of the first contact awake a suspicion of cardiomyopathy. Further precision of diagnosis demands examination in a cardiological center where the facilities for cardiac catheterization, angiography and coronarogrpahy are available. The second part of the study deals with the problem of mechanism of the early heart failure in caridomyopathies. Studying the structural, metabolic and functional changes of the heart muscle in the dietetic, catecholamine and alkoholic model of experimental cardiomyopathy, the authors came to the conclusion that the main factor in this pathological event is disturbance of the oxidative process and thus of the energy generation at the subcellular level in the heart muscle. This metabolic disturbance is progressively leading to morphological changes and to a weaking of the contractile power of the heart muscle.", "PMID": 1111221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2862", "title": "[Did the introduction of rehabilitation improve the course and prognosis of myocardial infarct?].", "content": "Experience with early mobilization and rehabilitation of patients after myocardial infarction in a coronary care unit is presented. There was not visible unfavorable influence of the early rehabilitation in patients after overcoming the acute phase of myocardial infarction. Early rehabilitation had a positive influence on physical as well as on mental condition of patients and resulted in a shortened stay in hospital and duration of impaired working capacity.", "contents": "[Did the introduction of rehabilitation improve the course and prognosis of myocardial infarct?]. Experience with early mobilization and rehabilitation of patients after myocardial infarction in a coronary care unit is presented. There was not visible unfavorable influence of the early rehabilitation in patients after overcoming the acute phase of myocardial infarction. Early rehabilitation had a positive influence on physical as well as on mental condition of patients and resulted in a shortened stay in hospital and duration of impaired working capacity.", "PMID": 1111222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2863", "title": "[Effect of ethanol on blood serotonin level].", "content": "The level of blood serotonin was determined in 11 healthy young men after administration of 1.0 g ethanol per 1 kg of body weight and in healthy dogs after administration of 2.0 g of ethanol per 1 kg of body weight. In men there was no substantial change in the blood level of serotonin. After administration of 2.0 g of ethanol per 1 kg of body weight in dogs, the blood level of serotonin was not found changed in the 60th minute of the experiment. After 4 hours after administration of ethanol already a significant decrease of the serotonin level appeared. After 24 hours following administration of ethanol there was a slight increase of the serotonin level as compared with the initial level. Slight changes of the serotonin level observed in the 30th and 60th minute of the experiment cannot explain the negative inotropic effect of ethanol.", "contents": "[Effect of ethanol on blood serotonin level]. The level of blood serotonin was determined in 11 healthy young men after administration of 1.0 g ethanol per 1 kg of body weight and in healthy dogs after administration of 2.0 g of ethanol per 1 kg of body weight. In men there was no substantial change in the blood level of serotonin. After administration of 2.0 g of ethanol per 1 kg of body weight in dogs, the blood level of serotonin was not found changed in the 60th minute of the experiment. After 4 hours after administration of ethanol already a significant decrease of the serotonin level appeared. After 24 hours following administration of ethanol there was a slight increase of the serotonin level as compared with the initial level. Slight changes of the serotonin level observed in the 30th and 60th minute of the experiment cannot explain the negative inotropic effect of ethanol.", "PMID": 1111223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2864", "title": "[Effect of ethanol and inderal on the heart cycle].", "content": "Ingested ethanol at a dose of 1.0 g per 1 kg of body weight in an experiment on healthy young men changes in the 30th minute the duration of individual phases of the heart cycle. By the effct of ethanol in the dose mentioned and by administration of 20 mg of Inderal, the negative inotropic effect in the 60th minute and by increased index of preejection period as well as by decreased volues of the index of tension of the left ventricular heart muscle. Left ventricular ejection period is only slightly shortened by the influence of both ingested substances. Ethanol as well as Inderal prolong the interval of isovolumic relaxation, but at the some time they increase the percentual relation of the left ventricular presystolic filling \"a\" wave to the ejection relaxation wave V-O. By the influence of both substances the systolic and diastolic pressure is decreased more than by the influence of ethanol only.", "contents": "[Effect of ethanol and inderal on the heart cycle]. Ingested ethanol at a dose of 1.0 g per 1 kg of body weight in an experiment on healthy young men changes in the 30th minute the duration of individual phases of the heart cycle. By the effct of ethanol in the dose mentioned and by administration of 20 mg of Inderal, the negative inotropic effect in the 60th minute and by increased index of preejection period as well as by decreased volues of the index of tension of the left ventricular heart muscle. Left ventricular ejection period is only slightly shortened by the influence of both ingested substances. Ethanol as well as Inderal prolong the interval of isovolumic relaxation, but at the some time they increase the percentual relation of the left ventricular presystolic filling \"a\" wave to the ejection relaxation wave V-O. By the influence of both substances the systolic and diastolic pressure is decreased more than by the influence of ethanol only.", "PMID": 1111224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2865", "title": "[Acute toxic liver lesion through industrial noxious substances and drugs in higher than therapeutic doses].", "content": "From the accessible material an attempt was made to estimate the frequency of acute toxic disturbances of liver and its relation to all intoxications together with special regard to the composition of noxious substances on the conditions of this country. From 3700 cases of all acute intoxications or serious attempts of intoxication 54 cases were discovered to have marked hepatic disturbance (about 1.5%). The noxious substance causing hepatic disturbance in the overwhelming majority of cases was tetrachlormethan (and chemically related substances) or new herbicide drugs of the dipyridine compounds. The last mentioned group is highly lethal and the more important as it is a relatively new substance to which health control and practice is less accustomed as to a potential hepatotoxic drug than to tetrachlormethan. It is pointed further to a less frequent potential intoxication by phenylbutazone and its derivatives especially in children and to the acute intoxication by INH when high single doses of this drug are used.", "contents": "[Acute toxic liver lesion through industrial noxious substances and drugs in higher than therapeutic doses]. From the accessible material an attempt was made to estimate the frequency of acute toxic disturbances of liver and its relation to all intoxications together with special regard to the composition of noxious substances on the conditions of this country. From 3700 cases of all acute intoxications or serious attempts of intoxication 54 cases were discovered to have marked hepatic disturbance (about 1.5%). The noxious substance causing hepatic disturbance in the overwhelming majority of cases was tetrachlormethan (and chemically related substances) or new herbicide drugs of the dipyridine compounds. The last mentioned group is highly lethal and the more important as it is a relatively new substance to which health control and practice is less accustomed as to a potential hepatotoxic drug than to tetrachlormethan. It is pointed further to a less frequent potential intoxication by phenylbutazone and its derivatives especially in children and to the acute intoxication by INH when high single doses of this drug are used.", "PMID": 1111225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2866", "title": "[Changes in the composition of liver tissue and blood in liver steatosis].", "content": "The results of clinical and biochemical evaluation of liver steatosis are presented. The advantage of the quantitative determination of lipids in the liver tissue is underlined. A direct correlation between accumulation of fat in the liver and that of lipid phosphorus in blood was found. The concept is put forward that in the group of patients studied the increased supply of lipids to the liver prevails in the mechanism of development of steatosis.", "contents": "[Changes in the composition of liver tissue and blood in liver steatosis]. The results of clinical and biochemical evaluation of liver steatosis are presented. The advantage of the quantitative determination of lipids in the liver tissue is underlined. A direct correlation between accumulation of fat in the liver and that of lipid phosphorus in blood was found. The concept is put forward that in the group of patients studied the increased supply of lipids to the liver prevails in the mechanism of development of steatosis.", "PMID": 1111226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2867", "title": "[Basis of statistical methodology in medicine. VII. Description of the statistical complex].", "content": "Description of statistical population is based on clear classification of the data obtained, construction of tables and graphs and calculation of suitable statistical parameters. The proceeding of calculation of the arithmetical means, distribution, standard deviation, and of co\u00ebfficient of variance is described.", "contents": "[Basis of statistical methodology in medicine. VII. Description of the statistical complex]. Description of statistical population is based on clear classification of the data obtained, construction of tables and graphs and calculation of suitable statistical parameters. The proceeding of calculation of the arithmetical means, distribution, standard deviation, and of co\u00ebfficient of variance is described.", "PMID": 1111227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2868", "title": "Course of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection in young and aged mice.", "content": "The course and histological picture of intracerebral LCM virus infection was found to differ in mice with their thymus displaying an age-dependent involution and in young adult animals. Signs of lymphocytic choriomeningitis were absent in 75 per cent of the aged animals. The change of the characteristic clinical and histological picture referred to the decreased cellular immune response of aged animals, ascribed to the age-dependent involution of the thymus.", "contents": "Course of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection in young and aged mice. The course and histological picture of intracerebral LCM virus infection was found to differ in mice with their thymus displaying an age-dependent involution and in young adult animals. Signs of lymphocytic choriomeningitis were absent in 75 per cent of the aged animals. The change of the characteristic clinical and histological picture referred to the decreased cellular immune response of aged animals, ascribed to the age-dependent involution of the thymus.", "PMID": 1111261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2869", "title": "A new two-stage respirable dust sampler.", "content": "The design and laboratory evaluation of a new two-stage aerosol sampler is described. The first stage of the sampler employs an integral flat plat impactor to remove particles  greater than 10 micrometers; particles that penetrate the impactor are collected on a 37 mm membrane filter with 5-micrometer pore size. The theoretical design parameters and experimental calibration data developed for the impactor sampling heads at flowrates of 2.0 and 3.0 liter per minute are presented, and their collection characteristics compared to those of present two-stage respirable dust samplers. The advantages and disadvantages of the two-stage impactor sampler are discussed.", "contents": "A new two-stage respirable dust sampler. The design and laboratory evaluation of a new two-stage aerosol sampler is described. The first stage of the sampler employs an integral flat plat impactor to remove particles  greater than 10 micrometers; particles that penetrate the impactor are collected on a 37 mm membrane filter with 5-micrometer pore size. The theoretical design parameters and experimental calibration data developed for the impactor sampling heads at flowrates of 2.0 and 3.0 liter per minute are presented, and their collection characteristics compared to those of present two-stage respirable dust samplers. The advantages and disadvantages of the two-stage impactor sampler are discussed.", "PMID": 1111262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2870", "title": "Thermal oxidative decomposition studies of neoprene compositions.", "content": "Four neoprene compositions--uncured gum, known cured rubber, cable insulation, and hose conduit, the latter two used in underground mining--were subjected to thermal oxidative degradation under static and dynamic environments, and the volatile products were quantitated on a milligrams-per-gram basis. In a quiescent system at 370 degrees C, no glow was observed, the extent of oxidation was low, up to 84% of the chlorine content was evolved as hydrogen chloride, and the sulfur present was released largely in the form of carbon disulfide. Under more drastic conditions (higher temperatures and flowing air), glow occurred in several instances resulting in an increased production oxidation products as represented by CO2, COS, SO2, HCOOH, and CH3COOH, among others. Thermogravimetric investigations of the neoprene compositions show the first weight loss to correlate closely with hydrogen chloride evolution; furthermore, the use of thermogravimetric curves as means of meterial differentiation appears to offer a definite promise.", "contents": "Thermal oxidative decomposition studies of neoprene compositions. Four neoprene compositions--uncured gum, known cured rubber, cable insulation, and hose conduit, the latter two used in underground mining--were subjected to thermal oxidative degradation under static and dynamic environments, and the volatile products were quantitated on a milligrams-per-gram basis. In a quiescent system at 370 degrees C, no glow was observed, the extent of oxidation was low, up to 84% of the chlorine content was evolved as hydrogen chloride, and the sulfur present was released largely in the form of carbon disulfide. Under more drastic conditions (higher temperatures and flowing air), glow occurred in several instances resulting in an increased production oxidation products as represented by CO2, COS, SO2, HCOOH, and CH3COOH, among others. Thermogravimetric investigations of the neoprene compositions show the first weight loss to correlate closely with hydrogen chloride evolution; furthermore, the use of thermogravimetric curves as means of meterial differentiation appears to offer a definite promise.", "PMID": 1111263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2871", "title": "Cobalt metal inhalation studies on miniature swine.", "content": "Cobalt is considered to be the chief component in the tungsten carbide mixture responsible for hard-metal disease. An animal inhalation study was undertaken simulating conditions under which these workers in the tungsten carbide industry are exposed to cobalt. In this semichronic study, miniature swine were exposed to an inhalation of pure cobalt metal powder at concentrations of 0.1% mg/m3 (present TLV) and 1.0 m/m3. At peroidic intervals, the following studies were performed: pulmonary function tests, electrocardiograms, x-ray examinations, blood and urine tests, electron microscopy, and light microscopic pathology. Early detection of pulmonary disease is apparent from the pulmonary function tests showing a mark decrease in lung compliance, and from electron microscopy showing an increase in the amount of septal collagen. This study demonstrates that the present TLV of 0.1 mg/3 for cobalt seems to be too high, even at this relatively brief duration of exposure.", "contents": "Cobalt metal inhalation studies on miniature swine. Cobalt is considered to be the chief component in the tungsten carbide mixture responsible for hard-metal disease. An animal inhalation study was undertaken simulating conditions under which these workers in the tungsten carbide industry are exposed to cobalt. In this semichronic study, miniature swine were exposed to an inhalation of pure cobalt metal powder at concentrations of 0.1% mg/m3 (present TLV) and 1.0 m/m3. At peroidic intervals, the following studies were performed: pulmonary function tests, electrocardiograms, x-ray examinations, blood and urine tests, electron microscopy, and light microscopic pathology. Early detection of pulmonary disease is apparent from the pulmonary function tests showing a mark decrease in lung compliance, and from electron microscopy showing an increase in the amount of septal collagen. This study demonstrates that the present TLV of 0.1 mg/3 for cobalt seems to be too high, even at this relatively brief duration of exposure.", "PMID": 1111264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2872", "title": "Measurement of the influence of a cement kiln stack on a surrounding residential community by injection of an identification particulate.", "content": "An identification particulate, barium sulfate, was injected into the kiln stack of a large cement plant in order to determine the effect of the particulate effluent of this stack on the immediately surrounding residential community. Meteorological conditions at the time of the injection favored deposition of the stack plume fallout directly over the location of a 7.75-km2 area in which both dustfall and suspended particle samplers were located. Dustfall data are reported for a 24-hour period to permit collection of all possible BaSO4-relatable stack emission. Collected particulate was analyzed for calcium and barium by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Collected dustfall particulates showed no stack effluent effect; collected suspended particulates exhibited a content of stack-relatable material in the amount of 1% of the total observed weight.", "contents": "Measurement of the influence of a cement kiln stack on a surrounding residential community by injection of an identification particulate. An identification particulate, barium sulfate, was injected into the kiln stack of a large cement plant in order to determine the effect of the particulate effluent of this stack on the immediately surrounding residential community. Meteorological conditions at the time of the injection favored deposition of the stack plume fallout directly over the location of a 7.75-km2 area in which both dustfall and suspended particle samplers were located. Dustfall data are reported for a 24-hour period to permit collection of all possible BaSO4-relatable stack emission. Collected particulate was analyzed for calcium and barium by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Collected dustfall particulates showed no stack effluent effect; collected suspended particulates exhibited a content of stack-relatable material in the amount of 1% of the total observed weight.", "PMID": 1111265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2873", "title": "A novel form of diffusion battery.", "content": "A novel form of diffusion battery uses a series of 635-mesh screens instead of the customary cluster of circular tubes or holes. Fifty-five screens are arranged in series so that the amount of aerosol penetrating through different numbers of screens can be measured with a condensation nuclei counter. This \"filter stack\" must be calibrated because theory is not available to calculate the performance of such screens with sufficient accuracy. For calibration a polydisperse aerosol such as ambient or silver aerosol is used to compare the performance of the screens with that of the cluster-tube and collimated-holes diffusion batteries, whose performance is known from theory. It was observed that a given number of screens is equivalent to a given number of batteries independent of the size or size distribution of the aerosol. This filter stack is very compact and light in weight (0.9 kg). It is particularly useful for measurements in the field.", "contents": "A novel form of diffusion battery. A novel form of diffusion battery uses a series of 635-mesh screens instead of the customary cluster of circular tubes or holes. Fifty-five screens are arranged in series so that the amount of aerosol penetrating through different numbers of screens can be measured with a condensation nuclei counter. This \"filter stack\" must be calibrated because theory is not available to calculate the performance of such screens with sufficient accuracy. For calibration a polydisperse aerosol such as ambient or silver aerosol is used to compare the performance of the screens with that of the cluster-tube and collimated-holes diffusion batteries, whose performance is known from theory. It was observed that a given number of screens is equivalent to a given number of batteries independent of the size or size distribution of the aerosol. This filter stack is very compact and light in weight (0.9 kg). It is particularly useful for measurements in the field.", "PMID": 1111266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2874", "title": "An improved aerosol generator.", "content": "An aerosolizer has been developed which automatically compensates for changes in the concentration and volume of a solution during aerosolization by adjustment of the temperature and pressure of the atomizing air jet. It represents the redesign of a generator previously used for short-term inhalation exposures (one-half to a few hours) where variability in solution concentration was not of great concern and solutions could be replenished daily. The stability of the original generator was quite inadequate, and it was not satisfactory for production of aerosols of constant physical characteristics over longer or repetitive time periods or where a minimum of manipulation is required--viz., for radioactive and other highly noxious materials. The redesigned aerosolizer should be valuable for long-term or repetitive use, since it requires no cleaning, merely refilling, and can 0e made as small or as large as experimental needs require. It should be particularly useful where correlations between the amount of deposition and aerosol characteristics are being studied.", "contents": "An improved aerosol generator. An aerosolizer has been developed which automatically compensates for changes in the concentration and volume of a solution during aerosolization by adjustment of the temperature and pressure of the atomizing air jet. It represents the redesign of a generator previously used for short-term inhalation exposures (one-half to a few hours) where variability in solution concentration was not of great concern and solutions could be replenished daily. The stability of the original generator was quite inadequate, and it was not satisfactory for production of aerosols of constant physical characteristics over longer or repetitive time periods or where a minimum of manipulation is required--viz., for radioactive and other highly noxious materials. The redesigned aerosolizer should be valuable for long-term or repetitive use, since it requires no cleaning, merely refilling, and can 0e made as small or as large as experimental needs require. It should be particularly useful where correlations between the amount of deposition and aerosol characteristics are being studied.", "PMID": 1111267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2875", "title": "Determination of beryllium, cadmium, and tellurium in animal tissues using electronically excited oxygen and atomic absorption spectrophotometry.", "content": "A method using electronically excited oxygen for destruction of organic matter and atomic absorption spectrophotometry for the determination of beryllium, cadmium and tellurium in animal tissues is presented. Samples are solubilized in dilute aqua regia after being subjected to an oxygen plasma, low-temperature (less than 190 degrees C) ashing system for 20 to 30 hours. Recovery data from spiked NBS freeze-dried bovine liver indicate a quantitative determination for the three elements. Limits of detection in micrograms of element per milliliter of solubilized sample solution are: beryllium, 0.05; cadmium 0.05; and tellurium, 0.50. Beryllium, cadmium, and tellurium assay data are reported for the fresh tissues of albino rats exposed to inorganic chemicals by oral or intraperitoneal routes. The tissues analyzed include: adrenal, brain, femur, heart, kidney, liver, lung, mesenteric lymph node, pancreas, prostate, seminal vesicle, spleen, testicle, and tracheal-bronchial lymph node.", "contents": "Determination of beryllium, cadmium, and tellurium in animal tissues using electronically excited oxygen and atomic absorption spectrophotometry. A method using electronically excited oxygen for destruction of organic matter and atomic absorption spectrophotometry for the determination of beryllium, cadmium and tellurium in animal tissues is presented. Samples are solubilized in dilute aqua regia after being subjected to an oxygen plasma, low-temperature (less than 190 degrees C) ashing system for 20 to 30 hours. Recovery data from spiked NBS freeze-dried bovine liver indicate a quantitative determination for the three elements. Limits of detection in micrograms of element per milliliter of solubilized sample solution are: beryllium, 0.05; cadmium 0.05; and tellurium, 0.50. Beryllium, cadmium, and tellurium assay data are reported for the fresh tissues of albino rats exposed to inorganic chemicals by oral or intraperitoneal routes. The tissues analyzed include: adrenal, brain, femur, heart, kidney, liver, lung, mesenteric lymph node, pancreas, prostate, seminal vesicle, spleen, testicle, and tracheal-bronchial lymph node.", "PMID": 1111268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2876", "title": "Hearing sensitivity in rural Michigan.", "content": "In a survey of the hearing sensitivity of a rural mid-Michigan population, 1,325 adults over 15 years of age received pure tone air conduction tests in a \"mini\" IAC room housed in a small trailer. In addition, a detailed questionnaire was administered to each person to obtain information about his exposure to noise vocationally and avocationally, family history of hearing loss, etc. Results indicated that, on the average, individuals displayed hearing losses considerably greater than was predicted on the basis of presbycusis alone. Also, people who had never had any industrial noise exposure had thresholds almost as poor as those who had worked in factories. These findings are discussed in view of the subject's exposure to various types of nonoccupational noise such as snowmobiles and motorcycles.", "contents": "Hearing sensitivity in rural Michigan. In a survey of the hearing sensitivity of a rural mid-Michigan population, 1,325 adults over 15 years of age received pure tone air conduction tests in a \"mini\" IAC room housed in a small trailer. In addition, a detailed questionnaire was administered to each person to obtain information about his exposure to noise vocationally and avocationally, family history of hearing loss, etc. Results indicated that, on the average, individuals displayed hearing losses considerably greater than was predicted on the basis of presbycusis alone. Also, people who had never had any industrial noise exposure had thresholds almost as poor as those who had worked in factories. These findings are discussed in view of the subject's exposure to various types of nonoccupational noise such as snowmobiles and motorcycles.", "PMID": 1111269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2877", "title": "Study of some parameters affecting noise level in textile spinning and weaving mills.", "content": "Noise was evaluated in six spinning and five weaving halls located in three textile mills in Egypt. Spindle speed (rpm) and loom speed (picks per minutes) were found to be important parameters affecting the noise level in these mills. Reduction of the number of spinning machines to five spindles per square meter of floor area will probably bring the noise level below the TLV. In the weaving departments, the decrease in the number of looms will not effectively reduce the noise level.", "contents": "Study of some parameters affecting noise level in textile spinning and weaving mills. Noise was evaluated in six spinning and five weaving halls located in three textile mills in Egypt. Spindle speed (rpm) and loom speed (picks per minutes) were found to be important parameters affecting the noise level in these mills. Reduction of the number of spinning machines to five spindles per square meter of floor area will probably bring the noise level below the TLV. In the weaving departments, the decrease in the number of looms will not effectively reduce the noise level.", "PMID": 1111270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2878", "title": "Effect of informational load on human performance in a combined manual and decision task.", "content": "With the increased automation, the worker's role in the industry is changing. He is required to make use of his decision making as well as motor capabilities (Type II tasks). Production system designers and managers are required to predict and evaluate human performance. The techniques available are suitable for tasks involving manual motions. To obtain an insight of the human performance characteristics for Type II tasks, experimental investigations in which the informational load could be varied and the magnitude of manual motions could also be altered were undertaken. Five subjects were tested in a 3 x 2 completely randomized and full factorial experiment. The three levels of informational load were 1, 2 and 3 bits and two distances of manual motions were 7 inches and 14 inches. In addition to measuring performance times, heart rate and breathing rate of the subjects were also monitored. Performance time and heart rate difference were observed to increase as the informational load increased, while the distance was kept invariant. Breathing rate was not found to be a significant variable.", "contents": "Effect of informational load on human performance in a combined manual and decision task. With the increased automation, the worker's role in the industry is changing. He is required to make use of his decision making as well as motor capabilities (Type II tasks). Production system designers and managers are required to predict and evaluate human performance. The techniques available are suitable for tasks involving manual motions. To obtain an insight of the human performance characteristics for Type II tasks, experimental investigations in which the informational load could be varied and the magnitude of manual motions could also be altered were undertaken. Five subjects were tested in a 3 x 2 completely randomized and full factorial experiment. The three levels of informational load were 1, 2 and 3 bits and two distances of manual motions were 7 inches and 14 inches. In addition to measuring performance times, heart rate and breathing rate of the subjects were also monitored. Performance time and heart rate difference were observed to increase as the informational load increased, while the distance was kept invariant. Breathing rate was not found to be a significant variable.", "PMID": 1111271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2879", "title": "Needle aspiration biopsy. A safe diagnostic procedure for lesions of the pancreas.", "content": "Thin-needle aspiration biopsy of the pancreas is a safe, accurate procedure that may be used for immediate diagnosis at the time of laparotomy. Twenty-eight aspiration biopsies of the pancreas were examined. Of the 18 cases of carcinoma, 16 were correctly diagnosed, one was considered atypical, and no abnormal cells were seen in one specimen. All ten of the cases diagnosed as benign are apparently free of pancreatic malignancy. The tumor cells are easily identifiable. No complication followed the procedure.", "contents": "Needle aspiration biopsy. A safe diagnostic procedure for lesions of the pancreas. Thin-needle aspiration biopsy of the pancreas is a safe, accurate procedure that may be used for immediate diagnosis at the time of laparotomy. Twenty-eight aspiration biopsies of the pancreas were examined. Of the 18 cases of carcinoma, 16 were correctly diagnosed, one was considered atypical, and no abnormal cells were seen in one specimen. All ten of the cases diagnosed as benign are apparently free of pancreatic malignancy. The tumor cells are easily identifiable. No complication followed the procedure.", "PMID": 1111272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2880", "title": "Leiomyosarcoma of the long saphenous vein.", "content": "An unusual instance of primary leiomyosarcoma of the left long saphenous vein, possibly the tenth recorded case, is presented. Leiomyosarcoma of large veins appears to be a distinct entity, in contrast to the benign counterpart, leiomyoma. The origin of the tumor from the vessel wall, its intraluminal growth, and its ultrastructure are demonstrated. Incidence, sex and age distribution, fate and therapy of patients who have leiomyosarcomas of the large veins gleaned from reported cases in the literature are included.", "contents": "Leiomyosarcoma of the long saphenous vein. An unusual instance of primary leiomyosarcoma of the left long saphenous vein, possibly the tenth recorded case, is presented. Leiomyosarcoma of large veins appears to be a distinct entity, in contrast to the benign counterpart, leiomyoma. The origin of the tumor from the vessel wall, its intraluminal growth, and its ultrastructure are demonstrated. Incidence, sex and age distribution, fate and therapy of patients who have leiomyosarcomas of the large veins gleaned from reported cases in the literature are included.", "PMID": 1111273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2881", "title": "The effects of age, sex, and smoking on erythrocytes and leukocytes.", "content": "Coulter model S blood counts were related to the age, sex, and smoking habits of 1,000 clinic patients. It was found that (1) women have larger erythrocytes than men; (2) erythrocytes enlarge as people age; (3) smokers have larger erythroycytes than nonsmokers; (4) the mean leukocyte count is higher in smokers and increases in proportion to the intensity of smoking. The causes of these alterations are not known. The data indicate that the normal standards for blood cell counts should be adjusted for age, sex, and smoking habits.", "contents": "The effects of age, sex, and smoking on erythrocytes and leukocytes. Coulter model S blood counts were related to the age, sex, and smoking habits of 1,000 clinic patients. It was found that (1) women have larger erythrocytes than men; (2) erythrocytes enlarge as people age; (3) smokers have larger erythroycytes than nonsmokers; (4) the mean leukocyte count is higher in smokers and increases in proportion to the intensity of smoking. The causes of these alterations are not known. The data indicate that the normal standards for blood cell counts should be adjusted for age, sex, and smoking habits.", "PMID": 1111274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2882", "title": "Antithrombin and antithromboplastin activity accompanying IgG myeloma. Report of a case with a severe bleeding tendency.", "content": "Four basic coagulation tests, the prothrombin time, thrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, and prothrombin consumption time, were used, with relatively simple modifications, to demonstrate the presence of two circulating anticoagulants in the blood of a patient with IgG myeloma and a severe bleeding tendency.", "contents": "Antithrombin and antithromboplastin activity accompanying IgG myeloma. Report of a case with a severe bleeding tendency. Four basic coagulation tests, the prothrombin time, thrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, and prothrombin consumption time, were used, with relatively simple modifications, to demonstrate the presence of two circulating anticoagulants in the blood of a patient with IgG myeloma and a severe bleeding tendency.", "PMID": 1111275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2883", "title": "Platelet activity ratio. A new approach for quantitation of platelet factor 3.", "content": "The ratio of kaolin recalcification time in platelet-poor plasma to kaolin recalcification time in platelet-rich plasma appears to provide a more accurate estimate of platelet factor 3 activity than measurement of kaolin recalcification time in platelet-rich plasma alone. This ratio is termed the \"platelet activity ratio.\" Over a fairly wide range the platelet activity ratio appears to follow a linear log-log relationship to platelet count (platelet counts of 12,500 to 200,000). The use of diluted platelet substitute as artificial standard greatly simplifies preparation of (1) standard curves and (2) quality control plasmas. If platelet activity ratio is expressed as a percentage of normal platelet factor 3 activity, the normal range for \"total\" platelet factor 3 (PF3t) is 60 to 175% and normal range for \"available\" platelet factor 3 (PF3a) is 14 to 47%.", "contents": "Platelet activity ratio. A new approach for quantitation of platelet factor 3. The ratio of kaolin recalcification time in platelet-poor plasma to kaolin recalcification time in platelet-rich plasma appears to provide a more accurate estimate of platelet factor 3 activity than measurement of kaolin recalcification time in platelet-rich plasma alone. This ratio is termed the \"platelet activity ratio.\" Over a fairly wide range the platelet activity ratio appears to follow a linear log-log relationship to platelet count (platelet counts of 12,500 to 200,000). The use of diluted platelet substitute as artificial standard greatly simplifies preparation of (1) standard curves and (2) quality control plasmas. If platelet activity ratio is expressed as a percentage of normal platelet factor 3 activity, the normal range for \"total\" platelet factor 3 (PF3t) is 60 to 175% and normal range for \"available\" platelet factor 3 (PF3a) is 14 to 47%.", "PMID": 1111276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2884", "title": "The CLUE test. A multiparameter coagulation and fibrinolysis screening test using the platelet aggregometer.", "content": "Optical density measurements of plasma clot formation and lysis were recorded using a platelet aggregometer and strip chart recorder. It was discovered that, by adding standard solutions of ellagic acid-activated partial thromboplastin, urokinase, and CaCl2, and monitoring the reaction via the recorder, characteristic curves would be generated by normal human plasma. The curve segments were labeled Tc (clotting time), which correlated with the activated partial thromboplastin time, Fc (maximum optical density change), which paralleled fibrinogen concentration, and Tl (lysis time), which corresponded generally to plasminogen levels. Deviations from normal curve segments, observed in disseminated intravascular coagulation, hypo- and hyperfibrinogenemia, factor VIII deficiency, severe hepatocellular disease, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, and neonates (normally low in plasminogen), indicated abnormalities which were substantiated by standard procedures. This new test, given the acronym \"CLUE\" for clotting and lysis, urokinase enzyme activated, appears to be sensitive, inexpensive and easily performed on a sample of 0.2 ml. of plasma in only 15 minutes.", "contents": "The CLUE test. A multiparameter coagulation and fibrinolysis screening test using the platelet aggregometer. Optical density measurements of plasma clot formation and lysis were recorded using a platelet aggregometer and strip chart recorder. It was discovered that, by adding standard solutions of ellagic acid-activated partial thromboplastin, urokinase, and CaCl2, and monitoring the reaction via the recorder, characteristic curves would be generated by normal human plasma. The curve segments were labeled Tc (clotting time), which correlated with the activated partial thromboplastin time, Fc (maximum optical density change), which paralleled fibrinogen concentration, and Tl (lysis time), which corresponded generally to plasminogen levels. Deviations from normal curve segments, observed in disseminated intravascular coagulation, hypo- and hyperfibrinogenemia, factor VIII deficiency, severe hepatocellular disease, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, and neonates (normally low in plasminogen), indicated abnormalities which were substantiated by standard procedures. This new test, given the acronym \"CLUE\" for clotting and lysis, urokinase enzyme activated, appears to be sensitive, inexpensive and easily performed on a sample of 0.2 ml. of plasma in only 15 minutes.", "PMID": 1111277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2885", "title": "Transient, spontaneous bruising with long bleeding time and normal platelet count.", "content": "Spontaneous, widespread bruising in apparently healthy individuals relatively common among Thai children. It is a transient problem, unaccompanied by any common bleeding disorder of childhood. The physical defect is limited to the painless cutaneous lesions. Screening tests for hemostasis as well as tests of platelet function were measured in 24 of these patients. The significant abnormal findings were eosinophilia, prolonged bleeding time, positive tourniquet test and platelet dysfunction--i.e., defective ADP release and adhesivity to glass beads. So far, the condition appears to 0e a self-limited diathesis of unknown etiology.", "contents": "Transient, spontaneous bruising with long bleeding time and normal platelet count. Spontaneous, widespread bruising in apparently healthy individuals relatively common among Thai children. It is a transient problem, unaccompanied by any common bleeding disorder of childhood. The physical defect is limited to the painless cutaneous lesions. Screening tests for hemostasis as well as tests of platelet function were measured in 24 of these patients. The significant abnormal findings were eosinophilia, prolonged bleeding time, positive tourniquet test and platelet dysfunction--i.e., defective ADP release and adhesivity to glass beads. So far, the condition appears to 0e a self-limited diathesis of unknown etiology.", "PMID": 1111278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2886", "title": "Hemoglobin hope: beta136 (H13) Gly leads to Asp in Georgia.", "content": "A fast-moving hemoglobin variant was detected in a screen for abnormal hemoglobins. Structural analysis shows that there is a substitution of glycine by aspartic acid at position in 136 in the beta chain.", "contents": "Hemoglobin hope: beta136 (H13) Gly leads to Asp in Georgia. A fast-moving hemoglobin variant was detected in a screen for abnormal hemoglobins. Structural analysis shows that there is a substitution of glycine by aspartic acid at position in 136 in the beta chain.", "PMID": 1111279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2887", "title": "Endometrial biopsy. Pathologic findings in 3,600 biopsies from selected patients.", "content": "During a 14-year period (1959-1972), 3,600 endometrial suction biopsies were performed in the office for specific indications in selected patients. Three hundred seventy-seven biopsies (10.5%) revealed abnormal findings. Of these, 233 showed endometritis, 96 associated with necrotic decidual or placental tissue, or both; one with tuberculosis, and 136 with no specific causative agent. In 84 biopsies endometrial hyperplasia was present; 34 contained polyps from the cervix or endometrium. Eighteen malignancies were diagnosed, four of which originated in the cervix and the remainder in the endometrium. Used judiciously, the procedure is per,aps the most reliable means of evaluating the uterine cavity short of a formal dilatation and curettage..", "contents": "Endometrial biopsy. Pathologic findings in 3,600 biopsies from selected patients. During a 14-year period (1959-1972), 3,600 endometrial suction biopsies were performed in the office for specific indications in selected patients. Three hundred seventy-seven biopsies (10.5%) revealed abnormal findings. Of these, 233 showed endometritis, 96 associated with necrotic decidual or placental tissue, or both; one with tuberculosis, and 136 with no specific causative agent. In 84 biopsies endometrial hyperplasia was present; 34 contained polyps from the cervix or endometrium. Eighteen malignancies were diagnosed, four of which originated in the cervix and the remainder in the endometrium. Used judiciously, the procedure is per,aps the most reliable means of evaluating the uterine cavity short of a formal dilatation and curettage..", "PMID": 1111280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2888", "title": "The presence of Hb J alpha15 Gly leads to Asp in an Italian family in the United States.", "content": "A fast-moving hemoglobin variant was detected by electrophoresis. Sequence analysis revealed a substitution of glycine by aspartic acid at position 15 in the alpha chain.", "contents": "The presence of Hb J alpha15 Gly leads to Asp in an Italian family in the United States. A fast-moving hemoglobin variant was detected by electrophoresis. Sequence analysis revealed a substitution of glycine by aspartic acid at position 15 in the alpha chain.", "PMID": 1111281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2889", "title": "Adsorption chromatographic purification of isopropanol for triglyceride precision.", "content": "A simple continuous flow adsorption chromatographic column is used to remove trace impurities in reagent grade isopropanol. The use of this purified reagent grade isopropanol as the extraction solvent for triglycerides results in improved precision in triglyceride assays.", "contents": "Adsorption chromatographic purification of isopropanol for triglyceride precision. A simple continuous flow adsorption chromatographic column is used to remove trace impurities in reagent grade isopropanol. The use of this purified reagent grade isopropanol as the extraction solvent for triglycerides results in improved precision in triglyceride assays.", "PMID": 1111282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2890", "title": "Proficiency testing, trouble shooting and quality control for the RPR test.", "content": "A Syphilis Serology Proficiency Testing Program revealed that 182 of the 272 (67 percent) participating laboratories failed to report acceptable results for a minimally reactive pair of serum samples. It was noted that serious technical errors involved the antigen, use of controls, procedures and in some cases, the lack of training. A program involving strict quality control measures is presented for  use in routine syphilis serologic procedures.", "contents": "Proficiency testing, trouble shooting and quality control for the RPR test. A Syphilis Serology Proficiency Testing Program revealed that 182 of the 272 (67 percent) participating laboratories failed to report acceptable results for a minimally reactive pair of serum samples. It was noted that serious technical errors involved the antigen, use of controls, procedures and in some cases, the lack of training. A program involving strict quality control measures is presented for  use in routine syphilis serologic procedures.", "PMID": 1111283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2891", "title": "Rotation of spin-cast hydrogel lenses.", "content": "This study was designed to determine if spin-cast hydrogel contact lenses rotate on the eye, and if so, to investigate the parameters which influence rotation. If these lenses do rotate, correction of residual astigmatism may be difficult, if not impossible. We monitored the lens rotation associated with 12 specially marked B and L Soflens TM contact lenses on six corneas after insertion and 30 minutes later by use of high speed motion pictures. To analyze lens rotation, the film was projected with a stop action projector and the amount of rotation measured with a protractor. Thirty-one percent of the 144 observations made showed some lens rotation, the majority of which was encyclorotation. Most of the lenses showed little or no change in rotation between the two time periods. Corneal curvature was the only lens or eye parameter associated with rotation. Why lenses were more likely to rotate on steeper corneas is not fully understood. Our findings indicate that Softlenses TM may rotate, but there is no definite way of determining in advance if a given lens will rotate on a given eye. This emphasizes the need for individualized lens fitting and proper patient monitoring.", "contents": "Rotation of spin-cast hydrogel lenses. This study was designed to determine if spin-cast hydrogel contact lenses rotate on the eye, and if so, to investigate the parameters which influence rotation. If these lenses do rotate, correction of residual astigmatism may be difficult, if not impossible. We monitored the lens rotation associated with 12 specially marked B and L Soflens TM contact lenses on six corneas after insertion and 30 minutes later by use of high speed motion pictures. To analyze lens rotation, the film was projected with a stop action projector and the amount of rotation measured with a protractor. Thirty-one percent of the 144 observations made showed some lens rotation, the majority of which was encyclorotation. Most of the lenses showed little or no change in rotation between the two time periods. Corneal curvature was the only lens or eye parameter associated with rotation. Why lenses were more likely to rotate on steeper corneas is not fully understood. Our findings indicate that Softlenses TM may rotate, but there is no definite way of determining in advance if a given lens will rotate on a given eye. This emphasizes the need for individualized lens fitting and proper patient monitoring.", "PMID": 1111285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2892", "title": "The depth-of-focus of the human eye for Snellen letters.", "content": "Snellen acuity is determined as a function of refractive error for two subjects under cyploplegia, using randomised test charts, constant test chart luminance and a series of artificial pupils. These results allow determination of the depth-of-focus of the eye for Snellen targets, and it is shown that both optical and retinal factors influence the depth-of-focus achieved. Depth-of-focus is found to increase with decreasing pupil diameter and visual acuity. The clinical significance of these results, particularly with respect to the precision with which refractive error may be determined, is discussed.", "contents": "The depth-of-focus of the human eye for Snellen letters. Snellen acuity is determined as a function of refractive error for two subjects under cyploplegia, using randomised test charts, constant test chart luminance and a series of artificial pupils. These results allow determination of the depth-of-focus of the eye for Snellen targets, and it is shown that both optical and retinal factors influence the depth-of-focus achieved. Depth-of-focus is found to increase with decreasing pupil diameter and visual acuity. The clinical significance of these results, particularly with respect to the precision with which refractive error may be determined, is discussed.", "PMID": 1111286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2893", "title": "Diabetes screening with corneal aesthesiometer.", "content": "Recent clinical evidence that diminished corneal sensitivity occurs far more frequently (p less than 0.003) ) among diabetics than nondiabetics, supports the addition of aesthesiometry to the routine optometric screening battery for patients at risk of diabetes. This evidence is reviewed and quantitative estimates are presented to illustrate the clinical efficacy of this screening test.", "contents": "Diabetes screening with corneal aesthesiometer. Recent clinical evidence that diminished corneal sensitivity occurs far more frequently (p less than 0.003) ) among diabetics than nondiabetics, supports the addition of aesthesiometry to the routine optometric screening battery for patients at risk of diabetes. This evidence is reviewed and quantitative estimates are presented to illustrate the clinical efficacy of this screening test.", "PMID": 1111287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2894", "title": "The non-contact (\"air puff\") tonometer: variability and corneal staining.", "content": "We investigated the possibility of significant corneal trauma (as revealed by slit lamp observation of the fluorescein instilled eye), and massage effects following determination of intraocular pressure with the A. O. Non-Contact tonometer (NCT). Fifteen different, normal human eyes were each applanated 150 successive times with the NCT; leading to the conclusion that only minor, superficial corneal epithelial defects sometimes resulted and that, in line with other studies, the initially higher readings (about 1 mm), obtained with the NCT, were most likely due to patient apprehension, while the subsequently lower readings represented patient acceptance of the process and were not a result of true aqueous massage. As in an earlier study, we found the instrument's variability to be about plus and minus 1 or plus and minus 2 mm and probably due to the subject's own cardiac cycle.", "contents": "The non-contact (\"air puff\") tonometer: variability and corneal staining. We investigated the possibility of significant corneal trauma (as revealed by slit lamp observation of the fluorescein instilled eye), and massage effects following determination of intraocular pressure with the A. O. Non-Contact tonometer (NCT). Fifteen different, normal human eyes were each applanated 150 successive times with the NCT; leading to the conclusion that only minor, superficial corneal epithelial defects sometimes resulted and that, in line with other studies, the initially higher readings (about 1 mm), obtained with the NCT, were most likely due to patient apprehension, while the subsequently lower readings represented patient acceptance of the process and were not a result of true aqueous massage. As in an earlier study, we found the instrument's variability to be about plus and minus 1 or plus and minus 2 mm and probably due to the subject's own cardiac cycle.", "PMID": 1111288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2895", "title": "Ocular dominance and amblyopia.", "content": "Ocular dominance, as measured in sighting tests, involves a temporary suppression of the input from the non-dominant eye in order to avoid diplopia. Amblyopia ex anopsia may be viewed as a long term suppression of the input from one eye for the same reason. In the absence of anisometropia, paralysis of extra ocular muscles, or other factors which would tend to determine which eye would manifest suppression, the non-dominant sighting eye should be more likely to develop amblyopia given the presence of strabismus. A sample of 258 amblyopes supports this prediction based on the population norms for sighting dominance.", "contents": "Ocular dominance and amblyopia. Ocular dominance, as measured in sighting tests, involves a temporary suppression of the input from the non-dominant eye in order to avoid diplopia. Amblyopia ex anopsia may be viewed as a long term suppression of the input from one eye for the same reason. In the absence of anisometropia, paralysis of extra ocular muscles, or other factors which would tend to determine which eye would manifest suppression, the non-dominant sighting eye should be more likely to develop amblyopia given the presence of strabismus. A sample of 258 amblyopes supports this prediction based on the population norms for sighting dominance.", "PMID": 1111289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2896", "title": "Visual performance through a sample windshield segment of the B-1 aircraft.", "content": "The stereopsis performance of 16 subjects was measured on an automated Howard-Dolman apparatus and compared with their performance through a sample segment of a proposed B-1 aircraft windshield. Recognition visual acuity was determined for 15 subjects using a low-contrast Landolt C target viewed with and without the segment. When the task was performed through the windshield segment, a statistically significant loss in stereopsis resulted, but no significant loss in visual acuity.", "contents": "Visual performance through a sample windshield segment of the B-1 aircraft. The stereopsis performance of 16 subjects was measured on an automated Howard-Dolman apparatus and compared with their performance through a sample segment of a proposed B-1 aircraft windshield. Recognition visual acuity was determined for 15 subjects using a low-contrast Landolt C target viewed with and without the segment. When the task was performed through the windshield segment, a statistically significant loss in stereopsis resulted, but no significant loss in visual acuity.", "PMID": 1111290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2897", "title": "\"Forced elimination\" of anomalous retinal correspondence in constant exotropia--a case report.", "content": "\"Forced elimination\" of anomalous correspondence in a patient with constant exotropia is discussed. Therapy was similar to classic visual therapy for esotropia: presenting targets at the angle of strabismus (Angle H) using a troposcope. Home therapy methods using anaglyphic techniques and after-images are described.", "contents": "\"Forced elimination\" of anomalous retinal correspondence in constant exotropia--a case report. \"Forced elimination\" of anomalous correspondence in a patient with constant exotropia is discussed. Therapy was similar to classic visual therapy for esotropia: presenting targets at the angle of strabismus (Angle H) using a troposcope. Home therapy methods using anaglyphic techniques and after-images are described.", "PMID": 1111291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2898", "title": "Evaluation of the status of binocularity in the non-strabismic and strabismic with regular and prolonged testing.", "content": "The need for \"in-depth\" study of the status of binocularity in true space of both the non-strabismic and strabismic before orthoptics is discussed. Vectogram tests to ascertain the status of binocularity of the non-strabismic and the strabismic are explained. With the strabismic, the Single Oblique Mirror Stereoscope is used and the tests with it are enumerated. Significant enhancement of diagnosis of the status of binocularity in the non-strabismic is obtained by testing over a prolonged period of time, instead of relying only upon tests based upon instantaneous response. Prolonged testing techniques utilizing Vectograms in which the patient used alternating saccadic, jump, oculo-rotary fusional movements from the straight ahead position into the lower reading field are used.", "contents": "Evaluation of the status of binocularity in the non-strabismic and strabismic with regular and prolonged testing. The need for \"in-depth\" study of the status of binocularity in true space of both the non-strabismic and strabismic before orthoptics is discussed. Vectogram tests to ascertain the status of binocularity of the non-strabismic and the strabismic are explained. With the strabismic, the Single Oblique Mirror Stereoscope is used and the tests with it are enumerated. Significant enhancement of diagnosis of the status of binocularity in the non-strabismic is obtained by testing over a prolonged period of time, instead of relying only upon tests based upon instantaneous response. Prolonged testing techniques utilizing Vectograms in which the patient used alternating saccadic, jump, oculo-rotary fusional movements from the straight ahead position into the lower reading field are used.", "PMID": 1111292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2899", "title": "Life strengths and life stresses: explorations in the measurement of the mental health of the Black aged.", "content": "This paper describes an attempt to understand the self-concept, social characteristics, personal strengths, and frailties of a group of older black men and women, in order to tailor mental health and social work services to their needs. Difficulties inherent in obtaining such information were minimized by a methodology that integrated the research and service aspects of the project. Results of the pilot study, and service implications, are discussed.", "contents": "Life strengths and life stresses: explorations in the measurement of the mental health of the Black aged. This paper describes an attempt to understand the self-concept, social characteristics, personal strengths, and frailties of a group of older black men and women, in order to tailor mental health and social work services to their needs. Difficulties inherent in obtaining such information were minimized by a methodology that integrated the research and service aspects of the project. Results of the pilot study, and service implications, are discussed.", "PMID": 1111293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2900", "title": "Evaluation of a large-scale brief therapy program for children.", "content": "A brief therapy program for children and adolescents is described, and a multimeasure evaluation of treatment is presented for all cases seen during the first four years. On the basis of previous intake-diagnostic procedures, readmission rates, therapist ratings, problem checklists, and follow-up questionnaires, brief therapy is seen as a highly efficient and effective treatment approach.", "contents": "Evaluation of a large-scale brief therapy program for children. A brief therapy program for children and adolescents is described, and a multimeasure evaluation of treatment is presented for all cases seen during the first four years. On the basis of previous intake-diagnostic procedures, readmission rates, therapist ratings, problem checklists, and follow-up questionnaires, brief therapy is seen as a highly efficient and effective treatment approach.", "PMID": 1111294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2901", "title": "The ego and the integration of violence in homicidal youth.", "content": "Youths committing homicides or other acts of violence appear to be increasing in number at an alarming rate, causing mounting concern to society and pressure upon those charged with their rehabilitation. Nine such youths were studied to define similar parameters in each around which a viable theory of causality could be delineated, and an approach to treatment designed.", "contents": "The ego and the integration of violence in homicidal youth. Youths committing homicides or other acts of violence appear to be increasing in number at an alarming rate, causing mounting concern to society and pressure upon those charged with their rehabilitation. Nine such youths were studied to define similar parameters in each around which a viable theory of causality could be delineated, and an approach to treatment designed.", "PMID": 1111295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2902", "title": "Do doctors know what children know?", "content": "Adults often assume that if they explain something to a child calmly and rationally, the child will understand. Informed by piaget's theory about cognitive development, children of preschool and elementary age were asked to use two common pediatric tools, and to explain how they functioned. Predicted differences were found.", "contents": "Do doctors know what children know? Adults often assume that if they explain something to a child calmly and rationally, the child will understand. Informed by piaget's theory about cognitive development, children of preschool and elementary age were asked to use two common pediatric tools, and to explain how they functioned. Predicted differences were found.", "PMID": 1111296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2903", "title": "Intervention with families of gender-disturbed boys.", "content": "A treatment program for gender-problem boys and their families is described. In addition to being highly effeminate in their interests, the boys were also markedly deficient in social skills, especially with peers. Intervention procedures were based largely on behavior modification principles, and were eventually applied in group settings for both the boys and their parents.", "contents": "Intervention with families of gender-disturbed boys. A treatment program for gender-problem boys and their families is described. In addition to being highly effeminate in their interests, the boys were also markedly deficient in social skills, especially with peers. Intervention procedures were based largely on behavior modification principles, and were eventually applied in group settings for both the boys and their parents.", "PMID": 1111297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2904", "title": "Symptom development in Vietnam era veterans.", "content": "Recent studies and clinical reports concerning Vietnam returnees have led to contradictory conclusions as to maladjustment. A questionnaire and symptom checklist was obtain-d from 207 veterans. Significant differences in the mean number of symptoms (e.g., recurrent nightmares, fears, etc.) were found between the combat and non-combat groups.", "contents": "Symptom development in Vietnam era veterans. Recent studies and clinical reports concerning Vietnam returnees have led to contradictory conclusions as to maladjustment. A questionnaire and symptom checklist was obtain-d from 207 veterans. Significant differences in the mean number of symptoms (e.g., recurrent nightmares, fears, etc.) were found between the combat and non-combat groups.", "PMID": 1111298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2905", "title": "The solo woman in a professional peer group.", "content": "The role of the lone woman was studied in six small groups--three T-groups and three work-groups--each containing one woman. All the women became deviants, isolates, or low status regular members of their groups. Reasons for this finding are discussed, and strategies are suggested whereby a woman may avoid depression if she finds herself in a similar setting.", "contents": "The solo woman in a professional peer group. The role of the lone woman was studied in six small groups--three T-groups and three work-groups--each containing one woman. All the women became deviants, isolates, or low status regular members of their groups. Reasons for this finding are discussed, and strategies are suggested whereby a woman may avoid depression if she finds herself in a similar setting.", "PMID": 1111299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2906", "title": "Mother-child interaction: a comparison of hyperactive, learning disabled, and normal boys.", "content": "Groups of thirteen hyperactive, learning disabled, and normal boys were observed interacting with their mothers in a structured problem-solving situation. Mothers of hyperactive boys showed a higher level of involement in task solution, and reported more behavior problems, than did mothers in comparison groups. Likewise, hyperactive boys interacted more than learning disabled or control boys.", "contents": "Mother-child interaction: a comparison of hyperactive, learning disabled, and normal boys. Groups of thirteen hyperactive, learning disabled, and normal boys were observed interacting with their mothers in a structured problem-solving situation. Mothers of hyperactive boys showed a higher level of involement in task solution, and reported more behavior problems, than did mothers in comparison groups. Likewise, hyperactive boys interacted more than learning disabled or control boys.", "PMID": 1111300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2907", "title": "Relationship of certain childhood 'traits' to adult psychiatric disorders.", "content": "An investigation of 174 adult psychiatric outpatients reporting on nine different difficulties they may have experienced as children suggests certain  links between childhood difficulties and lifelong personality traits, as well as adult psychiatric symptomatology. Findings suggest that the childhood traits related to schizophrenia might be manifestations of minimal organic brain dysfunctioning.", "contents": "Relationship of certain childhood 'traits' to adult psychiatric disorders. An investigation of 174 adult psychiatric outpatients reporting on nine different difficulties they may have experienced as children suggests certain  links between childhood difficulties and lifelong personality traits, as well as adult psychiatric symptomatology. Findings suggest that the childhood traits related to schizophrenia might be manifestations of minimal organic brain dysfunctioning.", "PMID": 1111301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2908", "title": "A comparison of voluntary and involuntary patients in a state hospital.", "content": "A study of 78 involuntary and 47 voluntary patients three months after admission to a state hospital revealed significant differences in presenting symptoms and in the rate of elopement from the hospital. The data support maintaining procedures for involuntary hospitalization, but also suggest the need for alternatives in view of the high elopement rate.", "contents": "A comparison of voluntary and involuntary patients in a state hospital. A study of 78 involuntary and 47 voluntary patients three months after admission to a state hospital revealed significant differences in presenting symptoms and in the rate of elopement from the hospital. The data support maintaining procedures for involuntary hospitalization, but also suggest the need for alternatives in view of the high elopement rate.", "PMID": 1111302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2909", "title": "Do mental patients want legal counsel? A survey.", "content": "Fifty patients on the admission ward of a state hospital were asked questions about whether they felt a need for legal aid. Nearly all responded in a meaningful manner, and half indicated a need for legal aid. Most likely to express a need for counsel were older patients, those involuntarily confined, those who had been previously hospitalized, and those classified as paranoid schizophrenic.", "contents": "Do mental patients want legal counsel? A survey. Fifty patients on the admission ward of a state hospital were asked questions about whether they felt a need for legal aid. Nearly all responded in a meaningful manner, and half indicated a need for legal aid. Most likely to express a need for counsel were older patients, those involuntarily confined, those who had been previously hospitalized, and those classified as paranoid schizophrenic.", "PMID": 1111303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2910", "title": "Supervision and the emerging professional.", "content": "A model for the training of supervisors of new professionals is presented. Highlighted are concepts, principles, and methods of supervision, with emphasis on such issues as entry, race, class, sex, and upward mobility of the emerging professional in the established mental health system.", "contents": "Supervision and the emerging professional. A model for the training of supervisors of new professionals is presented. Highlighted are concepts, principles, and methods of supervision, with emphasis on such issues as entry, race, class, sex, and upward mobility of the emerging professional in the established mental health system.", "PMID": 1111304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2911", "title": "Mental changes associated with hyperparathyroidism.", "content": "To document the point that the hyperparathyroidism should be considered a possible cause of unexplained neurological and psychiatric symptoms, the authors present five case reports of confirmed primary hyperparathyroidism in which the patients initially appeared with problems that seemed mainly psychiatric. The presenting symptoms in these cases consisted of varying degrees of depression, catatonia, confusion, disorientation, fatigue, and lethargy; there was no associated bone or renal pathology in four of the cases. The authors include a review of the pertinent literature and a discussion of the effect of calcium and magnesium bivalent ions on the central nervous system associated with hyperparathyroidism. They conclude that more investigation of the role of magnesium in this disease seems warranted.", "contents": "Mental changes associated with hyperparathyroidism. To document the point that the hyperparathyroidism should be considered a possible cause of unexplained neurological and psychiatric symptoms, the authors present five case reports of confirmed primary hyperparathyroidism in which the patients initially appeared with problems that seemed mainly psychiatric. The presenting symptoms in these cases consisted of varying degrees of depression, catatonia, confusion, disorientation, fatigue, and lethargy; there was no associated bone or renal pathology in four of the cases. The authors include a review of the pertinent literature and a discussion of the effect of calcium and magnesium bivalent ions on the central nervous system associated with hyperparathyroidism. They conclude that more investigation of the role of magnesium in this disease seems warranted.", "PMID": 1111311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2912", "title": "The effect of living alone on bereavement symptoms.", "content": "The author reports on a study of widows and widowers who were followed for one year after the deaths of their spouses. The study shows that bereavement itself rather than the effects of living alone influences the occurrence of depressive symptoms in widows and widowers at one month. The data gathered also support the idea that younger people who have lost a spouse tend to show more physical depressive symptoms and to require hospitalization more often than either matched married controls or older widows and widowers at one year.", "contents": "The effect of living alone on bereavement symptoms. The author reports on a study of widows and widowers who were followed for one year after the deaths of their spouses. The study shows that bereavement itself rather than the effects of living alone influences the occurrence of depressive symptoms in widows and widowers at one month. The data gathered also support the idea that younger people who have lost a spouse tend to show more physical depressive symptoms and to require hospitalization more often than either matched married controls or older widows and widowers at one year.", "PMID": 1111312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2913", "title": "The validity and significance of the clinical diagnosis of hysteria (Briquet's syndrome).", "content": "The author states that a valid diagnostic classification based on the medical model is a sine qua non for progress in psychiatric research and treatment and that such classification requires follow-up and family studies. To illustrate this point he reports on studies showing that hysteria, or Briquet's syndrome, is a valid clinical entity that follows a predictable course and clusters in certain families. He also reports that an association between hysteria and sociopathy has been demonstrated, suggesting that the two conditions may arise from sililar etiologic and pathogenetic factors.", "contents": "The validity and significance of the clinical diagnosis of hysteria (Briquet's syndrome). The author states that a valid diagnostic classification based on the medical model is a sine qua non for progress in psychiatric research and treatment and that such classification requires follow-up and family studies. To illustrate this point he reports on studies showing that hysteria, or Briquet's syndrome, is a valid clinical entity that follows a predictable course and clusters in certain families. He also reports that an association between hysteria and sociopathy has been demonstrated, suggesting that the two conditions may arise from sililar etiologic and pathogenetic factors.", "PMID": 1111313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2914", "title": "The treatment of adopted versus neglected delinquent children in the court: a problem of reciprocal attachment?", "content": "The authors investigated the discrepant treatment by a juvenile court of adopted versus neglected delinquents. Adopted delinquents received harsher dispositions in spite of the fact that neglected delinquents often faced more serious charges. The two groups are compared in terms of family structure and the criminal and psychiartic histories of their parents; none of these seems to account for the adoptees' harsher treatment. The authors hypothesize that an interplay of late adoption intrinsic vulnerabilities in the children, and weakness of parental bonds accounts for the differential outcomes.", "contents": "The treatment of adopted versus neglected delinquent children in the court: a problem of reciprocal attachment? The authors investigated the discrepant treatment by a juvenile court of adopted versus neglected delinquents. Adopted delinquents received harsher dispositions in spite of the fact that neglected delinquents often faced more serious charges. The two groups are compared in terms of family structure and the criminal and psychiartic histories of their parents; none of these seems to account for the adoptees' harsher treatment. The authors hypothesize that an interplay of late adoption intrinsic vulnerabilities in the children, and weakness of parental bonds accounts for the differential outcomes.", "PMID": 1111314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2915", "title": "Prevention in mental health: a controlled study.", "content": "The authors conducted a controlled study in which families who had experienced the sudden death of a family member were given crisis intervention services and compared at follow-up with two untreated control groups. Results did not support the hypothesis that such services decrease the risk of psychiatric illness, disturbed family functioning, or increased social cost to the families. The authors suggest that environmental and social systems factors and individual variables are powerful predictors of outcome in bereavement.", "contents": "Prevention in mental health: a controlled study. The authors conducted a controlled study in which families who had experienced the sudden death of a family member were given crisis intervention services and compared at follow-up with two untreated control groups. Results did not support the hypothesis that such services decrease the risk of psychiatric illness, disturbed family functioning, or increased social cost to the families. The authors suggest that environmental and social systems factors and individual variables are powerful predictors of outcome in bereavement.", "PMID": 1111315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2916", "title": "Suicide in the psychiatric hospital.", "content": "The authors note that although the psychiatric hospitals is often used as a means of preventing the suicide of disturbed patients, some hospitalized patients succeed in committing suicide; such as an event is distressing for hospital staffs as well as for patients and families. However, the authors believe that the occasional occurrence of in-hospital suicide is inevitable. They present data on the frequency and characteristics of suicides among hospitalized psychiatric patients in Los Angeles County during the period from 1967 to 1972.?23AUTHOR", "contents": "Suicide in the psychiatric hospital. The authors note that although the psychiatric hospitals is often used as a means of preventing the suicide of disturbed patients, some hospitalized patients succeed in committing suicide; such as an event is distressing for hospital staffs as well as for patients and families. However, the authors believe that the occasional occurrence of in-hospital suicide is inevitable. They present data on the frequency and characteristics of suicides among hospitalized psychiatric patients in Los Angeles County during the period from 1967 to 1972.?23AUTHOR", "PMID": 1111316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2917", "title": "The addict, abstinence, and the family.", "content": "The drug addict generally has an extremely difficult time terminating drug use and remaining abstinent. A partial explanation can be found in an investigation of the relative meaning of the drug for the addict within his social context rather than viewing the drug simply as a pharmacological agent. The idea that addiction is a social phenomenon within the addicts family suggests a relationship between the functioning of the families of addicts and their inability to tolerate abstinence. Because the abuse of heroin or barbiturates by one family member can result in \"rewards\" for all family members, the family, in behaving as if the addict cannot control his drug use, functions in such a way as to reinforce the addiction.", "contents": "The addict, abstinence, and the family. The drug addict generally has an extremely difficult time terminating drug use and remaining abstinent. A partial explanation can be found in an investigation of the relative meaning of the drug for the addict within his social context rather than viewing the drug simply as a pharmacological agent. The idea that addiction is a social phenomenon within the addicts family suggests a relationship between the functioning of the families of addicts and their inability to tolerate abstinence. Because the abuse of heroin or barbiturates by one family member can result in \"rewards\" for all family members, the family, in behaving as if the addict cannot control his drug use, functions in such a way as to reinforce the addiction.", "PMID": 1111317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2918", "title": "A teaching drill in child psychiatry.", "content": "The authors report on a teaching drill for psychiatric trainees that tests their ability to communicate child psychiatry concepts to a nonpsychiatric physician and to parents of a disturbed child as well as their abilities in the role of a supervisor and a \"visiting professor.\" It was found that the drill was a learning experience for the trainees that focused attention on their problems in integrating their psychiatric skills and identity with their identification with the medical model.", "contents": "A teaching drill in child psychiatry. The authors report on a teaching drill for psychiatric trainees that tests their ability to communicate child psychiatry concepts to a nonpsychiatric physician and to parents of a disturbed child as well as their abilities in the role of a supervisor and a \"visiting professor.\" It was found that the drill was a learning experience for the trainees that focused attention on their problems in integrating their psychiatric skills and identity with their identification with the medical model.", "PMID": 1111318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2919", "title": "Sexual dysfunction in college men and women.", "content": "The author presents data and illustrative excerpts from 1,000 letters relating to health and personal concerns that were sent to his column in a college newspaper. There were 532 letters expressing sexual concerns, 65 percent of which raised questions about anatomy and physiology. A comparison of the distribution of problems of sexual dysfunction in this study with that of an earlier study involving older patients showed very different distributions. The author points out the need for sex counseling and education for young people who are sexually active and discusses the unique problems involved in treating this population.", "contents": "Sexual dysfunction in college men and women. The author presents data and illustrative excerpts from 1,000 letters relating to health and personal concerns that were sent to his column in a college newspaper. There were 532 letters expressing sexual concerns, 65 percent of which raised questions about anatomy and physiology. A comparison of the distribution of problems of sexual dysfunction in this study with that of an earlier study involving older patients showed very different distributions. The author points out the need for sex counseling and education for young people who are sexually active and discusses the unique problems involved in treating this population.", "PMID": 1111319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2920", "title": "Short-term treatment of Sexual problems: interim report.", "content": "Of 52 couples requesting treatment for sexual disorders, 16 were treated in accordance with the protocol of Masters and Johnson except that most were seen once a week for 10 or more weeks rather than daily for a briefer period. The treatment results were less successful than those obtained by Masters and Johnson. The authors believe that the successes of this approach nonetheless suggest a need to reevaluate the degree to which sexual problems may be conditioned responses. They also stress the need for specifying the degree of improvement among nonfailures for purposes of comparison and follow-up.", "contents": "Short-term treatment of Sexual problems: interim report. Of 52 couples requesting treatment for sexual disorders, 16 were treated in accordance with the protocol of Masters and Johnson except that most were seen once a week for 10 or more weeks rather than daily for a briefer period. The treatment results were less successful than those obtained by Masters and Johnson. The authors believe that the successes of this approach nonetheless suggest a need to reevaluate the degree to which sexual problems may be conditioned responses. They also stress the need for specifying the degree of improvement among nonfailures for purposes of comparison and follow-up.", "PMID": 1111320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2921", "title": "Difficulties in brief conjoint treatment of sexual dysfunction.", "content": "The authors offered conjoint treatment of sexual dysfunction to an unselected population in a military hospital for one year. Of the 10 couples who requested treatment, 7 were treated by techniques outlined by Masters and Johnson. The couples who completed the treatment exercises improved, and neurotic interactions, presumably resulting from the symptoms, often disappeared. The couples who avoided the exercises had interactional patterns dominated by projection and blame, sadomasochism, and depressive features; typically their marital difficulties were aggravated by the treatment.", "contents": "Difficulties in brief conjoint treatment of sexual dysfunction. The authors offered conjoint treatment of sexual dysfunction to an unselected population in a military hospital for one year. Of the 10 couples who requested treatment, 7 were treated by techniques outlined by Masters and Johnson. The couples who completed the treatment exercises improved, and neurotic interactions, presumably resulting from the symptoms, often disappeared. The couples who avoided the exercises had interactional patterns dominated by projection and blame, sadomasochism, and depressive features; typically their marital difficulties were aggravated by the treatment.", "PMID": 1111321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2922", "title": "Psychopharmacologic management of patients: a method for recording treatment decisions.", "content": "The authors describe a drug treatment form they designed, the KDS-8, that is suitable for use in all types of treatment settings. An important feature is a checklist of treatable target symptoms, with categories of improvement, no change, or worsening. Changes in drug regimen and the clinician's reasons for them are noted. Among the advantages the authors cite are easy retrievability of drug treatment data and the forms suitability for use in audit procedures and research.", "contents": "Psychopharmacologic management of patients: a method for recording treatment decisions. The authors describe a drug treatment form they designed, the KDS-8, that is suitable for use in all types of treatment settings. An important feature is a checklist of treatable target symptoms, with categories of improvement, no change, or worsening. Changes in drug regimen and the clinician's reasons for them are noted. Among the advantages the authors cite are easy retrievability of drug treatment data and the forms suitability for use in audit procedures and research.", "PMID": 1111322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2923", "title": "Brain hypoxia, minimal brain dysfunction, and schizophrenia.", "content": "The author hypothesizes that individuals who suffer brain hypoxia prenatally, perinatally, or immediately postnatally constitute a population at risk for minimal brain dysfunction and for schizophrenia in adulthood. This hypothesis has implications for early intervention with children who have MBD and their families and for multidisciplinary management of these cases throughout childhood.", "contents": "Brain hypoxia, minimal brain dysfunction, and schizophrenia. The author hypothesizes that individuals who suffer brain hypoxia prenatally, perinatally, or immediately postnatally constitute a population at risk for minimal brain dysfunction and for schizophrenia in adulthood. This hypothesis has implications for early intervention with children who have MBD and their families and for multidisciplinary management of these cases throughout childhood.", "PMID": 1111324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2924", "title": "Civil liberties versus involuntary hospitalization.", "content": "The authors examine the issue of involuntary hospitalization for mental illness with particular reference to legal rights and civil liberties. Follow-up data of patients treated on a closed ward, as well as other available evidence, indicate that society is not ready for the abolition of involuntary hospitalization. The authors believe that the most fundamental right of the patient is that of adequate treatment, and therefore this should take precedence over an absolute right to liberty.", "contents": "Civil liberties versus involuntary hospitalization. The authors examine the issue of involuntary hospitalization for mental illness with particular reference to legal rights and civil liberties. Follow-up data of patients treated on a closed ward, as well as other available evidence, indicate that society is not ready for the abolition of involuntary hospitalization. The authors believe that the most fundamental right of the patient is that of adequate treatment, and therefore this should take precedence over an absolute right to liberty.", "PMID": 1111323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2925", "title": "The educational process as a treatment modality in a drug rehabilitation program.", "content": "The authors describe an eductional program that is an integral part of a residential drug rehabilitation program. They believe that effective treatment of drug addiction must provide individuals with the opportunity to acquire skills that will make it easier for them to compete in the job market when they leave the program. They discuss how the educational process serves as a treatment modality that supplements and complements the other aspects of the therapeutic community.", "contents": "The educational process as a treatment modality in a drug rehabilitation program. The authors describe an eductional program that is an integral part of a residential drug rehabilitation program. They believe that effective treatment of drug addiction must provide individuals with the opportunity to acquire skills that will make it easier for them to compete in the job market when they leave the program. They discuss how the educational process serves as a treatment modality that supplements and complements the other aspects of the therapeutic community.", "PMID": 1111325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2926", "title": "Translating despair.", "content": "The author reviews two cases of suicide by Spanish-speaking patients who were evaluated and treated by English-speaking psychiatrists using a translator. He suggests that the patient's emotional suffering may be selectively underestimated when the clinician works by means of translation. The diagnosis may emphasize psychotic features of the illness and minimize the affective component; consequently the risk of suicide may be underestimated.", "contents": "Translating despair. The author reviews two cases of suicide by Spanish-speaking patients who were evaluated and treated by English-speaking psychiatrists using a translator. He suggests that the patient's emotional suffering may be selectively underestimated when the clinician works by means of translation. The diagnosis may emphasize psychotic features of the illness and minimize the affective component; consequently the risk of suicide may be underestimated.", "PMID": 1111326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2927", "title": "Deep vascular schizogony in Plasmodium fragile: organ distribution and ultrastructure of erythrocytes adherent to vascular endothelium.", "content": "Erythrocytes infected with Plasmodium fragile, like those infected with P. falciparum and P. coatneyi, adhere to vessels in heart, adipose tissue and, to a lesser ex00 nm knob protrusions on the plasma membrane of infected erythrocytes. The close apposition between knobs and endothelium (1 nm or less) excludes macromolecules such as fibrinogen or antibodies as the adhesive force. The components on the membrane responsible for adhesion at the knobs remain unknown.", "contents": "Deep vascular schizogony in Plasmodium fragile: organ distribution and ultrastructure of erythrocytes adherent to vascular endothelium. Erythrocytes infected with Plasmodium fragile, like those infected with P. falciparum and P. coatneyi, adhere to vessels in heart, adipose tissue and, to a lesser ex00 nm knob protrusions on the plasma membrane of infected erythrocytes. The close apposition between knobs and endothelium (1 nm or less) excludes macromolecules such as fibrinogen or antibodies as the adhesive force. The components on the membrane responsible for adhesion at the knobs remain unknown.", "PMID": 1111348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2928", "title": "Vibrio parahaemolyticus gastroenteritis during, the El Tor cholera epidemic in Togo (West Africa).", "content": "In the course of the El Tor cholera epidemic in Togo (West Africa), Vibrio parahaemolyticus was identified as the causative agent of a cholera-like gastroenteritis. From September 1971 to March 1973 81 cases were confirmed bacteriologically. Seventy patients developed cholera-like symptoms and at first were wrongly diagnosed as cholera cases; 6 other patients were simultaneoulsy infected with El Tor vibrios and V. parachaemolyticus. There was a markedly higher incidence in males than in females. Only sporadic cases occurred, and outbreaks and secondary cases have not been observed. It is suggested that V. parahaemolyticus might be an important agent of acute gastroenteritis on the coast of West Africa.", "contents": "Vibrio parahaemolyticus gastroenteritis during, the El Tor cholera epidemic in Togo (West Africa). In the course of the El Tor cholera epidemic in Togo (West Africa), Vibrio parahaemolyticus was identified as the causative agent of a cholera-like gastroenteritis. From September 1971 to March 1973 81 cases were confirmed bacteriologically. Seventy patients developed cholera-like symptoms and at first were wrongly diagnosed as cholera cases; 6 other patients were simultaneoulsy infected with El Tor vibrios and V. parachaemolyticus. There was a markedly higher incidence in males than in females. Only sporadic cases occurred, and outbreaks and secondary cases have not been observed. It is suggested that V. parahaemolyticus might be an important agent of acute gastroenteritis on the coast of West Africa.", "PMID": 1111349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2929", "title": "Lobomycosis as a disease of the Atlantic bottle-nosed dolphin (Tursiops truncatus Montagu, 1821).", "content": "Skin lesions on an Atlantic bottlenosed dolphin, captured off the coast of Florida, were investigated and found to be histologically and microbiologically indistinguishable from those caused in humans by Loboa loboi. All attempts to isolate the etiologic agent or to transmit the infection to mice and monkeys ended in failure. Sight records of other suspected dolphin cases of lobomycosis in Florida waters are described along with citations of two previously confirmed and published dolphin infections.", "contents": "Lobomycosis as a disease of the Atlantic bottle-nosed dolphin (Tursiops truncatus Montagu, 1821). Skin lesions on an Atlantic bottlenosed dolphin, captured off the coast of Florida, were investigated and found to be histologically and microbiologically indistinguishable from those caused in humans by Loboa loboi. All attempts to isolate the etiologic agent or to transmit the infection to mice and monkeys ended in failure. Sight records of other suspected dolphin cases of lobomycosis in Florida waters are described along with citations of two previously confirmed and published dolphin infections.", "PMID": 1111350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2930", "title": "The relative resistance of dengue-immune monkeys to yellow fever virus.", "content": "Dengue-immune rhesus monkeys were challenged with a South American and two African strains of yellow fever virus. Levels of viremia were reduced as compared with control nonimmunized monkeys. The results support the hypothesis that immunity to dengue in a human population acts as a barrier to establishment of yellow fever in that population.", "contents": "The relative resistance of dengue-immune monkeys to yellow fever virus. Dengue-immune rhesus monkeys were challenged with a South American and two African strains of yellow fever virus. Levels of viremia were reduced as compared with control nonimmunized monkeys. The results support the hypothesis that immunity to dengue in a human population acts as a barrier to establishment of yellow fever in that population.", "PMID": 1111351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2931", "title": "Ecology of California encephalitis viruses on the Del Mar Va Peninsula. II. Demonstration of transovarial transmission.", "content": "The high rate of Keystone virus recovery from Aedes atlanticus collected in 1971 and 1972 suggested that these mosquitoes might be emerging infected. To demonstrate the suspected transovarial transmission of this virus, developmental stages of A. atlanticus were collected from the field. Larvae were identified and pooled for virus isolation in suckling mice. Pupae were allowed to emerge in the laboratory, then were segregated by sex and pooled for virus isolation. Keystone virus was recovered from larvae, reared males and reared females, demonstrating transovarial transmission of the Keystone strain of California encephalitis by A. atlanticus.", "contents": "Ecology of California encephalitis viruses on the Del Mar Va Peninsula. II. Demonstration of transovarial transmission. The high rate of Keystone virus recovery from Aedes atlanticus collected in 1971 and 1972 suggested that these mosquitoes might be emerging infected. To demonstrate the suspected transovarial transmission of this virus, developmental stages of A. atlanticus were collected from the field. Larvae were identified and pooled for virus isolation in suckling mice. Pupae were allowed to emerge in the laboratory, then were segregated by sex and pooled for virus isolation. Keystone virus was recovered from larvae, reared males and reared females, demonstrating transovarial transmission of the Keystone strain of California encephalitis by A. atlanticus.", "PMID": 1111352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2932", "title": "Genetics of pigmentation in Biomphalaria straminea.", "content": "A monogenetic factor determining basic pigmentation in Biomphalaria straminea follows simple. Mendelian inheritance and has at least three alleles, as in B. glabrata. Wild type pigmentation with black body, mantle collar and eyes is dominant; albino with no black pigment is recessive; and \"blackeye\" pigmentation, deficient in black pigment in body and mantle collar, is recessive to wild type but dominant over albino.", "contents": "Genetics of pigmentation in Biomphalaria straminea. A monogenetic factor determining basic pigmentation in Biomphalaria straminea follows simple. Mendelian inheritance and has at least three alleles, as in B. glabrata. Wild type pigmentation with black body, mantle collar and eyes is dominant; albino with no black pigment is recessive; and \"blackeye\" pigmentation, deficient in black pigment in body and mantle collar, is recessive to wild type but dominant over albino.", "PMID": 1111353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2933", "title": "Human urinary gnathostomiasis: a case report from Thailand.", "content": "Acase of urinary gnathostomiasis in a 32-year-old Thai woman, caused by an adult male Gnathostoma spinigerum, is described. The patient who had suffered from intermittent, subcutaneous gnathostomialis for about 10 years, developed pneumonia of the right lower lung followed by swelling on the right hypochondrium, and paresis of both legs accompanied by perianal numbness and retention of urine, and it seems reasonable to assume that the parasite migrated to the lung, hypochondrium, and the cauda equina, respectively. She later passed the worm, which we beleive problably came from the bladder. To the best of our knowledge, no case of human urinary gnathostomiasis has previously been reported in the English literature.", "contents": "Human urinary gnathostomiasis: a case report from Thailand. Acase of urinary gnathostomiasis in a 32-year-old Thai woman, caused by an adult male Gnathostoma spinigerum, is described. The patient who had suffered from intermittent, subcutaneous gnathostomialis for about 10 years, developed pneumonia of the right lower lung followed by swelling on the right hypochondrium, and paresis of both legs accompanied by perianal numbness and retention of urine, and it seems reasonable to assume that the parasite migrated to the lung, hypochondrium, and the cauda equina, respectively. She later passed the worm, which we beleive problably came from the bladder. To the best of our knowledge, no case of human urinary gnathostomiasis has previously been reported in the English literature.", "PMID": 1111354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2934", "title": "Onchocerciasis in Guatemala. I. Epidermiological studies of microfilaruria.", "content": "Microfilariae of Onchocerca volvulus were detected in the urine of 65 residents of three coffee plantations near Yepocapa, Guatemala. In this area the prevalence of microfilaruria is estimated to be between 17% and 30% of the population 10 years of age and older. Almost all of the people examined had clinical manifestations of onchocerciasis and 80% of them had microfilariae in skin snips. The frequency of microfilaruria is associated with the number of microfilariae in the skin. Within each age group those who had lived longer on the coffee plantations were more likely to have microfilariae in a skin snip and more likely to have microfilariae in their urine. The presence of subcutaneous nodules or history of prior nodulectomy did not reduce the incidence of microfilaruria nor did the presence of subcutaneous nodules increase the incidence of microfilariae in the urine.", "contents": "Onchocerciasis in Guatemala. I. Epidermiological studies of microfilaruria. Microfilariae of Onchocerca volvulus were detected in the urine of 65 residents of three coffee plantations near Yepocapa, Guatemala. In this area the prevalence of microfilaruria is estimated to be between 17% and 30% of the population 10 years of age and older. Almost all of the people examined had clinical manifestations of onchocerciasis and 80% of them had microfilariae in skin snips. The frequency of microfilaruria is associated with the number of microfilariae in the skin. Within each age group those who had lived longer on the coffee plantations were more likely to have microfilariae in a skin snip and more likely to have microfilariae in their urine. The presence of subcutaneous nodules or history of prior nodulectomy did not reduce the incidence of microfilaruria nor did the presence of subcutaneous nodules increase the incidence of microfilariae in the urine.", "PMID": 1111355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2935", "title": "Onchocerciasis in Guatemala. III. Daytime periodicity of microfilariae in skin.", "content": "Periodicity of microfilariae of Onchocerca volvulus in the skin was not believed to exist until investigators in Africa recently demonstrated diurnal periodicity. Interestingly, this maximal density of microfilariae in the skin has been shown to coincide with the peak biting time of the Simulium vector. The current study was performed as part of other studies in Guatemala. Maximal density of microfilariae in the skin was at 1000 hours or shortly therafter. This peak is earlier than reported in Africa. The most active feeding period of Simulium ochraceum, believed to be the principal vector in Guatemala, had been previously shown to be from 0800 to 1000 hours. The current report lends support to other findings indicating that Onchocerca volvulus microlilariae have a diurnal periodicity. In addition, the occurrence of peak vector biting time at the same time as maximal numbers of microfilariae in the skin strengthens a hypothesis that these synchronous cycles have a biological significance.", "contents": "Onchocerciasis in Guatemala. III. Daytime periodicity of microfilariae in skin. Periodicity of microfilariae of Onchocerca volvulus in the skin was not believed to exist until investigators in Africa recently demonstrated diurnal periodicity. Interestingly, this maximal density of microfilariae in the skin has been shown to coincide with the peak biting time of the Simulium vector. The current study was performed as part of other studies in Guatemala. Maximal density of microfilariae in the skin was at 1000 hours or shortly therafter. This peak is earlier than reported in Africa. The most active feeding period of Simulium ochraceum, believed to be the principal vector in Guatemala, had been previously shown to be from 0800 to 1000 hours. The current report lends support to other findings indicating that Onchocerca volvulus microlilariae have a diurnal periodicity. In addition, the occurrence of peak vector biting time at the same time as maximal numbers of microfilariae in the skin strengthens a hypothesis that these synchronous cycles have a biological significance.", "PMID": 1111356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2936", "title": "Onchocerciasis: prevalence of microfilaruria and other manifestations in village of Cameroon.", "content": "Onchoecercal microfilaruia was studied in the course  of an epidemiologic investigation of diseases, infections, and general health conditions in a rural village on the Adamaoua Plateau in northern Cameroon. Microfilariae of Onchocerca volvulus were observed in nearly one half of the skin snips taken from the village residents. The prevalence of onchocerciasis as diagnosed from skin snips increased with age, and was greater for males than females. The number of microfilariae per skin snip also increased wth age. The presence of subcutaneous nodules, inguinal lymphadenopathy, microfilariae in the urine, ocular lesions and prolonged itching all were related to both age and the presence of microfilariae in skin biopsy specimen, as well as to intensity of infection. Microfilaruria was not restricted to individuals with severe onchocerciasis.", "contents": "Onchocerciasis: prevalence of microfilaruria and other manifestations in village of Cameroon. Onchoecercal microfilaruia was studied in the course  of an epidemiologic investigation of diseases, infections, and general health conditions in a rural village on the Adamaoua Plateau in northern Cameroon. Microfilariae of Onchocerca volvulus were observed in nearly one half of the skin snips taken from the village residents. The prevalence of onchocerciasis as diagnosed from skin snips increased with age, and was greater for males than females. The number of microfilariae per skin snip also increased wth age. The presence of subcutaneous nodules, inguinal lymphadenopathy, microfilariae in the urine, ocular lesions and prolonged itching all were related to both age and the presence of microfilariae in skin biopsy specimen, as well as to intensity of infection. Microfilaruria was not restricted to individuals with severe onchocerciasis.", "PMID": 1111357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2937", "title": "Effect of diethylcarbamazine on third stage Brugia malayi larvae in cats.", "content": "Forty-one experimental and 37 control cats were each infected with 50 Brugia malayi larvae in such a way that a preponderance of the larvae remained localized in the popliteal lymph node or in the lymphatics of the leg draining into that node. During the 1st week after infection cats were treated with varying doses of diethylcarbamazine citrate (DEC). Two weeks after infection, necropsy for worm recovery was performed on treated and control cats. No living larva was recovered from 21 of 22 cats treated with a total of 10 mg DEC/kg body weight or greater. A single living larva was recovered in only 2 of 5 cats treated at 5 mg/kg. At 2 mg/kg, 8 of 10 cats had substantially fewer larvae than their controls; the remaining 2 were negative. In 4 cats treated with a total of 1 mg/kg, there was no reduction of larvae. All 37 untreated controls harbored living larvae, with a mean of 56% of the inoculum being recovered.", "contents": "Effect of diethylcarbamazine on third stage Brugia malayi larvae in cats. Forty-one experimental and 37 control cats were each infected with 50 Brugia malayi larvae in such a way that a preponderance of the larvae remained localized in the popliteal lymph node or in the lymphatics of the leg draining into that node. During the 1st week after infection cats were treated with varying doses of diethylcarbamazine citrate (DEC). Two weeks after infection, necropsy for worm recovery was performed on treated and control cats. No living larva was recovered from 21 of 22 cats treated with a total of 10 mg DEC/kg body weight or greater. A single living larva was recovered in only 2 of 5 cats treated at 5 mg/kg. At 2 mg/kg, 8 of 10 cats had substantially fewer larvae than their controls; the remaining 2 were negative. In 4 cats treated with a total of 1 mg/kg, there was no reduction of larvae. All 37 untreated controls harbored living larvae, with a mean of 56% of the inoculum being recovered.", "PMID": 1111358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2938", "title": "Immune response of guinea pigs to Schistosoma mansoni. I. In vitro effects of antibody and neutrophils, eosinophils and macrophages on schistosomula.", "content": "Schistosomula of Schistosoma mansoni were rapidly killed in vitro by IgG2 antibodies from serum of schistosome-infected guinea pigs and heat-labile factors present in normal serum. Addition of polymorphonuclear neutrophilic leukocytes greatly increased the rate and degree of killing. Eosinophils and macrophages did not increase the level of killing, though they did react with schistosomula already damaged or killed by antiserum. Neutrophils and eosinophils reacted with schistosomula only in the presence of specific antibody, while macrophages nonspecifically attacked dead schistosomula. Serum antibody levels reached a plateau at approximately 6 weeks after a single infection. Attempts to precoat schistosomula with antibody prior to exposure to complement were largely unsuccessful.", "contents": "Immune response of guinea pigs to Schistosoma mansoni. I. In vitro effects of antibody and neutrophils, eosinophils and macrophages on schistosomula. Schistosomula of Schistosoma mansoni were rapidly killed in vitro by IgG2 antibodies from serum of schistosome-infected guinea pigs and heat-labile factors present in normal serum. Addition of polymorphonuclear neutrophilic leukocytes greatly increased the rate and degree of killing. Eosinophils and macrophages did not increase the level of killing, though they did react with schistosomula already damaged or killed by antiserum. Neutrophils and eosinophils reacted with schistosomula only in the presence of specific antibody, while macrophages nonspecifically attacked dead schistosomula. Serum antibody levels reached a plateau at approximately 6 weeks after a single infection. Attempts to precoat schistosomula with antibody prior to exposure to complement were largely unsuccessful.", "PMID": 1111359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2939", "title": "Hypersensitivity to parasite proteolytic enzyme in schistosomiasis.", "content": "A proteolytic enzyme which hydrolyses hemoglobin was obtained from the supernatant fraction of homogenized Schistosoma mansoni. This enzyme elicited histaminic skin reactions in various animals, including man, which were infected with S. mansoni. It failed to induce reactions in monkeys harboring S. haematobium, S. japonicum, or S. intercalatum. In a preliminary field trial in the Caribbean, the skin test proved to be somewhat less sensitive than the customarily used extract of adult worms in Coca's solution. However, the enzyme appeared to induce fewer false positive reactions and delayed responses than did the Coca's extract. A new diagnostic test for schistosomiasis probably could be developed by using specific parasite enzymes against which the host has become sensitized in the course of infection.", "contents": "Hypersensitivity to parasite proteolytic enzyme in schistosomiasis. A proteolytic enzyme which hydrolyses hemoglobin was obtained from the supernatant fraction of homogenized Schistosoma mansoni. This enzyme elicited histaminic skin reactions in various animals, including man, which were infected with S. mansoni. It failed to induce reactions in monkeys harboring S. haematobium, S. japonicum, or S. intercalatum. In a preliminary field trial in the Caribbean, the skin test proved to be somewhat less sensitive than the customarily used extract of adult worms in Coca's solution. However, the enzyme appeared to induce fewer false positive reactions and delayed responses than did the Coca's extract. A new diagnostic test for schistosomiasis probably could be developed by using specific parasite enzymes against which the host has become sensitized in the course of infection.", "PMID": 1111360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2940", "title": "Halothane inhibition of rna and protein synthesis of PHA-treated human lymphocytes.", "content": "Cultured human lymphocytes treated with phytohemagglutinin (PAH) ahd higher rates of RNA and protein synthesis, as judged by incorporation of the labelled precursors -3H-URIDINE AND -14C-leucine, than did control cultures without PHA. These cultures were prepared from cells of the same donor, as were a third set of cultures which were equilibrated with 2 per cent halothane. The increased rates of RNA and protein synthesis six and 16 hours after PHA ADDITION WERE INHIBITED BY THE HALOTHANE, MODESTLY AT SIX HOURS AND STRIKINGLY AT 16 HOURS. These experiments provide further evidence that halothane prevents recruitment of resting cells into the active cycle of cell division.", "contents": "Halothane inhibition of rna and protein synthesis of PHA-treated human lymphocytes. Cultured human lymphocytes treated with phytohemagglutinin (PAH) ahd higher rates of RNA and protein synthesis, as judged by incorporation of the labelled precursors -3H-URIDINE AND -14C-leucine, than did control cultures without PHA. These cultures were prepared from cells of the same donor, as were a third set of cultures which were equilibrated with 2 per cent halothane. The increased rates of RNA and protein synthesis six and 16 hours after PHA ADDITION WERE INHIBITED BY THE HALOTHANE, MODESTLY AT SIX HOURS AND STRIKINGLY AT 16 HOURS. These experiments provide further evidence that halothane prevents recruitment of resting cells into the active cycle of cell division.", "PMID": 1111363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2941", "title": "Effects of halothane on automaticity and contractile force of isolated blood-perfused canine ventricular tissue.", "content": "The effects of halothane on canine ventricular automaticity and contractility were studied in intact and isolated heart preparations in which the right anterior papillary muscle and sinoatrial node of a recipient dog were separately perfused with arterial blood from a donor animal. One percent halothane inhaled by the donor dog decreased blood pressure and heart rate in the donor animal and sensitized the ventricle of the donor dog to the arrythmic effects of norepinephrine. One per cent halothane inhaled by donor dogs also produced negative inotropic and chronotropic responses in the isolated, perfused sinoatrial and ventricular oprparations, but had no effect on positive chronotropic or inotropic responses to norepinephrine or perivascular nerve stimulation. Norepinephrine administered to donor dogs produced no arrhythmia in either spontaneously beating or electrically paced recipient hearts even though producing ventricular fibrillation in the donor. The results suggest that re-entry mechanisms play an important role in halothane-catecholamine-induced arrhythmias.", "contents": "Effects of halothane on automaticity and contractile force of isolated blood-perfused canine ventricular tissue. The effects of halothane on canine ventricular automaticity and contractility were studied in intact and isolated heart preparations in which the right anterior papillary muscle and sinoatrial node of a recipient dog were separately perfused with arterial blood from a donor animal. One percent halothane inhaled by the donor dog decreased blood pressure and heart rate in the donor animal and sensitized the ventricle of the donor dog to the arrythmic effects of norepinephrine. One per cent halothane inhaled by donor dogs also produced negative inotropic and chronotropic responses in the isolated, perfused sinoatrial and ventricular oprparations, but had no effect on positive chronotropic or inotropic responses to norepinephrine or perivascular nerve stimulation. Norepinephrine administered to donor dogs produced no arrhythmia in either spontaneously beating or electrically paced recipient hearts even though producing ventricular fibrillation in the donor. The results suggest that re-entry mechanisms play an important role in halothane-catecholamine-induced arrhythmias.", "PMID": 1111366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2942", "title": "Methoxyflurane anesthesia in pediatric patients: evaluation of anesthetic metabolism and renal function.", "content": "Serum ionic fluoride concentrations during and following low-dose (6.0 mg/100 ml, 3 hours) methoxyflurane anesthesia and elective operation were measured in 13 pediatric patients (mean age 10.2 years; mean weight 34.5 kg). Peak measured serum ionic fluoride concentration was 21.6 plus or minus 3.3 mumol/1 24 hours after anesthesia. In a previously reported study of adult patients (47.5 years; 71.9 kg), the peak measured serum ionic fluoride concentration was 43.9 plus or minus 5.7 mumol/1 24 hours after low-does (6.8 mg/100 ml,3 hours) methoxyflurane anesthesia. Possible explanations for lower serum ionic fluoride concentrations in pediatric patients comared with adults include 1) slower metabolism of nethoxyflurand; 2) increased renal clearance of ionic fluoride from the blood; 3) greater sorage of ionic fluride in bone; 4) more rapid methoxyflurane elimiantion in the postoperative period. Serum uric acid increased (4.4 to 6.4 mg/100 ml, not significant) 24 hours after anesthesia and operation, while blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine and osmolality were unchanged postoperatively.", "contents": "Methoxyflurane anesthesia in pediatric patients: evaluation of anesthetic metabolism and renal function. Serum ionic fluoride concentrations during and following low-dose (6.0 mg/100 ml, 3 hours) methoxyflurane anesthesia and elective operation were measured in 13 pediatric patients (mean age 10.2 years; mean weight 34.5 kg). Peak measured serum ionic fluoride concentration was 21.6 plus or minus 3.3 mumol/1 24 hours after anesthesia. In a previously reported study of adult patients (47.5 years; 71.9 kg), the peak measured serum ionic fluoride concentration was 43.9 plus or minus 5.7 mumol/1 24 hours after low-does (6.8 mg/100 ml,3 hours) methoxyflurane anesthesia. Possible explanations for lower serum ionic fluoride concentrations in pediatric patients comared with adults include 1) slower metabolism of nethoxyflurand; 2) increased renal clearance of ionic fluoride from the blood; 3) greater sorage of ionic fluride in bone; 4) more rapid methoxyflurane elimiantion in the postoperative period. Serum uric acid increased (4.4 to 6.4 mg/100 ml, not significant) 24 hours after anesthesia and operation, while blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine and osmolality were unchanged postoperatively.", "PMID": 1111367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2943", "title": "Effects of morphine-nitrous oxide anesthesia on cerebral autoregulation.", "content": "The effects of morphine-nitrous oxide anesthesia on cerebral autoregulation were studied in healthy male volunteers. Anesthesia was morphine, 2 mg/kg, and 70 per cent nitrous oxide in oxygen. Ventilation was controlled and carbon dioxide added to keep Paco-2 constant at 40 torr. Cerebral blood flow was measured first at the subject's normal mean arterial blood pressure, than at 60 torr and at 120 torr in a randomly assigned balanced order. Last, in five subjects cerebral blood flow was measured again at normal mean pressure. Blood pressure alteration was accomplished using phenylephrine or trimethaphan. Cerebral blood flow was 38.9 plus or minus 6.4 (SEM) ml/100 g/min at normal mean pressure, 49.5 plus or minus 10.7 ml/100 g/min at 60 torr. These values are not different a P IS LESS THAN 0.05. The data were analyzed for the possible effect of time on cerebral blood flow, and no change could be domonstrated. It is concluded that with Paco-2 constant at 40 torr morphine-nitrous oxide anesthesia does not significantly affect cerebral autoregulation in normal man.", "contents": "Effects of morphine-nitrous oxide anesthesia on cerebral autoregulation. The effects of morphine-nitrous oxide anesthesia on cerebral autoregulation were studied in healthy male volunteers. Anesthesia was morphine, 2 mg/kg, and 70 per cent nitrous oxide in oxygen. Ventilation was controlled and carbon dioxide added to keep Paco-2 constant at 40 torr. Cerebral blood flow was measured first at the subject's normal mean arterial blood pressure, than at 60 torr and at 120 torr in a randomly assigned balanced order. Last, in five subjects cerebral blood flow was measured again at normal mean pressure. Blood pressure alteration was accomplished using phenylephrine or trimethaphan. Cerebral blood flow was 38.9 plus or minus 6.4 (SEM) ml/100 g/min at normal mean pressure, 49.5 plus or minus 10.7 ml/100 g/min at 60 torr. These values are not different a P IS LESS THAN 0.05. The data were analyzed for the possible effect of time on cerebral blood flow, and no change could be domonstrated. It is concluded that with Paco-2 constant at 40 torr morphine-nitrous oxide anesthesia does not significantly affect cerebral autoregulation in normal man.", "PMID": 1111368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2944", "title": "Individual organ contributions to the decrease in whole-body Vo2 with isoflurane.", "content": "The present study was designed to determine whether there were differebnces between the effects of isoflurane and halothane on canine whole-body Vo2 and myocardial, splanchnic, renal, and skelatal muscle Vo2's were determined at isoflurane concentrations equivilent to those used in a previous study with holothane.  With increases in isoflurane, whole-body Vo2 decreased progressively. As with halothane, the major comdial Vo2 that was related to a reduction in cardiac output and arterial blood pressure; contributions from other organs were minor. No significant difference between the effects of isoflurane and halothane on whole-body or individual organ Vo2's was found. These finding support the view that anesthetic agents are no general metabolic depressants and that observed changed in whole-body Vo2 reflect the su-mated changes in individual argan Vo2's occasioned by an anesthetic-induced change in organ function and metabolic requirements.", "contents": "Individual organ contributions to the decrease in whole-body Vo2 with isoflurane. The present study was designed to determine whether there were differebnces between the effects of isoflurane and halothane on canine whole-body Vo2 and myocardial, splanchnic, renal, and skelatal muscle Vo2's were determined at isoflurane concentrations equivilent to those used in a previous study with holothane.  With increases in isoflurane, whole-body Vo2 decreased progressively. As with halothane, the major comdial Vo2 that was related to a reduction in cardiac output and arterial blood pressure; contributions from other organs were minor. No significant difference between the effects of isoflurane and halothane on whole-body or individual organ Vo2's was found. These finding support the view that anesthetic agents are no general metabolic depressants and that observed changed in whole-body Vo2 reflect the su-mated changes in individual argan Vo2's occasioned by an anesthetic-induced change in organ function and metabolic requirements.", "PMID": 1111369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2945", "title": "Effects of succinylcholine and d-tubocurarine on epinephrine-induced arrhythmias during halothane anesthesia in dogs.", "content": "The effects of subparalytic doses of succinylcholine and d-tubocurarine on epinephrine-induced cardiac arrhythmias during halothane anesthesia were evaluated in dogs. Succinylcholine markedly increased (P is less than .05) the arrhythmogenicity of epinephrine and d-tubocurarine slightly decreased (P is less than .05) its arrhythmic effect. Prior administration of atropine resulted in a partial, but significant, reversal of this action of succinylcholine.", "contents": "Effects of succinylcholine and d-tubocurarine on epinephrine-induced arrhythmias during halothane anesthesia in dogs. The effects of subparalytic doses of succinylcholine and d-tubocurarine on epinephrine-induced cardiac arrhythmias during halothane anesthesia were evaluated in dogs. Succinylcholine markedly increased (P is less than .05) the arrhythmogenicity of epinephrine and d-tubocurarine slightly decreased (P is less than .05) its arrhythmic effect. Prior administration of atropine resulted in a partial, but significant, reversal of this action of succinylcholine.", "PMID": 1111370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2946", "title": "Evaluation of a bovine viral diarrhea vaccine produced in a porcine kidney cell line.", "content": "An attenuated bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) live-virus vaccine, produced in a continuous porcine cell line, evoked an immune response which produced a protective level of serum antibodies in vaccinated cattle. Post-vaccinal reactions to the vaccinal virus were not observed in cattle vaccinated at 5 feedlots or in cattle vaccinated in experimental tests. The vaccinal virus did not produce demonstrable viremia or detectable excretion of virus from the respiratory or digestive tracts. Leukopenia or abnormality in differential leukocyte values did not occur as with virulent BVD viral infection. Transmission of vaccinal virus from vaccinated cattle to susceptible controls did not occur under conditions in which vaccinated and nonvaccinated cattle were in constant contact for 28 days.", "contents": "Evaluation of a bovine viral diarrhea vaccine produced in a porcine kidney cell line. An attenuated bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) live-virus vaccine, produced in a continuous porcine cell line, evoked an immune response which produced a protective level of serum antibodies in vaccinated cattle. Post-vaccinal reactions to the vaccinal virus were not observed in cattle vaccinated at 5 feedlots or in cattle vaccinated in experimental tests. The vaccinal virus did not produce demonstrable viremia or detectable excretion of virus from the respiratory or digestive tracts. Leukopenia or abnormality in differential leukocyte values did not occur as with virulent BVD viral infection. Transmission of vaccinal virus from vaccinated cattle to susceptible controls did not occur under conditions in which vaccinated and nonvaccinated cattle were in constant contact for 28 days.", "PMID": 1111378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2947", "title": "Effects of fasting on hepatic function in ponies.", "content": "Hepatic function was measured, using sulfobromophthalein sodium (BSP) in fed and fasted ponies. In the 1st experiment, single injections of BSP were administered, and the rate of removal of BSP from plasma was determined. Fasting decreased the rate of BSP removal from plasma, as indicated by increased half-time (t 1/2). In the 2nd experiment, BSP was infused for 5 hours, and its clearance from plasma was determined. Fasting decreased BSP clearance. In the 3rd experiment, BSP was infused consecutively at 2 dose rates, and maximal excretion and hepatic storage were determined. Although fasting did not affect maximal excretion, it decreased hepatic storage. Thus, results in the 3 experiments indicated a decreased hepatic clearance of BSP during fasting.", "contents": "Effects of fasting on hepatic function in ponies. Hepatic function was measured, using sulfobromophthalein sodium (BSP) in fed and fasted ponies. In the 1st experiment, single injections of BSP were administered, and the rate of removal of BSP from plasma was determined. Fasting decreased the rate of BSP removal from plasma, as indicated by increased half-time (t 1/2). In the 2nd experiment, BSP was infused for 5 hours, and its clearance from plasma was determined. Fasting decreased BSP clearance. In the 3rd experiment, BSP was infused consecutively at 2 dose rates, and maximal excretion and hepatic storage were determined. Although fasting did not affect maximal excretion, it decreased hepatic storage. Thus, results in the 3 experiments indicated a decreased hepatic clearance of BSP during fasting.", "PMID": 1111379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2948", "title": "Ventilatory alterations in normal horses in response to changes in inspired oxygen and carbon dioxide.", "content": "The influence of various concentrations of CO2 and O2 in the inspired gases on minute volume (V), tidal volume (VT), and respiratory rate (breaths per min; BPM) was examined in nonanesthetized, nonsedated normal horses. The VT and BPM increased linearly in response to increases in inspired CO2 concentration and curvilinearly in response to decreases in inspired Os concentration. The V increased curvilinearly in response to both increases in inspired CO2 concentration and decreases in inspired O2 concentration.", "contents": "Ventilatory alterations in normal horses in response to changes in inspired oxygen and carbon dioxide. The influence of various concentrations of CO2 and O2 in the inspired gases on minute volume (V), tidal volume (VT), and respiratory rate (breaths per min; BPM) was examined in nonanesthetized, nonsedated normal horses. The VT and BPM increased linearly in response to increases in inspired CO2 concentration and curvilinearly in response to decreases in inspired Os concentration. The V increased curvilinearly in response to both increases in inspired CO2 concentration and decreases in inspired O2 concentration.", "PMID": 1111380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2949", "title": "Morphologic alterations associated with decreased cerebrospinal fluid pressure in chronic bovine hypervitaminosis A.", "content": "Arachnoid granulations and villi, choroid plexuses, and ependymal epithelium from 18 male Holstein-Friesian calves fed 108 (control), 8,800 (midly toxic), or 17,600 (severely toxic) mug of vitamin A/kg of live weight per day for 12 weeks were examined by light and electron microscopy for structural changes which could be used to explain the decreased cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure seen in chronic hypervitaminotic A animals. In the toxic calf group, granulations were reduced to approximately two-thirds the size of those in the control calves, with the fibrous cap particularly being thinner and smaller. Second, height of epithelial cells of the lateral and 3rd ventricular choroid plexuses decreased significantly and that of the 4th ventricular choroid plexus, only slightly, as vitamin A intake increased. Structural differences of ependymal cells were not apparent between control and hypervitaminotic A calves. It is hypothesized that the thinner and less extensive fibrous cap of the arachnoid granulations in the toxic calves may result in increased permeability to CSF outflow.", "contents": "Morphologic alterations associated with decreased cerebrospinal fluid pressure in chronic bovine hypervitaminosis A. Arachnoid granulations and villi, choroid plexuses, and ependymal epithelium from 18 male Holstein-Friesian calves fed 108 (control), 8,800 (midly toxic), or 17,600 (severely toxic) mug of vitamin A/kg of live weight per day for 12 weeks were examined by light and electron microscopy for structural changes which could be used to explain the decreased cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure seen in chronic hypervitaminotic A animals. In the toxic calf group, granulations were reduced to approximately two-thirds the size of those in the control calves, with the fibrous cap particularly being thinner and smaller. Second, height of epithelial cells of the lateral and 3rd ventricular choroid plexuses decreased significantly and that of the 4th ventricular choroid plexus, only slightly, as vitamin A intake increased. Structural differences of ependymal cells were not apparent between control and hypervitaminotic A calves. It is hypothesized that the thinner and less extensive fibrous cap of the arachnoid granulations in the toxic calves may result in increased permeability to CSF outflow.", "PMID": 1111381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2950", "title": "Epithelial cell migration in the small intestine of sheep and calves.", "content": "Replacement of villous epithelium in the small intestine of sheep and calves was studied by tritiated thymidine (3-H-TdR) autoradiography. Sheep were less than 1 day old, 3 weeks old, 3 months old, or more than 1 year old, and calves were less than 1 day old or 3 months old. In both species, there was marked variation in the location of labeled epithelial cells on villi among individuals from the same age group studied at the same time after administration of a single intravenous dose of 3-H-TdR. Labeled epithelial cells were confined to the proximal half of the villi at 48 hours after thymidine exposure in the animals, except some 3-month-old individuals from both species. Labeled epithelial cells had reached or were near the tips of the villi in these individuals at 48 hours. In both species, villi were longer and crypts were shorter in the newborn animals than in the older animals. The data were interpreted to indicate that replacement times were well in excess of 48 hours in neonates from both species and decreased somewhat with age.", "contents": "Epithelial cell migration in the small intestine of sheep and calves. Replacement of villous epithelium in the small intestine of sheep and calves was studied by tritiated thymidine (3-H-TdR) autoradiography. Sheep were less than 1 day old, 3 weeks old, 3 months old, or more than 1 year old, and calves were less than 1 day old or 3 months old. In both species, there was marked variation in the location of labeled epithelial cells on villi among individuals from the same age group studied at the same time after administration of a single intravenous dose of 3-H-TdR. Labeled epithelial cells were confined to the proximal half of the villi at 48 hours after thymidine exposure in the animals, except some 3-month-old individuals from both species. Labeled epithelial cells had reached or were near the tips of the villi in these individuals at 48 hours. In both species, villi were longer and crypts were shorter in the newborn animals than in the older animals. The data were interpreted to indicate that replacement times were well in excess of 48 hours in neonates from both species and decreased somewhat with age.", "PMID": 1111382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2951", "title": "Ammonium nitrogen in fetuses of urea-treated sheep.", "content": "Eight pregnant Southdown ewes were treated (by drench) with 12.5 ml of 3.3 M urea solution per kilogram of body weight, and ammonium nitrogen concentrations of blood and tissues of these ewes and their fetuses were measured and compared with those of control ewes (given water by drench) and their fetuses. Blood ammonium nitrogen (BAN) and tissue ammonium nitrogen (TAN) concentrations for liver, kidney, spleen, and muscle of ewes and fetuses were determined by an ion-exchange procedure. Samples of blood were collected before treatment, at 30, 90 and 150 minutes after treatment, and at death of the dam. The principal ewes had increasing BAN concentrations with time after drench, and their fetuses had significantly greater (P less than 0.01) BAN concentrations than fetuses from control ewes. All fetuses were alive after death of the dams and had lower TAN values than their dams. The differences in ammonia concentrations between ewes and fetuses were larger in the principal group than in the control group. Except for ewe muscle and fetal liver, all tissues of principals had significantly greater (P less than 0.01) TAN concentrations than those of controls. Muscle of principal ewes and hepatic tissues of their fetuses had greater (P less than 0.05) TAN concentrations than those of control ewes and their fetuses.", "contents": "Ammonium nitrogen in fetuses of urea-treated sheep. Eight pregnant Southdown ewes were treated (by drench) with 12.5 ml of 3.3 M urea solution per kilogram of body weight, and ammonium nitrogen concentrations of blood and tissues of these ewes and their fetuses were measured and compared with those of control ewes (given water by drench) and their fetuses. Blood ammonium nitrogen (BAN) and tissue ammonium nitrogen (TAN) concentrations for liver, kidney, spleen, and muscle of ewes and fetuses were determined by an ion-exchange procedure. Samples of blood were collected before treatment, at 30, 90 and 150 minutes after treatment, and at death of the dam. The principal ewes had increasing BAN concentrations with time after drench, and their fetuses had significantly greater (P less than 0.01) BAN concentrations than fetuses from control ewes. All fetuses were alive after death of the dams and had lower TAN values than their dams. The differences in ammonia concentrations between ewes and fetuses were larger in the principal group than in the control group. Except for ewe muscle and fetal liver, all tissues of principals had significantly greater (P less than 0.01) TAN concentrations than those of controls. Muscle of principal ewes and hepatic tissues of their fetuses had greater (P less than 0.05) TAN concentrations than those of control ewes and their fetuses.", "PMID": 1111383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2952", "title": "Serum proteins of the Beagle dog: a two-dimensional electrophoretic study.", "content": "Beagle serum proteins were separated by 2-dimensional electrophoresis and identified by histochemical and autoradiographic techniques. Haptoglobin, hemoglobin, ceruloplasmin, transferrin, and lipoprotein and glycoprotein fractions were identified. Use of a continuous gradient polyacrylamide gel revealed serum protein fractions not previously described.", "contents": "Serum proteins of the Beagle dog: a two-dimensional electrophoretic study. Beagle serum proteins were separated by 2-dimensional electrophoresis and identified by histochemical and autoradiographic techniques. Haptoglobin, hemoglobin, ceruloplasmin, transferrin, and lipoprotein and glycoprotein fractions were identified. Use of a continuous gradient polyacrylamide gel revealed serum protein fractions not previously described.", "PMID": 1111384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2953", "title": "Circulatory effects of halothane and halothane-nitrous oxide anesthesia in the dog: spontaneous ventilation.", "content": "The cardiovascular effects of equipotent (minimum alveolar concentration; MAC) doses of halothane versus halothane plus 25% N2O (H25N2O) in spontaneously breathing dogs do not differe except that nitrous oxide increased mean arterial pressure (AP) and decreased arterial oxygen partial pressure (PAO2). When 75% nitrous oxide was added to halothane anesthesia, AP, mean pulmonary artery pressure (PAP), heart rate (HR), cardiac output (CO), stroke volume (SV), total peripheral resistance (TPR), and left ventricular work (LVW) increased and PAO2 and hemoglobin saturation decreased. Arterial oxygen tensions below 80 torr were common at moderate and deep anesthetic levels of halothane plus 75% N2O (H75N2O). The specific contribution of N2O, hypoxemia, hypercapnia, or temporal recovery (or a combination of these) in producing cardiovascular stimulation were not determined.", "contents": "Circulatory effects of halothane and halothane-nitrous oxide anesthesia in the dog: spontaneous ventilation. The cardiovascular effects of equipotent (minimum alveolar concentration; MAC) doses of halothane versus halothane plus 25% N2O (H25N2O) in spontaneously breathing dogs do not differe except that nitrous oxide increased mean arterial pressure (AP) and decreased arterial oxygen partial pressure (PAO2). When 75% nitrous oxide was added to halothane anesthesia, AP, mean pulmonary artery pressure (PAP), heart rate (HR), cardiac output (CO), stroke volume (SV), total peripheral resistance (TPR), and left ventricular work (LVW) increased and PAO2 and hemoglobin saturation decreased. Arterial oxygen tensions below 80 torr were common at moderate and deep anesthetic levels of halothane plus 75% N2O (H75N2O). The specific contribution of N2O, hypoxemia, hypercapnia, or temporal recovery (or a combination of these) in producing cardiovascular stimulation were not determined.", "PMID": 1111385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2954", "title": "Treatment of ethylene glycol toxicosis in cats.", "content": "Ethylene glycol (EG) was orally administered to 27 cats at dose levels of 4, 6, or 8 ml/kg of body weight. Treatment was initiated 4 or 8 hours later and consisted of giving (intraperitoneal injection, IP) 5 ml of 20% ethanol in isotonic saline solution and 6 ml of 5% sodium bicarbonate in isotonic saline solution per kilogram of body weight. Treatment was repeated every 6 or 8 hours for approximately 56 hours after initial treatment was given. The 6 control cats (i.e., untreated) and all cats treated 8 hours after EG was given in doses of 6 ml/kg (4 cats) or 8 ml/kg (4 cats) died. Only 1 of 4 cats (25%) recovered in the group given EG at the dose level of 4 ml/kg of body weight and initial treatment started 8 hours later. Two of 3 cats (67%) recovered in each of the groups given EG at the dose levels of 4 ml/kg and 6 ml/kg and initially treated 4 hours after dosing, but only 1 of 3 cats (33%) recovered in the group given 8 ml of eg/kg and first treated 4 hours later. Limitations of successful treatment are high doses of EG and delays in initiating the treatment.", "contents": "Treatment of ethylene glycol toxicosis in cats. Ethylene glycol (EG) was orally administered to 27 cats at dose levels of 4, 6, or 8 ml/kg of body weight. Treatment was initiated 4 or 8 hours later and consisted of giving (intraperitoneal injection, IP) 5 ml of 20% ethanol in isotonic saline solution and 6 ml of 5% sodium bicarbonate in isotonic saline solution per kilogram of body weight. Treatment was repeated every 6 or 8 hours for approximately 56 hours after initial treatment was given. The 6 control cats (i.e., untreated) and all cats treated 8 hours after EG was given in doses of 6 ml/kg (4 cats) or 8 ml/kg (4 cats) died. Only 1 of 4 cats (25%) recovered in the group given EG at the dose level of 4 ml/kg of body weight and initial treatment started 8 hours later. Two of 3 cats (67%) recovered in each of the groups given EG at the dose levels of 4 ml/kg and 6 ml/kg and initially treated 4 hours after dosing, but only 1 of 3 cats (33%) recovered in the group given 8 ml of eg/kg and first treated 4 hours later. Limitations of successful treatment are high doses of EG and delays in initiating the treatment.", "PMID": 1111386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2955", "title": "Effect of age on epithelial cell migration in small intestine of chickens.", "content": "Villous length, crypt depth, epithelial cell migration rate, and replacement time were studied by autoradiography of histologic sections of small intestine from normal chickens exposed to tritiated thymidine (3-H-TdR). The results indicated that villi and crypts elongate, and epithelial cell migration accelerates between 1 day and 6 months of age. Epithelial replacement time seemed to increase with age of the chickens. Replacement was nearly complete in the 1-day-old group of chickens 5 days after thymidine exposure. In contrast, at this same time, replacement was only approximately 75 and 50% complete in the 3-week-old and 6-month-old groups of chickens, respectively.", "contents": "Effect of age on epithelial cell migration in small intestine of chickens. Villous length, crypt depth, epithelial cell migration rate, and replacement time were studied by autoradiography of histologic sections of small intestine from normal chickens exposed to tritiated thymidine (3-H-TdR). The results indicated that villi and crypts elongate, and epithelial cell migration accelerates between 1 day and 6 months of age. Epithelial replacement time seemed to increase with age of the chickens. Replacement was nearly complete in the 1-day-old group of chickens 5 days after thymidine exposure. In contrast, at this same time, replacement was only approximately 75 and 50% complete in the 3-week-old and 6-month-old groups of chickens, respectively.", "PMID": 1111387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2956", "title": "A field trial, using killed-Mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccine to protect against chicken respiratory mycoplasmosis.", "content": "In a field trial with chickens, the efficacy of killed Mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccine against respiratory mycoplasmosis was determined. Broiler chickens were vaccinated by aerosol administration at 3, 14, and 25 days of age, and observations were made of survival rate, body weight gain ratio, macroscopic lesion grade of airsacculitis, isolation of organisms, serologic test results, histopathologic changes, and clinical signs. Inhalation of the vaccinal aerosol did not influence livability and body weight gain ratios. In the control group, M gallisepticum, M synoviae, or both, wereisolated in 6 of 10 chickens at age 84 days and in 1 of 10 chickens at age 134 days. In all of the vaccinated groups (10 broilers each), however, results of bacteriologic cultural examination during the observation period were negative. The killed M gallisepticum vaccine also suppressed increase of antibody titers in the tube agglutination and the hemagglutination-inhibition tests at different intervals. Both the histopathologic changes and the clinical signs appeared minimal in the vaccinated group.", "contents": "A field trial, using killed-Mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccine to protect against chicken respiratory mycoplasmosis. In a field trial with chickens, the efficacy of killed Mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccine against respiratory mycoplasmosis was determined. Broiler chickens were vaccinated by aerosol administration at 3, 14, and 25 days of age, and observations were made of survival rate, body weight gain ratio, macroscopic lesion grade of airsacculitis, isolation of organisms, serologic test results, histopathologic changes, and clinical signs. Inhalation of the vaccinal aerosol did not influence livability and body weight gain ratios. In the control group, M gallisepticum, M synoviae, or both, wereisolated in 6 of 10 chickens at age 84 days and in 1 of 10 chickens at age 134 days. In all of the vaccinated groups (10 broilers each), however, results of bacteriologic cultural examination during the observation period were negative. The killed M gallisepticum vaccine also suppressed increase of antibody titers in the tube agglutination and the hemagglutination-inhibition tests at different intervals. Both the histopathologic changes and the clinical signs appeared minimal in the vaccinated group.", "PMID": 1111388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2957", "title": "Bovine spastic paralysis: cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of homovanillic acid and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in normal and spastic calves.", "content": "Homovanillic acid (HVA) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) concentrations were determined in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 28 normal calves and 29 spastic calves. Concentrations of HVA were significantly (P less than 0.01) lower in spastic calves, whereas differences in 5-HIAA concentrations were not found between normal and spastic calves. These findings indicate that a lower dopaminergic metabolism takes place in the central nervous system (CNS) of spastic calves.", "contents": "Bovine spastic paralysis: cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of homovanillic acid and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in normal and spastic calves. Homovanillic acid (HVA) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) concentrations were determined in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 28 normal calves and 29 spastic calves. Concentrations of HVA were significantly (P less than 0.01) lower in spastic calves, whereas differences in 5-HIAA concentrations were not found between normal and spastic calves. These findings indicate that a lower dopaminergic metabolism takes place in the central nervous system (CNS) of spastic calves.", "PMID": 1111389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2958", "title": "Anomalous pulmonary venous return in a Great Dane.", "content": "A five-month-old male Great Dane dog was clinically diagnosed as having a complex cardiac anomaly, including anomalous drainage of pulmonary veins. Thoracic radiographs were indicative of this condition, but cineangiocardiography was required for confirmation. At necropsy, examination of the heart revealed that all pulmonary veins entered the right atrium rather than the left atrium as in a normal animal. In addition, a large ostium secundum-type interatrial septal defect and stenosis of the pulmonic valve were demonstrated.", "contents": "Anomalous pulmonary venous return in a Great Dane. A five-month-old male Great Dane dog was clinically diagnosed as having a complex cardiac anomaly, including anomalous drainage of pulmonary veins. Thoracic radiographs were indicative of this condition, but cineangiocardiography was required for confirmation. At necropsy, examination of the heart revealed that all pulmonary veins entered the right atrium rather than the left atrium as in a normal animal. In addition, a large ostium secundum-type interatrial septal defect and stenosis of the pulmonic valve were demonstrated.", "PMID": 1111390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2959", "title": "Chronic subcutaneous implantation of a blood vessel catheter injection cap.", "content": "A technique was devised for chronic subcutaneous implantation of a blood vessel catheter-injection cap. The device consisted of a disposable injection cap and blunt needle, which had been coated with silicone medical adhesive, and a silicone rubber catheter, which was attached to the blunt needle. The catheter was surgically placed in a blood vessel, and the injection cap was left in the subcutaneous pocket. For usage, such as blood sample collection for measurement of pressure, a hypodermic needle with a 3-way stopcock attached was pushed through the skin and into the injection cap. After the procedure was completed, the catheter was flushed with diluted heparin solution, and the hypodermic needle was pulled out. This has been used in dogs and sheep for as long as 8 weeks.", "contents": "Chronic subcutaneous implantation of a blood vessel catheter injection cap. A technique was devised for chronic subcutaneous implantation of a blood vessel catheter-injection cap. The device consisted of a disposable injection cap and blunt needle, which had been coated with silicone medical adhesive, and a silicone rubber catheter, which was attached to the blunt needle. The catheter was surgically placed in a blood vessel, and the injection cap was left in the subcutaneous pocket. For usage, such as blood sample collection for measurement of pressure, a hypodermic needle with a 3-way stopcock attached was pushed through the skin and into the injection cap. After the procedure was completed, the catheter was flushed with diluted heparin solution, and the hypodermic needle was pulled out. This has been used in dogs and sheep for as long as 8 weeks.", "PMID": 1111391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2960", "title": "Absence of bacteremia after fiberoptic bronchoscopy.", "content": "Fiberoptic bronchoscopy was performed in 43 consecutive afebrile patients with lung cancer. Blood cultures were drawn before the procedure, immediately afterward, and 30 min later. Although bacteria were isolated from all bronchoscopic washings and the majority of translaryngeal aspirates cultured, all blood cultures were bacteriologically sterile. No fever or evidence of infection developed in any patient within 24 hours after the procedure.", "contents": "Absence of bacteremia after fiberoptic bronchoscopy. Fiberoptic bronchoscopy was performed in 43 consecutive afebrile patients with lung cancer. Blood cultures were drawn before the procedure, immediately afterward, and 30 min later. Although bacteria were isolated from all bronchoscopic washings and the majority of translaryngeal aspirates cultured, all blood cultures were bacteriologically sterile. No fever or evidence of infection developed in any patient within 24 hours after the procedure.", "PMID": 1111393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2961", "title": "The preformed stomas connecting the pleural cavity and the lymphatics in the parietal pleura.", "content": "Lympatics in the parietal pleura and diaphragm of rabbits and mice formed lacunas, terminal dilatations of lymphatic channels, with cribriform laminas bordering the pleural space at one end and one-way valves on the other end. The laminas consisted of a coarse mesh of connective tissue fibers covered by mesothelial cells at one side and endothelial cells at the other. At the fenestrated portions of the meshwork the basal surfaces of the 2 lining cells were closely apposed and some preformed stomas were found bridging the pleural and lymphatic spaces. No such structures were found in the visceral pleura, but similar cribriform laminas were also present in human parietal pleura at autopsy. Intrapleurally injected carbon particles reached the lacunas faster than similarly injected chicken red blood cells in living rabbits. Carbon particles appeared to pass through the closely apposed lining cells as well as the stomas but not into the intact interstitial structures. These structural and functional findings supported the observation that large particles and cells in the pleural cavity are removed only through the lymphatics and only at specific sites in the parietal pleura.", "contents": "The preformed stomas connecting the pleural cavity and the lymphatics in the parietal pleura. Lympatics in the parietal pleura and diaphragm of rabbits and mice formed lacunas, terminal dilatations of lymphatic channels, with cribriform laminas bordering the pleural space at one end and one-way valves on the other end. The laminas consisted of a coarse mesh of connective tissue fibers covered by mesothelial cells at one side and endothelial cells at the other. At the fenestrated portions of the meshwork the basal surfaces of the 2 lining cells were closely apposed and some preformed stomas were found bridging the pleural and lymphatic spaces. No such structures were found in the visceral pleura, but similar cribriform laminas were also present in human parietal pleura at autopsy. Intrapleurally injected carbon particles reached the lacunas faster than similarly injected chicken red blood cells in living rabbits. Carbon particles appeared to pass through the closely apposed lining cells as well as the stomas but not into the intact interstitial structures. These structural and functional findings supported the observation that large particles and cells in the pleural cavity are removed only through the lymphatics and only at specific sites in the parietal pleura.", "PMID": 1111395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2962", "title": "Relationship of air trapping to increased lung recoil pressure induced by chest cage restriction.", "content": "Chest cage restriction was produced in 13 normal male subjects. We could not detect trapped air during restriction by comparing lung volumes determined by nitrogen washout with those determined by plethysmography. However, 3 subjects did have definite evidence of trapping because they released small amounts of air (mean, 61 ml) when the restriction was removed. Two subjects had suggestive evidence of trapping. Yet there was no correlation between trapping and the degree of increase in static lung recoil associated with restriction. Seven subjects had chest restriction produced while they were breathing air and again while they were breathing 100 per cent oxygen, in an attempt to reveal the presence of airway closure. In only one subject was oxygen breathing clearly associated with a greater then expected increase in lung recoil after restriction; suggestive changes were seen in 2 other subjects. However, there was no definite correlation between unusual increases in lung recoil induced by restriction while breathing oxygen and the presence of air trapping. We conclude that trapping, hence airway closure, is not required for the increase in static lung recoil that occurs with chest cage restriction.", "contents": "Relationship of air trapping to increased lung recoil pressure induced by chest cage restriction. Chest cage restriction was produced in 13 normal male subjects. We could not detect trapped air during restriction by comparing lung volumes determined by nitrogen washout with those determined by plethysmography. However, 3 subjects did have definite evidence of trapping because they released small amounts of air (mean, 61 ml) when the restriction was removed. Two subjects had suggestive evidence of trapping. Yet there was no correlation between trapping and the degree of increase in static lung recoil associated with restriction. Seven subjects had chest restriction produced while they were breathing air and again while they were breathing 100 per cent oxygen, in an attempt to reveal the presence of airway closure. In only one subject was oxygen breathing clearly associated with a greater then expected increase in lung recoil after restriction; suggestive changes were seen in 2 other subjects. However, there was no definite correlation between unusual increases in lung recoil induced by restriction while breathing oxygen and the presence of air trapping. We conclude that trapping, hence airway closure, is not required for the increase in static lung recoil that occurs with chest cage restriction.", "PMID": 1111396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2963", "title": "The bronchiolar epithelium in cigarette smokers. Observations with the scanning electron microscope.", "content": "Observations with the scanning electron microscope were made on the bronchiolar epithelium of 25 lungs removed at surgery. In all but 3 cases, the lungs were removed for a malignant tumor. Abundant ciliated cells were present in all lung specimens. In lungs obtained from nonsmokers, numerous Clara cells were present in the small bronchioles, whereas goblet cells were seen, and in most cases, the Clara cells were infrequent or absent. The evidence for the secretory nature of the Clara cells is discussed as is the possible effect on lung function of alteration in the type of secretory cell in the bronchioles.", "contents": "The bronchiolar epithelium in cigarette smokers. Observations with the scanning electron microscope. Observations with the scanning electron microscope were made on the bronchiolar epithelium of 25 lungs removed at surgery. In all but 3 cases, the lungs were removed for a malignant tumor. Abundant ciliated cells were present in all lung specimens. In lungs obtained from nonsmokers, numerous Clara cells were present in the small bronchioles, whereas goblet cells were seen, and in most cases, the Clara cells were infrequent or absent. The evidence for the secretory nature of the Clara cells is discussed as is the possible effect on lung function of alteration in the type of secretory cell in the bronchioles.", "PMID": 1111397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2964", "title": "Effect of light on tuberculin purified protein derivative solutions.", "content": "The effect of light on the biologic potency of tuberculin purified protein derivative solutions at the concentrations commonly used in tuberculin skin testing programs in human and veterinary medicin was studied. Guinea pigs sensitized with bacille Calmette-Guerin were used to evaluate the potency of these solutions after exposure to light. The biologic potencies of solutions dispensed in colorless glass vials and exposed to daylight, fluorescent light, and ultraviolet light (366 nm) decreased significantly when compared to those of control solutions kept in the dark; solutions exposed to light assumed a deep brown color, whereas control solutions remained unaltered. The percentage loss of biologic potency decreased, whereas the absolute loss of potency, i.e., the loss expressed in tuberculin units, increased with tuberculin purified protein derivative concentration. In addition, after exposure to ultravoilet and, to a lesser degree, fluorescent light, the rubber stoppers of the colorless glass vials became sticky and adhered tightly to the glass. By contrast, the biologic potency of identical solutions dispensed in amber glass vials did not decrease significantly during 1 year of exposure to fluorescent or ultraviolet light. The solutions remained unaltered, and the rubber stoppers from all of the amber vials, whether exposed or not exposed to light, were not adversely affected. It is recommended that for storage of tuberculin the use of colorless glass or other containers that transmit ultraviolet light be discontinued.", "contents": "Effect of light on tuberculin purified protein derivative solutions. The effect of light on the biologic potency of tuberculin purified protein derivative solutions at the concentrations commonly used in tuberculin skin testing programs in human and veterinary medicin was studied. Guinea pigs sensitized with bacille Calmette-Guerin were used to evaluate the potency of these solutions after exposure to light. The biologic potencies of solutions dispensed in colorless glass vials and exposed to daylight, fluorescent light, and ultraviolet light (366 nm) decreased significantly when compared to those of control solutions kept in the dark; solutions exposed to light assumed a deep brown color, whereas control solutions remained unaltered. The percentage loss of biologic potency decreased, whereas the absolute loss of potency, i.e., the loss expressed in tuberculin units, increased with tuberculin purified protein derivative concentration. In addition, after exposure to ultravoilet and, to a lesser degree, fluorescent light, the rubber stoppers of the colorless glass vials became sticky and adhered tightly to the glass. By contrast, the biologic potency of identical solutions dispensed in amber glass vials did not decrease significantly during 1 year of exposure to fluorescent or ultraviolet light. The solutions remained unaltered, and the rubber stoppers from all of the amber vials, whether exposed or not exposed to light, were not adversely affected. It is recommended that for storage of tuberculin the use of colorless glass or other containers that transmit ultraviolet light be discontinued.", "PMID": 1111398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2965", "title": "The early detection of airway obstruction.", "content": "To assess the sensitivity of tests for early, small airway obstruction, we selected 52 cigarette smokers with a ratio of 1-sec forced expiratory volume to forced vital capacity greater than 70 per cent from a smoking cessation clinic. From these subjects, 29 of the 46 tested demonstrated frequency dependence of dynamic compliance, a finding arbitrarily defined as indicative of small airway obstruction in this group. Dynamic compliance was correlated with the British Medical Research Council questionnaire, routine pulmonary function tests, closing volume as a per cent of vital capacity, maximal expiratory flow-volume curves, and flow dependence of distribution of inhaled boluses of xenon-133 (finite difference Xe). Symptoms of respiratory disease, and abnormal flow-volume curves, specific conductances, and ratios of residual volume to total lung capacity were also present in some subjects, but they correlated very poorly with frequency dependence of dynamic compliance. On the other hand, finite difference Xe was abnormal in 85 per cent of cases with frequency dependence of compliance and closing volume was abnormal in 70 per cent. In 8 of 12 subjects restudied 2 months after they stopped smoking, dynamic compliance was less frequency dependent than before smoking cessation. Similar improvements were noted in finite difference Xe, but closing volume was unchanged. Although closing volume and dynamic compliance tended to be abnormal in the same subject, concordance was not excellent, and the effects of smoking cessation suggested that the 2 tests had different determinants.", "contents": "The early detection of airway obstruction. To assess the sensitivity of tests for early, small airway obstruction, we selected 52 cigarette smokers with a ratio of 1-sec forced expiratory volume to forced vital capacity greater than 70 per cent from a smoking cessation clinic. From these subjects, 29 of the 46 tested demonstrated frequency dependence of dynamic compliance, a finding arbitrarily defined as indicative of small airway obstruction in this group. Dynamic compliance was correlated with the British Medical Research Council questionnaire, routine pulmonary function tests, closing volume as a per cent of vital capacity, maximal expiratory flow-volume curves, and flow dependence of distribution of inhaled boluses of xenon-133 (finite difference Xe). Symptoms of respiratory disease, and abnormal flow-volume curves, specific conductances, and ratios of residual volume to total lung capacity were also present in some subjects, but they correlated very poorly with frequency dependence of dynamic compliance. On the other hand, finite difference Xe was abnormal in 85 per cent of cases with frequency dependence of compliance and closing volume was abnormal in 70 per cent. In 8 of 12 subjects restudied 2 months after they stopped smoking, dynamic compliance was less frequency dependent than before smoking cessation. Similar improvements were noted in finite difference Xe, but closing volume was unchanged. Although closing volume and dynamic compliance tended to be abnormal in the same subject, concordance was not excellent, and the effects of smoking cessation suggested that the 2 tests had different determinants.", "PMID": 1111399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2966", "title": "Clinical relevance of the flow rate response to low density gas breathing in asthmatics.", "content": "The maximal expiratory flow rate response to low density gas breathing was examined at the mid-vital capacity point in 31 asthmatic patients. Clinical features and long-term follow-up date were documented to assess the clinical relevance of the various responses. Many of the patients with chronic asthma had not responded adequately to outpatient therapy, and they had been admitted to hospital for evaluation and management. With increased steroid doses and intensive bronchodilator therapy, all showed considerable improvement and were studied when this improvement occurred. The remainder of the patients were studied after recovery from acute asthmatic attacks or during maintenance management as outpatients. All patients with a forced expiratory volume in 1 second is greater than 75 per cent of the predicted value and mid-expiratory flow rate is greated than 50 per cent of the predicted value at the time of study showed a good response to helium. Those patients with more severe obstruction could be divided into 2 groups, responders and nonresponders. A qualitatively similar response to normal subjects (density-dependent flow rates) was a feature of those patients who in general showed further improvement in ventilatory function on follow-up. A qualitatively similar response to that seen in patients with chronic irreversible obstruction (density-independent flow rates) was a feature of those patients who in general showed no further improvement in ventilatory function on long-term follow-up. There were, however, exceptions to both groups. We conclude that in asthmatics with more than mild air flow obstruction, the assessment of helium response can be of value in identifying those patients who have, in addition to asthma, chronic irreversible obstruction due to concommitant chronic bronchitis and/or emphysema. Clinical assessment and measurement of single-breath diffusion of carbon monoxide provide additional support for the latter diagnoses and separate the few exceptions from the bulk of the nonresponders. Responders and nonresponders can be fairly reliably identified from the simply recorded exhaled flow volume curve, thus obviating the need for a volume displacement plethysmograph.", "contents": "Clinical relevance of the flow rate response to low density gas breathing in asthmatics. The maximal expiratory flow rate response to low density gas breathing was examined at the mid-vital capacity point in 31 asthmatic patients. Clinical features and long-term follow-up date were documented to assess the clinical relevance of the various responses. Many of the patients with chronic asthma had not responded adequately to outpatient therapy, and they had been admitted to hospital for evaluation and management. With increased steroid doses and intensive bronchodilator therapy, all showed considerable improvement and were studied when this improvement occurred. The remainder of the patients were studied after recovery from acute asthmatic attacks or during maintenance management as outpatients. All patients with a forced expiratory volume in 1 second is greater than 75 per cent of the predicted value and mid-expiratory flow rate is greated than 50 per cent of the predicted value at the time of study showed a good response to helium. Those patients with more severe obstruction could be divided into 2 groups, responders and nonresponders. A qualitatively similar response to normal subjects (density-dependent flow rates) was a feature of those patients who in general showed further improvement in ventilatory function on follow-up. A qualitatively similar response to that seen in patients with chronic irreversible obstruction (density-independent flow rates) was a feature of those patients who in general showed no further improvement in ventilatory function on long-term follow-up. There were, however, exceptions to both groups. We conclude that in asthmatics with more than mild air flow obstruction, the assessment of helium response can be of value in identifying those patients who have, in addition to asthma, chronic irreversible obstruction due to concommitant chronic bronchitis and/or emphysema. Clinical assessment and measurement of single-breath diffusion of carbon monoxide provide additional support for the latter diagnoses and separate the few exceptions from the bulk of the nonresponders. Responders and nonresponders can be fairly reliably identified from the simply recorded exhaled flow volume curve, thus obviating the need for a volume displacement plethysmograph.", "PMID": 1111400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2967", "title": "Variability of closing volume measurements in normal man.", "content": "Single breath oxygen measurements of closing volumes were performed in triplicate in 15 healthy nonsmoking young adults 3 times per day for 5 consecutive days. The purpose of the investigation was to determine the degree of variability in this test of lung function and, if possible, to specify its cause. The results demonstrated that sizable differences in the absolute volume for closing volume and for closing volume as a percentage of vital capacity can be present from trial to trial in any given person even though the technical aspects of the procedure are seemingly highly standardized. The reasons for this were found to be a combination of (1) the inherent variation in the expired volume that marked the onset of airway closure, (2) reader difficulties in detecting the onset of phase IV, and (3) variations in the expired vital capacity due to incomplete filling and/or emptying of the subject's lungs. The differences were not due to daily or diurnal rhythms or to a training effect.", "contents": "Variability of closing volume measurements in normal man. Single breath oxygen measurements of closing volumes were performed in triplicate in 15 healthy nonsmoking young adults 3 times per day for 5 consecutive days. The purpose of the investigation was to determine the degree of variability in this test of lung function and, if possible, to specify its cause. The results demonstrated that sizable differences in the absolute volume for closing volume and for closing volume as a percentage of vital capacity can be present from trial to trial in any given person even though the technical aspects of the procedure are seemingly highly standardized. The reasons for this were found to be a combination of (1) the inherent variation in the expired volume that marked the onset of airway closure, (2) reader difficulties in detecting the onset of phase IV, and (3) variations in the expired vital capacity due to incomplete filling and/or emptying of the subject's lungs. The differences were not due to daily or diurnal rhythms or to a training effect.", "PMID": 1111401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2968", "title": "The N2 closing volume test in population studies: sources of variation and reproducibility.", "content": "Sources of variation in the nitrogen closing volume test and derived measurements were examined in the results of 13 subjects, each of whom performed 3 sequential trials on 2 occasions 30 to 60 minutes apart, on 2 separate days 1 week apart (156 trials in all). Results were examined to evaluate the relative sensitivity of the various measurements for differences between sujbects and, by implication, their potential value in population studies. Using the ratio of signal (between-subject variance) to noise (within-subject variance) as the criterion, the sensitivities of the ratio of closing volume to vital capacity (CV/VC,%) and the ratio of closing capacity to total lung capacity (CC/TLC,%) were comparable; contrary to expectation, sensitivity decreased rather than increased with side-by-side compared to independent tracing analysis. Comparison of various test schedules showed the greatest sensitivity when the mean of 3 measurements was used, with a single measurement of CV/VC,% being only one-third as sensitive, and a single measurement of CC/TLC,% being one-half as sensitive as the mean. In addition, the validity of the measurements of total lung capacity from nitrogen dilution in a single oxygen breath was confirmed by the demonstration of good agreement with helium dilution values.", "contents": "The N2 closing volume test in population studies: sources of variation and reproducibility. Sources of variation in the nitrogen closing volume test and derived measurements were examined in the results of 13 subjects, each of whom performed 3 sequential trials on 2 occasions 30 to 60 minutes apart, on 2 separate days 1 week apart (156 trials in all). Results were examined to evaluate the relative sensitivity of the various measurements for differences between sujbects and, by implication, their potential value in population studies. Using the ratio of signal (between-subject variance) to noise (within-subject variance) as the criterion, the sensitivities of the ratio of closing volume to vital capacity (CV/VC,%) and the ratio of closing capacity to total lung capacity (CC/TLC,%) were comparable; contrary to expectation, sensitivity decreased rather than increased with side-by-side compared to independent tracing analysis. Comparison of various test schedules showed the greatest sensitivity when the mean of 3 measurements was used, with a single measurement of CV/VC,% being only one-third as sensitive, and a single measurement of CC/TLC,% being one-half as sensitive as the mean. In addition, the validity of the measurements of total lung capacity from nitrogen dilution in a single oxygen breath was confirmed by the demonstration of good agreement with helium dilution values.", "PMID": 1111402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2969", "title": "Diffusing capacity, membrane diffusing capacity, capillary blood volume, pulmonary tissue volume, and cardiac output measured by a rebreathing technique.", "content": "A rebreathing method for estimating diffusing capacity, membrane diffusing capacity, pulmonary capillary blood volume, pulmonary capillary blood flow, and pulmonary tissue volume consists of rebreathing into a bag for 15 sec while acetylene, (18O)-carbon monoxide, oxygen, and helium are continuously sampled by a mass spectrometer. Because the masses of carbon monoxide and nitrogen are nearly identical at 28, it was necessary to use a stable isotope, C18O, to distinguish this gas with the mass spectrometer. Comparison of the pulmonary capillary blood flow by the rebreathing technique with the simultaneously obtained indicator dilution measurement in anesthetized dogs revealed good agreement. Estimations of pulmonary tissue volume appeared to be quite reproducible and consistent; the values tended to be somewhat smaller and less variable among normal subjects than reported by other investigators. After subtraction of capillary blood volume, tissue volume was 311 plus or minus 73 ml at rest and increased significantly to 352 plus or minus 61 ml at 75 watts of exercise. Pulmonary tissue volume in dogs using the rebreathing method averaged 9.2 ml per kg of body weight, a mean comparable to previously reported estimates using the ether plethysmographic method. The slope of pulmonary capillary blood flow (cardiac output in normal subjects) as a function of oxygen consumption during exercise in normal subjects of 0.0060 times oxygen consumption in milliliter per min was identical to published values. The rebreathing technique provides a rapid, reliable, noninvasive method for estimating pulmonary hemodynamic parameters.", "contents": "Diffusing capacity, membrane diffusing capacity, capillary blood volume, pulmonary tissue volume, and cardiac output measured by a rebreathing technique. A rebreathing method for estimating diffusing capacity, membrane diffusing capacity, pulmonary capillary blood volume, pulmonary capillary blood flow, and pulmonary tissue volume consists of rebreathing into a bag for 15 sec while acetylene, (18O)-carbon monoxide, oxygen, and helium are continuously sampled by a mass spectrometer. Because the masses of carbon monoxide and nitrogen are nearly identical at 28, it was necessary to use a stable isotope, C18O, to distinguish this gas with the mass spectrometer. Comparison of the pulmonary capillary blood flow by the rebreathing technique with the simultaneously obtained indicator dilution measurement in anesthetized dogs revealed good agreement. Estimations of pulmonary tissue volume appeared to be quite reproducible and consistent; the values tended to be somewhat smaller and less variable among normal subjects than reported by other investigators. After subtraction of capillary blood volume, tissue volume was 311 plus or minus 73 ml at rest and increased significantly to 352 plus or minus 61 ml at 75 watts of exercise. Pulmonary tissue volume in dogs using the rebreathing method averaged 9.2 ml per kg of body weight, a mean comparable to previously reported estimates using the ether plethysmographic method. The slope of pulmonary capillary blood flow (cardiac output in normal subjects) as a function of oxygen consumption during exercise in normal subjects of 0.0060 times oxygen consumption in milliliter per min was identical to published values. The rebreathing technique provides a rapid, reliable, noninvasive method for estimating pulmonary hemodynamic parameters.", "PMID": 1111403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2970", "title": "Liver granulomas containing copper in vineyard sprayer's lung. A new etiology of hepatic granulomatosis.", "content": "In a previous publication the writers described a new pulmonary disease in rural workers who sprayed vineyards with Bordeaux Mixture, a copper sulfate solution neutralized with hydrated lime for the prevention of mildew. The study of the liver of these patients at autopsy and percutaneous biopsy revealed histiocytic and noncaseating granulomas containing inclusions of copper, identified by histochemical techniques. The occupational exposure to copper sulfate, the characteristic pulmonary lesions of vineyard sprayer's lung, and the presence of copper in the liver of these patients define this new variety of hepatic granulomatosis.", "contents": "Liver granulomas containing copper in vineyard sprayer's lung. A new etiology of hepatic granulomatosis. In a previous publication the writers described a new pulmonary disease in rural workers who sprayed vineyards with Bordeaux Mixture, a copper sulfate solution neutralized with hydrated lime for the prevention of mildew. The study of the liver of these patients at autopsy and percutaneous biopsy revealed histiocytic and noncaseating granulomas containing inclusions of copper, identified by histochemical techniques. The occupational exposure to copper sulfate, the characteristic pulmonary lesions of vineyard sprayer's lung, and the presence of copper in the liver of these patients define this new variety of hepatic granulomatosis.", "PMID": 1111404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2971", "title": "Autoanalytic (colormetric) determinations of SGOT in isoniazid recipients are reliable.", "content": "A study was made to determine whether the ingestion of isoniazid interfered with the colormetric reaction used in most autoanalyzers to measure serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT). Colormetric (autoanalytic) and noncolormetric (enzymatic) measurements of SGOT were made on a venous blood sample from each of 100 hospital employees who were taking isoniazid to prevent tuberculosis. The 2 techniques of measuring SGOT yielded comparable results. It was concluded that autoanalytic (colormetric) measurements of SGOT in isoniazid recipients are reliable.", "contents": "Autoanalytic (colormetric) determinations of SGOT in isoniazid recipients are reliable. A study was made to determine whether the ingestion of isoniazid interfered with the colormetric reaction used in most autoanalyzers to measure serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT). Colormetric (autoanalytic) and noncolormetric (enzymatic) measurements of SGOT were made on a venous blood sample from each of 100 hospital employees who were taking isoniazid to prevent tuberculosis. The 2 techniques of measuring SGOT yielded comparable results. It was concluded that autoanalytic (colormetric) measurements of SGOT in isoniazid recipients are reliable.", "PMID": 1111405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2972", "title": "Cysticercosis: an unusual cause of papilledema.", "content": "A case of cerebral cysticercosis with papilledema is presented in a 44-year-old Mexican woman who progressed to optic atrophy despite a ventriculoatrial shunt. The diagnosis was made on testing the cerebral spinal fluid for the indirect hemagglutination response to cysticercosis. The problems of the pork tape-worm as well as several references from the literature are discussed pertaining to ocular and cerebral involvement. Although this disease is not common in the United States we should think of it in cases of papilledema in patients from endemic areas and in those who have traveled in those areas and eaten pork not properly cooked or frozen.", "contents": "Cysticercosis: an unusual cause of papilledema. A case of cerebral cysticercosis with papilledema is presented in a 44-year-old Mexican woman who progressed to optic atrophy despite a ventriculoatrial shunt. The diagnosis was made on testing the cerebral spinal fluid for the indirect hemagglutination response to cysticercosis. The problems of the pork tape-worm as well as several references from the literature are discussed pertaining to ocular and cerebral involvement. Although this disease is not common in the United States we should think of it in cases of papilledema in patients from endemic areas and in those who have traveled in those areas and eaten pork not properly cooked or frozen.", "PMID": 1111408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2973", "title": "Simplified refracting technique in keratoconus.", "content": "A simple but effective technique to refract keratoconus patients is presented. The theoretical objection to these methods are discussed. In addition, a formula to calculate lenticular astigmatism is presented.", "contents": "Simplified refracting technique in keratoconus. A simple but effective technique to refract keratoconus patients is presented. The theoretical objection to these methods are discussed. In addition, a formula to calculate lenticular astigmatism is presented.", "PMID": 1111409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2974", "title": "Further use of polyglycolic acid (Dexon) sutures in cataract and other intraocular surgery.", "content": "Polyglycolic acid sutures were used in 239 cases of intraocular surgery (164,6-0 size, 75, 7-0 size). Most of these (226) were cataract extractions. The results were excellent, with minimal complications. The 6-0 suture was somewhat stiff and associated with some tissue drag. The 7-0 size overcame these deficiencies and was considered the closest approach to date to the ideal absorbable suture. In addition, these appears to be an inhibition to bacterial penetration by PGA.", "contents": "Further use of polyglycolic acid (Dexon) sutures in cataract and other intraocular surgery. Polyglycolic acid sutures were used in 239 cases of intraocular surgery (164,6-0 size, 75, 7-0 size). Most of these (226) were cataract extractions. The results were excellent, with minimal complications. The 6-0 suture was somewhat stiff and associated with some tissue drag. The 7-0 size overcame these deficiencies and was considered the closest approach to date to the ideal absorbable suture. In addition, these appears to be an inhibition to bacterial penetration by PGA.", "PMID": 1111410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2975", "title": "Retinal telangiectasis: delayed response to photocoagulation.", "content": "A case suggestive of early Coats' disease treated cautiously with xenon arc photocoagulation is presented. Although adequate reaction was observed, the abnormal vessels persisted through the initial follow-up period. However, 9 months after treatment the vessels were found to be obliterated.", "contents": "Retinal telangiectasis: delayed response to photocoagulation. A case suggestive of early Coats' disease treated cautiously with xenon arc photocoagulation is presented. Although adequate reaction was observed, the abnormal vessels persisted through the initial follow-up period. However, 9 months after treatment the vessels were found to be obliterated.", "PMID": 1111411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2976", "title": "Evaluation of a new tropical steroid, fluorometholone, in the postoperative course of the cataract operation.", "content": "This is a study of the effect of steroids on ocular tension, in the postoperative course, in a group of 23 patients operated upon simultaneously for cataract in both eyes. In the right eye fluorometholone and in the left eye dexamethasone drops were instilled 3 times a day. Tensions which were somewhat higher were appreciated after the third week of the postoperative course in the eyes treated with dexamethasone.", "contents": "Evaluation of a new tropical steroid, fluorometholone, in the postoperative course of the cataract operation. This is a study of the effect of steroids on ocular tension, in the postoperative course, in a group of 23 patients operated upon simultaneously for cataract in both eyes. In the right eye fluorometholone and in the left eye dexamethasone drops were instilled 3 times a day. Tensions which were somewhat higher were appreciated after the third week of the postoperative course in the eyes treated with dexamethasone.", "PMID": 1111412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2977", "title": "The influence of tropicamide on intraocular pressure.", "content": "Elevation of intraocular pressure by many cycloplegic drugs has been reported to occur in eyes in which the filtration angle remained open during mydriasis. Tropicamide 1% is also capable of this phenomenon in patients with open angle glaucoma who are being medicated with pilocarpine. However, in normal eyes as well as those with untreated open angle glaucoma, this cycloplegic has a relatively small effect on intraocular pressure. It is postulated that this difference between the subject groups may be due to competitive inhibition of the miotic at the receptor site in those treated with pilocarpine. In 3 patients in whom the intraocular tension elevation was found to be quite marked, heavy pigments showers in the anterior chamber occurred which suggested an outflow obstructive phenomenon similar to that seen in \"Pigmentary Glaucoma.\"", "contents": "The influence of tropicamide on intraocular pressure. Elevation of intraocular pressure by many cycloplegic drugs has been reported to occur in eyes in which the filtration angle remained open during mydriasis. Tropicamide 1% is also capable of this phenomenon in patients with open angle glaucoma who are being medicated with pilocarpine. However, in normal eyes as well as those with untreated open angle glaucoma, this cycloplegic has a relatively small effect on intraocular pressure. It is postulated that this difference between the subject groups may be due to competitive inhibition of the miotic at the receptor site in those treated with pilocarpine. In 3 patients in whom the intraocular tension elevation was found to be quite marked, heavy pigments showers in the anterior chamber occurred which suggested an outflow obstructive phenomenon similar to that seen in \"Pigmentary Glaucoma.\"", "PMID": 1111414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2978", "title": "The importance and accuracy of the water drinking test and tonography.", "content": "The water drinking test was performed on 122 glaucoma suspect patients using the standardized Schiotz tonometer and Goldmann applanation tonometer. Additionally, the tonography was performed on 12 glaucoma suspect patients before the water test and on 69 glaucoma suspect patients after the water test. Our results showed that the most accurate test is the applanation water test. However, the accuracy of tonography was also increased if the tonography was performed after the water drinking test. The evaluation of the water drinking test only by Schiotz tonometer was not satisfactory. By using the applanation tonometry the sensitivity of the water test could be improved by 70%.", "contents": "The importance and accuracy of the water drinking test and tonography. The water drinking test was performed on 122 glaucoma suspect patients using the standardized Schiotz tonometer and Goldmann applanation tonometer. Additionally, the tonography was performed on 12 glaucoma suspect patients before the water test and on 69 glaucoma suspect patients after the water test. Our results showed that the most accurate test is the applanation water test. However, the accuracy of tonography was also increased if the tonography was performed after the water drinking test. The evaluation of the water drinking test only by Schiotz tonometer was not satisfactory. By using the applanation tonometry the sensitivity of the water test could be improved by 70%.", "PMID": 1111415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2979", "title": "Amaurosis congenita (Leber).", "content": "A case of Leber's amaurosis congenita is presented. The patient was bilaterally and congenitally blind. She had nonrecordable ERG responses and a striking fundus appearance with multiple irregularly shaped yellowish white flecks deep in the retina, peripheraly distributed over an area extending from behind the equator to the ora serrata. No flecks were present in narrow bands on both sides of the retinal vessels and in the whole nasal portion of the fundus. Fine powdery granules of pigment were diffusely spread in the areas that were devoid of flecks. The macula and the optic disc showed no gross abnormality. Although this fundus appearance resembles that of the flecked retina syndrome and Oguchi's disease, retinal function in this case is more profoundly affected than in either of the two.", "contents": "Amaurosis congenita (Leber). A case of Leber's amaurosis congenita is presented. The patient was bilaterally and congenitally blind. She had nonrecordable ERG responses and a striking fundus appearance with multiple irregularly shaped yellowish white flecks deep in the retina, peripheraly distributed over an area extending from behind the equator to the ora serrata. No flecks were present in narrow bands on both sides of the retinal vessels and in the whole nasal portion of the fundus. Fine powdery granules of pigment were diffusely spread in the areas that were devoid of flecks. The macula and the optic disc showed no gross abnormality. Although this fundus appearance resembles that of the flecked retina syndrome and Oguchi's disease, retinal function in this case is more profoundly affected than in either of the two.", "PMID": 1111416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2980", "title": "Long-standing anterior dislocation of the crystalline lens.", "content": "We believe this is the first reported case of an anteriorly dislocated lens that produced no pain or discomfort for at least 4 months, ie, March to July 1972. Even after July, the symptoms were not severe enough for this man to seek medical attention until September 1972. The lens may have been dislocated as early as age 5 since, according to his history, surgery was suggested at age 7 for the right eye. A pupillary block may have developed in March 1972, causing an intraocular pressure rise which eventually led to enucleation in September 1972. The microscopic evidence of fibrovascular adhesions of the lens to the iris and cornea documents the long-standing nature of this condition.", "contents": "Long-standing anterior dislocation of the crystalline lens. We believe this is the first reported case of an anteriorly dislocated lens that produced no pain or discomfort for at least 4 months, ie, March to July 1972. Even after July, the symptoms were not severe enough for this man to seek medical attention until September 1972. The lens may have been dislocated as early as age 5 since, according to his history, surgery was suggested at age 7 for the right eye. A pupillary block may have developed in March 1972, causing an intraocular pressure rise which eventually led to enucleation in September 1972. The microscopic evidence of fibrovascular adhesions of the lens to the iris and cornea documents the long-standing nature of this condition.", "PMID": 1111417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2981", "title": "Chiasmatic arachnoiditis and empty sella: report and discussion of a case.", "content": "The case is presented of a 5-year-old boy with progressive visual loss and physical findings suggestive of pituitary dysfunction. A craniotomy revealed opticochiasmatic arachnoiditis and empty sella. The concomitance of these conditions has not been reported. Both entities are associated with arachnoid cysts or cyst-like swellings of the arachnoid, according to the literature. It is proposed that a primary arachnoid cyst may have displaced the pituitary in the sella resulting in secondary inflammatory responses which affected the chiasm. An alternate, but similar explanation, would involve a perichiasmatic arachnoiditis of unknown cause resulting in cystic invasion of the sella. Rupture of the presumed cyst is believed to have occurred late in the preoperative course, and to have been responsible for aggravation of the symptoms.", "contents": "Chiasmatic arachnoiditis and empty sella: report and discussion of a case. The case is presented of a 5-year-old boy with progressive visual loss and physical findings suggestive of pituitary dysfunction. A craniotomy revealed opticochiasmatic arachnoiditis and empty sella. The concomitance of these conditions has not been reported. Both entities are associated with arachnoid cysts or cyst-like swellings of the arachnoid, according to the literature. It is proposed that a primary arachnoid cyst may have displaced the pituitary in the sella resulting in secondary inflammatory responses which affected the chiasm. An alternate, but similar explanation, would involve a perichiasmatic arachnoiditis of unknown cause resulting in cystic invasion of the sella. Rupture of the presumed cyst is believed to have occurred late in the preoperative course, and to have been responsible for aggravation of the symptoms.", "PMID": 1111418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2982", "title": "A follow-up of blind diabetic patients.", "content": "This report concerns the subsequent fate of 95 blind diabetics who were using a Seeing Eye  guide dog in 1964. In 1973, 9 years later, 40 were known to be dead, 31 were known to be alive, and no data were available on 24. The average interval from onset of severe blindness to death in 37 of the 40 who had died is 9.4 years. The mean age at death was 43.2 years for the group. This compares favorably to our original study which showed an average survival from onset to blindness to death of 5.8 years, and an average age at death of 35.9 years. Because follow-up data are incomplete for the 1964-1973 interval, the true figures may be poorer than the ones reported now. In any case, it is apparent that the life expectancy of the blind diabetic is still poor after the onset of blindness from severe retinopathy.", "contents": "A follow-up of blind diabetic patients. This report concerns the subsequent fate of 95 blind diabetics who were using a Seeing Eye  guide dog in 1964. In 1973, 9 years later, 40 were known to be dead, 31 were known to be alive, and no data were available on 24. The average interval from onset of severe blindness to death in 37 of the 40 who had died is 9.4 years. The mean age at death was 43.2 years for the group. This compares favorably to our original study which showed an average survival from onset to blindness to death of 5.8 years, and an average age at death of 35.9 years. Because follow-up data are incomplete for the 1964-1973 interval, the true figures may be poorer than the ones reported now. In any case, it is apparent that the life expectancy of the blind diabetic is still poor after the onset of blindness from severe retinopathy.", "PMID": 1111419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2983", "title": "Microspectrophotometric estimates of non-histone proteins in cell nuclei displaying differing degrees of chromatin condensation.", "content": "Nuclei isolated from mouse thymus, kidney, and liver were fixed in ethanol-acetic acetic acid; treated with dilute acid to extract histones; stained by three protein end-group procedures; and measured by scanning, integrating microspectrophotometry. Measurements were also made of nuclei isolated from the same organs and stained by the Feulgen procedure for DNA. Protein end-group procedures included pH 2.8 Biebrich scarlet (for basic groups), mercury orange (for sulfhydryl groups), and mercury orange after thioglycolate reduction (for the sum of sulfhydryl and disulfide groups). With the exception of the comparison between Feulgen-stained 2C liver and kidney nuclei, the integrated extinction values obtained for nuclei of a given organ differed significantly from the measurements of nuclei from other organs, regardless of the staining procedure. Furthermore, the integrated extinction values for 2C nuclei were highest in larger, more vesicular nuclei (from liver and kidney) and lowest in condensed thymocyte nuclei, except in the case of measurements of the disulfide content of the nuclei. In this instance, the values of integrated extinction were highest in condensed thymocyte nuclei, intermediate in kidney nuclei, and lowest in 2C liver nuclei. When 2C, 4C, and 8C liver nuclei were compared, the integrated extinction values of 4C nuclei were found to be approximately twice those of 2C nuclei whose disulfide and Feulgen values were, respectively, higher and lower than expected. The greater disulfide values and reduced Feulgen values obtained in thymocyte and 8C liver nuclei might be related to a greater degree of chromatin condensation in these nuclei, and therefore, to a reduction or selective restriction of their RNA transcriptional capacities.", "contents": "Microspectrophotometric estimates of non-histone proteins in cell nuclei displaying differing degrees of chromatin condensation. Nuclei isolated from mouse thymus, kidney, and liver were fixed in ethanol-acetic acetic acid; treated with dilute acid to extract histones; stained by three protein end-group procedures; and measured by scanning, integrating microspectrophotometry. Measurements were also made of nuclei isolated from the same organs and stained by the Feulgen procedure for DNA. Protein end-group procedures included pH 2.8 Biebrich scarlet (for basic groups), mercury orange (for sulfhydryl groups), and mercury orange after thioglycolate reduction (for the sum of sulfhydryl and disulfide groups). With the exception of the comparison between Feulgen-stained 2C liver and kidney nuclei, the integrated extinction values obtained for nuclei of a given organ differed significantly from the measurements of nuclei from other organs, regardless of the staining procedure. Furthermore, the integrated extinction values for 2C nuclei were highest in larger, more vesicular nuclei (from liver and kidney) and lowest in condensed thymocyte nuclei, except in the case of measurements of the disulfide content of the nuclei. In this instance, the values of integrated extinction were highest in condensed thymocyte nuclei, intermediate in kidney nuclei, and lowest in 2C liver nuclei. When 2C, 4C, and 8C liver nuclei were compared, the integrated extinction values of 4C nuclei were found to be approximately twice those of 2C nuclei whose disulfide and Feulgen values were, respectively, higher and lower than expected. The greater disulfide values and reduced Feulgen values obtained in thymocyte and 8C liver nuclei might be related to a greater degree of chromatin condensation in these nuclei, and therefore, to a reduction or selective restriction of their RNA transcriptional capacities.", "PMID": 1111421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2984", "title": "Mandibular movements of the albino rat during feeding.", "content": "Jaw movements of albino rats during biting and mastication of relatively hard food were recorded by means of conventional and X-ray cinematography. Mandibular kinetics have been analysed in the context of passive mechanical limits imposed by jaw morphology, particularly of the joints, and by the food itself. Movements have been described in terms of degrees of gape, condylar translation and horizontal rotation of the rami about the symphysis. During biting the condyle remains in the anterior two-thirds of the fossa, moves forward as the jaw opens and the converse. The rami usually spread well apart; the lower incisors are usually approximated. Incised food particles are transported toward the molars by means of coordinated jaw and tongue movements. The prominent palatal rugae of the diastemal region abet this process. In the power stroke of mastication, the mandible shifts forward as the lower toothrows move a little inward; the condyles occupy the posterior two-thirds of the fossa. All movements seen were bilaterally symmetrical. Simultaneous chewing occurred on both sides. It is suggested that the lingual components in the primarily anterior power stroke enhance grinding efficiency. A movable symphysis appears to be of critical importance in facilitating this type of mastication.", "contents": "Mandibular movements of the albino rat during feeding. Jaw movements of albino rats during biting and mastication of relatively hard food were recorded by means of conventional and X-ray cinematography. Mandibular kinetics have been analysed in the context of passive mechanical limits imposed by jaw morphology, particularly of the joints, and by the food itself. Movements have been described in terms of degrees of gape, condylar translation and horizontal rotation of the rami about the symphysis. During biting the condyle remains in the anterior two-thirds of the fossa, moves forward as the jaw opens and the converse. The rami usually spread well apart; the lower incisors are usually approximated. Incised food particles are transported toward the molars by means of coordinated jaw and tongue movements. The prominent palatal rugae of the diastemal region abet this process. In the power stroke of mastication, the mandible shifts forward as the lower toothrows move a little inward; the condyles occupy the posterior two-thirds of the fossa. All movements seen were bilaterally symmetrical. Simultaneous chewing occurred on both sides. It is suggested that the lingual components in the primarily anterior power stroke enhance grinding efficiency. A movable symphysis appears to be of critical importance in facilitating this type of mastication.", "PMID": 1111422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2985", "title": "Ultrastructural studies of regenerating spines of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. I. Cell types without spherules.", "content": "The fine structure of regenerating tips of spines of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus was investigated. Each conical tip consisted of an inner dermis, which deposits and contains the calcite skeleton, and an external layer of epidermis. Although cell types termed spherulecytes containing large, intracellular membrane bound spherules were also present in spine tissues, only epidermal and dermal cell types lacking such spherules are described in this paper. The epidermis was composed largely of free cells representing several functional types. Over the apical portion of the tip these cells occurred in groups, while proximally they were distributed within longitudinal grooves present along the periphery of the spine from the base to the tip. The terminal portions of apical processes extending from some of the epidermal cells formed a thin, contiguous outer layer consisting of small individual islands of cytoplasm bearing microvilli. Adjacent islands were connected around the periphery by a junctional complex extending roughly 200 A in depth in which the opposing plasma membranes were separated by a narrow gap about 145 A in width bridged by amorphous material. Other epidermal cells were closely associated with the basal lamina, which was 900 A in thickness and delineated the dermoepidermal junction; some of these cells appeared to synthesize the lamina, while others may be sensory nerve cells. The dermis at the spine tip also consisted of several functional types of free cells; the most interesting of these was the calcoblast, which deposits the skeleton. Calcoblasts extended a thin, cytoplasmic skeletal sheath which surrounded the tips and adjacent proximal portions of each of the longitudinally oriented microspines comprising the regenerating skeleton, and distally, formed a conical extracellular channel ahead of the mineralizing tip. The intimate relationship between calcoblasts and the growing mineral surface strongly suggests that these cells directly control both the kinetics of mineral deposition and morphogenesis of the skeleton. Other cell types in the dermis were precalcoblasts and phagocytes. Precalcoblasts may function as fibroblasts and are possible precursors of calcoblasts. Closely associated with the basal lamina at the dermoepidermal junction were extracellular unbanded anchoring fi0rils 150 A to 200 A51 in diameter. Scattered proximally among dermal cells were other extracellular fibrils, presumably collagenous, about 300 A in diameter wit", "contents": "Ultrastructural studies of regenerating spines of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. I. Cell types without spherules. The fine structure of regenerating tips of spines of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus was investigated. Each conical tip consisted of an inner dermis, which deposits and contains the calcite skeleton, and an external layer of epidermis. Although cell types termed spherulecytes containing large, intracellular membrane bound spherules were also present in spine tissues, only epidermal and dermal cell types lacking such spherules are described in this paper. The epidermis was composed largely of free cells representing several functional types. Over the apical portion of the tip these cells occurred in groups, while proximally they were distributed within longitudinal grooves present along the periphery of the spine from the base to the tip. The terminal portions of apical processes extending from some of the epidermal cells formed a thin, contiguous outer layer consisting of small individual islands of cytoplasm bearing microvilli. Adjacent islands were connected around the periphery by a junctional complex extending roughly 200 A in depth in which the opposing plasma membranes were separated by a narrow gap about 145 A in width bridged by amorphous material. Other epidermal cells were closely associated with the basal lamina, which was 900 A in thickness and delineated the dermoepidermal junction; some of these cells appeared to synthesize the lamina, while others may be sensory nerve cells. The dermis at the spine tip also consisted of several functional types of free cells; the most interesting of these was the calcoblast, which deposits the skeleton. Calcoblasts extended a thin, cytoplasmic skeletal sheath which surrounded the tips and adjacent proximal portions of each of the longitudinally oriented microspines comprising the regenerating skeleton, and distally, formed a conical extracellular channel ahead of the mineralizing tip. The intimate relationship between calcoblasts and the growing mineral surface strongly suggests that these cells directly control both the kinetics of mineral deposition and morphogenesis of the skeleton. Other cell types in the dermis were precalcoblasts and phagocytes. Precalcoblasts may function as fibroblasts and are possible precursors of calcoblasts. Closely associated with the basal lamina at the dermoepidermal junction were extracellular unbanded anchoring fi0rils 150 A to 200 A51 in diameter. Scattered proximally among dermal cells were other extracellular fibrils, presumably collagenous, about 300 A in diameter wit", "PMID": 1111423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2986", "title": "Some anatomical aspects of the cardiovascular system of Antarctic seals and their possible functional significance in diving.", "content": "The hearts and ascending aortae of 11 Weddell seals, Leptonychotes weddelli, three adult Crabeater seals, Lobodon carcinophagus, two adult Ross seals, Ommatophoca rossi, and one adult Leopard seal, Hydrurga leptonyx, were examined for comparison with terrestrial forms. The Weddell seal specimens were from animals ranging in age from midterm in fetal development to mature adults. All specimens were collected in 1971, 1972, and 1973, from McMurdo Sound and the Ross Sea, Antarctica. The phocid hearts were characteristically broader and flatter than those of other carnivore families and they tended toward bifid apices. The heart form indices (height/circumference) averaged 31.5 compared to 39.0 for felids. The right ventricular chambers of the Antarctic seals were found to average longer in Weddells and narrower in all, than those reported for four other carnivore families. An elastic enlargement was present in the ascending aortae of all seals. The largest diameter of the aortic bulb averaged 25.5 mm more than the base of the aorta in the adult Weddell seals which represented an increase of 72.5% over the base. It is suggested that the general heart form, and especially the ascending aortae, are anatomical adaptations to diving. The compressed heart makes possible unimpaired function when the chest is compressed during deep dives. The aortic bulb maintains mean arterial blood pressure and perfusion of the brain and cardiac tissue during diving bradycardia.", "contents": "Some anatomical aspects of the cardiovascular system of Antarctic seals and their possible functional significance in diving. The hearts and ascending aortae of 11 Weddell seals, Leptonychotes weddelli, three adult Crabeater seals, Lobodon carcinophagus, two adult Ross seals, Ommatophoca rossi, and one adult Leopard seal, Hydrurga leptonyx, were examined for comparison with terrestrial forms. The Weddell seal specimens were from animals ranging in age from midterm in fetal development to mature adults. All specimens were collected in 1971, 1972, and 1973, from McMurdo Sound and the Ross Sea, Antarctica. The phocid hearts were characteristically broader and flatter than those of other carnivore families and they tended toward bifid apices. The heart form indices (height/circumference) averaged 31.5 compared to 39.0 for felids. The right ventricular chambers of the Antarctic seals were found to average longer in Weddells and narrower in all, than those reported for four other carnivore families. An elastic enlargement was present in the ascending aortae of all seals. The largest diameter of the aortic bulb averaged 25.5 mm more than the base of the aorta in the adult Weddell seals which represented an increase of 72.5% over the base. It is suggested that the general heart form, and especially the ascending aortae, are anatomical adaptations to diving. The compressed heart makes possible unimpaired function when the chest is compressed during deep dives. The aortic bulb maintains mean arterial blood pressure and perfusion of the brain and cardiac tissue during diving bradycardia.", "PMID": 1111424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2987", "title": "Upper digestive tract burns caused by Denalan denture cleanser powder.", "content": "Denture cleansers are ubiquitous compounds frequently found in the household. Severe oral cavity burns were clinically observed in a two-year-old female who accidentally ingested a denture cleanser powder, Denalan. Experimental studies were carried out to investigate the caustic, chemical and histopathological properties of this compound. Denalan was found to be a powerful alkali agent which caused severe upper digestive tract burns.", "contents": "Upper digestive tract burns caused by Denalan denture cleanser powder. Denture cleansers are ubiquitous compounds frequently found in the household. Severe oral cavity burns were clinically observed in a two-year-old female who accidentally ingested a denture cleanser powder, Denalan. Experimental studies were carried out to investigate the caustic, chemical and histopathological properties of this compound. Denalan was found to be a powerful alkali agent which caused severe upper digestive tract burns.", "PMID": 1111425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2988", "title": "Application of inverse filtering for detecting laryngeal pathology.", "content": "Inverse filtering analysis was performed on acoustic speech samples of the vowel sound \"ah\" produced by ten selected patients and ten normal adults. The inverse filter output signal is the residue obtained by automatically extracting the effects of the supraglottal structure from the acoustic speech signal. For normal speakers, the residue consists of a series of rather sharp periodic spikes having low amplitude noise between periods. For pathological voices, the residue consists of lower amplitude, less sharp spikes having higher amplitude noise between periods. Comparisons between the acoustic speech waveforms and the residue signals illustrate the superiority of the residue signal for detecting irregularity, and thus suggests the feasibility of applying inverse filtering as an aid to laryngeal diagnostics.", "contents": "Application of inverse filtering for detecting laryngeal pathology. Inverse filtering analysis was performed on acoustic speech samples of the vowel sound \"ah\" produced by ten selected patients and ten normal adults. The inverse filter output signal is the residue obtained by automatically extracting the effects of the supraglottal structure from the acoustic speech signal. For normal speakers, the residue consists of a series of rather sharp periodic spikes having low amplitude noise between periods. For pathological voices, the residue consists of lower amplitude, less sharp spikes having higher amplitude noise between periods. Comparisons between the acoustic speech waveforms and the residue signals illustrate the superiority of the residue signal for detecting irregularity, and thus suggests the feasibility of applying inverse filtering as an aid to laryngeal diagnostics.", "PMID": 1111427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2989", "title": "Demoplastic fibroma of the mandible. A case report.", "content": "Case of a 4-year-old boy with a desmoplastic fibroma of the mandible. Desmoplastic fibromas are benign fibrous neoplasms which are easily confused with other fibrous tumors. Although benign, they usually display aggressive local tissue extension and frequently recur when treated conservatively. At the present time, wide, local excision appears to be the treatment of choice.", "contents": "Demoplastic fibroma of the mandible. A case report. Case of a 4-year-old boy with a desmoplastic fibroma of the mandible. Desmoplastic fibromas are benign fibrous neoplasms which are easily confused with other fibrous tumors. Although benign, they usually display aggressive local tissue extension and frequently recur when treated conservatively. At the present time, wide, local excision appears to be the treatment of choice.", "PMID": 1111428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2990", "title": "Sensorineural impairment in unilateral otosclerosis.", "content": "Audiometric findings were evaluated in a group of patients with clinical unilateral otosclerosis. A comparison was made between bone conduction threshold in the better hearing ear and the ear with the mixed hearing loss. Over 50% of the patients had a significant elevation in the bone conduction thresholds in the ear with clinical otosclerosis as compared to the uninvolved ear. A pair of temporal bones from a patient with unilateral otosclerosis and unilateral mixed hearing loss is presented.", "contents": "Sensorineural impairment in unilateral otosclerosis. Audiometric findings were evaluated in a group of patients with clinical unilateral otosclerosis. A comparison was made between bone conduction threshold in the better hearing ear and the ear with the mixed hearing loss. Over 50% of the patients had a significant elevation in the bone conduction thresholds in the ear with clinical otosclerosis as compared to the uninvolved ear. A pair of temporal bones from a patient with unilateral otosclerosis and unilateral mixed hearing loss is presented.", "PMID": 1111426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2991", "title": "Air bypass voice prosthesis for vocal rehabilitation of laryngectomees.", "content": "An air bypass voice prosthesis and the refinement of a surgical technique has been developed. It involves a one-stage, low retrograde cervical esophagostomy that is functionally and cosmetically feasible since it permits hidden use of the device, while eliminating fistula tract stenosis and aspiration. Most importantly, it provides a natural speech mechanism without any training period. Patients can regain immediate speech following installation of a voice prosthesis with a minimum of maintenance required. Ultimately, they have demonstrated greater self-reliance and developed a high degree of self-esteem which has enabled them to resume a normal way of life.", "contents": "Air bypass voice prosthesis for vocal rehabilitation of laryngectomees. An air bypass voice prosthesis and the refinement of a surgical technique has been developed. It involves a one-stage, low retrograde cervical esophagostomy that is functionally and cosmetically feasible since it permits hidden use of the device, while eliminating fistula tract stenosis and aspiration. Most importantly, it provides a natural speech mechanism without any training period. Patients can regain immediate speech following installation of a voice prosthesis with a minimum of maintenance required. Ultimately, they have demonstrated greater self-reliance and developed a high degree of self-esteem which has enabled them to resume a normal way of life.", "PMID": 1111433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2992", "title": "Prophylaxis of predisposed otitis externa.", "content": "Evaluation, in the guinea pig ear, of fourteen water repellent or therapeutic compounds has resulted in the recommended use of 360 Medical Fluid as a prophylactic agent for those persons with a high risk of otitis externa. This compound was found to adhere well, be easy to apply and was nonirritating. Use of this material prevented adverse bacterial growth in ear canals exposed to water for up to seven days. The significance of maintaining the normal Gram positive bacterial flora in the external ear canal and the role of cerumen in maintaining a healthy meatal surface is discussed. A system for monitoring the health of the ear canal through measurement of the Gram positive/Gram negative bacterial ratio is suggested.", "contents": "Prophylaxis of predisposed otitis externa. Evaluation, in the guinea pig ear, of fourteen water repellent or therapeutic compounds has resulted in the recommended use of 360 Medical Fluid as a prophylactic agent for those persons with a high risk of otitis externa. This compound was found to adhere well, be easy to apply and was nonirritating. Use of this material prevented adverse bacterial growth in ear canals exposed to water for up to seven days. The significance of maintaining the normal Gram positive bacterial flora in the external ear canal and the role of cerumen in maintaining a healthy meatal surface is discussed. A system for monitoring the health of the ear canal through measurement of the Gram positive/Gram negative bacterial ratio is suggested.", "PMID": 1111430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2993", "title": "Some aspects of fetal laryngeal development.", "content": "Some aspects of morphological and physiological development of the fetal larynx are presented. Histochemical confirmation and determinations of fetal glandular activity are needed. Anomalous development of the larynx is still conjecture, but congenital cystic formation with glandular development appears possible after the fifth month of human fetal life.", "contents": "Some aspects of fetal laryngeal development. Some aspects of morphological and physiological development of the fetal larynx are presented. Histochemical confirmation and determinations of fetal glandular activity are needed. Anomalous development of the larynx is still conjecture, but congenital cystic formation with glandular development appears possible after the fifth month of human fetal life.", "PMID": 1111434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2994", "title": "The nature and crystal growth of otoconia in the rat.", "content": "Several types of otoconia are present in the macular regions of young rats. These include multifaceted, transitional and rounded body forms, some variant otoconia and a few rhombohedrons. The adult form has typically rounded by nonsmooth body surfaces and pointed ends with three planar faces. The multifaceted and transitional otoconia fracture and etch more readily than do the adult type. The differences in properties of the otoconia are considered in the light of known facts concerning inorganic crystal nucleating and growth. This integrated approach indicates that many otoconia originate by seeding of multiple subunits on an organic substrate and develop by the mechanism of parallel growth. The basic structural unit is the rhombohedron. By analogy to inorganic crystals of calcite, it would seem that the typical otoconium grows on the end faces but growth on the side faces is suppressed by some unknown chemical factor. Some otoconia are exceptions, evidently seeding and growing in the pure rhombohedral form. Decalcification of cleaved otoconia shows that organic material is incorporated during growth. The observations are interpreted to indicate that organic substance influences growth and achievement of the adult otoconial form.", "contents": "The nature and crystal growth of otoconia in the rat. Several types of otoconia are present in the macular regions of young rats. These include multifaceted, transitional and rounded body forms, some variant otoconia and a few rhombohedrons. The adult form has typically rounded by nonsmooth body surfaces and pointed ends with three planar faces. The multifaceted and transitional otoconia fracture and etch more readily than do the adult type. The differences in properties of the otoconia are considered in the light of known facts concerning inorganic crystal nucleating and growth. This integrated approach indicates that many otoconia originate by seeding of multiple subunits on an organic substrate and develop by the mechanism of parallel growth. The basic structural unit is the rhombohedron. By analogy to inorganic crystals of calcite, it would seem that the typical otoconium grows on the end faces but growth on the side faces is suppressed by some unknown chemical factor. Some otoconia are exceptions, evidently seeding and growing in the pure rhombohedral form. Decalcification of cleaved otoconia shows that organic material is incorporated during growth. The observations are interpreted to indicate that organic substance influences growth and achievement of the adult otoconial form.", "PMID": 1111432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2995", "title": "Recording auditory-nerve potentials as an office procedure.", "content": "Recording auditory-nerve potentials from human subjects is already a routine procedure in the laboratory. In order to bring such recording capabilities into the office of practicing otologists, a number of difficulties had to be overcome. First, a small signal averager was built and incorporated into a stimulus generating and response recording system. The entire system was made portable and self-sufficient. The effects of electrical interference and background acoustic noise were shown to be tolerable. After studies of how responses vary with electrode location, electrodes were designed to be placed on the ear canal so that no invasive procedures were necessary. Methods were found to simplify the procedure so that recordings can be made in a matter of minutes by one person working alone.", "contents": "Recording auditory-nerve potentials as an office procedure. Recording auditory-nerve potentials from human subjects is already a routine procedure in the laboratory. In order to bring such recording capabilities into the office of practicing otologists, a number of difficulties had to be overcome. First, a small signal averager was built and incorporated into a stimulus generating and response recording system. The entire system was made portable and self-sufficient. The effects of electrical interference and background acoustic noise were shown to be tolerable. After studies of how responses vary with electrode location, electrodes were designed to be placed on the ear canal so that no invasive procedures were necessary. Methods were found to simplify the procedure so that recordings can be made in a matter of minutes by one person working alone.", "PMID": 1111431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2996", "title": "Remote extracochlear versus intracochlear recordings in the guinea pig.", "content": "A comparison was made of the whole-nerve action potential recorded from a wire electrode placed on the tympanic membrane (TM) (remote extracochlear recording) and than recorded from intracochlear electrodes in the first and third turn scala tympani of the guinea pig. Cochlear microphonics and summating potentials were also studied. The expected decreased sensitivity at the TM site was observed in all responses, although the microphonic (CM) was diminished more that the action potential (AP) as compared to the responses monitored via the ST1 electrode. Nevertheless, the TM-recorded cochlear potentials largely mimicked the ST1-recorded potentials in a qualitative manner, i.e., similar configurations of the CM pseudo-threshold functions. It was consistently observed that the N2 of the AP is proportionally larger (relative to N1) in the TM recording than in the ST1 recording. These phenomena were attributed to the complex spread of the bioelectrical potentials in the nonhomogeneous volume conductor formed by the tissues of the temporal bone. It was suggested that the observed change in the N1/N2 ratio at the different sites of recording is due to the different contributions of second-order neuronal discharges to the compound AP. In effect, the TM electrode \"sees\" proportionally more activity from second-order fibers than does the ST1 electrode, and the ST3 electrode, less.", "contents": "Remote extracochlear versus intracochlear recordings in the guinea pig. A comparison was made of the whole-nerve action potential recorded from a wire electrode placed on the tympanic membrane (TM) (remote extracochlear recording) and than recorded from intracochlear electrodes in the first and third turn scala tympani of the guinea pig. Cochlear microphonics and summating potentials were also studied. The expected decreased sensitivity at the TM site was observed in all responses, although the microphonic (CM) was diminished more that the action potential (AP) as compared to the responses monitored via the ST1 electrode. Nevertheless, the TM-recorded cochlear potentials largely mimicked the ST1-recorded potentials in a qualitative manner, i.e., similar configurations of the CM pseudo-threshold functions. It was consistently observed that the N2 of the AP is proportionally larger (relative to N1) in the TM recording than in the ST1 recording. These phenomena were attributed to the complex spread of the bioelectrical potentials in the nonhomogeneous volume conductor formed by the tissues of the temporal bone. It was suggested that the observed change in the N1/N2 ratio at the different sites of recording is due to the different contributions of second-order neuronal discharges to the compound AP. In effect, the TM electrode \"sees\" proportionally more activity from second-order fibers than does the ST1 electrode, and the ST3 electrode, less.", "PMID": 1111437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2997", "title": "Occult breast carcinomas detected by xeroradiography: clinical considerations.", "content": "One hundred and eighty-five breast cancers were demonstrated by xeroradiography in 6,238 patients. Sixty-two cancers were occult, and constituted one-third of the demonstrable breast cancers. Some of the patients with clinically nonpalpable carcinomas had high risk factors known to be associated with the development of breast cancer. The diagnosis was usually established and confirmed by wide excisional biopsy of the area containing the suspicious lesion. In some instances the lesion was localized preoperatively by xeroradiography using a technique of skin markings. Specimen xeroradiography was utilized if there were calcifications seen on the preoperative xeroradiograph. There was a significantly decreased incidence of axillary node metastases in the occult cases when compared to the dominant mass cases.", "contents": "Occult breast carcinomas detected by xeroradiography: clinical considerations. One hundred and eighty-five breast cancers were demonstrated by xeroradiography in 6,238 patients. Sixty-two cancers were occult, and constituted one-third of the demonstrable breast cancers. Some of the patients with clinically nonpalpable carcinomas had high risk factors known to be associated with the development of breast cancer. The diagnosis was usually established and confirmed by wide excisional biopsy of the area containing the suspicious lesion. In some instances the lesion was localized preoperatively by xeroradiography using a technique of skin markings. Specimen xeroradiography was utilized if there were calcifications seen on the preoperative xeroradiograph. There was a significantly decreased incidence of axillary node metastases in the occult cases when compared to the dominant mass cases.", "PMID": 1111443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2998", "title": "Tympanometric pattern classification in relation to middle ear effusions.", "content": "Tympanometric evaluation using an otoadmittance meter and X-Y plotter was performed on 129 ears of 70 children with history of recurrent acute otitis media, or evidence otoscopically of persistent middle ear effusion, or both. Myringotomy, performed immediately following the tympanometric procedure, confirmed the presence or absence of effusion. Following myringotomy, tympanometric patterns, as shown by susceptance and conductance tracings at 220 and 660 Hz, were identified and middle ear pressures and otoadmittance peak values were determined. These findings were compared and criteria were developed which best determined the presence or absence of effusion. The results revealed the following: 1) High negative middle ear pressure is not necessarily a reliable indicator of middle ear effusion. 2) Tympanometry can be used reliably as an indicator of effusion. A combination of pattern classification and susceptance criteria enabled correct prediction of effusion in 93% of these children. One pattern at B660 was found to be pathognomonic of effusion. 3) In general, otoadmittance at 660 Hz appears to be a better indicator of effusion than 220 Hz.", "contents": "Tympanometric pattern classification in relation to middle ear effusions. Tympanometric evaluation using an otoadmittance meter and X-Y plotter was performed on 129 ears of 70 children with history of recurrent acute otitis media, or evidence otoscopically of persistent middle ear effusion, or both. Myringotomy, performed immediately following the tympanometric procedure, confirmed the presence or absence of effusion. Following myringotomy, tympanometric patterns, as shown by susceptance and conductance tracings at 220 and 660 Hz, were identified and middle ear pressures and otoadmittance peak values were determined. These findings were compared and criteria were developed which best determined the presence or absence of effusion. The results revealed the following: 1) High negative middle ear pressure is not necessarily a reliable indicator of middle ear effusion. 2) Tympanometry can be used reliably as an indicator of effusion. A combination of pattern classification and susceptance criteria enabled correct prediction of effusion in 93% of these children. One pattern at B660 was found to be pathognomonic of effusion. 3) In general, otoadmittance at 660 Hz appears to be a better indicator of effusion than 220 Hz.", "PMID": 1111435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_2999", "title": "Sudden infant death syndrome: plasma vitamin E levels and dietary factors.", "content": "Vitamin E and selenium deficiency have previously been suggested to be responsible for the Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS). New experimental data reveal that this is not the case since vitamin E as well as plasma selenium levels of SID infants are approximately equal to those of normal controls. Although breast feeding was believed to have a protective effect against SIDS, a statistical study of groups of SID- and control infants in San Diego County indicate no such correlation. Totally or partially breast-fed SID infants actually died at an earlier age than those fed by formula only (p=0.02). Compared to matched normal controls, SID infants appear to have received a less varied diet with a lower incidence of extradietary vitamin supplementation (p=0.02). There is also a somewhat greater prevalence of mothers smoking during pregnancy in the SID group (one-tail p=0.05).", "contents": "Sudden infant death syndrome: plasma vitamin E levels and dietary factors. Vitamin E and selenium deficiency have previously been suggested to be responsible for the Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS). New experimental data reveal that this is not the case since vitamin E as well as plasma selenium levels of SID infants are approximately equal to those of normal controls. Although breast feeding was believed to have a protective effect against SIDS, a statistical study of groups of SID- and control infants in San Diego County indicate no such correlation. Totally or partially breast-fed SID infants actually died at an earlier age than those fed by formula only (p=0.02). Compared to matched normal controls, SID infants appear to have received a less varied diet with a lower incidence of extradietary vitamin supplementation (p=0.02). There is also a somewhat greater prevalence of mothers smoking during pregnancy in the SID group (one-tail p=0.05).", "PMID": 1111439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3000", "title": "Nonacoustic stimulation of the middle ear muscle reflex.", "content": "The purpose of these experiments was to determine the incidence of the middle ear reflex in response to several nonacoustic (tactile and air jet) stimuli among subjects with normal hearing who had an acoustic reflex and selected patients with severe hearing loss. The results demonstrate that the incidence of response to tactile stimulation increases as the facial area stimulated approaches the auricle. The response to an air jet stimulus directed toward the eye is high; however, the clinical utility of the air jet may be limited because it often results in a startle reaction and head movement, and the response appears to fatigue easily. In normal listeners the response to auricular air jet stimulation probably results from both acoustic and tactile stimulation. The presence of a reflex to tactile stimulation, together with normal tympanometry constitutes strong evidence of a normal middle ear; but the absence of a reflex to acoustic or tactile stimuli still leads to an ambiguous determination of potential stapedial muscle function.", "contents": "Nonacoustic stimulation of the middle ear muscle reflex. The purpose of these experiments was to determine the incidence of the middle ear reflex in response to several nonacoustic (tactile and air jet) stimuli among subjects with normal hearing who had an acoustic reflex and selected patients with severe hearing loss. The results demonstrate that the incidence of response to tactile stimulation increases as the facial area stimulated approaches the auricle. The response to an air jet stimulus directed toward the eye is high; however, the clinical utility of the air jet may be limited because it often results in a startle reaction and head movement, and the response appears to fatigue easily. In normal listeners the response to auricular air jet stimulation probably results from both acoustic and tactile stimulation. The presence of a reflex to tactile stimulation, together with normal tympanometry constitutes strong evidence of a normal middle ear; but the absence of a reflex to acoustic or tactile stimuli still leads to an ambiguous determination of potential stapedial muscle function.", "PMID": 1111436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3001", "title": "Significance of a solitary lung shadow in patients with breast cancer.", "content": "From 1949 through 1972 at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Institute, 72 breast cancer patients developed a synchronous or metachronous solitary lung shadow. Forty-three had separate primary lung cancers; 23 had breast carcinoma metastases and six had benign lung lesions. Of these, 47% were asymptomatic and the lesions were discovered by routine chest roentgenograms. Among 49 patients who underwent pulmonary procedures, secondary involvement of regional lymphatics was noted in 22, nine of which were daughter metastases secondary to the breast deposit. In such a setting, a radical lobectomy (or pneumonectomy) would seem the operation of choice. Four patients who had primary lung cancer and five patients with pulmonary breast metastases survived five years after the thoracic procedure. Prolonged survival in these patients bore no relationship to age, sex, state of axillary lymph nodes or length of interlude between the breast and the lung cancer. Early diagnosis, the extent of the cancer and adequate excision seem to influence end results. When other primary cancers were present, in addition to those of breast and lung, these did not seem to diminish the chance for survival provided they were treated as if they existed alone. The need for strict periodic and continual followup examinations, not only in breast, but also for all cancer patients is essential for early detection of metastases or new primaries. Chest roentgenograms are an integral part of such a plan. The ambiguity of a solitary lung shadow (or at the most two or three opacities) with a known primary breast cancer requires clarification without delay as to its histologic nature so that proper treatment can be instituted and an accurate prognosis given.", "contents": "Significance of a solitary lung shadow in patients with breast cancer. From 1949 through 1972 at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Institute, 72 breast cancer patients developed a synchronous or metachronous solitary lung shadow. Forty-three had separate primary lung cancers; 23 had breast carcinoma metastases and six had benign lung lesions. Of these, 47% were asymptomatic and the lesions were discovered by routine chest roentgenograms. Among 49 patients who underwent pulmonary procedures, secondary involvement of regional lymphatics was noted in 22, nine of which were daughter metastases secondary to the breast deposit. In such a setting, a radical lobectomy (or pneumonectomy) would seem the operation of choice. Four patients who had primary lung cancer and five patients with pulmonary breast metastases survived five years after the thoracic procedure. Prolonged survival in these patients bore no relationship to age, sex, state of axillary lymph nodes or length of interlude between the breast and the lung cancer. Early diagnosis, the extent of the cancer and adequate excision seem to influence end results. When other primary cancers were present, in addition to those of breast and lung, these did not seem to diminish the chance for survival provided they were treated as if they existed alone. The need for strict periodic and continual followup examinations, not only in breast, but also for all cancer patients is essential for early detection of metastases or new primaries. Chest roentgenograms are an integral part of such a plan. The ambiguity of a solitary lung shadow (or at the most two or three opacities) with a known primary breast cancer requires clarification without delay as to its histologic nature so that proper treatment can be instituted and an accurate prognosis given.", "PMID": 1111444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3002", "title": "Rapid microanalysis of cholesterol in bile and serum by gas chromatography.", "content": "Bile and serum cholesterol concentrations were analyzed by the same saponification, extraction and gas chromatographic procedure, utilizing stigmasterol as an internal standard and trifluoroacetate derivatization. The method was rapid and highly sensitive, requiring only 20 to 50 mul of sample. Comparable levels of precision were achieved by parallel analysis of a series of bile and serum samples by the present method and the Abell colorimetric method; a high degree of correlation was found between these two methods.", "contents": "Rapid microanalysis of cholesterol in bile and serum by gas chromatography. Bile and serum cholesterol concentrations were analyzed by the same saponification, extraction and gas chromatographic procedure, utilizing stigmasterol as an internal standard and trifluoroacetate derivatization. The method was rapid and highly sensitive, requiring only 20 to 50 mul of sample. Comparable levels of precision were achieved by parallel analysis of a series of bile and serum samples by the present method and the Abell colorimetric method; a high degree of correlation was found between these two methods.", "PMID": 1111441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3003", "title": "Plasma cerebrosides in stroke and multiple sclerosis.", "content": "This investigation was conducted to determine whether or not plasma galactosyl ceramides were elevated in patients with stroke and multiple sclerosis, and to determine glycosyl ceramide concentrations in older, normal subjects. It was hypothesized that central nervous system destruction, like that which occurs in stroke or in the demyelination characteristic of multiple sclerosis, might be reflected by changes in plasma glycosyl ceramides, specifically by an increased percentage of galactosyl ceramide. Glycosyl ceramides were analyzed in duplicate 10 ml aliquots of plasma from each of seven patients with stroke, five patients with multiple sclerosis and five control subjects age-matched with stroke patients. Mean percentages of galactosyl ceramide for both controls (11.06 percent) and multiple sclerosis (11.40 percent) were strikingly similar. The percent of galactosyl ceramides for stroke was slightly elevated (14.32 percent) but there were no significant differences at the p=greater than 0.05 level.", "contents": "Plasma cerebrosides in stroke and multiple sclerosis. This investigation was conducted to determine whether or not plasma galactosyl ceramides were elevated in patients with stroke and multiple sclerosis, and to determine glycosyl ceramide concentrations in older, normal subjects. It was hypothesized that central nervous system destruction, like that which occurs in stroke or in the demyelination characteristic of multiple sclerosis, might be reflected by changes in plasma glycosyl ceramides, specifically by an increased percentage of galactosyl ceramide. Glycosyl ceramides were analyzed in duplicate 10 ml aliquots of plasma from each of seven patients with stroke, five patients with multiple sclerosis and five control subjects age-matched with stroke patients. Mean percentages of galactosyl ceramide for both controls (11.06 percent) and multiple sclerosis (11.40 percent) were strikingly similar. The percent of galactosyl ceramides for stroke was slightly elevated (14.32 percent) but there were no significant differences at the p=greater than 0.05 level.", "PMID": 1111440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3004", "title": "What is clinical smoke poisoning?", "content": "In this 13-year study, 51 patients were admitted with the primary diagnosis of \"smoke poisoning\" \"carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning\" or \"respiratory burns.\" Forty patients (78%) had diagnosis of smoke poisoning with minor or no skin burns. The study indicated that clinical diagnosis of CO poisoning cannot be made reliably without carboxyhemoglobin (COHg) determination and that smoke poisoning patients often had CO poisoning. Seventeen of 19 smoke poisoning patients (89%) had CO poisoning above COHb levels of 15% saturation. Carbon monoxide was successfully removed from the blood by improving alveolar ventilation and oxygen concentration. However, there were 2 smoke poisoning deaths as the result of gaseous chemical injury. There was a correlation coefficient of 0.87 between initial COHg levels and patients' hospital days primarily determined by patients' pulmonary complications. Since CO is non-irritating, COHb levels may be used as an additional indicator of suspected pulmonary injury by noxious combustion gases.", "contents": "What is clinical smoke poisoning? In this 13-year study, 51 patients were admitted with the primary diagnosis of \"smoke poisoning\" \"carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning\" or \"respiratory burns.\" Forty patients (78%) had diagnosis of smoke poisoning with minor or no skin burns. The study indicated that clinical diagnosis of CO poisoning cannot be made reliably without carboxyhemoglobin (COHg) determination and that smoke poisoning patients often had CO poisoning. Seventeen of 19 smoke poisoning patients (89%) had CO poisoning above COHb levels of 15% saturation. Carbon monoxide was successfully removed from the blood by improving alveolar ventilation and oxygen concentration. However, there were 2 smoke poisoning deaths as the result of gaseous chemical injury. There was a correlation coefficient of 0.87 between initial COHg levels and patients' hospital days primarily determined by patients' pulmonary complications. Since CO is non-irritating, COHb levels may be used as an additional indicator of suspected pulmonary injury by noxious combustion gases.", "PMID": 1111445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3005", "title": "Characterization of elevated fibrin split products following thermal injury.", "content": "These studies establish that the staphylococcal clumping test is superior to the tanned red cell hemagglutination inhibition immunoassay for monitoring fibrin split product concentration in burn sera. It is strongly suggested that the principal circulating degradation product is a complex of soluble fibrin monomer with fragment D. Finally, there does not appear to be any effect on measured fibrin split product concentration in sera of burn patients receiving prophylactic heparin or aspirin.", "contents": "Characterization of elevated fibrin split products following thermal injury. These studies establish that the staphylococcal clumping test is superior to the tanned red cell hemagglutination inhibition immunoassay for monitoring fibrin split product concentration in burn sera. It is strongly suggested that the principal circulating degradation product is a complex of soluble fibrin monomer with fragment D. Finally, there does not appear to be any effect on measured fibrin split product concentration in sera of burn patients receiving prophylactic heparin or aspirin.", "PMID": 1111446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3006", "title": "Automated bichromatic analysis of serum ceruloplasmin.", "content": "An automated micromethod is described for measurement of serum ceruloplasmin by assay of its p-phenylenediamine oxidase activity using the Abbott bichoromatic analyzer. Ten mul of serum are mixed with 250 mul of p-phenylenediamine (PPD) substrate (9.2 mmole per liter) in acetate buffer (0.1 mole per liter, pH 5.45). Spectrophotometric measurements of the rate of formation of the purple oxidation porduct of PPD are performed after a 10 min delay for thermal equilibration at 37 degrees and for avoidance of the lag-phase of the enzymatic reaction. The coefficients of variation of replicate analyses of normal serum by this technique are 1.1 percent (within-the-run) and 3.3 percent (day-to-day). Measurements of ceruloplasmin concentrations in serums from 75 patients by this automated method provided close correlation with measurements by a manual reference procedure (correlation coefficient=0.973). The mean concentration of ceruloplasmin in serums from 64 healthy men was 29 mg per dl (central 95th percentile limits=22 to 40 mg per dl).", "contents": "Automated bichromatic analysis of serum ceruloplasmin. An automated micromethod is described for measurement of serum ceruloplasmin by assay of its p-phenylenediamine oxidase activity using the Abbott bichoromatic analyzer. Ten mul of serum are mixed with 250 mul of p-phenylenediamine (PPD) substrate (9.2 mmole per liter) in acetate buffer (0.1 mole per liter, pH 5.45). Spectrophotometric measurements of the rate of formation of the purple oxidation porduct of PPD are performed after a 10 min delay for thermal equilibration at 37 degrees and for avoidance of the lag-phase of the enzymatic reaction. The coefficients of variation of replicate analyses of normal serum by this technique are 1.1 percent (within-the-run) and 3.3 percent (day-to-day). Measurements of ceruloplasmin concentrations in serums from 75 patients by this automated method provided close correlation with measurements by a manual reference procedure (correlation coefficient=0.973). The mean concentration of ceruloplasmin in serums from 64 healthy men was 29 mg per dl (central 95th percentile limits=22 to 40 mg per dl).", "PMID": 1111442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3007", "title": "Coagulation dynamics following thermal injury: effect of heparin and protamine sulfate.", "content": "A burned rat model was developed to examine post-burn alterations in coagulation. Fibrin split product concentration, as measured by the staphylococcal clumping test, was noted to rise significantly within the first 24 hours following injury. Prophylactic in vivo systemic anticoagulation with heparin was ineffective in modifying this response. However, systemic administration of protamine sulfate prevented post-burn elevation of fibrin split products. In vitro fibrin split product concentration in burn sera following the addition of heparin and protamine sulfate, was also analyzed. The results of these experiments elucidated the biochemical effects of protamine sulfate on circulating fibrin degradation products in the rat burn model.", "contents": "Coagulation dynamics following thermal injury: effect of heparin and protamine sulfate. A burned rat model was developed to examine post-burn alterations in coagulation. Fibrin split product concentration, as measured by the staphylococcal clumping test, was noted to rise significantly within the first 24 hours following injury. Prophylactic in vivo systemic anticoagulation with heparin was ineffective in modifying this response. However, systemic administration of protamine sulfate prevented post-burn elevation of fibrin split products. In vitro fibrin split product concentration in burn sera following the addition of heparin and protamine sulfate, was also analyzed. The results of these experiments elucidated the biochemical effects of protamine sulfate on circulating fibrin degradation products in the rat burn model.", "PMID": 1111447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3008", "title": "Villous tumors of the duodenum.", "content": "Villous tumors of the duodenum are rare, but treatment may be problematic because of their association with invasive adenocarcinoma. Two cases of villous tumor of the duodenum are described and 39 other reported cases are reviewed. Presenting symptoms were bleeding 27%; obstruction 24%; jaundice 22% and vague dyspepsia 20%. Diagnosis may be made by radiographic barium contrast evaluation of the duodenum, especially with the addition of air contrast hypotonic studies and by fibro-optic endoscopy. Twenty-seven per cent of villous tumors of the duodenum are associated with adenocarcinoma. Invasive tumor is more common in patients over 50 years old (35%), in tumors of the third and fourth portions of the duodenum (44%) and in tumors over 4 cm in diameter (30%). Local excision is the treatment of choice for benign lesions. Pancreatico-duodenectomy is recommended for tumors which include invasive carcinoma in patients without distal metastases.", "contents": "Villous tumors of the duodenum. Villous tumors of the duodenum are rare, but treatment may be problematic because of their association with invasive adenocarcinoma. Two cases of villous tumor of the duodenum are described and 39 other reported cases are reviewed. Presenting symptoms were bleeding 27%; obstruction 24%; jaundice 22% and vague dyspepsia 20%. Diagnosis may be made by radiographic barium contrast evaluation of the duodenum, especially with the addition of air contrast hypotonic studies and by fibro-optic endoscopy. Twenty-seven per cent of villous tumors of the duodenum are associated with adenocarcinoma. Invasive tumor is more common in patients over 50 years old (35%), in tumors of the third and fourth portions of the duodenum (44%) and in tumors over 4 cm in diameter (30%). Local excision is the treatment of choice for benign lesions. Pancreatico-duodenectomy is recommended for tumors which include invasive carcinoma in patients without distal metastases.", "PMID": 1111448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3009", "title": "Experimental and clinical application of microvascular surgery.", "content": "The object of these studies was the development of a technique whereby a vessel of 1 mm or smaller could be easily anastomosed. In total replantation of rabbit ears, only 3 ears survived replantation in 80 attempts in the first series. In the second series of 80, 35 ears survived completely, 3 ears partially survived and 8 additional ears survived the postoperative period, but the rabbits died within 2 weeks due to diarrhea. Thirty-five ears failed and venous obstruction was the primary cause. Free transplantation of a great toe and a second toe to recreate a thumb is also described. The operative procedure of the great toe to thumb transplantation does not appear to be difficult. Six months after operation, the function of the newly created thumb was good. The second toe to thumb transfer was more difficult technically compared to the great toe to thumb transfer due to the much smaller size of the digital vessels of the second toe. However, removal of the second toe causes less disadvantage than the removal of the great toe. Nine months postoperatively, the function of the newly created thumb was satisfactory. Digital replantation is described with 36 cases with 65 complete finger amputations. Thirty-two with 45 fingers survived the reattachment. Repair of one artery per digit is sufficient, although two probably are better. A minimum of 2 veins per digit must be repaired. Prompt re-exploration is imperative if postoperative circulatory impairment occurs. In this group, arterial obstruction was more frequent than venous obstruction as the cause of replantation failure. The function of the replanted fingers is satisfactory in the majority of the cases.", "contents": "Experimental and clinical application of microvascular surgery. The object of these studies was the development of a technique whereby a vessel of 1 mm or smaller could be easily anastomosed. In total replantation of rabbit ears, only 3 ears survived replantation in 80 attempts in the first series. In the second series of 80, 35 ears survived completely, 3 ears partially survived and 8 additional ears survived the postoperative period, but the rabbits died within 2 weeks due to diarrhea. Thirty-five ears failed and venous obstruction was the primary cause. Free transplantation of a great toe and a second toe to recreate a thumb is also described. The operative procedure of the great toe to thumb transplantation does not appear to be difficult. Six months after operation, the function of the newly created thumb was good. The second toe to thumb transfer was more difficult technically compared to the great toe to thumb transfer due to the much smaller size of the digital vessels of the second toe. However, removal of the second toe causes less disadvantage than the removal of the great toe. Nine months postoperatively, the function of the newly created thumb was satisfactory. Digital replantation is described with 36 cases with 65 complete finger amputations. Thirty-two with 45 fingers survived the reattachment. Repair of one artery per digit is sufficient, although two probably are better. A minimum of 2 veins per digit must be repaired. Prompt re-exploration is imperative if postoperative circulatory impairment occurs. In this group, arterial obstruction was more frequent than venous obstruction as the cause of replantation failure. The function of the replanted fingers is satisfactory in the majority of the cases.", "PMID": 1111449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3010", "title": "Femoroperoneal bypass: evaluation of potential for revascularization of the severely ischemic lower extremity.", "content": "In 79 patients in whom distal small vessel bypass with autogenous vein was used for revascularization because of gangrene, gangrenous ulceration or rest pain, 14 had femoroperoneal bypasses. Femorotibial or femoroperoneal bypasses were performed in those patients in whom no popliteal runoff was present on pre-operative arteriogram. Femoroperoneal bypass was performed in preference to primary amputation in each case. Nine of 14 (64.3%) of femoroperoneal bypasses were functional whereas 57 of 79 (72.2%) of total distal bypasses to small vessels were functional. Salvage of severely ischemic lower extremities was achieved in 5 of 14 (35.7%) patients after femoroperoneal bypass and in 46 of 65 (70.8%) patients after bypass to anterior tibial or posterior tibial arteries. Graft patency without limb salvage occurred in 4 of 9 (44.4%) patients with patent femoroperoneal bypasses and in only 2 of 48 (4.2%) of patients with femorotibial bypass. Although limb salvage rate is considerably less with femoroperoneal than femorotibial or femoropopliteal bypass, attempted limb revascularization by peroneal bypasses is preferable to primary amputation in patients with rest pain, gangrenous ulceration or gangrene.", "contents": "Femoroperoneal bypass: evaluation of potential for revascularization of the severely ischemic lower extremity. In 79 patients in whom distal small vessel bypass with autogenous vein was used for revascularization because of gangrene, gangrenous ulceration or rest pain, 14 had femoroperoneal bypasses. Femorotibial or femoroperoneal bypasses were performed in those patients in whom no popliteal runoff was present on pre-operative arteriogram. Femoroperoneal bypass was performed in preference to primary amputation in each case. Nine of 14 (64.3%) of femoroperoneal bypasses were functional whereas 57 of 79 (72.2%) of total distal bypasses to small vessels were functional. Salvage of severely ischemic lower extremities was achieved in 5 of 14 (35.7%) patients after femoroperoneal bypass and in 46 of 65 (70.8%) patients after bypass to anterior tibial or posterior tibial arteries. Graft patency without limb salvage occurred in 4 of 9 (44.4%) patients with patent femoroperoneal bypasses and in only 2 of 48 (4.2%) of patients with femorotibial bypass. Although limb salvage rate is considerably less with femoroperoneal than femorotibial or femoropopliteal bypass, attempted limb revascularization by peroneal bypasses is preferable to primary amputation in patients with rest pain, gangrenous ulceration or gangrene.", "PMID": 1111450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3011", "title": "Effect of antrectomy and subsequent vagotomy on the serum gastrin response to food in dogs.", "content": "The effect of food on serum gastrin and gastric acid secretion has been studied in dogs with denervated pouches before and after antrectomy and subsequent vagotomy. A Billroth I anastomosis was used in one group of dogs and a Billroth II in the other. Serum gastrin was measured by radioimmunoassay. In both groups of dogs antrectomy significantly depressed mean basal levels of serum gastrin and abolished the rise in serum gastrin in response to a meat meal. Meal-induced pouch acid secretion was considerably lowered by antrectomy after either Billroth I or Billroth II anastomosis. Vagotomy after antrectomy increased basal levels of gastrin, but did not restore the serum gastrin response to a meat meal in either group of dogs. It is suggested that biologically active forms of gastrin are released from the antrum in response to a meal. Biologically inactive basal levels of gastrin apparently originate from extra-antral sources. The post-vagotomy increase in basal (static) gastrin suggests vagal control of the metabolism of static, extra-antral gastrin.", "contents": "Effect of antrectomy and subsequent vagotomy on the serum gastrin response to food in dogs. The effect of food on serum gastrin and gastric acid secretion has been studied in dogs with denervated pouches before and after antrectomy and subsequent vagotomy. A Billroth I anastomosis was used in one group of dogs and a Billroth II in the other. Serum gastrin was measured by radioimmunoassay. In both groups of dogs antrectomy significantly depressed mean basal levels of serum gastrin and abolished the rise in serum gastrin in response to a meat meal. Meal-induced pouch acid secretion was considerably lowered by antrectomy after either Billroth I or Billroth II anastomosis. Vagotomy after antrectomy increased basal levels of gastrin, but did not restore the serum gastrin response to a meat meal in either group of dogs. It is suggested that biologically active forms of gastrin are released from the antrum in response to a meal. Biologically inactive basal levels of gastrin apparently originate from extra-antral sources. The post-vagotomy increase in basal (static) gastrin suggests vagal control of the metabolism of static, extra-antral gastrin.", "PMID": 1111451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3012", "title": "Determinants of cardiac output during experimental therapeutic hemodilution.", "content": "In 20 dogs, blood loss of 20 ml/kg during thoracotomy was immediately replaced with 40 ml/kg of 2.5% dextran-40 or dextran-70 in saline. An immediate rise in blood volume, associated with a decrease in hematocrit and blood viscosity, produced a marked rise in cardiac output. This effect was slightly greater with dextran-40. During the first four hours after infusion of dextran-40, both blood volume and cardiac output fell below control levels. Blood volume and cardiac output remained at or near control levels during this period in the group receiving dextran-70. In both groups, blood viscosity and hematocrit remained low throughout the study, but cardiac output increased only in response to an increase in blood volume. Twenty-four hours after infusion of either dextran-40 or dextran-70, hematocrit had decreased further, presumably due to postoperative blood loss while blood volume and cardiac output remained at or near control levels. During isovolemic hemodilution in this experimental setting, cardiac output responded primarily to changes in blood volume rather than blood viscosity. Therefore, decreased oxygen availability during hemodilution was compensated only by a rise in oxygen extraction.", "contents": "Determinants of cardiac output during experimental therapeutic hemodilution. In 20 dogs, blood loss of 20 ml/kg during thoracotomy was immediately replaced with 40 ml/kg of 2.5% dextran-40 or dextran-70 in saline. An immediate rise in blood volume, associated with a decrease in hematocrit and blood viscosity, produced a marked rise in cardiac output. This effect was slightly greater with dextran-40. During the first four hours after infusion of dextran-40, both blood volume and cardiac output fell below control levels. Blood volume and cardiac output remained at or near control levels during this period in the group receiving dextran-70. In both groups, blood viscosity and hematocrit remained low throughout the study, but cardiac output increased only in response to an increase in blood volume. Twenty-four hours after infusion of either dextran-40 or dextran-70, hematocrit had decreased further, presumably due to postoperative blood loss while blood volume and cardiac output remained at or near control levels. During isovolemic hemodilution in this experimental setting, cardiac output responded primarily to changes in blood volume rather than blood viscosity. Therefore, decreased oxygen availability during hemodilution was compensated only by a rise in oxygen extraction.", "PMID": 1111452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3013", "title": "Efficacy of intravenous clindamycin and methicillin in gram-positive soft tissue infections.", "content": "In a comparative study on a general surgical service, intravenous clindamycin phosphate or methicillin was used to treat a variety of soft tissue infections due to gram-positive organisms, chiefly staphylococci. The infections were rated according to severity, responsible organisms, and site of the infection. Excellent or good clinical and bacteriologic responses were obtained with both clindamycin and methicillin as adjuncts to basic surgical therapy in these soft tissue infections. The adverse effects of each drug were detailed, and were comparable. Clindamycin phosphate is a satisfactory substitute for methicillin in soft tissue infections secondary to gram-positive organisms.", "contents": "Efficacy of intravenous clindamycin and methicillin in gram-positive soft tissue infections. In a comparative study on a general surgical service, intravenous clindamycin phosphate or methicillin was used to treat a variety of soft tissue infections due to gram-positive organisms, chiefly staphylococci. The infections were rated according to severity, responsible organisms, and site of the infection. Excellent or good clinical and bacteriologic responses were obtained with both clindamycin and methicillin as adjuncts to basic surgical therapy in these soft tissue infections. The adverse effects of each drug were detailed, and were comparable. Clindamycin phosphate is a satisfactory substitute for methicillin in soft tissue infections secondary to gram-positive organisms.", "PMID": 1111453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3014", "title": "The ability of an elemental diet to support nutrition and adaptation in the short gut syndrome.", "content": "85% enterectomy or jejunal biopsy was randomly carried out on 80 male Sprague-Dawley rats, 300-350 gm. After recovery, rats in each group were randomly fed either elemental diet (ED) or rat chow. All rats were sacrificed 8 weeks postoperatively. Biopsied rats gained more weight with ED than chow (22% vs. 18%; p less than .01). Resection produced greater weight loss than biopsy (p less than .01) and slower gain (p less than .01). The failure to gain was most marked in ED rats, significantly less than in the chow group (p less than .05) by week two. A fall in hemoglobin, protein and albumin was seen: neither the fall nor difference between the groups was significant (p greater than .05). Enterectomized chow rats ate 22% more than their controls (p greater than .05). Increase in bowel length after resection, equally divided between jejunum and ileum, was 21% with ED and 26% with chow. Gut diameter after resection increased 104% and 98% with chow and ED, respectively. Villus height increased 65% in the jejunum of both enterectomized groups and 85% and 78% with chow and ED, respectively, in the ileum. Changes in gut length, diameter and villus height are significant in each group (p less than .01) but not between groups (p greater than .05).", "contents": "The ability of an elemental diet to support nutrition and adaptation in the short gut syndrome. 85% enterectomy or jejunal biopsy was randomly carried out on 80 male Sprague-Dawley rats, 300-350 gm. After recovery, rats in each group were randomly fed either elemental diet (ED) or rat chow. All rats were sacrificed 8 weeks postoperatively. Biopsied rats gained more weight with ED than chow (22% vs. 18%; p less than .01). Resection produced greater weight loss than biopsy (p less than .01) and slower gain (p less than .01). The failure to gain was most marked in ED rats, significantly less than in the chow group (p less than .05) by week two. A fall in hemoglobin, protein and albumin was seen: neither the fall nor difference between the groups was significant (p greater than .05). Enterectomized chow rats ate 22% more than their controls (p greater than .05). Increase in bowel length after resection, equally divided between jejunum and ileum, was 21% with ED and 26% with chow. Gut diameter after resection increased 104% and 98% with chow and ED, respectively. Villus height increased 65% in the jejunum of both enterectomized groups and 85% and 78% with chow and ED, respectively, in the ileum. Changes in gut length, diameter and villus height are significant in each group (p less than .01) but not between groups (p greater than .05).", "PMID": 1111455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3015", "title": "The differentiation of primary hyperparathyroidism from the hypercalcemia of malignancy.", "content": "The presence of hypercalcemia in patients with known cancers may be due to the cancers themselves, or to co-existing primary hyperparathyroidism. The differentiation of primary hyperparathyroidism from the hypercalcemia of malignancy is important since the relief of distressing symptoms and prevention of hypercalcemic crises and renal failure can be accomplished relatively easily by parathyroid surgery in the former condition, and only with difficulty, at times, with fluids and drugs in the latter condition. The histories of three recent patients are presented, which demonstrate the difficulties inherent in the differentiation of these conditions. These patients were ultimately found at operation to have primary hyperparathyroidism in addition to malignancies of the cervix, adrenal gland and kidney. In our experience the following have been helpful in establishing a diagnosis; history of hypercalcemia prior to development of cancer, the type of cancer itself, the effect of cancer therapy on the hypercalcemia, and selective venous sampling with radioimmunoassay for parathyroid hormone.", "contents": "The differentiation of primary hyperparathyroidism from the hypercalcemia of malignancy. The presence of hypercalcemia in patients with known cancers may be due to the cancers themselves, or to co-existing primary hyperparathyroidism. The differentiation of primary hyperparathyroidism from the hypercalcemia of malignancy is important since the relief of distressing symptoms and prevention of hypercalcemic crises and renal failure can be accomplished relatively easily by parathyroid surgery in the former condition, and only with difficulty, at times, with fluids and drugs in the latter condition. The histories of three recent patients are presented, which demonstrate the difficulties inherent in the differentiation of these conditions. These patients were ultimately found at operation to have primary hyperparathyroidism in addition to malignancies of the cervix, adrenal gland and kidney. In our experience the following have been helpful in establishing a diagnosis; history of hypercalcemia prior to development of cancer, the type of cancer itself, the effect of cancer therapy on the hypercalcemia, and selective venous sampling with radioimmunoassay for parathyroid hormone.", "PMID": 1111456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3016", "title": "Effect of agitation on platelet aggregation and microaggregate formation in banked blood.", "content": "Blood stored at 4 C in ACD or CPD solution develops microaggregates composed primarily of fibrin and platelets. This debris has been implicated in the pathogenesis of posttraumatic pulmonary insufficiency in man. Recent work indicates that gentle agitation of the blood during storage appears to decrease debris formation. These studies were undertaken to establish more clearly the effect of agitation on debris formation. Blood was drawn in CPD from healthy young males, non-aspirin ingesting donors and stored at 4 C. One-half of the bags were gently and continuously agitated for 21 days and the other half remained stationary. At the end of the storage period, platelet counts and screen filtration pressures were measured. Agitated blood showed significantly less debris formation and significantly higher platelet counts. Gentle agitation was shown to be an effective method for preventing debris formation in banked blood.", "contents": "Effect of agitation on platelet aggregation and microaggregate formation in banked blood. Blood stored at 4 C in ACD or CPD solution develops microaggregates composed primarily of fibrin and platelets. This debris has been implicated in the pathogenesis of posttraumatic pulmonary insufficiency in man. Recent work indicates that gentle agitation of the blood during storage appears to decrease debris formation. These studies were undertaken to establish more clearly the effect of agitation on debris formation. Blood was drawn in CPD from healthy young males, non-aspirin ingesting donors and stored at 4 C. One-half of the bags were gently and continuously agitated for 21 days and the other half remained stationary. At the end of the storage period, platelet counts and screen filtration pressures were measured. Agitated blood showed significantly less debris formation and significantly higher platelet counts. Gentle agitation was shown to be an effective method for preventing debris formation in banked blood.", "PMID": 1111457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3017", "title": "Arterial injury and massive blood loss: a case report of management of pelvic gunshot injury with femoro-subscrotal-femoral bypass and 116 units of blood.", "content": "A case of massive shotgun injury to the left thigh and hip is reported. The patient received 116 units of blood, and a femoro-subscrotal-femoral vein graft was employed to save the left leg. A Teflon wool blood transfusion filter, used from the beginning of therapy, was believed to have been a major factor in preventing significant pulmonary complications.", "contents": "Arterial injury and massive blood loss: a case report of management of pelvic gunshot injury with femoro-subscrotal-femoral bypass and 116 units of blood. A case of massive shotgun injury to the left thigh and hip is reported. The patient received 116 units of blood, and a femoro-subscrotal-femoral vein graft was employed to save the left leg. A Teflon wool blood transfusion filter, used from the beginning of therapy, was believed to have been a major factor in preventing significant pulmonary complications.", "PMID": 1111458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3018", "title": "Mouse myeloma. A model for studies of cell kinetics.", "content": "The mouse plasma cell tumor Adj PC-5 grows slowly due to a large loss of cells from the growth fraction into nonprolifeative, end-stage cells. All tumor cells with the capacity to form a colony appear to be in cell cycle. Marked tumor specificity of several alkylating agents could not be explaned by differences in the porliferative state of myeloma and normal marrow cells. The sensitivity of different mouse myelomas to an alkylating agent varies considerably. The factors determining whether a mouse myeloma is sensitive to an alkylating agent are probably related to structure of the agent and intrinsic properties of the cell, rather than to the agent's mechanism of action.", "contents": "Mouse myeloma. A model for studies of cell kinetics. The mouse plasma cell tumor Adj PC-5 grows slowly due to a large loss of cells from the growth fraction into nonprolifeative, end-stage cells. All tumor cells with the capacity to form a colony appear to be in cell cycle. Marked tumor specificity of several alkylating agents could not be explaned by differences in the porliferative state of myeloma and normal marrow cells. The sensitivity of different mouse myelomas to an alkylating agent varies considerably. The factors determining whether a mouse myeloma is sensitive to an alkylating agent are probably related to structure of the agent and intrinsic properties of the cell, rather than to the agent's mechanism of action.", "PMID": 1111459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3019", "title": "In vitro and in vivo alterations of long-term murine plasmacytoma cultures.", "content": "Mouse myeloma cell line (SLU-5) that has undergone lengthy propagation in vitro and become nononcogenic was compared with an earlier oncogenic passage of cells. Immunogenicity of cells cultured for various periods of time was compared with that of the original tumor (MOPC-21). The nononcogenic cells were most immunogenic. Cells that were nononcogenic in normal mice produced tumors in nonlethally irradiated mice. Clones isolated from oncogenic and nononcogenic populations varied widely with respect to ability to produce tumors in mice and to specific globulin production.", "contents": "In vitro and in vivo alterations of long-term murine plasmacytoma cultures. Mouse myeloma cell line (SLU-5) that has undergone lengthy propagation in vitro and become nononcogenic was compared with an earlier oncogenic passage of cells. Immunogenicity of cells cultured for various periods of time was compared with that of the original tumor (MOPC-21). The nononcogenic cells were most immunogenic. Cells that were nononcogenic in normal mice produced tumors in nonlethally irradiated mice. Clones isolated from oncogenic and nononcogenic populations varied widely with respect to ability to produce tumors in mice and to specific globulin production.", "PMID": 1111460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3020", "title": "Monitoring myelomatosis.", "content": "There is evidence for the value of the following tests in the diagnosis, monitoring, and prognosis of myelomatosis: (1) serum paraprotein measurements, (2) urine paraprotein (including Bence Jones) measurements, (3) serum ablumin, (4) serum urea, (5) proteins in the urine other than those in 2, and (6) hemoglobin level. During treatment, increased rate of rise in 1 or 2, disproportionate increase in 2, emergence of related paraprotein, loss of 1 or 2 with reticulosarcomatous change, and monocytic leukemia suggest that more malignant subclones can emerge from the original myeloma clone, possibly due to drugs acting on DNA.", "contents": "Monitoring myelomatosis. There is evidence for the value of the following tests in the diagnosis, monitoring, and prognosis of myelomatosis: (1) serum paraprotein measurements, (2) urine paraprotein (including Bence Jones) measurements, (3) serum ablumin, (4) serum urea, (5) proteins in the urine other than those in 2, and (6) hemoglobin level. During treatment, increased rate of rise in 1 or 2, disproportionate increase in 2, emergence of related paraprotein, loss of 1 or 2 with reticulosarcomatous change, and monocytic leukemia suggest that more malignant subclones can emerge from the original myeloma clone, possibly due to drugs acting on DNA.", "PMID": 1111461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3021", "title": "Clinical classification of plasma cell myeloma.", "content": "Clinical and electrophoretic data were evaluated in 334 consecutive patients with myeloma or monoclonal peaks on serum or urine electrophoresis. Of the 242 patients with myeloma, 7% had localized plasmacytomas with absent or low level monoclonal peaks on electrophoresis and received only radiotherapy to focal disease areas. Chemotherapy was also withheld from eight other patients in an indolent clinical phase of multiple myeloma. Disease progression was apparent in about one third of the patients with localized and indolent myeloma within 12 months. Forty-three patients had idiopathic peaks on serum electrophoresis; more than 90% were of the IgG type with levels less than 3.0 gm/100 ml. Serial elecrtophoreses, immunoglobulin quantitations, and skeletal radiographs are recommended for the evaluation of patients with idiopathic peaks, the classification of early phases of myeloma, and the confirmation of tumor mass change.", "contents": "Clinical classification of plasma cell myeloma. Clinical and electrophoretic data were evaluated in 334 consecutive patients with myeloma or monoclonal peaks on serum or urine electrophoresis. Of the 242 patients with myeloma, 7% had localized plasmacytomas with absent or low level monoclonal peaks on electrophoresis and received only radiotherapy to focal disease areas. Chemotherapy was also withheld from eight other patients in an indolent clinical phase of multiple myeloma. Disease progression was apparent in about one third of the patients with localized and indolent myeloma within 12 months. Forty-three patients had idiopathic peaks on serum electrophoresis; more than 90% were of the IgG type with levels less than 3.0 gm/100 ml. Serial elecrtophoreses, immunoglobulin quantitations, and skeletal radiographs are recommended for the evaluation of patients with idiopathic peaks, the classification of early phases of myeloma, and the confirmation of tumor mass change.", "PMID": 1111462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3022", "title": "Remission maintenance therapy for multiple myeloma.", "content": "The effects of various regimens of melphalan combination chemotherapy were evaluated in 508 patients with multiple myeloma. No value was confirmed from the addition of procarbazine or vincristine sulfate to melphalan-prednisone combinations. Ninety-six patients who responded to treatment were allocated at random to one of three maintenance regimens, namely intermittent courses of carmustine with prednisone, continued courses of melphalan with prednisone, or no chemotherapy. There were no differences in the frequency of relapse, the remission duration, or the survival time among these maintenace groups. The frequencies of pneumonia and herpes zoster were higher in patients receiving continued chemotherapy. Continued melphalan-prednisone chemotherapy after the first year is of no major value to responding patients with multiple cyeloma. Attempts to reduce tumor mass maximally with a change in therapy are justified.", "contents": "Remission maintenance therapy for multiple myeloma. The effects of various regimens of melphalan combination chemotherapy were evaluated in 508 patients with multiple myeloma. No value was confirmed from the addition of procarbazine or vincristine sulfate to melphalan-prednisone combinations. Ninety-six patients who responded to treatment were allocated at random to one of three maintenance regimens, namely intermittent courses of carmustine with prednisone, continued courses of melphalan with prednisone, or no chemotherapy. There were no differences in the frequency of relapse, the remission duration, or the survival time among these maintenace groups. The frequencies of pneumonia and herpes zoster were higher in patients receiving continued chemotherapy. Continued melphalan-prednisone chemotherapy after the first year is of no major value to responding patients with multiple cyeloma. Attempts to reduce tumor mass maximally with a change in therapy are justified.", "PMID": 1111463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3023", "title": "Treatment of myeloma. Comparison of melphalan, chlorambucil, and azathioprine.", "content": "A randomized study compared the response of patients with multiple myeloma to chlorambucil, melphalan, and azathioprine. All patients also received a combination of prednisone and fluoxymesterone. Seventy-three of 86 patients entered on the study could have evaluations. The results indicate that melphatan produced more responses than either azathioprine or chlorambucil, but responses to both of these agents were observed. No difference was noted between survival curves for patients with no poor-risk factors as compared to those having at least one poor-risk factor. The only poor-risk factor affecting survival in this group of patients was the blood urea nitrogen level.", "contents": "Treatment of myeloma. Comparison of melphalan, chlorambucil, and azathioprine. A randomized study compared the response of patients with multiple myeloma to chlorambucil, melphalan, and azathioprine. All patients also received a combination of prednisone and fluoxymesterone. Seventy-three of 86 patients entered on the study could have evaluations. The results indicate that melphatan produced more responses than either azathioprine or chlorambucil, but responses to both of these agents were observed. No difference was noted between survival curves for patients with no poor-risk factors as compared to those having at least one poor-risk factor. The only poor-risk factor affecting survival in this group of patients was the blood urea nitrogen level.", "PMID": 1111464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3024", "title": "Sequential therapy compared with combination therapy in multiple myeloma.", "content": "A timed sequential chemotherapeutic regimen for multiple myeloma was desinged, based on plasma cell kinetics. A randomized study comparing this regimen with the combination of intermittent melphalan and prednisone was started after an adequate pilot study. Studies with tritiated thymidine labeling and mitotic indexes were performed on patients treated with sequential therapy. Of 13 patients treated with the combination therapy, the responses were as follows: two, objective improvement; nine, subjective improvement; and two, no responses. Of nine patients treated with sequential therapy, the responses in six patients who could have evaluations were as follows: one, objective improvement; two, subjective improvement; one, no response; one, with progressive disease; and one, cardiac death. The two studies showed differences in pertubation of cell kinetics of myeloma that may be related to exponential growth and immunoblobulin types.", "contents": "Sequential therapy compared with combination therapy in multiple myeloma. A timed sequential chemotherapeutic regimen for multiple myeloma was desinged, based on plasma cell kinetics. A randomized study comparing this regimen with the combination of intermittent melphalan and prednisone was started after an adequate pilot study. Studies with tritiated thymidine labeling and mitotic indexes were performed on patients treated with sequential therapy. Of 13 patients treated with the combination therapy, the responses were as follows: two, objective improvement; nine, subjective improvement; and two, no responses. Of nine patients treated with sequential therapy, the responses in six patients who could have evaluations were as follows: one, objective improvement; two, subjective improvement; one, no response; one, with progressive disease; and one, cardiac death. The two studies showed differences in pertubation of cell kinetics of myeloma that may be related to exponential growth and immunoblobulin types.", "PMID": 1111465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3025", "title": "Present status of immunoglobulin research.", "content": "Antibodies have been known as important proteins, and, in recent years, understanding of their composition, synthesis, and genetic control has progressed rapidly. These aspects, as well as developments in the areas of structure, including function correlations, membrane immunoglobulin as recognition units, and antibody as regulator molecule, are reviewed. The flow of information development in recent years serves as a basis for projections into coming years, especially in the areas of more aggressive use of antibodies in therapy.", "contents": "Present status of immunoglobulin research. Antibodies have been known as important proteins, and, in recent years, understanding of their composition, synthesis, and genetic control has progressed rapidly. These aspects, as well as developments in the areas of structure, including function correlations, membrane immunoglobulin as recognition units, and antibody as regulator molecule, are reviewed. The flow of information development in recent years serves as a basis for projections into coming years, especially in the areas of more aggressive use of antibodies in therapy.", "PMID": 1111468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3026", "title": "Chemical typing of immunoglobulins and their subtypes.", "content": "An analytical method, described herein, is based on differences in the primary structure of immunoglobulins and their subclasses. This method is independent of the supply of specific antisera, is simple and inexpensive to perform, and is fully reproducible. The distribution of subtypes of IgG and IgA resembled published results from immunological studies. Finding of differences in the distribution of subclasses of IgG proteins in patients with light-chain disease or in the absence of M-protein is of special interest.", "contents": "Chemical typing of immunoglobulins and their subtypes. An analytical method, described herein, is based on differences in the primary structure of immunoglobulins and their subclasses. This method is independent of the supply of specific antisera, is simple and inexpensive to perform, and is fully reproducible. The distribution of subtypes of IgG and IgA resembled published results from immunological studies. Finding of differences in the distribution of subclasses of IgG proteins in patients with light-chain disease or in the absence of M-protein is of special interest.", "PMID": 1111469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3027", "title": "Correlation of abnormal immunoglobulin with clinical features of myeloma.", "content": "Physical and chemical characteristics of the abnormal immunoglobulin as well as the immunoglobulin type are important determinants of the clinical features and prognosis in myeloma. A review of 270 cases of myeloma studied by the Acute Leukemia Group B showed that survival was adversely affected by azotemia. The presence of Bence Jones proteinuria adversely influenced survival even in patients who were not initially azotemic. The presence of lambda-type Bence Jones proteinuria resulted in greatly shortened survival in contrast to kappa-type Bence Jones proteinuria in the absence, or presence, of a serum IgG M-protein. The adverse effect of lambda-type Bence Jones protein could not be demonstrated in patients with IgA myeloma. Patients with IgA myeloma were found to have a noticeably shorter survival than those with IgG myeloma.", "contents": "Correlation of abnormal immunoglobulin with clinical features of myeloma. Physical and chemical characteristics of the abnormal immunoglobulin as well as the immunoglobulin type are important determinants of the clinical features and prognosis in myeloma. A review of 270 cases of myeloma studied by the Acute Leukemia Group B showed that survival was adversely affected by azotemia. The presence of Bence Jones proteinuria adversely influenced survival even in patients who were not initially azotemic. The presence of lambda-type Bence Jones proteinuria resulted in greatly shortened survival in contrast to kappa-type Bence Jones proteinuria in the absence, or presence, of a serum IgG M-protein. The adverse effect of lambda-type Bence Jones protein could not be demonstrated in patients with IgA myeloma. Patients with IgA myeloma were found to have a noticeably shorter survival than those with IgG myeloma.", "PMID": 1111470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3028", "title": "Mu-chain disease.", "content": "The clinical and laboratory features of the seven known patients with heavy chain disease showed that all but one had chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Two common and striking features are the presence of kappa-type Bence Jones proteins and vacuolated plasma cells in the marrow.", "contents": "Mu-chain disease. The clinical and laboratory features of the seven known patients with heavy chain disease showed that all but one had chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Two common and striking features are the presence of kappa-type Bence Jones proteins and vacuolated plasma cells in the marrow.", "PMID": 1111471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3029", "title": "IgD multiple myeloma. Review of 133 cases.", "content": "One hundred thirty-three patients had IgD myeloma. The IgD comprises 0.8% of M-components in general and 2.1% of myelomas in particular. Males predominate and 65% of the patients are younger than 60 years at the diagnosis. More than half of the patients have lymphadenopathy, hepatomegaly, or splenomegaly. Extraosseous spread and amyloidosis are frequent. Severe anemia and azotemia are common. Total serum protein and IgD M-component levels are usually not high. LAMBDA-type light chains are found in 90% of IgD M-components. Bence Jones proteinimia is frequent and Bence Jones proteinuria appears in almost all patients. Mean survival is 13.7 months from diagnosis. The IgD is different from IgG and IgA myeloma, indicating that the clinical picture and course of multiple cyeloma may be related to the class and type of M-component.", "contents": "IgD multiple myeloma. Review of 133 cases. One hundred thirty-three patients had IgD myeloma. The IgD comprises 0.8% of M-components in general and 2.1% of myelomas in particular. Males predominate and 65% of the patients are younger than 60 years at the diagnosis. More than half of the patients have lymphadenopathy, hepatomegaly, or splenomegaly. Extraosseous spread and amyloidosis are frequent. Severe anemia and azotemia are common. Total serum protein and IgD M-component levels are usually not high. LAMBDA-type light chains are found in 90% of IgD M-components. Bence Jones proteinimia is frequent and Bence Jones proteinuria appears in almost all patients. Mean survival is 13.7 months from diagnosis. The IgD is different from IgG and IgA myeloma, indicating that the clinical picture and course of multiple cyeloma may be related to the class and type of M-component.", "PMID": 1111472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3030", "title": "Psychodynamic changes in untreated neurotic patients. II. Apparently genuine improvements.", "content": "This work is part of a study of 45 neurotic patients who were seen for consultation at the Tavistock Clinic but who never received treatment, and who, by the time they were asked to come for follow-up, had never been interviewed by a psychiatrist more than twice in their whole lives. In a previous report, we described 13 patients who were at least \"improved\" on purely symptomatic criteria but whom we did not regard as improved on dynamic criteria. Here, we describe 11 patients who were judged to be improved on dynamic criteria. These patients are of extraordinary interest, providing not only direct evidence of therapeutic mechanisms in everyday life\u0101n answer to a question posed by Strupp and Bergin in 1969but also, quite unexpectedly, evidence about the therapeutic effects of single interviews.", "contents": "Psychodynamic changes in untreated neurotic patients. II. Apparently genuine improvements. This work is part of a study of 45 neurotic patients who were seen for consultation at the Tavistock Clinic but who never received treatment, and who, by the time they were asked to come for follow-up, had never been interviewed by a psychiatrist more than twice in their whole lives. In a previous report, we described 13 patients who were at least \"improved\" on purely symptomatic criteria but whom we did not regard as improved on dynamic criteria. Here, we describe 11 patients who were judged to be improved on dynamic criteria. These patients are of extraordinary interest, providing not only direct evidence of therapeutic mechanisms in everyday life\u0101n answer to a question posed by Strupp and Bergin in 1969but also, quite unexpectedly, evidence about the therapeutic effects of single interviews.", "PMID": 1111473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3031", "title": "Psychoanalysis, \"focal psychotherapy,\" and the nature of the therapeutic influence.", "content": "It has traditionally been asserted that the nature of the therapeutic influence in psychoanalysis is qualitatively different from that in \"psychotherapy.\" This thesis is considered untendable. Analysis of a case history by Balint, Ornstein, and Balint shows evidence that therapeutic change can be conceptualized more parsimoniously along lines other than those traditionally preferred. The therapist establishes himself as a good parent or authority figure vis-a-vis the patient, and within that context mediates important lessons in nonneurotic constructive living. Given strong motivation to seek change, the patient is won over to a point of view different from the one that has, in essential respects, guided his life in the past, and he has to make these teachings his own. Analytic therapy is an education for optimal personal freedom in the context of social living.", "contents": "Psychoanalysis, \"focal psychotherapy,\" and the nature of the therapeutic influence. It has traditionally been asserted that the nature of the therapeutic influence in psychoanalysis is qualitatively different from that in \"psychotherapy.\" This thesis is considered untendable. Analysis of a case history by Balint, Ornstein, and Balint shows evidence that therapeutic change can be conceptualized more parsimoniously along lines other than those traditionally preferred. The therapist establishes himself as a good parent or authority figure vis-a-vis the patient, and within that context mediates important lessons in nonneurotic constructive living. Given strong motivation to seek change, the patient is won over to a point of view different from the one that has, in essential respects, guided his life in the past, and he has to make these teachings his own. Analytic therapy is an education for optimal personal freedom in the context of social living.", "PMID": 1111474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3032", "title": "Growth hormone responses to hypoglycemia in postmenopausal depressed women.", "content": "Human growth hormone (HGH) responses to insulin-induced hypoglycemia were measured in ten postmenopausal women suffering from primary unipolar depressive illness, and in ten age-matched normal postmenopausal women. The mean maximal HGH response in the depressed patients was 4.6 plus or minus 4.4 ng/ml, and in the normals 13.3 plus or minus 9.8 ng/ml (P less than .05). All of the normal subjects had clinically adequate HGH responses, in contrast to only four of the depressed patients (P less than .01). The blood glucose responses were virtually the same in the two groups. Since brain catecholamines play a major role in mediating HGH responses to hypoglycemia, the findings are consistent with the hypothesis of diminished functional catecholaminergic activity in the depressed patients.", "contents": "Growth hormone responses to hypoglycemia in postmenopausal depressed women. Human growth hormone (HGH) responses to insulin-induced hypoglycemia were measured in ten postmenopausal women suffering from primary unipolar depressive illness, and in ten age-matched normal postmenopausal women. The mean maximal HGH response in the depressed patients was 4.6 plus or minus 4.4 ng/ml, and in the normals 13.3 plus or minus 9.8 ng/ml (P less than .05). All of the normal subjects had clinically adequate HGH responses, in contrast to only four of the depressed patients (P less than .01). The blood glucose responses were virtually the same in the two groups. Since brain catecholamines play a major role in mediating HGH responses to hypoglycemia, the findings are consistent with the hypothesis of diminished functional catecholaminergic activity in the depressed patients.", "PMID": 1111475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3033", "title": "Familial associations with EEG variants in manic-depressive disease.", "content": "Electroencephalographic (EEG) studies of 60 patients with bipolar manic-depressive disease disclosed an incidence of small sharp spikes plus a few other variations in 47% of the sample. In women these EEG features were significantly associated with a history of mental illness in the patient's mother or the maternal side of the family and an absence of mental disorder in the fathers. The reverse was true of women probands without these EEG characteristics. In the men small sharp spikes did not relate to parental psychopathology but half of the sisters of men with these EEG characteristics were found to be mentally ill. On the basis of these observations and previous work, we hypothesize that the small sharp spike EEG pattern might be an inherited characteristic related in some way to the familal transmission of manic-depressive disease.", "contents": "Familial associations with EEG variants in manic-depressive disease. Electroencephalographic (EEG) studies of 60 patients with bipolar manic-depressive disease disclosed an incidence of small sharp spikes plus a few other variations in 47% of the sample. In women these EEG features were significantly associated with a history of mental illness in the patient's mother or the maternal side of the family and an absence of mental disorder in the fathers. The reverse was true of women probands without these EEG characteristics. In the men small sharp spikes did not relate to parental psychopathology but half of the sisters of men with these EEG characteristics were found to be mentally ill. On the basis of these observations and previous work, we hypothesize that the small sharp spike EEG pattern might be an inherited characteristic related in some way to the familal transmission of manic-depressive disease.", "PMID": 1111476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3034", "title": "Creativity and psychosis. An examination of conceptual style.", "content": "The performance of creative writers on the Goldstein-Sheerer Object-Sorting Test was compared with that of admitted manic and schizophrenic patients. Writers and manics tended to show more behavioral and conceptual overinclusion, but the writers showed substantially more richness and the manics more idiosyncratic thinking. Schizophrenics tended to be underinclusive rather than overinclusive and showed less richness and bizarreness than the writers and manics. These data imply that the conceptual style of writers may resemble mania more than schizophrenia and that, if overinclusiveness is an index of thought disorder, manics may have a more florid thought disorder than schizophrenics.", "contents": "Creativity and psychosis. An examination of conceptual style. The performance of creative writers on the Goldstein-Sheerer Object-Sorting Test was compared with that of admitted manic and schizophrenic patients. Writers and manics tended to show more behavioral and conceptual overinclusion, but the writers showed substantially more richness and the manics more idiosyncratic thinking. Schizophrenics tended to be underinclusive rather than overinclusive and showed less richness and bizarreness than the writers and manics. These data imply that the conceptual style of writers may resemble mania more than schizophrenia and that, if overinclusiveness is an index of thought disorder, manics may have a more florid thought disorder than schizophrenics.", "PMID": 1111477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3035", "title": "Addicted and nonaddicted drug users. A comparison of drug usage patterns.", "content": "Adetailed analysis of drug usage patterns of 101 multidrug-using soldiers disclosed little differentiation between individuals with a history of heroin addiction (N=68) from demographically similar multidrug-using (but nonaddicted) peers (N=33). Prior to the onset of herion addiction, relatively few differences in drug usage patterns emerged between the two groups, and what differences there were indicated more extensive drug use and a more rapid progression of drug use among the nonaddicted users. A \"stepping-stone hypothesis\" of heroin addiction is refuted by these data. Differences in drug use emerge after the intiation of heroin. Within a few months after first heroin use, those who did not become addicted returned to their preheroin experimentation levels of drug taking while the addicted group maintained an escalating pattern of opiate use.", "contents": "Addicted and nonaddicted drug users. A comparison of drug usage patterns. Adetailed analysis of drug usage patterns of 101 multidrug-using soldiers disclosed little differentiation between individuals with a history of heroin addiction (N=68) from demographically similar multidrug-using (but nonaddicted) peers (N=33). Prior to the onset of herion addiction, relatively few differences in drug usage patterns emerged between the two groups, and what differences there were indicated more extensive drug use and a more rapid progression of drug use among the nonaddicted users. A \"stepping-stone hypothesis\" of heroin addiction is refuted by these data. Differences in drug use emerge after the intiation of heroin. Within a few months after first heroin use, those who did not become addicted returned to their preheroin experimentation levels of drug taking while the addicted group maintained an escalating pattern of opiate use.", "PMID": 1111478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3036", "title": "Utilization of medical services by transferred employees. Differential effect of life change on health.", "content": "Some of the health consequences of being transferred to a new job and a new community were examined. The medical records of transferred employees for one year following transfer were compared to the records of a matched control group of more permanently located employees. Because of the authors' clinical observation that an employee's job description was related to the medical response to transfer, the professional and nonprofessional (production and clerical) employees were examined as separate groups. The results demonstrated a greater utilization of health services by transferred nonprofessional, but not by transferred professional employees. The results are discussed in the light of current research in life changes and their relationship to illness.", "contents": "Utilization of medical services by transferred employees. Differential effect of life change on health. Some of the health consequences of being transferred to a new job and a new community were examined. The medical records of transferred employees for one year following transfer were compared to the records of a matched control group of more permanently located employees. Because of the authors' clinical observation that an employee's job description was related to the medical response to transfer, the professional and nonprofessional (production and clerical) employees were examined as separate groups. The results demonstrated a greater utilization of health services by transferred nonprofessional, but not by transferred professional employees. The results are discussed in the light of current research in life changes and their relationship to illness.", "PMID": 1111479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3037", "title": "Dynamic content analysis.", "content": "An experiment was performed to demonstrate that methods of linguistic content analysis suitable for the study of intra-interview processes are both possible and practicable. Six hundred thirty-eight randomly selected psychiatrist were sent rating protocols of machine-mediated interview transcripts (transcripts of interviews conducted by means of remotely located teletypes) and were asked to rate each patient communication on one or more of 13 diagnosis-related rating dimensions. Rank correlation statistics on the raters' levels of agreement were found to be significantly high in 11 of the 13 dimensions. In contrast to the commonly held opinion that psychiatrist lack consistency in their application of diagnostic terms, this study suggests that psychiatrists generally agree in their usage of these terms, provided that the behavioral samples being evaluated are appropriately delimited.", "contents": "Dynamic content analysis. An experiment was performed to demonstrate that methods of linguistic content analysis suitable for the study of intra-interview processes are both possible and practicable. Six hundred thirty-eight randomly selected psychiatrist were sent rating protocols of machine-mediated interview transcripts (transcripts of interviews conducted by means of remotely located teletypes) and were asked to rate each patient communication on one or more of 13 diagnosis-related rating dimensions. Rank correlation statistics on the raters' levels of agreement were found to be significantly high in 11 of the 13 dimensions. In contrast to the commonly held opinion that psychiatrist lack consistency in their application of diagnostic terms, this study suggests that psychiatrists generally agree in their usage of these terms, provided that the behavioral samples being evaluated are appropriately delimited.", "PMID": 1111480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3038", "title": "Ocular involvement in disseminated intravascular coagulopathy.", "content": "Seven cases illustrate the ocular pathology of disseminated intravascular coagulopathy in its several stages, and correlate these changes with the clinical manifestations. The prime abnormalities consisted of detachments of the retina, vacuolar disruption of the pigment epithelium, choroidal hemorrhage, and, most importantly, thrombotic occlusion of the choriocapillaris and of the juxtaposed vessels in the submacular and peripapillary regions. The changes were characteristically symmetrical in the two eyes.", "contents": "Ocular involvement in disseminated intravascular coagulopathy. Seven cases illustrate the ocular pathology of disseminated intravascular coagulopathy in its several stages, and correlate these changes with the clinical manifestations. The prime abnormalities consisted of detachments of the retina, vacuolar disruption of the pigment epithelium, choroidal hemorrhage, and, most importantly, thrombotic occlusion of the choriocapillaris and of the juxtaposed vessels in the submacular and peripapillary regions. The changes were characteristically symmetrical in the two eyes.", "PMID": 1111481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3039", "title": "Geographic atrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium. A manifestation of senile macular degeneration.", "content": "Eleven patients with geographic atrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium secondary to senil macular degeneration are differentiated from central areolar choroidal sclerosis. Although these lesions appear morphologically similar to central areolar choroidal sclerosis, they differ strikingly in age of onset, family history, association with senile disciform macular degeneration, and pathologic features.", "contents": "Geographic atrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium. A manifestation of senile macular degeneration. Eleven patients with geographic atrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium secondary to senil macular degeneration are differentiated from central areolar choroidal sclerosis. Although these lesions appear morphologically similar to central areolar choroidal sclerosis, they differ strikingly in age of onset, family history, association with senile disciform macular degeneration, and pathologic features.", "PMID": 1111482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3040", "title": "Flecked retina. Appearance secondary to oxalate crystals from methoxyflurane anesthesia.", "content": "Calcium oxalate crystals were demonstrated in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) of a 66-year old white man with changes in the fundus oculi consistent with the flecked retina ayndrome. The patient had a history of rheumatoid arthritis, mild hypertension, and mild renal insufficiency presumed due to his hypertension. He underwent prolonged abdominal surgery under methoxyflurane anesthesia, following which he developed acute irreversible renal failure. Calcium oxalate crystals were demonstrated postoperatively in a kidney biopsy specimen. He subsequently was maintained on renal dialysis with decreasing renal function. Several weeks before his death fundus examination revealed a picture suggestive of a flecked retina syndrome. At autopsy, widespread oxalosis was found including crystals in the RPE and in some areas in the neural retina and cillary epithelium.", "contents": "Flecked retina. Appearance secondary to oxalate crystals from methoxyflurane anesthesia. Calcium oxalate crystals were demonstrated in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) of a 66-year old white man with changes in the fundus oculi consistent with the flecked retina ayndrome. The patient had a history of rheumatoid arthritis, mild hypertension, and mild renal insufficiency presumed due to his hypertension. He underwent prolonged abdominal surgery under methoxyflurane anesthesia, following which he developed acute irreversible renal failure. Calcium oxalate crystals were demonstrated postoperatively in a kidney biopsy specimen. He subsequently was maintained on renal dialysis with decreasing renal function. Several weeks before his death fundus examination revealed a picture suggestive of a flecked retina syndrome. At autopsy, widespread oxalosis was found including crystals in the RPE and in some areas in the neural retina and cillary epithelium.", "PMID": 1111483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3041", "title": "Varix of the iris.", "content": "A varix of the iris as a primary vascular lesion without evidence of reactive vascular proliferation secondary to obstructed outflow of a systemic vascular lesion occurred.  No similar cases have been found in the current literature.", "contents": "Varix of the iris. A varix of the iris as a primary vascular lesion without evidence of reactive vascular proliferation secondary to obstructed outflow of a systemic vascular lesion occurred.  No similar cases have been found in the current literature.", "PMID": 1111484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3042", "title": "Peripheral iridectomy with scleral cautery for glaucoma.", "content": "Peripheral iridectomy with cautery (Scheie operation) was carried out on 113 eyes with glaucoma. The results were so favorable and the complications so few that we believe this operation still has an important place in the surgical management of the glaucomas and is noteworthy in the light of the trend to more precise surgery of the canal of Schlemm and the trabeculae.", "contents": "Peripheral iridectomy with scleral cautery for glaucoma. Peripheral iridectomy with cautery (Scheie operation) was carried out on 113 eyes with glaucoma. The results were so favorable and the complications so few that we believe this operation still has an important place in the surgical management of the glaucomas and is noteworthy in the light of the trend to more precise surgery of the canal of Schlemm and the trabeculae.", "PMID": 1111485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3043", "title": "Pilocarpine toxicity. Effects on the rabbit corneal endothelium.", "content": "The effects of pilocarpine on the healthy rabbit corneal endothelium were studied by in vitro perfusion, photography, and electron microscopy. The toxicity of endothelial cells to pilocarpine was doserelated. Photography showed shrinkage of cells exposed to pilocarpine. The most striking ultrastructure changes were margination of nuclear heterochromatin and cytoplasmic vacuolation.", "contents": "Pilocarpine toxicity. Effects on the rabbit corneal endothelium. The effects of pilocarpine on the healthy rabbit corneal endothelium were studied by in vitro perfusion, photography, and electron microscopy. The toxicity of endothelial cells to pilocarpine was doserelated. Photography showed shrinkage of cells exposed to pilocarpine. The most striking ultrastructure changes were margination of nuclear heterochromatin and cytoplasmic vacuolation.", "PMID": 1111486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3044", "title": "Effects of drug vehicles on ocular contact time.", "content": "Radioactive sodium pentechnetate Tc 99m was added to commonly used ophthalmic drug vehicles of saline, 1% methyicellulose, 1.4% polyvinyl alcohol, and a 6:4 mixture of white petrolatum-mineral oil ointment. These drug vehicles containing 99m Tc were placed on both rabbit and human eyes and the rate of disappearance of the radioactivity determined. The ocular retention of 99m Tc by the eye was much longer in the nonblinking eye regardless of the vehicle used. The rate of loss of 99m Tc from the eye was fastest with saline and slowest with the ointment, with methylcellulose and polyvinyl alcohol in between. The longest contact time of the drug vehicle with the eye is afforded by the use of the ointment vehicle and the covering of both eyes.", "contents": "Effects of drug vehicles on ocular contact time. Radioactive sodium pentechnetate Tc 99m was added to commonly used ophthalmic drug vehicles of saline, 1% methyicellulose, 1.4% polyvinyl alcohol, and a 6:4 mixture of white petrolatum-mineral oil ointment. These drug vehicles containing 99m Tc were placed on both rabbit and human eyes and the rate of disappearance of the radioactivity determined. The ocular retention of 99m Tc by the eye was much longer in the nonblinking eye regardless of the vehicle used. The rate of loss of 99m Tc from the eye was fastest with saline and slowest with the ointment, with methylcellulose and polyvinyl alcohol in between. The longest contact time of the drug vehicle with the eye is afforded by the use of the ointment vehicle and the covering of both eyes.", "PMID": 1111487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3045", "title": "Teratogenicities of ophthalmic drugs. I. Antiviral ophthalmic drugs.", "content": "Nonradioactive idoxuridine (IDU,5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine), while not teratogenic to rats, does produce fetal maliformations in rabbits when administered topically to the eye in doses similar to those used clinically, 0.1% four times a day for 12 days. These maliformations include exophthalmos and clubbing of the forelegs. By contrast, trifluorothymidine (F3TdR), another highly effective antiherpetic agent currently under investigation but not available for general use, was found not to be teratogenic to rabbits, even when given in concentrations tenfold greater than the doses used to produce idoxuridine teratogenicity.", "contents": "Teratogenicities of ophthalmic drugs. I. Antiviral ophthalmic drugs. Nonradioactive idoxuridine (IDU,5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine), while not teratogenic to rats, does produce fetal maliformations in rabbits when administered topically to the eye in doses similar to those used clinically, 0.1% four times a day for 12 days. These maliformations include exophthalmos and clubbing of the forelegs. By contrast, trifluorothymidine (F3TdR), another highly effective antiherpetic agent currently under investigation but not available for general use, was found not to be teratogenic to rabbits, even when given in concentrations tenfold greater than the doses used to produce idoxuridine teratogenicity.", "PMID": 1111488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3046", "title": "Teratogenicities of ophthalmic drugs. II. Teratogenicities and tissue accumulation of thimerosal.", "content": "Under the conditions of this study, systemically or topically applied thimerosal was found to have no teratogenic effect even when given in concentrations approaching the 50% lethal dose of these compounds. A comparison of topical and subcutaneous administration of thimerosal to rabbits shows that a substantial concentration of mercury was present in blood and tissues of the treated animals and their offspring. Thimerosal was found to cross the blood-brain and placenta barriers.", "contents": "Teratogenicities of ophthalmic drugs. II. Teratogenicities and tissue accumulation of thimerosal. Under the conditions of this study, systemically or topically applied thimerosal was found to have no teratogenic effect even when given in concentrations approaching the 50% lethal dose of these compounds. A comparison of topical and subcutaneous administration of thimerosal to rabbits shows that a substantial concentration of mercury was present in blood and tissues of the treated animals and their offspring. Thimerosal was found to cross the blood-brain and placenta barriers.", "PMID": 1111489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3047", "title": "Human subretinal fluid. Its cellular and subcellular components.", "content": "A light and electron microscopical study of subretinal fluid removed at surgery for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment showed a heterogeneity of cell types originating from the neural retina, pigment epithelium, and wandering cells of the blood. Subcellular organelles sedimenting in the centrifuged pellets could be identified as to cell of origin, health of the parent cell, and time since cell rupture. Acellular specimens were typical of angiomatous detachments or long-standing rhegmatogenous detachments. Because various mechanisms of cellular pathophysiology contribute to the destructive and reparative processes during retina detachment, the cytologic analysis of subretinal fluid becomes a useful tool in understanding the biological processes that affect visual recovery or impairment after successful retinal detachment surgery.", "contents": "Human subretinal fluid. Its cellular and subcellular components. A light and electron microscopical study of subretinal fluid removed at surgery for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment showed a heterogeneity of cell types originating from the neural retina, pigment epithelium, and wandering cells of the blood. Subcellular organelles sedimenting in the centrifuged pellets could be identified as to cell of origin, health of the parent cell, and time since cell rupture. Acellular specimens were typical of angiomatous detachments or long-standing rhegmatogenous detachments. Because various mechanisms of cellular pathophysiology contribute to the destructive and reparative processes during retina detachment, the cytologic analysis of subretinal fluid becomes a useful tool in understanding the biological processes that affect visual recovery or impairment after successful retinal detachment surgery.", "PMID": 1111490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3048", "title": "Visual evoked responses in the assessment of field defects in glaucoma.", "content": "A technique for producing steady state visual evoked responses (VERs) to pattern reversal stimulation of retinal areas corresponding to discrete field quadrants is described. Patients examined included 10 normal individuals, 11 patients with ocular hypertension, and 21 with glaucomatous field defects (unilateral except in two cases with bilateral defects). The VERs relating to normal homonymous field quadrants were in phase in all three groups, excluding patients with cataracts. The VERs corresponding to quadrants with small field defects showed a phase shift compared with responses from normal homonymous quadrants in all cases, but were not detectable if the defect filled more than three quarters of the quadrant tested in most cases. The method offers a means for the objective assessment of visual fields in patients with unilateral optic nerve lesions, provided that central visual acuity is 20/80 or better", "contents": "Visual evoked responses in the assessment of field defects in glaucoma. A technique for producing steady state visual evoked responses (VERs) to pattern reversal stimulation of retinal areas corresponding to discrete field quadrants is described. Patients examined included 10 normal individuals, 11 patients with ocular hypertension, and 21 with glaucomatous field defects (unilateral except in two cases with bilateral defects). The VERs relating to normal homonymous field quadrants were in phase in all three groups, excluding patients with cataracts. The VERs corresponding to quadrants with small field defects showed a phase shift compared with responses from normal homonymous quadrants in all cases, but were not detectable if the defect filled more than three quarters of the quadrant tested in most cases. The method offers a means for the objective assessment of visual fields in patients with unilateral optic nerve lesions, provided that central visual acuity is 20/80 or better", "PMID": 1111492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3049", "title": "Pituitary carcinoma with liver metastases and Cushing syndrome. Report of a case.", "content": "A 38-year-old woman complained of headache, visual impairment, and diabetes insipidus for 18 months prior to rapid onset of Cushing syndrome and amenorrhea. An autopsy disclosed a pituitary carchinoma invading the right cavernous sinus and two liver metastases. The tumor cells were chromophobic and agranular, with scarce polymorphism and rare mitoses. A review of the literature showed that the association of Cushing syndrome to pituitary carcinomas increases in direct proportion to the occurence of metastases. Such association was noted in almost half of the reported cases of pituitary carcinomas with extracranial dissemination.", "contents": "Pituitary carcinoma with liver metastases and Cushing syndrome. Report of a case. A 38-year-old woman complained of headache, visual impairment, and diabetes insipidus for 18 months prior to rapid onset of Cushing syndrome and amenorrhea. An autopsy disclosed a pituitary carchinoma invading the right cavernous sinus and two liver metastases. The tumor cells were chromophobic and agranular, with scarce polymorphism and rare mitoses. A review of the literature showed that the association of Cushing syndrome to pituitary carcinomas increases in direct proportion to the occurence of metastases. Such association was noted in almost half of the reported cases of pituitary carcinomas with extracranial dissemination.", "PMID": 1111493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3050", "title": "Ultrastructure of articular cartilage in pyogenic arthritis.", "content": "The articular cartilage in pyogenic arthritis, induced in rabbit by intra-articular injection of Staphylococcus aureus, was studied with the electron microscope. The cartilage showed erosion of the surface and degeneration and necrosis of the chondrocytes starting from 24 hours onward, following the intra-articular injection of bacteria. The surface erosion and chrondrocyte necrosis progressed rapidly. The changes are believed to be due mainly to liberation of lysosomal enzymes from the synovial cells and polymorphonuclear leukocytes.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of articular cartilage in pyogenic arthritis. The articular cartilage in pyogenic arthritis, induced in rabbit by intra-articular injection of Staphylococcus aureus, was studied with the electron microscope. The cartilage showed erosion of the surface and degeneration and necrosis of the chondrocytes starting from 24 hours onward, following the intra-articular injection of bacteria. The surface erosion and chrondrocyte necrosis progressed rapidly. The changes are believed to be due mainly to liberation of lysosomal enzymes from the synovial cells and polymorphonuclear leukocytes.", "PMID": 1111494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3051", "title": "Recovery of pancreas from mild puromycin-induced injury. A histologic and ultrastructure study in rats.", "content": "Pancreatic acinar cells undergo degeneration or necrosis following injection of puromycin intraperitoneally in rats. The purpose of this study was to characterize recovery following injection of four hourly doses of puromycin, 40mg/kg of body weight, examining the pancreas histologically and by electron microscopy. The number of dividing acinar cells increased following injury. By 12 to 24 hours following treatment, electron microscopy showed numerous autophagic vacuoles and intracisternal granules in the cells. By 48 hours, these were largely cleared from surviving cells although the intracisternal  granules persisted in isolated acinar cells as long as 144 hours. At 24 hours, there was debris in the acinar lumens and interstitial space. We conclude that some acinar cells injured by puromycin may survive and be restored to normal structure; that surviving acinar cells can extrude autophagic vacuoles; and that necrotic acinar cells are replaced by regeneration following puromycin-induced injury in rats.", "contents": "Recovery of pancreas from mild puromycin-induced injury. A histologic and ultrastructure study in rats. Pancreatic acinar cells undergo degeneration or necrosis following injection of puromycin intraperitoneally in rats. The purpose of this study was to characterize recovery following injection of four hourly doses of puromycin, 40mg/kg of body weight, examining the pancreas histologically and by electron microscopy. The number of dividing acinar cells increased following injury. By 12 to 24 hours following treatment, electron microscopy showed numerous autophagic vacuoles and intracisternal granules in the cells. By 48 hours, these were largely cleared from surviving cells although the intracisternal  granules persisted in isolated acinar cells as long as 144 hours. At 24 hours, there was debris in the acinar lumens and interstitial space. We conclude that some acinar cells injured by puromycin may survive and be restored to normal structure; that surviving acinar cells can extrude autophagic vacuoles; and that necrotic acinar cells are replaced by regeneration following puromycin-induced injury in rats.", "PMID": 1111495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3052", "title": "Rhinosporidium seeberi. An ultrastructural study of its endosporulation phase and trophocyte phase.", "content": "The endosporulation phase of Rhinosporidium seeberi is the part of the life cycle most vulnerable to drug therapy. The laminated body formed from the precleavage sporangium has double-membraned tubular and vesicular structures within concentric layers. Similar tubular structures are also found in the developing sporoblast. The development of trophocytes involves three distinct phases. The early trophocyte retains many of the characteristics of the sporoblast as well as endoplasmic reticulum and other radiating filamentous structures in the cell wall. The itermediate tropocyte is larger (20 mug to 30mug m) and contains lipid bodies and microbodies, whereas the mature trophocyte is smaller (7mug m to9mug m) and microbodies are sparse or absent.", "contents": "Rhinosporidium seeberi. An ultrastructural study of its endosporulation phase and trophocyte phase. The endosporulation phase of Rhinosporidium seeberi is the part of the life cycle most vulnerable to drug therapy. The laminated body formed from the precleavage sporangium has double-membraned tubular and vesicular structures within concentric layers. Similar tubular structures are also found in the developing sporoblast. The development of trophocytes involves three distinct phases. The early trophocyte retains many of the characteristics of the sporoblast as well as endoplasmic reticulum and other radiating filamentous structures in the cell wall. The itermediate tropocyte is larger (20 mug to 30mug m) and contains lipid bodies and microbodies, whereas the mature trophocyte is smaller (7mug m to9mug m) and microbodies are sparse or absent.", "PMID": 1111496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3053", "title": "Myocardial injury from transthoracic defibrillator countershock.", "content": "Myocardial damage resulting from transthoracic administration of direct current with cardiac defilbrillators present in clinical use was studied in 66 dogs. Electrodes were applied to the thoracic skin. All direct current discharges were delivered via a commercially available defilbrillator. Most of the animals received ten consecutive discharges with a dial setting of 400 watt-seconds. Animals were killed from 3 to 14 days after receiving the discharges. Myocarial necrosis was produced in most of the animals. The lesions were characterized by sharply localized areas of muscle necrosis that progressed to fibrous scars. Mineralization of damaged muscle and florid proliferation of large mononuclear cells were striking features of the lesions.", "contents": "Myocardial injury from transthoracic defibrillator countershock. Myocardial damage resulting from transthoracic administration of direct current with cardiac defilbrillators present in clinical use was studied in 66 dogs. Electrodes were applied to the thoracic skin. All direct current discharges were delivered via a commercially available defilbrillator. Most of the animals received ten consecutive discharges with a dial setting of 400 watt-seconds. Animals were killed from 3 to 14 days after receiving the discharges. Myocarial necrosis was produced in most of the animals. The lesions were characterized by sharply localized areas of muscle necrosis that progressed to fibrous scars. Mineralization of damaged muscle and florid proliferation of large mononuclear cells were striking features of the lesions.", "PMID": 1111497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3054", "title": "Selective filtration in the isolation of independent clones of Streptomyces.", "content": "A single procedure for an efficient discrimination among the different size components of heterogeneous populations of Streptomyces spore suspensions is described. Conidia connected by substances of hydrophobic nature make obtaining all the spores in independent units difficult. For the isolation of pure clones, single spore suspensions were prepared by selective filtration through uniform and controlled pore size membranes. Single spore-enriched suspensions may be a useful tool for increasing the yield of auxotrophs, ensuring independent mutation during mutagenic treatments. This procedure can be extended to other sporulating species.", "contents": "Selective filtration in the isolation of independent clones of Streptomyces. A single procedure for an efficient discrimination among the different size components of heterogeneous populations of Streptomyces spore suspensions is described. Conidia connected by substances of hydrophobic nature make obtaining all the spores in independent units difficult. For the isolation of pure clones, single spore suspensions were prepared by selective filtration through uniform and controlled pore size membranes. Single spore-enriched suspensions may be a useful tool for increasing the yield of auxotrophs, ensuring independent mutation during mutagenic treatments. This procedure can be extended to other sporulating species.", "PMID": 1111555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3055", "title": "Premonitory sign of heart block in acute posterior myocardial infarction.", "content": "The appearance of the ARS complex in leads V3R and V4R was analysed in a series of 94 patients with acute posterior myocardial infarction. The cases of posterior myocardial infarction with direct signs of injury (ST segment elevation with a rise of 0.5 mm or more of point F and/or QS pattern) in leads V3R and/or V4R were complicated three times as often by atrioventricular block as those in which such signs were absent (66% and 22%, respectively; P smaller than 0.001). When one of these signs was present in leads V3R and/or V4R, the disorder of conduction was \"severe\" (complete atrioventricular block or sinotrial block with pauses) in half the cases and \"unstable\" (bradycardia below 50 beats/min; ventricular pause with or without syncope; widening of QRS complex; ventricular hyperexcitability) in one-third, justifying the introduction of a stimulating catheter. Such disorders were found, respectively, only 1 in 7 (14%), and less than 1 in 10 (8%) when these signs were absent (P smaller than 0.001). The association of ST segment elevation and QS pattern was rarer (15 cases) than the isolated finding of either sign. It was found in the most severe disorders of atrioventricular conduction. The changes observed in leads V3R and/or V4R before the appearance of atrioventricular block enable one to predict which patients with posterior myocardial infarction are the most likely to develop atrioventricular block. These electrocardiographic features seem to indicate septal involvement.", "contents": "Premonitory sign of heart block in acute posterior myocardial infarction. The appearance of the ARS complex in leads V3R and V4R was analysed in a series of 94 patients with acute posterior myocardial infarction. The cases of posterior myocardial infarction with direct signs of injury (ST segment elevation with a rise of 0.5 mm or more of point F and/or QS pattern) in leads V3R and/or V4R were complicated three times as often by atrioventricular block as those in which such signs were absent (66% and 22%, respectively; P smaller than 0.001). When one of these signs was present in leads V3R and/or V4R, the disorder of conduction was \"severe\" (complete atrioventricular block or sinotrial block with pauses) in half the cases and \"unstable\" (bradycardia below 50 beats/min; ventricular pause with or without syncope; widening of QRS complex; ventricular hyperexcitability) in one-third, justifying the introduction of a stimulating catheter. Such disorders were found, respectively, only 1 in 7 (14%), and less than 1 in 10 (8%) when these signs were absent (P smaller than 0.001). The association of ST segment elevation and QS pattern was rarer (15 cases) than the isolated finding of either sign. It was found in the most severe disorders of atrioventricular conduction. The changes observed in leads V3R and/or V4R before the appearance of atrioventricular block enable one to predict which patients with posterior myocardial infarction are the most likely to develop atrioventricular block. These electrocardiographic features seem to indicate septal involvement.", "PMID": 1111556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3056", "title": "Pulmonary vascular changes associated with isolated mitral stenosis in India.", "content": "Pulmonary vascular changes were studied in 100 cases of isolated mitral stenosis; these included 90 patients in whom lung biopsies were obtained at valvotomy and 10 patients who came to necropsy. Medial thickness of the pulmonary arteries was measured in each case and in 12 cases was correlated with the haemodynamic data. Most patients were young, 78 being 30 years of age or less and 42 under 20 years or less. Males predominated 2:1. All patients with mitral stenosis showed varying degrees of vascular and other associated parenchymal changes. The most conspicuous were those observed in the muscular branches of the pulmonary artery in which the media was thickened in all cases, moderately in 44 and considerably in 28 cases. Dilation lesions representing grade 4 lesions of hypertensive pulmonary vascular disease (Heath and Edwards, 1958), hitherto not described in mitral stenosis, were observed in 4 cases. The intima was found to be frequently abnormal, showing oedema, fibrosis, and, more importantly, variable degrees of muscularization, often suggesting the incipient formation of a second media. Arteries and arterioles were often occluded by thrombi in various stages of organization, and the freshly formed channels tended to acquire a muscular lining. Arterioles were muscularized in all cases, and in many there was a pronounced intimal proliferation. Other changes included medial hypertrophy in the veins and and occasional muscularization and dilatation of the lymphatics. A notable feature was hypertrophy of the musculature of the bronchiolo-alvelar system seen in a majority of cases. The alveolar walls showed variable degrees of thickening and fibrosis, intimal proliferation of alveolar capillaries, and \"epithelialization\" of alveoli. Haemosiderosis was present in 70 cases. On the whole the more severe changes were observed more often in the younger subjects, further supporting the observation that rheumatic mitral stenosis in India commonly affects the juvenile age groups and is characterized by association with severe pulmonary hypertension. Medial hypertrophy was proportional to the level of pulmonary artery pressure.", "contents": "Pulmonary vascular changes associated with isolated mitral stenosis in India. Pulmonary vascular changes were studied in 100 cases of isolated mitral stenosis; these included 90 patients in whom lung biopsies were obtained at valvotomy and 10 patients who came to necropsy. Medial thickness of the pulmonary arteries was measured in each case and in 12 cases was correlated with the haemodynamic data. Most patients were young, 78 being 30 years of age or less and 42 under 20 years or less. Males predominated 2:1. All patients with mitral stenosis showed varying degrees of vascular and other associated parenchymal changes. The most conspicuous were those observed in the muscular branches of the pulmonary artery in which the media was thickened in all cases, moderately in 44 and considerably in 28 cases. Dilation lesions representing grade 4 lesions of hypertensive pulmonary vascular disease (Heath and Edwards, 1958), hitherto not described in mitral stenosis, were observed in 4 cases. The intima was found to be frequently abnormal, showing oedema, fibrosis, and, more importantly, variable degrees of muscularization, often suggesting the incipient formation of a second media. Arteries and arterioles were often occluded by thrombi in various stages of organization, and the freshly formed channels tended to acquire a muscular lining. Arterioles were muscularized in all cases, and in many there was a pronounced intimal proliferation. Other changes included medial hypertrophy in the veins and and occasional muscularization and dilatation of the lymphatics. A notable feature was hypertrophy of the musculature of the bronchiolo-alvelar system seen in a majority of cases. The alveolar walls showed variable degrees of thickening and fibrosis, intimal proliferation of alveolar capillaries, and \"epithelialization\" of alveoli. Haemosiderosis was present in 70 cases. On the whole the more severe changes were observed more often in the younger subjects, further supporting the observation that rheumatic mitral stenosis in India commonly affects the juvenile age groups and is characterized by association with severe pulmonary hypertension. Medial hypertrophy was proportional to the level of pulmonary artery pressure.", "PMID": 1111557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3057", "title": "Pulmonary blood flow distribution after banding of pulmonary artery.", "content": "Radioisotope lung scanning was used to investigate the distribution of pulmonary blood flow after banding of the pulmonary artery in children with a left-to-right shunt and pulmonary hypertension. An abnormal distribution of blood flow in the lung on the side of the operation approach was observed in all patients in the first three weeks following surgery. Abnormalities were still observed in 17 of 21 children 10 months to more than 8 years after the banding operation. There was no significant relation between the occurrence of these abnormalities and time after surgery. Diminished flow to the zones of the right lung was observed less frequently. The incidence of abnormalities in flow distribution was also high preoperatively. Respiratory complications in infants with large left-to-right shunts were considered to be responsible for most of the abnormal blood flow distributions observed. Radioactive lung scanning was found to be a valuable diagnostic method in the early and late postoperative period in infants and small children. It was more sensitive than the other techniques used in revealing deviation of blood flow from one lung in those cases with shifting of the applied band.", "contents": "Pulmonary blood flow distribution after banding of pulmonary artery. Radioisotope lung scanning was used to investigate the distribution of pulmonary blood flow after banding of the pulmonary artery in children with a left-to-right shunt and pulmonary hypertension. An abnormal distribution of blood flow in the lung on the side of the operation approach was observed in all patients in the first three weeks following surgery. Abnormalities were still observed in 17 of 21 children 10 months to more than 8 years after the banding operation. There was no significant relation between the occurrence of these abnormalities and time after surgery. Diminished flow to the zones of the right lung was observed less frequently. The incidence of abnormalities in flow distribution was also high preoperatively. Respiratory complications in infants with large left-to-right shunts were considered to be responsible for most of the abnormal blood flow distributions observed. Radioactive lung scanning was found to be a valuable diagnostic method in the early and late postoperative period in infants and small children. It was more sensitive than the other techniques used in revealing deviation of blood flow from one lung in those cases with shifting of the applied band.", "PMID": 1111558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3058", "title": "Echoventriculographic detection, localization, and quantification of left ventricular asynergy in acute myocardial infarction. A correlative echo- and electrocardiographic study.", "content": "\"Echoventriculography\", an echocardiographic method specially developed to scan the regional function of the left ventricle, is introduced for studying left ventricular wall motion alteration in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Purposeful probe directions, a 2:1 magnification, and careful adjustment of the gain and reject levels allowed a direct echocardiographic scanning of practically the entire left ventricle. Technically acceptable echoventriculograms were obtained from the upper and lower halves of the septal, anterior, lateral, and postero-inferior left ventricle segments in all observations on 30 consecutive patients with acute myocardial infarction. Various degrees of regional left ventricular asynergy were present in 100 per cent of the patients with acute myocardial infarction. In contrast, synergic ventricular segmental wall motion was observed in 40 healthy subjects. Pronounced asynergy was already detectable within 12 hours from onset of the symptoms of acute myocardial infarction. Echoventriculography detected acute left ventricular asynergy as well in the anteroseptal or lateral as in the posteroinferior locations. The anterior and/or septal infarction (13 of the 30 patientsy always showed a paradoxical systolic motion of the, generally large, infarcted areas. The amplitude of abnormal outward motion was up to 5 mm. In the posteroinferior infarctions (17 patients) akinetic or hypokinetic modes prevailed. The contractile function of the uninvolved segments could be measured at the same time. Hypercontractile left ventricular wall motion was common in these healthy areas in acute myocardial infarction. These findings provide useful insight into the various components of the overall left ventricular pump function in acute myocardial infarction. The validity of the echoventriculographic evaluations of the segmental left ventricular function subsets was further confirmed in 2 patients undergoing left ventricular cineangiographic studies and in 2 by necropsy. The site of the asynergic left ventricular wall motion abnormalities correlated excellently with electrocardiographic prediction of the site of acute myocardial infarction. The echoventriculographic analysis proved to be more accurate in detecting asynergy than was the electrocardiogram. This new echoventriculographic method may become a useful tool for serial noninvasive alalysis of left ventricular performance, in detecting both the asynergic areas and the reserve function of the normal regions in acute myocardial infarction.", "contents": "Echoventriculographic detection, localization, and quantification of left ventricular asynergy in acute myocardial infarction. A correlative echo- and electrocardiographic study. \"Echoventriculography\", an echocardiographic method specially developed to scan the regional function of the left ventricle, is introduced for studying left ventricular wall motion alteration in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Purposeful probe directions, a 2:1 magnification, and careful adjustment of the gain and reject levels allowed a direct echocardiographic scanning of practically the entire left ventricle. Technically acceptable echoventriculograms were obtained from the upper and lower halves of the septal, anterior, lateral, and postero-inferior left ventricle segments in all observations on 30 consecutive patients with acute myocardial infarction. Various degrees of regional left ventricular asynergy were present in 100 per cent of the patients with acute myocardial infarction. In contrast, synergic ventricular segmental wall motion was observed in 40 healthy subjects. Pronounced asynergy was already detectable within 12 hours from onset of the symptoms of acute myocardial infarction. Echoventriculography detected acute left ventricular asynergy as well in the anteroseptal or lateral as in the posteroinferior locations. The anterior and/or septal infarction (13 of the 30 patientsy always showed a paradoxical systolic motion of the, generally large, infarcted areas. The amplitude of abnormal outward motion was up to 5 mm. In the posteroinferior infarctions (17 patients) akinetic or hypokinetic modes prevailed. The contractile function of the uninvolved segments could be measured at the same time. Hypercontractile left ventricular wall motion was common in these healthy areas in acute myocardial infarction. These findings provide useful insight into the various components of the overall left ventricular pump function in acute myocardial infarction. The validity of the echoventriculographic evaluations of the segmental left ventricular function subsets was further confirmed in 2 patients undergoing left ventricular cineangiographic studies and in 2 by necropsy. The site of the asynergic left ventricular wall motion abnormalities correlated excellently with electrocardiographic prediction of the site of acute myocardial infarction. The echoventriculographic analysis proved to be more accurate in detecting asynergy than was the electrocardiogram. This new echoventriculographic method may become a useful tool for serial noninvasive alalysis of left ventricular performance, in detecting both the asynergic areas and the reserve function of the normal regions in acute myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 1111559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3059", "title": "Familial pulmonary stenosis with underdeveloped or normal right ventricle.", "content": "A family with 3 cases of pulmonary stenosis with underdeveloped or normal right ventricle is described. In the family there have also been some spontaneous abortions and many infant deaths, and it seems possible that these were also related to congenital cardiac abnormalities. Recognized syndromes with pulmonary stenosis and reports on familial occurrence of this malformation are reviewed. The cases reported in this paper differ from these previously described syndromes. The possibility of sex-influenced monogenic inheritance is discussed.", "contents": "Familial pulmonary stenosis with underdeveloped or normal right ventricle. A family with 3 cases of pulmonary stenosis with underdeveloped or normal right ventricle is described. In the family there have also been some spontaneous abortions and many infant deaths, and it seems possible that these were also related to congenital cardiac abnormalities. Recognized syndromes with pulmonary stenosis and reports on familial occurrence of this malformation are reviewed. The cases reported in this paper differ from these previously described syndromes. The possibility of sex-influenced monogenic inheritance is discussed.", "PMID": 1111560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3060", "title": "Extreme pulmonary hypertension caused by mitral valve disease. Natural history and results of surgery.", "content": "Five hundred and eighty six patients with mitral valve disease were studied with cardiac catheterization between 1961 and 1972; 48 (8.2%) had extreme pulmonary hypertension (resting systolic pulmonary artery pressure of 80 mmHg or above and pulmonary vascular resistance of 10 units or greater) and of these patients, 27 underwent cardiac surgery. The operative mortality for mitral valvotomy was 11 per cent and for mitral valve replacement 56 per cent. The overall mortality was 31 per cent. The risks of operation were increased in those with a long history of cardiac symptoms, those over 50 years of age, and in the presence of associated aortic valve disease. The mean survival for those patients not having operation was only 2.4 plus or minus 0.5 years. The mean follow-up period for those surviving operation has been 5.8 plus or minus 0.6 years, and symptomatic improvement has been good.", "contents": "Extreme pulmonary hypertension caused by mitral valve disease. Natural history and results of surgery. Five hundred and eighty six patients with mitral valve disease were studied with cardiac catheterization between 1961 and 1972; 48 (8.2%) had extreme pulmonary hypertension (resting systolic pulmonary artery pressure of 80 mmHg or above and pulmonary vascular resistance of 10 units or greater) and of these patients, 27 underwent cardiac surgery. The operative mortality for mitral valvotomy was 11 per cent and for mitral valve replacement 56 per cent. The overall mortality was 31 per cent. The risks of operation were increased in those with a long history of cardiac symptoms, those over 50 years of age, and in the presence of associated aortic valve disease. The mean survival for those patients not having operation was only 2.4 plus or minus 0.5 years. The mean follow-up period for those surviving operation has been 5.8 plus or minus 0.6 years, and symptomatic improvement has been good.", "PMID": 1111561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3061", "title": "Myocardial lactate metabolism during isometric hand grip test. Comparison with pacing tachycardia.", "content": "Twenty-five patients with chest pain were studied by left ventriculography and coronary arteriography. Myocardial metabolic studies were done during control state, pacing tachycardia, isometric hand grip at 30 per cent of maximum force, and combined hand grip plus pacing tachycardia. Nine patients had myocardial lactate abnormality (group 1) as evidenced by myocardial lactate production or decreased extraction (less than 10%). Though tension time index and triple product (left ventricular ejection time times HR times systolic pressure) as determinants of myocardial oxygen consumption were highest during combined hand grip plus pacing tachycardia, myocardial lactate abnormalities were most frequent during pacing tachycardia. The present study indicates that isometric hand grip even if performed during pacing tachycardia is not a sensitive test for detection of myocardial lactate abnormalities. The rising level of arterial lactate during isometric hand grip is the most likely mechanism of positive myocardial arteriovenous lactate difference.", "contents": "Myocardial lactate metabolism during isometric hand grip test. Comparison with pacing tachycardia. Twenty-five patients with chest pain were studied by left ventriculography and coronary arteriography. Myocardial metabolic studies were done during control state, pacing tachycardia, isometric hand grip at 30 per cent of maximum force, and combined hand grip plus pacing tachycardia. Nine patients had myocardial lactate abnormality (group 1) as evidenced by myocardial lactate production or decreased extraction (less than 10%). Though tension time index and triple product (left ventricular ejection time times HR times systolic pressure) as determinants of myocardial oxygen consumption were highest during combined hand grip plus pacing tachycardia, myocardial lactate abnormalities were most frequent during pacing tachycardia. The present study indicates that isometric hand grip even if performed during pacing tachycardia is not a sensitive test for detection of myocardial lactate abnormalities. The rising level of arterial lactate during isometric hand grip is the most likely mechanism of positive myocardial arteriovenous lactate difference.", "PMID": 1111562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3062", "title": "The pattern of intramural veins of the left ventricle of the human heart.", "content": "A detailed injection, microradiographic, and histological necropsy study of 18 hearts showed that the pattern of myocardial veins differed from the arterial pattern. In \"normal\" hearts, large drainage veins began in the subendocardial zone and coursed fairly directly towards the epicardium, maintaining a comparatively even calibre throughout. Smaller, but similar, drainage veins also begain in the middle of the myocardial wall. In the outer myocardium small groups of these vessels converged to form a single vein which then entered, almost at right angles, the pericardial veins. In general, small veins within the myocardium entered directly into the large drainage veins without any extensive intermediate sized venous network. In \"abnormal\" hearts with left ventricular hypertrophy the myocardial veins appeared basically normal but were more widely separated and consequently overall less dense on microradiography. Interruption of main drainage veins and loss of normal pattern were seen in areas of myocardial fibrosis associated with coronary artery disease. In a heart with severe generalized coronary artery atheroma the normal pattern in the inner half of the wall was replaced by a \"plexus\" of small veins in which the majority of vessels coursed circumferentially. The possible significance of both the normal and abnormal vein pattern is discussed.", "contents": "The pattern of intramural veins of the left ventricle of the human heart. A detailed injection, microradiographic, and histological necropsy study of 18 hearts showed that the pattern of myocardial veins differed from the arterial pattern. In \"normal\" hearts, large drainage veins began in the subendocardial zone and coursed fairly directly towards the epicardium, maintaining a comparatively even calibre throughout. Smaller, but similar, drainage veins also begain in the middle of the myocardial wall. In the outer myocardium small groups of these vessels converged to form a single vein which then entered, almost at right angles, the pericardial veins. In general, small veins within the myocardium entered directly into the large drainage veins without any extensive intermediate sized venous network. In \"abnormal\" hearts with left ventricular hypertrophy the myocardial veins appeared basically normal but were more widely separated and consequently overall less dense on microradiography. Interruption of main drainage veins and loss of normal pattern were seen in areas of myocardial fibrosis associated with coronary artery disease. In a heart with severe generalized coronary artery atheroma the normal pattern in the inner half of the wall was replaced by a \"plexus\" of small veins in which the majority of vessels coursed circumferentially. The possible significance of both the normal and abnormal vein pattern is discussed.", "PMID": 1111563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3063", "title": "Classification of ventricular pre-excitation. Vectorcardiographic study.", "content": "In a study of 45 cases of ventricular pre-excitation, 19 were classified as type A and 20 as type B according to Rosenbaum's criteria, which depend on the polarity of the major deflections in the right praecordial leads and not, as is commonly thought, on the direction of the delta vector. Six cases that could not be classified as type A or type B were termed intermediate. Vectorcardiograms were recorded from 29, and these showed a wide but continuous range of values for both the delta and the main QRS vectors in all three planes. Any classification based on these features must, therefore, depend on arbitrary quantitative data. Three patients in this series had associated right bundle-branch block. A review of the published reports on the association of pre-excitation and bundle-branch block failed to provide a rational basis for the classification of pre-excitation. It is emphasized that Rosenbaum's classification is empirical and its validity is questioned.", "contents": "Classification of ventricular pre-excitation. Vectorcardiographic study. In a study of 45 cases of ventricular pre-excitation, 19 were classified as type A and 20 as type B according to Rosenbaum's criteria, which depend on the polarity of the major deflections in the right praecordial leads and not, as is commonly thought, on the direction of the delta vector. Six cases that could not be classified as type A or type B were termed intermediate. Vectorcardiograms were recorded from 29, and these showed a wide but continuous range of values for both the delta and the main QRS vectors in all three planes. Any classification based on these features must, therefore, depend on arbitrary quantitative data. Three patients in this series had associated right bundle-branch block. A review of the published reports on the association of pre-excitation and bundle-branch block failed to provide a rational basis for the classification of pre-excitation. It is emphasized that Rosenbaum's classification is empirical and its validity is questioned.", "PMID": 1111564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3064", "title": "Pericardial defect presenting as acute pericarditis.", "content": "A case of herniation of the left atrial appendage, through a defect in the pericardium, is described in a 16-year-old boy who was below the third percentile for height and weight. The clinical presentation was an acute pericarditis. Widespread inversion of T waves on the electrocardiogram and collapse of the lower lobe of the left lung with pleural effusion developed. Thoracotomy showed strangulation of the atrial appendage which was excised, and the pericardial defect repaired. After operation there was a striking improvement in the electrocardiogram and a rapid gain in weight. Syndromes caused by pericardial defects are reviewed.", "contents": "Pericardial defect presenting as acute pericarditis. A case of herniation of the left atrial appendage, through a defect in the pericardium, is described in a 16-year-old boy who was below the third percentile for height and weight. The clinical presentation was an acute pericarditis. Widespread inversion of T waves on the electrocardiogram and collapse of the lower lobe of the left lung with pleural effusion developed. Thoracotomy showed strangulation of the atrial appendage which was excised, and the pericardial defect repaired. After operation there was a striking improvement in the electrocardiogram and a rapid gain in weight. Syndromes caused by pericardial defects are reviewed.", "PMID": 1111566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3065", "title": "Proteolysis of paramyosin from Mercenaria mercenaria and properties of its most stable segment.", "content": "The helical muscle protein paramyosin appears to consist of three segments of approximately equal size that differ in stability to guanidine hydrochloride and heat. The N-terminal segment is most stable and the C-terminal segment is least stable. These differences in stability serve as a basis for design of proteolytic digestions to specifically remove segments of low and intermediate stability. Thus, at room temperature only the C-terminal region was susceptible to digestion by pepsin or trypsin. Proteolytic removal of the latter region resulted in the accumulation of the remaining two-thirds of the paramyosin molecule as a segment (PPC-1) of 140,000 daltons that was still in a stable helical conformation. Proceeding to more rigorous conditions, papain digestion of either paramyosin or PPC-1 in 4 M guanidine-HCl that would be expected to destabilize all but the N-terminal segment did result in cleavage of all except that region. The N-terminal region accumulated as a helical segment of 74,000 daltons (PPC-2) if digestion was limited to 1.5 hr or a smaller segment of 58,000 daltons (PPC-3) if digestion continued for 24 hr. Stability of the three PPC segments to guanidine-HCl and heat was measured by change in fluorescence of tyrosyl residues upon loss of the helical conformation. The stability of the segments corresponded well with the stability of those regions in the paramyosin molecule from which the segments were believed to have come. Amino acid composition of the PPC segments and of paramyosin were all very similar, and prediction of relative stability of these helical proteins from inspection of gross amino acid composition does not appear promising.", "contents": "Proteolysis of paramyosin from Mercenaria mercenaria and properties of its most stable segment. The helical muscle protein paramyosin appears to consist of three segments of approximately equal size that differ in stability to guanidine hydrochloride and heat. The N-terminal segment is most stable and the C-terminal segment is least stable. These differences in stability serve as a basis for design of proteolytic digestions to specifically remove segments of low and intermediate stability. Thus, at room temperature only the C-terminal region was susceptible to digestion by pepsin or trypsin. Proteolytic removal of the latter region resulted in the accumulation of the remaining two-thirds of the paramyosin molecule as a segment (PPC-1) of 140,000 daltons that was still in a stable helical conformation. Proceeding to more rigorous conditions, papain digestion of either paramyosin or PPC-1 in 4 M guanidine-HCl that would be expected to destabilize all but the N-terminal segment did result in cleavage of all except that region. The N-terminal region accumulated as a helical segment of 74,000 daltons (PPC-2) if digestion was limited to 1.5 hr or a smaller segment of 58,000 daltons (PPC-3) if digestion continued for 24 hr. Stability of the three PPC segments to guanidine-HCl and heat was measured by change in fluorescence of tyrosyl residues upon loss of the helical conformation. The stability of the segments corresponded well with the stability of those regions in the paramyosin molecule from which the segments were believed to have come. Amino acid composition of the PPC segments and of paramyosin were all very similar, and prediction of relative stability of these helical proteins from inspection of gross amino acid composition does not appear promising.", "PMID": 1111567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3066", "title": "Complex formation between naphthothiopheneethanolamines and deoxyribonucleic acids.", "content": "Reduced viscosities, viscometric titrations, fluorescence, and flow dichroism measurements indicate that the aromatic ring system of naphthothiopheneethanolamines (NA) is intercalated on binding to DNA. No marked change in binding was found on substituting a dibutylamino group for a piperidyl ring on the side chain. Ionic strength studies, however, did indicate that the positive charge on the side chain is quite important for binding. Both the binding equilibrium constant and the number of binding sites, as determined from a Scatchard plot of spectrophotometric results, decreased on increasing the sodium chloride concentration. The increase in Tm for several DNA samples, caused by adding NA to DNA at a fixed ratio, showed a marked dependence on the percentage of AT base pairs. The conclusion drawn from these data is that the DNA-NA complex involves high specificity of the NA for AT base pairs, intercalation of the aromatic ring system, and binding of the NA side chain in the DNA minor groove with strong interaction between the positively charged side chain and the DNA phosphate groups.", "contents": "Complex formation between naphthothiopheneethanolamines and deoxyribonucleic acids. Reduced viscosities, viscometric titrations, fluorescence, and flow dichroism measurements indicate that the aromatic ring system of naphthothiopheneethanolamines (NA) is intercalated on binding to DNA. No marked change in binding was found on substituting a dibutylamino group for a piperidyl ring on the side chain. Ionic strength studies, however, did indicate that the positive charge on the side chain is quite important for binding. Both the binding equilibrium constant and the number of binding sites, as determined from a Scatchard plot of spectrophotometric results, decreased on increasing the sodium chloride concentration. The increase in Tm for several DNA samples, caused by adding NA to DNA at a fixed ratio, showed a marked dependence on the percentage of AT base pairs. The conclusion drawn from these data is that the DNA-NA complex involves high specificity of the NA for AT base pairs, intercalation of the aromatic ring system, and binding of the NA side chain in the DNA minor groove with strong interaction between the positively charged side chain and the DNA phosphate groups.", "PMID": 1111568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3067", "title": "Thermodynamic properties of superhelical DNAs.", "content": "Binding isotherms of ethidium to the superhelical DNA from phage PM2, and to PM2 DNA containing -1 single-chain scission per molecule, have been determined at six temperatures from 2.5 to 50 degrees, in 3M CsCl-0.01 M Na3EDTA. Spectrophotometric measurements in both the visible and ultraviolet (uv) regions were used to obtain the binding isotherms. The isotherm at 20 degrees was also obtained by determining the free ethidium concentrations in equilibrium with DNA-ethidium complexes in boundary sedimentation experiments. A simple thermodynamic analysis shows that for a superhelical DNA with v bound ethidium per nucleotide, the change in free energy per unit change in the number of superhelical turns T, dGT/dT, is directly related the ratio of the free ethidium concentrations, cf,v and cf,v, in equilibrium with the ethidium complexes of the superhelical and the nicked DNA, respectively, at the same values of v. The relationship is dGT/dT = (360/E)RTln (cf,v/cf,v), where e is the unwinding angle of the DNA helix per bound ethidium molecule. Experimentally, it was found that ln (cf,v/cf,v) = a1(v - vc), where a1 is a constant at a given temperature and vc is the value of v at which the originally superhelical DNA is completely relaxed, i.e., containing no superhelical turns. The equation relating dGT/dT and v, upon transformation and integration, gives finite difference GT,v=o = -a1NRTvc2/2, where finite difference GT,v=0 is the free energy of superhelix formation of the superhelical DNA in the absence of ethidium and N is the number of nucleotides per DNA molecule. This equation is independent of the unwinding angle e. The values of a1 are 11.2 plus or minus 0.9, 11.2 plus or minus 0.7, 11.2 plus or minus 0.6, 10.7 plus or minus 0.8, 10.0 pl.us or minus 1.0, and 9.8 plus or minus 1.4 at 2.5, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 degrees, respectively. Measurements with lambda b2b5c DNA, and monomeric and trimeric lambda dv DNA, indicate that the constant a1 is insensitive to the molecular length of DNA. The present results are compared with the previous results of Bauer and Vinograd (Bauer, W., and Vinograd, M. (1970), J. Mol. Biol. 47, 419), obtained by a statistical mechanical analysis of the ethidium binding isotherms (determined by density gradient centrifugation measurements) to two forms of simian virus 40 DNA at 25 degrees. The effects of superhelical turns on a number of processes, such as the binding of a ligand which unwinds or winds the DNA helix, the denaturation of a DNA segment, and the formation of hair-pinned structures from base sequences with a twofold rotational symmetry, are discussed from the thermodynamic point of view, based on the present results.", "contents": "Thermodynamic properties of superhelical DNAs. Binding isotherms of ethidium to the superhelical DNA from phage PM2, and to PM2 DNA containing -1 single-chain scission per molecule, have been determined at six temperatures from 2.5 to 50 degrees, in 3M CsCl-0.01 M Na3EDTA. Spectrophotometric measurements in both the visible and ultraviolet (uv) regions were used to obtain the binding isotherms. The isotherm at 20 degrees was also obtained by determining the free ethidium concentrations in equilibrium with DNA-ethidium complexes in boundary sedimentation experiments. A simple thermodynamic analysis shows that for a superhelical DNA with v bound ethidium per nucleotide, the change in free energy per unit change in the number of superhelical turns T, dGT/dT, is directly related the ratio of the free ethidium concentrations, cf,v and cf,v, in equilibrium with the ethidium complexes of the superhelical and the nicked DNA, respectively, at the same values of v. The relationship is dGT/dT = (360/E)RTln (cf,v/cf,v), where e is the unwinding angle of the DNA helix per bound ethidium molecule. Experimentally, it was found that ln (cf,v/cf,v) = a1(v - vc), where a1 is a constant at a given temperature and vc is the value of v at which the originally superhelical DNA is completely relaxed, i.e., containing no superhelical turns. The equation relating dGT/dT and v, upon transformation and integration, gives finite difference GT,v=o = -a1NRTvc2/2, where finite difference GT,v=0 is the free energy of superhelix formation of the superhelical DNA in the absence of ethidium and N is the number of nucleotides per DNA molecule. This equation is independent of the unwinding angle e. The values of a1 are 11.2 plus or minus 0.9, 11.2 plus or minus 0.7, 11.2 plus or minus 0.6, 10.7 plus or minus 0.8, 10.0 pl.us or minus 1.0, and 9.8 plus or minus 1.4 at 2.5, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 degrees, respectively. Measurements with lambda b2b5c DNA, and monomeric and trimeric lambda dv DNA, indicate that the constant a1 is insensitive to the molecular length of DNA. The present results are compared with the previous results of Bauer and Vinograd (Bauer, W., and Vinograd, M. (1970), J. Mol. Biol. 47, 419), obtained by a statistical mechanical analysis of the ethidium binding isotherms (determined by density gradient centrifugation measurements) to two forms of simian virus 40 DNA at 25 degrees. The effects of superhelical turns on a number of processes, such as the binding of a ligand which unwinds or winds the DNA helix, the denaturation of a DNA segment, and the formation of hair-pinned structures from base sequences with a twofold rotational symmetry, are discussed from the thermodynamic point of view, based on the present results.", "PMID": 1111569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3068", "title": "Nuclear magnetic resonance studies of 2'- and 3'-ribonucleotide structures in solution.", "content": "A systematic 220-MHz proton nuclear magnetic resonance (nmr) study has been made of all common purine and pyrimidine 2'(3')-ribonucleotides in D2O solutions at 20 plus or minus 2 degrees. Spectra for the entire series were measured under similar conditions of concentration, temperature, and ionic strength, thereby facilitating intercomparisons of spectral properties. Spectral assignments were accomplished with the aid of selected 31P-1H decoupling experiments and accurate values of nmr parameters were derived by simulation-iteration procedures. A detailed analysis of the coupling constants and chemical shifts permitted a determination of conformational properties for ribose rings, exocyclic carbinol and phosphate groups, and the orientation of base-ribose rings. Following procedures described elsewhere, an evaluation was made of ribose ring pseudorotational parameters for each 2'(3')-nucleotide. The results show that both the degree of pucker and pseudorotational angle vary only slightly throughout the entire series of molecules, and lie within the ranges found in the crystalline state. Furthermore, the ribose rings are in rapid equilibrium between N type (C(3')-ENDO, C(2')-exo) and S type (C(2')-endo, C(3')-exo) conformers, N forms and is formed by S, with an S type conformer favored in purine 2'(3')-ribonucleotides (-60:40) while pyrimidines exhibit approximately equal compositions. Thus, the phosphate location on the ring has less of an effect on ring properties than the nature of the base ring. An analysis is also reported of rotamer equilibria about C(4')-C(5'), C(2')-O(2'), and C(3')-O(3') bonds. For the former the nmr coupling constant data are consistent with a predominant gg rotamer (-70%) with gt and tg rotamers populated to the extent of -20 and -10%, respectively. No correlation of the type seen for 5'-nucleotides appears to exist between C(4')-C(5') gg population and ribose ring equilibrium composition. For 2'-nucleotides the 31P-H(2') coupling data indicate a preferred C(3')g, C(1')t conformer about C(2')-O(2') in agreement with 13C nmr results. A less definitive rotamer analysis follows from observed J31P,H(3') values, but when these results are combined with relevant chemical shift data for deoxynucleosides and nucleotides the evidence strongly points to essentially free rotation and approximately equal rotamer populations about C(3')-O(3'). Chemical shift differences between purine and pyrimidine 2'(3')-ribonucleotides are qualitatively accounted for by \"in-plane\" purine diamagnetic anisotropy effects. Also, the greater magnitude for purine deshieldings in 2'(3')-nucleotides relative to 5'-nucleotides is explained by a more favored syn:anti ratio in the former in line with recent nucle", "contents": "Nuclear magnetic resonance studies of 2'- and 3'-ribonucleotide structures in solution. A systematic 220-MHz proton nuclear magnetic resonance (nmr) study has been made of all common purine and pyrimidine 2'(3')-ribonucleotides in D2O solutions at 20 plus or minus 2 degrees. Spectra for the entire series were measured under similar conditions of concentration, temperature, and ionic strength, thereby facilitating intercomparisons of spectral properties. Spectral assignments were accomplished with the aid of selected 31P-1H decoupling experiments and accurate values of nmr parameters were derived by simulation-iteration procedures. A detailed analysis of the coupling constants and chemical shifts permitted a determination of conformational properties for ribose rings, exocyclic carbinol and phosphate groups, and the orientation of base-ribose rings. Following procedures described elsewhere, an evaluation was made of ribose ring pseudorotational parameters for each 2'(3')-nucleotide. The results show that both the degree of pucker and pseudorotational angle vary only slightly throughout the entire series of molecules, and lie within the ranges found in the crystalline state. Furthermore, the ribose rings are in rapid equilibrium between N type (C(3')-ENDO, C(2')-exo) and S type (C(2')-endo, C(3')-exo) conformers, N forms and is formed by S, with an S type conformer favored in purine 2'(3')-ribonucleotides (-60:40) while pyrimidines exhibit approximately equal compositions. Thus, the phosphate location on the ring has less of an effect on ring properties than the nature of the base ring. An analysis is also reported of rotamer equilibria about C(4')-C(5'), C(2')-O(2'), and C(3')-O(3') bonds. For the former the nmr coupling constant data are consistent with a predominant gg rotamer (-70%) with gt and tg rotamers populated to the extent of -20 and -10%, respectively. No correlation of the type seen for 5'-nucleotides appears to exist between C(4')-C(5') gg population and ribose ring equilibrium composition. For 2'-nucleotides the 31P-H(2') coupling data indicate a preferred C(3')g, C(1')t conformer about C(2')-O(2') in agreement with 13C nmr results. A less definitive rotamer analysis follows from observed J31P,H(3') values, but when these results are combined with relevant chemical shift data for deoxynucleosides and nucleotides the evidence strongly points to essentially free rotation and approximately equal rotamer populations about C(3')-O(3'). Chemical shift differences between purine and pyrimidine 2'(3')-ribonucleotides are qualitatively accounted for by \"in-plane\" purine diamagnetic anisotropy effects. Also, the greater magnitude for purine deshieldings in 2'(3')-nucleotides relative to 5'-nucleotides is explained by a more favored syn:anti ratio in the former in line with recent nucle", "PMID": 1111570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3069", "title": "Sexual differences in hepatic metabolism and intracellular distribution of corticosterone studied by pulse labeling with (1,2,6,7-3H)corticosterone.", "content": "The subcellular distribution of corticosterone and its metabolites in liver was studied 5, 30, and 90 min after injection of (1,2,6,7-3/)corticosterone in adult male and female rats that were adrenalectomized or hypophysectomized: 5 min after administration of isotope, the adrenalectomized male rats contained ten times as much labeled unconjugated corticosterone, 5alpha-dihydrocorticosterone, and 3alpha- and 3beta,11beta,21-trihydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-one on the nuclear fraction than the corresponding female rats. The metabolites of corticosterone in the soluble fraction of liver from adrenalectomized females occurred as about 90 per cent steroid monosulfates and disulfates already 5 min after administration of isotope. In contrast, the soluble fraction of liver from males contained only 38 per cent labeled monosulfate 5 min after injection of (1,2,6,7-3H)corticosterone. The individual labeled metabolites from the different subcellular fractions were identified by thin-layer and radio-gas chromatography. The major metabolites found in the female were mono- and disulfurylated 3alpha,11beta,15,21-tetrahydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-one, 3alpha,15,21-trihydroxy-5alpha-pregnane-11,20-dione, and 3alpha,11beta,21-trihydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-one. The predominant metabolites in the male were 5alpha-pregnane-3alpha(and 3beta),11beta,20beta,21-tetrol and 3beta,11beta,21-trihydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-one which mainly occurred as mono- and disulfates. Hypophysectomized female rats showed a corticosterone metabolite pattern with almost no 15-hydroxylated metabolites but with large amounts of isomers of pregnane-3,11beta,20beta,21-tetrol, i.e., a \"masculinized\" pattern. It is concluded that hepatic intracellular metabolism and transport of corticosterone in vivo in rats are characterized by large sexual difference which are at least partly under hypophyseal control.", "contents": "Sexual differences in hepatic metabolism and intracellular distribution of corticosterone studied by pulse labeling with (1,2,6,7-3H)corticosterone. The subcellular distribution of corticosterone and its metabolites in liver was studied 5, 30, and 90 min after injection of (1,2,6,7-3/)corticosterone in adult male and female rats that were adrenalectomized or hypophysectomized: 5 min after administration of isotope, the adrenalectomized male rats contained ten times as much labeled unconjugated corticosterone, 5alpha-dihydrocorticosterone, and 3alpha- and 3beta,11beta,21-trihydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-one on the nuclear fraction than the corresponding female rats. The metabolites of corticosterone in the soluble fraction of liver from adrenalectomized females occurred as about 90 per cent steroid monosulfates and disulfates already 5 min after administration of isotope. In contrast, the soluble fraction of liver from males contained only 38 per cent labeled monosulfate 5 min after injection of (1,2,6,7-3H)corticosterone. The individual labeled metabolites from the different subcellular fractions were identified by thin-layer and radio-gas chromatography. The major metabolites found in the female were mono- and disulfurylated 3alpha,11beta,15,21-tetrahydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-one, 3alpha,15,21-trihydroxy-5alpha-pregnane-11,20-dione, and 3alpha,11beta,21-trihydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-one. The predominant metabolites in the male were 5alpha-pregnane-3alpha(and 3beta),11beta,20beta,21-tetrol and 3beta,11beta,21-trihydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-one which mainly occurred as mono- and disulfates. Hypophysectomized female rats showed a corticosterone metabolite pattern with almost no 15-hydroxylated metabolites but with large amounts of isomers of pregnane-3,11beta,20beta,21-tetrol, i.e., a \"masculinized\" pattern. It is concluded that hepatic intracellular metabolism and transport of corticosterone in vivo in rats are characterized by large sexual difference which are at least partly under hypophyseal control.", "PMID": 1111571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3070", "title": "Membrane conductance changes in single nodes of Ranvier, measured by laser-induced temperature-jump experiments.", "content": "Temperature-jump experiments on isolated myelinated nerve fibers were done using a pulsed laser system in the Q switched mode. Voltage-clamp and temperature perturbations were used to measure the relaxing ionic conductances of both the Na+ and K+ systems. It is shown that the T jump can be used to probe the K+ and Na+ conductances during non-steady state conditions and thereby elicit relaxation times for a variety of initial states. Temperature-induced K+ conductance relaxation times were consistent with voltage-clamp measurements. The temperature-perturbation experiments were done as a combination of a temperature step and impulse change due to an adsorption of carbon black particles on the nerve. The experiments support the hypothesis that the relaxation times of the K+ system are independent of the previous history of the axon. It is concluded that the K+ conductance is at least a second-order system whose relaxation spectrum is composed of two exponential terms the magnitudes of which are markedly dependent on the initial conditions.", "contents": "Membrane conductance changes in single nodes of Ranvier, measured by laser-induced temperature-jump experiments. Temperature-jump experiments on isolated myelinated nerve fibers were done using a pulsed laser system in the Q switched mode. Voltage-clamp and temperature perturbations were used to measure the relaxing ionic conductances of both the Na+ and K+ systems. It is shown that the T jump can be used to probe the K+ and Na+ conductances during non-steady state conditions and thereby elicit relaxation times for a variety of initial states. Temperature-induced K+ conductance relaxation times were consistent with voltage-clamp measurements. The temperature-perturbation experiments were done as a combination of a temperature step and impulse change due to an adsorption of carbon black particles on the nerve. The experiments support the hypothesis that the relaxation times of the K+ system are independent of the previous history of the axon. It is concluded that the K+ conductance is at least a second-order system whose relaxation spectrum is composed of two exponential terms the magnitudes of which are markedly dependent on the initial conditions.", "PMID": 1111573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3071", "title": "The release of dopamine from synaptosomes from rat striatum by the ionophores X 537A and A 23187.", "content": "The antibiotics X 537A and A 23187 are negatively charged divalent cation ionophores. X 537A may, in addition, be an ionophore for amines including catecholamines. The effects of these ionophores were examined on the uptake and release of dopamine by synaptosomes prepared from rat corpus striatum. Both X 537A and A 23187, at concentrations less than 0.5 muM, release both endogenous and [3-H]-dopamine from synaptosomes. They had virtually no effect on the uptake of exogenous dopamine. These compounds act by different mechanisms. X 537A causes divalent ion-independent release in which a large fraction of the effluent consists of deaminated products. X 537A, in addition, releases [3-H]dopamine from rat adrenal medullary chromaffin granules. The results suggest that X 537A causes release of dopamine from intrasynaptosomal storage vesicles and perhaps is acting as a catecholamine carrier across the vesicular membrane. A 23187, on the other hand, causes a Ca-2+-dependent release in which only a small fraction of the catechol in the effluent is deaminated. A 23187 has little effect on the release of [3-H]dopamine from chromaffin granules. These results suggest that A 23187 carries Ca-2+ into the synaptosomes and thereby initiates exocytotoc release.", "contents": "The release of dopamine from synaptosomes from rat striatum by the ionophores X 537A and A 23187. The antibiotics X 537A and A 23187 are negatively charged divalent cation ionophores. X 537A may, in addition, be an ionophore for amines including catecholamines. The effects of these ionophores were examined on the uptake and release of dopamine by synaptosomes prepared from rat corpus striatum. Both X 537A and A 23187, at concentrations less than 0.5 muM, release both endogenous and [3-H]-dopamine from synaptosomes. They had virtually no effect on the uptake of exogenous dopamine. These compounds act by different mechanisms. X 537A causes divalent ion-independent release in which a large fraction of the effluent consists of deaminated products. X 537A, in addition, releases [3-H]dopamine from rat adrenal medullary chromaffin granules. The results suggest that X 537A causes release of dopamine from intrasynaptosomal storage vesicles and perhaps is acting as a catecholamine carrier across the vesicular membrane. A 23187, on the other hand, causes a Ca-2+-dependent release in which only a small fraction of the catechol in the effluent is deaminated. A 23187 has little effect on the release of [3-H]dopamine from chromaffin granules. These results suggest that A 23187 carries Ca-2+ into the synaptosomes and thereby initiates exocytotoc release.", "PMID": 1111574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3072", "title": "The interaction of atebrin with phospholipid vesicles.", "content": "The interaction of atebrin with phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylcholine-phosphatidic acid vesicles has been followed by equilibrium dialysis, and by photometric, fluorimetric and NMR techniques. The presence of negative charges in the phospholipids enhances the binding of atebrin. The absorbance and NMR spectral changes and fluorescence quenching occurring with phosphatidic acid are attributed to dimerization of the dye interacting electrostatically with negative groups. The dissociation constant of the binding of the dye to phosphatidylcholine vesicles was 1.4 mM; those of binding to the negative sites of phosphatidic acid were approx. 150 and 3 muM. The dye is probably located at the interphase with the acridine ring interacting with the anionic groups of phosphatidic acid and the tail freely floating in the aqueous phase. The results are discussed also in view of the use of atebrin as a probe of the energized state in natural membranes and of the suggestion that atebrin may be used as a transmembrane pH indicator in liposomes or natural membranes.", "contents": "The interaction of atebrin with phospholipid vesicles. The interaction of atebrin with phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylcholine-phosphatidic acid vesicles has been followed by equilibrium dialysis, and by photometric, fluorimetric and NMR techniques. The presence of negative charges in the phospholipids enhances the binding of atebrin. The absorbance and NMR spectral changes and fluorescence quenching occurring with phosphatidic acid are attributed to dimerization of the dye interacting electrostatically with negative groups. The dissociation constant of the binding of the dye to phosphatidylcholine vesicles was 1.4 mM; those of binding to the negative sites of phosphatidic acid were approx. 150 and 3 muM. The dye is probably located at the interphase with the acridine ring interacting with the anionic groups of phosphatidic acid and the tail freely floating in the aqueous phase. The results are discussed also in view of the use of atebrin as a probe of the energized state in natural membranes and of the suggestion that atebrin may be used as a transmembrane pH indicator in liposomes or natural membranes.", "PMID": 1111575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3073", "title": "Non-parallel transport of membrane proteins and content proteins during assembly of the secretory granule in rat parotid gland.", "content": "The insertion of newly synthesized protein molecules into the membrane of the secretory granule of the rat parotid gland was studied by in vivo labeling with [3-H]-proline and [3-H]leucine. 2 h after the injection of the amino acid into the rat, the membrane fraction isolated from the secretory granules was found to be highly labeled with proline but only slightly labeled with leucine. The ratio of proline label in the granule membrane to that in the granule's secretory content was roughly equivalent to the ratio of total proline in the proteins of these two fractions. In contrast the ratio of leucine label in the membrane to that in the secretory content was much less than would be expected from the relative amount of leucine in both fractions. Separation of the proteins of the granule membrane by gel electrophoresis in presence of sodium dodecylsulfate showed that a considerable amount of these proteins was unlabeled. The labeled proteins could be selectively extracted from the membrane by 0.15 M Nacl solution or by dilute buffer at pH 4.5. These extracted proteins were found to contain a high proportion of proline residues and a negligible amount of leucine residues. In the extract proline constituted 36 mole % of the total amino acids. Proline plus glycine plus glutamic acid constituted more than 80 mole % and leucine constituted about 1 mole% of the total amino acids. Further analyses by gel electrophoresis in presence of sodium dodecylsulfate showed that the fractions of secretory granule membrane and secretory granule content are relatively free of contamination by proteins from other subcellular structures. It is suggested that the proteins which will constitute the mature secretory granule are transported to the site of final assembly by two pathways. The proline-rich proteins are transported to the site of assembly in close coordination with all the exportable proteins. The other membrane proteins arrive by a different pathway. Two alternative mechanisms are suggested to explain the finding that a considerable part of the membrane proteins are not labeled. I. The pathway of the intracellular transport of the unlabeled membrane proteins is similar to that of the secretory proteins but the newly synthesized membrane protein molecules are diluted in a large intermediate pool--the GOLgi complex. II. The proteins that did not get labeled are derived by a process of reutilization, from membranes of granules which have previously discharged their content in the process of secretion.", "contents": "Non-parallel transport of membrane proteins and content proteins during assembly of the secretory granule in rat parotid gland. The insertion of newly synthesized protein molecules into the membrane of the secretory granule of the rat parotid gland was studied by in vivo labeling with [3-H]-proline and [3-H]leucine. 2 h after the injection of the amino acid into the rat, the membrane fraction isolated from the secretory granules was found to be highly labeled with proline but only slightly labeled with leucine. The ratio of proline label in the granule membrane to that in the granule's secretory content was roughly equivalent to the ratio of total proline in the proteins of these two fractions. In contrast the ratio of leucine label in the membrane to that in the secretory content was much less than would be expected from the relative amount of leucine in both fractions. Separation of the proteins of the granule membrane by gel electrophoresis in presence of sodium dodecylsulfate showed that a considerable amount of these proteins was unlabeled. The labeled proteins could be selectively extracted from the membrane by 0.15 M Nacl solution or by dilute buffer at pH 4.5. These extracted proteins were found to contain a high proportion of proline residues and a negligible amount of leucine residues. In the extract proline constituted 36 mole % of the total amino acids. Proline plus glycine plus glutamic acid constituted more than 80 mole % and leucine constituted about 1 mole% of the total amino acids. Further analyses by gel electrophoresis in presence of sodium dodecylsulfate showed that the fractions of secretory granule membrane and secretory granule content are relatively free of contamination by proteins from other subcellular structures. It is suggested that the proteins which will constitute the mature secretory granule are transported to the site of final assembly by two pathways. The proline-rich proteins are transported to the site of assembly in close coordination with all the exportable proteins. The other membrane proteins arrive by a different pathway. Two alternative mechanisms are suggested to explain the finding that a considerable part of the membrane proteins are not labeled. I. The pathway of the intracellular transport of the unlabeled membrane proteins is similar to that of the secretory proteins but the newly synthesized membrane protein molecules are diluted in a large intermediate pool--the GOLgi complex. II. The proteins that did not get labeled are derived by a process of reutilization, from membranes of granules which have previously discharged their content in the process of secretion.", "PMID": 1111576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3074", "title": "Cysteine metabolism in vivo of vitamin B6-deficient rats.", "content": "The expirations of 14CO2 from DL-[1-14C]-, DL-[3-14C]- and L-[U-14C] cysteine used as isotopic tracers were estimated in order to determine the in vivo metabolic distribution of L-cysteine in pyridoxine deficient rats. The expired 14CO2 from L-[U-14C] cysteine was increased by pyridoxine deficiency. The loading of non-physiological dose of L-cysteine resulted in remarkable increase in the expiration of 14CO2 from each tracer in deficient rats as well as in controls. The in vivo metabolic distributions of L-cysteine were calculated from the expired 14CO2 from these isotopic tracers. The in vivo metabolic distribution of L-cysteine calculated showed that the remarkable lesion in taurine pathway occurred in pyridoxine deficient rats, and when non-physiological dose of L-cysteine was loaded the catabolism of L-cysteine of controls was markedly increased in either pyruvate or taurine pathway, whereas the L-cysteine catabolism in deficient rats was increased only in pyruvate but not in taurine pathway. The urinary excretions of 35S-labeled metabolites such as sulfate or taurine were also examined in deficient and control rats.", "contents": "Cysteine metabolism in vivo of vitamin B6-deficient rats. The expirations of 14CO2 from DL-[1-14C]-, DL-[3-14C]- and L-[U-14C] cysteine used as isotopic tracers were estimated in order to determine the in vivo metabolic distribution of L-cysteine in pyridoxine deficient rats. The expired 14CO2 from L-[U-14C] cysteine was increased by pyridoxine deficiency. The loading of non-physiological dose of L-cysteine resulted in remarkable increase in the expiration of 14CO2 from each tracer in deficient rats as well as in controls. The in vivo metabolic distributions of L-cysteine were calculated from the expired 14CO2 from these isotopic tracers. The in vivo metabolic distribution of L-cysteine calculated showed that the remarkable lesion in taurine pathway occurred in pyridoxine deficient rats, and when non-physiological dose of L-cysteine was loaded the catabolism of L-cysteine of controls was markedly increased in either pyruvate or taurine pathway, whereas the L-cysteine catabolism in deficient rats was increased only in pyruvate but not in taurine pathway. The urinary excretions of 35S-labeled metabolites such as sulfate or taurine were also examined in deficient and control rats.", "PMID": 1111577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3075", "title": "Cellulose synthesis by Acetobacter xylinum. III. Matrix, primer and lipid requirements and heat stability of the cellulose-forming enzymes.", "content": "The addition of soluble cellodextrins of increasing size to a cell envelope preparation of Acetobacter xylinum stimulated cellulose synthesis from UDPG. This stimulation was attributed to both acceptor and activator effects. Enzymes required for cellulose synthesis were found to be heat-unstable and those required for synthesis of glycosylated lipid components from UDPG, heat-stable. Both heat-inactivated envelope fragments and supernatant fluid from whole cells were necessary for cellulose synthesis from UDPG. Cellulose was not formed from UDPG in the presence of either supernatant fluid alone or heat-inactivated envelopes alone. The combined results of this and previous studies suggest that either the cell envelope is necessary for synthesis of a more immediate precursor to cellulose than UDPG, or that the synthesis from UDPG requires a matrix. The former suggestion and its possible link with lipid intermediate involvement was strengthened by the observation of inefficient glycosylated lipid formation by a celluloseless mutant strain of A. xylinum. The possible locations of various enzyme activities required for the synthesis of the cellulose precursor are indicated and a possible microfibril nucleation process is discussed.", "contents": "Cellulose synthesis by Acetobacter xylinum. III. Matrix, primer and lipid requirements and heat stability of the cellulose-forming enzymes. The addition of soluble cellodextrins of increasing size to a cell envelope preparation of Acetobacter xylinum stimulated cellulose synthesis from UDPG. This stimulation was attributed to both acceptor and activator effects. Enzymes required for cellulose synthesis were found to be heat-unstable and those required for synthesis of glycosylated lipid components from UDPG, heat-stable. Both heat-inactivated envelope fragments and supernatant fluid from whole cells were necessary for cellulose synthesis from UDPG. Cellulose was not formed from UDPG in the presence of either supernatant fluid alone or heat-inactivated envelopes alone. The combined results of this and previous studies suggest that either the cell envelope is necessary for synthesis of a more immediate precursor to cellulose than UDPG, or that the synthesis from UDPG requires a matrix. The former suggestion and its possible link with lipid intermediate involvement was strengthened by the observation of inefficient glycosylated lipid formation by a celluloseless mutant strain of A. xylinum. The possible locations of various enzyme activities required for the synthesis of the cellulose precursor are indicated and a possible microfibril nucleation process is discussed.", "PMID": 1111578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3076", "title": "The response of small intestinal villous and crypt epithelium to choleratoxin in rat and guinea pig. Evidence against a specific role of the crypt cells in choleragen-induced secretion.", "content": "1. Some kinetic properties of adenylate cyclase in separately isolated upper villous and crypt cells from rat and guinea pig small intestine were compared. An apparent Km of 0.4 mM was found for both enzymes in the rat. The slight difference between the V-values measured in the fluoride-stimulated state (132 and 165 pmoles cyclic AMP formed per min per mg protein respectively) indicated an approximately equal enzyme content of both cell populations and argues strongly against a preferential localization in the brushborder region of the epithelial cell. 2. Prolonged contact of the small intestine with luminally administered choleragen led to an irreversible activation of adenylate cyclase in both villous and crypt compartments. The maximal stimulation of the upper villous enzyme (4-7 times) exceeded the maximal effect on the crypt enzyme by two-fold. 3. A lag phase of at least 30 min was found between the first luminal contact with the purified choleragen and a significant activation of the adenylate cyclase associated with isolated intestinal brushborders from the upper villous region. 4. By using a short exposure time (2 min) of the luminal surface to high amounts of choleragen, adenylate cyclase activity in the upper villus could be optimally stimulated in the absence of any alteration of crypt cell activity. 5. By comparing, in vivo, the effects of short and prolonged contact with choleratoxin on the unidirectional and net flux of ions and water in ileal and jejunal segments, it was concluded that both villous and crypt regions contribute to the secretion of water and electrolytes (sodium, chloride and bicarbonate ions) during cholera. The serosal to mucosal flux of sodium and chloride ions increased without a significant alteration of the opposite flux. These results imply that absorptive and secretory processes occur within the same epithelial compartment. 6. The view that the crypt epithelium fulfills a specific role during the choleragen-induced secretion of ions and water is incompatible with the results of the present study.", "contents": "The response of small intestinal villous and crypt epithelium to choleratoxin in rat and guinea pig. Evidence against a specific role of the crypt cells in choleragen-induced secretion. 1. Some kinetic properties of adenylate cyclase in separately isolated upper villous and crypt cells from rat and guinea pig small intestine were compared. An apparent Km of 0.4 mM was found for both enzymes in the rat. The slight difference between the V-values measured in the fluoride-stimulated state (132 and 165 pmoles cyclic AMP formed per min per mg protein respectively) indicated an approximately equal enzyme content of both cell populations and argues strongly against a preferential localization in the brushborder region of the epithelial cell. 2. Prolonged contact of the small intestine with luminally administered choleragen led to an irreversible activation of adenylate cyclase in both villous and crypt compartments. The maximal stimulation of the upper villous enzyme (4-7 times) exceeded the maximal effect on the crypt enzyme by two-fold. 3. A lag phase of at least 30 min was found between the first luminal contact with the purified choleragen and a significant activation of the adenylate cyclase associated with isolated intestinal brushborders from the upper villous region. 4. By using a short exposure time (2 min) of the luminal surface to high amounts of choleragen, adenylate cyclase activity in the upper villus could be optimally stimulated in the absence of any alteration of crypt cell activity. 5. By comparing, in vivo, the effects of short and prolonged contact with choleratoxin on the unidirectional and net flux of ions and water in ileal and jejunal segments, it was concluded that both villous and crypt regions contribute to the secretion of water and electrolytes (sodium, chloride and bicarbonate ions) during cholera. The serosal to mucosal flux of sodium and chloride ions increased without a significant alteration of the opposite flux. These results imply that absorptive and secretory processes occur within the same epithelial compartment. 6. The view that the crypt epithelium fulfills a specific role during the choleragen-induced secretion of ions and water is incompatible with the results of the present study.", "PMID": 1111579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3077", "title": "Incorporation of hypoxanthine into adenine and guanine nucleotides by human platelets.", "content": "1. Incubation (1-4 h) of normal human washed platelets (5-11-10-8 per ml) with [8-14C] hypoxanthine at a concentration of 10-5 M resulted in a linear incorporation of radioactivity into adenine and guanine nucleotides. 2. Washed platelets from patients with Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, deficient in hypoxanthine: guanine phosphoribosyltransferase, failed to demonstrate any significant incorporation of [8-14C] hypoxanthine but did incorporate [8-14C] adenine like normal platelets under the same incubation condition. 3. These findings are taken to indicate that normal platelets have the enzymes necessary for salvage of hypoxanthine and that hypoxanthine: guanine phosphoribosyltransferase is the obligatory first step in this pathway.", "contents": "Incorporation of hypoxanthine into adenine and guanine nucleotides by human platelets. 1. Incubation (1-4 h) of normal human washed platelets (5-11-10-8 per ml) with [8-14C] hypoxanthine at a concentration of 10-5 M resulted in a linear incorporation of radioactivity into adenine and guanine nucleotides. 2. Washed platelets from patients with Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, deficient in hypoxanthine: guanine phosphoribosyltransferase, failed to demonstrate any significant incorporation of [8-14C] hypoxanthine but did incorporate [8-14C] adenine like normal platelets under the same incubation condition. 3. These findings are taken to indicate that normal platelets have the enzymes necessary for salvage of hypoxanthine and that hypoxanthine: guanine phosphoribosyltransferase is the obligatory first step in this pathway.", "PMID": 1111580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3078", "title": "32P distribution into 2,3-bisphosphoglyceric acid from human erythrocytes following molybdate-catalyzed hydrolysis.", "content": "Normal human washed erythrocytes were incubated in autologous plasma with 32P for varying periods of time. 2,3-Bisphosphoglyceric acid the major organic phosphate ester of red cells, was first isolated and purified by anion-exchange chromatography; subsequently, the C-2Pi was selectively hydrolyzed by a molybdate-catalyzed reaction. The C-2-bound Pi of 2,3-P2-glyceric acid was found to have a significantly higher specific activity than C-3 Pi. Intramolecular equilibration was not reached until the 180-min incubation. No evidence of overhydrolysis or internal randomization by the molybdate reaction was noted which was confirmed following hydrolysis of double-label 2,3-P2-glyceric acid 32P C-2, 33P C-3.", "contents": "32P distribution into 2,3-bisphosphoglyceric acid from human erythrocytes following molybdate-catalyzed hydrolysis. Normal human washed erythrocytes were incubated in autologous plasma with 32P for varying periods of time. 2,3-Bisphosphoglyceric acid the major organic phosphate ester of red cells, was first isolated and purified by anion-exchange chromatography; subsequently, the C-2Pi was selectively hydrolyzed by a molybdate-catalyzed reaction. The C-2-bound Pi of 2,3-P2-glyceric acid was found to have a significantly higher specific activity than C-3 Pi. Intramolecular equilibration was not reached until the 180-min incubation. No evidence of overhydrolysis or internal randomization by the molybdate reaction was noted which was confirmed following hydrolysis of double-label 2,3-P2-glyceric acid 32P C-2, 33P C-3.", "PMID": 1111581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3079", "title": "Investigations on the venom of the South Indian scorpion Heterometrus scaber.", "content": "The enzymes from the venom of Heterometrus scaber, the indole compounds present and the toxic protein of the venom have been studied. The venom contains acid phosphatase, ribonuclease, 5'-nucleotidase, hyaluronidase, acetylcholine esterase and phospholipase. A. The indole compounds present in the venom have been identified as 5-hydroxytryptophan, tryptophan, serotonin and tryptamine, along with two unidentified indole compounds. The venom produces hyperglycaemia in sublethal doses and this has been found to be due to increased adrenaline secretion. The toxic protein of the venom has been obtained in a pure form by (NH4)2SO4 fractionation, followed by fractional precipitation with acetone and chromatography over DEAE-Sephadex. The toxic fraction has been found to be homogeneous on acrylamide gel electrophoresis. It is a glycoprotein (molecular weight 15 000) containing 1.74% glucosamine, 0.87% galactosamine, 0.313% sialic acid, 3.25% fucose and 0.45% of an unidentified neutral sugar. It did not show any enzyme activities, haemolytic activity or inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase activity but it produced hyperglycaemia in sublethal doses. The toxic level (intravenous administration in rats) was found to be 0.72 mg/kg body weight.", "contents": "Investigations on the venom of the South Indian scorpion Heterometrus scaber. The enzymes from the venom of Heterometrus scaber, the indole compounds present and the toxic protein of the venom have been studied. The venom contains acid phosphatase, ribonuclease, 5'-nucleotidase, hyaluronidase, acetylcholine esterase and phospholipase. A. The indole compounds present in the venom have been identified as 5-hydroxytryptophan, tryptophan, serotonin and tryptamine, along with two unidentified indole compounds. The venom produces hyperglycaemia in sublethal doses and this has been found to be due to increased adrenaline secretion. The toxic protein of the venom has been obtained in a pure form by (NH4)2SO4 fractionation, followed by fractional precipitation with acetone and chromatography over DEAE-Sephadex. The toxic fraction has been found to be homogeneous on acrylamide gel electrophoresis. It is a glycoprotein (molecular weight 15 000) containing 1.74% glucosamine, 0.87% galactosamine, 0.313% sialic acid, 3.25% fucose and 0.45% of an unidentified neutral sugar. It did not show any enzyme activities, haemolytic activity or inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase activity but it produced hyperglycaemia in sublethal doses. The toxic level (intravenous administration in rats) was found to be 0.72 mg/kg body weight.", "PMID": 1111582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3080", "title": "The role of mannosylphosphorylpolyisoprenol in glycoprotein biosynthesis in Mycobacterium smegmatis.", "content": "A particulate enzyme preparation of Mycobacterium smegmatis catalyzes the transfer of labeled mannose from GDP-[14C] mannose into several endogenous acceptors. In one of these transfer reactions, the radioactivity is incorporated into an insoluble polymeric product that is present at the interphase after extraction of reaction mixture with chloroform-methanol. Solubilization of this product was achieved by digestion with proteolytic enzymes or treatment with 0.1 M NaOH indicating that the material was glycoprotein in nature. The solubilized material obtained after proteolytic digestion followed by treatment with alkali (representing 80-93% of the total interphase product) was shown to consist of a series of small molecular weight [14C] mannose containing oligosaccharides and glycopeptides by Bio-Gel column chromatography. A kinetic study of the enzymatic transfer of [14C] mannose from GDP-[14C] mannose into the glycoprotein suggested that the mannosylphosphorylpolyisoprenols are the obligatory mannosyl donor.", "contents": "The role of mannosylphosphorylpolyisoprenol in glycoprotein biosynthesis in Mycobacterium smegmatis. A particulate enzyme preparation of Mycobacterium smegmatis catalyzes the transfer of labeled mannose from GDP-[14C] mannose into several endogenous acceptors. In one of these transfer reactions, the radioactivity is incorporated into an insoluble polymeric product that is present at the interphase after extraction of reaction mixture with chloroform-methanol. Solubilization of this product was achieved by digestion with proteolytic enzymes or treatment with 0.1 M NaOH indicating that the material was glycoprotein in nature. The solubilized material obtained after proteolytic digestion followed by treatment with alkali (representing 80-93% of the total interphase product) was shown to consist of a series of small molecular weight [14C] mannose containing oligosaccharides and glycopeptides by Bio-Gel column chromatography. A kinetic study of the enzymatic transfer of [14C] mannose from GDP-[14C] mannose into the glycoprotein suggested that the mannosylphosphorylpolyisoprenols are the obligatory mannosyl donor.", "PMID": 1111583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3081", "title": "Reduced response to phenobarbital by the liver of rats fed a choline-deficient diet.", "content": "1. The response of the liver to phenobarbital administration was compared in rats fed either laboratory chow, a semipurified choline-supplemented diet or a semipurified choline-deficient diet. 2. The liver contents of proteins, lipids and cytochrome P-450, as well as the activity of aminopyrine and ethylmorphine demethylases, were measured after 5 days of feeding and five daily injections of phenobarbital. Liver sections were examined electron microscopically. 3. In rats fed the choline-supplemented diet, phenobarbital administration caused increases in cellular constituents, enzyme activities and smooth endoplasmic reticulum membranes as great as those seen in rats fed laboratory chow. However, in rats fed the choline-deficient diet, the response of the liver to phenobarbital administration was severely reduced in comparison to that in rats fed the other diets. 4. It is concluded that dietary choline and an adequate synthesis of lecithins are necessary for the induction of microsomal mixed-function oxidases and the concomitant accumulation of smooth endoplasmic reticulum in hepatocytes.", "contents": "Reduced response to phenobarbital by the liver of rats fed a choline-deficient diet. 1. The response of the liver to phenobarbital administration was compared in rats fed either laboratory chow, a semipurified choline-supplemented diet or a semipurified choline-deficient diet. 2. The liver contents of proteins, lipids and cytochrome P-450, as well as the activity of aminopyrine and ethylmorphine demethylases, were measured after 5 days of feeding and five daily injections of phenobarbital. Liver sections were examined electron microscopically. 3. In rats fed the choline-supplemented diet, phenobarbital administration caused increases in cellular constituents, enzyme activities and smooth endoplasmic reticulum membranes as great as those seen in rats fed laboratory chow. However, in rats fed the choline-deficient diet, the response of the liver to phenobarbital administration was severely reduced in comparison to that in rats fed the other diets. 4. It is concluded that dietary choline and an adequate synthesis of lecithins are necessary for the induction of microsomal mixed-function oxidases and the concomitant accumulation of smooth endoplasmic reticulum in hepatocytes.", "PMID": 1111584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3082", "title": "Glycopeptides from the egg jelly coat of the toad Bufo vulgaris.", "content": "1. Glycopeptides isolated by exhaustive pronase digestion from the egg jelly coat of toad, Bufo vulgaris, were separated by DEAE-cellulose chromatography into two fractions. These fractions each gave a single band when they were subjected to electrophoresis on cellulose acetate strips. The glycopeptides behaved as a kind of \"macroglycopeptide\" on gel chromatography. 2. The glycopeptide fractions contained as sugar components galactosamine, glucosamine, galactose, fucose and N-acetylneuraminic acid. The amino acid composition was characterized by the presence of threonine and serine, which accounted for approximately 70% of the total amino acids. 3. Large amounts of galactosamine, threonine and serine were destroyed by treatment with alkali, indicating that the carbohydrate-peptide linkage in the glycopeptides is mostly an O-glycosidic bond between N-acetylgalactosamine and the hydroxy groups of threonine and serine.", "contents": "Glycopeptides from the egg jelly coat of the toad Bufo vulgaris. 1. Glycopeptides isolated by exhaustive pronase digestion from the egg jelly coat of toad, Bufo vulgaris, were separated by DEAE-cellulose chromatography into two fractions. These fractions each gave a single band when they were subjected to electrophoresis on cellulose acetate strips. The glycopeptides behaved as a kind of \"macroglycopeptide\" on gel chromatography. 2. The glycopeptide fractions contained as sugar components galactosamine, glucosamine, galactose, fucose and N-acetylneuraminic acid. The amino acid composition was characterized by the presence of threonine and serine, which accounted for approximately 70% of the total amino acids. 3. Large amounts of galactosamine, threonine and serine were destroyed by treatment with alkali, indicating that the carbohydrate-peptide linkage in the glycopeptides is mostly an O-glycosidic bond between N-acetylgalactosamine and the hydroxy groups of threonine and serine.", "PMID": 1111585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3083", "title": "Localization of nascent NADPH-cytochrome c reductase in rat liver microsomes.", "content": "Rat liver microsomes incubated with [3H] puromycin in high salt buffer were digested with a mixture of protease, trypsin and chymotrypsin, in both the presence and absence of 1 % deoxycholate. Our observations revealed that the proteolysis of peptidyl puromycin labeled with [3H] puromycin was at least partially protected by the presence of microsomal membrane. Immuno-chemical analyses have further shown that most of the nascent NADPH-cytochrome c reductase in the microsomes was digested with the proteases while serum albumin was effectively protected from the digestion. It is thus proposed that NADPH-cytochrome c reductase synthesized on the membrane bound ribosomes is not transported to the vesicular cavity but directly to the outer surface of the microsomal membrane in a form which is accessible to the proteases.", "contents": "Localization of nascent NADPH-cytochrome c reductase in rat liver microsomes. Rat liver microsomes incubated with [3H] puromycin in high salt buffer were digested with a mixture of protease, trypsin and chymotrypsin, in both the presence and absence of 1 % deoxycholate. Our observations revealed that the proteolysis of peptidyl puromycin labeled with [3H] puromycin was at least partially protected by the presence of microsomal membrane. Immuno-chemical analyses have further shown that most of the nascent NADPH-cytochrome c reductase in the microsomes was digested with the proteases while serum albumin was effectively protected from the digestion. It is thus proposed that NADPH-cytochrome c reductase synthesized on the membrane bound ribosomes is not transported to the vesicular cavity but directly to the outer surface of the microsomal membrane in a form which is accessible to the proteases.", "PMID": 1111586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3084", "title": "On the association of glycolytic enzymes with structural proteins of skeletal muscle.", "content": "1. The effects of protein concentration and ionic strength on the adsorption of the individual glycolytic enzymes to F-actin and F-actin--trypomyosin--troponin have been studied. 2. Appreciable association was demonstrated under conditions of physiological ionic strength and high protein concentration, and tropomyosin--troponin established as an important and generalized component of these interactions. 3. Phosphofructokinase, aldolase, pyruvate kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphate isomerase were strongly bound under these conditions, while triosephosphate isomerase, phosphoglycerate kinase, phosphoglycerate mutase, enolase and hexokinase displayed less adsorption to the structural proteins. 4. The influence of a number of parameters on the adsorption phenomena was examined. Ca2+ and fructose 1,6-diphosphate increased the adsorption of aldolase, lactate dehydrogenase and pyruvate kinase, while decreasing the adsorption of the enzymes of the constant-proportion group. 5. Of the other major enzymic components of skeletal muscle, creatine kinase, adenylate kinase and malate dehydrogenase showed no adsorption to F-actin--tropomyosin--troponin under the experimental conditions. Some adsorption was evident, however, in the case of aspartate aminotransferase, (NADP) isocitrate dehydrogenase and alpha-glycerolphosphate dehydrogenase. 6. These results have been discussed in relation to their functional significance and the roles of enzyme compartmentation in the cell.", "contents": "On the association of glycolytic enzymes with structural proteins of skeletal muscle. 1. The effects of protein concentration and ionic strength on the adsorption of the individual glycolytic enzymes to F-actin and F-actin--trypomyosin--troponin have been studied. 2. Appreciable association was demonstrated under conditions of physiological ionic strength and high protein concentration, and tropomyosin--troponin established as an important and generalized component of these interactions. 3. Phosphofructokinase, aldolase, pyruvate kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphate isomerase were strongly bound under these conditions, while triosephosphate isomerase, phosphoglycerate kinase, phosphoglycerate mutase, enolase and hexokinase displayed less adsorption to the structural proteins. 4. The influence of a number of parameters on the adsorption phenomena was examined. Ca2+ and fructose 1,6-diphosphate increased the adsorption of aldolase, lactate dehydrogenase and pyruvate kinase, while decreasing the adsorption of the enzymes of the constant-proportion group. 5. Of the other major enzymic components of skeletal muscle, creatine kinase, adenylate kinase and malate dehydrogenase showed no adsorption to F-actin--tropomyosin--troponin under the experimental conditions. Some adsorption was evident, however, in the case of aspartate aminotransferase, (NADP) isocitrate dehydrogenase and alpha-glycerolphosphate dehydrogenase. 6. These results have been discussed in relation to their functional significance and the roles of enzyme compartmentation in the cell.", "PMID": 1111588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3085", "title": "Evidence for structural dissociation of two biologic actions of growth hormone.", "content": "The effects of purified growth hormone and its CNBr fragments on somatomedin induction and on the stimulation of hepatic and renal ornithine decarboxylase (L-ornithine carboxylase, EC 4.1.1.17) activity in rats have been investigated. At the doses tested, none of the CNBr fragments induced somatomedin as evidenced by lack of an effect on sulfate, leucine, and thymidine incorporation into cartilage of hypophysectomized rats. However, the largest fragment, consisting of two peptides corresponding to Residues 6-124 and 150-179 linked by a disulfide bridge, stimulated both renal and hepatic ornithine decarboxylase activity in hypophysectomized rats and the activity of the hepatic enzyme in intact animals. A smaller CNBr fragment corresponding to Residues 125-149 slightly stimulated the activity of renal ornithine decarboxylase but failed to increase activity of the hepatic enzyme. A similar slight stimulation of the activity of the renal, but not the hepatic, enzyme was produced by a large carboxyl-terminal fragment (molecular weight 8000) prepared by proteolytic cleavage of partially purified ovine growth hormone. Circular dichroic spectra of the CNBr fragments demonstrated that the largest fragment retained much of the ordered secondary structure of intact growth hormone while two smaller CNBr fragments were devoid of ordered secondary structure. These observations indicate that different biological activities of growth hormone may be dissociated by fragmentation of the parent molecule.", "contents": "Evidence for structural dissociation of two biologic actions of growth hormone. The effects of purified growth hormone and its CNBr fragments on somatomedin induction and on the stimulation of hepatic and renal ornithine decarboxylase (L-ornithine carboxylase, EC 4.1.1.17) activity in rats have been investigated. At the doses tested, none of the CNBr fragments induced somatomedin as evidenced by lack of an effect on sulfate, leucine, and thymidine incorporation into cartilage of hypophysectomized rats. However, the largest fragment, consisting of two peptides corresponding to Residues 6-124 and 150-179 linked by a disulfide bridge, stimulated both renal and hepatic ornithine decarboxylase activity in hypophysectomized rats and the activity of the hepatic enzyme in intact animals. A smaller CNBr fragment corresponding to Residues 125-149 slightly stimulated the activity of renal ornithine decarboxylase but failed to increase activity of the hepatic enzyme. A similar slight stimulation of the activity of the renal, but not the hepatic, enzyme was produced by a large carboxyl-terminal fragment (molecular weight 8000) prepared by proteolytic cleavage of partially purified ovine growth hormone. Circular dichroic spectra of the CNBr fragments demonstrated that the largest fragment retained much of the ordered secondary structure of intact growth hormone while two smaller CNBr fragments were devoid of ordered secondary structure. These observations indicate that different biological activities of growth hormone may be dissociated by fragmentation of the parent molecule.", "PMID": 1111589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3086", "title": "Correlation between erythromycin and acid phosphatase in mouse liver.", "content": "1. Whole liver homogenates obtained from mice 1h after an intraperitoneal injection of erythromycin lactobionate (343 mg/kg, 1/3 LD 50) were fractionated into nuclear (7000 times g min), mitochondrial (33000 times g min) and lysosomr-rich (250 000 times g min) fractions. 2. The resulting fractions, as well as the final supernatant, were analyzed for erythromycin, acid phosphatase and protein. 3. The highest relative specific activities (per cent total protein) of erythromycin and of acid phosphatase were exhibited by the lysosome-rich fraction. 4. It was of interest, therefore, to examine the effects of erythromycin upon the free activity of acid phosphatase in soluble form and on its in vitro and in vivo release from liver lysosomes. 5. Concentrations of 1.7 - 10-4 M, 3.4 - 10-4 M, 6.8 - 10-4 M and 13. 6 - 10-4 M of erythromycin lactobionate had no significant effect upon the free activity of acid phosphatase in soluble form but retarded the release of this enzyme from the liver lysosome-rich preparation. This effect of erythromycin lactobionate was dose- and time-dependent. 6. Treatment of mice with erythromycin lactobionate (343 mg/kg, 1/3 LD 50) iwtraperitoneally for 7 days significantly decreased the unsedimentable acid phosphatase activity expressed as per cent of total activity in whole liver homogenates. This indicated an in vivo diminished release of acid phosphatase from liver lysosomes by erythromycin. 7. Since erythromycin lactobionate is ionisable it could be possible that erythromycin basis as many other cationic molecules accumulates in lysosomes. 8. The in vitro and in vivo diminished release of acid phosphatase may suggest that erythromycin decreases permeability of lysosomal membrane.", "contents": "Correlation between erythromycin and acid phosphatase in mouse liver. 1. Whole liver homogenates obtained from mice 1h after an intraperitoneal injection of erythromycin lactobionate (343 mg/kg, 1/3 LD 50) were fractionated into nuclear (7000 times g min), mitochondrial (33000 times g min) and lysosomr-rich (250 000 times g min) fractions. 2. The resulting fractions, as well as the final supernatant, were analyzed for erythromycin, acid phosphatase and protein. 3. The highest relative specific activities (per cent total protein) of erythromycin and of acid phosphatase were exhibited by the lysosome-rich fraction. 4. It was of interest, therefore, to examine the effects of erythromycin upon the free activity of acid phosphatase in soluble form and on its in vitro and in vivo release from liver lysosomes. 5. Concentrations of 1.7 - 10-4 M, 3.4 - 10-4 M, 6.8 - 10-4 M and 13. 6 - 10-4 M of erythromycin lactobionate had no significant effect upon the free activity of acid phosphatase in soluble form but retarded the release of this enzyme from the liver lysosome-rich preparation. This effect of erythromycin lactobionate was dose- and time-dependent. 6. Treatment of mice with erythromycin lactobionate (343 mg/kg, 1/3 LD 50) iwtraperitoneally for 7 days significantly decreased the unsedimentable acid phosphatase activity expressed as per cent of total activity in whole liver homogenates. This indicated an in vivo diminished release of acid phosphatase from liver lysosomes by erythromycin. 7. Since erythromycin lactobionate is ionisable it could be possible that erythromycin basis as many other cationic molecules accumulates in lysosomes. 8. The in vitro and in vivo diminished release of acid phosphatase may suggest that erythromycin decreases permeability of lysosomal membrane.", "PMID": 1111590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3087", "title": "Citrate formation by rat lung mitochondrial preparations.", "content": "Rat lung mitochondrial preparations were incubated in the preasence of pyruvate and malate. The principal metabolic products measured were citrate and CO2. Citrate formation from pyruvate was found to be dependent on the presence of malate. Significant citrate was formed in the presence of isocitrate and the rate of citrate formation was increased by the addition of pyruvate. Small amounts of citrate were formed by lung mitochondrial preparations in the presence of 2-oxoglutarate and succinate only after the addition of pyruvate. The level of acetyl-CoA was significantly greater in the presence of pyruvate than in the presence of pyruvate plus malate. The addition of malate to lung mitoochondrial preparations increased 14CO2 production from [2-14C] pyruvate into malate and citrate. A low level of pyruvate-dependent H14CO3-incorporation into acid-stable products was observed, principally citrate and malate, but this rate did not exceed 5% of the rate of net citrate formation in the presence of malate and pyruvate. The capacity of rate lung mitochondria to form oxaloacetate from pyruvate alone in vitro is very limited, and would appear to cast doubt on a major role of pyruvate carboxylase in citrate formation. It is concluded that the rate of citrate formation from pyruvate is limited by the availability of intramitochondrial oxaloacetate and the rate of citrate efflux across the mitochondrial membrane.", "contents": "Citrate formation by rat lung mitochondrial preparations. Rat lung mitochondrial preparations were incubated in the preasence of pyruvate and malate. The principal metabolic products measured were citrate and CO2. Citrate formation from pyruvate was found to be dependent on the presence of malate. Significant citrate was formed in the presence of isocitrate and the rate of citrate formation was increased by the addition of pyruvate. Small amounts of citrate were formed by lung mitochondrial preparations in the presence of 2-oxoglutarate and succinate only after the addition of pyruvate. The level of acetyl-CoA was significantly greater in the presence of pyruvate than in the presence of pyruvate plus malate. The addition of malate to lung mitoochondrial preparations increased 14CO2 production from [2-14C] pyruvate into malate and citrate. A low level of pyruvate-dependent H14CO3-incorporation into acid-stable products was observed, principally citrate and malate, but this rate did not exceed 5% of the rate of net citrate formation in the presence of malate and pyruvate. The capacity of rate lung mitochondria to form oxaloacetate from pyruvate alone in vitro is very limited, and would appear to cast doubt on a major role of pyruvate carboxylase in citrate formation. It is concluded that the rate of citrate formation from pyruvate is limited by the availability of intramitochondrial oxaloacetate and the rate of citrate efflux across the mitochondrial membrane.", "PMID": 1111591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3088", "title": "Phosphopeptide and phosphoprotein metabolism in brain.", "content": "Phosphopeptide and phosphoprotein phosphorylation was studied in rat brain microsomes and rat brain slices which were incubated in the presence of [gamma-32 P] ATP under various experimental conditions. Radioactive phosphoserine was isolated from phosphopeptides and phosphoproteins. Naplus, K+, Mg2+ and cyclic AMP had a stimulating effect on the labelling of phosphopeptides. Ouabain and Ca2+ lowered the level of 32P incorporation into the phosphopeptides. The phosphoproteins behaved similarly to the phosphopeptides except for the potassium effect. Chase experiments showed a faster decrease in the labelling of phosphopeptides than in phosphoproteins. We suggest that both compounds may be involved in active transport phenomena.", "contents": "Phosphopeptide and phosphoprotein metabolism in brain. Phosphopeptide and phosphoprotein phosphorylation was studied in rat brain microsomes and rat brain slices which were incubated in the presence of [gamma-32 P] ATP under various experimental conditions. Radioactive phosphoserine was isolated from phosphopeptides and phosphoproteins. Naplus, K+, Mg2+ and cyclic AMP had a stimulating effect on the labelling of phosphopeptides. Ouabain and Ca2+ lowered the level of 32P incorporation into the phosphopeptides. The phosphoproteins behaved similarly to the phosphopeptides except for the potassium effect. Chase experiments showed a faster decrease in the labelling of phosphopeptides than in phosphoproteins. We suggest that both compounds may be involved in active transport phenomena.", "PMID": 1111592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3089", "title": "The phosphorylation region of lysine-rich histone in dividing cells.", "content": "N-Bromosuccinimide cleavage of in vivo 32P-labelled lysine-rich histone isolated from rapidly dividing cells has been studied. N-Bromosuccinimide cleaves F1-histone into two fragments, a small N-terminal piece and a larger C-terminal portion. The phosphate-induced microheterogeneity and associated radioactivity which has been linked to cell replication, is found in the carboxyterminal fragment, No phosphorous is found associated with the amino-terminal fragment when histone phosphorylation is associated with cell division. The specific tryptic phosphopeptides obtained from in vivo labelled F1 are clearly different from those obtained from in vitro incubations of free F1-histones and cytoplasmic protein kinase.", "contents": "The phosphorylation region of lysine-rich histone in dividing cells. N-Bromosuccinimide cleavage of in vivo 32P-labelled lysine-rich histone isolated from rapidly dividing cells has been studied. N-Bromosuccinimide cleaves F1-histone into two fragments, a small N-terminal piece and a larger C-terminal portion. The phosphate-induced microheterogeneity and associated radioactivity which has been linked to cell replication, is found in the carboxyterminal fragment, No phosphorous is found associated with the amino-terminal fragment when histone phosphorylation is associated with cell division. The specific tryptic phosphopeptides obtained from in vivo labelled F1 are clearly different from those obtained from in vitro incubations of free F1-histones and cytoplasmic protein kinase.", "PMID": 1111593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3090", "title": "Incorporation and metabolic conversion of cyanocobalamin by Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells in vitro and in vivo.", "content": "1. Cyano [57 Co] cobalamin bound to murine transcobalamin, associates with Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells. Association was found to be dependent on temperature, and to require between 7.2 - 10-5 and 2 - 10-4 M ionized calcium. 2. Association was blocked by vinblastine and colchicine, but not cytochalasin, suggesting that microtubules may be involved in this phenomenon. 3. Although irreversible association of radioactivity with cells was observed within minutes, appearance of significant radioactivity associated with the intracellular B12 binder, and conversion of cyanocobalamin to methyl- and 5'deoxyadenosylcobalamin required more than 18 h of incubation. 4. A pool of free vitamin B12 was found in cell extracts. This was composed of metabolically-active cobalamins characteristic of the interior of the cell, and not of cyanocobalamin recently incorporated. 5. Incorporation of 57Co-labelled vitamin B12 by these cells involves two major processes: a rapid irreversible association of transcobalamin-B12 complex following reaction with a presumably calcium-dependent receptor, and a much later entry of vitamin into the cytoplasm to become exposed to enzymes and associated with an intracellular binder.", "contents": "Incorporation and metabolic conversion of cyanocobalamin by Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells in vitro and in vivo. 1. Cyano [57 Co] cobalamin bound to murine transcobalamin, associates with Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells. Association was found to be dependent on temperature, and to require between 7.2 - 10-5 and 2 - 10-4 M ionized calcium. 2. Association was blocked by vinblastine and colchicine, but not cytochalasin, suggesting that microtubules may be involved in this phenomenon. 3. Although irreversible association of radioactivity with cells was observed within minutes, appearance of significant radioactivity associated with the intracellular B12 binder, and conversion of cyanocobalamin to methyl- and 5'deoxyadenosylcobalamin required more than 18 h of incubation. 4. A pool of free vitamin B12 was found in cell extracts. This was composed of metabolically-active cobalamins characteristic of the interior of the cell, and not of cyanocobalamin recently incorporated. 5. Incorporation of 57Co-labelled vitamin B12 by these cells involves two major processes: a rapid irreversible association of transcobalamin-B12 complex following reaction with a presumably calcium-dependent receptor, and a much later entry of vitamin into the cytoplasm to become exposed to enzymes and associated with an intracellular binder.", "PMID": 1111594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3091", "title": "Proline recycling during collagen metabolism as determined by concurrent 18O2-and 3H-labeling.", "content": "In a previous study where rat skin collagen was labeled with 180 in the hydroxyl group of the collagen hydroxyproline we noticed that the decat rate of this label was much faster than had been observed when the skin collagen hydroxyproline was labeled with oH in the prolyl ring. In this study a ratwas labeled concurrently with [1802] and [3H] proline and the rate of decline of both labels was determined in rat skin collagen hydroxyproline. After correction for growth dilution of the skin collagen the [180] hydroxyproline was found to have a half-life of 27 days while the [3H] hydroxyproline had a half-life of 53 days. The decay rate of the [180] hydroxyproline represents the true turnover rate of collagen since there is no possibility of recycling this label. Hence, the difference between this and the [3H] hydroxyproline decay rate is due to recycling of L-[3H] proline into new collagen. The efficiency of recycling of proline from catabolized collagen into new collagen was about 93%.", "contents": "Proline recycling during collagen metabolism as determined by concurrent 18O2-and 3H-labeling. In a previous study where rat skin collagen was labeled with 180 in the hydroxyl group of the collagen hydroxyproline we noticed that the decat rate of this label was much faster than had been observed when the skin collagen hydroxyproline was labeled with oH in the prolyl ring. In this study a ratwas labeled concurrently with [1802] and [3H] proline and the rate of decline of both labels was determined in rat skin collagen hydroxyproline. After correction for growth dilution of the skin collagen the [180] hydroxyproline was found to have a half-life of 27 days while the [3H] hydroxyproline had a half-life of 53 days. The decay rate of the [180] hydroxyproline represents the true turnover rate of collagen since there is no possibility of recycling this label. Hence, the difference between this and the [3H] hydroxyproline decay rate is due to recycling of L-[3H] proline into new collagen. The efficiency of recycling of proline from catabolized collagen into new collagen was about 93%.", "PMID": 1111595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3092", "title": "Multi-exponential analysis of plasma free amino acid kinetics in the rat.", "content": "A multi-exponential analysis has been made of the curve of decreasing specific radioactivity with time after intravenous injection of a mixture of (U-14C)-labelled amino acids in rats. The data were shown to accord well with a linear model which was tested using an approximate linear regression method. This confirmed the satisfactory fit of the data to the model. Values for total entry into and of irreversible disposal from plasma were calculated and the extent of external recycling of amino acids obtained by difference.", "contents": "Multi-exponential analysis of plasma free amino acid kinetics in the rat. A multi-exponential analysis has been made of the curve of decreasing specific radioactivity with time after intravenous injection of a mixture of (U-14C)-labelled amino acids in rats. The data were shown to accord well with a linear model which was tested using an approximate linear regression method. This confirmed the satisfactory fit of the data to the model. Values for total entry into and of irreversible disposal from plasma were calculated and the extent of external recycling of amino acids obtained by difference.", "PMID": 1111596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3093", "title": "Synthesis of a fluorogenic mucopolysaccharide by chondrocytes in cell culture with 4-methylumbelliferyl beta-D-xyloside.", "content": "Culture of chondrocytes in the presence of 4-methylumbelliferyl beta-D-xyloside resulted in a synthesis of protein-free, fluorogenic chondroitin sulfate which was heterogeneous on DEAE-cellulose chromatography. Degradation of the major chromatographic fraction with chondroitinase-ABC yielded, in addition to a large quantity of delta4-glucuronic acid-containing disaccharides, two fluorogenic oligosaccharides of different size. Quantitative analysis showed that delta4-glucuronic acid, galactose, xylose, and 4-methylumbelliferone were present in the small oligosaccharide fragment in a molar ratio of 1:2:1:1. Since these analytical data are analogous to those reported for glycopeptides derivedfrom proteochondroitin sulfates, it may be suggested that 4-methyl-umbelliferyl beta-D-xyloside replaces the need for xylosyl protein core in the normal synthesis of proteochondroitin sulfate with a resultant production of the unusual polysaccharide bearing the added xyloside at the reducing end.", "contents": "Synthesis of a fluorogenic mucopolysaccharide by chondrocytes in cell culture with 4-methylumbelliferyl beta-D-xyloside. Culture of chondrocytes in the presence of 4-methylumbelliferyl beta-D-xyloside resulted in a synthesis of protein-free, fluorogenic chondroitin sulfate which was heterogeneous on DEAE-cellulose chromatography. Degradation of the major chromatographic fraction with chondroitinase-ABC yielded, in addition to a large quantity of delta4-glucuronic acid-containing disaccharides, two fluorogenic oligosaccharides of different size. Quantitative analysis showed that delta4-glucuronic acid, galactose, xylose, and 4-methylumbelliferone were present in the small oligosaccharide fragment in a molar ratio of 1:2:1:1. Since these analytical data are analogous to those reported for glycopeptides derivedfrom proteochondroitin sulfates, it may be suggested that 4-methyl-umbelliferyl beta-D-xyloside replaces the need for xylosyl protein core in the normal synthesis of proteochondroitin sulfate with a resultant production of the unusual polysaccharide bearing the added xyloside at the reducing end.", "PMID": 1111597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3094", "title": "[Evoked automatism (repeated responses) of cat cardiac ventricular fibers].", "content": "Repeated responses (RR) of cat papillary muscle fibres have been studied. Threshold current of the occurrence of repeated responses (2t) and saturation current (Is) on the accomodation curve have been determined. Two zones of autooscillations were revealed according to the ratio brage from low levels of the membrane potential (-80 divided by -55 mv). The second RR zone (It is not equal to Is) was activated in more than 70 per cent of preparations in the average from higher levels of the membrane potential (-40 mv and higher). A comparison was carried out between muscle and specialized fibres RR. The experimental data were analysed by the method of phase plane.", "contents": "[Evoked automatism (repeated responses) of cat cardiac ventricular fibers]. Repeated responses (RR) of cat papillary muscle fibres have been studied. Threshold current of the occurrence of repeated responses (2t) and saturation current (Is) on the accomodation curve have been determined. Two zones of autooscillations were revealed according to the ratio brage from low levels of the membrane potential (-80 divided by -55 mv). The second RR zone (It is not equal to Is) was activated in more than 70 per cent of preparations in the average from higher levels of the membrane potential (-40 mv and higher). A comparison was carried out between muscle and specialized fibres RR. The experimental data were analysed by the method of phase plane.", "PMID": 1111598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3095", "title": "[Uniform polarization of fibers and syncytial structures by extracellular electrodes].", "content": "The method is described which enables to measure the voltage-current relations of the membrane of fibres and of syncytial structures by means of the current passed through the extracellular electrodes. The method is based on such a distribution of extracellular resistances that the polarization of the membrane was uniform on a large area. For this purpose the extracellular longitudinal gradient of potential had to increase linearly as a function of distance from one of the edges of the preparation. Such a distribution of potentials was achieved by passing current along the conducting agar-layer, the thickness of which decreased with distance from the edge. The length of the agar-layer where the longitudinal potential gradient increased must be large in comparison with the space constant. It is shown that in the zone where polarization is uniform the density of the current crossing the membrane is proportional to the current passed through the preparation independently on the membrane resistance. The method was applied for measuring the voltage-current relations of the horizontal cell membrane in the fish retina.", "contents": "[Uniform polarization of fibers and syncytial structures by extracellular electrodes]. The method is described which enables to measure the voltage-current relations of the membrane of fibres and of syncytial structures by means of the current passed through the extracellular electrodes. The method is based on such a distribution of extracellular resistances that the polarization of the membrane was uniform on a large area. For this purpose the extracellular longitudinal gradient of potential had to increase linearly as a function of distance from one of the edges of the preparation. Such a distribution of potentials was achieved by passing current along the conducting agar-layer, the thickness of which decreased with distance from the edge. The length of the agar-layer where the longitudinal potential gradient increased must be large in comparison with the space constant. It is shown that in the zone where polarization is uniform the density of the current crossing the membrane is proportional to the current passed through the preparation independently on the membrane resistance. The method was applied for measuring the voltage-current relations of the horizontal cell membrane in the fish retina.", "PMID": 1111599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3096", "title": "[Electrical connections between myocardial fibers and genesis of the electrocardiogram].", "content": "The ECG genesis was analysed in the light of electric anisotropism of myocardium. The radial dipole P-r of interfiber currents for man's heart is estimated to be 50 mV with cm-2. These currents could be essential in ECG generation.", "contents": "[Electrical connections between myocardial fibers and genesis of the electrocardiogram]. The ECG genesis was analysed in the light of electric anisotropism of myocardium. The radial dipole P-r of interfiber currents for man's heart is estimated to be 50 mV with cm-2. These currents could be essential in ECG generation.", "PMID": 1111601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3097", "title": "[Theory of syncytial tissues. II. open syncytiae].", "content": "An infinite opened syncytium besides a common description as an infinite tree may be presented as a periodical structure and as a net with infinite dimensions. The first presentation singificantly simplifies the solution of the problem concerning the inpuf resistence, the second one-that concerning potential distribution. The third one permits an evaluation of asymptotics of the electrical properties of the nets with finite dimensions with the growth of their dimensions. It has been shown that the electrical properties of the opened syncytiae as infinite nets do not differ much from the threedimensional ones, and therefore they can be used as convenient models of real threedimensional tissues for practical calculations.", "contents": "[Theory of syncytial tissues. II. open syncytiae]. An infinite opened syncytium besides a common description as an infinite tree may be presented as a periodical structure and as a net with infinite dimensions. The first presentation singificantly simplifies the solution of the problem concerning the inpuf resistence, the second one-that concerning potential distribution. The third one permits an evaluation of asymptotics of the electrical properties of the nets with finite dimensions with the growth of their dimensions. It has been shown that the electrical properties of the opened syncytiae as infinite nets do not differ much from the threedimensional ones, and therefore they can be used as convenient models of real threedimensional tissues for practical calculations.", "PMID": 1111603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3098", "title": "[Study on the Noble model of the synchronization of spontaneously active myocardial cells connected by highly permeable contacts].", "content": "Synchronization of two cells differing in sodium permeability has been studied. More frequent contractions of myocardial cells under synchronization described in [3], when the frequency of simultaneous excitation of cells is higher than that of each of them before the contact, can be explained by the electrical properties of the membranes of myocardial cells.", "contents": "[Study on the Noble model of the synchronization of spontaneously active myocardial cells connected by highly permeable contacts]. Synchronization of two cells differing in sodium permeability has been studied. More frequent contractions of myocardial cells under synchronization described in [3], when the frequency of simultaneous excitation of cells is higher than that of each of them before the contact, can be explained by the electrical properties of the membranes of myocardial cells.", "PMID": 1111602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3099", "title": "[Role of functional reorganization of the receptive fields in forming a relationship between visual acuity and pupil diameter].", "content": "A visual acuity of the human eye with correction is independent of pupil diameter within the 8 mm to 2 mm. The effect of functional reorganization of receptive fields compensate the influence of the change of optical quality of the eye as it is shown with the help of a model.", "contents": "[Role of functional reorganization of the receptive fields in forming a relationship between visual acuity and pupil diameter]. A visual acuity of the human eye with correction is independent of pupil diameter within the 8 mm to 2 mm. The effect of functional reorganization of receptive fields compensate the influence of the change of optical quality of the eye as it is shown with the help of a model.", "PMID": 1111604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3100", "title": "[Calculation of elementary components of evoked potentials].", "content": "The mean electric field in nerve tissue generated by the activation of a single synapsem and all synapses of a single axon are calculated.", "contents": "[Calculation of elementary components of evoked potentials]. The mean electric field in nerve tissue generated by the activation of a single synapsem and all synapses of a single axon are calculated.", "PMID": 1111600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3101", "title": "[Mathematical modeling of the dynamics of biokinematic chains].", "content": "The method of mathematical modelling of the dynamics of biokinematic chains based on the application of Lagrange equations is considered. An algorythm of determining articulate moments in the matrix form. As an example of the biokinematic chain a model of man's upper extremity is considered. Correctness of the model and of the system of differential equations describing its dynamics is proved experimentally.", "contents": "[Mathematical modeling of the dynamics of biokinematic chains]. The method of mathematical modelling of the dynamics of biokinematic chains based on the application of Lagrange equations is considered. An algorythm of determining articulate moments in the matrix form. As an example of the biokinematic chain a model of man's upper extremity is considered. Correctness of the model and of the system of differential equations describing its dynamics is proved experimentally.", "PMID": 1111606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3102", "title": "[Reproduction by means of a methematical model of the dynamic characteristics of human vertical posture maintenance].", "content": "Some peculiarities of invisible oscillations of man's body during his standing are reproduced using a mathematical model. The stability of the corresponding dynamic system with two delayed feedbacks and its behaviour in response to irregular and regular effects has been investigated. The results are compared with the experimental data. It is suggested that the mathematical model satisfactorily reflects principal peculiarities of the process of equilibrium support of man's body.", "contents": "[Reproduction by means of a methematical model of the dynamic characteristics of human vertical posture maintenance]. Some peculiarities of invisible oscillations of man's body during his standing are reproduced using a mathematical model. The stability of the corresponding dynamic system with two delayed feedbacks and its behaviour in response to irregular and regular effects has been investigated. The results are compared with the experimental data. It is suggested that the mathematical model satisfactorily reflects principal peculiarities of the process of equilibrium support of man's body.", "PMID": 1111605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3103", "title": "[Letter: Temperature dependence of myosin fluorescence].", "content": "It was shown that an increase of temperature (from 0 to 37 degrees C) did not affect the maximum position of the myosin fluorescence spectrum and relative contribution of tyrosine to fluorescence intensity. The spectral band width increases to 2-3 nm. The I (t-o) relationship permits us to sugges that the temperature change causes structural changes of myosine molecules.", "contents": "[Letter: Temperature dependence of myosin fluorescence]. It was shown that an increase of temperature (from 0 to 37 degrees C) did not affect the maximum position of the myosin fluorescence spectrum and relative contribution of tyrosine to fluorescence intensity. The spectral band width increases to 2-3 nm. The I (t-o) relationship permits us to sugges that the temperature change causes structural changes of myosine molecules.", "PMID": 1111607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3104", "title": "[Letter: Hemoglobin equilibrium with carbon monoxide in conditions of incomplete photodissociation].", "content": "Change of human hemoglobin equilibrium with CO was studied during short-term illumination. The change of the saturation curve of Hb is discussed taking into account an increase of free gase concentration in solution accompaniing the photodissociation.", "contents": "[Letter: Hemoglobin equilibrium with carbon monoxide in conditions of incomplete photodissociation]. Change of human hemoglobin equilibrium with CO was studied during short-term illumination. The change of the saturation curve of Hb is discussed taking into account an increase of free gase concentration in solution accompaniing the photodissociation.", "PMID": 1111610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3105", "title": "[Letter: Change in the amplitude of miniature potentials due to analgesics].", "content": "A decrease of the amplitudes of miniature end-plate potentials is observed in the presence of analgesics (promedol, tecodine, estocine).", "contents": "[Letter: Change in the amplitude of miniature potentials due to analgesics]. A decrease of the amplitudes of miniature end-plate potentials is observed in the presence of analgesics (promedol, tecodine, estocine).", "PMID": 1111612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3106", "title": "[Letter: Nature of concentration quenching of luminescence in chlorophyll solutions].", "content": "Luminescence yield, absorption spectra and molecular weight dependence of chlorophyll in methylethylketone and n-hexane on concentration was investigated. It was shown that the quenching of luminescence in solutions was determined by the association of pigment molecules.", "contents": "[Letter: Nature of concentration quenching of luminescence in chlorophyll solutions]. Luminescence yield, absorption spectra and molecular weight dependence of chlorophyll in methylethylketone and n-hexane on concentration was investigated. It was shown that the quenching of luminescence in solutions was determined by the association of pigment molecules.", "PMID": 1111609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3107", "title": "[Letter: Study of the interaction of histones F1, F2b, F2a1, F3 with nucleotides by the method of high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance].", "content": "Interaction of nucleotides with histones F-1, F-2b, F-2a1, F-3 have been studied by NMP method. It has been found that the interaction of nucleotides with histones increase in the line F-1. F-2b, F-3, F-2a1. It is suggested that histone F-1 is bound with the nucleotides mainly by electrostatic forces. Bounding of histones F-2a1 and F-3 with nucleotides is due not only to electrostatic sinteractions but also to more specific bonds of the base ring with protein.", "contents": "[Letter: Study of the interaction of histones F1, F2b, F2a1, F3 with nucleotides by the method of high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance]. Interaction of nucleotides with histones F-1, F-2b, F-2a1, F-3 have been studied by NMP method. It has been found that the interaction of nucleotides with histones increase in the line F-1. F-2b, F-3, F-2a1. It is suggested that histone F-1 is bound with the nucleotides mainly by electrostatic forces. Bounding of histones F-2a1 and F-3 with nucleotides is due not only to electrostatic sinteractions but also to more specific bonds of the base ring with protein.", "PMID": 1111611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3108", "title": "[Semiempirical calculation of the relation of the interaction energy between complementary pairs of nitrogenous bases to nucleic acid conformational parameters].", "content": "The calculations of interaction energy between complementary base pairs of nucleic acids in the function of 5 variables determining parameters of double helix (Arnott's parameters) have been carried out by the method of atom-atom potential functions. Four of these parameters are essential in the case of mutual positions of bases corresponding to conformational A-family, and only two parameters (the distance between pairs along helical axis and the angle of rotation around this axis)--in the case of B-family. Positions of the interaction energy minima over each of the essential variables are close to experimentally determined parameters. The interaction energy minima are more pronounced for A-family conformations. The positions of minima in this case are determined by dispersion and short range repulsion energy.", "contents": "[Semiempirical calculation of the relation of the interaction energy between complementary pairs of nitrogenous bases to nucleic acid conformational parameters]. The calculations of interaction energy between complementary base pairs of nucleic acids in the function of 5 variables determining parameters of double helix (Arnott's parameters) have been carried out by the method of atom-atom potential functions. Four of these parameters are essential in the case of mutual positions of bases corresponding to conformational A-family, and only two parameters (the distance between pairs along helical axis and the angle of rotation around this axis)--in the case of B-family. Positions of the interaction energy minima over each of the essential variables are close to experimentally determined parameters. The interaction energy minima are more pronounced for A-family conformations. The positions of minima in this case are determined by dispersion and short range repulsion energy.", "PMID": 1111608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3109", "title": "[Letter: Effect of a reversible increase in plasma membrane permeability of plant root cells during deplasmolysis].", "content": "The studied effect of a reversible increase of permeability of plasmic membranes of plant root cells does not depend on chemical nature of plasmolys-inducing agents. This effect is conditioned by the process of deplasmolysis itself. It is suggested that the process of reversible depolimerization of the protein component similar to F-action and located in the membrane polar regions.", "contents": "[Letter: Effect of a reversible increase in plasma membrane permeability of plant root cells during deplasmolysis]. The studied effect of a reversible increase of permeability of plasmic membranes of plant root cells does not depend on chemical nature of plasmolys-inducing agents. This effect is conditioned by the process of deplasmolysis itself. It is suggested that the process of reversible depolimerization of the protein component similar to F-action and located in the membrane polar regions.", "PMID": 1111613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3110", "title": "[Letter: Effect of lipid peroxidation on the permeability of liposome membranes for Ca2+ ions].", "content": "Efflux of Ca2+ ions from liposomes after peroxidation of their lipids was studied using fluorescent assay with chlorotetracicline. It was shown that products of lipid peroxidation disturbed the stability of liposome membranes and increased their permeability for Ca2+ ions.", "contents": "[Letter: Effect of lipid peroxidation on the permeability of liposome membranes for Ca2+ ions]. Efflux of Ca2+ ions from liposomes after peroxidation of their lipids was studied using fluorescent assay with chlorotetracicline. It was shown that products of lipid peroxidation disturbed the stability of liposome membranes and increased their permeability for Ca2+ ions.", "PMID": 1111615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3111", "title": "[Letter: Velocity of passive conductance in a branching fiber].", "content": "The explicit formula  for the conduction velocity of the electrotonic potential in the fiber with infinitely long branches is obtained.", "contents": "[Letter: Velocity of passive conductance in a branching fiber]. The explicit formula  for the conduction velocity of the electrotonic potential in the fiber with infinitely long branches is obtained.", "PMID": 1111617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3112", "title": "[Letter: Work of the impulse section of the horseshoe bat echolocator].", "content": "Peculiarities of location impulse of Rhinolophidae bring about a distinctive combination of dopler and impulse parts working almost independently, in its locator. In particular the range of the effect of impulse locator connected with the presence of LFM splash in the end of location cry is determined by the value of the period of its repetition. The existence of a long monofrequent part of locaion impulse providing the work of acholocator dopler part due to its narrow bands presents only a comparatively small obstacle to the impulse locator.", "contents": "[Letter: Work of the impulse section of the horseshoe bat echolocator]. Peculiarities of location impulse of Rhinolophidae bring about a distinctive combination of dopler and impulse parts working almost independently, in its locator. In particular the range of the effect of impulse locator connected with the presence of LFM splash in the end of location cry is determined by the value of the period of its repetition. The existence of a long monofrequent part of locaion impulse providing the work of acholocator dopler part due to its narrow bands presents only a comparatively small obstacle to the impulse locator.", "PMID": 1111618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3113", "title": "[Letter: Analysis of the lateral stability of the protofibril lattice in the a-disk of striated muscle].", "content": "The stability of a long cylinder system in electrolytic solution is calculated numericaly, suggesting that the equibrium arises from the balance between electrostatic and disperion forces. The influence of such parameters as Hammakker's constant, ionic strength and surface potential are considered. Our results show a much better agreement with X-ray difrecation experimental data, than the results of approximate calculation do.", "contents": "[Letter: Analysis of the lateral stability of the protofibril lattice in the a-disk of striated muscle]. The stability of a long cylinder system in electrolytic solution is calculated numericaly, suggesting that the equibrium arises from the balance between electrostatic and disperion forces. The influence of such parameters as Hammakker's constant, ionic strength and surface potential are considered. Our results show a much better agreement with X-ray difrecation experimental data, than the results of approximate calculation do.", "PMID": 1111616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3114", "title": "[Letter: Transfer of neutral excitation from photosystem 2 to photosystem 1 in higher plants].", "content": "Arguments pro et con the hypothesis about the transfer of neutral excitation between photosystems have been studied qualitatively; experiments which could help to solve this problem are proposed.", "contents": "[Letter: Transfer of neutral excitation from photosystem 2 to photosystem 1 in higher plants]. Arguments pro et con the hypothesis about the transfer of neutral excitation between photosystems have been studied qualitatively; experiments which could help to solve this problem are proposed.", "PMID": 1111614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3115", "title": "[Study of the hydration of nucleic acids (DAN and RNA) and their derivatives by an ultrasonic method].", "content": "Adiabatic compressibilty and the values of hydration of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) and their derivatives: nucleosides, (cytidine, adenosine, uridine) and adenine nucleotides (AMP, ADP, ATP) in neutral aqueous solutions at T= 25 degrees C have been calculated from the data of measuring the rate of ultrasound propagation and other parameters. The data obtained well agree with the results of other methods.", "contents": "[Study of the hydration of nucleic acids (DAN and RNA) and their derivatives by an ultrasonic method]. Adiabatic compressibilty and the values of hydration of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) and their derivatives: nucleosides, (cytidine, adenosine, uridine) and adenine nucleotides (AMP, ADP, ATP) in neutral aqueous solutions at T= 25 degrees C have been calculated from the data of measuring the rate of ultrasound propagation and other parameters. The data obtained well agree with the results of other methods.", "PMID": 1111619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3116", "title": "[Sorption of water on biopolymers].", "content": "NMR-spin echo and dielectric studies of water in biopolymers have been carried out. According to the data on the relationship between the time of spin-spin relaxation, the energy of movement activation and electroconductivity, and moisture-bearing it can be concluded that water sorption on biopolymers of the type of gelatin, starch, cellulose up to a certain humidity value takes place in a vacuum. With an increase of moisture-bearing the process of sorption may be presented as a solution of low-molecular substance in a high-molecular one.", "contents": "[Sorption of water on biopolymers]. NMR-spin echo and dielectric studies of water in biopolymers have been carried out. According to the data on the relationship between the time of spin-spin relaxation, the energy of movement activation and electroconductivity, and moisture-bearing it can be concluded that water sorption on biopolymers of the type of gelatin, starch, cellulose up to a certain humidity value takes place in a vacuum. With an increase of moisture-bearing the process of sorption may be presented as a solution of low-molecular substance in a high-molecular one.", "PMID": 1111621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3117", "title": "[Photochemiluminescence of tryptophan-containing peptides and proteins during photooxidation. V. Effect of cysteine on the photochemiluminescence of glycyltryptophan solutions].", "content": "The action of temperature in the range of 10-40 degrees C on the main characteristics of photochemiluminescence in glycyltryptophane solutions at cystein addition is studied. The changes in photochemiluminescence upon cystein addition are connected with reaction of peptide peroxy free radicals with cystein. The rate constant of this reaction appeared to be 4 with 10-7 times exp (-9000 plus or minus 1000/kT) with M-1 sec-1.", "contents": "[Photochemiluminescence of tryptophan-containing peptides and proteins during photooxidation. V. Effect of cysteine on the photochemiluminescence of glycyltryptophan solutions]. The action of temperature in the range of 10-40 degrees C on the main characteristics of photochemiluminescence in glycyltryptophane solutions at cystein addition is studied. The changes in photochemiluminescence upon cystein addition are connected with reaction of peptide peroxy free radicals with cystein. The rate constant of this reaction appeared to be 4 with 10-7 times exp (-9000 plus or minus 1000/kT) with M-1 sec-1.", "PMID": 1111622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3118", "title": "[Possible structure of myosin filaments in vertebrate striated muscle].", "content": "A 3-D molecular packing of the thick filament is proposed, which is based on the results of a study of the geometrical possibilities of packing together molecules of definite size into a helical filament with definite coordinates of cross-bridges (heads of molecules). There are 18 molecules in the cross-section of the suggested model of the thick filament, 6 in the inner and 12 in the outer hexagonal layer. The helical line of molecules in the outer layer has a pitch of 12 times 14.3 equals 171.6 nm; the tails of the molecules in the inner layer are parallel to the axis of the filament. As the thin filament has a right screw sense (Depue, Rice. 1965), and our rotatory sliding mechanism of contraction requires certain rotatory contacts between the corss-bridges of both filaments, the molecules in the thick filament should have a left screw sense.", "contents": "[Possible structure of myosin filaments in vertebrate striated muscle]. A 3-D molecular packing of the thick filament is proposed, which is based on the results of a study of the geometrical possibilities of packing together molecules of definite size into a helical filament with definite coordinates of cross-bridges (heads of molecules). There are 18 molecules in the cross-section of the suggested model of the thick filament, 6 in the inner and 12 in the outer hexagonal layer. The helical line of molecules in the outer layer has a pitch of 12 times 14.3 equals 171.6 nm; the tails of the molecules in the inner layer are parallel to the axis of the filament. As the thin filament has a right screw sense (Depue, Rice. 1965), and our rotatory sliding mechanism of contraction requires certain rotatory contacts between the corss-bridges of both filaments, the molecules in the thick filament should have a left screw sense.", "PMID": 1111620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3119", "title": "[Excitation energy transfer between chlorophyll a molecules in detergent solutions].", "content": "Chlorophyll-a absorption and luminescence as well as the transfer of electronic excitation energy between chlorophyll-a molecules were studied in micellar solutions of triton X-100 as a function of both chlorophyll-a and detergent concentrations. It is shown that the spectral properties of chlorophyll-a are closely related to the ratio between the concentrations of X-100 and chlorophyll-a. Concurrent evaluation of the curves for depolarization and relative quantum yield of fluorescence show that two different mechanisms of energy transfer are involved: energy transfer between monomers of chlorophyll-a, and energy transfer from excited monomers to aggregates of chlorophyll-a. Using the theoretical value for the critical distance of energy transfer (Ro=56-58 A) as well as experimental data from depolarization and fluorescence curves for solutions containing 3-10-3 M triton X-100 we determined the local concentration of chlorophyll-a in the detergent micelles.", "contents": "[Excitation energy transfer between chlorophyll a molecules in detergent solutions]. Chlorophyll-a absorption and luminescence as well as the transfer of electronic excitation energy between chlorophyll-a molecules were studied in micellar solutions of triton X-100 as a function of both chlorophyll-a and detergent concentrations. It is shown that the spectral properties of chlorophyll-a are closely related to the ratio between the concentrations of X-100 and chlorophyll-a. Concurrent evaluation of the curves for depolarization and relative quantum yield of fluorescence show that two different mechanisms of energy transfer are involved: energy transfer between monomers of chlorophyll-a, and energy transfer from excited monomers to aggregates of chlorophyll-a. Using the theoretical value for the critical distance of energy transfer (Ro=56-58 A) as well as experimental data from depolarization and fluorescence curves for solutions containing 3-10-3 M triton X-100 we determined the local concentration of chlorophyll-a in the detergent micelles.", "PMID": 1111623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3120", "title": "[Interaction of pancreatic RNAase A with platinum ions].", "content": "Complex formation between RNAase and Pt(II) has been studied by gel filtration and conductometry, and spectrophotometry. Existence of three strong binding locations with the binding location of 2 times 10-4 M-1 has been stated. Effect of Pt(II) on hydrolase activity of RNAase Ahas been investigated. An inhibiting effect showed itself at high concentrations of platinum ions. A conclusion has been made concerning the nature of groups participating in complex formation with Pt(II). Modification of three methionin residues does not influence the enzyme activity at 24-48 hour preincubation.", "contents": "[Interaction of pancreatic RNAase A with platinum ions]. Complex formation between RNAase and Pt(II) has been studied by gel filtration and conductometry, and spectrophotometry. Existence of three strong binding locations with the binding location of 2 times 10-4 M-1 has been stated. Effect of Pt(II) on hydrolase activity of RNAase Ahas been investigated. An inhibiting effect showed itself at high concentrations of platinum ions. A conclusion has been made concerning the nature of groups participating in complex formation with Pt(II). Modification of three methionin residues does not influence the enzyme activity at 24-48 hour preincubation.", "PMID": 1111624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3121", "title": "[Mechanism of photooxidation of porphyrins with oxygen].", "content": "Dependence of quantum yield of porphyrines photooxidation with oxygen on their concentration has been shown. Sensitized by some porphyrines oxidation of other ones with oxygen has been studied in relation to concentration, intensity and wave length of absorbed light, quantum yield, interconversion and life time of the molecules in triplet state. Common mechanism for direct and sensitized photooxidation has been suggested.", "contents": "[Mechanism of photooxidation of porphyrins with oxygen]. Dependence of quantum yield of porphyrines photooxidation with oxygen on their concentration has been shown. Sensitized by some porphyrines oxidation of other ones with oxygen has been studied in relation to concentration, intensity and wave length of absorbed light, quantum yield, interconversion and life time of the molecules in triplet state. Common mechanism for direct and sensitized photooxidation has been suggested.", "PMID": 1111625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3122", "title": "[Receptor potential fluctuations in a pacinian corpuscle].", "content": "On the basis of the model proposed earlier fluctuations of the receptor potential and their dependence on the value of the latter are calculated. It is shown that the model of the corpuscle as a sum of independent mechanosensitive channels with fluctuating conductivity agrees satisfactorily with the experimental data.", "contents": "[Receptor potential fluctuations in a pacinian corpuscle]. On the basis of the model proposed earlier fluctuations of the receptor potential and their dependence on the value of the latter are calculated. It is shown that the model of the corpuscle as a sum of independent mechanosensitive channels with fluctuating conductivity agrees satisfactorily with the experimental data.", "PMID": 1111627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3123", "title": "[X-ray diffraction study of muscles in disease].", "content": "Structural parameters of muscles in some diseases have been studied using X-ray diffraction methods. Fixed parts of muscles dissected in the operation correcting the vertebrate shape were used as samples in the case of patients III-IV stage of scoliosis muscles. The sarcomere protofibrillar lattice in muscles was found to be retained until the destruction of the muscle tissue; no differences between the muscles from the convex and concave sides of the vertebrate were observed. This seems to be an evidence of functional inertia of the diseased muscles and of their atrophy. Fixed parts of myocardial muscles taken during surgical correction were used as samples in investigating the Tetralogy of Fallot heart disease in children. A disturbance of packing parameters of the protofibrillar apparatus was observed in a significant part of the apparatus volume. In the case of critical experimental heart deficiency in dogs the protofibrillar lattice structure was retained, probably due to its resistance nature.", "contents": "[X-ray diffraction study of muscles in disease]. Structural parameters of muscles in some diseases have been studied using X-ray diffraction methods. Fixed parts of muscles dissected in the operation correcting the vertebrate shape were used as samples in the case of patients III-IV stage of scoliosis muscles. The sarcomere protofibrillar lattice in muscles was found to be retained until the destruction of the muscle tissue; no differences between the muscles from the convex and concave sides of the vertebrate were observed. This seems to be an evidence of functional inertia of the diseased muscles and of their atrophy. Fixed parts of myocardial muscles taken during surgical correction were used as samples in investigating the Tetralogy of Fallot heart disease in children. A disturbance of packing parameters of the protofibrillar apparatus was observed in a significant part of the apparatus volume. In the case of critical experimental heart deficiency in dogs the protofibrillar lattice structure was retained, probably due to its resistance nature.", "PMID": 1111626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3124", "title": "Quantitative description of the sodium conductance of the giant axon of Myxicola in terms of a generalized second-order variable.", "content": "A variety of experimental observations in Myxicola and other preparations indicate that the sodium conductance, gNa, has properties quite different from those described by the m and h variables of Hodgkin and Huxley. A new quantitative description of the gNa is presented in which the gNa is assumed to be proportional to the fifth power of a generalized second-order variable, i.e., gNa = g'Na times v to the fifth, v = -Kav + K2U = K3, U = K4U + K5v + K6. This model is shown to be able to quantitatively simulate all of the experimentally observed behavior of the gNa. A view of the sodium gate consistent with these kinetics is to imagine it to be composed of five independent subunits, each of the type A eq. B eq. C eq. A where A represents the resting state, B the conducting state, and C the inactivated state. A model in which the subunit is of the type A eq. B eq. C could not simulate the experimental observations. It was concluded that two processes are sufficient to account for all of the behavior of the gNa.", "contents": "Quantitative description of the sodium conductance of the giant axon of Myxicola in terms of a generalized second-order variable. A variety of experimental observations in Myxicola and other preparations indicate that the sodium conductance, gNa, has properties quite different from those described by the m and h variables of Hodgkin and Huxley. A new quantitative description of the gNa is presented in which the gNa is assumed to be proportional to the fifth power of a generalized second-order variable, i.e., gNa = g'Na times v to the fifth, v = -Kav + K2U = K3, U = K4U + K5v + K6. This model is shown to be able to quantitatively simulate all of the experimentally observed behavior of the gNa. A view of the sodium gate consistent with these kinetics is to imagine it to be composed of five independent subunits, each of the type A eq. B eq. C eq. A where A represents the resting state, B the conducting state, and C the inactivated state. A model in which the subunit is of the type A eq. B eq. C could not simulate the experimental observations. It was concluded that two processes are sufficient to account for all of the behavior of the gNa.", "PMID": 1111631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3125", "title": "[Adaptation to darkness and far red light of leaves of higher plants in conditions of oxygen deficiency].", "content": "The adaptation process of the leaves of higher plants to dark and far red light under the conditions of oxygen deficiency was investigated. The reaction constant for the oxidation of the electron carrier molecules with oxygen in the dark was obtained and found to be 1.4 with 10-3 M-1 min-1.", "contents": "[Adaptation to darkness and far red light of leaves of higher plants in conditions of oxygen deficiency]. The adaptation process of the leaves of higher plants to dark and far red light under the conditions of oxygen deficiency was investigated. The reaction constant for the oxidation of the electron carrier molecules with oxygen in the dark was obtained and found to be 1.4 with 10-3 M-1 min-1.", "PMID": 1111628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3126", "title": "[Free radical oxidation of biological membrane lipids. IV. iron salts in peroxidation catalysis of linoleic acid].", "content": "The validity of Nernst law for oxidative-reductive pair Fe3+:Fe2+ and absence of reproducible potential for pure solution of linoleic acid is shown. The value of Eo is calculated. It is found by comparing ORP values and spectrophotometrically measured concentrations of hydroperoxides that: 1) the rate of accumulation of hydroperoxides is determined by the initial concentration bivalent ferrum salt and seems not to depend on the kinetics of further change of ORP in the system; 2) during oxidation of linoleic acid the stationary concentration of Fe3+:Fe2+=40:1 is established which is independent of the initial concentration of ferrum ions; 3) ORP zone necessary for maximum rate of catalysis of free radical oxidation of linoleic acid in methanol lies in a more positive region than normal ORP of the pair Fe3+:Fe2+.", "contents": "[Free radical oxidation of biological membrane lipids. IV. iron salts in peroxidation catalysis of linoleic acid]. The validity of Nernst law for oxidative-reductive pair Fe3+:Fe2+ and absence of reproducible potential for pure solution of linoleic acid is shown. The value of Eo is calculated. It is found by comparing ORP values and spectrophotometrically measured concentrations of hydroperoxides that: 1) the rate of accumulation of hydroperoxides is determined by the initial concentration bivalent ferrum salt and seems not to depend on the kinetics of further change of ORP in the system; 2) during oxidation of linoleic acid the stationary concentration of Fe3+:Fe2+=40:1 is established which is independent of the initial concentration of ferrum ions; 3) ORP zone necessary for maximum rate of catalysis of free radical oxidation of linoleic acid in methanol lies in a more positive region than normal ORP of the pair Fe3+:Fe2+.", "PMID": 1111629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3127", "title": "On the theory of ionic solutions.", "content": "One of the purposes of this paper is to assess the degree of applicability of the nonlinear Poisson-Boltzmann equation. In order to do this we compare the thermodynamic properties calculated through this equation with Monte Carlo data on 1-1 and 2-2 electrolytes described by the restricted primitive model, in which the ions are modeled by hard spheres with a coulombic potential and the solvent is modeled as a continuum dielectric medium of uniform dielectric constant epsilon. We choose Monte Carlo data rather than real experimental data since all parameters are completely specified and there is no liberty for \"adjustment.\" Thus this serves as a definitive test. In addition, we present a simple but numerically accurate alternative approximation scheme which is not only numerically superior to the Poisson-Boltzmann equation but avoids the necessity of solving a nonlinear partial differential equation which is approximate in the first place. The new approximation scheme that is presented here is suggested by recent developments in the statistical mechanical theories of ionic solutions which are reviewed in the Introduction. Although these theories themselves yield exceedingly good comparison with experimental (Monte Carlo) data, they involve fairly advanced theoretical and mathematical techniques and do not appear to be readily solvable for other than very simple geometries. The two approximations suggested here require only the solution of the linear Debye-H\u00fcckel equation, which has been solved for a variety of systems. These two approximations are simple to apply and yield good thermodynamic properties up to concentrations of 2 M for the restricted primitive model. In addition, they have a sound theoretical foundation and are offered as a substitute for the difficult-to-solve nonlinear Poisson-Boltzmann equation.", "contents": "On the theory of ionic solutions. One of the purposes of this paper is to assess the degree of applicability of the nonlinear Poisson-Boltzmann equation. In order to do this we compare the thermodynamic properties calculated through this equation with Monte Carlo data on 1-1 and 2-2 electrolytes described by the restricted primitive model, in which the ions are modeled by hard spheres with a coulombic potential and the solvent is modeled as a continuum dielectric medium of uniform dielectric constant epsilon. We choose Monte Carlo data rather than real experimental data since all parameters are completely specified and there is no liberty for \"adjustment.\" Thus this serves as a definitive test. In addition, we present a simple but numerically accurate alternative approximation scheme which is not only numerically superior to the Poisson-Boltzmann equation but avoids the necessity of solving a nonlinear partial differential equation which is approximate in the first place. The new approximation scheme that is presented here is suggested by recent developments in the statistical mechanical theories of ionic solutions which are reviewed in the Introduction. Although these theories themselves yield exceedingly good comparison with experimental (Monte Carlo) data, they involve fairly advanced theoretical and mathematical techniques and do not appear to be readily solvable for other than very simple geometries. The two approximations suggested here require only the solution of the linear Debye-H\u00fcckel equation, which has been solved for a variety of systems. These two approximations are simple to apply and yield good thermodynamic properties up to concentrations of 2 M for the restricted primitive model. In addition, they have a sound theoretical foundation and are offered as a substitute for the difficult-to-solve nonlinear Poisson-Boltzmann equation.", "PMID": 1111632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3128", "title": "[Temperature dependence of the intensity of long-wave fluorescence of leaves of higher plants].", "content": "Continuous change of fluorescnece intensity with the maximum of 735 mu (F735) has been investigated in higher plants leaves at emperature decrease up to that of liquid nitrogen. F 735 remains approximately constant at temperature decrease up to -60degrees C. In temperature range -60divided by -80 degrees C the intensity F 735 increases. This increase proceeds up to-160 degreesC. Such temperature relationship is not changed with the addition of Mg+ ions. Speculations are presented concerning the nature of such relationships.", "contents": "[Temperature dependence of the intensity of long-wave fluorescence of leaves of higher plants]. Continuous change of fluorescnece intensity with the maximum of 735 mu (F735) has been investigated in higher plants leaves at emperature decrease up to that of liquid nitrogen. F 735 remains approximately constant at temperature decrease up to -60degrees C. In temperature range -60divided by -80 degrees C the intensity F 735 increases. This increase proceeds up to-160 degreesC. Such temperature relationship is not changed with the addition of Mg+ ions. Speculations are presented concerning the nature of such relationships.", "PMID": 1111630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3129", "title": "Quenching of excited chlorophyll A in vivo by nitrobenzene.", "content": "Nitrobenzene exerts a dual effect on the excitation of chlorophyll a(Chl a) in vivo. (a) A 3(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea-inhibited quenching that manifests as a partial inhibition of variable chloroplast fluorescence and of 2,6-dichlorophenol indophenol (DCPIP) photoreduction and saturates at ca. 5-10 muM. Since nitrobenzene is not a Hill oxidant, this effect is attributed to a catalyzed back flow of electrons from intersystem intermediates to pre-photosystem II oxidants. (b) A direct quenching of the excited Chl a in vivo. This effect has a threshold of ca. 100 muM nitrobenzene; at higher concentrations it leads to almost complete suppression of chloroplast fluorescence and DCPIP photoreduction. Tris-washed chloroplast enriched in the photosystem II reaction center species Z+Q- and ZQ- are nearly four times more sensitive to nitrobenzene quenching than those enriched in Z+Q. On the other hand, normal chloroplasts are about 10 to the fourth times more sensitive. Hence, it is argued that the extreme sensitivity of normal chloroplast fluorescence is not due to a preferential association of nitrobenzene with a particular redox species of the reaction center.", "contents": "Quenching of excited chlorophyll A in vivo by nitrobenzene. Nitrobenzene exerts a dual effect on the excitation of chlorophyll a(Chl a) in vivo. (a) A 3(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea-inhibited quenching that manifests as a partial inhibition of variable chloroplast fluorescence and of 2,6-dichlorophenol indophenol (DCPIP) photoreduction and saturates at ca. 5-10 muM. Since nitrobenzene is not a Hill oxidant, this effect is attributed to a catalyzed back flow of electrons from intersystem intermediates to pre-photosystem II oxidants. (b) A direct quenching of the excited Chl a in vivo. This effect has a threshold of ca. 100 muM nitrobenzene; at higher concentrations it leads to almost complete suppression of chloroplast fluorescence and DCPIP photoreduction. Tris-washed chloroplast enriched in the photosystem II reaction center species Z+Q- and ZQ- are nearly four times more sensitive to nitrobenzene quenching than those enriched in Z+Q. On the other hand, normal chloroplasts are about 10 to the fourth times more sensitive. Hence, it is argued that the extreme sensitivity of normal chloroplast fluorescence is not due to a preferential association of nitrobenzene with a particular redox species of the reaction center.", "PMID": 1111633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3130", "title": "Phase transitions in planar bilayer membranes.", "content": "Temperature-dependent structural changes in planar bilayer membranes formed from glycerol monooleate (GMO) dispersed in various n-alkane solvents (C12-C17) have been studied using precise measurements of specific geometric capacitance (Cg). Cg generally increases as temperature (T) decreases. A change in the slope of Cg(T) occurs between 15 and 18 degrees C for all solvent systems examined. Measurements of the interfacial tension (gamma) of the bulk GMO-alkane dispersions against 0.1 M NaCl show that gamma generally decreases with decreasing temperature. The data can be fitted with two straight lines of different slope which intersect on the average at 17 degrees C. Pagano et al. (1973, Science (Wash. D.C.). 181:557) have shown using calorimetry that GMO has a phase transition at about 15 degrees C. Thus, the changes in Cg and gamma with temperature are likely to result from a GMO phase transition. A second structural change is observed to occur between 5 and 10 degrees C which has not been detected calorimetrically. Calculations of Cg based on various estimates of the hydrocarbon dielectric coefficient (epsilon-b) and/or hydrocarbon thickness (delta-b) leads to models for the structure of the bilayer above and below the phase transition temperature.", "contents": "Phase transitions in planar bilayer membranes. Temperature-dependent structural changes in planar bilayer membranes formed from glycerol monooleate (GMO) dispersed in various n-alkane solvents (C12-C17) have been studied using precise measurements of specific geometric capacitance (Cg). Cg generally increases as temperature (T) decreases. A change in the slope of Cg(T) occurs between 15 and 18 degrees C for all solvent systems examined. Measurements of the interfacial tension (gamma) of the bulk GMO-alkane dispersions against 0.1 M NaCl show that gamma generally decreases with decreasing temperature. The data can be fitted with two straight lines of different slope which intersect on the average at 17 degrees C. Pagano et al. (1973, Science (Wash. D.C.). 181:557) have shown using calorimetry that GMO has a phase transition at about 15 degrees C. Thus, the changes in Cg and gamma with temperature are likely to result from a GMO phase transition. A second structural change is observed to occur between 5 and 10 degrees C which has not been detected calorimetrically. Calculations of Cg based on various estimates of the hydrocarbon dielectric coefficient (epsilon-b) and/or hydrocarbon thickness (delta-b) leads to models for the structure of the bilayer above and below the phase transition temperature.", "PMID": 1111634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3131", "title": "[Responses of the mesenteric microcirculatory bed of rats with experimental renal hypertension to histamine and adrenaline].", "content": "Reactions of the blood flow and of the diameter of mesentery arterioles were studied in vivo after the application of histamine (100--500 gamma) and adrenaline (1--10 gamma) in normal rats and in the animals with renal hypertension. A decrease of sensitivity of the microvessels, 10--30 mu in diameter, to the action of these substances was shown in the animals with hypertension.", "contents": "[Responses of the mesenteric microcirculatory bed of rats with experimental renal hypertension to histamine and adrenaline]. Reactions of the blood flow and of the diameter of mesentery arterioles were studied in vivo after the application of histamine (100--500 gamma) and adrenaline (1--10 gamma) in normal rats and in the animals with renal hypertension. A decrease of sensitivity of the microvessels, 10--30 mu in diameter, to the action of these substances was shown in the animals with hypertension.", "PMID": 1111635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3132", "title": "[Qualitative features of erythropoiesis in men and animals adapted to prolonged hypoxia].", "content": "A three-month adaptation to hypoxia was shown to cause not only a quantitative increase in the erythropoietic bone marrow function, but also its qualitative change. This was indicated by a gradual increase in the proliferative activity of all the cells of the erythroid series, including such young cells as basophilic normoblasts and erythroblasts; an increase in the intensity of DNA synthesis; a cut of the reticulocyte maturation period and of the mean duration of erythrocyte survival in the peripheral blood. It is supposed that the whole vital cycle of erythocytres from the time of their origination in the bone marrow--to their death in the peripheral blood was accelerated.", "contents": "[Qualitative features of erythropoiesis in men and animals adapted to prolonged hypoxia]. A three-month adaptation to hypoxia was shown to cause not only a quantitative increase in the erythropoietic bone marrow function, but also its qualitative change. This was indicated by a gradual increase in the proliferative activity of all the cells of the erythroid series, including such young cells as basophilic normoblasts and erythroblasts; an increase in the intensity of DNA synthesis; a cut of the reticulocyte maturation period and of the mean duration of erythrocyte survival in the peripheral blood. It is supposed that the whole vital cycle of erythocytres from the time of their origination in the bone marrow--to their death in the peripheral blood was accelerated.", "PMID": 1111636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3133", "title": "[The effect of loading liver lysosomes with triton WR 1339 on the development of chronic toxic hepatitis].", "content": "Preliminary administration of triton WR 1339 produced a favourable effect on the course of chronic toxic hepatitis. This was expressed in a reduction of necrotic zones, a delay in development of connective tissue and in improvement of the functional capacity of the liver. Lysosomes of the liver of animals subjected to the action of CCl-4 under conditions of preliminary administration of a detergent were more stable to the injurious actions in vitro.", "contents": "[The effect of loading liver lysosomes with triton WR 1339 on the development of chronic toxic hepatitis]. Preliminary administration of triton WR 1339 produced a favourable effect on the course of chronic toxic hepatitis. This was expressed in a reduction of necrotic zones, a delay in development of connective tissue and in improvement of the functional capacity of the liver. Lysosomes of the liver of animals subjected to the action of CCl-4 under conditions of preliminary administration of a detergent were more stable to the injurious actions in vitro.", "PMID": 1111637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3134", "title": "[Suprasegmentary inhibition and facilitation following administration of tetanus toxin to nuclei of the medulla oblongata (concerning the \"starting point\" phenomenon)].", "content": "Changes in the descending inhibition and facilitation produced by stimulation of the fastigial nucleus of the cerebellum after injection of tetanus toxin into the relay-nuclei of the medulla oblongata were studied in experiments on cats under light nembutal-chloralose anesthesia. The toxin was used as an agent distributing the inhibitory processes. Injection of tetanus toxin into the indicated nuclei was followed by increase in the functional dispatch formed in these nuclei. This was manifested in a repeated increase in the descending inhibition (in case of injection of tetanus toxin into the giganto-cellular nucleus) and the descending facilitation (in case of injection of the toxin into the Deiter's nucleus and the ambigus nucleus), a sharp increase in their intensity to the maximum and their marked lengthening. The data obtained are explained on the basis of the concepts of formation of powerful generators of excitation in the complex relay switching connected with disturbance of the inhibitory mechanisms. The results of these investigations extend the \"dispatch station\" concept as applied to the supraspinal structures.", "contents": "[Suprasegmentary inhibition and facilitation following administration of tetanus toxin to nuclei of the medulla oblongata (concerning the \"starting point\" phenomenon)]. Changes in the descending inhibition and facilitation produced by stimulation of the fastigial nucleus of the cerebellum after injection of tetanus toxin into the relay-nuclei of the medulla oblongata were studied in experiments on cats under light nembutal-chloralose anesthesia. The toxin was used as an agent distributing the inhibitory processes. Injection of tetanus toxin into the indicated nuclei was followed by increase in the functional dispatch formed in these nuclei. This was manifested in a repeated increase in the descending inhibition (in case of injection of tetanus toxin into the giganto-cellular nucleus) and the descending facilitation (in case of injection of the toxin into the Deiter's nucleus and the ambigus nucleus), a sharp increase in their intensity to the maximum and their marked lengthening. The data obtained are explained on the basis of the concepts of formation of powerful generators of excitation in the complex relay switching connected with disturbance of the inhibitory mechanisms. The results of these investigations extend the \"dispatch station\" concept as applied to the supraspinal structures.", "PMID": 1111638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3135", "title": "[Inhibition of tetanus poisoning by vitamin B-1].", "content": "It was shown in experiments on rabbits that preliminary injections of vitamin B-1 with their continuation after the administration of tetanus toxin increased the animal resistance to tetanus. A more distinct protective effect was noted after the administration of tetanus toxin in vitamin B-1 solution. A tendency to increase of resistance was observed after the use of the vitamin 2 hours after the toxin injection.", "contents": "[Inhibition of tetanus poisoning by vitamin B-1]. It was shown in experiments on rabbits that preliminary injections of vitamin B-1 with their continuation after the administration of tetanus toxin increased the animal resistance to tetanus. A more distinct protective effect was noted after the administration of tetanus toxin in vitamin B-1 solution. A tendency to increase of resistance was observed after the use of the vitamin 2 hours after the toxin injection.", "PMID": 1111639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3136", "title": "[Corticofugal influences of somatosensory areas of the cortex on signal transmission in the posterior ventral nucleus].", "content": "Acute experiments were conducted in cats under nembutal anesthesia. A study was made of responses in the thalamo-cortical fibers coursing to the first somato-sensory area of the cortex to the electric stimulation of the fibers of the medial lemniscus. Application of penicillin to the somato-sensory cortex and development of epileptoid activity considerably diminished the amplitude of the responses in the thalamo-cortical fibers. The first somato-sensory zone proved to be much more effective than the second one. The appearance of the epileptoid activity in the projection cortex considerably diminished the inhibitory process in the posterior ventral nucleus; this was revealed by giving paired stimuli to the medial lemniscus.", "contents": "[Corticofugal influences of somatosensory areas of the cortex on signal transmission in the posterior ventral nucleus]. Acute experiments were conducted in cats under nembutal anesthesia. A study was made of responses in the thalamo-cortical fibers coursing to the first somato-sensory area of the cortex to the electric stimulation of the fibers of the medial lemniscus. Application of penicillin to the somato-sensory cortex and development of epileptoid activity considerably diminished the amplitude of the responses in the thalamo-cortical fibers. The first somato-sensory zone proved to be much more effective than the second one. The appearance of the epileptoid activity in the projection cortex considerably diminished the inhibitory process in the posterior ventral nucleus; this was revealed by giving paired stimuli to the medial lemniscus.", "PMID": 1111640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3137", "title": "[The effect of alcohols on mitochondrial monoamine oxidase activity].", "content": "Effects of alcohols on the activity of mitochondrial monoamine oxidase (MAO) were studied using rat liver mitochondria and highly purified MAO preparations from rat and pig liver. It was shown that benzyl, beta-phenylethyl and octyl alcohols caused a competitive and reversible inhibition of deamination of tyramine, 4-amino- and 4-metoxy-derivatives of beta-phenylethyl amine and practically failed to affect deamination of beta-phenylethyl amine and its 4-chloro-derivative. The inhibitory properties of aliphatic alcohols were exerted only when the carbohydrate chain had the length of five methylene residues.", "contents": "[The effect of alcohols on mitochondrial monoamine oxidase activity]. Effects of alcohols on the activity of mitochondrial monoamine oxidase (MAO) were studied using rat liver mitochondria and highly purified MAO preparations from rat and pig liver. It was shown that benzyl, beta-phenylethyl and octyl alcohols caused a competitive and reversible inhibition of deamination of tyramine, 4-amino- and 4-metoxy-derivatives of beta-phenylethyl amine and practically failed to affect deamination of beta-phenylethyl amine and its 4-chloro-derivative. The inhibitory properties of aliphatic alcohols were exerted only when the carbohydrate chain had the length of five methylene residues.", "PMID": 1111641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3138", "title": "[The blocking action of snake venom polypeptides on the cholinergic mechanisms of leech dorsal muscle].", "content": "The blocking action of alpha-polypeptides from the venoms of elapid snakes (Bungarus multicinctus and Naja naja siamensis) was studied on leech dorsal muscle. It was shown that these neurotoxins failed to inhibit the responses to mononitrogen cholinomimetics (acetylcholine, nicotine, carbamylcholine, etc.). The capacity of neurotoxins to inhibit the responses to the bisquaternary cholinommimetics depended upon the length of the molecule. The neurotoxins were active against the \"shorter\" cholinomimetics, such as decamethonium, and bischolinic esters of malonic, succinic and glutaric acids. The \"longer\" cholinomimetics (bischolinic esters of adipinic, pimelic, suberic, azelaic, sebacic acids retained their full activity after the treatment of leech dorsal muscle by neurotoxins. Possible explanations of the selective action of neurotoxins are discussed.", "contents": "[The blocking action of snake venom polypeptides on the cholinergic mechanisms of leech dorsal muscle]. The blocking action of alpha-polypeptides from the venoms of elapid snakes (Bungarus multicinctus and Naja naja siamensis) was studied on leech dorsal muscle. It was shown that these neurotoxins failed to inhibit the responses to mononitrogen cholinomimetics (acetylcholine, nicotine, carbamylcholine, etc.). The capacity of neurotoxins to inhibit the responses to the bisquaternary cholinommimetics depended upon the length of the molecule. The neurotoxins were active against the \"shorter\" cholinomimetics, such as decamethonium, and bischolinic esters of malonic, succinic and glutaric acids. The \"longer\" cholinomimetics (bischolinic esters of adipinic, pimelic, suberic, azelaic, sebacic acids retained their full activity after the treatment of leech dorsal muscle by neurotoxins. Possible explanations of the selective action of neurotoxins are discussed.", "PMID": 1111642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3139", "title": "[The protective effect of serotonin against the depolarizing influence of aminazine on the membrane potentials of mouse embryos, in vitro, at the 2-blastomere stage].", "content": "The action of chlorpromazine, serotonin and prostaglandin F2-alpha on the cellular membrane potential of 2-cell mouse embryos, as well as a protective effect of serotonin and prostaglandin F2-alpha against the inhibition of the membrane potential by chlorpromazine were studied. Chlorporomazine (1.10-5 g/ml) proved to induce a strong decrease of the membrane potential, but serotonin, prostaglandin F2-alpha were ineffective. Serotonin (1.10-4 g/ml) prevented the action of chlorpormazine (2.10-6 g/ml), whereas prostaglandin F2-alpha (4-8.10-6 g/ml) was ineffective in this respect.", "contents": "[The protective effect of serotonin against the depolarizing influence of aminazine on the membrane potentials of mouse embryos, in vitro, at the 2-blastomere stage]. The action of chlorpromazine, serotonin and prostaglandin F2-alpha on the cellular membrane potential of 2-cell mouse embryos, as well as a protective effect of serotonin and prostaglandin F2-alpha against the inhibition of the membrane potential by chlorpromazine were studied. Chlorporomazine (1.10-5 g/ml) proved to induce a strong decrease of the membrane potential, but serotonin, prostaglandin F2-alpha were ineffective. Serotonin (1.10-4 g/ml) prevented the action of chlorpormazine (2.10-6 g/ml), whereas prostaglandin F2-alpha (4-8.10-6 g/ml) was ineffective in this respect.", "PMID": 1111643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3140", "title": "[The ultrastructural immunomorphology of antibody synthesis].", "content": "Antibody genesis in the lymphoid cells of C3HA mice was studied using horse radish peroxidase as an antigen. The zones of synthesis and concentration of antibodies within the immune competent cells were primarily the perinuclear space and the tubules of the granular endoplasmic reticulum. Less activity of the reaction was exhibited by the lamellar component of the Golgi apparatus and on the polyribosomes.", "contents": "[The ultrastructural immunomorphology of antibody synthesis]. Antibody genesis in the lymphoid cells of C3HA mice was studied using horse radish peroxidase as an antigen. The zones of synthesis and concentration of antibodies within the immune competent cells were primarily the perinuclear space and the tubules of the granular endoplasmic reticulum. Less activity of the reaction was exhibited by the lamellar component of the Golgi apparatus and on the polyribosomes.", "PMID": 1111644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3141", "title": "[The effect of stimulators of immunoglobulin biosynthesis on the phenomenon of lymphocyte transformation by macrophages].", "content": "The effect of pyrogenal and of the adjuvant of Freund's type on transformation of blood lymphocytes into macrophagal cells was studied. Experiments were conducted on rabbits with the use of the method of lymphocyte culture in vitro. These stimulants of immunogenesis increased the intensity of the process of lymphocyte transformation in a culture. It was also noted that action of pyrogenal and of complete adjuvant of Freund's type was expressed as soon as the first day after the administration. As supposed, there existed an interrelationship between the capacity of lymphocytes to transform into cells of macrophagal type and formation of immunological response of the organism.", "contents": "[The effect of stimulators of immunoglobulin biosynthesis on the phenomenon of lymphocyte transformation by macrophages]. The effect of pyrogenal and of the adjuvant of Freund's type on transformation of blood lymphocytes into macrophagal cells was studied. Experiments were conducted on rabbits with the use of the method of lymphocyte culture in vitro. These stimulants of immunogenesis increased the intensity of the process of lymphocyte transformation in a culture. It was also noted that action of pyrogenal and of complete adjuvant of Freund's type was expressed as soon as the first day after the administration. As supposed, there existed an interrelationship between the capacity of lymphocytes to transform into cells of macrophagal type and formation of immunological response of the organism.", "PMID": 1111645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3142", "title": "[Electrophysiologic characteristics of fibers of the eyebrow-ear muscle of rabbits].", "content": "By intracellular leading off of potentials a study was made of an electrophysiological characteristics of the fibers of the eyebrow-auricular muscle in rabbits anesthetized with urethane. The muscle fibers were stimulated by current impacts, 5 msec in duration with the frequency of 5 pulse/sec. Membrane rest potentials, amplitudes of action potentials, duration of action potentials and latent periods had mean values typical of the muscle fibers of phasic type. A conclusion was drawn that the fibers of the muscle under study were homogenous and belonged to the phasic type.", "contents": "[Electrophysiologic characteristics of fibers of the eyebrow-ear muscle of rabbits]. By intracellular leading off of potentials a study was made of an electrophysiological characteristics of the fibers of the eyebrow-auricular muscle in rabbits anesthetized with urethane. The muscle fibers were stimulated by current impacts, 5 msec in duration with the frequency of 5 pulse/sec. Membrane rest potentials, amplitudes of action potentials, duration of action potentials and latent periods had mean values typical of the muscle fibers of phasic type. A conclusion was drawn that the fibers of the muscle under study were homogenous and belonged to the phasic type.", "PMID": 1111646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3143", "title": "[Ultraviolet and visible chemoluminescence of mouse liver under different thermal regimens].", "content": "It was shown that following a 10-minute maintenance in the exposed liver of a temperature of 30 degrees C, subsequent chilling (by 5 degrees C) led to degradational radiation of both the visible and the UV part of the spectrum. The presence of UV item is explained by a greater energy level of unbalanced molecular constellations in the cell substrate at 30 degrees C in comparison with the action in the previous experiments, in which only a visible component was registered after cooling. A greater metabolic level at 30 degrees C was also indicated by the curves of changes in the rectal temperature at various thermal regimens.", "contents": "[Ultraviolet and visible chemoluminescence of mouse liver under different thermal regimens]. It was shown that following a 10-minute maintenance in the exposed liver of a temperature of 30 degrees C, subsequent chilling (by 5 degrees C) led to degradational radiation of both the visible and the UV part of the spectrum. The presence of UV item is explained by a greater energy level of unbalanced molecular constellations in the cell substrate at 30 degrees C in comparison with the action in the previous experiments, in which only a visible component was registered after cooling. A greater metabolic level at 30 degrees C was also indicated by the curves of changes in the rectal temperature at various thermal regimens.", "PMID": 1111648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3144", "title": "[An electron-autoradiographic study of RNA transfer from nucleus to cytoplasm].", "content": "By electron-autoradiographic study of the RNA synthesis in the hepatocytes of mice there were revealed marked differences in the content of labeled RNA in the nucleoli of the same nucleus. The silver granule concentration was sometimes greater in the areas of the cytoplasm located near the nuclear membrane with the neighbouring nucleolus than in the rest of the cytoplasm. It is supposed that the nucleoli of the same nucleus synthesized the RNA at a different time, transfered it to the nuclear membrane and discharged the RNA into the cytoplasm also at a different time. Due to this the discharge of the RNA into the cytoplasm assumed a definite rhythm. The number of nucleoli and the frequency of discharge of the RNA portions into the cytoplasm can increase under pathological conditions.", "contents": "[An electron-autoradiographic study of RNA transfer from nucleus to cytoplasm]. By electron-autoradiographic study of the RNA synthesis in the hepatocytes of mice there were revealed marked differences in the content of labeled RNA in the nucleoli of the same nucleus. The silver granule concentration was sometimes greater in the areas of the cytoplasm located near the nuclear membrane with the neighbouring nucleolus than in the rest of the cytoplasm. It is supposed that the nucleoli of the same nucleus synthesized the RNA at a different time, transfered it to the nuclear membrane and discharged the RNA into the cytoplasm also at a different time. Due to this the discharge of the RNA into the cytoplasm assumed a definite rhythm. The number of nucleoli and the frequency of discharge of the RNA portions into the cytoplasm can increase under pathological conditions.", "PMID": 1111649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3145", "title": "[Cerebrovascular response in newborns].", "content": "It was shown by the plethysmographic method that, in contrast to adult animals, in the newborn rats the blood vessels of the cerebral hemispheres and of diencephalon while displaying a distinct response to oxygen, failed to react to carbon dioxide, the latter being attributed to the low carbonic anhydrase activity in the tissues of these portions of the brain.", "contents": "[Cerebrovascular response in newborns]. It was shown by the plethysmographic method that, in contrast to adult animals, in the newborn rats the blood vessels of the cerebral hemispheres and of diencephalon while displaying a distinct response to oxygen, failed to react to carbon dioxide, the latter being attributed to the low carbonic anhydrase activity in the tissues of these portions of the brain.", "PMID": 1111653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3146", "title": "[Obtaining distinct images of biological forms with the raster electron microscope].", "content": "Not only fixation of material, but also conditions of studying it in the raster electron microscope influence the quality of the image. In case the carbon or the heavy metal layer is thin there is danger during rapid scanning of charging the sample by the electron beam, the quality of the image thus becoming worse. It is best to study the biological samples at the two nominals of the accelerating voltage (for example, 10 and 4 kV); this permits to avoid mistakes in interpretation of the results. Neither the thickness of the carbon or the heavy metal layer not the different nominals of the accelerating voltage could influence the value of the information obtained if analysis with consideration to the physical basis of the image formation and experimental conditions were conducted in each individual case. The archives material fixated in common formalin can be used for the study in the raster electron microscope.", "contents": "[Obtaining distinct images of biological forms with the raster electron microscope]. Not only fixation of material, but also conditions of studying it in the raster electron microscope influence the quality of the image. In case the carbon or the heavy metal layer is thin there is danger during rapid scanning of charging the sample by the electron beam, the quality of the image thus becoming worse. It is best to study the biological samples at the two nominals of the accelerating voltage (for example, 10 and 4 kV); this permits to avoid mistakes in interpretation of the results. Neither the thickness of the carbon or the heavy metal layer not the different nominals of the accelerating voltage could influence the value of the information obtained if analysis with consideration to the physical basis of the image formation and experimental conditions were conducted in each individual case. The archives material fixated in common formalin can be used for the study in the raster electron microscope.", "PMID": 1111654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3147", "title": "[Blood coagulation in man during a 3-week daily rg L(+)-ASCORBIC ACID ADMINISTRATION].", "content": "A daily dose of 4 g L (+) ascorbic acid administered for 3 weeks showed no significant influence on coagulation of venous blood, as determined by thromboelastography. The investigation was carried out on 11 healthy men aged from 25 to 45 with no history of abnormal blood clotting. The mean values of 7 different coagulation parameters are given, the differences in these parameters in individual subjects (before and after administration of ascorbic acid) being checked for significance by means of the Wilcoxon test for pair differences. The values found are comparable with those in the literature.", "contents": "[Blood coagulation in man during a 3-week daily rg L(+)-ASCORBIC ACID ADMINISTRATION]. A daily dose of 4 g L (+) ascorbic acid administered for 3 weeks showed no significant influence on coagulation of venous blood, as determined by thromboelastography. The investigation was carried out on 11 healthy men aged from 25 to 45 with no history of abnormal blood clotting. The mean values of 7 different coagulation parameters are given, the differences in these parameters in individual subjects (before and after administration of ascorbic acid) being checked for significance by means of the Wilcoxon test for pair differences. The values found are comparable with those in the literature.", "PMID": 1111655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3148", "title": "[Polymorphism of human erythrocyte-uridyltransferase (E.C.2.7.7.12). Studies on a sample of Berlin population].", "content": "In a random population sample in Berlin (West) the following Ut-frequencies were found: Ut1 0.938; Ut2 0.062. This is consistent with other results obtained in German populations.", "contents": "[Polymorphism of human erythrocyte-uridyltransferase (E.C.2.7.7.12). Studies on a sample of Berlin population]. In a random population sample in Berlin (West) the following Ut-frequencies were found: Ut1 0.938; Ut2 0.062. This is consistent with other results obtained in German populations.", "PMID": 1111656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3149", "title": "Evidence of platelet complement-fixing and lymphocytotoxic anti-A-1 antibodies.", "content": "3 human antisera exhibiting non HL-A specific antibody were studied in micro-complement fixation with platelets and micro-lymphocytotoxicity. Screening studies as well as absorption and elution studies with platelets, lymphocytes and erythrocytes revealed an antibody activity associated with blood group A-1. Within blood group A-1, a subpopulation of A-1 donor cells- provisionally called \"weak A-1\" - was defined, which had a minor ability for complement-fixing and lymphocytotoxic A-1-antibody absorption. Contrary to HL-A specific antibodies, acid eluates from platelets of these 3 sera were always negative whereas heat and ether eluates gave positive results. From neutralization studies and studies on the hemolytic activity against A-1 erythrocytes it was concluded, that the A-1-specific antibodies probably are immune antibodies belonging to the IgG class of immunoglobulins.", "contents": "Evidence of platelet complement-fixing and lymphocytotoxic anti-A-1 antibodies. 3 human antisera exhibiting non HL-A specific antibody were studied in micro-complement fixation with platelets and micro-lymphocytotoxicity. Screening studies as well as absorption and elution studies with platelets, lymphocytes and erythrocytes revealed an antibody activity associated with blood group A-1. Within blood group A-1, a subpopulation of A-1 donor cells- provisionally called \"weak A-1\" - was defined, which had a minor ability for complement-fixing and lymphocytotoxic A-1-antibody absorption. Contrary to HL-A specific antibodies, acid eluates from platelets of these 3 sera were always negative whereas heat and ether eluates gave positive results. From neutralization studies and studies on the hemolytic activity against A-1 erythrocytes it was concluded, that the A-1-specific antibodies probably are immune antibodies belonging to the IgG class of immunoglobulins.", "PMID": 1111658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3150", "title": "[Possible errors in leukocyte count caused by carryover in the Coulter counter S].", "content": "In 163 samples of venous blood with significant leukocytosis (20 000 to 172000 cells pro mm-3) a carryover of 400 to 22000 leukocytes up to the third count of the following specimens (200 to 9300 cells/mm-3) could be observed. Even after 41 specimens of normal leukocyte range and low leukocytosis (6700 to 17700 cells/mm-3) in cases of extreme leukopenias (less than 2000 cells/mm-3) the correct result was exceeded by 500 to 1000 cells. In four additional machines of other laboratories a carryover of different extent could be reproduced. In comparison to samples of venous blood only a very small carryover into subsequent samples of isotonic solution was found. The considerable spreading of the coefficient of variation between 1.7 and 16.2% (arithmetic mean 7.1%) prohibited a mathematical correction of error. Erroneously too high numbers of leukocytes could be absolutely avoided by at least two repeated counts.", "contents": "[Possible errors in leukocyte count caused by carryover in the Coulter counter S]. In 163 samples of venous blood with significant leukocytosis (20 000 to 172000 cells pro mm-3) a carryover of 400 to 22000 leukocytes up to the third count of the following specimens (200 to 9300 cells/mm-3) could be observed. Even after 41 specimens of normal leukocyte range and low leukocytosis (6700 to 17700 cells/mm-3) in cases of extreme leukopenias (less than 2000 cells/mm-3) the correct result was exceeded by 500 to 1000 cells. In four additional machines of other laboratories a carryover of different extent could be reproduced. In comparison to samples of venous blood only a very small carryover into subsequent samples of isotonic solution was found. The considerable spreading of the coefficient of variation between 1.7 and 16.2% (arithmetic mean 7.1%) prohibited a mathematical correction of error. Erroneously too high numbers of leukocytes could be absolutely avoided by at least two repeated counts.", "PMID": 1111659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3151", "title": "An alternative method of large scale plasma fractionation for the isolation of serum albumin.", "content": "Human plasma may be separated into five fractions using the method described by Cohn in 1946. Although there are several drawbacks to alcohol precipitation, especially in albumin isolation, it is still used throughout the world. This paper describes an alternative procedure for albumin isolation from plasma or albumin-containing plasma fractions using a combined heat fraction/polyethylene glycol precipitation method. No polyethylene glycol is detected in the final product which is immunoelectrophoretically 100% pure, salt poor, heat resistant during pasteurization, and stable during long-term room temperature storage. The yield is at least 90% of the original plasma albumin. In comparison with the Cohn method, fractionation time and expense are significantly reduced.", "contents": "An alternative method of large scale plasma fractionation for the isolation of serum albumin. Human plasma may be separated into five fractions using the method described by Cohn in 1946. Although there are several drawbacks to alcohol precipitation, especially in albumin isolation, it is still used throughout the world. This paper describes an alternative procedure for albumin isolation from plasma or albumin-containing plasma fractions using a combined heat fraction/polyethylene glycol precipitation method. No polyethylene glycol is detected in the final product which is immunoelectrophoretically 100% pure, salt poor, heat resistant during pasteurization, and stable during long-term room temperature storage. The yield is at least 90% of the original plasma albumin. In comparison with the Cohn method, fractionation time and expense are significantly reduced.", "PMID": 1111660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3152", "title": "Platelet adhesiveness and aggregation in congenital afibrinogenemia. An investigation of three patients with post-transfusion, cross-correction studies between two of them.", "content": "Platelet adhesiveness and aggregation were studied in three patients with congenital afibrinogenemia. The results obtained may be summarized as follows: The retention of platelets to a glass-bead filter determined with the Salzman method was significantly decreased; it was normal after fibrinogen infusion. With a modification of the Hellem test the values obtained were slightly decreased. Adrenalin-induced aggregation was absent whereas ADP-and collagen-induced aggregation was near normal or slightly decreased. Thrombofax aggregation was absent in citrated plasma. The abnormalities of platelet aggregation were corrected after fibrinogen infusion or after addition in vitro of fibrinogen, hemofilia A plasma and PPP obtained from an afibrinogenemic patient after fibrinogen infusion. The abnormalities of platelet aggregation were corrected well by ADP, collagen and Thrombofax in heparinized blood, but only a slight correction of adrenalin-induced aggregation was noted. Thrombin aggregation proved to be normal with the higher concentrations, whereas it was defective with the lower ones. Ristocetin aggregation was normal in citrated plasma at the concentration of 1.5 mg per ml but it was absent at the lower concentration (1.0 mg per ml). Ristocetin aggregation was, on the other hand absent in heparinized blood regardless of the concentration. These findings are in agreement with the presence of a prolonged bleeding time in congenital afibrinogenemia and suggest that fibrinogen plays an important role in platelet aggregation and adhesiveness.", "contents": "Platelet adhesiveness and aggregation in congenital afibrinogenemia. An investigation of three patients with post-transfusion, cross-correction studies between two of them. Platelet adhesiveness and aggregation were studied in three patients with congenital afibrinogenemia. The results obtained may be summarized as follows: The retention of platelets to a glass-bead filter determined with the Salzman method was significantly decreased; it was normal after fibrinogen infusion. With a modification of the Hellem test the values obtained were slightly decreased. Adrenalin-induced aggregation was absent whereas ADP-and collagen-induced aggregation was near normal or slightly decreased. Thrombofax aggregation was absent in citrated plasma. The abnormalities of platelet aggregation were corrected after fibrinogen infusion or after addition in vitro of fibrinogen, hemofilia A plasma and PPP obtained from an afibrinogenemic patient after fibrinogen infusion. The abnormalities of platelet aggregation were corrected well by ADP, collagen and Thrombofax in heparinized blood, but only a slight correction of adrenalin-induced aggregation was noted. Thrombin aggregation proved to be normal with the higher concentrations, whereas it was defective with the lower ones. Ristocetin aggregation was normal in citrated plasma at the concentration of 1.5 mg per ml but it was absent at the lower concentration (1.0 mg per ml). Ristocetin aggregation was, on the other hand absent in heparinized blood regardless of the concentration. These findings are in agreement with the presence of a prolonged bleeding time in congenital afibrinogenemia and suggest that fibrinogen plays an important role in platelet aggregation and adhesiveness.", "PMID": 1111662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3153", "title": "The response of the lower oesophageal sphincter to maximal doses of pentagastrin.", "content": "Measurements of the lower oesophageal sphincter pressure and gastric secretion were made in patients with dyspepsia but no reflux and in patients with a hiatus hernia and reflux in response to a near maximal dose of pentagastrin. Patients with hiatus hernia had lower resting sphincter pressures than those with dyspepsia. The magnitude of the pressure rise following pentagastrin was related to the resting tone of the sphincter. However, in terms of percentage increase over resting sphincteric pressure, patients with dyspepsia and patients with a hiatus hernia had similar response.", "contents": "The response of the lower oesophageal sphincter to maximal doses of pentagastrin. Measurements of the lower oesophageal sphincter pressure and gastric secretion were made in patients with dyspepsia but no reflux and in patients with a hiatus hernia and reflux in response to a near maximal dose of pentagastrin. Patients with hiatus hernia had lower resting sphincter pressures than those with dyspepsia. The magnitude of the pressure rise following pentagastrin was related to the resting tone of the sphincter. However, in terms of percentage increase over resting sphincteric pressure, patients with dyspepsia and patients with a hiatus hernia had similar response.", "PMID": 1111668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3154", "title": "Relationship between changes in plasma gastrin and lower oesophageal sphincter pressure after meals.", "content": "Changes in plasma gastrin and lower oesophageal sphincter pressure were measured in 20 subjects after a standard protein meal. Significant increases in both gastrin and sphincter pressure were seen. Peak gastrin response occurred an average of 19-5 minutes and peak lower oesophageal sphincter response 40-0 minutes after the meal. Both gastrin and sphincter pressure showed a wide spectrum of response. In 5 subjects there was no appreciable rise (less than 5 pg/ml) in plasma gastrin after the meal, and 3 of these had symptoms of oesophageal reflux. In this group there was only a small but nervertheless significant rise in lower oesophageal sphincter pressure (mean pressure rise 18-0 per cent of fasting value, p less than 0.05). Greater increases in sphincter pressure (mean rise 54-2 per cent, p less than 0.005) were seen in subjects with a moderate (up to 50 pg/ml) rise in plasma gastrin, and those with the most marked gastrin response (less than 50 pg/ml) showed the greatest rise in pressure (mean rise 80-3 per cent, p less than 0.0025). These results suggest that endogenous plasma gastrin is the main stimulus to the rise in lower oesophageal sphincter pressure after food. Subjects with a poor gastrin response to the meal have only a small increase in sphincter pressure and as a result may be more liable to develop gastro-oesophageal reflux.", "contents": "Relationship between changes in plasma gastrin and lower oesophageal sphincter pressure after meals. Changes in plasma gastrin and lower oesophageal sphincter pressure were measured in 20 subjects after a standard protein meal. Significant increases in both gastrin and sphincter pressure were seen. Peak gastrin response occurred an average of 19-5 minutes and peak lower oesophageal sphincter response 40-0 minutes after the meal. Both gastrin and sphincter pressure showed a wide spectrum of response. In 5 subjects there was no appreciable rise (less than 5 pg/ml) in plasma gastrin after the meal, and 3 of these had symptoms of oesophageal reflux. In this group there was only a small but nervertheless significant rise in lower oesophageal sphincter pressure (mean pressure rise 18-0 per cent of fasting value, p less than 0.05). Greater increases in sphincter pressure (mean rise 54-2 per cent, p less than 0.005) were seen in subjects with a moderate (up to 50 pg/ml) rise in plasma gastrin, and those with the most marked gastrin response (less than 50 pg/ml) showed the greatest rise in pressure (mean rise 80-3 per cent, p less than 0.0025). These results suggest that endogenous plasma gastrin is the main stimulus to the rise in lower oesophageal sphincter pressure after food. Subjects with a poor gastrin response to the meal have only a small increase in sphincter pressure and as a result may be more liable to develop gastro-oesophageal reflux.", "PMID": 1111669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3155", "title": "A survey of the results of the Boerema anterior gastropexy for hiatus hernia over a 4-year period.", "content": "The results obtained by using the Boerema anterior gastropexy for symptomatic hiatus hernia over a 4-year period are reviewed. All 68 patients were operated upon by the same surgeon. The success rate as judged by relief of the patient's symptoms was 90 per cent. It is felt that the operation has advantages such as to justify its wider use.", "contents": "A survey of the results of the Boerema anterior gastropexy for hiatus hernia over a 4-year period. The results obtained by using the Boerema anterior gastropexy for symptomatic hiatus hernia over a 4-year period are reviewed. All 68 patients were operated upon by the same surgeon. The success rate as judged by relief of the patient's symptoms was 90 per cent. It is felt that the operation has advantages such as to justify its wider use.", "PMID": 1111670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3156", "title": "Atrophic gastritis in gastrectomy specimens.", "content": "Examination of gastrectomy specimens has shown that atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia are widespread and have the same distribution in cancer of the stomach as in gastric ulcer affecting the body. Their distribution is restricted to the distal part of the stomach in pyloric ulcer. After gastrojejunostomy the distribution is also like that seen in cancer. There is a close association of widespread atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia with the development of cancer and a high cancer rate after stomach operation for benign conditions. The similarity of distribution of atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia in the stomach with body ulcer to that in cancer and after gastrojejunostomy points to a higher cancer risk in the stomach containing a body ulcer.", "contents": "Atrophic gastritis in gastrectomy specimens. Examination of gastrectomy specimens has shown that atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia are widespread and have the same distribution in cancer of the stomach as in gastric ulcer affecting the body. Their distribution is restricted to the distal part of the stomach in pyloric ulcer. After gastrojejunostomy the distribution is also like that seen in cancer. There is a close association of widespread atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia with the development of cancer and a high cancer rate after stomach operation for benign conditions. The similarity of distribution of atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia in the stomach with body ulcer to that in cancer and after gastrojejunostomy points to a higher cancer risk in the stomach containing a body ulcer.", "PMID": 1111671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3157", "title": "A clinicopathological review of 68 carcinomas of the gallbladder.", "content": "A clinical and pathological review of 68 patients with a primary carcinoma of the gallbladder was undertaken. A prolonged preceding history of biliary disease was noted. Preoperative radiological and biochemical investigations were not helpful, but an isolated elevation in serum alkaline phosphatase level in the absence of any biliary obstruction or hepatic dysfunction was noticed in some patients. The significance of stones in relation to pathogenesis is discussed. A more radical surgical approach involving a partial hepatectomy appears to be the only possible treatement in veiw of the mode of spread of this tumour and the bad overall prognosis.", "contents": "A clinicopathological review of 68 carcinomas of the gallbladder. A clinical and pathological review of 68 patients with a primary carcinoma of the gallbladder was undertaken. A prolonged preceding history of biliary disease was noted. Preoperative radiological and biochemical investigations were not helpful, but an isolated elevation in serum alkaline phosphatase level in the absence of any biliary obstruction or hepatic dysfunction was noticed in some patients. The significance of stones in relation to pathogenesis is discussed. A more radical surgical approach involving a partial hepatectomy appears to be the only possible treatement in veiw of the mode of spread of this tumour and the bad overall prognosis.", "PMID": 1111672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3158", "title": "The natural and unnatural history of pancreatic pseudocysts.", "content": "Experience with 131 pseudocysts of the pancreas in 112 patients has been analysed with a view to answering specific questions. Spontaneous regression was documented in 8 per cent. Complications occurred in 33-5 per cent of the pseudocysts, including obstruction of adjacent organs, rupture, haemorrhage and pancreatic ascites. In 14 pseudocysts, rupture into the gastrointestinal tract, the peritoneal cavity or the pleural cavity when unassociated with haemorrhage, had a mortality rate of 14 per cent. Sixteen patients with significant haemorrhage associated with a pseudocyst had a mortality rate of 61 per cent; early direct surgical control is advocated. Pancreatic ascites was associated with 14-5 per cent of the pseudocysts and had a 40 per cent recurrence rate, which can be greatly diminished when operative procedures are guided by pancreatography. The mortality rate for the surgical treatment of 97 uncomplicated pseudocysts was 6 per cent and the recurrence rate was 11 per cent. The prime cause of death was haemorrhage. Seven of the 131 pseudocysts were synchronous and 12 were metachronous. The actual figure is probably higher. Small cysts of the head of the pancreas, impalpable at operation but demonstrable by pancreatography, may be the cause of severe, continuing or recurrent symptoms.", "contents": "The natural and unnatural history of pancreatic pseudocysts. Experience with 131 pseudocysts of the pancreas in 112 patients has been analysed with a view to answering specific questions. Spontaneous regression was documented in 8 per cent. Complications occurred in 33-5 per cent of the pseudocysts, including obstruction of adjacent organs, rupture, haemorrhage and pancreatic ascites. In 14 pseudocysts, rupture into the gastrointestinal tract, the peritoneal cavity or the pleural cavity when unassociated with haemorrhage, had a mortality rate of 14 per cent. Sixteen patients with significant haemorrhage associated with a pseudocyst had a mortality rate of 61 per cent; early direct surgical control is advocated. Pancreatic ascites was associated with 14-5 per cent of the pseudocysts and had a 40 per cent recurrence rate, which can be greatly diminished when operative procedures are guided by pancreatography. The mortality rate for the surgical treatment of 97 uncomplicated pseudocysts was 6 per cent and the recurrence rate was 11 per cent. The prime cause of death was haemorrhage. Seven of the 131 pseudocysts were synchronous and 12 were metachronous. The actual figure is probably higher. Small cysts of the head of the pancreas, impalpable at operation but demonstrable by pancreatography, may be the cause of severe, continuing or recurrent symptoms.", "PMID": 1111673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3159", "title": "The occult osteomatous changes in the mandible in patients with familial polyposis coli.", "content": "Characteristic radio-opaque lesions were detected in the manibular bone, most clearly on the panoramic X-ray, in 27 or 93-2 per cent out of 29 cases in 15 families with familial polyposis coli, including 21 cases without Gardner's stigmata, 7 cases with the incomplete syndrome and 1 with the complete syndrome. Only 3 out of 19 members of these families who were free from polposis had radio-opaque jaw lesions. The cases with polyposis of other types also showed a negative result. The radiological diagnosis suggested that the lesions were of the character of endosteoma. Our observation is considered to be significant evidence in the understanding of the pathogenesis of Gardner's syndrome as well as a useful method of the early detection of carriers in the polyposis family.", "contents": "The occult osteomatous changes in the mandible in patients with familial polyposis coli. Characteristic radio-opaque lesions were detected in the manibular bone, most clearly on the panoramic X-ray, in 27 or 93-2 per cent out of 29 cases in 15 families with familial polyposis coli, including 21 cases without Gardner's stigmata, 7 cases with the incomplete syndrome and 1 with the complete syndrome. Only 3 out of 19 members of these families who were free from polposis had radio-opaque jaw lesions. The cases with polyposis of other types also showed a negative result. The radiological diagnosis suggested that the lesions were of the character of endosteoma. Our observation is considered to be significant evidence in the understanding of the pathogenesis of Gardner's syndrome as well as a useful method of the early detection of carriers in the polyposis family.", "PMID": 1111674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3160", "title": "Torsion of the testis: a review of 22 cases. Improved diagnosis and earlier correction.", "content": "Greater awareness of the possibility of torsion of the testis and earlier exploration has led to the saving of 14 out of 19 acutely twisted testicles.", "contents": "Torsion of the testis: a review of 22 cases. Improved diagnosis and earlier correction. Greater awareness of the possibility of torsion of the testis and earlier exploration has led to the saving of 14 out of 19 acutely twisted testicles.", "PMID": 1111675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3161", "title": "Fatal cardiac tamponade and other mechanical complications of central venous catheters.", "content": "A fatal cardiac tamponade caused by an intact polyethylene central venous catheter perforating the wall of the right ventricle is reported. A retrospective review of 105 central venous catheters used in an intensive care unit revealed a high incidence of catheter malposition and a 20 per cent mechanical complication rate. The possible causes of these malpositions and complications are discussed. Guidelines for the safer use of central venous catheters are presented.", "contents": "Fatal cardiac tamponade and other mechanical complications of central venous catheters. A fatal cardiac tamponade caused by an intact polyethylene central venous catheter perforating the wall of the right ventricle is reported. A retrospective review of 105 central venous catheters used in an intensive care unit revealed a high incidence of catheter malposition and a 20 per cent mechanical complication rate. The possible causes of these malpositions and complications are discussed. Guidelines for the safer use of central venous catheters are presented.", "PMID": 1111676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3162", "title": "The relationship between ultrasound assessment and angiography in occlusive arterial disease of the lower limb.", "content": "The Doppler ultrasound technique has been used to assess the haemodynamics of the peripheral circulation in patients with arterial disease. Using this method the resting pressure index and the response after exercise of the systolic pressure at the ankle was determined in 62 limbs. Following exercise, four patterns of abnormal response to exercise were found and graded in severity from 1 to 4. A single aorto-iliac lesion was associated with a normal or slightly reduced resting pressure index but with a severe reduction of pressure (grade 3-4) after exercise. A single femoropopliteal lesion was usually associated with a low resting pressure index but only a slight (grade 1-2) fall after exercise. A low resting pressure index and a severe postexercise grade were found in patients with multiple occlusions. Disease of the profunda femoris artery was associated usually with both a low resting pressure index and a grade 3-4 post-exercise curve.", "contents": "The relationship between ultrasound assessment and angiography in occlusive arterial disease of the lower limb. The Doppler ultrasound technique has been used to assess the haemodynamics of the peripheral circulation in patients with arterial disease. Using this method the resting pressure index and the response after exercise of the systolic pressure at the ankle was determined in 62 limbs. Following exercise, four patterns of abnormal response to exercise were found and graded in severity from 1 to 4. A single aorto-iliac lesion was associated with a normal or slightly reduced resting pressure index but with a severe reduction of pressure (grade 3-4) after exercise. A single femoropopliteal lesion was usually associated with a low resting pressure index but only a slight (grade 1-2) fall after exercise. A low resting pressure index and a severe postexercise grade were found in patients with multiple occlusions. Disease of the profunda femoris artery was associated usually with both a low resting pressure index and a grade 3-4 post-exercise curve.", "PMID": 1111677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3163", "title": "Secondary involvement of the penis by rectal cancer.", "content": "Two cases of metastasis to the penis from a primary rectal carcinoma are described. The clinical features, treatment and prognosis together with the probable modes of metastasis are discussed. All previously reported cases of penile metastasis from the rectum are reviewed. It is suggested that contrary to previous reports that prognosis is not uniformly poor and hence a more aggressive attitude to treatment should be adopted. Metastatic lesions in the penis should also be considered as a cause of urinary obstruction following abdominoperineal excision of the rectum.", "contents": "Secondary involvement of the penis by rectal cancer. Two cases of metastasis to the penis from a primary rectal carcinoma are described. The clinical features, treatment and prognosis together with the probable modes of metastasis are discussed. All previously reported cases of penile metastasis from the rectum are reviewed. It is suggested that contrary to previous reports that prognosis is not uniformly poor and hence a more aggressive attitude to treatment should be adopted. Metastatic lesions in the penis should also be considered as a cause of urinary obstruction following abdominoperineal excision of the rectum.", "PMID": 1111678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3164", "title": "Idiopathic paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia in infants and children.", "content": "Seven children with idiopathic PVT ranging in age from one day to 18 yr, have been observed during the past three years. The presenting complaints and frequency of paroxysms varied greatly. Three patients presented with syncope; four were asymptomatic. Lidocaine was effective in terminating acute symptomatic attacks; procaine amide and propranolol were effective in long-term control of the arrhythmia. Monitoring of the dynamic ECG was invaluable in establishing the diagnosis, characterizing the arrhythmia, and evaluating the effects of activity and therapy.", "contents": "Idiopathic paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia in infants and children. Seven children with idiopathic PVT ranging in age from one day to 18 yr, have been observed during the past three years. The presenting complaints and frequency of paroxysms varied greatly. Three patients presented with syncope; four were asymptomatic. Lidocaine was effective in terminating acute symptomatic attacks; procaine amide and propranolol were effective in long-term control of the arrhythmia. Monitoring of the dynamic ECG was invaluable in establishing the diagnosis, characterizing the arrhythmia, and evaluating the effects of activity and therapy.", "PMID": 1111679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3165", "title": "Operative repair of atrial septal defect without cardiac catheterization.", "content": "Thirty-three children with secundum or sinus venosus atrial septal defects underwent operative correction at the University of Minnesota Hospitals between January, 1972, and December, 1973. Nineteen of these patients (58%) did not have cardiac catheterization as part of their preoperative evaluation, since clinical assessment of the child, with or without corroborative evidence obtained by echocardiography and radionuclide angiocardiography, provided sufficient information to permit recommendation of operation. In the majority of patients with uncomplicated atrial septal defect, cardiac catheterization is not a necessary part of the preoperative evaluation and may be reserved for those patients with unusual clinical or laboratory features.", "contents": "Operative repair of atrial septal defect without cardiac catheterization. Thirty-three children with secundum or sinus venosus atrial septal defects underwent operative correction at the University of Minnesota Hospitals between January, 1972, and December, 1973. Nineteen of these patients (58%) did not have cardiac catheterization as part of their preoperative evaluation, since clinical assessment of the child, with or without corroborative evidence obtained by echocardiography and radionuclide angiocardiography, provided sufficient information to permit recommendation of operation. In the majority of patients with uncomplicated atrial septal defect, cardiac catheterization is not a necessary part of the preoperative evaluation and may be reserved for those patients with unusual clinical or laboratory features.", "PMID": 1111680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3166", "title": "Iron-deficiency anemia: evaluation of compensatory changes.", "content": "Compensatory mechanisms in children with iron-deficiency anemia were evaluated by measuring erythrocytic organic phosphates and, in some cases, shifts in the P50 of the oxygen dissociation curve. In 19 children with nutritional anemia (hemoglobin values of 3.2 to 8.2 gm/dl) there was a calculated improved oxygen delivery to tissues equivalent to a hemoglobin level of at least 7.5 gm/dl. Transient decompensation was observed during acidosis. In five children with iron-deficiency anemia due to blood loss and in one child with rheumatoid arthritis no such compensatory changes were observed.", "contents": "Iron-deficiency anemia: evaluation of compensatory changes. Compensatory mechanisms in children with iron-deficiency anemia were evaluated by measuring erythrocytic organic phosphates and, in some cases, shifts in the P50 of the oxygen dissociation curve. In 19 children with nutritional anemia (hemoglobin values of 3.2 to 8.2 gm/dl) there was a calculated improved oxygen delivery to tissues equivalent to a hemoglobin level of at least 7.5 gm/dl. Transient decompensation was observed during acidosis. In five children with iron-deficiency anemia due to blood loss and in one child with rheumatoid arthritis no such compensatory changes were observed.", "PMID": 1111681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3167", "title": "Erythropoietin excretion in the premature infant.", "content": "Urinary erythropoietin was determined sequentially in four premature infants throughout their period of physiologic anemia. After the first day of life, no erythropoietin was found, even though there was a marked fall in hematocrit. Among seven premature infants with severe respiratory disease, three excreted elevated amounts of erythropoietin. Premature infants appear able to respond to hypoxia by increasing erythropoietin production. In the absence of hypoxia, however, diminution of erythropoiesis in the early weeks of life is not accompanied by elevated excretion of erythropoietin.", "contents": "Erythropoietin excretion in the premature infant. Urinary erythropoietin was determined sequentially in four premature infants throughout their period of physiologic anemia. After the first day of life, no erythropoietin was found, even though there was a marked fall in hematocrit. Among seven premature infants with severe respiratory disease, three excreted elevated amounts of erythropoietin. Premature infants appear able to respond to hypoxia by increasing erythropoietin production. In the absence of hypoxia, however, diminution of erythropoiesis in the early weeks of life is not accompanied by elevated excretion of erythropoietin.", "PMID": 1111682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3168", "title": "The relationship of concentrations of serum hormones to pubertal gynecomastia.", "content": "Pubertal gynecomastia occurred in 20 to 29 boys who were followed for 24 or more months during puberty. Mean concentrations of LH, FSH, prolactin, testosterone, and estrone and estradiol were compared. Although levels did not differ between boys who developed gynecomastia and those who did not, when compared with the stage of puberty, changes were noted between mean concentrations from samples before and when gynecomastia was first noted. A significant increase of estradiol occurred with the onset of gynecomastia, while testosterone levels did not change; thus the testosterone-estradiol ratio decreased. Prolactin concentrations fell significantly with the onset of gynecomastia. These data indicate a difference of hormonal dynamics between boys with and without gynecomastia.", "contents": "The relationship of concentrations of serum hormones to pubertal gynecomastia. Pubertal gynecomastia occurred in 20 to 29 boys who were followed for 24 or more months during puberty. Mean concentrations of LH, FSH, prolactin, testosterone, and estrone and estradiol were compared. Although levels did not differ between boys who developed gynecomastia and those who did not, when compared with the stage of puberty, changes were noted between mean concentrations from samples before and when gynecomastia was first noted. A significant increase of estradiol occurred with the onset of gynecomastia, while testosterone levels did not change; thus the testosterone-estradiol ratio decreased. Prolactin concentrations fell significantly with the onset of gynecomastia. These data indicate a difference of hormonal dynamics between boys with and without gynecomastia.", "PMID": 1111683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3169", "title": "Copper infusion therapy in trichopoliodystrophy.", "content": "The effect of repeated intravenous infusions of cupric salts was studied in two patients (cousins) with trichopoliodystrophy identified at the ages of 3 days and 2 and-one-half mo, respectively. The intravenous doses of copper were gradually increased and normal or near-normal serum values were achieved after 150 mug/Cu2+/kg were administered daily for 5 days. At that time the hepatic concentration of copper in the two patients increased from 14 to 38 mug/gm of dry weight from 7 to 45 mug/gm of dry weight, respectively, and the muscle homogenate exhibited the capacity to oxidize pyruvate-3-14C. Continued infusions of cupric salts in doses of 190-220 mug/kg/day once or twice weekly were necessary to maintain elevated hepatic and serum concentrations of copper. At 6 mo of age the younger infant had reached a functioning level of 4 mo. The older infant demonstrated progressive loss of neurologic functions and died at 15 mo of age. These observations suggest that the neurologic and biochemical dysfunctions of trichopoliodystrophy may be altered by infusion of cupric salts early in the course of the disease.", "contents": "Copper infusion therapy in trichopoliodystrophy. The effect of repeated intravenous infusions of cupric salts was studied in two patients (cousins) with trichopoliodystrophy identified at the ages of 3 days and 2 and-one-half mo, respectively. The intravenous doses of copper were gradually increased and normal or near-normal serum values were achieved after 150 mug/Cu2+/kg were administered daily for 5 days. At that time the hepatic concentration of copper in the two patients increased from 14 to 38 mug/gm of dry weight from 7 to 45 mug/gm of dry weight, respectively, and the muscle homogenate exhibited the capacity to oxidize pyruvate-3-14C. Continued infusions of cupric salts in doses of 190-220 mug/kg/day once or twice weekly were necessary to maintain elevated hepatic and serum concentrations of copper. At 6 mo of age the younger infant had reached a functioning level of 4 mo. The older infant demonstrated progressive loss of neurologic functions and died at 15 mo of age. These observations suggest that the neurologic and biochemical dysfunctions of trichopoliodystrophy may be altered by infusion of cupric salts early in the course of the disease.", "PMID": 1111684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3170", "title": "The LaBrosse VMA spot test revisited.", "content": "The LaBrosse spot test, in our experience, is not very useful as a screening procedure since the majority of specimens give an intermediate reaction, representing a heterogeneous group which may include many patients with abnormal 24-hour VMA excretion. The test is helpful only if either \"positive\" or \"negative\" in the individual patient who presents symptoms or signs compatible with abnormal catecholamine excretion. It is also of value in following patients with catecholamine-secreting tumors. The clinician should be aware of the limitations of VMA screening tests as they exist to date, and should assure himself, as well, that a specific quantitative assay is used to confirm doubtful or positive screening test results.", "contents": "The LaBrosse VMA spot test revisited. The LaBrosse spot test, in our experience, is not very useful as a screening procedure since the majority of specimens give an intermediate reaction, representing a heterogeneous group which may include many patients with abnormal 24-hour VMA excretion. The test is helpful only if either \"positive\" or \"negative\" in the individual patient who presents symptoms or signs compatible with abnormal catecholamine excretion. It is also of value in following patients with catecholamine-secreting tumors. The clinician should be aware of the limitations of VMA screening tests as they exist to date, and should assure himself, as well, that a specific quantitative assay is used to confirm doubtful or positive screening test results.", "PMID": 1111687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3171", "title": "Leukocyte count differences in healthy white and black children 1 to 5 years of age.", "content": "A group of 150 healthy American black children were found to have neutrophil counts significantly lower than those of a similar group of healthy American white children. Absolute lymphocyte counts were similar in the black and white children. The lower neutrophil counts in black children may represent a genetic or hitherto unidentified acquired differences.", "contents": "Leukocyte count differences in healthy white and black children 1 to 5 years of age. A group of 150 healthy American black children were found to have neutrophil counts significantly lower than those of a similar group of healthy American white children. Absolute lymphocyte counts were similar in the black and white children. The lower neutrophil counts in black children may represent a genetic or hitherto unidentified acquired differences.", "PMID": 1111693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3172", "title": "DNA polymerase activity in normal and malnourished rat placentas.", "content": "DNA polymerase activity has been measured in placentas of normal and protein-restricted rats and correlated with the mean percent daily increase in DNA. During normal placental growth, increases in DNA fell rapidly from 13 to 19 days and polymerase activity using denatured DNA template showed a similar pattern falling from values of 10,000 mumu mols dAMP incorporated per mg DNA at 12 days of gestation to 3,100 at 19 days. Protein restriction during gestation reduced placental DNA content after 14 days; by 19 days the DNA content was 81% of normal. The increase in DNA between 13 and 19 days in placentas of malnourished animals paralleled the normal but was significantly lower. Malnutrition markedly reduced enzyme activity at 12, 14, and 16 days; at 19 days, when DNA synthesis has normally ceased, values of DNA polymerase were not different in control and malnourished placentas. Thus DNA polymerase activity using denatured DNA as template, as measured in vitro, was an index of proliferative cell growth in both normal and malnourished placentas. Furthermore, the decrease in enzyme activity in malnourished samples preceded by at least two days any measurable decrease in total placenta DNA content. It is suggested that future clinical application of this technique may provide an index of nutritional status in \"at risk\" pregnancies.", "contents": "DNA polymerase activity in normal and malnourished rat placentas. DNA polymerase activity has been measured in placentas of normal and protein-restricted rats and correlated with the mean percent daily increase in DNA. During normal placental growth, increases in DNA fell rapidly from 13 to 19 days and polymerase activity using denatured DNA template showed a similar pattern falling from values of 10,000 mumu mols dAMP incorporated per mg DNA at 12 days of gestation to 3,100 at 19 days. Protein restriction during gestation reduced placental DNA content after 14 days; by 19 days the DNA content was 81% of normal. The increase in DNA between 13 and 19 days in placentas of malnourished animals paralleled the normal but was significantly lower. Malnutrition markedly reduced enzyme activity at 12, 14, and 16 days; at 19 days, when DNA synthesis has normally ceased, values of DNA polymerase were not different in control and malnourished placentas. Thus DNA polymerase activity using denatured DNA as template, as measured in vitro, was an index of proliferative cell growth in both normal and malnourished placentas. Furthermore, the decrease in enzyme activity in malnourished samples preceded by at least two days any measurable decrease in total placenta DNA content. It is suggested that future clinical application of this technique may provide an index of nutritional status in \"at risk\" pregnancies.", "PMID": 1111695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3173", "title": "Iron intake and transferrin saturation in adolescents.", "content": "The relationship of maturity, age, race, sex and income level to dietary intake and body stores of iron, as indicated by percent of transferrin saturation, was studied in healthy adolescents. Maturity rating, sex, and race were significant. Level of family income was not a significant factor. Both boys and girls increase the intake of iron as they mature, boys more than girls, and white adolescents slightly more than their black counterparts. Range of intakes was large, and there was no significant correlation between quantity of dietary iron and the percent of transferrin saturation. Norms for dietary intake of iron and percent of transferrin saturation, based on sex, race, and maturity, are presented for use by physicians and nutritionists.", "contents": "Iron intake and transferrin saturation in adolescents. The relationship of maturity, age, race, sex and income level to dietary intake and body stores of iron, as indicated by percent of transferrin saturation, was studied in healthy adolescents. Maturity rating, sex, and race were significant. Level of family income was not a significant factor. Both boys and girls increase the intake of iron as they mature, boys more than girls, and white adolescents slightly more than their black counterparts. Range of intakes was large, and there was no significant correlation between quantity of dietary iron and the percent of transferrin saturation. Norms for dietary intake of iron and percent of transferrin saturation, based on sex, race, and maturity, are presented for use by physicians and nutritionists.", "PMID": 1111696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3174", "title": "Absorption of digoxin in children with cystic fibrosis.", "content": "The absorption of digoxin in cystic fibrosis was evaluated in 16 subjects by assessing the relationship between dosage expressed in mug/kg/day and serum digoxin concentration. The results indicate that the same relationship exists between maintenance dosage and serum levels in these patients and in patients without cystic fibrosis. Thus, no evidence of impaired absorption was found.", "contents": "Absorption of digoxin in children with cystic fibrosis. The absorption of digoxin in cystic fibrosis was evaluated in 16 subjects by assessing the relationship between dosage expressed in mug/kg/day and serum digoxin concentration. The results indicate that the same relationship exists between maintenance dosage and serum levels in these patients and in patients without cystic fibrosis. Thus, no evidence of impaired absorption was found.", "PMID": 1111698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3175", "title": "Role of lymphography in carcinoma of the prostate.", "content": "The results of bilateral pedal lymphography in 83 patients with adenocarcinoma of the prostate gland are presented. The patients were divided into two groups: 45 new cases and 38 late or old cases presenting several years after the onset of the disease. Altogether 25 of the new patients and 29 of the late patients had lymphographic evidence of lymph node metastases. The lymphogram results in relation to local tumour size, histological grade, the presence of skeletal metastases, and acid phosphatase levels are discussed. Of the new patients with T1 and T2 tumors--that is, those still localized within the prostatic capsule--41% had positive lymphograms. The inaccuracy of acid phosphatase estimations in detecting early extraprostatic spread is shown and compared with the greater accuracy of lymphography. Lymphography should be used as an initial investigation in all cases where aggressive therapy is being considered, and the importance of regular follow-up radiographs is emphasized.", "contents": "Role of lymphography in carcinoma of the prostate. The results of bilateral pedal lymphography in 83 patients with adenocarcinoma of the prostate gland are presented. The patients were divided into two groups: 45 new cases and 38 late or old cases presenting several years after the onset of the disease. Altogether 25 of the new patients and 29 of the late patients had lymphographic evidence of lymph node metastases. The lymphogram results in relation to local tumour size, histological grade, the presence of skeletal metastases, and acid phosphatase levels are discussed. Of the new patients with T1 and T2 tumors--that is, those still localized within the prostatic capsule--41% had positive lymphograms. The inaccuracy of acid phosphatase estimations in detecting early extraprostatic spread is shown and compared with the greater accuracy of lymphography. Lymphography should be used as an initial investigation in all cases where aggressive therapy is being considered, and the importance of regular follow-up radiographs is emphasized.", "PMID": 1111714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3176", "title": "Effect of maximal respiratory manoeuvres on bronchial sensitivity of asthmatic patients as compared to normal people.", "content": "Cumulative dose-response curves to carbachol given by aerosol were established using plethysmographic measurements of specific airways resistance (SRaw) in 10 patients with asthma and five healthy subjects. Two experiments were performed--a control test and one in which maximal respiratory manoeuvres (MRM) (two maximal inspirations and two maximal expirations) were made before each carbachol inhalation. MRM did not modify the dose-response curves in the normal subjects. In the patients these manoeuvres enhanced the bronchoconstrictor effect of carbachol: curves were shifted to the left and the mean dose of carbachol producing a twofold increase in initial SRaw was decreased from 0.373 mg to 0.189 mg (P less than 0.001). Bronchial provocation tests using methods which require MRM--for example, forced expiratory volume at one second--could overestimate the bronchial sensitivity of patients with asthma.", "contents": "Effect of maximal respiratory manoeuvres on bronchial sensitivity of asthmatic patients as compared to normal people. Cumulative dose-response curves to carbachol given by aerosol were established using plethysmographic measurements of specific airways resistance (SRaw) in 10 patients with asthma and five healthy subjects. Two experiments were performed--a control test and one in which maximal respiratory manoeuvres (MRM) (two maximal inspirations and two maximal expirations) were made before each carbachol inhalation. MRM did not modify the dose-response curves in the normal subjects. In the patients these manoeuvres enhanced the bronchoconstrictor effect of carbachol: curves were shifted to the left and the mean dose of carbachol producing a twofold increase in initial SRaw was decreased from 0.373 mg to 0.189 mg (P less than 0.001). Bronchial provocation tests using methods which require MRM--for example, forced expiratory volume at one second--could overestimate the bronchial sensitivity of patients with asthma.", "PMID": 1111715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3177", "title": "Haemolysis complicating viral hepatitis in patients with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency.", "content": "Out of 20 patients with viral hepatitis whose glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) levels were normal, 14 had clinical evidence of a mild to moderate degree of haemolysis but in all the patients studied the half life of chromium-51-labelled red cells was shortened. Out of 18 viral hepatitis patients deficient in G-6-PD 17 had clinical evidence of haemolysis, and in eight this was more severe than in the group with normal G-6-PD values. Massive intravascular haemolysis occurred in four, three of whom died. The massive haemolysis was attributed to the presence of additional drug-induced oxidative stress to the G-6-PD-deficient red cells.", "contents": "Haemolysis complicating viral hepatitis in patients with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. Out of 20 patients with viral hepatitis whose glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) levels were normal, 14 had clinical evidence of a mild to moderate degree of haemolysis but in all the patients studied the half life of chromium-51-labelled red cells was shortened. Out of 18 viral hepatitis patients deficient in G-6-PD 17 had clinical evidence of haemolysis, and in eight this was more severe than in the group with normal G-6-PD values. Massive intravascular haemolysis occurred in four, three of whom died. The massive haemolysis was attributed to the presence of additional drug-induced oxidative stress to the G-6-PD-deficient red cells.", "PMID": 1111716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3178", "title": "Use by general practitioners of obstetric beds in a consultant unit: a further report.", "content": "Of 1,700 women booked for delivery by general practitioner obstetricians in a consultant unit, 1,399 had uncomplicated deliveries and the co-operation between practitioner and consultant was an obvious advantage for the 257 who were transferred completely to consultant care during pregnancy, labour, or puerperium. The scheme, which started in 1964, has enabled general practitioners to continue to give complete obstetric care to their patients. The number of participating practitioners has, however, declined from 80 to 16 indicating that many preferred to concentrate on antenatal work.", "contents": "Use by general practitioners of obstetric beds in a consultant unit: a further report. Of 1,700 women booked for delivery by general practitioner obstetricians in a consultant unit, 1,399 had uncomplicated deliveries and the co-operation between practitioner and consultant was an obvious advantage for the 257 who were transferred completely to consultant care during pregnancy, labour, or puerperium. The scheme, which started in 1964, has enabled general practitioners to continue to give complete obstetric care to their patients. The number of participating practitioners has, however, declined from 80 to 16 indicating that many preferred to concentrate on antenatal work.", "PMID": 1111718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3179", "title": "Examination of the Distinctive Awards System.", "content": "When they stopped secrecy, the consultants of an internationally-famous postgraduate teaching centre in psychiatry--not a designated teaching hospital--discovered that they had one-tenth the national average of distinction awards.  Subsequent investigation of the whole system suggests that this is not an isolated case.  Moreover, official figures are scanty and misleading.  This paper explores the difficulties in understanding, investigating, and influencing the system.  The composition of the committees involved, the de facto quota system, the method of collecting information, and the convention of secrecy are examined and critized.", "contents": "Examination of the Distinctive Awards System. When they stopped secrecy, the consultants of an internationally-famous postgraduate teaching centre in psychiatry--not a designated teaching hospital--discovered that they had one-tenth the national average of distinction awards.  Subsequent investigation of the whole system suggests that this is not an isolated case.  Moreover, official figures are scanty and misleading.  This paper explores the difficulties in understanding, investigating, and influencing the system.  The composition of the committees involved, the de facto quota system, the method of collecting information, and the convention of secrecy are examined and critized.", "PMID": 1111731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3180", "title": "Role of taurocholic acid in production of gastric mucosal damage after ingestion of aspirin.", "content": "The possibility that aspirin-induced gastric mucosal damage may occur more readily in the presence of bile has been studied in man using measurement of transmucosal electrical potential difference as a marker of disruption of the gastric mucosal barrier. After the introduction of acetylsalicylic acid (600 mg) in suspension to seven subjects the mean electrical potential difference (plus or minus S.E. of mean) fell significantly from -33-3 plus or minus 2-0 mV to - 17-1 plus or minus 2-1 mV, and after the introduction of taurocholic acid (5 mmol/1) to seven other subjects the electrical potential difference fell significantly from -38-1 plus or minus 3-0 mV to-19-1 plus or minus 3-4 mV, the mean duration of these changes being 14-4 and 17-5 minutes respectively. When a combination of acetylsalicylic acid and taurocholic acid was introduced to eight subjects the mean electrical potential difference also fell significantly from -38-6 plus or minus 1-8 mV to -17-9 plus or minus 1-8 mV, but mean duration of this change (27 minutes) was significantly longer than that found after acetylsalicylic acid or taurocholic acid alone. These results indicate that the ingestion of aspirin, together with coincidental reflux of bile from duodenum, may be a factor in the pathogenesis of aspirin-induced gastric mucosal damage.", "contents": "Role of taurocholic acid in production of gastric mucosal damage after ingestion of aspirin. The possibility that aspirin-induced gastric mucosal damage may occur more readily in the presence of bile has been studied in man using measurement of transmucosal electrical potential difference as a marker of disruption of the gastric mucosal barrier. After the introduction of acetylsalicylic acid (600 mg) in suspension to seven subjects the mean electrical potential difference (plus or minus S.E. of mean) fell significantly from -33-3 plus or minus 2-0 mV to - 17-1 plus or minus 2-1 mV, and after the introduction of taurocholic acid (5 mmol/1) to seven other subjects the electrical potential difference fell significantly from -38-1 plus or minus 3-0 mV to-19-1 plus or minus 3-4 mV, the mean duration of these changes being 14-4 and 17-5 minutes respectively. When a combination of acetylsalicylic acid and taurocholic acid was introduced to eight subjects the mean electrical potential difference also fell significantly from -38-6 plus or minus 1-8 mV to -17-9 plus or minus 1-8 mV, but mean duration of this change (27 minutes) was significantly longer than that found after acetylsalicylic acid or taurocholic acid alone. These results indicate that the ingestion of aspirin, together with coincidental reflux of bile from duodenum, may be a factor in the pathogenesis of aspirin-induced gastric mucosal damage.", "PMID": 1111740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3181", "title": "The HL-A system in asbestos workers.", "content": "In a study of the HL-A system in 56 selected asbestos workers referred to the Pneumoconiosis Medical Panel with definite or suspected asbestosis, the W 27 antigen was found more often than among a control population.  Six of the 10 asbestos workers with the W 27 antigen had definite radiographic evidence of asbestosis compared to 13 out of 46 without the W 27 antigen.  These observations, if confirmed, suggest that the W 27 antigen may provide a useful marker of an enhanced susceptibility to the tissue-damaging effects of asbestos dust.", "contents": "The HL-A system in asbestos workers. In a study of the HL-A system in 56 selected asbestos workers referred to the Pneumoconiosis Medical Panel with definite or suspected asbestosis, the W 27 antigen was found more often than among a control population.  Six of the 10 asbestos workers with the W 27 antigen had definite radiographic evidence of asbestosis compared to 13 out of 46 without the W 27 antigen.  These observations, if confirmed, suggest that the W 27 antigen may provide a useful marker of an enhanced susceptibility to the tissue-damaging effects of asbestos dust.", "PMID": 1111741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3182", "title": "Wife battering: a preliminary survey of 100 cases.", "content": "One hundred battered wives were interviewed.  All had bruising, often together with other injuries, such as lacerations and fractures,  There was a high incidence of violence in the family histories of both partners, and of drunkeness and previous imprisonment among the husbands.  Netherless, both husbands and wives had wide range of educational achievements.  Mmost wives were subjected to repeated violence because they had no alternative but to return to the marital home;  There was an association between wife battering and child abuse.  Places of sanctuary are needed where a woman can take her children when violence is out of control.", "contents": "Wife battering: a preliminary survey of 100 cases. One hundred battered wives were interviewed.  All had bruising, often together with other injuries, such as lacerations and fractures,  There was a high incidence of violence in the family histories of both partners, and of drunkeness and previous imprisonment among the husbands.  Netherless, both husbands and wives had wide range of educational achievements.  Mmost wives were subjected to repeated violence because they had no alternative but to return to the marital home;  There was an association between wife battering and child abuse.  Places of sanctuary are needed where a woman can take her children when violence is out of control.", "PMID": 1111742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3183", "title": "Special diets in hospitals: discrepancy between what is prescribed and what is eaten.", "content": "An assessment has been made in four hospitals of the food eaten by 40 patients on special diets restricted in energy, carbohydrate, fat, protein, or sodium.  The diets eaten by most patients were significantly different from those prescribed, partly because of patients' unrestricted access to food they possessed or could buy in the ward, but mainly because of the extra or alternative foods provided by ward staff.  Not only may the patients, progress be prevented or hindered by excessive consumption but also the lack of progress may be interpreted as indicating that the dietary treatment has failed rather than that it has not been followed.", "contents": "Special diets in hospitals: discrepancy between what is prescribed and what is eaten. An assessment has been made in four hospitals of the food eaten by 40 patients on special diets restricted in energy, carbohydrate, fat, protein, or sodium.  The diets eaten by most patients were significantly different from those prescribed, partly because of patients' unrestricted access to food they possessed or could buy in the ward, but mainly because of the extra or alternative foods provided by ward staff.  Not only may the patients, progress be prevented or hindered by excessive consumption but also the lack of progress may be interpreted as indicating that the dietary treatment has failed rather than that it has not been followed.", "PMID": 1111743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3184", "title": "Single extra-amniotic injection of prostaglandin E2 in viscous gel to induce mid-trimester abortion.", "content": "In a preliminary study a single extra-amniotic injection of 1.5 mg of prostaglandin E-2 incorporated into an aqueous viscous gel was given to 24 patients aborted within 24 hours, and the mean induction-abortion interval (plus or minus S.E. of mean) was 13.5 plus or minus 1.5 hours. Vomiting occurred in seven patients, and transient severe uterine cramps, pallor, nausea, and shivering occurred in one patient immediately after injection. Complete abortion occurred in 20patients. A delay in the time taken to abort seemed to be associated with an immediate and rapid rise in uterine tone after the injection which required prompt analgesia; this probably reflected rapid decidual absorption and dissolution of the prostaglandins away from their site of action. The degree of distention of the catheter-retaining balloon did not influence abortion times.", "contents": "Single extra-amniotic injection of prostaglandin E2 in viscous gel to induce mid-trimester abortion. In a preliminary study a single extra-amniotic injection of 1.5 mg of prostaglandin E-2 incorporated into an aqueous viscous gel was given to 24 patients aborted within 24 hours, and the mean induction-abortion interval (plus or minus S.E. of mean) was 13.5 plus or minus 1.5 hours. Vomiting occurred in seven patients, and transient severe uterine cramps, pallor, nausea, and shivering occurred in one patient immediately after injection. Complete abortion occurred in 20patients. A delay in the time taken to abort seemed to be associated with an immediate and rapid rise in uterine tone after the injection which required prompt analgesia; this probably reflected rapid decidual absorption and dissolution of the prostaglandins away from their site of action. The degree of distention of the catheter-retaining balloon did not influence abortion times.", "PMID": 1111761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3185", "title": "Electrocardiographic abnormalities associated with raised intracranial pressure.", "content": "Serial electrocardiographic (E.C.G.) recordings were taken in seven patients suffering from intracranial conditions, for which their intracranial pressure was directly and continuously monitored with a Konigsberg extradural transducer. The E.C.G. changes observed in patients with raised intracranial pressure were prominent U waves, ST-T segment changes, notched T waves, and shortening and prolongation of Q-T intervals. Two patients with normal intracranial pressure showed no E.C.G. abnormalities but also establish a relationship between E.C.G. abnormalities and changing intracranial pressure.", "contents": "Electrocardiographic abnormalities associated with raised intracranial pressure. Serial electrocardiographic (E.C.G.) recordings were taken in seven patients suffering from intracranial conditions, for which their intracranial pressure was directly and continuously monitored with a Konigsberg extradural transducer. The E.C.G. changes observed in patients with raised intracranial pressure were prominent U waves, ST-T segment changes, notched T waves, and shortening and prolongation of Q-T intervals. Two patients with normal intracranial pressure showed no E.C.G. abnormalities but also establish a relationship between E.C.G. abnormalities and changing intracranial pressure.", "PMID": 1111762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3186", "title": "Incidence of early post-operative iliofemoral thrombosis.", "content": "The doppler ultrasound probe was used to study 138 patients after major surgery to assess the incidence of iliofemoral thrombosis in the early postoperative period. The patients were simultaneously studied with the 125-I-fibrinogen uptake test. The accuracy of the ultrasonic technique was assessed concurrently by comparing its results with those of ascending phlebography in a separate group of patients. The ultrasound probe detected thrombus proximal to the calf but was inaccurate in locating its exact site. Of the 138 patients studied postoperatively 28 developed calf vein thrombosis detected istopically, but there was no evidence of iliofemoral thrombosis in any patient. Thus, spontaneous iliofemoral thrombosis in the early postoperative period is rare.", "contents": "Incidence of early post-operative iliofemoral thrombosis. The doppler ultrasound probe was used to study 138 patients after major surgery to assess the incidence of iliofemoral thrombosis in the early postoperative period. The patients were simultaneously studied with the 125-I-fibrinogen uptake test. The accuracy of the ultrasonic technique was assessed concurrently by comparing its results with those of ascending phlebography in a separate group of patients. The ultrasound probe detected thrombus proximal to the calf but was inaccurate in locating its exact site. Of the 138 patients studied postoperatively 28 developed calf vein thrombosis detected istopically, but there was no evidence of iliofemoral thrombosis in any patient. Thus, spontaneous iliofemoral thrombosis in the early postoperative period is rare.", "PMID": 1111763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3187", "title": "The Summerland Disaster.", "content": "The reception, admission, and subsequent management of casualties from the Summerland fire are described. A senior member ofthe staff assessed priorities and direceted casualties to different prearranged teams, and a nurse was allocated to each patient to aid continuity of treatment and documentation. Though regular revision and discussion of major accident procedures with all members of the hospital staff and co-ordination with other rescue workers is helpful expensive rehearsals are of limited value in a civilian incident.", "contents": "The Summerland Disaster. The reception, admission, and subsequent management of casualties from the Summerland fire are described. A senior member ofthe staff assessed priorities and direceted casualties to different prearranged teams, and a nurse was allocated to each patient to aid continuity of treatment and documentation. Though regular revision and discussion of major accident procedures with all members of the hospital staff and co-ordination with other rescue workers is helpful expensive rehearsals are of limited value in a civilian incident.", "PMID": 1111764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3188", "title": "Anaemia of pregnancy: the changing postwar pattern.", "content": "A popluation survey covering over a quarter of a century has shown clearly the improvement in haemoglobin levels in women attending antenatal clinics at the Glasgow Royal Maternity Hospital. Various influences have helped to bring this about, foremost among these being routine early prophylaxis with combined iron and folate supplements. Indeed, a time-space relationship between changes in prophylactic therapy, rates of improvement, and the incidence of megaloblastic anaemia can be shown. The women at risk are still essentially the same except for a new group of young, unmarried girls, who must be watched. In our view the withdrawal of routine prophylactic therapy in pregnancy would be retrograde step.", "contents": "Anaemia of pregnancy: the changing postwar pattern. A popluation survey covering over a quarter of a century has shown clearly the improvement in haemoglobin levels in women attending antenatal clinics at the Glasgow Royal Maternity Hospital. Various influences have helped to bring this about, foremost among these being routine early prophylaxis with combined iron and folate supplements. Indeed, a time-space relationship between changes in prophylactic therapy, rates of improvement, and the incidence of megaloblastic anaemia can be shown. The women at risk are still essentially the same except for a new group of young, unmarried girls, who must be watched. In our view the withdrawal of routine prophylactic therapy in pregnancy would be retrograde step.", "PMID": 1111765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3189", "title": "Distribution of hospital provision: policy themes and resource variations.", "content": "There has been much discussion in the past about the inequitable distribution of N.H.S. resources between different regions. This paper examines the distribution of hospital resources in terms of current revenue and beds in different specialties in eight regions (49 area health authorities). Variations between A.H.A.s are far more important than those between regions,  and indeed they are so large (even in the acute specialties) that it is doubtful whether some A.H.A.s can be considered to be offering a comprehensive service. In the light of these findings the paper explores policy problems involved in trying to secure a more equitable distribution of N.H.S. resources at a time of financial stringency.", "contents": "Distribution of hospital provision: policy themes and resource variations. There has been much discussion in the past about the inequitable distribution of N.H.S. resources between different regions. This paper examines the distribution of hospital resources in terms of current revenue and beds in different specialties in eight regions (49 area health authorities). Variations between A.H.A.s are far more important than those between regions,  and indeed they are so large (even in the acute specialties) that it is doubtful whether some A.H.A.s can be considered to be offering a comprehensive service. In the light of these findings the paper explores policy problems involved in trying to secure a more equitable distribution of N.H.S. resources at a time of financial stringency.", "PMID": 1111782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3190", "title": "Bromocriptine treatment of acromegaly.", "content": "The effects of oral bromocriptine in acromegaly have been studied. A dose of 5 mg six-hourly suppressed circulating growth hormone (GH) levels in nine out of 11 patients treated for seven to 11 weeks. This was associated with considerable clinical improvement in all patients, with abolition of excessive sweating, reduction in soft-tissue thichening, loosening of rings, decrease in shoe size, improvement in facial features, and loosening of dentures. Metabolic changes included improvement in glucose tolerance and reduction in hydroxyproline excretion. Unlike the actions of growth hormone release inhibiting hormone the suppression of GH was not accompanied by a reduction in insulin or glucagon secretion, though prolactin levels were suppressed. Side effects other than mild constipation were not seen when the full dose regimen was reached by slowly increasing the dose from 2-5 mg once daily. Bromocriptine holds promise as a safe and orally effective medical treatment to augment surgical or radiotherapeutic measures directed at the pituitary tumour. Its efficacy during longterm administration remains to be established.", "contents": "Bromocriptine treatment of acromegaly. The effects of oral bromocriptine in acromegaly have been studied. A dose of 5 mg six-hourly suppressed circulating growth hormone (GH) levels in nine out of 11 patients treated for seven to 11 weeks. This was associated with considerable clinical improvement in all patients, with abolition of excessive sweating, reduction in soft-tissue thichening, loosening of rings, decrease in shoe size, improvement in facial features, and loosening of dentures. Metabolic changes included improvement in glucose tolerance and reduction in hydroxyproline excretion. Unlike the actions of growth hormone release inhibiting hormone the suppression of GH was not accompanied by a reduction in insulin or glucagon secretion, though prolactin levels were suppressed. Side effects other than mild constipation were not seen when the full dose regimen was reached by slowly increasing the dose from 2-5 mg once daily. Bromocriptine holds promise as a safe and orally effective medical treatment to augment surgical or radiotherapeutic measures directed at the pituitary tumour. Its efficacy during longterm administration remains to be established.", "PMID": 1111790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3191", "title": "Prolactin in hypertensive pregnancy.", "content": "Plasma prolactin levels were measured in 68 pregnant women with hypertension at 32 weeks gestation. They were raised in pregnancies with pre-eclamptic features, most significantly in women with a rising plasma urate level. No correlation was found between the level of the untreated blood pressure and prolactin. Proteinuria did not influence prolactin levels independently of changes in the plasma urate. The differences in prolactin levels could not be ascribed to the drugs administered.", "contents": "Prolactin in hypertensive pregnancy. Plasma prolactin levels were measured in 68 pregnant women with hypertension at 32 weeks gestation. They were raised in pregnancies with pre-eclamptic features, most significantly in women with a rising plasma urate level. No correlation was found between the level of the untreated blood pressure and prolactin. Proteinuria did not influence prolactin levels independently of changes in the plasma urate. The differences in prolactin levels could not be ascribed to the drugs administered.", "PMID": 1111791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3192", "title": "Normal haematological values: sex difference in neutrophil count.", "content": "Blood counts were performed on 100 male and 100 female staff to establish normal ranges for our hospital. Neutrophil counts were found to be on average 0.66 times 10-9/1 (660/mm-3) higher in women than in men. Statistically this difference was highly significant and was not due to the fact that many of the women were taking oral contraceptives. The neutrophil counts of the men and women were also on average 0.50 times 10-9/1 (500/mm-3) greater in the afternoon than in the morning. A correlation was observed between the neutrpphil and the monocyte counts.", "contents": "Normal haematological values: sex difference in neutrophil count. Blood counts were performed on 100 male and 100 female staff to establish normal ranges for our hospital. Neutrophil counts were found to be on average 0.66 times 10-9/1 (660/mm-3) higher in women than in men. Statistically this difference was highly significant and was not due to the fact that many of the women were taking oral contraceptives. The neutrophil counts of the men and women were also on average 0.50 times 10-9/1 (500/mm-3) greater in the afternoon than in the morning. A correlation was observed between the neutrpphil and the monocyte counts.", "PMID": 1111792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3193", "title": "Postoperative management after thymectomy.", "content": "This paper reports a retrospective study of the preoperative and postoperative management of 28 patients who underwent thymectomy between 1956 and 1973. Patients who received postoperative artificial ventilation were compared with the group who did not with respect to sex, age, severity of disease, preoperative vital capacity, and thymic histology. Evidence is presented that postoperative artificial ventilation is required when the preoperative vital capacity with the patient on optimum anticholinesterase treatment is less than 2 litres. Additional features associated with a probable need for artificial ventilation were the presence of a thymoma, bulbar symptoms, especially dysphagia, and age over 50 years. These should be taken into account in any patient whose vital capacity is close to the critical level of 2 litres. When postoperative ventilation was required it was usually necessary for 12 days or more, and tracheostomy should therefore be done at or before thymectomy. Most patients in this series received the same dose of anticholinesterases after operation as before it and no evidence was found of a sudden decrease in requirements for anticholinesterase therapy. Two patients did not, and in them a myasthenic crisis was precipitated. We propose that the preoperative drug regimen can be continued in the immediate postthymectomy period, allowing selection of patients for tracheostomy and artificial ventilation primarily on the basis of the preoperative vital capacity.", "contents": "Postoperative management after thymectomy. This paper reports a retrospective study of the preoperative and postoperative management of 28 patients who underwent thymectomy between 1956 and 1973. Patients who received postoperative artificial ventilation were compared with the group who did not with respect to sex, age, severity of disease, preoperative vital capacity, and thymic histology. Evidence is presented that postoperative artificial ventilation is required when the preoperative vital capacity with the patient on optimum anticholinesterase treatment is less than 2 litres. Additional features associated with a probable need for artificial ventilation were the presence of a thymoma, bulbar symptoms, especially dysphagia, and age over 50 years. These should be taken into account in any patient whose vital capacity is close to the critical level of 2 litres. When postoperative ventilation was required it was usually necessary for 12 days or more, and tracheostomy should therefore be done at or before thymectomy. Most patients in this series received the same dose of anticholinesterases after operation as before it and no evidence was found of a sudden decrease in requirements for anticholinesterase therapy. Two patients did not, and in them a myasthenic crisis was precipitated. We propose that the preoperative drug regimen can be continued in the immediate postthymectomy period, allowing selection of patients for tracheostomy and artificial ventilation primarily on the basis of the preoperative vital capacity.", "PMID": 1111793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3194", "title": "Non-fatal injuries sustained by back seat passengers.", "content": "Of 2,275 cases of non-fatal injuries sustained by all categories of road users 185 were inflicted on back seat passengers. Twenty-six such passengers sustained severe and 66 moderately severe injuries. Only two patients (aged 18 months and 3 years) wore any form of restraint. Back seat passengers may be injured by impact with the rear of the front seat or other objects in the rear compartment; by objects in the front compartment; or by being thrown out of the car completely. An adequate restraint system, such as the lap-and-diagnoal type of seat belt, would reduce the incidence and severity of injuries.", "contents": "Non-fatal injuries sustained by back seat passengers. Of 2,275 cases of non-fatal injuries sustained by all categories of road users 185 were inflicted on back seat passengers. Twenty-six such passengers sustained severe and 66 moderately severe injuries. Only two patients (aged 18 months and 3 years) wore any form of restraint. Back seat passengers may be injured by impact with the rear of the front seat or other objects in the rear compartment; by objects in the front compartment; or by being thrown out of the car completely. An adequate restraint system, such as the lap-and-diagnoal type of seat belt, would reduce the incidence and severity of injuries.", "PMID": 1111795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3195", "title": "Hospital pharmacy committees in England: Their structure, function, and development.", "content": "A total of 150 chief and group chief pharmacists in England took part in a survey of the structure and role of pharmacy committees in hospitals. Just over half of the hospitals had such a committee. About two-thirds of these dealt only with pharmacy matters and one-third dealt also with other matters. The number of new committees set up increased slowly until 1967 and then showed a sharp rise. Their terms of reference, membership, and manner of appointment varied greatly. Among subjects dealt with the cost of drugs and the introduction of new prescribing sheets were prominent. Many of the respondents believed that the work of the committees, often with the help of smaller, more specialized groups, had significantly improved various aspects of the local supply and use of drugs.", "contents": "Hospital pharmacy committees in England: Their structure, function, and development. A total of 150 chief and group chief pharmacists in England took part in a survey of the structure and role of pharmacy committees in hospitals. Just over half of the hospitals had such a committee. About two-thirds of these dealt only with pharmacy matters and one-third dealt also with other matters. The number of new committees set up increased slowly until 1967 and then showed a sharp rise. Their terms of reference, membership, and manner of appointment varied greatly. Among subjects dealt with the cost of drugs and the introduction of new prescribing sheets were prominent. Many of the respondents believed that the work of the committees, often with the help of smaller, more specialized groups, had significantly improved various aspects of the local supply and use of drugs.", "PMID": 1111797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3196", "title": "Macromolecules and behavior II.  Training induced alteration in leucine transfer RNA of goldfish brain.", "content": "Goldfish were trained to swim upright after a polystyrene float had been attached ventrally. The effects of training on the amino acid acceptor activity and methylated albumin-kieselguhr column chromatography profile of several brain isoaccepting tRNA species were studied. Comparison of the kinetics of aminoacylation and chromatography profile of tRNAs from trained and control fish showed no differences for Arginyl-, glutamyl-, histidyl-, lysyl-, phenylalanyl-, seryl, threonyl- or valyl-tRNA. In contrast, training induced alterations in tRNA-Leu activity and activity profile. Training had no effect on brain amino acid pools or liver tRNA-Leu activity. Together, behavioral control experiments and plasma cortisol titers indicated that the training-induced increase in tRNA-Leu activity was not caused by stress, exertion, random disoriented swimming or the minor surgical procedures required. Rather, this activity change seems to correlate with some, as yet unidentified, aspect of behavioral training. The implications of these findings with respect to learning are discussed.", "contents": "Macromolecules and behavior II.  Training induced alteration in leucine transfer RNA of goldfish brain. Goldfish were trained to swim upright after a polystyrene float had been attached ventrally. The effects of training on the amino acid acceptor activity and methylated albumin-kieselguhr column chromatography profile of several brain isoaccepting tRNA species were studied. Comparison of the kinetics of aminoacylation and chromatography profile of tRNAs from trained and control fish showed no differences for Arginyl-, glutamyl-, histidyl-, lysyl-, phenylalanyl-, seryl, threonyl- or valyl-tRNA. In contrast, training induced alterations in tRNA-Leu activity and activity profile. Training had no effect on brain amino acid pools or liver tRNA-Leu activity. Together, behavioral control experiments and plasma cortisol titers indicated that the training-induced increase in tRNA-Leu activity was not caused by stress, exertion, random disoriented swimming or the minor surgical procedures required. Rather, this activity change seems to correlate with some, as yet unidentified, aspect of behavioral training. The implications of these findings with respect to learning are discussed.", "PMID": 1111811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3197", "title": "Spinal and spino-bulbo-spinal reflexes in rats with experimental allergic encephalomyelitis.", "content": "Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) often produces complete hindlimb paralysis in rats. Stimulating the dorsal root at L5 was found to produce hindleg twitches in EAE rats with complete hindlimb paralysis. In addition, it was possible to record a monosynaptic response from the ventral root at L5 after stimulating the ipsilateral dorsal root (L5) in these rats. It was also possible to elicit a reflex at L5 which was shown to involve the central nervous system above the spinal cord level. These experiments demonstrated that the motoneurons and the muscles of the hindlimbs and the spinal cord segment innervating the hindlimbs remain functional in EAE paralyzed rats. This suggests that the paralysis may be caused by dysfunction of descending pathways of supraspinal origin.", "contents": "Spinal and spino-bulbo-spinal reflexes in rats with experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) often produces complete hindlimb paralysis in rats. Stimulating the dorsal root at L5 was found to produce hindleg twitches in EAE rats with complete hindlimb paralysis. In addition, it was possible to record a monosynaptic response from the ventral root at L5 after stimulating the ipsilateral dorsal root (L5) in these rats. It was also possible to elicit a reflex at L5 which was shown to involve the central nervous system above the spinal cord level. These experiments demonstrated that the motoneurons and the muscles of the hindlimbs and the spinal cord segment innervating the hindlimbs remain functional in EAE paralyzed rats. This suggests that the paralysis may be caused by dysfunction of descending pathways of supraspinal origin.", "PMID": 1111821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3198", "title": "The synaptic structure of catecholaminergic axon varicosities in the dorso-medial portion of the nucleus tractus solitarius of the cat: possible roles in the regulation of cardiovascular reflexes.", "content": "The study was performed on adult mongrel cats to investigate synaptic structures of nerve terminals in the dorso-medial portion of the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), where majorities of the cardiovascular afferent fibers terminate and a dense plexus of the catecholaminergic nerves exists. In normal control groups, axo-dendritic and axo-somatic contacts were commonly observed but no axo-axonic contacts were seen. Synaptic vesicles were almost exclusively spherical (97%) and less frequently flat (3%). Small cored vesicles were not observed in animals with formalin-glutaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide fixation. Two or three days after denervation of IXth and Xth cranial nerves, degenerated axon varicosities occupied about 15-20% of total population. Quantitative analysis after intracisternal injection of 5-hydroxydopamine revealed 3 different types of the varicosity: varicosities with spherical clear vesicles (85%), flat clear vesicles (3%) and small cored vesicles (12%). Axon varicosities with small cored vesicles predominantly exhibited axo-dendritic synapses and occasionally showed the closed apposition with those containing spherical clear vesicles. 6-Hydroxydopamine produced a minimal degree of degenerative changes in some axon varicosities (less than 5%). Treatment with 5-hydroxydopamine after IXth and Xth cranial nerve section gave intact axon varicosities with small cored vesicles. In conclusion, there is a relatively dense innervation of catecholaminergic nerves in the dorso-medial portion of the NTS, which apparently does not stem from the IXth and Xth cranial nerves. Possible roles of catecholaminergic nerves are discussed.", "contents": "The synaptic structure of catecholaminergic axon varicosities in the dorso-medial portion of the nucleus tractus solitarius of the cat: possible roles in the regulation of cardiovascular reflexes. The study was performed on adult mongrel cats to investigate synaptic structures of nerve terminals in the dorso-medial portion of the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), where majorities of the cardiovascular afferent fibers terminate and a dense plexus of the catecholaminergic nerves exists. In normal control groups, axo-dendritic and axo-somatic contacts were commonly observed but no axo-axonic contacts were seen. Synaptic vesicles were almost exclusively spherical (97%) and less frequently flat (3%). Small cored vesicles were not observed in animals with formalin-glutaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide fixation. Two or three days after denervation of IXth and Xth cranial nerves, degenerated axon varicosities occupied about 15-20% of total population. Quantitative analysis after intracisternal injection of 5-hydroxydopamine revealed 3 different types of the varicosity: varicosities with spherical clear vesicles (85%), flat clear vesicles (3%) and small cored vesicles (12%). Axon varicosities with small cored vesicles predominantly exhibited axo-dendritic synapses and occasionally showed the closed apposition with those containing spherical clear vesicles. 6-Hydroxydopamine produced a minimal degree of degenerative changes in some axon varicosities (less than 5%). Treatment with 5-hydroxydopamine after IXth and Xth cranial nerve section gave intact axon varicosities with small cored vesicles. In conclusion, there is a relatively dense innervation of catecholaminergic nerves in the dorso-medial portion of the NTS, which apparently does not stem from the IXth and Xth cranial nerves. Possible roles of catecholaminergic nerves are discussed.", "PMID": 1111825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3199", "title": "5-HT-and norepinephrine-induced release of ACh from the thalamus and mesencephalon of the monkey during thermoregulation.", "content": "In the unanesthetized pigtailed monkey (Macaca nemestrina), trained to sit in a primate chair, the body temperature was monitored from the brain and colon. After an array of guide tubes had been implanted stereotaxically, isolated sits within the thalamus and mesencephalon were perfused by means of a push-pull cannula system. The perfusate was an artificial CSF containing 1.0 mug/ml of the anticholinesterase, neostigmine; each sample of effluent was assayed for the content of acetylcholine (ACh) on the eserinized guinea pig ileum. The micro-injection of 5-HT and norepinephrine into the monkey's hypothalamus in doses of 2.5-10.0 mug evoked a rise or fall in body temperature, respectively. In addition, these amines caused a concurrent change in the release of ACh at perfusion loci in both thalamus and mesencephalon. A composite anatomical mapping of the active releasing sites revealed that the output of ACh was elevated at 19 of 36 sites during the 5-HT-induced hyperthermia. The region of maximum sensitivity to 5-HT in terms of the percent change in ACh output at thalamic and mesencephalic sites was the rostral hypothalamus. These results provide further support for a neurochemical model of thermoregulation which postulates that 5-HT activates a cholinergic pathway originating in the hypothalamus which transmits the efferent signals for heat production.", "contents": "5-HT-and norepinephrine-induced release of ACh from the thalamus and mesencephalon of the monkey during thermoregulation. In the unanesthetized pigtailed monkey (Macaca nemestrina), trained to sit in a primate chair, the body temperature was monitored from the brain and colon. After an array of guide tubes had been implanted stereotaxically, isolated sits within the thalamus and mesencephalon were perfused by means of a push-pull cannula system. The perfusate was an artificial CSF containing 1.0 mug/ml of the anticholinesterase, neostigmine; each sample of effluent was assayed for the content of acetylcholine (ACh) on the eserinized guinea pig ileum. The micro-injection of 5-HT and norepinephrine into the monkey's hypothalamus in doses of 2.5-10.0 mug evoked a rise or fall in body temperature, respectively. In addition, these amines caused a concurrent change in the release of ACh at perfusion loci in both thalamus and mesencephalon. A composite anatomical mapping of the active releasing sites revealed that the output of ACh was elevated at 19 of 36 sites during the 5-HT-induced hyperthermia. The region of maximum sensitivity to 5-HT in terms of the percent change in ACh output at thalamic and mesencephalic sites was the rostral hypothalamus. These results provide further support for a neurochemical model of thermoregulation which postulates that 5-HT activates a cholinergic pathway originating in the hypothalamus which transmits the efferent signals for heat production.", "PMID": 1111826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3200", "title": "Free and membrane-bound ribosomes and polysomes in hippocampal neurons during a learning experiment.", "content": "The ribosomes of the CA1 and CA3 pyramidal cells of hipocampus were investigated by morphometric methods after the acquisition of a shock-motivated brightness discrimination in rats. A significant increase in the total number of ribosomes was observed in CA1 cells of trained animals and in CA3 cells of both active controls and trained rats. A significant increase in membrane-bound ribosomes was obtained in CA1 and CA3 cells after training only. The results confirm the suggestion of an increased protein synthesis in hippocampal neurons during and after the acquisition of a brightness discrimination, as we have concluded from out previous investigations on the incorporation of labeled amino acids under identical experimental conditions. The results lead to the assumption that the protein synthesis in some neuronal cells may probably differ not only quantitatively, but also qualitatively in trained and untrained animals.", "contents": "Free and membrane-bound ribosomes and polysomes in hippocampal neurons during a learning experiment. The ribosomes of the CA1 and CA3 pyramidal cells of hipocampus were investigated by morphometric methods after the acquisition of a shock-motivated brightness discrimination in rats. A significant increase in the total number of ribosomes was observed in CA1 cells of trained animals and in CA3 cells of both active controls and trained rats. A significant increase in membrane-bound ribosomes was obtained in CA1 and CA3 cells after training only. The results confirm the suggestion of an increased protein synthesis in hippocampal neurons during and after the acquisition of a brightness discrimination, as we have concluded from out previous investigations on the incorporation of labeled amino acids under identical experimental conditions. The results lead to the assumption that the protein synthesis in some neuronal cells may probably differ not only quantitatively, but also qualitatively in trained and untrained animals.", "PMID": 1111828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3201", "title": "Activity of interneurons mediating reciprocal 1a inhibition during locomotion.", "content": "The activity of interneurons monosynaptically excited by 1a afferents and mediating the reciprocal inhibition of motoneurons of the antagonistic muscles was recorded in mesecephalic cats. The activity was resulted during locomotion evoked by stimulation of the \"locomotor region\" of the mesencephalon. The neurons turned out to be active in a definite phase of the step simultaneously with that muscle which supplied them by 1a afferent input. In preparations with de-efferent hindlimbs, stimulation of the \"locomotor region\" evoked a periodic process in the spinal cord (\"fictive\" locomotion); in this case bursts of activity in the interneurons also coincided with the activity of motoneurons of corresponding muscles. Under such conditions excitation of 1a afferents by the passive stretch of the muscle or by electric stimulation of the muscle nerve studied in an increase of the activity of interneurons, which depended on the phase of the cycle. The data obtained show that during locomotion there are at least two sources of inhibition of motoneurons of antagonistic muscles; (i) the activity of 1a afferents of the active muscle, mediating by corresponding interneurons; and (ii) signals coming through the same interneurons from the central mechanisms of generating stepping movements.", "contents": "Activity of interneurons mediating reciprocal 1a inhibition during locomotion. The activity of interneurons monosynaptically excited by 1a afferents and mediating the reciprocal inhibition of motoneurons of the antagonistic muscles was recorded in mesecephalic cats. The activity was resulted during locomotion evoked by stimulation of the \"locomotor region\" of the mesencephalon. The neurons turned out to be active in a definite phase of the step simultaneously with that muscle which supplied them by 1a afferent input. In preparations with de-efferent hindlimbs, stimulation of the \"locomotor region\" evoked a periodic process in the spinal cord (\"fictive\" locomotion); in this case bursts of activity in the interneurons also coincided with the activity of motoneurons of corresponding muscles. Under such conditions excitation of 1a afferents by the passive stretch of the muscle or by electric stimulation of the muscle nerve studied in an increase of the activity of interneurons, which depended on the phase of the cycle. The data obtained show that during locomotion there are at least two sources of inhibition of motoneurons of antagonistic muscles; (i) the activity of 1a afferents of the active muscle, mediating by corresponding interneurons; and (ii) signals coming through the same interneurons from the central mechanisms of generating stepping movements.", "PMID": 1111829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3202", "title": "Imprinting: correlations between behaviour and incorporation of (14-C) uracil into chick brain.", "content": "On the first day after hatching 106 domestic chicks were injected with (14-C)uracil and exposed to a yellow or a red rotating flashing light for 72 min. Shortly before they were killed and 115 min after injection they were given a choice between the two lights. Incorporation of the (14-C)uracil into 4 regions of the brain was measured. Differences between batches and between training conditions were eliminated as sources of variation by standardising the behavioural and biochemical measures. Correlations between the measures were obtained. Chicks that were active from the early stages of training showed lower rates of incorporation in the midbrain, forebrain base and anterior of roof of the forebrain, than less responsive chicks. When the general lowering effect of behavioural activity on incorporation was eliminated as a source of variations, a striking positive correlation emerged between the preference for the familiar object and incorporation in the anterior of forebrain roof. Since preference for the familiar is a direct measure of imprinting and since no other behavioural measure is positively correlated with biochemical changes in anterior roof, it is concluded that these biochemical changes were closely linked with the learning process.", "contents": "Imprinting: correlations between behaviour and incorporation of (14-C) uracil into chick brain. On the first day after hatching 106 domestic chicks were injected with (14-C)uracil and exposed to a yellow or a red rotating flashing light for 72 min. Shortly before they were killed and 115 min after injection they were given a choice between the two lights. Incorporation of the (14-C)uracil into 4 regions of the brain was measured. Differences between batches and between training conditions were eliminated as sources of variation by standardising the behavioural and biochemical measures. Correlations between the measures were obtained. Chicks that were active from the early stages of training showed lower rates of incorporation in the midbrain, forebrain base and anterior of roof of the forebrain, than less responsive chicks. When the general lowering effect of behavioural activity on incorporation was eliminated as a source of variations, a striking positive correlation emerged between the preference for the familiar object and incorporation in the anterior of forebrain roof. Since preference for the familiar is a direct measure of imprinting and since no other behavioural measure is positively correlated with biochemical changes in anterior roof, it is concluded that these biochemical changes were closely linked with the learning process.", "PMID": 1111830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3203", "title": "Cholinergic-dopaminergic interaction in the striatum: the effect of 6-hydroxydopamine or pimozide treatment on the increased striatal acetylcholine levels induced by apomorphine, piribedil and d-amphetamine.", "content": "Apomorphine (1 and 2 mg/kg), piribedil (15 and 60 mg/kg) and d-amphetamine (5 and 10 mg/kg) increased rat striatal acetylcholine levels without affecting choline. Pretreatment with pimozide (0.5 mg/kg) completely antagonized the effect of apomorphine and piribedil and by itself markedly decreased striatal acetylcholine levels. d-Amphetamine signigicantly antagonized the effect of pimozide. Nine days after pretreatment with 6-hydroxydopamine plus pargyline, striatal dopamine was decreased by 78% while acetylcholine and choline levels remained unaltered. Under these conditions, the effect of d-amphetamine was completely abolished while apomorphine and piribedil were just as active as in the vehicle-treated group. The results suggest that d-amphetamine acted indirectly to increase striatal acetylcholine levels probably through the release of dopamine and/or noradrenaline, while apomorphine and piribedil acted directly at dopamine receptor sites.", "contents": "Cholinergic-dopaminergic interaction in the striatum: the effect of 6-hydroxydopamine or pimozide treatment on the increased striatal acetylcholine levels induced by apomorphine, piribedil and d-amphetamine. Apomorphine (1 and 2 mg/kg), piribedil (15 and 60 mg/kg) and d-amphetamine (5 and 10 mg/kg) increased rat striatal acetylcholine levels without affecting choline. Pretreatment with pimozide (0.5 mg/kg) completely antagonized the effect of apomorphine and piribedil and by itself markedly decreased striatal acetylcholine levels. d-Amphetamine signigicantly antagonized the effect of pimozide. Nine days after pretreatment with 6-hydroxydopamine plus pargyline, striatal dopamine was decreased by 78% while acetylcholine and choline levels remained unaltered. Under these conditions, the effect of d-amphetamine was completely abolished while apomorphine and piribedil were just as active as in the vehicle-treated group. The results suggest that d-amphetamine acted indirectly to increase striatal acetylcholine levels probably through the release of dopamine and/or noradrenaline, while apomorphine and piribedil acted directly at dopamine receptor sites.", "PMID": 1111831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3204", "title": "Transport of choline from plasma to cerebrospinal fluid in the rabbit with reference to the origin of choline and to acetylcholine metabolism in brain.", "content": "The supply of choline to the brain and the interrelationship between acetylcholine metabolism in the brain, choline in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and choline in plasma has been investigated by studying the transport of deuterium labelled choline from plasma toCSF in rabbits. The experiments were performed either by i.v. infusion of labelled choline or by administering deuterium choline in the diet until steady state levels were reached. All assays of labelled as well as unlabelled choline and acetylcholine were carried out by gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric technique. From these experiments it was found that the half-lives of the disappearance of labelled choline in plasma and CSF were similar (15 min) and the mole fraction of labelled choline in plasma was approximately 2.4 times that in CSF. The half-life of labelled acetylcholine in brain was about 25 min. In the time interval 10-20 min, the mole fraction of brain acetylcholine was the same as that of CSF choline. When infusion was carried out during pentobarbital anaesthesia the mole fraction of labelled brain acetylcholine decreased and that of labelled CSF choline increased compared to those of conscious animals. At steady state the mole fraction of labelled choline in plasma was nearly twice as high as that in CSF which in turn was significantly higher than that of acetylcholine in the brain. From these results it is suggested that in rabbit, free and derived choline in plasma are supplied to the brain in equal amounts. Furthermore it is suggested that choline is transported from plasma, via the extracellular space of the brain to CSF. In the extracellular space a part of choline is diverted and exchanged with choline in the acetycholine metabolic pathway.", "contents": "Transport of choline from plasma to cerebrospinal fluid in the rabbit with reference to the origin of choline and to acetylcholine metabolism in brain. The supply of choline to the brain and the interrelationship between acetylcholine metabolism in the brain, choline in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and choline in plasma has been investigated by studying the transport of deuterium labelled choline from plasma toCSF in rabbits. The experiments were performed either by i.v. infusion of labelled choline or by administering deuterium choline in the diet until steady state levels were reached. All assays of labelled as well as unlabelled choline and acetylcholine were carried out by gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric technique. From these experiments it was found that the half-lives of the disappearance of labelled choline in plasma and CSF were similar (15 min) and the mole fraction of labelled choline in plasma was approximately 2.4 times that in CSF. The half-life of labelled acetylcholine in brain was about 25 min. In the time interval 10-20 min, the mole fraction of brain acetylcholine was the same as that of CSF choline. When infusion was carried out during pentobarbital anaesthesia the mole fraction of labelled brain acetylcholine decreased and that of labelled CSF choline increased compared to those of conscious animals. At steady state the mole fraction of labelled choline in plasma was nearly twice as high as that in CSF which in turn was significantly higher than that of acetylcholine in the brain. From these results it is suggested that in rabbit, free and derived choline in plasma are supplied to the brain in equal amounts. Furthermore it is suggested that choline is transported from plasma, via the extracellular space of the brain to CSF. In the extracellular space a part of choline is diverted and exchanged with choline in the acetycholine metabolic pathway.", "PMID": 1111832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3205", "title": "Characteristics of CA1 neurons recorded intracellularly in the hippocampal in vitro slice preparation.", "content": "Intracellular recordings were made from CA1 pyramidal cells in the hippocampal in vitro slice preparation. Neurons displayed characteristics previously described for the intact preparation including: EPSPs, IPSPs, depolarizing after-potentials, bursting, frequency potentiation, double pulse facilitation, and probably dendritis spiking. Cells could be discharged when orthodromic or antidromic pathways were stimulated, with injection of a depolarizing current pulse, and from iontophoresis of glutamic acid. The apparently normal behavior of the neurons makes the isolated hippocampal slice a promising cortical preparation.", "contents": "Characteristics of CA1 neurons recorded intracellularly in the hippocampal in vitro slice preparation. Intracellular recordings were made from CA1 pyramidal cells in the hippocampal in vitro slice preparation. Neurons displayed characteristics previously described for the intact preparation including: EPSPs, IPSPs, depolarizing after-potentials, bursting, frequency potentiation, double pulse facilitation, and probably dendritis spiking. Cells could be discharged when orthodromic or antidromic pathways were stimulated, with injection of a depolarizing current pulse, and from iontophoresis of glutamic acid. The apparently normal behavior of the neurons makes the isolated hippocampal slice a promising cortical preparation.", "PMID": 1111846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3206", "title": "Influence of centrifugal sinus nerve activity on carotid body catecholamines: microphotometric analysis of formaldehyde-induced fluorescence.", "content": "The effects of centrifugal activity in the carotid sinus nerve (CSN) on the intensity of formaldehyde-induced fluorescence of carotid body were examined in cat. Measurements of intensity were obtained from 21 to 56 sections of each carotid body with a microscope photometer attached to a fluorescence microscope. Comparisons were made between the two carotid bodies removed from each cat. In one series of experiments, one carotid body (CSN intact) served as control, while the experimental carotid body was on the side on which centrifugal activity was increased by electrical stimulation of the peripheral end of the cut CSN. In a second series, centrifugal CSN activity was increased by hypoxemia; one CSN was transected (control) and the other was left intact (experimental). In untreated cats, fluorescence intensity was significantly higher on the side with increased centrifugal CSN activity. In cats treated with either MK486, which inhibits conversion of L-DOPA to dopamine, or reserpine, increased centrifugal CSN activity caused a significant decrease in intensity of type I cells. These findings indicate that centrifugal discharges regulate, in part, the synthesis and release of catecholamines by type I cells of the carotid body.", "contents": "Influence of centrifugal sinus nerve activity on carotid body catecholamines: microphotometric analysis of formaldehyde-induced fluorescence. The effects of centrifugal activity in the carotid sinus nerve (CSN) on the intensity of formaldehyde-induced fluorescence of carotid body were examined in cat. Measurements of intensity were obtained from 21 to 56 sections of each carotid body with a microscope photometer attached to a fluorescence microscope. Comparisons were made between the two carotid bodies removed from each cat. In one series of experiments, one carotid body (CSN intact) served as control, while the experimental carotid body was on the side on which centrifugal activity was increased by electrical stimulation of the peripheral end of the cut CSN. In a second series, centrifugal CSN activity was increased by hypoxemia; one CSN was transected (control) and the other was left intact (experimental). In untreated cats, fluorescence intensity was significantly higher on the side with increased centrifugal CSN activity. In cats treated with either MK486, which inhibits conversion of L-DOPA to dopamine, or reserpine, increased centrifugal CSN activity caused a significant decrease in intensity of type I cells. These findings indicate that centrifugal discharges regulate, in part, the synthesis and release of catecholamines by type I cells of the carotid body.", "PMID": 1111847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3207", "title": "Exteroceptive suppression and motor control of the masseter and temporalis muscles in normal man.", "content": "Single electrical stimuli to the gums and mucosa inside the mouth elicit two successive exteroceptive suppressions (ES1 and ES2) in the voluntary electromyogram of the masseter and temporalis muscles in normal man. The same afferent axons appear to be involved in the two effects, as indicated by the intensity function, the electrical excitability, the afferent conduction velocity and the lack of differential effect of Xylocaine infiltration of the inferior alveolar nerve. Two similar phases of inhibition involve the monosynaptic masseter reflex and the synchronized electromyographical spikes induced by jaw vibration. Exteroceptive suppression is thought to be mediated, in the brain stem, by both an oligosynaptic (ES1) and a multisynaptic (ES2) mechanism.", "contents": "Exteroceptive suppression and motor control of the masseter and temporalis muscles in normal man. Single electrical stimuli to the gums and mucosa inside the mouth elicit two successive exteroceptive suppressions (ES1 and ES2) in the voluntary electromyogram of the masseter and temporalis muscles in normal man. The same afferent axons appear to be involved in the two effects, as indicated by the intensity function, the electrical excitability, the afferent conduction velocity and the lack of differential effect of Xylocaine infiltration of the inferior alveolar nerve. Two similar phases of inhibition involve the monosynaptic masseter reflex and the synchronized electromyographical spikes induced by jaw vibration. Exteroceptive suppression is thought to be mediated, in the brain stem, by both an oligosynaptic (ES1) and a multisynaptic (ES2) mechanism.", "PMID": 1111848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3208", "title": "Behavioral deficits in cats following early selected visual exposure to contours of a single orientation.", "content": "The ability of adult cats, whose early visual experience was confined to contours of a single orientation (either vertical or horizontal), to resolve gratings of different orientations was studied by operant methods. Following selective visual exposure during part or all of the first 4 months of life, the cats were trained on a simultaneous discrimination between gratings of various orientations and blank fields of the same mean luminance. The spatial frequency of the gratings was systematically altered in order to obtain an estimate of acuity based upon extrapolation to chance levels of performance. Selectively deprived cats performed as well as normally reared cats on gratings having the same orientation as that of the stripes they saw as kittens, but their performance on gratings orthogonal to these was poorer. The deficits in acuity for gratings perpendicular to the experienced orientation varied between 0.26 and 0.87 of an octave. On the other hand, control cats whose early visual experience alternated between vertical and horizontal stripes, or who were reared in an environment containing randomly oriented contours, failed to show any difference in their acuity for vertical and horizontal gratings. The acuity deficits shown by the selectively deprived animals are long-standing since they remain unchanged even after 30 months of normal visual exposure. It is argued that these perceptual deficits are a consequence of the changes in cortical physiology that other investigators have described in cats who had undergone similar early visual deprivation. Taken together, these findings provide a basis for explaining a number of human perceptual disorders.", "contents": "Behavioral deficits in cats following early selected visual exposure to contours of a single orientation. The ability of adult cats, whose early visual experience was confined to contours of a single orientation (either vertical or horizontal), to resolve gratings of different orientations was studied by operant methods. Following selective visual exposure during part or all of the first 4 months of life, the cats were trained on a simultaneous discrimination between gratings of various orientations and blank fields of the same mean luminance. The spatial frequency of the gratings was systematically altered in order to obtain an estimate of acuity based upon extrapolation to chance levels of performance. Selectively deprived cats performed as well as normally reared cats on gratings having the same orientation as that of the stripes they saw as kittens, but their performance on gratings orthogonal to these was poorer. The deficits in acuity for gratings perpendicular to the experienced orientation varied between 0.26 and 0.87 of an octave. On the other hand, control cats whose early visual experience alternated between vertical and horizontal stripes, or who were reared in an environment containing randomly oriented contours, failed to show any difference in their acuity for vertical and horizontal gratings. The acuity deficits shown by the selectively deprived animals are long-standing since they remain unchanged even after 30 months of normal visual exposure. It is argued that these perceptual deficits are a consequence of the changes in cortical physiology that other investigators have described in cats who had undergone similar early visual deprivation. Taken together, these findings provide a basis for explaining a number of human perceptual disorders.", "PMID": 1111849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3209", "title": "Directional selection for growth at two ambient temperatures in Coturnix coturnix japonica.", "content": "Four lines of quail; random-selected, male-selected, female-selected and male- and female-selected lines, were subjected to 37 plus or minus 1-6 degrees C from 3 to 5 weeks of age while another four lines, similarly selected, were reared at room temperature (15 to 27 degrees C). Selection for increased growth was practised for two generations using ten females and five males as parents in each line. A significant interaction between time and temperature was observed in the third generation progeny; when exposed to heat stress, the stress-adapted lines showing a superior growth rate. A sex X temperature interaction was also observed and was due largely to the control females being more sensitive to stress than the males. A cumulative realised heritability estimate of 0-47 plus or minus 0-15 for 5-week body weight was obtained.", "contents": "Directional selection for growth at two ambient temperatures in Coturnix coturnix japonica. Four lines of quail; random-selected, male-selected, female-selected and male- and female-selected lines, were subjected to 37 plus or minus 1-6 degrees C from 3 to 5 weeks of age while another four lines, similarly selected, were reared at room temperature (15 to 27 degrees C). Selection for increased growth was practised for two generations using ten females and five males as parents in each line. A significant interaction between time and temperature was observed in the third generation progeny; when exposed to heat stress, the stress-adapted lines showing a superior growth rate. A sex X temperature interaction was also observed and was due largely to the control females being more sensitive to stress than the males. A cumulative realised heritability estimate of 0-47 plus or minus 0-15 for 5-week body weight was obtained.", "PMID": 1111852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3210", "title": "The role of histamine and fish meal in the incidence of gizzard erosion and pro-ventricular abnormalities in the fowl.", "content": "The role of certain fish meals in the production of localised gizzard erosion is confirmed. Lesions typical of gizzard erosion could be produced by the addition of histamine to the diet. The amount of histamine occurring naturally in fish meal depends on the species of fish and the extent and nature of bacterial spoilage. These variables may explain why histamine has not been implicated previously and also why there have not been consistent associations between the condition and geographical source or common factors in bulk consignments of the meal.", "contents": "The role of histamine and fish meal in the incidence of gizzard erosion and pro-ventricular abnormalities in the fowl. The role of certain fish meals in the production of localised gizzard erosion is confirmed. Lesions typical of gizzard erosion could be produced by the addition of histamine to the diet. The amount of histamine occurring naturally in fish meal depends on the species of fish and the extent and nature of bacterial spoilage. These variables may explain why histamine has not been implicated previously and also why there have not been consistent associations between the condition and geographical source or common factors in bulk consignments of the meal.", "PMID": 1111853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3211", "title": "The effect of reserpine on plasma LH concentrations in intact and gonadectomised domestic fowl.", "content": "Reserpine was found to inhibit the secretion of luteinising hormone when injected into intact and gonadectomised fowl at a dose rate which caused heavy sedation. This could indicate that reserpine or its derivatives should not be used for breeding poultry.", "contents": "The effect of reserpine on plasma LH concentrations in intact and gonadectomised domestic fowl. Reserpine was found to inhibit the secretion of luteinising hormone when injected into intact and gonadectomised fowl at a dose rate which caused heavy sedation. This could indicate that reserpine or its derivatives should not be used for breeding poultry.", "PMID": 1111854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3212", "title": "The microstructure of the cuticle-less shell of the eggs of the domestic hen.", "content": "Open pores were a notable feature of the shell of hens' eggs which were naturally devoid of cuticle. In contrast with normal eggs, the surface of the cuticle-less shell was irregularly contoured and, in many instances, deeply fissured.", "contents": "The microstructure of the cuticle-less shell of the eggs of the domestic hen. Open pores were a notable feature of the shell of hens' eggs which were naturally devoid of cuticle. In contrast with normal eggs, the surface of the cuticle-less shell was irregularly contoured and, in many instances, deeply fissured.", "PMID": 1111855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3213", "title": "The fine structure of the pores in the shell of the hen's egg.", "content": "No fibrous or crystalline material was present in the lumen of pore canals which were exposed by radial fracture and examined with a scanning electron microscope. The walls of the canals were rough, but they did not have a characteristic ultrastructure. The campanulate outer orifice of the pores was plugged with cuticle in which radial cracks formed channels through which the respiratory gases presumably diffuse.", "contents": "The fine structure of the pores in the shell of the hen's egg. No fibrous or crystalline material was present in the lumen of pore canals which were exposed by radial fracture and examined with a scanning electron microscope. The walls of the canals were rough, but they did not have a characteristic ultrastructure. The campanulate outer orifice of the pores was plugged with cuticle in which radial cracks formed channels through which the respiratory gases presumably diffuse.", "PMID": 1111856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3214", "title": "Protective effect of immunoglobulins in serum and milk of sows exposed to transmissible gastroenteritis virus.", "content": "Experimental exposure of susceptible pregnant sows by various routes to the gut-origin transmissible gastroenteritis virus stimulated production of milk and serum antibodies. These antibodies neutralized the cytopathic effect of transmissible gastroenteritis virus propagated in cell culture. This in vitro neutralizing antibody resided in the IgG and IgA immunoglobulin classes. On the other hand, protection for baby pigs resided in the IgA class of milk immunoglobulin of sows exposed orally or intramammarily but not of sows exposed intramuscularly to the virus.", "contents": "Protective effect of immunoglobulins in serum and milk of sows exposed to transmissible gastroenteritis virus. Experimental exposure of susceptible pregnant sows by various routes to the gut-origin transmissible gastroenteritis virus stimulated production of milk and serum antibodies. These antibodies neutralized the cytopathic effect of transmissible gastroenteritis virus propagated in cell culture. This in vitro neutralizing antibody resided in the IgG and IgA immunoglobulin classes. On the other hand, protection for baby pigs resided in the IgA class of milk immunoglobulin of sows exposed orally or intramammarily but not of sows exposed intramuscularly to the virus.", "PMID": 1111857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3215", "title": "Systolic time intervals in domestic ponies: alterations in a case of coarctation of the aorta.", "content": "This report describes the measurement of systolic time intervals in a nine year old female domestic pony which was found at necropsy to show coarctation of the aorta and bilateral ventricular hypertrophy. Electrocardiogram, phonocardiogram and direct arterial blood pressure were recorded from the pony in a standing unmedicated state and systolic time intervals were measured from the resulting tracings. A prolongation of left ventricular ejection time and shortening of the pre-ejection period were observed in comparison to a group of normal ponies similarly examined. Such changes are consistent with outflow tract obstruction. The pony was also hypotensive and this condition was interpreted as a long-term compensation for the obstructive lesion. It is likely that the changes in systolic time intervals were at this stage predominantly affected by the hypotension. The report notes that the existence of such a case of spontaneous cardiovascular disease in the pony population might suggest the utility of the animal as a resource in comparative cardiovascular physiology and medicine.", "contents": "Systolic time intervals in domestic ponies: alterations in a case of coarctation of the aorta. This report describes the measurement of systolic time intervals in a nine year old female domestic pony which was found at necropsy to show coarctation of the aorta and bilateral ventricular hypertrophy. Electrocardiogram, phonocardiogram and direct arterial blood pressure were recorded from the pony in a standing unmedicated state and systolic time intervals were measured from the resulting tracings. A prolongation of left ventricular ejection time and shortening of the pre-ejection period were observed in comparison to a group of normal ponies similarly examined. Such changes are consistent with outflow tract obstruction. The pony was also hypotensive and this condition was interpreted as a long-term compensation for the obstructive lesion. It is likely that the changes in systolic time intervals were at this stage predominantly affected by the hypotension. The report notes that the existence of such a case of spontaneous cardiovascular disease in the pony population might suggest the utility of the animal as a resource in comparative cardiovascular physiology and medicine.", "PMID": 1111858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3216", "title": "A study of articular surfaces and synovial fossae of the pectoral limb of swine.", "content": "Articular surfaces of the pectoral limb were studied in 50 swine and are described in detail. Synovial fossae were not present at birth but were found commonly on the articular surface of the scapula, distal humerus, proximal radius, distal radius and distal surfaces of the intermediate carpal bone after four to five months of age. When present, they were bilaterally symmetrical and were located at the depth of a concavity of the articular surface. Microscopically, synovial fossae appeared as an invagination of articular cartilage extending into subchondral bone. Evidence of endochondral bone formation was less apparent at the depth of synovial fossae than in areas of weight bearing cartilage.", "contents": "A study of articular surfaces and synovial fossae of the pectoral limb of swine. Articular surfaces of the pectoral limb were studied in 50 swine and are described in detail. Synovial fossae were not present at birth but were found commonly on the articular surface of the scapula, distal humerus, proximal radius, distal radius and distal surfaces of the intermediate carpal bone after four to five months of age. When present, they were bilaterally symmetrical and were located at the depth of a concavity of the articular surface. Microscopically, synovial fossae appeared as an invagination of articular cartilage extending into subchondral bone. Evidence of endochondral bone formation was less apparent at the depth of synovial fossae than in areas of weight bearing cartilage.", "PMID": 1111859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3217", "title": "New evidence for an intermediate polymer of glucose in cellulose biosynthesis by Acetobacter xylinum.", "content": "The results of sucrose-density-gradient centrifugation of a cell-free particulate enzyme system from Acetobacter xylinum which was incubated with uridine diphosphoglucose indicate that there is a polymeric intermediate in the biosynthesis of cellulose. This intermediate has the properties of an oligomer of glucose, is normally attached to the heaviest particle of the suspension, but, when released by hydrolysis, is preferentially adsorbed to fragments of preformed cellulose. It may form short segments of microfibrils when precipitated from alkaline solution by ethanol. The presence of this intermediate raises again the question of a primer in cellulose biosynthesis.", "contents": "New evidence for an intermediate polymer of glucose in cellulose biosynthesis by Acetobacter xylinum. The results of sucrose-density-gradient centrifugation of a cell-free particulate enzyme system from Acetobacter xylinum which was incubated with uridine diphosphoglucose indicate that there is a polymeric intermediate in the biosynthesis of cellulose. This intermediate has the properties of an oligomer of glucose, is normally attached to the heaviest particle of the suspension, but, when released by hydrolysis, is preferentially adsorbed to fragments of preformed cellulose. It may form short segments of microfibrils when precipitated from alkaline solution by ethanol. The presence of this intermediate raises again the question of a primer in cellulose biosynthesis.", "PMID": 1111860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3218", "title": "Endosymbiosis in a leafhopper, Helochara communis Fitch (Cicadellidae: Homoptera): symbiote translocation and auxiliary cells in the mycetome.", "content": "At times, symbiote populations in mycetomes of Helochara communis are apparently increased by translocation of symbiotes from adjacent mycetocytes. These symbiotes appear to reproduce in mycetomes and become phagocytosed by 'auxiliary' cells (probably hemocytes) that invade mycetomes at zones of disruption supposedly resulting from reproduction of the translocated symbiotes. Some phagocytosed symbiotes degenerate in large vacuoles; others become lodged in smaller vacuoles that supply a third membrane. The hemocytes fuse and form additional mycetomal syncytia.", "contents": "Endosymbiosis in a leafhopper, Helochara communis Fitch (Cicadellidae: Homoptera): symbiote translocation and auxiliary cells in the mycetome. At times, symbiote populations in mycetomes of Helochara communis are apparently increased by translocation of symbiotes from adjacent mycetocytes. These symbiotes appear to reproduce in mycetomes and become phagocytosed by 'auxiliary' cells (probably hemocytes) that invade mycetomes at zones of disruption supposedly resulting from reproduction of the translocated symbiotes. Some phagocytosed symbiotes degenerate in large vacuoles; others become lodged in smaller vacuoles that supply a third membrane. The hemocytes fuse and form additional mycetomal syncytia.", "PMID": 1111861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3219", "title": "Osteomyelitis in children: comparison of hematogenous and secondary osteomyelitis.", "content": "A review of osteomyelitis in 54 patients treated at the Dr. Charles A. Janeway Child Health Centre over a 4-year period revealed equal frequencies of secondary and hematogenous osteomyelitis. Although the clinical picture in patients with hematogenous osteomyelitis was classic, patients with secondary osteomyelitis presented with an altered clinical response. Patients with secondary osteomyelitis have a history of an antecedent puncture wound or an inadequately treated contiguous focus of infection; antistaphylococcal antimicrobial therapy was ineffective for most because gram-negative bacilli were isolated in this group of patients. In contrast to patients with hematogenous osteomyelitis, who frequently respond to intensive antimicrobial therapy, those with secondary osteomyelitis will frequently require surgical intervention to eradicate the infection.", "contents": "Osteomyelitis in children: comparison of hematogenous and secondary osteomyelitis. A review of osteomyelitis in 54 patients treated at the Dr. Charles A. Janeway Child Health Centre over a 4-year period revealed equal frequencies of secondary and hematogenous osteomyelitis. Although the clinical picture in patients with hematogenous osteomyelitis was classic, patients with secondary osteomyelitis presented with an altered clinical response. Patients with secondary osteomyelitis have a history of an antecedent puncture wound or an inadequately treated contiguous focus of infection; antistaphylococcal antimicrobial therapy was ineffective for most because gram-negative bacilli were isolated in this group of patients. In contrast to patients with hematogenous osteomyelitis, who frequently respond to intensive antimicrobial therapy, those with secondary osteomyelitis will frequently require surgical intervention to eradicate the infection.", "PMID": 1111873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3220", "title": "Self-care program for inpatients in a mental hospital.", "content": "A self-care program for selected inpatients in a mental hospital has been developed and has been in operation for more than a year. The 12-bed unit operates without any nursing or other professional staff during the night and weekend. Certain factors, including the mental hospital as an organization, tend to hamper the development of this type of program as well as the progress and growth of other programs in psychiatric hospitals. It is suggested that the much needed progress in the mental hospital would be facilitated by an open-systems approach to its organization. Mental hospitals should consider the introduction of self-care programs for selected patients, mainly in view of their therapeutic potential, but also because of the financial savings such programs offer.", "contents": "Self-care program for inpatients in a mental hospital. A self-care program for selected inpatients in a mental hospital has been developed and has been in operation for more than a year. The 12-bed unit operates without any nursing or other professional staff during the night and weekend. Certain factors, including the mental hospital as an organization, tend to hamper the development of this type of program as well as the progress and growth of other programs in psychiatric hospitals. It is suggested that the much needed progress in the mental hospital would be facilitated by an open-systems approach to its organization. Mental hospitals should consider the introduction of self-care programs for selected patients, mainly in view of their therapeutic potential, but also because of the financial savings such programs offer.", "PMID": 1111874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3221", "title": "Neonatal pneumopericardium.", "content": "Pneumopericardium developed in three newborn infants, including a set of twins, with respiratory distress syndrome. The rarity of this condition and its occurrence in two newborns suggest an anatomic predisposition, especially in premature infants requiring assisted ventilation. Two of the infants died; one had undergone pericardiocentesis. From a review of the literature and from our cases we conclude that conservative therapy appears warranted in cases of isolated pneumopericardium although the number of cases reported is too small to provide a definite answer.", "contents": "Neonatal pneumopericardium. Pneumopericardium developed in three newborn infants, including a set of twins, with respiratory distress syndrome. The rarity of this condition and its occurrence in two newborns suggest an anatomic predisposition, especially in premature infants requiring assisted ventilation. Two of the infants died; one had undergone pericardiocentesis. From a review of the literature and from our cases we conclude that conservative therapy appears warranted in cases of isolated pneumopericardium although the number of cases reported is too small to provide a definite answer.", "PMID": 1111875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3222", "title": "Effect of I,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol in renal osteodystrophy.", "content": "A 23-year-old man with medullary cystic disease had been undergoing hemodialysis for 5 years and had become confined to a wheelchair because of renal osteodystrophy. He was treated with 125-dihydroxycholecalciferol, 2.0 mug (later 1.0 mug) three times a week, administered by way of the venous end of the dialysis machine. Within 1 month bone pain lessened and his ability to stand and walk improved. By 3 months he was walking short distances and by 5 months, long distances. Calcium balance was near zero before treatment and was strongly positive during treatment. Bone mineral content in the lower femur, measured by photon absorptiometry, increased at a rate of 32.2% per year. In contrast, 26 other patients on long-term hemodialysis had a mean loss of bone mineral content of 14.0% per year. Radiographs taken during treatment showed a decrease in subperiosteal bone resorption and healing of a pseudofracture. A significant decrease in the mean serum alkaline phosphatase value was noted during treatment, but no significant changes in mean serum calcium or phosphorus values were seen.", "contents": "Effect of I,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol in renal osteodystrophy. A 23-year-old man with medullary cystic disease had been undergoing hemodialysis for 5 years and had become confined to a wheelchair because of renal osteodystrophy. He was treated with 125-dihydroxycholecalciferol, 2.0 mug (later 1.0 mug) three times a week, administered by way of the venous end of the dialysis machine. Within 1 month bone pain lessened and his ability to stand and walk improved. By 3 months he was walking short distances and by 5 months, long distances. Calcium balance was near zero before treatment and was strongly positive during treatment. Bone mineral content in the lower femur, measured by photon absorptiometry, increased at a rate of 32.2% per year. In contrast, 26 other patients on long-term hemodialysis had a mean loss of bone mineral content of 14.0% per year. Radiographs taken during treatment showed a decrease in subperiosteal bone resorption and healing of a pseudofracture. A significant decrease in the mean serum alkaline phosphatase value was noted during treatment, but no significant changes in mean serum calcium or phosphorus values were seen.", "PMID": 1111876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3223", "title": "Urinary homovanillic acid, dopamine and norepinephrine excretion in patients with essential hypertension.", "content": "Urinary excretion of dopamine, norepinephrine and homovanillic acid was measured in normotensive subjects and in patients with either labile of stable hypertension under conditions controlled for posture, sodium and potassium intake and time of day. Mean homovanillic acid excretion was 313.5 plus or minus 77.7 (SE) mug/4h in the normotensive patients. Mean values for the patients with labile or stable hypertension were significantly greater, at 2506 plus or minus 476 mug/4 h (P smaller than 0.001) and 795 plus or minus 170 mug/4 h (P smaller than 0.01), respectively. Urinary excretion of dopamine and norepinephrine tended to be elevated in patients with labile hypertension when compared with values in the control subjects and the patients with stable hypertension. The data are compatible with the hypothesis of adrenergic hyperactivity in labile hypertension and underline the biochemical heterogeneity of essential hypertension. Because the overlapping of values between control subjects and patients with labile hypertension was minimal, it is proposed that an elevated valve for urinary homovanillic acid could be used as a biochemical marker to identify the patients with labile hypertension.", "contents": "Urinary homovanillic acid, dopamine and norepinephrine excretion in patients with essential hypertension. Urinary excretion of dopamine, norepinephrine and homovanillic acid was measured in normotensive subjects and in patients with either labile of stable hypertension under conditions controlled for posture, sodium and potassium intake and time of day. Mean homovanillic acid excretion was 313.5 plus or minus 77.7 (SE) mug/4h in the normotensive patients. Mean values for the patients with labile or stable hypertension were significantly greater, at 2506 plus or minus 476 mug/4 h (P smaller than 0.001) and 795 plus or minus 170 mug/4 h (P smaller than 0.01), respectively. Urinary excretion of dopamine and norepinephrine tended to be elevated in patients with labile hypertension when compared with values in the control subjects and the patients with stable hypertension. The data are compatible with the hypothesis of adrenergic hyperactivity in labile hypertension and underline the biochemical heterogeneity of essential hypertension. Because the overlapping of values between control subjects and patients with labile hypertension was minimal, it is proposed that an elevated valve for urinary homovanillic acid could be used as a biochemical marker to identify the patients with labile hypertension.", "PMID": 1111892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3224", "title": "Serum cholesterol and triglyceride measurements in Canadian physicians.", "content": "In a study of serum cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations in male physicians, blood was drawn after fasting from 2071 registrants at 17 Canadian medical meetings from 1968 to 1973. Eight regional medical laboratories participated in the study. About two thirds of the samples were analysed in one of two laboratories to diminish method variations. When chylomicronemia, hyperglycemia or extremely high triglyceride values were detected, suggesting nonfasting, the data were discarded. The mean serum cholesterol value for the total study population was 233.9 plus or minus 1.22 mg/dl and the mean serum triglyceride value, 150.5 plus or minus 2.48 mg/dl. The mean values and the prevalence of elevated values (cholesterol larger than or equal to 250 mg/dl; triglyceride larger than or equal to 150 mg/dl) were related to age. Of the total study population 34.7% had elevated cholesterol values and 36.2% had elevated triglyceride values; only the cholesterol value was elevated in 17.5%, only the triglyceride value in 19.6% and both values were elevated in 16.8%. Although this was not a random sampling of Canadian physicians or of Canadian men, our findings of elevated serum lipid values were similar to those in French Canadian civic workers, American executives and Scandinavians, and somewhat higher than those in the Albany, New York and Framingham populations, but distinctly higher than those reported by a recent Nutrition Canada survey.", "contents": "Serum cholesterol and triglyceride measurements in Canadian physicians. In a study of serum cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations in male physicians, blood was drawn after fasting from 2071 registrants at 17 Canadian medical meetings from 1968 to 1973. Eight regional medical laboratories participated in the study. About two thirds of the samples were analysed in one of two laboratories to diminish method variations. When chylomicronemia, hyperglycemia or extremely high triglyceride values were detected, suggesting nonfasting, the data were discarded. The mean serum cholesterol value for the total study population was 233.9 plus or minus 1.22 mg/dl and the mean serum triglyceride value, 150.5 plus or minus 2.48 mg/dl. The mean values and the prevalence of elevated values (cholesterol larger than or equal to 250 mg/dl; triglyceride larger than or equal to 150 mg/dl) were related to age. Of the total study population 34.7% had elevated cholesterol values and 36.2% had elevated triglyceride values; only the cholesterol value was elevated in 17.5%, only the triglyceride value in 19.6% and both values were elevated in 16.8%. Although this was not a random sampling of Canadian physicians or of Canadian men, our findings of elevated serum lipid values were similar to those in French Canadian civic workers, American executives and Scandinavians, and somewhat higher than those in the Albany, New York and Framingham populations, but distinctly higher than those reported by a recent Nutrition Canada survey.", "PMID": 1111893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3225", "title": "Hyperglycemia-induced hyponatremia: metabolic considerations in calculation of serum sodium depression.", "content": "Hyperglycemia is associated with a decrease in serum sodium concentration. Previous methods of estimating the degree of decrease have not considered the fact that glucose will enter certain cells despite relative insulin deficiency; thus, glucose will not contribute directly to the osmotic gradient responsible for water shifts into or out of these tissues. The expected decrease in serum sodium concentration is 1.35 meg/l for every 100mg/dl increase in blood glucose concentration - the metabolic correction factor. Although the numerical difference between this factor and that calculated by others is small, the metabolic implications could be critical. In the hyperglycemic state the water content of tissues not requiring insulin for glucose transport could increase, and where tissue swelling is physically restricted (for example, in the brain) this expansion could seriously affect organ function.", "contents": "Hyperglycemia-induced hyponatremia: metabolic considerations in calculation of serum sodium depression. Hyperglycemia is associated with a decrease in serum sodium concentration. Previous methods of estimating the degree of decrease have not considered the fact that glucose will enter certain cells despite relative insulin deficiency; thus, glucose will not contribute directly to the osmotic gradient responsible for water shifts into or out of these tissues. The expected decrease in serum sodium concentration is 1.35 meg/l for every 100mg/dl increase in blood glucose concentration - the metabolic correction factor. Although the numerical difference between this factor and that calculated by others is small, the metabolic implications could be critical. In the hyperglycemic state the water content of tissues not requiring insulin for glucose transport could increase, and where tissue swelling is physically restricted (for example, in the brain) this expansion could seriously affect organ function.", "PMID": 1111894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3226", "title": "Experience with fetal monitoring in a university teaching hospital.", "content": "Fetal monitoring during labour may be expected to decrease perinatal losses and the number of infants born with brain damage. In a prospective study of intrapartum fetal monitoring in selected high-risk pregnancies in a Winnipeg hospital the monitoring rate was 26.5% and the cesarean section rate in the monitored group was 22.0%. The fetal outcome in the monitored group was better than in the unmonitored group. The establishment of a fetal intensive care unit is believed to be strongly desirable in improving fetal surveillance during labour. Fetal monitors should be stationed in the delivery room as well as in the first-stage room.", "contents": "Experience with fetal monitoring in a university teaching hospital. Fetal monitoring during labour may be expected to decrease perinatal losses and the number of infants born with brain damage. In a prospective study of intrapartum fetal monitoring in selected high-risk pregnancies in a Winnipeg hospital the monitoring rate was 26.5% and the cesarean section rate in the monitored group was 22.0%. The fetal outcome in the monitored group was better than in the unmonitored group. The establishment of a fetal intensive care unit is believed to be strongly desirable in improving fetal surveillance during labour. Fetal monitors should be stationed in the delivery room as well as in the first-stage room.", "PMID": 1111895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3227", "title": "Intrarenal arterial collateral circulation.", "content": "In three cases of intrarenal arterial collateral circulation the collateral channels developed between interlobar arteries in diseased kidneys. Probably these originated in hypertrophied spiral vessels that had arisen from the interlobar arteries in the area of the minor calyces. This form of collateral circulation will undoubtedly be recognized more frequently with the increased use of magnification radiography.", "contents": "Intrarenal arterial collateral circulation. In three cases of intrarenal arterial collateral circulation the collateral channels developed between interlobar arteries in diseased kidneys. Probably these originated in hypertrophied spiral vessels that had arisen from the interlobar arteries in the area of the minor calyces. This form of collateral circulation will undoubtedly be recognized more frequently with the increased use of magnification radiography.", "PMID": 1111896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3228", "title": "Career choices of physicians 15 years after entering medical school.", "content": "The career status of 149 graduates of the University of Toronto faculty of medicine who entered in 1958 and graduated in 1962 was determined in 1973. The response rate to the mailed questionnaire was 96.6%. Of the graduates 4.7% were not practising medicine, 2.0% stated that medicine was not their primary gainful activity and 4.1% were untraceable or unknown. Of the 24 women in the class 17 (70.8%) were practising at least 76% of their time and 4 (16.7%) were practising 26 to 75% of their time. General practice or family medicine had been chosen by 39.0% of the class and a specialty by 55.7%; 5.4% were unknown or untraceable. The place of longest residence before entrance to university was a good predictor of ultimate location of practice but not of type of practice.", "contents": "Career choices of physicians 15 years after entering medical school. The career status of 149 graduates of the University of Toronto faculty of medicine who entered in 1958 and graduated in 1962 was determined in 1973. The response rate to the mailed questionnaire was 96.6%. Of the graduates 4.7% were not practising medicine, 2.0% stated that medicine was not their primary gainful activity and 4.1% were untraceable or unknown. Of the 24 women in the class 17 (70.8%) were practising at least 76% of their time and 4 (16.7%) were practising 26 to 75% of their time. General practice or family medicine had been chosen by 39.0% of the class and a specialty by 55.7%; 5.4% were unknown or untraceable. The place of longest residence before entrance to university was a good predictor of ultimate location of practice but not of type of practice.", "PMID": 1111897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3229", "title": "Pediatric resident staff follow-up, 1958 to 1972: their present place of practice and activities.", "content": "Of 174 medical graduates who had undertaken residency training in pediatrics at the Health Centre for Children, Vancouver between 1958 and 1972, 156 replied to a questionnaire designed to determine their present activity. Excluding those still in training 58.4% are currently practising pediatrics, 28% are in family practice and 12.8% are in other areas of professional activity; 49% obtained a specialty degree in pediatrics and 5.4% obtained  certification of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada in another specialty. Of the total, 69% have remaind in Canada; of the Canadian graduates 83% have remained in this country, compared with 63.8% of graduates from other countries. Estimation of pediatric manpower requirements should take into account the anticipated increase in population, the pediatrician attrition rate, the contribution one province may provide for the rest of the country, and the fact that only approximately 60% of pediatric trainees will ultimately practise this specialty.", "contents": "Pediatric resident staff follow-up, 1958 to 1972: their present place of practice and activities. Of 174 medical graduates who had undertaken residency training in pediatrics at the Health Centre for Children, Vancouver between 1958 and 1972, 156 replied to a questionnaire designed to determine their present activity. Excluding those still in training 58.4% are currently practising pediatrics, 28% are in family practice and 12.8% are in other areas of professional activity; 49% obtained a specialty degree in pediatrics and 5.4% obtained  certification of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada in another specialty. Of the total, 69% have remaind in Canada; of the Canadian graduates 83% have remained in this country, compared with 63.8% of graduates from other countries. Estimation of pediatric manpower requirements should take into account the anticipated increase in population, the pediatrician attrition rate, the contribution one province may provide for the rest of the country, and the fact that only approximately 60% of pediatric trainees will ultimately practise this specialty.", "PMID": 1111898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3230", "title": "Combination chemotherapy for disseminated malignant melanoma.", "content": "BCNU, hydroxyurea, and imidazole carboxamide (DTIC) were administered to 89 patients with disseminated malignant melanoma. A response rate of 27% was observed. The addition of vincristine in another 89 patients did not significantly improve the response rate (30%). This includes patients who died during or after one course of therapy (less than 28 days). If the early deaths are not considered, the over-all response rate was 38%. (he best responses occurred in patients with skin, lung, and/or lymph node involvement. Liver and brain involvement heralded poor responses. This response rate appeared to be independent of age, sex or previous therapy. Moderate and severe toxicity, predominantly nausea and vomiting, was noted in most patients. The median survival for all evaluable patients was 17 months, and was independent of the regimen used.", "contents": "Combination chemotherapy for disseminated malignant melanoma. BCNU, hydroxyurea, and imidazole carboxamide (DTIC) were administered to 89 patients with disseminated malignant melanoma. A response rate of 27% was observed. The addition of vincristine in another 89 patients did not significantly improve the response rate (30%). This includes patients who died during or after one course of therapy (less than 28 days). If the early deaths are not considered, the over-all response rate was 38%. (he best responses occurred in patients with skin, lung, and/or lymph node involvement. Liver and brain involvement heralded poor responses. This response rate appeared to be independent of age, sex or previous therapy. Moderate and severe toxicity, predominantly nausea and vomiting, was noted in most patients. The median survival for all evaluable patients was 17 months, and was independent of the regimen used.", "PMID": 1111912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3231", "title": "Comparison of the combination of 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) and vincristine with two dose schedules of 5-(3,3-dimethyl-1-triazino) imidazole 4-carboxamide (DTIC) in the treatment of disseminated malignant melanoma.", "content": "One hundred twenty patients with inoperable metastatic malignant melanoma were randomly allocated to treatment with either a combination of BCNU 150 mg/m2 and vincristine 2 mg/m2 given every 30 days, or one of two regimens of DTIC: 300 mg/m2/day x 6 or 100 mg/m2/8 hours x 18 given every 30 days. Eight of the 51 (16%) patients who were originally treated with the BCNU and vincristine combination had 50% or more objective tumor regression, compared to 6 out of 25 (24%) patients treated with daily injections of DTIC, and 6 out of 21 (29%) patients treated with DTIC injections every 8 hours. The median duration of response to the BCNU and vincristine combination was 60 days, and the median duration of survival from initiation of treatment was 6.5 months in the responders and 3.3 months in the nonresponders. The median duration of response was 90 and 100 days for the daily and 8-hour regimens of DTIC respectively, andthe median duration of survival from commencement of treatment was 8.5 months for the responders and 3.5 months for the nonresponders. None of the 43 patients who failed to respond to the initial treatment program or whose disease progressed after initial improvement responded to the alternate treatment regimen.", "contents": "Comparison of the combination of 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) and vincristine with two dose schedules of 5-(3,3-dimethyl-1-triazino) imidazole 4-carboxamide (DTIC) in the treatment of disseminated malignant melanoma. One hundred twenty patients with inoperable metastatic malignant melanoma were randomly allocated to treatment with either a combination of BCNU 150 mg/m2 and vincristine 2 mg/m2 given every 30 days, or one of two regimens of DTIC: 300 mg/m2/day x 6 or 100 mg/m2/8 hours x 18 given every 30 days. Eight of the 51 (16%) patients who were originally treated with the BCNU and vincristine combination had 50% or more objective tumor regression, compared to 6 out of 25 (24%) patients treated with daily injections of DTIC, and 6 out of 21 (29%) patients treated with DTIC injections every 8 hours. The median duration of response to the BCNU and vincristine combination was 60 days, and the median duration of survival from initiation of treatment was 6.5 months in the responders and 3.3 months in the nonresponders. The median duration of response was 90 and 100 days for the daily and 8-hour regimens of DTIC respectively, andthe median duration of survival from commencement of treatment was 8.5 months for the responders and 3.5 months for the nonresponders. None of the 43 patients who failed to respond to the initial treatment program or whose disease progressed after initial improvement responded to the alternate treatment regimen.", "PMID": 1111913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3232", "title": "BCG-induced protection against malignant melanoma: possible immunospecific effect in a murine system.", "content": "This report documents for the first time BCG-induced protection against a murine malignant melanoma. Adult Balb/C mice recieved 0.1-cm3 doses of BCG prior to intramuscular challenge with 1 x 10-6 S-91 melanoma cells. A 65% reduction in melanoma incidence was noted in BCG-pretreated mice. The possibility of specific protection induced by the BCG against the melanoma exists, since the BCG pretreatment did not protect against challenge with 1 x 10-5 mammary carcinoma cells or 1 x 10-4 MCA fibrosarcoma cells in the same strain of mice. Lack of immunogenicity was not a factor in the inability of the carcinoma and sarcoma to be inhibited by BCG. The strenght of the BCG-induced protection against the S-91 melanoma was demonstrated by significantly decreased tumor incidence following three different log challenge doses of the melanoma. However, reduction of the sarcoma challenge dose to as few as 10-2 cells administered to BCG pretreated mice did not result in decreased tumor incidence. It was further discovered that as few as two doses of 0.1 cm3 of BCG were sufficient to produce a 70% reduction in melanoma incidence compared with the incidence in control animals (P less than .001). Lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity studies paralleled the results of the in vivo experiments. Lymphocytes immune to each of the three tumors showed significant cytotoxicity against their respective tumor target cells (p less than .001), while the only tumor cells that lymphocytes from BCG-pretreated mice showed significant cytotoxicity against were S-91 target cells (p less than .01). Nonspecific cytotoxicity was not a factor in the effect of BCG-immune lymphocytes against S-91 target cells, since BCG-immune lymphocytes were not cytotoxic to Balb/C fibroblasts.", "contents": "BCG-induced protection against malignant melanoma: possible immunospecific effect in a murine system. This report documents for the first time BCG-induced protection against a murine malignant melanoma. Adult Balb/C mice recieved 0.1-cm3 doses of BCG prior to intramuscular challenge with 1 x 10-6 S-91 melanoma cells. A 65% reduction in melanoma incidence was noted in BCG-pretreated mice. The possibility of specific protection induced by the BCG against the melanoma exists, since the BCG pretreatment did not protect against challenge with 1 x 10-5 mammary carcinoma cells or 1 x 10-4 MCA fibrosarcoma cells in the same strain of mice. Lack of immunogenicity was not a factor in the inability of the carcinoma and sarcoma to be inhibited by BCG. The strenght of the BCG-induced protection against the S-91 melanoma was demonstrated by significantly decreased tumor incidence following three different log challenge doses of the melanoma. However, reduction of the sarcoma challenge dose to as few as 10-2 cells administered to BCG pretreated mice did not result in decreased tumor incidence. It was further discovered that as few as two doses of 0.1 cm3 of BCG were sufficient to produce a 70% reduction in melanoma incidence compared with the incidence in control animals (P less than .001). Lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity studies paralleled the results of the in vivo experiments. Lymphocytes immune to each of the three tumors showed significant cytotoxicity against their respective tumor target cells (p less than .001), while the only tumor cells that lymphocytes from BCG-pretreated mice showed significant cytotoxicity against were S-91 target cells (p less than .01). Nonspecific cytotoxicity was not a factor in the effect of BCG-immune lymphocytes against S-91 target cells, since BCG-immune lymphocytes were not cytotoxic to Balb/C fibroblasts.", "PMID": 1111914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3233", "title": "A morphological and quantitative study of tumor blood flow. I. During growth and immune rejection.", "content": "We have used serial microangiography and radioactive 133 Xe to study microvascular morphology and quantify blood flow in Walker 256 carcinomas implanted in rat tails during growth and immune rejection. No previous angiographic/quantitative studies during immune rejection are reported. Two tumor groups were identified. Group A grew rapidly, with a two- to six-fold increase in blood flow, and caused death in 10 days. Group B grew more slowly, and increased blood flow two to four times. At 6 to 8 days postimplant the B tumors diminished in size; blood flow decreased and extensive lymphocytic infiltration developed. By 21 days all evidence of the tumor had disappeared. The rejection appears to be cell-mediated, and the high incidence (65-70%) to be related to the number of tumor cells and/or presence of accumulated antigen in the innoculum. Microangiographic changes during immune rejection were specific, and included marked tortuosity of feeding vessels and a \"ghostlike\" fading out of tumor vessels, quite unlike the appearance of necrosis.", "contents": "A morphological and quantitative study of tumor blood flow. I. During growth and immune rejection. We have used serial microangiography and radioactive 133 Xe to study microvascular morphology and quantify blood flow in Walker 256 carcinomas implanted in rat tails during growth and immune rejection. No previous angiographic/quantitative studies during immune rejection are reported. Two tumor groups were identified. Group A grew rapidly, with a two- to six-fold increase in blood flow, and caused death in 10 days. Group B grew more slowly, and increased blood flow two to four times. At 6 to 8 days postimplant the B tumors diminished in size; blood flow decreased and extensive lymphocytic infiltration developed. By 21 days all evidence of the tumor had disappeared. The rejection appears to be cell-mediated, and the high incidence (65-70%) to be related to the number of tumor cells and/or presence of accumulated antigen in the innoculum. Microangiographic changes during immune rejection were specific, and included marked tortuosity of feeding vessels and a \"ghostlike\" fading out of tumor vessels, quite unlike the appearance of necrosis.", "PMID": 1111915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3234", "title": "Ultrastructure of endometrial stromal sarcoma.", "content": "An endometrial stromal sarcoma from a 48-year-old woman was studied by light and electron microscopy. Ultrastructurally most of the tumor cells resembled the stromal cells of midproliferative endometrium. There was no evidence of a pericytic differentiation of the tumor cells. These findings lend further support to the concept of an endometrial histogenesis of stromal sarcoma.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of endometrial stromal sarcoma. An endometrial stromal sarcoma from a 48-year-old woman was studied by light and electron microscopy. Ultrastructurally most of the tumor cells resembled the stromal cells of midproliferative endometrium. There was no evidence of a pericytic differentiation of the tumor cells. These findings lend further support to the concept of an endometrial histogenesis of stromal sarcoma.", "PMID": 1111916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3235", "title": "Proliferative patterns in colonic mucosa in familial polyposis.", "content": "Microautoradiographic measurements of TdR3H incorporation into epithelial cells of colonic biopsies were compared in normal and eight index cases with familial polyposis, an inherited trait characterized by the development of colonic polyps and carcinomas. Colonic epithelial cells normally synthesized DNA synthesis was proliferated in the deeper two-thirds of the crypts, while DNA synthesis was repressed in the upper one-third. Patients with familial polyposis and patients with isolated single polyps incorporated TdR into epithelial cells lining the surfaces of polyps and occasionally into surface cells of intervening flat mucosa. Symptom-free members of polyposis families also demonstrated TdR3H incorporation into surface epithelial cells in biopsies of morphologically flat mucosa. The findings indicate similar proliferative behavior of epithelial cells in the formation of all adenomas, be they single isolated polyps or multiple familial adenomatous polyps. A sequence of changes occurs involving a loss of the cells' ability to repress DNA synthesis and the appearance of cells with persistent DNA synthesis at the surface and along the upper portion of colonic crypts. These defects are focal and widespread in the colonic mucosa of those with familial polyposis and are expressed at early age.", "contents": "Proliferative patterns in colonic mucosa in familial polyposis. Microautoradiographic measurements of TdR3H incorporation into epithelial cells of colonic biopsies were compared in normal and eight index cases with familial polyposis, an inherited trait characterized by the development of colonic polyps and carcinomas. Colonic epithelial cells normally synthesized DNA synthesis was proliferated in the deeper two-thirds of the crypts, while DNA synthesis was repressed in the upper one-third. Patients with familial polyposis and patients with isolated single polyps incorporated TdR into epithelial cells lining the surfaces of polyps and occasionally into surface cells of intervening flat mucosa. Symptom-free members of polyposis families also demonstrated TdR3H incorporation into surface epithelial cells in biopsies of morphologically flat mucosa. The findings indicate similar proliferative behavior of epithelial cells in the formation of all adenomas, be they single isolated polyps or multiple familial adenomatous polyps. A sequence of changes occurs involving a loss of the cells' ability to repress DNA synthesis and the appearance of cells with persistent DNA synthesis at the surface and along the upper portion of colonic crypts. These defects are focal and widespread in the colonic mucosa of those with familial polyposis and are expressed at early age.", "PMID": 1111917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3236", "title": "Immunologic evaluation of human bladder cancer: in vitro studies.", "content": "Human bladder cancer tissue were obtained from 31 patients with the histologic diagnosis of transitional cell cancer. Attempts to grow these tumors in tissue culture resulted in 18 primary cultures but only 2 long-term cell lines. Cell-mediated and serum cytotoxicity was demonstrated in both autochthonous and allogeneic experiments. This would suggest a cross-reacting common antigen. In the patients showing positive cytotoxicity, no recurrence of tumor could be demonstrated with up to 3 years' followup after therapy.", "contents": "Immunologic evaluation of human bladder cancer: in vitro studies. Human bladder cancer tissue were obtained from 31 patients with the histologic diagnosis of transitional cell cancer. Attempts to grow these tumors in tissue culture resulted in 18 primary cultures but only 2 long-term cell lines. Cell-mediated and serum cytotoxicity was demonstrated in both autochthonous and allogeneic experiments. This would suggest a cross-reacting common antigen. In the patients showing positive cytotoxicity, no recurrence of tumor could be demonstrated with up to 3 years' followup after therapy.", "PMID": 1111918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3237", "title": "Metastatic carcinomatosis of the liver mimicking cirrhosis: case report and review of the literature.", "content": "Carcinomatous involvement of the liver mimicking cirrhosis is a rare complication of metastatic carcinoma, most frequently seen with scirrhous carcinoma of the breast. The case of a 46-year-old woman with breast carcinoma presenting with ascites, jaundice, spider angiomata, and portal hypertension is reported. On hepatic scan the liver appeared to be almost the same size as the spleen, a finding frequently seen in cirrhosis. A chemotherapeutic program was introduced, but was of no benefit, and the patient died with uncontrolled esophageal bleeding. The prominent histologic feature on autopsy was intense stromal fibrosis and intravascular tumor infiltration with compression of vessels of the portal system.", "contents": "Metastatic carcinomatosis of the liver mimicking cirrhosis: case report and review of the literature. Carcinomatous involvement of the liver mimicking cirrhosis is a rare complication of metastatic carcinoma, most frequently seen with scirrhous carcinoma of the breast. The case of a 46-year-old woman with breast carcinoma presenting with ascites, jaundice, spider angiomata, and portal hypertension is reported. On hepatic scan the liver appeared to be almost the same size as the spleen, a finding frequently seen in cirrhosis. A chemotherapeutic program was introduced, but was of no benefit, and the patient died with uncontrolled esophageal bleeding. The prominent histologic feature on autopsy was intense stromal fibrosis and intravascular tumor infiltration with compression of vessels of the portal system.", "PMID": 1111919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3238", "title": "Lobular carcinoma arising in fibroadenoma of the breast.", "content": "Lobular carcinoma may arise within the epithelial component of fibroadenoma of the breast, as evidenced by 5 cases reported from the files of the Mayo Clinic and 21 cases cited in the literature. The 5 cases reported here occurred in a series of 4000 cases of fibroadenoma during a 43-year period. Lobular carcinoma is the more frequent type to be seen in fibroadenoma (in 22 of 26 cases); it usually develops in situ. Extra-adenomatous carcinoma of the ipsilateral breast was identified in 11 of 26 cases, and 3 cases of contralateral carcinoma were noted in the entire series. Thus, lobular carcinoma arising within the epithelial component of a fibroadenoma has biological features similar to the behavior of lobular carcinoma of the breast in general. The prognosis has been favorable; lesions are usually encountered early; in only 2 of 26 cases were there axillary metastases.", "contents": "Lobular carcinoma arising in fibroadenoma of the breast. Lobular carcinoma may arise within the epithelial component of fibroadenoma of the breast, as evidenced by 5 cases reported from the files of the Mayo Clinic and 21 cases cited in the literature. The 5 cases reported here occurred in a series of 4000 cases of fibroadenoma during a 43-year period. Lobular carcinoma is the more frequent type to be seen in fibroadenoma (in 22 of 26 cases); it usually develops in situ. Extra-adenomatous carcinoma of the ipsilateral breast was identified in 11 of 26 cases, and 3 cases of contralateral carcinoma were noted in the entire series. Thus, lobular carcinoma arising within the epithelial component of a fibroadenoma has biological features similar to the behavior of lobular carcinoma of the breast in general. The prognosis has been favorable; lesions are usually encountered early; in only 2 of 26 cases were there axillary metastases.", "PMID": 1111920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3239", "title": "Multicentric breast cancer. The incidence of new cancers in the homolateral breast after partial mastectomy.", "content": "Multicentric microfoci of cancer are often present in patients with cancer of the breast and affect the contralateral breast as well as the originally affected one. despite the high incidence of these microfoci of cancer, the appearance of new clinical cancers is rare. In a period of 610 patient-years of exposure after partial mastectomy for cancer, six new cancers appeared in the contralateral breast and four in the affected one. These findings suggest that after partial mastectomy the danger of the appearance of a new cancer in the affected breast is less than might have been anticipated.", "contents": "Multicentric breast cancer. The incidence of new cancers in the homolateral breast after partial mastectomy. Multicentric microfoci of cancer are often present in patients with cancer of the breast and affect the contralateral breast as well as the originally affected one. despite the high incidence of these microfoci of cancer, the appearance of new clinical cancers is rare. In a period of 610 patient-years of exposure after partial mastectomy for cancer, six new cancers appeared in the contralateral breast and four in the affected one. These findings suggest that after partial mastectomy the danger of the appearance of a new cancer in the affected breast is less than might have been anticipated.", "PMID": 1111921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3240", "title": "Adrenalectomy with radical mastectomy in the treatment of high-risk breast cancer.", "content": "Bilateral adrenalectomy with radical mastectomy has been performed in a series of 17 postmenopausal women with breast cancer having metastasis in four or more axillary lymph nodes. Results to date show that both the recurrence and mortality rates are significantly lowered in this group of \"high-risk\" breast cancer patients by the combined treatment. Of these 17 patients, 14 are living and well with no evidence of disease. Six are surviving without recurrence 5 or more years since their primary treatment. The study also demonstrated that adrenalectomy patients on hormone replacement therapy are able to lead full and active lives for a long time without complications. This pilot study should be considered as a guide to future clinical trials rather than as an immediate recommendation for general therapy.", "contents": "Adrenalectomy with radical mastectomy in the treatment of high-risk breast cancer. Bilateral adrenalectomy with radical mastectomy has been performed in a series of 17 postmenopausal women with breast cancer having metastasis in four or more axillary lymph nodes. Results to date show that both the recurrence and mortality rates are significantly lowered in this group of \"high-risk\" breast cancer patients by the combined treatment. Of these 17 patients, 14 are living and well with no evidence of disease. Six are surviving without recurrence 5 or more years since their primary treatment. The study also demonstrated that adrenalectomy patients on hormone replacement therapy are able to lead full and active lives for a long time without complications. This pilot study should be considered as a guide to future clinical trials rather than as an immediate recommendation for general therapy.", "PMID": 1111922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3241", "title": "Lymphangiomyomatosis: report of a case with ureteral involvement and chyluria.", "content": "A 54-year-old woman, presenting with chyluria and progressive dyspnea, is reported. Necropsy revealed co-existent lymphangiomyomatosis and pneumoconiosis in the lungs. Retroperitoneal lymphangiomyomas surrounded the distal ureters, and cystoscopy revealed pyelolymphatic backflow into renal lymphatic sinuses. The finding of chyluria with atypical smooth muscle hyperplasia within the ureters is extremely rare. Previously reported cases of lymphangiomyomatosis are discussed and compared with our own. Electron micrographs of involved lymph nodes are presented and the findings briefly evaluated.", "contents": "Lymphangiomyomatosis: report of a case with ureteral involvement and chyluria. A 54-year-old woman, presenting with chyluria and progressive dyspnea, is reported. Necropsy revealed co-existent lymphangiomyomatosis and pneumoconiosis in the lungs. Retroperitoneal lymphangiomyomas surrounded the distal ureters, and cystoscopy revealed pyelolymphatic backflow into renal lymphatic sinuses. The finding of chyluria with atypical smooth muscle hyperplasia within the ureters is extremely rare. Previously reported cases of lymphangiomyomatosis are discussed and compared with our own. Electron micrographs of involved lymph nodes are presented and the findings briefly evaluated.", "PMID": 1111923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3242", "title": "The value of aspiration cytology in the diagnosis of breast cancer: experience at the Fondation Curie.", "content": "Aspiration cytology was performed on 2772 breast masses, all of which subsequently had open biopsies. Of the 1745 histologically malignant tumors, 1539 (88%) had a concordant cytologic diagnosis: 54 (0.3%) were diagnosed as probably malignant; 63 (3.6%) were false negatives; and 80 (0.5%) had inadequate smears for diagnosis. Of the histologically benign lesions, 916 (89%) had a concordant cytology: only 3 (0.3%) were false positives; cancer was suggested in 42 (0.4%); and the smears were inadequate in 66 cases (6.4%). Very small or very large sized cancer and a high degree of differentation were major causes of false negative aspirates. Recurrent tumors in those breasts exclusively treated by radiotherapy were documented by cytology in 56 of 69 cases (78%). Aspiration cytology is highly reliable when the diagnosis of cancer is made, but should be ignored if no malignant cells are observed.", "contents": "The value of aspiration cytology in the diagnosis of breast cancer: experience at the Fondation Curie. Aspiration cytology was performed on 2772 breast masses, all of which subsequently had open biopsies. Of the 1745 histologically malignant tumors, 1539 (88%) had a concordant cytologic diagnosis: 54 (0.3%) were diagnosed as probably malignant; 63 (3.6%) were false negatives; and 80 (0.5%) had inadequate smears for diagnosis. Of the histologically benign lesions, 916 (89%) had a concordant cytology: only 3 (0.3%) were false positives; cancer was suggested in 42 (0.4%); and the smears were inadequate in 66 cases (6.4%). Very small or very large sized cancer and a high degree of differentation were major causes of false negative aspirates. Recurrent tumors in those breasts exclusively treated by radiotherapy were documented by cytology in 56 of 69 cases (78%). Aspiration cytology is highly reliable when the diagnosis of cancer is made, but should be ignored if no malignant cells are observed.", "PMID": 1111924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3243", "title": "Prediction of the response to chemotherapy in acute leukemia.", "content": "The prognostic value of the in vitro incorporation of labeled thymidine was evaluated in 53 cases of acute leukemia, by means of autoradiography and liquid scintillation (LS) count. A higher rate of incorporation before therapy with higher labeling index and LS- specific activity was observed in patients who later responded to chemotherapy with a complete remission. The in vitro depression of labeled thymidine incorporation after incubation with the two drugs selected for the induction therapy was more marked in those who responded to therapy than in the nonresponders. The in vitro incorporation of 3H-thymidine was also evaluated after 48 hours of chemotherapy (\"vivo-vitro\" test). A decrease of the incorporation was observed frequently in the responders. On the other hand, in the group of nonresponders, there was generally an increase of the incorporation measured by the liquid scintillation count, often contrasting with a decrease of the labeling index, and corresponding to a higher rate of intracellular incorporation. The prognostic value of these findings appears to be significant, as it allows the response to chemotherapy to be predicted, as well as allowing the selection of the various cytotoxic drugs.", "contents": "Prediction of the response to chemotherapy in acute leukemia. The prognostic value of the in vitro incorporation of labeled thymidine was evaluated in 53 cases of acute leukemia, by means of autoradiography and liquid scintillation (LS) count. A higher rate of incorporation before therapy with higher labeling index and LS- specific activity was observed in patients who later responded to chemotherapy with a complete remission. The in vitro depression of labeled thymidine incorporation after incubation with the two drugs selected for the induction therapy was more marked in those who responded to therapy than in the nonresponders. The in vitro incorporation of 3H-thymidine was also evaluated after 48 hours of chemotherapy (\"vivo-vitro\" test). A decrease of the incorporation was observed frequently in the responders. On the other hand, in the group of nonresponders, there was generally an increase of the incorporation measured by the liquid scintillation count, often contrasting with a decrease of the labeling index, and corresponding to a higher rate of intracellular incorporation. The prognostic value of these findings appears to be significant, as it allows the response to chemotherapy to be predicted, as well as allowing the selection of the various cytotoxic drugs.", "PMID": 1111925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3244", "title": "Xeroradiographic detection of occult breast cancer.", "content": "Seventy-five occult cancers of the breast were found in a group of 7010 patients examined by xeroradiography, an incidence of 1% of all patients referred in a group practice setting. Nonpalpable cancers can be shown as a mass with or without calcifications, or as clustered calcifications only. A technique for preoperative localization of occult cancer is discussed. This, plus accurate marking of the surgical specimen, is important in the management of these cases.", "contents": "Xeroradiographic detection of occult breast cancer. Seventy-five occult cancers of the breast were found in a group of 7010 patients examined by xeroradiography, an incidence of 1% of all patients referred in a group practice setting. Nonpalpable cancers can be shown as a mass with or without calcifications, or as clustered calcifications only. A technique for preoperative localization of occult cancer is discussed. This, plus accurate marking of the surgical specimen, is important in the management of these cases.", "PMID": 1111926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3245", "title": "Full thickness chest wall resection for recurrent breast carcinoma involving the bony chest wall.", "content": "Solitary recurrent breast cancer involving the bony chest wall (parasternal recurrence) is curable when no evidence of systemic spread is found. Radical full thickness chest wall resection is an effective mode of treatment; it remains the only available treatment for patients whose chest wall recurrence fails to respond to radiation therapy, and in those who develop complications due to heavy irradiation. This report covers a review of the records of 52 patients treated at Memorial Hospital by chest wall resection for recurrent breast cancer between 1950 and 1972. The technique of chest wall resection and immediate plastic reconstruction is described. The gross and determinate 5-year survival rates for patients who underwent chest wall resection as the initial mode of therapy for chest wall recurrence were 43% and 57%, respectively. On the other hand, when chest wall resection was performed on those patients whose chest wall recurrences failed to respond to radiation therapy, the gross and determinate 5-year survival rates dropped to 16% and 19%. Full thickness chest wall resection with immediate plastic reconstruction when employed as the first mode of therapy for chest wall recurrences provides a significant 5-year survival rate, and has a definite place in the management of recurrent breast cancer.", "contents": "Full thickness chest wall resection for recurrent breast carcinoma involving the bony chest wall. Solitary recurrent breast cancer involving the bony chest wall (parasternal recurrence) is curable when no evidence of systemic spread is found. Radical full thickness chest wall resection is an effective mode of treatment; it remains the only available treatment for patients whose chest wall recurrence fails to respond to radiation therapy, and in those who develop complications due to heavy irradiation. This report covers a review of the records of 52 patients treated at Memorial Hospital by chest wall resection for recurrent breast cancer between 1950 and 1972. The technique of chest wall resection and immediate plastic reconstruction is described. The gross and determinate 5-year survival rates for patients who underwent chest wall resection as the initial mode of therapy for chest wall recurrence were 43% and 57%, respectively. On the other hand, when chest wall resection was performed on those patients whose chest wall recurrences failed to respond to radiation therapy, the gross and determinate 5-year survival rates dropped to 16% and 19%. Full thickness chest wall resection with immediate plastic reconstruction when employed as the first mode of therapy for chest wall recurrences provides a significant 5-year survival rate, and has a definite place in the management of recurrent breast cancer.", "PMID": 1111927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3246", "title": "Carcinoid tumors of the gastrointestinal tract.", "content": "This study is based on a review of the records of 107 patients with primary carcinoids of the gastrointestinal tract diagnosed at the Memorial Hospital for Cancer and Allied Diseases during the 20 years from 1948 to 1968. The tumors were classified into two major groups according to their gross and pathologic presentation, and were correlated with clinical behavior and treatment. Carcinoids which were still intramural in location were usually asymptomatic, and yielded successfully to local excision (85% 5-year overall survival); carcinoids which had invaded into the serosa and/or beyond were usually symptomatic, and hd much poorer results (5% overall 5-year result), despite radical surgery with or without palliative radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy.", "contents": "Carcinoid tumors of the gastrointestinal tract. This study is based on a review of the records of 107 patients with primary carcinoids of the gastrointestinal tract diagnosed at the Memorial Hospital for Cancer and Allied Diseases during the 20 years from 1948 to 1968. The tumors were classified into two major groups according to their gross and pathologic presentation, and were correlated with clinical behavior and treatment. Carcinoids which were still intramural in location were usually asymptomatic, and yielded successfully to local excision (85% 5-year overall survival); carcinoids which had invaded into the serosa and/or beyond were usually symptomatic, and hd much poorer results (5% overall 5-year result), despite radical surgery with or without palliative radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy.", "PMID": 1111928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3247", "title": "Prognosis of the second breast cancer. The role of previous exposure to the first primary.", "content": "With increasing evidence that cancer patients respond immunologically to their cancers, it seemed interesting to investigate whether or not the course of the second cancer differed from that of the first. If we assume that, in analogy to mammary cancer in the mouse, the cells of human breast cancers carry shared antigens (although this is by no means certain), we could expect that sensitization of the patient induced by the first cancer would enhance his immune response to the second and that this might be reflected in an altered clinical course. We evaluated 82 patients with a second breast cancer and found no difference in the course of the second cancer as compared with the first.", "contents": "Prognosis of the second breast cancer. The role of previous exposure to the first primary. With increasing evidence that cancer patients respond immunologically to their cancers, it seemed interesting to investigate whether or not the course of the second cancer differed from that of the first. If we assume that, in analogy to mammary cancer in the mouse, the cells of human breast cancers carry shared antigens (although this is by no means certain), we could expect that sensitization of the patient induced by the first cancer would enhance his immune response to the second and that this might be reflected in an altered clinical course. We evaluated 82 patients with a second breast cancer and found no difference in the course of the second cancer as compared with the first.", "PMID": 1111930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3248", "title": "Skin cancer in black patients.", "content": "Skin cancer is rare in black patients. The clinical course and pathology of 58 cases are presented and reviewed. These include 38 squamous cell carcinomas, 13 malignant melanomas, and 7 basal cell carcinomas. Sixty-one percent of the squamous cell carcinomas developed in unexposed areas, with sunlight exposure apparently not being an important etiologic factor. Forty-one percent of the squamous cell carcinomas had predisposing factors such as burn scars or chronic infection. Squamous cell carcinoma in black patients is an aggressive disease, with 29% developing regional lymph node metastasis, and a mortality of 29%. Malignant melanomas occurred most frequently on the plantar surface of the foot (76%). Melanoma is also a virulent tumor in black patients, with 11 of 13 patients developing lymph node metastasis and only 2 patients surviving. Skin cancer in black patients presents a very different clinical picture than that seen in white patients. It is important that these factors be considered when planning therapy.", "contents": "Skin cancer in black patients. Skin cancer is rare in black patients. The clinical course and pathology of 58 cases are presented and reviewed. These include 38 squamous cell carcinomas, 13 malignant melanomas, and 7 basal cell carcinomas. Sixty-one percent of the squamous cell carcinomas developed in unexposed areas, with sunlight exposure apparently not being an important etiologic factor. Forty-one percent of the squamous cell carcinomas had predisposing factors such as burn scars or chronic infection. Squamous cell carcinoma in black patients is an aggressive disease, with 29% developing regional lymph node metastasis, and a mortality of 29%. Malignant melanomas occurred most frequently on the plantar surface of the foot (76%). Melanoma is also a virulent tumor in black patients, with 11 of 13 patients developing lymph node metastasis and only 2 patients surviving. Skin cancer in black patients presents a very different clinical picture than that seen in white patients. It is important that these factors be considered when planning therapy.", "PMID": 1111931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3249", "title": "Breast biopsy priority: cancer versus benign preoperative masses.", "content": "From 1963 to 1973 at Emory Clinic 17,288 breast examinations, including history, physical examination, and mammography, were performed on 6342 patients. The resulting 2793 breast biopsies included 2056 benign and 737 malignant lesions. High-risk and low-risk groups of breast cancer patients were observed for presence or absence of a mass or masses clinically and by roentgenograph, age, and breast pathology. The breast biopsy rate was the same for all age groups studied. The percentage of cancer per biopsy varied from 0 to 100 when the various combinations of mass (masses), no mass, and age were considered. Low priority (less than 5% cancer) groups were: in all age groups no mass by roentgenograph or clinically and no mass by roentgenograph and clinical multiple masses: for the 0-32 age group, all categories except single mass by roentgenograph and clinically; and for the 0-38 age group all categories except mass or masses both by roentgenograph and clinically. Using this wide range in the ratios of cancer, priority for biopsy can be established for each group. The surgeon can use additional clinical assessment of relative risk to contribute to an increased priority scheme.", "contents": "Breast biopsy priority: cancer versus benign preoperative masses. From 1963 to 1973 at Emory Clinic 17,288 breast examinations, including history, physical examination, and mammography, were performed on 6342 patients. The resulting 2793 breast biopsies included 2056 benign and 737 malignant lesions. High-risk and low-risk groups of breast cancer patients were observed for presence or absence of a mass or masses clinically and by roentgenograph, age, and breast pathology. The breast biopsy rate was the same for all age groups studied. The percentage of cancer per biopsy varied from 0 to 100 when the various combinations of mass (masses), no mass, and age were considered. Low priority (less than 5% cancer) groups were: in all age groups no mass by roentgenograph or clinically and no mass by roentgenograph and clinical multiple masses: for the 0-32 age group, all categories except single mass by roentgenograph and clinically; and for the 0-38 age group all categories except mass or masses both by roentgenograph and clinically. Using this wide range in the ratios of cancer, priority for biopsy can be established for each group. The surgeon can use additional clinical assessment of relative risk to contribute to an increased priority scheme.", "PMID": 1111932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3250", "title": "Immunologic competence of regional lymph nodes in patients with breast cancer.", "content": "In 24 patients undergoing radical mastectomy, the degree of sensitization to breast cancer was compared between lymphocytes obtained from regional lymph nodes and circulating lymphocytes. Using the direct lymphocyte migration inhibition assay a greater immunologic response was observed in regional lymph node lymphocytes as compared to circulating lymphocytes when challenged with breast cancer antigen in vitro. In the breast cancer group, migration inhibition (M.I.) was 21% plus or minus 3% in the regional lymph node (R.L.N.) lymphocytes, as compared to 7% plus or minus 3% in the peripheral blood (P.B.) lymphocytes (p smaller than .01). In the control group M.I. was - 10% plus or minus 2% in the R.L.N. lymphocytes, as compared to - 2% plus or minus 3% in the P.B. lymphocytes (p equal to n.s.) indicating no immunologic response to the breast cancer antigen. A significant delayed hypersensitivity response (M.I.greater 20%) was found in 17/24 regional lymph nodes of the radical mastectomy graoup, as compared to 7/24 in the peripheral blood samples tested in the same group, indicating a superior immune response in the regional lymph node lymphocyte population. These data support the concept that regional lymph nodes in breast cancer patients are immunologically competent, and that the lymphocytes in these nodes are more reactive with a tumor antigen than are the circulating lymphocytes.", "contents": "Immunologic competence of regional lymph nodes in patients with breast cancer. In 24 patients undergoing radical mastectomy, the degree of sensitization to breast cancer was compared between lymphocytes obtained from regional lymph nodes and circulating lymphocytes. Using the direct lymphocyte migration inhibition assay a greater immunologic response was observed in regional lymph node lymphocytes as compared to circulating lymphocytes when challenged with breast cancer antigen in vitro. In the breast cancer group, migration inhibition (M.I.) was 21% plus or minus 3% in the regional lymph node (R.L.N.) lymphocytes, as compared to 7% plus or minus 3% in the peripheral blood (P.B.) lymphocytes (p smaller than .01). In the control group M.I. was - 10% plus or minus 2% in the R.L.N. lymphocytes, as compared to - 2% plus or minus 3% in the P.B. lymphocytes (p equal to n.s.) indicating no immunologic response to the breast cancer antigen. A significant delayed hypersensitivity response (M.I.greater 20%) was found in 17/24 regional lymph nodes of the radical mastectomy graoup, as compared to 7/24 in the peripheral blood samples tested in the same group, indicating a superior immune response in the regional lymph node lymphocyte population. These data support the concept that regional lymph nodes in breast cancer patients are immunologically competent, and that the lymphocytes in these nodes are more reactive with a tumor antigen than are the circulating lymphocytes.", "PMID": 1111934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3251", "title": "Malignant melanoma of the extremities: a clinicopathologic study using levels of invasion (microstage).", "content": "A clinicopathologic study was done in 151 patients with malignant melanoma of the extremities who were surgically treated in Memorial Hospital and had 5-to 9-year followup. Microstaging was done according to the depth of invasion, as determined by Clark's levels as well as by direct measurement. This was related to treatment and to clinical course. There was a correlation between the depth of invasion by Clark's levels and the incidence of lymph node metastases in patients with Stage I melanoma who had elective node dissection. The incidence of nodal metastases was 4% for Level II, 7% FOR Level III, 25% for Level IV, and 70% for Level V. There was a correlation between Clark's level of invasion and survival aftter surgery. The 5-year cure rate was 100% for Level II, 88% for Level III, 60% for Level IV, and 15% for Level V melanoma. The presence of nodal metastases augured a much worse prognosis than Clark's level per se. In patients with Level IV melanoma, the 5-year cure rate was 82% in patients with negative nodes and 27% in those with nodal metastases after elective node dissection. Microstaging primary melanoma according to Clark's levels serves as a useful standard with which to compare surgical results. In this series of extremity melanomas there was no difference between local recurrence and lymphadenectomy for Level II melanoma. For Level III and Level IV melanoma, wide excision and lymphadenectomy gave higher cure rates than wide excision only, both at 5 and 9 years after surgery. The results were significant only for patients with Level III, however. Use of the measured depth of invasion added significant clinicopathologic information. The incidence of nodal metastases at elective node dissection was 5 to 9% for melanoma showing 0.6 to 2.0 mm of invasion, 22% for melanoma measuring 2.1 to 3.0 mm, and 39% for melanoma invading beyond 3.0 mm. The 5-year cure rate was 100% for melanoma measuring less than 1.0 mm, 83% for melanoma invading 1.1 to 2.0 mm, 58% for lesions measuring 2.1 to 3.0 mm, and 55% for melanoma invading over 3.0 mm. The microstage technique combining Clark's levels and the measured depth of invasion has an important use as a prognostic index and as a standard upon which to select treatment for primary melanoma of the extremities.", "contents": "Malignant melanoma of the extremities: a clinicopathologic study using levels of invasion (microstage). A clinicopathologic study was done in 151 patients with malignant melanoma of the extremities who were surgically treated in Memorial Hospital and had 5-to 9-year followup. Microstaging was done according to the depth of invasion, as determined by Clark's levels as well as by direct measurement. This was related to treatment and to clinical course. There was a correlation between the depth of invasion by Clark's levels and the incidence of lymph node metastases in patients with Stage I melanoma who had elective node dissection. The incidence of nodal metastases was 4% for Level II, 7% FOR Level III, 25% for Level IV, and 70% for Level V. There was a correlation between Clark's level of invasion and survival aftter surgery. The 5-year cure rate was 100% for Level II, 88% for Level III, 60% for Level IV, and 15% for Level V melanoma. The presence of nodal metastases augured a much worse prognosis than Clark's level per se. In patients with Level IV melanoma, the 5-year cure rate was 82% in patients with negative nodes and 27% in those with nodal metastases after elective node dissection. Microstaging primary melanoma according to Clark's levels serves as a useful standard with which to compare surgical results. In this series of extremity melanomas there was no difference between local recurrence and lymphadenectomy for Level II melanoma. For Level III and Level IV melanoma, wide excision and lymphadenectomy gave higher cure rates than wide excision only, both at 5 and 9 years after surgery. The results were significant only for patients with Level III, however. Use of the measured depth of invasion added significant clinicopathologic information. The incidence of nodal metastases at elective node dissection was 5 to 9% for melanoma showing 0.6 to 2.0 mm of invasion, 22% for melanoma measuring 2.1 to 3.0 mm, and 39% for melanoma invading beyond 3.0 mm. The 5-year cure rate was 100% for melanoma measuring less than 1.0 mm, 83% for melanoma invading 1.1 to 2.0 mm, 58% for lesions measuring 2.1 to 3.0 mm, and 55% for melanoma invading over 3.0 mm. The microstage technique combining Clark's levels and the measured depth of invasion has an important use as a prognostic index and as a standard upon which to select treatment for primary melanoma of the extremities.", "PMID": 1111935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3252", "title": "Multidisciplinary treatment of embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma in children.", "content": "Twenty-nine children under 15 years of age with embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma were treated according to a multidisciplinary protocol (T-2). The protocol consisted of surgical removal of the tumor if possible, followed by chemotherapy, and also with radiation therapy in patients with gross or microscopic residual disease. Radiation therapy was given in the 4500-7000 rads range. The chemotherapy consisted of cycles of sequential administration of dactinomycin, Adriamycin, vincristine, and cyclophosphamide, with obligatory periods of rest. The drug therapy was continued for 2 years. Following surgery, clinicopathologic staging of the disease revealed 10 patients with no residual disease (I-A), 5 with microscopic residual disease (I-B), 5 with unresectable tumors (II), 6 with unresectable tumors plus regional lymph node involvement (III), and 3 with disseminated tumors (IV). Twenty-four (82%) of the patients (20 Stages I-II, 4 Stage III) are alive with no evidence of disease for 4 plus to 42 plus months. These results are superior to those achieved between 1960-1970 among 108 children treated at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center.", "contents": "Multidisciplinary treatment of embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma in children. Twenty-nine children under 15 years of age with embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma were treated according to a multidisciplinary protocol (T-2). The protocol consisted of surgical removal of the tumor if possible, followed by chemotherapy, and also with radiation therapy in patients with gross or microscopic residual disease. Radiation therapy was given in the 4500-7000 rads range. The chemotherapy consisted of cycles of sequential administration of dactinomycin, Adriamycin, vincristine, and cyclophosphamide, with obligatory periods of rest. The drug therapy was continued for 2 years. Following surgery, clinicopathologic staging of the disease revealed 10 patients with no residual disease (I-A), 5 with microscopic residual disease (I-B), 5 with unresectable tumors (II), 6 with unresectable tumors plus regional lymph node involvement (III), and 3 with disseminated tumors (IV). Twenty-four (82%) of the patients (20 Stages I-II, 4 Stage III) are alive with no evidence of disease for 4 plus to 42 plus months. These results are superior to those achieved between 1960-1970 among 108 children treated at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center.", "PMID": 1111936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3253", "title": "Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid gland.", "content": "One hundred thirty-nine surgically treated patients with medullary carcinoma of the thyroid gland (MTC) were seen in our institution between January, 1926 and December, 1973. The incidence of this tumor among all thyroid cancers was 8%. Twenty-nine patients had the familial form of MTC; they were subclassified, on the basis of the phenotype, into a group of 15 patients with Sipple syndrome (or multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) Type 2A) and a group of 14 patients with mucosal-neuroma phenotype (or MEN type 2B). Better survivorship was seen in the younger patients, in those with bilateral tumors, in familial MTC, and in patients whose tumor was confined to the thyroid gland at the initial surgery. The incidence of tumor recurrence was 34%. However, in those with adequate surgical treatment, the recurrence was only 23%. The 5- and 10-year survivorships were 80% and 67%, respectively. The best chance of cure lies in early diagnosis through the use of immunoreactive calcitonin measurement in family members at risk, and an aggressive surgical attack on the primary tumor and any cervical metastases.", "contents": "Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid gland. One hundred thirty-nine surgically treated patients with medullary carcinoma of the thyroid gland (MTC) were seen in our institution between January, 1926 and December, 1973. The incidence of this tumor among all thyroid cancers was 8%. Twenty-nine patients had the familial form of MTC; they were subclassified, on the basis of the phenotype, into a group of 15 patients with Sipple syndrome (or multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) Type 2A) and a group of 14 patients with mucosal-neuroma phenotype (or MEN type 2B). Better survivorship was seen in the younger patients, in those with bilateral tumors, in familial MTC, and in patients whose tumor was confined to the thyroid gland at the initial surgery. The incidence of tumor recurrence was 34%. However, in those with adequate surgical treatment, the recurrence was only 23%. The 5- and 10-year survivorships were 80% and 67%, respectively. The best chance of cure lies in early diagnosis through the use of immunoreactive calcitonin measurement in family members at risk, and an aggressive surgical attack on the primary tumor and any cervical metastases.", "PMID": 1111937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3254", "title": "Modified radical mastectomy.", "content": "This report describes our experience with a technique of modified radical mastectomy involving incision of the lower lateral fibers of the pectoralis major muscle and detachment of the origins of the pectoralis minor muscle. These maneuvers enable sufficient retraction of these muscles to provide excellent axillary exposure while minimizing the danger of traction injury to the neurovascular structures supplying these muscles. The operation has been performed in 20 patients; statistical analysis demonstrates at least as many nodes in these specimens compared to retrospective analysis of nodes recovered from 223 radical mastectomy specimens done during the previous 5 years. The final cosmetic results are superior to those obtained with standard radical mastectomy. These results suggest that this method of modified radical mastectomy should be considered, unless the proximity of the disease to the pectoralis muscles endangers the adequacy of the surgical margins.", "contents": "Modified radical mastectomy. This report describes our experience with a technique of modified radical mastectomy involving incision of the lower lateral fibers of the pectoralis major muscle and detachment of the origins of the pectoralis minor muscle. These maneuvers enable sufficient retraction of these muscles to provide excellent axillary exposure while minimizing the danger of traction injury to the neurovascular structures supplying these muscles. The operation has been performed in 20 patients; statistical analysis demonstrates at least as many nodes in these specimens compared to retrospective analysis of nodes recovered from 223 radical mastectomy specimens done during the previous 5 years. The final cosmetic results are superior to those obtained with standard radical mastectomy. These results suggest that this method of modified radical mastectomy should be considered, unless the proximity of the disease to the pectoralis muscles endangers the adequacy of the surgical margins.", "PMID": 1111938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3255", "title": "Analysis of survival and recurrence vs. patient and doctor delay in treatment of breast cancer.", "content": "Two hundred thirty-seven patients with cancer of the breast treated with radical mastectomy were reviewed. Coefficients of correlation between patient's and doctor's delay vs. survival were not significant at p smaller than 0.05. No significant relationship between delay and time of recurrence was found.", "contents": "Analysis of survival and recurrence vs. patient and doctor delay in treatment of breast cancer. Two hundred thirty-seven patients with cancer of the breast treated with radical mastectomy were reviewed. Coefficients of correlation between patient's and doctor's delay vs. survival were not significant at p smaller than 0.05. No significant relationship between delay and time of recurrence was found.", "PMID": 1111939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3256", "title": "Topical chemotherapy of lentigo maligna with 5-fluorouracil.", "content": "Three patients with biopsy-proven lentigo maligna were treated with topical 5-fluorouracil. Treatment consisted of twice daily application of 5% 5-fluorouracil cream for 13, 6, and 9 weeks, respectively. Two patients demonstrated presence of invasive melanoma; in one the melanoma was evident before chemotherapy, and in the other the lesion became evident after chemotherapy. In both the lentigo was treated topically and the melanoma excised locally. Posttreatment followup times through April 1, 1974 have been 42, 24, and 22 months, respectively. There has been no evidence of metastases in any patient. Topical chemotherapy with 5-fluorouracil cream appears to offer an encouraging alternative method of therapy for lentigo maligna of the face.", "contents": "Topical chemotherapy of lentigo maligna with 5-fluorouracil. Three patients with biopsy-proven lentigo maligna were treated with topical 5-fluorouracil. Treatment consisted of twice daily application of 5% 5-fluorouracil cream for 13, 6, and 9 weeks, respectively. Two patients demonstrated presence of invasive melanoma; in one the melanoma was evident before chemotherapy, and in the other the lesion became evident after chemotherapy. In both the lentigo was treated topically and the melanoma excised locally. Posttreatment followup times through April 1, 1974 have been 42, 24, and 22 months, respectively. There has been no evidence of metastases in any patient. Topical chemotherapy with 5-fluorouracil cream appears to offer an encouraging alternative method of therapy for lentigo maligna of the face.", "PMID": 1111940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3257", "title": "Indications for pleurectomy in malignant effusion.", "content": "One hundred six patients with malignant pleural effusion were treated by pleurectomy; 83 of these were available for a 2-year followup. Sixteen of 83 patients were alive 2 years following the pleurectomy, with a survival range of 2-6 years. The most common neoplasms associated with the development of effusion were carcinoma of the lung in 41 cases, carcinoma of the breast in 33 cases, and mesothelioma in 14. Indications for pleurectomy were: A) failure to control the effusion by tube drainage and instillation of chemical or radioactive agents; B) presence of a trapped lung; and C) presence of malignant effusion at the time of thoracotomy for resection of an intrathoracic tumor.", "contents": "Indications for pleurectomy in malignant effusion. One hundred six patients with malignant pleural effusion were treated by pleurectomy; 83 of these were available for a 2-year followup. Sixteen of 83 patients were alive 2 years following the pleurectomy, with a survival range of 2-6 years. The most common neoplasms associated with the development of effusion were carcinoma of the lung in 41 cases, carcinoma of the breast in 33 cases, and mesothelioma in 14. Indications for pleurectomy were: A) failure to control the effusion by tube drainage and instillation of chemical or radioactive agents; B) presence of a trapped lung; and C) presence of malignant effusion at the time of thoracotomy for resection of an intrathoracic tumor.", "PMID": 1111941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3258", "title": "Delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity and peripheral lymphocyte counts in patients with advanced cancer.", "content": "One hundred eighty-three patients with advanced solid neoplasms were tested for their ability to react to four common skin test antigens (tuberculin PPD, streptokinase-streptodornase, mumps, and Monilia) and their ability to develop delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity (DCH) to 2, 4 dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB). All patients were followed for at least 6 months or until death. Histologic tumor types studied were: melanoma (65), sarcoma (28), squamous cell carcinoma (23), and adenocarcinoma (67). The rate of progression of disease within 6 months of testing was lower in patients who had a positive response to a challenging dose of 50 mug of DNCB. Reactivity to recall antigens had no prognostic value except in patients with adenocarcinomas. Among patients with adenocarcinoma, those who reacted strongly to DNCB and one or more skin test antigens had the best prognosis, while those who were nonreactive to all had the worst prognosis (progression rate: 18% vs. 78%). Peripheral lymphocyte counts were related to the results of DCH to DNCB and skin tests. The preseence or absence of lymphocytopenia (count less than 1000/mm3) had prognostic value in patients who had positive skin test(s). In such patients, the disease progression rate was much higher in patients who were anergic to DNCB and who were lymphocytopenic (90% vs. 40%). These data suggest that DCH to DNCB, recall antigens, and peripheral lymphocyte counts are useful immunologic measurements in patients with advanced cancer. Although the prognostic value of each individual test is relatively limited, the predictive worth can be increased when multiple tests are employed. Pertinent findings reported in the literature are reviewed.", "contents": "Delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity and peripheral lymphocyte counts in patients with advanced cancer. One hundred eighty-three patients with advanced solid neoplasms were tested for their ability to react to four common skin test antigens (tuberculin PPD, streptokinase-streptodornase, mumps, and Monilia) and their ability to develop delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity (DCH) to 2, 4 dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB). All patients were followed for at least 6 months or until death. Histologic tumor types studied were: melanoma (65), sarcoma (28), squamous cell carcinoma (23), and adenocarcinoma (67). The rate of progression of disease within 6 months of testing was lower in patients who had a positive response to a challenging dose of 50 mug of DNCB. Reactivity to recall antigens had no prognostic value except in patients with adenocarcinomas. Among patients with adenocarcinoma, those who reacted strongly to DNCB and one or more skin test antigens had the best prognosis, while those who were nonreactive to all had the worst prognosis (progression rate: 18% vs. 78%). Peripheral lymphocyte counts were related to the results of DCH to DNCB and skin tests. The preseence or absence of lymphocytopenia (count less than 1000/mm3) had prognostic value in patients who had positive skin test(s). In such patients, the disease progression rate was much higher in patients who were anergic to DNCB and who were lymphocytopenic (90% vs. 40%). These data suggest that DCH to DNCB, recall antigens, and peripheral lymphocyte counts are useful immunologic measurements in patients with advanced cancer. Although the prognostic value of each individual test is relatively limited, the predictive worth can be increased when multiple tests are employed. Pertinent findings reported in the literature are reviewed.", "PMID": 1111942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3259", "title": "The immunologic responsiveness of regional lymphocytes in experimental cancer.", "content": "This report presents data showing that regional lymph node lymphocytes differ in their immunologic activity from distant lymphocytes and splenic lymphocytes during the initiation and progression of murine mammary adenocarcinoma. Three groups of 100 C3H/He J mice received subcutaneously 10-6 viable tumor cells (I), 10-3 tumor cells (II), or Millipore chambers containing 10-6 viable tumor cells (III). Lymphocytes from different areas in Groups I, II, III, and non-tumor-bearing controls were cultured with PHA-P, autologous tumor, or normal C3H/He J breast tissue. In all groups regional lymph node lymphocytes showed the earliest peak response to PHA-P and autologous tumor, while the splenic lymphocyte and distant lymphocyte responses were delayed, especially in Group III. These studies demonstrate the role of the regional lymph node in the initial processing of tumor antigenic information. The development of central immunity appears to be the result of dissemination of immunogenic tumor products. This may be mediated initially by the regional lymph node.", "contents": "The immunologic responsiveness of regional lymphocytes in experimental cancer. This report presents data showing that regional lymph node lymphocytes differ in their immunologic activity from distant lymphocytes and splenic lymphocytes during the initiation and progression of murine mammary adenocarcinoma. Three groups of 100 C3H/He J mice received subcutaneously 10-6 viable tumor cells (I), 10-3 tumor cells (II), or Millipore chambers containing 10-6 viable tumor cells (III). Lymphocytes from different areas in Groups I, II, III, and non-tumor-bearing controls were cultured with PHA-P, autologous tumor, or normal C3H/He J breast tissue. In all groups regional lymph node lymphocytes showed the earliest peak response to PHA-P and autologous tumor, while the splenic lymphocyte and distant lymphocyte responses were delayed, especially in Group III. These studies demonstrate the role of the regional lymph node in the initial processing of tumor antigenic information. The development of central immunity appears to be the result of dissemination of immunogenic tumor products. This may be mediated initially by the regional lymph node.", "PMID": 1111943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3260", "title": "Scalene node biopsy in carcinoma of the cervix. Pelvic and para-aortic lymphadenectomy.", "content": "Twenty-eight patients with advanced untreated carcinoma of the cervix had selective pelvic and para-aortic lymphadenectomy and a scalene fat pad biopsy to determine the extent of their disease prior to treatment. None of these patients had palpable supraclavicular lymph nodes, but 18 had metastatic cancer in one or more pelvic lymph nodes; in the remaining 10 patients, all lymph nodes were free of metastatic cancer. Of the 18 patients with metastatic cancer in the pelvic lymph nodes, 9 also had metastatic cancer in the para-aortic lymph nodes, and 1 had metastatic cancer in a scalene lymph node. This patient had extensive cervical cancer with positive pelvic and para-aortic lymph nodes, unilateral ureteral obstruction, and cancer growing through the posterior culde-sac into the pelvic peritoneum. From this study, it appears that scalene lymph node biopsies are of limited value in evaluating patients with advanced cancer of the cervix. Unless the patient has extensive metastases, scalene lymph nodes rarely contain metastatic cancer.", "contents": "Scalene node biopsy in carcinoma of the cervix. Pelvic and para-aortic lymphadenectomy. Twenty-eight patients with advanced untreated carcinoma of the cervix had selective pelvic and para-aortic lymphadenectomy and a scalene fat pad biopsy to determine the extent of their disease prior to treatment. None of these patients had palpable supraclavicular lymph nodes, but 18 had metastatic cancer in one or more pelvic lymph nodes; in the remaining 10 patients, all lymph nodes were free of metastatic cancer. Of the 18 patients with metastatic cancer in the pelvic lymph nodes, 9 also had metastatic cancer in the para-aortic lymph nodes, and 1 had metastatic cancer in a scalene lymph node. This patient had extensive cervical cancer with positive pelvic and para-aortic lymph nodes, unilateral ureteral obstruction, and cancer growing through the posterior culde-sac into the pelvic peritoneum. From this study, it appears that scalene lymph node biopsies are of limited value in evaluating patients with advanced cancer of the cervix. Unless the patient has extensive metastases, scalene lymph nodes rarely contain metastatic cancer.", "PMID": 1111944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3261", "title": "The pathologic behavior of primary vaginal carcinoma and its relationship to cervical cancer.", "content": "The surgical pathology files at the University of Alabama Medical Center for 1958 through 1973 contain records of 157 cases of vaginal carcinoma. Of the 141 patients on whom complete records are available, 37 had primary and 104 secondary vaginal carcinoma. Only 3 of the primary vaginal malignancies were adenocarcinoma; the rest were epidermoid. The microscopic appearance of these carcinomas was frequently lateral spreading or papillary, but in a few instances the growth pattern was submucosal. Prognosis appeared to be related to the stage of the disease. Vaginal carcinomas associated with cervical cancer clustered either within 1 year or 5 years after the therapeutic treatment. In this paper, the relationship between primary vaginal cancer and cervical cancer is discussed.", "contents": "The pathologic behavior of primary vaginal carcinoma and its relationship to cervical cancer. The surgical pathology files at the University of Alabama Medical Center for 1958 through 1973 contain records of 157 cases of vaginal carcinoma. Of the 141 patients on whom complete records are available, 37 had primary and 104 secondary vaginal carcinoma. Only 3 of the primary vaginal malignancies were adenocarcinoma; the rest were epidermoid. The microscopic appearance of these carcinomas was frequently lateral spreading or papillary, but in a few instances the growth pattern was submucosal. Prognosis appeared to be related to the stage of the disease. Vaginal carcinomas associated with cervical cancer clustered either within 1 year or 5 years after the therapeutic treatment. In this paper, the relationship between primary vaginal cancer and cervical cancer is discussed.", "PMID": 1111945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3262", "title": "Dose and treatment factors in radiation-related pericardial effusion associated with the mantle technique for Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "A retrospective study of 83 patients with Stage I-III Hodgkin's disease treated with an upper mantle field revealed a rate of radiation-related pericardial effusion (RRP) of 28.9% (24/83). Clinical presentation was asymptomatic effusion in 10/24 and symptomatic effusion in 14/24. RRP was self-limited in all but 4 patients, who progressed to chronic effusion requiring pericardiectomy (4/24). A midplane mediastinal dose of 4000 rads in 4 weeks was given with an anteriorly weighted mantle field that resulted in an average pericardial dose of 5325 rads (1823 ret) and an average midplane cardiac dose of 4625 rads (1558 ret). The rate of RRP was correlated with increasing degree of mediastinal Hodgkin's disease. Increased incidence of RRP with increasing cardiac and pericardial dose could not be proven statistically. Factors which may facilitate pericardial effusion following a basic radiation injury are discussed.", "contents": "Dose and treatment factors in radiation-related pericardial effusion associated with the mantle technique for Hodgkin's disease. A retrospective study of 83 patients with Stage I-III Hodgkin's disease treated with an upper mantle field revealed a rate of radiation-related pericardial effusion (RRP) of 28.9% (24/83). Clinical presentation was asymptomatic effusion in 10/24 and symptomatic effusion in 14/24. RRP was self-limited in all but 4 patients, who progressed to chronic effusion requiring pericardiectomy (4/24). A midplane mediastinal dose of 4000 rads in 4 weeks was given with an anteriorly weighted mantle field that resulted in an average pericardial dose of 5325 rads (1823 ret) and an average midplane cardiac dose of 4625 rads (1558 ret). The rate of RRP was correlated with increasing degree of mediastinal Hodgkin's disease. Increased incidence of RRP with increasing cardiac and pericardial dose could not be proven statistically. Factors which may facilitate pericardial effusion following a basic radiation injury are discussed.", "PMID": 1111946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3263", "title": "Documented hyperparathyroidism of thirty-six years' duration.", "content": "The fascinating history of the first Memorial Hospital patient who was diagnosed as having hyperparathyroidism is reviewed. The illness presented as a cystic mass in a femur in 1929, which was treated with radiation. When the patient was first seen at Memorial Hospital in 1931, the diagnosis of osteitis fibrosa cystica was made; serum calcium was 14 mg/100 ml. In 1932, 6 years after Mandl performed the first parathyroidectomy ever for osteitis fibrosa cystica, this patient's neck was explored, and a right hemithyroidectomy was done, with removal of two normal parathyroid glands. The parathyroid tumor was finally located and partially removed in 1937 after a second failure at neck exploration in 1936. Correspondence between Dr. Edward D. Churchill at the Massachusetts General Hospital and Dr. Bradley Coley at Memorial Hospital indicated the concern at that time about uncontrollable tetany, which had been fatal in some contemporary cases and which had led to the practice of only partially removing the tumor. Following this, the patient was observed with documented hypercalcemia and chemical evidence of hyperparathyrodism until age 79. The physical and chemical abnormalities over the years up to and including her last exam are presented. The case is important not only from the historical viewpoint, but because it lends a perspective to long-term parathyroid disease, which is becoming less appreciated in this day of the routine serum calcium by SMA-12 screening. The question of partial parathyroidectomy for adenoma or hyperplasia is reviewed, and the question of observation of patients with mild hypercalcemia who probably have parathyroid tumors is discussed.", "contents": "Documented hyperparathyroidism of thirty-six years' duration. The fascinating history of the first Memorial Hospital patient who was diagnosed as having hyperparathyroidism is reviewed. The illness presented as a cystic mass in a femur in 1929, which was treated with radiation. When the patient was first seen at Memorial Hospital in 1931, the diagnosis of osteitis fibrosa cystica was made; serum calcium was 14 mg/100 ml. In 1932, 6 years after Mandl performed the first parathyroidectomy ever for osteitis fibrosa cystica, this patient's neck was explored, and a right hemithyroidectomy was done, with removal of two normal parathyroid glands. The parathyroid tumor was finally located and partially removed in 1937 after a second failure at neck exploration in 1936. Correspondence between Dr. Edward D. Churchill at the Massachusetts General Hospital and Dr. Bradley Coley at Memorial Hospital indicated the concern at that time about uncontrollable tetany, which had been fatal in some contemporary cases and which had led to the practice of only partially removing the tumor. Following this, the patient was observed with documented hypercalcemia and chemical evidence of hyperparathyrodism until age 79. The physical and chemical abnormalities over the years up to and including her last exam are presented. The case is important not only from the historical viewpoint, but because it lends a perspective to long-term parathyroid disease, which is becoming less appreciated in this day of the routine serum calcium by SMA-12 screening. The question of partial parathyroidectomy for adenoma or hyperplasia is reviewed, and the question of observation of patients with mild hypercalcemia who probably have parathyroid tumors is discussed.", "PMID": 1111947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3264", "title": "Influence of staging celiotomy in localized presentations of Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "Staging celiotomy was performed in 139 previously untreated patients with lymphogram negative Stage I and II Hodgkin's disease. Sixteen additional patients received definitive radiotherapy for symptomatic relief of upper torso disease prior to abdominal exploration. The overall incidence of positive abdominal findings for these two groups was 34.5% and 31.2%, respectively. Further analysis of the 139 previously untreated cases revealed notable differences in incidence of positive abdominal findings for stage, presentation, and specific histology. Stage I patients with upper cervical or inguinal presentations or a lymphocytic predominance classification had negative celiotomies, as contrasted with a 43% incidence of positive abdominal findings in patients with supraclavicular presentations. In Stage II disease, the incidence of positive findings was related to the status of the mediastinum. For mediastinal presentations, the incidence was 33.3%, as compared to 48% for nonmediastinal presentations. To date, the number of relapses in celiotomy Stage I and II patients has been low regardless of whether or not prophylactic irradiation was administered to the major lymph-node-bearing regions of the upper and lower torso. Of 9 patients with progression, extranodal spread occurred as the first evidence of new disease in 4 patients. The implication of this finding is considered in a discussion on the influence of staging celiotomy in the management of Stage I and II patients with Hodgkin's disease.", "contents": "Influence of staging celiotomy in localized presentations of Hodgkin's disease. Staging celiotomy was performed in 139 previously untreated patients with lymphogram negative Stage I and II Hodgkin's disease. Sixteen additional patients received definitive radiotherapy for symptomatic relief of upper torso disease prior to abdominal exploration. The overall incidence of positive abdominal findings for these two groups was 34.5% and 31.2%, respectively. Further analysis of the 139 previously untreated cases revealed notable differences in incidence of positive abdominal findings for stage, presentation, and specific histology. Stage I patients with upper cervical or inguinal presentations or a lymphocytic predominance classification had negative celiotomies, as contrasted with a 43% incidence of positive abdominal findings in patients with supraclavicular presentations. In Stage II disease, the incidence of positive findings was related to the status of the mediastinum. For mediastinal presentations, the incidence was 33.3%, as compared to 48% for nonmediastinal presentations. To date, the number of relapses in celiotomy Stage I and II patients has been low regardless of whether or not prophylactic irradiation was administered to the major lymph-node-bearing regions of the upper and lower torso. Of 9 patients with progression, extranodal spread occurred as the first evidence of new disease in 4 patients. The implication of this finding is considered in a discussion on the influence of staging celiotomy in the management of Stage I and II patients with Hodgkin's disease.", "PMID": 1111948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3265", "title": "CEA as a monitor of gastrointestinal malignancy.", "content": "Ninety-four patients with carcinoma of the colon have been followed with serial determinations of plasma CEA (carcinoembryonic antigen) levels over a 3-year period using the Hansen assay. Nine hundred twelve CEA determinations have been made in these patients. Plasma CEA levels rose in 90% of the instances of clinical progression documented in these patients. In 30% of patients, this rise indicated progression 6 months or more before it was detected by standard clinical methods. Unfortunately, a few patients never developed elevated CEA levels even though disease clearly progressed. False positive results have also been encountered, with significant elevations occurring in patients who have since remained without evidence of disease for several months. Our data indicate that at least two sequential elevated CEA values, the second being higher, must be a minimal criterion for consideration of possible progression of disease. Even with this standard, we have encountered false positive results in 10% of our patients, indicating recurrence or progression where none has occurred clinically. CEA measurement is of limited usefulness for 30 days after curative surgery, because the elevation of CEA levels due to the original amount of tumor present as well as due to surgery per se may persist for this length of time in a significant number of patients. On the other hand, CEA levels have responded to chemotherapy in close correlation with observed clinical course in those patients with metastatic disease treated in this series. Initial pretherapy CEA values have so far proved to be good prognostic indicators of disease course following complete resection. With an initial CEA value of less than 2.5 ng/ml of plasma, recurrent has been rare (1/20). If the pretreatment CEA was greater than 7.0 ng/ml, it has been the rule (7/9).", "contents": "CEA as a monitor of gastrointestinal malignancy. Ninety-four patients with carcinoma of the colon have been followed with serial determinations of plasma CEA (carcinoembryonic antigen) levels over a 3-year period using the Hansen assay. Nine hundred twelve CEA determinations have been made in these patients. Plasma CEA levels rose in 90% of the instances of clinical progression documented in these patients. In 30% of patients, this rise indicated progression 6 months or more before it was detected by standard clinical methods. Unfortunately, a few patients never developed elevated CEA levels even though disease clearly progressed. False positive results have also been encountered, with significant elevations occurring in patients who have since remained without evidence of disease for several months. Our data indicate that at least two sequential elevated CEA values, the second being higher, must be a minimal criterion for consideration of possible progression of disease. Even with this standard, we have encountered false positive results in 10% of our patients, indicating recurrence or progression where none has occurred clinically. CEA measurement is of limited usefulness for 30 days after curative surgery, because the elevation of CEA levels due to the original amount of tumor present as well as due to surgery per se may persist for this length of time in a significant number of patients. On the other hand, CEA levels have responded to chemotherapy in close correlation with observed clinical course in those patients with metastatic disease treated in this series. Initial pretherapy CEA values have so far proved to be good prognostic indicators of disease course following complete resection. With an initial CEA value of less than 2.5 ng/ml of plasma, recurrent has been rare (1/20). If the pretreatment CEA was greater than 7.0 ng/ml, it has been the rule (7/9).", "PMID": 1111949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3266", "title": "Primary intestinal lymphoma with paraproteinemia.", "content": "Five cases of primary intestinal lymphoma are described. The main clinical features included abdominal pain, diarrhea, and marked weight loss, together with radiologic and some laboratory findings suggestive of malabsorption. Laparatomy perfomed in four cases revealed dilatation of the small intestine, with mesenteric node enlargement. In these four instances there was a definite histologic evidence of malignant lymphoma, either initially or later in the course of the disease. A characteristic feature here was the diffuse infiltration of the intestinal mucosa with plasma cells, which in the deeper layers became progressively atypical and were mixed with histiocytes and giant cells. A similar infiltrate was seen in the mesenteric nodes. Immunoelectrophoresis showed the pattern of IgA heavy chain disease. It is suggested that the latter is a variant of primary intestinal lymphoma and not a separate disease entity.", "contents": "Primary intestinal lymphoma with paraproteinemia. Five cases of primary intestinal lymphoma are described. The main clinical features included abdominal pain, diarrhea, and marked weight loss, together with radiologic and some laboratory findings suggestive of malabsorption. Laparatomy perfomed in four cases revealed dilatation of the small intestine, with mesenteric node enlargement. In these four instances there was a definite histologic evidence of malignant lymphoma, either initially or later in the course of the disease. A characteristic feature here was the diffuse infiltration of the intestinal mucosa with plasma cells, which in the deeper layers became progressively atypical and were mixed with histiocytes and giant cells. A similar infiltrate was seen in the mesenteric nodes. Immunoelectrophoresis showed the pattern of IgA heavy chain disease. It is suggested that the latter is a variant of primary intestinal lymphoma and not a separate disease entity.", "PMID": 1111950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3267", "title": "The management of abdominal neuroblastoma.", "content": "Although survival of children with abdominal neuroblastoma seems at this time to be unrelated to the therapeutic effort, a method of management according to the stage of disease has been developed. Seventy-three percent of patients have metastases at the time of diagnosis. Survival is best in children under 1 year of age. Survival by stage of disease drops progressively from 90% in Stage I disease to 2.4% in Stage IV disease. Irradiation therapy seems unrelated to survival in Stage I, II, and IV disease, while chemotherapy has not been shown to alter survival rates in any stage. Surgical removal of the tumor is still the primary therapy; irradiation is of significant benefit in patients with Stage III disease.", "contents": "The management of abdominal neuroblastoma. Although survival of children with abdominal neuroblastoma seems at this time to be unrelated to the therapeutic effort, a method of management according to the stage of disease has been developed. Seventy-three percent of patients have metastases at the time of diagnosis. Survival is best in children under 1 year of age. Survival by stage of disease drops progressively from 90% in Stage I disease to 2.4% in Stage IV disease. Irradiation therapy seems unrelated to survival in Stage I, II, and IV disease, while chemotherapy has not been shown to alter survival rates in any stage. Surgical removal of the tumor is still the primary therapy; irradiation is of significant benefit in patients with Stage III disease.", "PMID": 1111951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3268", "title": "Other abdominal tumors.", "content": "The management of cancers of the liver, adrenal cortex, testis, and sacrococcygeal region in children is discussed. Combined treatment methods of surgery, irradiation, and chemotherapy was now used for the management of these tumors, with improved survival.", "contents": "Other abdominal tumors. The management of cancers of the liver, adrenal cortex, testis, and sacrococcygeal region in children is discussed. Combined treatment methods of surgery, irradiation, and chemotherapy was now used for the management of these tumors, with improved survival.", "PMID": 1111952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3269", "title": "The role of the radiologist in the management of the child with a suspected bone tumor.", "content": "The radiologist's most important task in evaluating lesions of the skeleton is to recognize with a great degree of certainty the post-traumatic and the self-limiting and healing tumorous conditions which require neither biopsy nor other surgical treatment. The group of lesions that will need biopsy ranges from those that cannot be absolutely classified in the above group to frankly malignant-appearing tumors. The radiologic differential diagnosis of malignant tumors is of lesser importance because this will be performed by the pathologist. Examples are illustrated and discussed. The importance of consultation among surgeon, radiologists, and pathologist is emphasized, particularly to avoid the possibility of misinterpreting immature callus formation as ostegenic sarcoma.", "contents": "The role of the radiologist in the management of the child with a suspected bone tumor. The radiologist's most important task in evaluating lesions of the skeleton is to recognize with a great degree of certainty the post-traumatic and the self-limiting and healing tumorous conditions which require neither biopsy nor other surgical treatment. The group of lesions that will need biopsy ranges from those that cannot be absolutely classified in the above group to frankly malignant-appearing tumors. The radiologic differential diagnosis of malignant tumors is of lesser importance because this will be performed by the pathologist. Examples are illustrated and discussed. The importance of consultation among surgeon, radiologists, and pathologist is emphasized, particularly to avoid the possibility of misinterpreting immature callus formation as ostegenic sarcoma.", "PMID": 1111953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3270", "title": "The role of diagnostic radiology and radiation therapy in the management of soft tissue sarcomas in children.", "content": "Soft tissue sarcomas are the fourth most frequent solid tumors in children. They arise at many sites, most frequently in the orbit, head and neck, and pelvis. Diagnostic radiologic studies play an integral role in patient evaluation, allowing direct visualization of the primary lesion, its vascular supply, its direct and regional extensions; of distant metastases; and of anomalies. They aid in staging and selecting treatment, and later, in evaluating results. Radiation therapy is a vital tool in today's multidisciplinary approach. Irradiation has produced a 90% recurrence-free rate, and a 67% cure rate, for orbital rhabdomyosarcoma. A similar improvement in local tumor control rates may apply at other primary sites when an adequate dose is delivered to the affected volume. Multidrug chemotherapy programs provide hope for an increased cure rate. Sufficient time has not yet elapsed to judge fully the late anatomical and physiological costs of these more vigorous multidisciplinary treatments.", "contents": "The role of diagnostic radiology and radiation therapy in the management of soft tissue sarcomas in children. Soft tissue sarcomas are the fourth most frequent solid tumors in children. They arise at many sites, most frequently in the orbit, head and neck, and pelvis. Diagnostic radiologic studies play an integral role in patient evaluation, allowing direct visualization of the primary lesion, its vascular supply, its direct and regional extensions; of distant metastases; and of anomalies. They aid in staging and selecting treatment, and later, in evaluating results. Radiation therapy is a vital tool in today's multidisciplinary approach. Irradiation has produced a 90% recurrence-free rate, and a 67% cure rate, for orbital rhabdomyosarcoma. A similar improvement in local tumor control rates may apply at other primary sites when an adequate dose is delivered to the affected volume. Multidrug chemotherapy programs provide hope for an increased cure rate. Sufficient time has not yet elapsed to judge fully the late anatomical and physiological costs of these more vigorous multidisciplinary treatments.", "PMID": 1111954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3271", "title": "Chemotherapy of primary malignant brain tumors in children.", "content": "Numerous investigators have reported on a variety of chemotherapeutic agents tested in children suffering from recurrent medulloblastoma, brain stem glioma, and ependymoma, in efforts to improve survival and reduce morbidity. Evaluation of such studies is difficult, because there were rarely more than three or four cases of each tumor type. In medulloblastoma, 5-year survival averages 32%; recurrence follows initial therapy by months to years. The recurrence may be intracranial, spinal, or metastatic, making comparison among cases very difficult. Intrathecal methotrexate (MTX) has been successfully used to treat medulloblastoma, with responses reported in about three-fourths of the cases. Intraventricular MTX is lethal when ventricular obstruction is present. MTX has been less useful in therapy of brain stem glioma and ependymoma. BCNU and CCNU have produced responses in patients with ependymoma, medulloblastoma, and brain stem glioma. Vincristine, alone or in combination, has been useful primarily in medulloblastomas. Less experience is available with several newer methods of chemotherapy, but promising results have been reported with procarbazine, 4'-demethyl-epipodophyllotoxin-beta-D-thenylidine-glucosede (PTG, VM 26), and high dose intravenous methotrexate with citrovorum rescue. It is likely that only a nationwide cooperative effort will achieve significant improvement in the chemotherapy of malignant brain tumors in children.", "contents": "Chemotherapy of primary malignant brain tumors in children. Numerous investigators have reported on a variety of chemotherapeutic agents tested in children suffering from recurrent medulloblastoma, brain stem glioma, and ependymoma, in efforts to improve survival and reduce morbidity. Evaluation of such studies is difficult, because there were rarely more than three or four cases of each tumor type. In medulloblastoma, 5-year survival averages 32%; recurrence follows initial therapy by months to years. The recurrence may be intracranial, spinal, or metastatic, making comparison among cases very difficult. Intrathecal methotrexate (MTX) has been successfully used to treat medulloblastoma, with responses reported in about three-fourths of the cases. Intraventricular MTX is lethal when ventricular obstruction is present. MTX has been less useful in therapy of brain stem glioma and ependymoma. BCNU and CCNU have produced responses in patients with ependymoma, medulloblastoma, and brain stem glioma. Vincristine, alone or in combination, has been useful primarily in medulloblastomas. Less experience is available with several newer methods of chemotherapy, but promising results have been reported with procarbazine, 4'-demethyl-epipodophyllotoxin-beta-D-thenylidine-glucosede (PTG, VM 26), and high dose intravenous methotrexate with citrovorum rescue. It is likely that only a nationwide cooperative effort will achieve significant improvement in the chemotherapy of malignant brain tumors in children.", "PMID": 1111955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3272", "title": "The staging of Hodgkin's disease in children reviewed.", "content": "The accurate staging of Hodgkin's disease is of greater importance in children than in adults, because the deleterious effects of extensive radiation therapy and of prolonged multiple-agent chemotherapy are of greater significance in this age group. The physician concerned with Hodgkin's disease in children must separate those aspects of developments in this field which are applicable to the pediatric age group from the relatively large adult experience. Isotope scanning is effective in demonstrating disseminated disease in pediatric patients. Lymphangiograms are useful, but are more difficult to perform and to interpret in children. When laparotomy is performed in children with clinical Stage I, II, or III Hodgkin's disease, stage will be altered (upward or downward) in approximately 40% of children subjected to the procedure. As growth retardation, skeletal deformity, and secondary neoplasia follow radiotherapy in children, the major function of the laparotomy is to delineate the extent of the disease and thus define appropriate limitations of therapy.", "contents": "The staging of Hodgkin's disease in children reviewed. The accurate staging of Hodgkin's disease is of greater importance in children than in adults, because the deleterious effects of extensive radiation therapy and of prolonged multiple-agent chemotherapy are of greater significance in this age group. The physician concerned with Hodgkin's disease in children must separate those aspects of developments in this field which are applicable to the pediatric age group from the relatively large adult experience. Isotope scanning is effective in demonstrating disseminated disease in pediatric patients. Lymphangiograms are useful, but are more difficult to perform and to interpret in children. When laparotomy is performed in children with clinical Stage I, II, or III Hodgkin's disease, stage will be altered (upward or downward) in approximately 40% of children subjected to the procedure. As growth retardation, skeletal deformity, and secondary neoplasia follow radiotherapy in children, the major function of the laparotomy is to delineate the extent of the disease and thus define appropriate limitations of therapy.", "PMID": 1111956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3273", "title": "Hodgkin's disease in children. A retrospective analysis: 1958-73.", "content": "One hundred nine children with Hodgkin's disease consecutively treated at The Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, during 1958-1973 are reviewed. Crude 5-year survival rates, regardless of stage, were 1958-64--50%; 1965-68--73%; and 1969-73--95%. The corresponding 5-year relapse-free rates were 19%, 20%, and 57%. This progressive improvement in results was associated with the sequential introduction of lymphography and laparotomy with splenectomy, the change from involved field to extended field irradiation, and the introduction of multiple agent chemotherapy, at first for generalized relapse and recently as elective initial therapy, combined with extended field irradiation for children in advanced stages.", "contents": "Hodgkin's disease in children. A retrospective analysis: 1958-73. One hundred nine children with Hodgkin's disease consecutively treated at The Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, during 1958-1973 are reviewed. Crude 5-year survival rates, regardless of stage, were 1958-64--50%; 1965-68--73%; and 1969-73--95%. The corresponding 5-year relapse-free rates were 19%, 20%, and 57%. This progressive improvement in results was associated with the sequential introduction of lymphography and laparotomy with splenectomy, the change from involved field to extended field irradiation, and the introduction of multiple agent chemotherapy, at first for generalized relapse and recently as elective initial therapy, combined with extended field irradiation for children in advanced stages.", "PMID": 1111957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3274", "title": "Leukemia in childhood: introduction and etiology.", "content": "Striking improvement in the treatment of certain childhood cancers during the past decade has resulted from a combined multidisciplinary approach utilizing surgery, irradiation, and chemotherapy early in the disease process. Early use of long-term combination chemotherapy following deficitive clinical and hematologic staging has resulted in significant \"cure\" rates in several diseases. The etiology of childhood leukemia remains unknown. Implicated have been viruses, genetic abnormalities leading to increased susceptibility, exposure to various chemicals, and at times obscure hereditary or familial factors. The recurrence of leukemia in donor cells in a leukemic child following bone marrow transplantation is reported for the second time.", "contents": "Leukemia in childhood: introduction and etiology. Striking improvement in the treatment of certain childhood cancers during the past decade has resulted from a combined multidisciplinary approach utilizing surgery, irradiation, and chemotherapy early in the disease process. Early use of long-term combination chemotherapy following deficitive clinical and hematologic staging has resulted in significant \"cure\" rates in several diseases. The etiology of childhood leukemia remains unknown. Implicated have been viruses, genetic abnormalities leading to increased susceptibility, exposure to various chemicals, and at times obscure hereditary or familial factors. The recurrence of leukemia in donor cells in a leukemic child following bone marrow transplantation is reported for the second time.", "PMID": 1111958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3275", "title": "Biosynthesis of D- and L-glycero-L-galacto-octulose from pentoses and hexoses.", "content": "D-glycero-L-galacto-Octulose and L-glycero-L-galacto-octulose accumulated when leaves of Kenland red clover (Trifolium pratense) were allowed to imbibe solution of D-gulose or D-xylose and L-mannose or L-arabinose, respectively. The octuloses were isolated and identified by paper chromatography and by oxidative degradations to the corresponding lower sugars. Assignments of the D and L configuration were made on the basis of optical rotation. It is suggested that formation of the octuloses from the hexoses and pentoses is mediated through transketolase and aldolase or transaldolase catalysis, respectively.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of D- and L-glycero-L-galacto-octulose from pentoses and hexoses. D-glycero-L-galacto-Octulose and L-glycero-L-galacto-octulose accumulated when leaves of Kenland red clover (Trifolium pratense) were allowed to imbibe solution of D-gulose or D-xylose and L-mannose or L-arabinose, respectively. The octuloses were isolated and identified by paper chromatography and by oxidative degradations to the corresponding lower sugars. Assignments of the D and L configuration were made on the basis of optical rotation. It is suggested that formation of the octuloses from the hexoses and pentoses is mediated through transketolase and aldolase or transaldolase catalysis, respectively.", "PMID": 1111959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3276", "title": "6-Thio and -seleno-beTa-D-glucose esters of dimethylarsinous acid.", "content": "Syntheses of 2-Se-(1,2,3,4-tetra-O-acetyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-3-N,N-dimethylselenopseudourea hydroiodide (3), 1,2,3,4-tetra-O-acetyl-6-S-dimethylarsino-6-thio-beta-D-glucopyranose (4), 1,2,3,4-tetra-O-acetyl-6-Se-dimethylarsino-6-seleno-beta-D-glucopyranose (7), 6-S-dimethylarsino-6-thio-beta-D-glucopyranose (5), and 6-Se-dimethylarsino-6-seleno-beta-D-glucopyranose (9) are described. Various spectral properties of the compounds are given. The relative rates of alkaline hydrolysis of 5 and 9 are compared.", "contents": "6-Thio and -seleno-beTa-D-glucose esters of dimethylarsinous acid. Syntheses of 2-Se-(1,2,3,4-tetra-O-acetyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-3-N,N-dimethylselenopseudourea hydroiodide (3), 1,2,3,4-tetra-O-acetyl-6-S-dimethylarsino-6-thio-beta-D-glucopyranose (4), 1,2,3,4-tetra-O-acetyl-6-Se-dimethylarsino-6-seleno-beta-D-glucopyranose (7), 6-S-dimethylarsino-6-thio-beta-D-glucopyranose (5), and 6-Se-dimethylarsino-6-seleno-beta-D-glucopyranose (9) are described. Various spectral properties of the compounds are given. The relative rates of alkaline hydrolysis of 5 and 9 are compared.", "PMID": 1111964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3277", "title": "Manganese amd electrogenic phenomena in canine Purkinje fibers.", "content": "Studies were performed on canine cardiac Purkinje fibers to evaluate the effects of manganese on membrane electrogenesis. The results indicate that manganese has a calciumlike effect on the excitatory sodium current and inhibitory effects on potassium conductance and slow inward current. The calciumlike effect of manganese on sodium current was reflected through a leftward (toward less negative potentials) and downward shift in the curve relating maximum upstroke velocity to membrane potential. The inhibitory action of manganese on potassium conductance was suggested by the following observations. (1) Manganese caused an initial increase in action potential duration largely due to a lengthening of the plateau and decreases in the rates of phase 3 and terminal repolarization. (2) Manganese increased the rate of diastolic depolarization. (3) Manganes blocked the initial fall in maximum diastolic potential accompanying rapid stimulation. (4) Manganese in high concentrations caused generalized depolarization which was reversed by rapid stimulation and by increased extracellular potassium concentrations. The action of manganese to block slow inward current was indicated by the eventual shortening of the plateau and by the elimination of responses initiated from low levels of membrane potential (less than minus 55 mv). In addition to these effects, manganese also reduced membrane excitability, eliminated arrhythmic beats occurring during low-frequency electrical stimulation, and caused membrane hyperpolarization which was blocked by tetrodotoxin.", "contents": "Manganese amd electrogenic phenomena in canine Purkinje fibers. Studies were performed on canine cardiac Purkinje fibers to evaluate the effects of manganese on membrane electrogenesis. The results indicate that manganese has a calciumlike effect on the excitatory sodium current and inhibitory effects on potassium conductance and slow inward current. The calciumlike effect of manganese on sodium current was reflected through a leftward (toward less negative potentials) and downward shift in the curve relating maximum upstroke velocity to membrane potential. The inhibitory action of manganese on potassium conductance was suggested by the following observations. (1) Manganese caused an initial increase in action potential duration largely due to a lengthening of the plateau and decreases in the rates of phase 3 and terminal repolarization. (2) Manganese increased the rate of diastolic depolarization. (3) Manganes blocked the initial fall in maximum diastolic potential accompanying rapid stimulation. (4) Manganese in high concentrations caused generalized depolarization which was reversed by rapid stimulation and by increased extracellular potassium concentrations. The action of manganese to block slow inward current was indicated by the eventual shortening of the plateau and by the elimination of responses initiated from low levels of membrane potential (less than minus 55 mv). In addition to these effects, manganese also reduced membrane excitability, eliminated arrhythmic beats occurring during low-frequency electrical stimulation, and caused membrane hyperpolarization which was blocked by tetrodotoxin.", "PMID": 1111996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3278", "title": "Static pressure-flow relation in the total systemic vascular bed of the dog and its modification by the baroreceptor reflex.", "content": "To evaluate arterial baroreceptor reflex control of total systemic vascular resistance, we studied the relation between mean arterial blood pressure (P) and mean aortic flow (Q) before and after the reflex was abrogated. In 12 dogs with a perfusion pump interposed at the vena-caval-right atrial junction, Q was kept at 60, 80, 100, 120, and 140 ml/min kg-1 for up to 20 minutes. There was little time-dependent change in P at any of these flows. When the reflex was intact, the mean P-Q curve was only slightly convex to the pressure axis; its linearized slope was 0.55 mm Hg-min-kg/ml and its pressure axis intercept was 44 mm Hg. After section of the sinovagal nerves, administration of hexamethonium (30 mg/kg, iv) and norepinephrine (3-5 mug/kg min-1, iv), or both, the slope became 0.96 mm Hg-min-kg/ml and the pressure axis intercept was about 3 mm Hg. Similar findings were obtained in 3 closed-chest dogs in which P was servocontrolled and Q was measured. Therefore, we think that the conventional practice of calculating total peripheral resistance as P/Q and evaluating reflex control of it in terms of the changes in that value involves only a small error in the moderately sub -and supranormal flow range.", "contents": "Static pressure-flow relation in the total systemic vascular bed of the dog and its modification by the baroreceptor reflex. To evaluate arterial baroreceptor reflex control of total systemic vascular resistance, we studied the relation between mean arterial blood pressure (P) and mean aortic flow (Q) before and after the reflex was abrogated. In 12 dogs with a perfusion pump interposed at the vena-caval-right atrial junction, Q was kept at 60, 80, 100, 120, and 140 ml/min kg-1 for up to 20 minutes. There was little time-dependent change in P at any of these flows. When the reflex was intact, the mean P-Q curve was only slightly convex to the pressure axis; its linearized slope was 0.55 mm Hg-min-kg/ml and its pressure axis intercept was 44 mm Hg. After section of the sinovagal nerves, administration of hexamethonium (30 mg/kg, iv) and norepinephrine (3-5 mug/kg min-1, iv), or both, the slope became 0.96 mm Hg-min-kg/ml and the pressure axis intercept was about 3 mm Hg. Similar findings were obtained in 3 closed-chest dogs in which P was servocontrolled and Q was measured. Therefore, we think that the conventional practice of calculating total peripheral resistance as P/Q and evaluating reflex control of it in terms of the changes in that value involves only a small error in the moderately sub -and supranormal flow range.", "PMID": 1111997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3279", "title": "Magnetic determination of the relationship between the S-T segment shift and the injury current produced by coronary artery occlusion.", "content": "Both the S-T segment shift and the injury current were measured using the direct-current magnetocardiogram (d-c MCG) in seven dogs undergoing coronary artery occlusion. The purpose of the measurements was to clarify the origin of the S-T shift in acute ischemia and infarction. Previous measurements, consisting of d-c electrograms recorded from the exposed epicardial surface in situ, are partially inconsistent; also, they are not necessarily representative of the surface electrocardiogram (ECG), which sums broadly over the myocardium. The d-c MCG allows steady myocardial currents in the intact torso to the measured externally; because the d-c MCG sums broadly over these currents, conclusions drawn from it are applicable to the ECG. Coronary artery occlusion was produced by inflating a tube which, about 1 week earlier, had been surgically installed around the artery and exteriorized. During occlusions carried out in the MIT magnetically shielded room, a sensitive magnetometer recorded the d-c MCG at various locations around the torso. Within 20 seconds after occlusion, equal and opposite S-T segment and base-line (d-c) shifts appeared on the d-c MCG; these shifts were maintained for at least 15 minutes, after which they slowly decreased. Therefore, during the acute ischemia produced by these occlusions, the S-T shift is a secondary result of a primary injury current that is interrupted during the S-T interval.", "contents": "Magnetic determination of the relationship between the S-T segment shift and the injury current produced by coronary artery occlusion. Both the S-T segment shift and the injury current were measured using the direct-current magnetocardiogram (d-c MCG) in seven dogs undergoing coronary artery occlusion. The purpose of the measurements was to clarify the origin of the S-T shift in acute ischemia and infarction. Previous measurements, consisting of d-c electrograms recorded from the exposed epicardial surface in situ, are partially inconsistent; also, they are not necessarily representative of the surface electrocardiogram (ECG), which sums broadly over the myocardium. The d-c MCG allows steady myocardial currents in the intact torso to the measured externally; because the d-c MCG sums broadly over these currents, conclusions drawn from it are applicable to the ECG. Coronary artery occlusion was produced by inflating a tube which, about 1 week earlier, had been surgically installed around the artery and exteriorized. During occlusions carried out in the MIT magnetically shielded room, a sensitive magnetometer recorded the d-c MCG at various locations around the torso. Within 20 seconds after occlusion, equal and opposite S-T segment and base-line (d-c) shifts appeared on the d-c MCG; these shifts were maintained for at least 15 minutes, after which they slowly decreased. Therefore, during the acute ischemia produced by these occlusions, the S-T shift is a secondary result of a primary injury current that is interrupted during the S-T interval.", "PMID": 1111998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3280", "title": "Dynamics of glomerular ultrafiltration in the rat. VIII. Effects of hematocrit.", "content": "This study was undertaken in an effort to examine the effects of selective variations in systemic hematocrit on the preglomerular, glomerular, and postglomerular micocirculation in the rat. By isovolemic exchange transfusions, systemic hematocrit (control 51 ml/100 ml) was either reduced (21 ml/100 ml, N equal 7 rats) or elevated (62 ml/100 ml, N equal 7). Single nephron glomerular filtration rate varied inversely and filtration fraction varied directly with the changes in hematocrit. The fall in filtration fraction with decreased hematocrit was due to a decline in the measured glomerular transcapillary hydraulic pressure difference and to a marked increased in the initial glomerular plasma flow rate. Afferent (RA)and efferent (RE) arteriolar resistance declined with the fall in hematocrit; RA fell proportionately more than did RE. The rise in filtration fraction with the elevation in hematocrit was due to a marked increase in  in part due to a relatively greater rise in RE than in RA. These findings provide an attractive explanation for the general tendency for filtration fraction to vary directly with hematocrit in anemic and polycythemic states in man.", "contents": "Dynamics of glomerular ultrafiltration in the rat. VIII. Effects of hematocrit. This study was undertaken in an effort to examine the effects of selective variations in systemic hematocrit on the preglomerular, glomerular, and postglomerular micocirculation in the rat. By isovolemic exchange transfusions, systemic hematocrit (control 51 ml/100 ml) was either reduced (21 ml/100 ml, N equal 7 rats) or elevated (62 ml/100 ml, N equal 7). Single nephron glomerular filtration rate varied inversely and filtration fraction varied directly with the changes in hematocrit. The fall in filtration fraction with decreased hematocrit was due to a decline in the measured glomerular transcapillary hydraulic pressure difference and to a marked increased in the initial glomerular plasma flow rate. Afferent (RA)and efferent (RE) arteriolar resistance declined with the fall in hematocrit; RA fell proportionately more than did RE. The rise in filtration fraction with the elevation in hematocrit was due to a marked increase in  in part due to a relatively greater rise in RE than in RA. These findings provide an attractive explanation for the general tendency for filtration fraction to vary directly with hematocrit in anemic and polycythemic states in man.", "PMID": 1111999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3281", "title": "Disorders of cellular electrophysiology produced by ischemia of the canine His bundle.", "content": "In the first 4 hours after occlusion of the anterior septal coronary artery, 18 dogs developed bundle branch block, heart block, or both. The hearts were then excised, and preparations were dissected to expose the His bundle and the bundle branches, which were superfused with modified Tyrode's solution at 37 degrees C. In the His bundle and the most proximal bundle branches, resting potentials were reduced and diminutive action potentials had slow upstrokes, often with notches or steps. Action potentials were generated by fibers that had resting potentials between--40 and --50 mv. Conduction was impaired; conduction velocities less than 0.01 m/sec were sometimes observed. In more severely affected cells, refractoriness outlasted repolarization. Encroachment on the prolonged refractory period resulted in further diminution of action potentials and continuous rather than intermittent block. More commonly, the response to rapid rate took the form of intermittent block with progressive conduction delay in the series of conducted beats, culminating in a blocked beat (Wenckebach sequence). There was a fatigue factor that accumulated at short cycle lengths and depressed the action potential. Automaticity was not enhanced, but pacemaker function was abnormal. The threshold potential shifted erratically, and pacemaker potentials sometimes were intermittently diminished, resulting in intermittent failure to propagate. During prolonged superfusion, there was a tendency to recover with a drift of the maximum diastolic potentials toward more negative levels. None of these changes were found in ten hearts excised from dogs in which the coronary artery had not been ligated.", "contents": "Disorders of cellular electrophysiology produced by ischemia of the canine His bundle. In the first 4 hours after occlusion of the anterior septal coronary artery, 18 dogs developed bundle branch block, heart block, or both. The hearts were then excised, and preparations were dissected to expose the His bundle and the bundle branches, which were superfused with modified Tyrode's solution at 37 degrees C. In the His bundle and the most proximal bundle branches, resting potentials were reduced and diminutive action potentials had slow upstrokes, often with notches or steps. Action potentials were generated by fibers that had resting potentials between--40 and --50 mv. Conduction was impaired; conduction velocities less than 0.01 m/sec were sometimes observed. In more severely affected cells, refractoriness outlasted repolarization. Encroachment on the prolonged refractory period resulted in further diminution of action potentials and continuous rather than intermittent block. More commonly, the response to rapid rate took the form of intermittent block with progressive conduction delay in the series of conducted beats, culminating in a blocked beat (Wenckebach sequence). There was a fatigue factor that accumulated at short cycle lengths and depressed the action potential. Automaticity was not enhanced, but pacemaker function was abnormal. The threshold potential shifted erratically, and pacemaker potentials sometimes were intermittently diminished, resulting in intermittent failure to propagate. During prolonged superfusion, there was a tendency to recover with a drift of the maximum diastolic potentials toward more negative levels. None of these changes were found in ten hearts excised from dogs in which the coronary artery had not been ligated.", "PMID": 1112000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3282", "title": "Hemodynamic and humoral characteristics of hypertension induced by prolonged stellate ganglion stimulation in conscious dogs.", "content": "Recent evidence has suggested that cardiac factors may play a role in the evolution of arterial hypertension. To test the possibility that an increase in cardiac-performance can lead to a sustained increase in systemic blood pressure, we electrically stimulated the left stellate ganglion of six conscious dogs continuously for a 7-day period and monitored cardiac output and arterial blood pressure. In all six dogs, stimulation elicited an abrupt rise in systemic blood pre-sure that was entirely due to rise in cardiac output that lasted at least 6 hours. After 1 day of continuous stimulation, cardiac output retured to control values, but blood pressure remained elevated. After 7 days of stimulation, blood pressure was increased by an average of 25 mm Hg and peripheral resistance by 35 plus and minus 4%. Measurements of blood volume, plasma renin activity, circulating catecholamines (three of the six dogs), and sodium balance showed that none of these factors could explain the development pf this sustained hypertension. Pharmacologic blockade with phenoxybenzamine prevented in large part the rise in blood pressure in short-term stellate ganglion stimulations, whereas propranolol had very little effect on the pressor response, although it nearly abolished the increase in cardiac output. The data indicate that continuous stimulation of the stellate ganglion in conscious dogs leads to substained rises in both blood pressure and peripheral resistance; these changes are apparently mediated by increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system.", "contents": "Hemodynamic and humoral characteristics of hypertension induced by prolonged stellate ganglion stimulation in conscious dogs. Recent evidence has suggested that cardiac factors may play a role in the evolution of arterial hypertension. To test the possibility that an increase in cardiac-performance can lead to a sustained increase in systemic blood pressure, we electrically stimulated the left stellate ganglion of six conscious dogs continuously for a 7-day period and monitored cardiac output and arterial blood pressure. In all six dogs, stimulation elicited an abrupt rise in systemic blood pre-sure that was entirely due to rise in cardiac output that lasted at least 6 hours. After 1 day of continuous stimulation, cardiac output retured to control values, but blood pressure remained elevated. After 7 days of stimulation, blood pressure was increased by an average of 25 mm Hg and peripheral resistance by 35 plus and minus 4%. Measurements of blood volume, plasma renin activity, circulating catecholamines (three of the six dogs), and sodium balance showed that none of these factors could explain the development pf this sustained hypertension. Pharmacologic blockade with phenoxybenzamine prevented in large part the rise in blood pressure in short-term stellate ganglion stimulations, whereas propranolol had very little effect on the pressor response, although it nearly abolished the increase in cardiac output. The data indicate that continuous stimulation of the stellate ganglion in conscious dogs leads to substained rises in both blood pressure and peripheral resistance; these changes are apparently mediated by increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system.", "PMID": 1112001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3283", "title": "Thickenings in the coronary arteries in infancy as an indication of genetic factors in coronary heart disease.", "content": "In Finland, mortality from coronary heart disease is high, and much higher in the eastern than in the western countries. Both left and right coronary arteries of 141 children who died under one year of age at the Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki, were investigated. Thirty-two of these children formed a western and 41 an eastern group according to the birthplaces of their grandparents in Finland. Correlations were tested between this geographical distribution and some dimensions of the coronary arteries, as well as other clinical variables. The inner vascular layers of the left coronary arteries were found to be thicker in the eastern group (P less than 0.05 in analysis of variance and P less than 0.01 in regression analysis). No other significant correlations were observed. This association of infants having thick inner vascular layers in the coronary artery with a population group where mortality from coronary heart disease (CHD) is very high supports the hypothesis that the thickenings are prearteriosclerotic. The difference found between the arteries of the western and eastern groups might be due to a difference in the vulnerability of the inner vascular wall to extrinsic deleterious factors. The association substantiates the existence of a genetic component in the etiology of CHD and supports the theory that two separate groups of settlers originally colonized Finland.", "contents": "Thickenings in the coronary arteries in infancy as an indication of genetic factors in coronary heart disease. In Finland, mortality from coronary heart disease is high, and much higher in the eastern than in the western countries. Both left and right coronary arteries of 141 children who died under one year of age at the Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki, were investigated. Thirty-two of these children formed a western and 41 an eastern group according to the birthplaces of their grandparents in Finland. Correlations were tested between this geographical distribution and some dimensions of the coronary arteries, as well as other clinical variables. The inner vascular layers of the left coronary arteries were found to be thicker in the eastern group (P less than 0.05 in analysis of variance and P less than 0.01 in regression analysis). No other significant correlations were observed. This association of infants having thick inner vascular layers in the coronary artery with a population group where mortality from coronary heart disease (CHD) is very high supports the hypothesis that the thickenings are prearteriosclerotic. The difference found between the arteries of the western and eastern groups might be due to a difference in the vulnerability of the inner vascular wall to extrinsic deleterious factors. The association substantiates the existence of a genetic component in the etiology of CHD and supports the theory that two separate groups of settlers originally colonized Finland.", "PMID": 1112002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3284", "title": "Demonstration of sustained sinus and atrial re-entry as a mechanism of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia.", "content": "Electrophysiological studies in five patients with documented (4) or suspected (1) paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT), suggested sinus or atrial reentrance (SR or AR). Two of the patients had preexcitation, three had evidence of atrial enlargement, and all had organic heart disease. The following observations supported a diagnosis of SR and AR; 1) induction of sustained PSVT with atrial extrastimulus technique allowing definition of an echo zone; 2) induction of sustained PSVT during constant rapid atrial pacing at a rate less than that producing A-V nodal Wenckebach periods, or producing normalization of QRS complex in patients with pre-excitation: 3) P waves preceding each QRS during PSVT with an A-H interval appropriate for the rate of the PSVT; 4) antegrade P wave morphology during PSVT, a normal high to low sequence of right atrial activation (SR), or P wave morphology and atrial activation sequence different from sinus (AR); 5) lack of correlation of PSVT induction with critical A-H interval. The rates of induced sustained PSVT ranged from 114 to 143 beats/min, and were similar to those observed during spontaneous episodes of PSVT in the four patients. PSVT could be terminated with critically timed extra-stimuli or carotid massage. In conclusion, SR and AR appear to be mechanisms of spontaneous PSVT in man. Rates of SR and AR PSVT tend to be relatively slow.", "contents": "Demonstration of sustained sinus and atrial re-entry as a mechanism of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. Electrophysiological studies in five patients with documented (4) or suspected (1) paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT), suggested sinus or atrial reentrance (SR or AR). Two of the patients had preexcitation, three had evidence of atrial enlargement, and all had organic heart disease. The following observations supported a diagnosis of SR and AR; 1) induction of sustained PSVT with atrial extrastimulus technique allowing definition of an echo zone; 2) induction of sustained PSVT during constant rapid atrial pacing at a rate less than that producing A-V nodal Wenckebach periods, or producing normalization of QRS complex in patients with pre-excitation: 3) P waves preceding each QRS during PSVT with an A-H interval appropriate for the rate of the PSVT; 4) antegrade P wave morphology during PSVT, a normal high to low sequence of right atrial activation (SR), or P wave morphology and atrial activation sequence different from sinus (AR); 5) lack of correlation of PSVT induction with critical A-H interval. The rates of induced sustained PSVT ranged from 114 to 143 beats/min, and were similar to those observed during spontaneous episodes of PSVT in the four patients. PSVT could be terminated with critically timed extra-stimuli or carotid massage. In conclusion, SR and AR appear to be mechanisms of spontaneous PSVT in man. Rates of SR and AR PSVT tend to be relatively slow.", "PMID": 1112003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3285", "title": "Eectrophysiological observations in pateints with rate dependent bundle branch block.", "content": "Electrophysiological studies were conducted in 15 patients with tachycardic rate dependent bundle branch block (RDBBB): ten with left, and five with right. No bradycardic RDBBB was observed, despite occurrence of cycle lengths (CL) longer than 1200 msec in over half the patients studied. Onset of RDBBB was abrupt in 13 patients, and gradual in two. In three patients, the CL allowing reversion to normal conduction (once RDBBB was initiated) was 50, 55, and 190 msec longer, respectively, than the CL inducing RDBBB. Bundle brance refractory periods (RP) were measured with atrial extrastimulus technique in five patients. All RP (except one) were prolonged at all tested CL when compared to patients without conduction disease. The expected decrease in RP with shortening of CL did not occur in four of the five patients. The electrophysiological abnormality in patients with DBBB thus appeared to be an increase in refractoriness in the affected bundle branch, along with a loss of the normal decrease in refractoriness with decrease in CL. Similar findings might be demonstrable in patients with early bundle branch disease.", "contents": "Eectrophysiological observations in pateints with rate dependent bundle branch block. Electrophysiological studies were conducted in 15 patients with tachycardic rate dependent bundle branch block (RDBBB): ten with left, and five with right. No bradycardic RDBBB was observed, despite occurrence of cycle lengths (CL) longer than 1200 msec in over half the patients studied. Onset of RDBBB was abrupt in 13 patients, and gradual in two. In three patients, the CL allowing reversion to normal conduction (once RDBBB was initiated) was 50, 55, and 190 msec longer, respectively, than the CL inducing RDBBB. Bundle brance refractory periods (RP) were measured with atrial extrastimulus technique in five patients. All RP (except one) were prolonged at all tested CL when compared to patients without conduction disease. The expected decrease in RP with shortening of CL did not occur in four of the five patients. The electrophysiological abnormality in patients with DBBB thus appeared to be an increase in refractoriness in the affected bundle branch, along with a loss of the normal decrease in refractoriness with decrease in CL. Similar findings might be demonstrable in patients with early bundle branch disease.", "PMID": 1112004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3286", "title": "Mitral commisurotomy versus replacement. Preoperative evaluation by echocardiography.", "content": "Echocardiographic studies of the mitral valve were performed in 57 patients with pure or predominant mitral stenosis who subsequently underwent surgery (30 commissurotomy, 27 valve replacement). Mitral valve calcification was graded heavy (thick, conglomerate echoes), light (multiple, discrete linear echoes) or none (thin, single or duplicate signals). Valve mobility, measured as the excursion from the systolic closed position to the fully opened position in diastole, was classified as normal (20 mm or over), restricted (16-19 mm) or poor (15 mm or less). Absence of mitral valve caclification was the most useful echocardiographic indicator for commissurotomy (18 of )9 cases. The most reliable criteria for valve replacement were heavy valve calcification (11 of 11 cases) and poor cusp mobility (11 of 11 cases). The poor mobility group included 3 patients with heavily calcified valves. Thus 37 of 57 cases (65%) could be reliably categorized regarding the type of surgery performed using these three parameters. The remaining echocardiographic parameters (normal mobility, restricted mobility and light calcification) were less valuable in the assignment of the operative category. Echocardiographic assessment of mitral valve calcification and mobility appears to be of value in planning the surgical approach in patients with pure or predominant mitral stenosis.", "contents": "Mitral commisurotomy versus replacement. Preoperative evaluation by echocardiography. Echocardiographic studies of the mitral valve were performed in 57 patients with pure or predominant mitral stenosis who subsequently underwent surgery (30 commissurotomy, 27 valve replacement). Mitral valve calcification was graded heavy (thick, conglomerate echoes), light (multiple, discrete linear echoes) or none (thin, single or duplicate signals). Valve mobility, measured as the excursion from the systolic closed position to the fully opened position in diastole, was classified as normal (20 mm or over), restricted (16-19 mm) or poor (15 mm or less). Absence of mitral valve caclification was the most useful echocardiographic indicator for commissurotomy (18 of )9 cases. The most reliable criteria for valve replacement were heavy valve calcification (11 of 11 cases) and poor cusp mobility (11 of 11 cases). The poor mobility group included 3 patients with heavily calcified valves. Thus 37 of 57 cases (65%) could be reliably categorized regarding the type of surgery performed using these three parameters. The remaining echocardiographic parameters (normal mobility, restricted mobility and light calcification) were less valuable in the assignment of the operative category. Echocardiographic assessment of mitral valve calcification and mobility appears to be of value in planning the surgical approach in patients with pure or predominant mitral stenosis.", "PMID": 1112005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3287", "title": "Echocardiography of the tricuspid valve in congenital left ventricular-riht atrial communication.", "content": "Two patients, ages 14 and 18, with congenital left ventricular-right atrial communication through a defect in the tricuspid valve were studied by echocardiography. Proof was obtained by angiocardiography and surgery in one and ultrasonic contrast injection and angiocardiography in the other. Both presented clinically as uncomplicated ventricular septal defects. Echocardiography consistently demonstrated a high frequency, low amplitude flutter of the tricuspid valve in systole and none in diastole. Following surgical correction of the defect in one patient, there was complete disappearance of the systolic flutter. Systolic flutter has not been observed with tricuspid incompetence nor with other forms of ventricular septal defects. Fistulous communication from the aorta to the right atrium just above the tricuspid valve did not demonstrate systolic flutter in one patient studies. Tricuspid valve systolic flutter appears to be caused by the passage of the left ventricular jet blood into the right atrium through a defect in the tricuspid valve. Echocardiographic study of the tricuspid valve is of value in the recognition of the congenital left ventricular-right atrial communication.", "contents": "Echocardiography of the tricuspid valve in congenital left ventricular-riht atrial communication. Two patients, ages 14 and 18, with congenital left ventricular-right atrial communication through a defect in the tricuspid valve were studied by echocardiography. Proof was obtained by angiocardiography and surgery in one and ultrasonic contrast injection and angiocardiography in the other. Both presented clinically as uncomplicated ventricular septal defects. Echocardiography consistently demonstrated a high frequency, low amplitude flutter of the tricuspid valve in systole and none in diastole. Following surgical correction of the defect in one patient, there was complete disappearance of the systolic flutter. Systolic flutter has not been observed with tricuspid incompetence nor with other forms of ventricular septal defects. Fistulous communication from the aorta to the right atrium just above the tricuspid valve did not demonstrate systolic flutter in one patient studies. Tricuspid valve systolic flutter appears to be caused by the passage of the left ventricular jet blood into the right atrium through a defect in the tricuspid valve. Echocardiographic study of the tricuspid valve is of value in the recognition of the congenital left ventricular-right atrial communication.", "PMID": 1112006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3288", "title": "Echographic assessment of atrial transport, mitral movement, and ventricular performance following electroversion of supraventricular arrhythmias.", "content": "Controversy attends the extent and temporal sequence of improvements in hemodynamic function resulting from the return of atrial contraction following cardioversion of supraventricular arrhythmias. Thus, mitral, left atrial (LA) and left ventricular (LV) echograms were obtained before and one hour after conversion of supraventricular arrhythmias to normal sinus rhythm by direct current countershock in patients with chronic coronary disease or cardiomyopathies without valvular dysfunction. The duration of the rhythm disturbance varied from one day to five years in 22 patients and was indeterminate in 13. Atrial systole immediately produced prominent mitral \"A\" waves with anterior valve excursion of 7.5 mm (range 3 to 12) in 33 of the 35 patients (94%). The two patients with atrial electromechanical dissociation reverted to atrial fibrillation within one week. Cardioversion caused a decline in LA diameter (3.5 to 3.2 cm, P less than .001) and a rise in LV end-diastolic dimension (5.2 to 5.5 cm, P less than .001) while LV end-systolic dimension was unchanged (4.2 cm). Thereby stroke volume rose. Heart rate fell an average of 16 beats/min. Depressed cardiac output was improved + 0.84 L/min/m-2. Thus, in the majority of patients with acute or chronic supraventricular arrhythmias without mitral valve disease, cardioversion promptly restores effective atrial contraction, decreases LA size, and results in substantial hemodynamic benefit.", "contents": "Echographic assessment of atrial transport, mitral movement, and ventricular performance following electroversion of supraventricular arrhythmias. Controversy attends the extent and temporal sequence of improvements in hemodynamic function resulting from the return of atrial contraction following cardioversion of supraventricular arrhythmias. Thus, mitral, left atrial (LA) and left ventricular (LV) echograms were obtained before and one hour after conversion of supraventricular arrhythmias to normal sinus rhythm by direct current countershock in patients with chronic coronary disease or cardiomyopathies without valvular dysfunction. The duration of the rhythm disturbance varied from one day to five years in 22 patients and was indeterminate in 13. Atrial systole immediately produced prominent mitral \"A\" waves with anterior valve excursion of 7.5 mm (range 3 to 12) in 33 of the 35 patients (94%). The two patients with atrial electromechanical dissociation reverted to atrial fibrillation within one week. Cardioversion caused a decline in LA diameter (3.5 to 3.2 cm, P less than .001) and a rise in LV end-diastolic dimension (5.2 to 5.5 cm, P less than .001) while LV end-systolic dimension was unchanged (4.2 cm). Thereby stroke volume rose. Heart rate fell an average of 16 beats/min. Depressed cardiac output was improved + 0.84 L/min/m-2. Thus, in the majority of patients with acute or chronic supraventricular arrhythmias without mitral valve disease, cardioversion promptly restores effective atrial contraction, decreases LA size, and results in substantial hemodynamic benefit.", "PMID": 1112007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3289", "title": "Echocardiographic observations on the mechanism of production of the second heart sound.", "content": "This investigation was designed to determine the echocardiographic correlates of the aortic and pulmonary components of the second heart sound. Simultaneous recordings of the ECG, phonocardiogram, carotid pulse tracing and the echocardiogram of the aortic valve were made in 54 patients. The tracings were recorded at a paper speed of 100 mm/sec, with 20 msec time lines. Aortic valve closure (AVC) on the echocardiogram occurred before the onset of the aortic component of the second heart sound (A2) in all but two patients. The mean AVC-to-A2 interval was 12 msec with a range of 5 to 25 msec. Simultaneous recordings of the pulmonary valve echocardiogram, ECG, phonocardiogram and carotid pulse tracing were made in 14 patients. Pulmonary valve closure (PVC) on the echocardiogram preceded the pulmonary component of the second sound (P2) in all patients. The mean PVC-2 interval was 60 msec with a range of 30 to 75 msec. We conclude that aortic valve closure and pulmonary valve closure are not directly responsible for the genesis of the second heart sound (S2). These observations are consonant with the theory that S2 is caused by deceleration of columns of blood resulting from semilunar valve closure, throwing the cardiohemic system into vibration.", "contents": "Echocardiographic observations on the mechanism of production of the second heart sound. This investigation was designed to determine the echocardiographic correlates of the aortic and pulmonary components of the second heart sound. Simultaneous recordings of the ECG, phonocardiogram, carotid pulse tracing and the echocardiogram of the aortic valve were made in 54 patients. The tracings were recorded at a paper speed of 100 mm/sec, with 20 msec time lines. Aortic valve closure (AVC) on the echocardiogram occurred before the onset of the aortic component of the second heart sound (A2) in all but two patients. The mean AVC-to-A2 interval was 12 msec with a range of 5 to 25 msec. Simultaneous recordings of the pulmonary valve echocardiogram, ECG, phonocardiogram and carotid pulse tracing were made in 14 patients. Pulmonary valve closure (PVC) on the echocardiogram preceded the pulmonary component of the second sound (P2) in all patients. The mean PVC-2 interval was 60 msec with a range of 30 to 75 msec. We conclude that aortic valve closure and pulmonary valve closure are not directly responsible for the genesis of the second heart sound (S2). These observations are consonant with the theory that S2 is caused by deceleration of columns of blood resulting from semilunar valve closure, throwing the cardiohemic system into vibration.", "PMID": 1112008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3290", "title": "Echographic determination of left ventricular volumes in pediatric patients.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to validate the accuracy of determining left ventricular (LV) volumes by echocardiography in infants and children. Thirty-one patients between the ages of two months and 15 years underwent left ventriculography (biplane antero-posterior and lateral cine). Ventricular volumes using an ellipsoidal model were calculated for end diastole from the cineangiograms. There was a strong correlation (r = 0.856) between the echographic minor dimension (Be) and the minor lateral cine dimension (Bc) at end diastole. A similar correlation (r = 0.889) existed between the LV volume in end diastole measured by cineangiography and Be. The correlation coefficient between the echo minor dimension and the lateral minor cine dimension in end systole was 0.753. A relation between ejection fraction (EF) and the echo minor dimension measurements in end diastole and end systole was formulated, which permitted estimation of the EF from the echo measurements. As a result of this study, it was concluded that the LV minor dimension can be measured reliably by echocardiography in children and from these measurements LV volumes, ejection fraction, and hence, stroke volume can be estimated.", "contents": "Echographic determination of left ventricular volumes in pediatric patients. The purpose of this study was to validate the accuracy of determining left ventricular (LV) volumes by echocardiography in infants and children. Thirty-one patients between the ages of two months and 15 years underwent left ventriculography (biplane antero-posterior and lateral cine). Ventricular volumes using an ellipsoidal model were calculated for end diastole from the cineangiograms. There was a strong correlation (r = 0.856) between the echographic minor dimension (Be) and the minor lateral cine dimension (Bc) at end diastole. A similar correlation (r = 0.889) existed between the LV volume in end diastole measured by cineangiography and Be. The correlation coefficient between the echo minor dimension and the lateral minor cine dimension in end systole was 0.753. A relation between ejection fraction (EF) and the echo minor dimension measurements in end diastole and end systole was formulated, which permitted estimation of the EF from the echo measurements. As a result of this study, it was concluded that the LV minor dimension can be measured reliably by echocardiography in children and from these measurements LV volumes, ejection fraction, and hence, stroke volume can be estimated.", "PMID": 1112009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3291", "title": "Measurement of right and left ventricular systolic time intervals by echocardiography.", "content": "One of the noninvasive methods of evaluating left ventricular performance is the measurement of left ventricular systolic time intervals (LVSTI). However, noninvasive measurement of right ventricular systole by this technique has been unreliable because of the inability to accurately time the onset of right ventricular ejection. Excellent correlation of LVSTI measured from the carotid pulse and those determined from the echocardiogram was demonstrated in 15 patients. STI of the right ventricle (RVSTI) were measured in a similar fashion from the pulmonary valve echo in 11 normal children. Right ventricular ejection time (RVET) was longer than left ventricular injection time (LVET). Right ventricular pre-ejection period and RPEP was shorter than left ventricular pre-ejection period (LPEP). In 15 children with transposition of the great arteries (TGA) the situation was reversed. RVET was shortened and RPEP was prolonged as the right ventricle contracted against systemic resistance; whereas, the LVET lengthened and LPEP shortened with ejection into a low pressure pulmonary circuit. Our studies in a total of 41 patients indicate the accurate, noninvasive measurement of right, as well as left, ventricular STI can be obtained with the use of echocardiography.", "contents": "Measurement of right and left ventricular systolic time intervals by echocardiography. One of the noninvasive methods of evaluating left ventricular performance is the measurement of left ventricular systolic time intervals (LVSTI). However, noninvasive measurement of right ventricular systole by this technique has been unreliable because of the inability to accurately time the onset of right ventricular ejection. Excellent correlation of LVSTI measured from the carotid pulse and those determined from the echocardiogram was demonstrated in 15 patients. STI of the right ventricle (RVSTI) were measured in a similar fashion from the pulmonary valve echo in 11 normal children. Right ventricular ejection time (RVET) was longer than left ventricular injection time (LVET). Right ventricular pre-ejection period and RPEP was shorter than left ventricular pre-ejection period (LPEP). In 15 children with transposition of the great arteries (TGA) the situation was reversed. RVET was shortened and RPEP was prolonged as the right ventricle contracted against systemic resistance; whereas, the LVET lengthened and LPEP shortened with ejection into a low pressure pulmonary circuit. Our studies in a total of 41 patients indicate the accurate, noninvasive measurement of right, as well as left, ventricular STI can be obtained with the use of echocardiography.", "PMID": 1112010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3292", "title": "A comparison of systolic time intervals derived from the central aortic pressure and from the external carotid pulse tracing.", "content": "In 26 patients a direct comparison was made of systolic time intervals derived from the right and left external carotid pulse tracing and from the central aortic pressure, simultaneously recorded by means of a catheter-tip micromanometer. In addition, the delay time (required for pulse wave transmission to the neck) of the upstroke (DUEC) and incisura (DIEC) of the external carotid pulse tracing was studied. The influence of changes in heart rate on these intervals was evaluated by right atrial pacing. At resting frequencies DUEC exceeded DIEC by 4 to 4.5 msec (P less than 0.005). Increasing heart rate did not influence DUEC but prolonged DIEC. Differences between DUEC and DIEC were associated with a decrease and reversal with increasing heart rate (tau = 0.52, on the right carotid pulse; tau = 0.65, on the left pulse). Internally and externally measured left ventricular ejection time and pre-jection period were strongly correleated. Significant differences in absolute values were also observed. Whether these differences were positive or negative was dependent on heart rate. At rest external left ventricular ejection time was 4 to 4.5 msec (P less than 0.005) shorter, external pre-ejection period 5.5 to 6 msec (P less than 0.005) longer than corresponding intervals measured internally. At heart rates above plus or minus 100 beats/min the relationships were reversed. No significant differences could be demonstrated between these intervals measured on the right and left external carotid pulse.", "contents": "A comparison of systolic time intervals derived from the central aortic pressure and from the external carotid pulse tracing. In 26 patients a direct comparison was made of systolic time intervals derived from the right and left external carotid pulse tracing and from the central aortic pressure, simultaneously recorded by means of a catheter-tip micromanometer. In addition, the delay time (required for pulse wave transmission to the neck) of the upstroke (DUEC) and incisura (DIEC) of the external carotid pulse tracing was studied. The influence of changes in heart rate on these intervals was evaluated by right atrial pacing. At resting frequencies DUEC exceeded DIEC by 4 to 4.5 msec (P less than 0.005). Increasing heart rate did not influence DUEC but prolonged DIEC. Differences between DUEC and DIEC were associated with a decrease and reversal with increasing heart rate (tau = 0.52, on the right carotid pulse; tau = 0.65, on the left pulse). Internally and externally measured left ventricular ejection time and pre-jection period were strongly correleated. Significant differences in absolute values were also observed. Whether these differences were positive or negative was dependent on heart rate. At rest external left ventricular ejection time was 4 to 4.5 msec (P less than 0.005) shorter, external pre-ejection period 5.5 to 6 msec (P less than 0.005) longer than corresponding intervals measured internally. At heart rates above plus or minus 100 beats/min the relationships were reversed. No significant differences could be demonstrated between these intervals measured on the right and left external carotid pulse.", "PMID": 1112011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3293", "title": "The apical A wave versus the fourth heart sound in assessing the severity of aortic stenosis.", "content": "The height of the \"a\" wave of the apexcardiogram was evaluated as a marker for critical aortic stenosis in patients over 40. Critical aoritc stenosis was defined as an aortic valve area less than .75 cm-2 with no more than mild aortic insufficiency. Phonocardiograms and apexcardiograms were performed on 72 patients with catheterization proven aortic stenosis and on 14 normal controls, all over age 40. The height of the \"a\" wave of the apexcardiogram was measured as a percentage of the e to o excursion (a/e-o). Fourth heart sound gallops ( S4G) were recorded in 71% (11 of 14) of normal controls, 86% (6 of 7) of patients with less than critical aortic stenosis, and 85% ( 55 of 65) of patients with critical aortic stenosis. The a/e-o was less than 16% in all normals or patients with less than critical aortic stenosis. The a/e-o exceeded 16% in 45% (29 of 65) with critical aortic stenosis. Audibility of the S4G bore no relationship to recordability, apical \"a\" wave geight, or the severity of the aortic stenosis. In conclusion, therefore, we believe that when one is confronted with findings suggestive of aortic stenosis, the finding of a palpable apical \"a\" wave (or an \"a\" wave height of greater than 16% of the total complex on the apexcardiogram) is an important positive feature, suggesting severe aortic stenosis. Its absence, however, does not exclude severe valvar obstruction. Probably because of auscultatory inaccuracy in this condition, the apparent presence or absence of an S4G has not been of much aid in this evaluation. This sound, however, might be more useful in a carefully performed prospective study.", "contents": "The apical A wave versus the fourth heart sound in assessing the severity of aortic stenosis. The height of the \"a\" wave of the apexcardiogram was evaluated as a marker for critical aortic stenosis in patients over 40. Critical aoritc stenosis was defined as an aortic valve area less than .75 cm-2 with no more than mild aortic insufficiency. Phonocardiograms and apexcardiograms were performed on 72 patients with catheterization proven aortic stenosis and on 14 normal controls, all over age 40. The height of the \"a\" wave of the apexcardiogram was measured as a percentage of the e to o excursion (a/e-o). Fourth heart sound gallops ( S4G) were recorded in 71% (11 of 14) of normal controls, 86% (6 of 7) of patients with less than critical aortic stenosis, and 85% ( 55 of 65) of patients with critical aortic stenosis. The a/e-o was less than 16% in all normals or patients with less than critical aortic stenosis. The a/e-o exceeded 16% in 45% (29 of 65) with critical aortic stenosis. Audibility of the S4G bore no relationship to recordability, apical \"a\" wave geight, or the severity of the aortic stenosis. In conclusion, therefore, we believe that when one is confronted with findings suggestive of aortic stenosis, the finding of a palpable apical \"a\" wave (or an \"a\" wave height of greater than 16% of the total complex on the apexcardiogram) is an important positive feature, suggesting severe aortic stenosis. Its absence, however, does not exclude severe valvar obstruction. Probably because of auscultatory inaccuracy in this condition, the apparent presence or absence of an S4G has not been of much aid in this evaluation. This sound, however, might be more useful in a carefully performed prospective study.", "PMID": 1112012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3294", "title": "Clinical use of sodium nitroprusside in chronic ischemic heart  disease.  Effects on peripheral vascular resistance and venous tone and on ventricular volume, pump and mechanical performance.", "content": "Although hemodynamic benefit has been shown with sodium nitroprusside (NP) in acute coronary pump failure, complete understanding of the mechanisms of action of the agent on the cardiocirculation and its value in chronic ventricular dysfunction are lacking. This investigation evaluates the effects of NP on the systemic and regional arterial and venous beds and on cardiac dynamics, ventricular volumes, contractile state and myocardial energetics in long-standing congestive heart failure. Twelve patients with chronic coronary pump dysfunction received NP infusion to lower systolic pressure to 95-105 mm Hg. Left ventricular (LV) function was assessed directly by angiographic volumes and high fidelity pressure, and peripheral circulatory dynamics were determined simultaneously by forearm arterial and venous plethysmography. NP reduced mean arterial pressure (MAP) from 88.2 to 73.4 mm Hg (P less than 0.05) and significantly (P less than 0.05) enhanced the variables of LV performance: LV end-diastolic pressure (EDP) diminished from 18.5 to 9.9 mm Hg; ejection fraction rose from 0.47 to 0.55; percent of LV segmental shortening increased; and isovolumic and ejection indices of contractility improved. Concomitantly, NP reduced the indices of myocardial oxygen demands of ventricular tension time index and LVED volume index. These salutary effects on LV performance and energetics occurred secondary to peripheral arterial and venous dilation (P less than 0.05) produced by NP: total systemic vascular resistance was lowered from 1590 to 1310 dynes sec cm--5; forearm vascular resistance diminished from 46 to 37 mm Hg/ml/100 gm/min; and forearm venous tone fell from 14.2 to 10.1 mm Hg/cc. Depressed stroke index (SI) and cardiac index (CI) increased (P less than 0.05) with NP: despite the fall in LVEDP, when ventricular filling pressures with the agent were at levels slightly above normal. Dextran infusion given with NP to restore LVEDP to moderately elevated values increased SI and CI (P less than 0.05) when NP alone produced no change in stroke output. Thus, the peripheral vasodilator properties of nitroprusside improve LV function by reducing impedance to ventricular ejection, while MVO2 is diminished by decreasing LV preload and afterload through relaxing actions", "contents": "Clinical use of sodium nitroprusside in chronic ischemic heart  disease.  Effects on peripheral vascular resistance and venous tone and on ventricular volume, pump and mechanical performance. Although hemodynamic benefit has been shown with sodium nitroprusside (NP) in acute coronary pump failure, complete understanding of the mechanisms of action of the agent on the cardiocirculation and its value in chronic ventricular dysfunction are lacking. This investigation evaluates the effects of NP on the systemic and regional arterial and venous beds and on cardiac dynamics, ventricular volumes, contractile state and myocardial energetics in long-standing congestive heart failure. Twelve patients with chronic coronary pump dysfunction received NP infusion to lower systolic pressure to 95-105 mm Hg. Left ventricular (LV) function was assessed directly by angiographic volumes and high fidelity pressure, and peripheral circulatory dynamics were determined simultaneously by forearm arterial and venous plethysmography. NP reduced mean arterial pressure (MAP) from 88.2 to 73.4 mm Hg (P less than 0.05) and significantly (P less than 0.05) enhanced the variables of LV performance: LV end-diastolic pressure (EDP) diminished from 18.5 to 9.9 mm Hg; ejection fraction rose from 0.47 to 0.55; percent of LV segmental shortening increased; and isovolumic and ejection indices of contractility improved. Concomitantly, NP reduced the indices of myocardial oxygen demands of ventricular tension time index and LVED volume index. These salutary effects on LV performance and energetics occurred secondary to peripheral arterial and venous dilation (P less than 0.05) produced by NP: total systemic vascular resistance was lowered from 1590 to 1310 dynes sec cm--5; forearm vascular resistance diminished from 46 to 37 mm Hg/ml/100 gm/min; and forearm venous tone fell from 14.2 to 10.1 mm Hg/cc. Depressed stroke index (SI) and cardiac index (CI) increased (P less than 0.05) with NP: despite the fall in LVEDP, when ventricular filling pressures with the agent were at levels slightly above normal. Dextran infusion given with NP to restore LVEDP to moderately elevated values increased SI and CI (P less than 0.05) when NP alone produced no change in stroke output. Thus, the peripheral vasodilator properties of nitroprusside improve LV function by reducing impedance to ventricular ejection, while MVO2 is diminished by decreasing LV preload and afterload through relaxing actions", "PMID": 1112013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3295", "title": "Transfemoral plug closure of patent ductus arteriosus. Experiences in 61 consecutive cases treated without thoracotomy.", "content": "We successfully closed the isolated patent ductus arteriosus in 58 of 61 consecutive patients using the transfemoral-catheter method originally introduced by Porstmann in 1968. To perform this technique more safely and reliably, some instrumental and technical improvements were made. The indications for this method have been expanded to include the cylindrical or window-type ductus as well as the conical-shaped ductus. Classification into three groups of the configuration of the ductus by angiography has been useful in selecting the shape of the closing plug. Whenever feasible, we consider the catheter technique to be the method of choice to close the ductus.", "contents": "Transfemoral plug closure of patent ductus arteriosus. Experiences in 61 consecutive cases treated without thoracotomy. We successfully closed the isolated patent ductus arteriosus in 58 of 61 consecutive patients using the transfemoral-catheter method originally introduced by Porstmann in 1968. To perform this technique more safely and reliably, some instrumental and technical improvements were made. The indications for this method have been expanded to include the cylindrical or window-type ductus as well as the conical-shaped ductus. Classification into three groups of the configuration of the ductus by angiography has been useful in selecting the shape of the closing plug. Whenever feasible, we consider the catheter technique to be the method of choice to close the ductus.", "PMID": 1112014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3296", "title": "Hemodynamic features of prolapsing and nonprolapsing left atrial myxoma.", "content": "In the course of the evaluation of five patients with left atrial myxoma, it was noted that the movement of the myxoma was related to specific changes in left atrial hemodynamics. Prolapsing tumors, Type I, move from the left ventricle to the left atrium in early systole and from the left atrium to the left ventricle in early diastole, thereby causing prominent c and v waves accompanied by a rapid y descent. Nonprolapsing tumors, Type II, remain in the left atrium during the entire cardiac cycle, impeding flow across the mitral valve. In these latter cases, the y descent is slow and indistinguishable from that caused by mitral valvular stenosis. The cineangiocardiograms and echocardiograms corroborate these two types of hemodynamic observations. The particular value of direct echocardiographic examination of the left atrium prior to cardiac catheterization was evident in two of the three patients with nonprolapsing tumors. Since the hemodynamic pattern of nonprolapsing left atrial myxoma resembles that of mitral valvular stenosis, it is stressed that echocardiography should have an important place in precatheterization assessment of patients with mitral valve disease. If left atrial myxoma is suspected clinically or on the basis of echocardiographic findings, regardless of the pressure curve contours, transseptal cardiac catheterization should be avoided and the left atrium visualized by pulmonary angiography levophase.", "contents": "Hemodynamic features of prolapsing and nonprolapsing left atrial myxoma. In the course of the evaluation of five patients with left atrial myxoma, it was noted that the movement of the myxoma was related to specific changes in left atrial hemodynamics. Prolapsing tumors, Type I, move from the left ventricle to the left atrium in early systole and from the left atrium to the left ventricle in early diastole, thereby causing prominent c and v waves accompanied by a rapid y descent. Nonprolapsing tumors, Type II, remain in the left atrium during the entire cardiac cycle, impeding flow across the mitral valve. In these latter cases, the y descent is slow and indistinguishable from that caused by mitral valvular stenosis. The cineangiocardiograms and echocardiograms corroborate these two types of hemodynamic observations. The particular value of direct echocardiographic examination of the left atrium prior to cardiac catheterization was evident in two of the three patients with nonprolapsing tumors. Since the hemodynamic pattern of nonprolapsing left atrial myxoma resembles that of mitral valvular stenosis, it is stressed that echocardiography should have an important place in precatheterization assessment of patients with mitral valve disease. If left atrial myxoma is suspected clinically or on the basis of echocardiographic findings, regardless of the pressure curve contours, transseptal cardiac catheterization should be avoided and the left atrium visualized by pulmonary angiography levophase.", "PMID": 1112015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3297", "title": "Platelet survival time following aortic valve replacement.", "content": "Thromboembolism continues to complicate the course of patients following aortic valve replacement. In patients with prosthetic and homograft mitral valves, platelet survival time has been shown to correlate with occurrence of thromboembolism. This study extends these observations to patients with aortic valve disease. Platelet survival time was measured (by the chromium-51 method) in 73 patients with aortic valve disease. Eighteen patients were studied preoperatively and had platelet survival times of 3.4 plus or minus 0.14 days (mean plus or minus standard error of the mean), almost the same as normal (3.7 plus or minus 0.4 days). Platelet survival time was shortened (P less than 0.001) following aortic valve replacement with Starr-Edwards prosthesis - Model 1000: 2.5 plus or minus 0.13 days (N = 6); Model 1200-1260: 3.0 plus or minus 0.10 (n = 14); model 2300-2320: 3.0 plus or minus 0.15 days (N = 9) - and with stented aortic homografts: 3.0 plus or minus 0.10 days (N = 16). Platelet survival time was normal following aortic valve replacement in patients with directly sewn aortic homografts 3.7 dats plus or minus 0.24 days (N = 10). Eleven patients with Starr-Edwards prostheses had a history of thromboembolism and all also showed shortened platelet survival time (2.7 plus or minus 0.12 days, P less than 0.001), a measurement which was significantly different (P less than 0.01) from the 18 patients with Starr-Edwards prostheses and no thromboembolism (3.0 plus or minus 0.09 days). Platelet suppressant therapy prolonged platelet survival in eight patients with Starr-Edwards devices, thromboembolism, and shortened platelet survival time. These results suggest that insertion of Starr-Edwards valves and stented aortic homografts alter platelet survival time but that direct homografts do not. A correlation between occurrence of thromboembolism after aortic valve replacement and shortened platelet survival time has been shown.", "contents": "Platelet survival time following aortic valve replacement. Thromboembolism continues to complicate the course of patients following aortic valve replacement. In patients with prosthetic and homograft mitral valves, platelet survival time has been shown to correlate with occurrence of thromboembolism. This study extends these observations to patients with aortic valve disease. Platelet survival time was measured (by the chromium-51 method) in 73 patients with aortic valve disease. Eighteen patients were studied preoperatively and had platelet survival times of 3.4 plus or minus 0.14 days (mean plus or minus standard error of the mean), almost the same as normal (3.7 plus or minus 0.4 days). Platelet survival time was shortened (P less than 0.001) following aortic valve replacement with Starr-Edwards prosthesis - Model 1000: 2.5 plus or minus 0.13 days (N = 6); Model 1200-1260: 3.0 plus or minus 0.10 (n = 14); model 2300-2320: 3.0 plus or minus 0.15 days (N = 9) - and with stented aortic homografts: 3.0 plus or minus 0.10 days (N = 16). Platelet survival time was normal following aortic valve replacement in patients with directly sewn aortic homografts 3.7 dats plus or minus 0.24 days (N = 10). Eleven patients with Starr-Edwards prostheses had a history of thromboembolism and all also showed shortened platelet survival time (2.7 plus or minus 0.12 days, P less than 0.001), a measurement which was significantly different (P less than 0.01) from the 18 patients with Starr-Edwards prostheses and no thromboembolism (3.0 plus or minus 0.09 days). Platelet suppressant therapy prolonged platelet survival in eight patients with Starr-Edwards devices, thromboembolism, and shortened platelet survival time. These results suggest that insertion of Starr-Edwards valves and stented aortic homografts alter platelet survival time but that direct homografts do not. A correlation between occurrence of thromboembolism after aortic valve replacement and shortened platelet survival time has been shown.", "PMID": 1112016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3298", "title": "Predictive implications of stress testing. Follow-up of 2700 subjects after maximum treadmill stress testing.", "content": "Follow-up data on 2700 subjects who had had maximum stress tests were assembled in life tables. A positive test, characterized by ST-segment depression of 1.5 mm, 0.08 sec from the J point, predicted an incidence of some new coronary event of 9.5% a year, as compared with 1.7% in those with a negative test. The incidence of infarction and death was also significantly higher than in the negative responders. Early onset of ischemia occurring at moderate exercise (4 metabolic equivalents-METS) resulted in an incidence of all coronary events of 15% a year, while ischemia first manifested at the seventh minute of exercise (approximately 8 METS) results in an incidence of only 4% per year. The magnitude of ST depression and the age of onset of ischemia failed to influence the incidence of coronary events. A myocardial infarction previous to the test increased the incidence of events in both positive and negative responders. The positives with a previous infarction had more than double the incidence of coronary events than the positive responders with no pre-existing infarction. Those with chronotropic incompetence had a high incidence of coronary events even though the ECG response to exercise was normal.", "contents": "Predictive implications of stress testing. Follow-up of 2700 subjects after maximum treadmill stress testing. Follow-up data on 2700 subjects who had had maximum stress tests were assembled in life tables. A positive test, characterized by ST-segment depression of 1.5 mm, 0.08 sec from the J point, predicted an incidence of some new coronary event of 9.5% a year, as compared with 1.7% in those with a negative test. The incidence of infarction and death was also significantly higher than in the negative responders. Early onset of ischemia occurring at moderate exercise (4 metabolic equivalents-METS) resulted in an incidence of all coronary events of 15% a year, while ischemia first manifested at the seventh minute of exercise (approximately 8 METS) results in an incidence of only 4% per year. The magnitude of ST depression and the age of onset of ischemia failed to influence the incidence of coronary events. A myocardial infarction previous to the test increased the incidence of events in both positive and negative responders. The positives with a previous infarction had more than double the incidence of coronary events than the positive responders with no pre-existing infarction. Those with chronotropic incompetence had a high incidence of coronary events even though the ECG response to exercise was normal.", "PMID": 1112017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3299", "title": "Learned control of blood pressure in patients with high blood pressure.", "content": "Five patients with documented histories of essential hypertension of at least ten years' duration participated in a triphasic study of training to control systolic blood pressure (SBP). Phase 1 was a seven week period during which patients took their BP (systolic and diastolic) at home and mailed these data to us daily. Phase 2 was a three week period during which patients were taught to control SBP using a noninvasive technique: patients were trained to raise, to lower and to alternately lower and raise SBP. Phase 3 was a three month period during which patients again took their BP at home and mailed these data to us daily. (1) all patients learned SBP control: average increas  15%; average decrease  11%; (2) during SBP control heart rates, breathing rates, triceps brachii muscle tension and EEG activity did not change; (3) follow-up tests at one and three months showed evidence of retained SBP control; (4) baseline SBP fell from 153 mm Hg during laboratory training to 135 mm Hg at the three month follow-up; (5) phase 3 home BPs fell 18/8 mm Hg from phase 1 levels; (6) at home patients also were able to reduce SBP from 141 mm Hg (average) to 125 mm Hg (average) by means of the lowering technique learned in the laboratory.", "contents": "Learned control of blood pressure in patients with high blood pressure. Five patients with documented histories of essential hypertension of at least ten years' duration participated in a triphasic study of training to control systolic blood pressure (SBP). Phase 1 was a seven week period during which patients took their BP (systolic and diastolic) at home and mailed these data to us daily. Phase 2 was a three week period during which patients were taught to control SBP using a noninvasive technique: patients were trained to raise, to lower and to alternately lower and raise SBP. Phase 3 was a three month period during which patients again took their BP at home and mailed these data to us daily. (1) all patients learned SBP control: average increas  15%; average decrease  11%; (2) during SBP control heart rates, breathing rates, triceps brachii muscle tension and EEG activity did not change; (3) follow-up tests at one and three months showed evidence of retained SBP control; (4) baseline SBP fell from 153 mm Hg during laboratory training to 135 mm Hg at the three month follow-up; (5) phase 3 home BPs fell 18/8 mm Hg from phase 1 levels; (6) at home patients also were able to reduce SBP from 141 mm Hg (average) to 125 mm Hg (average) by means of the lowering technique learned in the laboratory.", "PMID": 1112018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3300", "title": "De subitaneis mortibus.  X. Familial congential heart block.", "content": "Complete heart block was found shortly after birth in a brother and sister (not twins). Both were treated by electronic pacing because of symptoms attributable to inadequate cardiac output and electrical instability of heart. The boy has done well with his artificial pacemaker and is now six years old. His sister died of complications due in part to the large size of her pacemaker and small size of her body. At necropsy special studies of her heart included the centers for normal impulse formation and concuction. The primary abnormalities were at the junction of atrial septum with atrioventricular (A-V) node, and at the origin of the two bundle branches from the His bundle. The A-V node was isolated by collagen at all its margins except its junction with the His bundle. The proximal His bundle was essentially normal, but from that point on through the initial protions of both the left and right bundle branches there was extensive caseous degeneration which interrupted any possible conduction. These findings are discussed in relation to fetal and postnatal development of the human A-V node, and the His bundle and its branches; and in the context of a recently observed mathematical relationship between sinus rate and two forms of experimentally produced A-V junctional escape rhythms.", "contents": "De subitaneis mortibus.  X. Familial congential heart block. Complete heart block was found shortly after birth in a brother and sister (not twins). Both were treated by electronic pacing because of symptoms attributable to inadequate cardiac output and electrical instability of heart. The boy has done well with his artificial pacemaker and is now six years old. His sister died of complications due in part to the large size of her pacemaker and small size of her body. At necropsy special studies of her heart included the centers for normal impulse formation and concuction. The primary abnormalities were at the junction of atrial septum with atrioventricular (A-V) node, and at the origin of the two bundle branches from the His bundle. The A-V node was isolated by collagen at all its margins except its junction with the His bundle. The proximal His bundle was essentially normal, but from that point on through the initial protions of both the left and right bundle branches there was extensive caseous degeneration which interrupted any possible conduction. These findings are discussed in relation to fetal and postnatal development of the human A-V node, and the His bundle and its branches; and in the context of a recently observed mathematical relationship between sinus rate and two forms of experimentally produced A-V junctional escape rhythms.", "PMID": 1112019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3301", "title": "The deceptive aortic root.", "content": "Coronal, horizontal, and sagittal sections through the mid-line are excellent ways of depicting the anatomical position of the aortic root and for studying its topographical relationship to the surrounding vascular structures. Minimal radiographic abnormalities or no abnormalities at all may be present with an enlarged ascending portion of the thoracic aorta. Thus, frontal chest roentgenograms obtained with high kilovoltage, fluoroscopy and left anterior oblique projections should be utilized routinely for the evaluation of the ascending aorta. Calcification of the aortic valve and of the coronary arteries and the study of aortic valve prosthesis also demand a dynamic study and the use of complementary views, such as lateral and both oblique projections.", "contents": "The deceptive aortic root. Coronal, horizontal, and sagittal sections through the mid-line are excellent ways of depicting the anatomical position of the aortic root and for studying its topographical relationship to the surrounding vascular structures. Minimal radiographic abnormalities or no abnormalities at all may be present with an enlarged ascending portion of the thoracic aorta. Thus, frontal chest roentgenograms obtained with high kilovoltage, fluoroscopy and left anterior oblique projections should be utilized routinely for the evaluation of the ascending aorta. Calcification of the aortic valve and of the coronary arteries and the study of aortic valve prosthesis also demand a dynamic study and the use of complementary views, such as lateral and both oblique projections.", "PMID": 1112020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3302", "title": "Comparison of methods for calculating serum osmolality form chemical concentrations, and the prognostic value of such calculations.", "content": "Sodium, potassium, glucose, blood urea nitrogen, and osmolality were determined for 715 hospital-patient sera. The chemical concentrations were used to calculate osmolalities according to 13 different methods taken from the literature. The goodness of the comparison between calculated and measured osmolality was quite similar for several of the better methods. The aggreement was unimproved when molal chemical concentrations were used instead of molar values. The difference between measured and calculated osmolality was unrelated to whether a patient was discharged from the hospital after a short or long period or ultimately died. The equation we found to yield the most accurately calculated osmolalities is Osmolality = 1.86 Na + (Glu/18) + - (BUN/2.8) + 9.", "contents": "Comparison of methods for calculating serum osmolality form chemical concentrations, and the prognostic value of such calculations. Sodium, potassium, glucose, blood urea nitrogen, and osmolality were determined for 715 hospital-patient sera. The chemical concentrations were used to calculate osmolalities according to 13 different methods taken from the literature. The goodness of the comparison between calculated and measured osmolality was quite similar for several of the better methods. The aggreement was unimproved when molal chemical concentrations were used instead of molar values. The difference between measured and calculated osmolality was unrelated to whether a patient was discharged from the hospital after a short or long period or ultimately died. The equation we found to yield the most accurately calculated osmolalities is Osmolality = 1.86 Na + (Glu/18) + - (BUN/2.8) + 9.", "PMID": 1112025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3303", "title": "Immunochemical determination of serum albumin with a centrifugal analyzer.", "content": "The turbidity resulting from the reaction between albumin and specific anti-human serum was measured with a good precision by using a GEMSAEC centrifugal analyzer. The reaction was enhanced by polyethylene glycol to shorten the reaction time (5 min) and to displace the point of equivalence between antigen and antibody to an albumin concentration unlikely to occur in human sera (about 100 g/liter). An additional program for the computer was necessary to fit the absorbance readings of individual sera to the nonlinear standard curve. Serum albumin values obtained by the described method correlated well with values obtained by the electro-immuno-technique. About 100 samples could be analyzed per hour, 500 mul of 100-fold diluted antiserum being used per specimen.", "contents": "Immunochemical determination of serum albumin with a centrifugal analyzer. The turbidity resulting from the reaction between albumin and specific anti-human serum was measured with a good precision by using a GEMSAEC centrifugal analyzer. The reaction was enhanced by polyethylene glycol to shorten the reaction time (5 min) and to displace the point of equivalence between antigen and antibody to an albumin concentration unlikely to occur in human sera (about 100 g/liter). An additional program for the computer was necessary to fit the absorbance readings of individual sera to the nonlinear standard curve. Serum albumin values obtained by the described method correlated well with values obtained by the electro-immuno-technique. About 100 samples could be analyzed per hour, 500 mul of 100-fold diluted antiserum being used per specimen.", "PMID": 1112026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3304", "title": "Routine radioimmunoassay of plasma testosterone, and results for various endocrine disorders.", "content": "We describe a modification of published methods for radioimmunoassay of plasma testosterone. This simpler method involves no chromatographic steps, and the necessary reagents, including tritiated testosterone and testosterone anti-serum, are commercially available. A digital computer is used for the calculation. Without difficulty, a technician can complete 100 assays in three working days. Mean testosterone concentrations (plus or minus 2 SD) in the plasmas of 21 normal men and 26 women with a normal menstrual cycle were 684 plus or minus 300 and 45 plus or minus 20 ng/dl, respectively. Within- and between-assay precision (coefficient of variation) were 5.2% (n = 29) and 6.7% (n = 26), respectively. We have assayed more than 1000 samples during the past year. We give data on the concentrations of testosterone in plasma of patients with various endocrine disorders.", "contents": "Routine radioimmunoassay of plasma testosterone, and results for various endocrine disorders. We describe a modification of published methods for radioimmunoassay of plasma testosterone. This simpler method involves no chromatographic steps, and the necessary reagents, including tritiated testosterone and testosterone anti-serum, are commercially available. A digital computer is used for the calculation. Without difficulty, a technician can complete 100 assays in three working days. Mean testosterone concentrations (plus or minus 2 SD) in the plasmas of 21 normal men and 26 women with a normal menstrual cycle were 684 plus or minus 300 and 45 plus or minus 20 ng/dl, respectively. Within- and between-assay precision (coefficient of variation) were 5.2% (n = 29) and 6.7% (n = 26), respectively. We have assayed more than 1000 samples during the past year. We give data on the concentrations of testosterone in plasma of patients with various endocrine disorders.", "PMID": 1112028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3305", "title": "Effects on radioimmunoassay of digoxin of varying incubation periods for antigen---antibody reaction and varying periods of absorption by dextran-coated charcoal.", "content": "In radioimmunoassay of digoxin by the dextran-coated charcoal method, duration of the incubation period for the antigen-antibody reaction and time allowed for dextran-coated charcoal to absorb the free antigen are critical factors. We compared effects of prolonged periods of absorption on results obtained with five commercial kits. In all cases, the digoxin concentrations increased linearly with absorption time, but the increase varied among kits. Kallestad and New England Nuclear 3h-kits and the Squibb 125I-kit showed less increase (i.e., gave relatively consistent results after various periods of absorption); the Schwarz/Mann 125i-kit and Clinical Assays 3h-kit showed greater increases. Precautionary steps are outlined for radioimmunoassays by this technique.", "contents": "Effects on radioimmunoassay of digoxin of varying incubation periods for antigen---antibody reaction and varying periods of absorption by dextran-coated charcoal. In radioimmunoassay of digoxin by the dextran-coated charcoal method, duration of the incubation period for the antigen-antibody reaction and time allowed for dextran-coated charcoal to absorb the free antigen are critical factors. We compared effects of prolonged periods of absorption on results obtained with five commercial kits. In all cases, the digoxin concentrations increased linearly with absorption time, but the increase varied among kits. Kallestad and New England Nuclear 3h-kits and the Squibb 125I-kit showed less increase (i.e., gave relatively consistent results after various periods of absorption); the Schwarz/Mann 125i-kit and Clinical Assays 3h-kit showed greater increases. Precautionary steps are outlined for radioimmunoassays by this technique.", "PMID": 1112030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3306", "title": "Theory of photometric errors applied to the design and evaluation of a high-performance filter photometer.", "content": "We have applied a comprehensive theory of photometric errors to the design and evaluation of an inexpensive stabilized photometer. The photometer is described in terms of a group of modules, the characteristics of which are described in terms of their effect on specific error coefficients. Procedures described in this paper show how the principles described earlier [Clin, Chem. 20, 1028 (1974)] can be used to optimize the design of new instrumentation. Chemical data are included to verify the agreement between predicted and experimental results.", "contents": "Theory of photometric errors applied to the design and evaluation of a high-performance filter photometer. We have applied a comprehensive theory of photometric errors to the design and evaluation of an inexpensive stabilized photometer. The photometer is described in terms of a group of modules, the characteristics of which are described in terms of their effect on specific error coefficients. Procedures described in this paper show how the principles described earlier [Clin, Chem. 20, 1028 (1974)] can be used to optimize the design of new instrumentation. Chemical data are included to verify the agreement between predicted and experimental results.", "PMID": 1112031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3307", "title": "Presence of carotenoids in the erythrocyte membranes of carotenemic and noncarotenemic individuals.", "content": "Erythrocytes and erythrocyte membranes obtained from carotenemic (serum carotene greater than 4.0 mg/liter) and noncarotenemic individuals contain a small amount of carotenoid pigments. The principal pigment isolated from erythrocytes and erythrocyte membranes from carotenemic individuals cochromatographed with, and has an absorption spectrum similar to, authentic beta-carotene. Traces of beta-carotene were also found in the extracts of the erythrocytes and membranes obtained from the noncarotenemic individuals. These pigments were demonstrable only when the erythrocytes were extracted in the presence of an anti-oxidant (pyrogallol). Anti-oxidants should be used in the extraction and saponification process when only small samples are available or when only small amounts of carotenoid pigments are present in the material to be extracted.", "contents": "Presence of carotenoids in the erythrocyte membranes of carotenemic and noncarotenemic individuals. Erythrocytes and erythrocyte membranes obtained from carotenemic (serum carotene greater than 4.0 mg/liter) and noncarotenemic individuals contain a small amount of carotenoid pigments. The principal pigment isolated from erythrocytes and erythrocyte membranes from carotenemic individuals cochromatographed with, and has an absorption spectrum similar to, authentic beta-carotene. Traces of beta-carotene were also found in the extracts of the erythrocytes and membranes obtained from the noncarotenemic individuals. These pigments were demonstrable only when the erythrocytes were extracted in the presence of an anti-oxidant (pyrogallol). Anti-oxidants should be used in the extraction and saponification process when only small samples are available or when only small amounts of carotenoid pigments are present in the material to be extracted.", "PMID": 1112032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3308", "title": "Lecithin---sphingomyelin ratio in amniotic fluid, as assessed by a modified thin-layer chromatographic method in which a commercial pre-coated plate is used.", "content": "Commercially available pre-coated thin-layer chromatographic plates consisting of silica gel supported on aluminum sheets were used to determine the lecithin-sphingomyelin ration in samples of amniotic fluid. These lipids were separated in chloroform-methanol-water (65:25:4 by vol) solvent system (lecithin Rf = 0.33; sphingomyelin, Rf = 0.25), and the spots were made visible in 5-15 min by heating to 180 degrees C after spraying with a solution of copper acetate (30 g/liter) in aqueous phosphoric acid (80 g/liter). The lipids were measured densitometrically after \"peeling off\" the adsorbent containing the spots by using a transparent cellulose (\"Scotch brand\") adhesive tape. Virtues of the original Gluck procedure are retained without need to heat the plates to 280 degrees C after spraying with corrosive aqueous sulfuric acid (698 g/liter) to make the lipids visible. Results for synthetic mixtures in concentrations within the physiological range and with a ratio of 0.5 to 3.0 showed an accuracy of 99% pluss or minus 7% (SD.).", "contents": "Lecithin---sphingomyelin ratio in amniotic fluid, as assessed by a modified thin-layer chromatographic method in which a commercial pre-coated plate is used. Commercially available pre-coated thin-layer chromatographic plates consisting of silica gel supported on aluminum sheets were used to determine the lecithin-sphingomyelin ration in samples of amniotic fluid. These lipids were separated in chloroform-methanol-water (65:25:4 by vol) solvent system (lecithin Rf = 0.33; sphingomyelin, Rf = 0.25), and the spots were made visible in 5-15 min by heating to 180 degrees C after spraying with a solution of copper acetate (30 g/liter) in aqueous phosphoric acid (80 g/liter). The lipids were measured densitometrically after \"peeling off\" the adsorbent containing the spots by using a transparent cellulose (\"Scotch brand\") adhesive tape. Virtues of the original Gluck procedure are retained without need to heat the plates to 280 degrees C after spraying with corrosive aqueous sulfuric acid (698 g/liter) to make the lipids visible. Results for synthetic mixtures in concentrations within the physiological range and with a ratio of 0.5 to 3.0 showed an accuracy of 99% pluss or minus 7% (SD.).", "PMID": 1112033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3309", "title": "Evaluation of the Corning 940 Calcium Titator for use with serum and urine.", "content": "The Corning 940 Titrator, which measures total calcium concentration by titration with [ethylenebis(oxyethylenenitrilo)]tetraacetic acid, was evaluated for use in hospital laboratory. Calcium values for patients' sera were about 0.3 mg/dl lower as measured with the Titrator than with the Technicon SMA 12/60 continuous-flow analyzer. A similar bias was evident when the results with the Titrator were compared with those from atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Agreement was better in the low range and worse in the high range. Within-day and between-day coefficients of variation on the Titrator were about 1.5% and 2.5%, respectively. We saw no interference from magnesium, phosphorus, bilirubin, or in the presence of lipemia. At extremely increased hemoglobin concentrations (500 mg/dl), there is a 5% inhibition. Titrator results for patients' urine samples correlated closely (n = 0.999) with those obtained with the SMA 12/60.", "contents": "Evaluation of the Corning 940 Calcium Titator for use with serum and urine. The Corning 940 Titrator, which measures total calcium concentration by titration with [ethylenebis(oxyethylenenitrilo)]tetraacetic acid, was evaluated for use in hospital laboratory. Calcium values for patients' sera were about 0.3 mg/dl lower as measured with the Titrator than with the Technicon SMA 12/60 continuous-flow analyzer. A similar bias was evident when the results with the Titrator were compared with those from atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Agreement was better in the low range and worse in the high range. Within-day and between-day coefficients of variation on the Titrator were about 1.5% and 2.5%, respectively. We saw no interference from magnesium, phosphorus, bilirubin, or in the presence of lipemia. At extremely increased hemoglobin concentrations (500 mg/dl), there is a 5% inhibition. Titrator results for patients' urine samples correlated closely (n = 0.999) with those obtained with the SMA 12/60.", "PMID": 1112034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3310", "title": "Some nonparametric statistical tests for quick evaluation of clinical data.", "content": "Some rapid statistical tests give (a) rapid answers on how well methods agree and control chart evaluation (sign and run tests) and (b) evaluation of distribution of test results (Tukey's quick test and run test). These tests mainly require counting of data and the use of the given nomograms. An unusual distribution of patient test values--that is, unusual when compared with the generally observed distribution of the data seen in a particular laboratory--may indicate laboratory error, alteration of specimens (as from poor collection and/or storage techniques, such as evaporation), or an unusual patient population.", "contents": "Some nonparametric statistical tests for quick evaluation of clinical data. Some rapid statistical tests give (a) rapid answers on how well methods agree and control chart evaluation (sign and run tests) and (b) evaluation of distribution of test results (Tukey's quick test and run test). These tests mainly require counting of data and the use of the given nomograms. An unusual distribution of patient test values--that is, unusual when compared with the generally observed distribution of the data seen in a particular laboratory--may indicate laboratory error, alteration of specimens (as from poor collection and/or storage techniques, such as evaporation), or an unusual patient population.", "PMID": 1112039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3311", "title": "Statistical evaluation of method-comparison data.", "content": "Comparison of two methods for determining a substance is a common procedure in clinical chemistry. Almost without exception, normal theory statistics are used with the tacit assumption that the data under test show gaussian distributions. Experience has led us to question this assumption for populations of differences between values obtained by two methods applied to common samples and for populations of paired values for each method as used in correlation analysis. Data are presented from our laboratory to illustrate these points, as well as an examination of data from relevant papers that appeared in this journal from 1968 through 1973. These examples indicate that incorrect interpretation of results because of insufficient attention to non-gaussian distribution is a real and present danger. We present a systematic approach to the statistical aspect of comparing methods that enables one to avoid this problem.", "contents": "Statistical evaluation of method-comparison data. Comparison of two methods for determining a substance is a common procedure in clinical chemistry. Almost without exception, normal theory statistics are used with the tacit assumption that the data under test show gaussian distributions. Experience has led us to question this assumption for populations of differences between values obtained by two methods applied to common samples and for populations of paired values for each method as used in correlation analysis. Data are presented from our laboratory to illustrate these points, as well as an examination of data from relevant papers that appeared in this journal from 1968 through 1973. These examples indicate that incorrect interpretation of results because of insufficient attention to non-gaussian distribution is a real and present danger. We present a systematic approach to the statistical aspect of comparing methods that enables one to avoid this problem.", "PMID": 1112040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3312", "title": "The impact of laboratory error on the normal range: a Bayesian model.", "content": "Interpretation of clinical laboratory results, aside from clinical considerations, is based on the probability of the result being within a given normal range. This probability is influenced by the degree of error inherent in the analytical method. It would be advantageous to assign a more definite probability to the result of the measurement by combining the error distribution of the result around the true value and the distribution of the healthy population that serves as a reference. Bayesian statistics permits the revision of this prior information into a single probability.", "contents": "The impact of laboratory error on the normal range: a Bayesian model. Interpretation of clinical laboratory results, aside from clinical considerations, is based on the probability of the result being within a given normal range. This probability is influenced by the degree of error inherent in the analytical method. It would be advantageous to assign a more definite probability to the result of the measurement by combining the error distribution of the result around the true value and the distribution of the healthy population that serves as a reference. Bayesian statistics permits the revision of this prior information into a single probability.", "PMID": 1112041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3313", "title": "Automated differentiation and measurement of hexosaminidase isoenzymes in biological fluids and its application to pre- and postnatal detection of Tay-Sachs disease.", "content": "Three hexosaminidase (EC 3.2. 1.52) isoenzymes other than isoenzymes A and B in body fluids have been separated by chromatography on diethylaminoethyl cellulose. By inserting a microcolumn into a continuous-flow system for automated, fluorometric hexosaminidase analysis [Clin. Chem. 20, 538 (1974)], samples eluted with buffered-NaCl gradients can be continuously monitored. Isoenzyme patterns were obtained for fluids from normal individuals, pregnant women, Tay-Sachs disease carriers, pregnant carriers, and patients with the disease. These chromatograms revealed a hitherto undetected isoenzyme (I-3) in serum. An increase in serum hexosaminidase isoenzyme I-2 (or P) during pregnancy is characteristic of a carrier pattern. Our data show that serum and urinary hexosaminidase isoenzyme patterns may be used in addition to leukocyte analysis, to distinguish a pregnant carrier from a normal pregnant woman. All fluids tested demonstrated no isoenzyme A activity and above-normal activity of isoenzymes B and (or) I-2 in homozygotes. Urine is preferred fluid for postnatal and amniotic fluid for the prenatal diagnosis of the disease. Quantitative data on isoenzyme A obtained with the procedure described here agree well with those obtained by heat-and pH-inactivation methods.", "contents": "Automated differentiation and measurement of hexosaminidase isoenzymes in biological fluids and its application to pre- and postnatal detection of Tay-Sachs disease. Three hexosaminidase (EC 3.2. 1.52) isoenzymes other than isoenzymes A and B in body fluids have been separated by chromatography on diethylaminoethyl cellulose. By inserting a microcolumn into a continuous-flow system for automated, fluorometric hexosaminidase analysis [Clin. Chem. 20, 538 (1974)], samples eluted with buffered-NaCl gradients can be continuously monitored. Isoenzyme patterns were obtained for fluids from normal individuals, pregnant women, Tay-Sachs disease carriers, pregnant carriers, and patients with the disease. These chromatograms revealed a hitherto undetected isoenzyme (I-3) in serum. An increase in serum hexosaminidase isoenzyme I-2 (or P) during pregnancy is characteristic of a carrier pattern. Our data show that serum and urinary hexosaminidase isoenzyme patterns may be used in addition to leukocyte analysis, to distinguish a pregnant carrier from a normal pregnant woman. All fluids tested demonstrated no isoenzyme A activity and above-normal activity of isoenzymes B and (or) I-2 in homozygotes. Urine is preferred fluid for postnatal and amniotic fluid for the prenatal diagnosis of the disease. Quantitative data on isoenzyme A obtained with the procedure described here agree well with those obtained by heat-and pH-inactivation methods.", "PMID": 1112042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3314", "title": "Comparison of human pancreatic and parotid amylase activities on different substrates.", "content": "The specific activities of highly purified preparations of human parotid and pancreatic amylase on several different soluble and insoluble starches were compared. The ratio of parotid to pancreatic activity varied with the physical nature of the substrate. With all soluble starches, irrespective of source, parotid amylase exhibited a higher specific activity than did pancreatic amylase; the reverse was true for an insoluble chromogenic starch (Amylose Azure). The variation in enzyme-substrate interaction supports previous indications of configurational differences between the two amylases. The observed organ-specific characteristics according to organ of origin may have value in determining relative parotid and pancreatic amylase activities in body fluids under normal and pathological conditions, thereby helping to clarify their functional and clinical significance.", "contents": "Comparison of human pancreatic and parotid amylase activities on different substrates. The specific activities of highly purified preparations of human parotid and pancreatic amylase on several different soluble and insoluble starches were compared. The ratio of parotid to pancreatic activity varied with the physical nature of the substrate. With all soluble starches, irrespective of source, parotid amylase exhibited a higher specific activity than did pancreatic amylase; the reverse was true for an insoluble chromogenic starch (Amylose Azure). The variation in enzyme-substrate interaction supports previous indications of configurational differences between the two amylases. The observed organ-specific characteristics according to organ of origin may have value in determining relative parotid and pancreatic amylase activities in body fluids under normal and pathological conditions, thereby helping to clarify their functional and clinical significance.", "PMID": 1112043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3315", "title": "Determination of orotic and dihydroorotic acids in biological fluids and tissues.", "content": "In commonly used procedures for colorimetric assay of orotic acid in biological materials, certain substances interfere, positively or negatively. Some that interfere negatively are ornithine, cysteine, citrulline, tyrosine, proline, hydroxyproline, and polyamines. Protein and interfering agents are easily removed by first isolating the total organic acid fraction. The orotic acid in this fraction can then be determined by an established colorimetric procedure. A rapid liquid-liquid column-chromatographic procedure is described, if analysis of both dihydroorotic and orotic acid is required.", "contents": "Determination of orotic and dihydroorotic acids in biological fluids and tissues. In commonly used procedures for colorimetric assay of orotic acid in biological materials, certain substances interfere, positively or negatively. Some that interfere negatively are ornithine, cysteine, citrulline, tyrosine, proline, hydroxyproline, and polyamines. Protein and interfering agents are easily removed by first isolating the total organic acid fraction. The orotic acid in this fraction can then be determined by an established colorimetric procedure. A rapid liquid-liquid column-chromatographic procedure is described, if analysis of both dihydroorotic and orotic acid is required.", "PMID": 1112044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3316", "title": "Interlaboratory comparison of enzymatic methods for serum glucose determination.", "content": "This report describes an interlaboratory comparison of enzymatic serum glucose methods as currently applied in several instrumental adaptations. Four spectrophotometric, hexokinase-based methods used with the Du Pont \"aca,\" the Abbott \"Bichromatic Analyzer,\" the Aminco \"Rotochem,\" and the Technicon \"AutoAnalyzer ll\" were compared with glucose oxidase-based methods as used with the Beckman \"Glucose Analyzer\" and the \"AutoAnalyzer ll.\" We analyzed both normal samples and samples that contained potential interfering substances or were otherwise abnormal. Although all methods were satisfactorily precise, methodological bias was noted in several cases, particularly with abnormal specimens. The hexokinase-based methods were generally more variable. The most consistent data were obtained from the two glucose oxidase methods and the Du Pont aca. Results of this study comprise part of the background information required for development of an accurate glucose reference method under the auspices of the AACC Standards Committee.", "contents": "Interlaboratory comparison of enzymatic methods for serum glucose determination. This report describes an interlaboratory comparison of enzymatic serum glucose methods as currently applied in several instrumental adaptations. Four spectrophotometric, hexokinase-based methods used with the Du Pont \"aca,\" the Abbott \"Bichromatic Analyzer,\" the Aminco \"Rotochem,\" and the Technicon \"AutoAnalyzer ll\" were compared with glucose oxidase-based methods as used with the Beckman \"Glucose Analyzer\" and the \"AutoAnalyzer ll.\" We analyzed both normal samples and samples that contained potential interfering substances or were otherwise abnormal. Although all methods were satisfactorily precise, methodological bias was noted in several cases, particularly with abnormal specimens. The hexokinase-based methods were generally more variable. The most consistent data were obtained from the two glucose oxidase methods and the Du Pont aca. Results of this study comprise part of the background information required for development of an accurate glucose reference method under the auspices of the AACC Standards Committee.", "PMID": 1112045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3317", "title": "Standardizing 125I sources and determing 125I counting efficiencies of well-type gamma counting systems.", "content": "I describe the technique for determining the absolute decay rate of any 125I source. The problems of varying counting efficiency, varying sample geometry, and extended sources are discussed. By using the calibrated 125I source, the counting efficiency of the given counting system was obtained.", "contents": "Standardizing 125I sources and determing 125I counting efficiencies of well-type gamma counting systems. I describe the technique for determining the absolute decay rate of any 125I source. The problems of varying counting efficiency, varying sample geometry, and extended sources are discussed. By using the calibrated 125I source, the counting efficiency of the given counting system was obtained.", "PMID": 1112046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3318", "title": "Electrophoresis on cellulose acetate and chromatography on DEAE-sephadex A-50 compared in the estimation of creatine kinase isoenzymes.", "content": "We have compared two methods for separating the isoenzymes of creatine kinase in serum and measuring their activity: chromatography on diethylaminoethyl-Sephadex A-50, with both continuous and discontinuous gradient elution, and electrophoresis on cellulose acetate. Results by continuous and discontinuous gradient elution correlated well both for tissue extracts and sera. Electrophoresis on cellulose acetate is evidently less sensitive than the chromatographic method for detecting and measuring low activities of the isoenzyme designated MB. We describe how the isoenzymes may be separated by discontinuous gradient elution from microcolumns of the Sephadex and their activity rapidly quantitated by the Rosalki method [J. Lab. Clin. Med. 69, 696 (1967)], with a centrifugal analyzer.", "contents": "Electrophoresis on cellulose acetate and chromatography on DEAE-sephadex A-50 compared in the estimation of creatine kinase isoenzymes. We have compared two methods for separating the isoenzymes of creatine kinase in serum and measuring their activity: chromatography on diethylaminoethyl-Sephadex A-50, with both continuous and discontinuous gradient elution, and electrophoresis on cellulose acetate. Results by continuous and discontinuous gradient elution correlated well both for tissue extracts and sera. Electrophoresis on cellulose acetate is evidently less sensitive than the chromatographic method for detecting and measuring low activities of the isoenzyme designated MB. We describe how the isoenzymes may be separated by discontinuous gradient elution from microcolumns of the Sephadex and their activity rapidly quantitated by the Rosalki method [J. Lab. Clin. Med. 69, 696 (1967)], with a centrifugal analyzer.", "PMID": 1112047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3319", "title": "Comparison of clinical assays for serum corticosteroids.", "content": "We compared results obtained by (a) chemical (spectrophotometric) and competitive protein-binding assays for serum corticosteroids, and (b) competitive protein-binding and radioimmunoassay, with and without CCI-4 extraction, for serum cortisol. The two corticosteroid methods gave identical results. Radioimmunoassay with and without a CCI-4 extraction step gave identical results for cortisol. Competitive protein-binding assays for cortisol (with and without CCI-4 extraction) and radioimmunoassay for cortisol gave similar results. Specimens with above-normal corticosterone or 11-deoxycortisol concentrations are an exception: only methods that included CCI-4 extraction gave correct values for cortisol; methods without such an extraction step overestimated cortisol. The normal serum corticosteroid concentration (mean plus or minus SD) was 175 plus or minus 53 mug/liter for morning specimens, and 103 plus or minus 40 mug/liter for specimens collected in the afternoon. For cortisol, the corresponding values were 162 plus or minus 44 and 82 plus or minus 29 mug/liter.", "contents": "Comparison of clinical assays for serum corticosteroids. We compared results obtained by (a) chemical (spectrophotometric) and competitive protein-binding assays for serum corticosteroids, and (b) competitive protein-binding and radioimmunoassay, with and without CCI-4 extraction, for serum cortisol. The two corticosteroid methods gave identical results. Radioimmunoassay with and without a CCI-4 extraction step gave identical results for cortisol. Competitive protein-binding assays for cortisol (with and without CCI-4 extraction) and radioimmunoassay for cortisol gave similar results. Specimens with above-normal corticosterone or 11-deoxycortisol concentrations are an exception: only methods that included CCI-4 extraction gave correct values for cortisol; methods without such an extraction step overestimated cortisol. The normal serum corticosteroid concentration (mean plus or minus SD) was 175 plus or minus 53 mug/liter for morning specimens, and 103 plus or minus 40 mug/liter for specimens collected in the afternoon. For cortisol, the corresponding values were 162 plus or minus 44 and 82 plus or minus 29 mug/liter.", "PMID": 1112048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3320", "title": "Separation of creatine kinase isoenzymes in serum by ion-exchange column chromatography (Mercer's method, modified to increase sensitivity).", "content": "We describe our experience with Mercer's method [Clin. Chem. 20, 36 (1974)] for separating isoenzymes of creatine kinase (EC 2.7.3.2) in serum by ion-exchange chromatography. By using diethylaminoethyl cellulose rather than diethylaminoethyl Sephadex in the column and by changing the ionic strength of the eluting buffer, we could detect a significant proportion of the MB isoenzyme of serum creatine kinase at normal activities of creatine kinase in serum, even in the absence of cardiac disease.", "contents": "Separation of creatine kinase isoenzymes in serum by ion-exchange column chromatography (Mercer's method, modified to increase sensitivity). We describe our experience with Mercer's method [Clin. Chem. 20, 36 (1974)] for separating isoenzymes of creatine kinase (EC 2.7.3.2) in serum by ion-exchange chromatography. By using diethylaminoethyl cellulose rather than diethylaminoethyl Sephadex in the column and by changing the ionic strength of the eluting buffer, we could detect a significant proportion of the MB isoenzyme of serum creatine kinase at normal activities of creatine kinase in serum, even in the absence of cardiac disease.", "PMID": 1112049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3321", "title": "Improved biuret procedure for routine determination of urinary total proteins in clinical proteinuria.", "content": "This communication describes and evaluates an improved routine methodology for quantitating clinical proteinuria. Based on investigations of Piscator and of Savory et al., a modified Tsuchiya's reagent (ethanolic HCI-phosphotungstic acid) is used to precipitate proteins at 56 degrees C, followed by biuret spectrophotometry at 540 nm. The accuracy  of the proposed procedure was assessed by comparisons with results obtained by using an ultrafiltration membrane that retains solutes with an average molecular weight in excess of 10 000 for separating of urinary proteins before they are measured with the biuret reaction. Precision of the method (coefficient of variation) is typically 2-3%.", "contents": "Improved biuret procedure for routine determination of urinary total proteins in clinical proteinuria. This communication describes and evaluates an improved routine methodology for quantitating clinical proteinuria. Based on investigations of Piscator and of Savory et al., a modified Tsuchiya's reagent (ethanolic HCI-phosphotungstic acid) is used to precipitate proteins at 56 degrees C, followed by biuret spectrophotometry at 540 nm. The accuracy  of the proposed procedure was assessed by comparisons with results obtained by using an ultrafiltration membrane that retains solutes with an average molecular weight in excess of 10 000 for separating of urinary proteins before they are measured with the biuret reaction. Precision of the method (coefficient of variation) is typically 2-3%.", "PMID": 1112050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3322", "title": "Effect of albumin on serum digoxin radioimmunoassays.", "content": "The use of certain commerically available radioimmunoassay kits for measurement of digoxin results in errors in the determined digoxin concentration of patients when these kits are used according to manufacturers' directions. One factor that is, in part, responsible for these errors is a difference between standards and samples with respect to albumin concentration. Three of the four kits investigated showed a significant inverse relationship between the albumin concentration in the sample and the binding of radiolabeled digoxin by its antibody when the albumin concentration was varied over an extended range. It is apparent, however, that differences in albumin concentration do not completely explain the observed variations in the assay values.", "contents": "Effect of albumin on serum digoxin radioimmunoassays. The use of certain commerically available radioimmunoassay kits for measurement of digoxin results in errors in the determined digoxin concentration of patients when these kits are used according to manufacturers' directions. One factor that is, in part, responsible for these errors is a difference between standards and samples with respect to albumin concentration. Three of the four kits investigated showed a significant inverse relationship between the albumin concentration in the sample and the binding of radiolabeled digoxin by its antibody when the albumin concentration was varied over an extended range. It is apparent, however, that differences in albumin concentration do not completely explain the observed variations in the assay values.", "PMID": 1112051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3323", "title": "Use of nucleic acid hybridization for specific detection of submicrogram quantities of DNA, and its application to human plasma.", "content": "A technique is described for using radiolabeled RNA complementary to human DNA as a probe for the specific identification of submicrogram concentrations of human DNA by formation of RNA-DNA hybrids. An example is given of its application to the semiquantitation of human DNA in human plasma, a substance that is ordinarily difficult to examine because materials are present that interfere with the usual colorimetric or fluorometric assays. An example is also given of the use of an analogous approach to analyzing rabbit serum for circulating bacterial DNA. Unique to the hybridization technique is a degree of specificity sufficient to identify specific base sequences and hence the origin of the DNA being detected, a point that may be important in the examination of circulating DNA reported to occur in patients with systemic lupus erythematosis. This technique may also be of value in clarifying the presently conflicting data regarding the occurrence of free DNA in the normal human circulation.", "contents": "Use of nucleic acid hybridization for specific detection of submicrogram quantities of DNA, and its application to human plasma. A technique is described for using radiolabeled RNA complementary to human DNA as a probe for the specific identification of submicrogram concentrations of human DNA by formation of RNA-DNA hybrids. An example is given of its application to the semiquantitation of human DNA in human plasma, a substance that is ordinarily difficult to examine because materials are present that interfere with the usual colorimetric or fluorometric assays. An example is also given of the use of an analogous approach to analyzing rabbit serum for circulating bacterial DNA. Unique to the hybridization technique is a degree of specificity sufficient to identify specific base sequences and hence the origin of the DNA being detected, a point that may be important in the examination of circulating DNA reported to occur in patients with systemic lupus erythematosis. This technique may also be of value in clarifying the presently conflicting data regarding the occurrence of free DNA in the normal human circulation.", "PMID": 1112052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3324", "title": "Free amino acids in human tonsillar tissue.", "content": "Free amino acids in the tonsils of 20 individuals were measured column chromatographically. Those always found in readily detectable amounts included O-phosphoserine, taurine, O-phosphoethanolamine, aspartic acid, hydroxyproline, threonine, serine, glutamic acid, proline, glycine, alanine, alpha-amino-n-butyric acid, valine, cystine, methionine, isoleucine, leucine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, ornithine, gamma-amino-butyric acid, lysine, histidine, and arginine. Results were compared for three clinical pathological groups and for four age groups. Some abnormal values may result from the pathological conditions.", "contents": "Free amino acids in human tonsillar tissue. Free amino acids in the tonsils of 20 individuals were measured column chromatographically. Those always found in readily detectable amounts included O-phosphoserine, taurine, O-phosphoethanolamine, aspartic acid, hydroxyproline, threonine, serine, glutamic acid, proline, glycine, alanine, alpha-amino-n-butyric acid, valine, cystine, methionine, isoleucine, leucine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, ornithine, gamma-amino-butyric acid, lysine, histidine, and arginine. Results were compared for three clinical pathological groups and for four age groups. Some abnormal values may result from the pathological conditions.", "PMID": 1112054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3325", "title": "Comparison of results for morphine urinalyses by radioimmunoassay and thin-layer chromatography in a narcotic clinic setting.", "content": "Radioimmunoassay (RIA) and thin-layer chromatography (TLC) were compared for morphine detection in an actual narcotic clinic setting. A choice of urines from all those screened by TLC allowed a critical comparison as to actual use or non-use of narcotic drugs, rather than a sampling at random in which the question of possible false positives or negatives cannot be conclusively answered. Although RIA is more sensitive than TLC, its advantage is apparent only in those cases where urine specimens are difficult to obtain frequently regularly or where the use of morphine is suspected by the positive identification of quinine in urine that was morphine-negative by TLC. In a selected group of negative and positive specimens chosen without conscious bias, the two methods gave consistently similar results, indicating that the modified TLC method provided a few or no false positives or negatives if the negatives were from those cases that were not positive anytime up to 3-4 days before urine collection. We conclude that RIA can be of significant value as a supplement to a TLC screening program, without sacrificing the many advantages that TLC has to offer.", "contents": "Comparison of results for morphine urinalyses by radioimmunoassay and thin-layer chromatography in a narcotic clinic setting. Radioimmunoassay (RIA) and thin-layer chromatography (TLC) were compared for morphine detection in an actual narcotic clinic setting. A choice of urines from all those screened by TLC allowed a critical comparison as to actual use or non-use of narcotic drugs, rather than a sampling at random in which the question of possible false positives or negatives cannot be conclusively answered. Although RIA is more sensitive than TLC, its advantage is apparent only in those cases where urine specimens are difficult to obtain frequently regularly or where the use of morphine is suspected by the positive identification of quinine in urine that was morphine-negative by TLC. In a selected group of negative and positive specimens chosen without conscious bias, the two methods gave consistently similar results, indicating that the modified TLC method provided a few or no false positives or negatives if the negatives were from those cases that were not positive anytime up to 3-4 days before urine collection. We conclude that RIA can be of significant value as a supplement to a TLC screening program, without sacrificing the many advantages that TLC has to offer.", "PMID": 1112055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3326", "title": "Lipase-triggered kinetic assay of serum triglycerides.", "content": "We describe a kinetic method for assay of serum or plasma triglycerides, by use of an enzymatic hydrolysis and reaction sequence already described [Clin. Chem. 19, 476 (1973)]. The reaction is triggered by addition of lipase, at a time when free glycerol, or pyruvate (or both) are no longer present. In this method, therefore, there is no need for a blank glycerol assay. In the procedure, reagents are used that are available commercially in the form of stable, dry powders; the method for the preparation of the reagents has been changed to achieve improved stability and performance. Stability and recovery of added triglycerides are satisfactory.", "contents": "Lipase-triggered kinetic assay of serum triglycerides. We describe a kinetic method for assay of serum or plasma triglycerides, by use of an enzymatic hydrolysis and reaction sequence already described [Clin. Chem. 19, 476 (1973)]. The reaction is triggered by addition of lipase, at a time when free glycerol, or pyruvate (or both) are no longer present. In this method, therefore, there is no need for a blank glycerol assay. In the procedure, reagents are used that are available commercially in the form of stable, dry powders; the method for the preparation of the reagents has been changed to achieve improved stability and performance. Stability and recovery of added triglycerides are satisfactory.", "PMID": 1112056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3327", "title": "Simultaneous determination of serum cholesterol and triglycerides after preliminary column chromatography.", "content": "An isopropanolic extract of serum can be made suitable for the simultaneous estimation of cholesterol and triglycerides by passing it through a commercially-available chromatographic column containing activated metallic oxides in which alumina predominates. No centrifugation step nor phase separation is required. Use of the purified extract allows existing methods to be simplified and shortened without loss of reproducibility or stability. Results compare well with those obtained by traditional methods.", "contents": "Simultaneous determination of serum cholesterol and triglycerides after preliminary column chromatography. An isopropanolic extract of serum can be made suitable for the simultaneous estimation of cholesterol and triglycerides by passing it through a commercially-available chromatographic column containing activated metallic oxides in which alumina predominates. No centrifugation step nor phase separation is required. Use of the purified extract allows existing methods to be simplified and shortened without loss of reproducibility or stability. Results compare well with those obtained by traditional methods.", "PMID": 1112057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3328", "title": "Alpha-ketoadipic aciduria, a new inborn error of lysine metabolism; biochemical studies.", "content": "Investigation of a psychomotorically retarded girl showed excretion of abnormal amounts of alpha-ketoadipic acid, alpha-hydroxyadipic acid, alpha-aminoadipic acid, 1,2-butenedicarboxylic acid and elevation of plasma alpha-aminoadipic acid levels.  The identity of these metabolities was established by various methods.  The excretion of alpha-aminoadipic acid correlated to the lysine intake.  Degradation studies with cultured fibroblasts indicate a defect in the oxidative decarboxylation of alpha-ketoadipic acid (see Clin. Chim. Acta, 58 (1975) 271.", "contents": "Alpha-ketoadipic aciduria, a new inborn error of lysine metabolism; biochemical studies. Investigation of a psychomotorically retarded girl showed excretion of abnormal amounts of alpha-ketoadipic acid, alpha-hydroxyadipic acid, alpha-aminoadipic acid, 1,2-butenedicarboxylic acid and elevation of plasma alpha-aminoadipic acid levels.  The identity of these metabolities was established by various methods.  The excretion of alpha-aminoadipic acid correlated to the lysine intake.  Degradation studies with cultured fibroblasts indicate a defect in the oxidative decarboxylation of alpha-ketoadipic acid (see Clin. Chim. Acta, 58 (1975) 271.", "PMID": 1112064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3329", "title": "Alpha-ketoadipic aciduria: degradation studies with fibroblasts,.", "content": "Observation of one patient with alpha-ketoadipic aciduria initiated degradation studies with radiolabelled lysine metabolites in fibroblasts in order to localise the metabolic defect. Liberation of 14-CO-2 from alpha-D,L-(1-14-C) aminoadipate and alpha-(1-14-C) ketoadipate was considerably less in the patient's fibroblasts than in the patient's fibroblasts than in normal controls, whereas 14-CO-2 production from (1,5-14-C) glutarate was in the normal range. These results indicate a defect in the oxidative decarboxylation of alpha-ketoadipate as the probable cause of alpha-ketoadipic aciduria; Cultured amniotic fluid cells from pregnancies of the 15th and 16th week of gestation degrade alpha-(1-14-C) ketoadipate with a similar activity to fibroblast cultures from normal humans after birth.", "contents": "Alpha-ketoadipic aciduria: degradation studies with fibroblasts,. Observation of one patient with alpha-ketoadipic aciduria initiated degradation studies with radiolabelled lysine metabolites in fibroblasts in order to localise the metabolic defect. Liberation of 14-CO-2 from alpha-D,L-(1-14-C) aminoadipate and alpha-(1-14-C) ketoadipate was considerably less in the patient's fibroblasts than in the patient's fibroblasts than in normal controls, whereas 14-CO-2 production from (1,5-14-C) glutarate was in the normal range. These results indicate a defect in the oxidative decarboxylation of alpha-ketoadipate as the probable cause of alpha-ketoadipic aciduria; Cultured amniotic fluid cells from pregnancies of the 15th and 16th week of gestation degrade alpha-(1-14-C) ketoadipate with a similar activity to fibroblast cultures from normal humans after birth.", "PMID": 1112065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3330", "title": "Erythrocyte adenosine deaminase and purine nucleoside phosphorylase activity in gout.", "content": "1. Erythrocyte adenosine deaminase (EC 3.5.4.4) and purine nucleoside (inosine) phosphorylase (EC 2.4.1.1) were measured in 33 healthy controls and 43 primary gouty subjects. Adenosine deaminase activity in controls and gouty subjects was 0.373 plus or minus 0.108 and 0.457 plus or minus 0.140  A unit per 5-10-3 ml packed red cells per h, respectively. The difference was statistically significant (P less than 0.01). Mean adenosine deaminase: inosine phosphorylase (X10) in primary gout was also significantly higher than in controls (P less than 0.05). Inosine phosphorylase activities in the two groups were not significantly different. 2. When gouty patients were divided into two groups according to weight, normal weight gouty subjects had a higher adenosine deaminase activity and an increased ration of adenosine deaminase to inosine phosphorylase when compared with overweight patients (P less than 0.10). In two control groups divided according to the percentage overweight, such differences were not found. In the case of two gouty groups divided according to the existence of gouty heredity, tophi or renal impairment, adenosine deaminase and inosine phosphorylase activity in the two groups were not significantly different. The possible biochemical role of adenosine deaminase activity in primary gout is discussed.", "contents": "Erythrocyte adenosine deaminase and purine nucleoside phosphorylase activity in gout. 1. Erythrocyte adenosine deaminase (EC 3.5.4.4) and purine nucleoside (inosine) phosphorylase (EC 2.4.1.1) were measured in 33 healthy controls and 43 primary gouty subjects. Adenosine deaminase activity in controls and gouty subjects was 0.373 plus or minus 0.108 and 0.457 plus or minus 0.140  A unit per 5-10-3 ml packed red cells per h, respectively. The difference was statistically significant (P less than 0.01). Mean adenosine deaminase: inosine phosphorylase (X10) in primary gout was also significantly higher than in controls (P less than 0.05). Inosine phosphorylase activities in the two groups were not significantly different. 2. When gouty patients were divided into two groups according to weight, normal weight gouty subjects had a higher adenosine deaminase activity and an increased ration of adenosine deaminase to inosine phosphorylase when compared with overweight patients (P less than 0.10). In two control groups divided according to the percentage overweight, such differences were not found. In the case of two gouty groups divided according to the existence of gouty heredity, tophi or renal impairment, adenosine deaminase and inosine phosphorylase activity in the two groups were not significantly different. The possible biochemical role of adenosine deaminase activity in primary gout is discussed.", "PMID": 1112066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3331", "title": "A simple automated micromethod for measuring serum copper.", "content": "An automated micromethod for measuring copper concentration in 0.2 ml of serum employing formaldehyde-oxalydihydrazide as chromogen and using an Auto-Analyzer (Technicon) is presented. The use of formaldehyde-oxalyldihydrazide resulted in a stable and noise-free baseline. The coefficient of variation of the micromethod was 2.4%. The recovery of copper added to samples was 102%. A good correlation between the serum values estimated by the described method and the manual method of Summers (1) (r = 0.929; P less than 0.001) was found when copper standards were prepared in 0.277 M glucose. The mean serum copper concentration found in 26 healthy adult males is 94.1 mug/dl (range: 80 to 120 mug/dl) and in 20 females is 109.8 mug/dl (range: 71 to 170 mug/dl), the difference being statistically significnt (P less than 0.02).", "contents": "A simple automated micromethod for measuring serum copper. An automated micromethod for measuring copper concentration in 0.2 ml of serum employing formaldehyde-oxalydihydrazide as chromogen and using an Auto-Analyzer (Technicon) is presented. The use of formaldehyde-oxalyldihydrazide resulted in a stable and noise-free baseline. The coefficient of variation of the micromethod was 2.4%. The recovery of copper added to samples was 102%. A good correlation between the serum values estimated by the described method and the manual method of Summers (1) (r = 0.929; P less than 0.001) was found when copper standards were prepared in 0.277 M glucose. The mean serum copper concentration found in 26 healthy adult males is 94.1 mug/dl (range: 80 to 120 mug/dl) and in 20 females is 109.8 mug/dl (range: 71 to 170 mug/dl), the difference being statistically significnt (P less than 0.02).", "PMID": 1112068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3332", "title": "Adolescents with developmental disabilities; a survey of their problems and their management.", "content": "Adolescents with developmental disabilities deserve the same sophisticated multidisciplinary evaluation which is now available to younger children. Most of these fit into one of four groupslow normal IQ with poor performance because of psychologic problems, true learning disability, neuromuscular disease, or known mental retardation in need of planning for future care. It is important for the physician dealing with these adolescents to recognize and be ready to deal with the high incidence of emotional problems. He must be able to relate to the adolescents as the primary subject, and to arrange special education, vocational evaluation, and legal counseling. The physician must cultivate professional relationships with a wide range of disciplines since his adolescent patient is likely to need a wide variety of services.", "contents": "Adolescents with developmental disabilities; a survey of their problems and their management. Adolescents with developmental disabilities deserve the same sophisticated multidisciplinary evaluation which is now available to younger children. Most of these fit into one of four groupslow normal IQ with poor performance because of psychologic problems, true learning disability, neuromuscular disease, or known mental retardation in need of planning for future care. It is important for the physician dealing with these adolescents to recognize and be ready to deal with the high incidence of emotional problems. He must be able to relate to the adolescents as the primary subject, and to arrange special education, vocational evaluation, and legal counseling. The physician must cultivate professional relationships with a wide range of disciplines since his adolescent patient is likely to need a wide variety of services.", "PMID": 1112072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3333", "title": "Larsen's syndrome;.", "content": "Three cases of Larsen's syndrome with retospective diagnoses have been described. All of them had both the clinical and radiographic signs characteristic for the syndrome, namely flat, hyperteloric facies, multiple dislocations of the joints, club foot deformity, and long cylindrical fingers. The radiographic findings were generalized and diagnostic in all of the cases. Our patients had additional ossification centers for the body of calcaneus.", "contents": "Larsen's syndrome;. Three cases of Larsen's syndrome with retospective diagnoses have been described. All of them had both the clinical and radiographic signs characteristic for the syndrome, namely flat, hyperteloric facies, multiple dislocations of the joints, club foot deformity, and long cylindrical fingers. The radiographic findings were generalized and diagnostic in all of the cases. Our patients had additional ossification centers for the body of calcaneus.", "PMID": 1112073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3334", "title": "The atherosclerosis problem: pediatric and dietary aspects.", "content": "Arteriosclerotic vascular disease begins in childhood. This most common and serious disorder must be of concern to all those caring for the health of children. Consideration should be given to the possibilities of altering the basic American diet to one lower in saturated fats and cholesterol.", "contents": "The atherosclerosis problem: pediatric and dietary aspects. Arteriosclerotic vascular disease begins in childhood. This most common and serious disorder must be of concern to all those caring for the health of children. Consideration should be given to the possibilities of altering the basic American diet to one lower in saturated fats and cholesterol.", "PMID": 1112074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3335", "title": "Cardiogenic oscillations of nitrogen and argon concentration in expired gas in man.", "content": "1. The cardiogenic oscillations in the concentration of nitrogen and argon in expired gas, which are seen after the inspiration from residual volume of pure oxygen or a bolus of argon, have been studied in normal subjects and in patients with atrial fibrillation. 2. In the upright position of the subject, the peaks of nitrogen and argon concentration coincide with ventricular systole, although there is a transit delay along the tracheobronchial tree before any change of concentration occurs at the mouth. 3. Studies in different postures demonstrated that the effect of the heart is predominantly due to a reduction in cardiac volume during systole with a decrease in airflow from regions adjacent to the heart. These areas contain a different concentration of nitrogen and argon in the alveolar air from the more apical regions. 4. It has been shown that the results are consistent with the present concepts of the influence of gravity on the distribution of inspired air.", "contents": "Cardiogenic oscillations of nitrogen and argon concentration in expired gas in man. 1. The cardiogenic oscillations in the concentration of nitrogen and argon in expired gas, which are seen after the inspiration from residual volume of pure oxygen or a bolus of argon, have been studied in normal subjects and in patients with atrial fibrillation. 2. In the upright position of the subject, the peaks of nitrogen and argon concentration coincide with ventricular systole, although there is a transit delay along the tracheobronchial tree before any change of concentration occurs at the mouth. 3. Studies in different postures demonstrated that the effect of the heart is predominantly due to a reduction in cardiac volume during systole with a decrease in airflow from regions adjacent to the heart. These areas contain a different concentration of nitrogen and argon in the alveolar air from the more apical regions. 4. It has been shown that the results are consistent with the present concepts of the influence of gravity on the distribution of inspired air.", "PMID": 1112079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3336", "title": "Measurement of intrarenal blood-flow distribution in the rabbit using radioactive microspheres.", "content": "1. Total renal blood flow and its distribution within the renal cortex of the conscious rabbit were studied with radioactive microspheres of 15 and 25 mum diameter. 2. The reliability of the microsphere technique was influenced by microsphere diameter and number (dose). The optimum microsphere diameter for determination of flow distribution in the rabbit kidney was 15 mum and dose 100-150 000 spheres. 3. Spheres of 15 mum nominal diameter were randomly distributed within the renal cortex of adult rabbits. The larger spheres in batches nominally 15 mum in diameter in young rabbits and 25 mum diameter in adult rabbits were preferentially distributed to the superficial cortex. 4. In adult rabbits 15 mum diameter spheres lodged in glomerular capillaries. Larger spheres occasionally lodged in interlobular arteries causing intrarenal haemorrhage. 5. Microspheres of 15 mum caused a decrease in renal clearance of creatinine and of p-amino-hippurate when the total injection dose was about 200 000 spheres. These effects were greater when the injection dose was increased to 500 000 spheres. 6. The reduction in total renal blood flow observed with large doses of spheres largely reflected decreased outer cortical flow, as measured by a second injection of spheres, and confirmed by a decrease in p-aminohippurate extraction. 7. The reproducibility of multiple injection studies was limited by these intrarenal effects of microspheres. 8. Total renal blood flow measured in six rabbits in acute experiments by the microsphere technique was 107 plus or minus 12 (mean plus or minus SD) ml/min and by p-amino-hippurate clearance was 100 plus or minus 10 ml/min. 9. Total renal blood flow in twelve conscious, chronically instrumented rabbits was 125 plus or minus 11 ml/min, of which 92 plus or minus 6 ml/min was distributed to the superficial cortex and 33 plus or minus 4 ml/min to the deep cortex.", "contents": "Measurement of intrarenal blood-flow distribution in the rabbit using radioactive microspheres. 1. Total renal blood flow and its distribution within the renal cortex of the conscious rabbit were studied with radioactive microspheres of 15 and 25 mum diameter. 2. The reliability of the microsphere technique was influenced by microsphere diameter and number (dose). The optimum microsphere diameter for determination of flow distribution in the rabbit kidney was 15 mum and dose 100-150 000 spheres. 3. Spheres of 15 mum nominal diameter were randomly distributed within the renal cortex of adult rabbits. The larger spheres in batches nominally 15 mum in diameter in young rabbits and 25 mum diameter in adult rabbits were preferentially distributed to the superficial cortex. 4. In adult rabbits 15 mum diameter spheres lodged in glomerular capillaries. Larger spheres occasionally lodged in interlobular arteries causing intrarenal haemorrhage. 5. Microspheres of 15 mum caused a decrease in renal clearance of creatinine and of p-amino-hippurate when the total injection dose was about 200 000 spheres. These effects were greater when the injection dose was increased to 500 000 spheres. 6. The reduction in total renal blood flow observed with large doses of spheres largely reflected decreased outer cortical flow, as measured by a second injection of spheres, and confirmed by a decrease in p-aminohippurate extraction. 7. The reproducibility of multiple injection studies was limited by these intrarenal effects of microspheres. 8. Total renal blood flow measured in six rabbits in acute experiments by the microsphere technique was 107 plus or minus 12 (mean plus or minus SD) ml/min and by p-amino-hippurate clearance was 100 plus or minus 10 ml/min. 9. Total renal blood flow in twelve conscious, chronically instrumented rabbits was 125 plus or minus 11 ml/min, of which 92 plus or minus 6 ml/min was distributed to the superficial cortex and 33 plus or minus 4 ml/min to the deep cortex.", "PMID": 1112080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3337", "title": "Renal circulatory responses to general anaesthesia in the rabbit: studies using radioactive microspheres.", "content": "1. Total renal blood flow and its cortical distribution were measured by the radioactive microsphere technique in conscious rabbits and after anaethesia with pentobarbitone, chloralose-urethane or ether. 2. Pentobarbitone anaesthesia caused a fall of 26% in total renal blood flow, of 26% in superficial cortical flow, and of 24% in deep cortical flow. Sodium excretion rate fell by 33%. 3. Chloralose-urethane anaesthesia caused no change in total or regional renal blood flow, or in sodium excretion. 4. Ether anaesthesia caused an insignificant fall in total renal blood flow, but superficial cortical flow fell by 13% and deep cortical flow rose by 21%. Urinary sodium excretion fell by 65%. 5. Possible mechanisms for these changes in response to anaesthesia are discussed. 6. The effects of anaesthetic agents may influence the interpretation of published work on control mechanisms in the renal circulation.", "contents": "Renal circulatory responses to general anaesthesia in the rabbit: studies using radioactive microspheres. 1. Total renal blood flow and its cortical distribution were measured by the radioactive microsphere technique in conscious rabbits and after anaethesia with pentobarbitone, chloralose-urethane or ether. 2. Pentobarbitone anaesthesia caused a fall of 26% in total renal blood flow, of 26% in superficial cortical flow, and of 24% in deep cortical flow. Sodium excretion rate fell by 33%. 3. Chloralose-urethane anaesthesia caused no change in total or regional renal blood flow, or in sodium excretion. 4. Ether anaesthesia caused an insignificant fall in total renal blood flow, but superficial cortical flow fell by 13% and deep cortical flow rose by 21%. Urinary sodium excretion fell by 65%. 5. Possible mechanisms for these changes in response to anaesthesia are discussed. 6. The effects of anaesthetic agents may influence the interpretation of published work on control mechanisms in the renal circulation.", "PMID": 1112081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3338", "title": "Uranyl nitrate acute renal failure in the dog: early changes in renal function and haemodynamics.", "content": "1. Sodium excretion, plasma renin acitivity (PRA), inulin clearance, total renal blood flow (RBF), renal cortical radiomicrosphere distribution and systemic administration of uranyl nitrate (19.9 mumol/kg body wt.; 10 mg/kg) in the dog. 2. During the 3 h of study after uranyl nitrate, urine flow remained stable or increased, sodium excretion increased approximately fivefold, renal vascular resistance increased threefold, and concordant decreases in RBF and inulin clearance to 40-50% of control values occured. At 3 h total cortical RBF decreased to 35% of control values and the ration of blood flow in outer to inner cortical zones also decreased, reflecting outer cortical ischaemia, PRA increased in the first hour after uranyl nitrate and slowly declined therafter, though not to control values. 3. Respiratory rate, heart rate, mean systemic blood pressure and cardiac output were unchanged after uranyl nitrate, demonstrating that the changes in renal vascular resistance occurred without a change in peripheral vascular resistance. 4. It is postulated that increased renin-angiotensin system activity mediates the change in renal haemodynamics and the consequent fall in glomerular filtration.", "contents": "Uranyl nitrate acute renal failure in the dog: early changes in renal function and haemodynamics. 1. Sodium excretion, plasma renin acitivity (PRA), inulin clearance, total renal blood flow (RBF), renal cortical radiomicrosphere distribution and systemic administration of uranyl nitrate (19.9 mumol/kg body wt.; 10 mg/kg) in the dog. 2. During the 3 h of study after uranyl nitrate, urine flow remained stable or increased, sodium excretion increased approximately fivefold, renal vascular resistance increased threefold, and concordant decreases in RBF and inulin clearance to 40-50% of control values occured. At 3 h total cortical RBF decreased to 35% of control values and the ration of blood flow in outer to inner cortical zones also decreased, reflecting outer cortical ischaemia, PRA increased in the first hour after uranyl nitrate and slowly declined therafter, though not to control values. 3. Respiratory rate, heart rate, mean systemic blood pressure and cardiac output were unchanged after uranyl nitrate, demonstrating that the changes in renal vascular resistance occurred without a change in peripheral vascular resistance. 4. It is postulated that increased renin-angiotensin system activity mediates the change in renal haemodynamics and the consequent fall in glomerular filtration.", "PMID": 1112082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3339", "title": "Using polar coordinates to measure variability in samples of Phenacolemur: a method of approach.", "content": "Polar coordinates can be used to quantify shapes on which homologous points cannot be readily identified such as lophs, edges, circumferences, outlines of areas, etc., This allows one to describe quantitatively characters, often diagnostic, that at present are not usually quantified and hence do not figure in the statistical analysis of variability that ought to accompany morphological descriptions in taxonomic work. Computer-driven plotters, using this data, provide an efficient means of graphing it, with great accuracy, in a variety of ways that can be used as an aid in qualitatively assessing variability in a sample or as a basis for further quantitative work. Principal component analysis of the data is essential to reduce the great quantity of measurements to a more manageable amount. It is also a valuable aid in interpreting the information. In the example using the Phenacolemur sample, it was shown with the data obtained from the use of polar coordinates in measuring that: (1) Discriminant functions can be used to distinguish between teeth that are very similar in shape and size, such as the Phenacolemur M1 and M2 and with which it is difficult to make such a distinction visually in an objective fashion. (2) It can be shown quantitatively that size is the only valid distinguishing criterion in splitting the AMNH Phenacolemur sample into three species and that the variability in shape is not significant.", "contents": "Using polar coordinates to measure variability in samples of Phenacolemur: a method of approach. Polar coordinates can be used to quantify shapes on which homologous points cannot be readily identified such as lophs, edges, circumferences, outlines of areas, etc., This allows one to describe quantitatively characters, often diagnostic, that at present are not usually quantified and hence do not figure in the statistical analysis of variability that ought to accompany morphological descriptions in taxonomic work. Computer-driven plotters, using this data, provide an efficient means of graphing it, with great accuracy, in a variety of ways that can be used as an aid in qualitatively assessing variability in a sample or as a basis for further quantitative work. Principal component analysis of the data is essential to reduce the great quantity of measurements to a more manageable amount. It is also a valuable aid in interpreting the information. In the example using the Phenacolemur sample, it was shown with the data obtained from the use of polar coordinates in measuring that: (1) Discriminant functions can be used to distinguish between teeth that are very similar in shape and size, such as the Phenacolemur M1 and M2 and with which it is difficult to make such a distinction visually in an objective fashion. (2) It can be shown quantitatively that size is the only valid distinguishing criterion in splitting the AMNH Phenacolemur sample into three species and that the variability in shape is not significant.", "PMID": 1112089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3340", "title": "Rheumatoid arthritis in a dog.", "content": "Rheumatoid arthritis was diagnosed in a 5-year-old  Golden Retriever. Diagnosis was made on the basis of historoclinical, laboratory, and radiographic findings, a positive rheumatoid factor titre, and compliance with the American Rheumatism Association criteria for diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis in man. Satisfactory remission was obtained with buffered aspirin.", "contents": "Rheumatoid arthritis in a dog. Rheumatoid arthritis was diagnosed in a 5-year-old  Golden Retriever. Diagnosis was made on the basis of historoclinical, laboratory, and radiographic findings, a positive rheumatoid factor titre, and compliance with the American Rheumatism Association criteria for diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis in man. Satisfactory remission was obtained with buffered aspirin.", "PMID": 1112093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3341", "title": "Partial lobectomy of bovine liver: a new biopsy technique.", "content": "A surgical technique has been developed for partial lobectomy of the bovine liver to obtain greater than 25 gram liver samples. Vertical mattress sutures, backed with plastic tubing, were replaced in the liver near the incision line to provide hemostasis. Hemostasis of the cut surface of the liver was adequate in each case. Postoperative recovery was uneventful and only minor adhesions were found later by laparotomy and at necropsy.", "contents": "Partial lobectomy of bovine liver: a new biopsy technique. A surgical technique has been developed for partial lobectomy of the bovine liver to obtain greater than 25 gram liver samples. Vertical mattress sutures, backed with plastic tubing, were replaced in the liver near the incision line to provide hemostasis. Hemostasis of the cut surface of the liver was adequate in each case. Postoperative recovery was uneventful and only minor adhesions were found later by laparotomy and at necropsy.", "PMID": 1112094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3342", "title": "Peripheral plasma levels of progesterone and fertility after prostaglandin-2alpha induced oestrus in heifers.", "content": "Sixteen heifers of the Swedish Red and White Breed were given 25 mg PGF2 alpha as tromethamine salt intramuscularly or subcutaneously either on day 8 or day 14 of the oestrus cycle. The injection of PGF2 alpha caused a marked reduction of the size of the corpus luteum in 24 hours. Irrespective of day of injection standing heat occurred 48-96 hours after administration of PGF2 alpha. In the heifers injected on day 8 of the oestrus cycle the midcycle follicle continued to grow and appeared to be the one which was ovulated. Inheifers injected on day 14 a new follicle could be palpated within two days. Eleven of the 16 heifers (69%) became pregnant during the induced heat period. All heifers showed a marked decrease of the peripheral plasma level of progesterone on the day after treatment. The mean progesterone level at the day of first insemination was 80 pg/ml and at the day of second insemination where applied 46 pg/ml. It is concluded that intramuscular or subcutaneous administration of PFG2 alpha on days 8 and 14 of the oestrus cycle results in luteolysis of the cyclic corpus luteum, follicular growth, ovulation and normal pregnancy result after artificial insemination.", "contents": "Peripheral plasma levels of progesterone and fertility after prostaglandin-2alpha induced oestrus in heifers. Sixteen heifers of the Swedish Red and White Breed were given 25 mg PGF2 alpha as tromethamine salt intramuscularly or subcutaneously either on day 8 or day 14 of the oestrus cycle. The injection of PGF2 alpha caused a marked reduction of the size of the corpus luteum in 24 hours. Irrespective of day of injection standing heat occurred 48-96 hours after administration of PGF2 alpha. In the heifers injected on day 8 of the oestrus cycle the midcycle follicle continued to grow and appeared to be the one which was ovulated. Inheifers injected on day 14 a new follicle could be palpated within two days. Eleven of the 16 heifers (69%) became pregnant during the induced heat period. All heifers showed a marked decrease of the peripheral plasma level of progesterone on the day after treatment. The mean progesterone level at the day of first insemination was 80 pg/ml and at the day of second insemination where applied 46 pg/ml. It is concluded that intramuscular or subcutaneous administration of PFG2 alpha on days 8 and 14 of the oestrus cycle results in luteolysis of the cyclic corpus luteum, follicular growth, ovulation and normal pregnancy result after artificial insemination.", "PMID": 1112095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3343", "title": "Hypercalcemia and calcinosis in Florida horses: implication of the shrub, Cestrum diurnum, as the causative agent.", "content": "A chronic debilitating disease is described in Florida horses. There is progress weight loss and lameness of increasing severity. Plasma calcium is elevated to moderate or severe degree. Anatomical changes include dystrophic calcinosis of elastic tissues, viz. major arteries, tendons and ligaments. A generalized osteopetrosis is present and may be related to hypoparathyroidsim and hypercalcitoninism. The presence of Cestrum diurnum (day-blooming jessamine, day cestrum, wild jasmin) in areas accessible to affected animals, the observation that leaves of the plant were stripped in these areas, and the finding of a potent, active vitamin D-like substance in this plant constitute strong evidence that Cestrum diurnum is the agent causing the abnormalities of mineral metabolism.", "contents": "Hypercalcemia and calcinosis in Florida horses: implication of the shrub, Cestrum diurnum, as the causative agent. A chronic debilitating disease is described in Florida horses. There is progress weight loss and lameness of increasing severity. Plasma calcium is elevated to moderate or severe degree. Anatomical changes include dystrophic calcinosis of elastic tissues, viz. major arteries, tendons and ligaments. A generalized osteopetrosis is present and may be related to hypoparathyroidsim and hypercalcitoninism. The presence of Cestrum diurnum (day-blooming jessamine, day cestrum, wild jasmin) in areas accessible to affected animals, the observation that leaves of the plant were stripped in these areas, and the finding of a potent, active vitamin D-like substance in this plant constitute strong evidence that Cestrum diurnum is the agent causing the abnormalities of mineral metabolism.", "PMID": 1112096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3344", "title": "Castration and other factors affecting the risk of equine laminitis.", "content": "The characteristics of a series of equine laminitis cases were compared with that of other Equidae examined at the University of Missouri Veterinary Hospital and Clinic during May, 1965 through December, 1971. The model age for ponies with laminitis was 7-9 years and for all other cases the model age was 4-6 years. Also the predominant age for mares was 4-6 years and for males was 7-9 years. After controlling for age and breed differences, there were significantly fewer castrated males among the affected males than expected (P small than 0.02), indicating that hormonal factors may play a role in laminitis. Ponies had a significantly greater risk of laminitis (P smaller than 0.001) and their relative risk was 4.3 times greater than all other Equidae combined. There were more laminitis cases diagnosed during May than during other months.", "contents": "Castration and other factors affecting the risk of equine laminitis. The characteristics of a series of equine laminitis cases were compared with that of other Equidae examined at the University of Missouri Veterinary Hospital and Clinic during May, 1965 through December, 1971. The model age for ponies with laminitis was 7-9 years and for all other cases the model age was 4-6 years. Also the predominant age for mares was 4-6 years and for males was 7-9 years. After controlling for age and breed differences, there were significantly fewer castrated males among the affected males than expected (P small than 0.02), indicating that hormonal factors may play a role in laminitis. Ponies had a significantly greater risk of laminitis (P smaller than 0.001) and their relative risk was 4.3 times greater than all other Equidae combined. There were more laminitis cases diagnosed during May than during other months.", "PMID": 1112097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3345", "title": "A study of immunologic relationships among serologically heterologous strains of bovine viral diarrhea virus by cross immunity tests.", "content": "Three serologically heterologous strains of bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) virus were compared in reciprocal cross immunity tests in calves. Each strain was inoculated into five calves. Thirty-eight days later one calf in each group was reinoculated with homologous virus while the immunity of the remaining four was challenged with the serologically heterologous strains of virus, using two calves for each strain. Of the 12 calves in the cross immunity tests, nine were refractory to immunity challenge with the heterologous viral strains while one in each group responded with mild, atypical signs of BVD. On the basis of immunity testing it appears that significant serologic differences among strains of BVD virus are unrelated to the immunologic properties of the strains. It was demonstrated, moreover, that each of the three strains used in the present study evoked the production of antibody to the heterologous as well as to the homologous strain of virus.", "contents": "A study of immunologic relationships among serologically heterologous strains of bovine viral diarrhea virus by cross immunity tests. Three serologically heterologous strains of bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) virus were compared in reciprocal cross immunity tests in calves. Each strain was inoculated into five calves. Thirty-eight days later one calf in each group was reinoculated with homologous virus while the immunity of the remaining four was challenged with the serologically heterologous strains of virus, using two calves for each strain. Of the 12 calves in the cross immunity tests, nine were refractory to immunity challenge with the heterologous viral strains while one in each group responded with mild, atypical signs of BVD. On the basis of immunity testing it appears that significant serologic differences among strains of BVD virus are unrelated to the immunologic properties of the strains. It was demonstrated, moreover, that each of the three strains used in the present study evoked the production of antibody to the heterologous as well as to the homologous strain of virus.", "PMID": 1112098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3346", "title": "Intersynovial fistula in the carpus of a horse.", "content": "Soft tissue lesions are often secondary  to equine carpal injury. The clinical and pathological nature of soft tissue changes following carpal trauma are varied. This report describes a case of intersynovial fistula between the radial carpal joint and the common digital extensor tendon sheath. The differential diagnosis and pathological features of equine soft tissue carpal injuries are discussed.", "contents": "Intersynovial fistula in the carpus of a horse. Soft tissue lesions are often secondary  to equine carpal injury. The clinical and pathological nature of soft tissue changes following carpal trauma are varied. This report describes a case of intersynovial fistula between the radial carpal joint and the common digital extensor tendon sheath. The differential diagnosis and pathological features of equine soft tissue carpal injuries are discussed.", "PMID": 1112099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3347", "title": "Growth and aging of the normal human lung.", "content": "The lung grows primarily by alveolar multiplication, but alveoli also double in size from infancy to adult life. The time at which alveolar multiplication ceases is obscure. As the lung ages it loses alveolar surface area due to alteration in the internal geometry of the lung. Alveolar wall tissue is also lost, thought to reflect loss of capillary bed.", "contents": "Growth and aging of the normal human lung. The lung grows primarily by alveolar multiplication, but alveoli also double in size from infancy to adult life. The time at which alveolar multiplication ceases is obscure. As the lung ages it loses alveolar surface area due to alteration in the internal geometry of the lung. Alveolar wall tissue is also lost, thought to reflect loss of capillary bed.", "PMID": 1112103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3348", "title": "Isolation of pulmonary pressor substances from bovine amniotic fluid.", "content": "The pulmonary pressor activity of bovine amniotic fluid resides in substances that appear to be non-polar lipids as suggested by the various chemical and chromatographic procedures. In preliminary experiments, it was found that the pressor activities of the hexane extracts were blocked by prior administration of aspirin to the calf (1 mg/kg), suggesting that pressor effect was mediated via the prostaglandin system. The amniotic fluid lipids, however, differed from the known prostaglandins in being less polar as indicated by thin layer chromatography and in possessing greater pressor activity. It is possible, of course, that the lipids with pulmonary pressor activity participate in the metabolism of the prostaglandins.", "contents": "Isolation of pulmonary pressor substances from bovine amniotic fluid. The pulmonary pressor activity of bovine amniotic fluid resides in substances that appear to be non-polar lipids as suggested by the various chemical and chromatographic procedures. In preliminary experiments, it was found that the pressor activities of the hexane extracts were blocked by prior administration of aspirin to the calf (1 mg/kg), suggesting that pressor effect was mediated via the prostaglandin system. The amniotic fluid lipids, however, differed from the known prostaglandins in being less polar as indicated by thin layer chromatography and in possessing greater pressor activity. It is possible, of course, that the lipids with pulmonary pressor activity participate in the metabolism of the prostaglandins.", "PMID": 1112109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3349", "title": "Return of arterial PO2 values to baseline after supplemental oxygen in patients with cardiac disease.", "content": "Serial arterial PO-2 values were obtained following discontinuation of supplemental inspiratory oxygen by face mask in 21 patients suffering from a variety of cardiac diseases. All patients were free of pulmonary disease. Arterial PO2 values returned to baseline within seven minutes after supplemental oxygen was withdrawn. Decay rate constants calculated from the arterial PO2 measurements were unaffected by cardiac index or the level of pulmonary capillary wedge pressure. We conclude that in patients free of overt pulmonary disease, arterial PO2 measured five to seven minutes after withdrawal of supplemental inspiratory oxygen accurately reflects an individual patient's baseline arterial PO2 value.", "contents": "Return of arterial PO2 values to baseline after supplemental oxygen in patients with cardiac disease. Serial arterial PO-2 values were obtained following discontinuation of supplemental inspiratory oxygen by face mask in 21 patients suffering from a variety of cardiac diseases. All patients were free of pulmonary disease. Arterial PO2 values returned to baseline within seven minutes after supplemental oxygen was withdrawn. Decay rate constants calculated from the arterial PO2 measurements were unaffected by cardiac index or the level of pulmonary capillary wedge pressure. We conclude that in patients free of overt pulmonary disease, arterial PO2 measured five to seven minutes after withdrawal of supplemental inspiratory oxygen accurately reflects an individual patient's baseline arterial PO2 value.", "PMID": 1112118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3350", "title": "Prolonged rate of decay of arterial PO2 following oxygen breathing in chronic airways obstruction.", "content": "Nine patients with moderate to severe chronic obstructive lung disease were grouped according to results of pulmonary function testing. After a short period of 100 percent oxygen breathing, it took on the average 20 minutes (range--18 to 24 minutes) for their partial pressure of arterial oxygen to return to baseline levels. These data suggest that, after discontinuing supplemental oxygen in patients with chronic airways obstruction, more than 25 minutes should elapse if a blood gas measurement is to reflect with certainty conditions during room air breathing.", "contents": "Prolonged rate of decay of arterial PO2 following oxygen breathing in chronic airways obstruction. Nine patients with moderate to severe chronic obstructive lung disease were grouped according to results of pulmonary function testing. After a short period of 100 percent oxygen breathing, it took on the average 20 minutes (range--18 to 24 minutes) for their partial pressure of arterial oxygen to return to baseline levels. These data suggest that, after discontinuing supplemental oxygen in patients with chronic airways obstruction, more than 25 minutes should elapse if a blood gas measurement is to reflect with certainty conditions during room air breathing.", "PMID": 1112119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3351", "title": "Comparison of 24 versus 12 hours of ambulatory ECG monitoring.", "content": "In order to assess the additional information obtained from 24 hours compared to 12 hours of ambulatory ECG (electrocardiogram) recording, we analyzed 72 ambulatory ECG monitoring tapes in which arrhythmias were present. In all cases the second 12 hours included the entire period of sleep. Only 38 of 233 (16 percent) episodes of arrhythmias, frequent premature ventricular contractions (PVC's), two or more PVC's in a row, multiform PVC's, ventricular bigeminy, trigeminy, premature atrial contractions (PAC's), and supraventricular tachyarrhythmias occurred for the first time in the second 12-hour period. New ventricular arrhythmias were detected during the second 12-hour period in 13 percent of the arrhythmic episodes. Although sleep resulted in a marked decrease in PVC frequency in 63 percent of 30 recordings, with frequent PVC's while awake, 8 percent had a significant increase during sleep. In contrast, short runs of supraventricular tachyarrhythmias occurred during the second 12 hours in 48 percent of cases, 66 percent of these while asleep. These data suggest that a 24-hour ambulatory ECG tape recording be utilized initially to characterize the occurrence and frquency of the patients' ambulatory arrhythmias during awake and sleep periods. Thereafter, additional ECG recordings for monitoring antiarrhythmic drug therapy can be accomplished with a 12-hour recording in more than 80 percent of patients", "contents": "Comparison of 24 versus 12 hours of ambulatory ECG monitoring. In order to assess the additional information obtained from 24 hours compared to 12 hours of ambulatory ECG (electrocardiogram) recording, we analyzed 72 ambulatory ECG monitoring tapes in which arrhythmias were present. In all cases the second 12 hours included the entire period of sleep. Only 38 of 233 (16 percent) episodes of arrhythmias, frequent premature ventricular contractions (PVC's), two or more PVC's in a row, multiform PVC's, ventricular bigeminy, trigeminy, premature atrial contractions (PAC's), and supraventricular tachyarrhythmias occurred for the first time in the second 12-hour period. New ventricular arrhythmias were detected during the second 12-hour period in 13 percent of the arrhythmic episodes. Although sleep resulted in a marked decrease in PVC frequency in 63 percent of 30 recordings, with frequent PVC's while awake, 8 percent had a significant increase during sleep. In contrast, short runs of supraventricular tachyarrhythmias occurred during the second 12 hours in 48 percent of cases, 66 percent of these while asleep. These data suggest that a 24-hour ambulatory ECG tape recording be utilized initially to characterize the occurrence and frquency of the patients' ambulatory arrhythmias during awake and sleep periods. Thereafter, additional ECG recordings for monitoring antiarrhythmic drug therapy can be accomplished with a 12-hour recording in more than 80 percent of patients", "PMID": 1112120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3352", "title": "Pacemaker implantation based on ambulatory ECG monitoring in patients with cerebral symptoms.", "content": "Continuous ambulatory ECG monitoring was performed in 110 patients because of a history of dizziness, alleged syncope of vague cerebral manifestations. The resting ECG failed to provide an explanation for symptoms in any of the patients. In 12 patients the monitoring revealed a variety of arrhythmic mechanisms which required pacemaker implantation. Five of these patients had sick sinus syndrome with episodes of prolonged sinus arrest, while in the others various degrees of A-V block were detected. Implantation of a pacemaker relieved the symptoms in all. It is concluded that ambulatory ECG monitoring is essential in evaluating cases of unexplained cerebral symptoms.", "contents": "Pacemaker implantation based on ambulatory ECG monitoring in patients with cerebral symptoms. Continuous ambulatory ECG monitoring was performed in 110 patients because of a history of dizziness, alleged syncope of vague cerebral manifestations. The resting ECG failed to provide an explanation for symptoms in any of the patients. In 12 patients the monitoring revealed a variety of arrhythmic mechanisms which required pacemaker implantation. Five of these patients had sick sinus syndrome with episodes of prolonged sinus arrest, while in the others various degrees of A-V block were detected. Implantation of a pacemaker relieved the symptoms in all. It is concluded that ambulatory ECG monitoring is essential in evaluating cases of unexplained cerebral symptoms.", "PMID": 1112121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3353", "title": "Effect of propranolol on respiratory function and exercise tolerance in patients with chronic obstructive lung disease.", "content": "Ten patients with chronic obstructive lung disease (COLD) (group 1) and five patients with combined COLD and cardiac disease (group 2) were studied at rest and during exercise after an intravenous (IV) slaine control followed by IV propranolol (0.2 mg/kg). During rest propranolol did not alter significantly measurements of lung volume in groups 1 or 2. Following propranolol the mean airway resistance (AR) in group 1 increased from 4.49 to 5.2 cm H2O/L/sec (P smaller than 0.02) and airway conductance (Gaw) decreased from 0.28 to 0.24 L/sec-1 cm. H2O1 (P smaller than 0.02). In group 2 following propranolol, the mean AR increased from 3.60 to 4.67 cm H2O1 (P smaller than 0.05), and Gaw decreased from 0.30 to 0.23 L/sec-1/cm H2O1 (P smaller than 0.05). During exercise, from control to propranolol, the heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), and heart rate blood pressure (HR x BP) decreased significantly for both groups 1 and 2 except for the systolic pressure in group 2. The duration of exercise and exercising PO2 were not significantly altered from control to propranolol in groups 1 and 2, indicating that the small but statistically significant changes in AR and Gaw did not interfere with symptom tolerated maximal exercise in these patients and were therefore not clinically important.", "contents": "Effect of propranolol on respiratory function and exercise tolerance in patients with chronic obstructive lung disease. Ten patients with chronic obstructive lung disease (COLD) (group 1) and five patients with combined COLD and cardiac disease (group 2) were studied at rest and during exercise after an intravenous (IV) slaine control followed by IV propranolol (0.2 mg/kg). During rest propranolol did not alter significantly measurements of lung volume in groups 1 or 2. Following propranolol the mean airway resistance (AR) in group 1 increased from 4.49 to 5.2 cm H2O/L/sec (P smaller than 0.02) and airway conductance (Gaw) decreased from 0.28 to 0.24 L/sec-1 cm. H2O1 (P smaller than 0.02). In group 2 following propranolol, the mean AR increased from 3.60 to 4.67 cm H2O1 (P smaller than 0.05), and Gaw decreased from 0.30 to 0.23 L/sec-1/cm H2O1 (P smaller than 0.05). During exercise, from control to propranolol, the heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), and heart rate blood pressure (HR x BP) decreased significantly for both groups 1 and 2 except for the systolic pressure in group 2. The duration of exercise and exercising PO2 were not significantly altered from control to propranolol in groups 1 and 2, indicating that the small but statistically significant changes in AR and Gaw did not interfere with symptom tolerated maximal exercise in these patients and were therefore not clinically important.", "PMID": 1112122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3354", "title": "Prognostic significance of chronic versus acute bundle branch block in acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "Of 1125 patients with acute myocardial infarction admitted to Mount Sinai Medical Center in 1971 and 1972, 292 (28.8 percent) had intraventricular conduction defects. In 210 of the 292 patients with intraventricular conduction defect, it was possible to determine if the conduction defect, was present before the infarction (Group 1, 123 patients) or developed acutely with the infarction (Group 2, 87 patients). Of the 210 patients, 52.8 percent died (mean age 72.1 years). Fifty-three patients in Group 1 and 18 patients in Group 2 had isolated left axis deviation (LAD). The mortality was 35 percent and 28 percent respectively. This difference was not significant (p greater than 0.60). Sixty-four of the 210 patients presented with a left bundle branch block (LBBB) pattern. The overall mortality of 54 percent was the same in both groups. Right bundle branch block(RBBB), with either normal axis, left (LAD) or right axis deviation (RAD), was found in 74 patients. Of 40 patients in Group 1, 62 percent died, and of 35 patients in Group 2, 80 percent expired. Again this difference was not significant (p greater than 0.10). In 13 of 25 patients with RBBB in Group 1, death was possible related to progression of the conduction defect. The use of prophylactic temporary pacing is suggested for these patients.", "contents": "Prognostic significance of chronic versus acute bundle branch block in acute myocardial infarction. Of 1125 patients with acute myocardial infarction admitted to Mount Sinai Medical Center in 1971 and 1972, 292 (28.8 percent) had intraventricular conduction defects. In 210 of the 292 patients with intraventricular conduction defect, it was possible to determine if the conduction defect, was present before the infarction (Group 1, 123 patients) or developed acutely with the infarction (Group 2, 87 patients). Of the 210 patients, 52.8 percent died (mean age 72.1 years). Fifty-three patients in Group 1 and 18 patients in Group 2 had isolated left axis deviation (LAD). The mortality was 35 percent and 28 percent respectively. This difference was not significant (p greater than 0.60). Sixty-four of the 210 patients presented with a left bundle branch block (LBBB) pattern. The overall mortality of 54 percent was the same in both groups. Right bundle branch block(RBBB), with either normal axis, left (LAD) or right axis deviation (RAD), was found in 74 patients. Of 40 patients in Group 1, 62 percent died, and of 35 patients in Group 2, 80 percent expired. Again this difference was not significant (p greater than 0.10). In 13 of 25 patients with RBBB in Group 1, death was possible related to progression of the conduction defect. The use of prophylactic temporary pacing is suggested for these patients.", "PMID": 1112123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3355", "title": "Unmasking of slow intrinsic ventricular excitation by magnetic inhibition of R-wave inhibited demand pacemakers.", "content": "In patients with permanent pacemakers and slow intrinsic ventricular excitation, the pacemaker rhythm dominates ventricular excitation. Diagnostic considerations may require that the electrocardiographic morphology of the intrinsic beats be known, such as during the exclusion of the myocardial infarction. If the pacemaker is a Cordis R wave inhibited (Stanicor) type, it is possible to allow the intrinsic rhythm to emerge by external magnetic inhibition of the pacemaker. Such inhibition can be achieved by rotating a magnet back and forth through a 180 degree arc with the magnetized poles on the surface of the chest wall above the pacing unit. Successful pacemaker inhibition by the magnet will abolish the pacemaker rhythm. It is concluded that magnetic inhibition of R wave inhibited pacemakers may be a useful diagnostic tool in patients with Stanicor pacemaker rhythms.", "contents": "Unmasking of slow intrinsic ventricular excitation by magnetic inhibition of R-wave inhibited demand pacemakers. In patients with permanent pacemakers and slow intrinsic ventricular excitation, the pacemaker rhythm dominates ventricular excitation. Diagnostic considerations may require that the electrocardiographic morphology of the intrinsic beats be known, such as during the exclusion of the myocardial infarction. If the pacemaker is a Cordis R wave inhibited (Stanicor) type, it is possible to allow the intrinsic rhythm to emerge by external magnetic inhibition of the pacemaker. Such inhibition can be achieved by rotating a magnet back and forth through a 180 degree arc with the magnetized poles on the surface of the chest wall above the pacing unit. Successful pacemaker inhibition by the magnet will abolish the pacemaker rhythm. It is concluded that magnetic inhibition of R wave inhibited pacemakers may be a useful diagnostic tool in patients with Stanicor pacemaker rhythms.", "PMID": 1112124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3356", "title": "Fatal lung scan in a case of pulmonary hypertension due to obliterative pulmonary vascular disease.", "content": "A young woman with pulmonary hypertension due to sclerodermatous pulmonary vascular disease died immediately following the injection of macroaggregated albumin labeled with 99-TC for a perfusion lung scan. Review of the literature suggests that patients with chronic pulmonary hypertension due to an obliterative pulmonary vascular disease are at risk of developing a serious reaction to perfusion lung scanning. Important factors which predispose to an adverse reaction to lung scanning are the size and dose of macroaggregated albumin particles in relation to the total cross-sectional area of the pulmonary vascular bed and a critical arteriolar lumen size.", "contents": "Fatal lung scan in a case of pulmonary hypertension due to obliterative pulmonary vascular disease. A young woman with pulmonary hypertension due to sclerodermatous pulmonary vascular disease died immediately following the injection of macroaggregated albumin labeled with 99-TC for a perfusion lung scan. Review of the literature suggests that patients with chronic pulmonary hypertension due to an obliterative pulmonary vascular disease are at risk of developing a serious reaction to perfusion lung scanning. Important factors which predispose to an adverse reaction to lung scanning are the size and dose of macroaggregated albumin particles in relation to the total cross-sectional area of the pulmonary vascular bed and a critical arteriolar lumen size.", "PMID": 1112125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3357", "title": "The unreliability of the maximal midexpiratory flow as an index of acute airway changes.", "content": "This study evaluates the reliability of the maximal midexpiratory flow (MMF) as an index of acute airway changes. In a group of asthmatics, intravenous histamine induced a significant decrease in the forced vital capacity, expiratory volume in the first second, and peak flow, while increasing the respiratory system resistance and the closing volume. The studies showed narrowing of the airways, while the MMF significantly increased in all subjects, implying dilation of the airways. The increased closing volume suggested narrowing of the small airways. The data, however, suggest that the paradoxic increase of the MMF is a result of histamine-induced early small airway closure, eliminating the lung units with longer time constants. Unless the MMF is related to absolute lung volumes (as presently measured the MMF is not related to absolute lung volumes) it may be misleading, and is thus an unreliable index of acute airway changes.", "contents": "The unreliability of the maximal midexpiratory flow as an index of acute airway changes. This study evaluates the reliability of the maximal midexpiratory flow (MMF) as an index of acute airway changes. In a group of asthmatics, intravenous histamine induced a significant decrease in the forced vital capacity, expiratory volume in the first second, and peak flow, while increasing the respiratory system resistance and the closing volume. The studies showed narrowing of the airways, while the MMF significantly increased in all subjects, implying dilation of the airways. The increased closing volume suggested narrowing of the small airways. The data, however, suggest that the paradoxic increase of the MMF is a result of histamine-induced early small airway closure, eliminating the lung units with longer time constants. Unless the MMF is related to absolute lung volumes (as presently measured the MMF is not related to absolute lung volumes) it may be misleading, and is thus an unreliable index of acute airway changes.", "PMID": 1112126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3358", "title": "Left subclavian steal, interrupted aortic arch, complete transposition of the great vessels and single left ventricle.", "content": "Congenital subclavian steal consists of atresia of the proximal end of the subclavian artery, while the blood supply to the distal portion of the subclavian artery originates from the circle of Willis. It should be suspected in complicated malformations of the heart associated with marked hypoplasia or interruption of the aortic arch. Minimal differences in blood pressure determinations may be an important clue in the diagnosis of this anomaly. The diagnosis may be confirmed by angiography with careful attention to late arterial phase films.", "contents": "Left subclavian steal, interrupted aortic arch, complete transposition of the great vessels and single left ventricle. Congenital subclavian steal consists of atresia of the proximal end of the subclavian artery, while the blood supply to the distal portion of the subclavian artery originates from the circle of Willis. It should be suspected in complicated malformations of the heart associated with marked hypoplasia or interruption of the aortic arch. Minimal differences in blood pressure determinations may be an important clue in the diagnosis of this anomaly. The diagnosis may be confirmed by angiography with careful attention to late arterial phase films.", "PMID": 1112130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3359", "title": "Strangulation of the left atrial appendage through a congenital partial pericardial defect.", "content": "The first case of strangulation of a left atrial appendage through a partial congenital pericardial defect is presented. Surgery consisted of a left atrial appendectomy and closure of the defect.", "contents": "Strangulation of the left atrial appendage through a congenital partial pericardial defect. The first case of strangulation of a left atrial appendage through a partial congenital pericardial defect is presented. Surgery consisted of a left atrial appendectomy and closure of the defect.", "PMID": 1112131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3360", "title": "Resolution of an iatrogenic coronary artery thromboembolus.", "content": "A patient with an iatrogenic coronary thromboemboulus, sustained during selective left coronary catheterization is presented. The embolus was identified by angiography and its complete resolution was documented in the same manner three months later. Despite chest pain and elevation of the cardiac enzymes, the electrocardiogram showed only nonspecific changes and the absence of macroscopically identifiable infarction was demonstrated at thoracotomy. Thromboembolization may be a more common cause of complication with the Judkins technique than generally realized but may be compatible with complete recovery and be avoided by special catheterization practices.", "contents": "Resolution of an iatrogenic coronary artery thromboembolus. A patient with an iatrogenic coronary thromboemboulus, sustained during selective left coronary catheterization is presented. The embolus was identified by angiography and its complete resolution was documented in the same manner three months later. Despite chest pain and elevation of the cardiac enzymes, the electrocardiogram showed only nonspecific changes and the absence of macroscopically identifiable infarction was demonstrated at thoracotomy. Thromboembolization may be a more common cause of complication with the Judkins technique than generally realized but may be compatible with complete recovery and be avoided by special catheterization practices.", "PMID": 1112132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3361", "title": "Successful surgical resection of a chronic false aneurysm of the left ventricle.", "content": "The case of a patient with a chronic false aneurysm of the left ventricle diagnosed three years after a documented myocardial infarction is reported. The patient presented with a mass seen on the chest x-ray examination. The correct diagnosis was made by ventriculography and the aneurysm was successfully resected.", "contents": "Successful surgical resection of a chronic false aneurysm of the left ventricle. The case of a patient with a chronic false aneurysm of the left ventricle diagnosed three years after a documented myocardial infarction is reported. The patient presented with a mass seen on the chest x-ray examination. The correct diagnosis was made by ventriculography and the aneurysm was successfully resected.", "PMID": 1112133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3362", "title": "Coronary artery to left atrial fistula in association with severe atherosclerosis and mitral stenosis: report of surgical repair.", "content": "Not uncommonly, atherosclerosis may be found associated with rheumatic heart disease. The combination of atherosclerosis, rheumatic heart disease and coronary fistula is an unusual combination of hemodynamic and disease states. We report a patient with advanced mitral stenosis and atherosclerosis who also had a fistula from the left coronary artery into the left atrium. Surgical approach: combined valve replacement, bypass grafting and closure of the fistula in an attempt to relieve the pathophysiologic abnormalities.", "contents": "Coronary artery to left atrial fistula in association with severe atherosclerosis and mitral stenosis: report of surgical repair. Not uncommonly, atherosclerosis may be found associated with rheumatic heart disease. The combination of atherosclerosis, rheumatic heart disease and coronary fistula is an unusual combination of hemodynamic and disease states. We report a patient with advanced mitral stenosis and atherosclerosis who also had a fistula from the left coronary artery into the left atrium. Surgical approach: combined valve replacement, bypass grafting and closure of the fistula in an attempt to relieve the pathophysiologic abnormalities.", "PMID": 1112134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3363", "title": "Hypoglycemia complicating the use of solution of glucose, insulin and potassium.", "content": "A patient is described who developed hypoglycemia and generalized neurologic depression after cardiac surgery, while receiving an infusion of glucose, insulin, and potassium (GIK). Hypoglycemia as a complication of the use of GIK solution in patients with hepatic dysfunction, malnutrition and low cardiac output is discussed.", "contents": "Hypoglycemia complicating the use of solution of glucose, insulin and potassium. A patient is described who developed hypoglycemia and generalized neurologic depression after cardiac surgery, while receiving an infusion of glucose, insulin, and potassium (GIK). Hypoglycemia as a complication of the use of GIK solution in patients with hepatic dysfunction, malnutrition and low cardiac output is discussed.", "PMID": 1112135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3364", "title": "Palsy of the recurrent nerve following mediastinoscopy.", "content": "As demonstrated in earlier material, the frequency of palsy of the recurrent nerve following mediastinoscopy varies from 0.18 to 0.53 percent (17,000 patients). In 67 patients operated via mediastinoscopy, where pre- and postoperation indirect laryngoscopy was carried out, four postoperative palsies (6 percent) were discovered. Of these, 3 were found among the 24 patients with malignant infiltration of the mediastinum. The value of pre- and postoperation examination of the larynx is stressed.", "contents": "Palsy of the recurrent nerve following mediastinoscopy. As demonstrated in earlier material, the frequency of palsy of the recurrent nerve following mediastinoscopy varies from 0.18 to 0.53 percent (17,000 patients). In 67 patients operated via mediastinoscopy, where pre- and postoperation indirect laryngoscopy was carried out, four postoperative palsies (6 percent) were discovered. Of these, 3 were found among the 24 patients with malignant infiltration of the mediastinum. The value of pre- and postoperation examination of the larynx is stressed.", "PMID": 1112136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3365", "title": "Miliary tuberculosis presenting as acute respiratory failure: treatment by membrane oxygenator and ventricle pump.", "content": "A 58-year-old woman with high fever, dyspnea, rapidly progressive hypoxemia and opacification of the lung fields presented the clinical picture of catastrophic respiratory failure. Extracorporeal support of oxygenation using a membrane oxygenator and a new ventricle pump was initially successful. At autopsy, miliary tuberculosis was found to be the cause of this \"shock lung like\" syndrome.", "contents": "Miliary tuberculosis presenting as acute respiratory failure: treatment by membrane oxygenator and ventricle pump. A 58-year-old woman with high fever, dyspnea, rapidly progressive hypoxemia and opacification of the lung fields presented the clinical picture of catastrophic respiratory failure. Extracorporeal support of oxygenation using a membrane oxygenator and a new ventricle pump was initially successful. At autopsy, miliary tuberculosis was found to be the cause of this \"shock lung like\" syndrome.", "PMID": 1112137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3366", "title": "Infarct of the myocardium with aneurysm in a 13-year-old girl.", "content": "We present the case of a girl with an infarct and an aneurysm of the left ventricle after viral disease at the age of six years. She died suddenly at 13 years of age. Autopsy findings revealed occlusion of the anterior descending and narrowing of the right coronary artery. The possible relationship of virus disease to the vascular disease is discussed.", "contents": "Infarct of the myocardium with aneurysm in a 13-year-old girl. We present the case of a girl with an infarct and an aneurysm of the left ventricle after viral disease at the age of six years. She died suddenly at 13 years of age. Autopsy findings revealed occlusion of the anterior descending and narrowing of the right coronary artery. The possible relationship of virus disease to the vascular disease is discussed.", "PMID": 1112138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3367", "title": "Vanillyl mandelic acid excretion in unilateral electroconvulsive therapy (ECT).", "content": "The twenty-four hour urinary excretion of vanillyl mandelic acid was determined in a group of eleven psychiatric patients prior to and during the day of the fifth unilateral electroconvulsive treatment. The patients were all determined by their treating psychiatrists and by psychological testing to be psychotically depressed. In ten of the eleven patients a marked decrease in excreted vanillyl mandelic acid was apparent from the pretreatment level to the fifth treatment level. In one of the eleven patients there was a slight rise from the pretreatment level to the excreted level during the fifth day of treatment. The mean pretreatment determination of vanillyl mandelic acid was 4.2 mg per twenty-four hours; the mean determination made on the fifth treatment was 2.8 mg per twenty-four hours.", "contents": "Vanillyl mandelic acid excretion in unilateral electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). The twenty-four hour urinary excretion of vanillyl mandelic acid was determined in a group of eleven psychiatric patients prior to and during the day of the fifth unilateral electroconvulsive treatment. The patients were all determined by their treating psychiatrists and by psychological testing to be psychotically depressed. In ten of the eleven patients a marked decrease in excreted vanillyl mandelic acid was apparent from the pretreatment level to the fifth treatment level. In one of the eleven patients there was a slight rise from the pretreatment level to the excreted level during the fifth day of treatment. The mean pretreatment determination of vanillyl mandelic acid was 4.2 mg per twenty-four hours; the mean determination made on the fifth treatment was 2.8 mg per twenty-four hours.", "PMID": 1112167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3368", "title": "Patterns of symptom change in anxious depressed outpatients treated with different drugs.", "content": "Patients with mixtures of anxiety and depressive mood of rather modest degree constitute a majority in the psychiatric outpatient population. Drug treatments are employed to produce symptomatic relief. In this study, thirteen commonly used psychotherapeutic drugs were compared for efficacy in producing change in symptoms of anxiety, depressive mood, and psychomotor activation level in this most common type of psychiatric clinic patient. The drugs were found to differ in relative effect on anxiety and depressive mood. Paradoxically, the major and minor tranquilizers produced greater effect on depressive mood than anxiety, while the more sedative of the tricyclic antidepressants produced relatively greater effect on anxiety. Within each of the three major drug classes, the more sedative members of the class tended to have relatively greater effect on anxiety and the less sedative tended to have relatively greater effect on depressive mood components of the symptom picture.", "contents": "Patterns of symptom change in anxious depressed outpatients treated with different drugs. Patients with mixtures of anxiety and depressive mood of rather modest degree constitute a majority in the psychiatric outpatient population. Drug treatments are employed to produce symptomatic relief. In this study, thirteen commonly used psychotherapeutic drugs were compared for efficacy in producing change in symptoms of anxiety, depressive mood, and psychomotor activation level in this most common type of psychiatric clinic patient. The drugs were found to differ in relative effect on anxiety and depressive mood. Paradoxically, the major and minor tranquilizers produced greater effect on depressive mood than anxiety, while the more sedative of the tricyclic antidepressants produced relatively greater effect on anxiety. Within each of the three major drug classes, the more sedative members of the class tended to have relatively greater effect on anxiety and the less sedative tended to have relatively greater effect on depressive mood components of the symptom picture.", "PMID": 1112168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3369", "title": "Self-identification and the underdetection of alcoholism.", "content": "Data obtained from administration of the Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (MAST) to 66 institutionalized male alcoholics supported the hypothesis that MAST items which reflected alcoholic self-identification were more likely to result in underdetection of alcoholism than the other MAST items. These findings supported the contention that one of the consequences of devising and validating the tests on self-acknowledged alcoholics is the underdetection of cases. Implications for planning and delivery of alcoholism programs are suggested. The process by which alcoholism screening tests are developed and validated is frequently such that those items are selected which differentiate between a grouping of subjects known to be alcoholics (for example, patients on an alcoholism treatment ward) and a comparison grouping of subjects who are presumed to be free of alcoholism. However, it is questionable whether the alcoholism criterion grouping employed in this process is representative of the universe of alcoholics. The very process of becoming part of a known alcoholic grouping generally involves being identified as an alcoholic and referred for treatment by others (family members, physicians, etc.) and/or oneself. The criterion grouping therefore might include only self-identified alcoholics and exclude alcoholics who were able to avoid detection and self-perceptions of having an alcoholism problem. Consequently the items which are included in the screening test by virtue of differentiating between the criterion group and the comparison group might reflect the phenomenon of self-identification with alcoholism rather than a more broadly defined alcoholic condition. Among the possible consequences of this situation is the underdetection of cases since the screening test would tend to detect instances of self-identified alcoholism to the exclusion of non-self-identified alcoholism. In a prior analysis of data described elsewhere it was determined that a particular screening test -the Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (MAST) - does appear to reflect alcoholic self-identification instead of, or as well as, a more inclusively defined alcoholic condition. However, it remained to be determined whether or not this situation would indeed result in the underdetection of alcoholics since the possibility existed that \"self-identified alcoholism\" and a presumably more inclusive \"condition of alcoholism\" were in fact coterminous categories. This paper deals with the latter issue.", "contents": "Self-identification and the underdetection of alcoholism. Data obtained from administration of the Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (MAST) to 66 institutionalized male alcoholics supported the hypothesis that MAST items which reflected alcoholic self-identification were more likely to result in underdetection of alcoholism than the other MAST items. These findings supported the contention that one of the consequences of devising and validating the tests on self-acknowledged alcoholics is the underdetection of cases. Implications for planning and delivery of alcoholism programs are suggested. The process by which alcoholism screening tests are developed and validated is frequently such that those items are selected which differentiate between a grouping of subjects known to be alcoholics (for example, patients on an alcoholism treatment ward) and a comparison grouping of subjects who are presumed to be free of alcoholism. However, it is questionable whether the alcoholism criterion grouping employed in this process is representative of the universe of alcoholics. The very process of becoming part of a known alcoholic grouping generally involves being identified as an alcoholic and referred for treatment by others (family members, physicians, etc.) and/or oneself. The criterion grouping therefore might include only self-identified alcoholics and exclude alcoholics who were able to avoid detection and self-perceptions of having an alcoholism problem. Consequently the items which are included in the screening test by virtue of differentiating between the criterion group and the comparison group might reflect the phenomenon of self-identification with alcoholism rather than a more broadly defined alcoholic condition. Among the possible consequences of this situation is the underdetection of cases since the screening test would tend to detect instances of self-identified alcoholism to the exclusion of non-self-identified alcoholism. In a prior analysis of data described elsewhere it was determined that a particular screening test -the Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (MAST) - does appear to reflect alcoholic self-identification instead of, or as well as, a more inclusively defined alcoholic condition. However, it remained to be determined whether or not this situation would indeed result in the underdetection of alcoholics since the possibility existed that \"self-identified alcoholism\" and a presumably more inclusive \"condition of alcoholism\" were in fact coterminous categories. This paper deals with the latter issue.", "PMID": 1112169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3370", "title": "Pimozide in chronic schizophrenic outpatients.", "content": "In a double blind placebo controlled clinical evaluation of maintenance therapy in chronic schizophrenic female outpatients, thiordazine in single daily doses not exceeding 375 mg./day for 6 months was shown to be effective maintenance treatment compared with PL, thereby establishing the sensitivity of the experiment. Pimozide was also shown to be effective in a single oral dose not exceeding 16 mg./day and comparable overall to the standard drug. The experimental design was based on the anticipated retrogression of PL treated subjects during the 6-month study period, which was reflected in 5 of 9 (56%) \"treatment failures\" in the PL group compared to 2 of 14 (14%) and 2 of 12 (17%) in the THI and PIM groups, respectively. In addition, in some instances improvement over baseline evaluations was noted in both drug groups, particularly on global impression. Though some items of the BPRS exhibited Drug: PL differences, the scale in general was felt to be rather insensitive for this kind of study. Social adjustment ratings on a special scale completed by the patients and families alike, were also found to be insensitive to treatment differences. Side effects most often seen with THI were sedation, EKG and liver function abnormalities. Headache and restlessness occurred most often with PIM. Extrapyramidal symptoms and insomnia were seen most often with PIM and PL equally.", "contents": "Pimozide in chronic schizophrenic outpatients. In a double blind placebo controlled clinical evaluation of maintenance therapy in chronic schizophrenic female outpatients, thiordazine in single daily doses not exceeding 375 mg./day for 6 months was shown to be effective maintenance treatment compared with PL, thereby establishing the sensitivity of the experiment. Pimozide was also shown to be effective in a single oral dose not exceeding 16 mg./day and comparable overall to the standard drug. The experimental design was based on the anticipated retrogression of PL treated subjects during the 6-month study period, which was reflected in 5 of 9 (56%) \"treatment failures\" in the PL group compared to 2 of 14 (14%) and 2 of 12 (17%) in the THI and PIM groups, respectively. In addition, in some instances improvement over baseline evaluations was noted in both drug groups, particularly on global impression. Though some items of the BPRS exhibited Drug: PL differences, the scale in general was felt to be rather insensitive for this kind of study. Social adjustment ratings on a special scale completed by the patients and families alike, were also found to be insensitive to treatment differences. Side effects most often seen with THI were sedation, EKG and liver function abnormalities. Headache and restlessness occurred most often with PIM. Extrapyramidal symptoms and insomnia were seen most often with PIM and PL equally.", "PMID": 1112170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3371", "title": "Atypical signs of relapse in affective disorders.", "content": "The authors have observed that patients with previous well documented evidence of affective illness can have an atypical relapse of depression precipitated by environmental or interpersonal stress. These patients present with complaints centered around problems resulting from current life stress. They deny sad mood and resist the idea that they are having recurrence of depression. It is suggested that the presence of anhedonia be used as a clinical guide to differentiate \"understandable\" preoccupation with reality problems from emergent depressive relapse. Patients with atypical relapses respond to antidepressants with a disappearance of anhedonia and an ability to place realistic problems in their proper perspective. Cases are presented illustrating this phenomena.", "contents": "Atypical signs of relapse in affective disorders. The authors have observed that patients with previous well documented evidence of affective illness can have an atypical relapse of depression precipitated by environmental or interpersonal stress. These patients present with complaints centered around problems resulting from current life stress. They deny sad mood and resist the idea that they are having recurrence of depression. It is suggested that the presence of anhedonia be used as a clinical guide to differentiate \"understandable\" preoccupation with reality problems from emergent depressive relapse. Patients with atypical relapses respond to antidepressants with a disappearance of anhedonia and an ability to place realistic problems in their proper perspective. Cases are presented illustrating this phenomena.", "PMID": 1112171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3372", "title": "[HL-A, W 27 and serum amino-acids in ankylosing spondylitis (author's transl)].", "content": "Tests for HL-A, W 27 were positive in eight of twelve patients with ankylosing spondylitis. The four negative cases, among them three members of the same family, had a different antigen pattern. Also positive were two cases with Reiter's disease. Semi-quantitative determination of serum levels of aminoacids in this group gave an increased alanine concentration in all but two instances. Leucine and valine levels were also raised, but less characteristically than alanine. These immunogenetic studies enrich diagnostic possibilities in clinical medicine, in addition to suggesting a possible common aetiology and(or) pathogenesis of Reiter\u015b disease and ankylosing spondylitis. The significance of quantitative amino-acid modifications is not clear.", "contents": "[HL-A, W 27 and serum amino-acids in ankylosing spondylitis (author's transl)]. Tests for HL-A, W 27 were positive in eight of twelve patients with ankylosing spondylitis. The four negative cases, among them three members of the same family, had a different antigen pattern. Also positive were two cases with Reiter's disease. Semi-quantitative determination of serum levels of aminoacids in this group gave an increased alanine concentration in all but two instances. Leucine and valine levels were also raised, but less characteristically than alanine. These immunogenetic studies enrich diagnostic possibilities in clinical medicine, in addition to suggesting a possible common aetiology and(or) pathogenesis of Reiter\u015b disease and ankylosing spondylitis. The significance of quantitative amino-acid modifications is not clear.", "PMID": 1112190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3373", "title": "[Left atrial lead and stimulation in wpw-syndrome type A (author's transl)].", "content": "Normal and accessory A-V conduction were analyzed by His bundle recordings in a 49-year-old patient with WPW-syndrome type A. An open foramen ovale permitted registration of left atrial potentials as well as left atrial pacing. The effects of the pacemaker site (left or right atrial pacing) on the electrocardiographic variability of pre-excitation were studied. The effective refractory period of the accessory A-V conduction was shown to be dependent on the site of pacing. Recordings of right and left atrial potentials during runs of supraventricular tachycardia demonstrated that V-A conduction occurred via the accessory pathway.", "contents": "[Left atrial lead and stimulation in wpw-syndrome type A (author's transl)]. Normal and accessory A-V conduction were analyzed by His bundle recordings in a 49-year-old patient with WPW-syndrome type A. An open foramen ovale permitted registration of left atrial potentials as well as left atrial pacing. The effects of the pacemaker site (left or right atrial pacing) on the electrocardiographic variability of pre-excitation were studied. The effective refractory period of the accessory A-V conduction was shown to be dependent on the site of pacing. Recordings of right and left atrial potentials during runs of supraventricular tachycardia demonstrated that V-A conduction occurred via the accessory pathway.", "PMID": 1112191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3374", "title": "[Is goiter an endemic disease in the German Federal Republic? (AUTHOR'S TRANSL)].", "content": "Statistical analysis of indexed information on 5,4 million men, subject to military conscription, gave a goitre incidence of 15.29 per cent. This corresponds to an endemic state and would suggest that goitre prevention programme is needed.", "contents": "[Is goiter an endemic disease in the German Federal Republic? (AUTHOR'S TRANSL)]. Statistical analysis of indexed information on 5,4 million men, subject to military conscription, gave a goitre incidence of 15.29 per cent. This corresponds to an endemic state and would suggest that goitre prevention programme is needed.", "PMID": 1112195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3375", "title": "[Breast cancer in women as a paradigm for ageing as a hidden syncarcinogenic factor].", "content": "In man the application of so-called cancerogenic factors and the latency period of a neoplasm until its manifestation includes the factor of biological ageing. There are in humans relationships between age, localisation and incidence of tumour which can retrospectively appear as syncarcinogenic factors. Using breast carcinoma in women as an example, it is shown that a carcinogenic effect cannot be demonstrated for two of the supposed carcinogenic factors, namely repeated diagnostic radiographic measures and administration of Rauwolfia-alkaloid containing drugs.", "contents": "[Breast cancer in women as a paradigm for ageing as a hidden syncarcinogenic factor]. In man the application of so-called cancerogenic factors and the latency period of a neoplasm until its manifestation includes the factor of biological ageing. There are in humans relationships between age, localisation and incidence of tumour which can retrospectively appear as syncarcinogenic factors. Using breast carcinoma in women as an example, it is shown that a carcinogenic effect cannot be demonstrated for two of the supposed carcinogenic factors, namely repeated diagnostic radiographic measures and administration of Rauwolfia-alkaloid containing drugs.", "PMID": 1112196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3376", "title": "[Significance of lead immission for pregnant women and neonates in the Ruhr area].", "content": "Systematic measurements of blood lead levels in samples from 176 mature and premature neonates and 59 mothers in the western Ruhr-Rhine area demonstrated that at least 30% of statistical variance in blood lead levels depended on lead immission at the mother's place of residence. The close correlation between neonatal and maternal blood lead levels was confirmed. Identical and non-identical twins had almost the same blood lead levels. Using a biological system for determining lead immission, blood lead levels in areas not covered by the present study can be prognosticated.", "contents": "[Significance of lead immission for pregnant women and neonates in the Ruhr area]. Systematic measurements of blood lead levels in samples from 176 mature and premature neonates and 59 mothers in the western Ruhr-Rhine area demonstrated that at least 30% of statistical variance in blood lead levels depended on lead immission at the mother's place of residence. The close correlation between neonatal and maternal blood lead levels was confirmed. Identical and non-identical twins had almost the same blood lead levels. Using a biological system for determining lead immission, blood lead levels in areas not covered by the present study can be prognosticated.", "PMID": 1112197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3377", "title": "[Diagnosis and operative treatment of coelic-artery compression].", "content": "Stenosis of the coeliac artery by compression occurs predominantly in youngish patients and three times more frequently in women than men. It gives rise to abdominal symptoms, due to chronic disturbance of intestinal arterial supply. In eight patients, operated on for this condition, the characteristic symptoms were of abdominal pain, epigastric vascular sounds, loss of weight, nausea and vomiting. Diagnosis could only be made by angiography of the coeliac and (or) mesenteric arteries, and lateral aortography. Analysis of 240 cases reported in the literature indicates that the condition is caused by compression of the coeliac artery by the medial arcuate ligament of the diaphragm, and only in a few instances by nerve tissue of the mesenteric ganglion of the coeliac plexus. Operative treatment (decompression of the artery) removes symptoms in 83% of cases.", "contents": "[Diagnosis and operative treatment of coelic-artery compression]. Stenosis of the coeliac artery by compression occurs predominantly in youngish patients and three times more frequently in women than men. It gives rise to abdominal symptoms, due to chronic disturbance of intestinal arterial supply. In eight patients, operated on for this condition, the characteristic symptoms were of abdominal pain, epigastric vascular sounds, loss of weight, nausea and vomiting. Diagnosis could only be made by angiography of the coeliac and (or) mesenteric arteries, and lateral aortography. Analysis of 240 cases reported in the literature indicates that the condition is caused by compression of the coeliac artery by the medial arcuate ligament of the diaphragm, and only in a few instances by nerve tissue of the mesenteric ganglion of the coeliac plexus. Operative treatment (decompression of the artery) removes symptoms in 83% of cases.", "PMID": 1112198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3378", "title": "[Antigenicity of serum albumin in allergy against cat or dog epithelium (significance of the radioallergosorbens test in the diagnosis of allergies)].", "content": "Intracutaneous, nasal provocation (NPT) and radioallergosorbens (Phadebas RAST) tests were performed on 49 subjects hypersensitive to cats and (or)dogs using serum albumin and epithelium extracts from cats and dogs. Serum albumin elicited intracutaneous reactions in most of the subjects, but gave positive NPT und RAST results in only a few and was, therfore, of limited clinical importance. The intracutaneous tests with epithelium extracts were positive in some subjects in whom other tests had been negative. It is possible that these false-positive skin tests were caused by serum albumin present in the extracts, while in others non-specific skin reactions were apparently caused by epithelial components. On the other hand, the results suggest that the few patients allergic to dogs were incorrectly diagnosed with the RAST. But the described in-vitro method increases the chances of diagnosing allergies against animal epithelia. It is furthermore useful in the interpretation of equivocal skin tests.", "contents": "[Antigenicity of serum albumin in allergy against cat or dog epithelium (significance of the radioallergosorbens test in the diagnosis of allergies)]. Intracutaneous, nasal provocation (NPT) and radioallergosorbens (Phadebas RAST) tests were performed on 49 subjects hypersensitive to cats and (or)dogs using serum albumin and epithelium extracts from cats and dogs. Serum albumin elicited intracutaneous reactions in most of the subjects, but gave positive NPT und RAST results in only a few and was, therfore, of limited clinical importance. The intracutaneous tests with epithelium extracts were positive in some subjects in whom other tests had been negative. It is possible that these false-positive skin tests were caused by serum albumin present in the extracts, while in others non-specific skin reactions were apparently caused by epithelial components. On the other hand, the results suggest that the few patients allergic to dogs were incorrectly diagnosed with the RAST. But the described in-vitro method increases the chances of diagnosing allergies against animal epithelia. It is furthermore useful in the interpretation of equivocal skin tests.", "PMID": 1112199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3379", "title": "[Contribution to the aetiology of \"reversible hepatic dysfunction\" (Stauffer's syndrome) associated with renal tumours].", "content": "Biochemical changes, especially isolated rise in alkaline phosphatase and increased thromboplastin time, which have been described as \"reversible hepatic dysfunction\" (Stauffer's syndrome) were found in a 47-year-old patient with hypernephroma and hepatomegaly without liver metastases at post-mortem examination. The alkaline phosphatase could not be distinguished from the placental isoenzyme (Regan's enzyme). Increased thromboplastin time was due to circulating fibrinogen degradation products.", "contents": "[Contribution to the aetiology of \"reversible hepatic dysfunction\" (Stauffer's syndrome) associated with renal tumours]. Biochemical changes, especially isolated rise in alkaline phosphatase and increased thromboplastin time, which have been described as \"reversible hepatic dysfunction\" (Stauffer's syndrome) were found in a 47-year-old patient with hypernephroma and hepatomegaly without liver metastases at post-mortem examination. The alkaline phosphatase could not be distinguished from the placental isoenzyme (Regan's enzyme). Increased thromboplastin time was due to circulating fibrinogen degradation products.", "PMID": 1112200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3380", "title": "[Chemotherapy of metastasizing breast cancers. Indications and results].", "content": "Combined treatment with three or five chemotherapeutic drugs was given to 115 women with metastasizing breast cancer. These were unselected cases. Three drugs (cyclophosphamide, methotrexate and prednisone) were given to 49 patients, with remissions occurring in 28, arrest in a further five. Five drugs (additional to the three mentioned ones: vincristine and 5-fluorouracil) were given to 66, with remission in 45 and arrest of the disease in another eight. There was no certain difference between the response to the two forms of treatment. Mean survival time for both forms was 13 months in the remission group and six months in the failure group.", "contents": "[Chemotherapy of metastasizing breast cancers. Indications and results]. Combined treatment with three or five chemotherapeutic drugs was given to 115 women with metastasizing breast cancer. These were unselected cases. Three drugs (cyclophosphamide, methotrexate and prednisone) were given to 49 patients, with remissions occurring in 28, arrest in a further five. Five drugs (additional to the three mentioned ones: vincristine and 5-fluorouracil) were given to 66, with remission in 45 and arrest of the disease in another eight. There was no certain difference between the response to the two forms of treatment. Mean survival time for both forms was 13 months in the remission group and six months in the failure group.", "PMID": 1112210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3381", "title": "[Is there a risk of transmitting hepatitis by gastroduodenoscopy?].", "content": "Among 211 patients undergoing gastroduodenoscopy five had been carriers of Australia antigen. The same instrument had been used on all, and follow-up examination was carried out two and four months after the gastroscopy. Twelve patients died during the follow-up period of their original disease. Two additional patients became Australia-antigen positive. One of these had liver cirrhosis. In the other, surgery with multiple infusions of albumin had been carried out after gastroscopy and could have been the cause of the Australia-antigen transmission. No proven case of hepatitis transmission occurred in this group of patients.", "contents": "[Is there a risk of transmitting hepatitis by gastroduodenoscopy?]. Among 211 patients undergoing gastroduodenoscopy five had been carriers of Australia antigen. The same instrument had been used on all, and follow-up examination was carried out two and four months after the gastroscopy. Twelve patients died during the follow-up period of their original disease. Two additional patients became Australia-antigen positive. One of these had liver cirrhosis. In the other, surgery with multiple infusions of albumin had been carried out after gastroscopy and could have been the cause of the Australia-antigen transmission. No proven case of hepatitis transmission occurred in this group of patients.", "PMID": 1112211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3382", "title": "[Experimental and theoretical studies on the in-vivo production of a partially synchronous proliferating cell population with vincristine].", "content": "The problem of whether vincristine can be used to synchronize partially cells in vivo was investigated. After injection of 0,0045 mug vincristine/g body-weight into mice practically all L1210-ascites tumour cells entering mitosis were arrested in metaphase up to the fourth hour. However, no second peak of the mitotic index was observed within 48 hours. Calculation of the theoretical mitotic index to be expected under the present experimental conditions also shows no second peak. The reason for this lack of synchrony is the long releasing time of the arrested cells.", "contents": "[Experimental and theoretical studies on the in-vivo production of a partially synchronous proliferating cell population with vincristine]. The problem of whether vincristine can be used to synchronize partially cells in vivo was investigated. After injection of 0,0045 mug vincristine/g body-weight into mice practically all L1210-ascites tumour cells entering mitosis were arrested in metaphase up to the fourth hour. However, no second peak of the mitotic index was observed within 48 hours. Calculation of the theoretical mitotic index to be expected under the present experimental conditions also shows no second peak. The reason for this lack of synchrony is the long releasing time of the arrested cells.", "PMID": 1112212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3383", "title": "[Fibromuscular dysplasia of the internal carotid and intracerebral arteries (author's transl)].", "content": "Fibromuscular dysplasia was found in six patients (four women over 50 years, a 20-year-old man and a five-year-old girl). Angiography (in five cases performed because of a cerebrovascular accident) gave the typical appearance of \"knotted string\" changes in the large and medium sized arteries. With marked localized arterial narrowing treatment is surgical. Conservative treatment remains sympotomatic because the cause of the disease is still unknown. Even surgical treatment brings only sympotomatic relief and, because of the slowly progressive nature, is indicated only when there are neurological signs.", "contents": "[Fibromuscular dysplasia of the internal carotid and intracerebral arteries (author's transl)]. Fibromuscular dysplasia was found in six patients (four women over 50 years, a 20-year-old man and a five-year-old girl). Angiography (in five cases performed because of a cerebrovascular accident) gave the typical appearance of \"knotted string\" changes in the large and medium sized arteries. With marked localized arterial narrowing treatment is surgical. Conservative treatment remains sympotomatic because the cause of the disease is still unknown. Even surgical treatment brings only sympotomatic relief and, because of the slowly progressive nature, is indicated only when there are neurological signs.", "PMID": 1112220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3384", "title": "[Combined traumatic rupture of the rotator cuff and nerve lesions (author's transl)].", "content": "Traumatic damage to the rotator cuff was diagnosed in 13 patients by clinical, electromyographic and arthrographic studies. The main features were failure to rotate, elevate or abduct the affected shoulder joint. Eight patients also had peripheral nerve lesions: axillary nerve lesion was present in five, partial brachial plexus lesion in three.", "contents": "[Combined traumatic rupture of the rotator cuff and nerve lesions (author's transl)]. Traumatic damage to the rotator cuff was diagnosed in 13 patients by clinical, electromyographic and arthrographic studies. The main features were failure to rotate, elevate or abduct the affected shoulder joint. Eight patients also had peripheral nerve lesions: axillary nerve lesion was present in five, partial brachial plexus lesion in three.", "PMID": 1112221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3385", "title": "[Gastric polyps: prognosis and treatment].", "content": "49 patients, previously treated for epithelial gastric polyps by resection or excision, were re-examined up to 22 years later. Except for those who had died of other diseases, in five histologically confirmed and in one a probable (radiologically) gastric carcinoma had been found. Three cases of gastric carcinoma without symptoms were discovered in the course of endoscopic follow-up examination. Two of these patients underwent radical operation (early carcinoma), while the third one proved to be inoperable. It is concluded that gastric polyps must be removed endoscopically or operatively and examined histologically: simple observation must be rejected. If the polyp is hyperplastic, local removal is sufficient. If there is a pure adenoma, two-third resection is essential. This is also true of hyperplasiogenic polyps if they are present in large numbers, while polypectomy is sufficient if solitary. Polyposis usually requires subtotal or total resection. Each patient with such polyps is exposed to a higher risk of gastric carcinoma. For this reason annual endoscopic control is necessary even if there are no symptoms.", "contents": "[Gastric polyps: prognosis and treatment]. 49 patients, previously treated for epithelial gastric polyps by resection or excision, were re-examined up to 22 years later. Except for those who had died of other diseases, in five histologically confirmed and in one a probable (radiologically) gastric carcinoma had been found. Three cases of gastric carcinoma without symptoms were discovered in the course of endoscopic follow-up examination. Two of these patients underwent radical operation (early carcinoma), while the third one proved to be inoperable. It is concluded that gastric polyps must be removed endoscopically or operatively and examined histologically: simple observation must be rejected. If the polyp is hyperplastic, local removal is sufficient. If there is a pure adenoma, two-third resection is essential. This is also true of hyperplasiogenic polyps if they are present in large numbers, while polypectomy is sufficient if solitary. Polyposis usually requires subtotal or total resection. Each patient with such polyps is exposed to a higher risk of gastric carcinoma. For this reason annual endoscopic control is necessary even if there are no symptoms.", "PMID": 1112228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3386", "title": "[Digestive and endocrine functions after partial duodeno-pancreatectomy].", "content": "Pancreatico-duodenectomy was performed in 11 patients for malignant or inflammatory tumours of the head of the pancreas or the region of the papilla. Digestive and endocrine functions were determined after the operation. In all cases faecal fat values were abnormal, indicating a 90% loss of pancreas. 14C-exhalation measurement, chymotrypsin determination in stool, and amylose tolerance test were also performed. Oral glucose-tolerance tests with plasma-insulin measurement indicated asymptomatic diabetes mellitus in the majority of patients. Two patients whose diabetes was controlled by tablets before the operation required insulin treatment afterwards. A decreased serum-gastrin level proved the existence of gastric and extragastric sources of gastrin.", "contents": "[Digestive and endocrine functions after partial duodeno-pancreatectomy]. Pancreatico-duodenectomy was performed in 11 patients for malignant or inflammatory tumours of the head of the pancreas or the region of the papilla. Digestive and endocrine functions were determined after the operation. In all cases faecal fat values were abnormal, indicating a 90% loss of pancreas. 14C-exhalation measurement, chymotrypsin determination in stool, and amylose tolerance test were also performed. Oral glucose-tolerance tests with plasma-insulin measurement indicated asymptomatic diabetes mellitus in the majority of patients. Two patients whose diabetes was controlled by tablets before the operation required insulin treatment afterwards. A decreased serum-gastrin level proved the existence of gastric and extragastric sources of gastrin.", "PMID": 1112229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3387", "title": "[Passive immunization against rubella: studies on the effectiveness of rubella-immunoglobulin after intranasal infection with rubella vaccination virus].", "content": "The effectiveness of high-titre rubella immunoglobulin was tested on rubella-susceptible female juveniles or young adults after intranasal immunization with rubella strain RA 27/3, 20 ml of rubella immunoglobulin having been administered intramuscularly to 56 subjects at different times (1, 3 and 5 days) after the immunization. The effect was demonstrated by seroconversion and virus isolation from the throat. In the control subjects (26) the secroconversion was 96% and in 42% of subjects virus was demonstrated in the throat. Early administration of rubella immunoglobulin (up to three days after immunization) depressed the seroconversion rate to 55% and virus isolation rate to 17.5%. Later administration (five days after immunization) increased the conversion rate to 81%, the isolation rate to 31%. There were no serious side effects of the immunization and the injection of the immunoglobulin. The results indicate that on early administration of an adequate amount of high-titre rubella immunoglobulin a protective effect can be expected, although this favourable effect-obtained in the conditions of this study-cannot be unreservedly transposed to the situation in wild virus infections.", "contents": "[Passive immunization against rubella: studies on the effectiveness of rubella-immunoglobulin after intranasal infection with rubella vaccination virus]. The effectiveness of high-titre rubella immunoglobulin was tested on rubella-susceptible female juveniles or young adults after intranasal immunization with rubella strain RA 27/3, 20 ml of rubella immunoglobulin having been administered intramuscularly to 56 subjects at different times (1, 3 and 5 days) after the immunization. The effect was demonstrated by seroconversion and virus isolation from the throat. In the control subjects (26) the secroconversion was 96% and in 42% of subjects virus was demonstrated in the throat. Early administration of rubella immunoglobulin (up to three days after immunization) depressed the seroconversion rate to 55% and virus isolation rate to 17.5%. Later administration (five days after immunization) increased the conversion rate to 81%, the isolation rate to 31%. There were no serious side effects of the immunization and the injection of the immunoglobulin. The results indicate that on early administration of an adequate amount of high-titre rubella immunoglobulin a protective effect can be expected, although this favourable effect-obtained in the conditions of this study-cannot be unreservedly transposed to the situation in wild virus infections.", "PMID": 1112230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3388", "title": "[Moving-picture corss-sectional echocardiography in normal children].", "content": "Using a parallel-scan B-mode ultrasonic system (Vidoson, Siemens) 200 children with clinically normal hearts were examined. Using a cross-section parallel to the left sternal border, rapid and easily reporducible multi-frame echocardiograms were obtained with simultaneous presentation of the aortic, pulmonary and mitral valves. Interpretation of this cross-section, with echos from the three valves, the aortic route, pulmonary artery, right and left ventricles and left atrium, was checked against post-mortem studies and in-vivo contrast studies with ultrasonic contrast medium (indocyanine-green). As the described method is not ECG-triggered, only important morphological changes are demonstrable.", "contents": "[Moving-picture corss-sectional echocardiography in normal children]. Using a parallel-scan B-mode ultrasonic system (Vidoson, Siemens) 200 children with clinically normal hearts were examined. Using a cross-section parallel to the left sternal border, rapid and easily reporducible multi-frame echocardiograms were obtained with simultaneous presentation of the aortic, pulmonary and mitral valves. Interpretation of this cross-section, with echos from the three valves, the aortic route, pulmonary artery, right and left ventricles and left atrium, was checked against post-mortem studies and in-vivo contrast studies with ultrasonic contrast medium (indocyanine-green). As the described method is not ECG-triggered, only important morphological changes are demonstrable.", "PMID": 1112231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3389", "title": "[Primary calcification in Hodgkin's disease].", "content": "A chance radiological observation of a calcified mediastinal tumour in 23-year-old woman led to its operative removal. Histologically it proved to be a Hodgkin's sarcoma in a nodular sclerosing form of Hodgkin's disease. There was no other clinical evidence of Hodgkin's foci and, after radiotherapy, the patient has been without recurrence for over one year.", "contents": "[Primary calcification in Hodgkin's disease]. A chance radiological observation of a calcified mediastinal tumour in 23-year-old woman led to its operative removal. Histologically it proved to be a Hodgkin's sarcoma in a nodular sclerosing form of Hodgkin's disease. There was no other clinical evidence of Hodgkin's foci and, after radiotherapy, the patient has been without recurrence for over one year.", "PMID": 1112232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3390", "title": "[Focal lipodystrophy in the bone marrow].", "content": "Small areas of slowly progressive disseminated osteolytic disease of unknown clinical, radiological and biochemical aertiology developed over three years in a 59-year-old man with exercise-induced pain in the left leg as the only symptom. Several bone biopsies merely revealed circumscribed primary dystrophy of the univacuolar medullary fat tissue with destruction and new formation of bone. The process, which is restricted to fat tissue of the bone marrow, has been termed \"focal liposystrophy\". It was also found in a briefly described second case. The pathogenesis is largely identical with comparable changes in extra-osseous fatty tissue which are also of unknown aetiology and usually termed \"idiopathic\".", "contents": "[Focal lipodystrophy in the bone marrow]. Small areas of slowly progressive disseminated osteolytic disease of unknown clinical, radiological and biochemical aertiology developed over three years in a 59-year-old man with exercise-induced pain in the left leg as the only symptom. Several bone biopsies merely revealed circumscribed primary dystrophy of the univacuolar medullary fat tissue with destruction and new formation of bone. The process, which is restricted to fat tissue of the bone marrow, has been termed \"focal liposystrophy\". It was also found in a briefly described second case. The pathogenesis is largely identical with comparable changes in extra-osseous fatty tissue which are also of unknown aetiology and usually termed \"idiopathic\".", "PMID": 1112239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3391", "title": "[A new rapid test for diagnosing micro-haematuria, compared with results of microscopic examination].", "content": "Micro-haematuria may be difficult to diagnose because the usual sediment methods may be inadequate and test strips may in practice not be sensitive enough. The demarcation between normal and pathological RBC excretion is, therefore, not always clearly established. A new test strip (Sangur-Test) has its lower limit of positive results at 1 000 RBC/ml urine and physiological ranges of RBC excretion could be distinguished from micro-haematuria with satisfactory accuracy. Comparative tests of 637 freshly voided urine specimens in routine diagnosis produced no false-negative results and in only a small percentage of cases recorded a higher RBC concentration than the ten-field sediment method.", "contents": "[A new rapid test for diagnosing micro-haematuria, compared with results of microscopic examination]. Micro-haematuria may be difficult to diagnose because the usual sediment methods may be inadequate and test strips may in practice not be sensitive enough. The demarcation between normal and pathological RBC excretion is, therefore, not always clearly established. A new test strip (Sangur-Test) has its lower limit of positive results at 1 000 RBC/ml urine and physiological ranges of RBC excretion could be distinguished from micro-haematuria with satisfactory accuracy. Comparative tests of 637 freshly voided urine specimens in routine diagnosis produced no false-negative results and in only a small percentage of cases recorded a higher RBC concentration than the ten-field sediment method.", "PMID": 1112240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3392", "title": "[Lipid islands in the gastric mucosa].", "content": "Circumscribed lipoid deposition in the gastric mucosa (\"lipid island\") can macroscopically be mistaken for \"early cancer\" of the stomach. The aetiology of the lipid islands is not quite clear. Precise diagnosis is possible only with selective biopsy and special staining. Such lipid islands were found in five patients among 1 200 gastrocopies.", "contents": "[Lipid islands in the gastric mucosa]. Circumscribed lipoid deposition in the gastric mucosa (\"lipid island\") can macroscopically be mistaken for \"early cancer\" of the stomach. The aetiology of the lipid islands is not quite clear. Precise diagnosis is possible only with selective biopsy and special staining. Such lipid islands were found in five patients among 1 200 gastrocopies.", "PMID": 1112241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3393", "title": "[Congenital hypoplasia of the right ventricular myocardium (Uhl's anomaly)].", "content": "Partial aplasia of the right ventricular myocardium (Uhl's anomaly) was found at post-mortem examination of a 71-year-old woman. Most of the cases of this anomaly end fatally, in infancy or childhood, with treatment-resistant right heart failure, the diagnosis being only rarely made in life.", "contents": "[Congenital hypoplasia of the right ventricular myocardium (Uhl's anomaly)]. Partial aplasia of the right ventricular myocardium (Uhl's anomaly) was found at post-mortem examination of a 71-year-old woman. Most of the cases of this anomaly end fatally, in infancy or childhood, with treatment-resistant right heart failure, the diagnosis being only rarely made in life.", "PMID": 1112242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3394", "title": "[Differential diagnosis of benign liver tumours (two cases of focal nodular hyperplasia)].", "content": "Two patients (33-year-old man and 24-year-old woman) with focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver were treated by surgery in 1973. This is a rare neoplasm of the liver which, according to past experience, is a benign one. The clinical signs and symptoms in the two patients were uncharacteristic, but on angiography there was marked tumour vascularization. Histologically the tumour is closely related to a hamartoma but its classification is diffucult because of the confused nomenclature.", "contents": "[Differential diagnosis of benign liver tumours (two cases of focal nodular hyperplasia)]. Two patients (33-year-old man and 24-year-old woman) with focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver were treated by surgery in 1973. This is a rare neoplasm of the liver which, according to past experience, is a benign one. The clinical signs and symptoms in the two patients were uncharacteristic, but on angiography there was marked tumour vascularization. Histologically the tumour is closely related to a hamartoma but its classification is diffucult because of the confused nomenclature.", "PMID": 1112243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3395", "title": "[Conservative treatment of phytobezoars of the stomach with cellulase].", "content": "In a female patient anaemia due to chronic blood loss occurred after gastrectomy and subsequent vagotomy. Gastroscopy showed a phytobezoar to be the cause. In a second patient who had not had gastric surgery a phytobezoar was found as well as a prepyloric ulcer during investigations for upper abdominal symptoms. In both cases the phytobezoars could be removed completely within a short time after dissolution by an oral cellulase containing enzyme preparation and gastroscopic breaking-up.", "contents": "[Conservative treatment of phytobezoars of the stomach with cellulase]. In a female patient anaemia due to chronic blood loss occurred after gastrectomy and subsequent vagotomy. Gastroscopy showed a phytobezoar to be the cause. In a second patient who had not had gastric surgery a phytobezoar was found as well as a prepyloric ulcer during investigations for upper abdominal symptoms. In both cases the phytobezoars could be removed completely within a short time after dissolution by an oral cellulase containing enzyme preparation and gastroscopic breaking-up.", "PMID": 1112244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3396", "title": "[Pre-renal failure due to villous adenoma of the colon].", "content": "A 68-year-old man with known villous adenoma of the rectum had recurrent severe episodes of dehydration and electrolyte loss, misinterpreted as being due to \"chronic pyelonephritic\". The dehydration proved, in fact, to be due to the adenoma and ceased after removal of the tumour.", "contents": "[Pre-renal failure due to villous adenoma of the colon]. A 68-year-old man with known villous adenoma of the rectum had recurrent severe episodes of dehydration and electrolyte loss, misinterpreted as being due to \"chronic pyelonephritic\". The dehydration proved, in fact, to be due to the adenoma and ceased after removal of the tumour.", "PMID": 1112245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3397", "title": "[Pancytopenia in diabetes mellitus treatment with tolbutamide?].", "content": "Pancytopenia developed in a 72-year-old woman after three years of tolbutamide treatment. When tolbutamide was discontinued and the usual treatment of pancytopenia undertaken, the anaemia persisted while the leukopenia and thrombocytopenia were reversed. Pancytopenia during tolbutamide treatment is extremely rare. But the blood picture and platelet count should be regularly checked in all patients receiving sulphonylurea drugs, ten days after starting treatment, every three months for the first year and then once yearly.", "contents": "[Pancytopenia in diabetes mellitus treatment with tolbutamide?]. Pancytopenia developed in a 72-year-old woman after three years of tolbutamide treatment. When tolbutamide was discontinued and the usual treatment of pancytopenia undertaken, the anaemia persisted while the leukopenia and thrombocytopenia were reversed. Pancytopenia during tolbutamide treatment is extremely rare. But the blood picture and platelet count should be regularly checked in all patients receiving sulphonylurea drugs, ten days after starting treatment, every three months for the first year and then once yearly.", "PMID": 1112246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3398", "title": "Direct effect of testosterone and its 5alpha-reduced metabolites on pituitary LH and FSH release in vitro: change in pituitary responsiveness to hypothalamic extract.", "content": "A continuous flow incubation (perifusion) system was used to examine the effect of testosterone (T) and three of its 5alpha-reduced metabolites, dihydrotestosterone (DHT), 5alpha-androstane-3alpha, 17beta-diol (3alpha-Adiol) and its 3beta-epimer (3beta-Adiol) on LH and FSH release, induced by hypothalamic extract (HE). In the absence of steroids, successive identical pulses of HE, of 10 min duration each, administered at hourly intervals over a 8-hr period, caused highly reproducible release of LH and FSH. In experimental perifusions, the amounts of LH and FSH released in response to standard 10-min pulses of HE administered at hourly intervals during the continuous infusion of steroid for 4-6 hr were compared with the responses of the same pituitaries to the standard test pulses of HE given before the start of the steroid infusion and after its cessation. All the androgens tested altered pituitary responsiveness. At the 0.1 and 1.0 mug/ml dose level there were differences between the steroids in the way they influenced the responsiveness of the pituitary overtime. Their effects at these two doses fell into three categories depending on whether there was initially: 1) an augmentation of HE induced LH release (T and 3beta-Adiol), 2) augmentation of both FSH and LH release (DHT), OR 3) NO AUGMENTATION IN THE RELEASE OF EITHer gonadotrophin (3alpha-Adiol). All the androgens ultimately suppressed pituitary responsiveness to HE and all were associated with changes in the ratios of LH and FSH released. When the dose of T and 3 beta-Adiol was raised to 10 mug/ml or that of DHT lowered to 0.01 mug/ml the initial stimulatory phase was not seen. Epitestosterone, the biologically inactive epimer of T, did not alter the responsiveness of the pituitary of HE.", "contents": "Direct effect of testosterone and its 5alpha-reduced metabolites on pituitary LH and FSH release in vitro: change in pituitary responsiveness to hypothalamic extract. A continuous flow incubation (perifusion) system was used to examine the effect of testosterone (T) and three of its 5alpha-reduced metabolites, dihydrotestosterone (DHT), 5alpha-androstane-3alpha, 17beta-diol (3alpha-Adiol) and its 3beta-epimer (3beta-Adiol) on LH and FSH release, induced by hypothalamic extract (HE). In the absence of steroids, successive identical pulses of HE, of 10 min duration each, administered at hourly intervals over a 8-hr period, caused highly reproducible release of LH and FSH. In experimental perifusions, the amounts of LH and FSH released in response to standard 10-min pulses of HE administered at hourly intervals during the continuous infusion of steroid for 4-6 hr were compared with the responses of the same pituitaries to the standard test pulses of HE given before the start of the steroid infusion and after its cessation. All the androgens tested altered pituitary responsiveness. At the 0.1 and 1.0 mug/ml dose level there were differences between the steroids in the way they influenced the responsiveness of the pituitary overtime. Their effects at these two doses fell into three categories depending on whether there was initially: 1) an augmentation of HE induced LH release (T and 3beta-Adiol), 2) augmentation of both FSH and LH release (DHT), OR 3) NO AUGMENTATION IN THE RELEASE OF EITHer gonadotrophin (3alpha-Adiol). All the androgens ultimately suppressed pituitary responsiveness to HE and all were associated with changes in the ratios of LH and FSH released. When the dose of T and 3 beta-Adiol was raised to 10 mug/ml or that of DHT lowered to 0.01 mug/ml the initial stimulatory phase was not seen. Epitestosterone, the biologically inactive epimer of T, did not alter the responsiveness of the pituitary of HE.", "PMID": 1112250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3399", "title": "Studies on the heterogeneity of labeled iodoprotein from iodine-replete and iodine-deficient rats as determined by susceptibility to proteolysis.", "content": "Thyroid iodoprotein from rats fed a high-iodine diet (HID) or a low-iodine diet (LID) were labeled with radioiodine in vivo for periods ranging from 4 hr to several days. Standardized aliquots of thyroid homogenate from rats with various treatments were digested for 4 hr with 1% pancreatin or with 0.003% pancreatin after 30 min pretreatment with beta-mercaptoethanol (ME-P). Four-hr labeled iodoprotein from both LID and HID rats was equally susceptible to digestion with 1% pancreatin; however, such iodoprotein from LID rats was more susceptible to digestion with ME-P than that from HID rats. With increasing intervals up to 7 days between administering radioiodine and removing the thyroids, there was a progressive rise in the resistance to digestion in iodoprotein from LID rats, but only a slight increase in resistance in iodoprotein from HID rats. If propylthiouracil was added to the diet beginning 24 hr after radioiodine administration, there was a marked increase in the rate of development of resistance of iodoprotein to digestion. Radioautographs showed that the radioiodine was localized primarily in the peripheral follicles after 2 days PTU. Similar differences in susceptibility to digestion were found in purified thyrogobulin prepared from HID and LID rats. No change in susceptibility to digestion of thyroid iodoprotein with time after labeling was seen in hypophysectomized LID rats in which thyroid secretion and thyroglobulin turnover is known to proceed at an extremely slow rate. The data indicate that there are at least two types of iodinated thyroglobulin in the rat thyroid. One is readily susceptible to digestion and has a rapid turnover in the thyroid. The other is more resistant to digestion, has a slow rate of turnover and is located primarily in the peripheral follicles.", "contents": "Studies on the heterogeneity of labeled iodoprotein from iodine-replete and iodine-deficient rats as determined by susceptibility to proteolysis. Thyroid iodoprotein from rats fed a high-iodine diet (HID) or a low-iodine diet (LID) were labeled with radioiodine in vivo for periods ranging from 4 hr to several days. Standardized aliquots of thyroid homogenate from rats with various treatments were digested for 4 hr with 1% pancreatin or with 0.003% pancreatin after 30 min pretreatment with beta-mercaptoethanol (ME-P). Four-hr labeled iodoprotein from both LID and HID rats was equally susceptible to digestion with 1% pancreatin; however, such iodoprotein from LID rats was more susceptible to digestion with ME-P than that from HID rats. With increasing intervals up to 7 days between administering radioiodine and removing the thyroids, there was a progressive rise in the resistance to digestion in iodoprotein from LID rats, but only a slight increase in resistance in iodoprotein from HID rats. If propylthiouracil was added to the diet beginning 24 hr after radioiodine administration, there was a marked increase in the rate of development of resistance of iodoprotein to digestion. Radioautographs showed that the radioiodine was localized primarily in the peripheral follicles after 2 days PTU. Similar differences in susceptibility to digestion were found in purified thyrogobulin prepared from HID and LID rats. No change in susceptibility to digestion of thyroid iodoprotein with time after labeling was seen in hypophysectomized LID rats in which thyroid secretion and thyroglobulin turnover is known to proceed at an extremely slow rate. The data indicate that there are at least two types of iodinated thyroglobulin in the rat thyroid. One is readily susceptible to digestion and has a rapid turnover in the thyroid. The other is more resistant to digestion, has a slow rate of turnover and is located primarily in the peripheral follicles.", "PMID": 1112251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3400", "title": "Precocious puberty: the effect of adrenalectomy on PMS-induced ovulation and progesterone secretion.", "content": "Female Sprague-Dawley derived rats were received at 21 days of age and either sham-operated or adrenalectomized on that day. Half of the animals received either 25 IU pregnant mare's serum gonadotrophin (PMS) or 0.9 saline at 9 AM on the next day; the other half were injected at 26 days of age. On the day of expected ovulation (days 24-25 and days 28-29) the rats were killed at 4-hr intervals and the incidence of ovulation determined. Serum progesterone and corticosterone were measured with the intent of comparing the pattern of these steroids with the timing and incidence of ovulation. Twenty-two-day-old rats given PMS ovulated later (at 0400 on day 25) than did the 26-day-old rats (at 2400 on day 28). Adrenalectomized ADRX rats ovulated later than intact controls at both ages (ovulation complete at 1600 on days 25 and 29, respectively). There was a reduced ovarian weight response to PMS in ADRX rats but uterine weights were not consistently different from intact PMS-treated rats. Associated with the different timing of ovulation and organ weight response in the ADRX rats there was a lower serum progesterone response on days 24-25. In intact PMS-treated rats, the rhythm of the serum corticosterone was different in the two age groups. It is concluded that adrenalectomy alters the normal response to PMS resulting in a delay in the time of ovulation. It is possible that the adrenal normally participates in the induction of ovulation after PMS, possibly by acting as an internal priming agent to facilitate gonadotrophin release in the young rat.", "contents": "Precocious puberty: the effect of adrenalectomy on PMS-induced ovulation and progesterone secretion. Female Sprague-Dawley derived rats were received at 21 days of age and either sham-operated or adrenalectomized on that day. Half of the animals received either 25 IU pregnant mare's serum gonadotrophin (PMS) or 0.9 saline at 9 AM on the next day; the other half were injected at 26 days of age. On the day of expected ovulation (days 24-25 and days 28-29) the rats were killed at 4-hr intervals and the incidence of ovulation determined. Serum progesterone and corticosterone were measured with the intent of comparing the pattern of these steroids with the timing and incidence of ovulation. Twenty-two-day-old rats given PMS ovulated later (at 0400 on day 25) than did the 26-day-old rats (at 2400 on day 28). Adrenalectomized ADRX rats ovulated later than intact controls at both ages (ovulation complete at 1600 on days 25 and 29, respectively). There was a reduced ovarian weight response to PMS in ADRX rats but uterine weights were not consistently different from intact PMS-treated rats. Associated with the different timing of ovulation and organ weight response in the ADRX rats there was a lower serum progesterone response on days 24-25. In intact PMS-treated rats, the rhythm of the serum corticosterone was different in the two age groups. It is concluded that adrenalectomy alters the normal response to PMS resulting in a delay in the time of ovulation. It is possible that the adrenal normally participates in the induction of ovulation after PMS, possibly by acting as an internal priming agent to facilitate gonadotrophin release in the young rat.", "PMID": 1112252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3401", "title": "Vitamin D, dietary calcium and parathyroid hormone interactions in chicks.", "content": "The effect of dietary vitamin D levels on the response to iv injected parathyroid hormone (PTH) was studies in chicks fed one of three diets: D-deficient, Control-D (1.4IU cholecalciferol/g diet), or High-D (70 IU cholecalciferol/g diet) during the first 4 weeks post-hatching. Compared to chicks on Control-D diet, chicks on the D-deficient diet had significantly decreased plasma Ca levels at 2 and 4 weeks and increased plasma P levels at 17 and 21 days. The plasma Ca response to a low dose of PTH (15 USP U/100 g body wt) 1 hr postinjection was normal at 1 week, reduced at 2 weeks and absent at 4 weeks in D-deficient chicks. However, a 4-16-fold higher dose of PTH did elicit a significant, though subnormal, response in this group at 3 and 4 weeks. Chicks fed the D-deficient diet with 2.8% Ca, compared to 1.4% Ca, showed a near normal plasma Ca level and bone ash content and only a small increase in plasma P at 17 and 21 days. However, the plasma Ca response to 15 U PTH/100 g body wt in this group was significantly increased only at 17 days and not at 21 days. In contrast, the hyperphosphatemic response to PTH was not markedly diminished in the D-deficient group, and it was restored to Control-D levels in the D-deficienyt High Ca group. These data suggest that different mechanisms may be involved in the Ca and P responses.", "contents": "Vitamin D, dietary calcium and parathyroid hormone interactions in chicks. The effect of dietary vitamin D levels on the response to iv injected parathyroid hormone (PTH) was studies in chicks fed one of three diets: D-deficient, Control-D (1.4IU cholecalciferol/g diet), or High-D (70 IU cholecalciferol/g diet) during the first 4 weeks post-hatching. Compared to chicks on Control-D diet, chicks on the D-deficient diet had significantly decreased plasma Ca levels at 2 and 4 weeks and increased plasma P levels at 17 and 21 days. The plasma Ca response to a low dose of PTH (15 USP U/100 g body wt) 1 hr postinjection was normal at 1 week, reduced at 2 weeks and absent at 4 weeks in D-deficient chicks. However, a 4-16-fold higher dose of PTH did elicit a significant, though subnormal, response in this group at 3 and 4 weeks. Chicks fed the D-deficient diet with 2.8% Ca, compared to 1.4% Ca, showed a near normal plasma Ca level and bone ash content and only a small increase in plasma P at 17 and 21 days. However, the plasma Ca response to 15 U PTH/100 g body wt in this group was significantly increased only at 17 days and not at 21 days. In contrast, the hyperphosphatemic response to PTH was not markedly diminished in the D-deficient group, and it was restored to Control-D levels in the D-deficienyt High Ca group. These data suggest that different mechanisms may be involved in the Ca and P responses.", "PMID": 1112253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3402", "title": "Placental steroidogenesis in the rat: progesterone production by tissue of the basal zone.", "content": "Previous reports suggested that the rat placenta had a rather limited capacity for steroidogenesis, particularly with respect to progesterone production. We found that the basal zone in the rat placenta, which contains the steroidogenic giant cells, can be isolated by simple surgical separation, and using them for in vitro incubations, significant conversion of pregnenolone-7 alpha-3H to progesterone-1H could be demonstrated. The 5alpha-reduced metabolites of progesterone, as well as compounds of the delta4 pathway, including 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, androstenedione and testosterone were also isolated and characterized. When progesterone-7alpha-3H was added as precursor, most of it remained unmetabolized, but qualitatively identical products were isolated as were found when pregnenolong-7alpha-3H was used as precursor. Incubations of the whole placenta and of labyrinth tissue yielded relatively much lower progesterone-3H from pregnenolone-7alpha-3H. Our results have thus established that the rat placenta is a steroidogenic organ, just as in many other species. Past difficulties in isolating progesterone from in vitro studies may possibly be due to the intense activity of the enzyme 5alpha-reductase when the whole placenta was used.", "contents": "Placental steroidogenesis in the rat: progesterone production by tissue of the basal zone. Previous reports suggested that the rat placenta had a rather limited capacity for steroidogenesis, particularly with respect to progesterone production. We found that the basal zone in the rat placenta, which contains the steroidogenic giant cells, can be isolated by simple surgical separation, and using them for in vitro incubations, significant conversion of pregnenolone-7 alpha-3H to progesterone-1H could be demonstrated. The 5alpha-reduced metabolites of progesterone, as well as compounds of the delta4 pathway, including 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, androstenedione and testosterone were also isolated and characterized. When progesterone-7alpha-3H was added as precursor, most of it remained unmetabolized, but qualitatively identical products were isolated as were found when pregnenolong-7alpha-3H was used as precursor. Incubations of the whole placenta and of labyrinth tissue yielded relatively much lower progesterone-3H from pregnenolone-7alpha-3H. Our results have thus established that the rat placenta is a steroidogenic organ, just as in many other species. Past difficulties in isolating progesterone from in vitro studies may possibly be due to the intense activity of the enzyme 5alpha-reductase when the whole placenta was used.", "PMID": 1112254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3403", "title": "The role of LH in the luteotrophic process of lactating rats.", "content": "The role of LH in the leuteotrophic process was examined by evaluating progesterone secretion in pregnant, lactating, and pregnant lactating rats, and the response of these rats to antisera against LH (LHAS) was observed. Ovarian venous progesterone concentration in lactating rats was elevated as litter size increased. Treatment with LHAS on day 8 postpartum of rats nursing 12 pups significantly decreased peripheral progesterone levels within 24 hr. Treatment with LHAS on days 8 and 9 of pregnancy terminated gestation in all normal pregnant animals by in similarly treated pregnant lactating rats gestation was maintained until day 14 in 4 of 10 rats. If the litter was removed from pregnant lactating dams at the time of initiation of LHAS treatment, pregnancy was interrupted in all 12 animals. Ovarian venous progesterone concentration was reduced by greater than 90% 24 hr after LHAS treatment on day 8 of normal pregnant rats and 20alpha-OH-P increased such that the concentration of total progestins remained constant. Ovarian venous progesterone concentration 24 hr after LHAS treatment of pregnant lactating rats was reduced by 50% in animals receiving daily estradiol treatment by LHAS had little effect in pregnant lactating animals which received a single injection of estradiol on day 4 postpartum. The level of 20alpha-OH-P in pregnant lactating animals was not affected by LHAS. The results of these studies demonstrate that in lactating rats nursing a large litter (12 pups) LH is part of the luteotrophic complex, and the data obtained from studies in pregnant lactating rats suggest that when pregnancy and lactation are superimposed the role of LH in the luteotrophic process on day 8 of gestation is diminished.", "contents": "The role of LH in the luteotrophic process of lactating rats. The role of LH in the leuteotrophic process was examined by evaluating progesterone secretion in pregnant, lactating, and pregnant lactating rats, and the response of these rats to antisera against LH (LHAS) was observed. Ovarian venous progesterone concentration in lactating rats was elevated as litter size increased. Treatment with LHAS on day 8 postpartum of rats nursing 12 pups significantly decreased peripheral progesterone levels within 24 hr. Treatment with LHAS on days 8 and 9 of pregnancy terminated gestation in all normal pregnant animals by in similarly treated pregnant lactating rats gestation was maintained until day 14 in 4 of 10 rats. If the litter was removed from pregnant lactating dams at the time of initiation of LHAS treatment, pregnancy was interrupted in all 12 animals. Ovarian venous progesterone concentration was reduced by greater than 90% 24 hr after LHAS treatment on day 8 of normal pregnant rats and 20alpha-OH-P increased such that the concentration of total progestins remained constant. Ovarian venous progesterone concentration 24 hr after LHAS treatment of pregnant lactating rats was reduced by 50% in animals receiving daily estradiol treatment by LHAS had little effect in pregnant lactating animals which received a single injection of estradiol on day 4 postpartum. The level of 20alpha-OH-P in pregnant lactating animals was not affected by LHAS. The results of these studies demonstrate that in lactating rats nursing a large litter (12 pups) LH is part of the luteotrophic complex, and the data obtained from studies in pregnant lactating rats suggest that when pregnancy and lactation are superimposed the role of LH in the luteotrophic process on day 8 of gestation is diminished.", "PMID": 1112255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3404", "title": "Transformation of 3H-dopamine during transport from CSF to hypophysial portal blood.", "content": "The capacity of the hypothalamus to transport dopamine from brain tissue into hypophysial portal blood was investigated. One hour after injection 10 muCi of 3H-dopamine into a lateral ventricle of male rats, radioactivity was present in the brain, in the anterior pituitary gland, and in systemic plasma. The highest concentration of radioactivity was found in the hypothalamus, whereas the lowest was found in systemic plasma. The cerebrum and systemic plasma contained over 50% of the dose injected, whereas the anterior pituitary gland contained no more than 0.2%. Three doses of 3H-dopamine (0.1, 1, 1nd 10 muCi) were injected into a lateral ventricle, and hypophysial portal and arterial blood were collected at 7 mu1/min for two hours. Ten min after injection, radioactivity was detected in hypophysial portal blood, reached a peak within 15-20 min, and then declined gradually to attain a concentration similar to that in arterial blood. Portal and arterial plasma and tissue extracts from rats injected intraventricularly with 3H-dopamine were subjected to gel filtration on a Sephadex G-10 comumn and to paper electrophoresis. The hypothalamus as well as the cerebrum contained several radiolabeled substances one of which appeared to behave like 3H-dopamine. However, no free 3H-dopamine was evident at this time either in blood or in the anterior pituitary gland. The results of chromatography and electrophoresis of dialyzed portal plasma indicate that much of the radioactivity was bound to macromolecules (probably plasma proteins) larger than 10,000-12,000 molecular weight. When the radioactive compound was dissociated from the macromolecule with perchloric acid, the dissociated compound did not behave as free 3H-dopamine as judged by gel filtration and electrophoresis. It is concluded that a transformation of 3H-dopamine occurred during passage from the CSF to blood and that no 3H-dopamine was present in portal blood. A large portion of the radioactivity was bound to plasma macromolecules.", "contents": "Transformation of 3H-dopamine during transport from CSF to hypophysial portal blood. The capacity of the hypothalamus to transport dopamine from brain tissue into hypophysial portal blood was investigated. One hour after injection 10 muCi of 3H-dopamine into a lateral ventricle of male rats, radioactivity was present in the brain, in the anterior pituitary gland, and in systemic plasma. The highest concentration of radioactivity was found in the hypothalamus, whereas the lowest was found in systemic plasma. The cerebrum and systemic plasma contained over 50% of the dose injected, whereas the anterior pituitary gland contained no more than 0.2%. Three doses of 3H-dopamine (0.1, 1, 1nd 10 muCi) were injected into a lateral ventricle, and hypophysial portal and arterial blood were collected at 7 mu1/min for two hours. Ten min after injection, radioactivity was detected in hypophysial portal blood, reached a peak within 15-20 min, and then declined gradually to attain a concentration similar to that in arterial blood. Portal and arterial plasma and tissue extracts from rats injected intraventricularly with 3H-dopamine were subjected to gel filtration on a Sephadex G-10 comumn and to paper electrophoresis. The hypothalamus as well as the cerebrum contained several radiolabeled substances one of which appeared to behave like 3H-dopamine. However, no free 3H-dopamine was evident at this time either in blood or in the anterior pituitary gland. The results of chromatography and electrophoresis of dialyzed portal plasma indicate that much of the radioactivity was bound to macromolecules (probably plasma proteins) larger than 10,000-12,000 molecular weight. When the radioactive compound was dissociated from the macromolecule with perchloric acid, the dissociated compound did not behave as free 3H-dopamine as judged by gel filtration and electrophoresis. It is concluded that a transformation of 3H-dopamine occurred during passage from the CSF to blood and that no 3H-dopamine was present in portal blood. A large portion of the radioactivity was bound to plasma macromolecules.", "PMID": 1112256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3405", "title": "Acute inhibition of mineralization and stimulation of bone resorption mediated by hypophosphatemia.", "content": "Using rats previously labeled with 45Ca, the effects of a severely phosphate deficient diet on calcium mobilization from bone into serum were examined in both intact and thyroparathyroidectomized (TPTX) RATS. With the TPTX animals, increased calcium mobilization from bone was evident 12 hr after the rats had been placed on the low phosphorus diet. At that time period, both TPTX and intact rats had become severely hypophosphatemic. However, in intact rats, calcium mobilization was not observed until 48 hr had elapsed. Both intact and TPTX hypophosphatemic rats developed hypercalcemia. To determine if inhibition of calcium deposition into bone contributed to this change, the course of 45Ca movement from blood into bone was followed in an experiment where rats received a single injection of the isotope at the time the low phosphorus diet was given. The animals on the low phosphorus diet showed a significantly lower bone specific activity and a higher serum specific activity compared to the control group, indicating calcium deposition into bone was inhibited. We conclude that the acute response to hypophosphatemia, resulting from the low phosphorus dietary regimen, was an increase in bone resorption and an inhibition of bone mineralization. The increase in bone resorption occurred more rapidly in TPTX rats than in the intact animals.", "contents": "Acute inhibition of mineralization and stimulation of bone resorption mediated by hypophosphatemia. Using rats previously labeled with 45Ca, the effects of a severely phosphate deficient diet on calcium mobilization from bone into serum were examined in both intact and thyroparathyroidectomized (TPTX) RATS. With the TPTX animals, increased calcium mobilization from bone was evident 12 hr after the rats had been placed on the low phosphorus diet. At that time period, both TPTX and intact rats had become severely hypophosphatemic. However, in intact rats, calcium mobilization was not observed until 48 hr had elapsed. Both intact and TPTX hypophosphatemic rats developed hypercalcemia. To determine if inhibition of calcium deposition into bone contributed to this change, the course of 45Ca movement from blood into bone was followed in an experiment where rats received a single injection of the isotope at the time the low phosphorus diet was given. The animals on the low phosphorus diet showed a significantly lower bone specific activity and a higher serum specific activity compared to the control group, indicating calcium deposition into bone was inhibited. We conclude that the acute response to hypophosphatemia, resulting from the low phosphorus dietary regimen, was an increase in bone resorption and an inhibition of bone mineralization. The increase in bone resorption occurred more rapidly in TPTX rats than in the intact animals.", "PMID": 1112257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3406", "title": "Electrophoretic patterns of serum albumins collected from hereditary obese and diabetic mice.", "content": "Sera collected at different post-feeding times from C57BL/6J, C57BL/6J-ob/ob, C57BL/KsJ and C57BL/Ksj-db/db mice were electrophoresed in urea-containing gels. According to variation in susceptibility of albumin molecules to urea denaturation, several ligand-binding albumins migrated as different bands. Sera collected at different post-feeding times from C57BL/6J mice showed different electrophoretic patterns; serum collected after a 20-hr starvation period consisted mainly of fatty acid-bound albumin (Band 1); serum collected after refeeding lacked fatty acid-bound albumin but contained slower migrating bands (Bands 3-7, the nature of which are obscure and show a resemblance to normal human sera. Sera collected during and after feeding from C57BL/6J-ob/ob mice showed an albumin pattern resembling that collected during and after feeding from C57BL/6J normal mice, but that collected during the fasting state from ob/ob mice contains Bands 3-7, which were not observed in the fasting state in normal mice. On the contrary, sera collected from C57BL/KsJ-db/db mice showed quite different patterns; Bands 3-4 did not appear in the sera collected during and after feeding, although the albumin pattern in the fasting state showed a normal pattern. Administration of insulin or anti-diabetic agents to fasted mice induced Bands 3-7, suggesting a relationship of Bands 3-7 to glucose metabolism of insulin action. To study the nature of the albumin-ligand complex, in vitro experiments were conducted and are reported herein.", "contents": "Electrophoretic patterns of serum albumins collected from hereditary obese and diabetic mice. Sera collected at different post-feeding times from C57BL/6J, C57BL/6J-ob/ob, C57BL/KsJ and C57BL/Ksj-db/db mice were electrophoresed in urea-containing gels. According to variation in susceptibility of albumin molecules to urea denaturation, several ligand-binding albumins migrated as different bands. Sera collected at different post-feeding times from C57BL/6J mice showed different electrophoretic patterns; serum collected after a 20-hr starvation period consisted mainly of fatty acid-bound albumin (Band 1); serum collected after refeeding lacked fatty acid-bound albumin but contained slower migrating bands (Bands 3-7, the nature of which are obscure and show a resemblance to normal human sera. Sera collected during and after feeding from C57BL/6J-ob/ob mice showed an albumin pattern resembling that collected during and after feeding from C57BL/6J normal mice, but that collected during the fasting state from ob/ob mice contains Bands 3-7, which were not observed in the fasting state in normal mice. On the contrary, sera collected from C57BL/KsJ-db/db mice showed quite different patterns; Bands 3-4 did not appear in the sera collected during and after feeding, although the albumin pattern in the fasting state showed a normal pattern. Administration of insulin or anti-diabetic agents to fasted mice induced Bands 3-7, suggesting a relationship of Bands 3-7 to glucose metabolism of insulin action. To study the nature of the albumin-ligand complex, in vitro experiments were conducted and are reported herein.", "PMID": 1112258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3407", "title": "Steroid production by the isolated rabbit ovarian follicle. III. Actinomycin D-insensitive stimulation of steroidogenesis by LH.", "content": "The action of LH on steroidogenesis by isolated rabbit ovarian follicles has been examined. Follicles were incubated in culture medium at 37 C with medium being changed every 15 min. Media were analyzed for progestin, androgen and estrogen using established radioimmunoassay procedures. 'progestin and androgen secretion declined rapidly within 1.5 hr of incubation. Addition of LH (NIH-LH-S16), 5 mug/ml, for as little as 1 sec caused a dramatic increase in synthesis and secretion of androgen (greater than 100%) with lesser increases in secretion of progestin and estrogen. When puromycin and cycloheximide were added separately with LH there was inhibition of steroidogenesis for as long as either inhibitor was present in the medium. Addition of puromycin or cycloheximide after a mixture of LH and puromycin or cycloheximide delayed steroidogenesis until all of either inhibitor was removed. Actinomycin D in the medium failed to inhibit LH-induced steroidogenesis. These data suggest that the action of LH on steroidogenesis by the rabbit ovarian follicle probably occurs at the translational level and the binding of LH to the follicular ce-ls is a very rapid process.", "contents": "Steroid production by the isolated rabbit ovarian follicle. III. Actinomycin D-insensitive stimulation of steroidogenesis by LH. The action of LH on steroidogenesis by isolated rabbit ovarian follicles has been examined. Follicles were incubated in culture medium at 37 C with medium being changed every 15 min. Media were analyzed for progestin, androgen and estrogen using established radioimmunoassay procedures. 'progestin and androgen secretion declined rapidly within 1.5 hr of incubation. Addition of LH (NIH-LH-S16), 5 mug/ml, for as little as 1 sec caused a dramatic increase in synthesis and secretion of androgen (greater than 100%) with lesser increases in secretion of progestin and estrogen. When puromycin and cycloheximide were added separately with LH there was inhibition of steroidogenesis for as long as either inhibitor was present in the medium. Addition of puromycin or cycloheximide after a mixture of LH and puromycin or cycloheximide delayed steroidogenesis until all of either inhibitor was removed. Actinomycin D in the medium failed to inhibit LH-induced steroidogenesis. These data suggest that the action of LH on steroidogenesis by the rabbit ovarian follicle probably occurs at the translational level and the binding of LH to the follicular ce-ls is a very rapid process.", "PMID": 1112259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3408", "title": "Modification of stress-induced prolactin release by dexamethasone or adrenalectomy.", "content": "A study was conducted to determine the influence of conditions known to alter ACTH secretion on prolactin release by the pituitary. Dexamethasone or 0.9% NaCl was injected subcutaneously into intact male rats 4 hr before a 2-min ether stress. Other rats were submitted to the ether stress 2 weeks following adrenalectomy. Five min following exposure to the ether stress, the rats were decapitated and trunk blood was collected. Dexamethasone (31, 125 or 500 mug/kg) blocked the stress-induced prolactin release in a dosage dependent manner with the highest dose decreasing plasma prolactin to levels similar to those observed in rats not exposed to the ether stress. Conversely, adrenalectomy was found to potentiate prolactin release due to ether stress. The results indicate that the adrenal may play a regulatory role in stress-induced prolactin release. The are also consistent with the suggestion that a common pathway or mechanism may be involved in pituitary release.", "contents": "Modification of stress-induced prolactin release by dexamethasone or adrenalectomy. A study was conducted to determine the influence of conditions known to alter ACTH secretion on prolactin release by the pituitary. Dexamethasone or 0.9% NaCl was injected subcutaneously into intact male rats 4 hr before a 2-min ether stress. Other rats were submitted to the ether stress 2 weeks following adrenalectomy. Five min following exposure to the ether stress, the rats were decapitated and trunk blood was collected. Dexamethasone (31, 125 or 500 mug/kg) blocked the stress-induced prolactin release in a dosage dependent manner with the highest dose decreasing plasma prolactin to levels similar to those observed in rats not exposed to the ether stress. Conversely, adrenalectomy was found to potentiate prolactin release due to ether stress. The results indicate that the adrenal may play a regulatory role in stress-induced prolactin release. The are also consistent with the suggestion that a common pathway or mechanism may be involved in pituitary release.", "PMID": 1112260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3409", "title": "Formation and secretion of 5alpha-androstan-17beta-ol-3-one, 5alpha-androstan-3alpha,17beta-diol and 5alpha-androstan-3beta,17beta-diol by the perfused rabbit testis epididymis.", "content": "Rabbit testes epididymides were perfused in vitro at 36.5 C with an artificial medium containing bovine red blooc cells. Three major testosterone metabolites were formed and subsequently elaborated into the venous effluent of testes epididymibdes when testosterone-1,2,6,7-3-H was infused into the artery of the perfused organ. In contrast, testosterone-1,2,6,7-1-H remained unchanged when incubated in the artificial medium under similar conditions. Elution volume from a Sephadex LH-20 column, development in three ascending paper chromatographic (APC) systems, acetylation and development in a fourth APC system followed by gas liquid chromatography (GLC) of the acetylated products tentatively identified the radioactive-metabolites as 5alpha-androstan-17beta-ol-3-one (DHT), 5alpha-androstan-3alpha,17beta-diol (3alphaol) and 5alpha-androstan-3beta,17beta-diol (3beta-ol). The identity of these 5alpha-reduced testosterone metabolites was confirmed by crystallization to constant specific activity in the presence of authentic carrier steroid. These results suggest that DHT and androstanediols formed by perfused rabbit testes epididymides subsequently escape into the venous effluent.", "contents": "Formation and secretion of 5alpha-androstan-17beta-ol-3-one, 5alpha-androstan-3alpha,17beta-diol and 5alpha-androstan-3beta,17beta-diol by the perfused rabbit testis epididymis. Rabbit testes epididymides were perfused in vitro at 36.5 C with an artificial medium containing bovine red blooc cells. Three major testosterone metabolites were formed and subsequently elaborated into the venous effluent of testes epididymibdes when testosterone-1,2,6,7-3-H was infused into the artery of the perfused organ. In contrast, testosterone-1,2,6,7-1-H remained unchanged when incubated in the artificial medium under similar conditions. Elution volume from a Sephadex LH-20 column, development in three ascending paper chromatographic (APC) systems, acetylation and development in a fourth APC system followed by gas liquid chromatography (GLC) of the acetylated products tentatively identified the radioactive-metabolites as 5alpha-androstan-17beta-ol-3-one (DHT), 5alpha-androstan-3alpha,17beta-diol (3alphaol) and 5alpha-androstan-3beta,17beta-diol (3beta-ol). The identity of these 5alpha-reduced testosterone metabolites was confirmed by crystallization to constant specific activity in the presence of authentic carrier steroid. These results suggest that DHT and androstanediols formed by perfused rabbit testes epididymides subsequently escape into the venous effluent.", "PMID": 1112261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3410", "title": "Partial masculinization of rat liver enzyme activities following treatment with FSH.", "content": "The metabolism of 4-(4014C)androstene-3,17-dione and 5alpha-(4-14C)androstene-3alpha, 17beta-diol was studies in the microsomal fraction and that of 4-(4-14C) androstene-3,17-dione in the 105,000 times g supernatant fraction of livers from castrated male and female rats treated with LH and FSH. Administration of LH led to significant decreases in 17-hydroxysteroid reduction and 7alpha-hydroxylation of 4-androstene-3,17-dione in both male and female rats and in 6beta-hydroxylation of 4-androstene-3,17-dione in female rats. FSH on the other hand specifically stimulated (masculinized) the following sex-dependent hydroxylations: 16alpha-hydroxylation of 4-androstene-3,17-dione in female rats and 2alpha-, and 2beta- and 18-hydroxylation of 5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol in male rats. The metabolism of 4-androstene-3,17-dione and 5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol was also studied in castrated male and female rats given testosterone propionate and in castrated female rats given testosterone propionate in combination with LH or FSH. It was shown that neither LH nor FSH could compensate for the relative androgen-unresponsiveness exhibited by female as compared to male rats. It is concluded that FSH but not LH may participate in the regulation of sex-dependent hydroxylase systems in rat liver.?2,Author", "contents": "Partial masculinization of rat liver enzyme activities following treatment with FSH. The metabolism of 4-(4014C)androstene-3,17-dione and 5alpha-(4-14C)androstene-3alpha, 17beta-diol was studies in the microsomal fraction and that of 4-(4-14C) androstene-3,17-dione in the 105,000 times g supernatant fraction of livers from castrated male and female rats treated with LH and FSH. Administration of LH led to significant decreases in 17-hydroxysteroid reduction and 7alpha-hydroxylation of 4-androstene-3,17-dione in both male and female rats and in 6beta-hydroxylation of 4-androstene-3,17-dione in female rats. FSH on the other hand specifically stimulated (masculinized) the following sex-dependent hydroxylations: 16alpha-hydroxylation of 4-androstene-3,17-dione in female rats and 2alpha-, and 2beta- and 18-hydroxylation of 5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol in male rats. The metabolism of 4-androstene-3,17-dione and 5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol was also studied in castrated male and female rats given testosterone propionate and in castrated female rats given testosterone propionate in combination with LH or FSH. It was shown that neither LH nor FSH could compensate for the relative androgen-unresponsiveness exhibited by female as compared to male rats. It is concluded that FSH but not LH may participate in the regulation of sex-dependent hydroxylase systems in rat liver.?2,Author", "PMID": 1112262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3411", "title": "Male-induced precocial puberty in female mice: confirmation of the role of estrogen.", "content": "Previous work has shown that exposure of prepubertal female mice to an adult male results in an immediate, sequential release of LH and estrogen. An ovulating release of LH follows in a predictable 3-day period, providing that male-exposure occurs at a particular body weight. Using this three day system, the present objective was to determine how effectively exogenous estrogen would substitute for the male's presence. Control experiments established that neither social isolation nor exposure to a castrated male would yield ovulatory puberty within the 3-day experimental period. Immature females were then subjected to a variety of sequences of three daily treatments including male-exposure and/or steroid injection. Two days of male exposure and no treatment on the third day was as effective in eliciting ovulation on the third night as 3 full days of cohabitation. Furthermore, either or both of the first two days of male-exposure could be mimicked by single injections of estrogen if followed by male-exposure for the remainder of the experimental period. A single injection of estrogen on the first day was ineffective in eliciting ovulation unless followed by male-exposure for 2 days, by a second injection of estrogen on day 2, or by an injection of progesterone on the third day. It was concluded that, as far as the induction of puberty is concerned, the important action of the male's presence is to elicit estrogen secretion (via a subovulating release of LH), and that this process must continue for 2 days, even in immediately prepubertal females, if the pubertal ovulation is to occur during the third night.", "contents": "Male-induced precocial puberty in female mice: confirmation of the role of estrogen. Previous work has shown that exposure of prepubertal female mice to an adult male results in an immediate, sequential release of LH and estrogen. An ovulating release of LH follows in a predictable 3-day period, providing that male-exposure occurs at a particular body weight. Using this three day system, the present objective was to determine how effectively exogenous estrogen would substitute for the male's presence. Control experiments established that neither social isolation nor exposure to a castrated male would yield ovulatory puberty within the 3-day experimental period. Immature females were then subjected to a variety of sequences of three daily treatments including male-exposure and/or steroid injection. Two days of male exposure and no treatment on the third day was as effective in eliciting ovulation on the third night as 3 full days of cohabitation. Furthermore, either or both of the first two days of male-exposure could be mimicked by single injections of estrogen if followed by male-exposure for the remainder of the experimental period. A single injection of estrogen on the first day was ineffective in eliciting ovulation unless followed by male-exposure for 2 days, by a second injection of estrogen on day 2, or by an injection of progesterone on the third day. It was concluded that, as far as the induction of puberty is concerned, the important action of the male's presence is to elicit estrogen secretion (via a subovulating release of LH), and that this process must continue for 2 days, even in immediately prepubertal females, if the pubertal ovulation is to occur during the third night.", "PMID": 1112263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3412", "title": "Evolution of adrenal-regeneration hypertension in blinded rats.", "content": "The influence of blinding upon the blood pressure and adrenal regeneration of monoephrectomized but otherwise normal and mononephrectomized adrenal-enucleate rats on a high Na intake was evaluated. Blinding had no effect on control blood pressure, or upon the incidence, course and severity of adrenal-regeneration hypertension. Similarly there was no discernible effect on the regeneration of enucleate adrenal glands. The adrenal glandsands of otherwise normal blinded rats showed some enlargement in proportion to body weight, a finding which is probably attributable to loss of body weight in several animals.", "contents": "Evolution of adrenal-regeneration hypertension in blinded rats. The influence of blinding upon the blood pressure and adrenal regeneration of monoephrectomized but otherwise normal and mononephrectomized adrenal-enucleate rats on a high Na intake was evaluated. Blinding had no effect on control blood pressure, or upon the incidence, course and severity of adrenal-regeneration hypertension. Similarly there was no discernible effect on the regeneration of enucleate adrenal glands. The adrenal glandsands of otherwise normal blinded rats showed some enlargement in proportion to body weight, a finding which is probably attributable to loss of body weight in several animals.", "PMID": 1112264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3413", "title": "The androgen status of vasectomized rats.", "content": "Several factors related to androgen status were examined in vasectomized and sham-operated rats during and at the end of the 7th postoperative month. Average serum testosterone levels during the 7th month were based on three biweekly bleedings of 12 rats in each group, with determined values of 1.84 plus or minus 0.61 ng/ml (X plus or minus SD) for vasectomized rats and 2.38 plus or minus 0.78 ng/ml for sham-operated rats. Although average serum testosterone levels were 23% lower in vasectomized rats as compared to sham-operated controls, high coefficients of variation (33% and 32% in the two groups, respectively) rendered the difference insignificant. Within 1 hr of hCG administration, serum testosterone rose to 5.07 plus 1.94 ng/ml and 5.73 plus or minus 3.21 ng/ml in vasectomized and sham-operated rats. Eighteen hr after castration, testosterone had fallen below 0.25 ng/ml in both groups. Weights of testes and accessory sex organs were similar in both groups. Significant differences were not detected in the abundance, volume, or ultrastructure of Leydig cells. Each category of data collected in this study failed to reveal statistically significant differences were not detected in the abundance, volume, or ultrastructure of Leydig cells. Each category of data collected in this study failed to reveal statistically significant differences between the two groups, thereby supporting the essential normalcy of vasectomized rats with respect to androgen status.", "contents": "The androgen status of vasectomized rats. Several factors related to androgen status were examined in vasectomized and sham-operated rats during and at the end of the 7th postoperative month. Average serum testosterone levels during the 7th month were based on three biweekly bleedings of 12 rats in each group, with determined values of 1.84 plus or minus 0.61 ng/ml (X plus or minus SD) for vasectomized rats and 2.38 plus or minus 0.78 ng/ml for sham-operated rats. Although average serum testosterone levels were 23% lower in vasectomized rats as compared to sham-operated controls, high coefficients of variation (33% and 32% in the two groups, respectively) rendered the difference insignificant. Within 1 hr of hCG administration, serum testosterone rose to 5.07 plus 1.94 ng/ml and 5.73 plus or minus 3.21 ng/ml in vasectomized and sham-operated rats. Eighteen hr after castration, testosterone had fallen below 0.25 ng/ml in both groups. Weights of testes and accessory sex organs were similar in both groups. Significant differences were not detected in the abundance, volume, or ultrastructure of Leydig cells. Each category of data collected in this study failed to reveal statistically significant differences were not detected in the abundance, volume, or ultrastructure of Leydig cells. Each category of data collected in this study failed to reveal statistically significant differences between the two groups, thereby supporting the essential normalcy of vasectomized rats with respect to androgen status.", "PMID": 1112265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3414", "title": "Prostaglandin levels in tissues of the male reproductive system in six strains of mice.", "content": "Prostaglandin E and F were measured in the testis, epididymis and vas deferens of six strains of inbred mice (A/J, AKR/J, C57BL/6J, DBA/2J, BALB/J and CE/J. The concentration of PGE and PGF was significantly higher in the vas deferens than in either the testis or the epididymis. Furthermore, the cauda epididymis contained a higher level of PGs than the caput portion. The relative preponderance of PGF to E varied between the tissues. The levels of PGs in the studies tissues indicated that they might be directly associated with the biological process of sperm maturation. The significant differences among strains of mice suggested that the observed variation might be, to a large extent, genetic.", "contents": "Prostaglandin levels in tissues of the male reproductive system in six strains of mice. Prostaglandin E and F were measured in the testis, epididymis and vas deferens of six strains of inbred mice (A/J, AKR/J, C57BL/6J, DBA/2J, BALB/J and CE/J. The concentration of PGE and PGF was significantly higher in the vas deferens than in either the testis or the epididymis. Furthermore, the cauda epididymis contained a higher level of PGs than the caput portion. The relative preponderance of PGF to E varied between the tissues. The levels of PGs in the studies tissues indicated that they might be directly associated with the biological process of sperm maturation. The significant differences among strains of mice suggested that the observed variation might be, to a large extent, genetic.", "PMID": 1112266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3415", "title": "On the quaternary structure of high-molecular-weight proteins from the bovine eye lens.", "content": "Electron micrographs of high (40-S) and very-high-molecular-weight (240S) alpha-crystallin preparations show large aggregates with a random arrangement of individual low-molecular-weight alpha-crystallin molecules. The electron microscopic data are completed with viscosimetric and light-scattering experiments. All data obtained with higher-molecular-weight alpha-crystallins point to aggregates with non-spherical structures.", "contents": "On the quaternary structure of high-molecular-weight proteins from the bovine eye lens. Electron micrographs of high (40-S) and very-high-molecular-weight (240S) alpha-crystallin preparations show large aggregates with a random arrangement of individual low-molecular-weight alpha-crystallin molecules. The electron microscopic data are completed with viscosimetric and light-scattering experiments. All data obtained with higher-molecular-weight alpha-crystallins point to aggregates with non-spherical structures.", "PMID": 1112267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3416", "title": "Studies on messenger and ribosomal RNA synthesis in plant tissue cultures induced to undergo synchronus cell division.", "content": "Messenger and ribosomal RNA metabolism was tudied in a plant tissue culture system: cells from the quiescent tubers of Helianthus tuberosus (Jerusalem artichoke) were induced to divide synchronously and dedeifferentiate by excision and culture of explants in nutrient medium. Large accumulations of ribosomal RNA and protein started early in the 20-h lag-period preceding the first division. In pulse-labelling experiments, two types of polydisperse messenger-like RNAs were detected one with and one without a poly(adenylic acid) sequence. In the first 2 h of culture the two polydisperse RNA fractions were the predominant types of RNA synthesised. Ribosomal RNA synthesis was very low during the first 2 h, but acclerated later. Low concentrations of actinomycin-D strongly inhibited ribosomal RNA synthesis, but had little effect on the synthesis of transfer RNA or either type of polydisperse messenger-like RNA. In explants cultured with low concentrations of actinomycin-D ribosomal RNA accumulation was completely inhibited, but cell division and protein accumulation occurred, though at a reduced rate. It is concluded that the synthesis and accumulation of new ribosomal RNA which normally occur during culture are not required for the induction of cell division or for protein accumulation, i.e. the ribosomal RNA existing in the quiescent tuver cells can support protein accumulation and cell division induced by excision and culture. The quiescent tuber tissue is also shown to contain significant amounts of messenger-like RNA.", "contents": "Studies on messenger and ribosomal RNA synthesis in plant tissue cultures induced to undergo synchronus cell division. Messenger and ribosomal RNA metabolism was tudied in a plant tissue culture system: cells from the quiescent tubers of Helianthus tuberosus (Jerusalem artichoke) were induced to divide synchronously and dedeifferentiate by excision and culture of explants in nutrient medium. Large accumulations of ribosomal RNA and protein started early in the 20-h lag-period preceding the first division. In pulse-labelling experiments, two types of polydisperse messenger-like RNAs were detected one with and one without a poly(adenylic acid) sequence. In the first 2 h of culture the two polydisperse RNA fractions were the predominant types of RNA synthesised. Ribosomal RNA synthesis was very low during the first 2 h, but acclerated later. Low concentrations of actinomycin-D strongly inhibited ribosomal RNA synthesis, but had little effect on the synthesis of transfer RNA or either type of polydisperse messenger-like RNA. In explants cultured with low concentrations of actinomycin-D ribosomal RNA accumulation was completely inhibited, but cell division and protein accumulation occurred, though at a reduced rate. It is concluded that the synthesis and accumulation of new ribosomal RNA which normally occur during culture are not required for the induction of cell division or for protein accumulation, i.e. the ribosomal RNA existing in the quiescent tuver cells can support protein accumulation and cell division induced by excision and culture. The quiescent tuber tissue is also shown to contain significant amounts of messenger-like RNA.", "PMID": 1112268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3417", "title": "Determination of mRNA half-life in HeLa cultures by a poly(A)-independent direct analysis of specific radioactivity of mRNA.", "content": "mRNA specific radioactivity in HeLa cultures exposed to (3H)uridine (10 muM) was determined directly by a highly selective poly(A)-independent method which we have described previously. Neither uridine in mRNA nor UTP approached the specific radioactivity of the exogenous (3H)uridine, but attained steady-state specific radioactivities which remained a third below the value of the added precursor. Using the labeling data for the evaluation of mRNA turnover, previously described by Greenberg, mRNA half-life in exponentially growing HeLa cultures was found to be 0.87 times the cell doubling time. Decay curves of mRNA in prelabeled cultures were in accordance with these values (half-life equals 0.79 times the cell doubling time) when corrected for growth and also for \"reutilization\" which was accomplished by relating uridine labeling in mRNA to UTP specific radioactivity. The experiments showed that an exact evaluation of mRNA turnover is possible only when the following points are taken into account. a) A constant supply of exogenous labeled uridine must be provided to guarantee a constant specific radioactivity of UTP. b) Labeling of CTP and of cytidine in RNA are delayed when compared with UTP and uridine in RNA. Corrections for cytidine labeling in RNA are therefore required. c) As rRNA approached a definitely lower steady-state specific radioactivity than mRNA, mRNA specific radioactivities must be determined directly (i.e. by radioactivity and absorbance at 260 nm in isolated mRNA fractions) in order to evaluate true turnover of this RNA species.", "contents": "Determination of mRNA half-life in HeLa cultures by a poly(A)-independent direct analysis of specific radioactivity of mRNA. mRNA specific radioactivity in HeLa cultures exposed to (3H)uridine (10 muM) was determined directly by a highly selective poly(A)-independent method which we have described previously. Neither uridine in mRNA nor UTP approached the specific radioactivity of the exogenous (3H)uridine, but attained steady-state specific radioactivities which remained a third below the value of the added precursor. Using the labeling data for the evaluation of mRNA turnover, previously described by Greenberg, mRNA half-life in exponentially growing HeLa cultures was found to be 0.87 times the cell doubling time. Decay curves of mRNA in prelabeled cultures were in accordance with these values (half-life equals 0.79 times the cell doubling time) when corrected for growth and also for \"reutilization\" which was accomplished by relating uridine labeling in mRNA to UTP specific radioactivity. The experiments showed that an exact evaluation of mRNA turnover is possible only when the following points are taken into account. a) A constant supply of exogenous labeled uridine must be provided to guarantee a constant specific radioactivity of UTP. b) Labeling of CTP and of cytidine in RNA are delayed when compared with UTP and uridine in RNA. Corrections for cytidine labeling in RNA are therefore required. c) As rRNA approached a definitely lower steady-state specific radioactivity than mRNA, mRNA specific radioactivities must be determined directly (i.e. by radioactivity and absorbance at 260 nm in isolated mRNA fractions) in order to evaluate true turnover of this RNA species.", "PMID": 1112269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3418", "title": "Molecular forms of yeast invertase.", "content": "The molecular forms of yeast invertase have been studied. It is shown that by gel filtration on Sephadex G-200 it is possible to demonstrate the presence not only of a light, carbohydrate-free, invertase, and a heavy invertase containing 50% carbohydrate, but also of a continuous spectrum of molecular forms that probably represent the sequential addition of mannose to the light form during the secretion process, which culminates in the formation on the heavy enzyme that is found outside the cytoplasmic membrane. The elution volume-void volume ratio in Sephadex G-200 varies from 1.75 of the light to 1.05 of the heavy invertase. The separation of invertase has also been achieved by ion-exchange chromatography and by isoelectric focusing and is facilitated by removal of the heavy form by ammonium sulphate precipitation. During the protoplasting process the removal of the cell wall is accompanied by the loss of most of the heavy form. Thintermediate forms are exclusively detected inside the protoplast, together with the light invertase and a small amount of heavy invertase. The effect of 2-deoxy-D-glucose and cycloheximide on the biosynthesis and distribution of molecular forms of yeast invertase has also been studied. In the presence of 10 mM glucose Saccharomyces 303-67 repressed cells readily synthesize invertase during the two-hour incubation period. Upon the addition of 2-deoxy-D-glucose, at a concentration of 75 mu g/ml, the observed inhibition in the cells is 60%, but if the activity is measured after breaking the cells, only a 31% inhibition is found, revealing an accumulation of invertase inside the protoplast. 2-Deoxy-D-glucose originates a pile-up of the light and intermediate forms at the expense of the formation of the heavy enzyme, showing that the inhibition of the glycosilation and, therefore, the secretion process, has taken place. In the absence of de novo invertase synthesis originated by cycloheximide, the glycosilation process still takes place as indicated by the accumulation of the heavy form at the expense of the light, carbohydrate-free, enzyme.", "contents": "Molecular forms of yeast invertase. The molecular forms of yeast invertase have been studied. It is shown that by gel filtration on Sephadex G-200 it is possible to demonstrate the presence not only of a light, carbohydrate-free, invertase, and a heavy invertase containing 50% carbohydrate, but also of a continuous spectrum of molecular forms that probably represent the sequential addition of mannose to the light form during the secretion process, which culminates in the formation on the heavy enzyme that is found outside the cytoplasmic membrane. The elution volume-void volume ratio in Sephadex G-200 varies from 1.75 of the light to 1.05 of the heavy invertase. The separation of invertase has also been achieved by ion-exchange chromatography and by isoelectric focusing and is facilitated by removal of the heavy form by ammonium sulphate precipitation. During the protoplasting process the removal of the cell wall is accompanied by the loss of most of the heavy form. Thintermediate forms are exclusively detected inside the protoplast, together with the light invertase and a small amount of heavy invertase. The effect of 2-deoxy-D-glucose and cycloheximide on the biosynthesis and distribution of molecular forms of yeast invertase has also been studied. In the presence of 10 mM glucose Saccharomyces 303-67 repressed cells readily synthesize invertase during the two-hour incubation period. Upon the addition of 2-deoxy-D-glucose, at a concentration of 75 mu g/ml, the observed inhibition in the cells is 60%, but if the activity is measured after breaking the cells, only a 31% inhibition is found, revealing an accumulation of invertase inside the protoplast. 2-Deoxy-D-glucose originates a pile-up of the light and intermediate forms at the expense of the formation of the heavy enzyme, showing that the inhibition of the glycosilation and, therefore, the secretion process, has taken place. In the absence of de novo invertase synthesis originated by cycloheximide, the glycosilation process still takes place as indicated by the accumulation of the heavy form at the expense of the light, carbohydrate-free, enzyme.", "PMID": 1112270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3419", "title": "Electrophoretic characterization of membrane proteins during chloroplast development in barley.", "content": "Membranes of plastids isolated from greening 15-cm (6 days) barley seedling were analysed electrophoretically using acid-soaked polyacrylamide gels. During greening five new major classes of membrane-bound proteins appeared having apparent molecular weights of 100 000, 63 000, 41 000, 39 000, and 34 000, respectively. As greening progressed these proteins became the prominent feature of the electrophoretic pattern. Chloramphenicol and cycloheximide each had different inhibitory effects on the appearance of the new protein bands. Mutants of barley (xantha-f, g, h) blocked at an early stage in chloroplast development lacked the light-induced bands. Conversely, mutants xantha-b-12 and b-18 with lamellar systems organized into giant grana lacked some, but not all, of the light-induced bands. At the early stages of greening the newly formed membrane proteins and chlorophyll were inserted into existing membranes. At later stages, all membrane components appeared to be synthesized. Evidence is discussed that certain membrane proteins are specific for grana, while others are associated with stroma lamellae.", "contents": "Electrophoretic characterization of membrane proteins during chloroplast development in barley. Membranes of plastids isolated from greening 15-cm (6 days) barley seedling were analysed electrophoretically using acid-soaked polyacrylamide gels. During greening five new major classes of membrane-bound proteins appeared having apparent molecular weights of 100 000, 63 000, 41 000, 39 000, and 34 000, respectively. As greening progressed these proteins became the prominent feature of the electrophoretic pattern. Chloramphenicol and cycloheximide each had different inhibitory effects on the appearance of the new protein bands. Mutants of barley (xantha-f, g, h) blocked at an early stage in chloroplast development lacked the light-induced bands. Conversely, mutants xantha-b-12 and b-18 with lamellar systems organized into giant grana lacked some, but not all, of the light-induced bands. At the early stages of greening the newly formed membrane proteins and chlorophyll were inserted into existing membranes. At later stages, all membrane components appeared to be synthesized. Evidence is discussed that certain membrane proteins are specific for grana, while others are associated with stroma lamellae.", "PMID": 1112271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3420", "title": "Black-white differentials in infant mortality in the South, 1940-1970.", "content": "This paper examines the trends and variations in the black-white differentials in infant mortality in ten selected Southern states during the 1940-1970 period. The patterns observed from the Southern states are compared with those observed from seven selected Northern states and the country as a whole. The ratios of black to white infant mortality rates and Fein's \"time-lag\" statistics are used as measures of the extent of black-white differentials. The gaps between blacks and whites in both neonatal and postneonatal mortality rates have widened in the Southern states between 1940 and 1970. No significant differences between the Southern states and the Northern states in the extent of black-whites differentials in infant mortality were observed. A positive association between variations among the Southern states in postneonatal mortality differentials and income differentials was found, while neonatal mortality differentials had a weak inverse relationship with income inequality. A series of general explanations of the observed trends and variations have been presented. Also, a detailed methodological consideration of the possible influence of artifacts of the data upon the trends and variations had been made.", "contents": "Black-white differentials in infant mortality in the South, 1940-1970. This paper examines the trends and variations in the black-white differentials in infant mortality in ten selected Southern states during the 1940-1970 period. The patterns observed from the Southern states are compared with those observed from seven selected Northern states and the country as a whole. The ratios of black to white infant mortality rates and Fein's \"time-lag\" statistics are used as measures of the extent of black-white differentials. The gaps between blacks and whites in both neonatal and postneonatal mortality rates have widened in the Southern states between 1940 and 1970. No significant differences between the Southern states and the Northern states in the extent of black-whites differentials in infant mortality were observed. A positive association between variations among the Southern states in postneonatal mortality differentials and income differentials was found, while neonatal mortality differentials had a weak inverse relationship with income inequality. A series of general explanations of the observed trends and variations have been presented. Also, a detailed methodological consideration of the possible influence of artifacts of the data upon the trends and variations had been made.", "PMID": 1112425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3421", "title": "Female professional work opportunities: a cross-national study.", "content": "While economic development has been associated with increased participation of females in the labor force, it remains problematic whether sexual equality within the labor force has also increased. This study examines the differentiation of structural variables, specifically economic and demographic variables, on female participation and sexual equality within a specific sector of the labor force: the professions. The units of analysis are primarily European countries with the inclusion of the United States, Canada, Australia and New Zealand. The findings indicate that those economic development factors (female higher education enrollment rate and professional demand) significantly related to the female professional participation rate are distinct from those structural factors (economic growth rate, working age male deficiency) affecting sexual equality within the professional sector.", "contents": "Female professional work opportunities: a cross-national study. While economic development has been associated with increased participation of females in the labor force, it remains problematic whether sexual equality within the labor force has also increased. This study examines the differentiation of structural variables, specifically economic and demographic variables, on female participation and sexual equality within a specific sector of the labor force: the professions. The units of analysis are primarily European countries with the inclusion of the United States, Canada, Australia and New Zealand. The findings indicate that those economic development factors (female higher education enrollment rate and professional demand) significantly related to the female professional participation rate are distinct from those structural factors (economic growth rate, working age male deficiency) affecting sexual equality within the professional sector.", "PMID": 1112426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3422", "title": "Stouffer's model of migration: a comparison of interstate and metropolitan flows.", "content": "The objectives of this paper are (1) to evaluate the accuracy of the intervening opportunities-competing migrants hypothesis (Stouffer, 1960) in estimating 1955-1960 interstate migration streams in the United States and (2) to compare the results with those obtained by Galle and Taeuber (1966) for metropolitan migration. Our results strongly confirm Stouffer's hypothesis and yield parameter estimates highly comparable to those obtained  for metropolitan migration, except that competing migrants exert a stronger influence than intervening opportunities in interstate migration. Our study is based on 2,256 interstate migration flows in the continental United States, whereas Stouffer's intercity study and Galle and Taeuber's metropolitan study were each based on 116 migration flows. Our results indicate that Stouffer's theory holds for different levels of aggregation with remarkable consistency. Several theoretical models of the migration process are more compatible with Stouffer's original 1940 formulation of intervening opportunities than his 1960 reformulation. Estimates for interstate data indicate that the 1940 definition provides slightly better results. For both these reasons, it would seem that the 1940 formulation should be given serious consideration in future tests of Stouffer's hypothesis.", "contents": "Stouffer's model of migration: a comparison of interstate and metropolitan flows. The objectives of this paper are (1) to evaluate the accuracy of the intervening opportunities-competing migrants hypothesis (Stouffer, 1960) in estimating 1955-1960 interstate migration streams in the United States and (2) to compare the results with those obtained by Galle and Taeuber (1966) for metropolitan migration. Our results strongly confirm Stouffer's hypothesis and yield parameter estimates highly comparable to those obtained  for metropolitan migration, except that competing migrants exert a stronger influence than intervening opportunities in interstate migration. Our study is based on 2,256 interstate migration flows in the continental United States, whereas Stouffer's intercity study and Galle and Taeuber's metropolitan study were each based on 116 migration flows. Our results indicate that Stouffer's theory holds for different levels of aggregation with remarkable consistency. Several theoretical models of the migration process are more compatible with Stouffer's original 1940 formulation of intervening opportunities than his 1960 reformulation. Estimates for interstate data indicate that the 1940 definition provides slightly better results. For both these reasons, it would seem that the 1940 formulation should be given serious consideration in future tests of Stouffer's hypothesis.", "PMID": 1112427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3423", "title": "Competition between spontaneous and induced abortion.", "content": "Because of their similar timing in pregnancy, spontaneous and induced abortions can be viewed as competing outcomes. Some intended abortion operations are anticipated by earlier miscarriages while some potential miscarriages are forestalled by earlier deliberate interruptions of pregnancy. Previous treatments of this competition are reviewed, and a new analysis is made on the basis of New York data. A simple rule for approximating the reduction in apparent incidence of spontaneous abortion in the presence of induced abortion is presented. The effects of nonreporting and misreporting of pregnancy outcomes upon this rule are examined by means of the Perrin-Sheps renewal process. Two expectations are tested on Taiwanese data.", "contents": "Competition between spontaneous and induced abortion. Because of their similar timing in pregnancy, spontaneous and induced abortions can be viewed as competing outcomes. Some intended abortion operations are anticipated by earlier miscarriages while some potential miscarriages are forestalled by earlier deliberate interruptions of pregnancy. Previous treatments of this competition are reviewed, and a new analysis is made on the basis of New York data. A simple rule for approximating the reduction in apparent incidence of spontaneous abortion in the presence of induced abortion is presented. The effects of nonreporting and misreporting of pregnancy outcomes upon this rule are examined by means of the Perrin-Sheps renewal process. Two expectations are tested on Taiwanese data.", "PMID": 1112428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3424", "title": "Conceptive delay, nonsusceptible period, and cohort fertility patterns.", "content": "A model of cohort fertility pattern by duration of marriage is built on the parameters of conceptive risk, its decline along parity, and the length of the nonsusceptible period. The model is found to fit satisfactorily a variety of cohort fertility patterns. Birth intervals by parity are then inferred from the estimated parameters. The present model is developed for comparative analyses of fertility trends and for fertility projections which take into account ongoing changes in birth intervals and completed family-size distributions which may be observed in current sample surveys.", "contents": "Conceptive delay, nonsusceptible period, and cohort fertility patterns. A model of cohort fertility pattern by duration of marriage is built on the parameters of conceptive risk, its decline along parity, and the length of the nonsusceptible period. The model is found to fit satisfactorily a variety of cohort fertility patterns. Birth intervals by parity are then inferred from the estimated parameters. The present model is developed for comparative analyses of fertility trends and for fertility projections which take into account ongoing changes in birth intervals and completed family-size distributions which may be observed in current sample surveys.", "PMID": 1112429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3425", "title": "Levels and patterns of infant and child mortality in Ghana.", "content": "This paper attempts to measure infant and child mortality levels and also to determine their structure by utilizing the results of the 1968-1069 National Demographic Sample Survey which was conducted under the directorship of the author. Among the major problems encountered in the exercise are the adjustment of the current raw mortality data and the estimation of infant and child mortality from independent source material. The estimated infant mortality rates range from 56 per 1,000 live births in the Accra Capital District to 192 in the Upper Region during the late 1960's. The urban rate is lower than the rural rate, 98, as against 161 per 1,000 live births. A large proportion of the deaths among children aged 0-4 occur in the second year of life, and deaths in this age group account for the bulk of the deaths within the age group 1-4 years.", "contents": "Levels and patterns of infant and child mortality in Ghana. This paper attempts to measure infant and child mortality levels and also to determine their structure by utilizing the results of the 1968-1069 National Demographic Sample Survey which was conducted under the directorship of the author. Among the major problems encountered in the exercise are the adjustment of the current raw mortality data and the estimation of infant and child mortality from independent source material. The estimated infant mortality rates range from 56 per 1,000 live births in the Accra Capital District to 192 in the Upper Region during the late 1960's. The urban rate is lower than the rural rate, 98, as against 161 per 1,000 live births. A large proportion of the deaths among children aged 0-4 occur in the second year of life, and deaths in this age group account for the bulk of the deaths within the age group 1-4 years.", "PMID": 1112432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3426", "title": "On a method for studying family size preferences.", "content": "The concept of desired family size is widely accepted, and numerous studies have been undertaken to measure its level in certain population groups. The determination of desired family size has generally followed the direct question procedure through which the respondent states some whole number as representing her family size wishes at some specified period in her life. Limitations of this method have been recognized, and some research has been conducted toward the development of other techniques of measuring desired family size. The purpose of this paper is to discuss a method of estimating desired family size based on the concept of paired comparison, where the response is restricted in order to reduce respondent bias. Emphasis is on estimation of parameters and test statistics appropriate for evaluating the applicability of the underlying model.", "contents": "On a method for studying family size preferences. The concept of desired family size is widely accepted, and numerous studies have been undertaken to measure its level in certain population groups. The determination of desired family size has generally followed the direct question procedure through which the respondent states some whole number as representing her family size wishes at some specified period in her life. Limitations of this method have been recognized, and some research has been conducted toward the development of other techniques of measuring desired family size. The purpose of this paper is to discuss a method of estimating desired family size based on the concept of paired comparison, where the response is restricted in order to reduce respondent bias. Emphasis is on estimation of parameters and test statistics appropriate for evaluating the applicability of the underlying model.", "PMID": 1112433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3427", "title": "Sons, daughters or both?: an analysis of family sex composition preferences in the Philippines.", "content": "An analysis of family sex composition preferences as well as the relationship between actual family sex composition and desire for no additional children among a national sample of Filipino women is presented. An emphasis on balance or son-daughter equivalence is strongest in Metropolitan Manila. Son preference is highest in rural Mindanao and Sulu, primarily due to the concentration of Muslims in this section of the country and secondarily to its pioneer environment and the presumed utility of sons in such a milieu. The importance of eliciting sex composition preferences from both husbands and wives as well as distinguishing the \"striking for a balance\" from sex-linked preferences in future research is discussed.", "contents": "Sons, daughters or both?: an analysis of family sex composition preferences in the Philippines. An analysis of family sex composition preferences as well as the relationship between actual family sex composition and desire for no additional children among a national sample of Filipino women is presented. An emphasis on balance or son-daughter equivalence is strongest in Metropolitan Manila. Son preference is highest in rural Mindanao and Sulu, primarily due to the concentration of Muslims in this section of the country and secondarily to its pioneer environment and the presumed utility of sons in such a milieu. The importance of eliciting sex composition preferences from both husbands and wives as well as distinguishing the \"striking for a balance\" from sex-linked preferences in future research is discussed.", "PMID": 1112434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3428", "title": "Measuring change in sex composition.", "content": "The present paper deals with changes over time in the sex composition of a given population. Such changes are generated by the components of population change: natality, mortality, immigration and emigration. The objective of this paper is to propose a model which provides a quantitative statement concerning the effect of each such component on the change in the sex composition of the population. It is shown that the model is applicable to the measurement of sex composition by either the masculinity proportion of the sex ratio. To demonstrate the application of the proposed model, an example based on Canadian data is given.", "contents": "Measuring change in sex composition. The present paper deals with changes over time in the sex composition of a given population. Such changes are generated by the components of population change: natality, mortality, immigration and emigration. The objective of this paper is to propose a model which provides a quantitative statement concerning the effect of each such component on the change in the sex composition of the population. It is shown that the model is applicable to the measurement of sex composition by either the masculinity proportion of the sex ratio. To demonstrate the application of the proposed model, an example based on Canadian data is given.", "PMID": 1112435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3429", "title": "The welfare effect of an additional child cannot be stated simply and unequivocally.", "content": "There is no single calculable welfare effect of an additional person. Rather, there are many different judgments, which may be negative or positive. The welfare effect depends upon the particular economic situation the child will be born into, which point in his life-cycle one refers to, whether he is expected to have a positive effect upon his particular sort of economy and society during and after his lifetime, and most of all, on the kind of welfare criterion used. Furthermore, no matter which welfare criterion is used, the welfare effect of an added individual summarized over time is especially sensitive to the particular assumptions made.", "contents": "The welfare effect of an additional child cannot be stated simply and unequivocally. There is no single calculable welfare effect of an additional person. Rather, there are many different judgments, which may be negative or positive. The welfare effect depends upon the particular economic situation the child will be born into, which point in his life-cycle one refers to, whether he is expected to have a positive effect upon his particular sort of economy and society during and after his lifetime, and most of all, on the kind of welfare criterion used. Furthermore, no matter which welfare criterion is used, the welfare effect of an added individual summarized over time is especially sensitive to the particular assumptions made.", "PMID": 1112436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3430", "title": "A genetic study of lactose digestion in Nigerian families.", "content": "The ability to digest orally administered lactose was determined in individuals representing a number of Nigerian ethnic groups. The data are mainly presented as family pedigrees. In those families where both parents were unable to digest lactose, all of the progeny were lactose nondigestors. If one parent, usually of Northern garopena origin or of the Fulani tribe, could digest lactose, then the progeny contained some or all individuals who were capable of digesting the disaccharide. There was no difference in the results when either the mother or the father was the lactose digestor. Ten families were studied where one parent was of Europena or Yoruba-European origin (lactose digestor) while the other was proper Yoruba 0lactose nondigestor). From these matings, there were 18 lactose digestors and 11 lactose nondigestors. We have concluded that the ability to digest lactose is transmitted as an autosomal dominant and represents the mutated gene or a polymorphism.", "contents": "A genetic study of lactose digestion in Nigerian families. The ability to digest orally administered lactose was determined in individuals representing a number of Nigerian ethnic groups. The data are mainly presented as family pedigrees. In those families where both parents were unable to digest lactose, all of the progeny were lactose nondigestors. If one parent, usually of Northern garopena origin or of the Fulani tribe, could digest lactose, then the progeny contained some or all individuals who were capable of digesting the disaccharide. There was no difference in the results when either the mother or the father was the lactose digestor. Ten families were studied where one parent was of Europena or Yoruba-European origin (lactose digestor) while the other was proper Yoruba 0lactose nondigestor). From these matings, there were 18 lactose digestors and 11 lactose nondigestors. We have concluded that the ability to digest lactose is transmitted as an autosomal dominant and represents the mutated gene or a polymorphism.", "PMID": 1112447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3431", "title": "Plasma adrenaline and serum gastrin: studies in insulin-induced hypoglycemia and after adrenaline infusions.", "content": "Serum gastrin, plasma adrenaline, and blood glucose concentration were measured in 12 patients during insulin-induced hypoglycemia. Six patients had a duodenal ulcer, and 6 patients, 2 to 3 months earlier, had undergone a selective gastric vagotomy due to a duodenal ulcer. The lowest blood glucose concentration was obtained 30 min after the injection of insulin. The rise in plasma adrenaline showed a significant correlation with the degree of hypoglycemia attained. Serum gastrin was approximately doubled in both groups of subjects during the test. There was a strong correlation between rise in serum gastrin expressed in percentage of the basal value and the plasma adrenaline during hypoglycemia. In other experiments, adrenaline was infused intravenously in normal subjects in amounts (6 mug per min for 20 min) resulting in plasma concentrations comparable to those seen during the infusion. It is concluded that adrenaline is a hitherto little recognized factor influencing the gastrin response to hypoglycemia.", "contents": "Plasma adrenaline and serum gastrin: studies in insulin-induced hypoglycemia and after adrenaline infusions. Serum gastrin, plasma adrenaline, and blood glucose concentration were measured in 12 patients during insulin-induced hypoglycemia. Six patients had a duodenal ulcer, and 6 patients, 2 to 3 months earlier, had undergone a selective gastric vagotomy due to a duodenal ulcer. The lowest blood glucose concentration was obtained 30 min after the injection of insulin. The rise in plasma adrenaline showed a significant correlation with the degree of hypoglycemia attained. Serum gastrin was approximately doubled in both groups of subjects during the test. There was a strong correlation between rise in serum gastrin expressed in percentage of the basal value and the plasma adrenaline during hypoglycemia. In other experiments, adrenaline was infused intravenously in normal subjects in amounts (6 mug per min for 20 min) resulting in plasma concentrations comparable to those seen during the infusion. It is concluded that adrenaline is a hitherto little recognized factor influencing the gastrin response to hypoglycemia.", "PMID": 1112448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3432", "title": "Lack of dietary regulation of jejunal glycolytic enzymes and disaccharidases in obesity: the role of insulin.", "content": "Dietary regulation of jejunal glycolytic regulatory enzymes and disaccharidases were studied in 9 obese subjects, aged 9 to 18 years. These subjects were divided into two groups on the basis of altered carbohydrate metabolism as measured by circadian insulin levels and flux of glucose, inorganic phosphorus, and insulin measured during a 5-hr oral glucose tolerance test. Those patients with nocturnal hyperinsulinemia and abnormal carbohydrate flux showed no adaptation of jejunal enzymes. These data suggest that both glycolytic regulatory enzymes and disaccharidases are susceptible to insulin regulation.", "contents": "Lack of dietary regulation of jejunal glycolytic enzymes and disaccharidases in obesity: the role of insulin. Dietary regulation of jejunal glycolytic regulatory enzymes and disaccharidases were studied in 9 obese subjects, aged 9 to 18 years. These subjects were divided into two groups on the basis of altered carbohydrate metabolism as measured by circadian insulin levels and flux of glucose, inorganic phosphorus, and insulin measured during a 5-hr oral glucose tolerance test. Those patients with nocturnal hyperinsulinemia and abnormal carbohydrate flux showed no adaptation of jejunal enzymes. These data suggest that both glycolytic regulatory enzymes and disaccharidases are susceptible to insulin regulation.", "PMID": 1112449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3433", "title": "Plasma catecholamines and postoperative gastric emptying and small intestinal propulsion in the rat.", "content": "The role of adrenal medullary discharge of catecholamines on inhibition of gastric emptying and small intestinal propulsion after laparotomy was examined in rats. The rate of movement of a 51Cr-labeled liquid test meal, which had been introduced by gastric intubation, out of the stomach and through the small intestine, was retarded 12 hr after laparotomy. Adrenal demedullation produced a striking decrease in plasma catecholamines and abolished surgically induced elevation of the catecholamines, but had no significant effect on gastric emptying or intestinal propulsion in rats subjected to laparotomy or in the unoperated control animals. Thus circulating catecholamines play little if any role in controlling normal gastroinestinal motility or in the postoperative decrease in rate of gastric emptying and small intestinal motility.", "contents": "Plasma catecholamines and postoperative gastric emptying and small intestinal propulsion in the rat. The role of adrenal medullary discharge of catecholamines on inhibition of gastric emptying and small intestinal propulsion after laparotomy was examined in rats. The rate of movement of a 51Cr-labeled liquid test meal, which had been introduced by gastric intubation, out of the stomach and through the small intestine, was retarded 12 hr after laparotomy. Adrenal demedullation produced a striking decrease in plasma catecholamines and abolished surgically induced elevation of the catecholamines, but had no significant effect on gastric emptying or intestinal propulsion in rats subjected to laparotomy or in the unoperated control animals. Thus circulating catecholamines play little if any role in controlling normal gastroinestinal motility or in the postoperative decrease in rate of gastric emptying and small intestinal motility.", "PMID": 1112450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3434", "title": "Stimulation of proteolytic digestion by intestinal goblet cell mucus.", "content": "Intestinal goblet cell mucus (GCM) was added to incubations of casein and trypsin (or chymotrypsin) to discover whether mucus could inhibit proteolysis. Contrary to expectation, GCM stimulated casein hydrolysis, reaching a maximum effect at a GCM to casein ratio (w/w) of 0.083. GCM did not contain proteolytic enzymes or proenzymes as contaminants, nor did GCM serve as a substrate for trypsin. Stimulation was not reduced by removing 85% of the sialic acid from GCM. Harsh physical treatment (boiling and freezing) of casein decreased (50%) the GCM effect, as did partial predigestion of casein by trypsin, and elevation of trypsin concentration beyond 3 mug per ml. Thus the undegraded structure of casein appeared to be important for the stimulation of proteolysis by GCM. GCM also enhanced the hydrolysis by trypsin of intestinal brush border membrane protein, but had no effect on the hydrolysis of hemoglobin, albumin, or benzoyl arginine ethyl ester. These results suggest that GCM reacts with specific substrates, in a fashion which promotes their digestion by trypsin or chymotrypsin.", "contents": "Stimulation of proteolytic digestion by intestinal goblet cell mucus. Intestinal goblet cell mucus (GCM) was added to incubations of casein and trypsin (or chymotrypsin) to discover whether mucus could inhibit proteolysis. Contrary to expectation, GCM stimulated casein hydrolysis, reaching a maximum effect at a GCM to casein ratio (w/w) of 0.083. GCM did not contain proteolytic enzymes or proenzymes as contaminants, nor did GCM serve as a substrate for trypsin. Stimulation was not reduced by removing 85% of the sialic acid from GCM. Harsh physical treatment (boiling and freezing) of casein decreased (50%) the GCM effect, as did partial predigestion of casein by trypsin, and elevation of trypsin concentration beyond 3 mug per ml. Thus the undegraded structure of casein appeared to be important for the stimulation of proteolysis by GCM. GCM also enhanced the hydrolysis by trypsin of intestinal brush border membrane protein, but had no effect on the hydrolysis of hemoglobin, albumin, or benzoyl arginine ethyl ester. These results suggest that GCM reacts with specific substrates, in a fashion which promotes their digestion by trypsin or chymotrypsin.", "PMID": 1112451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3435", "title": "The Budd-Chiari syndrome: correlation between hepatic scintigraphy and the clinical, radiological, and pathological findings in nineteen cases of hepatic venous outflow obstruction.", "content": "From 1965 to 1972, 19 patients with the Budd-Chiari syndrome were investigated. An underlying diagnosis was made in 10 cases, polycythemia rubra vera being the commonest etiology. Percutaneous liver biopsy confirmed the diagnosis in 18 patients, and in 14 the site of hepatic vein obstruction was defined or its presence suggested by hepatic venography. Hepatic scintiscanning showed predominant central localization of radiocolloid in 7 patients. In another 8 patients this appearance was present in association with other less specific features. These findings were correlated with inferior vena cavography in 13 patients in whom a characteristic narrowing and distortion of the vein throughout its intrahepatic course was noted. In 3 other patients, the vein was found to be occluded. Autopsy evidence in 6 patients suggests that the central concentration of radiocolloid on scintiscanning and the narrowing and distortion of the inferior vena cava were due to disproportionate enlargement of the caudate lobe. Additional studies indicated that the separate venous drainage of the caudate lobe may be preserved when the main hepatic veins are occluded and that hypertrophy of the caudate lobe occurs because of its relatively more efficient perfusion. Demonstration of the enlarged caudate lobe by scintiscanning and inferior vena cavography provides valuable diagnostic support for the Budd-Chiari syndrome.", "contents": "The Budd-Chiari syndrome: correlation between hepatic scintigraphy and the clinical, radiological, and pathological findings in nineteen cases of hepatic venous outflow obstruction. From 1965 to 1972, 19 patients with the Budd-Chiari syndrome were investigated. An underlying diagnosis was made in 10 cases, polycythemia rubra vera being the commonest etiology. Percutaneous liver biopsy confirmed the diagnosis in 18 patients, and in 14 the site of hepatic vein obstruction was defined or its presence suggested by hepatic venography. Hepatic scintiscanning showed predominant central localization of radiocolloid in 7 patients. In another 8 patients this appearance was present in association with other less specific features. These findings were correlated with inferior vena cavography in 13 patients in whom a characteristic narrowing and distortion of the vein throughout its intrahepatic course was noted. In 3 other patients, the vein was found to be occluded. Autopsy evidence in 6 patients suggests that the central concentration of radiocolloid on scintiscanning and the narrowing and distortion of the inferior vena cava were due to disproportionate enlargement of the caudate lobe. Additional studies indicated that the separate venous drainage of the caudate lobe may be preserved when the main hepatic veins are occluded and that hypertrophy of the caudate lobe occurs because of its relatively more efficient perfusion. Demonstration of the enlarged caudate lobe by scintiscanning and inferior vena cavography provides valuable diagnostic support for the Budd-Chiari syndrome.", "PMID": 1112452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3436", "title": "Prognostic significance of subacute hepatic necrosis in acute hepatitis.", "content": "A retrospective analysis has been made of 57 patients with subacute hepatic necrosis demonstrated on a liver biopsy obtained during the course of an episode of acute hepatitis. Fourteen patients have been lost to follow-up. One patient died acutely with massive hepatic necrosis, while 8 have developed chronic active liver disease. Two of nine biopsies subsequently performed on patients who had shown complete clinical and biochemical resolution revealed an inactive postnecrotic cirrhosis. The incidence of these complications developing in patients with subacute hepatic necrosis was approximately 30%. These findings add qualitative  support to the position that liver biopsy findings bear important prognostic value in patients with acute hepatitis.", "contents": "Prognostic significance of subacute hepatic necrosis in acute hepatitis. A retrospective analysis has been made of 57 patients with subacute hepatic necrosis demonstrated on a liver biopsy obtained during the course of an episode of acute hepatitis. Fourteen patients have been lost to follow-up. One patient died acutely with massive hepatic necrosis, while 8 have developed chronic active liver disease. Two of nine biopsies subsequently performed on patients who had shown complete clinical and biochemical resolution revealed an inactive postnecrotic cirrhosis. The incidence of these complications developing in patients with subacute hepatic necrosis was approximately 30%. These findings add qualitative  support to the position that liver biopsy findings bear important prognostic value in patients with acute hepatitis.", "PMID": 1112453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3437", "title": "Serum ferritin in patients with iron overload and with acute and chronic liver diseases.", "content": "An immunoradiometric assay was used to determine serum ferritin in patients with iron overload disorders and in patients with liver disease. In patients with iron overload, serum ferritin was closely correlated in an exponential manner with quantitative measurements of storage iron; however, a different relationship applied when storage iron levels were within normal range, suggesting that circulating ferritin is in equilibrium with two functionally distinct tissue ferritin pools. High ferritin levels were common in patients both with acute and chronic liver disease, normal values being virtually confined to women and to subjects with a history of recent hemorrhage. In liver disease generally, serum ferritin varied both with the serum transaminase level and with liver iron concentration, but correlated well with neither factor separately. There was no correlation with the serum iron or total iron-binding capacity. An extremely close correlation was found between serum ferritin and an empirical index derived from the product of the serum transaminase times liver iron concentration, implying that the circulating level depended on both the degree of hepatocellular injury and liver iron store. There was a close linear correlation between the serum ferritin-transaminase ratio and liver iron concentration in all disorders studied, and this index may prove to be the most useful value for diagnostic purposes.", "contents": "Serum ferritin in patients with iron overload and with acute and chronic liver diseases. An immunoradiometric assay was used to determine serum ferritin in patients with iron overload disorders and in patients with liver disease. In patients with iron overload, serum ferritin was closely correlated in an exponential manner with quantitative measurements of storage iron; however, a different relationship applied when storage iron levels were within normal range, suggesting that circulating ferritin is in equilibrium with two functionally distinct tissue ferritin pools. High ferritin levels were common in patients both with acute and chronic liver disease, normal values being virtually confined to women and to subjects with a history of recent hemorrhage. In liver disease generally, serum ferritin varied both with the serum transaminase level and with liver iron concentration, but correlated well with neither factor separately. There was no correlation with the serum iron or total iron-binding capacity. An extremely close correlation was found between serum ferritin and an empirical index derived from the product of the serum transaminase times liver iron concentration, implying that the circulating level depended on both the degree of hepatocellular injury and liver iron store. There was a close linear correlation between the serum ferritin-transaminase ratio and liver iron concentration in all disorders studied, and this index may prove to be the most useful value for diagnostic purposes.", "PMID": 1112454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3438", "title": "Sulfation and renal excretion of bile salts in patients with cirrhosis of the liver.", "content": "Renal excretion of bile salts was studied in 17 patients with cirrhosis of the liver. The average quantity of bile salts in urine was 10.2 plus or minus 8.3 mg per 24 hr, 56% of which were sulfated. Of the individual urinary bile salts, 24% oithocholate were sulfated. In contrast, neither sulfated nor nonsulfated bile salts could be detected in urine from 2 normal subjects. Kinetics of bile salt metabolism was measured in 2 of the cirrhotic patients after oral administration of [14C] cholate and [3H] chenodeoxycholate. Approximately 3 to 12% of bile salts synthesized in liver were excreted in urine. Most urinary bile salts (76 to 80%) were sulfated, whereas only 4 to 5% of serum bile salts and 7 to 10% of biliary bile salts were sulfated. Renal clearance of cholate was more than 3 times greater than the clearance of chenodeosycholate or deoxycholate. Renal clearance of sulfated bile salts was 20 to 200 times greaterthan the clearance of the corresponding nonsulfated bile salts.", "contents": "Sulfation and renal excretion of bile salts in patients with cirrhosis of the liver. Renal excretion of bile salts was studied in 17 patients with cirrhosis of the liver. The average quantity of bile salts in urine was 10.2 plus or minus 8.3 mg per 24 hr, 56% of which were sulfated. Of the individual urinary bile salts, 24% oithocholate were sulfated. In contrast, neither sulfated nor nonsulfated bile salts could be detected in urine from 2 normal subjects. Kinetics of bile salt metabolism was measured in 2 of the cirrhotic patients after oral administration of [14C] cholate and [3H] chenodeoxycholate. Approximately 3 to 12% of bile salts synthesized in liver were excreted in urine. Most urinary bile salts (76 to 80%) were sulfated, whereas only 4 to 5% of serum bile salts and 7 to 10% of biliary bile salts were sulfated. Renal clearance of cholate was more than 3 times greater than the clearance of chenodeosycholate or deoxycholate. Renal clearance of sulfated bile salts was 20 to 200 times greaterthan the clearance of the corresponding nonsulfated bile salts.", "PMID": 1112455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3439", "title": "Sulfated and nonsulfated bile acids in urine, serum, and bile of patients with hepatobiliary diseases.", "content": "Large amounts of bile acid sulfate were found in the urine of patients with hepatobiliary diseases. In patients with acute hepatitis, daily excretion of bile acid into urine was 68.24 plus or minus 51.80 mumoles per day, and the percentage of sulfated bile acid was 83.4 plus or minus 16.7%. In patients with chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis, a slight increase of urinary bile acid was observed (2.89 plus or minus 2.69 and 5.27 plus or minus 4.28 mumoles per day, respectively), and the percentage of sulfated bile acid was 73.9 plus or minus 28.6 and 44.6 plus or minus 30.4%, respectively. In patients with obstructive jaundice, a moderate increase of urinary bile acid was found (32.62 plus or minus 18.35 mumoles per day), and the percentage of sulfated bile acid was 58.3 plus or minus 22.6%. In patients with hepatobiliary diseases, the elevation of both levels of sulfated and nonsulfated bile acids in serum was observed. The percentage of sulfated bile acid was 9% in normal serum, and varied from zero to 82.8% in pathological sera. A remarkable increase of sulfated bile acid was found in patients with obstructive juandice and acute hepatitis, while a slight elevation was found in patients with chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis. Sulfated bile acid in bile was nonexistent or below 0.5% of total bile acid. According to these findings, the increased bile acid in serum of patients with hepatobiliary diseases might be more easily excreted into the urine as sulfated bile acid.", "contents": "Sulfated and nonsulfated bile acids in urine, serum, and bile of patients with hepatobiliary diseases. Large amounts of bile acid sulfate were found in the urine of patients with hepatobiliary diseases. In patients with acute hepatitis, daily excretion of bile acid into urine was 68.24 plus or minus 51.80 mumoles per day, and the percentage of sulfated bile acid was 83.4 plus or minus 16.7%. In patients with chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis, a slight increase of urinary bile acid was observed (2.89 plus or minus 2.69 and 5.27 plus or minus 4.28 mumoles per day, respectively), and the percentage of sulfated bile acid was 73.9 plus or minus 28.6 and 44.6 plus or minus 30.4%, respectively. In patients with obstructive jaundice, a moderate increase of urinary bile acid was found (32.62 plus or minus 18.35 mumoles per day), and the percentage of sulfated bile acid was 58.3 plus or minus 22.6%. In patients with hepatobiliary diseases, the elevation of both levels of sulfated and nonsulfated bile acids in serum was observed. The percentage of sulfated bile acid was 9% in normal serum, and varied from zero to 82.8% in pathological sera. A remarkable increase of sulfated bile acid was found in patients with obstructive juandice and acute hepatitis, while a slight elevation was found in patients with chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis. Sulfated bile acid in bile was nonexistent or below 0.5% of total bile acid. According to these findings, the increased bile acid in serum of patients with hepatobiliary diseases might be more easily excreted into the urine as sulfated bile acid.", "PMID": 1112456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3440", "title": "Biliary excretion of iodipamide.", "content": "Conflicting data have been reported concerning the optimum dose and rate of administration of iodipamide required to obtain maximum radiographic opacification of the biliary tree during intravenous cholangiography. Experiments were performed in dogs to determine the effect of plasma concentration on the excretion and concentration of iodipamide in the bile and urine during a steady state of infusion and excretion. The data indicate that a hyperbolic relation exists between the plasma concentration and both the biliary concentration and the total biliary excretion. A mathematical expression of these relations is presented. At low plasma concentrations, iodipamide was not excreted in the urine. However, at high plasma concentrations, urinary excretion increased sharply. It appears that a biliary concentration of iodipamide sufficient to achieve adequate radiographic visualization of the biliary tree can be obtained without significant renal excretion by constant infusion of iodipamide at an appropriate rate in dogs. Stepwise increase in the infusion rate until adequate radiographic visualization is obtained may be the best method for performing intravenous cholangiography to obtain visualization with the least amount of iodipamide in order to minimize toxicity.", "contents": "Biliary excretion of iodipamide. Conflicting data have been reported concerning the optimum dose and rate of administration of iodipamide required to obtain maximum radiographic opacification of the biliary tree during intravenous cholangiography. Experiments were performed in dogs to determine the effect of plasma concentration on the excretion and concentration of iodipamide in the bile and urine during a steady state of infusion and excretion. The data indicate that a hyperbolic relation exists between the plasma concentration and both the biliary concentration and the total biliary excretion. A mathematical expression of these relations is presented. At low plasma concentrations, iodipamide was not excreted in the urine. However, at high plasma concentrations, urinary excretion increased sharply. It appears that a biliary concentration of iodipamide sufficient to achieve adequate radiographic visualization of the biliary tree can be obtained without significant renal excretion by constant infusion of iodipamide at an appropriate rate in dogs. Stepwise increase in the infusion rate until adequate radiographic visualization is obtained may be the best method for performing intravenous cholangiography to obtain visualization with the least amount of iodipamide in order to minimize toxicity.", "PMID": 1112457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3441", "title": "Preoperative cytological diagnosis of gastric leiomyosarcoma. A report of three cases.", "content": "Gastric leiomyosarcoma has rarely been diagnosed prior to operation. Three cases are presented in which a cytological diagnosis compatible with leiomyosarcoma could be made preoperatively by exfoliative cytology using a brushing technique under direct vision. Data which favor the diagnosis of leiomyosarcoma are: (1) spindle-shaped cells with malignant looking nuclei; (2) cells with extremely long, fiber-like cytoplasms and hyperchromatic nuclei; (3) large, anaplastic malignant cells. Smears from 3 patients showed a mixture of these different cell types. This cytological presentation is probably unique and diagnostic for leiomyosarcoma.", "contents": "Preoperative cytological diagnosis of gastric leiomyosarcoma. A report of three cases. Gastric leiomyosarcoma has rarely been diagnosed prior to operation. Three cases are presented in which a cytological diagnosis compatible with leiomyosarcoma could be made preoperatively by exfoliative cytology using a brushing technique under direct vision. Data which favor the diagnosis of leiomyosarcoma are: (1) spindle-shaped cells with malignant looking nuclei; (2) cells with extremely long, fiber-like cytoplasms and hyperchromatic nuclei; (3) large, anaplastic malignant cells. Smears from 3 patients showed a mixture of these different cell types. This cytological presentation is probably unique and diagnostic for leiomyosarcoma.", "PMID": 1112458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3442", "title": "Effect of phenobarbital in a case of extrahepatic cholestasis.", "content": "Phenobarbital was administered to a patient with extrahepatic biliary obstruction who was initially thought to have cholestatic hepatitis. On two occasions, administration of the drug was associated with a decrease of jaundice, pruritus, and serum bile acid levels. This strongly suggests that phenobarbital may be effective not only in intrahepatic cholestasis, as reported earlier, but also in extrahepatic obstruction, and therefore cannot be used for the differention of these two types of cholestasis.", "contents": "Effect of phenobarbital in a case of extrahepatic cholestasis. Phenobarbital was administered to a patient with extrahepatic biliary obstruction who was initially thought to have cholestatic hepatitis. On two occasions, administration of the drug was associated with a decrease of jaundice, pruritus, and serum bile acid levels. This strongly suggests that phenobarbital may be effective not only in intrahepatic cholestasis, as reported earlier, but also in extrahepatic obstruction, and therefore cannot be used for the differention of these two types of cholestasis.", "PMID": 1112459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3443", "title": "In vitro studies of ulcerative ileojejunitis.", "content": "A patient with ulcerative ileojejunitis was studied by determination of HL-A phenotype, by measurement of jejunal IgA synthesis using a labeled amino acid incorporation technique, and by in vitro organ culture. The patient carried the HL-A8 phenotype in common with 87.5% of patients with gluten-sensitive enteropathy. During a period of exposure to dietary gluten, jejunal tissue from the patient exhibited in high IgA synthetic rate. In organ culture of the jejunal biopsy specimen there was an increase in alkaline phosphatase activity in the absence, but not in the presence, of gluten peptides. The synthetic rate value and the organ culture behavior are similar to those observed in patients with gluten-sensitive enteropathy in exacerbation. During a period in which the patient was not exposed to dietary gluten, including prolonged period of intravenous alimentation, jejunal IgA synthesis and organ culture behavior were studied repeatedly. In contrast to patients with gluten-sensitive enteropathy in remission (i.e., on a gluten-free diet), jejunal IgA synthesis did not decline. However, in organ culture in the patients tissue now behaved like that of other patients with gluten-sensitive enteropathy in remission: alkaline phosphatase activity increased during culture in the presence and absence of gluten peptides. These studies support the concept that ulcerative ileojejunitis is a complication of gluten-sensitive enteropathy in which escape from control by gluten restriction has occurred. They suggest that ulcerative ileojejunitis due to a supervening pathological process which is, at least in part, immunological in nature.", "contents": "In vitro studies of ulcerative ileojejunitis. A patient with ulcerative ileojejunitis was studied by determination of HL-A phenotype, by measurement of jejunal IgA synthesis using a labeled amino acid incorporation technique, and by in vitro organ culture. The patient carried the HL-A8 phenotype in common with 87.5% of patients with gluten-sensitive enteropathy. During a period of exposure to dietary gluten, jejunal tissue from the patient exhibited in high IgA synthetic rate. In organ culture of the jejunal biopsy specimen there was an increase in alkaline phosphatase activity in the absence, but not in the presence, of gluten peptides. The synthetic rate value and the organ culture behavior are similar to those observed in patients with gluten-sensitive enteropathy in exacerbation. During a period in which the patient was not exposed to dietary gluten, including prolonged period of intravenous alimentation, jejunal IgA synthesis and organ culture behavior were studied repeatedly. In contrast to patients with gluten-sensitive enteropathy in remission (i.e., on a gluten-free diet), jejunal IgA synthesis did not decline. However, in organ culture in the patients tissue now behaved like that of other patients with gluten-sensitive enteropathy in remission: alkaline phosphatase activity increased during culture in the presence and absence of gluten peptides. These studies support the concept that ulcerative ileojejunitis is a complication of gluten-sensitive enteropathy in which escape from control by gluten restriction has occurred. They suggest that ulcerative ileojejunitis due to a supervening pathological process which is, at least in part, immunological in nature.", "PMID": 1112460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3444", "title": "Changes in the mitotic cycle induced by alpha-solanine.", "content": "Low concentrations of alpha-solanine stimulated the growth of cultured human fibroblasts, while higher concentrations (greater 30 mug ml-1) had a markedly inhibitory effect. Autoradiographic studies indicated that the stimulation of cell growth was due to a shortening of the G1 phase. Feulgen microdensitometry of cells treated with high doses of alpha-solanine revealed an abnormal accumulation of cells in G2. The response of cultured human fibroblasts to low doses of alpha-solanine is comparable to that of sex hormones on target tissues. It is concluded that by virtue of either its stimulatory or its inhibitory effect on cell growth, alpha-solanine could act as a human teratogen.", "contents": "Changes in the mitotic cycle induced by alpha-solanine. Low concentrations of alpha-solanine stimulated the growth of cultured human fibroblasts, while higher concentrations (greater 30 mug ml-1) had a markedly inhibitory effect. Autoradiographic studies indicated that the stimulation of cell growth was due to a shortening of the G1 phase. Feulgen microdensitometry of cells treated with high doses of alpha-solanine revealed an abnormal accumulation of cells in G2. The response of cultured human fibroblasts to low doses of alpha-solanine is comparable to that of sex hormones on target tissues. It is concluded that by virtue of either its stimulatory or its inhibitory effect on cell growth, alpha-solanine could act as a human teratogen.", "PMID": 1112598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3445", "title": "Prevalence of Edwards' syndrome. Clustering and seasonal variation?", "content": "The incidence of Edwards' syndrome was found to be 1 per 4857 newborn children of 34000 consecutively newborn children in two Danish counties. Six of the 7 cases were born during the months of February through April. The incidence was high compared with the expected incidence of Edwards' syndrome of approximately 1 per 10000. This might be due to clustering in the area studied during the period 1967 to 1973. The finding of variations in incidence of children with Edwards' syndrome in different parts of the world, as well as the finding of seasonal variation in birth of such children, indicates that some of the etiological factors of nondisjunction of chromosome 18 are of an environmental nature.", "contents": "Prevalence of Edwards' syndrome. Clustering and seasonal variation? The incidence of Edwards' syndrome was found to be 1 per 4857 newborn children of 34000 consecutively newborn children in two Danish counties. Six of the 7 cases were born during the months of February through April. The incidence was high compared with the expected incidence of Edwards' syndrome of approximately 1 per 10000. This might be due to clustering in the area studied during the period 1967 to 1973. The finding of variations in incidence of children with Edwards' syndrome in different parts of the world, as well as the finding of seasonal variation in birth of such children, indicates that some of the etiological factors of nondisjunction of chromosome 18 are of an environmental nature.", "PMID": 1112599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3446", "title": "Structural X-chromosome abnormality in a female with gonadal dysgenesis.", "content": "A patient with gonadal dysgenesis and 46 chromosomes is described. In the inactive X chromosome there seems to be a deletion of the short arms and an insertion of heterochromatin in the long arms. The most probable mechanism to explain this structurally abnormal X is a pericentric inversion, with breakage and union having occurred in the centromeric heterochromatin of the short arm and in band q23 of the long arm. An amplification of the centromeric heterochromatin left in the short arm is also supposed.", "contents": "Structural X-chromosome abnormality in a female with gonadal dysgenesis. A patient with gonadal dysgenesis and 46 chromosomes is described. In the inactive X chromosome there seems to be a deletion of the short arms and an insertion of heterochromatin in the long arms. The most probable mechanism to explain this structurally abnormal X is a pericentric inversion, with breakage and union having occurred in the centromeric heterochromatin of the short arm and in band q23 of the long arm. An amplification of the centromeric heterochromatin left in the short arm is also supposed.", "PMID": 1112601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3447", "title": "Structural aberrations of chromosome 18. II. The 18q- syndrome. Report of three cases.", "content": "3 cases of the 18q- syndrome, 2 boys and 1 girl, are presented, and a comparison with data from the literature is given. The following features are typical of the syndrome: short stature, mental retardation, muscular hypotonia, a peculiar dysmorphia of the face and ears, cryptorchidism and small scrotum in males, proximally implanted thumbs, tapering fingers, excess of whorls on the fingertips, and dorsally implanted second toes. Midface hypoplasia with hypertelorism and cleft palate, as well as strabismus, were present in 2 of our patients, whereas all 3 showed nystagmus and prominence of anthelix and antitragus. In addition, 2 patients exhibited narrow ear canals and impaired  hearing. One patient had coloboma of the iris and choroid, pale optic discs, and cleft lip; another had umbilical and inguinal hernias. Two cases represented de novo deletions of the long arm of chromosomes 18, whereas the karyotype of the father of third case revealed a balanced translocation t(15;18)(q24;q21).", "contents": "Structural aberrations of chromosome 18. II. The 18q- syndrome. Report of three cases. 3 cases of the 18q- syndrome, 2 boys and 1 girl, are presented, and a comparison with data from the literature is given. The following features are typical of the syndrome: short stature, mental retardation, muscular hypotonia, a peculiar dysmorphia of the face and ears, cryptorchidism and small scrotum in males, proximally implanted thumbs, tapering fingers, excess of whorls on the fingertips, and dorsally implanted second toes. Midface hypoplasia with hypertelorism and cleft palate, as well as strabismus, were present in 2 of our patients, whereas all 3 showed nystagmus and prominence of anthelix and antitragus. In addition, 2 patients exhibited narrow ear canals and impaired  hearing. One patient had coloboma of the iris and choroid, pale optic discs, and cleft lip; another had umbilical and inguinal hernias. Two cases represented de novo deletions of the long arm of chromosomes 18, whereas the karyotype of the father of third case revealed a balanced translocation t(15;18)(q24;q21).", "PMID": 1112600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3448", "title": "Red cell glutamic-pyruvic transaminase gene frequencies in the region of the Po Delta (Ferrara, northern Italy).", "content": "The red cell glutamic-pyruvic transaminase phenotype has been determined in 294 individuals from the region of the Po delta (Ferrera, northern Italy). No correlation with past malarial morbidity has been detected. The gene frequencies found in this survey are similar to those reported for other Caucasian populations. One GPT3/GPT1 individual has been found.", "contents": "Red cell glutamic-pyruvic transaminase gene frequencies in the region of the Po Delta (Ferrara, northern Italy). The red cell glutamic-pyruvic transaminase phenotype has been determined in 294 individuals from the region of the Po delta (Ferrera, northern Italy). No correlation with past malarial morbidity has been detected. The gene frequencies found in this survey are similar to those reported for other Caucasian populations. One GPT3/GPT1 individual has been found.", "PMID": 1112604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3449", "title": "A girl with karyotype 46,XX,del(7)(qter-p 15:).", "content": "A girl with partial deletion of the short arms of one chromosome 7 is described. Among many other symptoms she has craniosynostoses. Early closure of cranio-sutures has previously been described in 2 of 3 patients with partial deletion 7. Investigation of a number of genetic marker systems shows that the HL-A, MN, AcP, and GPT loci are not located in the deleted segment.", "contents": "A girl with karyotype 46,XX,del(7)(qter-p 15:). A girl with partial deletion of the short arms of one chromosome 7 is described. Among many other symptoms she has craniosynostoses. Early closure of cranio-sutures has previously been described in 2 of 3 patients with partial deletion 7. Investigation of a number of genetic marker systems shows that the HL-A, MN, AcP, and GPT loci are not located in the deleted segment.", "PMID": 1112608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3450", "title": "Bovine veneral vibriosis: cure of genital infection in females by systemic immunization.", "content": "Cure of female cattle with venereal vibriosis by systemic immunization with killed Campylobacter fetus cells in incomplete Freund adjuvant was investigated. Heifers infected in the cervicovaginal area with a cloned population of C. fetus venerealis were vaccinated subcutaneously 14 and 24 days thereafter with the infecting strain in incomplete Freund adjuvant. Six of eight vaccinated heifers were free of infection 25 to 48 days postinfection. One of the cured animals had an intercurrent infection which precluded interpretation of a vaccine effect. All controls remained infected 48 to 51 days postinfection, when the experiment was terminated. In vaccinated animals, agglutination titers against whole cells of the infecting strain reached peaks varying from 1,280 to 20,480 in serum and from 20 to 5,120 in cervicovaginal mucus (CVM) within days 24 to 32 postinfection. No consistent relationship was noted between levels of whole cell antibodies in serum and those in CVM. Evidence for the occurrence of antigenic variation in the organism after vaccination was sought by comparing the agglutinability of the infecting strain and CVM isolates in serum and CVM extracts. Serum samples of most cured heifers agglutinated whole cells prepared from isolates of the respective heifers to the same extent as cells of the infecting strain. In the corresponding comparisons, those from noncured animals agglutinated isolates to lower titers. CVM extracts from one cured animals agglutinated isolates derived from the same or closely spaced CVM samples to titers comparable with those obtained with the infecting strain. In the remaining animals, CVM extracts which agglutinated the infecting strain produced lower or undetectable reactions with corresponding isolates. It is proposed that the elimination of infection is dependent upon opposing responses of host and parasite, of which the degree of antigenic alteration in the infecting strain and the rate of mobilization and the concentration of specific antibodies in the genital secretions are key factors.", "contents": "Bovine veneral vibriosis: cure of genital infection in females by systemic immunization. Cure of female cattle with venereal vibriosis by systemic immunization with killed Campylobacter fetus cells in incomplete Freund adjuvant was investigated. Heifers infected in the cervicovaginal area with a cloned population of C. fetus venerealis were vaccinated subcutaneously 14 and 24 days thereafter with the infecting strain in incomplete Freund adjuvant. Six of eight vaccinated heifers were free of infection 25 to 48 days postinfection. One of the cured animals had an intercurrent infection which precluded interpretation of a vaccine effect. All controls remained infected 48 to 51 days postinfection, when the experiment was terminated. In vaccinated animals, agglutination titers against whole cells of the infecting strain reached peaks varying from 1,280 to 20,480 in serum and from 20 to 5,120 in cervicovaginal mucus (CVM) within days 24 to 32 postinfection. No consistent relationship was noted between levels of whole cell antibodies in serum and those in CVM. Evidence for the occurrence of antigenic variation in the organism after vaccination was sought by comparing the agglutinability of the infecting strain and CVM isolates in serum and CVM extracts. Serum samples of most cured heifers agglutinated whole cells prepared from isolates of the respective heifers to the same extent as cells of the infecting strain. In the corresponding comparisons, those from noncured animals agglutinated isolates to lower titers. CVM extracts from one cured animals agglutinated isolates derived from the same or closely spaced CVM samples to titers comparable with those obtained with the infecting strain. In the remaining animals, CVM extracts which agglutinated the infecting strain produced lower or undetectable reactions with corresponding isolates. It is proposed that the elimination of infection is dependent upon opposing responses of host and parasite, of which the degree of antigenic alteration in the infecting strain and the rate of mobilization and the concentration of specific antibodies in the genital secretions are key factors.", "PMID": 1112614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3451", "title": "Effect of prednisolone on the leukocyte counts of ponies and on the reactivity of lymphocytes in vitro and in vivo.", "content": "Treatment of ponies with a single dose of prednisolone markedly reduced the number of blood lymphocytes. A decrease of the number of eosinophils was also observed. In contrast, the number of neutrophils significantly increased. These profound changes were temporary and returned to the pretreatment level within 48 h. The number of monocytes did not show any of the significant changes post-prednisolone treatment. The reactivity of the blood lymphocytes of these ponies, in vitro, to stimulation with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) or streptokinase-strepto-dornase (SK-SD) was measured by incorporation of (3-H)thymidine by deoxyribonucleic acid of lymphocytes. The ponies' blood lymphocytes responded very well to PHA stimulation. The incorporation of (3-H)thymidine into deoxyribonucleic acid of the PHA-stimulated lymphocytes was 14 times greater than incorporation of the nonstimulated lymphocytes. SK-SD-stimulated lymphocytes incorporated only three times more (3-H)thymidine than nonstimulated lymphocytes. There was no significant difference in stimulation of lymphocytes with PHA or SK-SD before or after the prednisolone treatment. However, a significant decrease in the dermal response to the homologous antigen after this treatment in sensitive ponies was observed.", "contents": "Effect of prednisolone on the leukocyte counts of ponies and on the reactivity of lymphocytes in vitro and in vivo. Treatment of ponies with a single dose of prednisolone markedly reduced the number of blood lymphocytes. A decrease of the number of eosinophils was also observed. In contrast, the number of neutrophils significantly increased. These profound changes were temporary and returned to the pretreatment level within 48 h. The number of monocytes did not show any of the significant changes post-prednisolone treatment. The reactivity of the blood lymphocytes of these ponies, in vitro, to stimulation with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) or streptokinase-strepto-dornase (SK-SD) was measured by incorporation of (3-H)thymidine by deoxyribonucleic acid of lymphocytes. The ponies' blood lymphocytes responded very well to PHA stimulation. The incorporation of (3-H)thymidine into deoxyribonucleic acid of the PHA-stimulated lymphocytes was 14 times greater than incorporation of the nonstimulated lymphocytes. SK-SD-stimulated lymphocytes incorporated only three times more (3-H)thymidine than nonstimulated lymphocytes. There was no significant difference in stimulation of lymphocytes with PHA or SK-SD before or after the prednisolone treatment. However, a significant decrease in the dermal response to the homologous antigen after this treatment in sensitive ponies was observed.", "PMID": 1112615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3452", "title": "Detection of long-term cellular immunity to Coxiella burneti as assayed by lymphocyte transformation.", "content": "Delayed hypersensitivity to the antigens of Coxiella burneti, Nine Mile strain, was demonstrated in human subjects with various past histories of exposure to the organism by using lymphocyte transformation assays. Individuals with histories indicating exposure to C. burneti up to 8 years before the study demonstrated marked lymphocyte transformation in vitro to whole-cell antigens consisting of formalin-killed C. burneti phase I and phase II. These individuals also demonstrated a marked lymphocyte response to the trichloracetic acid-soluable phase I antigen. One individual who acquired Q fever during the study and one individual who received an experimental Q fever vaccine 4 years earlier were also evaluated by the lymphocyte transformation assay. It was also found that phase I trichloroacetic acid-soluble material was capable of acting as an antigen in the assay, whereas the phase II trichloroacetic acid-soluble material did not contain any antigenic material capable of causing lymphocyte transformation. The complete phase I trichloroacetic acid-soluble antigen, which was found to consist of protein and carbohydrate, was chemically fractionated into monospecific fractions. The fraction treated to eliminate carbohydrate was the only fraction found to elicit an in vitro response.", "contents": "Detection of long-term cellular immunity to Coxiella burneti as assayed by lymphocyte transformation. Delayed hypersensitivity to the antigens of Coxiella burneti, Nine Mile strain, was demonstrated in human subjects with various past histories of exposure to the organism by using lymphocyte transformation assays. Individuals with histories indicating exposure to C. burneti up to 8 years before the study demonstrated marked lymphocyte transformation in vitro to whole-cell antigens consisting of formalin-killed C. burneti phase I and phase II. These individuals also demonstrated a marked lymphocyte response to the trichloracetic acid-soluable phase I antigen. One individual who acquired Q fever during the study and one individual who received an experimental Q fever vaccine 4 years earlier were also evaluated by the lymphocyte transformation assay. It was also found that phase I trichloroacetic acid-soluble material was capable of acting as an antigen in the assay, whereas the phase II trichloroacetic acid-soluble material did not contain any antigenic material capable of causing lymphocyte transformation. The complete phase I trichloroacetic acid-soluble antigen, which was found to consist of protein and carbohydrate, was chemically fractionated into monospecific fractions. The fraction treated to eliminate carbohydrate was the only fraction found to elicit an in vitro response.", "PMID": 1112616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3453", "title": "Primary immunoglobulin response of herons to infection with Venezuelan encephalitis virus.", "content": "Seven to nine days after inoculation with a replicating antigen, Venezuelan encephalitis virus, hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies were present in plasma of 18 to 20 black-crowned night herons (BCNH), 14 of 15 great egrets (ge) , and 7 of 7 snowy egrets (SE). 19S (immunoglobulin M) precedes 7S (immunoglobulin G) antibodies in all but one bird of six GE, six SE, and six BCNH. 19S antibodies were detected for only 2 to 4 weeks post-inoculation. The induction period for both types of antibody was prolonged by 2 to 6 days as compared with earlier studies in gallinaceous birds using nonreplicating antigens. A marked delay in reaching peak titer of 7S antibodies was also observed. Hemagglutination inhibition tests were nearly as sensitive as neutralization tests for detecting 19S and early 7S antibodies. Size of virus inoculum did not measurably affect time of induction or titer of antibodies.", "contents": "Primary immunoglobulin response of herons to infection with Venezuelan encephalitis virus. Seven to nine days after inoculation with a replicating antigen, Venezuelan encephalitis virus, hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies were present in plasma of 18 to 20 black-crowned night herons (BCNH), 14 of 15 great egrets (ge) , and 7 of 7 snowy egrets (SE). 19S (immunoglobulin M) precedes 7S (immunoglobulin G) antibodies in all but one bird of six GE, six SE, and six BCNH. 19S antibodies were detected for only 2 to 4 weeks post-inoculation. The induction period for both types of antibody was prolonged by 2 to 6 days as compared with earlier studies in gallinaceous birds using nonreplicating antigens. A marked delay in reaching peak titer of 7S antibodies was also observed. Hemagglutination inhibition tests were nearly as sensitive as neutralization tests for detecting 19S and early 7S antibodies. Size of virus inoculum did not measurably affect time of induction or titer of antibodies.", "PMID": 1112617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3454", "title": "Characterization of endotoxin from Fusobacterium necrophorun.", "content": "Endotoxic lipopolysachharide (LPS) was obtained from phenol-water extraction of cell walls prepared from mass-cultivated Fusobacterium necrophorum. The LPS was relatively free of nucleic acids and low in protein, and constituted about 4% of the cell walls. Upon acid hydrolysis, some of the components detected were hexosamines (7.0%), neutral and reducing sugars (50.5%), heptose (6.4%), 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate (0.8%), lipid A (21.0%), and phosphorus (1.7%). Under electron microscopy the LPS appeared mainly as ribbon-like trilaminar structures, and upon chemical treatment it displayed a behavior resembling that reported in certain enterobacterial LPS. The LPS was lethal to mice, 11-day-old chicken embryos, and rabbits. Endotoxicity in mice was enhanced at least 1,380-fold by the addition of 12.5 mug of actinomycin D. Induced tolerance to lethal effect of the endotoxin and rapidly acquired resistance to infection by F. necrophrum viable cells were also demonstrated in mice. The endotoxin produced both localized and generalized Shwartzman reactions as well as biphasic pyrogenic responses in rabbits. These results firmly establish the presence of a classical endotoxin in F. necrophorum, thus providing strong support to our recent suggestion that cell wall-associated components may contribute significantly to the pathogenicity of F. necrophorum.", "contents": "Characterization of endotoxin from Fusobacterium necrophorun. Endotoxic lipopolysachharide (LPS) was obtained from phenol-water extraction of cell walls prepared from mass-cultivated Fusobacterium necrophorum. The LPS was relatively free of nucleic acids and low in protein, and constituted about 4% of the cell walls. Upon acid hydrolysis, some of the components detected were hexosamines (7.0%), neutral and reducing sugars (50.5%), heptose (6.4%), 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate (0.8%), lipid A (21.0%), and phosphorus (1.7%). Under electron microscopy the LPS appeared mainly as ribbon-like trilaminar structures, and upon chemical treatment it displayed a behavior resembling that reported in certain enterobacterial LPS. The LPS was lethal to mice, 11-day-old chicken embryos, and rabbits. Endotoxicity in mice was enhanced at least 1,380-fold by the addition of 12.5 mug of actinomycin D. Induced tolerance to lethal effect of the endotoxin and rapidly acquired resistance to infection by F. necrophrum viable cells were also demonstrated in mice. The endotoxin produced both localized and generalized Shwartzman reactions as well as biphasic pyrogenic responses in rabbits. These results firmly establish the presence of a classical endotoxin in F. necrophorum, thus providing strong support to our recent suggestion that cell wall-associated components may contribute significantly to the pathogenicity of F. necrophorum.", "PMID": 1112618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3455", "title": "A new method of cone electroretinography: the rapid random flash response.", "content": "A new procedure is described for cone electroretinography using a cross-correlation method of signal processing to give the response to flash stimuli which occur at randomly timed intervals. The output waveform is different than the usual repetitive flicker response, and can be presented on any desired time base. An unfamiliar aspect of this process is that most of the random time intervals between consecutive stimuli are shorter in duration than the output waveform. For the parameters described, the output waveform gives the response to approximately 1,640 stimuli in 65.5 sec., with a signal-to-noise ratio which is higher than that obtained when conventional averaging techniques are used over similar time periods. This allows more precise and statistically significant estimates to be made of the time and amplitude parameters of the cone response. Normal values are given for implicit (delay) time and amplitude, and examples are provided for comparison of the random flash response and conventional average electroretinograms (ERG's) in normal subjects and patients with retinal degeneration.", "contents": "A new method of cone electroretinography: the rapid random flash response. A new procedure is described for cone electroretinography using a cross-correlation method of signal processing to give the response to flash stimuli which occur at randomly timed intervals. The output waveform is different than the usual repetitive flicker response, and can be presented on any desired time base. An unfamiliar aspect of this process is that most of the random time intervals between consecutive stimuli are shorter in duration than the output waveform. For the parameters described, the output waveform gives the response to approximately 1,640 stimuli in 65.5 sec., with a signal-to-noise ratio which is higher than that obtained when conventional averaging techniques are used over similar time periods. This allows more precise and statistically significant estimates to be made of the time and amplitude parameters of the cone response. Normal values are given for implicit (delay) time and amplitude, and examples are provided for comparison of the random flash response and conventional average electroretinograms (ERG's) in normal subjects and patients with retinal degeneration.", "PMID": 1112637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3456", "title": "Experimental BUdR congenital cataracts.", "content": "Bilateral cataracts were produced in all 64 newborn rats from five pregnant rats treated on the sixteenth day of gestation with an intraperitoneal injection of bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR).", "contents": "Experimental BUdR congenital cataracts. Bilateral cataracts were produced in all 64 newborn rats from five pregnant rats treated on the sixteenth day of gestation with an intraperitoneal injection of bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR).", "PMID": 1112638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3457", "title": "Optic nerve and retina after experimental circulatory arrest.", "content": "The retinas and optic nerves of late juvenile and adult Rhesus monkeys that had survived transient, total arrest of systemic circulation were normal when examined with the light microscope. The period of circulatory arrest ranged from 12 to 30 minutes and the subsequent survivals ranged from four hours to one year. The optic nerve and retina thus seem to share with the rest of the brain a surprising degree of resistance to damage from circulatory arrest.", "contents": "Optic nerve and retina after experimental circulatory arrest. The retinas and optic nerves of late juvenile and adult Rhesus monkeys that had survived transient, total arrest of systemic circulation were normal when examined with the light microscope. The period of circulatory arrest ranged from 12 to 30 minutes and the subsequent survivals ranged from four hours to one year. The optic nerve and retina thus seem to share with the rest of the brain a surprising degree of resistance to damage from circulatory arrest.", "PMID": 1112639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3458", "title": "Physical properties of experimental vitreous membranes. I. Tensile strength.", "content": "The tensile strength of vitreous membranes, induced by silk sutures imbedded in the vitreous body and removed one to two weeks later, was investigated in rabbits. Three types of membranes were distinguished by their appearance under an operating microscope; dense, opaque, cylindrical membranes, (Type 1), broken with 2 to 16 Gm. of force and elongated from 127 to 200 per cent before breaking; thin, cylindrical membranes, (Type 2), broken with 200 mg. to 2 Gm. of force and elongated from 51 to 152 per cent before breaking; and thin film-like membranes imbedded in formed vitreous gel, (Type 3), broken with 200 mg. to 5.5 Gm. of force and elongated from 53 to 186 per cent before breaking. Vitreous membranes formed two to eight weeks after surgery resisted forces greater than those required to detach rabbit retina. The results of the experiment are relevant in the design of vitrectomy instruments.", "contents": "Physical properties of experimental vitreous membranes. I. Tensile strength. The tensile strength of vitreous membranes, induced by silk sutures imbedded in the vitreous body and removed one to two weeks later, was investigated in rabbits. Three types of membranes were distinguished by their appearance under an operating microscope; dense, opaque, cylindrical membranes, (Type 1), broken with 2 to 16 Gm. of force and elongated from 127 to 200 per cent before breaking; thin, cylindrical membranes, (Type 2), broken with 200 mg. to 2 Gm. of force and elongated from 51 to 152 per cent before breaking; and thin film-like membranes imbedded in formed vitreous gel, (Type 3), broken with 200 mg. to 5.5 Gm. of force and elongated from 53 to 186 per cent before breaking. Vitreous membranes formed two to eight weeks after surgery resisted forces greater than those required to detach rabbit retina. The results of the experiment are relevant in the design of vitrectomy instruments.", "PMID": 1112640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3459", "title": "Quantitation of pilocarpine flux enhancement across isolated rabbit cornea by hydrogel polymer lenses.", "content": "The comparative effect on pilocarpine flux across rabbit cornea induced by two hydrogel polymer lenses containing equal doses was quantitated in a transport chamber. This closed system featured continuous flow of a tear analog but excluded variables of the internal eye influencing concentration. Flux induced by both lenses increased linearly with time. At 240 minutes total flux was a whole order greater than that induced by the same pilocarpine dose in free fluid. Analysis of pilocarpine in tear analog effluent showed the flux to be independent of the available dose retained in the hydrogel polymer lens, suggesting that corneal transport of pilocarpine to the aqueous may involve mediation by a carrier system.", "contents": "Quantitation of pilocarpine flux enhancement across isolated rabbit cornea by hydrogel polymer lenses. The comparative effect on pilocarpine flux across rabbit cornea induced by two hydrogel polymer lenses containing equal doses was quantitated in a transport chamber. This closed system featured continuous flow of a tear analog but excluded variables of the internal eye influencing concentration. Flux induced by both lenses increased linearly with time. At 240 minutes total flux was a whole order greater than that induced by the same pilocarpine dose in free fluid. Analysis of pilocarpine in tear analog effluent showed the flux to be independent of the available dose retained in the hydrogel polymer lens, suggesting that corneal transport of pilocarpine to the aqueous may involve mediation by a carrier system.", "PMID": 1112641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3460", "title": "Intact omentum for ocular vascularization.", "content": "Twenty dogs had their intact omentum extensively lengthened by a series of surgical maneuvers. Transverse incisions were then made along the chest, shoulder, neck, and scalp which were undermined and connected to form a subcutaneous tunnel through which the omentum was brought up to the orbit. The lateral rectus muscle of the eye was divided and a scaleral flap developed along the lateral superior region of the eye which exposed the choroid upon which the omentum was secured. Subsequent studies demonstrated vascular connections between intraocular vessels and those of the omentum. Proof of the existence of these vascular connections was based upon fluorescent funduscopic, gross, and histologic evidence.", "contents": "Intact omentum for ocular vascularization. Twenty dogs had their intact omentum extensively lengthened by a series of surgical maneuvers. Transverse incisions were then made along the chest, shoulder, neck, and scalp which were undermined and connected to form a subcutaneous tunnel through which the omentum was brought up to the orbit. The lateral rectus muscle of the eye was divided and a scaleral flap developed along the lateral superior region of the eye which exposed the choroid upon which the omentum was secured. Subsequent studies demonstrated vascular connections between intraocular vessels and those of the omentum. Proof of the existence of these vascular connections was based upon fluorescent funduscopic, gross, and histologic evidence.", "PMID": 1112642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3461", "title": "Blood flow measurements in the iliac arteries by an improved angiographic cinedensitometric technique.", "content": "The blood flow of iliac arteries was measrued by means of an improved angiographic chindensitometric technique. This consists of cineradiographic recording of contrast injection into the iliac arteries, followed by optical analysis of the \"washout\" phase of the contrast material at selected sites. In 25 pateints without perpheral vascular disease, undergoing abdominal angiography for different reasons, the blood flow measruements in left iliac arteries were within the limits of 371-766 ml", "contents": "Blood flow measurements in the iliac arteries by an improved angiographic cinedensitometric technique. The blood flow of iliac arteries was measrued by means of an improved angiographic chindensitometric technique. This consists of cineradiographic recording of contrast injection into the iliac arteries, followed by optical analysis of the \"washout\" phase of the contrast material at selected sites. In 25 pateints without perpheral vascular disease, undergoing abdominal angiography for different reasons, the blood flow measruements in left iliac arteries were within the limits of 371-766 ml", "PMID": 1112644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3462", "title": "Experimental arteriovenous fistula. Creation and percutaneous catherter obstruction with cyanoacrylate.", "content": "Arteriovenous fistula models were created of plastic and in dogs, allowing exploration of the intraarterial use of tissue adhesive, isobutyl cyanoacrylate. A delivery system utilizing superselective coaxial catheterization was developed on the model. Carotid artery to external jugular vein shunts constructed in 19 dogs provided a suitable in vivo model. Using varied injection techniques, the shunts were occluded in 17 of 17 treated animals. Three dogs subsequently died because of embolization to the lungs and one carotid artery was occluded. Techniques to avoid these complications were devised. Refinement of the intraarterial use of these adhesives will offer us another mode of treatment of vascular abnormalities.", "contents": "Experimental arteriovenous fistula. Creation and percutaneous catherter obstruction with cyanoacrylate. Arteriovenous fistula models were created of plastic and in dogs, allowing exploration of the intraarterial use of tissue adhesive, isobutyl cyanoacrylate. A delivery system utilizing superselective coaxial catheterization was developed on the model. Carotid artery to external jugular vein shunts constructed in 19 dogs provided a suitable in vivo model. Using varied injection techniques, the shunts were occluded in 17 of 17 treated animals. Three dogs subsequently died because of embolization to the lungs and one carotid artery was occluded. Techniques to avoid these complications were devised. Refinement of the intraarterial use of these adhesives will offer us another mode of treatment of vascular abnormalities.", "PMID": 1112645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3463", "title": "Selective arterial embolization for the control of traumatic splenic bleeding.", "content": "Artificial splenic trauma was created and treated with embolic material injected selectively into the splenic artery in 10 dogs. The bleeding was controlled by the original or a repeat embolization within the first 3 hours in all dogs. Seven dogs survived for 2 months. On angiograms performed prior to sacrifice, the arteries supplying the infarcted section of the spleen were again patent. Although both the arterial branches and the amount of splenic parenchyma in the area of infarction were smaller, the area of artificial trauma could not otherwise be identified. The histologic examination of the area of injury indicated healing of the injury and resolution of the infarct. The results of the study would indicate that selective embolization is a feasible method of controlling bleeding from splenic injury. Although embolism would not replace splenectomy as the generally used method, it could be used in patients who were not otherwise candidates for operative splenectomy.", "contents": "Selective arterial embolization for the control of traumatic splenic bleeding. Artificial splenic trauma was created and treated with embolic material injected selectively into the splenic artery in 10 dogs. The bleeding was controlled by the original or a repeat embolization within the first 3 hours in all dogs. Seven dogs survived for 2 months. On angiograms performed prior to sacrifice, the arteries supplying the infarcted section of the spleen were again patent. Although both the arterial branches and the amount of splenic parenchyma in the area of infarction were smaller, the area of artificial trauma could not otherwise be identified. The histologic examination of the area of injury indicated healing of the injury and resolution of the infarct. The results of the study would indicate that selective embolization is a feasible method of controlling bleeding from splenic injury. Although embolism would not replace splenectomy as the generally used method, it could be used in patients who were not otherwise candidates for operative splenectomy.", "PMID": 1112646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3464", "title": "Urinary magnesium and oxalic acid excretion in patients with recurrent oxalate urolithiasis.", "content": "Of patients with oxalate-containing calculi of the upper urinary tract who were surveyed for stone recurrences after an average of 4 years and 7 months, the relationship between the stone recurrence and the urinary excretion of stone components was studied. Seventy-one cases for urinary calcium and magnesium, 48 cases for phosphorus, 36 cases for oxalic acid, and 29 cases for uric acid were available for estimate. The urinary excretion of calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, and uric acid was the same for noncurrent patients as for recurrent patients. However, the ratio of magnesium to (calcium x oxalic acid) in the urine patients with oxalate stone recurrences was significantly lower than that in the urine of patients without recurrences.", "contents": "Urinary magnesium and oxalic acid excretion in patients with recurrent oxalate urolithiasis. Of patients with oxalate-containing calculi of the upper urinary tract who were surveyed for stone recurrences after an average of 4 years and 7 months, the relationship between the stone recurrence and the urinary excretion of stone components was studied. Seventy-one cases for urinary calcium and magnesium, 48 cases for phosphorus, 36 cases for oxalic acid, and 29 cases for uric acid were available for estimate. The urinary excretion of calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, and uric acid was the same for noncurrent patients as for recurrent patients. However, the ratio of magnesium to (calcium x oxalic acid) in the urine patients with oxalate stone recurrences was significantly lower than that in the urine of patients without recurrences.", "PMID": 1112654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3465", "title": "Effect of film graininess and geometric unsharpness on image quality in fine-detail skeletal radiography.", "content": "Three direct x-ray films and three geometric conditions were used to study the effect of noise and sharpness on high resolution radiography of the hand. The Wiener spectrum of film graininess and the MTF of geometric unsharpness were measured. Radiographs of a wire mesh and a hand phantom, together with the Wiener spectra and MTFs, led to the following conclusions regarding fine-detail skeletal radiography, as currently employed: 1) bone structure detectable in vivo does not show minute structural detail; 2) the technique is primarily noise-limited; 3) the use of better geometry or finer grain film for improving resolution or noise is of limited practical value, whereas the use of poorer geometry or more noisy film results in appreciable degradation of skeletal images; and 4) the present standard technique for in vivo radiography of the hand, therefore, may be very nearly optimal for clinical applications.", "contents": "Effect of film graininess and geometric unsharpness on image quality in fine-detail skeletal radiography. Three direct x-ray films and three geometric conditions were used to study the effect of noise and sharpness on high resolution radiography of the hand. The Wiener spectrum of film graininess and the MTF of geometric unsharpness were measured. Radiographs of a wire mesh and a hand phantom, together with the Wiener spectra and MTFs, led to the following conclusions regarding fine-detail skeletal radiography, as currently employed: 1) bone structure detectable in vivo does not show minute structural detail; 2) the technique is primarily noise-limited; 3) the use of better geometry or finer grain film for improving resolution or noise is of limited practical value, whereas the use of poorer geometry or more noisy film results in appreciable degradation of skeletal images; and 4) the present standard technique for in vivo radiography of the hand, therefore, may be very nearly optimal for clinical applications.", "PMID": 1112648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3466", "title": "Biliary and urinary excretion of iopanoic acid in the dog.", "content": "The urinary and biliary excretion of iopanonic acid was studied in anesthetized dogs infused with sodium iopanoate and trace amounts of 125I-iopanoic acid to provide a wide range of plasma concentrations. Samples of kidney and liver were also analyzed for total radioactivity. The sole excretory product in urine and bile was the glucuronide conjugate. The secretory biliary Tm for for iopanoic acid varied between experiments. Biliary concentration far exceeded that of plasma and liver/plasma ratios were all greater than unity. The fractional rate of urinary excretion varied 1-80% and was strongly correlated with hepatic function, e.g. the rate of bile flow. The data are interpreted to indicate that, depending on the rate of bile flow, the glucuronide formed in the liver is partioned between bile and blood, the latter for urinary excretion. This mechanism is discussed in relation to cholecystographic visualization and to the problem of nephrotoxicity.", "contents": "Biliary and urinary excretion of iopanoic acid in the dog. The urinary and biliary excretion of iopanonic acid was studied in anesthetized dogs infused with sodium iopanoate and trace amounts of 125I-iopanoic acid to provide a wide range of plasma concentrations. Samples of kidney and liver were also analyzed for total radioactivity. The sole excretory product in urine and bile was the glucuronide conjugate. The secretory biliary Tm for for iopanoic acid varied between experiments. Biliary concentration far exceeded that of plasma and liver/plasma ratios were all greater than unity. The fractional rate of urinary excretion varied 1-80% and was strongly correlated with hepatic function, e.g. the rate of bile flow. The data are interpreted to indicate that, depending on the rate of bile flow, the glucuronide formed in the liver is partioned between bile and blood, the latter for urinary excretion. This mechanism is discussed in relation to cholecystographic visualization and to the problem of nephrotoxicity.", "PMID": 1112647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3467", "title": "Ureteral function. II. The ureteral catheter and the urometrogram.", "content": "The relationship between the urometrogram and the indwelling ureteral catheter was studied on female dogs having surgically explanted bladders. A new monitoring technique was employed which allowed for simultaneous recording of urometrogram, spurt volume, wave speed, and wave geometry for each peristaltic wave. The  caliber of the catheter was shown to influence both contractile amplitude and basal pressure level of the ureter. In one case, an increase in catheter size from 3.6 Fr. to 5 Fr. resulted in a 5-mm Hg rise in basal pressure with a simultaneous increase of 35 mm Hg in peak pressure amplitude. In addition, it was also shown that in dog ureters, catheters as small as 3.6 Fr. may result in elevated pressure levels. Based on experimental observations and an understanding of the passive and contractile characteristics of ureteral smooth muscle, a new model ofthe urometrogram is presented which is based on a contact pressure between the ureteral wall and catheter.", "contents": "Ureteral function. II. The ureteral catheter and the urometrogram. The relationship between the urometrogram and the indwelling ureteral catheter was studied on female dogs having surgically explanted bladders. A new monitoring technique was employed which allowed for simultaneous recording of urometrogram, spurt volume, wave speed, and wave geometry for each peristaltic wave. The  caliber of the catheter was shown to influence both contractile amplitude and basal pressure level of the ureter. In one case, an increase in catheter size from 3.6 Fr. to 5 Fr. resulted in a 5-mm Hg rise in basal pressure with a simultaneous increase of 35 mm Hg in peak pressure amplitude. In addition, it was also shown that in dog ureters, catheters as small as 3.6 Fr. may result in elevated pressure levels. Based on experimental observations and an understanding of the passive and contractile characteristics of ureteral smooth muscle, a new model ofthe urometrogram is presented which is based on a contact pressure between the ureteral wall and catheter.", "PMID": 1112655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3468", "title": "The effect of geometric and recording system unsharpness in mammography.", "content": "Modulation transfer functions (MTFs) and test object radiographs were used to study the effect of geometric and recording system unsharpness in mammography with the CGR Senographe x-ray unit. Results show that geometric unsharpness can be a significant factor in the detection of microcalcifications within the breast, depending on the size and shape of the focal spot, the focal spot-to-recording system distance, and the object-to-recording system distance (o.r.d.). A new recording system for mammography, the DuPont Lo-dose system, requires approximately 1/15th the exposure of a direct x-ray film, such as Kodak RP/M, to provide mammograms with comparable photographic density. With the Lo-dose system, geometric unsharpness can be reduced by use of a specially designed long cone with an increased focal spot-to-recording system distance. This cannot be accomplished with direct x-ray films because the x-ray unit is operating at near-maximum output conditions even when short cones are used. Although direct x-ray films have a higher resolution than the Lo-dose system, at certain o.r.d.s total resolution is found to be affected more significantly by geometric unsharpness than by the Lo-dose recording system. In several cases, clinical results show improved detection of microcalcifications at larger o.r.d.s by the Lo-dose system with a long one, combined with a reduction by a factor of 15 in patient exposure.", "contents": "The effect of geometric and recording system unsharpness in mammography. Modulation transfer functions (MTFs) and test object radiographs were used to study the effect of geometric and recording system unsharpness in mammography with the CGR Senographe x-ray unit. Results show that geometric unsharpness can be a significant factor in the detection of microcalcifications within the breast, depending on the size and shape of the focal spot, the focal spot-to-recording system distance, and the object-to-recording system distance (o.r.d.). A new recording system for mammography, the DuPont Lo-dose system, requires approximately 1/15th the exposure of a direct x-ray film, such as Kodak RP/M, to provide mammograms with comparable photographic density. With the Lo-dose system, geometric unsharpness can be reduced by use of a specially designed long cone with an increased focal spot-to-recording system distance. This cannot be accomplished with direct x-ray films because the x-ray unit is operating at near-maximum output conditions even when short cones are used. Although direct x-ray films have a higher resolution than the Lo-dose system, at certain o.r.d.s total resolution is found to be affected more significantly by geometric unsharpness than by the Lo-dose recording system. In several cases, clinical results show improved detection of microcalcifications at larger o.r.d.s by the Lo-dose system with a long one, combined with a reduction by a factor of 15 in patient exposure.", "PMID": 1112649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3469", "title": "Cystoscopy of chemically induced bladder neoplasms in rabbits administered the carcinogen dibutylnitrosamine.", "content": "Subcutaneous injection of the carcinogen dibutylnitrosamine into male rabbits led to bladder papillomas, hemangiomas, and carcinomas within 17 to 26 months. The progress of the developing bladder lesions was readily followed by cystoscopy.", "contents": "Cystoscopy of chemically induced bladder neoplasms in rabbits administered the carcinogen dibutylnitrosamine. Subcutaneous injection of the carcinogen dibutylnitrosamine into male rabbits led to bladder papillomas, hemangiomas, and carcinomas within 17 to 26 months. The progress of the developing bladder lesions was readily followed by cystoscopy.", "PMID": 1112656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3470", "title": "Accuracy and its relationship to experience in the interpretation of chest radiographs.", "content": "One hundred chest radiographs, randomly selected from a hospital population, were read by 8 radiologists at 4 different levels of training and experience. All statements in the 800 interpretations were analyzed for accuracy. The analysis was based on deviation from a \"true\" report. Approximately 26% of significant and potentially significant statements were errors. Eighty per cent of these were false negative, 20% false positive. While significant individual differences in interpretive accuracy were found, there was no consistent pattern related to the duration of training beyond the first year of residency. Once an individual's radiologic education has progressed beyond a fundamental level, individual reader characteristics overshadow experience in the accuracy of chest film interpretation.", "contents": "Accuracy and its relationship to experience in the interpretation of chest radiographs. One hundred chest radiographs, randomly selected from a hospital population, were read by 8 radiologists at 4 different levels of training and experience. All statements in the 800 interpretations were analyzed for accuracy. The analysis was based on deviation from a \"true\" report. Approximately 26% of significant and potentially significant statements were errors. Eighty per cent of these were false negative, 20% false positive. While significant individual differences in interpretive accuracy were found, there was no consistent pattern related to the duration of training beyond the first year of residency. Once an individual's radiologic education has progressed beyond a fundamental level, individual reader characteristics overshadow experience in the accuracy of chest film interpretation.", "PMID": 1112651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3471", "title": "Epithelialization after cystotomy.", "content": "Cystotomies were performed on mature guinea pigs using aseptic technique, and one layer closure with polypropylene sutures. It was found that epithelialization over the suture material was completed by 3 days and that epithelialization of the bladder mucosa itself after a mucosa-mucosa approximation was completed within 4 days. The main significance of this investigation is that the normal bladder mucosa was completely healed within 4 days.", "contents": "Epithelialization after cystotomy. Cystotomies were performed on mature guinea pigs using aseptic technique, and one layer closure with polypropylene sutures. It was found that epithelialization over the suture material was completed by 3 days and that epithelialization of the bladder mucosa itself after a mucosa-mucosa approximation was completed within 4 days. The main significance of this investigation is that the normal bladder mucosa was completely healed within 4 days.", "PMID": 1112657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3472", "title": "Microangiographic anatomy of the cat's eye.", "content": "The microangiographic anatomy of the cat's eye is presented. The characteristic vascular pattern of each of the three distinct circulations, retinal choroidal, and ciliary is described and illustrated.", "contents": "Microangiographic anatomy of the cat's eye. The microangiographic anatomy of the cat's eye is presented. The characteristic vascular pattern of each of the three distinct circulations, retinal choroidal, and ciliary is described and illustrated.", "PMID": 1112650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3473", "title": "The value of a stent in primary ureteral repair.", "content": "Serum creatinine determinations and intravenous urography studies were made preoperatively and postoperatively on 14 dogs. Each dog underwent bilateral midureteral transection, followed by immediate elliptical ureteral reanastomosis. An indwelling stent was employed for 10 days on one side only. The use of an intraureteral stent did not influence the degree of stricture formation after ureteral repair. Factors contributing to the development of postoperative ureteral strictures are discussed.", "contents": "The value of a stent in primary ureteral repair. Serum creatinine determinations and intravenous urography studies were made preoperatively and postoperatively on 14 dogs. Each dog underwent bilateral midureteral transection, followed by immediate elliptical ureteral reanastomosis. An indwelling stent was employed for 10 days on one side only. The use of an intraureteral stent did not influence the degree of stricture formation after ureteral repair. Factors contributing to the development of postoperative ureteral strictures are discussed.", "PMID": 1112658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3474", "title": "Beta-adrenergic (isoproterenol) regulation of antidiuretic hormone.", "content": "Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and isoproterenol (ISO) both cause renal retention of water when infused iv into animals. It has been suggested that the agents share a common mechanism of action but the current work reveals marked differences in the effect of ISO and ADH on urinary excretion of sodium (ISO produces fall from 50 plus or minus 14 to 3 plus or minus 0.6 mu Eq per 20 min, P greater than 0.0005; ADH causes a fall from 62 plus or minus 14 to 45 plus or minus 9, P greater than 0.05) and creatinine (ISO causes a fall from 157 plus or minus 14 to 71 lus or minus 13, P greater than 0.0005; ADH produces fall from 155 plus or minus 12 to 145 plus or minus 14, P greater than 0.05), which suggest that the actions of the agents may differ. To study that possibility, ISO was infused into normal rats and rats with hereditary diabetes insipidus (DI rats) due to a genetic defect in ADH production. Doses previously used (0.2 mug per kg per min, and doses 10 and 100 fold less were infused. At 0.002 mug per kg per min, urine osmolality in both groups of rats declined (DI rats from 177 plus or minus 22 to 141 plus or minus 13 MOsm per kg, P greater than 0.01, and normals from 162 plus or minus 17 to 142 plus or minus 15 MOsm per kg, P greater than 0.05). At 0.02 mug per kig per min, there was no significant change is osmolality. At 0.02 mug per kig per min, osmolality rose in both groups but the response was significantly blunted in the DI rats (normals: 351 plus or minus 32 to 626 plus or minus 79 mOsm per kg, P greater than 0.005; DI rat: 204 plus or minus 23 to 241 plus or minus 30 P greater than 0.05). It is concluded that intravenous ISO has a dual effect on water excretion; at low doses it is associated with reduced urinary osmolality possibly by direct renal action and at high doses it is associated with antidiuresis by stimulating release of pituitary ADH.", "contents": "Beta-adrenergic (isoproterenol) regulation of antidiuretic hormone. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and isoproterenol (ISO) both cause renal retention of water when infused iv into animals. It has been suggested that the agents share a common mechanism of action but the current work reveals marked differences in the effect of ISO and ADH on urinary excretion of sodium (ISO produces fall from 50 plus or minus 14 to 3 plus or minus 0.6 mu Eq per 20 min, P greater than 0.0005; ADH causes a fall from 62 plus or minus 14 to 45 plus or minus 9, P greater than 0.05) and creatinine (ISO causes a fall from 157 plus or minus 14 to 71 lus or minus 13, P greater than 0.0005; ADH produces fall from 155 plus or minus 12 to 145 plus or minus 14, P greater than 0.05), which suggest that the actions of the agents may differ. To study that possibility, ISO was infused into normal rats and rats with hereditary diabetes insipidus (DI rats) due to a genetic defect in ADH production. Doses previously used (0.2 mug per kg per min, and doses 10 and 100 fold less were infused. At 0.002 mug per kg per min, urine osmolality in both groups of rats declined (DI rats from 177 plus or minus 22 to 141 plus or minus 13 MOsm per kg, P greater than 0.01, and normals from 162 plus or minus 17 to 142 plus or minus 15 MOsm per kg, P greater than 0.05). At 0.02 mug per kig per min, there was no significant change is osmolality. At 0.02 mug per kig per min, osmolality rose in both groups but the response was significantly blunted in the DI rats (normals: 351 plus or minus 32 to 626 plus or minus 79 mOsm per kg, P greater than 0.005; DI rat: 204 plus or minus 23 to 241 plus or minus 30 P greater than 0.05). It is concluded that intravenous ISO has a dual effect on water excretion; at low doses it is associated with reduced urinary osmolality possibly by direct renal action and at high doses it is associated with antidiuresis by stimulating release of pituitary ADH.", "PMID": 1112659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3475", "title": "Progressive renal artery stenosis. An experimental model.", "content": "A method of inducing slow gradual constriction of a renal artery is described. A metal constrictor is partially filled with ameroid, a hydroscopic material. Over a period of weeks, the ameroid expands, causing increasing obstruction to the renal artery. Data revealed a progressive decrease in function as measured by p-aminohippurate, inulin, and creatinine clearance on the affected side with an increase in function in the contralateral side.", "contents": "Progressive renal artery stenosis. An experimental model. A method of inducing slow gradual constriction of a renal artery is described. A metal constrictor is partially filled with ameroid, a hydroscopic material. Over a period of weeks, the ameroid expands, causing increasing obstruction to the renal artery. Data revealed a progressive decrease in function as measured by p-aminohippurate, inulin, and creatinine clearance on the affected side with an increase in function in the contralateral side.", "PMID": 1112660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3476", "title": "Direct effect of prostaglandins in renal function and renin release in the presence of renal ischemia in the dog.", "content": "Prostaglandins PGE-1 or PGA-1 (0.5 to 1 mug per min) were infused into the stenosed renal artery of anesthetized hypertensive dogs. Increased urine volume, sodium and potassium excretion, and p-aminohippurate clearance were found during the prostaglandin infusion period in the infused kidney as compared to the control periods before infusion. Creatinine clearance was increased during infusion of PGE-1. The noninfused, nonischemic kidney showed no effect at the time of infusion with PGE-1 but in the case of PGA-1, the p-aminohippurate and creatinine clearances and urine diuresis were decreased. As a result, the mean aortic blood pressure decreased. Both prostaglandins increased the renal vein renin in the infused kidney. PGA-1 did affect renin release of the noninfused kidney, but PGE-1, which is rapidly inactivated by the lung, did not have this effect. Renin release seems to be influenced by electrolyte diuresis operating through the macula densa mechanism. However, the lowering of blood pressure seen in this study cannot exclude the involvement of the stretch receptors (the juxtaglomerular cells) for renin release. The increased renin release after prostaglandin administration seems to be a protective renal mechanism against the drug-induced hypotension. It seems to be induced by the direct sodium and water diuretic effects of prostaglandins.", "contents": "Direct effect of prostaglandins in renal function and renin release in the presence of renal ischemia in the dog. Prostaglandins PGE-1 or PGA-1 (0.5 to 1 mug per min) were infused into the stenosed renal artery of anesthetized hypertensive dogs. Increased urine volume, sodium and potassium excretion, and p-aminohippurate clearance were found during the prostaglandin infusion period in the infused kidney as compared to the control periods before infusion. Creatinine clearance was increased during infusion of PGE-1. The noninfused, nonischemic kidney showed no effect at the time of infusion with PGE-1 but in the case of PGA-1, the p-aminohippurate and creatinine clearances and urine diuresis were decreased. As a result, the mean aortic blood pressure decreased. Both prostaglandins increased the renal vein renin in the infused kidney. PGA-1 did affect renin release of the noninfused kidney, but PGE-1, which is rapidly inactivated by the lung, did not have this effect. Renin release seems to be influenced by electrolyte diuresis operating through the macula densa mechanism. However, the lowering of blood pressure seen in this study cannot exclude the involvement of the stretch receptors (the juxtaglomerular cells) for renin release. The increased renin release after prostaglandin administration seems to be a protective renal mechanism against the drug-induced hypotension. It seems to be induced by the direct sodium and water diuretic effects of prostaglandins.", "PMID": 1112661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3477", "title": "Ureteral response to partial obstruction. Smooth muscle hyperplasia and connective tissue proliferation.", "content": "A technique for producing a reversible form of partial ureteral obstruction in the experimental animal has been described. The response of the rabbit ureteral muscularis to partial obstruction was characterized by hypertrophy of the smooth muscle cells within the first 3 days followed by hyperplasia of the leiomyocytes which appeared to continue as long as the obstruction was present. Deposition of connective tissue was noted between the smooth muscle cells after 2 weeks of partial obstruction increasing to a marked extent by 8 weeks.", "contents": "Ureteral response to partial obstruction. Smooth muscle hyperplasia and connective tissue proliferation. A technique for producing a reversible form of partial ureteral obstruction in the experimental animal has been described. The response of the rabbit ureteral muscularis to partial obstruction was characterized by hypertrophy of the smooth muscle cells within the first 3 days followed by hyperplasia of the leiomyocytes which appeared to continue as long as the obstruction was present. Deposition of connective tissue was noted between the smooth muscle cells after 2 weeks of partial obstruction increasing to a marked extent by 8 weeks.", "PMID": 1112662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3478", "title": "A comparative evaluation of Avitene and gelfoam for hemostasis in experimental canine prostatic wounds.", "content": "Microcrystalline collagen has been reported to be an effective hemostatic agent in brain, liver, kidney, etc. This experimental study in dogs and rats shows that microcrystalline collagen is a more effective hemostat in prostatic hemorrhage than is purified gelatin solution. No gross or histologic evidence of tissue damage or calcification was induced by microcrystalline collagen or purified gelatin solution. Wafers of microcrystalline collagen that are placed in rat bladders dissolve and do not induce calculogenesis.", "contents": "A comparative evaluation of Avitene and gelfoam for hemostasis in experimental canine prostatic wounds. Microcrystalline collagen has been reported to be an effective hemostatic agent in brain, liver, kidney, etc. This experimental study in dogs and rats shows that microcrystalline collagen is a more effective hemostat in prostatic hemorrhage than is purified gelatin solution. No gross or histologic evidence of tissue damage or calcification was induced by microcrystalline collagen or purified gelatin solution. Wafers of microcrystalline collagen that are placed in rat bladders dissolve and do not induce calculogenesis.", "PMID": 1112663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3479", "title": "A highly basic small protein associated with spermatogenesis in the human testis.", "content": "A very basic and acid-soluble small protein was isolated in the pure form from specimens of human testes that displayed histologic evidence of normal spermatogenesis. The protein is virtually indistinguishable in its electrophoretic properties from a testis-specific basic protein that has been previously described in a number of other eutherian mammalian species. The homogeneous human testicular basic protein is rich in arginine, lysine, and serine, and is devoid of cyst(e)ine, phenylalanine, glutamate, glutamine, isoleucine, and tryptophan. Its amino acid composition is extremely close to that of a testis-specific basic protein previously described in the rat. The basic protein from human testis is electrophoretically distinct from the principal basic chromosomal protein of human spermatozoa and could not be detected in ejaculated human spermatozoa by the procedure used to extract the chromosomal basic protein.", "contents": "A highly basic small protein associated with spermatogenesis in the human testis. A very basic and acid-soluble small protein was isolated in the pure form from specimens of human testes that displayed histologic evidence of normal spermatogenesis. The protein is virtually indistinguishable in its electrophoretic properties from a testis-specific basic protein that has been previously described in a number of other eutherian mammalian species. The homogeneous human testicular basic protein is rich in arginine, lysine, and serine, and is devoid of cyst(e)ine, phenylalanine, glutamate, glutamine, isoleucine, and tryptophan. Its amino acid composition is extremely close to that of a testis-specific basic protein previously described in the rat. The basic protein from human testis is electrophoretically distinct from the principal basic chromosomal protein of human spermatozoa and could not be detected in ejaculated human spermatozoa by the procedure used to extract the chromosomal basic protein.", "PMID": 1112664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3480", "title": "Viscoelastic properties of bladder wall strips.", "content": "Ninety-five stress-decrease curves of dog bladder strips, selected from 204 experimentally determined curves, were analyzed in terms of a model which can be described by an equation containing two or three exponential terms and a constant. As might be expected, the three-exponential equation gave the better fit. The results are discussed and compared with those derived from measurements on whole bladders. The relaxation constants determined for bladder strips agree remarkably well with those for whole bladders, indicating that the value of these constants is independent of geometry.", "contents": "Viscoelastic properties of bladder wall strips. Ninety-five stress-decrease curves of dog bladder strips, selected from 204 experimentally determined curves, were analyzed in terms of a model which can be described by an equation containing two or three exponential terms and a constant. As might be expected, the three-exponential equation gave the better fit. The results are discussed and compared with those derived from measurements on whole bladders. The relaxation constants determined for bladder strips agree remarkably well with those for whole bladders, indicating that the value of these constants is independent of geometry.", "PMID": 1112665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3481", "title": "Therapy questionably infarcted testis.", "content": "Observations made upon dogs and humans with apparent infarction of the testis secondary to torsion of the spermatic cord suggest that the treatment of choice for questionably viable testis is detorsion of the cord, replacement of the testis in its hemiscrotum, and fixation of the opposite testis. This form of therapy may be applicable to all \"torsed testes\" regardless of viability.", "contents": "Therapy questionably infarcted testis. Observations made upon dogs and humans with apparent infarction of the testis secondary to torsion of the spermatic cord suggest that the treatment of choice for questionably viable testis is detorsion of the cord, replacement of the testis in its hemiscrotum, and fixation of the opposite testis. This form of therapy may be applicable to all \"torsed testes\" regardless of viability.", "PMID": 1112666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3482", "title": "Ultrastructural changes in human prepubertal prostatic epithelium grown in vitro.", "content": "Ultrastructural changes in the prepubertal human prostatic epithelium maintained in vitro are described and are compared with the ultrastructure of the same tissue before culture. In cultured cells, rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex are poorly represented and the latter also loses its polarity. Increase in cytoplasmic microfilaments is discussed in relation to possible vitamin A deficiency. Primary and secondary lysosomes, arising from autophagy and endocytosis, occur in large numbers as autophagosomes, myelin figures, residual bodies, and multivesicular bodies. Prostatic acid phosphatase activity, an important secondary sex characteristic, is influenced by sex hormones and malignancy; since this enzyme is lysosome-associated, special emphasis is placed on lysosomal changes. Some ultrastructural changes in rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, and the lysosomal system are similar to those observed after castration. This study presents ultrastructure of cultured cells which form the basis for studies involving neoplastic transformation, aging, and hormonal manipulation using an in vitro model. This is necessitated by the absence of an in vivo animal model for prostatic neoplasia; hence studies on prostatic oncogenesis, and age-related phenomenon, must be done on cells in vitro. Significance of this study is enhanced by the fact that normal human prepubertal prostate has not been studied before and normal viable prostate is generally not available for investigations.", "contents": "Ultrastructural changes in human prepubertal prostatic epithelium grown in vitro. Ultrastructural changes in the prepubertal human prostatic epithelium maintained in vitro are described and are compared with the ultrastructure of the same tissue before culture. In cultured cells, rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex are poorly represented and the latter also loses its polarity. Increase in cytoplasmic microfilaments is discussed in relation to possible vitamin A deficiency. Primary and secondary lysosomes, arising from autophagy and endocytosis, occur in large numbers as autophagosomes, myelin figures, residual bodies, and multivesicular bodies. Prostatic acid phosphatase activity, an important secondary sex characteristic, is influenced by sex hormones and malignancy; since this enzyme is lysosome-associated, special emphasis is placed on lysosomal changes. Some ultrastructural changes in rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, and the lysosomal system are similar to those observed after castration. This study presents ultrastructure of cultured cells which form the basis for studies involving neoplastic transformation, aging, and hormonal manipulation using an in vitro model. This is necessitated by the absence of an in vivo animal model for prostatic neoplasia; hence studies on prostatic oncogenesis, and age-related phenomenon, must be done on cells in vitro. Significance of this study is enhanced by the fact that normal human prepubertal prostate has not been studied before and normal viable prostate is generally not available for investigations.", "PMID": 1112667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3483", "title": "Uric acid dihydrate as urinary calculus component.", "content": "The analysis of uric acid dihydrate was performed using infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. Both methods permit differentiation with regard to uric acid. Pure uric acid dihydrate was prepared according to a modified technique and the dA values (lattice distances (of A) were determined from several recordings. The extreme instability of the synthetic uric acid dihydrate is stressed, and the conversion speed is determined. During the evaluation of 7,750 analyses of urinary calculi in the course of the past 3 years, 1,126 (14.5 per cent) uric acid calculi and 283 (3.7 per cent) with a mixed portion of uric acid dihydrate were found.", "contents": "Uric acid dihydrate as urinary calculus component. The analysis of uric acid dihydrate was performed using infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. Both methods permit differentiation with regard to uric acid. Pure uric acid dihydrate was prepared according to a modified technique and the dA values (lattice distances (of A) were determined from several recordings. The extreme instability of the synthetic uric acid dihydrate is stressed, and the conversion speed is determined. During the evaluation of 7,750 analyses of urinary calculi in the course of the past 3 years, 1,126 (14.5 per cent) uric acid calculi and 283 (3.7 per cent) with a mixed portion of uric acid dihydrate were found.", "PMID": 1112668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3484", "title": "A new concept of the anatomy of the anal sphincter mechanism and the physiology of defecation. The external anal sphincter: a triple-loop system.", "content": "Since anal sphincters are used as the continent sphincters in some urologic operations, a study of their anatomic structure and function seems necessary. The anatomy of the external anal sphincter has been studied in 18 cadavers by dissection and serial histologic sections. The muscle has been found to consist of a series of U-shaped loops which are distinguishible as three main \"loops\": top, intermediate, and base. The puborectalis and the deep portion of the external sphincter have been found to be one muscle which is given the name \"top loop.\" No concentric circular muscle bundles could be detected at any level of the external sphincter except in the base loop. A new concept of the mechanism of action of the external sphincter in anal continence and during defecation is presented. An air-tight occlusion of the anal canal could be achieved by the \"triple-loop system\" of the external sphincter which compresses opposed alternating anal segments. An incomplete anal occlusion by a single loop contraction is completed and potentiated by the succeeding loop action. The last fecal portion is dispelled from the anal canal by a process of \"vermicular contractions\" which is the result of the loop arrangement of the muscle bundles. Single-loop continence has been discussed. It is suggested that unless all three of the loops are destroyed, any single loop can act as a sphincter which maintains continence to solid stools but not to fluid ones or flatus.", "contents": "A new concept of the anatomy of the anal sphincter mechanism and the physiology of defecation. The external anal sphincter: a triple-loop system. Since anal sphincters are used as the continent sphincters in some urologic operations, a study of their anatomic structure and function seems necessary. The anatomy of the external anal sphincter has been studied in 18 cadavers by dissection and serial histologic sections. The muscle has been found to consist of a series of U-shaped loops which are distinguishible as three main \"loops\": top, intermediate, and base. The puborectalis and the deep portion of the external sphincter have been found to be one muscle which is given the name \"top loop.\" No concentric circular muscle bundles could be detected at any level of the external sphincter except in the base loop. A new concept of the mechanism of action of the external sphincter in anal continence and during defecation is presented. An air-tight occlusion of the anal canal could be achieved by the \"triple-loop system\" of the external sphincter which compresses opposed alternating anal segments. An incomplete anal occlusion by a single loop contraction is completed and potentiated by the succeeding loop action. The last fecal portion is dispelled from the anal canal by a process of \"vermicular contractions\" which is the result of the loop arrangement of the muscle bundles. Single-loop continence has been discussed. It is suggested that unless all three of the loops are destroyed, any single loop can act as a sphincter which maintains continence to solid stools but not to fluid ones or flatus.", "PMID": 1112669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3485", "title": "Removal of pulmonary artery band.", "content": "From 1963 to September 1973, 60 patients underwent definitive repair of cardiac lesions for which pulmonary artery banding had been performed previously. Most bandings had been performed for intractable heart failure secondary to large pulmonary flow. The pulmonary artery band resulted in a fibrous reaction around the pulmonary artery or its branches in all instances. Angioplastic procedures on the main pulmonary artery or the left and right pulmonary arteries were usually necessary to relieve the stenosis produced by the band and the resultant scarring. The operative mortality in this group of patients was 28% and pulmonary artery banding was considered to be a factor in 4 of the 17 deaths. The absence of absolute protection from the development of progressive pulmonary vascular disease, the mortality associated with banding, and the mortality and increased technical difficulties associated with removing the band at the time of the repair support one-stage definitive procedures rather than palliative banding of the pulmonary arteries in all but the most exceptional situations.", "contents": "Removal of pulmonary artery band. From 1963 to September 1973, 60 patients underwent definitive repair of cardiac lesions for which pulmonary artery banding had been performed previously. Most bandings had been performed for intractable heart failure secondary to large pulmonary flow. The pulmonary artery band resulted in a fibrous reaction around the pulmonary artery or its branches in all instances. Angioplastic procedures on the main pulmonary artery or the left and right pulmonary arteries were usually necessary to relieve the stenosis produced by the band and the resultant scarring. The operative mortality in this group of patients was 28% and pulmonary artery banding was considered to be a factor in 4 of the 17 deaths. The absence of absolute protection from the development of progressive pulmonary vascular disease, the mortality associated with banding, and the mortality and increased technical difficulties associated with removing the band at the time of the repair support one-stage definitive procedures rather than palliative banding of the pulmonary arteries in all but the most exceptional situations.", "PMID": 1112697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3486", "title": "Long-term results after closed mitral valvotomy.", "content": "This paper is an analysis of the experiences of the author with patients under-going closed mitral valvotomy between 1948 and December 1963, and thus represents a follow-up of at least 10 years. Five hundred and seventy-one of 618 patients survived operation; the mortality rate of 7.6% is much higher than pertains at present. It includes the early pioneer days when many very ill patients were operated on. There were only five deaths in the most recent 400 consecutive cases. The mortality should be low today. A detailed follow-up shows that many patients are completely cured of their mitral stenosis: of 168 patients alive longer than 11 years, 41 survived for 11 to 15 years, 67 for 16 to 20 years and 60 for over 20 years. Restenosis was diagnosed in 128 patients (22.4%) and 93 of them had a second operation. When the valve is severely damaged, especially when it is regurgitant, the results are not as good and valve excision and replacement are often needed, but valvotomy for pure mitral stenosis can give excellent and lasting results.", "contents": "Long-term results after closed mitral valvotomy. This paper is an analysis of the experiences of the author with patients under-going closed mitral valvotomy between 1948 and December 1963, and thus represents a follow-up of at least 10 years. Five hundred and seventy-one of 618 patients survived operation; the mortality rate of 7.6% is much higher than pertains at present. It includes the early pioneer days when many very ill patients were operated on. There were only five deaths in the most recent 400 consecutive cases. The mortality should be low today. A detailed follow-up shows that many patients are completely cured of their mitral stenosis: of 168 patients alive longer than 11 years, 41 survived for 11 to 15 years, 67 for 16 to 20 years and 60 for over 20 years. Restenosis was diagnosed in 128 patients (22.4%) and 93 of them had a second operation. When the valve is severely damaged, especially when it is regurgitant, the results are not as good and valve excision and replacement are often needed, but valvotomy for pure mitral stenosis can give excellent and lasting results.", "PMID": 1112698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3487", "title": "An approach to the surgery of mitral valve disease in children.", "content": "Isolated mitral valve surgery was carried out in 182 children under the age of 16 years. Closed valvulotomy was performed in 72, annuloplasty or reconstruction in 10 and valve replacement in 100 of the children. Preoperative atrial fibrillation implied severe disease. Acute rheumatic carditis was not a contraindication to operation. Two patients died after closed mitral commissurotomy and the results were unsatisfactory in nine children with valve calcification and in 12 with a small jet of incompetence. Restenosis occurred in 10 patients during a review period of five years. The long-term results of annuloplasty were disappointing, and this procedure is not recommended for children with mitral incompetence. Ten of the 100 patients who underwent mitral valve replacement died in hospital and there were two late deaths. Seventy-seven patients are completely well and 11 have grade II disability. Severe mitral valve disease in children is associated with high morbidity and mortality, unless normal hemodynamics are restored. Since the results of operation are so satisfactory, we believe that the natural history of this condition is most favorably altered by surgical treatment.", "contents": "An approach to the surgery of mitral valve disease in children. Isolated mitral valve surgery was carried out in 182 children under the age of 16 years. Closed valvulotomy was performed in 72, annuloplasty or reconstruction in 10 and valve replacement in 100 of the children. Preoperative atrial fibrillation implied severe disease. Acute rheumatic carditis was not a contraindication to operation. Two patients died after closed mitral commissurotomy and the results were unsatisfactory in nine children with valve calcification and in 12 with a small jet of incompetence. Restenosis occurred in 10 patients during a review period of five years. The long-term results of annuloplasty were disappointing, and this procedure is not recommended for children with mitral incompetence. Ten of the 100 patients who underwent mitral valve replacement died in hospital and there were two late deaths. Seventy-seven patients are completely well and 11 have grade II disability. Severe mitral valve disease in children is associated with high morbidity and mortality, unless normal hemodynamics are restored. Since the results of operation are so satisfactory, we believe that the natural history of this condition is most favorably altered by surgical treatment.", "PMID": 1112699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3488", "title": "Long-term results of valve replacement in children suffering from rheumatic heart disease.", "content": "Severe pathological changes in the cardiac valves are often observed at an early age in children in the developing countries. Mitral stenosis is best managed by closed commissurotomy. However, mitral insufficiency, aortic insufficiency and tricuspid lesions may lead to life-threatening hemodynamic effects which necessitate valve replacement. This differs from experience in the developed countries where surgery for rheumatic valvular disease is limited to the adult. Our experience includes 33 children aged 5 to 16 years. Twenty-four children underwent single valve replacement, eight had two valves replaced and one had triple valve replacement. All were classified Grade IV or late Grade III (New York Heart Association). Four children had to be operated on despite known rheumatic activity. Two children in shock and pulmonary edema underwent emergency operation. There were two hospital deaths and eight late deaths. Patients have been followed for up to eight years. Twenty children are now classified as Grade I and lead completely normal lives and the remaining three are classified as Grade II. Postoperative catheterization studies have documented improvement from severe preoperative hemodynamic changes to near normal values at rest after operation. The cardiothoracic ratio has decreased impressively. We conclude that the natural history of rheumatic heart disease in children with severely damaged heart valves is favorably modified by valve replacement.", "contents": "Long-term results of valve replacement in children suffering from rheumatic heart disease. Severe pathological changes in the cardiac valves are often observed at an early age in children in the developing countries. Mitral stenosis is best managed by closed commissurotomy. However, mitral insufficiency, aortic insufficiency and tricuspid lesions may lead to life-threatening hemodynamic effects which necessitate valve replacement. This differs from experience in the developed countries where surgery for rheumatic valvular disease is limited to the adult. Our experience includes 33 children aged 5 to 16 years. Twenty-four children underwent single valve replacement, eight had two valves replaced and one had triple valve replacement. All were classified Grade IV or late Grade III (New York Heart Association). Four children had to be operated on despite known rheumatic activity. Two children in shock and pulmonary edema underwent emergency operation. There were two hospital deaths and eight late deaths. Patients have been followed for up to eight years. Twenty children are now classified as Grade I and lead completely normal lives and the remaining three are classified as Grade II. Postoperative catheterization studies have documented improvement from severe preoperative hemodynamic changes to near normal values at rest after operation. The cardiothoracic ratio has decreased impressively. We conclude that the natural history of rheumatic heart disease in children with severely damaged heart valves is favorably modified by valve replacement.", "PMID": 1112700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3489", "title": "Isolated aortic valve replacement. A six-year follow-up.", "content": "A selected group of 259 patients who underwent aortic valve replacement was analyzed retrospectively for early and late mortality and late valve failures up to six years following operation. In this group, 100 patients received aortic valve homografts, 100 pulmonary valve autografts and 59 Starr-Edwards prosthetic valves. The two tissue valve groups, composed of younger, healthier individuals, had a lower early mortality rate than did the group receiving prostheses; mortality decreased even further with additional surgical experience. The homograft group also showed a lower long-term mortality and complication rate. The incidence and significance of the appearance of a diastolic murmur in the tissue valve group were also studied and seemed to play a major prognostic role for these patients.", "contents": "Isolated aortic valve replacement. A six-year follow-up. A selected group of 259 patients who underwent aortic valve replacement was analyzed retrospectively for early and late mortality and late valve failures up to six years following operation. In this group, 100 patients received aortic valve homografts, 100 pulmonary valve autografts and 59 Starr-Edwards prosthetic valves. The two tissue valve groups, composed of younger, healthier individuals, had a lower early mortality rate than did the group receiving prostheses; mortality decreased even further with additional surgical experience. The homograft group also showed a lower long-term mortality and complication rate. The incidence and significance of the appearance of a diastolic murmur in the tissue valve group were also studied and seemed to play a major prognostic role for these patients.", "PMID": 1112702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3490", "title": "The late fate of autologous fascia lata valve grafts in the aortic position.", "content": "Fascia lata has been used for aortic valve replacement in 206 patients over a period of 10 years. Important advantages of this method are easy availability of the fascia tissue, excellent valve function in the early follow-up, and the absence of thromboembolic complications and of anticoagulant therapy. Long-term follow-up revealed a 10% incidence of infective endocarditis. Late deterioration of valve function occurred in 60% of patients after an average interval of five years. Electron microscopic study of fascia lata valve cusps removed one to seven years after implantation showed no endothelial layer, but an amorphous surface coating. The tissue remained viable, but showed necrotic foci and areas of proliferation. These morphologic alterations caused thickening and sclerosis of the valve cusps, which were responsible for the late deterioration of valvular function.", "contents": "The late fate of autologous fascia lata valve grafts in the aortic position. Fascia lata has been used for aortic valve replacement in 206 patients over a period of 10 years. Important advantages of this method are easy availability of the fascia tissue, excellent valve function in the early follow-up, and the absence of thromboembolic complications and of anticoagulant therapy. Long-term follow-up revealed a 10% incidence of infective endocarditis. Late deterioration of valve function occurred in 60% of patients after an average interval of five years. Electron microscopic study of fascia lata valve cusps removed one to seven years after implantation showed no endothelial layer, but an amorphous surface coating. The tissue remained viable, but showed necrotic foci and areas of proliferation. These morphologic alterations caused thickening and sclerosis of the valve cusps, which were responsible for the late deterioration of valvular function.", "PMID": 1112703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3491", "title": "Surgery for tricuspid valve disease.", "content": "Sixty patients underwent repair or replacement of the tricuspid valve, 58 for acquired and two for congenital lesions. In 59 of the cases, the tricuspid surgery formed part of multiple valve surgery. Preoperatively, 33 patients (55%) were in New York Heart Association class IV and 25 in class III functional capacity. The tricuspid valve was replaced in 42 patients and repaired in 18. Forty-seven patients (78%) survived operation, but 10 of these died during a follow-up period of two to seven years. Thirty-four of the 37 long-term survivors show marked improvement. Operative mortality was 26% for tricuspid valve replacement and 11% for repair; late mortality was 14% and 22%, respectively. It should be stressed that the tricuspid valve replacement group consisted of patients whose preoperative condition was worse and whose valvular pathology was more severe than that of those who had tricuspid repair. In view of this, and the better long-term results of tricuspid valve replacement, it is concluded that the procedure of choice for serious organic disease of the tricuspid valve is valve replacement.", "contents": "Surgery for tricuspid valve disease. Sixty patients underwent repair or replacement of the tricuspid valve, 58 for acquired and two for congenital lesions. In 59 of the cases, the tricuspid surgery formed part of multiple valve surgery. Preoperatively, 33 patients (55%) were in New York Heart Association class IV and 25 in class III functional capacity. The tricuspid valve was replaced in 42 patients and repaired in 18. Forty-seven patients (78%) survived operation, but 10 of these died during a follow-up period of two to seven years. Thirty-four of the 37 long-term survivors show marked improvement. Operative mortality was 26% for tricuspid valve replacement and 11% for repair; late mortality was 14% and 22%, respectively. It should be stressed that the tricuspid valve replacement group consisted of patients whose preoperative condition was worse and whose valvular pathology was more severe than that of those who had tricuspid repair. In view of this, and the better long-term results of tricuspid valve replacement, it is concluded that the procedure of choice for serious organic disease of the tricuspid valve is valve replacement.", "PMID": 1112705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3492", "title": "Experience with tissue heart valves.", "content": "Experience with tissue valves for heart valve replacement over the past seven years is presented and analyzed. Between February 1967 and March 1969, 87 patients had heart valves replaced with preserved heterologous aortic valves. Valve failure occurred in 19 of the 70 operative survivors. There are 45 long-term survivors with heterologous aortic valves; 10 have regurgitant murmurs and 35 have valves functioning normally. Microscopic examination of failed valves has shown that the heterologous aortic valve gradually becomes a mechanically vulnerable structure in a state of rejection. During the past five years. autologous and homologous fascia lata and heterologous pericardium, mounted on a support frame, were used in 241 patients (131 aortic, 103 mitral and seven tricuspid). The follow-up period for the fascia lata group was 40 to 62 months and for the pericardial group 7 to 39 months. There have been significant differences in valve function with regard to both the site of valve insertion and the type of tissue used. Pericardial valves in the aortic position have produced the best results and autologous fascial valves in the mitral position, the worst. Valve failure occurred in only six patients, all with autologous fascia in the mitral position. The incidence of thromboembolism in the entire series was very low even though anticoagulants were not used. Analysis of clinical and hemodynamic results has shown that preserved heterologous pericardium has the potential for an adequate heart valve substitute.", "contents": "Experience with tissue heart valves. Experience with tissue valves for heart valve replacement over the past seven years is presented and analyzed. Between February 1967 and March 1969, 87 patients had heart valves replaced with preserved heterologous aortic valves. Valve failure occurred in 19 of the 70 operative survivors. There are 45 long-term survivors with heterologous aortic valves; 10 have regurgitant murmurs and 35 have valves functioning normally. Microscopic examination of failed valves has shown that the heterologous aortic valve gradually becomes a mechanically vulnerable structure in a state of rejection. During the past five years. autologous and homologous fascia lata and heterologous pericardium, mounted on a support frame, were used in 241 patients (131 aortic, 103 mitral and seven tricuspid). The follow-up period for the fascia lata group was 40 to 62 months and for the pericardial group 7 to 39 months. There have been significant differences in valve function with regard to both the site of valve insertion and the type of tissue used. Pericardial valves in the aortic position have produced the best results and autologous fascial valves in the mitral position, the worst. Valve failure occurred in only six patients, all with autologous fascia in the mitral position. The incidence of thromboembolism in the entire series was very low even though anticoagulants were not used. Analysis of clinical and hemodynamic results has shown that preserved heterologous pericardium has the potential for an adequate heart valve substitute.", "PMID": 1112704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3493", "title": "Late results of mitral and aortic valve replacement.", "content": "Experience with isolated mitral and aortic valve replacement at the University of Oregon Medical School since 1965 is presented. Results with non-cloth-covered and cloth-covered valves were analyzed with actuarial techniques and were compared in terms of late survival, thromboembolic complication rate, reoperation rate and the influence of anticoagulation therapy. The cloth-covered prostheses have substantially lowered the incidence of emboli after mitral replacement, and have thus far eliminated emboli after aortic replacement in patients receiving warfarin. Although anticoagulation therapy is still necessary, a clinical trial is currently in progress to assess the adequacy of antiplatelet drugs. The choice of a cloth-covered or non-cloth-covered valve should be individualized for each patient, based on the different risks and benefits of each prosthesis.", "contents": "Late results of mitral and aortic valve replacement. Experience with isolated mitral and aortic valve replacement at the University of Oregon Medical School since 1965 is presented. Results with non-cloth-covered and cloth-covered valves were analyzed with actuarial techniques and were compared in terms of late survival, thromboembolic complication rate, reoperation rate and the influence of anticoagulation therapy. The cloth-covered prostheses have substantially lowered the incidence of emboli after mitral replacement, and have thus far eliminated emboli after aortic replacement in patients receiving warfarin. Although anticoagulation therapy is still necessary, a clinical trial is currently in progress to assess the adequacy of antiplatelet drugs. The choice of a cloth-covered or non-cloth-covered valve should be individualized for each patient, based on the different risks and benefits of each prosthesis.", "PMID": 1112701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3494", "title": "Present indications for direct myocardial revascularization.", "content": "The present indications for direct myocardial revascularization in coronary arteriosclerosis are discussed. It is important to establish a universally acceptable classification of myocardial ischemia and such a classification is proposed. Without this classification, the advantages and disadvantages of medical and surgical treatment cannot be analyzed. Ergometric studies are of great value in deciding between medical and surgical treatment. Cine coronary angiography is essential in the accurate diagnosis and selection of patients for surgery. It is a safe procedure, even when undertaken in an emergency situation. The success of surgical therapy for coronary arteriosclerosis is emphasized and its superiority over medical treatment for most forms of angina pectoris is demonstrated.", "contents": "Present indications for direct myocardial revascularization. The present indications for direct myocardial revascularization in coronary arteriosclerosis are discussed. It is important to establish a universally acceptable classification of myocardial ischemia and such a classification is proposed. Without this classification, the advantages and disadvantages of medical and surgical treatment cannot be analyzed. Ergometric studies are of great value in deciding between medical and surgical treatment. Cine coronary angiography is essential in the accurate diagnosis and selection of patients for surgery. It is a safe procedure, even when undertaken in an emergency situation. The success of surgical therapy for coronary arteriosclerosis is emphasized and its superiority over medical treatment for most forms of angina pectoris is demonstrated.", "PMID": 1112707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3495", "title": "Postinfarction ventricular aneurysm.", "content": "Postinfarction ventricular aneurysm may present as a dyskinetic or as an akinetic segment, depending upon the presence or absence of intraluminal thrombus. The overwhelming majority of aneurysms are localized to the anteroseptal portion of the left ventricle, while relatively few involve the diaphragmatic surface of the left ventricle. The introduction of extracorporeal circulation has offered a realistic form of surgical therapy for this serious complication of occlusive coronary disease. Proper surgical treatment involves excision of the aneurysmal wall and reconstruction of the ventriculotomy in such a way as to foreshorten the fibrosed portion of the interventricular septum. The technique described greatly alleviates residual paradox, which may be significant after conventional aneurysmectomy. The most impressive feature of ventricular aneurysmectomy concerns long-term survival. The natural history of the disease suggests that less than 20% of patients with ventricular aneurysm live five years after the initial infarction. In contrast, 76% of the first 400 consecutive aneurysmectomy patients operated on by the Cleveland Clinic team were alive four years after operation.", "contents": "Postinfarction ventricular aneurysm. Postinfarction ventricular aneurysm may present as a dyskinetic or as an akinetic segment, depending upon the presence or absence of intraluminal thrombus. The overwhelming majority of aneurysms are localized to the anteroseptal portion of the left ventricle, while relatively few involve the diaphragmatic surface of the left ventricle. The introduction of extracorporeal circulation has offered a realistic form of surgical therapy for this serious complication of occlusive coronary disease. Proper surgical treatment involves excision of the aneurysmal wall and reconstruction of the ventriculotomy in such a way as to foreshorten the fibrosed portion of the interventricular septum. The technique described greatly alleviates residual paradox, which may be significant after conventional aneurysmectomy. The most impressive feature of ventricular aneurysmectomy concerns long-term survival. The natural history of the disease suggests that less than 20% of patients with ventricular aneurysm live five years after the initial infarction. In contrast, 76% of the first 400 consecutive aneurysmectomy patients operated on by the Cleveland Clinic team were alive four years after operation.", "PMID": 1112709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3496", "title": "Applications of intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation.", "content": "Intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation (IABC) is the form of mechanical circulatory assistance in widest clinical use today. The clinical results with IABC employed in 63 patients over a four-year period are presented. The clinical conditions necessitating mechanical circulatory assistance were: cardiogenic shock following acute myocardial infarction; myocardial infarction complicated by mitral valyular regurgitation or ventricular septal defect; preinfarction angina syndrome; postcardiotomy cardiogenic shock with pump oxygenator dependence; postcardiotomy cardiogenic shock during the postoperative recovery period; and septic shock. Survival and discharge from hospital occurred with 32 of 63 patients (51%). Evaluations of left ventricular function were studied in 20 patients on IABC by construction of Frank Starling curves, with cardiac output determined by thermodilution techniques. In general, IABC shifted the curves to the left and increased their slope.", "contents": "Applications of intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation. Intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation (IABC) is the form of mechanical circulatory assistance in widest clinical use today. The clinical results with IABC employed in 63 patients over a four-year period are presented. The clinical conditions necessitating mechanical circulatory assistance were: cardiogenic shock following acute myocardial infarction; myocardial infarction complicated by mitral valyular regurgitation or ventricular septal defect; preinfarction angina syndrome; postcardiotomy cardiogenic shock with pump oxygenator dependence; postcardiotomy cardiogenic shock during the postoperative recovery period; and septic shock. Survival and discharge from hospital occurred with 32 of 63 patients (51%). Evaluations of left ventricular function were studied in 20 patients on IABC by construction of Frank Starling curves, with cardiac output determined by thermodilution techniques. In general, IABC shifted the curves to the left and increased their slope.", "PMID": 1112708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3497", "title": "Thoracic injuries in the Yom Kippur war. Experience in a base hospital.", "content": "Forty-two patients were treated for combat injuries of the chest, caused by shrapnel fragments, bullet wounds, blunt trauma and blast injury. Twenty-three required only intercostal tube drainage, while 19 underwent thoracotomy. There were two deaths, both unrelated to the thoracic injury. Our indications for emergency thoracotomy were hemorrhage of 1,000 ml with the initial insertion of the chest tube or 500 ml of fresh bleeding during the first 2 hr after insertion of the chest tube, massive air leak, extensive chest wall injury, the location of metal fragments in the mediastinum, evidence of cardiac tamponade or significant mediastinal shift. The positive results obtained in this series of cases were due to the effective first aid treatment on the battlefield and in field hospitals, and to an aggressive policy of operative intervention where indicated, together with intensive postoperative care.", "contents": "Thoracic injuries in the Yom Kippur war. Experience in a base hospital. Forty-two patients were treated for combat injuries of the chest, caused by shrapnel fragments, bullet wounds, blunt trauma and blast injury. Twenty-three required only intercostal tube drainage, while 19 underwent thoracotomy. There were two deaths, both unrelated to the thoracic injury. Our indications for emergency thoracotomy were hemorrhage of 1,000 ml with the initial insertion of the chest tube or 500 ml of fresh bleeding during the first 2 hr after insertion of the chest tube, massive air leak, extensive chest wall injury, the location of metal fragments in the mediastinum, evidence of cardiac tamponade or significant mediastinal shift. The positive results obtained in this series of cases were due to the effective first aid treatment on the battlefield and in field hospitals, and to an aggressive policy of operative intervention where indicated, together with intensive postoperative care.", "PMID": 1112711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3498", "title": "Ischemic myocardial contracture (\"stone heart\"). A complication of cardiac surgery.", "content": "Stone heart or ischemic myocardial contracture is a complication of cardiopulmonary bypass characterized by contracture of the myocardium and inability to obtain cardiac output on manual massage. Stone heart has occurred only during aortic valve replacement and/or coronary artery bypass procedures. Predisposing factors are chronic congestive heart failure and myocardial hypertrophy with fibrosis secondary to longstanding aortic valve disease and/or coronary artery occlusive disease. Although the condition is rare, the outcome is usually fatal. Because of the biochemical and physiological implications of this syndrome, its prevention has been challenging. On the basis of our current concepts, prevention has been afforded by topical and general hypothermia and pretreatment with a small i.v. bolus of propranolol just prior to aortic occlusion. These measures have been utilized in potentially high-risk patients with the predisposition for stone heart and, thus far, the results have been satisfactory. The stone heart syndrome is an entity which should be recognized by all cardiac surgeons. Preventive measures must be aimed at protection of the myocardium during anoxic cardiac arrest.", "contents": "Ischemic myocardial contracture (\"stone heart\"). A complication of cardiac surgery. Stone heart or ischemic myocardial contracture is a complication of cardiopulmonary bypass characterized by contracture of the myocardium and inability to obtain cardiac output on manual massage. Stone heart has occurred only during aortic valve replacement and/or coronary artery bypass procedures. Predisposing factors are chronic congestive heart failure and myocardial hypertrophy with fibrosis secondary to longstanding aortic valve disease and/or coronary artery occlusive disease. Although the condition is rare, the outcome is usually fatal. Because of the biochemical and physiological implications of this syndrome, its prevention has been challenging. On the basis of our current concepts, prevention has been afforded by topical and general hypothermia and pretreatment with a small i.v. bolus of propranolol just prior to aortic occlusion. These measures have been utilized in potentially high-risk patients with the predisposition for stone heart and, thus far, the results have been satisfactory. The stone heart syndrome is an entity which should be recognized by all cardiac surgeons. Preventive measures must be aimed at protection of the myocardium during anoxic cardiac arrest.", "PMID": 1112706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3499", "title": "Results of surgery for mitral insufficiency due to coronary artery disease.", "content": "Twenty-six patients with combined mitral and coronary artery disease were divided into two groups: in group 1, only mitral valve surgery was performed, while in group 2, mitral valve surgery was performed along with coronary artery revascularization. Depressed ventricular function was not a contraindication to surgery; only 2 of 10 patients in group 2 with ejection fractions below 0.4 failed to survive operation. The hospital mortality was similar in both groups, and was higher for mitral valve replacement than mitral valve repair. Follow-up data revealed a higher incidence of late mortality in patients not undergoing revascularization, the main cause of death being myocardial infarction. The addition of revascularization also improved functional capacity.", "contents": "Results of surgery for mitral insufficiency due to coronary artery disease. Twenty-six patients with combined mitral and coronary artery disease were divided into two groups: in group 1, only mitral valve surgery was performed, while in group 2, mitral valve surgery was performed along with coronary artery revascularization. Depressed ventricular function was not a contraindication to surgery; only 2 of 10 patients in group 2 with ejection fractions below 0.4 failed to survive operation. The hospital mortality was similar in both groups, and was higher for mitral valve replacement than mitral valve repair. Follow-up data revealed a higher incidence of late mortality in patients not undergoing revascularization, the main cause of death being myocardial infarction. The addition of revascularization also improved functional capacity.", "PMID": 1112710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3500", "title": "An operation for the treatment of intractable peptic stricture of the esophagus.", "content": "The current management of severe strictures of the esophagus resulting from reflux esophagitis is unsatisfactory. A new operation comprising esophagoplasty and intrathoracic fundoplication is described. This preliminary report records the results of this operation in 10 patients. There was one operative death. Of the nine survivors, followed for six months to three years, seven are completely free of symptoms. The remaining two have mild residual symptoms, but no dysphagia.", "contents": "An operation for the treatment of intractable peptic stricture of the esophagus. The current management of severe strictures of the esophagus resulting from reflux esophagitis is unsatisfactory. A new operation comprising esophagoplasty and intrathoracic fundoplication is described. This preliminary report records the results of this operation in 10 patients. There was one operative death. Of the nine survivors, followed for six months to three years, seven are completely free of symptoms. The remaining two have mild residual symptoms, but no dysphagia.", "PMID": 1112712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3501", "title": "The surgical treatment of total anomalous pulmonary venous connection.", "content": "Thirty-five patients had complete repair of total anomalous pulmonary venous connection between 1 January 1968 and July 1974. The mean age of the patients was 5.8 months. The hospital mortality rate was 43%; six of seven patients less than one month of age died. There were no deaths in the nine patients over six months of age at the time of operation. Inadequate cardiac performance was responsible for eight of the nine deaths in patients operated on since 1 September 1971. Thirteen percent of the patients who left the operating room alive were reoperated on for bleeding early in the postoperative period. No patient has required tracheostomy since 1 September 1971. Three of the 20 long-term survivors have required reoperation. The late results are good. Ways of improving results in the future are discussed.", "contents": "The surgical treatment of total anomalous pulmonary venous connection. Thirty-five patients had complete repair of total anomalous pulmonary venous connection between 1 January 1968 and July 1974. The mean age of the patients was 5.8 months. The hospital mortality rate was 43%; six of seven patients less than one month of age died. There were no deaths in the nine patients over six months of age at the time of operation. Inadequate cardiac performance was responsible for eight of the nine deaths in patients operated on since 1 September 1971. Thirteen percent of the patients who left the operating room alive were reoperated on for bleeding early in the postoperative period. No patient has required tracheostomy since 1 September 1971. Three of the 20 long-term survivors have required reoperation. The late results are good. Ways of improving results in the future are discussed.", "PMID": 1112714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3502", "title": "Combined use of surface and perfusion hypothermia in intracardiac surgery in infants under one year of age.", "content": "Deep hypothermia has recently gained popularity as an adjunct to intracardiac surgery for neonates and infants. A number of Japanese investigators played a role in the development and clinical application of both simple surface-induced hypothermia and the combined use of surface and perfusion cooling. The developmental history of both methods is described in detail. At the Heart Institute of Japan, 71 infants under one year of age underwent intracardiac surgery over the past six years. There has been a notable decrease in operative mortality since the employment of circulatory arrest under deep hypothermia and limited pump-perfusion. This trend is marked in infants with ventricular septal defect and pulmonary hypertension, and in those with total anomalous pulmonary venous connection. The Land\u00e9-Edwards membrane oxygenator proved helpful in prevention of postoperative pulmonary complications.", "contents": "Combined use of surface and perfusion hypothermia in intracardiac surgery in infants under one year of age. Deep hypothermia has recently gained popularity as an adjunct to intracardiac surgery for neonates and infants. A number of Japanese investigators played a role in the development and clinical application of both simple surface-induced hypothermia and the combined use of surface and perfusion cooling. The developmental history of both methods is described in detail. At the Heart Institute of Japan, 71 infants under one year of age underwent intracardiac surgery over the past six years. There has been a notable decrease in operative mortality since the employment of circulatory arrest under deep hypothermia and limited pump-perfusion. This trend is marked in infants with ventricular septal defect and pulmonary hypertension, and in those with total anomalous pulmonary venous connection. The Land\u00e9-Edwards membrane oxygenator proved helpful in prevention of postoperative pulmonary complications.", "PMID": 1112715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3503", "title": "A comparison between partial and complete ligation of the inferior vena cava for the prevention of recurrent pulmonary embolism.", "content": "Interruption of the inferior vena cava is the definitive surgical measure for the control of pulmonary emboli. There is, however, some controversy as to whether the preferred treatment is complete or partial interruption. This report summarizes our experience with 49 patients who underwent partial ligation, using a technique developed in our Department, and 66 patients, who underwent complete ligation of the inferior vena cava. The incidence and severity of sequelae due to venous stasis in the legs were less in the group that underwent partial interruption.", "contents": "A comparison between partial and complete ligation of the inferior vena cava for the prevention of recurrent pulmonary embolism. Interruption of the inferior vena cava is the definitive surgical measure for the control of pulmonary emboli. There is, however, some controversy as to whether the preferred treatment is complete or partial interruption. This report summarizes our experience with 49 patients who underwent partial ligation, using a technique developed in our Department, and 66 patients, who underwent complete ligation of the inferior vena cava. The incidence and severity of sequelae due to venous stasis in the legs were less in the group that underwent partial interruption.", "PMID": 1112713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3504", "title": "Aerosol vaccination against feline panleukopenia.", "content": "Forty-seven cats were vaccinated with modified live-virus feline panleukopenia (FPL) vaccine administered by a nebulizer connected to a metal vaccination chamber. All 29 cats that dif not have FPL serum-neutralizing (SN) antibodies at the time of vaccination developed high SN titers. Five were then exposed to virulent FPL virus. Clinical signs of illness were not observed. Of 18 cats with maternally derived antibody, 14 failed to develop an immune response after vaccination. Three of these 14 cats were exposed virulent virus and all developed typical signs of FPL. It was concluded that aerosol FPL vaccination is an effective and practicable method of immunizing large number of cats.", "contents": "Aerosol vaccination against feline panleukopenia. Forty-seven cats were vaccinated with modified live-virus feline panleukopenia (FPL) vaccine administered by a nebulizer connected to a metal vaccination chamber. All 29 cats that dif not have FPL serum-neutralizing (SN) antibodies at the time of vaccination developed high SN titers. Five were then exposed to virulent FPL virus. Clinical signs of illness were not observed. Of 18 cats with maternally derived antibody, 14 failed to develop an immune response after vaccination. Three of these 14 cats were exposed virulent virus and all developed typical signs of FPL. It was concluded that aerosol FPL vaccination is an effective and practicable method of immunizing large number of cats.", "PMID": 1112737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3505", "title": "Phaeohyphomycosis caused by Drechslera spicifera in a cat.", "content": "A slowly evolving subcutaneous mycosis in a 10-year-old domestic shorthair cat was found to be caused by Drechslera spicifera, the imperfect state of ascomycete Cochliobolus spicifer. The cat had circular, nodular, granulomatous lesions over its sternum. Scattered individual and small groups of septate hyphae and chlamydospores were found in histologic sections. Many of the hyphae also had bizarre dilatations. Most of the fungal elements were hyaline; a few, however, were dematiacious. Because the fungus was not organized into granules in tissue, the disease could not be classified as a mycetoma. The preferred name for infections of this type is phaeohyphomycosis.", "contents": "Phaeohyphomycosis caused by Drechslera spicifera in a cat. A slowly evolving subcutaneous mycosis in a 10-year-old domestic shorthair cat was found to be caused by Drechslera spicifera, the imperfect state of ascomycete Cochliobolus spicifer. The cat had circular, nodular, granulomatous lesions over its sternum. Scattered individual and small groups of septate hyphae and chlamydospores were found in histologic sections. Many of the hyphae also had bizarre dilatations. Most of the fungal elements were hyaline; a few, however, were dematiacious. Because the fungus was not organized into granules in tissue, the disease could not be classified as a mycetoma. The preferred name for infections of this type is phaeohyphomycosis.", "PMID": 1112738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3506", "title": "Some effects of posture on the radiographic appearance of the kidneys of the dog.", "content": "Kidneys move in response to postural changes. In laterally recumbent dogs the lower kidney glides craniad, whereas the upper kidney tends to droop, yielding radiographs in which the upper kidney is often clearer and more bean-shaped than the lower. Routine lateral projections of the kidneys are best made in right lateral recumbency.", "contents": "Some effects of posture on the radiographic appearance of the kidneys of the dog. Kidneys move in response to postural changes. In laterally recumbent dogs the lower kidney glides craniad, whereas the upper kidney tends to droop, yielding radiographs in which the upper kidney is often clearer and more bean-shaped than the lower. Routine lateral projections of the kidneys are best made in right lateral recumbency.", "PMID": 1112741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3507", "title": "Hepatic arteriovenous fistula in two Saint Bernard pups.", "content": "Two saint bernard pups, 7 and 5 months old respectively, were examined because of anorexia, vomiting, and ascites. Exploratory laparotomy disclosed arteriovenous fistula of the right medial lobe of the liver in one dog, and in the right medial and quadrate lobes of the other one. Surgical removal of the affected lobes resulted in cessation of presenting signs. Both dogs remained healthy but had poor weight gain and vomited occasionally. After more than 2 years of apparently good health, both dogs were euthanatized and necropsied because of presumably unrelated gastrointestinal disturbances.", "contents": "Hepatic arteriovenous fistula in two Saint Bernard pups. Two saint bernard pups, 7 and 5 months old respectively, were examined because of anorexia, vomiting, and ascites. Exploratory laparotomy disclosed arteriovenous fistula of the right medial lobe of the liver in one dog, and in the right medial and quadrate lobes of the other one. Surgical removal of the affected lobes resulted in cessation of presenting signs. Both dogs remained healthy but had poor weight gain and vomited occasionally. After more than 2 years of apparently good health, both dogs were euthanatized and necropsied because of presumably unrelated gastrointestinal disturbances.", "PMID": 1112742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3508", "title": "Isolation in Illinois of a foreign strain of Ehrlichia canis, the causative agent of canine ehrlichiosis (tropical canine pancytopenia).", "content": "Ehrlichiosis (tropical canine pancytopenia) was diagnosed in Illinois in a 4 1/2-year-old mixed breed dog that had spent the previous 2 years in India. The dog had periodic epistaxis, anemia, leukopenia, hypoalbuminemia, and hypergammaglobulinemia. A titer of 1:160 for Ehrlichia canis was detected by the indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT). Subinoculation of blood into a clinically normal dgo resulted in typical signs of canine ehrlichiosis, and E canis was identified in circulating mononuclear cells. The recipient died 23 days after inoculation, and typical gross and microscopic lesions of ehrlichiosis were found at necropsy. Ecchymoses and petechiae were found on the gallbladder, kidneys, small intestinal mucosa, cerebrum, and cerebellum. Plasmacytosis and perivascular cuffing was evident in various organs, especially the cerebrum, cerebellum, and meninges.", "contents": "Isolation in Illinois of a foreign strain of Ehrlichia canis, the causative agent of canine ehrlichiosis (tropical canine pancytopenia). Ehrlichiosis (tropical canine pancytopenia) was diagnosed in Illinois in a 4 1/2-year-old mixed breed dog that had spent the previous 2 years in India. The dog had periodic epistaxis, anemia, leukopenia, hypoalbuminemia, and hypergammaglobulinemia. A titer of 1:160 for Ehrlichia canis was detected by the indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT). Subinoculation of blood into a clinically normal dgo resulted in typical signs of canine ehrlichiosis, and E canis was identified in circulating mononuclear cells. The recipient died 23 days after inoculation, and typical gross and microscopic lesions of ehrlichiosis were found at necropsy. Ecchymoses and petechiae were found on the gallbladder, kidneys, small intestinal mucosa, cerebrum, and cerebellum. Plasmacytosis and perivascular cuffing was evident in various organs, especially the cerebrum, cerebellum, and meninges.", "PMID": 1112743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3509", "title": "An epornitic of fatal chlamydiosis (ornithosis) in South Carolina turkeys.", "content": "An unusual epornitic of fatal chlamydiosis occurred in a flock of 10,283 domestic turkeys in South Carolina. Total mortality over a 2-week period was 483 birds (4.7% of the flock). The principal gross lesion was severe pericarditis, but there was little or no airsacculitis, an observation at variance with many previous reports of chlamydiosis. Furthermore, an unusually heavy infestation of the turkeys with sanguivorous black flies (Simulium slossonae and S congareenarum) was observed at the time of the epornitic, an occurrence that may have permitted rapid transmission of chlamydiae between turkeys in the affected flock. The strains of Chlamydia psittaci isolated from naturally infected turkeys caused pericarditis and heptopathy as well as occasional airsacculitis, with a 41% mortality in intravenously (IV) inoculated turkeys. Turkeys inoculated intramuscularly (IM) or intraperitoneally (IP) did not die; however, airsacculitis was observed in more than 85% of turkeys inoculated intraperitoneally or exposed to infection by pen contact with inoculated turkeys. The strain was highly infectious but not lethal by the latter method of transmission. The strain was similar to other virulent chlamydiae isolated from turkeys, in that small numbers of the organism caused fatal infection in guinea pigs when inoculated IP.", "contents": "An epornitic of fatal chlamydiosis (ornithosis) in South Carolina turkeys. An unusual epornitic of fatal chlamydiosis occurred in a flock of 10,283 domestic turkeys in South Carolina. Total mortality over a 2-week period was 483 birds (4.7% of the flock). The principal gross lesion was severe pericarditis, but there was little or no airsacculitis, an observation at variance with many previous reports of chlamydiosis. Furthermore, an unusually heavy infestation of the turkeys with sanguivorous black flies (Simulium slossonae and S congareenarum) was observed at the time of the epornitic, an occurrence that may have permitted rapid transmission of chlamydiae between turkeys in the affected flock. The strains of Chlamydia psittaci isolated from naturally infected turkeys caused pericarditis and heptopathy as well as occasional airsacculitis, with a 41% mortality in intravenously (IV) inoculated turkeys. Turkeys inoculated intramuscularly (IM) or intraperitoneally (IP) did not die; however, airsacculitis was observed in more than 85% of turkeys inoculated intraperitoneally or exposed to infection by pen contact with inoculated turkeys. The strain was highly infectious but not lethal by the latter method of transmission. The strain was similar to other virulent chlamydiae isolated from turkeys, in that small numbers of the organism caused fatal infection in guinea pigs when inoculated IP.", "PMID": 1112744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3510", "title": "Experimentally induced feline calicivirus infection: clinical signs and lesions.", "content": "Sixty-six specific-pathogen-free cats were allotted to 10 groups and exposed by aerosol to 10 feline calicivirus (FCV) isolates. Viruses of different virulence were identified. The more virulent FCV caused pyrexia, depression, dyspnea, pneumonia, vesicles, or ulcers of the tongue and ulceration of the hard palate and nostrils. The FCV of low virulence caused similar lesions of the tongue, palate, and nostrils but little or no malaise, pyrexia, or pneumonia. Lesions produced by FCV usually were confined to the oral mucosa, tonsils, and lungs. Lesions in the nasal or trachea were associated with 2 of the 10 FCV tested.", "contents": "Experimentally induced feline calicivirus infection: clinical signs and lesions. Sixty-six specific-pathogen-free cats were allotted to 10 groups and exposed by aerosol to 10 feline calicivirus (FCV) isolates. Viruses of different virulence were identified. The more virulent FCV caused pyrexia, depression, dyspnea, pneumonia, vesicles, or ulcers of the tongue and ulceration of the hard palate and nostrils. The FCV of low virulence caused similar lesions of the tongue, palate, and nostrils but little or no malaise, pyrexia, or pneumonia. Lesions produced by FCV usually were confined to the oral mucosa, tonsils, and lungs. Lesions in the nasal or trachea were associated with 2 of the 10 FCV tested.", "PMID": 1112749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3511", "title": "Acetaminophen toxicosis in the cat.", "content": "Administration by the owner of three 325-mg (5-gr) tablets of acetaminophen (N-acetyl-p-aminophenol) to each of 2 adult Burmese cats was associated with severe illness of both cats and death of one. Administration of two 325-mg tablets to each of 2 experimental adult cats resulted in severe illness. Marked cyanosis was observed in experimental cats within 4 hours after administration of one 325-mg tablet. Cyanosis was apparently due to anoxia associated with conversion of hemoglobin to methemoglobin by acetaminophen or its metabolites. Anemia, hemoglobinuria, and icterus were subsequently observed in the cats. Anemia and hemoglobinuria were caused by intravascular hemolysis of red blood cells (RBC). Icterus was due to both lysis of RBC and hepatic necrosis. Facial edema developed in 3 of 4 cats, but the pathogenesis of this lesion was not determined. The doses of acetaminophen were extremely large; however, administration of comparable doses to cats by their owners is a potential hazard because the drug is available without prescription as a 325-mg tablet. From information available at present, it seems that acetaminophen administration to the cat causes more dramatic clinical signs and is more likely to be fatal than the same doses of salicylates. Because phenacetin is metabolized to acetaminophen, similar clinical signs may occur in cats given phenacetin.", "contents": "Acetaminophen toxicosis in the cat. Administration by the owner of three 325-mg (5-gr) tablets of acetaminophen (N-acetyl-p-aminophenol) to each of 2 adult Burmese cats was associated with severe illness of both cats and death of one. Administration of two 325-mg tablets to each of 2 experimental adult cats resulted in severe illness. Marked cyanosis was observed in experimental cats within 4 hours after administration of one 325-mg tablet. Cyanosis was apparently due to anoxia associated with conversion of hemoglobin to methemoglobin by acetaminophen or its metabolites. Anemia, hemoglobinuria, and icterus were subsequently observed in the cats. Anemia and hemoglobinuria were caused by intravascular hemolysis of red blood cells (RBC). Icterus was due to both lysis of RBC and hepatic necrosis. Facial edema developed in 3 of 4 cats, but the pathogenesis of this lesion was not determined. The doses of acetaminophen were extremely large; however, administration of comparable doses to cats by their owners is a potential hazard because the drug is available without prescription as a 325-mg tablet. From information available at present, it seems that acetaminophen administration to the cat causes more dramatic clinical signs and is more likely to be fatal than the same doses of salicylates. Because phenacetin is metabolized to acetaminophen, similar clinical signs may occur in cats given phenacetin.", "PMID": 1112750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3512", "title": "Use of a flutter valve in treatment of pneumothorax in dogs and cats.", "content": "The use of a catheter and flutter valve to accomplish continuous thoracic drainage was evaluated in 12 dogs and 2 cats over a 2-year period. The system was found to be safe, reliable, and well tolerated. Compared with other drainage systems, this system requires less care from the veterinary staff.", "contents": "Use of a flutter valve in treatment of pneumothorax in dogs and cats. The use of a catheter and flutter valve to accomplish continuous thoracic drainage was evaluated in 12 dogs and 2 cats over a 2-year period. The system was found to be safe, reliable, and well tolerated. Compared with other drainage systems, this system requires less care from the veterinary staff.", "PMID": 1112751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3513", "title": "An immunologic approach to population control in dogs.", "content": "Testicular, thyroidal, and adrenal activities were measured in male Beagles immunized against bovine luteinizing hormone for 15 or 52 weeks. Circulating antibodies were associated with atrophy of the testes, epididymides, and prostate gland. The effects of immunization were apparent by high amounts of antibodies and by reproductive dysfunction for as long as a year in 3 of 4 dogs. The thyroid and adrenal glands were not detectably affected. A single dose of human chorionic gonadotropin stimulated production of antibodies that failed to cross react with canine gonadotropins or to cause reproductive failure in immunized dogs. A single dose of ovine gonadotropin stimulated production of antibodies that were associated with inability to ejaculate for more than 20 weeks.", "contents": "An immunologic approach to population control in dogs. Testicular, thyroidal, and adrenal activities were measured in male Beagles immunized against bovine luteinizing hormone for 15 or 52 weeks. Circulating antibodies were associated with atrophy of the testes, epididymides, and prostate gland. The effects of immunization were apparent by high amounts of antibodies and by reproductive dysfunction for as long as a year in 3 of 4 dogs. The thyroid and adrenal glands were not detectably affected. A single dose of human chorionic gonadotropin stimulated production of antibodies that failed to cross react with canine gonadotropins or to cause reproductive failure in immunized dogs. A single dose of ovine gonadotropin stimulated production of antibodies that were associated with inability to ejaculate for more than 20 weeks.", "PMID": 1112752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3514", "title": "Survey of canine and feline populations: Alameda and Contra Costa Counties, California, 1970.", "content": "Age, sex, breed, and reproductive data were obtained on canine and feline populations in Alameda and Contra Costa counties, California. The demographic data were determined as of Dec 31, 1970, the reproductive data for all of 1970. The total of 27,076 households interviewed represented 5% of all households in the area. The canine and feline populations were estimated as 224,815 and 151,176, respectively. There was 1 dog for 7.3 persons and 1 cat for 10.8 persons. Almost half of the households included at least 1 dog or 1 cat. From the proportional distribution by age, it appeared that growth in the canine population may have peaked in 1968, with subsequent declines in pups entering households in 1969 and 1970. It was found that 47.8% of bitches and 64.6% of queens were neutered. Intact bitches of all ages averaged 0.2 litters each, those of queens, 0.9 litters each. The highest reproducing ages for both bitches and queens was between 1 and 3 years of age. In that age range, 62.9% of all canine litters and 74.4% of all feline litters were born; there were 0.4 litters per intact bitch and 1.6 litters per intact queen.", "contents": "Survey of canine and feline populations: Alameda and Contra Costa Counties, California, 1970. Age, sex, breed, and reproductive data were obtained on canine and feline populations in Alameda and Contra Costa counties, California. The demographic data were determined as of Dec 31, 1970, the reproductive data for all of 1970. The total of 27,076 households interviewed represented 5% of all households in the area. The canine and feline populations were estimated as 224,815 and 151,176, respectively. There was 1 dog for 7.3 persons and 1 cat for 10.8 persons. Almost half of the households included at least 1 dog or 1 cat. From the proportional distribution by age, it appeared that growth in the canine population may have peaked in 1968, with subsequent declines in pups entering households in 1969 and 1970. It was found that 47.8% of bitches and 64.6% of queens were neutered. Intact bitches of all ages averaged 0.2 litters each, those of queens, 0.9 litters each. The highest reproducing ages for both bitches and queens was between 1 and 3 years of age. In that age range, 62.9% of all canine litters and 74.4% of all feline litters were born; there were 0.4 litters per intact bitch and 1.6 litters per intact queen.", "PMID": 1112753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3515", "title": "Nature and use of commercial dog foods.", "content": "Twenty-six commercial dog foods were analyzed. They represented the 4 main types of products intended to support the growth and maintenance of normal dogs, and the special dietary products intended primarily for use in dogs with chronic renal failure. None of the products contained extremes of protein, fat, or carbohydrate that could cause nutritional problems. Several products contained concentrations of calcium that might be too high if fed ad libitum to pups. The renal diets tended to be marginal in sodium and potassium contents, especially for use during renal or cardiac disease. Estimates of available energy were used as the basis for recommending amounts of the 4 main types of dog food to be fed daily to dogs of various body weights. These deviated widely from comparable recommendations in the 1972 NRC Nutrient Requirements of Dogs but agreed almost exactly with those in the 1974 Gaines Baisc Guide to Canine Nutrition.", "contents": "Nature and use of commercial dog foods. Twenty-six commercial dog foods were analyzed. They represented the 4 main types of products intended to support the growth and maintenance of normal dogs, and the special dietary products intended primarily for use in dogs with chronic renal failure. None of the products contained extremes of protein, fat, or carbohydrate that could cause nutritional problems. Several products contained concentrations of calcium that might be too high if fed ad libitum to pups. The renal diets tended to be marginal in sodium and potassium contents, especially for use during renal or cardiac disease. Estimates of available energy were used as the basis for recommending amounts of the 4 main types of dog food to be fed daily to dogs of various body weights. These deviated widely from comparable recommendations in the 1972 NRC Nutrient Requirements of Dogs but agreed almost exactly with those in the 1974 Gaines Baisc Guide to Canine Nutrition.", "PMID": 1112754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3516", "title": "Primary tumors of the spinal cord and meninges in six dogs.", "content": "Primary spinal cord tumors were detected in 6 mature dogs. Two of the tumors were astrocytomas, 2 were meningiomas, and 2 were neurilemmomas. Five tumors were in the cervical portion and 1 was in the lumbar portion of the spinal cord.", "contents": "Primary tumors of the spinal cord and meninges in six dogs. Primary spinal cord tumors were detected in 6 mature dogs. Two of the tumors were astrocytomas, 2 were meningiomas, and 2 were neurilemmomas. Five tumors were in the cervical portion and 1 was in the lumbar portion of the spinal cord.", "PMID": 1112759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3517", "title": "Lysocellin, a new polyether antibiotic. I. Isolation, purification, physico-chemical and biological properties.", "content": "A new antibiotic, lysocellin (K-5610), WAS ISOLATED FROM Streptomyces cacaoi var. asoensis K-9 Met-. Lysocellin was obtained as a colorless crystalline needles from both the cultural filtrate and the mycelium of the organism. The antibiotic melted at 158 similar to 160 degrees C and had a molecular formula C34H59O10Na-1/2H2O. It had antimicrobial activity against gram-positive bacteria, antibiotic-resistant Staphyloccus aureus and some fungi, but not against gram-negative bacteria. Based on its physico-chemical and biological properties lysocellin was identified as a new polyether antibiotic.", "contents": "Lysocellin, a new polyether antibiotic. I. Isolation, purification, physico-chemical and biological properties. A new antibiotic, lysocellin (K-5610), WAS ISOLATED FROM Streptomyces cacaoi var. asoensis K-9 Met-. Lysocellin was obtained as a colorless crystalline needles from both the cultural filtrate and the mycelium of the organism. The antibiotic melted at 158 similar to 160 degrees C and had a molecular formula C34H59O10Na-1/2H2O. It had antimicrobial activity against gram-positive bacteria, antibiotic-resistant Staphyloccus aureus and some fungi, but not against gram-negative bacteria. Based on its physico-chemical and biological properties lysocellin was identified as a new polyether antibiotic.", "PMID": 1112762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3518", "title": "Isolation of galantins I and II, water-soluble basic peptides. Studies on antibiotics from the genus Bacillus. III.", "content": "Two water-soluble basic antibiotics named galantins I and II were isolated from a strain resembling Bacillus pulvifaciens. Both antibiotics are peptides containing glycine, alanine, ornithine, lysine and some unknown ninhydrin-positive components. An approximate empirical formula C50 plus and minus H98plus and minus 2O17N16 is indicated for galantin I. These are active against some gram-positive, acid-fast and gram-negative bacteria.", "contents": "Isolation of galantins I and II, water-soluble basic peptides. Studies on antibiotics from the genus Bacillus. III. Two water-soluble basic antibiotics named galantins I and II were isolated from a strain resembling Bacillus pulvifaciens. Both antibiotics are peptides containing glycine, alanine, ornithine, lysine and some unknown ninhydrin-positive components. An approximate empirical formula C50 plus and minus H98plus and minus 2O17N16 is indicated for galantin I. These are active against some gram-positive, acid-fast and gram-negative bacteria.", "PMID": 1112763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3519", "title": "Isolation of a new peptide antibiotic TL-119. Studies on antibiotics from the genus Bacillus. IV.", "content": "A new antibiotic TL-119 active against gram-positive bacteria was isolated from a strain resembling Bacillus subtilis. The antibiotic is a neutral substance, soluble in a mixture of chloroform and methanol, and is a peptide with an empirical formula of C42H57N7O9, containing threonine (1), alanine (1), valine (1), leucine (1) and phenylalanine (2).", "contents": "Isolation of a new peptide antibiotic TL-119. Studies on antibiotics from the genus Bacillus. IV. A new antibiotic TL-119 active against gram-positive bacteria was isolated from a strain resembling Bacillus subtilis. The antibiotic is a neutral substance, soluble in a mixture of chloroform and methanol, and is a peptide with an empirical formula of C42H57N7O9, containing threonine (1), alanine (1), valine (1), leucine (1) and phenylalanine (2).", "PMID": 1112764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3520", "title": "Isolation of a new peptide antibiotic complex 61-26. Studies on antibiotics from the geneus Bacillus. V.", "content": "A new antibiotic named 61-26 active against gram-positive bacteria and some fungi was isolated from a Bacillus strain. The antibiotic is a weakly basic peptide slightly soluble in aqueous alcohols. An approximate empirical formula of C50H93N11O17 and constituent amino acids of aspartic acid (1 mole), serine(2 moles), alanine (2moles), and sum of valine and isoleucine (2 moles) are indicated.", "contents": "Isolation of a new peptide antibiotic complex 61-26. Studies on antibiotics from the geneus Bacillus. V. A new antibiotic named 61-26 active against gram-positive bacteria and some fungi was isolated from a Bacillus strain. The antibiotic is a weakly basic peptide slightly soluble in aqueous alcohols. An approximate empirical formula of C50H93N11O17 and constituent amino acids of aspartic acid (1 mole), serine(2 moles), alanine (2moles), and sum of valine and isoleucine (2 moles) are indicated.", "PMID": 1112765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3521", "title": "Neocarzinostatin-induced breakdown of deoxyribonucleic acid in HeLa-S3 cells.", "content": "Degradation of DNA in HeLa-S3 cells mediated by an acidic antitumor protein, neocarzinostatin (NCS), was examined. The concentration of NCS required for induction of DNA degradation was considerably higher than that which caused inhibition of DNA synthesis. Sedimentation analysis of DNA revealed that HeLa-S3 cell DNA first received single-strand nicks within 60 minutes after exposure to the antibiotic, whereas detectable double-strand scissions eventually gave rise to the accumulation of double-stranded DNA fragments of heterogeneous size. When the cells exposed to NCS were transferred to NCS-free medium at early stages of the degradation, the single-strand nicks caused in DNA were repaired by a process which was sensititive to puromycin.", "contents": "Neocarzinostatin-induced breakdown of deoxyribonucleic acid in HeLa-S3 cells. Degradation of DNA in HeLa-S3 cells mediated by an acidic antitumor protein, neocarzinostatin (NCS), was examined. The concentration of NCS required for induction of DNA degradation was considerably higher than that which caused inhibition of DNA synthesis. Sedimentation analysis of DNA revealed that HeLa-S3 cell DNA first received single-strand nicks within 60 minutes after exposure to the antibiotic, whereas detectable double-strand scissions eventually gave rise to the accumulation of double-stranded DNA fragments of heterogeneous size. When the cells exposed to NCS were transferred to NCS-free medium at early stages of the degradation, the single-strand nicks caused in DNA were repaired by a process which was sensititive to puromycin.", "PMID": 1112766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3522", "title": "Isolation of covalently closed circular deoxyribonucleic acid from Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2).", "content": "Covalently closed circular deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was isolated from two strains of Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2), representing two of the known fertility types. In each of the two strains circular DNA of about 20 times 10-6 daltons could be detected, amounting to about 1.5% of the total cellular DNA. The possible function of this DNA is discussed.", "contents": "Isolation of covalently closed circular deoxyribonucleic acid from Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2). Covalently closed circular deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was isolated from two strains of Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2), representing two of the known fertility types. In each of the two strains circular DNA of about 20 times 10-6 daltons could be detected, amounting to about 1.5% of the total cellular DNA. The possible function of this DNA is discussed.", "PMID": 1112770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3523", "title": "Isolation and properties of a recombination-deficient mutant of Micrococcus radiodurans.", "content": "A mutant of micrococcus radiodurans which is deficient in recombination has been isolated after treatment of the wild type with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. We have called this mutant Micrococcus radiodurans rec30. The efficiency of recombination in this mutant, as measured by transformation, is less than 0.01% that of the wild type. It is 15 times more sensitive to the lethal action of ultraviolet radiation, 120 times more sensitive to ionizing radiation, and 300 times more sensitive to mitomycin C (MMC) than the wild type. It is probably inactivated by a single MMC-induced deoxyribonucleic acid cross-link per genome. The excision of ultraviolet-induced pyrimidine dimers is normal. There is no radiation-induced degradation of deoxyribonucleic acid. All spontaneous revertants selected for resistance to low levels of MMC had wild-type resistance to radiation and MMC, and the same efficiency of recombination as the wild type, suggesting that the recombination deficiency of the strain is due to a single mutation. Deoxyribonucleic acid from this mutant can transform M. radiodurans UV17 presumed deficient in an exr type gene to wild type.", "contents": "Isolation and properties of a recombination-deficient mutant of Micrococcus radiodurans. A mutant of micrococcus radiodurans which is deficient in recombination has been isolated after treatment of the wild type with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. We have called this mutant Micrococcus radiodurans rec30. The efficiency of recombination in this mutant, as measured by transformation, is less than 0.01% that of the wild type. It is 15 times more sensitive to the lethal action of ultraviolet radiation, 120 times more sensitive to ionizing radiation, and 300 times more sensitive to mitomycin C (MMC) than the wild type. It is probably inactivated by a single MMC-induced deoxyribonucleic acid cross-link per genome. The excision of ultraviolet-induced pyrimidine dimers is normal. There is no radiation-induced degradation of deoxyribonucleic acid. All spontaneous revertants selected for resistance to low levels of MMC had wild-type resistance to radiation and MMC, and the same efficiency of recombination as the wild type, suggesting that the recombination deficiency of the strain is due to a single mutation. Deoxyribonucleic acid from this mutant can transform M. radiodurans UV17 presumed deficient in an exr type gene to wild type.", "PMID": 1112771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3524", "title": "Regulation of the Thiobacillus intermedius glucose uptake system by thiosulfate.", "content": "Cells of the mixotrophic chemolithotroph (facultative autotroph) Thiobacillus intermedius which have been grown on a glucose-yeast extract medium, a condition in which glucose is used as a source of energy, accumulate the non-metabolizable analogue 2-deoxy-d-glucose against a concentration gradient in a predominantly unchanged state. On the other hand, cells grown mixotrophically on a thiosulfate-glucose medium, a condition in which glucose provides cell carbon but is not used extensively for energy, and in which enzymes of the Entner-Doudoroff pathway are repressed, do not accumulate 2-deoxy-d-glucose significantly. Similarly, cells grown chemolithotrophically on thiosulfate-carbonate do not take up this sugar. Transfer of thiosulfate-yeast extract-grown cells, which lack the capacity to accumulate 2-deoxy-d-glucose, to a glucose-yeast extract medium results in the induction of the concentrative sugar uptake system. The capacity of induced cells to take up 2-deoxy-d-glucose is inhibited by thiosulfate. Thus, the transport system for glucose appears to be regulated in this organism so that the sugar is accumulated only under conditions where it is utilized as a source of energy, and the presence of the preferred energy source leads to both repression and inhibition of the uptake system.", "contents": "Regulation of the Thiobacillus intermedius glucose uptake system by thiosulfate. Cells of the mixotrophic chemolithotroph (facultative autotroph) Thiobacillus intermedius which have been grown on a glucose-yeast extract medium, a condition in which glucose is used as a source of energy, accumulate the non-metabolizable analogue 2-deoxy-d-glucose against a concentration gradient in a predominantly unchanged state. On the other hand, cells grown mixotrophically on a thiosulfate-glucose medium, a condition in which glucose provides cell carbon but is not used extensively for energy, and in which enzymes of the Entner-Doudoroff pathway are repressed, do not accumulate 2-deoxy-d-glucose significantly. Similarly, cells grown chemolithotrophically on thiosulfate-carbonate do not take up this sugar. Transfer of thiosulfate-yeast extract-grown cells, which lack the capacity to accumulate 2-deoxy-d-glucose, to a glucose-yeast extract medium results in the induction of the concentrative sugar uptake system. The capacity of induced cells to take up 2-deoxy-d-glucose is inhibited by thiosulfate. Thus, the transport system for glucose appears to be regulated in this organism so that the sugar is accumulated only under conditions where it is utilized as a source of energy, and the presence of the preferred energy source leads to both repression and inhibition of the uptake system.", "PMID": 1112773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3525", "title": "Role of vitamin K2 in the organization and function of Staphylococcus aureua membranes.", "content": "A mutant of Staphylococcus aureus auxotrophic for menadione (a vitamin K2 precursor) was used to study the effects of menadione deprivation on the structure and function of the cell membrane. The phospholipid composition and metabolism was essentially unaltered by menadione deprivation. Removal of this percursor caused cellular levels of the cytochromes, protoheme, vitamin K2, and several membrane-bound flavoprotein dehydrogenase activities to decrease as a function of growth dilution. The cytochromes were enzymatically reducible and maintained in the same proportions as menadione-supplemented cells. Oxidative phosphorylation, however, was reduced more than 10-fold and membrane vesicles obtained from menadione-deprived cells were unable to couple glycine transport to L-lactate oxidation. Succinic dehydrogenase and adenosine 5' triphosphate hydrolysis appeared unaffected by menadione deprivation. These data suggest that menadione deprivation in the mutant stops the synthesis of vitamin K2 and other electron transport chain components and prosthetic groups. Although individual electron transport chain members remained fully functional during menadione deprivation, the overall efficiency of the chain, measured in terms of its function in electron transport, oxidative phosphorylation, and electron transport chain-linked transport, dropped greatly. This suggests that the synthesis of vitamin K2 is modulated to the synthesis of other components of the electron transport system, and that their organization into a functional system requires a specific concentration of vitamin K2 with respect to total membrane lipid.", "contents": "Role of vitamin K2 in the organization and function of Staphylococcus aureua membranes. A mutant of Staphylococcus aureus auxotrophic for menadione (a vitamin K2 precursor) was used to study the effects of menadione deprivation on the structure and function of the cell membrane. The phospholipid composition and metabolism was essentially unaltered by menadione deprivation. Removal of this percursor caused cellular levels of the cytochromes, protoheme, vitamin K2, and several membrane-bound flavoprotein dehydrogenase activities to decrease as a function of growth dilution. The cytochromes were enzymatically reducible and maintained in the same proportions as menadione-supplemented cells. Oxidative phosphorylation, however, was reduced more than 10-fold and membrane vesicles obtained from menadione-deprived cells were unable to couple glycine transport to L-lactate oxidation. Succinic dehydrogenase and adenosine 5' triphosphate hydrolysis appeared unaffected by menadione deprivation. These data suggest that menadione deprivation in the mutant stops the synthesis of vitamin K2 and other electron transport chain components and prosthetic groups. Although individual electron transport chain members remained fully functional during menadione deprivation, the overall efficiency of the chain, measured in terms of its function in electron transport, oxidative phosphorylation, and electron transport chain-linked transport, dropped greatly. This suggests that the synthesis of vitamin K2 is modulated to the synthesis of other components of the electron transport system, and that their organization into a functional system requires a specific concentration of vitamin K2 with respect to total membrane lipid.", "PMID": 1112772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3526", "title": "Exocellular glycopeptide from a Penicillium charlesii mutant incapable of growth on D-galactose.", "content": "The compositions of exocellular saccharide-containing polymers from six mutants of Penicillium charlesii incapable of growing on galactose were investigated. The polymers from the mutants contain a much smaller percentage of galactose than that reported for the peptidophosphogalactomannan (PPGM) from the wild-type organism (Gander et al. 1974). A polymer containing only one galactosyl residue per 49 mannosyl residues was investigated in detail. This polymer is a glycopeptide (peptidomannan) with an amino acid composition similar to that of peptidophospogalactomannan and a mass of about 23,000 daltons. Treatment of peptidomannan with 0.4 N NaOH releases mannan, mannopentaose, mannotetraose, mannotriose, mannobiose, and mannose residues, which are attached to the peptide by O-glycosidic linkage to seryl and threonyl groups. The quantity of glycerol and threitol, derived from mannosyl and internal galactofuranosyl residues, respectively, following Smith degradation, showed that peptidomannan contains 2 mol of internal galactofuranosyl residues per mol of polymer. The polymer contains only 3 mol of (1 yields 5)-linked galactofuranosyl residues per mol of polymer, as described by analysis of the methylation products. Methylation analysis also indicates that the polysaccharide contains primarily (1 yields 2)-linked (67.5%) and (1 yields 6)-linked (20.2%) mannopyranosyl residues. However, acetolysis of the polymer suggests that 37% of the residues are (1 yields 6)-linked. Mannopentaose, mannotetraose, mannotriose, mannobiose, and mannose in a molar ratio of 0.30:0.11:0.15:0.39:0.06, respectively, are released by acetolysis. This result is similar to that obtained with peptidophosphogalactomannan. We conclude that the occurrence of large numbers of galactofuranosyl residues in the major extracellular glycopeptide is not an obligatory requirement for glycopeptide formation.", "contents": "Exocellular glycopeptide from a Penicillium charlesii mutant incapable of growth on D-galactose. The compositions of exocellular saccharide-containing polymers from six mutants of Penicillium charlesii incapable of growing on galactose were investigated. The polymers from the mutants contain a much smaller percentage of galactose than that reported for the peptidophosphogalactomannan (PPGM) from the wild-type organism (Gander et al. 1974). A polymer containing only one galactosyl residue per 49 mannosyl residues was investigated in detail. This polymer is a glycopeptide (peptidomannan) with an amino acid composition similar to that of peptidophospogalactomannan and a mass of about 23,000 daltons. Treatment of peptidomannan with 0.4 N NaOH releases mannan, mannopentaose, mannotetraose, mannotriose, mannobiose, and mannose residues, which are attached to the peptide by O-glycosidic linkage to seryl and threonyl groups. The quantity of glycerol and threitol, derived from mannosyl and internal galactofuranosyl residues, respectively, following Smith degradation, showed that peptidomannan contains 2 mol of internal galactofuranosyl residues per mol of polymer. The polymer contains only 3 mol of (1 yields 5)-linked galactofuranosyl residues per mol of polymer, as described by analysis of the methylation products. Methylation analysis also indicates that the polysaccharide contains primarily (1 yields 2)-linked (67.5%) and (1 yields 6)-linked (20.2%) mannopyranosyl residues. However, acetolysis of the polymer suggests that 37% of the residues are (1 yields 6)-linked. Mannopentaose, mannotetraose, mannotriose, mannobiose, and mannose in a molar ratio of 0.30:0.11:0.15:0.39:0.06, respectively, are released by acetolysis. This result is similar to that obtained with peptidophosphogalactomannan. We conclude that the occurrence of large numbers of galactofuranosyl residues in the major extracellular glycopeptide is not an obligatory requirement for glycopeptide formation.", "PMID": 1112774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3527", "title": "Citrate uptake in membrane vesicles of Klebsiella aerogenes.", "content": "In whole cells of Klebsiella aerogenes grown anaerobically on citrate as sole carbon source, citrate uptake is followed by rapid catabolism of the substrate via the inducible citrate fermentation pathway. Membrane vesicles prepared from such cells take up citrate but do not catabolize it. Vesicles process d-lactate dehydrogenase and the Na+-requiring oxalacetate decarboxylase. Citrate is taken up in the presence of Na+, and other monovalent cations, such as NH4+, Rb+, Cs+, or K+, do not substitute for Na+. Li+ appears to act synergistically with Na+. Citrate uptake is inhibited by N-2, cyanide, azide, sulfhydryl reagents, dinitrophenol, fluorcitrate, and hydroxycitrate.", "contents": "Citrate uptake in membrane vesicles of Klebsiella aerogenes. In whole cells of Klebsiella aerogenes grown anaerobically on citrate as sole carbon source, citrate uptake is followed by rapid catabolism of the substrate via the inducible citrate fermentation pathway. Membrane vesicles prepared from such cells take up citrate but do not catabolize it. Vesicles process d-lactate dehydrogenase and the Na+-requiring oxalacetate decarboxylase. Citrate is taken up in the presence of Na+, and other monovalent cations, such as NH4+, Rb+, Cs+, or K+, do not substitute for Na+. Li+ appears to act synergistically with Na+. Citrate uptake is inhibited by N-2, cyanide, azide, sulfhydryl reagents, dinitrophenol, fluorcitrate, and hydroxycitrate.", "PMID": 1112775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3528", "title": "Characterization of chromatin-bound erythrocyte histone V (f2c). Synthesis, acetylation, and phosphorylation.", "content": "Synthesis and enzymatic modification of histone V was 1 order of magnitude lower in mature gander erythrocytes as compared with immature enriched cells hwich were capable of DNA synthesis. Application of shallow, linear gradient chromatography was used to demonstrate qualitative changes as well. This technique permitted the separation of newly synthesized and phosphorylated histone V from older, less phosphorylated molecules but did not discriminate between acetylated species. The most easily eluted fractions were those most recently synthesized, acetylated, and phosphorylated. While lysine chased into the other subfractions of histone V, phosphate did not, indicating a dephosphorylation step in the immature cells. Acetylation of histone V which occurs at a very low level was closely related to its synthesis. No differences in molecular weights or amino acid compositions were apparent, and behavior on polyacrylamide gels was similar to whole histone V. It is proposed that phosphorylation of histone V may play an important role in the modulation of the effect of histone V in immature cells on condensation and template restriction of chromatin which occurs in the terminal stages of differentiation of the avian erythroid cells.", "contents": "Characterization of chromatin-bound erythrocyte histone V (f2c). Synthesis, acetylation, and phosphorylation. Synthesis and enzymatic modification of histone V was 1 order of magnitude lower in mature gander erythrocytes as compared with immature enriched cells hwich were capable of DNA synthesis. Application of shallow, linear gradient chromatography was used to demonstrate qualitative changes as well. This technique permitted the separation of newly synthesized and phosphorylated histone V from older, less phosphorylated molecules but did not discriminate between acetylated species. The most easily eluted fractions were those most recently synthesized, acetylated, and phosphorylated. While lysine chased into the other subfractions of histone V, phosphate did not, indicating a dephosphorylation step in the immature cells. Acetylation of histone V which occurs at a very low level was closely related to its synthesis. No differences in molecular weights or amino acid compositions were apparent, and behavior on polyacrylamide gels was similar to whole histone V. It is proposed that phosphorylation of histone V may play an important role in the modulation of the effect of histone V in immature cells on condensation and template restriction of chromatin which occurs in the terminal stages of differentiation of the avian erythroid cells.", "PMID": 1112776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3529", "title": "Deoxyribonucleic acid-dependent ribonucleic acid polymerases in the dimorphic fungus Mucor rouxii.", "content": "Three forms of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase have been separated by chromatography of extracts of yeast-like cells and mycelium of the dimorphic fungus Mucor rouxii. Each of the three eznymes has been purified by means of protamine sulfate precipitation, ion exchange chromatography, affinity chromatography, and velocity sedimentation. Electrophoresis under denaturing conditions showed differences in the subunit compositions of all three purified enzymes. The properties of the enzymes from M. rouxii were similar to those of polymerases from other eukaryotic organisms. Denatured DNA was a better template than native DNA for all three enzymes but each enzyme had a distinct pattern of activities with different templates. Enzymes I and III displayed optimal activity with Mn-2gs the divalent cation and were stimulated significantly by Kcl and (NH4)2S04. Enzyme II had a greater activity with Mg-2gnd was only slightly stimulated by KCl and (NH4)2SO4. None of the enzymes were inhibited by cycloheximide or by rifampicin: all were inhibited by actinomycin C and rifampin AF/018: only enzyme II was inhibited by alpha-amanitin. No differences could be found in the properties of the same enzymes isolated from yeast-like cells or mycelium.", "contents": "Deoxyribonucleic acid-dependent ribonucleic acid polymerases in the dimorphic fungus Mucor rouxii. Three forms of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase have been separated by chromatography of extracts of yeast-like cells and mycelium of the dimorphic fungus Mucor rouxii. Each of the three eznymes has been purified by means of protamine sulfate precipitation, ion exchange chromatography, affinity chromatography, and velocity sedimentation. Electrophoresis under denaturing conditions showed differences in the subunit compositions of all three purified enzymes. The properties of the enzymes from M. rouxii were similar to those of polymerases from other eukaryotic organisms. Denatured DNA was a better template than native DNA for all three enzymes but each enzyme had a distinct pattern of activities with different templates. Enzymes I and III displayed optimal activity with Mn-2gs the divalent cation and were stimulated significantly by Kcl and (NH4)2S04. Enzyme II had a greater activity with Mg-2gnd was only slightly stimulated by KCl and (NH4)2SO4. None of the enzymes were inhibited by cycloheximide or by rifampicin: all were inhibited by actinomycin C and rifampin AF/018: only enzyme II was inhibited by alpha-amanitin. No differences could be found in the properties of the same enzymes isolated from yeast-like cells or mycelium.", "PMID": 1112777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3530", "title": "Identification of functional arginine residues in ribonuclease A and lysozyme.", "content": "A specific color reaction has been developed for the detection of N-7, N-8-(1,2-dihydroxycyclohex-1,2-ylene)-L-arginine-containing peptides. The reaction is based on the fact that hydroxylamine converts the blocking group to cyclohexanedione dioxime, which forms a red nickel complex. N-7, N-8-(1,2-dihydroxycyclohex-1,2-ylene)-L-arginine-containing peptides can also be detected by diagonal electrophoresis from the change of electrophoretic mobility of these peptides on interaction of the blocking group with borate. Since the modified arginine residues are resistant to tryptic cleavate, changes in tryptic peptide patterns can also be utilized to identify the presence of modified arginine residues. A combination of these approaches was used to identify the arginine residues modified by cyclohexanedione treatment. Bovine panctreatic RNase A loses approximately 90% of its activity on cyclohexanedione treatment with the modification of 2 to 3 arginine residues. Arginine-39 reacts most rapidly and its modification contributes most to inactivation of the enzyme. Arginine-85 also reacts rapidly with cyclohexanedione. Arginine-10 reacts slowly and no reaction was observed with arginine-33. Removal of the blocking groups by hydroxylamine treatment resulted in complete recovery of enzyme activity in samples where arginine-39 and arginine-85 had been modified, whereas 80% of activity was regained from samples where arginine-10 had also been modified. With egg white lysozyme, all 11 arginine residues react with cyclohexanedione, resulting in partial inactivation of the enzyme. The fully modified enzyme retains 35% of its activity. Since arginine residues are important for electrostatic interaction between the enzyme and the negatively charges cell surface, even the modified, basic residues can provide the necessary positive charges. In the presence of borate, activity is almost completely abolished, since the modified arginine-borate complex has a reduced net positive charge. Upon removal of the blocking groups by hydroxylamine, even the fully modified lysozyme regains complete activity. With the exception of the most reactive arginine (residue 5), modification of all other arginine residues contributes equally to inactivation of the enzyme. The possible reason for the importance of arginine-5 in maintaining activity is discussed. Advantages of the present method for the selective reversible modification of arginine residues of proteins and for the identification of reactive arginine residues are evaluated.", "contents": "Identification of functional arginine residues in ribonuclease A and lysozyme. A specific color reaction has been developed for the detection of N-7, N-8-(1,2-dihydroxycyclohex-1,2-ylene)-L-arginine-containing peptides. The reaction is based on the fact that hydroxylamine converts the blocking group to cyclohexanedione dioxime, which forms a red nickel complex. N-7, N-8-(1,2-dihydroxycyclohex-1,2-ylene)-L-arginine-containing peptides can also be detected by diagonal electrophoresis from the change of electrophoretic mobility of these peptides on interaction of the blocking group with borate. Since the modified arginine residues are resistant to tryptic cleavate, changes in tryptic peptide patterns can also be utilized to identify the presence of modified arginine residues. A combination of these approaches was used to identify the arginine residues modified by cyclohexanedione treatment. Bovine panctreatic RNase A loses approximately 90% of its activity on cyclohexanedione treatment with the modification of 2 to 3 arginine residues. Arginine-39 reacts most rapidly and its modification contributes most to inactivation of the enzyme. Arginine-85 also reacts rapidly with cyclohexanedione. Arginine-10 reacts slowly and no reaction was observed with arginine-33. Removal of the blocking groups by hydroxylamine treatment resulted in complete recovery of enzyme activity in samples where arginine-39 and arginine-85 had been modified, whereas 80% of activity was regained from samples where arginine-10 had also been modified. With egg white lysozyme, all 11 arginine residues react with cyclohexanedione, resulting in partial inactivation of the enzyme. The fully modified enzyme retains 35% of its activity. Since arginine residues are important for electrostatic interaction between the enzyme and the negatively charges cell surface, even the modified, basic residues can provide the necessary positive charges. In the presence of borate, activity is almost completely abolished, since the modified arginine-borate complex has a reduced net positive charge. Upon removal of the blocking groups by hydroxylamine, even the fully modified lysozyme regains complete activity. With the exception of the most reactive arginine (residue 5), modification of all other arginine residues contributes equally to inactivation of the enzyme. The possible reason for the importance of arginine-5 in maintaining activity is discussed. Advantages of the present method for the selective reversible modification of arginine residues of proteins and for the identification of reactive arginine residues are evaluated.", "PMID": 1112778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3531", "title": "Mechanism of inactivation of the flavoenzyme lactate oxidase by oxalate.", "content": "Lactate oxidase from Mycobacterium smegmatic is strongly inhibited by oxalate. The inhibition is reversible in the absence and irreversible in the presence of light. Oxalate is bound to the enzyme in a two-step process with an over-all Kd of 1.6 times 10--5 M. The first step is a fast second order reaction with k-1/k1 equals 8.3 times 10--3 M, leading to a Complex I. This complex is then reversibly converted to a different Complex II in a slow first order reaction (k2 equals 40 min--1; k-2 equals 0.07 min--1), which is accompanied by major spectral perturbations of the flavin spectrum. With oxamate, two steps could not be demonstrated, and its binding is described by a single step reversible process, which is second order in oxamate (k1 equals 6.8 times 10-3 M--1 s--1, k-1 equals 28 s--1). Upon illumination the enzyme-oxalate Complex II is converted very rapidly at position N(5) of the flavin. Slow hydrolysis in the dark under anaerobic conditions subsequently yields free reduced enzyme. The light reaction of the oxamate comples is, in contrast, very slow and yields a stable N(5) urea adduct of the reduced flavin.", "contents": "Mechanism of inactivation of the flavoenzyme lactate oxidase by oxalate. Lactate oxidase from Mycobacterium smegmatic is strongly inhibited by oxalate. The inhibition is reversible in the absence and irreversible in the presence of light. Oxalate is bound to the enzyme in a two-step process with an over-all Kd of 1.6 times 10--5 M. The first step is a fast second order reaction with k-1/k1 equals 8.3 times 10--3 M, leading to a Complex I. This complex is then reversibly converted to a different Complex II in a slow first order reaction (k2 equals 40 min--1; k-2 equals 0.07 min--1), which is accompanied by major spectral perturbations of the flavin spectrum. With oxamate, two steps could not be demonstrated, and its binding is described by a single step reversible process, which is second order in oxamate (k1 equals 6.8 times 10-3 M--1 s--1, k-1 equals 28 s--1). Upon illumination the enzyme-oxalate Complex II is converted very rapidly at position N(5) of the flavin. Slow hydrolysis in the dark under anaerobic conditions subsequently yields free reduced enzyme. The light reaction of the oxamate comples is, in contrast, very slow and yields a stable N(5) urea adduct of the reduced flavin.", "PMID": 1112779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3532", "title": "Partial purification and characterization of beta-galactosidase from rat brain hydrolyzing glycosphingolipids.", "content": "Adult rat brain beta-galactosidase was partially purified with the use of lactosylceramide, galactosyl-N-acetylgalactosaminyl-galactosyl-glucosylceramide, galactosyl-N-acetylgalactosaminyl-(N-acetylneuraminyl)galactosyl-glucosylceramide, and 4-methylumbelliferyl theta-galactoside as substrates. Approximately 50-fold purification was achieved by solubilization, ammonium sulfate fractionation, Sephadex G-200 and DEAE-cellulose column chromatography. Activities toward the above four substrates behaved essentially identically throughout the pruification procedure. Considerable differences were noted between the apparent properties determined with whole homogenate and those of the purer enzyme preparations. Based on these studies, assay procedures for the purified preparation for the three glycosphingolipid substrates were standardized. Inhibition studies with the use of varieties of simple sugars, oligosaccharide chains prepared from glycosphingolipids, and intact sphingolipids suggested that the enzyme which cleaves lactosylceramide may be different from the enzyme(s) which is active toward the other two glycosphingolipids. The oligosaccharide chains of the glycosphingolipids were much poorer inhibitors for the respective glycosphingolipid beta-galactosidases than the original intact glycosphingolipids or ceramide, and in some instances, even unrelated sphingolipids. These findings indicated the importance of the lipophilic groups and perhaps of the entire molecular configuration of glycosphingolipids in determining the specificity of these glycosphingolipid theta-galactosidases.", "contents": "Partial purification and characterization of beta-galactosidase from rat brain hydrolyzing glycosphingolipids. Adult rat brain beta-galactosidase was partially purified with the use of lactosylceramide, galactosyl-N-acetylgalactosaminyl-galactosyl-glucosylceramide, galactosyl-N-acetylgalactosaminyl-(N-acetylneuraminyl)galactosyl-glucosylceramide, and 4-methylumbelliferyl theta-galactoside as substrates. Approximately 50-fold purification was achieved by solubilization, ammonium sulfate fractionation, Sephadex G-200 and DEAE-cellulose column chromatography. Activities toward the above four substrates behaved essentially identically throughout the pruification procedure. Considerable differences were noted between the apparent properties determined with whole homogenate and those of the purer enzyme preparations. Based on these studies, assay procedures for the purified preparation for the three glycosphingolipid substrates were standardized. Inhibition studies with the use of varieties of simple sugars, oligosaccharide chains prepared from glycosphingolipids, and intact sphingolipids suggested that the enzyme which cleaves lactosylceramide may be different from the enzyme(s) which is active toward the other two glycosphingolipids. The oligosaccharide chains of the glycosphingolipids were much poorer inhibitors for the respective glycosphingolipid beta-galactosidases than the original intact glycosphingolipids or ceramide, and in some instances, even unrelated sphingolipids. These findings indicated the importance of the lipophilic groups and perhaps of the entire molecular configuration of glycosphingolipids in determining the specificity of these glycosphingolipid theta-galactosidases.", "PMID": 1112780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3533", "title": "The exterior surface of the chicken erythrocyte.", "content": "The exterior surface of mature chicken erythrocytes has been labeled with a cationic membrane impermeable reagent, rho-nitrophenyl-N,N,N-trimethy[125I]iodotyrosinate. This reagent forms stable covalent bonds with the amino groups of exposed protein and lipid companents. Two major protein components with subunit molecular weights of 100,000 and 55,000 are found on the outer surface of mature chicken erythrocytes. Both of the labeled components coincide were periodic acid-Schiff base-stained areas on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicating that they may be glycoproteins.", "contents": "The exterior surface of the chicken erythrocyte. The exterior surface of mature chicken erythrocytes has been labeled with a cationic membrane impermeable reagent, rho-nitrophenyl-N,N,N-trimethy[125I]iodotyrosinate. This reagent forms stable covalent bonds with the amino groups of exposed protein and lipid companents. Two major protein components with subunit molecular weights of 100,000 and 55,000 are found on the outer surface of mature chicken erythrocytes. Both of the labeled components coincide were periodic acid-Schiff base-stained areas on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicating that they may be glycoproteins.", "PMID": 1112781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3534", "title": "A membrane protein from human erythrocytes involved in anion exchange.", "content": "Phosphate transport across the membrane of human erythrocytes, at pH 6.42, is a saturable process with an external Km of 80 mM and a Vmax of 2.8 mmol per liter of red cells per min. Transport is inhibited in a reversible manner by the sulfanilate anion and in an irreversible manner by the isothiocyanate derivative of the sulfanilate anion. This reagent reacts with only one membrane protein. When 300,000 molecules of reagent per cell are covalently attached to protein, transport is completely inhibited. This transport protein is a glycoprotein, it belongs to the general class designated as component a by Bretscher, and it therefore spans the bilayer. Transport does not involve movement of the protein around an axis parallel to the plane of the membrane.", "contents": "A membrane protein from human erythrocytes involved in anion exchange. Phosphate transport across the membrane of human erythrocytes, at pH 6.42, is a saturable process with an external Km of 80 mM and a Vmax of 2.8 mmol per liter of red cells per min. Transport is inhibited in a reversible manner by the sulfanilate anion and in an irreversible manner by the isothiocyanate derivative of the sulfanilate anion. This reagent reacts with only one membrane protein. When 300,000 molecules of reagent per cell are covalently attached to protein, transport is completely inhibited. This transport protein is a glycoprotein, it belongs to the general class designated as component a by Bretscher, and it therefore spans the bilayer. Transport does not involve movement of the protein around an axis parallel to the plane of the membrane.", "PMID": 1112782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3535", "title": "Biphasic inactivation of procine heart mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase by pyridoxal 5'-phosphate.", "content": "Temperature studies have indicated that from 0 to 37 degrees, the time-dependent inactivation of mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase from porcine heart by pyridoxal 5-phosphate (pyridoxal-5-P) is biphasic. The initial phase of the inactivation is reversible but can be made irreversible by reduction with sodium borohydride. The reduced pryidoxal-5-P-enzyme adduct exhibits a new absorbance maximum at 325 nm and a fluorescence emission at 392 nm when excited at 325. The irreversible second phase of the inactivation is accompanied by the appearance of a new 325-nm absorbance maximum, in the absence of reduction, and a fluorescence emission centered about 390 to 400 nm when excited at 325. The evidence presented suggests the formation of a Schiff base between pyridoxal-5-P and a nucleophilic residue, most likely lysine, of malate dehydrogenase during the first phase of inactivation. An X-azolidine-like structure, a further derivative of the Schiff base, possessing spectral properties consistent with the reported data, may be formed during the second phase; this presumably involves a second nucleophilic residue of the enzyme, implicating the action of pyridoxal-5-P as a bifunctional reagent in this instance. The presence of the coenzyme, NADH, protects the enzyme from inactivation, suggesting that pyridoxal-5-P interacts at or near the malate dehydrogenase active center. Simultaneous binding studies using pyridoxal-5-P with known malate dehydrogenase competitive inhibitors AMP, ADP, and nicotinamide indicate that the pyridoxal-5-P modification occurs in the general area of the ADP portion of the coenzyme binging site. Furthermore, the presence of nicotinamide enhances pyridoxal-5-P binding to and inactivation of malate dehydrogenase.", "contents": "Biphasic inactivation of procine heart mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase by pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. Temperature studies have indicated that from 0 to 37 degrees, the time-dependent inactivation of mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase from porcine heart by pyridoxal 5-phosphate (pyridoxal-5-P) is biphasic. The initial phase of the inactivation is reversible but can be made irreversible by reduction with sodium borohydride. The reduced pryidoxal-5-P-enzyme adduct exhibits a new absorbance maximum at 325 nm and a fluorescence emission at 392 nm when excited at 325. The irreversible second phase of the inactivation is accompanied by the appearance of a new 325-nm absorbance maximum, in the absence of reduction, and a fluorescence emission centered about 390 to 400 nm when excited at 325. The evidence presented suggests the formation of a Schiff base between pyridoxal-5-P and a nucleophilic residue, most likely lysine, of malate dehydrogenase during the first phase of inactivation. An X-azolidine-like structure, a further derivative of the Schiff base, possessing spectral properties consistent with the reported data, may be formed during the second phase; this presumably involves a second nucleophilic residue of the enzyme, implicating the action of pyridoxal-5-P as a bifunctional reagent in this instance. The presence of the coenzyme, NADH, protects the enzyme from inactivation, suggesting that pyridoxal-5-P interacts at or near the malate dehydrogenase active center. Simultaneous binding studies using pyridoxal-5-P with known malate dehydrogenase competitive inhibitors AMP, ADP, and nicotinamide indicate that the pyridoxal-5-P modification occurs in the general area of the ADP portion of the coenzyme binging site. Furthermore, the presence of nicotinamide enhances pyridoxal-5-P binding to and inactivation of malate dehydrogenase.", "PMID": 1112783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3536", "title": "Interaction of guanosine nucleotides with elongation factor 2. I. Equilibrium dialysis studies.", "content": "Binding of the guanosine nucleotides, GDP and GTP, to elongation factor 2 (EF-2) from rat liver was studied by equilibrium dialysis. It was found that the enzyme has one binding site for GDP with a dissociation constant of 4 times 10--7 M. The examination of GTP binding was difficult due to the simultaneous presence of GDP and GTP even in purified GTP preparations. This problem was further magnified by traces of GTPase in the enzyme preparation. However, by analyzing the incubation mixtures by thin layer chromatography the fraction of the total nucleotide binding to EF-2 which was due to GDP could be determined and corrected for. A GTP binding curve, corrected for GDP binding, and GTP hydrolysis extrapolated to one binding site with a dissociation constant of approximately 2 times 10--6 M. The nonhydrolyzable GTP analogue, theta, gamma-methylene-guanosine-5-triphosphate, also bound to EF-2 in a 1:1 ratio. During the studies of GTP binding to EF-2 it was observed that the enzyme preparation contained a GTP-GDP transphosphorylase activity. It was initially thought that this was a novel property of EF-2, but when the activity was followed during purification of EF-2 it was whown that it was an impurity in the EF-2 preparation. ATP as well as GTP can serve as a phosphate donor in the transphosphorylation reaction; this might suggest that regeneration of GTP from GDP can take place via this pathway.", "contents": "Interaction of guanosine nucleotides with elongation factor 2. I. Equilibrium dialysis studies. Binding of the guanosine nucleotides, GDP and GTP, to elongation factor 2 (EF-2) from rat liver was studied by equilibrium dialysis. It was found that the enzyme has one binding site for GDP with a dissociation constant of 4 times 10--7 M. The examination of GTP binding was difficult due to the simultaneous presence of GDP and GTP even in purified GTP preparations. This problem was further magnified by traces of GTPase in the enzyme preparation. However, by analyzing the incubation mixtures by thin layer chromatography the fraction of the total nucleotide binding to EF-2 which was due to GDP could be determined and corrected for. A GTP binding curve, corrected for GDP binding, and GTP hydrolysis extrapolated to one binding site with a dissociation constant of approximately 2 times 10--6 M. The nonhydrolyzable GTP analogue, theta, gamma-methylene-guanosine-5-triphosphate, also bound to EF-2 in a 1:1 ratio. During the studies of GTP binding to EF-2 it was observed that the enzyme preparation contained a GTP-GDP transphosphorylase activity. It was initially thought that this was a novel property of EF-2, but when the activity was followed during purification of EF-2 it was whown that it was an impurity in the EF-2 preparation. ATP as well as GTP can serve as a phosphate donor in the transphosphorylation reaction; this might suggest that regeneration of GTP from GDP can take place via this pathway.", "PMID": 1112784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3537", "title": "Interaction of guanosine nucleotides with elongation factor 2. II. Effect of ribosomes and magnesium ions on guanosine diphosphate and guanosine triphosphate binding to the enzyme.", "content": "The effects of ribosomes and Mg-2plus on the binding of GDP and GTP to elongation factor 2 (EF-2) have been studied by an improved filter-binding assay. Both ribosomes and Mg-2plus strongly inhibit the binding of GDP but have apparently no effect on the GTP binding to the enzyme. An apparent stimulation by ribosomes of GTP binding to EF-2 is time-dependent and parallels a concomitant increase of the GDP concentration in the incubation mixture. Based on these results and evidence obtained by other investigators it is suggested that changes in the GTP:GDP ratio associated with the elongation and termination reactions of protein synthesis cause conformational changes of the respective factors which consequently will modulate the binding and dissociation of the enzymes from ribosomes. Further evidence of the role GDP may play as a modulator of protein synthesis might possibly be provided by studies of the GTP-GDP transphosphorylase activity which is present as an impurity in highly purified preparations of EF-2 as well as in ribosome preparations. It is demonstrated that relatively high concentrations of GDP in the presence of GTP completely block the ribosome-dependent GTPase activity of EF-2. Instead, the transphosphorylase enzyme(s) catalyzes an exchange reaction between GTP and GDP during which GDP remains bound to EF-2 and the relative concentrations of the two nucleotides do not change.", "contents": "Interaction of guanosine nucleotides with elongation factor 2. II. Effect of ribosomes and magnesium ions on guanosine diphosphate and guanosine triphosphate binding to the enzyme. The effects of ribosomes and Mg-2plus on the binding of GDP and GTP to elongation factor 2 (EF-2) have been studied by an improved filter-binding assay. Both ribosomes and Mg-2plus strongly inhibit the binding of GDP but have apparently no effect on the GTP binding to the enzyme. An apparent stimulation by ribosomes of GTP binding to EF-2 is time-dependent and parallels a concomitant increase of the GDP concentration in the incubation mixture. Based on these results and evidence obtained by other investigators it is suggested that changes in the GTP:GDP ratio associated with the elongation and termination reactions of protein synthesis cause conformational changes of the respective factors which consequently will modulate the binding and dissociation of the enzymes from ribosomes. Further evidence of the role GDP may play as a modulator of protein synthesis might possibly be provided by studies of the GTP-GDP transphosphorylase activity which is present as an impurity in highly purified preparations of EF-2 as well as in ribosome preparations. It is demonstrated that relatively high concentrations of GDP in the presence of GTP completely block the ribosome-dependent GTPase activity of EF-2. Instead, the transphosphorylase enzyme(s) catalyzes an exchange reaction between GTP and GDP during which GDP remains bound to EF-2 and the relative concentrations of the two nucleotides do not change.", "PMID": 1112785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3538", "title": "Isolation and characterization of acetylcholinesterase and other particulate proteins in the hemolymph of Aplysia californica.", "content": "Hemolymph of the marine mollusc, Aplysia californica, contains four large particles: acetylcholinesterase, hemocyanin, a hemagglutinin, and a structure tentatively identified as erythrocurorin. We purified the acetylcholinesterase 20-fold by differential centrifugation and filtration through a column of 4% agarose. The freshly isolated esterase complex was found to have a sedimentation coefficient of 69, but the negatively stained enzyme lacked a definite structure in the electron microscope, and appeared as irregular aggregates of a 60 A subunit. The complex was unstable below pH 5 or during storage at 7 degrees. Under these conditions, enzymatic activity remained essentially unchanged. Treatment of the purified enzyme with trichloroacetic acid, organic solvents, and sodium dodecyl sulfate broke the complex down into two major subunits with molecular weights of about 70,000. Exposure of the enzyme to [3H]diisopropylfluorophosphate resulted in the labeling of one of these subunits. Although similar in specificity, the cholinesterase of the blood differed from the enzyme in Aplysia nervous tissue, which is associated with membrane. Treatment with sodium deoxycholate activated the membrane-associated enzyme but inhibited slightly that of the hemolymph; tyrocidine inhibited the hemolymph enzyme but not the enzyme of nervous tissue; and mild digestion with trypsin released the membrane-bound enzyme in an active, soluble form, but inactivated the enzyme of hemolymph. The other particulates of Aplysia hemolymph were partially characterized. Aplysia hemocyanin was similar in structure to other molluscan hemocyanins. When negatively stained, the unit particle appeared to be a disc with a diameter of 280 A and a width of 45 A. These discs were stacked to form long cylindrical arrays. The purified hemocyanin was found to contain 0.26% copper (dry weight). Using differential centrifugation and gel filtration we also obtained a 9-fold purification of Aplysia hemagglutinin. This particle was 120 A in diameter with a dark staining central core of 40 A consisting of 6 subunits. The particle tentatively identified as erythrocurorin appeared as a structure 200 A in diameter consisting of 5 V-shaped subunits.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of acetylcholinesterase and other particulate proteins in the hemolymph of Aplysia californica. Hemolymph of the marine mollusc, Aplysia californica, contains four large particles: acetylcholinesterase, hemocyanin, a hemagglutinin, and a structure tentatively identified as erythrocurorin. We purified the acetylcholinesterase 20-fold by differential centrifugation and filtration through a column of 4% agarose. The freshly isolated esterase complex was found to have a sedimentation coefficient of 69, but the negatively stained enzyme lacked a definite structure in the electron microscope, and appeared as irregular aggregates of a 60 A subunit. The complex was unstable below pH 5 or during storage at 7 degrees. Under these conditions, enzymatic activity remained essentially unchanged. Treatment of the purified enzyme with trichloroacetic acid, organic solvents, and sodium dodecyl sulfate broke the complex down into two major subunits with molecular weights of about 70,000. Exposure of the enzyme to [3H]diisopropylfluorophosphate resulted in the labeling of one of these subunits. Although similar in specificity, the cholinesterase of the blood differed from the enzyme in Aplysia nervous tissue, which is associated with membrane. Treatment with sodium deoxycholate activated the membrane-associated enzyme but inhibited slightly that of the hemolymph; tyrocidine inhibited the hemolymph enzyme but not the enzyme of nervous tissue; and mild digestion with trypsin released the membrane-bound enzyme in an active, soluble form, but inactivated the enzyme of hemolymph. The other particulates of Aplysia hemolymph were partially characterized. Aplysia hemocyanin was similar in structure to other molluscan hemocyanins. When negatively stained, the unit particle appeared to be a disc with a diameter of 280 A and a width of 45 A. These discs were stacked to form long cylindrical arrays. The purified hemocyanin was found to contain 0.26% copper (dry weight). Using differential centrifugation and gel filtration we also obtained a 9-fold purification of Aplysia hemagglutinin. This particle was 120 A in diameter with a dark staining central core of 40 A consisting of 6 subunits. The particle tentatively identified as erythrocurorin appeared as a structure 200 A in diameter consisting of 5 V-shaped subunits.", "PMID": 1112786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3539", "title": "The sialic acids. XVIII. Subcellular distribution of seven glycosyltransferases in embryonic chicken brain.", "content": "The subcellular distribution of seven glycosyltransferases was studied in embryonic chicken brain. Four of the transferases are required for the synthesis of gangliosides, and three for the synthesis of the terminal trisaccharide units of serum type glycoproteins. Six of the transferases were found only in the particulate fraction of homogenates, while one (UDP-galactose:glycoprotein galactosyltransferase) was found both in the paritculate and soluble fractions of young embryonic chicken brain, but only in the particulate fraction obtained from older embryos. The source of the soluble galactosyltransferase was found to be the fluid surrounding the embryonic brain. Fractionation studies by the Whittaker technique showed that the seven activities were located primarily in the nerve ending (synaptosome)-rich fraction.", "contents": "The sialic acids. XVIII. Subcellular distribution of seven glycosyltransferases in embryonic chicken brain. The subcellular distribution of seven glycosyltransferases was studied in embryonic chicken brain. Four of the transferases are required for the synthesis of gangliosides, and three for the synthesis of the terminal trisaccharide units of serum type glycoproteins. Six of the transferases were found only in the particulate fraction of homogenates, while one (UDP-galactose:glycoprotein galactosyltransferase) was found both in the paritculate and soluble fractions of young embryonic chicken brain, but only in the particulate fraction obtained from older embryos. The source of the soluble galactosyltransferase was found to be the fluid surrounding the embryonic brain. Fractionation studies by the Whittaker technique showed that the seven activities were located primarily in the nerve ending (synaptosome)-rich fraction.", "PMID": 1112787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3540", "title": "Stimulation of the uptake of soluble proteins into isolated HeLa nuclei by pancreatic deoxyribonuclease.", "content": "The uptake into isolated HeLa nuclei of radioactive cytosol proteins and purified Escherichia coli ribosomal protein L7 is stimulated up to 4-fold by pancreatic deoxyribonuclease (DNase I). Similar effects are not observed with pancreatic ribonuclease A or phospholipase C. The results reported suggest that there is a general stimulatory effect of DNase on protein uptake by nuclei.", "contents": "Stimulation of the uptake of soluble proteins into isolated HeLa nuclei by pancreatic deoxyribonuclease. The uptake into isolated HeLa nuclei of radioactive cytosol proteins and purified Escherichia coli ribosomal protein L7 is stimulated up to 4-fold by pancreatic deoxyribonuclease (DNase I). Similar effects are not observed with pancreatic ribonuclease A or phospholipase C. The results reported suggest that there is a general stimulatory effect of DNase on protein uptake by nuclei.", "PMID": 1112788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3541", "title": "Hemolysis of human erythrocyte induced by a rapid temperature jump.", "content": "When an isotonic suspension of human erythrocytes was subjected to a rapid temperature jump (heating time of 2 mus), the following phenomena were observed. Although a jump of 0.05 degrees caused no visible damage to the cell membranes, it facilitated the permeation of [3H]glucose into the cells. A jump of 0.5 degrees induced a hemolysis of the cells. The hemolysis was accompanied by extensive alterations of membrane morphology possibly caused by ruptures of the membranes. Turbidity changes of the suspension after the temperature jump were consistent with a swelling of erythrocytes followed by a shrinking of the swollen cells. The phenomena of the water transport and the hemolysis induced by the temperature jump may be understood by the theory of thermal osmosis (Spanner, D. C. (1954) Symp. Soc. Exp. Biol. 8, 76). Slow heating of the suspension shows no such effects. Thermal osmosis may be an important factor in the water transport and bioenergetics of the living cells.", "contents": "Hemolysis of human erythrocyte induced by a rapid temperature jump. When an isotonic suspension of human erythrocytes was subjected to a rapid temperature jump (heating time of 2 mus), the following phenomena were observed. Although a jump of 0.05 degrees caused no visible damage to the cell membranes, it facilitated the permeation of [3H]glucose into the cells. A jump of 0.5 degrees induced a hemolysis of the cells. The hemolysis was accompanied by extensive alterations of membrane morphology possibly caused by ruptures of the membranes. Turbidity changes of the suspension after the temperature jump were consistent with a swelling of erythrocytes followed by a shrinking of the swollen cells. The phenomena of the water transport and the hemolysis induced by the temperature jump may be understood by the theory of thermal osmosis (Spanner, D. C. (1954) Symp. Soc. Exp. Biol. 8, 76). Slow heating of the suspension shows no such effects. Thermal osmosis may be an important factor in the water transport and bioenergetics of the living cells.", "PMID": 1112789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3542", "title": "Quaternary structure of partially liganded intermediates of sheep carbon monoxide hemoglobin at alkaline pH.", "content": "A rapid change in absorbance was observed in the Soret region during the interval between photolysis of sheep carbon monoxide hemoglobin and the subsequent reassociation of CO in the dark. The rate constant for this spectral change was about 4000 s--1 at 20 degrees in 0.05 M solium borate, pH 9.3. The wavelength dependence of the amplitude of the absorbance change is similar to that observed when deoxygenated alpha and theta chains are allowed to recombine (Brunori, M., Antonini, E., Wyman, J., and Anderson, S. R. (1968) J. Mol. Biol. 34, 357-359), and therefore reflects changes in the quanternary structure of the hemoglobin tetramer induced by ligand displacement. The amplitude of this conformation-dependent spectral change was not a linear function of the fraction of bound CO removed by photolysis. The results suggest that of the possible intermediate species present after partial photolysis, only Hb4 and Hb4(CO) change from the ligand-bound to the ligand-free sturcture prior to CO reassociation under these alkaline conditions.", "contents": "Quaternary structure of partially liganded intermediates of sheep carbon monoxide hemoglobin at alkaline pH. A rapid change in absorbance was observed in the Soret region during the interval between photolysis of sheep carbon monoxide hemoglobin and the subsequent reassociation of CO in the dark. The rate constant for this spectral change was about 4000 s--1 at 20 degrees in 0.05 M solium borate, pH 9.3. The wavelength dependence of the amplitude of the absorbance change is similar to that observed when deoxygenated alpha and theta chains are allowed to recombine (Brunori, M., Antonini, E., Wyman, J., and Anderson, S. R. (1968) J. Mol. Biol. 34, 357-359), and therefore reflects changes in the quanternary structure of the hemoglobin tetramer induced by ligand displacement. The amplitude of this conformation-dependent spectral change was not a linear function of the fraction of bound CO removed by photolysis. The results suggest that of the possible intermediate species present after partial photolysis, only Hb4 and Hb4(CO) change from the ligand-bound to the ligand-free sturcture prior to CO reassociation under these alkaline conditions.", "PMID": 1112790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3543", "title": "Topographical arrangement of membrane proteins in the intact myelin sheath. Lactoperoxidase incorproation of iodine into myelin surface proteins.", "content": "The lactoperoxidase-catalyzed iodination technique was utilized to incorporate radioactive iodine into membrane proteins which lie on the outer surface of the myelin sheath.  An intact, myelinated nerve bundle, the dorsal column of the cat spinal cord, was employed. The enzymatically iodinated proteins were identified by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and the specific radioactivity was determined. Results indicated that several high molecular weight proteins were predominantly labeled by the nonpenetrating lactopreoxidase. Proteolipid protein was also labeled, although to a lesser extent; basic protein was not labeled under these conditions. The data suggest that several high molecular weight proteins are exposed on the outer surface of the myelin sheath. Proteolipid protein is at least partially exposed on the outer surface, although it could be present at both membrane surfaces. Evidence is presented which suggests that the basic protein is located at the inner surface of the membrane, corresponding to the major dense line of myelin.", "contents": "Topographical arrangement of membrane proteins in the intact myelin sheath. Lactoperoxidase incorproation of iodine into myelin surface proteins. The lactoperoxidase-catalyzed iodination technique was utilized to incorporate radioactive iodine into membrane proteins which lie on the outer surface of the myelin sheath.  An intact, myelinated nerve bundle, the dorsal column of the cat spinal cord, was employed. The enzymatically iodinated proteins were identified by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and the specific radioactivity was determined. Results indicated that several high molecular weight proteins were predominantly labeled by the nonpenetrating lactopreoxidase. Proteolipid protein was also labeled, although to a lesser extent; basic protein was not labeled under these conditions. The data suggest that several high molecular weight proteins are exposed on the outer surface of the myelin sheath. Proteolipid protein is at least partially exposed on the outer surface, although it could be present at both membrane surfaces. Evidence is presented which suggests that the basic protein is located at the inner surface of the membrane, corresponding to the major dense line of myelin.", "PMID": 1112791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3544", "title": "Egasyn, a protein complexed with microsomal beta-glucuronidase.", "content": "Two polypeptide chains are present in murine beta-glucuronidase precipitated with a specific anti-beta-glucuronidase antibody F(ab)2 fragment. One is the catalytic subunit of beta-glucuronidase and the other has the properties predicted for the hypothetical beta-gluronidase membrane anchor protein. The new protein, named egasyn, is associated with microsomal, but no lysosomal beta-glucuronidase. It is released from the microsomal beta-glucuronidase complex by heat treatment. The YBR strain of mice carrying the Eg degrees mutation does not form an egasyn-beta-glucuronidase complex and is unable to retain beta-glucuronidase on microsomal membranes.", "contents": "Egasyn, a protein complexed with microsomal beta-glucuronidase. Two polypeptide chains are present in murine beta-glucuronidase precipitated with a specific anti-beta-glucuronidase antibody F(ab)2 fragment. One is the catalytic subunit of beta-glucuronidase and the other has the properties predicted for the hypothetical beta-gluronidase membrane anchor protein. The new protein, named egasyn, is associated with microsomal, but no lysosomal beta-glucuronidase. It is released from the microsomal beta-glucuronidase complex by heat treatment. The YBR strain of mice carrying the Eg degrees mutation does not form an egasyn-beta-glucuronidase complex and is unable to retain beta-glucuronidase on microsomal membranes.", "PMID": 1112792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3545", "title": "Characterization of globin messenger ribonucleic acids in membrane polysomes of mouse reticulocytes.", "content": "Between 20 and 30% of the polysomes in mouse reticulocytes are associated with the cell membrane fraction. These polysomes are not liberated by washing with 0.5 m KCl and are therefore thought to be attached to membranes. They have the same percentage of polyadenylic acid-containing RNA, as determined by oligo(dT)-cellulose affinity chromatography, as cytoplasmic polysomes. Analysis of the RNA by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in aqueous solutions shows that at least 95% of the RNA migrates identically with the cytoplasmic polysomal globin mRNAs. Electrophoresis in 99% formamide resolves the membrane mRNAs into two bands which migrate identically with the cytoplasmic alpha- and beta-globin mRNAs. The molar ratio of the alpha- and beta-globin mRNAs, as determined by quantitating the bands on the formamide gels, is similar to that of the cytoplasmic mRNAs. There is also no difference in biological activity between the two messenger preparations. The polyadenylic acid in the membrane mRNAs, isolated after labeling mice in vivo for 20 hours with (32P)orthophosphate, migrates with the three broad size classes previously shown to be present in the cytoplasmic globin mRNAs. The 32P specific activity of the membrane mRNAs and ribosomal RNA fractions after different times of labeling with 32Pi are similar to those from cytoplasmic polysomes. These observations show that the reticulocyte membranes contain approximately 20% of the cellular globin nRNAs, and that these mRNAs are similar to those from cytoplasmic polysomes.", "contents": "Characterization of globin messenger ribonucleic acids in membrane polysomes of mouse reticulocytes. Between 20 and 30% of the polysomes in mouse reticulocytes are associated with the cell membrane fraction. These polysomes are not liberated by washing with 0.5 m KCl and are therefore thought to be attached to membranes. They have the same percentage of polyadenylic acid-containing RNA, as determined by oligo(dT)-cellulose affinity chromatography, as cytoplasmic polysomes. Analysis of the RNA by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in aqueous solutions shows that at least 95% of the RNA migrates identically with the cytoplasmic polysomal globin mRNAs. Electrophoresis in 99% formamide resolves the membrane mRNAs into two bands which migrate identically with the cytoplasmic alpha- and beta-globin mRNAs. The molar ratio of the alpha- and beta-globin mRNAs, as determined by quantitating the bands on the formamide gels, is similar to that of the cytoplasmic mRNAs. There is also no difference in biological activity between the two messenger preparations. The polyadenylic acid in the membrane mRNAs, isolated after labeling mice in vivo for 20 hours with (32P)orthophosphate, migrates with the three broad size classes previously shown to be present in the cytoplasmic globin mRNAs. The 32P specific activity of the membrane mRNAs and ribosomal RNA fractions after different times of labeling with 32Pi are similar to those from cytoplasmic polysomes. These observations show that the reticulocyte membranes contain approximately 20% of the cellular globin nRNAs, and that these mRNAs are similar to those from cytoplasmic polysomes.", "PMID": 1112793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3546", "title": "Protein synthesis in rabbit reticulocytes. A study of Met-tRNA f Met binding factor(s) and Met-tRNA f Met binding to ribosomes and AUG codon.", "content": "The effects of additions of Mg-2+, ribosomes, and AUG codon on the Met-tRNAf Met-initiation factor-GTP complex were studied using a Millipore filtration method (J. Biol. Chem. 248, 4500 (1973)). Upon addition of increasing concentration of Mg-2+, the Met-tRNAf Met-initiation factor-GTP complex dissociates into free Met-tRNAf Met and initiation factor (GTP), with an infection around 1.5 to 2 mM Mg-2+. The Mg-2+-induced dissociation of Met-tRNAf Met-initiation factor-GTP complex was enhanced at ice bath temperature. At 37 degrees and in the presence of 1.5 to 2mM Mg-2+, the Met-tRNAf Met-initiation factor-GTP complex catalyzes the transfer of Met-tRNAf Met to ribosomes and AUG codon. Ribosome bound Met-tRNAf Met is stable to Mg-2+ and low temperature. A Millipore filtration assay for studies of (35S)Met-tRNAf Met binding to ribosomes and Aug codon has been developed. The assay procedure is carried out in three stages. In Stage I, the Met-tRNAf Met is bound to initiation factor in the presence of GTP, AUG codon (required for Stage II reaction), and 3.7 times 10-5 M aurintricarboxylic acid. The incubation is carried out at 37 degrees for 5 min. In Stage II, ribosomes and Mg-2+ (1.5 to 2mM final concentration) are added and the incubation is continued at 37 degrees for 10 min. In Stage III, more Mg-2+ is added to make the final Mg-2+ concentration of the incubation mixture 5 mM, and the reactions are further incubated at ice bath temperature for 10 min. The reactions are then terminated by addition of excess cold wash buffer and filtered through Millipore filters. Under the standard assay conditions, the radioactivity bound to Millipore filters in the absence of ribosomes and AUG codon is markedly reduced. Addition of ribosomes alone gave a significant increase in the radioactivity bound to Millipore filters. A further 2- to 3-fold stimulation of binding of (35S)Met-tRNAf Met to Millipore filters was observed when both ribosomes and AUG codon were added. The Met-tRNAf Met bound to ribosomes under the assay condition was reactive with puromycin. Upon DEAE-cellulose chromatography of a partially purified mixture of initiation factors (IF), Met-tRNAf Met binding activities separate into two forms, and are designated as IF-1A and IF-1B. These two forms can be distinguished by the stabilities of their respective Met-tRNAf Met-IF-1-GTP complexes to Mg-2+. The Met-tRNAf Met-IF-1A-GTP complex is distinctly more stable in the presence of Mg-2+ than Met-tRNAf Met-IF-1B-GTP complex. Continue.", "contents": "Protein synthesis in rabbit reticulocytes. A study of Met-tRNA f Met binding factor(s) and Met-tRNA f Met binding to ribosomes and AUG codon. The effects of additions of Mg-2+, ribosomes, and AUG codon on the Met-tRNAf Met-initiation factor-GTP complex were studied using a Millipore filtration method (J. Biol. Chem. 248, 4500 (1973)). Upon addition of increasing concentration of Mg-2+, the Met-tRNAf Met-initiation factor-GTP complex dissociates into free Met-tRNAf Met and initiation factor (GTP), with an infection around 1.5 to 2 mM Mg-2+. The Mg-2+-induced dissociation of Met-tRNAf Met-initiation factor-GTP complex was enhanced at ice bath temperature. At 37 degrees and in the presence of 1.5 to 2mM Mg-2+, the Met-tRNAf Met-initiation factor-GTP complex catalyzes the transfer of Met-tRNAf Met to ribosomes and AUG codon. Ribosome bound Met-tRNAf Met is stable to Mg-2+ and low temperature. A Millipore filtration assay for studies of (35S)Met-tRNAf Met binding to ribosomes and Aug codon has been developed. The assay procedure is carried out in three stages. In Stage I, the Met-tRNAf Met is bound to initiation factor in the presence of GTP, AUG codon (required for Stage II reaction), and 3.7 times 10-5 M aurintricarboxylic acid. The incubation is carried out at 37 degrees for 5 min. In Stage II, ribosomes and Mg-2+ (1.5 to 2mM final concentration) are added and the incubation is continued at 37 degrees for 10 min. In Stage III, more Mg-2+ is added to make the final Mg-2+ concentration of the incubation mixture 5 mM, and the reactions are further incubated at ice bath temperature for 10 min. The reactions are then terminated by addition of excess cold wash buffer and filtered through Millipore filters. Under the standard assay conditions, the radioactivity bound to Millipore filters in the absence of ribosomes and AUG codon is markedly reduced. Addition of ribosomes alone gave a significant increase in the radioactivity bound to Millipore filters. A further 2- to 3-fold stimulation of binding of (35S)Met-tRNAf Met to Millipore filters was observed when both ribosomes and AUG codon were added. The Met-tRNAf Met bound to ribosomes under the assay condition was reactive with puromycin. Upon DEAE-cellulose chromatography of a partially purified mixture of initiation factors (IF), Met-tRNAf Met binding activities separate into two forms, and are designated as IF-1A and IF-1B. These two forms can be distinguished by the stabilities of their respective Met-tRNAf Met-IF-1-GTP complexes to Mg-2+. The Met-tRNAf Met-IF-1A-GTP complex is distinctly more stable in the presence of Mg-2+ than Met-tRNAf Met-IF-1B-GTP complex. Continue.", "PMID": 1112794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3547", "title": "A synthetic 70-amino acid residue analog of ribonuclease S-protein with enzymic activity.", "content": "A 70-residue analog of RNase S-protein was synthesized by the solid phase method. It was obtained by omitting the NH2 terminus from positions 21 to 25 and the segments 36 to 40, 58 to 73, 87 to 96, and 113 to 114. Four residues were inserted to link the ends formed by the deletions. Half-cystine residues that had not been part of the deletions were replaced by alanine or leucine residues. The synthetic polypeptide was separated by gel filtration into a dimer and a monomer. Both fractions were purified further by ion exchange chromatography. The dimeric 70-residue S-protein analog had a specific activity of approximately 4% using RNA as substrate. It also cleaved other substrates of RNase A such as 5'-(3'-cytidylyl)-guanosine, 5'-(3'-uridylyl)-guanosine, and polycytidylic acid. The monomer of the 70-residue analog was less active but showed the same substrate specificity as the dimer. It was found that both fractions of the synthetic S-protein analog catalyzed only the transphosphorylation step of the RNase A mechanism and had very little if any activity in the hydrolysis step. Addition of natural S-peptide or S-protein did not increase the activity in the transphosphorylation reaction but greatly enhanced the reaction rate of the hydrolysis step. IN THE PRESENCE OF S-peptide, both monomeric and dimeric 70-residue S-protein, both monomeric and dimeric 70- residue S-protein analog had approximately 8% activity using cyclic cytidine 2':3'-monophosphate as substrate. The mixtures of monomer and dimer of the synthetic S-protein analog with natural S-protein generated even higher activities (151 and 74%, respectively) against this substrate despite the fact that the NH2-terminal portion of the natural enzyme (including His 12) was missing in both components of the two complexes. The 70-residue S-protein analog was completely inactive against DNA and (with one exception) against substrates for RNase T1. The close agreement of the substrate specificity of the synthetic analog with that of native RNase A in the transphosphorylation step suggested a remarkable conservation of the configuration of the active site despite drastic changes of the primary structure of the parent molecule. Possible implications of these results for the mechanism of action of RNase A are discussed.", "contents": "A synthetic 70-amino acid residue analog of ribonuclease S-protein with enzymic activity. A 70-residue analog of RNase S-protein was synthesized by the solid phase method. It was obtained by omitting the NH2 terminus from positions 21 to 25 and the segments 36 to 40, 58 to 73, 87 to 96, and 113 to 114. Four residues were inserted to link the ends formed by the deletions. Half-cystine residues that had not been part of the deletions were replaced by alanine or leucine residues. The synthetic polypeptide was separated by gel filtration into a dimer and a monomer. Both fractions were purified further by ion exchange chromatography. The dimeric 70-residue S-protein analog had a specific activity of approximately 4% using RNA as substrate. It also cleaved other substrates of RNase A such as 5'-(3'-cytidylyl)-guanosine, 5'-(3'-uridylyl)-guanosine, and polycytidylic acid. The monomer of the 70-residue analog was less active but showed the same substrate specificity as the dimer. It was found that both fractions of the synthetic S-protein analog catalyzed only the transphosphorylation step of the RNase A mechanism and had very little if any activity in the hydrolysis step. Addition of natural S-peptide or S-protein did not increase the activity in the transphosphorylation reaction but greatly enhanced the reaction rate of the hydrolysis step. IN THE PRESENCE OF S-peptide, both monomeric and dimeric 70-residue S-protein, both monomeric and dimeric 70- residue S-protein analog had approximately 8% activity using cyclic cytidine 2':3'-monophosphate as substrate. The mixtures of monomer and dimer of the synthetic S-protein analog with natural S-protein generated even higher activities (151 and 74%, respectively) against this substrate despite the fact that the NH2-terminal portion of the natural enzyme (including His 12) was missing in both components of the two complexes. The 70-residue S-protein analog was completely inactive against DNA and (with one exception) against substrates for RNase T1. The close agreement of the substrate specificity of the synthetic analog with that of native RNase A in the transphosphorylation step suggested a remarkable conservation of the configuration of the active site despite drastic changes of the primary structure of the parent molecule. Possible implications of these results for the mechanism of action of RNase A are discussed.", "PMID": 1112795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3548", "title": "Sequential degradation of keratan sulfate by bacterial enzymes and purification of a sulfatase in the enzymatic system.", "content": "Pseudomonas sp. IFO-13309 and Actinobacillus sp. IFO-13310, bacteria which exhibit a symbiotic growth in a medium containing keratin sulfate as a sole carbon source, were isolated from soil. Extracts of these organisms were shown to contain an endoglycosidase, a sulfatase, and exo-beta-D-galactosidase, and an exo-beta-D-N-acetylglucosaminidase which, together, catalyze an extensive cleavage of corneal keratan sulfate. The Pseudomonas extract was particularly rich in the endoglycosidase activity and poor in the exoglycosidase activities. The Actinobacillus extract, in sharp contrast, contained principally the exoglycosidases. The sulfatase activity did not show this marked difference in distribution. A sulfatase was purified from the crude extract of Actinobacillus. The purified sulfatase reacted little or not at all with keratan sulfate, but acted on 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-6-O-sulfo-D-glucose, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-6-O-sulfo-beta-D-glucosyl-(1 leads to 3)-D-galactose, and a tetrasaccharide trisulfate having 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-6-O-sulfo-D-glucose at the nonreducing end (prepared from keratan sulfate with an endogalactosidase). The enzyme removed one sulfate group from the tetrasaccharide trisulfate, producing an oligosaccharide which, unlike the parent oligosaccharide, was susceptible to hydrolysis with exo-beta-D-N-acetylglucosaminidase. The data suggest that the nonreducing end is the only site at wich enzymatic desulfation is carried out.", "contents": "Sequential degradation of keratan sulfate by bacterial enzymes and purification of a sulfatase in the enzymatic system. Pseudomonas sp. IFO-13309 and Actinobacillus sp. IFO-13310, bacteria which exhibit a symbiotic growth in a medium containing keratin sulfate as a sole carbon source, were isolated from soil. Extracts of these organisms were shown to contain an endoglycosidase, a sulfatase, and exo-beta-D-galactosidase, and an exo-beta-D-N-acetylglucosaminidase which, together, catalyze an extensive cleavage of corneal keratan sulfate. The Pseudomonas extract was particularly rich in the endoglycosidase activity and poor in the exoglycosidase activities. The Actinobacillus extract, in sharp contrast, contained principally the exoglycosidases. The sulfatase activity did not show this marked difference in distribution. A sulfatase was purified from the crude extract of Actinobacillus. The purified sulfatase reacted little or not at all with keratan sulfate, but acted on 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-6-O-sulfo-D-glucose, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-6-O-sulfo-beta-D-glucosyl-(1 leads to 3)-D-galactose, and a tetrasaccharide trisulfate having 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-6-O-sulfo-D-glucose at the nonreducing end (prepared from keratan sulfate with an endogalactosidase). The enzyme removed one sulfate group from the tetrasaccharide trisulfate, producing an oligosaccharide which, unlike the parent oligosaccharide, was susceptible to hydrolysis with exo-beta-D-N-acetylglucosaminidase. The data suggest that the nonreducing end is the only site at wich enzymatic desulfation is carried out.", "PMID": 1112796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3549", "title": "Purification of the subunits of transcarboxylase by affinity chromatography on avidin-sepharose.", "content": "Transcarboxylase consists of a central 12 SH subunits each of which is linked to the central subunit by two similar to 1.3 SE biotin carboxyl carrier proteins. The subunits from dissociated transcarboxylase have been difficult to isolate because conditions which stabilize them also promote their reassociation to the intact enzyme. In this paper, we describe the use of avidin-Sepharose to adsorb the enzyme from crude extracts or partially purified transcarboxylase of propionibacteria. After removing impurities by washing the column with phosphate buffer at pH 6.5, in which the transcarboxylase is stable, the enzyme is dissociated first by elution at pH 8 yielding a fraction containing mostly 12 SH subunit which can be rapidly stabilized against dissociation to 6 SH without the problem of reconstitution because the 1.3 SE and most of the 5 SE subunits are not eluted. The second elution is at pH 9 which yields the 5 SE subunit by dissociation from the 1.3 SE biotin subunit and the 1.3 SE subunit remains bound to the avidin. The 12 SH and 5 SE subunits are further purified by glycerol density gradient centrifugation or by chromatography on Bio-Gel. Very active enzyme can be reconstituted from these subunits upon the addition of the 1.3 SE subunit.", "contents": "Purification of the subunits of transcarboxylase by affinity chromatography on avidin-sepharose. Transcarboxylase consists of a central 12 SH subunits each of which is linked to the central subunit by two similar to 1.3 SE biotin carboxyl carrier proteins. The subunits from dissociated transcarboxylase have been difficult to isolate because conditions which stabilize them also promote their reassociation to the intact enzyme. In this paper, we describe the use of avidin-Sepharose to adsorb the enzyme from crude extracts or partially purified transcarboxylase of propionibacteria. After removing impurities by washing the column with phosphate buffer at pH 6.5, in which the transcarboxylase is stable, the enzyme is dissociated first by elution at pH 8 yielding a fraction containing mostly 12 SH subunit which can be rapidly stabilized against dissociation to 6 SH without the problem of reconstitution because the 1.3 SE and most of the 5 SE subunits are not eluted. The second elution is at pH 9 which yields the 5 SE subunit by dissociation from the 1.3 SE biotin subunit and the 1.3 SE subunit remains bound to the avidin. The 12 SH and 5 SE subunits are further purified by glycerol density gradient centrifugation or by chromatography on Bio-Gel. Very active enzyme can be reconstituted from these subunits upon the addition of the 1.3 SE subunit.", "PMID": 1112797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3550", "title": "Synthesis of membrane protein in slices of rat cerebral cortex.", "content": "Protein synthesis was studied in slices from rat cerebral cortex and localized in various purified subcellular membrane fractions isolated after incubation with L-leucine. A synaptosomal fraction isolated from a several times washed crude mitochondrial pellet showed very little contamination by free membranes, and the synaptic membrane fraction isolated from it was estimated to c +ain about 50% of this component. Leucine incorporation into all fractions was highly sensitive (greater than 95%) to emetine except for the cell and synaptic mitochondrial subfractions. They were only 60 to 70% inhibited by emetine and showed 10 to 20% inhibition by chloramphenicol which probably was due to those proteins synthesized in situ by the mitochondria. The net rate of incorporation of labeled protein into the synaptosomal and synaptic membrane subfractions was low, and axonal flow was excluded as a significant source of this label. On the basis of autoradiography it was concluded that the majority of the protein label was contributed by free and membrane-enclosed ribosome-containing contaminants in these fractions. Unlabeled and labeled subcellular fractions were also analyzed by electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. The staining profiles of the microsomal and synaptic membrane subfractions were nearly identical, whereas those of synaptic mitochondria and the soluble proteins of the cell bodies were unique. The labeling of all proteins was blocked by emetine, except for the synaptic mitochondria (cell mitochondria were not examined). These products of mitochondrial protein synthesis exhibited three labeling peaks, the major one with a molecular weight of approximately 38,000. In the absence of emetine, slices incorporated amino acids into soluble and microsomal proteins with high specific activity. The labeled proteins of the soluble fraction were more highly concentrated in the range of molecular weights smaller than 50,000 than were those in the microsomal fraction, and it was concluded that a considerable portion of the protein-synthesizing machinery of the brain is geared to form soluble proteins. The gel patterns of labeled microsomal and synaptic membranes were consistent with contamination by the former contributing most of the protein label in the latter.", "contents": "Synthesis of membrane protein in slices of rat cerebral cortex. Protein synthesis was studied in slices from rat cerebral cortex and localized in various purified subcellular membrane fractions isolated after incubation with L-leucine. A synaptosomal fraction isolated from a several times washed crude mitochondrial pellet showed very little contamination by free membranes, and the synaptic membrane fraction isolated from it was estimated to c +ain about 50% of this component. Leucine incorporation into all fractions was highly sensitive (greater than 95%) to emetine except for the cell and synaptic mitochondrial subfractions. They were only 60 to 70% inhibited by emetine and showed 10 to 20% inhibition by chloramphenicol which probably was due to those proteins synthesized in situ by the mitochondria. The net rate of incorporation of labeled protein into the synaptosomal and synaptic membrane subfractions was low, and axonal flow was excluded as a significant source of this label. On the basis of autoradiography it was concluded that the majority of the protein label was contributed by free and membrane-enclosed ribosome-containing contaminants in these fractions. Unlabeled and labeled subcellular fractions were also analyzed by electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. The staining profiles of the microsomal and synaptic membrane subfractions were nearly identical, whereas those of synaptic mitochondria and the soluble proteins of the cell bodies were unique. The labeling of all proteins was blocked by emetine, except for the synaptic mitochondria (cell mitochondria were not examined). These products of mitochondrial protein synthesis exhibited three labeling peaks, the major one with a molecular weight of approximately 38,000. In the absence of emetine, slices incorporated amino acids into soluble and microsomal proteins with high specific activity. The labeled proteins of the soluble fraction were more highly concentrated in the range of molecular weights smaller than 50,000 than were those in the microsomal fraction, and it was concluded that a considerable portion of the protein-synthesizing machinery of the brain is geared to form soluble proteins. The gel patterns of labeled microsomal and synaptic membranes were consistent with contamination by the former contributing most of the protein label in the latter.", "PMID": 1112798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3551", "title": "Effects of extracellular cations and ouabain on catecholamine-stimulated sodium and potassium fluxes in turkey erythrocytes.", "content": "In turkey erythrocytes, potassium influx can be inhibited by several cations whose order of effectiveness is Rb greater than Cs greater than Li greater than Mg = Ca = Ba. Extracellular sodium does not alter potassium influx. Sodium influx is not altered by any of these monovalent cations but magnesium, calcium, or barium reduced sodium influx by 30 to 40%. Potassium outflux is not influenced by extracellular sodium or potassium while sodium outflux is not influenced by extracellular potassium but increases progressively with increasing extracellular sodium. Isoproterenol stimulates potassium influx only when sodium or lithium is present in the medium and catecholamine stimulation increases progressively with increasing extracellular sodium. Isoproterenol-stimulated sodium influx is enhanced by extracellular potassium, rubidium or cesium, and catecholamine stimulation increases progressively with increasing extracellular potassium. Isoproterenol inhibits potassium outflux in a solution free of sodium and potassium, and this inhibition can be abolished by adding sodium but not by adding potassium. In solutions containing both sodium and potassium, isoproterenol stimulates potassium outflux, and this stimulation increases progressively with increasing extracellular sodium or potassium. Isoproterenol-stimulated sodium outflux is not influenced by extracellular sodium or potassium. Isoproterenol-stimulated cellular cyclic adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) is reduced slightly (25%) by removing extracellular sodium and potassium from the incubation solution, but this effect is not of sufficient magnitude to account for the effects of these cations on isoproterenol-stimulated cation transport. Ouabain does not alter the effect of extracellular sodium or potassium on isoproterenol-stimulated potassium influx; however, the glycoside potentiates (by 20 to 40%) the effects of these two cations on isoproterenol-stimulated sodium influx. Ouabain does not alter potassium outflux when the incubation solution contains both sodium and potassium; however, ouabain stimulates potassium outflux in an incubation solution free of sodium or potassium.", "contents": "Effects of extracellular cations and ouabain on catecholamine-stimulated sodium and potassium fluxes in turkey erythrocytes. In turkey erythrocytes, potassium influx can be inhibited by several cations whose order of effectiveness is Rb greater than Cs greater than Li greater than Mg = Ca = Ba. Extracellular sodium does not alter potassium influx. Sodium influx is not altered by any of these monovalent cations but magnesium, calcium, or barium reduced sodium influx by 30 to 40%. Potassium outflux is not influenced by extracellular sodium or potassium while sodium outflux is not influenced by extracellular potassium but increases progressively with increasing extracellular sodium. Isoproterenol stimulates potassium influx only when sodium or lithium is present in the medium and catecholamine stimulation increases progressively with increasing extracellular sodium. Isoproterenol-stimulated sodium influx is enhanced by extracellular potassium, rubidium or cesium, and catecholamine stimulation increases progressively with increasing extracellular potassium. Isoproterenol inhibits potassium outflux in a solution free of sodium and potassium, and this inhibition can be abolished by adding sodium but not by adding potassium. In solutions containing both sodium and potassium, isoproterenol stimulates potassium outflux, and this stimulation increases progressively with increasing extracellular sodium or potassium. Isoproterenol-stimulated sodium outflux is not influenced by extracellular sodium or potassium. Isoproterenol-stimulated cellular cyclic adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) is reduced slightly (25%) by removing extracellular sodium and potassium from the incubation solution, but this effect is not of sufficient magnitude to account for the effects of these cations on isoproterenol-stimulated cation transport. Ouabain does not alter the effect of extracellular sodium or potassium on isoproterenol-stimulated potassium influx; however, the glycoside potentiates (by 20 to 40%) the effects of these two cations on isoproterenol-stimulated sodium influx. Ouabain does not alter potassium outflux when the incubation solution contains both sodium and potassium; however, ouabain stimulates potassium outflux in an incubation solution free of sodium or potassium.", "PMID": 1112799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3552", "title": "Purification and characterization of homogeneous protein synthesis initiation factor M1 from rabbit reticulocytes.", "content": "An eight-step procedure has been devised for the preparation of homogeneous rabbit reticulocyte IF-M1. Molecular weight determinations based on IF-M1 activity (gel filtration and sucrose density gradient sedimentation) and based on IF-M1 protein (low speed equilibrium sedimentation and sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis) indicate that IF-M1 is active as a single polypeptide chain of 65,000 molecular weight. The amino acid composition of IF-M1 has been determined. There appears to be no unique features in the amino acid composition of IF-M1, except perhaps an elevated proline content (6.9 mol %). The catalytic properties of purified IF-M1 were similar to those previously reported by this laboratory for crude preparations of IF-M1. The sensitivity of IF-M1 activity to N-ethylmaleimide and heat (45 degrees) inactivation was tested in two model reactions requiring minimal complementary factors: (a) AUG-directed fMet-tRNAf binding to ribosomes; and (b) poly(U)-directed polyphenylalanine synthesis at 4 mM Mg2+ (IF-M2A, IF-M2B, EF-1, and EF-2 also required). IF-M1 activity proved to be sensitive to both N-ethylmaleimide and temperature (45 degrees). In addition, a contaminant of partially purified IF-M1 preparations has been found which is capable of fMet-tRNAf binding but is inactive in poly(U)-directed polyphenylalanine synthesis at low Mg2+ concentration.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of homogeneous protein synthesis initiation factor M1 from rabbit reticulocytes. An eight-step procedure has been devised for the preparation of homogeneous rabbit reticulocyte IF-M1. Molecular weight determinations based on IF-M1 activity (gel filtration and sucrose density gradient sedimentation) and based on IF-M1 protein (low speed equilibrium sedimentation and sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis) indicate that IF-M1 is active as a single polypeptide chain of 65,000 molecular weight. The amino acid composition of IF-M1 has been determined. There appears to be no unique features in the amino acid composition of IF-M1, except perhaps an elevated proline content (6.9 mol %). The catalytic properties of purified IF-M1 were similar to those previously reported by this laboratory for crude preparations of IF-M1. The sensitivity of IF-M1 activity to N-ethylmaleimide and heat (45 degrees) inactivation was tested in two model reactions requiring minimal complementary factors: (a) AUG-directed fMet-tRNAf binding to ribosomes; and (b) poly(U)-directed polyphenylalanine synthesis at 4 mM Mg2+ (IF-M2A, IF-M2B, EF-1, and EF-2 also required). IF-M1 activity proved to be sensitive to both N-ethylmaleimide and temperature (45 degrees). In addition, a contaminant of partially purified IF-M1 preparations has been found which is capable of fMet-tRNAf binding but is inactive in poly(U)-directed polyphenylalanine synthesis at low Mg2+ concentration.", "PMID": 1112800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3553", "title": "Complex formation between mycobacterial polysaccharides or cyclodextrins and palmitoyl coenzyme A.", "content": "The mycobacterial polysaccharides MMP (3-O-methyl-mannose-containing polysaccharide), MGLP (lipolysaccharide containing 6-O-methylglucose and glucose), and the cyclodextrins (cyclohexaamylose and cycloheptaamylose) form stoichiometric complexes with palmitoyl-CoA (Machida, Y., Bergeron, R., Flick, P., and Bloch, K. (1973) J. Biol. Chem. 248, 6246-6247). Complex formation is presumed to result from hydrophobic interactions. In order to enhance the hydrophobic character of the cyclodextrins the following derivatives have been synthesized: heptakis (2,di-O-propyl)-, heptakis (2,6-di-O-methyl)-, pentakis (6-O-methyl)-, heptakis (3-O-methyl)-, and permethylated beta-cyclo-dextrin. These compounds stimulate fatty acid synthesis catalyzed by the Mycobacterium smegmatis fatty acid synthetase, the magnitude of the effect decreasing in the order in which the alkylated cyclodextrins are listed above. MMP or MGLP are qualitatively indistinguishable from alkylated cyclodextrins both with respect to palmitoyl-CoA binding and with respect to effects on enzyme systems, suggesting that they form inclusion complexes of the same type. On the basis of model building it is postulated that MMP in solution assumes a helical conformation with a hydrophobic channel about 6 A in diameter and approximately 29 A long, dimensions appropriate for accommodating the paraffinic chain of palmitoyl-CoA in the form of an inclusion complex. Since palmitoyl-CoA binds to polysaccharide much more tightly than free palmitate it is further postulated that ionized groups of the CoA moiety of acyl CoA participate in the binding and do so by hydrogen bonding to the hydrophilic exterior of helical MMP. Palmitoyl-CoA, and to a lesser extent palmitate, affect the optical rotation of MMP and also of the alkylated cyclodextrins indicating that complex formation induces conformational changes in the polysaccharides.", "contents": "Complex formation between mycobacterial polysaccharides or cyclodextrins and palmitoyl coenzyme A. The mycobacterial polysaccharides MMP (3-O-methyl-mannose-containing polysaccharide), MGLP (lipolysaccharide containing 6-O-methylglucose and glucose), and the cyclodextrins (cyclohexaamylose and cycloheptaamylose) form stoichiometric complexes with palmitoyl-CoA (Machida, Y., Bergeron, R., Flick, P., and Bloch, K. (1973) J. Biol. Chem. 248, 6246-6247). Complex formation is presumed to result from hydrophobic interactions. In order to enhance the hydrophobic character of the cyclodextrins the following derivatives have been synthesized: heptakis (2,di-O-propyl)-, heptakis (2,6-di-O-methyl)-, pentakis (6-O-methyl)-, heptakis (3-O-methyl)-, and permethylated beta-cyclo-dextrin. These compounds stimulate fatty acid synthesis catalyzed by the Mycobacterium smegmatis fatty acid synthetase, the magnitude of the effect decreasing in the order in which the alkylated cyclodextrins are listed above. MMP or MGLP are qualitatively indistinguishable from alkylated cyclodextrins both with respect to palmitoyl-CoA binding and with respect to effects on enzyme systems, suggesting that they form inclusion complexes of the same type. On the basis of model building it is postulated that MMP in solution assumes a helical conformation with a hydrophobic channel about 6 A in diameter and approximately 29 A long, dimensions appropriate for accommodating the paraffinic chain of palmitoyl-CoA in the form of an inclusion complex. Since palmitoyl-CoA binds to polysaccharide much more tightly than free palmitate it is further postulated that ionized groups of the CoA moiety of acyl CoA participate in the binding and do so by hydrogen bonding to the hydrophilic exterior of helical MMP. Palmitoyl-CoA, and to a lesser extent palmitate, affect the optical rotation of MMP and also of the alkylated cyclodextrins indicating that complex formation induces conformational changes in the polysaccharides.", "PMID": 1112801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3554", "title": "The role of serine-123 in the activity and specificity of ribonuclease. Reactivation of ribonuclease 1-118 by the synthetic COOH-terminal tetradecapeptide, ribonuclease 111-124, and its O-methylserine and alanine analogs.", "content": "The COOH-terminal tetradecapeptide of ribonuclease A, Glu-Gly-Asn-Pro-Tyr-Val-Pro-Val-His-Phe-Asp-Ala-Ser-Val, and two analogs, [Ser(Me)-123]-RNase 111-124 and [Ala-123]-RNase 111-124, were synthesized by the solid phase method and were purified to chromatographic and electrophoretic homogeneity. Methods are described for the hydrolysis and quantitative amino acid analysis of peptides containing O-methylserine. The peptides were combined noncovalently with RNase 1-118 and examined for ability to regenerate enzymatic activity in the presence of the substrates C greater than p, U greater than p, poly(C) poly(U), and poly(AF). The dissociation constants of the peptide-protein complexes, and the Michaelis constants for C greater than p and U greater than p with the reconstituted enzymes were determined. The data were used to test hypotheses, drawn from x-ray crystallographic and other studies, for the role of serine-123 in the binding of substrates by ribonuclease. It was found that Ser-123- and Ala-123-containing peptides were equally active for the hydrolysis step when measured with C greater than p as substrate and for the transphosphorylation step as measured in the assays with poly(C). The serine and alanine analogs were also equally active for the transphosphorylation step when poly AF was the substrate. With U greater than p as substrate the alanine analog was 4 times less active than the serine derivative and with poly U it was 2 times less active. The semisynthetic enzyme composed of RNase 1-118 and [Ala-123]-RNase 111-124, therefore, shows appreciable selectivity for substrates containing cytosine. It was concluded that a hydrogen bond between the hydroxyl of serine-123 and the C4 amino group of cytidine or the C-7 amino group of formycin is not important for substrate binding and catalytic activity. In contrast, the hydrogen bond between the hydroxyl of serine 123 and the C-4 carbonyl oxygen of uridine contributes significantly to substrate binding and catalytic activity. The data with serine-O-methyl ether at position 123 in the tetradecapeptide were less clear because it was difficult to separate steric effects from the contributions of hydrogen bonding. Substrate binding to ribonuclease was rationalized in terms of a binding energy equivalent to a total of two hydrogen bonds per pyrimidine.", "contents": "The role of serine-123 in the activity and specificity of ribonuclease. Reactivation of ribonuclease 1-118 by the synthetic COOH-terminal tetradecapeptide, ribonuclease 111-124, and its O-methylserine and alanine analogs. The COOH-terminal tetradecapeptide of ribonuclease A, Glu-Gly-Asn-Pro-Tyr-Val-Pro-Val-His-Phe-Asp-Ala-Ser-Val, and two analogs, [Ser(Me)-123]-RNase 111-124 and [Ala-123]-RNase 111-124, were synthesized by the solid phase method and were purified to chromatographic and electrophoretic homogeneity. Methods are described for the hydrolysis and quantitative amino acid analysis of peptides containing O-methylserine. The peptides were combined noncovalently with RNase 1-118 and examined for ability to regenerate enzymatic activity in the presence of the substrates C greater than p, U greater than p, poly(C) poly(U), and poly(AF). The dissociation constants of the peptide-protein complexes, and the Michaelis constants for C greater than p and U greater than p with the reconstituted enzymes were determined. The data were used to test hypotheses, drawn from x-ray crystallographic and other studies, for the role of serine-123 in the binding of substrates by ribonuclease. It was found that Ser-123- and Ala-123-containing peptides were equally active for the hydrolysis step when measured with C greater than p as substrate and for the transphosphorylation step as measured in the assays with poly(C). The serine and alanine analogs were also equally active for the transphosphorylation step when poly AF was the substrate. With U greater than p as substrate the alanine analog was 4 times less active than the serine derivative and with poly U it was 2 times less active. The semisynthetic enzyme composed of RNase 1-118 and [Ala-123]-RNase 111-124, therefore, shows appreciable selectivity for substrates containing cytosine. It was concluded that a hydrogen bond between the hydroxyl of serine-123 and the C4 amino group of cytidine or the C-7 amino group of formycin is not important for substrate binding and catalytic activity. In contrast, the hydrogen bond between the hydroxyl of serine 123 and the C-4 carbonyl oxygen of uridine contributes significantly to substrate binding and catalytic activity. The data with serine-O-methyl ether at position 123 in the tetradecapeptide were less clear because it was difficult to separate steric effects from the contributions of hydrogen bonding. Substrate binding to ribonuclease was rationalized in terms of a binding energy equivalent to a total of two hydrogen bonds per pyrimidine.", "PMID": 1112802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3555", "title": "Differences in spectra of alpha and beta chains of hemoglobin between isolated state and in tetramer.", "content": "The absorption spectrum of deoxygenated human hemoglobin differs from that of the isolated alpha and beta chains, and the difference has been ascribed to the conformational changes on which depends the cooperative ligand binding. Studies on hybrid-heme hemoglobins, in which one chain contains protoheme and the other chain mesoheme, showed that the prominent peak in the Soret region of the difference spectrum for deoxyhemoglobin is due to the spectral change in alpha chains and that beta chains show a small trough in the Soret region at the wavelength 10 nm longer than that for the absorption peak. Difference spectra of oxygenated hybrid-heme hemoglobin showed only small peaks which seem to be due to the spectral changes in beta chains. Difference spectra of alpha-NO-beta-unliganded hemoglobin showed a large negative band in the Soret region at the wavelength of the absorption peak for alpha-NO chains, and beta-unliganded chains in this half-liganded hemoglobin showed a small trough corresponding to that of beta chains in fully unliganded hemoglobin. Alpha-Unliganded-beta-NO chains, however, showed only small peaks in the difference spectra. The peaks in difference spectra ascribed to each chain did not completely correlate with the kinetic results reported for hybrid-heme hemoglobin (Nakamura, T., Sugita, Y., Bannai, S. (1973) J. Biol. Chem. 248, 4119-4122) and for half-liganded hemoglobin (Antonini, E., Brunori, H., Wyman, J., and Noble, R.W. (1966) J. Biol. Chem. 241, 3236-3238). Spectral change when alpha and beta chains were mixed was a second order reaction for deoxygenated hemoglobin and was a first order reaction for oxygenated and alpha-NO-beta-unliganded hemoglobin, suggesting the different rate-limiting steps.", "contents": "Differences in spectra of alpha and beta chains of hemoglobin between isolated state and in tetramer. The absorption spectrum of deoxygenated human hemoglobin differs from that of the isolated alpha and beta chains, and the difference has been ascribed to the conformational changes on which depends the cooperative ligand binding. Studies on hybrid-heme hemoglobins, in which one chain contains protoheme and the other chain mesoheme, showed that the prominent peak in the Soret region of the difference spectrum for deoxyhemoglobin is due to the spectral change in alpha chains and that beta chains show a small trough in the Soret region at the wavelength 10 nm longer than that for the absorption peak. Difference spectra of oxygenated hybrid-heme hemoglobin showed only small peaks which seem to be due to the spectral changes in beta chains. Difference spectra of alpha-NO-beta-unliganded hemoglobin showed a large negative band in the Soret region at the wavelength of the absorption peak for alpha-NO chains, and beta-unliganded chains in this half-liganded hemoglobin showed a small trough corresponding to that of beta chains in fully unliganded hemoglobin. Alpha-Unliganded-beta-NO chains, however, showed only small peaks in the difference spectra. The peaks in difference spectra ascribed to each chain did not completely correlate with the kinetic results reported for hybrid-heme hemoglobin (Nakamura, T., Sugita, Y., Bannai, S. (1973) J. Biol. Chem. 248, 4119-4122) and for half-liganded hemoglobin (Antonini, E., Brunori, H., Wyman, J., and Noble, R.W. (1966) J. Biol. Chem. 241, 3236-3238). Spectral change when alpha and beta chains were mixed was a second order reaction for deoxygenated hemoglobin and was a first order reaction for oxygenated and alpha-NO-beta-unliganded hemoglobin, suggesting the different rate-limiting steps.", "PMID": 1112803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3556", "title": "Control of fructose and citrate synthesis in guinea pig seminal vesicle epithelium.", "content": "Glucose utilization, biosynthesis of fructose and citrate, and certain aspects of energy metabolism were studied in a homogeneous preparation of mating guinea pig seminal vesicle epithelium. Under aerobic conditions, ATP:ADP ratios between 6 and 7 were maintained attesting to the viability and metabolic integrity of the preparation. There were multiple differences between seminal vesicle epithelium and smooth muscle on comparison of concentrations of 19 different metabolites including the adenine nucleotides. In seminal vesicle, glycolysis was rapid under anaerobic conditions (approximately 25 mumol times g-1 times hour-1 during the first 3 min) and also occurred under aerobic conditions (approimately 5 mumol times g-1 times hour-1). Anaerobically, the concentration of fructose diphosphate increased 2-fold and that of fructose 6-phosphate decreased to one-third of control values, consistent with regulation at the level of phosphofructokinase. ATP and total adenine nucleotides decreased rapidly and, by 3 min, had attained steady state values of about one-third and one-half of control values, respectively. Under aerobic conditions, the rate of fructogenesis increased with increasing concentrations of added glucose, reaching maximum (3 mumol times g-1 times hour-1) at 8 to 10 mM glucose and half-maximum at 2 mM glucose. Simultaneously, sorbitol synthesis occurred at rates that were similarly influenced by the concentrations of added glucose. The highest rate of fructogenesis (6.5 mumol times g-1 times hour-1) occurred during aerobic incubation immediately after a period of anaerobic incubation: exogenous substrate was not required. This could be prevented by addition of D-glyceraldehyde which was converted to glycerol stoichiometrically because of its preferential (versus glucose) reduction by aldose reductase. Our data are consistent with the sorbitol pathway of Hers as the major route of fructose biosynthesis. The rate of citrate syntehsis increased with increasing concentrations of added pyruvate. The maximum rate (3.4 mumol times g-1 times hour-1) was achieved with 2 mM pyruvate. Added glucose failed to support citrate synthesis to the same extent as did added pyruvate. The highest rate of citrate synthesis (8.0 mumol times g-1 times hour-1) occurred simultaneously with the highest rate of fructogenesis (after the anaerobic-aerobic transition). Exogenous substrate was not required.", "contents": "Control of fructose and citrate synthesis in guinea pig seminal vesicle epithelium. Glucose utilization, biosynthesis of fructose and citrate, and certain aspects of energy metabolism were studied in a homogeneous preparation of mating guinea pig seminal vesicle epithelium. Under aerobic conditions, ATP:ADP ratios between 6 and 7 were maintained attesting to the viability and metabolic integrity of the preparation. There were multiple differences between seminal vesicle epithelium and smooth muscle on comparison of concentrations of 19 different metabolites including the adenine nucleotides. In seminal vesicle, glycolysis was rapid under anaerobic conditions (approximately 25 mumol times g-1 times hour-1 during the first 3 min) and also occurred under aerobic conditions (approimately 5 mumol times g-1 times hour-1). Anaerobically, the concentration of fructose diphosphate increased 2-fold and that of fructose 6-phosphate decreased to one-third of control values, consistent with regulation at the level of phosphofructokinase. ATP and total adenine nucleotides decreased rapidly and, by 3 min, had attained steady state values of about one-third and one-half of control values, respectively. Under aerobic conditions, the rate of fructogenesis increased with increasing concentrations of added glucose, reaching maximum (3 mumol times g-1 times hour-1) at 8 to 10 mM glucose and half-maximum at 2 mM glucose. Simultaneously, sorbitol synthesis occurred at rates that were similarly influenced by the concentrations of added glucose. The highest rate of fructogenesis (6.5 mumol times g-1 times hour-1) occurred during aerobic incubation immediately after a period of anaerobic incubation: exogenous substrate was not required. This could be prevented by addition of D-glyceraldehyde which was converted to glycerol stoichiometrically because of its preferential (versus glucose) reduction by aldose reductase. Our data are consistent with the sorbitol pathway of Hers as the major route of fructose biosynthesis. The rate of citrate syntehsis increased with increasing concentrations of added pyruvate. The maximum rate (3.4 mumol times g-1 times hour-1) was achieved with 2 mM pyruvate. Added glucose failed to support citrate synthesis to the same extent as did added pyruvate. The highest rate of citrate synthesis (8.0 mumol times g-1 times hour-1) occurred simultaneously with the highest rate of fructogenesis (after the anaerobic-aerobic transition). Exogenous substrate was not required.", "PMID": 1112805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3557", "title": "Interrelation between glycosidic torsion, sugar pucker, and backbone conformation in 5'-beta-nucleotides. A 1H and 31P fast Fourier transform nuclear magnetic resonance investigation of the conformation of 8-aza-5'-beta-adenosine monophosphate and 8-aza-5'-beta-guanosine monophosphate.", "content": "Hydrogen-1 and phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of 5'-AMP, 5'-GMP, 8-aza-5'-GMP, adenosine, 8-aza-adenosine, and guanosine were obtained at biological pH values at a concentration sufficiently low to obtain information regarding their intramolecular solution conformation. The spectra were analyzed by computer simulation. It is shown that all of the above nucleosides and nucleotides have a flexible molecular framework in aqueous solution, 5'-AMP and 5'-GMP showing preference for anti(2-E in equilibrium 3-E)gg-g'g' conformations and the 8-aza analogs showing preference for (syn in equilibrium anti)-(2E in equilibrium 3-E) - g/t-g'g' conformations. In addition, aza substitution causes increase in 3-E sugar populations and in the populations of g'/t' conformers. It is argued that in the 8-aza analogs repulsive electrostatic interactions would prevail between --N (see article) at the 8 position and the negatively charged phosphate group, if the molecule existed in the anti-gg orientation. Such electrostatic repulsions can be relieved by rotating the C(4')--C(5') bond from gg to g/t orientations as well as by torsional variation about the glycosidic linkage from anti to syn conformation. Rotation from anti to syn orientation, for steric and electrostatic reasons, necessitates a simultaneous rotation about the C(4')--C(5') bond from gg to g/t conformation. The observation that the 8-aza substitution in 5'-beta-purine nucleotides cause a depopulation of gg and anti conformers with corresponding increase in the population of g/t and syn orientation seems to support the above thesis. The finding that rotational variation about a bond such as C(4')--C(5') is accompanied by torsional variation about C(5')--O(5') and the glycosidic bonds, as well as changes in the endocyclic torsion angles of the ribose moiety, gives important insight into the engineering of nucleic acid components: even though they in general prefer certain conformations, there is enough flexibility present in their molecular framework, that the entire system can undergo conformational adjustment in response to a perturbation. A conformational basis for the antileukemic effects of 8-aza purines is proposed.", "contents": "Interrelation between glycosidic torsion, sugar pucker, and backbone conformation in 5'-beta-nucleotides. A 1H and 31P fast Fourier transform nuclear magnetic resonance investigation of the conformation of 8-aza-5'-beta-adenosine monophosphate and 8-aza-5'-beta-guanosine monophosphate. Hydrogen-1 and phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of 5'-AMP, 5'-GMP, 8-aza-5'-GMP, adenosine, 8-aza-adenosine, and guanosine were obtained at biological pH values at a concentration sufficiently low to obtain information regarding their intramolecular solution conformation. The spectra were analyzed by computer simulation. It is shown that all of the above nucleosides and nucleotides have a flexible molecular framework in aqueous solution, 5'-AMP and 5'-GMP showing preference for anti(2-E in equilibrium 3-E)gg-g'g' conformations and the 8-aza analogs showing preference for (syn in equilibrium anti)-(2E in equilibrium 3-E) - g/t-g'g' conformations. In addition, aza substitution causes increase in 3-E sugar populations and in the populations of g'/t' conformers. It is argued that in the 8-aza analogs repulsive electrostatic interactions would prevail between --N (see article) at the 8 position and the negatively charged phosphate group, if the molecule existed in the anti-gg orientation. Such electrostatic repulsions can be relieved by rotating the C(4')--C(5') bond from gg to g/t orientations as well as by torsional variation about the glycosidic linkage from anti to syn conformation. Rotation from anti to syn orientation, for steric and electrostatic reasons, necessitates a simultaneous rotation about the C(4')--C(5') bond from gg to g/t conformation. The observation that the 8-aza substitution in 5'-beta-purine nucleotides cause a depopulation of gg and anti conformers with corresponding increase in the population of g/t and syn orientation seems to support the above thesis. The finding that rotational variation about a bond such as C(4')--C(5') is accompanied by torsional variation about C(5')--O(5') and the glycosidic bonds, as well as changes in the endocyclic torsion angles of the ribose moiety, gives important insight into the engineering of nucleic acid components: even though they in general prefer certain conformations, there is enough flexibility present in their molecular framework, that the entire system can undergo conformational adjustment in response to a perturbation. A conformational basis for the antileukemic effects of 8-aza purines is proposed.", "PMID": 1112806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3558", "title": "Evidence for heterogeneity of ribosomes within the HeLa cell.", "content": "The proteins of several subsets of ribosomal subunits isolated from HeLa cells were separated by high resolution electrophoresis in polyacrylamide slab gels containing sodium dodecyl sulfate. Comparisons were made among native subunits, and subunits derived from single ribosomes, free polysomes, and membrane-bound polysomes. At least 10 heterogeneously distributed proteins were identified among the 40 S subunit proteins, compared wtih 17 to 20 proteins that occurred in all 40 S subunit classes. All 60 S subunits shared 34 separable proteins. One protein was missing only from membrane-bound 60 S subunits and another protein was present only in membrane-bound 60 S subunits. It is suggested that these two proteins regulate the binding of 60 S subunits to the endoplasmic reticulum.", "contents": "Evidence for heterogeneity of ribosomes within the HeLa cell. The proteins of several subsets of ribosomal subunits isolated from HeLa cells were separated by high resolution electrophoresis in polyacrylamide slab gels containing sodium dodecyl sulfate. Comparisons were made among native subunits, and subunits derived from single ribosomes, free polysomes, and membrane-bound polysomes. At least 10 heterogeneously distributed proteins were identified among the 40 S subunit proteins, compared wtih 17 to 20 proteins that occurred in all 40 S subunit classes. All 60 S subunits shared 34 separable proteins. One protein was missing only from membrane-bound 60 S subunits and another protein was present only in membrane-bound 60 S subunits. It is suggested that these two proteins regulate the binding of 60 S subunits to the endoplasmic reticulum.", "PMID": 1112807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3559", "title": "The characterization of mannan of Micrococcus lysodeikticus as an acidic lipopolysaccharide.", "content": "Ghosts of Micrococcus lysodeikticus contain a mannan that is not removed by intensive washing procedures. Purified mannan, isolated by extraction of whole cells with hot, aqueous phenol, binds to membranes in vitro. Mannan also binds to DEAE-cellulose and migrates toward the anode in neutral and sodium dodecyl sulfate disc gel electrophoresis. In aqueous solution mannan has an apparent molecular weight of 10-6, but in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate its apparent molecular weight is 50,000 to 100,000; removal of the detergent results in reaggregation. Purified mannan contains mannose, succinate, fatty acid, and glycerol in a ratio of 50:4.9:2.1:1.0. Treatment of mannan with mild base produces a neutral, hydrophilic polysaccharide of relatively low molecular weight that has no affinity for membranes. At least 90% of the reducing termini are blocked in a base-stable linkage. Based on these results a tentative structure is proposed for the mannan.", "contents": "The characterization of mannan of Micrococcus lysodeikticus as an acidic lipopolysaccharide. Ghosts of Micrococcus lysodeikticus contain a mannan that is not removed by intensive washing procedures. Purified mannan, isolated by extraction of whole cells with hot, aqueous phenol, binds to membranes in vitro. Mannan also binds to DEAE-cellulose and migrates toward the anode in neutral and sodium dodecyl sulfate disc gel electrophoresis. In aqueous solution mannan has an apparent molecular weight of 10-6, but in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate its apparent molecular weight is 50,000 to 100,000; removal of the detergent results in reaggregation. Purified mannan contains mannose, succinate, fatty acid, and glycerol in a ratio of 50:4.9:2.1:1.0. Treatment of mannan with mild base produces a neutral, hydrophilic polysaccharide of relatively low molecular weight that has no affinity for membranes. At least 90% of the reducing termini are blocked in a base-stable linkage. Based on these results a tentative structure is proposed for the mannan.", "PMID": 1112808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3560", "title": "Heterogeneity of human hepatic H-acetyl-beta-D-hexosaminidose. A activity toward natural glycosphingolipid substrates.", "content": "A crude soluble preparation of human hepatic N-acetyl-beta-D-hexosaminidase was examined for its activities toward three natural glycosphingolipid substrates after fractionation by the isoelectric focusing procedure. Profiles of activities toward N-acetylgalactosaminyl-galactosyl-glucosylceramide (asialo GM2-ganglioside) and N-acetylgalactosaminyl-galactosyl-galactosyl-glucosylceramide (globoside) were always identical with that of nonspecific N-acetyl-beta-D-hexosaminidase as determined with artificial substrates. The Component A of the enzyme had the activity peak at an isoelectric point of 5.0 to 5.1. In contrast, hydrolytic activities toward N-acetylgalactosaminyl-[N-acetylneuraminyl]galactosyl- glucosylceramide (GM2-ganglioside) were associated with only the most acidic subfraction of the hexosaminidase A component. The activity to hydrolyze GM2-ganglioside had its peak at an isoelectric point of 4.8 to 4.9. These findings might provide an explanation for the GM2-ganglioside accumulation in juvenile GM2-gangliosidosis (partial deficiency of hexosaminidase A) and in the so-called AB variant of GM2-gangliosidosis (apparently normal hexosaminidase A and B activity).", "contents": "Heterogeneity of human hepatic H-acetyl-beta-D-hexosaminidose. A activity toward natural glycosphingolipid substrates. A crude soluble preparation of human hepatic N-acetyl-beta-D-hexosaminidase was examined for its activities toward three natural glycosphingolipid substrates after fractionation by the isoelectric focusing procedure. Profiles of activities toward N-acetylgalactosaminyl-galactosyl-glucosylceramide (asialo GM2-ganglioside) and N-acetylgalactosaminyl-galactosyl-galactosyl-glucosylceramide (globoside) were always identical with that of nonspecific N-acetyl-beta-D-hexosaminidase as determined with artificial substrates. The Component A of the enzyme had the activity peak at an isoelectric point of 5.0 to 5.1. In contrast, hydrolytic activities toward N-acetylgalactosaminyl-[N-acetylneuraminyl]galactosyl- glucosylceramide (GM2-ganglioside) were associated with only the most acidic subfraction of the hexosaminidase A component. The activity to hydrolyze GM2-ganglioside had its peak at an isoelectric point of 4.8 to 4.9. These findings might provide an explanation for the GM2-ganglioside accumulation in juvenile GM2-gangliosidosis (partial deficiency of hexosaminidase A) and in the so-called AB variant of GM2-gangliosidosis (apparently normal hexosaminidase A and B activity).", "PMID": 1112809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3561", "title": "Regulation of gamma-glutamyl-cysteine synthetase by nonallosteric feedback inhibition by glutathione.", "content": "Gamma-Glutamyl-cysteine synthetase is inhibited by glutathione under conditions similar to those which prevail in vivo, thus strongly suggesting a physiologically significant feedback mechanism. Inhibition by glutathione, which is not allosteric, appears to involve the binding of glutathione to the glutamate site of the enzyme as well as to another enzyme site; the latter binding appears to require a sulfhydryl group since ophthalmic acid (gamma-glutamyl-alpha-aminobutyryl-glycine) is only a weak inhibitor. The finding that glutathione regulates its own synthesis by inhibiting synthesis of gamma-glutamyl-cysteine appears to explain observations on patients with 5-oxoprolinuria, who were shown to have a block in the gamma-glutamyl cycle consisting of a marked deficiency of glutathione synthetase and consequently of glutathione. These patients produce greater than normal amounts of gamma-glutamyl-cysteine, which is converted by the action of gamma-glutamyl cyclotransferase to 5-oxoproline; production of the latter compound exceeds the capacity of 5-oxoprolinase to convert it to glutamate. The apparent Km value for L-cysteine for gamma-glutamyl-cysteine synthetase (0.35 mM) is not far from intracellular concentrations of L-cysteine suggesting that the availability of L-cysteine may also play a role in the regulation of glutathione synthesis.", "contents": "Regulation of gamma-glutamyl-cysteine synthetase by nonallosteric feedback inhibition by glutathione. Gamma-Glutamyl-cysteine synthetase is inhibited by glutathione under conditions similar to those which prevail in vivo, thus strongly suggesting a physiologically significant feedback mechanism. Inhibition by glutathione, which is not allosteric, appears to involve the binding of glutathione to the glutamate site of the enzyme as well as to another enzyme site; the latter binding appears to require a sulfhydryl group since ophthalmic acid (gamma-glutamyl-alpha-aminobutyryl-glycine) is only a weak inhibitor. The finding that glutathione regulates its own synthesis by inhibiting synthesis of gamma-glutamyl-cysteine appears to explain observations on patients with 5-oxoprolinuria, who were shown to have a block in the gamma-glutamyl cycle consisting of a marked deficiency of glutathione synthetase and consequently of glutathione. These patients produce greater than normal amounts of gamma-glutamyl-cysteine, which is converted by the action of gamma-glutamyl cyclotransferase to 5-oxoproline; production of the latter compound exceeds the capacity of 5-oxoprolinase to convert it to glutamate. The apparent Km value for L-cysteine for gamma-glutamyl-cysteine synthetase (0.35 mM) is not far from intracellular concentrations of L-cysteine suggesting that the availability of L-cysteine may also play a role in the regulation of glutathione synthesis.", "PMID": 1112810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3562", "title": "Incorporation of L-azetidine-2-carboxylic acid into hemoglobin in rabbit reticulocytes in vitro.", "content": "L-Azetidine-2-carboxylic acid is the naturally occurring lower homologue of L-proline. Reticulocytes from anemic rabbits incubated with DL-[14-C]azetidine-2-carboxylic acid synthesized radiolabeled hemoglobin, which when isolated from cell lysates co-chromatographed with unlabeled hemoglobin on Sephadex G-100 columns. Amino acid analysis of hemoglobin from reticulocytes incubated with DL-[14-C]-azetidine-2-carboxylic acid suggested that the homologue was incorporated into hemoglobin intact and unaltered. Alternatively, another amino acid analogue, 1-aminocyclopentane-[1-14-C]carboxylic acid, which is purported to be a valine antagonist, was not incorporated into hemoglobin under these conditions. Incubation of reticulocytes with 1, 5, and 10 mM L-azetidine-2-carboxylic acid reduced L-[U-14-C]proline (0.10 mM) incorporation into hemoglobin by 25, 58, and 72%, respectively. Conversely, 1.45 and 145 muM L-proline reduced radiolabeled azetidine-2-carboxylic acid (0.8 mM) in corporation into hemoglobin by 45 and 92%, respectively. Incorporation of L-[U-14-C]leucine and L-[U-14-C]lysine (0.1 mM each) into hemoglobin was unaffected at these concentrations of L-azetidine-2-carboxylic acid. These results suggest that L-azetidine-2-carboxylic acid is incorporated into hemoglobin without reducing the rate of globin synthesis in rabbit reticulocytes in vitro. The alpha and beta chains of hemoglobin into which [14-C]azetidine-2-carboxylic acid had been incorporated in rabbit reticulocytes in vitro were resolved electrophoretically on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels. The ratio of total radioactivity in the alpha and beta chains separately extracted from gels was in good agreement with the known 7:4 ratio of prolyl residues in the respective chains. Autoradiograms of two-dimensional tryptic peptide maps of rabbit globin into which either [14-C]azetidine-2-carboxylic acid or [14-C]proline had been incorporated showed nearly identical patterns of radioactivity. These results suggest that azetidine-2-carboxylic acid substitutes specifically for prolyl residues during in vitro hemoglobin synthesis in rabbit reticulocytes.", "contents": "Incorporation of L-azetidine-2-carboxylic acid into hemoglobin in rabbit reticulocytes in vitro. L-Azetidine-2-carboxylic acid is the naturally occurring lower homologue of L-proline. Reticulocytes from anemic rabbits incubated with DL-[14-C]azetidine-2-carboxylic acid synthesized radiolabeled hemoglobin, which when isolated from cell lysates co-chromatographed with unlabeled hemoglobin on Sephadex G-100 columns. Amino acid analysis of hemoglobin from reticulocytes incubated with DL-[14-C]-azetidine-2-carboxylic acid suggested that the homologue was incorporated into hemoglobin intact and unaltered. Alternatively, another amino acid analogue, 1-aminocyclopentane-[1-14-C]carboxylic acid, which is purported to be a valine antagonist, was not incorporated into hemoglobin under these conditions. Incubation of reticulocytes with 1, 5, and 10 mM L-azetidine-2-carboxylic acid reduced L-[U-14-C]proline (0.10 mM) incorporation into hemoglobin by 25, 58, and 72%, respectively. Conversely, 1.45 and 145 muM L-proline reduced radiolabeled azetidine-2-carboxylic acid (0.8 mM) in corporation into hemoglobin by 45 and 92%, respectively. Incorporation of L-[U-14-C]leucine and L-[U-14-C]lysine (0.1 mM each) into hemoglobin was unaffected at these concentrations of L-azetidine-2-carboxylic acid. These results suggest that L-azetidine-2-carboxylic acid is incorporated into hemoglobin without reducing the rate of globin synthesis in rabbit reticulocytes in vitro. The alpha and beta chains of hemoglobin into which [14-C]azetidine-2-carboxylic acid had been incorporated in rabbit reticulocytes in vitro were resolved electrophoretically on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels. The ratio of total radioactivity in the alpha and beta chains separately extracted from gels was in good agreement with the known 7:4 ratio of prolyl residues in the respective chains. Autoradiograms of two-dimensional tryptic peptide maps of rabbit globin into which either [14-C]azetidine-2-carboxylic acid or [14-C]proline had been incorporated showed nearly identical patterns of radioactivity. These results suggest that azetidine-2-carboxylic acid substitutes specifically for prolyl residues during in vitro hemoglobin synthesis in rabbit reticulocytes.", "PMID": 1112811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3563", "title": "Affinity partitioning. A method for purification of proteins using specific polymer-ligands in aqueous polymer two-phase systems.", "content": "We describe a method, called affinity partitioning, for the purification of proteins containing specific ligand binding receptor sites. This method adds specificity to the procedures for protein purification with aqueous polymer two-phase systems by introduction of a polymer derivative, coupled to an appropriate ligand. The addition of a polymer-ligand that partitions predominantly into one phase shifts the protein that binds this substance to the same phase. By performing countercurrent distribution in the presence of a polymer-ligand, the protein that binds the polymer-ligand can be separated from a heterogenous mixture. One example of affinity paritioning used dextran as the polymer-ligand. Dextran was chosen since it is a constituent of the most commonly used system for partitioning proteins. In a dextran-poly(ethylene oxide) system, concanavalin A bound dextran and partitioned predominantly into the dextran-rich phase. The addition of the specific competitor, D-mannose, displaced the partition coefficient toward unity, while the application of L-fucose, a noncompetitor, had little effect. Application of affinity partitioning to the purification of another protein required the synthesis of a specific polymer-ligand. To study this we synthesized dinitrophenyl-poly-(ethylene oxide), which binds specifically to S-23 myeloma protein. Addition of dinitrophenyl-poly(ethylene oxide) to the dextran-poly(ethylene oxide) phase system shifted the S-23 myeloma protein into the poly(ethylene oxide)-rich phase. epsilon-N-dinitrophenyl-L-lysine, by competing with binding of dinitrophenyl-poly(ethylene oxide), antagonized the latter's effect on the partition coefficient of S-23 myeloma protein. By adding various amounts of dinitrophenyl-poly-(ethylene oxide), we correlated the partition coefficient with concentration of polymer-ligand. A model of the action of polymer-ligand derivatives on the partition coefficient, derived from thermodynamic considerations, was found to be consistent with the experimental data relating the concentration of polymer-ligand and partition coefficient. Affinity partitioning should prove to be a useful complement to affinity chromatography in the purification of mixtures of proteins. Since cells and subcellular particles may be purified with aqueous polymer two-phase systems, affinity partitioning might be applied to their fractionation by using polymer-ligands specific for unique surface receptors.", "contents": "Affinity partitioning. A method for purification of proteins using specific polymer-ligands in aqueous polymer two-phase systems. We describe a method, called affinity partitioning, for the purification of proteins containing specific ligand binding receptor sites. This method adds specificity to the procedures for protein purification with aqueous polymer two-phase systems by introduction of a polymer derivative, coupled to an appropriate ligand. The addition of a polymer-ligand that partitions predominantly into one phase shifts the protein that binds this substance to the same phase. By performing countercurrent distribution in the presence of a polymer-ligand, the protein that binds the polymer-ligand can be separated from a heterogenous mixture. One example of affinity paritioning used dextran as the polymer-ligand. Dextran was chosen since it is a constituent of the most commonly used system for partitioning proteins. In a dextran-poly(ethylene oxide) system, concanavalin A bound dextran and partitioned predominantly into the dextran-rich phase. The addition of the specific competitor, D-mannose, displaced the partition coefficient toward unity, while the application of L-fucose, a noncompetitor, had little effect. Application of affinity partitioning to the purification of another protein required the synthesis of a specific polymer-ligand. To study this we synthesized dinitrophenyl-poly-(ethylene oxide), which binds specifically to S-23 myeloma protein. Addition of dinitrophenyl-poly(ethylene oxide) to the dextran-poly(ethylene oxide) phase system shifted the S-23 myeloma protein into the poly(ethylene oxide)-rich phase. epsilon-N-dinitrophenyl-L-lysine, by competing with binding of dinitrophenyl-poly(ethylene oxide), antagonized the latter's effect on the partition coefficient of S-23 myeloma protein. By adding various amounts of dinitrophenyl-poly-(ethylene oxide), we correlated the partition coefficient with concentration of polymer-ligand. A model of the action of polymer-ligand derivatives on the partition coefficient, derived from thermodynamic considerations, was found to be consistent with the experimental data relating the concentration of polymer-ligand and partition coefficient. Affinity partitioning should prove to be a useful complement to affinity chromatography in the purification of mixtures of proteins. Since cells and subcellular particles may be purified with aqueous polymer two-phase systems, affinity partitioning might be applied to their fractionation by using polymer-ligands specific for unique surface receptors.", "PMID": 1112812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3564", "title": "The covalent and three-dimensional structural of concanavalin A. I. Amino acid sequence of cyanogen bromide fragments F1 and F2.", "content": "Concanavalin A is a lectin composed of identical subunits, each containg 237 amino acid residues. The complete amino acid sequence of the first 129 residues of the polypeptide chain has been determined by analysis of peptides obtained from digests of CNBr Fragments F1 (residues 1 to 42) and F2 (residues 40 to 129). Correlation of the chemical sequence with x-ray crystallographic results indicates that Fragment F1 contains all of the protein ligands for the binding of 2 metal ions, Mn2+ and Ca2+, and that Fragment F2 contains many of the residues involved in the interactions of the subunits to form dimers and tetramers. The site of cleavage of the polypeptide chain to yield the naturally occurring Fragments A1 and A2 has also been identified as the peptide bond between residues 118 and 119.", "contents": "The covalent and three-dimensional structural of concanavalin A. I. Amino acid sequence of cyanogen bromide fragments F1 and F2. Concanavalin A is a lectin composed of identical subunits, each containg 237 amino acid residues. The complete amino acid sequence of the first 129 residues of the polypeptide chain has been determined by analysis of peptides obtained from digests of CNBr Fragments F1 (residues 1 to 42) and F2 (residues 40 to 129). Correlation of the chemical sequence with x-ray crystallographic results indicates that Fragment F1 contains all of the protein ligands for the binding of 2 metal ions, Mn2+ and Ca2+, and that Fragment F2 contains many of the residues involved in the interactions of the subunits to form dimers and tetramers. The site of cleavage of the polypeptide chain to yield the naturally occurring Fragments A1 and A2 has also been identified as the peptide bond between residues 118 and 119.", "PMID": 1112813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3565", "title": "The covalent and three-dimensional structure of concanavalin A. II. Amino acid sequence of cyanogen bromide fragment F3.", "content": "The amino acid sequence of the COOH-terminal CNBr fragment, F3 (residues 130 to 237), of concanavalin A has been established, completing the determination of the covalent structure of this lectin. Analysis of the chemical sequence showed that the distribution of charged residues is generally more dense in the NH2-terminal half of the polypeptide chain than in the COOH-terminal portion and that in the latter region there is a linear stretch composed of many hydrophobic residues. Correlation with x-ray crystallographic results indicates that the hydrophobic region is located in the interior of the molecule, and that it forms a part of a deep cavity which is the binding site for the inhibitor, beta-(o-iodophenyl)-D-glucopyranoside. In conjunction with the three-dimensional structure, the amino acid sequence reported here provides new data for analysis of variables involved in predicting the three-dimensional folding of proteins from the primary structure. The sequence of concanavalin A is the first determined for a lectin and it serves as a reference structure for comparisons with other lectins.", "contents": "The covalent and three-dimensional structure of concanavalin A. II. Amino acid sequence of cyanogen bromide fragment F3. The amino acid sequence of the COOH-terminal CNBr fragment, F3 (residues 130 to 237), of concanavalin A has been established, completing the determination of the covalent structure of this lectin. Analysis of the chemical sequence showed that the distribution of charged residues is generally more dense in the NH2-terminal half of the polypeptide chain than in the COOH-terminal portion and that in the latter region there is a linear stretch composed of many hydrophobic residues. Correlation with x-ray crystallographic results indicates that the hydrophobic region is located in the interior of the molecule, and that it forms a part of a deep cavity which is the binding site for the inhibitor, beta-(o-iodophenyl)-D-glucopyranoside. In conjunction with the three-dimensional structure, the amino acid sequence reported here provides new data for analysis of variables involved in predicting the three-dimensional folding of proteins from the primary structure. The sequence of concanavalin A is the first determined for a lectin and it serves as a reference structure for comparisons with other lectins.", "PMID": 1112814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3566", "title": "The covalent and three-dimensional structure of concanavalin A. III. Structure of the monomer and its interactions with metals and saccharides.", "content": "The three-dimensional structure of the lectin concanavalin A (Con A) has been determined at 2.0-A resolution by x-ray diffraction analysis. The protomers are ellipsoidal domes of dimensions 42 times 40 times 39 A. Folding of the polypeptide backbone is dominated by the presence of two antiparallel pleated sheets, a twisted sheet of seven strands passing through the center of the molecule and a bowed sheet of six strands which forms the back surface of the monomer. Manganese and calcium ions bind to the protein at adjoining sites to form a binuclear complex of two octahedra sharing a common edge. The ligands for each metal ion are four groups from the NH2-terminal region of the protein and 2 water molecules. The binding site for the inhibitor beta-(o-iodophenyl)-D-glucopyranoside is in a deep cavity which contains distinct hydrophobic and hydrophilic binding subsites. Studies of the binding of beta-(o-iodophenyl)-D-glucopyranoside to Con A in the crystalline state and in solution have indicated that the binding behavior of the protein is somewhat different in the two states.", "contents": "The covalent and three-dimensional structure of concanavalin A. III. Structure of the monomer and its interactions with metals and saccharides. The three-dimensional structure of the lectin concanavalin A (Con A) has been determined at 2.0-A resolution by x-ray diffraction analysis. The protomers are ellipsoidal domes of dimensions 42 times 40 times 39 A. Folding of the polypeptide backbone is dominated by the presence of two antiparallel pleated sheets, a twisted sheet of seven strands passing through the center of the molecule and a bowed sheet of six strands which forms the back surface of the monomer. Manganese and calcium ions bind to the protein at adjoining sites to form a binuclear complex of two octahedra sharing a common edge. The ligands for each metal ion are four groups from the NH2-terminal region of the protein and 2 water molecules. The binding site for the inhibitor beta-(o-iodophenyl)-D-glucopyranoside is in a deep cavity which contains distinct hydrophobic and hydrophilic binding subsites. Studies of the binding of beta-(o-iodophenyl)-D-glucopyranoside to Con A in the crystalline state and in solution have indicated that the binding behavior of the protein is somewhat different in the two states.", "PMID": 1112815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3567", "title": "The covalent and three-dimensional structure of concanavalin A. IV. Atomic coordinates, hydrogen bonding, and quaternary structure.", "content": "The coordinates of the individual non-hydrogen atoms of the lectin concanavalin A have been determined from the molecular model at 2.0-A resolution and have been adjusted to make them consistent with the known stereochemistry of the constituent amino acid residues. From the coordinates, an analysis has been made of all intra- and intersubunit interactions in the molecule, yielding a description of the hydrogen-bonded structure of the monomer, including two extensive pleated sheet structures and other features of the folding of the polypeptide chain. The description of the noncovalent bonding is extended to include the interactions involved in stabilization of the dimeric and tetrameric structures of the molecule. The complete description of the molecular structure provides a basis for analysis of the biological activities of concanavalin A.", "contents": "The covalent and three-dimensional structure of concanavalin A. IV. Atomic coordinates, hydrogen bonding, and quaternary structure. The coordinates of the individual non-hydrogen atoms of the lectin concanavalin A have been determined from the molecular model at 2.0-A resolution and have been adjusted to make them consistent with the known stereochemistry of the constituent amino acid residues. From the coordinates, an analysis has been made of all intra- and intersubunit interactions in the molecule, yielding a description of the hydrogen-bonded structure of the monomer, including two extensive pleated sheet structures and other features of the folding of the polypeptide chain. The description of the noncovalent bonding is extended to include the interactions involved in stabilization of the dimeric and tetrameric structures of the molecule. The complete description of the molecular structure provides a basis for analysis of the biological activities of concanavalin A.", "PMID": 1112816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3568", "title": "Study of the loosely bound non-histone chromatin proteins. Stimulation of deoxyribonucleic acid-templated ribonucleic acid synthesis by a specific deoxyribonucleic acid-binding phosphoprotein fraction.", "content": "The loosely bound chromatin proteins of Ehrlich ascites hyperdiploid cells have been prepared by extraction of chromatin with 0.35 M NaCl. Sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis of the 0.35 M NaCl-soluble chromatin proteins reveals high heterogeneity with a molecular weight range of 10,000 to 170,000. The 0.35 M NaCl-soluble chromatin proteins contain many components similar to the more tightly bound non-histone chromatin proteins complex with the loosely bound chromatin proteins by gradient dialysis, the inhibitory effect of histones on transcription of DNA in vitro was reduced. The reconstituted complex manifested a level of template activity similar to that of native chromatin as measured in an Ehrlich ascites tumor RNA polymerase reaction. The loosely bound chromatin proteins contain RNA as well as phosphoproteins. Phenol extraction or DNA affinity chromatography of these proteins yielded fractions enhanced 25- to 30-fold in phosphorus which were capable of stimulating DNA-templated RNA synthesis in vitro. The stimulation of transcription from DNA was template-specific, effective only with a DNA template prepared from Ehrlich ascites tumor, but not from rat liver, calf thymus, or chicken erythrocytes. In addition, the stimulatory effect of the specific DNA-binding proteins appears to be RNA polymerase-specific, the stimulation being manifested with Ehrlich ascites tumor nucleoplasmic RNA polymerase and not with Micrococcus luteus RNA polymerase. Thus, the loosely bound chromosomal proteins from Ehrlich ascites tumor contain a fraction that specifically binds to Ehrlich ascites tumor DNA and exhibits a template- and RNA polymerase-specific stimulatory effect on transcription from DNA.", "contents": "Study of the loosely bound non-histone chromatin proteins. Stimulation of deoxyribonucleic acid-templated ribonucleic acid synthesis by a specific deoxyribonucleic acid-binding phosphoprotein fraction. The loosely bound chromatin proteins of Ehrlich ascites hyperdiploid cells have been prepared by extraction of chromatin with 0.35 M NaCl. Sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis of the 0.35 M NaCl-soluble chromatin proteins reveals high heterogeneity with a molecular weight range of 10,000 to 170,000. The 0.35 M NaCl-soluble chromatin proteins contain many components similar to the more tightly bound non-histone chromatin proteins complex with the loosely bound chromatin proteins by gradient dialysis, the inhibitory effect of histones on transcription of DNA in vitro was reduced. The reconstituted complex manifested a level of template activity similar to that of native chromatin as measured in an Ehrlich ascites tumor RNA polymerase reaction. The loosely bound chromatin proteins contain RNA as well as phosphoproteins. Phenol extraction or DNA affinity chromatography of these proteins yielded fractions enhanced 25- to 30-fold in phosphorus which were capable of stimulating DNA-templated RNA synthesis in vitro. The stimulation of transcription from DNA was template-specific, effective only with a DNA template prepared from Ehrlich ascites tumor, but not from rat liver, calf thymus, or chicken erythrocytes. In addition, the stimulatory effect of the specific DNA-binding proteins appears to be RNA polymerase-specific, the stimulation being manifested with Ehrlich ascites tumor nucleoplasmic RNA polymerase and not with Micrococcus luteus RNA polymerase. Thus, the loosely bound chromosomal proteins from Ehrlich ascites tumor contain a fraction that specifically binds to Ehrlich ascites tumor DNA and exhibits a template- and RNA polymerase-specific stimulatory effect on transcription from DNA.", "PMID": 1112817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3569", "title": "The structure of dihydrofolate reductase. I. Inactivation of bacterial dihydrofolate reductase concomitant with modification of a methionine residue at the active site.", "content": "Carboxymethylation by iodoacetate of dihydrofolate reductase from the amethopterin-resistant mutant Streptococcus faecium var. Durans strain A leads to a loss of enzymic activity. Amino acid analysis showed that methionine is the only amino acid residue significantly affected by iodoacetate under the experimental conditions, and this was confirmed by the use of [1-14-C]iodoacetate and ion exchange chromatography of the products obtained by acid hydrolysis of the modified enzyme. During loss of 90% of the activity a total of about 2 of the 7 methionine residues present in the enzymes are carboxymethylated. Over this range of activity loss the decrease is proportional to the number of methionine residues modified. Fluorescence-quenching experiments demonstrated that dissociation constants for complexes of inhibitors with the carboxymethylated enzyme were 20 to 30 times greater than dissociation constants for corresponding complexes with native enzyme. Similarly, equilibrium dialysis studies showed that dihydrofolate binding to the modified enzyme was decreased 10-fold compared with binding to the native enzyme. These data suggest that iodoacetate modifies one or more methionine residues at the binding site for dihydrofolate and inhibitors. In accordance with this view it was shown that enzyme can be protected from inactivation by the folate analogue aminopterin and to a lesser extent by folate and dehydrofolate. Enzyme carboxymethylated in the presence of aminopterin, and subsequently freed of the latter, was found to bind inhibitors and dihydrofolate as tightly as the native enzyme. It is concluded that the loss of enzyme activity is caused by carboxymethylation of at least 1 methionine residue which is at or near the binding site of dihydrofolate.", "contents": "The structure of dihydrofolate reductase. I. Inactivation of bacterial dihydrofolate reductase concomitant with modification of a methionine residue at the active site. Carboxymethylation by iodoacetate of dihydrofolate reductase from the amethopterin-resistant mutant Streptococcus faecium var. Durans strain A leads to a loss of enzymic activity. Amino acid analysis showed that methionine is the only amino acid residue significantly affected by iodoacetate under the experimental conditions, and this was confirmed by the use of [1-14-C]iodoacetate and ion exchange chromatography of the products obtained by acid hydrolysis of the modified enzyme. During loss of 90% of the activity a total of about 2 of the 7 methionine residues present in the enzymes are carboxymethylated. Over this range of activity loss the decrease is proportional to the number of methionine residues modified. Fluorescence-quenching experiments demonstrated that dissociation constants for complexes of inhibitors with the carboxymethylated enzyme were 20 to 30 times greater than dissociation constants for corresponding complexes with native enzyme. Similarly, equilibrium dialysis studies showed that dihydrofolate binding to the modified enzyme was decreased 10-fold compared with binding to the native enzyme. These data suggest that iodoacetate modifies one or more methionine residues at the binding site for dihydrofolate and inhibitors. In accordance with this view it was shown that enzyme can be protected from inactivation by the folate analogue aminopterin and to a lesser extent by folate and dehydrofolate. Enzyme carboxymethylated in the presence of aminopterin, and subsequently freed of the latter, was found to bind inhibitors and dihydrofolate as tightly as the native enzyme. It is concluded that the loss of enzyme activity is caused by carboxymethylation of at least 1 methionine residue which is at or near the binding site of dihydrofolate.", "PMID": 1112818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3570", "title": "The site of sialic acid incorporation into thyroglobulin in the thyroid gland.", "content": "Iodine incorporation into thyroglobulin is known to occur within the lumen of the thyroid follicle. Since incorporation of sialic acid, which occupies a terminal position in the oligosaccharide chains, is also a later event in thyroglobulin synthesis, the possibility that sialic acid might be incorporated after thyroglobulin secretion was investigated. In one experimental approach normal rat thyroid hemilobes were incubated with radioactive precursors. Thyroglobulin, analyzed by equilibrium centrifugation in RbCl, had a median density which varied according to the moiety labeled in the following increasing order: leucine smaller than galactose smaller than sialic acid smaller than iodine. The molecules having the highest density were labeled only with iodine. In the second approach, thyroid hemilobes were taken from rats treated with cycloheximide for 16 hours to stop protein synthesis and allow nascent molecules to be secreted, and incorporation of precursors into thyroglobulin was analyzed by sucrose gradient centrifugation. Leucine incorporation was 6% of control but the amino acid was found in the NH2-terminal position. N-Acetylmannosamine (sialic acid precursor) and galactose incorporation were also completely inhibited whereas iodine incorporation was 10% of control. Incorporation was not restored by thyrotropin treatment, and the sialyltransferase and iodination systems were reduced only to 50 to 70% of control. The results indicate that sialic acid is incorporated only in nascent thyroglobulin and not in thyroglobulin molecules already secreted into the follicular lumen. A large fraction of the iodine incorporation also seems to occur in newly synthesized thyroglobulin.", "contents": "The site of sialic acid incorporation into thyroglobulin in the thyroid gland. Iodine incorporation into thyroglobulin is known to occur within the lumen of the thyroid follicle. Since incorporation of sialic acid, which occupies a terminal position in the oligosaccharide chains, is also a later event in thyroglobulin synthesis, the possibility that sialic acid might be incorporated after thyroglobulin secretion was investigated. In one experimental approach normal rat thyroid hemilobes were incubated with radioactive precursors. Thyroglobulin, analyzed by equilibrium centrifugation in RbCl, had a median density which varied according to the moiety labeled in the following increasing order: leucine smaller than galactose smaller than sialic acid smaller than iodine. The molecules having the highest density were labeled only with iodine. In the second approach, thyroid hemilobes were taken from rats treated with cycloheximide for 16 hours to stop protein synthesis and allow nascent molecules to be secreted, and incorporation of precursors into thyroglobulin was analyzed by sucrose gradient centrifugation. Leucine incorporation was 6% of control but the amino acid was found in the NH2-terminal position. N-Acetylmannosamine (sialic acid precursor) and galactose incorporation were also completely inhibited whereas iodine incorporation was 10% of control. Incorporation was not restored by thyrotropin treatment, and the sialyltransferase and iodination systems were reduced only to 50 to 70% of control. The results indicate that sialic acid is incorporated only in nascent thyroglobulin and not in thyroglobulin molecules already secreted into the follicular lumen. A large fraction of the iodine incorporation also seems to occur in newly synthesized thyroglobulin.", "PMID": 1112819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3571", "title": "Activation of human prothrombin by highly purified human factors V and X-a in presence of human antithrombin.", "content": "In this communication we describe the first method for isolating human Factor V. The final product contains no other coagulation components as judged by functional assays and is physically homogeneous as shown by isofocusing gel electrophoresis. In addition, we present a means for obtaining intrinsically activated human Factor X-a. This preparation is usually homogeneous as judged by isofocusing gel electrophoresis. However, on occasion, an additional minor electrophoretic species with Factor X-a activity is observed. Furthermore, we describe the use of isoelectric focusing in sucrose density gradients to free human prothrombin from contamination by coagulation factors and other components. These homogeneous human proteins are employed to examine the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin in the presence and absence of human antithrombin. The latter component is responsible for virtually all of the plasm's capacity to neutralize Factor X-a and thrombin. In the absence of antithrombin, prothrombin (67,800) is converted to the precursor P-2 (51,600) and the fragment F-a (19,500). Subsquently, P-2 is cleaved to form the precursor P-3 (37,000), and the fragment F-b (11,500). Finally, P3 IS proteolyzed to form the heavy chain T-h (29,500) and the light chain T-L (6,500) of active thrombin. In the presence of antithrombin, an additional prothrombin conversion pathway is observed in which the zymogen is directly cleaved to form P-3 and F-A + B (30,000) prior to thrombin generation. Trace amounts of free thrombin remain uninhibited by antithrombin and could bias the zymogen activation pathway. Hirudin is known to neutralized thrombin instantaneoulsly. We demonstrate that the purified leech protein also binds to P-3 and prevents thrombin formation. When hirudin is added to activation mixtures at concentrations sufficient to virtually suppress P-3 conversion to thrombin, molecular species from both activation pathways are observed. Thus two human prothrombin conversion sequences appear to be initiated by Factor X-3 and may be of physiological significance.", "contents": "Activation of human prothrombin by highly purified human factors V and X-a in presence of human antithrombin. In this communication we describe the first method for isolating human Factor V. The final product contains no other coagulation components as judged by functional assays and is physically homogeneous as shown by isofocusing gel electrophoresis. In addition, we present a means for obtaining intrinsically activated human Factor X-a. This preparation is usually homogeneous as judged by isofocusing gel electrophoresis. However, on occasion, an additional minor electrophoretic species with Factor X-a activity is observed. Furthermore, we describe the use of isoelectric focusing in sucrose density gradients to free human prothrombin from contamination by coagulation factors and other components. These homogeneous human proteins are employed to examine the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin in the presence and absence of human antithrombin. The latter component is responsible for virtually all of the plasm's capacity to neutralize Factor X-a and thrombin. In the absence of antithrombin, prothrombin (67,800) is converted to the precursor P-2 (51,600) and the fragment F-a (19,500). Subsquently, P-2 is cleaved to form the precursor P-3 (37,000), and the fragment F-b (11,500). Finally, P3 IS proteolyzed to form the heavy chain T-h (29,500) and the light chain T-L (6,500) of active thrombin. In the presence of antithrombin, an additional prothrombin conversion pathway is observed in which the zymogen is directly cleaved to form P-3 and F-A + B (30,000) prior to thrombin generation. Trace amounts of free thrombin remain uninhibited by antithrombin and could bias the zymogen activation pathway. Hirudin is known to neutralized thrombin instantaneoulsly. We demonstrate that the purified leech protein also binds to P-3 and prevents thrombin formation. When hirudin is added to activation mixtures at concentrations sufficient to virtually suppress P-3 conversion to thrombin, molecular species from both activation pathways are observed. Thus two human prothrombin conversion sequences appear to be initiated by Factor X-3 and may be of physiological significance.", "PMID": 1112820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3572", "title": "Concanavalin A: a stopped flow nuclear magnetic resonance study of conformational changes induced by Mn++, Ca++, and alpha-methyl-D-mannoside.", "content": "The conformational changes induced in concanavalin A by the binding of Mn++, Ca++, and alpha-methyl-D-mannoside have been studied at pH 5.28 by stopped flow nuclear magnetic resonance techniques. Three distinct conformation states of the protein have been kinetically observed and an ordered binding mechanism elucidated from a detailed analysis of the reaction records. In addition, the individual steps of this mechanism are interpreted in terms of molecular parameters characterizing the conformational states involved such as ligand exchange rates to the paramagnetic Mn++.", "contents": "Concanavalin A: a stopped flow nuclear magnetic resonance study of conformational changes induced by Mn++, Ca++, and alpha-methyl-D-mannoside. The conformational changes induced in concanavalin A by the binding of Mn++, Ca++, and alpha-methyl-D-mannoside have been studied at pH 5.28 by stopped flow nuclear magnetic resonance techniques. Three distinct conformation states of the protein have been kinetically observed and an ordered binding mechanism elucidated from a detailed analysis of the reaction records. In addition, the individual steps of this mechanism are interpreted in terms of molecular parameters characterizing the conformational states involved such as ligand exchange rates to the paramagnetic Mn++.", "PMID": 1112821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3573", "title": "Lectins from Wistaria floribunda seeds and their effect on membrane fluidity of human peripheral lymphocytes.", "content": "Two lectins were isolated from Wistaria floribunda seeds. One is a strong mitogen against human peripheal lymphocytes and has been purified in the previous paper (Toyo-Shima S., Y., Nakano K., Tonomura, A., and Osawa T. (1971) Biochemistry 10, 4457). The other, which is a strong hemagglutinin being devoid of mitogenic activity against normal lymphocytes, has been purified in this paper by affinity chromatography on a Sepharose 6B column followed by DEAE-Sephadex column chromatography. Both lectins were found to be glycoproteins and their molecular weights were estimated to be 136,000 for the equilibrium. The hemagglutinin is composed of four apparently identical subunits of a molecular weight of 35,000 and the mitogen is adimer of 32,000 molecular weight subunit. Binding experiments with 125-I-labeled W. floribunda mitogen revealed that the maximal incorporation of [6-3H]thymidine or 32-PO4 occurred when only 5.2% of the avaliable receptor sites on normal lymphocytes were occupied by the mitogen. Furthermore, the mobility of W. floribunda lectins as well as other lectins bound to the cell receptor sites of normal lymphocytes was determined by fluorescence polarization of fluorescein-labeled lectins. The mitogen lectins tested, have high mobility and Lens culinaris hemagglutinin, have high mobility whereas the nonmitogenic lectins, W. floribunda hemagglutinin, Sophora japonica hemagglutinin, and eel serum anti-H hemagglutin show relatively low mobility. However, W. floribunda hemagglutinin bound to neuraminidase-treated lymphocytes showed relatively high mobility in accord with the fact that this hemagglutinin exerted weak but definite mitogenic activity against neuraminidase-treated lymphocytes. The change of membrane fluidity upon binding of the lectins to normal lymphocytes was also measured by fluorescence polarization of fluorescent hydrocarbon, 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene, embedded in the membrane. The mitogenic lectins, W. floribunda mitogen and L. culinaris hemagglutinin, increased the membrane fluidity upon binding to lymphocyte cell surface within 30 min, whereas the non-mitogenic lectins, W. floribunda hemagglutinin and S. japonica hemagglutinin, did not effect the membrane fluidity. We suggest that the increase of membrane fluidity is one of the common biochemical events in the earliest stage of lymphocytes transformation.", "contents": "Lectins from Wistaria floribunda seeds and their effect on membrane fluidity of human peripheral lymphocytes. Two lectins were isolated from Wistaria floribunda seeds. One is a strong mitogen against human peripheal lymphocytes and has been purified in the previous paper (Toyo-Shima S., Y., Nakano K., Tonomura, A., and Osawa T. (1971) Biochemistry 10, 4457). The other, which is a strong hemagglutinin being devoid of mitogenic activity against normal lymphocytes, has been purified in this paper by affinity chromatography on a Sepharose 6B column followed by DEAE-Sephadex column chromatography. Both lectins were found to be glycoproteins and their molecular weights were estimated to be 136,000 for the equilibrium. The hemagglutinin is composed of four apparently identical subunits of a molecular weight of 35,000 and the mitogen is adimer of 32,000 molecular weight subunit. Binding experiments with 125-I-labeled W. floribunda mitogen revealed that the maximal incorporation of [6-3H]thymidine or 32-PO4 occurred when only 5.2% of the avaliable receptor sites on normal lymphocytes were occupied by the mitogen. Furthermore, the mobility of W. floribunda lectins as well as other lectins bound to the cell receptor sites of normal lymphocytes was determined by fluorescence polarization of fluorescein-labeled lectins. The mitogen lectins tested, have high mobility and Lens culinaris hemagglutinin, have high mobility whereas the nonmitogenic lectins, W. floribunda hemagglutinin, Sophora japonica hemagglutinin, and eel serum anti-H hemagglutin show relatively low mobility. However, W. floribunda hemagglutinin bound to neuraminidase-treated lymphocytes showed relatively high mobility in accord with the fact that this hemagglutinin exerted weak but definite mitogenic activity against neuraminidase-treated lymphocytes. The change of membrane fluidity upon binding of the lectins to normal lymphocytes was also measured by fluorescence polarization of fluorescent hydrocarbon, 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene, embedded in the membrane. The mitogenic lectins, W. floribunda mitogen and L. culinaris hemagglutinin, increased the membrane fluidity upon binding to lymphocyte cell surface within 30 min, whereas the non-mitogenic lectins, W. floribunda hemagglutinin and S. japonica hemagglutinin, did not effect the membrane fluidity. We suggest that the increase of membrane fluidity is one of the common biochemical events in the earliest stage of lymphocytes transformation.", "PMID": 1112822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3574", "title": "Further studies on acetamidination as a technique for preparation of a biologically valid 3-H-labeled tracer for parathyroid hormone.", "content": "The technique of acetamidination of amino groups in parathyroid hormone (PTH) for the purpose of preparation of a tritiated, biologically valid tracer for this hormone, has been more extensively studied. It was found that eight of the ten amino groups in PTH are readily reactive but that two appear unreactive. The kinetics of labeling suggest that preparations of PTH which are labeled to this level of 80% of theoretical consist of a homogeneous population of molecules in which each PTH molecule contains eight tritiated acetamidino groups. There is no question of the presence of unlabeled hormone in such preparations. Eighty per cent labeled acetamidino-PTH is identical, qualitatively and quantitatively, in its biological activity with native PTH as shown by three accepted bioassays: serum calcium elevation, urine phosphate excretion, and activation of kidney cortex plasma membrane adenylate cyclase in vitro. The dose-response relationships are identical for labeled and native hormone in all three systems. Tritiated acetamidino-PTH tends to lose biological activity on storage but full activity can be regained by reduction of the hormone with excess cysteine. However, cysteine reduction conducted at 80 degrees for 2 hours causes some loss of tritium from the hormone. Therefore, dithiothreitol reduction at room temperature was utilized to maintain biological activity. Eighty per cent acetamidino-PTH can be further purified by ion exchange chromatography on carboxymethylcellulose using a continuous gradient of sodium acetate in 8 M urea. Such chromatography reveals the presence of isohormones in both cold and radioactive PTH. Co-chromatography of tritiated acetamidino-PTH with a cold isohormone of PTH shows that while the isohormones can be separated from one another, the acetamidino derivatives of each isohormone elute in a virtually identical position with their parent unlabeled PTH molecule.", "contents": "Further studies on acetamidination as a technique for preparation of a biologically valid 3-H-labeled tracer for parathyroid hormone. The technique of acetamidination of amino groups in parathyroid hormone (PTH) for the purpose of preparation of a tritiated, biologically valid tracer for this hormone, has been more extensively studied. It was found that eight of the ten amino groups in PTH are readily reactive but that two appear unreactive. The kinetics of labeling suggest that preparations of PTH which are labeled to this level of 80% of theoretical consist of a homogeneous population of molecules in which each PTH molecule contains eight tritiated acetamidino groups. There is no question of the presence of unlabeled hormone in such preparations. Eighty per cent labeled acetamidino-PTH is identical, qualitatively and quantitatively, in its biological activity with native PTH as shown by three accepted bioassays: serum calcium elevation, urine phosphate excretion, and activation of kidney cortex plasma membrane adenylate cyclase in vitro. The dose-response relationships are identical for labeled and native hormone in all three systems. Tritiated acetamidino-PTH tends to lose biological activity on storage but full activity can be regained by reduction of the hormone with excess cysteine. However, cysteine reduction conducted at 80 degrees for 2 hours causes some loss of tritium from the hormone. Therefore, dithiothreitol reduction at room temperature was utilized to maintain biological activity. Eighty per cent acetamidino-PTH can be further purified by ion exchange chromatography on carboxymethylcellulose using a continuous gradient of sodium acetate in 8 M urea. Such chromatography reveals the presence of isohormones in both cold and radioactive PTH. Co-chromatography of tritiated acetamidino-PTH with a cold isohormone of PTH shows that while the isohormones can be separated from one another, the acetamidino derivatives of each isohormone elute in a virtually identical position with their parent unlabeled PTH molecule.", "PMID": 1112823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3575", "title": "Effect of insulin on protein turnover in heart muscle.", "content": "The effect of insulin on turnover of protein was investigated in isolated perfused rat hearts. The hormone lowered intracellular levels of nine amino acids and reduced or abolished net release of 10 amino acids and ammonia. The extent of the insulin effect on protein degradation was investigated by estimating the rate of dilution of the specific radioactivity of the free phenylalanine pool. Insulin concentrations greater than 200 microunits per ml reduced protein degradation and net phenlylalanine release. Protein degradation was estimated more directly by inhibiting reincorporation of nonradioactive phenylalanine from protein with cycloheximide. Addition of the inhibitor increased the estimated rates about 50%, but the magnitude of the hormone effect was similar. The latency of lysosomal enzymes in control and insulin-treated hearts was assessed by measuring activities of beta-acetylglucosaminidase and cathepsin D in heart homogenates in the presence and absence of Triton X-100. Perfusion with insulin-free buffer increased the activities assayable without detergent, but did not change total activities of these enzymes. Insulin decreased activities assayable without detergent and increased activities sedimenting in the 10-5 times g pellet. These studies showed that insulin restricted the rate of protein degradation in the isolated perfused rat heart. Concomitantly, the latency of lysosomal enzymes was increased when the hormone was provided.", "contents": "Effect of insulin on protein turnover in heart muscle. The effect of insulin on turnover of protein was investigated in isolated perfused rat hearts. The hormone lowered intracellular levels of nine amino acids and reduced or abolished net release of 10 amino acids and ammonia. The extent of the insulin effect on protein degradation was investigated by estimating the rate of dilution of the specific radioactivity of the free phenylalanine pool. Insulin concentrations greater than 200 microunits per ml reduced protein degradation and net phenlylalanine release. Protein degradation was estimated more directly by inhibiting reincorporation of nonradioactive phenylalanine from protein with cycloheximide. Addition of the inhibitor increased the estimated rates about 50%, but the magnitude of the hormone effect was similar. The latency of lysosomal enzymes in control and insulin-treated hearts was assessed by measuring activities of beta-acetylglucosaminidase and cathepsin D in heart homogenates in the presence and absence of Triton X-100. Perfusion with insulin-free buffer increased the activities assayable without detergent, but did not change total activities of these enzymes. Insulin decreased activities assayable without detergent and increased activities sedimenting in the 10-5 times g pellet. These studies showed that insulin restricted the rate of protein degradation in the isolated perfused rat heart. Concomitantly, the latency of lysosomal enzymes was increased when the hormone was provided.", "PMID": 1112824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3576", "title": "Accepton concentration effect in the selectivity of acyl coenzyme A: U aclglycerylphosphorylcholine acyltransferase system in rat liver.", "content": "In the acylation of 1-acylglycerylphosphorylcholine (1-acyl-GPC) in rat liver, neither the specificity observed with Triton X-100 treated microsomes were consistent with the selectivity observed in vivo. This apparent discrepancy was solved as follows. 1. Crude microsomes or deoxycholate-treated microsomes had approximately the same levels of activities for oleoyl-, linoleoyl- and arachidonoyl-CoAs. Triton X-100 treated microsomes had much higher activity for arachidonate but very little activity for oleate, which was found to be the consequence of selective inactivation by Triton X-100 of oleoyl-CoA:1-acyl-GPC acyl transfer reaction. These observations favor a concept that different enzymes or different sites on a single enzyme exist in rat liver microsomes for the transfers of different acyl-CoAs. 2. Although the maximum velocities for oleoyl-CoA and arachidonoyl-CoA were approximately the same, more arachidonate was incorporated than oleate at very low concentrations of the acceptor even when both acyl-CoAs were present at saturating concentrations. Thus, higher selectivity for arachidonate (and linoleate to a lesser extent) observed with rat liver in vivo could be correlated with relatively higher affinity in this reaction for 1-acyl-GPC observed in vitro, which exerts its effect at low concentrations of the acceptor.", "contents": "Accepton concentration effect in the selectivity of acyl coenzyme A: U aclglycerylphosphorylcholine acyltransferase system in rat liver. In the acylation of 1-acylglycerylphosphorylcholine (1-acyl-GPC) in rat liver, neither the specificity observed with Triton X-100 treated microsomes were consistent with the selectivity observed in vivo. This apparent discrepancy was solved as follows. 1. Crude microsomes or deoxycholate-treated microsomes had approximately the same levels of activities for oleoyl-, linoleoyl- and arachidonoyl-CoAs. Triton X-100 treated microsomes had much higher activity for arachidonate but very little activity for oleate, which was found to be the consequence of selective inactivation by Triton X-100 of oleoyl-CoA:1-acyl-GPC acyl transfer reaction. These observations favor a concept that different enzymes or different sites on a single enzyme exist in rat liver microsomes for the transfers of different acyl-CoAs. 2. Although the maximum velocities for oleoyl-CoA and arachidonoyl-CoA were approximately the same, more arachidonate was incorporated than oleate at very low concentrations of the acceptor even when both acyl-CoAs were present at saturating concentrations. Thus, higher selectivity for arachidonate (and linoleate to a lesser extent) observed with rat liver in vivo could be correlated with relatively higher affinity in this reaction for 1-acyl-GPC observed in vitro, which exerts its effect at low concentrations of the acceptor.", "PMID": 1112825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3577", "title": "Purification and characterization of bacteriophage gh-I-induced deoxyribonucleic acid-dependent ribonucleic acid polymerase from Pseudomonas putida.", "content": "Infection of Pseudomonas putida by the bacteriophage gh-L-induced the synthesis of a novel DNA-dependent RNA polymerase. This gh-L-induced RNA polymerase was purified to near homogeneity. It was shown to be distinct from the host RNA polymerase (alpha-2 beta beta sigma) physically and in respect to many of its catalytic properties. The gh-L-induced RNA polymerase was composed of a single polypeptide of approximately 98,000 molecular weight. The divalent metal ion requirement for in vitro RNA synthesis by the gh-L-polymerase could be satisified with Mg-2+, but not with Mn-2+. Rna synthesis by the gh-L polymerase was highly resistant to inhibition by rifampicin and streptolydigin but could be inhibited by relatively low concentrations of KCl or the rifamycin derivative AF/013. The structural analog of ATP, 3'-deoxyadenosine 5'-triphosphate, inhibited both the gh-L-induced and the host RNA polymerases by competing for a single binding site with ATP. The phage polymerase was extremely sensitive to this inhibitor, exhibiting an apparent K-i value (2 times 10-8 M) approximately 100 times lower than that for the host RNA polymerase. The gh-L polymerase had a highly specific template requirement for DNA from the homologous gh-L phage. It would not efficiently utilize denatured DNA templates and had only low levels of activity with pyrimidine-containing polydeoxyribonucleotide homopolymers.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of bacteriophage gh-I-induced deoxyribonucleic acid-dependent ribonucleic acid polymerase from Pseudomonas putida. Infection of Pseudomonas putida by the bacteriophage gh-L-induced the synthesis of a novel DNA-dependent RNA polymerase. This gh-L-induced RNA polymerase was purified to near homogeneity. It was shown to be distinct from the host RNA polymerase (alpha-2 beta beta sigma) physically and in respect to many of its catalytic properties. The gh-L-induced RNA polymerase was composed of a single polypeptide of approximately 98,000 molecular weight. The divalent metal ion requirement for in vitro RNA synthesis by the gh-L-polymerase could be satisified with Mg-2+, but not with Mn-2+. Rna synthesis by the gh-L polymerase was highly resistant to inhibition by rifampicin and streptolydigin but could be inhibited by relatively low concentrations of KCl or the rifamycin derivative AF/013. The structural analog of ATP, 3'-deoxyadenosine 5'-triphosphate, inhibited both the gh-L-induced and the host RNA polymerases by competing for a single binding site with ATP. The phage polymerase was extremely sensitive to this inhibitor, exhibiting an apparent K-i value (2 times 10-8 M) approximately 100 times lower than that for the host RNA polymerase. The gh-L polymerase had a highly specific template requirement for DNA from the homologous gh-L phage. It would not efficiently utilize denatured DNA templates and had only low levels of activity with pyrimidine-containing polydeoxyribonucleotide homopolymers.", "PMID": 1112826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3578", "title": "Primary structural analysis of sulfhydryl protease inhibitors from pineapple stem.", "content": "Pineapple stem acetone powder provides a rich source of the sulfhydryl protease bromelain and of a family of compositionally similar but chromatographically distinct polypeptide inihibtors of this enzyme. The isoinhibitors have molecular weights of 5600, and they contain five disulfide bonds and about 50 amino acids each (Perlstein, S. H., AND Kezdy, F.J. (1973) J. Supramol. Struct. 1, 249-254). Primary structural analysis of one of the seven inhibitor fractions (VII) revealed extensive microheterogeneity. Each of the inhibitor molecules in Fraction VII was shown to be composed of two peptide chains joined by disulfide bonds. These chains, designated A and B on the basis of size, comprise 41 and 10-11 residues, respectively, and the amino acid sequence of one of each are given below: (see article for formular). On the basis of ionization properties and yields of the A and B chains, it would appear that one of the major inhibitor species in Fraction VII is the covalently linked complex of the two chains shown, namely [A-1, B-2]. The second major inhibitor component of Fraction VII is identical in structure with [A-1, B-2i1 except that residues 1 and 8 in the A chain are pyroglutamate and threonine, respectively, and in the B chain glutamine 11 is replaced by arginine. The third inhibitor in Fraction VII is a minor constituent identical with the second, except that residue 1 in the A chain is glutamate rather than pyroglutamate. This microheterogeneity in the inhibitors of Fraction VII is further increased by the fact that B chains may lack threonine 1, in which case they are decapeptides beginning with alanine. On the basis of the striking homology of the cysteine residues with those of other protease inhibitors, it is proposed that the bromelain inhibitors are generated enzymatically from single chain precursors by excision of a \"bridge\" paptide which links the NH-2 termal A chain to the COOH-terminal B chain.", "contents": "Primary structural analysis of sulfhydryl protease inhibitors from pineapple stem. Pineapple stem acetone powder provides a rich source of the sulfhydryl protease bromelain and of a family of compositionally similar but chromatographically distinct polypeptide inihibtors of this enzyme. The isoinhibitors have molecular weights of 5600, and they contain five disulfide bonds and about 50 amino acids each (Perlstein, S. H., AND Kezdy, F.J. (1973) J. Supramol. Struct. 1, 249-254). Primary structural analysis of one of the seven inhibitor fractions (VII) revealed extensive microheterogeneity. Each of the inhibitor molecules in Fraction VII was shown to be composed of two peptide chains joined by disulfide bonds. These chains, designated A and B on the basis of size, comprise 41 and 10-11 residues, respectively, and the amino acid sequence of one of each are given below: (see article for formular). On the basis of ionization properties and yields of the A and B chains, it would appear that one of the major inhibitor species in Fraction VII is the covalently linked complex of the two chains shown, namely [A-1, B-2]. The second major inhibitor component of Fraction VII is identical in structure with [A-1, B-2i1 except that residues 1 and 8 in the A chain are pyroglutamate and threonine, respectively, and in the B chain glutamine 11 is replaced by arginine. The third inhibitor in Fraction VII is a minor constituent identical with the second, except that residue 1 in the A chain is glutamate rather than pyroglutamate. This microheterogeneity in the inhibitors of Fraction VII is further increased by the fact that B chains may lack threonine 1, in which case they are decapeptides beginning with alanine. On the basis of the striking homology of the cysteine residues with those of other protease inhibitors, it is proposed that the bromelain inhibitors are generated enzymatically from single chain precursors by excision of a \"bridge\" paptide which links the NH-2 termal A chain to the COOH-terminal B chain.", "PMID": 1112827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3579", "title": "Effects of alloxan diabetes, anti-insulin serum diabetes, and non-diabetic dehydration on brain carbohydrate and energy metabolism in young mice.", "content": "Alloxan-induced diabetes of 4 days duration produced metabolite changes in brain compatible with severe reduction in cerebral metabolism (phosphocreatine increased 70%), and reduced phosphofructokinase activity (fructose diphosphate levels fell 38%). There was a 56% reduction in brain lactate concentration, but pyruvate levels were unchanged. In 5 of 23 animals, brain glycogen levels increased; in the remainder blycogen levels decreased. Brain fructose concentration, 0.4 mmol/kg, was only 1/30 of the glucose concentration. The alloxan-treated animals were also severely dehydrated. Therefore, to determine the casual relation of insulin deficiency to these findings, the effects of chronic dehydration and acute insulin deficiency were investigated. Findings in the brains of severely dehydrated animals (water deprivation and mannitol injections for 4 days) were almost identical with those seen after alloxan treatment. The exceptions were that, in the dehydrated mice, reductions in lactate and pyruvate were proportional, and glycogen levels were consistently reduced. In acute diabetes (6 to 24 hours after repeated anti-insulin serum injections) P-creatine, fructose diphosphate, and lactate levels were normal. Pyruvate levels were normal at 6 hours, but increased 39% by 12 to 24 hours; glycogen was 36% higher at 6 hours and 63% at 12 to 24 hours. Insulin (and glucose) appeared to be specific in correcting the metabolic abnormalities found in the brains of animals with alloxan-induced diabetes. At 4 and one half hours after treatment with insulin and glucose, glucose 6-phosphate levels fell 25%, fructose diphosphate increased 28%, and lactate and the lactate to pyruvate ratio returned to normal; glycogen increased 50%. However, the treatment also had a dramatic clinical effect. Since animals gained 8 to 27% of body weight during therapy, at least some of the improvements in metabolite levels could be related to rehydration.", "contents": "Effects of alloxan diabetes, anti-insulin serum diabetes, and non-diabetic dehydration on brain carbohydrate and energy metabolism in young mice. Alloxan-induced diabetes of 4 days duration produced metabolite changes in brain compatible with severe reduction in cerebral metabolism (phosphocreatine increased 70%), and reduced phosphofructokinase activity (fructose diphosphate levels fell 38%). There was a 56% reduction in brain lactate concentration, but pyruvate levels were unchanged. In 5 of 23 animals, brain glycogen levels increased; in the remainder blycogen levels decreased. Brain fructose concentration, 0.4 mmol/kg, was only 1/30 of the glucose concentration. The alloxan-treated animals were also severely dehydrated. Therefore, to determine the casual relation of insulin deficiency to these findings, the effects of chronic dehydration and acute insulin deficiency were investigated. Findings in the brains of severely dehydrated animals (water deprivation and mannitol injections for 4 days) were almost identical with those seen after alloxan treatment. The exceptions were that, in the dehydrated mice, reductions in lactate and pyruvate were proportional, and glycogen levels were consistently reduced. In acute diabetes (6 to 24 hours after repeated anti-insulin serum injections) P-creatine, fructose diphosphate, and lactate levels were normal. Pyruvate levels were normal at 6 hours, but increased 39% by 12 to 24 hours; glycogen was 36% higher at 6 hours and 63% at 12 to 24 hours. Insulin (and glucose) appeared to be specific in correcting the metabolic abnormalities found in the brains of animals with alloxan-induced diabetes. At 4 and one half hours after treatment with insulin and glucose, glucose 6-phosphate levels fell 25%, fructose diphosphate increased 28%, and lactate and the lactate to pyruvate ratio returned to normal; glycogen increased 50%. However, the treatment also had a dramatic clinical effect. Since animals gained 8 to 27% of body weight during therapy, at least some of the improvements in metabolite levels could be related to rehydration.", "PMID": 1112828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3580", "title": "Immunochemical isolation and characterization of ovalbumin messenger ribonucleic acid.", "content": "Hen oviduct ovalbumin messenger RNA has been purified to apparent homogeneity and its physical and molecular properties have been examined. Purification was achieved through the use of indirect immunoprecipitation to isolate ovalbumin synthesizing polysomes and the use of poly(U)-Sepharose chromatography to separate quantitatively ovalbumin messenger RNA from ribosomal RNA. Ovalbumin mRNA was purified 90 to 100-fold over oviduct polysomal RNA as judged by both the rate of hybridization to a complementary DNA and by translation in a rabbit reticulocyte lysate protein-synthesizing system. Isolated ovalbumin mRNA migrates as a single sharp symmetrical peak on sucrose gradient sedimentation and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The molecular weight of ovalbumin mRNA determined by sedimentation in denaturing dimethylsulfoxide gradients is 700,000 (equivalent to 2,180 nucleotides). The complexity of purified ovalbumin mRNA determined from the relative rate of hybridization to a complementary DNA is 2,280 nucleotides. Since ovalbumin synthesis requires only 1,161 nucleotides, ovalbumin mRNA appears to contain approximately 1,150 untranslated nucleotides. The average length of the polyadenylate sequence in ovalbumin mRNA is only 44 nucleotides and it does not account for significant fraction of the untranslated nucleotides.", "contents": "Immunochemical isolation and characterization of ovalbumin messenger ribonucleic acid. Hen oviduct ovalbumin messenger RNA has been purified to apparent homogeneity and its physical and molecular properties have been examined. Purification was achieved through the use of indirect immunoprecipitation to isolate ovalbumin synthesizing polysomes and the use of poly(U)-Sepharose chromatography to separate quantitatively ovalbumin messenger RNA from ribosomal RNA. Ovalbumin mRNA was purified 90 to 100-fold over oviduct polysomal RNA as judged by both the rate of hybridization to a complementary DNA and by translation in a rabbit reticulocyte lysate protein-synthesizing system. Isolated ovalbumin mRNA migrates as a single sharp symmetrical peak on sucrose gradient sedimentation and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The molecular weight of ovalbumin mRNA determined by sedimentation in denaturing dimethylsulfoxide gradients is 700,000 (equivalent to 2,180 nucleotides). The complexity of purified ovalbumin mRNA determined from the relative rate of hybridization to a complementary DNA is 2,280 nucleotides. Since ovalbumin synthesis requires only 1,161 nucleotides, ovalbumin mRNA appears to contain approximately 1,150 untranslated nucleotides. The average length of the polyadenylate sequence in ovalbumin mRNA is only 44 nucleotides and it does not account for significant fraction of the untranslated nucleotides.", "PMID": 1112829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3581", "title": "Metabolism of mevalonate in rats and man not leading to sterols.", "content": "C-5 of mevalonate appears as C0-2 in the breath of rats and men almost immediately after administration either by injection or by mouth. Adult rats exhaled up to 6.5% of a dose of RS-[5-14C]mevalonate (13% of the utilizable R-enantiomer) in the breath in 100 min. The 14-C02 was not derived either from the matabolism of cholesterol biosynthesized from [5-14C]mevalonate or from the metabolism of the unnatural S-enantiomer of mevalonate. The amount of 14-C02 expired in the breath was the same whether the [5-14C]mevalonate was given intravenously or in a drink of water to man. One normocholesterolemic man dissipated 12%, a mildly non-familial hypercholesterolemic man dissipated 10%, and a familial hypercholesterolemic man dissipated 7% of a dose of [5-14C]mevalonate in 24 hours (calculated as a per cent of the R-enantiomer). The observations support the hypothesis of the existence of a metabolic shunt of intermediates of sterol biosynthesis, derived from mevalonate, not leading to sterols.", "contents": "Metabolism of mevalonate in rats and man not leading to sterols. C-5 of mevalonate appears as C0-2 in the breath of rats and men almost immediately after administration either by injection or by mouth. Adult rats exhaled up to 6.5% of a dose of RS-[5-14C]mevalonate (13% of the utilizable R-enantiomer) in the breath in 100 min. The 14-C02 was not derived either from the matabolism of cholesterol biosynthesized from [5-14C]mevalonate or from the metabolism of the unnatural S-enantiomer of mevalonate. The amount of 14-C02 expired in the breath was the same whether the [5-14C]mevalonate was given intravenously or in a drink of water to man. One normocholesterolemic man dissipated 12%, a mildly non-familial hypercholesterolemic man dissipated 10%, and a familial hypercholesterolemic man dissipated 7% of a dose of [5-14C]mevalonate in 24 hours (calculated as a per cent of the R-enantiomer). The observations support the hypothesis of the existence of a metabolic shunt of intermediates of sterol biosynthesis, derived from mevalonate, not leading to sterols.", "PMID": 1112830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3582", "title": "Laser Raman scattering of neurotoxins isolated from the venoms of sea snakes Lapemis hardwickii and Enhydrina schistosa.", "content": "The venoms of sea snakes (family: Hydrophiidae) contain potent neurotoxins which bind to the acetylcholine receptor in the neuromuscular junction. A major toxin was isolated from the venoms of the sea snakes Lapemis hardwickii and Enhydrina schistosa according to previously published methods. These pure toxins were studied by laser Raman spectroscopy to elucidate further the structure-function relationship to the neurotoxin. Spectra were obtained from the powder, aqueous solution, and deuterated derivatives of each toxin. The peptide backbone conformation of these neurotoxins was found to be of \"anti-parallel beta configuration,\" as distinct amide I and III bands appeared at 1672 and 1240 cm-1, respectively. No indication of alpha helical structure in the neurotoxins was observed from amide I and III bands. This was further confirmed by the spectra of the neurotoxins after deuterium exchange. The peaks due to a single tyrosine residue appeared at 644, 834, and 846 cm-1. The intensity ratios of the toxin from L. hardwickii venom were 0.92, 1.0, and 0.84 at 644, 834, and 846 cm-1. It is concluded that the tyrosine residue is involved in some unusual intramolecular interactions and not readily accessible to water molecules. Similar results were obtained for the toxin of Enhydrina schistosa (common sea snake). The fact that only 50% of the tyrosine molecule is modified by nitration is in complete agreement with laser Raman result. The lack of a sharp Raman line at 1361 cm-1 suggested that the single tryptophan residue may be \"exposed.\" The previous demonstration that the tryptophan residue can be modified readily with different reagents confirms these results. A relatively symmetrical disulfide peak at 512 cm-1 indicates that the geometry of the C-C-S-S-C-C linkage is nearly identical for all four disulfide bonds in the molecule. The absence of phenylalanine was established by the lack of a phenylalanine peak in the laser Raman spectra and by amino acid analysis.", "contents": "Laser Raman scattering of neurotoxins isolated from the venoms of sea snakes Lapemis hardwickii and Enhydrina schistosa. The venoms of sea snakes (family: Hydrophiidae) contain potent neurotoxins which bind to the acetylcholine receptor in the neuromuscular junction. A major toxin was isolated from the venoms of the sea snakes Lapemis hardwickii and Enhydrina schistosa according to previously published methods. These pure toxins were studied by laser Raman spectroscopy to elucidate further the structure-function relationship to the neurotoxin. Spectra were obtained from the powder, aqueous solution, and deuterated derivatives of each toxin. The peptide backbone conformation of these neurotoxins was found to be of \"anti-parallel beta configuration,\" as distinct amide I and III bands appeared at 1672 and 1240 cm-1, respectively. No indication of alpha helical structure in the neurotoxins was observed from amide I and III bands. This was further confirmed by the spectra of the neurotoxins after deuterium exchange. The peaks due to a single tyrosine residue appeared at 644, 834, and 846 cm-1. The intensity ratios of the toxin from L. hardwickii venom were 0.92, 1.0, and 0.84 at 644, 834, and 846 cm-1. It is concluded that the tyrosine residue is involved in some unusual intramolecular interactions and not readily accessible to water molecules. Similar results were obtained for the toxin of Enhydrina schistosa (common sea snake). The fact that only 50% of the tyrosine molecule is modified by nitration is in complete agreement with laser Raman result. The lack of a sharp Raman line at 1361 cm-1 suggested that the single tryptophan residue may be \"exposed.\" The previous demonstration that the tryptophan residue can be modified readily with different reagents confirms these results. A relatively symmetrical disulfide peak at 512 cm-1 indicates that the geometry of the C-C-S-S-C-C linkage is nearly identical for all four disulfide bonds in the molecule. The absence of phenylalanine was established by the lack of a phenylalanine peak in the laser Raman spectra and by amino acid analysis.", "PMID": 1112831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3583", "title": "Lactate dehydrogenase isozymes of salmonid fish. Evidence for unique and rapid functional divergence of duplicated H-4 lactate dehydrogenases.", "content": "Salmonid fish, as a result of total genome duplication, have two genes, Ldh H and Ldh H', coding for polypeptides H and H', respectively, both of which have been shown in their tetrameric forms to be immunologically related to the classical H-4 lactate dehydrogenase isozyme of higher vertebrates (Bailey, G. S., and Wilson, A. C. (1968) J. Biol. Chem. 243,5843). The H-4 and H'-4 isozymes have now been highly purified from quinnat salmon, and their chemical, physical, immunological, and catalytic properties examined, and compared to the M-4 isozyme of salmon. The two proteins H-4 and H'-4 are shown to be very similar in amino acid composition, but significant differences in a few residues suggest differences in amino acid sequences. This suggestion was born out by quantitative immunological experiments in which the H-4 and H'-4 isozymes were shown to be about as different from each other as are the H-4 lactate dehydrogenases of chicken and duck. This suggests that the gene duplication event in salmon which give rise to two Ldh H genes occurred approximately 80 to 100 million years ago. The H'-4 lactate dehydrogenase which has risen from this duplication in salmon is shown to be somewhat intermediate between H-4 and M-4 in thermal stability, and in all catalytic properties examined, including substrate optima, Michaelis constants, and susceptibility to inhibition by high levels of substrate. In particular the H'-4 isozyme is almost exactly intermediate between H-4 and M-4 in its resistance to product inhibition by lactate, the catalytic parameter suggested to be of major functional importance to M-4 lactate dehydrogenase isozymes (Stambaugh, R., and Post D. (1966) J. Biol. Chem. 241,1462). Further, tissue distribution of these isozymes in salmon and trout are shown to be unusual. The M-4 isozyme salmon and trout are shown to be unusual. The M-4 isozyme occurs in very few tissues in detectable levels. It is the H-4 and H'-4 rather than H-4 and M-4, which occur in independently variable but significant levels in most tissues examined. Thus the H'-4 isozyme, despite its very close structural similarity to H-4 appears to possess functional properties which are different from either H-4 or M-4 in salmon, and some properties are midway between the two. This finding, together with the unusual tissue distribution of these isozymes, suggests that salmon with H'-4 lactate dehydrogenase is evolving to function catalytically in the absence of a balanced H-4-M-4 isozyme complement in most tissues. This balance seems to be met in most tissues by combinations of H-4 and H'-4,", "contents": "Lactate dehydrogenase isozymes of salmonid fish. Evidence for unique and rapid functional divergence of duplicated H-4 lactate dehydrogenases. Salmonid fish, as a result of total genome duplication, have two genes, Ldh H and Ldh H', coding for polypeptides H and H', respectively, both of which have been shown in their tetrameric forms to be immunologically related to the classical H-4 lactate dehydrogenase isozyme of higher vertebrates (Bailey, G. S., and Wilson, A. C. (1968) J. Biol. Chem. 243,5843). The H-4 and H'-4 isozymes have now been highly purified from quinnat salmon, and their chemical, physical, immunological, and catalytic properties examined, and compared to the M-4 isozyme of salmon. The two proteins H-4 and H'-4 are shown to be very similar in amino acid composition, but significant differences in a few residues suggest differences in amino acid sequences. This suggestion was born out by quantitative immunological experiments in which the H-4 and H'-4 isozymes were shown to be about as different from each other as are the H-4 lactate dehydrogenases of chicken and duck. This suggests that the gene duplication event in salmon which give rise to two Ldh H genes occurred approximately 80 to 100 million years ago. The H'-4 lactate dehydrogenase which has risen from this duplication in salmon is shown to be somewhat intermediate between H-4 and M-4 in thermal stability, and in all catalytic properties examined, including substrate optima, Michaelis constants, and susceptibility to inhibition by high levels of substrate. In particular the H'-4 isozyme is almost exactly intermediate between H-4 and M-4 in its resistance to product inhibition by lactate, the catalytic parameter suggested to be of major functional importance to M-4 lactate dehydrogenase isozymes (Stambaugh, R., and Post D. (1966) J. Biol. Chem. 241,1462). Further, tissue distribution of these isozymes in salmon and trout are shown to be unusual. The M-4 isozyme salmon and trout are shown to be unusual. The M-4 isozyme occurs in very few tissues in detectable levels. It is the H-4 and H'-4 rather than H-4 and M-4, which occur in independently variable but significant levels in most tissues examined. Thus the H'-4 isozyme, despite its very close structural similarity to H-4 appears to possess functional properties which are different from either H-4 or M-4 in salmon, and some properties are midway between the two. This finding, together with the unusual tissue distribution of these isozymes, suggests that salmon with H'-4 lactate dehydrogenase is evolving to function catalytically in the absence of a balanced H-4-M-4 isozyme complement in most tissues. This balance seems to be met in most tissues by combinations of H-4 and H'-4,", "PMID": 1112832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3584", "title": "Phage Q-beta ribonucleic acid replicase. Subunit relationships determined by intramolecular cross-linking.", "content": "Phage Qbeta replicase is composed of four subunits of molecular weights 70,000, 65,000, 45,000, and 35,000. Treatment of the enzyme with protein cross-linking reagents results in formation of three covalently bound complexes of molecular weights 215,000, 135,000, and 80,000. Analysis of the two larger complexes formed by cross-linking with a reversible cross-linker (methyl-4-mercaptobutyrimidate) demonstrates that the 215,000 molecular weight complex is composed of one each of the replicase subunits, while the 135,000 molecular weight complex is composed of the two larger subunits. The 80,000 molecular weight complex was shown to be made up of the two smaller subunits by cross-linking these two subunits in the absence of the larger pair. Increasing ionic strength stabilizes the large complex at the expense of the two smaller complexes. The presence of stoichiometric amounts of Qbeta RNA during cross-linking dramatically reduces formation of the large complex; other natural and synthetic RNAs reduce the formation of this complex to a lesser extent.", "contents": "Phage Q-beta ribonucleic acid replicase. Subunit relationships determined by intramolecular cross-linking. Phage Qbeta replicase is composed of four subunits of molecular weights 70,000, 65,000, 45,000, and 35,000. Treatment of the enzyme with protein cross-linking reagents results in formation of three covalently bound complexes of molecular weights 215,000, 135,000, and 80,000. Analysis of the two larger complexes formed by cross-linking with a reversible cross-linker (methyl-4-mercaptobutyrimidate) demonstrates that the 215,000 molecular weight complex is composed of one each of the replicase subunits, while the 135,000 molecular weight complex is composed of the two larger subunits. The 80,000 molecular weight complex was shown to be made up of the two smaller subunits by cross-linking these two subunits in the absence of the larger pair. Increasing ionic strength stabilizes the large complex at the expense of the two smaller complexes. The presence of stoichiometric amounts of Qbeta RNA during cross-linking dramatically reduces formation of the large complex; other natural and synthetic RNAs reduce the formation of this complex to a lesser extent.", "PMID": 1112833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3585", "title": "The amino acid sequence of a testis-specific basic protein that is associated with spermatogenesis.", "content": "The amino acid sequence of the COOH-terminal cyanogen bromide fragment (residues 12 to 54) of the testis-specific basic protein of the rat has been determined. This analysis completes the primary structure of the whole protein by over-lapping the sequence of the 23 residues from the NH-2 terminus previously published (Kistler, W. S., Noyes, C., and Heinrikson, R.L. (1974) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 57, 341-347). The complete sequence of this small, highly basic protein is: (see article for formular).", "contents": "The amino acid sequence of a testis-specific basic protein that is associated with spermatogenesis. The amino acid sequence of the COOH-terminal cyanogen bromide fragment (residues 12 to 54) of the testis-specific basic protein of the rat has been determined. This analysis completes the primary structure of the whole protein by over-lapping the sequence of the 23 residues from the NH-2 terminus previously published (Kistler, W. S., Noyes, C., and Heinrikson, R.L. (1974) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 57, 341-347). The complete sequence of this small, highly basic protein is: (see article for formular).", "PMID": 1112834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3586", "title": "Studies on the mechanism of orthophosphate regulation of bovine brain hexokinase.", "content": "An attempt was made to gain insight into the mechanism of orthophosphate attenuation of glucose-6-P inhibition of bovine brain hexokinase I (ADP:D-hexose 6-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.1) from experiments of ligand binding and initial rate kinetics. Studies of glucose-6-P and phosphate binding to hexokinase reveal one binding site per hexokinase molecule. A model is presented which is consistent with the binding and kinetic data currently available on the alleviation of glucose-6-P inhibition of brain hexokinase by phosphate. The model implies that hexokinase may exist in equilibrium either as a free or phosphate-associated enzyme. The kinetic parameters of the two enzyme forms are similar except in their ability to bind glucose-6-P. It is suggested that the dissociation constant for glucose-6-P is relatively very high for hexokinase to which phosphate is bound. Phosphate appears to bind at an allosteric site on the enzyme, whereas glucose-6-P is associated either at the active site or at an allosteric site which overlaps the catalytic site.", "contents": "Studies on the mechanism of orthophosphate regulation of bovine brain hexokinase. An attempt was made to gain insight into the mechanism of orthophosphate attenuation of glucose-6-P inhibition of bovine brain hexokinase I (ADP:D-hexose 6-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.1) from experiments of ligand binding and initial rate kinetics. Studies of glucose-6-P and phosphate binding to hexokinase reveal one binding site per hexokinase molecule. A model is presented which is consistent with the binding and kinetic data currently available on the alleviation of glucose-6-P inhibition of brain hexokinase by phosphate. The model implies that hexokinase may exist in equilibrium either as a free or phosphate-associated enzyme. The kinetic parameters of the two enzyme forms are similar except in their ability to bind glucose-6-P. It is suggested that the dissociation constant for glucose-6-P is relatively very high for hexokinase to which phosphate is bound. Phosphate appears to bind at an allosteric site on the enzyme, whereas glucose-6-P is associated either at the active site or at an allosteric site which overlaps the catalytic site.", "PMID": 1112835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3587", "title": "Characterization and tissue distribution of 6-O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl myo-inositol in the rat.", "content": "A disaccharide was isolated from rat mammary tissue and determined to be 6-O-beta-galactopyranosyl myo-inositol (6-beta-galactinol) on the basis of combined gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry of the permethylated and peracetylated derivatives as well as previously reported chemical and enzymatic evidence. 6-beta-Galactinol, also found in rat milk, increased during lactation, and on the 18th day represented approximately 17% of the total non-lipid neutral myo-inositol. The sugar was absent in all other rat tissues examined, suggesting a unique association with the process of lactation. This novel galactoside of one human subject on the basis of paper and gas-liquid chromatography.", "contents": "Characterization and tissue distribution of 6-O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl myo-inositol in the rat. A disaccharide was isolated from rat mammary tissue and determined to be 6-O-beta-galactopyranosyl myo-inositol (6-beta-galactinol) on the basis of combined gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry of the permethylated and peracetylated derivatives as well as previously reported chemical and enzymatic evidence. 6-beta-Galactinol, also found in rat milk, increased during lactation, and on the 18th day represented approximately 17% of the total non-lipid neutral myo-inositol. The sugar was absent in all other rat tissues examined, suggesting a unique association with the process of lactation. This novel galactoside of one human subject on the basis of paper and gas-liquid chromatography.", "PMID": 1112836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3588", "title": "Isolation and characterization of the nervous system-specific protein 14-3-2 from rat brain. Purification, subunit composition, and comparison to the beef brain protein.", "content": "A procedure is described for the isolation of the nervous system-specific protein designated 14-3-2 from rat brain. The methods utilized are salt precipitation, DEAE-cellulose ion exchange chromatography, Sephadex G-150 gel filtration, and column isoelectric focusing. The native 14-3-2 protein has an isoelectric point of 4.7 in the absence of denaturing agents and 5.0 in the presence of 2.0 M urea. The protein, as isolated, appears homogeneous since it migrates as a single band on Tris-glycine (pH 8.9), sodium dodecyl sulfate (pH 7.2), and 8 M urea (pH 4.0) polyacrylamide gels. Sedimentation velocity and equilibrium data indicate a homogeneous component of molecular weight 78,000. Sedimentation of 14-3-2 in 6 M guanidine HCl containing 0.02% glutathione yielded a molecular weight of 39,000, indicating the dimeric nature of the protein as isolated. The rat brain protein seems to be composed of one subunit type, since polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in 8 M urea yields a single protein component. Sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis of rat brain 14-3-2 produced one sharp band with a relative mobility corresponding to a molecular weight of 48,000. Specific anti-14-3-2 serum has been prepared from both New Zealand white rabbits and goats. Rat 14-3-2 is very similar in amino acid composition to the beef brain protein and to antigen alpha. The antigenic properties of rat and beef 14-3-2 are also similar, since beef 14-3-2 antiserum reacts well with rat 14-3-2 and vice versa. Electrophoretic mobilities of denatured rat and beef 14-3-2 (0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate and 8 M urea) are identical. Despite these similarities the two proteins are completely resolved on Tris-glycine gels. The sedimentation behavior of the beef and rat proteins are also different, indicating a difference in the association state and conformation of the two preparations.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of the nervous system-specific protein 14-3-2 from rat brain. Purification, subunit composition, and comparison to the beef brain protein. A procedure is described for the isolation of the nervous system-specific protein designated 14-3-2 from rat brain. The methods utilized are salt precipitation, DEAE-cellulose ion exchange chromatography, Sephadex G-150 gel filtration, and column isoelectric focusing. The native 14-3-2 protein has an isoelectric point of 4.7 in the absence of denaturing agents and 5.0 in the presence of 2.0 M urea. The protein, as isolated, appears homogeneous since it migrates as a single band on Tris-glycine (pH 8.9), sodium dodecyl sulfate (pH 7.2), and 8 M urea (pH 4.0) polyacrylamide gels. Sedimentation velocity and equilibrium data indicate a homogeneous component of molecular weight 78,000. Sedimentation of 14-3-2 in 6 M guanidine HCl containing 0.02% glutathione yielded a molecular weight of 39,000, indicating the dimeric nature of the protein as isolated. The rat brain protein seems to be composed of one subunit type, since polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in 8 M urea yields a single protein component. Sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis of rat brain 14-3-2 produced one sharp band with a relative mobility corresponding to a molecular weight of 48,000. Specific anti-14-3-2 serum has been prepared from both New Zealand white rabbits and goats. Rat 14-3-2 is very similar in amino acid composition to the beef brain protein and to antigen alpha. The antigenic properties of rat and beef 14-3-2 are also similar, since beef 14-3-2 antiserum reacts well with rat 14-3-2 and vice versa. Electrophoretic mobilities of denatured rat and beef 14-3-2 (0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate and 8 M urea) are identical. Despite these similarities the two proteins are completely resolved on Tris-glycine gels. The sedimentation behavior of the beef and rat proteins are also different, indicating a difference in the association state and conformation of the two preparations.", "PMID": 1112837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3589", "title": "The synthesis of neurotensin.", "content": "A tridecapeptide having the amino acid sequence, less than Glu-Leu-Tyr-Glu-Asn-Pro-Arg-Arg-Pro-Tyr-Iie-Leu-OH, (The nomenclature and symbols follow the suggestions of the IUPAC-IUB Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature (1972) J. Biol. Chem. 247, 977).) has been synthesized by the Merrifield solid-phase procedure. The synthetic scheme chosen involved synthesis of the peptide in the (Gln) form and cyclization to the less than Glu) form. After purification, the (Gln) peptide was obtained in a 7% yield and the (greater than Glu) peptide was obtained in a 35% yield. The (greater than Glu) was found to be chemically and biologically indistinguishable from the tridecapeptide, neurotensin, recently isolated from bovine hypothalami.", "contents": "The synthesis of neurotensin. A tridecapeptide having the amino acid sequence, less than Glu-Leu-Tyr-Glu-Asn-Pro-Arg-Arg-Pro-Tyr-Iie-Leu-OH, (The nomenclature and symbols follow the suggestions of the IUPAC-IUB Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature (1972) J. Biol. Chem. 247, 977).) has been synthesized by the Merrifield solid-phase procedure. The synthetic scheme chosen involved synthesis of the peptide in the (Gln) form and cyclization to the less than Glu) form. After purification, the (Gln) peptide was obtained in a 7% yield and the (greater than Glu) peptide was obtained in a 35% yield. The (greater than Glu) was found to be chemically and biologically indistinguishable from the tridecapeptide, neurotensin, recently isolated from bovine hypothalami.", "PMID": 1112838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3590", "title": "Serine transhydroxymethylase. Relaxation and transient kinetic study of the formation and interconversion of the enzyme-glycine complexes.", "content": "Serine transhydroxymethylase forms three enzyme-glycine complexes which absorb at 3.43, 425, and 495 nm. Temperature-jump studies show three relaxations. Two of the relaxations are observed at both 343 and 425 nm but not at 495 nm. A slower third relaxation is observed only at 495 nm. The absorbance changes for the two relaxations observable at 343 and 425 nm are in opposite directions suggesting that these relaxations are both attributable to the inter conversion of enzyme speiies absorbing at these two wavelengths. The following mechanism is proposed to explain the relaxation effects.  See journal for formula. The forward and reverse rate constants for the first step are 7 X 10-4 M-MINUS1 sminus-1 and 1200 Sminus-1, respectively. The forward and reverse rate constants for the second step are 3200 and 1300 sminus-1, respective.y Stopped flow studies on the rate of formation and breakdown of the complexes absorbing at 343 nm (EX) and 425 nm (EY) are in agreement with the proposed mechanism. Stopped flow studies gave a Kobs of 0.1 Sminus-1 for the formation of the 495-nm absorbing complex. This is compared to the reciprocal relaxation time of 200 Sminus-1 observed in the temperature-jump studies. The addition of tetrahydrofolate to this system increased the Kobs to 275 Sminus-1 in the stopped flow studies and the reciprocal relaxation time to 800 Sminus-1 in the temperature-jump studies. The data do not permit a simple interpretation of the relationship of the 495-nm absorbing complex to those adsorbing at 343 and 425 nm. However, the data do support the interpretation that the ability of tetrahydrofolate to increase by 3 orders of magnitude the enzyme-catalyzed rate of exchange of the alpha-hydrogen of glycine with protons of the solvent is attributable to an increased rate of formation of the 495-nm complex.", "contents": "Serine transhydroxymethylase. Relaxation and transient kinetic study of the formation and interconversion of the enzyme-glycine complexes. Serine transhydroxymethylase forms three enzyme-glycine complexes which absorb at 3.43, 425, and 495 nm. Temperature-jump studies show three relaxations. Two of the relaxations are observed at both 343 and 425 nm but not at 495 nm. A slower third relaxation is observed only at 495 nm. The absorbance changes for the two relaxations observable at 343 and 425 nm are in opposite directions suggesting that these relaxations are both attributable to the inter conversion of enzyme speiies absorbing at these two wavelengths. The following mechanism is proposed to explain the relaxation effects.  See journal for formula. The forward and reverse rate constants for the first step are 7 X 10-4 M-MINUS1 sminus-1 and 1200 Sminus-1, respectively. The forward and reverse rate constants for the second step are 3200 and 1300 sminus-1, respective.y Stopped flow studies on the rate of formation and breakdown of the complexes absorbing at 343 nm (EX) and 425 nm (EY) are in agreement with the proposed mechanism. Stopped flow studies gave a Kobs of 0.1 Sminus-1 for the formation of the 495-nm absorbing complex. This is compared to the reciprocal relaxation time of 200 Sminus-1 observed in the temperature-jump studies. The addition of tetrahydrofolate to this system increased the Kobs to 275 Sminus-1 in the stopped flow studies and the reciprocal relaxation time to 800 Sminus-1 in the temperature-jump studies. The data do not permit a simple interpretation of the relationship of the 495-nm absorbing complex to those adsorbing at 343 and 425 nm. However, the data do support the interpretation that the ability of tetrahydrofolate to increase by 3 orders of magnitude the enzyme-catalyzed rate of exchange of the alpha-hydrogen of glycine with protons of the solvent is attributable to an increased rate of formation of the 495-nm complex.", "PMID": 1112839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3591", "title": "Adamantinoma of long bones. A clinicopathological study of fourteen cases with vascular origin suggested.", "content": "Adamantinoma of long bones is a rare primary bone tumor. Approximately 100 cases have been reported in the literature. In the fourteen cases we studied in detail the ages of the patients ranged from thirteen to sixty-seven years and there were as many males as females. Twelve of the lesions were located in the tibia and two, in the humerus. The roentgenographic findings were sharply defined eccentric lobular lesions in the diaphysis. Some of the lesions were lytic and coarsely trabecular with a honeycomb appearance occasionally associated with periosteal new-bone formation. A sawtooth area of cortical-bone loss was found to be characteristic of this lesion. A microscopic finding is presented to support the theory of angioblastic origin of this tumor. The most successful treatment was amputation. Less often en bloc excision succeeded. Metastases to other bones, regional lymph nodes, and the lung were recorded.", "contents": "Adamantinoma of long bones. A clinicopathological study of fourteen cases with vascular origin suggested. Adamantinoma of long bones is a rare primary bone tumor. Approximately 100 cases have been reported in the literature. In the fourteen cases we studied in detail the ages of the patients ranged from thirteen to sixty-seven years and there were as many males as females. Twelve of the lesions were located in the tibia and two, in the humerus. The roentgenographic findings were sharply defined eccentric lobular lesions in the diaphysis. Some of the lesions were lytic and coarsely trabecular with a honeycomb appearance occasionally associated with periosteal new-bone formation. A sawtooth area of cortical-bone loss was found to be characteristic of this lesion. A microscopic finding is presented to support the theory of angioblastic origin of this tumor. The most successful treatment was amputation. Less often en bloc excision succeeded. Metastases to other bones, regional lymph nodes, and the lung were recorded.", "PMID": 1112840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3592", "title": "Osteoid-osteoma: diagnostic problems.", "content": "The clinical records and roentgenograms of fifty-four patients had the typical features of osteoid-osteoma, but no histological evidence of a nidus was found at initial surgery. The symptoms of thirty-one patients were relieved by initial operation and those of twenty-three were not. In two cases, Brodie's abscess was identified in the surgical specimen. A second operation in eighteen patients brought relief in thirteen, and a nidus was found histologically in seven of these patients. A parosteal osteogenic sarcoma was found in one of the patients who had no relief of symptoms. Three patients underwent a third operation and were relieved of symptoms, a nidus being found in two. Thus, symptoms were relieved in thirty-six of forty-two patients in whom no nidus or other pathological entity was found, indicating the significance of this symptomatic sclerotic osseous lesion.", "contents": "Osteoid-osteoma: diagnostic problems. The clinical records and roentgenograms of fifty-four patients had the typical features of osteoid-osteoma, but no histological evidence of a nidus was found at initial surgery. The symptoms of thirty-one patients were relieved by initial operation and those of twenty-three were not. In two cases, Brodie's abscess was identified in the surgical specimen. A second operation in eighteen patients brought relief in thirteen, and a nidus was found histologically in seven of these patients. A parosteal osteogenic sarcoma was found in one of the patients who had no relief of symptoms. Three patients underwent a third operation and were relieved of symptoms, a nidus being found in two. Thus, symptoms were relieved in thirty-six of forty-two patients in whom no nidus or other pathological entity was found, indicating the significance of this symptomatic sclerotic osseous lesion.", "PMID": 1112841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3593", "title": "Osteoid-osteoma as a cause of scoliosis.", "content": "In nine cases of osteoid-osteoma causing scoliosis, all lesions were in the spine and several led to significant structural spine changes. One patient had two distinct spine lesions two years apart. Almost all cases were misdiagnosed and improperly treated at first. Prompt recognition should lead to early surgical excision without spine fusion.", "contents": "Osteoid-osteoma as a cause of scoliosis. In nine cases of osteoid-osteoma causing scoliosis, all lesions were in the spine and several led to significant structural spine changes. One patient had two distinct spine lesions two years apart. Almost all cases were misdiagnosed and improperly treated at first. Prompt recognition should lead to early surgical excision without spine fusion.", "PMID": 1112842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3594", "title": "Giant-cell tumor of bone. A demographic, clinical, and histopathological study of all cases recorded in the Swedish Cancer Registry for the years 1958 through 1968.", "content": "All seventy-five cases recorded as giant-cell tumor of bone in the Swedish Cancer Registry for the years 1958 through 1968 were analyzed. At  reexamination, fifty-three cases constituted genuine giant-cell tumor of bone and twenty cases were so-called \"giant-cell variants\". The genuine giant-cell tumors showed a significantly higher incidence in the urban than in the rural population. The recurrence rate was 42 per cent. Patients under the age of twenty-five rarely had recurrences. A high recurrence rate was found among patients with tumors located in the distal end of the femur and the proximal end of the tibia. Tumors penetrating through the bone cortex were more aggressive than those located entirely within bone, regardless of tumor size and presence or absence of spontaneous fracture. A malignant course was found in 11.3 per cent of cases, predominantly in patients with tumors in the femur. Histopathological grading was of no prognostic value. Primary en bloc resection with or without prosthetic replacement is recommended in patients over the age of twenty-five.", "contents": "Giant-cell tumor of bone. A demographic, clinical, and histopathological study of all cases recorded in the Swedish Cancer Registry for the years 1958 through 1968. All seventy-five cases recorded as giant-cell tumor of bone in the Swedish Cancer Registry for the years 1958 through 1968 were analyzed. At  reexamination, fifty-three cases constituted genuine giant-cell tumor of bone and twenty cases were so-called \"giant-cell variants\". The genuine giant-cell tumors showed a significantly higher incidence in the urban than in the rural population. The recurrence rate was 42 per cent. Patients under the age of twenty-five rarely had recurrences. A high recurrence rate was found among patients with tumors located in the distal end of the femur and the proximal end of the tibia. Tumors penetrating through the bone cortex were more aggressive than those located entirely within bone, regardless of tumor size and presence or absence of spontaneous fracture. A malignant course was found in 11.3 per cent of cases, predominantly in patients with tumors in the femur. Histopathological grading was of no prognostic value. Primary en bloc resection with or without prosthetic replacement is recommended in patients over the age of twenty-five.", "PMID": 1112843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3595", "title": "The use of spinal anesthesia for total hip-replacement arthroplasty.", "content": "Two hundred and thirty-four total hip replacements in 199 patients performed by one surgeon were reviewed to compare the effects of spinal and general anesthesia. The amount of total blood loss was reduced an average of 600 milliliters in patients under spinal anesthesia. The amounts of operative blood loss, postoperative suction drainage, and blood replacement were also reduced very significantly (p smaller than 0.001). The patients in the two anesthesia groups were similar as to sex, age, body weight, pre-existing medical disease, preoperative medications administered, hip disease, type of prosthesis used, position during surgery, and anticoagulation regimen. The postoperative complications were fewer in the spinal anesthesia group. It is concluded from this study that spinal anesthesia is to be preferred over general anesthesia in patients undergoing total hip replacement.", "contents": "The use of spinal anesthesia for total hip-replacement arthroplasty. Two hundred and thirty-four total hip replacements in 199 patients performed by one surgeon were reviewed to compare the effects of spinal and general anesthesia. The amount of total blood loss was reduced an average of 600 milliliters in patients under spinal anesthesia. The amounts of operative blood loss, postoperative suction drainage, and blood replacement were also reduced very significantly (p smaller than 0.001). The patients in the two anesthesia groups were similar as to sex, age, body weight, pre-existing medical disease, preoperative medications administered, hip disease, type of prosthesis used, position during surgery, and anticoagulation regimen. The postoperative complications were fewer in the spinal anesthesia group. It is concluded from this study that spinal anesthesia is to be preferred over general anesthesia in patients undergoing total hip replacement.", "PMID": 1112844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3596", "title": "Acquired hallux varus: a preventable and correctable disorder.", "content": "Acquired hallux varus deformity of either the static or the dynamic type results from surgery to correct hallux valgus deformity and the accompanying bunion. The dynamic type is disfiguring, uncomfortable, and disappointing to the patient and surgeon alike. Linear as well as rotational forces are at work to produce the deformity. When recognized early, before fixation of the first digit has occurred in the deviated and clawed position, resection of the base of the proximal phalanx will correct the deformity. More radical treatment is required in the patient who is treated late. The experience with seven feet of five patients with acquired hallux varus deformity is presented here.", "contents": "Acquired hallux varus: a preventable and correctable disorder. Acquired hallux varus deformity of either the static or the dynamic type results from surgery to correct hallux valgus deformity and the accompanying bunion. The dynamic type is disfiguring, uncomfortable, and disappointing to the patient and surgeon alike. Linear as well as rotational forces are at work to produce the deformity. When recognized early, before fixation of the first digit has occurred in the deviated and clawed position, resection of the base of the proximal phalanx will correct the deformity. More radical treatment is required in the patient who is treated late. The experience with seven feet of five patients with acquired hallux varus deformity is presented here.", "PMID": 1112845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3597", "title": "Surgical treatment for absent single-hand grip and elbow extension in quadriplegia. Principles and preliminary experience.", "content": "A classification of quadriplegic patients based on available sensory receptors (ocular only or both ocular and hand sensibility) and motor function in each upper extremity greatly facilitates the planning and evaluation of surgical treatment. In forty hands of thirty-three patients with post-traumatic quadriplegia and cord lesions higher than those usually thought to be benefited by reconstructive surgery, three or more procedures were performed at one or more sittings to create an active wrist extensor and a thumb flexor grip, a function easier to provide and much more useful to these patients than tripod pinch. In these forty hands no function was lost and in all but two function was improved significantly if not greatly. A useful level of active elbow extension was restored in fifteen of sixteen extremities in quadriplegics by transfer of the posterior half of the deltoid to the triceps aponeurosis, lengthening the deltoid with free grafts from the toe extensors. Each upper extremity of quadriplegic patients of the type under consideration is a highly individualized problem. Successful treatment requires strict attention to every detail of preoperative evaluation, surgical treatment, and postoperative care.", "contents": "Surgical treatment for absent single-hand grip and elbow extension in quadriplegia. Principles and preliminary experience. A classification of quadriplegic patients based on available sensory receptors (ocular only or both ocular and hand sensibility) and motor function in each upper extremity greatly facilitates the planning and evaluation of surgical treatment. In forty hands of thirty-three patients with post-traumatic quadriplegia and cord lesions higher than those usually thought to be benefited by reconstructive surgery, three or more procedures were performed at one or more sittings to create an active wrist extensor and a thumb flexor grip, a function easier to provide and much more useful to these patients than tripod pinch. In these forty hands no function was lost and in all but two function was improved significantly if not greatly. A useful level of active elbow extension was restored in fifteen of sixteen extremities in quadriplegics by transfer of the posterior half of the deltoid to the triceps aponeurosis, lengthening the deltoid with free grafts from the toe extensors. Each upper extremity of quadriplegic patients of the type under consideration is a highly individualized problem. Successful treatment requires strict attention to every detail of preoperative evaluation, surgical treatment, and postoperative care.", "PMID": 1112846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3598", "title": "Evolution of treatment of paralytic scoliosis at Rancho Los Amigos Hospital.", "content": "Between 1954 and 1970, 351 patients with severe paralytic scoliosis were treated at Rancho Los Amigos Hospital. During this time the treatment evolved through five stages: body cast alone, halo cast, halo cast with buttons and traction wires, Harrington instrumentation, and finally preoperative halo-femoral traction and Harrington instrumentation. Coincident with this evolution, correction improved from 20 to 57 per cent, the incidence of curve progression dropped from 38 to 0 per cent, and curve extension decreased from 25 to 0 per cent, while postoperative recumbency was reduced from one year to about three weeks. In addition, complications changed, in general decreasing except for the rate of pseudarthrosis, which remained essentially the same. Clinically significant hyperlordosis involving the thoracic and lumbar spine was seen in sixteen patients who had long fusions from the fourth cervical vertebra and above to the fourth lumbar vertebra or the sacrum.", "contents": "Evolution of treatment of paralytic scoliosis at Rancho Los Amigos Hospital. Between 1954 and 1970, 351 patients with severe paralytic scoliosis were treated at Rancho Los Amigos Hospital. During this time the treatment evolved through five stages: body cast alone, halo cast, halo cast with buttons and traction wires, Harrington instrumentation, and finally preoperative halo-femoral traction and Harrington instrumentation. Coincident with this evolution, correction improved from 20 to 57 per cent, the incidence of curve progression dropped from 38 to 0 per cent, and curve extension decreased from 25 to 0 per cent, while postoperative recumbency was reduced from one year to about three weeks. In addition, complications changed, in general decreasing except for the rate of pseudarthrosis, which remained essentially the same. Clinically significant hyperlordosis involving the thoracic and lumbar spine was seen in sixteen patients who had long fusions from the fourth cervical vertebra and above to the fourth lumbar vertebra or the sacrum.", "PMID": 1112847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3599", "title": "Blood flow and mineral deposition in canine tibial fractures.", "content": "Measurement of 125I-labeled 4-iodoantipyrine (I-Ap) washout is a useful method to study changes in bone blood flow because it can demonstrate fine changes in flow, the tracer is not involved in tissue metabolism, and several measurements can be made in the same subject. In the tibiae of twenty-one adult dogs there was a significant (p smaller than 0.001) correlation between I-Ap washout and the deposition of 85Sr, suggesting that the uptake of 85Sr is related to blood flow. After fracture, blood flow at the fracture site reached a maximum on the tenth day and then progressively decreased, but was not back to control values at 112 days. In the proximal part of the diaphysis, away from the fracture site, flow reached a maximum at five to twenty-one days and then progressively decreased to normal.", "contents": "Blood flow and mineral deposition in canine tibial fractures. Measurement of 125I-labeled 4-iodoantipyrine (I-Ap) washout is a useful method to study changes in bone blood flow because it can demonstrate fine changes in flow, the tracer is not involved in tissue metabolism, and several measurements can be made in the same subject. In the tibiae of twenty-one adult dogs there was a significant (p smaller than 0.001) correlation between I-Ap washout and the deposition of 85Sr, suggesting that the uptake of 85Sr is related to blood flow. After fracture, blood flow at the fracture site reached a maximum on the tenth day and then progressively decreased, but was not back to control values at 112 days. In the proximal part of the diaphysis, away from the fracture site, flow reached a maximum at five to twenty-one days and then progressively decreased to normal.", "PMID": 1112848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3600", "title": "\"Stiction-friction\" of total hip prostheses and its relationship to loosening.", "content": "The static friction, or \"stiction-friction\", in McKee-Farrar and Charnley-M\u00fcller prostheses in a hip joint simulator was compared with dynamic friction determined while the prostheses were oscillated. Under physiological conditions stiction-friction differed little from dynamic friction in both metal-on-metal and metal-on-plastic prostheses, and was affected very little by the lubricant as long as some fluid was present. Stiction-friction increased significantly only after relatively long stationary periods and high loads. However, the frictional forces generated in total hip-replacement prostheses were at least forty times higher than those generated in normal joints and may well be enough to cause late loosening of acetabular components by fatigue failure.", "contents": "\"Stiction-friction\" of total hip prostheses and its relationship to loosening. The static friction, or \"stiction-friction\", in McKee-Farrar and Charnley-M\u00fcller prostheses in a hip joint simulator was compared with dynamic friction determined while the prostheses were oscillated. Under physiological conditions stiction-friction differed little from dynamic friction in both metal-on-metal and metal-on-plastic prostheses, and was affected very little by the lubricant as long as some fluid was present. Stiction-friction increased significantly only after relatively long stationary periods and high loads. However, the frictional forces generated in total hip-replacement prostheses were at least forty times higher than those generated in normal joints and may well be enough to cause late loosening of acetabular components by fatigue failure.", "PMID": 1112849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3601", "title": "Failed femoral stems in total hip prostheses. A report of six cases.", "content": "Six femoral stems of total joint prostheses failed and were studied. These included two short-neck M\u00fcller, one standard M\u00fcller, one new design long-neck M\u00fcller, and two Charnley prostheses. In addition, reference is made to another failed Charnley prosthesis which had not required revision at the time of the study. Reoperation and replacement of the femoral component was required in all six cases. Metal fatigue appeared to be the cause of failure in all instances. Metallographic examination of the removed prosthesis revealed no underlying defects in one prosthesis. In the other five prostheses metallurgical defects were found. Varus placement of the femoral prosthesis or loosening of the cement-prosthesis bond, or both, were identified in five of the six and were thought to have led to overload. A combination of metal defects and loosening or malpositioning was thought to be responsible for the failures. It was further indicated that current designs should be regarded as marginal in relation to long service life, until more fatigue information is available on the metallic materials currently in use.", "contents": "Failed femoral stems in total hip prostheses. A report of six cases. Six femoral stems of total joint prostheses failed and were studied. These included two short-neck M\u00fcller, one standard M\u00fcller, one new design long-neck M\u00fcller, and two Charnley prostheses. In addition, reference is made to another failed Charnley prosthesis which had not required revision at the time of the study. Reoperation and replacement of the femoral component was required in all six cases. Metal fatigue appeared to be the cause of failure in all instances. Metallographic examination of the removed prosthesis revealed no underlying defects in one prosthesis. In the other five prostheses metallurgical defects were found. Varus placement of the femoral prosthesis or loosening of the cement-prosthesis bond, or both, were identified in five of the six and were thought to have led to overload. A combination of metal defects and loosening or malpositioning was thought to be responsible for the failures. It was further indicated that current designs should be regarded as marginal in relation to long service life, until more fatigue information is available on the metallic materials currently in use.", "PMID": 1112850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3602", "title": "Autosomal dominant inheritance of tibial meromelia. Report of a kindred.", "content": "Three generations of a family demonstrated an autosomal dominant transmission of congenital absence of the tibia. Nine family members were affected, six in the first generation. Male-to-male, male-to-female, and female-to-female transmission occurred. This is the fourteenth case reported to document familial occurrence of tibial meromelia, and the first to document this mode of inheritance.", "contents": "Autosomal dominant inheritance of tibial meromelia. Report of a kindred. Three generations of a family demonstrated an autosomal dominant transmission of congenital absence of the tibia. Nine family members were affected, six in the first generation. Male-to-male, male-to-female, and female-to-female transmission occurred. This is the fourteenth case reported to document familial occurrence of tibial meromelia, and the first to document this mode of inheritance.", "PMID": 1112852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3603", "title": "Articular damage in familial Mediterranean fever. Report of four cases.", "content": "Four cases of familial Mediterranean fever have been reported in which the disease produced organic damage to a joint. The diagnosis was confirmed by clinical and family history and a typical course which included attacks of recurrent joint synovitis. The laboratory findings, while typical, were not specific. The main involvement was in the lower limbs. The findings at operation were of a non-specific synovitis with destruction of cartilage. It is emphasized that in the majority of cases of familial Mediterranean fever the joint involvement is transient and only uncommonly does damage to the joint become permanent. The fact that organic joint damage occurs is not widely recognized, which is the reason for our report of these four cases.", "contents": "Articular damage in familial Mediterranean fever. Report of four cases. Four cases of familial Mediterranean fever have been reported in which the disease produced organic damage to a joint. The diagnosis was confirmed by clinical and family history and a typical course which included attacks of recurrent joint synovitis. The laboratory findings, while typical, were not specific. The main involvement was in the lower limbs. The findings at operation were of a non-specific synovitis with destruction of cartilage. It is emphasized that in the majority of cases of familial Mediterranean fever the joint involvement is transient and only uncommonly does damage to the joint become permanent. The fact that organic joint damage occurs is not widely recognized, which is the reason for our report of these four cases.", "PMID": 1112853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3604", "title": "Cytoplasmic cleavage during zoosporogenesis in Thraustochytrium sp.: ultrastructure and the effects of colchicine and D2O.", "content": "Subplasmalemma microtubules were present in the cleavage furrows during zoosporogenesis in Thraustochytrium sp. The microtubules transversed the furrows but were not at right angles to nor circumferentially arranged in the plane of cleavage. Evidence of microtubule-plasmalemma bridges was found. Colchicine and deuterium oxide inhibited cleavage. The data suggested that microtubules had a motive rather than a structural function.", "contents": "Cytoplasmic cleavage during zoosporogenesis in Thraustochytrium sp.: ultrastructure and the effects of colchicine and D2O. Subplasmalemma microtubules were present in the cleavage furrows during zoosporogenesis in Thraustochytrium sp. The microtubules transversed the furrows but were not at right angles to nor circumferentially arranged in the plane of cleavage. Evidence of microtubule-plasmalemma bridges was found. Colchicine and deuterium oxide inhibited cleavage. The data suggested that microtubules had a motive rather than a structural function.", "PMID": 1112861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3605", "title": "Junctional structures in the midgut cells of lepidopteran caterpillars.", "content": "The junctional structures present between the midgut cells of 3 lepidopteran caterpillars have been examined using freeze-etching, conventional staining and lanthanum tracer techniques. The bonding junction present in this type of tissue is the so-called continuous junction. Septa have only occassionally been reported in conventionally strained cross-sections of these junctions. During the present study septa have been observed in such sections but were more readily located in tissue treated with lanthanum tracer. Tangential sections of lanthanum-impregnated tissue show that these septa are parallel-sided, in contrast to the honeycomb appearance of the septa in septate junctions. The septa in freeze-etch replicas of glutaraldehyde-fixed tissue often show continuous rods on one membrane face, suggesting that the continuous junction may be more akin to the tight junction than to the normal septate junction. However, freeze-etch replicas of unfixed tissue appear much more like replicas of normal septate junctions. The main differences between septate and continuous junctions appear to be that the inter-membrane septa of the continuous junction are parallel-sided in tangential section, as against the honeycomb appearance of the septate junction, and that the particles which delineate the septa in freeze-etched preparations appear to be both somewhat differentl bonded and closer together in the continuous junction. A diagram is presented showing the internal and inter-membrane structures of the 2 types of junction based on the present study, and suggesting a possible explanation of the fact that septa are more readily seen in cross-sections of septate junctions than in continuous junctions. As septa are present in both types of junction, and because their freeze-etch appearances are not very different, it is suggested that the two types of septate junction be called 'smooth septate' and 'pleated septate' junctions, to indicate their characteristic appearances in tangential section.", "contents": "Junctional structures in the midgut cells of lepidopteran caterpillars. The junctional structures present between the midgut cells of 3 lepidopteran caterpillars have been examined using freeze-etching, conventional staining and lanthanum tracer techniques. The bonding junction present in this type of tissue is the so-called continuous junction. Septa have only occassionally been reported in conventionally strained cross-sections of these junctions. During the present study septa have been observed in such sections but were more readily located in tissue treated with lanthanum tracer. Tangential sections of lanthanum-impregnated tissue show that these septa are parallel-sided, in contrast to the honeycomb appearance of the septa in septate junctions. The septa in freeze-etch replicas of glutaraldehyde-fixed tissue often show continuous rods on one membrane face, suggesting that the continuous junction may be more akin to the tight junction than to the normal septate junction. However, freeze-etch replicas of unfixed tissue appear much more like replicas of normal septate junctions. The main differences between septate and continuous junctions appear to be that the inter-membrane septa of the continuous junction are parallel-sided in tangential section, as against the honeycomb appearance of the septate junction, and that the particles which delineate the septa in freeze-etched preparations appear to be both somewhat differentl bonded and closer together in the continuous junction. A diagram is presented showing the internal and inter-membrane structures of the 2 types of junction based on the present study, and suggesting a possible explanation of the fact that septa are more readily seen in cross-sections of septate junctions than in continuous junctions. As septa are present in both types of junction, and because their freeze-etch appearances are not very different, it is suggested that the two types of septate junction be called 'smooth septate' and 'pleated septate' junctions, to indicate their characteristic appearances in tangential section.", "PMID": 1112862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3606", "title": "Changes in DNA synthesis during cell growth and chloroplast replication in greening spinach leaf disks.", "content": "Spinach leaf disks grown initially in the dark, show increased cell expansion and chloroplast replication when transferred to the light. These changes are accompanied by increases in the total amount of DNA and the incorporation of [3H]thymidine (3H-TdR). Autoradiography of EDTA-separated cells dried on to glass slides was used to follow changes in 3H-TdR incorporation in both chloroplasts and nuclei. Specificity of incorporation was confirmed by nuclease studies. DNA synthesis occurs in both the chloroplasts and nuclei, and is highest just prior to, and during the period of most rapid cell growth and chloroplast replication which occurs shortly after the transfer to the light. Light, however, appears to have a greater and more immediate effect on nuclear DNA synthesis. Though nuclear and chloroplast DNA syntheses follow similar patterns during disk growth, in a given cell, chloroplast DNA synthesis can be separate in time from nuclear DNA synthesis. The increased nuclear DNA synthesis is possibly required to support the increased population of chloroplasts, while chloroplast DNA synthesis is associated with chloroplast division. If the disks are not transferred to the light but kept in darkness, chloroplast 3H-TdR incorporation remains high, though chloroplast division is reduced. Epidermal cells in light-grown tissue also show 3H-TdR incorporation but low rates of chloroplast division. It would appear that chloroplast DNA synthesis in mesophyll cells from light-grown tissue shows a general relation to chloroplast division, but there does not appear to be an obligatory close coupling between the 2 processes.", "contents": "Changes in DNA synthesis during cell growth and chloroplast replication in greening spinach leaf disks. Spinach leaf disks grown initially in the dark, show increased cell expansion and chloroplast replication when transferred to the light. These changes are accompanied by increases in the total amount of DNA and the incorporation of [3H]thymidine (3H-TdR). Autoradiography of EDTA-separated cells dried on to glass slides was used to follow changes in 3H-TdR incorporation in both chloroplasts and nuclei. Specificity of incorporation was confirmed by nuclease studies. DNA synthesis occurs in both the chloroplasts and nuclei, and is highest just prior to, and during the period of most rapid cell growth and chloroplast replication which occurs shortly after the transfer to the light. Light, however, appears to have a greater and more immediate effect on nuclear DNA synthesis. Though nuclear and chloroplast DNA syntheses follow similar patterns during disk growth, in a given cell, chloroplast DNA synthesis can be separate in time from nuclear DNA synthesis. The increased nuclear DNA synthesis is possibly required to support the increased population of chloroplasts, while chloroplast DNA synthesis is associated with chloroplast division. If the disks are not transferred to the light but kept in darkness, chloroplast 3H-TdR incorporation remains high, though chloroplast division is reduced. Epidermal cells in light-grown tissue also show 3H-TdR incorporation but low rates of chloroplast division. It would appear that chloroplast DNA synthesis in mesophyll cells from light-grown tissue shows a general relation to chloroplast division, but there does not appear to be an obligatory close coupling between the 2 processes.", "PMID": 1112863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3607", "title": "Ultrastructural localization of cationic proteins in cytoplasmic granules of chicken and rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocytes.", "content": "Cytoplasmic granules known to contain cationic arginine-rich proteins can be identified by the ammoniacal silver reaction (ASR) which provides a cytochemical marker detectable under the electron microscope. Only the large rod-shaped granules of the chicken polymorphonuclear leukocytes (heterophils) and the large spherical azurophilic granules of the rabbit neutrophilic polymorphonuclear leukocytes show the ASR product as a discrete particulate electron-dense deposit. The other smaller granules are devoid of reaction product, as are membranes and mitochondria. The intracellular localization of the ASR product, as are membranes and mitochondria. The intracellular localization of the ASR product on the large granules coincides with the ASR product localization on the same isolated granule populations, when the ammoniacal silver reaction is applied to these granules after their separation by sucrose-density gradients. The cationic proteins may have intraleukocytic bacteriolytic properties, since ASR product, presumably indicating cationic protein from discharged granules, appears to surround ingested bacteria within cytoplasmic phagosomes.", "contents": "Ultrastructural localization of cationic proteins in cytoplasmic granules of chicken and rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Cytoplasmic granules known to contain cationic arginine-rich proteins can be identified by the ammoniacal silver reaction (ASR) which provides a cytochemical marker detectable under the electron microscope. Only the large rod-shaped granules of the chicken polymorphonuclear leukocytes (heterophils) and the large spherical azurophilic granules of the rabbit neutrophilic polymorphonuclear leukocytes show the ASR product as a discrete particulate electron-dense deposit. The other smaller granules are devoid of reaction product, as are membranes and mitochondria. The intracellular localization of the ASR product, as are membranes and mitochondria. The intracellular localization of the ASR product on the large granules coincides with the ASR product localization on the same isolated granule populations, when the ammoniacal silver reaction is applied to these granules after their separation by sucrose-density gradients. The cationic proteins may have intraleukocytic bacteriolytic properties, since ASR product, presumably indicating cationic protein from discharged granules, appears to surround ingested bacteria within cytoplasmic phagosomes.", "PMID": 1112864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3608", "title": "An autoradiographic study of the time of origin and the pattern of granule cell migration in the dentate gyrus of the rat.", "content": "The dentate gyrus of the rat contains about 600,000 granule cells. These small neurons are generated over a prolonged period from the 14th day of gestation until some time after the second postnatal week. The majority of the cells pass through their last phase of DNA synthesis in the postnatal period, and during the peak period of cell generation, between the fifth and seventh days after birth, up to 50,000 granule cells are formed each day. Contrary to earlier reports, most of the cells pass through their last mitotic division either within the stratum granulosum itself, or within the hilar region of the developing gyrus. The precursor population of cells in the hilar region must therefore constitute a pool of true neuroblasts. The origin of this pool of cells has not been definitely established but it seems probable that its cells are derived from the neuroepithelium lining the lateral ventricle adjacent to the region from which the hippocampal pyramidal cells are generated. Examination of the final location of granule cells labeled at different stages reveals three distinct morphogenetic gradients in the gyrus. The cells in the dorsal blade tend to be formed earlier than those in the ventral blade; cells in the more caudal (or temporal) portions of the gyrus are generated earlier than those in more rostral (or septal) regions; and in all regions the more superficial neurons in the stratum granulosum are formed earlier than the deeper granule cells. The bearing of some of these findings on the development and organization of the connections of the dentate gyrus is discussed.", "contents": "An autoradiographic study of the time of origin and the pattern of granule cell migration in the dentate gyrus of the rat. The dentate gyrus of the rat contains about 600,000 granule cells. These small neurons are generated over a prolonged period from the 14th day of gestation until some time after the second postnatal week. The majority of the cells pass through their last phase of DNA synthesis in the postnatal period, and during the peak period of cell generation, between the fifth and seventh days after birth, up to 50,000 granule cells are formed each day. Contrary to earlier reports, most of the cells pass through their last mitotic division either within the stratum granulosum itself, or within the hilar region of the developing gyrus. The precursor population of cells in the hilar region must therefore constitute a pool of true neuroblasts. The origin of this pool of cells has not been definitely established but it seems probable that its cells are derived from the neuroepithelium lining the lateral ventricle adjacent to the region from which the hippocampal pyramidal cells are generated. Examination of the final location of granule cells labeled at different stages reveals three distinct morphogenetic gradients in the gyrus. The cells in the dorsal blade tend to be formed earlier than those in the ventral blade; cells in the more caudal (or temporal) portions of the gyrus are generated earlier than those in more rostral (or septal) regions; and in all regions the more superficial neurons in the stratum granulosum are formed earlier than the deeper granule cells. The bearing of some of these findings on the development and organization of the connections of the dentate gyrus is discussed.", "PMID": 1112911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3609", "title": "Origin of specific synaptic types in the motoneuron neuropil of the monkey.", "content": "An attempt has been made to establish, so far as possible, the specific types of synaptic bulbs on motoneurons which arise from extrinsic (descending and dorsal root) and intrinsic sources (interneurons). This has involved the laborious analysis of thousands of electron micrographs of material from normal motoneuron neuropil, and motoneuron neuropil of animals with lesions of spinal tracts, spinal roots, and motor cortex. Our studies have established that the large synaptic bulbs on dendrites, which are the only type in the spinal cord to possess pre-synaptic synapses (serial synapses), are derived from monosynaptic dorsal root fibers (R bulbs). The presynaptic component of the serial synapse appeared to degenerate at levels below spinal cord transections (P bulbs). By means of transections of spinal cord we have found that descending fibers in the spinal cord terminate as one of at least two distinct classes of synaptic bulbs, one with spheroid synaptic vesicles (S) and one with flattened vesicles (F). There is evidence from several sources that the first type may often be excitatory in function and the second type inhibitory. Only synaptic bulbs with spheroid vesicles show definite signs of degeneration after lesions of the opposite motor cortex. The large (L) synaptic bulbs on motoneuron somata, associated with subsynaptic cisterns, are clearly not derived from the descending systems, or from posterior root fibers.", "contents": "Origin of specific synaptic types in the motoneuron neuropil of the monkey. An attempt has been made to establish, so far as possible, the specific types of synaptic bulbs on motoneurons which arise from extrinsic (descending and dorsal root) and intrinsic sources (interneurons). This has involved the laborious analysis of thousands of electron micrographs of material from normal motoneuron neuropil, and motoneuron neuropil of animals with lesions of spinal tracts, spinal roots, and motor cortex. Our studies have established that the large synaptic bulbs on dendrites, which are the only type in the spinal cord to possess pre-synaptic synapses (serial synapses), are derived from monosynaptic dorsal root fibers (R bulbs). The presynaptic component of the serial synapse appeared to degenerate at levels below spinal cord transections (P bulbs). By means of transections of spinal cord we have found that descending fibers in the spinal cord terminate as one of at least two distinct classes of synaptic bulbs, one with spheroid synaptic vesicles (S) and one with flattened vesicles (F). There is evidence from several sources that the first type may often be excitatory in function and the second type inhibitory. Only synaptic bulbs with spheroid vesicles show definite signs of degeneration after lesions of the opposite motor cortex. The large (L) synaptic bulbs on motoneuron somata, associated with subsynaptic cisterns, are clearly not derived from the descending systems, or from posterior root fibers.", "PMID": 1112912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3610", "title": "Demonstration of terminalis, olfactory, trigeminal and perivascular nerves in the rat nasal septum.", "content": "The innervation of the nasal septum and around the olfactory bulb has been investigated in rats by means of whole-mount preparations and histological sections. Silver staining, OsO4 staining, PAS staining, cholinesterase reaction and fluorescence for catecholamine-containing nerves were used. The nervus terminalis forms on the medial side of the olfactory bulb a ganglionated plexus, from which branches are given off which course peripherally with the vomeronasal nerves. From a dorsal part of the terminalis nerve plexus an anterior branch is given off which runs along the anterior ethmoidal nerve to the nasal vestibule where it connects with a group of ganglia. The peripheral branches of the nerve run from here along two epithelial cristae formed histologically like dermal papillae. Ventrally in the respiratory region at the junction of the nasal cavity and the nasopharynx is a 1 times 2 mm area with olfactory epithelium, glands of Bowman and an independent innervation from the olfactory bulb. This is the so-called septal olfactory organ. Trigeminal nerves form a plexus in the respiratory region and in the vestibule, but do not supply the olfactory region. Catecholamine-containing and cholinesterase-positive nerves run along the meningeal arteries on the cribriform plate and accompany their branches to the vascular plexus in the olfactory and respiratory regions. Double innervation is found not only of this vascular plexus but of the venous sinuses in the swell bodies of the vestibule. The glands of the nose are not surrounded by catecholamine-containing nerves.", "contents": "Demonstration of terminalis, olfactory, trigeminal and perivascular nerves in the rat nasal septum. The innervation of the nasal septum and around the olfactory bulb has been investigated in rats by means of whole-mount preparations and histological sections. Silver staining, OsO4 staining, PAS staining, cholinesterase reaction and fluorescence for catecholamine-containing nerves were used. The nervus terminalis forms on the medial side of the olfactory bulb a ganglionated plexus, from which branches are given off which course peripherally with the vomeronasal nerves. From a dorsal part of the terminalis nerve plexus an anterior branch is given off which runs along the anterior ethmoidal nerve to the nasal vestibule where it connects with a group of ganglia. The peripheral branches of the nerve run from here along two epithelial cristae formed histologically like dermal papillae. Ventrally in the respiratory region at the junction of the nasal cavity and the nasopharynx is a 1 times 2 mm area with olfactory epithelium, glands of Bowman and an independent innervation from the olfactory bulb. This is the so-called septal olfactory organ. Trigeminal nerves form a plexus in the respiratory region and in the vestibule, but do not supply the olfactory region. Catecholamine-containing and cholinesterase-positive nerves run along the meningeal arteries on the cribriform plate and accompany their branches to the vascular plexus in the olfactory and respiratory regions. Double innervation is found not only of this vascular plexus but of the venous sinuses in the swell bodies of the vestibule. The glands of the nose are not surrounded by catecholamine-containing nerves.", "PMID": 1112913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3611", "title": "Monoamine distribution in primate brain. I Catecholamine-containing perikarya in the brain stem of Macaca speciosa.", "content": "The distribution of catecholamine-containing cell bodies was examined in the brain stem of Macaca speciosa using the Falck-Hillarp histofluorescence technique. Extensive accumulations of such cells were seen in the ventral tegmental area, locus coeruleus, mesencephalic reticular formation and ventrolateral reticular formation of pons and medulla. This distribution was compared to that previously reported in rat, cat, squirrel monkey and human brain. Apparent species dissimilarities and similarities are reported.", "contents": "Monoamine distribution in primate brain. I Catecholamine-containing perikarya in the brain stem of Macaca speciosa. The distribution of catecholamine-containing cell bodies was examined in the brain stem of Macaca speciosa using the Falck-Hillarp histofluorescence technique. Extensive accumulations of such cells were seen in the ventral tegmental area, locus coeruleus, mesencephalic reticular formation and ventrolateral reticular formation of pons and medulla. This distribution was compared to that previously reported in rat, cat, squirrel monkey and human brain. Apparent species dissimilarities and similarities are reported.", "PMID": 1112914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3612", "title": "The ventral spinothalamic tract and other ascending systems of the ventral funiculus of the spinal cord.", "content": "The ascending degeneration resulting from experimental lesions of the ventral funiculus of the spinal cord of Macaca mulatta has been studied using the Nauta technique and its variants. The ventral spinothalamic tract is shown to be an independent entity with respect to the lateral spinothalamic tract; its fibers are widely distributed in the ventral funiculus and it establishes connections with the brain stem and thalamus which are analogous but not identical to those of the latter. Its role in the relay of nociceptive input is discussed in view of the similarity in hodology of the two systems and it is proposed that it may be responsible for the failure of anterolateral cordotomy to control pain on a long term basis. Other ascending systems in the ventral funiculus include the spino-olivary and spino-reticular tracts, as well as minor connections to the N. of Edinger-Westphal, the red nucleus and the superior colliculus. The projections from the ventral quadrant of the spinal cord to the brain stem are almost entirely ipsilateral until the rostral mesencephalon is reached, at which level the N. of Darkschewitz receives both ipsilateral and crossed input; the magnocellular nucleus of the medial geniculate body receives a small contribution which is mainly ipsilateral. In the thalamus the VPL receives predominantly ipsilateral projections while the input to the paralaminar nuclei is only slightly less pronounced contralaterally than ipsilaterally.", "contents": "The ventral spinothalamic tract and other ascending systems of the ventral funiculus of the spinal cord. The ascending degeneration resulting from experimental lesions of the ventral funiculus of the spinal cord of Macaca mulatta has been studied using the Nauta technique and its variants. The ventral spinothalamic tract is shown to be an independent entity with respect to the lateral spinothalamic tract; its fibers are widely distributed in the ventral funiculus and it establishes connections with the brain stem and thalamus which are analogous but not identical to those of the latter. Its role in the relay of nociceptive input is discussed in view of the similarity in hodology of the two systems and it is proposed that it may be responsible for the failure of anterolateral cordotomy to control pain on a long term basis. Other ascending systems in the ventral funiculus include the spino-olivary and spino-reticular tracts, as well as minor connections to the N. of Edinger-Westphal, the red nucleus and the superior colliculus. The projections from the ventral quadrant of the spinal cord to the brain stem are almost entirely ipsilateral until the rostral mesencephalon is reached, at which level the N. of Darkschewitz receives both ipsilateral and crossed input; the magnocellular nucleus of the medial geniculate body receives a small contribution which is mainly ipsilateral. In the thalamus the VPL receives predominantly ipsilateral projections while the input to the paralaminar nuclei is only slightly less pronounced contralaterally than ipsilaterally.", "PMID": 1112915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3613", "title": "The cochlear nuclei of lizards.", "content": "The cochlear nuclei of 14 lizard species (eight families) were studied in normal animals and in a small series of animals with lesions of the posterior division of the eight nerve. The development of the cochlear nuclei is division of the eighth nerve. The development of the cochlear nuclei is directly related to the length and complexity of the papilla basilaris. The best development of basilar papillae and cochlear nuclei is found in teiid and gekkonid lezards, and an intermediate grade of development in scincid, lacertid, and anguid lizards. A lesser degree of development occurs in the iguanids, and practically no cochlear nuclei differentiation is observed in Chameleo. Two well defined cochlear nuclei are found in most lizard families: nucleus angularis (NA) AND nucleus magnocellularis medialis (NMM). NA is located in the cephalic third of the acoustic tubercle and contains variably sized darkly staining cells. NMM is the most caudally located nuclear group and is characterized by regularly round to ovoid cells. The development of NMM is more closely related to papilla basilaaris length and complexity than is NA. Two less well defined cochlear nuclei are also thought to be present. In the region beteen NA and NMM is a sparsely cell-populated area, nucleus magno-cellularis lateralis (NML), which consits of a variety of small, darkly staining cells and large, pale staining cells which are usually laterally located in the nucleus. Like NMM, Nml is better developed in lizards ith more complex papillae basilares. Nucleus laminaris may be represented by a few fusiform cells in the ventral portion of the NML region.", "contents": "The cochlear nuclei of lizards. The cochlear nuclei of 14 lizard species (eight families) were studied in normal animals and in a small series of animals with lesions of the posterior division of the eight nerve. The development of the cochlear nuclei is division of the eighth nerve. The development of the cochlear nuclei is directly related to the length and complexity of the papilla basilaris. The best development of basilar papillae and cochlear nuclei is found in teiid and gekkonid lezards, and an intermediate grade of development in scincid, lacertid, and anguid lizards. A lesser degree of development occurs in the iguanids, and practically no cochlear nuclei differentiation is observed in Chameleo. Two well defined cochlear nuclei are found in most lizard families: nucleus angularis (NA) AND nucleus magnocellularis medialis (NMM). NA is located in the cephalic third of the acoustic tubercle and contains variably sized darkly staining cells. NMM is the most caudally located nuclear group and is characterized by regularly round to ovoid cells. The development of NMM is more closely related to papilla basilaaris length and complexity than is NA. Two less well defined cochlear nuclei are also thought to be present. In the region beteen NA and NMM is a sparsely cell-populated area, nucleus magno-cellularis lateralis (NML), which consits of a variety of small, darkly staining cells and large, pale staining cells which are usually laterally located in the nucleus. Like NMM, Nml is better developed in lizards ith more complex papillae basilares. Nucleus laminaris may be represented by a few fusiform cells in the ventral portion of the NML region.", "PMID": 1112916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3614", "title": "Deafferentation slows the growth of specific dendrites of identified giant interneurons.", "content": "The effect deafferentation has on the morphology of giant interneurons was studied in the abdominal nervous system of crickets (Acheta domesticus). The morphology of four uniquely identified giant interneurons was exxamined by iontophoresing cobalt chloride into the neurons of interest. A major source of afferents for these interneurons consists of mechanoreceptors located on paired abdominal sensory appendages -- the cerci. Partial deafferentation of the giant interneurons was obtained by pinching off the cercus at hatching and maintaing the specimen in this deprived condition until adulthood. The interneurons of three groups of animals were examined; control specimens which were not treated surgically, unilaterally treated specimens which had a single cercus removed and bilaterally treated specimens which had both cerci removed. Two types of morphological changes were detected. (1) Chronic removal of a cercus was correlated with a reduction in length of dendrites ipsilateral to the ablated cercus; however, the general form of the dendritic branching pattern remained constant and recognizable. Two dendrites of a single neuron could be influenced independently if they were innervated by separate cerci. Thus deprivation did not have a generalized effect on growth of a neuron, rather it specifically influenced the dendrites deprived of afferents. (2) It was also observed that the projection of cercal sensory fibers in specimens reared with a single cercus differed from normal in that scattered fibers cross the midline in regions of the ganglion where none usually exist. It is suggested that modifications in the response properties of these deprived neurons are based on these two changes in morphology.", "contents": "Deafferentation slows the growth of specific dendrites of identified giant interneurons. The effect deafferentation has on the morphology of giant interneurons was studied in the abdominal nervous system of crickets (Acheta domesticus). The morphology of four uniquely identified giant interneurons was exxamined by iontophoresing cobalt chloride into the neurons of interest. A major source of afferents for these interneurons consists of mechanoreceptors located on paired abdominal sensory appendages -- the cerci. Partial deafferentation of the giant interneurons was obtained by pinching off the cercus at hatching and maintaing the specimen in this deprived condition until adulthood. The interneurons of three groups of animals were examined; control specimens which were not treated surgically, unilaterally treated specimens which had a single cercus removed and bilaterally treated specimens which had both cerci removed. Two types of morphological changes were detected. (1) Chronic removal of a cercus was correlated with a reduction in length of dendrites ipsilateral to the ablated cercus; however, the general form of the dendritic branching pattern remained constant and recognizable. Two dendrites of a single neuron could be influenced independently if they were innervated by separate cerci. Thus deprivation did not have a generalized effect on growth of a neuron, rather it specifically influenced the dendrites deprived of afferents. (2) It was also observed that the projection of cercal sensory fibers in specimens reared with a single cercus differed from normal in that scattered fibers cross the midline in regions of the ganglion where none usually exist. It is suggested that modifications in the response properties of these deprived neurons are based on these two changes in morphology.", "PMID": 1112917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3615", "title": "Scanning and transmission electron microscope studies of interkinetic nuclear migration in the cerebral vesicles of the rat.", "content": "A scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to examine the morphology and surface texture of neuroepithelial cells during interkinetic nuclear migration in the cerebral vesicles of the rat at 12, 13 and 14 days of gestation. Serial sections of embryonic material of the same age were also prepared for the transmission electron microscope (TEM). Particular attention was paid to the SEM and TEM appearance of mitotic neuroepithelial cells which occur exclusively along the ventricular border of the neural epithelium. Three distinctly-shaped classes of mitotic cells were recognised in scanning micrographs. (1) Pyriform cells. This type of mitotic cell was characterised by the presence of very long, fine processes radiating from the tip and shoulders of a short external (basal) process. These fine processes were termed \"intramitotic filopodia.\" Microvilli were found on the surface of most pyriform cells. (2) Conical cells. These lacked an external process but there were large numbers of intramitotic filopodia at the basal pole of the cell body, and the perikaryal surface was rich in microvilli. (3) Globular cells. It was possible to subdivide this class of cell into large and small sizes, but usually a few short intramitotic filopdia were present at the basal pole. The perikaryal surfaces of the globular population were raised in coarse lumps and bubble-like protrusions. By pooling TEM and SEM information we were able to deduce that pyriform cells probably possess a prophase or prometaphase chromosome morphology, while conical cells exhibit a chromosome morphology somewhere between prometaphase and early anaphase. Large globular mitotic cells were found to be between metaphase and late anaphase and small globular cells were identified as early telophase cells. On the basis of these findings we have proposed that as a bipolar neuroepithelial cell rounds up for mitosis it passes first through a pyriform stage during which the external process is retracted or broken down, and then through a conical stage when the cell consolidates its position on the ventricular surface. Finally, the cell enters a large globular stage before dividing into two small globular telophase cells. It is not known what part, if any, the intramitotic filopodia play in this process of rounding up.", "contents": "Scanning and transmission electron microscope studies of interkinetic nuclear migration in the cerebral vesicles of the rat. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to examine the morphology and surface texture of neuroepithelial cells during interkinetic nuclear migration in the cerebral vesicles of the rat at 12, 13 and 14 days of gestation. Serial sections of embryonic material of the same age were also prepared for the transmission electron microscope (TEM). Particular attention was paid to the SEM and TEM appearance of mitotic neuroepithelial cells which occur exclusively along the ventricular border of the neural epithelium. Three distinctly-shaped classes of mitotic cells were recognised in scanning micrographs. (1) Pyriform cells. This type of mitotic cell was characterised by the presence of very long, fine processes radiating from the tip and shoulders of a short external (basal) process. These fine processes were termed \"intramitotic filopodia.\" Microvilli were found on the surface of most pyriform cells. (2) Conical cells. These lacked an external process but there were large numbers of intramitotic filopodia at the basal pole of the cell body, and the perikaryal surface was rich in microvilli. (3) Globular cells. It was possible to subdivide this class of cell into large and small sizes, but usually a few short intramitotic filopdia were present at the basal pole. The perikaryal surfaces of the globular population were raised in coarse lumps and bubble-like protrusions. By pooling TEM and SEM information we were able to deduce that pyriform cells probably possess a prophase or prometaphase chromosome morphology, while conical cells exhibit a chromosome morphology somewhere between prometaphase and early anaphase. Large globular mitotic cells were found to be between metaphase and late anaphase and small globular cells were identified as early telophase cells. On the basis of these findings we have proposed that as a bipolar neuroepithelial cell rounds up for mitosis it passes first through a pyriform stage during which the external process is retracted or broken down, and then through a conical stage when the cell consolidates its position on the ventricular surface. Finally, the cell enters a large globular stage before dividing into two small globular telophase cells. It is not known what part, if any, the intramitotic filopodia play in this process of rounding up.", "PMID": 1112918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3616", "title": "The topographical and laminar organization of the presubiculum's projection to the ipsi- and contralateral entorhinal cortex in the guinea pig.", "content": "This is a detailed report of a previously described projection from the presubiculum to the entorhinal area (Shipley, '74). The terminal degeneration in the entorhinal area is specifically confined to the outer three layers of this cortex. The projection is topogtaphically organized and confined to dorsal and medial parts of the entorhinal area. A similarly organized projection courses via the dorsal psalterium (dorsal hippocampal commissure) to the contralateral entorhinal area. Thus each presubiculum has an organized terminal pathway to the entorhinal cortices of both hemispheres.", "contents": "The topographical and laminar organization of the presubiculum's projection to the ipsi- and contralateral entorhinal cortex in the guinea pig. This is a detailed report of a previously described projection from the presubiculum to the entorhinal area (Shipley, '74). The terminal degeneration in the entorhinal area is specifically confined to the outer three layers of this cortex. The projection is topogtaphically organized and confined to dorsal and medial parts of the entorhinal area. A similarly organized projection courses via the dorsal psalterium (dorsal hippocampal commissure) to the contralateral entorhinal area. Thus each presubiculum has an organized terminal pathway to the entorhinal cortices of both hemispheres.", "PMID": 1112919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3617", "title": "Involvement of the avian amygdalar homologue (archistriatum posterior and mediale) in defensively conditioned heart rate change.", "content": "Archistriatal involvement in visually conditioned heart rate change (established by pairing light and foot-shock) was studied in 198 pigeons by evaluating conditioning performance following lesions of different archistriatal subdivisions or interruption of their subtelencephalic projections. Lesions of the anterior-intermedium archistriatum or interruption of its descending projection (tractus occipitomesencephalicus) had no effect on conditioned response development. In contrast, destruction of the posterior-mediale region or interruption of its descending projection (tractus occipitomesencephalicus, pars hypothalami) produced profound conditioning deficits. The findings are entirely consistent with a recent anatomical analysis (Zeier and Karten, '71) suggesting that only the posterior-mediale archistriatum constitutes the avian amygdalar homologue. It is concluded that the integrity of the posterior-mediale region and its projection to the hypothalamus via the tractus occipitomesencephalicus, pars hypothalami are essential for establishing visually conditioned heart rate change in a defensive conditioning paradigm, and these findings are discussed in the context of structures previously implicated in mediating this conditioning autonomic response.", "contents": "Involvement of the avian amygdalar homologue (archistriatum posterior and mediale) in defensively conditioned heart rate change. Archistriatal involvement in visually conditioned heart rate change (established by pairing light and foot-shock) was studied in 198 pigeons by evaluating conditioning performance following lesions of different archistriatal subdivisions or interruption of their subtelencephalic projections. Lesions of the anterior-intermedium archistriatum or interruption of its descending projection (tractus occipitomesencephalicus) had no effect on conditioned response development. In contrast, destruction of the posterior-mediale region or interruption of its descending projection (tractus occipitomesencephalicus, pars hypothalami) produced profound conditioning deficits. The findings are entirely consistent with a recent anatomical analysis (Zeier and Karten, '71) suggesting that only the posterior-mediale archistriatum constitutes the avian amygdalar homologue. It is concluded that the integrity of the posterior-mediale region and its projection to the hypothalamus via the tractus occipitomesencephalicus, pars hypothalami are essential for establishing visually conditioned heart rate change in a defensive conditioning paradigm, and these findings are discussed in the context of structures previously implicated in mediating this conditioning autonomic response.", "PMID": 1112920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3618", "title": "The role of supraspinal input in embryonic motility: a re-examination in the chick.", "content": "The present experiments represent an attempt to further clarify the role of the brain in embryonic motility and behavior. By making high chronic cervical transections (\"gaps\") at early prefunctional stages of incubation (i.e., 40-50 hours) and studying the subsequent emergence of motility in the chick it has been possible to determine that supraspinal input is not functional until about the tenth day of incubation. Acute cervical transection results in a modification of the temporal pattern (rhythm) of motility without affecting the frequency of activity. Qualitatively the movements of spinal embryos are indistinguishable from controls up to 16-17 days. At that time there are detectable differences in the character of spontaneous movements, in reflex responsivity and in hatching behavior; spinal embryos are not able to initiate the coordinated Type III movements necessary for escape from the shell. Injection of strychnine into chronic cervical and control embryos at 10 days and at 16-17 days indicates that certain aspects of the typical strychnine response are lost following removal of brain input to the spinal cord. Finally, chronic thoracic gaps result in a clear modificaect at this age. These data suggest that propriospinal integration is present at least several days prior to the onset of supraspinal input in the chick spinal cord.", "contents": "The role of supraspinal input in embryonic motility: a re-examination in the chick. The present experiments represent an attempt to further clarify the role of the brain in embryonic motility and behavior. By making high chronic cervical transections (\"gaps\") at early prefunctional stages of incubation (i.e., 40-50 hours) and studying the subsequent emergence of motility in the chick it has been possible to determine that supraspinal input is not functional until about the tenth day of incubation. Acute cervical transection results in a modification of the temporal pattern (rhythm) of motility without affecting the frequency of activity. Qualitatively the movements of spinal embryos are indistinguishable from controls up to 16-17 days. At that time there are detectable differences in the character of spontaneous movements, in reflex responsivity and in hatching behavior; spinal embryos are not able to initiate the coordinated Type III movements necessary for escape from the shell. Injection of strychnine into chronic cervical and control embryos at 10 days and at 16-17 days indicates that certain aspects of the typical strychnine response are lost following removal of brain input to the spinal cord. Finally, chronic thoracic gaps result in a clear modificaect at this age. These data suggest that propriospinal integration is present at least several days prior to the onset of supraspinal input in the chick spinal cord.", "PMID": 1112921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3619", "title": "Synaptic patterns in the visual cortex of turtle: an electron microscopic study.", "content": "The part of turtle general cortex that receives afferent fibers from the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus and that shows evoked potentials to light stimuli has been studied with the electron microscope. This cortex consists of an outer molecular layer, a perikaryal layer, and a subcellular layer lying on a row of ependymal cell bodies. Neurons in the perikaral lamina are characterized by long spine-bearing apical dendrites ascending through the outer molecular layer and short finer basal dendrites in the subcellular zone. Scattered neurons without apical dendrites occur in both the molecular and subcellular zones. Two types of dendritic spines can be distinguished. Some are large, have a complex irregular shape, contain a variety of membranous sacs and mitochondria, and occasionally, a single bundle of microtubules embedded in an electron-dense background [corrected] opacity. These large spines are the most common postsynaptic element in the outer third of the molecular layer, where they are located on the distal enlargement that contains only electron-dense fuzz. They are the most common post-synaptic element in the lower two-thirds of the molecular layer where they arise from the proximal portion of apical dendrites. Most synaptic contacts are found on the dendritic spines and are of the \"round-asymmetrical\" type. Not infrequently \"flat-symmetrical\" synapses are coupled to \"round-asymmetrical\" contacts on individual large spines. The few contacts present on spine-bearing dendritic shafts are of both types. Axo-somatic contacts are mainly of the \"flat-symmetrical\" variety. Thus the synaptic patterns on the principal cells of turtle visual cortex are remarkably similar to those found on pyramidal cells of mammalian neocortex. In addition, however, axon terminals, dendrites and glial (ependymal) processes were often seen to give rise to membranous pouches containing large vacuoles and invaginating into dendritic shafts or spines. Rarely, axon terminals were seen to form contacts, identical in appearance to synaptic contacts, on cell bodies in the ependymal lining. More frequently, unusual types of membrane differentiations were present at the site of apposition of the membranes of axon terminals and ependymal processes. They are interpreted as functional neuroependymal contacts.", "contents": "Synaptic patterns in the visual cortex of turtle: an electron microscopic study. The part of turtle general cortex that receives afferent fibers from the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus and that shows evoked potentials to light stimuli has been studied with the electron microscope. This cortex consists of an outer molecular layer, a perikaryal layer, and a subcellular layer lying on a row of ependymal cell bodies. Neurons in the perikaral lamina are characterized by long spine-bearing apical dendrites ascending through the outer molecular layer and short finer basal dendrites in the subcellular zone. Scattered neurons without apical dendrites occur in both the molecular and subcellular zones. Two types of dendritic spines can be distinguished. Some are large, have a complex irregular shape, contain a variety of membranous sacs and mitochondria, and occasionally, a single bundle of microtubules embedded in an electron-dense background [corrected] opacity. These large spines are the most common postsynaptic element in the outer third of the molecular layer, where they are located on the distal enlargement that contains only electron-dense fuzz. They are the most common post-synaptic element in the lower two-thirds of the molecular layer where they arise from the proximal portion of apical dendrites. Most synaptic contacts are found on the dendritic spines and are of the \"round-asymmetrical\" type. Not infrequently \"flat-symmetrical\" synapses are coupled to \"round-asymmetrical\" contacts on individual large spines. The few contacts present on spine-bearing dendritic shafts are of both types. Axo-somatic contacts are mainly of the \"flat-symmetrical\" variety. Thus the synaptic patterns on the principal cells of turtle visual cortex are remarkably similar to those found on pyramidal cells of mammalian neocortex. In addition, however, axon terminals, dendrites and glial (ependymal) processes were often seen to give rise to membranous pouches containing large vacuoles and invaginating into dendritic shafts or spines. Rarely, axon terminals were seen to form contacts, identical in appearance to synaptic contacts, on cell bodies in the ependymal lining. More frequently, unusual types of membrane differentiations were present at the site of apposition of the membranes of axon terminals and ependymal processes. They are interpreted as functional neuroependymal contacts.", "PMID": 1112922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3620", "title": "Fine structure and distribution of axon terminals from the cochlear nucleus on neurons in the medial superior olivary nucleus of the cat.", "content": "The morphology and distribution of axon terminals on central column and marginal neurons of the cat medial superior olivary nucleus (MSO) were analyzed by electron microscopy. Individual neurons or groups of cells oriented such that substantial lengths of their dendrites were within a 5-7 mu thich section were selected for detailed study. Thin sections were cut from remounted thick sections. Boutons with spherical vesicles arise directly from myelinated axons; more than one synaptic region of an axon, each separated by a myelinated segment, may contact a given dendrite. Boutons with flattened and occasionally dense core vesicles arise from both myelinated and unmyelinated portions of axons; these axons may also have more than one synaptic region. Both kinds of synaptic profiles are found on the somata and dendrites of all MSO neurons. To determine which nerve endings are from the cochlear nucleus (CN) lesions were made to produce orthograde degeneration. Following unilateral CN lesions degenerating spherical vesicle terminals were observed on the lateral dendrites and somata of ipsilateral central column cells and the medial dendrites and somata of contralateral neurons. Degenerating terminals were rarely seen on the opposite dendrite (three of 48 cells). In six of seven instances where medial and lateral dendrites of two cells overlapped degeneration was limited to one oriented toward the lesion. Marginal cells examined received virtually all spherical vesicle terminals from only one CN. Terminals with flattened vesicles persisted on the somata and dendrites of all neurons studied including cells from cats with bilateral lesions.", "contents": "Fine structure and distribution of axon terminals from the cochlear nucleus on neurons in the medial superior olivary nucleus of the cat. The morphology and distribution of axon terminals on central column and marginal neurons of the cat medial superior olivary nucleus (MSO) were analyzed by electron microscopy. Individual neurons or groups of cells oriented such that substantial lengths of their dendrites were within a 5-7 mu thich section were selected for detailed study. Thin sections were cut from remounted thick sections. Boutons with spherical vesicles arise directly from myelinated axons; more than one synaptic region of an axon, each separated by a myelinated segment, may contact a given dendrite. Boutons with flattened and occasionally dense core vesicles arise from both myelinated and unmyelinated portions of axons; these axons may also have more than one synaptic region. Both kinds of synaptic profiles are found on the somata and dendrites of all MSO neurons. To determine which nerve endings are from the cochlear nucleus (CN) lesions were made to produce orthograde degeneration. Following unilateral CN lesions degenerating spherical vesicle terminals were observed on the lateral dendrites and somata of ipsilateral central column cells and the medial dendrites and somata of contralateral neurons. Degenerating terminals were rarely seen on the opposite dendrite (three of 48 cells). In six of seven instances where medial and lateral dendrites of two cells overlapped degeneration was limited to one oriented toward the lesion. Marginal cells examined received virtually all spherical vesicle terminals from only one CN. Terminals with flattened vesicles persisted on the somata and dendrites of all neurons studied including cells from cats with bilateral lesions.", "PMID": 1112923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3621", "title": "The development of synapses in the visual system of the cat.", "content": "Synapses have been counted by electron microscopy and neurones by light microscopy through the depth of the visual cortex in a series of cats from 37 days gestation to adulthood. A few definite synapses are present as early as three weeks before birth, but there is then a latent period of four weeks before synapses increase rapidly in number 8-37 days after birth. The synapses occur just above and just below the cell plate at first, but in the adult cat they become evenly distributed in the depth of the cortex. The gradual separation of neurones by neuropil during development precedes a parallel increase in the density of synapses by about one week. The average number of synapses associated with one neurone rises to a peak of about 13,000 at seven weeks after birth. The densities of synapses and of neurones subsequently fall to slightly lower values in adult cats as the glial cells continue to develop. The timing of synaptic development in the visual cortex has been compared quantitatively with that in the L. G. N. and qualitatively with synaptogenesis in the retina. Synapses develop in the L. G. N. and cortex in a parallel fashion, and the L. G. N. precedes the cortex by a short interval of about two days. In the cell plate of the retina a few receptor synapses are present nine days before birth. Inner plexiform synapses are aslo present at this time, but ribbon-containing synapses do not appear until birth. Very few receptors possess outer segments with discs at birth, but five days later disc-bearing outer segments have developed. Thus synaptic development starts before afferent impulses can enter the visual system, but the main increase in synapses in the L. G. N. and cortex takes place four weeks after the start of synapse formation while the visual system is being used.", "contents": "The development of synapses in the visual system of the cat. Synapses have been counted by electron microscopy and neurones by light microscopy through the depth of the visual cortex in a series of cats from 37 days gestation to adulthood. A few definite synapses are present as early as three weeks before birth, but there is then a latent period of four weeks before synapses increase rapidly in number 8-37 days after birth. The synapses occur just above and just below the cell plate at first, but in the adult cat they become evenly distributed in the depth of the cortex. The gradual separation of neurones by neuropil during development precedes a parallel increase in the density of synapses by about one week. The average number of synapses associated with one neurone rises to a peak of about 13,000 at seven weeks after birth. The densities of synapses and of neurones subsequently fall to slightly lower values in adult cats as the glial cells continue to develop. The timing of synaptic development in the visual cortex has been compared quantitatively with that in the L. G. N. and qualitatively with synaptogenesis in the retina. Synapses develop in the L. G. N. and cortex in a parallel fashion, and the L. G. N. precedes the cortex by a short interval of about two days. In the cell plate of the retina a few receptor synapses are present nine days before birth. Inner plexiform synapses are aslo present at this time, but ribbon-containing synapses do not appear until birth. Very few receptors possess outer segments with discs at birth, but five days later disc-bearing outer segments have developed. Thus synaptic development starts before afferent impulses can enter the visual system, but the main increase in synapses in the L. G. N. and cortex takes place four weeks after the start of synapse formation while the visual system is being used.", "PMID": 1112924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3622", "title": "Receptive fields of single cells and topography in mouse visual cortex.", "content": "The visual cortex was studied in the mouse (C57 Black/6J strain) be recording from single units, and a topographic map of the visual field was constructed. Forty-five percent of the neurons in striate cortex responded best to oriented line stimuli moving over their receptive fields; they were classified as simple (17%), complex (25%) and hypercomplex (3%). Of all preferred orientations horizontal was most common. Fifty-five percent of recpetive fields were circularly symmetric: these were on-center (25%), off-center (7%) and homogeneous on-off in type (23%). Optimal stimulus velocities were much higher than those reported in the cat, mostly varying between 20 degrees and 300 degrees/sec. The field of vision common to the two eyes projected to more than one-third of the striate cortex. Although the contralateral eye provided the dominating influence on cells in this binocular area, more than two-thirds of cells could also be driven through the ipsilateral eye. The topography of area 17 was similar to that found in other mammals: the upper visual field projected posteriorly, the most nasal part mapped onto the lateral border. Here the projection did not end at the vertical meridian passing through the animal's long axis, but proceeded for at least 10 degrees into the ipsilateral hemifield of vision, so that at least 20 degrees of visual field were represented in both hemispheres. The magnification in area 17 was rather uniform throughout the visual field. In an area lateral to area 17 (18a) the fields were projected in condensed mirror image fashion with respect to the arrangement of area 17. Medial to area 17 a third visual area (area 18) was again related to 17 as a condensed mirror image.", "contents": "Receptive fields of single cells and topography in mouse visual cortex. The visual cortex was studied in the mouse (C57 Black/6J strain) be recording from single units, and a topographic map of the visual field was constructed. Forty-five percent of the neurons in striate cortex responded best to oriented line stimuli moving over their receptive fields; they were classified as simple (17%), complex (25%) and hypercomplex (3%). Of all preferred orientations horizontal was most common. Fifty-five percent of recpetive fields were circularly symmetric: these were on-center (25%), off-center (7%) and homogeneous on-off in type (23%). Optimal stimulus velocities were much higher than those reported in the cat, mostly varying between 20 degrees and 300 degrees/sec. The field of vision common to the two eyes projected to more than one-third of the striate cortex. Although the contralateral eye provided the dominating influence on cells in this binocular area, more than two-thirds of cells could also be driven through the ipsilateral eye. The topography of area 17 was similar to that found in other mammals: the upper visual field projected posteriorly, the most nasal part mapped onto the lateral border. Here the projection did not end at the vertical meridian passing through the animal's long axis, but proceeded for at least 10 degrees into the ipsilateral hemifield of vision, so that at least 20 degrees of visual field were represented in both hemispheres. The magnification in area 17 was rather uniform throughout the visual field. In an area lateral to area 17 (18a) the fields were projected in condensed mirror image fashion with respect to the arrangement of area 17. Medial to area 17 a third visual area (area 18) was again related to 17 as a condensed mirror image.", "PMID": 1112925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3623", "title": "The number, size and spatial distribution of neurons in lamina IV of the mouse SmI neocortex.", "content": "We located the corresponding barrel in Layer IV of the mouse SmI cortex in eleven cerebral hemispheres sectioned in a plane tangential to the pia overlying SmI and in one sectioned and prepared by a combined Golgi-Nissl method. In the section in which barrel C-1 could be optimally visualized each neuronal soma was outlined with a camera lucida and the cross-sectional area measured with the aid of a small computer. In all, nearly 7,000 neurons were measured. We estimate that on average barrel C-1 contains about 2,000 neurons. The mean cross-sectional area of the perikarya is 62.51 mu2 (S.D. plus or minus 14.51 mu2) and the size distribution of the neurons is unimodal and positively skewed. There is no segregation of cells within the barrel on the basis of size. The spatial distribution of cells in the barrel is fairly constant, from specimen to specimen, and the charactieristic cytoarchitectonic appearance of the barrel can be related to regional neuronal packing density since there are at least 1.6 as many neurons in the sides of the barrel as the hollow. The constancy of the cellular composition of the barrels indicates that the mechanisms responsible for the development of the mouse SmI cortex are fairly rigidly determined, and that the barrel field should lend itself well to further quantitative, developmental and physiological analysis.", "contents": "The number, size and spatial distribution of neurons in lamina IV of the mouse SmI neocortex. We located the corresponding barrel in Layer IV of the mouse SmI cortex in eleven cerebral hemispheres sectioned in a plane tangential to the pia overlying SmI and in one sectioned and prepared by a combined Golgi-Nissl method. In the section in which barrel C-1 could be optimally visualized each neuronal soma was outlined with a camera lucida and the cross-sectional area measured with the aid of a small computer. In all, nearly 7,000 neurons were measured. We estimate that on average barrel C-1 contains about 2,000 neurons. The mean cross-sectional area of the perikarya is 62.51 mu2 (S.D. plus or minus 14.51 mu2) and the size distribution of the neurons is unimodal and positively skewed. There is no segregation of cells within the barrel on the basis of size. The spatial distribution of cells in the barrel is fairly constant, from specimen to specimen, and the charactieristic cytoarchitectonic appearance of the barrel can be related to regional neuronal packing density since there are at least 1.6 as many neurons in the sides of the barrel as the hollow. The constancy of the cellular composition of the barrels indicates that the mechanisms responsible for the development of the mouse SmI cortex are fairly rigidly determined, and that the barrel field should lend itself well to further quantitative, developmental and physiological analysis.", "PMID": 1112926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3624", "title": "Electron microscopical reconstruction of the anterior sensory anatomy of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.?2UU.", "content": "The complete structure of the anterior sensory nervous system of the small nematode C. elegans has been determined by reconstruction from serial section electronmicrographs. There are 58 neurons in the tip of the head. Fifty-two of these are arranged in sensilla. These include six inner labial sensilla, six outer labial sensilla, four cephalic sensilla and two amphids. Each sensillum consists of ciliated sensory neurons ending in a channel enclosed by two non-neuronal cells, the sheath and socket cells. The amphidial channel opens to the outside as does that of the inner labial sensilla so that these probably contain chemoreceptive neurons. The endings of the other sensilla are embedded in the cuticle and may be mechanoreceptive. The cell bodies of all the neurons lie near the nerve ring and their axons project into the ring or into ventral ganglia. One of the ciliated sensory neurons in each of the six inner labial sensilla makes direct chemical synapses onto a muscle making these sensory-motor neurons. The anatomy of four isogenic animals was compared in detail and found to be largely invariant. The anatomy of juveniles is nearly identical to that of the adult, but males have four additional neuron processes.", "contents": "Electron microscopical reconstruction of the anterior sensory anatomy of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.?2UU. The complete structure of the anterior sensory nervous system of the small nematode C. elegans has been determined by reconstruction from serial section electronmicrographs. There are 58 neurons in the tip of the head. Fifty-two of these are arranged in sensilla. These include six inner labial sensilla, six outer labial sensilla, four cephalic sensilla and two amphids. Each sensillum consists of ciliated sensory neurons ending in a channel enclosed by two non-neuronal cells, the sheath and socket cells. The amphidial channel opens to the outside as does that of the inner labial sensilla so that these probably contain chemoreceptive neurons. The endings of the other sensilla are embedded in the cuticle and may be mechanoreceptive. The cell bodies of all the neurons lie near the nerve ring and their axons project into the ring or into ventral ganglia. One of the ciliated sensory neurons in each of the six inner labial sensilla makes direct chemical synapses onto a muscle making these sensory-motor neurons. The anatomy of four isogenic animals was compared in detail and found to be largely invariant. The anatomy of juveniles is nearly identical to that of the adult, but males have four additional neuron processes.", "PMID": 1112927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3625", "title": "The ascending projections of the superior colliculus in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta).", "content": "We studied and compared the ipsilateral efferents of the superficial and deep layers of the superior colliculus of the rhesus monkey. Using a stereotaxic method, microelectrodes were inserted through the contralateral hemisphere in order to make electrolytic lesions of the superior colliculus. Large lesions involved all layers of the superior colliculus, while smaller lesions involved either the superficial or the deep layers of the superior colliculus. Following various survival times, the brains were prepared with the Fink-Heimer technique ('67). Following lesions of the superficial layers of the superior colliculus, definite degenerated axonal endings were found in the dorsal and ventral lateral geniculate nuclei, inferior pulvinar, centrointermediate nucleus, magnocellular dorsomedial nucleus, anterior pretectal nucleus and pretectal region. Sparse degenerated axonal endings were found in the limitans nucleus, lateral posterior nucleus and some intralaminar nuclei following lesions of the superficial layers in the rostral portion of the superior colliculus. Following lesions of the deep layers of the superior colliculus, degenerated axonal endings were found in the central gray, magnocellular medial geniculate nucleus, suprageniculate nucleus, limitans nucleus, lateral posterior nucleus, medial and oral pulvinar, nucleus of the accessory optic tract, zona incerta, subdivisions of the ventral lateral and ventral posterior lateral nuclei, ventral posterior inferior nucleus, denosocellular and multiform dorsomedial nuclei, all intralaminar nuclei, inferior colliculus, parabigeminal nucleus, olivary nucleus, reunions nucleus, Forel's Field H and an undefined midbrain nucleus. In general the projections were topographically organized in that the caudal portion of the superior colliculus projected to the rostral portions of thalamic nuclei and the rostral portion of the superior colliculus projected to the caudal portions of thalamic nuclei. All the degeneration patterns seen after lesions of the superficial and deep layers were accounted for by large lesions which involved all layers of the superior colliculus. It is concluded that the superficial and deep layers of the rehesus monkey superior colliculus have different ascending projections. The finding, are related to the organization of visual and multimodal thalamocortical systems in primates and other mammals.", "contents": "The ascending projections of the superior colliculus in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta). We studied and compared the ipsilateral efferents of the superficial and deep layers of the superior colliculus of the rhesus monkey. Using a stereotaxic method, microelectrodes were inserted through the contralateral hemisphere in order to make electrolytic lesions of the superior colliculus. Large lesions involved all layers of the superior colliculus, while smaller lesions involved either the superficial or the deep layers of the superior colliculus. Following various survival times, the brains were prepared with the Fink-Heimer technique ('67). Following lesions of the superficial layers of the superior colliculus, definite degenerated axonal endings were found in the dorsal and ventral lateral geniculate nuclei, inferior pulvinar, centrointermediate nucleus, magnocellular dorsomedial nucleus, anterior pretectal nucleus and pretectal region. Sparse degenerated axonal endings were found in the limitans nucleus, lateral posterior nucleus and some intralaminar nuclei following lesions of the superficial layers in the rostral portion of the superior colliculus. Following lesions of the deep layers of the superior colliculus, degenerated axonal endings were found in the central gray, magnocellular medial geniculate nucleus, suprageniculate nucleus, limitans nucleus, lateral posterior nucleus, medial and oral pulvinar, nucleus of the accessory optic tract, zona incerta, subdivisions of the ventral lateral and ventral posterior lateral nuclei, ventral posterior inferior nucleus, denosocellular and multiform dorsomedial nuclei, all intralaminar nuclei, inferior colliculus, parabigeminal nucleus, olivary nucleus, reunions nucleus, Forel's Field H and an undefined midbrain nucleus. In general the projections were topographically organized in that the caudal portion of the superior colliculus projected to the rostral portions of thalamic nuclei and the rostral portion of the superior colliculus projected to the caudal portions of thalamic nuclei. All the degeneration patterns seen after lesions of the superficial and deep layers were accounted for by large lesions which involved all layers of the superior colliculus. It is concluded that the superficial and deep layers of the rehesus monkey superior colliculus have different ascending projections. The finding, are related to the organization of visual and multimodal thalamocortical systems in primates and other mammals.", "PMID": 1112928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3626", "title": "Cerebellar corticovestibular fibers of the posterior lobe in a prosimian primate, the lesser bushbaby (Galago senegalensis).", "content": "The orginization of cerebellar corticovestibular fibers was studied in a prosimian primate (Galago senegalensis) using the Fink and Heimer ('67) method. The vestibular complex of Galago is larger than in other mammals and some higher primates. Vermis lobule IX contributes the largest number of fibers to the ipsilateral vestibular complex. Lobules VI and VIII give rise to lesser, but similar, numbers of fibers which also pass into the ipsilateral vestibular nuclei. Vermis lobule VII and the paravermal and lateral cortices contribute extremely sparse numbers of fibers to the dorsal area of the ipsilateral vestibular complex. All degenerated fibers enter the vestibular nuclei through a large diffusely organized juxtarestiform body. Fibers from vermis lobule VII and the paravermal and lateral cortices terminate in dorsal areas of the ipsilateral vestibular nuclei. Vermis lobule VI projects into dorsal and lateral regions of the ipsilateral SVN, LVN and SpVN. Vermis lobules VIII and IX project into the dorsal and into progressively more central and medial regions of the ipsilateral SVN, LVN, and SpVN. This gives the clear impression of a rostro-caudal origin of fibers from the posterior lobe vermis which terminate in an overlapping lateral to medial sequence in the vestibular complex. In addition to its projection into the vestibular nuclei, lesions of vermis lobule IX also elicit degeneration in dorsal areas of the ipsilateral medullary reticular formation and in the ipsilateral parabrachial nuclei.", "contents": "Cerebellar corticovestibular fibers of the posterior lobe in a prosimian primate, the lesser bushbaby (Galago senegalensis). The orginization of cerebellar corticovestibular fibers was studied in a prosimian primate (Galago senegalensis) using the Fink and Heimer ('67) method. The vestibular complex of Galago is larger than in other mammals and some higher primates. Vermis lobule IX contributes the largest number of fibers to the ipsilateral vestibular complex. Lobules VI and VIII give rise to lesser, but similar, numbers of fibers which also pass into the ipsilateral vestibular nuclei. Vermis lobule VII and the paravermal and lateral cortices contribute extremely sparse numbers of fibers to the dorsal area of the ipsilateral vestibular complex. All degenerated fibers enter the vestibular nuclei through a large diffusely organized juxtarestiform body. Fibers from vermis lobule VII and the paravermal and lateral cortices terminate in dorsal areas of the ipsilateral vestibular nuclei. Vermis lobule VI projects into dorsal and lateral regions of the ipsilateral SVN, LVN and SpVN. Vermis lobules VIII and IX project into the dorsal and into progressively more central and medial regions of the ipsilateral SVN, LVN, and SpVN. This gives the clear impression of a rostro-caudal origin of fibers from the posterior lobe vermis which terminate in an overlapping lateral to medial sequence in the vestibular complex. In addition to its projection into the vestibular nuclei, lesions of vermis lobule IX also elicit degeneration in dorsal areas of the ipsilateral medullary reticular formation and in the ipsilateral parabrachial nuclei.", "PMID": 1112929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3627", "title": "The central projections of the trigeminal, facial and anterior lateral line nerves in the carp (Cyprinus carpio L.).", "content": "The central projections of the trigeminal, facial and anterior lateral line nerves were studied in the carp (Cyprinus carpio) by the Nauta and Fink-Heimer silver techniques following rhizotomy. Degenerating trigeminal fibers were found projecting on the nucleus of the descending trigeminal root and on the medial funicular nucleus. The former can be subdivided in five portions lying dorsal to the various cranial motor nuclei. The afferent facial fibers could be traced into the facial, glossopharyngeal and vagal lobes, while the anterior lateral line nerve projects on rostral, medial and caudal parts of the medial nucleus and on the eminentia granularis. The anterior lateral line nerve can be divided into a dorsal and a ventral root, each following the same course. The role trigeminal and facial nerves play in proprioception of respiratory muscles is discussed.", "contents": "The central projections of the trigeminal, facial and anterior lateral line nerves in the carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). The central projections of the trigeminal, facial and anterior lateral line nerves were studied in the carp (Cyprinus carpio) by the Nauta and Fink-Heimer silver techniques following rhizotomy. Degenerating trigeminal fibers were found projecting on the nucleus of the descending trigeminal root and on the medial funicular nucleus. The former can be subdivided in five portions lying dorsal to the various cranial motor nuclei. The afferent facial fibers could be traced into the facial, glossopharyngeal and vagal lobes, while the anterior lateral line nerve projects on rostral, medial and caudal parts of the medial nucleus and on the eminentia granularis. The anterior lateral line nerve can be divided into a dorsal and a ventral root, each following the same course. The role trigeminal and facial nerves play in proprioception of respiratory muscles is discussed.", "PMID": 1112930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3628", "title": "Stereospecific analysis of high melting triglycerides of bovine milk fat and their biosynthetic origin.", "content": "Fatty acid composition, triglyceride molecular weight distributions, melting ranges, amount of cis and trans isomers, and stereospecific fatty acid distributions were determined for high melting triglyceride fractions and bovine milk fat free of them. Distributions of fatty acids on the high melting triglycerides differed from distributions of fatty acids in the rest of the milk fat triglycerides. The significance of these results is evaluated in relation to the biosynthetic origin of high melting triglycerides. Stereospecific distributions of these fatty acids support previous speculations that the monoglyceride pathway may play a significant role in biosynthesis of high melting triglyceride in bovine milk fat.", "contents": "Stereospecific analysis of high melting triglycerides of bovine milk fat and their biosynthetic origin. Fatty acid composition, triglyceride molecular weight distributions, melting ranges, amount of cis and trans isomers, and stereospecific fatty acid distributions were determined for high melting triglyceride fractions and bovine milk fat free of them. Distributions of fatty acids on the high melting triglycerides differed from distributions of fatty acids in the rest of the milk fat triglycerides. The significance of these results is evaluated in relation to the biosynthetic origin of high melting triglycerides. Stereospecific distributions of these fatty acids support previous speculations that the monoglyceride pathway may play a significant role in biosynthesis of high melting triglyceride in bovine milk fat.", "PMID": 1112931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3629", "title": "Diurnal variations in blood cortisol in the dairy cow.", "content": "Concentrations of adrenal corticosteroids in plasma were determined by a competitive protein-binding technique in blood samples taken hourly over 24 h from four dairy cows, each sampled for three 24 h periods. Mean blood cortisol was 7.9 ng/ml. Statistical analysis revealed no diurnal variation. Reasons for this are postulated.", "contents": "Diurnal variations in blood cortisol in the dairy cow. Concentrations of adrenal corticosteroids in plasma were determined by a competitive protein-binding technique in blood samples taken hourly over 24 h from four dairy cows, each sampled for three 24 h periods. Mean blood cortisol was 7.9 ng/ml. Statistical analysis revealed no diurnal variation. Reasons for this are postulated.", "PMID": 1112932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3630", "title": "Relationships between immunoreactive estrone and estradiol in milk, blood, and urine of dairy cows.", "content": "Quantities of immunoreactive estrone and estradiol in blood plasma, urine, and milk were measured during the estrous cycle and pregnancy of cows. The objectives were to develop a radioimmunoassay procedure for quantifying estrogen in milk and urine and to compare changes in milk estrogen with those in blood plasma and urine. Concentrations of estrone and estradiol in milk varied during the estrous cycle. Relative concentrations of estradiol in blood plasma and milk were not different, but average estrone concentrations in milk were four times greater than those in blood plasma. Concentration of total estrogen (estradiol plus estrone) exceeded 1 ng/ml in colostrum and milk from cows milked prepartum, and was correlated with total estrogen in blood plasma and urine before and after calving. Blood plasma estrone was correlated only with milk estrone whereas blood plasma estradiol was correlated with urinary estradiol, milk estrone, and milk estradiol during the estrous cycle. These results raise possibilities that mammary gland of the lactating cow may concentrate preferentially estrone or convert estradiol to estrone. However, estimated excretion of estrogen through the milk represents no more than a fraction of 1% of the total excreted during the estrous cycle, and the proportion becomes less as gestation progresses up to at least 7 mo.", "contents": "Relationships between immunoreactive estrone and estradiol in milk, blood, and urine of dairy cows. Quantities of immunoreactive estrone and estradiol in blood plasma, urine, and milk were measured during the estrous cycle and pregnancy of cows. The objectives were to develop a radioimmunoassay procedure for quantifying estrogen in milk and urine and to compare changes in milk estrogen with those in blood plasma and urine. Concentrations of estrone and estradiol in milk varied during the estrous cycle. Relative concentrations of estradiol in blood plasma and milk were not different, but average estrone concentrations in milk were four times greater than those in blood plasma. Concentration of total estrogen (estradiol plus estrone) exceeded 1 ng/ml in colostrum and milk from cows milked prepartum, and was correlated with total estrogen in blood plasma and urine before and after calving. Blood plasma estrone was correlated only with milk estrone whereas blood plasma estradiol was correlated with urinary estradiol, milk estrone, and milk estradiol during the estrous cycle. These results raise possibilities that mammary gland of the lactating cow may concentrate preferentially estrone or convert estradiol to estrone. However, estimated excretion of estrogen through the milk represents no more than a fraction of 1% of the total excreted during the estrous cycle, and the proportion becomes less as gestation progresses up to at least 7 mo.", "PMID": 1112933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3631", "title": "Characterization of metabolites in domestic sow urine after intravenous administration of radioactive estrogen and corticosteroids.", "content": "We measured distribution of radioactivity among urinary metabolites excreted in nonpregnant and ovariectomized sows after intravenous injection of radionuclides (14carbon) labeled estrone, estradiol-17beta, cortisol, and corticosterone. Treatment with an enzyme preparation (Glusulase) containing both beta-glucuronidase and sulfatase activity, rendered extractable over 95% of the radioactivity recovered from urine with diethyl ether (estrogens) and ethyl acetate (corticoids). Only an additional 1 to 4% of the radioactivity was extracted following solvolysis of the aqueous residue remaining after enzyme hydrolysis and extraction. Radioactivity in nonpregnant sow urine was predominantly in the estrone fraction following injection of either estrone or estradiol-17beta. Moreover, the principal metabolite was estrone monoglucuronide. Only traces of estradiol-17beta and an estriol-like compound were detected. Two other isolates contained radioactivity. One compound probably was 2-methoxyestrone, but structure of the other compound (X1) could not be established. The principal urinary metabolites from injection of cortisol corresponded to chromatographic properties of tetrahydrocortisol and tetrahydrocortisone. Both metabolites were low in urine following injection of corticosterone. The major urinary metabolites from corticosterone injection corresponded to chromatographic properties of tetrahydrocorticosterone and corticosterone. Considerable radioactivity from injection of both corticoids was isolated in the cortol, cortolone, and 11-ketoetiocholanolone - 11beta-hydroxyetiocholanolone areas of chromatograms. The data for corticoids agree with similar data for the human being and cow.", "contents": "Characterization of metabolites in domestic sow urine after intravenous administration of radioactive estrogen and corticosteroids. We measured distribution of radioactivity among urinary metabolites excreted in nonpregnant and ovariectomized sows after intravenous injection of radionuclides (14carbon) labeled estrone, estradiol-17beta, cortisol, and corticosterone. Treatment with an enzyme preparation (Glusulase) containing both beta-glucuronidase and sulfatase activity, rendered extractable over 95% of the radioactivity recovered from urine with diethyl ether (estrogens) and ethyl acetate (corticoids). Only an additional 1 to 4% of the radioactivity was extracted following solvolysis of the aqueous residue remaining after enzyme hydrolysis and extraction. Radioactivity in nonpregnant sow urine was predominantly in the estrone fraction following injection of either estrone or estradiol-17beta. Moreover, the principal metabolite was estrone monoglucuronide. Only traces of estradiol-17beta and an estriol-like compound were detected. Two other isolates contained radioactivity. One compound probably was 2-methoxyestrone, but structure of the other compound (X1) could not be established. The principal urinary metabolites from injection of cortisol corresponded to chromatographic properties of tetrahydrocortisol and tetrahydrocortisone. Both metabolites were low in urine following injection of corticosterone. The major urinary metabolites from corticosterone injection corresponded to chromatographic properties of tetrahydrocorticosterone and corticosterone. Considerable radioactivity from injection of both corticoids was isolated in the cortol, cortolone, and 11-ketoetiocholanolone - 11beta-hydroxyetiocholanolone areas of chromatograms. The data for corticoids agree with similar data for the human being and cow.", "PMID": 1112934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3632", "title": "Zinc-65 absorption and tissue distribution in two- and six-month-old holstein calves and lactating cows.", "content": "Holstein calves and cows in first lactation were fed a low-zinc (16.6 ppm) experimental diet. Zinc-65 absorption and tissue distribution were determined following a single oral tracer dose of zinc-65 given 14 days prior to sacrifice. Net zinc-65 absorptions for the cows and 2- and 6-mo-old calves were 53.4, 49.7 and 47.2% of the dose. Tissue zinc-65 content, adjusted for body weight and zinc-65 of milk of the cows was not significantly different from that of either age calves in 13 of 20 comparable tissues. Greatest differences in tissue zinc-65 were in tibia and rib with the 6-mo-old group highest and cows lowest. Lactation represents a major homoeostatic demand for zinc, and the intestinal absorptive ability of adult cattle remains responsive to physiological need.", "contents": "Zinc-65 absorption and tissue distribution in two- and six-month-old holstein calves and lactating cows. Holstein calves and cows in first lactation were fed a low-zinc (16.6 ppm) experimental diet. Zinc-65 absorption and tissue distribution were determined following a single oral tracer dose of zinc-65 given 14 days prior to sacrifice. Net zinc-65 absorptions for the cows and 2- and 6-mo-old calves were 53.4, 49.7 and 47.2% of the dose. Tissue zinc-65 content, adjusted for body weight and zinc-65 of milk of the cows was not significantly different from that of either age calves in 13 of 20 comparable tissues. Greatest differences in tissue zinc-65 were in tibia and rib with the 6-mo-old group highest and cows lowest. Lactation represents a major homoeostatic demand for zinc, and the intestinal absorptive ability of adult cattle remains responsive to physiological need.", "PMID": 1112935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3633", "title": "Environmental and managemental factors affecting conception rate in a subtropical climate.", "content": "Data representing 5,062 services during 1960 to 1971 in the Florida Agricultural Experiment Station dairy herd were analyzed by least squares to delineate factors affecting conception rates. Overall conception rate was 37.9%. From a set of 21 climatological measurements, the five selected as most important ranked (1) maximum temperature day after insemination, (2) rainfall day of insemination, (3) minimum temperature day of insemination, (4) solar radiation day of insemination, and (5) minimum temperature day after insemination. Warm months were more closely associated with lower conception rates than were cool months (33.7 compared to 40.1%); month effects appeared to be accounted for by the climatological measurements. Conception rates declined with age: heifers, 47.6%; young cows, 42.7%; older cows, 31.9%. No decline with advancing service number (1 to 5) occurred. Service sire and inseminator effects were detected as expected. Although breeds differed (Aryshires, 33.8; Brown Swiss, 34.6; and Guernseys, 37.0; Holsteins, 35.5; and Jerseys, 48.4%), there was no evidence of breed (Jerseys and Holsteins) by month or breed by season interactions nor was it possible to detect age by season interactions.", "contents": "Environmental and managemental factors affecting conception rate in a subtropical climate. Data representing 5,062 services during 1960 to 1971 in the Florida Agricultural Experiment Station dairy herd were analyzed by least squares to delineate factors affecting conception rates. Overall conception rate was 37.9%. From a set of 21 climatological measurements, the five selected as most important ranked (1) maximum temperature day after insemination, (2) rainfall day of insemination, (3) minimum temperature day of insemination, (4) solar radiation day of insemination, and (5) minimum temperature day after insemination. Warm months were more closely associated with lower conception rates than were cool months (33.7 compared to 40.1%); month effects appeared to be accounted for by the climatological measurements. Conception rates declined with age: heifers, 47.6%; young cows, 42.7%; older cows, 31.9%. No decline with advancing service number (1 to 5) occurred. Service sire and inseminator effects were detected as expected. Although breeds differed (Aryshires, 33.8; Brown Swiss, 34.6; and Guernseys, 37.0; Holsteins, 35.5; and Jerseys, 48.4%), there was no evidence of breed (Jerseys and Holsteins) by month or breed by season interactions nor was it possible to detect age by season interactions.", "PMID": 1112936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3634", "title": "Influence of mastitis on properties of milk. XI. Fat globule membrane.", "content": "The effect of mastitis on the milk fat globule membrane of milk samples from individual quarters was investigated. Wisconsin Mastitis Test positive (greater than 20mm) milk contained approximately 10% less milk fat globule membrane material than negative (smaller than 10mm) milk. The lipid portion of the milk fat globule membrane preparation from positive milk contained smaller amounts of phospholipids and larger amounts of cholesterol. Milk fat globule membrane preparations from positive milk had higher aldolase activity and lower xanthine oxidase activity. Dissociated membrane protein prepared from positive milk was resolved into five components by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis while the membrane protein prepared from negative milk was resolved into three components.", "contents": "Influence of mastitis on properties of milk. XI. Fat globule membrane. The effect of mastitis on the milk fat globule membrane of milk samples from individual quarters was investigated. Wisconsin Mastitis Test positive (greater than 20mm) milk contained approximately 10% less milk fat globule membrane material than negative (smaller than 10mm) milk. The lipid portion of the milk fat globule membrane preparation from positive milk contained smaller amounts of phospholipids and larger amounts of cholesterol. Milk fat globule membrane preparations from positive milk had higher aldolase activity and lower xanthine oxidase activity. Dissociated membrane protein prepared from positive milk was resolved into five components by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis while the membrane protein prepared from negative milk was resolved into three components.", "PMID": 1112937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3635", "title": "Performance of Holstein and crossbred dairy cattle in Louisiana. III. Health and viability.", "content": "Viability and health disorders were compared for straightbred Holsteins and crosses between Holsteins, Brown Swiss, Jerseys, and Red Sindhis. In addition, effects of mating systems and effects of various parts of Red Sindhi heredity on these traits were evaluated. Losses before first calving per 100 females born alive were: Holsteins 22; Holstein-sired crosses 20: Brown Swiss-sired crosses 26; daughters of crossbred sires group I (sires had from 1/4 to 1/16 Red Sindhi heredity) 24; and group II (sires were all European breeds) 31. Losses in first-gestation from abortions and stillbirths were: Holsteins 20% and crossbreds 9%. In first lactation, incidence of foot rot and anaplasmosis was higher among Holsteins (13% and 16%) than in crossbreds (5% and 8%) whereas the incidence was less among crosses with Red Sindhi heredity (3% and 2%) than in all European breed crosses (9% and 17%). When progeny produced by criss-crossing to purebred sires were compared with progeny from random mating to crossbred sires, the former had a greater incidence of mastitis (30% versus 19%) and anaplasmosis (11% versus 2%). There was no differences between Holsteins and crossbreds in overall viability. However, there was considerable variation between breeds at the various ages.", "contents": "Performance of Holstein and crossbred dairy cattle in Louisiana. III. Health and viability. Viability and health disorders were compared for straightbred Holsteins and crosses between Holsteins, Brown Swiss, Jerseys, and Red Sindhis. In addition, effects of mating systems and effects of various parts of Red Sindhi heredity on these traits were evaluated. Losses before first calving per 100 females born alive were: Holsteins 22; Holstein-sired crosses 20: Brown Swiss-sired crosses 26; daughters of crossbred sires group I (sires had from 1/4 to 1/16 Red Sindhi heredity) 24; and group II (sires were all European breeds) 31. Losses in first-gestation from abortions and stillbirths were: Holsteins 20% and crossbreds 9%. In first lactation, incidence of foot rot and anaplasmosis was higher among Holsteins (13% and 16%) than in crossbreds (5% and 8%) whereas the incidence was less among crosses with Red Sindhi heredity (3% and 2%) than in all European breed crosses (9% and 17%). When progeny produced by criss-crossing to purebred sires were compared with progeny from random mating to crossbred sires, the former had a greater incidence of mastitis (30% versus 19%) and anaplasmosis (11% versus 2%). There was no differences between Holsteins and crossbreds in overall viability. However, there was considerable variation between breeds at the various ages.", "PMID": 1112938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3636", "title": "Effect of cell density on lactose synthesis in bovine mammary cell cultures.", "content": "The ability to synthesize lactose was studied in despersed cell cultures of lactating bovine mammary tissue under conditions of varying cell density, time, glucose, and lactose concentrations. The observable rate of lactose synthesis at a given time in an adequate medium is dependent on individual animal, length of time in culture, and density of cells. Rate of loss with time in the ability to synthesize lactose followed first order kinetics (half-time 11 h). Rate of synthesis per cell at a given time was an inverse function of the cell density following a linear relationship expressed by plotting the inverse of the amount accumulated versus the inverse of the cell number. A cell density for such experimental studies of about 2.5 times 10-6 cells per ml was ideal. The medium concentration of lactose and, above a minimum, that of glucose did not affect production of lactose.", "contents": "Effect of cell density on lactose synthesis in bovine mammary cell cultures. The ability to synthesize lactose was studied in despersed cell cultures of lactating bovine mammary tissue under conditions of varying cell density, time, glucose, and lactose concentrations. The observable rate of lactose synthesis at a given time in an adequate medium is dependent on individual animal, length of time in culture, and density of cells. Rate of loss with time in the ability to synthesize lactose followed first order kinetics (half-time 11 h). Rate of synthesis per cell at a given time was an inverse function of the cell density following a linear relationship expressed by plotting the inverse of the amount accumulated versus the inverse of the cell number. A cell density for such experimental studies of about 2.5 times 10-6 cells per ml was ideal. The medium concentration of lactose and, above a minimum, that of glucose did not affect production of lactose.", "PMID": 1112939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3637", "title": "Structure and synthesis of milk fat XI. Effects of heparin on paths of incorporation of glucose and palmitic acid into milk fat.", "content": "Intravenous injection of heparin increases lipoprotein lipase activity of circulating serum presumably by removing the enzyme from its location on the capillary endothelium. The incorporation of carbon-14 uniformly labeled glucose and carbon-14 1-labeled palmitic acid into fractionated milk fat triglycerides was studied in both normal and heparin treated lactating goats. The objective was to remove lipoprotein lipase from the mammary gland capillaries and to contrast normal milk fat synthesis with a situation presumed to cause the gland to be solely dependent on the phosphatidic acid pathway. The studies with labeled glucose indicated that under normal conditions there are two sources of milk glyceride glycerol; while following heparin injections, there is a single glycerol pool providing most of the glyceride glycerol. The investigations with labeled palmitic acid indicated that under normal conditions there are two sources of palmitic acid coming from the blood which enter nonequilibrating cellular pools. Palmitic acid from both pools is available for triglyceride synthesis. Following heparin injections there appears to be a common intracellular pool of pre-formed palmitic acid derived from the blood. The data indicate that lipoprotein lipase operating on blood triglycerides yields a 2-mono-glyceride which subsequently enters the gland and is utilized for milk fat synthesis.", "contents": "Structure and synthesis of milk fat XI. Effects of heparin on paths of incorporation of glucose and palmitic acid into milk fat. Intravenous injection of heparin increases lipoprotein lipase activity of circulating serum presumably by removing the enzyme from its location on the capillary endothelium. The incorporation of carbon-14 uniformly labeled glucose and carbon-14 1-labeled palmitic acid into fractionated milk fat triglycerides was studied in both normal and heparin treated lactating goats. The objective was to remove lipoprotein lipase from the mammary gland capillaries and to contrast normal milk fat synthesis with a situation presumed to cause the gland to be solely dependent on the phosphatidic acid pathway. The studies with labeled glucose indicated that under normal conditions there are two sources of milk glyceride glycerol; while following heparin injections, there is a single glycerol pool providing most of the glyceride glycerol. The investigations with labeled palmitic acid indicated that under normal conditions there are two sources of palmitic acid coming from the blood which enter nonequilibrating cellular pools. Palmitic acid from both pools is available for triglyceride synthesis. Following heparin injections there appears to be a common intracellular pool of pre-formed palmitic acid derived from the blood. The data indicate that lipoprotein lipase operating on blood triglycerides yields a 2-mono-glyceride which subsequently enters the gland and is utilized for milk fat synthesis.", "PMID": 1112940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3638", "title": "Environmental and lactational variables affecting prolactin concentrations in bovine milk.", "content": "Relationships were examined between prolactin concentrations in bovine milk and various environmental and lactational variables. Prolactin was quantified by radioimmunoassay in 1.316 milk samples from two experiments. Environmental temperatures preceding milking, stage of lactation, daily miik yield, and dominance rank of the cow were correlated significantly with milk prolactin concentration. Stepwise multiple regression analysis was used to determine, in order of importance, the variables having significant independent effects on milk prolactin. Ambient temperature extremes, high and low, exerted the greatest effects and were each associated with elevated concentrations of prolactin. In Experiment I,conducted throughout the year, the variable representing maximum temperature preceding milking accounted for 14.3% of the variation in milk prolactin. In Experiment II, conducted during late fall and early winter, the minimum temperature preceding milking accounted for 21.1% of the variation. Although earlier stages of lactation and larger daily milk yields were associated with higher prolactin concentrations, inclusion of lactation stage in the stepwise regression model tended to eliminate almost all the variance of prolactinpreviously associated with daily yield. Dominance measurements indicated that more submissive cows had higher milk prolactin. Individual cows tended to have characteristic prolactin, but this tendency was eliminated by statistical adjustment of the data for environmental and lactational variables.", "contents": "Environmental and lactational variables affecting prolactin concentrations in bovine milk. Relationships were examined between prolactin concentrations in bovine milk and various environmental and lactational variables. Prolactin was quantified by radioimmunoassay in 1.316 milk samples from two experiments. Environmental temperatures preceding milking, stage of lactation, daily miik yield, and dominance rank of the cow were correlated significantly with milk prolactin concentration. Stepwise multiple regression analysis was used to determine, in order of importance, the variables having significant independent effects on milk prolactin. Ambient temperature extremes, high and low, exerted the greatest effects and were each associated with elevated concentrations of prolactin. In Experiment I,conducted throughout the year, the variable representing maximum temperature preceding milking accounted for 14.3% of the variation in milk prolactin. In Experiment II, conducted during late fall and early winter, the minimum temperature preceding milking accounted for 21.1% of the variation. Although earlier stages of lactation and larger daily milk yields were associated with higher prolactin concentrations, inclusion of lactation stage in the stepwise regression model tended to eliminate almost all the variance of prolactinpreviously associated with daily yield. Dominance measurements indicated that more submissive cows had higher milk prolactin. Individual cows tended to have characteristic prolactin, but this tendency was eliminated by statistical adjustment of the data for environmental and lactational variables.", "PMID": 1112941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3639", "title": "Influence of estrus detection on days open in dairy herds.", "content": "Data from 10 herds on a herd reproductive status program supported estimates of lost reproductive days per cow per year due to conception failure and missed heat as 23 and 10 days. The corresponding estimates from Ohio Dairy Herd Improvement were 14.7 and 40.3 days. The correlation within the 10 herds between days lost due to failure to conceive and total days open was .38 and between days lost due to missed heats and total days open .92.", "contents": "Influence of estrus detection on days open in dairy herds. Data from 10 herds on a herd reproductive status program supported estimates of lost reproductive days per cow per year due to conception failure and missed heat as 23 and 10 days. The corresponding estimates from Ohio Dairy Herd Improvement were 14.7 and 40.3 days. The correlation within the 10 herds between days lost due to failure to conceive and total days open was .38 and between days lost due to missed heats and total days open .92.", "PMID": 1112942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3640", "title": "Effect of beta adrenergic blockage on bronchial sensitivity to inhaled acetylcholine in normal subjects.", "content": "Dose-responses curves were established in 10 normal subjects by measuring, with a body plethysmograph, the changes of specific airway conductance (SGaw) produced by aerosolized acetylcholine. Doses of acetylcholine producing a 50 per cent decrease of control SGaw (ED50) were found to be largely variable among individuals. Beta-adrenergic blockade with intravenous propranolol (0.2 mg per kilogram) resulted in a mean potentiation of the acetycholine effect (mean ED50 after propranolol was significantly lower than mean ED50 before). This potentiating effect of propranolol, however, was also subjected to individual variations, suggesting individual variability of the sympathetic system. The range of variation in acetylcholine sensitivity was not narrowed by propranolol treatment and no correlation was found between initial acetylcholine sensitivity and propranolol potentiation. This suggests that variability of the sympathetic system is not the main factor in determining individual variation in acetylcholine sensitivity. Even when propranolol was very effective in increasing airway sensitivity, this sensitivity was still less marked than usually encountered in asthmatic patients. This suggests that beta-adrenergic blockade cannot create, if alone, the bronchial hypersensitivity characteristic of asthma.", "contents": "Effect of beta adrenergic blockage on bronchial sensitivity to inhaled acetylcholine in normal subjects. Dose-responses curves were established in 10 normal subjects by measuring, with a body plethysmograph, the changes of specific airway conductance (SGaw) produced by aerosolized acetylcholine. Doses of acetylcholine producing a 50 per cent decrease of control SGaw (ED50) were found to be largely variable among individuals. Beta-adrenergic blockade with intravenous propranolol (0.2 mg per kilogram) resulted in a mean potentiation of the acetycholine effect (mean ED50 after propranolol was significantly lower than mean ED50 before). This potentiating effect of propranolol, however, was also subjected to individual variations, suggesting individual variability of the sympathetic system. The range of variation in acetylcholine sensitivity was not narrowed by propranolol treatment and no correlation was found between initial acetylcholine sensitivity and propranolol potentiation. This suggests that variability of the sympathetic system is not the main factor in determining individual variation in acetylcholine sensitivity. Even when propranolol was very effective in increasing airway sensitivity, this sensitivity was still less marked than usually encountered in asthmatic patients. This suggests that beta-adrenergic blockade cannot create, if alone, the bronchial hypersensitivity characteristic of asthma.", "PMID": 1112949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3641", "title": "Uptake of catecholamines in guinea pig lung: influence of cortisol and anaphylaxis.", "content": "Effects of cortisol and anaphylaxis on the uptake of catecholamines (CA) in the guinea pig lung have not been investigated previously. Sensitized and healthy animals were randomly killed, catheters were inserted into the pulmonary artery and vein, and the preparation was perfused with Tyrode. Half of the animals received 50 mg. of cortisol 2 hours before the procedure. H3-epinephrine (E) or norepinephrine (NE), 10 ng. per milliliter, was infused for 6 minutes. Infusion was started 15 seconds prior to challenge with ovalbumin or NaCl. Total -H3 and NE(E)-H3 were determined in the lung homogenates. Results showed (1) 6 to 14 per cent of circulating CA were retained by the lung. (2) In healthy animals cortisol inhibited NE uptake by 35 per cent and E uptake by 15 per cent. (3) Anaphylaxis increased NE and E accumulation by 10 and 19 per cent, respectively. (4) Regardless of experimental conditions approximately 40 per cent of NE and 30 per cent of E taken up were recovered unchanged. (1) There is significant uptake of CA in the lung. (2) One of the mechanisms of therapeutic effect of cortisol in asthma might be its inhibitory effect on CA uptake. (3) Increased CA accumulation during anaphylaxis could be beneficial by increasing the local concentration of amines, or detrimental by decreasing availability of CA, depending on the uptake site and cell type and degree of subsequent metabolism. (4) Cortisol and anaphylaxis per se appear not to change degradation of CA.", "contents": "Uptake of catecholamines in guinea pig lung: influence of cortisol and anaphylaxis. Effects of cortisol and anaphylaxis on the uptake of catecholamines (CA) in the guinea pig lung have not been investigated previously. Sensitized and healthy animals were randomly killed, catheters were inserted into the pulmonary artery and vein, and the preparation was perfused with Tyrode. Half of the animals received 50 mg. of cortisol 2 hours before the procedure. H3-epinephrine (E) or norepinephrine (NE), 10 ng. per milliliter, was infused for 6 minutes. Infusion was started 15 seconds prior to challenge with ovalbumin or NaCl. Total -H3 and NE(E)-H3 were determined in the lung homogenates. Results showed (1) 6 to 14 per cent of circulating CA were retained by the lung. (2) In healthy animals cortisol inhibited NE uptake by 35 per cent and E uptake by 15 per cent. (3) Anaphylaxis increased NE and E accumulation by 10 and 19 per cent, respectively. (4) Regardless of experimental conditions approximately 40 per cent of NE and 30 per cent of E taken up were recovered unchanged. (1) There is significant uptake of CA in the lung. (2) One of the mechanisms of therapeutic effect of cortisol in asthma might be its inhibitory effect on CA uptake. (3) Increased CA accumulation during anaphylaxis could be beneficial by increasing the local concentration of amines, or detrimental by decreasing availability of CA, depending on the uptake site and cell type and degree of subsequent metabolism. (4) Cortisol and anaphylaxis per se appear not to change degradation of CA.", "PMID": 1112950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3642", "title": "Spatial variability in airborne pollen concentrations.", "content": "Tests were conducted to determine the relationship between airborne pollen concentrations and distance. Simultaneous samples were taken in 171 tests with sets of eight rotoslide samplers spaced from one to 486 M. apart in straight lines. Use of all possible pairs gave 28 separation distances. Tests were conducted over a 2-year period in urban and rural locations distant from major pollen sources during both tree and ragweed pollen seasons. Samples were taken at a height of 1.5 M. during 5-to 20-minute periods. Tests were grouped by pollen type, location, year, and direction of the wind relative to the line. Data were analyzed to evaluate variability without regard to sampler spacing and variability as a function of separation distance. The mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, ratio of maximum to the mean, and ratio of minimum to the mean were calculated for each test, each group of tests, and all cases. The average coefficient of variation is 0.21, the maximum over the mean, 1.39 and the minimum over the mean, 0.69. No relationship was found with experimental conditions. Samples taken at the minimum separation distance had a mean difference of 18 per cent. Differences between pairs of samples increased with distance in 10 of 13 groups. These results suggest that airborne pollens are not always well mixed in the lower atmosphere and that a sample becomes less representative with increasing distance from the sampling location.", "contents": "Spatial variability in airborne pollen concentrations. Tests were conducted to determine the relationship between airborne pollen concentrations and distance. Simultaneous samples were taken in 171 tests with sets of eight rotoslide samplers spaced from one to 486 M. apart in straight lines. Use of all possible pairs gave 28 separation distances. Tests were conducted over a 2-year period in urban and rural locations distant from major pollen sources during both tree and ragweed pollen seasons. Samples were taken at a height of 1.5 M. during 5-to 20-minute periods. Tests were grouped by pollen type, location, year, and direction of the wind relative to the line. Data were analyzed to evaluate variability without regard to sampler spacing and variability as a function of separation distance. The mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, ratio of maximum to the mean, and ratio of minimum to the mean were calculated for each test, each group of tests, and all cases. The average coefficient of variation is 0.21, the maximum over the mean, 1.39 and the minimum over the mean, 0.69. No relationship was found with experimental conditions. Samples taken at the minimum separation distance had a mean difference of 18 per cent. Differences between pairs of samples increased with distance in 10 of 13 groups. These results suggest that airborne pollens are not always well mixed in the lower atmosphere and that a sample becomes less representative with increasing distance from the sampling location.", "PMID": 1112951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3643", "title": "Microculture method for some viable airborne particles.", "content": "A microchamber has been developed for in situ culture of some airborne particles collected on the acrylic \"I\" rods of the Rotorod Air Sampler. The design of the chamber allows direct observation as well as the photography of microscopic airborne particles. Its use permits a rapid distinction between living and nonliving matter, as well as increased efficiency in sampling airborne particles.", "contents": "Microculture method for some viable airborne particles. A microchamber has been developed for in situ culture of some airborne particles collected on the acrylic \"I\" rods of the Rotorod Air Sampler. The design of the chamber allows direct observation as well as the photography of microscopic airborne particles. Its use permits a rapid distinction between living and nonliving matter, as well as increased efficiency in sampling airborne particles.", "PMID": 1112952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3644", "title": "Nutritive content of college meals. Proximate composition and vitamins.", "content": "Two samples, each consisting of menus of two breakfasts, lunches, and dinners, as offered to college students, were collected for seven consecutive days from each of fifty colleges. The composited meals were analyzed to determine proximate composition and content of vitamin A, vitamin D, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, folacin, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12. On a per-person-per-day basis, the meals met or exceeded the Recommended Dietary Allowances for nineteen-to-twenty-two-year-old men and women for protein, vitamin A, riboflavin, and niacin. About a third of the meals were below the allowances for vitamin D, three-fifths were short in thiamin, and three-fourths were short in folacin and vitamin B6. A number of colleges offered meals that were short on calories.", "contents": "Nutritive content of college meals. Proximate composition and vitamins. Two samples, each consisting of menus of two breakfasts, lunches, and dinners, as offered to college students, were collected for seven consecutive days from each of fifty colleges. The composited meals were analyzed to determine proximate composition and content of vitamin A, vitamin D, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, folacin, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12. On a per-person-per-day basis, the meals met or exceeded the Recommended Dietary Allowances for nineteen-to-twenty-two-year-old men and women for protein, vitamin A, riboflavin, and niacin. About a third of the meals were below the allowances for vitamin D, three-fifths were short in thiamin, and three-fourths were short in folacin and vitamin B6. A number of colleges offered meals that were short on calories.", "PMID": 1112954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3645", "title": "Food choices of women. Personal, attitudinal, and motivational factors.", "content": "Responses of 591 women showed that they purchased and prepared the meals in nine of ten households. Although half preserved a limited amount of food, few had gardens or raised or received livestock for their families' use. Most women ate three meals plus one or two snacks a day. The dominant occupation of the women was homemaker; more men had professional or managerial occupations than other work. More than half the adults had completed more than twelve grades in school. Average gross income per household exceeded $11,000 yearly. The husband would exert the strongest influence on most of the women to try a new food, although most would try a new food if urged to by a doctor, nurse, or nutritionist. The majority were motivated to eat a particular food because of personal or family preferences, which were the dominant motivational factors in eating each food category. Advertising was the least influential.", "contents": "Food choices of women. Personal, attitudinal, and motivational factors. Responses of 591 women showed that they purchased and prepared the meals in nine of ten households. Although half preserved a limited amount of food, few had gardens or raised or received livestock for their families' use. Most women ate three meals plus one or two snacks a day. The dominant occupation of the women was homemaker; more men had professional or managerial occupations than other work. More than half the adults had completed more than twelve grades in school. Average gross income per household exceeded $11,000 yearly. The husband would exert the strongest influence on most of the women to try a new food, although most would try a new food if urged to by a doctor, nurse, or nutritionist. The majority were motivated to eat a particular food because of personal or family preferences, which were the dominant motivational factors in eating each food category. Advertising was the least influential.", "PMID": 1112955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3646", "title": "Sodium in four canned vegetables. Effect of rinsing and heating in water.", "content": "Low-sodium canned vegetables are required for severely restricted sodium diets, but on the milder sodium-restricted diets, adjustments could be made on an individual patient basis to include specially treated regular canned vegetables. This investigation was planned to compare the sodium content of regular canned vegetables as processed with same canned vegetables when rinsed and heated in tap water. The study was also designed to compare the consistency of sodium content in canned vegetables between and within brands. Knowledge of the actual sodium content of regular canned vegetables will permit greater use of these foods on modified-sodium diets.", "contents": "Sodium in four canned vegetables. Effect of rinsing and heating in water. Low-sodium canned vegetables are required for severely restricted sodium diets, but on the milder sodium-restricted diets, adjustments could be made on an individual patient basis to include specially treated regular canned vegetables. This investigation was planned to compare the sodium content of regular canned vegetables as processed with same canned vegetables when rinsed and heated in tap water. The study was also designed to compare the consistency of sodium content in canned vegetables between and within brands. Knowledge of the actual sodium content of regular canned vegetables will permit greater use of these foods on modified-sodium diets.", "PMID": 1112956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3647", "title": "Mass screening for coronary risk factors in 2,524 asymptomatic adults.", "content": "The prevalence of coronary risk factors was assessed in 2,524 asymptomatic adults in Long Beach, California. Hypercholesterolemia (serum cholesterol level greater than 250 mg/100 ml) was present in 725 subjects (28.8 per cent), hypertriglyceridemia (serum triglyceride level greater than or equal to 150 mg/100 ml) in 497 (19.7 per cent), and an abnormal lipoprotein pattern in 813 (32.2 per cent). Of the 2,524 subjects, 233 (9.2 per cent) had a blood pressure above 140/90 mm Hg and 116 (4.6 percent) had a blood pressure above 150/100 mm. There were 1,043 cigarette, cigar, or pipe smokers (41.3 per cent). Fifty subjects (2.0 per cent) had a fasting blood sugar level above 120 mg/100 ml, 48 (1.9 per cent) had abnormal triceps skinfold thickness, and 382 (15.2 per cent) weighed 20 per cent or more above the desirable weight. The electrocardiogram during rest was definitely above the desirable weight. The electrocardiogram during rest was definitely abnormal in 183 subjects (7.3 per cent). On the basis of these data it is evident that in many asymptomatic adults, risk factors predisposing to coronary disease are not being detected or treated.", "contents": "Mass screening for coronary risk factors in 2,524 asymptomatic adults. The prevalence of coronary risk factors was assessed in 2,524 asymptomatic adults in Long Beach, California. Hypercholesterolemia (serum cholesterol level greater than 250 mg/100 ml) was present in 725 subjects (28.8 per cent), hypertriglyceridemia (serum triglyceride level greater than or equal to 150 mg/100 ml) in 497 (19.7 per cent), and an abnormal lipoprotein pattern in 813 (32.2 per cent). Of the 2,524 subjects, 233 (9.2 per cent) had a blood pressure above 140/90 mm Hg and 116 (4.6 percent) had a blood pressure above 150/100 mm. There were 1,043 cigarette, cigar, or pipe smokers (41.3 per cent). Fifty subjects (2.0 per cent) had a fasting blood sugar level above 120 mg/100 ml, 48 (1.9 per cent) had abnormal triceps skinfold thickness, and 382 (15.2 per cent) weighed 20 per cent or more above the desirable weight. The electrocardiogram during rest was definitely above the desirable weight. The electrocardiogram during rest was definitely abnormal in 183 subjects (7.3 per cent). On the basis of these data it is evident that in many asymptomatic adults, risk factors predisposing to coronary disease are not being detected or treated.", "PMID": 1112961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3648", "title": "Treatment of anemia in the aged: a common problem and challenge.", "content": "The occurrence of anemia in a group of aged persons residing in a home for the aged and in a chronic disease hospital was reviewed with regard to etiology, choice of treatment, and therapeutic response. Of the 484 patients, 151 (31 per cent) had anemia or were receiving antianemia therapy. Iron-deficiency anemia was the most common type, and iron was the most common form of treatment. Seventy-eight patients were given antianemia therapy in 97 courses, and a good therapeutic result was achieved in about one-fourth of the courses. The most frequent error in iron therapy was its use in the anemia associated with chronic disorders. Often there was a combination deficiency of iron, vitamin B12 and folic acid. The response to iron in the elderly can be very slow, so therapy should not be discontinued too soon. Anemia may directly contribute to other serious pathologic conditions, especially in aged persons with impaired circulation. In some cases the physiologic concentration of hemoglobin may be higher than the accepted \"normal\" value. The course of the anemia in relation to the general state of the patient is more significant than any laboratory data in choosing antianemia therapy. Practical laboratory screening procedures for elderly anemic patients are discussed.", "contents": "Treatment of anemia in the aged: a common problem and challenge. The occurrence of anemia in a group of aged persons residing in a home for the aged and in a chronic disease hospital was reviewed with regard to etiology, choice of treatment, and therapeutic response. Of the 484 patients, 151 (31 per cent) had anemia or were receiving antianemia therapy. Iron-deficiency anemia was the most common type, and iron was the most common form of treatment. Seventy-eight patients were given antianemia therapy in 97 courses, and a good therapeutic result was achieved in about one-fourth of the courses. The most frequent error in iron therapy was its use in the anemia associated with chronic disorders. Often there was a combination deficiency of iron, vitamin B12 and folic acid. The response to iron in the elderly can be very slow, so therapy should not be discontinued too soon. Anemia may directly contribute to other serious pathologic conditions, especially in aged persons with impaired circulation. In some cases the physiologic concentration of hemoglobin may be higher than the accepted \"normal\" value. The course of the anemia in relation to the general state of the patient is more significant than any laboratory data in choosing antianemia therapy. Practical laboratory screening procedures for elderly anemic patients are discussed.", "PMID": 1112962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3649", "title": "Effects of relocation on chronically ill geriatric patients of a medical unit: mortality rates.", "content": "The entire general medical unit of Ste. Anne's Hospital for disabled elderly veterans was moved into a new modern building on July 13, 1971. Roughly, about 350 patients were involved. In anticipation of the move, a program of preparation of the patients was organized to prevent if possible the dramatic increases in the mortality rate reported in some earlier studies of relocated geriatric populations. The principal finding with regard to mortality was a significant decrease of 6.82 per cent after the relocation when compared with mortality rate for the previous year. The highly appreciated air-conditioning system in the new building, representative of modern improvements, may have helped to a minor degree. A much more important factor was the well organized program for preparation of the patients, skillfully carried out by a conscientious staff.", "contents": "Effects of relocation on chronically ill geriatric patients of a medical unit: mortality rates. The entire general medical unit of Ste. Anne's Hospital for disabled elderly veterans was moved into a new modern building on July 13, 1971. Roughly, about 350 patients were involved. In anticipation of the move, a program of preparation of the patients was organized to prevent if possible the dramatic increases in the mortality rate reported in some earlier studies of relocated geriatric populations. The principal finding with regard to mortality was a significant decrease of 6.82 per cent after the relocation when compared with mortality rate for the previous year. The highly appreciated air-conditioning system in the new building, representative of modern improvements, may have helped to a minor degree. A much more important factor was the well organized program for preparation of the patients, skillfully carried out by a conscientious staff.", "PMID": 1112963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3650", "title": "Psychosomatic rehabilitation of elderly persons.", "content": "The psychosomatic rehabilitation of the elderly is an important task from both social and economic viewpoints. For psychic rehabilitation, moderate activity and the playing of games (such as chess, dominoes or cards) are recommended. Based on experiences with a group of 50 persons of the 70-90 age group., bridge playing is an especially desirable form of recreation. For somatic rehabilitation, physical exercise is a valuable aid, based on experiences with 338 partially disabled patients of the 51-81plus age group", "contents": "Psychosomatic rehabilitation of elderly persons. The psychosomatic rehabilitation of the elderly is an important task from both social and economic viewpoints. For psychic rehabilitation, moderate activity and the playing of games (such as chess, dominoes or cards) are recommended. Based on experiences with a group of 50 persons of the 70-90 age group., bridge playing is an especially desirable form of recreation. For somatic rehabilitation, physical exercise is a valuable aid, based on experiences with 338 partially disabled patients of the 51-81plus age group", "PMID": 1112964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3651", "title": "The molecular dimensions of mitogenic factor from guinea pig lymph node cells.", "content": "The molecular dimensions of a mitogenic factor from guinea pig lymph node cells were investigated by means of gel filtration, sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation, and CsCi isopycnic ultracentrifugation. The mitogenic factor was produced by stimulation of immune lymph node cells from inbred guinea pigs, strain 2 or 13, with the specific antigen, ovalbumin; and mitogenic activity was assayed by measuring incorporation of tritiated thymidine by target lymph node cells from syngeneic animals not immune to ovalbumin. The D-20,w of the mitogenic factor was estimated to be (9.9 plus and minus 0.2) times 10-7 cm2/sec by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100, and the apparent S20,w was estimated to be 2.4 plus and minus 0.2 S by sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation. The buoyant density was determined to be 1.324 plus and minus 0.006 g/ml by CsCi isopycnic ultracentrifugation, and from this value the partial specific volume of mitogenic factor was estimated to be 0.71. From these data the molecular weight of the mitogenic factor was calculated to be 20,000, and the frictional ratio was calculated to be 1.2.", "contents": "The molecular dimensions of mitogenic factor from guinea pig lymph node cells. The molecular dimensions of a mitogenic factor from guinea pig lymph node cells were investigated by means of gel filtration, sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation, and CsCi isopycnic ultracentrifugation. The mitogenic factor was produced by stimulation of immune lymph node cells from inbred guinea pigs, strain 2 or 13, with the specific antigen, ovalbumin; and mitogenic activity was assayed by measuring incorporation of tritiated thymidine by target lymph node cells from syngeneic animals not immune to ovalbumin. The D-20,w of the mitogenic factor was estimated to be (9.9 plus and minus 0.2) times 10-7 cm2/sec by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100, and the apparent S20,w was estimated to be 2.4 plus and minus 0.2 S by sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation. The buoyant density was determined to be 1.324 plus and minus 0.006 g/ml by CsCi isopycnic ultracentrifugation, and from this value the partial specific volume of mitogenic factor was estimated to be 0.71. From these data the molecular weight of the mitogenic factor was calculated to be 20,000, and the frictional ratio was calculated to be 1.2.", "PMID": 1112974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3652", "title": "Interaction of IgE with rat basophilic leukemia cells. III. Release of intact receptors on cell-free particles.", "content": "Rat basophilic leukemia cells which bind rat IgE-release particulate material as they lose viability. This material appears to contain the surface receptors for IgE in their native form. Up to 80% of the receptor activity has been recovered in a fraction which contains only 4 to 5% of the total cellular protein.", "contents": "Interaction of IgE with rat basophilic leukemia cells. III. Release of intact receptors on cell-free particles. Rat basophilic leukemia cells which bind rat IgE-release particulate material as they lose viability. This material appears to contain the surface receptors for IgE in their native form. Up to 80% of the receptor activity has been recovered in a fraction which contains only 4 to 5% of the total cellular protein.", "PMID": 1112975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3653", "title": "Use of radioimmunoassays to determine the concentration of streptococcal group-specific antibodies in rabbit antisera.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay was developed for the quantitation of antibodies to the Group A, A-variant, and C carbohydrates in rabbit streptococcal antisera. The assay employs radiolabeled purified Group carbohydrate which has been tyrosylated to allow for incorporation of 125-I. This assay has an advantage over the intitative precipitin test because it measures non-precipitating antibody in addition to precipitating antibody. Furthermore, 7S anti-IgG in rabbit antisera give a falsely elevated value for the antibody concentration in the quantitative precipitin test. This did not occur with the radioimmunoassay. The assay described is reproducible, sensitive, and uses little antisera.", "contents": "Use of radioimmunoassays to determine the concentration of streptococcal group-specific antibodies in rabbit antisera. A radioimmunoassay was developed for the quantitation of antibodies to the Group A, A-variant, and C carbohydrates in rabbit streptococcal antisera. The assay employs radiolabeled purified Group carbohydrate which has been tyrosylated to allow for incorporation of 125-I. This assay has an advantage over the intitative precipitin test because it measures non-precipitating antibody in addition to precipitating antibody. Furthermore, 7S anti-IgG in rabbit antisera give a falsely elevated value for the antibody concentration in the quantitative precipitin test. This did not occur with the radioimmunoassay. The assay described is reproducible, sensitive, and uses little antisera.", "PMID": 1112976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3654", "title": "Transformation antigens on stimulated lymphocytes.", "content": "Immunologically mediated regulation of lymphoproliferation requires a self-recognition mechanism. This was sought by measuring the ability of blood lymphocytes to recognize transformed, autologous lymphocytes. Human blood lymphocytes incubated with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) for 72 hr, followed by mitomycin C treatment, induced blast transformation of autologous lymphocytes from all 28 healthy adults tested. Blastogenesis was measured by reactor cell incorporation of 3H-thymidine and was greater at 72 than at 144 hr. The role of PHA itself was assessed in several ways. The supernatant of washed, PHA-transformed lymphocytes did not stimulate normal autologous lymphocytes. Lymphocytes incubated with PHA for 1 hr or 72 hr before mitomycin treatment bound equivalent amounts of 131I-PHA; cells treated for 1 hr did not transform and did not stimulate autologous lymphocytes. By contrast, cells incubated for 72 hr did transform and stimulate autologous lymphocytes. Lytic sonication of PHA-transformed lymphocytes abolished their stimulating capability. An identical result was observed in allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reactions after lytic sonication of the stimulating cells. PHA itself maintained its stimulatory capability after sonication. Although N-acetyl-D-galactosamine (NAGAL) competes with PHA for lymphocyte membrane sites, incubation of reactor lymphocytes with NAGAL did not diminish their response to PHA-transformed autologous lymphocytes. These results strongly suggest the presence of autorecognition determinants on membranes of transformed lymphocytes. The relatively rapid reaction to these determinants is consistent with prior in vivo exposure.", "contents": "Transformation antigens on stimulated lymphocytes. Immunologically mediated regulation of lymphoproliferation requires a self-recognition mechanism. This was sought by measuring the ability of blood lymphocytes to recognize transformed, autologous lymphocytes. Human blood lymphocytes incubated with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) for 72 hr, followed by mitomycin C treatment, induced blast transformation of autologous lymphocytes from all 28 healthy adults tested. Blastogenesis was measured by reactor cell incorporation of 3H-thymidine and was greater at 72 than at 144 hr. The role of PHA itself was assessed in several ways. The supernatant of washed, PHA-transformed lymphocytes did not stimulate normal autologous lymphocytes. Lymphocytes incubated with PHA for 1 hr or 72 hr before mitomycin treatment bound equivalent amounts of 131I-PHA; cells treated for 1 hr did not transform and did not stimulate autologous lymphocytes. By contrast, cells incubated for 72 hr did transform and stimulate autologous lymphocytes. Lytic sonication of PHA-transformed lymphocytes abolished their stimulating capability. An identical result was observed in allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reactions after lytic sonication of the stimulating cells. PHA itself maintained its stimulatory capability after sonication. Although N-acetyl-D-galactosamine (NAGAL) competes with PHA for lymphocyte membrane sites, incubation of reactor lymphocytes with NAGAL did not diminish their response to PHA-transformed autologous lymphocytes. These results strongly suggest the presence of autorecognition determinants on membranes of transformed lymphocytes. The relatively rapid reaction to these determinants is consistent with prior in vivo exposure.", "PMID": 1112977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3655", "title": "The interferon refractory state. II. Biological characterization of a refractoriness-inducing protein.", "content": "When L929 cells were treated with samples collected from cells or mice producing interferon, almost complete refractoriness to subsequent interferon induction was observed. The relationship of this refractoriness-inducing product (RIP) to the antiviral activity of the samples was determined. Using interferon in the pretreatment sample as a measure of RIP concentration, a semilog plot of the pretreatment interferon titer and interferon subsequently produced, resulted in an approximately linear relationship between 10 and 100 units of interferon in the pretreatment sample. This relationship was largely independent of multiplicity of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) used to produce interferon in the treated monolayers. A 2- to 6-fold temporal differentiation in the refractoriness-inducing activity and the antiviral activities was obtained both in vitro and in vivo. Supernatants collected 48 hr after NDV infection of L929 cells had 2- to 4-fold more refractoriness-inducing activity than those collected earlier. In serum of ICR mice given poly rIn:rCn-poly-D-lysine, a quantitatively similar temporal increase in refractoriness-inducing activity was observed. Treatment of L929 cells with cycloheximide resulted in a 4-fold increase in interferon production. At equivalent interferon concentrations, supernatants from the cycloheximide-treated monolayers inhibited interferon production 4-fold less than did comparable supernatants from non-cycloheximide-treated monolayers. Soluble cell extracts inhibited interferon production to a greater degree than did extracellular preparations. The protein nature of the refractoriness-inducing activity was suggested by its trypsin sensitivity. These findings suggest that the refractoriness-inducing and antiviral activities of interferon preparations result from different proteins.", "contents": "The interferon refractory state. II. Biological characterization of a refractoriness-inducing protein. When L929 cells were treated with samples collected from cells or mice producing interferon, almost complete refractoriness to subsequent interferon induction was observed. The relationship of this refractoriness-inducing product (RIP) to the antiviral activity of the samples was determined. Using interferon in the pretreatment sample as a measure of RIP concentration, a semilog plot of the pretreatment interferon titer and interferon subsequently produced, resulted in an approximately linear relationship between 10 and 100 units of interferon in the pretreatment sample. This relationship was largely independent of multiplicity of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) used to produce interferon in the treated monolayers. A 2- to 6-fold temporal differentiation in the refractoriness-inducing activity and the antiviral activities was obtained both in vitro and in vivo. Supernatants collected 48 hr after NDV infection of L929 cells had 2- to 4-fold more refractoriness-inducing activity than those collected earlier. In serum of ICR mice given poly rIn:rCn-poly-D-lysine, a quantitatively similar temporal increase in refractoriness-inducing activity was observed. Treatment of L929 cells with cycloheximide resulted in a 4-fold increase in interferon production. At equivalent interferon concentrations, supernatants from the cycloheximide-treated monolayers inhibited interferon production 4-fold less than did comparable supernatants from non-cycloheximide-treated monolayers. Soluble cell extracts inhibited interferon production to a greater degree than did extracellular preparations. The protein nature of the refractoriness-inducing activity was suggested by its trypsin sensitivity. These findings suggest that the refractoriness-inducing and antiviral activities of interferon preparations result from different proteins.", "PMID": 1112978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3656", "title": "The effect of fluorescein conjugation on Fc-dependent properties of rabbit antibody.", "content": "Conjugation of rabbit antibody with fluorescein isothiocyanate results in loss of the ability of that antibody to fix complement, mediate passive cutaneous anaphylaxis, or participate in cytophilic binding to macrophage surfaces. Fluorescein, perhaps because of molecular size or configuration, is a more potent suppressor of Fc function than are other reagents previously studied in this regard.", "contents": "The effect of fluorescein conjugation on Fc-dependent properties of rabbit antibody. Conjugation of rabbit antibody with fluorescein isothiocyanate results in loss of the ability of that antibody to fix complement, mediate passive cutaneous anaphylaxis, or participate in cytophilic binding to macrophage surfaces. Fluorescein, perhaps because of molecular size or configuration, is a more potent suppressor of Fc function than are other reagents previously studied in this regard.", "PMID": 1112979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3657", "title": "Rat cell surface antigens. II. Isolation of a minor histocompatibility antigen.", "content": "A cell surface antigen was isolated from soluble extracts of rat lymphoid cells. Molecular weight of the purified antigen was estimated by SDS gel electrophoresis to be 10 to 20,000 daltons. Physical as well as immunologic properties of this antigen do not resemble those of any known antigenic product of the major histocompatibility locus of the rat. It is therefore proposed that it is a rat minor histocompatibility antigen.", "contents": "Rat cell surface antigens. II. Isolation of a minor histocompatibility antigen. A cell surface antigen was isolated from soluble extracts of rat lymphoid cells. Molecular weight of the purified antigen was estimated by SDS gel electrophoresis to be 10 to 20,000 daltons. Physical as well as immunologic properties of this antigen do not resemble those of any known antigenic product of the major histocompatibility locus of the rat. It is therefore proposed that it is a rat minor histocompatibility antigen.", "PMID": 1112980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3658", "title": "Human C3 and C5: subunit structure and modifications by trypsin and C42-C423.", "content": "The subunit composition of human C3 and C5 was analyzed. Acrylamide gel electrophoresis of the fully reduced and dissociated proteins disclosed a similar structure, consisting of one alpha and beta subunit, linked together by one or more disulfide bonds. The approximate molecular weights for the alpha and beta subunits of C3 as well as C5 were 140,000 and 80,000 respectively. C42 caused cleavage solely of C3alpha, whereas trypsin affected both C3alpha as well as C3beta. A characteristic subunit modification by both enzmes indicated that C3alpha constitutes the source of C3a. C423 as well as trypsin exclusively affect C5alpha. C5a therefore appears to originate from the C5alpha subunit. The mode of primary cleavage by C423 and trypsin differs, giving rise to different forms of C5b. The questions is raised if multiple forms of C5a also exist. It appeared from our studies that certain forms of C5b may retain portions of the alpha subunit, which could potentially release some biologically active split products following secondary cleavage by the appropriate enzyme.", "contents": "Human C3 and C5: subunit structure and modifications by trypsin and C42-C423. The subunit composition of human C3 and C5 was analyzed. Acrylamide gel electrophoresis of the fully reduced and dissociated proteins disclosed a similar structure, consisting of one alpha and beta subunit, linked together by one or more disulfide bonds. The approximate molecular weights for the alpha and beta subunits of C3 as well as C5 were 140,000 and 80,000 respectively. C42 caused cleavage solely of C3alpha, whereas trypsin affected both C3alpha as well as C3beta. A characteristic subunit modification by both enzmes indicated that C3alpha constitutes the source of C3a. C423 as well as trypsin exclusively affect C5alpha. C5a therefore appears to originate from the C5alpha subunit. The mode of primary cleavage by C423 and trypsin differs, giving rise to different forms of C5b. The questions is raised if multiple forms of C5a also exist. It appeared from our studies that certain forms of C5b may retain portions of the alpha subunit, which could potentially release some biologically active split products following secondary cleavage by the appropriate enzyme.", "PMID": 1112981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3659", "title": "Anti-dinitrophenyl antibody production in strain 13 guinea pigs fed or sensitized with dinitrochlorobenzene.", "content": "Guinea pigs fed dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) in corn oil become unresponsive tosensitization by later percutaneous applications of DNCB in olive oil. Sera taken from animals after feeding DNCB or after feeding and intradermal stimulation with DNCB contained no antibody detectable with 2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP)-labeled T4 bacteriophage; if any antibody was present, its concentration was below 2 mu g/ml. Guinea pigs fed DNCB and then immunized with DNP on a foreign carrier, keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), produced as much antibody 16 to 18 days later as did animals which had only been sensitized by intradermal injection of DNCB in phosphate-buffered saline and then immunized with DNP-KLH. The amount of antibody produced to DNP-KLH WAS MEASURED AT INTERVALS. In the fed animals, the titer either remained approximately the same or increased with time. In contrast, the sera of sensitized guinea pigs contained a decreasing antibody titer when the first and last bleedings were compared. Isoelectric focusing was carried out with sera from DNP-KLH-immunized animals after the sera were first mixed with a radiolabeled hapten. The antibody-hapten profiles revealed that the DNCB-fed animalss contained predominatly IgG2 in their serum by the time of their initial bleedings, whereas sensitized animals still contained a considerable proportion of more acidic antibodies having marked charge heterogeneity. Equilibrium dialysis measurements onpurified antibody from fed animals indicated an average binding affinity for hapten equivalent to that of purified antibody from sensitized animals. Feeding of DNCB did not cause any obvious decrease in the number of lymphoid cells able to bind 125I-labeled guinea pig IgG. Lack of reduction of the average binding affinity coupled with the retention of antigen-binding lymphoid cells, permit the conclusion that feeding DNCB to guinea pigs under the conditions used did not induce an unresponsiveness or a deletion of those cells which have the potential to produce anti-DNP antibody. Thus, feeding of guinea pigs with DNCB in oil seems to induce a central tolerance at the T cell level with adversely affecting their B lymphocytes. The antibody response obtained by immunization with DNP conjugated to a foreign carrier is not only quantitatively equivalent to that obtained in control animals but qualitatively it appeared to be more mature with respect to charge at a relatively early time (16 to 18 days. Since the antibody levels in serum from fed animals increased or remained approximately constant with time instead of waning as occurred in the DNCB-sensitized animals, feeding or sensitization with DNCB may also have affected some cell or cell product important in the regulation of antibody production.", "contents": "Anti-dinitrophenyl antibody production in strain 13 guinea pigs fed or sensitized with dinitrochlorobenzene. Guinea pigs fed dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) in corn oil become unresponsive tosensitization by later percutaneous applications of DNCB in olive oil. Sera taken from animals after feeding DNCB or after feeding and intradermal stimulation with DNCB contained no antibody detectable with 2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP)-labeled T4 bacteriophage; if any antibody was present, its concentration was below 2 mu g/ml. Guinea pigs fed DNCB and then immunized with DNP on a foreign carrier, keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), produced as much antibody 16 to 18 days later as did animals which had only been sensitized by intradermal injection of DNCB in phosphate-buffered saline and then immunized with DNP-KLH. The amount of antibody produced to DNP-KLH WAS MEASURED AT INTERVALS. In the fed animals, the titer either remained approximately the same or increased with time. In contrast, the sera of sensitized guinea pigs contained a decreasing antibody titer when the first and last bleedings were compared. Isoelectric focusing was carried out with sera from DNP-KLH-immunized animals after the sera were first mixed with a radiolabeled hapten. The antibody-hapten profiles revealed that the DNCB-fed animalss contained predominatly IgG2 in their serum by the time of their initial bleedings, whereas sensitized animals still contained a considerable proportion of more acidic antibodies having marked charge heterogeneity. Equilibrium dialysis measurements onpurified antibody from fed animals indicated an average binding affinity for hapten equivalent to that of purified antibody from sensitized animals. Feeding of DNCB did not cause any obvious decrease in the number of lymphoid cells able to bind 125I-labeled guinea pig IgG. Lack of reduction of the average binding affinity coupled with the retention of antigen-binding lymphoid cells, permit the conclusion that feeding DNCB to guinea pigs under the conditions used did not induce an unresponsiveness or a deletion of those cells which have the potential to produce anti-DNP antibody. Thus, feeding of guinea pigs with DNCB in oil seems to induce a central tolerance at the T cell level with adversely affecting their B lymphocytes. The antibody response obtained by immunization with DNP conjugated to a foreign carrier is not only quantitatively equivalent to that obtained in control animals but qualitatively it appeared to be more mature with respect to charge at a relatively early time (16 to 18 days. Since the antibody levels in serum from fed animals increased or remained approximately constant with time instead of waning as occurred in the DNCB-sensitized animals, feeding or sensitization with DNCB may also have affected some cell or cell product important in the regulation of antibody production.", "PMID": 1112982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3660", "title": "Specific stimulatory and cytotoxic effects of lymphocytes sensitized in vitro to either alloantigens or tumor antigens.", "content": "Lymph node cells (LNC) or spleen cells from normal BALB/c mice were sensitized in vitro by co-cultivation with mitomycin C-treated allogeneic sarcoma cells, and their reactivity measured with a microcytotoxicity assay. Following 5 days of sensitization, a specific cytotoxic effect against tumor cells carrying the sensitizing alloantigens was observed; this is in agreement with previously published findings. Lymphoid cells tested after 3 days of sensitization, however, specifically increased the number of target cells remaining in the Microtest plates at the conclusion of the microcytotoxicity assays. LNC from normal BALB/c mice were also sensitized in vitro against tumor specific antigens using four different methylcholanthrene-induced sarcomas of BALB/c origin. After 6 days of sensitization the LNC were specifically cytotoxic for the immunizing tumor cell line. After 3 days of sensitization, however, the LNC gave a specific increase of the number of remaining target tumor cells.", "contents": "Specific stimulatory and cytotoxic effects of lymphocytes sensitized in vitro to either alloantigens or tumor antigens. Lymph node cells (LNC) or spleen cells from normal BALB/c mice were sensitized in vitro by co-cultivation with mitomycin C-treated allogeneic sarcoma cells, and their reactivity measured with a microcytotoxicity assay. Following 5 days of sensitization, a specific cytotoxic effect against tumor cells carrying the sensitizing alloantigens was observed; this is in agreement with previously published findings. Lymphoid cells tested after 3 days of sensitization, however, specifically increased the number of target cells remaining in the Microtest plates at the conclusion of the microcytotoxicity assays. LNC from normal BALB/c mice were also sensitized in vitro against tumor specific antigens using four different methylcholanthrene-induced sarcomas of BALB/c origin. After 6 days of sensitization the LNC were specifically cytotoxic for the immunizing tumor cell line. After 3 days of sensitization, however, the LNC gave a specific increase of the number of remaining target tumor cells.", "PMID": 1112984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3661", "title": "Antibody-dependent cytotoxicity: modulation by the cytochalasins and microtubule-disruptive agents.", "content": "Cytochalasin B was shown to inhibit lysis of antibody-coated target cells by effector cells from rabbit spleen and lymph node. The inhibitory activity was dose-dependent and reversible. At low concentrations of cytochalasin B (0.15 to 0.3 mug/ml) enhancement of antibody-dependent cytotoxicity was observed. The drug appeared to act at an early stage of the lytic pathway after effector cell-target cell interaction, but before triggering of the cytotoxic event. Cytochalasin A was shown to be a more potent but similarly reversible inhibitor of antibody-dependent cytotoxicity. No enhancement of cytotoxicity was seen at non-inhibitory concentrations of cytochalasin A. The microtubule-disruptive agents colchicine (10-4 M), vinblastine (10-5 M) and colcemid (10-6 M) did not influence antibody-dependent cytotoxicity at concentrations which were not toxic to the effector cells. Our results suggest that antibody-dependent cytotoxicity is a surface membrane-initiated process and microtubule-associated functions are not essential.", "contents": "Antibody-dependent cytotoxicity: modulation by the cytochalasins and microtubule-disruptive agents. Cytochalasin B was shown to inhibit lysis of antibody-coated target cells by effector cells from rabbit spleen and lymph node. The inhibitory activity was dose-dependent and reversible. At low concentrations of cytochalasin B (0.15 to 0.3 mug/ml) enhancement of antibody-dependent cytotoxicity was observed. The drug appeared to act at an early stage of the lytic pathway after effector cell-target cell interaction, but before triggering of the cytotoxic event. Cytochalasin A was shown to be a more potent but similarly reversible inhibitor of antibody-dependent cytotoxicity. No enhancement of cytotoxicity was seen at non-inhibitory concentrations of cytochalasin A. The microtubule-disruptive agents colchicine (10-4 M), vinblastine (10-5 M) and colcemid (10-6 M) did not influence antibody-dependent cytotoxicity at concentrations which were not toxic to the effector cells. Our results suggest that antibody-dependent cytotoxicity is a surface membrane-initiated process and microtubule-associated functions are not essential.", "PMID": 1112985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3662", "title": "Macrophage heterogeneity in receptor activity: the activation of macrophage Fc receptor function in vivo and in vitro.", "content": "The Fc receptor activity of single macrophages and of distinct macrophage populations was examined in terms of cellular avidity for IgG antibody by using a rosette assay which permits characterization of receptor activity at the cellular level and quantitation of any changes in such receptor activity. Marked heterogeneity was shown to exist within normal populations of macrophages. Both normal peritoneal and alveolar macrophage populations exhibit a normal or logistic distribution of cellular avidities for IgG antibody. The mean avidity of the peritoneal population, however, was found to be approximately 3 times greater than that of the alveolar population. Moreover, alveolar macrophages possess a range of cellular avidities 3 times greater than that of peritoneal macrophages. Comparison of normal unstimulated peritoneal macrophages and induced inflammatory exudate macrophages revealed a 6-fold increase in the proportion of high avidity cells in the latter population. Normal peritoneal and normal alveolar macrophages were shown to undergo a striking increase in Fc receptor activity in vitro. Under certain conditions of culture these cells acquire the antibody-binding capacity characteristic of high avidity cells in the inflammatory exudate population. Fresh guinea pig serum was shown to prevent this activation of Fc receptor function in vitro. Aged guinea pig serum was somewhat less effective. The serum factor(s) responsible appears to be consumed or exhausted in some way by macrophages. It is heat stable and has a molecular weight of less than 100,000 daltons. Serum IgF was found not to be involved in the effects of fresh serum on receptor activation in vitro. The activation of Fc receptor function described here may facilitate both the presentation of antigen to specific T lymphocytes and the antibody dependent killing of tumor cells by macrophages. Changes in receptor activity of the kind described may thus play an important regulatory role in the induction of an immune response and in the effector mechanisms of immunologic surveillance.", "contents": "Macrophage heterogeneity in receptor activity: the activation of macrophage Fc receptor function in vivo and in vitro. The Fc receptor activity of single macrophages and of distinct macrophage populations was examined in terms of cellular avidity for IgG antibody by using a rosette assay which permits characterization of receptor activity at the cellular level and quantitation of any changes in such receptor activity. Marked heterogeneity was shown to exist within normal populations of macrophages. Both normal peritoneal and alveolar macrophage populations exhibit a normal or logistic distribution of cellular avidities for IgG antibody. The mean avidity of the peritoneal population, however, was found to be approximately 3 times greater than that of the alveolar population. Moreover, alveolar macrophages possess a range of cellular avidities 3 times greater than that of peritoneal macrophages. Comparison of normal unstimulated peritoneal macrophages and induced inflammatory exudate macrophages revealed a 6-fold increase in the proportion of high avidity cells in the latter population. Normal peritoneal and normal alveolar macrophages were shown to undergo a striking increase in Fc receptor activity in vitro. Under certain conditions of culture these cells acquire the antibody-binding capacity characteristic of high avidity cells in the inflammatory exudate population. Fresh guinea pig serum was shown to prevent this activation of Fc receptor function in vitro. Aged guinea pig serum was somewhat less effective. The serum factor(s) responsible appears to be consumed or exhausted in some way by macrophages. It is heat stable and has a molecular weight of less than 100,000 daltons. Serum IgF was found not to be involved in the effects of fresh serum on receptor activation in vitro. The activation of Fc receptor function described here may facilitate both the presentation of antigen to specific T lymphocytes and the antibody dependent killing of tumor cells by macrophages. Changes in receptor activity of the kind described may thus play an important regulatory role in the induction of an immune response and in the effector mechanisms of immunologic surveillance.", "PMID": 1112986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3663", "title": "The transfer of tolerance to DNCB-contact sensitivity in guinea pigs by parabiosis.", "content": "Normal guinea pigs parabiosed for 10 days with guinea pigs tolerant to DNCB-contact sensitivity became completely and permanently unresponsive when sensitized after parabiosis lasting 10 days and partially tolerant when sensitized after parabiosis lasting 2 days. On the other hand, tolerant parabionts became hypersensitive when parabiosed with normal partners which had been sensitized on the day of the operation or before the parabiosis was effected. From these results it is concluded that tolerance to DNCB-contact sensitivity in guinea pigs is a positive phenomenon affecting the afferent branch of the immune response.", "contents": "The transfer of tolerance to DNCB-contact sensitivity in guinea pigs by parabiosis. Normal guinea pigs parabiosed for 10 days with guinea pigs tolerant to DNCB-contact sensitivity became completely and permanently unresponsive when sensitized after parabiosis lasting 10 days and partially tolerant when sensitized after parabiosis lasting 2 days. On the other hand, tolerant parabionts became hypersensitive when parabiosed with normal partners which had been sensitized on the day of the operation or before the parabiosis was effected. From these results it is concluded that tolerance to DNCB-contact sensitivity in guinea pigs is a positive phenomenon affecting the afferent branch of the immune response.", "PMID": 1112987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3664", "title": "The effect of oral contraceptives on folate metabolism. III. Plasma clearance and urinary folate excretion.", "content": "The plasma clearance of folic acid (PGA) and urinary excretion of folates were determined in women on oral contraceptives and in control subjects. The initial phase of plasma clearance of PGA (first 5 minutes) was much faster in oral contraceptive users than in the controls, but the subsequent rate of clearance was the same in the two groups. There was a good correlation between the 12-hour urinary folate excretion and serum or red cell folate in both groups. The women on oral contraceptives excreted more folate in their urine for any given level of serum or red cell folate. The increased urinary folate excretion may partly explain the lower serum and red cell folate in oral contraceptive users.", "contents": "The effect of oral contraceptives on folate metabolism. III. Plasma clearance and urinary folate excretion. The plasma clearance of folic acid (PGA) and urinary excretion of folates were determined in women on oral contraceptives and in control subjects. The initial phase of plasma clearance of PGA (first 5 minutes) was much faster in oral contraceptive users than in the controls, but the subsequent rate of clearance was the same in the two groups. There was a good correlation between the 12-hour urinary folate excretion and serum or red cell folate in both groups. The women on oral contraceptives excreted more folate in their urine for any given level of serum or red cell folate. The increased urinary folate excretion may partly explain the lower serum and red cell folate in oral contraceptive users.", "PMID": 1113011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3665", "title": "Production of hydrogen peroxide by phagocytizing human granulocytes.", "content": "A rapid and sensitive method is described for the quantitative determination of H202 produced by phagocytizing human granulocytes. For this purpose, the method of Keston and Brandt was mechanized, which is based on the oxidation of nonfluorescent leukociacetyl-2,7-dichlorofluorescein to a fluorescent compound by H202 in the presence of peroxidase. The optimal conditions for this test were determined. H202 in water can be measured in the range of 0.05 to 0.5 muM, with a standard deviation of 1.2 per cent at 0.4 muM (n = 1-). The production of H2O2 by phagocytizing granulocytes could only be measured in a medium which contained phosphate-buffered salt, albumin, glucose, NaN3, and IgG-coated latex particles. The fluorescence signal was catalase-sensitive. Of known amounts of H202, added to this medium, 97 per cent were recovered. Under optimal conditions we found a H2O2 production of 970 plus or minus 170 mumoles per 10-10 cells per hour (10 different healthy donors), corresponding to 50 to 70 per cent of the observed increase in O2 consumption. No H2O2 was produced by phagocytizing granulocytes from 2 patients with chronic granulomatous disease, while intermediate values were found in the cells from heterozygotes.", "contents": "Production of hydrogen peroxide by phagocytizing human granulocytes. A rapid and sensitive method is described for the quantitative determination of H202 produced by phagocytizing human granulocytes. For this purpose, the method of Keston and Brandt was mechanized, which is based on the oxidation of nonfluorescent leukociacetyl-2,7-dichlorofluorescein to a fluorescent compound by H202 in the presence of peroxidase. The optimal conditions for this test were determined. H202 in water can be measured in the range of 0.05 to 0.5 muM, with a standard deviation of 1.2 per cent at 0.4 muM (n = 1-). The production of H2O2 by phagocytizing granulocytes could only be measured in a medium which contained phosphate-buffered salt, albumin, glucose, NaN3, and IgG-coated latex particles. The fluorescence signal was catalase-sensitive. Of known amounts of H202, added to this medium, 97 per cent were recovered. Under optimal conditions we found a H2O2 production of 970 plus or minus 170 mumoles per 10-10 cells per hour (10 different healthy donors), corresponding to 50 to 70 per cent of the observed increase in O2 consumption. No H2O2 was produced by phagocytizing granulocytes from 2 patients with chronic granulomatous disease, while intermediate values were found in the cells from heterozygotes.", "PMID": 1113012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3666", "title": "Cobalt excretion test as index of iron absorption and diagnostic test for iron deficiency.", "content": "A cobalt excretion test was performed in 50 patients with various, mainly hematologic, disorders and was found to be an accurate and easily obtainable index of iron absorption. The test was found to be of very limited value in predicting iron stores. The cobalt excretion test may have some usefulness as a simple, apparently safe, noninvasive test for identification of persons with iron depletion resulting from uncomplicated blood loss. However, in more complex circumstances, it fails to differentiate iron deficiency anemia from anemia due to other causes.", "contents": "Cobalt excretion test as index of iron absorption and diagnostic test for iron deficiency. A cobalt excretion test was performed in 50 patients with various, mainly hematologic, disorders and was found to be an accurate and easily obtainable index of iron absorption. The test was found to be of very limited value in predicting iron stores. The cobalt excretion test may have some usefulness as a simple, apparently safe, noninvasive test for identification of persons with iron depletion resulting from uncomplicated blood loss. However, in more complex circumstances, it fails to differentiate iron deficiency anemia from anemia due to other causes.", "PMID": 1113013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3667", "title": "Nitrogen metabolism in the perfused cirrhotic liver of the rat.", "content": "The isolated perfused liver of the cirrhotic rat produces greater quantities of ammonia from endogenous sources or from added alanine than do control livers. It also fails to take up ammonia. In these cirrhotic livers ethanol increases ammonia production in the presence of alanine. When cirrhotic rats had received a normal diet for 10 days before perfusion, the output of ammonia from endogenous sources and from added alanine is partially restored to normal. The addition of ethanol in the presence of alanine to the perfusate of these cirrhotic livers then results in an increased rate of production of glutamine rather than of ammonia. A normal diet given these cirrhotic animals restores the uptake of ammonia to that seen in the control animals but, unlike the normal animals, the addition of ornithine increases neither the uptake of ammonia nor the output of urea. In the normal animals this effect of ornithine on the uptake of ammonia is abolished by ethanol. It is concluded that cirrhotic rat liver is a source of endogenous ammonia and that the magnitude of that contribution is modified by diet and by ethanol.", "contents": "Nitrogen metabolism in the perfused cirrhotic liver of the rat. The isolated perfused liver of the cirrhotic rat produces greater quantities of ammonia from endogenous sources or from added alanine than do control livers. It also fails to take up ammonia. In these cirrhotic livers ethanol increases ammonia production in the presence of alanine. When cirrhotic rats had received a normal diet for 10 days before perfusion, the output of ammonia from endogenous sources and from added alanine is partially restored to normal. The addition of ethanol in the presence of alanine to the perfusate of these cirrhotic livers then results in an increased rate of production of glutamine rather than of ammonia. A normal diet given these cirrhotic animals restores the uptake of ammonia to that seen in the control animals but, unlike the normal animals, the addition of ornithine increases neither the uptake of ammonia nor the output of urea. In the normal animals this effect of ornithine on the uptake of ammonia is abolished by ethanol. It is concluded that cirrhotic rat liver is a source of endogenous ammonia and that the magnitude of that contribution is modified by diet and by ethanol.", "PMID": 1113014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3668", "title": "Hereditary orotic aciduria: results of a screening survey.", "content": "Urine from 1,358 mentally retarded subjects was screened for the presence of elevated concentrations of orotic acid and orotidine. This survey was conducted in search of occult variants of hereditary orotic aciduria which might be associated with mental retardation. Although no homozygous variants were detected, 9 subjects with persistently abnormal urinary screening tests were discovered. Assays of erythrocyte orotidylate decarboxylase and phosphoribosyltransferase enzymes showed deficient activities for 2 of these subjects typically found in red cells of persons heterozygous for hereditary orotic aciduria. The same studies were conducted on urine and blood samples from the families of the affected subjects, and additional family members were also found to be affected. Detection of two unrelated heterozygotes among so small a screened population suggests, as previously noted, a higher frequency of the abnormal gene than that indicated by the extreme rarity of the homozygous condition. This study demonstrates the usefulness of the urinary screening test mass surveys and indicates the need for further study of the prevalence of the mutant gene.", "contents": "Hereditary orotic aciduria: results of a screening survey. Urine from 1,358 mentally retarded subjects was screened for the presence of elevated concentrations of orotic acid and orotidine. This survey was conducted in search of occult variants of hereditary orotic aciduria which might be associated with mental retardation. Although no homozygous variants were detected, 9 subjects with persistently abnormal urinary screening tests were discovered. Assays of erythrocyte orotidylate decarboxylase and phosphoribosyltransferase enzymes showed deficient activities for 2 of these subjects typically found in red cells of persons heterozygous for hereditary orotic aciduria. The same studies were conducted on urine and blood samples from the families of the affected subjects, and additional family members were also found to be affected. Detection of two unrelated heterozygotes among so small a screened population suggests, as previously noted, a higher frequency of the abnormal gene than that indicated by the extreme rarity of the homozygous condition. This study demonstrates the usefulness of the urinary screening test mass surveys and indicates the need for further study of the prevalence of the mutant gene.", "PMID": 1113015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3669", "title": "Glomerulotubular relationships in glomerulonephritis.", "content": "Clearance techniques were employed to examine glomerulotubular relationships in a model of chronic glomerulonephritis in the rat. Clearance ratios were found to be equal in both kidneys in the same animals, indicating that the nephron population was functioning in a homogeneous manner. Glucose titration curves were normal and this finding also indicates that glomerulotubular relationships were intact for the composite nephron population. In contrast to models of chronic renal disease with nonglomerular lesions, nephron filtration rate was reduced in these animals. However, the animals still exhibited a capacity to respond to contralateral nephrectomy by increasing filtration rate in the residual nephrons.", "contents": "Glomerulotubular relationships in glomerulonephritis. Clearance techniques were employed to examine glomerulotubular relationships in a model of chronic glomerulonephritis in the rat. Clearance ratios were found to be equal in both kidneys in the same animals, indicating that the nephron population was functioning in a homogeneous manner. Glucose titration curves were normal and this finding also indicates that glomerulotubular relationships were intact for the composite nephron population. In contrast to models of chronic renal disease with nonglomerular lesions, nephron filtration rate was reduced in these animals. However, the animals still exhibited a capacity to respond to contralateral nephrectomy by increasing filtration rate in the residual nephrons.", "PMID": 1113016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3670", "title": "A time-dependent increase in the responsiveness of platelet-rich plasma to epinephrine.", "content": "The variable responsiveness of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) to epinephrine and collagen was studied. These studies revealed that as PRP is allowed to stand at room temperature it becomes progressively more responsive to the aggregating effects of epinephrine and collagen. Samples of PRP obtained from 10 normal subjects showed only 8 plus or minus 8 per cent aggregation when tested after 5 minutes with \"near threshold\" concentrations of epinephrine. After 45 minutes the addition of the same concentrations of epinephrine to portions taken from the same samples of PRP yielded 72 plus or minus 12 per cent aggregation. Although similar results were obtained with \"near threshold\" concentrations of collagen, the variability of responsiveness to collagen could be easily overcome by increasing the collagen concentration. Such was not the case with epinephrine, and, a time-dependent acquisition of responsiveness was demonstrable over a broad range of epinephrine concentration. These findings suggest that variations in the amount of platelet aggregation observed with epinephrine may be a reflection of differences in the time factor involved in testing. This time factor should be taken into account before epinephrine-induced platelet aggregation curves are compared and defined as \"normal\" or \"abnormal\".", "contents": "A time-dependent increase in the responsiveness of platelet-rich plasma to epinephrine. The variable responsiveness of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) to epinephrine and collagen was studied. These studies revealed that as PRP is allowed to stand at room temperature it becomes progressively more responsive to the aggregating effects of epinephrine and collagen. Samples of PRP obtained from 10 normal subjects showed only 8 plus or minus 8 per cent aggregation when tested after 5 minutes with \"near threshold\" concentrations of epinephrine. After 45 minutes the addition of the same concentrations of epinephrine to portions taken from the same samples of PRP yielded 72 plus or minus 12 per cent aggregation. Although similar results were obtained with \"near threshold\" concentrations of collagen, the variability of responsiveness to collagen could be easily overcome by increasing the collagen concentration. Such was not the case with epinephrine, and, a time-dependent acquisition of responsiveness was demonstrable over a broad range of epinephrine concentration. These findings suggest that variations in the amount of platelet aggregation observed with epinephrine may be a reflection of differences in the time factor involved in testing. This time factor should be taken into account before epinephrine-induced platelet aggregation curves are compared and defined as \"normal\" or \"abnormal\".", "PMID": 1113017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3671", "title": "Antagonism between chloramphenicol and penicillin in streptococcal endocarditis in rabbits.", "content": "Antagonism between chloramphenicol (CHL) and penicillin (PCH) was studied in rabbits with Streptococcus viridans endocarditis. PCN alone or preceded 1 hour by CHL was injected twice a day starting 6 hours or 3 days after infection. In animals treated 6 hours after infection, vegetations contained mean log colony-forming units (CFU):3.0 per gram in PCN animals and 3.7 in PCN + CHL animals (P greater than 0.05) after 24 hours of treatment and 2.4 in PCN animals and 4.3 in PCN + CHL animals (P greater than 0.01) after 48 hours. In animlas treated 3 days after infection, vegetations contained mean log CFU: 3.8 per gram in PCN animals and 5.2 in PCN + CHL animals (P greater than 0.01) after 72 hours of treatment and 1.7 in PCN animals and 2.5 in PCH + CHL animals (P greater than 0.05) after 5 days. The antibiotic antagonism demonstrated in these studies could be reduced by injecting CHL 1 hour after PCN instead of 1 hour before PCN.", "contents": "Antagonism between chloramphenicol and penicillin in streptococcal endocarditis in rabbits. Antagonism between chloramphenicol (CHL) and penicillin (PCH) was studied in rabbits with Streptococcus viridans endocarditis. PCN alone or preceded 1 hour by CHL was injected twice a day starting 6 hours or 3 days after infection. In animals treated 6 hours after infection, vegetations contained mean log colony-forming units (CFU):3.0 per gram in PCN animals and 3.7 in PCN + CHL animals (P greater than 0.05) after 24 hours of treatment and 2.4 in PCN animals and 4.3 in PCN + CHL animals (P greater than 0.01) after 48 hours. In animlas treated 3 days after infection, vegetations contained mean log CFU: 3.8 per gram in PCN animals and 5.2 in PCN + CHL animals (P greater than 0.01) after 72 hours of treatment and 1.7 in PCN animals and 2.5 in PCH + CHL animals (P greater than 0.05) after 5 days. The antibiotic antagonism demonstrated in these studies could be reduced by injecting CHL 1 hour after PCN instead of 1 hour before PCN.", "PMID": 1113018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3672", "title": "Concurrent separation of plasma and of viable blood cells.", "content": "Fractions of viable, morphologically intact erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets were isolated concurrently with plasma from single samples of human blood. The four compartments were separated immediately after the collection of blood as well as at different times up to 120 minutes after the drawing. In addition, the cellular separation was applied at various intervals after the initial removal of plasma. All steps of the procedure were carried out at room temperature using simple laboratory equipment. The cross-contamination of the cellular fractions, obtained in yields ranging from 33 per cent to 69 percent was less than 5 per cent. More than 96 per cent of the isolated cells excluded trypan blue and retained lactate dehydrogenase. Regardless of the conditions of separation, the cellular contents of potassium in erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets were constant, averaging 270, 387, and 209 nEq. per milligram of protein, respectively. The isolated cells also maintained high ratios of cellular K+/Na+, except after their delayed isolation following the initial separation of plasma. Under the latter conditions, the cells were characterized by a gain in cellular sodium despite an unchanged content of potassium. The separation procedure was routinely applied to 5 to 10 ml. samples of blood, obtained from randomly selected volunteer subjects.", "contents": "Concurrent separation of plasma and of viable blood cells. Fractions of viable, morphologically intact erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets were isolated concurrently with plasma from single samples of human blood. The four compartments were separated immediately after the collection of blood as well as at different times up to 120 minutes after the drawing. In addition, the cellular separation was applied at various intervals after the initial removal of plasma. All steps of the procedure were carried out at room temperature using simple laboratory equipment. The cross-contamination of the cellular fractions, obtained in yields ranging from 33 per cent to 69 percent was less than 5 per cent. More than 96 per cent of the isolated cells excluded trypan blue and retained lactate dehydrogenase. Regardless of the conditions of separation, the cellular contents of potassium in erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets were constant, averaging 270, 387, and 209 nEq. per milligram of protein, respectively. The isolated cells also maintained high ratios of cellular K+/Na+, except after their delayed isolation following the initial separation of plasma. Under the latter conditions, the cells were characterized by a gain in cellular sodium despite an unchanged content of potassium. The separation procedure was routinely applied to 5 to 10 ml. samples of blood, obtained from randomly selected volunteer subjects.", "PMID": 1113019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3673", "title": "Labyrinthine window rupture.", "content": "Some cases of sensorineural deafness are due to labyrinthine window rupture. Three cases have been presented to illustrate different aspects of diagnosis and managment of this condition. The indications for surgical intervention have been discussed. The importance of making the diagnosis is that operation can relieve vertigo and restore the hearing.", "contents": "Labyrinthine window rupture. Some cases of sensorineural deafness are due to labyrinthine window rupture. Three cases have been presented to illustrate different aspects of diagnosis and managment of this condition. The indications for surgical intervention have been discussed. The importance of making the diagnosis is that operation can relieve vertigo and restore the hearing.", "PMID": 1113026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3674", "title": "Water intoxication after hypophysectomy.", "content": "A case of excessive water retention after hypophysectomy is recorded. Its probable cause, inappropriate secretion of ADH, is explained and the diagnosis and management discussed. Three other recorded cases occurring after hypophyseal surgery are mentioned. The importance of postoperative electrolyte measurements in early diagnosis and management is emphasized.", "contents": "Water intoxication after hypophysectomy. A case of excessive water retention after hypophysectomy is recorded. Its probable cause, inappropriate secretion of ADH, is explained and the diagnosis and management discussed. Three other recorded cases occurring after hypophyseal surgery are mentioned. The importance of postoperative electrolyte measurements in early diagnosis and management is emphasized.", "PMID": 1113027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3675", "title": "Plasmacytoma of middle ear and upper respiratory tract.", "content": "The first case of extramedullary plasmacytoma of middle ear is reported. One case of plasmacytoma of the nasal cavity alone and another of the nasal cavity and maxillary sinus have also been described. Some of the problems in diagnosis and management have been discussed.", "contents": "Plasmacytoma of middle ear and upper respiratory tract. The first case of extramedullary plasmacytoma of middle ear is reported. One case of plasmacytoma of the nasal cavity alone and another of the nasal cavity and maxillary sinus have also been described. Some of the problems in diagnosis and management have been discussed.", "PMID": 1113028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3676", "title": "Arterial epistaxis.", "content": "If arterial ligation is contemplated and the site of bleeding has not been identified it is reasonable to ligate the external carotid or maxillary artery, on the basis that this vessel supplies the major part of the nose. If bleeding persists in spite of ligation, this does not mean that the wrong vessel has been tied off but that arterial anastomoses are allowing blood to seep from the ethmoidal to the sphenopalatine area of the nose. If the anterior ethmoidal artery is to be ligated it is worth remembering that in 14-3 per cent of cases the anterior ethmoidal artery is absent unilaterally and in 2-4 per cent of cases absent bilaterally (Shaheen, 1967). The presence of a foramen with a periosteal cuff going through it does not necessarily mean that there is an artery present (Fig. 23). Finally, the blood vessel changes which occur and which are responisble for the persistence of nose bleeds in the elderly are a collagenous change in the muscle coat of medium and small arteries and calcification (not atheroma) in the larger feeding vessels.", "contents": "Arterial epistaxis. If arterial ligation is contemplated and the site of bleeding has not been identified it is reasonable to ligate the external carotid or maxillary artery, on the basis that this vessel supplies the major part of the nose. If bleeding persists in spite of ligation, this does not mean that the wrong vessel has been tied off but that arterial anastomoses are allowing blood to seep from the ethmoidal to the sphenopalatine area of the nose. If the anterior ethmoidal artery is to be ligated it is worth remembering that in 14-3 per cent of cases the anterior ethmoidal artery is absent unilaterally and in 2-4 per cent of cases absent bilaterally (Shaheen, 1967). The presence of a foramen with a periosteal cuff going through it does not necessarily mean that there is an artery present (Fig. 23). Finally, the blood vessel changes which occur and which are responisble for the persistence of nose bleeds in the elderly are a collagenous change in the muscle coat of medium and small arteries and calcification (not atheroma) in the larger feeding vessels.", "PMID": 1113029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3677", "title": "Surgical anatomy of the pterygopalatine fossa.", "content": "The pterygopalatine fossa is the distribution centre for the main vessels and nerves of the middle third of the face. Its surgical anatomy is discussed, with particular emphasis on the relationship between the medical plate of the pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone and the vertical plate of the palatine bone; the position of the several foramina is reviewed also. It is stressed that the vascular contents of the pterygopalatine fossa lie in a coronal plane, anterior to the neural contents. Finally, a short review is given of the different surgical approaches to the pterygopalatine fossa. It is concluded that the transantral approach to the fossa, as originally described by Carnochan (1858), still seems to be the best way to gain access to this space.", "contents": "Surgical anatomy of the pterygopalatine fossa. The pterygopalatine fossa is the distribution centre for the main vessels and nerves of the middle third of the face. Its surgical anatomy is discussed, with particular emphasis on the relationship between the medical plate of the pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone and the vertical plate of the palatine bone; the position of the several foramina is reviewed also. It is stressed that the vascular contents of the pterygopalatine fossa lie in a coronal plane, anterior to the neural contents. Finally, a short review is given of the different surgical approaches to the pterygopalatine fossa. It is concluded that the transantral approach to the fossa, as originally described by Carnochan (1858), still seems to be the best way to gain access to this space.", "PMID": 1113030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3678", "title": "Eustachian tubal function: changes throughout childhood and neuro-muscular control.", "content": "The anatomy of the cartilaginous Eustachian tube is the key to function and malfunctions. Serial sections of the tube at various ages show that there are very considerable anatomical changes throughout childhood during which period the tensor palati is the muscle of prime importance. It is suggested that both tensor palati and tensor tympani are functionally tubal muscles and might, perhaps, be termed \"extrinsic muscles of the ear\". Together they largely control tubal opening. Some clinical implications may be drawn from these anatomical observations.", "contents": "Eustachian tubal function: changes throughout childhood and neuro-muscular control. The anatomy of the cartilaginous Eustachian tube is the key to function and malfunctions. Serial sections of the tube at various ages show that there are very considerable anatomical changes throughout childhood during which period the tensor palati is the muscle of prime importance. It is suggested that both tensor palati and tensor tympani are functionally tubal muscles and might, perhaps, be termed \"extrinsic muscles of the ear\". Together they largely control tubal opening. Some clinical implications may be drawn from these anatomical observations.", "PMID": 1113031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3679", "title": "Environmental factors in glue ear.", "content": "A survey of school children suffering from chronic secretory otitis media over an eight-year period compares the incidence in a city area and country area and various areas within the city. A factor in the causation of the condition appears to be poor living conditions and air pollution. An increase in the incidence occurred in both areas following a winter in which there was an exceptional incidence of influenza.", "contents": "Environmental factors in glue ear. A survey of school children suffering from chronic secretory otitis media over an eight-year period compares the incidence in a city area and country area and various areas within the city. A factor in the causation of the condition appears to be poor living conditions and air pollution. An increase in the incidence occurred in both areas following a winter in which there was an exceptional incidence of influenza.", "PMID": 1113033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3680", "title": "Study of the human internal auditory canal in relation to age and sex.", "content": "The relation of the dimensions and shape of the normal internal auditory canal with age and sex have been studied statisically on 242 paired human ears. With this study the investigation of the human internal auditory canal has been completed as regards its dimensions, shape and volume and their relation to age and sex.", "contents": "Study of the human internal auditory canal in relation to age and sex. The relation of the dimensions and shape of the normal internal auditory canal with age and sex have been studied statisically on 242 paired human ears. With this study the investigation of the human internal auditory canal has been completed as regards its dimensions, shape and volume and their relation to age and sex.", "PMID": 1113034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3681", "title": "A surgical approach for a cochlear implant: an anatomical study.", "content": "This study has demonstrated the anatomical relations of the cochlea to structures in the medial wall of the tympanum, and has shown that surgical access can be obtained to the terminal auditory nerve fibres supplying the basal, middle and apical turns of the cochlea. It is suggested that a cochlear implantation should be carried out in two stages. The first stage should be modified radical mastoidectomy, and in the second stage electrode arrays should be implanted into the three cochlear turns through openings made in the proximal and distal portions of the basal turn, and the distal portion of the middle turn.", "contents": "A surgical approach for a cochlear implant: an anatomical study. This study has demonstrated the anatomical relations of the cochlea to structures in the medial wall of the tympanum, and has shown that surgical access can be obtained to the terminal auditory nerve fibres supplying the basal, middle and apical turns of the cochlea. It is suggested that a cochlear implantation should be carried out in two stages. The first stage should be modified radical mastoidectomy, and in the second stage electrode arrays should be implanted into the three cochlear turns through openings made in the proximal and distal portions of the basal turn, and the distal portion of the middle turn.", "PMID": 1113035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3682", "title": "Genetic control of macrophage functions. I. Polygenic regulation of phagocytosis stimulation produced by Glyceryl Trioleate.", "content": "The phagocytic index K, established from the rate of blood clearance of colloidal carbon, measures the phagocytic activity of RE macrophages in contact with the circulating blood. The intravenous injection of glyceryl trioleate (triolein) produces a marked stimulation of the phagocytic activity of RE macrophages. This response is higher in the female than in the male mice. The phenotypic character \"responsiveness of macrophage to triolein\" presents large individual variants in population of random bred albinos mice. This character is submitted to polygenic regulation. Starting from a foundation population of 25 males and 25 females random bred albinos, mice, two lines were separated by selective breeding for the character \"responsiveness to triolein\": a \"high\" responder line, KTH, and a \"low\" responder line, KTL. After 26 consecutive generations of selective breeding, KTH mice present a very high response to triolein while KTL mice are almost irresponsive. The heritability of this character (h2) calculated from the interline divergence is of 12% plus or minus 1. This value of h2 indicates that the character investigated is determined by the cumulative effect of a group of about 27 independently segregating loci. The distribution of the character in (KTH plus KTL)F1 and their backcrosses with parental lines suggests that low responsiveness is dominant over high responsiveness. The genetic regulation of responsiveness to triolein is independent from the dose administered. These results are discussed in relation to the importance of genetic factors controlling macrophage functions involved in lipid metabolism and in the specific mechanisms of immunity.", "contents": "Genetic control of macrophage functions. I. Polygenic regulation of phagocytosis stimulation produced by Glyceryl Trioleate. The phagocytic index K, established from the rate of blood clearance of colloidal carbon, measures the phagocytic activity of RE macrophages in contact with the circulating blood. The intravenous injection of glyceryl trioleate (triolein) produces a marked stimulation of the phagocytic activity of RE macrophages. This response is higher in the female than in the male mice. The phenotypic character \"responsiveness of macrophage to triolein\" presents large individual variants in population of random bred albinos mice. This character is submitted to polygenic regulation. Starting from a foundation population of 25 males and 25 females random bred albinos, mice, two lines were separated by selective breeding for the character \"responsiveness to triolein\": a \"high\" responder line, KTH, and a \"low\" responder line, KTL. After 26 consecutive generations of selective breeding, KTH mice present a very high response to triolein while KTL mice are almost irresponsive. The heritability of this character (h2) calculated from the interline divergence is of 12% plus or minus 1. This value of h2 indicates that the character investigated is determined by the cumulative effect of a group of about 27 independently segregating loci. The distribution of the character in (KTH plus KTL)F1 and their backcrosses with parental lines suggests that low responsiveness is dominant over high responsiveness. The genetic regulation of responsiveness to triolein is independent from the dose administered. These results are discussed in relation to the importance of genetic factors controlling macrophage functions involved in lipid metabolism and in the specific mechanisms of immunity.", "PMID": 1113063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3683", "title": "Inhibition of tumor angiogenesis mediated by cartilage.", "content": "Capillary proliferation induced by tumor is shown to be inhibited by neonatal scapular cartilage. Using the rabbit cornea as an assay, the cartilage implant decreased the rate of capillary growth, induced by tumor, by an average of 75%.  Vascularization was prevented completely in 28% of tumors. The inhibitory effect of small cartilage implants operates over distances of up to 2.0 mm and displays a gradient from the cartilage source. The experiments suggest that the cartilage inhibitor does not antagonize tumor angiogenesis factor, but appears to inhibit capillary proliferation directly. The inhibitory material does not elicit an inflammatory response in either the rabbit cornea or in the chick chorioallantoic membrane. Thus with further purification, it may prove useful as a means of maintining tumor dormancy by \"antiangiogenesis.\"", "contents": "Inhibition of tumor angiogenesis mediated by cartilage. Capillary proliferation induced by tumor is shown to be inhibited by neonatal scapular cartilage. Using the rabbit cornea as an assay, the cartilage implant decreased the rate of capillary growth, induced by tumor, by an average of 75%.  Vascularization was prevented completely in 28% of tumors. The inhibitory effect of small cartilage implants operates over distances of up to 2.0 mm and displays a gradient from the cartilage source. The experiments suggest that the cartilage inhibitor does not antagonize tumor angiogenesis factor, but appears to inhibit capillary proliferation directly. The inhibitory material does not elicit an inflammatory response in either the rabbit cornea or in the chick chorioallantoic membrane. Thus with further purification, it may prove useful as a means of maintining tumor dormancy by \"antiangiogenesis.\"", "PMID": 1113064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3684", "title": "Assessment in vitro of immunity against Toxoplasma gondii.", "content": "Studies have been made on humoral and cellular immune respones in mice immunized with an attenuated strain of Toxoplasma gondii. Heat-inactivated antitoxoplasma serum did not cause morphologic changes in the organisms, but did markedly influence their interactions with host cells. Toxoplasma exposed to antibody were no longer capable of entering fibroblasts or HeLa cells. They were readily engulfed by macrophages, but the antibody treatment strikingly altered the intracellular fate of the parasites leading to killing and digestion of the toxoplasmas in phagolysosomes. Addition of antitoxoplasma antibody immediately after infection of macrophages in vitro had no effect on intracellular multiplication of the organism. The division time of virulent toxoplasmas in mouse peritoneal macrophages in vitro was markedly prolonged in cells from immunized mice. During the first 2-3 mo after immunization, the macrophages harvested from the peritoneal cavity demonstrated this cellular immunity directly; thereafter exposure of the macrophages to immune lymphocytes and toxoplasma antigen, or to supernates from such an interaction was required for induction of the maximal capacity to inhibit growth of toxoplasmas. Induction of the alternation in macrophages by the lymphocyte product was detectable in 6 h and maximal at 18-24 h. Cultivation in vitro of macrophages from immunized animals for periods longer than 48 h rendered the cells nonresponsive to the immune lymphocyte-toxoplasma product. Macrophages from the peritoneal cavities of normal, nonimmunized mice were also incapable of developing the capacity to inhibit growth of toxoplasmas in response to this product. The nonresponsiveness of normal macrophages, or of macrophages cultured for several days in vitro was not changed by exposure of the cells to antitoxoplasma serum.", "contents": "Assessment in vitro of immunity against Toxoplasma gondii. Studies have been made on humoral and cellular immune respones in mice immunized with an attenuated strain of Toxoplasma gondii. Heat-inactivated antitoxoplasma serum did not cause morphologic changes in the organisms, but did markedly influence their interactions with host cells. Toxoplasma exposed to antibody were no longer capable of entering fibroblasts or HeLa cells. They were readily engulfed by macrophages, but the antibody treatment strikingly altered the intracellular fate of the parasites leading to killing and digestion of the toxoplasmas in phagolysosomes. Addition of antitoxoplasma antibody immediately after infection of macrophages in vitro had no effect on intracellular multiplication of the organism. The division time of virulent toxoplasmas in mouse peritoneal macrophages in vitro was markedly prolonged in cells from immunized mice. During the first 2-3 mo after immunization, the macrophages harvested from the peritoneal cavity demonstrated this cellular immunity directly; thereafter exposure of the macrophages to immune lymphocytes and toxoplasma antigen, or to supernates from such an interaction was required for induction of the maximal capacity to inhibit growth of toxoplasmas. Induction of the alternation in macrophages by the lymphocyte product was detectable in 6 h and maximal at 18-24 h. Cultivation in vitro of macrophages from immunized animals for periods longer than 48 h rendered the cells nonresponsive to the immune lymphocyte-toxoplasma product. Macrophages from the peritoneal cavities of normal, nonimmunized mice were also incapable of developing the capacity to inhibit growth of toxoplasmas in response to this product. The nonresponsiveness of normal macrophages, or of macrophages cultured for several days in vitro was not changed by exposure of the cells to antitoxoplasma serum.", "PMID": 1113065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3685", "title": "Interaction of soluble fibroblast surface antigen with fribrinogen and fibrin.", "content": "A cell-type specific glycoprotein antigen (SFA) from fibroblast surface appears in human plasma and serum. The amount of SFA in serum was reduced if the blood coagulation clot was removed at a low temperature. SFA could be bound to Sepharose-conjugated fibrinogen and to fibrin powder at 0 degrees C and was subsequently released when the temperature was elevated to plus 37 degrees C. This procedure resulted in a 10-fold enrichment of SFA relative to other serum proteins. SFA was found to be concentrated in the cryoprecipitate fraction of human plasma and was copurified with the cold insoluble globulin (CIG) with procedures published for the purification of the latter component. SFA/CIG is not soluble at low temperatures as such and its appearance in the cryoprecipitate fraction of plasma is likely to be due to its affinity to cryofibrinogen evident from these experiments. The biological significance of the interaction of fibroblast surface SFA moleculres with fibrin(ogen) is not known.", "contents": "Interaction of soluble fibroblast surface antigen with fribrinogen and fibrin. A cell-type specific glycoprotein antigen (SFA) from fibroblast surface appears in human plasma and serum. The amount of SFA in serum was reduced if the blood coagulation clot was removed at a low temperature. SFA could be bound to Sepharose-conjugated fibrinogen and to fibrin powder at 0 degrees C and was subsequently released when the temperature was elevated to plus 37 degrees C. This procedure resulted in a 10-fold enrichment of SFA relative to other serum proteins. SFA was found to be concentrated in the cryoprecipitate fraction of human plasma and was copurified with the cold insoluble globulin (CIG) with procedures published for the purification of the latter component. SFA/CIG is not soluble at low temperatures as such and its appearance in the cryoprecipitate fraction of plasma is likely to be due to its affinity to cryofibrinogen evident from these experiments. The biological significance of the interaction of fibroblast surface SFA moleculres with fibrin(ogen) is not known.", "PMID": 1113066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3686", "title": "Genetic linkage between serum levels of the third component of complement and the H-2 complex.", "content": "AKR/J (H-2kk) mice have higher serum C3 levels than DBA/2J (H-2dd). The F1 hybrids have intermediate levels. Analysis of the progeny of backcrosses at 21 days of age shows that C3 levels in mice of H-2dk type are significantly higher than those with H-2dd type and lower than those with H-2kk type. In addition, mice of H-2kk, H-2dk, and H-2dd types have C3 levels not significantly different from those of AKR/J, AKD2F1, and DBA/2J respectively. These findings demonstrate linkage between a gene controlling C3 levels and the H-2 complex.", "contents": "Genetic linkage between serum levels of the third component of complement and the H-2 complex. AKR/J (H-2kk) mice have higher serum C3 levels than DBA/2J (H-2dd). The F1 hybrids have intermediate levels. Analysis of the progeny of backcrosses at 21 days of age shows that C3 levels in mice of H-2dk type are significantly higher than those with H-2dd type and lower than those with H-2kk type. In addition, mice of H-2kk, H-2dk, and H-2dd types have C3 levels not significantly different from those of AKR/J, AKD2F1, and DBA/2J respectively. These findings demonstrate linkage between a gene controlling C3 levels and the H-2 complex.", "PMID": 1113067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3687", "title": "The differential effects of prenatal and postnatal audiogenic stress on fluctuating dental asymmetry.", "content": "Audiogenic stress has been shown to have an effect on the development of molar teeth. The present study demonstrates the relative contribution of prenatal and postnatal stress components to increases in fluctuating dental asymmetry in the laboratory rat. It is shown that there is a limit to the amount of change which can be environmentally induced and that if this limit is reached with prenatal stress, postnatal stress will have no significant effect. Audiogenic stress is shown to effect differentially  mandibular and maxillary first molars. Length is stable for the maxillary dentition and width is stable in the mandibular molars.", "contents": "The differential effects of prenatal and postnatal audiogenic stress on fluctuating dental asymmetry. Audiogenic stress has been shown to have an effect on the development of molar teeth. The present study demonstrates the relative contribution of prenatal and postnatal stress components to increases in fluctuating dental asymmetry in the laboratory rat. It is shown that there is a limit to the amount of change which can be environmentally induced and that if this limit is reached with prenatal stress, postnatal stress will have no significant effect. Audiogenic stress is shown to effect differentially  mandibular and maxillary first molars. Length is stable for the maxillary dentition and width is stable in the mandibular molars.", "PMID": 1113068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3688", "title": "Sperm release evoked by electrical stimulation of the fish brain: a functional-anatomical study.", "content": "Acute brain stimulation experiments were carried out in anesthetized male green sunfish, Lepomis cyanellus. Semen discharge was evoked consistently by low level electrical stimulation (100 muA or less) in the following areas: the preoptic region, dorsal hypothalamus, thalamus, midbrain tegmentum and the basolateral midbrain and medulla. Areas which were stimulated repeatedly at 100 muA and were always negative for sperm release included: the telencephalon with the exception of the preoptic region, the optic tectum, the cerebellum, the inferior lobe of the hypothalamus, the nucleus rotundus and the dorsal medulla. Removal of most of the optic tectum and cerebellum failed to block reponses evoked from the preoptic area; however, they were usually eliminated by transecting the rostral spinal cord. Electrical stimulation of an isolated 4 mm segment of spinal cord located at the third vertebral level resulted in sperm release, indicating that adequate mechanisms for semen discharge are present within the upper spinal cord. The results of this study suggest that a sperm release system in the green sunfish extends from the preoptic area to the spinal cord passing through the hypothalamus, midbrain tegmentum and basal midbrain and medulla.", "contents": "Sperm release evoked by electrical stimulation of the fish brain: a functional-anatomical study. Acute brain stimulation experiments were carried out in anesthetized male green sunfish, Lepomis cyanellus. Semen discharge was evoked consistently by low level electrical stimulation (100 muA or less) in the following areas: the preoptic region, dorsal hypothalamus, thalamus, midbrain tegmentum and the basolateral midbrain and medulla. Areas which were stimulated repeatedly at 100 muA and were always negative for sperm release included: the telencephalon with the exception of the preoptic region, the optic tectum, the cerebellum, the inferior lobe of the hypothalamus, the nucleus rotundus and the dorsal medulla. Removal of most of the optic tectum and cerebellum failed to block reponses evoked from the preoptic area; however, they were usually eliminated by transecting the rostral spinal cord. Electrical stimulation of an isolated 4 mm segment of spinal cord located at the third vertebral level resulted in sperm release, indicating that adequate mechanisms for semen discharge are present within the upper spinal cord. The results of this study suggest that a sperm release system in the green sunfish extends from the preoptic area to the spinal cord passing through the hypothalamus, midbrain tegmentum and basal midbrain and medulla.", "PMID": 1113069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3689", "title": "The role of a normal lens in Wolffian lens regeneration.", "content": "The mid-ventral third of the iris was excised from 61 adult Notophthalmus viridescens hosts, and the mid-dorsal third of the iris from donor eyes was implanted in its place. After the iris healed and the host lens was removed, two lens regenerates developed, one from the host and one from the transplanted iris. The host regenerate was removed 53-91 days after the first lentectomy. Animals were sacrificed 1-40 days after the second lentectomy. A lens developed from the host dorsal iris IN THE PRESENCE OF A NORMAL REGENERATED LENS IN 75% OF THE CASES. A large space was present between the transplant derived lens and host iris for approximately 20 days after the removal of the host lens at lentectomy 2. Stimulatory factor(s) from the neural retina could reach the competent iris through this space, inducing it to regenerate a lens. Therefore, contact between the normal lens and iris probably acts to prevent lens regeneration. In other experiments, variable amounts of neural retina from either adult or larval donors were implanted into the anterior chamber of adult newt eyes in which the lens, iris and neural retina remained in their normal relationships. Implants also contained dorsal iris, ventral iris, or no iris at all. Competent iris tissue, stimulated by the implanted retina, showed only early stages of lens regeneration, but larval retina effected a greater response than adult retina. This limited response may result from the small amount of retina in the implant, a deficiency in retinal stimulus, or a competition for the retinal factor(s) by competent iris tissues.", "contents": "The role of a normal lens in Wolffian lens regeneration. The mid-ventral third of the iris was excised from 61 adult Notophthalmus viridescens hosts, and the mid-dorsal third of the iris from donor eyes was implanted in its place. After the iris healed and the host lens was removed, two lens regenerates developed, one from the host and one from the transplanted iris. The host regenerate was removed 53-91 days after the first lentectomy. Animals were sacrificed 1-40 days after the second lentectomy. A lens developed from the host dorsal iris IN THE PRESENCE OF A NORMAL REGENERATED LENS IN 75% OF THE CASES. A large space was present between the transplant derived lens and host iris for approximately 20 days after the removal of the host lens at lentectomy 2. Stimulatory factor(s) from the neural retina could reach the competent iris through this space, inducing it to regenerate a lens. Therefore, contact between the normal lens and iris probably acts to prevent lens regeneration. In other experiments, variable amounts of neural retina from either adult or larval donors were implanted into the anterior chamber of adult newt eyes in which the lens, iris and neural retina remained in their normal relationships. Implants also contained dorsal iris, ventral iris, or no iris at all. Competent iris tissue, stimulated by the implanted retina, showed only early stages of lens regeneration, but larval retina effected a greater response than adult retina. This limited response may result from the small amount of retina in the implant, a deficiency in retinal stimulus, or a competition for the retinal factor(s) by competent iris tissues.", "PMID": 1113070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3690", "title": "Synthesis of soluble protein in oocytes of Xenopus laevis.", "content": "Oocytes of five stages of development were isolated from ovaries of Xenopus laevis and allowed to take up radioactive amino acids. After six hours of labeling the amount of label incorporated into perchloric acid precipitable material from the soluble oocyte fraction and the specific activity of the label free pool was determined. From these figures an estimate of the rate of protein synthesis was calculated. Labeled soluble protein from each oocyte stage was analyzed by electrophoresis on SDS polyacrylamide gels. The gel was dried and autoradiographed to determine the qualitative pattern of soluble protein synthesis during various stages of oogenesis. Our results indicate that no significant differences exist in the rate of protein synthesis among any of the stages of oogenesis investigated. The qualitative pattern of soluble protein synthesized during the labeling period is similar among the oocyte stages. Moreover, this qualitative pattern of soluble protein synthesis is the same as the pattern of soluble protein accumulated up to that time during oogenesis. These results suggest a stable synthesis and accumulation of maternal protein products during Xenopus oogenesis, in marked contrast to the results that have been reported for RNA synthesis during oogenesis in Xenopus. Our results are discussed in terms of the present understanding of the process of maternal information accumulation.", "contents": "Synthesis of soluble protein in oocytes of Xenopus laevis. Oocytes of five stages of development were isolated from ovaries of Xenopus laevis and allowed to take up radioactive amino acids. After six hours of labeling the amount of label incorporated into perchloric acid precipitable material from the soluble oocyte fraction and the specific activity of the label free pool was determined. From these figures an estimate of the rate of protein synthesis was calculated. Labeled soluble protein from each oocyte stage was analyzed by electrophoresis on SDS polyacrylamide gels. The gel was dried and autoradiographed to determine the qualitative pattern of soluble protein synthesis during various stages of oogenesis. Our results indicate that no significant differences exist in the rate of protein synthesis among any of the stages of oogenesis investigated. The qualitative pattern of soluble protein synthesized during the labeling period is similar among the oocyte stages. Moreover, this qualitative pattern of soluble protein synthesis is the same as the pattern of soluble protein accumulated up to that time during oogenesis. These results suggest a stable synthesis and accumulation of maternal protein products during Xenopus oogenesis, in marked contrast to the results that have been reported for RNA synthesis during oogenesis in Xenopus. Our results are discussed in terms of the present understanding of the process of maternal information accumulation.", "PMID": 1113071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3691", "title": "The effects of castration on song development in zebra finches (Poephila guttata).", "content": "It has been suggested that the learning processes which occur during the critical period for bird song development are dependent on adrogens. Castration of male zebra finches (Poephila guttata, Estrildidae) at ages 9-17 days did not prevent song development, and normal learning occurred after the time of castration. Thus the learning processes of song development occur in the absence of gonadal androgens. Castrates tended to develop song more slowly than normals, which is potentially attributable to a decreased rate of singing in the castrates, or to a direct effect of androgen on the learning processes.", "contents": "The effects of castration on song development in zebra finches (Poephila guttata). It has been suggested that the learning processes which occur during the critical period for bird song development are dependent on adrogens. Castration of male zebra finches (Poephila guttata, Estrildidae) at ages 9-17 days did not prevent song development, and normal learning occurred after the time of castration. Thus the learning processes of song development occur in the absence of gonadal androgens. Castrates tended to develop song more slowly than normals, which is potentially attributable to a decreased rate of singing in the castrates, or to a direct effect of androgen on the learning processes.", "PMID": 1113072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3692", "title": "The quantitative role of hemocyanin in aerobic respiration of limulus polyphemus.", "content": "Measurements of the total oxygen content of post- and prebranchial blood in Limulus polyphemus indicate that hemocyanin transports less than half of the oxygen consumed in water but almost 90% in air. Half of the increase in hemocyanin function during air exposure is due to the occurrence of a reverse Bohr effect.", "contents": "The quantitative role of hemocyanin in aerobic respiration of limulus polyphemus. Measurements of the total oxygen content of post- and prebranchial blood in Limulus polyphemus indicate that hemocyanin transports less than half of the oxygen consumed in water but almost 90% in air. Half of the increase in hemocyanin function during air exposure is due to the occurrence of a reverse Bohr effect.", "PMID": 1113073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3693", "title": "Initiation factor distribution in Xenopus laevis eggs.", "content": "The distribution of activity similar to that of one of the initiation factors (IF2) was determined as a function of developmental stage in Xenopus laeviseggs and embryos. In vivo exposure of mature oocytes to hormone increases the total amount of detectable factor activity and facilitates the binding of IF2-like factor to ribosomes. The quality of factor bound is not correlated with polysome content.", "contents": "Initiation factor distribution in Xenopus laevis eggs. The distribution of activity similar to that of one of the initiation factors (IF2) was determined as a function of developmental stage in Xenopus laeviseggs and embryos. In vivo exposure of mature oocytes to hormone increases the total amount of detectable factor activity and facilitates the binding of IF2-like factor to ribosomes. The quality of factor bound is not correlated with polysome content.", "PMID": 1113074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3694", "title": "Immunological immobilization of detached rabbit sperm tails.", "content": "Motile rabbit sperm tails that lack heads are immobilized by antibody plus complement. Accordingly, immunological immobilization may not necessarily require the extensive sperm acrosomal damage previously reported in immobilized normal sperm.", "contents": "Immunological immobilization of detached rabbit sperm tails. Motile rabbit sperm tails that lack heads are immobilized by antibody plus complement. Accordingly, immunological immobilization may not necessarily require the extensive sperm acrosomal damage previously reported in immobilized normal sperm.", "PMID": 1113075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3695", "title": "A maximal predictive classification of Klebsielleae and of the yeasts.", "content": "The concepts of the numerical method of maximal predictive classification are illustrated with classifications of 13 species of enterobacteria and of 434 species of yeast. The method seeks to classify into a specified number of classes (k) such that more correct statements can be made about the constituent members than with any other classification. The best choice of k relates to the separation of the classes as measured by the average number of correct statements made for an individual assigned to a class to which it does not belong. The maximal predictive classifications are compared with previous classifications of the two groups, which seem to be poor predictively (in terms of the characters considered in this study). The results suggest that taxonomists may be more concerned with maximizing class separation rather than with prediction, but many more groups of organisms would need similar study before this view could be held with confidence.", "contents": "A maximal predictive classification of Klebsielleae and of the yeasts. The concepts of the numerical method of maximal predictive classification are illustrated with classifications of 13 species of enterobacteria and of 434 species of yeast. The method seeks to classify into a specified number of classes (k) such that more correct statements can be made about the constituent members than with any other classification. The best choice of k relates to the separation of the classes as measured by the average number of correct statements made for an individual assigned to a class to which it does not belong. The maximal predictive classifications are compared with previous classifications of the two groups, which seem to be poor predictively (in terms of the characters considered in this study). The results suggest that taxonomists may be more concerned with maximizing class separation rather than with prediction, but many more groups of organisms would need similar study before this view could be held with confidence.", "PMID": 1113078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3696", "title": "The effect of cytochalasin B on hyphal morphogenesis in Polyporus biennis.", "content": "Cytochalasin B inhibited the radial growth rate of Polyporus biennis, and caused an increase in hyphal density through a reduction in the distance between successive branches. Cytochalasin B also produced irregular hyphal profiles and, in a small percentage of hyphae, forked apices. The position of clamp connexions was little affected by cytochalasin B, but the developmental process was specifically inhibited during initiation and during the last two stages, when contact and dissolution of the clamp were occurring. There were no major disruptions of the ultrastructure of the dolipore/parenthesome septum caused by cytochalasin B treatment.", "contents": "The effect of cytochalasin B on hyphal morphogenesis in Polyporus biennis. Cytochalasin B inhibited the radial growth rate of Polyporus biennis, and caused an increase in hyphal density through a reduction in the distance between successive branches. Cytochalasin B also produced irregular hyphal profiles and, in a small percentage of hyphae, forked apices. The position of clamp connexions was little affected by cytochalasin B, but the developmental process was specifically inhibited during initiation and during the last two stages, when contact and dissolution of the clamp were occurring. There were no major disruptions of the ultrastructure of the dolipore/parenthesome septum caused by cytochalasin B treatment.", "PMID": 1113079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3697", "title": "Attempts to induce tumours with nucleic acid preparations from Agrobacterium tumefaciens.", "content": "Nucleic acid preparations from Agrobacterium tumefaciens (Smith & Townsend) Conn. have been tested for tumorigenic activity on a number of bioassay systems including carrot root explants, sunflower and tobacco stem segments, callus cultures of sunflower, tobacco and carrot, and sunflower stems. The methods used to isolate and test the DNA included those which have been reported to be successful for the induction of tumours. Strict precautions were taken to ensure that the DNA samples used in the tests were free of viable bacterial cells. In the large number of tests carried out under various experimental conditions there was no evidence for the induction of tumours with bacterial DNA.", "contents": "Attempts to induce tumours with nucleic acid preparations from Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Nucleic acid preparations from Agrobacterium tumefaciens (Smith & Townsend) Conn. have been tested for tumorigenic activity on a number of bioassay systems including carrot root explants, sunflower and tobacco stem segments, callus cultures of sunflower, tobacco and carrot, and sunflower stems. The methods used to isolate and test the DNA included those which have been reported to be successful for the induction of tumours. Strict precautions were taken to ensure that the DNA samples used in the tests were free of viable bacterial cells. In the large number of tests carried out under various experimental conditions there was no evidence for the induction of tumours with bacterial DNA.", "PMID": 1113080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3698", "title": "Studies on the physiological significance of the lack of a pyruvate dehydrogenase complex in Hyphomicrobium sp.", "content": "Hyphomicrobium X was grown in media containing either methanol or ethanol as a carbon and energy source, with or without additional organic carbon sources. The organism transported pyruvate, malate and succinate into the cells, and incorporated their carbon skeletons into cellular material, but when each of these compounds was added as sole carbon and energy source none supported growth of the organism. Enzymic analysis of crude cell-free extracts failed to detect either a complete pyruvate dehydrogenase complex or an active E1 component. Furthermore, oxygen uptake experiments with whole cell suspensions did not show any oxidation of pyruvate, succinate or malate. The distribution of radioactivity amongst the amino acids in hydrolysates of cell protein obtained from organisms grown in the presence of [14C]pyruvate, [14C]acetate or [14C]succinate indicated that the organism is limited in its ability to metabolize pyruvate. Growth in the presence of [14C]pyruvate resulted in 93% of the total radioactivity recovered being associated with amino acids derived directly from pyruvate. In contrast, growth in the presence of [14C]acetate or [14C]succinate resulted in more-or-less uniform labelling of all biogenic classes of amino acids. These results are consistent with the lack of an active pyruvate dehydrogenase complex which would make it impossible for Hyphomicrobium X to convert pyruvate into acetyl-CoA and to generate energy from carbon compounds for which the energy metabolism relies on oxidation through tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates.", "contents": "Studies on the physiological significance of the lack of a pyruvate dehydrogenase complex in Hyphomicrobium sp. Hyphomicrobium X was grown in media containing either methanol or ethanol as a carbon and energy source, with or without additional organic carbon sources. The organism transported pyruvate, malate and succinate into the cells, and incorporated their carbon skeletons into cellular material, but when each of these compounds was added as sole carbon and energy source none supported growth of the organism. Enzymic analysis of crude cell-free extracts failed to detect either a complete pyruvate dehydrogenase complex or an active E1 component. Furthermore, oxygen uptake experiments with whole cell suspensions did not show any oxidation of pyruvate, succinate or malate. The distribution of radioactivity amongst the amino acids in hydrolysates of cell protein obtained from organisms grown in the presence of [14C]pyruvate, [14C]acetate or [14C]succinate indicated that the organism is limited in its ability to metabolize pyruvate. Growth in the presence of [14C]pyruvate resulted in 93% of the total radioactivity recovered being associated with amino acids derived directly from pyruvate. In contrast, growth in the presence of [14C]acetate or [14C]succinate resulted in more-or-less uniform labelling of all biogenic classes of amino acids. These results are consistent with the lack of an active pyruvate dehydrogenase complex which would make it impossible for Hyphomicrobium X to convert pyruvate into acetyl-CoA and to generate energy from carbon compounds for which the energy metabolism relies on oxidation through tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates.", "PMID": 1113081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3699", "title": "Involvement of a recombination repair function in disciplined cell division of Micrococcus radiodurans.", "content": "When a culture of the temperature-sensitive DNA mutant Micrococcus radiodurans tsI is irradiated with a sublethal dose of ultraviolet or ionizing radiation and is plated immediately, all the bacteria give rise, after 36 h incubation, to colonies identical to those derived from unirradiated bacteria. However, when the irradiated population is held at its restrictive temperature (39 degrees C) (restrictive temperature holding) for 3 h before being plated, less than 0-1% of the surviving bacteria give rise to normal colonies, the rest producing, after incubation for 96 h, small malformed colonies. Qualitatively, the same effect is observed when u.v.-irradiated wild-type M. radiodurans is incubated at 39 degrees C in the presence of nalidixic acid before plating. Compared with the loss of viability, the loss of normal colony development as a function of the radiation dose is sensitive, having I/e values of 210 ergs/mm2 for u.v. radiation and of 4 to 5 krad for 60Co gamma-radiation. These are identical to the radiation dose-response values of a recombination-deficient mutant of M. radiodurans. At first the abnormal colonies consist entirely of giant bacteria but eventually a few bacteria with normal morphology appear and because of their much faster generation time a highly sectored colony results. These colonies can be \"rescued\" by plating the irradiated bacteria held at 39 degrees C on agar containing pantoyl lactone, their growth being identical to that of unirradiated bacteria. Abnormal colony development is not a general phenomenon in temperature-sensitive mutants of M. radiodurans but occurs in those mutants which are sensitized to radiation when held at 39 degrees C. It is concluded that these abnormal colonies are produced as a result of a defect in a recombination function and that this function is also involved in the regulation of normal cell division.", "contents": "Involvement of a recombination repair function in disciplined cell division of Micrococcus radiodurans. When a culture of the temperature-sensitive DNA mutant Micrococcus radiodurans tsI is irradiated with a sublethal dose of ultraviolet or ionizing radiation and is plated immediately, all the bacteria give rise, after 36 h incubation, to colonies identical to those derived from unirradiated bacteria. However, when the irradiated population is held at its restrictive temperature (39 degrees C) (restrictive temperature holding) for 3 h before being plated, less than 0-1% of the surviving bacteria give rise to normal colonies, the rest producing, after incubation for 96 h, small malformed colonies. Qualitatively, the same effect is observed when u.v.-irradiated wild-type M. radiodurans is incubated at 39 degrees C in the presence of nalidixic acid before plating. Compared with the loss of viability, the loss of normal colony development as a function of the radiation dose is sensitive, having I/e values of 210 ergs/mm2 for u.v. radiation and of 4 to 5 krad for 60Co gamma-radiation. These are identical to the radiation dose-response values of a recombination-deficient mutant of M. radiodurans. At first the abnormal colonies consist entirely of giant bacteria but eventually a few bacteria with normal morphology appear and because of their much faster generation time a highly sectored colony results. These colonies can be \"rescued\" by plating the irradiated bacteria held at 39 degrees C on agar containing pantoyl lactone, their growth being identical to that of unirradiated bacteria. Abnormal colony development is not a general phenomenon in temperature-sensitive mutants of M. radiodurans but occurs in those mutants which are sensitized to radiation when held at 39 degrees C. It is concluded that these abnormal colonies are produced as a result of a defect in a recombination function and that this function is also involved in the regulation of normal cell division.", "PMID": 1113082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3700", "title": "The influence of emetine on the induction of interferon by poly-I: poly-C in Swiss mice.", "content": "The effect of emetine on the in vivo production of interferon by Swiss mice stimulated with poly-i: poly-C, was studied. 100 mug of emetine per mouse yielded a 16-fold increase in interferon production. Maximal production of interferon was achieved 2 h after the simultaneous injection of emetine and poly-I: poly-C.", "contents": "The influence of emetine on the induction of interferon by poly-I: poly-C in Swiss mice. The effect of emetine on the in vivo production of interferon by Swiss mice stimulated with poly-i: poly-C, was studied. 100 mug of emetine per mouse yielded a 16-fold increase in interferon production. Maximal production of interferon was achieved 2 h after the simultaneous injection of emetine and poly-I: poly-C.", "PMID": 1113083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3701", "title": "The effect of signal probability, food intake, sex, and smoking on gustation, as measured by the theory of signal detection.", "content": "The possibility of applying Signal Detection Theory (SDT) to gustation was investigated by testing the effect of three variables--smoking, signal probability, and food intake (confounded with time of day)--on the taste sensitivity to sucrose of 24 male and 24 female Ss. No main effects or interactions were significant. The study indicated a \"warm-up\" effect, while adaptation was questionable. An analysis of false alarm (FA) reports was undertaken and discussed. Correlations were obtained between numerous variables and sensitivity. None of the correlations was statistically significant. It was concluded that although SDT is theoretically applicable to the gustatory modality, it is not practical for large-scale research.", "contents": "The effect of signal probability, food intake, sex, and smoking on gustation, as measured by the theory of signal detection. The possibility of applying Signal Detection Theory (SDT) to gustation was investigated by testing the effect of three variables--smoking, signal probability, and food intake (confounded with time of day)--on the taste sensitivity to sucrose of 24 male and 24 female Ss. No main effects or interactions were significant. The study indicated a \"warm-up\" effect, while adaptation was questionable. An analysis of false alarm (FA) reports was undertaken and discussed. Correlations were obtained between numerous variables and sensitivity. None of the correlations was statistically significant. It was concluded that although SDT is theoretically applicable to the gustatory modality, it is not practical for large-scale research.", "PMID": 1113084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3702", "title": "The role of perceptual cues in the trapezoid oscillatory illusion.", "content": "The present experiment was designed to test the hypothesis that binocular disparity functions as a veridical cue, and linear perspective as a nonveridical cue in the perception of a rotating trapezoid. Three trapezoids with proportionately increasing slope were viewed by 10 subjects through viewing screens designed to control the availability of binocular disparity. Monocular and binocular viewing conditions were employed. The dependent variable, proportion of perceived oscillation, was analyzed by a factorial analysis of variance and appropriate post hoc tests. The obtained data indicate that increasing the availability of binocular disparity by increasing viewing screen width favors veridical rotation perception. When the binocular depth cue was attenuated by decreasing viewing screen width, the observer relied on linear perspective, and non-veridical oscillation perception was favored. As linear perspective was increased by increasing trapezoid slope, perceived oscillation increased both monocularly and binocularly. However, for any level of linear perspective, monocular viewing invariabily produced more oscillation than binocular viewing, indicating that monocular depth cues (movement parallax and interposition) were not as effective at neutralizing the illusory perspective effect as the binocular disparity cue.", "contents": "The role of perceptual cues in the trapezoid oscillatory illusion. The present experiment was designed to test the hypothesis that binocular disparity functions as a veridical cue, and linear perspective as a nonveridical cue in the perception of a rotating trapezoid. Three trapezoids with proportionately increasing slope were viewed by 10 subjects through viewing screens designed to control the availability of binocular disparity. Monocular and binocular viewing conditions were employed. The dependent variable, proportion of perceived oscillation, was analyzed by a factorial analysis of variance and appropriate post hoc tests. The obtained data indicate that increasing the availability of binocular disparity by increasing viewing screen width favors veridical rotation perception. When the binocular depth cue was attenuated by decreasing viewing screen width, the observer relied on linear perspective, and non-veridical oscillation perception was favored. As linear perspective was increased by increasing trapezoid slope, perceived oscillation increased both monocularly and binocularly. However, for any level of linear perspective, monocular viewing invariabily produced more oscillation than binocular viewing, indicating that monocular depth cues (movement parallax and interposition) were not as effective at neutralizing the illusory perspective effect as the binocular disparity cue.", "PMID": 1113085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3703", "title": "Visual memory for place on the page.", "content": "Sixty-four Ss were asked to read a lengthy prose passage and were subsequently tested for (a) information recall, (b) memory for location of information answers; and (c) discrimination of information answers in a multiple-choice (MC) task. In aggrement with previous studies, spatial memory was highly reliable and significantly greater for correct than incorrect information answers. However, the present experiments showed that cueing Ss to a spatial test did not raise the level of spatial recall over that for a noncued group. Further, proportion of both item and spatial recall was found to increase directly with degree of visual memory for location as indexed by a five-point subjective knowledge scale. There was also a general trend for multiple-choice performance ot improve as degree of visual knowledge for an answer's true location increased. It is apparent that visually mediated spatial memory is a fundamental attribute when text material is encoded, and may be of mnemonic worth when retention of information is required.", "contents": "Visual memory for place on the page. Sixty-four Ss were asked to read a lengthy prose passage and were subsequently tested for (a) information recall, (b) memory for location of information answers; and (c) discrimination of information answers in a multiple-choice (MC) task. In aggrement with previous studies, spatial memory was highly reliable and significantly greater for correct than incorrect information answers. However, the present experiments showed that cueing Ss to a spatial test did not raise the level of spatial recall over that for a noncued group. Further, proportion of both item and spatial recall was found to increase directly with degree of visual memory for location as indexed by a five-point subjective knowledge scale. There was also a general trend for multiple-choice performance ot improve as degree of visual knowledge for an answer's true location increased. It is apparent that visually mediated spatial memory is a fundamental attribute when text material is encoded, and may be of mnemonic worth when retention of information is required.", "PMID": 1113087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3704", "title": "Test of an information-processing model of humor: physiological response changes during problem- and riddle-solving.", "content": "Heart rate and skin conductance were monitored continuously while subjects heard and responded to seven riddles and seven problems which were structurally similar. Hypotheses based on cognitive problem-solving models of humor were tested by comparing changes occurring during problem solving with those that occurred during \"riddle solving\". While heart rate tended to accelerate once a riddle or problem was presented and decelerate once the answer or punch line was given, there were significant differences in skin conductance between riddle- and problem-solving responses, suggesting that a purely problem-solving model of humor may be untenable. A test of Berlyne's hypothesis of arousal change and humor appreciation was also made. As predicted, humor appreciation was greatest for those who showed a moderate amount of change.", "contents": "Test of an information-processing model of humor: physiological response changes during problem- and riddle-solving. Heart rate and skin conductance were monitored continuously while subjects heard and responded to seven riddles and seven problems which were structurally similar. Hypotheses based on cognitive problem-solving models of humor were tested by comparing changes occurring during problem solving with those that occurred during \"riddle solving\". While heart rate tended to accelerate once a riddle or problem was presented and decelerate once the answer or punch line was given, there were significant differences in skin conductance between riddle- and problem-solving responses, suggesting that a purely problem-solving model of humor may be untenable. A test of Berlyne's hypothesis of arousal change and humor appreciation was also made. As predicted, humor appreciation was greatest for those who showed a moderate amount of change.", "PMID": 1113088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3705", "title": "Symptom patterns in depressed patients and depressed normals.", "content": "The availability of outpatient psychiatric treatment and community social support services has brought increasing numbers of persons with mild depressive symptoms to the attention of clinicians.  However, little attention has been directed toward the study of these mild disturbances.  A comparison of symptom patterns and clinical course is presented between clinically depressed psychiatric outpatients being treated with amitriptyline (depressed patients) and a group of unhappy and sad women not under psychiatric treatment but coming to a career guidance center (normal depressives).  These data support the finding that normal depression is similar in degree to the mood disturbances of clinical depression but is not similar in symptom patterns. Normal depression is characterized by a relative absence of somatic complaints and somatic anxiety.  The short term clinical course of drug-treated depressed patients and vocationally assisted unhappy women is quite similar in that both groups improve.  This improvement is characterized by a reduction of most symptoms and of the central core of depressed mood.  Further research is needed on the frequency, patterns, and course of these mild depressive states to determine their clinical importance and treatment indications.", "contents": "Symptom patterns in depressed patients and depressed normals. The availability of outpatient psychiatric treatment and community social support services has brought increasing numbers of persons with mild depressive symptoms to the attention of clinicians.  However, little attention has been directed toward the study of these mild disturbances.  A comparison of symptom patterns and clinical course is presented between clinically depressed psychiatric outpatients being treated with amitriptyline (depressed patients) and a group of unhappy and sad women not under psychiatric treatment but coming to a career guidance center (normal depressives).  These data support the finding that normal depression is similar in degree to the mood disturbances of clinical depression but is not similar in symptom patterns. Normal depression is characterized by a relative absence of somatic complaints and somatic anxiety.  The short term clinical course of drug-treated depressed patients and vocationally assisted unhappy women is quite similar in that both groups improve.  This improvement is characterized by a reduction of most symptoms and of the central core of depressed mood.  Further research is needed on the frequency, patterns, and course of these mild depressive states to determine their clinical importance and treatment indications.", "PMID": 1113089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3706", "title": "Rapidity of symptom reduction in depressions treated with amitriptyline.", "content": "A group of depressed women treated with amitriptyline was studied with particular attention to the speed of response in different symptoms of depression and in psychotic as compared to neurotic depressives.  The findings showed rapid improvement in suicidal feelings, insomnia, and anorexia, but slower and more gradual improvement in impaired work and interests, retardation and pessimism and hopelessness.  Psychotic depressives did not show substantial improvement until the third week of treatment whereas neurotic depressives improved markedly within the first week.  It is suggested that the psychotic classification may be more useful as a predictor of speed of response than as a predictor of final treatment outcome.", "contents": "Rapidity of symptom reduction in depressions treated with amitriptyline. A group of depressed women treated with amitriptyline was studied with particular attention to the speed of response in different symptoms of depression and in psychotic as compared to neurotic depressives.  The findings showed rapid improvement in suicidal feelings, insomnia, and anorexia, but slower and more gradual improvement in impaired work and interests, retardation and pessimism and hopelessness.  Psychotic depressives did not show substantial improvement until the third week of treatment whereas neurotic depressives improved markedly within the first week.  It is suggested that the psychotic classification may be more useful as a predictor of speed of response than as a predictor of final treatment outcome.", "PMID": 1113090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3707", "title": "Relative safety of amitriptyline in maintenance treatment of depression.", "content": "In the course of long term treatment with amitriptyline of 212 depressed women, the patients' somatic complaints were assessed. These somatic complaints included most symptoms generally attributed as being adverse effects of amitriptyline and other tricyclics. The reputed adverse effects were very often reported by patients prior to the initiation of antidepressant medication. Except for reports of dryness of mouth, all somatic complaints were reduced in frequency and intensity during the course of clinical improvement. When patients relapsed, regardless of whether they were or were not on maintenance medication, these somatic complaints returned. Except for dryness of mouth, no relationship between somatic complaints and dosage of amitriptyline was found. Amitriptyline is relatively safe. No espisodes of death, cardiac arrhythmia liver, blood or central nervous system reaction occurred.", "contents": "Relative safety of amitriptyline in maintenance treatment of depression. In the course of long term treatment with amitriptyline of 212 depressed women, the patients' somatic complaints were assessed. These somatic complaints included most symptoms generally attributed as being adverse effects of amitriptyline and other tricyclics. The reputed adverse effects were very often reported by patients prior to the initiation of antidepressant medication. Except for reports of dryness of mouth, all somatic complaints were reduced in frequency and intensity during the course of clinical improvement. When patients relapsed, regardless of whether they were or were not on maintenance medication, these somatic complaints returned. Except for dryness of mouth, no relationship between somatic complaints and dosage of amitriptyline was found. Amitriptyline is relatively safe. No espisodes of death, cardiac arrhythmia liver, blood or central nervous system reaction occurred.", "PMID": 1113092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3708", "title": "Participation in therapy.  A study of attendance patterns in depressed outpatients.", "content": "The attendance patterns of 36 predominantly lower class, depressed women receiving outpatient psychotherapy were studied to determine the actual amount and frequency of therapy received in an 8-month period. At the initiation of therapy, the majority of patients expressed either neutral or negative attitudes to therapy. Contrary to the usually held belief that indifferent attitudes to therapy coupled with the patients' low socioeconomic status augured poorly for the patients' continuatioin therapy, we found that the sample studies attended regularly and remained in therapy until the end of the prescribed 8-month period. Missed appointments occurred rarely and were usually preceded by cancellations. The majority of therapy sessions were with patients, but provisions were available for the involvement of spouses and other relatives where indicated. It is suggested that the time-limited nature of therapy, the delineation of stort term, realistically attainable goals, and the vigorous outreach techniques by the therapists may have contributed to the unexpectedly high therapy attendance.", "contents": "Participation in therapy.  A study of attendance patterns in depressed outpatients. The attendance patterns of 36 predominantly lower class, depressed women receiving outpatient psychotherapy were studied to determine the actual amount and frequency of therapy received in an 8-month period. At the initiation of therapy, the majority of patients expressed either neutral or negative attitudes to therapy. Contrary to the usually held belief that indifferent attitudes to therapy coupled with the patients' low socioeconomic status augured poorly for the patients' continuatioin therapy, we found that the sample studies attended regularly and remained in therapy until the end of the prescribed 8-month period. Missed appointments occurred rarely and were usually preceded by cancellations. The majority of therapy sessions were with patients, but provisions were available for the involvement of spouses and other relatives where indicated. It is suggested that the time-limited nature of therapy, the delineation of stort term, realistically attainable goals, and the vigorous outreach techniques by the therapists may have contributed to the unexpectedly high therapy attendance.", "PMID": 1113093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3709", "title": "Utilization review and suicide attempts. Exploring discrepancies between experts' criteria and clinical practice.", "content": "The discrepancies between experts' criteria for hospitalization of suicide attempters with actual clinical practice were explored to develop utilization review criteria which reflect current clinical thinking and which could form guidelines for the assessment of clinical care.  Experts' criteria predicted that a hospitalized group of suicide attempters did not require hospitalization and that a nonhospitalized group of suicide attempters required hospitalization.  Examination of the discrepancies between clinical practice and experts' criteria not only revealed that incorporation of clinical measures of depressive symptomatology could improve the experts' criteria for hospitalization but also showed that clinicians did not hospitalize a group of markedly symptomatic and socially impaired white suicide attempters.  Clinician and patient factors that may have contributed to this decision making and the application of these findings for utilization review are discussed.", "contents": "Utilization review and suicide attempts. Exploring discrepancies between experts' criteria and clinical practice. The discrepancies between experts' criteria for hospitalization of suicide attempters with actual clinical practice were explored to develop utilization review criteria which reflect current clinical thinking and which could form guidelines for the assessment of clinical care.  Experts' criteria predicted that a hospitalized group of suicide attempters did not require hospitalization and that a nonhospitalized group of suicide attempters required hospitalization.  Examination of the discrepancies between clinical practice and experts' criteria not only revealed that incorporation of clinical measures of depressive symptomatology could improve the experts' criteria for hospitalization but also showed that clinicians did not hospitalize a group of markedly symptomatic and socially impaired white suicide attempters.  Clinician and patient factors that may have contributed to this decision making and the application of these findings for utilization review are discussed.", "PMID": 1113094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3710", "title": "Deprivation in the childhood of depressed women.", "content": "With recent developments in community psychiatric services, concern with prevention has become an urgent social, as well as medical challenge.  Comprehensive investigation into causation must therefore be given systematic emphasis.  This paper is an effort toward clarification of etiology, specifically of the depressive disorder, in terms of early childhood experiences.  The work is based on social and psychiatric history data collected by experienced psychiatric social workers on two groups of subjects from the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Collaborative Depression Studies under the direction of Allen Raskin, Ph.D, of the NIMH Psychology Research Branch, and a third group of subjects from Boston State Hospital.  The hypothesis that childhood deprivation, defined as \"the lack, loss or absence of an emotionally sustaining relationship prior to adolescence\", has a meaningful association with the occurrence of adult depression was tested in a sample of 347 depressed inpatient women and 114 outpatient women in comparison to 198 normal women used as a control or reference population.  The subjects were all Caucasian.  Events occurring during childhood that could be considered within the definition of deprivation were documented.  Further, subjects were assessed as to depriving childrearing experiences. The findings revealed no association of adult depression with overt childhood loss events, but did provide evidence to support an association of depriving childrearing processes with adult depression.  The findings also revealed evidence of a relationship between the degree of the depriving childrearing experience with the severity of the adult illness as measured by hospital status.  The results are discussed in relation to findings from other studies of childhood deprivation and psychiatric disorder.", "contents": "Deprivation in the childhood of depressed women. With recent developments in community psychiatric services, concern with prevention has become an urgent social, as well as medical challenge.  Comprehensive investigation into causation must therefore be given systematic emphasis.  This paper is an effort toward clarification of etiology, specifically of the depressive disorder, in terms of early childhood experiences.  The work is based on social and psychiatric history data collected by experienced psychiatric social workers on two groups of subjects from the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Collaborative Depression Studies under the direction of Allen Raskin, Ph.D, of the NIMH Psychology Research Branch, and a third group of subjects from Boston State Hospital.  The hypothesis that childhood deprivation, defined as \"the lack, loss or absence of an emotionally sustaining relationship prior to adolescence\", has a meaningful association with the occurrence of adult depression was tested in a sample of 347 depressed inpatient women and 114 outpatient women in comparison to 198 normal women used as a control or reference population.  The subjects were all Caucasian.  Events occurring during childhood that could be considered within the definition of deprivation were documented.  Further, subjects were assessed as to depriving childrearing experiences. The findings revealed no association of adult depression with overt childhood loss events, but did provide evidence to support an association of depriving childrearing processes with adult depression.  The findings also revealed evidence of a relationship between the degree of the depriving childrearing experience with the severity of the adult illness as measured by hospital status.  The results are discussed in relation to findings from other studies of childhood deprivation and psychiatric disorder.", "PMID": 1113095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3711", "title": "Measles virus antibodies in serum and cerebrospinal fluid in patients with multiple sclerosis and other neurological disorders, with special reference to measles antibody synthesis within the central nervous system.", "content": "Measles virus hemagglutination-inhibiting (HI) and gel precipitating (GP) antibodies were determined in sera and cerebrospinal fluids (CSF) from 65 patinets with multiple sclerosis (MS) and 65 patients with other neurological diseases. The serological results were correlated to content of immunoglobulin-G (IgG) and electrophoretic patterns of sera and CSF. Measles GP antibodies, identified as directed against measles virus ribonucleoprotein antigens, were detected in sera and in CSF from a significantly higher proportion of MS than of non-MS patients. No significant difference between the 2 groups of patients was found for measles HI antibodies. Reduced serum/CSF HI and/or GP antibody ratios were found in about one half of the MS patients and in 2 patients with chronic myelopathy. All patients with reduced antibody ratios had evidence of IgG synthesis within the central nervous system (CNS), as inferred from oligoclonal IgG patterns of the CSF. Reduced ratios of measles GP antibodies were 3 times as common as reduced ratios of HI antibodies. Immunoelectrophoretic assays indicated that the CSF GP antibodies were electrophoretically restricted in a number of MS patients. The results indicate that measles virus may be an active immunogen within the CNS in many MS patients and in some patients with chronic myelopathy, giving rise to an oligoclonal IgG antibody response.", "contents": "Measles virus antibodies in serum and cerebrospinal fluid in patients with multiple sclerosis and other neurological disorders, with special reference to measles antibody synthesis within the central nervous system. Measles virus hemagglutination-inhibiting (HI) and gel precipitating (GP) antibodies were determined in sera and cerebrospinal fluids (CSF) from 65 patinets with multiple sclerosis (MS) and 65 patients with other neurological diseases. The serological results were correlated to content of immunoglobulin-G (IgG) and electrophoretic patterns of sera and CSF. Measles GP antibodies, identified as directed against measles virus ribonucleoprotein antigens, were detected in sera and in CSF from a significantly higher proportion of MS than of non-MS patients. No significant difference between the 2 groups of patients was found for measles HI antibodies. Reduced serum/CSF HI and/or GP antibody ratios were found in about one half of the MS patients and in 2 patients with chronic myelopathy. All patients with reduced antibody ratios had evidence of IgG synthesis within the central nervous system (CNS), as inferred from oligoclonal IgG patterns of the CSF. Reduced ratios of measles GP antibodies were 3 times as common as reduced ratios of HI antibodies. Immunoelectrophoretic assays indicated that the CSF GP antibodies were electrophoretically restricted in a number of MS patients. The results indicate that measles virus may be an active immunogen within the CNS in many MS patients and in some patients with chronic myelopathy, giving rise to an oligoclonal IgG antibody response.", "PMID": 1113135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3712", "title": "The results of carotid angiography in cerebral infarction in normotensive and hypertensive subjects.", "content": "The results of carotid angiography in 304 cases of cerebral hemisphere infarction have been reviewed. Carotid occlusion was demonstrated in 19% and atheromatous vessel wall change in a further 28%. Hypertensive subjects showed a significantly lower prevalence of carotid occlusion, but a similar prevalence of vessel wall change. There was more likely to be angiographic abnormality if there was a neck bruit or if the ECG showed ischaemic changes. The findings support the concept that the pathogenesis of cerebral infarction differs in normotensive and hypertensive patients.", "contents": "The results of carotid angiography in cerebral infarction in normotensive and hypertensive subjects. The results of carotid angiography in 304 cases of cerebral hemisphere infarction have been reviewed. Carotid occlusion was demonstrated in 19% and atheromatous vessel wall change in a further 28%. Hypertensive subjects showed a significantly lower prevalence of carotid occlusion, but a similar prevalence of vessel wall change. There was more likely to be angiographic abnormality if there was a neck bruit or if the ECG showed ischaemic changes. The findings support the concept that the pathogenesis of cerebral infarction differs in normotensive and hypertensive patients.", "PMID": 1113136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3713", "title": "Physiological estimates of the sizes and the numbers of motor units in soleus muscles of dystrophic mice.", "content": "Evidence is presented to support the neurogenic hypothesis for murine dystrophy. Axonal atrophy, decrease in twitch tensions of individual motor units and loss of motor units suggest that \"sick\" motor units are present in dystrophic mice and that the \"sick\" motor units were once functional, but had gradually degenerated, possibly due to a neurotrophic deficiency.", "contents": "Physiological estimates of the sizes and the numbers of motor units in soleus muscles of dystrophic mice. Evidence is presented to support the neurogenic hypothesis for murine dystrophy. Axonal atrophy, decrease in twitch tensions of individual motor units and loss of motor units suggest that \"sick\" motor units are present in dystrophic mice and that the \"sick\" motor units were once functional, but had gradually degenerated, possibly due to a neurotrophic deficiency.", "PMID": 1113137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3714", "title": "Electron microscopy of trypsin-digested peripheral nerve myelin.", "content": "Sciatic nerves from mice were removed and soaked in either PBS (phosphate buffered saline) or PBS plus I% trypsin (Sigma Type III) for various periods of time. Specimens were soaked at either room temperature or 37-degrees C at pH's ranging from 7.5 to 8.0. The epineural and perineural sheaths were split to allow the trypsin to penetrate the nerve. Tissue was prepared for electron microscopy by fixation in cacodylate buffered formaldehyde-glutaraldehyde solutions, post-fixed in OSO4 and embedded in Epon 812 or in glutaraldehyde-urea resin without osmication. After four h incubation at 37-degrees C or eight h at room temperature, the basement membranes of the Schwann cells became fragmented and detached and the myelin intraperiod band lost some density. After 18 h, myelin with swollen intraperiod bands displaying a loss of electron density and split main period bands was noted adjacent to normal myelin. Other areas had been transformed into vesicles indicating that the membranes of these vesicles appeared to have been derived from the detachment of both the intraperiod and main period bands within the myelin. Evidence is presented for the presence of trypsin digestable proteins in both the main period and intraperiod bands of peripheral nervouse system myelin.", "contents": "Electron microscopy of trypsin-digested peripheral nerve myelin. Sciatic nerves from mice were removed and soaked in either PBS (phosphate buffered saline) or PBS plus I% trypsin (Sigma Type III) for various periods of time. Specimens were soaked at either room temperature or 37-degrees C at pH's ranging from 7.5 to 8.0. The epineural and perineural sheaths were split to allow the trypsin to penetrate the nerve. Tissue was prepared for electron microscopy by fixation in cacodylate buffered formaldehyde-glutaraldehyde solutions, post-fixed in OSO4 and embedded in Epon 812 or in glutaraldehyde-urea resin without osmication. After four h incubation at 37-degrees C or eight h at room temperature, the basement membranes of the Schwann cells became fragmented and detached and the myelin intraperiod band lost some density. After 18 h, myelin with swollen intraperiod bands displaying a loss of electron density and split main period bands was noted adjacent to normal myelin. Other areas had been transformed into vesicles indicating that the membranes of these vesicles appeared to have been derived from the detachment of both the intraperiod and main period bands within the myelin. Evidence is presented for the presence of trypsin digestable proteins in both the main period and intraperiod bands of peripheral nervouse system myelin.", "PMID": 1113138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3715", "title": "Axon-glia relationships in crab nerves.", "content": "The nerves of the walking legs in the crab Lebidoclea grammania were studied by electron microscopy. Particular atthetion was directed to the structure of the connective tissue, its arrangement within the axon sheaths and its association with the glial cells. The connective tissue of the neural lamella of the giant axons and the fascicles is formed by collagen fibrils aand bands of mucopolysaccharides. Prolongations of the neural lamella divide the fascicles into bundles of contiguous axons, groups of loosely sheathed axons and nerve fibres wrapped by layers of glial cell processes alternating with layers of connective tissue. The glial cell processes close to the axons contained numerous microtubules whereas glycogen granules predominated in the more peripheral processes. These observations suggest that the connective tissue and glial cell processes forming the envelopes of the axons together participate in the maintenance of the microenvironment around axons.", "contents": "Axon-glia relationships in crab nerves. The nerves of the walking legs in the crab Lebidoclea grammania were studied by electron microscopy. Particular atthetion was directed to the structure of the connective tissue, its arrangement within the axon sheaths and its association with the glial cells. The connective tissue of the neural lamella of the giant axons and the fascicles is formed by collagen fibrils aand bands of mucopolysaccharides. Prolongations of the neural lamella divide the fascicles into bundles of contiguous axons, groups of loosely sheathed axons and nerve fibres wrapped by layers of glial cell processes alternating with layers of connective tissue. The glial cell processes close to the axons contained numerous microtubules whereas glycogen granules predominated in the more peripheral processes. These observations suggest that the connective tissue and glial cell processes forming the envelopes of the axons together participate in the maintenance of the microenvironment around axons.", "PMID": 1113139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3716", "title": "Synaptic changes in frog brain after stimulation with potassium chloride.", "content": "In vitro preparations of frog brains, stimulated by application of CKl were fixed by freeze substitution and examined electron microscopically. Control preparations were bathed in a calcium-free physiological solution with Mg added or in salt solution cooled to 5-10-degrees C. The isolated brain remains viable in the physiological solution as indicated by the direct cortical responses which can be led off from the forebrain. Control preparations were characterized by a row of vesicles situated close to the presynaptic membrane and by the absence of a well-developed postsynaptic web. In KCl stimulated preparations there were, in addition to synapses resembling those in the controls, synapses exhibiting fusion of synaptic vesicles with the membrane of the axonal ending, synapses in which the vesicles had retreated from the presynaptic membrane but were attached to it by a narrow stalk and synapses exhibiting a pronounced postsynaptic web. The synaptic gap was of a less uniform width than in the control preparations. The KCl stimulated preparations were furthermore characterized by a paucity of extracellular space and often showed invaginations formed by the presynaptic membrane and the plasma membranes of the postsynaptic or adjacent glial structure.", "contents": "Synaptic changes in frog brain after stimulation with potassium chloride. In vitro preparations of frog brains, stimulated by application of CKl were fixed by freeze substitution and examined electron microscopically. Control preparations were bathed in a calcium-free physiological solution with Mg added or in salt solution cooled to 5-10-degrees C. The isolated brain remains viable in the physiological solution as indicated by the direct cortical responses which can be led off from the forebrain. Control preparations were characterized by a row of vesicles situated close to the presynaptic membrane and by the absence of a well-developed postsynaptic web. In KCl stimulated preparations there were, in addition to synapses resembling those in the controls, synapses exhibiting fusion of synaptic vesicles with the membrane of the axonal ending, synapses in which the vesicles had retreated from the presynaptic membrane but were attached to it by a narrow stalk and synapses exhibiting a pronounced postsynaptic web. The synaptic gap was of a less uniform width than in the control preparations. The KCl stimulated preparations were furthermore characterized by a paucity of extracellular space and often showed invaginations formed by the presynaptic membrane and the plasma membranes of the postsynaptic or adjacent glial structure.", "PMID": 1113140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3717", "title": "The node of Ranvier in experimental allergic neuritis: an electron microscope study.", "content": "Pathological breakdown of the node of Ranvier in experimental allergic neuritis (EAN) in the rabbit was examined by electron microscopy. The study was concerned principally with the mechanism of disruption of paranodal myelin. Two types of change in myelin structure were observed, both apparently related to the presence of cytoplasmic processes of macrophages: (1) a vesicular disorganization of myelin lamellae and (2) a separation of myelin lamellae. Both methods of disorganization were used by macrophages as they apparently lifted off the myelin terminal loops of the paranode from the underlying axon and also penetrated between myelin loops and adjoining myelin lamellae. In some pathologically damaged nodes of Ranvier no macrophages were observed. The findings raise important immunological and electrophysiological questions concerning the involvement of the macrophage in the autoimmune response and the effect of the loss of paranodal myelin on nerve conduction.", "contents": "The node of Ranvier in experimental allergic neuritis: an electron microscope study. Pathological breakdown of the node of Ranvier in experimental allergic neuritis (EAN) in the rabbit was examined by electron microscopy. The study was concerned principally with the mechanism of disruption of paranodal myelin. Two types of change in myelin structure were observed, both apparently related to the presence of cytoplasmic processes of macrophages: (1) a vesicular disorganization of myelin lamellae and (2) a separation of myelin lamellae. Both methods of disorganization were used by macrophages as they apparently lifted off the myelin terminal loops of the paranode from the underlying axon and also penetrated between myelin loops and adjoining myelin lamellae. In some pathologically damaged nodes of Ranvier no macrophages were observed. The findings raise important immunological and electrophysiological questions concerning the involvement of the macrophage in the autoimmune response and the effect of the loss of paranodal myelin on nerve conduction.", "PMID": 1113142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3718", "title": "Degeneration of sensory and motor axons in transplanted segments of a crustacean peripheral nerve.", "content": "Segments of sensory and motor axons 0.3-0.5 mm in length were taken from crayfish peripheral limb nerves and transplanted into the abdominal cavity of the same animal. Transplanted sensory axons showed relatively few ultra-structural changes after one week, many had undergone complete lysis within two weeks, and almost all degenerated within three weeks. Transplanted motor axons appeared normal after one week, except for some hypertrophy of their surrounding glial sheaths. After two weeks, glial sheaths were grossly hypertrophied around motor axons; axonal mitochondria had increased in number and many had migrated from the periphery to the centre of the axon. The axonal membranes of all motor axons were still intact after three weeks, although most were no longer continuous after four weeks. By five weeks, all axonal material had completely disintegrated. These data suggest that axonal synthetic processes in crayfish sensory (and presumably motor) axons can maintain the axons relatively intact for 7-14 days and that transfer of substances form hypertrophied glial cells to motor axons may account for the longer survival times of transplanted motor axons.", "contents": "Degeneration of sensory and motor axons in transplanted segments of a crustacean peripheral nerve. Segments of sensory and motor axons 0.3-0.5 mm in length were taken from crayfish peripheral limb nerves and transplanted into the abdominal cavity of the same animal. Transplanted sensory axons showed relatively few ultra-structural changes after one week, many had undergone complete lysis within two weeks, and almost all degenerated within three weeks. Transplanted motor axons appeared normal after one week, except for some hypertrophy of their surrounding glial sheaths. After two weeks, glial sheaths were grossly hypertrophied around motor axons; axonal mitochondria had increased in number and many had migrated from the periphery to the centre of the axon. The axonal membranes of all motor axons were still intact after three weeks, although most were no longer continuous after four weeks. By five weeks, all axonal material had completely disintegrated. These data suggest that axonal synthetic processes in crayfish sensory (and presumably motor) axons can maintain the axons relatively intact for 7-14 days and that transfer of substances form hypertrophied glial cells to motor axons may account for the longer survival times of transplanted motor axons.", "PMID": 1113143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3719", "title": "Morphometric studies of dense-cored vesicles in type I cells of rat carotid body.", "content": "Two subclasses of Type I cells of rat carotid body were recognized by analyzing the diameters of dense-cored vesicles. One group of cells contained vesicles with a mean diameter of about 52 nm; in the other group of cells the vesicles measured about 71 nm. The mean volume of the small vesicle cell (SVC) was roughly 3/4 that of the large vesicle cell (LVC). Furthermore there were significant differences between SVC and LVC in volume densities of vesicles extensions typical of the Type I cells were more common for LVC than for SVC. The majority of the nerve-endings observed terminated on LVC. The significance of these differences has yet to be determined.", "contents": "Morphometric studies of dense-cored vesicles in type I cells of rat carotid body. Two subclasses of Type I cells of rat carotid body were recognized by analyzing the diameters of dense-cored vesicles. One group of cells contained vesicles with a mean diameter of about 52 nm; in the other group of cells the vesicles measured about 71 nm. The mean volume of the small vesicle cell (SVC) was roughly 3/4 that of the large vesicle cell (LVC). Furthermore there were significant differences between SVC and LVC in volume densities of vesicles extensions typical of the Type I cells were more common for LVC than for SVC. The majority of the nerve-endings observed terminated on LVC. The significance of these differences has yet to be determined.", "PMID": 1113144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3720", "title": "Radiofrequency percutaneous Gasserian ganglion lesions. Results in 140 patients with trigeminal pain.", "content": "Percutaneous radiofrequency ablation of the Gasserian ganglion or posterior root, or both, was performed in 140 patients. Of the 135 patients with trigeminal neuralgia, satisfactory analgesia was achieved in 121. Postoperative complications included unintentional first-division analgesia (10), transient sixth-nerve palsy (1), neuroparalytic keratitis (2), and anesthesia dolorosa (2). The phenomenon of facial blush may be helpful in avoiding unwanted first-division analgesia. In four of five patients with other forms of neuralgia, the procedure did not relieve pain; the fifth patient experienced significant relief from pain due to carcinoma of the mandible.", "contents": "Radiofrequency percutaneous Gasserian ganglion lesions. Results in 140 patients with trigeminal pain. Percutaneous radiofrequency ablation of the Gasserian ganglion or posterior root, or both, was performed in 140 patients. Of the 135 patients with trigeminal neuralgia, satisfactory analgesia was achieved in 121. Postoperative complications included unintentional first-division analgesia (10), transient sixth-nerve palsy (1), neuroparalytic keratitis (2), and anesthesia dolorosa (2). The phenomenon of facial blush may be helpful in avoiding unwanted first-division analgesia. In four of five patients with other forms of neuralgia, the procedure did not relieve pain; the fifth patient experienced significant relief from pain due to carcinoma of the mandible.", "PMID": 1113146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3721", "title": "Long-term results of Gasserian ganglion electrocoagulation.", "content": "This report is a follow-up study of 315 patients under 46 years old who suffered from trigeminal neuralgia and were treated by electrocoagulation of the Gasserian ganglion. The average foll-up period was 12.7 years, the maximum 33 years. Eighty percent had a return of pain, but 96.7% ultimately attained freedom from pain after repeat electrocoagulation.", "contents": "Long-term results of Gasserian ganglion electrocoagulation. This report is a follow-up study of 315 patients under 46 years old who suffered from trigeminal neuralgia and were treated by electrocoagulation of the Gasserian ganglion. The average foll-up period was 12.7 years, the maximum 33 years. Eighty percent had a return of pain, but 96.7% ultimately attained freedom from pain after repeat electrocoagulation.", "PMID": 1113147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3722", "title": "Local spinal cord blood flow in experimental traumatic myelopathy.", "content": "Focal blood flow was measured in the lateral funiculus and center of the spinal cord in the rhesus monkey both before and after a 600 gm-cm injury at T-10. Measurements made by the hydrogen clearance technique showed that blood flow in the lateral funiculus more than doubled within 4 hours after injury, returned to normal by 8 hours, and remained in the normal range for 24 hours. At no time was a hypoperfusion in the lateral funiculus present. Blood flow in the center of the spinal cord, at the level of the lesion, began to fall within 1 hour following injury and continued to fall for 4 hours. These data challenge the notion that spreading ischemia of the white matter is an important factor in the pathophysiology of experimental spinal cord injury.", "contents": "Local spinal cord blood flow in experimental traumatic myelopathy. Focal blood flow was measured in the lateral funiculus and center of the spinal cord in the rhesus monkey both before and after a 600 gm-cm injury at T-10. Measurements made by the hydrogen clearance technique showed that blood flow in the lateral funiculus more than doubled within 4 hours after injury, returned to normal by 8 hours, and remained in the normal range for 24 hours. At no time was a hypoperfusion in the lateral funiculus present. Blood flow in the center of the spinal cord, at the level of the lesion, began to fall within 1 hour following injury and continued to fall for 4 hours. These data challenge the notion that spreading ischemia of the white matter is an important factor in the pathophysiology of experimental spinal cord injury.", "PMID": 1113148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3723", "title": "Effect of delayed local cooling on experimental spinal cord injury.", "content": "The authors report studies indicating that delayed local cooling is effective in minimizing the neurological deficits of experimental spinal cord injury in cats. Cortical evoked responses were useful in predicting the neurological outcome; untreated animals whose evoked response disappeared for 6 hours failed to recover whereas all treated animals in the same group recovered dramatically. Decompression by laminectomy alone proved ineffective. Possible explanations for the therapeutic effects of cooling and the significance of the delay are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Effect of delayed local cooling on experimental spinal cord injury. The authors report studies indicating that delayed local cooling is effective in minimizing the neurological deficits of experimental spinal cord injury in cats. Cortical evoked responses were useful in predicting the neurological outcome; untreated animals whose evoked response disappeared for 6 hours failed to recover whereas all treated animals in the same group recovered dramatically. Decompression by laminectomy alone proved ineffective. Possible explanations for the therapeutic effects of cooling and the significance of the delay are briefly discussed.", "PMID": 1113149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3724", "title": "Vasogenic edema following acute and chronic spinal cord compression in the dog.", "content": "The T-13 spinal cord segment of dogs was compressed both acutely and chronically by means of a balloon catheter. The vascular permeability to protein was assessed using Evans blue albumin (EBA), and the dorsal column evoked potential recorded to monitor conduction failure. With acute compression sufficient to cause conduction failure there was a marked leakage of EBA from the intermediate gray matter, which spread into the dorsolateral white matter. The degree of edema was similar whether the compression was maintained or released. Chronic compression maintained over 4 to 5 hours did not increase vascular permeability, but following release of compression leakage of EBA occurred in the same cord locations observed with leakage from acute compressions. This increased permeability following release of chronic compression may result from reactive hyperemia. Dorsal column conduction returned after the release of both acute and chronic compression. The extravasated EBA was present both in the extracellular space and within cells. The results and their clinical application are discussed.", "contents": "Vasogenic edema following acute and chronic spinal cord compression in the dog. The T-13 spinal cord segment of dogs was compressed both acutely and chronically by means of a balloon catheter. The vascular permeability to protein was assessed using Evans blue albumin (EBA), and the dorsal column evoked potential recorded to monitor conduction failure. With acute compression sufficient to cause conduction failure there was a marked leakage of EBA from the intermediate gray matter, which spread into the dorsolateral white matter. The degree of edema was similar whether the compression was maintained or released. Chronic compression maintained over 4 to 5 hours did not increase vascular permeability, but following release of compression leakage of EBA occurred in the same cord locations observed with leakage from acute compressions. This increased permeability following release of chronic compression may result from reactive hyperemia. Dorsal column conduction returned after the release of both acute and chronic compression. The extravasated EBA was present both in the extracellular space and within cells. The results and their clinical application are discussed.", "PMID": 1113150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3725", "title": "Catecholamine levels in the injured spinal cord of monkeys.", "content": "The authors report a study of catecholamine levels in the spinal cords of monkeys following a 300 gm-cm blow to the midthoracic spinal cord. There was a progressive decrease in norepinephrine (NE) activity as a first-order process with a half-life of 6.4 hours. The NE activity in injured tissue never exceeded control levels, which remained unchanged both above and below the injured segment. Dopamine activity remained unchanged in the injured tissue as well as in control segments above and below the area of trauma for the first hour.", "contents": "Catecholamine levels in the injured spinal cord of monkeys. The authors report a study of catecholamine levels in the spinal cords of monkeys following a 300 gm-cm blow to the midthoracic spinal cord. There was a progressive decrease in norepinephrine (NE) activity as a first-order process with a half-life of 6.4 hours. The NE activity in injured tissue never exceeded control levels, which remained unchanged both above and below the injured segment. Dopamine activity remained unchanged in the injured tissue as well as in control segments above and below the area of trauma for the first hour.", "PMID": 1113151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3726", "title": "Cervical spine injuries in infants. Problems in management.", "content": "The authors point out the unique anatomical and therapeutic considerations involved in injuries of the cervical spine and cord in infants. The special problems encountered in the treatment of such patients are illustrated by three cases, a \"Hangman's\" fracture, a C6-7 fracture-dislocation, and an acute quadriparesis associated with dysgenesis of the posterior elements of C1-3.", "contents": "Cervical spine injuries in infants. Problems in management. The authors point out the unique anatomical and therapeutic considerations involved in injuries of the cervical spine and cord in infants. The special problems encountered in the treatment of such patients are illustrated by three cases, a \"Hangman's\" fracture, a C6-7 fracture-dislocation, and an acute quadriparesis associated with dysgenesis of the posterior elements of C1-3.", "PMID": 1113152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3727", "title": "Results of treatment of intracranial aneurysms by wrapping and coating.", "content": "The authors report the results of treatment of 58 intracranial aneurysms by wrapping with muscle or muslin gauze, and/or coating with Selverstone plastic material. They conclude that reinforcement with muscle is of little value, but that muslin gauze and plastic produced satisfactory results.", "contents": "Results of treatment of intracranial aneurysms by wrapping and coating. The authors report the results of treatment of 58 intracranial aneurysms by wrapping with muscle or muslin gauze, and/or coating with Selverstone plastic material. They conclude that reinforcement with muscle is of little value, but that muslin gauze and plastic produced satisfactory results.", "PMID": 1113153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3728", "title": "Effect of respiratory movement on cerebrospinal fluid dynamics in hydrocephalic infants with shunts.", "content": "The authors report a study of the effect of respiratory movement on intracranial, auricular, and intraperitoneal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure in hydrocephalic infants with shunts. Postoperative intraventricular pressures were also recorded for comparison. The intraventricular, right auricular, and intraperitoneal pressures rose during expiration and dropped during inspiration; the pressure changes were most marked while the infants were crying or straining. All pressures dropped simultaneously at the time of inspiration, but the auricular pressure was most significantly affected. It dropped to -100 to -200 mm H2O when the patients cried, while intraventricular and intraperitoneal pressures remained above O mm H2O. The postoperative intracranial pressures were in accord with these results; the pressures after ventriculoatrial shunt were significantly lower than those after ventriculoperitoneal shunt when the same pressure valves were used.", "contents": "Effect of respiratory movement on cerebrospinal fluid dynamics in hydrocephalic infants with shunts. The authors report a study of the effect of respiratory movement on intracranial, auricular, and intraperitoneal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure in hydrocephalic infants with shunts. Postoperative intraventricular pressures were also recorded for comparison. The intraventricular, right auricular, and intraperitoneal pressures rose during expiration and dropped during inspiration; the pressure changes were most marked while the infants were crying or straining. All pressures dropped simultaneously at the time of inspiration, but the auricular pressure was most significantly affected. It dropped to -100 to -200 mm H2O when the patients cried, while intraventricular and intraperitoneal pressures remained above O mm H2O. The postoperative intracranial pressures were in accord with these results; the pressures after ventriculoatrial shunt were significantly lower than those after ventriculoperitoneal shunt when the same pressure valves were used.", "PMID": 1113154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3729", "title": "Incidence of postoperative deep vein thrombosis in neurosurgical patients.", "content": "This preliminary report on the use of 123I-fibrinogen and Doppler ultrasound techniques for the diagnosis of postoperative deep vein thrombosis (DVT), shows that neurosurgical patients are at considerable risk. The DVT was often asymptomatic, bilateral, and extended into the more proximal veins.", "contents": "Incidence of postoperative deep vein thrombosis in neurosurgical patients. This preliminary report on the use of 123I-fibrinogen and Doppler ultrasound techniques for the diagnosis of postoperative deep vein thrombosis (DVT), shows that neurosurgical patients are at considerable risk. The DVT was often asymptomatic, bilateral, and extended into the more proximal veins.", "PMID": 1113155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3730", "title": "Experience with videotape monitoring of microscopic neurosurgical procedures.", "content": "This report describes technical details of a low-cost color videotape system for monitoring microneurosurgical procedures. The participation of audiovisual specialists was proven essential in insuring maximum effectiveness of these projects.", "contents": "Experience with videotape monitoring of microscopic neurosurgical procedures. This report describes technical details of a low-cost color videotape system for monitoring microneurosurgical procedures. The participation of audiovisual specialists was proven essential in insuring maximum effectiveness of these projects.", "PMID": 1113156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3731", "title": "Spinal cord compression due to extramedullary hematopoiesis in homozygous thalassemia. Case report.", "content": "The authors report a case of homozygous thalassemia in which a mass of hematopoietic tissue in the vertebral canal caused spastic paraparesis. Surgical removal of the tissue plus radiotherapy were successful. The pathological findings indicated direct extension of hematopoietic tissue from the adjacent bone marrow into the epidural space of the vertebral canal.", "contents": "Spinal cord compression due to extramedullary hematopoiesis in homozygous thalassemia. Case report. The authors report a case of homozygous thalassemia in which a mass of hematopoietic tissue in the vertebral canal caused spastic paraparesis. Surgical removal of the tissue plus radiotherapy were successful. The pathological findings indicated direct extension of hematopoietic tissue from the adjacent bone marrow into the epidural space of the vertebral canal.", "PMID": 1113158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3732", "title": "Posttraumatic bilateral middle cerebral artery occlusion. Case report.", "content": "The authors report a case of bilateral posttraumatic middle cerebral artery occlusion. Previously reported unilateral cases are reviewed and possible pathophysiological mechanisms disscussed.", "contents": "Posttraumatic bilateral middle cerebral artery occlusion. Case report. The authors report a case of bilateral posttraumatic middle cerebral artery occlusion. Previously reported unilateral cases are reviewed and possible pathophysiological mechanisms disscussed.", "PMID": 1113159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3733", "title": "Pulmonary arteriovenous malformation: scintigraphic demonstration and analysis.", "content": "Scintiphotographic demonstration of a pulmonary arteriovenous malformation in an 8-year-old child is presented. Using a data processor, the transit of radiopertechnetate through the lesion as well as various portions of the lung is shown. The \"steal\" of blood flow from the left lobe is documented.", "contents": "Pulmonary arteriovenous malformation: scintigraphic demonstration and analysis. Scintiphotographic demonstration of a pulmonary arteriovenous malformation in an 8-year-old child is presented. Using a data processor, the transit of radiopertechnetate through the lesion as well as various portions of the lung is shown. The \"steal\" of blood flow from the left lobe is documented.", "PMID": 1113164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3734", "title": "Initial clinical experiences with a Fresnel zone-plate imager.", "content": "First clinical studies with a Fresnel zone-plate radioisotope imager demonstrate high resolution, sharp tomography, and freedom from scatter. Improved radionuclide imaging is demonstrated, at least for small organs like the thyroid. Certain limitations are present that indicate a need for additional development before application to routine clinical practice.", "contents": "Initial clinical experiences with a Fresnel zone-plate imager. First clinical studies with a Fresnel zone-plate radioisotope imager demonstrate high resolution, sharp tomography, and freedom from scatter. Improved radionuclide imaging is demonstrated, at least for small organs like the thyroid. Certain limitations are present that indicate a need for additional development before application to routine clinical practice.", "PMID": 1113165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3735", "title": "Changes in 87mSr concentractions in skeletal metastases in patients responding to cyclical combination chemotherapy for advanced breast cancer.", "content": "Serial 87mSr bone scintigrams were performed on a series of patients being treated by cyclical combination chemotherapy for metastatic breast cancer. All the patients investigated responeded to the chemotherapy, but initially the scintigrams showed an apparent deterioration, in that the tumor-to-normal isotope uptake ratios increased. Following this initial \"flare\" the scintigram appearance improved with a decrease in the tumor-to-normal uptake ratio. It is suggested that deterioration in the scintigram in the early stages of treatment should not be regarded as an indication that the patient is failing to respond.", "contents": "Changes in 87mSr concentractions in skeletal metastases in patients responding to cyclical combination chemotherapy for advanced breast cancer. Serial 87mSr bone scintigrams were performed on a series of patients being treated by cyclical combination chemotherapy for metastatic breast cancer. All the patients investigated responeded to the chemotherapy, but initially the scintigrams showed an apparent deterioration, in that the tumor-to-normal isotope uptake ratios increased. Following this initial \"flare\" the scintigram appearance improved with a decrease in the tumor-to-normal uptake ratio. It is suggested that deterioration in the scintigram in the early stages of treatment should not be regarded as an indication that the patient is failing to respond.", "PMID": 1113166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3736", "title": "Changes in liver scan following splenectomy.", "content": "Changes in liver shape, position, and uptake of colloid have been noted by us in liver scans in patients following splenectomy. These changes have resulted in confusion in interpretation. Four cases are described to illustrate some of the possible misinterpretations. These include migration of the left lobe of the liver into the left upper quadrant mimicking residual or accessory spleen, mass lesion in the region of the porta hepatis, or recurrent foci of disease.", "contents": "Changes in liver scan following splenectomy. Changes in liver shape, position, and uptake of colloid have been noted by us in liver scans in patients following splenectomy. These changes have resulted in confusion in interpretation. Four cases are described to illustrate some of the possible misinterpretations. These include migration of the left lobe of the liver into the left upper quadrant mimicking residual or accessory spleen, mass lesion in the region of the porta hepatis, or recurrent foci of disease.", "PMID": 1113167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3737", "title": "Phonton absorptiometry and skeletal mass in the treatment of osteoporosis.", "content": "Thirty-six osteoporotic patients who underwent several therapeutic regimes were studied on two occasions by photon absorptiometry and total-body neutron activation analysis (TBNAA). These determinations were made at a mean interval of 8.9 plus or minus 0.8 months. The 8-cm radial site was chosen for the photon absorptiometry which was performed with the Norland-Instruments Densitometer. Mean initial bone mineral content (BMC) was 0.724 plus or minus 0.069 gm/cm and mean bone width was 1.235 plus or minus 0.072 cm. The mean percent change in BMC (%deltaBMC) was 1.02 plus or minus 4.2. The initial total-body calcium (TBCa) as determined by TBNAA was reduced when compared with values that would be expected from empirically derived formulas. The mean percent change in TB-Ca (%deltaTB-Ca) was -3.2 plus or minus 4.7. Most patients displayed a change in BMC and TB-Ca that was at least 2 s.d. greater than the precision of the methods used (%deltaTB-Ca greater than 2). No relationship was found between the deltaBMC and the deltaTB-Ca (r = 0.17). These findings suggest that changes in the radical BMC at the 8-cm site cannot be extrapolated to indicate changes in skeletal mass in response to treatment of osteoporosis. Whether photon absorptiometry at other sites or at multiple sites provides a closer relationship to changes in skeletal mass (TB-Ba) remains to be determined.", "contents": "Phonton absorptiometry and skeletal mass in the treatment of osteoporosis. Thirty-six osteoporotic patients who underwent several therapeutic regimes were studied on two occasions by photon absorptiometry and total-body neutron activation analysis (TBNAA). These determinations were made at a mean interval of 8.9 plus or minus 0.8 months. The 8-cm radial site was chosen for the photon absorptiometry which was performed with the Norland-Instruments Densitometer. Mean initial bone mineral content (BMC) was 0.724 plus or minus 0.069 gm/cm and mean bone width was 1.235 plus or minus 0.072 cm. The mean percent change in BMC (%deltaBMC) was 1.02 plus or minus 4.2. The initial total-body calcium (TBCa) as determined by TBNAA was reduced when compared with values that would be expected from empirically derived formulas. The mean percent change in TB-Ca (%deltaTB-Ca) was -3.2 plus or minus 4.7. Most patients displayed a change in BMC and TB-Ca that was at least 2 s.d. greater than the precision of the methods used (%deltaTB-Ca greater than 2). No relationship was found between the deltaBMC and the deltaTB-Ca (r = 0.17). These findings suggest that changes in the radical BMC at the 8-cm site cannot be extrapolated to indicate changes in skeletal mass in response to treatment of osteoporosis. Whether photon absorptiometry at other sites or at multiple sites provides a closer relationship to changes in skeletal mass (TB-Ba) remains to be determined.", "PMID": 1113168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3738", "title": "Scintigraphic imaging of a blind-ending ureteral duplication.", "content": "The scintigraphic image is compared with the urographic appearance of blind-ending ureteral duplication.", "contents": "Scintigraphic imaging of a blind-ending ureteral duplication. The scintigraphic image is compared with the urographic appearance of blind-ending ureteral duplication.", "PMID": 1113169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3739", "title": "Application of annihilation coincidence detection to transaxial reconstruction tomography.", "content": "A study was carried out to investigate the use of annihilation coincidence detection (ACD) in emmision transaxial reconstruction tomography. The ACD was evaluated in terms of spatial resolution and sensitivity with depth, detection efficiency, effect of pulse-height analysis on resolution and efficiency, correction for attenuation, and cold spot contrast. A prototype positron emission transaxial tomograph (PETT) consisting of a hexagonal array of 24 Nal (Tl) detectors employing ACD was constructed. A fast Fourier transform algorithm was employed to generate the reconstructed image. Computer simulations and phantom and animal studies were carried out to demonstrate that this approach yields tomographic radionuclide images that have high resolution and contrast (hot and cold spot) and that are independent of activity above and below the plane examined. The ACD yields a quantitative nuclear medicine imaging device with high detection efficiency. Comparisons are presented between the ACD and the scintillation camera and scanner. Discussion of the possible applications of the PETT in nuclear medicine is included.", "contents": "Application of annihilation coincidence detection to transaxial reconstruction tomography. A study was carried out to investigate the use of annihilation coincidence detection (ACD) in emmision transaxial reconstruction tomography. The ACD was evaluated in terms of spatial resolution and sensitivity with depth, detection efficiency, effect of pulse-height analysis on resolution and efficiency, correction for attenuation, and cold spot contrast. A prototype positron emission transaxial tomograph (PETT) consisting of a hexagonal array of 24 Nal (Tl) detectors employing ACD was constructed. A fast Fourier transform algorithm was employed to generate the reconstructed image. Computer simulations and phantom and animal studies were carried out to demonstrate that this approach yields tomographic radionuclide images that have high resolution and contrast (hot and cold spot) and that are independent of activity above and below the plane examined. The ACD yields a quantitative nuclear medicine imaging device with high detection efficiency. Comparisons are presented between the ACD and the scintillation camera and scanner. Discussion of the possible applications of the PETT in nuclear medicine is included.", "PMID": 1113170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3740", "title": "Radiochromatographic quality control: a simplified system.", "content": "A simple means of graphically displaying the degree of radiocompound binding purity using a shielded G-M tube integrated with a rate metar and strip cahrt recorder is described. The instrument produces a permanent quality-control record  and eliminates time-consuming radio-chromatographic segment counting.", "contents": "Radiochromatographic quality control: a simplified system. A simple means of graphically displaying the degree of radiocompound binding purity using a shielded G-M tube integrated with a rate metar and strip cahrt recorder is described. The instrument produces a permanent quality-control record  and eliminates time-consuming radio-chromatographic segment counting.", "PMID": 1113171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3741", "title": "Component resolution indices for scintillation camera systems.", "content": "From published overall resolution indices for three Anger camera systems, measured with three straight-bore collimators and 99mTc in air and with a water absorber present, the components due to inherent camera resolution, collimator geometry, and scatter are derived at various depths. Replacement of S-11 multiplier phototubes by bialkali phototubes improves calculated inherent Pho/Gamma III camera resolution by about 30% and by a further 33% upgrading to a high-performance model. At distances 2, 5, 8, and 10 cm from each collimator face with an intervening water absorber, mean scatter components of overall resolution indices are 6, 8, 9, and 10 mm, respectively. In typical clinical 99mm Tc imaging situations with a scattering medium present, the relative contributions of camera, collimator, and scatter to the total overall system resolution are presented.", "contents": "Component resolution indices for scintillation camera systems. From published overall resolution indices for three Anger camera systems, measured with three straight-bore collimators and 99mTc in air and with a water absorber present, the components due to inherent camera resolution, collimator geometry, and scatter are derived at various depths. Replacement of S-11 multiplier phototubes by bialkali phototubes improves calculated inherent Pho/Gamma III camera resolution by about 30% and by a further 33% upgrading to a high-performance model. At distances 2, 5, 8, and 10 cm from each collimator face with an intervening water absorber, mean scatter components of overall resolution indices are 6, 8, 9, and 10 mm, respectively. In typical clinical 99mm Tc imaging situations with a scattering medium present, the relative contributions of camera, collimator, and scatter to the total overall system resolution are presented.", "PMID": 1113172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3742", "title": "Anaphylactoid reaction to human albumin microspheres.", "content": "The first case of an anaphylactoid reaction to the intravenous administration of 99mTc-labeled human albumin microspheres is reported.", "contents": "Anaphylactoid reaction to human albumin microspheres. The first case of an anaphylactoid reaction to the intravenous administration of 99mTc-labeled human albumin microspheres is reported.", "PMID": 1113173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3743", "title": "Technetium-99m-diphosphonate accumulation in amyloid.", "content": "A well-documented case of multiple myeloma complicated by histologically demonstrable amyloidosis is presented. Technetium-99m-diphosphonate in the areas of amyloid deposition about the shoulders and hips is shown. This adds another dimension to the extraosseous sites without demonstrable calcification where accumulation of bone-seeking radiopharmaceutical can be observed. In patients where symmetrical uptake of such agents is noted in the periarticular soft tissue, particularly of the hips and shoulders, amyloidosis must become a diagnostic consideration. This is particularly true in patients presenting with undiagnosed arthralgia.", "contents": "Technetium-99m-diphosphonate accumulation in amyloid. A well-documented case of multiple myeloma complicated by histologically demonstrable amyloidosis is presented. Technetium-99m-diphosphonate in the areas of amyloid deposition about the shoulders and hips is shown. This adds another dimension to the extraosseous sites without demonstrable calcification where accumulation of bone-seeking radiopharmaceutical can be observed. In patients where symmetrical uptake of such agents is noted in the periarticular soft tissue, particularly of the hips and shoulders, amyloidosis must become a diagnostic consideration. This is particularly true in patients presenting with undiagnosed arthralgia.", "PMID": 1113174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3744", "title": "Radioactive embolization from upper-extremity thrombophlebitis.", "content": "A lung scan in a patient with upper-extremity thrombophlebitis showed \"hot spots\" that apparently resulted from embolization of a propagative thrombus.", "contents": "Radioactive embolization from upper-extremity thrombophlebitis. A lung scan in a patient with upper-extremity thrombophlebitis showed \"hot spots\" that apparently resulted from embolization of a propagative thrombus.", "PMID": 1113175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3745", "title": "A potential new brain-scanning agent: 4-77Br-2,5-dimethoxyphenylisoproplamine (4-Br-DPIA).", "content": "A centrally active drug containing bromine has been synthesized with 82Br and 77Br and appears to concentrate in normal human brain tissues, suggesting its potential use as a brain-scanning agent.", "contents": "A potential new brain-scanning agent: 4-77Br-2,5-dimethoxyphenylisoproplamine (4-Br-DPIA). A centrally active drug containing bromine has been synthesized with 82Br and 77Br and appears to concentrate in normal human brain tissues, suggesting its potential use as a brain-scanning agent.", "PMID": 1113176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3746", "title": "A 82Sr-82Rb isotope generator for use in nuclear medicine.", "content": "An improved 82Sr-82Rb generator system, based on the complexing ion-exchange resin Chelex-100, has been developed. Columns of this material can be easily and rapidly milked, and the rubidium-strontium separation factor for a fresh generator under the experimental conditions studied was found to be greater than 10-7. Approximately 80% of the 82Rb present can be delivered in a 15-ml volume of aqueous 0.2 M NH4Cl solution. After more than 6 liters of eluant had passed through the generator, the rubidium-strontium separation factor was still observed to greater than 10-5 and no unusual strontium breakthrough behavior was seen in the system over nearly three 82Sr half-lives.", "contents": "A 82Sr-82Rb isotope generator for use in nuclear medicine. An improved 82Sr-82Rb generator system, based on the complexing ion-exchange resin Chelex-100, has been developed. Columns of this material can be easily and rapidly milked, and the rubidium-strontium separation factor for a fresh generator under the experimental conditions studied was found to be greater than 10-7. Approximately 80% of the 82Rb present can be delivered in a 15-ml volume of aqueous 0.2 M NH4Cl solution. After more than 6 liters of eluant had passed through the generator, the rubidium-strontium separation factor was still observed to greater than 10-5 and no unusual strontium breakthrough behavior was seen in the system over nearly three 82Sr half-lives.", "PMID": 1113181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3747", "title": "Foramen of Morgagni hernia diagnosed by liver scan.", "content": "A case of foramen of Morgagni hernia (partial eventration of the right diaphragm) containing liver was diagnosed by hepatic scintiphotography. Diagnostic pneumoperitoneum has been recommended as the procedure of choice in the past. It is suggested that this be replaced by liver scaning. The similarity between eventration of the right diaphragm and foramen of Morgagni hernia is discussed.", "contents": "Foramen of Morgagni hernia diagnosed by liver scan. A case of foramen of Morgagni hernia (partial eventration of the right diaphragm) containing liver was diagnosed by hepatic scintiphotography. Diagnostic pneumoperitoneum has been recommended as the procedure of choice in the past. It is suggested that this be replaced by liver scaning. The similarity between eventration of the right diaphragm and foramen of Morgagni hernia is discussed.", "PMID": 1113182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3748", "title": "Dynamic study of exocrine function of the pancreas in diabetes mellitus with scintigraphy using 75Se-selenomethionine.", "content": "A dynamic study of scintigraphy of the pancreas using 75Se-selenomethionine in diabetic patients was performed. Patients were selected who complained of abdominal pain or diarrhea or both and whose pancreatic exocrine functions were thought to be disturbed. Selenium-75-selenomethionine (3 muCi/kg body weight) was injected intravenously and radioactivity (cpm) was recorded by a scinticamera for 10 min successively up to 120 min. After 20-30 min the increase of radioactivity in the selected area of the displayed pancreas usually reached a plateau. Pancreozymin (1 Harper unit/kg) and secretin (1 harper unit/kg) were administered intravenously and decrease of radioactivity in the same area was followed for 60 min to examine pancreatic exocrine function. After 75Se-selenomethionine injection, the angle of the initial increase of radioactivity, the height of the plateau, and the reactive decrease of radioactivity after pancreozymin and secretin were analyzed in each case. Radioactivity recorded on data tape was reproduced for each 10-min period on a cathode-ray tube display. Areas of interest were selected for dynamic analyses. To supplement the diagnosis by visual image of a scintigram of the pancreas, the scintigram was quantified in the present study and the dynamic curves of radioactivity in the selected area of the displayed pancreas were studied for a total of 3 hr. Application of the dynamic study of the pancreas scintigraphy and the additional data analyses seemed useful for the early detection of pancreatic exocrine dysfunction in diabetic patients in whom the ordinary laboratory pancreatic exocrine function tests gave uncertain results.", "contents": "Dynamic study of exocrine function of the pancreas in diabetes mellitus with scintigraphy using 75Se-selenomethionine. A dynamic study of scintigraphy of the pancreas using 75Se-selenomethionine in diabetic patients was performed. Patients were selected who complained of abdominal pain or diarrhea or both and whose pancreatic exocrine functions were thought to be disturbed. Selenium-75-selenomethionine (3 muCi/kg body weight) was injected intravenously and radioactivity (cpm) was recorded by a scinticamera for 10 min successively up to 120 min. After 20-30 min the increase of radioactivity in the selected area of the displayed pancreas usually reached a plateau. Pancreozymin (1 Harper unit/kg) and secretin (1 harper unit/kg) were administered intravenously and decrease of radioactivity in the same area was followed for 60 min to examine pancreatic exocrine function. After 75Se-selenomethionine injection, the angle of the initial increase of radioactivity, the height of the plateau, and the reactive decrease of radioactivity after pancreozymin and secretin were analyzed in each case. Radioactivity recorded on data tape was reproduced for each 10-min period on a cathode-ray tube display. Areas of interest were selected for dynamic analyses. To supplement the diagnosis by visual image of a scintigram of the pancreas, the scintigram was quantified in the present study and the dynamic curves of radioactivity in the selected area of the displayed pancreas were studied for a total of 3 hr. Application of the dynamic study of the pancreas scintigraphy and the additional data analyses seemed useful for the early detection of pancreatic exocrine dysfunction in diabetic patients in whom the ordinary laboratory pancreatic exocrine function tests gave uncertain results.", "PMID": 1113183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3749", "title": "Data storage and retrieval system for a nuclear medicine department.", "content": "A mark sense IBM data card was designed specifically for the nuclear medicine department. The data card functions as a flow sheet with coded information added in sequence by secretary, technician, and physician. Statistical information, patient identification, quantitative results, physician interpretation, and discharge diagnosis can be easily coded and entered on the card by the appropriate individual. The completed card can be punched, filed, and retrieved by machine. Filing and retrieving can also be done by hand for flexibility. The stored data can easily by programmed and converted to computer handling and storage. The card is inexpensive to produce. Card design is extremely flexible for varying needs. If sorting and punching equipment is not available, this can be contracted for in the community as low cost.", "contents": "Data storage and retrieval system for a nuclear medicine department. A mark sense IBM data card was designed specifically for the nuclear medicine department. The data card functions as a flow sheet with coded information added in sequence by secretary, technician, and physician. Statistical information, patient identification, quantitative results, physician interpretation, and discharge diagnosis can be easily coded and entered on the card by the appropriate individual. The completed card can be punched, filed, and retrieved by machine. Filing and retrieving can also be done by hand for flexibility. The stored data can easily by programmed and converted to computer handling and storage. The card is inexpensive to produce. Card design is extremely flexible for varying needs. If sorting and punching equipment is not available, this can be contracted for in the community as low cost.", "PMID": 1113184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3750", "title": "Deadtime characteristics of Anger cameras.", "content": "The deadtime characterisitcs of Anger cameras are analyzed from theoretical and experimental points of view. An investigation of two Searle Radiographics cameras revealed that they had both paralyzable and nonparalyzable components, the deadtimes of which varied with analyzer window width, the energy of the gamma rays counted, and the position of the \"time constant selector\" switch in the A-scope module of these cameras. A mathematical model for two-component systems is presented.", "contents": "Deadtime characteristics of Anger cameras. The deadtime characterisitcs of Anger cameras are analyzed from theoretical and experimental points of view. An investigation of two Searle Radiographics cameras revealed that they had both paralyzable and nonparalyzable components, the deadtimes of which varied with analyzer window width, the energy of the gamma rays counted, and the position of the \"time constant selector\" switch in the A-scope module of these cameras. A mathematical model for two-component systems is presented.", "PMID": 1113185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3751", "title": "Breast scintigraphy with 99mTc-pertechnetate and 67Ga-citrate.", "content": "Radionuclide breast scintigraphy was evaluated as a noninvasive tumor-localizing modality. Technetium-99m-pertechnetate (99mTcO4) demonstrated good correlation between malignancy and postive scintigraphy (88% accuracy in 16 cases of breast carcinoma). The high false-positive rate (29% of proven benign breast disease) limits the use of 99mTcO4 as an aid to differential diagnosis. Gallium-67-citrate (67Ga) is limited as a diagnostic adjunct (localizing in only five of ten breast malignancies). Refined techniques of positioning, shielding, gamma camera imaging, and computer assistance have helped in visualizing abnormal radionuclide accumulation.", "contents": "Breast scintigraphy with 99mTc-pertechnetate and 67Ga-citrate. Radionuclide breast scintigraphy was evaluated as a noninvasive tumor-localizing modality. Technetium-99m-pertechnetate (99mTcO4) demonstrated good correlation between malignancy and postive scintigraphy (88% accuracy in 16 cases of breast carcinoma). The high false-positive rate (29% of proven benign breast disease) limits the use of 99mTcO4 as an aid to differential diagnosis. Gallium-67-citrate (67Ga) is limited as a diagnostic adjunct (localizing in only five of ten breast malignancies). Refined techniques of positioning, shielding, gamma camera imaging, and computer assistance have helped in visualizing abnormal radionuclide accumulation.", "PMID": 1113186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3752", "title": "Nomogram for estimating normal liver weights.", "content": "A nomogram was constructed by which the normal weight of a patient's liver can be estimated from the patient's height and weight.", "contents": "Nomogram for estimating normal liver weights. A nomogram was constructed by which the normal weight of a patient's liver can be estimated from the patient's height and weight.", "PMID": 1113187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3753", "title": "Autoradiography of live and dead mammalian cells with 99mTc-tetracycline.", "content": "Considering the diagnostic significance of a few 99mTc-chelates in the diagnosis of myocardial infarct, we have recently developed a necrosis model in tissue culture obtained from mammalian cells, where the dead cells showed enhanced binding of 99mTc-tetracycline like the necrotic cells of infarcted myocardium. Technical details of the principles of labeling, fixing, washing and drying, dipping in emulsion, exposure, development and staining of mammalian cells have been described. Considering the short half-life of 99mTc-radioisotope, the recently available techniques have been modified to make autoradiography possible in a reasonably short period of time. Technetium-99m in different physical and chemical states is playing a very important role in a variety of diagnostic procedures. The autoradiography of 99mTc-labeled cells and tissue will shed further light on the mechanism of cellular uptake and subcellular distribution in normal and pathologic states. Presently no information is available regarding autoradiography with 99mTc-chelates of mammalian cells obtained from tissue culture.", "contents": "Autoradiography of live and dead mammalian cells with 99mTc-tetracycline. Considering the diagnostic significance of a few 99mTc-chelates in the diagnosis of myocardial infarct, we have recently developed a necrosis model in tissue culture obtained from mammalian cells, where the dead cells showed enhanced binding of 99mTc-tetracycline like the necrotic cells of infarcted myocardium. Technical details of the principles of labeling, fixing, washing and drying, dipping in emulsion, exposure, development and staining of mammalian cells have been described. Considering the short half-life of 99mTc-radioisotope, the recently available techniques have been modified to make autoradiography possible in a reasonably short period of time. Technetium-99m in different physical and chemical states is playing a very important role in a variety of diagnostic procedures. The autoradiography of 99mTc-labeled cells and tissue will shed further light on the mechanism of cellular uptake and subcellular distribution in normal and pathologic states. Presently no information is available regarding autoradiography with 99mTc-chelates of mammalian cells obtained from tissue culture.", "PMID": 1113188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3754", "title": "Loculation as a contraindication intracavitary 32P-chromic phosphate therapy.", "content": "Loculation of instilled 99mTc-sulfur colloid solution in the peritoneal cavity was observed in a patient being considered for intracavitary therapy with 32P-chromic phosphate. Since intracavitary instillation of a therapeutic dose of a radiopharmaceutical agent into a loculated space would risk therapeutic failure and tissue necrosis, prior instillation of a tracer nuclide is recommended to insure adequate dispersion before beginning such therapy.", "contents": "Loculation as a contraindication intracavitary 32P-chromic phosphate therapy. Loculation of instilled 99mTc-sulfur colloid solution in the peritoneal cavity was observed in a patient being considered for intracavitary therapy with 32P-chromic phosphate. Since intracavitary instillation of a therapeutic dose of a radiopharmaceutical agent into a loculated space would risk therapeutic failure and tissue necrosis, prior instillation of a tracer nuclide is recommended to insure adequate dispersion before beginning such therapy.", "PMID": 1113189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3755", "title": "Lung scan and wide mediastinum.", "content": "A patient with dissecting aneurysm of the ascending aorta and hemopericardium showed a widened mediastinum on posterior lung scan.", "contents": "Lung scan and wide mediastinum. A patient with dissecting aneurysm of the ascending aorta and hemopericardium showed a widened mediastinum on posterior lung scan.", "PMID": 1113190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3756", "title": "Visualization of pancreatic pseudocyst.", "content": "In a 44-year-old woman, a pancreatic pseudocyst was demonstrated on delayed images obtained up to 8 days after the intravenous administration of 0.250 mCi 75Se-selenomethionine. The initial routine pancreas image study failed to visualize both the pancreas and the pancreatic pseudocyst. The diagnosis was confirmed at surgery and the fluid of the pancreatic pseudocyst contained 0.73% of the injected dose of the radioselenium.", "contents": "Visualization of pancreatic pseudocyst. In a 44-year-old woman, a pancreatic pseudocyst was demonstrated on delayed images obtained up to 8 days after the intravenous administration of 0.250 mCi 75Se-selenomethionine. The initial routine pancreas image study failed to visualize both the pancreas and the pancreatic pseudocyst. The diagnosis was confirmed at surgery and the fluid of the pancreatic pseudocyst contained 0.73% of the injected dose of the radioselenium.", "PMID": 1113191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3757", "title": "Multiple pulmonary arteriovenous fistulas demonstrated by dynamic radionuclide pulmonary perfusion scanning.", "content": "Dynamic radionuclide perfusion scintigraphy performed with 99mTc-labeled microspheres was instrumental in establishing the diagnosis of multiple, small-vessel, pulmonary arteriovenous fistulas in a 14-month-old patient with cyanosis. Computer analysis of the sequential distribution of tagged microspheres in the pulmonary parenchyma normally demonstrates a curve that rises rapidly to a plateau as the particles microembolize. In the case reported here, the pulmonary flow curve rose rapidly to a maximum and then fell within 2 sec to a plateau of less than 50% of the maximum count, indicating that a large proportion of the microsophers passed through the pulmonary circulation. Conventional pulmonary contrast angiography did not demonstrate any intracardiac shunting but did confirm the presence of multiple pulmonary arteriovenous fistulas.", "contents": "Multiple pulmonary arteriovenous fistulas demonstrated by dynamic radionuclide pulmonary perfusion scanning. Dynamic radionuclide perfusion scintigraphy performed with 99mTc-labeled microspheres was instrumental in establishing the diagnosis of multiple, small-vessel, pulmonary arteriovenous fistulas in a 14-month-old patient with cyanosis. Computer analysis of the sequential distribution of tagged microspheres in the pulmonary parenchyma normally demonstrates a curve that rises rapidly to a plateau as the particles microembolize. In the case reported here, the pulmonary flow curve rose rapidly to a maximum and then fell within 2 sec to a plateau of less than 50% of the maximum count, indicating that a large proportion of the microsophers passed through the pulmonary circulation. Conventional pulmonary contrast angiography did not demonstrate any intracardiac shunting but did confirm the presence of multiple pulmonary arteriovenous fistulas.", "PMID": 1113192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3758", "title": "Urea, citrate and orotate excretion in growing rats fed amino acid-deficient diets.", "content": "Male, weanling rats were fed a control purified amino acid diet or the same diet with lysine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, valine, or arginine omitted singly, or both arginine and lysine omitted. Blood urea reached three to four times that of control levels with all deficient diets. Urea excretion increased almost linearly with time during the first 3 days of amino acid deficiency. Rates of urea excretion on day 3 in decreasing order for various deficiencies were as follows: lysine and arginine combined are more than lysine is more than tryptophan equals valine is more that phenylalanine equals arginine. Urinary citrate was 26 and 21.8 times that of control values without arginine and 11.4 and 6.2 times that of control values without lysine on days 2 and 3, respectively. By day 8 citrate excretion had returned to control levels without lysine but not without arginine. Citrate excretion was unchanged with other deficiencies. Orotic acid excretion increased markedly only without arginine and slightly without tryptopahn. A deficiency of arginine and lysine increased urea and citrate excretions to a greater extent than either deficiency alone. Two injections of arginine or homoarginine (0.50 mmole/injection) given at 12-hour intervals to rats fed no lysine and arginine for 3 days decreased citrate excretion immediatedly and on the following day. Urea excretion decreased with injected homoarginine, but not with arginine. Orotic acid excretion increased more than four times on the day of homoarginine injection compared with that of the preceding day. Arginine injection returned orotic acid excretion to nearly control levels within 24 hours. Urea degradation in the gastrointestinal tract was increased in animals fed amino acid-deficient diets.", "contents": "Urea, citrate and orotate excretion in growing rats fed amino acid-deficient diets. Male, weanling rats were fed a control purified amino acid diet or the same diet with lysine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, valine, or arginine omitted singly, or both arginine and lysine omitted. Blood urea reached three to four times that of control levels with all deficient diets. Urea excretion increased almost linearly with time during the first 3 days of amino acid deficiency. Rates of urea excretion on day 3 in decreasing order for various deficiencies were as follows: lysine and arginine combined are more than lysine is more than tryptophan equals valine is more that phenylalanine equals arginine. Urinary citrate was 26 and 21.8 times that of control values without arginine and 11.4 and 6.2 times that of control values without lysine on days 2 and 3, respectively. By day 8 citrate excretion had returned to control levels without lysine but not without arginine. Citrate excretion was unchanged with other deficiencies. Orotic acid excretion increased markedly only without arginine and slightly without tryptopahn. A deficiency of arginine and lysine increased urea and citrate excretions to a greater extent than either deficiency alone. Two injections of arginine or homoarginine (0.50 mmole/injection) given at 12-hour intervals to rats fed no lysine and arginine for 3 days decreased citrate excretion immediatedly and on the following day. Urea excretion decreased with injected homoarginine, but not with arginine. Orotic acid excretion increased more than four times on the day of homoarginine injection compared with that of the preceding day. Arginine injection returned orotic acid excretion to nearly control levels within 24 hours. Urea degradation in the gastrointestinal tract was increased in animals fed amino acid-deficient diets.", "PMID": 1113194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3759", "title": "Use of a whey protein concentrate as a supplement to maize, rice and potatoes: a chemical and biological evaluation using growing rats.", "content": "Liquid whey has long been known to contain proteins of high nutritional value, but their use in human nutrition has been complicated by the high lactose and low protein contents of the whey. Modern technological processes of gel filtration and ultrafiltration have made possible the production of whey protein concentrates (WPC) low in lactose. In this investigation, the supplementary effect of WPC on maize and rice proteins was compared with the corresponding effect of dried skim milk (DSM). Protein quality was studied by chemical and biological methods on growing rats. Biological tests performed on both raw and boiled protein mixtures showed WPC to be superior to DSM in supplementing maize and rice proteins. The nutritive value of a potato-WPC mixture was also studied and compared with those of potato-lactalbumin and potato-egg mixtures, both of which are known to contain protein of very high quality for man. The comparison indicated that a potato-WPC mixture may also possess high protein quality.", "contents": "Use of a whey protein concentrate as a supplement to maize, rice and potatoes: a chemical and biological evaluation using growing rats. Liquid whey has long been known to contain proteins of high nutritional value, but their use in human nutrition has been complicated by the high lactose and low protein contents of the whey. Modern technological processes of gel filtration and ultrafiltration have made possible the production of whey protein concentrates (WPC) low in lactose. In this investigation, the supplementary effect of WPC on maize and rice proteins was compared with the corresponding effect of dried skim milk (DSM). Protein quality was studied by chemical and biological methods on growing rats. Biological tests performed on both raw and boiled protein mixtures showed WPC to be superior to DSM in supplementing maize and rice proteins. The nutritive value of a potato-WPC mixture was also studied and compared with those of potato-lactalbumin and potato-egg mixtures, both of which are known to contain protein of very high quality for man. The comparison indicated that a potato-WPC mixture may also possess high protein quality.", "PMID": 1113195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3760", "title": "Influence of dietary 1,3-butanediol on wieght gain, blood, and liver metabolites and lipogenesis in the pig and chick.", "content": "The influence of dietary 1,3-butanediol (BD) on body weight gain, blood and liver metabolites, and on lipogenesis in pigs and chicks was studied. Body weight gain and energy intake of both pigs and chicks were depressed when the dietary energy derived from BD exceeded about 20 percent. Circulating beta-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate levels were markedly increased by dietary BD. Plasma triglyceride levels were increased in pigs and unchanged in chicks fed BD-containing diets. In vitro rates of fatty acid synthesis and the activities of fatty acid synthetase and malic enzyme in pig adipose tissue were not affected by the dietary BD. Neither addition of 18 percent dietary energy in the form of BD to the diet nor addition of BD to the incubation buffer affected glucose conversion to fatty acids by chick liver slices. Dietary BD did not affect long-chain acyl CoA levels in freeze-clamped chick liver but did increase the free CoA levels slightly. The hepatic lactate: pyruvate ratio was decreased when chicks were fed a BD-containing diet.", "contents": "Influence of dietary 1,3-butanediol on wieght gain, blood, and liver metabolites and lipogenesis in the pig and chick. The influence of dietary 1,3-butanediol (BD) on body weight gain, blood and liver metabolites, and on lipogenesis in pigs and chicks was studied. Body weight gain and energy intake of both pigs and chicks were depressed when the dietary energy derived from BD exceeded about 20 percent. Circulating beta-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate levels were markedly increased by dietary BD. Plasma triglyceride levels were increased in pigs and unchanged in chicks fed BD-containing diets. In vitro rates of fatty acid synthesis and the activities of fatty acid synthetase and malic enzyme in pig adipose tissue were not affected by the dietary BD. Neither addition of 18 percent dietary energy in the form of BD to the diet nor addition of BD to the incubation buffer affected glucose conversion to fatty acids by chick liver slices. Dietary BD did not affect long-chain acyl CoA levels in freeze-clamped chick liver but did increase the free CoA levels slightly. The hepatic lactate: pyruvate ratio was decreased when chicks were fed a BD-containing diet.", "PMID": 1113196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3761", "title": "Circadian rhythms in mice fed a single daily meal at different stages of lighting regimen.", "content": "Circadian rhythms in systemic and cellular variables were studied in three groups of mice on different schedules of daily food accessibility: (1) only during the first 4 hours of the 12-hour light span; (2) only during the first 4 hours of the 12-hour dark span; and (3) at all times. The amplitudes of circadian variation in rectal temperature, serum corticosterone, and liver glycogen were increased by \"meal-feeding\" in either early light or early darkness. The overall averages of corticosterone and glycogen were also increased by meal-feeding at either stage of the lighting regimen. The time of peak values in temperature, corticosterone, and glycogen were determined by the time of food presentation, regardless of its relation to the lighting regimen. On the other hand, the interval between food presentation and peak values in the corneal mitotic index was greater when feeding was restricted to early darkness. These differences among the three groups of animals resulted in different relations among varibles at any given interval after feeding onset. Such effects concerning total bodily function, energy storage, hormonal regulation, and basic cellular processes indicate the pertinence of meal timing to nutritional research and practice.", "contents": "Circadian rhythms in mice fed a single daily meal at different stages of lighting regimen. Circadian rhythms in systemic and cellular variables were studied in three groups of mice on different schedules of daily food accessibility: (1) only during the first 4 hours of the 12-hour light span; (2) only during the first 4 hours of the 12-hour dark span; and (3) at all times. The amplitudes of circadian variation in rectal temperature, serum corticosterone, and liver glycogen were increased by \"meal-feeding\" in either early light or early darkness. The overall averages of corticosterone and glycogen were also increased by meal-feeding at either stage of the lighting regimen. The time of peak values in temperature, corticosterone, and glycogen were determined by the time of food presentation, regardless of its relation to the lighting regimen. On the other hand, the interval between food presentation and peak values in the corneal mitotic index was greater when feeding was restricted to early darkness. These differences among the three groups of animals resulted in different relations among varibles at any given interval after feeding onset. Such effects concerning total bodily function, energy storage, hormonal regulation, and basic cellular processes indicate the pertinence of meal timing to nutritional research and practice.", "PMID": 1113197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3762", "title": "Glucogenic and ketogenic capacities of lard, safflower oil, and triumdecanoin in fasting rats.", "content": "The glucogenic and ketogenic capicities of lard, safflower oil, and triundecanoin were compared. Rats were fed diets containing 30 percent of either lard (a ketogenic fat), triundercanoin (a glucogenic fat), or safflower oil (a fat high in linoleic acid). After 61 days, the rats were fasted for 72 hours. Plasma glucose and ketone body concentrations and carcass fatty acid loss were measured during fasting. The lard-fed animals, which lost mostly saturated even-chain length fatty acids during fasting, did not maintain their prefasting plasma glucose levels and became ketotic. The animals that had been fed triundecanoin (which mobilized considerable odd-chain fatty acid) maintained their prefasting plasma glucose levels and did not become ketotic. The animals fed safflower oil (which mobilized massive amounts of linoleic acid) showed even lower levels of plasma glucose and higher levels of ketone bodies than did the animals fed lard. This failure of safflower oil to avert fasting hypoglycemia suggests that linoleic acid is oxidized in a manner more like the saturated fatty acid of lard than like the glucogenic odd-chain fatty acid (undecanoic).", "contents": "Glucogenic and ketogenic capacities of lard, safflower oil, and triumdecanoin in fasting rats. The glucogenic and ketogenic capicities of lard, safflower oil, and triundecanoin were compared. Rats were fed diets containing 30 percent of either lard (a ketogenic fat), triundercanoin (a glucogenic fat), or safflower oil (a fat high in linoleic acid). After 61 days, the rats were fasted for 72 hours. Plasma glucose and ketone body concentrations and carcass fatty acid loss were measured during fasting. The lard-fed animals, which lost mostly saturated even-chain length fatty acids during fasting, did not maintain their prefasting plasma glucose levels and became ketotic. The animals that had been fed triundecanoin (which mobilized considerable odd-chain fatty acid) maintained their prefasting plasma glucose levels and did not become ketotic. The animals fed safflower oil (which mobilized massive amounts of linoleic acid) showed even lower levels of plasma glucose and higher levels of ketone bodies than did the animals fed lard. This failure of safflower oil to avert fasting hypoglycemia suggests that linoleic acid is oxidized in a manner more like the saturated fatty acid of lard than like the glucogenic odd-chain fatty acid (undecanoic).", "PMID": 1113198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3763", "title": "Lipogenesis and glyceride synthesis in the rat: response to diet and exercise.", "content": "The responses of hepatic and adipose tissue malic enzyme (ME), citrate cleavage enzyme (CCE), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), and glyceride synthetase (GS) to exercise training and exhaustive exercies and the potential of a high fat or high carbohydrate diet to modify these responses were studied in male Carworth rats. Characteristic elevation and depression of ME, CCE, and G6PD were decreased in skeletal muscle, liver, and adipose tissues of high carbohydrate-fed rats. A significant two-way diet-training interaction was indicated for hepatic ME and G6PD. This interaction resulted from an apparent training modulation of ME and C6PD responses to the high fat and high carbohydrate diets. Adipose tissue G6PD was significantly decreased by training. Exhaustive exercise performed immediately prior to sacrifice did not significantly alter ME or CCE activities in either liver or adipose tissues, but decreased adipose tissue G6PD in untrained rats. Exhaustion was also associated with decreased GS activity in muscle and liver. Physical training was associated with a significant increase in GS in muscle and adipose tissues. In contrast to glyceride synthesis, no increase in adipose tissue lipogenic potential was noted in response to training, indicating that the physically trianed rat may have an enhanced ability to store but not synthesize fatty acids.", "contents": "Lipogenesis and glyceride synthesis in the rat: response to diet and exercise. The responses of hepatic and adipose tissue malic enzyme (ME), citrate cleavage enzyme (CCE), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), and glyceride synthetase (GS) to exercise training and exhaustive exercies and the potential of a high fat or high carbohydrate diet to modify these responses were studied in male Carworth rats. Characteristic elevation and depression of ME, CCE, and G6PD were decreased in skeletal muscle, liver, and adipose tissues of high carbohydrate-fed rats. A significant two-way diet-training interaction was indicated for hepatic ME and G6PD. This interaction resulted from an apparent training modulation of ME and C6PD responses to the high fat and high carbohydrate diets. Adipose tissue G6PD was significantly decreased by training. Exhaustive exercise performed immediately prior to sacrifice did not significantly alter ME or CCE activities in either liver or adipose tissues, but decreased adipose tissue G6PD in untrained rats. Exhaustion was also associated with decreased GS activity in muscle and liver. Physical training was associated with a significant increase in GS in muscle and adipose tissues. In contrast to glyceride synthesis, no increase in adipose tissue lipogenic potential was noted in response to training, indicating that the physically trianed rat may have an enhanced ability to store but not synthesize fatty acids.", "PMID": 1113199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3764", "title": "Effect of dietary calcium deficiency during pregnancy on zinc mobilization in intact and parathyroidectomized rats.", "content": "The effects of dietary deprivation of calcium on teratogenicity of zinc deficiency were studied in both intact and parathyroidectomized rats. Intact females fed a diet deficient in both zinc and calcium during pregnancy had larger litters, fewer resorptions, and fewer malformed fetuses than did those fed a diet deficient in zinc alone, In addition, ash, zinc, and calcium contents of maternal bone were reduced. However, alleviation of the teratogenic effects of zinc deficiency by a diet simultaneously lacking calcium did not occur in parathyroidectomized rats. Furthermore, ash, zinc, and calcium concentrations of maternal femur were not decreased in these animals, indicating that they were unable to mobilize skeletal calcium or zinc. Thus, intact parathyroid glands are essential for alleviation of the teratogenic effects of zinc deficiency by dietary calcium deficiency. These results provide further evidence to support the hypothesis that conditions bringing about resorption of bone increase the availability of skeletal zinc.", "contents": "Effect of dietary calcium deficiency during pregnancy on zinc mobilization in intact and parathyroidectomized rats. The effects of dietary deprivation of calcium on teratogenicity of zinc deficiency were studied in both intact and parathyroidectomized rats. Intact females fed a diet deficient in both zinc and calcium during pregnancy had larger litters, fewer resorptions, and fewer malformed fetuses than did those fed a diet deficient in zinc alone, In addition, ash, zinc, and calcium contents of maternal bone were reduced. However, alleviation of the teratogenic effects of zinc deficiency by a diet simultaneously lacking calcium did not occur in parathyroidectomized rats. Furthermore, ash, zinc, and calcium concentrations of maternal femur were not decreased in these animals, indicating that they were unable to mobilize skeletal calcium or zinc. Thus, intact parathyroid glands are essential for alleviation of the teratogenic effects of zinc deficiency by dietary calcium deficiency. These results provide further evidence to support the hypothesis that conditions bringing about resorption of bone increase the availability of skeletal zinc.", "PMID": 1113200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3765", "title": "Effect of choline deficiency on utilization of labeled precursors of choline and turnover of choline in the liver of mature Japanese quail.", "content": "Studies were conducted to determine the effect of choline deficiency on utilization of various labeled precursors of choline and rate of choline biosynthesis in mature Japanese quail. A deficiency of dietary choline did not change the in vivo incorporation of 14C-label from (1,2-14C) ETHANOLAMINE, N, N-dimethyl (1,2-14C) ethanolamine, and L-(methyl-14C) methionine into liver phosphatidylcholine (PC) or total phospholipids. Incorporation of radioactivity from (14C) serine into liver PC was increased, but the difference was not significant (PGREATER THAN3.35). In vitro studies confirmed these observations as there were no differences in liver microsomal methyltransferase activities, expressed as the incorporation of methyl-14C from labeled S-adenosylmethionine into microsomal PC from quail fed a purified diet with with or without choline. Rats appeared to incorporate an increased amount of 14C into PC when fed a diet devoid of choline, but the differences were not significant. There were differences in methyltransferase activities among species, and quail had the lowest activity. A slower turnover of choline was found in quail liver (t1/2=7.5 hours) as compared with that of hen liver (t1/2=2.0 hours). The methyltransferase responsible for the first methylation of phosphatidyl-ethanolamine from quail liver appears to differ from most other biosynthetic enzymes in that it occurs in liver and catalyzes the reaction at a slow rate but cannot adapt to exogenous choline supply to meet the requirements for normal bodily functions in quail.", "contents": "Effect of choline deficiency on utilization of labeled precursors of choline and turnover of choline in the liver of mature Japanese quail. Studies were conducted to determine the effect of choline deficiency on utilization of various labeled precursors of choline and rate of choline biosynthesis in mature Japanese quail. A deficiency of dietary choline did not change the in vivo incorporation of 14C-label from (1,2-14C) ETHANOLAMINE, N, N-dimethyl (1,2-14C) ethanolamine, and L-(methyl-14C) methionine into liver phosphatidylcholine (PC) or total phospholipids. Incorporation of radioactivity from (14C) serine into liver PC was increased, but the difference was not significant (PGREATER THAN3.35). In vitro studies confirmed these observations as there were no differences in liver microsomal methyltransferase activities, expressed as the incorporation of methyl-14C from labeled S-adenosylmethionine into microsomal PC from quail fed a purified diet with with or without choline. Rats appeared to incorporate an increased amount of 14C into PC when fed a diet devoid of choline, but the differences were not significant. There were differences in methyltransferase activities among species, and quail had the lowest activity. A slower turnover of choline was found in quail liver (t1/2=7.5 hours) as compared with that of hen liver (t1/2=2.0 hours). The methyltransferase responsible for the first methylation of phosphatidyl-ethanolamine from quail liver appears to differ from most other biosynthetic enzymes in that it occurs in liver and catalyzes the reaction at a slow rate but cannot adapt to exogenous choline supply to meet the requirements for normal bodily functions in quail.", "PMID": 1113201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3766", "title": "Growth and ascorbic acid metabolism in rats and guinea pigs fed cereal diets.", "content": "The nutritional values of the whole grain principal cereals, namely, wheat, rice, corn, and a millet bajra, were investigated by growth studies and studies on ascorbic acid metabolism in rats and guinea pigs. Growth was markedly retarded by feeding the rats unfortified whole grain cereals. Among the whole grain cereals, rice provided the lowest nutritional value, and the cooking of rice affected the nutritional value further. In weanling rats, ascorbic acid synthesis at the subcellular level was inhibited, and tissue storage of ascorbic acid was decreased in rats fed whole grain cereals. In guinea pigs fed whole grain cereals, the utilization of ascorbic acid was increased. Ascorbic acid supplementation at various levels indicated that the requirement for ascorbic acid increased five times in guinea pigs fed whole grain cereals. The increased intake of the vitamin was not needed when the whole grain cereals were enriched with 15% casein.", "contents": "Growth and ascorbic acid metabolism in rats and guinea pigs fed cereal diets. The nutritional values of the whole grain principal cereals, namely, wheat, rice, corn, and a millet bajra, were investigated by growth studies and studies on ascorbic acid metabolism in rats and guinea pigs. Growth was markedly retarded by feeding the rats unfortified whole grain cereals. Among the whole grain cereals, rice provided the lowest nutritional value, and the cooking of rice affected the nutritional value further. In weanling rats, ascorbic acid synthesis at the subcellular level was inhibited, and tissue storage of ascorbic acid was decreased in rats fed whole grain cereals. In guinea pigs fed whole grain cereals, the utilization of ascorbic acid was increased. Ascorbic acid supplementation at various levels indicated that the requirement for ascorbic acid increased five times in guinea pigs fed whole grain cereals. The increased intake of the vitamin was not needed when the whole grain cereals were enriched with 15% casein.", "PMID": 1113202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3767", "title": "Nutrient interrelationship of ascorbic acid and iron in rats and guinea pigs fed cereal diets.", "content": "Iron at a daily dose of 5 mg per animal was toxic to rats and guinea pigs fed unfortified whole wheat flour and whole rice flour diets. In rats, a species capable of synthesizing ascorbic acid, iron supplementation resulted only in decreased growth. In guinea pigs, iron administration resulted not only in decreased growth but also in high mortality. The apparent toxicity of iron was not observed when wheat flour was fortified with 15% casein. In guinea pigs, administration of ascorbic acid (k mg per 100 g body weight per day) along with iron not only counteracted the toxic effect of iron, but also led to a greater utilization of iron as revealed by increased hemoglobin and serum iron levels accompanied by decreased spleen iron content. Iron administration, however, resulted in decreased ascorbic acid synthesis (in rats only) and increased ascorbic acid utilization as revealed by lowered urinary, blood, and other tissue levels of the vitamin.", "contents": "Nutrient interrelationship of ascorbic acid and iron in rats and guinea pigs fed cereal diets. Iron at a daily dose of 5 mg per animal was toxic to rats and guinea pigs fed unfortified whole wheat flour and whole rice flour diets. In rats, a species capable of synthesizing ascorbic acid, iron supplementation resulted only in decreased growth. In guinea pigs, iron administration resulted not only in decreased growth but also in high mortality. The apparent toxicity of iron was not observed when wheat flour was fortified with 15% casein. In guinea pigs, administration of ascorbic acid (k mg per 100 g body weight per day) along with iron not only counteracted the toxic effect of iron, but also led to a greater utilization of iron as revealed by increased hemoglobin and serum iron levels accompanied by decreased spleen iron content. Iron administration, however, resulted in decreased ascorbic acid synthesis (in rats only) and increased ascorbic acid utilization as revealed by lowered urinary, blood, and other tissue levels of the vitamin.", "PMID": 1113203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3768", "title": "Cecal nitrogen metabolism and amino acid absorption in the rabbit.", "content": "Nitrogen balance and weight changes were determined in two groups of rabbits fed diets containing all natural protein or part nonprotein nitrogen from urea. The rabbits were fed the experimental diets for a 10-week period starting at 7 weeks of age. No significant differences in weight gains or nitrogen retention were found between groups. Total nitrogen, ammonia, urea, and free amino acid levels were determined in the contents of several segments of the gastrointestinal tract of the rabbits fed both diets. Significantly less total nitrogen, ammonia, and free amino acids were found in the lower colon compared with the cecal contents of both groups. Subsequent studies with (C)alanine revealed considerable fermentation of alanine in both the cecum and upper colon contents, but there was little absorption into the blood. It was concluded that the disappearance of nitrogen that occurred between the cecum and colon was in the form of ammonia, and that the value of urea as a nitrogen source resulted primarily from tissue synthesis of dispensable amino acids and coprophagy.", "contents": "Cecal nitrogen metabolism and amino acid absorption in the rabbit. Nitrogen balance and weight changes were determined in two groups of rabbits fed diets containing all natural protein or part nonprotein nitrogen from urea. The rabbits were fed the experimental diets for a 10-week period starting at 7 weeks of age. No significant differences in weight gains or nitrogen retention were found between groups. Total nitrogen, ammonia, urea, and free amino acid levels were determined in the contents of several segments of the gastrointestinal tract of the rabbits fed both diets. Significantly less total nitrogen, ammonia, and free amino acids were found in the lower colon compared with the cecal contents of both groups. Subsequent studies with (C)alanine revealed considerable fermentation of alanine in both the cecum and upper colon contents, but there was little absorption into the blood. It was concluded that the disappearance of nitrogen that occurred between the cecum and colon was in the form of ammonia, and that the value of urea as a nitrogen source resulted primarily from tissue synthesis of dispensable amino acids and coprophagy.", "PMID": 1113204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3769", "title": "Effect of force-feeding a valine-free diet on gastrointestinal function of rats.", "content": "To study the effect of an essential amino acid deficiency on gastrointestinal functions, rats were force-fed a 10% amino acid diet devoid of valine for several days, and subsequently a complete amino acid diet. Force-feeding of the valine-free diet for a few days delayed the disappearance of dietary nitrogen from the gastrointestinal tract. ASINGLE FEEDING OF THE COMPLETE AMINO ACID DIET CONTAINING 14C-labeled amino acids or (14C)glucose to rats previously fed the valine-free diet did not improve disappearance of the nitrogen. The absorption of the dietary carbohydrate as well as dietary nitrogen was delayed after feeding the valine-free diet. In spite of the delayed disappearance of dietary 14C-labeled amino acids or (14C)glucose from the gastrointestinal tract, the incorporation of these dietary 14C-labeled amino acids into liver lipids was not different between rats fed the complete amino acid diet and those fed the valine-free diet. Under these experimental conditions, changes in disaccharidase activities in the intestinal mucosa were in parallel with changes in the disappearance of nutrients from the gastrointestinal tract.", "contents": "Effect of force-feeding a valine-free diet on gastrointestinal function of rats. To study the effect of an essential amino acid deficiency on gastrointestinal functions, rats were force-fed a 10% amino acid diet devoid of valine for several days, and subsequently a complete amino acid diet. Force-feeding of the valine-free diet for a few days delayed the disappearance of dietary nitrogen from the gastrointestinal tract. ASINGLE FEEDING OF THE COMPLETE AMINO ACID DIET CONTAINING 14C-labeled amino acids or (14C)glucose to rats previously fed the valine-free diet did not improve disappearance of the nitrogen. The absorption of the dietary carbohydrate as well as dietary nitrogen was delayed after feeding the valine-free diet. In spite of the delayed disappearance of dietary 14C-labeled amino acids or (14C)glucose from the gastrointestinal tract, the incorporation of these dietary 14C-labeled amino acids into liver lipids was not different between rats fed the complete amino acid diet and those fed the valine-free diet. Under these experimental conditions, changes in disaccharidase activities in the intestinal mucosa were in parallel with changes in the disappearance of nutrients from the gastrointestinal tract.", "PMID": 1113205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3770", "title": "Step size in the Munsell color-order system by pair comparisons near 5Y 7.5/1 and bisections near 10R 7/8.", "content": "Pair comparisons were used to assess the perceptual uniformity of the Munsell value (V) and chroma (C) scales near 5Y 7.5/1 for both small (0.25-0.75) and larger (1-2) increments in V and C. We conclude that in this region perceptual linearity is retained down to steps of 0.25 V and C. Bisection experiments showed that around 10R 7/8 perceptual linearity in Munsell hue (H), V, and C was retained down to step sizes of 0.25 H, 0.10 V, and 0.25 C.", "contents": "Step size in the Munsell color-order system by pair comparisons near 5Y 7.5/1 and bisections near 10R 7/8. Pair comparisons were used to assess the perceptual uniformity of the Munsell value (V) and chroma (C) scales near 5Y 7.5/1 for both small (0.25-0.75) and larger (1-2) increments in V and C. We conclude that in this region perceptual linearity is retained down to steps of 0.25 V and C. Bisection experiments showed that around 10R 7/8 perceptual linearity in Munsell hue (H), V, and C was retained down to step sizes of 0.25 H, 0.10 V, and 0.25 C.", "PMID": 1113219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3771", "title": "The first urinary tract infection in the female infant. Prevalence, recurrence, and prognosis: a 10-year study in private practice.", "content": "Eight hundred healthy female infants presenting for routine care were systematically screened for bacteriuria from early infancy to 2 years of age. The initial urinary tract infection was established in 29 infants, 3.6% of the series, at a median age of 9 months. Continued systematic screening of 25 of these 29 infants with bacteriuria to 6 years of age revealed recurrent infection in nine of them and the development of pyelonephritis in three. Recurrent episodes of infection occurred at close intervals of 2 weeks to 4 months in these nine infants and were clustered within an 18-month period. There were no recurrences after 3 years of age. Characteristically, both the initial and recurrent infections were asymptomatic. Lower urinary tract signs of infection, however, were evident to the \"instructed parent,\" i.e., one instructed in the use of the urinary diary, a written log of the parents' observations of the infant's voiding habits. Pyelonephritis developed early in the children with recurrent infections; it was clinically inapparent and developed in infants with (initially) normal urinary tracts.", "contents": "The first urinary tract infection in the female infant. Prevalence, recurrence, and prognosis: a 10-year study in private practice. Eight hundred healthy female infants presenting for routine care were systematically screened for bacteriuria from early infancy to 2 years of age. The initial urinary tract infection was established in 29 infants, 3.6% of the series, at a median age of 9 months. Continued systematic screening of 25 of these 29 infants with bacteriuria to 6 years of age revealed recurrent infection in nine of them and the development of pyelonephritis in three. Recurrent episodes of infection occurred at close intervals of 2 weeks to 4 months in these nine infants and were clustered within an 18-month period. There were no recurrences after 3 years of age. Characteristically, both the initial and recurrent infections were asymptomatic. Lower urinary tract signs of infection, however, were evident to the \"instructed parent,\" i.e., one instructed in the use of the urinary diary, a written log of the parents' observations of the infant's voiding habits. Pyelonephritis developed early in the children with recurrent infections; it was clinically inapparent and developed in infants with (initially) normal urinary tracts.", "PMID": 1113221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3772", "title": "Early predictors of incomplete recovery in children with Guillain-Barr'e polyneuritis.", "content": "Case histories of 47 children with strict criteria for Landry-Guillain-Barr\u00e9-Strohl polyneuritis admitted to a rehabilitation facility from late 1959 through 1972 were analyzed retrospectively. The children were followed to full recovery (good to normal strength in all muscle groups) or for three years without full recovery. The data were then compared statistically for possible predictive indicators of recovery or lack of recovery within three years. The most significant early predictor of incomplete recovery was the time interval between the greatest weakness and beginning improvement; a period longer than 18 days of plateau before gains are evident is indicative of incomplete recovery within limits of 99% confidence.", "contents": "Early predictors of incomplete recovery in children with Guillain-Barr'e polyneuritis. Case histories of 47 children with strict criteria for Landry-Guillain-Barr\u00e9-Strohl polyneuritis admitted to a rehabilitation facility from late 1959 through 1972 were analyzed retrospectively. The children were followed to full recovery (good to normal strength in all muscle groups) or for three years without full recovery. The data were then compared statistically for possible predictive indicators of recovery or lack of recovery within three years. The most significant early predictor of incomplete recovery was the time interval between the greatest weakness and beginning improvement; a period longer than 18 days of plateau before gains are evident is indicative of incomplete recovery within limits of 99% confidence.", "PMID": 1113222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3773", "title": "Premature craniosynostosis-a complication of thyroid replacement therapy.", "content": "Three hypothyroid children with premature craniosynostosis are presented, who have been treated intensively with 1-thyroxine from early infancy. It is postulated that the craniosynostosis is the result of iatrogenic hyperthyroidism during a critical period of skull growth. Various regimens of treatment for hypothyroidism are discussed with recommendations for avoiding this potentially hazardous complication of therapy.", "contents": "Premature craniosynostosis-a complication of thyroid replacement therapy. Three hypothyroid children with premature craniosynostosis are presented, who have been treated intensively with 1-thyroxine from early infancy. It is postulated that the craniosynostosis is the result of iatrogenic hyperthyroidism during a critical period of skull growth. Various regimens of treatment for hypothyroidism are discussed with recommendations for avoiding this potentially hazardous complication of therapy.", "PMID": 1113223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3774", "title": "Calcification of intervertebral discs in childhood.", "content": "Over 75 cases of intervertebral disc calcification in childhood have been reported, but the illness is seldom considered in the differential diagnosis of back pain inchildren. This paper reports two children who required surgery for intervertebral disc calcification. The histologic changes, which have not been described previously, include an amorphous calcification within the nucleus pulposus without any inflammatory reaction. The etiology of disc calcification remains unknown, but it can be differentiated both clinically and pathologically from other causes of calcified intervertebral discs and from spondylarthritis.", "contents": "Calcification of intervertebral discs in childhood. Over 75 cases of intervertebral disc calcification in childhood have been reported, but the illness is seldom considered in the differential diagnosis of back pain inchildren. This paper reports two children who required surgery for intervertebral disc calcification. The histologic changes, which have not been described previously, include an amorphous calcification within the nucleus pulposus without any inflammatory reaction. The etiology of disc calcification remains unknown, but it can be differentiated both clinically and pathologically from other causes of calcified intervertebral discs and from spondylarthritis.", "PMID": 1113224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3775", "title": "Cerebro-hepato-renal syndrome of Zellweger. A report of eight cases with comments upon the incidence, the liver lesion, and a fault in pipecolic acid metabolism.", "content": "Studies of eight patients with this syndrome confirm the characteristic pattern of abnormalities and the autosomal recessive mode of inheritance. The incidence is estimated to be approximately 1 in 100,000 live births. The liver lesion proved to be variable, with features of progressive parenchymal damage rather than a developmental defect of small bile ducts as previously suggested. Elevated levels of pipecolic acid were found in blood and urine and may be related to the basic defect.", "contents": "Cerebro-hepato-renal syndrome of Zellweger. A report of eight cases with comments upon the incidence, the liver lesion, and a fault in pipecolic acid metabolism. Studies of eight patients with this syndrome confirm the characteristic pattern of abnormalities and the autosomal recessive mode of inheritance. The incidence is estimated to be approximately 1 in 100,000 live births. The liver lesion proved to be variable, with features of progressive parenchymal damage rather than a developmental defect of small bile ducts as previously suggested. Elevated levels of pipecolic acid were found in blood and urine and may be related to the basic defect.", "PMID": 1113225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3776", "title": "Fetal phallic growth and penile standards for newborn male infants.", "content": "No appreciable difference in size of the fetal clitoris versus the fetal penis was noted until 14 weeks' gestation, which is after the period of masculine differentiation of the external genitals. However, significant differences in the rate of penile and clitoral growth were evident in second trimester fetuses. The majority of the prenatal growth of the penis occurs after 14 weeks gestation at an almost linear rate. The penile stretched length of the full-term infant was 3.5 cm plus or minus 0.7 cm and the diameter was 1.1 cm plus or minus 0.2 cm.", "contents": "Fetal phallic growth and penile standards for newborn male infants. No appreciable difference in size of the fetal clitoris versus the fetal penis was noted until 14 weeks' gestation, which is after the period of masculine differentiation of the external genitals. However, significant differences in the rate of penile and clitoral growth were evident in second trimester fetuses. The majority of the prenatal growth of the penis occurs after 14 weeks gestation at an almost linear rate. The penile stretched length of the full-term infant was 3.5 cm plus or minus 0.7 cm and the diameter was 1.1 cm plus or minus 0.2 cm.", "PMID": 1113226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3777", "title": "Parathyroid function in infants of diabetic mothers.", "content": "Serum parathyroid hormone and total and ionized Ca, Mg, and P levels were determined serially from birth to 96 hr of age in 28 infants of diabetic mothers (IDM, 15 Class A, 13 Class B, C, D) and their respective mothers at the time of delivery. In spite of marked decreases in concentrations of serum total and ionized Ca from birth to 24 to 48 hr, there was an insignificant increase in serum PTH values over this period in infants of insulin-dependent mothers. Infants of Class A diabetic mothers had an equivocal PTH response. Nineteen term control infants were similarly examined and had a significant increase in serum PTH postnatally. Relatively higher values of serum ionized Ca at birth in IDM were followed by greater decreases in ionized Ca from birth to 24-48 hr of age, and by decreased neonatal parathyroid function. The data support functional hypoparathyroidism as a basis for the hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia of IDM. It is speculated that increased concentrations of serum ionized Ca in utero and suppression of activity in the fetal parathyroid glands may be a cause for the functional hypoparathyroidism.", "contents": "Parathyroid function in infants of diabetic mothers. Serum parathyroid hormone and total and ionized Ca, Mg, and P levels were determined serially from birth to 96 hr of age in 28 infants of diabetic mothers (IDM, 15 Class A, 13 Class B, C, D) and their respective mothers at the time of delivery. In spite of marked decreases in concentrations of serum total and ionized Ca from birth to 24 to 48 hr, there was an insignificant increase in serum PTH values over this period in infants of insulin-dependent mothers. Infants of Class A diabetic mothers had an equivocal PTH response. Nineteen term control infants were similarly examined and had a significant increase in serum PTH postnatally. Relatively higher values of serum ionized Ca at birth in IDM were followed by greater decreases in ionized Ca from birth to 24-48 hr of age, and by decreased neonatal parathyroid function. The data support functional hypoparathyroidism as a basis for the hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia of IDM. It is speculated that increased concentrations of serum ionized Ca in utero and suppression of activity in the fetal parathyroid glands may be a cause for the functional hypoparathyroidism.", "PMID": 1113227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3778", "title": "Fontanel size and epiphyseal ossification in neonatal twins discordant by weight.", "content": "Size of the anterior fontanel and ossification of the epiphyseal centers at the knee were measured in 13 \"discordant\" twin pairs. There was a highly significant (p smaller than 0.01) negative correlation between fontanel size and epiphyseal ossification. Severe intrauterine growth retardation (demonstrated by the lighter twin) may result in retardation of membranous as well as enchondral ossification.", "contents": "Fontanel size and epiphyseal ossification in neonatal twins discordant by weight. Size of the anterior fontanel and ossification of the epiphyseal centers at the knee were measured in 13 \"discordant\" twin pairs. There was a highly significant (p smaller than 0.01) negative correlation between fontanel size and epiphyseal ossification. Severe intrauterine growth retardation (demonstrated by the lighter twin) may result in retardation of membranous as well as enchondral ossification.", "PMID": 1113231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3779", "title": "Increase in bilirubin-binding affinity of serum with age of infant.", "content": "The bilirubin-binding affinity of infant serum, as determined by Sephadex gel filtration, began to increase during the first week of life and continued to increase gradually until the age of 5 months, when it reached that of adult serum. This increase might be due to a transition from a fetal to an adult type of serum albumin and/or to a decrease in the concentration in serum of the substances thought to compete with bilirubin for binding to albumin.", "contents": "Increase in bilirubin-binding affinity of serum with age of infant. The bilirubin-binding affinity of infant serum, as determined by Sephadex gel filtration, began to increase during the first week of life and continued to increase gradually until the age of 5 months, when it reached that of adult serum. This increase might be due to a transition from a fetal to an adult type of serum albumin and/or to a decrease in the concentration in serum of the substances thought to compete with bilirubin for binding to albumin.", "PMID": 1113234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3780", "title": "Correction of the malabsorption of the preterm infant with a medium-chain triglyceride formula.", "content": "After receiving milk-based formula for one week, 16 preterm infants, weighing 1,300 to 1,800 gm, were fed two isocaloric formulas containing either medium-chain or long-chain triglycerides for 15 days; the alternate formula was given for a second period of identical duration. While receiving MCT, the infants had greater (P smaller than 0.01) percent fat absorption (83.4 leads to 97.1%) and weight gain (7.5 leads to 11.5 gm/kg/100 calories). Because metabolic acidosis occurred with the LCT formula, the chloride content was adjusted to that of the MCT were confirmed and, in addition, there was a higher (P smaller than .01) percent retention of nitrogen (67.3 leads to 82.1).", "contents": "Correction of the malabsorption of the preterm infant with a medium-chain triglyceride formula. After receiving milk-based formula for one week, 16 preterm infants, weighing 1,300 to 1,800 gm, were fed two isocaloric formulas containing either medium-chain or long-chain triglycerides for 15 days; the alternate formula was given for a second period of identical duration. While receiving MCT, the infants had greater (P smaller than 0.01) percent fat absorption (83.4 leads to 97.1%) and weight gain (7.5 leads to 11.5 gm/kg/100 calories). Because metabolic acidosis occurred with the LCT formula, the chloride content was adjusted to that of the MCT were confirmed and, in addition, there was a higher (P smaller than .01) percent retention of nitrogen (67.3 leads to 82.1).", "PMID": 1113235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3781", "title": "Congenital malformations associated with the administration of oral anticoagulants during pregnancy.", "content": "Three small infants whose mothers had received oral anticoagulant therapy during the first trimester of pregnancy are described. These infants all had hypoplasia of the nasal bones, and two had stippling of epiphyses and bones and deformities of the bones of the hand. One child is mentally retarded. It is suggested that these abnormalities may be related to maternal oral anticoagulant therapy during the first trimester.", "contents": "Congenital malformations associated with the administration of oral anticoagulants during pregnancy. Three small infants whose mothers had received oral anticoagulant therapy during the first trimester of pregnancy are described. These infants all had hypoplasia of the nasal bones, and two had stippling of epiphyses and bones and deformities of the bones of the hand. One child is mentally retarded. It is suggested that these abnormalities may be related to maternal oral anticoagulant therapy during the first trimester.", "PMID": 1113236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3782", "title": "Treatment of trichuriasis with a new drug, mebendazole.", "content": "Effectiveness of mebendazole, a new anthelminthic drug recommended for treatment of Trichuris trichiura infection, was evaluated in 50 children attending a pediatric outpatient clinic in New York City. Mebendazole, 100 mg. administered orally twice daily for three days resulted in an apparent cure of 48 children. Posttreatment stools of the remaining two children had a substantial reduction in the number of eggs. A second course of treatment, identical to the first, led to the elimination of eggs in the stool specimens of these two children. Mebendazole appears to be an effective drug against Trichuris trichiura.", "contents": "Treatment of trichuriasis with a new drug, mebendazole. Effectiveness of mebendazole, a new anthelminthic drug recommended for treatment of Trichuris trichiura infection, was evaluated in 50 children attending a pediatric outpatient clinic in New York City. Mebendazole, 100 mg. administered orally twice daily for three days resulted in an apparent cure of 48 children. Posttreatment stools of the remaining two children had a substantial reduction in the number of eggs. A second course of treatment, identical to the first, led to the elimination of eggs in the stool specimens of these two children. Mebendazole appears to be an effective drug against Trichuris trichiura.", "PMID": 1113237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3783", "title": "An analysis of the function of color in the Rorschach.", "content": "Slide reproductions of a standard and an achromatic series of Rorschach plates were rated by 120 Ss on 12 bipolar adjective pairs. Four adjective pairs from each of the three major factors of meaning were used. Mean factor scores were computed for each factor, and a comparison among cards was made. The chromatic cards were rated, in general, as more positive and more active but less potent than their achromatic representations. There was a significant inverse relationship between the evaluative factor and the potency factor. No sex differences were found in the connotation of the cards. The results of this study are consistent with prior studies.", "contents": "An analysis of the function of color in the Rorschach. Slide reproductions of a standard and an achromatic series of Rorschach plates were rated by 120 Ss on 12 bipolar adjective pairs. Four adjective pairs from each of the three major factors of meaning were used. Mean factor scores were computed for each factor, and a comparison among cards was made. The chromatic cards were rated, in general, as more positive and more active but less potent than their achromatic representations. There was a significant inverse relationship between the evaluative factor and the potency factor. No sex differences were found in the connotation of the cards. The results of this study are consistent with prior studies.", "PMID": 1113246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3784", "title": "Free association and repression-sensitization.", "content": "It was predicted that Subjects' scores on Byrne's Repression-Sensitization (R-S) Scale would be related to free associative style. When administered the R-S Scale, Subjects at the high and low extremes then took part in a free association task. Repressers manifested a prevalence of \"avoidant\" and sensitizers a prevalence of \"approach\" associations. However, this was true only of male Subjects.", "contents": "Free association and repression-sensitization. It was predicted that Subjects' scores on Byrne's Repression-Sensitization (R-S) Scale would be related to free associative style. When administered the R-S Scale, Subjects at the high and low extremes then took part in a free association task. Repressers manifested a prevalence of \"avoidant\" and sensitizers a prevalence of \"approach\" associations. However, this was true only of male Subjects.", "PMID": 1113247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3785", "title": "A multiple-choice version of the sentence completion method.", "content": "A sentence completion (SC) measure of children's autonomy was adapted to a multiple choice (MC) form. Criteria were proposed which MC should meet in order to be reasonably equivalent to SC. MC should not be obvious to the child; thus, the means and variances of the two tests should be similar, and MC should not show a congregation around the \"good\" answers, nor should it correlate positively with a measure of social desirability. Both tests should correlate significantly with one another. Any factor structure present in SC, which suggests a differentiation within the concept of autonomy should be duplicated in MC. Most of these criteria were met, and it was concluded that a multiple choice form corresponding to a sentence completion measure, testing clearly defined personality areas, could be a resonable alternative for many purposes.", "contents": "A multiple-choice version of the sentence completion method. A sentence completion (SC) measure of children's autonomy was adapted to a multiple choice (MC) form. Criteria were proposed which MC should meet in order to be reasonably equivalent to SC. MC should not be obvious to the child; thus, the means and variances of the two tests should be similar, and MC should not show a congregation around the \"good\" answers, nor should it correlate positively with a measure of social desirability. Both tests should correlate significantly with one another. Any factor structure present in SC, which suggests a differentiation within the concept of autonomy should be duplicated in MC. Most of these criteria were met, and it was concluded that a multiple choice form corresponding to a sentence completion measure, testing clearly defined personality areas, could be a resonable alternative for many purposes.", "PMID": 1113248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3786", "title": "Behavioral correlates of WAIS profile patterns: an exploratory study.", "content": "To assess the feasibility of both an empirical derivation of WAIS subtest patterns and an actuarial assignment of behavioral descriptions to these patterns, 11 potential patterns were delineated. Three of these were studied in depth, and one of these was the focus of this report. The derivation and cross validation groups of this one pattern displayed highly similar WAIS scores on all 11 subtests, but differences between the groups in age, marital status, and some output descriptors were noted. These results were explained in terms of age acting as a moderator variable. In general, the results suggest that patterns of WAIS subtest scores can be identified and that these can be reliably associated with specific behavioral descriptors.", "contents": "Behavioral correlates of WAIS profile patterns: an exploratory study. To assess the feasibility of both an empirical derivation of WAIS subtest patterns and an actuarial assignment of behavioral descriptions to these patterns, 11 potential patterns were delineated. Three of these were studied in depth, and one of these was the focus of this report. The derivation and cross validation groups of this one pattern displayed highly similar WAIS scores on all 11 subtests, but differences between the groups in age, marital status, and some output descriptors were noted. These results were explained in terms of age acting as a moderator variable. In general, the results suggest that patterns of WAIS subtest scores can be identified and that these can be reliably associated with specific behavioral descriptors.", "PMID": 1113249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3787", "title": "Sculpture preferences and personality traits.", "content": "Factor analyzed the preference ratings of 70 male and 70 female undergraduates for 36 slides of sculpture. A principal factors solution with orthogonal rotations yielded 6 factors: ambiguous abstraction vs. controlled human realism, mildly distorted representation, emotional detachment, traditional portraiture vs. surrealism, highly distorted representation, and geometric abstraction. Some of these factors were similar to the Apollonian, the Dionysian, and the Pythagorean dimensions previously postualted by Nietzsche and Knapp. Preference scores for each factor were computed and correlated with scores on the 16 PF and with selected educational and physical variables. A few small, significant (p less than .05) correlations were found, supporting the hypothesis that artistic style preferences resemble the personality traits of the spectator.", "contents": "Sculpture preferences and personality traits. Factor analyzed the preference ratings of 70 male and 70 female undergraduates for 36 slides of sculpture. A principal factors solution with orthogonal rotations yielded 6 factors: ambiguous abstraction vs. controlled human realism, mildly distorted representation, emotional detachment, traditional portraiture vs. surrealism, highly distorted representation, and geometric abstraction. Some of these factors were similar to the Apollonian, the Dionysian, and the Pythagorean dimensions previously postualted by Nietzsche and Knapp. Preference scores for each factor were computed and correlated with scores on the 16 PF and with selected educational and physical variables. A few small, significant (p less than .05) correlations were found, supporting the hypothesis that artistic style preferences resemble the personality traits of the spectator.", "PMID": 1113250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3788", "title": "Stereotyped sex role behavior and sex guilt.", "content": "A study of self-reported sex guilt and sex behavior in college students closely replicated previous findings. In addition, it was found that high guilt subjects were more likely to act in conformity with social expectations regarding sexual behavior. That is, high guilt males were more likely to be assertive in their sexual behaviors than low guilt males, and high guilt females were more likely to engage in passive sexual behaviors than low guilt females. Assertion was defined as acting upon another, and passivity was defined as being acted upon.", "contents": "Stereotyped sex role behavior and sex guilt. A study of self-reported sex guilt and sex behavior in college students closely replicated previous findings. In addition, it was found that high guilt subjects were more likely to act in conformity with social expectations regarding sexual behavior. That is, high guilt males were more likely to be assertive in their sexual behaviors than low guilt males, and high guilt females were more likely to engage in passive sexual behaviors than low guilt females. Assertion was defined as acting upon another, and passivity was defined as being acted upon.", "PMID": 1113251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3789", "title": "Detection of a nonlinguistic stimulus is poorest at the end of a clause.", "content": "Subjects detected a brief near-threshold tone while encoding two-clause sentences for later report. The objective tone locations were at the end of the first clause, at the beginning of the second clause, or in the clause boundary. The effects of intensity variations of the speech signal were assessed by having subjects detect the tones in the same speech stimuli played backward. Tones at the end of a clause are relatively harder to detect than in other positions, comparing forward and backward speech. This supports the view that listeners are preoccupied with internal processes at the end of a clause.", "contents": "Detection of a nonlinguistic stimulus is poorest at the end of a clause. Subjects detected a brief near-threshold tone while encoding two-clause sentences for later report. The objective tone locations were at the end of the first clause, at the beginning of the second clause, or in the clause boundary. The effects of intensity variations of the speech signal were assessed by having subjects detect the tones in the same speech stimuli played backward. Tones at the end of a clause are relatively harder to detect than in other positions, comparing forward and backward speech. This supports the view that listeners are preoccupied with internal processes at the end of a clause.", "PMID": 1113252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3790", "title": "Scaling of apparent accentedness by magnitude estimation and sensory modality matching.", "content": "In each of three experiments, 24 students judged the accentedness present in the speech of eight Spanish-English bilinguals. Ss gave magnitude estimations and also squeezed a hand dynamometer to indicate the amount of accentedness in the reading of an English passage by each of the speakers. There was significant agreement among Ss regarding the speech samples with each scaling method, and interscale agreement was good. Power functions fitted to the data had exponents falling in the range expected from earlier psychophysical studies. Scale values correlated significantly with the frequency of accented pronunciations by the speakers as judged by two independent judges. The use of these scaling methods for future research on linguistic features of accent and on the relation between accent and language attitudes is discussed.", "contents": "Scaling of apparent accentedness by magnitude estimation and sensory modality matching. In each of three experiments, 24 students judged the accentedness present in the speech of eight Spanish-English bilinguals. Ss gave magnitude estimations and also squeezed a hand dynamometer to indicate the amount of accentedness in the reading of an English passage by each of the speakers. There was significant agreement among Ss regarding the speech samples with each scaling method, and interscale agreement was good. Power functions fitted to the data had exponents falling in the range expected from earlier psychophysical studies. Scale values correlated significantly with the frequency of accented pronunciations by the speakers as judged by two independent judges. The use of these scaling methods for future research on linguistic features of accent and on the relation between accent and language attitudes is discussed.", "PMID": 1113253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3791", "title": "Semantic organization in deaf and hearing subjects.", "content": "Hierarchial cluster analysis of data from the sorting of noun words was used to compare semantic structures in 63 profoundly deaf and 63 hearing adolescents. In the first study, performance differed only for a set of words referring to sounds, where deaf persons have no experience, and not for a set of common noun words and pictures. In the second study, differences between matched sets of high- and low-imaginary words were comparable for 63 deaf and 63 hearing subjects. It is concluded that deaf subjects manifested abstract hierarchical relations and were not dependent on \"visual mediators\" or hindered by the absence of \"acoustic mediators\".", "contents": "Semantic organization in deaf and hearing subjects. Hierarchial cluster analysis of data from the sorting of noun words was used to compare semantic structures in 63 profoundly deaf and 63 hearing adolescents. In the first study, performance differed only for a set of words referring to sounds, where deaf persons have no experience, and not for a set of common noun words and pictures. In the second study, differences between matched sets of high- and low-imaginary words were comparable for 63 deaf and 63 hearing subjects. It is concluded that deaf subjects manifested abstract hierarchical relations and were not dependent on \"visual mediators\" or hindered by the absence of \"acoustic mediators\".", "PMID": 1113254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3792", "title": "The influence of listener perception of the speaker on recognition memory.", "content": "Results are reported for an experiment which examined the influence of listener perception of speaker intention on sentence recognition. Given the same passage and recognition sentences, subjects displayed different false recognition patterns of test items depending on which of two speakers with opposing viewpoints the passage was attributed to. It is argued that the reconstructive process of memory is based on information from the context (e.g., the speaker's perceived intentions) as well as on the actual words used. Retention of different aspects of a message is seen to rely on information from different sources. Specifically, the results of the study indicate that retention of meaning involving the speaker's predictions, opinions, etc., is influenced by the listener's perception of the speaker.", "contents": "The influence of listener perception of the speaker on recognition memory. Results are reported for an experiment which examined the influence of listener perception of speaker intention on sentence recognition. Given the same passage and recognition sentences, subjects displayed different false recognition patterns of test items depending on which of two speakers with opposing viewpoints the passage was attributed to. It is argued that the reconstructive process of memory is based on information from the context (e.g., the speaker's perceived intentions) as well as on the actual words used. Retention of different aspects of a message is seen to rely on information from different sources. Specifically, the results of the study indicate that retention of meaning involving the speaker's predictions, opinions, etc., is influenced by the listener's perception of the speaker.", "PMID": 1113255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3793", "title": "Mothers' speech to children of four different ages.", "content": "This study reports analyses, in terms of five different measures, of the speech on two standard tasks of 32 middle-class mothers to their children aged 1 1/2, 2 1/2, 4, and 6 years. Sex and birth order of child were not found to be related to mothers' speech. On four of the measures, both task and age of child had strongly significant effects. In general, with increasing age of child, mothers spoke more, in longer and grammatically more complex utterances, with greater diversity of vocabulary. The differences in speech addressed to 1 1/2-year-olds and that addressed to 2 1/2-year-olds were particularly marked.", "contents": "Mothers' speech to children of four different ages. This study reports analyses, in terms of five different measures, of the speech on two standard tasks of 32 middle-class mothers to their children aged 1 1/2, 2 1/2, 4, and 6 years. Sex and birth order of child were not found to be related to mothers' speech. On four of the measures, both task and age of child had strongly significant effects. In general, with increasing age of child, mothers spoke more, in longer and grammatically more complex utterances, with greater diversity of vocabulary. The differences in speech addressed to 1 1/2-year-olds and that addressed to 2 1/2-year-olds were particularly marked.", "PMID": 1113256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3794", "title": "Vaginally administered prostaglandin E2 as a first and second trimester abortifacient.", "content": "One hundred women seeking interruption of pregnancy between 7-20 weeks were given prostaglandin E2 as a 20 mg vaginal suppository every four hours. Abortion was achieved within an arbitrary time limit of 36 hours in 97 patients and was complete in 76. Mean abortion intervals according to gestational length and parity ranged between 7.67 and 14.93 hours. Augmentive intravenous oxytocin, usually for placental expulsion, was given to 31 patients. Side-effects such as vomiting, diarrhea, and drug fever were encountered in the majority of patients but no sepsis was noted and no patient was transfused. The results are discussed with particular reference to other prostaglandin and hypertonic saline regimens for pregnancy interruption.", "contents": "Vaginally administered prostaglandin E2 as a first and second trimester abortifacient. One hundred women seeking interruption of pregnancy between 7-20 weeks were given prostaglandin E2 as a 20 mg vaginal suppository every four hours. Abortion was achieved within an arbitrary time limit of 36 hours in 97 patients and was complete in 76. Mean abortion intervals according to gestational length and parity ranged between 7.67 and 14.93 hours. Augmentive intravenous oxytocin, usually for placental expulsion, was given to 31 patients. Side-effects such as vomiting, diarrhea, and drug fever were encountered in the majority of patients but no sepsis was noted and no patient was transfused. The results are discussed with particular reference to other prostaglandin and hypertonic saline regimens for pregnancy interruption.", "PMID": 1113258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3795", "title": "Intra-amniotic prostaglandin F 2alpha as a midtrimester abortifacient: effect of oxytocin and laminaria.", "content": "An abortion interval time of 15.9 hours was achieved in a group of women treated in midtrimester with intra-amniotic prostaglandin F2alpha and intravenous oxytocin. Routine addition of intracervical laminaria to this regimen was not helpful. The most useful prostaglandin protocol seems to be 30 mg as an initial dose followed by a booster at six hours.", "contents": "Intra-amniotic prostaglandin F 2alpha as a midtrimester abortifacient: effect of oxytocin and laminaria. An abortion interval time of 15.9 hours was achieved in a group of women treated in midtrimester with intra-amniotic prostaglandin F2alpha and intravenous oxytocin. Routine addition of intracervical laminaria to this regimen was not helpful. The most useful prostaglandin protocol seems to be 30 mg as an initial dose followed by a booster at six hours.", "PMID": 1113259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3796", "title": "In vitro interaction of prostaglandin F2alpha and oxytocin in placental vessels.", "content": "The interaction of prostaglandin F2alpha and synthetic oxytocin on placental vessels was studied in vitro. Resistance was measured near the placental margin after spontaneous term delivery. In seven experiments reactions to norepinephrine and oxytocin were PGF2alpha. PGF2alpha produced significantly increased vasoconstriction after a single administration of oxytocin. In eight experiments the perfusion medium contained oxytocin. There was no change after a single dose of PGF2alpha. The reaction after norepinephrine remained the same in both groups of experiments. There is thus an \"enhancement effect\" of PGF2alpha upon the reaction of placental vessels to oxytocin in vitro.", "contents": "In vitro interaction of prostaglandin F2alpha and oxytocin in placental vessels. The interaction of prostaglandin F2alpha and synthetic oxytocin on placental vessels was studied in vitro. Resistance was measured near the placental margin after spontaneous term delivery. In seven experiments reactions to norepinephrine and oxytocin were PGF2alpha. PGF2alpha produced significantly increased vasoconstriction after a single administration of oxytocin. In eight experiments the perfusion medium contained oxytocin. There was no change after a single dose of PGF2alpha. The reaction after norepinephrine remained the same in both groups of experiments. There is thus an \"enhancement effect\" of PGF2alpha upon the reaction of placental vessels to oxytocin in vitro.", "PMID": 1113260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3797", "title": "Fallopian tube occlusion in rabbits with silicone rubber.", "content": "A new system for transcervically blocking the Fallopian tubes with cured-in-place silicone rubber has great potential for fertility control. Good retention, antifertility efficacy, and retrievability were observed in rabbits, and no adverse tissue reactions were seen in oviducts containing silicone elastomer. Continuing studies with rabbits and rhesus monkeys attempt to determine long term efficacy and histologic changes.", "contents": "Fallopian tube occlusion in rabbits with silicone rubber. A new system for transcervically blocking the Fallopian tubes with cured-in-place silicone rubber has great potential for fertility control. Good retention, antifertility efficacy, and retrievability were observed in rabbits, and no adverse tissue reactions were seen in oviducts containing silicone elastomer. Continuing studies with rabbits and rhesus monkeys attempt to determine long term efficacy and histologic changes.", "PMID": 1113262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3798", "title": "Rapid transport of alien eggs transplanted 66 hours post coitum in the oviduct of the rabbit.", "content": "Alien (fixed and stained) rabbit ova were transferred into the oviduct of recipient rabbits 24, 48, 60, and 66 hours post-coitum and were observed at 48, 72, 72, and 72 hours post-coitum respectively, using a clearing technique. In all cases the transport of alien eggs was accelerated, so they caught up with native eggs. Alien eggs, transferred to the ampulla 66 hours post-coitum were transported to the uterus within six hours.", "contents": "Rapid transport of alien eggs transplanted 66 hours post coitum in the oviduct of the rabbit. Alien (fixed and stained) rabbit ova were transferred into the oviduct of recipient rabbits 24, 48, 60, and 66 hours post-coitum and were observed at 48, 72, 72, and 72 hours post-coitum respectively, using a clearing technique. In all cases the transport of alien eggs was accelerated, so they caught up with native eggs. Alien eggs, transferred to the ampulla 66 hours post-coitum were transported to the uterus within six hours.", "PMID": 1113263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3799", "title": "Gestational diabetes: diagnosis and management.", "content": "Pregnancy is a diabetogenic condition and approximately one per cent of suspected patients will develop an abnormal glucose tolerance test during pregnancy. Generally, the gestational diabetic tends to be heavier, older, and multiparous. The diagnosis can be made from the patient's family history, previous obstetrical history, or from clinical tests such as urine glucose, fasting blood sugar, and glucose tolerance tests. The management of the patient includes patient evaluation, diet, evaluation of the fetus, and selecting the time of terminating the pregnancy. With correct care and treatment, the patient can deliver a normal and healthy infant.", "contents": "Gestational diabetes: diagnosis and management. Pregnancy is a diabetogenic condition and approximately one per cent of suspected patients will develop an abnormal glucose tolerance test during pregnancy. Generally, the gestational diabetic tends to be heavier, older, and multiparous. The diagnosis can be made from the patient's family history, previous obstetrical history, or from clinical tests such as urine glucose, fasting blood sugar, and glucose tolerance tests. The management of the patient includes patient evaluation, diet, evaluation of the fetus, and selecting the time of terminating the pregnancy. With correct care and treatment, the patient can deliver a normal and healthy infant.", "PMID": 1113265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3800", "title": "Rubella susceptibility in Navajo women.", "content": "Rubella susceptibility among Navajo women equals that in other parts of the country. Even though crowded conditions exist in the homes, communicable disease is more prevalent than in other areas, and many children attend boarding schools. The present immunization policy is discussed and an alternative plan of immunization is presented as recently recommended by the Navajo Area Indian Health service committee on rubella.", "contents": "Rubella susceptibility in Navajo women. Rubella susceptibility among Navajo women equals that in other parts of the country. Even though crowded conditions exist in the homes, communicable disease is more prevalent than in other areas, and many children attend boarding schools. The present immunization policy is discussed and an alternative plan of immunization is presented as recently recommended by the Navajo Area Indian Health service committee on rubella.", "PMID": 1113267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3801", "title": "Colposcopy: a prerequisite for cone biopsy.", "content": "Colposcopy should be an integral part of the diagnostic investigation of all patients with cervical neoplasia demonstrated by Pap smear. If a cone biopsy is necessary, the surgery can be directed. This will improve diagnostic accuracy as well as reduce morbidity, expense and disability.", "contents": "Colposcopy: a prerequisite for cone biopsy. Colposcopy should be an integral part of the diagnostic investigation of all patients with cervical neoplasia demonstrated by Pap smear. If a cone biopsy is necessary, the surgery can be directed. This will improve diagnostic accuracy as well as reduce morbidity, expense and disability.", "PMID": 1113268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3802", "title": "The academic role of the vice president for health sciences: can a walrus become a unicorn?", "content": "The post of vice president for the health sciences was first developed in an attempt to interpret, modulate, and buffer the growing power of the medical school in the university and the different values that have existed there. The job has been greatly transformed over the past 10 years as a consequence of a variety of factors. Now a genuine creative effort applied to the design of the administration of health sciences centers and how they fit into universities is needed. The present modes of organization are not equal to the challenges that must be faced. New designs must be created which will recognize the special place of the health sciences in today's world and yet keep its function within the university frame.", "contents": "The academic role of the vice president for health sciences: can a walrus become a unicorn? The post of vice president for the health sciences was first developed in an attempt to interpret, modulate, and buffer the growing power of the medical school in the university and the different values that have existed there. The job has been greatly transformed over the past 10 years as a consequence of a variety of factors. Now a genuine creative effort applied to the design of the administration of health sciences centers and how they fit into universities is needed. The present modes of organization are not equal to the challenges that must be faced. New designs must be created which will recognize the special place of the health sciences in today's world and yet keep its function within the university frame.", "PMID": 1113271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3803", "title": "Factors influencing medical school faculty disposition toward collective bargaining.", "content": "Faculty attitudes toward collective bargaining at a prestigious public medical school indicate considerable ambivalence toward unionization. As might be expected, salary dissatisfaction is the greatest cause of faculty discontent; however, it is not the most important factor in favoring collective strength. The irony is that the faculty members most in favor of collective bargaining are least dissatisfied with their salary levels. Conversely, the highest earning faculty members are least in favor of unionization but most dissatisfied with their salary scale. The study reported here shows that faculties perceive the protection or enhancement of collegiality as the single most important factor influencing their attitudes toward unionization. This perception suggests that faculties see collective bargaining as a means of strengthening their position relative to greater inclusion in the decision-making processes of the medical school.", "contents": "Factors influencing medical school faculty disposition toward collective bargaining. Faculty attitudes toward collective bargaining at a prestigious public medical school indicate considerable ambivalence toward unionization. As might be expected, salary dissatisfaction is the greatest cause of faculty discontent; however, it is not the most important factor in favoring collective strength. The irony is that the faculty members most in favor of collective bargaining are least dissatisfied with their salary levels. Conversely, the highest earning faculty members are least in favor of unionization but most dissatisfied with their salary scale. The study reported here shows that faculties perceive the protection or enhancement of collegiality as the single most important factor influencing their attitudes toward unionization. This perception suggests that faculties see collective bargaining as a means of strengthening their position relative to greater inclusion in the decision-making processes of the medical school.", "PMID": 1113272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3804", "title": "Performance of medical students admitted via regular and admission-variance routes.", "content": "Twenty-three medical students from socioeconomically disadvantaged backgrounds and drawn chiefly from Chicano and black racial minority groups were granted admission variances to the University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine in 1970 and 1971. This group was compared with 21 regularly admitted junior and senoir medical students with respect to: specific admissions criteria (Medical College Admission Test scores, grade-point average, and college rating score); scores, on Part I of the examinations of the National Board of Medical Examiners (NBME); and performance in at least two of the medicine, surgery, and pediatrics clerkships. The two populations differed markedly on admission. The usual screen would have precluded admission of all but one of the students granted variances. At the end of the second year, average NBME Part I scores again identified two distinct populations, but the average scores of both groups were clearly above the minimum passing level. The groups still differ on analysis of their aggregate performances on the clinical services, but the difference following completion of two of three major clinical clerkships has become the distinction between a \"slightly above average\" level of performance for the regularly admitted students and an \"average\" level for students admitted on variances.", "contents": "Performance of medical students admitted via regular and admission-variance routes. Twenty-three medical students from socioeconomically disadvantaged backgrounds and drawn chiefly from Chicano and black racial minority groups were granted admission variances to the University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine in 1970 and 1971. This group was compared with 21 regularly admitted junior and senoir medical students with respect to: specific admissions criteria (Medical College Admission Test scores, grade-point average, and college rating score); scores, on Part I of the examinations of the National Board of Medical Examiners (NBME); and performance in at least two of the medicine, surgery, and pediatrics clerkships. The two populations differed markedly on admission. The usual screen would have precluded admission of all but one of the students granted variances. At the end of the second year, average NBME Part I scores again identified two distinct populations, but the average scores of both groups were clearly above the minimum passing level. The groups still differ on analysis of their aggregate performances on the clinical services, but the difference following completion of two of three major clinical clerkships has become the distinction between a \"slightly above average\" level of performance for the regularly admitted students and an \"average\" level for students admitted on variances.", "PMID": 1113273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3805", "title": "Area Health Education Centers: what are they and where are they going?", "content": "Area Health Education Centers (AHECs) were one of the recommendations arising from the 1970 report of the Carnegie Commission on Higher Education, Higher Education and the Nation's Health: Policies for Medical and Dental Education. Subsequently, three separate federal programs were implemented. Since issuance of the commission's report, major changes have occurred in the health field. Many of the assumptions and predictions prevailing at the time of the report are now being questioned, leading to a need to reassess the policies underlying the AHEC concept. Enough time has elapsed that the AHEC programs can be evaluated in terms of the policies leading to their original recommendation, but they are still embryonic and diverse enough that they have not themselves become fixed policy. It is crucial at this stage of their development that the programs be assessed not only in relationship to each other but also in the context of the other programs and policies which together with AHECs presently comprise our unplanned national health strategy.", "contents": "Area Health Education Centers: what are they and where are they going? Area Health Education Centers (AHECs) were one of the recommendations arising from the 1970 report of the Carnegie Commission on Higher Education, Higher Education and the Nation's Health: Policies for Medical and Dental Education. Subsequently, three separate federal programs were implemented. Since issuance of the commission's report, major changes have occurred in the health field. Many of the assumptions and predictions prevailing at the time of the report are now being questioned, leading to a need to reassess the policies underlying the AHEC concept. Enough time has elapsed that the AHEC programs can be evaluated in terms of the policies leading to their original recommendation, but they are still embryonic and diverse enough that they have not themselves become fixed policy. It is crucial at this stage of their development that the programs be assessed not only in relationship to each other but also in the context of the other programs and policies which together with AHECs presently comprise our unplanned national health strategy.", "PMID": 1113274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3806", "title": "Uses and abuses of tenure.", "content": "The purposes of tenure are clear. The principle of tenure in an academic institution is widely accepted. Abuses and legal restrictions make it difficult to administer tenure so that it is equitable to both the institution and the scholar. Some problems could be alleviated by creating clear standards and practices for hiring, promotion, and dismissal; others could be lessened through more attention to definition and procedure. In some instances a change in the structure of the process itself may be necessary. A system combining tenure with periodic evaluation would be a viable alternative.", "contents": "Uses and abuses of tenure. The purposes of tenure are clear. The principle of tenure in an academic institution is widely accepted. Abuses and legal restrictions make it difficult to administer tenure so that it is equitable to both the institution and the scholar. Some problems could be alleviated by creating clear standards and practices for hiring, promotion, and dismissal; others could be lessened through more attention to definition and procedure. In some instances a change in the structure of the process itself may be necessary. A system combining tenure with periodic evaluation would be a viable alternative.", "PMID": 1113275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3807", "title": "Goals of medical student psychiatric education.", "content": "In this article the authors present a comprehensive statement of the goals of medical student psychiatric education. The focus is on content rather than on the process of teaching or of curriculum design. Many of the areas of learning are likely either to be taught by nonpsychiatric instructors or to be not specifically programmable into a curriculum. The approach of focusing on the desired competence in terms of knowledge, skills, and attitudes can result in these goals and their subsequent modifications serving as a benchmark for assessment of the adequacy of a particular program.", "contents": "Goals of medical student psychiatric education. In this article the authors present a comprehensive statement of the goals of medical student psychiatric education. The focus is on content rather than on the process of teaching or of curriculum design. Many of the areas of learning are likely either to be taught by nonpsychiatric instructors or to be not specifically programmable into a curriculum. The approach of focusing on the desired competence in terms of knowledge, skills, and attitudes can result in these goals and their subsequent modifications serving as a benchmark for assessment of the adequacy of a particular program.", "PMID": 1113276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3808", "title": "Comparison of the diagnostic methods of family physicians and internists.", "content": "Two groups of physicians (nine family physicians and nine consulting internists) were presented with three clinical problems by a programmed \"patient\". Analysis of the recorded interviews showed that family physicians asked fewer history questions, requested fewer items of data about physical examination, and ordered fewer laboratory investigations. In two out of the three cases family physicians asked a higher proportion of questions about mental status and life situation. In an analysis of the \"commonness\" of questions asked by internists and family physicians, it was found that internists were more consistent among themselves in the questions asked. There were no significant differences in the final diagnosis reached by these two groups.", "contents": "Comparison of the diagnostic methods of family physicians and internists. Two groups of physicians (nine family physicians and nine consulting internists) were presented with three clinical problems by a programmed \"patient\". Analysis of the recorded interviews showed that family physicians asked fewer history questions, requested fewer items of data about physical examination, and ordered fewer laboratory investigations. In two out of the three cases family physicians asked a higher proportion of questions about mental status and life situation. In an analysis of the \"commonness\" of questions asked by internists and family physicians, it was found that internists were more consistent among themselves in the questions asked. There were no significant differences in the final diagnosis reached by these two groups.", "PMID": 1113277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3809", "title": "The development of cognitive knowledge in clinical clerkships.", "content": "As part of an attempt to match the seminar program in pediatrics to the increased level of sophistication that students during the latter half of their core clerkship year would possess compared with students who enter pediatrics early in the year, the faculty of the Department of Pediatrics at The University of Texas Medical Branch in Galveston developed a typical final examination (a 100-item, multiple-choice test) and administered it as a pretest to each section of the junior class as it entered pediatrics. Analysis of the data indicated the following. A substantial portion of the cognitive information required for success in the clinical years was acquired prior to entry to the clerkship; scores of students entering their last clerkship were almost the same in the pretest in pediatrics as were those of students who took the pretest 10 monts earlier; posttest scores were substantially higher than pretest scores for all groups of students. The paper includes some discussion of the reasons for the findings and a description of the steps being taken to remedy deficiencies in the educational and evaluation program revealed by the study.", "contents": "The development of cognitive knowledge in clinical clerkships. As part of an attempt to match the seminar program in pediatrics to the increased level of sophistication that students during the latter half of their core clerkship year would possess compared with students who enter pediatrics early in the year, the faculty of the Department of Pediatrics at The University of Texas Medical Branch in Galveston developed a typical final examination (a 100-item, multiple-choice test) and administered it as a pretest to each section of the junior class as it entered pediatrics. Analysis of the data indicated the following. A substantial portion of the cognitive information required for success in the clinical years was acquired prior to entry to the clerkship; scores of students entering their last clerkship were almost the same in the pretest in pediatrics as were those of students who took the pretest 10 monts earlier; posttest scores were substantially higher than pretest scores for all groups of students. The paper includes some discussion of the reasons for the findings and a description of the steps being taken to remedy deficiencies in the educational and evaluation program revealed by the study.", "PMID": 1113278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3810", "title": "A new type of facility in medical education: the Clinical Learning Center.", "content": "The two independent forces leading to the development of a new type of facility for medical education were the desire to utilize modern educational concepts (some of which are difficult to employ in traditional hospital settings) and the need to expand students' contact with clinical patients. This special facility, known as the Clinical Learning Center, resembles the ultimate setting of medical practice, that is, the physician's office, and it depends upon volunteer patients who come there primarily to contribute to the educational program while deriving no medical care. Students and instructors have appreciated the opportunity for feedback; the quiet educational environment; the graduated learning experiences; and the use of various resources, especially videotape recording and playback of the clinical encounter. The recruitment of volunteer patients has been highly successful, and the center is proving to be a valuable adjunct to the learning of clinical skills.", "contents": "A new type of facility in medical education: the Clinical Learning Center. The two independent forces leading to the development of a new type of facility for medical education were the desire to utilize modern educational concepts (some of which are difficult to employ in traditional hospital settings) and the need to expand students' contact with clinical patients. This special facility, known as the Clinical Learning Center, resembles the ultimate setting of medical practice, that is, the physician's office, and it depends upon volunteer patients who come there primarily to contribute to the educational program while deriving no medical care. Students and instructors have appreciated the opportunity for feedback; the quiet educational environment; the graduated learning experiences; and the use of various resources, especially videotape recording and playback of the clinical encounter. The recruitment of volunteer patients has been highly successful, and the center is proving to be a valuable adjunct to the learning of clinical skills.", "PMID": 1113279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3811", "title": "Nonmalignancy of hybrids derived from two mouse malignant cells. II. Analysis of malignancy of LM (TK-) Cl 1D parental cells.", "content": "The possibility that Cl 1D cell line, an L-cell line derivative, was a mixture of malignant and nonmalignant cells was investigated because previous experiments showed that some hybrids derived from Cl 1D and tumor cell lines grew in vivo, whereas others apparently did not have that capacity. More highly malignant Cl 1D cells were not selected by animal passage of tumors obtained from inoculation of cultures. The tumor-producing capacity of this line (10%) was greatly increased (81%) in X-irradiated hosts. These observations suggested that the low capacity of Cl 1D cells to grow in vivo did not result from varying degrees of malignancy but mainly from interference of immunogenetic factors between cells and their inbred hosts of origin. Numerous hybrids between tumor and host cells were in all tumors examined.", "contents": "Nonmalignancy of hybrids derived from two mouse malignant cells. II. Analysis of malignancy of LM (TK-) Cl 1D parental cells. The possibility that Cl 1D cell line, an L-cell line derivative, was a mixture of malignant and nonmalignant cells was investigated because previous experiments showed that some hybrids derived from Cl 1D and tumor cell lines grew in vivo, whereas others apparently did not have that capacity. More highly malignant Cl 1D cells were not selected by animal passage of tumors obtained from inoculation of cultures. The tumor-producing capacity of this line (10%) was greatly increased (81%) in X-irradiated hosts. These observations suggested that the low capacity of Cl 1D cells to grow in vivo did not result from varying degrees of malignancy but mainly from interference of immunogenetic factors between cells and their inbred hosts of origin. Numerous hybrids between tumor and host cells were in all tumors examined.", "PMID": 1113297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3812", "title": "Separation of cells exhibiting acid phosphatase activity from disaggregated hamster prostate cells in an isokinetic gradient of Ficoll in tissue culture medium.", "content": "Cells exhibiting histochemically demonstrable acid phosphatase were separated from suspensions of hamster prostate cells with velocity and isopyknic sedimentation. Unseparated suspensions of hamster prostate cells contained 57.2 plus or minus 11.3% cells with histochemically apparent acid phosphatase. After the cells were separated by velocity sedimentation in a previously described isokinetic gradient, the purest fractions from the gradient contained 97.2 plus or minus 0.8% cells with histochemically evident acid phosphatase. More than 99% of these separated cells excluded trypan blue. These cells were thought to be the acinar cells of the prostate. Isopyknic sedimentation was not as effective as velocity sedimentation for the purification of these cells.", "contents": "Separation of cells exhibiting acid phosphatase activity from disaggregated hamster prostate cells in an isokinetic gradient of Ficoll in tissue culture medium. Cells exhibiting histochemically demonstrable acid phosphatase were separated from suspensions of hamster prostate cells with velocity and isopyknic sedimentation. Unseparated suspensions of hamster prostate cells contained 57.2 plus or minus 11.3% cells with histochemically apparent acid phosphatase. After the cells were separated by velocity sedimentation in a previously described isokinetic gradient, the purest fractions from the gradient contained 97.2 plus or minus 0.8% cells with histochemically evident acid phosphatase. More than 99% of these separated cells excluded trypan blue. These cells were thought to be the acinar cells of the prostate. Isopyknic sedimentation was not as effective as velocity sedimentation for the purification of these cells.", "PMID": 1113298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3813", "title": "Correlation between balance of specific chromosomes and expression of malignancy in hamster cells.", "content": "Four 1-theta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C)-and one dimethylnitrosamine-transformed Syrian hamster cell lines were established. All produced tumors when inoculated into newborn hamsters. Specific chromosome changes were found in these lines consistent with changes observed recently by other investigators. Clones that had either high or low malignant potential were derived from two fibrosarcomas produced by one of the ara-C-transformed cell lines. The expression of malignancy in these clones was associated with an excess of 57 chromosomes over 73 chromosomes.", "contents": "Correlation between balance of specific chromosomes and expression of malignancy in hamster cells. Four 1-theta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C)-and one dimethylnitrosamine-transformed Syrian hamster cell lines were established. All produced tumors when inoculated into newborn hamsters. Specific chromosome changes were found in these lines consistent with changes observed recently by other investigators. Clones that had either high or low malignant potential were derived from two fibrosarcomas produced by one of the ara-C-transformed cell lines. The expression of malignancy in these clones was associated with an excess of 57 chromosomes over 73 chromosomes.", "PMID": 1113299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3814", "title": "Experimental tumor induction in a circumscribed region of the hamster trachea: correlation of histology and exfoliative cytology.", "content": "A method for the induction of carcinomas in a circumscribed region of the hamster trachea is reported. By means of a special catheter, a solution of N-nitroso-N-methylurea was applied twice a week to about a 6-mm length of the trachea 10- to 16-mm distal from teh vocal cords. Slight alteration of this catheter allowed sampling of cytologic specimens directly from the surface of the carcinogen0exposed epithelium. This procedure permitted the simple and accurate correlation of sequential histologic and cytologic changes observed during tumor development in the hamsters. Noninvasive dysplastic and metaplastic lesions were seen in animals killed after 5 and 10 weeks of carcinogen application. These epithelial changes could be readily correlated with abnormal exfoliated cells abundantly present in cytologic specimens from these animals. Exposure to carcinogen for 15 weeks induced a 100% tumor incidence exclusively at the application site. More than 75% of the malignancies appeared within 15-20 weeks after the start of carcinogen administration. Most tumors were epidermoid carcinomas but some anaplastic large-cell carcinomas were also observed. Cytologic specimens of tumor-bearing animals had many cells conclusive of malignancy. The new experimental system lends itself to study of the effect of topically applied anticarcinogenic or cocarcinogenic agents on different carcinogen-induced epithelial lesions whose regression or progression can be followed by exfoliative cytology.", "contents": "Experimental tumor induction in a circumscribed region of the hamster trachea: correlation of histology and exfoliative cytology. A method for the induction of carcinomas in a circumscribed region of the hamster trachea is reported. By means of a special catheter, a solution of N-nitroso-N-methylurea was applied twice a week to about a 6-mm length of the trachea 10- to 16-mm distal from teh vocal cords. Slight alteration of this catheter allowed sampling of cytologic specimens directly from the surface of the carcinogen0exposed epithelium. This procedure permitted the simple and accurate correlation of sequential histologic and cytologic changes observed during tumor development in the hamsters. Noninvasive dysplastic and metaplastic lesions were seen in animals killed after 5 and 10 weeks of carcinogen application. These epithelial changes could be readily correlated with abnormal exfoliated cells abundantly present in cytologic specimens from these animals. Exposure to carcinogen for 15 weeks induced a 100% tumor incidence exclusively at the application site. More than 75% of the malignancies appeared within 15-20 weeks after the start of carcinogen administration. Most tumors were epidermoid carcinomas but some anaplastic large-cell carcinomas were also observed. Cytologic specimens of tumor-bearing animals had many cells conclusive of malignancy. The new experimental system lends itself to study of the effect of topically applied anticarcinogenic or cocarcinogenic agents on different carcinogen-induced epithelial lesions whose regression or progression can be followed by exfoliative cytology.", "PMID": 1113300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3815", "title": "Foreign-body tumorigenesis: number, distribution, and cell density of preneoplastic clones.", "content": "Double 15 times 22-mm plastic films (two films on top of each other) were implanted subcutaneously in CBA/H-T6 mice. After 7.5, 8.5, and 9.5 months the films were removed. Each interior film (next to the abdominal wall), covered by a cell monolayer on one side only, was cut in four 7 times 10-mm segments. Wiping to 5 times 7, 4 times 4, 3 times 3, or 2 times 2 mm reduced the cell areas on three of them. They were then transferred to (CBA/H times CBA/Br)F1 or (CBA/H-Ty times CBA/Br)F1 recipient mice. Tumors arising from transferred film segments were analyzed as to chromosome number and morphology, sarcoma type, degree of anaplasticity, and posttransfer latency. We used these criteria to determine whether tumors originated from the same or different clones. From this information it was estimated that preneoplastic clones were present in limited numbers and that they were either widely disseminated or spatially restricted on the implant surfaces. The extent of clone dissemination appeared to be related to preneoplastic progression.", "contents": "Foreign-body tumorigenesis: number, distribution, and cell density of preneoplastic clones. Double 15 times 22-mm plastic films (two films on top of each other) were implanted subcutaneously in CBA/H-T6 mice. After 7.5, 8.5, and 9.5 months the films were removed. Each interior film (next to the abdominal wall), covered by a cell monolayer on one side only, was cut in four 7 times 10-mm segments. Wiping to 5 times 7, 4 times 4, 3 times 3, or 2 times 2 mm reduced the cell areas on three of them. They were then transferred to (CBA/H times CBA/Br)F1 or (CBA/H-Ty times CBA/Br)F1 recipient mice. Tumors arising from transferred film segments were analyzed as to chromosome number and morphology, sarcoma type, degree of anaplasticity, and posttransfer latency. We used these criteria to determine whether tumors originated from the same or different clones. From this information it was estimated that preneoplastic clones were present in limited numbers and that they were either widely disseminated or spatially restricted on the implant surfaces. The extent of clone dissemination appeared to be related to preneoplastic progression.", "PMID": 1113301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3816", "title": "Polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid: inhibition of cell proliferation in carcinogen-treated epidermis and in carcinogen-induced skin tumors in mice.", "content": "After administration of the synthetic double-stranded RNA polyinosinic with polycytidylic acid (poly l with poly C) to hairless mice, cell proliferation kinetics were studied in normal epidermis, in epidermis initiated with 3-methylcholanthrene (MCA), in hyperplastic epidermis treated topically with MCA for 15 weeks, and in MCA-induced skin tumors. Poly l with poly C did not influence the mitotic rate or the transit of cells from the G1 phase to the S phase in normal mouse epidermis. Pretreatment of poly l with poly C inhibited cell proliferation in mouse epidermis initiated with MCA for at least 24 hours. In mouse epidermis made hyperplastic by repeated applications of MCA. Poly L with poly C inhibited G1 cells from starting DNA synthesis. Skin tumor DNA synthesis was also altered after poly l with poly C administration. After a short period of enhanced 3-methylthymidine incorporation, tumor DNA synthesis decreased to less than half the control value. The results indicated thatthe antitumorigenic effect of poly l with poly C could be related to its influence on cell proliferation.", "contents": "Polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid: inhibition of cell proliferation in carcinogen-treated epidermis and in carcinogen-induced skin tumors in mice. After administration of the synthetic double-stranded RNA polyinosinic with polycytidylic acid (poly l with poly C) to hairless mice, cell proliferation kinetics were studied in normal epidermis, in epidermis initiated with 3-methylcholanthrene (MCA), in hyperplastic epidermis treated topically with MCA for 15 weeks, and in MCA-induced skin tumors. Poly l with poly C did not influence the mitotic rate or the transit of cells from the G1 phase to the S phase in normal mouse epidermis. Pretreatment of poly l with poly C inhibited cell proliferation in mouse epidermis initiated with MCA for at least 24 hours. In mouse epidermis made hyperplastic by repeated applications of MCA. Poly L with poly C inhibited G1 cells from starting DNA synthesis. Skin tumor DNA synthesis was also altered after poly l with poly C administration. After a short period of enhanced 3-methylthymidine incorporation, tumor DNA synthesis decreased to less than half the control value. The results indicated thatthe antitumorigenic effect of poly l with poly C could be related to its influence on cell proliferation.", "PMID": 1113302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3817", "title": "A simple cell-suspension method for transplantation of V2 carcinoma.", "content": "A simple and rapid method for the preparation of an essentially monodispersed cell suspension from the rabbit V2 carcinoma, suitable for either large or small amounts of tumor tissue, did not require specialized equipment and yielded relatively large numbers of viable cells. Cell suspensions prepared by this method could be used to approximate a dose-response curve relating the percentage of tumor takes to the number of cells inoculated and could allow quantitative correlations not possible when macroscopic tumor fragments are used for implantation. The method, or slight modifications of it, should prove suitable for most tissues with a significant connective tissue component.", "contents": "A simple cell-suspension method for transplantation of V2 carcinoma. A simple and rapid method for the preparation of an essentially monodispersed cell suspension from the rabbit V2 carcinoma, suitable for either large or small amounts of tumor tissue, did not require specialized equipment and yielded relatively large numbers of viable cells. Cell suspensions prepared by this method could be used to approximate a dose-response curve relating the percentage of tumor takes to the number of cells inoculated and could allow quantitative correlations not possible when macroscopic tumor fragments are used for implantation. The method, or slight modifications of it, should prove suitable for most tissues with a significant connective tissue component.", "PMID": 1113303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3818", "title": "Hyperplasia of rat mammary gland in vitro.", "content": "Rat mammary gland explants placed in organ culture underwent intraductal hyperplasia in the presence of insulin. The hyperplasia reached its maximum at about 2 weeks of culture and exhibited several morphologic variations. By ultrastructural criteria, it was shown that the proliferating cell was derived from the epithelial rather than the myoepithelial component of the ductal lining cells. Testosterone, added at the beginning of the experiment, partially inhibited the hyperplastic process.", "contents": "Hyperplasia of rat mammary gland in vitro. Rat mammary gland explants placed in organ culture underwent intraductal hyperplasia in the presence of insulin. The hyperplasia reached its maximum at about 2 weeks of culture and exhibited several morphologic variations. By ultrastructural criteria, it was shown that the proliferating cell was derived from the epithelial rather than the myoepithelial component of the ductal lining cells. Testosterone, added at the beginning of the experiment, partially inhibited the hyperplastic process.", "PMID": 1113304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3819", "title": "Some aspects of host response to levamisole after chemotherapy in a murine leukemia.", "content": "Levamisole (LMS), when used with an effective remission-inducing drug in leukemic mice, resulted in a high percentage of long-term survivors. Histologic examination of spleens from treated leukemic mice showed that LMS caused an earlier return of lymphoid cells in the splenic lymphoid follicles and lymphoid elements in the red pulp.", "contents": "Some aspects of host response to levamisole after chemotherapy in a murine leukemia. Levamisole (LMS), when used with an effective remission-inducing drug in leukemic mice, resulted in a high percentage of long-term survivors. Histologic examination of spleens from treated leukemic mice showed that LMS caused an earlier return of lymphoid cells in the splenic lymphoid follicles and lymphoid elements in the red pulp.", "PMID": 1113305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3820", "title": "Alkaline phosphatase activity in hyperplastic and neoplastic urinary bladder epithelium of mice fed 2-acetylaminofluorene.", "content": "Studies were made on the urinary bladder of 66 BALB/c mice of both sexes; 21 were fed a normal diet and 45, a diet containing 100-500 parts per million (ppm) of 2-acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF). Bladder epithelial hyperplasia was noted in 22 of 24 mice given 2-AAF for 7 months and in 20 of 21 given 2-AAF for 19 months. Transitional cell carcinomas were in 12 of 21 mice given 2-AAF for 19 months and in all except the 9 females given the low dose (100 ppm). Special stains revealed marked alkaline phosphatase activity in the bladder epithelium of untreated controls and slightly to moderately reduced activity in the hyperplastic epithelium, particularly the lower layers, of mice given 2-AAF for 7 months. Activity was markedly reduced and confined largely to the upper layers in mice treated for 19 months. The transitional cell carcinomas showed no activity except focally in a few tumor masses in 11 of 12 mice with tumors. Alkaline phosphatase activity was usually slightly to moderately increased in the sub-epithelial stroma after 7 months' treatment with 2-AAF and markedly increased after 19 months. Loss of alkaline phosphatase activity in the bladder epithelium may be a preneoplastic change.", "contents": "Alkaline phosphatase activity in hyperplastic and neoplastic urinary bladder epithelium of mice fed 2-acetylaminofluorene. Studies were made on the urinary bladder of 66 BALB/c mice of both sexes; 21 were fed a normal diet and 45, a diet containing 100-500 parts per million (ppm) of 2-acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF). Bladder epithelial hyperplasia was noted in 22 of 24 mice given 2-AAF for 7 months and in 20 of 21 given 2-AAF for 19 months. Transitional cell carcinomas were in 12 of 21 mice given 2-AAF for 19 months and in all except the 9 females given the low dose (100 ppm). Special stains revealed marked alkaline phosphatase activity in the bladder epithelium of untreated controls and slightly to moderately reduced activity in the hyperplastic epithelium, particularly the lower layers, of mice given 2-AAF for 7 months. Activity was markedly reduced and confined largely to the upper layers in mice treated for 19 months. The transitional cell carcinomas showed no activity except focally in a few tumor masses in 11 of 12 mice with tumors. Alkaline phosphatase activity was usually slightly to moderately increased in the sub-epithelial stroma after 7 months' treatment with 2-AAF and markedly increased after 19 months. Loss of alkaline phosphatase activity in the bladder epithelium may be a preneoplastic change.", "PMID": 1113306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3821", "title": "Inhibition of migration of murine spleen cells by Rauscher leukemia virus-infected syngeneic cells.", "content": "The in vitro migration of spleen cells from BALB/c mice infected with Rauscher leukemia virus (RLV) was markedly inhibited 10 days after RLV inoculation. Mixtures of infected and uninfected spleen cells used in the ratio of 1:4 in an effector-cell/indicator-cell system showed that viable RLV-infected spleen cells could inhibit the migration of uninfected spleen cells in a manner indistinguishable from that mediated by sensitized spleen cell reacting to specific antigen.", "contents": "Inhibition of migration of murine spleen cells by Rauscher leukemia virus-infected syngeneic cells. The in vitro migration of spleen cells from BALB/c mice infected with Rauscher leukemia virus (RLV) was markedly inhibited 10 days after RLV inoculation. Mixtures of infected and uninfected spleen cells used in the ratio of 1:4 in an effector-cell/indicator-cell system showed that viable RLV-infected spleen cells could inhibit the migration of uninfected spleen cells in a manner indistinguishable from that mediated by sensitized spleen cell reacting to specific antigen.", "PMID": 1113307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3822", "title": "Transplantation of adenocarcinomas of the colon in mice.", "content": "1, 2-Dimethylhydrazine treatment induced multiple colon tumors in 100% of NMRI mice. Many of these tumors were transplanted and yielded five serially transplantable tumor lines. These subcutaneously transplanted neoplasms were all adenocarcinomas varying in degree of differentiation and mucin production. No evidence of dedifferentiation or change in growth rate has been seen in up to six transplant generations. These tumor lines appeared to provide relatively stable, well-differentiated models for colorectal cancer.", "contents": "Transplantation of adenocarcinomas of the colon in mice. 1, 2-Dimethylhydrazine treatment induced multiple colon tumors in 100% of NMRI mice. Many of these tumors were transplanted and yielded five serially transplantable tumor lines. These subcutaneously transplanted neoplasms were all adenocarcinomas varying in degree of differentiation and mucin production. No evidence of dedifferentiation or change in growth rate has been seen in up to six transplant generations. These tumor lines appeared to provide relatively stable, well-differentiated models for colorectal cancer.", "PMID": 1113308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3823", "title": "Chromatin proteins from human lymphocytes: a gel electrophoretic comparison between normal, mitogen-stimulated, cell-line, and chronic lymphocytic leukemia lymphocytes.", "content": "Cell-line lymphocytes contained considerably more nonhistone chromatin protein than normal lymphocytes. The overall electrophoretic pattern of the nonhistone chromatin proteins from nonreplicating cell types with predominantly condensed chromatin (normal lymphocytes and chronic lymphocytic leukemia lymphocytes) was similar, as it was between replicating cell types with predominantly decondensed chromatin (mitogen-stimulated normal lymphocytes and cell-line lymphocytes), although all four cell types differed qualitatively. A \"heavy\" chromatin fraction from cell-line lymphocytes could be distinguished from a \"light\" fraction and had a pattern similar to that from cells of the condensed chromatin type. Normal lymphocytes contained two acid-soluble chromatin polypeptieds not found in cell-line lymphocytes.", "contents": "Chromatin proteins from human lymphocytes: a gel electrophoretic comparison between normal, mitogen-stimulated, cell-line, and chronic lymphocytic leukemia lymphocytes. Cell-line lymphocytes contained considerably more nonhistone chromatin protein than normal lymphocytes. The overall electrophoretic pattern of the nonhistone chromatin proteins from nonreplicating cell types with predominantly condensed chromatin (normal lymphocytes and chronic lymphocytic leukemia lymphocytes) was similar, as it was between replicating cell types with predominantly decondensed chromatin (mitogen-stimulated normal lymphocytes and cell-line lymphocytes), although all four cell types differed qualitatively. A \"heavy\" chromatin fraction from cell-line lymphocytes could be distinguished from a \"light\" fraction and had a pattern similar to that from cells of the condensed chromatin type. Normal lymphocytes contained two acid-soluble chromatin polypeptieds not found in cell-line lymphocytes.", "PMID": 1113311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3824", "title": "Alterations in glycosyltransferase activity in human colon cancer.", "content": "Glycosyltransferase enzymes were measured in homogenates of normal and neoplastic colon epithelium. The levels for exogenous galactosyltransferase and fucosyltransferase and endogenous N-acetylglucosaminyl-transferase were higher in the normal tissue. The levels for exogenous and endogenous sialyltransferase and endogenous galactosyltransferase and fucosyltransferase were comparable in the homogenates of normal and cancer cells. Incorporation of fucose and galactose into purified carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), used as an exogenous acceptor by colon glycosyltransferases, was demonstrated by immunoprecipitation with rabbit antiserum to human CEA. The normal fucosyltransferase and galactosyltransferase showed higher activity with CEA than did the tumor enzymes.", "contents": "Alterations in glycosyltransferase activity in human colon cancer. Glycosyltransferase enzymes were measured in homogenates of normal and neoplastic colon epithelium. The levels for exogenous galactosyltransferase and fucosyltransferase and endogenous N-acetylglucosaminyl-transferase were higher in the normal tissue. The levels for exogenous and endogenous sialyltransferase and endogenous galactosyltransferase and fucosyltransferase were comparable in the homogenates of normal and cancer cells. Incorporation of fucose and galactose into purified carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), used as an exogenous acceptor by colon glycosyltransferases, was demonstrated by immunoprecipitation with rabbit antiserum to human CEA. The normal fucosyltransferase and galactosyltransferase showed higher activity with CEA than did the tumor enzymes.", "PMID": 1113312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3825", "title": "A new apparatus for BCG scarification.", "content": "A procedure for administering BCG by scarification that allows for speed of application and standardization of technique was discribed.", "contents": "A new apparatus for BCG scarification. A procedure for administering BCG by scarification that allows for speed of application and standardization of technique was discribed.", "PMID": 1113313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3826", "title": "Agglutination of 2,4-dinitrophenyl-tagged normal human leukocytes by concanavalin A: possible relationship to their ability to evoke production of leukemia-associated antibodies.", "content": "Normal peripheral blood leukocytes were tagged with 2, 4-dinitrofluorobenzene at a ratio of 10-11 molecules/cell. One-tenth ml of various concentrations of concanavalin A (Con A) was added to 0.2 ml of either tagged or untagged cells (5 times 10-6/ml) and incubated for 20 minutes at ambient temperature, after which agglutination was scored visually. A readily discernible quantitative difference in the agglutinability of 2, 4-dinitrophenyl (DNP)-tagged versus untagged cells was seen at all concentrations of Con A in the range of 12.5 800 mug/ml. The reaction was maximal at 24 degrees C, somewhat diminished at 37 degrees C, and minimal at 4 degrees C. The agglutination of DNP-tagged leukocytes by 50 mug Con A/ml was completely blocked with 0.1 M methyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside (alpha-MG), but as low a concentration as 0.001 M alpha-MG inhibited agglutination of untagged cells. The ability of Con A to agglutinate DNP-tagged normal leukocutes may be attributed to a lowering of the zeta potential, a topographic rearrangement of receptor sites, or the formation of new antigenic determinants similar to those found on malignant cells. The last alternative would be consistent with the observation that DNP-tagged normal leukocytes could evoke the production of antibodies that reacted with leukemic granulocytes.", "contents": "Agglutination of 2,4-dinitrophenyl-tagged normal human leukocytes by concanavalin A: possible relationship to their ability to evoke production of leukemia-associated antibodies. Normal peripheral blood leukocytes were tagged with 2, 4-dinitrofluorobenzene at a ratio of 10-11 molecules/cell. One-tenth ml of various concentrations of concanavalin A (Con A) was added to 0.2 ml of either tagged or untagged cells (5 times 10-6/ml) and incubated for 20 minutes at ambient temperature, after which agglutination was scored visually. A readily discernible quantitative difference in the agglutinability of 2, 4-dinitrophenyl (DNP)-tagged versus untagged cells was seen at all concentrations of Con A in the range of 12.5 800 mug/ml. The reaction was maximal at 24 degrees C, somewhat diminished at 37 degrees C, and minimal at 4 degrees C. The agglutination of DNP-tagged leukocytes by 50 mug Con A/ml was completely blocked with 0.1 M methyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside (alpha-MG), but as low a concentration as 0.001 M alpha-MG inhibited agglutination of untagged cells. The ability of Con A to agglutinate DNP-tagged normal leukocutes may be attributed to a lowering of the zeta potential, a topographic rearrangement of receptor sites, or the formation of new antigenic determinants similar to those found on malignant cells. The last alternative would be consistent with the observation that DNP-tagged normal leukocytes could evoke the production of antibodies that reacted with leukemic granulocytes.", "PMID": 1113315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3827", "title": "Lung cancer mortality in World War I veterans with mustard-gas injury: 1919-1965.", "content": "A study of the mortality experience of three samples of World War I veterans totaling 7,151 U.S. white males was extended from 1956 through 1965 to learn whether a single exposure to mustard gas with respiratory injury was associated with increased risk of lung cancer in later life. Rosters of men born between 1889 and 1893 [2,718 exposed to mustard gas, 1,855 hospitalized with pneumonia in 1918, and 2,578 with wounds of the extremities (controls)] were traced via the Veterans Administration's death records. The 4,136 deaths reported were 95% of that expected. The conclusions of the original study were not altered by the additional 10 years of follow-up. Observed deaths from lung cancer numbered 69, or 2.5% for the mustard-gas group as compared to 33, or 1.8%, for the pneumonia group and 50, or 1.9%, for the controls. The risk of death from lung cancer among men gassed relative to that for the controls was estimated as 1.3, with 95% confidence limits of 0.9-1.9. These figures failed to make a strong case for a carcinogenic effect, apparently because a suffcient dose of mustard gas was not received,", "contents": "Lung cancer mortality in World War I veterans with mustard-gas injury: 1919-1965. A study of the mortality experience of three samples of World War I veterans totaling 7,151 U.S. white males was extended from 1956 through 1965 to learn whether a single exposure to mustard gas with respiratory injury was associated with increased risk of lung cancer in later life. Rosters of men born between 1889 and 1893 [2,718 exposed to mustard gas, 1,855 hospitalized with pneumonia in 1918, and 2,578 with wounds of the extremities (controls)] were traced via the Veterans Administration's death records. The 4,136 deaths reported were 95% of that expected. The conclusions of the original study were not altered by the additional 10 years of follow-up. Observed deaths from lung cancer numbered 69, or 2.5% for the mustard-gas group as compared to 33, or 1.8%, for the pneumonia group and 50, or 1.9%, for the controls. The risk of death from lung cancer among men gassed relative to that for the controls was estimated as 1.3, with 95% confidence limits of 0.9-1.9. These figures failed to make a strong case for a carcinogenic effect, apparently because a suffcient dose of mustard gas was not received,", "PMID": 1113317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3828", "title": "Diagnosis and prognosis in colon cancer based on a profile in immune reactivity.", "content": "An immunologic profile consisting of measurements of circulating carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), tumor antigen-induced inhibition of monomuclear cell migration (IMM) and skin reactivity to purified protein derivative, streptokinase-streptodornase, and mumps was assessed as a diagnostic and prognostic tool in 16 patients with colon cancer. Preoperatively, 10 of 14 patients tested had elevated CEA, 12 of 12 showed tumor antigen-induced IMM, and 10 of 11 failed to react to 2 or more recall antigens. Potential surgical cure (7 patients) was accompanied by normal CEA in 4, absent tumor antigen-induced IMM in all 7, and increased skin-test reactivity in 6. Disseminated cancer (9 patients) was associated with elevated CEA in all 9, with absent IMM in all 7 and with suppressed skin-test reactivity in 6 of 9.", "contents": "Diagnosis and prognosis in colon cancer based on a profile in immune reactivity. An immunologic profile consisting of measurements of circulating carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), tumor antigen-induced inhibition of monomuclear cell migration (IMM) and skin reactivity to purified protein derivative, streptokinase-streptodornase, and mumps was assessed as a diagnostic and prognostic tool in 16 patients with colon cancer. Preoperatively, 10 of 14 patients tested had elevated CEA, 12 of 12 showed tumor antigen-induced IMM, and 10 of 11 failed to react to 2 or more recall antigens. Potential surgical cure (7 patients) was accompanied by normal CEA in 4, absent tumor antigen-induced IMM in all 7, and increased skin-test reactivity in 6. Disseminated cancer (9 patients) was associated with elevated CEA in all 9, with absent IMM in all 7 and with suppressed skin-test reactivity in 6 of 9.", "PMID": 1113318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3829", "title": "Multiple primary neoplasms in blacks compared to whites. IV. Further cancers in patients with cancer of the digestive organs.", "content": "Second primary cancers found among whites and blacks with initial cancer of the digestive organs were reported based on data from the Charity Hospital Tumor Registry. Observed second primary cancers were compared to expected numbers to obtain a direct estimate of risk. Both white and black men had about a twofold risk of developing a second cancer. For white men, the excess was limited to a subsequent skin cancer, but this finding was probably an artifact of reporting and lacked biologic significance. Among women, both white and black, large excesses of invasive cancer of the cervix and ovary were found after an initial cancer of the large intestine and anorectum was discovered. No excess of breast cancer was found.", "contents": "Multiple primary neoplasms in blacks compared to whites. IV. Further cancers in patients with cancer of the digestive organs. Second primary cancers found among whites and blacks with initial cancer of the digestive organs were reported based on data from the Charity Hospital Tumor Registry. Observed second primary cancers were compared to expected numbers to obtain a direct estimate of risk. Both white and black men had about a twofold risk of developing a second cancer. For white men, the excess was limited to a subsequent skin cancer, but this finding was probably an artifact of reporting and lacked biologic significance. Among women, both white and black, large excesses of invasive cancer of the cervix and ovary were found after an initial cancer of the large intestine and anorectum was discovered. No excess of breast cancer was found.", "PMID": 1113319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3830", "title": "Human antisera detecting leukemia-associated antigens on autochthonous tumor cells.", "content": "Leukemia patients in remission were immunized with RAJI lymphoid tissue culture cell lines. Four of 7 patients developed antibody to the immunizing cell as well as to allogeneic leukemia cells. Sera from 3 patients were tested against autochthonous tumor cells either frozen or obtained at the time of disease relapse. Patient's sera were cytotoxic to their own leukemia cells; however, this cytotoxicity was lost at the time of relapse.", "contents": "Human antisera detecting leukemia-associated antigens on autochthonous tumor cells. Leukemia patients in remission were immunized with RAJI lymphoid tissue culture cell lines. Four of 7 patients developed antibody to the immunizing cell as well as to allogeneic leukemia cells. Sera from 3 patients were tested against autochthonous tumor cells either frozen or obtained at the time of disease relapse. Patient's sera were cytotoxic to their own leukemia cells; however, this cytotoxicity was lost at the time of relapse.", "PMID": 1113320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3831", "title": "Regression of feline sarcoma virus-induced sarcomas in dogs. I. Morphologic investigations.", "content": "In a study of morphologic changes in the development and regression of feline sarcoma virus (FeSV)-induced tumors in dogs, 27 weaned and newborn beagle and mongrel puppies were inoculated with FeSV in doses from 1.0 to 3.0 gEq; 2 beagle and 2 mongrel puppies were used as uninoculated contact controls. All animals were examined daily, and crude tumor volume was calculated from length, width, and depth measurements of the neoplasms. Biopsies were done at various stages of tumor development and regression. When tumors were no longer palpable, all puppies were necropsied. Two of 8 (25%) weaned beagle puppies, 10 of 12 (83%) newborn beagles, and 1 of 7 (14%) newborn mongrels developed tumors, all histologically confirmed fibrosarcomas. No metastatic tumor foci were detected. The tumor life-span was divided into approximately equal periods of growth and regression. The initial regression period was characterized by focal necrosis and accompanying neutrophil infiltration. The later stages of regression were characterized by lymphocytic or mixed mononuclear infiltrates. Thus the regression histopathology was not uniform and suggested that different immunologic mediation systems effect regression. Nonneoplastic morphologic changes consisted largely of lymphoid depletion and necrosis in lymph nodes and thymus after inoculation.", "contents": "Regression of feline sarcoma virus-induced sarcomas in dogs. I. Morphologic investigations. In a study of morphologic changes in the development and regression of feline sarcoma virus (FeSV)-induced tumors in dogs, 27 weaned and newborn beagle and mongrel puppies were inoculated with FeSV in doses from 1.0 to 3.0 gEq; 2 beagle and 2 mongrel puppies were used as uninoculated contact controls. All animals were examined daily, and crude tumor volume was calculated from length, width, and depth measurements of the neoplasms. Biopsies were done at various stages of tumor development and regression. When tumors were no longer palpable, all puppies were necropsied. Two of 8 (25%) weaned beagle puppies, 10 of 12 (83%) newborn beagles, and 1 of 7 (14%) newborn mongrels developed tumors, all histologically confirmed fibrosarcomas. No metastatic tumor foci were detected. The tumor life-span was divided into approximately equal periods of growth and regression. The initial regression period was characterized by focal necrosis and accompanying neutrophil infiltration. The later stages of regression were characterized by lymphocytic or mixed mononuclear infiltrates. Thus the regression histopathology was not uniform and suggested that different immunologic mediation systems effect regression. Nonneoplastic morphologic changes consisted largely of lymphoid depletion and necrosis in lymph nodes and thymus after inoculation.", "PMID": 1113321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3832", "title": "Host responses with solid tumors. I. Monocytic effector cells within rat sarcomas.", "content": "Morphologic studies of two unrelated progressively growing sarcomas in rats revealed the presence of a large proportion of host cells distinct from tumor cells. Enzymatically or mechanically dispersed tumor suspensions were fractionated by the velocity sedimentation method, which resulted in a separation of host and tumor cells. The host cells had the typical morphology of macrophages and also were adherent to a plastic surface after a short incubation period. The proportion of host cells was greater in a young (10 or 12 days) than in an older tumor (35 days). These macrophage-like host cells isolated from sarcomas 12 and 35 days after implantation inhibited the colony formation of tumor cells in vitro in the nonspecific manner ascribed to activated marcrophages. In addition to these effector cells, the host fraction contained macrophage precursors able to proliferate in vitro but apparently inhibited by the presence of tumor cells. The results indicated that these macrophage-like effector cells may be the predominant host reaction within some rat sarcomas, and also that thymus- and bone marrow-derived lymphocytes act only indirectly if they are involved.", "contents": "Host responses with solid tumors. I. Monocytic effector cells within rat sarcomas. Morphologic studies of two unrelated progressively growing sarcomas in rats revealed the presence of a large proportion of host cells distinct from tumor cells. Enzymatically or mechanically dispersed tumor suspensions were fractionated by the velocity sedimentation method, which resulted in a separation of host and tumor cells. The host cells had the typical morphology of macrophages and also were adherent to a plastic surface after a short incubation period. The proportion of host cells was greater in a young (10 or 12 days) than in an older tumor (35 days). These macrophage-like host cells isolated from sarcomas 12 and 35 days after implantation inhibited the colony formation of tumor cells in vitro in the nonspecific manner ascribed to activated marcrophages. In addition to these effector cells, the host fraction contained macrophage precursors able to proliferate in vitro but apparently inhibited by the presence of tumor cells. The results indicated that these macrophage-like effector cells may be the predominant host reaction within some rat sarcomas, and also that thymus- and bone marrow-derived lymphocytes act only indirectly if they are involved.", "PMID": 1113322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3833", "title": "N-nitrosomethylurea as mammary gland carcinogen in rats.", "content": "N-nitrosomethylurea (NMU) given intravenously to rats at age 50 days induced mammary carcinomas in 89% of BUF/N, 73% of Sprague-Dawley, and 89% of F344 females. Latent periods were, respectively, 77, 86, and 94 days. Mortality was negligible. Biologic properties of NMU-induced tumors were tested in the BUF/N inbred strain. Before treatment, it reduced the number of tumors per rat but not the incidence; and after the tumor was established, castration arrested tumor growth or caused a temporary regression of the tumor. Metastases to bone marrow and spleen were constant, but they were rare to the liver and lungs. After the primary tumor was removed, metastases continued to grow but at a slower rate than the growth of the primary tumor. Almost all tumors were transplantable intraperitoneally and/or subcutaneously in the inguinal area of intact as well as ovariectomized and adrenalectomized rats. Transplanted tumors were able to metastasize as were primary tumors. Doubling times of NMU-induced primary and transplanted carcinomas were similar to 7 days. Cachexia ensued at the 5th week from the onset of the first tumor. When the tumor was larger than 15 g, hypercalcemia was usually observed. The treatment described appears to be the simplest method for inducing in rats a most nearly complete model for human mammary carcinomas.", "contents": "N-nitrosomethylurea as mammary gland carcinogen in rats. N-nitrosomethylurea (NMU) given intravenously to rats at age 50 days induced mammary carcinomas in 89% of BUF/N, 73% of Sprague-Dawley, and 89% of F344 females. Latent periods were, respectively, 77, 86, and 94 days. Mortality was negligible. Biologic properties of NMU-induced tumors were tested in the BUF/N inbred strain. Before treatment, it reduced the number of tumors per rat but not the incidence; and after the tumor was established, castration arrested tumor growth or caused a temporary regression of the tumor. Metastases to bone marrow and spleen were constant, but they were rare to the liver and lungs. After the primary tumor was removed, metastases continued to grow but at a slower rate than the growth of the primary tumor. Almost all tumors were transplantable intraperitoneally and/or subcutaneously in the inguinal area of intact as well as ovariectomized and adrenalectomized rats. Transplanted tumors were able to metastasize as were primary tumors. Doubling times of NMU-induced primary and transplanted carcinomas were similar to 7 days. Cachexia ensued at the 5th week from the onset of the first tumor. When the tumor was larger than 15 g, hypercalcemia was usually observed. The treatment described appears to be the simplest method for inducing in rats a most nearly complete model for human mammary carcinomas.", "PMID": 1113323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3834", "title": "Cytotoxic reactions of murine lymphoid cells studied with a tritiated proline microcytotoxicity test.", "content": "A lymphocyte cytotoxicity (CTX) test with 3-H-proline-prelabeled target cells was used to detect the immune response of murine lymphoid cells to H-2 and tumor antigens. The specificity of the reaction was determined by simultaneous tests on unrelated target cells and, for reactions directed against H-2 antigens, by blocking experiments with alloantiserum directed against the H-2 antigens of the target cells. After a single intraperitoneal (ip) injection of allogeneic spleen cells, CTX of unfractionated peritoneal cellswas strong, with a sharp peak on day 5. Repeated ip immunization markedly increased the CTX of unfractionated peritoneal cells. The reaction was strongest when the test was done at 37 degrees C. Sometimes CTX should be detected after as little as 6 hours' incubation. CTX depended primarily on the absolute number of effector or target cells per area rather than on the ratio of effector to target cells. Both nonadherent and adherent peritoneal cells destroyed target cells specifically. The CTX of nonadherent peritoneal cells was increased by 2-mercaptoethanol. The CTX reaction depended on effector cells bearing Tyl-1. Destruction of \"innocent bystander\" target cells was seen with one of four combinations of unfractionated and nonadherent peritoneal cells from hyperimmune animals.", "contents": "Cytotoxic reactions of murine lymphoid cells studied with a tritiated proline microcytotoxicity test. A lymphocyte cytotoxicity (CTX) test with 3-H-proline-prelabeled target cells was used to detect the immune response of murine lymphoid cells to H-2 and tumor antigens. The specificity of the reaction was determined by simultaneous tests on unrelated target cells and, for reactions directed against H-2 antigens, by blocking experiments with alloantiserum directed against the H-2 antigens of the target cells. After a single intraperitoneal (ip) injection of allogeneic spleen cells, CTX of unfractionated peritoneal cellswas strong, with a sharp peak on day 5. Repeated ip immunization markedly increased the CTX of unfractionated peritoneal cells. The reaction was strongest when the test was done at 37 degrees C. Sometimes CTX should be detected after as little as 6 hours' incubation. CTX depended primarily on the absolute number of effector or target cells per area rather than on the ratio of effector to target cells. Both nonadherent and adherent peritoneal cells destroyed target cells specifically. The CTX of nonadherent peritoneal cells was increased by 2-mercaptoethanol. The CTX reaction depended on effector cells bearing Tyl-1. Destruction of \"innocent bystander\" target cells was seen with one of four combinations of unfractionated and nonadherent peritoneal cells from hyperimmune animals.", "PMID": 1113324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3835", "title": "Hyperplastic and neoplastic lesions of the kidney in Buffalo rats of varying ages ingesting N-4-(4'-flurobiphenyl)acetamide.", "content": "Inbred Buffalo male and female rats 4, 12, 24, and 52 weeks of age ingested 0.04% N-4(4'-fluorobiphenyl)acetamide in a semisynthetic diet for 36 weeks. Animals were killed 12 weeks later. Male rats 24 weeks old were more susceptible to the development of carcinomas of the kidney than were female rats of the same age or younger or older animals of both sexes. Rats with renal cell carcinomas either did not have hepatic carcinomas or had small ones.", "contents": "Hyperplastic and neoplastic lesions of the kidney in Buffalo rats of varying ages ingesting N-4-(4'-flurobiphenyl)acetamide. Inbred Buffalo male and female rats 4, 12, 24, and 52 weeks of age ingested 0.04% N-4(4'-fluorobiphenyl)acetamide in a semisynthetic diet for 36 weeks. Animals were killed 12 weeks later. Male rats 24 weeks old were more susceptible to the development of carcinomas of the kidney than were female rats of the same age or younger or older animals of both sexes. Rats with renal cell carcinomas either did not have hepatic carcinomas or had small ones.", "PMID": 1113325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3836", "title": "Effect of dietary beef fat on intestinal tumor formation by azoxymethane in rats.", "content": "Two groups of 20 male Sprague-Dawley rats each were given azoxymethane subcutaneously (8 mg/kg body wt) and fed a normal diet or one high in beef fat. Control groups were not given azoxymethane. The rats on the fat diet consumed less food and gained significantly more weight than the animals on the normal diet. Those given high fat and azoxymethane developed more intestinal tumors than did the dietary controls receiving the carcinogen. Furthermore, they had a greater number of larger tumors and more metastases than did the animals fed normally. No intestinal tumors were observed in control groups not receiving azoxymethane. The results show that the diet high in beef fat enhances the carcinogenic effect of azoxymethane in the rat.", "contents": "Effect of dietary beef fat on intestinal tumor formation by azoxymethane in rats. Two groups of 20 male Sprague-Dawley rats each were given azoxymethane subcutaneously (8 mg/kg body wt) and fed a normal diet or one high in beef fat. Control groups were not given azoxymethane. The rats on the fat diet consumed less food and gained significantly more weight than the animals on the normal diet. Those given high fat and azoxymethane developed more intestinal tumors than did the dietary controls receiving the carcinogen. Furthermore, they had a greater number of larger tumors and more metastases than did the animals fed normally. No intestinal tumors were observed in control groups not receiving azoxymethane. The results show that the diet high in beef fat enhances the carcinogenic effect of azoxymethane in the rat.", "PMID": 1113326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3837", "title": "Carcinogen chemistry. I. Reactions of protonated dialkylnitrosamines leading to alkylating and aminoalkylating agents of potential metabolic significance.", "content": "Three distinct modes of protolytic dialkylnitrosamine fragmentation were observed when we followed the time dependence of the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of seven nitrosamines in superacid solution: 1) In equimolar HSO3F: SbF5 (\"magic acid\"), dimethylnitrosamine was cleaved to the protonated Schiff base of formaldehyde and methylamine, and diethylnitrosamine was similarly converted to the protonated acetaldehydeethylamine Schiff base.2) By contrast, of the five dipropyl-and dibutylnitrosamines were studied, all cleaved nonoxidatively under these conditions (with loss of nitrogen gas) to the corresponding propyl or butyl cations. The carbocations thus produced underwent condensation and fragmentation to form the tert-butyl cation as the principal product ultimately observable by NMR. 3) Thethird fragmentation mechanism, which involved denitrosation to the dialkylammonium ion, was observed only as a minor pathway in the sulfuric or fluorosulfuric acid protolysis of dimethylnitrosamine. The mechanisms that are postulated for these cleavage reactions, if functioning in vivo, could account for several metabolic observations that have proved difficult to reconcile with previous conceptions of nitrosamine metabolism.", "contents": "Carcinogen chemistry. I. Reactions of protonated dialkylnitrosamines leading to alkylating and aminoalkylating agents of potential metabolic significance. Three distinct modes of protolytic dialkylnitrosamine fragmentation were observed when we followed the time dependence of the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of seven nitrosamines in superacid solution: 1) In equimolar HSO3F: SbF5 (\"magic acid\"), dimethylnitrosamine was cleaved to the protonated Schiff base of formaldehyde and methylamine, and diethylnitrosamine was similarly converted to the protonated acetaldehydeethylamine Schiff base.2) By contrast, of the five dipropyl-and dibutylnitrosamines were studied, all cleaved nonoxidatively under these conditions (with loss of nitrogen gas) to the corresponding propyl or butyl cations. The carbocations thus produced underwent condensation and fragmentation to form the tert-butyl cation as the principal product ultimately observable by NMR. 3) Thethird fragmentation mechanism, which involved denitrosation to the dialkylammonium ion, was observed only as a minor pathway in the sulfuric or fluorosulfuric acid protolysis of dimethylnitrosamine. The mechanisms that are postulated for these cleavage reactions, if functioning in vivo, could account for several metabolic observations that have proved difficult to reconcile with previous conceptions of nitrosamine metabolism.", "PMID": 1113327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3838", "title": "Correlation between the carcinogenicities of nitrofuran derivatives and their destructive actions on sebaceous glands of mouse skin.", "content": "The effects of six nitrofuran derivatives (including a formerly used food preservative) on mouse skin sebaceous glands were investigated. A close correlation was found between the carcinogenicities and destructive activities of nitrofuran derivatives on the sebaceous glands. 5-Nitro-2-furaldehyde semicarbazone and 4-methyl-1-[(5-nitrofurfurylidene)amino]-2-imidazolidinone, which are carcinogenic, caused marked destruction of the glands at a dose of 1-5 mg/mouse. 2-(5-Nitro-2-furfurylidene)-aminoethanol almost completely destroyed the glands at a dose of 5 mg/mouse; its carcinogenicity has not yet been investigated. 1-[(5-Nitrofurfurylidene)amino]-carcinogenic, did not affect the glands, even at a dose of 5 mg/mouse. 2-(2-Furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)acrylamide, which is a potent mutagen but not carcinogenic, had no effect on the glands at a dose of 5 mg/mouse. Under similar conditions, the potent carcinogen 7,12-dimethylbenz(alpha)athracene almost completely destroyed the sebaceous glands at a dose of 0.05 mg/mouse, but dimethyl sulfoxide (used as solvent for the test compounds) had no effect.", "contents": "Correlation between the carcinogenicities of nitrofuran derivatives and their destructive actions on sebaceous glands of mouse skin. The effects of six nitrofuran derivatives (including a formerly used food preservative) on mouse skin sebaceous glands were investigated. A close correlation was found between the carcinogenicities and destructive activities of nitrofuran derivatives on the sebaceous glands. 5-Nitro-2-furaldehyde semicarbazone and 4-methyl-1-[(5-nitrofurfurylidene)amino]-2-imidazolidinone, which are carcinogenic, caused marked destruction of the glands at a dose of 1-5 mg/mouse. 2-(5-Nitro-2-furfurylidene)-aminoethanol almost completely destroyed the glands at a dose of 5 mg/mouse; its carcinogenicity has not yet been investigated. 1-[(5-Nitrofurfurylidene)amino]-carcinogenic, did not affect the glands, even at a dose of 5 mg/mouse. 2-(2-Furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)acrylamide, which is a potent mutagen but not carcinogenic, had no effect on the glands at a dose of 5 mg/mouse. Under similar conditions, the potent carcinogen 7,12-dimethylbenz(alpha)athracene almost completely destroyed the sebaceous glands at a dose of 0.05 mg/mouse, but dimethyl sulfoxide (used as solvent for the test compounds) had no effect.", "PMID": 1113328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3839", "title": "Tumor initiation by N-acyloxy derivatives of piperidine and N-arylacetamides.", "content": "Four N-Acetoxy-N-arylacetamides previously found to be local sarcomagens in the rat have been found to be initiators of tumorigenesis in mouse skin. The order of activity was: N-acetoxy-2-acetamidophenanthrene greater than N-acetoxy-4-acetamino-stilbene similar to N-acetoxy-2-acetamido-fluorene greater than N-acetoxy-4-acetamidobiphenyl. Two substituted N-benzoyloxypiperidines previously shown to yield nitrenium ions on solvolysis in methanol also had initiating activity in mouse skin.", "contents": "Tumor initiation by N-acyloxy derivatives of piperidine and N-arylacetamides. Four N-Acetoxy-N-arylacetamides previously found to be local sarcomagens in the rat have been found to be initiators of tumorigenesis in mouse skin. The order of activity was: N-acetoxy-2-acetamidophenanthrene greater than N-acetoxy-4-acetamino-stilbene similar to N-acetoxy-2-acetamido-fluorene greater than N-acetoxy-4-acetamidobiphenyl. Two substituted N-benzoyloxypiperidines previously shown to yield nitrenium ions on solvolysis in methanol also had initiating activity in mouse skin.", "PMID": 1113329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3840", "title": "Tumor response in strain A mice exposed to silylating compounds used for gas-liquid chromatography.", "content": "Six reagents used to silylate, alkylate, or acylate compounds for ease of identification on gas chromatographic columns significantly increased the frequency of lung tumors in A/He mice.", "contents": "Tumor response in strain A mice exposed to silylating compounds used for gas-liquid chromatography. Six reagents used to silylate, alkylate, or acylate compounds for ease of identification on gas chromatographic columns significantly increased the frequency of lung tumors in A/He mice.", "PMID": 1113330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3841", "title": "Failure to detect chromosome damage in vivo in Friend virus-infected leukemic mice.", "content": "The cytogenetic activity of Friend virus (FV) was tested in vivo on spleen and bone marrow cells of FV-infected leukemic C3H/HeJ and STS mice. No specific chromosome rearrangements were detected in the infected animals. Some chromosome abnormalities were recorded in both normal and diseased animals; however, aberrations did not significantly increase in the leukemic groups.", "contents": "Failure to detect chromosome damage in vivo in Friend virus-infected leukemic mice. The cytogenetic activity of Friend virus (FV) was tested in vivo on spleen and bone marrow cells of FV-infected leukemic C3H/HeJ and STS mice. No specific chromosome rearrangements were detected in the infected animals. Some chromosome abnormalities were recorded in both normal and diseased animals; however, aberrations did not significantly increase in the leukemic groups.", "PMID": 1113331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3842", "title": "Matrical inclusions induced by clofibrate in hepatic microbodies of rats fed 2-acetylaminofluorene.", "content": "Abnormal inclusions in microbodies were induced by clofibrate in hepatocytes of hyperplastic liver nodules in rats fed 2-acetylaminofluorene. These were matrical tubules and plates, each with the same ultrastructural features as those reported previously by other investigators. A hyperplastic state of hepatocytes induced by hepatocarcinogens might be related to the formation of these inclusions in response to clofibrate.", "contents": "Matrical inclusions induced by clofibrate in hepatic microbodies of rats fed 2-acetylaminofluorene. Abnormal inclusions in microbodies were induced by clofibrate in hepatocytes of hyperplastic liver nodules in rats fed 2-acetylaminofluorene. These were matrical tubules and plates, each with the same ultrastructural features as those reported previously by other investigators. A hyperplastic state of hepatocytes induced by hepatocarcinogens might be related to the formation of these inclusions in response to clofibrate.", "PMID": 1113332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3843", "title": "\"Pseudocardiogenic\" pulmonary edema.", "content": "Fifteen postoperative surgical patients, in whom noncardiac pulmonary edema developed were studied. A presumptive diagnosis of left ventricle failure would have been based on historical evidence of heart disease (80%), electrocardiographic changes of ischemia or arrythmia (87%), or cardiogenic shock (20%). (see article) Fig. 6. PAEDP-PCW gradient. Note that arterial oxygen tension had an inverse relationship to this pressure differential. Roentgenographic findings included pulmonary edema (73%), pulmonary vascular congestion (60%), cardiomegaly or congestive heart failure (40%). Mean increase in A-aDO2 was 290 torr. Further cardiovascular investigation seemed to exclude left ventricular failure. Mean cardiac index was 4.1 plus or minus 1.3 L/min/m2; pulmonary capillary wedge pressure 4 plus or minus 2.7 torr, and stroke work was 87 plus or minus 8.7 gm-meters. Possible etiologic agents included elevated pulmonary artery pressure (67%), allergic reactions (27%), peritonitis or multiple system trauma (54%), or multiple transfusions (33%). Forty-seven per cent of the entire group survived. Therapy was directed toward the underlying noncardiogenic suspected etiology. Direct cardiovascular measurements were necessary to correct the erroneous though seemingly well founded suspected diagnosis of left ventricular failure in these patients.", "contents": "\"Pseudocardiogenic\" pulmonary edema. Fifteen postoperative surgical patients, in whom noncardiac pulmonary edema developed were studied. A presumptive diagnosis of left ventricle failure would have been based on historical evidence of heart disease (80%), electrocardiographic changes of ischemia or arrythmia (87%), or cardiogenic shock (20%). (see article) Fig. 6. PAEDP-PCW gradient. Note that arterial oxygen tension had an inverse relationship to this pressure differential. Roentgenographic findings included pulmonary edema (73%), pulmonary vascular congestion (60%), cardiomegaly or congestive heart failure (40%). Mean increase in A-aDO2 was 290 torr. Further cardiovascular investigation seemed to exclude left ventricular failure. Mean cardiac index was 4.1 plus or minus 1.3 L/min/m2; pulmonary capillary wedge pressure 4 plus or minus 2.7 torr, and stroke work was 87 plus or minus 8.7 gm-meters. Possible etiologic agents included elevated pulmonary artery pressure (67%), allergic reactions (27%), peritonitis or multiple system trauma (54%), or multiple transfusions (33%). Forty-seven per cent of the entire group survived. Therapy was directed toward the underlying noncardiogenic suspected etiology. Direct cardiovascular measurements were necessary to correct the erroneous though seemingly well founded suspected diagnosis of left ventricular failure in these patients.", "PMID": 1113352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3844", "title": "Physiologic response to impact.", "content": "The football field, an ideal setting for research in trauma by radiotelemetry, has allowed collection of data on man's response to impact. The physiologic response adds a new dimension to the measurement of impact tolerance. The present study has demonstrated the protective response of the athlete and explains how he is able to dissipate forty times more kinetic energy than his helmet is capable of absorbing.", "contents": "Physiologic response to impact. The football field, an ideal setting for research in trauma by radiotelemetry, has allowed collection of data on man's response to impact. The physiologic response adds a new dimension to the measurement of impact tolerance. The present study has demonstrated the protective response of the athlete and explains how he is able to dissipate forty times more kinetic energy than his helmet is capable of absorbing.", "PMID": 1113353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3845", "title": "A fracture board to facilitate the management of supracondylar humeral fractures in children.", "content": "A simple fracture board and its construction is described to facilitate the radiological and nursing management of children with supracondylar fractures of the humerus which are managed with lateral skeletal traction.", "contents": "A fracture board to facilitate the management of supracondylar humeral fractures in children. A simple fracture board and its construction is described to facilitate the radiological and nursing management of children with supracondylar fractures of the humerus which are managed with lateral skeletal traction.", "PMID": 1113354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3846", "title": "Multiple spine fractures in ankylosing spondylitis.", "content": "1. Concomitant cervical and thoracic spine fractures are reported in a patient with advanced ankylosing spondylitis (second reported case). 2. The thoracic T9-10 interspace fracture-dislocation was grossly unstable, as well as the C7-T1 fracture-dislocation. 3. The higher incidence of cord injury following spinal fracture-dislocations in these patients is discussed. 4. The dangers of inadequate postinjury immobilization in those patients fortunate enough to be neurologically intact following spinal fracture are stressed.", "contents": "Multiple spine fractures in ankylosing spondylitis. 1. Concomitant cervical and thoracic spine fractures are reported in a patient with advanced ankylosing spondylitis (second reported case). 2. The thoracic T9-10 interspace fracture-dislocation was grossly unstable, as well as the C7-T1 fracture-dislocation. 3. The higher incidence of cord injury following spinal fracture-dislocations in these patients is discussed. 4. The dangers of inadequate postinjury immobilization in those patients fortunate enough to be neurologically intact following spinal fracture are stressed.", "PMID": 1113357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3847", "title": "Widened interpedicular distance secondary to trauma.", "content": "A case of increased interpedicular distance in a patient involved in an auto accident is presented. With a fracture of the vertebral body, this radiologic sign indicates an associated fracture through the posterior elements. The importance of this diagnosis is emphasized, in order to prevent serious neurologic sequelae.", "contents": "Widened interpedicular distance secondary to trauma. A case of increased interpedicular distance in a patient involved in an auto accident is presented. With a fracture of the vertebral body, this radiologic sign indicates an associated fracture through the posterior elements. The importance of this diagnosis is emphasized, in order to prevent serious neurologic sequelae.", "PMID": 1113358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3848", "title": "Injury patterns in motorcycle collisions.", "content": "This report describes the incidence, nature, and severity of trauma for injuried and medically treated motorcyclists in Sacramento County, California in 1970. Using official police reports, hospital admission, and emergency-room medical records, 1,273 persons with a confirmed medically treated motorcycle injury were identified. Since less than 39% of all injured motorcyclists were identified in this study by use of official police reports only, statistics which rely solely on these reports greatly underestimate the frequency of motorcycle collision injuries in the community. The annual injury incidence was 2.0 per 1,000 population, with peak incidence injury rate for male drivers 18 years of age. Slightly more than 4% of all registered motorcycles were involved in an injury-producing collision in a single year. Almost 45% of injured motorcyclists suffered a serious injury, with injuries to the musculoskeletal system in the form of fractures being the most common. The average length of hospital stay was 12 days, and three-fourths of those injured indicated one or more days of disability. Physicians should be alert to the fact that persons injured in motorcycle collisions commonly sustain multiple fractures and other serious injuries.", "contents": "Injury patterns in motorcycle collisions. This report describes the incidence, nature, and severity of trauma for injuried and medically treated motorcyclists in Sacramento County, California in 1970. Using official police reports, hospital admission, and emergency-room medical records, 1,273 persons with a confirmed medically treated motorcycle injury were identified. Since less than 39% of all injured motorcyclists were identified in this study by use of official police reports only, statistics which rely solely on these reports greatly underestimate the frequency of motorcycle collision injuries in the community. The annual injury incidence was 2.0 per 1,000 population, with peak incidence injury rate for male drivers 18 years of age. Slightly more than 4% of all registered motorcycles were involved in an injury-producing collision in a single year. Almost 45% of injured motorcyclists suffered a serious injury, with injuries to the musculoskeletal system in the form of fractures being the most common. The average length of hospital stay was 12 days, and three-fourths of those injured indicated one or more days of disability. Physicians should be alert to the fact that persons injured in motorcycle collisions commonly sustain multiple fractures and other serious injuries.", "PMID": 1113363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3849", "title": "Genetic analysis of adenovirus type 2. I. Isolation and genetic characterization of temperature-sensitive mutants.", "content": "Temperature-sensitive mutants which replicate normally at 33 C but poorly at 39 C were isolated from nitrosoguanidine- or nitrous acid-mutagenized adenovirus 2 by (i) testing the cytopathic effect or inclusion body-forming capacity of random plaque isolates, or (ii) reduced plaque enlargement upon shifting from 33 to 39 C. Thirty-six mutants were isolated with 33 C/39 C plaque ratios varying from 20 to 10-5. Some of these mutants could be arranged into 13 groups by the complementation test. By means of recombination analysis a provisional linear genetic map was constructed.", "contents": "Genetic analysis of adenovirus type 2. I. Isolation and genetic characterization of temperature-sensitive mutants. Temperature-sensitive mutants which replicate normally at 33 C but poorly at 39 C were isolated from nitrosoguanidine- or nitrous acid-mutagenized adenovirus 2 by (i) testing the cytopathic effect or inclusion body-forming capacity of random plaque isolates, or (ii) reduced plaque enlargement upon shifting from 33 to 39 C. Thirty-six mutants were isolated with 33 C/39 C plaque ratios varying from 20 to 10-5. Some of these mutants could be arranged into 13 groups by the complementation test. By means of recombination analysis a provisional linear genetic map was constructed.", "PMID": 1113369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3850", "title": "Sequence relationships between adenovirus 2 early RNA and viral RNA size classes synthesized at 18 hours after infection.", "content": "Synthesis of cytoplasmic viral RNA was studied during infection of cultured human (KB) cells with adenovirus 2. At 6 h, before viral DNA synthesis began 5% of the poly(A)-containing RNA hybridized to viral DNA; by 12 h and at later times more than 80% was virus specified. At 18 h after infection, four major size classes of cytoplasmic viral RNA were identified among the poly(A)-containing molecules. These size classes migrated as 27S, 24S, 19S, and 12 to 15S in polyacrylamide gels. The three larger size classes could also be identified in denaturing formamide gels. Hybridization of the 27S, 24S, and 19S viral RNAs was not inhibited by RNA harvested from cells at early times in infection. Therefore, these three major RNAs must code for late viral proteins. Hybridization of the 12 to 15S RNA was partially inhibited by RNA from cultures harvested at early times, suggesting that in this size class some of the RNA labeled at 18 h codes for early viral proteins.", "contents": "Sequence relationships between adenovirus 2 early RNA and viral RNA size classes synthesized at 18 hours after infection. Synthesis of cytoplasmic viral RNA was studied during infection of cultured human (KB) cells with adenovirus 2. At 6 h, before viral DNA synthesis began 5% of the poly(A)-containing RNA hybridized to viral DNA; by 12 h and at later times more than 80% was virus specified. At 18 h after infection, four major size classes of cytoplasmic viral RNA were identified among the poly(A)-containing molecules. These size classes migrated as 27S, 24S, 19S, and 12 to 15S in polyacrylamide gels. The three larger size classes could also be identified in denaturing formamide gels. Hybridization of the 27S, 24S, and 19S viral RNAs was not inhibited by RNA harvested from cells at early times in infection. Therefore, these three major RNAs must code for late viral proteins. Hybridization of the 12 to 15S RNA was partially inhibited by RNA from cultures harvested at early times, suggesting that in this size class some of the RNA labeled at 18 h codes for early viral proteins.", "PMID": 1113370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3851", "title": "Comparative biophysical studies of hepatitis B antigen, subtypes adw and ayw.", "content": "Comparative biophysical and biochemical analyses were performed on purified preparations of hepatitis B antigen (HBs Ag) subtypes adw and ayw, including isoelectric pH evaluations, analysis of the different morphological forms, molecular weight determinations, and analysis of the polypeptides by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, Both HBs Ag-positive plasma and purified HBs Ag were analyzed by electrofocusing in a sucrose ampholyte gradient. Four distinct populations of HBs Ag with a pH range of 4.5 plus or minus 0.1 to 5.4 plus or minus 0.1 for unfractionated plasma samples and 3.9 plus or minus 0.05 to 4.9 plus or minus 0.05 for purified samples were detected in both adw and ayw preparations. Electron microscopic studies of each population of purified HBs Ag revealed 19- to 27-nm spheres in each fraction. Purified material labeled with 125I by the chloramine-T method behaved as one major population with an isoelectric pH value of 3.9 plus or minus 0.1. Purified adw preparations revealed a major population with a molecular weight of 3.7 times 10-6 and a second one of 4.6 times 10-6. Purified preparations of ayw contained one population with a molecular weight of 4.6 times 10-6. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic analysis of purified HBs Ag revealed nine polypeptides for ayw and seven for adw particles. These studies indicate that purified preparations of HBs Ag are heterogeneous and that distinct differences can be detected between the two subtypes.", "contents": "Comparative biophysical studies of hepatitis B antigen, subtypes adw and ayw. Comparative biophysical and biochemical analyses were performed on purified preparations of hepatitis B antigen (HBs Ag) subtypes adw and ayw, including isoelectric pH evaluations, analysis of the different morphological forms, molecular weight determinations, and analysis of the polypeptides by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, Both HBs Ag-positive plasma and purified HBs Ag were analyzed by electrofocusing in a sucrose ampholyte gradient. Four distinct populations of HBs Ag with a pH range of 4.5 plus or minus 0.1 to 5.4 plus or minus 0.1 for unfractionated plasma samples and 3.9 plus or minus 0.05 to 4.9 plus or minus 0.05 for purified samples were detected in both adw and ayw preparations. Electron microscopic studies of each population of purified HBs Ag revealed 19- to 27-nm spheres in each fraction. Purified material labeled with 125I by the chloramine-T method behaved as one major population with an isoelectric pH value of 3.9 plus or minus 0.1. Purified adw preparations revealed a major population with a molecular weight of 3.7 times 10-6 and a second one of 4.6 times 10-6. Purified preparations of ayw contained one population with a molecular weight of 4.6 times 10-6. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic analysis of purified HBs Ag revealed nine polypeptides for ayw and seven for adw particles. These studies indicate that purified preparations of HBs Ag are heterogeneous and that distinct differences can be detected between the two subtypes.", "PMID": 1113371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3852", "title": "Characterization of type 5 adenovirus fiber protein.", "content": "Type 5 adenovirus fiber protein was purified and subjected to chemical characterization. Equilibrium sedimentation ultracentrifugation analysis indicated that the intact fiber has a molecular weight of approximately 183,000. Denaturation and chemical analyses implied that the fiber consists of three polypeptide chains, each of about 61,000 mol wt. Mapping of tryptic peptides and electrophoretic separation of the constituent chains suggested that the intact fiber consists of two identical and one unique polypeptide chains.", "contents": "Characterization of type 5 adenovirus fiber protein. Type 5 adenovirus fiber protein was purified and subjected to chemical characterization. Equilibrium sedimentation ultracentrifugation analysis indicated that the intact fiber has a molecular weight of approximately 183,000. Denaturation and chemical analyses implied that the fiber consists of three polypeptide chains, each of about 61,000 mol wt. Mapping of tryptic peptides and electrophoretic separation of the constituent chains suggested that the intact fiber consists of two identical and one unique polypeptide chains.", "PMID": 1113372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3853", "title": "The 3'-terminal nucleotide sequences of adenovirus types 2 and 5 DNA.", "content": "Short nucleotide sequences at the 3'-termini of adenovirus types 2 and 5 DNA have been determined using T4 DNA polymerase as described by P. T. Englund (1972). The terminal sequences of both serotypes appear to be completely identical. Both molecular ends of type 2 as well as of type 5 DNA terminate with the sequence ...pCpC...pGpApTpG3', consistent with the presence of an inverted terminal repetition in adenovirus DNA.", "contents": "The 3'-terminal nucleotide sequences of adenovirus types 2 and 5 DNA. Short nucleotide sequences at the 3'-termini of adenovirus types 2 and 5 DNA have been determined using T4 DNA polymerase as described by P. T. Englund (1972). The terminal sequences of both serotypes appear to be completely identical. Both molecular ends of type 2 as well as of type 5 DNA terminate with the sequence ...pCpC...pGpApTpG3', consistent with the presence of an inverted terminal repetition in adenovirus DNA.", "PMID": 1113373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3854", "title": "T4 DNA polymerase (gene 43) is required in vivo for repair of gaps in recombinants.", "content": "Experiments with a mutant of T4, tsL97, temperature sensitive for gene 43, showed that T4 DNA polymerase was necessary in vivo to repair gaps in recombinant molecules. CsCl density gradient experiments showed that molecular recombinants were not repaired when the T4tsL97-infected cells were shifted to 42 C after replication and recombination had taken place. Repair was almost complete when the same procedure was followed with the wild-type T4, or when the T4tsL97-infected cells were incubated at the permissive temperature, 36 C. Long-single-strand production was also affected similarly by the T4tsL97 mutation. All the results were consistent with the theory that gaps exist in many recombinant molecules at the recombinant joint, that T4 DNA polymerase is the enzyme that repairs these gaps in vivo, and that covalent repair of the recombinants leads to extensive long-single-strand production.", "contents": "T4 DNA polymerase (gene 43) is required in vivo for repair of gaps in recombinants. Experiments with a mutant of T4, tsL97, temperature sensitive for gene 43, showed that T4 DNA polymerase was necessary in vivo to repair gaps in recombinant molecules. CsCl density gradient experiments showed that molecular recombinants were not repaired when the T4tsL97-infected cells were shifted to 42 C after replication and recombination had taken place. Repair was almost complete when the same procedure was followed with the wild-type T4, or when the T4tsL97-infected cells were incubated at the permissive temperature, 36 C. Long-single-strand production was also affected similarly by the T4tsL97 mutation. All the results were consistent with the theory that gaps exist in many recombinant molecules at the recombinant joint, that T4 DNA polymerase is the enzyme that repairs these gaps in vivo, and that covalent repair of the recombinants leads to extensive long-single-strand production.", "PMID": 1113374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3855", "title": "Host-phage interaction on Agrobacterium tumefaciens. IV. Phage-directed protein synthesis.", "content": "Gel electrophoretic and autoradiographic techniques were used to detect the temporal sequence of protein synthesis after infection of the sensitive strain Agrobacterium tumefaciens with phage LV-1. Three classes of protein were detected: early proteins, class I, which include a protein capable of shutting off host protein synthesis; class II, proteins which are detected after 30 min; and late proteins, class III, which include the phage-directed endolysin and five additional proteins that appear 45 min after infection.", "contents": "Host-phage interaction on Agrobacterium tumefaciens. IV. Phage-directed protein synthesis. Gel electrophoretic and autoradiographic techniques were used to detect the temporal sequence of protein synthesis after infection of the sensitive strain Agrobacterium tumefaciens with phage LV-1. Three classes of protein were detected: early proteins, class I, which include a protein capable of shutting off host protein synthesis; class II, proteins which are detected after 30 min; and late proteins, class III, which include the phage-directed endolysin and five additional proteins that appear 45 min after infection.", "PMID": 1113375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3856", "title": "Method for determination of nucleotide sequence homology between viral genomes by DNA reassociation kinetics.", "content": "A model and appropriate equations were derived for the quantitative estimation of nucleotide sequence homology between two partially related viral genomes by measurement of the initial rate of reassociation of one labeled DNA in the presence of a second unlabeled DNA. The validity and usefulness of this procedure were demonstrated by the analysis of the reassociation kinetics of labeled adenovirus 7 DNA in the presence of unlabeled adenovirus 2 DNA. Based on DNA reassociation, the extent of homology between adenovirus 2 and 7 genomes was found to be 10 to 12%. The duplex formed between adenovirus 2 and 7 DNA had the appropriate thermal stability for a well-matched DNA-DNA hybrid.", "contents": "Method for determination of nucleotide sequence homology between viral genomes by DNA reassociation kinetics. A model and appropriate equations were derived for the quantitative estimation of nucleotide sequence homology between two partially related viral genomes by measurement of the initial rate of reassociation of one labeled DNA in the presence of a second unlabeled DNA. The validity and usefulness of this procedure were demonstrated by the analysis of the reassociation kinetics of labeled adenovirus 7 DNA in the presence of unlabeled adenovirus 2 DNA. Based on DNA reassociation, the extent of homology between adenovirus 2 and 7 genomes was found to be 10 to 12%. The duplex formed between adenovirus 2 and 7 DNA had the appropriate thermal stability for a well-matched DNA-DNA hybrid.", "PMID": 1113376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3857", "title": "Template activity of complexes formed between bacteriophage f2 RNA and coat protein.", "content": "Formation of complexes between f2 RNA polymerase cistron was partially inhibited, some RNA and coat protein was studied using salt conditions which are optimum for phage protein synthesis. In this ionic environment, coat protein precipitation can be prevented by sulfhydryl group-protecting agents. Complexes formed at different protein-RNA input molar ratios were isolated and tested for template activity in an in vitro protein synthesizing system. Simultaneously, the number of protein molecules bound per RNA strand in such complexes was measured by the membrane (Millipore) filtration technique. Under conditions in which translation of the RNA strands were complexed with six molecules of coat protein, whereas some remained unbound. Strong inhibition of the translation of the RNA polymerase cistron was observed when each of the RNA strands present in the mixture was associated with six molecules of coat protein.", "contents": "Template activity of complexes formed between bacteriophage f2 RNA and coat protein. Formation of complexes between f2 RNA polymerase cistron was partially inhibited, some RNA and coat protein was studied using salt conditions which are optimum for phage protein synthesis. In this ionic environment, coat protein precipitation can be prevented by sulfhydryl group-protecting agents. Complexes formed at different protein-RNA input molar ratios were isolated and tested for template activity in an in vitro protein synthesizing system. Simultaneously, the number of protein molecules bound per RNA strand in such complexes was measured by the membrane (Millipore) filtration technique. Under conditions in which translation of the RNA strands were complexed with six molecules of coat protein, whereas some remained unbound. Strong inhibition of the translation of the RNA polymerase cistron was observed when each of the RNA strands present in the mixture was associated with six molecules of coat protein.", "PMID": 1113377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3858", "title": "Agglutination of Japanese encephalitis virus with concanavalin A.", "content": "Results of experiments have indicated that reduction in biological activities at high concentrations of Japanese encephalitis virus is caused by aggregates of the virus by concanavalin A. The possibility exists that the concanavalin A binding site is different from hemagglutination and antireceptor sites of Japanese encephalitis virus.", "contents": "Agglutination of Japanese encephalitis virus with concanavalin A. Results of experiments have indicated that reduction in biological activities at high concentrations of Japanese encephalitis virus is caused by aggregates of the virus by concanavalin A. The possibility exists that the concanavalin A binding site is different from hemagglutination and antireceptor sites of Japanese encephalitis virus.", "PMID": 1113378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3859", "title": "Complementation of human adenovirus type 5 ts mutants by human adenovirus type 12.", "content": "Temperature-sensitive mutants of type 5 adenovirus belonging to eight complementation groups were complemented in mixed infection by type 12 adenovirus, whereas mutants of 7 other groups were not enhanced. In some crosses, phenotypic mixing took place. No evidence of recombination between type 5 ts mutants and type 12 was found.", "contents": "Complementation of human adenovirus type 5 ts mutants by human adenovirus type 12. Temperature-sensitive mutants of type 5 adenovirus belonging to eight complementation groups were complemented in mixed infection by type 12 adenovirus, whereas mutants of 7 other groups were not enhanced. In some crosses, phenotypic mixing took place. No evidence of recombination between type 5 ts mutants and type 12 was found.", "PMID": 1113379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3860", "title": "Anaphylaxis manifested by hypotension alone.", "content": "Three instances of life-threating adverse reations to intravenous contrast media and penicillin have been presented. Hypotension was the major presenting sign, and was prolonged and relieved only by copious dluid therapy. In 1 case the onset of hypotension was delayed for an hour. Urologists should be aware of the variety and proper treatment of drug reactions.", "contents": "Anaphylaxis manifested by hypotension alone. Three instances of life-threating adverse reations to intravenous contrast media and penicillin have been presented. Hypotension was the major presenting sign, and was prolonged and relieved only by copious dluid therapy. In 1 case the onset of hypotension was delayed for an hour. Urologists should be aware of the variety and proper treatment of drug reactions.", "PMID": 1113380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3861", "title": "Succinylcholine-induced ventricular fibrillation in the paralyzed urology patient.", "content": "A myelotomy patient with succinylcholine-induced hyperkalemia and ventricular fibrillation was succesfully resusciated. The urologist and anesthetist can prevent this problem by using non-depolarizing muscle relaxants in patients with denervated skeletal muscle.", "contents": "Succinylcholine-induced ventricular fibrillation in the paralyzed urology patient. A myelotomy patient with succinylcholine-induced hyperkalemia and ventricular fibrillation was succesfully resusciated. The urologist and anesthetist can prevent this problem by using non-depolarizing muscle relaxants in patients with denervated skeletal muscle.", "PMID": 1113381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3862", "title": "Transitional cell carcinoma of renal pelvis in an infant.", "content": "A case of transitional cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis in a 4-month-old japanese boy is reported. This patient is the youngest one described in the literature with a tumor of this type. The differential points of Wilms tumor and other types of neonatal renal tumors are discussed.", "contents": "Transitional cell carcinoma of renal pelvis in an infant. A case of transitional cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis in a 4-month-old japanese boy is reported. This patient is the youngest one described in the literature with a tumor of this type. The differential points of Wilms tumor and other types of neonatal renal tumors are discussed.", "PMID": 1113382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3863", "title": "Management of ureteral obstruction after an antireflux operation: triangular flap ureteroplasty.", "content": "Pronounced ureteral obstruction following an antireflux operation is an uncommon but often difficult problem to manage. Based on a limited experience we have found that triangular flap ureteroplasty is a worthwhile means of repeat reimplantation of the obstructed ureter and perhaps provides a better alternative than transureteroureterostomy.", "contents": "Management of ureteral obstruction after an antireflux operation: triangular flap ureteroplasty. Pronounced ureteral obstruction following an antireflux operation is an uncommon but often difficult problem to manage. Based on a limited experience we have found that triangular flap ureteroplasty is a worthwhile means of repeat reimplantation of the obstructed ureter and perhaps provides a better alternative than transureteroureterostomy.", "PMID": 1113383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3864", "title": "Use of ileocystoplasty in the hypertonic neurogenic bladder.", "content": "An ileocystoplasty was used successfully in the management of incontinence secondary to a hypertonic neurogenic bladder. The indications for its use and possible benefits in patients with neurogenic bladder have been discussed.", "contents": "Use of ileocystoplasty in the hypertonic neurogenic bladder. An ileocystoplasty was used successfully in the management of incontinence secondary to a hypertonic neurogenic bladder. The indications for its use and possible benefits in patients with neurogenic bladder have been discussed.", "PMID": 1113384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3865", "title": "Treatment with phenoxybenzamine of upper urinary tract complications caused by intravesical obstruction.", "content": "Five children in whom reflux and progressive hydronephrosis persisted despite multiple surgical attempts or repair are described. In all cases cystomanometry displayed a marked elevation of the bladder outlet resistance combined with high intravesical pressure values. Therapy with phenoxybenzamine, an alpha-adrenergic blocker, was successful  in all cases, restoring a free urine passage of the upper urinary tract and unimpaired voiding preventing urinary diversion which has been considered in some of these children. Although there were no signs of bladder neuropathy, a hyperfunction of the sympathetic innervation as acause for bladder complications is discussed.", "contents": "Treatment with phenoxybenzamine of upper urinary tract complications caused by intravesical obstruction. Five children in whom reflux and progressive hydronephrosis persisted despite multiple surgical attempts or repair are described. In all cases cystomanometry displayed a marked elevation of the bladder outlet resistance combined with high intravesical pressure values. Therapy with phenoxybenzamine, an alpha-adrenergic blocker, was successful  in all cases, restoring a free urine passage of the upper urinary tract and unimpaired voiding preventing urinary diversion which has been considered in some of these children. Although there were no signs of bladder neuropathy, a hyperfunction of the sympathetic innervation as acause for bladder complications is discussed.", "PMID": 1113385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3866", "title": "Congenital urethral fistula with chordee.", "content": "The tenth reported case of congenital urethral fistula with chordee was repaired by  a 1-stage procedure. The ventral intact prepuce was used to form a tubular pedicle flap from which the distal portion of the new urethra was constructed. The proximal neourethra was fashioned from a tubular pedicle flap based at the proximal fistulous orifice. The prevailing hypothesis advanced for the etiology of hypospadias postulates a deficiency of testicular evocator substance prior to complete formation of the urethra. This theory inadequately explains the genesis of congenital urethral fistula as well as chordee without hypospadias. Congenital urethral fistula and congenital chordee without hypospadias are best explained by the theory of deficient urethral plate.", "contents": "Congenital urethral fistula with chordee. The tenth reported case of congenital urethral fistula with chordee was repaired by  a 1-stage procedure. The ventral intact prepuce was used to form a tubular pedicle flap from which the distal portion of the new urethra was constructed. The proximal neourethra was fashioned from a tubular pedicle flap based at the proximal fistulous orifice. The prevailing hypothesis advanced for the etiology of hypospadias postulates a deficiency of testicular evocator substance prior to complete formation of the urethra. This theory inadequately explains the genesis of congenital urethral fistula as well as chordee without hypospadias. Congenital urethral fistula and congenital chordee without hypospadias are best explained by the theory of deficient urethral plate.", "PMID": 1113386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3867", "title": "The insignificance of an elevated acid phosphatase in children.", "content": "Acid phosphatase values in normal children were incorrectly assumed to be within the same range of adult levels. The enzyme was found to be elevated in 25 boys less than 14 years old and did not return to adult levels until after puberty. It is emphasized that extensive genitourinary investigation and prostatic biopsy are not indicated on the basis of elevated enzyme levels in the prepuberal age group.", "contents": "The insignificance of an elevated acid phosphatase in children. Acid phosphatase values in normal children were incorrectly assumed to be within the same range of adult levels. The enzyme was found to be elevated in 25 boys less than 14 years old and did not return to adult levels until after puberty. It is emphasized that extensive genitourinary investigation and prostatic biopsy are not indicated on the basis of elevated enzyme levels in the prepuberal age group.", "PMID": 1113387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3868", "title": "Enterobius vermicularis infestation and secondary enuresis.", "content": "We recently saw 5 young girls with the sudden onset of frequency and enuresis secondary to enterobius vermicularis. All children had sterile urine and 4 had been unjustly considered neurotic. Anthelmintic therapy resulted in an immediate cure in all 5 cases. More frequent diagnosis and treatment of this common ailment would do a great service to affected girls and their families.", "contents": "Enterobius vermicularis infestation and secondary enuresis. We recently saw 5 young girls with the sudden onset of frequency and enuresis secondary to enterobius vermicularis. All children had sterile urine and 4 had been unjustly considered neurotic. Anthelmintic therapy resulted in an immediate cure in all 5 cases. More frequent diagnosis and treatment of this common ailment would do a great service to affected girls and their families.", "PMID": 1113388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3869", "title": "Chemotherapy of advanced renal cell carcinoma with vinblastine and CCNU.", "content": "Forty-four patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma (stage IV) were divided into 3 groups. The 23 patients in group 1 received CCNU alone,the 6 patients in group 2 received CCNU and vinblastine and the 15 patients in group 3 received methyl CCNU and vinblastine. The over-all response, subjective and objective, was 30% in group 1, 60% in group 2 and 54% in group 3. These results are compared to other existing modalities of treatment and appear to be superior.", "contents": "Chemotherapy of advanced renal cell carcinoma with vinblastine and CCNU. Forty-four patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma (stage IV) were divided into 3 groups. The 23 patients in group 1 received CCNU alone,the 6 patients in group 2 received CCNU and vinblastine and the 15 patients in group 3 received methyl CCNU and vinblastine. The over-all response, subjective and objective, was 30% in group 1, 60% in group 2 and 54% in group 3. These results are compared to other existing modalities of treatment and appear to be superior.", "PMID": 1113389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3870", "title": "Ureteroarterial fistula.", "content": "Among the many complications of total pelvic exenteration is a fistulous communication between the iliac artery and ureter. We reported 1 such case complicated by near exsanguination and shock. Repair of the fistula was accomplished by closure of the iliac rent and cutaneous ureterostomy.", "contents": "Ureteroarterial fistula. Among the many complications of total pelvic exenteration is a fistulous communication between the iliac artery and ureter. We reported 1 such case complicated by near exsanguination and shock. Repair of the fistula was accomplished by closure of the iliac rent and cutaneous ureterostomy.", "PMID": 1113390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3871", "title": "Urodynamic assessment of ureteral obstruction in retroperitoneal fibrosis,.", "content": "A means of assessing the degree of obstruction of the ureter involved in retroperitoneal fibrosis by perfusion studies is described and the results in 3 patients are discussed. This type of urodynamic assessment is recommended when the extent of lysis of the ureter is in question.", "contents": "Urodynamic assessment of ureteral obstruction in retroperitoneal fibrosis,. A means of assessing the degree of obstruction of the ureter involved in retroperitoneal fibrosis by perfusion studies is described and the results in 3 patients are discussed. This type of urodynamic assessment is recommended when the extent of lysis of the ureter is in question.", "PMID": 1113391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3872", "title": "External sphincterotomy in traumatic and non-traumatic neurogenic bladder dysfunction.", "content": "Experience with external sphincterotomy in 40 patients with traumatic and non-traumatic neurogenic bladder is reviewed. The procedure is a safe, reliable technique designed to establish a balanced neurogenic bladder in patients with detrusorsphincter dyssynergia. Spincterotomy should be performed in most patients before consideration of supravesical diversion.", "contents": "External sphincterotomy in traumatic and non-traumatic neurogenic bladder dysfunction. Experience with external sphincterotomy in 40 patients with traumatic and non-traumatic neurogenic bladder is reviewed. The procedure is a safe, reliable technique designed to establish a balanced neurogenic bladder in patients with detrusorsphincter dyssynergia. Spincterotomy should be performed in most patients before consideration of supravesical diversion.", "PMID": 1113392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3873", "title": "Nephrogenic adenoma of the bladder.", "content": "Nephrongenic adenoma is a rare, apparently benign lesion of the bladder, occuring predominantly in young male subjects. Although it may occur spontaneously several cases have developed after trauma to the bladder. Histologically the lesion consists of tubules lined by a single layer of cuboidal or columnar epithelium resembling renal tissue and should be regarded as an unusual form of metaplasia of the bladder urothelium. Treatment by parenteral administration of broad-spectrum antibotics and diathermy excision has produced satisfactory results. Long-term followup is recommended.", "contents": "Nephrogenic adenoma of the bladder. Nephrongenic adenoma is a rare, apparently benign lesion of the bladder, occuring predominantly in young male subjects. Although it may occur spontaneously several cases have developed after trauma to the bladder. Histologically the lesion consists of tubules lined by a single layer of cuboidal or columnar epithelium resembling renal tissue and should be regarded as an unusual form of metaplasia of the bladder urothelium. Treatment by parenteral administration of broad-spectrum antibotics and diathermy excision has produced satisfactory results. Long-term followup is recommended.", "PMID": 1113393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3874", "title": "Paraganglioma of the bladder: report of a case.", "content": "A patient with a most unusual neoplasm of the bladder, a paraganglioma, is presented herein. A combination of episodes of hypertension during or immediately after micturition associated with hematuria is almost pathognomonic of this condition. The patient presented with hematuria only. Less than 7 per cent of all reported cases have a malignant course. The proper treatment appears to be partial cystectomy with wide margins of the affected area, being prepared for wide fluctuations in blood pressure in those patients who have elevated catecholamine levels preoperatively.", "contents": "Paraganglioma of the bladder: report of a case. A patient with a most unusual neoplasm of the bladder, a paraganglioma, is presented herein. A combination of episodes of hypertension during or immediately after micturition associated with hematuria is almost pathognomonic of this condition. The patient presented with hematuria only. Less than 7 per cent of all reported cases have a malignant course. The proper treatment appears to be partial cystectomy with wide margins of the affected area, being prepared for wide fluctuations in blood pressure in those patients who have elevated catecholamine levels preoperatively.", "PMID": 1113394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3875", "title": "Urethral adenocarcinoma (possibly originating in the glands of Littre).", "content": "Adenocarcinoma involving the bulbomenbranous urethra is a rare disease. This disease is describe in a 30-year-old man and the surgical management is detailed. The adenocarcinoma described seems to have arisen from the periurethral glands of littre. Despite the radical nature of the tumor excision, it was possible to spare the distal penis in order to achieve a more normal appearance of the external genitalia.", "contents": "Urethral adenocarcinoma (possibly originating in the glands of Littre). Adenocarcinoma involving the bulbomenbranous urethra is a rare disease. This disease is describe in a 30-year-old man and the surgical management is detailed. The adenocarcinoma described seems to have arisen from the periurethral glands of littre. Despite the radical nature of the tumor excision, it was possible to spare the distal penis in order to achieve a more normal appearance of the external genitalia.", "PMID": 1113396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3876", "title": "Testicular scanning: a new modality for the preoperative diagnosis of testicular torsion.", "content": "A simple, safe and rapid scanning procedure using 99-m technetium is described for the diagnosis of torsion of testicles. The procedure is especially useful in the adult with an enlarged scrotum of recent origin in whom the surgeon cannot clinically differentiate torsion of the testicle from epididmitis. It is not suggested that this procedure replace immediate scrotal exploration in the acutely illpatient.", "contents": "Testicular scanning: a new modality for the preoperative diagnosis of testicular torsion. A simple, safe and rapid scanning procedure using 99-m technetium is described for the diagnosis of torsion of testicles. The procedure is especially useful in the adult with an enlarged scrotum of recent origin in whom the surgeon cannot clinically differentiate torsion of the testicle from epididmitis. It is not suggested that this procedure replace immediate scrotal exploration in the acutely illpatient.", "PMID": 1113398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3877", "title": "Torsion of the testis diagnosed by ultrasound.", "content": "An ultrasonic method to diagnose acute testicular torsion is presented. With the doppler  principle the presence of absence of intratesticular arterial pulsation can be demonstrated. In 5 patients with acute testicular torsion and 10 patients with epididymitis a correct ultrasonic diagnosis was made. In long-standing torsions some arterial pulsation may be present.", "contents": "Torsion of the testis diagnosed by ultrasound. An ultrasonic method to diagnose acute testicular torsion is presented. With the doppler  principle the presence of absence of intratesticular arterial pulsation can be demonstrated. In 5 patients with acute testicular torsion and 10 patients with epididymitis a correct ultrasonic diagnosis was made. In long-standing torsions some arterial pulsation may be present.", "PMID": 1113400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3878", "title": "The nitrofurans as sperm immobilizing agents.", "content": "In certain critical concentrations nitrofurantoin sodium and nitrofurazone cause sperm immobilization. Intraoperative was irrigation with these solutions in 16 patients produced sterility in the immediate postoperative period. This procedure minimizes time-consuming postoperative sperm analyses. Moreover, in underdeveloped countries where postoperative followup is difficult to obtain, this procedure would provide an additional positive factor in an attempt to ensure sterility.", "contents": "The nitrofurans as sperm immobilizing agents. In certain critical concentrations nitrofurantoin sodium and nitrofurazone cause sperm immobilization. Intraoperative was irrigation with these solutions in 16 patients produced sterility in the immediate postoperative period. This procedure minimizes time-consuming postoperative sperm analyses. Moreover, in underdeveloped countries where postoperative followup is difficult to obtain, this procedure would provide an additional positive factor in an attempt to ensure sterility.", "PMID": 1113401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3879", "title": "A clinical study of vasectomy failure and recanalization.", "content": "An analysis was made of the 26 unsuccessful operations from the 2,197 vasectomies performed in a non-profit medical facility. Hhe operations were performed by 6 physicians and significant differences were found in the failure rates. In all instances the tissue removed proved to be vas deferens when examined histologically. Two factors seem to account for the differences of failure rates amoung the physicians; 1) the lenght of vas excised and 2) the character of thechnique. Phsicians with a high rate of success removed a significantly longer section of vas than physicians exhibiting higher failure rates. At least  15 mm. of vas should be excised to maximize the success of the procedure. Excised vas segments less than 15 mm. had up to a 25-fold greater incidence of failure. Although considered of secondary importance, good surgical technique subjectively  measured by the minimal amount of accessory tissue attached to the excised vasa was also considered to aid in reducing the number of vasectomy failures.", "contents": "A clinical study of vasectomy failure and recanalization. An analysis was made of the 26 unsuccessful operations from the 2,197 vasectomies performed in a non-profit medical facility. Hhe operations were performed by 6 physicians and significant differences were found in the failure rates. In all instances the tissue removed proved to be vas deferens when examined histologically. Two factors seem to account for the differences of failure rates amoung the physicians; 1) the lenght of vas excised and 2) the character of thechnique. Phsicians with a high rate of success removed a significantly longer section of vas than physicians exhibiting higher failure rates. At least  15 mm. of vas should be excised to maximize the success of the procedure. Excised vas segments less than 15 mm. had up to a 25-fold greater incidence of failure. Although considered of secondary importance, good surgical technique subjectively  measured by the minimal amount of accessory tissue attached to the excised vasa was also considered to aid in reducing the number of vasectomy failures.", "PMID": 1113402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3880", "title": "Bilateral renal aspergillosis.", "content": "The recent increased use of steriods, immunosuppressive agents and cytotoxic drugs has been associated with a rise in the incidence of significant fungal disease. The first case of bilateral renal aspergillosis without disseminated involvement is reported. A multitherapeutic approach, including surgical evacuation of masses of hyphae, parenteral antimycotic chemotherapy and topical instillations of amphotericin B, were necessary to clear the kidneys. Newer systemic agents such as 5-fluorocytosine and rifampicin were also used. Treatment of fungal infections of the urinary tract is discussed.", "contents": "Bilateral renal aspergillosis. The recent increased use of steriods, immunosuppressive agents and cytotoxic drugs has been associated with a rise in the incidence of significant fungal disease. The first case of bilateral renal aspergillosis without disseminated involvement is reported. A multitherapeutic approach, including surgical evacuation of masses of hyphae, parenteral antimycotic chemotherapy and topical instillations of amphotericin B, were necessary to clear the kidneys. Newer systemic agents such as 5-fluorocytosine and rifampicin were also used. Treatment of fungal infections of the urinary tract is discussed.", "PMID": 1113403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3881", "title": "Angiographic management of bleeding secondary to genitourinary tract surgery.", "content": "Angiographic methods were applied to control bleeding in 2 patients following genitourinary tract operations. In 1 patient hemorrhage into the prostatic bed after needle biopsy of the prostate was controlled with embolic occlusion of branches of the hypogastric arteries. In the second patient bleeding from the ileum following ileal loop cutaneous diversion was controlled with the infusion of vasopressin into the superior mesenteric artery. Therefore, angiography offers an attractive alternative to an operation in the management of postoperative hemmorrhage from the genitourinary tract.", "contents": "Angiographic management of bleeding secondary to genitourinary tract surgery. Angiographic methods were applied to control bleeding in 2 patients following genitourinary tract operations. In 1 patient hemorrhage into the prostatic bed after needle biopsy of the prostate was controlled with embolic occlusion of branches of the hypogastric arteries. In the second patient bleeding from the ileum following ileal loop cutaneous diversion was controlled with the infusion of vasopressin into the superior mesenteric artery. Therefore, angiography offers an attractive alternative to an operation in the management of postoperative hemmorrhage from the genitourinary tract.", "PMID": 1113404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3882", "title": "Renal pelvic tumors.", "content": "A study was made of 35 patients with tumors of the renal pelvis. Tumors were indipendently graded and staged by a newly proposed method. The method of staging correlated well with grading of renal pelvic tumors and bore a direct relationship with prognosis. The high incidence of associated urothelial tumors, especially on the involved side, mandated radical nephroureterectomy including a bladder cuff as the treatment of choice.", "contents": "Renal pelvic tumors. A study was made of 35 patients with tumors of the renal pelvis. Tumors were indipendently graded and staged by a newly proposed method. The method of staging correlated well with grading of renal pelvic tumors and bore a direct relationship with prognosis. The high incidence of associated urothelial tumors, especially on the involved side, mandated radical nephroureterectomy including a bladder cuff as the treatment of choice.", "PMID": 1113408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3883", "title": "The removal of renal carcinoma thrombus extending into the right atrium.", "content": "A relatively simple technique is described for removal of intra-atrial extension of renal cell carcinoma. A balloon catheter is inserted through an incision in the inferior vena cava and inflated in the atrium. Coupled with an elevation of venous pressure this procedure provides control beyond the tumor and a mechanism for withdrawal of the tumor to the abdominal venotomy for extraction. Radical nephrectomy and resection of directly invaded cava complete a definitive surgical procedure. The technique has proved satisfactory in 2 patients.", "contents": "The removal of renal carcinoma thrombus extending into the right atrium. A relatively simple technique is described for removal of intra-atrial extension of renal cell carcinoma. A balloon catheter is inserted through an incision in the inferior vena cava and inflated in the atrium. Coupled with an elevation of venous pressure this procedure provides control beyond the tumor and a mechanism for withdrawal of the tumor to the abdominal venotomy for extraction. Radical nephrectomy and resection of directly invaded cava complete a definitive surgical procedure. The technique has proved satisfactory in 2 patients.", "PMID": 1113409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3884", "title": "Retroperitoneal fibrosis with intrinsic ureteral involvement.", "content": "Two cases of idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis are discribed. In both cases intrinsic involvement of the ureteral muscularis was found, which is in contradistinction to the classical description of ureteral encasement or compression by the process without actual invasion. Surgical procedures, in addition to ureterolysis, may be required.", "contents": "Retroperitoneal fibrosis with intrinsic ureteral involvement. Two cases of idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis are discribed. In both cases intrinsic involvement of the ureteral muscularis was found, which is in contradistinction to the classical description of ureteral encasement or compression by the process without actual invasion. Surgical procedures, in addition to ureterolysis, may be required.", "PMID": 1113410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3885", "title": "Antireflux ureteroileal anastomoses in humans.", "content": "It is now apparent that the standard total cystectomy and Bricker procedure, by eliminating the ureterovesical junction with its reliable antireflux mechanism, markedly reduces the protection of the upper urinary tracts. In an attempt to restore this protective principle, the subserosal ileoureteral antireflux procedure was devised and subsequently performed in 6 patients with infiltrating bladder carcinoma. The operation is technically easy to perform, it is not time consuming and has consistently prevented ileoureteral relux without causing obstruction. There have been no serious complications, no episodes of pyelonephritis or urinary leakage and no evidence of renal functional deterioration as measured by serum creatinine and IVP. Although it is still to early to predict the eventual long-term results our experience with the first 6 patients with the antireflux ileoureteral anastomosis suggests that this modification of the original Bricker procedure offers superior protection to the upper urinary tracts.", "contents": "Antireflux ureteroileal anastomoses in humans. It is now apparent that the standard total cystectomy and Bricker procedure, by eliminating the ureterovesical junction with its reliable antireflux mechanism, markedly reduces the protection of the upper urinary tracts. In an attempt to restore this protective principle, the subserosal ileoureteral antireflux procedure was devised and subsequently performed in 6 patients with infiltrating bladder carcinoma. The operation is technically easy to perform, it is not time consuming and has consistently prevented ileoureteral relux without causing obstruction. There have been no serious complications, no episodes of pyelonephritis or urinary leakage and no evidence of renal functional deterioration as measured by serum creatinine and IVP. Although it is still to early to predict the eventual long-term results our experience with the first 6 patients with the antireflux ileoureteral anastomosis suggests that this modification of the original Bricker procedure offers superior protection to the upper urinary tracts.", "PMID": 1113411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3886", "title": "The effect of digitalis on the bladder in man.", "content": "The effects of intravenous digitalis on the bladder were investigated in 36 patients. Digitalis consistently decreased the bladder capacity and in some it increased the intravesical pressure. The significance of these findings and its clinical applications are discussed.", "contents": "The effect of digitalis on the bladder in man. The effects of intravenous digitalis on the bladder were investigated in 36 patients. Digitalis consistently decreased the bladder capacity and in some it increased the intravesical pressure. The significance of these findings and its clinical applications are discussed.", "PMID": 1113412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3887", "title": "Radical cystectomy for carcinoma of the bladder: 16 years of experience.", "content": "The records of 141 consecutive patients who underwent simple or radical cystectomy between 1955 and 1971 were reviewed. Symptoms, interval before diagnosis, and stage and grade of lesion were analyzed and correlated with survival rates. Although stage was the most critical determinant of survival, grade, presence or absence of dysuria and delay in diagnosis were also important. Preoperative radiotherapy caused downstaging in 41.2 per cent of patients, with complete disappearance of tumor in some. Postoperative complications from cystectomy and from various forms of urinary diversion were correlated with the type of diversion, type of ureteral anastomosis, radiotherapy and stents. Improved operative techniques, method of fluid balance, and preoperative and postoperative care have led to a progressively decreased operative mortality in patients with carcinoma of the bladder.", "contents": "Radical cystectomy for carcinoma of the bladder: 16 years of experience. The records of 141 consecutive patients who underwent simple or radical cystectomy between 1955 and 1971 were reviewed. Symptoms, interval before diagnosis, and stage and grade of lesion were analyzed and correlated with survival rates. Although stage was the most critical determinant of survival, grade, presence or absence of dysuria and delay in diagnosis were also important. Preoperative radiotherapy caused downstaging in 41.2 per cent of patients, with complete disappearance of tumor in some. Postoperative complications from cystectomy and from various forms of urinary diversion were correlated with the type of diversion, type of ureteral anastomosis, radiotherapy and stents. Improved operative techniques, method of fluid balance, and preoperative and postoperative care have led to a progressively decreased operative mortality in patients with carcinoma of the bladder.", "PMID": 1113413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3888", "title": "Post-obstructive diuresis: a varied syndrome.", "content": "A prospective study was undertaken to define the clinical features, natural history and etiology of post-obstructive diuresis. Studied in detail were 8 patients with a massive diuresis after relief of urinary tract obstruction. We found that urea mediated osmotic diuresis, natriuresis owing to elimination of retained sodium from the obstructed phase, tubular defects in sodium reabsorption, renal unresponsiveness to antidiuretic hormone and iatrogenic factors may play varying roles in each individual diuresis. Overzealous fluid replacement should be avoided.", "contents": "Post-obstructive diuresis: a varied syndrome. A prospective study was undertaken to define the clinical features, natural history and etiology of post-obstructive diuresis. Studied in detail were 8 patients with a massive diuresis after relief of urinary tract obstruction. We found that urea mediated osmotic diuresis, natriuresis owing to elimination of retained sodium from the obstructed phase, tubular defects in sodium reabsorption, renal unresponsiveness to antidiuretic hormone and iatrogenic factors may play varying roles in each individual diuresis. Overzealous fluid replacement should be avoided.", "PMID": 1113414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3889", "title": "The eradication of intraurethral condyloma acuminata with 5 per cent 5-fluorouracil cream.", "content": "Twenty patients have had successful eradication of intraurethral condyloma acuminata by the intraurethral instillation of 5 per cent 5-fluorouracil cream. Avoidable complications are scrotal irritation and meatitis. Endoscopic examination is delayed until distal lesions have been eradicated. The method is safe, inexpensive, painless, and effective.", "contents": "The eradication of intraurethral condyloma acuminata with 5 per cent 5-fluorouracil cream. Twenty patients have had successful eradication of intraurethral condyloma acuminata by the intraurethral instillation of 5 per cent 5-fluorouracil cream. Avoidable complications are scrotal irritation and meatitis. Endoscopic examination is delayed until distal lesions have been eradicated. The method is safe, inexpensive, painless, and effective.", "PMID": 1113415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3890", "title": "Granulomatous orchitis.", "content": "Three cases of an uncommon but extremely interesting inflammatory process are reported. As our discussion indicates, many questions remain unanswered. It is important to recognize this condition because it is often initially thought to be neoplastic. The disease is characterized by acute recurring exacerbations over a long period and is often associated with urinary tract infections or trauma. The testis is almost always extremely firm and frequently enlarged and tender. We believe that orchiectomy is indicated in most instances, except in extremely young individuals and those in whom the only remaining testicle is involved. Biopsy is probably sufficient in the latter case unless symptoms persist. The final diagnosis must rest on the exclusion of other granulomatous diseases as well as the microscopic picture.", "contents": "Granulomatous orchitis. Three cases of an uncommon but extremely interesting inflammatory process are reported. As our discussion indicates, many questions remain unanswered. It is important to recognize this condition because it is often initially thought to be neoplastic. The disease is characterized by acute recurring exacerbations over a long period and is often associated with urinary tract infections or trauma. The testis is almost always extremely firm and frequently enlarged and tender. We believe that orchiectomy is indicated in most instances, except in extremely young individuals and those in whom the only remaining testicle is involved. Biopsy is probably sufficient in the latter case unless symptoms persist. The final diagnosis must rest on the exclusion of other granulomatous diseases as well as the microscopic picture.", "PMID": 1113416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3891", "title": "Hemangioendothelioma of the testis.", "content": "A case of hemangioendothelioma of the testis is reported. Although the tumor has been reported in almost all organs and tissues, this is the first case involving the testis to be found in the literature. A distinction is made between the benign and the malignant form of the tumor. Hemangioendothelioma of the corpus cavernosum is discussed.", "contents": "Hemangioendothelioma of the testis. A case of hemangioendothelioma of the testis is reported. Although the tumor has been reported in almost all organs and tissues, this is the first case involving the testis to be found in the literature. A distinction is made between the benign and the malignant form of the tumor. Hemangioendothelioma of the corpus cavernosum is discussed.", "PMID": 1113417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3892", "title": "The surgical management of scrotal and penile lymphedema.", "content": "Presented here are 3 cases of penile and scrotal lymphedema of different etiologies and the results of surgical treatment. Also presented is a brief discussion of the etiology, pathophysiology and surgical techniques useful in treating scrotal and penile lymphedema.", "contents": "The surgical management of scrotal and penile lymphedema. Presented here are 3 cases of penile and scrotal lymphedema of different etiologies and the results of surgical treatment. Also presented is a brief discussion of the etiology, pathophysiology and surgical techniques useful in treating scrotal and penile lymphedema.", "PMID": 1113418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3893", "title": "Preliminary evaluation of urinary polyamines in the diagnosis of genitourinary tract malignancy.", "content": "Normal ranges for urinary polyamines have been obtained. Non-malignant genitourinary tract disease is not associated with elevated urinary polyamines. A high correlation exists between the presence of active urologic cancer and elevated urinary excretion of polyamines. Post-treatment polyamines correlate with the continued presence or absence of genitourinary tract malignancy.", "contents": "Preliminary evaluation of urinary polyamines in the diagnosis of genitourinary tract malignancy. Normal ranges for urinary polyamines have been obtained. Non-malignant genitourinary tract disease is not associated with elevated urinary polyamines. A high correlation exists between the presence of active urologic cancer and elevated urinary excretion of polyamines. Post-treatment polyamines correlate with the continued presence or absence of genitourinary tract malignancy.", "PMID": 1113419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3894", "title": "Complications of megaureter repair in children.", "content": "In the last 14 years 160 megaureters were repaired in 110 patients. Complications encountered are described as well as suggestions which can help prevent and correct them.", "contents": "Complications of megaureter repair in children. In the last 14 years 160 megaureters were repaired in 110 patients. Complications encountered are described as well as suggestions which can help prevent and correct them.", "PMID": 1113422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3895", "title": "Fetal vesicoureteral reflux.", "content": "Intrauterine fetal vesicoureteral reflux has been demonstrated in a 25-week fetus. A voiding cystourethrogram when the patient was 1 year old showed persistence of the bilateral reflux. No urinary tract infectious have been documented. A survey of other physicians performing fetal transfusions indicates that fetal cystograms are infrequently obtained and that vesicoureteral reflux has been observed by ourselves and one other contributing physician. The incidence of reflux in fetal cystograms reviewed appears to be higher than would be expected when compared to normal premature babies, newborns, infants and children. This procedure provides an unusual opportunity to document intrauterine fetal vesicoureteral reflux and later obtain followup cystourethrograms in these children to determine the resolution or progression of this urinary tract abormality.", "contents": "Fetal vesicoureteral reflux. Intrauterine fetal vesicoureteral reflux has been demonstrated in a 25-week fetus. A voiding cystourethrogram when the patient was 1 year old showed persistence of the bilateral reflux. No urinary tract infectious have been documented. A survey of other physicians performing fetal transfusions indicates that fetal cystograms are infrequently obtained and that vesicoureteral reflux has been observed by ourselves and one other contributing physician. The incidence of reflux in fetal cystograms reviewed appears to be higher than would be expected when compared to normal premature babies, newborns, infants and children. This procedure provides an unusual opportunity to document intrauterine fetal vesicoureteral reflux and later obtain followup cystourethrograms in these children to determine the resolution or progression of this urinary tract abormality.", "PMID": 1113423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3896", "title": "Carcinoma of the bladder in children.", "content": "Apparently, epithelial bladder tumors in children differ markedly from their more malignant counterparts in adults. The childhood bladder epithelial tumors morphologically are of a lower grade malignancy, show no evidence of invasion and no tendency to recur. Therefore, all cases thus far reported have resulted in a benign clinical course with a 100 per cent survival rate. These childhood epithelial bladder tumors apparently do not recur, which is in sharp contrast to their adult counterparts. However, this should not lessen the urologist's obligation to provide routine cystoscopic re-evaluation.", "contents": "Carcinoma of the bladder in children. Apparently, epithelial bladder tumors in children differ markedly from their more malignant counterparts in adults. The childhood bladder epithelial tumors morphologically are of a lower grade malignancy, show no evidence of invasion and no tendency to recur. Therefore, all cases thus far reported have resulted in a benign clinical course with a 100 per cent survival rate. These childhood epithelial bladder tumors apparently do not recur, which is in sharp contrast to their adult counterparts. However, this should not lessen the urologist's obligation to provide routine cystoscopic re-evaluation.", "PMID": 1113424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3897", "title": "Carcinoma of the bladder in young children: report of 2 cases.", "content": "Papillary epithelial tumors in the bladders of a 2-year-old and a 3-year-old child are described because of the rarity of the condition in children and some unusual features.", "contents": "Carcinoma of the bladder in young children: report of 2 cases. Papillary epithelial tumors in the bladders of a 2-year-old and a 3-year-old child are described because of the rarity of the condition in children and some unusual features.", "PMID": 1113425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3898", "title": "A new dimension in the diagnosis of posterior urethral valves in children.", "content": "Infants with posterior urethral valves may seem to have diverse and unrelated symptoms when, in fact, the clinical findings are all related to the primary effect of the valves during various stages of early growth. In some, prenatal urinary obstruction leads to such severe oligohydramnios that the fetus is stillborn. Others, somewhat less affected, are born alive but have severe respiratory distress from hypoplastic (stiff) lungs and die of respiratory problems. Still others can be associated with massive ascites and urinomas, and be stillborn or die soon after birth. In less severe cases the neonates may have unexplained respiratory distress with pneumomediastinum or pneumothorax as the only indication of obstructive urologic disease with deficient urinary output. Urinomas or ascites may later develop beyond the neonatal period as the post-natal obstructive effects of the valves accumulate and the urinary system ruptures and decompresses itself. Finally when the urinary system does not decompress itself, the back pressure can lead to rapid and progressive renal damage until the kidneys can no longer concentrate urine and lose water. The infant becomes dry, acidotic and paradoxically at this stage, puts out large quantities of dilute urine. Physicians caring for infants should be highly suspicious of posterior urethral valves in any male infant with unexplained respiratory distress or metabolic derangements, abdominal distension or flank masses.", "contents": "A new dimension in the diagnosis of posterior urethral valves in children. Infants with posterior urethral valves may seem to have diverse and unrelated symptoms when, in fact, the clinical findings are all related to the primary effect of the valves during various stages of early growth. In some, prenatal urinary obstruction leads to such severe oligohydramnios that the fetus is stillborn. Others, somewhat less affected, are born alive but have severe respiratory distress from hypoplastic (stiff) lungs and die of respiratory problems. Still others can be associated with massive ascites and urinomas, and be stillborn or die soon after birth. In less severe cases the neonates may have unexplained respiratory distress with pneumomediastinum or pneumothorax as the only indication of obstructive urologic disease with deficient urinary output. Urinomas or ascites may later develop beyond the neonatal period as the post-natal obstructive effects of the valves accumulate and the urinary system ruptures and decompresses itself. Finally when the urinary system does not decompress itself, the back pressure can lead to rapid and progressive renal damage until the kidneys can no longer concentrate urine and lose water. The infant becomes dry, acidotic and paradoxically at this stage, puts out large quantities of dilute urine. Physicians caring for infants should be highly suspicious of posterior urethral valves in any male infant with unexplained respiratory distress or metabolic derangements, abdominal distension or flank masses.", "PMID": 1113427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3899", "title": "A search for blood protozoans in the American woodcock.", "content": "Smears were prepared from heart blood of 55 woodcock collected in central Maine between spring and fall, 1972 and 1973. Peripheral blood taken from the wings of 41 of these birds also was examined. Examination of stained films revealed no infected blood cells. Samples of heart blood from 35 of the 41 woodcock were injected into young ducks, quail, and a gull. Plasmodia were not seen in inoculated birds.", "contents": "A search for blood protozoans in the American woodcock. Smears were prepared from heart blood of 55 woodcock collected in central Maine between spring and fall, 1972 and 1973. Peripheral blood taken from the wings of 41 of these birds also was examined. Examination of stained films revealed no infected blood cells. Samples of heart blood from 35 of the 41 woodcock were injected into young ducks, quail, and a gull. Plasmodia were not seen in inoculated birds.", "PMID": 1113428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3900", "title": "Cardiovascular calcification associated with nephritis in a badger.", "content": "Calcification of the endocardium of the left artrium, and to a lesser extent the media of the pulmonary artery and aorta, was found associated with nephritis in a badger (Taxidea taxus).", "contents": "Cardiovascular calcification associated with nephritis in a badger. Calcification of the endocardium of the left artrium, and to a lesser extent the media of the pulmonary artery and aorta, was found associated with nephritis in a badger (Taxidea taxus).", "PMID": 1113429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3901", "title": "Arthropathy in white-tailed deer and a moose.", "content": "Degenerative lesions were found in the skeletal system of 20 to 128 white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) examined. Similar changes were found in an aged male moose (Alces alces). Arthropathy involving the stifle joint was present in 60% (15/25) of male deer 4 years of age or older, and in 16.7% (4/25) of females in the same age range. Vertebral osteophytes were not found in any of 62 female deer, nor in male deer less than 6 years of age, but were present in 50% (7/14) of males 6 year of age or older. The possible etiology and significance of the conditions are discussed.", "contents": "Arthropathy in white-tailed deer and a moose. Degenerative lesions were found in the skeletal system of 20 to 128 white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) examined. Similar changes were found in an aged male moose (Alces alces). Arthropathy involving the stifle joint was present in 60% (15/25) of male deer 4 years of age or older, and in 16.7% (4/25) of females in the same age range. Vertebral osteophytes were not found in any of 62 female deer, nor in male deer less than 6 years of age, but were present in 50% (7/14) of males 6 year of age or older. The possible etiology and significance of the conditions are discussed.", "PMID": 1113430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3902", "title": "Paragonimus kellicotti infection in wild carnivores in southwestern Ontario: I. Prevalence and gross pathologic features.", "content": "Paragonimus kellicotti Ward, 1908 was recovered from 16 of 105 mink (Mustela vison), 14 of 244 striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis), 10 of 446 red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), 1 of 31 coyotes (Canis latrans), 0 of 326 raccoons (Procyon lotor) and 0 of 8 weasels (Mustela spp.) collected from southwestern Ontario. The majority of carnivores harboring P. kellicotti was collected from two counties (Huron and Bruce) bordering the east shore of Lake Huron where 6.0% of the animals (excluding raccoons) were infected . There were extensive adhesions between the lungs and parietal pleura and dorsal mediastinal pleura in 25 of 301 raccoons collected from these two counties. This lesion was thought to be associated with a reaction to migrating P. kellicotti. This is the first time P.kellicotti has been reported in the striped skunk and red fox from Ontario and apparently the first record of this parasite in the coyote.", "contents": "Paragonimus kellicotti infection in wild carnivores in southwestern Ontario: I. Prevalence and gross pathologic features. Paragonimus kellicotti Ward, 1908 was recovered from 16 of 105 mink (Mustela vison), 14 of 244 striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis), 10 of 446 red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), 1 of 31 coyotes (Canis latrans), 0 of 326 raccoons (Procyon lotor) and 0 of 8 weasels (Mustela spp.) collected from southwestern Ontario. The majority of carnivores harboring P. kellicotti was collected from two counties (Huron and Bruce) bordering the east shore of Lake Huron where 6.0% of the animals (excluding raccoons) were infected . There were extensive adhesions between the lungs and parietal pleura and dorsal mediastinal pleura in 25 of 301 raccoons collected from these two counties. This lesion was thought to be associated with a reaction to migrating P. kellicotti. This is the first time P.kellicotti has been reported in the striped skunk and red fox from Ontario and apparently the first record of this parasite in the coyote.", "PMID": 1113433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3903", "title": "Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis in pheasants and chukars.", "content": "Phesants (Phasianus colchicus) and chukars (Alectoris graeca) were inoculated with Venezuelian equine encephalitis virus. Antibody titers reached a peak 2 weeks postinoculation and the declined. Viremia was of short duration, clinical signs were not detected, and unionculated cage mates did not develop antibody titers.", "contents": "Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis in pheasants and chukars. Phesants (Phasianus colchicus) and chukars (Alectoris graeca) were inoculated with Venezuelian equine encephalitis virus. Antibody titers reached a peak 2 weeks postinoculation and the declined. Viremia was of short duration, clinical signs were not detected, and unionculated cage mates did not develop antibody titers.", "PMID": 1113434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3904", "title": "Renal fibrosarcoma in the northern fur seal.", "content": "A 2-week-old northern fur seal female pup (Callorhinus ursinus) found dead in the Pribilof Islands had an irregular mass at the anterior pole of the right kidney. Histopathological examination revealed a fibrosarcoma.", "contents": "Renal fibrosarcoma in the northern fur seal. A 2-week-old northern fur seal female pup (Callorhinus ursinus) found dead in the Pribilof Islands had an irregular mass at the anterior pole of the right kidney. Histopathological examination revealed a fibrosarcoma.", "PMID": 1113435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3905", "title": "Contagious ecthyma in bighorn sheep and mountain goat in western Canada.", "content": "Contagious ecthyma (CE) is reported in bighorn sheep (Ovis c. canadensis) from several national parks in western Canada and in moutain goat (Oreamnos americanus) from Kootenay National Park, British Columbia. (This is the first report of CE in mountain goat.) Diagnosis was based on clinical signs, histopathology, transmission experiments and the demonstration of a proxvirus with the electron microscope. The infection was transmitted from wild to domestic goat, but not to domestic sheep. Most infections, some of them severe, were found in lambs and kids. Clinical signs of disease were similar to those seen in domestic sheep and goats. General body condition was poor and animals had difficulty feeding normally. All infected herds had prolonged contact with areas where salt was provided artificially (i.e., salt blocks, highways and campgrounds). Fewer infected sheep were observed annually when salt blocks were removed from Jasper National Park.", "contents": "Contagious ecthyma in bighorn sheep and mountain goat in western Canada. Contagious ecthyma (CE) is reported in bighorn sheep (Ovis c. canadensis) from several national parks in western Canada and in moutain goat (Oreamnos americanus) from Kootenay National Park, British Columbia. (This is the first report of CE in mountain goat.) Diagnosis was based on clinical signs, histopathology, transmission experiments and the demonstration of a proxvirus with the electron microscope. The infection was transmitted from wild to domestic goat, but not to domestic sheep. Most infections, some of them severe, were found in lambs and kids. Clinical signs of disease were similar to those seen in domestic sheep and goats. General body condition was poor and animals had difficulty feeding normally. All infected herds had prolonged contact with areas where salt was provided artificially (i.e., salt blocks, highways and campgrounds). Fewer infected sheep were observed annually when salt blocks were removed from Jasper National Park.", "PMID": 1113436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3906", "title": "Tuberculosis in lesser flamingoes in Kenya.", "content": "Four cases of tuberculosis are recorded in lesser flamingoes (Phoeniconaias minor) from Lake Nakuru, Kenya. The clinical, pathological and microbiological findings are given and the possible significance of the infection in this species is discussed.", "contents": "Tuberculosis in lesser flamingoes in Kenya. Four cases of tuberculosis are recorded in lesser flamingoes (Phoeniconaias minor) from Lake Nakuru, Kenya. The clinical, pathological and microbiological findings are given and the possible significance of the infection in this species is discussed.", "PMID": 1113437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3907", "title": "Further observations on rangiferine brucellosis in Alaskan carnivores.", "content": "Antibodies against rangiferine brucellosis, Brucella suis type 4, are commonly found in the serum of various domestic and wild alaskian carnivores which feed on caribou, Rangifer tarandus granti, arctic Alaska. Sled dogs from five native villages on the range of the Artic caribou herd, but not from two villages on the the range of the Porcupine caribou herd, are commonly infected. Wolves (Canis lupus) and red foxes (Vulpes fulva) are less commonly infected. About 90% of the grizzly bears (Ursus arctos horribilis) associated with the Artic caribou herd and 30% of those associated with the porcupine caribou herd show serologic signs of exposure to Brucella, presumalby the enzootic strain present in Alaska caribou. This is the first evidence of natural Brucella infection in bears. It is concluded that infection of predators by enzootic strains of Brucella present in prey species (e.g., ruminants) is common to many areas of the world. Evidence from the literature and unpublished experimental data suggest that such infections may intefere with reproduction in wild species, but additional study is needed to clearly resolve this question.", "contents": "Further observations on rangiferine brucellosis in Alaskan carnivores. Antibodies against rangiferine brucellosis, Brucella suis type 4, are commonly found in the serum of various domestic and wild alaskian carnivores which feed on caribou, Rangifer tarandus granti, arctic Alaska. Sled dogs from five native villages on the range of the Artic caribou herd, but not from two villages on the the range of the Porcupine caribou herd, are commonly infected. Wolves (Canis lupus) and red foxes (Vulpes fulva) are less commonly infected. About 90% of the grizzly bears (Ursus arctos horribilis) associated with the Artic caribou herd and 30% of those associated with the porcupine caribou herd show serologic signs of exposure to Brucella, presumalby the enzootic strain present in Alaska caribou. This is the first evidence of natural Brucella infection in bears. It is concluded that infection of predators by enzootic strains of Brucella present in prey species (e.g., ruminants) is common to many areas of the world. Evidence from the literature and unpublished experimental data suggest that such infections may intefere with reproduction in wild species, but additional study is needed to clearly resolve this question.", "PMID": 1113440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3908", "title": "Seasonal variations in total serum protein concentration in an estuarine raccoon population.", "content": "Total serum protein (TSP) levels were recorded for the adult cohort in a population of southern Florida raccoons (Procyon lotor marinus) for a period of 1 year. TSP levels were found to fluctuate seasonally, with autumn levels being the highest and spring and summer levels the lowest. Values for males tended to be higher than those for females. There may be a correlation between mean TSP levels and mean body weight. In 10 male raccoons recaptured during the study period, the same pattern of fluctuation in TSP levels was observed.", "contents": "Seasonal variations in total serum protein concentration in an estuarine raccoon population. Total serum protein (TSP) levels were recorded for the adult cohort in a population of southern Florida raccoons (Procyon lotor marinus) for a period of 1 year. TSP levels were found to fluctuate seasonally, with autumn levels being the highest and spring and summer levels the lowest. Values for males tended to be higher than those for females. There may be a correlation between mean TSP levels and mean body weight. In 10 male raccoons recaptured during the study period, the same pattern of fluctuation in TSP levels was observed.", "PMID": 1113441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3909", "title": "Psoroptic mange in a Wapiti.", "content": "In northern Idaho, a 10-year old wapiti(Cervus canadensis nelsoni) died showing signs of ataxia and alopecia. Examination of dermis revealed infestation with Psoroptes equi var. cervinus.", "contents": "Psoroptic mange in a Wapiti. In northern Idaho, a 10-year old wapiti(Cervus canadensis nelsoni) died showing signs of ataxia and alopecia. Examination of dermis revealed infestation with Psoroptes equi var. cervinus.", "PMID": 1113442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3910", "title": "A fourth pair of mandibular molars in a white-tailed deer.", "content": "A fourth pair of mandibular molars in a white-tailed deer(Odocoileus virginianus) was located posterior to the third pair. There was a distinct gap between the third and fourth molars on both left and right sides.", "contents": "A fourth pair of mandibular molars in a white-tailed deer. A fourth pair of mandibular molars in a white-tailed deer(Odocoileus virginianus) was located posterior to the third pair. There was a distinct gap between the third and fourth molars on both left and right sides.", "PMID": 1113443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3911", "title": "Some hematological values of free-ranging African elephants.", "content": "Blood samples were collected from 23 free-ranging African elephants(Loxodonta africana) in Tanzania. Red and white blood cell counts, white blood cell differential, hemoglobin, blood copper, and blood inorganic phosphate were determined. No correlation of any of these measurements with age and sex was discernible, except that the total white count was significantly higher in females than in males in all age groups. The findings are compared with those previously reported for captive and free-ranging African elephants.", "contents": "Some hematological values of free-ranging African elephants. Blood samples were collected from 23 free-ranging African elephants(Loxodonta africana) in Tanzania. Red and white blood cell counts, white blood cell differential, hemoglobin, blood copper, and blood inorganic phosphate were determined. No correlation of any of these measurements with age and sex was discernible, except that the total white count was significantly higher in females than in males in all age groups. The findings are compared with those previously reported for captive and free-ranging African elephants.", "PMID": 1113444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3912", "title": "Mortality factors in whistling swans at Lake St. Clair, Ontario.", "content": "Post mortem examinations of 31 whistling swans (Olar columbianus) collected from the Lake St. Clair marshes in the spring of 1972 indicated that lead toxicosis and filariasis (Sarconema eurycerca) were the main causes of mortality.", "contents": "Mortality factors in whistling swans at Lake St. Clair, Ontario. Post mortem examinations of 31 whistling swans (Olar columbianus) collected from the Lake St. Clair marshes in the spring of 1972 indicated that lead toxicosis and filariasis (Sarconema eurycerca) were the main causes of mortality.", "PMID": 1113445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3913", "title": "Some hematologic and blood chemistry values in two herds of American bison in Kansas.", "content": "The data presented are compiled from two herds of American bison (Bison bison) in Kansas. In this study there were differences in the mean values of white blood cell count, neutrophil percentage, lymphocyte percentage and cholestrol, alkaline phosphatase, specific glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase concentrations between the age groups of animals under 2 years of age and bison over 2 year old. Differences in the two age groups paralleled those found in Jersey and Hereford cattle. Packed cell volume and hemoglobin concentrations was considerably higher than found in domestic Bovidae. More data is needed from other bison herds in this country to better describe the range of normal variation in individuals, population and age groups of B. bison.", "contents": "Some hematologic and blood chemistry values in two herds of American bison in Kansas. The data presented are compiled from two herds of American bison (Bison bison) in Kansas. In this study there were differences in the mean values of white blood cell count, neutrophil percentage, lymphocyte percentage and cholestrol, alkaline phosphatase, specific glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase concentrations between the age groups of animals under 2 years of age and bison over 2 year old. Differences in the two age groups paralleled those found in Jersey and Hereford cattle. Packed cell volume and hemoglobin concentrations was considerably higher than found in domestic Bovidae. More data is needed from other bison herds in this country to better describe the range of normal variation in individuals, population and age groups of B. bison.", "PMID": 1113446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3914", "title": "Echocardiographic diagnosis of endocardial cushion defects.", "content": "Sixteen patients with endocardial cushion defects were studied by echocardiography and ultrasonocardiotomography. Three characteristic findings, common to both complete and partial forms, were observed. They were the ostium primum defect of the interatrial septum, the left ventricular outflow narrowing and the atrioventricular valve abnormalities which are the anatomic bases of endocardial cushion defects. Several additional findings were observed in patients with complete form. Most strikingly, the anterior leaflet echo locating in the left ventricle had the direct connection to that in the right ventricle without the interposition of the interventricular septum by echocardiogram. Ultrasonocardiotomogram, on the other hand, demonstrated beautifully the common anterior leaflet and the high inteventricular septal defect. There were, in addition, the absence of the paradoxical motion of the interventricular septum and the diffuculty in detecting the interatrial septum. The intact interatrial septum continuous with the anterior mitral leaflet was demonstrated in patients with the interventricularseptal defect of atrioventricular canal type, in which there were the typical abnormalities in the atrioventricular valves and the left ventricular outflow narrowing as well. This study indicates that ultrasonic examination may provide a direct, yet noninvasive method in the diagnosis of various types of endocardial cushion defects.", "contents": "Echocardiographic diagnosis of endocardial cushion defects. Sixteen patients with endocardial cushion defects were studied by echocardiography and ultrasonocardiotomography. Three characteristic findings, common to both complete and partial forms, were observed. They were the ostium primum defect of the interatrial septum, the left ventricular outflow narrowing and the atrioventricular valve abnormalities which are the anatomic bases of endocardial cushion defects. Several additional findings were observed in patients with complete form. Most strikingly, the anterior leaflet echo locating in the left ventricle had the direct connection to that in the right ventricle without the interposition of the interventricular septum by echocardiogram. Ultrasonocardiotomogram, on the other hand, demonstrated beautifully the common anterior leaflet and the high inteventricular septal defect. There were, in addition, the absence of the paradoxical motion of the interventricular septum and the diffuculty in detecting the interatrial septum. The intact interatrial septum continuous with the anterior mitral leaflet was demonstrated in patients with the interventricularseptal defect of atrioventricular canal type, in which there were the typical abnormalities in the atrioventricular valves and the left ventricular outflow narrowing as well. This study indicates that ultrasonic examination may provide a direct, yet noninvasive method in the diagnosis of various types of endocardial cushion defects.", "PMID": 1113447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3915", "title": "Renal hemodynamics and medullary osmolal gradient in ischemic acute renal failure in rabbits.", "content": "The effects of 2 hours of renal artery occlusion were studied in previously uninephrectomized rabbits. Oliguric renal failure by arterial clamping was produced. Renal blood flow was maintained during observation periods, except for an early decrease in outer cortical blood flow without change elsewhere. During the oliguric stage medullary osmolality was markedly diminished, concomitantly with reduced (U/P)osm. Cin, EPAH and sodium reabsorption were decreased, accompanied by tubular necrosis and intratubular casts. During the early diuretic stage Cin, medullary osmolality and (U/P)osm were still reduced. Intratubular casts disappeared while regenerated tubular cells were focally observed. Two weeks after the occlusion, improved Cin, EPAH, sodium reabsorption, medullary osmolality and (U/P)osm, and regenerated tubular epithelium were found. In 7 weeks Cin and EPAH had returned to the preclamping values whereas medullary osmolality remained decreased with the appearance of medullary fibrosis. (U/P)osm was not completely restored. The findings indicate that during the oliguric stage of acute renal failure of rabbits  renal blood flow is maintained, except for a decrease in outer cortical flow, and urine concentrating ability is restored more slowly than other measured functions.", "contents": "Renal hemodynamics and medullary osmolal gradient in ischemic acute renal failure in rabbits. The effects of 2 hours of renal artery occlusion were studied in previously uninephrectomized rabbits. Oliguric renal failure by arterial clamping was produced. Renal blood flow was maintained during observation periods, except for an early decrease in outer cortical blood flow without change elsewhere. During the oliguric stage medullary osmolality was markedly diminished, concomitantly with reduced (U/P)osm. Cin, EPAH and sodium reabsorption were decreased, accompanied by tubular necrosis and intratubular casts. During the early diuretic stage Cin, medullary osmolality and (U/P)osm were still reduced. Intratubular casts disappeared while regenerated tubular cells were focally observed. Two weeks after the occlusion, improved Cin, EPAH, sodium reabsorption, medullary osmolality and (U/P)osm, and regenerated tubular epithelium were found. In 7 weeks Cin and EPAH had returned to the preclamping values whereas medullary osmolality remained decreased with the appearance of medullary fibrosis. (U/P)osm was not completely restored. The findings indicate that during the oliguric stage of acute renal failure of rabbits  renal blood flow is maintained, except for a decrease in outer cortical flow, and urine concentrating ability is restored more slowly than other measured functions.", "PMID": 1113448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3916", "title": "Effects of radiopaque material on coronary vascular reserve.", "content": "The relationship between the increase in coronary blood flow (CBF) following contrast material injection and that following temporary occlusion was studied in the anesthetized dogs. The peak flow following a contrast injection was almost equivalent to the peak reactive hyperemia flow following a 10 sec occlusion (r equeals 0.86). An increase in coronary sinus blood oxygen pressure (Pcso2) occured in associated with an increase in CBF. Administration of dipyridamole diminished the increment of CBF following contrast injection with little changes in Pcso2. Thus, in the coronary system the increase in CBF after contrast injection, similar to that observed after temporary occlusion, is related to coronary vascular reserve and measurement of Pcso2 after coronary arteriography might be an aid to evaluate the coronary vascular reserve.", "contents": "Effects of radiopaque material on coronary vascular reserve. The relationship between the increase in coronary blood flow (CBF) following contrast material injection and that following temporary occlusion was studied in the anesthetized dogs. The peak flow following a contrast injection was almost equivalent to the peak reactive hyperemia flow following a 10 sec occlusion (r equeals 0.86). An increase in coronary sinus blood oxygen pressure (Pcso2) occured in associated with an increase in CBF. Administration of dipyridamole diminished the increment of CBF following contrast injection with little changes in Pcso2. Thus, in the coronary system the increase in CBF after contrast injection, similar to that observed after temporary occlusion, is related to coronary vascular reserve and measurement of Pcso2 after coronary arteriography might be an aid to evaluate the coronary vascular reserve.", "PMID": 1113449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3917", "title": "Aneurysmectomy for symptomatic supraventricular tachycardia associated with ventricular aneurysm.", "content": "A case of left ventricular aneurysm associated with repeated supraventricular tachyarrhythmias was successfully treated by ventricular aneurysmectomy. Ventricular aneurysmectomy should be considered for supraventricular tachyarrhythmia as well as ventricular tachycardia, if they are symptomatic and refractory to medical therapy.", "contents": "Aneurysmectomy for symptomatic supraventricular tachycardia associated with ventricular aneurysm. A case of left ventricular aneurysm associated with repeated supraventricular tachyarrhythmias was successfully treated by ventricular aneurysmectomy. Ventricular aneurysmectomy should be considered for supraventricular tachyarrhythmia as well as ventricular tachycardia, if they are symptomatic and refractory to medical therapy.", "PMID": 1113450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3918", "title": "Factors influencing sodium and water excretion in uremic man.", "content": "Urinary excretion of sodium and water was investigated in patients with chronic end-stage renal disease before and after three different experimental manipulations: reduction in urea solute load by dialysis while extracellular fluid volume (ECFV) was maintained, dialysis without alteration in urea solute load or ECFV and reduction in ECFV without alteration in urea solute load. Sodium and water excretion significantly declined in association with a reduction in both urea solute load and ECFV, but not during a dialysis when reduction on both of these indexes was prevented. The excretory changes occurred in the absence of any alteration in creatinine clearance. The studies suggest that both solute load and the degree of extracellular fluid volume expansion contribute independently to the rate of sodium and water excretion in chronic renal disease. It is concluded that in any given patient the overall excretion of sodium and water is directly influenced by a number of factors including the solute load, the degree of ECFV and the glomerular filtration rate.", "contents": "Factors influencing sodium and water excretion in uremic man. Urinary excretion of sodium and water was investigated in patients with chronic end-stage renal disease before and after three different experimental manipulations: reduction in urea solute load by dialysis while extracellular fluid volume (ECFV) was maintained, dialysis without alteration in urea solute load or ECFV and reduction in ECFV without alteration in urea solute load. Sodium and water excretion significantly declined in association with a reduction in both urea solute load and ECFV, but not during a dialysis when reduction on both of these indexes was prevented. The excretory changes occurred in the absence of any alteration in creatinine clearance. The studies suggest that both solute load and the degree of extracellular fluid volume expansion contribute independently to the rate of sodium and water excretion in chronic renal disease. It is concluded that in any given patient the overall excretion of sodium and water is directly influenced by a number of factors including the solute load, the degree of ECFV and the glomerular filtration rate.", "PMID": 1113451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3919", "title": "Focal glomerular sclerosis in nephrotic patients: an electron microscopic study of glomerular podocytes.", "content": "Renal biopsy specimens of 16 adult patients with nephrotic syndrome and focal glomerular sclerosis were examined by light and electron microscopy. Particular attention was paid to alterations of podocytes. Except for loss of foot processes, five patients had no podocyte changes, five had mild changes and six had severe changes. Of the last group (group III), four patients were heroin addicts, the fifth had infectious mononucleosis and the sixth, an apparent idiopathic disease; five patients were males, 16 to 25 yr old. Podocyte changes consisted of cytoplasmic degeneration, detachment of epithelial cells from basement membranes, with filling of resulting space by cell debris and new membranes. Underlying capillaries were often collapsed. Repeat biopsies in three patients in group III revealed progression of lesions, paralleling rapid clinical deterioration. It is concluded that some cases of focal glomerular sclerosis are associated with severe damage to podocytes which may be caused by drugs, infection or unknown factors and may contribute to the development and progression of the glomerular lesions.", "contents": "Focal glomerular sclerosis in nephrotic patients: an electron microscopic study of glomerular podocytes. Renal biopsy specimens of 16 adult patients with nephrotic syndrome and focal glomerular sclerosis were examined by light and electron microscopy. Particular attention was paid to alterations of podocytes. Except for loss of foot processes, five patients had no podocyte changes, five had mild changes and six had severe changes. Of the last group (group III), four patients were heroin addicts, the fifth had infectious mononucleosis and the sixth, an apparent idiopathic disease; five patients were males, 16 to 25 yr old. Podocyte changes consisted of cytoplasmic degeneration, detachment of epithelial cells from basement membranes, with filling of resulting space by cell debris and new membranes. Underlying capillaries were often collapsed. Repeat biopsies in three patients in group III revealed progression of lesions, paralleling rapid clinical deterioration. It is concluded that some cases of focal glomerular sclerosis are associated with severe damage to podocytes which may be caused by drugs, infection or unknown factors and may contribute to the development and progression of the glomerular lesions.", "PMID": 1113452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3920", "title": "Oxidative metabolism of the normal rat glomerulus.", "content": "Glomeruli from adult normal male Wistar rats were obtained by teasing a cortex slice with stainless steel needles. The enzyme content and the morphologic aspect of these glomeruli were assessed as a preliminary step to further metabolic studies. Robinson's medium appeared to be the most suitable medium. There was no loss of glutamic dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase or acid phosphatase. Lactate dehydrogenase was lost to about 50%. Electron microscopy showed morphologic signs of damage in the podocytes. The glomerular oxygen uptake was measured with the help of the Cartesian diver technique, using approximately 20 glomeruli per assay. The endogenous respiratory rate was linear for at least three hours. The endogenous respiratory rate was linear for at least three hours. The mean dry wt of lyophilized glomeruli was determined for 13 rats for which the glomerular oxygen uptake had been measured, and these data showed a glomerular Q-02 of 4 mul/hr/mg of dry wt. The following substances were tested for their influence on the oxygen uptake: acetate, alpha-oxoglutarate, citrate, oxalacetate, glutamate, alanine, all 10 mM; succinate, 2.5, 5 and 10 mM; glucose, 5, 10 and 20 mM; fructose 10 and 20 mM; and palmitate. Citrate increases the O-2 uptake/hr/glomerulus by 30%; glucose, 20 mM, by 30%; and succinate, 2.5 mM by 50% and 10 mM by 190%. In a Robinson's medium containing 35 mg of albumin/ml, the endogenous respiration is not different from that obtained in the inorganic medium but the oxygen uptake is increased 26% by glucose, 10 mM. From these data, it can be concluded that the oxygen uptake of the glomerulus is small. This fact explains its resistance to anoxia. The systematic investigation of possible substrates indicate that glucose, citrate and succinate may play a role in supporting this small oxidative metabolism.", "contents": "Oxidative metabolism of the normal rat glomerulus. Glomeruli from adult normal male Wistar rats were obtained by teasing a cortex slice with stainless steel needles. The enzyme content and the morphologic aspect of these glomeruli were assessed as a preliminary step to further metabolic studies. Robinson's medium appeared to be the most suitable medium. There was no loss of glutamic dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase or acid phosphatase. Lactate dehydrogenase was lost to about 50%. Electron microscopy showed morphologic signs of damage in the podocytes. The glomerular oxygen uptake was measured with the help of the Cartesian diver technique, using approximately 20 glomeruli per assay. The endogenous respiratory rate was linear for at least three hours. The endogenous respiratory rate was linear for at least three hours. The mean dry wt of lyophilized glomeruli was determined for 13 rats for which the glomerular oxygen uptake had been measured, and these data showed a glomerular Q-02 of 4 mul/hr/mg of dry wt. The following substances were tested for their influence on the oxygen uptake: acetate, alpha-oxoglutarate, citrate, oxalacetate, glutamate, alanine, all 10 mM; succinate, 2.5, 5 and 10 mM; glucose, 5, 10 and 20 mM; fructose 10 and 20 mM; and palmitate. Citrate increases the O-2 uptake/hr/glomerulus by 30%; glucose, 20 mM, by 30%; and succinate, 2.5 mM by 50% and 10 mM by 190%. In a Robinson's medium containing 35 mg of albumin/ml, the endogenous respiration is not different from that obtained in the inorganic medium but the oxygen uptake is increased 26% by glucose, 10 mM. From these data, it can be concluded that the oxygen uptake of the glomerulus is small. This fact explains its resistance to anoxia. The systematic investigation of possible substrates indicate that glucose, citrate and succinate may play a role in supporting this small oxidative metabolism.", "PMID": 1113453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3921", "title": "Lack of relationship of potential difference to fluid absorption in the proximal renal tubule.", "content": "Fluid absorption by isolated perfused rabbit proximal convoluted tubules is accompanied by an electrical potential difference (PD), negative in the lumen, when the tubule is bathed by rabbit serum and perfused with an ultrafitrate of that serum. In contrast the PD is positive when the perfusate composition approximates that of fluid in the late proximal tubule in vivo, which lacks glucose, amino acids and bicarbonate. The principal purpose of the present studies was to investigate the characteristics of fluid absorption under these conditions. Proximal convoluted tubules were dissected from rabbit kidneys and perfused in vitro. When the PD was positive, the mean net fluid absorption was 81 nl mm minus 1 min minus 1. The positive PD is caused by a chloride concentration difference across the tubule epithelium (higher in the lumen than in the bath). Elimination of the chloride concentration difference by replacing the bicarbonate in the bath as well as in the perfusate with chloride caused the PD to fall to zero without a significant change in the rate of fluid absorption. Therefore, neither the positive PD nor the chloride concentration difference is significantly related to the fluid absorption. Ouabain inhibited fluid absorption under all of the above conditions, making it likely that the fluid absorption is due to active sodium transport. Although the results are consistent with the generally accepted view that active sodium transport is a major driving force for fluid absorption, the mechanism of anion (chloride) transport is uncertain owing to the lack of correlation between fluid absorption and the transepithelial PD.", "contents": "Lack of relationship of potential difference to fluid absorption in the proximal renal tubule. Fluid absorption by isolated perfused rabbit proximal convoluted tubules is accompanied by an electrical potential difference (PD), negative in the lumen, when the tubule is bathed by rabbit serum and perfused with an ultrafitrate of that serum. In contrast the PD is positive when the perfusate composition approximates that of fluid in the late proximal tubule in vivo, which lacks glucose, amino acids and bicarbonate. The principal purpose of the present studies was to investigate the characteristics of fluid absorption under these conditions. Proximal convoluted tubules were dissected from rabbit kidneys and perfused in vitro. When the PD was positive, the mean net fluid absorption was 81 nl mm minus 1 min minus 1. The positive PD is caused by a chloride concentration difference across the tubule epithelium (higher in the lumen than in the bath). Elimination of the chloride concentration difference by replacing the bicarbonate in the bath as well as in the perfusate with chloride caused the PD to fall to zero without a significant change in the rate of fluid absorption. Therefore, neither the positive PD nor the chloride concentration difference is significantly related to the fluid absorption. Ouabain inhibited fluid absorption under all of the above conditions, making it likely that the fluid absorption is due to active sodium transport. Although the results are consistent with the generally accepted view that active sodium transport is a major driving force for fluid absorption, the mechanism of anion (chloride) transport is uncertain owing to the lack of correlation between fluid absorption and the transepithelial PD.", "PMID": 1113454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3922", "title": "[Physical work capacity and oxygen requirements of rats during physical exertion following prolonged hypokinesia].", "content": "The white rats exposed to 60 and 100 day hypokinesia showed a substantial and progressive decline in the tolerance to a maximum physical load. This was accompanied by disorders in the regulation of the oxygen balance: during load oxygen requirements were mainly met by the oxygen debt. The above changes that followed a 100 day hypokinesia returned to the normal two months later.", "contents": "[Physical work capacity and oxygen requirements of rats during physical exertion following prolonged hypokinesia]. The white rats exposed to 60 and 100 day hypokinesia showed a substantial and progressive decline in the tolerance to a maximum physical load. This was accompanied by disorders in the regulation of the oxygen balance: during load oxygen requirements were mainly met by the oxygen debt. The above changes that followed a 100 day hypokinesia returned to the normal two months later.", "PMID": 1113486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3923", "title": "[Glycemic indices in animals at different stages of hypokinesia and with administration of glucose, adrenaline and insulin].", "content": "The sugar content in the blood was measured (and sugar curves were plotted) in healthy rats and in rats during the 15, 30, 60 and 90th hypokinetic days after they were injected with glucose at a dose of 4 g/kg, epinephrine at a dose of 150 mg/kg and insulin at a dose of 0.5 u/kg. The three glycemic parameters were determined: 1) the coefficient of maximum hyper- and hypoglycemia; 2) the intensity of hyper- and hypoglycemia and 3) the hyper- and hypoglycemic limit. An analysis of the sugar plots and the above coefficients showed an increased sensitivity to insulin, an elevated tolerance to glucose and a less distinct response to epinephrine.", "contents": "[Glycemic indices in animals at different stages of hypokinesia and with administration of glucose, adrenaline and insulin]. The sugar content in the blood was measured (and sugar curves were plotted) in healthy rats and in rats during the 15, 30, 60 and 90th hypokinetic days after they were injected with glucose at a dose of 4 g/kg, epinephrine at a dose of 150 mg/kg and insulin at a dose of 0.5 u/kg. The three glycemic parameters were determined: 1) the coefficient of maximum hyper- and hypoglycemia; 2) the intensity of hyper- and hypoglycemia and 3) the hyper- and hypoglycemic limit. An analysis of the sugar plots and the above coefficients showed an increased sensitivity to insulin, an elevated tolerance to glucose and a less distinct response to epinephrine.", "PMID": 1113488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3924", "title": "[Physiologo-hygienic basis for the construction of individual equipment for preventing the adverse effects of weightlessness].", "content": "In order to prevent the unfavourable effect of weightlessness, it is recommended to use individual suits for long wear. These include a preventive pressure suit which provides an axial pressure on the skeleton and moments of forces during movement, and a preventive vacuum suit which provides lower body decompression. The suits ensures the conditions for the function of the musculoskeletal apparatus and the cardiovascular system which are close to those on the Earth.", "contents": "[Physiologo-hygienic basis for the construction of individual equipment for preventing the adverse effects of weightlessness]. In order to prevent the unfavourable effect of weightlessness, it is recommended to use individual suits for long wear. These include a preventive pressure suit which provides an axial pressure on the skeleton and moments of forces during movement, and a preventive vacuum suit which provides lower body decompression. The suits ensures the conditions for the function of the musculoskeletal apparatus and the cardiovascular system which are close to those on the Earth.", "PMID": 1113490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3925", "title": "[Effect of hypokinesia on the development of osteoporosis].", "content": "The skeletal changes in the rabbits exposed to a 90-day hypokineisa have been examined. Osteoporosis has been diagnosed using an X-ray investigation which included rentgen-densitometry and rentgen-grammetry. The process involved the thinning of the cortical layer and a decrease of the bone density. The importance of the above methods for an objective evaluatuon of osteoporosis is discussed.", "contents": "[Effect of hypokinesia on the development of osteoporosis]. The skeletal changes in the rabbits exposed to a 90-day hypokineisa have been examined. Osteoporosis has been diagnosed using an X-ray investigation which included rentgen-densitometry and rentgen-grammetry. The process involved the thinning of the cortical layer and a decrease of the bone density. The importance of the above methods for an objective evaluatuon of osteoporosis is discussed.", "PMID": 1113487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3926", "title": "[Energy expenditures of the \"Soiuz-9\" space crew during an 18-day flight].", "content": "The paper presents a method for studying metabolism on the basis of the changes in the partial pressure of CO2 in the space cabin which takes into account the performance of absorbers--superoxides of alkali metals. With the aid of this method the oxygen consumption by the crew was measured during the flight. The average energy expenditure by crew members was 2300 kCal per day with variations from 2020 to 3050 kCal per day and the average oxygen consumption was 22.0 nl per hour with variations from 17.6 to 26.6 nl per hour. The level of oxygen consumption by the crew showed a certain periodicity which was attributed to the energy expenditures during physical exercises. The oxygen consumption during the weightlessness adaptation (during the first 6 to 7 days) was reduced to 20 nl per hour on the average. No significant changes in the basal metabolism were found in the crew members throughout the flight.", "contents": "[Energy expenditures of the \"Soiuz-9\" space crew during an 18-day flight]. The paper presents a method for studying metabolism on the basis of the changes in the partial pressure of CO2 in the space cabin which takes into account the performance of absorbers--superoxides of alkali metals. With the aid of this method the oxygen consumption by the crew was measured during the flight. The average energy expenditure by crew members was 2300 kCal per day with variations from 2020 to 3050 kCal per day and the average oxygen consumption was 22.0 nl per hour with variations from 17.6 to 26.6 nl per hour. The level of oxygen consumption by the crew showed a certain periodicity which was attributed to the energy expenditures during physical exercises. The oxygen consumption during the weightlessness adaptation (during the first 6 to 7 days) was reduced to 20 nl per hour on the average. No significant changes in the basal metabolism were found in the crew members throughout the flight.", "PMID": 1113491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3927", "title": "[Nature of self-regulation of the blood circulation as a criterion of body tolerance to external factors].", "content": "With respect to the proportion of the theoretical and actual values of the cardiac output and the peripheral resistance 98 young healthy men were divided into three groups: 42 with the mixed type, 31 with the cardiac type and 25 with the vascular type of the circulation regulation. The environmental factors of a small size chamber gave rise to the changes that were the greatest in the subjects with the cardiac regulation and the least in the subjects with the mixed regulation. The subjects with the vascular type of regulation were those who showed varying tolerance to the environmental effects. It is suggested that the type of circulation regulation in the occupational selection as an indicator of the body tolerance to the environmental effects should be suggested.", "contents": "[Nature of self-regulation of the blood circulation as a criterion of body tolerance to external factors]. With respect to the proportion of the theoretical and actual values of the cardiac output and the peripheral resistance 98 young healthy men were divided into three groups: 42 with the mixed type, 31 with the cardiac type and 25 with the vascular type of the circulation regulation. The environmental factors of a small size chamber gave rise to the changes that were the greatest in the subjects with the cardiac regulation and the least in the subjects with the mixed regulation. The subjects with the vascular type of regulation were those who showed varying tolerance to the environmental effects. It is suggested that the type of circulation regulation in the occupational selection as an indicator of the body tolerance to the environmental effects should be suggested.", "PMID": 1113493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3928", "title": "[Perception of 2-dimensional space coordinates during prolonged experimental hypokinesia].", "content": "The effect of a 30-day hypokinesia on the perception of the subjective optic vertical (SOV) was studied. The test subjects who were in the antiorthostatic position (at an angle of 96 degrees to the vertical) showed the greatest changes in the SOV perception and illusive perception of the spatial position of the body. During the first two days of the experiment and ten days after it they displayed a 1.5-fold increase in the error of the SOV perception. In addition, they exhibited an asymmetrical perception of the SOV on the right and left side. In all cases the direction of the SOV displacement from the true line coincided with the body position. The test subjects who were kept at an angle of 84 degrees to the vertical (orthostatic hypokinesia) demonstrated only illusions of the body position during the first hypokinetic day and a unilateral increase in the error of the SOV perception after the experiment. The test subjects who underwent preventive treatment following antiorthostatic hypokinesia (at an angle of 94 degrees to the vertical) exhibited no asymmetry and an insignificant error in the SOV perception. These findings are discussed with regards to the changes in the function of pressuretension receptors and disorders in the skeletal tone during hypokinesia.", "contents": "[Perception of 2-dimensional space coordinates during prolonged experimental hypokinesia]. The effect of a 30-day hypokinesia on the perception of the subjective optic vertical (SOV) was studied. The test subjects who were in the antiorthostatic position (at an angle of 96 degrees to the vertical) showed the greatest changes in the SOV perception and illusive perception of the spatial position of the body. During the first two days of the experiment and ten days after it they displayed a 1.5-fold increase in the error of the SOV perception. In addition, they exhibited an asymmetrical perception of the SOV on the right and left side. In all cases the direction of the SOV displacement from the true line coincided with the body position. The test subjects who were kept at an angle of 84 degrees to the vertical (orthostatic hypokinesia) demonstrated only illusions of the body position during the first hypokinetic day and a unilateral increase in the error of the SOV perception after the experiment. The test subjects who underwent preventive treatment following antiorthostatic hypokinesia (at an angle of 94 degrees to the vertical) exhibited no asymmetry and an insignificant error in the SOV perception. These findings are discussed with regards to the changes in the function of pressuretension receptors and disorders in the skeletal tone during hypokinesia.", "PMID": 1113492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3929", "title": "[Effect of hypokinesia and lowered barometric pressure on the tolerance of animals to the action of ethyl acetate].", "content": "Experiments were carried out to study the resistance of rats to an acute effect of ethylacetate vapors at concentrations of 25 to 69 g/m-3 after their 20-day exposure to hypokinesia and 20-day exposure to altitudes of 3200 and 5000 m. The effect of ethylacetate at concentrations of 47 and 10 mg/m-3 on the rats in a chronic 90-day experiments was also investigated. After an exposure to hypokinesia and hypoxia the sensitivity of the rats to an acute effect of ethylacetate vapors increased 2- or 3-fold. The chronic inhalation of the substance by the hypokinetic animals brought about disorders in the brain microstructure and renal pathology. The poisoned animals that retained normal motor activity displayed serious pathological changes in the thyroid gland. It is concluded that changes in the reactivity of the animal and human body to chemical agents must be taken into consideration when developing standards for the space cabin atmosphere.", "contents": "[Effect of hypokinesia and lowered barometric pressure on the tolerance of animals to the action of ethyl acetate]. Experiments were carried out to study the resistance of rats to an acute effect of ethylacetate vapors at concentrations of 25 to 69 g/m-3 after their 20-day exposure to hypokinesia and 20-day exposure to altitudes of 3200 and 5000 m. The effect of ethylacetate at concentrations of 47 and 10 mg/m-3 on the rats in a chronic 90-day experiments was also investigated. After an exposure to hypokinesia and hypoxia the sensitivity of the rats to an acute effect of ethylacetate vapors increased 2- or 3-fold. The chronic inhalation of the substance by the hypokinetic animals brought about disorders in the brain microstructure and renal pathology. The poisoned animals that retained normal motor activity displayed serious pathological changes in the thyroid gland. It is concluded that changes in the reactivity of the animal and human body to chemical agents must be taken into consideration when developing standards for the space cabin atmosphere.", "PMID": 1113489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3930", "title": "The use of cation-bound microsomes for studies of protein synthesis.", "content": "Low speed microsomes prepared by centrifuging at 30 times g for 10 minutes after interaction with Ca-2plus or Mg-2plus are comparable to high speed microsomes (105,000 times g) with respect to incorporation of 3-H-leucine in vivo, protein-synthesizing ability in vitro, and the pattern of ribosomal profiles on a linear sucrose density gradient. Low and high speed polyribosomes, i.e., those isolated with and without Ca-2plus or Mg-2plus from a postmitochondrial supernatant, also displayed similar protein-synthesizing capability in vitro and identical profiles on a linear sucrose density gradient. Other divalent cations, such as Ba-2plus, Ni-2plus, Co-2plus, Cu-2plus, Fe-2plus, Hg-2plus, Zn-2plus, and Sr-2plus, inhibited enzyme activities and depressed protein synthesis. Low speed microsomes may now be deemed suitable for all studies of microsomal function.", "contents": "The use of cation-bound microsomes for studies of protein synthesis. Low speed microsomes prepared by centrifuging at 30 times g for 10 minutes after interaction with Ca-2plus or Mg-2plus are comparable to high speed microsomes (105,000 times g) with respect to incorporation of 3-H-leucine in vivo, protein-synthesizing ability in vitro, and the pattern of ribosomal profiles on a linear sucrose density gradient. Low and high speed polyribosomes, i.e., those isolated with and without Ca-2plus or Mg-2plus from a postmitochondrial supernatant, also displayed similar protein-synthesizing capability in vitro and identical profiles on a linear sucrose density gradient. Other divalent cations, such as Ba-2plus, Ni-2plus, Co-2plus, Cu-2plus, Fe-2plus, Hg-2plus, Zn-2plus, and Sr-2plus, inhibited enzyme activities and depressed protein synthesis. Low speed microsomes may now be deemed suitable for all studies of microsomal function.", "PMID": 1113500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3931", "title": "[Informativeness of pulse bloodfilling of auricular helical vessels for evaluation of human tolerance to plusGz acceleration].", "content": "The possiblity of using photoelectric plethysmography as an objective method to assess the human tolerance to accelerations was examined. The tolerance of 40 young healthy male test subjects to plus GZ accelerations of 3, 5, 6 and 7 g with an increase gradient of 0.4 g/sec and a plateau time of 30 sec was measured. The test subjects induced an arbitrary tension of the abdominal and leg muscles in order to better tolerate accelerations. When the tolerance reached its limit (as judging by optic disorders), the auricular pulse amplitude decreased 4-fold in 84% test subjects. The threshold value of the amplitude can be used as an informative indicator of a group and individual tolerance to plus GZ accelerations. A portable photoelectric plethysmograph has been designed for operational medical control of the health state of pilots inflight.", "contents": "[Informativeness of pulse bloodfilling of auricular helical vessels for evaluation of human tolerance to plusGz acceleration]. The possiblity of using photoelectric plethysmography as an objective method to assess the human tolerance to accelerations was examined. The tolerance of 40 young healthy male test subjects to plus GZ accelerations of 3, 5, 6 and 7 g with an increase gradient of 0.4 g/sec and a plateau time of 30 sec was measured. The test subjects induced an arbitrary tension of the abdominal and leg muscles in order to better tolerate accelerations. When the tolerance reached its limit (as judging by optic disorders), the auricular pulse amplitude decreased 4-fold in 84% test subjects. The threshold value of the amplitude can be used as an informative indicator of a group and individual tolerance to plus GZ accelerations. A portable photoelectric plethysmograph has been designed for operational medical control of the health state of pilots inflight.", "PMID": 1113494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3932", "title": "[Effect of intellectual evaluation of the situation on emotional reactions in pilots].", "content": "Emotional reactions of pilots to a real emergency were studied during simulations of critical and dangerous situations. The vague information on the situation was shown to be the most important emotional factor in such a case. The data have been obtained indicating that with lacking information the level of emotional stress depends on the mental assessment of the signals based on the previous experience and training.", "contents": "[Effect of intellectual evaluation of the situation on emotional reactions in pilots]. Emotional reactions of pilots to a real emergency were studied during simulations of critical and dangerous situations. The vague information on the situation was shown to be the most important emotional factor in such a case. The data have been obtained indicating that with lacking information the level of emotional stress depends on the mental assessment of the signals based on the previous experience and training.", "PMID": 1113495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3933", "title": "Age-dependent changes on the state of aggregation of cartilage matrix.", "content": "The state of aggregation of cartilage matrix and its variations with age have been studied by biochemical, cytochemical, and ultrastructural methods. Determination of proteoglycans and collagen in costal cartilage from newborn, 4-week-, and 4-year-old rabbits showed that marked changes occurred during the first 4 weeks, i.e., a 30 percent decrease in proteoglycan content and a 3-fold increase in collagen. No significant changes were observed thereafter. The extractability of the proteoglycans after treatment with 4 M guanidinium chloride varied drastically, depending upon the age of the animal. Whereas 73 per cent of the proteoglycans was extracted from the neonatal tissue, the yield from old tissue was only 10 per cent. It is suggested that the decrease in extractability with age is related to the increase in collagen content. Cytochemical observations demonstrated that, in the neonatal tissue, metachromatic staining of the matrix was lost after guanidinium chloride treatment, with the exception of chromotropic granules still present in the lacunae. In the 1-month-old animals, a general decrease in the staining reaction ensued, except in the perilacunar areas. In the extracted tissues, instead, the picture changed drastically in that metachromasia was decreased in the interterritory but was not modified, as in the neonatal tissue, in the areas adjacent to the cell nests. In the old tissue, the patchy and irregular staining, typical of the cartilage of this age, was not modified by extraction with the guanidium salt. At the ultrastructural level, the proteoglycans in the neonatal tissue appeared as granules of different size, the largest having dimensions of about 900 A, In the 1-month-old animals, degenerative changes were already observed in the chondrocytes, including loss of the perilacunar space, reduction of the endoplasmic reticulum, and an increase of intracellular glycogen and lipids. The proteoglycan droplets, so prominent at the neonatal stage, were no longer evident. In the older animals, apart from the many foci of mineralization, the chondrocytes were almost all degenerated and showed signs of extensive vacuolation and lipid infiltration.", "contents": "Age-dependent changes on the state of aggregation of cartilage matrix. The state of aggregation of cartilage matrix and its variations with age have been studied by biochemical, cytochemical, and ultrastructural methods. Determination of proteoglycans and collagen in costal cartilage from newborn, 4-week-, and 4-year-old rabbits showed that marked changes occurred during the first 4 weeks, i.e., a 30 percent decrease in proteoglycan content and a 3-fold increase in collagen. No significant changes were observed thereafter. The extractability of the proteoglycans after treatment with 4 M guanidinium chloride varied drastically, depending upon the age of the animal. Whereas 73 per cent of the proteoglycans was extracted from the neonatal tissue, the yield from old tissue was only 10 per cent. It is suggested that the decrease in extractability with age is related to the increase in collagen content. Cytochemical observations demonstrated that, in the neonatal tissue, metachromatic staining of the matrix was lost after guanidinium chloride treatment, with the exception of chromotropic granules still present in the lacunae. In the 1-month-old animals, a general decrease in the staining reaction ensued, except in the perilacunar areas. In the extracted tissues, instead, the picture changed drastically in that metachromasia was decreased in the interterritory but was not modified, as in the neonatal tissue, in the areas adjacent to the cell nests. In the old tissue, the patchy and irregular staining, typical of the cartilage of this age, was not modified by extraction with the guanidium salt. At the ultrastructural level, the proteoglycans in the neonatal tissue appeared as granules of different size, the largest having dimensions of about 900 A, In the 1-month-old animals, degenerative changes were already observed in the chondrocytes, including loss of the perilacunar space, reduction of the endoplasmic reticulum, and an increase of intracellular glycogen and lipids. The proteoglycan droplets, so prominent at the neonatal stage, were no longer evident. In the older animals, apart from the many foci of mineralization, the chondrocytes were almost all degenerated and showed signs of extensive vacuolation and lipid infiltration.", "PMID": 1113501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3934", "title": "[Dynamics of temperature rhythm phases in the course of rhythm inversion].", "content": "The process of inversion of the diurnal rhythm of the body temperature was studied on two test subjects during an altered work-rest cycle. The temperature changes during individual phases were investigated. With respect to certain phases it is concluded that the rate of rearrangement depended on the relationship between these phases and the level of the physical and mental activity of the body. The inversion of the temperature rhythm induced changes in those phases of the temperature curve in which the temperature should not have changed due to an altered work-rest cycle. When evaluating the completeness of the rearrangement of the diurnal rhythm of the body temperature brought about by an altered work-rest cycle, it is important to pay particular attention to the body temperature in the minimum phase and in the adjacent phases, since the rate of the rearrangement of the temperature rhythm in these phases can be the lowest.", "contents": "[Dynamics of temperature rhythm phases in the course of rhythm inversion]. The process of inversion of the diurnal rhythm of the body temperature was studied on two test subjects during an altered work-rest cycle. The temperature changes during individual phases were investigated. With respect to certain phases it is concluded that the rate of rearrangement depended on the relationship between these phases and the level of the physical and mental activity of the body. The inversion of the temperature rhythm induced changes in those phases of the temperature curve in which the temperature should not have changed due to an altered work-rest cycle. When evaluating the completeness of the rearrangement of the diurnal rhythm of the body temperature brought about by an altered work-rest cycle, it is important to pay particular attention to the body temperature in the minimum phase and in the adjacent phases, since the rate of the rearrangement of the temperature rhythm in these phases can be the lowest.", "PMID": 1113496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3935", "title": "Formation of anomalous lysosomes in monocytes, neutrophils, and eosinophils from bone marrow of mice with Ch\u00e9diak-Higashi syndrome.", "content": "Ch\u00e9diak-Higashi syndrome, a rare autosomal recessive disorder occurring in man, beige mice, and other homologues, is characterized by abnormally large lysosomes in many cell types. The formation of these anomalous lysosomes in developing monocytes, neutrophils, and eosinophils in beige mouse bone marrow, as well as lysosomal formation in the corresponding normal cells from C57 Black mice, was investigated by electron microscopy, together with a method for the demonstration of peroxidase activity. Localization of peroxidase reaction product was the same in both C57BL and beige mice. In promonocytes and in neutrophilic and eosinophilic proganulocytes, peroxidase reaction product was localized in lysosomes, in the perinuclear cisternae, all cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum, and the Golgi succules. In the later stages of development, reaction product was localized only in the lysosomes. In promonocytes and progranulocytes from the C57BL mice, lysosomes apparently form from the inner Golgi succule. Fusion of newly formed lysosomes was occasionally seen. Lysosomal fusion was never observed in the more mature monocytes and eosinophils and was only rarely seen in mature neutrophils. In the beige mouse, lysosomes were formed as in the C57BL mice. However, in the beige mouse, fusion of newly formed lysosomes occurred frequently in promonocytes and neutrophilic progranulocytes. Lysosomal fusion was also frequently observed in the more mature cells. As a result of the continued lysosomal fusion, the mature monocytes, neutrophils, and eosinophils from the beige mouse contained fewer but often greatly enlarged lysosomes.", "contents": "Formation of anomalous lysosomes in monocytes, neutrophils, and eosinophils from bone marrow of mice with Ch\u00e9diak-Higashi syndrome. Ch\u00e9diak-Higashi syndrome, a rare autosomal recessive disorder occurring in man, beige mice, and other homologues, is characterized by abnormally large lysosomes in many cell types. The formation of these anomalous lysosomes in developing monocytes, neutrophils, and eosinophils in beige mouse bone marrow, as well as lysosomal formation in the corresponding normal cells from C57 Black mice, was investigated by electron microscopy, together with a method for the demonstration of peroxidase activity. Localization of peroxidase reaction product was the same in both C57BL and beige mice. In promonocytes and in neutrophilic and eosinophilic proganulocytes, peroxidase reaction product was localized in lysosomes, in the perinuclear cisternae, all cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum, and the Golgi succules. In the later stages of development, reaction product was localized only in the lysosomes. In promonocytes and progranulocytes from the C57BL mice, lysosomes apparently form from the inner Golgi succule. Fusion of newly formed lysosomes was occasionally seen. Lysosomal fusion was never observed in the more mature monocytes and eosinophils and was only rarely seen in mature neutrophils. In the beige mouse, lysosomes were formed as in the C57BL mice. However, in the beige mouse, fusion of newly formed lysosomes occurred frequently in promonocytes and neutrophilic progranulocytes. Lysosomal fusion was also frequently observed in the more mature cells. As a result of the continued lysosomal fusion, the mature monocytes, neutrophils, and eosinophils from the beige mouse contained fewer but often greatly enlarged lysosomes.", "PMID": 1113502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3936", "title": "Quantitative morphometry of glomerulonephritis with crescents. Diagnostic and predictive value.", "content": "Histologic patterns in the glomerular tufts in \"Glomerulonephritis with many crescents\" take three main forms: (1) compression and sclerosis of glomeruli, (2) necrotizing glomerulitis, and (3) proliferation with or without exudation. In the third group, histologic differentiation between patients with poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis with many crescents (AGN) and those with nonstreptococcal rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN) may be impossible. In a retrospective study, quantitative morphometry of glomeruli effectively separated three patients with AGN from two patients with RPGN after the usual histologic and electron microscopic observations had failed. Parameters studied were areas of tufts and crescents and total number of cells and granulocytes in tufts and crescents. Surface areas of tufts and crescents were separately determined by photographing glomeruli, projecting and tracing outlines of tufts and crescents, and cutting out and weighing the tracings. The cell density of glomerular tufts (cell per 1000-sq. mum. area) was significantly greater in AGN than in RPGN when either total cell densities (17.64 plus or minus 0.41 versus 13.63 plus or minus 0.30) or total cells minus granulocytes (16.39 plus or minus 0.50 versus 12.99 plus or minus 0.52) were compared. The cell density in the tufts was 120 and 70 per cent greater than controls in AGN and RPGN, respectively. Exudation of inflammatory cells is contributory but not the major cause of hypercellularity in AGN. Follow-up studies with biopsies showed marked resolution in two of three patients with AGN, with normal blood urea nitrogen levels and focal scarring in the third, whereas the two patients with RPGN had either extensive scarring and reduced renal function or required chronic hemodialysis.", "contents": "Quantitative morphometry of glomerulonephritis with crescents. Diagnostic and predictive value. Histologic patterns in the glomerular tufts in \"Glomerulonephritis with many crescents\" take three main forms: (1) compression and sclerosis of glomeruli, (2) necrotizing glomerulitis, and (3) proliferation with or without exudation. In the third group, histologic differentiation between patients with poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis with many crescents (AGN) and those with nonstreptococcal rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN) may be impossible. In a retrospective study, quantitative morphometry of glomeruli effectively separated three patients with AGN from two patients with RPGN after the usual histologic and electron microscopic observations had failed. Parameters studied were areas of tufts and crescents and total number of cells and granulocytes in tufts and crescents. Surface areas of tufts and crescents were separately determined by photographing glomeruli, projecting and tracing outlines of tufts and crescents, and cutting out and weighing the tracings. The cell density of glomerular tufts (cell per 1000-sq. mum. area) was significantly greater in AGN than in RPGN when either total cell densities (17.64 plus or minus 0.41 versus 13.63 plus or minus 0.30) or total cells minus granulocytes (16.39 plus or minus 0.50 versus 12.99 plus or minus 0.52) were compared. The cell density in the tufts was 120 and 70 per cent greater than controls in AGN and RPGN, respectively. Exudation of inflammatory cells is contributory but not the major cause of hypercellularity in AGN. Follow-up studies with biopsies showed marked resolution in two of three patients with AGN, with normal blood urea nitrogen levels and focal scarring in the third, whereas the two patients with RPGN had either extensive scarring and reduced renal function or required chronic hemodialysis.", "PMID": 1113503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3937", "title": "Influence of quantity of diet on protein synthesis of rats force-fed a threonine-devoid diet.", "content": "The influence of the quantity of diet on protein synthesis of rats force-fed a complete diet or one free of threonine for 3 days. Protein synthesis was studied. The results revealed that rats force-fed an adequate amount (6.5 gm. per day) of threonine-devoid diet demonstrated increased hepatic and cardiac protein synthesis and decreased skeletal muscle and splenic protein synthesis in comparison to the results with rats force-fed the complete diet. In contrast, rats force-fed one-half the quantity (3.25 gm. per day) of the diets revealed no or small differences in protein synthesis of the liver, heart, gastrocnemius muscle, and spleen between the rats force-fed the complete and the threonine-devoid diets, although both of the one-half quantity groups had values which were decreased in comparison to those of rats force-fed the adequate quantity of complete diet. The tube feeding of L-threonine (60 mg.) to rats force-fed one-half the quantity of the complete or threonine-devoid diet on the 4th morning 2 hours before killing did not influence the results of organ protein synthesis. Protein synthesis was studied in vivo by measuring  14C-leucine incorporation into organ proteins and in vitro by measuring 14C-leucine incorporation into proteins by using postmitochondrial supernatants or microsomes of livers. Sucrose density gradients of hepatic polyribosomes were studied and revealed that there were more aggregated polyribosomes in rats force-fed adequate quantities of the experimental diets than in those force-fed the control diets. Rats force-fed one-half quantity of the complete and threonine-devoid diets revealed similar polyribosomal patterns which revealed more disaggregation than those in rats ofrce-fed the adequate quantity of complete diet.", "contents": "Influence of quantity of diet on protein synthesis of rats force-fed a threonine-devoid diet. The influence of the quantity of diet on protein synthesis of rats force-fed a complete diet or one free of threonine for 3 days. Protein synthesis was studied. The results revealed that rats force-fed an adequate amount (6.5 gm. per day) of threonine-devoid diet demonstrated increased hepatic and cardiac protein synthesis and decreased skeletal muscle and splenic protein synthesis in comparison to the results with rats force-fed the complete diet. In contrast, rats force-fed one-half the quantity (3.25 gm. per day) of the diets revealed no or small differences in protein synthesis of the liver, heart, gastrocnemius muscle, and spleen between the rats force-fed the complete and the threonine-devoid diets, although both of the one-half quantity groups had values which were decreased in comparison to those of rats force-fed the adequate quantity of complete diet. The tube feeding of L-threonine (60 mg.) to rats force-fed one-half the quantity of the complete or threonine-devoid diet on the 4th morning 2 hours before killing did not influence the results of organ protein synthesis. Protein synthesis was studied in vivo by measuring  14C-leucine incorporation into organ proteins and in vitro by measuring 14C-leucine incorporation into proteins by using postmitochondrial supernatants or microsomes of livers. Sucrose density gradients of hepatic polyribosomes were studied and revealed that there were more aggregated polyribosomes in rats force-fed adequate quantities of the experimental diets than in those force-fed the control diets. Rats force-fed one-half quantity of the complete and threonine-devoid diets revealed similar polyribosomal patterns which revealed more disaggregation than those in rats ofrce-fed the adequate quantity of complete diet.", "PMID": 1113504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3938", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of mast cell degranulation.", "content": "Scanning and transmission electron microscopy were used to study the morphologic changes occurring in isolated mast cells after stimulation by compound 48/80. Two approaches were used to obtain cells for scanning electron microscopy. Cells incubated in suspension were collected on Millipore filters and air-dried from isopropyl alcohol. Other cells were allowed to attach to cover slips, stimulated, fix in situ, and dried from Freon at its critical point. Resting mast cells prepared by the latter method were covered by a tracery of shelflike ridges, whereas cells prepared by the first method had no ridges but presented a bumpy surface disclosing the underlying granules. Stimulation by compound 48/80 caused marked changes in the surface configuration of the cells, with loss of the regular pattern of ridges, extrusion of granules, and the appearance of openings leading to the interior of the cell. Correlation with transmission electron microscopy indicates that these openings lead to channels containing granules and lined by an intact membrane. These openings give extracellular cations access to granules within the confines of the cell, where the cations may exchange for histamine.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of mast cell degranulation. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy were used to study the morphologic changes occurring in isolated mast cells after stimulation by compound 48/80. Two approaches were used to obtain cells for scanning electron microscopy. Cells incubated in suspension were collected on Millipore filters and air-dried from isopropyl alcohol. Other cells were allowed to attach to cover slips, stimulated, fix in situ, and dried from Freon at its critical point. Resting mast cells prepared by the latter method were covered by a tracery of shelflike ridges, whereas cells prepared by the first method had no ridges but presented a bumpy surface disclosing the underlying granules. Stimulation by compound 48/80 caused marked changes in the surface configuration of the cells, with loss of the regular pattern of ridges, extrusion of granules, and the appearance of openings leading to the interior of the cell. Correlation with transmission electron microscopy indicates that these openings lead to channels containing granules and lined by an intact membrane. These openings give extracellular cations access to granules within the confines of the cell, where the cations may exchange for histamine.", "PMID": 1113505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3939", "title": "Virus-initiated septic shock. Acute death of Venezuelan encephalitis virus-infected hamsters.", "content": "Hamster hematopoietic and lymphatic organs were studied sequentially by light and electron microscopy following Venezuelan encephalitis virus inoculation. In addition to extensive marrow and splenic necrosis nearly transmural necrosis of the ileum in Peyer's patch areas, with concomitant bacterial overgrowth, was noted. Viruses were observed ultrastructurally in reticular cells of Peyer's patches. In addition, bacterial blood cultures, consistent with an enteric origin, were generally positive in late stages of the infection. Reticuloendothelial function, measured by clearance of colloidal carbon, was significantly depressed in Venezuelan encephalitis virus-infected hamsters. It is proposed that the acute death of hamsters infected with Venezuelan encephalitis virus may be determined by the development of an endotoxic shock syndrome mediated by the extensive ileal lesions, coupled with impaired reticuloendothelial detoxifying function.", "contents": "Virus-initiated septic shock. Acute death of Venezuelan encephalitis virus-infected hamsters. Hamster hematopoietic and lymphatic organs were studied sequentially by light and electron microscopy following Venezuelan encephalitis virus inoculation. In addition to extensive marrow and splenic necrosis nearly transmural necrosis of the ileum in Peyer's patch areas, with concomitant bacterial overgrowth, was noted. Viruses were observed ultrastructurally in reticular cells of Peyer's patches. In addition, bacterial blood cultures, consistent with an enteric origin, were generally positive in late stages of the infection. Reticuloendothelial function, measured by clearance of colloidal carbon, was significantly depressed in Venezuelan encephalitis virus-infected hamsters. It is proposed that the acute death of hamsters infected with Venezuelan encephalitis virus may be determined by the development of an endotoxic shock syndrome mediated by the extensive ileal lesions, coupled with impaired reticuloendothelial detoxifying function.", "PMID": 1113506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3940", "title": "Pancreatic necrosis and regeneration induced by 4-hydroxyaminoquinoline-1-oxide in the guinea pig.", "content": "A single intravenous injection of 4-hydroxyaminoquinoline-1-oxide, in a dose of 22.5 mg. per kg., induced marked necrosis of exocrine pancreas in inbred strain 13 guinea pigs within 48 hours. The pancreatic acinar cell necrosis was dose-dependent and was associated with a significantly elevated serum amylase level and reduction in amylase activity in the pancreatic tissue. The maximal necrotic changes in the exocrine pancreas were observed at 48 hours. After the necrotic phase, a striking regenerative response of pancreatic acinar tissue ensued. 3-H-thymidine autoradiographic studies revealed a labeling index of 28 per cent cells in several pancreatic lobules 66 hours after 4-hydroxyaminoquinoline-1-oxide injection. The acinar cell repair, as well as formation of the new acini in many pancreatic lobules, was complete by 84 hours. In some pancreatic lobules, pseudoacinar or ductular transformation was noted. The regenerative response in pancreatic acinar tissue and ductal epithelium induced by 4-hydroxyaminoquinolone-1-oxide in the guinea pig appeared to be severalfold higher than that noted during ethionine regeneration.", "contents": "Pancreatic necrosis and regeneration induced by 4-hydroxyaminoquinoline-1-oxide in the guinea pig. A single intravenous injection of 4-hydroxyaminoquinoline-1-oxide, in a dose of 22.5 mg. per kg., induced marked necrosis of exocrine pancreas in inbred strain 13 guinea pigs within 48 hours. The pancreatic acinar cell necrosis was dose-dependent and was associated with a significantly elevated serum amylase level and reduction in amylase activity in the pancreatic tissue. The maximal necrotic changes in the exocrine pancreas were observed at 48 hours. After the necrotic phase, a striking regenerative response of pancreatic acinar tissue ensued. 3-H-thymidine autoradiographic studies revealed a labeling index of 28 per cent cells in several pancreatic lobules 66 hours after 4-hydroxyaminoquinoline-1-oxide injection. The acinar cell repair, as well as formation of the new acini in many pancreatic lobules, was complete by 84 hours. In some pancreatic lobules, pseudoacinar or ductular transformation was noted. The regenerative response in pancreatic acinar tissue and ductal epithelium induced by 4-hydroxyaminoquinolone-1-oxide in the guinea pig appeared to be severalfold higher than that noted during ethionine regeneration.", "PMID": 1113507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3941", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of the heart after coronary occlusion.", "content": "The scanning electron microscope was used to study the ultrastructural alterations which occur following periods of myocardial ischemia of 30 minutes and 1, 2, 5, 10, and 24 hours. The alterations were compared with those seen with the transmission electron microscope. The early changes consist of swelling of organelles and clumping of nuclear chromatin. After 5 hours, disintegration of the transverse tubular system becomes apparent, and breakdown of the connections between the nucleus and the sarcoplasmic reticulum is seen coincident with distortion of the shape of the nucleus. It is suggested that the sarcoplasmic reticulum may be a part of the \"endoskeleton\" of the cell and may play a role in maintaining the shape and location of the nucleus. After 10 hours, extensive membrane alterations have occurred in many of the intracellular organelles. It is concluded that the changes seen with scanning electron microscopy are consistent with those seen with transmission electron microscopy.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of the heart after coronary occlusion. The scanning electron microscope was used to study the ultrastructural alterations which occur following periods of myocardial ischemia of 30 minutes and 1, 2, 5, 10, and 24 hours. The alterations were compared with those seen with the transmission electron microscope. The early changes consist of swelling of organelles and clumping of nuclear chromatin. After 5 hours, disintegration of the transverse tubular system becomes apparent, and breakdown of the connections between the nucleus and the sarcoplasmic reticulum is seen coincident with distortion of the shape of the nucleus. It is suggested that the sarcoplasmic reticulum may be a part of the \"endoskeleton\" of the cell and may play a role in maintaining the shape and location of the nucleus. After 10 hours, extensive membrane alterations have occurred in many of the intracellular organelles. It is concluded that the changes seen with scanning electron microscopy are consistent with those seen with transmission electron microscopy.", "PMID": 1113508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3942", "title": "Studies on the pathogenesis of cell injury: effects of inhibitors of metabolism and membrane function on the mitochondria of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells.", "content": "The effects of cell injury on Ehrlich ascites tumor cell mitochondria were studied using two model injuries: (1) interference with cell membrane function and (2) inhibition of ATP synthesis with specific mitochondrial inhibitors. These studies indicate a good correlation between level of ATP and number of swollen mitochondria and between swollen mitochondria and occurrence of flocculent densities. No correlation existed between total ADP level and percentage of condensed mitochondria if all ADP values were considered, although a biphasic relationship appeared to exist between the number of condensed mitochondria and the levels of ATP. The study suggests a reproducible sequence of mitochondrial events following either inhibition of ATP synthesis or induction of cell membrane permeability with the nonpenetrating, membrane-damaging agent p-chloromercuribenzene sulfonic acid. These include the rapid appearance of condensed mitochondria, the reinflation of these to resemble orthodox mitochondria, and the occurrence of high amplitude swelling followed by flocculent densities or calcification, or both. Calcification did not occur when ATP synthesis was inhibited but did occur when the cell membrane was damaged with p-chloromercuribenzene sulfonic acid. It is suggested that the early mitochondrial condensation is related to loss of ions and water from the mitochondrial inner compartment following inhibition of active accumulation systems. It is furthermore suggested that the appearance of the condensed mitochondrial state can be taken as evidence of the intactness of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. The occurrence of swelling indicates structural changes in the mitochondrial inner membrane which occur following loss of ability for ATP synthesis.", "contents": "Studies on the pathogenesis of cell injury: effects of inhibitors of metabolism and membrane function on the mitochondria of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. The effects of cell injury on Ehrlich ascites tumor cell mitochondria were studied using two model injuries: (1) interference with cell membrane function and (2) inhibition of ATP synthesis with specific mitochondrial inhibitors. These studies indicate a good correlation between level of ATP and number of swollen mitochondria and between swollen mitochondria and occurrence of flocculent densities. No correlation existed between total ADP level and percentage of condensed mitochondria if all ADP values were considered, although a biphasic relationship appeared to exist between the number of condensed mitochondria and the levels of ATP. The study suggests a reproducible sequence of mitochondrial events following either inhibition of ATP synthesis or induction of cell membrane permeability with the nonpenetrating, membrane-damaging agent p-chloromercuribenzene sulfonic acid. These include the rapid appearance of condensed mitochondria, the reinflation of these to resemble orthodox mitochondria, and the occurrence of high amplitude swelling followed by flocculent densities or calcification, or both. Calcification did not occur when ATP synthesis was inhibited but did occur when the cell membrane was damaged with p-chloromercuribenzene sulfonic acid. It is suggested that the early mitochondrial condensation is related to loss of ions and water from the mitochondrial inner compartment following inhibition of active accumulation systems. It is furthermore suggested that the appearance of the condensed mitochondrial state can be taken as evidence of the intactness of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. The occurrence of swelling indicates structural changes in the mitochondrial inner membrane which occur following loss of ability for ATP synthesis.", "PMID": 1113509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3943", "title": "Subcellular mechanisms of parathyroid hormone secretion: ultrastructural changes in response to calcium, vitamin A, vinblastine, and cytochalasin B.", "content": "The effects of various agents on the in vitro secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) were studied previously, using bovine glands. Low calcium, (0.75 mM), vitamin A (vit A), and cytochalasin B stimulated secretion, and high calcium (3.0 mM) and vinblastine (VB) inhibited secretion, whereas hydrocortisone and VB inhibited the vit A-induced PTH secretion. In order to define subcellular mechanisms of PTH release at the morphologic level, a semiquantitative analysis of ultrastructural characteristics has been made on the same tissue with the same agents. Low calcium increased convolutions of the intercellular membrane, the number of large type I secretory granules, phagolysosomes, lipoid vacuoles, and lamellae of endoplasmic reticulum. Vit A and cytochalasin B widened intercellular spaces and increased intercellular membranous interdigitations, the number of type I secretory granules, and phagolysosomes. Vit A also dilated Golgi membranes, and cytochalasin B also increased the number of small type II secretory granules and the margination of granules along the cell membrane. High calcium increased the number of phagolysosomes and crinophagic and lipoid vacuoles. VB decreased the number of microtubules and caused stacking of endoplasmic reticulum lamellae. VB or hydrocortisone diminished some of the ultrastructural effects of vit A. The common ultrastructural findings in response to stimulation of PTH secretion by low calcium, vit A, and cytochalasin B raise the possibility that these agents may facilitate PTH secretion through a common messenger or may directly interact with the cell membrane or with the secretion granule for phagolysosome (or both). Our findings are consistent with the role of VB as a microtubule disrupter, but also suggest that VB inhibits PTH secretion through other mechanisms involving the cell membrane and endoplasmic reticulum. Microtubules may facilitate basal PTH secretion and vit A-induced secretion; however, since VB does not inhibit low calcium-stimulated PTH secretion and, ultrastructurally, microtubules were not increased in the presence of low calcium, low calcium-stimulated secretion is not dependent upon microtubular function.", "contents": "Subcellular mechanisms of parathyroid hormone secretion: ultrastructural changes in response to calcium, vitamin A, vinblastine, and cytochalasin B. The effects of various agents on the in vitro secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) were studied previously, using bovine glands. Low calcium, (0.75 mM), vitamin A (vit A), and cytochalasin B stimulated secretion, and high calcium (3.0 mM) and vinblastine (VB) inhibited secretion, whereas hydrocortisone and VB inhibited the vit A-induced PTH secretion. In order to define subcellular mechanisms of PTH release at the morphologic level, a semiquantitative analysis of ultrastructural characteristics has been made on the same tissue with the same agents. Low calcium increased convolutions of the intercellular membrane, the number of large type I secretory granules, phagolysosomes, lipoid vacuoles, and lamellae of endoplasmic reticulum. Vit A and cytochalasin B widened intercellular spaces and increased intercellular membranous interdigitations, the number of type I secretory granules, and phagolysosomes. Vit A also dilated Golgi membranes, and cytochalasin B also increased the number of small type II secretory granules and the margination of granules along the cell membrane. High calcium increased the number of phagolysosomes and crinophagic and lipoid vacuoles. VB decreased the number of microtubules and caused stacking of endoplasmic reticulum lamellae. VB or hydrocortisone diminished some of the ultrastructural effects of vit A. The common ultrastructural findings in response to stimulation of PTH secretion by low calcium, vit A, and cytochalasin B raise the possibility that these agents may facilitate PTH secretion through a common messenger or may directly interact with the cell membrane or with the secretion granule for phagolysosome (or both). Our findings are consistent with the role of VB as a microtubule disrupter, but also suggest that VB inhibits PTH secretion through other mechanisms involving the cell membrane and endoplasmic reticulum. Microtubules may facilitate basal PTH secretion and vit A-induced secretion; however, since VB does not inhibit low calcium-stimulated PTH secretion and, ultrastructurally, microtubules were not increased in the presence of low calcium, low calcium-stimulated secretion is not dependent upon microtubular function.", "PMID": 1113510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3944", "title": "Permeability properties of the postcapillary high-endothelial venules in lymph nodes of the mouse.", "content": "The permeability of the postcapillary high-endothelial venules in mice was investigated by light and electron microscopy. Experiments with intravenously injected horseradish peroxidase demonstrated a pronounced intercellular passage of this tracer. Vesicular transport was not observed. Additional experiments with lanthanum and tannic acid showed that no continous tight junctions sealed the intercellular spaces. However, some focal membrane appositions were observed.", "contents": "Permeability properties of the postcapillary high-endothelial venules in lymph nodes of the mouse. The permeability of the postcapillary high-endothelial venules in mice was investigated by light and electron microscopy. Experiments with intravenously injected horseradish peroxidase demonstrated a pronounced intercellular passage of this tracer. Vesicular transport was not observed. Additional experiments with lanthanum and tannic acid showed that no continous tight junctions sealed the intercellular spaces. However, some focal membrane appositions were observed.", "PMID": 1113511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3945", "title": "Free and membrane-bound ribosomes in normal and methylcholanthrene-treated mouse epidermis.", "content": "Total and free ribosomes were isolated from postnuclear supernatants of trypsinized normal and 3-methylcholanthrene-treated epidermis from female CD-1 mice. Membrane-bound ribosomes were determined as the calculated difference between total and free ribosomes. The value for total ribosomes from normal epidermis in the resting phase of the hair growth cycle was 0.32 mg. of ribosomal RNA per gm. of epidermis, or 0.07 mg. of ribosomal RNA per mg. of homogenate DNA. About 96 per cent of the ribosomes were free and 4 per cent were membrane-bound. Five days after a single application of 2 mu moles of 3-methylcholanthrene to the dorsal skin in the resting phase of the hair growth cycle, there was epidermal hyperplasia and cellular hypertrophy. Total ribosomes increased 2- to 3-fold, to 0.80 mg. of ribosomal RNA per gm. of epidermis, or 0.21 mg. of ribosomal RNA per mg. of homogenate DNA. This increase was further characterized as proportionate increases of both free and membrane-bound ribosomes.", "contents": "Free and membrane-bound ribosomes in normal and methylcholanthrene-treated mouse epidermis. Total and free ribosomes were isolated from postnuclear supernatants of trypsinized normal and 3-methylcholanthrene-treated epidermis from female CD-1 mice. Membrane-bound ribosomes were determined as the calculated difference between total and free ribosomes. The value for total ribosomes from normal epidermis in the resting phase of the hair growth cycle was 0.32 mg. of ribosomal RNA per gm. of epidermis, or 0.07 mg. of ribosomal RNA per mg. of homogenate DNA. About 96 per cent of the ribosomes were free and 4 per cent were membrane-bound. Five days after a single application of 2 mu moles of 3-methylcholanthrene to the dorsal skin in the resting phase of the hair growth cycle, there was epidermal hyperplasia and cellular hypertrophy. Total ribosomes increased 2- to 3-fold, to 0.80 mg. of ribosomal RNA per gm. of epidermis, or 0.21 mg. of ribosomal RNA per mg. of homogenate DNA. This increase was further characterized as proportionate increases of both free and membrane-bound ribosomes.", "PMID": 1113512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3946", "title": "The resistance of certain tissues to invasion. II. Evidence for extractable factors in cartilage which inhibit invasion by vascularized mesenchyme.", "content": "If hyaline cartilage is explanted to the chick chorioallantoic membrane, it resists invasion by vascularized mesenchyme of the host. This resistance is diminished if the tissue is extracted with relatively low concentrations (1.0 M) of guanidine HCl. The extracts contain antiproteolytic activity. This molarity of guanidine HCl extracts only small amounts of the major structural components of cartilage extracellular matrix. It, therefore, seems reasonable to suggest that hyaline cartilage is both avascular and resistant to invasion because it contains extractable inhibitors of invasion, perhaps in the form of proteinase inhibitors.", "contents": "The resistance of certain tissues to invasion. II. Evidence for extractable factors in cartilage which inhibit invasion by vascularized mesenchyme. If hyaline cartilage is explanted to the chick chorioallantoic membrane, it resists invasion by vascularized mesenchyme of the host. This resistance is diminished if the tissue is extracted with relatively low concentrations (1.0 M) of guanidine HCl. The extracts contain antiproteolytic activity. This molarity of guanidine HCl extracts only small amounts of the major structural components of cartilage extracellular matrix. It, therefore, seems reasonable to suggest that hyaline cartilage is both avascular and resistant to invasion because it contains extractable inhibitors of invasion, perhaps in the form of proteinase inhibitors.", "PMID": 1113513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3947", "title": "Experimental glomerulonephritis in the rat induced by antibodies directed against tubular antigens. I. The natural history: a histologic and immunohistologic study at the light microscopic and the ultrastructural level.", "content": "A new form of experimental immune complex glomerulonephritis is described which is induced by one single injection of heterologous antibody directed against antigens present in the brush border of the proximal tubules of the rat kidney. In this model, antigen-antibody complexes are deposited as early as 3 hours after injection of the heterologous antiserum. The first localization of these complexes is seen in the dense layer of the glomerular basement membrane. Later, they move up to the lamina rara externa and stay there for at least 3 months. This model is easily reproducible and offers possibilities for studying the effects of medication on the deposition of immune complexes.", "contents": "Experimental glomerulonephritis in the rat induced by antibodies directed against tubular antigens. I. The natural history: a histologic and immunohistologic study at the light microscopic and the ultrastructural level. A new form of experimental immune complex glomerulonephritis is described which is induced by one single injection of heterologous antibody directed against antigens present in the brush border of the proximal tubules of the rat kidney. In this model, antigen-antibody complexes are deposited as early as 3 hours after injection of the heterologous antiserum. The first localization of these complexes is seen in the dense layer of the glomerular basement membrane. Later, they move up to the lamina rara externa and stay there for at least 3 months. This model is easily reproducible and offers possibilities for studying the effects of medication on the deposition of immune complexes.", "PMID": 1113514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3948", "title": "The mechanism of myocardial protection from ischemic arrest by intracoronary tetrodotoxin administration.", "content": "Intracoronary injection of 14 mcg. of tetrodotoxin into the ischemic isolated rat heart resulted in immediate cessation of mechanical activity. Upon reperfusion with oxygenated, modified Krebs-Henseleit bicarbonate buffer in a modified Langendorff apparatus, all hearts recovered normal rate, rtythm, and contractile vigor after up to 60 minutes of ischemia. In contrast, all hearts not administered tetrodotoxin showed bradycardia, irregular rhythm, and weak contraction upon reperfusion after 30 and 45 minutes of ischemia; after 60 minutes, no mechanical activity was evident. The improved cardiac function following ischemia in the tetrodotoxin-treated hearts was associated with persistence of normal adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels after up to 30 minutes of ischemia and normal or elevated creatine phosphate (CP) levels after up to 60 minutes of ischemia. On the other hand, ATP and CP levels progressively declined to reach 50 per cent of normal values after 30 minutes in the ischemic hearts without tetrodotoxin. These findings indicate that postarrest ATP and CP levels play an important role in myocardial recovery after ischemic arrest.", "contents": "The mechanism of myocardial protection from ischemic arrest by intracoronary tetrodotoxin administration. Intracoronary injection of 14 mcg. of tetrodotoxin into the ischemic isolated rat heart resulted in immediate cessation of mechanical activity. Upon reperfusion with oxygenated, modified Krebs-Henseleit bicarbonate buffer in a modified Langendorff apparatus, all hearts recovered normal rate, rtythm, and contractile vigor after up to 60 minutes of ischemia. In contrast, all hearts not administered tetrodotoxin showed bradycardia, irregular rhythm, and weak contraction upon reperfusion after 30 and 45 minutes of ischemia; after 60 minutes, no mechanical activity was evident. The improved cardiac function following ischemia in the tetrodotoxin-treated hearts was associated with persistence of normal adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels after up to 30 minutes of ischemia and normal or elevated creatine phosphate (CP) levels after up to 60 minutes of ischemia. On the other hand, ATP and CP levels progressively declined to reach 50 per cent of normal values after 30 minutes in the ischemic hearts without tetrodotoxin. These findings indicate that postarrest ATP and CP levels play an important role in myocardial recovery after ischemic arrest.", "PMID": 1113537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3949", "title": "An experimental model for studying myocardial ischemia. Correlation of hemodynamic performance and metabolism in the working swine heart.", "content": "An intact, working swine heart preparation with controlled coronary perfusion is described. In this model, hemodynamic and metabolic functions were correlated in control and ischemic myocardium. A closed-loop, extracorporeal coronary perfusion circuit in series with a perfusion pump and oxygenator was designed to return reoxygenated coronary venous blood at controlled flow rates to the left and right coronary arteries. In 9 swine at normal flows (232 plus or minus 17 ml. per minute), the preparation maintained stable hemodynamic performance and oxygen consumption for a 1 hour period, after which ischemia was induced by reducing coronary flow by 50 per cent. As a result, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) rose by 227 per cent, whereas heart rate (-17 per cent), aortic pressure (-9 per cent), pressure time/minute (PTM) (-28 per cent), left ventricular work (-47 per cent), and oxygen consumption (-39 per cent) all decreased. The ischemic myocardium shifted from lactate extraction to production. With this model, we can define, over a period of time, several mechanical and metabolic collations as a function of total coronary blood flow in an intact, large animal. We can also test interventions during the acute phases of ischemia in an effort to reduce myocardial damage.", "contents": "An experimental model for studying myocardial ischemia. Correlation of hemodynamic performance and metabolism in the working swine heart. An intact, working swine heart preparation with controlled coronary perfusion is described. In this model, hemodynamic and metabolic functions were correlated in control and ischemic myocardium. A closed-loop, extracorporeal coronary perfusion circuit in series with a perfusion pump and oxygenator was designed to return reoxygenated coronary venous blood at controlled flow rates to the left and right coronary arteries. In 9 swine at normal flows (232 plus or minus 17 ml. per minute), the preparation maintained stable hemodynamic performance and oxygen consumption for a 1 hour period, after which ischemia was induced by reducing coronary flow by 50 per cent. As a result, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) rose by 227 per cent, whereas heart rate (-17 per cent), aortic pressure (-9 per cent), pressure time/minute (PTM) (-28 per cent), left ventricular work (-47 per cent), and oxygen consumption (-39 per cent) all decreased. The ischemic myocardium shifted from lactate extraction to production. With this model, we can define, over a period of time, several mechanical and metabolic collations as a function of total coronary blood flow in an intact, large animal. We can also test interventions during the acute phases of ischemia in an effort to reduce myocardial damage.", "PMID": 1113538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3950", "title": "Hemodynamic characteristics of critical stenosis in canine coronary arteries.", "content": "To determine the hemodynamic characteristics of critical stenosis of coronary arteries, mean left circumflex coronary artery (LCCA) flow, myocardial peak reactive hyperemic response (PRHR), myocardial PO2 and PCO2 electrocardiograms, and aortic pressure were monitored at precise degrees of LCCA stenosis in 18 dogs. Stepwise LCCA constriction by a specially designed occluder resulted in a gradual drop in PRHR but little change in other variables. When PRHR was reduced 96 per cent, critical stenosis was achieved, and further constriction caused pronounced and sudden changes in all parameters. When critical stenosis occurred, LCCA diameter had been reduced by 74 plus or minus 2 per cent. Mean LCCA flow was reduced from a base-line level of 42 plus or minus 2 to 34 plus or minus 2 c.c. per minute. PO2 in the myocardium was reduced from 24 plus or minus 1.5 to 16 plus or minus 1.6 mm. Hg. PCO2 increased from 43 plus or minus 5 to 55 plus or minus mm. Hg. T waves in Lead II because isoelectric. The myocardium was well perfused and able to regulate flow through an artery narrowed up to 74 per cent. Beyond this point of critical stenosis, the vascular bed was maximally dilated and further narrowing caused ischemia. These findings indicate that PRHR may be useful at operation to determiine whether all significant lesions are bypassed and whether graft flow is adequate.", "contents": "Hemodynamic characteristics of critical stenosis in canine coronary arteries. To determine the hemodynamic characteristics of critical stenosis of coronary arteries, mean left circumflex coronary artery (LCCA) flow, myocardial peak reactive hyperemic response (PRHR), myocardial PO2 and PCO2 electrocardiograms, and aortic pressure were monitored at precise degrees of LCCA stenosis in 18 dogs. Stepwise LCCA constriction by a specially designed occluder resulted in a gradual drop in PRHR but little change in other variables. When PRHR was reduced 96 per cent, critical stenosis was achieved, and further constriction caused pronounced and sudden changes in all parameters. When critical stenosis occurred, LCCA diameter had been reduced by 74 plus or minus 2 per cent. Mean LCCA flow was reduced from a base-line level of 42 plus or minus 2 to 34 plus or minus 2 c.c. per minute. PO2 in the myocardium was reduced from 24 plus or minus 1.5 to 16 plus or minus 1.6 mm. Hg. PCO2 increased from 43 plus or minus 5 to 55 plus or minus mm. Hg. T waves in Lead II because isoelectric. The myocardium was well perfused and able to regulate flow through an artery narrowed up to 74 per cent. Beyond this point of critical stenosis, the vascular bed was maximally dilated and further narrowing caused ischemia. These findings indicate that PRHR may be useful at operation to determiine whether all significant lesions are bypassed and whether graft flow is adequate.", "PMID": 1113539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3951", "title": "Surgical treatment of chronic constrictive pericarditis using cardiopulmonary bypass.", "content": "The results of operative treatment of 11 patients with chronic constrictive pericarditis with the aid of cardiopulmonary bypass are described. Ten of the 11 patients had Functional Class III or IV disability preoperatively, and all had evidence of severe constrictive disease on physical examination and cardiac catheterization. Pericardiectomy, performed on cardiopulmonary bypass through a median sternotomy incision, required an average total perfusion time of 80 minutes. There were no intraoperative or hospital deaths, and none of the patients required prolonged postoperative hospitalization, All patients except 1, who died 4 weeks postoperatively of pulmonary embolism, have enjoyed marked functional improvement. The technical advantages of pericardiectomy performed on cardiopulmonary bypass are presented.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of chronic constrictive pericarditis using cardiopulmonary bypass. The results of operative treatment of 11 patients with chronic constrictive pericarditis with the aid of cardiopulmonary bypass are described. Ten of the 11 patients had Functional Class III or IV disability preoperatively, and all had evidence of severe constrictive disease on physical examination and cardiac catheterization. Pericardiectomy, performed on cardiopulmonary bypass through a median sternotomy incision, required an average total perfusion time of 80 minutes. There were no intraoperative or hospital deaths, and none of the patients required prolonged postoperative hospitalization, All patients except 1, who died 4 weeks postoperatively of pulmonary embolism, have enjoyed marked functional improvement. The technical advantages of pericardiectomy performed on cardiopulmonary bypass are presented.", "PMID": 1113540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3952", "title": "Surgical management of anomalous left pulmonary artery causing tracheobronchial obstruction. Pulmonary artery sling.", "content": "An anomalous left pulmonary artery causing tracheobronchial obstruction is a rare malformation seen in infancy. Sixty-four cases have been described in the literature, with 17 survivors with or without surgical therapy. We reviewed the literature and the 5 cases seen at The Children's Memorial Hospital during the past 20 years. Three of these patients survived, 2 of whom have not been previously reported. The main clinical features are progressive respiratory distress, cyanosis, and apneic episodes resulting from obstruction of the lower trachea and bronchi by an anomalous left pulmonary artery. Obstructive emphysema with or without atelectasis is very common in this condition and should suggest to the clinician the possiblity of this anomaly. The important diagnostic clues are an anterior indentation of the esophagus on esophagography, narrowing of the lower end of the trachea and right bronchus on bronchography, and anomalous origin of the left pulmonary artery from the right on angiography. We prefer to approach this anomaly by a left anterolateral thoracotomy with transection and end-to-end anastomosis of the anomalous left pulmonary artery in front of the trachea. Respiratory complications due to residual tracheomalacia are common after the operation.", "contents": "Surgical management of anomalous left pulmonary artery causing tracheobronchial obstruction. Pulmonary artery sling. An anomalous left pulmonary artery causing tracheobronchial obstruction is a rare malformation seen in infancy. Sixty-four cases have been described in the literature, with 17 survivors with or without surgical therapy. We reviewed the literature and the 5 cases seen at The Children's Memorial Hospital during the past 20 years. Three of these patients survived, 2 of whom have not been previously reported. The main clinical features are progressive respiratory distress, cyanosis, and apneic episodes resulting from obstruction of the lower trachea and bronchi by an anomalous left pulmonary artery. Obstructive emphysema with or without atelectasis is very common in this condition and should suggest to the clinician the possiblity of this anomaly. The important diagnostic clues are an anterior indentation of the esophagus on esophagography, narrowing of the lower end of the trachea and right bronchus on bronchography, and anomalous origin of the left pulmonary artery from the right on angiography. We prefer to approach this anomaly by a left anterolateral thoracotomy with transection and end-to-end anastomosis of the anomalous left pulmonary artery in front of the trachea. Respiratory complications due to residual tracheomalacia are common after the operation.", "PMID": 1113541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3953", "title": "Mitral valve replacement with the Smeloff-Cutter prosthesis. Experience with 154 patients and comparison with results of replacement with a Starr-Edwards prosthesis.", "content": "Mitral valve replacement with the Smeloff-Cutter (S-C) prothesis was performed in 154 patients between September, 1965, and January, 1970. In 84, only the mitral valve was replaced; in the remainder, other valves were reconstructed or replaced. The hospital and late mortality rates for isolated replacement were 6 and 25 per cent, respectively. Comparable figures for the Starr-Edwards (S-E) (Models 6000 and 6120) prosthesis during this period were 11 and 23 per cent. Similar rates of thromboembolism were associated with the use of either prosthesis in surviving patients (27 per cent for the S-C valve and 30 per cent for the S-E valve). In spite of the acceptable hospital mortality rate for the S-C valve, it is not now considered suitable for clinical use because of the high late mortality rate and the high risk of thromboembolism that accompany its use.", "contents": "Mitral valve replacement with the Smeloff-Cutter prosthesis. Experience with 154 patients and comparison with results of replacement with a Starr-Edwards prosthesis. Mitral valve replacement with the Smeloff-Cutter (S-C) prothesis was performed in 154 patients between September, 1965, and January, 1970. In 84, only the mitral valve was replaced; in the remainder, other valves were reconstructed or replaced. The hospital and late mortality rates for isolated replacement were 6 and 25 per cent, respectively. Comparable figures for the Starr-Edwards (S-E) (Models 6000 and 6120) prosthesis during this period were 11 and 23 per cent. Similar rates of thromboembolism were associated with the use of either prosthesis in surviving patients (27 per cent for the S-C valve and 30 per cent for the S-E valve). In spite of the acceptable hospital mortality rate for the S-C valve, it is not now considered suitable for clinical use because of the high late mortality rate and the high risk of thromboembolism that accompany its use.", "PMID": 1113542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3954", "title": "Rupture of the posterior wall of the left ventricle after mitral valve replacement.", "content": "Rupture of the posterior wall of the left ventricle is an unusual but often lethal complication following mitral valve replacement (MVR). We have encountered it six times with a 100 per cent mortality rate in a series of 1,154 operations for MVR. Sites of rupture were located at the base of the resected papilary muscle or close to the artioventricular groove in the area adjacent to the resected posterior mitral leaflet. T stongly indicates the overzealous resection of the mitral leaflets and papillary muscle as an important eitiologic factor. Other possible etiologic factors are discussed and important pitfalls to be avoided during MVR are stressed.", "contents": "Rupture of the posterior wall of the left ventricle after mitral valve replacement. Rupture of the posterior wall of the left ventricle is an unusual but often lethal complication following mitral valve replacement (MVR). We have encountered it six times with a 100 per cent mortality rate in a series of 1,154 operations for MVR. Sites of rupture were located at the base of the resected papilary muscle or close to the artioventricular groove in the area adjacent to the resected posterior mitral leaflet. T stongly indicates the overzealous resection of the mitral leaflets and papillary muscle as an important eitiologic factor. Other possible etiologic factors are discussed and important pitfalls to be avoided during MVR are stressed.", "PMID": 1113543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3955", "title": "A method of closed-chest cannulation of the left atrium for left atrial-femoral artery bypass.", "content": "A large-bore polyvinyl catheter was devised for passage into the left atrium by means of a modified transseptal catheterization technique. This was performed without difficulty using both pulsatile and nonpulsatile bypass in the closed-chest animal as well as in 3 terminally ill patients. Blood was drained from the left atrium and returned to the femoral artery through an extracorporeal circuit. The shock syndrome produced by coronary embolization in dogs was successfully managed in this fashion. The results of the clinical trials were encouraging. Assisted left heart circulation using a closed-chest left atrial-femoral artery bypass seems feasible by this technique.", "contents": "A method of closed-chest cannulation of the left atrium for left atrial-femoral artery bypass. A large-bore polyvinyl catheter was devised for passage into the left atrium by means of a modified transseptal catheterization technique. This was performed without difficulty using both pulsatile and nonpulsatile bypass in the closed-chest animal as well as in 3 terminally ill patients. Blood was drained from the left atrium and returned to the femoral artery through an extracorporeal circuit. The shock syndrome produced by coronary embolization in dogs was successfully managed in this fashion. The results of the clinical trials were encouraging. Assisted left heart circulation using a closed-chest left atrial-femoral artery bypass seems feasible by this technique.", "PMID": 1113544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3956", "title": "Bilateral atrial myxomas. Preoperative diagnosis and successful removal.", "content": "A case of bilateral atrial myxomas is presented. The diagnosis was made preoperatively with the aid of echocardiography and cineangiography. The use of the echocardiogram in the diagnosis of this lesion is emphasized.", "contents": "Bilateral atrial myxomas. Preoperative diagnosis and successful removal. A case of bilateral atrial myxomas is presented. The diagnosis was made preoperatively with the aid of echocardiography and cineangiography. The use of the echocardiogram in the diagnosis of this lesion is emphasized.", "PMID": 1113545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3957", "title": "Hypoglycemic coma associated with benign pleural mesothelioma.", "content": "A case of hypoglycemic coma and benign pleural mesothelioma is described. Serum insulin levels, as measured by insulin radioimmunoassay, were appropriately suppressed and consistent with hypoglycemia. Assay of the tumor showed insulin to be undectable. The mechanisms for hypoglycemia probably included increased glucose consumption by the tumor and, more important, the inhibition of lipolysis and hepatic gluconegenesis caused by tumor release of L-tryptophan and its metabolites and/or possibly nonsuppressible insulin-like activity, soluble in acid-ethanol(NSILA-s).", "contents": "Hypoglycemic coma associated with benign pleural mesothelioma. A case of hypoglycemic coma and benign pleural mesothelioma is described. Serum insulin levels, as measured by insulin radioimmunoassay, were appropriately suppressed and consistent with hypoglycemia. Assay of the tumor showed insulin to be undectable. The mechanisms for hypoglycemia probably included increased glucose consumption by the tumor and, more important, the inhibition of lipolysis and hepatic gluconegenesis caused by tumor release of L-tryptophan and its metabolites and/or possibly nonsuppressible insulin-like activity, soluble in acid-ethanol(NSILA-s).", "PMID": 1113546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3958", "title": "Upward displacement of the diaphragm after lung resection.", "content": "Upward diaphragmatic displacement was performed in 53 patients after massive lung resection for tuberculosis or bronchiectasis and the data are presented. This technique provides ample room for expansion of the remainder of the lung; it also avoids overexpansion, activation of tuberculous foci, and relapse of bronchiectasis. Diaphragamatic displacement can be used for liquidation of a remaining infected cavity. In children with massive bronchiectasis it serves to conserve two unaffected segments and avoids pneumonectomy. During pneumonectomy in children it prevents significant shift of the mediastinum and progression of scoliosis.", "contents": "Upward displacement of the diaphragm after lung resection. Upward diaphragmatic displacement was performed in 53 patients after massive lung resection for tuberculosis or bronchiectasis and the data are presented. This technique provides ample room for expansion of the remainder of the lung; it also avoids overexpansion, activation of tuberculous foci, and relapse of bronchiectasis. Diaphragamatic displacement can be used for liquidation of a remaining infected cavity. In children with massive bronchiectasis it serves to conserve two unaffected segments and avoids pneumonectomy. During pneumonectomy in children it prevents significant shift of the mediastinum and progression of scoliosis.", "PMID": 1113547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3959", "title": "A study of the validity of the task inventory method of job analysis.", "content": "To enhance the efficient utilization of health providers, medical care researchers are increasingly concerned with the measurement of task performance. One job analysis methodology that is widely used is the task inventory technique, characterized by retrospective self-reporting. The purpose of this study was to validate the task inventory method by using the observational technique. Two data collection instruments were developed, a Task Inventory and an Observer Check List; both contained the same set of task statements. Trained observers shadowed 13 primary care physicians in their offices for one week recording the frequency and duration of task performance on the Observer Check Lists. At the end of the week, the 13 physicians completed a Task Inventory indicating how often they had performed each task in their offices and how long it normally took. The observers' and physicians' respective sets of data were analyzed to determine the degree of agreement. The results indicate that the agreement is not sufficient between the task data obtained by the two different methods to conclude that one is substitutable for the other. The validity of the Task Inventory method is therefore not supported by the results.", "contents": "A study of the validity of the task inventory method of job analysis. To enhance the efficient utilization of health providers, medical care researchers are increasingly concerned with the measurement of task performance. One job analysis methodology that is widely used is the task inventory technique, characterized by retrospective self-reporting. The purpose of this study was to validate the task inventory method by using the observational technique. Two data collection instruments were developed, a Task Inventory and an Observer Check List; both contained the same set of task statements. Trained observers shadowed 13 primary care physicians in their offices for one week recording the frequency and duration of task performance on the Observer Check Lists. At the end of the week, the 13 physicians completed a Task Inventory indicating how often they had performed each task in their offices and how long it normally took. The observers' and physicians' respective sets of data were analyzed to determine the degree of agreement. The results indicate that the agreement is not sufficient between the task data obtained by the two different methods to conclude that one is substitutable for the other. The validity of the Task Inventory method is therefore not supported by the results.", "PMID": 1113550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3960", "title": "The use of an information system for community health services planning and management.", "content": "The challenge of delivering health care on a more cost-effective and equitable basis has led to the formation of new kinds of organizations, which in turn require new kinds of management information systems. The system described in this article is used for planning resource allocation and monitoring the overall performance of Livingston Community Health Services, Inc., a rural community-owned health service designed to provide comprehensive care to a geographically defined target population. The Health Services Data System processes information on performance and productivity, effectiveness with respect to the target population, and billing and financial activities. Input consists of the results of a community census and two household surveys, patient registrations and patient services operating data, and financial data. Besides billing patients automatically, the system integrates financial, demographic, and health services utilization data to generate monthly summaries for the administrators, medical director, and community board. The article discusses several examples of these summaries, stratifying utilization by geographic location of residence, age, income, and race.", "contents": "The use of an information system for community health services planning and management. The challenge of delivering health care on a more cost-effective and equitable basis has led to the formation of new kinds of organizations, which in turn require new kinds of management information systems. The system described in this article is used for planning resource allocation and monitoring the overall performance of Livingston Community Health Services, Inc., a rural community-owned health service designed to provide comprehensive care to a geographically defined target population. The Health Services Data System processes information on performance and productivity, effectiveness with respect to the target population, and billing and financial activities. Input consists of the results of a community census and two household surveys, patient registrations and patient services operating data, and financial data. Besides billing patients automatically, the system integrates financial, demographic, and health services utilization data to generate monthly summaries for the administrators, medical director, and community board. The article discusses several examples of these summaries, stratifying utilization by geographic location of residence, age, income, and race.", "PMID": 1113551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3961", "title": "Vector resolution: a new tool in health planning.", "content": "Vector resolution represents a new method for analyzing consumer data and comparing patterns for a variety of consumer services. The vectors are derived from a measurement of frequency of use and a geographic direction from the origin of the group to the point of service. Although the data presented were drawn from a probability sample survey of southern Utah rural households, the methodology may be readily applied to data derived from a variety of sources.", "contents": "Vector resolution: a new tool in health planning. Vector resolution represents a new method for analyzing consumer data and comparing patterns for a variety of consumer services. The vectors are derived from a measurement of frequency of use and a geographic direction from the origin of the group to the point of service. Although the data presented were drawn from a probability sample survey of southern Utah rural households, the methodology may be readily applied to data derived from a variety of sources.", "PMID": 1113552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3962", "title": "Cost analysis of regionalized versus decentralized abortion programs.", "content": "A detailed cost analysis has examined the fiscal benefits from regionalizing abortion services. Benefits were found to be virtually insignificant and not to outweigh problems of program visibility and patient accessibility incurred in such regionalization. The study covered 14 hospitals' abortion programs providing both first trimester and second trimester abortions and analyzed each program's total cost and six component costs for first trimester and second trimester procedures separately. The results of this study were employed for program planning by the New York City Health and Hospitals Corporation in its operation of abortion services.", "contents": "Cost analysis of regionalized versus decentralized abortion programs. A detailed cost analysis has examined the fiscal benefits from regionalizing abortion services. Benefits were found to be virtually insignificant and not to outweigh problems of program visibility and patient accessibility incurred in such regionalization. The study covered 14 hospitals' abortion programs providing both first trimester and second trimester abortions and analyzed each program's total cost and six component costs for first trimester and second trimester procedures separately. The results of this study were employed for program planning by the New York City Health and Hospitals Corporation in its operation of abortion services.", "PMID": 1113553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3963", "title": "The role of prescriptions in therapy.", "content": "The aim of the present study was that of discovering whether the prescription of drugs displaces other forms of therapy. The method adopted was that of behavior simulation. Doctors were requested to provide therapeutic proposals regarding a standard set of patient cases described in questionnaires sent to them. These cases were formulated in such a way that in the author's opinion they could easily, and perhaps best, be treated without drugs. Nevertheless, most of the cases were treated with drugs, thereby indicating the important role of drug therapy as a means of treatment. In particular, psychic disturbances were often treated by drugs. Frequently, drugs represented the only treatment offered, and no alternative form of treatment was suggested.", "contents": "The role of prescriptions in therapy. The aim of the present study was that of discovering whether the prescription of drugs displaces other forms of therapy. The method adopted was that of behavior simulation. Doctors were requested to provide therapeutic proposals regarding a standard set of patient cases described in questionnaires sent to them. These cases were formulated in such a way that in the author's opinion they could easily, and perhaps best, be treated without drugs. Nevertheless, most of the cases were treated with drugs, thereby indicating the important role of drug therapy as a means of treatment. In particular, psychic disturbances were often treated by drugs. Frequently, drugs represented the only treatment offered, and no alternative form of treatment was suggested.", "PMID": 1113554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3964", "title": "Epidemiological definition of the cohort of diseases associated with diabetes in Southwestern American Indians.", "content": "A computerized health records system has facilitated an analysis of the correlated illness of a segment of population afflicted with a chronic disease. Taking the existence of clinical diabetes as a starting point, the total illness experience of 635 diabetics, as shown by clinic utilization data, has been compared with an age-sex-geographically matched control population. The comparisons show that, overall, diabetics cause a caseload rate more than double that of nondiabetics. In 17 out of 22 broad health problem areas, the diagnosis caseload rates for diabetics varied from 1.3 to 3.7 times greater than the rate for matched, non-diabetic controls. Workload (physician visit and hospital days) comparisons showed even greater disparity. Some of the comparisons confirm statistically the clinical impressions of diabetologists over the past years. Some of the findings are not reflections of orthodox clinical opinion. The results contribute to further elucidation of the natural history of this disease. They also indicate the need for the development of comprehensive clinical management programs for groups of interrelated conditions found in persons with chronic disease such as diabetes.", "contents": "Epidemiological definition of the cohort of diseases associated with diabetes in Southwestern American Indians. A computerized health records system has facilitated an analysis of the correlated illness of a segment of population afflicted with a chronic disease. Taking the existence of clinical diabetes as a starting point, the total illness experience of 635 diabetics, as shown by clinic utilization data, has been compared with an age-sex-geographically matched control population. The comparisons show that, overall, diabetics cause a caseload rate more than double that of nondiabetics. In 17 out of 22 broad health problem areas, the diagnosis caseload rates for diabetics varied from 1.3 to 3.7 times greater than the rate for matched, non-diabetic controls. Workload (physician visit and hospital days) comparisons showed even greater disparity. Some of the comparisons confirm statistically the clinical impressions of diabetologists over the past years. Some of the findings are not reflections of orthodox clinical opinion. The results contribute to further elucidation of the natural history of this disease. They also indicate the need for the development of comprehensive clinical management programs for groups of interrelated conditions found in persons with chronic disease such as diabetes.", "PMID": 1113555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3965", "title": "Physician's working hours and patients seen before and after national health insurance: \"free\" medical care and medical practice.", "content": "Surveys were made of a sample of physicians before and after the introduction of a national health insurance plan in Montreal, Canada. Although the number of physicians in active practice seemed unaffected by the plan, their average working day was reduced 1.5 hours. Declines ranged from 0.3 hours for general internists to 2.7 hours for general surgeons. The average daily volume of services by physicians in the area also declined because of a decline in telephone consultations, and home and hospital visits. Office visits increased sharply. Changes in the type of services were clearly related to the fee schedule adopted by the government, with large declines in services for which payment was probably inadequate in relation to physician's time required. If the fee schedule reflected actual collections prior to the health insurance plan, then gross physician income increased as the result of redirecting services to better paying activities.", "contents": "Physician's working hours and patients seen before and after national health insurance: \"free\" medical care and medical practice. Surveys were made of a sample of physicians before and after the introduction of a national health insurance plan in Montreal, Canada. Although the number of physicians in active practice seemed unaffected by the plan, their average working day was reduced 1.5 hours. Declines ranged from 0.3 hours for general internists to 2.7 hours for general surgeons. The average daily volume of services by physicians in the area also declined because of a decline in telephone consultations, and home and hospital visits. Office visits increased sharply. Changes in the type of services were clearly related to the fee schedule adopted by the government, with large declines in services for which payment was probably inadequate in relation to physician's time required. If the fee schedule reflected actual collections prior to the health insurance plan, then gross physician income increased as the result of redirecting services to better paying activities.", "PMID": 1113556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3966", "title": "The orginization of medical practice and practice orientations among physicians in prepaid and nonprepaid primary care settings.", "content": "Data are presented on office-based general practitioners and pediatricians working in varying practice settings. Fee-for-service physicians spend more time in direct patient care activities than those in prepaid practice, and devote more time to each patient. The data suggest that the patient load characteristic of general practice in prepaid groups encourages a more assembly line practice which is less responsive to patients than the pattern characteristic of fee-for-service practice. Prepaid physicians work during scheduled hours and may deal with increased load by processing patients more rapidly. Fee-for-service physicians tend to respond to increased demand by working longer hours. The responsiveness of primary care physicians to patient problems seems to reflect primarily their social orientations to medical practice and the time pressures they face. Varying practice settings result in different techniques of coping with the pressures of practice. Data are also presented on sociodemographic and professional characteristics of primary care physicians in varying settings, workload, use of diagnostic and laboratory procedures, social orientations to medical practice, satisfactions and dissatisfactions, and attitudes toward sociopolitical aspects of medical care. Suggestions are offered for improving the responsiveness of prepaid practice.", "contents": "The orginization of medical practice and practice orientations among physicians in prepaid and nonprepaid primary care settings. Data are presented on office-based general practitioners and pediatricians working in varying practice settings. Fee-for-service physicians spend more time in direct patient care activities than those in prepaid practice, and devote more time to each patient. The data suggest that the patient load characteristic of general practice in prepaid groups encourages a more assembly line practice which is less responsive to patients than the pattern characteristic of fee-for-service practice. Prepaid physicians work during scheduled hours and may deal with increased load by processing patients more rapidly. Fee-for-service physicians tend to respond to increased demand by working longer hours. The responsiveness of primary care physicians to patient problems seems to reflect primarily their social orientations to medical practice and the time pressures they face. Varying practice settings result in different techniques of coping with the pressures of practice. Data are also presented on sociodemographic and professional characteristics of primary care physicians in varying settings, workload, use of diagnostic and laboratory procedures, social orientations to medical practice, satisfactions and dissatisfactions, and attitudes toward sociopolitical aspects of medical care. Suggestions are offered for improving the responsiveness of prepaid practice.", "PMID": 1113557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3967", "title": "Postgraduate training and work experience of non-ECFMG certified physicians in the U.S.", "content": "Data on postgraduate training and work experience of a sample of 850 Foreign Medical Graduates (FMGs) taking the January 1973 ECFMG examination in the U.S. are presented. It was found that 485 (57%) of the respondents had specialty training and, of these 485, 59 per cent were certified in a specialty. In addition, 81 per cent reported that they had worked as a physician prior to entering the U.S. The proportions with specialty training and work experience varied by country of medical education and year of graduation. The proportions with training or experience among those not currently employed in the health system are significantly lower than among those employed in the health field. Of the 186 respondents who reported passing the ECFMG examination, 92 per cent plan further training and 84 per cent of this group plan to specialize. More detailed information on the length and content of this training and work experience for different groups of FMGs is needed.", "contents": "Postgraduate training and work experience of non-ECFMG certified physicians in the U.S. Data on postgraduate training and work experience of a sample of 850 Foreign Medical Graduates (FMGs) taking the January 1973 ECFMG examination in the U.S. are presented. It was found that 485 (57%) of the respondents had specialty training and, of these 485, 59 per cent were certified in a specialty. In addition, 81 per cent reported that they had worked as a physician prior to entering the U.S. The proportions with specialty training and work experience varied by country of medical education and year of graduation. The proportions with training or experience among those not currently employed in the health system are significantly lower than among those employed in the health field. Of the 186 respondents who reported passing the ECFMG examination, 92 per cent plan further training and 84 per cent of this group plan to specialize. More detailed information on the length and content of this training and work experience for different groups of FMGs is needed.", "PMID": 1113558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3968", "title": "A core city problem: recruitment and retention of salaried physicians.", "content": "The professional and personal characteristics of all physicians recruited into a large urban governmentally sponsored health system were evaluated and correlated to staff retention and loss. The results were tabulated for 84 physicians, approximately 90 per cent of the physician work force, over a three-year period. Eighty per cent resided in either Denver or the state of Colorado prior to entry. This is further reflected in a significant percentage being enrolled in the local medical school or training programs prior to entry. These facts suggest a possible source of manpower for beginning programs. Twenty-six per cent came from private practice, 32 per cent from the military and 14 per cent from the Public Health Service. The turnover rate averaged 6.2 per cent per year, with 4.4 per cent being initiated by the physician and 1.8 per cent leaving because of administrative pressure. Data from other studies are reviewed. Factors which appear to influence retention positively were residency training (pediatricians), sex (females), age (over 38) and those with team experience. These factors suggest directions as to the type of physician who, if recruited, tend to reduce turnover. The establishment of a group practice atmosphere with rewards for clinical skills and the offering of unusual specialty opportunities are proposed as positive factors in the retention of staff.", "contents": "A core city problem: recruitment and retention of salaried physicians. The professional and personal characteristics of all physicians recruited into a large urban governmentally sponsored health system were evaluated and correlated to staff retention and loss. The results were tabulated for 84 physicians, approximately 90 per cent of the physician work force, over a three-year period. Eighty per cent resided in either Denver or the state of Colorado prior to entry. This is further reflected in a significant percentage being enrolled in the local medical school or training programs prior to entry. These facts suggest a possible source of manpower for beginning programs. Twenty-six per cent came from private practice, 32 per cent from the military and 14 per cent from the Public Health Service. The turnover rate averaged 6.2 per cent per year, with 4.4 per cent being initiated by the physician and 1.8 per cent leaving because of administrative pressure. Data from other studies are reviewed. Factors which appear to influence retention positively were residency training (pediatricians), sex (females), age (over 38) and those with team experience. These factors suggest directions as to the type of physician who, if recruited, tend to reduce turnover. The establishment of a group practice atmosphere with rewards for clinical skills and the offering of unusual specialty opportunities are proposed as positive factors in the retention of staff.", "PMID": 1113559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3969", "title": "The effect of preceptorship and rural training programs on physicians' practice location decisions.", "content": "This study analyzes the relationship between medical student participation in rural training programs, including preceptorships, and the decision to locate medical practice in rural areas. Data consist primarily of responses to questionnaires mailed in 1972 to all graduates of United States medical schools in 1965. Study findings indicate that the overall impact of such programs on practice location decisions is relatively slight, but is most pronounced with respect to urban-reared physicians in nonprimary care specialties. It was also found that a large proportion of urban-located physicians had seriously considered rural practice and that the reluctance of many physicians to locate in rural areas is linked to fear of professional isolation. The findings suggest that an increased orientation toward urban-reared students and dissemination of information on nonsolo practice opportunities in rural areas are means of increasing the effectiveness of preceptorships and other rural training programs in attracting young physicians to underserviced areas.", "contents": "The effect of preceptorship and rural training programs on physicians' practice location decisions. This study analyzes the relationship between medical student participation in rural training programs, including preceptorships, and the decision to locate medical practice in rural areas. Data consist primarily of responses to questionnaires mailed in 1972 to all graduates of United States medical schools in 1965. Study findings indicate that the overall impact of such programs on practice location decisions is relatively slight, but is most pronounced with respect to urban-reared physicians in nonprimary care specialties. It was also found that a large proportion of urban-located physicians had seriously considered rural practice and that the reluctance of many physicians to locate in rural areas is linked to fear of professional isolation. The findings suggest that an increased orientation toward urban-reared students and dissemination of information on nonsolo practice opportunities in rural areas are means of increasing the effectiveness of preceptorships and other rural training programs in attracting young physicians to underserviced areas.", "PMID": 1113560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3970", "title": "Content of care in rural primary health care practices.", "content": "The data used in this study was collected by the original MEDEX project in Seattle, Washington. The original use of the data by the project was to measure changes in patient characteristics. The MEDEX-designed data collection system is compared with proposed systems for collecting nationwide ambulatory health care data collection effort is additional evidence that such data can be collected on a large scale, if the physicians and their ancilliary personnel are properly motivated. Analysis of the data yielded distributions such as patient age, sex, age by sex, diagnosis and dispositions, as well as the distributions of dispositions by diagnosis. These distributions are based on reports from over 11,000 physician-patient contacts during the summers of 1969 and 1970 by seven physicians in five rural practices located in eastern Washington State. These results are shown for each of the practices individually and for the combination of all practices, with the exception that the dispositions by diagnosis distributions are prepared for the combined practices only. Where appropriate, the results of this study are compared with the findings of Last and White4 and these results generally substantiate their findings. When differences are noted, explanations are proposed to account for the differences.", "contents": "Content of care in rural primary health care practices. The data used in this study was collected by the original MEDEX project in Seattle, Washington. The original use of the data by the project was to measure changes in patient characteristics. The MEDEX-designed data collection system is compared with proposed systems for collecting nationwide ambulatory health care data collection effort is additional evidence that such data can be collected on a large scale, if the physicians and their ancilliary personnel are properly motivated. Analysis of the data yielded distributions such as patient age, sex, age by sex, diagnosis and dispositions, as well as the distributions of dispositions by diagnosis. These distributions are based on reports from over 11,000 physician-patient contacts during the summers of 1969 and 1970 by seven physicians in five rural practices located in eastern Washington State. These results are shown for each of the practices individually and for the combination of all practices, with the exception that the dispositions by diagnosis distributions are prepared for the combined practices only. Where appropriate, the results of this study are compared with the findings of Last and White4 and these results generally substantiate their findings. When differences are noted, explanations are proposed to account for the differences.", "PMID": 1113561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3971", "title": "A work sampling study of midlevel health professionals in a rural medical clinic.", "content": "A work sampling study was initiated to provide a comprehensive description of the tasks performed by midlevel health personnel in the rural component of an experimental medical care delivery system. The investigation determined the proportion of time spent on various activities by the staff members of a rural clinic which is linked to supervisory physicians in a distant urban medical center. Over 800 observations were recorded during ten randomly selected days in a two-month period on each of the three staff members. The family nurse practitioner spent one-third of her time in direct patient care activities with almost one-half of the day devoted to indirect patient care tasks. The laboratory aide allocated one-half of her day to providing direct patient services whereas the clerk-receptionist spent over 40 per cent of her day on patient records and billing. Work sampling results were considered within a comparative framework to qualitatively assess performance. The findings were coupled with proposed changes in administrative and medical policy to provide a quantitative basis for developing cost-reducing alternative staffing configurations.", "contents": "A work sampling study of midlevel health professionals in a rural medical clinic. A work sampling study was initiated to provide a comprehensive description of the tasks performed by midlevel health personnel in the rural component of an experimental medical care delivery system. The investigation determined the proportion of time spent on various activities by the staff members of a rural clinic which is linked to supervisory physicians in a distant urban medical center. Over 800 observations were recorded during ten randomly selected days in a two-month period on each of the three staff members. The family nurse practitioner spent one-third of her time in direct patient care activities with almost one-half of the day devoted to indirect patient care tasks. The laboratory aide allocated one-half of her day to providing direct patient services whereas the clerk-receptionist spent over 40 per cent of her day on patient records and billing. Work sampling results were considered within a comparative framework to qualitatively assess performance. The findings were coupled with proposed changes in administrative and medical policy to provide a quantitative basis for developing cost-reducing alternative staffing configurations.", "PMID": 1113562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3972", "title": "The use of research in national health policy: an assessment and agenda.", "content": "This article provides an assessment of health services research contributions to national health policy. An examination of disciplinary-based research identifies many of the shortcomings of such research and the need for a different structure for relating research to health policy. Some definitions are offered for such terms as \"applied research,\" \"disciplinary research,\" \"policy analysis,\" and \"policy research.\" A policy research model of sequential steps in problem-solving is suggested as a useful approach. A review of the federal role in health policy is developed to set the context for viewing past contributions as well as to suggest a strategy for maximizing the relevance and usefulness of research.", "contents": "The use of research in national health policy: an assessment and agenda. This article provides an assessment of health services research contributions to national health policy. An examination of disciplinary-based research identifies many of the shortcomings of such research and the need for a different structure for relating research to health policy. Some definitions are offered for such terms as \"applied research,\" \"disciplinary research,\" \"policy analysis,\" and \"policy research.\" A policy research model of sequential steps in problem-solving is suggested as a useful approach. A review of the federal role in health policy is developed to set the context for viewing past contributions as well as to suggest a strategy for maximizing the relevance and usefulness of research.", "PMID": 1113563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3973", "title": "Preimbursement: a new concept for HMO planning.", "content": "Federal endorsement of the HMO concept has resulted in broad understanding of a number of concepts unknown in fee-for-service medicine. As the concepts are adapted to particular circumstances, refinement can be expected. One such refinement, applicable to financial arrangements between the HMO and contracting providers, is discussed here.", "contents": "Preimbursement: a new concept for HMO planning. Federal endorsement of the HMO concept has resulted in broad understanding of a number of concepts unknown in fee-for-service medicine. As the concepts are adapted to particular circumstances, refinement can be expected. One such refinement, applicable to financial arrangements between the HMO and contracting providers, is discussed here.", "PMID": 1113564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3974", "title": "The tympano-frontal shunt: a procedure for the treatment of chronic Eustachian tube insufficiency.", "content": "Eight ears with complications due to chronic eustachian tube insufficiency had insertion of a silicone rubber tympano-frontal shunt tube between the mastoid antrum and the ipsilateral frontal sinus. A one-way valve designed to open at -10 mm H20 was placed on the tympanic end of the tube to minimize tube obstruction by ear secretions. Follow-up an average of 20 months post insertion showed six of the eight ears to have an aerated middle ear without fluid or tympanic membrane retraction or perforation.", "contents": "The tympano-frontal shunt: a procedure for the treatment of chronic Eustachian tube insufficiency. Eight ears with complications due to chronic eustachian tube insufficiency had insertion of a silicone rubber tympano-frontal shunt tube between the mastoid antrum and the ipsilateral frontal sinus. A one-way valve designed to open at -10 mm H20 was placed on the tympanic end of the tube to minimize tube obstruction by ear secretions. Follow-up an average of 20 months post insertion showed six of the eight ears to have an aerated middle ear without fluid or tympanic membrane retraction or perforation.", "PMID": 1113589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3975", "title": "Optimal treatment for the technically resectable squamous cell carcinoma of the supraglottic larynx.", "content": "The charts of 431 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the supraglottic larynx observed at the M.D. Anderson Hospital between January, 1954, and June, 1971, were analyzed. This study is concerned with those patients who had a technically resectable lesion. Emphasis is directed to the analysis of the effectiveness of primary irradiation instead of partial laryngectomy for those lesions which are technically suitable for a partial resection and to define the groups of patients which are best treated by combining surgery and planned postoperative irradiation. One hundred forty-seven patients with T1 and T2 lesions, selected exophytic T3 lesions of the suprahyoid epiglottis received irradiation for their laryngeal lesion. A satisfactory control of the laryngeal disease has been obtained with preservation of a normal voice ranging from 88.5 percent for T1 lesions to 60 percent for T4 lesion. Comparing the groups of patients who had surgery alone or postoperative irradiation an NED rate of 63 percent was found in the latter group which is clearly superior to the 37 percent found in the surgery only group. There is no difference for the five-year NED rates, because the patients who had surgery and postoperative irradiation had more advanced neck disease which is a cause for distant metastases. The incidence of recurrences above the clavicles is clearly less in patients having had surgery and postoperative irradiation than in those who had surgery alone. Correlating in the two groups, surgery only and surgery followed by planned irradiation, the surgical staging of the neck metastases with recurrences above the clavicles within 24 months after treatment, it was found that the planned combined treatment has reduced the recurrence rate from 45 percent to 15 percent in the N2 and N3 patients. Postoperative irradiation should be given routinely after resection for all T4 lesions and for any T3 lesion which extends to the pharyngeal wall(s), vallecula, base of tongue, and pyriform sinus. Postoperative irradiation should also be given for any patient whose nodal classification is greater than N1. Irradiation should be given within six weeks (preferably three to four weeks) after the surgical procedure. To achieve this goal, the operation need only remove grossly detectable disease.", "contents": "Optimal treatment for the technically resectable squamous cell carcinoma of the supraglottic larynx. The charts of 431 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the supraglottic larynx observed at the M.D. Anderson Hospital between January, 1954, and June, 1971, were analyzed. This study is concerned with those patients who had a technically resectable lesion. Emphasis is directed to the analysis of the effectiveness of primary irradiation instead of partial laryngectomy for those lesions which are technically suitable for a partial resection and to define the groups of patients which are best treated by combining surgery and planned postoperative irradiation. One hundred forty-seven patients with T1 and T2 lesions, selected exophytic T3 lesions of the suprahyoid epiglottis received irradiation for their laryngeal lesion. A satisfactory control of the laryngeal disease has been obtained with preservation of a normal voice ranging from 88.5 percent for T1 lesions to 60 percent for T4 lesion. Comparing the groups of patients who had surgery alone or postoperative irradiation an NED rate of 63 percent was found in the latter group which is clearly superior to the 37 percent found in the surgery only group. There is no difference for the five-year NED rates, because the patients who had surgery and postoperative irradiation had more advanced neck disease which is a cause for distant metastases. The incidence of recurrences above the clavicles is clearly less in patients having had surgery and postoperative irradiation than in those who had surgery alone. Correlating in the two groups, surgery only and surgery followed by planned irradiation, the surgical staging of the neck metastases with recurrences above the clavicles within 24 months after treatment, it was found that the planned combined treatment has reduced the recurrence rate from 45 percent to 15 percent in the N2 and N3 patients. Postoperative irradiation should be given routinely after resection for all T4 lesions and for any T3 lesion which extends to the pharyngeal wall(s), vallecula, base of tongue, and pyriform sinus. Postoperative irradiation should also be given for any patient whose nodal classification is greater than N1. Irradiation should be given within six weeks (preferably three to four weeks) after the surgical procedure. To achieve this goal, the operation need only remove grossly detectable disease.", "PMID": 1113591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3976", "title": "The biomechanics of facial bone fracture.", "content": "Selected facial bone locations were impacted to simulate clinical trauma conditions. Locations selected included the nose, zygoma, mandible, maxilla, and frontal bone. The experiment clearly delineate tolerance bands for the facial bones for both sexes. These data should permit the improved design of injury producing structures.", "contents": "The biomechanics of facial bone fracture. Selected facial bone locations were impacted to simulate clinical trauma conditions. Locations selected included the nose, zygoma, mandible, maxilla, and frontal bone. The experiment clearly delineate tolerance bands for the facial bones for both sexes. These data should permit the improved design of injury producing structures.", "PMID": 1113592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3977", "title": "Diverting the paralyzed larynx: a reversible procedure for intractable aspiration.", "content": "Some unfortunate patients suffer disorders which in one way or another, usually neurologically, severely restrict the larynx in its role as a protector of the lower airway. Aspiration ensues, and unless it can be successfully managed, repeated episodes of a violent pneumonitis may lead to terminal chest problems. In some patients, even the cuffed tracheostomy tubes of new and improved design do not adequately prevent aspiration over an extended time intervel, as evidenced by repeated bouts of aspiration pneumonia despite these cuffed tubes and despite optimal intensive care. For these patients with intractable aspiration, and in whom recovery is expected only after a prolonged period of time, we have suggested a diverting procedure which employs a tracheo-esophageal anastomosis, as an effective yet reversible solution. Such an anastomosis with concomitant tracheostomy allows aspiration of saliva and even food to occur through the malfunctioning larynx but diverts it back into the esophagus through the tracheo-esophageal anastomosis. In normal mongrel dogs we demonstrated that an end-to-side tracheo-esophageal anastomosis is well tolerated and can be performed without damage to the intrinsic larynx or recurrent laryngeal nerves. The tracheo-esophageal lumen remained patent and the anastomosis intact for as long as these animals were observed prior to reconstruction. The reversibility of the tracheo-esophageal anastomosis was demonstrated in these dogs by excising the anastomosis, repairing the esophageal defect, and restoring the continuity of the trachea by end-to-end anastomosis. Vocal cord motion remained intact, the dogs ate normally, and barked once again. A tracheo-esophageal anastomosis was performed in a 60-year-old white female who had suffered lower cranial nerve damage as a result of a large acoustic tumor and the excision thereof. Despite every effort to control aspiration, pneumonitis occurred and became fulminant. The diverting tracheo-esophageal anastomosis was performed with relative ease and was well tolerated by the patient. Aspiration was totally and dependably controlled, and no further chest complications occurred. Her nasogastric feeding tube was removed, and she ate a regular diet with very little difficulty. She gained in strength, became much more alert mentally, and is now taking care of herself in a nursing home. We are following her progress by indirect laryngoscopy and barium swallow examinations and at five months post anastomosis, we are possibly seeing the first signs of lower cranial nerve recovery. We hope that reconstruction and restoration of function will soon be possible.", "contents": "Diverting the paralyzed larynx: a reversible procedure for intractable aspiration. Some unfortunate patients suffer disorders which in one way or another, usually neurologically, severely restrict the larynx in its role as a protector of the lower airway. Aspiration ensues, and unless it can be successfully managed, repeated episodes of a violent pneumonitis may lead to terminal chest problems. In some patients, even the cuffed tracheostomy tubes of new and improved design do not adequately prevent aspiration over an extended time intervel, as evidenced by repeated bouts of aspiration pneumonia despite these cuffed tubes and despite optimal intensive care. For these patients with intractable aspiration, and in whom recovery is expected only after a prolonged period of time, we have suggested a diverting procedure which employs a tracheo-esophageal anastomosis, as an effective yet reversible solution. Such an anastomosis with concomitant tracheostomy allows aspiration of saliva and even food to occur through the malfunctioning larynx but diverts it back into the esophagus through the tracheo-esophageal anastomosis. In normal mongrel dogs we demonstrated that an end-to-side tracheo-esophageal anastomosis is well tolerated and can be performed without damage to the intrinsic larynx or recurrent laryngeal nerves. The tracheo-esophageal lumen remained patent and the anastomosis intact for as long as these animals were observed prior to reconstruction. The reversibility of the tracheo-esophageal anastomosis was demonstrated in these dogs by excising the anastomosis, repairing the esophageal defect, and restoring the continuity of the trachea by end-to-end anastomosis. Vocal cord motion remained intact, the dogs ate normally, and barked once again. A tracheo-esophageal anastomosis was performed in a 60-year-old white female who had suffered lower cranial nerve damage as a result of a large acoustic tumor and the excision thereof. Despite every effort to control aspiration, pneumonitis occurred and became fulminant. The diverting tracheo-esophageal anastomosis was performed with relative ease and was well tolerated by the patient. Aspiration was totally and dependably controlled, and no further chest complications occurred. Her nasogastric feeding tube was removed, and she ate a regular diet with very little difficulty. She gained in strength, became much more alert mentally, and is now taking care of herself in a nursing home. We are following her progress by indirect laryngoscopy and barium swallow examinations and at five months post anastomosis, we are possibly seeing the first signs of lower cranial nerve recovery. We hope that reconstruction and restoration of function will soon be possible.", "PMID": 1113593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3978", "title": "Voice rehabilitation following blunt trauma to the larynx.", "content": "Two case reports illustrate different ways for restoration of quality of the voice. In both instances the vocal cords were displaced by trauma and restored by surgical correction.", "contents": "Voice rehabilitation following blunt trauma to the larynx. Two case reports illustrate different ways for restoration of quality of the voice. In both instances the vocal cords were displaced by trauma and restored by surgical correction.", "PMID": 1113594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3979", "title": "The safety of intubation in croup and epiglottitis: an eight-year follow-up.", "content": "A series of 815 infectious croup (i.e., laryngotracheobronchitis) cases and 55 epiglottitis cases, encompassing an eight-year interval, is reviewed to determine the incidence of adverse effects of nasotracheal intubation used to manage upper airway obstruction. The racial, sex, and age distributions, in addition to modalities of treatment, are presented. The intubated cases (86 patients), representing 6.5 percent of all croup cases and 60 percent of all epiglottitis cases, are described in more detail with respect to presenting symptoms and physical findings. The average duration of intubation is 55 hours for epiglottis and 88 hours for croup. The incidence of immediate, reversible complications for the entire intubated series is 7 percent. The incidence of delayed, irreversible complications, as determined by: 1. noting any persistent post-extubation symptoms; 2. measuring peak expiratory flow rates; and 3. laryngeal polytomography, is 1.6 percent. The mortality secondary to intubation is 0 percent. The complication rate (1.6 percent) in this series of nasotracheal intubations is lower than the mortality (3.6 percent) in a large collective series of pediatric tracheotomies performed for airway obstruction in croup or epiglottitis. Other advantages of intubation vs. tracheotomy are described (i.e., shorter hospital stay, dilatatory effect of endotracheal tube). The authors conclude that nasotracheal intubation is safer than pediatric tracheotomy and should be considered the procedure of choice in the management of upper airway obstruction secondary to croup or epiglottitis.", "contents": "The safety of intubation in croup and epiglottitis: an eight-year follow-up. A series of 815 infectious croup (i.e., laryngotracheobronchitis) cases and 55 epiglottitis cases, encompassing an eight-year interval, is reviewed to determine the incidence of adverse effects of nasotracheal intubation used to manage upper airway obstruction. The racial, sex, and age distributions, in addition to modalities of treatment, are presented. The intubated cases (86 patients), representing 6.5 percent of all croup cases and 60 percent of all epiglottitis cases, are described in more detail with respect to presenting symptoms and physical findings. The average duration of intubation is 55 hours for epiglottis and 88 hours for croup. The incidence of immediate, reversible complications for the entire intubated series is 7 percent. The incidence of delayed, irreversible complications, as determined by: 1. noting any persistent post-extubation symptoms; 2. measuring peak expiratory flow rates; and 3. laryngeal polytomography, is 1.6 percent. The mortality secondary to intubation is 0 percent. The complication rate (1.6 percent) in this series of nasotracheal intubations is lower than the mortality (3.6 percent) in a large collective series of pediatric tracheotomies performed for airway obstruction in croup or epiglottitis. Other advantages of intubation vs. tracheotomy are described (i.e., shorter hospital stay, dilatatory effect of endotracheal tube). The authors conclude that nasotracheal intubation is safer than pediatric tracheotomy and should be considered the procedure of choice in the management of upper airway obstruction secondary to croup or epiglottitis.", "PMID": 1113595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3980", "title": "The use of spectrograms in the evaluation of vocal cord injection.", "content": "The utilization of voice spectrography can be an important adjunct to the assessment of vocal cord function by both laryngologists and speech pathologists. It is especially useful in determining the effectiveness of vocal cord Teflon paste injection procedures. Dysphonic characteristics are made visible, and their improvement can be monitored. As such, spectrographic analysis should be considered as a useful tool for the laryngologist.", "contents": "The use of spectrograms in the evaluation of vocal cord injection. The utilization of voice spectrography can be an important adjunct to the assessment of vocal cord function by both laryngologists and speech pathologists. It is especially useful in determining the effectiveness of vocal cord Teflon paste injection procedures. Dysphonic characteristics are made visible, and their improvement can be monitored. As such, spectrographic analysis should be considered as a useful tool for the laryngologist.", "PMID": 1113596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3981", "title": "Penetrating neck wounds: selective exploration.", "content": "This study of 223 patients with penetrating neck wounds justifies individualizing surgical treatment. Twenty-four percent was selected for neck surgery. In spite of selective rather than mandatory neck exploration, the mortality rate related to the neck wound in this series was three percent. This compared favorably with the experience of others employing mandatory exploration. There were no deaths in our series attributable to selective observation.", "contents": "Penetrating neck wounds: selective exploration. This study of 223 patients with penetrating neck wounds justifies individualizing surgical treatment. Twenty-four percent was selected for neck surgery. In spite of selective rather than mandatory neck exploration, the mortality rate related to the neck wound in this series was three percent. This compared favorably with the experience of others employing mandatory exploration. There were no deaths in our series attributable to selective observation.", "PMID": 1113597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3982", "title": "Frontal sinus disease. III. Experimental and clinical factors in failure of the frontal osteoplastic operation.", "content": "The surgical approach to frontal sinus disease has been subject to much variation. Experimental evidence for new treatment modalities is quite limited. Frontal osteoplasty, while probably the best procedure to date, has up to a 25 percent failure rate. Possible complications include recurrent disease, incomplete bony obliteration (Macbeth technique), infection of the adipose implant, frontal bossing or depression, and laceration of the dura. Four experimental groups were designed using the canine frontal sinus model. Results indicated that stripping the mucosa in a normal sinus with intact periosteum and a patent nasofrontal duct will not consistently lead to normal mucosal regeneration. Second, the additional factor of removing the periosteum (as in osteoplasty by osteoneogenesis), leads to partial fibrous obliteration complicated by mucocele formation. Third, sinus obliteration by osteoneogenesis was much more consistent with concurrent closure of the nasofrontal duct. Fourth, intentionally leaving a strip of mucosa leads to failure of obliteration by osteoneogenesis 100 percent of the time. Finally, bony-fibrous obliteration increases with time but is still incomplete after one year. In light of these results, fat obliteration with closure of the nasofrontal duct is probably more reliable than obliteration by osteoneogenesis.", "contents": "Frontal sinus disease. III. Experimental and clinical factors in failure of the frontal osteoplastic operation. The surgical approach to frontal sinus disease has been subject to much variation. Experimental evidence for new treatment modalities is quite limited. Frontal osteoplasty, while probably the best procedure to date, has up to a 25 percent failure rate. Possible complications include recurrent disease, incomplete bony obliteration (Macbeth technique), infection of the adipose implant, frontal bossing or depression, and laceration of the dura. Four experimental groups were designed using the canine frontal sinus model. Results indicated that stripping the mucosa in a normal sinus with intact periosteum and a patent nasofrontal duct will not consistently lead to normal mucosal regeneration. Second, the additional factor of removing the periosteum (as in osteoplasty by osteoneogenesis), leads to partial fibrous obliteration complicated by mucocele formation. Third, sinus obliteration by osteoneogenesis was much more consistent with concurrent closure of the nasofrontal duct. Fourth, intentionally leaving a strip of mucosa leads to failure of obliteration by osteoneogenesis 100 percent of the time. Finally, bony-fibrous obliteration increases with time but is still incomplete after one year. In light of these results, fat obliteration with closure of the nasofrontal duct is probably more reliable than obliteration by osteoneogenesis.", "PMID": 1113598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3983", "title": "Mucosal melanomas of the head and neck.", "content": "Malignant melanomas arising from the mucosal areas of the head and neck are rare. When such neoplasms are encountered, the problem of their management is often poorly resolved. Cases of primary malignant melanoma of the maxillary sinus, the nasopharynx, oral cavity and laryngo-pharynx are presented and the results of treatment analyzed. Much of the difficulty in therapy is due to an incomplete understanding of the mechanisms which determine survival. A brief discussion of melanoma immunology is presented. Surgery (including cryosurgery) remains the primary therapy when possible. The role of chemotherapy, immunotherapy and radiation therapy in such lesions cannot be clearly delineated at this time.", "contents": "Mucosal melanomas of the head and neck. Malignant melanomas arising from the mucosal areas of the head and neck are rare. When such neoplasms are encountered, the problem of their management is often poorly resolved. Cases of primary malignant melanoma of the maxillary sinus, the nasopharynx, oral cavity and laryngo-pharynx are presented and the results of treatment analyzed. Much of the difficulty in therapy is due to an incomplete understanding of the mechanisms which determine survival. A brief discussion of melanoma immunology is presented. Surgery (including cryosurgery) remains the primary therapy when possible. The role of chemotherapy, immunotherapy and radiation therapy in such lesions cannot be clearly delineated at this time.", "PMID": 1113599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3984", "title": "Trigeminal neurinomas.", "content": "Trigeminal neurinomas may produce atypical facial pain, loss of facial sensation, facial palsy, hearing loss, nystagmus, or vertigo, and thus may be confused with nasopharyngeal carcinomas or acoustic neurinomas. The diagnosis can be made by the clinical presentation together with radiographic features showing widening of the foramen ovale and/or smooth destruction of the anteromedial portion of the peterous apex. Tomography, pneumoencephalography, angiography, and other diagnostic procedures are sometimes helpful. Treatment is removal by transtemporal craniotomy and offers an excellent prognosis.", "contents": "Trigeminal neurinomas. Trigeminal neurinomas may produce atypical facial pain, loss of facial sensation, facial palsy, hearing loss, nystagmus, or vertigo, and thus may be confused with nasopharyngeal carcinomas or acoustic neurinomas. The diagnosis can be made by the clinical presentation together with radiographic features showing widening of the foramen ovale and/or smooth destruction of the anteromedial portion of the peterous apex. Tomography, pneumoencephalography, angiography, and other diagnostic procedures are sometimes helpful. Treatment is removal by transtemporal craniotomy and offers an excellent prognosis.", "PMID": 1113604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3985", "title": "Density of goblet cells in chronic secretory otitis media: findings in a biopsy material.", "content": "In 30 ears from 24 children with chronic secretory otitis the density of goblet cells and of glands was determined on biopsies from the anterior part of the promontory. The goblet-cell and gland density proved to be highly increased in all cases, with marked individual variations. The median density of goblet cells was 142 cells/field, corresponding to 8,000 cells/mm-2. This substantiates the fact that in chronic secretory otitis the mucous secretion is a product of goblet cells and mucous glands and confirms the secretory pathogenesis of the disease.", "contents": "Density of goblet cells in chronic secretory otitis media: findings in a biopsy material. In 30 ears from 24 children with chronic secretory otitis the density of goblet cells and of glands was determined on biopsies from the anterior part of the promontory. The goblet-cell and gland density proved to be highly increased in all cases, with marked individual variations. The median density of goblet cells was 142 cells/field, corresponding to 8,000 cells/mm-2. This substantiates the fact that in chronic secretory otitis the mucous secretion is a product of goblet cells and mucous glands and confirms the secretory pathogenesis of the disease.", "PMID": 1113605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3986", "title": "An absorbent, non-adherent nasal pack.", "content": "A modification of an absorbent, non-adherent material (Telfa) is described for use as an anterior nasal packing. The ideal nasal packing should fulfill certain criteria. It should be easy to introduce and remove, contour to the nasal cavity to exert a tamponade effect, and should not prolapse or react unfavorably with the mucous membranes of the nose. The advantages of Telfa as a nasal packing is discussed and compared to previously described materials in this regard. During the past three years this pack has been used in over 800 patients for anterior epistaxis, septal and rhinoplastic surgery. The results have been extremely satisfactory, and the authors suggest their use in these cases.", "contents": "An absorbent, non-adherent nasal pack. A modification of an absorbent, non-adherent material (Telfa) is described for use as an anterior nasal packing. The ideal nasal packing should fulfill certain criteria. It should be easy to introduce and remove, contour to the nasal cavity to exert a tamponade effect, and should not prolapse or react unfavorably with the mucous membranes of the nose. The advantages of Telfa as a nasal packing is discussed and compared to previously described materials in this regard. During the past three years this pack has been used in over 800 patients for anterior epistaxis, septal and rhinoplastic surgery. The results have been extremely satisfactory, and the authors suggest their use in these cases.", "PMID": 1113606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3987", "title": "Effect of noradrenaline on triglyceride and glycogen concentrations in liver and muscle from man.", "content": "Fifteen male subjects aged 21-29 were given noradrenaline infusions for 4 hr. The noradrenaline infusions started at a rate of 0.1 mug/kg/min and were increased stepwise at hourly intervals. Blood was sampled before and at hourly intervals during and after the noradrenaline infusions. Needle biopsies were taken from the femoral muscle in 10 subjects and frim the liver in 8 subjects before and after the noradrenaline infusion. The concentrations of FFA in lasma and of beta-hydroxybutyric acid in blood were markedly elevated during noradrenaline infusion. The concentrations of plasma TG and blood glucose were slightly elevated. In liver the TG concentration increased from 23.1 to 32.7 mmole/kh (p smaller than 0.001). It was estimated that the de novo synthesis of TG in the liver could have required about 30% of the plasma FFA entering the slanchnic region. In muscle the TG concentration was 3.6 mmole/kh lower after the noradrenaline infusion (p smaller than 0.001). No change was found in the concentrations of cholesterol and phospholipids in muscle or of cholesterol in liver. The glycogen concentration in muscle did not change during noradrenaline infusion. The decrease in liver glycogen concentration was of the same order of magnitude as previously observed in fasting man. The results suggest that noradrenaline was without major net effects on the metabolism of glycogen in liver and muscle.", "contents": "Effect of noradrenaline on triglyceride and glycogen concentrations in liver and muscle from man. Fifteen male subjects aged 21-29 were given noradrenaline infusions for 4 hr. The noradrenaline infusions started at a rate of 0.1 mug/kg/min and were increased stepwise at hourly intervals. Blood was sampled before and at hourly intervals during and after the noradrenaline infusions. Needle biopsies were taken from the femoral muscle in 10 subjects and frim the liver in 8 subjects before and after the noradrenaline infusion. The concentrations of FFA in lasma and of beta-hydroxybutyric acid in blood were markedly elevated during noradrenaline infusion. The concentrations of plasma TG and blood glucose were slightly elevated. In liver the TG concentration increased from 23.1 to 32.7 mmole/kh (p smaller than 0.001). It was estimated that the de novo synthesis of TG in the liver could have required about 30% of the plasma FFA entering the slanchnic region. In muscle the TG concentration was 3.6 mmole/kh lower after the noradrenaline infusion (p smaller than 0.001). No change was found in the concentrations of cholesterol and phospholipids in muscle or of cholesterol in liver. The glycogen concentration in muscle did not change during noradrenaline infusion. The decrease in liver glycogen concentration was of the same order of magnitude as previously observed in fasting man. The results suggest that noradrenaline was without major net effects on the metabolism of glycogen in liver and muscle.", "PMID": 1113677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3988", "title": "Peripheral metabolism of bovine parathyroid hormone in the dog.", "content": "Four dogs were infused with highly purified bovine parathyroid hormone until constant levels of immunoreactive hormone were attained in the circulation. Simultaneous samples of plasma were then obtained from the aorta, from hepatic, renal, and femoral veins, and later from a pulmonary artery and the left ventricle. Radioimmunoassay of these samples revealed mean arteriovenous differences of -23% across the liver and -19% across the kidney. No significant differences were found across the lung or lower extremity. After termination of the infusion the disappearance rate of immunoreactive hormone in external jugular-venous blood was multiexponential: the predominant initial T 1/2 was 4, 6, and 8 min, and the terminal component was 60, 54, and 99 min. respectively, in 3 dogs.", "contents": "Peripheral metabolism of bovine parathyroid hormone in the dog. Four dogs were infused with highly purified bovine parathyroid hormone until constant levels of immunoreactive hormone were attained in the circulation. Simultaneous samples of plasma were then obtained from the aorta, from hepatic, renal, and femoral veins, and later from a pulmonary artery and the left ventricle. Radioimmunoassay of these samples revealed mean arteriovenous differences of -23% across the liver and -19% across the kidney. No significant differences were found across the lung or lower extremity. After termination of the infusion the disappearance rate of immunoreactive hormone in external jugular-venous blood was multiexponential: the predominant initial T 1/2 was 4, 6, and 8 min, and the terminal component was 60, 54, and 99 min. respectively, in 3 dogs.", "PMID": 1113678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3989", "title": "Removal of insulin by perfused rat liver: effect of concentration.", "content": "The kinetics of insulin removal by isolated rat liver were investigated by measuring the rate of disappearance of insulin from the perfusate during recycling perfusion and by comparing the extraction of insulin over a wide range of constant arterial hormone levels during nonrecycling perfusion. In the recycling studies, insulin was removed from the perfusing medium at a uniform rate between 5 and 45 min. The reaction velocity constant, or hepatic clearance, during this period of uniform disappearance averaged 1.8 ml/min and represented 34% of the volume flow through the liver. In the nonrecycling flow-through studies at constant arterial insulin concentration, an initial period of accelerated hepatic uptake of insulin was seen. This period lasted for 3 to 7 min, was seen at every level of arterial insulin concentration, and was followed by a period of constant hepatic insulin removal. The hepatic removal rate during the period of constant uptake increased in a linear fashion until arterial insulin concentration reached 500 muU/ml and attained a maximal value at concentrations over 800 muU/ml. These findings indicate that the time course of hepatic insulin uptake by the perfused rat liver consists of two phases-an initial rapid phase, possibly associated with insulin binding, followed by a sustained rate of insulin removal, which probably represents insulin utilization and degradation. The rate of hepatic insulin removal was found to be proportional to arterial insulin concentration overa range of 20 to 500 muU/ML. Above this concentration, hepatic removal processes became saturated, reaching a maximal value of 183 muU of insulin per gram of liver per minute.", "contents": "Removal of insulin by perfused rat liver: effect of concentration. The kinetics of insulin removal by isolated rat liver were investigated by measuring the rate of disappearance of insulin from the perfusate during recycling perfusion and by comparing the extraction of insulin over a wide range of constant arterial hormone levels during nonrecycling perfusion. In the recycling studies, insulin was removed from the perfusing medium at a uniform rate between 5 and 45 min. The reaction velocity constant, or hepatic clearance, during this period of uniform disappearance averaged 1.8 ml/min and represented 34% of the volume flow through the liver. In the nonrecycling flow-through studies at constant arterial insulin concentration, an initial period of accelerated hepatic uptake of insulin was seen. This period lasted for 3 to 7 min, was seen at every level of arterial insulin concentration, and was followed by a period of constant hepatic insulin removal. The hepatic removal rate during the period of constant uptake increased in a linear fashion until arterial insulin concentration reached 500 muU/ml and attained a maximal value at concentrations over 800 muU/ml. These findings indicate that the time course of hepatic insulin uptake by the perfused rat liver consists of two phases-an initial rapid phase, possibly associated with insulin binding, followed by a sustained rate of insulin removal, which probably represents insulin utilization and degradation. The rate of hepatic insulin removal was found to be proportional to arterial insulin concentration overa range of 20 to 500 muU/ML. Above this concentration, hepatic removal processes became saturated, reaching a maximal value of 183 muU of insulin per gram of liver per minute.", "PMID": 1113679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3990", "title": "Fatty acid synthesis by human adipose tissue.", "content": "The effect of age and nutritional status on the synthesis of fatty acids from a variety of labeled substrates by human adipose tissue in vitro was investigated. The results of this study clearly demonstrate that, although human adipose tissue is able to oxidize glucose to CO2, its ability to incorporate glucose-carbon into long chain fatty acids is negligible. Although the utilization of acetate for the synthesis of fatty acids by adipose tissue is substantial in the presence of glucose and insulin, its physiologic significance in human under normal dietary conditions is questionable. That the capacity of human adipose tissue is limited is further supported by (1) a negligible incorporation of pyruvate-3-14C (up to 25 mM concentration in the incubation medium) into fatty acids, (2) a lack of stimulation in lipogenesis by human adipose tissue after refeeding a diet high in carbohydrate and very low in fat to a previously starved human, and (3) an extremely low activity of pyruvate carboxylase and ATP-citrate lyase in adipose tissues from humans of varying ages. The activities of other key lipogenic enzymes, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, and NADP-malate dehydrogenase, are also low. These enzymes can be stimulated in human adipose tissue after a fasting-refeeding regimen. The activity of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase is also very low in human adipose tissue,and it is suggested that a pathway of glyceroneogenesis may not play a significant role in human adipose tissue. In light of our results, together with previous reports, it is possible to conclude that the capacity of human adipose tissue to utilize a dietary carbohydrate for the synthesis of fatty acids is extremely low and that the liver plays a major role in the biosynthesis of endogenous fatty acids from dietary carbohydrate in the human.", "contents": "Fatty acid synthesis by human adipose tissue. The effect of age and nutritional status on the synthesis of fatty acids from a variety of labeled substrates by human adipose tissue in vitro was investigated. The results of this study clearly demonstrate that, although human adipose tissue is able to oxidize glucose to CO2, its ability to incorporate glucose-carbon into long chain fatty acids is negligible. Although the utilization of acetate for the synthesis of fatty acids by adipose tissue is substantial in the presence of glucose and insulin, its physiologic significance in human under normal dietary conditions is questionable. That the capacity of human adipose tissue is limited is further supported by (1) a negligible incorporation of pyruvate-3-14C (up to 25 mM concentration in the incubation medium) into fatty acids, (2) a lack of stimulation in lipogenesis by human adipose tissue after refeeding a diet high in carbohydrate and very low in fat to a previously starved human, and (3) an extremely low activity of pyruvate carboxylase and ATP-citrate lyase in adipose tissues from humans of varying ages. The activities of other key lipogenic enzymes, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, and NADP-malate dehydrogenase, are also low. These enzymes can be stimulated in human adipose tissue after a fasting-refeeding regimen. The activity of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase is also very low in human adipose tissue,and it is suggested that a pathway of glyceroneogenesis may not play a significant role in human adipose tissue. In light of our results, together with previous reports, it is possible to conclude that the capacity of human adipose tissue to utilize a dietary carbohydrate for the synthesis of fatty acids is extremely low and that the liver plays a major role in the biosynthesis of endogenous fatty acids from dietary carbohydrate in the human.", "PMID": 1113680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3991", "title": "Evidence for a physiologic role of pancreatic glucagon in human glucose homeostasis: studies with somatostatin.", "content": "To study the role of glucagon in human glucose homeostasis, experimental glucagon deficiency was produced by infusing somatostatin (i. v. 250 mug bolus, followed by infusion of 500 mug/hr) in six normal subjects and in two hypophysectomized patients-an insulin-dependent diabetic and a nondiabetic. In normal subjects, somatostatin lowered plasma glucagon from a mean (plus or minus SE) basal level of 85 plus or minus 15 to 33 plus or minus 10 pg/ml, p smaller than 0.001. Concurrently, plasma glucose fell from 90 plus or minus 2 to 73 plus or minus 3 mg/100 ml, p smaller than 0.001. Serum insulin and growth hormone fell slightly during somatostatin infusion, while plasma free fatty acids rose. In both hypophysectomized patients, somatostatin lowered plasma glucagon and glucose levels. In all subjects, after stopping somatostatin infusions, plasma glucagon and glucose returned promptly to control values, while serum growth hormone did not change. In additional in vitro studies, somatostatin (1 mug/ml) had no effect on muscle glucose uptake. Since it is known that somatostatin has no direct effect on hepatic glucose production, these results suggest that the fall in plasma glucose during somatostatin infusion resulted from inhibition of glucagon secretion, thus providing evidence that this hormone plays a physiologic role in the maintenance of fasting euglycemia in man.", "contents": "Evidence for a physiologic role of pancreatic glucagon in human glucose homeostasis: studies with somatostatin. To study the role of glucagon in human glucose homeostasis, experimental glucagon deficiency was produced by infusing somatostatin (i. v. 250 mug bolus, followed by infusion of 500 mug/hr) in six normal subjects and in two hypophysectomized patients-an insulin-dependent diabetic and a nondiabetic. In normal subjects, somatostatin lowered plasma glucagon from a mean (plus or minus SE) basal level of 85 plus or minus 15 to 33 plus or minus 10 pg/ml, p smaller than 0.001. Concurrently, plasma glucose fell from 90 plus or minus 2 to 73 plus or minus 3 mg/100 ml, p smaller than 0.001. Serum insulin and growth hormone fell slightly during somatostatin infusion, while plasma free fatty acids rose. In both hypophysectomized patients, somatostatin lowered plasma glucagon and glucose levels. In all subjects, after stopping somatostatin infusions, plasma glucagon and glucose returned promptly to control values, while serum growth hormone did not change. In additional in vitro studies, somatostatin (1 mug/ml) had no effect on muscle glucose uptake. Since it is known that somatostatin has no direct effect on hepatic glucose production, these results suggest that the fall in plasma glucose during somatostatin infusion resulted from inhibition of glucagon secretion, thus providing evidence that this hormone plays a physiologic role in the maintenance of fasting euglycemia in man.", "PMID": 1113681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3992", "title": "Increased sterol excretion with polyunsaturated-fat high-cholesterol diets.", "content": "Previous studies have shown that polyunsaturated ruminant fats in the diets of human subjects cause an increase in cholesterol and bile acid excretion during the first 3 weeks of such diets. The present studies were designed to compare the effects of polyunsaturated (P) and conventional (S) ruminant fats at two levels of dietary cholesterol intake: a higher (HC) and lower (LC). Four study periods, each of about 3 weeks' duration, were conducted in 5 healthy subjects providing these dietary combinations: HCS, HCP, LCS, LCP. Neutral sterols and bile acids were measured in the feces, and sterol balances were calculated. Plasma cholesterol levels were significantly lower with P than with S diets at both HC and LC intakes. Changes attributable to differences in fatty acids and to differences in cholesterol intake appeared to exert independent effects. The major changes occurred in lipoproteins with density 1.019-1.045. Cholesterol absorption expressed as a percentage of the dietary intake was not significantly different with the four diets. Neutral sterol excretion of probable endogenous origin and bile acid excretion were significantly higher during the HCP than during the HCS periods, but the difference between LCP and LCS periods was less marked. Net sterol excretion was therefore significantly greater with HCP and LCP than with HCS and LCS diets, the differences being greater at HC than at LC intakes. Comparisons of diets with similar fatty acid but differing cholesterol intakes showed lower net sterol excretion with HCS than with LCS diets (presumably due to suppression by HC by cholesterol synthesis), but this difference was not seen between HCP and LCP diets. This finding, together with greater sterol excretion with HCP than with HCS diets, showed that enhanced sterol excretion with polyunsaturated fat was potentiated with higher cholesterol intake. This enhanced excretion was generally greater during the first than during the second 3-week period of polyunsaturated fat.", "contents": "Increased sterol excretion with polyunsaturated-fat high-cholesterol diets. Previous studies have shown that polyunsaturated ruminant fats in the diets of human subjects cause an increase in cholesterol and bile acid excretion during the first 3 weeks of such diets. The present studies were designed to compare the effects of polyunsaturated (P) and conventional (S) ruminant fats at two levels of dietary cholesterol intake: a higher (HC) and lower (LC). Four study periods, each of about 3 weeks' duration, were conducted in 5 healthy subjects providing these dietary combinations: HCS, HCP, LCS, LCP. Neutral sterols and bile acids were measured in the feces, and sterol balances were calculated. Plasma cholesterol levels were significantly lower with P than with S diets at both HC and LC intakes. Changes attributable to differences in fatty acids and to differences in cholesterol intake appeared to exert independent effects. The major changes occurred in lipoproteins with density 1.019-1.045. Cholesterol absorption expressed as a percentage of the dietary intake was not significantly different with the four diets. Neutral sterol excretion of probable endogenous origin and bile acid excretion were significantly higher during the HCP than during the HCS periods, but the difference between LCP and LCS periods was less marked. Net sterol excretion was therefore significantly greater with HCP and LCP than with HCS and LCS diets, the differences being greater at HC than at LC intakes. Comparisons of diets with similar fatty acid but differing cholesterol intakes showed lower net sterol excretion with HCS than with LCS diets (presumably due to suppression by HC by cholesterol synthesis), but this difference was not seen between HCP and LCP diets. This finding, together with greater sterol excretion with HCP than with HCS diets, showed that enhanced sterol excretion with polyunsaturated fat was potentiated with higher cholesterol intake. This enhanced excretion was generally greater during the first than during the second 3-week period of polyunsaturated fat.", "PMID": 1113682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3993", "title": "Evidence that parathyroid hormone is not required for phosphate homeostasis in renal failure.", "content": "Varying degrees of renal failure were produced by surgical reduction of renal mass in normal dogs and in thyroparathyroidectomized dogs (TPTX) in whom serum calcium levels were maintained in the normal range by the administration of vitamin D. Both groups of dogs maintained normal serum phosphate levels in spite of progressive decreases in glomerular filtration rates (GFR). Furthermore, both groups of dogs were able to increase the fractional excretion of phosphate as GFR decreased. Thus the same renal response to loss of GFR was maintained in the complete absence of parathyroid tissue. Finally, stable serum phosphate levels and increased fractional excretion of phosphate in response to a decrease in GFR were also demonstrated in acutely TPTX dogs who were not receiving vitamin D. These results indicate that phosphate homeostasis can be maintained in renal failure in the total absence of parathyroid hormone secretion.", "contents": "Evidence that parathyroid hormone is not required for phosphate homeostasis in renal failure. Varying degrees of renal failure were produced by surgical reduction of renal mass in normal dogs and in thyroparathyroidectomized dogs (TPTX) in whom serum calcium levels were maintained in the normal range by the administration of vitamin D. Both groups of dogs maintained normal serum phosphate levels in spite of progressive decreases in glomerular filtration rates (GFR). Furthermore, both groups of dogs were able to increase the fractional excretion of phosphate as GFR decreased. Thus the same renal response to loss of GFR was maintained in the complete absence of parathyroid tissue. Finally, stable serum phosphate levels and increased fractional excretion of phosphate in response to a decrease in GFR were also demonstrated in acutely TPTX dogs who were not receiving vitamin D. These results indicate that phosphate homeostasis can be maintained in renal failure in the total absence of parathyroid hormone secretion.", "PMID": 1113683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3994", "title": "Plasma catecholamine response of coronary-prone subjects (type A) to a specific challenge.", "content": "Plasma norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (E) were assayed in 15 men prone to develop coronary heart disease (type-A behavior pattern) and in 15 coronary-disease-resistant men (type-B behavior pattern) under resting, noncompetitive conditions and also immediately before, during, and after participation in a nonphysical competitive struggle. The average concentration of catecholamines was virtually the same in both groups under resting conditions. Under competitive conditions the NE concentration of the coronary-susceptible group rose an average of 30%, while that of the resistant group remained essentially unchanged. E concentration remained unchanged in both groups.", "contents": "Plasma catecholamine response of coronary-prone subjects (type A) to a specific challenge. Plasma norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (E) were assayed in 15 men prone to develop coronary heart disease (type-A behavior pattern) and in 15 coronary-disease-resistant men (type-B behavior pattern) under resting, noncompetitive conditions and also immediately before, during, and after participation in a nonphysical competitive struggle. The average concentration of catecholamines was virtually the same in both groups under resting conditions. Under competitive conditions the NE concentration of the coronary-susceptible group rose an average of 30%, while that of the resistant group remained essentially unchanged. E concentration remained unchanged in both groups.", "PMID": 1113684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3995", "title": "[Geographical distribution of leukemia. Study on the urban/rural relationship].", "content": "The geographical distribution of leukemia 69 soldiers of the German army died of leukemia between 1957 and 1970. Investigations were made with regard to their geographical distribution, in comparison to 1500 healthy soldiers. The percentage of leukemia patients, who lived in rural areas (villages up to 500 inhabitants) was 2.1 times higher. With regard to the birth-place this \"rural provenance\" was even more significant (3.6 times higher). This means: every fifth soldier, who died of leukemia, originated from a little village (of the control-group: every sixteenth). A local incidence (\"clusters\") was not found. The professions were of no particular significance. These findings raise the question if there exist risk factors in rural environment (domestic animals?).", "contents": "[Geographical distribution of leukemia. Study on the urban/rural relationship]. The geographical distribution of leukemia 69 soldiers of the German army died of leukemia between 1957 and 1970. Investigations were made with regard to their geographical distribution, in comparison to 1500 healthy soldiers. The percentage of leukemia patients, who lived in rural areas (villages up to 500 inhabitants) was 2.1 times higher. With regard to the birth-place this \"rural provenance\" was even more significant (3.6 times higher). This means: every fifth soldier, who died of leukemia, originated from a little village (of the control-group: every sixteenth). A local incidence (\"clusters\") was not found. The professions were of no particular significance. These findings raise the question if there exist risk factors in rural environment (domestic animals?).", "PMID": 1113699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3996", "title": "[Clusters of Hodgkin's disease. Case report of two brothers].", "content": "Case report of two brothers who suffered from lymphogranulomatosis successively. Familiary clusters are rare and are in favour of infectious and of hereditary factors in the pathogenesis of Hodgkin's disease. The own observation is discussed in reference to the world literature.", "contents": "[Clusters of Hodgkin's disease. Case report of two brothers]. Case report of two brothers who suffered from lymphogranulomatosis successively. Familiary clusters are rare and are in favour of infectious and of hereditary factors in the pathogenesis of Hodgkin's disease. The own observation is discussed in reference to the world literature.", "PMID": 1113700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3997", "title": "[Pheochromocytoma in childhood. Report of a case of a familial type in an 8-year-old boy].", "content": "A case of right adrenal pheochromocytoma in an 8-yr-old boy and its successful surgical management are described. Clinical and statistical data are given for this form and its symptomatology and aetiopathogenesis are illustrated. Particular stress is laid on the occasionally misunderstood importance of the part played by continuous hypertension. Early diagnosis and surgery are essential to avoid the onset of serious cardiocirclatory complications.", "contents": "[Pheochromocytoma in childhood. Report of a case of a familial type in an 8-year-old boy]. A case of right adrenal pheochromocytoma in an 8-yr-old boy and its successful surgical management are described. Clinical and statistical data are given for this form and its symptomatology and aetiopathogenesis are illustrated. Particular stress is laid on the occasionally misunderstood importance of the part played by continuous hypertension. Early diagnosis and surgery are essential to avoid the onset of serious cardiocirclatory complications.", "PMID": 1113718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3998", "title": "Chronic myopathy associated with coxsackievirus type A9. A combined electron microscopical and viral isolation study.", "content": "Virus-like crystalline structures in human skeletal muscles have been observed by many electron microspists, but no viruses have been isolated and identified in such cases. An 11-year-old girl who had had muscular weakness and physical retardation since early infancy died of pneumonia due to atrophy of diaphragmatic and intercostal muscles. Electron microscopy of these muscles revealed a heavy infiltration of picornavirus-like particles that measured 19 to 23 nm in diameter. Subsequent inoculation of primary human-amnion cells with a sonic-treated suspension of the patient's diaphragmatic muscle induced an enterovirus-like cytopathic effect. The isolate was identified with use of Lim-Benyesh--Meinick enterovirus typing serum pools as coxsackievirus Type A-9. This viral isolation supports the belief that the organized  electron-dense particles in human muscle are indeed virions.", "contents": "Chronic myopathy associated with coxsackievirus type A9. A combined electron microscopical and viral isolation study. Virus-like crystalline structures in human skeletal muscles have been observed by many electron microspists, but no viruses have been isolated and identified in such cases. An 11-year-old girl who had had muscular weakness and physical retardation since early infancy died of pneumonia due to atrophy of diaphragmatic and intercostal muscles. Electron microscopy of these muscles revealed a heavy infiltration of picornavirus-like particles that measured 19 to 23 nm in diameter. Subsequent inoculation of primary human-amnion cells with a sonic-treated suspension of the patient's diaphragmatic muscle induced an enterovirus-like cytopathic effect. The isolate was identified with use of Lim-Benyesh--Meinick enterovirus typing serum pools as coxsackievirus Type A-9. This viral isolation supports the belief that the organized  electron-dense particles in human muscle are indeed virions.", "PMID": 1113739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_3999", "title": "Effects of oral alanine feeding on blood glucose, plasma glucagon and insulin concentrations in small-for-gestational-age infants.", "content": "The effects of oral alanine feeding on glucose homeostasis were evaluated in 21 infants who were small for gestational age and 26 who were appropriate for gestational age. In the first 24 hours, basal plasma alanine concentrations were higher in the former. Oral alanine feedings produced a significant rise over baseline levels of plasma alanine and glucagon concentrations in both groups. The blood  glucose and plasma insulin concentrations also increased significantly in infants who were appropriate  but not in those who were small for gestational age. At 25 to 96 hours of age, plasma glucagon, insulin and blood glucose concentrations did not change after the alanine feeding in either group. These data indicate that in the normally nourished infant (appropriate forgestational age), gluconeogenic amino acid (alanine) enhances hepatic glucose output. This  phenomenon is not observed in the mainourished infants (small for gestational age), a point that may reflect decreased glycogen stores and ineffective gluconeogenic enzyme system in such infants.", "contents": "Effects of oral alanine feeding on blood glucose, plasma glucagon and insulin concentrations in small-for-gestational-age infants. The effects of oral alanine feeding on glucose homeostasis were evaluated in 21 infants who were small for gestational age and 26 who were appropriate for gestational age. In the first 24 hours, basal plasma alanine concentrations were higher in the former. Oral alanine feedings produced a significant rise over baseline levels of plasma alanine and glucagon concentrations in both groups. The blood  glucose and plasma insulin concentrations also increased significantly in infants who were appropriate  but not in those who were small for gestational age. At 25 to 96 hours of age, plasma glucagon, insulin and blood glucose concentrations did not change after the alanine feeding in either group. These data indicate that in the normally nourished infant (appropriate forgestational age), gluconeogenic amino acid (alanine) enhances hepatic glucose output. This  phenomenon is not observed in the mainourished infants (small for gestational age), a point that may reflect decreased glycogen stores and ineffective gluconeogenic enzyme system in such infants.", "PMID": 1113740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4000", "title": "The teaching hospital and primary care. Closing down the clinics.", "content": "Hospitals have become major providers of primary medical care by default rather than design because of the decreasing availability of primary physicians in community practice. In 1972, Beth Israel Hospital in Boston closed its traditional general clincs and estblished a primary-care group practice--Beth Israel Ambulatory Care. The practice is staffed by teams of full-time salaried physicians, other health professionals and paraprofessionals, house staff and medical students. More than 25 per cent of patient visits are managed by nonphysicians. Subspecialty clinics have been relieved of primary-care case loads and limited to referral and consultative functions. In 1973-74, the cost per visit was $20.32. Patient-visit volume in primary care has increased from a figure of 29,144 in 1971-72 to 41,650 in 1973-74. Broken appointments have declined by one third.", "contents": "The teaching hospital and primary care. Closing down the clinics. Hospitals have become major providers of primary medical care by default rather than design because of the decreasing availability of primary physicians in community practice. In 1972, Beth Israel Hospital in Boston closed its traditional general clincs and estblished a primary-care group practice--Beth Israel Ambulatory Care. The practice is staffed by teams of full-time salaried physicians, other health professionals and paraprofessionals, house staff and medical students. More than 25 per cent of patient visits are managed by nonphysicians. Subspecialty clinics have been relieved of primary-care case loads and limited to referral and consultative functions. In 1973-74, the cost per visit was $20.32. Patient-visit volume in primary care has increased from a figure of 29,144 in 1971-72 to 41,650 in 1973-74. Broken appointments have declined by one third.", "PMID": 1113741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4001", "title": "Ventilatory control in myxedema and hypothyroidism.", "content": "Alveolar hypoventilation is known to occur in myxedema. To clarify the role of hypoxic ventilatory drive and hypercapnic ventilatory drive in thyroid hormone insufficiency states, 10 patients with myxedema and seven with hypothyroidism (thyroid ablation) were studied before and after thyroid replacement. An index developed for hypoxic ventilatory drive was markedly reduced in myxedema: 17 plus or minus 4.7 (S.E.M.) (normal, 126 plus or minus 8.7) (P smaller than 0.01) and increased to 78 plus or minus 12.6 (p = 0.02) with thyroid hormone replacement. In the hypothyroid group this index was also depressed as compared to normal at 67 plus or minus 20 (p smaller than 0.01) and increased to 114 plus or minus 19 (p smaller than 0.02) with replacement. An index for hypercapnic ventilatory drive was depressed in myxedema, 0.69 plus or minus 0.01), but was not significantly depressed in hypothyroidism. With thyroid hormone replacement this index did not significantly increase in either group. We conclude that both myxedema and hypothyroid states produce depression of hypoxic ventilatory drive that is responsive to replacement therapy. This alteration in ventilatory control may contribute to the hypoventilation seen in myxedema.", "contents": "Ventilatory control in myxedema and hypothyroidism. Alveolar hypoventilation is known to occur in myxedema. To clarify the role of hypoxic ventilatory drive and hypercapnic ventilatory drive in thyroid hormone insufficiency states, 10 patients with myxedema and seven with hypothyroidism (thyroid ablation) were studied before and after thyroid replacement. An index developed for hypoxic ventilatory drive was markedly reduced in myxedema: 17 plus or minus 4.7 (S.E.M.) (normal, 126 plus or minus 8.7) (P smaller than 0.01) and increased to 78 plus or minus 12.6 (p = 0.02) with thyroid hormone replacement. In the hypothyroid group this index was also depressed as compared to normal at 67 plus or minus 20 (p smaller than 0.01) and increased to 114 plus or minus 19 (p smaller than 0.02) with replacement. An index for hypercapnic ventilatory drive was depressed in myxedema, 0.69 plus or minus 0.01), but was not significantly depressed in hypothyroidism. With thyroid hormone replacement this index did not significantly increase in either group. We conclude that both myxedema and hypothyroid states produce depression of hypoxic ventilatory drive that is responsive to replacement therapy. This alteration in ventilatory control may contribute to the hypoventilation seen in myxedema.", "PMID": 1113761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4002", "title": "Comparison of 125I fibrinogen count scanning with phlebography for detection of venous thrombi after elective hip surgery.", "content": "A comparison was made of 125I fibrinogen count scanning and phlebography in 142 limbs of 83 patients without known prior deep venous thrombosis who underwent total hip replacement. A localized accumulation of fibrinogen located away from the hip wound represented a fresh thrombus in 25 of 29 cases (86 per cent).  However, of all the fresh thrombi demonstrated by phlebography, the fibrinogen scan detected only approximately 50 per cent.  Major reasons for failure to detect thrombi were the presence of the wound and the small size of some thrombi.  In defining whether or not fresh venous thrombosis was present in a given patient, the scan was accurate in three quarters of the cases.  We conclude that fibrinogen scanning is a useful examination in patients after elective hip surgery, but less accurate than previously reported.", "contents": "Comparison of 125I fibrinogen count scanning with phlebography for detection of venous thrombi after elective hip surgery. A comparison was made of 125I fibrinogen count scanning and phlebography in 142 limbs of 83 patients without known prior deep venous thrombosis who underwent total hip replacement. A localized accumulation of fibrinogen located away from the hip wound represented a fresh thrombus in 25 of 29 cases (86 per cent).  However, of all the fresh thrombi demonstrated by phlebography, the fibrinogen scan detected only approximately 50 per cent.  Major reasons for failure to detect thrombi were the presence of the wound and the small size of some thrombi.  In defining whether or not fresh venous thrombosis was present in a given patient, the scan was accurate in three quarters of the cases.  We conclude that fibrinogen scanning is a useful examination in patients after elective hip surgery, but less accurate than previously reported.", "PMID": 1113762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4003", "title": "Management of septic chemical abortion with renal failure. Use of a conservative regimen.", "content": "The concept that hysterectomy is of value in the management of septic abortion induced by instillation of soap or phenolic antiseptics into the uterus is challenged. Nineteen out of 20 such cases with renal failure were managed with intensive antibiotic therapy, peritoneal dialysis and an absolute minimun of surgical intervention. Seventeen patients recovered, with normal renal function. Of the 11 known to be subsequently exposed to conception seven have achieved normal pregnancies.", "contents": "Management of septic chemical abortion with renal failure. Use of a conservative regimen. The concept that hysterectomy is of value in the management of septic abortion induced by instillation of soap or phenolic antiseptics into the uterus is challenged. Nineteen out of 20 such cases with renal failure were managed with intensive antibiotic therapy, peritoneal dialysis and an absolute minimun of surgical intervention. Seventeen patients recovered, with normal renal function. Of the 11 known to be subsequently exposed to conception seven have achieved normal pregnancies.", "PMID": 1113781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4004", "title": "Antenatal exposure to meprobamate and chlordiazepoxide in relation to malformations, mental development, and childhood mortality.", "content": "In a follow-up study of 50,282 pregnancies (lasting at least five lunar months) and the offspring, malformations identified before the first birthday, or at death before the fourth birthday, were identified in 3248 children (6.5 per cent). A total of 1870 children exposed in utero to meprobamate or chlordiazepoxide were compared with 48,412 children who were not. No significant differences were found either overall or in specific outcomes; rates were also similar when exposures occurred during the first trimester or at other times during pregnancy. Deaths (stillbirth to the fourth birthday) occurred in 2227 children (4.4 per cent), and there was no evidence that antenatal exposure to either drug increased the death rate. Finally, as judged by mental and motor scores at the age of eight months, and intelligence quotient scores at four years, there was no evidence that the drugs cause brain damage.", "contents": "Antenatal exposure to meprobamate and chlordiazepoxide in relation to malformations, mental development, and childhood mortality. In a follow-up study of 50,282 pregnancies (lasting at least five lunar months) and the offspring, malformations identified before the first birthday, or at death before the fourth birthday, were identified in 3248 children (6.5 per cent). A total of 1870 children exposed in utero to meprobamate or chlordiazepoxide were compared with 48,412 children who were not. No significant differences were found either overall or in specific outcomes; rates were also similar when exposures occurred during the first trimester or at other times during pregnancy. Deaths (stillbirth to the fourth birthday) occurred in 2227 children (4.4 per cent), and there was no evidence that antenatal exposure to either drug increased the death rate. Finally, as judged by mental and motor scores at the age of eight months, and intelligence quotient scores at four years, there was no evidence that the drugs cause brain damage.", "PMID": 1113782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4005", "title": "Comparison of television and telephone for remote medical consultation.", "content": "Television and telephone communications were randomly used to compare their effectiveness in allowing consultation between a hospital-based physician and remote nurse practitioners. Visits using television for consultation averaged 50 minutes as compared with 40 minutes for telephone. This difference was caused by longer work-ups before the consultation, longer delays after it was requested, and longer consultations, themselves, on television. However, television consultations resulted in significantly fewer immediate referrals of patients to hospital physicians: 6 plus or minus 1 as compared to 12 plus or minus 1 per cent (mean plus or minus S.E.M) OF ALL TELEPHONE CONSULTATIONS (P SMALLER THAN 0.005). Although no overall difference in satisfaction was documented between the results of television and telephone consultations, participants preferred the former for medical decision making and cited it for allowing more social interaction than telephone. These findings suggest that television may have its greatest value in remote sites where the sense of isolation is great and the need to reduce long-distance referrals offsets the costs of the system.", "contents": "Comparison of television and telephone for remote medical consultation. Television and telephone communications were randomly used to compare their effectiveness in allowing consultation between a hospital-based physician and remote nurse practitioners. Visits using television for consultation averaged 50 minutes as compared with 40 minutes for telephone. This difference was caused by longer work-ups before the consultation, longer delays after it was requested, and longer consultations, themselves, on television. However, television consultations resulted in significantly fewer immediate referrals of patients to hospital physicians: 6 plus or minus 1 as compared to 12 plus or minus 1 per cent (mean plus or minus S.E.M) OF ALL TELEPHONE CONSULTATIONS (P SMALLER THAN 0.005). Although no overall difference in satisfaction was documented between the results of television and telephone consultations, participants preferred the former for medical decision making and cited it for allowing more social interaction than telephone. These findings suggest that television may have its greatest value in remote sites where the sense of isolation is great and the need to reduce long-distance referrals offsets the costs of the system.", "PMID": 1113783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4006", "title": "Vertical transmission of hepatitis B antigen in Taiwan.", "content": "To determine the frequency of vertical transmission of hepatitis B antigen (HB5 Ag) from asymptomatic carrier mothers in Taiwan to their offspring, HB5 Ag was sought by radioimmunoassay and complement fixation. Of 158 babies born to carrier mothers, antigenemia developed in 63; 51 of these antigenemic babies had become antigen positive within the six months of life. Three inter-related factors were found to increase the risk that antigenemia would develop in the infant: a high maternal complement-fixation titer for HB5 Ag: presence of HB5 Ag in the baby's umbilical-cord blood: and antigenemia in siblings. In contrast to previous studies, these findings indicate that vertical transmission from carrier mothers frequently occurs, at least in Taiwan, and may partially explain Taiwan's high prevalence of HB5 Ag.", "contents": "Vertical transmission of hepatitis B antigen in Taiwan. To determine the frequency of vertical transmission of hepatitis B antigen (HB5 Ag) from asymptomatic carrier mothers in Taiwan to their offspring, HB5 Ag was sought by radioimmunoassay and complement fixation. Of 158 babies born to carrier mothers, antigenemia developed in 63; 51 of these antigenemic babies had become antigen positive within the six months of life. Three inter-related factors were found to increase the risk that antigenemia would develop in the infant: a high maternal complement-fixation titer for HB5 Ag: presence of HB5 Ag in the baby's umbilical-cord blood: and antigenemia in siblings. In contrast to previous studies, these findings indicate that vertical transmission from carrier mothers frequently occurs, at least in Taiwan, and may partially explain Taiwan's high prevalence of HB5 Ag.", "PMID": 1113797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4007", "title": "Impact of membership in an enrolled, prepaid population on utilization of health services in a group practice.", "content": "Members of prepaid group-practice medical-care plans are believed to use more ambulatory, but fewer inpatient, services than populations served by fee-for-service practitioners. It is not known whether these differences are attributable to the prepayment aspects of the plan or to other circumstances. We studied the impact on use of services of only one factor-prepayment at the Marshfield Clinic, Wisconsin--with all other factors, including group practice, held constant. The findings were derived from the experience one year before, and two years after, the initiation of the prepaid program. Results showed that prepayment alone resulted in significant increases in both inpatient and ambulatory care (about 100 per cent in ambulatory-care visits, 75 per cent in hospital discharges, and 60 per cent in hospital days). These increases were far greater than comparable increases in the fee-for-service population served by the Clinic.", "contents": "Impact of membership in an enrolled, prepaid population on utilization of health services in a group practice. Members of prepaid group-practice medical-care plans are believed to use more ambulatory, but fewer inpatient, services than populations served by fee-for-service practitioners. It is not known whether these differences are attributable to the prepayment aspects of the plan or to other circumstances. We studied the impact on use of services of only one factor-prepayment at the Marshfield Clinic, Wisconsin--with all other factors, including group practice, held constant. The findings were derived from the experience one year before, and two years after, the initiation of the prepaid program. Results showed that prepayment alone resulted in significant increases in both inpatient and ambulatory care (about 100 per cent in ambulatory-care visits, 75 per cent in hospital discharges, and 60 per cent in hospital days). These increases were far greater than comparable increases in the fee-for-service population served by the Clinic.", "PMID": 1113798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4008", "title": "Angiography in the management of aneurysms of the abdominal aorta. Its value and safety.", "content": "The course of 190 patients with aneurysm of the abdominal aorta who underwent preoperative aortography was reviewed to determine the safety and usefulness of that procedure. There were no serious complications; minor problems occurred in only four patients and did not affect operative therapy. In 21 patients, the clinical impression of aneurysm was found to be incorrect. Surgically important findings included suprarenal extension of the aneurysm in nine patients, and demonstration of stenotic lesions in the renal arteries (37 patients) or superior mesenteric artery/celiac axis (17 patients). Helpful findings were associated aneurysms (26 patients), multiple renal arteries (28 patients), and occlusive lesions in the lower extremities or aortocranial system in 82 and eight patients respectively. Such information was found useful in planning operative procedures and minimizing operative time and blood loss. In our experience, angiography in patients with aneurysm of the abdominal aorta is both safe and informative.", "contents": "Angiography in the management of aneurysms of the abdominal aorta. Its value and safety. The course of 190 patients with aneurysm of the abdominal aorta who underwent preoperative aortography was reviewed to determine the safety and usefulness of that procedure. There were no serious complications; minor problems occurred in only four patients and did not affect operative therapy. In 21 patients, the clinical impression of aneurysm was found to be incorrect. Surgically important findings included suprarenal extension of the aneurysm in nine patients, and demonstration of stenotic lesions in the renal arteries (37 patients) or superior mesenteric artery/celiac axis (17 patients). Helpful findings were associated aneurysms (26 patients), multiple renal arteries (28 patients), and occlusive lesions in the lower extremities or aortocranial system in 82 and eight patients respectively. Such information was found useful in planning operative procedures and minimizing operative time and blood loss. In our experience, angiography in patients with aneurysm of the abdominal aorta is both safe and informative.", "PMID": 1113813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4009", "title": "Percutaneous aspiration biopsy of the pancreas under ultrasonic guidance.", "content": "Fine-needle aspiration biopsy for cytologic diagnosis was performed on seven patients suspected of having pancreatic tumors. A 23-gauge biopsy needle was accurately placed in the suspicious lesion under ultrasonic guidance. Six patients had tumors; of these, five had a definite cytologic diagnosis, and the sixth was suspicious of tumor. There was no morbidity associated with the procedure in these patients. Although fine-needle biopsy is not expected to prolong life in patients with pancreatic tumors, it does eliminate the need for more complicated, expensive, uncomfortable and hazardous diagnostic procedures. In many cases exploratory surgery may be obviated.", "contents": "Percutaneous aspiration biopsy of the pancreas under ultrasonic guidance. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy for cytologic diagnosis was performed on seven patients suspected of having pancreatic tumors. A 23-gauge biopsy needle was accurately placed in the suspicious lesion under ultrasonic guidance. Six patients had tumors; of these, five had a definite cytologic diagnosis, and the sixth was suspicious of tumor. There was no morbidity associated with the procedure in these patients. Although fine-needle biopsy is not expected to prolong life in patients with pancreatic tumors, it does eliminate the need for more complicated, expensive, uncomfortable and hazardous diagnostic procedures. In many cases exploratory surgery may be obviated.", "PMID": 1113814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4010", "title": "Lack of erythropoietic inhibitory effect of serum from patients withe congenital pure red cell aplasia.", "content": "The serum from five children with congenital pure red cell aplasia demonstrated no erythropoietic inhibitory effect either in vivo in animals or in vitro. The significance of immunosuppressive therapy in this disease is discussed.", "contents": "Lack of erythropoietic inhibitory effect of serum from patients withe congenital pure red cell aplasia. The serum from five children with congenital pure red cell aplasia demonstrated no erythropoietic inhibitory effect either in vivo in animals or in vitro. The significance of immunosuppressive therapy in this disease is discussed.", "PMID": 1113826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4011", "title": "Health-care workers positive for hepatitis B surface antigen. Are their contacts at risk?", "content": "To assess the hepatitis risk to patients exposed to HBs AG-positive health-care workers, 228 contacts were followed prospectively for six to nine months. Health workers included two physicians with chronic hepatitis, a chronic asymptomatic carrier nurse, a food handler with acute HBs Ag-positive hepatitis and a physician who was HBs Ag-positive for 25 days before the onset of acute hepatitis. Controls (167) consisted of identically followed patients who had not been exposed to an HBs Ag-positive health worker. No exposed or control patient acquired clinical hepatitis or HBs Ag. Isolated elevations in serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase occurred equally in both groups and did not correlate with serologic evidence for hepatitis B infection. One exposed patient demonstrated antibody seroconversion (anti-HBs), as did two of the controls. These data do not demonstrate hepatitis B transmission from HBs Ag-positive health workers to their patients. Restriction of such carriers is not warranted at present.", "contents": "Health-care workers positive for hepatitis B surface antigen. Are their contacts at risk? To assess the hepatitis risk to patients exposed to HBs AG-positive health-care workers, 228 contacts were followed prospectively for six to nine months. Health workers included two physicians with chronic hepatitis, a chronic asymptomatic carrier nurse, a food handler with acute HBs Ag-positive hepatitis and a physician who was HBs Ag-positive for 25 days before the onset of acute hepatitis. Controls (167) consisted of identically followed patients who had not been exposed to an HBs Ag-positive health worker. No exposed or control patient acquired clinical hepatitis or HBs Ag. Isolated elevations in serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase occurred equally in both groups and did not correlate with serologic evidence for hepatitis B infection. One exposed patient demonstrated antibody seroconversion (anti-HBs), as did two of the controls. These data do not demonstrate hepatitis B transmission from HBs Ag-positive health workers to their patients. Restriction of such carriers is not warranted at present.", "PMID": 1113827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4012", "title": "Structure of tobacco mosaic virus at 6.7 \u00e5 resolution.", "content": "The electron density distribution of tobacco mosaic virus has been determined to 6.7 A resolution by analysis of the X-ray diffraction pattern given by oriented gels of the virus. This has been achieved by separation of overlapping Bessel function terms by a technique analogous to crystallographic isomorphous replacement. The course of the polypeptide chain of the coat protein may be traced for a large part of its length.", "contents": "Structure of tobacco mosaic virus at 6.7 \u00e5 resolution. The electron density distribution of tobacco mosaic virus has been determined to 6.7 A resolution by analysis of the X-ray diffraction pattern given by oriented gels of the virus. This has been achieved by separation of overlapping Bessel function terms by a technique analogous to crystallographic isomorphous replacement. The course of the polypeptide chain of the coat protein may be traced for a large part of its length.", "PMID": 1113882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4013", "title": "Control of somite number during morphogenesis of a vertebrate, Xenopus laevis.", "content": "During Xenopus embryogenesis and early growth, somite number stays close to a species-typical value for each morphological stage. This remains true even after operations on blastulae which lead to the development of abnormally small but otherwise complete early embryos, involving reduction in number of cells assigned to each somite. Evidence presented suggests that a body-position gradient may be involved, but in rather different ways at different stages, in controlling total somite number.", "contents": "Control of somite number during morphogenesis of a vertebrate, Xenopus laevis. During Xenopus embryogenesis and early growth, somite number stays close to a species-typical value for each morphological stage. This remains true even after operations on blastulae which lead to the development of abnormally small but otherwise complete early embryos, involving reduction in number of cells assigned to each somite. Evidence presented suggests that a body-position gradient may be involved, but in rather different ways at different stages, in controlling total somite number.", "PMID": 1113883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4014", "title": "Positional signalling and specification of digits in chick limb morphogenesis.", "content": "The interpretation of positional information can provide the basis for pattern formation in limb morphogenesis. The gradient in positional information along the antero-posterior axis, which is specified with respect to a localised boundary region, can be modified by grafting this region to successive positions along the axis. The pattern of digits obtained is consistent with a model based on diffusion of a labile morphogen and is thus similar to models proposed for the development of pattern in invertebrates.", "contents": "Positional signalling and specification of digits in chick limb morphogenesis. The interpretation of positional information can provide the basis for pattern formation in limb morphogenesis. The gradient in positional information along the antero-posterior axis, which is specified with respect to a localised boundary region, can be modified by grafting this region to successive positions along the axis. The pattern of digits obtained is consistent with a model based on diffusion of a labile morphogen and is thus similar to models proposed for the development of pattern in invertebrates.", "PMID": 1113884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4015", "title": "[L-tubocurarine and pancuronium bromide in open heart surgery].", "content": "Comparison is made between 45 cases treated with d-tubocurarine and 60 with pancuronium bromide in open-heart surgery. Pancuronium displayed unmistakable advantages in the form of a more potent action, rapid commencement and long duration, dose flexibility and an almost complete absence of undesirable side-effects. In addition, it offered stability with respect to the cardiovascular system and enabled risk-free, deep muscle relaxation to be achieved even in subjects with complex cardiopathies, such as those with pulmonary hypertension, extreme hypoplasia or aplasia of the trunk of the pulmonary artery and patent ductus arteriosus, for whom a very high operative mortality risk exists when even minimal changes in cardiovascular parameters occur.", "contents": "[L-tubocurarine and pancuronium bromide in open heart surgery]. Comparison is made between 45 cases treated with d-tubocurarine and 60 with pancuronium bromide in open-heart surgery. Pancuronium displayed unmistakable advantages in the form of a more potent action, rapid commencement and long duration, dose flexibility and an almost complete absence of undesirable side-effects. In addition, it offered stability with respect to the cardiovascular system and enabled risk-free, deep muscle relaxation to be achieved even in subjects with complex cardiopathies, such as those with pulmonary hypertension, extreme hypoplasia or aplasia of the trunk of the pulmonary artery and patent ductus arteriosus, for whom a very high operative mortality risk exists when even minimal changes in cardiovascular parameters occur.", "PMID": 1113897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4016", "title": "[Use in anesthesiology of a new beta-2-stimulator, Salbutamol. Original technic and considerations].", "content": "Notes on drugs relating to the adrenergic system are followed by an account of the chemical, pharmacological and clinical features of a new beta2-stimulant, Salbutamol. Employment of this drug to prevent bronchospastic crises in 10 asthmatic patients subjected to narcosis is reported. An original technique was used: oral administration preoperatively, inhalation in the immediate preoperative period, topically on the trachea, and inhalation and oral adminstration post-operatively. Satisfactory results were observed in all 10 cases and support for the use of Salbutamol in anaesthesiology is given.", "contents": "[Use in anesthesiology of a new beta-2-stimulator, Salbutamol. Original technic and considerations]. Notes on drugs relating to the adrenergic system are followed by an account of the chemical, pharmacological and clinical features of a new beta2-stimulant, Salbutamol. Employment of this drug to prevent bronchospastic crises in 10 asthmatic patients subjected to narcosis is reported. An original technique was used: oral administration preoperatively, inhalation in the immediate preoperative period, topically on the trachea, and inhalation and oral adminstration post-operatively. Satisfactory results were observed in all 10 cases and support for the use of Salbutamol in anaesthesiology is given.", "PMID": 1113898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4017", "title": "[Enflurane-pancuronium combination: real progress toward greater safe conditions in general anesthesia].", "content": "The literature data and personal experience with high - and very high - risk patients show that the association of enflurane as anaesthetic and pancuronium as muscle-relaxant constitutes a positive advance in balanced general anaesthesia. Cardiocirculatory depression is not encountered; if anything, there is an improvement of homeostatic conditions. This results in increased safety, even for patients regarded as inoperable. Confirmation of the reasons for associating these two drugs has certainly been obtained. The method cannot, however, be employed indiscriminately, but, at least in theory, should be avoided in patients with serious hypertension or a myocardium that is particularly sensitive to endogenic catecholamine incretion. In hypotension, on the other hand, cases of imminent or frank shock, or situations where surgery cannot be postponed, the association is, paradoxically, a true pharmacological \"support\", backed up, of course, by other usual procedures. This contradiction of modern views concerning the peripheral circulation is only apparent, since the duration of anaesthesia is reduced; main aim in this period is the maintenance of sufficient circulation to the more important organs. Comparison with associations combining d-Tubocurarine, halothane and methoxyfluorane is still an open question as far as objective assessment of their usefulness is concerned. There can be no doubt, however, that the association of enflurane and pancuronium has eliminated a large sector of contraindications in the field of general anaesthesia.", "contents": "[Enflurane-pancuronium combination: real progress toward greater safe conditions in general anesthesia]. The literature data and personal experience with high - and very high - risk patients show that the association of enflurane as anaesthetic and pancuronium as muscle-relaxant constitutes a positive advance in balanced general anaesthesia. Cardiocirculatory depression is not encountered; if anything, there is an improvement of homeostatic conditions. This results in increased safety, even for patients regarded as inoperable. Confirmation of the reasons for associating these two drugs has certainly been obtained. The method cannot, however, be employed indiscriminately, but, at least in theory, should be avoided in patients with serious hypertension or a myocardium that is particularly sensitive to endogenic catecholamine incretion. In hypotension, on the other hand, cases of imminent or frank shock, or situations where surgery cannot be postponed, the association is, paradoxically, a true pharmacological \"support\", backed up, of course, by other usual procedures. This contradiction of modern views concerning the peripheral circulation is only apparent, since the duration of anaesthesia is reduced; main aim in this period is the maintenance of sufficient circulation to the more important organs. Comparison with associations combining d-Tubocurarine, halothane and methoxyfluorane is still an open question as far as objective assessment of their usefulness is concerned. There can be no doubt, however, that the association of enflurane and pancuronium has eliminated a large sector of contraindications in the field of general anaesthesia.", "PMID": 1113899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4018", "title": "[Value of a low-calorie diet in the diagnosis of Gilbert's syndrome].", "content": "Reduction of the calorie intake to 400 per day was employed in clinching the diagnosis in a case of Gilbert's disease admitted in the course of remission. This diet, in fact, results in a marked increase in serum bilirubin concentration. The non-conjugated form, in fact, reached values 5 times greater than those observed initially, within 24 hr after commencing the diet. Unlike other cases reported in the literature, this increase occurred in spite of an initially normal blood bilirubin level.", "contents": "[Value of a low-calorie diet in the diagnosis of Gilbert's syndrome]. Reduction of the calorie intake to 400 per day was employed in clinching the diagnosis in a case of Gilbert's disease admitted in the course of remission. This diet, in fact, results in a marked increase in serum bilirubin concentration. The non-conjugated form, in fact, reached values 5 times greater than those observed initially, within 24 hr after commencing the diet. Unlike other cases reported in the literature, this increase occurred in spite of an initially normal blood bilirubin level.", "PMID": 1113902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4019", "title": "[Aspects of glycolipid metabolism during chronic renal insufficiency. Effects of dialytic treatments of short duration (3-4 hours on alternate days)].", "content": "The main indices of glycolipid metabolism were examined during and after dialysis in 11 patients receiving chronic treatment. Each dialysis period lasted 3-4 hr and was carried out on alternate days with individual machines and Coil UF2, Coil UF100 and Dasco SP75 dialysers. The liquid contained 35 mEq/l sodium acetate and 2 g glucose and flowed at 500 cc/min. Heparin was injected in the arterial line in a single initial dose. During treatment, there was an increase in free fatty acids and a decrease in serum triglycerides. Blood sugar and insulin were unchanged. The first 4 hr after treatment were marked by decreased fatty acid and increased trigylceride values. Blood sugar and insulin were again constant. The part played by sodium acetate and heparin in these changes is discussed.", "contents": "[Aspects of glycolipid metabolism during chronic renal insufficiency. Effects of dialytic treatments of short duration (3-4 hours on alternate days)]. The main indices of glycolipid metabolism were examined during and after dialysis in 11 patients receiving chronic treatment. Each dialysis period lasted 3-4 hr and was carried out on alternate days with individual machines and Coil UF2, Coil UF100 and Dasco SP75 dialysers. The liquid contained 35 mEq/l sodium acetate and 2 g glucose and flowed at 500 cc/min. Heparin was injected in the arterial line in a single initial dose. During treatment, there was an increase in free fatty acids and a decrease in serum triglycerides. Blood sugar and insulin were unchanged. The first 4 hr after treatment were marked by decreased fatty acid and increased trigylceride values. Blood sugar and insulin were again constant. The part played by sodium acetate and heparin in these changes is discussed.", "PMID": 1113903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4020", "title": "[Study of a group of families with high incidence of schizophrenia].", "content": "The pedigrees of six schizophrenics' families presenting a very high percentage of sick subjects, (near to 50%) are studied. The data obtained allow to think to an hereditary transmission of the mental disease, in these families, as an autosomal dominant character; the responsible gene may have a reduced penetrance and a variable expressivity. The comparison of these data with those obtained from other schizophrenics' families support the hypotesis of an unomogeneus genetic basis for schizophrenia and also the supposition that a severe mutation of the principal gene has occurred in the studied families.", "contents": "[Study of a group of families with high incidence of schizophrenia]. The pedigrees of six schizophrenics' families presenting a very high percentage of sick subjects, (near to 50%) are studied. The data obtained allow to think to an hereditary transmission of the mental disease, in these families, as an autosomal dominant character; the responsible gene may have a reduced penetrance and a variable expressivity. The comparison of these data with those obtained from other schizophrenics' families support the hypotesis of an unomogeneus genetic basis for schizophrenia and also the supposition that a severe mutation of the principal gene has occurred in the studied families.", "PMID": 1113904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4021", "title": "[Treatment of coronary insufficiency with a combination of 2 nitro-derivatives. Controlled pluricentric clinical trial].", "content": "The effectiveness of an association of two nitroderivatives (Stenodylate) was compared with that of its individual components. The association was found more effective in the relief of both subjective and objective symptoms in 118 cases of coronary insufficiency. In addition, it was well tolerated and would appear to be indicated in the management of this form.", "contents": "[Treatment of coronary insufficiency with a combination of 2 nitro-derivatives. Controlled pluricentric clinical trial]. The effectiveness of an association of two nitroderivatives (Stenodylate) was compared with that of its individual components. The association was found more effective in the relief of both subjective and objective symptoms in 118 cases of coronary insufficiency. In addition, it was well tolerated and would appear to be indicated in the management of this form.", "PMID": 1113905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4022", "title": "[Therapy of cholesterol lithiasis with chenodeoxycholic acid (Chenoxyl)].", "content": "Chenodesoxycholic acid (500-750 mg/day Chenoxyl) was employed over a period of 9 months in the treatment of 40 patients with radiotransparent calculi in a functioning gallbladder and 8 with choledochal lithiasis. Radiological examination and complete hepatological exploration were carried out before and after the treatment in all cases. Complete dissolution was obtained in 6 and 2 cases respectively, with reduction of size in 13 and 2, and no change in 21 and 4. No significant variations were notes in the blood lipid picture or in liver function. There were no cases of diarrhoea.", "contents": "[Therapy of cholesterol lithiasis with chenodeoxycholic acid (Chenoxyl)]. Chenodesoxycholic acid (500-750 mg/day Chenoxyl) was employed over a period of 9 months in the treatment of 40 patients with radiotransparent calculi in a functioning gallbladder and 8 with choledochal lithiasis. Radiological examination and complete hepatological exploration were carried out before and after the treatment in all cases. Complete dissolution was obtained in 6 and 2 cases respectively, with reduction of size in 13 and 2, and no change in 21 and 4. No significant variations were notes in the blood lipid picture or in liver function. There were no cases of diarrhoea.", "PMID": 1113906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4023", "title": "[Oral loading test with a preparation which frees iron gradually in the intestine. Behavior of blood iron and transferrin].", "content": "Blood iron, total transferrin, iron-bound transferrin and transferrin iron saturation percentage were determined in non-anaemic subjects after oral administration of 1 and 2 tablets of a commercial preparation (Ferro-grad) containing ferrous sulphate and ensuring slower release of iron in the intestine. After 1 tablet, blood iron and transferrin saturation reached their peaks after 4 hr and returned to start levels after 10 hr. Higher increases were achieved, though later, with 2 tablets and the return to start levels presumibly occurred within 14 hr. There was a slight increase in total transferrin 2 hr after 1 tablet and values remained high throughout the experiment. When 2 tablets were given values fluctuated considerably, with minima coinciding with maximum blood iron values.", "contents": "[Oral loading test with a preparation which frees iron gradually in the intestine. Behavior of blood iron and transferrin]. Blood iron, total transferrin, iron-bound transferrin and transferrin iron saturation percentage were determined in non-anaemic subjects after oral administration of 1 and 2 tablets of a commercial preparation (Ferro-grad) containing ferrous sulphate and ensuring slower release of iron in the intestine. After 1 tablet, blood iron and transferrin saturation reached their peaks after 4 hr and returned to start levels after 10 hr. Higher increases were achieved, though later, with 2 tablets and the return to start levels presumibly occurred within 14 hr. There was a slight increase in total transferrin 2 hr after 1 tablet and values remained high throughout the experiment. When 2 tablets were given values fluctuated considerably, with minima coinciding with maximum blood iron values.", "PMID": 1113908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4024", "title": "[Hemostatic changes in the course of different chronic hepatopathies].", "content": "The following tests were performed in 15 cases of chronic aggressive hepatitis (CAH), 12 of cirrhosis, and 8 of other forms of chronic disease: liver function, thromboelastogram, prothrombin time (PT), partial thromboplastin time (PTT), determination of factors I, II, V, X and XIII, euglobulin and FDP lysis, and platelet count, shape and agglutinability. At least one haemostasis alteration was observed in nearly every case, the most common being in the thromboelastogram, PTT, prothrombin, and platelet shape and agglutinability. Defects were most marked in cirrhosis and comparison with CAH was significant in the case of PT and factor V. Fibrinolysis was increased in 60% of the CAH group and rarely elsewhere. Haemorrhage was noted in 7 cases of cirrhosis and 1 of CAH. On each occasion, it was more dependent on the serious nature of the disease, rather than defective haemostasis.", "contents": "[Hemostatic changes in the course of different chronic hepatopathies]. The following tests were performed in 15 cases of chronic aggressive hepatitis (CAH), 12 of cirrhosis, and 8 of other forms of chronic disease: liver function, thromboelastogram, prothrombin time (PT), partial thromboplastin time (PTT), determination of factors I, II, V, X and XIII, euglobulin and FDP lysis, and platelet count, shape and agglutinability. At least one haemostasis alteration was observed in nearly every case, the most common being in the thromboelastogram, PTT, prothrombin, and platelet shape and agglutinability. Defects were most marked in cirrhosis and comparison with CAH was significant in the case of PT and factor V. Fibrinolysis was increased in 60% of the CAH group and rarely elsewhere. Haemorrhage was noted in 7 cases of cirrhosis and 1 of CAH. On each occasion, it was more dependent on the serious nature of the disease, rather than defective haemostasis.", "PMID": 1113909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4025", "title": "[Drug combinations in the treatment of primary arterial hypertension].", "content": "A number of pathogenetic moments have been identified in primary or essential hypertension in recent years. Marked variations have been noted in plasma volume, cardiac output, neurosympathetic tone, the renin-angiotensin system, and the aldosterone-adrenal neurosympathetic regulation system. Biological and clinical studies have underscored the action of the individual hypotensive drugs at present available commercially and their synergic or, in some instances, antagonist effects when associated. The fact that the disease has different stages and that different points of attack can be chosen is an ecouragement to the combination and simultaneous employment of two or more hypotensive drugs. Known associations, such as reserpine (with or without sympathicoplegics) or vasodilators and the diuretics, are examined, together with more recent combinations, such as propranolol, hydralgine and the diuretics, and spirolactone and the diuretics.", "contents": "[Drug combinations in the treatment of primary arterial hypertension]. A number of pathogenetic moments have been identified in primary or essential hypertension in recent years. Marked variations have been noted in plasma volume, cardiac output, neurosympathetic tone, the renin-angiotensin system, and the aldosterone-adrenal neurosympathetic regulation system. Biological and clinical studies have underscored the action of the individual hypotensive drugs at present available commercially and their synergic or, in some instances, antagonist effects when associated. The fact that the disease has different stages and that different points of attack can be chosen is an ecouragement to the combination and simultaneous employment of two or more hypotensive drugs. Known associations, such as reserpine (with or without sympathicoplegics) or vasodilators and the diuretics, are examined, together with more recent combinations, such as propranolol, hydralgine and the diuretics, and spirolactone and the diuretics.", "PMID": 1113910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4026", "title": "[Recent studies on the in vivo and in vitro activity of gentamicin].", "content": "The effect of gentamycin was investigated at the University of Modena Phthisiology and Respiratory Diseases Department. In vitro activity against most pathological Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria was observed. A dose of 4-5 mg/kg proved very effective in cases of bacteria-induced bronchopneumopathy. The drug was also active against penicillin-resistant staphylococci and Gram-negative bacteria with a known resistance to ordinary antibiotics.", "contents": "[Recent studies on the in vivo and in vitro activity of gentamicin]. The effect of gentamycin was investigated at the University of Modena Phthisiology and Respiratory Diseases Department. In vitro activity against most pathological Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria was observed. A dose of 4-5 mg/kg proved very effective in cases of bacteria-induced bronchopneumopathy. The drug was also active against penicillin-resistant staphylococci and Gram-negative bacteria with a known resistance to ordinary antibiotics.", "PMID": 1113913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4027", "title": "[New orientations in the treatment of proclaimed tetanus: use of continuous peridural anesthesia].", "content": "Notes on the typical infectious and toxis picture associated with tetatus and the physiopathological aspects of the disease are followed by the presentation of continuous C8-L2 peridural anaesthesia, giving antalgic relief and partial motor block, as a primary form of therapeutic management. A classic two catheter technique is employed and fractioned doses are used so as to exploit the action of the local anaesthetic absorbed by the patient over several days. Sedation of the orthosympathetic leads to reduced catecholamine production, hypometabolism and cardiac sedation. Analgesia and relaxation are achieved by blocking the local and general spasms typical of the disease. Success with the method in serious cases is mentioned and its use in all forms is recommended.", "contents": "[New orientations in the treatment of proclaimed tetanus: use of continuous peridural anesthesia]. Notes on the typical infectious and toxis picture associated with tetatus and the physiopathological aspects of the disease are followed by the presentation of continuous C8-L2 peridural anaesthesia, giving antalgic relief and partial motor block, as a primary form of therapeutic management. A classic two catheter technique is employed and fractioned doses are used so as to exploit the action of the local anaesthetic absorbed by the patient over several days. Sedation of the orthosympathetic leads to reduced catecholamine production, hypometabolism and cardiac sedation. Analgesia and relaxation are achieved by blocking the local and general spasms typical of the disease. Success with the method in serious cases is mentioned and its use in all forms is recommended.", "PMID": 1113915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4028", "title": "[Anatomical and surgical notes on the morphology of Hunter's canal].", "content": "The morphology of Hunter's canal was examined, together with behaviour of the sheath of the femoral vessels and the relations between this sheath and the walles of the canal. A search was made for morphological and anatomotopographical features capable of explaining early and intense degenerative arteriopathy and the reasons why this is a level of choice for segmentary forms. The extent, constitution and behaviour of the adductor canal are explained. It is shown that, under normal conditions, the sheath is independent of the canal walls. Mechanical influences on the corresponding segment of the artery may be attributable to early inflammation or sclerosis of the cell milieu of the adductor canal.", "contents": "[Anatomical and surgical notes on the morphology of Hunter's canal]. The morphology of Hunter's canal was examined, together with behaviour of the sheath of the femoral vessels and the relations between this sheath and the walles of the canal. A search was made for morphological and anatomotopographical features capable of explaining early and intense degenerative arteriopathy and the reasons why this is a level of choice for segmentary forms. The extent, constitution and behaviour of the adductor canal are explained. It is shown that, under normal conditions, the sheath is independent of the canal walls. Mechanical influences on the corresponding segment of the artery may be attributable to early inflammation or sclerosis of the cell milieu of the adductor canal.", "PMID": 1113916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4029", "title": "[Medical treatment of obliterating peripheral arteriopathies, especially arteriosclerosis].", "content": "The efficacy of medical treatment of peripheral obliterating arteriopathies on an aetiopathogenetic basis in the light of diabetes and atherosclerosis is discussed. The pros and cons of management with vasoactive drugs exercising a dilatatory action of choice on the metarterioles and the arteriolocapillary sphincters are summarised, together with the possibilities offered by such drugs. A example of the short-term effects of chorionic gonadotrophin in atherosclerotic forms is presented. Such effects include the improvement of arteriolocapillary flow and the correction of dyslipidaemia. It is suggested that chorionic gonadotrophin can be successfully associated in consecutive courses with vasoactive drugs and anticoagulants to obtain long-term success, even in cases treated for ten years.", "contents": "[Medical treatment of obliterating peripheral arteriopathies, especially arteriosclerosis]. The efficacy of medical treatment of peripheral obliterating arteriopathies on an aetiopathogenetic basis in the light of diabetes and atherosclerosis is discussed. The pros and cons of management with vasoactive drugs exercising a dilatatory action of choice on the metarterioles and the arteriolocapillary sphincters are summarised, together with the possibilities offered by such drugs. A example of the short-term effects of chorionic gonadotrophin in atherosclerotic forms is presented. Such effects include the improvement of arteriolocapillary flow and the correction of dyslipidaemia. It is suggested that chorionic gonadotrophin can be successfully associated in consecutive courses with vasoactive drugs and anticoagulants to obtain long-term success, even in cases treated for ten years.", "PMID": 1113917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4030", "title": "[Hyperparathyroidism in pregnancy].", "content": "A case of adenoma-based hyperparathyroidism operated at the 4th month of pregnancy (third reported case) is described. The clinical picture was extremely flimsy and diagnosis was formulated exclusively on the observation of the characteristic alterations in the calcium-phosphorus metabolism. The validity of examining renal phosphate excretion for the diagnosis of hyperparathyroidism is considered and proposed evaluation indices (P.E.I. of Nordin and Fraser; I.P.E. OF Nordin and Bulusu) are discussed. The gravity of foetal prognosis in hyperparathyroid women is sufficient justification for surgery during pregnancy.", "contents": "[Hyperparathyroidism in pregnancy]. A case of adenoma-based hyperparathyroidism operated at the 4th month of pregnancy (third reported case) is described. The clinical picture was extremely flimsy and diagnosis was formulated exclusively on the observation of the characteristic alterations in the calcium-phosphorus metabolism. The validity of examining renal phosphate excretion for the diagnosis of hyperparathyroidism is considered and proposed evaluation indices (P.E.I. of Nordin and Fraser; I.P.E. OF Nordin and Bulusu) are discussed. The gravity of foetal prognosis in hyperparathyroid women is sufficient justification for surgery during pregnancy.", "PMID": 1113918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4031", "title": "[Respiratory function in liver cirrhosis. Spirometry, blood gas analysis and radioisotope study with Xenon 133].", "content": "The literature data concerning respiratory function in cirrhosis of the liver are cited and reference is made to the results of a spirometric, gas analysis and 133-Xenon investigation of this parameter in 38 patients. Spirometry pointed to slight ventilatory incapacity of the restrictive type. Arterial gas analaysis showed respiratory alkalosis, usually accompanied by metabolic acidosis and slight hypoxyaemia. Examination with 133-Xe indicated that hypoxyaemia was not due to a shunt effect, since there was no excess of perfusion with respect to district ventilation. It was clear, on the other hand, that the pulmonary capillary reserve was almost exhausted. Such complete perfusion of the capillary bed may be due to increased cardiac output and, in part, to reduction of the respiratory surface caused by raising of the diaphragm and hypoventilation of the lung bases.", "contents": "[Respiratory function in liver cirrhosis. Spirometry, blood gas analysis and radioisotope study with Xenon 133]. The literature data concerning respiratory function in cirrhosis of the liver are cited and reference is made to the results of a spirometric, gas analysis and 133-Xenon investigation of this parameter in 38 patients. Spirometry pointed to slight ventilatory incapacity of the restrictive type. Arterial gas analaysis showed respiratory alkalosis, usually accompanied by metabolic acidosis and slight hypoxyaemia. Examination with 133-Xe indicated that hypoxyaemia was not due to a shunt effect, since there was no excess of perfusion with respect to district ventilation. It was clear, on the other hand, that the pulmonary capillary reserve was almost exhausted. Such complete perfusion of the capillary bed may be due to increased cardiac output and, in part, to reduction of the respiratory surface caused by raising of the diaphragm and hypoventilation of the lung bases.", "PMID": 1113919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4032", "title": "[Demonstration of 2 experimental models of pure chronic erythroblastopenia].", "content": "Two experimental models for pure red cell aplasia (PRCA) were established.  In the first one, administration of PRCA serum IgG in normal mice induced a sustained inhibitory effect on erythropoiesis, a progressive decline of the hematocrit values and an inverse rise of erythropoietin (Ep) levels in serum.  Thus, the physiopathological pattern of PRCA type I (or A) was established,  In the second model a rabbit producing anti-Ep crossreacting with endogenous Ep was subjected to  a booster injection of Ep.  The rise of the immune response was associated with decrease of Gct values and disappearance of erythroid precursors from marrow smears, and its subsequent decline with reticulocytosis and regression of the anemia, thus reproducing the physiopathological pattern of PRCA type II (or B).", "contents": "[Demonstration of 2 experimental models of pure chronic erythroblastopenia]. Two experimental models for pure red cell aplasia (PRCA) were established.  In the first one, administration of PRCA serum IgG in normal mice induced a sustained inhibitory effect on erythropoiesis, a progressive decline of the hematocrit values and an inverse rise of erythropoietin (Ep) levels in serum.  Thus, the physiopathological pattern of PRCA type I (or A) was established,  In the second model a rabbit producing anti-Ep crossreacting with endogenous Ep was subjected to  a booster injection of Ep.  The rise of the immune response was associated with decrease of Gct values and disappearance of erythroid precursors from marrow smears, and its subsequent decline with reticulocytosis and regression of the anemia, thus reproducing the physiopathological pattern of PRCA type II (or B).", "PMID": 1113920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4033", "title": "[Periaticular metastatic calcifications in uremic patients].", "content": "Metastatic periarticular calcification was observed in 18 per cent of a series of 61 patients receiving haemodialytic treatment for from 3 months to over 5 yr.  Calcium deposits occurred more frequently in the 1st and 2nd yr of treatment.  The factors responsible included the plasma calcium-phosphorus product, non-optimal calcium and magnesium ion concentration in the dialysis bath, and secondary hyperparathyroidism.  Tests for the diagnosis of parathyroid hyperfunction in the uraemic subject are described.  The therapeutic criteria adopted in the prevention and management of calcification are also discussed.", "contents": "[Periaticular metastatic calcifications in uremic patients]. Metastatic periarticular calcification was observed in 18 per cent of a series of 61 patients receiving haemodialytic treatment for from 3 months to over 5 yr.  Calcium deposits occurred more frequently in the 1st and 2nd yr of treatment.  The factors responsible included the plasma calcium-phosphorus product, non-optimal calcium and magnesium ion concentration in the dialysis bath, and secondary hyperparathyroidism.  Tests for the diagnosis of parathyroid hyperfunction in the uraemic subject are described.  The therapeutic criteria adopted in the prevention and management of calcification are also discussed.", "PMID": 1113921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4034", "title": "[Coronary cardiopathy].", "content": "Results obtained with selective coronariography, ventriculography, left catheterisation and the measurement of systolic times were compared in a series of 110 patients.  Evaluation of vascular alterations with the aid of a coronary index showed that their entity was closely related to the incidence of asynergia and the extent to which left ventricular function was compromised.  Index values were proportional to decrease of the DP/DT ratio, increased telediastolic pressure, lengthening of the pre-ejection phases and shortening of left ventricular systole.  The physiopathological and clinical significance of these results is discussed.", "contents": "[Coronary cardiopathy]. Results obtained with selective coronariography, ventriculography, left catheterisation and the measurement of systolic times were compared in a series of 110 patients.  Evaluation of vascular alterations with the aid of a coronary index showed that their entity was closely related to the incidence of asynergia and the extent to which left ventricular function was compromised.  Index values were proportional to decrease of the DP/DT ratio, increased telediastolic pressure, lengthening of the pre-ejection phases and shortening of left ventricular systole.  The physiopathological and clinical significance of these results is discussed.", "PMID": 1113922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4035", "title": "[Arrhythmia in the course of myocardial infarct.  Our year's experience in a coronary unit].", "content": "Personal experience with arrythmia in 57 out of 132 cases of myocardial infarct treated over a period of one yr. in a coronary unit.  The ECG and biohumoral enzyme pictures gave clear indications of infarct in all 132 cases.  The various types of primary stimulus formation or conduction arrhythmia observed in these 57 patients are examined in relation to the site and extent of infarct.  The treatment modalities are described.  Mortality was less than 10 per cent in the entire series, with 3 per cent deaths due to serious rhythm disturbances.  It is concluded that the introduction of coronary units has primarily contributed to the reduction of infarct deaths by their effective treatment of arrhythmia.  Earlier admission to such units would lead to further reductions in mortality.", "contents": "[Arrhythmia in the course of myocardial infarct.  Our year's experience in a coronary unit]. Personal experience with arrythmia in 57 out of 132 cases of myocardial infarct treated over a period of one yr. in a coronary unit.  The ECG and biohumoral enzyme pictures gave clear indications of infarct in all 132 cases.  The various types of primary stimulus formation or conduction arrhythmia observed in these 57 patients are examined in relation to the site and extent of infarct.  The treatment modalities are described.  Mortality was less than 10 per cent in the entire series, with 3 per cent deaths due to serious rhythm disturbances.  It is concluded that the introduction of coronary units has primarily contributed to the reduction of infarct deaths by their effective treatment of arrhythmia.  Earlier admission to such units would lead to further reductions in mortality.", "PMID": 1113923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4036", "title": "[Respiratory autogenic training (RAT) in the psychosomatic training of physicians].", "content": "The Author, after having described the nature of the relationship between the physician and the patient and the various possibilities that are available for their communication and the obstacles that hinder it, specifically analyzes the different phases that are necessary for the physician's psychological formation and the possibilities that the \"respiratory autogenic training\", practiced in a group, can offer to the expierence of the Baliant groups.", "contents": "[Respiratory autogenic training (RAT) in the psychosomatic training of physicians]. The Author, after having described the nature of the relationship between the physician and the patient and the various possibilities that are available for their communication and the obstacles that hinder it, specifically analyzes the different phases that are necessary for the physician's psychological formation and the possibilities that the \"respiratory autogenic training\", practiced in a group, can offer to the expierence of the Baliant groups.", "PMID": 1113926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4037", "title": "[Analogies between psychotic experiences and those lived during respiratory autogenic training relaxation].", "content": "Comparative study of a dissociative experience of the bodily scheme lived in a group relaxing session (R.A.T.) comparable to certain somatic pains found in a schizophrenic situation. Such psychopathological experiences, usually considered by doctors as in themselves averse and without meaning, can be transferred from the emotive level to the rational level using the \"Ontoanalytic\" method and in this way be a valid contribution to the psicological formation of the doctors in as much as a more syntonic, human and staisfying doctor-patient relationship ensues, as Balint indicated.", "contents": "[Analogies between psychotic experiences and those lived during respiratory autogenic training relaxation]. Comparative study of a dissociative experience of the bodily scheme lived in a group relaxing session (R.A.T.) comparable to certain somatic pains found in a schizophrenic situation. Such psychopathological experiences, usually considered by doctors as in themselves averse and without meaning, can be transferred from the emotive level to the rational level using the \"Ontoanalytic\" method and in this way be a valid contribution to the psicological formation of the doctors in as much as a more syntonic, human and staisfying doctor-patient relationship ensues, as Balint indicated.", "PMID": 1113927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4038", "title": "[Psychosomatic effects of respiratory autogenic training relaxation].", "content": "The effects of R.A.T. relaxation, as we have been able to verify during an experiment conducted by a group of doctors of various specialisations at the Catholic University of Medicine in Rome, allow recovery of the availability to recognize ones' self in others and others in one's self, and to overcome the manipulation situation which persists in groups of competitive training. In groups which undergo R.A.T. relaxation, it in fact happens that the participant, in the same degree to which he trains himself to overtake his own psychosomativ hallucinations, is able to free himself from certain substitute and negative mechanisms of the mind, can better adhere to or separate himself from his body or from the environment thus obtaining as a result the re-organisation of the emotional economy at the disposal of the Ego. Such an experiment can evidently turn out to be quite formative and useful for the successive approach between doctor and patient.", "contents": "[Psychosomatic effects of respiratory autogenic training relaxation]. The effects of R.A.T. relaxation, as we have been able to verify during an experiment conducted by a group of doctors of various specialisations at the Catholic University of Medicine in Rome, allow recovery of the availability to recognize ones' self in others and others in one's self, and to overcome the manipulation situation which persists in groups of competitive training. In groups which undergo R.A.T. relaxation, it in fact happens that the participant, in the same degree to which he trains himself to overtake his own psychosomativ hallucinations, is able to free himself from certain substitute and negative mechanisms of the mind, can better adhere to or separate himself from his body or from the environment thus obtaining as a result the re-organisation of the emotional economy at the disposal of the Ego. Such an experiment can evidently turn out to be quite formative and useful for the successive approach between doctor and patient.", "PMID": 1113929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4039", "title": "[Archetypic and mythological images detectable in respiratory autogenic training relaxation].", "content": "The author, after having described the procedure to thor, after having described the procedure to study the phenomena during the Respiratory Autogenic Training, points out the dynamycs which intervene among affective state, the fase of partial objects and coscience state. Therfore the A. analyses the function of the archetype and the relationship between implicit and explicit meaning.", "contents": "[Archetypic and mythological images detectable in respiratory autogenic training relaxation]. The author, after having described the procedure to thor, after having described the procedure to study the phenomena during the Respiratory Autogenic Training, points out the dynamycs which intervene among affective state, the fase of partial objects and coscience state. Therfore the A. analyses the function of the archetype and the relationship between implicit and explicit meaning.", "PMID": 1113930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4040", "title": "[The role of hypnosis in present-day obstetrics].", "content": "There is a present need for the insertion of psychology in teaching and medical practice so that full value and respect can be given to the patient's human side. Psychological assistance during pregnancy is reviewed and a brief account is given of early hypnotic techniques in the Soviet Union. Here, however, note is taken of the fact that attention was initially paid to symptoms alone and not their causes. As these techniques spread throughout Europe, they gradually lost touch with hypnosis and moved into the realm of teaching thus becoming completely ineffective. At present, more complete and more advanced hypnotic techniques are used. These throw particular light on the psychological causes of tension in pregnancy and are suitably backed up by instruction relating to the various problems encountered during gestation.", "contents": "[The role of hypnosis in present-day obstetrics]. There is a present need for the insertion of psychology in teaching and medical practice so that full value and respect can be given to the patient's human side. Psychological assistance during pregnancy is reviewed and a brief account is given of early hypnotic techniques in the Soviet Union. Here, however, note is taken of the fact that attention was initially paid to symptoms alone and not their causes. As these techniques spread throughout Europe, they gradually lost touch with hypnosis and moved into the realm of teaching thus becoming completely ineffective. At present, more complete and more advanced hypnotic techniques are used. These throw particular light on the psychological causes of tension in pregnancy and are suitably backed up by instruction relating to the various problems encountered during gestation.", "PMID": 1113931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4041", "title": "[Hypnosis: fundamentals of futuro-genesis].", "content": "The future lies continously in the womb of the present. In every \"today\" one of the critical factors on which the configuration at any given conjuncture is the creativity of the intellectual and managerial \u00e9lite. This creativity is to a great extent dependent on the fluidity of unconscious associative processes. These, in their turn, are decisively influenced by affective factors in the widest sense. Since, as will be shown later, hypnosis can be conceived in the manner of a \"quid\" identical with emotion, it inevitably follows that it must be treated as a basic element that is always present in and intimately bound up with the continous process that, at every moment, are producing the future.", "contents": "[Hypnosis: fundamentals of futuro-genesis]. The future lies continously in the womb of the present. In every \"today\" one of the critical factors on which the configuration at any given conjuncture is the creativity of the intellectual and managerial \u00e9lite. This creativity is to a great extent dependent on the fluidity of unconscious associative processes. These, in their turn, are decisively influenced by affective factors in the widest sense. Since, as will be shown later, hypnosis can be conceived in the manner of a \"quid\" identical with emotion, it inevitably follows that it must be treated as a basic element that is always present in and intimately bound up with the continous process that, at every moment, are producing the future.", "PMID": 1113932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4042", "title": "[Hypnosis: logic and cybernetics].", "content": "Fundamental notions concerning cybernetics, as derived from the systematic application of logic to questions of communication and control, are illustrated. Particular attention is given to the concepts of \"system\" \"structure\" and \"dynamics\" and it is shown that these concepts ensure that better and more exact understanding and forecasting of reactions in organised beings can be obtained. Turing to hypnosis, it is made clear that a trance is the execution of a momentarily proposed programme; it is not the result of a generalised mechanical action, but is preordained and geared to various situations. The difficulty that the hypnotised subject finds in aciting against his own interests, or against moral priniciples, can be seen, for example, as a consequence of pre-programming. Another result is given moment and a given type of person. Since cybernetis has proved useful in psychology, the hope is expressed that it can be included as a teaching subject for those who learn, practise and teach hypnotism.", "contents": "[Hypnosis: logic and cybernetics]. Fundamental notions concerning cybernetics, as derived from the systematic application of logic to questions of communication and control, are illustrated. Particular attention is given to the concepts of \"system\" \"structure\" and \"dynamics\" and it is shown that these concepts ensure that better and more exact understanding and forecasting of reactions in organised beings can be obtained. Turing to hypnosis, it is made clear that a trance is the execution of a momentarily proposed programme; it is not the result of a generalised mechanical action, but is preordained and geared to various situations. The difficulty that the hypnotised subject finds in aciting against his own interests, or against moral priniciples, can be seen, for example, as a consequence of pre-programming. Another result is given moment and a given type of person. Since cybernetis has proved useful in psychology, the hope is expressed that it can be included as a teaching subject for those who learn, practise and teach hypnotism.", "PMID": 1113933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4043", "title": "[Methods and relationships in hypnotism].", "content": "Hypnotism is as much an intensive and intrapersonal relationship as a state of awareness. It is therefore necessary to know how to induce this state, so that the therapeutist can achieve the best results. Ways in which this can be done are described and particular hypnotherapeutic methods that enable the technique to be managed with success are explained. Special attention is given to the concepts of relationship and suggestion. Purification and verbal catharsis under hypnosis are described, along with abreaction as a therapeutic instrument. Cases of free and selective association are presented, together with others illustrating strategic techniques for manipulation between subject and object. Personal methods are defined in the sense of suitable mechanisms enabling the hypnotist to establish what can be seen as a true state of equilibrium between himself and his patient.", "contents": "[Methods and relationships in hypnotism]. Hypnotism is as much an intensive and intrapersonal relationship as a state of awareness. It is therefore necessary to know how to induce this state, so that the therapeutist can achieve the best results. Ways in which this can be done are described and particular hypnotherapeutic methods that enable the technique to be managed with success are explained. Special attention is given to the concepts of relationship and suggestion. Purification and verbal catharsis under hypnosis are described, along with abreaction as a therapeutic instrument. Cases of free and selective association are presented, together with others illustrating strategic techniques for manipulation between subject and object. Personal methods are defined in the sense of suitable mechanisms enabling the hypnotist to establish what can be seen as a true state of equilibrium between himself and his patient.", "PMID": 1113934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4044", "title": "[Methods and relationships in hypotism].", "content": "Hypotism is as much an intensive and intrapersonal relationship as a state of awareness. It is therefore necessary to know how to induce this state, so that the therapeutist can achieve the best results. Ways in which this can be done are described and particular hypotherapeutic methods that enable the technique to be managed with success are explained. Special attention is given to the concepts of relationship and suggestion. Purification and verbal catharasis under hyponosis are described, along with abreaction as a therapeutic instrument. Cases of free and selective association are presented, together with others illustrating strategic techniques for manipulation beteen subject and object. Personal methods are defined in the sense of suitable mechanisms enabling the hypnotist to establish hat can be seen as a true state of equilibrium beteen himself and his patient.", "contents": "[Methods and relationships in hypotism]. Hypotism is as much an intensive and intrapersonal relationship as a state of awareness. It is therefore necessary to know how to induce this state, so that the therapeutist can achieve the best results. Ways in which this can be done are described and particular hypotherapeutic methods that enable the technique to be managed with success are explained. Special attention is given to the concepts of relationship and suggestion. Purification and verbal catharasis under hyponosis are described, along with abreaction as a therapeutic instrument. Cases of free and selective association are presented, together with others illustrating strategic techniques for manipulation beteen subject and object. Personal methods are defined in the sense of suitable mechanisms enabling the hypnotist to establish hat can be seen as a true state of equilibrium beteen himself and his patient.", "PMID": 1113935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4045", "title": "[Hypnosis within the framework of psychotherapy].", "content": "Apart from special cases, hypnosis cannot be used to combat symptoms, nor to give the patient something he does not yet have. That it cannot be employed, as in the preanalytic period, as a means of interpretation and psychological exploration is clear from what is said by Anna Freud. After discussion in deep analysis during wakefulness, and in the light of the psychodynamic concepts of psychoanalysis, of the what interpretat to be given to the dynamic process of the symptom, we can exactly repeat this interpretation in a hypnotic trance. It is vulnerable, like hypnoid states (emotion, fear, anxiety, anger, fatigue, surmenage, transition from wakefulness to sleep) in which a psychic pathological process may easily start due to \"difference of level, blank in the consiousness\" and absent \"abreaction\". This vulnerability and increased tendency to accept has been encountered in hypnoid states as in artificially induced trances, and gives a much more rapid entr\u00e9e to the patient's integration process. The interpretation of the dynamics of his symptom, once accepted, becomes an active force, and produces effects that would, in any event, have been produced if the integration process had occurred normally, without the acceleration provided by hypnotism, leading to resolution of the symptom. What is involved, therefore, is acceleration of the psychoanalytic process.", "contents": "[Hypnosis within the framework of psychotherapy]. Apart from special cases, hypnosis cannot be used to combat symptoms, nor to give the patient something he does not yet have. That it cannot be employed, as in the preanalytic period, as a means of interpretation and psychological exploration is clear from what is said by Anna Freud. After discussion in deep analysis during wakefulness, and in the light of the psychodynamic concepts of psychoanalysis, of the what interpretat to be given to the dynamic process of the symptom, we can exactly repeat this interpretation in a hypnotic trance. It is vulnerable, like hypnoid states (emotion, fear, anxiety, anger, fatigue, surmenage, transition from wakefulness to sleep) in which a psychic pathological process may easily start due to \"difference of level, blank in the consiousness\" and absent \"abreaction\". This vulnerability and increased tendency to accept has been encountered in hypnoid states as in artificially induced trances, and gives a much more rapid entr\u00e9e to the patient's integration process. The interpretation of the dynamics of his symptom, once accepted, becomes an active force, and produces effects that would, in any event, have been produced if the integration process had occurred normally, without the acceleration provided by hypnotism, leading to resolution of the symptom. What is involved, therefore, is acceleration of the psychoanalytic process.", "PMID": 1113936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4046", "title": "[Ophthalmoplegia in dermatomyositis].", "content": "A case in which apparently myasthenic ophthalmoplegia had been observed more than six years prior to the onset of dermatomyositis is reported. The clinical picture is described and the possibility of a partially common pathogenesis for both forms is mooted. It is suggested that initial local disturbance of neuromuscular transmission was eventually followed by \"aggression\" against the muscle fibres.", "contents": "[Ophthalmoplegia in dermatomyositis]. A case in which apparently myasthenic ophthalmoplegia had been observed more than six years prior to the onset of dermatomyositis is reported. The clinical picture is described and the possibility of a partially common pathogenesis for both forms is mooted. It is suggested that initial local disturbance of neuromuscular transmission was eventually followed by \"aggression\" against the muscle fibres.", "PMID": 1113937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4047", "title": "[On some aspects of activation of tissue lipolysis by mechanical factors].", "content": "An analysis of the effect of the ordinary physical factors acting on living beings on the splitting of adipose tissue triglycerides is reported. Massage was usually responsible for activation of lipolysis, or at least for an increase in blood glycerol and NEFA. If carried out for some time and repeated over a period of days, it appears capable of maintaining chronically enhanced lipolysis. The possible causes of these effects are discussed and particular stress is laid on the release of catecholamines by tissue nerve endings. Partial confirmation of this can be seen in the fact that activation of lipolysis can be depressed by administering beta-blocking drugs. The data also suggest that non-neuroendocrine mechanisms may exert a more immediate action on cell metabolism. Such mechanisms are concerned with a sector of cell life about which little is yet known, wherein every biological process is the result of phenomenon dependent on molecular physics.", "contents": "[On some aspects of activation of tissue lipolysis by mechanical factors]. An analysis of the effect of the ordinary physical factors acting on living beings on the splitting of adipose tissue triglycerides is reported. Massage was usually responsible for activation of lipolysis, or at least for an increase in blood glycerol and NEFA. If carried out for some time and repeated over a period of days, it appears capable of maintaining chronically enhanced lipolysis. The possible causes of these effects are discussed and particular stress is laid on the release of catecholamines by tissue nerve endings. Partial confirmation of this can be seen in the fact that activation of lipolysis can be depressed by administering beta-blocking drugs. The data also suggest that non-neuroendocrine mechanisms may exert a more immediate action on cell metabolism. Such mechanisms are concerned with a sector of cell life about which little is yet known, wherein every biological process is the result of phenomenon dependent on molecular physics.", "PMID": 1113938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4048", "title": "[On some aspects of activation of tissue lipolysis by electric factors].", "content": "Like mechanical stimulation, electrical stimulation can nearly always activate lipolysis, as evidenced by increased blood glycerol and NEFA. The interpretation of this phenomenon is discussed and importance is attached to catecholamine mediation, since administration of a beta-blocking agent is sufficient to cause a significant reduction in the extent of the phenomenon. Other mechanisms can possibly be sought in the muscle fibres present in subcutaneous tissue, whose contraction induces increases blood lymph flow. While electrical stimulation of adipose tissue fragments in vitro gave no appreciable results, it is still possible that electrical impulses act even more intimately by means of direct physical modification of the more elementary metabolic mechanisms.", "contents": "[On some aspects of activation of tissue lipolysis by electric factors]. Like mechanical stimulation, electrical stimulation can nearly always activate lipolysis, as evidenced by increased blood glycerol and NEFA. The interpretation of this phenomenon is discussed and importance is attached to catecholamine mediation, since administration of a beta-blocking agent is sufficient to cause a significant reduction in the extent of the phenomenon. Other mechanisms can possibly be sought in the muscle fibres present in subcutaneous tissue, whose contraction induces increases blood lymph flow. While electrical stimulation of adipose tissue fragments in vitro gave no appreciable results, it is still possible that electrical impulses act even more intimately by means of direct physical modification of the more elementary metabolic mechanisms.", "PMID": 1113939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4049", "title": "[Hemorrhagic complications during therapy with carbenicillin in 2 cases of acute renal insufficiency].", "content": "During the treatment of two patients with acute renal insufficiency with carbenicillin for Pseudomonas aeruginosa sepsis haematemesis, melaena and omnipresent petechiae were observed. Suspension was followed by rapid regression and the normalisation of clotting. Attention is drawn to haemorrhage as clotting. Attention is drawn to haemorrhage as a possible complication of carbenicillin management in patients with acute renal insufficiency.", "contents": "[Hemorrhagic complications during therapy with carbenicillin in 2 cases of acute renal insufficiency]. During the treatment of two patients with acute renal insufficiency with carbenicillin for Pseudomonas aeruginosa sepsis haematemesis, melaena and omnipresent petechiae were observed. Suspension was followed by rapid regression and the normalisation of clotting. Attention is drawn to haemorrhage as clotting. Attention is drawn to haemorrhage as a possible complication of carbenicillin management in patients with acute renal insufficiency.", "PMID": 1113940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4050", "title": "[Gastric adenomatosis. Case reports and attempted new pathogenetic interpretation].", "content": "Two cases of gastric adenoma with lymphocyte infiltration of the basal stroma are reported. Diagnosis was based on gastroscopic, radiographic and histological data. The more significant findings are illustrated. The various theories relating to the aetiopathogenesis of this form are discussed and the possibility of its being an autoimmunitary phenomenon is examined.", "contents": "[Gastric adenomatosis. Case reports and attempted new pathogenetic interpretation]. Two cases of gastric adenoma with lymphocyte infiltration of the basal stroma are reported. Diagnosis was based on gastroscopic, radiographic and histological data. The more significant findings are illustrated. The various theories relating to the aetiopathogenesis of this form are discussed and the possibility of its being an autoimmunitary phenomenon is examined.", "PMID": 1113941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4051", "title": "[Selective pancreatic scintiscanning in the diagnosis of pancreatic diseases].", "content": "Pancreas scintiscanning using electronic image subtraction has proved useful in the diagnosis of pancreatic disease. Confirmation of this was found on comparison of the scintiscan picture and the surgical picture on gross inspection in 50 cases. Findings indicative of pancreatitis, cysts and tumours are illustrated, together with those given by scintiscanning of pancreas alterations occuring in the course of diseases affecting nearby organs.", "contents": "[Selective pancreatic scintiscanning in the diagnosis of pancreatic diseases]. Pancreas scintiscanning using electronic image subtraction has proved useful in the diagnosis of pancreatic disease. Confirmation of this was found on comparison of the scintiscan picture and the surgical picture on gross inspection in 50 cases. Findings indicative of pancreatitis, cysts and tumours are illustrated, together with those given by scintiscanning of pancreas alterations occuring in the course of diseases affecting nearby organs.", "PMID": 1113942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4052", "title": "Ultrasonic cephalometry: Its use in estimating fetal weight.", "content": "Data on 100 consecutive patients delivering within 1 week after ultrasonic cephalometry measurement were reviewed to assess the weight-predicting potential of three known formulas. With Thompson's formula, 78% of infant weights fell within a range of 350 g, the absolute mean error for the 100 cases being 267 g. Excluding cases of fetal malnutrition, when the biparietal diameter (BPD) obtained was 8.3 cm or more, all newborn babies weighed more than 2000 g, and with a BPD of 8.7 cm or more they all exceeded 2500 g. Ninety percent of newborn babies in whom the in utero BPD was 9.1 cm or more weighed more than 3000 g. These values compared very favorably with those from other series and, thus, demonstrate the usefulness of this type of assessment.", "contents": "Ultrasonic cephalometry: Its use in estimating fetal weight. Data on 100 consecutive patients delivering within 1 week after ultrasonic cephalometry measurement were reviewed to assess the weight-predicting potential of three known formulas. With Thompson's formula, 78% of infant weights fell within a range of 350 g, the absolute mean error for the 100 cases being 267 g. Excluding cases of fetal malnutrition, when the biparietal diameter (BPD) obtained was 8.3 cm or more, all newborn babies weighed more than 2000 g, and with a BPD of 8.7 cm or more they all exceeded 2500 g. Ninety percent of newborn babies in whom the in utero BPD was 9.1 cm or more weighed more than 3000 g. These values compared very favorably with those from other series and, thus, demonstrate the usefulness of this type of assessment.", "PMID": 1113943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4053", "title": "Diagnosis of congenital fetal abnormalities by sonography.", "content": "Sonographic examinations were performed on 13 patients whose fetuses had the following congenital malformations: anencephaly (4 cases), hydrocephaly (4), obstruction of the renal excretory system (3), iniencephaly (1), and sacrococcygeal teratome (1). In 7 cases the initial diagnosis was made by sonography, in 6 cases by radiography. Sonography was valuable a) in the detection of discrepant growth between fetal chest and head and b) in the recognition of fetal soft tissue abnormalities. It is concluded that sonography is a valuable aid in the diagnosis of congenital fetal anomalies.", "contents": "Diagnosis of congenital fetal abnormalities by sonography. Sonographic examinations were performed on 13 patients whose fetuses had the following congenital malformations: anencephaly (4 cases), hydrocephaly (4), obstruction of the renal excretory system (3), iniencephaly (1), and sacrococcygeal teratome (1). In 7 cases the initial diagnosis was made by sonography, in 6 cases by radiography. Sonography was valuable a) in the detection of discrepant growth between fetal chest and head and b) in the recognition of fetal soft tissue abnormalities. It is concluded that sonography is a valuable aid in the diagnosis of congenital fetal anomalies.", "PMID": 1113944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4054", "title": "Comparison of uterine contractions in spontaneous and oxytocin- or PGF2alpha - induced labors.", "content": "Labor contractions in 20 patients in spontaneous labor and 40 others who reveived either PGF2alpha or oxytocin for stimulation of the active phase of labor were statistically analyzed during 1 hour of labor. Measurement criteria were the frequency, intensity, and duration of contractions. Statistical analysis failed to reveal any significant difference in contractions in the three groups, suggesting that oxytocin and PGF2alpha-induced contractions and spontaneous contractions appear to be indistinguishable.", "contents": "Comparison of uterine contractions in spontaneous and oxytocin- or PGF2alpha - induced labors. Labor contractions in 20 patients in spontaneous labor and 40 others who reveived either PGF2alpha or oxytocin for stimulation of the active phase of labor were statistically analyzed during 1 hour of labor. Measurement criteria were the frequency, intensity, and duration of contractions. Statistical analysis failed to reveal any significant difference in contractions in the three groups, suggesting that oxytocin and PGF2alpha-induced contractions and spontaneous contractions appear to be indistinguishable.", "PMID": 1113945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4055", "title": "Intrauterine pressure monitoring with a balloon-tipped catheter.", "content": "Clinical experience with the latex and new estane balloons and a short and flexible guide is described. The extraovular balloon as an intrauterine pressure sensor is compared to the open-ended transcervical intraamniotic catheter, and the balloon is considered superior in many respects. The transcervical extraovular water-filled 0.8-ml estane balloon is recommended for use in place of the open-ended transcervical catheter in all clinical situations in obstetrics in which there is a need for monitoring intrauterine pressure.", "contents": "Intrauterine pressure monitoring with a balloon-tipped catheter. Clinical experience with the latex and new estane balloons and a short and flexible guide is described. The extraovular balloon as an intrauterine pressure sensor is compared to the open-ended transcervical intraamniotic catheter, and the balloon is considered superior in many respects. The transcervical extraovular water-filled 0.8-ml estane balloon is recommended for use in place of the open-ended transcervical catheter in all clinical situations in obstetrics in which there is a need for monitoring intrauterine pressure.", "PMID": 1113946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4056", "title": "Hormonal changes associated with Danazol therapy.", "content": "During a 6-month course of treatment of endometriosis with Danazol,  a synthetic derivative of 17alpha-ethinyl testosterone, the following hormonal changes were found. Plasma LH remained essentially unchanged but FSH concentration was consistently in the low normal range. Plasma estradiol, especially after the fourth week of therapy, dropped to levels that did not exceed 30 pg/ml throughout the 6-month period of therapy. Plasma progesterone concentration was consistent with follicular phase levels. In the months after discontinuation of Danazol, all hormone parameters were strongly suggestive of normal ovulatory cycles. Danazol did not displace estradiol bound by endometrial cytosol.", "contents": "Hormonal changes associated with Danazol therapy. During a 6-month course of treatment of endometriosis with Danazol,  a synthetic derivative of 17alpha-ethinyl testosterone, the following hormonal changes were found. Plasma LH remained essentially unchanged but FSH concentration was consistently in the low normal range. Plasma estradiol, especially after the fourth week of therapy, dropped to levels that did not exceed 30 pg/ml throughout the 6-month period of therapy. Plasma progesterone concentration was consistent with follicular phase levels. In the months after discontinuation of Danazol, all hormone parameters were strongly suggestive of normal ovulatory cycles. Danazol did not displace estradiol bound by endometrial cytosol.", "PMID": 1113947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4057", "title": "Suction drainage as an alternative to prophylactic antibiotics for hysterectomy.", "content": "A technic is described for suction drainage of the retroperitoneal space. Its use is evaluated in 150 private patients undergoing vaginal or abdominal hysterectomy and compared with 150 private control patients. This technic resulted in an average of 40 cc of fluid (range, 10-200 cc) being suctioned from the retroperitoneal space. With this technic febrile morbidity decreased from 26 to 11% for abdominal hysterectomies and from 32 to 8% for vaginal hysterectomies. Information is offered to explain the physiology of posthysterectomy infections, the effectiveness of prophylactic antibiotics, and the paradox of a febrile morbidity higher for vaginal than for abdominal hysterectomies. The risks in using prophylactic antibiotics routinely are stated, and suction drainage is suggested as a preferable alternative.", "contents": "Suction drainage as an alternative to prophylactic antibiotics for hysterectomy. A technic is described for suction drainage of the retroperitoneal space. Its use is evaluated in 150 private patients undergoing vaginal or abdominal hysterectomy and compared with 150 private control patients. This technic resulted in an average of 40 cc of fluid (range, 10-200 cc) being suctioned from the retroperitoneal space. With this technic febrile morbidity decreased from 26 to 11% for abdominal hysterectomies and from 32 to 8% for vaginal hysterectomies. Information is offered to explain the physiology of posthysterectomy infections, the effectiveness of prophylactic antibiotics, and the paradox of a febrile morbidity higher for vaginal than for abdominal hysterectomies. The risks in using prophylactic antibiotics routinely are stated, and suction drainage is suggested as a preferable alternative.", "PMID": 1113948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4058", "title": "Meckel's diverticulum.", "content": "The embryology and clinical implications of Meckel's diverticulum, the most common gastrointestinal anomaly, are presented from the viewpoint of the obstetrician-gynecologist. The complications and clinical management are discussed.", "contents": "Meckel's diverticulum. The embryology and clinical implications of Meckel's diverticulum, the most common gastrointestinal anomaly, are presented from the viewpoint of the obstetrician-gynecologist. The complications and clinical management are discussed.", "PMID": 1113949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4059", "title": "Vaginal evisceration.", "content": "Although vaginal laceration following sexual trauma is a well-reported entity, vaginal evisceration appears to be a rare occurrence. This paper presents 2 cases of vaginal evisceration recently managed at the Bronx Municipal Hospital Center and a review of the literature. Etiologic factors and management are discussed.", "contents": "Vaginal evisceration. Although vaginal laceration following sexual trauma is a well-reported entity, vaginal evisceration appears to be a rare occurrence. This paper presents 2 cases of vaginal evisceration recently managed at the Bronx Municipal Hospital Center and a review of the literature. Etiologic factors and management are discussed.", "PMID": 1113950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4060", "title": "Endometrial cytohistology by aspiration technic and by Gravlee Jet Washer: a comparative study.", "content": "An office procedure of intrauterine aspiration yielded a 99% diagnostic accuracy in 100 patients admitted for either curettage or hysterectomy. After correlation with surgical diagnosis, no false-positive or false-negative results were found. The method provides tissue for cell blocks adequate for histologic diagnosis of endometrial adenocarcinoma and its precursors. The major advantage of this technic in comparison with the Gravlee Jet Washer is its low cost. Moreover, in this study, it proved to be less painful, superior for cell block preparation, and yielded more satisfactory specimens. As a screening procedure for asymptomatic patients at risk, this intrauterine aspiration technic holds promise and must be evaluated by further studies.", "contents": "Endometrial cytohistology by aspiration technic and by Gravlee Jet Washer: a comparative study. An office procedure of intrauterine aspiration yielded a 99% diagnostic accuracy in 100 patients admitted for either curettage or hysterectomy. After correlation with surgical diagnosis, no false-positive or false-negative results were found. The method provides tissue for cell blocks adequate for histologic diagnosis of endometrial adenocarcinoma and its precursors. The major advantage of this technic in comparison with the Gravlee Jet Washer is its low cost. Moreover, in this study, it proved to be less painful, superior for cell block preparation, and yielded more satisfactory specimens. As a screening procedure for asymptomatic patients at risk, this intrauterine aspiration technic holds promise and must be evaluated by further studies.", "PMID": 1113951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4061", "title": "Intraamniotic urea for induction of midtrimester pregnancy termination: a further evaluation.", "content": "Forty percent hyperosmolar urea solution was used intraamniotically to induce midtrimester pregnancy termination in 508 patients. The mean injection-abortion interval was 43.4 hours in those patients aborting within 7 days (85.8% of the total group); 76% of the group aborted within 72 hours. Complications from the procedure included endometritis, hemorrhage, and nausea and vomiting; 29.3% of the patients required operative completion of the abortion (placental removal 12 hours after passage of the fetus). There were no cases of hypernatremia, cardiac arrest or collapse, clinically evident coagulopathies, nor cervical lacerations. This study supports the conclusion that urea is a safer intraamniotic solution than hypertonic saline for midtrimester pregnancy termination.", "contents": "Intraamniotic urea for induction of midtrimester pregnancy termination: a further evaluation. Forty percent hyperosmolar urea solution was used intraamniotically to induce midtrimester pregnancy termination in 508 patients. The mean injection-abortion interval was 43.4 hours in those patients aborting within 7 days (85.8% of the total group); 76% of the group aborted within 72 hours. Complications from the procedure included endometritis, hemorrhage, and nausea and vomiting; 29.3% of the patients required operative completion of the abortion (placental removal 12 hours after passage of the fetus). There were no cases of hypernatremia, cardiac arrest or collapse, clinically evident coagulopathies, nor cervical lacerations. This study supports the conclusion that urea is a safer intraamniotic solution than hypertonic saline for midtrimester pregnancy termination.", "PMID": 1113952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4062", "title": "Effect of oral contraceptives and IUD's on the copper in human cervical mucus.", "content": "The copper content of normal human cervical mucus varies during the menstrual cycle. It is lowest at midcycle when the copper content decreases sharply; When oral contraceptives are used, levels of copper in the mucus show a general increase, this being especially evident at midcycle when the normal decrease in levels is not observable. In addition, with oral contraceptive used, levels in mucus disappears. Copper content of the mucus in also noticeably higher in users of copper IUD's and slightly higher in users of plastic (non-copper-bearing) IUD's than in normal controls, Mucus samples from copper IUD users consistently have the highest copper content in all phases of the menstrual cycle. It is concluded that the presence of copper assists in preventing pregnancy.", "contents": "Effect of oral contraceptives and IUD's on the copper in human cervical mucus. The copper content of normal human cervical mucus varies during the menstrual cycle. It is lowest at midcycle when the copper content decreases sharply; When oral contraceptives are used, levels of copper in the mucus show a general increase, this being especially evident at midcycle when the normal decrease in levels is not observable. In addition, with oral contraceptive used, levels in mucus disappears. Copper content of the mucus in also noticeably higher in users of copper IUD's and slightly higher in users of plastic (non-copper-bearing) IUD's than in normal controls, Mucus samples from copper IUD users consistently have the highest copper content in all phases of the menstrual cycle. It is concluded that the presence of copper assists in preventing pregnancy.", "PMID": 1113953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4063", "title": "Emotional reaction to sterilization.", "content": "Ninety-four patients sterilized by tubal occlusion were interviewed at the time of hospitalization for surgery and followed at scheduled intervals for a 2-year period. There were no serious problems, medical or psychologic, and all but 3 patients were pleased and satisfied at the end of 2 years. There were no technical failures. Psychosomatic symptoms do develop. They are more prominent and persist longer in the younger age group. Patients having these symptoms are those who had difficulty with contraceptive technics, have a limited understanding of the sterilization procedure, and continue to question its permanency. The need for preoperative evaluation and counseling is emphasized.", "contents": "Emotional reaction to sterilization. Ninety-four patients sterilized by tubal occlusion were interviewed at the time of hospitalization for surgery and followed at scheduled intervals for a 2-year period. There were no serious problems, medical or psychologic, and all but 3 patients were pleased and satisfied at the end of 2 years. There were no technical failures. Psychosomatic symptoms do develop. They are more prominent and persist longer in the younger age group. Patients having these symptoms are those who had difficulty with contraceptive technics, have a limited understanding of the sterilization procedure, and continue to question its permanency. The need for preoperative evaluation and counseling is emphasized.", "PMID": 1113954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4064", "title": "Effect of povidone-iodine on Herpes genitalis.", "content": "Ten patients with vulvovaginal and cervical herpesvirus infections were treated with a regimen of external and intravaginal povidone-iodine preparations. In all but 1 case, the expected duration of symptoms and healing time were shortened. The response of cervical lesions was especially remarkable. The findings of this pilot study warrant further controlled clinical investigation.", "contents": "Effect of povidone-iodine on Herpes genitalis. Ten patients with vulvovaginal and cervical herpesvirus infections were treated with a regimen of external and intravaginal povidone-iodine preparations. In all but 1 case, the expected duration of symptoms and healing time were shortened. The response of cervical lesions was especially remarkable. The findings of this pilot study warrant further controlled clinical investigation.", "PMID": 1113955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4065", "title": "Vulvar carcinoma with hypercalcemia.", "content": "Hypercalcemia associated with nonmetastatic malignancy has been reported most frequently with lung or kidney tumors, while among gynecologic malignancies, the ovary has been the most common primary site. The pertinent clinicopathologic features of 2 cases of nonmetastatic vulvar carcinoma producing hypercalcemia are described in the present report. Including 3 previously reported cases, the vulva is seen to be the second most common site in the female genital tract for production of this paraendocrine syndrome. The clinician should be aware of the association of hypercalcemia and mental confusion with bulky vulvar tumors, so that surgery will not needlessly be delayed in a futile attempt to correct the hypercalcemia medically,", "contents": "Vulvar carcinoma with hypercalcemia. Hypercalcemia associated with nonmetastatic malignancy has been reported most frequently with lung or kidney tumors, while among gynecologic malignancies, the ovary has been the most common primary site. The pertinent clinicopathologic features of 2 cases of nonmetastatic vulvar carcinoma producing hypercalcemia are described in the present report. Including 3 previously reported cases, the vulva is seen to be the second most common site in the female genital tract for production of this paraendocrine syndrome. The clinician should be aware of the association of hypercalcemia and mental confusion with bulky vulvar tumors, so that surgery will not needlessly be delayed in a futile attempt to correct the hypercalcemia medically,", "PMID": 1113957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4066", "title": "Hyperemesis gravidarum with gastric carcinoma.", "content": "A 24-year-old multiparous female presented with a diagnosis of hyperemesis gravidarum and was found to have a gastric carcinoma. She underwent a gastric resection for carcinoma of the stomach and is alive and well 2 years after gastrectomy. X-rays, gastroscopy, and surgery were done while she was pregnant.", "contents": "Hyperemesis gravidarum with gastric carcinoma. A 24-year-old multiparous female presented with a diagnosis of hyperemesis gravidarum and was found to have a gastric carcinoma. She underwent a gastric resection for carcinoma of the stomach and is alive and well 2 years after gastrectomy. X-rays, gastroscopy, and surgery were done while she was pregnant.", "PMID": 1113958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4067", "title": "Amniotic bans syndrome in an immature fetus.", "content": "A case of a 14-week fetus with congenital malformation due to amniotic bands is reported, including a description of the placenta. The literature is briefly reviewed, and attention is drawn to the occurrence of this syndrome in the immature human fetus.", "contents": "Amniotic bans syndrome in an immature fetus. A case of a 14-week fetus with congenital malformation due to amniotic bands is reported, including a description of the placenta. The literature is briefly reviewed, and attention is drawn to the occurrence of this syndrome in the immature human fetus.", "PMID": 1113959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4068", "title": "Mesenteric supernumerary ovary.", "content": "Following is a report and a review of literature concerning the supernumerary ovary. Up to now only 7 cases have been reported, and our case appears to be the eighth. The anatomic situation in this case was unusual since it was found in the mesentery. Of the cases previously reported, 2 have been associated with benign cystic teratoma.", "contents": "Mesenteric supernumerary ovary. Following is a report and a review of literature concerning the supernumerary ovary. Up to now only 7 cases have been reported, and our case appears to be the eighth. The anatomic situation in this case was unusual since it was found in the mesentery. Of the cases previously reported, 2 have been associated with benign cystic teratoma.", "PMID": 1113960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4069", "title": "The sitting posture: an electromyographic and discometric study.", "content": "The disc pressure of the third lumbar disc and the myoelectric activity of several muscles of the back were measured. Three standing and nine unsupported sitting positions were studied as well as eight support parameters and six sedentary tasks. 1. Myoelectric activity is about the same in standing and in relaxed unsupported sitting. In the unsupported sitting positions the highest level of activity is found in anterior sitting and the lowest in posterior sitting. In the muscles of the cervical and lumbar regions the activity is always lower than in the muscles of the thoracic region. The disc pressure is considerably higher in unsupported sitting than in standing. In the unsupported sitting positions the highest disc pressure is found in anterior sitting and the lowest in sitting straight. 2. Both the myoelectric activity and the disc pressure decrease when the back is supported. Of the support parameters, the backrest inclination is the most important, myoelectric activity and disc pressure both decreasing with an increase in inclination. The disc pressure is considerably reduced also when the lumbar support is increased and when armrests are used. 3. Myoelectric activity and disc pressure are both comparatively low in writing, higher in typing, and still higher in lifting. In the car driver's seat the disc pressure increases both when the gear is shifted and when the clutch pedal is depressed. When the gear is shifted, there is also an increase in myoelectric activity.", "contents": "The sitting posture: an electromyographic and discometric study. The disc pressure of the third lumbar disc and the myoelectric activity of several muscles of the back were measured. Three standing and nine unsupported sitting positions were studied as well as eight support parameters and six sedentary tasks. 1. Myoelectric activity is about the same in standing and in relaxed unsupported sitting. In the unsupported sitting positions the highest level of activity is found in anterior sitting and the lowest in posterior sitting. In the muscles of the cervical and lumbar regions the activity is always lower than in the muscles of the thoracic region. The disc pressure is considerably higher in unsupported sitting than in standing. In the unsupported sitting positions the highest disc pressure is found in anterior sitting and the lowest in sitting straight. 2. Both the myoelectric activity and the disc pressure decrease when the back is supported. Of the support parameters, the backrest inclination is the most important, myoelectric activity and disc pressure both decreasing with an increase in inclination. The disc pressure is considerably reduced also when the lumbar support is increased and when armrests are used. 3. Myoelectric activity and disc pressure are both comparatively low in writing, higher in typing, and still higher in lifting. In the car driver's seat the disc pressure increases both when the gear is shifted and when the clutch pedal is depressed. When the gear is shifted, there is also an increase in myoelectric activity.", "PMID": 1113963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4070", "title": "Debridement and fusion in the lumbosacral area through an iliolumbar approach.", "content": "In patients with recalcitrant sciatic and back pain due to disc degeneration and in symptomatic spondylolisthesis, surgery is recommended. Successful results can be achieved by exposing comfortable, by looking to the side, and by fusing from one side into the vertebral body.", "contents": "Debridement and fusion in the lumbosacral area through an iliolumbar approach. In patients with recalcitrant sciatic and back pain due to disc degeneration and in symptomatic spondylolisthesis, surgery is recommended. Successful results can be achieved by exposing comfortable, by looking to the side, and by fusing from one side into the vertebral body.", "PMID": 1113974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4071", "title": "Creep characteristics of the human spinal column.", "content": "Thirty-two static compression tests were carried out on 52 intervertebral disks and their posterior articular facet joints. The spinal units were tested within a uniquely designed test apparatus. Following the experiment, each intervertebral disk was examined macroscopically to assess the degree of disk degeneration. Three experiments were carried out at suitably chosen load levels, which were statically appropriate for a given vertebral level and its loading history. In the first experiment a constant load was applied to a spinal segment and its decrease in height was measured as a function of time. The results were as follows: Under the application of a constant load, the vertebral unit suffers a gradual change in its dimensions. This typical behavioral response pattern is identified as creep. Creep may be defined as the time dependent part of the deformation that accompanies the application of a load to the disk. The measured creep did not continue indefinitely but decreased with time until the vertebral specimen was equilibrated. The time to equilibration was a function of disk grade. The rate of creep was found to be dependent upon the condition of the nucleus pulposus. Creep is of considerable importance because of its influence on the kinetics and kinematics of the vertebral unit. The effect of creep is to increase the modulus of elasticity with time; hence a reduction occurs in the compliance of the spinal unit. In the second experiment, incremental loads were applied to a spinal unit. The unit was allowed to equilibrate and an additional load was applied. Its purpose was to further delineate spinal unit mechanics in terms of constant load and creep behavior. It was concluded from these tests that the nucleus plays an important mechanical role in influencing the behavioral response of the vertebral unit to constant compressive load. As nuclear maturation occurs, the stiffness characteristics of the spinal unit were noted to increase as dis its deflection characteristics. Spinal unit geometry no doubt also plays a role in influencing these results. In the last experiment, load-deflection curves were determined for the vertebral unit. It was found that load-deflection curves are not uniquely defined by the relationship between the variables of load and deflection. The time each value of load is maintained must also be taken into account. The physiological and biochemical factors responsible for the observed spinal unit behavior are outlined, and the importance of the articular facet joints in governing spinal unit deflection stressed. Although it has long been known that the intervertebral disk suffers a slow and continuous deformation when subjected to mechanical load, the concept of spinal unit deformation as a time dependent function of load is comparatively new.", "contents": "Creep characteristics of the human spinal column. Thirty-two static compression tests were carried out on 52 intervertebral disks and their posterior articular facet joints. The spinal units were tested within a uniquely designed test apparatus. Following the experiment, each intervertebral disk was examined macroscopically to assess the degree of disk degeneration. Three experiments were carried out at suitably chosen load levels, which were statically appropriate for a given vertebral level and its loading history. In the first experiment a constant load was applied to a spinal segment and its decrease in height was measured as a function of time. The results were as follows: Under the application of a constant load, the vertebral unit suffers a gradual change in its dimensions. This typical behavioral response pattern is identified as creep. Creep may be defined as the time dependent part of the deformation that accompanies the application of a load to the disk. The measured creep did not continue indefinitely but decreased with time until the vertebral specimen was equilibrated. The time to equilibration was a function of disk grade. The rate of creep was found to be dependent upon the condition of the nucleus pulposus. Creep is of considerable importance because of its influence on the kinetics and kinematics of the vertebral unit. The effect of creep is to increase the modulus of elasticity with time; hence a reduction occurs in the compliance of the spinal unit. In the second experiment, incremental loads were applied to a spinal unit. The unit was allowed to equilibrate and an additional load was applied. Its purpose was to further delineate spinal unit mechanics in terms of constant load and creep behavior. It was concluded from these tests that the nucleus plays an important mechanical role in influencing the behavioral response of the vertebral unit to constant compressive load. As nuclear maturation occurs, the stiffness characteristics of the spinal unit were noted to increase as dis its deflection characteristics. Spinal unit geometry no doubt also plays a role in influencing these results. In the last experiment, load-deflection curves were determined for the vertebral unit. It was found that load-deflection curves are not uniquely defined by the relationship between the variables of load and deflection. The time each value of load is maintained must also be taken into account. The physiological and biochemical factors responsible for the observed spinal unit behavior are outlined, and the importance of the articular facet joints in governing spinal unit deflection stressed. Although it has long been known that the intervertebral disk suffers a slow and continuous deformation when subjected to mechanical load, the concept of spinal unit deformation as a time dependent function of load is comparatively new.", "PMID": 1113976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4072", "title": "Sources of failure in laminectomies.", "content": "Failures in laminectomy may be due to improper patient selection, of which the largest factor appears to be a lack of recognition of an underlying psychological disorder. Rarely an operative procedure is performed on the wrong side or at the wrong level. A number of elements relating to what might be termed the \"wrong operation\" fall under the heading of failure to recognize disease, and the largest factor here in our experience has been the inability to explore the wound because of uncontrolled bleeding. The problem also relates to a lack of understanding of the anatomy and potential disorder of the vertebral axis. This then merges with the other factor, failure to deal with disease, which may be unrecognized or, if identified, misinterpreted. Last are those elements for which there is professional responsibility, the most serious being dural or nerve root irritation predisposing to traumatic arachnoiditis.", "contents": "Sources of failure in laminectomies. Failures in laminectomy may be due to improper patient selection, of which the largest factor appears to be a lack of recognition of an underlying psychological disorder. Rarely an operative procedure is performed on the wrong side or at the wrong level. A number of elements relating to what might be termed the \"wrong operation\" fall under the heading of failure to recognize disease, and the largest factor here in our experience has been the inability to explore the wound because of uncontrolled bleeding. The problem also relates to a lack of understanding of the anatomy and potential disorder of the vertebral axis. This then merges with the other factor, failure to deal with disease, which may be unrecognized or, if identified, misinterpreted. Last are those elements for which there is professional responsibility, the most serious being dural or nerve root irritation predisposing to traumatic arachnoiditis.", "PMID": 1113978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4073", "title": "Stresses at the lumbosacral junction.", "content": "This report has presented a discussion of the mechanics of the spine in terms of an analogy with a curved, tapered beam. We have identified the existence of critical frequencies and locations in the spine and discussed the evidence from clinical experience with low back problems. We have also discussed the extrinsic mechanisms for protecting the spine and the lumbosacral junction. The question of the sensitivity of the lumbosacral junction to shear forces has been raised and experiments described that show that the shear forces that will injure the posterior elements of the fifth lumbar vertebra are low and occur commonly. The report also describes an instrument to measure the stiffness of articulations of the spine.", "contents": "Stresses at the lumbosacral junction. This report has presented a discussion of the mechanics of the spine in terms of an analogy with a curved, tapered beam. We have identified the existence of critical frequencies and locations in the spine and discussed the evidence from clinical experience with low back problems. We have also discussed the extrinsic mechanisms for protecting the spine and the lumbosacral junction. The question of the sensitivity of the lumbosacral junction to shear forces has been raised and experiments described that show that the shear forces that will injure the posterior elements of the fifth lumbar vertebra are low and occur commonly. The report also describes an instrument to measure the stiffness of articulations of the spine.", "PMID": 1113983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4074", "title": "Effects of partial reinforcement on conditioning, conditional probabilities, asymptotic performance, and extinction of the rabbit's nictitating membrane response.", "content": "Classical conditioning and extinction of the rabbit nictitating membrane response was investigated under 100 per cent, and two 50 per cent reinforcement conditions (50% equated total trials, and 50% equated reinforced trials) at average intertrial intervals (ITIs) of 30 and 60 sec. It was found that: (1) partial reinforcement reduced the rate of conditioning, but all groups eventually attained asymptomatic performance levels near 100 per cent; (2) first-order and second-order conditional probabilities following reinforced and nonreinforced trials were virtually identical; and (3) no partial reinforcement extinction effect (PREE) was observed.", "contents": "Effects of partial reinforcement on conditioning, conditional probabilities, asymptotic performance, and extinction of the rabbit's nictitating membrane response. Classical conditioning and extinction of the rabbit nictitating membrane response was investigated under 100 per cent, and two 50 per cent reinforcement conditions (50% equated total trials, and 50% equated reinforced trials) at average intertrial intervals (ITIs) of 30 and 60 sec. It was found that: (1) partial reinforcement reduced the rate of conditioning, but all groups eventually attained asymptomatic performance levels near 100 per cent; (2) first-order and second-order conditional probabilities following reinforced and nonreinforced trials were virtually identical; and (3) no partial reinforcement extinction effect (PREE) was observed.", "PMID": 1114026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4075", "title": "What is a \"schedule of reinforcement\"?", "content": "Several ambiguities in the present terminology of behavior theory obscure some important theoretical assumptions and experimental details in current research. Left unclarified, such ambiguities impede the accurate analysis of laboratory procedures, and prevent reliable communication among researchers. This paper focuses on the term \"schedule of reinforcement\". It points out that two distinguishable operational rules are implicated in the term: in the case where reinforcement is of the so-called response contingent type, the \"schedule\" is really a rule to identify the response to be reinforced; in the case of non-contingent reinforcement, the \"schedule\" is truly a rule for delivery of reinforcement. Other terminological ambiguities that are encountered in a discussion of this term include \"reinforcement\" and \"intermittency.\" A resolution of these problems will necessarily involve the procedures of non-contingent reinforcement, and the parameter of reinforcement probability.", "contents": "What is a \"schedule of reinforcement\"? Several ambiguities in the present terminology of behavior theory obscure some important theoretical assumptions and experimental details in current research. Left unclarified, such ambiguities impede the accurate analysis of laboratory procedures, and prevent reliable communication among researchers. This paper focuses on the term \"schedule of reinforcement\". It points out that two distinguishable operational rules are implicated in the term: in the case where reinforcement is of the so-called response contingent type, the \"schedule\" is really a rule to identify the response to be reinforced; in the case of non-contingent reinforcement, the \"schedule\" is truly a rule for delivery of reinforcement. Other terminological ambiguities that are encountered in a discussion of this term include \"reinforcement\" and \"intermittency.\" A resolution of these problems will necessarily involve the procedures of non-contingent reinforcement, and the parameter of reinforcement probability.", "PMID": 1114027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4076", "title": "[Determination of 131-J-hippuran clearance in renal camera functional scintigraphy using simplified Oberhausen's method].", "content": "The determination of 131-I-Hippuran clearance in connection with renography or renal camera sequential scintigraphy will give a quantitative evaluation of total and individual renal function. The \"single shot\" method of Oberhausen yields clearance values corresponding very well to the PAH standard clearance. To simplify this method for routine use in connection with camera sequential scintigraphy, we studied some modifications of the method, using regional activity curves instead of the activity curve of the partially shielded whole body. Simultaneously with the camera sequential scintigraphy we measured activity curves of the partially shielded whole body (lead-shielding of kidneys and bladder, two probes), the shoulder (one probe), the head (one probe) and a background region of the camera (ROI) above the kidneys for 30 min. All four curves were analyzed, using computer analysis (bi-exponential curve fitting) as well as tables of Oberhausen, and his formula was used for clearance calculation. Under two conditions a) taking blood samples between 15 and 25 min. p.i. b) using the tables of Oberhausen for curve analysis, the clearance out of the regional activity curves correlates well with the clearance out of the partially shielded whole body activity curve (r greater than 0,97). Therefore, it is possible determine 131-I-Hippuran clearance in a simple manner without lead-shielding of kidneys and bladder, either with one additional probe measurement at shoulder or head or without any probe measurement, using the camera and measuring a background curve (ROI) above the kidneys. This simple clearance method can easily be performed simultaneously with 131-I-Hippuran renography or renal camera sequential scintigraphy in routine.", "contents": "[Determination of 131-J-hippuran clearance in renal camera functional scintigraphy using simplified Oberhausen's method]. The determination of 131-I-Hippuran clearance in connection with renography or renal camera sequential scintigraphy will give a quantitative evaluation of total and individual renal function. The \"single shot\" method of Oberhausen yields clearance values corresponding very well to the PAH standard clearance. To simplify this method for routine use in connection with camera sequential scintigraphy, we studied some modifications of the method, using regional activity curves instead of the activity curve of the partially shielded whole body. Simultaneously with the camera sequential scintigraphy we measured activity curves of the partially shielded whole body (lead-shielding of kidneys and bladder, two probes), the shoulder (one probe), the head (one probe) and a background region of the camera (ROI) above the kidneys for 30 min. All four curves were analyzed, using computer analysis (bi-exponential curve fitting) as well as tables of Oberhausen, and his formula was used for clearance calculation. Under two conditions a) taking blood samples between 15 and 25 min. p.i. b) using the tables of Oberhausen for curve analysis, the clearance out of the regional activity curves correlates well with the clearance out of the partially shielded whole body activity curve (r greater than 0,97). Therefore, it is possible determine 131-I-Hippuran clearance in a simple manner without lead-shielding of kidneys and bladder, either with one additional probe measurement at shoulder or head or without any probe measurement, using the camera and measuring a background curve (ROI) above the kidneys. This simple clearance method can easily be performed simultaneously with 131-I-Hippuran renography or renal camera sequential scintigraphy in routine.", "PMID": 1114047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4077", "title": "Technetium-99m polyphosphate bone image for early detection of skeletal metastasis. Correlation with other diagnostic parameters.", "content": "Technetium 99m-polyphosphate bone images are correlated with bone roentgenography, and serum calcium, phosphorus and alkaline phosphatase in 91 patients with suspected bone metastasis. Technetium polyphosphate bone images are the most sensitive and serum level of calcium and phosphorus are the least sensitive indicator of bone lesions. Bone roentgenography is not as sensitive as technetium polyphosphate images. Abnormal bone images with normal or abnormal bone roentenography associated with increased alkaline phosphatase in the absence of liver metastasis are highly suggestive of metastatic bone disease. Abnormal bone images adjoining the joints, associated with normal serum alkaline phosphatase and abnormal joint roentgenography suggest arthritis. It is recommended that technetium 99m-labelled phosphate bone images are considered to be the diagnostic procedure of choice to detect skeletal lesions. Polyphosphate bone images are highly sensitive, with the combination of elevated alkaline phosphatase they become relatively more specific for a metastatic bone disease.", "contents": "Technetium-99m polyphosphate bone image for early detection of skeletal metastasis. Correlation with other diagnostic parameters. Technetium 99m-polyphosphate bone images are correlated with bone roentgenography, and serum calcium, phosphorus and alkaline phosphatase in 91 patients with suspected bone metastasis. Technetium polyphosphate bone images are the most sensitive and serum level of calcium and phosphorus are the least sensitive indicator of bone lesions. Bone roentgenography is not as sensitive as technetium polyphosphate images. Abnormal bone images with normal or abnormal bone roentenography associated with increased alkaline phosphatase in the absence of liver metastasis are highly suggestive of metastatic bone disease. Abnormal bone images adjoining the joints, associated with normal serum alkaline phosphatase and abnormal joint roentgenography suggest arthritis. It is recommended that technetium 99m-labelled phosphate bone images are considered to be the diagnostic procedure of choice to detect skeletal lesions. Polyphosphate bone images are highly sensitive, with the combination of elevated alkaline phosphatase they become relatively more specific for a metastatic bone disease.", "PMID": 1114048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4078", "title": "Evaluation of the effect of respiratory movements of the organs on the resolution index.", "content": "The motions of the respiratory movement of the diaphragms were filmed and the character of the motion was evaluated. The line-spread function of a motionless line source was compared with that of a moving source (for two kinds of motion: regular and harmonic). Similar calculations were made for increasing the motion amplitudes of the source and for different values of static resolution. The final dynamic resolution was calculated. The results show that when respiratory motion exceeds 13 mm (which happens in about 50% of clinical examinations) the resolution decreases by more than 25% so that it is necessary to use special methods of eliminating these artefacts.", "contents": "Evaluation of the effect of respiratory movements of the organs on the resolution index. The motions of the respiratory movement of the diaphragms were filmed and the character of the motion was evaluated. The line-spread function of a motionless line source was compared with that of a moving source (for two kinds of motion: regular and harmonic). Similar calculations were made for increasing the motion amplitudes of the source and for different values of static resolution. The final dynamic resolution was calculated. The results show that when respiratory motion exceeds 13 mm (which happens in about 50% of clinical examinations) the resolution decreases by more than 25% so that it is necessary to use special methods of eliminating these artefacts.", "PMID": 1114049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4079", "title": "[Results of HPL radioimmunoassay in normal and pathologic early pregnancy].", "content": "Radioimmunological assays of HPL have been carried out in early pregnancy in uncomplicated cases (n = 100) and in cases of abortus imminens (n = 49). The earliest detection of HPL was possible in the 6th week of pregnancy. When the tendency of the HPL-level was decreasing follow-up examination showed a beginning abortus. In every case of decreased HPL-level the progress of pregnancy was abnormal. Conclusions about the prognostic value and the limits of the HPL-RIA are discussed.", "contents": "[Results of HPL radioimmunoassay in normal and pathologic early pregnancy]. Radioimmunological assays of HPL have been carried out in early pregnancy in uncomplicated cases (n = 100) and in cases of abortus imminens (n = 49). The earliest detection of HPL was possible in the 6th week of pregnancy. When the tendency of the HPL-level was decreasing follow-up examination showed a beginning abortus. In every case of decreased HPL-level the progress of pregnancy was abnormal. Conclusions about the prognostic value and the limits of the HPL-RIA are discussed.", "PMID": 1114050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4080", "title": "A method for investigating the metabolism of the transportable fraction of plutonium aerosols.", "content": "The metabolism of the transportable fraction of both 'soluble' and 'insoluble' forms of plutonium following their deposition in the respiratory system of the rat by either inhalation or pulmonary intubation has been investigated. The results have shown that the transportable fraction varied considerably with the chemical form of the plutonium. Thus at one week after the pulmonary intubation of a solution of plutonium citrate, the extrapulmonary tissue deposit was 69% of the initial pulmonary deposit whilst in the case of a suspension of plutonium dioxide the corresponding value was only 0.075%. However, the metalbolism of plutonium following its entry into the systemic circulation was largely independent of the original chemical form deposited in the lung. The liver accumulated only about 16% of the activity deposited in tissues from the blood, implying that plutonium was circulating in the blood predominantly in a momomeric form. The cumulative excretion of plutonium in the urine over the first week after pulmonary deposition as either the dioxide, citrate or nitrate was equivalent to about 4.5% of the extrapulmonary tissue deposit and the results suggest that this value could be used as a basis for calculating the activity deposited in tissue from the blood in man. This study also demonstrated that mixed aerosols of plutonium dioxide and sodium oxide are more transportable in the lung than aerosols of plutonium dioxide alone. A maximum transportability was reached at a Pu : Na atomic ratio of about 1:20, when the transportable fraction of plutonium was forty-five times that from a plutonium dioxide aerosol alone.", "contents": "A method for investigating the metabolism of the transportable fraction of plutonium aerosols. The metabolism of the transportable fraction of both 'soluble' and 'insoluble' forms of plutonium following their deposition in the respiratory system of the rat by either inhalation or pulmonary intubation has been investigated. The results have shown that the transportable fraction varied considerably with the chemical form of the plutonium. Thus at one week after the pulmonary intubation of a solution of plutonium citrate, the extrapulmonary tissue deposit was 69% of the initial pulmonary deposit whilst in the case of a suspension of plutonium dioxide the corresponding value was only 0.075%. However, the metalbolism of plutonium following its entry into the systemic circulation was largely independent of the original chemical form deposited in the lung. The liver accumulated only about 16% of the activity deposited in tissues from the blood, implying that plutonium was circulating in the blood predominantly in a momomeric form. The cumulative excretion of plutonium in the urine over the first week after pulmonary deposition as either the dioxide, citrate or nitrate was equivalent to about 4.5% of the extrapulmonary tissue deposit and the results suggest that this value could be used as a basis for calculating the activity deposited in tissue from the blood in man. This study also demonstrated that mixed aerosols of plutonium dioxide and sodium oxide are more transportable in the lung than aerosols of plutonium dioxide alone. A maximum transportability was reached at a Pu : Na atomic ratio of about 1:20, when the transportable fraction of plutonium was forty-five times that from a plutonium dioxide aerosol alone.", "PMID": 1114162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4081", "title": "The oxygen clock-a dual tracer physiological timer.", "content": "In vivo differential decay of the radioisotopic pair 19O/15O is used to measure the regional label 'age'. Simplified expressions are developed relating the measured age to oxygen transit times and utilization. Simultaneous production of the label pair employs a continuous flow, mixed-gas target irradiated by the University of Wisconsin tandem Van de Graff accelerator. Flow-through chemistry follows, with transport to the user site up to several hundred metres distant. Gamma energy spectra from a twelve-probe detector array are recorded in an on-line computer during prolonged normal breathing of doubly labelled air. While the dynamics of oxygen compounds are of great physiological importance, the lack of compartment specificity of the 19O/15O pair raises fundamental questions in the interpretation of the age results.", "contents": "The oxygen clock-a dual tracer physiological timer. In vivo differential decay of the radioisotopic pair 19O/15O is used to measure the regional label 'age'. Simplified expressions are developed relating the measured age to oxygen transit times and utilization. Simultaneous production of the label pair employs a continuous flow, mixed-gas target irradiated by the University of Wisconsin tandem Van de Graff accelerator. Flow-through chemistry follows, with transport to the user site up to several hundred metres distant. Gamma energy spectra from a twelve-probe detector array are recorded in an on-line computer during prolonged normal breathing of doubly labelled air. While the dynamics of oxygen compounds are of great physiological importance, the lack of compartment specificity of the 19O/15O pair raises fundamental questions in the interpretation of the age results.", "PMID": 1114168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4082", "title": "The influence of geometrical factors in 131-I-hippuran renography.", "content": "Using a particular collimated NaI scintillation detector and a kidney phantom containing 131-I, the dependence of the resulting count rates on collimator-kidney geometry has been determined. These results have been used to calculate the geometrical contribution to the error in the measurement of relative effective renal plasma flow (REP) by 131-I-Hippuran renography. When radiographic and ultrasonic methods of localizing the kidneys are employed, this error has been found to follow a normal distribution with a SD of 2.6% in the case of equally divided function. Combination of this error with that from natural movement and statistical fluctuations, as observed using a dose of 10 muCi 131-I-Hippuran, has led to the estimation of a corresponding potential error 11%. Values of the potential error, which is defined as the 99% probability range, have been calculated covering the range of RFP.", "contents": "The influence of geometrical factors in 131-I-hippuran renography. Using a particular collimated NaI scintillation detector and a kidney phantom containing 131-I, the dependence of the resulting count rates on collimator-kidney geometry has been determined. These results have been used to calculate the geometrical contribution to the error in the measurement of relative effective renal plasma flow (REP) by 131-I-Hippuran renography. When radiographic and ultrasonic methods of localizing the kidneys are employed, this error has been found to follow a normal distribution with a SD of 2.6% in the case of equally divided function. Combination of this error with that from natural movement and statistical fluctuations, as observed using a dose of 10 muCi 131-I-Hippuran, has led to the estimation of a corresponding potential error 11%. Values of the potential error, which is defined as the 99% probability range, have been calculated covering the range of RFP.", "PMID": 1114169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4083", "title": "Measurement of calcium in sections of a human skeleton using a reactor spectrum-in vivo activation analysis technique.", "content": "Factors influencing the precision of measuring changes in the calcium content of sections of bone, including vertebrae, using reactor neutrons for partial body in vivo activation analysis have been examined and quantified. These factors include (a) the choice of incidient neutron spectrum, (b) the uniformity of activation with depth in the body, (c) reproducibility, (d) interfering reactions, (e) sensitivity and (f) dosimetry. It is concluded that an overall precision of 2.8%-3.2% (coefficient of variation) can be attained with a neutron dose of 50 mrad or 3-4% with a dose as low as 20 mrad.", "contents": "Measurement of calcium in sections of a human skeleton using a reactor spectrum-in vivo activation analysis technique. Factors influencing the precision of measuring changes in the calcium content of sections of bone, including vertebrae, using reactor neutrons for partial body in vivo activation analysis have been examined and quantified. These factors include (a) the choice of incidient neutron spectrum, (b) the uniformity of activation with depth in the body, (c) reproducibility, (d) interfering reactions, (e) sensitivity and (f) dosimetry. It is concluded that an overall precision of 2.8%-3.2% (coefficient of variation) can be attained with a neutron dose of 50 mrad or 3-4% with a dose as low as 20 mrad.", "PMID": 1114170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4084", "title": "The effects of x-irradiation on the mechanical properties of skin.", "content": "The elastic properties of rat skin previously irradiated with single doses form 1000 to 3000 rad have been studied. The measurements were made 50 and 120 d after irradiation on skin specimens immersed  in saline at 37 degrees c. The tests were carried out on a tensile testing machine. The load extension curve, which was plotted to the point of rupture, exhibits two portions which are identified with the aligment of the collagen fibres and then their subsequent stretching. The elastic properties associated with fibre alignment are little affected by these doses of radiation but the stiffness of the collagen itself tends to decrease with increasing dose, exhibiting a shoulder in the dose response curve.", "contents": "The effects of x-irradiation on the mechanical properties of skin. The elastic properties of rat skin previously irradiated with single doses form 1000 to 3000 rad have been studied. The measurements were made 50 and 120 d after irradiation on skin specimens immersed  in saline at 37 degrees c. The tests were carried out on a tensile testing machine. The load extension curve, which was plotted to the point of rupture, exhibits two portions which are identified with the aligment of the collagen fibres and then their subsequent stretching. The elastic properties associated with fibre alignment are little affected by these doses of radiation but the stiffness of the collagen itself tends to decrease with increasing dose, exhibiting a shoulder in the dose response curve.", "PMID": 1114171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4085", "title": "Neurophysiological effects of prolonged cooling of the calf in patients with complete spinal transection.", "content": "The neurophysiological effects of prolonged cooling were examined in seven patients with complete spinal lesions. The twitch tension of the soleus muscle, the direct (M-wave) and relfex (H-wave) response to electrical stimulation of the popliteal nerve, the Achilles tendon reflex (ATR) and the degree of inhibition of the H-wave by muscle vibration were recorded before and after a minimum of forty-five minutes cooling of the calf. Changes in the configuration of the M-wave occurred, suggesting that cooling results in slowing of conduction in muscle or motor nerve fibers. Prolongation of the twitch contraction and half relaxation time was observed, implying that the contractile mechanism of the muscle is affected. A significant decrease in the ATR/M ratio was observed, indicating that cooling, in addition, affects the muscle spindle or its connections. No significant alterations in the H/M ratio or in the degree of suppression of the H-wave by vibration were observed.", "contents": "Neurophysiological effects of prolonged cooling of the calf in patients with complete spinal transection. The neurophysiological effects of prolonged cooling were examined in seven patients with complete spinal lesions. The twitch tension of the soleus muscle, the direct (M-wave) and relfex (H-wave) response to electrical stimulation of the popliteal nerve, the Achilles tendon reflex (ATR) and the degree of inhibition of the H-wave by muscle vibration were recorded before and after a minimum of forty-five minutes cooling of the calf. Changes in the configuration of the M-wave occurred, suggesting that cooling results in slowing of conduction in muscle or motor nerve fibers. Prolongation of the twitch contraction and half relaxation time was observed, implying that the contractile mechanism of the muscle is affected. A significant decrease in the ATR/M ratio was observed, indicating that cooling, in addition, affects the muscle spindle or its connections. No significant alterations in the H/M ratio or in the degree of suppression of the H-wave by vibration were observed.", "PMID": 1114172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4086", "title": "Relationship of hyperextended gait pattern of chondromalacia patellae.", "content": "A specific hyperextended gait pattern is seen in patients with chondromalacia patellae. A new program designed to correct this gait impairment was evaluated by a clinical study. The findings of the study suggest a direct relationship between the amount of hyperextension and clinical severity of symptoms. When the patient's gait deviation is corrected, the symptoms of pain and effusion are alleviated.", "contents": "Relationship of hyperextended gait pattern of chondromalacia patellae. A specific hyperextended gait pattern is seen in patients with chondromalacia patellae. A new program designed to correct this gait impairment was evaluated by a clinical study. The findings of the study suggest a direct relationship between the amount of hyperextension and clinical severity of symptoms. When the patient's gait deviation is corrected, the symptoms of pain and effusion are alleviated.", "PMID": 1114173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4087", "title": "Factors influencing patient satisfaction with the results of esthetic plastic surgery.", "content": "The Wise pattern is a convenient tool for marking the outlines of the areola recipient site, and for marking the lower skin flaps of the \"skin brassiere\" in most of the currently used operations for mammary hypertrophy and ptosis. We find it useful, at times, to draw the pattern outline before making a final decision on which procedure to do. Rather than limiting the surgeon's judgement, these preoperative marks leave a wide spectrum of options open to meet the esthetic requirements, while keeping the basic landmarks properly located.", "contents": "Factors influencing patient satisfaction with the results of esthetic plastic surgery. The Wise pattern is a convenient tool for marking the outlines of the areola recipient site, and for marking the lower skin flaps of the \"skin brassiere\" in most of the currently used operations for mammary hypertrophy and ptosis. We find it useful, at times, to draw the pattern outline before making a final decision on which procedure to do. Rather than limiting the surgeon's judgement, these preoperative marks leave a wide spectrum of options open to meet the esthetic requirements, while keeping the basic landmarks properly located.", "PMID": 1114179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4088", "title": "The anesthetic management and intraoperative care of patients undergoing major facial osteotomies.", "content": "Our experiences with 42 major craniofacial osteotomies--performed at The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, between July, 1971 and January, 1974--are related. Guidelines for operative care and anesthetic management are outlined--with regard to the length and positioning of endotracheal tubes, fluid and blood replacement, reduction of intracranial pressure, prevention of pressure necrosis, and postoperative airway care. Adherence to these principles and cooperative teamwork may prevent unexpected deaths or complications, and may minimize morbidity.", "contents": "The anesthetic management and intraoperative care of patients undergoing major facial osteotomies. Our experiences with 42 major craniofacial osteotomies--performed at The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, between July, 1971 and January, 1974--are related. Guidelines for operative care and anesthetic management are outlined--with regard to the length and positioning of endotracheal tubes, fluid and blood replacement, reduction of intracranial pressure, prevention of pressure necrosis, and postoperative airway care. Adherence to these principles and cooperative teamwork may prevent unexpected deaths or complications, and may minimize morbidity.", "PMID": 1114180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4089", "title": "An evaluation of cryosurgery for basal cell carcinoma.", "content": "Fifteen histologically proven basal cell carcinomas were treated by conventional cryosurgery. Three to 6 months following healing, the entire treated area was excised and serially sectioned. There was clinical and microscopic evidence of residual tumor in two of the 15 cases and microscopic evidence of recurrence in one additional patient (20 percent recurrence).", "contents": "An evaluation of cryosurgery for basal cell carcinoma. Fifteen histologically proven basal cell carcinomas were treated by conventional cryosurgery. Three to 6 months following healing, the entire treated area was excised and serially sectioned. There was clinical and microscopic evidence of residual tumor in two of the 15 cases and microscopic evidence of recurrence in one additional patient (20 percent recurrence).", "PMID": 1114181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4090", "title": "Carotid-cavernous sinus fistula occurring after a rhinoplasty. Case report.", "content": "We report a case of carotid-cavernous sinus fistula which developed after elective nasal surgery. As the carotid-cavernous sinus fistula is a rare but major complication of craniofacial injury, surgeons who operate in this area should by aware of the entity.", "contents": "Carotid-cavernous sinus fistula occurring after a rhinoplasty. Case report. We report a case of carotid-cavernous sinus fistula which developed after elective nasal surgery. As the carotid-cavernous sinus fistula is a rare but major complication of craniofacial injury, surgeons who operate in this area should by aware of the entity.", "PMID": 1114185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4091", "title": "Sahaja: an Indian ideal of mental health.", "content": "Sahaja is an Indian ideal of mental and spiritual health that has received special emphasis in the Sikh scriptures--especially, the Adi Granth. Since the concept of sahaja has long been associated with mystical thought and practice, its description has become shrouded in peculiar esoteric terminologies. It is the purpose of this communication to divest sahaja of its esoteric, mystic connotations and to redefine it as a mental health ideal in the context of contemporary conditions.", "contents": "Sahaja: an Indian ideal of mental health. Sahaja is an Indian ideal of mental and spiritual health that has received special emphasis in the Sikh scriptures--especially, the Adi Granth. Since the concept of sahaja has long been associated with mystical thought and practice, its description has become shrouded in peculiar esoteric terminologies. It is the purpose of this communication to divest sahaja of its esoteric, mystic connotations and to redefine it as a mental health ideal in the context of contemporary conditions.", "PMID": 1114187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4092", "title": "The organization of treatment on a short-term psychiatric ward.", "content": "While the medical origin of psychiatric treatment has led to a tendency for discussions of treatment to dwell mainly on what is wrong with the psyche of patients, the treatment process of a residential facility consists of interaction between patients and a variety of staff members. It is a social process, and to understand fully what is going on, one might ask not only who is doing and saying what to whom, but who expects what, and how do each of the participants interpret what is going on. In observing the treatment process in a short-term psychiatric ward of a community mental health center, I saw the interaction of at least two different concepts and styles of treatment--the traditional medical model, and another model based on mobilizing social support. I found that my sociological perspective was useful in looking at the organization of the ward, at the two models of treatment--their interaction, their support of each other, and their occasional conflict, and at the nature of the patient role and the treatment process.", "contents": "The organization of treatment on a short-term psychiatric ward. While the medical origin of psychiatric treatment has led to a tendency for discussions of treatment to dwell mainly on what is wrong with the psyche of patients, the treatment process of a residential facility consists of interaction between patients and a variety of staff members. It is a social process, and to understand fully what is going on, one might ask not only who is doing and saying what to whom, but who expects what, and how do each of the participants interpret what is going on. In observing the treatment process in a short-term psychiatric ward of a community mental health center, I saw the interaction of at least two different concepts and styles of treatment--the traditional medical model, and another model based on mobilizing social support. I found that my sociological perspective was useful in looking at the organization of the ward, at the two models of treatment--their interaction, their support of each other, and their occasional conflict, and at the nature of the patient role and the treatment process.", "PMID": 1114189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4093", "title": "Rebirth in a therapeutic community: a case study.", "content": "In most research on human behavior the experience of the subjects is filtered through the perspective of the behavioral scientist as observer and interpreter. In the narrative which is the principal portion of this study, a subject--in this case, a patient--reports directly both as subject and social scientist. An alternate title for the study might be, \"the experiencing of a total institution\". In contrast to what might be expected from much of the sociological literature on total institutions, this experience turned out to be a pleasant and positive one.", "contents": "Rebirth in a therapeutic community: a case study. In most research on human behavior the experience of the subjects is filtered through the perspective of the behavioral scientist as observer and interpreter. In the narrative which is the principal portion of this study, a subject--in this case, a patient--reports directly both as subject and social scientist. An alternate title for the study might be, \"the experiencing of a total institution\". In contrast to what might be expected from much of the sociological literature on total institutions, this experience turned out to be a pleasant and positive one.", "PMID": 1114190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4094", "title": "Business as usual--at the state mental hospital.", "content": "Despite official policy and professional emphasis to the contrary, the custodial mental hospital continues to exist as a major form of state-provided mental health care. In this paper, one such institution, \"New England State Hospital\", is described, and the various features of hospital organization that sustain a system of custodial care are discussed. Although the custodial hospital offers little to its patients, its persistent survival can be explained by the number of non-patient vested interests that are well served by the state hospital, precisely in its existing custodial form. The case study of New England State Hospital suggests that reform of state mental institutions depends less on a programmatic formulation of desired changes than on an understanding of the structured resistance to such changes.", "contents": "Business as usual--at the state mental hospital. Despite official policy and professional emphasis to the contrary, the custodial mental hospital continues to exist as a major form of state-provided mental health care. In this paper, one such institution, \"New England State Hospital\", is described, and the various features of hospital organization that sustain a system of custodial care are discussed. Although the custodial hospital offers little to its patients, its persistent survival can be explained by the number of non-patient vested interests that are well served by the state hospital, precisely in its existing custodial form. The case study of New England State Hospital suggests that reform of state mental institutions depends less on a programmatic formulation of desired changes than on an understanding of the structured resistance to such changes.", "PMID": 1114191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4095", "title": "Operation homecoming: psychological observations of repatriated Vietnam prisoners of war.", "content": "While in military service as a psychiatrist stationed at Scott Air Force Base, I had the opportunity to do the psychiatric evaluations on a number of the prisoners of war returning from North Vietnam. Scott Air Force Base is an area medical center (North Central United States), and was responsible for administering the medical and psychiatric examinations on all the men whose homes were in this area. Our hospital processed 29 returning POWS, of whom I saw 14. This group of POWS was probably unique in military history in that it was comprised almost entirely of officers. Their period of confinement was considerably longer than that of the prisoners of World War II and the Korean War, with the typical Vietnam POW being in captivity about six or seven years. This paper is an attempt to share my observations and thoughts on the experience of being a Vietnam Prisoner of War.", "contents": "Operation homecoming: psychological observations of repatriated Vietnam prisoners of war. While in military service as a psychiatrist stationed at Scott Air Force Base, I had the opportunity to do the psychiatric evaluations on a number of the prisoners of war returning from North Vietnam. Scott Air Force Base is an area medical center (North Central United States), and was responsible for administering the medical and psychiatric examinations on all the men whose homes were in this area. Our hospital processed 29 returning POWS, of whom I saw 14. This group of POWS was probably unique in military history in that it was comprised almost entirely of officers. Their period of confinement was considerably longer than that of the prisoners of World War II and the Korean War, with the typical Vietnam POW being in captivity about six or seven years. This paper is an attempt to share my observations and thoughts on the experience of being a Vietnam Prisoner of War.", "PMID": 1114192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4096", "title": "Female heroin addicts in a city treatment program: the forgotten minority.", "content": "Female heroin addict clients suffer neglect of various kinds in connection with research efforts dealing with addiction. Often they are omitted altogether. Or, if included, topics relevant to their lives are not always examined, or a double standard of evaluation or interpretation, which operates to their disadvantage, is sometimes utilized. The study reported here was undertaken as a partial remedy for these ills. Its primary aim was to characterize a group of female heroin addicts at the time that they entered a city-run treatment program. Males were studied as well, however, so as to permit an examination of sex differences which might suggest modifications in male-oriented treatment programs.", "contents": "Female heroin addicts in a city treatment program: the forgotten minority. Female heroin addict clients suffer neglect of various kinds in connection with research efforts dealing with addiction. Often they are omitted altogether. Or, if included, topics relevant to their lives are not always examined, or a double standard of evaluation or interpretation, which operates to their disadvantage, is sometimes utilized. The study reported here was undertaken as a partial remedy for these ills. Its primary aim was to characterize a group of female heroin addicts at the time that they entered a city-run treatment program. Males were studied as well, however, so as to permit an examination of sex differences which might suggest modifications in male-oriented treatment programs.", "PMID": 1114193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4097", "title": "American Indian suicide--Fact and fantasy.", "content": "This is an epidemiology report on American Indian suicide patterns in the Pacific Northwest. The purpose of this report is to: (1) describe the first three years of a pilot project in suicide epidemiology, (2) demonstrate significant differences in tribal rates, (3) show that the total American Indian population has equally significant differences in tribal comparisons, and (4) clarify previous misconceptions about the \"American Indian suicide phenomenon\".", "contents": "American Indian suicide--Fact and fantasy. This is an epidemiology report on American Indian suicide patterns in the Pacific Northwest. The purpose of this report is to: (1) describe the first three years of a pilot project in suicide epidemiology, (2) demonstrate significant differences in tribal rates, (3) show that the total American Indian population has equally significant differences in tribal comparisons, and (4) clarify previous misconceptions about the \"American Indian suicide phenomenon\".", "PMID": 1114194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4098", "title": "A culturally patterned depression in a mother after loss of a child.", "content": "The phenomenology of clinical psychiatric syndromes is conditioned by the cultural ambience of the patient. This paper describes a reactive depression in an Amerindian woman (Trio group) of Surinam, which followed the form, onset, and outcome prescribed by her tribal tradition.", "contents": "A culturally patterned depression in a mother after loss of a child. The phenomenology of clinical psychiatric syndromes is conditioned by the cultural ambience of the patient. This paper describes a reactive depression in an Amerindian woman (Trio group) of Surinam, which followed the form, onset, and outcome prescribed by her tribal tradition.", "PMID": 1114195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4099", "title": "Increased lever pressing for amphetamine after pimozide in rats: implications for a dopamine theory of reward.", "content": "Low and high doses of a dopamine blocking agent had effects on lever pressing for intravenous amphetamine reward which resembled the effects of reward reduction and reward termination, respectively. Noradrenaline blockade had no such effects. A role in central mediation of reward perception is suggested for dopamine but not for noradrenaline.", "contents": "Increased lever pressing for amphetamine after pimozide in rats: implications for a dopamine theory of reward. Low and high doses of a dopamine blocking agent had effects on lever pressing for intravenous amphetamine reward which resembled the effects of reward reduction and reward termination, respectively. Noradrenaline blockade had no such effects. A role in central mediation of reward perception is suggested for dopamine but not for noradrenaline.", "PMID": 1114313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4100", "title": "Myogenic defect in acetylcholinesterase regulation in muscular dystrophy of the chicken.", "content": "To determine whether inherited muscular dystrophy of the chicken is neurogenic or myogenic in origin, limb buds from homozygous normal and dystrophic chick embryos were exchanged prior to muscle differentiation and innervation. Biceps muscles of hatched chicks, in which muscle of the donor was innervated by nerves of the host, were analyzed for embryonic properties of muscle acetylcholinesterase and for fiber diameter, two distinctive markers for expression of the dystrophic gene. The results indicate that muscular dystrophy of the chicken is caused by an initial biochemical lesion in the limb and its muscle rather than in its innervating nerve.", "contents": "Myogenic defect in acetylcholinesterase regulation in muscular dystrophy of the chicken. To determine whether inherited muscular dystrophy of the chicken is neurogenic or myogenic in origin, limb buds from homozygous normal and dystrophic chick embryos were exchanged prior to muscle differentiation and innervation. Biceps muscles of hatched chicks, in which muscle of the donor was innervated by nerves of the host, were analyzed for embryonic properties of muscle acetylcholinesterase and for fiber diameter, two distinctive markers for expression of the dystrophic gene. The results indicate that muscular dystrophy of the chicken is caused by an initial biochemical lesion in the limb and its muscle rather than in its innervating nerve.", "PMID": 1114314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4101", "title": "Mezerein: antileukemic principle isolated from Daphne mezereum L.", "content": "An alcohol-water extract of Daphne mezereum L., a plant widely used in folk medicine for treating cancers, showed antileukemic activity against the P-388 lymphocytic leukemia in mice. Systematic fractionation of the extract has led to isolation and characterization of mezerein as the principal antileukemic component.", "contents": "Mezerein: antileukemic principle isolated from Daphne mezereum L. An alcohol-water extract of Daphne mezereum L., a plant widely used in folk medicine for treating cancers, showed antileukemic activity against the P-388 lymphocytic leukemia in mice. Systematic fractionation of the extract has led to isolation and characterization of mezerein as the principal antileukemic component.", "PMID": 1114315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4102", "title": "Stroke in rats produced by carotid injection of sodium arachidonate.", "content": "Unilateral cerebrovascular occlusion was produced in heparinized rats within 60 seconds after an injection of sodium arachidonate (in doses exceeding 0.45 milligram per kilogram) into the carotid artery. Electroencephalographic activity over the affected cerebral hemisphere was suppressed, and cerebral blood flow decreased by half. Microscopic examination revealed complete obstruction of the hemispheric microcirculation by platelet aggregates.", "contents": "Stroke in rats produced by carotid injection of sodium arachidonate. Unilateral cerebrovascular occlusion was produced in heparinized rats within 60 seconds after an injection of sodium arachidonate (in doses exceeding 0.45 milligram per kilogram) into the carotid artery. Electroencephalographic activity over the affected cerebral hemisphere was suppressed, and cerebral blood flow decreased by half. Microscopic examination revealed complete obstruction of the hemispheric microcirculation by platelet aggregates.", "PMID": 1114316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4103", "title": "Basal forebrain and hypothalamic connection to frontal and parietal cortex in the Rhesus monkey.", "content": "Horseradish peroxidase was injected in different parts of the frontal and parietal cortex in 17 rhesus monkeys. In all cases the enzyme was transported retrogradely to neurons in the substantia innominata and hypothalamus as well as in the thalamus. These new findings demonstrate that these cortical areas receive direct afferent fibers from limbic basal forebrain areas concerned with emotion and motivation.", "contents": "Basal forebrain and hypothalamic connection to frontal and parietal cortex in the Rhesus monkey. Horseradish peroxidase was injected in different parts of the frontal and parietal cortex in 17 rhesus monkeys. In all cases the enzyme was transported retrogradely to neurons in the substantia innominata and hypothalamus as well as in the thalamus. These new findings demonstrate that these cortical areas receive direct afferent fibers from limbic basal forebrain areas concerned with emotion and motivation.", "PMID": 1114317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4104", "title": "Symbolic matching by pigeons: rate of learning complex discriminations predicted from simple discriminations.", "content": "Pigeons had no greater difficulty learning a complex discrimination involving arbitrary among stimuli (symbolic matching) than one involving interrelations based on stimulus similarity (matching-to-sample). The relative rates of acquisitions of matching and symblic matching may be accounted for by the discriminability between sample stimuli and between comparison stimuli, with the former playing the more important role.", "contents": "Symbolic matching by pigeons: rate of learning complex discriminations predicted from simple discriminations. Pigeons had no greater difficulty learning a complex discrimination involving arbitrary among stimuli (symbolic matching) than one involving interrelations based on stimulus similarity (matching-to-sample). The relative rates of acquisitions of matching and symblic matching may be accounted for by the discriminability between sample stimuli and between comparison stimuli, with the former playing the more important role.", "PMID": 1114318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4105", "title": "Extreme toxicity from combustion products of a fire-retarded polyurethane foam.", "content": "The products from nonflaming combustion of wood and a trimethylol-propane-based rigid-urethane foam that was not fire-retarded produced elevated carboxyhemoglobin levels but no abnormal neurological effects. However, when this type of foam contained a reactive phosphate fire retardant, the combustion products caused grand mal seizures and death in rats. The toxic combustion product responsible for the seizures has been identified as 4-ethyl-1-phospha-2,6,7-trioxabicyclo(2.2.2.)octane-1-oxide.", "contents": "Extreme toxicity from combustion products of a fire-retarded polyurethane foam. The products from nonflaming combustion of wood and a trimethylol-propane-based rigid-urethane foam that was not fire-retarded produced elevated carboxyhemoglobin levels but no abnormal neurological effects. However, when this type of foam contained a reactive phosphate fire retardant, the combustion products caused grand mal seizures and death in rats. The toxic combustion product responsible for the seizures has been identified as 4-ethyl-1-phospha-2,6,7-trioxabicyclo(2.2.2.)octane-1-oxide.", "PMID": 1114319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4106", "title": "Intestinal metabolism of phenacetin in the rat: effect of charcoal-broiled beef and rat chow.", "content": "The intestinal metabolism of phenacetin in vitro was increased 1100 percent in rats fed charcoal-broiled ground beef in a semisynthetic diet. The intestinal metabolism of phenacetin was increased 200 percent in rats fed a chow diet, as compared to rats fed the semisynthetic diet. The results obtained suggest a need for studies in man to determine whether charcoal-broiled meat and other dietary constituents can stimulate the intestinal metabolism of phenacetin or other drugs and thereby decrease their absorption and bioavailability.", "contents": "Intestinal metabolism of phenacetin in the rat: effect of charcoal-broiled beef and rat chow. The intestinal metabolism of phenacetin in vitro was increased 1100 percent in rats fed charcoal-broiled ground beef in a semisynthetic diet. The intestinal metabolism of phenacetin was increased 200 percent in rats fed a chow diet, as compared to rats fed the semisynthetic diet. The results obtained suggest a need for studies in man to determine whether charcoal-broiled meat and other dietary constituents can stimulate the intestinal metabolism of phenacetin or other drugs and thereby decrease their absorption and bioavailability.", "PMID": 1114320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4107", "title": "Evoked brain potentials as indicators of decision-making.", "content": "The effects of decision-making processes on evoked brain potentials recorded at the vertex were studied in human subjects. Significantly different visual evoked potentials to the same physical stimulus were obtained in trails that resulted in different behavioral decisions. The results suggest that certain characteristics of evoked potentials may perhaps be used as indicators of specific behavioral outcomes.", "contents": "Evoked brain potentials as indicators of decision-making. The effects of decision-making processes on evoked brain potentials recorded at the vertex were studied in human subjects. Significantly different visual evoked potentials to the same physical stimulus were obtained in trails that resulted in different behavioral decisions. The results suggest that certain characteristics of evoked potentials may perhaps be used as indicators of specific behavioral outcomes.", "PMID": 1114321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4108", "title": "Visual construction of color is digital.", "content": "When disparate shapes are flashed under the appropriate temporal and spatial conditions, the human visual system resolves their disparity smoothly and continuously. No equivalent supplementations are found for color, which the system resolves by abrupt transformation. Shape and color reveal themselves, contrary to some modern theorizing, as properties handled in different ways by the visual nervous system, continuous or analog for shape, abrupt or digital for color.", "contents": "Visual construction of color is digital. When disparate shapes are flashed under the appropriate temporal and spatial conditions, the human visual system resolves their disparity smoothly and continuously. No equivalent supplementations are found for color, which the system resolves by abrupt transformation. Shape and color reveal themselves, contrary to some modern theorizing, as properties handled in different ways by the visual nervous system, continuous or analog for shape, abrupt or digital for color.", "PMID": 1114322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4109", "title": "Single gene cricket mutations: effects on behavior, sensilla, sensory neurons, and identified interneurons.", "content": "Crickets are suitable for studying the effects of single gene mutations on single nerve cells. In one mutant, three classes of sensilla are lost sequentially. The absence of one class of mechanoreceptors throughout postembryonic development deprives certain sensory neurons of normal stimulation and results in abnormal physiological and structural development of an identified interneuron.", "contents": "Single gene cricket mutations: effects on behavior, sensilla, sensory neurons, and identified interneurons. Crickets are suitable for studying the effects of single gene mutations on single nerve cells. In one mutant, three classes of sensilla are lost sequentially. The absence of one class of mechanoreceptors throughout postembryonic development deprives certain sensory neurons of normal stimulation and results in abnormal physiological and structural development of an identified interneuron.", "PMID": 1114323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4110", "title": "Trichlorofluoromethane in the Troposphere, Distribution and Increase, 1971 to 1974.", "content": "Trichlorofluoromethane (CCl3F) measurements in the troposphere over the Atlantic in 1971 and over the Pacific in 1972 and 1974 were compared. A rapid increase of CCl3F in the troposphere is evident. The observed increase of CCl3F between 1971 and 1974 is proportional to the increase of industrially produced amounts of CCl3F in the same time period.", "contents": "Trichlorofluoromethane in the Troposphere, Distribution and Increase, 1971 to 1974. Trichlorofluoromethane (CCl3F) measurements in the troposphere over the Atlantic in 1971 and over the Pacific in 1972 and 1974 were compared. A rapid increase of CCl3F in the troposphere is evident. The observed increase of CCl3F between 1971 and 1974 is proportional to the increase of industrially produced amounts of CCl3F in the same time period.", "PMID": 1114326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4111", "title": "Porphyrin triplet state probing the diffusion of oxygen in hemoglobin.", "content": "Laser photolysis study of porphyrin-globin shows that the triplet state of the porphyrin is detectable by its light absorption and that it can be used to determine the rate of penetration of oxygen into the hemoglobin pocket in which the porphyrin is embedded. The oxygen penetration rate does not determine the binding rate of oxygen to iron in hemoglobin.", "contents": "Porphyrin triplet state probing the diffusion of oxygen in hemoglobin. Laser photolysis study of porphyrin-globin shows that the triplet state of the porphyrin is detectable by its light absorption and that it can be used to determine the rate of penetration of oxygen into the hemoglobin pocket in which the porphyrin is embedded. The oxygen penetration rate does not determine the binding rate of oxygen to iron in hemoglobin.", "PMID": 1114327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4112", "title": "Quantum sensitivity of rods in the toad retina.", "content": "A dark-adapted toad rod can respond consistently to flashes of light which bleach an average of less than one pigment molecule in its outer segment. These responses are much less variable in amplitude than would be expected if rods were independent quantum detectors. Rods interact with one another by pooling their signals, so that at least 85 to 90 percent of the response recorded from a single rod is generated by pigment molecules bleached in other receptors.", "contents": "Quantum sensitivity of rods in the toad retina. A dark-adapted toad rod can respond consistently to flashes of light which bleach an average of less than one pigment molecule in its outer segment. These responses are much less variable in amplitude than would be expected if rods were independent quantum detectors. Rods interact with one another by pooling their signals, so that at least 85 to 90 percent of the response recorded from a single rod is generated by pigment molecules bleached in other receptors.", "PMID": 1114328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4113", "title": "Copulatory plugs in snakes: enforced chastity.", "content": "The male of some snake species forms a copulatory plug which occludes the oviductal parts of the female's cloaca for a few days. The plug, apparently formed from secretions of the kidney immediately after insemination, probably prevents rival males from copulating with the same female.", "contents": "Copulatory plugs in snakes: enforced chastity. The male of some snake species forms a copulatory plug which occludes the oviductal parts of the female's cloaca for a few days. The plug, apparently formed from secretions of the kidney immediately after insemination, probably prevents rival males from copulating with the same female.", "PMID": 1114329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4114", "title": "Beta cell culture on synthetic capillaries: an artificial endocrine pancreas.", "content": "Beta cells from neonatal rats were cultured on bundles of artificial capillaries perfused with tissue culture medium. Cells continued to release insulin and remained responsive to changes in glucose concentration. The quantity of insulin released was similar to that of conventional flask cultures.", "contents": "Beta cell culture on synthetic capillaries: an artificial endocrine pancreas. Beta cells from neonatal rats were cultured on bundles of artificial capillaries perfused with tissue culture medium. Cells continued to release insulin and remained responsive to changes in glucose concentration. The quantity of insulin released was similar to that of conventional flask cultures.", "PMID": 1114330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4115", "title": "Conjugal transfer of a chromosomal gene determining production of enterotoxin in vibrio cholerae.", "content": "Matings between strains of Vibrio cholerae differing in toxinogenicity, nutritional requirements, and antibiotic susceptibilities were performed in order to determine the location of the gene tox that controls production of cholera enterotoxin. Segregation analysis shows that tox is linked to a gene required for histidine biosynthesis. Our data indicate that the tox gene is located on the bacterial chromosome and not on a plasmid in the strains of V. cholerae studied.", "contents": "Conjugal transfer of a chromosomal gene determining production of enterotoxin in vibrio cholerae. Matings between strains of Vibrio cholerae differing in toxinogenicity, nutritional requirements, and antibiotic susceptibilities were performed in order to determine the location of the gene tox that controls production of cholera enterotoxin. Segregation analysis shows that tox is linked to a gene required for histidine biosynthesis. Our data indicate that the tox gene is located on the bacterial chromosome and not on a plasmid in the strains of V. cholerae studied.", "PMID": 1114331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4116", "title": "Mapping of functional neural pathways by autoradiographic survey of local metabolic rate with (14C)deoxyglucose.", "content": "An enzymatic preparation from human brain converts tryptamine to tryptoline (9H-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrido(3,4-b)indole) in the presence of 5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid. Similarly, N-methyltryptamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine yield 1-methyltryptoline and 5-hydroxytryptoline, respectively. Neither in vitro nor in vivo formation of these compounds by human tissues has been described.", "contents": "Mapping of functional neural pathways by autoradiographic survey of local metabolic rate with (14C)deoxyglucose. An enzymatic preparation from human brain converts tryptamine to tryptoline (9H-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrido(3,4-b)indole) in the presence of 5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid. Similarly, N-methyltryptamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine yield 1-methyltryptoline and 5-hydroxytryptoline, respectively. Neither in vitro nor in vivo formation of these compounds by human tissues has been described.", "PMID": 1114332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4117", "title": "Stimulated vasopressin synthesis by a fetal hypothalamic factor.", "content": "The hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal complex (HNC) of the fetal guinea pig shows a dramatic increase in its content of vasopressin and neurophysin between the 40th and 55th days of gestation. The values for radioimmunoassayable hormone and binding protein are at day 40, 2 milliunits and less than 0.1 microgram; and at day 55, about 100 milliunits and 10 micrograms, respectively. Isotope incorporation experiments with organ cultures of the fetal HNC taken prior to the 35th day of gestation added additional confirmation of the inability of the hypothalamic neurosecretory cells to synthesize vasopressin or neurophysin at this time. However, by the 45th day, similar organ cultures show a vigorous incorporation of labeled amino acids into both hormone and binding protein. Furthermore, the HNC of the 45-day-old fetus apparently contains a factor that stimulates specifically the biosynthesis of vasopressin and neurophysin in HNC cultures from the adult guinea pig. This factor is not detectable in either cortex or liver of the 45-day-old fetus or in the fetal HNC taken prior to or after the period of exponential rise (40th to 55th days) of hormone and binding protein.", "contents": "Stimulated vasopressin synthesis by a fetal hypothalamic factor. The hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal complex (HNC) of the fetal guinea pig shows a dramatic increase in its content of vasopressin and neurophysin between the 40th and 55th days of gestation. The values for radioimmunoassayable hormone and binding protein are at day 40, 2 milliunits and less than 0.1 microgram; and at day 55, about 100 milliunits and 10 micrograms, respectively. Isotope incorporation experiments with organ cultures of the fetal HNC taken prior to the 35th day of gestation added additional confirmation of the inability of the hypothalamic neurosecretory cells to synthesize vasopressin or neurophysin at this time. However, by the 45th day, similar organ cultures show a vigorous incorporation of labeled amino acids into both hormone and binding protein. Furthermore, the HNC of the 45-day-old fetus apparently contains a factor that stimulates specifically the biosynthesis of vasopressin and neurophysin in HNC cultures from the adult guinea pig. This factor is not detectable in either cortex or liver of the 45-day-old fetus or in the fetal HNC taken prior to or after the period of exponential rise (40th to 55th days) of hormone and binding protein.", "PMID": 1114335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4118", "title": "Pyridoxal kinase: decreased activity in red blood cells of Afro-Americans.", "content": "The mean pyridoxal kinase activity in red blood cells of American blacks was approximately 50 percent lower than that of American whites. Lymphocytes, granulocytes, and cultured skin fibroblasts from black and white donors contained identical pyridoxal kinase activity. The pyridoxal kinase of blacks was indistinguishable from that of whites with respect to heat stability, chromatographic mobility on microgranular diethylaminoethyl cellulose, Michaelis-Menten constant for pyridoxine, and susceptibility to inhibition by 4-deoxypyridoxine. The difference of the activity of this enzyme in whites and in blacks is much greater than any previously observed biochemical difference between the races.", "contents": "Pyridoxal kinase: decreased activity in red blood cells of Afro-Americans. The mean pyridoxal kinase activity in red blood cells of American blacks was approximately 50 percent lower than that of American whites. Lymphocytes, granulocytes, and cultured skin fibroblasts from black and white donors contained identical pyridoxal kinase activity. The pyridoxal kinase of blacks was indistinguishable from that of whites with respect to heat stability, chromatographic mobility on microgranular diethylaminoethyl cellulose, Michaelis-Menten constant for pyridoxine, and susceptibility to inhibition by 4-deoxypyridoxine. The difference of the activity of this enzyme in whites and in blacks is much greater than any previously observed biochemical difference between the races.", "PMID": 1114336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4119", "title": "Inhibition of catecholamine release by tolbutamide and other sulfonylureas.", "content": "Tolbutamide and other sulfonylureas inhibited spontaneous and nicotine-induced release of catecholamines from the perfused cat adrenal gland and nicotine-induced release of [3-H]norepinephrine from isolated guinea pig hearts. Of the sulfonylureas tested, the order to potency of this inhibitory effect paralled the hypoglycemic action. These results raise the possibility that the inhibition of the sympathoadrenal system may contribute in part to the hypoglycemic action of sulfonylureas.", "contents": "Inhibition of catecholamine release by tolbutamide and other sulfonylureas. Tolbutamide and other sulfonylureas inhibited spontaneous and nicotine-induced release of catecholamines from the perfused cat adrenal gland and nicotine-induced release of [3-H]norepinephrine from isolated guinea pig hearts. Of the sulfonylureas tested, the order to potency of this inhibitory effect paralled the hypoglycemic action. These results raise the possibility that the inhibition of the sympathoadrenal system may contribute in part to the hypoglycemic action of sulfonylureas.", "PMID": 1114337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4120", "title": "Prostaglandins in human seminal fluid: two novel compounds.", "content": "Human seminal fluid frozen immediately after ejaculation contains two novel prostaglandins. These are present in larger quantities than the previously reported prostaglandins. They are characterized by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry as 19-hydroxyprostaglandins E1 and E2. Most of the previously identified prostaglandins may be artifacts.", "contents": "Prostaglandins in human seminal fluid: two novel compounds. Human seminal fluid frozen immediately after ejaculation contains two novel prostaglandins. These are present in larger quantities than the previously reported prostaglandins. They are characterized by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry as 19-hydroxyprostaglandins E1 and E2. Most of the previously identified prostaglandins may be artifacts.", "PMID": 1114338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4121", "title": "Localized desensitization of Limulus photoreceptors produced by light or intracellular calcium ion injection.", "content": "Spots of light were used to measure the light sensitivity of spatially separated regions of single Limulus photoreceptors. The desensitization caused by irradiating part of the cell was largest in the irradiated region. The desensitization caused by intracellular calcium ion injection was largest near the infection site. The spread of desensitization away from the injection site suggests that calcium ion can diffuse over neuronal dimensions, but that the effective rate of diffusion is not so high as to abolish calcium gradients. The results are compatible with the previously proposed hypothesis that a rise in the intracellular calcium ion concentration mediates light adaptation.", "contents": "Localized desensitization of Limulus photoreceptors produced by light or intracellular calcium ion injection. Spots of light were used to measure the light sensitivity of spatially separated regions of single Limulus photoreceptors. The desensitization caused by irradiating part of the cell was largest in the irradiated region. The desensitization caused by intracellular calcium ion injection was largest near the infection site. The spread of desensitization away from the injection site suggests that calcium ion can diffuse over neuronal dimensions, but that the effective rate of diffusion is not so high as to abolish calcium gradients. The results are compatible with the previously proposed hypothesis that a rise in the intracellular calcium ion concentration mediates light adaptation.", "PMID": 1114339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4122", "title": "Male-induced pregnancy termination in the prairie vole, Microtus ochrogaster.", "content": "Postimplantation as well as preimplantation pregnancy in prairie voles can be terminated by replacing the original stud male with an unfamiliar male. The pregnancy is disrupted by the ensuing male-induced estrus. Females spontaneously abort their litters, become receptive, and successfully breed again 4 or 5 days after introduction of the new male.", "contents": "Male-induced pregnancy termination in the prairie vole, Microtus ochrogaster. Postimplantation as well as preimplantation pregnancy in prairie voles can be terminated by replacing the original stud male with an unfamiliar male. The pregnancy is disrupted by the ensuing male-induced estrus. Females spontaneously abort their litters, become receptive, and successfully breed again 4 or 5 days after introduction of the new male.", "PMID": 1114340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4123", "title": "Evidence for origin of insect sex pheromones: presence in food plants.", "content": "Compounds identified as sex attractant pheromones in a number of phytophagous insects were found in a variety of host plants. These agents vary in chemical composition in different plant species, which suggests that dietary factors may provide an evolutionary mechanism for diversification of certain insect species. A theoretical framework to explain this phenomenon is postulated on the basis of experiments with the oak leaf roller moth.", "contents": "Evidence for origin of insect sex pheromones: presence in food plants. Compounds identified as sex attractant pheromones in a number of phytophagous insects were found in a variety of host plants. These agents vary in chemical composition in different plant species, which suggests that dietary factors may provide an evolutionary mechanism for diversification of certain insect species. A theoretical framework to explain this phenomenon is postulated on the basis of experiments with the oak leaf roller moth.", "PMID": 1114341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4124", "title": "Douglas-fir tussock moth: sex pheromone identification and synthesis.", "content": "The sex pheromone of the Douglass-fir tussock moth Orgyia pseudotsugata (McDunnough) has been isolated and identified as (Z)-6-heneicosen-11-one. This compound and its E isomer have been synthesized and are highly potent in laboratory bioassays and field trials.", "contents": "Douglas-fir tussock moth: sex pheromone identification and synthesis. The sex pheromone of the Douglass-fir tussock moth Orgyia pseudotsugata (McDunnough) has been isolated and identified as (Z)-6-heneicosen-11-one. This compound and its E isomer have been synthesized and are highly potent in laboratory bioassays and field trials.", "PMID": 1114342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4125", "title": "Malignant hemangioendotheliomas produced by subcutaneous inoculation of Balb/3T3 cells attached to glass beads.", "content": "The Balb/3T3 mouse embryo cell line has been frequently used in cancer research as representative of nontumorigenic cells with the characteristic in vitro properties of postconfluence inhibition of cell division, low saturation density, and anchorage dependence. On the reasoning that anchorage dependence might also apply in vivo, each of nine mice were subcutaneously inoculated with an average of 15,400 Balb/3T3 cells attached to two glass beads 3 millimeters in diameter. After 8 weeks, all the mice had developed large bloody tumors that microscopically proved to be hemangioendotheliomas. Ther inoculation of Balb/3T3 cells alone or beads alone produced no tumors. Transplants of each tumor into normal mice grew to kill the animal within 6 weeks. Tumor cells from collagenase-disaggregated tumor tissue had a plating efficiency of 21.2 percent compared to that of normal adult subcutaneous fibroblasts of less than 0.1 percent. The tumor cells in vitro closely resembled Balb/3T3 cells in appearance and were tumorigenic at a dose of 10-4 cells. A second, repeat experiment produced the same type of tumors grossly and microscopically in 17 of 25 mice between 99 and 211 days after inoculation of the Balb/3T3 cells attached to glass beads. These findings require a reassessment of the postulate that low saturation density, postconfluence of cell division, and anchorage dependence are characteristic in vitro properties only of nonneoplastic cells.", "contents": "Malignant hemangioendotheliomas produced by subcutaneous inoculation of Balb/3T3 cells attached to glass beads. The Balb/3T3 mouse embryo cell line has been frequently used in cancer research as representative of nontumorigenic cells with the characteristic in vitro properties of postconfluence inhibition of cell division, low saturation density, and anchorage dependence. On the reasoning that anchorage dependence might also apply in vivo, each of nine mice were subcutaneously inoculated with an average of 15,400 Balb/3T3 cells attached to two glass beads 3 millimeters in diameter. After 8 weeks, all the mice had developed large bloody tumors that microscopically proved to be hemangioendotheliomas. Ther inoculation of Balb/3T3 cells alone or beads alone produced no tumors. Transplants of each tumor into normal mice grew to kill the animal within 6 weeks. Tumor cells from collagenase-disaggregated tumor tissue had a plating efficiency of 21.2 percent compared to that of normal adult subcutaneous fibroblasts of less than 0.1 percent. The tumor cells in vitro closely resembled Balb/3T3 cells in appearance and were tumorigenic at a dose of 10-4 cells. A second, repeat experiment produced the same type of tumors grossly and microscopically in 17 of 25 mice between 99 and 211 days after inoculation of the Balb/3T3 cells attached to glass beads. These findings require a reassessment of the postulate that low saturation density, postconfluence of cell division, and anchorage dependence are characteristic in vitro properties only of nonneoplastic cells.", "PMID": 1114343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4126", "title": "Light-induced changes in the structure of pigmented granules in aplysia neurons.", "content": "Pigmented granules in Aplysia neurons prepared in the dark contain material that appears to be composed of 50-angstrom globules and a precipitate, probably a calcium salt. On illumination the globules rearrange into paracrystalline arrays and membrane-like lamellae. The morphologic transformation may be related to calcium release from the granules, and the released calcium may mediate the light-evoked hyperpolarization described by others.", "contents": "Light-induced changes in the structure of pigmented granules in aplysia neurons. Pigmented granules in Aplysia neurons prepared in the dark contain material that appears to be composed of 50-angstrom globules and a precipitate, probably a calcium salt. On illumination the globules rearrange into paracrystalline arrays and membrane-like lamellae. The morphologic transformation may be related to calcium release from the granules, and the released calcium may mediate the light-evoked hyperpolarization described by others.", "PMID": 1114345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4127", "title": "Phototransduction in aplysia neurons: calcium release from pigmented granules is essential.", "content": "Increased free intracellular calcium mediates increased membrane potassium conductance in illuminated Aplysia giant neurons. The calcium source was examined by microprobe analysis of cytoplasmic pigmented granules. Illumination markedly depleted granules of calcium and altered them structurally. Release of calcium from granules is essential for phototransduction.", "contents": "Phototransduction in aplysia neurons: calcium release from pigmented granules is essential. Increased free intracellular calcium mediates increased membrane potassium conductance in illuminated Aplysia giant neurons. The calcium source was examined by microprobe analysis of cytoplasmic pigmented granules. Illumination markedly depleted granules of calcium and altered them structurally. Release of calcium from granules is essential for phototransduction.", "PMID": 1114346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4128", "title": "Fever and survival.", "content": "The significance of fever in response to a bacterial infection has been investigated using the lizard Dipsosaurus dorsalis as an animal model. These lizards develop a fever of about 2 degrees C after injection with the bacterium Aeromonas hydrophila. To determine whether this elevation in body temperature increases the resistance of the host to this infection, as measured by survival, lizards were infected with the live bacteria and placed in a neutral (38 degrees C), low (34 degrees or 36 degrees C), or high (40 degrees or 42 degrees C) ambient temperature. An elevation in temperature following experimental bacterial infection results in a significant increase in host survival.", "contents": "Fever and survival. The significance of fever in response to a bacterial infection has been investigated using the lizard Dipsosaurus dorsalis as an animal model. These lizards develop a fever of about 2 degrees C after injection with the bacterium Aeromonas hydrophila. To determine whether this elevation in body temperature increases the resistance of the host to this infection, as measured by survival, lizards were infected with the live bacteria and placed in a neutral (38 degrees C), low (34 degrees or 36 degrees C), or high (40 degrees or 42 degrees C) ambient temperature. An elevation in temperature following experimental bacterial infection results in a significant increase in host survival.", "PMID": 1114347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4129", "title": "Evaluation of the synchronism of cleavage divisions.", "content": "A method is described for estimating the degree of asynchronism of cell divisions in individual embryos at early developmental stages by means of a relative measure of asynchronism.", "contents": "Evaluation of the synchronism of cleavage divisions. A method is described for estimating the degree of asynchronism of cell divisions in individual embryos at early developmental stages by means of a relative measure of asynchronism.", "PMID": 1114349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4130", "title": "Temperature dependence of cleavage rates in carp, pike, and whitefish.", "content": "The time taken by the first four cleavage divisions has been determined for the carp, pike, and whitefish (Coregonus peled) at various temperatures; a quantity tau-0 was calculated, and plotted against temperature. From the curves plotted for all species investigated, it was found that in the salmon but not in the more thermophile species the rate of division within the spawning temperature range could be described by a constant Q 10 which had a value exceeding 2 or 3. Criteria for determing the lower temperature limit of the range for optimum development of teleosts are discussed.", "contents": "Temperature dependence of cleavage rates in carp, pike, and whitefish. The time taken by the first four cleavage divisions has been determined for the carp, pike, and whitefish (Coregonus peled) at various temperatures; a quantity tau-0 was calculated, and plotted against temperature. From the curves plotted for all species investigated, it was found that in the salmon but not in the more thermophile species the rate of division within the spawning temperature range could be described by a constant Q 10 which had a value exceeding 2 or 3. Criteria for determing the lower temperature limit of the range for optimum development of teleosts are discussed.", "PMID": 1114350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4131", "title": "Proliferation and growth of intestinal epithelium in Ascaris suum (Nematoda) during postnatal ontogeny. Communication III. Mitotic anomalies and changes in ploidy and nucleus size.", "content": "It was established by cytophotometry that the amount of DNA in intestinal-epithelium cells rises from the diploid to a tetraploid level during the early postnatal ontogeny of ascarids so that eventually nuclei with a diploid quantity of DNA practically disappear. Apart from this, there appear cells with a higher DNA content: 8c, 16c, 32c, and even 64c. Pictures of anomalous mitotic processes, as well as polypoid meta- and anaphases, were also observed. A result of the polyploidization is an increased size of nuclei and cells, but nucleus size is not always correlated with the DNA content. The previously established sixfold increase in the mean volume of intestinal cells during postnatal ontogeny of the ascarid is due to their transition to the new ploidy level and additional \"paragenomic\" growth of the polypoid cells.", "contents": "Proliferation and growth of intestinal epithelium in Ascaris suum (Nematoda) during postnatal ontogeny. Communication III. Mitotic anomalies and changes in ploidy and nucleus size. It was established by cytophotometry that the amount of DNA in intestinal-epithelium cells rises from the diploid to a tetraploid level during the early postnatal ontogeny of ascarids so that eventually nuclei with a diploid quantity of DNA practically disappear. Apart from this, there appear cells with a higher DNA content: 8c, 16c, 32c, and even 64c. Pictures of anomalous mitotic processes, as well as polypoid meta- and anaphases, were also observed. A result of the polyploidization is an increased size of nuclei and cells, but nucleus size is not always correlated with the DNA content. The previously established sixfold increase in the mean volume of intestinal cells during postnatal ontogeny of the ascarid is due to their transition to the new ploidy level and additional \"paragenomic\" growth of the polypoid cells.", "PMID": 1114351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4132", "title": "Cultivation of the notochord of a Balanoglossus species in diffusion chambers.", "content": "Minute fragments of the notochord of Balanoglossus sp. were cultivated in diffusion chambers implanted into the arm cavities of starfish, Asterias rubens. The surface properties of the cells migrating from these fragments and the intercellular contacts between them were examined in a scanning electron microscope type \"Stereoscan.\" The two types of cell constituting the initial notochordal transplantate migrated already on the 2nd day of cultivation; these were rather large (10-12 mu) round cells with characteristic outgrowths, which grouped into colonies already on the 3rd-5th day of growth in culture, and small cells (5-7 mu) of elongated shape that at early cultivation stages were found scattered in a disorderly manner over the filter. At later cultivation stages (days 10-12), the small cells migrated toward the colonies of round notochordal cells and penetrated inside them. As a result, large colonies (counting 100 or more cells) developed in the cultures, their arrangement resembling that of the donor animal's notochord.", "contents": "Cultivation of the notochord of a Balanoglossus species in diffusion chambers. Minute fragments of the notochord of Balanoglossus sp. were cultivated in diffusion chambers implanted into the arm cavities of starfish, Asterias rubens. The surface properties of the cells migrating from these fragments and the intercellular contacts between them were examined in a scanning electron microscope type \"Stereoscan.\" The two types of cell constituting the initial notochordal transplantate migrated already on the 2nd day of cultivation; these were rather large (10-12 mu) round cells with characteristic outgrowths, which grouped into colonies already on the 3rd-5th day of growth in culture, and small cells (5-7 mu) of elongated shape that at early cultivation stages were found scattered in a disorderly manner over the filter. At later cultivation stages (days 10-12), the small cells migrated toward the colonies of round notochordal cells and penetrated inside them. As a result, large colonies (counting 100 or more cells) developed in the cultures, their arrangement resembling that of the donor animal's notochord.", "PMID": 1114352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4133", "title": "Proliferation of cells of pigmentary epithelium of retina in adult newts at late regeneration stages after retinectomy.", "content": "The proliferation of pigmentary-epithelium cells after they have given rise to cells of the regenerating retina is associated with the growth of the pigmentary epithelium and not with additions to the regenerating retina. The proliferative activity of pigmentary-epithelium cells during this period takes place against a background of simultaneous synthesis of specific proteins.", "contents": "Proliferation of cells of pigmentary epithelium of retina in adult newts at late regeneration stages after retinectomy. The proliferation of pigmentary-epithelium cells after they have given rise to cells of the regenerating retina is associated with the growth of the pigmentary epithelium and not with additions to the regenerating retina. The proliferative activity of pigmentary-epithelium cells during this period takes place against a background of simultaneous synthesis of specific proteins.", "PMID": 1114353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4134", "title": "Relative degree of endopolyploidization of silk-gland cells in diploid and triploid silkworms.", "content": "Photometric measurements showed that DNA content of the cells in the posterior portion of the silk gland to be higher in triploid caterpillars than in diploids. The somatic polyploidy level of posterior silk gland cells therefore increases as the number of cells in the organ decreases with rising overall organism ploidy.", "contents": "Relative degree of endopolyploidization of silk-gland cells in diploid and triploid silkworms. Photometric measurements showed that DNA content of the cells in the posterior portion of the silk gland to be higher in triploid caterpillars than in diploids. The somatic polyploidy level of posterior silk gland cells therefore increases as the number of cells in the organ decreases with rising overall organism ploidy.", "PMID": 1114354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4135", "title": "Role of the female genotype in the formation of structural anomalies in the organs of Drosophila virilis female times D. litoralis male hybrids.", "content": "The role of the female genotype of Drosophila virilis in the formation of structural anomalies of the organs in the progeny after crossing with D. litoralis males was studied. The frequency of appearance and the character of the anomalies are shown to depend on the genotype of the original maternal line.", "contents": "Role of the female genotype in the formation of structural anomalies in the organs of Drosophila virilis female times D. litoralis male hybrids. The role of the female genotype of Drosophila virilis in the formation of structural anomalies of the organs in the progeny after crossing with D. litoralis males was studied. The frequency of appearance and the character of the anomalies are shown to depend on the genotype of the original maternal line.", "PMID": 1114355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4136", "title": "Sequence of expression of paternal and maternal esterases in the ontogeny of Drosophila virilis.", "content": "The order of appearance of the parental fractions of the enzyme in ontogeny was investigated in hybrids between laboratory strains of Drosophila virilis differing in the electrophoretic mobility of certain esterases. Activity of the esterases was shown to persist at a low level during most of embryogenesis and to increase toward its end, especially after emergence. At the 16th-20th hour of embryonic development the maternal fractions are accompanied by the manifestation of paternal fractions of the slowly migrating esterase-4. Paternal forms of fast-migrating esterases (esterases-2 and -6) are found only after emergence in age I larvae.", "contents": "Sequence of expression of paternal and maternal esterases in the ontogeny of Drosophila virilis. The order of appearance of the parental fractions of the enzyme in ontogeny was investigated in hybrids between laboratory strains of Drosophila virilis differing in the electrophoretic mobility of certain esterases. Activity of the esterases was shown to persist at a low level during most of embryogenesis and to increase toward its end, especially after emergence. At the 16th-20th hour of embryonic development the maternal fractions are accompanied by the manifestation of paternal fractions of the slowly migrating esterase-4. Paternal forms of fast-migrating esterases (esterases-2 and -6) are found only after emergence in age I larvae.", "PMID": 1114356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4137", "title": "Growth and respiration of regenerating tissues of the axolotl tail.", "content": "Changes in the weight and oxygen consumption were studied during regeneration of the tail in adult axolotls and larvae. The curve of the increase in weight of the regenerating tail in both age groups is S-shaped. The intensity of respiration of the regenerating tail increases in adult axolotls and in larvae at the blastema stage; in adult axolotls there is also a second increase in the intensity of respiration of the regenerating tail during differentiation of the muscles. The relationship between weight and the rate of respiration was compared during regeneration of the tail in axolotl and the normal growth of the animals. Whereas growth of the animals was characterized by the relationship QO2 equals aPk with a constant value of k, during regeneration the various stages of this process have their own corresponding values of k.", "contents": "Growth and respiration of regenerating tissues of the axolotl tail. Changes in the weight and oxygen consumption were studied during regeneration of the tail in adult axolotls and larvae. The curve of the increase in weight of the regenerating tail in both age groups is S-shaped. The intensity of respiration of the regenerating tail increases in adult axolotls and in larvae at the blastema stage; in adult axolotls there is also a second increase in the intensity of respiration of the regenerating tail during differentiation of the muscles. The relationship between weight and the rate of respiration was compared during regeneration of the tail in axolotl and the normal growth of the animals. Whereas growth of the animals was characterized by the relationship QO2 equals aPk with a constant value of k, during regeneration the various stages of this process have their own corresponding values of k.", "PMID": 1114357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4138", "title": "The place of surgery in nodular thyroid disease.", "content": "The case records of 419 patients undergoing thyroidectomy for nodular goitre are examined in the light of the final pathology and the incidence of carcinoma. In patients presenting with a clinically single nodule, the incidence of carcinoma was 10%; in multinodular goitres this incidence was 4%. A policy for the surgical treatment of nodular goitre is proposed.", "contents": "The place of surgery in nodular thyroid disease. The case records of 419 patients undergoing thyroidectomy for nodular goitre are examined in the light of the final pathology and the incidence of carcinoma. In patients presenting with a clinically single nodule, the incidence of carcinoma was 10%; in multinodular goitres this incidence was 4%. A policy for the surgical treatment of nodular goitre is proposed.", "PMID": 1114393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4139", "title": "The treatment of neuroblastoma.", "content": "A protocol for the management of children with neuroblastoma is described. The appearance of peri-orbital ecchymosis and radiologically demonstrable skeletal metastases are of poor prognostic significance. The relatively infrequent occurrence of neuroblastoma in the Black population of Johannesburg is stressed.", "contents": "The treatment of neuroblastoma. A protocol for the management of children with neuroblastoma is described. The appearance of peri-orbital ecchymosis and radiologically demonstrable skeletal metastases are of poor prognostic significance. The relatively infrequent occurrence of neuroblastoma in the Black population of Johannesburg is stressed.", "PMID": 1114394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4140", "title": "Lipoid proteinosis. Report of 2 cases with histology of the vocal folds.", "content": "Two cases of lipoid proteinosis, in which biopsies of the vocal cords were done, are presented. The condition is briefly discussed.", "contents": "Lipoid proteinosis. Report of 2 cases with histology of the vocal folds. Two cases of lipoid proteinosis, in which biopsies of the vocal cords were done, are presented. The condition is briefly discussed.", "PMID": 1114395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4141", "title": "The diagnosis and initial management of the acutely injured knee with particular reference to sport injuries.", "content": "A series of 115 consecutive cases of acutely injured knee, occurring mainly as a result of rugby-football, is analysed. It is suggested that the successful management of an acute knee injury often depends on the doctor of first contact. A scheme of diagnosis and early management is outlined. Acute subluxation of the patella is shown to be a definite entity in the differential diagnosis of an acute knee injury, and a classification for the purposes of the doctor of first contact is proposed.", "contents": "The diagnosis and initial management of the acutely injured knee with particular reference to sport injuries. A series of 115 consecutive cases of acutely injured knee, occurring mainly as a result of rugby-football, is analysed. It is suggested that the successful management of an acute knee injury often depends on the doctor of first contact. A scheme of diagnosis and early management is outlined. Acute subluxation of the patella is shown to be a definite entity in the differential diagnosis of an acute knee injury, and a classification for the purposes of the doctor of first contact is proposed.", "PMID": 1114396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4142", "title": "Postgraduate training amd qualification in community medicine in South Africa.", "content": "Problems associated with training, experience, practice and recruitment in community medicine are outlined. Academic trends in South Africa and overseas are discussed, and various viewpoints of different authorities in this country are evaluated against the priority of community need. Amedian approach of optimum benefit to the health of all communities and the future of this discipline is sought, and the steps taken in implementation are outlined.", "contents": "Postgraduate training amd qualification in community medicine in South Africa. Problems associated with training, experience, practice and recruitment in community medicine are outlined. Academic trends in South Africa and overseas are discussed, and various viewpoints of different authorities in this country are evaluated against the priority of community need. Amedian approach of optimum benefit to the health of all communities and the future of this discipline is sought, and the steps taken in implementation are outlined.", "PMID": 1114399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4143", "title": "Undergraduate education in social and preventive medicine at the University of Rhodesia.", "content": "Since 1967, the academic discipline of social and preventive medicine has been taught to medical students at the University of Rhodesia. The emphasis has been on the basic principles underlying the epidemiology of disease and the medical services required to suit the needs of Rhodesia. In 1970, a course in medicalsociology and in 1972, a course in pschology were introduced, and these courses havesupplemented the teaching of medicine in general and of social and preventive medicine in particular. The course is examined in some detail and evidence is submitted concerning the particular content and methodology used in this course of instruction for undergraduates. Reference is also made to a scheme of attachment to medical practitioners and a period spent during the final undergraduate year in a rural situation as part of the faculty programme of instruction in community medicine.", "contents": "Undergraduate education in social and preventive medicine at the University of Rhodesia. Since 1967, the academic discipline of social and preventive medicine has been taught to medical students at the University of Rhodesia. The emphasis has been on the basic principles underlying the epidemiology of disease and the medical services required to suit the needs of Rhodesia. In 1970, a course in medicalsociology and in 1972, a course in pschology were introduced, and these courses havesupplemented the teaching of medicine in general and of social and preventive medicine in particular. The course is examined in some detail and evidence is submitted concerning the particular content and methodology used in this course of instruction for undergraduates. Reference is also made to a scheme of attachment to medical practitioners and a period spent during the final undergraduate year in a rural situation as part of the faculty programme of instruction in community medicine.", "PMID": 1114400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4144", "title": "Pure gonadal (46, XY) dysgenesis--an XY female.", "content": "A case of pure gonadal dysgenesis is reported, the patient having a 46,XY genotype associated with female internal and external genitalia and bilateral streak gonads. The rarity of this syndrome is stressed. Reasons for not regarding this syndrome as synonymous with Swyer's syndrome are given.", "contents": "Pure gonadal (46, XY) dysgenesis--an XY female. A case of pure gonadal dysgenesis is reported, the patient having a 46,XY genotype associated with female internal and external genitalia and bilateral streak gonads. The rarity of this syndrome is stressed. Reasons for not regarding this syndrome as synonymous with Swyer's syndrome are given.", "PMID": 1114402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4145", "title": "Schistosomiasis of spinal cord and skin.", "content": "We record the simultaneous occurrence of cutaneous and spinal cord lesions of schistosomiasis and speculate upon the mode of this distant spread.", "contents": "Schistosomiasis of spinal cord and skin. We record the simultaneous occurrence of cutaneous and spinal cord lesions of schistosomiasis and speculate upon the mode of this distant spread.", "PMID": 1114403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4146", "title": "Humoral immune response in children with measles.", "content": "Twenty-eight Black children with complicated measles were investigated for their capacity to produce antibodies when stimulated with TAB antigen. Their measles antibody titres were also measured. Antibody production to TAB was defective, especially the \"H\" antibody. Production of measles antibody was sometimes delayed in its appearance but subsequently reached normal levels.", "contents": "Humoral immune response in children with measles. Twenty-eight Black children with complicated measles were investigated for their capacity to produce antibodies when stimulated with TAB antigen. Their measles antibody titres were also measured. Antibody production to TAB was defective, especially the \"H\" antibody. Production of measles antibody was sometimes delayed in its appearance but subsequently reached normal levels.", "PMID": 1114409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4147", "title": "Clinical experience of eclampsia at the University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka. An analysis of 50 cases.", "content": "A clinical analysis of 50 cases of eclampsia for the period June 1971-June 1973 is presented. During the same period there were 32 011 deliveries--an incidence of 0,156%. Of these 50 cases, only 8 were booked. There were 40 primigravidas. The highest number of fits recorded in any one patient was 6, and 13 patients has had fits before admission. Thirty-four patients were in established labour on admission. Only 12 patients had postpartum fits. The basis of management was heavy sedation, anticonvulsant therapy and emptying of the uterus as soon as it could be achieved. Biochemical studies and urine production measurements were important supplementary measures. Twenty patients achieved vaginal delivery and 3 had symphysiotomy, assisted by vacuum extraction, low forceps and midcavity forceps, to complete the delivery. Seventeen patients were delivered by Caesarean section. The remaining 10 had vaginal delivery assisted by vacuum extraction. One mother did not survive. Of the 51 babies, 7 did not survive the neonatal period, and 4 were stillborn.", "contents": "Clinical experience of eclampsia at the University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka. An analysis of 50 cases. A clinical analysis of 50 cases of eclampsia for the period June 1971-June 1973 is presented. During the same period there were 32 011 deliveries--an incidence of 0,156%. Of these 50 cases, only 8 were booked. There were 40 primigravidas. The highest number of fits recorded in any one patient was 6, and 13 patients has had fits before admission. Thirty-four patients were in established labour on admission. Only 12 patients had postpartum fits. The basis of management was heavy sedation, anticonvulsant therapy and emptying of the uterus as soon as it could be achieved. Biochemical studies and urine production measurements were important supplementary measures. Twenty patients achieved vaginal delivery and 3 had symphysiotomy, assisted by vacuum extraction, low forceps and midcavity forceps, to complete the delivery. Seventeen patients were delivered by Caesarean section. The remaining 10 had vaginal delivery assisted by vacuum extraction. One mother did not survive. Of the 51 babies, 7 did not survive the neonatal period, and 4 were stillborn.", "PMID": 1114410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4148", "title": "Aberrant left pulmonary artery: a rare cause of congenital stridor.", "content": "Aberrant left pulmonary artery is a rare cause of stridor and respiratory difficulty in infancy and childhood. Diagnosis can be made on oesophagram, and is confirmed conclusively on angiography. Surgery can be curative, especially in cases without severe associated cardiovascular anomalies. A case report is presented of the condition occurring in a South African Black infant.", "contents": "Aberrant left pulmonary artery: a rare cause of congenital stridor. Aberrant left pulmonary artery is a rare cause of stridor and respiratory difficulty in infancy and childhood. Diagnosis can be made on oesophagram, and is confirmed conclusively on angiography. Surgery can be curative, especially in cases without severe associated cardiovascular anomalies. A case report is presented of the condition occurring in a South African Black infant.", "PMID": 1114413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4149", "title": "Antibiotic peritoneal lavage in severe peritonitis. A preliminary assessment.", "content": "A method of intra- and postoperative antibiotic peritoneal lavage, using 0.015% gentamicin in dialysis solution, has been assessed for the treatment of life-threatening peritonitis. It is believed to be the first time that the use of gentamicin for this purpose has been recorded, and the first time that antibiotic peritoneal lavage has been used for the treatment of a series of patients with peritonitis of gynaecological or obstetrical origin. At Baragwanath Hosital, gynaecological patients with life-threatening purulent peritonitis arising from septic abortions, tubal sepsis (ruptured pyosalpinx) or postoperative causes, were studied. Thirty-eight such patients undergoing standard operative treatment had a mortality of 47.4%, which is in accordance with world figures for serious peritonitis. In 38 patients, after the addition of antibiotic peritoneal lavage, mortality was halved to 2397%, with minimal morbidity. The procedure used has been fully described, and is recommended for wider trial in patients with life-threatening peritonitis or peritoneal soiling.", "contents": "Antibiotic peritoneal lavage in severe peritonitis. A preliminary assessment. A method of intra- and postoperative antibiotic peritoneal lavage, using 0.015% gentamicin in dialysis solution, has been assessed for the treatment of life-threatening peritonitis. It is believed to be the first time that the use of gentamicin for this purpose has been recorded, and the first time that antibiotic peritoneal lavage has been used for the treatment of a series of patients with peritonitis of gynaecological or obstetrical origin. At Baragwanath Hosital, gynaecological patients with life-threatening purulent peritonitis arising from septic abortions, tubal sepsis (ruptured pyosalpinx) or postoperative causes, were studied. Thirty-eight such patients undergoing standard operative treatment had a mortality of 47.4%, which is in accordance with world figures for serious peritonitis. In 38 patients, after the addition of antibiotic peritoneal lavage, mortality was halved to 2397%, with minimal morbidity. The procedure used has been fully described, and is recommended for wider trial in patients with life-threatening peritonitis or peritoneal soiling.", "PMID": 1114414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4150", "title": "Angiographic appearances in Paget's disease of the calvarium.", "content": "A case is presented to demonstrate the angiographic findings in Paget's disease of the calvarium. These angiographic changes suggest that the blood supply to the calvarium is mainly through its inner aspect via the distal branches of the external carotid artery.", "contents": "Angiographic appearances in Paget's disease of the calvarium. A case is presented to demonstrate the angiographic findings in Paget's disease of the calvarium. These angiographic changes suggest that the blood supply to the calvarium is mainly through its inner aspect via the distal branches of the external carotid artery.", "PMID": 1114415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4151", "title": "Acute uric acid nephropathy in thalassaemia.", "content": "Hyperuricaemia may complicate thalassaemia and may, on occasion, result in obstruction of urine flow on the basis of crystal formation. Prophylactic therapy with xanthine oxidase inhibitors may prevent this complication, but once it has developed, accurate diagnosis and aggressive therapy can reduce morbidity. The present case report illustrates one approach to the management of acute uric acid nephropathy.", "contents": "Acute uric acid nephropathy in thalassaemia. Hyperuricaemia may complicate thalassaemia and may, on occasion, result in obstruction of urine flow on the basis of crystal formation. Prophylactic therapy with xanthine oxidase inhibitors may prevent this complication, but once it has developed, accurate diagnosis and aggressive therapy can reduce morbidity. The present case report illustrates one approach to the management of acute uric acid nephropathy.", "PMID": 1114416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4152", "title": "The dental treatment of problem children under ketamine analgesia.", "content": "Twenty children requiring dental treatment who were unsuitable for local or inhalational analgesia were all successfully treated using subanaesthetic doses of ketamine.", "contents": "The dental treatment of problem children under ketamine analgesia. Twenty children requiring dental treatment who were unsuitable for local or inhalational analgesia were all successfully treated using subanaesthetic doses of ketamine.", "PMID": 1114423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4153", "title": "Renal papillary necrosis associated with acute pancreatitis.", "content": "A case of acute renal failure with renal papillary necrosis due to acute pancreatitis is described. The association of renal papillary necrosis with acute pancreatitis has not been previously recorded, and the possible mechanisms for the production of renal papillary necrosis in this entity are discussed.", "contents": "Renal papillary necrosis associated with acute pancreatitis. A case of acute renal failure with renal papillary necrosis due to acute pancreatitis is described. The association of renal papillary necrosis with acute pancreatitis has not been previously recorded, and the possible mechanisms for the production of renal papillary necrosis in this entity are discussed.", "PMID": 1114424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4154", "title": "Results of hyperthermic perfusion for melanoma of the extremities.", "content": "Our studies show that the malignant melanoma cell in human beings is more sensitive to the lethal effect of heat than its normal counterpart, the melanocyte. Malignant melanoma of the extremities presents unique problems; at times, local control can be extremely difficult. The addition of heat to regional perfusion with melphalan has dramatically improved the objective response of melanoma. Complications rise as the tempreature and duration of perfusion increase. These risks must be weighed carefully against the volume and extent of tumor. One hundred and eighty-five hyperthermic perfusions have been perfomed on 165 patients. When done with meticulous attention to details, this procedure is accompanied by minimal morbidity and mortality. Hyperthermic perfusion is currently the best treatment for recurrent melanoma of the extremities and has almost eliminated the necessity for amputation. Perfusion is recommended as a prophylactic measure for the more deeply invasive primary lesions. It reduces the incidence of regional recurrence. A retrospective statistical analysis of survival rates of patients treated with nonheated and heated perfusion for recurrent melanoma, State IIIA, was conducted. If the experience of the heated group continues, which from a clinical standpoint appears likely, then a striking advantage of heated perfusion over nonheated perfusion will be demonstrated. This superiority in survival rates for the heated group is now three to one or 300 per cent. The most reasonable explanation for the improvement in survival time of patients in State IIIA is stimulation of the immune response. As a result of our experience with heated perfusion of limbs, we are investigating the possibility that systemic hyperthermia may enhance the antitumor effects of various chemotherapeutic agents on melanoma.", "contents": "Results of hyperthermic perfusion for melanoma of the extremities. Our studies show that the malignant melanoma cell in human beings is more sensitive to the lethal effect of heat than its normal counterpart, the melanocyte. Malignant melanoma of the extremities presents unique problems; at times, local control can be extremely difficult. The addition of heat to regional perfusion with melphalan has dramatically improved the objective response of melanoma. Complications rise as the tempreature and duration of perfusion increase. These risks must be weighed carefully against the volume and extent of tumor. One hundred and eighty-five hyperthermic perfusions have been perfomed on 165 patients. When done with meticulous attention to details, this procedure is accompanied by minimal morbidity and mortality. Hyperthermic perfusion is currently the best treatment for recurrent melanoma of the extremities and has almost eliminated the necessity for amputation. Perfusion is recommended as a prophylactic measure for the more deeply invasive primary lesions. It reduces the incidence of regional recurrence. A retrospective statistical analysis of survival rates of patients treated with nonheated and heated perfusion for recurrent melanoma, State IIIA, was conducted. If the experience of the heated group continues, which from a clinical standpoint appears likely, then a striking advantage of heated perfusion over nonheated perfusion will be demonstrated. This superiority in survival rates for the heated group is now three to one or 300 per cent. The most reasonable explanation for the improvement in survival time of patients in State IIIA is stimulation of the immune response. As a result of our experience with heated perfusion of limbs, we are investigating the possibility that systemic hyperthermia may enhance the antitumor effects of various chemotherapeutic agents on melanoma.", "PMID": 1114425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4155", "title": "An evaluation of endoscopic pancreatocholangiography in surgical patients.", "content": "Retrograde pancreatocholangiography was successful in 110 or 83 per cent of 133 patients suspected of having pancreatobiliary disease. Cannulation of the pancreatic duct was successful in 95 per cent of the patients suspected of having disorders of the pancreas. In 84 per cent, the biliary tree was successfully visualized among the group suspected of having disorders of the biliary tract. Dilatation of the main pancreatic duct in association with cholelithiasis and choledocholithiasis was observed in 33 and 72 percent, respectively.", "contents": "An evaluation of endoscopic pancreatocholangiography in surgical patients. Retrograde pancreatocholangiography was successful in 110 or 83 per cent of 133 patients suspected of having pancreatobiliary disease. Cannulation of the pancreatic duct was successful in 95 per cent of the patients suspected of having disorders of the pancreas. In 84 per cent, the biliary tree was successfully visualized among the group suspected of having disorders of the biliary tract. Dilatation of the main pancreatic duct in association with cholelithiasis and choledocholithiasis was observed in 33 and 72 percent, respectively.", "PMID": 1114426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4156", "title": "Ultrasonically guided percutaneous fine needle biopsy of the pancreas.", "content": "By ultrasonic scanning, it is possible with reasonable accuracy to demonstrate space occupying lesions in the pancreas, and with a delicate ultrasonic technique, a puncture needle can be guided to a predetermined mass in the pancreas. In 25 patients with suspected pancreatic lesions, scanning demonstrated a solid mass lesion in the pancreas. Twenty-one patients had carcinoma; four had chronic pancreatitis. In 17 of the 21 patients with carcinoma, tumor cells were aspirated. The cells were numerous and easily recognizable, fulfilling the usual cytologic criteria of malignant disease. In three of the 16 patients with carcinoma, the aspirations were inadequate, and one showed normal pancreatic cells. In the four patients with chronic pancreatitis, normal pancreatic cells were aspirated. There were no immediate complications due to fine needle biopsy. The combination of ultrasonic scanning and ultrasonically guided percutaneous fine needle aspiration is an important adjunct to the management of pancreatic lesions.", "contents": "Ultrasonically guided percutaneous fine needle biopsy of the pancreas. By ultrasonic scanning, it is possible with reasonable accuracy to demonstrate space occupying lesions in the pancreas, and with a delicate ultrasonic technique, a puncture needle can be guided to a predetermined mass in the pancreas. In 25 patients with suspected pancreatic lesions, scanning demonstrated a solid mass lesion in the pancreas. Twenty-one patients had carcinoma; four had chronic pancreatitis. In 17 of the 21 patients with carcinoma, tumor cells were aspirated. The cells were numerous and easily recognizable, fulfilling the usual cytologic criteria of malignant disease. In three of the 16 patients with carcinoma, the aspirations were inadequate, and one showed normal pancreatic cells. In the four patients with chronic pancreatitis, normal pancreatic cells were aspirated. There were no immediate complications due to fine needle biopsy. The combination of ultrasonic scanning and ultrasonically guided percutaneous fine needle aspiration is an important adjunct to the management of pancreatic lesions.", "PMID": 1114427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4157", "title": "Steroid protection of the liver during experimental eschemia.", "content": "Temporary occlusion of hepatic inflow would be ideal during extensive operations for liver trauma or tumors, since this always is handicapped by accompanying massive blood loss. Since the liver is relatively low in tolerance to ischemia an attempt has been made to protect the liver with steroids during experimental warm ischemia. Total hepatic ischemia was produced in rabbits by ligating the portal triad and gastrohepatic ligament for 30 minutes. A survival rate of only 10 per cent was obtained in controls, whereas if methylprednisolone was given before occlusion, 100 per cent of the rabbits survived. If methylprednisolone was given immediately after the occlusion, the survival rate was 54 per cent. Further experiments extending occlusion to one hour resulted in a 50 per cent survival rate as compared with zero per cent in the one hour controls. Methylprednisolone protects the liver during warm ischemia, especially if given before occlusion, and dramatically decreases the mortality rate from this maneuver in our model. The mechanism of protection is probably by stabilizing and protecting the integrity of the hepatic cell during the anoxic insult.", "contents": "Steroid protection of the liver during experimental eschemia. Temporary occlusion of hepatic inflow would be ideal during extensive operations for liver trauma or tumors, since this always is handicapped by accompanying massive blood loss. Since the liver is relatively low in tolerance to ischemia an attempt has been made to protect the liver with steroids during experimental warm ischemia. Total hepatic ischemia was produced in rabbits by ligating the portal triad and gastrohepatic ligament for 30 minutes. A survival rate of only 10 per cent was obtained in controls, whereas if methylprednisolone was given before occlusion, 100 per cent of the rabbits survived. If methylprednisolone was given immediately after the occlusion, the survival rate was 54 per cent. Further experiments extending occlusion to one hour resulted in a 50 per cent survival rate as compared with zero per cent in the one hour controls. Methylprednisolone protects the liver during warm ischemia, especially if given before occlusion, and dramatically decreases the mortality rate from this maneuver in our model. The mechanism of protection is probably by stabilizing and protecting the integrity of the hepatic cell during the anoxic insult.", "PMID": 1114428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4158", "title": "Aneurysms of the popliteal artery.", "content": "Thirty-one aneurysms of the popliteal artery in 23 patients have been studied. Twenty-nine aneurysms were secondary to atherosclerosis, while one was secondary to trauma and one was associated with a coagulopathy. The lesions were bilateral in eight patients and were associated with extra-popliteal aneurysms in ten patients; the abdominal aorta was the most frequent extrapopliteal site. All except two of the 23 patients were over 50 years of age, and many exhibited atherosclerosis and related symptoms in other vessels. Ischemic rest pain was the most common presenting symptom in patients with popliteal aneurysm, but three of the patients were asymptomatic. The most common physical sign was a palpable popliteal mass in 25 patients, with impending gangrene distal to the aneurysm in four. Thrombosis occurred in 11 of the aneurysms, embolism in three, and rupture in two. Amputation was eventually necessary in five patients with thrombosis and in one patient with embolism. Of 16 patients presenting with a complication of popliteal aneurysm, six patients eventually required amputation. All popliteal aneurysms should be treated surgically and arterial continuity restored unless contraindicated by the over-all condition of the patient. The saphenous vein represents the optimal replacement material available at this time, but fabric grafts can be used successfully.", "contents": "Aneurysms of the popliteal artery. Thirty-one aneurysms of the popliteal artery in 23 patients have been studied. Twenty-nine aneurysms were secondary to atherosclerosis, while one was secondary to trauma and one was associated with a coagulopathy. The lesions were bilateral in eight patients and were associated with extra-popliteal aneurysms in ten patients; the abdominal aorta was the most frequent extrapopliteal site. All except two of the 23 patients were over 50 years of age, and many exhibited atherosclerosis and related symptoms in other vessels. Ischemic rest pain was the most common presenting symptom in patients with popliteal aneurysm, but three of the patients were asymptomatic. The most common physical sign was a palpable popliteal mass in 25 patients, with impending gangrene distal to the aneurysm in four. Thrombosis occurred in 11 of the aneurysms, embolism in three, and rupture in two. Amputation was eventually necessary in five patients with thrombosis and in one patient with embolism. Of 16 patients presenting with a complication of popliteal aneurysm, six patients eventually required amputation. All popliteal aneurysms should be treated surgically and arterial continuity restored unless contraindicated by the over-all condition of the patient. The saphenous vein represents the optimal replacement material available at this time, but fabric grafts can be used successfully.", "PMID": 1114429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4159", "title": "The difference in the clearance of interstitial albumin by the lymphatics from the stomach and the small and large intestine.", "content": "The capacity of the lymphatics to clear interstitial albumin was compared between the stomach, small intestine, and colon. The lymphatic and vascular transport in the stomach and colon was similar, clearing approximately 9 per cent of interstitially injected radioiodinated serum albumin by the thoracic duct lymph and 2 to 3 per cent by the blood in a five hour period. More than a third of the injected material remained at the site of injection. The small intestine was cleared of 37 per cent of the albumin by the lymph and more than 6 per cent by the blood, leaving less than 9 per cent at the injection site in the same period of time. Evidence that the small intestine was more effective and rapid in clearing interstitial albumin than either the stomach or colon was statistically significant.", "contents": "The difference in the clearance of interstitial albumin by the lymphatics from the stomach and the small and large intestine. The capacity of the lymphatics to clear interstitial albumin was compared between the stomach, small intestine, and colon. The lymphatic and vascular transport in the stomach and colon was similar, clearing approximately 9 per cent of interstitially injected radioiodinated serum albumin by the thoracic duct lymph and 2 to 3 per cent by the blood in a five hour period. More than a third of the injected material remained at the site of injection. The small intestine was cleared of 37 per cent of the albumin by the lymph and more than 6 per cent by the blood, leaving less than 9 per cent at the injection site in the same period of time. Evidence that the small intestine was more effective and rapid in clearing interstitial albumin than either the stomach or colon was statistically significant.", "PMID": 1114430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4160", "title": "Liver scan and carcinoma of the breast.", "content": "The results of 100 liver scans obtained as part of the preoperative evaluation of patients known to be harboring a potentially resectable carcinoma of the breast were evaluated. Of the five positive results of these studies, four were found to be falsely positive. During the period included in the study, 317 other liver scans were performed on patients known to have recurrent, residual, or metastatic disease or on patients returning for routine postoperative evaluation. The information derived from these studies was of practical significance only in the group receiving therapy for the secondary tumor. On the basis of this small series, the routine use of the liver scan in evaluating the patient with carcinoma of the breast cannot be supported.", "contents": "Liver scan and carcinoma of the breast. The results of 100 liver scans obtained as part of the preoperative evaluation of patients known to be harboring a potentially resectable carcinoma of the breast were evaluated. Of the five positive results of these studies, four were found to be falsely positive. During the period included in the study, 317 other liver scans were performed on patients known to have recurrent, residual, or metastatic disease or on patients returning for routine postoperative evaluation. The information derived from these studies was of practical significance only in the group receiving therapy for the secondary tumor. On the basis of this small series, the routine use of the liver scan in evaluating the patient with carcinoma of the breast cannot be supported.", "PMID": 1114431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4161", "title": "Hemodynamic changes in the liver of the rabbit after hepatic dearterialization.", "content": "Quantitative determination of the development of collateral arteries and change in portal flow after an 80 per cent dearterialization of the liver of the rabbit was carried out with radioactive microsphere technique. The livers operated upon were classified macroscopically into two type groups. In the recovery type, the dearterialized lobes reverted to the preoperative state. In the necrotic type, necrosis in the dearterialized lobe progressed, and the nonarterialized lobe was compensatively hypertrophied. The rate of rearterialization into the dearterialized lobe was different according to the type. In the recovery type, collateral arteries developed rapidly until the fourteenth postoperative day, when the arterial flow reached 55 per cent and, thereafter, increased gradually. In the necrotic type, rearterialization progressed more rapidly, and arterial flow exceeded the preoperative value in the third postoperative week and, thereafter, decreased. In the necrotic type, portal flow in the dearterialized lobe had been significantly impeded within 12 hours after the operation. The state of portal flow in the dearterialized lobe is, we believe, a more important factor for the prognosis after the hepatic dearterialization than the rate of rearterialization or oxygen concentration of portal blood. High activity of serum glutamic oxalacetic transaminase and serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase of more than 90 units per milliliter on the seventh postoperative day can be an indicator for the impeded portal flow in the dearterialized lobe.", "contents": "Hemodynamic changes in the liver of the rabbit after hepatic dearterialization. Quantitative determination of the development of collateral arteries and change in portal flow after an 80 per cent dearterialization of the liver of the rabbit was carried out with radioactive microsphere technique. The livers operated upon were classified macroscopically into two type groups. In the recovery type, the dearterialized lobes reverted to the preoperative state. In the necrotic type, necrosis in the dearterialized lobe progressed, and the nonarterialized lobe was compensatively hypertrophied. The rate of rearterialization into the dearterialized lobe was different according to the type. In the recovery type, collateral arteries developed rapidly until the fourteenth postoperative day, when the arterial flow reached 55 per cent and, thereafter, increased gradually. In the necrotic type, rearterialization progressed more rapidly, and arterial flow exceeded the preoperative value in the third postoperative week and, thereafter, decreased. In the necrotic type, portal flow in the dearterialized lobe had been significantly impeded within 12 hours after the operation. The state of portal flow in the dearterialized lobe is, we believe, a more important factor for the prognosis after the hepatic dearterialization than the rate of rearterialization or oxygen concentration of portal blood. High activity of serum glutamic oxalacetic transaminase and serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase of more than 90 units per milliliter on the seventh postoperative day can be an indicator for the impeded portal flow in the dearterialized lobe.", "PMID": 1114432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4162", "title": "The anterior approach to percutaneous liver biopsy.", "content": "Anterior subcostal percutaneous liver biopsy using the Tru-cut disposable needle is safe and simple; there were no major complications in our experience. It avoids completely the known thoracic complications of the posterior or lateral approach to percutaneous liver biopsy and has the added benefit of making any of the remaining complications easier to manage.", "contents": "The anterior approach to percutaneous liver biopsy. Anterior subcostal percutaneous liver biopsy using the Tru-cut disposable needle is safe and simple; there were no major complications in our experience. It avoids completely the known thoracic complications of the posterior or lateral approach to percutaneous liver biopsy and has the added benefit of making any of the remaining complications easier to manage.", "PMID": 1114434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4163", "title": "Repair of common bile duct defects using the gallbladder or cystic duct as a pedicled graft.", "content": "To repair defects in the common bile duct, part of the gallbladder and the cystic duct may be used as a pedicled graft. This has the advantage of an independent blood supply and a related mucosal lining. The method is illustrated by four patients who had excellent primary and short term results. In two patients, the defect was due to large cholecystocholedochal fistulas caused by migrating large gallstones. In one patient with marked stenosis of the duct, the defect occurred when the stenosis was opened through a longitudinal incision. The fourth patient had a large duodenal ulcer that penetrated into the common duct, causing a defect that could not be closed by suture. A definite evaluation of the procedure must await a longer period of follow-up study.", "contents": "Repair of common bile duct defects using the gallbladder or cystic duct as a pedicled graft. To repair defects in the common bile duct, part of the gallbladder and the cystic duct may be used as a pedicled graft. This has the advantage of an independent blood supply and a related mucosal lining. The method is illustrated by four patients who had excellent primary and short term results. In two patients, the defect was due to large cholecystocholedochal fistulas caused by migrating large gallstones. In one patient with marked stenosis of the duct, the defect occurred when the stenosis was opened through a longitudinal incision. The fourth patient had a large duodenal ulcer that penetrated into the common duct, causing a defect that could not be closed by suture. A definite evaluation of the procedure must await a longer period of follow-up study.", "PMID": 1114435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4164", "title": "Oral contraceptive continuation rates in the Singapore National Program. 1966-1972.", "content": "A study of a random sample of 3,564 oral contraceptive acceptors in the Singapore national program clinics with a maximum of 60 months of experience produced findings as follows: The typical pill acceptor was aged 26.9 years with 2.5 children, married for 4.2 years, had at least primary education, was not working, and started on the pill 2.3 months after her last pregnancy. Thirty-three percent of the oral contraceptive acceptors were still continuing with the pill by the cutoff date for the study, 30 June 1972, and the median period of pill use among those still using was 33.6 cycles. The median number of cycles of pill use among discontinued users was only 5.2. The main reasons for discontinuation were side effects of the pill and planned pregnancy. For the discontinued users, 43 percent had used alternative methods of protection, mainly condoms. Cumulative continuation rates per thousand women were 792 after the first cycle, 680 after the third, and 475, 346, 247, and 225 after cycles 12, 24, 48, and 59, respectively.", "contents": "Oral contraceptive continuation rates in the Singapore National Program. 1966-1972. A study of a random sample of 3,564 oral contraceptive acceptors in the Singapore national program clinics with a maximum of 60 months of experience produced findings as follows: The typical pill acceptor was aged 26.9 years with 2.5 children, married for 4.2 years, had at least primary education, was not working, and started on the pill 2.3 months after her last pregnancy. Thirty-three percent of the oral contraceptive acceptors were still continuing with the pill by the cutoff date for the study, 30 June 1972, and the median period of pill use among those still using was 33.6 cycles. The median number of cycles of pill use among discontinued users was only 5.2. The main reasons for discontinuation were side effects of the pill and planned pregnancy. For the discontinued users, 43 percent had used alternative methods of protection, mainly condoms. Cumulative continuation rates per thousand women were 792 after the first cycle, 680 after the third, and 475, 346, 247, and 225 after cycles 12, 24, 48, and 59, respectively.", "PMID": 1114506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4165", "title": "Fertility reduction in an MCH/family planning program: a model for projection.", "content": "One of the important questions in an integrated maternal and child health/family planning program is the likely effects on fertility rates if given proportions of a stated target population can be reached and provided with family planning services. The question is easy, but the process of obtaining viable estimates of potential fertility decline from this type of program is complicated. First of all, the number of women in the target population must be estimated. Next, it is necessary to make various assumptions and estimates concering the types of contraceptives accepted, the age distribution of acceptors, the sets of continuation rates that go with each age/method specific group of women, and a variety of other factors. This article describes and illustrates a procedure for estimating potential fertility declines with an integrated maternal and child health/family planning program.", "contents": "Fertility reduction in an MCH/family planning program: a model for projection. One of the important questions in an integrated maternal and child health/family planning program is the likely effects on fertility rates if given proportions of a stated target population can be reached and provided with family planning services. The question is easy, but the process of obtaining viable estimates of potential fertility decline from this type of program is complicated. First of all, the number of women in the target population must be estimated. Next, it is necessary to make various assumptions and estimates concering the types of contraceptives accepted, the age distribution of acceptors, the sets of continuation rates that go with each age/method specific group of women, and a variety of other factors. This article describes and illustrates a procedure for estimating potential fertility declines with an integrated maternal and child health/family planning program.", "PMID": 1114507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4166", "title": "Ultrasonic irradiation and pupillary response.", "content": "The effect of ultrasonic irradiation on the pupillary response was investigated over an intensity range from 0.1-1.5 W cm-2 measured at the surface of the applicator head at frequencies of 0.8 and 2.4 MHz.", "contents": "Ultrasonic irradiation and pupillary response. The effect of ultrasonic irradiation on the pupillary response was investigated over an intensity range from 0.1-1.5 W cm-2 measured at the surface of the applicator head at frequencies of 0.8 and 2.4 MHz.", "PMID": 1114519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4167", "title": "[Injection therapy of the prostate in prostatic tuberculosis].", "content": "Oral therapy of prostatic tuberculosis so far has only been able to achieve conversion in one-fifth of the cases. Since 1970 we have practiced the transcutaneous injection of the prostate and have achieved conversion in all cases within a short time. Injection of 1 g Streptomycin and 0.1 g INH twice a week over a period of four to five weeks was carried out in 90 patients. Complications contraindicating the treatment was not seen. The transcutaneous injection treatment of the prostate is indicated in all patients where cavernous changes in the prostate have been demonstrated by urethrography.", "contents": "[Injection therapy of the prostate in prostatic tuberculosis]. Oral therapy of prostatic tuberculosis so far has only been able to achieve conversion in one-fifth of the cases. Since 1970 we have practiced the transcutaneous injection of the prostate and have achieved conversion in all cases within a short time. Injection of 1 g Streptomycin and 0.1 g INH twice a week over a period of four to five weeks was carried out in 90 patients. Complications contraindicating the treatment was not seen. The transcutaneous injection treatment of the prostate is indicated in all patients where cavernous changes in the prostate have been demonstrated by urethrography.", "PMID": 1114520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4168", "title": "[Complete bilateral renal vein occlusion in a patient with right sided hypernephroma and renal insufficiency: report of successful thrombectomy and nephrectomy].", "content": "A 66 year old female patient was successfully operated following complete obstruction of the inferior vena cava and left renal vein by tumor thrombi from a right sided hypernephroma. The effect of the compensatory development of venous collaterals of the left kidney and the therapeutic consequences of a thrombectomy following long standing thrombosis of the left vein are discussed.", "contents": "[Complete bilateral renal vein occlusion in a patient with right sided hypernephroma and renal insufficiency: report of successful thrombectomy and nephrectomy]. A 66 year old female patient was successfully operated following complete obstruction of the inferior vena cava and left renal vein by tumor thrombi from a right sided hypernephroma. The effect of the compensatory development of venous collaterals of the left kidney and the therapeutic consequences of a thrombectomy following long standing thrombosis of the left vein are discussed.", "PMID": 1114521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4169", "title": "[Xenon exhalation measurements in the diagnosis of bladder diseases].", "content": "Using an exhalameter radioactive marked Xenon, absorbed following bladder instillation, was determined in the expired air of 111 patients. In 65 of these patients the usual criteria in the diagnosis of bladder diseases were simultaneously ascertained. The functional disturbances of the epithelium of the bladder obtained through 133Xenon exhalation measurements did not correlate with the morphological changes. Especially in the so-called \"Reizblase\" (irritable bladder) functional disturbances were found without a morphological equivalent. Compared with the low Xenon exhalation found in patients with healthy urinary bladders there is a marked Xenon exhalation increase (10-15 times) in inflammation of the urinary bladder. In our opinion Xenon exhalation measurements is at the present time the most sensitive method for determining inflammatory diseases of the urinary bladder.", "contents": "[Xenon exhalation measurements in the diagnosis of bladder diseases]. Using an exhalameter radioactive marked Xenon, absorbed following bladder instillation, was determined in the expired air of 111 patients. In 65 of these patients the usual criteria in the diagnosis of bladder diseases were simultaneously ascertained. The functional disturbances of the epithelium of the bladder obtained through 133Xenon exhalation measurements did not correlate with the morphological changes. Especially in the so-called \"Reizblase\" (irritable bladder) functional disturbances were found without a morphological equivalent. Compared with the low Xenon exhalation found in patients with healthy urinary bladders there is a marked Xenon exhalation increase (10-15 times) in inflammation of the urinary bladder. In our opinion Xenon exhalation measurements is at the present time the most sensitive method for determining inflammatory diseases of the urinary bladder.", "PMID": 1114522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4170", "title": "[The effect of electrohydraulic waves and ultrasound on the urothelium].", "content": "An experimental study on 30 rabbit urinary bladders showed that the ultrasound lithotripsy causes less tissue damage and fewer complications than the use of electrohydraulic waves. The danger of perforation using electrolithotripsy is high whereas bladder wall perforations never were caused by ultrasound using the usual amplitudes and frequencies. An increase in temperature and edema formation in the bladder wall was caused by the ultrasound but this probably would be a minor damage in the clinical use.", "contents": "[The effect of electrohydraulic waves and ultrasound on the urothelium]. An experimental study on 30 rabbit urinary bladders showed that the ultrasound lithotripsy causes less tissue damage and fewer complications than the use of electrohydraulic waves. The danger of perforation using electrolithotripsy is high whereas bladder wall perforations never were caused by ultrasound using the usual amplitudes and frequencies. An increase in temperature and edema formation in the bladder wall was caused by the ultrasound but this probably would be a minor damage in the clinical use.", "PMID": 1114523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4171", "title": "[Epididymitis Tuberculosa in the Change of Time. A study of the bioptic material of forty years (1932-1971)].", "content": "Significance and course of epididymitis tuberculosa are explored by means of all the bioptic material of a forty years period. The results from the time before and after the introduction of the tuberculostatica are compared with each other. Shortly before and during the second world war and also at the end of the fifties the epididymitis tuberculosa was seen very frequently. It decreases since 1959. Generally the isolated epididymis is affected. In a number of cases the tuberculous inflammation is also spreading out to the homolateral testicle, the vas deferens and the tunica vaginalis testis. Evidently during the third decade the tuberculous epididymitis is increasing rapidly. Most cases are observed in the forth decade. The morphologic picture of the epididymitis tuberculosa has changed. During the first 20 years more cases of the granulomatous type have been observed, whereas during the following 20 years more cases of the necrotising type are present.", "contents": "[Epididymitis Tuberculosa in the Change of Time. A study of the bioptic material of forty years (1932-1971)]. Significance and course of epididymitis tuberculosa are explored by means of all the bioptic material of a forty years period. The results from the time before and after the introduction of the tuberculostatica are compared with each other. Shortly before and during the second world war and also at the end of the fifties the epididymitis tuberculosa was seen very frequently. It decreases since 1959. Generally the isolated epididymis is affected. In a number of cases the tuberculous inflammation is also spreading out to the homolateral testicle, the vas deferens and the tunica vaginalis testis. Evidently during the third decade the tuberculous epididymitis is increasing rapidly. Most cases are observed in the forth decade. The morphologic picture of the epididymitis tuberculosa has changed. During the first 20 years more cases of the granulomatous type have been observed, whereas during the following 20 years more cases of the necrotising type are present.", "PMID": 1114527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4172", "title": "Renovascular hypertension. Secondary to traumatic occlusion of supplemental renal artery.", "content": "A case is reported of documented renovascular hypertension due to traumatic occlusion of the main renal artery in a double renal artery system. Emphasis is placed on the value of the oblique renal arteriogram in assessing segmental vasuclature prior to surgical intervention. Oblique arteriography may also aid in the preoperative evaluation of patients with segmental renal ischemia due to other causes.", "contents": "Renovascular hypertension. Secondary to traumatic occlusion of supplemental renal artery. A case is reported of documented renovascular hypertension due to traumatic occlusion of the main renal artery in a double renal artery system. Emphasis is placed on the value of the oblique renal arteriogram in assessing segmental vasuclature prior to surgical intervention. Oblique arteriography may also aid in the preoperative evaluation of patients with segmental renal ischemia due to other causes.", "PMID": 1114529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4173", "title": "Simultaneous closure of low cutaneous loop ureterostomies and excision of congenital ureterovesical junction strictures.", "content": "A case report of a child is presented in which double sectioing of the lower ureter was required to close simultaneously low cutaneous loop ureterostomies and to excise congenital ureterovesical junction strictures. One ureteroneocystostomy required revision. The vasculature of the ureteral segments was preserved by not mobilizing the ureter.", "contents": "Simultaneous closure of low cutaneous loop ureterostomies and excision of congenital ureterovesical junction strictures. A case report of a child is presented in which double sectioing of the lower ureter was required to close simultaneously low cutaneous loop ureterostomies and to excise congenital ureterovesical junction strictures. One ureteroneocystostomy required revision. The vasculature of the ureteral segments was preserved by not mobilizing the ureter.", "PMID": 1114530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4174", "title": "Hydrostatic bladder distention for bladder tumor. A fatal outcome.", "content": "Hydrostatic bladder distention has been advocated for treatment of tumors and bemorrhagic radiation cystitis. The appeal of this procedure, especially for use in poor-risk patients, stems from its apparent lack of morbid complications. In the case reported here, death followed a major complication of this procedure.", "contents": "Hydrostatic bladder distention for bladder tumor. A fatal outcome. Hydrostatic bladder distention has been advocated for treatment of tumors and bemorrhagic radiation cystitis. The appeal of this procedure, especially for use in poor-risk patients, stems from its apparent lack of morbid complications. In the case reported here, death followed a major complication of this procedure.", "PMID": 1114531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4175", "title": "Foreign body in lower urinary tract.", "content": "A forty-four-year-old white man had a stout rubber cable extruding 2 cm. from the external urethral meatus. He had introduced an 82-cm. rubber cable via his urethra into his bladder to assist in clearing dysuria and hematuria. Suprapublic removal of the rubber cable was accomplished, and his postoperative course was benign.", "contents": "Foreign body in lower urinary tract. A forty-four-year-old white man had a stout rubber cable extruding 2 cm. from the external urethral meatus. He had introduced an 82-cm. rubber cable via his urethra into his bladder to assist in clearing dysuria and hematuria. Suprapublic removal of the rubber cable was accomplished, and his postoperative course was benign.", "PMID": 1114532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4176", "title": "Antigenic cross reactivity between benign prostatic hyperplasia and adenocarcinoma of prostate.", "content": "Tissue cultures were established from biopsy specimens of adenocarcinoma of the prostate (ACP) and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Generally, peripheral blood lymphocytes from BPH and ACP patients were cytotoxic to both ACP and BPH cells, but not normal fibroblasts nor cells cultured from other types of malignant tissue. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from normal control patients or from patients with other types of cancer were not cytotoxic to ACP- or BPH-derived cells. These findings are consistent with a cross reactive autoimmune response in ACP and BPH patients, directed against a common antigen(s) present on both ACP and BPH cells.", "contents": "Antigenic cross reactivity between benign prostatic hyperplasia and adenocarcinoma of prostate. Tissue cultures were established from biopsy specimens of adenocarcinoma of the prostate (ACP) and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Generally, peripheral blood lymphocytes from BPH and ACP patients were cytotoxic to both ACP and BPH cells, but not normal fibroblasts nor cells cultured from other types of malignant tissue. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from normal control patients or from patients with other types of cancer were not cytotoxic to ACP- or BPH-derived cells. These findings are consistent with a cross reactive autoimmune response in ACP and BPH patients, directed against a common antigen(s) present on both ACP and BPH cells.", "PMID": 1114533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4177", "title": "Fluorescence of testicle. An indication of viability of spermatic cord after torsion.", "content": "We present an objective measure of testicular viability intended to aid the surgeon in salvaging the testicle at the time of operation for torsion of the spermatic cord. Following the intravenous administration of 5 to 10 cc. of sodium fluorescein, the viability of the untwisted testicle can be determined by its fluorescence when exposed to a portable long wavelength Wood ultraviolet light source.", "contents": "Fluorescence of testicle. An indication of viability of spermatic cord after torsion. We present an objective measure of testicular viability intended to aid the surgeon in salvaging the testicle at the time of operation for torsion of the spermatic cord. Following the intravenous administration of 5 to 10 cc. of sodium fluorescein, the viability of the untwisted testicle can be determined by its fluorescence when exposed to a portable long wavelength Wood ultraviolet light source.", "PMID": 1114535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4178", "title": "Comparison of Gil-Vernet and classic flank approaches to pyelo- and ureterolithotomy.", "content": "We review our experience with the posterior approach to the kidney and compare it with the classic flank approach to pyelo- and ureterolithotomy. Our results show a decrease in morbidity with the posterior approach", "contents": "Comparison of Gil-Vernet and classic flank approaches to pyelo- and ureterolithotomy. We review our experience with the posterior approach to the kidney and compare it with the classic flank approach to pyelo- and ureterolithotomy. Our results show a decrease in morbidity with the posterior approach", "PMID": 1114543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4179", "title": "Preoperative urography in hypotensive patients with severe trauma.", "content": "In hypotensive patients with severe trauma including renal injuries, the preoperative urogram is generally of poor quality. In many instances these patients are taken to the operating room with no films at all. We have proposed a protocol for the resuscitation of severely injured patients, following which we performed a carefully monitored high-dosage urogram. We demonstrated in 16 patients that diagnostic films can be obtained even in severely injured patients who were initially in shock.", "contents": "Preoperative urography in hypotensive patients with severe trauma. In hypotensive patients with severe trauma including renal injuries, the preoperative urogram is generally of poor quality. In many instances these patients are taken to the operating room with no films at all. We have proposed a protocol for the resuscitation of severely injured patients, following which we performed a carefully monitored high-dosage urogram. We demonstrated in 16 patients that diagnostic films can be obtained even in severely injured patients who were initially in shock.", "PMID": 1114544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4180", "title": "Neurogenic bladder in normal pressure hydrocephalus.", "content": "Five patients w\u00edth norm\u00e1l pressure hydrocephalus who had urinary incontinence were found to have neurogenic bladders by cystometry. The bladder disturbance in this disorder whould be considered the result of a specific defect of brain function and not just and artifact of gait disturbance or of dementia.", "contents": "Neurogenic bladder in normal pressure hydrocephalus. Five patients w\u00edth norm\u00e1l pressure hydrocephalus who had urinary incontinence were found to have neurogenic bladders by cystometry. The bladder disturbance in this disorder whould be considered the result of a specific defect of brain function and not just and artifact of gait disturbance or of dementia.", "PMID": 1114545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4181", "title": "Torsion of spermatic cord and testicular appendages.", "content": "Forty-seven cases of torsion of the spermatic cord and testicular appendages have been reviewed. Twenty-eight patients with acute spermatic cord torsions underwent surgical correction. Only 10 were treated in time to preserve viability. The other cases were either gangrenous and required orchidetomy or were questionably viable. Acute, painful scrotal swelling with negative e findings on urinalysis is a surgical emergency. Ten patients had warning attacks, but because of delay in diagnosis and treatment, 4 required orchidectomy. Those patients with spermatic cord torsion who were detorsed before twelve hours had elapsed had viable testes. Patients with complaints of intermittent scrotal sweling and pain, with negative urinalysis, may be suffering from intermittent patients were treated in this manner. Six of these had a transverse lie of both testes, which suggested the underlying anatomic defect leading to torsion of the spermatic cord. The diagnosis of epididymitis or epididymo-orchitis is untenable with a negative finding on urinalysis and results in delay incorrect diagnosis and treatment.", "contents": "Torsion of spermatic cord and testicular appendages. Forty-seven cases of torsion of the spermatic cord and testicular appendages have been reviewed. Twenty-eight patients with acute spermatic cord torsions underwent surgical correction. Only 10 were treated in time to preserve viability. The other cases were either gangrenous and required orchidetomy or were questionably viable. Acute, painful scrotal swelling with negative e findings on urinalysis is a surgical emergency. Ten patients had warning attacks, but because of delay in diagnosis and treatment, 4 required orchidectomy. Those patients with spermatic cord torsion who were detorsed before twelve hours had elapsed had viable testes. Patients with complaints of intermittent scrotal sweling and pain, with negative urinalysis, may be suffering from intermittent patients were treated in this manner. Six of these had a transverse lie of both testes, which suggested the underlying anatomic defect leading to torsion of the spermatic cord. The diagnosis of epididymitis or epididymo-orchitis is untenable with a negative finding on urinalysis and results in delay incorrect diagnosis and treatment.", "PMID": 1114548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4182", "title": "Pulmonary emboli. Prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.", "content": "Pulmonary embolism is responsible for 50,000 deaths each year. A high diagnostic index of suspicion is necessary if the diagnosis of embolism is to be made prior to death since the classic triad of chest pain, dyspnea, and hemoptysis occurs infrequently. Preventive measures including preoperative anticoagulation will reduce the incidence of trombus formation. Treatment depends on early recognition, rapid anticoagulation, and, in selected cases, partial occlusion of the vena cava.", "contents": "Pulmonary emboli. Prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Pulmonary embolism is responsible for 50,000 deaths each year. A high diagnostic index of suspicion is necessary if the diagnosis of embolism is to be made prior to death since the classic triad of chest pain, dyspnea, and hemoptysis occurs infrequently. Preventive measures including preoperative anticoagulation will reduce the incidence of trombus formation. Treatment depends on early recognition, rapid anticoagulation, and, in selected cases, partial occlusion of the vena cava.", "PMID": 1114549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4183", "title": "Hypertension and unilateral hydronephrosis.", "content": "Three patients with unilateral hydronephrosis, a normal contralateral kidney, and sustained hypertension were investigated by means of arteriography and differential renal vein renin determinations. The close correlation of the onset of hypertension to the obstructive uropathy, as well as the increased renin production from the affected side, were indicative of a causal relationship. Nephrectomy produced a prompt cure of hypertension in each instance.", "contents": "Hypertension and unilateral hydronephrosis. Three patients with unilateral hydronephrosis, a normal contralateral kidney, and sustained hypertension were investigated by means of arteriography and differential renal vein renin determinations. The close correlation of the onset of hypertension to the obstructive uropathy, as well as the increased renin production from the affected side, were indicative of a causal relationship. Nephrectomy produced a prompt cure of hypertension in each instance.", "PMID": 1114552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4184", "title": "Ureteropelvic junction obstruction in nephrolithiasis. An etiologic factor.", "content": "Obstruction is rarely accepted as the sole cause of calculi. We have reviewed 106 cases of nephrolithiasis for which surgery was performed at the St. Luke's Hospital Center during the past ten years. In 17 of these cases, obstruction of the ureteropelvic junction was demonstrated, an incidence of 16 per cent. We propose the theory that too frequently the responsible ureteropelvic junction obstruction goes undetected when a \"routine\" pyelolithotomy or nephrolithotomy is performed.", "contents": "Ureteropelvic junction obstruction in nephrolithiasis. An etiologic factor. Obstruction is rarely accepted as the sole cause of calculi. We have reviewed 106 cases of nephrolithiasis for which surgery was performed at the St. Luke's Hospital Center during the past ten years. In 17 of these cases, obstruction of the ureteropelvic junction was demonstrated, an incidence of 16 per cent. We propose the theory that too frequently the responsible ureteropelvic junction obstruction goes undetected when a \"routine\" pyelolithotomy or nephrolithotomy is performed.", "PMID": 1114553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4185", "title": "Blind-ending branches of bifid ureters.", "content": "Three new cases are utilized to illustrate the anatomy, embryology, and symptomatology of blind-ending branches of bifid ureters. Diagnosis can usually be made by intravenous pyelogram. The complications are recurrent urinary tract infections, calculi, and hydroureteronephrosis. Selection of management by observation, resection, nephroureterectomy, or ureterolithotomy is discussed. The specific techniqie for simple resection is stressed.", "contents": "Blind-ending branches of bifid ureters. Three new cases are utilized to illustrate the anatomy, embryology, and symptomatology of blind-ending branches of bifid ureters. Diagnosis can usually be made by intravenous pyelogram. The complications are recurrent urinary tract infections, calculi, and hydroureteronephrosis. Selection of management by observation, resection, nephroureterectomy, or ureterolithotomy is discussed. The specific techniqie for simple resection is stressed.", "PMID": 1114554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4186", "title": "Unsuspected duplex ureters.", "content": "Three cases of unsuspected duplex ureters are presented. It is suggested that nonvisualizing upper pole segments should be suspected whenever a duplication occurs on the contralateral side regardless of the radiographic appearance.", "contents": "Unsuspected duplex ureters. Three cases of unsuspected duplex ureters are presented. It is suggested that nonvisualizing upper pole segments should be suspected whenever a duplication occurs on the contralateral side regardless of the radiographic appearance.", "PMID": 1114555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4187", "title": "Experience with Kaufman III procedure for urinary incontinence.", "content": "The Kaufman III procedure for urinary incontinence is an effective means of treating postprostatectomy incontinence. The technique was modified by the routine inclusion of suprapubic cystostomy; operative assessment of the efficacy of the prostheses was possible. Four of our 7 patients (57 per cent) achieved excellent results, 2 of 7 (29 per cent) good, and 1 (14 per cent) poor. In the surgical technique it is important to stress that the mobilization of the crura from the pubic arch should be limited to allow only for the straps. Excessive dissection in this area will limit the degree of compression. This was thought to be a factor in the failure of our first case. Although the Kaufman III procedure for postprostatectomy urinary incontinence may not be ideal, the ease of insertion, good results, and low morbidity make it a desirable method of combating urinary incontinence in many male patients.", "contents": "Experience with Kaufman III procedure for urinary incontinence. The Kaufman III procedure for urinary incontinence is an effective means of treating postprostatectomy incontinence. The technique was modified by the routine inclusion of suprapubic cystostomy; operative assessment of the efficacy of the prostheses was possible. Four of our 7 patients (57 per cent) achieved excellent results, 2 of 7 (29 per cent) good, and 1 (14 per cent) poor. In the surgical technique it is important to stress that the mobilization of the crura from the pubic arch should be limited to allow only for the straps. Excessive dissection in this area will limit the degree of compression. This was thought to be a factor in the failure of our first case. Although the Kaufman III procedure for postprostatectomy urinary incontinence may not be ideal, the ease of insertion, good results, and low morbidity make it a desirable method of combating urinary incontinence in many male patients.", "PMID": 1114556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4188", "title": "Intermittent catheterization in children.", "content": "Many children with myelodysplasia are ideal candidates for intermittent nonsterile urethral catheterization to manage urinary incontinence. This method of urinary management becomes no permanent commitment and is preferred by patients and parents to supravesical diversion when successful.", "contents": "Intermittent catheterization in children. Many children with myelodysplasia are ideal candidates for intermittent nonsterile urethral catheterization to manage urinary incontinence. This method of urinary management becomes no permanent commitment and is preferred by patients and parents to supravesical diversion when successful.", "PMID": 1114557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4189", "title": "Neurogenic bladder of paraplegic patients: Management with radical Y-V-plasty.", "content": "In an effort to relieve subvesical resistance in the established paraplegic with unacceptable neurogenic vesical dysfunction while simultaneously preserving potency, a radical Y-V-plasty was carried out in 5 patients. The operation was successful in achieving low residual urines and freedom from clinically evident urinary tract infection without unfavorably affecting potency, but it committed the patients to a dependency on a condom appliance which some were unable to tolerate satisfactorily. The procedure is thought to have merit in selected cases; but whenever it is comtemplated, a trial with a condom catheter preoperatively is recommended.", "contents": "Neurogenic bladder of paraplegic patients: Management with radical Y-V-plasty. In an effort to relieve subvesical resistance in the established paraplegic with unacceptable neurogenic vesical dysfunction while simultaneously preserving potency, a radical Y-V-plasty was carried out in 5 patients. The operation was successful in achieving low residual urines and freedom from clinically evident urinary tract infection without unfavorably affecting potency, but it committed the patients to a dependency on a condom appliance which some were unable to tolerate satisfactorily. The procedure is thought to have merit in selected cases; but whenever it is comtemplated, a trial with a condom catheter preoperatively is recommended.", "PMID": 1114558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4190", "title": "Extragenital gonadal neoplasia and metastatic testicular tumor.", "content": "Patients with retroperitoneal or mediastinal neoplasms of gonadal tissue type and clinically normal testes pose interesting therapeutic dilemmas. Three major groups of patients are recognized: (1) tumor is primary extragenital gonadal neoplasm; (2) occult microscopic primary neoplasm in a testicle with metastases; (3) area of fibrosis in a testicle representing local regression of tumor, but with distant metastases. Review of case reports often indicates lack of data sufficient for classification. Every effort should be made to group patients into proper categories, since treatment will vary. Two patients classified as group 2 are presented.", "contents": "Extragenital gonadal neoplasia and metastatic testicular tumor. Patients with retroperitoneal or mediastinal neoplasms of gonadal tissue type and clinically normal testes pose interesting therapeutic dilemmas. Three major groups of patients are recognized: (1) tumor is primary extragenital gonadal neoplasm; (2) occult microscopic primary neoplasm in a testicle with metastases; (3) area of fibrosis in a testicle representing local regression of tumor, but with distant metastases. Review of case reports often indicates lack of data sufficient for classification. Every effort should be made to group patients into proper categories, since treatment will vary. Two patients classified as group 2 are presented.", "PMID": 1114559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4191", "title": "Implantable penile prostheses in impotent males.", "content": "Surgical experience with thirty-one implantable Silastic penile prostheses in 28 patients is reviewed, with success in all but 2 patients. Surgical technique, indications for the procedure, postoperative complications, and results are reviewed. It is suggested that consideration be made for use of an implantable penile prosthesis in patients with organic or psychogenic impotence unresponsive to other therapeutic techniques.", "contents": "Implantable penile prostheses in impotent males. Surgical experience with thirty-one implantable Silastic penile prostheses in 28 patients is reviewed, with success in all but 2 patients. Surgical technique, indications for the procedure, postoperative complications, and results are reviewed. It is suggested that consideration be made for use of an implantable penile prosthesis in patients with organic or psychogenic impotence unresponsive to other therapeutic techniques.", "PMID": 1114560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4192", "title": "A coital technique for promotion of fertility.", "content": "In selected cases of subfertile men, the first portion of the split ejaculate is superior to the specimen considered as a whole with regard to sperm density, motility, and cytology, and also in those cases in which there is increased seminal viscosity in the whole ejaculate. Use of the coital technique in which the husband withdraws his penis from the vagina after deposition of the better first portion of the ejaculate during the fertile time of the wife's cycle has resulted in rapidly achieving pregnancy in many instances in which the marriages had been barren for years. A total of 33 cases of pregnancy ascribed to this coital technique in the past four years, with detailed analyses of whole and split ejaculates, is presented.", "contents": "A coital technique for promotion of fertility. In selected cases of subfertile men, the first portion of the split ejaculate is superior to the specimen considered as a whole with regard to sperm density, motility, and cytology, and also in those cases in which there is increased seminal viscosity in the whole ejaculate. Use of the coital technique in which the husband withdraws his penis from the vagina after deposition of the better first portion of the ejaculate during the fertile time of the wife's cycle has resulted in rapidly achieving pregnancy in many instances in which the marriages had been barren for years. A total of 33 cases of pregnancy ascribed to this coital technique in the past four years, with detailed analyses of whole and split ejaculates, is presented.", "PMID": 1114561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4193", "title": "Adenocarcinoma of prostate and malignant pericardial effusion.", "content": "A case of widespread adenocarcinoma of the prostate presenting as a symptomatic pericardial effusion is reported. The administration of high doses of estrogen produced a marked objective response in this patient", "contents": "Adenocarcinoma of prostate and malignant pericardial effusion. A case of widespread adenocarcinoma of the prostate presenting as a symptomatic pericardial effusion is reported. The administration of high doses of estrogen produced a marked objective response in this patient", "PMID": 1114562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4194", "title": "Benign mesothelial tumor of bladder.", "content": "Two cases of benign mesothelial tumor of the bladder are presented, one causing urinary retention following surgery for stress incontinence and the other a softball-sized fibroma with a fifteen-year follow-up.", "contents": "Benign mesothelial tumor of bladder. Two cases of benign mesothelial tumor of the bladder are presented, one causing urinary retention following surgery for stress incontinence and the other a softball-sized fibroma with a fifteen-year follow-up.", "PMID": 1114563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4195", "title": "Metastatic disease to kidney from lung.", "content": "Two cases are reported of primary carcinoma of the lung, presenting as tumors of the kidney. It was found that metastases to the kidney from the lung is frequent. It is recommended that in all cases of primary lung carcinoma the kidneys be examined for metastatic disease. If cancer is found and is treatable, the cure rate may be improved with early and aggressive treatment.", "contents": "Metastatic disease to kidney from lung. Two cases are reported of primary carcinoma of the lung, presenting as tumors of the kidney. It was found that metastases to the kidney from the lung is frequent. It is recommended that in all cases of primary lung carcinoma the kidneys be examined for metastatic disease. If cancer is found and is treatable, the cure rate may be improved with early and aggressive treatment.", "PMID": 1114564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4196", "title": "Auto-amputation of penis from carcinoma.", "content": "A case of squamous cell carcinoma of the shaft of the penis leading to auto-amputation is presented. Despite delay in treatment, a good result was obtained following surgical excision.", "contents": "Auto-amputation of penis from carcinoma. A case of squamous cell carcinoma of the shaft of the penis leading to auto-amputation is presented. Despite delay in treatment, a good result was obtained following surgical excision.", "PMID": 1114566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4197", "title": "Accessory urethra with juxtaposed meatus.", "content": "A case report is presented of a juxtaposed urethral meatus and accessory urethra. The need for careful examination of the urethral meatus is emphasized.", "contents": "Accessory urethra with juxtaposed meatus. A case report is presented of a juxtaposed urethral meatus and accessory urethra. The need for careful examination of the urethral meatus is emphasized.", "PMID": 1114567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4198", "title": "Urinary retention and hydronephrosis in a child caused by contact dermatitis of external genitalia.", "content": "Contact dermatitis of the external genitalia is added to the list of entities that can cause urinary retention with hydroureteronephrosis in a child. The urinary tract returned to normal following successful treatment of the acute penile edema with topical and systemic steroids.", "contents": "Urinary retention and hydronephrosis in a child caused by contact dermatitis of external genitalia. Contact dermatitis of the external genitalia is added to the list of entities that can cause urinary retention with hydroureteronephrosis in a child. The urinary tract returned to normal following successful treatment of the acute penile edema with topical and systemic steroids.", "PMID": 1114568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4199", "title": "Transitional cell carcinoma of ileal loop following cystectomy.", "content": "This is the second case reported in the literature involving transitional cell carcinoma in an ileal loop. The case is described and the literature reviewed.", "contents": "Transitional cell carcinoma of ileal loop following cystectomy. This is the second case reported in the literature involving transitional cell carcinoma in an ileal loop. The case is described and the literature reviewed.", "PMID": 1114569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4200", "title": "Urinary incontinence: a challenge and a solution. III. Plication of muscles of deep perineal pouch.", "content": "A new operation, very simple to perform under local anesthesia, is described for urinary incontinence caused by operations on the prostate gland or the bladder neck; satisfactory results have been obtained, with no complications to date. The surgical procedure consists essentially of plication of the external urethral sphincter and other muscles in the deep perineal pouch thereby increasing their tone, which appears to assist the smooth muscle sphincter for urinary continence.", "contents": "Urinary incontinence: a challenge and a solution. III. Plication of muscles of deep perineal pouch. A new operation, very simple to perform under local anesthesia, is described for urinary incontinence caused by operations on the prostate gland or the bladder neck; satisfactory results have been obtained, with no complications to date. The surgical procedure consists essentially of plication of the external urethral sphincter and other muscles in the deep perineal pouch thereby increasing their tone, which appears to assist the smooth muscle sphincter for urinary continence.", "PMID": 1114570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4201", "title": "Orchioblastoma or infantile embryonal carcinoma: pediatric testis tumor.", "content": "A case of orchioblastoma in a two-and-one-half-year-old boy treated with orchiectomy and lymph node dissection is presented. Review of previously reported cases of orchioblastoma and embryonal cell carcinoma in boys reveals that these tumors differ in histologic appearance, but their pathophysiologic behavior and prognosis are similar. As with embryonal cell carcinoma, retroperitoneal lymph node dissection has improved the survival of patients with orchioblastoma.", "contents": "Orchioblastoma or infantile embryonal carcinoma: pediatric testis tumor. A case of orchioblastoma in a two-and-one-half-year-old boy treated with orchiectomy and lymph node dissection is presented. Review of previously reported cases of orchioblastoma and embryonal cell carcinoma in boys reveals that these tumors differ in histologic appearance, but their pathophysiologic behavior and prognosis are similar. As with embryonal cell carcinoma, retroperitoneal lymph node dissection has improved the survival of patients with orchioblastoma.", "PMID": 1114572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4202", "title": "Spermatic granulomas of epididymis.", "content": "This report is of a patient with spontaneous spermatic granuloma of the epididymis, an uncommon condition to occur without antecedent surgery, trauma, or clinical infection.", "contents": "Spermatic granulomas of epididymis. This report is of a patient with spontaneous spermatic granuloma of the epididymis, an uncommon condition to occur without antecedent surgery, trauma, or clinical infection.", "PMID": 1114573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4203", "title": "Congenital renal arteriovenous malformation: angiography in its diagnosis.", "content": "Two patients with renal arteriovenous malformations are presented along with the distinct changes shown by urography, arteriography, and pharmacoangiography. The relevant roentgen signs in such patients include multiple small cobblestone-like identations caused by well-formed vascular channels projecting into the collecting structures, no angiographic or urographic evidence of a mass displacing the intrarenal vessels or collecting structures, normal sized arteries and veins leading to and from the malformation, and a decrease in size of the malformation after intra-arterial infusion of epinephrine. These patients may have flank pain or hematuria later in life or may remain asymptomatic. A complete urographic and angiographic examination will help to determine the appropriate therapy. Corrective surgery is usually reserved for symptomatic patients and, when indicated, require only surgical ligation of the vessels feeding and draining the malformation.", "contents": "Congenital renal arteriovenous malformation: angiography in its diagnosis. Two patients with renal arteriovenous malformations are presented along with the distinct changes shown by urography, arteriography, and pharmacoangiography. The relevant roentgen signs in such patients include multiple small cobblestone-like identations caused by well-formed vascular channels projecting into the collecting structures, no angiographic or urographic evidence of a mass displacing the intrarenal vessels or collecting structures, normal sized arteries and veins leading to and from the malformation, and a decrease in size of the malformation after intra-arterial infusion of epinephrine. These patients may have flank pain or hematuria later in life or may remain asymptomatic. A complete urographic and angiographic examination will help to determine the appropriate therapy. Corrective surgery is usually reserved for symptomatic patients and, when indicated, require only surgical ligation of the vessels feeding and draining the malformation.", "PMID": 1114574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4204", "title": "Influence of anthelmintic treatment on the liveweight of outwintered ewe hoggs.", "content": "Three systems of outwintering ewe hoggs are normally practised on Scottish hill farms. A series of field trials involving some 2000 different animals was conducted to determine the response in liveweight from anthelmintic treatment for roundworms. The results suggest that, under field conditions, a strategic dosing programme using a modern anthelmintic can prevent liveweight loss in ewe hoggs wintered either on the hill or \"inbye\". The best response may be expected from a two dose regime--one in early winter (mid October to mid November) and the other in winter (mid January to mid February). In away-wintered hoggs, the kinder climate, better pssture, and, in the vast majority of cases, less contaminated ground, appear to outweigh the advantages of dosing after the late autumn.", "contents": "Influence of anthelmintic treatment on the liveweight of outwintered ewe hoggs. Three systems of outwintering ewe hoggs are normally practised on Scottish hill farms. A series of field trials involving some 2000 different animals was conducted to determine the response in liveweight from anthelmintic treatment for roundworms. The results suggest that, under field conditions, a strategic dosing programme using a modern anthelmintic can prevent liveweight loss in ewe hoggs wintered either on the hill or \"inbye\". The best response may be expected from a two dose regime--one in early winter (mid October to mid November) and the other in winter (mid January to mid February). In away-wintered hoggs, the kinder climate, better pssture, and, in the vast majority of cases, less contaminated ground, appear to outweigh the advantages of dosing after the late autumn.", "PMID": 1114624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4205", "title": "Early pregnancy diagnosis in cattle.", "content": "Progesterone concentrations in peripheral plasma and in milk were determined by competitive protein-binding assay each day throughout the oestrous cycle of heifers and a dairy cow and also in animals after insemination. The accuracy of detecting and forecasting pregnancy and non-pregnancy was assessed in studies involving blood-sampling of heifers on the 20th and 23rd day after artificial insemination, and milk sampling of cows on the 21st and 24th day after mating. The high degree of accuracy obtained using this procedure for an early pregnancy diagnosis would be particularly useful in herds involved in a controlled breeding programme.", "contents": "Early pregnancy diagnosis in cattle. Progesterone concentrations in peripheral plasma and in milk were determined by competitive protein-binding assay each day throughout the oestrous cycle of heifers and a dairy cow and also in animals after insemination. The accuracy of detecting and forecasting pregnancy and non-pregnancy was assessed in studies involving blood-sampling of heifers on the 20th and 23rd day after artificial insemination, and milk sampling of cows on the 21st and 24th day after mating. The high degree of accuracy obtained using this procedure for an early pregnancy diagnosis would be particularly useful in herds involved in a controlled breeding programme.", "PMID": 1114632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4206", "title": "Pregnancy failure induced by human chorionic gonadotrophin in pony mares.", "content": "Ten pregnant Welsh pony mares were each treated with a series of three intravenous injections of 2000 iu human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) on alternate days.  In four mares the first dose was given before the 39th day of gestation and conceptual loss followed treatments in all mares.  The other six mares were first treated between the 40th and 97th days.  No conceptual loss occurred despite five of the mares being given a fourth dose of HCG. Two mares first treated on days 36 and 38 of pregnancy subsequently produced PMSG although foetal death had occurred.", "contents": "Pregnancy failure induced by human chorionic gonadotrophin in pony mares. Ten pregnant Welsh pony mares were each treated with a series of three intravenous injections of 2000 iu human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) on alternate days.  In four mares the first dose was given before the 39th day of gestation and conceptual loss followed treatments in all mares.  The other six mares were first treated between the 40th and 97th days.  No conceptual loss occurred despite five of the mares being given a fourth dose of HCG. Two mares first treated on days 36 and 38 of pregnancy subsequently produced PMSG although foetal death had occurred.", "PMID": 1114640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4207", "title": "Salmonella excretion by terrapins and the associated hazard to human health.", "content": "The isolation of Salmonella java (phage type Worksop) from the water of a terrapin tank is described.  Two terrapins excreted the organism throughout a nine month observation period.  Attention is drawn to recent reports of human illness associated with these animals kept as domestic pets.", "contents": "Salmonella excretion by terrapins and the associated hazard to human health. The isolation of Salmonella java (phage type Worksop) from the water of a terrapin tank is described.  Two terrapins excreted the organism throughout a nine month observation period.  Attention is drawn to recent reports of human illness associated with these animals kept as domestic pets.", "PMID": 1114641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4208", "title": "Newcastle disease antibody levels in chickens after vaccination with oil emulsion adjuvant killed vaccine.", "content": "Chicks vaccinated with live Hitchner B1 Newcastle disease vaccine at 17 days old and subsequently re-vaccinated with an oil emulsion killed Newcastle disease vaccine at either 38 or 52 days old showed high and persistent HAI antibody levels for at least eight months. Re-vaccination of these birds at 17 weeks old caused a further rise in antibody level to log212 which, even at 38 weeks, had dropped only to log210. Chicken primarily vaccinated with oil emulsion killed vaccine at six weeks old developed HAI antibody levels after four to five weeks of log29 which re-vaccination four weeks later increased to log211. Chicken given killed aluminium hydroxide adjuvant Newcastle disease vaccine were serologically HAI negative 13 weeks after vaccination while those given the oil emulsion vaccine still showed an antibody level of log28. Groups of birds inoculated with oil emulsion vaccine and then, at 20 weeks old, challenged with virulent Newcastle disease showed a 100 per cent survival rate. The particular merits of oil emulsion killed Newcastle disease vaccine for laying and breeding birds are discussed.", "contents": "Newcastle disease antibody levels in chickens after vaccination with oil emulsion adjuvant killed vaccine. Chicks vaccinated with live Hitchner B1 Newcastle disease vaccine at 17 days old and subsequently re-vaccinated with an oil emulsion killed Newcastle disease vaccine at either 38 or 52 days old showed high and persistent HAI antibody levels for at least eight months. Re-vaccination of these birds at 17 weeks old caused a further rise in antibody level to log212 which, even at 38 weeks, had dropped only to log210. Chicken primarily vaccinated with oil emulsion killed vaccine at six weeks old developed HAI antibody levels after four to five weeks of log29 which re-vaccination four weeks later increased to log211. Chicken given killed aluminium hydroxide adjuvant Newcastle disease vaccine were serologically HAI negative 13 weeks after vaccination while those given the oil emulsion vaccine still showed an antibody level of log28. Groups of birds inoculated with oil emulsion vaccine and then, at 20 weeks old, challenged with virulent Newcastle disease showed a 100 per cent survival rate. The particular merits of oil emulsion killed Newcastle disease vaccine for laying and breeding birds are discussed.", "PMID": 1114647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4209", "title": "A and B and A1Leb substances in glycosphingolipid fractions of human serum.", "content": "A and B and A1Leb substances were adsorbed onto red cells exposed to glycosphingolipid fractions prepared from the serum of group A and B and A1,Le(a minus b plus) donors. Group O cells exposed to fractions prepared from the serum of group A or B donors were agglutinated by an IgM cross-reacting antibody present in some group O sera. Cells exposed to fractions from A1,Le(a minus b plus) serum were agglutinated by anti-A1Leb. The amount of A substance in the fractions was related to the A subtype (A1 or A2) and to the Lewis and secretor phenotype of the donor. The uptake of blood-group substances from the lipid fractions was inhibited by the addition of whole serum to the fractions.", "contents": "A and B and A1Leb substances in glycosphingolipid fractions of human serum. A and B and A1Leb substances were adsorbed onto red cells exposed to glycosphingolipid fractions prepared from the serum of group A and B and A1,Le(a minus b plus) donors. Group O cells exposed to fractions prepared from the serum of group A or B donors were agglutinated by an IgM cross-reacting antibody present in some group O sera. Cells exposed to fractions from A1,Le(a minus b plus) serum were agglutinated by anti-A1Leb. The amount of A substance in the fractions was related to the A subtype (A1 or A2) and to the Lewis and secretor phenotype of the donor. The uptake of blood-group substances from the lipid fractions was inhibited by the addition of whole serum to the fractions.", "PMID": 1114783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4210", "title": "Complement fixing and lymphocytotoxic antibodies in serum of pregnant women at delivery. IV. Serology.", "content": "The paper concerns 275 sera of pregnant women at delivery containing complement fixing platelet antibodies (CFPAb) and/or lymphocytotoxic antibodies (LCTAb). 79 sera contained operationally monospecific antibodies against platelets and/or lymphocytes. 10 sera had only CFPAb, 4 of these were C-fix anti-A. 41 sera had CFPAb and LCTAb, 18 of these were monospecific against platelets and/or lymphocytes. In 224 sera only LCTAb could be demonstrated, 57 were monospecific. Furthermore in 8 of 258 primigravidae, screened for LCTAb 6 months post partum antibodies were detected. Generally the antibodies present at delivery had disappeared or narrowed, but in 3 cases the antibodies were detectable only in the postpartum sample.", "contents": "Complement fixing and lymphocytotoxic antibodies in serum of pregnant women at delivery. IV. Serology. The paper concerns 275 sera of pregnant women at delivery containing complement fixing platelet antibodies (CFPAb) and/or lymphocytotoxic antibodies (LCTAb). 79 sera contained operationally monospecific antibodies against platelets and/or lymphocytes. 10 sera had only CFPAb, 4 of these were C-fix anti-A. 41 sera had CFPAb and LCTAb, 18 of these were monospecific against platelets and/or lymphocytes. In 224 sera only LCTAb could be demonstrated, 57 were monospecific. Furthermore in 8 of 258 primigravidae, screened for LCTAb 6 months post partum antibodies were detected. Generally the antibodies present at delivery had disappeared or narrowed, but in 3 cases the antibodies were detectable only in the postpartum sample.", "PMID": 1114784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4211", "title": "Histocompatibility antigens in leprosy.", "content": "Results of HL-A typing are presented in 82 patients with leprosy and 50 normal Filipinos from Cebu, and 144 normal Filipino immigrants from the Luzon area. Comparisons of HL-A antigen frequencies among the total patients and normals of Cebu showed no statistically significant differences; however, HL-A10 was increased in frequency among the patients with lepromatous disease compared to the normals, and HL-A5 was increased among the tuberculoid patients compared to the lepromatous patients. None of these comparisons was statistically significant when corrected for the number of antigens tested. Comparisons of HL-A antigen frequencies between normal Filipinos of the Cebu and Luzon regions showed increased W-5 in the Luzon population (corrected p smaller than 0.025).", "contents": "Histocompatibility antigens in leprosy. Results of HL-A typing are presented in 82 patients with leprosy and 50 normal Filipinos from Cebu, and 144 normal Filipino immigrants from the Luzon area. Comparisons of HL-A antigen frequencies among the total patients and normals of Cebu showed no statistically significant differences; however, HL-A10 was increased in frequency among the patients with lepromatous disease compared to the normals, and HL-A5 was increased among the tuberculoid patients compared to the lepromatous patients. None of these comparisons was statistically significant when corrected for the number of antigens tested. Comparisons of HL-A antigen frequencies between normal Filipinos of the Cebu and Luzon regions showed increased W-5 in the Luzon population (corrected p smaller than 0.025).", "PMID": 1114785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4212", "title": "Double heterozygosity for hemoglobin Camden (beta 131 Gln yields Glu) and hemoglobin S in an American negro.", "content": "A hemoglobin variant with the slightly fast mobility associated with K hemoglobins was found, together with hemoglobin S, in an apparently healthy 3-year-old Negro girl from Washington, D.C. Her father had the same variant, along with hemoglobin A, and her mother had hemoglobins A plus S. Respective proportions of hemoglobins K and S in the propositus were 66-34. The K variant now has been found to have the structural change Gln yields Glu at position beta-131 (beta-H9); therefore it apparently is identical to hemoglobin Camden reported in trait form in a Negro subject by YATES, BELLINGHAM and HUEHNS (Nature 243: 467-468, 1973).", "contents": "Double heterozygosity for hemoglobin Camden (beta 131 Gln yields Glu) and hemoglobin S in an American negro. A hemoglobin variant with the slightly fast mobility associated with K hemoglobins was found, together with hemoglobin S, in an apparently healthy 3-year-old Negro girl from Washington, D.C. Her father had the same variant, along with hemoglobin A, and her mother had hemoglobins A plus S. Respective proportions of hemoglobins K and S in the propositus were 66-34. The K variant now has been found to have the structural change Gln yields Glu at position beta-131 (beta-H9); therefore it apparently is identical to hemoglobin Camden reported in trait form in a Negro subject by YATES, BELLINGHAM and HUEHNS (Nature 243: 467-468, 1973).", "PMID": 1114786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4213", "title": "Agglutination kinetics. A method for quantitative red cell antigen assays.", "content": "A simple, sensitive and highly reproducible method is described using a particle counting procedure for the study of agglutination percentage of red cells as a function of time. The method may advantageously be used for the current study of zygosity and other antigenic variations especially in family investigation.", "contents": "Agglutination kinetics. A method for quantitative red cell antigen assays. A simple, sensitive and highly reproducible method is described using a particle counting procedure for the study of agglutination percentage of red cells as a function of time. The method may advantageously be used for the current study of zygosity and other antigenic variations especially in family investigation.", "PMID": 1114787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4214", "title": "Over 95 per cent sensitization against allogeneic leukocytes following single massive blood transfusion.", "content": "The development and persistence of leukoagglutinating and lymphocytotoxic alloantibodies were systematically studied in 54 patients who had received single massive blood transfusions because of open-heart surgery. Of these patients over 95% were sensitized when tested for both leukoagglutinins and lymphocytotoxins, whereas 74% were found to be immunized when searched for cytotoxic antibodies only. The optimal time for detecting antibodies was 2 weeks after blood transfusions.", "contents": "Over 95 per cent sensitization against allogeneic leukocytes following single massive blood transfusion. The development and persistence of leukoagglutinating and lymphocytotoxic alloantibodies were systematically studied in 54 patients who had received single massive blood transfusions because of open-heart surgery. Of these patients over 95% were sensitized when tested for both leukoagglutinins and lymphocytotoxins, whereas 74% were found to be immunized when searched for cytotoxic antibodies only. The optimal time for detecting antibodies was 2 weeks after blood transfusions.", "PMID": 1114788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4215", "title": "Antibody to vaccinia. II. Prevalence in blood donors.", "content": "3.6% of sera from random blood donors were found to contain antibody to vaccinia antigen(s) when screened by IEOP. Antibodies of the strength previously suggested as suitable for use in the preparation of anti-vaccinia immune globulin (titre 2 or more) were only found in revaccinated donors, especially but not exclusively those bled within about 3 months of last vaccination.", "contents": "Antibody to vaccinia. II. Prevalence in blood donors. 3.6% of sera from random blood donors were found to contain antibody to vaccinia antigen(s) when screened by IEOP. Antibodies of the strength previously suggested as suitable for use in the preparation of anti-vaccinia immune globulin (titre 2 or more) were only found in revaccinated donors, especially but not exclusively those bled within about 3 months of last vaccination.", "PMID": 1114789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4216", "title": "Incidence of hepatitis associated antigen HAA and homologous antibody in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "The authors have studied the incidence of hepatitis associated antigen (HAA) and the homologous antibody in sera of patients with rheumatoid arthritis on the basis of (1) arthritis sometimes associated with viral hepatitis, (2) the possible infectious etiology of rheumatoid arthritis, and (3) observation on the possible pathogenetic role of HAA in some cases of polyarteritis nodosa. The presence of HAA and antibody titer gave constantly negative results in all subjects examined with the exception of one case which showed no signs of serological or histological hepatic involvement. On the basis of the results obtained, the negligible role of HAA in the etiopathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis is underlined. However, the authors emphasize as suggestive the hypothesis that the characteristic histopathological alterations of rheumatoid arthritis may be mediated by an immunological reaction toward an infectious agent other than HAA, but operating through mechanisms similar to those of HAA in polyarteritis nodosa.", "contents": "Incidence of hepatitis associated antigen HAA and homologous antibody in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The authors have studied the incidence of hepatitis associated antigen (HAA) and the homologous antibody in sera of patients with rheumatoid arthritis on the basis of (1) arthritis sometimes associated with viral hepatitis, (2) the possible infectious etiology of rheumatoid arthritis, and (3) observation on the possible pathogenetic role of HAA in some cases of polyarteritis nodosa. The presence of HAA and antibody titer gave constantly negative results in all subjects examined with the exception of one case which showed no signs of serological or histological hepatic involvement. On the basis of the results obtained, the negligible role of HAA in the etiopathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis is underlined. However, the authors emphasize as suggestive the hypothesis that the characteristic histopathological alterations of rheumatoid arthritis may be mediated by an immunological reaction toward an infectious agent other than HAA, but operating through mechanisms similar to those of HAA in polyarteritis nodosa.", "PMID": 1114790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4217", "title": "Reactions of erythrocyte glycoproteins and their degradation products with various anti-I sera.", "content": "Three fractions of erythrocyte glycoproteins obtained from Sepharose 4-B chromatography were tested for I activity with ten serologically differentiated anti-I sera. The most active was fraction I, eluted at the void volume and containing the lowest amount of alkali-labile oligosaccharide chains. The desialization of glycoproteins increased their activity toward anti-I-s and anti-I-D sera, and did not change or decreased the activity toward anti-I-F sera. The most abundant fraction II (major sialoglycoprotein of erythrocyte membranes) showed no or only a very weak I activity, but I-active glycopeptides were isolated from products of digestion of fraction II with trypsin. The major product of digestion, sialoglycopeptide IIT-2 showed I activity only after alkaline elimination of alkali-labile oligosaccharide chains. The results indicate  that I receptors are present in hindered form on apparently I-inactive components of erythrocyte membrane.", "contents": "Reactions of erythrocyte glycoproteins and their degradation products with various anti-I sera. Three fractions of erythrocyte glycoproteins obtained from Sepharose 4-B chromatography were tested for I activity with ten serologically differentiated anti-I sera. The most active was fraction I, eluted at the void volume and containing the lowest amount of alkali-labile oligosaccharide chains. The desialization of glycoproteins increased their activity toward anti-I-s and anti-I-D sera, and did not change or decreased the activity toward anti-I-F sera. The most abundant fraction II (major sialoglycoprotein of erythrocyte membranes) showed no or only a very weak I activity, but I-active glycopeptides were isolated from products of digestion of fraction II with trypsin. The major product of digestion, sialoglycopeptide IIT-2 showed I activity only after alkaline elimination of alkali-labile oligosaccharide chains. The results indicate  that I receptors are present in hindered form on apparently I-inactive components of erythrocyte membrane.", "PMID": 1114791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4218", "title": "Separable anti-Hut which is specific for class II of the Miltenberger complex.", "content": "Two examples of anti-Hut which is specific for cell class II of the Miltenberger complex were found by simple absorption test of previously called 'anti-Mi-a'.", "contents": "Separable anti-Hut which is specific for class II of the Miltenberger complex. Two examples of anti-Hut which is specific for cell class II of the Miltenberger complex were found by simple absorption test of previously called 'anti-Mi-a'.", "PMID": 1114792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4219", "title": "Studies on the Miltenberger complex frequency in Thailand and family studies.", "content": "In studies of Thai blood donors, 243 of 2,500 subjects (9.7%) were Mi-a positive. All but two were of class Mi -II. Family studies established that Mi III is probably inherited as an autosomal dominant character and usually accompanies the Ms gene complex of the MNSs blood group system.", "contents": "Studies on the Miltenberger complex frequency in Thailand and family studies. In studies of Thai blood donors, 243 of 2,500 subjects (9.7%) were Mi-a positive. All but two were of class Mi -II. Family studies established that Mi III is probably inherited as an autosomal dominant character and usually accompanies the Ms gene complex of the MNSs blood group system.", "PMID": 1114793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4220", "title": "Removal of leucocytes from whole blood and erythrocyte suspensions by filtration through cotton wool. IV. Immunization studies in rabbits.", "content": "Hetero-immunization experiments in rabbits were performed to evaluate the quantity of leucocyte antigens present in red cell suspensions prepared by the filtration method of DIEPENHORST et al., in which no intact leucocytes could be detected. It was found that the quantity of leucocyte antigens is smallest in blood filtered immediately after taking. More leucocyte-antigenic material seems to be present in blood that is filtered after storage and in frozen-thawed red cell suspensions. Evidence was obtained that granulocyte-specific antigens are more strongly immunogenic in the rabbit than lymphocyte-specific antigens or antigens common to both cells.", "contents": "Removal of leucocytes from whole blood and erythrocyte suspensions by filtration through cotton wool. IV. Immunization studies in rabbits. Hetero-immunization experiments in rabbits were performed to evaluate the quantity of leucocyte antigens present in red cell suspensions prepared by the filtration method of DIEPENHORST et al., in which no intact leucocytes could be detected. It was found that the quantity of leucocyte antigens is smallest in blood filtered immediately after taking. More leucocyte-antigenic material seems to be present in blood that is filtered after storage and in frozen-thawed red cell suspensions. Evidence was obtained that granulocyte-specific antigens are more strongly immunogenic in the rabbit than lymphocyte-specific antigens or antigens common to both cells.", "PMID": 1114794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4221", "title": "Alternatives to freeze-drying for the removal of ethanol from plasma proteins. II. Gel filtration of albumin.", "content": "Removal of ethanol from highly concentrated solutions of human albumin (Cohn fraction V) by gel filtration on Sephadex G-25 is hindered by the contraction of the gel in ethanolic solution, by incomplete retardation of ethanol compared with other low MW solutes, and by restricted diffusion of ethanol from the albumin zone. Despite these obstacles, the hourly capacity of such gel filtration columns, for approximately 100-fold reduction of ethanol concentration, may exceed 0.06 kg albumin per litre of column volume. The gel can be used safely at 5 degrees C for several years. The ethanol content of the final product is higher than that achieved by vacuum distillation, and it may be desirable to operate the two techniques sequentially.", "contents": "Alternatives to freeze-drying for the removal of ethanol from plasma proteins. II. Gel filtration of albumin. Removal of ethanol from highly concentrated solutions of human albumin (Cohn fraction V) by gel filtration on Sephadex G-25 is hindered by the contraction of the gel in ethanolic solution, by incomplete retardation of ethanol compared with other low MW solutes, and by restricted diffusion of ethanol from the albumin zone. Despite these obstacles, the hourly capacity of such gel filtration columns, for approximately 100-fold reduction of ethanol concentration, may exceed 0.06 kg albumin per litre of column volume. The gel can be used safely at 5 degrees C for several years. The ethanol content of the final product is higher than that achieved by vacuum distillation, and it may be desirable to operate the two techniques sequentially.", "PMID": 1114795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4222", "title": "Evaluation before thoracotomy.", "content": "When a thoracotomy is being considered, the physician must first determine whether the lesion is potentially resectable. However, an equally important decision is whether the patient can tolerate pulmonary resection if there are other serious underlying medical problems. In any patient with signs or symptoms of pulmonary disease, a spirogram, arterial blood gas study and electrocardiogram should be done as part of the routine preoperative evaluation. The detection of abnormal pulmonary function should prompt preoperative institution of respiratory care to optimize maximally a patient's cardiorespiratory status before operation. If any of several indicators of a high risk of postoperative cardiopulmonary problems are found, split pulmonary function studies should be done to determine whether the lung remaining after resection will have adequate ventilation and perfusion. Xenon radiospirometry is preferable to bronchospirometry and right heart catheterization because of its noninvasiveness. Resection should not be undertaken in the presence of a predicted postoperative forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV(1)) less than 0.8 liter, an arterial carbon dioxide partial pressure (PaCO(2)) greater than 45 mm of mercury or Xenon scans which show poor ventilation/perfusion ( V/ Q) matchup in what would be the remaining lung after resection. A case is reported which shows the value of this approach to preoperative evaluation in determining the risk of postoperative problems.", "contents": "Evaluation before thoracotomy. When a thoracotomy is being considered, the physician must first determine whether the lesion is potentially resectable. However, an equally important decision is whether the patient can tolerate pulmonary resection if there are other serious underlying medical problems. In any patient with signs or symptoms of pulmonary disease, a spirogram, arterial blood gas study and electrocardiogram should be done as part of the routine preoperative evaluation. The detection of abnormal pulmonary function should prompt preoperative institution of respiratory care to optimize maximally a patient's cardiorespiratory status before operation. If any of several indicators of a high risk of postoperative cardiopulmonary problems are found, split pulmonary function studies should be done to determine whether the lung remaining after resection will have adequate ventilation and perfusion. Xenon radiospirometry is preferable to bronchospirometry and right heart catheterization because of its noninvasiveness. Resection should not be undertaken in the presence of a predicted postoperative forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV(1)) less than 0.8 liter, an arterial carbon dioxide partial pressure (PaCO(2)) greater than 45 mm of mercury or Xenon scans which show poor ventilation/perfusion ( V/ Q) matchup in what would be the remaining lung after resection. A case is reported which shows the value of this approach to preoperative evaluation in determining the risk of postoperative problems.", "PMID": 1114796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4223", "title": "Flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy. Anesthesia, technique and results.", "content": "During a period of three years, 256 diagnostic bronchoscopies were done with flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopes at a Veterans Administration hospital. In all of these procedures, topical cocaine hydrochloride anesthesia was used, and it proved satisfactory and free of any undesirable side effects. The peroral route using an endotracheal tube is preferred for flexible bronchofiberscopy. Fluoroscopic guidance is essential in examining peripheral lung lesions. A 70 percent positive yield was obtained for patients with peripheral carcinoma of the lung as contrasted to a 47 percent yield when the tissue specimens were obtained blindly.", "contents": "Flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy. Anesthesia, technique and results. During a period of three years, 256 diagnostic bronchoscopies were done with flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopes at a Veterans Administration hospital. In all of these procedures, topical cocaine hydrochloride anesthesia was used, and it proved satisfactory and free of any undesirable side effects. The peroral route using an endotracheal tube is preferred for flexible bronchofiberscopy. Fluoroscopic guidance is essential in examining peripheral lung lesions. A 70 percent positive yield was obtained for patients with peripheral carcinoma of the lung as contrasted to a 47 percent yield when the tissue specimens were obtained blindly.", "PMID": 1114797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4224", "title": "Screening for skin cancer at a county fair.", "content": "Six skin cancer detection clinics were held at a county fair booth in Turlock, California during August, 1973. Examination of sun-exposed skin areas in 605 people showed potential skin cancer in 28.6 percent of people 25 years of age or older. Of the people examined, 135 were referred to their own physicians for follow-up diagnosis and treatment of skin lesions.", "contents": "Screening for skin cancer at a county fair. Six skin cancer detection clinics were held at a county fair booth in Turlock, California during August, 1973. Examination of sun-exposed skin areas in 605 people showed potential skin cancer in 28.6 percent of people 25 years of age or older. Of the people examined, 135 were referred to their own physicians for follow-up diagnosis and treatment of skin lesions.", "PMID": 1114798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4225", "title": "Introduced schistosomiasis. Evaluation as a public health hazard.", "content": "Schistosomiasis was found in many agricultural workers from Yemen who are residing in the San Joaquin Valley, and a study was done to evaluate the public health hazard of this imported disease. If the necessary intermediate hosts are present, a local focus of infection could be established. Numerous Biomphalaria obstructa snails collected in the vicinity of the Avenue 82 irrigation canal near Oasis, Riverside County, showed no evidence of natural schistosome infection. Laboratory-reared offspring of these snails were exposed to miracidia of Schistosoma mansoni originating from Yemen immigrants and to miracidia from a standard laboratory strain of Puerto Rican origin obtained from the National Institutes of Health. All exposures of California B. obstructa were made with a laboratory stock of highly susceptible B. glabrata snails also obtained from NIH as controls. Although miracidia penetrated California snails no evidence of infection was detected whereas the B. glabrata controls showed normal, mature infections with numerous cercariae.There appears little likelihood that B. obstructa can serve as intermediate host for schistosomiasis.", "contents": "Introduced schistosomiasis. Evaluation as a public health hazard. Schistosomiasis was found in many agricultural workers from Yemen who are residing in the San Joaquin Valley, and a study was done to evaluate the public health hazard of this imported disease. If the necessary intermediate hosts are present, a local focus of infection could be established. Numerous Biomphalaria obstructa snails collected in the vicinity of the Avenue 82 irrigation canal near Oasis, Riverside County, showed no evidence of natural schistosome infection. Laboratory-reared offspring of these snails were exposed to miracidia of Schistosoma mansoni originating from Yemen immigrants and to miracidia from a standard laboratory strain of Puerto Rican origin obtained from the National Institutes of Health. All exposures of California B. obstructa were made with a laboratory stock of highly susceptible B. glabrata snails also obtained from NIH as controls. Although miracidia penetrated California snails no evidence of infection was detected whereas the B. glabrata controls showed normal, mature infections with numerous cercariae.There appears little likelihood that B. obstructa can serve as intermediate host for schistosomiasis.", "PMID": 1114799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4226", "title": "Health hazard appraisal in patient counseling.", "content": "A program of annual health examinations was expanded to include counseling based on a computerized appraisal of individual patients' specific health hazard factors. Data obtained from a specially designed questionnaire, laboratory tests and a physical examination yielded a printout showing a number of weighted risk factors and their relation to ten leading causes of death as determined for that patient. From all of this information, a risk (\"apparent\") age was developed for the patient. The results were reviewed with each patient, and methods of correcting health hazards were stressed. A total of 488 persons were appraised, and 107 were randomly reappraised in less than a year, with the finding that the net risk age was reduced by 1.4 years. Such a reduction in risk age is significant; it indicates that appraisal-based counseling is an effective method of altering priorities of health practices.", "contents": "Health hazard appraisal in patient counseling. A program of annual health examinations was expanded to include counseling based on a computerized appraisal of individual patients' specific health hazard factors. Data obtained from a specially designed questionnaire, laboratory tests and a physical examination yielded a printout showing a number of weighted risk factors and their relation to ten leading causes of death as determined for that patient. From all of this information, a risk (\"apparent\") age was developed for the patient. The results were reviewed with each patient, and methods of correcting health hazards were stressed. A total of 488 persons were appraised, and 107 were randomly reappraised in less than a year, with the finding that the net risk age was reduced by 1.4 years. Such a reduction in risk age is significant; it indicates that appraisal-based counseling is an effective method of altering priorities of health practices.", "PMID": 1114813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4227", "title": "Diagnosis of carcinoma and benign cysts of the breast. The value of needle aspiration.", "content": "Diagnosis of solid breast masses by needle aspiration with cytological examination of the aspirate has been practiced for some time in several centers in this country and abroad. It has been proposed as an alternative to the conventional excisional biopsy for the diagnosis of carcinoma of the breast. At the same time, simple needle aspiration of benign cysts as an office procedure has gained new favor as a means of proving the presence of benign disease at the first office visit and thus avoiding the loss of time, and the expense and worry of surgical excision in a hospital. From a review of the reliability and practical usefulness of both methods, it is concluded that aspiration biopsy for the diagnosis of carcinoma is less reliable than conventional excisional biopsy and offers very little practical advantage. Simple aspiration of cysts, on the other hand, appears to offer a true saving of time, expense and worry, and to be a reliable method, if used properly.", "contents": "Diagnosis of carcinoma and benign cysts of the breast. The value of needle aspiration. Diagnosis of solid breast masses by needle aspiration with cytological examination of the aspirate has been practiced for some time in several centers in this country and abroad. It has been proposed as an alternative to the conventional excisional biopsy for the diagnosis of carcinoma of the breast. At the same time, simple needle aspiration of benign cysts as an office procedure has gained new favor as a means of proving the presence of benign disease at the first office visit and thus avoiding the loss of time, and the expense and worry of surgical excision in a hospital. From a review of the reliability and practical usefulness of both methods, it is concluded that aspiration biopsy for the diagnosis of carcinoma is less reliable than conventional excisional biopsy and offers very little practical advantage. Simple aspiration of cysts, on the other hand, appears to offer a true saving of time, expense and worry, and to be a reliable method, if used properly.", "PMID": 1114816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4228", "title": "[Diagnostic problems in the sinus node syndrome].", "content": "The sick sinus syndrome includes numerous arrhythmias due to various functional disorders of the sinus node, the atria and the A-V junctional tissue. These disturbances of impulse formation and conduction involve many diagnostic problems. If clinical methods as ECG monitoring are of no help, provocative tests are indicated. The best indirect test of the sinus node activity is the measurement of the sinus node recovery time after overdrive suppression. In addition, the sinu-atrial conduction time, the conduction velocity within the right atrium, the A-V node and the His-Purkinje system can be measured. In patients with the sick sinus syndrome abnormalities of conduction in the specialized cardiac tissue are common in addition to sinus node dysfunction. The results of the provocative tests are important for drug therapy or pacemaker implantation.", "contents": "[Diagnostic problems in the sinus node syndrome]. The sick sinus syndrome includes numerous arrhythmias due to various functional disorders of the sinus node, the atria and the A-V junctional tissue. These disturbances of impulse formation and conduction involve many diagnostic problems. If clinical methods as ECG monitoring are of no help, provocative tests are indicated. The best indirect test of the sinus node activity is the measurement of the sinus node recovery time after overdrive suppression. In addition, the sinu-atrial conduction time, the conduction velocity within the right atrium, the A-V node and the His-Purkinje system can be measured. In patients with the sick sinus syndrome abnormalities of conduction in the specialized cardiac tissue are common in addition to sinus node dysfunction. The results of the provocative tests are important for drug therapy or pacemaker implantation.", "PMID": 1114858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4229", "title": "[Atrioventricular conduction in the Lown-Ganong-Levine syndrome].", "content": "In 18 patients with LGL-syndrome His bundle electrography and atrial pacing were performed. In all cases the atrial conduction time was normal, the H-V interval within the lower limit (36 msec). The A-H interval was significantly shortened (58 msec). During rapid atrial pacing four different patterns of reaction could be distinguished: 1) A-H interval unchanged (1 case). 2) Sudden prolongation of the A-H interval at a critical rate (4 cases). 3) Continuous prolongation of the A-H time according to the driving frequency (9 cases). 4) Marked delay and block (4 cases). Verapamil had only little or no effect on the A-H interval in these patients. The results indicate, that only in a few cases with LGL-syndrome the shortened A-H time is due to a James bundle bypassing completely the A-V node.", "contents": "[Atrioventricular conduction in the Lown-Ganong-Levine syndrome]. In 18 patients with LGL-syndrome His bundle electrography and atrial pacing were performed. In all cases the atrial conduction time was normal, the H-V interval within the lower limit (36 msec). The A-H interval was significantly shortened (58 msec). During rapid atrial pacing four different patterns of reaction could be distinguished: 1) A-H interval unchanged (1 case). 2) Sudden prolongation of the A-H interval at a critical rate (4 cases). 3) Continuous prolongation of the A-H time according to the driving frequency (9 cases). 4) Marked delay and block (4 cases). Verapamil had only little or no effect on the A-H interval in these patients. The results indicate, that only in a few cases with LGL-syndrome the shortened A-H time is due to a James bundle bypassing completely the A-V node.", "PMID": 1114859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4230", "title": "[Significance of atrial stimulation in the diagnosis and therapy of rhythm and latent conduction disorders of the heart].", "content": "Temporary atrial pacings were carried out at several sorts of heart blocks on diagnostic and curing purpose. The proceedings can be useful to detect the latent blocks with different etiology and to set up the indication of permanent pacemaker implantation.", "contents": "[Significance of atrial stimulation in the diagnosis and therapy of rhythm and latent conduction disorders of the heart]. Temporary atrial pacings were carried out at several sorts of heart blocks on diagnostic and curing purpose. The proceedings can be useful to detect the latent blocks with different etiology and to set up the indication of permanent pacemaker implantation.", "PMID": 1114860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4231", "title": "[Pathogenesis of acquired coronary anomalies. Case report].", "content": "The heart of a 44 years old man who died of a severe calcifying endocarditis of the aortic valves and the aortic root demonstrated a rare anomaly of the coronary arteries. The ostium and the stem of the left coronary artery were missing. In the left aortic sinus there was a small dimple covered by calcified tissue. Using histological serial sections a small vessel was detected that was completely obliterated by organized thrombotic tissue running between the small dimple in the aortic sinus and the main branches of the left coronary artery. This vessel was supposed to be the remaining stem of the left coronary artery. The regular branches of the left coronary artery were supplied by an anastomosis between the proximal part of the right coronary artery and the descending branch of the left coronary artery running within the upper interventricular septum. It has been suggested that this rare anomaly was caused by a gradual obliteration of the ostium and the stem of the left coronary artery during the course of the calcifying rheumatic endocarditis of the aortic valves.", "contents": "[Pathogenesis of acquired coronary anomalies. Case report]. The heart of a 44 years old man who died of a severe calcifying endocarditis of the aortic valves and the aortic root demonstrated a rare anomaly of the coronary arteries. The ostium and the stem of the left coronary artery were missing. In the left aortic sinus there was a small dimple covered by calcified tissue. Using histological serial sections a small vessel was detected that was completely obliterated by organized thrombotic tissue running between the small dimple in the aortic sinus and the main branches of the left coronary artery. This vessel was supposed to be the remaining stem of the left coronary artery. The regular branches of the left coronary artery were supplied by an anastomosis between the proximal part of the right coronary artery and the descending branch of the left coronary artery running within the upper interventricular septum. It has been suggested that this rare anomaly was caused by a gradual obliteration of the ostium and the stem of the left coronary artery during the course of the calcifying rheumatic endocarditis of the aortic valves.", "PMID": 1114861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4232", "title": "[Ultrasonic cardiographic studies of heart size in atrial septal defect, combined mitral and aortic valve disease].", "content": "27 patients with following diagnoses were examined by ultrasound: ASD; Aortic valve disease; Mitral valve disease with predominant insufficiency; Mitral stenosis; right heart failure; patients without evidence of cardiac disease. The right ventricular dimension (RVD Index) was assessed representing the distance between the right ventricular epicardial echoes and echoes from the right side of the interventricular septum divided by the patient's body surface area, analogue measurements were done to obtain the left ventricular dimension (LVD Index). The ratio from LVD to RVD was calculated. The motion of the interventricular septum was classified as Normal, Abnormal A and Abnormal B, according to known criteria. Three groups of patients could be differentiated: Patients without cardiac disease; Patients with right ventricular enlargement and ASD; Patients with left ventricular enlargement with aortic and mitral valve disease. In patients with cardiac enlargement, echocardiography provides better information concerning the ratio of the left ventricular to the right ventricular diameter compared to a routine chest X ray.", "contents": "[Ultrasonic cardiographic studies of heart size in atrial septal defect, combined mitral and aortic valve disease]. 27 patients with following diagnoses were examined by ultrasound: ASD; Aortic valve disease; Mitral valve disease with predominant insufficiency; Mitral stenosis; right heart failure; patients without evidence of cardiac disease. The right ventricular dimension (RVD Index) was assessed representing the distance between the right ventricular epicardial echoes and echoes from the right side of the interventricular septum divided by the patient's body surface area, analogue measurements were done to obtain the left ventricular dimension (LVD Index). The ratio from LVD to RVD was calculated. The motion of the interventricular septum was classified as Normal, Abnormal A and Abnormal B, according to known criteria. Three groups of patients could be differentiated: Patients without cardiac disease; Patients with right ventricular enlargement and ASD; Patients with left ventricular enlargement with aortic and mitral valve disease. In patients with cardiac enlargement, echocardiography provides better information concerning the ratio of the left ventricular to the right ventricular diameter compared to a routine chest X ray.", "PMID": 1114862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4233", "title": "Pituitary necrosis following major heart surgery.", "content": "Five cases of acute adenohypophysial necrosis were detected among 33 patients who underwent major cardiac operation and died within 10 days. This finding indicates an increased incidence of pituitary necrosis in heart surgery patients compared with unselected autopsy material. Histologically, the lesions which closely resemble those associated most frequently with obstetric shock, elevated intracranial pressure and diabetes mellitus, are coagulative infarcts, due to suppression of adenohypophysial blood flow. The cause of circulatory arrest to the adenohypophysis remains obscure.", "contents": "Pituitary necrosis following major heart surgery. Five cases of acute adenohypophysial necrosis were detected among 33 patients who underwent major cardiac operation and died within 10 days. This finding indicates an increased incidence of pituitary necrosis in heart surgery patients compared with unselected autopsy material. Histologically, the lesions which closely resemble those associated most frequently with obstetric shock, elevated intracranial pressure and diabetes mellitus, are coagulative infarcts, due to suppression of adenohypophysial blood flow. The cause of circulatory arrest to the adenohypophysis remains obscure.", "PMID": 1114863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4234", "title": "[Clinical aspects and hemodynamics of idiopathic dilatation of pulmonary artery].", "content": "1. The following clinical findings were seen with increased frequency in patients with idiopathic pulmonary artery dilatation: pulmonary ejection click, systolic ejection murmur in the pulmonic area and abnormally wide splitting of second heart sound. 2. Hemodynamically these patients present often a pressure gradient on the pulmonic valve of minor degree and a slightly elevated cardiac index. A congenitally increased elasticity of the tissue of the common pulmonary artery has to be considered as the possible etiology of this lesion. 3. The diagnosis of idiopathic dilatation of the pulmonary artery can be established by non invasive methods, excluding pulmonary valvular stenosis, pulmonary hypertension and left-to-right shunts.", "contents": "[Clinical aspects and hemodynamics of idiopathic dilatation of pulmonary artery]. 1. The following clinical findings were seen with increased frequency in patients with idiopathic pulmonary artery dilatation: pulmonary ejection click, systolic ejection murmur in the pulmonic area and abnormally wide splitting of second heart sound. 2. Hemodynamically these patients present often a pressure gradient on the pulmonic valve of minor degree and a slightly elevated cardiac index. A congenitally increased elasticity of the tissue of the common pulmonary artery has to be considered as the possible etiology of this lesion. 3. The diagnosis of idiopathic dilatation of the pulmonary artery can be established by non invasive methods, excluding pulmonary valvular stenosis, pulmonary hypertension and left-to-right shunts.", "PMID": 1114864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4235", "title": "[Registration and evaluation of blood pressure curves of the pulmonary artery with reference to various causes of error].", "content": "In about 250 experiments with male and female anesthetized mongrel dogs, measurements of right ventricle and pulmonary artery pressure were carried out. We used Goodale-Lubin-, micro- and Swan-Ganz-catheters. The pressure registration was done by usual equipment. The investigation was performed to evaluate the reason and the extent of disturbances, which affect the real and formal pressure curve in the arteria pulmonalis. The following results could be obtained: 1. The disturbances can lead to fluctuations of such extent, that a correct demarcation of normal and pathological values is impossible. 2. Of great influence on the results of measurements are preparation and registration (warm-up-time, amplification, closeness of pressure-system, unhurt catheters), factors relating to equipment and methods (air-bubbles in pressure-system, damping by filters, continuous infusion of the micro-catheter, level of zero-pressure), factors which occur during intravital measurement (pressure-drop along the arteria pulmonalis, influence of normal breathing, great intrapleural pressure changes, pressure damping in the catheter by thrombosis and external disturbances) and last not least positive and negative acceleration forces, which influence the diastolic and systolic pulmonary artery pressure. 3. Most of the defects and disturbances also occur, when the physical conditions of the equipment are correct. When the preparation and registration is conducted very carefully, all disturbances can be recognized, eliminated and corrected during the registration. 4. The main problems are caused by influence of normal and pathological intrapleural breathing pressures. By reasons of comparison it is necessary to select the pressure values to be used from a great number of real and formal correct pressure values. Besides it is necessary to have always in mind the transmural pressure in the evaluation of pulmonary artery pressures. 5. By consideration of these results it is possible to mark off the normal pressure zone of pulmonary artery pressure from the low pathological zone.", "contents": "[Registration and evaluation of blood pressure curves of the pulmonary artery with reference to various causes of error]. In about 250 experiments with male and female anesthetized mongrel dogs, measurements of right ventricle and pulmonary artery pressure were carried out. We used Goodale-Lubin-, micro- and Swan-Ganz-catheters. The pressure registration was done by usual equipment. The investigation was performed to evaluate the reason and the extent of disturbances, which affect the real and formal pressure curve in the arteria pulmonalis. The following results could be obtained: 1. The disturbances can lead to fluctuations of such extent, that a correct demarcation of normal and pathological values is impossible. 2. Of great influence on the results of measurements are preparation and registration (warm-up-time, amplification, closeness of pressure-system, unhurt catheters), factors relating to equipment and methods (air-bubbles in pressure-system, damping by filters, continuous infusion of the micro-catheter, level of zero-pressure), factors which occur during intravital measurement (pressure-drop along the arteria pulmonalis, influence of normal breathing, great intrapleural pressure changes, pressure damping in the catheter by thrombosis and external disturbances) and last not least positive and negative acceleration forces, which influence the diastolic and systolic pulmonary artery pressure. 3. Most of the defects and disturbances also occur, when the physical conditions of the equipment are correct. When the preparation and registration is conducted very carefully, all disturbances can be recognized, eliminated and corrected during the registration. 4. The main problems are caused by influence of normal and pathological intrapleural breathing pressures. By reasons of comparison it is necessary to select the pressure values to be used from a great number of real and formal correct pressure values. Besides it is necessary to have always in mind the transmural pressure in the evaluation of pulmonary artery pressures. 5. By consideration of these results it is possible to mark off the normal pressure zone of pulmonary artery pressure from the low pathological zone.", "PMID": 1114865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4236", "title": "[Systemic error during measurement of dp/dt using conventional heart catheters and their correction].", "content": "The influence of 4 different types of conventional cardiac catheter on the systemic error during measurements of dp/dt was investigated by testing the frequency response. This was done by coupling on end of the fluid-filled catheters to a newly developed sine wave pressure generator (0-100 Hz), and the other end ot a pressure transducer (Statham 23 Db). The obtained electrical signal was preamplified and differentiated by means of a differentiation amplifier (linear rise up to 20 Hz). Also investigated was to what extent the dp/dt registration (UV-Oscilloscope) could be improved by damping the signal by means of electrical low pass filters.", "contents": "[Systemic error during measurement of dp/dt using conventional heart catheters and their correction]. The influence of 4 different types of conventional cardiac catheter on the systemic error during measurements of dp/dt was investigated by testing the frequency response. This was done by coupling on end of the fluid-filled catheters to a newly developed sine wave pressure generator (0-100 Hz), and the other end ot a pressure transducer (Statham 23 Db). The obtained electrical signal was preamplified and differentiated by means of a differentiation amplifier (linear rise up to 20 Hz). Also investigated was to what extent the dp/dt registration (UV-Oscilloscope) could be improved by damping the signal by means of electrical low pass filters.", "PMID": 1114866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4237", "title": "A fine structural study of asexual stages of the murine coccidium Eimeria ferrisi Levine and Ivens 1965.", "content": "The schizogony of Eimeria ferrisi was studied in experimentally infected Mus musculus. Developmental stages occurred in epithelial cells of the cecum and colon. During transformation of invasive stages into schizonts the inner membrane complex of the pellicle, the conoid, subpellicular microtubules and micronemes gradually disappeared. The micropore, however, seemed to persist. Dividing nuclei had eccentric intranuclear spindles consisting of microtubules which extended between 2 centrocones, in close relationship with centrioles. During the last nuclear division anlagen of merozoites appeared as extensions on the surface of schizonts. The outer single membrane of the schizont became the outer membrane of the merozoite pellicle. Cytoplasmic organelles, typical of eimerian merozoites were incorporated into the developing merozoites. Finally the merozoite became detached leaving behind a residual cytoplasm. Fully developed merozoites had a 3-layered pellicle, the outer single unit membrane was continuous around the merozoite with the inner complex having interruptions at the anterior and posterior poles and at the micropores. Thirty-two subpellicular microtubules, originating at the anterior polar ring extended to the posterior region of each merozoite. The apical complex consisted of a conoid, preceded by 2 rings and surrounded by a polar ring. Two rhoptries were present having club-shaped terminal ends and slender ductules in the conoid region. Some merozoites had enlarged rhoptries, with the distal vesical appearing dense and osmiophilic. The Golgi complex, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, polysaccharide granules were similar to those seen in other eimerian merozoites.", "contents": "A fine structural study of asexual stages of the murine coccidium Eimeria ferrisi Levine and Ivens 1965. The schizogony of Eimeria ferrisi was studied in experimentally infected Mus musculus. Developmental stages occurred in epithelial cells of the cecum and colon. During transformation of invasive stages into schizonts the inner membrane complex of the pellicle, the conoid, subpellicular microtubules and micronemes gradually disappeared. The micropore, however, seemed to persist. Dividing nuclei had eccentric intranuclear spindles consisting of microtubules which extended between 2 centrocones, in close relationship with centrioles. During the last nuclear division anlagen of merozoites appeared as extensions on the surface of schizonts. The outer single membrane of the schizont became the outer membrane of the merozoite pellicle. Cytoplasmic organelles, typical of eimerian merozoites were incorporated into the developing merozoites. Finally the merozoite became detached leaving behind a residual cytoplasm. Fully developed merozoites had a 3-layered pellicle, the outer single unit membrane was continuous around the merozoite with the inner complex having interruptions at the anterior and posterior poles and at the micropores. Thirty-two subpellicular microtubules, originating at the anterior polar ring extended to the posterior region of each merozoite. The apical complex consisted of a conoid, preceded by 2 rings and surrounded by a polar ring. Two rhoptries were present having club-shaped terminal ends and slender ductules in the conoid region. Some merozoites had enlarged rhoptries, with the distal vesical appearing dense and osmiophilic. The Golgi complex, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, polysaccharide granules were similar to those seen in other eimerian merozoites.", "PMID": 1114867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4238", "title": "Tricarboxylic acid cycle enzymes in the plerocercoid of Ligula intestinalis (Cestoda: Pseudophyllidea).", "content": "All enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle are present in subcellular fractions of the plerocercoid of Ligula intestinalis but the low activity of aconitase and malate dehydrogenase in the forward direction suggests that the complete cycle may be of questionable importance to the parasite. As in other helminths and intertidal molluscs, succinate, formed via a partial reversal of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, is a major end-product of anaerobic glucose degradation.", "contents": "Tricarboxylic acid cycle enzymes in the plerocercoid of Ligula intestinalis (Cestoda: Pseudophyllidea). All enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle are present in subcellular fractions of the plerocercoid of Ligula intestinalis but the low activity of aconitase and malate dehydrogenase in the forward direction suggests that the complete cycle may be of questionable importance to the parasite. As in other helminths and intertidal molluscs, succinate, formed via a partial reversal of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, is a major end-product of anaerobic glucose degradation.", "PMID": 1114868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4239", "title": "Sexual reproduction in the monogenean Diclidophora merlangi: tissue penetration by sperms.", "content": "Copulation between pairs of adult Diclidophora merlangi detached from the host was frequently observed. The spined penis of one animal always attaches to a second worm at a latero-ventral position posterior to the genital openings. There is no vagina. The sperms travel between the cells of the recipient to reach the seminal receptacle. The ultrastructure of the sperm is described. Positions of adult D. merlangi on the gills of the host would facilitate pairing for sperm transfer.", "contents": "Sexual reproduction in the monogenean Diclidophora merlangi: tissue penetration by sperms. Copulation between pairs of adult Diclidophora merlangi detached from the host was frequently observed. The spined penis of one animal always attaches to a second worm at a latero-ventral position posterior to the genital openings. There is no vagina. The sperms travel between the cells of the recipient to reach the seminal receptacle. The ultrastructure of the sperm is described. Positions of adult D. merlangi on the gills of the host would facilitate pairing for sperm transfer.", "PMID": 1114869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4240", "title": "Structure and mode of function of the organelles associated with nutrition of the macrogametes of Eimeria acervulina.", "content": "The macrogamete of Eimeria acervulina, lay and developed within the host cell in a parasitophorous vacuole. The cytoplasmic membrane of the host cell bordering the vacuole was not smooth, but it had numerous folds extending into the vacuole. These \"intravacuolar folds\" varied in depth and number in different sections. In some, the majority of the folds were disconnected from the host cell. Once disconnected, they evidently disintegrated forming the amorphous, particulate material present in the parasitophorous vacuole. The pellicle of the young macrogamete consisted of a single unit membrane with an osmiophilic material representing the second membrane. Two unit membranes were apparent at a later stage of development when the wall-forming bodies had been formed and amylopectin granules deposited. Two kinds of organelles were present on the surface of the macrogamete, typical micropores and invaginations of the pellicle. The micropores arose from an invagination of the outer membrane, which continued through the invagination without interruption. Irrespective of whether an inner membrane was present in the pellicle or not, a thickened cylindrical wall around the inner portion of the invagination was always present. Micropores appeared in large numbers in both micro- and macrogametocytes. As many as three micropores were seen in a surface area of 2 mu2. Invaginations arose in a similar manner by infolding of the pellicle. They differed from micropores in that the thickened cylindrical wall present around the inner portion of the micropore was absent, and also in that invaginations had no uniform appearance. They were of varying shapes, and lengths, varying from very short V-shaped to long and narrow. Micropores and invaginations take in nutrients in the form of particulate matter present in the parasitophorous vacuole, this material having been derived from the host-cell membranous \"intravacuolar folds\". The micropores function as cytostomes and the invaginations take in material by means of pinocytosis. Large numbers of intravacuolar tubules were seen at the surface of the macrogamete. They were present only at certain areas of the macrogamete and in groups and were connecting the parasite with the host cell. They were about 80-110 nm in diameter, and were seen to attain a length of up to 6 mu. Evidence was obtained indicating that the tubules transport free ribosomes from the host cell to the parasite. The ribosomes were seen to accumulate in \"pockets\" within the cytoplasm of the host cell, at the area where the tubules were connected.", "contents": "Structure and mode of function of the organelles associated with nutrition of the macrogametes of Eimeria acervulina. The macrogamete of Eimeria acervulina, lay and developed within the host cell in a parasitophorous vacuole. The cytoplasmic membrane of the host cell bordering the vacuole was not smooth, but it had numerous folds extending into the vacuole. These \"intravacuolar folds\" varied in depth and number in different sections. In some, the majority of the folds were disconnected from the host cell. Once disconnected, they evidently disintegrated forming the amorphous, particulate material present in the parasitophorous vacuole. The pellicle of the young macrogamete consisted of a single unit membrane with an osmiophilic material representing the second membrane. Two unit membranes were apparent at a later stage of development when the wall-forming bodies had been formed and amylopectin granules deposited. Two kinds of organelles were present on the surface of the macrogamete, typical micropores and invaginations of the pellicle. The micropores arose from an invagination of the outer membrane, which continued through the invagination without interruption. Irrespective of whether an inner membrane was present in the pellicle or not, a thickened cylindrical wall around the inner portion of the invagination was always present. Micropores appeared in large numbers in both micro- and macrogametocytes. As many as three micropores were seen in a surface area of 2 mu2. Invaginations arose in a similar manner by infolding of the pellicle. They differed from micropores in that the thickened cylindrical wall present around the inner portion of the micropore was absent, and also in that invaginations had no uniform appearance. They were of varying shapes, and lengths, varying from very short V-shaped to long and narrow. Micropores and invaginations take in nutrients in the form of particulate matter present in the parasitophorous vacuole, this material having been derived from the host-cell membranous \"intravacuolar folds\". The micropores function as cytostomes and the invaginations take in material by means of pinocytosis. Large numbers of intravacuolar tubules were seen at the surface of the macrogamete. They were present only at certain areas of the macrogamete and in groups and were connecting the parasite with the host cell. They were about 80-110 nm in diameter, and were seen to attain a length of up to 6 mu. Evidence was obtained indicating that the tubules transport free ribosomes from the host cell to the parasite. The ribosomes were seen to accumulate in \"pockets\" within the cytoplasm of the host cell, at the area where the tubules were connected.", "PMID": 1114870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4241", "title": "[Benign tumors of the stomach].", "content": "The authors report their surgical experience of benign gastric tumors between 1947 and 1972: 19 cases (18 patients) were operated, which represent 3, 5% of the operated malignant tumors. Distribution was as follows: 6 polyps, 4 schwannomas, 4 accessory pancreases, 4 leiomyomas, 1 lipoma plus one leiomyoma of the ampula of Vater. The authors recall the symptomatology and roentgenological aspect of these tumors. They point out the growing importance of fibroscopy. They insist on the connexion between these tumors and carcinomas: this is clear for schwannomas and polyps where volume is a determining feature. Resection can be limited where there is no danger of malignant change. Though unquestionalbe, the malignancy of polyps is less than that of classical carcinomas.", "contents": "[Benign tumors of the stomach]. The authors report their surgical experience of benign gastric tumors between 1947 and 1972: 19 cases (18 patients) were operated, which represent 3, 5% of the operated malignant tumors. Distribution was as follows: 6 polyps, 4 schwannomas, 4 accessory pancreases, 4 leiomyomas, 1 lipoma plus one leiomyoma of the ampula of Vater. The authors recall the symptomatology and roentgenological aspect of these tumors. They point out the growing importance of fibroscopy. They insist on the connexion between these tumors and carcinomas: this is clear for schwannomas and polyps where volume is a determining feature. Resection can be limited where there is no danger of malignant change. Though unquestionalbe, the malignancy of polyps is less than that of classical carcinomas.", "PMID": 1114871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4242", "title": "[Reflexions on carcinomas of the extra-hepatic bile ducts].", "content": "The authors present 12 cases of true malignant ampulloma and 23 cases of carcinoma of the biliary tract (MBT). They analyze frequency, symptomatology, pathology, radiology, treatment and results. They stress that decreasing malignancy is in the following order: cancer of the MBT, cancer of the gallbladder, and ampulloma. The latter is the least lethal with the most long-term cures. As to cancer of the MBT no cure is to be expected, but palliative surgery (resection or tumor by-pass) will bring temporary cure; consequently this should always be tried when possible despite the high operative mortality.", "contents": "[Reflexions on carcinomas of the extra-hepatic bile ducts]. The authors present 12 cases of true malignant ampulloma and 23 cases of carcinoma of the biliary tract (MBT). They analyze frequency, symptomatology, pathology, radiology, treatment and results. They stress that decreasing malignancy is in the following order: cancer of the MBT, cancer of the gallbladder, and ampulloma. The latter is the least lethal with the most long-term cures. As to cancer of the MBT no cure is to be expected, but palliative surgery (resection or tumor by-pass) will bring temporary cure; consequently this should always be tried when possible despite the high operative mortality.", "PMID": 1114872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4243", "title": "[Psychological implications of esthetic surgery. Apropos of a study of 68 cases].", "content": "The candidate to cosmetic surgery is not, contrary to a too common idea, a frivolous creature trying to become more beautiful. He is generally a person with a physical disgrace that induces a frustrating sense of inferiority. The role of the surgeon is to help by removal of the disgrace. The operative indication is thus only psychologic and in some extreme cases, difficult to establish, because the surgeon is badly prepared to this role. A study was performed to understand better the motives and psychologic results of cosmetic operations. Sixty-eight candidates were chosen by the surgeon who considered their disgrace operable. All accepted a psychologic analysis. Following this they were divided into 3 groups: \"adapted\" (39), \"worried\" (21) and \"perturbated\" (8), according to the increasing importance of their emotional disturbances. None of these patients was really psychotic. In the great majority of cases (83%), the interviews with the psychologist disclosed parental difficulties during childhood, followed by a sensation of frustration and of insecurity. Of the 64 operated patients, 62 were reviewed by the psychologist. Fifty-four (87%) were satisfied with the result, among which 45 felt improvement in their psychologic state. Eight were disappointed. Among these, 7 had been classified as \"worried\" or \"distressed\". Only 2 patients had reasons to be dissappointed, the others focussed a depressive tendency on a minor and temporary unperfection. Cosmetic surgery thus produces the best psychologic results in \"adapted\" patients, but is also justified in \"worried\" or \"distressed\" patients as the majority will benefit from the operation. In these a careful psychologic contact with the surgeon is mandatory to diminish the postoperative emotional disturbances.", "contents": "[Psychological implications of esthetic surgery. Apropos of a study of 68 cases]. The candidate to cosmetic surgery is not, contrary to a too common idea, a frivolous creature trying to become more beautiful. He is generally a person with a physical disgrace that induces a frustrating sense of inferiority. The role of the surgeon is to help by removal of the disgrace. The operative indication is thus only psychologic and in some extreme cases, difficult to establish, because the surgeon is badly prepared to this role. A study was performed to understand better the motives and psychologic results of cosmetic operations. Sixty-eight candidates were chosen by the surgeon who considered their disgrace operable. All accepted a psychologic analysis. Following this they were divided into 3 groups: \"adapted\" (39), \"worried\" (21) and \"perturbated\" (8), according to the increasing importance of their emotional disturbances. None of these patients was really psychotic. In the great majority of cases (83%), the interviews with the psychologist disclosed parental difficulties during childhood, followed by a sensation of frustration and of insecurity. Of the 64 operated patients, 62 were reviewed by the psychologist. Fifty-four (87%) were satisfied with the result, among which 45 felt improvement in their psychologic state. Eight were disappointed. Among these, 7 had been classified as \"worried\" or \"distressed\". Only 2 patients had reasons to be dissappointed, the others focussed a depressive tendency on a minor and temporary unperfection. Cosmetic surgery thus produces the best psychologic results in \"adapted\" patients, but is also justified in \"worried\" or \"distressed\" patients as the majority will benefit from the operation. In these a careful psychologic contact with the surgeon is mandatory to diminish the postoperative emotional disturbances.", "PMID": 1114873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4244", "title": "Cancer of the breast. A study of prognostic factors as a guide in selecting cases for conservative treatment.", "content": "We have analysed 2.649 observations of cancer of the breast in order to study factors influencing the prognosis. We have found a definitive relationship between the extend of the primary tumor, the condition of the regional lymph nodes and the presence or absence of metastases. A careful clinical examination remains of the utmost importance to assess the characteristics of tumor and nodes. This associated with systematic search for bone and pulmonary metastases, are the basic elements of a sound prognosis. The systematic removal of the internal and external mammary node chains in the surgical cases are indispensable to complete the clinical data. So defined the stage of the disease at the time of the first treatment is by far the most important factor in assessing the prognosis. Concerning the treatment, we have obtained better results with surgery associated with radiotherapy than with surgery alone. Therefore in early cases, that is to say cancer confined to the breast, we feel justified to apply conservative surgery associated with radiotherapy.", "contents": "Cancer of the breast. A study of prognostic factors as a guide in selecting cases for conservative treatment. We have analysed 2.649 observations of cancer of the breast in order to study factors influencing the prognosis. We have found a definitive relationship between the extend of the primary tumor, the condition of the regional lymph nodes and the presence or absence of metastases. A careful clinical examination remains of the utmost importance to assess the characteristics of tumor and nodes. This associated with systematic search for bone and pulmonary metastases, are the basic elements of a sound prognosis. The systematic removal of the internal and external mammary node chains in the surgical cases are indispensable to complete the clinical data. So defined the stage of the disease at the time of the first treatment is by far the most important factor in assessing the prognosis. Concerning the treatment, we have obtained better results with surgery associated with radiotherapy than with surgery alone. Therefore in early cases, that is to say cancer confined to the breast, we feel justified to apply conservative surgery associated with radiotherapy.", "PMID": 1114874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4245", "title": "[Use of lande-edwards membrane oxygenators as artificial lungs].", "content": "Lande-Edwards membrane oxygenators were tested as artificial lungs in 6 dogs: the right heart directly perfused the oxygenators during an apneusis of one hour. During such a pulmonary by-pass right ventricular pressure doubles compared to initial value, with a moderate decrease in cardiac output; mean PO-2 rises from 40 to 67 mm Hg and PCO-2 decreases from 54 to 49 mm Hg through the oxygenator.", "contents": "[Use of lande-edwards membrane oxygenators as artificial lungs]. Lande-Edwards membrane oxygenators were tested as artificial lungs in 6 dogs: the right heart directly perfused the oxygenators during an apneusis of one hour. During such a pulmonary by-pass right ventricular pressure doubles compared to initial value, with a moderate decrease in cardiac output; mean PO-2 rises from 40 to 67 mm Hg and PCO-2 decreases from 54 to 49 mm Hg through the oxygenator.", "PMID": 1114875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4246", "title": "[On frozen vena saphena magna as an allograft in peripheral vascular surgery. Report of a case].", "content": "The case of a 75 year old white male, with severe ischemia of the left lower limb and gangrene of its fifth digit, is presented. Because of early post-operative thrombosis after insertion of an autogenous composite femoro-popliteal venous by-pass graft and recurrence of symptoms, a fresh frozen human varicose vein allograft procedure was performed. A pseudo-aneurism which occurred along the graft on the 13th postoperative day was successfully treated by segmental excision with \"end-to-end\" reconstruction of the allograft itself. This was followed by plastic reconstruction of his foot with primary healing and complete disappearance of symptoms. The patient is now eight months post- op with excellent functional result. Only twenty two similar cases were gathered from the literature. All problems associated with allograft transplantation of fresh and frozen veins are discussed. This case further supports the facts that bloodgroup incompatibility is not a major problem and that reinterventions on such grafts are feasable.", "contents": "[On frozen vena saphena magna as an allograft in peripheral vascular surgery. Report of a case]. The case of a 75 year old white male, with severe ischemia of the left lower limb and gangrene of its fifth digit, is presented. Because of early post-operative thrombosis after insertion of an autogenous composite femoro-popliteal venous by-pass graft and recurrence of symptoms, a fresh frozen human varicose vein allograft procedure was performed. A pseudo-aneurism which occurred along the graft on the 13th postoperative day was successfully treated by segmental excision with \"end-to-end\" reconstruction of the allograft itself. This was followed by plastic reconstruction of his foot with primary healing and complete disappearance of symptoms. The patient is now eight months post- op with excellent functional result. Only twenty two similar cases were gathered from the literature. All problems associated with allograft transplantation of fresh and frozen veins are discussed. This case further supports the facts that bloodgroup incompatibility is not a major problem and that reinterventions on such grafts are feasable.", "PMID": 1114877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4247", "title": "A reassessment of the distribution of multiple sclerosis.", "content": "As difined in the first part of these papers, the distribution of MS does not really correlate well with broad geoclimatic factors. Specifically there is little evidence for a direct correlation with latitude, and such correlations, to be meaningful, need to consider longitude as well. At latitude 40 degrees north, for example, MS is high frequency in America, medium in Europe, and low in Asia. Accordingly the world-wide distribution of MS is best regarded as comprising three bands or zones of high medium, and low risk or frequency as delineated here. All the high and medium regions are at present found in Europe or in areas colonized by Europeans. It seems likely then that MS originated in western Europe and has spread from there to the United States and Canada as well as to New Zealand and Australia. The disorder may well have \"taken\" also in South Africa and Hawaii, but at considerably lower levels. Further attention to the character and timing of the depresion of this disease may well provide clues vital to determining its cause.", "contents": "A reassessment of the distribution of multiple sclerosis. As difined in the first part of these papers, the distribution of MS does not really correlate well with broad geoclimatic factors. Specifically there is little evidence for a direct correlation with latitude, and such correlations, to be meaningful, need to consider longitude as well. At latitude 40 degrees north, for example, MS is high frequency in America, medium in Europe, and low in Asia. Accordingly the world-wide distribution of MS is best regarded as comprising three bands or zones of high medium, and low risk or frequency as delineated here. All the high and medium regions are at present found in Europe or in areas colonized by Europeans. It seems likely then that MS originated in western Europe and has spread from there to the United States and Canada as well as to New Zealand and Australia. The disorder may well have \"taken\" also in South Africa and Hawaii, but at considerably lower levels. Further attention to the character and timing of the depresion of this disease may well provide clues vital to determining its cause.", "PMID": 1114878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4248", "title": "Palmar hyperhidrosis. Long-term results following high thoracic sympathectomy.", "content": "Fourteen men and 22 wemon, with an average of 23 years (range 14-36 years) were operated on for hyperhidrosis of the upper extremity during the period from 1955 to 1970. Twenty-eight had had symptoms for more than 10 years. Resection of the 2nd and 3rd thoracic ganglia and the connecting sympathetic chain was carried out using a posterior approach; in 33 cases the operation was bilateral, and in three unilateral. Thirty-five patients were followed up after an average of 7.8 years (range 2-17 years). In one patient unilateral reoperation was carried out four months after the first operation. Since the first operation 34 patients had suffered from neither palmar nor axillary sweating. However 20 had permanent compensatory hyperhidrosis, and 15 suffered from gustatory facial sweating, which had usually started within six months of operation. Four, in whom two spinal thoracic nerves had also been resected, reported marked dysaesthesia over the front of the chest and in the axilla, lasting for several years.", "contents": "Palmar hyperhidrosis. Long-term results following high thoracic sympathectomy. Fourteen men and 22 wemon, with an average of 23 years (range 14-36 years) were operated on for hyperhidrosis of the upper extremity during the period from 1955 to 1970. Twenty-eight had had symptoms for more than 10 years. Resection of the 2nd and 3rd thoracic ganglia and the connecting sympathetic chain was carried out using a posterior approach; in 33 cases the operation was bilateral, and in three unilateral. Thirty-five patients were followed up after an average of 7.8 years (range 2-17 years). In one patient unilateral reoperation was carried out four months after the first operation. Since the first operation 34 patients had suffered from neither palmar nor axillary sweating. However 20 had permanent compensatory hyperhidrosis, and 15 suffered from gustatory facial sweating, which had usually started within six months of operation. Four, in whom two spinal thoracic nerves had also been resected, reported marked dysaesthesia over the front of the chest and in the axilla, lasting for several years.", "PMID": 1114879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4249", "title": "Studies on the clustering of multiple sclerosis in Finland I: Comparison between the domiciles and places of birth in selected subpopulations.", "content": "Further studies pm yjr rofr,op;phu pg ,i;yo;r dv;rtpdod (MS) IN Finland were carried out in three different types of geographical unit: in counties, combined clerical districts, and single clerical district. For longitudinal studies, the prevalence of MS by present domicile was compared to that by place of birth, and also to the number of MS cases in relation to the number of births. The analysis was based on 1,866 living MS patients. The highest prevalence by present domicile was recorded in the southwestern county of Turku and Pori (52.3 cases per 100,000 inhabitants). It was 39.6 for the whole country. Two separate clusters were found at the level of combined and single clerical districts: one in the western county of Vaasa, and another in the southwestern county of Turku and Pori. The highest prevalences by present comicile were found in two clerical districts of Vaasa (83.5 and 79.7). They also had very high prevalences by place of birth. They lie close to each other, but are not immediate neighbours. Another high-risk focus was revealed in an area of the neighbouring districts of Turku and Pori. In fact, the two highest prevalences by place of birth were found in this region (123.1 and 95.0). The focus extended from the coastal area to the more central region of the county, and further to the western districts of the otherwise medium-risk county of Hme. Thus, two separate foci were found in Finland: one in the western and another in the southwestern part of the country. The clustering became even more pronounced when the prevalences by place of birth were analysed. Considering that the Finnish population still largely originates from genetic isolates of varying degrees, gene enrichment explains the clustering at least partly.", "contents": "Studies on the clustering of multiple sclerosis in Finland I: Comparison between the domiciles and places of birth in selected subpopulations. Further studies pm yjr rofr,op;phu pg ,i;yo;r dv;rtpdod (MS) IN Finland were carried out in three different types of geographical unit: in counties, combined clerical districts, and single clerical district. For longitudinal studies, the prevalence of MS by present domicile was compared to that by place of birth, and also to the number of MS cases in relation to the number of births. The analysis was based on 1,866 living MS patients. The highest prevalence by present domicile was recorded in the southwestern county of Turku and Pori (52.3 cases per 100,000 inhabitants). It was 39.6 for the whole country. Two separate clusters were found at the level of combined and single clerical districts: one in the western county of Vaasa, and another in the southwestern county of Turku and Pori. The highest prevalences by present comicile were found in two clerical districts of Vaasa (83.5 and 79.7). They also had very high prevalences by place of birth. They lie close to each other, but are not immediate neighbours. Another high-risk focus was revealed in an area of the neighbouring districts of Turku and Pori. In fact, the two highest prevalences by place of birth were found in this region (123.1 and 95.0). The focus extended from the coastal area to the more central region of the county, and further to the western districts of the otherwise medium-risk county of Hme. Thus, two separate foci were found in Finland: one in the western and another in the southwestern part of the country. The clustering became even more pronounced when the prevalences by place of birth were analysed. Considering that the Finnish population still largely originates from genetic isolates of varying degrees, gene enrichment explains the clustering at least partly.", "PMID": 1114880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4250", "title": "Preservation of peripheral nerve function in severe uremia during treatment with low protein high calorie diet and surplus of essential amino acids.", "content": "Twelve patients with severe chronic renal failure (serum creatinine 7.0-27 mg %), and marked uremic symptoms on a 40 g protein diet, were treated with a caloric-rich diet containing 16-20 g protein, supplemented with the 8 essential amino acids (1.1-2.2 g N) and histidine (0.23-0.45 g N)in the form of tablets for periods between 3 and 34 months. During the treatment the serum urea-N fell, and the uremic symptoms subsided or diminished without the patient exhibiting signs of malnutrition. The nerve function was followed with quantitative and semiquantitative neurological tests (among others, determination of vibratory perception thresholds and nerve conduction times). Initially all patients but 2 had signs of neuropathy as measured by these methods. During the course of treatment no deterioration of peripheral nerve function was recorded in any of the patients, several of whom had had serum creatinine conceptrations above 15 mg % for long periods. We conclude that conservative treatment with N-poor diet in far advanced chronic renal failure may prevent the further development of peripheral neuropathy provided that adequatecaloried and essential amino acids (2-3 times the minimal requirements) are supplied. The results suggest that, in addition to uremic toxines, malnutrition is a factor of importance for the developments of  of uremic neuropathy.", "contents": "Preservation of peripheral nerve function in severe uremia during treatment with low protein high calorie diet and surplus of essential amino acids. Twelve patients with severe chronic renal failure (serum creatinine 7.0-27 mg %), and marked uremic symptoms on a 40 g protein diet, were treated with a caloric-rich diet containing 16-20 g protein, supplemented with the 8 essential amino acids (1.1-2.2 g N) and histidine (0.23-0.45 g N)in the form of tablets for periods between 3 and 34 months. During the treatment the serum urea-N fell, and the uremic symptoms subsided or diminished without the patient exhibiting signs of malnutrition. The nerve function was followed with quantitative and semiquantitative neurological tests (among others, determination of vibratory perception thresholds and nerve conduction times). Initially all patients but 2 had signs of neuropathy as measured by these methods. During the course of treatment no deterioration of peripheral nerve function was recorded in any of the patients, several of whom had had serum creatinine conceptrations above 15 mg % for long periods. We conclude that conservative treatment with N-poor diet in far advanced chronic renal failure may prevent the further development of peripheral neuropathy provided that adequatecaloried and essential amino acids (2-3 times the minimal requirements) are supplied. The results suggest that, in addition to uremic toxines, malnutrition is a factor of importance for the developments of  of uremic neuropathy.", "PMID": 1114881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4251", "title": "Gastric aspirate analysis in the newborn.", "content": "The value of gastric aspirate analysis in screening for perinatal infection is disputed. We have studied the cellularity and bacterial content of 231 aspirates from 105 normal, infected and asphyxiated infants, with the following conclusions: (1) A positive culture has no pathological significance. (2). Aspirate cellularity does not correlate with bacterial culture results. (3) An excess of polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNL) in aspirates collected at birth is a pathological but non-specific stress response. (4) After birth there is a physiological rise and fall in the aspirate PMNL content parallel to that in the peripheral blood. Aspirate cellularity and bacterial culture are therefore of limited value in the diagnosis of neonatal pneumonia.", "contents": "Gastric aspirate analysis in the newborn. The value of gastric aspirate analysis in screening for perinatal infection is disputed. We have studied the cellularity and bacterial content of 231 aspirates from 105 normal, infected and asphyxiated infants, with the following conclusions: (1) A positive culture has no pathological significance. (2). Aspirate cellularity does not correlate with bacterial culture results. (3) An excess of polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNL) in aspirates collected at birth is a pathological but non-specific stress response. (4) After birth there is a physiological rise and fall in the aspirate PMNL content parallel to that in the peripheral blood. Aspirate cellularity and bacterial culture are therefore of limited value in the diagnosis of neonatal pneumonia.", "PMID": 1114889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4252", "title": "Blood glucose and plasma insulin and glucagon response during intravenous glucose tolerance test in newborn infants affected by erythroblastosis foetalis.", "content": "Intravenous glucose injection (1 g/kg b.w.) was performed in eight newborn infants affected by erythroblastosis foetalis (IEF) and in seven controls during the first day of life in order to study insulin and glucagon response. The IEF infants were affected by mild or moderate hemolytic disease and their blood glucose values and plasma insulin concentrations before and throughout the test did not differ significantly from those of the controls. After the glucose injection the plasma glucagon concentrations showed great variations in both groups. The control infants did not show any significant changes; in the IEF infants, significant decreases were seen at 3 and 20 min of the test. These data seem to indicate that the alpha-cell sensitivity to glucose is greater in IEF than in normal infants and is not dependent on the development of the glucose-mediated insulin release mechanism.", "contents": "Blood glucose and plasma insulin and glucagon response during intravenous glucose tolerance test in newborn infants affected by erythroblastosis foetalis. Intravenous glucose injection (1 g/kg b.w.) was performed in eight newborn infants affected by erythroblastosis foetalis (IEF) and in seven controls during the first day of life in order to study insulin and glucagon response. The IEF infants were affected by mild or moderate hemolytic disease and their blood glucose values and plasma insulin concentrations before and throughout the test did not differ significantly from those of the controls. After the glucose injection the plasma glucagon concentrations showed great variations in both groups. The control infants did not show any significant changes; in the IEF infants, significant decreases were seen at 3 and 20 min of the test. These data seem to indicate that the alpha-cell sensitivity to glucose is greater in IEF than in normal infants and is not dependent on the development of the glucose-mediated insulin release mechanism.", "PMID": 1114890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4253", "title": "Biochemical diagnosis of cystinosis using leukocytes.", "content": "A simple method for the biochemical diagnosis of cystinosis involves incubating leukocytes from a small volume of blood with 35S-cystine. Non-protein 35S-labelled compounds are then extracted from the leucocytes and separated by thin-layer chromatography. The excessive incorporation of 35S-cystine into the increased cystine pool of cystine cells is easily detected in autoradiographs of the chromatograms.", "contents": "Biochemical diagnosis of cystinosis using leukocytes. A simple method for the biochemical diagnosis of cystinosis involves incubating leukocytes from a small volume of blood with 35S-cystine. Non-protein 35S-labelled compounds are then extracted from the leucocytes and separated by thin-layer chromatography. The excessive incorporation of 35S-cystine into the increased cystine pool of cystine cells is easily detected in autoradiographs of the chromatograms.", "PMID": 1114891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4254", "title": "Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. A fatal case in a girl with no other heart disease.", "content": "A fatal case of the pre-excitation syndrome in a 3 10/12 years old girl with no other heart disease is presented. Her death is thought to be the consequence of ventricular fibrillation. This observation is in contrast to the reported benign course in infants and children with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome without other heart disease.", "contents": "Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. A fatal case in a girl with no other heart disease. A fatal case of the pre-excitation syndrome in a 3 10/12 years old girl with no other heart disease is presented. Her death is thought to be the consequence of ventricular fibrillation. This observation is in contrast to the reported benign course in infants and children with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome without other heart disease.", "PMID": 1114892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4255", "title": "Oxidation of glucose and D-B-OH-butyrate by the early human fetal brain.", "content": "The isolated brains of 12 previable human fetuses obtained at 12 to 21 weeks' gestation, were perfused through the interval carotid artery with glucose (3 mM) and/or DL-B-OH-butyrate (DL-BOHB), 4.5 MM, plus tracer quantities of either glucose-6-14C (G6-14C) or beta-OH-butyrate-3-14C (BOHB3-14C). Oxidative metabolism was demonstrated by serial collection of gaseous 14CO2 from the closed perfusion system, and from the recirculating medium. Glucose and BOHB were utilized at physiological rates as indicated (mean plus or minus SEM): G6-14C at 0.10 plus or minus 0.01 mumoles/min g brain (n equal 7) or 17.5 plus or minus 1.9 mumoles/min kg fetus; and BOHB3-14C at 0.16 plus or minus 0.05 mumoles/min g (n equal to 5) or 27.3 plus or minus 7.4 mumoles/min kg. Based on fetal weight, glucose metabolism by brain apparently accounted for about 1/3 of basal glucose utilization in the fetus. On a molar basis BOHB3-14C was taken up at 1.47 times the rate of G6-14C. Both BOHB3-14C and G6 14C were converted to 14CO2. The rate of BOHB3-14C conversion to 14CO2 was equal to its rate of consumption, and exceeded the conversion of glucose to CO2 because 45% of the G6-14C was incorporated into lactate-14C. Accordingly, both substrates support oxidative metabolism by brain; and BOHB is a major potential alternate fuel which can replace glucose early in human development.", "contents": "Oxidation of glucose and D-B-OH-butyrate by the early human fetal brain. The isolated brains of 12 previable human fetuses obtained at 12 to 21 weeks' gestation, were perfused through the interval carotid artery with glucose (3 mM) and/or DL-B-OH-butyrate (DL-BOHB), 4.5 MM, plus tracer quantities of either glucose-6-14C (G6-14C) or beta-OH-butyrate-3-14C (BOHB3-14C). Oxidative metabolism was demonstrated by serial collection of gaseous 14CO2 from the closed perfusion system, and from the recirculating medium. Glucose and BOHB were utilized at physiological rates as indicated (mean plus or minus SEM): G6-14C at 0.10 plus or minus 0.01 mumoles/min g brain (n equal 7) or 17.5 plus or minus 1.9 mumoles/min kg fetus; and BOHB3-14C at 0.16 plus or minus 0.05 mumoles/min g (n equal to 5) or 27.3 plus or minus 7.4 mumoles/min kg. Based on fetal weight, glucose metabolism by brain apparently accounted for about 1/3 of basal glucose utilization in the fetus. On a molar basis BOHB3-14C was taken up at 1.47 times the rate of G6-14C. Both BOHB3-14C and G6 14C were converted to 14CO2. The rate of BOHB3-14C conversion to 14CO2 was equal to its rate of consumption, and exceeded the conversion of glucose to CO2 because 45% of the G6-14C was incorporated into lactate-14C. Accordingly, both substrates support oxidative metabolism by brain; and BOHB is a major potential alternate fuel which can replace glucose early in human development.", "PMID": 1114894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4256", "title": "Value of brain scanning in pediatric subdural collections.", "content": "Piepsz, A., Bormans, J., Segers, A., Noterman, J. and Decostre, P. (Departments of Paediatrics, Radioisotopes and Neurosurgery, University Hospital, Brussels, Belgium). Value of brain scanning in pediatric subdural collections. Acta Paediatr Scand, 64:2, 1965. Eighteen children with subdural collections were submitted to brain scintigraphy. By this method, idopathic and post-traumatic hematomas were detected in 40% of the cases, and subdural effusions in 70% of the cases. No false-negative results were noted in the 3 cases of empyema. Several false-positive images were recorded, most of them following purulent meningitis, without any satisfactory explanation. Neither the technique of scintigraphy used in the department, the dimensions of the skull, the age of hematoma, nor the presence of membranes seemed to affect the accuracy of the method. Compared with the other easily performed examinations (eye fundus, EEG, Echo), scintigraphy still remains important in the diagnosis of subdural collections in children.", "contents": "Value of brain scanning in pediatric subdural collections. Piepsz, A., Bormans, J., Segers, A., Noterman, J. and Decostre, P. (Departments of Paediatrics, Radioisotopes and Neurosurgery, University Hospital, Brussels, Belgium). Value of brain scanning in pediatric subdural collections. Acta Paediatr Scand, 64:2, 1965. Eighteen children with subdural collections were submitted to brain scintigraphy. By this method, idopathic and post-traumatic hematomas were detected in 40% of the cases, and subdural effusions in 70% of the cases. No false-negative results were noted in the 3 cases of empyema. Several false-positive images were recorded, most of them following purulent meningitis, without any satisfactory explanation. Neither the technique of scintigraphy used in the department, the dimensions of the skull, the age of hematoma, nor the presence of membranes seemed to affect the accuracy of the method. Compared with the other easily performed examinations (eye fundus, EEG, Echo), scintigraphy still remains important in the diagnosis of subdural collections in children.", "PMID": 1114895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4257", "title": "Prenatal diagnosis of methylmalonic aciduria.", "content": "Prenatal diagnosis using amniocentesis was sought in two midtrimester pregnancies, each at risk for a different type of inherited methylmalonic aciduria. In one pregnancy a normal fetus was diagnosed from studies of cultured amniotic fluid cells and the diagnosis confirmed after the baby was born. In the second pregnancy a fetus with a methylmalonyl-CoA mutase apo enzyme defect was found. The diagnosis was based on cultured cell studies and supported by an elevation of methylmalonate in both amniotic fluid and maternal urine. Confirmatory studies were obtained using cultured cells from the aborted fetus. At the present time, assays of cultured amniotic fluid cells are imperative for firm diagnosis. With more experience, quantities of amniotic fluid and maternal urine methylmalonate may prove sufficient if differentiation among the various types of methylmalonic aciduria is not required.", "contents": "Prenatal diagnosis of methylmalonic aciduria. Prenatal diagnosis using amniocentesis was sought in two midtrimester pregnancies, each at risk for a different type of inherited methylmalonic aciduria. In one pregnancy a normal fetus was diagnosed from studies of cultured amniotic fluid cells and the diagnosis confirmed after the baby was born. In the second pregnancy a fetus with a methylmalonyl-CoA mutase apo enzyme defect was found. The diagnosis was based on cultured cell studies and supported by an elevation of methylmalonate in both amniotic fluid and maternal urine. Confirmatory studies were obtained using cultured cells from the aborted fetus. At the present time, assays of cultured amniotic fluid cells are imperative for firm diagnosis. With more experience, quantities of amniotic fluid and maternal urine methylmalonate may prove sufficient if differentiation among the various types of methylmalonic aciduria is not required.", "PMID": 1114896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4258", "title": "Method for determination of pulmonary gas exchange in connection with birth.", "content": "An apparatus built on the \"open\" system for determination of pulmonary gas exchange in the newborn infant after birth is described. At four-minute intervals diluted expired air (5-7 1/min) was collected in bags. The oxygen and carbon dioxide fraction in the bags were analysed with a Nyons Diaferometer (working on the principle of thermoconductivity). In calibration experiments using a gas-mixing technique a high degree of linearity was found, both in the determination of the fraction of oxygen and carbon dioxide (r equal to 0.9996). Reproducibility from duplicate readings was also good (for oxygen determination 0.9% and for carbon dioxide determination 0.8%). Duplicate determinations performed on infants with the same degree of motor activity resulted in an estimated error of the method of 5.8% for VO2 and 7.8% for VCO2 respectively. A metabolic chamber was used to control environmental temperature. The air temperature and wall temperature in the chamber were regulated by water from a thermostatically controlled waterbath and were kept equal within 0.5 degrees C. As the method for determination of the fraction of oxygen and carbon dioxide is not specific, other gaseous materials exhaled by the infants influence the measurements and nitrous oxide was found to interfere with the determinations, and made VO2 and VCO2 determinations in these patients impossible. Experience from more than 50 investigations on newborn infants has shown that the method is well suited to this particular type of study.", "contents": "Method for determination of pulmonary gas exchange in connection with birth. An apparatus built on the \"open\" system for determination of pulmonary gas exchange in the newborn infant after birth is described. At four-minute intervals diluted expired air (5-7 1/min) was collected in bags. The oxygen and carbon dioxide fraction in the bags were analysed with a Nyons Diaferometer (working on the principle of thermoconductivity). In calibration experiments using a gas-mixing technique a high degree of linearity was found, both in the determination of the fraction of oxygen and carbon dioxide (r equal to 0.9996). Reproducibility from duplicate readings was also good (for oxygen determination 0.9% and for carbon dioxide determination 0.8%). Duplicate determinations performed on infants with the same degree of motor activity resulted in an estimated error of the method of 5.8% for VO2 and 7.8% for VCO2 respectively. A metabolic chamber was used to control environmental temperature. The air temperature and wall temperature in the chamber were regulated by water from a thermostatically controlled waterbath and were kept equal within 0.5 degrees C. As the method for determination of the fraction of oxygen and carbon dioxide is not specific, other gaseous materials exhaled by the infants influence the measurements and nitrous oxide was found to interfere with the determinations, and made VO2 and VCO2 determinations in these patients impossible. Experience from more than 50 investigations on newborn infants has shown that the method is well suited to this particular type of study.", "PMID": 1114897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4259", "title": "Lung expansion and the formation of the alveolar lining layer in the fullterm newborn rabbit.", "content": "Light and electron microscopic studies of lungs from fullterm newborn rabbits, 0-24 hours after birth, revealed a patchy alveolar air expansion during the first few hours of extra-uterine life. Fairly uniform aeration of alveoli was noted 6-24 hours after birth but minor \"unexpanded\" areas were still present after 24 hours. In the fetal pulmonary fluid as well as in the alveolar lining layer formed after the onset of breathing there are multiple large phospholipid complexes, and a discontinuous  multilamellar surface film can be demonstrated in some alveoli from 2 hours after birth. Apparently, the neonatal adaptation of the rabbit lung is a protracted process, not even complete at the age of 24 hours.", "contents": "Lung expansion and the formation of the alveolar lining layer in the fullterm newborn rabbit. Light and electron microscopic studies of lungs from fullterm newborn rabbits, 0-24 hours after birth, revealed a patchy alveolar air expansion during the first few hours of extra-uterine life. Fairly uniform aeration of alveoli was noted 6-24 hours after birth but minor \"unexpanded\" areas were still present after 24 hours. In the fetal pulmonary fluid as well as in the alveolar lining layer formed after the onset of breathing there are multiple large phospholipid complexes, and a discontinuous  multilamellar surface film can be demonstrated in some alveoli from 2 hours after birth. Apparently, the neonatal adaptation of the rabbit lung is a protracted process, not even complete at the age of 24 hours.", "PMID": 1114898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4260", "title": "Electrical polarization of rectal mucosa and excretion of tetrahydroaldosterone in patients with cystic fibrosis of pancreas and in normal subjects.", "content": "The electrical potential difference (PD) across the rectal wall was measured in 26 patients with cystic fibrosis of pancreas (CFP) and in 18 healthy subjects. The PDs obtained in normal children were identical to those previously obtained in normal adults. A significantly greater dispersion of the values was observed in CFP. When the patients were divided into groups according to metachromasia in fibroblast cultures, the mean PD was increased only in the ametachromatic group. True enough, this observation suggests a difference between various forms of CFP, distinguished by metachromasia, and thus is a further indication of the heterogeneity of the disease. The greater abnormalities in metachromasia negative patients may, however, be due solely to the fact that these patients are more severely affected by the disease. The urinary excretion of tetrahydroaldosterone in patients was within the ranges obtained in controls, which excludes the possibility of secondary hyperaldosteronism as the source of increased PD. No evidence was provided in favour of a basic defect in the intestinal transport of Na+ or Cl minus, but K+ concentrations in faecal fluids of patients were significantly lower than in controls. The equilibrium concentration of K+ could be accounted for by simple passive diffusion, suggesting that the epithelium behaved inertly with respect to this ion in CFP.", "contents": "Electrical polarization of rectal mucosa and excretion of tetrahydroaldosterone in patients with cystic fibrosis of pancreas and in normal subjects. The electrical potential difference (PD) across the rectal wall was measured in 26 patients with cystic fibrosis of pancreas (CFP) and in 18 healthy subjects. The PDs obtained in normal children were identical to those previously obtained in normal adults. A significantly greater dispersion of the values was observed in CFP. When the patients were divided into groups according to metachromasia in fibroblast cultures, the mean PD was increased only in the ametachromatic group. True enough, this observation suggests a difference between various forms of CFP, distinguished by metachromasia, and thus is a further indication of the heterogeneity of the disease. The greater abnormalities in metachromasia negative patients may, however, be due solely to the fact that these patients are more severely affected by the disease. The urinary excretion of tetrahydroaldosterone in patients was within the ranges obtained in controls, which excludes the possibility of secondary hyperaldosteronism as the source of increased PD. No evidence was provided in favour of a basic defect in the intestinal transport of Na+ or Cl minus, but K+ concentrations in faecal fluids of patients were significantly lower than in controls. The equilibrium concentration of K+ could be accounted for by simple passive diffusion, suggesting that the epithelium behaved inertly with respect to this ion in CFP.", "PMID": 1114899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4261", "title": "Single injection polyfructosan clearance in normal and asphyxiated neonates.", "content": "The postnatal development of the glomerular filtration rate in 36 neonates has been evaluated by the single injection polyfructosan clearance method (GFRPfr) by studies performed at 0-1, 2-4 and 5-7 weeks of postnatal age. During the first weeks of life there is a rapid postnatal increase of GFRPfr of almost the same magnitude in term and preterm healthy infants. Thus the postnatal development of glomerular filtration rate is more closely related to extra-uterine excretory needs than to the maturatinal stage and gestational age at birth. In the asphyxiated neonates studied the GFRPfr was significantly lowered in the immediate postasphyxial stage while the infants were still hypoxemic. However the postnatal rise of GFRPfr in the time period following the postasphyxial stage was of the same order as in the non-asphyxiated healthy neonates.", "contents": "Single injection polyfructosan clearance in normal and asphyxiated neonates. The postnatal development of the glomerular filtration rate in 36 neonates has been evaluated by the single injection polyfructosan clearance method (GFRPfr) by studies performed at 0-1, 2-4 and 5-7 weeks of postnatal age. During the first weeks of life there is a rapid postnatal increase of GFRPfr of almost the same magnitude in term and preterm healthy infants. Thus the postnatal development of glomerular filtration rate is more closely related to extra-uterine excretory needs than to the maturatinal stage and gestational age at birth. In the asphyxiated neonates studied the GFRPfr was significantly lowered in the immediate postasphyxial stage while the infants were still hypoxemic. However the postnatal rise of GFRPfr in the time period following the postasphyxial stage was of the same order as in the non-asphyxiated healthy neonates.", "PMID": 1114900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4262", "title": "A social psychiatric investigation of a rural district in Northern Norway: a preliminary communication.", "content": "The psychiatric morbidity of Berlevaag in Northern Norway (71 degrees North) was studied in 1944 by Bremer. A follow-up and a re-examination of the persons in the community was initiated in 1972. Preliminary data suggest that the prevalence of psychoses is practically the same in 1973 as in 1944. Various registers have provided a fairly complete count of psychoses even before the onset of an intensive field study. Only a minor part of the non-psychotic psychiatric disorders appears to have been identified.", "contents": "A social psychiatric investigation of a rural district in Northern Norway: a preliminary communication. The psychiatric morbidity of Berlevaag in Northern Norway (71 degrees North) was studied in 1944 by Bremer. A follow-up and a re-examination of the persons in the community was initiated in 1972. Preliminary data suggest that the prevalence of psychoses is practically the same in 1973 as in 1944. Various registers have provided a fairly complete count of psychoses even before the onset of an intensive field study. Only a minor part of the non-psychotic psychiatric disorders appears to have been identified.", "PMID": 1114922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4263", "title": "Incidence of depressive syndromes in a Danish county. The Aarhus County investigation.", "content": "On the basis of a material from a cumulative registration of the psychiatric morbidity in a geographically delimited population group - the County of Aarhus with approximately 175,000 inhabitants over the age of 15 years - the frequency of depressive syndromes in psychiatric and other medical services was investigated. The material fulfils the following criteria: During the calendar years 1960 to 1964, the patients 1) were residents in the County of Aarhus, 2) had attained the age of 15 years or more, 3) had contacted at least one of the services which systematically sent information to the psychiatric register; and 4) based on an evaluation of all available data, had a main diagnosis of manic-depressive psychosis, psychogenic depression or neurotic depression. An average yearly registration rate of 1.30 per 1,000 men and 3.28 per 1,000 women was found (males: manic-depressive psychosis 0.60, psychogenic depression 0.23 and neurotic depression 0.47; females: manic-depressive psychosis 1.00, psychogenic depression 0.88 and neurotic depression 1.40). The three diagnostic groups show differences in age distribution, geographical pattern and distribution by marital status.", "contents": "Incidence of depressive syndromes in a Danish county. The Aarhus County investigation. On the basis of a material from a cumulative registration of the psychiatric morbidity in a geographically delimited population group - the County of Aarhus with approximately 175,000 inhabitants over the age of 15 years - the frequency of depressive syndromes in psychiatric and other medical services was investigated. The material fulfils the following criteria: During the calendar years 1960 to 1964, the patients 1) were residents in the County of Aarhus, 2) had attained the age of 15 years or more, 3) had contacted at least one of the services which systematically sent information to the psychiatric register; and 4) based on an evaluation of all available data, had a main diagnosis of manic-depressive psychosis, psychogenic depression or neurotic depression. An average yearly registration rate of 1.30 per 1,000 men and 3.28 per 1,000 women was found (males: manic-depressive psychosis 0.60, psychogenic depression 0.23 and neurotic depression 0.47; females: manic-depressive psychosis 1.00, psychogenic depression 0.88 and neurotic depression 1.40). The three diagnostic groups show differences in age distribution, geographical pattern and distribution by marital status.", "PMID": 1114923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4264", "title": "A psychiatric-psychological study of XYY males found in a general male population.", "content": "The psychological test results of five XYY males from in a population study showed an intellectual level within the normal range but with a mean full scale IQ and educational level lower than expected. The cognitive as well as emotional function was characterized by immaturity, manifested in passivity, unreflectiveness and emotional liability, in three resulting in uncontrolled aggressive outbursts. Conflict material also appeared immaturely resolved, centering around unfulfilled needs of contact and insecure masculine identification. The defense mechanisms used were generally rather weak, but only in one subject did the anxiety level seem to be excessively low. All five males differed to a certain extent from their siblings; three of them were hyperactive, restless, hot-tempered and impulsive at school and four of them had difficulties at school. Three learned a trade, but only one stayed in his trade, and one was applying for disablement pension on account of personality deviation. Two of the five had a criminal record. It is concluded that the presence and degree of the above-mentioned characteristics of XYY males varied. It is evident that environmental factors play as great a role for the development of personality and behaviour in males with karyotype 47, XYY as in males with a normal chromosome constitution.", "contents": "A psychiatric-psychological study of XYY males found in a general male population. The psychological test results of five XYY males from in a population study showed an intellectual level within the normal range but with a mean full scale IQ and educational level lower than expected. The cognitive as well as emotional function was characterized by immaturity, manifested in passivity, unreflectiveness and emotional liability, in three resulting in uncontrolled aggressive outbursts. Conflict material also appeared immaturely resolved, centering around unfulfilled needs of contact and insecure masculine identification. The defense mechanisms used were generally rather weak, but only in one subject did the anxiety level seem to be excessively low. All five males differed to a certain extent from their siblings; three of them were hyperactive, restless, hot-tempered and impulsive at school and four of them had difficulties at school. Three learned a trade, but only one stayed in his trade, and one was applying for disablement pension on account of personality deviation. Two of the five had a criminal record. It is concluded that the presence and degree of the above-mentioned characteristics of XYY males varied. It is evident that environmental factors play as great a role for the development of personality and behaviour in males with karyotype 47, XYY as in males with a normal chromosome constitution.", "PMID": 1114924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4265", "title": "Depression: influence on time estimation and time experience", "content": "Time studies are partly concerned with time estimation partly with time experience. In a study of depression both principles were applied. Depression did not influence time estimation, but, on the other hand, the patients did report a slowing down of time (change in time experience). An item analysis of Beck's and Hamilton's rating scales showed that the disturbance in time experience accompanies items referring mainly to mood changes, only to a small extent to somatic symptoms, and not at all to changes in the psychomotor activity.", "contents": "Depression: influence on time estimation and time experience. Time studies are partly concerned with time estimation partly with time experience. In a study of depression both principles were applied. Depression did not influence time estimation, but, on the other hand, the patients did report a slowing down of time (change in time experience). An item analysis of Beck's and Hamilton's rating scales showed that the disturbance in time experience accompanies items referring mainly to mood changes, only to a small extent to somatic symptoms, and not at all to changes in the psychomotor activity.", "PMID": 1114925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4266", "title": "Empirical investigations on the reliability and the value for differential diagnosis of 21 clinical symptoms of disturbed states of consciousness.", "content": "Two groups of patients in disturbed states of consciousness (DSC's) were compared with three groups of patients in clear states of consciousness (CSC's): demented, schizophrenic, and non-psychotic patients. In each of the groups, 15 patients were evaluated for 21 \"objective\" symptoms; each patient was evaluated by two psychiatrists. In this way, reliable symptoms were sought out which could discriminate: 1) elderly patients in DSC's from elderly demented but clear patients; and 2) schizophrenic patients from patients in DSC's caused by either withdrawal states after abuse of alcohol or barbiturates, or psychogenic psychoses. Reliable and discriminating symptoms were found. However, different symptoms discriminated when patients in different diagnostic groups were compared. Three kinds of discriminating values of a symptom may be distinguished from one another: 1) only the presence of a symptom is informative; 2) only its absence is informative; 3) both presence and absence of the symptom are informative.", "contents": "Empirical investigations on the reliability and the value for differential diagnosis of 21 clinical symptoms of disturbed states of consciousness. Two groups of patients in disturbed states of consciousness (DSC's) were compared with three groups of patients in clear states of consciousness (CSC's): demented, schizophrenic, and non-psychotic patients. In each of the groups, 15 patients were evaluated for 21 \"objective\" symptoms; each patient was evaluated by two psychiatrists. In this way, reliable symptoms were sought out which could discriminate: 1) elderly patients in DSC's from elderly demented but clear patients; and 2) schizophrenic patients from patients in DSC's caused by either withdrawal states after abuse of alcohol or barbiturates, or psychogenic psychoses. Reliable and discriminating symptoms were found. However, different symptoms discriminated when patients in different diagnostic groups were compared. Three kinds of discriminating values of a symptom may be distinguished from one another: 1) only the presence of a symptom is informative; 2) only its absence is informative; 3) both presence and absence of the symptom are informative.", "PMID": 1114926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4267", "title": "Plasmid dependent impermeability barrier to cadmium ions in Staphylococcus aureus.", "content": "The nature of plasmid born resistance of Staphylococcus aureus to cadmium ions has been investigated. Plasmid harbouring strain was significantly more resistant than its plasmid negative variant, both in growth tests and in manometric experiments. Radioisotopic studies have revealed that the resistant organism did not take up 115mCdCl2 at concentrations 10-4M--10-6M, which were also harmless to its respiration. In contrast to this, plasmid negative variant was permeable to all concentrations used (10-3M--10-6M), and the uptake of 115mCd2+ ions always resulted in inhibition of respiration. These findings suggest that the cadmium resistance could be due to the impermeability barrier controlled by plasmid genes. This barrier, however, could be broken through, since at 10-3M some marked uptake of radioactive cadmium by resistant strain was observed, which was accompanied by partial inhibition of respiration. Binding of Cd2+ ions to the sensitive cells was irreversible and temperature dependent (took place at 37 degrees, but did not occur at 2-4 degrees). The bound molecules could not be removed either by extensive washing with water or by cysteine treatment, although cells pretreated with this amino acid were protected against the uptake of 115mCdCl2.", "contents": "Plasmid dependent impermeability barrier to cadmium ions in Staphylococcus aureus. The nature of plasmid born resistance of Staphylococcus aureus to cadmium ions has been investigated. Plasmid harbouring strain was significantly more resistant than its plasmid negative variant, both in growth tests and in manometric experiments. Radioisotopic studies have revealed that the resistant organism did not take up 115mCdCl2 at concentrations 10-4M--10-6M, which were also harmless to its respiration. In contrast to this, plasmid negative variant was permeable to all concentrations used (10-3M--10-6M), and the uptake of 115mCd2+ ions always resulted in inhibition of respiration. These findings suggest that the cadmium resistance could be due to the impermeability barrier controlled by plasmid genes. This barrier, however, could be broken through, since at 10-3M some marked uptake of radioactive cadmium by resistant strain was observed, which was accompanied by partial inhibition of respiration. Binding of Cd2+ ions to the sensitive cells was irreversible and temperature dependent (took place at 37 degrees, but did not occur at 2-4 degrees). The bound molecules could not be removed either by extensive washing with water or by cysteine treatment, although cells pretreated with this amino acid were protected against the uptake of 115mCdCl2.", "PMID": 1114927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4268", "title": "The 11alpha and 17alpha-progesterone hydroxylases of Rhizopus nigricans NRRL 1477.", "content": "Differential induction of cultures of Rhizopus nigricans indicated that hydroxylation of progesterone at the 11alpha- and 17alpha-positions is due to two separate enzymes. This is supported by the finding that 11alpha- and 17alpha-hydroxylating activities are separated by differential centrigufation of cell-free extracts. The feasibility of introducing a hydroxyl group at the 11alpha- or 17alpha-position of hydroxylated progesterone derivatives was tested.", "contents": "The 11alpha and 17alpha-progesterone hydroxylases of Rhizopus nigricans NRRL 1477. Differential induction of cultures of Rhizopus nigricans indicated that hydroxylation of progesterone at the 11alpha- and 17alpha-positions is due to two separate enzymes. This is supported by the finding that 11alpha- and 17alpha-hydroxylating activities are separated by differential centrigufation of cell-free extracts. The feasibility of introducing a hydroxyl group at the 11alpha- or 17alpha-position of hydroxylated progesterone derivatives was tested.", "PMID": 1114928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4269", "title": "Rehabilitation in extremity fractures.", "content": "General principles in the rehabilitation of a patient with an extremity fracture include: treat the patient, not the x-ray; move all joints not immobilized; prevent disuse atrophy; use gravity to assist in mobilizing a joint; stabilize proximal joints to avoid reverse action of biarticular muscles; permit early protected weight bearing until adequate joint mobility is achieved; appropriately instruct the patient in a home program, and avoid all stretching.", "contents": "Rehabilitation in extremity fractures. General principles in the rehabilitation of a patient with an extremity fracture include: treat the patient, not the x-ray; move all joints not immobilized; prevent disuse atrophy; use gravity to assist in mobilizing a joint; stabilize proximal joints to avoid reverse action of biarticular muscles; permit early protected weight bearing until adequate joint mobility is achieved; appropriately instruct the patient in a home program, and avoid all stretching.", "PMID": 1114932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4270", "title": "Current transfusion practices.", "content": "Utilization of packed red blood cells (PRBC) and plasma components individually or in combination allows replacement of the precise blood element needed, while avoiding some of the potential hazards of whole blood transfusions. Transfusion of PRBC, rather than whole blood, reduces the risk of circulatory overload and nonhemolytic transfusion reactions. Frozen PRBC essentially eliminate leukocyte or platelet sensitization and transmission of hepatitis is extremely rare.", "contents": "Current transfusion practices. Utilization of packed red blood cells (PRBC) and plasma components individually or in combination allows replacement of the precise blood element needed, while avoiding some of the potential hazards of whole blood transfusions. Transfusion of PRBC, rather than whole blood, reduces the risk of circulatory overload and nonhemolytic transfusion reactions. Frozen PRBC essentially eliminate leukocyte or platelet sensitization and transmission of hepatitis is extremely rare.", "PMID": 1114933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4271", "title": "Reye's syndrome.", "content": "Although frequently unrecognized, Reye's syndrome is a significant cause of serious illness and death in children. Erroneous diagnoses include gastroenteritis, meningoencephalitis, metabolic encephalopathy, drug overdose and primary psychiatric disease. No specific cure is known but early diagnosis and vigorous empirical treatment may increase chances of survival. Although the EEG may be a useful tool in prognosis, it cannot be relied upon in deciding when to initiate or abandon aggressive therapy.", "contents": "Reye's syndrome. Although frequently unrecognized, Reye's syndrome is a significant cause of serious illness and death in children. Erroneous diagnoses include gastroenteritis, meningoencephalitis, metabolic encephalopathy, drug overdose and primary psychiatric disease. No specific cure is known but early diagnosis and vigorous empirical treatment may increase chances of survival. Although the EEG may be a useful tool in prognosis, it cannot be relied upon in deciding when to initiate or abandon aggressive therapy.", "PMID": 1114934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4272", "title": "Outpatient anorectal surgery.", "content": "Fulguration of polyps, rectal biopsy and the Barron method of removing hemorrhoids require no anesthesia. Anal fissures, warts, small fistulas and hemorrhoids can be removed with a minimal amount of anesthesia. Pilonidal cysts or abscesses can also be incised and drained in this manner. Extensive fistulas, unusually large hemorrhoids with generalized prolapse of mucosa and disorders involving poor-risk patients should be managed in the hospital.", "contents": "Outpatient anorectal surgery. Fulguration of polyps, rectal biopsy and the Barron method of removing hemorrhoids require no anesthesia. Anal fissures, warts, small fistulas and hemorrhoids can be removed with a minimal amount of anesthesia. Pilonidal cysts or abscesses can also be incised and drained in this manner. Extensive fistulas, unusually large hemorrhoids with generalized prolapse of mucosa and disorders involving poor-risk patients should be managed in the hospital.", "PMID": 1114940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4273", "title": "Hemodynamic changes during ventricular pacing in patients with complete heart block and aortic and mitral valvular heart disease.", "content": "Increasing the heart rate to near normal in patients with complete heart block (CHB) and slow ventricular rates may lead to greater improvement in ventricular function than when the heart rate is increased from normal to more rapid heart rates. Improvement in ventricular function is usually manifested by a decrease in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) and volume and by an increase in contractility. In patients with both CHB and valvular heart disease improvement in ventricular function during pacing may be modified by the nature of the valvular disease. Hemodynamic data from six patients with both valvular heart disease and CHB were compared with those from ten patients with CHB and normal cardiac valves. Hemodynamic studies were performed at slow or idioventricular rates and again after increasing the heart rate to more nearly normal levels by ventricular pacing. When obstruction to left ventricular inflow (mitral stenosis) co-existed with CHB, increasing the heart rate resulted in a reduction of an elevated LVEDP to normal. This resulted in only a small increase in left atrial pressure in spite of a striking increase in the mean left atrial-ventricular gradient. When obstruction to left ventricular outflow prevailed (aortic stenosis), improvement in cardiac function was manifested mainly by a decrease in LVEDP and was accompanied by a decrease in left ventricular stroke work. When a large regurgitant volume (aortic insufficiency) was added to a ventricle which has enlarged subsequent to CHB, there was striking elevation in ventricular filling pressures which returned to more nearly normal levels when the heart rate was increased. This was accompanied by a reduction in regurgitant stroke volume in the patient in whom it was measured. Thus, an increase in heart rate may be especially beneficial to those patients with CHB who also have valvular lesions which contribute to an increase in LVEDP and end-diastolic volume. Careful hemodynamic evaluation is helpful in determining appropriate therapy in these patients.", "contents": "Hemodynamic changes during ventricular pacing in patients with complete heart block and aortic and mitral valvular heart disease. Increasing the heart rate to near normal in patients with complete heart block (CHB) and slow ventricular rates may lead to greater improvement in ventricular function than when the heart rate is increased from normal to more rapid heart rates. Improvement in ventricular function is usually manifested by a decrease in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) and volume and by an increase in contractility. In patients with both CHB and valvular heart disease improvement in ventricular function during pacing may be modified by the nature of the valvular disease. Hemodynamic data from six patients with both valvular heart disease and CHB were compared with those from ten patients with CHB and normal cardiac valves. Hemodynamic studies were performed at slow or idioventricular rates and again after increasing the heart rate to more nearly normal levels by ventricular pacing. When obstruction to left ventricular inflow (mitral stenosis) co-existed with CHB, increasing the heart rate resulted in a reduction of an elevated LVEDP to normal. This resulted in only a small increase in left atrial pressure in spite of a striking increase in the mean left atrial-ventricular gradient. When obstruction to left ventricular outflow prevailed (aortic stenosis), improvement in cardiac function was manifested mainly by a decrease in LVEDP and was accompanied by a decrease in left ventricular stroke work. When a large regurgitant volume (aortic insufficiency) was added to a ventricle which has enlarged subsequent to CHB, there was striking elevation in ventricular filling pressures which returned to more nearly normal levels when the heart rate was increased. This was accompanied by a reduction in regurgitant stroke volume in the patient in whom it was measured. Thus, an increase in heart rate may be especially beneficial to those patients with CHB who also have valvular lesions which contribute to an increase in LVEDP and end-diastolic volume. Careful hemodynamic evaluation is helpful in determining appropriate therapy in these patients.", "PMID": 1114941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4274", "title": "Preclinical abnormality of left ventricular function in diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Abnormal cardiac muscle function has been reported in experimental diabetes mellitus from this laboratory. To examine left ventricular performance in diabetic patients without clinical evidence of myocardial ischemia or other cardiovascular disease, a noninvasive measurement of the systolic time intervals was carried out. Simultaneous recordings of the electrocardiogram, heart sounds, and carotid pulse were made in 25 diabetic subjects, 20 to 56 years of age, and compared with 37 normal subjects. The diabetic subjects had a shorter left ventricular ejection time, longer pre-ejection period, and a higher ratio of pre-ejection period/left ventricular ejection time (P less than 0.001). The isovolumic time was prolonged (P less than 0.001), while heart rate and arterial pressure were within normal limits. Abnormal function was independent of apparent duration and treatment by diet alone, insulin, or hypoglycemic agents. On the basis of available morphologic data in human and canine diabetes, an alteration of the myocardial interstitium may be the basis for this preclinical abnormality in diabetic patients.", "contents": "Preclinical abnormality of left ventricular function in diabetes mellitus. Abnormal cardiac muscle function has been reported in experimental diabetes mellitus from this laboratory. To examine left ventricular performance in diabetic patients without clinical evidence of myocardial ischemia or other cardiovascular disease, a noninvasive measurement of the systolic time intervals was carried out. Simultaneous recordings of the electrocardiogram, heart sounds, and carotid pulse were made in 25 diabetic subjects, 20 to 56 years of age, and compared with 37 normal subjects. The diabetic subjects had a shorter left ventricular ejection time, longer pre-ejection period, and a higher ratio of pre-ejection period/left ventricular ejection time (P less than 0.001). The isovolumic time was prolonged (P less than 0.001), while heart rate and arterial pressure were within normal limits. Abnormal function was independent of apparent duration and treatment by diet alone, insulin, or hypoglycemic agents. On the basis of available morphologic data in human and canine diabetes, an alteration of the myocardial interstitium may be the basis for this preclinical abnormality in diabetic patients.", "PMID": 1114942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4275", "title": "Determination of zero reference level for left atrial pressure by echocardiography.", "content": "This study compares the anterior chest wall to mid-left atrial distance (D) determined by echocardiography with three standard cardiac zero reference levels (ZRL); 5 cm. from the sternal angle, (2) 10 cm. from the back, (3) midchest. Echocardiography was performed on 50 subjects (16 normal subjects and 34 subjects with heart disease). Chest wall, aortic root, and left atrial echoes were obtained to measure D. The AP diameter of the chest (L) was measured using calipers. Thus, ZRL (2) equals (L-10) cm. from the front of the chest and ARL (3) equals L/2, respectively. The difference between the mean of D and ZRL 1, ZRL 2, and ZRL 3 is \u00f88 c.m, -0.9 cm., and -0.5 cm., respectively. (a) ZRL (1) is consistently in error; in 17 patients the difference was greater than 5.4 cm.; (b) there is no significant difference between D and ZRL (2) or ZRL (3), and hence they are valid reference systems, and (c) echocardiography can be used to accurately determine the zero reference level for left atrial pressure measurements.", "contents": "Determination of zero reference level for left atrial pressure by echocardiography. This study compares the anterior chest wall to mid-left atrial distance (D) determined by echocardiography with three standard cardiac zero reference levels (ZRL); 5 cm. from the sternal angle, (2) 10 cm. from the back, (3) midchest. Echocardiography was performed on 50 subjects (16 normal subjects and 34 subjects with heart disease). Chest wall, aortic root, and left atrial echoes were obtained to measure D. The AP diameter of the chest (L) was measured using calipers. Thus, ZRL (2) equals (L-10) cm. from the front of the chest and ARL (3) equals L/2, respectively. The difference between the mean of D and ZRL 1, ZRL 2, and ZRL 3 is \u00f88 c.m, -0.9 cm., and -0.5 cm., respectively. (a) ZRL (1) is consistently in error; in 17 patients the difference was greater than 5.4 cm.; (b) there is no significant difference between D and ZRL (2) or ZRL (3), and hence they are valid reference systems, and (c) echocardiography can be used to accurately determine the zero reference level for left atrial pressure measurements.", "PMID": 1114943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4276", "title": "Immediate cardiac response to exercise: physiologic investigation by systolic time intervals at graded work loads.", "content": "Immediate cardiac responses to exercise were investigated in five normal male volunteer subjects by measuring heart rate and systolic intervals from rest through the onset of exertion at three different work loads. Recordings were continued for fifty beats and again at one minute with measurements plotted on a beat-to-beat basis and grouped for statistical analysis. During exercise, heart rate and corrected ejection time increased, pre-ejection period and PEP/LVET decreased, and pulse transmission time remained stable. The heart rate acceleration was sudden, occurring in the first few beats of exercise, a phenomenon also demonstrated by previous investigators. A significant new finding was the equally abrupt major change in each of the other parameters. The immediacy of all responses was independent of load and was consistent with experimental studies showing that changes in both neural activity and venous return at the onset of exercise are virtually instantaneous.", "contents": "Immediate cardiac response to exercise: physiologic investigation by systolic time intervals at graded work loads. Immediate cardiac responses to exercise were investigated in five normal male volunteer subjects by measuring heart rate and systolic intervals from rest through the onset of exertion at three different work loads. Recordings were continued for fifty beats and again at one minute with measurements plotted on a beat-to-beat basis and grouped for statistical analysis. During exercise, heart rate and corrected ejection time increased, pre-ejection period and PEP/LVET decreased, and pulse transmission time remained stable. The heart rate acceleration was sudden, occurring in the first few beats of exercise, a phenomenon also demonstrated by previous investigators. A significant new finding was the equally abrupt major change in each of the other parameters. The immediacy of all responses was independent of load and was consistent with experimental studies showing that changes in both neural activity and venous return at the onset of exercise are virtually instantaneous.", "PMID": 1114945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4277", "title": "Normal variations in tricuspid valve attachments to the membranous ventricular septum: a clue to the etiology of left ventricle-to-right atrial communication.", "content": "In 39 out of 95 normal specimens, there was either no commissure between the anterior and medial leaflets of the tricuspid valve, which resulted in an interrupted valve margin at the center of the membranous ventricular septum, or an incompletely formed commissure. It is suggested that one end of this spectrum of normal anatomic variations could have a direct relationship to VSD associated with left ventricle-to-right atrial communication.", "contents": "Normal variations in tricuspid valve attachments to the membranous ventricular septum: a clue to the etiology of left ventricle-to-right atrial communication. In 39 out of 95 normal specimens, there was either no commissure between the anterior and medial leaflets of the tricuspid valve, which resulted in an interrupted valve margin at the center of the membranous ventricular septum, or an incompletely formed commissure. It is suggested that one end of this spectrum of normal anatomic variations could have a direct relationship to VSD associated with left ventricle-to-right atrial communication.", "PMID": 1114946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4278", "title": "Late hemodynamic results of fascia lata reconstruction of the right ventricular outlet.", "content": "Eight patients were catheterized between 1.2 and 2.4 years after reconstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract with autologous fascia lata. Whereas the immediate post-bypass pressures had demonstrated a maximum gradient of 15 mm. Hg across the fascial valve at the time of recatheterization, this varied from 55 to 142 mm. Hg (mean 83 mm. Hg). Right ventricular systolic pressure varied between 80 and 160mm. Hg (mean 106 mm. Hg). All but one patient had clinical evidence of pulmonary incompetence. Selective angiography with injection into the right ventricle and pulmonary artery demonstrated shrunken, thickened, immobile valve cusps with an abrupt stenosis of the fascial tube or a diaphragm across it. Re-operation has been done in five patients. In each, the graft tube functioned satisfactorily, but at the site of the \"valve,\" no leaflets were visible, and the orifice of the conduit narrowed abruptly to 6 to 10 mm. in diameter. It is concluded that autologous fascia lata is unsuitable for reconstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract.", "contents": "Late hemodynamic results of fascia lata reconstruction of the right ventricular outlet. Eight patients were catheterized between 1.2 and 2.4 years after reconstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract with autologous fascia lata. Whereas the immediate post-bypass pressures had demonstrated a maximum gradient of 15 mm. Hg across the fascial valve at the time of recatheterization, this varied from 55 to 142 mm. Hg (mean 83 mm. Hg). Right ventricular systolic pressure varied between 80 and 160mm. Hg (mean 106 mm. Hg). All but one patient had clinical evidence of pulmonary incompetence. Selective angiography with injection into the right ventricle and pulmonary artery demonstrated shrunken, thickened, immobile valve cusps with an abrupt stenosis of the fascial tube or a diaphragm across it. Re-operation has been done in five patients. In each, the graft tube functioned satisfactorily, but at the site of the \"valve,\" no leaflets were visible, and the orifice of the conduit narrowed abruptly to 6 to 10 mm. in diameter. It is concluded that autologous fascia lata is unsuitable for reconstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract.", "PMID": 1114947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4279", "title": "Sustained accelerated idioventricular rhythm.", "content": "A 73-year-old white man became easily fatigued and hypotensive six weeks after a documented acute inferior myocardial infarction. Continuous ECG monitoring showed a sustained tachycardia with a right bundle branch block pattern. A His bundle electrogram showed no His deflection prior to ventricular activation. The patient was successfully treated with intravenous procaine amide resulting in reversion to sinus rhythm, loss of symptoms, and return of blood pressure to normal levels. The unique aspects of this case and therapeutic considerations in the management of this problem are discussed.", "contents": "Sustained accelerated idioventricular rhythm. A 73-year-old white man became easily fatigued and hypotensive six weeks after a documented acute inferior myocardial infarction. Continuous ECG monitoring showed a sustained tachycardia with a right bundle branch block pattern. A His bundle electrogram showed no His deflection prior to ventricular activation. The patient was successfully treated with intravenous procaine amide resulting in reversion to sinus rhythm, loss of symptoms, and return of blood pressure to normal levels. The unique aspects of this case and therapeutic considerations in the management of this problem are discussed.", "PMID": 1114949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4280", "title": "Myocardial infarction in the newborn: a case report complicated by cardiogenic shock and associated with normal coronary arteries.", "content": "Fatal myocardial infarction occurring in a neonate is reported. The patient presented with a clinical picture of cardiogenic shock simulating a hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Etiology of the myocardial infarction is uncertain for the coronary arteries were patent, anatomically and histologically normal, and there was no significant associated cardiac defect. The possible etiologies in relationship to myocardial infarction in the neonatal period are presented.", "contents": "Myocardial infarction in the newborn: a case report complicated by cardiogenic shock and associated with normal coronary arteries. Fatal myocardial infarction occurring in a neonate is reported. The patient presented with a clinical picture of cardiogenic shock simulating a hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Etiology of the myocardial infarction is uncertain for the coronary arteries were patent, anatomically and histologically normal, and there was no significant associated cardiac defect. The possible etiologies in relationship to myocardial infarction in the neonatal period are presented.", "PMID": 1114950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4281", "title": "Electrophysiology and pharmacology of cardiac arrhythmias. III. The causes and treatment of cardiac arrhythmias. Part B.", "content": "Studies on the electrophysiologic mechanisms responsible for disturbances of cardiac rate, rhythm, and conduction, and studies on the actions and mechanisms of action of antiarrhythmic and other drugs, permit the development of an apparently reasonable approach to treatment of cardiac arrhythmias. Some of the rules derived from an appreciation of cardiac electrophysiology are generally applicable. Others appear to require further testing. There are many discrepancies between what can be predicted or expected and what happens; these discrepancies result from many factors. It is likely that cardiac disease in humans has effects on the electrical activity of cardiac cells which have not been reproduced in the laboratory. It is likely, also, that disease modifies the response of cardiac cells to drugs in ways that have not yet been discovered. Nevertheless, some progress has been made and further experiment and thought may provide both better understanding and new and better therapeutic agents.", "contents": "Electrophysiology and pharmacology of cardiac arrhythmias. III. The causes and treatment of cardiac arrhythmias. Part B. Studies on the electrophysiologic mechanisms responsible for disturbances of cardiac rate, rhythm, and conduction, and studies on the actions and mechanisms of action of antiarrhythmic and other drugs, permit the development of an apparently reasonable approach to treatment of cardiac arrhythmias. Some of the rules derived from an appreciation of cardiac electrophysiology are generally applicable. Others appear to require further testing. There are many discrepancies between what can be predicted or expected and what happens; these discrepancies result from many factors. It is likely that cardiac disease in humans has effects on the electrical activity of cardiac cells which have not been reproduced in the laboratory. It is likely, also, that disease modifies the response of cardiac cells to drugs in ways that have not yet been discovered. Nevertheless, some progress has been made and further experiment and thought may provide both better understanding and new and better therapeutic agents.", "PMID": 1114952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4282", "title": "Calcific aortic insufficiency--a review of 26 patients.", "content": "Twenty-six patients, 8.3 per cent of all patients with aortic valve disease, and 10.7 per cent of all patients with any degree of aortic insufficiency detected in our catheterization laboratory, had pure calcific aortic insufficiency (no associated stenosis). Nineteen (73 per cent) males and seven (27 per cent) females ranged in age from 25 to 75 years of age (mean 51). Twenty-three per cent were younger than 40. Sixteen (62 per cent) had rheumatic heart disease, one had luetic aortic valve disease, one had congenital bicuspid valve, and eight (31 per cent) had aortic insufficiency of undetermined etiology. Twenty-three patients (89 per cent) had an aortic systolic ejection murmur, and seven (28 per cent) had an aortic ejection click. Aortic valve calcification was detected by plain chest films in only four patients (16 per cent), and by routine image intensification fluoroscopy (before catheterization) in fifteen patients (68 per cent). The reamining 32 per cent had the calcification of the aortic valve detected during catheterization. Aortic valve calcification was severe in nine patients (35 per cent), moderate in eleven patients (42 per cent), and minimal in six patients (22 per cent). Aortic insufficiency was severe in twenty patients (77 per cent), moderate in five patients (19 per cent), and minimal in one patient (4 per cent). Nineteen patients (77 per cent) had reduced left ventricular contractility. Sixteen patients (67 per cent) had low cardiac index. Eighteen patients had obstructive coronary artery disease. Aortic stenosis was misdiagnosed as the predominant lesion in fourteen patients (54 per cent)--prior to catheterization. This series demonstrates that all patients with calcified aortic valve disease and with ejection murmurs do not necessarily have aortic stenosis. Pure calcific aortic insufficiency is a distinct entity, more common than previously suspected.", "contents": "Calcific aortic insufficiency--a review of 26 patients. Twenty-six patients, 8.3 per cent of all patients with aortic valve disease, and 10.7 per cent of all patients with any degree of aortic insufficiency detected in our catheterization laboratory, had pure calcific aortic insufficiency (no associated stenosis). Nineteen (73 per cent) males and seven (27 per cent) females ranged in age from 25 to 75 years of age (mean 51). Twenty-three per cent were younger than 40. Sixteen (62 per cent) had rheumatic heart disease, one had luetic aortic valve disease, one had congenital bicuspid valve, and eight (31 per cent) had aortic insufficiency of undetermined etiology. Twenty-three patients (89 per cent) had an aortic systolic ejection murmur, and seven (28 per cent) had an aortic ejection click. Aortic valve calcification was detected by plain chest films in only four patients (16 per cent), and by routine image intensification fluoroscopy (before catheterization) in fifteen patients (68 per cent). The reamining 32 per cent had the calcification of the aortic valve detected during catheterization. Aortic valve calcification was severe in nine patients (35 per cent), moderate in eleven patients (42 per cent), and minimal in six patients (22 per cent). Aortic insufficiency was severe in twenty patients (77 per cent), moderate in five patients (19 per cent), and minimal in one patient (4 per cent). Nineteen patients (77 per cent) had reduced left ventricular contractility. Sixteen patients (67 per cent) had low cardiac index. Eighteen patients had obstructive coronary artery disease. Aortic stenosis was misdiagnosed as the predominant lesion in fourteen patients (54 per cent)--prior to catheterization. This series demonstrates that all patients with calcified aortic valve disease and with ejection murmurs do not necessarily have aortic stenosis. Pure calcific aortic insufficiency is a distinct entity, more common than previously suspected.", "PMID": 1114958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4283", "title": "P-wave analysis in myocardial infarction, pulmonary edema, and embolism.", "content": "In a retrospective study, the P-terminal force in Lead V1 (PTF-V1) was measured in three groups, each of 35 patients, with the respective diagnoses of acute myocardial infarction without pulmonary edema, acute pulmonary embolism, and acute pulmonary edema. In all but one of the patients with acute pulmonary edema, a highly negative PTF-V1 value was obtained, whereas by contrast, all the patients with pulmonary embolism had normal PTF-V1 values. Four of the patients with acute myocardial infarction had abnormal PTF-V1 values, although at the time there was no clinical or radiologic evidence of pulmonary edema. However, one of these patients did develop acute pulmonary edema a few hours later. Measurement of the PTF-V1 is a simple noninvasive test that may, therefore, be useful in separating patients with acute pulmonary embolism from those with acute or impending pulmonary edema.", "contents": "P-wave analysis in myocardial infarction, pulmonary edema, and embolism. In a retrospective study, the P-terminal force in Lead V1 (PTF-V1) was measured in three groups, each of 35 patients, with the respective diagnoses of acute myocardial infarction without pulmonary edema, acute pulmonary embolism, and acute pulmonary edema. In all but one of the patients with acute pulmonary edema, a highly negative PTF-V1 value was obtained, whereas by contrast, all the patients with pulmonary embolism had normal PTF-V1 values. Four of the patients with acute myocardial infarction had abnormal PTF-V1 values, although at the time there was no clinical or radiologic evidence of pulmonary edema. However, one of these patients did develop acute pulmonary edema a few hours later. Measurement of the PTF-V1 is a simple noninvasive test that may, therefore, be useful in separating patients with acute pulmonary embolism from those with acute or impending pulmonary edema.", "PMID": 1114959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4284", "title": "Correlation of \"critical\" left coronary artery lesions with positive submaximal exercise tests in patients with chest pain.", "content": "This study correlates the anatomic pathologic coronary anatomy found by arteriography in each of three groups of symptomatic patients, all with coronary artery disease, divided according to the magnitude of ST-segment depression after an adequate submaximal treadmill exercise test. Group I consists of 45 patients with ST-segement depression of 2 mm. or more, Group II of 31 patients with ST-segment depression between 1.0 and 1.9 mm., and Group III, 30 patients with 0 to 0.9 mm. ST-segment depression. Seventy-five per cent of the patients in Group I had critical lesions defined as (1) 75 per cent or greater narrowing of left main coronary artery (LMCA), (2) 75 per cent or greater obstructive left anterior descending and left circumflex coronary artery both proximal to any major branching, the so-called left main equivalent (LME) lesions, and (3) 90 per cent or more obstruction of the left anterior descending coronary proximal to any major branches. Of patients in Group I, 24 PER CENT Had LMCA lesions, 29 per cent had LAD lesions. Eight-two per cent of Group I patients had two- or three-vessel disease. All patients with LMCA lesions had 2 mm. or more ST-segment depression. Over 95 per cent of patients with \"critical\" lesions is less than 5 per cent in the presence of an adequate aubmaximal treadmill test that shows less than 1 mm. of ST-segment depression, it is concluded that in such patients with medically controllable angina, coronary arteriography is not necessary.", "contents": "Correlation of \"critical\" left coronary artery lesions with positive submaximal exercise tests in patients with chest pain. This study correlates the anatomic pathologic coronary anatomy found by arteriography in each of three groups of symptomatic patients, all with coronary artery disease, divided according to the magnitude of ST-segment depression after an adequate submaximal treadmill exercise test. Group I consists of 45 patients with ST-segement depression of 2 mm. or more, Group II of 31 patients with ST-segment depression between 1.0 and 1.9 mm., and Group III, 30 patients with 0 to 0.9 mm. ST-segment depression. Seventy-five per cent of the patients in Group I had critical lesions defined as (1) 75 per cent or greater narrowing of left main coronary artery (LMCA), (2) 75 per cent or greater obstructive left anterior descending and left circumflex coronary artery both proximal to any major branching, the so-called left main equivalent (LME) lesions, and (3) 90 per cent or more obstruction of the left anterior descending coronary proximal to any major branches. Of patients in Group I, 24 PER CENT Had LMCA lesions, 29 per cent had LAD lesions. Eight-two per cent of Group I patients had two- or three-vessel disease. All patients with LMCA lesions had 2 mm. or more ST-segment depression. Over 95 per cent of patients with \"critical\" lesions is less than 5 per cent in the presence of an adequate aubmaximal treadmill test that shows less than 1 mm. of ST-segment depression, it is concluded that in such patients with medically controllable angina, coronary arteriography is not necessary.", "PMID": 1114960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4285", "title": "A His bundle electrocardiographic analysis of cardiac conduction in the pediatric and adolescent patient.", "content": "Bipolar electrode catheter recordings of His bundle electrograms with three simultaneously recorded surface electrocardiographic leads were obtained from 30 pediatric and adolescent patients (aged 3 to 18 years). In 14 patients, cardiac murmurs were proved to be innocent by cardiac catheterization. The control conduction intervals were compared to those of 13 patients with congenital heart disease, and three with acquired heart disease (myocardiopathy, rheumatic valvular disease, and Friedreich's ataxia). P-R, intra-atrial (P-A), A-V nodal (A-H), and intraventricular (H-V) conduction intervals were measured to the nearest 5 msec. Conduction delays were analyzed in each of the three components of the P-R interval. These delays occurred both in single components of the system as well as in combined conduction delays and were not always demonstrable by surface electrocardiograms. The Wenckebach phenomenon induced by atrial pacing was localized to the A-V node as well as the His-Purkinje system. This technique of intracardiac electrogram recordings is safe, does not significantly prolong cardiac atheterization time, and often yields unique and useful data concerning A-V conduction.", "contents": "A His bundle electrocardiographic analysis of cardiac conduction in the pediatric and adolescent patient. Bipolar electrode catheter recordings of His bundle electrograms with three simultaneously recorded surface electrocardiographic leads were obtained from 30 pediatric and adolescent patients (aged 3 to 18 years). In 14 patients, cardiac murmurs were proved to be innocent by cardiac catheterization. The control conduction intervals were compared to those of 13 patients with congenital heart disease, and three with acquired heart disease (myocardiopathy, rheumatic valvular disease, and Friedreich's ataxia). P-R, intra-atrial (P-A), A-V nodal (A-H), and intraventricular (H-V) conduction intervals were measured to the nearest 5 msec. Conduction delays were analyzed in each of the three components of the P-R interval. These delays occurred both in single components of the system as well as in combined conduction delays and were not always demonstrable by surface electrocardiograms. The Wenckebach phenomenon induced by atrial pacing was localized to the A-V node as well as the His-Purkinje system. This technique of intracardiac electrogram recordings is safe, does not significantly prolong cardiac atheterization time, and often yields unique and useful data concerning A-V conduction.", "PMID": 1114961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4286", "title": "The high frequency electrocardiogram in coronary artery disease.", "content": "The high-frequency ECG clearly contains information not available in the conventional ECG. Patients with angina pectoris could not be identified as statistically different from the normal group based on notching, although isolated examples existed. MI, on the other hand manifested abnormal notch counts in the presence of absence of abnormal Q-waves. We were unable to correlate the treadmill exercise test or the site of the arterial lesion with the high-frequency ECG. Pathophysiologic mechanisms are discussed.", "contents": "The high frequency electrocardiogram in coronary artery disease. The high-frequency ECG clearly contains information not available in the conventional ECG. Patients with angina pectoris could not be identified as statistically different from the normal group based on notching, although isolated examples existed. MI, on the other hand manifested abnormal notch counts in the presence of absence of abnormal Q-waves. We were unable to correlate the treadmill exercise test or the site of the arterial lesion with the high-frequency ECG. Pathophysiologic mechanisms are discussed.", "PMID": 1114963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4287", "title": "Primary chylopericardium: a review of the literature and an illustrated case.", "content": "A report of a case of chylous pericardium and a review of previously reported cases are given. The specific diagnosis can be made with pericardiocentesis and analysis of the fluid which is milky in appearance and contains fat droplets microscopically. Thoracic duct obstruction with failure of adequate collateral drainage and resultant reflux of chylous lymph through lymphatics draining the heart and pericardium is proposed as a mechanism of development of this entity. Thoracic duct ligation and partial pericardectomy remain the preferred treatment for chylopericardium.", "contents": "Primary chylopericardium: a review of the literature and an illustrated case. A report of a case of chylous pericardium and a review of previously reported cases are given. The specific diagnosis can be made with pericardiocentesis and analysis of the fluid which is milky in appearance and contains fat droplets microscopically. Thoracic duct obstruction with failure of adequate collateral drainage and resultant reflux of chylous lymph through lymphatics draining the heart and pericardium is proposed as a mechanism of development of this entity. Thoracic duct ligation and partial pericardectomy remain the preferred treatment for chylopericardium.", "PMID": 1114965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4288", "title": "Left-axis deviation: etiologic factors in one-hundred patients.", "content": "Clinical and electrocardiographic findings were analyzed in 100 consecutive cases of LAD. Below the age of forty years, LAD was uncommon, but its incidence increased continuously thereafter. The most frequent primary clinical diagnosis was arteriosclerotic heart disease. The functional mechanism producing LAD most often was LAHB, responsible in about 40 per cent. Approximately half the instances of LAHB were associated with old myocardial infarction of septal, anterior, or lateral regions, but half were seen in the absence of infarction or clinical coronary sclerosis and are presumed due to primary degenerative processes within these specialized conducting fibers. Approximately one-sixth of the instances of LAD were due to loss of inferior forces following inferior myocardial infarction. Typical left ventricular hypertrophy was a distinctly uncommon cause of LAD. Last, in 24 patients with LAD the mechanism or cause was not evident initially, of which two were subsequently shown to represent a very mild degree of LAHB. Also it is suggested that asymmetric myocardial hypertrophy of the anterior wall may account for some instances of LAD not otherwise explained.", "contents": "Left-axis deviation: etiologic factors in one-hundred patients. Clinical and electrocardiographic findings were analyzed in 100 consecutive cases of LAD. Below the age of forty years, LAD was uncommon, but its incidence increased continuously thereafter. The most frequent primary clinical diagnosis was arteriosclerotic heart disease. The functional mechanism producing LAD most often was LAHB, responsible in about 40 per cent. Approximately half the instances of LAHB were associated with old myocardial infarction of septal, anterior, or lateral regions, but half were seen in the absence of infarction or clinical coronary sclerosis and are presumed due to primary degenerative processes within these specialized conducting fibers. Approximately one-sixth of the instances of LAD were due to loss of inferior forces following inferior myocardial infarction. Typical left ventricular hypertrophy was a distinctly uncommon cause of LAD. Last, in 24 patients with LAD the mechanism or cause was not evident initially, of which two were subsequently shown to represent a very mild degree of LAHB. Also it is suggested that asymmetric myocardial hypertrophy of the anterior wall may account for some instances of LAD not otherwise explained.", "PMID": 1114974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4289", "title": "Transient ST-segment elevation with postmyocardial infarction angina: prognostic significance.", "content": "Fifty-seven patients with acute myocardial infarction were observed for early postmyocardial infarction angina and associated transient ST-segment changes. Nine patients had postinfarction angina with transient ST-segment elevation (group 1), seventeen patients had postinfarction angina with ST-segment depression or no ST-segment changes (Group 2), and 31 patients had no postinfarction angina (Group 3). The patients in Group 1 had a statistically significant increased incidence of early reinfarction and death, when compared with the other two groups, singly or combined. There was no significant difference in the incidence of reinfarction and death when Group 2 is compared with Group 3. Patients with transient ST-segment elevation associated with early postmyocardial infarction angina may be an appropriate group in whom to consider newer, more aggressive modes of postinfarction management.", "contents": "Transient ST-segment elevation with postmyocardial infarction angina: prognostic significance. Fifty-seven patients with acute myocardial infarction were observed for early postmyocardial infarction angina and associated transient ST-segment changes. Nine patients had postinfarction angina with transient ST-segment elevation (group 1), seventeen patients had postinfarction angina with ST-segment depression or no ST-segment changes (Group 2), and 31 patients had no postinfarction angina (Group 3). The patients in Group 1 had a statistically significant increased incidence of early reinfarction and death, when compared with the other two groups, singly or combined. There was no significant difference in the incidence of reinfarction and death when Group 2 is compared with Group 3. Patients with transient ST-segment elevation associated with early postmyocardial infarction angina may be an appropriate group in whom to consider newer, more aggressive modes of postinfarction management.", "PMID": 1114976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4290", "title": "Blood levels of lidocaine after various infusion rates in patients with acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "Blood levels of lidocaine were estimated following two different infusion rates in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Forty-one patients received lidocaine as a bolus injection of 75 mg. directly followed by an infusion. The infusion rate was, in 16 patients, 2 mg. per minute. Blood levels of lidocaine were determined at different times up to 180 minutes after the start of drug administration. The levels in the 2 mg. per minute group were lower than had been expected and the mean level plus or minus S.E. was, after three hours, only 1.1 mug per milliliter. Many of the 2 mg. per minute petients did not, during the time period observed, reach 1.2 mug per milliliter, which has been considered as the lowest effective therapeutic level. In the 4 mg. per minute group, mean level of lidocaine already at 15 minutes was significantly higher than in the 2 mg. per minute group (1,1 plus or minus 0.14 and 0.6 plus or minus 0.05, respectively; p less than 0.05). After three hours, the mean blood level in the 4 mg. per minute group was 2.6 mug per milliliter. Although the blood levels were not followed after three hours, a careful observation did not reveal any severe toxic effects in the 4 mg. per minute group during next 21 hours. In five cases, however, lidocaine side effects were probable. These symptoms disappeared rapidly after cessation of the infusion. In order to reach therapeutic blood levels of lidocaine within a reasonable time, the infusion rate of 4 mg. per minute is recommended at least for the first three hours.", "contents": "Blood levels of lidocaine after various infusion rates in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Blood levels of lidocaine were estimated following two different infusion rates in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Forty-one patients received lidocaine as a bolus injection of 75 mg. directly followed by an infusion. The infusion rate was, in 16 patients, 2 mg. per minute. Blood levels of lidocaine were determined at different times up to 180 minutes after the start of drug administration. The levels in the 2 mg. per minute group were lower than had been expected and the mean level plus or minus S.E. was, after three hours, only 1.1 mug per milliliter. Many of the 2 mg. per minute petients did not, during the time period observed, reach 1.2 mug per milliliter, which has been considered as the lowest effective therapeutic level. In the 4 mg. per minute group, mean level of lidocaine already at 15 minutes was significantly higher than in the 2 mg. per minute group (1,1 plus or minus 0.14 and 0.6 plus or minus 0.05, respectively; p less than 0.05). After three hours, the mean blood level in the 4 mg. per minute group was 2.6 mug per milliliter. Although the blood levels were not followed after three hours, a careful observation did not reveal any severe toxic effects in the 4 mg. per minute group during next 21 hours. In five cases, however, lidocaine side effects were probable. These symptoms disappeared rapidly after cessation of the infusion. In order to reach therapeutic blood levels of lidocaine within a reasonable time, the infusion rate of 4 mg. per minute is recommended at least for the first three hours.", "PMID": 1114978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4291", "title": "Correlation between segmental early relaxation of the left ventricular wall and coronary occlusive disease.", "content": "Fifty of 305 patients studied angiographically had segmental early relaxation phenomenon (SERP) of the anterolateral or apical left ventricular wall. Fourteen of the 50 patients had cardiac abnormality other than, or in addition to, coronary occlusive disease. Of the remaining 36 patients, 35 had significant lesions in the left anterior descending artery (LAD) and one had occlusion of the proximal left circumflex artery. SERP was noted in 35 (37.2 per cent) of 94 patients with LAD disease who did not have severe anteroapical contraction abnormality. SERP was found in none of 49 patients who had neither significant coronary occlusive disease nor other cardiac abnormality. Eight patients were restudied after bypass grafting of the LAD. Three patients with patent grafts no longer demonstrated SERP. Five had persistent SERP, but four of these had occluded LAD grafts or nongrafted disease in other vessels supplying the anterolateral wall. Myocardial ischemia appears to be one cause, but probably not the only cause, of SERP.", "contents": "Correlation between segmental early relaxation of the left ventricular wall and coronary occlusive disease. Fifty of 305 patients studied angiographically had segmental early relaxation phenomenon (SERP) of the anterolateral or apical left ventricular wall. Fourteen of the 50 patients had cardiac abnormality other than, or in addition to, coronary occlusive disease. Of the remaining 36 patients, 35 had significant lesions in the left anterior descending artery (LAD) and one had occlusion of the proximal left circumflex artery. SERP was noted in 35 (37.2 per cent) of 94 patients with LAD disease who did not have severe anteroapical contraction abnormality. SERP was found in none of 49 patients who had neither significant coronary occlusive disease nor other cardiac abnormality. Eight patients were restudied after bypass grafting of the LAD. Three patients with patent grafts no longer demonstrated SERP. Five had persistent SERP, but four of these had occluded LAD grafts or nongrafted disease in other vessels supplying the anterolateral wall. Myocardial ischemia appears to be one cause, but probably not the only cause, of SERP.", "PMID": 1114979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4292", "title": "Vascular reactivity to norepinephrine and hemodynamic parameters in borderline hypertension.", "content": "Pressor response to norepinephrine, cardiopulmonary blood volume, and hemodynamic parameters were studied in 41 borderline hypertensive patients in comparison with 42 permanent essential hypertensive patients and 28 normal subjects. Borderline hypertensive subjects had high cardiac index (p less than 0.0001), normal total peripheral resistance, and low total blood volume (p less than 0.005). The ratio between cardiopulmonary blood volume (CPBV) and total blood volume (TBV) was significantly higher in comparison with normal subjects (p less than 0.01) and permanent hypertensive subjects subjects (p less than 0.0001). The pressor dose of norepinephrine was elevated (p less than 0.0001) and was directly correlated with the basal values of the cardiac output (p less than 0.005), the cardiopulmonary blood volume (p less than 0.001), and the CPBV/TBV ratio (p less than 0.01). None of these results was observed in permanent hypertensive subjects: the only significant result was a negative correlation between the pressor dose of norepinephrine and the basal diastolic arterial pressure (p less than 0.0001). This study provides evidence that the cardiac output elevation in borderline hypertensive subjects was related to increased venous return and enhanced sympathetic venous tone.", "contents": "Vascular reactivity to norepinephrine and hemodynamic parameters in borderline hypertension. Pressor response to norepinephrine, cardiopulmonary blood volume, and hemodynamic parameters were studied in 41 borderline hypertensive patients in comparison with 42 permanent essential hypertensive patients and 28 normal subjects. Borderline hypertensive subjects had high cardiac index (p less than 0.0001), normal total peripheral resistance, and low total blood volume (p less than 0.005). The ratio between cardiopulmonary blood volume (CPBV) and total blood volume (TBV) was significantly higher in comparison with normal subjects (p less than 0.01) and permanent hypertensive subjects subjects (p less than 0.0001). The pressor dose of norepinephrine was elevated (p less than 0.0001) and was directly correlated with the basal values of the cardiac output (p less than 0.005), the cardiopulmonary blood volume (p less than 0.001), and the CPBV/TBV ratio (p less than 0.01). None of these results was observed in permanent hypertensive subjects: the only significant result was a negative correlation between the pressor dose of norepinephrine and the basal diastolic arterial pressure (p less than 0.0001). This study provides evidence that the cardiac output elevation in borderline hypertensive subjects was related to increased venous return and enhanced sympathetic venous tone.", "PMID": 1114980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4293", "title": "Mechanism of immediate hemodynamic effects of chlorothiazide.", "content": "The mechanism of the immediate hemodynamic effects of intravenous chlorothiazide (25 mg. per kilogram) was studied in 22 anesthetized open-chest dogs. Within 20 minutes after administration, cardiac output and stroke volume significantly fell; this was associated with decreased central venous and left ventricular end-diastolic pressures. That these hemodynamic effects were caused by, and dependent upon, volume loss through diuresis (eightfold increase in urine volume) was shown: by a return of these measurements to control levels when the volume loss (by diuresis) was corrected with 6 per cent Dextran; by prevention of the hemodynamic changes in chlorthiazide-treated dogs previously prepared with ureterocaval anastomosis; and by confirming these same hemodynamic effects by quantitatively equivalent hemorrhage. Thus, the immediate diuresis produced by chlorothiazide resulted in a contracted plasma volume (increased hematocrit and serum protein concentration) which, in turn, diminished cardiac venous return, central filling pressures, stroke volume, and cardiac output. There was no evidence demonstrated to indicate any direct myocardial effect or peripheral venodilation induced by thiazide.", "contents": "Mechanism of immediate hemodynamic effects of chlorothiazide. The mechanism of the immediate hemodynamic effects of intravenous chlorothiazide (25 mg. per kilogram) was studied in 22 anesthetized open-chest dogs. Within 20 minutes after administration, cardiac output and stroke volume significantly fell; this was associated with decreased central venous and left ventricular end-diastolic pressures. That these hemodynamic effects were caused by, and dependent upon, volume loss through diuresis (eightfold increase in urine volume) was shown: by a return of these measurements to control levels when the volume loss (by diuresis) was corrected with 6 per cent Dextran; by prevention of the hemodynamic changes in chlorthiazide-treated dogs previously prepared with ureterocaval anastomosis; and by confirming these same hemodynamic effects by quantitatively equivalent hemorrhage. Thus, the immediate diuresis produced by chlorothiazide resulted in a contracted plasma volume (increased hematocrit and serum protein concentration) which, in turn, diminished cardiac venous return, central filling pressures, stroke volume, and cardiac output. There was no evidence demonstrated to indicate any direct myocardial effect or peripheral venodilation induced by thiazide.", "PMID": 1114981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4294", "title": "Cardiac effect of diuretic drugs.", "content": "Triamterene, amiloride, ethacrynic acid, and furosemide were studied to determine whether they modified the digitalis-induced egress of myocardial potassium which is thought to facilitate the development of digitalis arrhythmias. In a control group of 15 dogs, potassium was measured in samples obtained simultaneously from the femoral artery (FA) and the coronary sinus (CS) in a control period and at intervals after the administration of 1 mg. of acetylstrophanthidin. Acetylstrophanthidin caused a significant increase in cardiac A-V difference in the potassium concentration (CS-FA) averaging 0.47 mEq. per liter. In a group of 10 dogs, when 175 mg. of triamterene was infused prior to the acetylstrophanthidin, the rise in A-V differnece was abolished and the arrhythmias often aborted. In contrast, the infusion of potent diuretics (40 mg. of furosemide in five dogs and 100 mg. of ethacrynic acid in another five dogs) prior to acetylstrophanthidin, caused a doubling of the maximal A-V potassium difference. This study suggests that the clinical administration of antikaliuretic drugs may prevent the arrhythmias of digitalis toxicity not only by reducing kaliuresis and subsequent hypokalemia, but by a myocardial effect which antagonized the digitalis-induced loss of myocardial potassium. Contrariwise, potent diuretics may facilitate digitalis arrhythmias through a myocardial action causing a greater egress of myocardial potassium, thus explaining the development of arrhythmias despite normal serum potassium levels. These potent diuretics should be used cautiously, especially when given intravenously to patients receiving digitalis.", "contents": "Cardiac effect of diuretic drugs. Triamterene, amiloride, ethacrynic acid, and furosemide were studied to determine whether they modified the digitalis-induced egress of myocardial potassium which is thought to facilitate the development of digitalis arrhythmias. In a control group of 15 dogs, potassium was measured in samples obtained simultaneously from the femoral artery (FA) and the coronary sinus (CS) in a control period and at intervals after the administration of 1 mg. of acetylstrophanthidin. Acetylstrophanthidin caused a significant increase in cardiac A-V difference in the potassium concentration (CS-FA) averaging 0.47 mEq. per liter. In a group of 10 dogs, when 175 mg. of triamterene was infused prior to the acetylstrophanthidin, the rise in A-V differnece was abolished and the arrhythmias often aborted. In contrast, the infusion of potent diuretics (40 mg. of furosemide in five dogs and 100 mg. of ethacrynic acid in another five dogs) prior to acetylstrophanthidin, caused a doubling of the maximal A-V potassium difference. This study suggests that the clinical administration of antikaliuretic drugs may prevent the arrhythmias of digitalis toxicity not only by reducing kaliuresis and subsequent hypokalemia, but by a myocardial effect which antagonized the digitalis-induced loss of myocardial potassium. Contrariwise, potent diuretics may facilitate digitalis arrhythmias through a myocardial action causing a greater egress of myocardial potassium, thus explaining the development of arrhythmias despite normal serum potassium levels. These potent diuretics should be used cautiously, especially when given intravenously to patients receiving digitalis.", "PMID": 1114982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4295", "title": "Disorders of impulse conduction and impulse formation caused by hyperkalemia in man.", "content": "In eight patients we have demonstrated manifold types of impairment of impulse conduction produced by hyperkalemia. These abnormalities of impulse conduction occurred either simultaneously or in sequence, and were located in the atria, in the A-V junction, in the fascicular distribution of the ventricular conduction system, or in the free ventricular walls. In association with the abnormalities of conduction, abnormal impulse formation was also frequently observed as manifested by acceleration of normal pacemakers or the emergence of ectopic pacemakers. In one patient hyperkalemia produced alteration in sinus and A-V junctional impulse formation which overshadowed conduction disorders. In all of the eight cases the hyperkalemia was considered to be noniatrogenic. Hyperkalemia appears to potentiate subclinical conduction abnormalities, especially in the His-Purkinje system. However, the presence of pre-existent intraventricular conduction defects such as a bifascicular block does not exclude the possibility that the site of an A-V conduction delay during hyperkalemia can be in the A-V node, as demonstrated by His bundle recording in one instance after development of second-degree (type I) A-V block.", "contents": "Disorders of impulse conduction and impulse formation caused by hyperkalemia in man. In eight patients we have demonstrated manifold types of impairment of impulse conduction produced by hyperkalemia. These abnormalities of impulse conduction occurred either simultaneously or in sequence, and were located in the atria, in the A-V junction, in the fascicular distribution of the ventricular conduction system, or in the free ventricular walls. In association with the abnormalities of conduction, abnormal impulse formation was also frequently observed as manifested by acceleration of normal pacemakers or the emergence of ectopic pacemakers. In one patient hyperkalemia produced alteration in sinus and A-V junctional impulse formation which overshadowed conduction disorders. In all of the eight cases the hyperkalemia was considered to be noniatrogenic. Hyperkalemia appears to potentiate subclinical conduction abnormalities, especially in the His-Purkinje system. However, the presence of pre-existent intraventricular conduction defects such as a bifascicular block does not exclude the possibility that the site of an A-V conduction delay during hyperkalemia can be in the A-V node, as demonstrated by His bundle recording in one instance after development of second-degree (type I) A-V block.", "PMID": 1114983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4296", "title": "First heart sound and ejection sounds. Echocardiographic and phonocardiographic correlation with valvular events.", "content": "To provide additional information on the relation of valvular events to the principal components of the first heart sound (s1), combined echocardiograms and phonocardiograms were recorded in 49 subjects, chosen because of audible splitting of S1 or a combination of S1 and an ejection sound. The subjects included 14 normal persons, 16 patients with a variety of predominantly right-sided heart conditions, 7 with mitral stenosis, 3 with pulmonary stenosis and 9 with aortic valve disease or systemic hypertension. A precise relation was found between completion of closure of the atrioventricular (A-V) valves manifested in the echocardiogram and the high-frequency components of S1 (M1 and T1). The average time from the Q wave of the electrocardiogram to M1 was 0.06 plus or minus 0.003 second and the Q-T1 interval was 0.09 plus or minus 0.002 second. In mitral stenosis the Q-M1 interval was delayed to 0.10 plus or minus 0.005 second, resulting in some instances in reversed splitting of S1. In pulmonary stenosis, the ejection sound occurred 0.10 plus or minus 0.003 second from the Q wave. In 7 of the 16 patients with various right-sided abnormalities, but without valvular stenosis, an ejection sound of pulmonary origin occurred 0.18 plus or minus 0.012 second from the Q wave. In the nine patients with aortic valve disease or systemic hypertension, the time from the Q wave to the aortic ejection sound was 0.13 plus or minus 0.004 second. With only two exceptions the ejection sounds of aortic and plumonary origin coincided exactly with achievement of a fully opened position of the respective semilunar valve. Our findings support the postulate that M1, T1 and the ejection sounds occur in association with closing or opening of valves with consequent sudden deceleration or acceleration of a column of blood that, in turn, results in vibrations of the cardiohemic system and audible sounds.", "contents": "First heart sound and ejection sounds. Echocardiographic and phonocardiographic correlation with valvular events. To provide additional information on the relation of valvular events to the principal components of the first heart sound (s1), combined echocardiograms and phonocardiograms were recorded in 49 subjects, chosen because of audible splitting of S1 or a combination of S1 and an ejection sound. The subjects included 14 normal persons, 16 patients with a variety of predominantly right-sided heart conditions, 7 with mitral stenosis, 3 with pulmonary stenosis and 9 with aortic valve disease or systemic hypertension. A precise relation was found between completion of closure of the atrioventricular (A-V) valves manifested in the echocardiogram and the high-frequency components of S1 (M1 and T1). The average time from the Q wave of the electrocardiogram to M1 was 0.06 plus or minus 0.003 second and the Q-T1 interval was 0.09 plus or minus 0.002 second. In mitral stenosis the Q-M1 interval was delayed to 0.10 plus or minus 0.005 second, resulting in some instances in reversed splitting of S1. In pulmonary stenosis, the ejection sound occurred 0.10 plus or minus 0.003 second from the Q wave. In 7 of the 16 patients with various right-sided abnormalities, but without valvular stenosis, an ejection sound of pulmonary origin occurred 0.18 plus or minus 0.012 second from the Q wave. In the nine patients with aortic valve disease or systemic hypertension, the time from the Q wave to the aortic ejection sound was 0.13 plus or minus 0.004 second. With only two exceptions the ejection sounds of aortic and plumonary origin coincided exactly with achievement of a fully opened position of the respective semilunar valve. Our findings support the postulate that M1, T1 and the ejection sounds occur in association with closing or opening of valves with consequent sudden deceleration or acceleration of a column of blood that, in turn, results in vibrations of the cardiohemic system and audible sounds.", "PMID": 1114992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4297", "title": "Pericardial rub. Prospective, Multiple observer investigation of pericardial friction in 100 patients.", "content": "A prospective, multiple observer ausculatory and phonocardiographic study of 100 patients with pericardial friction confirmed the dominant prevalence of triphasic pericardial rubs (56 percent of patients with sinus rhythm). In 9 of 33 patients with various biphasic rub patterns there was summation of the ventricular diastolic rub with the atrial systolic rub, concealing an additional 10 percent of potential triphasic friction. Fourteen of 15 monophasic rubs were audible or recordable only during ventricular systole. Rubs were best heard along the left sternal border in 84 percent of cases and tended to be louder during inspiration than during expiration; in 35 cases there was no respiratory predilection. Twenty-three rubs were palpable. Ten rubs occurred in patients with pericardial effusion, five of whom had tamponade. Extension of the neck did not have a dependable effect on rub intensity.", "contents": "Pericardial rub. Prospective, Multiple observer investigation of pericardial friction in 100 patients. A prospective, multiple observer ausculatory and phonocardiographic study of 100 patients with pericardial friction confirmed the dominant prevalence of triphasic pericardial rubs (56 percent of patients with sinus rhythm). In 9 of 33 patients with various biphasic rub patterns there was summation of the ventricular diastolic rub with the atrial systolic rub, concealing an additional 10 percent of potential triphasic friction. Fourteen of 15 monophasic rubs were audible or recordable only during ventricular systole. Rubs were best heard along the left sternal border in 84 percent of cases and tended to be louder during inspiration than during expiration; in 35 cases there was no respiratory predilection. Twenty-three rubs were palpable. Ten rubs occurred in patients with pericardial effusion, five of whom had tamponade. Extension of the neck did not have a dependable effect on rub intensity.", "PMID": 1114993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4298", "title": "Prolapse of the posterior leaflet of the mitral valve associated with secundum atrial septal defect.", "content": "The association of prolapse of the posterior leaflet of the mitral valve with secundum atrial septal defect has recently been reported but the prevalence and features of this association have not been defined. Analysis of left ventricular cineangiograms in 54 patients have secundum atrial septal defect revealed evidence of prolapse of the posterior leaflet of the mitral valve in 20 (37 percent). In 11 patients (20 percent) there was clinical evidence of a mitral valve lesion (pansystolic murmur in 9 patients and mid-systolic click in 2 patients, 1 of whom also had a late systolic murmur); the remaining 9 patients had no auscultatory evidence of a mitral valve lesion. Thus, the incidence of clinically silent prolapse in association with secundum atrial septal defect was 17 percent (9 of 54 patients). Analysis of the angiographic findings revealed that the prolapse was triscalloped in 4 patients, biscalloped in 11 and uniscalloped in 5. Mitral regurgitation was present in 12, including the 11 patients with clinical signs of a mitral lesion. Three patients with moderate or severe mitral regurgitation had triscalloped prolapse. The association of prolapse of the posterior leaflet of the mitral valve with secundum atrial septal defect is common and may be present in the absence of any clinical evidence of a mitral valve lesion.", "contents": "Prolapse of the posterior leaflet of the mitral valve associated with secundum atrial septal defect. The association of prolapse of the posterior leaflet of the mitral valve with secundum atrial septal defect has recently been reported but the prevalence and features of this association have not been defined. Analysis of left ventricular cineangiograms in 54 patients have secundum atrial septal defect revealed evidence of prolapse of the posterior leaflet of the mitral valve in 20 (37 percent). In 11 patients (20 percent) there was clinical evidence of a mitral valve lesion (pansystolic murmur in 9 patients and mid-systolic click in 2 patients, 1 of whom also had a late systolic murmur); the remaining 9 patients had no auscultatory evidence of a mitral valve lesion. Thus, the incidence of clinically silent prolapse in association with secundum atrial septal defect was 17 percent (9 of 54 patients). Analysis of the angiographic findings revealed that the prolapse was triscalloped in 4 patients, biscalloped in 11 and uniscalloped in 5. Mitral regurgitation was present in 12, including the 11 patients with clinical signs of a mitral lesion. Three patients with moderate or severe mitral regurgitation had triscalloped prolapse. The association of prolapse of the posterior leaflet of the mitral valve with secundum atrial septal defect is common and may be present in the absence of any clinical evidence of a mitral valve lesion.", "PMID": 1114994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4299", "title": "Effect of digoxin on sinus nodal reentry in the dog.", "content": "The effect of digoxin on sinus reentry was examined in 20 open chest mongrel dogs during infusion of digoxin at a rate of 2.5 mu g/kg per min. The extrinsic cardiac nerve supply was removed acutely in 10 dogs and was left intact in the remaining 10 dogs. Sinus nodal reentry was relatively unaffected by digoxin in 18 of 20 dogs. In these 18 dogs, digitalis toxicity developed before reentry was abolished and was manifested as increased atrial and ventricular automaticity in 14 and as advanced atrioventricular (A-V) block in four. In the remaining two dogs, sinus  nodal reentry was relatively sensitive to digoxin and was abolished before toxicity became manifest as advanced A-V block. The knowledge of the relative insensitivity of sinus nodal reentry to digoxin, at least in this experimental model, contrasts with the previously reported sensitivity of sinus nodal reentry to quinidine, and may be important in the management of sinus nodal reentry in man.", "contents": "Effect of digoxin on sinus nodal reentry in the dog. The effect of digoxin on sinus reentry was examined in 20 open chest mongrel dogs during infusion of digoxin at a rate of 2.5 mu g/kg per min. The extrinsic cardiac nerve supply was removed acutely in 10 dogs and was left intact in the remaining 10 dogs. Sinus nodal reentry was relatively unaffected by digoxin in 18 of 20 dogs. In these 18 dogs, digitalis toxicity developed before reentry was abolished and was manifested as increased atrial and ventricular automaticity in 14 and as advanced atrioventricular (A-V) block in four. In the remaining two dogs, sinus  nodal reentry was relatively sensitive to digoxin and was abolished before toxicity became manifest as advanced A-V block. The knowledge of the relative insensitivity of sinus nodal reentry to digoxin, at least in this experimental model, contrasts with the previously reported sensitivity of sinus nodal reentry to quinidine, and may be important in the management of sinus nodal reentry in man.", "PMID": 1114995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4300", "title": "Detection of acute myocardial infarction by technetium-99m polyphosphate.", "content": "Experimental work has shown that technetium-99m (99mTc) pyrophosphate accumulates in recently infarcted myocardium and can be detected by external imaging techniques. Twenty-two 99mTc polyphosphate myocardial studies were performed in 17 patients (in 3 after cardiac surgery) 3 to 20 days after myocardial infarction. Seventeen myocardial studies were performed in 17 control patients (in 6 after cardiac surgery). Twenty millicuries of 99mTc polyphosphate was injected intravenously 60 to 120 minutes prior to gamma camera imaging in several views. Myocardial images were processed by the Gamma-11 computer system using standardized background subtraction and contrast enhancement. Results of 16 myocardial studies performed 4 to 20 days after transmural myocardial infarction in 12 patients were positive in 13 instances and questionable in 1. The location of the myocardial infarction by imaging corresponded to location by standard electrocardiograhic criteria in 8 of the 10 patients with positive findings. In five patients with nontransmural myocardial infarction, results of myocardial imaging were positive in two, questionable in one and normal in one. In one patient with questionable findings results were normal when imaging was repeated 16 days after nontransmural myocardial infarction. Results of 17 control myocardial imaging studies were normal in 16 and questionable in 1. Therefore, 99mTc polyphosphate myocardial imaging appears promising in the detection and location of transmural myocardial infarction. Its accuracy in detecting nontransmural myocardial infarction may be increased with greater experience and development of sophisticated digital analysis techniques. The method may prove useful in clinical situations such as cardiac surgery in which standard diagnostic aids are difficult to interpret.", "contents": "Detection of acute myocardial infarction by technetium-99m polyphosphate. Experimental work has shown that technetium-99m (99mTc) pyrophosphate accumulates in recently infarcted myocardium and can be detected by external imaging techniques. Twenty-two 99mTc polyphosphate myocardial studies were performed in 17 patients (in 3 after cardiac surgery) 3 to 20 days after myocardial infarction. Seventeen myocardial studies were performed in 17 control patients (in 6 after cardiac surgery). Twenty millicuries of 99mTc polyphosphate was injected intravenously 60 to 120 minutes prior to gamma camera imaging in several views. Myocardial images were processed by the Gamma-11 computer system using standardized background subtraction and contrast enhancement. Results of 16 myocardial studies performed 4 to 20 days after transmural myocardial infarction in 12 patients were positive in 13 instances and questionable in 1. The location of the myocardial infarction by imaging corresponded to location by standard electrocardiograhic criteria in 8 of the 10 patients with positive findings. In five patients with nontransmural myocardial infarction, results of myocardial imaging were positive in two, questionable in one and normal in one. In one patient with questionable findings results were normal when imaging was repeated 16 days after nontransmural myocardial infarction. Results of 17 control myocardial imaging studies were normal in 16 and questionable in 1. Therefore, 99mTc polyphosphate myocardial imaging appears promising in the detection and location of transmural myocardial infarction. Its accuracy in detecting nontransmural myocardial infarction may be increased with greater experience and development of sophisticated digital analysis techniques. The method may prove useful in clinical situations such as cardiac surgery in which standard diagnostic aids are difficult to interpret.", "PMID": 1114996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4301", "title": "Late systolic murmur of rheumatic mitral insufficiency.", "content": "Of 184 patients with acute rheumatic fever and associated mitral insufficiency encountered during a 15 year period, 34 manifested a mid-late systolic murmur or a nonejection click, or both, during the course of follow-up. The mid-late systolic murmur later disappeared in four patients whose condition is now considered normal. In one of the four, systolic prolapse of the mitral valve was demonstrated on an angiocardiogram obtained when the systolic murmur was present. Since disappearance of the murmur there has been no evidence of systolic prolapse on meticulous echocardiographic study of the mitral valve. In another child with angiographically demonstrated systolic prolapse of the mitral valve the systolic murmur has also disappeared, but systolic prolapse is still evident on echocardiographic study. None of the 34 patients with a mid-late systolic murmur manifested the T wave abnormalities commonly associated with the familial variety of mitral valve prolapse.", "contents": "Late systolic murmur of rheumatic mitral insufficiency. Of 184 patients with acute rheumatic fever and associated mitral insufficiency encountered during a 15 year period, 34 manifested a mid-late systolic murmur or a nonejection click, or both, during the course of follow-up. The mid-late systolic murmur later disappeared in four patients whose condition is now considered normal. In one of the four, systolic prolapse of the mitral valve was demonstrated on an angiocardiogram obtained when the systolic murmur was present. Since disappearance of the murmur there has been no evidence of systolic prolapse on meticulous echocardiographic study of the mitral valve. In another child with angiographically demonstrated systolic prolapse of the mitral valve the systolic murmur has also disappeared, but systolic prolapse is still evident on echocardiographic study. None of the 34 patients with a mid-late systolic murmur manifested the T wave abnormalities commonly associated with the familial variety of mitral valve prolapse.", "PMID": 1114997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4302", "title": "Tetralogy of Fallot: a morphometric and geometric study.", "content": "Fourteen examples of tetralogy of Fallot were studied by morphometric and geometric methods, and the findings compared with results from 10 normal hearts. The data show that in Fallot's tetralogy the conal septum is deviated anteriorly. The infundibulum, although narrow, is similar to, or of greater length than, that of the normal heart. This finding is not in agreement with the recent observations suggesting that the anomaly represents lack of growth of the pulmonary conus. Our results further demonstrate that the aorta is dextroposed in Fallot's tetralogy and that in the majority of cases absorption of the right extremity of the conoventricular flange has led to aortic-tricuspid fibrous continuity. The overall findings indicate that conal rotation has occurred in addition to anterior deviation. The data are interpreted as supporting a hypothesis of \"lack of conal inversion\" and conal malseptation as the morphogenetic mechanisms in tetralogy of Fallot.", "contents": "Tetralogy of Fallot: a morphometric and geometric study. Fourteen examples of tetralogy of Fallot were studied by morphometric and geometric methods, and the findings compared with results from 10 normal hearts. The data show that in Fallot's tetralogy the conal septum is deviated anteriorly. The infundibulum, although narrow, is similar to, or of greater length than, that of the normal heart. This finding is not in agreement with the recent observations suggesting that the anomaly represents lack of growth of the pulmonary conus. Our results further demonstrate that the aorta is dextroposed in Fallot's tetralogy and that in the majority of cases absorption of the right extremity of the conoventricular flange has led to aortic-tricuspid fibrous continuity. The overall findings indicate that conal rotation has occurred in addition to anterior deviation. The data are interpreted as supporting a hypothesis of \"lack of conal inversion\" and conal malseptation as the morphogenetic mechanisms in tetralogy of Fallot.", "PMID": 1114998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4303", "title": "Potassium canrenoate in the treatment of long-term digoxin-induced arrhythmias in conscious dogs.", "content": "The effects of potassium canrenoate on arrhythmias induced by long-term progressive digoxin toxicity were studied in eight conscious beagle dogs. Sinus bradycardia and sinoatrial block, as well as atrioventricular (A-V) conduction disturbances, were consistently alleviated by administration of potassium canrenoate. Premature supraventricular (including junctional) and ventricular depolarizations as well as ventricular tachycardias were also suppressed. Although potassium canrenoate always terminated the digitalis-induced arrhythmias, it usually converted the rhythm to sinus arrhythmia rather than to normal sinus rhythm. Equimolar sodium canrenoate, but not potassium chloride, had similar reversal effects on arrhythmias induced by long-term digoxin intoxication. These data indicate that canrenoate, a diuretic agent with reported positive inotropic effects, may be useful in the treatment of digitalis-induced arrhythmias in man.", "contents": "Potassium canrenoate in the treatment of long-term digoxin-induced arrhythmias in conscious dogs. The effects of potassium canrenoate on arrhythmias induced by long-term progressive digoxin toxicity were studied in eight conscious beagle dogs. Sinus bradycardia and sinoatrial block, as well as atrioventricular (A-V) conduction disturbances, were consistently alleviated by administration of potassium canrenoate. Premature supraventricular (including junctional) and ventricular depolarizations as well as ventricular tachycardias were also suppressed. Although potassium canrenoate always terminated the digitalis-induced arrhythmias, it usually converted the rhythm to sinus arrhythmia rather than to normal sinus rhythm. Equimolar sodium canrenoate, but not potassium chloride, had similar reversal effects on arrhythmias induced by long-term digoxin intoxication. These data indicate that canrenoate, a diuretic agent with reported positive inotropic effects, may be useful in the treatment of digitalis-induced arrhythmias in man.", "PMID": 1114999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4304", "title": "Loud first heart sound with long P-R intervals.", "content": "A case of partial atrioventricular block with Wenckebach periods and a loud first heart sound (S1) associated with the longest P-R interval of the cardiac cycles is described. Although the surface electrocardiogram provided no clues to this paradoxical behavior, the intraatrial electrogram revealed that the long P-R interval with the loud S1 was accompanied by atrial echoes (reciprocal atrial beats). The loud S1 with a very long P-R interval was always caused by an atrial contraction synchronous with the QRS complex.", "contents": "Loud first heart sound with long P-R intervals. A case of partial atrioventricular block with Wenckebach periods and a loud first heart sound (S1) associated with the longest P-R interval of the cardiac cycles is described. Although the surface electrocardiogram provided no clues to this paradoxical behavior, the intraatrial electrogram revealed that the long P-R interval with the loud S1 was accompanied by atrial echoes (reciprocal atrial beats). The loud S1 with a very long P-R interval was always caused by an atrial contraction synchronous with the QRS complex.", "PMID": 1115000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4305", "title": "Traumatic right coronary arterial-right atrial fistula.", "content": "A healthy 25 year old man presented with a machinery murmur and a history of a penetrating thoracic injury. Hemodynamic and angiographic evaluation demonstrated a fistula from the right coronary artery to the right atrium that was later successfully repaired. This case and similar reported cases indicate that fistula formation is a late complication of penetrating thoracic injuries. The onset of the murmur occurs with enlargement of the fistula and typically is delayed for several weeks to months after the initial injury.", "contents": "Traumatic right coronary arterial-right atrial fistula. A healthy 25 year old man presented with a machinery murmur and a history of a penetrating thoracic injury. Hemodynamic and angiographic evaluation demonstrated a fistula from the right coronary artery to the right atrium that was later successfully repaired. This case and similar reported cases indicate that fistula formation is a late complication of penetrating thoracic injuries. The onset of the murmur occurs with enlargement of the fistula and typically is delayed for several weeks to months after the initial injury.", "PMID": 1115001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4306", "title": "Echocardiographic findings in right coronary arterial-right ventricular fistula. Report of a neonate with fatal congestive heart failure.", "content": "Coronary arteriovenous fistula is a rare cause of congestive heart failure in the newborn. We describe a 2 day old infant with a large fistula between the right coronary artery and right ventricle that caused fatal congestive heart failure. An echocardiographic study revealed a large right ventricle, paradoxical motion of the interventicular septum and an enlarged aorta, suggesting an unusual location of a left to right shunt. The diagnosis was established at cardiac catheterization when a large left to right shunt was found at the ventricular level; the fistula was visualized by angiography.", "contents": "Echocardiographic findings in right coronary arterial-right ventricular fistula. Report of a neonate with fatal congestive heart failure. Coronary arteriovenous fistula is a rare cause of congestive heart failure in the newborn. We describe a 2 day old infant with a large fistula between the right coronary artery and right ventricle that caused fatal congestive heart failure. An echocardiographic study revealed a large right ventricle, paradoxical motion of the interventicular septum and an enlarged aorta, suggesting an unusual location of a left to right shunt. The diagnosis was established at cardiac catheterization when a large left to right shunt was found at the ventricular level; the fistula was visualized by angiography.", "PMID": 1115002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4307", "title": "Transmural myocardial infarction during pregnancy.", "content": "Two young pregnant women with no known risk factors had a transmural myocardial infarction while they were lying in the supine position. Coronary arteriograms 3 1/2 and 4 months later, respectively, were normal. Coronary arterial spasm related to renin release from the transiently ischemic chorion is the proposed cause.", "contents": "Transmural myocardial infarction during pregnancy. Two young pregnant women with no known risk factors had a transmural myocardial infarction while they were lying in the supine position. Coronary arteriograms 3 1/2 and 4 months later, respectively, were normal. Coronary arterial spasm related to renin release from the transiently ischemic chorion is the proposed cause.", "PMID": 1115003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4308", "title": "Spermatogonial stem cells in the albino rat.", "content": "The existence of two classes of spermatogonial stem cells in the rat testis, i.e., reserve type A0 spermatogonia and renewing, types A1-A4 spermatogonia, postulated by Clermont and Bustos-Obregon ('68), was reexamined in a quantitative analysis of type A spermatogonia in both whole mounts of tubules and in radioautographed sections of testes from animals killed at various times, up to 26 days, after one or multiple injections of 3-H-thymidine. The cell counts obtained from whole mounts of tubules revealed that the number of isolated type A0 cells per unit area of limiting membrane remained constant throughout the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium. Paired type A0 spermatogonia also remained unchanged in number per unit area of basement membrane from stage I to stage VIII of the cycle. The low mitotic index of type A0 spermatogonia (0.1%) indicated that these cells were not actively involved in the production of spermatogonia or spermatocytes during each cycle of the seminiferous epithelium and thus were considered as reserve stem cells. The type A1 spermatogonia, which are formed during stage I of the cycle, remained resting until stage IX, when they undertook a series of four successive divisions resulting in the production of new type A1 and Intermediate-type spermatogonia. An analysis of the labeling indices of type A spermatogonia obtained from cell counts in radioautographed testicular sections after a single or multiple 3-H-thymidine injections indicated that the percentages of labeled type A cells corresponded to the percentages of type A1-A4 at each stage, whereas the percentages of unlabeled type A cells corresponded to the percentages of type A0 spermatogonia obtained from counts of cells in whole mounts. This confirmed that type A0 cells were generally non-proliferative throughout the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium while the type A1-A4 spermatogonia underwent complete renewal during each cycle. The present results thus support the concept of the existence of two classes of spermatogonial stem cells in rats.", "contents": "Spermatogonial stem cells in the albino rat. The existence of two classes of spermatogonial stem cells in the rat testis, i.e., reserve type A0 spermatogonia and renewing, types A1-A4 spermatogonia, postulated by Clermont and Bustos-Obregon ('68), was reexamined in a quantitative analysis of type A spermatogonia in both whole mounts of tubules and in radioautographed sections of testes from animals killed at various times, up to 26 days, after one or multiple injections of 3-H-thymidine. The cell counts obtained from whole mounts of tubules revealed that the number of isolated type A0 cells per unit area of limiting membrane remained constant throughout the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium. Paired type A0 spermatogonia also remained unchanged in number per unit area of basement membrane from stage I to stage VIII of the cycle. The low mitotic index of type A0 spermatogonia (0.1%) indicated that these cells were not actively involved in the production of spermatogonia or spermatocytes during each cycle of the seminiferous epithelium and thus were considered as reserve stem cells. The type A1 spermatogonia, which are formed during stage I of the cycle, remained resting until stage IX, when they undertook a series of four successive divisions resulting in the production of new type A1 and Intermediate-type spermatogonia. An analysis of the labeling indices of type A spermatogonia obtained from cell counts in radioautographed testicular sections after a single or multiple 3-H-thymidine injections indicated that the percentages of labeled type A cells corresponded to the percentages of type A1-A4 at each stage, whereas the percentages of unlabeled type A cells corresponded to the percentages of type A0 spermatogonia obtained from counts of cells in whole mounts. This confirmed that type A0 cells were generally non-proliferative throughout the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium while the type A1-A4 spermatogonia underwent complete renewal during each cycle. The present results thus support the concept of the existence of two classes of spermatogonial stem cells in rats.", "PMID": 1115004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4309", "title": "Ultrastructural studies of traumatic cataractogenesis: observations of a repair process in mouse lens.", "content": "Lenses of CFI mice were studied with the transmission electron microscope at frequent intervals through 13 months following a transcorneal needle injury to the lens. While this kind of injury causes a high incidence of traumatic cataract in the human and frog, it elicits a repair process in the mouse lens whereby the damaged capsule, epithelium and lens fibers are rapidly renewed and permanent lens opacity seldom occurs. Ultrastructural changes in lens epithelial cells adjacent to the wound, which precede and accompany localized cellular proliferation and production of new capsule, involve a rapid increase or enlargement of organelles associated with protein synthesis and assembly. The capsule and epithelium are repaired within a couple of months. Cortical lens fibers in the wound area undergo conformational changes into smaller, ordered arrays of \"membranous sacs\". These are replaced within a week by normal appearing lens fibers. There is minimal degeneration or hyperplasia noted, and except for a few fibroblastic cells on the lens surface, little evidence remains of the injury by two months. Ultrastructural differences between mouse and human lens, such as presence or absence of dense bundles of microfilaments and desmosomes are considered in relation to lens shape and tension, and susceptibility to injury-induced cataract.", "contents": "Ultrastructural studies of traumatic cataractogenesis: observations of a repair process in mouse lens. Lenses of CFI mice were studied with the transmission electron microscope at frequent intervals through 13 months following a transcorneal needle injury to the lens. While this kind of injury causes a high incidence of traumatic cataract in the human and frog, it elicits a repair process in the mouse lens whereby the damaged capsule, epithelium and lens fibers are rapidly renewed and permanent lens opacity seldom occurs. Ultrastructural changes in lens epithelial cells adjacent to the wound, which precede and accompany localized cellular proliferation and production of new capsule, involve a rapid increase or enlargement of organelles associated with protein synthesis and assembly. The capsule and epithelium are repaired within a couple of months. Cortical lens fibers in the wound area undergo conformational changes into smaller, ordered arrays of \"membranous sacs\". These are replaced within a week by normal appearing lens fibers. There is minimal degeneration or hyperplasia noted, and except for a few fibroblastic cells on the lens surface, little evidence remains of the injury by two months. Ultrastructural differences between mouse and human lens, such as presence or absence of dense bundles of microfilaments and desmosomes are considered in relation to lens shape and tension, and susceptibility to injury-induced cataract.", "PMID": 1115005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4310", "title": "Direct quantitative estimation of Paneth and total cell populations in the jejunal glands of Lieberk\u00fchn.", "content": "Direct morphometric estimation of the number of intestinal crypts per 10 mm length of jejunum, the total number of cells per crypt, and the number of Paneth cells per crypt was performed using Zenker-fixed, serially sectioned small intestines from adult BALB/c mice. The mean volume of a crypt cell was estimated to be in the order of 6.6 plus or minus 0.1 times 10-4 mm-3, while the total volume of all cells in a single crypt was 1.833 plus or minus 0.02 times 10-1 mm-3. The cell population per crypt was 278 plus or minus 7 cells, of which 44 plus or minus 10 were Paneth cells. It was estimated further that 265 plus or minus 30 crypts per 10 mm length of jejunum contained 7.4 plus or minus 0.1 times 10-4 cells, including 1.2 plus or minus 0.24 times 10-3 Paneth cells. The volume of all crypt and Paneth cells per 10 mm length of jejunum was in the order of 49 plus or minus 1.2 and 8 plus or minus 1.8 mm-3, respectively. The volume of the tunica muscularis and the surface area of the crypt's lumina were estimated to be 33.5 plus or minus 2.2 mm-3 and 118 plus or minus 19 mm-2, respectively.", "contents": "Direct quantitative estimation of Paneth and total cell populations in the jejunal glands of Lieberk\u00fchn. Direct morphometric estimation of the number of intestinal crypts per 10 mm length of jejunum, the total number of cells per crypt, and the number of Paneth cells per crypt was performed using Zenker-fixed, serially sectioned small intestines from adult BALB/c mice. The mean volume of a crypt cell was estimated to be in the order of 6.6 plus or minus 0.1 times 10-4 mm-3, while the total volume of all cells in a single crypt was 1.833 plus or minus 0.02 times 10-1 mm-3. The cell population per crypt was 278 plus or minus 7 cells, of which 44 plus or minus 10 were Paneth cells. It was estimated further that 265 plus or minus 30 crypts per 10 mm length of jejunum contained 7.4 plus or minus 0.1 times 10-4 cells, including 1.2 plus or minus 0.24 times 10-3 Paneth cells. The volume of all crypt and Paneth cells per 10 mm length of jejunum was in the order of 49 plus or minus 1.2 and 8 plus or minus 1.8 mm-3, respectively. The volume of the tunica muscularis and the surface area of the crypt's lumina were estimated to be 33.5 plus or minus 2.2 mm-3 and 118 plus or minus 19 mm-2, respectively.", "PMID": 1115006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4311", "title": "An ultrastructural study of normal human mammary epithelial cells in culture.", "content": "The ultrastructure of normal human mammary cells cultured from post-weaning breast fluids is described. Cells from confluent monolayers in two week old cultures were studied. The epithelial nature of these cells was established by the demonstration of a well developed system of cell-to-cell interdigitation and numerous desmosomes. These cells also share with breast epithelial cells in vivo, polarity, with blunt short microvilli on the apical surface and an oriented arrangement of organelles in the basal and apical portions of the cells. The Golgi apparatus, which is the most highly developed organelle, is localized in the apical pole and contains substantial quantities of secretory material in the cisternae and vesicles. A variegated palisade of finely granular material mixed with tonofilaments is seen in the basal portion of the cells; many of these tonofilaments end in the terminal web of the desmosomes. The regular occurrence of these cells in breast fluids during the terminal phases of lactation suggests that their separation is a part of normal breast involution.", "contents": "An ultrastructural study of normal human mammary epithelial cells in culture. The ultrastructure of normal human mammary cells cultured from post-weaning breast fluids is described. Cells from confluent monolayers in two week old cultures were studied. The epithelial nature of these cells was established by the demonstration of a well developed system of cell-to-cell interdigitation and numerous desmosomes. These cells also share with breast epithelial cells in vivo, polarity, with blunt short microvilli on the apical surface and an oriented arrangement of organelles in the basal and apical portions of the cells. The Golgi apparatus, which is the most highly developed organelle, is localized in the apical pole and contains substantial quantities of secretory material in the cisternae and vesicles. A variegated palisade of finely granular material mixed with tonofilaments is seen in the basal portion of the cells; many of these tonofilaments end in the terminal web of the desmosomes. The regular occurrence of these cells in breast fluids during the terminal phases of lactation suggests that their separation is a part of normal breast involution.", "PMID": 1115007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4312", "title": "Anomalous patterns of mammalian oocyte maturation and fertilization.", "content": "This report illustrates some of the errors that may occur during in vivo and in vitro maturation and fertilization of mammalian ova, considers the possible mechanisms accounting for their occurrence, and discusses their functional consequences. Included in the description are anomalies of oocyte and follicular development, i.e., multinucleated oocytes, polyovular follicles, and aberrations of zona pellucida formation. Also considered are deviations from the normal process of oocyte maturation such as chromosomal anomalies, development of abnormal nuclear structures (subnuclei), inhibition of polar body formation and abberations of polar body structure. Anomalies of the process of fertilization such as polyspermia, sperm penetration into polar bodies, and development of multinucleated blastomers in two-cell embryos are also described.", "contents": "Anomalous patterns of mammalian oocyte maturation and fertilization. This report illustrates some of the errors that may occur during in vivo and in vitro maturation and fertilization of mammalian ova, considers the possible mechanisms accounting for their occurrence, and discusses their functional consequences. Included in the description are anomalies of oocyte and follicular development, i.e., multinucleated oocytes, polyovular follicles, and aberrations of zona pellucida formation. Also considered are deviations from the normal process of oocyte maturation such as chromosomal anomalies, development of abnormal nuclear structures (subnuclei), inhibition of polar body formation and abberations of polar body structure. Anomalies of the process of fertilization such as polyspermia, sperm penetration into polar bodies, and development of multinucleated blastomers in two-cell embryos are also described.", "PMID": 1115008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4313", "title": "Ultrastructural immunocytochemical localization of neurophysin in freeze-substituted neurohypophysis.", "content": "Using an immunohistochemical technique at the electron microscopic level, we have observed that within the axon terminals of the guinea pig neurohypophysis neurophysin is present in the large neurosecretory granules, as well as in the axoplasm. A description of a freeze-substitution technique for neural lobe is also present.", "contents": "Ultrastructural immunocytochemical localization of neurophysin in freeze-substituted neurohypophysis. Using an immunohistochemical technique at the electron microscopic level, we have observed that within the axon terminals of the guinea pig neurohypophysis neurophysin is present in the large neurosecretory granules, as well as in the axoplasm. A description of a freeze-substitution technique for neural lobe is also present.", "PMID": 1115009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4314", "title": "Urinary 4-pyridoxic acid, plasma pyridoxal phosphate, and erythrocyte aminotransferase levels in oral contraceptive users receiving controlled intakes of vitamin B6.", "content": "Fifteen women who had used combination type oral contraceptives (estrogen plus progestogen) and 9 control women who had never used these agents were given a diet deficient in vitamin B6. After 1 month, this diet was supplemented daily with 0.8, 2.0 or 20.0 mg of pyridoxine hydrocholride for an additional month. At weekly intervals, measurements were made of urinary 4-pyridoxic acid, plasma pyridoxal phosphate, and erythocyte alanine and aspartate aminotransterases. No significan differences were observed between oral contraceptive users and controls in any of the above measured indices. The data suggest that if the use of oral contraceptives of the combined estrogen-progestogen type does alter the requirement for vitamin B6, the effect is a mild one and of doubtful clinical significance to the majority of women taking these steroid preparations. The amount of vitamin B6 (as pyridoxine) needed to maintain normal levels of the above indices of vitamin B6 nutrition in these subjects were between 0.8 and 2.0 mg/day.", "contents": "Urinary 4-pyridoxic acid, plasma pyridoxal phosphate, and erythrocyte aminotransferase levels in oral contraceptive users receiving controlled intakes of vitamin B6. Fifteen women who had used combination type oral contraceptives (estrogen plus progestogen) and 9 control women who had never used these agents were given a diet deficient in vitamin B6. After 1 month, this diet was supplemented daily with 0.8, 2.0 or 20.0 mg of pyridoxine hydrocholride for an additional month. At weekly intervals, measurements were made of urinary 4-pyridoxic acid, plasma pyridoxal phosphate, and erythocyte alanine and aspartate aminotransterases. No significan differences were observed between oral contraceptive users and controls in any of the above measured indices. The data suggest that if the use of oral contraceptives of the combined estrogen-progestogen type does alter the requirement for vitamin B6, the effect is a mild one and of doubtful clinical significance to the majority of women taking these steroid preparations. The amount of vitamin B6 (as pyridoxine) needed to maintain normal levels of the above indices of vitamin B6 nutrition in these subjects were between 0.8 and 2.0 mg/day.", "PMID": 1115011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4315", "title": "Protein deficiency in primates. IV. Pregnant rhesus monkey.", "content": "Young adult female rhesus monkeys, maintained in a seminatural environment, when pregnant 30 days were fed a balanced semisynthetic diet containing 15.3 percent casein (13.4 percent protein) or 0.5, or 0.25 that amount for the remainder of thir pregnancy. The diets, made isocaloric by the addition of carbohydrates to replace the missing casein, supplied 4, 2, or 1 g protein/kg per day if the animals ate 120 kcal/kg per day, an assumption that was reasonably accurate. We studied the responses of monkeys delivering normal young at term. All monkeys were clinically healthy during the experiment. All reduced their total plasma protein concentration, principally by decreasing their albumin concentration. Greatest loss occurred in the low-protein group. Albuminuria was a common finding in all groups. Food consumption though varying throughout pregnancy, remained fairly comparable from group to group. Weight gain of the highest protein group was greatest; that for the lowest protein group barely covered the weight of the products of conception. Blood pressure declined during pregnancy while blood glucose rose. There were no morphologic changes in hair bulbs and only suggestive changes in liver cells that pointed to increased vacuolation. Increased metabolic efficiency  during pregnancy enables the mother to safely pass through a long pregnancy during most of which she is fed a low-protein diet. Nonpregnant aminals suffer more under the same circumstances.", "contents": "Protein deficiency in primates. IV. Pregnant rhesus monkey. Young adult female rhesus monkeys, maintained in a seminatural environment, when pregnant 30 days were fed a balanced semisynthetic diet containing 15.3 percent casein (13.4 percent protein) or 0.5, or 0.25 that amount for the remainder of thir pregnancy. The diets, made isocaloric by the addition of carbohydrates to replace the missing casein, supplied 4, 2, or 1 g protein/kg per day if the animals ate 120 kcal/kg per day, an assumption that was reasonably accurate. We studied the responses of monkeys delivering normal young at term. All monkeys were clinically healthy during the experiment. All reduced their total plasma protein concentration, principally by decreasing their albumin concentration. Greatest loss occurred in the low-protein group. Albuminuria was a common finding in all groups. Food consumption though varying throughout pregnancy, remained fairly comparable from group to group. Weight gain of the highest protein group was greatest; that for the lowest protein group barely covered the weight of the products of conception. Blood pressure declined during pregnancy while blood glucose rose. There were no morphologic changes in hair bulbs and only suggestive changes in liver cells that pointed to increased vacuolation. Increased metabolic efficiency  during pregnancy enables the mother to safely pass through a long pregnancy during most of which she is fed a low-protein diet. Nonpregnant aminals suffer more under the same circumstances.", "PMID": 1115013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4316", "title": "Protein metabolism during intensive physical training in the young adult.", "content": "Two groups of men consumed two levels of protein (1.4 and 2.8 g/kg body weight) during a 40-day experimental period. Physical activity and the sweat rates were fairly high during the entire experimental phase. Urinary nitrogen excretions remained fairly constant for both groups during the training and heavy physical activity periods. Nitrogen balances were positive exclusive or inclusive of the daily sweat nitrogen losses showing nitrogen retention. The essentially unchanged blood hemoglobin and serum protein levels showed that the control group was receiving an adequate protein intake to maintain nitrogen equilibrium, under conditions of fairly heavy physical acitvity. Although others may have suggested some compensatory reductions in the urinary excretion of nitrogen under conditions of profuse sweating, our data have not supported these conclusions. It appears that sweat losses of nutrients become relevant in determining requirements and will increase in importance as sweat rates are increased. The data again demonstrate that the nutrient losses during profuse sweating consitute an error that could seriously invalidate the accuracy of metabolic balance studies. In this study, although the men did increase body protein stores and muscle mass with high-protein diets, the additional body protein did not enhance physiological work performance. It is suggested that in this sutdy 100 g of protein/day was adequate for men performing fairly heavy work.", "contents": "Protein metabolism during intensive physical training in the young adult. Two groups of men consumed two levels of protein (1.4 and 2.8 g/kg body weight) during a 40-day experimental period. Physical activity and the sweat rates were fairly high during the entire experimental phase. Urinary nitrogen excretions remained fairly constant for both groups during the training and heavy physical activity periods. Nitrogen balances were positive exclusive or inclusive of the daily sweat nitrogen losses showing nitrogen retention. The essentially unchanged blood hemoglobin and serum protein levels showed that the control group was receiving an adequate protein intake to maintain nitrogen equilibrium, under conditions of fairly heavy physical acitvity. Although others may have suggested some compensatory reductions in the urinary excretion of nitrogen under conditions of profuse sweating, our data have not supported these conclusions. It appears that sweat losses of nutrients become relevant in determining requirements and will increase in importance as sweat rates are increased. The data again demonstrate that the nutrient losses during profuse sweating consitute an error that could seriously invalidate the accuracy of metabolic balance studies. In this study, although the men did increase body protein stores and muscle mass with high-protein diets, the additional body protein did not enhance physiological work performance. It is suggested that in this sutdy 100 g of protein/day was adequate for men performing fairly heavy work.", "PMID": 1115014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4317", "title": "Endogenous fatty acids in alimentary triglyceridemia in normolipemic young males.", "content": "The contribution of endogenous triglyceride fatty acids (TGFA) in alimentary lipemia was studied in ten normolipemic males under 26 years. Serum, drawn before and during absorption of 50 ml of corn oil, was separated by ultracentrifugation into two fractions, one containing chylomicrons (Sf is less than 400), the second containing all other lipoproteins (Sf is less than 400). The percent of dietary triglyceride fatty acid in each fraction of the postprandial samples was calculated using triglyceride fatty acid percent composition patterns in the meal and each fraction of the fasting and postprandial samples. Corn oil was chosen for the meal because it differs considerably from fasting serum in percent of palmitic (16:0) and linoleic (18.2) acids. The endogenous triglyceride fatty acid in the chylomicron fraction remained constant during the absorption period, while the dietary triglyceride fatty acids reached a peak level of 63 percent of the total at 4 hours and decreased to 50 percent by 8 hours. In the nonchylomicron lipoprotein fraction, the dietary triglyceride fatty acids increased throughout the test period to 29 percent of total triglyceride fatty acids at 8 hours. At 2 hours endogenous triglyceride fatty acids showed a slight increase relative to the fasting level, then decreased continuously at a slow rate so that by 8 hours it was below the fasting level. These data suggest that during alimentary triglyceridemia, dietary triglyceride fatty acies incorporated into chylomicrons during absorption are rapidly released in the serum as free fatty acids and subsequently utilized in hepatic lipoprotein production and secretion. The data also indicate that circulating endogenous triglyceride fatty acids play a role in alimentary triglyceridemia by remaining essentially constant during early and peak periods and then decreaseing to aid in the subsequent recovery.", "contents": "Endogenous fatty acids in alimentary triglyceridemia in normolipemic young males. The contribution of endogenous triglyceride fatty acids (TGFA) in alimentary lipemia was studied in ten normolipemic males under 26 years. Serum, drawn before and during absorption of 50 ml of corn oil, was separated by ultracentrifugation into two fractions, one containing chylomicrons (Sf is less than 400), the second containing all other lipoproteins (Sf is less than 400). The percent of dietary triglyceride fatty acid in each fraction of the postprandial samples was calculated using triglyceride fatty acid percent composition patterns in the meal and each fraction of the fasting and postprandial samples. Corn oil was chosen for the meal because it differs considerably from fasting serum in percent of palmitic (16:0) and linoleic (18.2) acids. The endogenous triglyceride fatty acid in the chylomicron fraction remained constant during the absorption period, while the dietary triglyceride fatty acids reached a peak level of 63 percent of the total at 4 hours and decreased to 50 percent by 8 hours. In the nonchylomicron lipoprotein fraction, the dietary triglyceride fatty acids increased throughout the test period to 29 percent of total triglyceride fatty acids at 8 hours. At 2 hours endogenous triglyceride fatty acids showed a slight increase relative to the fasting level, then decreased continuously at a slow rate so that by 8 hours it was below the fasting level. These data suggest that during alimentary triglyceridemia, dietary triglyceride fatty acies incorporated into chylomicrons during absorption are rapidly released in the serum as free fatty acids and subsequently utilized in hepatic lipoprotein production and secretion. The data also indicate that circulating endogenous triglyceride fatty acids play a role in alimentary triglyceridemia by remaining essentially constant during early and peak periods and then decreaseing to aid in the subsequent recovery.", "PMID": 1115015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4318", "title": "Functional capacity of the tryptophan-niacin pathway in the premenarchial phase and in the menopausal age.", "content": "Studies on the interrelationship between female hormones associated with reproduction and the  vitamin B6-dependent enzymes along the kynurenin pathway of trytophan metabolism were carried out in girls with an age less, and more than 10 years (just before the onset of the first menstrual cycle), and in postmenapausal women with and without relative (excess) production of estradioll from the adrenal cortex. It is found that most of the determined metabolites are retained by the girls with age less than 10 years after tryptophan loading without and with vitamin B6 supplementation. Estradiol from either the ovaries (in girls just before menarch), or the adrenal cortex-in postmenopausal women with relative (excess) production of this hormone-interferes with the further degradation of 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid. However, this interference could be completely restored by vitamin B6 supplementation. The extra presence of a partial impairment in the kynureninase enzyme is also suggested in these postmenopausal women. In the latter case, this enzymatic activity could be partially resored by vitamin B6 supplementation. On the contrary, the enzymes: kynureninases and adrenocortical estradio. Pyridoxine supplementation partially corrected the inhibition especially that of 3-hydroxykynurenine transaminase enzyme.", "contents": "Functional capacity of the tryptophan-niacin pathway in the premenarchial phase and in the menopausal age. Studies on the interrelationship between female hormones associated with reproduction and the  vitamin B6-dependent enzymes along the kynurenin pathway of trytophan metabolism were carried out in girls with an age less, and more than 10 years (just before the onset of the first menstrual cycle), and in postmenapausal women with and without relative (excess) production of estradioll from the adrenal cortex. It is found that most of the determined metabolites are retained by the girls with age less than 10 years after tryptophan loading without and with vitamin B6 supplementation. Estradiol from either the ovaries (in girls just before menarch), or the adrenal cortex-in postmenopausal women with relative (excess) production of this hormone-interferes with the further degradation of 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid. However, this interference could be completely restored by vitamin B6 supplementation. The extra presence of a partial impairment in the kynureninase enzyme is also suggested in these postmenopausal women. In the latter case, this enzymatic activity could be partially resored by vitamin B6 supplementation. On the contrary, the enzymes: kynureninases and adrenocortical estradio. Pyridoxine supplementation partially corrected the inhibition especially that of 3-hydroxykynurenine transaminase enzyme.", "PMID": 1115016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4319", "title": "Concurrent and subsequent serum cholesterol of breast- and formula-fed infants.", "content": "Animal studies have suggested that feeding a high-cholesterol diet early in life will reduce serum cholesterol of later life. We tested this hypothesis by comparing the serum cholesterol of breast-fed children and bottle-fed children. The former type of feeding has a cholesterol content 26-52 mg of cholesterol/8 ounces, and the latter type of feeding has 4 mg/2 ounces. Serum cholesterols were determined by the Wybenga technique. At the end of 4-6 months, both groups were switched from their original feeding to skim milk. The parents were counseled to avoid high-cholesterol content foods such as eggs and to limit the intake of the more moderate cholesterol dietary forms. Our objective was to achieve a cholesterol intake of 200 mg/day for both groups. The serum cholesterol was evaluated at the following ages: 2-4 months, 12 months, 18-24 months, and 15-19 years. The same child was not necessaryily followed longitudinally. Our results indicate that breast-fed children had significantly higher serum cholesterols than bottle-fed children at ages 2-4 months and 12 months. After 1 year, no significant difference in serum cholesterol was found when the two groups were compared. We concluded that no protection against high serum cholesterol in later life occurred as the result of initial feedings high in cholesterol.", "contents": "Concurrent and subsequent serum cholesterol of breast- and formula-fed infants. Animal studies have suggested that feeding a high-cholesterol diet early in life will reduce serum cholesterol of later life. We tested this hypothesis by comparing the serum cholesterol of breast-fed children and bottle-fed children. The former type of feeding has a cholesterol content 26-52 mg of cholesterol/8 ounces, and the latter type of feeding has 4 mg/2 ounces. Serum cholesterols were determined by the Wybenga technique. At the end of 4-6 months, both groups were switched from their original feeding to skim milk. The parents were counseled to avoid high-cholesterol content foods such as eggs and to limit the intake of the more moderate cholesterol dietary forms. Our objective was to achieve a cholesterol intake of 200 mg/day for both groups. The serum cholesterol was evaluated at the following ages: 2-4 months, 12 months, 18-24 months, and 15-19 years. The same child was not necessaryily followed longitudinally. Our results indicate that breast-fed children had significantly higher serum cholesterols than bottle-fed children at ages 2-4 months and 12 months. After 1 year, no significant difference in serum cholesterol was found when the two groups were compared. We concluded that no protection against high serum cholesterol in later life occurred as the result of initial feedings high in cholesterol.", "PMID": 1115017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4320", "title": "Harmful effect of megadoses of vitamins: electroencephalogram abnormalities and seizures induced by intravenous folate in drug-treated epileptics.", "content": "Folic acid was administered intravenously during constant EEG monitoring to eight epileptic subjects who had received diphenylhydantoin therapy for more than 1 year. Six of the subjects displayed low folate levels by Lactobacillus casei assay in plasma and/or whole blood. Six patients received 75 mg of folate intravenously over a 30-min period without clinical effect of EEG change. One patient exhibited an increase in spike discharges on the EEG in comparison to the baseline pattern, but no clinical change or seizure while receiveing 150 mg of folate in a 30-min period. One patient displayed a 2-sec burst of spike and slow wave activity on the EEG after receiveing 7.2 mg of folate in a 3-min period. A tonic-clonic seizure occured after the infusion of 14.4 mg of folate, and again after infusion of 19.2 mg of folate. There appear to be wide variation in the ability of drug-treated epileptic subjects to tolerate infusions of folic acid. These variations help explain conflicting reports in the literature concerning the effect of folic acid administration on seizure control. Megadoses of folic acid should be employed with great caution in all subjects, but particularly among epileptics. Information is lacking as to whether folate might induce seizures in certain ostensibly normal individuals. It is postulated that folic acid exerts a direct effect among sensitive subjects on existing pathways concerned with the metabolism of folate, histidine, or other important brain metabolites. The mechanism of the anticonvulsant action of diphenylhdantoin remains unknown, but there is considerable evidence to suggest that it interferes with the deamination of histidine.", "contents": "Harmful effect of megadoses of vitamins: electroencephalogram abnormalities and seizures induced by intravenous folate in drug-treated epileptics. Folic acid was administered intravenously during constant EEG monitoring to eight epileptic subjects who had received diphenylhydantoin therapy for more than 1 year. Six of the subjects displayed low folate levels by Lactobacillus casei assay in plasma and/or whole blood. Six patients received 75 mg of folate intravenously over a 30-min period without clinical effect of EEG change. One patient exhibited an increase in spike discharges on the EEG in comparison to the baseline pattern, but no clinical change or seizure while receiveing 150 mg of folate in a 30-min period. One patient displayed a 2-sec burst of spike and slow wave activity on the EEG after receiveing 7.2 mg of folate in a 3-min period. A tonic-clonic seizure occured after the infusion of 14.4 mg of folate, and again after infusion of 19.2 mg of folate. There appear to be wide variation in the ability of drug-treated epileptic subjects to tolerate infusions of folic acid. These variations help explain conflicting reports in the literature concerning the effect of folic acid administration on seizure control. Megadoses of folic acid should be employed with great caution in all subjects, but particularly among epileptics. Information is lacking as to whether folate might induce seizures in certain ostensibly normal individuals. It is postulated that folic acid exerts a direct effect among sensitive subjects on existing pathways concerned with the metabolism of folate, histidine, or other important brain metabolites. The mechanism of the anticonvulsant action of diphenylhdantoin remains unknown, but there is considerable evidence to suggest that it interferes with the deamination of histidine.", "PMID": 1115018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4321", "title": "Vitamin profile of 174 mothers and newborns at parturition.", "content": "Thiamin, biotin, B12, folate, pantothenate, riboflavin, nicotinate, B6, vitamins A, E, C, and beta-cartene was estimated in the blood of 174 mothers and in the cord blood of their neonates at parturition. A vitamin profile of normal preganancy was established for mother and neonate. This was based on values obtained from 95 percent confidence limits in 74 mothers not taking oral vitamins and 133 mothers ingesting various vitamin supllements. Circulating vitamin levels in 38 neonates born to mothers with no laboratory evidence of hypovitaminemia was persented. The higher incidence of hypobitaminemia in gravidas not taking vitamins was folate, thiamin, vitamins A, C, B12, BL and nicotinate in descending order. Ingestion of vitamins supplements reduced the incidence of hypovitaminemia. A similar relationship held for neonates from these mothers. However, despite vitamin ingestion thiamin, folate, vitamins C, A, B6, B12 and nicotinate hypovitaminemia was evident. There was an approximate 1:2-5 ratio between mother and neonate blood vitamins; vitamins A, B6, E, and beta-carotene were exceptions. Vitamin B6 ran parallel, while vitamins A, B6, E, and beta-carotene ratios reversed in favor of the mother at an approximate ratio of 2:1, 4:1 and 7:1, respectively. It is concluded that vitamin profile for mother and neonate, taking into account values established from a lorge gravid population, should now permit an evaluation of the effects of hypoviteminemia on the outcome of pregnancy and infant health.", "contents": "Vitamin profile of 174 mothers and newborns at parturition. Thiamin, biotin, B12, folate, pantothenate, riboflavin, nicotinate, B6, vitamins A, E, C, and beta-cartene was estimated in the blood of 174 mothers and in the cord blood of their neonates at parturition. A vitamin profile of normal preganancy was established for mother and neonate. This was based on values obtained from 95 percent confidence limits in 74 mothers not taking oral vitamins and 133 mothers ingesting various vitamin supllements. Circulating vitamin levels in 38 neonates born to mothers with no laboratory evidence of hypovitaminemia was persented. The higher incidence of hypobitaminemia in gravidas not taking vitamins was folate, thiamin, vitamins A, C, B12, BL and nicotinate in descending order. Ingestion of vitamins supplements reduced the incidence of hypovitaminemia. A similar relationship held for neonates from these mothers. However, despite vitamin ingestion thiamin, folate, vitamins C, A, B6, B12 and nicotinate hypovitaminemia was evident. There was an approximate 1:2-5 ratio between mother and neonate blood vitamins; vitamins A, B6, E, and beta-carotene were exceptions. Vitamin B6 ran parallel, while vitamins A, B6, E, and beta-carotene ratios reversed in favor of the mother at an approximate ratio of 2:1, 4:1 and 7:1, respectively. It is concluded that vitamin profile for mother and neonate, taking into account values established from a lorge gravid population, should now permit an evaluation of the effects of hypoviteminemia on the outcome of pregnancy and infant health.", "PMID": 1115019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4322", "title": "Carcinoma of the small intestine associated with transmural ileitis (Crohn's disease).", "content": "A case of adenocarcinoma of the small bowel arising in pre-existing transmural ileitis (Crohn's disease) is reported and 28 previously reported cases are reviewed. Carcinoma associated with transmural enteritis occurs more often in the distal ileum, in younger patients, and in more males than expected from published data on carcinoma not associated with transmural enteritis. If the patient has had exclusion procedures, the carcinoma has been found to arise in the excluded bowel segment.", "contents": "Carcinoma of the small intestine associated with transmural ileitis (Crohn's disease). A case of adenocarcinoma of the small bowel arising in pre-existing transmural ileitis (Crohn's disease) is reported and 28 previously reported cases are reviewed. Carcinoma associated with transmural enteritis occurs more often in the distal ileum, in younger patients, and in more males than expected from published data on carcinoma not associated with transmural enteritis. If the patient has had exclusion procedures, the carcinoma has been found to arise in the excluded bowel segment.", "PMID": 1115030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4323", "title": "Hemochromatosis. Pathophysiologic and genetic considerations.", "content": "The clinical, genetic, and pathologic findings, and the pertinent case histories in two families with idiopathic hemochromatosis are presented. These studies support the view that idiopathic hemochromatosis is a disease inherited in at least two ways. In one of these families, inheritance appeared to occur in an autosomal recessive manner, whereas in the other, autosomal dominant expression seemed evident. Evidence that an inability of the reticuloendothelial cells to handle iron may play a major role in the pathogenesis of hemochromatosis is presented. The early age of onset and poorer prognosis associated with the recessive inheritance suggest that the defect in reticuloendothelial cell function present in such cases is different from or more severe than those associated with dominant inheritance.", "contents": "Hemochromatosis. Pathophysiologic and genetic considerations. The clinical, genetic, and pathologic findings, and the pertinent case histories in two families with idiopathic hemochromatosis are presented. These studies support the view that idiopathic hemochromatosis is a disease inherited in at least two ways. In one of these families, inheritance appeared to occur in an autosomal recessive manner, whereas in the other, autosomal dominant expression seemed evident. Evidence that an inability of the reticuloendothelial cells to handle iron may play a major role in the pathogenesis of hemochromatosis is presented. The early age of onset and poorer prognosis associated with the recessive inheritance suggest that the defect in reticuloendothelial cell function present in such cases is different from or more severe than those associated with dominant inheritance.", "PMID": 1115031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4324", "title": "Mast cells and myelofibrosis.", "content": "Autopsy of a patient with well-documented myelofibrosis revealed marked proliferation of mast cells associated with areas of bone-marrow and splenic fibrosis. The findings suggest that the local fibrosis represents the healed phase of an inflammatory reaction mediated by mast cells via the release of histamine into the tissue spaces. Tissue mastocytosis may be the pathogenetic mechanism in some cases of myelofibrosis.", "contents": "Mast cells and myelofibrosis. Autopsy of a patient with well-documented myelofibrosis revealed marked proliferation of mast cells associated with areas of bone-marrow and splenic fibrosis. The findings suggest that the local fibrosis represents the healed phase of an inflammatory reaction mediated by mast cells via the release of histamine into the tissue spaces. Tissue mastocytosis may be the pathogenetic mechanism in some cases of myelofibrosis.", "PMID": 1115032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4325", "title": "A rapid, quantitative determination of clottable fibrinogen unaffected by heparin.", "content": "A turbidimetric assay for clottable plasma fibrinogen which is not sensitive to heparin or Pyran inhibition is described. The basis of the assay is the substitution of Reptilase-R for the thrombin usually employed. The assay correlates very well with a thrombin turbidimetric method and also has other advantages, including better stability of the clotting enzyme and more rapid attainment of equilibrium.", "contents": "A rapid, quantitative determination of clottable fibrinogen unaffected by heparin. A turbidimetric assay for clottable plasma fibrinogen which is not sensitive to heparin or Pyran inhibition is described. The basis of the assay is the substitution of Reptilase-R for the thrombin usually employed. The assay correlates very well with a thrombin turbidimetric method and also has other advantages, including better stability of the clotting enzyme and more rapid attainment of equilibrium.", "PMID": 1115033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4326", "title": "Training and organization for pathology in Britain. The role of chemical pathologists.", "content": "In Britain, the term \"clinical pathology\" indicates the discipline of pathology applied to patients, whereas \"chemical pathology\" refers to pathology in its chemical and biochemical aspects, both as a basic science and for patient care. The initial training of a chemical pathologist is usually in general pathology, in metabolic medicine, or in research. This training continues solely in chemical pathology, and the specialist qualification, namely Membership of the Royal College of Pathologists, is taken at about 32 years of age. Training is similar in the other disciplines of pathology, and a pathologist usually achieves a senior permanent appointment by the age of 34 years. By national policy, pathology laboratories, each with departments of chemical pathology, hematology, histopathology, and microbiology, are centered in about 250 District General Hospitals. The chemical pathology section ideally includes both a medical consultant and an equivalent non-medical scientist. These ideals are unlikely to be reached because of pathologists usually include laboratory supervision, clinical liaison, teaching, and research. Many chemical pathologists also have specific clinical consultant activities, such as overseeing a Metabolic Unit.", "contents": "Training and organization for pathology in Britain. The role of chemical pathologists. In Britain, the term \"clinical pathology\" indicates the discipline of pathology applied to patients, whereas \"chemical pathology\" refers to pathology in its chemical and biochemical aspects, both as a basic science and for patient care. The initial training of a chemical pathologist is usually in general pathology, in metabolic medicine, or in research. This training continues solely in chemical pathology, and the specialist qualification, namely Membership of the Royal College of Pathologists, is taken at about 32 years of age. Training is similar in the other disciplines of pathology, and a pathologist usually achieves a senior permanent appointment by the age of 34 years. By national policy, pathology laboratories, each with departments of chemical pathology, hematology, histopathology, and microbiology, are centered in about 250 District General Hospitals. The chemical pathology section ideally includes both a medical consultant and an equivalent non-medical scientist. These ideals are unlikely to be reached because of pathologists usually include laboratory supervision, clinical liaison, teaching, and research. Many chemical pathologists also have specific clinical consultant activities, such as overseeing a Metabolic Unit.", "PMID": 1115034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4327", "title": "Improved culture method for the isolation of Histoplasma capsulatum and Blastomyces dermatitidis form contaminated specimens.", "content": "Studies were performed to evaluate a method for selective isolation of Histoplasma capsulatum and Blastomyces dermatitidis from contaminated specimens. Ammonium hydroxide placed on an agar medium surface was found to inhibit the growth of many bacteria, yeasts, and saphrophytic fungi normally found in specimens such as animal tissues and sputum. In one study involving the culture of B. dermatitidis from canine tissues, 24% more isolations were obtained on a medium using NH4OH compared with a similar medium. Increases in the isolation of H. capusulatum from sputum specimens were also obtained, ranging from 20 to 32% compared with four other media without NH4OH.", "contents": "Improved culture method for the isolation of Histoplasma capsulatum and Blastomyces dermatitidis form contaminated specimens. Studies were performed to evaluate a method for selective isolation of Histoplasma capsulatum and Blastomyces dermatitidis from contaminated specimens. Ammonium hydroxide placed on an agar medium surface was found to inhibit the growth of many bacteria, yeasts, and saphrophytic fungi normally found in specimens such as animal tissues and sputum. In one study involving the culture of B. dermatitidis from canine tissues, 24% more isolations were obtained on a medium using NH4OH compared with a similar medium. Increases in the isolation of H. capusulatum from sputum specimens were also obtained, ranging from 20 to 32% compared with four other media without NH4OH.", "PMID": 1115035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4328", "title": "Templates for inoculation and microscopic observation of micro cell cultures.", "content": "Simple, inexpensive plastic templates have been devised to aid in proper identification of cell cultures in microtiter plates during inoculation and microscopic observation. These have resulted in greater accuracy in performing and reading tests and in a saving of the microbiologists' time.", "contents": "Templates for inoculation and microscopic observation of micro cell cultures. Simple, inexpensive plastic templates have been devised to aid in proper identification of cell cultures in microtiter plates during inoculation and microscopic observation. These have resulted in greater accuracy in performing and reading tests and in a saving of the microbiologists' time.", "PMID": 1115036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4329", "title": "Benign polyps with prostatic-type epithelium of the urethra.", "content": "Benign polyps of the male urethra may be composed of prostatic-type epithelium and acini. Usually located in the prostatic portion of the urethra, they have been reported to be a major cause of hematuria in young men. Three new cases are described to foster an awareness of this distinctive clinicopathologic entity.", "contents": "Benign polyps with prostatic-type epithelium of the urethra. Benign polyps of the male urethra may be composed of prostatic-type epithelium and acini. Usually located in the prostatic portion of the urethra, they have been reported to be a major cause of hematuria in young men. Three new cases are described to foster an awareness of this distinctive clinicopathologic entity.", "PMID": 1115041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4330", "title": "Crohn's disease of the vulva.", "content": "Three patients with Crohn's disease primarily involving the large intestine had unusual abscesses of the vulvar area. At biopsy, the abscesses had classic features of the primary disease and were clearly separated from the intestinal tract. There was no fistula in the anal canal, and the perineum between the vulvar abscess and the anus was normal. One of the patients also had an early lesion of Crohn's disease in the sigmoid. The lesion appeared as a small erythematous spot without ulceration. Biopsy revealed a typical granuloma under an intact mucosa. It is concluded that Crohn's disease is not confined to the gastrointestinal tract, and that early lesions of the disease within the gastrointestinal tract are submucosal rather than mucosal.", "contents": "Crohn's disease of the vulva. Three patients with Crohn's disease primarily involving the large intestine had unusual abscesses of the vulvar area. At biopsy, the abscesses had classic features of the primary disease and were clearly separated from the intestinal tract. There was no fistula in the anal canal, and the perineum between the vulvar abscess and the anus was normal. One of the patients also had an early lesion of Crohn's disease in the sigmoid. The lesion appeared as a small erythematous spot without ulceration. Biopsy revealed a typical granuloma under an intact mucosa. It is concluded that Crohn's disease is not confined to the gastrointestinal tract, and that early lesions of the disease within the gastrointestinal tract are submucosal rather than mucosal.", "PMID": 1115042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4331", "title": "\"Mesothelioma of the atrioventricular node\" with long-standing complete heart block. Report of a case.", "content": "A case of mesothelioma of the atrioventricular node is presented. The patient had complete heart block for many years before death. The origin of the tissue in this apparently congenital tumor is discussed with reference to the literature.", "contents": "\"Mesothelioma of the atrioventricular node\" with long-standing complete heart block. Report of a case. A case of mesothelioma of the atrioventricular node is presented. The patient had complete heart block for many years before death. The origin of the tissue in this apparently congenital tumor is discussed with reference to the literature.", "PMID": 1115043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4332", "title": "Benign osteoblastoma of the ethmoid bone. Report of a case.", "content": "The second reported case of benign osteoblastoma of the ethmoid bone, in a 13-year-old boy, is described, with emphasis on clinical, radiographic and pathologic features. The characteristics of benign osteoblastoma are briefly elucidated.", "contents": "Benign osteoblastoma of the ethmoid bone. Report of a case. The second reported case of benign osteoblastoma of the ethmoid bone, in a 13-year-old boy, is described, with emphasis on clinical, radiographic and pathologic features. The characteristics of benign osteoblastoma are briefly elucidated.", "PMID": 1115044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4333", "title": "Laboratory diagnosis of autoinfection in strongyloidiasis.", "content": "Among 10,072 examinations of concentrated stools, Strongyloides stercoralis rhabditiform larvae were found in 93, and filariform larvae in four. In two of the four cases harboring filariform larvae, subsequent stools revealed only rhabditiform larvae, but filariform larvae continued to be found in the stools and sputum of the other two cases. It was concluded that only two of the cases were true autoinfections, and the other two apparent cases resulted from prolonged storage of unrefrigerated stools in the hospital ward. The importance of distinguishing true autoinfections from a free-living Strongyloides life cycle in stools is stressed.", "contents": "Laboratory diagnosis of autoinfection in strongyloidiasis. Among 10,072 examinations of concentrated stools, Strongyloides stercoralis rhabditiform larvae were found in 93, and filariform larvae in four. In two of the four cases harboring filariform larvae, subsequent stools revealed only rhabditiform larvae, but filariform larvae continued to be found in the stools and sputum of the other two cases. It was concluded that only two of the cases were true autoinfections, and the other two apparent cases resulted from prolonged storage of unrefrigerated stools in the hospital ward. The importance of distinguishing true autoinfections from a free-living Strongyloides life cycle in stools is stressed.", "PMID": 1115045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4334", "title": "Improved micromethod for plasma fibrinogen unaffected by heparin therapy.", "content": "An improved micromethod for plasma fibrinogen, based on the Ellis-Stransky thrombin-clot density procedure, is presented. Modifications includes: (1) addition of Polybrene eliminates heparin interference; (2) measurement of absorbance at 340 nm provides improved sensitivity at low fibrinogen levels as well as with small volumes of plasma (40 mul.); (3) higher concentration of thrombin reduces the incubation time. Plasma fibrinogen by the proposed method compares well with a reference procedure based on total clottable protein (coefficient of correlation 0.99).", "contents": "Improved micromethod for plasma fibrinogen unaffected by heparin therapy. An improved micromethod for plasma fibrinogen, based on the Ellis-Stransky thrombin-clot density procedure, is presented. Modifications includes: (1) addition of Polybrene eliminates heparin interference; (2) measurement of absorbance at 340 nm provides improved sensitivity at low fibrinogen levels as well as with small volumes of plasma (40 mul.); (3) higher concentration of thrombin reduces the incubation time. Plasma fibrinogen by the proposed method compares well with a reference procedure based on total clottable protein (coefficient of correlation 0.99).", "PMID": 1115046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4335", "title": "Interpretive reporting of laboratory data. The Schilling test.", "content": "Using a programmable calculator able to control an output printing device, the Laboratory can issue a comprehensive Schilling test report describing the test, calculating the resulting excretion, interpreting its significance, and cautioning against possible inaccuracies.", "contents": "Interpretive reporting of laboratory data. The Schilling test. Using a programmable calculator able to control an output printing device, the Laboratory can issue a comprehensive Schilling test report describing the test, calculating the resulting excretion, interpreting its significance, and cautioning against possible inaccuracies.", "PMID": 1115047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4336", "title": "Significance of non-steady-state serum digoxin concentrations.", "content": "In order better to define the optimal time for sample collection, the authors examined the serial concentrations of digoxin in serum and urine of six hospitalized patients during the first 8 hours after administration of their maintenance doses of digoxin. Expressed as % of baseline value, mean serum digoxin concentrations 1/2, 1, 1 1/2, 2,4, 6, and 8 hours after administration of the drug were 167, 185, 228, 256, 175, 145, and 134%, respectively. Steady-state serum concentrations were not established until 6-8 hours after administration of the drug, and high serum values during the first 6 hours did not correlate with clinical and/or electrocardiographic evidence of digoxin toxicity. It is concluded that when serum digoxin levels are utilized as an index of digitalization or toxicity in patients on maintenance therapy, the blood samples should be drawn just prior to the daily dose and no sooner than 6 hours after administration of the drug.", "contents": "Significance of non-steady-state serum digoxin concentrations. In order better to define the optimal time for sample collection, the authors examined the serial concentrations of digoxin in serum and urine of six hospitalized patients during the first 8 hours after administration of their maintenance doses of digoxin. Expressed as % of baseline value, mean serum digoxin concentrations 1/2, 1, 1 1/2, 2,4, 6, and 8 hours after administration of the drug were 167, 185, 228, 256, 175, 145, and 134%, respectively. Steady-state serum concentrations were not established until 6-8 hours after administration of the drug, and high serum values during the first 6 hours did not correlate with clinical and/or electrocardiographic evidence of digoxin toxicity. It is concluded that when serum digoxin levels are utilized as an index of digitalization or toxicity in patients on maintenance therapy, the blood samples should be drawn just prior to the daily dose and no sooner than 6 hours after administration of the drug.", "PMID": 1115048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4337", "title": "Chronic pancreatitis in African diabetics.", "content": "Steatorrhea due to chronic pancreatitis was found in 23 percent of a consecutive series of 107 new african diabetics; 3 had pancreatic calcification. Of 16, 14 had definitely abnormal exocirne secretion function testing using secreation pancreozymin stimultion. Themorphology and function of the small intestine were normal by local standards. When compared with diabetics without steatorrhea they weighed less, their fasting blood sugars were lower, and their insulin requirements were greater. High alcoholic intake might be significant cause, but the incidence was similar in the diabetics without steatorrhea. No evidence of childhood or adult malnutrition was established. The etiology of this high incidence of chronic pancreatitis among african diabetics remains unexplained.", "contents": "Chronic pancreatitis in African diabetics. Steatorrhea due to chronic pancreatitis was found in 23 percent of a consecutive series of 107 new african diabetics; 3 had pancreatic calcification. Of 16, 14 had definitely abnormal exocirne secretion function testing using secreation pancreozymin stimultion. Themorphology and function of the small intestine were normal by local standards. When compared with diabetics without steatorrhea they weighed less, their fasting blood sugars were lower, and their insulin requirements were greater. High alcoholic intake might be significant cause, but the incidence was similar in the diabetics without steatorrhea. No evidence of childhood or adult malnutrition was established. The etiology of this high incidence of chronic pancreatitis among african diabetics remains unexplained.", "PMID": 1115050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4338", "title": "The stagnant loop syndrome in childhood: review and report of four patients.", "content": "Four children presenting with a range of signs and symptoms were found to have chronic intestinal obstruction. Presentations included massive upper-gastronintestinal bleeding, chronic weight loss simulating neoplasm, andprofound megaloblastic anemia. The pathophysiology involved and a brief review of stagnant loop syndrome in childhood are discussed.", "contents": "The stagnant loop syndrome in childhood: review and report of four patients. Four children presenting with a range of signs and symptoms were found to have chronic intestinal obstruction. Presentations included massive upper-gastronintestinal bleeding, chronic weight loss simulating neoplasm, andprofound megaloblastic anemia. The pathophysiology involved and a brief review of stagnant loop syndrome in childhood are discussed.", "PMID": 1115051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4339", "title": "Unusual involvement of the rectum by carcinoma of the prostate.", "content": "The authors present three cases in which carcinoma of the prostate simulates a primary carcinoma of the rectum. Direct invasion by prostatic carcinoma should be included in the differential diagnosis of mass lesions of the rectum in males.", "contents": "Unusual involvement of the rectum by carcinoma of the prostate. The authors present three cases in which carcinoma of the prostate simulates a primary carcinoma of the rectum. Direct invasion by prostatic carcinoma should be included in the differential diagnosis of mass lesions of the rectum in males.", "PMID": 1115052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4340", "title": "Normal antipyrine metabolism in patients with cholesterol cholelithiasis. Evidence that the disease is not due to generalized hepatic microsomal dysfunction.", "content": "Plasma antipyrine half-lives and metabolic clearances were measured after a single oral dose of antipyrine in 10 control subjects, 12 patients with gallstones, and 9 patients having undergone cholecystectomy for cholesterol cholelithiasis, to determine whether impairment of hepatic antipyrine metabolism occurs in patients with cholesterol cholelithiasis. The plasma antipyrine half-life and metabolic clearances in the control subjects were 11.7 plus or minus 1.3 hours and 42.5 plus or minus 3.3 ml/min, respectively; in patients with gallstones, 12.3 plus or minus 1.3 hours and 36.0 plus or minus 3.2 ml/min, respectively; and in patients having undergone cholecystectomy, 13.2 plus or minus 1.8 hours and 33.8 plus or minus 4.2 ml/min, respectively. Values for antipyrine half-life and metabolic clearance were not statistically different in these three groups. This study suggests the presence of normal hepatic antipyrine metablosim in patients with  cholesterolcholelithiasis.", "contents": "Normal antipyrine metabolism in patients with cholesterol cholelithiasis. Evidence that the disease is not due to generalized hepatic microsomal dysfunction. Plasma antipyrine half-lives and metabolic clearances were measured after a single oral dose of antipyrine in 10 control subjects, 12 patients with gallstones, and 9 patients having undergone cholecystectomy for cholesterol cholelithiasis, to determine whether impairment of hepatic antipyrine metabolism occurs in patients with cholesterol cholelithiasis. The plasma antipyrine half-life and metabolic clearances in the control subjects were 11.7 plus or minus 1.3 hours and 42.5 plus or minus 3.3 ml/min, respectively; in patients with gallstones, 12.3 plus or minus 1.3 hours and 36.0 plus or minus 3.2 ml/min, respectively; and in patients having undergone cholecystectomy, 13.2 plus or minus 1.8 hours and 33.8 plus or minus 4.2 ml/min, respectively. Values for antipyrine half-life and metabolic clearance were not statistically different in these three groups. This study suggests the presence of normal hepatic antipyrine metablosim in patients with  cholesterolcholelithiasis.", "PMID": 1115054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4341", "title": "The uses and limitations of radioisotopes in the investigation of gastrointestinal diseases.", "content": "Advances in the physical and biological sciences have in recent years led to a rapidly increasing use of radioactive agents in clinical medicine. The distinctive properties of these agents have made them invaluable for a large variety of unique in vivo and in vitro diagnostic tests. In order to help the clinician employ such tests productively and realistically, we have attempted to review the present status of radiosotopes with regard to gastrointestinal diseases. Emphasis has been placed not only on their value but also on their limitations; the degree of safety for in vivo application has also been briefly considered.", "contents": "The uses and limitations of radioisotopes in the investigation of gastrointestinal diseases. Advances in the physical and biological sciences have in recent years led to a rapidly increasing use of radioactive agents in clinical medicine. The distinctive properties of these agents have made them invaluable for a large variety of unique in vivo and in vitro diagnostic tests. In order to help the clinician employ such tests productively and realistically, we have attempted to review the present status of radiosotopes with regard to gastrointestinal diseases. Emphasis has been placed not only on their value but also on their limitations; the degree of safety for in vivo application has also been briefly considered.", "PMID": 1115053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4342", "title": "The current mortality rates of radiologists and other physician specialists: deaths from all causes and from cancer.", "content": "The cohort mortality experience of radiologists and other specialists over a 50-year period was examined on the assumption that these groups would differ relative to a presumed decrease in radiation exposure. Radiologists had an excess in all-cause mortality rates compared to the other specialists for all cohorts who entered the Radiological Society of North America before 1940; the excess remained even when the cancer deaths were removed from the rates. These data are consistent with the concept of accelerated aging due to radiation. The cancer mortality rates for radiologists were higher than those of other specialists for an additional decade through 1949. The 1950-1959 cohort had not aged sufficiently to demonstrate the expected peak cancer mortality in the 60-64 year age group. Several hypotheses are presented to suggest reasons for differences in the trends of age-specific cancer mortality by cohorts of entry.", "contents": "The current mortality rates of radiologists and other physician specialists: deaths from all causes and from cancer. The cohort mortality experience of radiologists and other specialists over a 50-year period was examined on the assumption that these groups would differ relative to a presumed decrease in radiation exposure. Radiologists had an excess in all-cause mortality rates compared to the other specialists for all cohorts who entered the Radiological Society of North America before 1940; the excess remained even when the cancer deaths were removed from the rates. These data are consistent with the concept of accelerated aging due to radiation. The cancer mortality rates for radiologists were higher than those of other specialists for an additional decade through 1949. The 1950-1959 cohort had not aged sufficiently to demonstrate the expected peak cancer mortality in the 60-64 year age group. Several hypotheses are presented to suggest reasons for differences in the trends of age-specific cancer mortality by cohorts of entry.", "PMID": 1115058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4343", "title": "The current mortality rates of radiologists and other physician specialists: specific causes of death.", "content": "The cohort mortality experience of radiologists over a 50-year period has been compared to that of other specialists with low levels of radiation exposure. The 1920-1929 cohort of radiologists who joined the Radiological Society of North America had the highest mortality for several chronic diseases. After this early period, radiologists ranked highest only for cancer mortality. The excess risk of leukemia which was observed in the 1920-1929 and 1930-1939 cohorts has subsequently decreased. During the same period, lymphoma mortality, especially multiple myeloma, has been increasing with a significant excess of deaths appearing in radiologists who entered the specialty society between 1930-1939 and 1940-1949. A posible relationship between this finding and immunologic changes induced by radiation has been proposed.", "contents": "The current mortality rates of radiologists and other physician specialists: specific causes of death. The cohort mortality experience of radiologists over a 50-year period has been compared to that of other specialists with low levels of radiation exposure. The 1920-1929 cohort of radiologists who joined the Radiological Society of North America had the highest mortality for several chronic diseases. After this early period, radiologists ranked highest only for cancer mortality. The excess risk of leukemia which was observed in the 1920-1929 and 1930-1939 cohorts has subsequently decreased. During the same period, lymphoma mortality, especially multiple myeloma, has been increasing with a significant excess of deaths appearing in radiologists who entered the specialty society between 1930-1939 and 1940-1949. A posible relationship between this finding and immunologic changes induced by radiation has been proposed.", "PMID": 1115059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4344", "title": "Gestational exposure to rubella vaccinees: a population surveillance study.", "content": "Over a two-year period an attempt was made to identify instances of transmission of rubella vaccine virus from rubella vaccinees to pregnant women in Nashville-Davidson County, Tennessee. Approximately 24,000 children were immunized in a mass campaign at the outset of the study. Several prospective surveillance methods of 11,635 women and their new babies were employed. Attempts were made to recover rubella virus from throat swabs of 10,951 newborns. No rubella vaccine virus was recovered. Wild rubella virus was isolated from a single infant with the congenital rubella syndrome whose mother had natural rubella during the first month of pregnancy. Rubella virus was not isolated from the products of 240 abortions. There were no seroconversions among 3990 women who had paired sera available for study. Clinical and serologic follow-ups of infants judged to be a high risk because of intimate maternal exposure to vaccine virus revealed no late manifestations of congenital rubella infection. A history of close maternal contact with vaccinees during the three months before and the three months following conception was not associated with an increased incidence of congenital anomalies or clinical features seen with congenital rubella infection. Thus, no evidence of vaccine virus transmission was found, providing further evidence of the safety of rubella vaccine under field conditions. A seroepidemiologic study of 8824 pregnant women revealed the expected decline in rubella susceptibility with increasing age. When age was controlled, the variables of race, parity, and educational achievement produced no major influence on immunity.", "contents": "Gestational exposure to rubella vaccinees: a population surveillance study. Over a two-year period an attempt was made to identify instances of transmission of rubella vaccine virus from rubella vaccinees to pregnant women in Nashville-Davidson County, Tennessee. Approximately 24,000 children were immunized in a mass campaign at the outset of the study. Several prospective surveillance methods of 11,635 women and their new babies were employed. Attempts were made to recover rubella virus from throat swabs of 10,951 newborns. No rubella vaccine virus was recovered. Wild rubella virus was isolated from a single infant with the congenital rubella syndrome whose mother had natural rubella during the first month of pregnancy. Rubella virus was not isolated from the products of 240 abortions. There were no seroconversions among 3990 women who had paired sera available for study. Clinical and serologic follow-ups of infants judged to be a high risk because of intimate maternal exposure to vaccine virus revealed no late manifestations of congenital rubella infection. A history of close maternal contact with vaccinees during the three months before and the three months following conception was not associated with an increased incidence of congenital anomalies or clinical features seen with congenital rubella infection. Thus, no evidence of vaccine virus transmission was found, providing further evidence of the safety of rubella vaccine under field conditions. A seroepidemiologic study of 8824 pregnant women revealed the expected decline in rubella susceptibility with increasing age. When age was controlled, the variables of race, parity, and educational achievement produced no major influence on immunity.", "PMID": 1115060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4345", "title": "Seroepidemiologic survey of coronavirus (strain 229E) infections in a population of children.", "content": "The indirect hemagglutination (IHA) test for coronavirus 229E antibodies was used for serodiagnostic and seroepidemiologic studies in a population of children. Subjects ranged in age from 5 to 19 years and lived in a home which participated in a longitudinal surveilance of respiratory illness (1960-1968). During this period 1477 respiratory illnesses were observed; 63 (4%) were associated with sero-response (fourfold or greater antibody rises) to 229E. An additional 105 sero-responses were associated with unreported or subclinical illness. The frequency of these infections was cyclical, and 229E and coronavirus OC 43 infections peaked in different years among the same population. Sero-responses occurred mainly in the fall, winter and spring quarters. Preexisting antibody was demonstrated in one-third of the children with 229E sero-responses. Clinical studies indicated that the most frequent complaints with 229E infections were sore throat, coryza and cough, and the most frequent findings were pharyngeal injection, coryza and fever.", "contents": "Seroepidemiologic survey of coronavirus (strain 229E) infections in a population of children. The indirect hemagglutination (IHA) test for coronavirus 229E antibodies was used for serodiagnostic and seroepidemiologic studies in a population of children. Subjects ranged in age from 5 to 19 years and lived in a home which participated in a longitudinal surveilance of respiratory illness (1960-1968). During this period 1477 respiratory illnesses were observed; 63 (4%) were associated with sero-response (fourfold or greater antibody rises) to 229E. An additional 105 sero-responses were associated with unreported or subclinical illness. The frequency of these infections was cyclical, and 229E and coronavirus OC 43 infections peaked in different years among the same population. Sero-responses occurred mainly in the fall, winter and spring quarters. Preexisting antibody was demonstrated in one-third of the children with 229E sero-responses. Clinical studies indicated that the most frequent complaints with 229E infections were sore throat, coryza and cough, and the most frequent findings were pharyngeal injection, coryza and fever.", "PMID": 1115061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4346", "title": "Cardiac arrest due to oral potassium administration.", "content": "Cardiac arrest developed in two patients after the administration of oral potassium. Neither patient had renal insufficiency, but both had underlying heart disease. In one patient fatal ventricular fibrillation developed 4 days after he received an aortic valve replacement for aortic stenosis and while he was receiving oral potassium supplements. The serum potassium level before cardiac arrest was 8.1 meq. The second patient had angina and was given 40 meq of potassium orally 15 minutes after an exercise test which produced chest pain and S-T segment depression. One hour later, ventricular fibrillation developed. Resuscitation was successful. Both patients had electrocardiographic evidence of hyperkalemia. Oral administration of potassium may produce severe cardiac toxicity in patients with heart disease even when renal function is clinically normal.", "contents": "Cardiac arrest due to oral potassium administration. Cardiac arrest developed in two patients after the administration of oral potassium. Neither patient had renal insufficiency, but both had underlying heart disease. In one patient fatal ventricular fibrillation developed 4 days after he received an aortic valve replacement for aortic stenosis and while he was receiving oral potassium supplements. The serum potassium level before cardiac arrest was 8.1 meq. The second patient had angina and was given 40 meq of potassium orally 15 minutes after an exercise test which produced chest pain and S-T segment depression. One hour later, ventricular fibrillation developed. Resuscitation was successful. Both patients had electrocardiographic evidence of hyperkalemia. Oral administration of potassium may produce severe cardiac toxicity in patients with heart disease even when renal function is clinically normal.", "PMID": 1115063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4347", "title": "Hemodynamic effects of staged hematocrit reduction in patients with stable cor pulmonale and severely elevated hematocrit levels.", "content": "Patients with cor pulmonale and high hematocrit levels are often subjected to phlebotomy in the belief that the adverse effects of high viscosity may outweigh the benefit of increased oxygen carrying capacity. To evaluate this, 12 patients with stable cor pulmonale and hematocrit values greater than 55 per cent were studied before and after a series of venesections. Right heart and aortic pressures, cardiac output and blood gases were measured at three mean hematocrit levels, 61 per cent (stage I), 50 per cent (stage II) and 44 per cent (stage III), with blood volume unchanged. From stages I to II, there were significant decreases in both man pulmonary artery pressure and total pulmonary resistance. Oxygen transport fell but not oxygen consumption. Right ventricular end-diastolic pressure and cardiac output did not change. Right ventricular work either fell or was maintained by increased output. Frank-Starling performance (supine exercise) improved. No significant changes occurred with further reduction in hematocrit to normal levels (stage III). The findings of this study support the concept of overcompensating erythrocytosis in cor pulmonale, and the effects of moderate hematocrit reduction should not be overlooked in these severely ill patients.", "contents": "Hemodynamic effects of staged hematocrit reduction in patients with stable cor pulmonale and severely elevated hematocrit levels. Patients with cor pulmonale and high hematocrit levels are often subjected to phlebotomy in the belief that the adverse effects of high viscosity may outweigh the benefit of increased oxygen carrying capacity. To evaluate this, 12 patients with stable cor pulmonale and hematocrit values greater than 55 per cent were studied before and after a series of venesections. Right heart and aortic pressures, cardiac output and blood gases were measured at three mean hematocrit levels, 61 per cent (stage I), 50 per cent (stage II) and 44 per cent (stage III), with blood volume unchanged. From stages I to II, there were significant decreases in both man pulmonary artery pressure and total pulmonary resistance. Oxygen transport fell but not oxygen consumption. Right ventricular end-diastolic pressure and cardiac output did not change. Right ventricular work either fell or was maintained by increased output. Frank-Starling performance (supine exercise) improved. No significant changes occurred with further reduction in hematocrit to normal levels (stage III). The findings of this study support the concept of overcompensating erythrocytosis in cor pulmonale, and the effects of moderate hematocrit reduction should not be overlooked in these severely ill patients.", "PMID": 1115064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4348", "title": "Reduction of prehospital, ambulance and community coronary death rates by the community-wide emergency cardiac care system.", "content": "Initiation of quick prehospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiac care completed the total system needed to provide emergency and convalescent coronary care for a community. Subsequently, annual community rates for coronary death during ambulance transport fell by 62 per cent and for prehospital coronary death by 26 per cent in people under 70 years of age. In cardiac arrest due to acute myocardial infarction, prompt successful prehospital correction of ventricular fibrillation and asystole yielded long-term survival in two thirds of cases. This 66 per cent success rate of prehospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiac care is identical to contemporary international experience. Precordial thump-version with the fist and precordial fist pacing appeared logical additions to prehospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiac care technics. Community lives saved yearly were 15.2/100,000 people aged 30 to 69 years and 6.4/100,000 total population. Simultaneously, annual community rates for coronary death as a cause of death and coronary death per 1,000 people fell significantly by 15 and 17 per cent, respectively. Unquantifiable influences included prehospital relief of ischemic chest pain; prehospital correction of acute dysautonomia; prehospital abolition of otherwise prefatal dysrhythmias; similar treatment for acute myocardial infarction in the emergency department, in the inhospital mobile coronary care unit and in the progressive intermediate coronary convalescent unit; and general community education through the media of newspapers, radio and television. The present frequency of coronary death during ambulance transport, 9 to 22 per cent of prehospital coronary deaths in this and other surveys, suggests that the prehospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiac care component needs improvement in many communities. By reducing prehospital and ambulance coronary death rates, prehospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiac care for acute myocardial infarction constitutes an essential component of the total system approach to emergency coronary care. Since prehospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiac care have cheaply and effectively expedited and abbreviated hospitalization for acute myocardial infarction, and lowered community death rates from coronary artery disease, its adoption throughout the United States and the western world seems justified.", "contents": "Reduction of prehospital, ambulance and community coronary death rates by the community-wide emergency cardiac care system. Initiation of quick prehospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiac care completed the total system needed to provide emergency and convalescent coronary care for a community. Subsequently, annual community rates for coronary death during ambulance transport fell by 62 per cent and for prehospital coronary death by 26 per cent in people under 70 years of age. In cardiac arrest due to acute myocardial infarction, prompt successful prehospital correction of ventricular fibrillation and asystole yielded long-term survival in two thirds of cases. This 66 per cent success rate of prehospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiac care is identical to contemporary international experience. Precordial thump-version with the fist and precordial fist pacing appeared logical additions to prehospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiac care technics. Community lives saved yearly were 15.2/100,000 people aged 30 to 69 years and 6.4/100,000 total population. Simultaneously, annual community rates for coronary death as a cause of death and coronary death per 1,000 people fell significantly by 15 and 17 per cent, respectively. Unquantifiable influences included prehospital relief of ischemic chest pain; prehospital correction of acute dysautonomia; prehospital abolition of otherwise prefatal dysrhythmias; similar treatment for acute myocardial infarction in the emergency department, in the inhospital mobile coronary care unit and in the progressive intermediate coronary convalescent unit; and general community education through the media of newspapers, radio and television. The present frequency of coronary death during ambulance transport, 9 to 22 per cent of prehospital coronary deaths in this and other surveys, suggests that the prehospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiac care component needs improvement in many communities. By reducing prehospital and ambulance coronary death rates, prehospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiac care for acute myocardial infarction constitutes an essential component of the total system approach to emergency coronary care. Since prehospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiac care have cheaply and effectively expedited and abbreviated hospitalization for acute myocardial infarction, and lowered community death rates from coronary artery disease, its adoption throughout the United States and the western world seems justified.", "PMID": 1115065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4349", "title": "Intraaortic balloon counterpulsation in patients in cardiogenic shock, medically refractory left ventricular failure and/or recurrent ventricular tachycardia.", "content": "Of the 27 patients described, 23 were in cardiogenic shock, 2 had severe left ventricular failure, and 2 had medically refractory ventricular tachycardia. Utilizing intraaortic counterpulsation, adequate systemic blood pressure was initially restored in 19 patients. Nine of these were subsequently weaned from circulatory assistance, but only three were discharged from the hospital and are currently alive. The remaining 10 patients who derived initial benefit from circulatory assistance were balloon-dependent in that they could not be weaned from circulatory assistance. Eight of these patients subsequently underwent cardiac catheterization; four had inoperable disease. The remaining four patients underwent surgery for either resection of the area of infarction and/or for myocardial revascularization; only one survived to subsequently leave the hospital. Ventricular volumes were abnormal and ejection fractions were below 30 per cent in all the patients in cardiogenic shock except one who underwent cardiac catheterization and ultimately died. Ejection fractions were greater than 30 per cent in the two patients with cardiogenic shock who were weaned from balloon support and survived to leave the hospital without surgery. Both of these patients had inferior myocardial infarction. The data obtained from this experience suggest that intraaortic counterpulsation is a very useful adjunct to currently existing medical measures to treat both cardiogenic shock and medically refractory left ventricular failure but that most patients have such extensive disease that they can neither be weaned from balloon support nor undergo successful infarctectomy or myocardial revascularization.", "contents": "Intraaortic balloon counterpulsation in patients in cardiogenic shock, medically refractory left ventricular failure and/or recurrent ventricular tachycardia. Of the 27 patients described, 23 were in cardiogenic shock, 2 had severe left ventricular failure, and 2 had medically refractory ventricular tachycardia. Utilizing intraaortic counterpulsation, adequate systemic blood pressure was initially restored in 19 patients. Nine of these were subsequently weaned from circulatory assistance, but only three were discharged from the hospital and are currently alive. The remaining 10 patients who derived initial benefit from circulatory assistance were balloon-dependent in that they could not be weaned from circulatory assistance. Eight of these patients subsequently underwent cardiac catheterization; four had inoperable disease. The remaining four patients underwent surgery for either resection of the area of infarction and/or for myocardial revascularization; only one survived to subsequently leave the hospital. Ventricular volumes were abnormal and ejection fractions were below 30 per cent in all the patients in cardiogenic shock except one who underwent cardiac catheterization and ultimately died. Ejection fractions were greater than 30 per cent in the two patients with cardiogenic shock who were weaned from balloon support and survived to leave the hospital without surgery. Both of these patients had inferior myocardial infarction. The data obtained from this experience suggest that intraaortic counterpulsation is a very useful adjunct to currently existing medical measures to treat both cardiogenic shock and medically refractory left ventricular failure but that most patients have such extensive disease that they can neither be weaned from balloon support nor undergo successful infarctectomy or myocardial revascularization.", "PMID": 1115066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4350", "title": "The effects of practolol on the dysrhythmias complicating acute ischemic heart disease.", "content": "The cardioselective beta-adrenoceptor blocking agent practolol was used in the management of ventricular and supraventricular dysrhythmias associated with acute myocardial infarction in 134 patients, and in the management of these dysrhythmias in 19 atients with acute myocardial ischemia. Practolol was frequently effective in controlling ventricular dysrhythmias which occurred within the first 24 hours after the onset of symptoms of acute myocardial infarction. It was also effective in controlling the ventricular dysrhythmias which occurred after resuscitation from ventricular fibrillation. It was of particular value when therapeutic doses of lidocaine had been ineffective. Practolol was much less effective in controlling ventricular dysrhythmias which occurred more than 24 hours after acute infarction. Atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter were infrequently abolished by practolol in undigitalized patients after acute myocardial infarction. There was no correlation between the effectiveness of practolol and the blood concentration of the drug. One adverse effect of practolol was the occurence of sinus bradycardia with or without an increase in the frequency of ventricular ectopic beats. Bradycardia was sometimes accompanied by hypotension. Severe hypotension occasionally occurred in the absence of bradycardia.", "contents": "The effects of practolol on the dysrhythmias complicating acute ischemic heart disease. The cardioselective beta-adrenoceptor blocking agent practolol was used in the management of ventricular and supraventricular dysrhythmias associated with acute myocardial infarction in 134 patients, and in the management of these dysrhythmias in 19 atients with acute myocardial ischemia. Practolol was frequently effective in controlling ventricular dysrhythmias which occurred within the first 24 hours after the onset of symptoms of acute myocardial infarction. It was also effective in controlling the ventricular dysrhythmias which occurred after resuscitation from ventricular fibrillation. It was of particular value when therapeutic doses of lidocaine had been ineffective. Practolol was much less effective in controlling ventricular dysrhythmias which occurred more than 24 hours after acute infarction. Atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter were infrequently abolished by practolol in undigitalized patients after acute myocardial infarction. There was no correlation between the effectiveness of practolol and the blood concentration of the drug. One adverse effect of practolol was the occurence of sinus bradycardia with or without an increase in the frequency of ventricular ectopic beats. Bradycardia was sometimes accompanied by hypotension. Severe hypotension occasionally occurred in the absence of bradycardia.", "PMID": 1115067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4351", "title": "Pathogenesis of hypertension in Cushing's syndrome.", "content": "Steroid production, plasma renin activity (PRA) and plasma renin substrate (PRS) were measured in eight patients with hypertension due to Cushing's syndrome of benign origin. Despite elevation of cortisol secretion in all patients, hypokalemia and suppressed PRA was noted in the one subject with a functioning adrenal adenoma. PRA was normal in six patients on an unrestricted sodium intake but was markedly increased in the two patients on low salt diets. PRS was significantly increased during active disease, but decreased substantially with treatment. The absence of uniform hypokalemia and of suppression of renin indicates that mineralocorticoid production could not account for the increase in arterial pressure. It is suggested that glucocorticoid-induced hypertension may be initiated by alterations in vascular responsiveness to pressor agents and that elevated PRS levels may contribute to increase angiotensin formation.", "contents": "Pathogenesis of hypertension in Cushing's syndrome. Steroid production, plasma renin activity (PRA) and plasma renin substrate (PRS) were measured in eight patients with hypertension due to Cushing's syndrome of benign origin. Despite elevation of cortisol secretion in all patients, hypokalemia and suppressed PRA was noted in the one subject with a functioning adrenal adenoma. PRA was normal in six patients on an unrestricted sodium intake but was markedly increased in the two patients on low salt diets. PRS was significantly increased during active disease, but decreased substantially with treatment. The absence of uniform hypokalemia and of suppression of renin indicates that mineralocorticoid production could not account for the increase in arterial pressure. It is suggested that glucocorticoid-induced hypertension may be initiated by alterations in vascular responsiveness to pressor agents and that elevated PRS levels may contribute to increase angiotensin formation.", "PMID": 1115068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4352", "title": "A year's experience with tuberculosis in a private urban teaching hospital in the postsanatorium era.", "content": "Because brief general hospital admission and extended ambulatory management have replaced sanatorium care for tuberculosis, we reviewed 41 cases admitted to a private urban hospital during 1971-1972 to assess the spectrum of disease and the problems created by the closing of sanatoriums. Almost half the cases were misdiagnosed, exposing an average of 35 hospital personnel to unisolated patients with positive smears. Clinical manifestations often were subtle. Of those with pulmonary involvement, 14 per cent denied having symptoms and less than half had positive sputum smears. Transfer to ambulatory care for half the patients was complicated by having different physicians manage their hospital and outpatient care, with poor communication between the two. Outpatient physicians were sent discharge summaries for fewer than two thirds of their patients, and then only after an average 2 1/2 month delay. Similarly, slowness in case reporting impaired contact investigation. Only three contacts were identified per patient, and only 71 per cent of these were investigated. Improved diagnostic ability, better communication with public health workers, and attention to details of transfer to ambulatory care are necessary for effectively integrating the present components of tuberculosis management.", "contents": "A year's experience with tuberculosis in a private urban teaching hospital in the postsanatorium era. Because brief general hospital admission and extended ambulatory management have replaced sanatorium care for tuberculosis, we reviewed 41 cases admitted to a private urban hospital during 1971-1972 to assess the spectrum of disease and the problems created by the closing of sanatoriums. Almost half the cases were misdiagnosed, exposing an average of 35 hospital personnel to unisolated patients with positive smears. Clinical manifestations often were subtle. Of those with pulmonary involvement, 14 per cent denied having symptoms and less than half had positive sputum smears. Transfer to ambulatory care for half the patients was complicated by having different physicians manage their hospital and outpatient care, with poor communication between the two. Outpatient physicians were sent discharge summaries for fewer than two thirds of their patients, and then only after an average 2 1/2 month delay. Similarly, slowness in case reporting impaired contact investigation. Only three contacts were identified per patient, and only 71 per cent of these were investigated. Improved diagnostic ability, better communication with public health workers, and attention to details of transfer to ambulatory care are necessary for effectively integrating the present components of tuberculosis management.", "PMID": 1115069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4353", "title": "The heart in systemic lupus erythematosus and the changes induced in it by corticosteroid therapy. A study of 36 necropsy patients.", "content": "The natural history of the cardiovascular manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) have been altered by corticosteroids which exert their own cardiovascular effects. This study describes clinical and necropsy observations in 36 corticosteroid-treated patients with SLE and compares them to necropsy observations in patients with SLE reported before the use of corticosteroid therapy. The 36 patients averaged 32 years of age, and 33 were women. Systemic hypertension was present in 25 (69 per cent) and left ventricular hypertrophy in 23 (64 per cent) patients. Hypertension was twice as common in the 19 patients who received this drug for more than 12 months (average 38 months) than in the 17 patients who received this drug for less than 12 months (average 6 months), and was almost five times more common among our patients than in patients with SLE in the presteroid era. Congestive cardiac failure occurred in 15 patients (43 per cent), eight times more frequent than that reported in noncorticosteroid-treated patients with SLE. Subepicardial and myocardial fat was increased in all 36 patients. Lupus carditis was similar in frequency but differed morphologically in our patients compared to those not treated with corticosteroids. Libman-Sacks-type endocardial lesions, present in 18 (50 per cent) of our patients, were smaller, fewer in number, univalvular rather than multivalvular, and mainly left-sided. Most verrucae were either partly or completely healed, and some were calcified. Pericarditis, present in 19 (53 per cent) patients, was predominantly of the fibrous type. Myocarditis was present in three patients, each of whom also had endocarditis and pericarditis. The lumen of at least one of the three major coronary arteries was narrowed more than 50 per cent by atherosclerotic plaques in 42 per cent of the 18 patients who received corticosteroids for more than 1 year, but in none of the 17 patients who received corticosteroids for less than 1 year. Four of the eight patients with narrowed coronary arteries had myocardial infarcts. Although vital to the management of SLE, corticosteroids have an over-all deleterious effect on the heart. Systemic hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy appear or, when present, worsen; congestive cardiac failure increases; epicardial apartment of Me", "contents": "The heart in systemic lupus erythematosus and the changes induced in it by corticosteroid therapy. A study of 36 necropsy patients. The natural history of the cardiovascular manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) have been altered by corticosteroids which exert their own cardiovascular effects. This study describes clinical and necropsy observations in 36 corticosteroid-treated patients with SLE and compares them to necropsy observations in patients with SLE reported before the use of corticosteroid therapy. The 36 patients averaged 32 years of age, and 33 were women. Systemic hypertension was present in 25 (69 per cent) and left ventricular hypertrophy in 23 (64 per cent) patients. Hypertension was twice as common in the 19 patients who received this drug for more than 12 months (average 38 months) than in the 17 patients who received this drug for less than 12 months (average 6 months), and was almost five times more common among our patients than in patients with SLE in the presteroid era. Congestive cardiac failure occurred in 15 patients (43 per cent), eight times more frequent than that reported in noncorticosteroid-treated patients with SLE. Subepicardial and myocardial fat was increased in all 36 patients. Lupus carditis was similar in frequency but differed morphologically in our patients compared to those not treated with corticosteroids. Libman-Sacks-type endocardial lesions, present in 18 (50 per cent) of our patients, were smaller, fewer in number, univalvular rather than multivalvular, and mainly left-sided. Most verrucae were either partly or completely healed, and some were calcified. Pericarditis, present in 19 (53 per cent) patients, was predominantly of the fibrous type. Myocarditis was present in three patients, each of whom also had endocarditis and pericarditis. The lumen of at least one of the three major coronary arteries was narrowed more than 50 per cent by atherosclerotic plaques in 42 per cent of the 18 patients who received corticosteroids for more than 1 year, but in none of the 17 patients who received corticosteroids for less than 1 year. Four of the eight patients with narrowed coronary arteries had myocardial infarcts. Although vital to the management of SLE, corticosteroids have an over-all deleterious effect on the heart. Systemic hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy appear or, when present, worsen; congestive cardiac failure increases; epicardial apartment of Me", "PMID": 1115070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4354", "title": "Hypertension corrected by discontinuing chronic sodium bicarbonate ingestion. Subsequent transient hypoaldosteronism.", "content": "A 52 year old man with a long history of marked hypertension, peptic ulcer disease, nephrocalcinosis and intermittent hypercalcemia was referred to be evaluated for primary aldosteronism suspected on the basis of low plasma renin activity, hypokalemia and blood pressure responsive to spironolactone. Aldosterone excretion, however, was extremely low. Alkaluria, high urinary sodium excretion and hypercalciuria were observed. The patient admitted to chronic ingestion of large amounts of baking soda. Upon cessation of alkali abuse, his blood pressure fell dramatically; orthostatic hypotension, concomitant azotemia, hemoconcentration, hyperkalemia and weight loss occurred. Despite dramatic elevation in plasma renin activity, urinary aldosterone excretion remained low during this period. Adrenal glucocorticoid secretion was intact. All abnormalities of sodium, potassium and aldosterone subsequently returned to normal. A 10 day challenge with oral sodium bicarbonate was associated with a rise in blood pressure, but serum calcium remained normal. The patient remains normotensive 15 months after discontinuing alkali abuse.", "contents": "Hypertension corrected by discontinuing chronic sodium bicarbonate ingestion. Subsequent transient hypoaldosteronism. A 52 year old man with a long history of marked hypertension, peptic ulcer disease, nephrocalcinosis and intermittent hypercalcemia was referred to be evaluated for primary aldosteronism suspected on the basis of low plasma renin activity, hypokalemia and blood pressure responsive to spironolactone. Aldosterone excretion, however, was extremely low. Alkaluria, high urinary sodium excretion and hypercalciuria were observed. The patient admitted to chronic ingestion of large amounts of baking soda. Upon cessation of alkali abuse, his blood pressure fell dramatically; orthostatic hypotension, concomitant azotemia, hemoconcentration, hyperkalemia and weight loss occurred. Despite dramatic elevation in plasma renin activity, urinary aldosterone excretion remained low during this period. Adrenal glucocorticoid secretion was intact. All abnormalities of sodium, potassium and aldosterone subsequently returned to normal. A 10 day challenge with oral sodium bicarbonate was associated with a rise in blood pressure, but serum calcium remained normal. The patient remains normotensive 15 months after discontinuing alkali abuse.", "PMID": 1115072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4355", "title": "A-V conduction disturbances in Reiter's syndrome.", "content": "High grade atrioventricular (A-V) block is a rarely described complication of Reiter's syndrome. This 65 year old man had recurrent episodes of arthritis, conjunctivitis and urethritis beginning at age 16. A prolonged P-R interval was first noted at age 32. The conduction distrubance progressed to intermittent episodes of high grade and complete heart block by age 65. His bundle electrograms located the site of block above the level of the bundle of His. Atrial pacing to rates of 150/min produced 5:1 A-V block, whereas exercise and atropine administration resulted in 1:1 A-V conduction. In view of these results, artificial pacemaker therapy is not indicated. The association of  conduction disorders and Reiter's syndrome is reviewed.", "contents": "A-V conduction disturbances in Reiter's syndrome. High grade atrioventricular (A-V) block is a rarely described complication of Reiter's syndrome. This 65 year old man had recurrent episodes of arthritis, conjunctivitis and urethritis beginning at age 16. A prolonged P-R interval was first noted at age 32. The conduction distrubance progressed to intermittent episodes of high grade and complete heart block by age 65. His bundle electrograms located the site of block above the level of the bundle of His. Atrial pacing to rates of 150/min produced 5:1 A-V block, whereas exercise and atropine administration resulted in 1:1 A-V conduction. In view of these results, artificial pacemaker therapy is not indicated. The association of  conduction disorders and Reiter's syndrome is reviewed.", "PMID": 1115073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4356", "title": "American Burkitt's lymphoma: a clinicopathologic study of 30 cases. I. Clinical factors relating to prolonged survival.", "content": "The presenting clinical characteristics and the results of therapy in 30 cases of American Burkitt's lymphoma are described. Five patients presented with localized disease. The abdomen was the most frequent site of involvement (19 cases). Serum lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) levels closely correlated with extent of tumor mass. Of the 22 patients treated with large doses of parenteral cyclophosphamide, complete remission was achieved in 13 (59 per cent). Of these only four have had a relapse, all within 12 months of treatment. The remainder are alive, free of disease and have not received any treatment for up to 80 months or more. The site and volume of tumor mass predicted for prolonged survival. None of the six patients with bone marrow or central nervous system involvement remained tumor-free. A complete remission was achieved in 8 of 9 patients with presenting LDH levels of less than 700 IU/ml and they have remained free of disease, whereas only 4 of 13 patients with LDH levels greater than 700 IU/ml had a complete response and 3 of these had a relapse within 12 months. In six cases, the massive tumor regression following chemotherapy was associated with serious metabolid consequences including hyperkalemia (six cases), hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia (one case) and lactic acidosis (one case). There were four sudden deaths in less than 48 hours after chemotherapy; two of these were attributable to hyperkalemia. In all cases therw were large tumor masses and/or elevated serum LDH levels.", "contents": "American Burkitt's lymphoma: a clinicopathologic study of 30 cases. I. Clinical factors relating to prolonged survival. The presenting clinical characteristics and the results of therapy in 30 cases of American Burkitt's lymphoma are described. Five patients presented with localized disease. The abdomen was the most frequent site of involvement (19 cases). Serum lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) levels closely correlated with extent of tumor mass. Of the 22 patients treated with large doses of parenteral cyclophosphamide, complete remission was achieved in 13 (59 per cent). Of these only four have had a relapse, all within 12 months of treatment. The remainder are alive, free of disease and have not received any treatment for up to 80 months or more. The site and volume of tumor mass predicted for prolonged survival. None of the six patients with bone marrow or central nervous system involvement remained tumor-free. A complete remission was achieved in 8 of 9 patients with presenting LDH levels of less than 700 IU/ml and they have remained free of disease, whereas only 4 of 13 patients with LDH levels greater than 700 IU/ml had a complete response and 3 of these had a relapse within 12 months. In six cases, the massive tumor regression following chemotherapy was associated with serious metabolid consequences including hyperkalemia (six cases), hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia (one case) and lactic acidosis (one case). There were four sudden deaths in less than 48 hours after chemotherapy; two of these were attributable to hyperkalemia. In all cases therw were large tumor masses and/or elevated serum LDH levels.", "PMID": 1115074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4357", "title": "Capillary basement membrane width in diabetic children.", "content": "The effect of juvenile onset diabetes mellitus on quadriceps muscle capillary basement membrane (QCBM) width has been examined by the electron microscopic morphometric method previously developed in this laboratory. The results demonstrate that in this age group QCBM thickening is strongly related to the age of the diabetic subject. As a result, in contrast to the almost constant thickening of QCBM that has consistently been documented in diabetic adults, QCBM hypertrophy is present in only 40 per cent of children with diabetes mellitus. As was previously shown to be the case in adults, in children, too, QCBM thickening is unrelated to the duration of the diabetes. Finally, the finding that QCBM hypertrophy is present at the time of acute onset of juvenile diabetes mellitus in 30 per cent of children, coupled with the fact that this lesion is not affected by duration of hyperglycemia, strongly supports our previous conclusion that diabetic microangiopathy is independent of the hyperglycemia of this disease. On the other hand, barring the possibility that microangiopathy in the pancreas precedes that in muscle, these results represent evidence against the suggestion that basement membrane hypertrophy represents the primary lesion of the diabetic syndrome.", "contents": "Capillary basement membrane width in diabetic children. The effect of juvenile onset diabetes mellitus on quadriceps muscle capillary basement membrane (QCBM) width has been examined by the electron microscopic morphometric method previously developed in this laboratory. The results demonstrate that in this age group QCBM thickening is strongly related to the age of the diabetic subject. As a result, in contrast to the almost constant thickening of QCBM that has consistently been documented in diabetic adults, QCBM hypertrophy is present in only 40 per cent of children with diabetes mellitus. As was previously shown to be the case in adults, in children, too, QCBM thickening is unrelated to the duration of the diabetes. Finally, the finding that QCBM hypertrophy is present at the time of acute onset of juvenile diabetes mellitus in 30 per cent of children, coupled with the fact that this lesion is not affected by duration of hyperglycemia, strongly supports our previous conclusion that diabetic microangiopathy is independent of the hyperglycemia of this disease. On the other hand, barring the possibility that microangiopathy in the pancreas precedes that in muscle, these results represent evidence against the suggestion that basement membrane hypertrophy represents the primary lesion of the diabetic syndrome.", "PMID": 1115075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4358", "title": "IgA heavy chain disease. A case detected in the western hemisphere.", "content": "IgA heavy chain disease (alpha chain disease) was detected in a 46 year old South American (Colombian) of mixed Spanish and Indian (Mestizo) descent. The clinical course was characterized by severe malabsorption, initially thought to be a variant of tropical sprue. Jejunal mucosal biopsy revealed marked villous atrophy with heavy infiltration of the lamina propria by a single monotonous cell type which, by light microscopy, had the appearance of either a large, abnormal plasma cell or a small histiocyte. Electron microscopy of the biopsy specimen demonstrated the presence of abnormal plasma cells, lymphatic distention and abnormalities of surface epithelial cells. At autopsy a 6 by 3 cm mass was found in the right para-aortic area along with many firm 2 cm mesenteric and para-aortic lymph nodes. Histologic examination revealed the presence of a monotonous cell type similar to that found in the jejunal mucosal biopsy specimen.", "contents": "IgA heavy chain disease. A case detected in the western hemisphere. IgA heavy chain disease (alpha chain disease) was detected in a 46 year old South American (Colombian) of mixed Spanish and Indian (Mestizo) descent. The clinical course was characterized by severe malabsorption, initially thought to be a variant of tropical sprue. Jejunal mucosal biopsy revealed marked villous atrophy with heavy infiltration of the lamina propria by a single monotonous cell type which, by light microscopy, had the appearance of either a large, abnormal plasma cell or a small histiocyte. Electron microscopy of the biopsy specimen demonstrated the presence of abnormal plasma cells, lymphatic distention and abnormalities of surface epithelial cells. At autopsy a 6 by 3 cm mass was found in the right para-aortic area along with many firm 2 cm mesenteric and para-aortic lymph nodes. Histologic examination revealed the presence of a monotonous cell type similar to that found in the jejunal mucosal biopsy specimen.", "PMID": 1115076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4359", "title": "Ultrastructure of the lung in Loeffler's pneumonia.", "content": "A case is presented fulfilling the diagnostic criteria of \"Loeffler's eosinophilic pneumonia\". No etiologic factors could be determined, and the chest roentgenogram returned to normal. Lung biopsy at the peak of the disease demonstrated an interstitial eosinophilic pneumonia without tissue necrosia or vasculitis. By electron microscopy, the alveolar capillary basement membranes were intact and exhibited no immune deposits. Normal appearing eosinophils were abundant in the alveolar capillaries, interstitium and alveolar spaces. Occasional eosinophils released their granules within the alveolar wall. Macrophages were increased in number in both the alveolar wall and alveolar spaces.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the lung in Loeffler's pneumonia. A case is presented fulfilling the diagnostic criteria of \"Loeffler's eosinophilic pneumonia\". No etiologic factors could be determined, and the chest roentgenogram returned to normal. Lung biopsy at the peak of the disease demonstrated an interstitial eosinophilic pneumonia without tissue necrosia or vasculitis. By electron microscopy, the alveolar capillary basement membranes were intact and exhibited no immune deposits. Normal appearing eosinophils were abundant in the alveolar capillaries, interstitium and alveolar spaces. Occasional eosinophils released their granules within the alveolar wall. Macrophages were increased in number in both the alveolar wall and alveolar spaces.", "PMID": 1115077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4360", "title": "Use of stepwise regression computer program as an aid in the selection of medical technology students.", "content": "To meet the problems encountered due to increased numbers of qualified applicants to the medical technology program, it was deemed necessary to devise procedures for student selection which might include additional measures for predicting the academic success of student applicants. The stepwise regression program utilized in this study is one parameter which is currently being explored in relation to the student selection process. Evaluation of the program will take a period of several years in order that the progress of successive groups of students may be carefully studied. It must be recognized that this type of program may have more value for a univeristy-based medical technology program wherein students tend to have a rather homogenous course background, than for programs in which students come from several affiliated colleges or universities and therefore have a diverse type of academic background.", "contents": "Use of stepwise regression computer program as an aid in the selection of medical technology students. To meet the problems encountered due to increased numbers of qualified applicants to the medical technology program, it was deemed necessary to devise procedures for student selection which might include additional measures for predicting the academic success of student applicants. The stepwise regression program utilized in this study is one parameter which is currently being explored in relation to the student selection process. Evaluation of the program will take a period of several years in order that the progress of successive groups of students may be carefully studied. It must be recognized that this type of program may have more value for a univeristy-based medical technology program wherein students tend to have a rather homogenous course background, than for programs in which students come from several affiliated colleges or universities and therefore have a diverse type of academic background.", "PMID": 1115082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4361", "title": "Relative effectiveness of various letter discrimination procedures in directionality pretraining.", "content": "Two investigations were conducted to provide information relevant to programming basic reading skills for retarded individuals. Both experiments utilized various procedures to teach subjects to discriminate between the letters b and d. The role of feedback and task format conditions was investigated in Experiment 1. Results indicated that two-choice discrimination learning was significantly more difficult than either oddity or matching-to-sample conditions. In Experiment 2 the effects of problem type and sample reduncancy were examined. Analyses indicated that simultaneous matching-to-sample procedures were significantly easier than successive matching-to-sample procedures. Performance with a delayed matching-to-sample transfer task did not reflect differential effects of training in either study.", "contents": "Relative effectiveness of various letter discrimination procedures in directionality pretraining. Two investigations were conducted to provide information relevant to programming basic reading skills for retarded individuals. Both experiments utilized various procedures to teach subjects to discriminate between the letters b and d. The role of feedback and task format conditions was investigated in Experiment 1. Results indicated that two-choice discrimination learning was significantly more difficult than either oddity or matching-to-sample conditions. In Experiment 2 the effects of problem type and sample reduncancy were examined. Analyses indicated that simultaneous matching-to-sample procedures were significantly easier than successive matching-to-sample procedures. Performance with a delayed matching-to-sample transfer task did not reflect differential effects of training in either study.", "PMID": 1115093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4362", "title": "Experimental evaluation of sensorimotor patterning used with mentally retarded children.", "content": "In the present study, a sensorimotor \"patterning\" program used with 66 institutionalized, mentally retarded children and adolescents was evaluated. The subjects were randomly assigned to one of three groups: (a) Experimental 1 group, which received a program of mobility exercises including patterning, creeping, and crawling; visual-motor training; and sensory stimulation exercises; (b) Experimental 2 group, which received a program of physical activity, personal attention, and the same sensory stimulation program given to the first group; or (c) Passive Control group, which provided baseline measures but which received no additional programming as part of the study. Experimental 1 group subjects improved more than subjects in the other groups in visual perception, program-related measures of mobility, and language ability. Intellectual functioning did not appear to be enhanced by the procedures, at least during the active phase of the project. The results were discussed with reference to other researchers who have failed to support the patterning approach, and some reasons were suggested for the differences between the present and past investigations.", "contents": "Experimental evaluation of sensorimotor patterning used with mentally retarded children. In the present study, a sensorimotor \"patterning\" program used with 66 institutionalized, mentally retarded children and adolescents was evaluated. The subjects were randomly assigned to one of three groups: (a) Experimental 1 group, which received a program of mobility exercises including patterning, creeping, and crawling; visual-motor training; and sensory stimulation exercises; (b) Experimental 2 group, which received a program of physical activity, personal attention, and the same sensory stimulation program given to the first group; or (c) Passive Control group, which provided baseline measures but which received no additional programming as part of the study. Experimental 1 group subjects improved more than subjects in the other groups in visual perception, program-related measures of mobility, and language ability. Intellectual functioning did not appear to be enhanced by the procedures, at least during the active phase of the project. The results were discussed with reference to other researchers who have failed to support the patterning approach, and some reasons were suggested for the differences between the present and past investigations.", "PMID": 1115094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4363", "title": "Behavioral characteristics of habilitated retarded persons.", "content": "An assumption that habilitated retarded persons had higher social competence than nonhabilitated persons was investigated by comparing 65 discharged residents of Lynchburg Training School and Hospital who had completed vocational training with 60 residents matched in age and IQ. The results obtained from the hospital record revealed that the habilitated group fought less but attempted to escape and cursed more than the nonhabilitated group. Social history indicated the existence of cultural-familial components in the majority of the habilitated group. Psychometric scores, the Emotional Index of the Bender Gestalt test, and an analysis of the medical diagnosis supported the above finding. Since interpersonal adjustment was an important factor in successful habilitation, an increased emphasis on counseling in vocational-training programs was suggested.", "contents": "Behavioral characteristics of habilitated retarded persons. An assumption that habilitated retarded persons had higher social competence than nonhabilitated persons was investigated by comparing 65 discharged residents of Lynchburg Training School and Hospital who had completed vocational training with 60 residents matched in age and IQ. The results obtained from the hospital record revealed that the habilitated group fought less but attempted to escape and cursed more than the nonhabilitated group. Social history indicated the existence of cultural-familial components in the majority of the habilitated group. Psychometric scores, the Emotional Index of the Bender Gestalt test, and an analysis of the medical diagnosis supported the above finding. Since interpersonal adjustment was an important factor in successful habilitation, an increased emphasis on counseling in vocational-training programs was suggested.", "PMID": 1115095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4364", "title": "Utilization of position cues by retarded children in serial learning.", "content": "The ordinal position hypothesis of serial learning was tested using a population of mentally retarded subjects (IQ=46 to 86). The subjects learned two serial lists by either the serial-recall of serial-anticipation procedures. One-half of the items from the first list retained their same serial positions in the second list (experimental items); the other half were switched to new positions (control items). Support for the ordinal-position hypothesis (faster learning of experimental than control items) was obtained only when the first serial list was learned by the serial-anticipation procedure. The results were consistent with earlier findings using nonretarded subjects.", "contents": "Utilization of position cues by retarded children in serial learning. The ordinal position hypothesis of serial learning was tested using a population of mentally retarded subjects (IQ=46 to 86). The subjects learned two serial lists by either the serial-recall of serial-anticipation procedures. One-half of the items from the first list retained their same serial positions in the second list (experimental items); the other half were switched to new positions (control items). Support for the ordinal-position hypothesis (faster learning of experimental than control items) was obtained only when the first serial list was learned by the serial-anticipation procedure. The results were consistent with earlier findings using nonretarded subjects.", "PMID": 1115096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4365", "title": "Training EMR and intellectually average adolescents of low and middle SES for formal thought.", "content": "This study was designed as an attempt to train EMR and intellectually average adolescents to achieve the stage of formal thought. The sample consisted of 120 white male subjects from secondary public schools. Sixty met the EMR criteria and 60 met the criteria for average intelligence. Thirty of each of these were of middle SES and 30 of low SES. Lister's (1970) training procedure was used. The results indicated that three was only negligible transfer. The results also indicated that the training was effective in helping the subjects' competence on the trained tasks. A significant interaction between SES and intelligence was also found. This finding was discussed in terms of the utility of the IQ test as a useful diagnostic tool with all SES levels.", "contents": "Training EMR and intellectually average adolescents of low and middle SES for formal thought. This study was designed as an attempt to train EMR and intellectually average adolescents to achieve the stage of formal thought. The sample consisted of 120 white male subjects from secondary public schools. Sixty met the EMR criteria and 60 met the criteria for average intelligence. Thirty of each of these were of middle SES and 30 of low SES. Lister's (1970) training procedure was used. The results indicated that three was only negligible transfer. The results also indicated that the training was effective in helping the subjects' competence on the trained tasks. A significant interaction between SES and intelligence was also found. This finding was discussed in terms of the utility of the IQ test as a useful diagnostic tool with all SES levels.", "PMID": 1115097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4366", "title": "Alternatives to the design of manipulating a variable to compare retarded and nonretarded subjects.", "content": "In the design of manipulating a single variable to compare the performance of retarded and nonretarded subjects, the groups' response to the variable cannot demonstrate a loss of ability of retarded subjects. This is because tasks (measures at points on the variable) which differ on difficulty or on reliability also differ in power to distinguish subjects of differing ability. A solution is to hypothesize a differential deficit (greater deficit in response to one variable than another) and manipulate two variables. The tasks should be matched at all difficulty levels on reliability, mean, and variance of item difficulty and shape of the distribution of item difficulty.", "contents": "Alternatives to the design of manipulating a variable to compare retarded and nonretarded subjects. In the design of manipulating a single variable to compare the performance of retarded and nonretarded subjects, the groups' response to the variable cannot demonstrate a loss of ability of retarded subjects. This is because tasks (measures at points on the variable) which differ on difficulty or on reliability also differ in power to distinguish subjects of differing ability. A solution is to hypothesize a differential deficit (greater deficit in response to one variable than another) and manipulate two variables. The tasks should be matched at all difficulty levels on reliability, mean, and variance of item difficulty and shape of the distribution of item difficulty.", "PMID": 1115098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4367", "title": "Factors related to the attitudes of nonretarded children toward their EMR peers.", "content": "Four hundred and twenty nonretarded children of both sexes attending grades five through eight in a suburban public school system were administered two attitude scales to determine the possible effects of contact, IQ, CA, and the educational level of the respondents' parents on attitudes toward their EMR peers. On one of the instruments, subjects who had contact with EMR peers reported more favorable attitudes, while on the other instrument, no differences were found. Of the subjects having contact, no differences were observed among high- and low-IQ groups. In general, the older the subjects, the more favorable were their attitudes. No differences were reported between male and female subjects. In all groups studied, the higher the level of educational attainment of the subjects' parents, the more negative were the subjects' attitudes toward their retarded peers.", "contents": "Factors related to the attitudes of nonretarded children toward their EMR peers. Four hundred and twenty nonretarded children of both sexes attending grades five through eight in a suburban public school system were administered two attitude scales to determine the possible effects of contact, IQ, CA, and the educational level of the respondents' parents on attitudes toward their EMR peers. On one of the instruments, subjects who had contact with EMR peers reported more favorable attitudes, while on the other instrument, no differences were found. Of the subjects having contact, no differences were observed among high- and low-IQ groups. In general, the older the subjects, the more favorable were their attitudes. No differences were reported between male and female subjects. In all groups studied, the higher the level of educational attainment of the subjects' parents, the more negative were the subjects' attitudes toward their retarded peers.", "PMID": 1115099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4368", "title": "Probability learning in retarded children with differing histories of success and failure in shcool.", "content": "The effects of school-induced success and failure experiences on the probability-learning performances of retarded children were investigated. In previous laboratory research, the hypotheses has been suggested that failure experiences would lead to greater maximization, less patterning, and less shifting of responses than success experiences. Fifteen retarded children exposed to repeated failure in the classroom, 15 retarded children exposed to a relatively high level of success in special-education classes, and 15 nonretarded children served as subjects. All subjects were matched for MA. The hypothesis suggesting that the laboratory findings generalized to the classroom was confirmed. In addition, it was found that locus of control and need for achievement were significant correlates of probability-learning performance. However, only locus of control differentiated the subject groups.", "contents": "Probability learning in retarded children with differing histories of success and failure in shcool. The effects of school-induced success and failure experiences on the probability-learning performances of retarded children were investigated. In previous laboratory research, the hypotheses has been suggested that failure experiences would lead to greater maximization, less patterning, and less shifting of responses than success experiences. Fifteen retarded children exposed to repeated failure in the classroom, 15 retarded children exposed to a relatively high level of success in special-education classes, and 15 nonretarded children served as subjects. All subjects were matched for MA. The hypothesis suggesting that the laboratory findings generalized to the classroom was confirmed. In addition, it was found that locus of control and need for achievement were significant correlates of probability-learning performance. However, only locus of control differentiated the subject groups.", "PMID": 1115100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4369", "title": "Measuring adaptive behavior: the dynamics of a longitudinal approach.", "content": "The  Adaptive Behavior Checklist was administered annually to the residents of the Miami (FL) Sunland Training Center for 4 consecutive years. As a means of assessing adaptive behavior, this checklist, was used to provide feedback as to the progress made by the residents, thus monitoring the effectiveness of the institution in achieving certain behavioral objectives. Data from a longitudinal study are presented along with the means by which the results were communicated to the staff. Correlations of the checklist with standard IQ scores were discussed as was the effectiveness of a revision of the Adaptive Behavior Checklist.", "contents": "Measuring adaptive behavior: the dynamics of a longitudinal approach. The  Adaptive Behavior Checklist was administered annually to the residents of the Miami (FL) Sunland Training Center for 4 consecutive years. As a means of assessing adaptive behavior, this checklist, was used to provide feedback as to the progress made by the residents, thus monitoring the effectiveness of the institution in achieving certain behavioral objectives. Data from a longitudinal study are presented along with the means by which the results were communicated to the staff. Correlations of the checklist with standard IQ scores were discussed as was the effectiveness of a revision of the Adaptive Behavior Checklist.", "PMID": 1115101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4370", "title": "Employee satisfactions in agencies serving retarded persons.", "content": "The work satisfactions of individuals employed by three agencies serving retarded persons were examined. The results contradicted the view held by most administrators that the individual's level of overall satisfaction is determined principally by his attitudes concerning employment in the field of mental retardation. Rather, the data suggest that satisfaction with the specific agency is the chief determinant of overall satisfaction. Extensive contact with clients and the perceived lack of client progress were found to be important sources of staff dissatisfaction. Finally, client-related dissatisfactions were often attributed to agency or staff deficiences. Implications for altering administrative practices were discussed.", "contents": "Employee satisfactions in agencies serving retarded persons. The work satisfactions of individuals employed by three agencies serving retarded persons were examined. The results contradicted the view held by most administrators that the individual's level of overall satisfaction is determined principally by his attitudes concerning employment in the field of mental retardation. Rather, the data suggest that satisfaction with the specific agency is the chief determinant of overall satisfaction. Extensive contact with clients and the perceived lack of client progress were found to be important sources of staff dissatisfaction. Finally, client-related dissatisfactions were often attributed to agency or staff deficiences. Implications for altering administrative practices were discussed.", "PMID": 1115102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4371", "title": "Effects of temporal grouping and redundancy level on the paired-associate learning of retarded adolescents and nonretarded children.", "content": "Institutionalized adolescents and nonretarded third-grade children were presented with sets of paired associates which differed in redundancy level and temporal grouping. Redundancy level (33 and 50 percent) was embedded in a list of paired associates by varying the number of repetitions in the response terms. The paired associates were presented temporally in blocks of twos (33 percent) or threes (50 percent). One-half of the subjects received the paired associates highly organized; i.e., all response terms of a temporal block were the same. During testing, all stimulus terms were presented simultaneously for the free-ordered recall of the response terms. For both groups, performance was superior following the more highly organized (congruent) presentation, with the performance of the nonretarded subjects exceeding that of the retarded adolescents. Comparisons were made with previous studies in this series.", "contents": "Effects of temporal grouping and redundancy level on the paired-associate learning of retarded adolescents and nonretarded children. Institutionalized adolescents and nonretarded third-grade children were presented with sets of paired associates which differed in redundancy level and temporal grouping. Redundancy level (33 and 50 percent) was embedded in a list of paired associates by varying the number of repetitions in the response terms. The paired associates were presented temporally in blocks of twos (33 percent) or threes (50 percent). One-half of the subjects received the paired associates highly organized; i.e., all response terms of a temporal block were the same. During testing, all stimulus terms were presented simultaneously for the free-ordered recall of the response terms. For both groups, performance was superior following the more highly organized (congruent) presentation, with the performance of the nonretarded subjects exceeding that of the retarded adolescents. Comparisons were made with previous studies in this series.", "PMID": 1115103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4372", "title": "Effects of verbal rehearsal on discrimination learning in moderately retarded and nursery-school children.", "content": "In a simultaneous discrimination task with intradimensional shift, low-IQ and average-IQ children were required either to rehearse audibly a phase relating the positive cue to reward or not to rehearse audibly. A limited number of rehearsal trials substantially reduced discrimination errors and the facilitating effect transferred fully when new color cues were introduced and audible rehearsal stopped. Retarded subjects tended to need extra prompting to rehearse, but their discrimination performance showed no reliable deficit. It seems valuable to view the equal-MA deficit that retarded subjects have previously displayed on discrimination tasks as a consequence of deficiency in short-term memory strategies.", "contents": "Effects of verbal rehearsal on discrimination learning in moderately retarded and nursery-school children. In a simultaneous discrimination task with intradimensional shift, low-IQ and average-IQ children were required either to rehearse audibly a phase relating the positive cue to reward or not to rehearse audibly. A limited number of rehearsal trials substantially reduced discrimination errors and the facilitating effect transferred fully when new color cues were introduced and audible rehearsal stopped. Retarded subjects tended to need extra prompting to rehearse, but their discrimination performance showed no reliable deficit. It seems valuable to view the equal-MA deficit that retarded subjects have previously displayed on discrimination tasks as a consequence of deficiency in short-term memory strategies.", "PMID": 1115104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4373", "title": "Low-IQ deficit in intradimensional discrimination shift despite overtraining and verbal feedback.", "content": "One hundred and twenty low-IQ and average-IQ children (MA 5 to 7 years) were required to learn a 2-choice discrimination involving verbal and manual responses, with verbal correction of errors, before proceeding to an intradimensional shift with new color cues. One-half of each group also received 100 interpolated trials (overtraining) on the original task. Results disclosed a low-IQ deficit during original learning, which was absent during overtraining but recurred in the final phase, undiminished by either overtraining or verbal feedback conditions applied during the transfer phase. The findings oppose a theoretical explanation based on probability of attending to color, since the inference that this probability approximated 1 for all subjects was amply justified, thus emphasizing the need for alternative interpretations of the retarded subjects' difficulty.", "contents": "Low-IQ deficit in intradimensional discrimination shift despite overtraining and verbal feedback. One hundred and twenty low-IQ and average-IQ children (MA 5 to 7 years) were required to learn a 2-choice discrimination involving verbal and manual responses, with verbal correction of errors, before proceeding to an intradimensional shift with new color cues. One-half of each group also received 100 interpolated trials (overtraining) on the original task. Results disclosed a low-IQ deficit during original learning, which was absent during overtraining but recurred in the final phase, undiminished by either overtraining or verbal feedback conditions applied during the transfer phase. The findings oppose a theoretical explanation based on probability of attending to color, since the inference that this probability approximated 1 for all subjects was amply justified, thus emphasizing the need for alternative interpretations of the retarded subjects' difficulty.", "PMID": 1115105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4374", "title": "Perceptual-motor testing of mentally retarded persons.", "content": "The application of a restructured subtest of an intelligence scale to retarded persons, including those with Down's syndrome, led to no significant differences according to diagnostic group. With several subjects (10 percent of the total), more difficult tasks could be accomplished with success in contrast to simpler ones, and such findings were discussed in terms of increased structure and learning sets.", "contents": "Perceptual-motor testing of mentally retarded persons. The application of a restructured subtest of an intelligence scale to retarded persons, including those with Down's syndrome, led to no significant differences according to diagnostic group. With several subjects (10 percent of the total), more difficult tasks could be accomplished with success in contrast to simpler ones, and such findings were discussed in terms of increased structure and learning sets.", "PMID": 1115106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4375", "title": "A black female with the 48, XXXX chromosome constitution.", "content": "The case of a 19-year-old severly mentally retarded Black female with a 48,XXXX chromosome constitution is reported. She had low-set ears, minimum webbing of the neck, small inverted nipples, and tapering of the extremities. All ten digital patterns of the fingers were ulnar loops, resulting in a marked reduction of dermal ridge counts.", "contents": "A black female with the 48, XXXX chromosome constitution. The case of a 19-year-old severly mentally retarded Black female with a 48,XXXX chromosome constitution is reported. She had low-set ears, minimum webbing of the neck, small inverted nipples, and tapering of the extremities. All ten digital patterns of the fingers were ulnar loops, resulting in a marked reduction of dermal ridge counts.", "PMID": 1115107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4376", "title": "Hysteroscopic diagnosis of endometrial carcinoma. A report of fifty-three cases examined at the Women's Clinic of Kyoto University Hospital.", "content": "This presentation defines the instrumentation and technique of hysteroscopy for diagnosis of endometrial carcinoma. Fifty-three patients with abnormal uterine bleeding were examined by hysteroscopy, followed by curettage which confirmed the diagnosis of endometrial carcinoma. It was felt that hysteroscopy not only could detect the existence and extent of endometrial carcinoma but also might depict histologic structures near the surface of cancerous lesions. Dilatation, hysteroscopy, and curettage should be an excellent method for diagnosis of endometrial carcinoma, perhaps replacing conventional dilatation and curettage.", "contents": "Hysteroscopic diagnosis of endometrial carcinoma. A report of fifty-three cases examined at the Women's Clinic of Kyoto University Hospital. This presentation defines the instrumentation and technique of hysteroscopy for diagnosis of endometrial carcinoma. Fifty-three patients with abnormal uterine bleeding were examined by hysteroscopy, followed by curettage which confirmed the diagnosis of endometrial carcinoma. It was felt that hysteroscopy not only could detect the existence and extent of endometrial carcinoma but also might depict histologic structures near the surface of cancerous lesions. Dilatation, hysteroscopy, and curettage should be an excellent method for diagnosis of endometrial carcinoma, perhaps replacing conventional dilatation and curettage.", "PMID": 1115108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4377", "title": "The effect of legalized abortion on morbidity resulting from criminal abortion.", "content": "In order to examine the effect of legalized abortion on the complications of criminal abortion, a surveillance system was established at a large urban hospital in Atlanta, Georgia. Between 1969 and 1973, legally induced abortions at this hospital increased logarithmically from 8 to 498 per quarter year. The number of women admitting to attempts at illegal abortion decreased significantly, but the decline began only after three years of increasing numbers of legal abortions. A slight decrease in the number of septic \"spontaneous\" abortions also occurred. Making legal abortion services available can result in a decrease in morbidity associated with illegal abortions, but the availability of legal abortion must be sufficiently broad to obviate having to resort to criminal means.", "contents": "The effect of legalized abortion on morbidity resulting from criminal abortion. In order to examine the effect of legalized abortion on the complications of criminal abortion, a surveillance system was established at a large urban hospital in Atlanta, Georgia. Between 1969 and 1973, legally induced abortions at this hospital increased logarithmically from 8 to 498 per quarter year. The number of women admitting to attempts at illegal abortion decreased significantly, but the decline began only after three years of increasing numbers of legal abortions. A slight decrease in the number of septic \"spontaneous\" abortions also occurred. Making legal abortion services available can result in a decrease in morbidity associated with illegal abortions, but the availability of legal abortion must be sufficiently broad to obviate having to resort to criminal means.", "PMID": 1115109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4378", "title": "Perturbations of the human menstrual cycle by oxymetholone.", "content": "The luteolytic activity of oxymetholone, and anabolic steroid, has been evaluated in 10 women. Administration early in the follicular phase of the cycle inhibited ovulation and prolonged the duration of the cycles in 2 of 3 subjects, but treatment beginning on Day 10 (3 subjects) did not prevent ovulation, although subsequent plasma progesterone concentrations were reduced. Treatment after ovulation (4 subjects) suppressed progesterone levels by 50 to 80 per cent and shortened cycle length by 6 to 8 days. Side effects were weight gain and bromosulfophthalein retention. The most likely mechanisms producing these perturbations are the inhibition of luteinizing hormone release early in the cycle and, later, inhibition of progesterone biosynthesis.", "contents": "Perturbations of the human menstrual cycle by oxymetholone. The luteolytic activity of oxymetholone, and anabolic steroid, has been evaluated in 10 women. Administration early in the follicular phase of the cycle inhibited ovulation and prolonged the duration of the cycles in 2 of 3 subjects, but treatment beginning on Day 10 (3 subjects) did not prevent ovulation, although subsequent plasma progesterone concentrations were reduced. Treatment after ovulation (4 subjects) suppressed progesterone levels by 50 to 80 per cent and shortened cycle length by 6 to 8 days. Side effects were weight gain and bromosulfophthalein retention. The most likely mechanisms producing these perturbations are the inhibition of luteinizing hormone release early in the cycle and, later, inhibition of progesterone biosynthesis.", "PMID": 1115110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4379", "title": "Maternal and fetal plasma levels of pyridoxal phosphate at term: adequacy of vitamin B6 supplementation during pregnancy.", "content": "The effect of different amounts of vitamin B6 supplementation during pregnancy on maternal and fetal plasma levels of pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) at term has been studied. Ten of 13 subjects given 2 to 2.5 mg. of vitamin B6 daily exhibited plasma PLP levels lower than 4.7 ng. per milliliter (the lower limit of normal for nonpregnant subjects). In contrast, only 4 of 11 subjects given a supplement of 10 mg. of vitamin B6 daily had plasma PLP less than this value. The mean plasma PLP level (64.4 ng. per milliliter) of 10 cord blood samples from newborn infants whose mothers exhibited plasma PLP levels greater than 4.7 ng. per milliliter was significantly higher (P less than or equal 0.005) than that (34.2 ng. per milliliter) from 14 newborn infants whose mothers had abnormally lowered plasma PLP concentrations. In cord plasma, an average venous-arterial gradient of 10.6 ng. per milliliter was observed, indicating that the fetus retains and/or degrades PLP. These results suggest that more than 2 to 2.5 mg. of vitamin B6 supplement daily is required for most pregnancies to restore normal vitamin B6 nutrition in the mother and, perhaps, also in the fetus.", "contents": "Maternal and fetal plasma levels of pyridoxal phosphate at term: adequacy of vitamin B6 supplementation during pregnancy. The effect of different amounts of vitamin B6 supplementation during pregnancy on maternal and fetal plasma levels of pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) at term has been studied. Ten of 13 subjects given 2 to 2.5 mg. of vitamin B6 daily exhibited plasma PLP levels lower than 4.7 ng. per milliliter (the lower limit of normal for nonpregnant subjects). In contrast, only 4 of 11 subjects given a supplement of 10 mg. of vitamin B6 daily had plasma PLP less than this value. The mean plasma PLP level (64.4 ng. per milliliter) of 10 cord blood samples from newborn infants whose mothers exhibited plasma PLP levels greater than 4.7 ng. per milliliter was significantly higher (P less than or equal 0.005) than that (34.2 ng. per milliliter) from 14 newborn infants whose mothers had abnormally lowered plasma PLP concentrations. In cord plasma, an average venous-arterial gradient of 10.6 ng. per milliliter was observed, indicating that the fetus retains and/or degrades PLP. These results suggest that more than 2 to 2.5 mg. of vitamin B6 supplement daily is required for most pregnancies to restore normal vitamin B6 nutrition in the mother and, perhaps, also in the fetus.", "PMID": 1115111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4380", "title": "Plasma deoxyribonucleic acid concentrations of women in labor and umbilical cords.", "content": "The concentration of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in plasma from 30 women in labor and plasma from the umbilical cords was determined with a rapid, inexpensive, and simple fluorometric method. These concentrations of DNA were compared to the plasma DNA concentrations of nonpregnant women. The mean plasma DNA concentration of women in labor was significantly lower than the mean plasma DNA concentration of nonpregnant women in the use of 99 per cent confidence limits. The mean plasma DNA concentration of umbilical cords during the third stage of labor was significantly lower than the mean plasma DNA concentrations of women in labor with the use of 99 per cent confidence limits and of nonpregnant women using 99.9 per cent confidence limits.", "contents": "Plasma deoxyribonucleic acid concentrations of women in labor and umbilical cords. The concentration of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in plasma from 30 women in labor and plasma from the umbilical cords was determined with a rapid, inexpensive, and simple fluorometric method. These concentrations of DNA were compared to the plasma DNA concentrations of nonpregnant women. The mean plasma DNA concentration of women in labor was significantly lower than the mean plasma DNA concentration of nonpregnant women in the use of 99 per cent confidence limits. The mean plasma DNA concentration of umbilical cords during the third stage of labor was significantly lower than the mean plasma DNA concentrations of women in labor with the use of 99 per cent confidence limits and of nonpregnant women using 99.9 per cent confidence limits.", "PMID": 1115112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4381", "title": "A rapid method for the measurement of estradiol and hydrocortisone levels in maternal and fetal blood and amniotic fluid.", "content": "Estradiol and hydrocortisone levels in maternal and fetal (umbilical cord) blood in human pregnancy can be simultaneously assessed by this method. Chromatography on microcolumns of Sephadex LH-20 with benzene:methanol (85:15) as developing solvent is used to separate estradiol, hydrocortisone, and isatin (a yellow-colored substance used as marker) from interfering steroids. Human late pregnancy plasma is used as the source of both sex hormone-binding globulin and transcortin for the competitive protein-binding assay of estradiol and hydrocortisone, respectively. The method is rapid enough to permit the monitoring of a high-risk pregnancy for plasma estradiol levels on a daily basis. The method is sensitive enough to permit assessment of perinatal adrenocortical function. Hydrocortisone levels can be measured in as little as 3 ml. of amniotic fluid obtained by amniocentesis and preliminary results indicated that hydrocortisone can be determined in as little as 0.1 ml. of fetal scalp blood or newborn baby blood.", "contents": "A rapid method for the measurement of estradiol and hydrocortisone levels in maternal and fetal blood and amniotic fluid. Estradiol and hydrocortisone levels in maternal and fetal (umbilical cord) blood in human pregnancy can be simultaneously assessed by this method. Chromatography on microcolumns of Sephadex LH-20 with benzene:methanol (85:15) as developing solvent is used to separate estradiol, hydrocortisone, and isatin (a yellow-colored substance used as marker) from interfering steroids. Human late pregnancy plasma is used as the source of both sex hormone-binding globulin and transcortin for the competitive protein-binding assay of estradiol and hydrocortisone, respectively. The method is rapid enough to permit the monitoring of a high-risk pregnancy for plasma estradiol levels on a daily basis. The method is sensitive enough to permit assessment of perinatal adrenocortical function. Hydrocortisone levels can be measured in as little as 3 ml. of amniotic fluid obtained by amniocentesis and preliminary results indicated that hydrocortisone can be determined in as little as 0.1 ml. of fetal scalp blood or newborn baby blood.", "PMID": 1115113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4382", "title": "The significance of meconium staining.", "content": "Meconium staining of the placenta and/or fetal body was present at birth in 10.3 per cent of 42,000 live-born infants, but present disproportionately in 18.1 per cent of 788 neonatal deaths. The neonatal mortality rate was 3.3 per cent in the stained group and 1.7 per cent in the nonstained group. Among infants who died, the incidence of erythroblastosis was quadrupled and that of cardiovascular malformation was doubled in the stained group. Meconium staining was associated with a decrease in the expected frequency of hyaline membranes and atelectasis even in premature infants; hypotheses for this phenomenon were presented. Meconium staining of the fetus or placenta requires several hours of exposure. As a hypothesis, the observed increase of deaths in stained neonates may be related to the stresses of cumulative or chronic hypoxia which may occur after the initial passage of meconium if delivery is prolonged.?23AUTHOR", "contents": "The significance of meconium staining. Meconium staining of the placenta and/or fetal body was present at birth in 10.3 per cent of 42,000 live-born infants, but present disproportionately in 18.1 per cent of 788 neonatal deaths. The neonatal mortality rate was 3.3 per cent in the stained group and 1.7 per cent in the nonstained group. Among infants who died, the incidence of erythroblastosis was quadrupled and that of cardiovascular malformation was doubled in the stained group. Meconium staining was associated with a decrease in the expected frequency of hyaline membranes and atelectasis even in premature infants; hypotheses for this phenomenon were presented. Meconium staining of the fetus or placenta requires several hours of exposure. As a hypothesis, the observed increase of deaths in stained neonates may be related to the stresses of cumulative or chronic hypoxia which may occur after the initial passage of meconium if delivery is prolonged.?23AUTHOR", "PMID": 1115114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4383", "title": "Cord blood coagulation studies in infants of high-risk pregnant women.", "content": "A prospective study of cord blood for coagulability, evidence for disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), and hematocrit was done in 106 infants who were offspring of mothers with high-risk pregnancies (pre-eclampsia, diabets mellitus, third-trimester bleeders, severe erythroblastosis fetalis, maternal hypertension, fetal distress, and spontaneous premature labor). Significant changes of hypercoagulability (low AT-III and abnormal TEG) were seen in the third-trimester bleeder and premature labor groups which also had the highest incidence of IRDS and necrotizing. Infants undergoing \"stress\" (pre-eclampsia, fetal distress) had elevated levels of factors V and VIII but were not hypercoagulable or AT-III deficient. Except for mild thrombocytopenia, infants of the diabetic mothers, a group with increased thrombotic complications, did not show any cord blood abnormalities. Offspring of third-trimester bleeders were anemic. The EBF infants were also anemic, severely hypercoagulable, and showed coagulation changes compatible with severe liver disease and/or DIC. Mild changes compatible with intravascular coagulation were seen in six infants and were not related to the the development of IRDS.", "contents": "Cord blood coagulation studies in infants of high-risk pregnant women. A prospective study of cord blood for coagulability, evidence for disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), and hematocrit was done in 106 infants who were offspring of mothers with high-risk pregnancies (pre-eclampsia, diabets mellitus, third-trimester bleeders, severe erythroblastosis fetalis, maternal hypertension, fetal distress, and spontaneous premature labor). Significant changes of hypercoagulability (low AT-III and abnormal TEG) were seen in the third-trimester bleeder and premature labor groups which also had the highest incidence of IRDS and necrotizing. Infants undergoing \"stress\" (pre-eclampsia, fetal distress) had elevated levels of factors V and VIII but were not hypercoagulable or AT-III deficient. Except for mild thrombocytopenia, infants of the diabetic mothers, a group with increased thrombotic complications, did not show any cord blood abnormalities. Offspring of third-trimester bleeders were anemic. The EBF infants were also anemic, severely hypercoagulable, and showed coagulation changes compatible with severe liver disease and/or DIC. Mild changes compatible with intravascular coagulation were seen in six infants and were not related to the the development of IRDS.", "PMID": 1115115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4384", "title": "Correlation of fetal heart rate, maternal heart rate, and age of pregnancy.", "content": "External fetal electrocardiography was performed in three groups of normal pregnant patients delivered of normal newborn infants. Maternal and fetal heart rates were compared and maternal heart rates in the three trimesters were analyzed. Mean heart rates, as well as standard deviations of the three groups, were compared in mother and fetus. The results confirm previous work establishing the independence of fetal and maternal heart rates in the absence of maternal hemodynamic changes mediated by various factors.", "contents": "Correlation of fetal heart rate, maternal heart rate, and age of pregnancy. External fetal electrocardiography was performed in three groups of normal pregnant patients delivered of normal newborn infants. Maternal and fetal heart rates were compared and maternal heart rates in the three trimesters were analyzed. Mean heart rates, as well as standard deviations of the three groups, were compared in mother and fetus. The results confirm previous work establishing the independence of fetal and maternal heart rates in the absence of maternal hemodynamic changes mediated by various factors.", "PMID": 1115116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4385", "title": "Cesarean section prevents placenta-to-infant transfusion despite delayed cord clamping.", "content": "We have adapted and calibrated an accurate method for measuring residual placement blood volume (RPBV). We used this method in 33 normal vaginal deliveries and 18 cesarean section deliveries in which the umbilical cord was clamped from 5 to 118 seconds after delivery. Infants born vaginally received 10 to 20 ml. per kilogram of body weight of placental transfusion when umbilical cord was not clamped until 30 seconds or more after delivery. Equivalent delay of umbilical cord clamping in cesarean section infants produced no placental transfusion.", "contents": "Cesarean section prevents placenta-to-infant transfusion despite delayed cord clamping. We have adapted and calibrated an accurate method for measuring residual placement blood volume (RPBV). We used this method in 33 normal vaginal deliveries and 18 cesarean section deliveries in which the umbilical cord was clamped from 5 to 118 seconds after delivery. Infants born vaginally received 10 to 20 ml. per kilogram of body weight of placental transfusion when umbilical cord was not clamped until 30 seconds or more after delivery. Equivalent delay of umbilical cord clamping in cesarean section infants produced no placental transfusion.", "PMID": 1115117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4386", "title": "Intra-amniotic urea as a midtrimester abortifacient: clinical results and serum and urinary changes.", "content": "Seventy-four patients, from 16 to 20 weeks pregnant, received intra-amniotic urea (80 Gm.) and intravenous oxytocin for the purpose of inducing abortion. Seventy-one of the 74 patients were successfully aborted by the primary method with a mean injection-to-abortion interval of 18.33 hours. There were no serious side effects, and the mean hospital stay was 32 hours. Following urea injection, the mean serum urea nitrogen rose to 33 mg. per cent at 4 hours. Maximum changes in serum electrolytes occurred at 8 to 12 hours after injection and included a decrease in the mean concentrations of sodium, chloride, and carbon dioxide and an increase in serum potassium. An increase in the urinary excretion of urea began within 4 hours, but significant diuresis did not occur in the presence of intravenous oxytocin administration. There was a significant increase in the leukocyte concentration while hematocrit values remained unchanged. Beginning approximately 8 hours following urea injection, the mean plasma fibinogen concentrations decreased by approximately 15 per cent and the mean platelet count showed a drop of approximately 18 per cent. Fibrinogen-fibrin degradation products were significantly increased in 36 per cent of the patients studied.", "contents": "Intra-amniotic urea as a midtrimester abortifacient: clinical results and serum and urinary changes. Seventy-four patients, from 16 to 20 weeks pregnant, received intra-amniotic urea (80 Gm.) and intravenous oxytocin for the purpose of inducing abortion. Seventy-one of the 74 patients were successfully aborted by the primary method with a mean injection-to-abortion interval of 18.33 hours. There were no serious side effects, and the mean hospital stay was 32 hours. Following urea injection, the mean serum urea nitrogen rose to 33 mg. per cent at 4 hours. Maximum changes in serum electrolytes occurred at 8 to 12 hours after injection and included a decrease in the mean concentrations of sodium, chloride, and carbon dioxide and an increase in serum potassium. An increase in the urinary excretion of urea began within 4 hours, but significant diuresis did not occur in the presence of intravenous oxytocin administration. There was a significant increase in the leukocyte concentration while hematocrit values remained unchanged. Beginning approximately 8 hours following urea injection, the mean plasma fibinogen concentrations decreased by approximately 15 per cent and the mean platelet count showed a drop of approximately 18 per cent. Fibrinogen-fibrin degradation products were significantly increased in 36 per cent of the patients studied.", "PMID": 1115118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4387", "title": "Ethnic differences in neonatal jaundice: comparison of Japanese and Caucasian newborn infants.", "content": "The incidence of neonatal jaundice was compared in Japanese and Caucasian infants at The Roosevelt Hospital between January, 1970, and August, 1972. The Japanese group was found to have significantly higher neonatal jaundice of unknown etiology (57 .39 per cent) than the Caucasian group (16 per cent). Twenty-three per cent of the Japanese group and none of the Caucasian group developed hyperbilirubinemia exceeding 15 mg. per 100 ml. of serum", "contents": "Ethnic differences in neonatal jaundice: comparison of Japanese and Caucasian newborn infants. The incidence of neonatal jaundice was compared in Japanese and Caucasian infants at The Roosevelt Hospital between January, 1970, and August, 1972. The Japanese group was found to have significantly higher neonatal jaundice of unknown etiology (57 .39 per cent) than the Caucasian group (16 per cent). Twenty-three per cent of the Japanese group and none of the Caucasian group developed hyperbilirubinemia exceeding 15 mg. per 100 ml. of serum", "PMID": 1115119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4388", "title": "Estrogen potency of oral contraceptive pills.", "content": "The estrogen potencies of 9 oral contraceptive pills, Enovid-E, Enovid-5, Ovulen, Demulen, Norinyl+80, Norinyl+50, Ovral, Norlestrin 1 mg. and Norlestrin 2.5 mg., were determined by bioassay. Relative estrogen potency was determined by analysis of variance. Enovid-5, the most estrogenic compound, had a potency of 4.88 compared to ethinyl estradiol, 50 mcg. equal 1.00; Ovral, the least estrogenic compound, had a potency of 0.81, a sixfold difference. Estrogen potencies at a fractional dose of 0.00155 correlate with reports of the incidence of minor side effects and thromboembolic disease. The effect of progestins on estrogen potency was purely additive (norgestrel and norethynodrel), purely antagonistic, or additive at low concentrations and antagonistic at high concentrations (norethindrone, norethindrone acetate, and ethynodiol diacetate). These results suggest that pills with a greater margin of safety might be developed by utilizing greater ratios of progestin to estrogen. In addition, differences in relative estrogen potency of oral contraceptive pills may be used as a basis for better clinical selection.", "contents": "Estrogen potency of oral contraceptive pills. The estrogen potencies of 9 oral contraceptive pills, Enovid-E, Enovid-5, Ovulen, Demulen, Norinyl+80, Norinyl+50, Ovral, Norlestrin 1 mg. and Norlestrin 2.5 mg., were determined by bioassay. Relative estrogen potency was determined by analysis of variance. Enovid-5, the most estrogenic compound, had a potency of 4.88 compared to ethinyl estradiol, 50 mcg. equal 1.00; Ovral, the least estrogenic compound, had a potency of 0.81, a sixfold difference. Estrogen potencies at a fractional dose of 0.00155 correlate with reports of the incidence of minor side effects and thromboembolic disease. The effect of progestins on estrogen potency was purely additive (norgestrel and norethynodrel), purely antagonistic, or additive at low concentrations and antagonistic at high concentrations (norethindrone, norethindrone acetate, and ethynodiol diacetate). These results suggest that pills with a greater margin of safety might be developed by utilizing greater ratios of progestin to estrogen. In addition, differences in relative estrogen potency of oral contraceptive pills may be used as a basis for better clinical selection.", "PMID": 1115120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4389", "title": "Cellular hypersensitivity in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix.", "content": "A group of patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix were tested for cellular hypersensitivity prior to the initiation of therapy. Fourteen of 15 patients manifested inhibition of leukocyte migration with homologous tumor extracts, and 13 patients showed inhibition with autologous tumor extracts. Lymphocytes from 10 to 11 patients exhibited cytotoxicity for a homologous cell line and lymphocytes from 4 to 5 patients, for autologous cell lines. These results indicate that the absence of cellular hypersensitivity is infrequent in patients with squamous cell carcinoma. A comparison of the degree of sensitivity detected by use of each test showed a good correlation in a group of 10 patients. The efficacy of both autologous and homologus antigens to react with sensitized leukocytes supports the hypothesis that these antigens are tumor related. Although no correlation was found among the immunologic tests, clinical status of the patient, or prognosis based on the evaluation of several histologic parameters, further studies are needed to determine the usefulness of these tests as a prognostic index in individual patients, especially in patients with Stage I carcinoma.", "contents": "Cellular hypersensitivity in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix. A group of patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix were tested for cellular hypersensitivity prior to the initiation of therapy. Fourteen of 15 patients manifested inhibition of leukocyte migration with homologous tumor extracts, and 13 patients showed inhibition with autologous tumor extracts. Lymphocytes from 10 to 11 patients exhibited cytotoxicity for a homologous cell line and lymphocytes from 4 to 5 patients, for autologous cell lines. These results indicate that the absence of cellular hypersensitivity is infrequent in patients with squamous cell carcinoma. A comparison of the degree of sensitivity detected by use of each test showed a good correlation in a group of 10 patients. The efficacy of both autologous and homologus antigens to react with sensitized leukocytes supports the hypothesis that these antigens are tumor related. Although no correlation was found among the immunologic tests, clinical status of the patient, or prognosis based on the evaluation of several histologic parameters, further studies are needed to determine the usefulness of these tests as a prognostic index in individual patients, especially in patients with Stage I carcinoma.", "PMID": 1115121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4390", "title": "Significance of cervicovaginal cytology after radiation therapy for cervical carcinoma.", "content": "During follow-up examinations; 1,338 cervicovaginal cytologic smears were obtained from 254 women who had irradiation therapy for cervical cancer. These specimens were meticulously searched for the various cellular phenomena that may characterize such preparations, and some of the findings were subjectively quantitated. Correlations were made with histopathologic diagnoses, clinical findings, and results of treatment. Patients with malignant postradiation cells who were promptly treated for latent new or recurrent tumors generally responded well to treatment of the secondary tumor. The presence of malignant cells at any time after completion of therapy is an ominous sign, irrespective of the clinical status, and should lead to intensive effort to identify the site of a new or persisting lesion. The significance of dysplasia in postradiation smears is not entirely clear, and in certain instances it is difficult to distinguish severely dysplastic cells from either repair cells or malignant cells.", "contents": "Significance of cervicovaginal cytology after radiation therapy for cervical carcinoma. During follow-up examinations; 1,338 cervicovaginal cytologic smears were obtained from 254 women who had irradiation therapy for cervical cancer. These specimens were meticulously searched for the various cellular phenomena that may characterize such preparations, and some of the findings were subjectively quantitated. Correlations were made with histopathologic diagnoses, clinical findings, and results of treatment. Patients with malignant postradiation cells who were promptly treated for latent new or recurrent tumors generally responded well to treatment of the secondary tumor. The presence of malignant cells at any time after completion of therapy is an ominous sign, irrespective of the clinical status, and should lead to intensive effort to identify the site of a new or persisting lesion. The significance of dysplasia in postradiation smears is not entirely clear, and in certain instances it is difficult to distinguish severely dysplastic cells from either repair cells or malignant cells.", "PMID": 1115122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4391", "title": "Androgens in breast cancer. III. Breast cancer recurrences years after mastectomy and increased androgenic activity.", "content": "To test the hypothesis that increased androgenic activity is involved in breast cancer, the urinary testosterone was assayed in 19 clinically cured breast cancer patients and in 22 patients developing metastases from breast cancer during the same period of observation (5 to 15 years after mastectomy). The levels in the clinically cured patients were near normal whereas those in patients with metastases were significantly above normal.", "contents": "Androgens in breast cancer. III. Breast cancer recurrences years after mastectomy and increased androgenic activity. To test the hypothesis that increased androgenic activity is involved in breast cancer, the urinary testosterone was assayed in 19 clinically cured breast cancer patients and in 22 patients developing metastases from breast cancer during the same period of observation (5 to 15 years after mastectomy). The levels in the clinically cured patients were near normal whereas those in patients with metastases were significantly above normal.", "PMID": 1115123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4392", "title": "All vulvar lesions should be biopsied. Basal cell carcinoma--an example of the futility of diagnosis by gross appearance.", "content": "Gross polymorphism of basal cell carcinoma of the vulva as well as all vulvar lesions calls for biopsy of any suspicious areas in that region. In most instances local excision is satisfactory treatment. Close follow-up is necessary as the recurrence rate is approximately 20 per cent even when the lesion is completely resected.", "contents": "All vulvar lesions should be biopsied. Basal cell carcinoma--an example of the futility of diagnosis by gross appearance. Gross polymorphism of basal cell carcinoma of the vulva as well as all vulvar lesions calls for biopsy of any suspicious areas in that region. In most instances local excision is satisfactory treatment. Close follow-up is necessary as the recurrence rate is approximately 20 per cent even when the lesion is completely resected.", "PMID": 1115124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4393", "title": "Ovarian response to exogenously administered human gonadotropins during the postpartum period.", "content": "Eighteen normal puerperal women received a combined administration of human menopausal gonadotropin (HMG) and human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) and the ovarian response to these human gonadotropins was evaluated by the daily estimation of the 24 hour urinary excretion of total estrogens. Fourteen of the 18 subjects studied were responsive to the exogenously administered gonadotropins with a rise in the urinary estrogen excretion. Moreover, plasma follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels during the postpartum period were low compared to normal cycle gonadotropin levels. Thus, it might be concluded that puerperal anovulation and amenorrhea during lactation might be due to hypophyseal gonadotropic dysfunction rather than to ovarian refractoriness.", "contents": "Ovarian response to exogenously administered human gonadotropins during the postpartum period. Eighteen normal puerperal women received a combined administration of human menopausal gonadotropin (HMG) and human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) and the ovarian response to these human gonadotropins was evaluated by the daily estimation of the 24 hour urinary excretion of total estrogens. Fourteen of the 18 subjects studied were responsive to the exogenously administered gonadotropins with a rise in the urinary estrogen excretion. Moreover, plasma follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels during the postpartum period were low compared to normal cycle gonadotropin levels. Thus, it might be concluded that puerperal anovulation and amenorrhea during lactation might be due to hypophyseal gonadotropic dysfunction rather than to ovarian refractoriness.", "PMID": 1115125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4394", "title": "The coagulation mechanism in labor at term induced with prostaglandin F2 alpha.", "content": "The prostaglandins, especially the PGE series, produce profound effects on platelet function in vitro. It has been reported that PGF2alpha and the PGE series do not affect the clotting mechanism when used to induce midterm abortion, in contrast to that induced with hypertonic saline but the effect of these drugs on the clotting mechanism when used to induce term labor has not been reported. Labor was induced with intravenous PGF2alpha in eight patients, at 32 to 41 weeks' gestation, with premature rupture of the membranes. Three samples were obtained: (1) anteceding the administration of the drug, (2) during the peak drug effect during active labor, and (3) approximately 12 hours post partum. No significant changes were seen in the prothrombin or partial thromboplastin times, platelet numbers or aggregation with ADP, fibrinogen levels, euglobulin lysis times, and circulating fibrin split products. The circulation of thrombin as shown by a specific test for fibrin monomer was not demonstrated.", "contents": "The coagulation mechanism in labor at term induced with prostaglandin F2 alpha. The prostaglandins, especially the PGE series, produce profound effects on platelet function in vitro. It has been reported that PGF2alpha and the PGE series do not affect the clotting mechanism when used to induce midterm abortion, in contrast to that induced with hypertonic saline but the effect of these drugs on the clotting mechanism when used to induce term labor has not been reported. Labor was induced with intravenous PGF2alpha in eight patients, at 32 to 41 weeks' gestation, with premature rupture of the membranes. Three samples were obtained: (1) anteceding the administration of the drug, (2) during the peak drug effect during active labor, and (3) approximately 12 hours post partum. No significant changes were seen in the prothrombin or partial thromboplastin times, platelet numbers or aggregation with ADP, fibrinogen levels, euglobulin lysis times, and circulating fibrin split products. The circulation of thrombin as shown by a specific test for fibrin monomer was not demonstrated.", "PMID": 1115126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4395", "title": "The effect of plasma retransfusion on the blood pressure in the puerperium.", "content": "Whole blood was collected from five patients with severe pre-eclampsia, three with mild pre-eclampsia, and three with normal uneventful pregnancies. The red cells were separated and replaced. The plasma was stored until after the patients were delivered and on the sixth postpartum day they were autotransfused with plasma. This caused a rise in blood pressure in the patients with pre-eclampsia but an aliquot which was stored for six weeks and then retransfused into these patients did not cause any change in blood pressure. No blood pressure changes were found in the normal control subjects at six days or six weeks post partum. It is postulated that patients with pre-eclampsia develop altered vascular sensitivity to normal amounts of circulating pressor substance and that his sensitivity lasts for a week after delivery but not as long as six weeks.", "contents": "The effect of plasma retransfusion on the blood pressure in the puerperium. Whole blood was collected from five patients with severe pre-eclampsia, three with mild pre-eclampsia, and three with normal uneventful pregnancies. The red cells were separated and replaced. The plasma was stored until after the patients were delivered and on the sixth postpartum day they were autotransfused with plasma. This caused a rise in blood pressure in the patients with pre-eclampsia but an aliquot which was stored for six weeks and then retransfused into these patients did not cause any change in blood pressure. No blood pressure changes were found in the normal control subjects at six days or six weeks post partum. It is postulated that patients with pre-eclampsia develop altered vascular sensitivity to normal amounts of circulating pressor substance and that his sensitivity lasts for a week after delivery but not as long as six weeks.", "PMID": 1115127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4396", "title": "Results of 313 consecutive live births of infants delivered to patients in the New York City Methadone Maintenance Treatment Program.", "content": "Patients characteristics, birth results, and follow-up status are described for the first 313 babies born live to patients on the Methadone Maintainance Treatment Program operated by the New York Department of Health. Data were derived from the birth certificates and methadone clinic and hospital records. Comparisons with reports in the literature are noted. No significant association was found between maternal dosage of methadone in the last trimester of pregnancy and lentth of gestation, birth weight, or the reported presence of withdrawal symptoms in the neonate. The infant mortality rate was identical to the over-all New York City rate, specific for ethnicity. After an average of 6 1/2 months following delivery, 86 per cent of the mothers remained on the program.", "contents": "Results of 313 consecutive live births of infants delivered to patients in the New York City Methadone Maintenance Treatment Program. Patients characteristics, birth results, and follow-up status are described for the first 313 babies born live to patients on the Methadone Maintainance Treatment Program operated by the New York Department of Health. Data were derived from the birth certificates and methadone clinic and hospital records. Comparisons with reports in the literature are noted. No significant association was found between maternal dosage of methadone in the last trimester of pregnancy and lentth of gestation, birth weight, or the reported presence of withdrawal symptoms in the neonate. The infant mortality rate was identical to the over-all New York City rate, specific for ethnicity. After an average of 6 1/2 months following delivery, 86 per cent of the mothers remained on the program.", "PMID": 1115128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4397", "title": "Serum human chorionic gonadotropin and progesterone patterns in the last trimester of pregnancy: relationship to fetal sex.", "content": "Concentrations of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) and progesterone were measured in the peripheral sera of 101 normal pregnant women between 25 and 41 weeks' gestation. HCG levels rose significantly with advancing gestation in the 43 female-bearers (r equals 0.516, p less than 0.001), whereas the 58 male-bearers showed no change (r equals 0.168, p greater than 0.1). Mean HCG levels were significantly higher in female- than in male-bearers (10.7 plus or minus standard error 1.0 versus 8.0 plus or minus 0.9 International Units per milliliter; p less than 0.05). Progesterone levels rose significantly in both female- and male-bearers. The calculated regression lines and mean levels (female-bearers 9.1 plus or minus 0.5; male-bearers 9.8 plus or minus 0.4 mug per deciliter) were not significantly different. There was no correlation between HCG and progesterone levels in either sex or in the entire group independent of gestational age. It is postulated that the lower HCG levels observed at term in male-bearers may result from an inhibitory influence of the higher progesterone and/or androgen concentrations in the male umbilical arterial circulation.", "contents": "Serum human chorionic gonadotropin and progesterone patterns in the last trimester of pregnancy: relationship to fetal sex. Concentrations of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) and progesterone were measured in the peripheral sera of 101 normal pregnant women between 25 and 41 weeks' gestation. HCG levels rose significantly with advancing gestation in the 43 female-bearers (r equals 0.516, p less than 0.001), whereas the 58 male-bearers showed no change (r equals 0.168, p greater than 0.1). Mean HCG levels were significantly higher in female- than in male-bearers (10.7 plus or minus standard error 1.0 versus 8.0 plus or minus 0.9 International Units per milliliter; p less than 0.05). Progesterone levels rose significantly in both female- and male-bearers. The calculated regression lines and mean levels (female-bearers 9.1 plus or minus 0.5; male-bearers 9.8 plus or minus 0.4 mug per deciliter) were not significantly different. There was no correlation between HCG and progesterone levels in either sex or in the entire group independent of gestational age. It is postulated that the lower HCG levels observed at term in male-bearers may result from an inhibitory influence of the higher progesterone and/or androgen concentrations in the male umbilical arterial circulation.", "PMID": 1115129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4398", "title": "Treatment of thyrotoxicosis during pregnancy with propranolol.", "content": "The treatment of two pregnant thyrotoxic patients with propranolol alone is discussed. One patient had a spontaneous remission during pregnancy wile taking propranolol. In the other patient treatment with propranolol allowed postponement of definitive therapy until after delivery, when the fetus was no longer at risk. There were no complications of therapy in either patient and both infants were normal. The use of propranolol in thyrotoxicosis is discussed and the pertinent literature is reviewed. Regional anesthesia is preferred over general anesthsia in patients taking propranolol. Patients taking propranolol who require general anesthesia for delivery should have continuous monitoring of electrocardiogram and central venous pressure. To this date no method of therapy has been free of fetal side effects. Surgical treatment is associated with occasional abortion or premature labor; antithyroid medication occasionally results in fetal goiter or cretinism.", "contents": "Treatment of thyrotoxicosis during pregnancy with propranolol. The treatment of two pregnant thyrotoxic patients with propranolol alone is discussed. One patient had a spontaneous remission during pregnancy wile taking propranolol. In the other patient treatment with propranolol allowed postponement of definitive therapy until after delivery, when the fetus was no longer at risk. There were no complications of therapy in either patient and both infants were normal. The use of propranolol in thyrotoxicosis is discussed and the pertinent literature is reviewed. Regional anesthesia is preferred over general anesthsia in patients taking propranolol. Patients taking propranolol who require general anesthesia for delivery should have continuous monitoring of electrocardiogram and central venous pressure. To this date no method of therapy has been free of fetal side effects. Surgical treatment is associated with occasional abortion or premature labor; antithyroid medication occasionally results in fetal goiter or cretinism.", "PMID": 1115130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4399", "title": "Restricting legal abortion: Some maternal and child health effects in Romania.", "content": "The dramatic rise of the Romanian birth rate in 1967 following the restrictive abortion decree of late 1966 is well known. Less well known are significant changes in key maternal and child health indicators in the period after 1966. Possible reasons for these changes are discussed as are the implications of the Romanian experience for population policy and abortion research in the United States.", "contents": "Restricting legal abortion: Some maternal and child health effects in Romania. The dramatic rise of the Romanian birth rate in 1967 following the restrictive abortion decree of late 1966 is well known. Less well known are significant changes in key maternal and child health indicators in the period after 1966. Possible reasons for these changes are discussed as are the implications of the Romanian experience for population policy and abortion research in the United States.", "PMID": 1115131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4400", "title": "Antenatal fetal growth from the nineteenth week. Ultrasonic study of 12 head and chest dimensions.", "content": "Fetal head, chest, and heart cross-sections obtained by ultrasonic diagnostic techniques were used for several measurements: circumference, area, and two diameters, i.e., 3,388 different measurements from 767 healthy fetuses in normal pregnancies. The mean growth for 12 fetal sizes between the nineteenth and the forty-third weeks after the LMP was computed by determining the best adjusted polynomial according to Tchebitcheff. Compared with similar measurements made previously by others on premature neonates, the sizes of healthy fetuses of the same gestational age are larger, but almost identical after the thirty-sixth week. Growth standards based on the sizes of premature neonates may be influenced by the factors responsible for premature birth.", "contents": "Antenatal fetal growth from the nineteenth week. Ultrasonic study of 12 head and chest dimensions. Fetal head, chest, and heart cross-sections obtained by ultrasonic diagnostic techniques were used for several measurements: circumference, area, and two diameters, i.e., 3,388 different measurements from 767 healthy fetuses in normal pregnancies. The mean growth for 12 fetal sizes between the nineteenth and the forty-third weeks after the LMP was computed by determining the best adjusted polynomial according to Tchebitcheff. Compared with similar measurements made previously by others on premature neonates, the sizes of healthy fetuses of the same gestational age are larger, but almost identical after the thirty-sixth week. Growth standards based on the sizes of premature neonates may be influenced by the factors responsible for premature birth.", "PMID": 1115132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4401", "title": "Propionate metabolism in fetal livers of 15 to 19 weeks' gestation.", "content": "Extracts of hepatic tissue obtained from saline-induced abortuses were analyzed for methylmalonyl CoA carbonylmutase (MM) and propionyl CoA carboxylase (PC) activity. MM activity was similar to control values, which suggests that abortion material may be used to confirm the prenatal diagnosis of methylmalonic acidemia. Confirmation of a presumptive propionic acidemia diagnosis is more tenuous due to the instability of PC and the possibility that saline may induce PC activity.", "contents": "Propionate metabolism in fetal livers of 15 to 19 weeks' gestation. Extracts of hepatic tissue obtained from saline-induced abortuses were analyzed for methylmalonyl CoA carbonylmutase (MM) and propionyl CoA carboxylase (PC) activity. MM activity was similar to control values, which suggests that abortion material may be used to confirm the prenatal diagnosis of methylmalonic acidemia. Confirmation of a presumptive propionic acidemia diagnosis is more tenuous due to the instability of PC and the possibility that saline may induce PC activity.", "PMID": 1115133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4402", "title": "Midtrimester abortion induced by serial intramuscular injections of 15(S)-15-methyl-prostaglandin F2alpha.", "content": "Midtrimester abortion was successfully induced in 35 patients by serial intramuscular injections of 15(S)-15-methyl-prostaglandin F2alpha. The dose schedule in this series was an initial injection of 250 mug of 15-ME-PGF2alpha followed by another 250 mug in 2 hours, then 500 mug every 2 hours up to 24 hours; in patients who did not abort within 24 hours the dose was raised to 750 mug every 2 hours until abortion. The mean abortion time was 15.98 hours in this series and 86 per cent of the patients aborted in under 24 hours. Parous patients aborted faster (mean 14.81 hours) than nulliparous patients (mean 17.02 hours) and patients with lower gestational age, 13 to 16 weeks, aborted more quickly (mean 13.98 hours) than patients with gestational age 17 to 20 weeks (mean 16.35). These differences in this series, however, were not statistically significant. Gastrointestinal side effects occurred in 32 of the 35 patients and eight patients had a temperature elevation of more than 1 degree F. during the treatment period. The mean estimated blood loss was 137 plus or minus 42 ml. Thirty patients passed the fetal-placental unit intact, the placenta was removed by sponge forceps in three patients, and by surgical intervention in two patients. There were no failures of technique in this study and none of the patients developed endometritis.", "contents": "Midtrimester abortion induced by serial intramuscular injections of 15(S)-15-methyl-prostaglandin F2alpha. Midtrimester abortion was successfully induced in 35 patients by serial intramuscular injections of 15(S)-15-methyl-prostaglandin F2alpha. The dose schedule in this series was an initial injection of 250 mug of 15-ME-PGF2alpha followed by another 250 mug in 2 hours, then 500 mug every 2 hours up to 24 hours; in patients who did not abort within 24 hours the dose was raised to 750 mug every 2 hours until abortion. The mean abortion time was 15.98 hours in this series and 86 per cent of the patients aborted in under 24 hours. Parous patients aborted faster (mean 14.81 hours) than nulliparous patients (mean 17.02 hours) and patients with lower gestational age, 13 to 16 weeks, aborted more quickly (mean 13.98 hours) than patients with gestational age 17 to 20 weeks (mean 16.35). These differences in this series, however, were not statistically significant. Gastrointestinal side effects occurred in 32 of the 35 patients and eight patients had a temperature elevation of more than 1 degree F. during the treatment period. The mean estimated blood loss was 137 plus or minus 42 ml. Thirty patients passed the fetal-placental unit intact, the placenta was removed by sponge forceps in three patients, and by surgical intervention in two patients. There were no failures of technique in this study and none of the patients developed endometritis.", "PMID": 1115134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4403", "title": "Serum androstenedione levels during normal and human menopausal gonadotropin-induced human pregnancies.", "content": "17-Hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP) and androstenedione (A) were measured frequently during the first trimester of five human pregnancies. Two were normally conceived and three were HMG induced. Of the HMG induced, two showed signs of hyperstimulation and one did not. 17-OHP and A patterns were very similar in the HMG-induced pregnancies from about days 25 to 60, after which the 17-OHP levels continued to drop. The A remained fairly constant after that time. In the normally conceived pregnancies the 17-OHP showed its characteristic rise and fall from about days 25 to 60, but A remained relatively constant throughout this period of time. The pattern of A in normal pregnancies is in marked contrast to that observed in HMG-induced pregnancies. Results from HMG-induced pregnancied may not, therefore, be always applicable to normal ones.", "contents": "Serum androstenedione levels during normal and human menopausal gonadotropin-induced human pregnancies. 17-Hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP) and androstenedione (A) were measured frequently during the first trimester of five human pregnancies. Two were normally conceived and three were HMG induced. Of the HMG induced, two showed signs of hyperstimulation and one did not. 17-OHP and A patterns were very similar in the HMG-induced pregnancies from about days 25 to 60, after which the 17-OHP levels continued to drop. The A remained fairly constant after that time. In the normally conceived pregnancies the 17-OHP showed its characteristic rise and fall from about days 25 to 60, but A remained relatively constant throughout this period of time. The pattern of A in normal pregnancies is in marked contrast to that observed in HMG-induced pregnancies. Results from HMG-induced pregnancied may not, therefore, be always applicable to normal ones.", "PMID": 1115144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4404", "title": "The circulating vasopressinase of pregnancy: species comparison with radioimmunoassay.", "content": "A vasopressin substrate radioimmunoassay (RIA) system is described for the measurement of the vasopressinase elaborated during pregnancy. Results show that vasopressinase activity increases in the sera of pregnant women throughout gestation. At term, under the in vitro conditions described, pregnancy serum degrades vasopressin (Pitressin) at a rate of 53 mU. per milliliter of serum per minute. Serum obtained from paired umbilical cord samples had an activity of 9.2 muU per milliliter per minute; amniotic fluid obtained at delivery had an activity of 16.6 muU per milliliter per minute. Pregnancy serum obtained from sheep, rabbits, and rats, ovine umbilical cord serum, and ovine amniotic fluid had no detectable vasopressinase activity. Normal human male serum, nonpregnant female serum, and serum from women taking contraceptive agents also exhibited no activity.", "contents": "The circulating vasopressinase of pregnancy: species comparison with radioimmunoassay. A vasopressin substrate radioimmunoassay (RIA) system is described for the measurement of the vasopressinase elaborated during pregnancy. Results show that vasopressinase activity increases in the sera of pregnant women throughout gestation. At term, under the in vitro conditions described, pregnancy serum degrades vasopressin (Pitressin) at a rate of 53 mU. per milliliter of serum per minute. Serum obtained from paired umbilical cord samples had an activity of 9.2 muU per milliliter per minute; amniotic fluid obtained at delivery had an activity of 16.6 muU per milliliter per minute. Pregnancy serum obtained from sheep, rabbits, and rats, ovine umbilical cord serum, and ovine amniotic fluid had no detectable vasopressinase activity. Normal human male serum, nonpregnant female serum, and serum from women taking contraceptive agents also exhibited no activity.", "PMID": 1115145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4405", "title": "Effects of blood or meconium on the determination of the amniotic fluid lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio.", "content": "Increasing quantities of maternal and fetal serum were added to amniotic fluids with orignal high or low lecithin/sphingomyelin (L/S) ratios. It was found that serum contains an L/S ratio of approximately 1.31 to 1.46 and therefore its addition lowered high L/S ratios and raised low L/S ratios. The addition of meconium to amniotic fluid decreased the L/S ratio.", "contents": "Effects of blood or meconium on the determination of the amniotic fluid lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio. Increasing quantities of maternal and fetal serum were added to amniotic fluids with orignal high or low lecithin/sphingomyelin (L/S) ratios. It was found that serum contains an L/S ratio of approximately 1.31 to 1.46 and therefore its addition lowered high L/S ratios and raised low L/S ratios. The addition of meconium to amniotic fluid decreased the L/S ratio.", "PMID": 1115146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4406", "title": "Extraovular prostaglandin F2alpha for early midtrimester abortion.", "content": "Twenty patients who were 13 to 15 weeks pregnant received extraovular prostaglandin F2-alpha (PGF2a) in dosages of 3 mg. every 1 to 3 hours. Ninety-five per cent of the patients successfully aborted and 30 per cent of the patients had retained placental tissue. The mean abortion time was 17 3/4 hours and the average total dose used was 29.2 mg. The abortion time appeared to decrease with parity and had no relationship to weeks of gestation. Only one patient failed to abort after 31 hours of therapy. She required a curettage and was the only patient to develop a postabortion infection. The technique appears to compare favorably with the results of intra-amniotic PGF2a. Extraovular prostaglandin may therefore be of particular value in inducing abortion in patients who are in the early midtrimester of pregnancy, i.e., when intra-amniotic instillation is technically infeasible.", "contents": "Extraovular prostaglandin F2alpha for early midtrimester abortion. Twenty patients who were 13 to 15 weeks pregnant received extraovular prostaglandin F2-alpha (PGF2a) in dosages of 3 mg. every 1 to 3 hours. Ninety-five per cent of the patients successfully aborted and 30 per cent of the patients had retained placental tissue. The mean abortion time was 17 3/4 hours and the average total dose used was 29.2 mg. The abortion time appeared to decrease with parity and had no relationship to weeks of gestation. Only one patient failed to abort after 31 hours of therapy. She required a curettage and was the only patient to develop a postabortion infection. The technique appears to compare favorably with the results of intra-amniotic PGF2a. Extraovular prostaglandin may therefore be of particular value in inducing abortion in patients who are in the early midtrimester of pregnancy, i.e., when intra-amniotic instillation is technically infeasible.", "PMID": 1115147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4407", "title": "Computer monitoring of fetal heart rate and uterine pressure.", "content": "With the introduction of continuous recording cardiotocographs in the labor room the large quantity of numerical data produced suggested the computer would be of use. In this preliminary study two computers were used: one initially to collect data and later to give comment and advice as the data was collected and the other for in-depth anaylsis of the previously collected data. On the basis of this new information a new way of analyzing and categorizing labor is suggested and some of the clinical impact so far achieved is described.", "contents": "Computer monitoring of fetal heart rate and uterine pressure. With the introduction of continuous recording cardiotocographs in the labor room the large quantity of numerical data produced suggested the computer would be of use. In this preliminary study two computers were used: one initially to collect data and later to give comment and advice as the data was collected and the other for in-depth anaylsis of the previously collected data. On the basis of this new information a new way of analyzing and categorizing labor is suggested and some of the clinical impact so far achieved is described.", "PMID": 1115148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4408", "title": "The placental pathology of small-for-gestational age infants.", "content": "There is a lack of placental studies of newborn infants who are small for gestational age (SGA). In a gross and light micorscopy evaluation of 63 referred placentas associated with singleton SGA infants, abnormalities were found in 58. In many instances these were considered of causal significance. Abnormalities included ischemic lesions (43 per cent), often related to a history of pre-eclampsia. In this group of specimens, severe X-cell proliferation was present, possibly related to a mechanism of delay of the onset of lavor. Approximately 25 per cent of the placentas showed villitis of unknown etiology. This is presumed to be of infectious etiology, probably viral. Sixteen per cent of the infants died.", "contents": "The placental pathology of small-for-gestational age infants. There is a lack of placental studies of newborn infants who are small for gestational age (SGA). In a gross and light micorscopy evaluation of 63 referred placentas associated with singleton SGA infants, abnormalities were found in 58. In many instances these were considered of causal significance. Abnormalities included ischemic lesions (43 per cent), often related to a history of pre-eclampsia. In this group of specimens, severe X-cell proliferation was present, possibly related to a mechanism of delay of the onset of lavor. Approximately 25 per cent of the placentas showed villitis of unknown etiology. This is presumed to be of infectious etiology, probably viral. Sixteen per cent of the infants died.", "PMID": 1115149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4409", "title": "Possible role of the fetal adrenal glands in the etiology of postmaturity.", "content": "Plasma cortisol levels were studied in the cord blood and neonatal blood of the following vaginally delivered groups: (A) postmature; (B) postterm (but not postmature); and (C) term neonates. Significantly lower levels of 8 A.M. neonatal plama cortisol were found in postmature neonates when compared with term neonates (P LESS THAN 0.02) or merely postterm neonates (P LESS THAN 0.02). No difference was found in the cord blood cortisol levels in all three groups. Contrary to the traditional belief that postmaturity results from placental aging, our findings appear to indicate that postmaturity represents a specific fetal disorder. Fetal adrenal insufficiency may be a characteristic of this disorder. Prolonged pregnancy in these cases may be reflected inability of the affected fetus to initiate labor.", "contents": "Possible role of the fetal adrenal glands in the etiology of postmaturity. Plasma cortisol levels were studied in the cord blood and neonatal blood of the following vaginally delivered groups: (A) postmature; (B) postterm (but not postmature); and (C) term neonates. Significantly lower levels of 8 A.M. neonatal plama cortisol were found in postmature neonates when compared with term neonates (P LESS THAN 0.02) or merely postterm neonates (P LESS THAN 0.02). No difference was found in the cord blood cortisol levels in all three groups. Contrary to the traditional belief that postmaturity results from placental aging, our findings appear to indicate that postmaturity represents a specific fetal disorder. Fetal adrenal insufficiency may be a characteristic of this disorder. Prolonged pregnancy in these cases may be reflected inability of the affected fetus to initiate labor.", "PMID": 1115150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4410", "title": "Correlation between urinary testosterone or estrogen excretion levels and interstitial cell-stimulating hormone concentrations in normal postmenopausal women.", "content": "The purpose of the present study was to find out whether there is a correlation between the urinary levels of testosterone or of estrogens (estrone and estradiol) and ICSH urinary concentration in normal postmenopausal women. Examination of 35 normal subjects at different postmenopausal ages (from one year to over 10 years after menopause) showed a highly significant inverse correlation between ICSH and testosterone urinary excretion levels (coefficient of correlation \"r\" equals minus 0.548), but none between the urinary estrogen excretion levels and ICSH urinary concentrations.", "contents": "Correlation between urinary testosterone or estrogen excretion levels and interstitial cell-stimulating hormone concentrations in normal postmenopausal women. The purpose of the present study was to find out whether there is a correlation between the urinary levels of testosterone or of estrogens (estrone and estradiol) and ICSH urinary concentration in normal postmenopausal women. Examination of 35 normal subjects at different postmenopausal ages (from one year to over 10 years after menopause) showed a highly significant inverse correlation between ICSH and testosterone urinary excretion levels (coefficient of correlation \"r\" equals minus 0.548), but none between the urinary estrogen excretion levels and ICSH urinary concentrations.", "PMID": 1115152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4411", "title": "Inhibition of cyclic gonadotropin secretion by endogenous human prolactin.", "content": "The resumption of cyclic uterine bleeding reportedly accompanies the use of human prolactin (HPRL)-suppressing agents in postpill galactorrhea-amenorrhea. In this laboratory, HPRL suppression with L-dopa was variable and short lived. Basal plasma HPRL levels were elevated before and after as much as five months of therapy. Galactorrhea persisted and mean gonadotropin concentrations were subnormal. An immediate and sustained attenuation of HPRL secretion ( less than 200 per cent) followed the use of 2-Br-alpha-ergocryptine (CB-154). Cyclic gonadotropin secretion resumed and was accompanied by ovulation and, in one instance, pregnancy. The cessation of galactorrhea was positively correlated with the rise in the daily concentration of 17 beta-estradiol. Cyclic postovulatory menstruation continued after the cessation of CB-154 treatment. HPRL levels remained normal. The daily patterns of human follicle-stimulating hormone (HFSH) and human tuteinizing hormone (HLH) secretion created by the suppression of HPRL displayed an inherent rhythmicity identical to that observed at the time of menarche. The inhibitory effects of HPRL appeared directed at cyclic rather than tonic gonadotropin secretion. At the same time, diminished ovarian estrogen production seemed to increase mammary gland sensitivity to HPRL, leading to lactation. One may postulate, therefore, that the ingestion of sex steroids is associated with an over-all suppression of endogenous cyclic and, to a lesser extent, tonic gonadotropin secretion secondary to which ovarian function is attenuated. Without physiologic concentration of circulating estrogen, HPRL induces mammary alveolar function with the production of a milklike secretion.", "contents": "Inhibition of cyclic gonadotropin secretion by endogenous human prolactin. The resumption of cyclic uterine bleeding reportedly accompanies the use of human prolactin (HPRL)-suppressing agents in postpill galactorrhea-amenorrhea. In this laboratory, HPRL suppression with L-dopa was variable and short lived. Basal plasma HPRL levels were elevated before and after as much as five months of therapy. Galactorrhea persisted and mean gonadotropin concentrations were subnormal. An immediate and sustained attenuation of HPRL secretion ( less than 200 per cent) followed the use of 2-Br-alpha-ergocryptine (CB-154). Cyclic gonadotropin secretion resumed and was accompanied by ovulation and, in one instance, pregnancy. The cessation of galactorrhea was positively correlated with the rise in the daily concentration of 17 beta-estradiol. Cyclic postovulatory menstruation continued after the cessation of CB-154 treatment. HPRL levels remained normal. The daily patterns of human follicle-stimulating hormone (HFSH) and human tuteinizing hormone (HLH) secretion created by the suppression of HPRL displayed an inherent rhythmicity identical to that observed at the time of menarche. The inhibitory effects of HPRL appeared directed at cyclic rather than tonic gonadotropin secretion. At the same time, diminished ovarian estrogen production seemed to increase mammary gland sensitivity to HPRL, leading to lactation. One may postulate, therefore, that the ingestion of sex steroids is associated with an over-all suppression of endogenous cyclic and, to a lesser extent, tonic gonadotropin secretion secondary to which ovarian function is attenuated. Without physiologic concentration of circulating estrogen, HPRL induces mammary alveolar function with the production of a milklike secretion.", "PMID": 1115151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4412", "title": "Significance of timing for the postcoital evaluation of cervical mucus.", "content": "This investigation was designed to determine the role of cervical mucus in the dynamic in vivo distirbution of transported spermatozia in the human reproductive tract. Forty-two normal subjects had midcycle cervical mucus collection at various times after insemination. Sperm were identified in the cervical mucus at the level of the internal as shortly after insemination. The numbers of sperm in cervical mucus were directly related to the numbers of sperm in the inseminate and were related to time from insemenation. In order to obtain optimal information, the postcoital examination for the presence of sperm should be performed within two and one-half hours after semen exposure. It was also determined that cervical mucus does serve as a reservoir for those sperm which are transported to the Fallopian tubes.", "contents": "Significance of timing for the postcoital evaluation of cervical mucus. This investigation was designed to determine the role of cervical mucus in the dynamic in vivo distirbution of transported spermatozia in the human reproductive tract. Forty-two normal subjects had midcycle cervical mucus collection at various times after insemination. Sperm were identified in the cervical mucus at the level of the internal as shortly after insemination. The numbers of sperm in cervical mucus were directly related to the numbers of sperm in the inseminate and were related to time from insemenation. In order to obtain optimal information, the postcoital examination for the presence of sperm should be performed within two and one-half hours after semen exposure. It was also determined that cervical mucus does serve as a reservoir for those sperm which are transported to the Fallopian tubes.", "PMID": 1115153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4413", "title": "Prophylactic internal iliac artery ligation at cesarean hysterectomy.", "content": "One hundred and eight preplanned cesarean hysterectomies have been evaluated in an effort to determine that advisability of prophylactic bilateral hypogastric artery ligation when there is anticipated heavy bleeding  associated with surgery. The data indicates that prophylactic bilateral internal iliac artery ligation is of questionable value in reducing operative bleeding, which can be controlled by more conventional means. However, when used therapeutically, it may be a lifesaving operation. Familiarity with the procedure is necessary for all those performing operative obstetrics and gynecology.", "contents": "Prophylactic internal iliac artery ligation at cesarean hysterectomy. One hundred and eight preplanned cesarean hysterectomies have been evaluated in an effort to determine that advisability of prophylactic bilateral hypogastric artery ligation when there is anticipated heavy bleeding  associated with surgery. The data indicates that prophylactic bilateral internal iliac artery ligation is of questionable value in reducing operative bleeding, which can be controlled by more conventional means. However, when used therapeutically, it may be a lifesaving operation. Familiarity with the procedure is necessary for all those performing operative obstetrics and gynecology.", "PMID": 1115154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4414", "title": "Hormone-releasing silicone-rubber intrauterine contraceptive devices. Effect of incorporation of various compounds on intrauterine contraceptive devices in rats.", "content": "Intrauterine devices (IUD's) containing 0, 5, or 10 per cent by weight of progesterone, melengestrol acetate (MGA), norethindrone, norgestrel, medroxyprogesterone acetate, isoxsuprine, or R2323 or wound with fine copper wire were placed in one or both horns of cycling female rats. All the progestins improved retention of the silicone-rubber IUD's to some degree. The effects of these compounds on the estrous cycle, mating, ovulation, fertilization, tubal transport, and implantation varied among the compounds. Effects were local or systemic, depending upon the amount and the drug. Uterine motility studies showed clearly that 5 per cent MGA decreased uterine motility; however, no consistent results could be obtained using the other compounds in the same in vivo system.", "contents": "Hormone-releasing silicone-rubber intrauterine contraceptive devices. Effect of incorporation of various compounds on intrauterine contraceptive devices in rats. Intrauterine devices (IUD's) containing 0, 5, or 10 per cent by weight of progesterone, melengestrol acetate (MGA), norethindrone, norgestrel, medroxyprogesterone acetate, isoxsuprine, or R2323 or wound with fine copper wire were placed in one or both horns of cycling female rats. All the progestins improved retention of the silicone-rubber IUD's to some degree. The effects of these compounds on the estrous cycle, mating, ovulation, fertilization, tubal transport, and implantation varied among the compounds. Effects were local or systemic, depending upon the amount and the drug. Uterine motility studies showed clearly that 5 per cent MGA decreased uterine motility; however, no consistent results could be obtained using the other compounds in the same in vivo system.", "PMID": 1115155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4415", "title": "Complications of pregnancy with an intrauterine contraceptive device in situ.", "content": "Thirty-one consecutive pregnant women with intrauterine contraceptive devices in situ were studied. The devices consisted of the coil, loop, or bow. The pregnancies showed a high incidence of abortion, ectopic pregnancy, premature labor, premature rupture of the membranes, sepsis, and hemorrhage. Associated with these maternal complications was a high incidnece of fetal wastage. A recommendation is made for early interruption of the pregnancy.", "contents": "Complications of pregnancy with an intrauterine contraceptive device in situ. Thirty-one consecutive pregnant women with intrauterine contraceptive devices in situ were studied. The devices consisted of the coil, loop, or bow. The pregnancies showed a high incidence of abortion, ectopic pregnancy, premature labor, premature rupture of the membranes, sepsis, and hemorrhage. Associated with these maternal complications was a high incidnece of fetal wastage. A recommendation is made for early interruption of the pregnancy.", "PMID": 1115156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4416", "title": "Congenital absence of the uterine cervix.", "content": "Surgical correction of congenital atresia of the uterine cervix by creation of a fistulous communication between the functioning endometrial cavity and the vagina with the use of the atretic cervix as a conduit has been performed in two patients. This technique, which permits egress of menstrual blood and the retention of the capacity to reproduce, should replace hysterectomy as the treatment of choice for this extremely unusual and formerly hopeless M\u00fcllerian duct anomaly.", "contents": "Congenital absence of the uterine cervix. Surgical correction of congenital atresia of the uterine cervix by creation of a fistulous communication between the functioning endometrial cavity and the vagina with the use of the atretic cervix as a conduit has been performed in two patients. This technique, which permits egress of menstrual blood and the retention of the capacity to reproduce, should replace hysterectomy as the treatment of choice for this extremely unusual and formerly hopeless M\u00fcllerian duct anomaly.", "PMID": 1115157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4417", "title": "Effect of thirty-two per cent dextran 70 on peritoneal adhesion formation.", "content": "Twenty-one female rabbits underwent laparotomy and a standardized injury was produced on the right uterine horn and Fallopian tube. Following the injury eight animals were used as controls and thirteen were injected intrapertoneally with 50 ml. of 32 per cent dextran 70. Six weeks later the animals were killed and the adhesions graded. All control animals had dense adhersions of the injured areas to bowel or peritoneum. The dextran animals showed marked reduction in the extent and degree of adhesions. Possible mechanisms for these findings are discussed and the problems raised, by adhesion formation, to the gynecologist are reviewed.", "contents": "Effect of thirty-two per cent dextran 70 on peritoneal adhesion formation. Twenty-one female rabbits underwent laparotomy and a standardized injury was produced on the right uterine horn and Fallopian tube. Following the injury eight animals were used as controls and thirteen were injected intrapertoneally with 50 ml. of 32 per cent dextran 70. Six weeks later the animals were killed and the adhesions graded. All control animals had dense adhersions of the injured areas to bowel or peritoneum. The dextran animals showed marked reduction in the extent and degree of adhesions. Possible mechanisms for these findings are discussed and the problems raised, by adhesion formation, to the gynecologist are reviewed.", "PMID": 1115158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4418", "title": "Endometriosis of the appendix. Report of twelve cases and review of the literature.", "content": "Twelve cases of endometriosis of the vermiform appendix are discribed and reviewed. The incidence of 0.80 per cent is higher than has been previously reported. None of the patients displayed symptoms of acute appendicitis, however, five (42 per cent) patients had symptoms suggestive of chronic or cyclic appendicitis. Laboratory tests were nondiagnostic of this lesion. There did not appear to be a correlation between the histologic location of the endometriosis and the symptoms of chronic or cyclic appendicitis. All cases of endometriosis of the appendix were discovered as a result of incidental appendectomy.", "contents": "Endometriosis of the appendix. Report of twelve cases and review of the literature. Twelve cases of endometriosis of the vermiform appendix are discribed and reviewed. The incidence of 0.80 per cent is higher than has been previously reported. None of the patients displayed symptoms of acute appendicitis, however, five (42 per cent) patients had symptoms suggestive of chronic or cyclic appendicitis. Laboratory tests were nondiagnostic of this lesion. There did not appear to be a correlation between the histologic location of the endometriosis and the symptoms of chronic or cyclic appendicitis. All cases of endometriosis of the appendix were discovered as a result of incidental appendectomy.", "PMID": 1115159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4419", "title": "The efficacy of intramuscular 15 methyl prostaglandin E2 in second-trimester abortion. Coagulation and hormonal aspects.", "content": "Termination of pregnancy in the second trimester is sometimes associated with serious complications. This led to clinical investigation seeking methods superior to the traditional technique utilizing hypertonic saline. Intra-amniotic administration of naturally occurring prostaglandin F2-alpha has been developed and appears to be advantageous--especially in the area of coagulation stability. This study describes a technique for intramuscular administration of a prostaglandin analogue--15 methyl prostaglandin E2. This analogue is much more potent than the natural compound. Administration to 32 patients resulted in abortion in 28. The coagulation milieu remained completely intact and all other parameters were similar to previous published data for prostaglandin administration. There were no infections in this group of patients.", "contents": "The efficacy of intramuscular 15 methyl prostaglandin E2 in second-trimester abortion. Coagulation and hormonal aspects. Termination of pregnancy in the second trimester is sometimes associated with serious complications. This led to clinical investigation seeking methods superior to the traditional technique utilizing hypertonic saline. Intra-amniotic administration of naturally occurring prostaglandin F2-alpha has been developed and appears to be advantageous--especially in the area of coagulation stability. This study describes a technique for intramuscular administration of a prostaglandin analogue--15 methyl prostaglandin E2. This analogue is much more potent than the natural compound. Administration to 32 patients resulted in abortion in 28. The coagulation milieu remained completely intact and all other parameters were similar to previous published data for prostaglandin administration. There were no infections in this group of patients.", "PMID": 1115161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4420", "title": "The relaxing effect of terbutaline on the human uterus during term labor.", "content": "The uterine and cardiovascular responses to the adrenergic beta2-receptor stimulator terbutaline (TRB) were investigated in 14 patients in normal term labor. TRB, administered intravenously at a rate of 10 to 20 mug per minute, effectively inhibited uterine activity in advanced labor and also expulsion. Intravenous injection of TRB, 250 mug, diminished oxytocin-induced uterine hyperactivity. No serious side effects of the drug were observed; the circulatory effects were minimal, except for a tolerable maternal tachycardia. The mode of action and clinical application of TRB for inhibition of unwanted uterine activity are discussed.", "contents": "The relaxing effect of terbutaline on the human uterus during term labor. The uterine and cardiovascular responses to the adrenergic beta2-receptor stimulator terbutaline (TRB) were investigated in 14 patients in normal term labor. TRB, administered intravenously at a rate of 10 to 20 mug per minute, effectively inhibited uterine activity in advanced labor and also expulsion. Intravenous injection of TRB, 250 mug, diminished oxytocin-induced uterine hyperactivity. No serious side effects of the drug were observed; the circulatory effects were minimal, except for a tolerable maternal tachycardia. The mode of action and clinical application of TRB for inhibition of unwanted uterine activity are discussed.", "PMID": 1115162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4421", "title": "Methadone assays in pregnant women and progeny.", "content": "Data on the concentration of methadone in maternal plasma and urine of pregnant women on methadone in relationship to levels of amniotic fluid, cord blood, fetal urines, and breast milk are presented. These findings do not demonstrate a simple relationship between methadone levels in the neonate and the intensity of the withdrawal syndrome. The effects of multiple drug abuse and other as yet unknown factors may influence the severity of withdrawal signs in the neonate.", "contents": "Methadone assays in pregnant women and progeny. Data on the concentration of methadone in maternal plasma and urine of pregnant women on methadone in relationship to levels of amniotic fluid, cord blood, fetal urines, and breast milk are presented. These findings do not demonstrate a simple relationship between methadone levels in the neonate and the intensity of the withdrawal syndrome. The effects of multiple drug abuse and other as yet unknown factors may influence the severity of withdrawal signs in the neonate.", "PMID": 1115163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4422", "title": "Immunoreactive calcitonin in the mother, neonate, child and adult.", "content": "Immunoreactive calcitonin (iCT) was measured in umbilical arterial and venous blood and in maternal peripheral blood in 32 normal deliveries. The results were compared with values found in nonpregnant adult females. The umbilical arterial blood contained significantly higher concentrations of iCT than umbilical venous blood (p less than 0.001). The serum iCT in maternal peripheral blood was significantly higher than in normal nonpregnant subjects (p less than 0.001). Serum iCT was also measured in 342 male and female subjects ranging in age from 1 hour to 60 years. Serum iCT was found to be high early in life and to diminish with age. Our data suggest that calcitonin may be of physiologic significance in bone formation during intrauterine life and childhood. High serum iCT may also be responsible for the hypocalcemia seen in the neonatal period.", "contents": "Immunoreactive calcitonin in the mother, neonate, child and adult. Immunoreactive calcitonin (iCT) was measured in umbilical arterial and venous blood and in maternal peripheral blood in 32 normal deliveries. The results were compared with values found in nonpregnant adult females. The umbilical arterial blood contained significantly higher concentrations of iCT than umbilical venous blood (p less than 0.001). The serum iCT in maternal peripheral blood was significantly higher than in normal nonpregnant subjects (p less than 0.001). Serum iCT was also measured in 342 male and female subjects ranging in age from 1 hour to 60 years. Serum iCT was found to be high early in life and to diminish with age. Our data suggest that calcitonin may be of physiologic significance in bone formation during intrauterine life and childhood. High serum iCT may also be responsible for the hypocalcemia seen in the neonatal period.", "PMID": 1115164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4423", "title": "Hypnotic susceptibility and the Lamaze childbirth experience.", "content": "This study explored the relationship between childbirth training and hypnotic susceptibility. A multiple linear regression analysis was performed on the various medical and attitudinal variables related to the subjects' Lamaze childbirth experience and these were tested against hypnotic susceptibility. The results of the analysis indicate that hypnotic susceptibility is not significantly related to Lamaze training, nor is it significantly related to the type of childbirth experience that a Lamaze-trained woman has.", "contents": "Hypnotic susceptibility and the Lamaze childbirth experience. This study explored the relationship between childbirth training and hypnotic susceptibility. A multiple linear regression analysis was performed on the various medical and attitudinal variables related to the subjects' Lamaze childbirth experience and these were tested against hypnotic susceptibility. The results of the analysis indicate that hypnotic susceptibility is not significantly related to Lamaze training, nor is it significantly related to the type of childbirth experience that a Lamaze-trained woman has.", "PMID": 1115165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4424", "title": "Pulmonary insufficiency associated with pregnancy.", "content": "Six obstetric patients with severe pulmonary insufficiency are presented. The volume respirator and quality intensive care remain the basis of treatment. Experience with extracorporeal oxygenation is discussed. The patients demonstrated the typical progression seen in lung disease. An acute, severe insult is followed by hypoxia and pulmonary insufficiency with ensuing pulmonary fibrosis. Serious infection, coagulopathies, and mechanical problems of ventilation add to the difficulty of treatment and the high mortality rate in what may be referred to as an adult respiratory distress syndrome. It is important for the clinician to take an aggressive approach in the management of severe respiratory insufficiency.", "contents": "Pulmonary insufficiency associated with pregnancy. Six obstetric patients with severe pulmonary insufficiency are presented. The volume respirator and quality intensive care remain the basis of treatment. Experience with extracorporeal oxygenation is discussed. The patients demonstrated the typical progression seen in lung disease. An acute, severe insult is followed by hypoxia and pulmonary insufficiency with ensuing pulmonary fibrosis. Serious infection, coagulopathies, and mechanical problems of ventilation add to the difficulty of treatment and the high mortality rate in what may be referred to as an adult respiratory distress syndrome. It is important for the clinician to take an aggressive approach in the management of severe respiratory insufficiency.", "PMID": 1115166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4425", "title": "Hemolytic disease of the neonate secondary to anti-Fya.", "content": "A case of hemolytic disease secondary to anti-Fya in a neonate requiring exchange transfusion is presented. A review of the literature reveals 18 previous cases, with 32 per cent requiring exchange transfusion and a 16 per Fya-b- or Fya-b+ blood can be obtained for exchange transfusion if indicated.", "contents": "Hemolytic disease of the neonate secondary to anti-Fya. A case of hemolytic disease secondary to anti-Fya in a neonate requiring exchange transfusion is presented. A review of the literature reveals 18 previous cases, with 32 per cent requiring exchange transfusion and a 16 per Fya-b- or Fya-b+ blood can be obtained for exchange transfusion if indicated.", "PMID": 1115167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4426", "title": "Amniotic fluid phospholipids and fatty acids in normal pregnancies. Relation to gestational age and neonatal condition.", "content": "The plamitic acid/stearic acid ratio (P/S) follows such a rise during weeks 35 and 36 that it can be considered as a valuable index of gestational age.", "contents": "Amniotic fluid phospholipids and fatty acids in normal pregnancies. Relation to gestational age and neonatal condition. The plamitic acid/stearic acid ratio (P/S) follows such a rise during weeks 35 and 36 that it can be considered as a valuable index of gestational age.", "PMID": 1115168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4427", "title": "Enzymes of normal and malignant trophoblast: phosphoglucose isomerase, phosphoglucomutase, hexokinase, lactate dehydrogenase, and alkaline phosphatase.", "content": "In this study we compare the specific activities and isoenzyme patterns of five enzymes--phosphoglucose isomerase, phosphoglucomutase, hexokinase, lactate dehydrogenase, and alkaline phosphatase--in term placenta with the analogous enzymes in a clone of choriocarcinoma cells grown in culture. Phosphoglucose isomerase, phosphoglucomutase, and lactate dehydrogenase specific activities of the choriocarcinoma did not differ by more than two or three times from the mean activities of the comparable enzymes in placenta; the specific activity of hexokinase in the choriocarcinoma amounted to 14 per cent of the mean value for placenta. In contrast, the mean specific activity of heat-stable alkaline phosphatase in the choriocarcinoma amounted to only 1 per cent of the mean value for placenta. By growing the cells in 5-bromodeoxyuridine, 20 mug per milliliter, we were able to increase alkaline phosphatase activity to 68 per cent of the mean value for placenta. For both extracts, phosphoglucose isomerase zymograms were similar and phosphoglucomutase zymograms were similar. The hexokinase zymogram of term placenta showed two isoenzymes which stained more intensely with 0.5 mM. glucose than with 0.1M glucose. A hexokinase isoenzyme was observed in zymograms of both extracts which stained more intensely with 0.1M glucose than with 0.5 mM glucose. Lactate dehydrogenase exhibited an extra isoenzyme in the choriocarcinoma extract. When the cells were cultivated in medium containing 5 mug per milliliter of 5-bromodeoxyuridine, the induced phosphatase in the cell line was electrophoretically similar to placental phosphatase. At higher concentrations of 5-bromodeoxyuridine, the most anodal isoenzyme was 0.5 cm. slower in mobility than the comparable placental isoenzyme.", "contents": "Enzymes of normal and malignant trophoblast: phosphoglucose isomerase, phosphoglucomutase, hexokinase, lactate dehydrogenase, and alkaline phosphatase. In this study we compare the specific activities and isoenzyme patterns of five enzymes--phosphoglucose isomerase, phosphoglucomutase, hexokinase, lactate dehydrogenase, and alkaline phosphatase--in term placenta with the analogous enzymes in a clone of choriocarcinoma cells grown in culture. Phosphoglucose isomerase, phosphoglucomutase, and lactate dehydrogenase specific activities of the choriocarcinoma did not differ by more than two or three times from the mean activities of the comparable enzymes in placenta; the specific activity of hexokinase in the choriocarcinoma amounted to 14 per cent of the mean value for placenta. In contrast, the mean specific activity of heat-stable alkaline phosphatase in the choriocarcinoma amounted to only 1 per cent of the mean value for placenta. By growing the cells in 5-bromodeoxyuridine, 20 mug per milliliter, we were able to increase alkaline phosphatase activity to 68 per cent of the mean value for placenta. For both extracts, phosphoglucose isomerase zymograms were similar and phosphoglucomutase zymograms were similar. The hexokinase zymogram of term placenta showed two isoenzymes which stained more intensely with 0.5 mM. glucose than with 0.1M glucose. A hexokinase isoenzyme was observed in zymograms of both extracts which stained more intensely with 0.1M glucose than with 0.5 mM glucose. Lactate dehydrogenase exhibited an extra isoenzyme in the choriocarcinoma extract. When the cells were cultivated in medium containing 5 mug per milliliter of 5-bromodeoxyuridine, the induced phosphatase in the cell line was electrophoretically similar to placental phosphatase. At higher concentrations of 5-bromodeoxyuridine, the most anodal isoenzyme was 0.5 cm. slower in mobility than the comparable placental isoenzyme.", "PMID": 1115169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4428", "title": "Log normal distribution of gonadotropins and ovarian steroid values in the normal menstrual cycle.", "content": "In the statistical analysis of the values of luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, estradiol, and progesterone obtained from normal menstrual cycles, a depature from normality was noted. Chi square, W test, and linear transformation were used to check the normality of the distributions. The results of this investigation showed that the distributions were not normal (Gaussian) but log-normal. By plotting the probit of the percentages of cumulative frequency on a log scale (probit-log), linearity of the data was obtained. This resulted in direct graphical estimations of values with a useful clinical range, which included the mean and the 95 per cent confidence interval.", "contents": "Log normal distribution of gonadotropins and ovarian steroid values in the normal menstrual cycle. In the statistical analysis of the values of luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, estradiol, and progesterone obtained from normal menstrual cycles, a depature from normality was noted. Chi square, W test, and linear transformation were used to check the normality of the distributions. The results of this investigation showed that the distributions were not normal (Gaussian) but log-normal. By plotting the probit of the percentages of cumulative frequency on a log scale (probit-log), linearity of the data was obtained. This resulted in direct graphical estimations of values with a useful clinical range, which included the mean and the 95 per cent confidence interval.", "PMID": 1115171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4429", "title": "Clinical categorization of patients with secondary amenorrhea using progesterone-induced uterine bleeding and measurement of serum gonadotropin levels.", "content": "A group of ninety unselected women with secondary amenorrhea of at least six months' duration were studied retrospectively. By the use of intramuscular progesterone in oil, it was possible to categorize these patients according to their positive or negative uterine bleeding response. LH, FSH, and estradiol values in the 63 patients of the positive category had a log-normal distribution. LH values were found to be composed of two different populations; FSH and estradiol values were composed of only one population. Based on these LH determinations the entire positive category was then divided into two groups. Patients with high levels of LH (Group I) were clinically diagnosed to have polycystic ovarian disease. Patients with normal levels of LH (Group II) were diagnosed to have hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction. The 27 patients who failed to have withdrawal uterine bleeding were placed in the negative category. These patients also were shown to have a log-normal distribution for LH, FSH, and estradiol. In contrast to the patients in the positive category, FSH values in these patients were made up of two different populations whereas LH and estradiol values showed only one population. Based on the FSH values these patients were divided into two groups, one with low and normal levels of FSH (Group III) and the second population with high levels of FSH designated as Group IV. Group III represented those patients with hypothalamic-pituitary failure and patients in Group IV were those with ovarian failure. Serial determinations of LH, FSH, and estradiol done prospectively on five consecutive days in 19 of the 90 patients did not give any further information in differentiating among the four groups.", "contents": "Clinical categorization of patients with secondary amenorrhea using progesterone-induced uterine bleeding and measurement of serum gonadotropin levels. A group of ninety unselected women with secondary amenorrhea of at least six months' duration were studied retrospectively. By the use of intramuscular progesterone in oil, it was possible to categorize these patients according to their positive or negative uterine bleeding response. LH, FSH, and estradiol values in the 63 patients of the positive category had a log-normal distribution. LH values were found to be composed of two different populations; FSH and estradiol values were composed of only one population. Based on these LH determinations the entire positive category was then divided into two groups. Patients with high levels of LH (Group I) were clinically diagnosed to have polycystic ovarian disease. Patients with normal levels of LH (Group II) were diagnosed to have hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction. The 27 patients who failed to have withdrawal uterine bleeding were placed in the negative category. These patients also were shown to have a log-normal distribution for LH, FSH, and estradiol. In contrast to the patients in the positive category, FSH values in these patients were made up of two different populations whereas LH and estradiol values showed only one population. Based on the FSH values these patients were divided into two groups, one with low and normal levels of FSH (Group III) and the second population with high levels of FSH designated as Group IV. Group III represented those patients with hypothalamic-pituitary failure and patients in Group IV were those with ovarian failure. Serial determinations of LH, FSH, and estradiol done prospectively on five consecutive days in 19 of the 90 patients did not give any further information in differentiating among the four groups.", "PMID": 1115172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4430", "title": "Clinical study of a progesterone-releasing intrauterine contraceptive device.", "content": "A double-blind clinical study was performed to determine whether the release of progesterone from an intrauterine contraceptive device (IUD) had any effect on IUD event rates. A total of 101 women received intrauterine contraceptive devices containing progesterone, resulting in the accumulation of 877 women-months experience; 100 women received IUD's without steroid, resulting in the accumulation of 780 women-months. The only significant difference was a higher incidence of pregnancy in those patients using devices which did not contain progesterone.", "contents": "Clinical study of a progesterone-releasing intrauterine contraceptive device. A double-blind clinical study was performed to determine whether the release of progesterone from an intrauterine contraceptive device (IUD) had any effect on IUD event rates. A total of 101 women received intrauterine contraceptive devices containing progesterone, resulting in the accumulation of 877 women-months experience; 100 women received IUD's without steroid, resulting in the accumulation of 780 women-months. The only significant difference was a higher incidence of pregnancy in those patients using devices which did not contain progesterone.", "PMID": 1115173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4431", "title": "Teaching pelvic examination to second-year medical students using programmed patients.", "content": "A great deal of interest has been expressed in the use of the \"programmed\" patient during the past several years. This pilot study used programmed patients to teach medical students the techniques of pelvic examination. From the study, it was concluded that the experience with the programmed patient adds significantly to an undergraduate learning program, that this technique is well accepted by students and faculty, and that it adds realism to the study of obstetrics and gynecology early in a medical school curriculum.", "contents": "Teaching pelvic examination to second-year medical students using programmed patients. A great deal of interest has been expressed in the use of the \"programmed\" patient during the past several years. This pilot study used programmed patients to teach medical students the techniques of pelvic examination. From the study, it was concluded that the experience with the programmed patient adds significantly to an undergraduate learning program, that this technique is well accepted by students and faculty, and that it adds realism to the study of obstetrics and gynecology early in a medical school curriculum.", "PMID": 1115174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4432", "title": "Investigations into the spontaneous contractile activity of isolated human uterine arteries in vitro.", "content": "Uterine artery strips and myometrium from the same uterus were placed in the same water bath and their rates of contractile activity were registered simultaneously. Isolated strips of uterine arteries showed spontaneous contractile activity--a phenomenon especially marked in the secretory phase of the cycle. In the proliferative phase spontaneous contractions of blood vessels, characterized by low intensity and a frequency of three contractions in 10 minutes, were seen. In the secretory phase the contractions were of lesser intensity and higher frequency. The rhythm of contractions of the myometrial vessels was markedly different from the spontaneous activity of the myometrial strips. In discussion of the results, special attention has been paid to the role of spontaneous contractility of myometrial vessels in the contractile activity of the whole uterus.", "contents": "Investigations into the spontaneous contractile activity of isolated human uterine arteries in vitro. Uterine artery strips and myometrium from the same uterus were placed in the same water bath and their rates of contractile activity were registered simultaneously. Isolated strips of uterine arteries showed spontaneous contractile activity--a phenomenon especially marked in the secretory phase of the cycle. In the proliferative phase spontaneous contractions of blood vessels, characterized by low intensity and a frequency of three contractions in 10 minutes, were seen. In the secretory phase the contractions were of lesser intensity and higher frequency. The rhythm of contractions of the myometrial vessels was markedly different from the spontaneous activity of the myometrial strips. In discussion of the results, special attention has been paid to the role of spontaneous contractility of myometrial vessels in the contractile activity of the whole uterus.", "PMID": 1115175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4433", "title": "Estrogen and the metabolism of progesterone in vivo.", "content": "The effect of estrogen administration on the metabolism of progesterone was studied in ovariectomized, hysterectomized women. Estrogen was withheld from each subject for at least 4 weeks, then 200 mug of ethinyl estradiol were administered orally each day for 3 weeks and then no estrogen was given for 3 weeks. The subjects were studied before estrogen was started, on the third day of estrogen, after 3 weeks of daily estrogen and after the estrogen was withdrawn for 3 weeks. In 5 women plasma transcortin concentrations, measured by equilibrium dialysis, were 0.82 plus or minus 0.06, 1.5 plus or minus 0.16, 2.1 plus or minus 0.13, and 0.90 plus or minus 0.09 (S. E.) muM before starting estrogen (control), on the third day of estrogen treatment, after 3 weeks of estrogen, and after having stopped estrogen for 3 weeks, respectively. Corresponding values for the metabolic clearance rates (MCR) of cortisol (by the continuous infusion method) were 306 plus or minus 33, 172 plus or minus 18, 136 plus or minus 14, and 258 plus or minus 23 (S. E.) L. per day. Although estrogen administration caused a significant elevation of the plasma transcortin concentrations and a significant decrease in the MCR of cortisol, it had no significant effect on the MCR of progesterone or of cortisone. The estrogen administration did cause a decrease in the peripheral conversion of progesterone to 20alpha-hydroxy-pregn-4-en-3-one (20alpha-OHP) and of cortisol to cortisone but an increase in the conversion of 20alpha-OHP to progesterone and of cortisone to cortisol.", "contents": "Estrogen and the metabolism of progesterone in vivo. The effect of estrogen administration on the metabolism of progesterone was studied in ovariectomized, hysterectomized women. Estrogen was withheld from each subject for at least 4 weeks, then 200 mug of ethinyl estradiol were administered orally each day for 3 weeks and then no estrogen was given for 3 weeks. The subjects were studied before estrogen was started, on the third day of estrogen, after 3 weeks of daily estrogen and after the estrogen was withdrawn for 3 weeks. In 5 women plasma transcortin concentrations, measured by equilibrium dialysis, were 0.82 plus or minus 0.06, 1.5 plus or minus 0.16, 2.1 plus or minus 0.13, and 0.90 plus or minus 0.09 (S. E.) muM before starting estrogen (control), on the third day of estrogen treatment, after 3 weeks of estrogen, and after having stopped estrogen for 3 weeks, respectively. Corresponding values for the metabolic clearance rates (MCR) of cortisol (by the continuous infusion method) were 306 plus or minus 33, 172 plus or minus 18, 136 plus or minus 14, and 258 plus or minus 23 (S. E.) L. per day. Although estrogen administration caused a significant elevation of the plasma transcortin concentrations and a significant decrease in the MCR of cortisol, it had no significant effect on the MCR of progesterone or of cortisone. The estrogen administration did cause a decrease in the peripheral conversion of progesterone to 20alpha-hydroxy-pregn-4-en-3-one (20alpha-OHP) and of cortisol to cortisone but an increase in the conversion of 20alpha-OHP to progesterone and of cortisone to cortisol.", "PMID": 1115177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4434", "title": "Levels of prostaglandins F-2alpha and E-2 in human endometrium during the menstrual cycle.", "content": "A comparison between the prostaglandins found in proliferative and secretory endometrium in normal and tumor-bearing tissues is reported. The content of prostaglandins F-2alpha and E-2 is related to the three phases of the menstrual cycle and correlates with cyclic ovarian hormone variations. The menstrual phase is characterized by a high content of PGF-2alpha. High prostaglandin levels are found in tissues from patients with pathologic diseases such as adenocarcinoma of the endometrium when compared to normal tissues.", "contents": "Levels of prostaglandins F-2alpha and E-2 in human endometrium during the menstrual cycle. A comparison between the prostaglandins found in proliferative and secretory endometrium in normal and tumor-bearing tissues is reported. The content of prostaglandins F-2alpha and E-2 is related to the three phases of the menstrual cycle and correlates with cyclic ovarian hormone variations. The menstrual phase is characterized by a high content of PGF-2alpha. High prostaglandin levels are found in tissues from patients with pathologic diseases such as adenocarcinoma of the endometrium when compared to normal tissues.", "PMID": 1115176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4435", "title": "Further experience with suprapubic drainage by trocar catheter.", "content": "In 1972 a preliminary report described the use of a large-bore (Nos. 12 and 16 Fr.) vinyl catheter, which contained a steel trocar within its lumen, in repair of cystourethrocele in 86 patients. Further experience in an additional 158 patients undergoing cystourethrocele repair, and a variety of other gynecologic procedures, is now evaluated. The prototype of a sharp, beveled, cutting-edge trocar tip proved to increase substantially the ease of insertion. Problems of design and production of the catheter were encountered and corrected. Two points of technique, (1) insertion of the catheter prior to the surigcal procedure and (2) use of the two-hand method, are advocated. The trocar catheter was found to be a simple, practical, and safe instrument for suprapubic bladder drainage.", "contents": "Further experience with suprapubic drainage by trocar catheter. In 1972 a preliminary report described the use of a large-bore (Nos. 12 and 16 Fr.) vinyl catheter, which contained a steel trocar within its lumen, in repair of cystourethrocele in 86 patients. Further experience in an additional 158 patients undergoing cystourethrocele repair, and a variety of other gynecologic procedures, is now evaluated. The prototype of a sharp, beveled, cutting-edge trocar tip proved to increase substantially the ease of insertion. Problems of design and production of the catheter were encountered and corrected. Two points of technique, (1) insertion of the catheter prior to the surigcal procedure and (2) use of the two-hand method, are advocated. The trocar catheter was found to be a simple, practical, and safe instrument for suprapubic bladder drainage.", "PMID": 1115178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4436", "title": "The effect of intrauterine hypoxia on the child surviving to 4 years.", "content": "Intrauterine hypoxia/asphyxia is an unchallenged cause of perinatal death, but whether sublethal degrees of hypoxia result frequently in brain damage in surviving infants is less certain. To test this hypothesis, obstetric patients with abruptio placentae, placenta previa, and prolapse of the umbilical cord were computer matched on several factors with normal control patients to determine the degree of risk of lower 4 year Stanford-Binet I. Q. scores or abnormalities on the 4 year fine motor and gross motor testings. The mean I. Q. score of babies born of mothers with one of these complications was no different from that of the normal controls. Similarly negative results were recorded on the 4 year fine motor and gross motor testings. Children of low birth weight in either group experienced lower I. Q. scores and higher risk of abnormal findings on the motor tests at 4 years than the babies of mature birth weight. Intrauterine hypoxia/asphyxia apparently is not a major cause of neurologic dysfunction in the surviving child.", "contents": "The effect of intrauterine hypoxia on the child surviving to 4 years. Intrauterine hypoxia/asphyxia is an unchallenged cause of perinatal death, but whether sublethal degrees of hypoxia result frequently in brain damage in surviving infants is less certain. To test this hypothesis, obstetric patients with abruptio placentae, placenta previa, and prolapse of the umbilical cord were computer matched on several factors with normal control patients to determine the degree of risk of lower 4 year Stanford-Binet I. Q. scores or abnormalities on the 4 year fine motor and gross motor testings. The mean I. Q. score of babies born of mothers with one of these complications was no different from that of the normal controls. Similarly negative results were recorded on the 4 year fine motor and gross motor testings. Children of low birth weight in either group experienced lower I. Q. scores and higher risk of abnormal findings on the motor tests at 4 years than the babies of mature birth weight. Intrauterine hypoxia/asphyxia apparently is not a major cause of neurologic dysfunction in the surviving child.", "PMID": 1115179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4437", "title": "Exenterative operations: experience with 198 patients.", "content": "In a series of 198 exenterative operations performed at the Mayo Clinic for various pelvic malignant lesions, a 5 year survival rate of 33 per cent was obtained. This rate is commendable, since almost 80 per cent of the operations were accomplished for recurrent malignancy. The diminished over-all operative mortality rate of 8.1 per cent, a reduction from 13.5 per cent (1950 through 1962) to 3 per cent (1963 through 1971), is attributed to better methods of urinary diversion and to better management of fluid replacement and of infectious complications. Major complications, excepting bowel fistula and obstruction, now can be controlled reasonably well. When more conservative and equally curative methods of therapy have been exhausted, all patients with pelvic malignancy (whether primary in cervix, vagina, bladder, urethra, rectum, or vulva) should be considered potential candidates for exenteration.", "contents": "Exenterative operations: experience with 198 patients. In a series of 198 exenterative operations performed at the Mayo Clinic for various pelvic malignant lesions, a 5 year survival rate of 33 per cent was obtained. This rate is commendable, since almost 80 per cent of the operations were accomplished for recurrent malignancy. The diminished over-all operative mortality rate of 8.1 per cent, a reduction from 13.5 per cent (1950 through 1962) to 3 per cent (1963 through 1971), is attributed to better methods of urinary diversion and to better management of fluid replacement and of infectious complications. Major complications, excepting bowel fistula and obstruction, now can be controlled reasonably well. When more conservative and equally curative methods of therapy have been exhausted, all patients with pelvic malignancy (whether primary in cervix, vagina, bladder, urethra, rectum, or vulva) should be considered potential candidates for exenteration.", "PMID": 1115180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4438", "title": "Renal hypertension and pregnancy in the sheep. I. behavior of uteroplacental vasomotor tone during mild hypertension.", "content": "The progressive changes in arterial pressure and uteroplacental hemodynamics were studied in 13 pregnant sheep from about the eightieth gestational day. All animals were followed to term. The results revealed a progressive increase in uteroplacental blood flow as the pregnancy progressed in the seven control animals. In six of the animals, mild hypertension was induced by unilateral renal artery constriction at about the one hundred fifteenth day. Following the induction of mild hypertension, there was a transient increase in uteroplacental vascular resistance and a reduction in uteroplacental blood flow. The arterial pressure remained significantly increased throughout the remainder of the gestation.", "contents": "Renal hypertension and pregnancy in the sheep. I. behavior of uteroplacental vasomotor tone during mild hypertension. The progressive changes in arterial pressure and uteroplacental hemodynamics were studied in 13 pregnant sheep from about the eightieth gestational day. All animals were followed to term. The results revealed a progressive increase in uteroplacental blood flow as the pregnancy progressed in the seven control animals. In six of the animals, mild hypertension was induced by unilateral renal artery constriction at about the one hundred fifteenth day. Following the induction of mild hypertension, there was a transient increase in uteroplacental vascular resistance and a reduction in uteroplacental blood flow. The arterial pressure remained significantly increased throughout the remainder of the gestation.", "PMID": 1115181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4439", "title": "Maternal-fetal plasma glucose relationships in late monkey pregnancy.", "content": "Maternal hyperglycemia was induced in six late gestation monkey pregnancies with intravenous glucose injection plus infusion. The maximum measured plasma glucose levels of the mother varied from 380 to 1,020 Gm. per cent. A significant linear relationship evolved between maternal and fetal plasma glucose peak concentrations. A saturation limit to placental transfer of glucose across the placenta is not apparent from these data.", "contents": "Maternal-fetal plasma glucose relationships in late monkey pregnancy. Maternal hyperglycemia was induced in six late gestation monkey pregnancies with intravenous glucose injection plus infusion. The maximum measured plasma glucose levels of the mother varied from 380 to 1,020 Gm. per cent. A significant linear relationship evolved between maternal and fetal plasma glucose peak concentrations. A saturation limit to placental transfer of glucose across the placenta is not apparent from these data.", "PMID": 1115182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4440", "title": "Oxytocin administration, instillation-to-abortion time, and morbidity associated with saline instillation.", "content": "Among 4,069 healthy gravidas undergoing saline abortion, patients administered intravenous oxytocin had a significantly shorter instillation-to-abortion time (median, 25.5 hours) than did patients not administered oxytocin (median 33.3 hours). The instillation-to-abortion time was independent of the rate of oxytocin administration, which ranged from 1 to 4 U. per hour (17 to 67 mU. per minute), but was associated with the time at which oxytocin infusion was begun. When oxytocin infusion was started within eight hours after instillation, a shortened time from instillation to abortion was observed. Although oxytocin augmentation may result in a lower proportion of patients being exposed to the risk of infection associated with prolonged intervals from instillation to abortion, this potential advantage appears counterbalanced by an increased incidence of clinical consumptive coagulopathy associated with instillation-to-abortion intervals of less than 24 hours.", "contents": "Oxytocin administration, instillation-to-abortion time, and morbidity associated with saline instillation. Among 4,069 healthy gravidas undergoing saline abortion, patients administered intravenous oxytocin had a significantly shorter instillation-to-abortion time (median, 25.5 hours) than did patients not administered oxytocin (median 33.3 hours). The instillation-to-abortion time was independent of the rate of oxytocin administration, which ranged from 1 to 4 U. per hour (17 to 67 mU. per minute), but was associated with the time at which oxytocin infusion was begun. When oxytocin infusion was started within eight hours after instillation, a shortened time from instillation to abortion was observed. Although oxytocin augmentation may result in a lower proportion of patients being exposed to the risk of infection associated with prolonged intervals from instillation to abortion, this potential advantage appears counterbalanced by an increased incidence of clinical consumptive coagulopathy associated with instillation-to-abortion intervals of less than 24 hours.", "PMID": 1115183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4441", "title": "The oxytocin challenge test in the management of high-risk pregnancies.", "content": "Appearance of a repetitive late deceleration pattern following oxytocin-induced uterine contractions in the prepartum patient may indicate fetal compromise, while absence of this finding may reflect fetal well-being. In this study, 72 patients at risk for intrauterine asphyxia underwent 81 satisfactory oxytocin challenge tests. Eight tests in seven patients were interpreted as positive; 72, as negative; and one, as suspicious. In 64 patients with negative tests, no fetal deaths or neonatal asphyxial depressions were observed. One patient developed intrapartum fetal distress with late decelerations 8 days after a negative test and was delivered by cesarean section. The positive test appears to correlate meaningfully with other clinical parameters reflecting intrauterine compromise.", "contents": "The oxytocin challenge test in the management of high-risk pregnancies. Appearance of a repetitive late deceleration pattern following oxytocin-induced uterine contractions in the prepartum patient may indicate fetal compromise, while absence of this finding may reflect fetal well-being. In this study, 72 patients at risk for intrauterine asphyxia underwent 81 satisfactory oxytocin challenge tests. Eight tests in seven patients were interpreted as positive; 72, as negative; and one, as suspicious. In 64 patients with negative tests, no fetal deaths or neonatal asphyxial depressions were observed. One patient developed intrapartum fetal distress with late decelerations 8 days after a negative test and was delivered by cesarean section. The positive test appears to correlate meaningfully with other clinical parameters reflecting intrauterine compromise.", "PMID": 1115184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4442", "title": "Minimal deviation adenocarcinoma (\"adenoma malignum\") of the cervix: a reappraisal.", "content": "Five cases of so-called \"adenoma malignum\" of the cervix are presented. This term has been used to describe an extremely well-differentiated adenocarcinoma characterized histologically be distorted and architecturally irregular endocervical glands which penetrate deeply into the wall of the cervix, but without more than minimal and focal evidence of gland cell stratification, anaplasia, or mitotic activity. Despite this innocuour histologic appearance, these tumors have classically been thought to be clinically highly malignant, with an almost invariably rapid lethal outcome. This discrepancy between the histology and behavior has been presented as justification for the otherwise paradoxical name, \"adenoma malignum\". In the present series, all patients were treated with modern radiotherapeutic techniques, and four of the five are long-term survivors. Of the patients in the literature who died after rapid dissemination, none received treatment with acceptable radiotherapeutic techniques. Thus, we believe that with proper therapy this tumor is no more malignant than one would expect for a highly differentiated adenocarcinoma, and we suggest that the name, \"adenoma malignum,\" be replaced by \"minimal deviation adenocarcinoma of the cervix.\"", "contents": "Minimal deviation adenocarcinoma (\"adenoma malignum\") of the cervix: a reappraisal. Five cases of so-called \"adenoma malignum\" of the cervix are presented. This term has been used to describe an extremely well-differentiated adenocarcinoma characterized histologically be distorted and architecturally irregular endocervical glands which penetrate deeply into the wall of the cervix, but without more than minimal and focal evidence of gland cell stratification, anaplasia, or mitotic activity. Despite this innocuour histologic appearance, these tumors have classically been thought to be clinically highly malignant, with an almost invariably rapid lethal outcome. This discrepancy between the histology and behavior has been presented as justification for the otherwise paradoxical name, \"adenoma malignum\". In the present series, all patients were treated with modern radiotherapeutic techniques, and four of the five are long-term survivors. Of the patients in the literature who died after rapid dissemination, none received treatment with acceptable radiotherapeutic techniques. Thus, we believe that with proper therapy this tumor is no more malignant than one would expect for a highly differentiated adenocarcinoma, and we suggest that the name, \"adenoma malignum,\" be replaced by \"minimal deviation adenocarcinoma of the cervix.\"", "PMID": 1115185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4443", "title": "Chromosome breakage studies in lymphocytes from normal women, pregnant women, and women taking oral contraceptives.", "content": "Cytogenetic studies of 977 lymphocyte cultures from ten normal men and 54 normal women have shown: (1) variations in the frequencies of chromosome breakages among consecutive cultures from the same person and among cultures from different people, indicating that many extraneous factors may affect lymphocyte chromosomes, and (2) significantly higher average breakages in cultures from nulligravidas taking oral contraceptives (OC) and in pregnant women who had had previous pregnancies than in nulligravidas who had never taken the pill. The increase in breakages in cultures from the OC users was not observed in all cultures and could not be correlated with length of time on pill or stage of the pill cycle, suggesting that synthetic hormones do not directly damage lymphocyte chromosomes. Since estrogens and progestogens are known to affect many metabolic and biochemical systems, it is possible that these substances may induce in OC users and pregnant women a slightly altered in vivo condition in which increased chromosome breakages may be expressed.", "contents": "Chromosome breakage studies in lymphocytes from normal women, pregnant women, and women taking oral contraceptives. Cytogenetic studies of 977 lymphocyte cultures from ten normal men and 54 normal women have shown: (1) variations in the frequencies of chromosome breakages among consecutive cultures from the same person and among cultures from different people, indicating that many extraneous factors may affect lymphocyte chromosomes, and (2) significantly higher average breakages in cultures from nulligravidas taking oral contraceptives (OC) and in pregnant women who had had previous pregnancies than in nulligravidas who had never taken the pill. The increase in breakages in cultures from the OC users was not observed in all cultures and could not be correlated with length of time on pill or stage of the pill cycle, suggesting that synthetic hormones do not directly damage lymphocyte chromosomes. Since estrogens and progestogens are known to affect many metabolic and biochemical systems, it is possible that these substances may induce in OC users and pregnant women a slightly altered in vivo condition in which increased chromosome breakages may be expressed.", "PMID": 1115186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4444", "title": "Effect of intrauterine copper on the nucleic acids, polysome pattern, and glycoprotein composition of the human endometrium.", "content": "The modifications induced by the intrauterine release of copper in the macromolecular and glycoprotein composition of the proliferative and secretory human endometrium were studied. In addition, the endometrial changes produced in women users of copper-T intrauterine devices in the polysome pattern and in the content of ribonucleoprotein particles were determined during the secretory phase. A group of ten untreated normal women (control group) and 15 users of 200 mm.-2 copper-T intrauterine device were selected for this study from the outpatient clinic of the Hospital de Ginecologia y Obstetricia No. 2 del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social. The main changes observed in the copper-T users were: a significant decrease in the endometrial content of RNA in both phases of the menstrual cycle, a significant decrease in protein in the secretory phase, and drastic changes in the fucose-sialic acid ratios, which decreased during the proliferative and increased during the secretory phases. Normal human secretory endometrium contained 4.89 plus os minus 0.28 (mean plus or minus standard error (S. E.) mg. ribonucleoprotein particle per gram wet weight, while the endometrium of the Cu-T users showed a significant decrease to 2.52 plus or minus 0.17 (mean plus or minus S. E.). In addition, the Cu-T induced a decrease in the heavy components of the polysome pattern with a concomitant increase in the lighter components.", "contents": "Effect of intrauterine copper on the nucleic acids, polysome pattern, and glycoprotein composition of the human endometrium. The modifications induced by the intrauterine release of copper in the macromolecular and glycoprotein composition of the proliferative and secretory human endometrium were studied. In addition, the endometrial changes produced in women users of copper-T intrauterine devices in the polysome pattern and in the content of ribonucleoprotein particles were determined during the secretory phase. A group of ten untreated normal women (control group) and 15 users of 200 mm.-2 copper-T intrauterine device were selected for this study from the outpatient clinic of the Hospital de Ginecologia y Obstetricia No. 2 del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social. The main changes observed in the copper-T users were: a significant decrease in the endometrial content of RNA in both phases of the menstrual cycle, a significant decrease in protein in the secretory phase, and drastic changes in the fucose-sialic acid ratios, which decreased during the proliferative and increased during the secretory phases. Normal human secretory endometrium contained 4.89 plus os minus 0.28 (mean plus or minus standard error (S. E.) mg. ribonucleoprotein particle per gram wet weight, while the endometrium of the Cu-T users showed a significant decrease to 2.52 plus or minus 0.17 (mean plus or minus S. E.). In addition, the Cu-T induced a decrease in the heavy components of the polysome pattern with a concomitant increase in the lighter components.", "PMID": 1115187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4445", "title": "Serum prolactin levels during puberty.", "content": "Serum prolactin (PRL) concentrations and total estrogen levels were determined in groups of boys and girls from ages eight through 15. There was no significant change in PRL concentration with advancing age in boys, and levels were comparable to adult men. In girls, mean serum PRL and estrogen levels were not significantly different from ages eight through 13 and were comparable to those found in boys of the same age groups. At age 14 and 15, an increase in PRL and estrogen levels was found in girls.", "contents": "Serum prolactin levels during puberty. Serum prolactin (PRL) concentrations and total estrogen levels were determined in groups of boys and girls from ages eight through 15. There was no significant change in PRL concentration with advancing age in boys, and levels were comparable to adult men. In girls, mean serum PRL and estrogen levels were not significantly different from ages eight through 13 and were comparable to those found in boys of the same age groups. At age 14 and 15, an increase in PRL and estrogen levels was found in girls.", "PMID": 1115188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4446", "title": "Late seroconversion following HPV-77, DE5 rubella virus vaccine.", "content": "The HAI antibody responses to HPV-77, DE5 rubella virus vaccine were evaluated with respect to time in 258 rubella-susceptible children. Seroconversion after 28 days post inoculation with this vaccine was not uncommon. These findings indicate a greater degree of modification of the HPV-77, DE5 rubella virus vaccine since most vaccines have been shown to seroconvert by 28 or 30 days post inoculation with the HPV-77 and other HPV-77 derived rubella vaccines. With respect to the routine of inoculating rubella-susceptible women in the childbearing age, late seroconversion could be of importance because of this uncertainty of the time of viremia and the increased chane of pregnancy with increasing time following immunization. Comparative information is needed for the Cendehill and candidate RA 27/3 rubella virus vaccines. That vaccine showing an early and predictable higher conversion ratio would be the most desirable for use in the above population.", "contents": "Late seroconversion following HPV-77, DE5 rubella virus vaccine. The HAI antibody responses to HPV-77, DE5 rubella virus vaccine were evaluated with respect to time in 258 rubella-susceptible children. Seroconversion after 28 days post inoculation with this vaccine was not uncommon. These findings indicate a greater degree of modification of the HPV-77, DE5 rubella virus vaccine since most vaccines have been shown to seroconvert by 28 or 30 days post inoculation with the HPV-77 and other HPV-77 derived rubella vaccines. With respect to the routine of inoculating rubella-susceptible women in the childbearing age, late seroconversion could be of importance because of this uncertainty of the time of viremia and the increased chane of pregnancy with increasing time following immunization. Comparative information is needed for the Cendehill and candidate RA 27/3 rubella virus vaccines. That vaccine showing an early and predictable higher conversion ratio would be the most desirable for use in the above population.", "PMID": 1115189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4447", "title": "Congenital hypertrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium.", "content": "The flat, circumscribed, and hyperpigmented lesion of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) without clinically apparent involvement of the overlying retina, designated as congenital hypertrophy, was found to be associated with corresponding scotomas in the visual field. The depth of the scotoma increased with the age of the patient. These lesions did not grow. They could be readily differentiated from other pigmented fundus lesions on the basis of their typical clinical appearance. Histopathology revealed a single layer of hypertrophied cells, containing numerous large pigment granules, and degeneration of photoreceptor cells overlying the area of abnormal RPE. The clinical as well as the histologic findings suggested that the retinal abnormality overlying the hypertrophied RPE was due to secondary degeneration rather than primary maldevelopment of photoreceptor cells.", "contents": "Congenital hypertrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium. The flat, circumscribed, and hyperpigmented lesion of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) without clinically apparent involvement of the overlying retina, designated as congenital hypertrophy, was found to be associated with corresponding scotomas in the visual field. The depth of the scotoma increased with the age of the patient. These lesions did not grow. They could be readily differentiated from other pigmented fundus lesions on the basis of their typical clinical appearance. Histopathology revealed a single layer of hypertrophied cells, containing numerous large pigment granules, and degeneration of photoreceptor cells overlying the area of abnormal RPE. The clinical as well as the histologic findings suggested that the retinal abnormality overlying the hypertrophied RPE was due to secondary degeneration rather than primary maldevelopment of photoreceptor cells.", "PMID": 1115190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4448", "title": "Pigmentation and retinal breaks.", "content": "Of 260 patients with primary, nontraumatic, rhegmatogenous retinal separation analyzed for the presence of retinal or subretinal pigmentation associated with the retinal breaks, some 48.5% of all patients had significant pigmentary changes, especially occurring with lattice degeneration and nonlattice horseshoe tears. Critical analysis of the age of the patient, type of retinal break, vitreoretinal degeneration, and type and extent of pigmentation is essential before ascribing a protective effect of the pigment in the prevention of subsequent retinal separation.", "contents": "Pigmentation and retinal breaks. Of 260 patients with primary, nontraumatic, rhegmatogenous retinal separation analyzed for the presence of retinal or subretinal pigmentation associated with the retinal breaks, some 48.5% of all patients had significant pigmentary changes, especially occurring with lattice degeneration and nonlattice horseshoe tears. Critical analysis of the age of the patient, type of retinal break, vitreoretinal degeneration, and type and extent of pigmentation is essential before ascribing a protective effect of the pigment in the prevention of subsequent retinal separation.", "PMID": 1115191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4449", "title": "Equatorial lens pigmentation, myopia, and retinal detachment.", "content": "Five myopic male retinal detachment patients had pigmentation of the lens equator that mildly obscured the view of the ora serrata. It may be related to a prepigmentary glaucoma state or to development of the ciliary ring predisposing to retinal detachment, or both.", "contents": "Equatorial lens pigmentation, myopia, and retinal detachment. Five myopic male retinal detachment patients had pigmentation of the lens equator that mildly obscured the view of the ora serrata. It may be related to a prepigmentary glaucoma state or to development of the ciliary ring predisposing to retinal detachment, or both.", "PMID": 1115192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4450", "title": "Prophylaxis of retinal detachment.", "content": "The incidence of retinal detachment after prophylactic treatment is between 1 and 14%. In a series of 701 eyes treated prophylactically with photocoagulation or cryopexy (with and without scleral buckling), incidence of retinal detachment was 4.7%. The incidence of new break formation was 8.0%; in 26 eyes, new breaks were responsible for the subsequent formation of retinal detachment; in seven eyes, retinal detachment resulted from inadequate reaction around the treated retinal break. Twenty eyes suffered a deterioration of visual acuity of two or more lines after treatment. The incidence of complications after photocoagulation was higher than after cryopexy, although there was no significant difference in the efficacy between the two methods.", "contents": "Prophylaxis of retinal detachment. The incidence of retinal detachment after prophylactic treatment is between 1 and 14%. In a series of 701 eyes treated prophylactically with photocoagulation or cryopexy (with and without scleral buckling), incidence of retinal detachment was 4.7%. The incidence of new break formation was 8.0%; in 26 eyes, new breaks were responsible for the subsequent formation of retinal detachment; in seven eyes, retinal detachment resulted from inadequate reaction around the treated retinal break. Twenty eyes suffered a deterioration of visual acuity of two or more lines after treatment. The incidence of complications after photocoagulation was higher than after cryopexy, although there was no significant difference in the efficacy between the two methods.", "PMID": 1115193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4451", "title": "Thermokeratoplasty in the treatment of keratoconus.", "content": "Of 59 keratoconus eyes treated with the thermokeratoplasty procedure and followed for as long as two years visual acuity improved to better than 20/30 in most. Despite the varied procedures, temperatures, sites and duration of application, sizes and shapes of the probe, as well as follow-up periods, the results were satisfactory and compared favorably with the results of penetrating keratoplasty. Thermokeratoplasty did not preclude later penetrating keratoplasty. The disadvantages of the thermokeratoplasty procedure were: (1) a transitory corneal haziness; (2) production of corneal scarring if not properly done; and (3) the fact that further studies are necessary for better standardization of the technique. Despite these disadvantages, less than 5% of the patients who underwent thermokeratoplasty required further penetrating keratoplasty.", "contents": "Thermokeratoplasty in the treatment of keratoconus. Of 59 keratoconus eyes treated with the thermokeratoplasty procedure and followed for as long as two years visual acuity improved to better than 20/30 in most. Despite the varied procedures, temperatures, sites and duration of application, sizes and shapes of the probe, as well as follow-up periods, the results were satisfactory and compared favorably with the results of penetrating keratoplasty. Thermokeratoplasty did not preclude later penetrating keratoplasty. The disadvantages of the thermokeratoplasty procedure were: (1) a transitory corneal haziness; (2) production of corneal scarring if not properly done; and (3) the fact that further studies are necessary for better standardization of the technique. Despite these disadvantages, less than 5% of the patients who underwent thermokeratoplasty required further penetrating keratoplasty.", "PMID": 1115194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4452", "title": "Retrocorneal fibrous membrane in the vitreous touch syndrome.", "content": "The retrocorneal fibrous membrane in eight cases of the vitreous touch syndrome was characterized by homogeneous granular material, fine filaments arranged either singly or in bundles, multiple lamellae of basement membrane-like material, and banded figures of similar to 110 nm periodicity. Seven cases demonstrated an intact endothelial monolayer while only one showed cells in a markedly thickened fibrous layer. These findings support the pathogenic mechanism of endothelial fibrous metaplasia and secretory activity as the origin of the retrocorneal fibrous membrane in the vitreous touch syndrome.", "contents": "Retrocorneal fibrous membrane in the vitreous touch syndrome. The retrocorneal fibrous membrane in eight cases of the vitreous touch syndrome was characterized by homogeneous granular material, fine filaments arranged either singly or in bundles, multiple lamellae of basement membrane-like material, and banded figures of similar to 110 nm periodicity. Seven cases demonstrated an intact endothelial monolayer while only one showed cells in a markedly thickened fibrous layer. These findings support the pathogenic mechanism of endothelial fibrous metaplasia and secretory activity as the origin of the retrocorneal fibrous membrane in the vitreous touch syndrome.", "PMID": 1115195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4453", "title": "Disinserted extraocular muscles.", "content": "In two patients, a muscle that slipped from the globe posteriorly created the clinical pattern of reduced rotation amplitude, reduced saccadic velocity, reduced active force, and increasing exophthalmos with gaze into the field of action of the muscle. The muscle was surgically identified by an electronic stimulator that caused the muscle to contract, thus allowing the surgeon to fell it pull on the forceps or see its traction on adjacent tissues.", "contents": "Disinserted extraocular muscles. In two patients, a muscle that slipped from the globe posteriorly created the clinical pattern of reduced rotation amplitude, reduced saccadic velocity, reduced active force, and increasing exophthalmos with gaze into the field of action of the muscle. The muscle was surgically identified by an electronic stimulator that caused the muscle to contract, thus allowing the surgeon to fell it pull on the forceps or see its traction on adjacent tissues.", "PMID": 1115196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4454", "title": "Retinal detachment after strabismus surgery.", "content": "Four nonmyopic eyes in three patients developed retinal detachment after strabismus surgery. Certain features common in all four eyes included the presence of a chorioretinal scar corresponding in location to the muscle operated on, proliferating fibrous tissue adjacent to the scar, and varying degrees of vitreous hemorrhage. These findings were similar to those in retinal detachments after perforation of the eye by foreign bodies. Penetration of the globe by the needle during muscle surgery was considered the etiologic factor. The use of spatula needles to prevent piercing of the globe is suggested, and in case such accident is suspected, diathermy or cryoapplication over the perforation site is advised.", "contents": "Retinal detachment after strabismus surgery. Four nonmyopic eyes in three patients developed retinal detachment after strabismus surgery. Certain features common in all four eyes included the presence of a chorioretinal scar corresponding in location to the muscle operated on, proliferating fibrous tissue adjacent to the scar, and varying degrees of vitreous hemorrhage. These findings were similar to those in retinal detachments after perforation of the eye by foreign bodies. Penetration of the globe by the needle during muscle surgery was considered the etiologic factor. The use of spatula needles to prevent piercing of the globe is suggested, and in case such accident is suspected, diathermy or cryoapplication over the perforation site is advised.", "PMID": 1115197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4455", "title": "Deep orbital dermoid with draining sinus.", "content": "A dermoid cyst in a 6-year-old girl, deep within the orbit, extended from the apex, through the lateral wall, via a fistulous tract to the skin, forming a draining sinus. Both the deep location and the cutaneous drainage of the cyst are rare presentations of this tumor. We used a Kr\u00f6nlein orbitotomy to successfully remove the tumor without loss of vision.", "contents": "Deep orbital dermoid with draining sinus. A dermoid cyst in a 6-year-old girl, deep within the orbit, extended from the apex, through the lateral wall, via a fistulous tract to the skin, forming a draining sinus. Both the deep location and the cutaneous drainage of the cyst are rare presentations of this tumor. We used a Kr\u00f6nlein orbitotomy to successfully remove the tumor without loss of vision.", "PMID": 1115198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4456", "title": "Familial bilateral optic nerve hypoplasia.", "content": "Bilateral optic nerve hypoplasia affected five individuals corresponding to four generations of a family. Two decreased men were also apparently affected. The three patients studied, two women and a girl, presented the same clinical picture: poor visual acuity; small, pale and malformed papilla; two concentric peripapillary halos; and wandering movements of the eyes. Fluorescein angiography performed in the propositus mother showed a faint papillary fluorescence. At variance with the two familial cases reported, the pedigree clearly suggest an autosomal dominant type of inheritance. Similar clinical features found in other patients suggest a stationary nature of the defect.", "contents": "Familial bilateral optic nerve hypoplasia. Bilateral optic nerve hypoplasia affected five individuals corresponding to four generations of a family. Two decreased men were also apparently affected. The three patients studied, two women and a girl, presented the same clinical picture: poor visual acuity; small, pale and malformed papilla; two concentric peripapillary halos; and wandering movements of the eyes. Fluorescein angiography performed in the propositus mother showed a faint papillary fluorescence. At variance with the two familial cases reported, the pedigree clearly suggest an autosomal dominant type of inheritance. Similar clinical features found in other patients suggest a stationary nature of the defect.", "PMID": 1115199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4457", "title": "Electron microscopic diagnosis of medulloepithelioma.", "content": "A 20-month-old boy with a ciliary body tumor presented with two white flocculi floating in the anterior chamber of his left eye. This material was examined by electron microscopy. Both the clinical appearance of the tumor and the ultrastructural findings suggested the diagnosis of medulloepithelioma. The flocculi contained tumor cells forming lumina and displaying neuronal-type cilia, neurotubules, and a complex band of apical desmonosomal junctions. Since the last finding is not present in retinoblastoma rosettes in the absence of fleurette differentiation, it distinguishes medulloepithelioma from retinoblastoma. The electron microscopic diagnosis has permitted a trial period of conservative cryotherapy directed at the tumor and the associated glaucoma. The electron microscopic characteristics of the tumor favor the neuroepitheliomatous and neuroblastic differentiation of medulloepithelioma rather than ependymal differentiation.", "contents": "Electron microscopic diagnosis of medulloepithelioma. A 20-month-old boy with a ciliary body tumor presented with two white flocculi floating in the anterior chamber of his left eye. This material was examined by electron microscopy. Both the clinical appearance of the tumor and the ultrastructural findings suggested the diagnosis of medulloepithelioma. The flocculi contained tumor cells forming lumina and displaying neuronal-type cilia, neurotubules, and a complex band of apical desmonosomal junctions. Since the last finding is not present in retinoblastoma rosettes in the absence of fleurette differentiation, it distinguishes medulloepithelioma from retinoblastoma. The electron microscopic diagnosis has permitted a trial period of conservative cryotherapy directed at the tumor and the associated glaucoma. The electron microscopic characteristics of the tumor favor the neuroepitheliomatous and neuroblastic differentiation of medulloepithelioma rather than ependymal differentiation.", "PMID": 1115200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4458", "title": "New extraocular muscle clamp.", "content": "A small vascular clamp with the serrated edges at a 45 degree angle holds extraocular muscles firmly without crushing.", "contents": "New extraocular muscle clamp. A small vascular clamp with the serrated edges at a 45 degree angle holds extraocular muscles firmly without crushing.", "PMID": 1115201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4459", "title": "Orbital floor elevator.", "content": "A 15-cm  orbital floor elevator was used to lift orbital contents, and to reposition and remove bony fragments during orbital floor repair procedure.", "contents": "Orbital floor elevator. A 15-cm  orbital floor elevator was used to lift orbital contents, and to reposition and remove bony fragments during orbital floor repair procedure.", "PMID": 1115202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4460", "title": "Creative technological aids for the learning-disabled child: an interdisciplinary project.", "content": "An interdisciplinary team of engineering students and occupational therapists have developed prototype electromechanical toys to enhance adaptive learning performance of developmentally disabled children. This paper describes the Creative Technological Aids (CTA) project undertaken under the joint auspices of the Undergraduate Research Opportunities Program (UROP) of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Kennedy Memorial Hospital occupational therapy department. Four prototype CTA devices were evaluated in clinical and community settings and preliminary results show that these devices are highly motivational in teaching eye-hand coordination and perceptual-motor skills.", "contents": "Creative technological aids for the learning-disabled child: an interdisciplinary project. An interdisciplinary team of engineering students and occupational therapists have developed prototype electromechanical toys to enhance adaptive learning performance of developmentally disabled children. This paper describes the Creative Technological Aids (CTA) project undertaken under the joint auspices of the Undergraduate Research Opportunities Program (UROP) of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Kennedy Memorial Hospital occupational therapy department. Four prototype CTA devices were evaluated in clinical and community settings and preliminary results show that these devices are highly motivational in teaching eye-hand coordination and perceptual-motor skills.", "PMID": 1115205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4461", "title": "A performance rating scale for evaluating clinical competence of occupational therapy students.", "content": "This study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of a 53-item rating scale, the Field Work Performance Report (FWPR), developed to evaluate the performance of occupational therapy students during field work. University faculty and field work supervisors from five different geographic regions in the United States participated in instrument construction. The FWPR was field-tested on a standardization group of 934 student affiliates. An item-analysis and cross-validation design was used to investigate instrument reliability and validity. When FWPR ratings were correlated with other supervisor ratings of student performance, validity coefficients for this scale ranged from .62 to .83. The tests of reliability yielded an inter-rater correlation coefficient of .75, where the consistency coefficient was .97. The FWPR has now been adopted as the official instrument of the AOTA for evaluation of field work performance.", "contents": "A performance rating scale for evaluating clinical competence of occupational therapy students. This study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of a 53-item rating scale, the Field Work Performance Report (FWPR), developed to evaluate the performance of occupational therapy students during field work. University faculty and field work supervisors from five different geographic regions in the United States participated in instrument construction. The FWPR was field-tested on a standardization group of 934 student affiliates. An item-analysis and cross-validation design was used to investigate instrument reliability and validity. When FWPR ratings were correlated with other supervisor ratings of student performance, validity coefficients for this scale ranged from .62 to .83. The tests of reliability yielded an inter-rater correlation coefficient of .75, where the consistency coefficient was .97. The FWPR has now been adopted as the official instrument of the AOTA for evaluation of field work performance.", "PMID": 1115209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4462", "title": "Teaching dressing skills to a severely retarded child.", "content": "An eight-year-old, severely retarded boy was taught to remove his polo shirt independently in sixteen training sessions using operant techniques. Reinforcement was dispensed contingent upon successful independent performance on each of five undressing subtasks.", "contents": "Teaching dressing skills to a severely retarded child. An eight-year-old, severely retarded boy was taught to remove his polo shirt independently in sixteen training sessions using operant techniques. Reinforcement was dispensed contingent upon successful independent performance on each of five undressing subtasks.", "PMID": 1115210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4463", "title": "Neurodevelopment and sensory integration.", "content": "This is the report of a nine-month study of three profoundly retarded, multiply handicapped subjects less than five years of age, who received mother-administered, clinic-supervised treatment for neurodevelopmental sensory integration. The emergence of more advanced postural reactions, changes in affect, and responses to objects were recorded. Trends toward early cognitive emergence are discussed in terms of the development of interest and affect, as related to the concept of \"fixation attention\" of normal nine-month-old thinking infants.", "contents": "Neurodevelopment and sensory integration. This is the report of a nine-month study of three profoundly retarded, multiply handicapped subjects less than five years of age, who received mother-administered, clinic-supervised treatment for neurodevelopmental sensory integration. The emergence of more advanced postural reactions, changes in affect, and responses to objects were recorded. Trends toward early cognitive emergence are discussed in terms of the development of interest and affect, as related to the concept of \"fixation attention\" of normal nine-month-old thinking infants.", "PMID": 1115211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4464", "title": "Changes in beliefs held by occupational therapy students before and after the first field experience.", "content": "Occupational therapy programs seek to integrate classroom theory and clinical reality. Early introduction of clinical contacts, concurrency of theory and practice, and coordinated program planning is directed to orderly growth and change in the occupational therapy student. It was hypothesized that, with complete integration of theory and practice, no sharp belief changes would occur during the first full-time field experience. Data from responses to social psychological instruments by one group of 28 occupational therapy seniors supported the hypothesis. There were no statistically significant changes in authoritarianism, dogmatism, or Machiavellianism during the first full-time field experience.", "contents": "Changes in beliefs held by occupational therapy students before and after the first field experience. Occupational therapy programs seek to integrate classroom theory and clinical reality. Early introduction of clinical contacts, concurrency of theory and practice, and coordinated program planning is directed to orderly growth and change in the occupational therapy student. It was hypothesized that, with complete integration of theory and practice, no sharp belief changes would occur during the first full-time field experience. Data from responses to social psychological instruments by one group of 28 occupational therapy seniors supported the hypothesis. There were no statistically significant changes in authoritarianism, dogmatism, or Machiavellianism during the first full-time field experience.", "PMID": 1115213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4465", "title": "Influencing students' observations.", "content": "This article presents a study concerned with the influence of a descriptive introduction on occupational therapy students' perception of a child's behavior. Seventy-two students were divided into four groups. Each group received different information or set before seeing the same seven-minute videotape of a four-year-old boy doing a series of developmental tasks. This study measures the effect of prior information on the students' choice of descriptive words and on a narrative paragraph they wrote after seeing the videotape. Word choice results were significant at the .05 level for two of the four groups.", "contents": "Influencing students' observations. This article presents a study concerned with the influence of a descriptive introduction on occupational therapy students' perception of a child's behavior. Seventy-two students were divided into four groups. Each group received different information or set before seeing the same seven-minute videotape of a four-year-old boy doing a series of developmental tasks. This study measures the effect of prior information on the students' choice of descriptive words and on a narrative paragraph they wrote after seeing the videotape. Word choice results were significant at the .05 level for two of the four groups.", "PMID": 1115214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4466", "title": "The teenage job hunter.", "content": "Job hunting is a significant aspect of occupational behavior and a task that recurs at intervals during the lifespan. Adolescents constitute a vulnerable population-at-risk in their efforts to enter the labor market. Their self-esteem, mastery, and sense of competency are at stake. This paper describes an adaptation of a method currently being used by business management firms that counsel executive clients in the job-hunting process. The method described is tailored to the needs of teenagers and is presented so that occupational therapists can use or modify the method for clients who lack confidence or experience in job hunting.", "contents": "The teenage job hunter. Job hunting is a significant aspect of occupational behavior and a task that recurs at intervals during the lifespan. Adolescents constitute a vulnerable population-at-risk in their efforts to enter the labor market. Their self-esteem, mastery, and sense of competency are at stake. This paper describes an adaptation of a method currently being used by business management firms that counsel executive clients in the job-hunting process. The method described is tailored to the needs of teenagers and is presented so that occupational therapists can use or modify the method for clients who lack confidence or experience in job hunting.", "PMID": 1115215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4467", "title": "Communication and the nonverbal, multihandicapped child.", "content": "A pupil at the Kennedy Memorial Hospital Day School, Boston, was trained by an occupational therapist to use the Auto-Com, a device that enables those with severe motor impairment, such as cerebral palsy, to communicate effectively with others. The device was developed by the Cerebral Palsy Communication Group of the University of Wisconsin, Madison. The child continues to use the device and has become a more involved member of the class.", "contents": "Communication and the nonverbal, multihandicapped child. A pupil at the Kennedy Memorial Hospital Day School, Boston, was trained by an occupational therapist to use the Auto-Com, a device that enables those with severe motor impairment, such as cerebral palsy, to communicate effectively with others. The device was developed by the Cerebral Palsy Communication Group of the University of Wisconsin, Madison. The child continues to use the device and has become a more involved member of the class.", "PMID": 1115216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4468", "title": "Particle-free and glycogen-bearing double membrane arrays in extraocular muscle of rabbit.", "content": "Smooth double membrane arrays were observed in apparently normal extraocular muscle. These were fully or partially glycogen bearing, or completely particle free. The respective structures were often closely associated. Comparable arrays have been reported in normal and pathologic muscle; in liver cells, particle-free and glycogen-bearing double membrane arrays are frequently seen under an assortment of abnormal conditions. The significance of such structures is not clear. The present observations suggest that particle-free arrays are related to those bearing glycogen and may thus be associated with anabolic functions.", "contents": "Particle-free and glycogen-bearing double membrane arrays in extraocular muscle of rabbit. Smooth double membrane arrays were observed in apparently normal extraocular muscle. These were fully or partially glycogen bearing, or completely particle free. The respective structures were often closely associated. Comparable arrays have been reported in normal and pathologic muscle; in liver cells, particle-free and glycogen-bearing double membrane arrays are frequently seen under an assortment of abnormal conditions. The significance of such structures is not clear. The present observations suggest that particle-free arrays are related to those bearing glycogen and may thus be associated with anabolic functions.", "PMID": 1115217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4469", "title": "Spontaneous aortic aneurysms in blotchy mice.", "content": "The pathogenesis of aneurysm formation was studied in Blotchy (Blo) mice which have a hereditary defect in collagen and elastin cross-linking. Elastin breakdown began at an early age and progressed rapidly. Changes observed included replacement of elastica by fibroblasts and ground substance. More advanced lesions were characterized by infiltrates of inflammatory cells, hemorrhages, and eventual ruptures of the aortic wall. Accumulations of lipids, Schiff-positive mucopolysaccharides, iron or calcium were not found. The lesions occurred primarily at points of greatest stress and were confined to the thoracic aorta. Androgen-insensitive mice (Tfm/Y) with the Blo gene died at a significantly earlier age than did normal Blo males or Blo/plus females. The Blo mouse is compared with other animal models of spontaneous and experimentally produced aneurysms.", "contents": "Spontaneous aortic aneurysms in blotchy mice. The pathogenesis of aneurysm formation was studied in Blotchy (Blo) mice which have a hereditary defect in collagen and elastin cross-linking. Elastin breakdown began at an early age and progressed rapidly. Changes observed included replacement of elastica by fibroblasts and ground substance. More advanced lesions were characterized by infiltrates of inflammatory cells, hemorrhages, and eventual ruptures of the aortic wall. Accumulations of lipids, Schiff-positive mucopolysaccharides, iron or calcium were not found. The lesions occurred primarily at points of greatest stress and were confined to the thoracic aorta. Androgen-insensitive mice (Tfm/Y) with the Blo gene died at a significantly earlier age than did normal Blo males or Blo/plus females. The Blo mouse is compared with other animal models of spontaneous and experimentally produced aneurysms.", "PMID": 1115218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4470", "title": "Regulation of spleen growth and portal pressure in hepatic shcistosomiasis.", "content": "Growth rate and histology of splenic autotransplants in subcutaneous pockets were compared with those of autotransplants in the extrahepatic portal bed in splenectomized mice infected with cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni and in splenectomized uninfected controls. By the fifteenth week after transplantation (and tenth week after injection of cercariae) subcutaneous transplants gained 6.5 times and omental transplants 8.2 times more weight in infected animals than corresponding transplants in uninfected animals. Portal pressures averaged 11 to 13 cm of water in infected animals with transplants and 17 cm in those with intact spleens (compared to that of 6 to 7 cm in controls). Hyperplasia of white pulp with increase in germinal center activity characterized transplants as well as intact spleens of infected animals. The results suggest that a) During the first 10 weeks of experimentally induced infection, portal congestion is not the predominant mechanism regulating increased spleen growth; and b) An intact enlarged spleen appears to contribute to elevated portal pressure.", "contents": "Regulation of spleen growth and portal pressure in hepatic shcistosomiasis. Growth rate and histology of splenic autotransplants in subcutaneous pockets were compared with those of autotransplants in the extrahepatic portal bed in splenectomized mice infected with cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni and in splenectomized uninfected controls. By the fifteenth week after transplantation (and tenth week after injection of cercariae) subcutaneous transplants gained 6.5 times and omental transplants 8.2 times more weight in infected animals than corresponding transplants in uninfected animals. Portal pressures averaged 11 to 13 cm of water in infected animals with transplants and 17 cm in those with intact spleens (compared to that of 6 to 7 cm in controls). Hyperplasia of white pulp with increase in germinal center activity characterized transplants as well as intact spleens of infected animals. The results suggest that a) During the first 10 weeks of experimentally induced infection, portal congestion is not the predominant mechanism regulating increased spleen growth; and b) An intact enlarged spleen appears to contribute to elevated portal pressure.", "PMID": 1115219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4471", "title": "Atheromatous emboli in renal biopsies. An ultrastructural study.", "content": "In a series of 755 renal biopsies atheromatous emboli were found in biopsies of 8 men from 49 to 72 years of age. Unexplained recent deterioration of renal function was present in each. This previously unreported incidence of 8/755 biopsies is ascribed to the selection for biopsy of patients with unexplained decrease in renal function. Hypertension was a major feature in 6, hyperlipidemia in 2, a leaking aortic aneurysm in 1, carcinoma of the pancreas in 1, and chronic glomerulonephritis in 1 patient. Toluidine-blue-stained epoxy sections proved to be more effective in recognizing small emboli than paraffin sections. Ultrastructural observation concerned a) early lesions (eg, fresh emboli with endothelial distortion or injury), b) intermediate lesions (eg, histiocytic or giant cell reaction and intimal proliferation), and c) later lesions (eg, extraluminalization of the crystals eventually resulting in inert location in intimal stroma). Osmiophilic deposits on the crystal surfaces were myelin-form in structure and were felt to result from lysosomal action.", "contents": "Atheromatous emboli in renal biopsies. An ultrastructural study. In a series of 755 renal biopsies atheromatous emboli were found in biopsies of 8 men from 49 to 72 years of age. Unexplained recent deterioration of renal function was present in each. This previously unreported incidence of 8/755 biopsies is ascribed to the selection for biopsy of patients with unexplained decrease in renal function. Hypertension was a major feature in 6, hyperlipidemia in 2, a leaking aortic aneurysm in 1, carcinoma of the pancreas in 1, and chronic glomerulonephritis in 1 patient. Toluidine-blue-stained epoxy sections proved to be more effective in recognizing small emboli than paraffin sections. Ultrastructural observation concerned a) early lesions (eg, fresh emboli with endothelial distortion or injury), b) intermediate lesions (eg, histiocytic or giant cell reaction and intimal proliferation), and c) later lesions (eg, extraluminalization of the crystals eventually resulting in inert location in intimal stroma). Osmiophilic deposits on the crystal surfaces were myelin-form in structure and were felt to result from lysosomal action.", "PMID": 1115220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4472", "title": "Acceleration of amyloidosis by syngeneic spleen cells from normal donors.", "content": "Intravenous administration of syngeneic spleen cells from normal donors was found to markedly shorten the induction time for casein-associated splenic amyloid diposition in the mouse. The effect of intravenous donor cells seemed purely one of acceleration; it did not provoke amyloid deposition either by itself or in combination with independently ineffective heterologous proteins. The accelerator effect did not depend on the viability of the cell suspension, and after physical disruption of the cells all the accelerator activity seemed localized to the sedimentable fraction of damaged cells, nuclei and coarse debris. It is suggested that the accelerator acts through affecting the function of perifollicular splenic macrophages.", "contents": "Acceleration of amyloidosis by syngeneic spleen cells from normal donors. Intravenous administration of syngeneic spleen cells from normal donors was found to markedly shorten the induction time for casein-associated splenic amyloid diposition in the mouse. The effect of intravenous donor cells seemed purely one of acceleration; it did not provoke amyloid deposition either by itself or in combination with independently ineffective heterologous proteins. The accelerator effect did not depend on the viability of the cell suspension, and after physical disruption of the cells all the accelerator activity seemed localized to the sedimentable fraction of damaged cells, nuclei and coarse debris. It is suggested that the accelerator acts through affecting the function of perifollicular splenic macrophages.", "PMID": 1115221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4473", "title": "The skeletal correlates of behavioral modification in the laboratory mouse (Mus musculus).", "content": "The effects of behavioral modification on the skeletal morphology of the laboratory mouse (Mus musculus) are investigated. Climbing, with increased prehensile use of the foot, is found to bring about significant changes in metatarsal and long bone morphology. Differences in metatarsal robusticity related to weight-bearing differences associated with different locomotor patterns are reported for a natural history setting for Peromyscus.", "contents": "The skeletal correlates of behavioral modification in the laboratory mouse (Mus musculus). The effects of behavioral modification on the skeletal morphology of the laboratory mouse (Mus musculus) are investigated. Climbing, with increased prehensile use of the foot, is found to bring about significant changes in metatarsal and long bone morphology. Differences in metatarsal robusticity related to weight-bearing differences associated with different locomotor patterns are reported for a natural history setting for Peromyscus.", "PMID": 1115222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4474", "title": "Eruption of permanent teeth in Brazilian Whites and Blacks.", "content": "A total of 302 White and 904 Black children six, nine and 12 years of age were studied for the eruption of their permanent teeth. Differences between the two ethnic groups were not large, but the Black subjects were generally more precocious at the beginning of the process (especially the girls, both in the upper and lower incisors). At nine and 12 years of age, however, these dissimilarities disappear. The latter do not seem to be related to distinct rates of extraction or agenesis of deciduous teeth. No significant differences were observed in the degree of asymmetry present in the permanent dentition of the White and Black individuals studied.", "contents": "Eruption of permanent teeth in Brazilian Whites and Blacks. A total of 302 White and 904 Black children six, nine and 12 years of age were studied for the eruption of their permanent teeth. Differences between the two ethnic groups were not large, but the Black subjects were generally more precocious at the beginning of the process (especially the girls, both in the upper and lower incisors). At nine and 12 years of age, however, these dissimilarities disappear. The latter do not seem to be related to distinct rates of extraction or agenesis of deciduous teeth. No significant differences were observed in the degree of asymmetry present in the permanent dentition of the White and Black individuals studied.", "PMID": 1115223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4475", "title": "Manibular growth in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta).", "content": "Mandibular growth of 42  /1 735) (Macaca mulatta) was analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. Four groups of animals were defined according to dentitional age (i.e., infant, juvenile, adolescent, young adult). At each age growth was observed fopment, 57 periods of growth were studied. The growth incremental data were collected by superimposing serial cephalograms on mandibular implants. Growth and remodeling of both the skeletal and dento-alveolar components of the rhesus mandible were greatest in the infant monkeys and were less in successive age groups. Posterior relocation of the ramus was noted in all age groups while bone deposition on the anterior and inferior borders of the mandibular body was greatest in the younger animals. The most pronounced dental changes also occurred in the younger animals while the dentitions of the adolescent and adult animals were generally more stable. This study demonstrates that the rate and direction of normal mandibular growth varies with the age of the animal. Furthermore, mandibular growth is quantified at four defined maturational levels to provide a set of values illustrating normal mandibular growth. These values can also be used as control data for experimental studies.", "contents": "Manibular growth in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta). Mandibular growth of 42  /1 735) (Macaca mulatta) was analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. Four groups of animals were defined according to dentitional age (i.e., infant, juvenile, adolescent, young adult). At each age growth was observed fopment, 57 periods of growth were studied. The growth incremental data were collected by superimposing serial cephalograms on mandibular implants. Growth and remodeling of both the skeletal and dento-alveolar components of the rhesus mandible were greatest in the infant monkeys and were less in successive age groups. Posterior relocation of the ramus was noted in all age groups while bone deposition on the anterior and inferior borders of the mandibular body was greatest in the younger animals. The most pronounced dental changes also occurred in the younger animals while the dentitions of the adolescent and adult animals were generally more stable. This study demonstrates that the rate and direction of normal mandibular growth varies with the age of the animal. Furthermore, mandibular growth is quantified at four defined maturational levels to provide a set of values illustrating normal mandibular growth. These values can also be used as control data for experimental studies.", "PMID": 1115224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4476", "title": "The skin primates. XLIV. Numerical taxonomy of primate skin.", "content": "Data on 84 characteristics of the skin of 36 species of primates were extracted from a series of articles describing the histological and histochemical properties of the skin of primates. The data were subjected to a cluster analysis. The results were in reasonably good agreement with orthodox primate taxonomies although some exceptions were apparent. The species clustered into four main groups approximately comparable to Prosimii, Cercopithecoidea, pithecoidea, and Hominoidea are commensurate with standard taxonomic practice. Within the Ceboidea, however, the Atelinae and Alouattinae tend to group with the Hominoidea, Aotus and Saimiri show variable placements, and Callimico groups with the Callithricidae.", "contents": "The skin primates. XLIV. Numerical taxonomy of primate skin. Data on 84 characteristics of the skin of 36 species of primates were extracted from a series of articles describing the histological and histochemical properties of the skin of primates. The data were subjected to a cluster analysis. The results were in reasonably good agreement with orthodox primate taxonomies although some exceptions were apparent. The species clustered into four main groups approximately comparable to Prosimii, Cercopithecoidea, pithecoidea, and Hominoidea are commensurate with standard taxonomic practice. Within the Ceboidea, however, the Atelinae and Alouattinae tend to group with the Hominoidea, Aotus and Saimiri show variable placements, and Callimico groups with the Callithricidae.", "PMID": 1115225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4477", "title": "The genetic structure of a tribal population, the Yanomama Indians. XII. Biodemographic studies.", "content": "The Yyanomama Indians of Southern Venezuela and Northern Brazil are one of the largest, relatively unacculturated tribes of the tropical rain forest. Over a period of eight years data have been collected from a considerable portion of their territory on estimated age, sex ratio, fertility rates (as determined by physical examination and urine tests), and infant death rates. Although it has been impossible to collect direct data on infanticide, this subject can be approached indirectly through distortions of the sex ratio and anecdotal information. Some historical data are also available as a basis for estimating tribal expansion in the past 100 years. With this material it has been possible to construct Life Tables for the anomama,, and to explore the results of various perturbations of the input parameters. Data are also presented on patterns of mating and reproduction: number of spouses, mean and variance in number of surviving children, frequency of \"extra-marital conceptions\" based on the results of extensive blood group typings, and consanguinity rates as determined by observation and computer simulation. Although we do not present the Yanomama as typical, these data are seen as providing a basis for more realistic population models than have existed in the past. In addition, the data provide a basis for relatively precise estimates of such demographic measures as Fisher's Reproductive Value, Crow's Index of Total Selection, and Weiss' Index of Growth Regulation.", "contents": "The genetic structure of a tribal population, the Yanomama Indians. XII. Biodemographic studies. The Yyanomama Indians of Southern Venezuela and Northern Brazil are one of the largest, relatively unacculturated tribes of the tropical rain forest. Over a period of eight years data have been collected from a considerable portion of their territory on estimated age, sex ratio, fertility rates (as determined by physical examination and urine tests), and infant death rates. Although it has been impossible to collect direct data on infanticide, this subject can be approached indirectly through distortions of the sex ratio and anecdotal information. Some historical data are also available as a basis for estimating tribal expansion in the past 100 years. With this material it has been possible to construct Life Tables for the anomama,, and to explore the results of various perturbations of the input parameters. Data are also presented on patterns of mating and reproduction: number of spouses, mean and variance in number of surviving children, frequency of \"extra-marital conceptions\" based on the results of extensive blood group typings, and consanguinity rates as determined by observation and computer simulation. Although we do not present the Yanomama as typical, these data are seen as providing a basis for more realistic population models than have existed in the past. In addition, the data provide a basis for relatively precise estimates of such demographic measures as Fisher's Reproductive Value, Crow's Index of Total Selection, and Weiss' Index of Growth Regulation.", "PMID": 1115226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4478", "title": "Septal apertures in the humerus of normal and experimental rats.", "content": "Septal apertures of the humerus are rare in wild and domesticated rats but their occurrence is more frequent in females than in males and on the left than on the right side. Septal apertures can be produced experimentally by hypophysectomy due to an extreme reduction of the thickness of the septal wall. Other endocrine ablations, starvation and unilateral front leg paralysis do not produce a sufficient reduction of septal wall thickness to cause septal apertures. Their occurrence is also not correlated with total humeral robusticity. Thus, the manifestations of septal apertures in a non-specialized mammal such as the rat do not differ from those in higher primates.", "contents": "Septal apertures in the humerus of normal and experimental rats. Septal apertures of the humerus are rare in wild and domesticated rats but their occurrence is more frequent in females than in males and on the left than on the right side. Septal apertures can be produced experimentally by hypophysectomy due to an extreme reduction of the thickness of the septal wall. Other endocrine ablations, starvation and unilateral front leg paralysis do not produce a sufficient reduction of septal wall thickness to cause septal apertures. Their occurrence is also not correlated with total humeral robusticity. Thus, the manifestations of septal apertures in a non-specialized mammal such as the rat do not differ from those in higher primates.", "PMID": 1115227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4479", "title": "Papago Indian admixture and mating patterns in a mining town: a genetic cauldron.", "content": "Problems of delineation of population units and sub-units and the poor fit of genetic models make populations with high mobility and low stability difficult to analyze by present means. Examination of three processes  \u012bn-migration, admixture, and dispersal  as well as the mate selection factors involved in out-mating and changing population boundaries are suggested as alternate procedures in these cases. The Papago Indian community of Ajo, Arizona, is characterized by historical instability, an in-migration rate of 72.3%, a dispersal rate of 20.6%, and an admixture rate of 36.7%. In-migrant parents continue to come from all parts of the reservation, reservation ties are strong, and families often fragmented between reservation and Ajo homes. For these and other reasons the community cannot be delineated as a population unit nor incorporated into models of subdivided populations. Ajo's function as a cauldron in which genes are mixed and from which they are scattered is evident in sharp increases in the percentage of mixed Papagos among residents and out-migrants. Among the latter more than twice as many mixed Papago leave Ajo as entered in the parental generation. Mate selection factors possibly involved in admixture are considered.", "contents": "Papago Indian admixture and mating patterns in a mining town: a genetic cauldron. Problems of delineation of population units and sub-units and the poor fit of genetic models make populations with high mobility and low stability difficult to analyze by present means. Examination of three processes  \u012bn-migration, admixture, and dispersal  as well as the mate selection factors involved in out-mating and changing population boundaries are suggested as alternate procedures in these cases. The Papago Indian community of Ajo, Arizona, is characterized by historical instability, an in-migration rate of 72.3%, a dispersal rate of 20.6%, and an admixture rate of 36.7%. In-migrant parents continue to come from all parts of the reservation, reservation ties are strong, and families often fragmented between reservation and Ajo homes. For these and other reasons the community cannot be delineated as a population unit nor incorporated into models of subdivided populations. Ajo's function as a cauldron in which genes are mixed and from which they are scattered is evident in sharp increases in the percentage of mixed Papagos among residents and out-migrants. Among the latter more than twice as many mixed Papago leave Ajo as entered in the parental generation. Mate selection factors possibly involved in admixture are considered.", "PMID": 1115228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4480", "title": "Magnitude of sex differences in dichotomous ossification sequences of the hand and wrist.", "content": "Among the dichotomous (present/absent:absent/present) ossification sequences individually ascertained in 3059 boys and girls with at least one but not more than 27 ossification centers of the hand and wrist, 54 such sequences exhibit statistically-significant sex differences in frequency, 32 of them at the 1% confidence level or better. Analyzed by regions (rows and rays, epiphyses and round bones), ten centers, primarily distals and those of the first digit, account for the majority of the significant sex differences.", "contents": "Magnitude of sex differences in dichotomous ossification sequences of the hand and wrist. Among the dichotomous (present/absent:absent/present) ossification sequences individually ascertained in 3059 boys and girls with at least one but not more than 27 ossification centers of the hand and wrist, 54 such sequences exhibit statistically-significant sex differences in frequency, 32 of them at the 1% confidence level or better. Analyzed by regions (rows and rays, epiphyses and round bones), ten centers, primarily distals and those of the first digit, account for the majority of the significant sex differences.", "PMID": 1115229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4481", "title": "A factor analysis of morphogenetic fields in the human dentition.", "content": "The traditional morphogenetic fields of the human dentition were evaluated by means of factor analysis of dental dimensions taken from a series of human crania. When crown length, crown width and crown index were considered separately, factors emerged which could be identified with the tooth group fields. But a combined crown length-crown width analysis generated factors which extended beyond the regional tooth groups. Crown width itself was revealed to be an important axis of morphologic intergration. It was concluded that univariate methods are not adequate for identifying morphogenetic fields; the teeth must be treated as multidimensional units where the correlation among dimensions is accounted for.", "contents": "A factor analysis of morphogenetic fields in the human dentition. The traditional morphogenetic fields of the human dentition were evaluated by means of factor analysis of dental dimensions taken from a series of human crania. When crown length, crown width and crown index were considered separately, factors emerged which could be identified with the tooth group fields. But a combined crown length-crown width analysis generated factors which extended beyond the regional tooth groups. Crown width itself was revealed to be an important axis of morphologic intergration. It was concluded that univariate methods are not adequate for identifying morphogenetic fields; the teeth must be treated as multidimensional units where the correlation among dimensions is accounted for.", "PMID": 1115230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4482", "title": "Adaptive tolerance of fish myocardium to hypercapnic acidosis.", "content": "Isometric, electrically paced strips of cardiac ventricle from two species of fish (plaice, Pleuronectes platessa; cod, Gadus morrhua) with different tolerance to hypoxia were compared with respect to effects of hypercapnic acidosis. Acidosis was induced by altering the equilibrating gas mixture for the muscle strip chamber from 3% CO2 in 97% 02 to 15% CO2 in 85% O2. The pH was varied further by changing the NaHCO3 content of the Cortland-Ringer solution used in the muscle chamber. After onset of acidosis with the highest buffer value of the Cortland-Ringer solution (35.7 mM NaHCO3), the force decay was similar for the initial 10 min of exposure to high Pco2. Subsequently the cod heart continued to lose force at the same rate, whereas the plaice heart regained a cardiac contractile force that after 40 min even exceeded prehypercapnic values. When buffer values were varied by changing the bicarbonate content of the Cortland-Ringer solution in steps from 0.0 to 35.7 mM NaHCO3, the cod heart showed steep force decays at all buffer values during hypercapnic acidosis. The plaice heart showed a similar decline at low buffer values but at a bicarbonate concentration above 23.8 mM NaHCO3, the initial force decline was reversed and prehypercapnic force restored.", "contents": "Adaptive tolerance of fish myocardium to hypercapnic acidosis. Isometric, electrically paced strips of cardiac ventricle from two species of fish (plaice, Pleuronectes platessa; cod, Gadus morrhua) with different tolerance to hypoxia were compared with respect to effects of hypercapnic acidosis. Acidosis was induced by altering the equilibrating gas mixture for the muscle strip chamber from 3% CO2 in 97% 02 to 15% CO2 in 85% O2. The pH was varied further by changing the NaHCO3 content of the Cortland-Ringer solution used in the muscle chamber. After onset of acidosis with the highest buffer value of the Cortland-Ringer solution (35.7 mM NaHCO3), the force decay was similar for the initial 10 min of exposure to high Pco2. Subsequently the cod heart continued to lose force at the same rate, whereas the plaice heart regained a cardiac contractile force that after 40 min even exceeded prehypercapnic values. When buffer values were varied by changing the bicarbonate content of the Cortland-Ringer solution in steps from 0.0 to 35.7 mM NaHCO3, the cod heart showed steep force decays at all buffer values during hypercapnic acidosis. The plaice heart showed a similar decline at low buffer values but at a bicarbonate concentration above 23.8 mM NaHCO3, the initial force decline was reversed and prehypercapnic force restored.", "PMID": 1115231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4483", "title": "Acyl-CoA inhibition of adenine nucleotide translocation in ischemic myocardium.", "content": "The translocation of adenine nucleotides across the inner mitochondrial membrane and the tissue concentration of long-chain acyl-CoA esters were studied in dog heart after experimental myocardial ischemia. Ligation of the anterior coronary artery initiated events leading to an early decrease in adenine nucleotide translocase activity. A reciprocal increase in the concentration of heart tissue long-chain acyl-CoA esters was also observed. Adjacent nonischemic tissue showed changes intermediate between that of ischemic and normal heart tissue. It is postulated that a decrease in fatty acid oxidation after myocardial ischemia would lead to an accumulation of long-chain acyl-CoA esters, which in turn would inhibit adenine nucleotide translocation. The net result would be a lowering of the energy charge of the cell, adversely affecting muscle contraction and electrical conduction.", "contents": "Acyl-CoA inhibition of adenine nucleotide translocation in ischemic myocardium. The translocation of adenine nucleotides across the inner mitochondrial membrane and the tissue concentration of long-chain acyl-CoA esters were studied in dog heart after experimental myocardial ischemia. Ligation of the anterior coronary artery initiated events leading to an early decrease in adenine nucleotide translocase activity. A reciprocal increase in the concentration of heart tissue long-chain acyl-CoA esters was also observed. Adjacent nonischemic tissue showed changes intermediate between that of ischemic and normal heart tissue. It is postulated that a decrease in fatty acid oxidation after myocardial ischemia would lead to an accumulation of long-chain acyl-CoA esters, which in turn would inhibit adenine nucleotide translocation. The net result would be a lowering of the energy charge of the cell, adversely affecting muscle contraction and electrical conduction.", "PMID": 1115232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4484", "title": "Renal glutaminase adaptation and ammonia excretion in infant rats.", "content": "The purpose of this investigation was to determine the role of enzyme adaptation in the response of ammonia excretion to acidosis in developing rats. The response of renal ammonia excretion was low in infant rats (7-12 days old) following administration of a single dose of acidifying salt (5 mmol NH4CL/kg). However, repeated administration (2 times daily) of the salt increased ammonia excretion two- to threefold within 2 days. This adaptive response was associated with a concomitant rise in renal phosphate-dependent glutaminase (PDG) activity; PDG activity increased from approximately 36% adult level in untreated infants to 79% adult level in infants given NH4Cl for 2 days. Ammonia excretion and PDG activity decreased in parallel following cessation of NH4Cl treatment. Administration of the antibiotic, actinomycin D (100 mug/kg, ip, 2 times daily for 2 days) completely inhibited the response of PDG to repeated NH4Cl administration. In contrast to the situation previously observed in adult rats, actinomycin D treatment prevented the acid-induced rise in renal ammonia excretion. These results suggest that the level of renal PDG plays a more direct role in the adaptation of ammonia excretion to acidosis in infant rats than in adults.", "contents": "Renal glutaminase adaptation and ammonia excretion in infant rats. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the role of enzyme adaptation in the response of ammonia excretion to acidosis in developing rats. The response of renal ammonia excretion was low in infant rats (7-12 days old) following administration of a single dose of acidifying salt (5 mmol NH4CL/kg). However, repeated administration (2 times daily) of the salt increased ammonia excretion two- to threefold within 2 days. This adaptive response was associated with a concomitant rise in renal phosphate-dependent glutaminase (PDG) activity; PDG activity increased from approximately 36% adult level in untreated infants to 79% adult level in infants given NH4Cl for 2 days. Ammonia excretion and PDG activity decreased in parallel following cessation of NH4Cl treatment. Administration of the antibiotic, actinomycin D (100 mug/kg, ip, 2 times daily for 2 days) completely inhibited the response of PDG to repeated NH4Cl administration. In contrast to the situation previously observed in adult rats, actinomycin D treatment prevented the acid-induced rise in renal ammonia excretion. These results suggest that the level of renal PDG plays a more direct role in the adaptation of ammonia excretion to acidosis in infant rats than in adults.", "PMID": 1115233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4485", "title": "Potassium-sparing effect of enhanced renal ammonia production.", "content": "The effect of a primary alteration in renal ammonia production on potassium excretion was explored in normal men utilizing ingestion of glutamine to increase ammonia production independent of concomitant acid-base manipulations. After ingesting a constant-formula diet of normal electrolyte content for 3 days, normal men underwent on separate occasions in a rigidly paired fashion an acute study with ingestion of glutamine (4.3 mmol/kg) or only water. Glutamine ingestion under conditions of normal acidification or concomitant with an acute acidifying stimulus resulted in an increase in ammonium and concomitant decrease in potassium excretion. The potassium conservation could not be accounted for by changes in urinary sodium excretion or in plasma potassium or acid-base parameters. Furthermore, when NaHCO3 was ingested for 3 days preceding both the water and glutamine studies, the influence of glutamine on both ammonium and potassium excretion was reduced significantly. These studies suggest that altered ammonia production can affect potassium excretion, providing further evidence in support of a renal potassium-ammonia homeostatic mechanism.", "contents": "Potassium-sparing effect of enhanced renal ammonia production. The effect of a primary alteration in renal ammonia production on potassium excretion was explored in normal men utilizing ingestion of glutamine to increase ammonia production independent of concomitant acid-base manipulations. After ingesting a constant-formula diet of normal electrolyte content for 3 days, normal men underwent on separate occasions in a rigidly paired fashion an acute study with ingestion of glutamine (4.3 mmol/kg) or only water. Glutamine ingestion under conditions of normal acidification or concomitant with an acute acidifying stimulus resulted in an increase in ammonium and concomitant decrease in potassium excretion. The potassium conservation could not be accounted for by changes in urinary sodium excretion or in plasma potassium or acid-base parameters. Furthermore, when NaHCO3 was ingested for 3 days preceding both the water and glutamine studies, the influence of glutamine on both ammonium and potassium excretion was reduced significantly. These studies suggest that altered ammonia production can affect potassium excretion, providing further evidence in support of a renal potassium-ammonia homeostatic mechanism.", "PMID": 1115234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4486", "title": "An effect of hyposmolarity on insulin release in vitro.", "content": "An abrupt reduction of medium osmolarity by as little as 20 mosM evoked a discrete short-lived insulin secretory response from perifused chopped pancreas or isolated islets. The insulin response occurred earlier than that induced by either glucose or tolbutamide. None of the usual modifiers of insulin secretion significantly altered this secretory response. Glycolytic inhibitors, adrenergic agonists and blocking agents, cholinergic blocking agents, mitotic spindle inhibitors, and agents influencing sodium pump activity failed to alter hyposmolar-induced insulin secretion. Manipulation of the perifusion medium calcium concentration was the only procedure tested that influenced the secretory response. Perturbations of medium calcium concentration that increased the tissue-to-medium calcium gradient augmented the hyposmolar-induced insulin response and those that decreased tissue-to-medium calcium gradient greatly inhibited the response. The precise cause of the insulin response to a decrease in bathing fluid osmolarity remains undefined; however, the stimulus is not specific for insulin because increases in glucagon and amylase were also elicited by the hyposmolar stimulus.", "contents": "An effect of hyposmolarity on insulin release in vitro. An abrupt reduction of medium osmolarity by as little as 20 mosM evoked a discrete short-lived insulin secretory response from perifused chopped pancreas or isolated islets. The insulin response occurred earlier than that induced by either glucose or tolbutamide. None of the usual modifiers of insulin secretion significantly altered this secretory response. Glycolytic inhibitors, adrenergic agonists and blocking agents, cholinergic blocking agents, mitotic spindle inhibitors, and agents influencing sodium pump activity failed to alter hyposmolar-induced insulin secretion. Manipulation of the perifusion medium calcium concentration was the only procedure tested that influenced the secretory response. Perturbations of medium calcium concentration that increased the tissue-to-medium calcium gradient augmented the hyposmolar-induced insulin response and those that decreased tissue-to-medium calcium gradient greatly inhibited the response. The precise cause of the insulin response to a decrease in bathing fluid osmolarity remains undefined; however, the stimulus is not specific for insulin because increases in glucagon and amylase were also elicited by the hyposmolar stimulus.", "PMID": 1115235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4487", "title": "Regulation of body mass in rats exposed to chronic acceleration.", "content": "Female rats approximately 6 mo old were chronically centrifuged for up to 30 days at 2.76 G or 3.18 G and sacrificed at intervals for body-composition study. Both fat and the fat-free body mass (FFBM) were reduced during the 1st wk of centrifugation, with the fat showing considerably more variation both within and between groups. The FFBM was reduced below control level to the same extent in rats fed commercial chow, a high-fat diet, or a high-protein diet or in rats prefasted to produce a body-mass deficit at the start of centrifugation. There were no centrifugation-associated changes in body water content. It was concluded that body fat showed no evidence of regulation, FFBM is regulated at any constant level of acceleration between 1 and 4.15 G, and the change in FFBM induced by a change in acceleration is probably not regulated.", "contents": "Regulation of body mass in rats exposed to chronic acceleration. Female rats approximately 6 mo old were chronically centrifuged for up to 30 days at 2.76 G or 3.18 G and sacrificed at intervals for body-composition study. Both fat and the fat-free body mass (FFBM) were reduced during the 1st wk of centrifugation, with the fat showing considerably more variation both within and between groups. The FFBM was reduced below control level to the same extent in rats fed commercial chow, a high-fat diet, or a high-protein diet or in rats prefasted to produce a body-mass deficit at the start of centrifugation. There were no centrifugation-associated changes in body water content. It was concluded that body fat showed no evidence of regulation, FFBM is regulated at any constant level of acceleration between 1 and 4.15 G, and the change in FFBM induced by a change in acceleration is probably not regulated.", "PMID": 1115236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4488", "title": "Plasma and hepatic binding of indocyanine green in guinea pigs of different ages.", "content": "Binding of indocyanine green (ICG) to the proteins in plasma and bile of guinea pigs ranging in age from 1 day old to adult was studied. The ICG in plasma was almost totally bound to the protein and there was no significant difference in the binding between newborn and adult animals. Binding of ICG to biliary protein was similar in all age groups. Particulate fractions of liver from adult guinea pigs had a higher ICG binding capacity than that from the newborn at all concentrations tested. The uptake of ICG by liver slices involved mostly active processes. The slice-to-medium (S/M) ratio of ICG was lowest in liver preparations from the newborn; however, the S/M ratio for adult animals was lower than that for 10-day-old animals. Liver slices from adult guinea pig showed the fastest ICG efflux rate, and the efflux rate with liver slices from the newborn was the slowest. Processes of hepatic uptake and release of ICG were incompletely developed in the newborn guinea pig.", "contents": "Plasma and hepatic binding of indocyanine green in guinea pigs of different ages. Binding of indocyanine green (ICG) to the proteins in plasma and bile of guinea pigs ranging in age from 1 day old to adult was studied. The ICG in plasma was almost totally bound to the protein and there was no significant difference in the binding between newborn and adult animals. Binding of ICG to biliary protein was similar in all age groups. Particulate fractions of liver from adult guinea pigs had a higher ICG binding capacity than that from the newborn at all concentrations tested. The uptake of ICG by liver slices involved mostly active processes. The slice-to-medium (S/M) ratio of ICG was lowest in liver preparations from the newborn; however, the S/M ratio for adult animals was lower than that for 10-day-old animals. Liver slices from adult guinea pig showed the fastest ICG efflux rate, and the efflux rate with liver slices from the newborn was the slowest. Processes of hepatic uptake and release of ICG were incompletely developed in the newborn guinea pig.", "PMID": 1115237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4489", "title": "Cardiac output and its distribution during diving in the rat.", "content": "The diving response was produced by submerging the head of the unanesthetized rat for 60 s, while it was confined in a mesh-wired cone. Heart rate and cardiac output decreased by 73% and 74% from the predive values, respectively, indicating insignificant change in stroke volume. Central systemic arterial blood pressure rose by 22% during diving and a fourfold increase in total peripheral resistance was observed. Blood flow to the coronary, cerebral, and bronchial circulations remained unchanged while a 95% reduction in the intestine and the spleen, a 97% reduction in the kidney, and greater than 99% reduction in the tail and skin were observed during diving. The blood flow reduction from predive values ranged from 50% for liver and skeletal muscle to 75% for the adrenals and 65% for the diaphragm. The redistribution of the drastically reduced cardiac output during head immersion in the rat is similar to that reported for diving mammals. It is suggested that the rat may serve as a useful cardiovascular model for further studies of the diving response in mammals.", "contents": "Cardiac output and its distribution during diving in the rat. The diving response was produced by submerging the head of the unanesthetized rat for 60 s, while it was confined in a mesh-wired cone. Heart rate and cardiac output decreased by 73% and 74% from the predive values, respectively, indicating insignificant change in stroke volume. Central systemic arterial blood pressure rose by 22% during diving and a fourfold increase in total peripheral resistance was observed. Blood flow to the coronary, cerebral, and bronchial circulations remained unchanged while a 95% reduction in the intestine and the spleen, a 97% reduction in the kidney, and greater than 99% reduction in the tail and skin were observed during diving. The blood flow reduction from predive values ranged from 50% for liver and skeletal muscle to 75% for the adrenals and 65% for the diaphragm. The redistribution of the drastically reduced cardiac output during head immersion in the rat is similar to that reported for diving mammals. It is suggested that the rat may serve as a useful cardiovascular model for further studies of the diving response in mammals.", "PMID": 1115238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4490", "title": "Increased uptake and utilization of glucose by diaphragms of rats exposed to chronic centrifugation.", "content": "Weaning female Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to 2.76 or 4.15 G for periods ranging from 2 to 20 wk. The isolated diaphragm tissues from these rats were studied in vitro to determine the uptake of glucose and its utilization to CO2 and glycogen. The diaphragm muscle tissues obtained from centrifuged rats showed higher rates of glucose uptake and 14CO2 production from [U-14C]glucose than those obtained from noncentrifuged controls, but no significant differences in the rate of incorporation of [U-14C]glucose into glycogen were observed. Rats centrifuged for 12 wk at 4.15 G continued to show an increase in diaphragm tissue glucose uptake for periods up to 2 wk after return to normal gravity. The stimulating effect of insulin on the uptake of glucose and its incorporation into glycogen was much higher in the diaphragms of centrifuged rats. From the results of this study, it is concluded that one of the adaptive responses of rats to chronic centrifugation is an increase in glucose metabolism of their muscle tissues.", "contents": "Increased uptake and utilization of glucose by diaphragms of rats exposed to chronic centrifugation. Weaning female Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to 2.76 or 4.15 G for periods ranging from 2 to 20 wk. The isolated diaphragm tissues from these rats were studied in vitro to determine the uptake of glucose and its utilization to CO2 and glycogen. The diaphragm muscle tissues obtained from centrifuged rats showed higher rates of glucose uptake and 14CO2 production from [U-14C]glucose than those obtained from noncentrifuged controls, but no significant differences in the rate of incorporation of [U-14C]glucose into glycogen were observed. Rats centrifuged for 12 wk at 4.15 G continued to show an increase in diaphragm tissue glucose uptake for periods up to 2 wk after return to normal gravity. The stimulating effect of insulin on the uptake of glucose and its incorporation into glycogen was much higher in the diaphragms of centrifuged rats. From the results of this study, it is concluded that one of the adaptive responses of rats to chronic centrifugation is an increase in glucose metabolism of their muscle tissues.", "PMID": 1115239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4491", "title": "Adrenergic responses in canine cutaneous vasculature during acute hemorrhagic hypotension.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of acute hemorrhage on vascular responses to sympathetic nerve stimulation and norepinephrine. The experiments were carried out with sodium pentobarbital anesthesia. The preparation employed was the dog's hindpaw perfused at constant blood flow. Changes in vascular resistance in the paw were indicated by changes in perfusion pressure. Changes in perfusion pressure elicited by sympathetic nerve stimulation and intra-arterially administered norepinephrine were determined before and after hemorrhage of 15 ml/kg in normal and acutely nephrectomized animals. The response to sympathetic stimulation was increased by about 50% in normal but not in nephrectomized dogs, whereas the response to a low dose of norepinephrine (0.5-1 mug) was not significantly changed in either group of animals. In additional experiments in which the plasma renin level was measured, the potentiation of responses to sympathetic stimulation and a high dose of norepinephrine (2 mug) occurred at the time that the renin level was increased by hemorrhage. These results indicate that the level of circulating angiotensin attained after hemorrhage may facilitate vasoconstrictor responses to adrenergic stimuli.", "contents": "Adrenergic responses in canine cutaneous vasculature during acute hemorrhagic hypotension. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of acute hemorrhage on vascular responses to sympathetic nerve stimulation and norepinephrine. The experiments were carried out with sodium pentobarbital anesthesia. The preparation employed was the dog's hindpaw perfused at constant blood flow. Changes in vascular resistance in the paw were indicated by changes in perfusion pressure. Changes in perfusion pressure elicited by sympathetic nerve stimulation and intra-arterially administered norepinephrine were determined before and after hemorrhage of 15 ml/kg in normal and acutely nephrectomized animals. The response to sympathetic stimulation was increased by about 50% in normal but not in nephrectomized dogs, whereas the response to a low dose of norepinephrine (0.5-1 mug) was not significantly changed in either group of animals. In additional experiments in which the plasma renin level was measured, the potentiation of responses to sympathetic stimulation and a high dose of norepinephrine (2 mug) occurred at the time that the renin level was increased by hemorrhage. These results indicate that the level of circulating angiotensin attained after hemorrhage may facilitate vasoconstrictor responses to adrenergic stimuli.", "PMID": 1115240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4492", "title": "Nonsustained pulmonary vasoconstriction during acute hypoxia in anesthetized dogs.", "content": "The objectives of this study were to describe in greater detail the initial rise and spontaneous decline in acute hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction and to investigate a number of mechanisms that could have caused this secondary vasodilation. With the onset of isocapnic hypoxia (Pao2 of 28, 44, or 56 mmHg), pulmonary vascular resistances increased to maximum values at 3 min and then spontaneously declined toward control values. Pulmonary perfusion pressures rose to maxima at approximately 4 min and then also declined. During severe hypoxic exposures (Pao2 of 30-37 mmHg) this secondary vasodilation was found not to be due to beta-adrenergic-induced vasodilation, withdrawal of alpha-adrenergic-induced vasoconstriction, vasodilation caused by a sustained increase in pulmonary blood flow, fatigue of the vascular smooth muscle contractile mechanism, or release of vasodilatory prostaglandins. It is suggested that the decline in hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction may be due to an exhaustion of a chemical mediator, release of a pulmonary vasodilator agent, or myogenic stress relaxation.", "contents": "Nonsustained pulmonary vasoconstriction during acute hypoxia in anesthetized dogs. The objectives of this study were to describe in greater detail the initial rise and spontaneous decline in acute hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction and to investigate a number of mechanisms that could have caused this secondary vasodilation. With the onset of isocapnic hypoxia (Pao2 of 28, 44, or 56 mmHg), pulmonary vascular resistances increased to maximum values at 3 min and then spontaneously declined toward control values. Pulmonary perfusion pressures rose to maxima at approximately 4 min and then also declined. During severe hypoxic exposures (Pao2 of 30-37 mmHg) this secondary vasodilation was found not to be due to beta-adrenergic-induced vasodilation, withdrawal of alpha-adrenergic-induced vasoconstriction, vasodilation caused by a sustained increase in pulmonary blood flow, fatigue of the vascular smooth muscle contractile mechanism, or release of vasodilatory prostaglandins. It is suggested that the decline in hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction may be due to an exhaustion of a chemical mediator, release of a pulmonary vasodilator agent, or myogenic stress relaxation.", "PMID": 1115241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4493", "title": "Analysis of a periodic breathing pattern associated with Mayer waves.", "content": "Cats subjected to common carotid artery occlusion and hemorrhage developed a waxing and waning of respiratory amplitude recurring with a period of 24 s (range 10-60). Occasionally the waning phase terminated with apnea. This respiratory pattern, reminiscent of \"periodic\" breathing, was usually associated with an oscillation of sympathetic neural activity, and of systemic arterial pressure, of the same period. A similar pattern of modulation of phrenic nerve activity was observed during neuromuscular block and artificial ventilation and when, at the same time, the associated systemic arterial pressure oscillation was eliminated. These findings suggest that this breathing pattern is not the result of an analogous pattern in the discharge of gas tension-sensitive and/or blood flow- and pressure-sensitive receptors that is fed back to the central nervous system (CNS). Hence the pattern must be generated within the CNS with no need of rhythmic sensory information. The pattern can be accounted for by the assumption that the central respiratory drive potentials are riding on top of a slow oscillation of phrenic motoneuron membrane potential with a 24-s period.", "contents": "Analysis of a periodic breathing pattern associated with Mayer waves. Cats subjected to common carotid artery occlusion and hemorrhage developed a waxing and waning of respiratory amplitude recurring with a period of 24 s (range 10-60). Occasionally the waning phase terminated with apnea. This respiratory pattern, reminiscent of \"periodic\" breathing, was usually associated with an oscillation of sympathetic neural activity, and of systemic arterial pressure, of the same period. A similar pattern of modulation of phrenic nerve activity was observed during neuromuscular block and artificial ventilation and when, at the same time, the associated systemic arterial pressure oscillation was eliminated. These findings suggest that this breathing pattern is not the result of an analogous pattern in the discharge of gas tension-sensitive and/or blood flow- and pressure-sensitive receptors that is fed back to the central nervous system (CNS). Hence the pattern must be generated within the CNS with no need of rhythmic sensory information. The pattern can be accounted for by the assumption that the central respiratory drive potentials are riding on top of a slow oscillation of phrenic motoneuron membrane potential with a 24-s period.", "PMID": 1115242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4494", "title": "Influence of cardiac neural inputs on rhythmic variations of heart period in the cat.", "content": "Spectral analysis was used to investigate variations of heart period in 13 decerebrate cats under different conditions of neural input to the heart. Spectral density plots in intact animals showed three well-defined peaks: P1 (1.5-2.5 cycles/min), P2 (6-10 cycles/min), and P2 (respiratory frequency). In the presence of sympathetic input only the amplitudes of all peaks were decreased; when only vagal input was present the amplitudes of P1 and P2 were increased and there was no change in P3; when neither sympathetic nor vagal input was present the amplitudes of all peaks were decreased. In addition, the amplitudes of P1 and P2 were increased and there was no change in P3; when neither sympathetic nor vagal input was present the amplitudes of all peaks were decreased. In addition, the amplitudes of P1 and P2 were found to be significantly correlated with the mean heart period under the condition of vagal control only. It is concluded that P3 is related to sinus arrhythmia and that P1 and P2 may be related to spontaneous rhythms that are an intrinsic feature of the dynamic regulation of heart period by the vagus system. Sympathetic activity plays no role in the genesis of these rhythms.", "contents": "Influence of cardiac neural inputs on rhythmic variations of heart period in the cat. Spectral analysis was used to investigate variations of heart period in 13 decerebrate cats under different conditions of neural input to the heart. Spectral density plots in intact animals showed three well-defined peaks: P1 (1.5-2.5 cycles/min), P2 (6-10 cycles/min), and P2 (respiratory frequency). In the presence of sympathetic input only the amplitudes of all peaks were decreased; when only vagal input was present the amplitudes of P1 and P2 were increased and there was no change in P3; when neither sympathetic nor vagal input was present the amplitudes of all peaks were decreased. In addition, the amplitudes of P1 and P2 were increased and there was no change in P3; when neither sympathetic nor vagal input was present the amplitudes of all peaks were decreased. In addition, the amplitudes of P1 and P2 were found to be significantly correlated with the mean heart period under the condition of vagal control only. It is concluded that P3 is related to sinus arrhythmia and that P1 and P2 may be related to spontaneous rhythms that are an intrinsic feature of the dynamic regulation of heart period by the vagus system. Sympathetic activity plays no role in the genesis of these rhythms.", "PMID": 1115243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4495", "title": "Microvascular pressure distribution in skeletal muscle and the effect of vasodilation.", "content": "In cats anesthetized with pentobarbital, 188 direct microvascular pressure and diameter measurements were made of the tenuissimus muscle. The microvascular pressure in arterioles of 70 mum in diameter or larger was proportional to the systemic arterial pressure (PA). The arterioles with diameter-s ranging from 35 to 20 mum have been shown to be the principa-l source of arteriolar resistance regulating micropressures downstream. Across the capillary bed proper, the drop in pressures was about 15% of PA. Micropressures in the smallest venules (8-15 mum) averaged 24 mmHg and reflect closely capillary blood pressure. With a background of basic microvascular data, the vasodilatory mechanism of papaverine (P) and isoproterenol (IPR) in the skeletal muscle was analyzed. Administration of IPR decreases both arteriolar and venular pressure, while P infusion decreased the pressure in arterioles wider than 20 mum in diameter; however, in smaller arterioles there was a substantial elevation in micropressure. The data establish two basically different vasodilatory effects on the terminal vasculature: one with increased capillary pressure and fluid filtration (P), a second with a decrease in capillary pressure enhancing absorption (IPR).", "contents": "Microvascular pressure distribution in skeletal muscle and the effect of vasodilation. In cats anesthetized with pentobarbital, 188 direct microvascular pressure and diameter measurements were made of the tenuissimus muscle. The microvascular pressure in arterioles of 70 mum in diameter or larger was proportional to the systemic arterial pressure (PA). The arterioles with diameter-s ranging from 35 to 20 mum have been shown to be the principa-l source of arteriolar resistance regulating micropressures downstream. Across the capillary bed proper, the drop in pressures was about 15% of PA. Micropressures in the smallest venules (8-15 mum) averaged 24 mmHg and reflect closely capillary blood pressure. With a background of basic microvascular data, the vasodilatory mechanism of papaverine (P) and isoproterenol (IPR) in the skeletal muscle was analyzed. Administration of IPR decreases both arteriolar and venular pressure, while P infusion decreased the pressure in arterioles wider than 20 mum in diameter; however, in smaller arterioles there was a substantial elevation in micropressure. The data establish two basically different vasodilatory effects on the terminal vasculature: one with increased capillary pressure and fluid filtration (P), a second with a decrease in capillary pressure enhancing absorption (IPR).", "PMID": 1115244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4496", "title": "Reflection coefficients of dog lung endothelium to small hydrophilic solutes.", "content": "Step additions of small hydrophilic solutes to the perfusate of isolated dog lungs produce weight changes (Vargas-Johnson). The product: (observed reflection coefficient) times (observed filtration coefficient) for the lung endothelial barrier is obtained from the initial weight slope per unit osmolality change. The observed filtration coefficient determined from the sustained constant weight slope per increment of pulmonary outflow pressure was 0.038 plus or minus 0.011 cm/s (assumed exchange area 500 cm2/g lung). Correction to average transcapillary pressure (32% upward) and for osmotic buffering by resident solute (25% upward) gave 0.063 plus or minus 0.018 cm/s. The observed reflection coefficients were (mean plus or minus 2 SE): sodium chloride, 0.30 plus or minus 0.11; urea, 0.30 plus or minus 0.12; glucose, 0.48 plus or minus 0.26; sucrose, 0.39 plus or minus 0.17; raffinose, 0.35 plus or minus 0.16; hypotonic response: interstitial solute, 0.26 plus or minus 0.10. The observed reflection coefficient of sodium chloride, corrected for the preceding filtration coefficient effects (65% downward) and for combined flow limitation and osmotic buffering effects (50% upward) was 0.27. Transcapillary gradients of small hydrophilic solutes produce substantial osmotic effects for short times (seconds). Passive exchanges and net fluxes across the endothelium of the lung capillaries have parameters similar to those of the endothelium of skeletal muscle.", "contents": "Reflection coefficients of dog lung endothelium to small hydrophilic solutes. Step additions of small hydrophilic solutes to the perfusate of isolated dog lungs produce weight changes (Vargas-Johnson). The product: (observed reflection coefficient) times (observed filtration coefficient) for the lung endothelial barrier is obtained from the initial weight slope per unit osmolality change. The observed filtration coefficient determined from the sustained constant weight slope per increment of pulmonary outflow pressure was 0.038 plus or minus 0.011 cm/s (assumed exchange area 500 cm2/g lung). Correction to average transcapillary pressure (32% upward) and for osmotic buffering by resident solute (25% upward) gave 0.063 plus or minus 0.018 cm/s. The observed reflection coefficients were (mean plus or minus 2 SE): sodium chloride, 0.30 plus or minus 0.11; urea, 0.30 plus or minus 0.12; glucose, 0.48 plus or minus 0.26; sucrose, 0.39 plus or minus 0.17; raffinose, 0.35 plus or minus 0.16; hypotonic response: interstitial solute, 0.26 plus or minus 0.10. The observed reflection coefficient of sodium chloride, corrected for the preceding filtration coefficient effects (65% downward) and for combined flow limitation and osmotic buffering effects (50% upward) was 0.27. Transcapillary gradients of small hydrophilic solutes produce substantial osmotic effects for short times (seconds). Passive exchanges and net fluxes across the endothelium of the lung capillaries have parameters similar to those of the endothelium of skeletal muscle.", "PMID": 1115245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4497", "title": "Rabbit testicular contractions: bimodal interaction of prostaglandin E1 with other agonists.", "content": "Contractions of rabbit testicular capsules in vitro and in vivo in response to prostaglandin F2a, epinephrine, and acetylcholine were measured in the presence of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1). Contractions induced by these agents were markedly inhibited at 10-7 M concentrations of PGE1 in both preparations. Even so, lower levels of PGE1 (10-8 or 10-9 M) potentiated epinephrine- or acetylcholine-induced stimulation of increased tonus in vovo. Epinephrine, PGE1, and PGF2a caused increased tonus and contractions in vitro and in vovo; however, acetylcholine stimulated the testicular capsule much more in vivo than in vitro. The control log dose-response curve for epinephrine stimulation showed a slight decrease in the upper concentration range. Propranolol, a beta-adrenergic blocking agent, more than overcame this decrease and also prevented a theophylline inhibition of epinephrine-induced contraction. Prostaglandin E1's bimodal effect gives it the ability to modulate testicular contractions by increasing stimulation by other agonists in vovo at low concentrations of PGE1 but inhibiting it at higher concentrations. Thus PGE1 is a potential regulator of testicular capsular motility and possibly sperm transport and hemodynamics.", "contents": "Rabbit testicular contractions: bimodal interaction of prostaglandin E1 with other agonists. Contractions of rabbit testicular capsules in vitro and in vivo in response to prostaglandin F2a, epinephrine, and acetylcholine were measured in the presence of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1). Contractions induced by these agents were markedly inhibited at 10-7 M concentrations of PGE1 in both preparations. Even so, lower levels of PGE1 (10-8 or 10-9 M) potentiated epinephrine- or acetylcholine-induced stimulation of increased tonus in vovo. Epinephrine, PGE1, and PGF2a caused increased tonus and contractions in vitro and in vovo; however, acetylcholine stimulated the testicular capsule much more in vivo than in vitro. The control log dose-response curve for epinephrine stimulation showed a slight decrease in the upper concentration range. Propranolol, a beta-adrenergic blocking agent, more than overcame this decrease and also prevented a theophylline inhibition of epinephrine-induced contraction. Prostaglandin E1's bimodal effect gives it the ability to modulate testicular contractions by increasing stimulation by other agonists in vovo at low concentrations of PGE1 but inhibiting it at higher concentrations. Thus PGE1 is a potential regulator of testicular capsular motility and possibly sperm transport and hemodynamics.", "PMID": 1115246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4498", "title": "Restitution of blood volume after hemorrhage: mathematical description.", "content": "An analytical model was developed to simulate the restitution of blood volume after hemorrhage. This model was used to test two previously proposed hypotheses for the restoration of plasma oncotic pressure required for full restitution of blood volume: increased lymphatic flow or decreased trans-capillary leakage of albumin. Neither hypothesis could account for the temporal and quantitative features of experimentally observed restitution of blood volume. An alternate hypothesis, that restitution of blood volume results from a fluid shift from intracellular-extracellular fluid shift occurs in dogs treated with high doses of cortisol analog. Thus the results of the simulation support the hypothesis that full restitution of blood volume requires an intracellular-extracellular fluid shift. This fluid shift may be mediated by high circulating levels of cortisol secondary to hemorrhage.", "contents": "Restitution of blood volume after hemorrhage: mathematical description. An analytical model was developed to simulate the restitution of blood volume after hemorrhage. This model was used to test two previously proposed hypotheses for the restoration of plasma oncotic pressure required for full restitution of blood volume: increased lymphatic flow or decreased trans-capillary leakage of albumin. Neither hypothesis could account for the temporal and quantitative features of experimentally observed restitution of blood volume. An alternate hypothesis, that restitution of blood volume results from a fluid shift from intracellular-extracellular fluid shift occurs in dogs treated with high doses of cortisol analog. Thus the results of the simulation support the hypothesis that full restitution of blood volume requires an intracellular-extracellular fluid shift. This fluid shift may be mediated by high circulating levels of cortisol secondary to hemorrhage.", "PMID": 1115247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4499", "title": "Citric, orotic, and other organic acids in rats injected with active or inactive urease.", "content": "Male rats were fed laboratory chow or a purified L-amino acid diet containing 11.2 or 5.6 g arginine/kg. Hyperammonemia was produced by injection of crystalline jackbean urease. Control animals were injected with saline or inactivated urease. Rats injected with 55 U urease activity/kg body wt (an LD50 dose) exhibited acute signs of hyperammonemia and elevated orotate and citrate in their urine. Plasma glucose, lactate, citrate, and alpha-ketoglutarate concentrations were also markedly elevated. Three injections of active urease (10 U/kg body wt) given at intervals of about 10 h produced hyperammonemia, which persisted for 25 h after the first injection. Blood glucose and ammonia concentrations were increased 2.6- and 22-fold, respectively, when compared with controls. Total urinary citrate excretion for 25 h was 371 mueq for active urease-injected rats compared with 62 mueq for rats injected with inactivated urease. Rats fed a purified amino acid diet containing 5.6 g arginine/kg excreted greater quantities of urea, citrate, and orotic acid than rats fed 11.2 g arginine/kg of diet. Injection of active urease increased citrate excretion by rats fed either concentration of dietary arginine. Changes produced with active urease were not observed if inactivated urease was injected.", "contents": "Citric, orotic, and other organic acids in rats injected with active or inactive urease. Male rats were fed laboratory chow or a purified L-amino acid diet containing 11.2 or 5.6 g arginine/kg. Hyperammonemia was produced by injection of crystalline jackbean urease. Control animals were injected with saline or inactivated urease. Rats injected with 55 U urease activity/kg body wt (an LD50 dose) exhibited acute signs of hyperammonemia and elevated orotate and citrate in their urine. Plasma glucose, lactate, citrate, and alpha-ketoglutarate concentrations were also markedly elevated. Three injections of active urease (10 U/kg body wt) given at intervals of about 10 h produced hyperammonemia, which persisted for 25 h after the first injection. Blood glucose and ammonia concentrations were increased 2.6- and 22-fold, respectively, when compared with controls. Total urinary citrate excretion for 25 h was 371 mueq for active urease-injected rats compared with 62 mueq for rats injected with inactivated urease. Rats fed a purified amino acid diet containing 5.6 g arginine/kg excreted greater quantities of urea, citrate, and orotic acid than rats fed 11.2 g arginine/kg of diet. Injection of active urease increased citrate excretion by rats fed either concentration of dietary arginine. Changes produced with active urease were not observed if inactivated urease was injected.", "PMID": 1115248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4500", "title": "Cold resistance of the brain during hibernation. III. Evidence of a lipid adaptation.", "content": "The composition of membrane-bound lipids of brain from both warm-adapted and hibernating hamsters were different in the complex lipid fraction as well as their fatty acyl chains. During hibernation the content of cholesterol was less, but there were greater amounts of both the phosphatidylcholines and phosphatidylethanolamines. There were small but significant increases in monounsaturated fatty acids as well as arachidonic acid in all the glycerophosphatides of the hibernating hamster, whereas a decrease in isomyristic acid was o0served in the sphingomyelins. The most significant changes observed occurred in the fatty aldehyde composition of ethanolamine plasmalogen. A dramatic increase in oleyaldehyde was observed during hibernation. These changes in membrane-bound lipids may account for the cold-resistant properties of the brain during hibernation by retaining the fluid nature of the cell membrane.", "contents": "Cold resistance of the brain during hibernation. III. Evidence of a lipid adaptation. The composition of membrane-bound lipids of brain from both warm-adapted and hibernating hamsters were different in the complex lipid fraction as well as their fatty acyl chains. During hibernation the content of cholesterol was less, but there were greater amounts of both the phosphatidylcholines and phosphatidylethanolamines. There were small but significant increases in monounsaturated fatty acids as well as arachidonic acid in all the glycerophosphatides of the hibernating hamster, whereas a decrease in isomyristic acid was o0served in the sphingomyelins. The most significant changes observed occurred in the fatty aldehyde composition of ethanolamine plasmalogen. A dramatic increase in oleyaldehyde was observed during hibernation. These changes in membrane-bound lipids may account for the cold-resistant properties of the brain during hibernation by retaining the fluid nature of the cell membrane.", "PMID": 1115249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4501", "title": "Effects of unilateral sodium replacement on sugar transport across in vitro rabbit ileum.", "content": "The effects of unilateral sodium replacement with either choline or mannitol on passive and active 3-O-methyl-D-glucose (3-MG) absorption by in vitro rabbit ileum were examined. The results indicate that the predominant factor influencing 3-MG absorption is the presence of sodium in the mucosal bathing solution. Replacement of sodium in the mucosal solution alone markedly inhibits passive and essentially abolishes active 3-MG absorption regardless of the presence or absence of sodium in the serosal bathing solution. The presence or absence of sodium in the serosal solution does not affect transmural 3-MG transport regardless of the sodium concentration in the mucosal solution. Further, when sodium is replaced in the mucosal solution alone, the bidirectional transmural fluxes of 3-MG do not differ markedly from those of D-mannitol, a solute whose transport is probably attributable to simple diffusion. The present findings together with those of previous studies (15, 16) are consistent with the notion that replacement of sodium in the mucosal solution alone essentially abolishes transcellular 3-MG transport and that the remaining transepithelial fluxes are largely due to diffusion through the paracellular or shunt pathway. The relation of these findings to in vivo and in vitro studies in which perfusion of a segment of small intestine with a Na-free solution disclosed little or no inhibition of sugar absorption is discussed.", "contents": "Effects of unilateral sodium replacement on sugar transport across in vitro rabbit ileum. The effects of unilateral sodium replacement with either choline or mannitol on passive and active 3-O-methyl-D-glucose (3-MG) absorption by in vitro rabbit ileum were examined. The results indicate that the predominant factor influencing 3-MG absorption is the presence of sodium in the mucosal bathing solution. Replacement of sodium in the mucosal solution alone markedly inhibits passive and essentially abolishes active 3-MG absorption regardless of the presence or absence of sodium in the serosal bathing solution. The presence or absence of sodium in the serosal solution does not affect transmural 3-MG transport regardless of the sodium concentration in the mucosal solution. Further, when sodium is replaced in the mucosal solution alone, the bidirectional transmural fluxes of 3-MG do not differ markedly from those of D-mannitol, a solute whose transport is probably attributable to simple diffusion. The present findings together with those of previous studies (15, 16) are consistent with the notion that replacement of sodium in the mucosal solution alone essentially abolishes transcellular 3-MG transport and that the remaining transepithelial fluxes are largely due to diffusion through the paracellular or shunt pathway. The relation of these findings to in vivo and in vitro studies in which perfusion of a segment of small intestine with a Na-free solution disclosed little or no inhibition of sugar absorption is discussed.", "PMID": 1115250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4502", "title": "Operant conditioning of heart rate in curarized rats: hemodynamic changes.", "content": "Three groups of curarized rats were subjected to operant heart rate conditioning with use of a shock-avoidance procedure while cardiac output, mean arterial pressure, and total peripheral resistance were measured. Heart rate changes in the control group remained constant during the entire 90-min experimental period, while cardiac output decreased significantly. Those rats that were reinforced for increasing their heart rate had a small but statistically significant increase in heart rate, but cardiac output decreased to approximately the same extent as in the control group. The group reinforced for decreasing their heart rate demonstrated a large, significant decrease in heart rate and an even larger drop in cardiac output, which was significantly greater than that of either of the other two groups. Operant conditioning of a single facet of the cardiovascular system resulted in significantly larger changes in other cardiovascular parameters, which may have been partly masked by the physiological effects of d-tubocurarine. Therefore, only when these other measures of cardiovascular function are taken into consideration can interpretation of operant heart rate conditioning become meaningful.", "contents": "Operant conditioning of heart rate in curarized rats: hemodynamic changes. Three groups of curarized rats were subjected to operant heart rate conditioning with use of a shock-avoidance procedure while cardiac output, mean arterial pressure, and total peripheral resistance were measured. Heart rate changes in the control group remained constant during the entire 90-min experimental period, while cardiac output decreased significantly. Those rats that were reinforced for increasing their heart rate had a small but statistically significant increase in heart rate, but cardiac output decreased to approximately the same extent as in the control group. The group reinforced for decreasing their heart rate demonstrated a large, significant decrease in heart rate and an even larger drop in cardiac output, which was significantly greater than that of either of the other two groups. Operant conditioning of a single facet of the cardiovascular system resulted in significantly larger changes in other cardiovascular parameters, which may have been partly masked by the physiological effects of d-tubocurarine. Therefore, only when these other measures of cardiovascular function are taken into consideration can interpretation of operant heart rate conditioning become meaningful.", "PMID": 1115251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4503", "title": "Distal permeability to urate and effects of benzofuran derivatives in the rat kidney.", "content": "Effects of benziodarone and benzbromarone on renal tubular permeability to urate-14C were investigated in anesthetized rats by microinjection and clearance experiments. Urate-14C and inulin-3H were injected into proximal and distal convolutions and their recovery was measured in urine collected serially. In control rats, total and direct recoveries were significantly lower after early proximal (72 and 52%, respectively) than after late proximal injections (83 and 63%), whereas distal recoveries were higher (94 and 69%). Delayed excretion (ca. 25%) did not change with site of injection. Total distal recoveries were always less than 100% (P smaller than 0.001) but increased to 98% at high loads. After proximal injections in drug-pretreated rats, total and direct recoveries increased significantly (P smaller than 0.001). Recoveries after distal injections did not change in benzbromarone-treated rats, whereas direct and delayed excretion, respectively, increased (87%) and decreased (9%) significantly (P smaller than 0.001) following benziodarone infusion. These findings demonstrate inhibition of proximal urate reabsorption by benzofuran derivatives. The results also suggest distal reabsorption of urate, presumably along the collecting ducts.", "contents": "Distal permeability to urate and effects of benzofuran derivatives in the rat kidney. Effects of benziodarone and benzbromarone on renal tubular permeability to urate-14C were investigated in anesthetized rats by microinjection and clearance experiments. Urate-14C and inulin-3H were injected into proximal and distal convolutions and their recovery was measured in urine collected serially. In control rats, total and direct recoveries were significantly lower after early proximal (72 and 52%, respectively) than after late proximal injections (83 and 63%), whereas distal recoveries were higher (94 and 69%). Delayed excretion (ca. 25%) did not change with site of injection. Total distal recoveries were always less than 100% (P smaller than 0.001) but increased to 98% at high loads. After proximal injections in drug-pretreated rats, total and direct recoveries increased significantly (P smaller than 0.001). Recoveries after distal injections did not change in benzbromarone-treated rats, whereas direct and delayed excretion, respectively, increased (87%) and decreased (9%) significantly (P smaller than 0.001) following benziodarone infusion. These findings demonstrate inhibition of proximal urate reabsorption by benzofuran derivatives. The results also suggest distal reabsorption of urate, presumably along the collecting ducts.", "PMID": 1115252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4504", "title": "Thermoregulation of myocardial protein synthesis.", "content": "The effect of temperature on myocardial protein synthesis was evaluated using L-[14C]phenylalanine incorporation into total protein of isolated rabbit right ventricular papillary muscles. Muscles were incubated in oxygenated Krebs-Ringer buffer containing tracer amino acid at temperatures of 25-43 degrees C or incubated without tracer at varying temperatures up to 120 min and then incubated at 37 degrees C for an additional 2 h with the tracer present for the final hour of incubation. Higher as well as lower than physiological temperatures depressed tracer amino acid incorporation. Recovery of myocardial protein synthesis from thermal injury was incomplete when the experimental temperature deviated by 6 degrees C or more from the control and exposure exceeded 60 min. In addition, tracer amino acid incorporation on reoxygenation and return to 37 degrees C in muscles exposed to anoxia at 25 degrees C did not differ from that in muscles exposed to anoxia at 37 degrees C. Specific activity of the intracellular amino acid pool was directly measured in appropriate experiments and variation of this parameter could not account for the depressed tracer amino acid incorporation. Likewise methylprednisolone (10-5 M), chloroquine phosphate (10-5 M), and glucose (15 mM), if present during hyperthemia, did not ameliorate thermal damage. It is concluded that hyperthermia as well as hypothermia can cause irreversible alterations rather than reversible inhibition of myocardial protein synthesis.", "contents": "Thermoregulation of myocardial protein synthesis. The effect of temperature on myocardial protein synthesis was evaluated using L-[14C]phenylalanine incorporation into total protein of isolated rabbit right ventricular papillary muscles. Muscles were incubated in oxygenated Krebs-Ringer buffer containing tracer amino acid at temperatures of 25-43 degrees C or incubated without tracer at varying temperatures up to 120 min and then incubated at 37 degrees C for an additional 2 h with the tracer present for the final hour of incubation. Higher as well as lower than physiological temperatures depressed tracer amino acid incorporation. Recovery of myocardial protein synthesis from thermal injury was incomplete when the experimental temperature deviated by 6 degrees C or more from the control and exposure exceeded 60 min. In addition, tracer amino acid incorporation on reoxygenation and return to 37 degrees C in muscles exposed to anoxia at 25 degrees C did not differ from that in muscles exposed to anoxia at 37 degrees C. Specific activity of the intracellular amino acid pool was directly measured in appropriate experiments and variation of this parameter could not account for the depressed tracer amino acid incorporation. Likewise methylprednisolone (10-5 M), chloroquine phosphate (10-5 M), and glucose (15 mM), if present during hyperthemia, did not ameliorate thermal damage. It is concluded that hyperthermia as well as hypothermia can cause irreversible alterations rather than reversible inhibition of myocardial protein synthesis.", "PMID": 1115253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4505", "title": "Conduction in descending spinal pathways initiated by somatosympathetic reflexes.", "content": "In anesthetized, paralyzed cats, the effects of stimulation at the dorsolateral sulcus (DLS) of the spinal cord at the C8 segment were recorded from the T2 white ramus. Stimulation of the DLS at the C8 segment produced evoked responses which had average conduction latencies of 13.3, 25.8, and 43.4 ms and were designated as the early, intermediate, and late response, respectively. Intermediate and late evoked responses were also recorded when the contralateral funiculus, the third or late evoked response was abolished or greatly attenuated, but the intermediate response was still observed although it was diminished in amplitude. The early evoked response was usually observed with stimulation at the ipsilateral C8 segment following placement of the lesion. These data suggest that afferent impulses, which ascend to supraspinal segments of the central nervous system, are transmitted to preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system through descending pathways in the dorsolateral funiculus of the spinal cord. Stimulation of afferent fibers on the ipsilateral or contralateral side of the spinal cord produces volleys which ascend unilaterally and descend bilaterally to preganglionic neurons. The pathways producing the intermediate evoked response, which was still observed after an ipsilateral lesion was made in the spinal cord, may include both the ascending pathway and other connections with the preganglionic neurons.", "contents": "Conduction in descending spinal pathways initiated by somatosympathetic reflexes. In anesthetized, paralyzed cats, the effects of stimulation at the dorsolateral sulcus (DLS) of the spinal cord at the C8 segment were recorded from the T2 white ramus. Stimulation of the DLS at the C8 segment produced evoked responses which had average conduction latencies of 13.3, 25.8, and 43.4 ms and were designated as the early, intermediate, and late response, respectively. Intermediate and late evoked responses were also recorded when the contralateral funiculus, the third or late evoked response was abolished or greatly attenuated, but the intermediate response was still observed although it was diminished in amplitude. The early evoked response was usually observed with stimulation at the ipsilateral C8 segment following placement of the lesion. These data suggest that afferent impulses, which ascend to supraspinal segments of the central nervous system, are transmitted to preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system through descending pathways in the dorsolateral funiculus of the spinal cord. Stimulation of afferent fibers on the ipsilateral or contralateral side of the spinal cord produces volleys which ascend unilaterally and descend bilaterally to preganglionic neurons. The pathways producing the intermediate evoked response, which was still observed after an ipsilateral lesion was made in the spinal cord, may include both the ascending pathway and other connections with the preganglionic neurons.", "PMID": 1115254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4506", "title": "Acute effects of lithium on the renal concentrating mechanism in a primate.", "content": "Although chronic lithium therapy has been associated with a defect in the urinary concentrating mechanism, short-term renal effects of lithium have received little attention in the intact animal. Solute-free water reabsorption (T-cH2O) and free water clearance (CH2O) were measured in primates of the genus Galago under control conditions and while animals were receiving either 0.5 mmol/kg-h or 1.0 mmol/kg-h lithium chloride (135 mM) intravenously. CH2O was unchanged by lithium infusion (P greater than 0.10), whereas T-cH2O was significantly depressed at all levels of osmolal clearance (P smaller than 0.01). Spontaneous recovery of near-normal T-cH2O was documented in two animals within 1 wk following acute lithium infusion. In addition it was observed that lithium-induced depression of T-cH2O could be partially prevented by pretreatment with intravenous amiloride. These results suggest that alterations in the renal concentrating mechanism can occur rapidly following the onset of lithium administration. They also imply that impairment of the renal concentrating mechanism by lithium is due at least in part to antagonism of the action of vasopressin on the collecting duct.", "contents": "Acute effects of lithium on the renal concentrating mechanism in a primate. Although chronic lithium therapy has been associated with a defect in the urinary concentrating mechanism, short-term renal effects of lithium have received little attention in the intact animal. Solute-free water reabsorption (T-cH2O) and free water clearance (CH2O) were measured in primates of the genus Galago under control conditions and while animals were receiving either 0.5 mmol/kg-h or 1.0 mmol/kg-h lithium chloride (135 mM) intravenously. CH2O was unchanged by lithium infusion (P greater than 0.10), whereas T-cH2O was significantly depressed at all levels of osmolal clearance (P smaller than 0.01). Spontaneous recovery of near-normal T-cH2O was documented in two animals within 1 wk following acute lithium infusion. In addition it was observed that lithium-induced depression of T-cH2O could be partially prevented by pretreatment with intravenous amiloride. These results suggest that alterations in the renal concentrating mechanism can occur rapidly following the onset of lithium administration. They also imply that impairment of the renal concentrating mechanism by lithium is due at least in part to antagonism of the action of vasopressin on the collecting duct.", "PMID": 1115255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4507", "title": "Relation between length, isometric force, and O2 consumption rate in vascular smooth muscle.", "content": "The length-tension and length-oxygen consumption rate relationships were studied in bovine mesenteric vein at 37 degrees C. The absence of spontaneous mechanical activity permits straightforward interpretation in terms of active (smooth muscle) and passive components of the vein wall. Longitudinal loops, the predominant smooth muscle component being oriented in the longitudinal (axial) direction, were maximally stimulated using epinephrine (2-5 mug-ml-1). An optimum length for isometric tension development was exhibited at which the passive tension was 25% of the total tension. The population regression indicated that tension was developed at lengths which ranged from 0.33 to 1.41 times the length at which maximum tension was developed. Oxygen consumption was measured using a Clark-type polarographic electrode. Basal oxygen consumption was 0.432 plus or minus 0.014 (n equal to 121) mumol-min-1 (g dry wt)-1. The basal rate was found to be independent of the passive tension. Under conditions of maximal stimulation, the oxygen consumption rate at L-o, the resting length at which the tissue maintained 1 g-wt passive tension, was approximately twice the basal rate. The length dependence of the suprabasal oxygen consumption was parallel to that of the active isometric force. This parallel relation reflected a linear relation between active isometric force (deltaP-o) and suprabasal oxygen consumption rate (deltaJ-o2). The slope of the deltaJ-o2-deltaP-o linear regression was 0.142 plus or minus 0.013 nmol O2-MIN-1 (G-WT-CM)-1. DeltaJ-o2 at the minimum contracted length, at which no active force was developed, was 15-20% of the deltaJ-o2 measured when maximum isometric force was developed. This provides an upper bound to the rate of chemical energy utilization required for activation processes. The length dependence of active isometric force and chemical energy utilization is most simply interpreted in terms of a sliding-filament model.", "contents": "Relation between length, isometric force, and O2 consumption rate in vascular smooth muscle. The length-tension and length-oxygen consumption rate relationships were studied in bovine mesenteric vein at 37 degrees C. The absence of spontaneous mechanical activity permits straightforward interpretation in terms of active (smooth muscle) and passive components of the vein wall. Longitudinal loops, the predominant smooth muscle component being oriented in the longitudinal (axial) direction, were maximally stimulated using epinephrine (2-5 mug-ml-1). An optimum length for isometric tension development was exhibited at which the passive tension was 25% of the total tension. The population regression indicated that tension was developed at lengths which ranged from 0.33 to 1.41 times the length at which maximum tension was developed. Oxygen consumption was measured using a Clark-type polarographic electrode. Basal oxygen consumption was 0.432 plus or minus 0.014 (n equal to 121) mumol-min-1 (g dry wt)-1. The basal rate was found to be independent of the passive tension. Under conditions of maximal stimulation, the oxygen consumption rate at L-o, the resting length at which the tissue maintained 1 g-wt passive tension, was approximately twice the basal rate. The length dependence of the suprabasal oxygen consumption was parallel to that of the active isometric force. This parallel relation reflected a linear relation between active isometric force (deltaP-o) and suprabasal oxygen consumption rate (deltaJ-o2). The slope of the deltaJ-o2-deltaP-o linear regression was 0.142 plus or minus 0.013 nmol O2-MIN-1 (G-WT-CM)-1. DeltaJ-o2 at the minimum contracted length, at which no active force was developed, was 15-20% of the deltaJ-o2 measured when maximum isometric force was developed. This provides an upper bound to the rate of chemical energy utilization required for activation processes. The length dependence of active isometric force and chemical energy utilization is most simply interpreted in terms of a sliding-filament model.", "PMID": 1115256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4508", "title": "Effect of posterior hypothalamic stimulation on ventricular fibrillation threshold.", "content": "The effect of posterior hypothalamic stimulation on cardiac susceptibility to ventricular fibrillation (VF) was studied in 34 dogs. VF threshold was determined by inducing a sequence of early extrasystoles (R/T pulsing). Hypothalamic stimulation was associated with sinus tachycardia, systemic hypertension, and a 40% reduction in VF threshold. The effects of hypothalamic stimulation on the VF threshold persisted when heart rate acceleration and the pressor response were prevented. Cervical vagotomy and bilateral adrenalectomy were likewise without effect on fibrillation threshold changes. However, the decrease in threshold was abolished by beta-adrenergic blockade. It is concluded that the reduction in VF threshold associated with hypothalamic stimulation derives from the direct action of sympathetic nerves upon the myocardium, rather than from secondary hemodynamic effects.", "contents": "Effect of posterior hypothalamic stimulation on ventricular fibrillation threshold. The effect of posterior hypothalamic stimulation on cardiac susceptibility to ventricular fibrillation (VF) was studied in 34 dogs. VF threshold was determined by inducing a sequence of early extrasystoles (R/T pulsing). Hypothalamic stimulation was associated with sinus tachycardia, systemic hypertension, and a 40% reduction in VF threshold. The effects of hypothalamic stimulation on the VF threshold persisted when heart rate acceleration and the pressor response were prevented. Cervical vagotomy and bilateral adrenalectomy were likewise without effect on fibrillation threshold changes. However, the decrease in threshold was abolished by beta-adrenergic blockade. It is concluded that the reduction in VF threshold associated with hypothalamic stimulation derives from the direct action of sympathetic nerves upon the myocardium, rather than from secondary hemodynamic effects.", "PMID": 1115257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4509", "title": "Cardiovascular chemoreflexes from the perfused innervated ileum of the cat.", "content": "The vascular supply of innervated segments of ileum in urethan-anesthetized cats was perfused by an electrolyte-glucose solution, containing heparinized cat blood. Addition of acetylcholine or nicotine to the perfusion inflow was followed by increases of systemic arterial pressure. Calculated mean concentrations of 32 mug/ml acetylcholine or 35 mug/ml nicotine in the perfusion fluid induced mean pressor responses of 19 and 23 mmHg. These responses began within 2-6 s, reached a maximum within 20 s, were unaffected by vagotomy, and were frequently accompanied by cardiac acceleration and increase in rate and depth of respiration. Evans blue in the perfusion fluid did not enter the general circulation. Systemic responses were abolished or markedly decreased after perfusion of 40-180 mg procaine through the innervated gut segments or by cooling the nerve fibers between the perfused ileum and the body of the animal. In itself, procaine injected into the isolated circulation or nerve cooling commonly induced decreases of arterial pressure. The vascular isolation of the perfused segments and the dependence of the systemic responses on the nervous connections indicate that the effects were reflex.", "contents": "Cardiovascular chemoreflexes from the perfused innervated ileum of the cat. The vascular supply of innervated segments of ileum in urethan-anesthetized cats was perfused by an electrolyte-glucose solution, containing heparinized cat blood. Addition of acetylcholine or nicotine to the perfusion inflow was followed by increases of systemic arterial pressure. Calculated mean concentrations of 32 mug/ml acetylcholine or 35 mug/ml nicotine in the perfusion fluid induced mean pressor responses of 19 and 23 mmHg. These responses began within 2-6 s, reached a maximum within 20 s, were unaffected by vagotomy, and were frequently accompanied by cardiac acceleration and increase in rate and depth of respiration. Evans blue in the perfusion fluid did not enter the general circulation. Systemic responses were abolished or markedly decreased after perfusion of 40-180 mg procaine through the innervated gut segments or by cooling the nerve fibers between the perfused ileum and the body of the animal. In itself, procaine injected into the isolated circulation or nerve cooling commonly induced decreases of arterial pressure. The vascular isolation of the perfused segments and the dependence of the systemic responses on the nervous connections indicate that the effects were reflex.", "PMID": 1115258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4510", "title": "Synthesis of uric acid in isolated normothermic perfused mongrel and Dalmatian dog kidneys.", "content": "Renal synthesis of uric acid (urate) in the dog was demonstrated by use of two isolated kidney preparations during pulsatile perfusion at 37 degrees C with artificial perfusate or with a plasma fraction. During perfusion of mongrel and Dalmatian dog kidneys with 0.5 mg of [14C]xanthine per 100 ml, a mean of 24.3 and 25.4 mug of [14C]urate per minute, respectively, entered either urine or perfusate after its synthesis in the isolated kidney. Approximately 6.2% of the combined extracellular radiolabeled urate formed in the isolated mongrel kidney was excreted in the urine and 15.7% in the urine of isolated Dalmatian dog kidneys. Recirculating the perfusate without the kidney did not convert any radioactively labeled xanthine to urate and therefore the radioactively labeled urate appearing in the urine and recycled perfusate must have been formed in the renal parenchyma. Renal synthesis of urate was blocked by the xanthine oxidase inhibitor allopurinol. In the presence of allopurinol, [14C]xanthine was excreted unchanged into the urine.", "contents": "Synthesis of uric acid in isolated normothermic perfused mongrel and Dalmatian dog kidneys. Renal synthesis of uric acid (urate) in the dog was demonstrated by use of two isolated kidney preparations during pulsatile perfusion at 37 degrees C with artificial perfusate or with a plasma fraction. During perfusion of mongrel and Dalmatian dog kidneys with 0.5 mg of [14C]xanthine per 100 ml, a mean of 24.3 and 25.4 mug of [14C]urate per minute, respectively, entered either urine or perfusate after its synthesis in the isolated kidney. Approximately 6.2% of the combined extracellular radiolabeled urate formed in the isolated mongrel kidney was excreted in the urine and 15.7% in the urine of isolated Dalmatian dog kidneys. Recirculating the perfusate without the kidney did not convert any radioactively labeled xanthine to urate and therefore the radioactively labeled urate appearing in the urine and recycled perfusate must have been formed in the renal parenchyma. Renal synthesis of urate was blocked by the xanthine oxidase inhibitor allopurinol. In the presence of allopurinol, [14C]xanthine was excreted unchanged into the urine.", "PMID": 1115259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4511", "title": "The psychotherapist's search for self-renewal.", "content": "The role of psychotherapist carries with it special stresses to which many professionals react with depressive feelings, particularly in mid-life. Psychotherapists who participated in small group sessions at two annual institutes of the American Group Psychotherapy Association revealed their depressive feelings in a striking way. Some were able to relate these feelings to early family dynamics that motivated their choice of a caretaking career. The groups concluded that there is a continuing necessity for the caretaker to acknowledge and seek care for his emotional needs. Planners of continuing professional education for psychotherapists should make these needs a central concern.", "contents": "The psychotherapist's search for self-renewal. The role of psychotherapist carries with it special stresses to which many professionals react with depressive feelings, particularly in mid-life. Psychotherapists who participated in small group sessions at two annual institutes of the American Group Psychotherapy Association revealed their depressive feelings in a striking way. Some were able to relate these feelings to early family dynamics that motivated their choice of a caretaking career. The groups concluded that there is a continuing necessity for the caretaker to acknowledge and seek care for his emotional needs. Planners of continuing professional education for psychotherapists should make these needs a central concern.", "PMID": 1115260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4512", "title": "Cocaine psychoses: a continuum model.", "content": "The author describes an orderly progression of clinical syndromes (euphoria, dysphoria, paranoid psychosis) with cocaine use that is related to dosage, chronicity, and genetic and experiential predispositions. That affective alternations are caused by a drug which also produces a schizophreniform psychosis suggests a continuum with implications for understanding the endogenous psychoses. The author emphasizes that alternations in the same neurotransmitter substances may be involved in these multiple psychiatric syndromes, which contrasts with previous \"one illness, one transmitter\" models.", "contents": "Cocaine psychoses: a continuum model. The author describes an orderly progression of clinical syndromes (euphoria, dysphoria, paranoid psychosis) with cocaine use that is related to dosage, chronicity, and genetic and experiential predispositions. That affective alternations are caused by a drug which also produces a schizophreniform psychosis suggests a continuum with implications for understanding the endogenous psychoses. The author emphasizes that alternations in the same neurotransmitter substances may be involved in these multiple psychiatric syndromes, which contrasts with previous \"one illness, one transmitter\" models.", "PMID": 1115261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4513", "title": "A multidimensional problem-oriented review and evaluation system.", "content": "The need for evaluation of psychiatric services is becoming more and more apparent as third-party coverage becomes more available. A variety of expensive and complex data and computer systems have been developed. Small institutions and programs, however, cannot afford them. The system described in this report uses diagnosis and a standardized problem list in order to define the treatment outcome of a variety of therapies delivered in an interdisciplinary setting. The system, which has been developed and is operating at low cost, satisfies a variety of needs.", "contents": "A multidimensional problem-oriented review and evaluation system. The need for evaluation of psychiatric services is becoming more and more apparent as third-party coverage becomes more available. A variety of expensive and complex data and computer systems have been developed. Small institutions and programs, however, cannot afford them. The system described in this report uses diagnosis and a standardized problem list in order to define the treatment outcome of a variety of therapies delivered in an interdisciplinary setting. The system, which has been developed and is operating at low cost, satisfies a variety of needs.", "PMID": 1115262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4514", "title": "Ethical issues in family planning for hospitalized psychiatric patients.", "content": "The authors present guidelines based on their experience with a family planning program for patients in mental hospitals. They believe that informed consent for these patients should include an adequate knowledge base, the patients' competence to make decisions, and the absence of coercion. Among safeguards are the reversibility of contraceptive procedures, the separation of the family planning counselor from the treatment staff to avoid possible covert coercion, and careful choice of the stage of hospitalization at which counseling occurs. The authors examine the implications of a patient's refusal to use contraception, noting the impossibility of involuntary contraception and the ethical and legal problems regarding sterilization procedures.", "contents": "Ethical issues in family planning for hospitalized psychiatric patients. The authors present guidelines based on their experience with a family planning program for patients in mental hospitals. They believe that informed consent for these patients should include an adequate knowledge base, the patients' competence to make decisions, and the absence of coercion. Among safeguards are the reversibility of contraceptive procedures, the separation of the family planning counselor from the treatment staff to avoid possible covert coercion, and careful choice of the stage of hospitalization at which counseling occurs. The authors examine the implications of a patient's refusal to use contraception, noting the impossibility of involuntary contraception and the ethical and legal problems regarding sterilization procedures.", "PMID": 1115263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4515", "title": "Evaluation of a regional Indian alcohol program.", "content": "The authors analyzed follow-up data collected by an Indian counselor and a psychiatrist on 83 American Indian alcoholic men. Follow-up status was judged by an interdisciplinary panel according to a six-step rating scale. The 44 percent improvement rate compares favorably with other treatment programs, especially in view of the selection process, which favored difficult patients. The authors suggest that the interdisciplinary rating panel is an approach that can prevent erroneous judgments of the drinking status of American Indians.", "contents": "Evaluation of a regional Indian alcohol program. The authors analyzed follow-up data collected by an Indian counselor and a psychiatrist on 83 American Indian alcoholic men. Follow-up status was judged by an interdisciplinary panel according to a six-step rating scale. The 44 percent improvement rate compares favorably with other treatment programs, especially in view of the selection process, which favored difficult patients. The authors suggest that the interdisciplinary rating panel is an approach that can prevent erroneous judgments of the drinking status of American Indians.", "PMID": 1115264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4516", "title": "The future educational needs of psychiatrists.", "content": "The author states the psychiatry must work at defining its boundaries as a discipline before the question of how to educate future practitioners can be answered. The medical student is presented with a bewildering array of approaches to psychiatric treatment and is pressured to choose quickly. The author calls for collaboration among the various parts of psychiatry--social psychiatry, community psychiatry, research, biochemistry, etc.--with other university faculties such as the humanities and basic sciences. The goal of this collaboration would be to produce a mature professional capable of dealing with the whole person. He also calls for a greater emphasis on research to equip psychiatry with the necessary knowledge to establish its role in our ever-changing contemporary society.", "contents": "The future educational needs of psychiatrists. The author states the psychiatry must work at defining its boundaries as a discipline before the question of how to educate future practitioners can be answered. The medical student is presented with a bewildering array of approaches to psychiatric treatment and is pressured to choose quickly. The author calls for collaboration among the various parts of psychiatry--social psychiatry, community psychiatry, research, biochemistry, etc.--with other university faculties such as the humanities and basic sciences. The goal of this collaboration would be to produce a mature professional capable of dealing with the whole person. He also calls for a greater emphasis on research to equip psychiatry with the necessary knowledge to establish its role in our ever-changing contemporary society.", "PMID": 1115265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4517", "title": "Emotional problems of residents in psychiatry.", "content": "The authors used a questionnaire technique to determine the magnitude of the problem of emotional illness and poor performance during psychiatric residency, the procedures that are used to screen for or help disturbed residents, and characteristics that differentiate residents who are at risk. The data indicated that residents who have problems that lead to termination are rarely free of emotional disturbance. The general belief that women, foreign medical graduates, and minority group members are at higher risk for problems during residency was not supported; however, younger residents and transfers from other programs appeared to be at risk. A disturbing finding was the high rate of suicide reported. The authors stress the need for further work with the \"marginal\" resident and for research on screening and supportive procedures.", "contents": "Emotional problems of residents in psychiatry. The authors used a questionnaire technique to determine the magnitude of the problem of emotional illness and poor performance during psychiatric residency, the procedures that are used to screen for or help disturbed residents, and characteristics that differentiate residents who are at risk. The data indicated that residents who have problems that lead to termination are rarely free of emotional disturbance. The general belief that women, foreign medical graduates, and minority group members are at higher risk for problems during residency was not supported; however, younger residents and transfers from other programs appeared to be at risk. A disturbing finding was the high rate of suicide reported. The authors stress the need for further work with the \"marginal\" resident and for research on screening and supportive procedures.", "PMID": 1115266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4518", "title": "The affective experience of residency training in community psychiatry.", "content": "The community setting arouses disturbing feelings (of anxiety, loneliness, anger, and disappointment) within the resident in a manner that is both unique and potentially constructive for his development as a clinician. The examination of these feelings in the supervisory setting and through peer supervision is crucial to the success of the resident's work in the community.", "contents": "The affective experience of residency training in community psychiatry. The community setting arouses disturbing feelings (of anxiety, loneliness, anger, and disappointment) within the resident in a manner that is both unique and potentially constructive for his development as a clinician. The examination of these feelings in the supervisory setting and through peer supervision is crucial to the success of the resident's work in the community.", "PMID": 1115267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4519", "title": "Controversies in psychiatric education: a survey of residents' attitudes.", "content": "The authors administered a questionnaire including statements regarding controversies in psychiatric education to 86 residents in six programs in the Washington, D.C./Baltimore, Md., area. The residents were asked for their opinions on educational policies, ideological issues in psychiatry, their identification with traditional areas of medicine, and future regulatory practices for psychiatry. The data gathered show some shifts in attitudes among first-second-, and third-year residents. They also show a marked inclination toward dynamic-analytically oriented psychotherapy. The authors conclude that substantial changes will be required in the core curriculum of residency education if the prediction that tomorrow's psychiatrist will be a complete psychobiologist is to be fulfilled.", "contents": "Controversies in psychiatric education: a survey of residents' attitudes. The authors administered a questionnaire including statements regarding controversies in psychiatric education to 86 residents in six programs in the Washington, D.C./Baltimore, Md., area. The residents were asked for their opinions on educational policies, ideological issues in psychiatry, their identification with traditional areas of medicine, and future regulatory practices for psychiatry. The data gathered show some shifts in attitudes among first-second-, and third-year residents. They also show a marked inclination toward dynamic-analytically oriented psychotherapy. The authors conclude that substantial changes will be required in the core curriculum of residency education if the prediction that tomorrow's psychiatrist will be a complete psychobiologist is to be fulfilled.", "PMID": 1115268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4520", "title": "Attitudes of psychiatric residents toward the necessity of internship.", "content": "The authors note that the elimination of the internship requirement for board certification has engendered much discussion and has called attention to the need for further study of training in psychiatry. To help clarify the issue, they investigated demographic and career choice factors, individual internship decisions, and perceptions and feelings about these decisions in 57 psychiatric residents. The results indicate that the career plans of students have a strong influence on their training choices--those who are oriented toward inpatient psychiatry and psychosomatic medicine view the internship as more relevant than those who plan to concentrate in other areas. The authors suggest further research on the relation between career choice and training preferences.", "contents": "Attitudes of psychiatric residents toward the necessity of internship. The authors note that the elimination of the internship requirement for board certification has engendered much discussion and has called attention to the need for further study of training in psychiatry. To help clarify the issue, they investigated demographic and career choice factors, individual internship decisions, and perceptions and feelings about these decisions in 57 psychiatric residents. The results indicate that the career plans of students have a strong influence on their training choices--those who are oriented toward inpatient psychiatry and psychosomatic medicine view the internship as more relevant than those who plan to concentrate in other areas. The authors suggest further research on the relation between career choice and training preferences.", "PMID": 1115269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4521", "title": "Career decisions in the early postresidency years.", "content": "The author notes that the end of the postresidency military obligation necessitates earlier career decision making for the senior psychiatric resident. This problem is seen to be exacerbated by the eclectic nature of most psychiatric training. Issues for residents include the problem of role models and the \"senior resident syndrome,\" the decision of whether to maintain their university affiliation, the role of private practice, questions of clinical maturity, etc. The author believes that programs must be developed to systematically and objectively present to residents the data that now exist regarding multiple career options.", "contents": "Career decisions in the early postresidency years. The author notes that the end of the postresidency military obligation necessitates earlier career decision making for the senior psychiatric resident. This problem is seen to be exacerbated by the eclectic nature of most psychiatric training. Issues for residents include the problem of role models and the \"senior resident syndrome,\" the decision of whether to maintain their university affiliation, the role of private practice, questions of clinical maturity, etc. The author believes that programs must be developed to systematically and objectively present to residents the data that now exist regarding multiple career options.", "PMID": 1115270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4522", "title": "Improvement of Parkinsonism in depressed patients treated with ECT.", "content": "Two patients with severe Parkinson's disease were treated with electroconvulsive therapy for a supervening depression. Not only did the symptoms of depression clear up after only four treatments, but the parkinsonian signs also showed striking and sustained improvement. This may be related to ECT-induced changes in dopamine and norepinephrine metabolism. Parkinsonism does not appear to be a contraindication to ECT. On the contrary, ECT may be the treatment of choice for certain patients with Parkinson's disease, whether nor not it is complicated by intractable depression.", "contents": "Improvement of Parkinsonism in depressed patients treated with ECT. Two patients with severe Parkinson's disease were treated with electroconvulsive therapy for a supervening depression. Not only did the symptoms of depression clear up after only four treatments, but the parkinsonian signs also showed striking and sustained improvement. This may be related to ECT-induced changes in dopamine and norepinephrine metabolism. Parkinsonism does not appear to be a contraindication to ECT. On the contrary, ECT may be the treatment of choice for certain patients with Parkinson's disease, whether nor not it is complicated by intractable depression.", "PMID": 1115272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4523", "title": "Classification of suicidal behaviors: I. Quantifying intent and medical lethality.", "content": "Previous studies of attempted suicide have cast doubt on the value of assessing psychological intent. By identifying a moderating variable, namely, the attempter's preconceptions about the lethality of his act, the authors were able to solve the puzzle of the low correlations between intent and lethality. Suicidal intent correlates highly with medical lethality when the attempter has sufficient knowledge to assess properly the probable outcome of his attempt. The authors conclude that suicidal intent and medical lethality are useful dimensions in classifying suicidal behavior.", "contents": "Classification of suicidal behaviors: I. Quantifying intent and medical lethality. Previous studies of attempted suicide have cast doubt on the value of assessing psychological intent. By identifying a moderating variable, namely, the attempter's preconceptions about the lethality of his act, the authors were able to solve the puzzle of the low correlations between intent and lethality. Suicidal intent correlates highly with medical lethality when the attempter has sufficient knowledge to assess properly the probable outcome of his attempt. The authors conclude that suicidal intent and medical lethality are useful dimensions in classifying suicidal behavior.", "PMID": 1115273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4524", "title": "Hormonal relationships in homosexual men.", "content": "The authors note that previous data on the role of biological factors in homosexuality have been suggestive rather than definitive. They investigated hormonal metabolism in heterosexual and homosexual men and found no indication of disturbed functioning in the homosexual subjects. The authors discuss problems with research in this area, suggesting the need for larger samples, attention to the factor of diurnal variations in hormonal secretion, and methodological refinements.", "contents": "Hormonal relationships in homosexual men. The authors note that previous data on the role of biological factors in homosexuality have been suggestive rather than definitive. They investigated hormonal metabolism in heterosexual and homosexual men and found no indication of disturbed functioning in the homosexual subjects. The authors discuss problems with research in this area, suggesting the need for larger samples, attention to the factor of diurnal variations in hormonal secretion, and methodological refinements.", "PMID": 1115274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4525", "title": "Recertification of psychiatrists: the time to act is now.", "content": "Because of the predictions of partial obsolescence for psychiatry as a profession and because of the increasing pressures of government, third-party payers, and a patient population that will no longer blindly follow physicians, psychiatrists must face the demands for professional accountability. The author suggests that to maintain high-quality care and continuing self-governance, psychiatrists must participate actively in self-assessment and continuing education programs.", "contents": "Recertification of psychiatrists: the time to act is now. Because of the predictions of partial obsolescence for psychiatry as a profession and because of the increasing pressures of government, third-party payers, and a patient population that will no longer blindly follow physicians, psychiatrists must face the demands for professional accountability. The author suggests that to maintain high-quality care and continuing self-governance, psychiatrists must participate actively in self-assessment and continuing education programs.", "PMID": 1115275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4526", "title": "The treatment of night terrors associated with The posttraumatic syndrome.", "content": "The author describes three cases in which the frequency and intensity of night terrors associated with the posttraumatic syndrome were greatly lessened by administration of imipramine; in one case, the night terrors disappeared completely. Possible explanationss for this effect of imipramine are discussed, including the drug's arousal-preventing action. The author believes that the study of sleep EEGs of patients suffering posttraumatic syndrome will prove fruitful.", "contents": "The treatment of night terrors associated with The posttraumatic syndrome. The author describes three cases in which the frequency and intensity of night terrors associated with the posttraumatic syndrome were greatly lessened by administration of imipramine; in one case, the night terrors disappeared completely. Possible explanationss for this effect of imipramine are discussed, including the drug's arousal-preventing action. The author believes that the study of sleep EEGs of patients suffering posttraumatic syndrome will prove fruitful.", "PMID": 1115276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4527", "title": "Rural medical care: an experimental delivery system.", "content": "The experimental medical care delivery system has been operational since February, 1969. An average of over 200 patient visits per month were managed at the clinic during the past year. The average visit cost is $23.00, which is competitive with cost rates at neighborhood health centers. The average time per patient visit has been approximately 1 hr and 20 min. Of persons using the clinic, the largest number are women of childbearing age. Elderly patients have visited the clinic most frequently. Illness problems have accounted for the majority of patient visits. The program represents a cooperative effort between a rural community and a university to solve a problem of national interest. The implementation of this program has provided the opportunity to operationalize the family nurse practitioner concept in a system of medical care delivery. The feasibility of providing high quality medical care in a rural community by extending medical resources concentrated in an urban area has been demonstrated. This type of delivery system does provide a viable alternative for extending medical care to rural communities. A clinic manned by paramedical personnel offers the urban medical center along with concerned physicians the opportunity to extend their resources to rural areas which have been unable to attract and retain physicians.", "contents": "Rural medical care: an experimental delivery system. The experimental medical care delivery system has been operational since February, 1969. An average of over 200 patient visits per month were managed at the clinic during the past year. The average visit cost is $23.00, which is competitive with cost rates at neighborhood health centers. The average time per patient visit has been approximately 1 hr and 20 min. Of persons using the clinic, the largest number are women of childbearing age. Elderly patients have visited the clinic most frequently. Illness problems have accounted for the majority of patient visits. The program represents a cooperative effort between a rural community and a university to solve a problem of national interest. The implementation of this program has provided the opportunity to operationalize the family nurse practitioner concept in a system of medical care delivery. The feasibility of providing high quality medical care in a rural community by extending medical resources concentrated in an urban area has been demonstrated. This type of delivery system does provide a viable alternative for extending medical care to rural communities. A clinic manned by paramedical personnel offers the urban medical center along with concerned physicians the opportunity to extend their resources to rural areas which have been unable to attract and retain physicians.", "PMID": 1115291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4528", "title": "Planning health care delivery systems.", "content": "The increasing concern and interest in the health delivery system in the United States has placed the health system planners in a difficult position. They are inadequately prepared, in many cases, to deal with the management techniques that have been designed for use with system problems. This situation has been compounded by the failure, until recently, of educational programs to train new health professionals in these techniques. Computer simulation is a technique that allows the planners dynamic feedback on his proposed plans. This same technique provides the planning student with a better understanding of the systems planning process.", "contents": "Planning health care delivery systems. The increasing concern and interest in the health delivery system in the United States has placed the health system planners in a difficult position. They are inadequately prepared, in many cases, to deal with the management techniques that have been designed for use with system problems. This situation has been compounded by the failure, until recently, of educational programs to train new health professionals in these techniques. Computer simulation is a technique that allows the planners dynamic feedback on his proposed plans. This same technique provides the planning student with a better understanding of the systems planning process.", "PMID": 1115292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4529", "title": "A new development in the provision of comprehensive medical care in Australia. A description of the Southern Memorial Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria.", "content": "An example is presented of a government-sponsored hospital in Australia working in cooperation with private general practitioners to provide them access to the total hospital facilities and to develop a health center that provides paramedical services not previously available in the community.", "contents": "A new development in the provision of comprehensive medical care in Australia. A description of the Southern Memorial Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria. An example is presented of a government-sponsored hospital in Australia working in cooperation with private general practitioners to provide them access to the total hospital facilities and to develop a health center that provides paramedical services not previously available in the community.", "PMID": 1115293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4530", "title": "Some trends in schools of public health.", "content": "Some of the recent changes in the schools of public health include: an increasing number of schools and of graduates; a decrease in both the awarding of the MPH degree as compared with other masters degrees, and the DrPH degree as compared with the PhD; a trend toward lengthening the time for achieving the MPH degree; an increase in part-time study for graduate degrees; institution of undergraduate programs and external masters degree programs; a thrust toward greater continuing education activities; and a broadened base for the student population in terms of the heterogeneity of professional backgrounds and prior experience, a wider age range with more younger students, more women students, fewer foreign students, and an increase in minority representation.", "contents": "Some trends in schools of public health. Some of the recent changes in the schools of public health include: an increasing number of schools and of graduates; a decrease in both the awarding of the MPH degree as compared with other masters degrees, and the DrPH degree as compared with the PhD; a trend toward lengthening the time for achieving the MPH degree; an increase in part-time study for graduate degrees; institution of undergraduate programs and external masters degree programs; a thrust toward greater continuing education activities; and a broadened base for the student population in terms of the heterogeneity of professional backgrounds and prior experience, a wider age range with more younger students, more women students, fewer foreign students, and an increase in minority representation.", "PMID": 1115295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4531", "title": "A radiologic study of tuberculosis of the abdomen (gastrointestinal tract).", "content": "The roentgenologic features of 160 cases of tuberculosis of the abdomen are reviewed. The 3 standard examinations of the gastrointestinal tract (plain film abdominal roentgenography, barium meal and follow-through studies, and barium enema examinations) are required to provide useful pointers towards the diagnosis. In plain film roentgenography of the abdomen, the triad of ascites, absence of gas shadows in the right iliac fossa, and segmental dilatation of the terminal ileum demonstrates features which are very suspicious of intestinal tuberculosis. In the barium meal studies showing disordered small bowel patterns, tuberculosis of the abdomen should be considered when this pattern is associated with fixation of bowel loops on supine and erect roentgenograms, spiculation and the presence of multiple strictures in the small bowel. Although the duodenojejunal and ileocecal regions are the commonest sites involved, lesions are not confined to these sites alone, but may also involve any part of the alimentary canal such as the esophagus and the small and large bowel. However, no anorectal lesions were encountered in this study.", "contents": "A radiologic study of tuberculosis of the abdomen (gastrointestinal tract). The roentgenologic features of 160 cases of tuberculosis of the abdomen are reviewed. The 3 standard examinations of the gastrointestinal tract (plain film abdominal roentgenography, barium meal and follow-through studies, and barium enema examinations) are required to provide useful pointers towards the diagnosis. In plain film roentgenography of the abdomen, the triad of ascites, absence of gas shadows in the right iliac fossa, and segmental dilatation of the terminal ileum demonstrates features which are very suspicious of intestinal tuberculosis. In the barium meal studies showing disordered small bowel patterns, tuberculosis of the abdomen should be considered when this pattern is associated with fixation of bowel loops on supine and erect roentgenograms, spiculation and the presence of multiple strictures in the small bowel. Although the duodenojejunal and ileocecal regions are the commonest sites involved, lesions are not confined to these sites alone, but may also involve any part of the alimentary canal such as the esophagus and the small and large bowel. However, no anorectal lesions were encountered in this study.", "PMID": 1115311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4532", "title": "Retrograde pancreatography in autopsy specimens.", "content": "Sixty-two pancreases were dissected at autopsy. In 55 of them, the pancreatic ducts were filled with 50 per cent Hypaqje and roentgenograms were made prior to dissection. Clinical information (available in every case) was correlated with the gross and microscopic findings and findings on the pancreatograms. The anatomically and functionally predominant duct was considered the \"main pancreatic duct\" regardless of its embryologic development. The common bile and main pancreatic duct opened independently into the duodenum in 8 of the 62 cases (13 per cent). The accessory pancreatic duct had a patent orifice into the duodenum in 12 of 57 cases (21 per cent). The ampulla of Vater was well developed in only 4 of the 62 cases (6 per cent), but an ampullary dilatation was present twice as often at the end of the acessory pancreatic duct, in both those that ended blindly and those that opened into the duodenum. The orifices for the accessory duct were often tiny pinhole openings. There were 2 primary carcinomas of the pancreas, one in the head and one in the tail. The pancreatic duct was almost completely obstructed in each case. Both tumors were undifferentiated adenocarcinomas, and extravasation occurred into each one of them. Extravasation also occurred into a necrotic lymphoma involving the tail of the pancreas, and into two areas of abscess formation in another case. Diffuse, dense, fluffy opacification of pancreatic parenchyma, due to alteration in cell membrane permeability, was demonstrated in acute pancreatitis, infarction, autolysis, and overfilling of the ducts by vigorous injection. Three pancreases showed microscopic changes of chronic pancreatitis. The pancreatogram on one was normal, but the microscopic changes were minimal, and pancreatitis was not suspected clinically. The other 2 cases were symptomatic, and their pancreatograms showed strictures and irregularities of the main pancreatic duct as well as saccular ectasia was present in three additional pancreases, two of which showed squamous metaplasia of ductal epithelium without other microscopic stigmata of chronic pancreatitis and no clinical features to suggest pancreatitis. The possibilities exist that ectasia of secondary ducts and squamous metaplasia of ductal epithelium are manifestations of low-grade injury and that \"subclinical pancreatitis\" may be common in the general population.", "contents": "Retrograde pancreatography in autopsy specimens. Sixty-two pancreases were dissected at autopsy. In 55 of them, the pancreatic ducts were filled with 50 per cent Hypaqje and roentgenograms were made prior to dissection. Clinical information (available in every case) was correlated with the gross and microscopic findings and findings on the pancreatograms. The anatomically and functionally predominant duct was considered the \"main pancreatic duct\" regardless of its embryologic development. The common bile and main pancreatic duct opened independently into the duodenum in 8 of the 62 cases (13 per cent). The accessory pancreatic duct had a patent orifice into the duodenum in 12 of 57 cases (21 per cent). The ampulla of Vater was well developed in only 4 of the 62 cases (6 per cent), but an ampullary dilatation was present twice as often at the end of the acessory pancreatic duct, in both those that ended blindly and those that opened into the duodenum. The orifices for the accessory duct were often tiny pinhole openings. There were 2 primary carcinomas of the pancreas, one in the head and one in the tail. The pancreatic duct was almost completely obstructed in each case. Both tumors were undifferentiated adenocarcinomas, and extravasation occurred into each one of them. Extravasation also occurred into a necrotic lymphoma involving the tail of the pancreas, and into two areas of abscess formation in another case. Diffuse, dense, fluffy opacification of pancreatic parenchyma, due to alteration in cell membrane permeability, was demonstrated in acute pancreatitis, infarction, autolysis, and overfilling of the ducts by vigorous injection. Three pancreases showed microscopic changes of chronic pancreatitis. The pancreatogram on one was normal, but the microscopic changes were minimal, and pancreatitis was not suspected clinically. The other 2 cases were symptomatic, and their pancreatograms showed strictures and irregularities of the main pancreatic duct as well as saccular ectasia was present in three additional pancreases, two of which showed squamous metaplasia of ductal epithelium without other microscopic stigmata of chronic pancreatitis and no clinical features to suggest pancreatitis. The possibilities exist that ectasia of secondary ducts and squamous metaplasia of ductal epithelium are manifestations of low-grade injury and that \"subclinical pancreatitis\" may be common in the general population.", "PMID": 1115312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4533", "title": "The spheroid sign: a new sign for accurate differentiation of intramural from extramural masses.", "content": "Barium-column defects with estimated centers lying within or outside the projected luminal contour of the bowel are likely to be intramural or extramural masses, respectively.  Those with centers lying along the luminal contour are likely to be intramural.  Wehn a mass is viewed partially face-on, 2 defects in the barium column appear.  If either of these has an estimated center lying outside the luminal contour of the bowel, the origin of the mass is extramural.  If both estimated centers lie within the projected luminal contour, the mass arises intramurally.  This \"spheroid\" sign was tested in a blind study and found to be highly reliable.", "contents": "The spheroid sign: a new sign for accurate differentiation of intramural from extramural masses. Barium-column defects with estimated centers lying within or outside the projected luminal contour of the bowel are likely to be intramural or extramural masses, respectively.  Those with centers lying along the luminal contour are likely to be intramural.  Wehn a mass is viewed partially face-on, 2 defects in the barium column appear.  If either of these has an estimated center lying outside the luminal contour of the bowel, the origin of the mass is extramural.  If both estimated centers lie within the projected luminal contour, the mass arises intramurally.  This \"spheroid\" sign was tested in a blind study and found to be highly reliable.", "PMID": 1115318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4534", "title": "Atmospheric pollution with halothane in operating theatres. A clinical study using activated charcoal.", "content": "Considerable reductions of halothane pollution in the operating theatre environment can be achieved with canisters containing activated charcoal attached to the expiratory limb of the anaesthetic circuit. This study indicates that the efficiency is greatest with cases requiring endotracheal intubation. If the facemask is employed, it is essential to achieve a tight seal with the contours of the face to eliminate unnecessary pollution.", "contents": "Atmospheric pollution with halothane in operating theatres. A clinical study using activated charcoal. Considerable reductions of halothane pollution in the operating theatre environment can be achieved with canisters containing activated charcoal attached to the expiratory limb of the anaesthetic circuit. This study indicates that the efficiency is greatest with cases requiring endotracheal intubation. If the facemask is employed, it is essential to achieve a tight seal with the contours of the face to eliminate unnecessary pollution.", "PMID": 1115332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4535", "title": "Pregnancy and anaethetic practice in India.", "content": "A survey was conducted among married anaesthetists with regard to the incidence of spontaneous abortion, Caesarean section and the birth and growth of their children, taking other physicians as controls. Female anaesthetists were found to have a higher incidence of abortion than female physicians. The incidence of Caesarean section was also significantly higher in anaesthetists. The non medical wives of male anaesthetists had a greater number of female babies; the male:female ratio was 0.9:1.", "contents": "Pregnancy and anaethetic practice in India. A survey was conducted among married anaesthetists with regard to the incidence of spontaneous abortion, Caesarean section and the birth and growth of their children, taking other physicians as controls. Female anaesthetists were found to have a higher incidence of abortion than female physicians. The incidence of Caesarean section was also significantly higher in anaesthetists. The non medical wives of male anaesthetists had a greater number of female babies; the male:female ratio was 0.9:1.", "PMID": 1115337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4536", "title": "Human placental transfer of AH8165.", "content": "The human placental transfer of AH8165 (0times50times9 mg/kg) was studied in ten patients undergoing elective Caesarean section. There was no adverse effect on foetal movement attributable to placental transfer of the neuromuscular blocking drug. Bioassay of umbilical vein blood indicated that little AH8165 crossed the placenta. Studies using 3HAH8165 in two patients undergoing termination hysterectomy demonstrated transfer of only minute amounts of radioactivity to the foetus.", "contents": "Human placental transfer of AH8165. The human placental transfer of AH8165 (0times50times9 mg/kg) was studied in ten patients undergoing elective Caesarean section. There was no adverse effect on foetal movement attributable to placental transfer of the neuromuscular blocking drug. Bioassay of umbilical vein blood indicated that little AH8165 crossed the placenta. Studies using 3HAH8165 in two patients undergoing termination hysterectomy demonstrated transfer of only minute amounts of radioactivity to the foetus.", "PMID": 1115338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4537", "title": "Intubating conditions with AH 8165 and suxamethoniun.", "content": "Intubating conditions after AH 8165, 1times25 mg/kg, have been compared with those after suxamethonium 1 mg/kg in 240 patients. Patients were matched for physical fitness and intubating conditions were studied in different groups at 30, 45, 60 and 75 seconds after the relaxant. At all times suxamethonium produced a higher incidence of good relaxation of the vocal cords and the incidence of excellent overall intubating conditions was significantly higher with suxamethonium. It proved impossible to intubate eleven patients with AH 8165 at the chosen time but all patients receiving suxamethonium could be intubated.", "contents": "Intubating conditions with AH 8165 and suxamethoniun. Intubating conditions after AH 8165, 1times25 mg/kg, have been compared with those after suxamethonium 1 mg/kg in 240 patients. Patients were matched for physical fitness and intubating conditions were studied in different groups at 30, 45, 60 and 75 seconds after the relaxant. At all times suxamethonium produced a higher incidence of good relaxation of the vocal cords and the incidence of excellent overall intubating conditions was significantly higher with suxamethonium. It proved impossible to intubate eleven patients with AH 8165 at the chosen time but all patients receiving suxamethonium could be intubated.", "PMID": 1115339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4538", "title": "Anaesthesia and the epileptic pateint. A review.", "content": "A review is presented of some of the problems that may arise in association with anaesthesia for epileptic patients. There is the possibility of precipitating anticonvulsant drug toxicity. Numerous drug interactions are possible with some anticonvulsant agents, such as phenobarbitone and phenytoin, which affect hepatic microsomal enzyme systems. There is the risk of convulsions occurring in susceptible patients following the use of the new anaesthetic agents which are capable of inducing CNS excitability.", "contents": "Anaesthesia and the epileptic pateint. A review. A review is presented of some of the problems that may arise in association with anaesthesia for epileptic patients. There is the possibility of precipitating anticonvulsant drug toxicity. Numerous drug interactions are possible with some anticonvulsant agents, such as phenobarbitone and phenytoin, which affect hepatic microsomal enzyme systems. There is the risk of convulsions occurring in susceptible patients following the use of the new anaesthetic agents which are capable of inducing CNS excitability.", "PMID": 1115340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4539", "title": "Tracheal cuffs. A review and dynamic pressure study.", "content": "The sequelae following prolonged tracheal intubation are reviewed. The virtues of large volume low pressure cuffs are confirmed, and the dynamic variations of pressure both within the airway and within the cuff of standard and floppy cuffed tubes have been re-appraised.", "contents": "Tracheal cuffs. A review and dynamic pressure study. The sequelae following prolonged tracheal intubation are reviewed. The virtues of large volume low pressure cuffs are confirmed, and the dynamic variations of pressure both within the airway and within the cuff of standard and floppy cuffed tubes have been re-appraised.", "PMID": 1115341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4540", "title": "Convulsions immediately following althesin.", "content": "A case is reported in which a major generalised convulsive seizure followed the administration of Althesin. The patient had no clinically demonstrable predisposition to epilepsy. The fits were rapidly controlled by the intravenous injection of thiopentone.", "contents": "Convulsions immediately following althesin. A case is reported in which a major generalised convulsive seizure followed the administration of Althesin. The patient had no clinically demonstrable predisposition to epilepsy. The fits were rapidly controlled by the intravenous injection of thiopentone.", "PMID": 1115342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4541", "title": "Assessment of the Von Recklinghausen oscillotonometer.", "content": "The Von Recklinghausen Scala Alternans Altera oscillotonometer was assessed in order to establish whether any of the disputed points over its use made a significant difference to the readings obtained. Inversion of a new cuff gave significantly higher systolic readings, but a worn cuff gave consistent results whatever its position. Measurements of systolic and diastolic pressures were not significantly affected by the use of the sustained leak lever provided the leak was small. Maintenance and cleaning of the instrument are essential for its proper working.", "contents": "Assessment of the Von Recklinghausen oscillotonometer. The Von Recklinghausen Scala Alternans Altera oscillotonometer was assessed in order to establish whether any of the disputed points over its use made a significant difference to the readings obtained. Inversion of a new cuff gave significantly higher systolic readings, but a worn cuff gave consistent results whatever its position. Measurements of systolic and diastolic pressures were not significantly affected by the use of the sustained leak lever provided the leak was small. Maintenance and cleaning of the instrument are essential for its proper working.", "PMID": 1115343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4542", "title": "Priorities in the immediate care of roadside and other traumatic casualties.", "content": "Consideration is given to the immediate treatment of traumatic cases at the accident site. The special role which anaesthetists can play in improving immediate treatment for casualties is discussed.", "contents": "Priorities in the immediate care of roadside and other traumatic casualties. Consideration is given to the immediate treatment of traumatic cases at the accident site. The special role which anaesthetists can play in improving immediate treatment for casualties is discussed.", "PMID": 1115344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4543", "title": "Limitations of electrocardioscopy-failure of the electrocardiograph to warn of low cardiac output.", "content": "The effects on the electrocardiogram of a period of hypotension in a series of cardiac patients are described. A brief discussion of the limitations of the electrocardiograph as an indicator of myocardial activity is presented.", "contents": "Limitations of electrocardioscopy-failure of the electrocardiograph to warn of low cardiac output. The effects on the electrocardiogram of a period of hypotension in a series of cardiac patients are described. A brief discussion of the limitations of the electrocardiograph as an indicator of myocardial activity is presented.", "PMID": 1115345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4544", "title": "Reciprocal synapses between cholinergic axons and small granule-containing cells in the rat cardiac ganglion.", "content": "Electron microscopy of the rat cardiac ganglion shows occurrence of small granule-containing cells that form reciprocal synaptic junctions with cholinergic terminals. At the synaptic junctions which are from axon to granule-containing cell, the intraaxonal vesicles are clustered against the junctional axolemma, but dense-cored vesicles in the postsynaptic cell do not cluster towards the membrane densities in these synapses. By contrast, the synaptic zone polarized in the opposite direction shows an absence of axonal vesicles in close proximity to the postsynaptic axolemma, but there is a marked aggregation of dense-cored vesicles towards the presynaptic specializations of granule-containing cells. The synaptic zones are multifocal rather than bifocal, and the minimal distance separating each synaptic zone is about 0.3 mu. These findings may indicate that cholinergic excitation of some or all granule-containing cells causes a reciprocal inhibition of one or more cholinergic terminals.", "contents": "Reciprocal synapses between cholinergic axons and small granule-containing cells in the rat cardiac ganglion. Electron microscopy of the rat cardiac ganglion shows occurrence of small granule-containing cells that form reciprocal synaptic junctions with cholinergic terminals. At the synaptic junctions which are from axon to granule-containing cell, the intraaxonal vesicles are clustered against the junctional axolemma, but dense-cored vesicles in the postsynaptic cell do not cluster towards the membrane densities in these synapses. By contrast, the synaptic zone polarized in the opposite direction shows an absence of axonal vesicles in close proximity to the postsynaptic axolemma, but there is a marked aggregation of dense-cored vesicles towards the presynaptic specializations of granule-containing cells. The synaptic zones are multifocal rather than bifocal, and the minimal distance separating each synaptic zone is about 0.3 mu. These findings may indicate that cholinergic excitation of some or all granule-containing cells causes a reciprocal inhibition of one or more cholinergic terminals.", "PMID": 1115353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4545", "title": "Ultrastructure of the cilia of thymic cysts in \"nude\" mice.", "content": "The ciliary ultrastructure is studied in the ciliated cells of the thymic cysts of the \"nude\" mouse. The cilium is made up of two segments: the intracellular basal body and the extracellular cilium shaft. The basal body extends in a rootlet and demonstrates three annexes: basal foot, anchoring system and tonofibrillar web. The rootlet, composed of one central and nine peripheral chambers, is closely and constantly associated with smooth endoplasmic reticulum. The classical periodicity of the basal foot can be explained by its internal structure. The anchoring system binds the upper part of the basal body to the cell membrane. The cilium shaft is divided into four segments: implantation base, proximal segment, intermediate segment and tip. The details of particular structures in the implantation base and in the proximal segment are given on transverse and longitudinal sections. In the intermediate part, a peculiar desmosome-like structure, binds some doublets with the ciliary membrane. At the tip level, A tubules end up in an opaque plate and membranes are covered with several intracated cristae.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the cilia of thymic cysts in \"nude\" mice. The ciliary ultrastructure is studied in the ciliated cells of the thymic cysts of the \"nude\" mouse. The cilium is made up of two segments: the intracellular basal body and the extracellular cilium shaft. The basal body extends in a rootlet and demonstrates three annexes: basal foot, anchoring system and tonofibrillar web. The rootlet, composed of one central and nine peripheral chambers, is closely and constantly associated with smooth endoplasmic reticulum. The classical periodicity of the basal foot can be explained by its internal structure. The anchoring system binds the upper part of the basal body to the cell membrane. The cilium shaft is divided into four segments: implantation base, proximal segment, intermediate segment and tip. The details of particular structures in the implantation base and in the proximal segment are given on transverse and longitudinal sections. In the intermediate part, a peculiar desmosome-like structure, binds some doublets with the ciliary membrane. At the tip level, A tubules end up in an opaque plate and membranes are covered with several intracated cristae.", "PMID": 1115354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4546", "title": "Intestinal mucosa of the platypus, Ornithorhynchus anatinus.", "content": "The intestinal mucosa of the platypus takes the form of numerous transverse surface folds. These folds are made up of a lamina propria covered by pseudostratified epithelium which lies on a thick modified basement membrane. The cells of the intestinal epithelium consist of columnar cells which generally resemble typical intestinal epithelium and cuboidal cells, which are undifferentiated in appearance, show few organelles and possess an electron lucent cytoplasm. Numerous desmosomes are found between the adjacent cell membranes of both cell types. Villi are absent and appear to be represented by the large surface folds. Intestinal glands are composed of columnar epithelium similar to that found in the intestinal glands of other mammalian species. Groups of these glands drain into common tubular ducts which follow a tortuous course and empty into the intestinal lumen between the surface folds. The peculiar morphological features of the platypus intestinal mucosa raise questions concerning traditional concepts of intestinal gland formation as well as the origin and migration of intestinal epithelium with regard to this particular species.", "contents": "Intestinal mucosa of the platypus, Ornithorhynchus anatinus. The intestinal mucosa of the platypus takes the form of numerous transverse surface folds. These folds are made up of a lamina propria covered by pseudostratified epithelium which lies on a thick modified basement membrane. The cells of the intestinal epithelium consist of columnar cells which generally resemble typical intestinal epithelium and cuboidal cells, which are undifferentiated in appearance, show few organelles and possess an electron lucent cytoplasm. Numerous desmosomes are found between the adjacent cell membranes of both cell types. Villi are absent and appear to be represented by the large surface folds. Intestinal glands are composed of columnar epithelium similar to that found in the intestinal glands of other mammalian species. Groups of these glands drain into common tubular ducts which follow a tortuous course and empty into the intestinal lumen between the surface folds. The peculiar morphological features of the platypus intestinal mucosa raise questions concerning traditional concepts of intestinal gland formation as well as the origin and migration of intestinal epithelium with regard to this particular species.", "PMID": 1115355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4547", "title": "The ultrastructure of Wallerian degeneration in the severed optic nerve of the newt (Triturus viridescens).", "content": "Wallerian degeneration in the severed newt's (Triturus viridescens) optic nerve is complete between the 10-14th post operative day (p.o.d.). Consequently, the newt optic nerve displays one of the most rapid degenerative responses yet reported for the central nervous system of vertebrates. In most cases it also exhibits the speed of degenerative phenomenon in the vertebrate peripheral nervous system. The degeneration of unmyelinated axons is most rapid and is completed by 2-3 p.o.d., compared to myelinated axons, most of which degenerate between 2-10 p.o.d. Myelin ring formation (vesicular transformation) is the principal form of lamellar breakdown and occurs in a highly organized manner which can be clearly staged. The glial cell response to Wallerian degneration is two-fold: cytoplasmic hypertrophy and myelin-lytic. Glial hypertrophy subsides by the 10-14 p.o.d. with the ingrowth of numerous regenerating nerve fibers. The myelin-lytic response accounts for most of the myelin destruction. Leukocyte-like and microglia-like cells also participate in myelin breakdown but to a lesser degree.", "contents": "The ultrastructure of Wallerian degeneration in the severed optic nerve of the newt (Triturus viridescens). Wallerian degeneration in the severed newt's (Triturus viridescens) optic nerve is complete between the 10-14th post operative day (p.o.d.). Consequently, the newt optic nerve displays one of the most rapid degenerative responses yet reported for the central nervous system of vertebrates. In most cases it also exhibits the speed of degenerative phenomenon in the vertebrate peripheral nervous system. The degeneration of unmyelinated axons is most rapid and is completed by 2-3 p.o.d., compared to myelinated axons, most of which degenerate between 2-10 p.o.d. Myelin ring formation (vesicular transformation) is the principal form of lamellar breakdown and occurs in a highly organized manner which can be clearly staged. The glial cell response to Wallerian degneration is two-fold: cytoplasmic hypertrophy and myelin-lytic. Glial hypertrophy subsides by the 10-14 p.o.d. with the ingrowth of numerous regenerating nerve fibers. The myelin-lytic response accounts for most of the myelin destruction. Leukocyte-like and microglia-like cells also participate in myelin breakdown but to a lesser degree.", "PMID": 1115356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4548", "title": "Localization of cells retaining 3H-estradiol in the forebrain of rabbits.", "content": "Ovariectomized rabbits received 3H-estradiol via an ear vein and were killed one hour later. Autoradiograms were prepared and exposed up to six months. Labeled cells, as indicated by many silver grains over the nucleus of a neuron, were found in many nuclei of the brain. Thus, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis had labeled cell bodies. The stria terminalis leads into the medial preoptic area where great numbers of cells concentrated the estrogen. Farther into the hypothalamus the labeled cells were numerous in the ventromedial and arcurate nuclei. Other locations with labeled cells were the lateral septal nucleus and nucleus accumbens septi, the periventricular preoptic nucleus, anterior hypothalamic nucleus, nucleus supraopticus diffusus, posterior hypothalamic nucleus, and premammillary nucleus. The labeled cells could be followed into the central gray surrounding the aqueduct of Sylvius. The amygdaloid nuclei, and in particular the medial amygdaloid nucleus, had labeled cells as did the most ventral posterior part of the hippocampal cortex. The results are discussed in comparison with those in the rat, and with reference to physiologic data.", "contents": "Localization of cells retaining 3H-estradiol in the forebrain of rabbits. Ovariectomized rabbits received 3H-estradiol via an ear vein and were killed one hour later. Autoradiograms were prepared and exposed up to six months. Labeled cells, as indicated by many silver grains over the nucleus of a neuron, were found in many nuclei of the brain. Thus, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis had labeled cell bodies. The stria terminalis leads into the medial preoptic area where great numbers of cells concentrated the estrogen. Farther into the hypothalamus the labeled cells were numerous in the ventromedial and arcurate nuclei. Other locations with labeled cells were the lateral septal nucleus and nucleus accumbens septi, the periventricular preoptic nucleus, anterior hypothalamic nucleus, nucleus supraopticus diffusus, posterior hypothalamic nucleus, and premammillary nucleus. The labeled cells could be followed into the central gray surrounding the aqueduct of Sylvius. The amygdaloid nuclei, and in particular the medial amygdaloid nucleus, had labeled cells as did the most ventral posterior part of the hippocampal cortex. The results are discussed in comparison with those in the rat, and with reference to physiologic data.", "PMID": 1115357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4549", "title": "Halothane and the beating response and ATP turnover rate of heart cells in tissue culture.", "content": "The effects of halothane on the beating response of rat heart cells in tissue culture were studied using an optical-electronic monitoring device. A dose-response curve was obtained over a concentration range to as much as 5 vol per cent halothane. The clinical dosage of 1 vol per cent halothane decreased the inotropic response of 4-10-day-old cells to 59 plus or minus 10 per cent of the original beating strength; no significant decrease in beating strength was seen in 25-30-day-old cells. One volume per cent halothane caused no significant change in the chronotropic response of the heart cells. Higher concentrations of halothane caused significant negative chronotropic and negative inotropic responses in a dose-related manner. When glycolysis was inhibited by 2-deoxyglucose in the growth medium, the cells became dependent on fatty-acid oxidation and oxidative phorphorylation for energy and showed increased sensitivity to halothane; for example, the chronotropic response to 5-8-day old cells treated with 2-deoxyglucose was decreased approximately 70 per cent by exposure to 3 vol per cent halothane, whereas 4-10-day-old cells maintained on a complete growth medium showed only a 40 per cent decrease. Increasing concentrations of halothane decreased the rate of ATP turnover. This supports evidence suggesting that halothane blocks electron transport in the NADH-coenzyme Q reductase level. The model described provides a means for determining anesthetic potency in a mammalian system in terms of functional as well as metabolic responses. It also provides a means for study of metabolic effects of anesthetics and other drugs.", "contents": "Halothane and the beating response and ATP turnover rate of heart cells in tissue culture. The effects of halothane on the beating response of rat heart cells in tissue culture were studied using an optical-electronic monitoring device. A dose-response curve was obtained over a concentration range to as much as 5 vol per cent halothane. The clinical dosage of 1 vol per cent halothane decreased the inotropic response of 4-10-day-old cells to 59 plus or minus 10 per cent of the original beating strength; no significant decrease in beating strength was seen in 25-30-day-old cells. One volume per cent halothane caused no significant change in the chronotropic response of the heart cells. Higher concentrations of halothane caused significant negative chronotropic and negative inotropic responses in a dose-related manner. When glycolysis was inhibited by 2-deoxyglucose in the growth medium, the cells became dependent on fatty-acid oxidation and oxidative phorphorylation for energy and showed increased sensitivity to halothane; for example, the chronotropic response to 5-8-day old cells treated with 2-deoxyglucose was decreased approximately 70 per cent by exposure to 3 vol per cent halothane, whereas 4-10-day-old cells maintained on a complete growth medium showed only a 40 per cent decrease. Increasing concentrations of halothane decreased the rate of ATP turnover. This supports evidence suggesting that halothane blocks electron transport in the NADH-coenzyme Q reductase level. The model described provides a means for determining anesthetic potency in a mammalian system in terms of functional as well as metabolic responses. It also provides a means for study of metabolic effects of anesthetics and other drugs.", "PMID": 1115360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4550", "title": "Left ventricular dynamics of trained dogs anesthetized with methohexital.", "content": "The cardiac response to intravenous administration of the ultrashort-acting oxybarbiturate anesthetic, methohexital sodium, was studied in trained dogs. Heart rate increased immediately and gradually declined to the control value 60 minutes later. Stroke volume decreased immediately, reversed transiently, and decreased again, to return gradually to the control value at one hour. Peak aortic flow velocity and peak aortic flow acceleration paralleled the triphasic response of stroke volume. Cardiac output decreased initially, then increased to above the control value to a maximum at the time of maximum heart rate, then decreased again to below the control value by 30 minutes.  From 30 minutes to 60 minutes cardiac output gradually returned to the control value.", "contents": "Left ventricular dynamics of trained dogs anesthetized with methohexital. The cardiac response to intravenous administration of the ultrashort-acting oxybarbiturate anesthetic, methohexital sodium, was studied in trained dogs. Heart rate increased immediately and gradually declined to the control value 60 minutes later. Stroke volume decreased immediately, reversed transiently, and decreased again, to return gradually to the control value at one hour. Peak aortic flow velocity and peak aortic flow acceleration paralleled the triphasic response of stroke volume. Cardiac output decreased initially, then increased to above the control value to a maximum at the time of maximum heart rate, then decreased again to below the control value by 30 minutes.  From 30 minutes to 60 minutes cardiac output gradually returned to the control value.", "PMID": 1115361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4551", "title": "Central monaminergic neuronal effects on minimum alveolar concentrations (MAC) of halothane and cyclopropane in rats.", "content": "The effect of interference with central catecholamine- or serotonin-containing neurons on the response of rats to inhalation anesthetics were explored. Interference with catecholaminergic function by inhibition of amine synthesis with alpha-methyltyrosine alone or combined with destruction of these neurons by 6-hydroxydopamine reduced brain concentrations of norepinephrine and dopamine without altering serotonin concentrations. These alterations decreased the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of halothane when tail-clamping was used as the test stimulus. Similar small reductions of halothane MAC were produced in rats given 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine and p-chlorophenylalanine, which decreased brain serotonin without altering noreopinephrine or doapamine concentrations. When catecholaminergic or serotoninergic neuronal function was similarly disrupted in rats later exposed to cyclopropane, no alternation in MAC was observed. It is suggested that disruption of central amine-containing neurons may lower the MAC's of depressant anesthetics only, and not excitatory anesthetics.", "contents": "Central monaminergic neuronal effects on minimum alveolar concentrations (MAC) of halothane and cyclopropane in rats. The effect of interference with central catecholamine- or serotonin-containing neurons on the response of rats to inhalation anesthetics were explored. Interference with catecholaminergic function by inhibition of amine synthesis with alpha-methyltyrosine alone or combined with destruction of these neurons by 6-hydroxydopamine reduced brain concentrations of norepinephrine and dopamine without altering serotonin concentrations. These alterations decreased the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of halothane when tail-clamping was used as the test stimulus. Similar small reductions of halothane MAC were produced in rats given 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine and p-chlorophenylalanine, which decreased brain serotonin without altering noreopinephrine or doapamine concentrations. When catecholaminergic or serotoninergic neuronal function was similarly disrupted in rats later exposed to cyclopropane, no alternation in MAC was observed. It is suggested that disruption of central amine-containing neurons may lower the MAC's of depressant anesthetics only, and not excitatory anesthetics.", "PMID": 1115362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4552", "title": "Filling pressures of the heart and pulmonary circulation of the patient with coronary-artery disease after large intravenous doses of morphine.", "content": "Filling pressures of the heart and hemodynamic responses were studied before, during, and after administration of morphine, 2 mg/kg, intravenously (5 mg per minute) in eight patients with coronary-artery disease and normal ventricular contractility requiring myocardial revascularization. Left-heart filling pressure (LHFP) was estimated by measuring balloon-occluded pulmonary arterial pressure via a Swan-Ganz catheter, and right-heart filling pressure (RHFP) by right atrial pressure measurements. LHFP and RHFP were unchanged until 1.5 mg/kg morphine had been administered; after 2 mg/kg, LHFP had risen from a control level of 6.9 plus or minus 0.8 to 10.6 plus or minus 1.1 mm Hg (P less than .01) and RHFP from 2.9 plus or minus 0.4 to 4.9 plus or minus 0.8 mm Hg (P less than .05). Heart rate (P less than .02) and rate-pressure product (P less than .05), an indirect index of myocardial oxygen consumption, decreased throughout the study period. Systemic arterial pressure, cardiac index, and left ventricular stroke work decreased significantly only at the 0.5 mg/kg dose level, while systemic vascular resistance and stroke index remained unchanged. Mean pulmonary arterial pressure increased (P less than .05) after 1.5 mg/kg morphine, but pulmonary vascular resistance was unchanged. PaC02, pH, base excess, and hematocrit were constant throughout the study period. These data indicate that doses of morphine to 2 mg/kg, iv, are well tolerated by, and, presumably, decrease the myocardial oxygen consumption of, patients with coronary-artery disease. The hemodynamic response resembles that seen in man without hear or lung disease.", "contents": "Filling pressures of the heart and pulmonary circulation of the patient with coronary-artery disease after large intravenous doses of morphine. Filling pressures of the heart and hemodynamic responses were studied before, during, and after administration of morphine, 2 mg/kg, intravenously (5 mg per minute) in eight patients with coronary-artery disease and normal ventricular contractility requiring myocardial revascularization. Left-heart filling pressure (LHFP) was estimated by measuring balloon-occluded pulmonary arterial pressure via a Swan-Ganz catheter, and right-heart filling pressure (RHFP) by right atrial pressure measurements. LHFP and RHFP were unchanged until 1.5 mg/kg morphine had been administered; after 2 mg/kg, LHFP had risen from a control level of 6.9 plus or minus 0.8 to 10.6 plus or minus 1.1 mm Hg (P less than .01) and RHFP from 2.9 plus or minus 0.4 to 4.9 plus or minus 0.8 mm Hg (P less than .05). Heart rate (P less than .02) and rate-pressure product (P less than .05), an indirect index of myocardial oxygen consumption, decreased throughout the study period. Systemic arterial pressure, cardiac index, and left ventricular stroke work decreased significantly only at the 0.5 mg/kg dose level, while systemic vascular resistance and stroke index remained unchanged. Mean pulmonary arterial pressure increased (P less than .05) after 1.5 mg/kg morphine, but pulmonary vascular resistance was unchanged. PaC02, pH, base excess, and hematocrit were constant throughout the study period. These data indicate that doses of morphine to 2 mg/kg, iv, are well tolerated by, and, presumably, decrease the myocardial oxygen consumption of, patients with coronary-artery disease. The hemodynamic response resembles that seen in man without hear or lung disease.", "PMID": 1115363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4553", "title": "Anesthetic effects on ventilation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.", "content": "The effects of 1.0 per cent end-tidal halothane-oxygen anesthesia on spontaneous ventilation, ventilatory deadspace, functional residual capacity (FRC), and alveolar-arterial oxygen difference (A-aD-O-2) were measured in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and in normal patients of similar age. results obtained were compared with values obtained preoperatively from the same patients. The following were measured: 1) ventilation and ventilatory deadspace, breathing room air and breathing 100 per cent oxygen; 2) functional residual capacity (FRC) and alveolar-arterial oxygen tension difference (A-aD-O-2); 3) forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1.0); 4) ventilatory response to exogenous carbon dioxide. Findings indicated that ventilation is depressed more during halothane anesthesia in patients with emphysema than in normal patients and that the extent of depression is best related to a preoperative measurement of FEV1.0 (P less than 0.001, r = 0.86). The depression in alveolar ventilation results primarily from a reduction in tidal volume. A-aD-O-2 and ventilatory deadspace-to-tidal volume ratio are increaded and FRC decreased with anesthesia in patients with COPD, but the changes are no greater than those found in normal patients.", "contents": "Anesthetic effects on ventilation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The effects of 1.0 per cent end-tidal halothane-oxygen anesthesia on spontaneous ventilation, ventilatory deadspace, functional residual capacity (FRC), and alveolar-arterial oxygen difference (A-aD-O-2) were measured in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and in normal patients of similar age. results obtained were compared with values obtained preoperatively from the same patients. The following were measured: 1) ventilation and ventilatory deadspace, breathing room air and breathing 100 per cent oxygen; 2) functional residual capacity (FRC) and alveolar-arterial oxygen tension difference (A-aD-O-2); 3) forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1.0); 4) ventilatory response to exogenous carbon dioxide. Findings indicated that ventilation is depressed more during halothane anesthesia in patients with emphysema than in normal patients and that the extent of depression is best related to a preoperative measurement of FEV1.0 (P less than 0.001, r = 0.86). The depression in alveolar ventilation results primarily from a reduction in tidal volume. A-aD-O-2 and ventilatory deadspace-to-tidal volume ratio are increaded and FRC decreased with anesthesia in patients with COPD, but the changes are no greater than those found in normal patients.", "PMID": 1115364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4554", "title": "Intraocular pressures in children during isoflurane and halothane anesthesia.", "content": "The effects of isoflurane and halothane on intraocular pressure (IOP) were studied in 28 children. Measurements were made during spontaneous ventilation and at a various levels of reduced PaCO2 achieved by controlled ventilation. Control IOP values were determined prior to anesthesia following premedication with chloral hydrate, pentobarbital, pentobarbital with meperidine. At roughly equivalent levels of anesthesia, mean IOP values during spontaneous ventilation ranged frm 16.3 to 17.6 torr for each anesthetic. These values were significantly less (P less than 0.01) than control values only in those patients receiving chloral hydrate who did not cooperate. In contrast, no significant change in IOP was found in more sedated and cooperative patients who received pentobarbital and meperidine. Moderate hypocarbia and hypercarbia over a range of PaCO2 greater than 42 torr had little influence on IOP. We conclude that IOP's during isoflurane and halothane anesthesia do not differ significantly from IOP in the sedated, cooperative, healthy pediatric patient.", "contents": "Intraocular pressures in children during isoflurane and halothane anesthesia. The effects of isoflurane and halothane on intraocular pressure (IOP) were studied in 28 children. Measurements were made during spontaneous ventilation and at a various levels of reduced PaCO2 achieved by controlled ventilation. Control IOP values were determined prior to anesthesia following premedication with chloral hydrate, pentobarbital, pentobarbital with meperidine. At roughly equivalent levels of anesthesia, mean IOP values during spontaneous ventilation ranged frm 16.3 to 17.6 torr for each anesthetic. These values were significantly less (P less than 0.01) than control values only in those patients receiving chloral hydrate who did not cooperate. In contrast, no significant change in IOP was found in more sedated and cooperative patients who received pentobarbital and meperidine. Moderate hypocarbia and hypercarbia over a range of PaCO2 greater than 42 torr had little influence on IOP. We conclude that IOP's during isoflurane and halothane anesthesia do not differ significantly from IOP in the sedated, cooperative, healthy pediatric patient.", "PMID": 1115365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4555", "title": "Neuromuscular effects of enflurane, alone and combined with d-Tubocurarine, pancuronium, and succinylcholine, in man.", "content": "The neuromuscular effects of d-tubocurarine (dTc), pacuronium, and succinylcholien (SCh) were studied in 37 unpremedicated adult surgical patients anesthetized with 1.25 MAC enflurance in oxygen. The relaxant doses that produced 50 per cent depression of twitch height (ED50) were 1.57, 0.29, and 4.9 mg/m2 for dTc, pancuronium, and SCh, respectively. These doses are approximately 3.1, 1.7, and 1.0 times less than the amount of dTc, pancuronium, and SCh required to produce 50 per cent depression of twitch height during halothane anesthesia but are the same as ED50 values during isoflurane anesthesia. In eight additional unpremedicated patients anesthesia was maintained at 0.71 MAC enflurane in oxygen (five patients) or 1.67 MAC enflurane in oxygen (three patients). Twitch depression following dTc, 1.5 mg/m2, was related directly to alveolar enflurane concentration. Ability to sustain tetanus decreased progressively with increasing tetanic frequencies and decreased with increasing alveolar enflurane concentrations. The authors concluded that smaller doses of dTc and pancuronium are needed for adequate relaxation during enflurane anesthesia than during equi-MAC halothane anesthesia, and that higher alveolar enflurane concentrations reduce the dose of dTc necessary to produce a given amount of paralysis. Also, neuromuscular effects of enflurane in combination with dTc or pancuronium are not significantly different from those seen suring equi-MAC isoflurane anesthesia.", "contents": "Neuromuscular effects of enflurane, alone and combined with d-Tubocurarine, pancuronium, and succinylcholine, in man. The neuromuscular effects of d-tubocurarine (dTc), pacuronium, and succinylcholien (SCh) were studied in 37 unpremedicated adult surgical patients anesthetized with 1.25 MAC enflurance in oxygen. The relaxant doses that produced 50 per cent depression of twitch height (ED50) were 1.57, 0.29, and 4.9 mg/m2 for dTc, pancuronium, and SCh, respectively. These doses are approximately 3.1, 1.7, and 1.0 times less than the amount of dTc, pancuronium, and SCh required to produce 50 per cent depression of twitch height during halothane anesthesia but are the same as ED50 values during isoflurane anesthesia. In eight additional unpremedicated patients anesthesia was maintained at 0.71 MAC enflurane in oxygen (five patients) or 1.67 MAC enflurane in oxygen (three patients). Twitch depression following dTc, 1.5 mg/m2, was related directly to alveolar enflurane concentration. Ability to sustain tetanus decreased progressively with increasing tetanic frequencies and decreased with increasing alveolar enflurane concentrations. The authors concluded that smaller doses of dTc and pancuronium are needed for adequate relaxation during enflurane anesthesia than during equi-MAC halothane anesthesia, and that higher alveolar enflurane concentrations reduce the dose of dTc necessary to produce a given amount of paralysis. Also, neuromuscular effects of enflurane in combination with dTc or pancuronium are not significantly different from those seen suring equi-MAC isoflurane anesthesia.", "PMID": 1115366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4556", "title": "Interaction of ketamine and halothane in rats.", "content": "The interaction of intramuscularly injected ketamine and its N-demethylated metabolite (metabolite I) with halothane was evaluated in rats. Five, 10, 20, or 50 mg/kg of ketamine alone or 20, 50, or 100 mg/kg of metabolite I alone produced less than 10 minutes of hypnosis. However, halothane anesthetic requirement (i.e., MAC) was depressed in a dose-dependent fashion as much as 56% 1-2 hours and as much as 14% 5-6 hours after injection of ketamine, 50 mg/kg, im. The reduction in MAC was correlated with brain levels of ketamine or metabolite I, suggesting a ketamine:metabolite I potency ration of 3:1. The half-life of ketamine in plasma and brain was longer in the presence of halothane than when ketamine was given alone. It is concluded that ketamine is not a short-acting drug and that concomitant use with halothane would be expected to prolong further the duration of its action on the central nervous system.", "contents": "Interaction of ketamine and halothane in rats. The interaction of intramuscularly injected ketamine and its N-demethylated metabolite (metabolite I) with halothane was evaluated in rats. Five, 10, 20, or 50 mg/kg of ketamine alone or 20, 50, or 100 mg/kg of metabolite I alone produced less than 10 minutes of hypnosis. However, halothane anesthetic requirement (i.e., MAC) was depressed in a dose-dependent fashion as much as 56% 1-2 hours and as much as 14% 5-6 hours after injection of ketamine, 50 mg/kg, im. The reduction in MAC was correlated with brain levels of ketamine or metabolite I, suggesting a ketamine:metabolite I potency ration of 3:1. The half-life of ketamine in plasma and brain was longer in the presence of halothane than when ketamine was given alone. It is concluded that ketamine is not a short-acting drug and that concomitant use with halothane would be expected to prolong further the duration of its action on the central nervous system.", "PMID": 1115367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4557", "title": "Psychological studies of human performance as affected by traces of enflurane and nitrous oxide.", "content": "Thirty human subjects were exposed for four hours to 500 ppm N-2O and 15 ppm enflurane in air and then, within five minutes, given a 35-minute battery of psychological tests. Performance of a divided-attention audiovisual task and a digit-span memory test were significantly decreased compared with control data following exposure to air. A tachistoscopic task, four tests from the Wechsler memory  scale, and five others from the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale were unaffected. Thirty subjects exposed to 500 ppm N-2-O in air only scored significantly lower on the digit-span test only.", "contents": "Psychological studies of human performance as affected by traces of enflurane and nitrous oxide. Thirty human subjects were exposed for four hours to 500 ppm N-2O and 15 ppm enflurane in air and then, within five minutes, given a 35-minute battery of psychological tests. Performance of a divided-attention audiovisual task and a digit-span memory test were significantly decreased compared with control data following exposure to air. A tachistoscopic task, four tests from the Wechsler memory  scale, and five others from the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale were unaffected. Thirty subjects exposed to 500 ppm N-2-O in air only scored significantly lower on the digit-span test only.", "PMID": 1115369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4558", "title": "Effects of fentanyl and droperidol on canine left ventricular performance.", "content": "The effects of fentanyl and droperidol on left ventricular performance were evaluated in the neurally intact dog right-heart-bypass preparation under conditions of constant cardiac output, arterial pressure, and heart rate. Fentanyl, .01 and .02 mg/kg body weight, and droperidol, 0.5 mg/kg, did not affect left ventricular performance. However 1.0 mg/kg droperidol caused a significant (P less than .05) increase in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and a small decrease in maximum left ventricular dP/dt (.05 less than P less than .10). No significant change in myocardial oxygen consumption was observed. This study indicates that large doses of droperidol may depress left ventricular performance and may account for a portion of the hypotension observed after its administration in man. (Key words: Anesthetics, intravenous, fentanyl; Anesthetics; intravenous, droperidol; Heart, function, fentanyl; Heart, function, droperidol.).", "contents": "Effects of fentanyl and droperidol on canine left ventricular performance. The effects of fentanyl and droperidol on left ventricular performance were evaluated in the neurally intact dog right-heart-bypass preparation under conditions of constant cardiac output, arterial pressure, and heart rate. Fentanyl, .01 and .02 mg/kg body weight, and droperidol, 0.5 mg/kg, did not affect left ventricular performance. However 1.0 mg/kg droperidol caused a significant (P less than .05) increase in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and a small decrease in maximum left ventricular dP/dt (.05 less than P less than .10). No significant change in myocardial oxygen consumption was observed. This study indicates that large doses of droperidol may depress left ventricular performance and may account for a portion of the hypotension observed after its administration in man. (Key words: Anesthetics, intravenous, fentanyl; Anesthetics; intravenous, droperidol; Heart, function, fentanyl; Heart, function, droperidol.).", "PMID": 1115383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4559", "title": "Porcine malignant hyperthermia: effects of temperature and extracellular calcium concentration on halothane-induced contracture of susceptible skeletal muscle.", "content": "Skeletal muscle from malignant hyperthermic (MH) pigs incubated at 37 C in 2.3 mM calcium-Krebs-Ringer solution contracts spontaneously when exposed to halothane. In contrast, halothane did not induce contracture in MH muscle incubated in 2.3 mM calcium-Krebs-Ringer solution at 25 C or in calcium-free Krebs-Ringer's solution at 37 C. Halothane did not induce contracture in normal control muscle in 2.3 mM Krebs-Ringer solution at 25 or 37 C. In the presence of halothane, addition of caffeine produced greater contracture in MH muscle than in normal controls. Halothane-caffeine-induced contractures of MH and control muscles at 25 and 37 C were similar. Elucidation that under certain experimental conditions halothane induces contracture in MH muscle, but not in normal muscle 1) may aid in development of a diagnostic test; 2) establishes further evidence for skeletal muscle as the target tissue for anesthetic-induced MH; 3) suggests that halothane may affect systems that regulate sarcoplasmic calcium concentration below contracture threshold in MH muscle. (Key words: Hyperthermia, malignant; Anesthetics, volatile, halothane; Ions, calcium; Muscle, skeletal, malignant hyperthermia.).", "contents": "Porcine malignant hyperthermia: effects of temperature and extracellular calcium concentration on halothane-induced contracture of susceptible skeletal muscle. Skeletal muscle from malignant hyperthermic (MH) pigs incubated at 37 C in 2.3 mM calcium-Krebs-Ringer solution contracts spontaneously when exposed to halothane. In contrast, halothane did not induce contracture in MH muscle incubated in 2.3 mM calcium-Krebs-Ringer solution at 25 C or in calcium-free Krebs-Ringer's solution at 37 C. Halothane did not induce contracture in normal control muscle in 2.3 mM Krebs-Ringer solution at 25 or 37 C. In the presence of halothane, addition of caffeine produced greater contracture in MH muscle than in normal controls. Halothane-caffeine-induced contractures of MH and control muscles at 25 and 37 C were similar. Elucidation that under certain experimental conditions halothane induces contracture in MH muscle, but not in normal muscle 1) may aid in development of a diagnostic test; 2) establishes further evidence for skeletal muscle as the target tissue for anesthetic-induced MH; 3) suggests that halothane may affect systems that regulate sarcoplasmic calcium concentration below contracture threshold in MH muscle. (Key words: Hyperthermia, malignant; Anesthetics, volatile, halothane; Ions, calcium; Muscle, skeletal, malignant hyperthermia.).", "PMID": 1115384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4560", "title": "Prevention of porcine malignant hyperthermia by epidural block.", "content": "Malignant hyperthermia in susceptible swine was completely blocked by epidural anesthesia with lidocaine. Incomplete epidural anesthesia modified the disease but did not prevent it. These studies indicate the importance of the nervous system in the triggering of malignant hyperthermia. (Key words: Hyperthermia, malignant; Anesthetic technique, peridural.).", "contents": "Prevention of porcine malignant hyperthermia by epidural block. Malignant hyperthermia in susceptible swine was completely blocked by epidural anesthesia with lidocaine. Incomplete epidural anesthesia modified the disease but did not prevent it. These studies indicate the importance of the nervous system in the triggering of malignant hyperthermia. (Key words: Hyperthermia, malignant; Anesthetic technique, peridural.).", "PMID": 1115385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4561", "title": "Hemodynamic and ventilatory responses to fentanyl, fentanyl-droperidol, and nitrous oxide in patients with acquired valvular heart disease.", "content": "Fentanyl (10 mug/kh) or fentanyl (10 mug/kg) plus droperidol (100 mug/kg) administered intravenously during 20 minutes to adult patients with acquired valvular heart disease produced minimal circulatory changes. The trend during drug infusion was for mean arterial pressure and systemic vascular resistance to decrease, and for cardiac index and stroke volume index to increase without change in heart rate. Central venous pressure increased during drug infusion (P less than 0.05) but decreased to awake levels following controlled ventilation and skeletal-muscle paralysis, probably reflecting thoracoabdominal-muscle rigidity rather than a circulatory response. Hypoventilation during drug infusion necessitated assisted or controlled ventilation, with or without skeletal muscle paralysis, in 14 of 16 patients. Addition of 60 per cent nitrous oxide following fentanyl or fentanyl-droperidol infusion significantly decreased mean arterial pressure, heart rate, and cardiac index. All circulatory changes were similar in direction and extent to those previously found during morphine-nitrous oxide anesthesia. (Key words: Anesthetics, intravenous, fentanyl; Anesthetics, gases, nitrous oxide; Heart, effect of fentanyl, dorperidol, and nitrous oxide.).", "contents": "Hemodynamic and ventilatory responses to fentanyl, fentanyl-droperidol, and nitrous oxide in patients with acquired valvular heart disease. Fentanyl (10 mug/kh) or fentanyl (10 mug/kg) plus droperidol (100 mug/kg) administered intravenously during 20 minutes to adult patients with acquired valvular heart disease produced minimal circulatory changes. The trend during drug infusion was for mean arterial pressure and systemic vascular resistance to decrease, and for cardiac index and stroke volume index to increase without change in heart rate. Central venous pressure increased during drug infusion (P less than 0.05) but decreased to awake levels following controlled ventilation and skeletal-muscle paralysis, probably reflecting thoracoabdominal-muscle rigidity rather than a circulatory response. Hypoventilation during drug infusion necessitated assisted or controlled ventilation, with or without skeletal muscle paralysis, in 14 of 16 patients. Addition of 60 per cent nitrous oxide following fentanyl or fentanyl-droperidol infusion significantly decreased mean arterial pressure, heart rate, and cardiac index. All circulatory changes were similar in direction and extent to those previously found during morphine-nitrous oxide anesthesia. (Key words: Anesthetics, intravenous, fentanyl; Anesthetics, gases, nitrous oxide; Heart, effect of fentanyl, dorperidol, and nitrous oxide.).", "PMID": 1115386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4562", "title": "Biotransformation and elimination of 14C-trichlorofluoromethane (FC-11) and 14C-dichlorodifluoromethane (FC-12) in man.", "content": "Radiocarbon-labeled trichlorofluoromethane (FC-11; 14CC13F) and dichlorodifluormethane (FC-12; 14CC12F2) were separately inhaled by a female subject and a male subject. A predetermined volume of fluorocarbon (1000 ppm; 100 muCi) in air was delivered through a nonrebreating system and a tight-fitting face mask for 7-17 minutes. Total expired gases were collected during fluorocarbon exposure and afterward until no radioactivity was detectable. Expired 14CO2 and 14C-fluorocarbon were assayed. Urine was collected for 72 hours and assayed for nonvolatile radioactivity. Total recoveries of FC-11 were 99.5 and 79.4 per cent in the woman and the man, respectively. Total recoveries of FC-12 were 95.4 and 103.2 per cent. Traces of radioactivity were found in urine (FC-11, 0.07 and 0.09 per cent; FC-12, 0.02 and 0.03 per cent) and in exhaled carbon dioxide (FC-11, 0.13 and 0.10 per cent; FC-12, 0.08 per cent in both subjects). Total metabolites were equal to or less than 0.2 per cent of the administered dose. The amount of radioactivity in urine was insufficient to permit identification of possible fluorocarbon metabolites. The trace of metabolites could be products of radiolabeled impurities. (Key words: Gases, non-anesthetic, dichlorodifluoromethane (Freon 12); Gases, non-anesthetic, trichlorofluoromethane (Freon 11); Pharmacology, fluorocarbons.)", "contents": "Biotransformation and elimination of 14C-trichlorofluoromethane (FC-11) and 14C-dichlorodifluoromethane (FC-12) in man. Radiocarbon-labeled trichlorofluoromethane (FC-11; 14CC13F) and dichlorodifluormethane (FC-12; 14CC12F2) were separately inhaled by a female subject and a male subject. A predetermined volume of fluorocarbon (1000 ppm; 100 muCi) in air was delivered through a nonrebreating system and a tight-fitting face mask for 7-17 minutes. Total expired gases were collected during fluorocarbon exposure and afterward until no radioactivity was detectable. Expired 14CO2 and 14C-fluorocarbon were assayed. Urine was collected for 72 hours and assayed for nonvolatile radioactivity. Total recoveries of FC-11 were 99.5 and 79.4 per cent in the woman and the man, respectively. Total recoveries of FC-12 were 95.4 and 103.2 per cent. Traces of radioactivity were found in urine (FC-11, 0.07 and 0.09 per cent; FC-12, 0.02 and 0.03 per cent) and in exhaled carbon dioxide (FC-11, 0.13 and 0.10 per cent; FC-12, 0.08 per cent in both subjects). Total metabolites were equal to or less than 0.2 per cent of the administered dose. The amount of radioactivity in urine was insufficient to permit identification of possible fluorocarbon metabolites. The trace of metabolites could be products of radiolabeled impurities. (Key words: Gases, non-anesthetic, dichlorodifluoromethane (Freon 12); Gases, non-anesthetic, trichlorofluoromethane (Freon 11); Pharmacology, fluorocarbons.)", "PMID": 1115387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4563", "title": "The effects of chronic ventricular pacing on the human conduction system.", "content": "Six cardiac patients had His bundle electrograms obtained prior to ventricular pacing. Hours to days after constant pacing, repeat His bundle electrograms were obtained. The H-Q interval increased after pacing in 5 of the 6 patients. The average H-Q interval of 55.8 msec increased to the post pacing value of 67.5 msec (p smaller 0.02). Thus ventricular pacing can produce a conduction delay in the His Purkinje system.", "contents": "The effects of chronic ventricular pacing on the human conduction system. Six cardiac patients had His bundle electrograms obtained prior to ventricular pacing. Hours to days after constant pacing, repeat His bundle electrograms were obtained. The H-Q interval increased after pacing in 5 of the 6 patients. The average H-Q interval of 55.8 msec increased to the post pacing value of 67.5 msec (p smaller 0.02). Thus ventricular pacing can produce a conduction delay in the His Purkinje system.", "PMID": 1115408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4564", "title": "Congenital aneurysm of the left ventricle associated with supravalvular aortic stenosis and aneurysm of the left main coronary artery: case report and review of the literature.", "content": "We report a unique case of a 33 year old female with congenital aneurysm of the left ventricular apex associated with an aneurysm of the left main coronary artery and surgically repaired supravalvular aortic stenosis. The congenital aneurysm of the left ventricular apex was not associated with a midline thoraco-abdominal defect, as reported in the medical literature. The patient survived two episodes of thrombo-embolism and is well after 10 years of medical follow-up.", "contents": "Congenital aneurysm of the left ventricle associated with supravalvular aortic stenosis and aneurysm of the left main coronary artery: case report and review of the literature. We report a unique case of a 33 year old female with congenital aneurysm of the left ventricular apex associated with an aneurysm of the left main coronary artery and surgically repaired supravalvular aortic stenosis. The congenital aneurysm of the left ventricular apex was not associated with a midline thoraco-abdominal defect, as reported in the medical literature. The patient survived two episodes of thrombo-embolism and is well after 10 years of medical follow-up.", "PMID": 1115410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4565", "title": "Protein composition of unusual tobacco mosaic virus strains.", "content": "Amino acid analyses have been made of the proteins of single-lesion isolates of five strains of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) differentiated by Lycopersicon hosts. These hosts differed in their genetical control of resistance to TMV, and the virus strains had therefore survived specific selection pressures. Two of the five strains differed in their amino acid composition from type TMV and from all other tomato strains of TMV previously examined. Symptoms induced by the five strains in four tomato lines and in Nicotiana tabacum cvs White Burley and Kawala are described.", "contents": "Protein composition of unusual tobacco mosaic virus strains. Amino acid analyses have been made of the proteins of single-lesion isolates of five strains of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) differentiated by Lycopersicon hosts. These hosts differed in their genetical control of resistance to TMV, and the virus strains had therefore survived specific selection pressures. Two of the five strains differed in their amino acid composition from type TMV and from all other tomato strains of TMV previously examined. Symptoms induced by the five strains in four tomato lines and in Nicotiana tabacum cvs White Burley and Kawala are described.", "PMID": 1115413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4566", "title": "A vascular catheter-implanting device.", "content": "A catheter-implanting device (CID) was developed to aid in the placement of vascular catheters in blood vessels located deep in the body cavities, with minimal vascular damage or blood loss.", "contents": "A vascular catheter-implanting device. A catheter-implanting device (CID) was developed to aid in the placement of vascular catheters in blood vessels located deep in the body cavities, with minimal vascular damage or blood loss.", "PMID": 1115414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4567", "title": "Frequency of pyelitis, pyelonephritis, renal perivasculitis, and renal infarction in dogs.", "content": "The frequency of pyelitis, renal perivasculitis, and renal cortical inflammation was determined in 104 apparently normal dogs, 50 dogs with disease that were necropsied, and 20 dogs with experimentally induced cystitis. Abnormalities occurred least often (19%) in the apparently normal group and most often (55%) in the cystitis group. The frequency of specific lesions was generally higher in males than in females. Bacteria were isolated from kidney and urine of some of the apparently normal dogs, but their relationship to the lesions observed was not established.", "contents": "Frequency of pyelitis, pyelonephritis, renal perivasculitis, and renal infarction in dogs. The frequency of pyelitis, renal perivasculitis, and renal cortical inflammation was determined in 104 apparently normal dogs, 50 dogs with disease that were necropsied, and 20 dogs with experimentally induced cystitis. Abnormalities occurred least often (19%) in the apparently normal group and most often (55%) in the cystitis group. The frequency of specific lesions was generally higher in males than in females. Bacteria were isolated from kidney and urine of some of the apparently normal dogs, but their relationship to the lesions observed was not established.", "PMID": 1115415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4568", "title": "Surveillance of Iowa swine herds for influenza-like illness: combined serologic and virus isolation method.", "content": "Five Iowa swine herds (involving about 7,000 swine) were placed under surveillance for signs of influenza-like illness. Blood samples for hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) tests of serums and nasal secretions on swabs for viral isolation were collected from 20 feeder swine in each herd at the outset of surveillance. On the basis of results of HI tests, 6 swine in each herd tested were chosen to be resampled 6 weeks after the first blood sample was collected if swine influenza virus (SIV) was not isolated, but 3 weeks after the first blood sample was collected if SIV was isolated at the outset of surveillance. The swine chosen for resampling were considered sentinels in a herd for the duration of surveillance. Swine influenza virus was isolated from 20 of 20 swine in each of 2 herds that had signs of influenza-like illness. The initial HI titer of each of the 20 swine in the 2 herds was less than 10. However, serum samples prepared from blood collected from sentinel swine in the 2 herds 3 weeks after isolation of SIV had HI geometric mean titers (GMT) of 23 and 34. One herd had an initial HI GMT of 21. A SIV was not isolated from this herd, and serum samples obtained from 3 of the 6 sentinel seine 6 weeks after the first blood sample was collected still had demonstrable HI antibody.", "contents": "Surveillance of Iowa swine herds for influenza-like illness: combined serologic and virus isolation method. Five Iowa swine herds (involving about 7,000 swine) were placed under surveillance for signs of influenza-like illness. Blood samples for hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) tests of serums and nasal secretions on swabs for viral isolation were collected from 20 feeder swine in each herd at the outset of surveillance. On the basis of results of HI tests, 6 swine in each herd tested were chosen to be resampled 6 weeks after the first blood sample was collected if swine influenza virus (SIV) was not isolated, but 3 weeks after the first blood sample was collected if SIV was isolated at the outset of surveillance. The swine chosen for resampling were considered sentinels in a herd for the duration of surveillance. Swine influenza virus was isolated from 20 of 20 swine in each of 2 herds that had signs of influenza-like illness. The initial HI titer of each of the 20 swine in the 2 herds was less than 10. However, serum samples prepared from blood collected from sentinel swine in the 2 herds 3 weeks after isolation of SIV had HI geometric mean titers (GMT) of 23 and 34. One herd had an initial HI GMT of 21. A SIV was not isolated from this herd, and serum samples obtained from 3 of the 6 sentinel seine 6 weeks after the first blood sample was collected still had demonstrable HI antibody.", "PMID": 1115416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4569", "title": "Electron microscopic evaluation of bone cells in pigs with experimentally induced Bordetella rhinitis (turbinate osteoporosis).", "content": "The development of osseous lesions in the nasal turbinates of pigs with experimentally induced Bordetella rhinitis, occurring 2 to 6 weeks after inoculation with Bordetella bronchiseptica strain B, was evaluated ultrastructurally, and comparisons were made with controls. Progressive degenerative changes were seen in osteoblasts and osteocytes of diseased pigs. These changes included swollen mitochondria, distention of cisternae of endoplasmic reticulum, and lysis of some cells. Bacterial organisms, believed to be B bronchiseptica, were observed in the cytoplasm of osteoblasts and inclose proximity to bone surfaces in diseased pigs. Although osteoclasts occasionally had degenerative changes in the brush border, most osteoclasts wer similar to those of control pigs. Resorption of bone adjacent to degenerative osteoblasts and osteocytes may have contributed to the development of turbinate osteoporosis when combined with the normal cellular resorptive processes. Thes ultrastructural changes were similar to those previously reported in bone cells of the nasal turbinates of pigs with experimentally induced and naturally occurring atrophic rhinitis.", "contents": "Electron microscopic evaluation of bone cells in pigs with experimentally induced Bordetella rhinitis (turbinate osteoporosis). The development of osseous lesions in the nasal turbinates of pigs with experimentally induced Bordetella rhinitis, occurring 2 to 6 weeks after inoculation with Bordetella bronchiseptica strain B, was evaluated ultrastructurally, and comparisons were made with controls. Progressive degenerative changes were seen in osteoblasts and osteocytes of diseased pigs. These changes included swollen mitochondria, distention of cisternae of endoplasmic reticulum, and lysis of some cells. Bacterial organisms, believed to be B bronchiseptica, were observed in the cytoplasm of osteoblasts and inclose proximity to bone surfaces in diseased pigs. Although osteoclasts occasionally had degenerative changes in the brush border, most osteoclasts wer similar to those of control pigs. Resorption of bone adjacent to degenerative osteoblasts and osteocytes may have contributed to the development of turbinate osteoporosis when combined with the normal cellular resorptive processes. Thes ultrastructural changes were similar to those previously reported in bone cells of the nasal turbinates of pigs with experimentally induced and naturally occurring atrophic rhinitis.", "PMID": 1115417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4570", "title": "Penitrem A intoxication of calves: blood chemical and pathologic changes.", "content": "An isolate of Penicillium puberulum, obtained from moldy silage, was found to produce a tremorgenic mycotoxin, penitrem A. Dried ground mycelium of this isolate was administered orally to calves either in increasing daily doses or in a single dose that equalled the amount given over a 3-day period in the increasing daily-dose schedule. Signs of intoxication included tremor, ataxia, muscular rigidity, and convulsive episodes. Marked increases in plasma concentrations of lactic acid, pyruvic acid, glucose, and creatine phosphokinase activity were found coincident with the development of severe tremor. The only gross or microscopic change observed in tissues of intoxicated animals was an accumulation of fat in the liver. Changes in the various plasma constituents were interpreted as a secondary effect of the intoxication.", "contents": "Penitrem A intoxication of calves: blood chemical and pathologic changes. An isolate of Penicillium puberulum, obtained from moldy silage, was found to produce a tremorgenic mycotoxin, penitrem A. Dried ground mycelium of this isolate was administered orally to calves either in increasing daily doses or in a single dose that equalled the amount given over a 3-day period in the increasing daily-dose schedule. Signs of intoxication included tremor, ataxia, muscular rigidity, and convulsive episodes. Marked increases in plasma concentrations of lactic acid, pyruvic acid, glucose, and creatine phosphokinase activity were found coincident with the development of severe tremor. The only gross or microscopic change observed in tissues of intoxicated animals was an accumulation of fat in the liver. Changes in the various plasma constituents were interpreted as a secondary effect of the intoxication.", "PMID": 1115418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4571", "title": "Immunity to leptospirosis: Leptospira interrogans serotype pomona bacterins in cattle.", "content": "Immunity to renal leptospirosis was demonstrated in cattle vaccinated with Leptospira interrogans serotype pomona. Vaccinated cattle, challenge inoculated with virulent L interrogans serotype pomona organisms 12 months after vaccination, were resistant to renal infection; similarly inoculated, but nonvaccinated, cattle were susceptible to renal infection. Relationship was demonstrated between immunity induced in vaccinated cattle and that induced in hamsters vaccinated with a dilution of the same bacterin and later inoculated with virulent L interrogans serotype pomona organisms.", "contents": "Immunity to leptospirosis: Leptospira interrogans serotype pomona bacterins in cattle. Immunity to renal leptospirosis was demonstrated in cattle vaccinated with Leptospira interrogans serotype pomona. Vaccinated cattle, challenge inoculated with virulent L interrogans serotype pomona organisms 12 months after vaccination, were resistant to renal infection; similarly inoculated, but nonvaccinated, cattle were susceptible to renal infection. Relationship was demonstrated between immunity induced in vaccinated cattle and that induced in hamsters vaccinated with a dilution of the same bacterin and later inoculated with virulent L interrogans serotype pomona organisms.", "PMID": 1115419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4572", "title": "Electroretinography of acute hypoxic and increased intraocular pressure status in the dog.", "content": "A model for studying electroretinographic (ERG) responses during controlled hypoxia and acutely increased intraocular pressure (IOP) in dogs is described. The b-wave component of the ERG was critically affected before the a-wave. The critical perfusion pressure (PP) was 45 mm of Hg less than mean arterial blood pressure, and the dog will demonstrate altered b-wave amplitudes at hypoxic values of arterial oxygen pressure (Pao2) 0f 45 torr.", "contents": "Electroretinography of acute hypoxic and increased intraocular pressure status in the dog. A model for studying electroretinographic (ERG) responses during controlled hypoxia and acutely increased intraocular pressure (IOP) in dogs is described. The b-wave component of the ERG was critically affected before the a-wave. The critical perfusion pressure (PP) was 45 mm of Hg less than mean arterial blood pressure, and the dog will demonstrate altered b-wave amplitudes at hypoxic values of arterial oxygen pressure (Pao2) 0f 45 torr.", "PMID": 1115420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4573", "title": "Experimentally induced infection of dogs, cats, and nonhuman primates with Ehrlichia equi, etiologic agent of equine ehrlichiosis.", "content": "Dogs (German Shepherd Dogs and Beagles), cates, rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta), and baboons (Papio anubis) were inoculated with Whrlichia equi, the etiologic agent of equine ehrlichiosis. Within 3 to 7 days after inoculation, morulae were observed in the eosinophils of cats, neurtrophils of macaques and baboons, and in both neutrophils and eosinophils of dogs. The severe disease produced in horses by this agent was not a feature of E equi infection in dogs, cats, macaques, and baboons. However, a susceptible horse, inoculated with the pooled blood of 2 infected macaques, developed severe clinical signs of equine ehrlichiosis. Infection with E equi did not alter the susceptibiltiy of dogs to infection with Ehrlichia canis and did not prevent development of signs of disease resulting from this infection. The broad experimental host range from this infection. The broad experimental host range of E equi distinguishes it from other ehrlichial agents which are characterized by a rather narrow host range. The susceptibiltiy of nonhuman primates to infection with E equi provides a basis for consideration of the potential transmission of ehrlichial agents to man.", "contents": "Experimentally induced infection of dogs, cats, and nonhuman primates with Ehrlichia equi, etiologic agent of equine ehrlichiosis. Dogs (German Shepherd Dogs and Beagles), cates, rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta), and baboons (Papio anubis) were inoculated with Whrlichia equi, the etiologic agent of equine ehrlichiosis. Within 3 to 7 days after inoculation, morulae were observed in the eosinophils of cats, neurtrophils of macaques and baboons, and in both neutrophils and eosinophils of dogs. The severe disease produced in horses by this agent was not a feature of E equi infection in dogs, cats, macaques, and baboons. However, a susceptible horse, inoculated with the pooled blood of 2 infected macaques, developed severe clinical signs of equine ehrlichiosis. Infection with E equi did not alter the susceptibiltiy of dogs to infection with Ehrlichia canis and did not prevent development of signs of disease resulting from this infection. The broad experimental host range from this infection. The broad experimental host range of E equi distinguishes it from other ehrlichial agents which are characterized by a rather narrow host range. The susceptibiltiy of nonhuman primates to infection with E equi provides a basis for consideration of the potential transmission of ehrlichial agents to man.", "PMID": 1115421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4574", "title": "Serum cholesterol concentrations and cholelithiasis in rabbits as influenced by the form of dietary fat.", "content": "Dietary fats of similar fatty acid composition but in different forms, i.e., olive oil and semipurified oleic acid, were fed to rabbits as 15% of a purified ration for 36 weeks. At periods during the experiment, cholesterol was added to the ration in different amounts. Females rabbits seemed to have greater serum cholesterol concentrations than did male rabbits, and the rabbits fed the oleic acid usually had greater concentrations than did those fed olive oil. After cholesterol was withdrawn from the ration, several weeks were required for the serum cholesterol concentrations to return to pretreatment values. Gallstones and hepatic fatty degeneration were found in rabbits fed either olive oil or oleic acid.", "contents": "Serum cholesterol concentrations and cholelithiasis in rabbits as influenced by the form of dietary fat. Dietary fats of similar fatty acid composition but in different forms, i.e., olive oil and semipurified oleic acid, were fed to rabbits as 15% of a purified ration for 36 weeks. At periods during the experiment, cholesterol was added to the ration in different amounts. Females rabbits seemed to have greater serum cholesterol concentrations than did male rabbits, and the rabbits fed the oleic acid usually had greater concentrations than did those fed olive oil. After cholesterol was withdrawn from the ration, several weeks were required for the serum cholesterol concentrations to return to pretreatment values. Gallstones and hepatic fatty degeneration were found in rabbits fed either olive oil or oleic acid.", "PMID": 1115422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4575", "title": "Activity of organophosphorus compounds against oral stages of gasterophilus intestinalis and Gasterophilus nasalis.", "content": "Controlled tests of the efficacy of bot-active compounds, dichlorvos, trichlorfon, trichlorfon butonate, and carbon disulfide on the larvae of Gasterophilus intestinalis and Gasterophilus nasalis during their migratory period in the tissue of the mouth of horses and ponies were completed on experimentally induced and naturally acquired infections. Against the experimental parasitisms in pony foals, the resin-pellet formulation of dichlorvos given on the feed at the dose level of 37 mg/kg, 2 formulations of trichlorfon given by stomach tube at the dose level of 40 mg/kg, another of trichlorfon given on the feed, and trichlorfon butonate given intragastrically at the dose level of 43 mg/kg were 100% efficacious. Against naturally acquired parasitisms in horses, a broad-spectrum gel formulation of dichlorvos given intraorally at the dose level of 36 mg/kg was quite efficacious, whereas liquid carbon disulfide given by stomach tube at the dose level of 2.4 ml/45.45 kg was ineffective.", "contents": "Activity of organophosphorus compounds against oral stages of gasterophilus intestinalis and Gasterophilus nasalis. Controlled tests of the efficacy of bot-active compounds, dichlorvos, trichlorfon, trichlorfon butonate, and carbon disulfide on the larvae of Gasterophilus intestinalis and Gasterophilus nasalis during their migratory period in the tissue of the mouth of horses and ponies were completed on experimentally induced and naturally acquired infections. Against the experimental parasitisms in pony foals, the resin-pellet formulation of dichlorvos given on the feed at the dose level of 37 mg/kg, 2 formulations of trichlorfon given by stomach tube at the dose level of 40 mg/kg, another of trichlorfon given on the feed, and trichlorfon butonate given intragastrically at the dose level of 43 mg/kg were 100% efficacious. Against naturally acquired parasitisms in horses, a broad-spectrum gel formulation of dichlorvos given intraorally at the dose level of 36 mg/kg was quite efficacious, whereas liquid carbon disulfide given by stomach tube at the dose level of 2.4 ml/45.45 kg was ineffective.", "PMID": 1115423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4576", "title": "Age of cattle as related to resistance to infection with Mycobacterium paratuberculosis.", "content": "Two 1-month-old calves, four 9-month old calves, and 4 adult (5 to 11 years old) cattle were exposed to Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. At 150 days after exposure, all cattle were killed and necropsied, and at that time, tissues of the 1-month-old calves had more bacilli and lesions than did tissues of the 9-month-old calves or the adult cattle. All cattle responded to immunologic tests during the experiment.", "contents": "Age of cattle as related to resistance to infection with Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. Two 1-month-old calves, four 9-month old calves, and 4 adult (5 to 11 years old) cattle were exposed to Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. At 150 days after exposure, all cattle were killed and necropsied, and at that time, tissues of the 1-month-old calves had more bacilli and lesions than did tissues of the 9-month-old calves or the adult cattle. All cattle responded to immunologic tests during the experiment.", "PMID": 1115424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4577", "title": "Selenium-vitamin E deficiency in swine fed peas (Pisum sativum).", "content": "An experiment was conducted to study the effects of feeding a 96.8% cull pea basal ration, low in selenium (0.061 ppm) and vitamin E (7.0 IU alpha-tocopherol/kg of ration), to growing pigs with and without supplementation of selenium, vitamin E, or both. The basal ration was high in crude protein (25.2%) and contained no supplemented fat. Nine of 10 pigs fed the unsupplemented basal ration had lesions attributed to selenium-vitamin E deficiency, and 8 of these pigs died during the 160-day experiment. The deficiency was usually characterized by sudden death (with no prior signs of illness), massive hepatic necrosis, hemoglobinuric and to a lesser extent cholemic nephrosis, degenerative myopathy of cardiac and skeletal muscles, edema, icterus, and acute terminal congestion and hemorrhage. Clinical signs, deaths, or lesions attributed to selenium-vitamin E deficiency were not observed in any of the pigs fed the basal ration supplemented with as little as 0.01 ppm selenium as sodium selenite or 100 ppm alpha-tocopherol. Pigs fed the unsupplemented basal ration gained more slowly (P less than 0.01) and less efficiently and had higher serum glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (SGOT) levels (P less than 0.01) than pigs fed the basal ration supplemented with selenium, vitamin E, or both. There was no difference (P greater than 0.05) in albumin-to-globulin (A/G) ratios among dietary treatment groups. Using the criteria of this study, the minimum selenium requirement of growing pigs fed a low tocopherol cull pea diet was determined to be between 0.06 and 0.07 ppm.", "contents": "Selenium-vitamin E deficiency in swine fed peas (Pisum sativum). An experiment was conducted to study the effects of feeding a 96.8% cull pea basal ration, low in selenium (0.061 ppm) and vitamin E (7.0 IU alpha-tocopherol/kg of ration), to growing pigs with and without supplementation of selenium, vitamin E, or both. The basal ration was high in crude protein (25.2%) and contained no supplemented fat. Nine of 10 pigs fed the unsupplemented basal ration had lesions attributed to selenium-vitamin E deficiency, and 8 of these pigs died during the 160-day experiment. The deficiency was usually characterized by sudden death (with no prior signs of illness), massive hepatic necrosis, hemoglobinuric and to a lesser extent cholemic nephrosis, degenerative myopathy of cardiac and skeletal muscles, edema, icterus, and acute terminal congestion and hemorrhage. Clinical signs, deaths, or lesions attributed to selenium-vitamin E deficiency were not observed in any of the pigs fed the basal ration supplemented with as little as 0.01 ppm selenium as sodium selenite or 100 ppm alpha-tocopherol. Pigs fed the unsupplemented basal ration gained more slowly (P less than 0.01) and less efficiently and had higher serum glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (SGOT) levels (P less than 0.01) than pigs fed the basal ration supplemented with selenium, vitamin E, or both. There was no difference (P greater than 0.05) in albumin-to-globulin (A/G) ratios among dietary treatment groups. Using the criteria of this study, the minimum selenium requirement of growing pigs fed a low tocopherol cull pea diet was determined to be between 0.06 and 0.07 ppm.", "PMID": 1115425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4578", "title": "Repeated oral administration of coumaphos in sheep: effects on erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase and other constituents.", "content": "The effects of treating adult wethers with 2 or 4 mg of coumaphos/kg of body weight each day for 6 days were investigated. The smaller dose produced a gradual decrease of erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity (to maximum average reduction of approximately 45%), but without the appearance of signs of toxicosis. The larger dose appeared to be toxic. Treatment with the drug did not seem to alter significantly the anticholinesterase effects of a 2nd treatment made 6 weeks later. Coumaphos did not significantly affect serum activities of aspartate aminotransferase (glutamic oxalacetic transaminase) or isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICD) and concentrations of serum sodium and plasma calcium. A marked decrease in blood serum potassium and an increase in plasma magnesium occurred in all wethers that died after treatment with coumaphos, whereas appreciable changes did not occur in the survivors of the treatment given 6 weeks earlier. Treatment of sheep with an intravenous injection of the organophosphorous compound trichlorfon, insufficient to produce a significant effect on erythrocyte cholinesterase activity, produced additive effects with those of coumaphos.", "contents": "Repeated oral administration of coumaphos in sheep: effects on erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase and other constituents. The effects of treating adult wethers with 2 or 4 mg of coumaphos/kg of body weight each day for 6 days were investigated. The smaller dose produced a gradual decrease of erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity (to maximum average reduction of approximately 45%), but without the appearance of signs of toxicosis. The larger dose appeared to be toxic. Treatment with the drug did not seem to alter significantly the anticholinesterase effects of a 2nd treatment made 6 weeks later. Coumaphos did not significantly affect serum activities of aspartate aminotransferase (glutamic oxalacetic transaminase) or isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICD) and concentrations of serum sodium and plasma calcium. A marked decrease in blood serum potassium and an increase in plasma magnesium occurred in all wethers that died after treatment with coumaphos, whereas appreciable changes did not occur in the survivors of the treatment given 6 weeks earlier. Treatment of sheep with an intravenous injection of the organophosphorous compound trichlorfon, insufficient to produce a significant effect on erythrocyte cholinesterase activity, produced additive effects with those of coumaphos.", "PMID": 1115426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4579", "title": "Some observations on experimentally induced infection of dogs with Babesia gibsoni.", "content": "Splenectomized andnonsplenectomized dogs were experimentally infected with Babesia gibsoni. Infectivity of parasites was retained for 1 month in samples of blood kept at 4 C in a mixture with Alsever's, acid-citrate-dextrose (ACD), or ammonium-potassium oxalate solutions. When samples were slowly frozen to -70 C in a mixture with citrate solution, the parasites remained infective for 4 months. The average prepatent period was 3.3 days in splenectomized dogs and 4 days in nonsplenectomized dogs. Clinical signs were mild fever and anemia in nonsplenectomized dogs and fever, anemia, icterus, and rarely, hemoglobinuria in splenectomized dogs. Blood packed cell volume (PCV) decreased to as little as 11%, and total bilirubin increased to as great as 0.85 mg/dl. Latent parasitemia was still detectable in some dogs 135 days after the initial parasitemia. Gross pathologic changes mainly involved liver and spleen. Hepatic degeneration was always present.", "contents": "Some observations on experimentally induced infection of dogs with Babesia gibsoni. Splenectomized andnonsplenectomized dogs were experimentally infected with Babesia gibsoni. Infectivity of parasites was retained for 1 month in samples of blood kept at 4 C in a mixture with Alsever's, acid-citrate-dextrose (ACD), or ammonium-potassium oxalate solutions. When samples were slowly frozen to -70 C in a mixture with citrate solution, the parasites remained infective for 4 months. The average prepatent period was 3.3 days in splenectomized dogs and 4 days in nonsplenectomized dogs. Clinical signs were mild fever and anemia in nonsplenectomized dogs and fever, anemia, icterus, and rarely, hemoglobinuria in splenectomized dogs. Blood packed cell volume (PCV) decreased to as little as 11%, and total bilirubin increased to as great as 0.85 mg/dl. Latent parasitemia was still detectable in some dogs 135 days after the initial parasitemia. Gross pathologic changes mainly involved liver and spleen. Hepatic degeneration was always present.", "PMID": 1115427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4580", "title": "Chronic depression of serum concentrations of sialic acid in alloxan-induced diabetic rats.", "content": "This study was performed to determine whether alloxan treatment of rats alters concentrations of the terminal carbohydrate residues, L-fucose and sialic acid, of serum glycoproteins. Results indicate that in the uncompensated diabetic rat, chronic depression of serum sialic acid concentration occurred with no apparent alteration in the concentration of L-fucose. The depression in sialic acid concentration may be attributed, in part, to decreased activities of hepatic enzymes involved in sialic acid synthesis similar to those observed by others after treatment of rats with the diabetogenic agent streptozotocin. The lack of any significant alteration in the concentration of L-fucose fails to confirm, in the experimental diabetic rat, the increased protein-bound fucose values reported in human diabetics. Administration of insulin was not effective in modifying the sialic acid response after alloxan treatment.", "contents": "Chronic depression of serum concentrations of sialic acid in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. This study was performed to determine whether alloxan treatment of rats alters concentrations of the terminal carbohydrate residues, L-fucose and sialic acid, of serum glycoproteins. Results indicate that in the uncompensated diabetic rat, chronic depression of serum sialic acid concentration occurred with no apparent alteration in the concentration of L-fucose. The depression in sialic acid concentration may be attributed, in part, to decreased activities of hepatic enzymes involved in sialic acid synthesis similar to those observed by others after treatment of rats with the diabetogenic agent streptozotocin. The lack of any significant alteration in the concentration of L-fucose fails to confirm, in the experimental diabetic rat, the increased protein-bound fucose values reported in human diabetics. Administration of insulin was not effective in modifying the sialic acid response after alloxan treatment.", "PMID": 1115428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4581", "title": "Surgical anesthesia in turkeys with thialbarbital sodium.", "content": "Thialbarbital sodium was found to be a reliable and economical general anesthetic for domesticated turkeys. Despite shortness of action of the initial dose, surgical anesthesia was maintained longer than 2 hours by intermittent infusion via a brachial vein cannula. The drug was reconstituted just before use (66 mg/ml) with sterile 1% saline solution. Rapid smooth induction was produced with an initial dosage of 30 mg/kg for hens and 26.5 mg/kg for toms, when administered within a 30- to 60-second interval. Supplemental infusion of the drug in increments of 0.25 to 1.5 ml was used to sustain the desired level of deep narcosis. The occurrence of respiratory failure was considerably less for thialbarbital than with pentobarbital sodium. Recovery was rapid and smooth.", "contents": "Surgical anesthesia in turkeys with thialbarbital sodium. Thialbarbital sodium was found to be a reliable and economical general anesthetic for domesticated turkeys. Despite shortness of action of the initial dose, surgical anesthesia was maintained longer than 2 hours by intermittent infusion via a brachial vein cannula. The drug was reconstituted just before use (66 mg/ml) with sterile 1% saline solution. Rapid smooth induction was produced with an initial dosage of 30 mg/kg for hens and 26.5 mg/kg for toms, when administered within a 30- to 60-second interval. Supplemental infusion of the drug in increments of 0.25 to 1.5 ml was used to sustain the desired level of deep narcosis. The occurrence of respiratory failure was considerably less for thialbarbital than with pentobarbital sodium. Recovery was rapid and smooth.", "PMID": 1115429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4582", "title": "Comparative body compositions of the dog and goat.", "content": "The weights of certain organs and tissues of dogs and goats were measured and expressed as percentages of the total body weights. Species differences were observed in the contribution of several organs to the body weight. In the goat, a large percentage of the body weight was due to gastrointestinal contents. When calculations were made with the gastrointestinal contents eliminated from the body weight, many of the originally observed differences disappeared. After exclusion of the weight of gastrointestinal contents, only the values for skin, large intestine, and kidneys were significantly different between species. The possible influence of body composition on drug dosage is discussed.", "contents": "Comparative body compositions of the dog and goat. The weights of certain organs and tissues of dogs and goats were measured and expressed as percentages of the total body weights. Species differences were observed in the contribution of several organs to the body weight. In the goat, a large percentage of the body weight was due to gastrointestinal contents. When calculations were made with the gastrointestinal contents eliminated from the body weight, many of the originally observed differences disappeared. After exclusion of the weight of gastrointestinal contents, only the values for skin, large intestine, and kidneys were significantly different between species. The possible influence of body composition on drug dosage is discussed.", "PMID": 1115430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4583", "title": "Isolation of T-strain Mycoplasma from sheep and goats in Texas.", "content": "T-strain mycoplasmas were isolated from 3 of 42 lambs, 18 of 34 aged ewes, and 3 of 10 Spanish goats. This is the first report of isolation of T-strain mycoplasma from sheep and of the occurrence of T-strain mycoplasma in goats in the United States.", "contents": "Isolation of T-strain Mycoplasma from sheep and goats in Texas. T-strain mycoplasmas were isolated from 3 of 42 lambs, 18 of 34 aged ewes, and 3 of 10 Spanish goats. This is the first report of isolation of T-strain mycoplasma from sheep and of the occurrence of T-strain mycoplasma in goats in the United States.", "PMID": 1115431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4584", "title": "Cannulation of ductus deferens of the boar: a surgical technique.", "content": "A cannula and collection system are described which permitted collection of semen directly from the epididymis via the ductus deferens from conscious boars while also simultaneously collecting semen via the ejaculation process. The cannula consisted of silicone rubber tubing that was surgically inserted into the ductus deferens 10 to 12 cm from the end of the cauda epididymidis. Cannulas were successfully used in 4 boars. Average daily output of spermatozoa was 11.2 times 109 and 12.4 times 109 from cannulated side and intact side, respectively.", "contents": "Cannulation of ductus deferens of the boar: a surgical technique. A cannula and collection system are described which permitted collection of semen directly from the epididymis via the ductus deferens from conscious boars while also simultaneously collecting semen via the ejaculation process. The cannula consisted of silicone rubber tubing that was surgically inserted into the ductus deferens 10 to 12 cm from the end of the cauda epididymidis. Cannulas were successfully used in 4 boars. Average daily output of spermatozoa was 11.2 times 109 and 12.4 times 109 from cannulated side and intact side, respectively.", "PMID": 1115432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4585", "title": "Experimentally induced cerebrospinal nematodiasis in rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus).", "content": "To determine if the rabbit can act as an intermediate host for ascarids from certain carnivorous animals (skunks, pigs, dogs), 12 rabbits were infected with Ascaris columnaris, Ascaris suum, or Toxocara canis. Clinical signs, microscopic lesions, and morphologic features of ascarids with naturally occurring and experimentally induced A columnaris infections were identical. Of the 3 induced parasitic infections, A columnaris caused the most severe lesions in the central nervous system (CNS). It appears that rabbits may potentially act as intermediate hosts for A columnaris.", "contents": "Experimentally induced cerebrospinal nematodiasis in rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). To determine if the rabbit can act as an intermediate host for ascarids from certain carnivorous animals (skunks, pigs, dogs), 12 rabbits were infected with Ascaris columnaris, Ascaris suum, or Toxocara canis. Clinical signs, microscopic lesions, and morphologic features of ascarids with naturally occurring and experimentally induced A columnaris infections were identical. Of the 3 induced parasitic infections, A columnaris caused the most severe lesions in the central nervous system (CNS). It appears that rabbits may potentially act as intermediate hosts for A columnaris.", "PMID": 1115433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4586", "title": "Murine ovarian teratoma.", "content": "A unilateral ovarian teratoma was observed in a C3H/HeN breeder mouse. Tissues originating form the 3 embryonal germ layers were present in the tumor. A focus suggestive of epithelial malignant transformation was noted; however, neither metastasis nor invasion into the surrounding capsule was found.", "contents": "Murine ovarian teratoma. A unilateral ovarian teratoma was observed in a C3H/HeN breeder mouse. Tissues originating form the 3 embryonal germ layers were present in the tumor. A focus suggestive of epithelial malignant transformation was noted; however, neither metastasis nor invasion into the surrounding capsule was found.", "PMID": 1115434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4587", "title": "\"Comparably massive\" penicillin G therapy in renal failure.", "content": "Impairment of penicillin G excretion in renal failure may result in life-threatening, dose-related toxicity. We report a method for achieving a desired mean serum penicillin G concentration in patients with renal failure, with minimal risk of both undertreatment and drug toxicity. The method is based on the linear relation between the total plasma clearance of penicillin G (Cpen) and the endogenous creatinine clearance. The daily maintenance dose of penicillin G (units) is defined by the product, Cpen (ml/min) times desired mean serum penicillin G concentration (mug/ml) times 2300. Application of this method to patients with various degrees of renal impairment by either constant-rate infusion or intermittent infusion gave serum penicillin G concentrations within the desired range in all but 1 of 15 instances. On the basis of these observations, practical guidelines for \"comparably massive\" penicillin G therapy are suggested.", "contents": "\"Comparably massive\" penicillin G therapy in renal failure. Impairment of penicillin G excretion in renal failure may result in life-threatening, dose-related toxicity. We report a method for achieving a desired mean serum penicillin G concentration in patients with renal failure, with minimal risk of both undertreatment and drug toxicity. The method is based on the linear relation between the total plasma clearance of penicillin G (Cpen) and the endogenous creatinine clearance. The daily maintenance dose of penicillin G (units) is defined by the product, Cpen (ml/min) times desired mean serum penicillin G concentration (mug/ml) times 2300. Application of this method to patients with various degrees of renal impairment by either constant-rate infusion or intermittent infusion gave serum penicillin G concentrations within the desired range in all but 1 of 15 instances. On the basis of these observations, practical guidelines for \"comparably massive\" penicillin G therapy are suggested.", "PMID": 1115440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4588", "title": "Vitamin D intoxication in an anephric child.", "content": "Although the biologically active metabolite of vitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, is synthesized exclusively by kidney tissue, severe hypercalcemia developed in an anephric child treated with large doses of vitamin D. Treatment by calcium-free peritoneal dialysis acutely reduced serum calcium from 17.2 to 14.2 mg/100 ml. This decrement was effected by removal of three times the total calcium in extracellular fluid, suggesting enhanced bone resorption. Oral prednisolone for 7 days reduced serum calcium to 13 mg/100 ml, but hypercalcemia recurred rapidly after prednisolone was stopped. Calcitonin, given for only 4 one-half days, produced normocalcemia. Maximum serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD), observed immediately after vitamin D was stopped, was 635 ng/ml (normal range 23-32 ng/ml) and subsequently decreased with an initial half-time of 10 days. Losses in peritoneal dialysate may have contributed to disappearance of serum 25-OHD. Because of the high serum levels of 25-OHD and absence of renal tissue, 25-OHD was the likely metabolite that caused hypercalcemia, probably by stimulation of bone resorption, though contribution to hypercalcemia by another vitamin D metabolite cannot be absolutely excluded.", "contents": "Vitamin D intoxication in an anephric child. Although the biologically active metabolite of vitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, is synthesized exclusively by kidney tissue, severe hypercalcemia developed in an anephric child treated with large doses of vitamin D. Treatment by calcium-free peritoneal dialysis acutely reduced serum calcium from 17.2 to 14.2 mg/100 ml. This decrement was effected by removal of three times the total calcium in extracellular fluid, suggesting enhanced bone resorption. Oral prednisolone for 7 days reduced serum calcium to 13 mg/100 ml, but hypercalcemia recurred rapidly after prednisolone was stopped. Calcitonin, given for only 4 one-half days, produced normocalcemia. Maximum serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD), observed immediately after vitamin D was stopped, was 635 ng/ml (normal range 23-32 ng/ml) and subsequently decreased with an initial half-time of 10 days. Losses in peritoneal dialysate may have contributed to disappearance of serum 25-OHD. Because of the high serum levels of 25-OHD and absence of renal tissue, 25-OHD was the likely metabolite that caused hypercalcemia, probably by stimulation of bone resorption, though contribution to hypercalcemia by another vitamin D metabolite cannot be absolutely excluded.", "PMID": 1115441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4589", "title": "Plasma C-peptide and diagnosis of factitious hyperinsulinism. Study of an insulin-dependent diabetic patient with \"spontaneous\" hypoglycemia.", "content": "Factitious hyperinsulinism was suspected in a patient with an 11-year history of insulin-dependent, ketosis-prone diabetes mellitus who began to experience repetitive episodes of \"spontaneous\" hypoglycemia. Insulin mediation of the hypoglycemia was confirmed by documenting that urinary insulin and total extractable insulin in plasma increased during periods of hypoglycemia. Failure to detect significant amounts of human C-peptide by radioimmunoassay during periods of hypoglycemia or in response to stimulation with glucagon, leucine, or tolbutamide indicated that the insulin was not endogenous. The diagnosis of factitious hyperinsulinism was ultimately proved by the finding of radioactivity in the patient's urine after 131-I Hippuran was added to a vial of insulin found in the patient's room.", "contents": "Plasma C-peptide and diagnosis of factitious hyperinsulinism. Study of an insulin-dependent diabetic patient with \"spontaneous\" hypoglycemia. Factitious hyperinsulinism was suspected in a patient with an 11-year history of insulin-dependent, ketosis-prone diabetes mellitus who began to experience repetitive episodes of \"spontaneous\" hypoglycemia. Insulin mediation of the hypoglycemia was confirmed by documenting that urinary insulin and total extractable insulin in plasma increased during periods of hypoglycemia. Failure to detect significant amounts of human C-peptide by radioimmunoassay during periods of hypoglycemia or in response to stimulation with glucagon, leucine, or tolbutamide indicated that the insulin was not endogenous. The diagnosis of factitious hyperinsulinism was ultimately proved by the finding of radioactivity in the patient's urine after 131-I Hippuran was added to a vial of insulin found in the patient's room.", "PMID": 1115442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4590", "title": "Hyperparathyroidism and carcinoid tumor.", "content": "Three patients with carcinoid tumor associated with hyperparathyroidism are described. All patients showed a high circulating immunoreactive calcitonin level with no differential increase in the neck venous catheterization specimens, suggesting that the high concentrations of circulating immunoreactive calcitonin may have come from the carcinoid tumor. We think that the hyperparathyroidism in these patients was primary and that the association with carcinoid tumor represents another form of multiple endocrine tumor formation. Hyperparathyroidism should be investigated in patients with carcinoid tumor.", "contents": "Hyperparathyroidism and carcinoid tumor. Three patients with carcinoid tumor associated with hyperparathyroidism are described. All patients showed a high circulating immunoreactive calcitonin level with no differential increase in the neck venous catheterization specimens, suggesting that the high concentrations of circulating immunoreactive calcitonin may have come from the carcinoid tumor. We think that the hyperparathyroidism in these patients was primary and that the association with carcinoid tumor represents another form of multiple endocrine tumor formation. Hyperparathyroidism should be investigated in patients with carcinoid tumor.", "PMID": 1115443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4591", "title": "Prevalence of cholelithiasis in idiopathic late-onset immunoglobulin deficiency.", "content": "Twelve of 50 consecutive patients with idiopathic late-onset immunoglobulin deficiency had cholelithiasis. This represents a prevalence rate of 24%, which is significantly above the rate in a control group of 500 patients from this medical center matched 10:1 for age and sex (P less than 0.005). This finding adds a new gastrointestinal abnormality to those known to occur in idiopathic late-onset immunoglobulin deficiency.", "contents": "Prevalence of cholelithiasis in idiopathic late-onset immunoglobulin deficiency. Twelve of 50 consecutive patients with idiopathic late-onset immunoglobulin deficiency had cholelithiasis. This represents a prevalence rate of 24%, which is significantly above the rate in a control group of 500 patients from this medical center matched 10:1 for age and sex (P less than 0.005). This finding adds a new gastrointestinal abnormality to those known to occur in idiopathic late-onset immunoglobulin deficiency.", "PMID": 1115444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4592", "title": "Rifampin and warfarin: a drug interaction.", "content": "The drug interaction between warfarin and rifampin is not well known. Rifampin has been reported to increase the warfarin requirements in human subjects ingesting these agents simultaneously. The concomitant administration of rifampin and warfarin resulted in the need for an unusually high maintenance dose of warfarin (20 mg per day) in order to produce a therapeutic effect. Withdrawal of rifampin decreased the warfarin requirement by 50%. This effect may be mediated by the ability of rifampin to induce microsomal enzymes and, thus, the catabolism of warfarin. The effect of rifampin on the warfarin requirement of our patient appeared to be maximal 5 to 7 days after the initiation of rifampin and extended a similar length of time after rifampin withdrawal. This interaction appears to be clinically significant.", "contents": "Rifampin and warfarin: a drug interaction. The drug interaction between warfarin and rifampin is not well known. Rifampin has been reported to increase the warfarin requirements in human subjects ingesting these agents simultaneously. The concomitant administration of rifampin and warfarin resulted in the need for an unusually high maintenance dose of warfarin (20 mg per day) in order to produce a therapeutic effect. Withdrawal of rifampin decreased the warfarin requirement by 50%. This effect may be mediated by the ability of rifampin to induce microsomal enzymes and, thus, the catabolism of warfarin. The effect of rifampin on the warfarin requirement of our patient appeared to be maximal 5 to 7 days after the initiation of rifampin and extended a similar length of time after rifampin withdrawal. This interaction appears to be clinically significant.", "PMID": 1115445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4593", "title": "UCLA Conference. Diagnosis and treatment of erosive rheumatoid arthritis and other forms of joint destruction.", "content": "Single or multiple destruction of joints arises from many causes, ranging from the acute destructive process (usually monarticular) in septic joint disease to the chronic, slowly evolving destruction of cartilage and adjacent bone that occurs in osteoarthritis. Medical treatment of a few of these conditions (including rheumatoid arthritis) is reasonably satisfactory if it is initiated early. On the other hand, surgical procedures are indicated if physical and X-ray examination of the involved joints discloses the presence of a significant destructive process involving both articular cartilage and bone. Several very satisfactory such operative techniques, including synovectomy (in the relatively early phases) and prosthetic joint replacement, have been recently developed. These are especially favorable in destructive disease of the hip, knee, or small joints of the hand. The various differential diagnostic, radiographic medical, and surgical procedures are discussed in some detail in this conference.", "contents": "UCLA Conference. Diagnosis and treatment of erosive rheumatoid arthritis and other forms of joint destruction. Single or multiple destruction of joints arises from many causes, ranging from the acute destructive process (usually monarticular) in septic joint disease to the chronic, slowly evolving destruction of cartilage and adjacent bone that occurs in osteoarthritis. Medical treatment of a few of these conditions (including rheumatoid arthritis) is reasonably satisfactory if it is initiated early. On the other hand, surgical procedures are indicated if physical and X-ray examination of the involved joints discloses the presence of a significant destructive process involving both articular cartilage and bone. Several very satisfactory such operative techniques, including synovectomy (in the relatively early phases) and prosthetic joint replacement, have been recently developed. These are especially favorable in destructive disease of the hip, knee, or small joints of the hand. The various differential diagnostic, radiographic medical, and surgical procedures are discussed in some detail in this conference.", "PMID": 1115448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4594", "title": "The patient with chronic renal failure: a marginal man.", "content": "Four years of experience in counseling more than a hundred patients with renal disease has led to a specific overview of a basic problem in self-image. Despite vast differences in patient personalities and life styles, there is one outstanding common element that has been seen repeatedly. These patients all share a desperate struggle to determine for themselves a realistic set of expectations and goals. They tend, after the initial impact of illness dissipates, to find themselves adrift somewhere between the world of the sick and the world of the well; they are, in effect, marginal men.", "contents": "The patient with chronic renal failure: a marginal man. Four years of experience in counseling more than a hundred patients with renal disease has led to a specific overview of a basic problem in self-image. Despite vast differences in patient personalities and life styles, there is one outstanding common element that has been seen repeatedly. These patients all share a desperate struggle to determine for themselves a realistic set of expectations and goals. They tend, after the initial impact of illness dissipates, to find themselves adrift somewhere between the world of the sick and the world of the well; they are, in effect, marginal men.", "PMID": 1115449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4595", "title": "The physician's responsibility for suicide. I. An error of commission.", "content": "A series of individuals who committed suicide by overdose of medication was matched for age, sex, and marital status with individuals who committed suicide by other means in the same time period. Somewhat more of those who died by overdose had been under the recent care of a physician (91% versus 71%). Over half of those who died by overdose had received a prescription within a week or less before dying or had an unlimited prescription for a fully lethal amount of the hypnotic substance ingested. Individuals receiving smaller prescriptions (less than a total of 1.5 g secobarbital or the equivalent) either augmented this supply with other medications available or used something else entirely. Thus, in over half the cases, the physician supplied the complete means for suicide in a single prescription. The availability of a recently prescribed lethal amount of medication strikingly distinguished the ingesters from the noningester controls.", "contents": "The physician's responsibility for suicide. I. An error of commission. A series of individuals who committed suicide by overdose of medication was matched for age, sex, and marital status with individuals who committed suicide by other means in the same time period. Somewhat more of those who died by overdose had been under the recent care of a physician (91% versus 71%). Over half of those who died by overdose had received a prescription within a week or less before dying or had an unlimited prescription for a fully lethal amount of the hypnotic substance ingested. Individuals receiving smaller prescriptions (less than a total of 1.5 g secobarbital or the equivalent) either augmented this supply with other medications available or used something else entirely. Thus, in over half the cases, the physician supplied the complete means for suicide in a single prescription. The availability of a recently prescribed lethal amount of medication strikingly distinguished the ingesters from the noningester controls.", "PMID": 1115462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4596", "title": "The physician's responsibility for suicide. II. Errors of omission.", "content": "Forty-nine out of 60 persons who committed suicide had been under the care of 71 physicians within 6 months or less before committing suicide. Over two thirds of the patients had histories of suicide attempts or threats. These histories were known to only two fifths of the physicians responsible for their care, despite the information being readily available from other sources. There was substantial evidence of depressive illness in three quarters of the patients, yet the diagnosis was rarely made except by psychiatrists, and therefore the depression was rarely treated. Although a few patients had been recognized as representing suicidal risk, the great majority had not. The failure to diagnose and to treat depressive illness and the failure to be informed about the risk factors in these cases represent missed opportunities for preventive intervention.", "contents": "The physician's responsibility for suicide. II. Errors of omission. Forty-nine out of 60 persons who committed suicide had been under the care of 71 physicians within 6 months or less before committing suicide. Over two thirds of the patients had histories of suicide attempts or threats. These histories were known to only two fifths of the physicians responsible for their care, despite the information being readily available from other sources. There was substantial evidence of depressive illness in three quarters of the patients, yet the diagnosis was rarely made except by psychiatrists, and therefore the depression was rarely treated. Although a few patients had been recognized as representing suicidal risk, the great majority had not. The failure to diagnose and to treat depressive illness and the failure to be informed about the risk factors in these cases represent missed opportunities for preventive intervention.", "PMID": 1115463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4597", "title": "Phenobarbital effects in cholestatic liver diseases.", "content": "Fifteen patients with cholestatic disorders were treated for 1 to 5 months with phenobarbital. Primary biliary cirrhosis was diagnosed in seven, sclerosing cholangitis in two, intrahepatic biliary hypoplasia in three, and cholestatic hepatitis in three. Except for the patients with cholestatic hepatitis, in whom marked cholestasis was virtually the only abnormality in liver biopsy specimens, serum bilirubin and bile acid concentrations were diminished during therapy, the hepatic clearance of sulfobromophthalein and 131-I-rose bengal was variably enhanced, and there was relief from pruritus. Serum cholesterol concentrations and other measures of hepatic function were not significantly changed during therapy except for serum alkaline phosphatase activity, which rose in twelve patients. Parallel changes occurred in 5'-nucleotidase, suggesting a hepatic origin for the alkaline phosphatase activity. These studies indicate that phenobarbital therapy is associated with improvement in organic anion clearance in some patients with cholestatic disorders and may be beneficial to such patients.", "contents": "Phenobarbital effects in cholestatic liver diseases. Fifteen patients with cholestatic disorders were treated for 1 to 5 months with phenobarbital. Primary biliary cirrhosis was diagnosed in seven, sclerosing cholangitis in two, intrahepatic biliary hypoplasia in three, and cholestatic hepatitis in three. Except for the patients with cholestatic hepatitis, in whom marked cholestasis was virtually the only abnormality in liver biopsy specimens, serum bilirubin and bile acid concentrations were diminished during therapy, the hepatic clearance of sulfobromophthalein and 131-I-rose bengal was variably enhanced, and there was relief from pruritus. Serum cholesterol concentrations and other measures of hepatic function were not significantly changed during therapy except for serum alkaline phosphatase activity, which rose in twelve patients. Parallel changes occurred in 5'-nucleotidase, suggesting a hepatic origin for the alkaline phosphatase activity. These studies indicate that phenobarbital therapy is associated with improvement in organic anion clearance in some patients with cholestatic disorders and may be beneficial to such patients.", "PMID": 1115464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4598", "title": "A test for patency of the cystic duct in acute cholecystitis.", "content": "A procedure was devised to quickly and reliably determine the patency of the cystic duct in patients suspected of having acute cholecystitis. First the gallbladder was stimulated to empty by a cholecystokinin injection. Thirty minutes later a radiolabeled biliary marker, either 150 muCi 131-I rose bengal or 2 mCi 99-mTc dihydrothioctic acid, was injected, and the accumulation of radioactivity in the liver and gallbladder regions was monitored by external gamma emission imaging and recording devices. The images of diagnostic importance were obtained between 60 and 90 minutes after injection of the tracer. Thirty-nine patients with acute abdominal pain were studied. Ten patients who had acute cholecystitis failed to show gallbladder accumulation of radioactivity, reflecting the cystic duct obstruction that initiates this disease. Twenty-nine patients having a variety of other diseases all showed gallbladder accumulation of activity, indicating in each patient that the cystic duct was patent. No significant adverse effects were noted. We conclude that the procedure is a useful adjunct to the clinical and roentgenographic evaluation of patients with acute abdominal pain.", "contents": "A test for patency of the cystic duct in acute cholecystitis. A procedure was devised to quickly and reliably determine the patency of the cystic duct in patients suspected of having acute cholecystitis. First the gallbladder was stimulated to empty by a cholecystokinin injection. Thirty minutes later a radiolabeled biliary marker, either 150 muCi 131-I rose bengal or 2 mCi 99-mTc dihydrothioctic acid, was injected, and the accumulation of radioactivity in the liver and gallbladder regions was monitored by external gamma emission imaging and recording devices. The images of diagnostic importance were obtained between 60 and 90 minutes after injection of the tracer. Thirty-nine patients with acute abdominal pain were studied. Ten patients who had acute cholecystitis failed to show gallbladder accumulation of radioactivity, reflecting the cystic duct obstruction that initiates this disease. Twenty-nine patients having a variety of other diseases all showed gallbladder accumulation of activity, indicating in each patient that the cystic duct was patent. No significant adverse effects were noted. We conclude that the procedure is a useful adjunct to the clinical and roentgenographic evaluation of patients with acute abdominal pain.", "PMID": 1115465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4599", "title": "Echography and phonography of acute aortic regurgitation in bacterial endocarditis.", "content": "Since management of acute aortic regurgitation in bacterial endocarditis is enhanced by early recognition, echocardiography and phonocardiography were evaluated in three such cases documented by catheterization and surgery without positive blood cultures and compared to echophonograms of 34 patients with aortic regurgitation of other origins. Endocarditis manifested distinctive, thickened, irregular aortic leaflet echoes with normal systolic excursion and mitral echopreclosure with anterior leaflet fluttering. Mitral preclosure resulted in mid- or end-diastolic crescendo murmur accompanied by soft first heart sound. Aortic echograms in nonendocarditis showed either widened root, diminished leaflet excursion, absence of irregular valvular thickening, or normal leaflets, all without mitral preclosure. This study shows specific echophonographic findings of aortic regurgitation due to endocarditis that enable diagnosis of this condition in the absence of positive blood cultures.", "contents": "Echography and phonography of acute aortic regurgitation in bacterial endocarditis. Since management of acute aortic regurgitation in bacterial endocarditis is enhanced by early recognition, echocardiography and phonocardiography were evaluated in three such cases documented by catheterization and surgery without positive blood cultures and compared to echophonograms of 34 patients with aortic regurgitation of other origins. Endocarditis manifested distinctive, thickened, irregular aortic leaflet echoes with normal systolic excursion and mitral echopreclosure with anterior leaflet fluttering. Mitral preclosure resulted in mid- or end-diastolic crescendo murmur accompanied by soft first heart sound. Aortic echograms in nonendocarditis showed either widened root, diminished leaflet excursion, absence of irregular valvular thickening, or normal leaflets, all without mitral preclosure. This study shows specific echophonographic findings of aortic regurgitation due to endocarditis that enable diagnosis of this condition in the absence of positive blood cultures.", "PMID": 1115466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4600", "title": "Norepinephrine depletion in idiopathic orthostatic hypotension.", "content": "Five patients with idiopathic orthostatic hypotension and defective vasoconstrictor responses to the Valsalva maneuver and to application of ice to the forehead were found to have absent vasoconstriction in the forearm in response to intra-arterial administration of tyramine and enhanced vasoconstrictor responses in response to intra-arterial administration of norepinephrine. These findings strongly suggested norepinephrine depletion from the nerve endings and inability of the sympathetic nerve endings to take up norepinephrine. The depletion of norepinephrine from sympathetic nerve endings was confirmed in four patients by demonstrating histochemically the absence of catecholamine-specific fluorescence in sympathetic vasomotor nerves from deltoid muscle. It is suggested that depletion of norepinephrine from nerve endings was responsible for autonomic dysfunction and orthostatic hypotension in these patients.", "contents": "Norepinephrine depletion in idiopathic orthostatic hypotension. Five patients with idiopathic orthostatic hypotension and defective vasoconstrictor responses to the Valsalva maneuver and to application of ice to the forehead were found to have absent vasoconstriction in the forearm in response to intra-arterial administration of tyramine and enhanced vasoconstrictor responses in response to intra-arterial administration of norepinephrine. These findings strongly suggested norepinephrine depletion from the nerve endings and inability of the sympathetic nerve endings to take up norepinephrine. The depletion of norepinephrine from sympathetic nerve endings was confirmed in four patients by demonstrating histochemically the absence of catecholamine-specific fluorescence in sympathetic vasomotor nerves from deltoid muscle. It is suggested that depletion of norepinephrine from nerve endings was responsible for autonomic dysfunction and orthostatic hypotension in these patients.", "PMID": 1115467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4601", "title": "Low platelet adhesiveness and other hemostatic abnormalities in hypothyroidism.", "content": "Fifteen patients with definite hypothyroidism and two with probable hypothyroidism had extensive hemostatic profiles done. In 12 of the 16 patients tested, the platelet adhesiveness (platelet retention in a glass bead column) was abnormal, and in 1 more it was borderline. In the six patients who were studied repeatedly, hemostatic abnormalities either markedly improved or disappeared after treatment with L-thyroxine. It is concluded that, in addition to the previously reported coagulation factor deficiencies (which we also observed in some of our patients), low platelet adhesiveness occurs frequently in patients with hypothyroidism.", "contents": "Low platelet adhesiveness and other hemostatic abnormalities in hypothyroidism. Fifteen patients with definite hypothyroidism and two with probable hypothyroidism had extensive hemostatic profiles done. In 12 of the 16 patients tested, the platelet adhesiveness (platelet retention in a glass bead column) was abnormal, and in 1 more it was borderline. In the six patients who were studied repeatedly, hemostatic abnormalities either markedly improved or disappeared after treatment with L-thyroxine. It is concluded that, in addition to the previously reported coagulation factor deficiencies (which we also observed in some of our patients), low platelet adhesiveness occurs frequently in patients with hypothyroidism.", "PMID": 1115468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4602", "title": "Hemorrhagic pleural effusion in patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis.", "content": "Three patients maintained on chronic hemodialysis developed hemorrhagic pleural effusion. The effusions seemed to be solely related to the uremic state, other causes having been excluded. Pulmonary restriction requiring decortication occurred in one patient. We concluded that hemorrhagic pleural effusion may be a complication of uremia in the chronically dialyzed patient and that fibrous pleuritis causing pulmonary restriction may result.", "contents": "Hemorrhagic pleural effusion in patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis. Three patients maintained on chronic hemodialysis developed hemorrhagic pleural effusion. The effusions seemed to be solely related to the uremic state, other causes having been excluded. Pulmonary restriction requiring decortication occurred in one patient. We concluded that hemorrhagic pleural effusion may be a complication of uremia in the chronically dialyzed patient and that fibrous pleuritis causing pulmonary restriction may result.", "PMID": 1115469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4603", "title": "Uremic pleural effusion. A study in 14 patients on chronic dialysis.", "content": "During a 21/2-year period, studies were done on 14 patients with chronic renal failure to evaluate pleural effusions which we believe were secondary to the uremic process. The patients with uremic pleural effusions closely resembled those in the group with chronic renal failure as a whole with respect to diagnosis and clinical features. Fever and pericarditis were noted in half the patients. The pleural fluid appeared serosanguineous or hemorrhagic in 10 of 14 patients and contained a predominance of lymphocytes more often than of neutrophils. Elevated protein and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) levels gave the effusion characteristics of an exudate. Pleural tissue obtained by pleural biopsy or autopsy showed chronic fibrinous pleuritis in every patient. With continued dialysis the effusions resolved in 4 to 6 weeks after thoracentesis in 11 patients and recurred in 3 patients.", "contents": "Uremic pleural effusion. A study in 14 patients on chronic dialysis. During a 21/2-year period, studies were done on 14 patients with chronic renal failure to evaluate pleural effusions which we believe were secondary to the uremic process. The patients with uremic pleural effusions closely resembled those in the group with chronic renal failure as a whole with respect to diagnosis and clinical features. Fever and pericarditis were noted in half the patients. The pleural fluid appeared serosanguineous or hemorrhagic in 10 of 14 patients and contained a predominance of lymphocytes more often than of neutrophils. Elevated protein and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) levels gave the effusion characteristics of an exudate. Pleural tissue obtained by pleural biopsy or autopsy showed chronic fibrinous pleuritis in every patient. With continued dialysis the effusions resolved in 4 to 6 weeks after thoracentesis in 11 patients and recurred in 3 patients.", "PMID": 1115470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4604", "title": "Parathyroid function in patients with pheochromocytoma.", "content": "Serum calcium, serum immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (PTH), and plasma immunoreactive calcitonin were measured in 12 patients with catecholamine-secreting tumors. Only two patients had high serum calcium and immunoreactive PTH concentrations (one also had high basal immunoreactive calcitonin); in both, the hypercalcemia persisted after removal of their pheochromocytomas but was corrected by removal of hyperplastic parathyroid glands and medullary thyroid carcinomas. Of the 10 patients with normal serum calcium and immunoreactive PTH concentrations, 2 had high immunoreactive calcitonin concentrations and medullary thyroid carcinomas alone were found. Our results suggest that [1] hypercalcemia occurs infrequently in patients with pheochromocytoma, [2] chronic circulating catecholamine excess does not cause increased immunoreactive PTH or immunoreactive calcitonin secretion in patients with pheochromocytoma, and [3] the parathyroid disease in patients with pheochromocytoma is a genetically determined component of multiple endocrine neoplasia.", "contents": "Parathyroid function in patients with pheochromocytoma. Serum calcium, serum immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (PTH), and plasma immunoreactive calcitonin were measured in 12 patients with catecholamine-secreting tumors. Only two patients had high serum calcium and immunoreactive PTH concentrations (one also had high basal immunoreactive calcitonin); in both, the hypercalcemia persisted after removal of their pheochromocytomas but was corrected by removal of hyperplastic parathyroid glands and medullary thyroid carcinomas. Of the 10 patients with normal serum calcium and immunoreactive PTH concentrations, 2 had high immunoreactive calcitonin concentrations and medullary thyroid carcinomas alone were found. Our results suggest that [1] hypercalcemia occurs infrequently in patients with pheochromocytoma, [2] chronic circulating catecholamine excess does not cause increased immunoreactive PTH or immunoreactive calcitonin secretion in patients with pheochromocytoma, and [3] the parathyroid disease in patients with pheochromocytoma is a genetically determined component of multiple endocrine neoplasia.", "PMID": 1115471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4605", "title": "Systemic lupus erythematosus presenting as panniculitis (lupus profundus).", "content": "Six patients are described in whom panniculitis was a major manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus. These patients were seen in a combined-clinics population of 270 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus for an incidence of approximately 2%. Panniculitis was the first symptom of systemic lupus erythematosus in three of these patients indicating that systemic lupus erythematosus should be considered as an underlying cause in patients with panniculitis or Weber-Christian's disease. Analysis of these six cases and those previously reported suggests that the addition of hydroxychloroquine to the treatment regimen may be beneficial in lupus panniculitis.", "contents": "Systemic lupus erythematosus presenting as panniculitis (lupus profundus). Six patients are described in whom panniculitis was a major manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus. These patients were seen in a combined-clinics population of 270 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus for an incidence of approximately 2%. Panniculitis was the first symptom of systemic lupus erythematosus in three of these patients indicating that systemic lupus erythematosus should be considered as an underlying cause in patients with panniculitis or Weber-Christian's disease. Analysis of these six cases and those previously reported suggests that the addition of hydroxychloroquine to the treatment regimen may be beneficial in lupus panniculitis.", "PMID": 1115472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4606", "title": "Systemic lupus erythematosus. Contrasts and comparisons.", "content": "Systemic lupus erythematosus, a disease capable of exhibiting virtually any clinical manifestation, is discussed in detail and the findings are compared to those in other, presumably systemic lupus erythematosus-related connective tissue diseases. More emphasis has been placed on the clinical features than on the numerous laboratory manifestations. The conference begins and ends with a brief consideration of current concepts of pathogenesis and suggests some future investigational directions.", "contents": "Systemic lupus erythematosus. Contrasts and comparisons. Systemic lupus erythematosus, a disease capable of exhibiting virtually any clinical manifestation, is discussed in detail and the findings are compared to those in other, presumably systemic lupus erythematosus-related connective tissue diseases. More emphasis has been placed on the clinical features than on the numerous laboratory manifestations. The conference begins and ends with a brief consideration of current concepts of pathogenesis and suggests some future investigational directions.", "PMID": 1115477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4607", "title": "Federal and state pesticide regulations and legislation.", "content": "The combined research, education, and regulatory efforts of federal and state governments have made possible an impressive record of abundant production while imposing minimal harm to human health and the environment. Considering that approximately one billion pounds of pesticides are being applied in the United States annually to control about 2000 pest species, the safety record is remarkable. The increased public concern about environmental values and long-term health effects is constructive and is resulting in some of the regulatory changes discussed in this article. The Federal Environmental Pesticide Control Act can result in an improved and expanded joint effort by federal and state governments to limit the misuse of pesticides while permitting their use to facilitate increased production of food, feed, and fiber; provide protection from spoilage; improve health; and control nuisance insects and unwanted plants. Implementation of current regulations, plus those in the process of being enacted under authority of the new federal act, will be complex and costly. Regulations will control the registration, labeling, distribution, storage, use and application, and disposal of pesticides. A small segment of our society would like to have the use of all chemicals banned. A few individuals oppose all government controls. However, the vast majority of agricultural producer groups, representatives of industry, and the public support the need for pesticide regulations.  Only through continued legal controls over pesticides may we hope to retain their use.  Our society has gained tremendous benefits from the use of pesticides to prevent disease and to increase the production of food and fiber. Our need to use pesticides will continue to increase for the foreseeable future. Government agencies responsible for protecting human health and the environment must make sound judgments on an individual basis in evaluating the evidence concerning both the benefits and risks of using pesticides.", "contents": "Federal and state pesticide regulations and legislation. The combined research, education, and regulatory efforts of federal and state governments have made possible an impressive record of abundant production while imposing minimal harm to human health and the environment. Considering that approximately one billion pounds of pesticides are being applied in the United States annually to control about 2000 pest species, the safety record is remarkable. The increased public concern about environmental values and long-term health effects is constructive and is resulting in some of the regulatory changes discussed in this article. The Federal Environmental Pesticide Control Act can result in an improved and expanded joint effort by federal and state governments to limit the misuse of pesticides while permitting their use to facilitate increased production of food, feed, and fiber; provide protection from spoilage; improve health; and control nuisance insects and unwanted plants. Implementation of current regulations, plus those in the process of being enacted under authority of the new federal act, will be complex and costly. Regulations will control the registration, labeling, distribution, storage, use and application, and disposal of pesticides. A small segment of our society would like to have the use of all chemicals banned. A few individuals oppose all government controls. However, the vast majority of agricultural producer groups, representatives of industry, and the public support the need for pesticide regulations.  Only through continued legal controls over pesticides may we hope to retain their use.  Our society has gained tremendous benefits from the use of pesticides to prevent disease and to increase the production of food and fiber. Our need to use pesticides will continue to increase for the foreseeable future. Government agencies responsible for protecting human health and the environment must make sound judgments on an individual basis in evaluating the evidence concerning both the benefits and risks of using pesticides.", "PMID": 1115495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4608", "title": "Protozoa as agents responsible for the decline of Xanthomonas campestris in soil.", "content": "A streptomycin-resistant mutant of Xanthomonas campestris was used to assess the persistence of the plant pathogen in soil and the changes in populations that might be important for its survival.  In soil into which large numbers of the organism were introduced, a marked decline in its abundance occurred, but after about 1 week its population density reached a level of about 105 and did not continue to fall during the test period. No such marked decline was evident in sterile soil inoculated with X. campestris.  The bacterium did not lose viability if starved for carbon or inorganic nitrogen.  Although abundant in soil, the numbers of propagules capable of producing antibiotics or lytic enzymes active against X. campestris did not increase coincident with the pathogen's decline, and no increase in tartrate-extractable toxins was observed.  Neither bdellovibrios nor bacteriophages active against the xanthomonad were found in the soil, but a marked increase in the frequency of protozoa paralleled the phase of rapid diminution in the X. campestris population.  In actidione-treated soil, in which protozoan activity was severly limited, the high cell density of the pathogen was maintained. On the basis of these data, it is concluded that predation by protozoa is responsible for the abrupt fall in frequency of the bacterium in natural soil.", "contents": "Protozoa as agents responsible for the decline of Xanthomonas campestris in soil. A streptomycin-resistant mutant of Xanthomonas campestris was used to assess the persistence of the plant pathogen in soil and the changes in populations that might be important for its survival.  In soil into which large numbers of the organism were introduced, a marked decline in its abundance occurred, but after about 1 week its population density reached a level of about 105 and did not continue to fall during the test period. No such marked decline was evident in sterile soil inoculated with X. campestris.  The bacterium did not lose viability if starved for carbon or inorganic nitrogen.  Although abundant in soil, the numbers of propagules capable of producing antibiotics or lytic enzymes active against X. campestris did not increase coincident with the pathogen's decline, and no increase in tartrate-extractable toxins was observed.  Neither bdellovibrios nor bacteriophages active against the xanthomonad were found in the soil, but a marked increase in the frequency of protozoa paralleled the phase of rapid diminution in the X. campestris population.  In actidione-treated soil, in which protozoan activity was severly limited, the high cell density of the pathogen was maintained. On the basis of these data, it is concluded that predation by protozoa is responsible for the abrupt fall in frequency of the bacterium in natural soil.", "PMID": 1115496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4609", "title": "Stereoisomeric specificity and soil gas disequilibria: implications for martian life detection.", "content": "Variations in the atmospheric composition of soil samples were monitored by mass spectrometry after the addition of mixtures of D- and L-carbohydrates and/or amino acids.  The changes in concentrations of CO2 in these experiments were found to be related to the steroisomeric configurations of the compounds with which the soil samples were enriched.  The potential of this relationship provides a comparatively simple approach for detecting life in extraterrestrial soils.", "contents": "Stereoisomeric specificity and soil gas disequilibria: implications for martian life detection. Variations in the atmospheric composition of soil samples were monitored by mass spectrometry after the addition of mixtures of D- and L-carbohydrates and/or amino acids.  The changes in concentrations of CO2 in these experiments were found to be related to the steroisomeric configurations of the compounds with which the soil samples were enriched.  The potential of this relationship provides a comparatively simple approach for detecting life in extraterrestrial soils.", "PMID": 1115497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4610", "title": "Protein content and amino acid composition of certain fungi evaluated for microbial protein production.", "content": "The protein and total amino acid contents of four mycelial fungal strains and one yeast were approximately the same for cultures harvested in the mid-log and early stationary growth phases. It was found that Fusarium oxysporum and Fusarium moniliforme contained approximately 30% more protein and total amino acids than Aspergillus niger. The amino acid composition of mycelial protein compares favorably with that of British Petroleum yeast protein Toprina produced commercially on hydrocarbon substrates. Fusarium spp. may be suitable for commercial production of microbial protein, especially when low-cost agricultural or industrial waste products are readily available as energy sources. Genetic manipulation of these fungi, such as induction of mutant strains through irradiation, may be desirable to obtain a mycelial product of improved yield and/or quality.", "contents": "Protein content and amino acid composition of certain fungi evaluated for microbial protein production. The protein and total amino acid contents of four mycelial fungal strains and one yeast were approximately the same for cultures harvested in the mid-log and early stationary growth phases. It was found that Fusarium oxysporum and Fusarium moniliforme contained approximately 30% more protein and total amino acids than Aspergillus niger. The amino acid composition of mycelial protein compares favorably with that of British Petroleum yeast protein Toprina produced commercially on hydrocarbon substrates. Fusarium spp. may be suitable for commercial production of microbial protein, especially when low-cost agricultural or industrial waste products are readily available as energy sources. Genetic manipulation of these fungi, such as induction of mutant strains through irradiation, may be desirable to obtain a mycelial product of improved yield and/or quality.", "PMID": 1115498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4611", "title": "Effects of mercuric chloride on growth and morphology of selected strains of mercury-resistant bacteria.", "content": "A survey of the comparative cytological effects of growth in the presence of mercury by a group of mercury-resistant bacterial cultures and a characterization of the process of bacterial adaptation to Hg2+ ion was accomplished.  Mercury resistance was found to be dependent upon the ability to volatilize mercury from the medium and upon the amount of mercury accumulated by the cells.  The results indicate that most cultures which adapt to growth in the presence of HgCl2 exhibit extensive morphological abnormalities.  Significant effects are delay in the onset of growth and cell division and numerous structural irregularities associated with cell wall and cytoplasmic membrane synthesis and function.  A detailed analysis of the adaptation process and the resulting effects on morphology was performed on an Enterobacter sp.  During the period preceding active multiplication, a selection for mercury-resistant mutants occurred.  It was also demonstrated that growth commenced only at a specific threshold concentration of HG2+.", "contents": "Effects of mercuric chloride on growth and morphology of selected strains of mercury-resistant bacteria. A survey of the comparative cytological effects of growth in the presence of mercury by a group of mercury-resistant bacterial cultures and a characterization of the process of bacterial adaptation to Hg2+ ion was accomplished.  Mercury resistance was found to be dependent upon the ability to volatilize mercury from the medium and upon the amount of mercury accumulated by the cells.  The results indicate that most cultures which adapt to growth in the presence of HgCl2 exhibit extensive morphological abnormalities.  Significant effects are delay in the onset of growth and cell division and numerous structural irregularities associated with cell wall and cytoplasmic membrane synthesis and function.  A detailed analysis of the adaptation process and the resulting effects on morphology was performed on an Enterobacter sp.  During the period preceding active multiplication, a selection for mercury-resistant mutants occurred.  It was also demonstrated that growth commenced only at a specific threshold concentration of HG2+.", "PMID": 1115499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4612", "title": "Diagnosis and management of primary tumors of the petrous apex.", "content": "Five patients with primary tumors of the petrous apex were diagnosed and treated between the years 1968 to 1974; two had congenital epidermoids, two had chondromyxosarcomas and one had neurofibroma. The embryological development of the foramen lacerum and the pattern of expansion of these primary tumors support the contention that these three categories of tumors arise in the foramen lacerum. Knowledge of the structures surrounding the foramen lacerum can provide a guide to early diagnosis of petrous apex tumors. Since these tumors cannot be completely removed, the goal of surgery is to obtain histological diagnosis and to produce permanent fistulization of the petrous apex. Although there are several recommended surgical approaches to the petrous apex, the transmastoid-translabyrinthine procedure was used in this series.", "contents": "Diagnosis and management of primary tumors of the petrous apex. Five patients with primary tumors of the petrous apex were diagnosed and treated between the years 1968 to 1974; two had congenital epidermoids, two had chondromyxosarcomas and one had neurofibroma. The embryological development of the foramen lacerum and the pattern of expansion of these primary tumors support the contention that these three categories of tumors arise in the foramen lacerum. Knowledge of the structures surrounding the foramen lacerum can provide a guide to early diagnosis of petrous apex tumors. Since these tumors cannot be completely removed, the goal of surgery is to obtain histological diagnosis and to produce permanent fistulization of the petrous apex. Although there are several recommended surgical approaches to the petrous apex, the transmastoid-translabyrinthine procedure was used in this series.", "PMID": 1115494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4613", "title": "Rapid method for preparing cell-free extracts of Aspergillus ochraceus.", "content": "A rapid method for preparing cell-free extracts of Aspergillus ochraceus was developed.  Mycelial mats were prefrozen in liquid nitrogen, ground to a fine powder in a cold mortar, and homogenized in an all-glass mechanical homogenizer.  This method provided preparations averaging 43.0 mg of protein per g of mycelium (wet weight).  The method was fast, efficient, and did not subject the extract to temperatures above 1 C or to heavy metals.  The preparation method was suitable for studying a variety of in vitro fungal enzyme systems.  Amylase, acid phosphate dehydrogenase, beta-glucosidase, beta fructofuranosidase, and trehalase activities were measurable in the preparations.", "contents": "Rapid method for preparing cell-free extracts of Aspergillus ochraceus. A rapid method for preparing cell-free extracts of Aspergillus ochraceus was developed.  Mycelial mats were prefrozen in liquid nitrogen, ground to a fine powder in a cold mortar, and homogenized in an all-glass mechanical homogenizer.  This method provided preparations averaging 43.0 mg of protein per g of mycelium (wet weight).  The method was fast, efficient, and did not subject the extract to temperatures above 1 C or to heavy metals.  The preparation method was suitable for studying a variety of in vitro fungal enzyme systems.  Amylase, acid phosphate dehydrogenase, beta-glucosidase, beta fructofuranosidase, and trehalase activities were measurable in the preparations.", "PMID": 1115500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4614", "title": "Heat-induced increase in the number of viable cells in lyophilized preparations of Bacillus popilliae.", "content": "Viable cells detectable in lyophilized preparations of Bacillus popilliae were increased by 72% when dry cells were heated at 60 to 65 C for 2.5 h.", "contents": "Heat-induced increase in the number of viable cells in lyophilized preparations of Bacillus popilliae. Viable cells detectable in lyophilized preparations of Bacillus popilliae were increased by 72% when dry cells were heated at 60 to 65 C for 2.5 h.", "PMID": 1115501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4615", "title": "Enhancement of mycoplasma virus plaque visibility by tetrazolium.", "content": "The plating of mycoplasma virus MVL-1 is greatly improved by the use of tetrazolium to enhance the visibility of the lawn.", "contents": "Enhancement of mycoplasma virus plaque visibility by tetrazolium. The plating of mycoplasma virus MVL-1 is greatly improved by the use of tetrazolium to enhance the visibility of the lawn.", "PMID": 1115502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4616", "title": "Stability of aflatoxin B-1 and ochratoxin A in brewing.", "content": "The stability of aflatoxin B-1 and ochratoxin A in brewing was investigated by adding the purified toxins to the raw materials at 1 and 10 mug/g levels during mashing in a conventional micro-brewing process. The results indicate that both toxins are stable to heat and are insensitive to cooker mash treatment. Both mycotoxins were partially removed in the mashing and brewing processes. About 14 to 18% and 27 to 28% of the added toxins were found in the final beers brewed from starting materials containing 1 and 10 mug, respectively, of either toxin per g. The possible route of transmission of mycotoxins into beer is discussed.", "contents": "Stability of aflatoxin B-1 and ochratoxin A in brewing. The stability of aflatoxin B-1 and ochratoxin A in brewing was investigated by adding the purified toxins to the raw materials at 1 and 10 mug/g levels during mashing in a conventional micro-brewing process. The results indicate that both toxins are stable to heat and are insensitive to cooker mash treatment. Both mycotoxins were partially removed in the mashing and brewing processes. About 14 to 18% and 27 to 28% of the added toxins were found in the final beers brewed from starting materials containing 1 and 10 mug, respectively, of either toxin per g. The possible route of transmission of mycotoxins into beer is discussed.", "PMID": 1115503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4617", "title": "Solid-substrate fermentor for ochratoxin A production.", "content": "A laboratory-scale fermentor designed for solid-substrate fermentation was constructed and tested. Its capacity to produce ochratoxin under varied conditions was determined with wheat as substrate. Ochratoxin yields of 2,000 to 2,500 mug/g of wheat were regularly obtained, and occasionally yields as high as 4,000 mug/g were obtained. The most critical factor in the fermentation was initial substrate moisture content; wheat tempered at 30 to 31% moisture produced the highest yields. Other variables tested were agitation and aeration rates, initial static culture time, and inoculum types and volumes.", "contents": "Solid-substrate fermentor for ochratoxin A production. A laboratory-scale fermentor designed for solid-substrate fermentation was constructed and tested. Its capacity to produce ochratoxin under varied conditions was determined with wheat as substrate. Ochratoxin yields of 2,000 to 2,500 mug/g of wheat were regularly obtained, and occasionally yields as high as 4,000 mug/g were obtained. The most critical factor in the fermentation was initial substrate moisture content; wheat tempered at 30 to 31% moisture produced the highest yields. Other variables tested were agitation and aeration rates, initial static culture time, and inoculum types and volumes.", "PMID": 1115504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4618", "title": "The moroccan food snail, Helix aspersa, as a source of Salmonella.", "content": "A total of 270 samples, nine lots of 30 samples each, of imported Moroccan food snails was examined for the presence of Salmonella. Eighty-four samples (an overall incidence of 31.11%) and all nine lots contained Salmonella. No significant difference (P greater than 0.25) in the number of positive samples was observed by using either selenite cystine both or tetrathionate broth when the samples had been pre-enriched in lactose broth. When used as direct selective enrichments with samples not pre-enriched in lactose broth, tetrathionate broth was significantly (P less than 0.05) more productive than selenite cystine broth. The overall detection of Salmonella-positive samples by direct enrichment was significantly greater (P less than 0.001) than by pre-enrichment. A variety of uncommon serotypes occurrence and incidence, and the concomitant human health potential, of Salmonella in one species of live, imported food snails.", "contents": "The moroccan food snail, Helix aspersa, as a source of Salmonella. A total of 270 samples, nine lots of 30 samples each, of imported Moroccan food snails was examined for the presence of Salmonella. Eighty-four samples (an overall incidence of 31.11%) and all nine lots contained Salmonella. No significant difference (P greater than 0.25) in the number of positive samples was observed by using either selenite cystine both or tetrathionate broth when the samples had been pre-enriched in lactose broth. When used as direct selective enrichments with samples not pre-enriched in lactose broth, tetrathionate broth was significantly (P less than 0.05) more productive than selenite cystine broth. The overall detection of Salmonella-positive samples by direct enrichment was significantly greater (P less than 0.001) than by pre-enrichment. A variety of uncommon serotypes occurrence and incidence, and the concomitant human health potential, of Salmonella in one species of live, imported food snails.", "PMID": 1115505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4619", "title": "Effect of relative humidity on the survival of airborne unicellular algae.", "content": "A method is described which is suitable for assessing the effects of relative humidity (RH) on the viability of two unicellular algae in experimental aerosols. Viable cells of Nannochloris atomus collected from the airborne state were detected by plating onto agar surfaces of an appropriate growth medium, whereas  viable airborne cells of Synechococcus sp., because of unreliable growth on solid media, were determined by a liquid assay system. The assays were performed at intervals during short-term and prolonged storage of algal aerosols in chambers preconditioned to a selected RH and temperature. Both species showed the greatest loss in viability during the first minute after atomization, and the extent of this inactivation, as a function of RH, reflected the subsequent long-term survival. The airborne eukaryotic alga was unable to survive at an RH below 91%, whereas the airborne prokaryotic alga was comparatively stable over a wide humidity range. Initial inactivation was least and long-term survival best, for both species, at 94% RH.", "contents": "Effect of relative humidity on the survival of airborne unicellular algae. A method is described which is suitable for assessing the effects of relative humidity (RH) on the viability of two unicellular algae in experimental aerosols. Viable cells of Nannochloris atomus collected from the airborne state were detected by plating onto agar surfaces of an appropriate growth medium, whereas  viable airborne cells of Synechococcus sp., because of unreliable growth on solid media, were determined by a liquid assay system. The assays were performed at intervals during short-term and prolonged storage of algal aerosols in chambers preconditioned to a selected RH and temperature. Both species showed the greatest loss in viability during the first minute after atomization, and the extent of this inactivation, as a function of RH, reflected the subsequent long-term survival. The airborne eukaryotic alga was unable to survive at an RH below 91%, whereas the airborne prokaryotic alga was comparatively stable over a wide humidity range. Initial inactivation was least and long-term survival best, for both species, at 94% RH.", "PMID": 1115506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4620", "title": "Oxidative degradation of squalene by Arthrobacter species.", "content": "An organism isolated from soil and identified as Arthrobacter sp. was studied for its squalene degradation. The degradation product from squalene, which accumulated in the culture broth, was isolated and identified as trans-geranylacetone by mass spectrometry, gas chromatography, infrared spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry. Addition of a high concentration of K2HPO4 to the culture medium resulted in accumulation of fairly large amounts of carboxylic acids in addition to geranylacetone. These carboxylic acids were identified as isovaleric, beta,beta'-dimethylacrylic, geranic, and (plus)-(R)-citronellic acids. Among these acids, alpha,beta-saturated carboxylic acids were found to be predominant in quantity.", "contents": "Oxidative degradation of squalene by Arthrobacter species. An organism isolated from soil and identified as Arthrobacter sp. was studied for its squalene degradation. The degradation product from squalene, which accumulated in the culture broth, was isolated and identified as trans-geranylacetone by mass spectrometry, gas chromatography, infrared spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry. Addition of a high concentration of K2HPO4 to the culture medium resulted in accumulation of fairly large amounts of carboxylic acids in addition to geranylacetone. These carboxylic acids were identified as isovaleric, beta,beta'-dimethylacrylic, geranic, and (plus)-(R)-citronellic acids. Among these acids, alpha,beta-saturated carboxylic acids were found to be predominant in quantity.", "PMID": 1115507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4621", "title": "Microbial reduction of 1,3-dioxo-2-methyl-2-(3'0oxo-6'-carbomethoxyhexyl)-cyclopentane to form 1 beta-hydroxy-3-oxo-2beta-methyl-2alpha-(3'-oxo-6'-carbomethoxyhexyl)-cyclopentane, an intermediate for steroid total syntheses.", "content": "The rate and extent of stereoselective reduction of 1,3-dioxo-2-methyl-2-(3'-oxo-6'-carbomethoxyhexyl)-cyclopentane to form the 1beta-hydroxy-2beta-methyl isomer by cultures of Schizosaccharomyces pombe ATCC 2476 was dramatically increased by addition to the fermentation of certain alpha,beta-unsaturated ketones and allyl alcohol.", "contents": "Microbial reduction of 1,3-dioxo-2-methyl-2-(3'0oxo-6'-carbomethoxyhexyl)-cyclopentane to form 1 beta-hydroxy-3-oxo-2beta-methyl-2alpha-(3'-oxo-6'-carbomethoxyhexyl)-cyclopentane, an intermediate for steroid total syntheses. The rate and extent of stereoselective reduction of 1,3-dioxo-2-methyl-2-(3'-oxo-6'-carbomethoxyhexyl)-cyclopentane to form the 1beta-hydroxy-2beta-methyl isomer by cultures of Schizosaccharomyces pombe ATCC 2476 was dramatically increased by addition to the fermentation of certain alpha,beta-unsaturated ketones and allyl alcohol.", "PMID": 1115508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4622", "title": "Intralesional triamcinolone therapy for pretibial myxedema.", "content": "In a prospective study, nine patients with pretibial myxedema were treated with intralesional injections of triamcinolone acetonide. Complete resolution of the myxedematous plaques was obtained in seven of the nine patients. The other two patients failed to complete their treatment  programs but did show partial resolution. For most patients the monthly injection of 8 ml or less of a solution containing 5 mg/ml of triamcinolone proved to be the most effective dosage schedule. No serious side effects were encountered. New nodules of myxedema developed in some patients after the initial completion of therapy; these nodules responded to reinjection using the same dosage schedule.", "contents": "Intralesional triamcinolone therapy for pretibial myxedema. In a prospective study, nine patients with pretibial myxedema were treated with intralesional injections of triamcinolone acetonide. Complete resolution of the myxedematous plaques was obtained in seven of the nine patients. The other two patients failed to complete their treatment  programs but did show partial resolution. For most patients the monthly injection of 8 ml or less of a solution containing 5 mg/ml of triamcinolone proved to be the most effective dosage schedule. No serious side effects were encountered. New nodules of myxedema developed in some patients after the initial completion of therapy; these nodules responded to reinjection using the same dosage schedule.", "PMID": 1115509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4623", "title": "Fixed long ultraviolet eruption.", "content": "For five years, a 40-year-old woman has had an itchy, erythematous, papular eruption with indistinct margins localized to particular areas on the exposed surface of the face. The eruption is precipitated by sunlight or fluorescent lighting and can be reproduced by exposure of affected parts of the face to long ultraviolet radiation (UV) but not by exposure to the shorter sunburing UV. It cannot be reproduced on the skin of the back. Frequent application of a sunscreen that absorbs the long UV completely supresses the eruption. This entity has not been described previously, to my knowledge.", "contents": "Fixed long ultraviolet eruption. For five years, a 40-year-old woman has had an itchy, erythematous, papular eruption with indistinct margins localized to particular areas on the exposed surface of the face. The eruption is precipitated by sunlight or fluorescent lighting and can be reproduced by exposure of affected parts of the face to long ultraviolet radiation (UV) but not by exposure to the shorter sunburing UV. It cannot be reproduced on the skin of the back. Frequent application of a sunscreen that absorbs the long UV completely supresses the eruption. This entity has not been described previously, to my knowledge.", "PMID": 1115510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4624", "title": "Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita with electron microscopical studies.", "content": "Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita (EBA), one of the rare, scarring, nonhereditary, mechanobullous diseases, occurred in a 74-year-old woman. Clinical histological, and immunofluorescent findings are comparible with those previously reported in cases of EBA. To our knowledge, this is the first report of electron microscopical studies in EBA. Electron microscopy of \"normal-looking\" skin with EBA shows a noncellular, amorphous material on the dermal side of the basal lamina. Electron microscopy of slightly traumatized skin with EBA is very similar to that seen in dermolytic bullous dermatosis.", "contents": "Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita with electron microscopical studies. Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita (EBA), one of the rare, scarring, nonhereditary, mechanobullous diseases, occurred in a 74-year-old woman. Clinical histological, and immunofluorescent findings are comparible with those previously reported in cases of EBA. To our knowledge, this is the first report of electron microscopical studies in EBA. Electron microscopy of \"normal-looking\" skin with EBA shows a noncellular, amorphous material on the dermal side of the basal lamina. Electron microscopy of slightly traumatized skin with EBA is very similar to that seen in dermolytic bullous dermatosis.", "PMID": 1115511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4625", "title": "Acute, eruptive Darier disease (keratosis follicularis).", "content": "Because of the rarity of Darier's disease (keratosis follicularis) occurring as an acute, eruptive disease in a mature adult, a case with sudden onset in a 51-year-old white man is reported. Small, pale-gray, smooth papules on the sides of the arms spread to the sides of the chest, abdomen, and legs within a week. With a biopsy examination, histopathologic findings were acanthosis, hyperkeratosis, lacunae, acantholysis, corps ronds, and grains. Topical therapy with 0.05% fluocinonide (Lidex) cream has given marked improvement.", "contents": "Acute, eruptive Darier disease (keratosis follicularis). Because of the rarity of Darier's disease (keratosis follicularis) occurring as an acute, eruptive disease in a mature adult, a case with sudden onset in a 51-year-old white man is reported. Small, pale-gray, smooth papules on the sides of the arms spread to the sides of the chest, abdomen, and legs within a week. With a biopsy examination, histopathologic findings were acanthosis, hyperkeratosis, lacunae, acantholysis, corps ronds, and grains. Topical therapy with 0.05% fluocinonide (Lidex) cream has given marked improvement.", "PMID": 1115512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4626", "title": "Erythema gyratum repens with metastatic adenocarcinoma.", "content": "A patient with Erythema Gyratum Repens (EGR) had a marked increase of his eruption, with uncontrollable pruritus that was unresponsive to steriod therapy. This culminated in an exfoliative dermatitis. A metastatic, undifferentiated adenocarcinoma was removed following a right-sided craniotomy. The patient then had complete cessation of his pruritus, with moderate improvement of his eruption. All the reported cases of EGR were reviewed in terms of the source of the malignant disorder. The relationship between the time of onset of the EGR and the discovery of the malignant disorder, as well as the effect of treatment of the malignant condition on the course of the EGR, was studied. The data suggest a highly probable relationship between the two.", "contents": "Erythema gyratum repens with metastatic adenocarcinoma. A patient with Erythema Gyratum Repens (EGR) had a marked increase of his eruption, with uncontrollable pruritus that was unresponsive to steriod therapy. This culminated in an exfoliative dermatitis. A metastatic, undifferentiated adenocarcinoma was removed following a right-sided craniotomy. The patient then had complete cessation of his pruritus, with moderate improvement of his eruption. All the reported cases of EGR were reviewed in terms of the source of the malignant disorder. The relationship between the time of onset of the EGR and the discovery of the malignant disorder, as well as the effect of treatment of the malignant condition on the course of the EGR, was studied. The data suggest a highly probable relationship between the two.", "PMID": 1115513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4627", "title": "The skin in the Winchester syndrome.", "content": "The Winchester syndrome, a rare inherited disorder, is characterized by dwarfism, carpal-tarsal osteolysis, rheumatoid-like small joint destruction, corneal opacities, and thickening and hypertrichosis of the skin, unlike that seen in other genodermatoses. The early stages of cutaneous abnormalities are characterized by proliferation of fibroblasts deep in the dermis, while hypocellular homogenization of the collagen is evident later. Ultrastructural peculiarities of fibroblasts include dilated and vacuolated mitochondria, the presence of varying amounts of myofilaments in the cytoplasm, and a prominent fibrous nuclear lamina. Cells other than fibroblasts display no abnormalities. The basic defect in this disorder is unknown; however, it may be related to abnormal function of fibroblasts.", "contents": "The skin in the Winchester syndrome. The Winchester syndrome, a rare inherited disorder, is characterized by dwarfism, carpal-tarsal osteolysis, rheumatoid-like small joint destruction, corneal opacities, and thickening and hypertrichosis of the skin, unlike that seen in other genodermatoses. The early stages of cutaneous abnormalities are characterized by proliferation of fibroblasts deep in the dermis, while hypocellular homogenization of the collagen is evident later. Ultrastructural peculiarities of fibroblasts include dilated and vacuolated mitochondria, the presence of varying amounts of myofilaments in the cytoplasm, and a prominent fibrous nuclear lamina. Cells other than fibroblasts display no abnormalities. The basic defect in this disorder is unknown; however, it may be related to abnormal function of fibroblasts.", "PMID": 1115514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4628", "title": "Proliferation pattern of hamster melanoma cells cultured in diffusion chambers in pre-immunized hosts.", "content": "Fortner M Mel 1 melanoma cells from the Golden Hamster were capable of exponential proliferation during intraperitoneal diffusion chamber culture in xenogenic host animals (Balb/c mice, BD IX and Marshall rats). When the host animals had been preimmunized with these melanoma cells, rapid cell lysis was observed in the chambers within 4 hrs after implantation. The cell numbers were reduced to about 1 - 10% of the inoculum. At this level the cell numbers persisted for several days, as opposed to control cultures in untreated hosts, where the cells proliferated rapidly. After 6 - 10 days the cell numbers in chambers from immunized hosts slowly increased in spite of a high level of cytotoxicity in ther serum of the animals. The same pattern was seen after previous immunization with hamster lymphocytes, indicating that the antibodies were directed against a common antigen for melanoma cells and lymphocytes in hamsters. The diffusion chamber method appears to be a useful system for the study of a pure humoral immune reaction against tumour cells, and especially for investigation of the phenomenon that some tumour cells are able to escape a strong humoral cytotoxic effect from host animals.", "contents": "Proliferation pattern of hamster melanoma cells cultured in diffusion chambers in pre-immunized hosts. Fortner M Mel 1 melanoma cells from the Golden Hamster were capable of exponential proliferation during intraperitoneal diffusion chamber culture in xenogenic host animals (Balb/c mice, BD IX and Marshall rats). When the host animals had been preimmunized with these melanoma cells, rapid cell lysis was observed in the chambers within 4 hrs after implantation. The cell numbers were reduced to about 1 - 10% of the inoculum. At this level the cell numbers persisted for several days, as opposed to control cultures in untreated hosts, where the cells proliferated rapidly. After 6 - 10 days the cell numbers in chambers from immunized hosts slowly increased in spite of a high level of cytotoxicity in ther serum of the animals. The same pattern was seen after previous immunization with hamster lymphocytes, indicating that the antibodies were directed against a common antigen for melanoma cells and lymphocytes in hamsters. The diffusion chamber method appears to be a useful system for the study of a pure humoral immune reaction against tumour cells, and especially for investigation of the phenomenon that some tumour cells are able to escape a strong humoral cytotoxic effect from host animals.", "PMID": 1115522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4629", "title": "On the structure of the normal nail. A scanning electron microscope study.", "content": "A scanning electron microscopic (SEM) study of cut surfaces in normal human nails have confirmed the previous description of nail structure, i. e. the hard dorsal nail plate supported by the plastic intermediate nail plate.", "contents": "On the structure of the normal nail. A scanning electron microscope study. A scanning electron microscopic (SEM) study of cut surfaces in normal human nails have confirmed the previous description of nail structure, i. e. the hard dorsal nail plate supported by the plastic intermediate nail plate.", "PMID": 1115523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4630", "title": "Mast cells in the epidermis of piebaldism.", "content": "The depigmented lesion in a case of piebaldism (partial albinism) was examined by electron microscopy. In the epidermis melanocytes were absent and the number of Langerhans cells was increased. In addition several mast cells were found in the epidermis.", "contents": "Mast cells in the epidermis of piebaldism. The depigmented lesion in a case of piebaldism (partial albinism) was examined by electron microscopy. In the epidermis melanocytes were absent and the number of Langerhans cells was increased. In addition several mast cells were found in the epidermis.", "PMID": 1115524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4631", "title": "Reliability of forecasts of annoyance reactions. A study of exposure to noise and air pollution.", "content": "Studies of the effect of external environmental factors on the individual are often carried out in order to obtain a basis for forecasts. The aim of the case studies reported has been to check the reliability of predictions of annoyance from four different external sources of discomfort. The results confirm the assumption that forecasts based on empirical studies provide a reliable picture of what the occurrence and extent of the annoyance reactions will be.", "contents": "Reliability of forecasts of annoyance reactions. A study of exposure to noise and air pollution. Studies of the effect of external environmental factors on the individual are often carried out in order to obtain a basis for forecasts. The aim of the case studies reported has been to check the reliability of predictions of annoyance from four different external sources of discomfort. The results confirm the assumption that forecasts based on empirical studies provide a reliable picture of what the occurrence and extent of the annoyance reactions will be.", "PMID": 1115526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4632", "title": "Inhalation carcinogenicity of alpha halo ethers. I. The acute inhalation toxicity of chloromethyl methyl ether and bis(chloromethyl)ether.", "content": "A range of acute studies were performed with chloromethyl methyl either (CMME) and bis(chloromethyl)ether (BCME), including 14-day LC50's following single seven-hour inhalation exposures. The LC50's for CMME were 55 ppm for rats and 65 ppm for hamsters. The LC50's for BCME were 7 ppm for both species. All animals showed characteristic changes of acute irritation of the respiratory tract manifested by congestion, edema, and hemorrhage. Severe shortening of life span was seen in 30-day exposures of rats to CMME and in all studies with BCME. Incidences of mucosal changes, including atypia, were generally increased in a dose-related manner in both species. The carcinogenicity of BCME in these range finding experiments was demonstrated by a skin cancer in a rat after three exposures and a nasal tumor in a hamster after one exposure to 1 ppm BCME.", "contents": "Inhalation carcinogenicity of alpha halo ethers. I. The acute inhalation toxicity of chloromethyl methyl ether and bis(chloromethyl)ether. A range of acute studies were performed with chloromethyl methyl either (CMME) and bis(chloromethyl)ether (BCME), including 14-day LC50's following single seven-hour inhalation exposures. The LC50's for CMME were 55 ppm for rats and 65 ppm for hamsters. The LC50's for BCME were 7 ppm for both species. All animals showed characteristic changes of acute irritation of the respiratory tract manifested by congestion, edema, and hemorrhage. Severe shortening of life span was seen in 30-day exposures of rats to CMME and in all studies with BCME. Incidences of mucosal changes, including atypia, were generally increased in a dose-related manner in both species. The carcinogenicity of BCME in these range finding experiments was demonstrated by a skin cancer in a rat after three exposures and a nasal tumor in a hamster after one exposure to 1 ppm BCME.", "PMID": 1115529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4633", "title": "Inhalation carcinogenicity of alpha halo ethers. II. Chronic inhalation studies with chloromethyl methyl ether.", "content": "Rats and hamsters were exposed to 1 ppm of chloromethyl methyl ether six hours per day, five days per week, throughout their lifetime. Mortality and weight gain of the exposed animals paralleled that of the control animals. Malignant tumors of the respiratory tract were found in two rats. These were a squamous cell carcinoma of the lung with blood vessel invasion and an esthesloneuroepithelioma originating in the olfactory epithelium and invading the forebrain. One hamster was found to have an adenocarcinoma of the lung and another, a squamous papilloma of the trachea. A single exposed rat had a pituitary tumor of primitive cell type that may well have been coincidental.", "contents": "Inhalation carcinogenicity of alpha halo ethers. II. Chronic inhalation studies with chloromethyl methyl ether. Rats and hamsters were exposed to 1 ppm of chloromethyl methyl ether six hours per day, five days per week, throughout their lifetime. Mortality and weight gain of the exposed animals paralleled that of the control animals. Malignant tumors of the respiratory tract were found in two rats. These were a squamous cell carcinoma of the lung with blood vessel invasion and an esthesloneuroepithelioma originating in the olfactory epithelium and invading the forebrain. One hamster was found to have an adenocarcinoma of the lung and another, a squamous papilloma of the trachea. A single exposed rat had a pituitary tumor of primitive cell type that may well have been coincidental.", "PMID": 1115530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4634", "title": "Inhalation carcinogenicity of alpha halo ethers. III. Lifetime and limited period inhalation studies with bis(chloromethyl)ether at 0.1 ppm.", "content": "Rats and hamsters were exposed to 0.1 ppm bis(chloromethyl)ether (BCME) six hours per day, five days per week throughout their lifetime. Additional groups of rats were given 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 exposures to 0.1 ppm BCME and then held until death. Forty cancers originating in the respiratory tract were found in the 200 rats involved in these studies. These included 14 cancers of the lung and 26 cancers of the nasal cavity. They occurred in dose-related fashion. A single undifferentiated carcinoma of the lung was seen in a hamster.", "contents": "Inhalation carcinogenicity of alpha halo ethers. III. Lifetime and limited period inhalation studies with bis(chloromethyl)ether at 0.1 ppm. Rats and hamsters were exposed to 0.1 ppm bis(chloromethyl)ether (BCME) six hours per day, five days per week throughout their lifetime. Additional groups of rats were given 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 exposures to 0.1 ppm BCME and then held until death. Forty cancers originating in the respiratory tract were found in the 200 rats involved in these studies. These included 14 cancers of the lung and 26 cancers of the nasal cavity. They occurred in dose-related fashion. A single undifferentiated carcinoma of the lung was seen in a hamster.", "PMID": 1115531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4635", "title": "Serum thyroxine in the early diagnosis of carbon disulfide poisoning.", "content": "Serum thyroxine and blood lipids were assayed in 45 subjects exposed to carbon disulfide (CS2). A highly significant statistical reduction of thyroxine in relation to the exposure time was found and the levels appeared lower in the subjects with retinal vessel alterations. A significant interrelation between cholesterol and serum thyroxine was also evidenced. Serum thyroxine assay is suggested as a reliable test in the early diagnosis of CS2 poisoning.", "contents": "Serum thyroxine in the early diagnosis of carbon disulfide poisoning. Serum thyroxine and blood lipids were assayed in 45 subjects exposed to carbon disulfide (CS2). A highly significant statistical reduction of thyroxine in relation to the exposure time was found and the levels appeared lower in the subjects with retinal vessel alterations. A significant interrelation between cholesterol and serum thyroxine was also evidenced. Serum thyroxine assay is suggested as a reliable test in the early diagnosis of CS2 poisoning.", "PMID": 1115532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4636", "title": "Lung function consequences of dust exposure in asbestos cement manufacturing plants.", "content": "A comprehensive study of health effects associated with the mixed dust exposure in this industry has included the collection of clinical, radiographic, lung function, and dust exposure data on 859 workers in two plants. Evidence is presented supporting a dose-response relationship between indexes of dust exposure and lung function, similar to the previously reported relationship with extent of x-ray film changes using the ILO U/C classification. Lung volumes and maximum expiratory flow rates decrease in relation to increasing cumulative dust exposure while pulmonary diffusing capacity (DL) is not dust-dose related. Worders who had crocidolite exposure had smaller lung volumes, lower expiratory flow rates, and reduced DL when compared with those having only chrysotile exposure. When the study population is divided into exposure groups, data thus far analyzed suggest that the chest x-ray film will reveal small opacities as early as significant functional changes can be detected, but individuals may have functional reduction prior to the appearance of x-ray film changes.", "contents": "Lung function consequences of dust exposure in asbestos cement manufacturing plants. A comprehensive study of health effects associated with the mixed dust exposure in this industry has included the collection of clinical, radiographic, lung function, and dust exposure data on 859 workers in two plants. Evidence is presented supporting a dose-response relationship between indexes of dust exposure and lung function, similar to the previously reported relationship with extent of x-ray film changes using the ILO U/C classification. Lung volumes and maximum expiratory flow rates decrease in relation to increasing cumulative dust exposure while pulmonary diffusing capacity (DL) is not dust-dose related. Worders who had crocidolite exposure had smaller lung volumes, lower expiratory flow rates, and reduced DL when compared with those having only chrysotile exposure. When the study population is divided into exposure groups, data thus far analyzed suggest that the chest x-ray film will reveal small opacities as early as significant functional changes can be detected, but individuals may have functional reduction prior to the appearance of x-ray film changes.", "PMID": 1115533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4637", "title": "Occupational exposure to organophosphate pesticides: a neurobehavioral study.", "content": "Acute organophosphate intoxication in man is well known to result in substantial central nervous system dysfunction. To test the hypothesis that similar neurobehavioral abnormalities might be present in mild degree in workers chronically exposed to organophosphate pesticides, 23 such subjects were tested for abnormalities in memory, signal processing, vigilance, language, and proprioceptive feedback performance. The performance of the exposed workers was not deficient in any of the five measures assessed when compared with the performance of a control group matched for age and educational background. Plasma and red blood cell cholinesterase levels were found to be in the normal range in both exposed and control groups, although plasma levels of exposed subjects were depressed somewhat below control values. Relative resistance of higher nervous system functions to mild chronic organophosphate exposure is suggested by these results.", "contents": "Occupational exposure to organophosphate pesticides: a neurobehavioral study. Acute organophosphate intoxication in man is well known to result in substantial central nervous system dysfunction. To test the hypothesis that similar neurobehavioral abnormalities might be present in mild degree in workers chronically exposed to organophosphate pesticides, 23 such subjects were tested for abnormalities in memory, signal processing, vigilance, language, and proprioceptive feedback performance. The performance of the exposed workers was not deficient in any of the five measures assessed when compared with the performance of a control group matched for age and educational background. Plasma and red blood cell cholinesterase levels were found to be in the normal range in both exposed and control groups, although plasma levels of exposed subjects were depressed somewhat below control values. Relative resistance of higher nervous system functions to mild chronic organophosphate exposure is suggested by these results.", "PMID": 1115534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4638", "title": "The health of retired fibrous glass workers.", "content": "A total of 416 men, retiring during the period 1945 to 1972 from six plants engaged mainly in the manufacture of fibrous glass insulation, were studied to see how their mortality experience compared with that of white men in the entire United States living in comparable age and time intervals. The mean follow-up period from first exposure was about 30 years. Overall mortality was low and there was no evidence of an excess in respiratory cancer mortality. No mesotheliomas were noted. For 115 men retiring from the same six plants during the period 1945 to 1972 due to a disability the distribution of disabilities by cause was compared with an expected distribution based on the experience of the Social Security Administration. This comparison showed no evidence of any unusual health hazards among fibrous glass workers, except a possible excess in chronic bronchitis.", "contents": "The health of retired fibrous glass workers. A total of 416 men, retiring during the period 1945 to 1972 from six plants engaged mainly in the manufacture of fibrous glass insulation, were studied to see how their mortality experience compared with that of white men in the entire United States living in comparable age and time intervals. The mean follow-up period from first exposure was about 30 years. Overall mortality was low and there was no evidence of an excess in respiratory cancer mortality. No mesotheliomas were noted. For 115 men retiring from the same six plants during the period 1945 to 1972 due to a disability the distribution of disabilities by cause was compared with an expected distribution based on the experience of the Social Security Administration. This comparison showed no evidence of any unusual health hazards among fibrous glass workers, except a possible excess in chronic bronchitis.", "PMID": 1115535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4639", "title": "Photochemical air pollution: its effects on respiratory function of elementary school children.", "content": "The effects of photochemical air pollution on respiratory function of Tokyo elementary school children were investigated. Nine types of environmental factors were continuously recorded. Seven categories of respiratory function tests were performed on 20 normal 11-year-old children once a week from June to December 1972, as a general rule. The correlation coefficients between respiratory function measurements and each of the environmental factors were calculated. The maximum expiratory flow rate (V max) showed high correlation with the largest number of environmental factors. Among environmental factors, temperature highly affected various respiratory function tests. The O3 was significantly associated with airway resistance (Raw) or specific airway conductance (Gaw/Vtg), NO or NO2 with V max, and temperature with Raw, Gaw/Vtg, and V max. Two subjects among all subjects were considered as the reactors to the environmental factors.", "contents": "Photochemical air pollution: its effects on respiratory function of elementary school children. The effects of photochemical air pollution on respiratory function of Tokyo elementary school children were investigated. Nine types of environmental factors were continuously recorded. Seven categories of respiratory function tests were performed on 20 normal 11-year-old children once a week from June to December 1972, as a general rule. The correlation coefficients between respiratory function measurements and each of the environmental factors were calculated. The maximum expiratory flow rate (V max) showed high correlation with the largest number of environmental factors. Among environmental factors, temperature highly affected various respiratory function tests. The O3 was significantly associated with airway resistance (Raw) or specific airway conductance (Gaw/Vtg), NO or NO2 with V max, and temperature with Raw, Gaw/Vtg, and V max. Two subjects among all subjects were considered as the reactors to the environmental factors.", "PMID": 1115536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4640", "title": "Carbon monoxide in the urban atmosphere: hazards to the pedestrian and the street-worker.", "content": "The carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations encountered by pedestrians and workers in the streets of a large metropolis were monitored by a reliable and sensitive portable detector (the Ecolyzer). Up to 1,000 observations per day were collected for several months during the summer and fall of 1973. The CO levels ranged from 10 to 50 ppm (varying with wind speed and direction, atmospheric stability, traffic density, and the height of nearby buildings). Much higher average concentrations were found in such adverse sites as poorly ventilated underpasses and underground garages. Street closures for a pedestrian mall reduced levels on the mall to around the general urban background withoug large increases in readings on adjoining streets. Many street-workers have little medical supervision, and for this reason the urban eight-hour CO ceilings may be a more appropriate air quality target than the usual industrial figure of 50 ppm. However, even the latter is sometimes exceeded on busy city streets.", "contents": "Carbon monoxide in the urban atmosphere: hazards to the pedestrian and the street-worker. The carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations encountered by pedestrians and workers in the streets of a large metropolis were monitored by a reliable and sensitive portable detector (the Ecolyzer). Up to 1,000 observations per day were collected for several months during the summer and fall of 1973. The CO levels ranged from 10 to 50 ppm (varying with wind speed and direction, atmospheric stability, traffic density, and the height of nearby buildings). Much higher average concentrations were found in such adverse sites as poorly ventilated underpasses and underground garages. Street closures for a pedestrian mall reduced levels on the mall to around the general urban background withoug large increases in readings on adjoining streets. Many street-workers have little medical supervision, and for this reason the urban eight-hour CO ceilings may be a more appropriate air quality target than the usual industrial figure of 50 ppm. However, even the latter is sometimes exceeded on busy city streets.", "PMID": 1115537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4641", "title": "Heat wave mortality in New York City, 1949 to 1970.", "content": "Epidemiological studies have been carried out to search for an influence of air conditioning on patterns of heat wave mortality in New York City. Two models were used to predict total daily summer mortality as a function of temperature; one of the models included heat acclimatization effects. Ratios of the models' predictions of heat wave mortality to actual mortality were calculated for heat waves occurring during 12 summers in the period 1949 to 1970. Trends in these ratios as a function of time were sought. The analysis suggests that the relative magnitudes of excess mortality during initial summer heat waves may have decreased over the 21-year period. No trend was observed for excess mortality during late summer heat waves.", "contents": "Heat wave mortality in New York City, 1949 to 1970. Epidemiological studies have been carried out to search for an influence of air conditioning on patterns of heat wave mortality in New York City. Two models were used to predict total daily summer mortality as a function of temperature; one of the models included heat acclimatization effects. Ratios of the models' predictions of heat wave mortality to actual mortality were calculated for heat waves occurring during 12 summers in the period 1949 to 1970. Trends in these ratios as a function of time were sought. The analysis suggests that the relative magnitudes of excess mortality during initial summer heat waves may have decreased over the 21-year period. No trend was observed for excess mortality during late summer heat waves.", "PMID": 1115538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4642", "title": "Bacterial contamination of organic dusts: effects on pulmonary cell reactions.", "content": "The influence of water extracts from different organic dusts on the number of free lung cells was studied in short-term exposure experiments. A large increase in the number of leukocytes was found 24 hours after exposure to extracts from cotton and hay. The number of macrophages was not affected. The increase was greater when the dusts were incubated at 37 C and 100% relative humidity prior to the preparation of the extract. This procedure caused an increase in the number of bacteria. When different bacterial species were studied endotoxin-producing strains were found to cause the largest effect.", "contents": "Bacterial contamination of organic dusts: effects on pulmonary cell reactions. The influence of water extracts from different organic dusts on the number of free lung cells was studied in short-term exposure experiments. A large increase in the number of leukocytes was found 24 hours after exposure to extracts from cotton and hay. The number of macrophages was not affected. The increase was greater when the dusts were incubated at 37 C and 100% relative humidity prior to the preparation of the extract. This procedure caused an increase in the number of bacteria. When different bacterial species were studied endotoxin-producing strains were found to cause the largest effect.", "PMID": 1115539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4643", "title": "Cadmium accumulation in rat liver.", "content": "The biochemical accumulation and clinical pathological conditions induced by intraperitoneal administration of cadmium was studied in Sprague-Dawley rats. Injected doses of cadmium ranging from 0.5 to 3 mg/kg of body weight were administered. Distribution studies of Cd in the liver indicated the metal was bound to a soluble protein, and that the amount of metal present increases with increasing dosage. The pathological changes were found to correlate better with hepatic concentration of metal than with the injected dose.", "contents": "Cadmium accumulation in rat liver. The biochemical accumulation and clinical pathological conditions induced by intraperitoneal administration of cadmium was studied in Sprague-Dawley rats. Injected doses of cadmium ranging from 0.5 to 3 mg/kg of body weight were administered. Distribution studies of Cd in the liver indicated the metal was bound to a soluble protein, and that the amount of metal present increases with increasing dosage. The pathological changes were found to correlate better with hepatic concentration of metal than with the injected dose.", "PMID": 1115540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4644", "title": "Cadmium-binding in human liver and kidney.", "content": "Autopsy specimens of liver and kidneys from 40 patients have been analyzed for cadmium and zinc. Sephadex chromatography was performed on soluble extracts from these tissues. In samples from 19 patients a cadmium-binding protein was found. The mean cadmium content of kidney in this group was higher than the corresponding value for all 40 patients. A molecular weight of 10 to 12,000 was estimated for the cadmium-binding protein by Sephadex chromatography. Isoelectric focusing resolved two peaks with pl 4.8 and pl 6.0, the OD254/OD280ratio for both peaks being about 5. These data indicate that humans without known occupational exposure to cadmium do have a cadmium-binding protein similar to metallothionein in their liver and kidney.", "contents": "Cadmium-binding in human liver and kidney. Autopsy specimens of liver and kidneys from 40 patients have been analyzed for cadmium and zinc. Sephadex chromatography was performed on soluble extracts from these tissues. In samples from 19 patients a cadmium-binding protein was found. The mean cadmium content of kidney in this group was higher than the corresponding value for all 40 patients. A molecular weight of 10 to 12,000 was estimated for the cadmium-binding protein by Sephadex chromatography. Isoelectric focusing resolved two peaks with pl 4.8 and pl 6.0, the OD254/OD280ratio for both peaks being about 5. These data indicate that humans without known occupational exposure to cadmium do have a cadmium-binding protein similar to metallothionein in their liver and kidney.", "PMID": 1115541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4645", "title": "Mediastinoscopy. Its application in central versus peripheral thoracic lesions.", "content": "In an attempt to ascertain the value of mediastinoscopy in peripheral lung lesions, records of 157 patients undergoing cervicomediastinal exploration (CME) at Wilford Hall USAF Medical Center were reviewed. Among patients with benign lesions, CME was positive in 90.6% of those who had central lesions and 58.3% of those with peripheral lesions. It was positive in all 7 patients who had peripheral lesions with associated mediastinal nodes on roentgenogram and negative in all 5 who had peripheral lesions without nodes. In the patients with malignant lesions, CME was positive in 72.9% of those who had central lesions and 58.1% of those with peripheral lesions. It was positive in 24 of 27 patients who had peripheral lesions with associated mediastinal nodes and negative in 15 of 16 patients with peripheral lesions without nodes. Although we recognize this to be a selected series, CME does appear to be valuable in patients with central lesions and peripheral lesions with mediastinal nodal involvement on roentgenogram. It does not appear to be as useful in those with peripheral lesions who do not have central nodal involvement.", "contents": "Mediastinoscopy. Its application in central versus peripheral thoracic lesions. In an attempt to ascertain the value of mediastinoscopy in peripheral lung lesions, records of 157 patients undergoing cervicomediastinal exploration (CME) at Wilford Hall USAF Medical Center were reviewed. Among patients with benign lesions, CME was positive in 90.6% of those who had central lesions and 58.3% of those with peripheral lesions. It was positive in all 7 patients who had peripheral lesions with associated mediastinal nodes on roentgenogram and negative in all 5 who had peripheral lesions without nodes. In the patients with malignant lesions, CME was positive in 72.9% of those who had central lesions and 58.1% of those with peripheral lesions. It was positive in 24 of 27 patients who had peripheral lesions with associated mediastinal nodes and negative in 15 of 16 patients with peripheral lesions without nodes. Although we recognize this to be a selected series, CME does appear to be valuable in patients with central lesions and peripheral lesions with mediastinal nodal involvement on roentgenogram. It does not appear to be as useful in those with peripheral lesions who do not have central nodal involvement.", "PMID": 1115549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4646", "title": "Prognostic value of electroencephalography in cardiac surgery.", "content": "One hundred seventeen patients undergoing cardiac operations over a two-year period were studied. Electroencephalograms were recorded preoperatively, in the recovery room (up to 12 hours following operation), 24 hours later, and further as required. Operative and anesthesia data were correlated with EEG findings. All patients had normal EEGs preoperatively. This unusual occurrence may largely reflect the absence of congenital heart disease and the small number of valvular lesions in our patients. Prognosis was not significantly influenced by age. Bypass time appeared directly related to outcome by group but not individually. Hypotension prior to pumping occurred most often and mean blood loss was greatest in the patients who had abnormal EEGs in the recovery room with progressively worsening patterns until death. In the recovery room many patients were awake, while others were either drowsy, lethargic, or asleep. Some were comatose. The level of consciousness was not as prognostic as was the EEG. The pattern of EEGs in the first few postoperative days is more important than any single record by itself. All those who showed progressive deterioration in the first two or three days died shortly thereafter.", "contents": "Prognostic value of electroencephalography in cardiac surgery. One hundred seventeen patients undergoing cardiac operations over a two-year period were studied. Electroencephalograms were recorded preoperatively, in the recovery room (up to 12 hours following operation), 24 hours later, and further as required. Operative and anesthesia data were correlated with EEG findings. All patients had normal EEGs preoperatively. This unusual occurrence may largely reflect the absence of congenital heart disease and the small number of valvular lesions in our patients. Prognosis was not significantly influenced by age. Bypass time appeared directly related to outcome by group but not individually. Hypotension prior to pumping occurred most often and mean blood loss was greatest in the patients who had abnormal EEGs in the recovery room with progressively worsening patterns until death. In the recovery room many patients were awake, while others were either drowsy, lethargic, or asleep. Some were comatose. The level of consciousness was not as prognostic as was the EEG. The pattern of EEGs in the first few postoperative days is more important than any single record by itself. All those who showed progressive deterioration in the first two or three days died shortly thereafter.", "PMID": 1115550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4647", "title": "The use of saline-washed frozen red cells for extracorporeal bypass.", "content": "The use of saline-washed frozen red cells and homologous whole blood during cardiopulmonary bypass was compared in two groups of patients with similar medical disease, sex, age, pump time, types of operation, and surgical techniques. A technique for using saline-washed frozen red cells for cardiopulmonary bypass with no increase in hemolysis is described. Increased platelet counts were present at the end of bypass in the patients who were given frozen cells. The availability and the many advantages of frozen cells, such as improved oxygen transport and the absence of homologous blood reactions and viral infections, make them the preferred cellular blood component for use during open-heart operations.", "contents": "The use of saline-washed frozen red cells for extracorporeal bypass. The use of saline-washed frozen red cells and homologous whole blood during cardiopulmonary bypass was compared in two groups of patients with similar medical disease, sex, age, pump time, types of operation, and surgical techniques. A technique for using saline-washed frozen red cells for cardiopulmonary bypass with no increase in hemolysis is described. Increased platelet counts were present at the end of bypass in the patients who were given frozen cells. The availability and the many advantages of frozen cells, such as improved oxygen transport and the absence of homologous blood reactions and viral infections, make them the preferred cellular blood component for use during open-heart operations.", "PMID": 1115551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4648", "title": "Aneurysm and fistula of the sinus of Valsalva. Clinical considerations and surgical treatment in 45 patients.", "content": "Aneurysms and fistulas of the sinus of Valsalva, although rare, present a challenging surgical problem. Forty-five patients with this lesion have undergone operative treatment during the last 17 years. The series includes 32 male and 13 female patients ranging in age from 2 to 68 years with a mean age of 35.3 years. Only 1 early death occurred in the series, a hospital mortality of 2.2%. Diagnosis of the aneurysm was made preoperatively in 30 patients and discovered at operation 15. The lesion involved the right coronary sinus in 28 patients, the noncoronary sinus in 19, and the left coronary sinus  in 5. The aneurysm had not ruptured in 22 patients and had formed a fistulous communication between the right coronary sinus and the right ventricle in 13. Acute rupture occurred in 10 patients (22.2%). Long-term follow-up data were obtained in 38 patients after 1 to 15 years. Late mortality is low. A nonruptured aneurysm of the sinus of Valsalva should be managed conservatively when it occurs as an isolated lesion. Our experience supports the concept that perforated aneurysms and fistulas of the sinus of Valsalva, even if asymptomatic, should be treated operatively.", "contents": "Aneurysm and fistula of the sinus of Valsalva. Clinical considerations and surgical treatment in 45 patients. Aneurysms and fistulas of the sinus of Valsalva, although rare, present a challenging surgical problem. Forty-five patients with this lesion have undergone operative treatment during the last 17 years. The series includes 32 male and 13 female patients ranging in age from 2 to 68 years with a mean age of 35.3 years. Only 1 early death occurred in the series, a hospital mortality of 2.2%. Diagnosis of the aneurysm was made preoperatively in 30 patients and discovered at operation 15. The lesion involved the right coronary sinus in 28 patients, the noncoronary sinus in 19, and the left coronary sinus  in 5. The aneurysm had not ruptured in 22 patients and had formed a fistulous communication between the right coronary sinus and the right ventricle in 13. Acute rupture occurred in 10 patients (22.2%). Long-term follow-up data were obtained in 38 patients after 1 to 15 years. Late mortality is low. A nonruptured aneurysm of the sinus of Valsalva should be managed conservatively when it occurs as an isolated lesion. Our experience supports the concept that perforated aneurysms and fistulas of the sinus of Valsalva, even if asymptomatic, should be treated operatively.", "PMID": 1115552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4649", "title": "Correction of absence of the aortopulmonary septum by creation of concentric great vessels.", "content": "An 18-year-old patient is reported who had simultaneous occurrence of aortopulmonary septal absence, complete interruption of the aortic arch, and patent ductus arteriosus. This is the only known patient who has had total anatomical correction of this combination of defects. Correction was accomplished by staged procedures; the first stage consisted of obliteration of the patent ductus and establishment of aortic continuity; this was followed one year later by the second stage, which included a unique method for repair of absence of the aortopulmonary septum. The surgical desirability and embryological implications of criteria for differentiating truncus arteriosus from aortopulmonary septal defect are presented. Follow-up physiological evaluations and the patient's death from the effects of increasing pulmonary vascular disease (despite early symptomatic improvement) approximately two years after completion of the repair underscore the importance of early diagnosis and operative intervention.", "contents": "Correction of absence of the aortopulmonary septum by creation of concentric great vessels. An 18-year-old patient is reported who had simultaneous occurrence of aortopulmonary septal absence, complete interruption of the aortic arch, and patent ductus arteriosus. This is the only known patient who has had total anatomical correction of this combination of defects. Correction was accomplished by staged procedures; the first stage consisted of obliteration of the patent ductus and establishment of aortic continuity; this was followed one year later by the second stage, which included a unique method for repair of absence of the aortopulmonary septum. The surgical desirability and embryological implications of criteria for differentiating truncus arteriosus from aortopulmonary septal defect are presented. Follow-up physiological evaluations and the patient's death from the effects of increasing pulmonary vascular disease (despite early symptomatic improvement) approximately two years after completion of the repair underscore the importance of early diagnosis and operative intervention.", "PMID": 1115553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4650", "title": "Balloon catheter for endoscopic removal of foreign bodies.", "content": "A method for endoscopic removal of foreign bodies in the bronchial tree and esophagus using a balloon catheter is described.", "contents": "Balloon catheter for endoscopic removal of foreign bodies. A method for endoscopic removal of foreign bodies in the bronchial tree and esophagus using a balloon catheter is described.", "PMID": 1115554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4651", "title": "Pseudosarcoma of the esophagus.", "content": "Polypoid lesions of the esophagus occur infrequently and may be benign or malignant. One malignant polypoid tumor, pseudosarcoma, appears to be a distinct pathological entity; the polypoid portion is composed of sarcomatous spindle cells and the base of the polyp shows in situ or invasive squamous cell carcinoma. A patient with this lesion is described and the 16 previously reported patients are reviewed. The results indicate that local resection is inadequate; radical esophagectomy is required for cure.", "contents": "Pseudosarcoma of the esophagus. Polypoid lesions of the esophagus occur infrequently and may be benign or malignant. One malignant polypoid tumor, pseudosarcoma, appears to be a distinct pathological entity; the polypoid portion is composed of sarcomatous spindle cells and the base of the polyp shows in situ or invasive squamous cell carcinoma. A patient with this lesion is described and the 16 previously reported patients are reviewed. The results indicate that local resection is inadequate; radical esophagectomy is required for cure.", "PMID": 1115555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4652", "title": "Late embolization of prosthetic mitral valve occluder with survival following reoperation.", "content": "Embolization of the occluder from a prosthetic mitral valve is an extremely rare event. Previous reports in the literature have described the uniformly fatal outcome of this complication. A case in which the occluder from a Wada-Cutter mitral prosthesis embolized five years following implantation is presented. The patient survived following emergency reoperation. Several unique features of escaped mitral poppet are discussed. Depending upon cardiac reserves, patients who have this complication may live long enough to allow emergency operative intervention and eventual recovery.", "contents": "Late embolization of prosthetic mitral valve occluder with survival following reoperation. Embolization of the occluder from a prosthetic mitral valve is an extremely rare event. Previous reports in the literature have described the uniformly fatal outcome of this complication. A case in which the occluder from a Wada-Cutter mitral prosthesis embolized five years following implantation is presented. The patient survived following emergency reoperation. Several unique features of escaped mitral poppet are discussed. Depending upon cardiac reserves, patients who have this complication may live long enough to allow emergency operative intervention and eventual recovery.", "PMID": 1115556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4653", "title": "Esophageal injury.", "content": "This review considers all possible modes of esophageal injury, based on a schema originally published in 1954 and more recently modified in 1970. For each category of injury there are detailed discussions of diagnosis and treatment. The best available knowledge of present-day modalities has been based on a survey of the literature for the past decade. When diverse methods of treatment were encountered, we have made comments consistent with our personal experience, when appropriate. The medicolegal literature contains a number of references to esophaegeal injury. Certain excerpts dealing with several types of potential actions are extracted: (1) suits to recover damages for esophageal perforation in which negligent endoscopy was claimed; (2) suits following endoscopic accidents in which lack of informed consent was claimed; and (3) suits for professional liability based on misdiagnosis, delayed diagnosis, or wrong treatment of esophaegeal perforation.", "contents": "Esophageal injury. This review considers all possible modes of esophageal injury, based on a schema originally published in 1954 and more recently modified in 1970. For each category of injury there are detailed discussions of diagnosis and treatment. The best available knowledge of present-day modalities has been based on a survey of the literature for the past decade. When diverse methods of treatment were encountered, we have made comments consistent with our personal experience, when appropriate. The medicolegal literature contains a number of references to esophaegeal injury. Certain excerpts dealing with several types of potential actions are extracted: (1) suits to recover damages for esophageal perforation in which negligent endoscopy was claimed; (2) suits following endoscopic accidents in which lack of informed consent was claimed; and (3) suits for professional liability based on misdiagnosis, delayed diagnosis, or wrong treatment of esophaegeal perforation.", "PMID": 1115557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4654", "title": "Citrate lyase from Streptococcus diacetilactis. Association with its acetylating enzyme.", "content": "Citrate lyase (EC 4.1.3.6) was purified 38-fold from cell-free extracts of Streptococcus diacetilactis. The enzyme was homogeneous in analytical ultracentrifugation and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The final enzyme preparation contained acetate: HS-citrate lyase ligase--an acetylating enzyme which converts inactive HS-citrate lyase into enzymatically active acetyl-S-citrate lyase. This enzyme activity was purified 25-fold over the crude extract and seemed to be associated with citrate lyase. Partially purified citrate lyase from Leuconostoc citrovorum contained also its acetylating enzyme. Purified citrate lyases from Klebsiella aerogenes and Rhodopseudomonas gelatinosa were devoid of acetylating enzyme activity. The HS-form of citrate lyase from S. diacetilactis was completely acetylated and hence activated by incubation with ATP and acetate for 25 min at 25 degrees C. The enzyme did not acetylate the HS-lyases from R. gelatinosa and K. aerogenes. In contrast to the citrate lyases from R. gelatinosa and K. aerogenes the enzymes from S. diacetilactis and L. citrovorum showed only a very weak reaction inactivation. It is assumed that this is due to the association of the acetylating enzymes with these lyases.", "contents": "Citrate lyase from Streptococcus diacetilactis. Association with its acetylating enzyme. Citrate lyase (EC 4.1.3.6) was purified 38-fold from cell-free extracts of Streptococcus diacetilactis. The enzyme was homogeneous in analytical ultracentrifugation and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The final enzyme preparation contained acetate: HS-citrate lyase ligase--an acetylating enzyme which converts inactive HS-citrate lyase into enzymatically active acetyl-S-citrate lyase. This enzyme activity was purified 25-fold over the crude extract and seemed to be associated with citrate lyase. Partially purified citrate lyase from Leuconostoc citrovorum contained also its acetylating enzyme. Purified citrate lyases from Klebsiella aerogenes and Rhodopseudomonas gelatinosa were devoid of acetylating enzyme activity. The HS-form of citrate lyase from S. diacetilactis was completely acetylated and hence activated by incubation with ATP and acetate for 25 min at 25 degrees C. The enzyme did not acetylate the HS-lyases from R. gelatinosa and K. aerogenes. In contrast to the citrate lyases from R. gelatinosa and K. aerogenes the enzymes from S. diacetilactis and L. citrovorum showed only a very weak reaction inactivation. It is assumed that this is due to the association of the acetylating enzymes with these lyases.", "PMID": 1115558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4655", "title": "Charcterization and physiological function of a soluble L-amino acid oxidase in Corynebacterium.", "content": "A general L-amino acid oxidase (L-amino acid: oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating), EC(1.4.3.2) has been characterized in Corynebacterium. The enzyme is soluble (MW 130000-140000) and is active with most L-alpha-amino acids but not with aspartate, threonine, proline and glycine. It is subject to substrate inhibition. This amino acid oxidase is induced along with catalase by growth in the presence of amino acids as a nitrogen source and is repressed when ammonium ions are present in the medium. Its probable physiological function is to allow the utilization of amino acids as a nitrogen source.", "contents": "Charcterization and physiological function of a soluble L-amino acid oxidase in Corynebacterium. A general L-amino acid oxidase (L-amino acid: oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating), EC(1.4.3.2) has been characterized in Corynebacterium. The enzyme is soluble (MW 130000-140000) and is active with most L-alpha-amino acids but not with aspartate, threonine, proline and glycine. It is subject to substrate inhibition. This amino acid oxidase is induced along with catalase by growth in the presence of amino acids as a nitrogen source and is repressed when ammonium ions are present in the medium. Its probable physiological function is to allow the utilization of amino acids as a nitrogen source.", "PMID": 1115559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4656", "title": "The uptake of fructose by Pseudomonas putida.", "content": "Fructose transport was not apparently affected in a number of Pseudomonas putida strains with deranged activity of a common glucose-gluconate uptake system, indicating the existence of an independent fructose uptake system. Fructose uptake by glucose-gluconate uptake mutants was induced by fructose and obeyed saturation kinetics (apparent Km equal 0.3 mM). The fructose uptake system serves to transport glucose in addition to fructose. The entry of fructose into P.putida cells appears to be mediated also by the glucose-gluconate uptake system, as shown by the ability to accumulate fructose of wild type cells grown on glucose, a substrate that induces the glucose-gluconate uptake system but not the fructose uptake system. In addition, fructose was found to be an inducer of the glucose-gluconate uptake system. The physiological significance of these observations is not clear because the fructose uptake system can provide the cell with a high enough internal concentration of fructose to support maximum growth rate on this hexose, as shown by following the growth course of a glucose-gluconate uptake mutants on fructose.", "contents": "The uptake of fructose by Pseudomonas putida. Fructose transport was not apparently affected in a number of Pseudomonas putida strains with deranged activity of a common glucose-gluconate uptake system, indicating the existence of an independent fructose uptake system. Fructose uptake by glucose-gluconate uptake mutants was induced by fructose and obeyed saturation kinetics (apparent Km equal 0.3 mM). The fructose uptake system serves to transport glucose in addition to fructose. The entry of fructose into P.putida cells appears to be mediated also by the glucose-gluconate uptake system, as shown by the ability to accumulate fructose of wild type cells grown on glucose, a substrate that induces the glucose-gluconate uptake system but not the fructose uptake system. In addition, fructose was found to be an inducer of the glucose-gluconate uptake system. The physiological significance of these observations is not clear because the fructose uptake system can provide the cell with a high enough internal concentration of fructose to support maximum growth rate on this hexose, as shown by following the growth course of a glucose-gluconate uptake mutants on fructose.", "PMID": 1115560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4657", "title": "Sex specificity of hormone synthesis in Mucor mucedo.", "content": "Sex specificity is observed in mating types of the fungus Oucor mucedo with respect to the production of 4-hydroxy methltrisporates (plus mating type) and trisporins (minus mating type), and in the conversion of these metabolites to trisporic acids by the mating partner. These compounds induce zygophores on the opposite mating type only.", "contents": "Sex specificity of hormone synthesis in Mucor mucedo. Sex specificity is observed in mating types of the fungus Oucor mucedo with respect to the production of 4-hydroxy methltrisporates (plus mating type) and trisporins (minus mating type), and in the conversion of these metabolites to trisporic acids by the mating partner. These compounds induce zygophores on the opposite mating type only.", "PMID": 1115561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4658", "title": "Microbial assimilation of hydrocarbons. II. Intracytoplasmic membrane induction in Acinetobacter sp.", "content": "1. The induction of intracytoplasmic membranes was demonstrated to occur in Acinetobacter sp. when grown on hexadecane, heptadecane, and hexadec-1-ene. 2. Evidence for a physical relationship between the cytoplasmic hydrocarbon \"pools\" and the intracytoplasmic membranes is presented. 3. The specificity of cytoplasmic pooling of hydrocarbons and the induction of intracytoplasmic membranes was investigated in relationship to hydrocarbon oxidation. 4. These results suggests that both processes are required for the growth of Acinetobacter sp. on hydrocarbons.", "contents": "Microbial assimilation of hydrocarbons. II. Intracytoplasmic membrane induction in Acinetobacter sp. 1. The induction of intracytoplasmic membranes was demonstrated to occur in Acinetobacter sp. when grown on hexadecane, heptadecane, and hexadec-1-ene. 2. Evidence for a physical relationship between the cytoplasmic hydrocarbon \"pools\" and the intracytoplasmic membranes is presented. 3. The specificity of cytoplasmic pooling of hydrocarbons and the induction of intracytoplasmic membranes was investigated in relationship to hydrocarbon oxidation. 4. These results suggests that both processes are required for the growth of Acinetobacter sp. on hydrocarbons.", "PMID": 1115562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4659", "title": "\"El duende\" and other incubi. Suggestive interactions between culture, the devil, and the brain.", "content": "The belief in persecution or possession by evil sprits is still popular in Latin American countries. Observations were made on 12 Columbian families who were haunted by 'el duende' (a special kind of imp, goblin, or poltergeist) and other spirits. Interviews elicited a detailed account of events, a demographic and socioeconomic description ofthe families, exploration of the psyhosocial antecedents, and a psychiatric evaluation of individual members of the group regared as key persons. Possible psychodynamic mechanisms are involved in the production of the phenomenon and factors in the successful 'therapeutic'interventions of spiritualist rather than psychiatric or religious healers. The interaction of culture , folk belief, and the brain impaired by lesion or faulty learning appears as the important accountable dimension.", "contents": "\"El duende\" and other incubi. Suggestive interactions between culture, the devil, and the brain. The belief in persecution or possession by evil sprits is still popular in Latin American countries. Observations were made on 12 Columbian families who were haunted by 'el duende' (a special kind of imp, goblin, or poltergeist) and other spirits. Interviews elicited a detailed account of events, a demographic and socioeconomic description ofthe families, exploration of the psyhosocial antecedents, and a psychiatric evaluation of individual members of the group regared as key persons. Possible psychodynamic mechanisms are involved in the production of the phenomenon and factors in the successful 'therapeutic'interventions of spiritualist rather than psychiatric or religious healers. The interaction of culture , folk belief, and the brain impaired by lesion or faulty learning appears as the important accountable dimension.", "PMID": 1115564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4660", "title": "Molybdenum and iron as functional consitituents of the enzymes of the nitrate-reducing system of Azotobacter chroococcum.", "content": "The roles of molybdenum and iron in the enzymes of the assimilatory nitrate-reducing system from Azotobacter chroococcum have been investigated. 1. By adding 99 Mo-molybdate to a cell culture of A. chrocococcum with nitrate as the nitrogen source, it has been possible to incroporate the radioactive metal into a purified preparation of the enzyme nitrate reductase. 2. When 185 W-tungstate was supplied to a culture medium lacking added molybdate, a 185 W-labelled nitrate reductase preparation with negligible activity could be obtained. This in vivo incorporation of tungsten was competitively hindered by molybdenum. 3. The cellular level of nitrite reductase activity gradually increased in response to the addition of increasing amounts of iron to the culture medium. Under the same conditions, of the level of nitrate reductase activity was not affected.", "contents": "Molybdenum and iron as functional consitituents of the enzymes of the nitrate-reducing system of Azotobacter chroococcum. The roles of molybdenum and iron in the enzymes of the assimilatory nitrate-reducing system from Azotobacter chroococcum have been investigated. 1. By adding 99 Mo-molybdate to a cell culture of A. chrocococcum with nitrate as the nitrogen source, it has been possible to incroporate the radioactive metal into a purified preparation of the enzyme nitrate reductase. 2. When 185 W-tungstate was supplied to a culture medium lacking added molybdate, a 185 W-labelled nitrate reductase preparation with negligible activity could be obtained. This in vivo incorporation of tungsten was competitively hindered by molybdenum. 3. The cellular level of nitrite reductase activity gradually increased in response to the addition of increasing amounts of iron to the culture medium. Under the same conditions, of the level of nitrate reductase activity was not affected.", "PMID": 1115563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4661", "title": "Observations on a sidewalk ashram.", "content": "Meetings between an American guru and his followers were observed and 14 of the devotees were interviewed. Virtually all gave histories of chronic unhappiness and unsatisfactory parental relations. On involvement with the guru and a new 'family,' the experienced increased well-being and periods of bliss, and their acceptance of mystic Hindu beliefs was solidified. Factors relating to the devotees' psychological 'lift' are delineated, including ways that the bond to the leader possibly aided them in dealing with inner conflict. Earlier experiences with psychedelic drugs appeared to have influenced many of the subjects to Hinduism and the guru. It is postulated that a psychological characteristic of the devotees is a strong underlying wish for union with a powerful object,and that this bore on their susceptibility to the influence of certain regressive psychedelic experiences.", "contents": "Observations on a sidewalk ashram. Meetings between an American guru and his followers were observed and 14 of the devotees were interviewed. Virtually all gave histories of chronic unhappiness and unsatisfactory parental relations. On involvement with the guru and a new 'family,' the experienced increased well-being and periods of bliss, and their acceptance of mystic Hindu beliefs was solidified. Factors relating to the devotees' psychological 'lift' are delineated, including ways that the bond to the leader possibly aided them in dealing with inner conflict. Earlier experiences with psychedelic drugs appeared to have influenced many of the subjects to Hinduism and the guru. It is postulated that a psychological characteristic of the devotees is a strong underlying wish for union with a powerful object,and that this bore on their susceptibility to the influence of certain regressive psychedelic experiences.", "PMID": 1115565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4662", "title": "Sociopathy as a human process. A viewpoint.", "content": "Case histories of narcotic addicts who also were imprisoned for felony were selected to illustrate some underlying dynamics of Cleckley's so-called psychopath and some principles useful in their management. Often in outpatient settings, such individuals seem to be without anxiety, unable to experience depression, and without motivation for recovery; but in inpatient settings, such deficits appear illusory. Once such chronically sociopathic individuals are prevented from 'running' their resemblance to individuals with severe but thoroughly 'human' and comprehensible personality disorders becomes evident. In treatment, external controls are important. It is vital both to appreciate the contagion of the psychopath's invisible anxiety and to provide such individuals with alternative defenses with which to mitagate their depression. Finally sociopaths must be realistically, but not puntively, confronted with consequences of their behavior.", "contents": "Sociopathy as a human process. A viewpoint. Case histories of narcotic addicts who also were imprisoned for felony were selected to illustrate some underlying dynamics of Cleckley's so-called psychopath and some principles useful in their management. Often in outpatient settings, such individuals seem to be without anxiety, unable to experience depression, and without motivation for recovery; but in inpatient settings, such deficits appear illusory. Once such chronically sociopathic individuals are prevented from 'running' their resemblance to individuals with severe but thoroughly 'human' and comprehensible personality disorders becomes evident. In treatment, external controls are important. It is vital both to appreciate the contagion of the psychopath's invisible anxiety and to provide such individuals with alternative defenses with which to mitagate their depression. Finally sociopaths must be realistically, but not puntively, confronted with consequences of their behavior.", "PMID": 1115566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4663", "title": "Facilitation of somatosensory average-evoked potentials in hysterical anesthesia and pain.", "content": "Psychophysiological inhibition theories of hysterical anesthesia were not supported in a study of habituation of scalp somatosensory average-evoked responses. Facilitation, rather than habituation, was found in responses contralaterial to the affected side with strong tactile stimuli in patients with hysterical heminesthesia or hemihypoesthesia, regional pain, and weakness. We suggest that the increase in response amplitude is related to the unusual congnitive set in these patients. Corticufugal influences on tactile sensory input might be mediated through increasing-excitation in a spinal-gating system.", "contents": "Facilitation of somatosensory average-evoked potentials in hysterical anesthesia and pain. Psychophysiological inhibition theories of hysterical anesthesia were not supported in a study of habituation of scalp somatosensory average-evoked responses. Facilitation, rather than habituation, was found in responses contralaterial to the affected side with strong tactile stimuli in patients with hysterical heminesthesia or hemihypoesthesia, regional pain, and weakness. We suggest that the increase in response amplitude is related to the unusual congnitive set in these patients. Corticufugal influences on tactile sensory input might be mediated through increasing-excitation in a spinal-gating system.", "PMID": 1115567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4664", "title": "Changes in attitude toward methadone.", "content": "Staff and client attitudes toward heroin users and toward maintenance and abstient clients were assessed in 1970 and again in 1973. On each occasion there was striking agreement between the ratings made by staff and client groups. Abstinent clients were rated by all groups as significantly more effective and more responsible than either maintance clients or heroin users; maintenance clients were rated as more conservative, self-conscious, and self-effacing than were the other groups. While heroin users and abstinent clients were characterized similarly in the two rating periods, raters in the 1973 survey viewed methadone hydrochloride clients as more passive and less inclined to undertake adult responsibilities than was true of raters in the 1970 survey.", "contents": "Changes in attitude toward methadone. Staff and client attitudes toward heroin users and toward maintenance and abstient clients were assessed in 1970 and again in 1973. On each occasion there was striking agreement between the ratings made by staff and client groups. Abstinent clients were rated by all groups as significantly more effective and more responsible than either maintance clients or heroin users; maintenance clients were rated as more conservative, self-conscious, and self-effacing than were the other groups. While heroin users and abstinent clients were characterized similarly in the two rating periods, raters in the 1973 survey viewed methadone hydrochloride clients as more passive and less inclined to undertake adult responsibilities than was true of raters in the 1970 survey.", "PMID": 1115568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4665", "title": "Controlling the abuse of illicit methadone in Washington, DC.", "content": "Methadone hydrochloride has been found to be medically safe when administered in the setting of a well-organized heroin addition treatment program. The abuse of illicit methadone, outside the therapeutic setting, has aroused considerable controversy, particularly with regard to the public health hazards of primary methadone addiction, overdose, abuse, and childhood poisoning. We attempted to document the nature and extent of these negative aspects of the diversion of methadone into the illicit drug market, using data collected between 1969 and 1974 in the District of Columbia. The data illustrate the severe problems created by the widespread availability of illicit methadone, and document that, with the appropriate controls, the large-scale use of methadone in addiction treatment is feasible with minimum risk of methadone addiction and overdose in the community.", "contents": "Controlling the abuse of illicit methadone in Washington, DC. Methadone hydrochloride has been found to be medically safe when administered in the setting of a well-organized heroin addition treatment program. The abuse of illicit methadone, outside the therapeutic setting, has aroused considerable controversy, particularly with regard to the public health hazards of primary methadone addiction, overdose, abuse, and childhood poisoning. We attempted to document the nature and extent of these negative aspects of the diversion of methadone into the illicit drug market, using data collected between 1969 and 1974 in the District of Columbia. The data illustrate the severe problems created by the widespread availability of illicit methadone, and document that, with the appropriate controls, the large-scale use of methadone in addiction treatment is feasible with minimum risk of methadone addiction and overdose in the community.", "PMID": 1115569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4666", "title": "Drinking amid abundant illicit drugs. The Vietnam case.", "content": "We studied drinking patterns and problems of 451 US Army enlisted men after their return from Vietnam. Before Vietnam, nearly half were regular drinkers and one quarter had drinking problems. Problem drinking declined in Vietnam as opiate use rose sharply; half had tried opiates and 20% were opiate dependent. After Vietnam, opiate use decreased (now less than 2% opiate dependent) and problem drinking again became ascendant. At time of interview, 17% had drunk in an alcoholic pattern at some period in their lives and another 41% had had problems from drinking. The younger men were more likely to have had problems. Alcholism predictors included:becoming intoxicated at an early age; dropping out of school; truancy and expulsion from school; and having a father with a history of alcoholism or arrests.", "contents": "Drinking amid abundant illicit drugs. The Vietnam case. We studied drinking patterns and problems of 451 US Army enlisted men after their return from Vietnam. Before Vietnam, nearly half were regular drinkers and one quarter had drinking problems. Problem drinking declined in Vietnam as opiate use rose sharply; half had tried opiates and 20% were opiate dependent. After Vietnam, opiate use decreased (now less than 2% opiate dependent) and problem drinking again became ascendant. At time of interview, 17% had drunk in an alcoholic pattern at some period in their lives and another 41% had had problems from drinking. The younger men were more likely to have had problems. Alcholism predictors included:becoming intoxicated at an early age; dropping out of school; truancy and expulsion from school; and having a father with a history of alcoholism or arrests.", "PMID": 1115570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4667", "title": "Physiological and psychological effects of methadone in man.", "content": "Methadone hydrochloride-maintenance outpatients were compared to abstinent exaddicts on physiological and psychological measures, and to normal subjects on physiological measures. The battery of psychological tests measure cognitive abilities and mental state. Methadone depressed respiration rate below other groups; abstinent subjects had higher heart rates than methadone or control subjects. No other physiological differences appeared. Electroencephalographic spectral analysis disclosed that the location of the alpha peak was at the lowest frequency in the methadone group, next lowest being the abstinent group. Discriminant functions based on a weighted combination of variables (frequencies) successfully distinguished the EEGs of the three groups. Both discriminant analysis and multiple regression analysis indicated that EEG changes were dose-dependent. Methadone subjects performed significantly poorer on several tests of learning and immediate recall compared to absitinent subjects.", "contents": "Physiological and psychological effects of methadone in man. Methadone hydrochloride-maintenance outpatients were compared to abstinent exaddicts on physiological and psychological measures, and to normal subjects on physiological measures. The battery of psychological tests measure cognitive abilities and mental state. Methadone depressed respiration rate below other groups; abstinent subjects had higher heart rates than methadone or control subjects. No other physiological differences appeared. Electroencephalographic spectral analysis disclosed that the location of the alpha peak was at the lowest frequency in the methadone group, next lowest being the abstinent group. Discriminant functions based on a weighted combination of variables (frequencies) successfully distinguished the EEGs of the three groups. Both discriminant analysis and multiple regression analysis indicated that EEG changes were dose-dependent. Methadone subjects performed significantly poorer on several tests of learning and immediate recall compared to absitinent subjects.", "PMID": 1115571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4668", "title": "Personal violence in infantry combat.", "content": "Thirty-one soldiers who had killed while in combat and who had subsequent psychiatric examinations were asked about acts of 'personal violence' in Vietna m (acts against persons at close range judged to be unnecessary from a military point of view.) Fourteen reported engagement in personal violence, while nine others reported witnessing such behavior. In this group, all who reported participation in personal violence had volunteered to serve in Vietnam. Significantly more participants reported killing four or more persons in Vietnam than did nonparticipants, and the participants more frequently had a history of arrest prior to military service. As a group, participants could be distinguished from nonparticipants by the average number of positive items present in each of several groupings of precombat variables. Personal violence in combat results from an interaction of individual, group, and situational factors.", "contents": "Personal violence in infantry combat. Thirty-one soldiers who had killed while in combat and who had subsequent psychiatric examinations were asked about acts of 'personal violence' in Vietna m (acts against persons at close range judged to be unnecessary from a military point of view.) Fourteen reported engagement in personal violence, while nine others reported witnessing such behavior. In this group, all who reported participation in personal violence had volunteered to serve in Vietnam. Significantly more participants reported killing four or more persons in Vietnam than did nonparticipants, and the participants more frequently had a history of arrest prior to military service. As a group, participants could be distinguished from nonparticipants by the average number of positive items present in each of several groupings of precombat variables. Personal violence in combat results from an interaction of individual, group, and situational factors.", "PMID": 1115572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4669", "title": "Suicide attempts and recent life events. A controlled comparison.", "content": "Life events experienced in the six months before a suicide attempt were compared with events for two matched control groups. Suicide attempters reported four times as many events as were reported by subjects from the general population and 11/2 times as many as were reported by depressed patients prior to depressive onset. A substantial peaking of events occurred in the month before the attempt. The excess over general population controls spanned most types of event. That over depressive onset was more selective, and it involved events with threatening implications, including undesirable events, those rated as stressful, and those outside the respondent's control. Unlike depression, suicide attempts were preceded equally by entrances and exits in the social field. Overall, the findings indicate a strong and immediate relationship between suicide attempts and life events.", "contents": "Suicide attempts and recent life events. A controlled comparison. Life events experienced in the six months before a suicide attempt were compared with events for two matched control groups. Suicide attempters reported four times as many events as were reported by subjects from the general population and 11/2 times as many as were reported by depressed patients prior to depressive onset. A substantial peaking of events occurred in the month before the attempt. The excess over general population controls spanned most types of event. That over depressive onset was more selective, and it involved events with threatening implications, including undesirable events, those rated as stressful, and those outside the respondent's control. Unlike depression, suicide attempts were preceded equally by entrances and exits in the social field. Overall, the findings indicate a strong and immediate relationship between suicide attempts and life events.", "PMID": 1115573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4670", "title": "Genetic determinant of lithium ion metabolism. II. An in vivo study of lithium ion distribution across erythrocyte membranes.", "content": "A study was conducted to determine if membrane factors, known to influence the distribution of sodium ion (Na) and potassium ion (K), also influence lithium ion distribution. Two groups of sheep with genetically determined differences in their cation concentrations were administered lithium chloride for ten days. The low red blood cell (RBC) potassium ion sheep (LK) had a greater RBC lithium ion concentration than the high RBC potassium ion sheep (HK). In vitro incubation of erythrocytes with lithium chloride also produced substantially different RBC lithium ion: plasma lithium ion ratios similar to those seen in the vivo study. Distribution of lithium ion was generally similar to that of Na ion. It seems that lithium ion distribution may be controlled by the same genetic factors that regulate Na ion distribution.", "contents": "Genetic determinant of lithium ion metabolism. II. An in vivo study of lithium ion distribution across erythrocyte membranes. A study was conducted to determine if membrane factors, known to influence the distribution of sodium ion (Na) and potassium ion (K), also influence lithium ion distribution. Two groups of sheep with genetically determined differences in their cation concentrations were administered lithium chloride for ten days. The low red blood cell (RBC) potassium ion sheep (LK) had a greater RBC lithium ion concentration than the high RBC potassium ion sheep (HK). In vitro incubation of erythrocytes with lithium chloride also produced substantially different RBC lithium ion: plasma lithium ion ratios similar to those seen in the vivo study. Distribution of lithium ion was generally similar to that of Na ion. It seems that lithium ion distribution may be controlled by the same genetic factors that regulate Na ion distribution.", "PMID": 1115574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4671", "title": "Diagnostic criteria and five-year outcome in schizophrenia. A report from the International Pilot Study of schizophrenia.", "content": "Systematic psychiatric assessment was undertaken on 131 patients (the American cohort of the International Pilot Study of Schizophrenia). Nine areas of outcome functioning were assessed five years later at follow-up evaluation on 63% of these patients. An analysis of 66 clinical and demographic variables established that the patients sucessfully followed-up were representatives of the entire cohort. Diagnostic data from initial evaluations and follow-up outcome assessment were used to examine the relationship between diagnostic criteria and outcome in schizophrenia. Applying the criteria for schizophrenic diagnosis defined by Langfeldt, by Schneider, and Carpenter et al failed to define a poor outcome group. No difference in outcome was found when traditional schizophrenic subtypes were contrasted. Overall outcome in 61 patients with conditions diagnosed as schizophrenic was heterogeneous. However, despite overlap, the mean outcome in the schizophrenic cohort was poorer than in the 19 nonschizophrenic patients.", "contents": "Diagnostic criteria and five-year outcome in schizophrenia. A report from the International Pilot Study of schizophrenia. Systematic psychiatric assessment was undertaken on 131 patients (the American cohort of the International Pilot Study of Schizophrenia). Nine areas of outcome functioning were assessed five years later at follow-up evaluation on 63% of these patients. An analysis of 66 clinical and demographic variables established that the patients sucessfully followed-up were representatives of the entire cohort. Diagnostic data from initial evaluations and follow-up outcome assessment were used to examine the relationship between diagnostic criteria and outcome in schizophrenia. Applying the criteria for schizophrenic diagnosis defined by Langfeldt, by Schneider, and Carpenter et al failed to define a poor outcome group. No difference in outcome was found when traditional schizophrenic subtypes were contrasted. Overall outcome in 61 patients with conditions diagnosed as schizophrenic was heterogeneous. However, despite overlap, the mean outcome in the schizophrenic cohort was poorer than in the 19 nonschizophrenic patients.", "PMID": 1115575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4672", "title": "The assessment of social adjustment. A review of techniques.", "content": "Interest in the community adjustment of psychiatric patients has led to the development of rating techniques for its evaluation. Selection of an appropriate scale for the task should include a review of its item content, anchor points, coverage, method of obtaining information, informant, psychometric properties, precision, cost, scoring, and instructional material. While no scale is without limitations, this report describes 15 currently available scales that meet many of the important criteria for assessing social adjustment and are sufficiently developed to be useful in evaluative research. This review also contains a list of pertinent references to the scales and guide to the literature on behavioral rating scales.", "contents": "The assessment of social adjustment. A review of techniques. Interest in the community adjustment of psychiatric patients has led to the development of rating techniques for its evaluation. Selection of an appropriate scale for the task should include a review of its item content, anchor points, coverage, method of obtaining information, informant, psychometric properties, precision, cost, scoring, and instructional material. While no scale is without limitations, this report describes 15 currently available scales that meet many of the important criteria for assessing social adjustment and are sufficiently developed to be useful in evaluative research. This review also contains a list of pertinent references to the scales and guide to the literature on behavioral rating scales.", "PMID": 1115576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4673", "title": "Physostigmine. Its use in acute anticholinergic syndrome with antidepressant and antiparkinson drugs.", "content": "We reviewed the use of physostigmine in the diagnosis and management of acute toxic psychosis due to drugs with anticholinergic properties. The syndrome of agitation and toxic confusional psychosis associated with peripheral signs of cholinergic blockade is produced by several plant toxins, antispasmodics, ophthalmic preparations, and certain proprietary sedatives, as well as antiparkinson medications, antidepressants, and some antipsychotic drugs. Physostigmine, uniquely among the available reversible anticholinesterase agents, can pass the blood-brain barrier to exert central as well as peripheral cholinomimetic actions to reverse this syndrome. Psychiatrists should make more use of this safe, specific, rapid, and effective treatment for anticholinergic drug toxicity, and should particularly be alert to reversible anticholinergic brain syndromes associated with antidepressants and antiparkinson medications, and even with antipsychotic medications.", "contents": "Physostigmine. Its use in acute anticholinergic syndrome with antidepressant and antiparkinson drugs. We reviewed the use of physostigmine in the diagnosis and management of acute toxic psychosis due to drugs with anticholinergic properties. The syndrome of agitation and toxic confusional psychosis associated with peripheral signs of cholinergic blockade is produced by several plant toxins, antispasmodics, ophthalmic preparations, and certain proprietary sedatives, as well as antiparkinson medications, antidepressants, and some antipsychotic drugs. Physostigmine, uniquely among the available reversible anticholinesterase agents, can pass the blood-brain barrier to exert central as well as peripheral cholinomimetic actions to reverse this syndrome. Psychiatrists should make more use of this safe, specific, rapid, and effective treatment for anticholinergic drug toxicity, and should particularly be alert to reversible anticholinergic brain syndromes associated with antidepressants and antiparkinson medications, and even with antipsychotic medications.", "PMID": 1115577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4674", "title": "Minimal brain dysfunction, stimulant drugs, and autonomic nervous system activity.", "content": "Autonomic base levels and responsivity to stimuli were investigated in normal and minimally brain dysfunctioned (MBD) children. Continuous recordings of skin conductance, heart rate, skin temperature, and respiration rate were made during rest, at presentation of tones, and when performing a reaction time task. No significant differences in base levels were obtained between normal and MBD children when not taking drugs, but stimulant medication increased skin conductance and heart rate and decreased skin temperature and reaction time. The MBD children were less reactive, autonomically, to all types of stimuli. Stimulant drugs decreased electrodermal responsivity, which was predictable from concurrent changes in base line skin conductance and skintemperature. The MBD performance deficits are not related to lower autonomic responsivity or lower absolute base levels of arousal, but MBD children may perform better at relatively high autonomic base levels.", "contents": "Minimal brain dysfunction, stimulant drugs, and autonomic nervous system activity. Autonomic base levels and responsivity to stimuli were investigated in normal and minimally brain dysfunctioned (MBD) children. Continuous recordings of skin conductance, heart rate, skin temperature, and respiration rate were made during rest, at presentation of tones, and when performing a reaction time task. No significant differences in base levels were obtained between normal and MBD children when not taking drugs, but stimulant medication increased skin conductance and heart rate and decreased skin temperature and reaction time. The MBD children were less reactive, autonomically, to all types of stimuli. Stimulant drugs decreased electrodermal responsivity, which was predictable from concurrent changes in base line skin conductance and skintemperature. The MBD performance deficits are not related to lower autonomic responsivity or lower absolute base levels of arousal, but MBD children may perform better at relatively high autonomic base levels.", "PMID": 1115578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4675", "title": "Sexual attitude reassessment workshops: effect on spinal cord injured adults, their partners and rehabilitation professionals.", "content": "Five workshops, focused on the sexuality of adults with acquired spinal cord injuries, were offered for rehabilitation professionals and spinal cord injures adults between December 1971 and October 1972 by the University of Minnesota's Program in Human Sexuality and Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. The fifth workshop was jointly sponsored with the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (AAPM&R) and included an optional third day on sexual counseling. The objectives of the workshops were to assist the professional to be more helpful with others and the disabled to be more helpful to themselves. These objectives were accomplished by demythologizing sexual behavior, desensationalizing sexual stimuli and aiding the disabled person and professional to come to an understanding and acceptance of the sexuality of themselves as well as others. Preworkshop, immediately postworkshop and follow-up questionnaires evaluated the effects of the seminars upon all participants: disabled, able-bodied, professional and nonprofessional. Of the 76 who returned anonymous questionnaires mailed to the 95 spinal cord injured adults and their partners, 96.0 per cent reported that they were gland they attended, 82.8 per cent stated that they were personally benefited and 90.8 per cent reported that they would recommend the program to others like themselves. Of the 168 signed evaluations, 119 were returned by the professional group. Of 112 indicating that they or their institutions were currently involved in providing sexual counseling and education to the physically disabled, 97.3 per cent reported that the University of Minnesota workshop had given ideas, impetus or form to the current effort. Sexual attitudes and attitude changes in the AAPM&R-sponsered workshop were similar to those measured in participants in other workshops involving medical and seminary students and community members. Further workshops have been planned based upon these results.", "contents": "Sexual attitude reassessment workshops: effect on spinal cord injured adults, their partners and rehabilitation professionals. Five workshops, focused on the sexuality of adults with acquired spinal cord injuries, were offered for rehabilitation professionals and spinal cord injures adults between December 1971 and October 1972 by the University of Minnesota's Program in Human Sexuality and Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. The fifth workshop was jointly sponsored with the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (AAPM&R) and included an optional third day on sexual counseling. The objectives of the workshops were to assist the professional to be more helpful with others and the disabled to be more helpful to themselves. These objectives were accomplished by demythologizing sexual behavior, desensationalizing sexual stimuli and aiding the disabled person and professional to come to an understanding and acceptance of the sexuality of themselves as well as others. Preworkshop, immediately postworkshop and follow-up questionnaires evaluated the effects of the seminars upon all participants: disabled, able-bodied, professional and nonprofessional. Of the 76 who returned anonymous questionnaires mailed to the 95 spinal cord injured adults and their partners, 96.0 per cent reported that they were gland they attended, 82.8 per cent stated that they were personally benefited and 90.8 per cent reported that they would recommend the program to others like themselves. Of the 168 signed evaluations, 119 were returned by the professional group. Of 112 indicating that they or their institutions were currently involved in providing sexual counseling and education to the physically disabled, 97.3 per cent reported that the University of Minnesota workshop had given ideas, impetus or form to the current effort. Sexual attitudes and attitude changes in the AAPM&R-sponsered workshop were similar to those measured in participants in other workshops involving medical and seminary students and community members. Further workshops have been planned based upon these results.", "PMID": 1115587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4676", "title": "Sexual functioning in women with spinal cord injury.", "content": "The literature on women with spinal cord injury deals primarily with the factors of hormonal function, fertility and delivery.  Unfortunately, information is limited concerning issues which are relevant to the total sexual functioning of these women.  Little is known about potential hazards of contraceptives, the incidence of gynecological problems, the reactivity of vagina and external genitalia during sexual excitement, the nature of orgasmic experience, factors leading to orgasm and responsivity of nongenital erogenous zones.  Sociocultural restrictions on vomen's sexual responsivity and willingness to discuss such issues are considered along with areas for future research,  The authors emphasize the  need to consider the totality of sexual functioning in future research and the need for women professionals to join research teams on this topic.", "contents": "Sexual functioning in women with spinal cord injury. The literature on women with spinal cord injury deals primarily with the factors of hormonal function, fertility and delivery.  Unfortunately, information is limited concerning issues which are relevant to the total sexual functioning of these women.  Little is known about potential hazards of contraceptives, the incidence of gynecological problems, the reactivity of vagina and external genitalia during sexual excitement, the nature of orgasmic experience, factors leading to orgasm and responsivity of nongenital erogenous zones.  Sociocultural restrictions on vomen's sexual responsivity and willingness to discuss such issues are considered along with areas for future research,  The authors emphasize the  need to consider the totality of sexual functioning in future research and the need for women professionals to join research teams on this topic.", "PMID": 1115588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4677", "title": "Negative pressures during swing phase in below-knee prostheses with rubber sleeve suspension.", "content": "Negative pressures in the small space between the distal stump and the below-knee prosthetic socket were measured during swing phase for a series of nine subjects.  A molded rubber sleeve connecting the prosthesis and the thigh was found to enhance this effect so that suction suspension occurred during the entire swing phase.  Deterioration of the suction occurred when the sleeve was intentionally pierced, and when other suspensions such as a suprapatellar cuff or thigh band were tested.  The findings indicate that the total-contact socket, gel liner and elastic sleeve combine to create suction in the below-knee socket which improves overall comfort and function for the patient in using the prosthesis.", "contents": "Negative pressures during swing phase in below-knee prostheses with rubber sleeve suspension. Negative pressures in the small space between the distal stump and the below-knee prosthetic socket were measured during swing phase for a series of nine subjects.  A molded rubber sleeve connecting the prosthesis and the thigh was found to enhance this effect so that suction suspension occurred during the entire swing phase.  Deterioration of the suction occurred when the sleeve was intentionally pierced, and when other suspensions such as a suprapatellar cuff or thigh band were tested.  The findings indicate that the total-contact socket, gel liner and elastic sleeve combine to create suction in the below-knee socket which improves overall comfort and function for the patient in using the prosthesis.", "PMID": 1115589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4678", "title": "Pneumatic orthosis PILOT STUDY;.", "content": "The pneumatic orthosis is potentially a substitute or replacement for conventional long-ler and under outer clothing.  Pneumatic tubes are incorporated into the orthosis and may be inflated at will by the patient.  In a preliminary test it was found to be lighter, more comfortable and cosmetically more acceptable than conventional braces.  This paper presents the results of the first pilot study of the orthosis in the United States, conducted by the New York Medical College--Bird S. Coler Hospital Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, using 11 patients with different levels of cord transection.  The orthosis was tested for its effect in the following areas: pulmonary function, blood chemistries to determine calcuyn function and phosphorus metabolic retention or loss; spasticity; urinary tract studies; skin; systemic blood pressure and pulse; physical comfort; and effect of temperature and humidity on patient.  Wearing time was increased daily until a patient tolerated a minimum of one hour of inflation and six to eight hours of deflation comfortably without negative results.  All the patients tested tolerated daily use of the pneumatic orthosis up to six to eight hours with no harmful effect on the skin.  It did not interfere with healing of existing decubiti.  Use of the pneumatic orthosis prevented postural hypotension in all tested cases, facilitated urinary outflow, increased vital capacity and reduced spasms related to postural changes.", "contents": "Pneumatic orthosis PILOT STUDY;. The pneumatic orthosis is potentially a substitute or replacement for conventional long-ler and under outer clothing.  Pneumatic tubes are incorporated into the orthosis and may be inflated at will by the patient.  In a preliminary test it was found to be lighter, more comfortable and cosmetically more acceptable than conventional braces.  This paper presents the results of the first pilot study of the orthosis in the United States, conducted by the New York Medical College--Bird S. Coler Hospital Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, using 11 patients with different levels of cord transection.  The orthosis was tested for its effect in the following areas: pulmonary function, blood chemistries to determine calcuyn function and phosphorus metabolic retention or loss; spasticity; urinary tract studies; skin; systemic blood pressure and pulse; physical comfort; and effect of temperature and humidity on patient.  Wearing time was increased daily until a patient tolerated a minimum of one hour of inflation and six to eight hours of deflation comfortably without negative results.  All the patients tested tolerated daily use of the pneumatic orthosis up to six to eight hours with no harmful effect on the skin.  It did not interfere with healing of existing decubiti.  Use of the pneumatic orthosis prevented postural hypotension in all tested cases, facilitated urinary outflow, increased vital capacity and reduced spasms related to postural changes.", "PMID": 1115590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4679", "title": "Vocational potential assessment.", "content": "Determination of employment potential will become increasingly important in the foreseeable future, largely due to pending Federal legislation which relates to welfare reform.  The heretofore \"permanently and totally disabled versus able-bodied\" principle in welfare reforms is being abbandoned.  Pending legislative proposals dealing with welfare reform provide for considering physically impaired persons as partially disabled and partially employable simultaneously.  Thus, the need to systematically and effectively assess physically impaired citizens' capacities to participate in the job market will increase.  Unquestionably, rehabilitation medicine in general, and the emerging art and science of vocational evaluation in particular, will contribute much to supplying these services.  While it is widely acknowledged that the vocational potential of physically impaired persons should be evaluated in an organized manner, there are differences of opinion among professional evaluators as to which approach, or approaches, are the most meritorious;  The four principal approaches are: (1) mental testing, (2) work sampling, (3) situational analysis, and (4) job tryouts.  Each of these approaches is explained, contrasted, and evaluated in this paper.", "contents": "Vocational potential assessment. Determination of employment potential will become increasingly important in the foreseeable future, largely due to pending Federal legislation which relates to welfare reform.  The heretofore \"permanently and totally disabled versus able-bodied\" principle in welfare reforms is being abbandoned.  Pending legislative proposals dealing with welfare reform provide for considering physically impaired persons as partially disabled and partially employable simultaneously.  Thus, the need to systematically and effectively assess physically impaired citizens' capacities to participate in the job market will increase.  Unquestionably, rehabilitation medicine in general, and the emerging art and science of vocational evaluation in particular, will contribute much to supplying these services.  While it is widely acknowledged that the vocational potential of physically impaired persons should be evaluated in an organized manner, there are differences of opinion among professional evaluators as to which approach, or approaches, are the most meritorious;  The four principal approaches are: (1) mental testing, (2) work sampling, (3) situational analysis, and (4) job tryouts.  Each of these approaches is explained, contrasted, and evaluated in this paper.", "PMID": 1115591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4680", "title": "Carcinoid tumor metastatic to neck.", "content": "A 50-year old woman was admitted with a mass in the anterior triangle of the neck. Because of interpretation of a needle biopsy specimen as undifferentiated adenocarcinoma, a radical excision of cervical lymph nodes was performed and the specimen showed metastatic adenocarcinoma suggestive of carcinoid tumor. Four months later the patient developed an abdominal mass that turned out to be large mesenteric lymph nodes involved in carcinoid tumor, the primary lesions being in the terminal ileum. Following resection of all visible tumor, the patient has remained symptomatically and chemically well for 15 months. No previous case of carcinoid tumor metastatic to the neck can be found.", "contents": "Carcinoid tumor metastatic to neck. A 50-year old woman was admitted with a mass in the anterior triangle of the neck. Because of interpretation of a needle biopsy specimen as undifferentiated adenocarcinoma, a radical excision of cervical lymph nodes was performed and the specimen showed metastatic adenocarcinoma suggestive of carcinoid tumor. Four months later the patient developed an abdominal mass that turned out to be large mesenteric lymph nodes involved in carcinoid tumor, the primary lesions being in the terminal ileum. Following resection of all visible tumor, the patient has remained symptomatically and chemically well for 15 months. No previous case of carcinoid tumor metastatic to the neck can be found.", "PMID": 1115594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4681", "title": "Axillary-axillary bovine arteriovenous fistula for hemodialysis.", "content": "A preliminary evaluation of bovine carotid artery heterografts as axillary-axillary arteriovenous fistulas suggests that this graft may be an easily constructed and easily utilized portal for hemodialysis cannulation. At present, this fistula should be reserved for use when all other commonly employed peripheral sites and methods of constructing arteriovenous fistulas have been exhausted.", "contents": "Axillary-axillary bovine arteriovenous fistula for hemodialysis. A preliminary evaluation of bovine carotid artery heterografts as axillary-axillary arteriovenous fistulas suggests that this graft may be an easily constructed and easily utilized portal for hemodialysis cannulation. At present, this fistula should be reserved for use when all other commonly employed peripheral sites and methods of constructing arteriovenous fistulas have been exhausted.", "PMID": 1115595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4682", "title": "Leiomyosarcoma of a vein: survival for six years.", "content": "A 7-year old girl with leiomyosarcoma of the femoral vein is alive without evidence of recurrence six years after radical resection. This is, to our knowledge, the longest survival recorded of a patient with this condition.", "contents": "Leiomyosarcoma of a vein: survival for six years. A 7-year old girl with leiomyosarcoma of the femoral vein is alive without evidence of recurrence six years after radical resection. This is, to our knowledge, the longest survival recorded of a patient with this condition.", "PMID": 1115596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4683", "title": "Sclerosing cervicitis: homologue of sclerosing retroperitonitis and mediastinitis.", "content": "The first known case of an invasive, sclerosing fibrosis of the deep soft tissue of the neck is presented. The morbidity, clinical course, and, most importantly, pathological identity with sclerosing retroperitonitis and sclerosing mediastinitis led us to consider this lesion as the cervical homologue of these lesions, ie, sclerosing cervicitis.", "contents": "Sclerosing cervicitis: homologue of sclerosing retroperitonitis and mediastinitis. The first known case of an invasive, sclerosing fibrosis of the deep soft tissue of the neck is presented. The morbidity, clinical course, and, most importantly, pathological identity with sclerosing retroperitonitis and sclerosing mediastinitis led us to consider this lesion as the cervical homologue of these lesions, ie, sclerosing cervicitis.", "PMID": 1115597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4684", "title": "Primary internal fixation of femoral neck fractures.", "content": "The principles in treatment of femoral neck fractures by primary internal fixation have been reviewed. In the rare, undisplaced stress or fatigue fracture, early internal fixation with threaded pins is recommended. Impacted fractures should be treated by primary internal fixation in patients who do not follow orders and patients whose general condition is poor and would require early weight bearing. Displaced fractures may be treated by primary internal fixation at any age and regardless of the patient's general condition. The following principles are emphasized: early operation, anatomical reduction and slight valgus in some cases, compression and impaction of fragments, and firm immobilization of fragments with a device that has a sliding mechanism and provides lateral cortical fixation.", "contents": "Primary internal fixation of femoral neck fractures. The principles in treatment of femoral neck fractures by primary internal fixation have been reviewed. In the rare, undisplaced stress or fatigue fracture, early internal fixation with threaded pins is recommended. Impacted fractures should be treated by primary internal fixation in patients who do not follow orders and patients whose general condition is poor and would require early weight bearing. Displaced fractures may be treated by primary internal fixation at any age and regardless of the patient's general condition. The following principles are emphasized: early operation, anatomical reduction and slight valgus in some cases, compression and impaction of fragments, and firm immobilization of fragments with a device that has a sliding mechanism and provides lateral cortical fixation.", "PMID": 1115605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4685", "title": "Primary prosthetic replacement for femoral neck fractures.", "content": "Treatment of displaced femoral neck fractures remains a problem. Routine prosthetic replacement is controversial. Review of 100 patients treated at the Campbell Clinic from 1957 to 1966 suggests that 60% long-term good results can be anticipated at a cost of 5% mortality and 25% morbidity. We believe prosthetic replacement probably should be restricted to (1) those patients admitted for treatment late or those in whom previous internal  fixation has failed, (2) elderly patients whose fracture cannot be reduced closed, and (3) patients with special circumstances such as pathologic fractures, seizure disorders, Parkinsonism, and so on.", "contents": "Primary prosthetic replacement for femoral neck fractures. Treatment of displaced femoral neck fractures remains a problem. Routine prosthetic replacement is controversial. Review of 100 patients treated at the Campbell Clinic from 1957 to 1966 suggests that 60% long-term good results can be anticipated at a cost of 5% mortality and 25% morbidity. We believe prosthetic replacement probably should be restricted to (1) those patients admitted for treatment late or those in whom previous internal  fixation has failed, (2) elderly patients whose fracture cannot be reduced closed, and (3) patients with special circumstances such as pathologic fractures, seizure disorders, Parkinsonism, and so on.", "PMID": 1115606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4686", "title": "Treatment for fixation complications: Femoral neck fractures.", "content": "Of 102 hips with femoral neck fracture complications, 75 required major secondary procedures such as total hip replacement, femoral prosthesis, cup arthroplasty, tibial bone grafting, and head and neck resection. The method chosen depended on the specific problem: nonunion, aseptic necrosis, infection, degenerative arthritis, or a failed primary prosthesis. Other factors influencing treatment were the patient's chronological and physiological age, his general health, his life pattern, and the familiarity of the surgeon with the technique and the advantages and disadvantages of the various salvage procedures.", "contents": "Treatment for fixation complications: Femoral neck fractures. Of 102 hips with femoral neck fracture complications, 75 required major secondary procedures such as total hip replacement, femoral prosthesis, cup arthroplasty, tibial bone grafting, and head and neck resection. The method chosen depended on the specific problem: nonunion, aseptic necrosis, infection, degenerative arthritis, or a failed primary prosthesis. Other factors influencing treatment were the patient's chronological and physiological age, his general health, his life pattern, and the familiarity of the surgeon with the technique and the advantages and disadvantages of the various salvage procedures.", "PMID": 1115607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4687", "title": "Intertrochanteric fractures. The role of complications of fixation.", "content": "A review was made of 244 intertrochanteric fractures of the hip. The complications of fixation were examined; nail penetration, plate separation, or bending or breaking of the device. Factors associated with fewer such complications were (1) stable (noncomminuted) fractures, (2) nails that can accomodate to varus, (3) placement of the nail tip more than 10 mm from the subchondral cortex of the femoral head, (4) valgus reduction of the fracture, and (5) high osteoporosis grade (denoting less osteoporosis). Neither medial displacement osteotomy nor exact anatomic reduction of unstable fractures improved resuts. In most patients, complications of fixation did not adversely influence the clinical course measured in terms of altered walking capacity, need for secondary surgery, or residual hip pain.", "contents": "Intertrochanteric fractures. The role of complications of fixation. A review was made of 244 intertrochanteric fractures of the hip. The complications of fixation were examined; nail penetration, plate separation, or bending or breaking of the device. Factors associated with fewer such complications were (1) stable (noncomminuted) fractures, (2) nails that can accomodate to varus, (3) placement of the nail tip more than 10 mm from the subchondral cortex of the femoral head, (4) valgus reduction of the fracture, and (5) high osteoporosis grade (denoting less osteoporosis). Neither medial displacement osteotomy nor exact anatomic reduction of unstable fractures improved resuts. In most patients, complications of fixation did not adversely influence the clinical course measured in terms of altered walking capacity, need for secondary surgery, or residual hip pain.", "PMID": 1115608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4688", "title": "Subtrochanteric fractures of the femur.", "content": "Subtrochanteric fractures of the femur comprise only 5% to 7% of hip fractures, but are important because of the difficulty in management. They combine the problem of instability to varus deformation common to comminuted intertrochanteric fractures and the problem of delayed union common to diaphysial fractures of the femur. While the benefits of open reduction and internal fixation in decreasing morbidity and mortality have been well established, formidable operative complications have occurred when this fracture is treated like an intertrochanteric fracture. Improved results have been obtained by utilizing a fixation device that can control the intertrochanteric instability and that has sufficient strength to withstand deforming forces that may be present for up to a year while the fracture is uniting. Bone grafting has been found very useful in shortening the overall period of healing.", "contents": "Subtrochanteric fractures of the femur. Subtrochanteric fractures of the femur comprise only 5% to 7% of hip fractures, but are important because of the difficulty in management. They combine the problem of instability to varus deformation common to comminuted intertrochanteric fractures and the problem of delayed union common to diaphysial fractures of the femur. While the benefits of open reduction and internal fixation in decreasing morbidity and mortality have been well established, formidable operative complications have occurred when this fracture is treated like an intertrochanteric fracture. Improved results have been obtained by utilizing a fixation device that can control the intertrochanteric instability and that has sufficient strength to withstand deforming forces that may be present for up to a year while the fracture is uniting. Bone grafting has been found very useful in shortening the overall period of healing.", "PMID": 1115609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4689", "title": "Noninvasive study of extremity perfusion by potassium 43 scanning.", "content": "In nine patients with lower extremity symptoms of arterial insufficiency, potassium chloride K 43 was injected intravenously during rest, reactive hyperemia, or exercise. Decreased radioactivity in muscle tissue was observed to correspond with symptoms, physical findings, Doppler ultrasound pressures, and angiographic findings in all six who had the procedure. Studies following surgical endarteractomies in two, a bypass procedure in one, and exploration without attempted reconstruction in one showed good correlation with postoperative symptoms, physical findings, and pressure measurements using Doppler ultrasound in three of four patients. The fourth patient showed no change on the postoperative study despite clinical imporvement. These findings suggest that intravenously administered radioactive potassium provides a noninvasive means for demonstrating the perfused muscle mass of the extremities with delieation of ischemic areas. The risk of arterial puncture is eliminated, and the ability to visualize perfusion patterns during exercise is unique to this method.", "contents": "Noninvasive study of extremity perfusion by potassium 43 scanning. In nine patients with lower extremity symptoms of arterial insufficiency, potassium chloride K 43 was injected intravenously during rest, reactive hyperemia, or exercise. Decreased radioactivity in muscle tissue was observed to correspond with symptoms, physical findings, Doppler ultrasound pressures, and angiographic findings in all six who had the procedure. Studies following surgical endarteractomies in two, a bypass procedure in one, and exploration without attempted reconstruction in one showed good correlation with postoperative symptoms, physical findings, and pressure measurements using Doppler ultrasound in three of four patients. The fourth patient showed no change on the postoperative study despite clinical imporvement. These findings suggest that intravenously administered radioactive potassium provides a noninvasive means for demonstrating the perfused muscle mass of the extremities with delieation of ischemic areas. The risk of arterial puncture is eliminated, and the ability to visualize perfusion patterns during exercise is unique to this method.", "PMID": 1115610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4690", "title": "Axillary hidradenitis.", "content": "The magnitude of the social, economic, and medical problems confronting patients with chronic suppurative axillary hidradenitis is not generally recognized. Nonoperative treatment is disappointing. Total excision of all apocrine-bearing axillary tissue with primary closure is the treatment of choice. Operative treatment can be safely accomplished even when draining sinuses are present. Twenty-six patients representing 47 operated axillae are presented.", "contents": "Axillary hidradenitis. The magnitude of the social, economic, and medical problems confronting patients with chronic suppurative axillary hidradenitis is not generally recognized. Nonoperative treatment is disappointing. Total excision of all apocrine-bearing axillary tissue with primary closure is the treatment of choice. Operative treatment can be safely accomplished even when draining sinuses are present. Twenty-six patients representing 47 operated axillae are presented.", "PMID": 1115611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4691", "title": "Retrograde aortic perfusion by partial cardiopulmonary bypass: effect of mixing on measured arterial oxygen tension.", "content": "Partial venoarterial bypass with return of oxygenated blood to the femoral artery can produce mixing in the aorta of the blood from the oxygenator and left ventricular sources at flow rates of less than 50% of the total body flow. This was observed in six anesthetized sheep with normal lungs maintained on controlled ventilation on partial cardiopulmonary (venoarterial) bypass. The evidence of mixing increases with the extracorporeal flow rate, reaching the aortic arch in a majority of cases at the higher rates. Management of bypass and the interpretation of its effects depend on definite knowledge of the presence or absence of mixing. Partial bypass will raise the arterial oxygen tension (Pao-2) of the blood continuing to flow through the lungs. This effect is independent of mixing (Pao-2) and may be related either to the addition of oxygen to the blood or to an enhanced pulmonary ventilation-perfusion relationship.", "contents": "Retrograde aortic perfusion by partial cardiopulmonary bypass: effect of mixing on measured arterial oxygen tension. Partial venoarterial bypass with return of oxygenated blood to the femoral artery can produce mixing in the aorta of the blood from the oxygenator and left ventricular sources at flow rates of less than 50% of the total body flow. This was observed in six anesthetized sheep with normal lungs maintained on controlled ventilation on partial cardiopulmonary (venoarterial) bypass. The evidence of mixing increases with the extracorporeal flow rate, reaching the aortic arch in a majority of cases at the higher rates. Management of bypass and the interpretation of its effects depend on definite knowledge of the presence or absence of mixing. Partial bypass will raise the arterial oxygen tension (Pao-2) of the blood continuing to flow through the lungs. This effect is independent of mixing (Pao-2) and may be related either to the addition of oxygen to the blood or to an enhanced pulmonary ventilation-perfusion relationship.", "PMID": 1115612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4692", "title": "Operative choice and technique following pancreatic injury.", "content": "During a five-year period, 50 patients were operated on for pancreatic injury. Forty had open trauma and ten closed. Half of each group were treated by drainage alone. Overall mortality was 14%, with all deaths following open injuries due to gunshots. Deaths were more frequent after drainage than after resection. Substantial complications occurred in 70%, with more frequent amd more serious morbidity in drained patients. Sump drainage was associated with less morbidity than Penrose drainage. Guidelines for management of pancreatic trauma are (1) resection of sinistral gland for perforating injuries of the body or tail; (2) drainage of perforations of the pancreatic head when the major duct is intact; (3) resection of duodenum and pancreatic head for devitalizing injury of both structures.", "contents": "Operative choice and technique following pancreatic injury. During a five-year period, 50 patients were operated on for pancreatic injury. Forty had open trauma and ten closed. Half of each group were treated by drainage alone. Overall mortality was 14%, with all deaths following open injuries due to gunshots. Deaths were more frequent after drainage than after resection. Substantial complications occurred in 70%, with more frequent amd more serious morbidity in drained patients. Sump drainage was associated with less morbidity than Penrose drainage. Guidelines for management of pancreatic trauma are (1) resection of sinistral gland for perforating injuries of the body or tail; (2) drainage of perforations of the pancreatic head when the major duct is intact; (3) resection of duodenum and pancreatic head for devitalizing injury of both structures.", "PMID": 1115615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4693", "title": "Type of compression for reducing venous stasis. A study of lower extremities during inactive recumbency.", "content": "Determination of the optimal compression to reduce venous stasis was studied in terms of the amount of pressure and manner of application (graded or uniform pressure). Both lower extremities of seven inactive recumbent subjects were tested using transcutaneous Doppler ultrasonic measurement of femoral vein blood flow velocity. Optimal compression was defined as the externally applied pressure that produced the greatest increase in femoral vein flow velocity consistent with safety and the practicality of hospital use of elastic stockings. Optimal compression for elastic stockings to be used by hospitalized patients who spend substantial time in bed should be 18 to 8 mm Hg (ankle to midthigh). At this compression, average femoral vein blood flow velocity is increased to 138.4% of base line. Gradient compression at this level was found to produce a greater femoral vein flow velocity than the same amount of compression distributed uniformly over the lower extremity.", "contents": "Type of compression for reducing venous stasis. A study of lower extremities during inactive recumbency. Determination of the optimal compression to reduce venous stasis was studied in terms of the amount of pressure and manner of application (graded or uniform pressure). Both lower extremities of seven inactive recumbent subjects were tested using transcutaneous Doppler ultrasonic measurement of femoral vein blood flow velocity. Optimal compression was defined as the externally applied pressure that produced the greatest increase in femoral vein flow velocity consistent with safety and the practicality of hospital use of elastic stockings. Optimal compression for elastic stockings to be used by hospitalized patients who spend substantial time in bed should be 18 to 8 mm Hg (ankle to midthigh). At this compression, average femoral vein blood flow velocity is increased to 138.4% of base line. Gradient compression at this level was found to produce a greater femoral vein flow velocity than the same amount of compression distributed uniformly over the lower extremity.", "PMID": 1115616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4694", "title": "Venous atherosclerosis associated with arteriovenous fistulas for hemodialysis.", "content": "In two patients, venous loops fashioned into arteriovenous anastomoses for long-term hemodialysis developed gross irregularity and narrowing of the lumen. Histological and ultrastructural examination of the affected vein in one patient revealed atherosclerosis similar to that that develops in the anastomosed veins of experimental arteriovenous fistulas in sheep. The second patient, with angiographically similar changes in the venous loop, developed on aneurysm followed by thrombotic occlusion of the arteriovenous fistula. The development of venous atherosclerosis in these patients was analogous to that in the experimental animal, and was attributed to local hemodynamic stresses in the vein associated with the shunt.", "contents": "Venous atherosclerosis associated with arteriovenous fistulas for hemodialysis. In two patients, venous loops fashioned into arteriovenous anastomoses for long-term hemodialysis developed gross irregularity and narrowing of the lumen. Histological and ultrastructural examination of the affected vein in one patient revealed atherosclerosis similar to that that develops in the anastomosed veins of experimental arteriovenous fistulas in sheep. The second patient, with angiographically similar changes in the venous loop, developed on aneurysm followed by thrombotic occlusion of the arteriovenous fistula. The development of venous atherosclerosis in these patients was analogous to that in the experimental animal, and was attributed to local hemodynamic stresses in the vein associated with the shunt.", "PMID": 1115617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4695", "title": "Routine intraoperative angiography. An essential adjunct in vascular surgery.", "content": "Intraoperative angiography was performed during a variety of 155 arterial reconstructive procedures including bypass, endarterectomy, embolectomy, thrombectomy, primary reconstruction, and angioplasty. In 27 or 17% of these cases, defects were identified that could be corrected. These included technical errors at the suture line, accumulation of platelet thrombus and atherosclerotic debris, or unrecognized lesions in the runoff. The likelihood of identifying such lesions is greatest in patients undergoing bypass surgery, particularly when the distal anastomosis involves one of the leg arteries. Routine use of intraoperative angiography as an adjunct to vascular surgery is justified and will help to obviate many early graft failures.", "contents": "Routine intraoperative angiography. An essential adjunct in vascular surgery. Intraoperative angiography was performed during a variety of 155 arterial reconstructive procedures including bypass, endarterectomy, embolectomy, thrombectomy, primary reconstruction, and angioplasty. In 27 or 17% of these cases, defects were identified that could be corrected. These included technical errors at the suture line, accumulation of platelet thrombus and atherosclerotic debris, or unrecognized lesions in the runoff. The likelihood of identifying such lesions is greatest in patients undergoing bypass surgery, particularly when the distal anastomosis involves one of the leg arteries. Routine use of intraoperative angiography as an adjunct to vascular surgery is justified and will help to obviate many early graft failures.", "PMID": 1115618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4696", "title": "Lateral knee compartment osseous pseudoligamentous instability.", "content": "Five occurrences of intra-articular lateral knee compartment osseous pseudoligamentous instability associated with three cases of fractures of the posterior lateral femoral condyle are reported. The instability being located within the knee joint region was termed false in that it was due to fracture instability rather than the usual ligamentous, or true, instability. The main clinical diagnostic guide to this type of instability was a positive manual straight-knee adduction snap-click test that consisted of an initial snap followed in sequence by a click on release of adduction. The positive adduction snap-click test is an adjunct to the roentgenographic recognition of lateral knee compartment osseous pseudoligamentous instability.", "contents": "Lateral knee compartment osseous pseudoligamentous instability. Five occurrences of intra-articular lateral knee compartment osseous pseudoligamentous instability associated with three cases of fractures of the posterior lateral femoral condyle are reported. The instability being located within the knee joint region was termed false in that it was due to fracture instability rather than the usual ligamentous, or true, instability. The main clinical diagnostic guide to this type of instability was a positive manual straight-knee adduction snap-click test that consisted of an initial snap followed in sequence by a click on release of adduction. The positive adduction snap-click test is an adjunct to the roentgenographic recognition of lateral knee compartment osseous pseudoligamentous instability.", "PMID": 1115619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4697", "title": "Canine kidney preservation for 24 to 72 hours. Use of intracellular-like perfusate.", "content": "For universal application and usefulness, methods of renal preservation need simplification. Recent studies using initial brief perfusion with, and storage in, an intracellular, hyperosmolar type of perfusate have suggested the feasibility of this simple method. In the present study, 49 nephrectomized dogs received 16, 19 and 14 renal autografts preserved for 24, 48, and 72 hours, respectively, by this simple method. Long-term survivors in the three groups were seven of 16, ten of 19, and seven of 14, with return to normal or near-normal function. This method of preservation offers promise for wide clinical application in the near future.", "contents": "Canine kidney preservation for 24 to 72 hours. Use of intracellular-like perfusate. For universal application and usefulness, methods of renal preservation need simplification. Recent studies using initial brief perfusion with, and storage in, an intracellular, hyperosmolar type of perfusate have suggested the feasibility of this simple method. In the present study, 49 nephrectomized dogs received 16, 19 and 14 renal autografts preserved for 24, 48, and 72 hours, respectively, by this simple method. Long-term survivors in the three groups were seven of 16, ten of 19, and seven of 14, with return to normal or near-normal function. This method of preservation offers promise for wide clinical application in the near future.", "PMID": 1115620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4698", "title": "Renal trauma. Treatment by angiographic injection of autologous clot.", "content": "The safety of treatment of renal hemorrhage from trauma with angiographic injection of autologous clot was investigated in rats by demonstrating the effect of various sizes of clot emboli on renal survivial. A large amount of clot injected into the entire distal part of the renal arterial tree (equivalent to 20 cu cm in the human) was required to produce a 15% infarction. This large safety range is possibly due to the endogenous fibrinolytic capability of normal vascular endothelium.", "contents": "Renal trauma. Treatment by angiographic injection of autologous clot. The safety of treatment of renal hemorrhage from trauma with angiographic injection of autologous clot was investigated in rats by demonstrating the effect of various sizes of clot emboli on renal survivial. A large amount of clot injected into the entire distal part of the renal arterial tree (equivalent to 20 cu cm in the human) was required to produce a 15% infarction. This large safety range is possibly due to the endogenous fibrinolytic capability of normal vascular endothelium.", "PMID": 1115621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4699", "title": "Myocardial perfusion and metabolism at normothermic and hypothermic levels.", "content": "Changes in intramyocardial carbon dioxide tension (Pco2) and arterial oxygen tension (Po2) were recorded in dogs with a mass spectrometer after temporary occlusion of the aorta and the proximal part of the anterior descending coronary artery at normothermic and hypothermic levels. Patterns of hypoxic and hypercapnic changes and their recovery were favorably modified with moderate hypothermia. Deep levels of hypothermia seemed to enhance this protective effect and progressively slow the myocardial metabolism. Occlusion of the proximal part of the anterior descending coronary artery for 30 minutes had a regional effect similar to the general myocardial changes recorded after aortic clamping, while the posterior myocardial probe showed stable control values. These data support previous studies showing that moderate hypothermia halves the oxygen consumption and doubles the \"safe\" period of anoxic arrest.", "contents": "Myocardial perfusion and metabolism at normothermic and hypothermic levels. Changes in intramyocardial carbon dioxide tension (Pco2) and arterial oxygen tension (Po2) were recorded in dogs with a mass spectrometer after temporary occlusion of the aorta and the proximal part of the anterior descending coronary artery at normothermic and hypothermic levels. Patterns of hypoxic and hypercapnic changes and their recovery were favorably modified with moderate hypothermia. Deep levels of hypothermia seemed to enhance this protective effect and progressively slow the myocardial metabolism. Occlusion of the proximal part of the anterior descending coronary artery for 30 minutes had a regional effect similar to the general myocardial changes recorded after aortic clamping, while the posterior myocardial probe showed stable control values. These data support previous studies showing that moderate hypothermia halves the oxygen consumption and doubles the \"safe\" period of anoxic arrest.", "PMID": 1115622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4700", "title": "Malignant lymphoma of the jejunum in a patient with Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome. Surgical treatment.", "content": "An 8-year-old boy with Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome underwent laparotomy and resection of a stage 1E malignant lymphoma of the jejunum. Although preoperative platelet counts were less than 10,000/cu mm, intraoperative bleeding was minimal, and postoperative bleeding from the wound was easily controlled with platelet infusions and local application of epinephrine. Six weeks later, he underwent reoperation for small intestinal obstruction and no residual tumor could be identified. The patient died 4 1/2 months following the initial surgery from an intracerebral hemorrhage. Postmortem examiniation did not reveal residual lymphoma.", "contents": "Malignant lymphoma of the jejunum in a patient with Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome. Surgical treatment. An 8-year-old boy with Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome underwent laparotomy and resection of a stage 1E malignant lymphoma of the jejunum. Although preoperative platelet counts were less than 10,000/cu mm, intraoperative bleeding was minimal, and postoperative bleeding from the wound was easily controlled with platelet infusions and local application of epinephrine. Six weeks later, he underwent reoperation for small intestinal obstruction and no residual tumor could be identified. The patient died 4 1/2 months following the initial surgery from an intracerebral hemorrhage. Postmortem examiniation did not reveal residual lymphoma.", "PMID": 1115623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4701", "title": "Competency test after fundoplication for treatment of reflux esophagitis.", "content": "A simple competency test has been devised that will establish the adequacy of a Nissen fundoplication at the operating table. Saline, 250 ml, is instilled into the stomach through a nasogastric tube and then the nasogastric tube is withdrawn to above the level of plication. The pylorus is occluded and the stomach compressed. If the cardia is competent, no saline can be aspirated from the esophagus. Ten patients studied immediately after the opening of the abdomen showed regurgitation by this test, whereas no regurgitation could be produced in 30 patients studied immediately after completion of the fundoplication.", "contents": "Competency test after fundoplication for treatment of reflux esophagitis. A simple competency test has been devised that will establish the adequacy of a Nissen fundoplication at the operating table. Saline, 250 ml, is instilled into the stomach through a nasogastric tube and then the nasogastric tube is withdrawn to above the level of plication. The pylorus is occluded and the stomach compressed. If the cardia is competent, no saline can be aspirated from the esophagus. Ten patients studied immediately after the opening of the abdomen showed regurgitation by this test, whereas no regurgitation could be produced in 30 patients studied immediately after completion of the fundoplication.", "PMID": 1115624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4702", "title": "End-to-side splenorenal shunt for treatment of portal hypertension.", "content": "Twenty-eight patients with portal hypertension were treated with splenectomy and end-to-side splenorenal shunt. Nineteen had cirrhosis and nine had portal vein thrombosis. Among the patients with cirrhosis, there was one hospital death due to recurrent bleeding in a patient in whom shunt could not be constructed and only splenectomy was done. During the follow-up period, one patient developed encephalopathy and later died of liver failure. There were three additional deaths, one due to an unrelated causes and two due to liver failure. All the remaining patients are well and none has had recurrent bleeding. All the patients with portal vein thrombosis survived the operation and are well. None has had recurrent bleeding. Encouraged by these results, we continue to use end-to-side splenorenal shunt in all patients except small children.", "contents": "End-to-side splenorenal shunt for treatment of portal hypertension. Twenty-eight patients with portal hypertension were treated with splenectomy and end-to-side splenorenal shunt. Nineteen had cirrhosis and nine had portal vein thrombosis. Among the patients with cirrhosis, there was one hospital death due to recurrent bleeding in a patient in whom shunt could not be constructed and only splenectomy was done. During the follow-up period, one patient developed encephalopathy and later died of liver failure. There were three additional deaths, one due to an unrelated causes and two due to liver failure. All the remaining patients are well and none has had recurrent bleeding. All the patients with portal vein thrombosis survived the operation and are well. None has had recurrent bleeding. Encouraged by these results, we continue to use end-to-side splenorenal shunt in all patients except small children.", "PMID": 1115630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4703", "title": "Perfusion of ischemic ulcers of the extremity: a prognostic indicator of healing.", "content": "Forty patients with an ischemic ulcer of the lower extremity had peripheral vascular perfusion studies, performed with intra-arterial injections of aggregated technetium Tc 99m serum albumin microspheres (15mu to 30mu in diameter), in an attempt to develop an objective prognostic criterion for healing. The association between ulcer healing and the presence or absence of diabetes mellitus, palpable peripheral pulses, and patent trifurcation vessels on the arteriogram was reviewed and no association was noted. When, however, there was a relative hyperemia of the ulcer bed in comparison to the adjacent tissue of at least 3.5:1, as determined by counting the amount of radioactivity per unit area, 86% of patients went on to heal their ulcers. In those without this degree of hyperemia, only 11% were healed with conservative nonsurgical management. The results have shown that relative hyperemia of the ulcer bed is a clinically useful prognostic indicator in the patient with ischemic ulcer disease.", "contents": "Perfusion of ischemic ulcers of the extremity: a prognostic indicator of healing. Forty patients with an ischemic ulcer of the lower extremity had peripheral vascular perfusion studies, performed with intra-arterial injections of aggregated technetium Tc 99m serum albumin microspheres (15mu to 30mu in diameter), in an attempt to develop an objective prognostic criterion for healing. The association between ulcer healing and the presence or absence of diabetes mellitus, palpable peripheral pulses, and patent trifurcation vessels on the arteriogram was reviewed and no association was noted. When, however, there was a relative hyperemia of the ulcer bed in comparison to the adjacent tissue of at least 3.5:1, as determined by counting the amount of radioactivity per unit area, 86% of patients went on to heal their ulcers. In those without this degree of hyperemia, only 11% were healed with conservative nonsurgical management. The results have shown that relative hyperemia of the ulcer bed is a clinically useful prognostic indicator in the patient with ischemic ulcer disease.", "PMID": 1115631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4704", "title": "Hypophysectomy in metastatic breast cancer.", "content": "Experience with 50 women undergoing extracranial transethmoidal-sphenoidal hypophysectomy for metastatic breast carcinoma with 12-month follow-up showed an objective remission of metastases after hypophysectomy in 58% of patients. The highest incidence of remission following the operation occurred in those women with only osseous metastases (83%) or with previous remission to both therapeutic oophorectomy and androgen administration (86%). No patient with primary central nervous system metastases, only one of ten with hepatic metastases, and none who had failed to respond to both oophorectomy and exogenous androgen administration experienced remission after hypophysectomy. The operative approach to the pituitary was via a periorbital incision, the posterior ethmoid cells, and the sphenoid sinus. Cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea occurred in three early patients, and has been successfully avoided in later ones by a fascia lata graft. Diabetes insipidus, seen in 13 patients, and extraocular palsies, seen in two, were transient.", "contents": "Hypophysectomy in metastatic breast cancer. Experience with 50 women undergoing extracranial transethmoidal-sphenoidal hypophysectomy for metastatic breast carcinoma with 12-month follow-up showed an objective remission of metastases after hypophysectomy in 58% of patients. The highest incidence of remission following the operation occurred in those women with only osseous metastases (83%) or with previous remission to both therapeutic oophorectomy and androgen administration (86%). No patient with primary central nervous system metastases, only one of ten with hepatic metastases, and none who had failed to respond to both oophorectomy and exogenous androgen administration experienced remission after hypophysectomy. The operative approach to the pituitary was via a periorbital incision, the posterior ethmoid cells, and the sphenoid sinus. Cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea occurred in three early patients, and has been successfully avoided in later ones by a fascia lata graft. Diabetes insipidus, seen in 13 patients, and extraocular palsies, seen in two, were transient.", "PMID": 1115632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4705", "title": "Compensatory hypertrophy of the ileum after gastroduodenojejunal exclusion.", "content": "One theory of compensatory hypertrophy of the gut suggests that ileal growth after jejunectomy results from exposure of the ileum to villus-enlarging factors emanating from the papilla of Vater. This hypothesis was tested by examination of the ileum after bypass of pancreatobiliary secretions to the colon. Hypertrophy of the ileum occurred after esophagoileostomy and gastroduodenojejunal exclusion, suggesting that adaptive growth of the gut depends on additional factors. There is evidence to support several theories of compensatory hypertrophy. A hypothesis seeking to reconcile the conflicting notions of intraluminal and hormonal stimuli is suggested.", "contents": "Compensatory hypertrophy of the ileum after gastroduodenojejunal exclusion. One theory of compensatory hypertrophy of the gut suggests that ileal growth after jejunectomy results from exposure of the ileum to villus-enlarging factors emanating from the papilla of Vater. This hypothesis was tested by examination of the ileum after bypass of pancreatobiliary secretions to the colon. Hypertrophy of the ileum occurred after esophagoileostomy and gastroduodenojejunal exclusion, suggesting that adaptive growth of the gut depends on additional factors. There is evidence to support several theories of compensatory hypertrophy. A hypothesis seeking to reconcile the conflicting notions of intraluminal and hormonal stimuli is suggested.", "PMID": 1115633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4706", "title": "Hamartomatous polyp of the esophagus.", "content": "Hamartomatous polyp of the cervical esophagus in a 60-year-old man was treated by local resection, and the patient did well. The histopathologic findings showed a predominance of cartilaginous tissue, but the specimen also contained glandular structures and adipose tissue. The diagnosis was choristoma or hamartoma. Review of the literature shows this to be the third case reported.", "contents": "Hamartomatous polyp of the esophagus. Hamartomatous polyp of the cervical esophagus in a 60-year-old man was treated by local resection, and the patient did well. The histopathologic findings showed a predominance of cartilaginous tissue, but the specimen also contained glandular structures and adipose tissue. The diagnosis was choristoma or hamartoma. Review of the literature shows this to be the third case reported.", "PMID": 1115634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4707", "title": "Control of arteriovenous fistula of splenic vessels by Fogarty catheter.", "content": "A large arteriovenous fistula of the splenic vessels was identified by angiography. A splenic-artery-to-splenic-vein fistula developed shortly after a staging procedure for Hodgkin disease. A second surgical procedure failed to adequately control the arteriovenous communication. Intra-arterial obliteration of the fistula was accomplished by use of a Fogarty catheter.", "contents": "Control of arteriovenous fistula of splenic vessels by Fogarty catheter. A large arteriovenous fistula of the splenic vessels was identified by angiography. A splenic-artery-to-splenic-vein fistula developed shortly after a staging procedure for Hodgkin disease. A second surgical procedure failed to adequately control the arteriovenous communication. Intra-arterial obliteration of the fistula was accomplished by use of a Fogarty catheter.", "PMID": 1115635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4708", "title": "Liver failure after jejunoileal shunt.", "content": "Reports of fatty infiltration of the liver following jejunoileal shunt for obesity and hyperlipemia are frequent. Cases of overt liver failure, in contrast, are rare and poorly documented following the various types of small bowel bypass. Fifteen months after jejunoileal bypass, a 41-year-old nonalcoholic woman whose preshunt liver function was chemically normal was found to have morbidly abnormal liver chemistry values. A biopsy examination demonstrated severe fatty metamorphosis bordering on frank cirrhosis. Reversal of her shunt led to return of her liver chemistry values to normal and reversal of the morphologic changes noted at biopsy examination. Close follow-up of patients subjected to small bowel bypass for obesity or hyperlipemia is mandatory. If liver function abnormalities persist for more than six months, strong consideration should be given to reversal of the shunt.", "contents": "Liver failure after jejunoileal shunt. Reports of fatty infiltration of the liver following jejunoileal shunt for obesity and hyperlipemia are frequent. Cases of overt liver failure, in contrast, are rare and poorly documented following the various types of small bowel bypass. Fifteen months after jejunoileal bypass, a 41-year-old nonalcoholic woman whose preshunt liver function was chemically normal was found to have morbidly abnormal liver chemistry values. A biopsy examination demonstrated severe fatty metamorphosis bordering on frank cirrhosis. Reversal of her shunt led to return of her liver chemistry values to normal and reversal of the morphologic changes noted at biopsy examination. Close follow-up of patients subjected to small bowel bypass for obesity or hyperlipemia is mandatory. If liver function abnormalities persist for more than six months, strong consideration should be given to reversal of the shunt.", "PMID": 1115636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4709", "title": "Detection and localization of intra-abdominal abscesses by diagnostic ultrasound.", "content": "In four patients, intra-abdominal abscesses were identified by ultrasonic technique: a right lower quadrant abscess in Crohn disease, a pyogenic liver abscess, a pelvic abscess following rejection and removal of a transplanted kidney, and a perinephric abscess. In all four the establishment by ultrasound that the mass was filled with fluid was critical in guiding drainage. Diagnostic ultrasound is a safe and effective means for the detection, localization, and characterization of retroperitoneal, intraperitoneal, or intraparenchymal inflammatory masses.", "contents": "Detection and localization of intra-abdominal abscesses by diagnostic ultrasound. In four patients, intra-abdominal abscesses were identified by ultrasonic technique: a right lower quadrant abscess in Crohn disease, a pyogenic liver abscess, a pelvic abscess following rejection and removal of a transplanted kidney, and a perinephric abscess. In all four the establishment by ultrasound that the mass was filled with fluid was critical in guiding drainage. Diagnostic ultrasound is a safe and effective means for the detection, localization, and characterization of retroperitoneal, intraperitoneal, or intraparenchymal inflammatory masses.", "PMID": 1115637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4710", "title": "Weaning from mechanical breathing with intermittent mandatory ventilation.", "content": "Intermittent mandatory ventilation allows a gradual transition from mechanical ventilation to spontaneous breathing. This is accomplished by providing a continuous source of fresh gas from which the patient can breathe as ventilator rates are decreased from 1 to 2 per minute. Monitoring of arterial blood gas tension values documents the safety of further withdrawal of ventilatory support. Many patients are more easily and safely weaned by this method than by conventional techniques.", "contents": "Weaning from mechanical breathing with intermittent mandatory ventilation. Intermittent mandatory ventilation allows a gradual transition from mechanical ventilation to spontaneous breathing. This is accomplished by providing a continuous source of fresh gas from which the patient can breathe as ventilator rates are decreased from 1 to 2 per minute. Monitoring of arterial blood gas tension values documents the safety of further withdrawal of ventilatory support. Many patients are more easily and safely weaned by this method than by conventional techniques.", "PMID": 1115638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4711", "title": "Increased platelet aggregability in young patients with stroke. Diagnosis and therapy.", "content": "Four patients ages 20 to 38 years had repeated cerebrovascular occlusions. Three of the four patients had vascular headaches (classical migraine in two) for some years before their first occlusive event occurred. When first seen at the time of their major cerebrovascular occlusion, all had evidence of plasma hyper-coagulability, and two of the women were receiving birth control pills. Many months later, while off the \"pill\" and on warfarin sodium (Coumadin) therapy, two women and one man continued to have new cerebrovascular symptoms. For the first time, their platelet aggregability was tested to several biological substances known to come in contact with platelets in vivo. At this time, all four patients were found to have platelet hyperaggregability. The three symptomatic patients also had a shortened platelet survival time. Long-term management of these patients with chronic platelet aggregability and chronic plasma hyper-coagulability is described.", "contents": "Increased platelet aggregability in young patients with stroke. Diagnosis and therapy. Four patients ages 20 to 38 years had repeated cerebrovascular occlusions. Three of the four patients had vascular headaches (classical migraine in two) for some years before their first occlusive event occurred. When first seen at the time of their major cerebrovascular occlusion, all had evidence of plasma hyper-coagulability, and two of the women were receiving birth control pills. Many months later, while off the \"pill\" and on warfarin sodium (Coumadin) therapy, two women and one man continued to have new cerebrovascular symptoms. For the first time, their platelet aggregability was tested to several biological substances known to come in contact with platelets in vivo. At this time, all four patients were found to have platelet hyperaggregability. The three symptomatic patients also had a shortened platelet survival time. Long-term management of these patients with chronic platelet aggregability and chronic plasma hyper-coagulability is described.", "PMID": 1115654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4712", "title": "Interaction between dopamine and phospholipids. Studies of the substantia nigra in Parkinson disease patients.", "content": "Interaction between dopamine and phospholipids was studied in the substantia nigra of ten patients with Parkinson disease and nine control subjects. There were no differences in the total content of phospholipids. However, in parkinsonian patients without previous levodopa treatment, the amount of sphingomyelin was increased and the amount of phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine decreased. Levodopa treatment corrected these values to the level of controls, whereas the amount of phosphatidylserine was decreased. It is concluded that changes in phospholipids are reflections of the deficiency of dopamine and loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra of patients with Parkinson disease.", "contents": "Interaction between dopamine and phospholipids. Studies of the substantia nigra in Parkinson disease patients. Interaction between dopamine and phospholipids was studied in the substantia nigra of ten patients with Parkinson disease and nine control subjects. There were no differences in the total content of phospholipids. However, in parkinsonian patients without previous levodopa treatment, the amount of sphingomyelin was increased and the amount of phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine decreased. Levodopa treatment corrected these values to the level of controls, whereas the amount of phosphatidylserine was decreased. It is concluded that changes in phospholipids are reflections of the deficiency of dopamine and loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra of patients with Parkinson disease.", "PMID": 1115656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4713", "title": "Schwann cell internuclear distances in developing rat unmyelinated nerve fibers.", "content": "The interrelation of Schwann cells in developing rat cervical sympathetic trunk was studied by measuring distances between consecutive Schwann cell nuclei in teased unmyelinated nerve fiber bundles (Remak fibers). From 300 to 400 inter-nuclear Schwann cell distances (INDs) were measured at ten days and 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 12, and 16 weeks after birth. Median INDs increased from 54mum at ten days to reach adult values (90mum to 100mum) at 16 weeks of age. Mean axonal diameters measured in the contralateral cervical sympathetic trunk increased from 0.57mum to 0.69mum during the same period. Developmental changes in median INDs of Schwann cells correlated significantly with age but did not parallel increases in axonal diameter.", "contents": "Schwann cell internuclear distances in developing rat unmyelinated nerve fibers. The interrelation of Schwann cells in developing rat cervical sympathetic trunk was studied by measuring distances between consecutive Schwann cell nuclei in teased unmyelinated nerve fiber bundles (Remak fibers). From 300 to 400 inter-nuclear Schwann cell distances (INDs) were measured at ten days and 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 12, and 16 weeks after birth. Median INDs increased from 54mum at ten days to reach adult values (90mum to 100mum) at 16 weeks of age. Mean axonal diameters measured in the contralateral cervical sympathetic trunk increased from 0.57mum to 0.69mum during the same period. Developmental changes in median INDs of Schwann cells correlated significantly with age but did not parallel increases in axonal diameter.", "PMID": 1115657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4714", "title": "Herpes simplex encephalitis. Prognosis and long-term follow-up.", "content": "Electroencephalograms (73) of 11 patients with confirmed herpes simplex encephalitis were recorded. Based on serial recordings it was seen that the repetitive complexes could be recorded at any time of the illness; they were associated with a fatal outcome. The repetitive complexes were absent in all patients who survived. Long-term follow-up of the surviving patients shows spike discharges, which were transitory and not associated with clinical signs in three of them, with a return to normal rhythmic activity. It is proposed that the EEG may be used as a prognostic sign in herpes simplex encephalitis.", "contents": "Herpes simplex encephalitis. Prognosis and long-term follow-up. Electroencephalograms (73) of 11 patients with confirmed herpes simplex encephalitis were recorded. Based on serial recordings it was seen that the repetitive complexes could be recorded at any time of the illness; they were associated with a fatal outcome. The repetitive complexes were absent in all patients who survived. Long-term follow-up of the surviving patients shows spike discharges, which were transitory and not associated with clinical signs in three of them, with a return to normal rhythmic activity. It is proposed that the EEG may be used as a prognostic sign in herpes simplex encephalitis.", "PMID": 1115658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4715", "title": "Transient ischemic attacks due to atherosclerosis. A prospective study of 160 patients.", "content": "Patients with transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) due to atherosclerosis were studied by aortocranial arteriography. Onset of TIAs was before age 55 in 24% and between 55 and 64 in 47%. Men exceeded women by two to one. Of 160 patients, 77 were treated medically and 82 surgically. Five died in the immediate postoperative period. In the survivors, mortality has been the same in the medically and surgically managed groups. For patients with multiple lesions, surgical reconstruction of the carotid arteries was associated with very high surgical risk. In the medically treated group, anticoagulant therapy reduced the frequency of TIAs, but did not appear to protect patients from stroke. Mortality was 23% at four years, 57% of deaths being attributable to myocardial infarction and 38% to stroke.", "contents": "Transient ischemic attacks due to atherosclerosis. A prospective study of 160 patients. Patients with transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) due to atherosclerosis were studied by aortocranial arteriography. Onset of TIAs was before age 55 in 24% and between 55 and 64 in 47%. Men exceeded women by two to one. Of 160 patients, 77 were treated medically and 82 surgically. Five died in the immediate postoperative period. In the survivors, mortality has been the same in the medically and surgically managed groups. For patients with multiple lesions, surgical reconstruction of the carotid arteries was associated with very high surgical risk. In the medically treated group, anticoagulant therapy reduced the frequency of TIAs, but did not appear to protect patients from stroke. Mortality was 23% at four years, 57% of deaths being attributable to myocardial infarction and 38% to stroke.", "PMID": 1115659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4716", "title": "Levodopa-induced postural hypotension. Treatment with fludrocortisone.", "content": "Six parkinsonian patients with symptomatic postural hypotension secondary to levodopa therapy were treated with 0.05 to 0.2 mg of fludrocortisone acetate daily for six to ten months. Severe orthostatic light-headedness and frequent syncope had previously been alleviated only be reducing the dosage of levodopa to levels producing less than optimal antiparkinsonian benefits. In all six patients, symptoms were alleviated satisfactorily, and supine and upright blood pressures returned to normal levels during treatment with fludrocortisone acetate. There were no adverse reactions. Fludrocortisone acetate is an effective and safe drug for the treatment of severe and otherwise intractable postural hypotension secondary to therapy with levodopa.", "contents": "Levodopa-induced postural hypotension. Treatment with fludrocortisone. Six parkinsonian patients with symptomatic postural hypotension secondary to levodopa therapy were treated with 0.05 to 0.2 mg of fludrocortisone acetate daily for six to ten months. Severe orthostatic light-headedness and frequent syncope had previously been alleviated only be reducing the dosage of levodopa to levels producing less than optimal antiparkinsonian benefits. In all six patients, symptoms were alleviated satisfactorily, and supine and upright blood pressures returned to normal levels during treatment with fludrocortisone acetate. There were no adverse reactions. Fludrocortisone acetate is an effective and safe drug for the treatment of severe and otherwise intractable postural hypotension secondary to therapy with levodopa.", "PMID": 1115660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4717", "title": "The long-term effects of callosal sectioning. Report of a second case.", "content": "Testing a patient 32 years after callosal sectioning revealed defects in transfer of learning and crossed (mixed modality) matching. This points out that defects may persist long after such surgery and that early reports of negative results of callosal section in patients were probably not correct.", "contents": "The long-term effects of callosal sectioning. Report of a second case. Testing a patient 32 years after callosal sectioning revealed defects in transfer of learning and crossed (mixed modality) matching. This points out that defects may persist long after such surgery and that early reports of negative results of callosal section in patients were probably not correct.", "PMID": 1115661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4718", "title": "Reflex epilepsy evoked by decision making.", "content": "A patient had seizures while playing chess or cards or when filling out complex forms, doing complex mathematical problems, and during certain parts of the neuropsychological testing. Seizures were myoclonic and accompanied and electroencephalographic dysrhythmia of the atypical spike and wave type. Evoked seizures were not related to visual, tactile, or auditory stimuli or clues. In chess, seizures occurred when he was on the defense and threatened. Simple decision making or physiologic stress did not evoke seizures nor did nonsequential decision making under verbal pressure. Evoking factors were complex decision making in a sequential fashion and with an element of stress or concern regarding the outcome of the decision making. Stimulus was usually nonverbal. Three major factors--decision complexity, sequential factor, and related stress or concern--may have some reciprocal relationships.", "contents": "Reflex epilepsy evoked by decision making. A patient had seizures while playing chess or cards or when filling out complex forms, doing complex mathematical problems, and during certain parts of the neuropsychological testing. Seizures were myoclonic and accompanied and electroencephalographic dysrhythmia of the atypical spike and wave type. Evoked seizures were not related to visual, tactile, or auditory stimuli or clues. In chess, seizures occurred when he was on the defense and threatened. Simple decision making or physiologic stress did not evoke seizures nor did nonsequential decision making under verbal pressure. Evoking factors were complex decision making in a sequential fashion and with an element of stress or concern regarding the outcome of the decision making. Stimulus was usually nonverbal. Three major factors--decision complexity, sequential factor, and related stress or concern--may have some reciprocal relationships.", "PMID": 1115662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4719", "title": "Sleep attacks--apparent relationship to atlantoaxial dislocation.", "content": "Sleep attacks, while being characteristic of narcolepsy, have been reported in several metabolic and central nervous system disorders--most of which are refractory to treatment. We have recently treated a 47-year-old man with disabling sleep attacks who was found to have atlantoaxial dislocation. Despite narrowing of the sagittal cervical canal diameter to 12 mm (behind the dens), symptoms of spinal cord compression were mild and intermittent, while signs were absent. Posterior fusion of the C-1 and C-2 vertebrae resulted in relief of symptoms. We suggest that this sleep disorder was a function of impaired efferent control of respiration.", "contents": "Sleep attacks--apparent relationship to atlantoaxial dislocation. Sleep attacks, while being characteristic of narcolepsy, have been reported in several metabolic and central nervous system disorders--most of which are refractory to treatment. We have recently treated a 47-year-old man with disabling sleep attacks who was found to have atlantoaxial dislocation. Despite narrowing of the sagittal cervical canal diameter to 12 mm (behind the dens), symptoms of spinal cord compression were mild and intermittent, while signs were absent. Posterior fusion of the C-1 and C-2 vertebrae resulted in relief of symptoms. We suggest that this sleep disorder was a function of impaired efferent control of respiration.", "PMID": 1115663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4720", "title": "Cardiac monitoring and demand pacemaker in Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome.", "content": "Life-threatening alterations of respiratory and cardiovascular functions may complicate the course of severe Guillain-Barre syndrome. Cardiac arrest, fore-warned by episodes of bradycardia or other arrhythmia, may occur despite adequately assisted respirations. A patient with Guillain-Barre syndrome required tracheostomy and ventilatory assistance. Continuous cardiac monitoring revealed that tracheal aspiration provoked an idioventricular rhythm of 40 beats per minute, which reverted to sinus rhythm after the procedure. To prevent cardiac arrest during the transition from idioventricular to sinus rhythm, a demand pacemaker was inserted into the right ventricle. Set to activate if the rate fell below 65 beats per minute, the pacemaker functioned both during and between tracheal aspiration procedures. Cardiac monitoring in severe cases of Guillain-Barre syndrome may detect potentially lethal arrhythmias that may then be avoided by a demand pacemaker.", "contents": "Cardiac monitoring and demand pacemaker in Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome. Life-threatening alterations of respiratory and cardiovascular functions may complicate the course of severe Guillain-Barre syndrome. Cardiac arrest, fore-warned by episodes of bradycardia or other arrhythmia, may occur despite adequately assisted respirations. A patient with Guillain-Barre syndrome required tracheostomy and ventilatory assistance. Continuous cardiac monitoring revealed that tracheal aspiration provoked an idioventricular rhythm of 40 beats per minute, which reverted to sinus rhythm after the procedure. To prevent cardiac arrest during the transition from idioventricular to sinus rhythm, a demand pacemaker was inserted into the right ventricle. Set to activate if the rate fell below 65 beats per minute, the pacemaker functioned both during and between tracheal aspiration procedures. Cardiac monitoring in severe cases of Guillain-Barre syndrome may detect potentially lethal arrhythmias that may then be avoided by a demand pacemaker.", "PMID": 1115664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4721", "title": "Acute and chronic hyperosmolality. Effects on cerebral amino acids and energy metabolism.", "content": "Acute and chronic elevations in osmolality were induced in rats and mice. After 48 and 96 hours of hyperosmolality, rat brain glutamine concentration increased to between 210% of control. This increase may account for 20% of the previously postulated idiogenic osmols that enable the brain to resist volume changes. Cerebral metabolic rates were reduced in the brains of mice made acutely and chronically hyperosmotic in spite of normal levels of adenosine triphosphate and phosphocreatine.", "contents": "Acute and chronic hyperosmolality. Effects on cerebral amino acids and energy metabolism. Acute and chronic elevations in osmolality were induced in rats and mice. After 48 and 96 hours of hyperosmolality, rat brain glutamine concentration increased to between 210% of control. This increase may account for 20% of the previously postulated idiogenic osmols that enable the brain to resist volume changes. Cerebral metabolic rates were reduced in the brains of mice made acutely and chronically hyperosmotic in spite of normal levels of adenosine triphosphate and phosphocreatine.", "PMID": 1115665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4722", "title": "Invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the conjunctiva.", "content": "In cases of invasive conjunctival squamous cell carcinoma, three cases of deep corneal invasion and two cases of intraocular extension were found. Four cases showed orbital invasion, and one patient died of generalized metastases 18 months after diagnosis. The relatively low-grade nature of these lesions and their potential for local treatment is noted, but it is emphasized that careful clinical examination and close cooperation with the pathologist to ensure adequate evaluation of excised tissue are essential.", "contents": "Invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the conjunctiva. In cases of invasive conjunctival squamous cell carcinoma, three cases of deep corneal invasion and two cases of intraocular extension were found. Four cases showed orbital invasion, and one patient died of generalized metastases 18 months after diagnosis. The relatively low-grade nature of these lesions and their potential for local treatment is noted, but it is emphasized that careful clinical examination and close cooperation with the pathologist to ensure adequate evaluation of excised tissue are essential.", "PMID": 1115670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4723", "title": "Corneal contact times of ophthalmic vehicles. Evaluation by microscintigraphy.", "content": "Lacrimal microscintigraphy, in conjunction with a recently developed computer system, was used to evaluate the corneal contact time of three ophthalmic vehicles in 18 humans. The percentage of a radioactively labeled vehicle remaining over the cornea after 90 seconds was 2.9% plus and minus 2.2% for saline, 4.3% plus and minus 2.4% for polyvinyl alcohol, and 8.8% plus and minus 4.1% for hydroxypropyl methylcellulose.", "contents": "Corneal contact times of ophthalmic vehicles. Evaluation by microscintigraphy. Lacrimal microscintigraphy, in conjunction with a recently developed computer system, was used to evaluate the corneal contact time of three ophthalmic vehicles in 18 humans. The percentage of a radioactively labeled vehicle remaining over the cornea after 90 seconds was 2.9% plus and minus 2.2% for saline, 4.3% plus and minus 2.4% for polyvinyl alcohol, and 8.8% plus and minus 4.1% for hydroxypropyl methylcellulose.", "PMID": 1115671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4724", "title": "Infrared angiography of the cat fundus oculi.", "content": "Infrared absorption angiograms of the cat fundus were obtained by regional arterial injection of indocyanine green. There was better resolution of the retinal circulation than that obtained by intravenous injection, but in the choroid only choriocapillaris filling was seen.", "contents": "Infrared angiography of the cat fundus oculi. Infrared absorption angiograms of the cat fundus were obtained by regional arterial injection of indocyanine green. There was better resolution of the retinal circulation than that obtained by intravenous injection, but in the choroid only choriocapillaris filling was seen.", "PMID": 1115672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4725", "title": "Polymer adsorption at the ocular surface.", "content": "A new method for measuring ocular adsorption of polymers in solution and their resistance to removal by rinsing has been developed. The adsorptive properties of artificial tear solutions and mucin have been determined. Several solutions display properties similar to mucin and two seem to resist removal by rinsing.", "contents": "Polymer adsorption at the ocular surface. A new method for measuring ocular adsorption of polymers in solution and their resistance to removal by rinsing has been developed. The adsorptive properties of artificial tear solutions and mucin have been determined. Several solutions display properties similar to mucin and two seem to resist removal by rinsing.", "PMID": 1115673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4726", "title": "Septo-optic dysplasia associated with see-saw nystagmus.", "content": "Septo-optic dysplasia is a syndrome of midline abnormalities of the central nervous system resulting in absence of the septum pellucidum and dysplasia of the optic chiasm or optic nerves. The characteristic fundus findings of small, dysplastic discs and defects in the nerve fiber layer enable the clinician to predict this syndrome prior to contrast studies. An unsual form of nystagmus, see-saw nystagmus, was associated with septo-optic dysplasia in this case report.", "contents": "Septo-optic dysplasia associated with see-saw nystagmus. Septo-optic dysplasia is a syndrome of midline abnormalities of the central nervous system resulting in absence of the septum pellucidum and dysplasia of the optic chiasm or optic nerves. The characteristic fundus findings of small, dysplastic discs and defects in the nerve fiber layer enable the clinician to predict this syndrome prior to contrast studies. An unsual form of nystagmus, see-saw nystagmus, was associated with septo-optic dysplasia in this case report.", "PMID": 1115674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4727", "title": "In vivo photomicrography of the corneal endothelium.", "content": "A technique and apparatus for observing and photographing the corneal endothelium in vivo at a magnification of approximately times 200 is described. The method is suitable for animal experimentation and for diagnostic observation and clinical research in humans.", "contents": "In vivo photomicrography of the corneal endothelium. A technique and apparatus for observing and photographing the corneal endothelium in vivo at a magnification of approximately times 200 is described. The method is suitable for animal experimentation and for diagnostic observation and clinical research in humans.", "PMID": 1115675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4728", "title": "Marfan-like syndrome with lens involvement. Hyaloideoretinal degeneration with anterior chamber angle, facial, dental, and skeletal anomalies.", "content": "An autosomal dominant syndrome with Marfan-like features was found in a black pedigree. Eye findings included cataract, lens colobomas, dislocated lenses, myopia, hyaloideoretinal degeneration, and abnormalities of the anterior chamber angles. Facial and dental anomalies included slightly underdeveloped bridge of the nose, protruding maxilla, and dental malocclusions. Selected members of this pedigree showed dolichestenomelia or arachnodactyly or both. Good visual prognosis resulted after (1) cataract or dislocated lens surgery and (2) prophylactic therapy of retinal holes and degeneration.", "contents": "Marfan-like syndrome with lens involvement. Hyaloideoretinal degeneration with anterior chamber angle, facial, dental, and skeletal anomalies. An autosomal dominant syndrome with Marfan-like features was found in a black pedigree. Eye findings included cataract, lens colobomas, dislocated lenses, myopia, hyaloideoretinal degeneration, and abnormalities of the anterior chamber angles. Facial and dental anomalies included slightly underdeveloped bridge of the nose, protruding maxilla, and dental malocclusions. Selected members of this pedigree showed dolichestenomelia or arachnodactyly or both. Good visual prognosis resulted after (1) cataract or dislocated lens surgery and (2) prophylactic therapy of retinal holes and degeneration.", "PMID": 1115678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4729", "title": "Metaplastic cartilage in nondysplastic kidneys.", "content": "Four hundred ninety-seven patients representing the 525 total or polar nephrectomies performed at the Children's Memorial Hospital from 1938 to 1973 (excluding 1947), were reviewed retrospectively to determine the incidence and characteristics of renal dysplasia. The 46 specimens with this histologic diagnosis all exhibited typical primitive ducts with 13 being also associated with cartilage formation. In five patients, kidney showed focal chondrous metaplasis of the interstitium in association with chronic inflammation but without primitive ducts. The findings strongly suggest that the renal interstitium occasionally may react to injury by chondrous metaplasia and that, in the absence of primitive, ducts, cartilage in the kidney is not pathognomonic of renal dysplasia.", "contents": "Metaplastic cartilage in nondysplastic kidneys. Four hundred ninety-seven patients representing the 525 total or polar nephrectomies performed at the Children's Memorial Hospital from 1938 to 1973 (excluding 1947), were reviewed retrospectively to determine the incidence and characteristics of renal dysplasia. The 46 specimens with this histologic diagnosis all exhibited typical primitive ducts with 13 being also associated with cartilage formation. In five patients, kidney showed focal chondrous metaplasis of the interstitium in association with chronic inflammation but without primitive ducts. The findings strongly suggest that the renal interstitium occasionally may react to injury by chondrous metaplasia and that, in the absence of primitive, ducts, cartilage in the kidney is not pathognomonic of renal dysplasia.", "PMID": 1115679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4730", "title": "Radiation effects on pig skin. Exposure to different densities of ionization.", "content": "The effects on pig skin from radiations producing different densities of ionization have been determined. For the qualities of radiation employed, erythema was produced at a dose range from 1,240 to 3,440 rads and ulceration at 1,250 to 5,000 rads. In no instance did a radiation-induced neoplasm develop. In determining dose response, two of the most important physical parameters, associated with time of appearance and extent of lesions, were found to be the size of the area irradiated and the density of ionization of the radiations used. These data, on normal tissue tolerance, should be a value in future programs initiated in experimental radiation therapy of both animal and human neoplasia utilizing protons, alpha particles, and carbon ions.", "contents": "Radiation effects on pig skin. Exposure to different densities of ionization. The effects on pig skin from radiations producing different densities of ionization have been determined. For the qualities of radiation employed, erythema was produced at a dose range from 1,240 to 3,440 rads and ulceration at 1,250 to 5,000 rads. In no instance did a radiation-induced neoplasm develop. In determining dose response, two of the most important physical parameters, associated with time of appearance and extent of lesions, were found to be the size of the area irradiated and the density of ionization of the radiations used. These data, on normal tissue tolerance, should be a value in future programs initiated in experimental radiation therapy of both animal and human neoplasia utilizing protons, alpha particles, and carbon ions.", "PMID": 1115680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4731", "title": "The liver in GM1 gangliosidosis types 1 and 2. A light and electron microscopical study.", "content": "The livers from two cases of GM1 gangliosidosis types 1 and 2 were examined by histochemistry, light and electron microscopy. Type 1 GM1 gangliosidosis is characterized by large amounts of a water soluble substance in the hepatocytes, presumed to be keratan sulfate-like mucopolysaccharide, with similar material and probably a ganglioside in the Kupffer cells. In type 2 GM1 gangliosidosis, there is minimal storage of water soluble material and abundant presumed ganglioside in the Kupffer cells. The histochemical and ultrastructural features support the chemical findings and indicate a quantitative and morphologic difference in storage between the two types. These morphologic differences may provide an additional diagnostic parameter in the delineation of the two clinical variants.", "contents": "The liver in GM1 gangliosidosis types 1 and 2. A light and electron microscopical study. The livers from two cases of GM1 gangliosidosis types 1 and 2 were examined by histochemistry, light and electron microscopy. Type 1 GM1 gangliosidosis is characterized by large amounts of a water soluble substance in the hepatocytes, presumed to be keratan sulfate-like mucopolysaccharide, with similar material and probably a ganglioside in the Kupffer cells. In type 2 GM1 gangliosidosis, there is minimal storage of water soluble material and abundant presumed ganglioside in the Kupffer cells. The histochemical and ultrastructural features support the chemical findings and indicate a quantitative and morphologic difference in storage between the two types. These morphologic differences may provide an additional diagnostic parameter in the delineation of the two clinical variants.", "PMID": 1115681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4732", "title": "Distribution of coronary arterial flow in acute myocardial ischemia.", "content": "Thioflavin S (TS), a fluorescent dye, was used to visualize the distribution of coronary flow within the area of ischemia produced by circumflex artery occlusions. In the ischemic region, TS failed to penetrate the subendocardium and was seen in the subepicardium. Even though collateral flow was noted in the subepicardium, studies with methylene blue showed that it was inadequate to prevent the development of ischemia. The proportion of the posterior papillary muscle and subjacent myocardium showing TS nonfluorescence was similar after 15 and 60 minutes of ischemia and correlated with maximum lead II ST segment elevation and the percent of grossly injured myocardium found at 60 minutes postocclusion. The results suggest that flow to ischemic myocardium is reduced to the greatest extent in the subendocardium, ie, the site where irreversible injury first appears.", "contents": "Distribution of coronary arterial flow in acute myocardial ischemia. Thioflavin S (TS), a fluorescent dye, was used to visualize the distribution of coronary flow within the area of ischemia produced by circumflex artery occlusions. In the ischemic region, TS failed to penetrate the subendocardium and was seen in the subepicardium. Even though collateral flow was noted in the subepicardium, studies with methylene blue showed that it was inadequate to prevent the development of ischemia. The proportion of the posterior papillary muscle and subjacent myocardium showing TS nonfluorescence was similar after 15 and 60 minutes of ischemia and correlated with maximum lead II ST segment elevation and the percent of grossly injured myocardium found at 60 minutes postocclusion. The results suggest that flow to ischemic myocardium is reduced to the greatest extent in the subendocardium, ie, the site where irreversible injury first appears.", "PMID": 1115682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4733", "title": "Fatal infectious mononucleosis. Association with liver necrosis and herpes-like virus particles.", "content": "A 20-year-old woman died of infectious mononucleosis associated with extensive hepatic necrosis with herpes-type inclusions within nuclei of remaining liver cells. Electron microscopical examination of these liver cells showed intranuclear and occasional intracytoplasmic herpes-like virus. This case supports the concept that a herpes-like virus, or a structurally closely related agent, is the etiological agent of infectious mononucleosis.", "contents": "Fatal infectious mononucleosis. Association with liver necrosis and herpes-like virus particles. A 20-year-old woman died of infectious mononucleosis associated with extensive hepatic necrosis with herpes-type inclusions within nuclei of remaining liver cells. Electron microscopical examination of these liver cells showed intranuclear and occasional intracytoplasmic herpes-like virus. This case supports the concept that a herpes-like virus, or a structurally closely related agent, is the etiological agent of infectious mononucleosis.", "PMID": 1115683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4734", "title": "Comparative toxicity of cadmium-metallothionein and cadmium chloride on mouse kidney.", "content": "Cadmium-induced metallothionein may have a paradoxical role in the pathogenesis of cadmium toxicity. Mice are protected from cadmium-induced testicular necrosis by metallothionein, but in this experiment it was shown that cadmium-metallothionein complex injected into mice results in higher cadmium levels in renal cortex and more severe renal tubular cell injury than a comparable dose of cadmium chloride administered by the same route. Also, an injection of 1.1 mg/kg of body weight or more of cadmium bound to metallothionein was fatal to male CGA mice within seven days whereas five times this dose of cadmium administered as cadmium chloride was needed to produce a similar effect. A reason for the difference in renal effects of these two forms of cadmium has not been determined but may be related to differences in absorption or transport by renal tubular lining cells.", "contents": "Comparative toxicity of cadmium-metallothionein and cadmium chloride on mouse kidney. Cadmium-induced metallothionein may have a paradoxical role in the pathogenesis of cadmium toxicity. Mice are protected from cadmium-induced testicular necrosis by metallothionein, but in this experiment it was shown that cadmium-metallothionein complex injected into mice results in higher cadmium levels in renal cortex and more severe renal tubular cell injury than a comparable dose of cadmium chloride administered by the same route. Also, an injection of 1.1 mg/kg of body weight or more of cadmium bound to metallothionein was fatal to male CGA mice within seven days whereas five times this dose of cadmium administered as cadmium chloride was needed to produce a similar effect. A reason for the difference in renal effects of these two forms of cadmium has not been determined but may be related to differences in absorption or transport by renal tubular lining cells.", "PMID": 1115684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4735", "title": "Malacoplakia in childhood. Case report with ultrastructural observations and review of the literature.", "content": "Malacoplakia involving the adrenal gland and colon was found in a 6-week-old infant. To our knowledge, this is the first reported instance of adrenal involvement and it occurred in the youngest patient described to have malacoplakia. The adrenal gland was the site of a previous hemorrhage. Ultrastructurally, the cytoplasm of the malacoplakia cells contained numerous granular inclusions within which were tetrad-shaped particles resembling ferritin. A thorough search failed to show the presence of any bacteria. Several recent papers have suggested that malacoplakia represents a morphologic manifestation of altered host macrophage response and that Gram-negative enteric bacilli are the usual specific etiologic agents. The pathologic findings in the present case raise the possibility that the lesion in this instance represents an altered macrophage response to extravasated erythrocytes alone or to erythrocytes and bacteria.", "contents": "Malacoplakia in childhood. Case report with ultrastructural observations and review of the literature. Malacoplakia involving the adrenal gland and colon was found in a 6-week-old infant. To our knowledge, this is the first reported instance of adrenal involvement and it occurred in the youngest patient described to have malacoplakia. The adrenal gland was the site of a previous hemorrhage. Ultrastructurally, the cytoplasm of the malacoplakia cells contained numerous granular inclusions within which were tetrad-shaped particles resembling ferritin. A thorough search failed to show the presence of any bacteria. Several recent papers have suggested that malacoplakia represents a morphologic manifestation of altered host macrophage response and that Gram-negative enteric bacilli are the usual specific etiologic agents. The pathologic findings in the present case raise the possibility that the lesion in this instance represents an altered macrophage response to extravasated erythrocytes alone or to erythrocytes and bacteria.", "PMID": 1115685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4736", "title": "Oncocytoma (mitochondrioma) of the parotid gland. An electron microscopical study.", "content": "Electron microscopical study of an oncocytoma of the parotid gland disclosed the presence of two cell types, typical oncocytes and condensed oncocytes. The typical oncocyte contains abundant mitochondria that were tightly packed almost completely filling the entire cytoplasm. Only small areas were left for the remaining cytoplasmic organelles. The nuclei in these typical onocytes appeared oval or spheroid. Condensed oncocytes were scattered singly or in nests in tumorous tissue. These cells were also replete with mitochondria, but differed, however, in that many mitochondria showed evidence of degeneration and fusion. Nuclei of these cells were irregular, dense, and contained inclusions and glycogen granules. The relationship of nuclear envelopes to mitochondria and other cellular components has been described previously, but to our knowledge, this represents an original finding in the case of an oncocytoma.", "contents": "Oncocytoma (mitochondrioma) of the parotid gland. An electron microscopical study. Electron microscopical study of an oncocytoma of the parotid gland disclosed the presence of two cell types, typical oncocytes and condensed oncocytes. The typical oncocyte contains abundant mitochondria that were tightly packed almost completely filling the entire cytoplasm. Only small areas were left for the remaining cytoplasmic organelles. The nuclei in these typical onocytes appeared oval or spheroid. Condensed oncocytes were scattered singly or in nests in tumorous tissue. These cells were also replete with mitochondria, but differed, however, in that many mitochondria showed evidence of degeneration and fusion. Nuclei of these cells were irregular, dense, and contained inclusions and glycogen granules. The relationship of nuclear envelopes to mitochondria and other cellular components has been described previously, but to our knowledge, this represents an original finding in the case of an oncocytoma.", "PMID": 1115686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4737", "title": "Lymphoid \"hypophysitis\" with end organ insufficiency.", "content": "A clinically hypothyroid patient had bi-lateral adrenal cortical atrophy and an extraordinary lesion of the pituitary gland. The parenchyma of the adenohypophysis was extensively replaced by a predominantly lymphocytic infiltrate with formation of nodules, many of which had pale germinal centers. There were areas of hyalinization with interstitial fibrosis and mildcapsular thickening. A similar lesion of the adenohypophysis has been reported previously, but without the evidence of adenohypophyseal insufficiency present in this case. It is speculated that this lesion may be related to cell-mediated autoimmunity and other organ-specific autoimmune disorders.", "contents": "Lymphoid \"hypophysitis\" with end organ insufficiency. A clinically hypothyroid patient had bi-lateral adrenal cortical atrophy and an extraordinary lesion of the pituitary gland. The parenchyma of the adenohypophysis was extensively replaced by a predominantly lymphocytic infiltrate with formation of nodules, many of which had pale germinal centers. There were areas of hyalinization with interstitial fibrosis and mildcapsular thickening. A similar lesion of the adenohypophysis has been reported previously, but without the evidence of adenohypophyseal insufficiency present in this case. It is speculated that this lesion may be related to cell-mediated autoimmunity and other organ-specific autoimmune disorders.", "PMID": 1115687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4738", "title": "Effect of a general aviation trainer on the stress of flight training.", "content": "Sixteen students were given flight training according to a highly standardized and rigidly controlled 35-h syllabus. Eight of the group (TG) recieved 10 h of their training in a Link GAT-1 ground trainer and 25 h in a Cherokee 140B. the other eight (AG) recieved all of their training in the airplane. The resting heart rate (HR) of group TG was significantly lower when the ground trainer was to be used than was the resting HR of group AG on equivalent lessons. The difference disappeared when group TG was to fly the airpland. In flight, group AG'S HR was significantly higher than group TG's in the ground trainer. Again the difference disappeared when group TG flew the airpland. Physcial work, as indicated by O2 consumption, was greater in the airplane than in the ground trainer. Urine chemistry indicated only a few and inconsistent points of significant differece between the groups. However, pre- and post-flight differences showed highly significant differences for both TG and AG. Objective flight tests administered four times during the syllabus indicated insignigicant differences between TG and AG, likewise, a check pilot who did not know to which group a student belonged could not differentiate between groups TG and AG. It was concluded that 10 h training in the GAT-1 did not compromise the flying skill as judged by the check pilot.", "contents": "Effect of a general aviation trainer on the stress of flight training. Sixteen students were given flight training according to a highly standardized and rigidly controlled 35-h syllabus. Eight of the group (TG) recieved 10 h of their training in a Link GAT-1 ground trainer and 25 h in a Cherokee 140B. the other eight (AG) recieved all of their training in the airplane. The resting heart rate (HR) of group TG was significantly lower when the ground trainer was to be used than was the resting HR of group AG on equivalent lessons. The difference disappeared when group TG was to fly the airpland. In flight, group AG'S HR was significantly higher than group TG's in the ground trainer. Again the difference disappeared when group TG flew the airpland. Physcial work, as indicated by O2 consumption, was greater in the airplane than in the ground trainer. Urine chemistry indicated only a few and inconsistent points of significant differece between the groups. However, pre- and post-flight differences showed highly significant differences for both TG and AG. Objective flight tests administered four times during the syllabus indicated insignigicant differences between TG and AG, likewise, a check pilot who did not know to which group a student belonged could not differentiate between groups TG and AG. It was concluded that 10 h training in the GAT-1 did not compromise the flying skill as judged by the check pilot.", "PMID": 1115688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4739", "title": "Effect of potassium depletion in normal males: an Apollo 15 simulation.", "content": "In the course of Apollo 15, physiologic abnormalities, manifested by ectopic activity on the ECG and unusual alterations in excerise tolerance, occurred in the crew of the Lunar Excursion Module. These were associated with decreases in total body potassium, measured by 42K, of 10% and 15%. The possibility of inadequate potassium (K plus) intake existed. A simulation study was performed prior to Apollo 16, corresponding in duration to Apollo 15. Subjects endured the same sleep aberrations and caloric expenditure as the Apollo 15 astronauts. Subjects consumed a diet containing only 15 mEq/d of K plus during the entire 12 d of absolute bedrest. ECG was continuously monitored, body fluid compartments and total body K plus were measured at intervals by radionuclide methods, electrolyte balance was determined daily, and excercise and orthostatic tolerances were determined prior to and after bedrest. In spite of decreases in total body K plus measured by 42K of 14.5% and 10.5%, and by potassium balances of 3.3% and 6.5%, respectively, neither of the two subjects developed symptomatic hypokalemia. Minor ECG abnormalities were noted in one subject. Orthostatic and exercise tolerance showed only those changes expected as a result of bedrest. Muscle strength was unaffected. Study implications and reasons for discrepancies between K plus loss measured by balance techniques and 42K are reviewed.", "contents": "Effect of potassium depletion in normal males: an Apollo 15 simulation. In the course of Apollo 15, physiologic abnormalities, manifested by ectopic activity on the ECG and unusual alterations in excerise tolerance, occurred in the crew of the Lunar Excursion Module. These were associated with decreases in total body potassium, measured by 42K, of 10% and 15%. The possibility of inadequate potassium (K plus) intake existed. A simulation study was performed prior to Apollo 16, corresponding in duration to Apollo 15. Subjects endured the same sleep aberrations and caloric expenditure as the Apollo 15 astronauts. Subjects consumed a diet containing only 15 mEq/d of K plus during the entire 12 d of absolute bedrest. ECG was continuously monitored, body fluid compartments and total body K plus were measured at intervals by radionuclide methods, electrolyte balance was determined daily, and excercise and orthostatic tolerances were determined prior to and after bedrest. In spite of decreases in total body K plus measured by 42K of 14.5% and 10.5%, and by potassium balances of 3.3% and 6.5%, respectively, neither of the two subjects developed symptomatic hypokalemia. Minor ECG abnormalities were noted in one subject. Orthostatic and exercise tolerance showed only those changes expected as a result of bedrest. Muscle strength was unaffected. Study implications and reasons for discrepancies between K plus loss measured by balance techniques and 42K are reviewed.", "PMID": 1115689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4740", "title": "Organ fluid changes and electrolyte excretion of rats exposed to high altitude.", "content": "Electrolyte balances, serum electrolyte concentrations, and fluid changes in the liver, spleen, kidney, heart, and brain of albino rats were studied at Denver (1620 m) and Pike's Peak (4300m), in Colorado. Control animals were subjected to pair feeding and equal transportation stress. Animals were sacrificed after 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 h, and 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, and 12 d of exposure. There was no significant growth depression after the first 24 h at altitude. The water content of all tissues were increased during the first day of exposure. Liver showed an increased percent dry weight following 1 d, possibly due to an increase in fat content. Serum Na plus concentrations were significantly increased throughout the 12 d of exposure while K plus was decreased. Hematocrit and hemoglobin values were immediately increased at altitude with the RBC count being significantly higher by Day 9. Altitude rats retained more Na plus, K plus, Ca plus plus, and Mg plus plus than controls, with K plus and Ca plus plus showing the highest retention. The data indicated a shift of fluids from the extra- to the intracellular compartment, especially during the first 12 h of exposure.", "contents": "Organ fluid changes and electrolyte excretion of rats exposed to high altitude. Electrolyte balances, serum electrolyte concentrations, and fluid changes in the liver, spleen, kidney, heart, and brain of albino rats were studied at Denver (1620 m) and Pike's Peak (4300m), in Colorado. Control animals were subjected to pair feeding and equal transportation stress. Animals were sacrificed after 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 h, and 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, and 12 d of exposure. There was no significant growth depression after the first 24 h at altitude. The water content of all tissues were increased during the first day of exposure. Liver showed an increased percent dry weight following 1 d, possibly due to an increase in fat content. Serum Na plus concentrations were significantly increased throughout the 12 d of exposure while K plus was decreased. Hematocrit and hemoglobin values were immediately increased at altitude with the RBC count being significantly higher by Day 9. Altitude rats retained more Na plus, K plus, Ca plus plus, and Mg plus plus than controls, with K plus and Ca plus plus showing the highest retention. The data indicated a shift of fluids from the extra- to the intracellular compartment, especially during the first 12 h of exposure.", "PMID": 1115690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4741", "title": "Ultrastructural alterations observed in mouse lung after prolonged He/O2 exposure.", "content": "Three generations of mice were exposed to an atmosphere of 80% helium and 20% oxygen. The parent generation, born and raised in air until the experiment began, was sacrificed in two groups--one after 160 d and the other after 350 d of exposure. The F1 generation, conceived in air, born and raised in an He/O2 environment, was sacrificed after 160 d. The F2 generation, conceived, born, and raised in the He/O2 atmosphere, was sacrificed also in two groups--one after 85 d and the other after 280 d. Lung tissue from these animals was prepared by conventional methods for ultrastructural study. The most obvious alteration observed was the extensive blebbing, possibly indicative of cellular edema, seen in both the capillary endothlium and the alveolar epithelium. In addition, a highly convoluted basement membrane was observed in many areas. There was debris in some of the alveoli and an increase in platelets in the capillaries.", "contents": "Ultrastructural alterations observed in mouse lung after prolonged He/O2 exposure. Three generations of mice were exposed to an atmosphere of 80% helium and 20% oxygen. The parent generation, born and raised in air until the experiment began, was sacrificed in two groups--one after 160 d and the other after 350 d of exposure. The F1 generation, conceived in air, born and raised in an He/O2 environment, was sacrificed after 160 d. The F2 generation, conceived, born, and raised in the He/O2 atmosphere, was sacrificed also in two groups--one after 85 d and the other after 280 d. Lung tissue from these animals was prepared by conventional methods for ultrastructural study. The most obvious alteration observed was the extensive blebbing, possibly indicative of cellular edema, seen in both the capillary endothlium and the alveolar epithelium. In addition, a highly convoluted basement membrane was observed in many areas. There was debris in some of the alveoli and an increase in platelets in the capillaries.", "PMID": 1115691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4742", "title": "Effects of a multi-hour immersion with intermittent exercise on urinary excretion and tilt table tolerance in athletes and nonathletes.", "content": "The circulatory and diuretic responses of athletes and non-athletes to 6-h water i-mersion with intermittent swimming exercise (series I) as well as to 8-h inactive immersions (series II) were studied. With simultaneous intermittent exercise, the normally arising diuresis during a water bath was strongly suppressed in athletes and even abolished in nonathletes. In subsequent tilt table tests, 3 of 11 (27.3%) athletes of series I and 3 of 4 (75%) of series II collapsed, whereas all nonathletes tolerated the vertical position without any subjective complaints. By use of the so-called \"orthostatic index\" (4) the later group, however, was also shown to yield a substantially better orthostatic stability in series I than in series II. The protective effect of intermittent physical activity for simulation of the weightless state can possibly be explained by assuming a less-reduced plasma volume via a diminished urinary excretion.", "contents": "Effects of a multi-hour immersion with intermittent exercise on urinary excretion and tilt table tolerance in athletes and nonathletes. The circulatory and diuretic responses of athletes and non-athletes to 6-h water i-mersion with intermittent swimming exercise (series I) as well as to 8-h inactive immersions (series II) were studied. With simultaneous intermittent exercise, the normally arising diuresis during a water bath was strongly suppressed in athletes and even abolished in nonathletes. In subsequent tilt table tests, 3 of 11 (27.3%) athletes of series I and 3 of 4 (75%) of series II collapsed, whereas all nonathletes tolerated the vertical position without any subjective complaints. By use of the so-called \"orthostatic index\" (4) the later group, however, was also shown to yield a substantially better orthostatic stability in series I than in series II. The protective effect of intermittent physical activity for simulation of the weightless state can possibly be explained by assuming a less-reduced plasma volume via a diminished urinary excretion.", "PMID": 1115692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4743", "title": "Physiological reactions to wet-cold.", "content": "Changes in extremity temperatures during general cold stress were investigated. The changes in local temperatures were found equal to those seen under circulatory arrest. In order to investigate the influence of these changes on motor function, the relation between local temperature and nervous conduction velocity in a peripheral motor nerve (n. ulnaris) was carried out in subjects exposed to a minor cold stress (to aboid the influence of Lewis hunting reaction). The decrease in conduction velocity was found to be 15 m/s per 10 degrees C fall in temperature. At a local temperature of 8-10 degrees C a complete nervous block was established. This leads to an explanation of the clinical findings in wet-cold situations, where the very rapid onset of physical impairment corresponds to the effect of a local cooling in the extremities and not, as commonly accepted, to a developing general hypothermia.", "contents": "Physiological reactions to wet-cold. Changes in extremity temperatures during general cold stress were investigated. The changes in local temperatures were found equal to those seen under circulatory arrest. In order to investigate the influence of these changes on motor function, the relation between local temperature and nervous conduction velocity in a peripheral motor nerve (n. ulnaris) was carried out in subjects exposed to a minor cold stress (to aboid the influence of Lewis hunting reaction). The decrease in conduction velocity was found to be 15 m/s per 10 degrees C fall in temperature. At a local temperature of 8-10 degrees C a complete nervous block was established. This leads to an explanation of the clinical findings in wet-cold situations, where the very rapid onset of physical impairment corresponds to the effect of a local cooling in the extremities and not, as commonly accepted, to a developing general hypothermia.", "PMID": 1115693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4744", "title": "Optimal use of nitrogen to suppress the high pressure nervous syndrome.", "content": "Five subjects were compressed to 1000 ft (31 ATA) for 2 h breathing 3.2 ATA nitrogen, 0.5 ATA oxygen, and the remainder helium. The compression took 33 min with a 10-s stage at 50 ft (2.5 ATA), 1 MIN AT 320 FT (10.7 ATA), and 2 min at 700 ft (22 ATA). Hypothetically, this 1:10 ratio for nitrogen-helium partial pressures should induce neither nitrogen narcosis nor the High Pressure Nervous Syndrome (HPNS). Tests, therefore, were made during the experiment of postural tremor, spontaneous electroencephalogram, psychomotor and intellectual activities, and subjective sensations. One diver worked underwater for 40 min on a simulated engineering assembly while breathing with a closed-circuit breathing apparatus and wearing a battery-heated suit in water at 56 degrees F. Decompression was in 4 d using 0.8 ATA oxygen and helium. The performance tests indicated no narcosis and little or no signs of HPNS. No tremor or EEG changes were seen. The \"wet\" diver reported sensations of mild euphoria but the other four reported no difficulties. No nausea or dizziness of HPNS was reported. It is concluded that use of a ratio of 1:10::N2:He is effective in the control of narcosis and HPNS during rapid compression to 1000 ft (31 ATA).", "contents": "Optimal use of nitrogen to suppress the high pressure nervous syndrome. Five subjects were compressed to 1000 ft (31 ATA) for 2 h breathing 3.2 ATA nitrogen, 0.5 ATA oxygen, and the remainder helium. The compression took 33 min with a 10-s stage at 50 ft (2.5 ATA), 1 MIN AT 320 FT (10.7 ATA), and 2 min at 700 ft (22 ATA). Hypothetically, this 1:10 ratio for nitrogen-helium partial pressures should induce neither nitrogen narcosis nor the High Pressure Nervous Syndrome (HPNS). Tests, therefore, were made during the experiment of postural tremor, spontaneous electroencephalogram, psychomotor and intellectual activities, and subjective sensations. One diver worked underwater for 40 min on a simulated engineering assembly while breathing with a closed-circuit breathing apparatus and wearing a battery-heated suit in water at 56 degrees F. Decompression was in 4 d using 0.8 ATA oxygen and helium. The performance tests indicated no narcosis and little or no signs of HPNS. No tremor or EEG changes were seen. The \"wet\" diver reported sensations of mild euphoria but the other four reported no difficulties. No nausea or dizziness of HPNS was reported. It is concluded that use of a ratio of 1:10::N2:He is effective in the control of narcosis and HPNS during rapid compression to 1000 ft (31 ATA).", "PMID": 1115694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4745", "title": "Respiration during heat stress.", "content": "In human subjects at rest changes in heart rate pulmonary ventilation, tidal volume, respiratory rate, and end-tidal carbon dioxide tension were examined at increases in deep body temperature of 1 degrees C and 2 degrees C. Each of these latter target temperatures was achieved at two different rates of temperature increase. The increase in deep body temperature  was associated with a rise in heart rate and tidal volume and a reduction in respiratory rate. An increase in pulmonary ventilation associated with a reduction in end-tidal carbon dioxide tension occurred only when deep body temperature increase reached 1.5 degrees C. The apparently greater change in both pulmonary ventilation and end-tidal carbon dioxide tension during the more rapid increase in deep body temperature by 2 degrees C was not significant.", "contents": "Respiration during heat stress. In human subjects at rest changes in heart rate pulmonary ventilation, tidal volume, respiratory rate, and end-tidal carbon dioxide tension were examined at increases in deep body temperature of 1 degrees C and 2 degrees C. Each of these latter target temperatures was achieved at two different rates of temperature increase. The increase in deep body temperature  was associated with a rise in heart rate and tidal volume and a reduction in respiratory rate. An increase in pulmonary ventilation associated with a reduction in end-tidal carbon dioxide tension occurred only when deep body temperature increase reached 1.5 degrees C. The apparently greater change in both pulmonary ventilation and end-tidal carbon dioxide tension during the more rapid increase in deep body temperature by 2 degrees C was not significant.", "PMID": 1115695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4746", "title": "Plasma thyroxine changes of the Apollo Crewman.", "content": "Blood drawn from Apollo crew member; to the mission, at recovery, and postmission was used to examine the effect Apollo mission activities have on tyroid hormone levels. At recovery, statistically significant increases in thyroxine and the free thyroxine index were found. Serum cholesterol and triglycerides were decreased. No change of statistical significance was found in the T3 binding percentage, total serum proteins, and albumin. We conclude that apollo activities and environment caused the postmission increase in serum cholesterol may be one result of the increased thyroxine activity.", "contents": "Plasma thyroxine changes of the Apollo Crewman. Blood drawn from Apollo crew member; to the mission, at recovery, and postmission was used to examine the effect Apollo mission activities have on tyroid hormone levels. At recovery, statistically significant increases in thyroxine and the free thyroxine index were found. Serum cholesterol and triglycerides were decreased. No change of statistical significance was found in the T3 binding percentage, total serum proteins, and albumin. We conclude that apollo activities and environment caused the postmission increase in serum cholesterol may be one result of the increased thyroxine activity.", "PMID": 1115696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4747", "title": "Re-evaluation of a tilt-back seat as a means of increasing acceleration tolerance.", "content": "Relaxed tolerance was determined on seven subjects exposed to rapid onset (RO; 1 G/s) and gradual onset (GO; 1 G/10 s) acceleration at seat back angles of 13 degrees, 30 degrees, 45 degrees, 55 degrees, 65 degrees, and 75 degrees from the vertical. There was no significant difference between relaxed tolerance at the control angle of 13 degrees and tolerance at 30 degrees. However, at 45 degrees there was a significant 0.5 G increase in tolerance compared to control. Thereafter, tolerance continued to increase in an exponential manner to 8 G at 75 degrees, an increase over control of 100%. As relaxed tolerance increased with increasing back angle, peak heart rate during acceleration significantly decreased. In addition, four subjects were instrumented with an esophageal balloon for the measurement of intrathoracic pressure, which was equated as work during the M-1 straining maneuver. The amount of thoracic pressure necessary to maintain a preselected visual field declined as the back angle was increased from 13 degrees to 45 degrees to 65 degrees at the same acceleration level. The increase in relaxed tolerance along with the decrease in heart rate and the decrease in esophageal pressure at the greater back angles all demonstrate the acceleration protection provided by the tilt-back seat.", "contents": "Re-evaluation of a tilt-back seat as a means of increasing acceleration tolerance. Relaxed tolerance was determined on seven subjects exposed to rapid onset (RO; 1 G/s) and gradual onset (GO; 1 G/10 s) acceleration at seat back angles of 13 degrees, 30 degrees, 45 degrees, 55 degrees, 65 degrees, and 75 degrees from the vertical. There was no significant difference between relaxed tolerance at the control angle of 13 degrees and tolerance at 30 degrees. However, at 45 degrees there was a significant 0.5 G increase in tolerance compared to control. Thereafter, tolerance continued to increase in an exponential manner to 8 G at 75 degrees, an increase over control of 100%. As relaxed tolerance increased with increasing back angle, peak heart rate during acceleration significantly decreased. In addition, four subjects were instrumented with an esophageal balloon for the measurement of intrathoracic pressure, which was equated as work during the M-1 straining maneuver. The amount of thoracic pressure necessary to maintain a preselected visual field declined as the back angle was increased from 13 degrees to 45 degrees to 65 degrees at the same acceleration level. The increase in relaxed tolerance along with the decrease in heart rate and the decrease in esophageal pressure at the greater back angles all demonstrate the acceleration protection provided by the tilt-back seat.", "PMID": 1115697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4748", "title": "Distribution characteristics of methyl-hydrazine in the plasma and cerebrospinal fluid of monkeys.", "content": "A Lumped parameter mathmatical model including extracellular fluid, intracellular fluid, and cerebrospinal fluid compartments has been applied to describe methylhydrazine (MMH) distribution kinetics in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid of Rhesus monkeys. Ten monkeys average weight 5.5 kg, were given intravenous infusions of MMH while blood and cerebrospinal fluid samples were periodically collected and analyzed for MMH. The mathematical model was used to simulate the infusions and the simulations were compared with experimental data to validate the model and to evaluate the mass transfer parameters required by the model.", "contents": "Distribution characteristics of methyl-hydrazine in the plasma and cerebrospinal fluid of monkeys. A Lumped parameter mathmatical model including extracellular fluid, intracellular fluid, and cerebrospinal fluid compartments has been applied to describe methylhydrazine (MMH) distribution kinetics in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid of Rhesus monkeys. Ten monkeys average weight 5.5 kg, were given intravenous infusions of MMH while blood and cerebrospinal fluid samples were periodically collected and analyzed for MMH. The mathematical model was used to simulate the infusions and the simulations were compared with experimental data to validate the model and to evaluate the mass transfer parameters required by the model.", "PMID": 1115698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4749", "title": "Normal coronary angiography in an aircrewman with serial exercise test changes.", "content": "A 45-year-old asymptomatic aircrewman is presented who developed an abnormal ST segment response to maximal treadmill testing after normal responses for 3 previous years. Coronary angiography performed after his abnormal stress test reveled no change from a previously normal study. It has been demostrated that serially performing exercise tests can increase the sensitivity of detecting latent coronary artery disease. The importance of the case report is to demonstrate that the change from a normal exercise test to an abnormal one does not absolutely indicate that an individual has a coronary artery disease and that it is mandatory to search for other possible causes. Further studies will be required to determine the significance of such serial changes.", "contents": "Normal coronary angiography in an aircrewman with serial exercise test changes. A 45-year-old asymptomatic aircrewman is presented who developed an abnormal ST segment response to maximal treadmill testing after normal responses for 3 previous years. Coronary angiography performed after his abnormal stress test reveled no change from a previously normal study. It has been demostrated that serially performing exercise tests can increase the sensitivity of detecting latent coronary artery disease. The importance of the case report is to demonstrate that the change from a normal exercise test to an abnormal one does not absolutely indicate that an individual has a coronary artery disease and that it is mandatory to search for other possible causes. Further studies will be required to determine the significance of such serial changes.", "PMID": 1115699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4750", "title": "Accident statistics and the human-factor element.", "content": "The number of fatal accidents involving public transport aircraft has increased significantly in recent years and, because more and more \"wide-bodied\" aircraft have been coming into service, this has resulted in a rapid increase in the number of fatalities. A combined attack on the problem by all concerned with flight safety is required to improve the situation. The collection and analysis of aircraft accident data can contribute to safety in two ways; by giving an indication of where to concentrate future effort and by showing how successful past efforts have been. An analysis of worldwide accident statistics by phase of flight and causal factor show that the largest percentage of accidents occurs in the approach and landing phase and are caused by \"pilot error\". Further research is needed to find out why pilots make errors and how such errors can be eliminated.", "contents": "Accident statistics and the human-factor element. The number of fatal accidents involving public transport aircraft has increased significantly in recent years and, because more and more \"wide-bodied\" aircraft have been coming into service, this has resulted in a rapid increase in the number of fatalities. A combined attack on the problem by all concerned with flight safety is required to improve the situation. The collection and analysis of aircraft accident data can contribute to safety in two ways; by giving an indication of where to concentrate future effort and by showing how successful past efforts have been. An analysis of worldwide accident statistics by phase of flight and causal factor show that the largest percentage of accidents occurs in the approach and landing phase and are caused by \"pilot error\". Further research is needed to find out why pilots make errors and how such errors can be eliminated.", "PMID": 1115701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4751", "title": "Sudden incapacitation encountered in flight by professional pilots in French civil aviation, 1948-1972.", "content": "This report concerns 17 incidents of sudden incapacitation of professional airline pilots in flight in the period 1948-1972. The high incidence of cardio-vascular accidents is noteworthy: 13 cases of which 11 were due to coronary infarction. There were two cases of unperdictable epileptic fits. None of the above gave rise to an accident. For an accident to occur, several conditions must be fulfilled at the same time: 1) The incapacity must affect the pilot at the controls; (2) The incapacity must be sudden; (3) The incapacity must  take place during a critical phase of take-off or final apprach.", "contents": "Sudden incapacitation encountered in flight by professional pilots in French civil aviation, 1948-1972. This report concerns 17 incidents of sudden incapacitation of professional airline pilots in flight in the period 1948-1972. The high incidence of cardio-vascular accidents is noteworthy: 13 cases of which 11 were due to coronary infarction. There were two cases of unperdictable epileptic fits. None of the above gave rise to an accident. For an accident to occur, several conditions must be fulfilled at the same time: 1) The incapacity must affect the pilot at the controls; (2) The incapacity must be sudden; (3) The incapacity must  take place during a critical phase of take-off or final apprach.", "PMID": 1115702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4752", "title": "Review of aviation safety measures which have application to aviation accident prevention.", "content": "Introduction of certain human-factors techniques has been followed by market reduction in military and airline accident rates. In this study, these safety measures are analyzed to determine the value of their application to general aviation activity. Some techniques are already in use. They are: 1. medical evaluation of iarcrews; 2. aeronautical innovations which tailor the machine to the man; 3. imporvement of precision navigational air traffic control and flight procedures; 4. standardization of flight training and flight procedures. A remaining field of interest, and one which appears to be underused, is that of supervision. After ending his association with the flight instructor, the general aviation pilot is essentially unsupervised. Accident data gathered over several years show that with increases in the proportion of pilots who have not maintained an association with a flight instructor, the general aviation fatal accident rate is increased. Current regulations, which require revalidation of airman's certificates, provide a method by which this association can be maintained. The flight instructor, or some similar aviation professional, can maintain an element of supervision with otherwise independent general aviation pilots. Data from previous years supports the hypothesis that such a program would make a substantial improvement in general aviation safety.", "contents": "Review of aviation safety measures which have application to aviation accident prevention. Introduction of certain human-factors techniques has been followed by market reduction in military and airline accident rates. In this study, these safety measures are analyzed to determine the value of their application to general aviation activity. Some techniques are already in use. They are: 1. medical evaluation of iarcrews; 2. aeronautical innovations which tailor the machine to the man; 3. imporvement of precision navigational air traffic control and flight procedures; 4. standardization of flight training and flight procedures. A remaining field of interest, and one which appears to be underused, is that of supervision. After ending his association with the flight instructor, the general aviation pilot is essentially unsupervised. Accident data gathered over several years show that with increases in the proportion of pilots who have not maintained an association with a flight instructor, the general aviation fatal accident rate is increased. Current regulations, which require revalidation of airman's certificates, provide a method by which this association can be maintained. The flight instructor, or some similar aviation professional, can maintain an element of supervision with otherwise independent general aviation pilots. Data from previous years supports the hypothesis that such a program would make a substantial improvement in general aviation safety.", "PMID": 1115703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4753", "title": "Air crash survival: injuries and evacuation toxic hazards.", "content": "Carbon monoxide and cyanide gas have resulted from inflight or post-crash fires which have pyrolyzed certain cabin interior materials. Three air carrier accidents have been studied in depth from the standpoint of carbon monoxide effects on passengers. Post-crash hydrogen cyanide in victim blood levels has similarly been investigated and certain laboratory synergistic studies of carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide have been conducted. The latter investigations indicate that a combination of carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide has a pharmacologic effect which exceeds that of either alone. The effect is that of incapacitation, and certain remedial steps are possible which diminish the production of these substances during post-crash fires.", "contents": "Air crash survival: injuries and evacuation toxic hazards. Carbon monoxide and cyanide gas have resulted from inflight or post-crash fires which have pyrolyzed certain cabin interior materials. Three air carrier accidents have been studied in depth from the standpoint of carbon monoxide effects on passengers. Post-crash hydrogen cyanide in victim blood levels has similarly been investigated and certain laboratory synergistic studies of carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide have been conducted. The latter investigations indicate that a combination of carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide has a pharmacologic effect which exceeds that of either alone. The effect is that of incapacitation, and certain remedial steps are possible which diminish the production of these substances during post-crash fires.", "PMID": 1115704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4754", "title": "Some highlights of aircraft passenger behavior research.", "content": "A brief review is offered of the field of aircraft passenger safety research. Probelms associated with passenger behavior, e.g. panic, and passenger safety education studies and requirements are discussed. In addition, a comparison is drawn between commerical and corporate aircraft passenger safty requirements and current research and development programs. It is concluded there is a need for increased funding and more emphasis to be placed on education in the areas of aircraft passenger safty research.", "contents": "Some highlights of aircraft passenger behavior research. A brief review is offered of the field of aircraft passenger safety research. Probelms associated with passenger behavior, e.g. panic, and passenger safety education studies and requirements are discussed. In addition, a comparison is drawn between commerical and corporate aircraft passenger safty requirements and current research and development programs. It is concluded there is a need for increased funding and more emphasis to be placed on education in the areas of aircraft passenger safty research.", "PMID": 1115705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4755", "title": "Reaction time performance with and without backscatter from intense pulse light.", "content": "Twenty male graduate students, 22-30 years of age, were asigned by a table of randome numbers to two groups, and visual reaction time performance with and without backscatter was measured. The subjects' task was to observe a 5 cm dial face whose needle deflected 2 mm either left or right of center. Meter deflections were either preceded by 10 light pulse from a Grimes \"360 strobe or they were not preceded by light pulses. Two measures of performance were recorded: 1) voice reaction time in milliseconds, and 2) errors. Error rate (3.5%) did not discriminate between groups or conditions. Reaction time was almost twice as long with backscatter than without backscatter (1,556 ms and 854 ms, respectively). This RT increase was highly reliable statistically. Variability of RT performance increased markedly with backscatter. In practical terms, the results suggest that the effects of backscatter could induce a cumulative performace decrement in instrument scanning which might endanger air safety.", "contents": "Reaction time performance with and without backscatter from intense pulse light. Twenty male graduate students, 22-30 years of age, were asigned by a table of randome numbers to two groups, and visual reaction time performance with and without backscatter was measured. The subjects' task was to observe a 5 cm dial face whose needle deflected 2 mm either left or right of center. Meter deflections were either preceded by 10 light pulse from a Grimes \"360 strobe or they were not preceded by light pulses. Two measures of performance were recorded: 1) voice reaction time in milliseconds, and 2) errors. Error rate (3.5%) did not discriminate between groups or conditions. Reaction time was almost twice as long with backscatter than without backscatter (1,556 ms and 854 ms, respectively). This RT increase was highly reliable statistically. Variability of RT performance increased markedly with backscatter. In practical terms, the results suggest that the effects of backscatter could induce a cumulative performace decrement in instrument scanning which might endanger air safety.", "PMID": 1115706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4756", "title": "Telemetric control of heart adaptation during automatic and free-fall parachute jumps.", "content": "Telmetered heart rate recordings have been ovtaine from 17 parachutists (6 during automatic jumps) 9 Catecholamine (adrenaline and noradrenaline) concentrations have been measured in urine and plasma of six of these subjects. No difference appears between heart rates recorded in the two jumps at egress and at parachute deployment. On the other hand, higher heart rate values are recorded during automatic jumps during descent and at ground impace. The urine catecholamine analysis after jump shows a statistically significant increase in adrenaline and noradrenaline concentration. It is suggested that simulation of the orthosympathetic system is due to two facts; muscular work performed during jumping and the emotional stress which it involves. The importance of these two causes varies with the jump circumstances.", "contents": "Telemetric control of heart adaptation during automatic and free-fall parachute jumps. Telmetered heart rate recordings have been ovtaine from 17 parachutists (6 during automatic jumps) 9 Catecholamine (adrenaline and noradrenaline) concentrations have been measured in urine and plasma of six of these subjects. No difference appears between heart rates recorded in the two jumps at egress and at parachute deployment. On the other hand, higher heart rate values are recorded during automatic jumps during descent and at ground impace. The urine catecholamine analysis after jump shows a statistically significant increase in adrenaline and noradrenaline concentration. It is suggested that simulation of the orthosympathetic system is due to two facts; muscular work performed during jumping and the emotional stress which it involves. The importance of these two causes varies with the jump circumstances.", "PMID": 1115707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4757", "title": "Changes in serum proteins, viscosity, and protein-bound carbohydrates during prolonged bedrest.", "content": "Studies were carried out on eight young males before, during and after 24 or more weeks bedrest. Measurements of serum viscosity, total serum protein, serum electrophoretic components, total serum solids, serum protein-bound carbohydrate, and plasma volume were carried out. A loss of plasma volume occurred early in bedrest which produced an increase in total serum protein level. Despite continuing reduced plasma volume during bedrest, the elevated serum protein level returned toward its pre-bedrest concentration with stabilization of the levels of all electrophoretic components at values very near those present before bedrest. Serum viscosity changes paralleled total serum protein values. Increase in total serum solids was measured and found to be greater than the rise in total serum protein. The excess total serum solid was nondialyzable and had little effect on viscosity. Increase in protein-bound hexose and fucose level were observed during bedrest which persisted during early reambulation. The proportionate fucose increase was greater than hexose despite stability of the gamma globulin fraction with which the majority of serum protein-bound fucose is normally associated, but no change in fucose content of haptoglobin, alpha2-macroglobulin, or alpha1-acid glycoprotein was detected in two subjects on whom sufficient material was present to allow study.", "contents": "Changes in serum proteins, viscosity, and protein-bound carbohydrates during prolonged bedrest. Studies were carried out on eight young males before, during and after 24 or more weeks bedrest. Measurements of serum viscosity, total serum protein, serum electrophoretic components, total serum solids, serum protein-bound carbohydrate, and plasma volume were carried out. A loss of plasma volume occurred early in bedrest which produced an increase in total serum protein level. Despite continuing reduced plasma volume during bedrest, the elevated serum protein level returned toward its pre-bedrest concentration with stabilization of the levels of all electrophoretic components at values very near those present before bedrest. Serum viscosity changes paralleled total serum protein values. Increase in total serum solids was measured and found to be greater than the rise in total serum protein. The excess total serum solid was nondialyzable and had little effect on viscosity. Increase in protein-bound hexose and fucose level were observed during bedrest which persisted during early reambulation. The proportionate fucose increase was greater than hexose despite stability of the gamma globulin fraction with which the majority of serum protein-bound fucose is normally associated, but no change in fucose content of haptoglobin, alpha2-macroglobulin, or alpha1-acid glycoprotein was detected in two subjects on whom sufficient material was present to allow study.", "PMID": 1115708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4758", "title": "Changes in haptoglobin and other plasma proteins of rats during exposure to pure oxygen at 760 torr.", "content": "Changes in plasma haptoglobin, total protein, hematocrit, and hemoglobin content of blood were studied in rats at various times during a 7-d exposure to oxygen at 760 torr. Plasma haptoglobin and other plasma proteins were fractionated and quantitatively evaluated for a 3-d exposure period. Total protein and haptoglobin were depressed after 7 d of exposure. Significant changes were not noted before this time. With a 3-d exposure, for which plasma proteins were fractionated, fibrinogen showed a considerable increase whereas albumin, gamma globulins, and the beta 1 globulin fraction decreased significantly. Individual variations in albumin and haptoglobin were correlated inversely to the hematocrit. These variations indicate that the altered composition of the plasma protein is due, in part, to a variable loss of the various plasma protein fractions as a result of increased vascular permeability.", "contents": "Changes in haptoglobin and other plasma proteins of rats during exposure to pure oxygen at 760 torr. Changes in plasma haptoglobin, total protein, hematocrit, and hemoglobin content of blood were studied in rats at various times during a 7-d exposure to oxygen at 760 torr. Plasma haptoglobin and other plasma proteins were fractionated and quantitatively evaluated for a 3-d exposure period. Total protein and haptoglobin were depressed after 7 d of exposure. Significant changes were not noted before this time. With a 3-d exposure, for which plasma proteins were fractionated, fibrinogen showed a considerable increase whereas albumin, gamma globulins, and the beta 1 globulin fraction decreased significantly. Individual variations in albumin and haptoglobin were correlated inversely to the hematocrit. These variations indicate that the altered composition of the plasma protein is due, in part, to a variable loss of the various plasma protein fractions as a result of increased vascular permeability.", "PMID": 1115709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4759", "title": "Characteristics of the electrocardio-gram under physical and emotional stress in man.", "content": "The changes in the length of interval R-R and in heart rate are widely used for estimation of man's physical state. How-ever, this ECG index has several drawbacks including a relatively low sensitivity and non-specificity, unindirection of changes under different states: attention  and fatigue, physical and emotional stress, etc. Moreover, one and the same factor, e.g. emotional stress, can lead both to a decrease and an increase in the heart rate. Hence, it is necessary to find other more adquate ECG parameters, which would enhance the reliability and accuracy of assessment of man's state. The analysis of data found in literature and the results of our preliminary experiments have shown that the amplitude of the t-peak and duration of the R-T interval of ECG can be used as such parameters.", "contents": "Characteristics of the electrocardio-gram under physical and emotional stress in man. The changes in the length of interval R-R and in heart rate are widely used for estimation of man's physical state. How-ever, this ECG index has several drawbacks including a relatively low sensitivity and non-specificity, unindirection of changes under different states: attention  and fatigue, physical and emotional stress, etc. Moreover, one and the same factor, e.g. emotional stress, can lead both to a decrease and an increase in the heart rate. Hence, it is necessary to find other more adquate ECG parameters, which would enhance the reliability and accuracy of assessment of man's state. The analysis of data found in literature and the results of our preliminary experiments have shown that the amplitude of the t-peak and duration of the R-T interval of ECG can be used as such parameters.", "PMID": 1115710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4760", "title": "Glucose tolerance of lowlanders during prolonged stay at high altitude and among high altitude natives.", "content": "The fasting blood sugar level and glucose tolerance were investigated in seven amle lowlanders at sea level, during their stay at an altitude of 4,000 m at intervals of 2 weeks, 10, 15, 20, and 24 months and again on return to sea level during the first week and after 1 month. For  comparison, the glucose tolerance of six male Ladakhis (natives of high altitude area) was also determined at altitude. The fasting blood sugar among lowlanders increased to 136.0 plus or minus 4.39 mg per 100 ml during 10 months of stay at altitude followed with a gradual decrease to a value of 76.4 plus or minus 3.8 at the end of 24 months. On return to sea level, the blood glucose showed a tendency to increase. Ladakhis had a lower blood sugar level at altitude (86.4 plus or minus 7.28) as compared with lowlanders at sea level (92.6 plus or minus 2.29). The glucose tolerance curves of lowlanders ran paralell to each other at altitude and at sea level. However, the peak of the glucose tolerance curve shifted towards the left during the 20th and 24th months of stay at altitude and at sea level. However, the peak of the glucose tolerance curve shifted towards the left during the 20th and 24th months of stay at altitude and on return to sea level. The tolerance curve of Ladakhis was similar to that of lowlanders at altitude, but showed a sharper blood sugar decline rate.", "contents": "Glucose tolerance of lowlanders during prolonged stay at high altitude and among high altitude natives. The fasting blood sugar level and glucose tolerance were investigated in seven amle lowlanders at sea level, during their stay at an altitude of 4,000 m at intervals of 2 weeks, 10, 15, 20, and 24 months and again on return to sea level during the first week and after 1 month. For  comparison, the glucose tolerance of six male Ladakhis (natives of high altitude area) was also determined at altitude. The fasting blood sugar among lowlanders increased to 136.0 plus or minus 4.39 mg per 100 ml during 10 months of stay at altitude followed with a gradual decrease to a value of 76.4 plus or minus 3.8 at the end of 24 months. On return to sea level, the blood glucose showed a tendency to increase. Ladakhis had a lower blood sugar level at altitude (86.4 plus or minus 7.28) as compared with lowlanders at sea level (92.6 plus or minus 2.29). The glucose tolerance curves of lowlanders ran paralell to each other at altitude and at sea level. However, the peak of the glucose tolerance curve shifted towards the left during the 20th and 24th months of stay at altitude and at sea level. However, the peak of the glucose tolerance curve shifted towards the left during the 20th and 24th months of stay at altitude and on return to sea level. The tolerance curve of Ladakhis was similar to that of lowlanders at altitude, but showed a sharper blood sugar decline rate.", "PMID": 1115711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4761", "title": "Somatic-evoked brain responses as indicators of adaptation to nitrogen narcosis.", "content": "Two 2-week experimental pressure chamber exposures to nitrogen-oxygen breathing mixtures afforded an opportunity to study adaptation to nitrogen narcosis. Somatic-evoked brain responses induced by electrical stimulation of the median nerve in the wrist were processed on-line with a signal averager. The N1P2 interval was seen generally to be reduced in amplitude as a result of exposure to increased nitrogen partial pressure. Compressions with air were made from sea level and saturation to 200, 250 and 300 ft of sea water (fsw) equivalent (61, 76, and 91m). The decrement was found to be less, for equivalent exposures, in subjects who had been saturated at the pressure of 90 and 120 fsw (27 and 36 m); we interpret this as evidence of a nonspecific \"adaptation.\" Less adaptation was seen from 30 and 60 fsw (9 and 18 m). These results are consistent with performance tests on the same exposures, and with subjective impressions. Saturation with 3 0r 4 atm of nitrogen may permit somewhat deeper diving without serious narcosis, than is possible from sea level.", "contents": "Somatic-evoked brain responses as indicators of adaptation to nitrogen narcosis. Two 2-week experimental pressure chamber exposures to nitrogen-oxygen breathing mixtures afforded an opportunity to study adaptation to nitrogen narcosis. Somatic-evoked brain responses induced by electrical stimulation of the median nerve in the wrist were processed on-line with a signal averager. The N1P2 interval was seen generally to be reduced in amplitude as a result of exposure to increased nitrogen partial pressure. Compressions with air were made from sea level and saturation to 200, 250 and 300 ft of sea water (fsw) equivalent (61, 76, and 91m). The decrement was found to be less, for equivalent exposures, in subjects who had been saturated at the pressure of 90 and 120 fsw (27 and 36 m); we interpret this as evidence of a nonspecific \"adaptation.\" Less adaptation was seen from 30 and 60 fsw (9 and 18 m). These results are consistent with performance tests on the same exposures, and with subjective impressions. Saturation with 3 0r 4 atm of nitrogen may permit somewhat deeper diving without serious narcosis, than is possible from sea level.", "PMID": 1115712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4762", "title": "Determination of body fluid compartments by electrical impedance measurements.", "content": "?The ratio of the LF and HF impedances appears to be an excellent and simple tool for investigation of liquid specimens, either of the total human body, taking into consideration global impedances, or of a particular organ, taking into consideration local impedances. We have sketched out in this communication a study of the global impedance ratio variations with age, but a large number of studies still remain to be undertaken in those cases of severe denutrition, as in all cases of metabolic illnesses. We can state that, in most cases, not only does the ratio decrease but that there is extreme difficulty in reestablishing normal values. Whatever action is undertaken, it seems that the intracellular liquid compartment remains insufficient with respect to that of the extracellular liquid compartment. It is as if the water will not enter in the cells or as if it were no longer retained within the cells. Finally, with this concept of impedance ratios of Zlf/Zhf a promising experimental method has been found which will, perhaps, enable better infestigations in a field which has often been left to one side.", "contents": "Determination of body fluid compartments by electrical impedance measurements. ?The ratio of the LF and HF impedances appears to be an excellent and simple tool for investigation of liquid specimens, either of the total human body, taking into consideration global impedances, or of a particular organ, taking into consideration local impedances. We have sketched out in this communication a study of the global impedance ratio variations with age, but a large number of studies still remain to be undertaken in those cases of severe denutrition, as in all cases of metabolic illnesses. We can state that, in most cases, not only does the ratio decrease but that there is extreme difficulty in reestablishing normal values. Whatever action is undertaken, it seems that the intracellular liquid compartment remains insufficient with respect to that of the extracellular liquid compartment. It is as if the water will not enter in the cells or as if it were no longer retained within the cells. Finally, with this concept of impedance ratios of Zlf/Zhf a promising experimental method has been found which will, perhaps, enable better infestigations in a field which has often been left to one side.", "PMID": 1115713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4763", "title": "Investigation of electrical impedance variations of dog brain tissue during experimental metabolic disturbances.", "content": "Experiments were carried out on dogs using bielectrode probes having as adequate impedancemeter. The probe is introduced via a cranial opening into the grey matter. This gives the following: a low frequency reading which is related to the extra cellular fluid component; a high frequency reading which is related to the total overall liquids; and a proportionality ratio of these liquids in the explored volume. The impedance variations are functions of the nature and intessity of vascular disturbance. Variation of the low frequency impedance (5 kHz) is the most significant. The experimental prodedure consists of: 1) Abrupt and permanent circulatory arrest; 2) Circulatory reduction by haemorrhage followed by recovery (if necessary by means of blood transfusion); 3) Anoxia by CO inhalation, recovery affected by means of O2 inhalation; and 4) Hypoglycemic coma induced by intravenous injection of insulin. The changes in the biochemical state of the cerebral tissue give very large variations of the low frequency impedance. It is these variations which are to constitute the object of this communication.", "contents": "Investigation of electrical impedance variations of dog brain tissue during experimental metabolic disturbances. Experiments were carried out on dogs using bielectrode probes having as adequate impedancemeter. The probe is introduced via a cranial opening into the grey matter. This gives the following: a low frequency reading which is related to the extra cellular fluid component; a high frequency reading which is related to the total overall liquids; and a proportionality ratio of these liquids in the explored volume. The impedance variations are functions of the nature and intessity of vascular disturbance. Variation of the low frequency impedance (5 kHz) is the most significant. The experimental prodedure consists of: 1) Abrupt and permanent circulatory arrest; 2) Circulatory reduction by haemorrhage followed by recovery (if necessary by means of blood transfusion); 3) Anoxia by CO inhalation, recovery affected by means of O2 inhalation; and 4) Hypoglycemic coma induced by intravenous injection of insulin. The changes in the biochemical state of the cerebral tissue give very large variations of the low frequency impedance. It is these variations which are to constitute the object of this communication.", "PMID": 1115714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4764", "title": "Emesis in monkeys following exposure to ionizing radiation.", "content": "There were 129 male rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) exposed to prompt radiations (neutron/gamma = 0.4 and pulse width = 50 ms) ranging from 700 to 5600 rad (midhead dose). The animals were fasted 18 h preexposure and observed for incidence of vomiting for 2 h postexposure. For doses less than 1000 rads the number of animals that vomited increased directly with dose. Above 1000 rads, the number of animals that vomited decreased with increasing dose. The total number of vomits per dose group followed a nearly identical pattern to the incidence of emesis. In all dose groups, most of the emetic episodes occurred between 20 and 50 min postirradiation.", "contents": "Emesis in monkeys following exposure to ionizing radiation. There were 129 male rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) exposed to prompt radiations (neutron/gamma = 0.4 and pulse width = 50 ms) ranging from 700 to 5600 rad (midhead dose). The animals were fasted 18 h preexposure and observed for incidence of vomiting for 2 h postexposure. For doses less than 1000 rads the number of animals that vomited increased directly with dose. Above 1000 rads, the number of animals that vomited decreased with increasing dose. The total number of vomits per dose group followed a nearly identical pattern to the incidence of emesis. In all dose groups, most of the emetic episodes occurred between 20 and 50 min postirradiation.", "PMID": 1115715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4765", "title": "Human amino acid excretion patterns during and following prolonged multistressor tests.", "content": "As a feasibility study, two men were tested in a series of simulated flights which comprised a factorial experiment. Plysiologic data were collected during a 2-d baseline period, four 36-h experimental periods, and four recovery periods. The experimental conditions were as follows: a) uncomplicated simulated flight, b) flight complicated by extreme environmental dryness, c) flight complicated by mild hypoxia, and d) flight complicated by both dryness and -ypoxia. Throughout each flight the subjects alternately worked 2 h and rested 2 h, performing on psychomotor measuring devices during each work period. Five other men were studied under baseline conditions and during a 48-h simulated flight complicated by hypoxia. Urinary nitrogenous metabolites, including individual amino acids, were examined for sensitivity to the stressor complexes. Certain of the amino acids had high stressor sensitivity, tending to differentiate the effects of the single, double, and triple stressor complexes. They also differentiated the physiologic states in the experimental and recovery periods.", "contents": "Human amino acid excretion patterns during and following prolonged multistressor tests. As a feasibility study, two men were tested in a series of simulated flights which comprised a factorial experiment. Plysiologic data were collected during a 2-d baseline period, four 36-h experimental periods, and four recovery periods. The experimental conditions were as follows: a) uncomplicated simulated flight, b) flight complicated by extreme environmental dryness, c) flight complicated by mild hypoxia, and d) flight complicated by both dryness and -ypoxia. Throughout each flight the subjects alternately worked 2 h and rested 2 h, performing on psychomotor measuring devices during each work period. Five other men were studied under baseline conditions and during a 48-h simulated flight complicated by hypoxia. Urinary nitrogenous metabolites, including individual amino acids, were examined for sensitivity to the stressor complexes. Certain of the amino acids had high stressor sensitivity, tending to differentiate the effects of the single, double, and triple stressor complexes. They also differentiated the physiologic states in the experimental and recovery periods.", "PMID": 1115716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4766", "title": "Climatologic aspects of obesity and therapeutic semistarvation.", "content": "Multifactor stress was studied, using obese men subjected to long-term (49 d) semistarvation in either a temperate or a not climate. The study was wide in scope, fiving information on endocrine-metabolic effects of a) uncomplicated obesity, b) ovesity in combination with climatic heat, c) obesity plus semistarvation, and d) ovesity combined with semistarvation plus climatic heat. The test subjects--groups of 12 to 13 obese men--remained on a diet which provided 335-400 kcal/d and contained at least 45 g protein, 14 g carbohydrate, and 11 g fat. Overnight urine specimens collected at 7-d intervals were analyzed for epinephrine, norepinephrine, 17-OHCS, ketones, urea, uric acid, creatinine, inorganic phosphate, sodium, and potassium. There was transitory hyperketonuria which related inversely to environmental thermal levels. Most of the physiologic response patterns in the triple-stressor circumstance (obesity plus climatic heat plus semistarvation) were unlike those in the double-stressor situation (obesity plus semistarvation). Thus, there was evidence of compounding of stressor effects. Evidence of diminished sensitivity to heat appeared when obesity was lessened.", "contents": "Climatologic aspects of obesity and therapeutic semistarvation. Multifactor stress was studied, using obese men subjected to long-term (49 d) semistarvation in either a temperate or a not climate. The study was wide in scope, fiving information on endocrine-metabolic effects of a) uncomplicated obesity, b) ovesity in combination with climatic heat, c) obesity plus semistarvation, and d) ovesity combined with semistarvation plus climatic heat. The test subjects--groups of 12 to 13 obese men--remained on a diet which provided 335-400 kcal/d and contained at least 45 g protein, 14 g carbohydrate, and 11 g fat. Overnight urine specimens collected at 7-d intervals were analyzed for epinephrine, norepinephrine, 17-OHCS, ketones, urea, uric acid, creatinine, inorganic phosphate, sodium, and potassium. There was transitory hyperketonuria which related inversely to environmental thermal levels. Most of the physiologic response patterns in the triple-stressor circumstance (obesity plus climatic heat plus semistarvation) were unlike those in the double-stressor situation (obesity plus semistarvation). Thus, there was evidence of compounding of stressor effects. Evidence of diminished sensitivity to heat appeared when obesity was lessened.", "PMID": 1115717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4767", "title": "Personality aspects of involvement in pilot-error accidents.", "content": "The consistently high frequency of pilot-error accidents in both military and civilian aviation programs does much to support exploratory research which might help alleviate the problem. Cattell's Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16 PF), Mehrabian Achievement Scale, and a dynamic decision making task (under risk) were given to 51 Army aviators. Accident files were then examined in order to classify the aviators as to their prior pilot-error accident involvement. Stepwise discriminant analyses revealed that the decision-making task scores and the achievement scores were unrelated to the pilot error accident groupings while the 16 PF scores were able to correctly classify 86% of the aviators as to whether or not they had been previously listed as a cause factor in a military aviation accident.", "contents": "Personality aspects of involvement in pilot-error accidents. The consistently high frequency of pilot-error accidents in both military and civilian aviation programs does much to support exploratory research which might help alleviate the problem. Cattell's Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16 PF), Mehrabian Achievement Scale, and a dynamic decision making task (under risk) were given to 51 Army aviators. Accident files were then examined in order to classify the aviators as to their prior pilot-error accident involvement. Stepwise discriminant analyses revealed that the decision-making task scores and the achievement scores were unrelated to the pilot error accident groupings while the 16 PF scores were able to correctly classify 86% of the aviators as to whether or not they had been previously listed as a cause factor in a military aviation accident.", "PMID": 1115718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4768", "title": "Catecholamine and phagocytic responses in infected mice exposed to hyperbaric helium-oxygen atmospheres.", "content": "Exposure of mice to exotic gaseous environments (97% helium and 3% oxygen) maintained at 20% cand 8 ATA (100 psig) increased host susceptibility to aerosol infection with klebsiella pneumoniae. The animals became ill earlier than the controls and the respiratory LD50 for the hyperbaric mice was about 50% smaller than for controls under ambient conditions. Furthermore, hyperbaricity induced an acute depression in phagocytic activity and a marked elevation in the circulating levels of epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine.", "contents": "Catecholamine and phagocytic responses in infected mice exposed to hyperbaric helium-oxygen atmospheres. Exposure of mice to exotic gaseous environments (97% helium and 3% oxygen) maintained at 20% cand 8 ATA (100 psig) increased host susceptibility to aerosol infection with klebsiella pneumoniae. The animals became ill earlier than the controls and the respiratory LD50 for the hyperbaric mice was about 50% smaller than for controls under ambient conditions. Furthermore, hyperbaricity induced an acute depression in phagocytic activity and a marked elevation in the circulating levels of epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine.", "PMID": 1115719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4769", "title": "EEG criteria for flying fitness applied by the German air force institute of aviation medicine.", "content": "A re-evaluation of EEGs of more than 1,000 applicants for flying training is presented. All EEG abnormalities were reevaluated by three EEG specialists. Out of 1,630 EEG records, 5.4% were classified as abnormal and, of these, 24 were found to have a bearing on flying qualification. SW-variants and paroxysms were cause for elimination in any case. This study led to the adoption of the following policy: Any subject showing EEG abnormalities, possibly requiring a permanent elimination, will undergo a second EEG by another examiner. In cases with EEG anomalies, a followup EEG is done with a concurrent sensory-motor performance test. This is supplemented by an evaluation of collateral cerebral circulation, using uni-and bilateral compression of the vertebral and carotid arteries. In cases without noticeable performance deficiencies another EEG is done a year later in order to exclude a progression of the EEG anomalies.", "contents": "EEG criteria for flying fitness applied by the German air force institute of aviation medicine. A re-evaluation of EEGs of more than 1,000 applicants for flying training is presented. All EEG abnormalities were reevaluated by three EEG specialists. Out of 1,630 EEG records, 5.4% were classified as abnormal and, of these, 24 were found to have a bearing on flying qualification. SW-variants and paroxysms were cause for elimination in any case. This study led to the adoption of the following policy: Any subject showing EEG abnormalities, possibly requiring a permanent elimination, will undergo a second EEG by another examiner. In cases with EEG anomalies, a followup EEG is done with a concurrent sensory-motor performance test. This is supplemented by an evaluation of collateral cerebral circulation, using uni-and bilateral compression of the vertebral and carotid arteries. In cases without noticeable performance deficiencies another EEG is done a year later in order to exclude a progression of the EEG anomalies.", "PMID": 1115720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4770", "title": "Drug interactions: How to identify them.", "content": "Interactions between theraputic agents have been recognized as increasingly important causes of drug at their usual recommended dose may, under certain conditions, produce toxicity of life-endangering proportions. While the recognition of drug toxicity resulting from interactions is of importance to all physciains, it is especially so for the clinician responsible for the welfare of those in the aerospace environment. This paper attempts to provide a basis for the understanding and identifications of important drug interactions. Guidelines are provided to assist the clinician in his logical approach to the identification of drug interactions when serious drug toxicity is encountered in a pateint. Only with knowledge of the interaction can the therapeutic regimen be altered so as to provide therapeutic levels of necessary drugs while avoiding toxicity.", "contents": "Drug interactions: How to identify them. Interactions between theraputic agents have been recognized as increasingly important causes of drug at their usual recommended dose may, under certain conditions, produce toxicity of life-endangering proportions. While the recognition of drug toxicity resulting from interactions is of importance to all physciains, it is especially so for the clinician responsible for the welfare of those in the aerospace environment. This paper attempts to provide a basis for the understanding and identifications of important drug interactions. Guidelines are provided to assist the clinician in his logical approach to the identification of drug interactions when serious drug toxicity is encountered in a pateint. Only with knowledge of the interaction can the therapeutic regimen be altered so as to provide therapeutic levels of necessary drugs while avoiding toxicity.", "PMID": 1115721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4771", "title": "Pseudo-internuclear oculomotor ophthalmoplegia secondary to Guillain-Barr\u00e9 polyneuronitis simulating myasthenia gravis in a air transport pilot.", "content": "A 32-year old experienced co-pilot was grounded because of handicapping and disabling doulbe vision and was off-flight from October, 1969, until January, 1972. He presented with a bilateral external ophthalmoplegia with alternate extreme divergent strabismus, and polyneuronitis. The clinical picture was confused by features resembling either a polyneuronitis of the Guillain-Barr\u00e8 type, (confused by a false positive Tensilon test), myasthenia gravis, or a demyelinizing process. Because the prognosis for return to flight was so contradictory in these respective conditions, a long observative followup time was essential. The pilot recovered completely after 4 months. The long 2 year followup effectively ruled out the entity of myasthenia gravis as well as a progressive demyelinizing disease. The pilot was returned to full flight duties with no handicapping residuals. He has shown no evidence of recurrence to the date of this report (April, 1974). This case was reviewed and presented for its obvious aerospace implications.", "contents": "Pseudo-internuclear oculomotor ophthalmoplegia secondary to Guillain-Barr\u00e9 polyneuronitis simulating myasthenia gravis in a air transport pilot. A 32-year old experienced co-pilot was grounded because of handicapping and disabling doulbe vision and was off-flight from October, 1969, until January, 1972. He presented with a bilateral external ophthalmoplegia with alternate extreme divergent strabismus, and polyneuronitis. The clinical picture was confused by features resembling either a polyneuronitis of the Guillain-Barr\u00e8 type, (confused by a false positive Tensilon test), myasthenia gravis, or a demyelinizing process. Because the prognosis for return to flight was so contradictory in these respective conditions, a long observative followup time was essential. The pilot recovered completely after 4 months. The long 2 year followup effectively ruled out the entity of myasthenia gravis as well as a progressive demyelinizing disease. The pilot was returned to full flight duties with no handicapping residuals. He has shown no evidence of recurrence to the date of this report (April, 1974). This case was reviewed and presented for its obvious aerospace implications.", "PMID": 1115722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4772", "title": "Prejudice and dietary counseling.", "content": "Current medical practice requires us to be able to educate and alter an individual's approach to health maintenance. The objective is to prevent illness--not only to treat illness. This approach should result in keeping people out of hospitals and clinics. Diet should be thought of as a noun, not a verb. It is not synonymous with the corrective measures it supposedly sill insure, i.e., correct obesity, reduce hypertension, control blood lipid abnormalities. In keeping with this approach, USAF medical team members should be able to do dietary counseling. This paper will examine each of these topics, emphasizing dietary prejudice at the level of the counselor, the subject and his family, and the USAF medical team.", "contents": "Prejudice and dietary counseling. Current medical practice requires us to be able to educate and alter an individual's approach to health maintenance. The objective is to prevent illness--not only to treat illness. This approach should result in keeping people out of hospitals and clinics. Diet should be thought of as a noun, not a verb. It is not synonymous with the corrective measures it supposedly sill insure, i.e., correct obesity, reduce hypertension, control blood lipid abnormalities. In keeping with this approach, USAF medical team members should be able to do dietary counseling. This paper will examine each of these topics, emphasizing dietary prejudice at the level of the counselor, the subject and his family, and the USAF medical team.", "PMID": 1115723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4773", "title": "Efficiency of constant-flow oxygen masks for general aviation: a new method of mask evaluation.", "content": "Three commercially popular oxygen masks for general aviation were tested by measuring arterial blood gases at altitude and alveolar gases at ground level with a respiratory mass spectrometer. At 4,575 m (15,000 ft) and 3.65 1/min oxygen flow, calculated fractional inspired oxygen (F102) averaged 38.1% for the Hudson-type mask; 49.6% for the Scott Sky Mask; and 52.4% for the Scott Duo Seal Mask. At ground level, 1280 m (4,200 ft) 2.6 1/min oxygen flow, F102 calculated from alveolar gases averaged 41.5% plus or minus S.D. 5.3 for the Hudson Mask; 48.0% plus or minus 5.2 for the Scott Sky Mask; and 54.9% plus or minus S.D. 6.2 for the Scott Duo Seal Mask. The asymptomatic hyperventilation observed in all subjects at altitude degraded the performance of all three masks to a sufficient degree to offset the benefits of increased oxygen flow achieved through the regulator at higher altitudes. The respiratory mass spectrometer provides a new technique for analyzing efficiency of oxygen masks and the effect of changes in mask design.", "contents": "Efficiency of constant-flow oxygen masks for general aviation: a new method of mask evaluation. Three commercially popular oxygen masks for general aviation were tested by measuring arterial blood gases at altitude and alveolar gases at ground level with a respiratory mass spectrometer. At 4,575 m (15,000 ft) and 3.65 1/min oxygen flow, calculated fractional inspired oxygen (F102) averaged 38.1% for the Hudson-type mask; 49.6% for the Scott Sky Mask; and 52.4% for the Scott Duo Seal Mask. At ground level, 1280 m (4,200 ft) 2.6 1/min oxygen flow, F102 calculated from alveolar gases averaged 41.5% plus or minus S.D. 5.3 for the Hudson Mask; 48.0% plus or minus 5.2 for the Scott Sky Mask; and 54.9% plus or minus S.D. 6.2 for the Scott Duo Seal Mask. The asymptomatic hyperventilation observed in all subjects at altitude degraded the performance of all three masks to a sufficient degree to offset the benefits of increased oxygen flow achieved through the regulator at higher altitudes. The respiratory mass spectrometer provides a new technique for analyzing efficiency of oxygen masks and the effect of changes in mask design.", "PMID": 1115724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4774", "title": "Excitability of the cortex in normal and adrenalectomized rats during repeated exposures to high oxygen pressure.", "content": "The excitability of the cortex in adrenalectomized and normal adult male rats to High Oxygen Pressure (HOP) was studied 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12 and 22 d after bilateral adrenalectomy and implantation of cerebral electrodes. Continuous electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings were obtained until the appearance of the first paroxysmal electrical discharges, which was considered to be the first indicator of the toxic effects of hyperbaric oxygen. A statistically significant change in excitability of the cortex to oxygen toxicity from 2 to 22 d following adrenalectomy was shown. Comparison of the sensitivity of the normal and adrenalectomized rats to HOP 2 d after the operation showed significant resistance of adrenalectomized rats at this time. This resistance disappeared gradually, when compared with normal rats, and cortical susceptibility increased significantly 22 d after adrenalectomy. The possible disturbances responsible for the changes in excitability of the cortex to HOP in adrenalectomized rats are discussed.", "contents": "Excitability of the cortex in normal and adrenalectomized rats during repeated exposures to high oxygen pressure. The excitability of the cortex in adrenalectomized and normal adult male rats to High Oxygen Pressure (HOP) was studied 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12 and 22 d after bilateral adrenalectomy and implantation of cerebral electrodes. Continuous electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings were obtained until the appearance of the first paroxysmal electrical discharges, which was considered to be the first indicator of the toxic effects of hyperbaric oxygen. A statistically significant change in excitability of the cortex to oxygen toxicity from 2 to 22 d following adrenalectomy was shown. Comparison of the sensitivity of the normal and adrenalectomized rats to HOP 2 d after the operation showed significant resistance of adrenalectomized rats at this time. This resistance disappeared gradually, when compared with normal rats, and cortical susceptibility increased significantly 22 d after adrenalectomy. The possible disturbances responsible for the changes in excitability of the cortex to HOP in adrenalectomized rats are discussed.", "PMID": 1115725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4775", "title": "Relationship between saturation exposure pressure and subsequent decompression sickness in mice.", "content": "Despite the fact that the pressure reduction is acknowledged to be the single most cogent factor in producing decompression sickness, little has been done to define accurately the allowable limits beyond 2 ATA. This study provides some theoretical guidelines for future manned dives related to this problem. There were 324 albino mice used to define the relationship between saturation exposure pressure and the safe abrupt pressure reduction. The results from both the helium-oxygen and nitrogen-oxygen exposures support the idea of a linear, depth-dependent relationship between the saturation depth and the allowable pressure reduction. Support is presented for the use of a modified decompression ratio P1/P2 (P1 equals saturation pressure and P2 equals pressure following decompression) to account for the observed incidence of decompression sickness. An attempt is made, using the existing human data to relate this empirical relationship to the operational dive setting.", "contents": "Relationship between saturation exposure pressure and subsequent decompression sickness in mice. Despite the fact that the pressure reduction is acknowledged to be the single most cogent factor in producing decompression sickness, little has been done to define accurately the allowable limits beyond 2 ATA. This study provides some theoretical guidelines for future manned dives related to this problem. There were 324 albino mice used to define the relationship between saturation exposure pressure and the safe abrupt pressure reduction. The results from both the helium-oxygen and nitrogen-oxygen exposures support the idea of a linear, depth-dependent relationship between the saturation depth and the allowable pressure reduction. Support is presented for the use of a modified decompression ratio P1/P2 (P1 equals saturation pressure and P2 equals pressure following decompression) to account for the observed incidence of decompression sickness. An attempt is made, using the existing human data to relate this empirical relationship to the operational dive setting.", "PMID": 1115726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4776", "title": "Effects of long-term rotation and hypergravity on developing rat femurs.", "content": "Male and female Sprague-Dawley rats derived from a single mating were raised for three generations under constant centrifugation at 1.03 G (Rotation Controls) and at 2 G. When the third generation rats were 3 months old, they were sacrificed, and their femurs removed. After fixation and cleaning, the femurs were then measured for length and diameter. Then right femurs were sectioned longitudinally, left femurs transversely. After staining with Hematoxylin and Eosin, right femurs were examined for ossification patterns and left femurs were measured for cortical thickness. All rotation control rats showed marked stimulation of ossification in the femoral head, and males showed significant cortical thinning when compared to non-rotated earth gravity controls. All 2 G femurs showed decreased length and aspect (L/D) ratios, and increased cortical thickness/diameter ratios when compared to earth controls or rotation controls. Ossification of the femoral head was slightly advanced, while the distal epiphyseal plate was thinned.", "contents": "Effects of long-term rotation and hypergravity on developing rat femurs. Male and female Sprague-Dawley rats derived from a single mating were raised for three generations under constant centrifugation at 1.03 G (Rotation Controls) and at 2 G. When the third generation rats were 3 months old, they were sacrificed, and their femurs removed. After fixation and cleaning, the femurs were then measured for length and diameter. Then right femurs were sectioned longitudinally, left femurs transversely. After staining with Hematoxylin and Eosin, right femurs were examined for ossification patterns and left femurs were measured for cortical thickness. All rotation control rats showed marked stimulation of ossification in the femoral head, and males showed significant cortical thinning when compared to non-rotated earth gravity controls. All 2 G femurs showed decreased length and aspect (L/D) ratios, and increased cortical thickness/diameter ratios when compared to earth controls or rotation controls. Ossification of the femoral head was slightly advanced, while the distal epiphyseal plate was thinned.", "PMID": 1115727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4777", "title": "Effect of nitrogen narcosis on cortical and subcortical evoked responses in the cat.", "content": "Four cats were chronically implanted with gross, monopolar electrodes in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), pretectum-superior colliculus (P-SC), primary visual cortex (VI), and secondary visual cortex (VII). Following recovery and preliminary testing, the animals were dived in a dry hyperbaric chamber to the sea water equivalent of 103 m (i.e. 340 ft.) where visual evoked responses were recorded. No decrements in the amplitude of the visual evoked response were found at the LGN, but significant decreases did occur at the other three sites. These data suggested: 1) that the effects of nitrogen narcosis on the visual system are primarily central, and not simply peripheral in nature; 2) that these effects are not limited to the visual cortical mantle; and 3) that the narcosis apparently influences structures involving different anatomical levels of the brain which presumably mediate various types of visual processes. The findings were discussed as they relate to current ideas concerning the underlying neurological causes and behavioral effects of nitrogen narcosis.", "contents": "Effect of nitrogen narcosis on cortical and subcortical evoked responses in the cat. Four cats were chronically implanted with gross, monopolar electrodes in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), pretectum-superior colliculus (P-SC), primary visual cortex (VI), and secondary visual cortex (VII). Following recovery and preliminary testing, the animals were dived in a dry hyperbaric chamber to the sea water equivalent of 103 m (i.e. 340 ft.) where visual evoked responses were recorded. No decrements in the amplitude of the visual evoked response were found at the LGN, but significant decreases did occur at the other three sites. These data suggested: 1) that the effects of nitrogen narcosis on the visual system are primarily central, and not simply peripheral in nature; 2) that these effects are not limited to the visual cortical mantle; and 3) that the narcosis apparently influences structures involving different anatomical levels of the brain which presumably mediate various types of visual processes. The findings were discussed as they relate to current ideas concerning the underlying neurological causes and behavioral effects of nitrogen narcosis.", "PMID": 1115728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4778", "title": "Vertical vibration of seated subjects: effects of posture, vibration level, and frequency.", "content": "The transmissibility of 12 seated subjects to sinusoidal vertical vibration was measured at 12 frequencies in the range of 7 to 75 Hz. Transmissibility, the ratio of seat vibration to vertical head vibration measured on a bite-bar, was determined at each of six levels of vibration (0.2 to 4.0 m/s2 r.m.s.) in two body postures. The postures were defined by the body positions that maximised and minimised the sensation of vibration at the subjects' heads. Measurements of the fore-and-aft (ax), lateral (ay), and pitch motions of the head were measured on three subgroups. Posture was found to have a very large effect on the vibration of the head with an approximate 6:1 difference in the mean vertical head vibration of the subjects between the two postures in the range 35 to 50 Hz. In both postures the mean transmissibility of the subjects decreased as frequency increased from 7 to 75 Hz and there were statistically significant reductions in transmissibility with increasing levels of vibration. Some results from individuals are presented to illustrate the large differences between subjects. The reactions of the subjects to the vibration are outlined and some implications of the results are discussed.", "contents": "Vertical vibration of seated subjects: effects of posture, vibration level, and frequency. The transmissibility of 12 seated subjects to sinusoidal vertical vibration was measured at 12 frequencies in the range of 7 to 75 Hz. Transmissibility, the ratio of seat vibration to vertical head vibration measured on a bite-bar, was determined at each of six levels of vibration (0.2 to 4.0 m/s2 r.m.s.) in two body postures. The postures were defined by the body positions that maximised and minimised the sensation of vibration at the subjects' heads. Measurements of the fore-and-aft (ax), lateral (ay), and pitch motions of the head were measured on three subgroups. Posture was found to have a very large effect on the vibration of the head with an approximate 6:1 difference in the mean vertical head vibration of the subjects between the two postures in the range 35 to 50 Hz. In both postures the mean transmissibility of the subjects decreased as frequency increased from 7 to 75 Hz and there were statistically significant reductions in transmissibility with increasing levels of vibration. Some results from individuals are presented to illustrate the large differences between subjects. The reactions of the subjects to the vibration are outlined and some implications of the results are discussed.", "PMID": 1115729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4779", "title": "Electrical response of the eye at varying intervals following an adapting flash exposure.", "content": "Electroretinograms (ERG) were recorded at varying intervals following an adapting flash exposure. Both amplitude and latency variations are exhibited for short interflash intervals. The ERG following the longer interflash intervals are not significantly different from the dark-adapted ERG. The relationship between the electrophysiological and psychophysical data is discussed.", "contents": "Electrical response of the eye at varying intervals following an adapting flash exposure. Electroretinograms (ERG) were recorded at varying intervals following an adapting flash exposure. Both amplitude and latency variations are exhibited for short interflash intervals. The ERG following the longer interflash intervals are not significantly different from the dark-adapted ERG. The relationship between the electrophysiological and psychophysical data is discussed.", "PMID": 1115730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4780", "title": "Thermal fields and heat generation effects in tissue, awake and under halothane anesthesia.", "content": "In order to further document the heat generation terms used in models predicting heat transmission in tissue, a series of temperature fields were generated and measured in cat brain with an implantable cylindrical source and thermocouple apparatus. The experimental technique allowed measurements to be made under fully awake in vivo conditions as well as for 3 to 45% levels of halothane anesthesia. Fields resulting from probe forcing function temperatures of 4 degrees C, 18 degrees C, and 28 degrees C were warmer in the anesthetized tissue indicating an increase in heat generation resulting from blood flow and metabolic heat. Values of the heat generation were obtained by applying the Bio-Heat Equation directly to the experimental data. A simple blood flow heat generation model gave a reasonable prediction of the heat generation in a temperature range lower than 3 to 4 degrees C below the inlet blood temperature, and with a Q10 equals 3 variation of blood flow rate with temperature. Results also indicate that the heat generation effect under halothane anesthesia conditions are such that the use of the apparent property concept in thermal modeling may not be valid.", "contents": "Thermal fields and heat generation effects in tissue, awake and under halothane anesthesia. In order to further document the heat generation terms used in models predicting heat transmission in tissue, a series of temperature fields were generated and measured in cat brain with an implantable cylindrical source and thermocouple apparatus. The experimental technique allowed measurements to be made under fully awake in vivo conditions as well as for 3 to 45% levels of halothane anesthesia. Fields resulting from probe forcing function temperatures of 4 degrees C, 18 degrees C, and 28 degrees C were warmer in the anesthetized tissue indicating an increase in heat generation resulting from blood flow and metabolic heat. Values of the heat generation were obtained by applying the Bio-Heat Equation directly to the experimental data. A simple blood flow heat generation model gave a reasonable prediction of the heat generation in a temperature range lower than 3 to 4 degrees C below the inlet blood temperature, and with a Q10 equals 3 variation of blood flow rate with temperature. Results also indicate that the heat generation effect under halothane anesthesia conditions are such that the use of the apparent property concept in thermal modeling may not be valid.", "PMID": 1115732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4781", "title": "Oxygen cost during exercise in simulated subgravity environments.", "content": "Oxygen cost (VO2) and heart rate (HR) were determined during treadmill walking in simulated subgravity environments. The long axis of the subject's body was suspended parallel to the floor in a slow rotation room with feet aligned on the surface of a treadmill mounted 90 degrees on the wall. Without rotation, the subjects were virtually weightless against the treadmill; with centrifugation, environments of 0.25, 0.5 and 1 G were simulated. VO2 (open circuit) and HR (ECG) were measured during the 5th minute of walking at 3.2, 4.7 and 6.1 km/h. Similar measurements were also determined during walking at 1/2-G using the inclined plane technique. VO2 per unit mass and HR were significantly reduced in all subgravity environments. However, net VO2 per unit weight carried and, therefore, mechanical efficiency was found to be independent of gravity. This supports the idea that the most probable cause for the decreased O2 cost with reduced gravity is less body weight carried.", "contents": "Oxygen cost during exercise in simulated subgravity environments. Oxygen cost (VO2) and heart rate (HR) were determined during treadmill walking in simulated subgravity environments. The long axis of the subject's body was suspended parallel to the floor in a slow rotation room with feet aligned on the surface of a treadmill mounted 90 degrees on the wall. Without rotation, the subjects were virtually weightless against the treadmill; with centrifugation, environments of 0.25, 0.5 and 1 G were simulated. VO2 (open circuit) and HR (ECG) were measured during the 5th minute of walking at 3.2, 4.7 and 6.1 km/h. Similar measurements were also determined during walking at 1/2-G using the inclined plane technique. VO2 per unit mass and HR were significantly reduced in all subgravity environments. However, net VO2 per unit weight carried and, therefore, mechanical efficiency was found to be independent of gravity. This supports the idea that the most probable cause for the decreased O2 cost with reduced gravity is less body weight carried.", "PMID": 1115733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4782", "title": "Comparisons of pilot performance in simulated and actual flight.", "content": "Five highly experienced professional pilots performed instrument landing system approaches under simulated instrument flight conditions in a Cessna 172 airplane and in a Link-Singer GAT-1 simulator while under the influence of orally administered secobarbital (0, 100, and 200 mg). Tracking performance in two axes and airspeed control were evaluated continuously during each approach. The data from the airplane and simulator were compared. Error and RMS variability were about half as large in the simulator as in the airplane. The observed data were more strongly associated with the drug level in the simulator than in the airplane. Further, the drug-related effects were more consistent in the simulator. Improvement in performance suggestive of learning effects were seen in the simulator, but not in actual flight. It is concluded that the GAT-1 simulator is a useful and sensitive device for studies of the effects of mild stress on pilot performance, but extrapolation of simulator data to the flight environment must be approached with considerable caution.", "contents": "Comparisons of pilot performance in simulated and actual flight. Five highly experienced professional pilots performed instrument landing system approaches under simulated instrument flight conditions in a Cessna 172 airplane and in a Link-Singer GAT-1 simulator while under the influence of orally administered secobarbital (0, 100, and 200 mg). Tracking performance in two axes and airspeed control were evaluated continuously during each approach. The data from the airplane and simulator were compared. Error and RMS variability were about half as large in the simulator as in the airplane. The observed data were more strongly associated with the drug level in the simulator than in the airplane. Further, the drug-related effects were more consistent in the simulator. Improvement in performance suggestive of learning effects were seen in the simulator, but not in actual flight. It is concluded that the GAT-1 simulator is a useful and sensitive device for studies of the effects of mild stress on pilot performance, but extrapolation of simulator data to the flight environment must be approached with considerable caution.", "PMID": 1115734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4783", "title": "Personality factors in selection and flight proficiency.", "content": "Personality development is a dynamic process involving life forces, instinct drives, growth processes, life stresses, reactions to significant persons, both in and out of the family, and reactions to the environment in general, along with the mastery of methods and techniques for coping in solving problems and in providing for the satisfaction of one's needs. The love and fear of flying and the motivation and conflicts in flying involve many personality factors which deserve careful evaluation in selection of pilot and other flight personnel. These personality factors, variations, and traits also require close surveillance of pilot personnel by flight surgeons, aviation medical and operational personnel in predicting and preventing potential breakdown or difficulties and, more importantly, in the interest of maintaining optimum personnel effectiveness, proficiency, and safety in aviation.", "contents": "Personality factors in selection and flight proficiency. Personality development is a dynamic process involving life forces, instinct drives, growth processes, life stresses, reactions to significant persons, both in and out of the family, and reactions to the environment in general, along with the mastery of methods and techniques for coping in solving problems and in providing for the satisfaction of one's needs. The love and fear of flying and the motivation and conflicts in flying involve many personality factors which deserve careful evaluation in selection of pilot and other flight personnel. These personality factors, variations, and traits also require close surveillance of pilot personnel by flight surgeons, aviation medical and operational personnel in predicting and preventing potential breakdown or difficulties and, more importantly, in the interest of maintaining optimum personnel effectiveness, proficiency, and safety in aviation.", "PMID": 1115735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4784", "title": "Incident of pain with undetermined etiology in hypobaric chamber operations.", "content": "On a routine, low-pressure chamber training flight to 25,000 ft (7,620.0 m/282.4 mm Hg), a subject experienced moderate to severe pain in the right hip while descending through an altitude of 9,500 ft (2,895.6 m/532.9 mm Hg). Standard operating procedures for dealing with such reactions were initiated resulting in the diminishing of symptoms as the chamber was reascended to an altitude of 12,000 ft (3,657.6 m/483.4 mm Hg). The symptoms reappeared upon descent through 7,500 ft (2286.0 m/575.6 mm Hg). After three relief attempts, descent was commenced at a rate of 1,000 ft/min (304.8 m/min), and the subject was asymptomatic at sea level. A subsequent reevaluation flight was scheduled for the following day and produced similar results. Medical evaluation produced no data that could be used to determine the etiology of this reaction that took place under hypobaric conditions.", "contents": "Incident of pain with undetermined etiology in hypobaric chamber operations. On a routine, low-pressure chamber training flight to 25,000 ft (7,620.0 m/282.4 mm Hg), a subject experienced moderate to severe pain in the right hip while descending through an altitude of 9,500 ft (2,895.6 m/532.9 mm Hg). Standard operating procedures for dealing with such reactions were initiated resulting in the diminishing of symptoms as the chamber was reascended to an altitude of 12,000 ft (3,657.6 m/483.4 mm Hg). The symptoms reappeared upon descent through 7,500 ft (2286.0 m/575.6 mm Hg). After three relief attempts, descent was commenced at a rate of 1,000 ft/min (304.8 m/min), and the subject was asymptomatic at sea level. A subsequent reevaluation flight was scheduled for the following day and produced similar results. Medical evaluation produced no data that could be used to determine the etiology of this reaction that took place under hypobaric conditions.", "PMID": 1115736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4785", "title": "Human factors in air force aircraft accidents.", "content": "Advances have been made in the design and reliability of Air Force aircraft; however, there continues to be materiel failure accidents. The design of man has not changed, although training programs have been improved to reduce accidents caused by human error. This study was conducted to determine the human factors causation of aircraft accidents. A review of 545 aircraft accidents revealed that over 50% were caused by human error. These errors involved supervision, limited experience, and errors in judgment. Since materiel factors in accidents have remained relatively constant, more emphasis must be placed on training and selection of our aircrews and supervisors.", "contents": "Human factors in air force aircraft accidents. Advances have been made in the design and reliability of Air Force aircraft; however, there continues to be materiel failure accidents. The design of man has not changed, although training programs have been improved to reduce accidents caused by human error. This study was conducted to determine the human factors causation of aircraft accidents. A review of 545 aircraft accidents revealed that over 50% were caused by human error. These errors involved supervision, limited experience, and errors in judgment. Since materiel factors in accidents have remained relatively constant, more emphasis must be placed on training and selection of our aircrews and supervisors.", "PMID": 1115737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4786", "title": "Preliminary results of examinations of rats after a 22-day flight aboard the Cosmos-605 biosatellite.", "content": "The results of biomedical investigations carried out in flights of the Salyut and Skylab orbital stations give evidence that during prolonged weightlessness cosmonauts and astronauts remain in a good physical and mental condition. They fill specialists with optimism in regards to a further increase of the duration of manned space flights. In order to make reliable plans for such missions, it is necessary to accumulate detailed knowledge about the mechanism of the effect of weightlessness on different functions of the human body. In addition to manned experiments, of great interest are animal experiments. They may yield data that cannot be obtained in human studies, which is obviously very important from the point of view of space medicine. This was the purpose of the experiment carried out in November 1973 on the biosatellite Cosmos-605; 45 rats aboard the biosatellite flew for 22 d. Preliminary results of examinations of rats after a 22-d space flight in the Cosmos-605 satellite demonstrated not only physiological and biochemical but also morphological changes in the animal body due to prolonged weightlessness. These changes were reversible.", "contents": "Preliminary results of examinations of rats after a 22-day flight aboard the Cosmos-605 biosatellite. The results of biomedical investigations carried out in flights of the Salyut and Skylab orbital stations give evidence that during prolonged weightlessness cosmonauts and astronauts remain in a good physical and mental condition. They fill specialists with optimism in regards to a further increase of the duration of manned space flights. In order to make reliable plans for such missions, it is necessary to accumulate detailed knowledge about the mechanism of the effect of weightlessness on different functions of the human body. In addition to manned experiments, of great interest are animal experiments. They may yield data that cannot be obtained in human studies, which is obviously very important from the point of view of space medicine. This was the purpose of the experiment carried out in November 1973 on the biosatellite Cosmos-605; 45 rats aboard the biosatellite flew for 22 d. Preliminary results of examinations of rats after a 22-d space flight in the Cosmos-605 satellite demonstrated not only physiological and biochemical but also morphological changes in the animal body due to prolonged weightlessness. These changes were reversible.", "PMID": 1115738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4787", "title": "Independence of inherited susceptibility to spontaneous and printed audiogenic seizures in mice.", "content": "The familial distribution of spontaneous and primed audiogenic seizures is independent in Binghamton HET mice. Spontaneous susceptibility may be attributable to homozygosity for asp (Collins and Fuller). A strong genetic influence on sensitivity to priming is also indicated.", "contents": "Independence of inherited susceptibility to spontaneous and printed audiogenic seizures in mice. The familial distribution of spontaneous and primed audiogenic seizures is independent in Binghamton HET mice. Spontaneous susceptibility may be attributable to homozygosity for asp (Collins and Fuller). A strong genetic influence on sensitivity to priming is also indicated.", "PMID": 1115739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4788", "title": "Long-term maintenance therapy with azathioprine in systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "One hundred ten patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) were classified into two groups, patients with central nervous system (CNS) or severe renal disease (usually associated with a poor prognosis) and patients without these manifestations, to define criteria for azathioprine therapy. Fifty-four of 68 patients with a poor prognosis received azathioprine. Azathioprine-treated patients showed improved long-term survival (72% vs 29%, P less than .005) and fewer hospitalizations (0.24/patient-years vs 0.89/patient-years, P less than .001). Azathioprine therapy in 19 of 42 patients with a good prognosis was associated with fewer hospitalizations (.02/patient-years vs .17/patient-years, P less than .05), but no decrease in maintenace prednisone requirement. Progression from a good to a poor prognosis was less frequent (1 of 20 vs 11 of 34, P = less than .05) among azathioprine-treated patients. Toxicity of azathioprine was minimal. Azathioprine therapy is indicated in patients with CNS or severe renal disease, and in patients whose prognosis was good with frequent hospitalizations or a maintenance prednisone requirement greater than 15 mg/day.", "contents": "Long-term maintenance therapy with azathioprine in systemic lupus erythematosus. One hundred ten patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) were classified into two groups, patients with central nervous system (CNS) or severe renal disease (usually associated with a poor prognosis) and patients without these manifestations, to define criteria for azathioprine therapy. Fifty-four of 68 patients with a poor prognosis received azathioprine. Azathioprine-treated patients showed improved long-term survival (72% vs 29%, P less than .005) and fewer hospitalizations (0.24/patient-years vs 0.89/patient-years, P less than .001). Azathioprine therapy in 19 of 42 patients with a good prognosis was associated with fewer hospitalizations (.02/patient-years vs .17/patient-years, P less than .05), but no decrease in maintenace prednisone requirement. Progression from a good to a poor prognosis was less frequent (1 of 20 vs 11 of 34, P = less than .05) among azathioprine-treated patients. Toxicity of azathioprine was minimal. Azathioprine therapy is indicated in patients with CNS or severe renal disease, and in patients whose prognosis was good with frequent hospitalizations or a maintenance prednisone requirement greater than 15 mg/day.", "PMID": 1115745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4789", "title": "Dipeptidase activity in the small intestinal mucosa during pregnancy and lactation in the rat.", "content": "1. Rats were mated and at weekly intervals during pregnancy and lactation, and after weaning, the dipeptidase activity in the supernatant fraction from small intestinal mucosa extracts was determined for two dipeptides: glycyl-L-leucine dipeptidase (EC 3.4.3.2) AND L-alanyl-L-glutamic acid dipeptidase. 2. Dipeptidase activity is found mainly in the soluble (spernantant) fraction of the mucosa homogenate. 3. Compared with those values obtained for unmated controls, the food consumption of the animals and the nitrogen content, total and specific activities of the dipeptidases (per unit quantity of N) in the soluble fraction of the small intestinal mucosa extracts increased slightly during pregnancy and markedly during lactation. After the pups were weaned, values for all these measurements fell rapidly. 4. Whether the increases found in enzyme activity were simply a response to increased food intake or were the result of hormonal stimulus is discussed.", "contents": "Dipeptidase activity in the small intestinal mucosa during pregnancy and lactation in the rat. 1. Rats were mated and at weekly intervals during pregnancy and lactation, and after weaning, the dipeptidase activity in the supernatant fraction from small intestinal mucosa extracts was determined for two dipeptides: glycyl-L-leucine dipeptidase (EC 3.4.3.2) AND L-alanyl-L-glutamic acid dipeptidase. 2. Dipeptidase activity is found mainly in the soluble (spernantant) fraction of the mucosa homogenate. 3. Compared with those values obtained for unmated controls, the food consumption of the animals and the nitrogen content, total and specific activities of the dipeptidases (per unit quantity of N) in the soluble fraction of the small intestinal mucosa extracts increased slightly during pregnancy and markedly during lactation. After the pups were weaned, values for all these measurements fell rapidly. 4. Whether the increases found in enzyme activity were simply a response to increased food intake or were the result of hormonal stimulus is discussed.", "PMID": 1115750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4790", "title": "The arthritis of Sweet's syndrome.", "content": "A detailed evaluation of the articular manifestations of Sweet's syndrome is described in a 24-year-old man. Fever, mild leukocytosis, tender cutaneous erythematous plaques or nodules with neutrophilic infiltration were accompanied by multiple painful, swollen joints. A knee effusion contained 1,575 leukocytes with many large phagocytic cells. Since it may include significant articular disease, rheumatologists should be aware that this syndrome does exist.", "contents": "The arthritis of Sweet's syndrome. A detailed evaluation of the articular manifestations of Sweet's syndrome is described in a 24-year-old man. Fever, mild leukocytosis, tender cutaneous erythematous plaques or nodules with neutrophilic infiltration were accompanied by multiple painful, swollen joints. A knee effusion contained 1,575 leukocytes with many large phagocytic cells. Since it may include significant articular disease, rheumatologists should be aware that this syndrome does exist.", "PMID": 1115746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4791", "title": "Chondrocalcinosis in elderly persons.", "content": "Fifty-eight elderly people were surveyed for chondrocalcinosis with knee, hip and pelvic roentgenograms using Type M industrial x-ray film. Chondrocalcinosis was found in 16 subjects (27.6%), an incidence greater than reported in previous studies. Roentgenograms of the knees alone showed the presence of chondrocalcinosis in 15 subjects. Varus deformity of the knees, increased wrist complaints and wrist involvement with clinical arthritis were significantly more common in subjects with chondrocalcinosis. Symptoms associated with acute inflammatory arthritis were not more common in people with chondrocalcinosis.", "contents": "Chondrocalcinosis in elderly persons. Fifty-eight elderly people were surveyed for chondrocalcinosis with knee, hip and pelvic roentgenograms using Type M industrial x-ray film. Chondrocalcinosis was found in 16 subjects (27.6%), an incidence greater than reported in previous studies. Roentgenograms of the knees alone showed the presence of chondrocalcinosis in 15 subjects. Varus deformity of the knees, increased wrist complaints and wrist involvement with clinical arthritis were significantly more common in subjects with chondrocalcinosis. Symptoms associated with acute inflammatory arthritis were not more common in people with chondrocalcinosis.", "PMID": 1115747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4792", "title": "The effect of pregnancy and lactation on food intake, gastrointestinal anatomy and the absorptive capacity of the small intestine in the albino rat.", "content": "1. Food consumption, live weight, anatomical measurements on the gut organs and the absorptive capacity of the small intestine for L-leucine and D(plus)-glucose were made on virgin (control), pregnant and lactating albino rats. 2. Food intake increased by approximately 60% during pregnancy and a further 250% during lactation. 3. Pregnancy did not markedly influence the gross anatomy of the gastrointestinal tract. There was evidence for increased villus height and percentage water in the small intestine and for increased length of the colon during pregnancy. 4. During lactation, the alimentary canal progressively increased in weight and size. It partially regressed following weaning. 5. All anatomical measurements, except the length of the small intestine, completely regressed to control values within 20 d of weaning. The increased intestinal length had not completely regressed by day 30 post-weaning. 6. No significant change was observed in absolute absorption of glucose or leucine during pregnancy. 7. Absolute absorption of leucine and of glucose was increased during lactation. Greatest absorption occurred on the 10th day of lactation. 8. Results for absorption of leucine and glucose per unit length indicated that the ability of the mucosal cells to absorb or the number of absorptive cells/mm had changed during lactation and the post-lactation periods.", "contents": "The effect of pregnancy and lactation on food intake, gastrointestinal anatomy and the absorptive capacity of the small intestine in the albino rat. 1. Food consumption, live weight, anatomical measurements on the gut organs and the absorptive capacity of the small intestine for L-leucine and D(plus)-glucose were made on virgin (control), pregnant and lactating albino rats. 2. Food intake increased by approximately 60% during pregnancy and a further 250% during lactation. 3. Pregnancy did not markedly influence the gross anatomy of the gastrointestinal tract. There was evidence for increased villus height and percentage water in the small intestine and for increased length of the colon during pregnancy. 4. During lactation, the alimentary canal progressively increased in weight and size. It partially regressed following weaning. 5. All anatomical measurements, except the length of the small intestine, completely regressed to control values within 20 d of weaning. The increased intestinal length had not completely regressed by day 30 post-weaning. 6. No significant change was observed in absolute absorption of glucose or leucine during pregnancy. 7. Absolute absorption of leucine and of glucose was increased during lactation. Greatest absorption occurred on the 10th day of lactation. 8. Results for absorption of leucine and glucose per unit length indicated that the ability of the mucosal cells to absorb or the number of absorptive cells/mm had changed during lactation and the post-lactation periods.", "PMID": 1115751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4793", "title": "Seasonal and nutritional effects on serum proteins and urea concentration in the reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus L.).", "content": "1. The effects of seasonal conditions and nutrition on serum proteins and serum urea concentrations were studied in female reindeer and reindeer calves in Finland. With the exception of one group in winter, the reindeer were roaming wild in the forests. This one group was kept in captivity, out of doors, on a comparatively high nutritional plane. One group lived wild during the winter in very poor nutritional conditions. 2. A very clear seasonal variation in the serum protein and urea concentration was found. The serum protein concentration was low in late winter and increased rapidly during the summer, being high in the autumn. The serum urea concentration was also low in the winter and high in the summer. In the autumn, however, the serum urea concentration was again low. 3. Changes in the serum protein concentration were normally associated with the serum globulins. Only in the very poor-nutrition group did the albumin content decrease significantly. As a result of the large changes in the concentration of serum globulins, there were also considerable changes in the albumin: globulin ratio. 4. The serum protein concentration was much lower in the reindeer calves than in the adult reindeer. The concentration of globulins in particular was much lower than in the adults.", "contents": "Seasonal and nutritional effects on serum proteins and urea concentration in the reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus L.). 1. The effects of seasonal conditions and nutrition on serum proteins and serum urea concentrations were studied in female reindeer and reindeer calves in Finland. With the exception of one group in winter, the reindeer were roaming wild in the forests. This one group was kept in captivity, out of doors, on a comparatively high nutritional plane. One group lived wild during the winter in very poor nutritional conditions. 2. A very clear seasonal variation in the serum protein and urea concentration was found. The serum protein concentration was low in late winter and increased rapidly during the summer, being high in the autumn. The serum urea concentration was also low in the winter and high in the summer. In the autumn, however, the serum urea concentration was again low. 3. Changes in the serum protein concentration were normally associated with the serum globulins. Only in the very poor-nutrition group did the albumin content decrease significantly. As a result of the large changes in the concentration of serum globulins, there were also considerable changes in the albumin: globulin ratio. 4. The serum protein concentration was much lower in the reindeer calves than in the adult reindeer. The concentration of globulins in particular was much lower than in the adults.", "PMID": 1115752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4794", "title": "Treatment of septic arthritis: comparison of needle aspiration and surgery as initial modes of joint drainage.", "content": "Surgery and needle aspiraton have been evaluated as initial modes of drainage in 59 patients with acute septic arthritis. Full recovery was noted in 42% treated surgically at the outset. On the other hand, 67% of those treated by needle aspiration recovered without sequelae, despite the greater prevalence in this group of adverse host factor-eg, serious underlying illness, concommitant extraarticular infection, prior arthritis in the infected joint, and recent antibiotic or immunosuppressive therapy.", "contents": "Treatment of septic arthritis: comparison of needle aspiration and surgery as initial modes of joint drainage. Surgery and needle aspiraton have been evaluated as initial modes of drainage in 59 patients with acute septic arthritis. Full recovery was noted in 42% treated surgically at the outset. On the other hand, 67% of those treated by needle aspiration recovered without sequelae, despite the greater prevalence in this group of adverse host factor-eg, serious underlying illness, concommitant extraarticular infection, prior arthritis in the infected joint, and recent antibiotic or immunosuppressive therapy.", "PMID": 1115748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4795", "title": "Therapeutic studies in NZB/W mice. III. Relationship between renal status and efficacy of immunosuppressive drug therapy.", "content": "Female NZB/W mice develop a disease closely resembling human systemic lupus and serve as an animal model for therapeutic studies. Several previous studies have demonstrated the efficacy of different immunosuppressive drug regimens in the therapy of glomerulonephritis in NZB/W mice. After the onset of immune complex deposition, treatment with intermittent high doses of cyclophosphamide or daily low doses of the combination of cyclophosphamide, azathioprine, and methylprednisolone has been effective. The present study was designed to compare such effective regimens in mice early in the course of their renal disease versus mice late in the course of glomerulonephritis. One to three injections of high-dose cyclophosphamide during active immune complex deposition and early histologic changes were significantly effective in prolonging survival, whereas treatment late in the course of glomerulonephritis was less effective. Even more striking was the result of low-dose combination therapy. Daily treatment with cyclophosphamide, azathiprine, and methylprednisolone (C + A + M) effectively prolonged survival when started in mice 5 months old, but was of no benefit when started in those 8 months of age. In a concluding experiment, older mice were selected on the basis of degree of renal disease and studied with regard to proteinuria and survival. Those with mild renal disease responded to daily treatment for 6 months with C + A + M at 1 mg/kg of each drug, whereas those with advanced renal disease at the onset of therapy did not benefit.", "contents": "Therapeutic studies in NZB/W mice. III. Relationship between renal status and efficacy of immunosuppressive drug therapy. Female NZB/W mice develop a disease closely resembling human systemic lupus and serve as an animal model for therapeutic studies. Several previous studies have demonstrated the efficacy of different immunosuppressive drug regimens in the therapy of glomerulonephritis in NZB/W mice. After the onset of immune complex deposition, treatment with intermittent high doses of cyclophosphamide or daily low doses of the combination of cyclophosphamide, azathioprine, and methylprednisolone has been effective. The present study was designed to compare such effective regimens in mice early in the course of their renal disease versus mice late in the course of glomerulonephritis. One to three injections of high-dose cyclophosphamide during active immune complex deposition and early histologic changes were significantly effective in prolonging survival, whereas treatment late in the course of glomerulonephritis was less effective. Even more striking was the result of low-dose combination therapy. Daily treatment with cyclophosphamide, azathiprine, and methylprednisolone (C + A + M) effectively prolonged survival when started in mice 5 months old, but was of no benefit when started in those 8 months of age. In a concluding experiment, older mice were selected on the basis of degree of renal disease and studied with regard to proteinuria and survival. Those with mild renal disease responded to daily treatment for 6 months with C + A + M at 1 mg/kg of each drug, whereas those with advanced renal disease at the onset of therapy did not benefit.", "PMID": 1115749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4796", "title": "The effect of retinol and retinoic acid on physiological and biochemical changes in retinol-deficient rats.", "content": "1. The effects of retinol and retinoic acid supplementation of retinol-deficient rats were studied for a variety of metabolic processes shown to be affected by retinol-deficiency. 2. Retinol-deficient rats were found to have decreased body-weight, liver and testes weights, a degeneration of testicular germinal cells, an increased incorporation of labelled choline into liver and testes phospholipids, an increased protein synthetic activity (in vitro) of liver ribosomes, an increased transfer-RNA methyltransferase activity in liver and a decreased activity in testes, an increased DNA content of testicular nuclei, and a decreased uptake of [3-H]thymidine by testicular nuclear DNA. 3. In retinol-deficient rats supplemented for 8 weeks with retinol these changes were reversed, measurements returning to control levels. 4. In retinol-deficient rats supplemented for 8 weeks with retinoic acid all changes were reversed except those in the testes. 5. Testicular signs of retinol deficiency appeared to be delayed when retinoic acid was added to the retinol-deficient diet of weanling rats. This suggests a sparing action of retinoic acid on the rat's utilization of retinol. 6. Suggestions are offered as to why retinoic acid will support growth and development but not spermatogenesis in the rat.", "contents": "The effect of retinol and retinoic acid on physiological and biochemical changes in retinol-deficient rats. 1. The effects of retinol and retinoic acid supplementation of retinol-deficient rats were studied for a variety of metabolic processes shown to be affected by retinol-deficiency. 2. Retinol-deficient rats were found to have decreased body-weight, liver and testes weights, a degeneration of testicular germinal cells, an increased incorporation of labelled choline into liver and testes phospholipids, an increased protein synthetic activity (in vitro) of liver ribosomes, an increased transfer-RNA methyltransferase activity in liver and a decreased activity in testes, an increased DNA content of testicular nuclei, and a decreased uptake of [3-H]thymidine by testicular nuclear DNA. 3. In retinol-deficient rats supplemented for 8 weeks with retinol these changes were reversed, measurements returning to control levels. 4. In retinol-deficient rats supplemented for 8 weeks with retinoic acid all changes were reversed except those in the testes. 5. Testicular signs of retinol deficiency appeared to be delayed when retinoic acid was added to the retinol-deficient diet of weanling rats. This suggests a sparing action of retinoic acid on the rat's utilization of retinol. 6. Suggestions are offered as to why retinoic acid will support growth and development but not spermatogenesis in the rat.", "PMID": 1115753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4797", "title": "Jejunal absorption of an amino acid mixture simulating casein and an enzymic hydrolysate of casein prepared for oral administration to normal adults.", "content": "1. An intestinal perfusion technique was used in six normal human subjects to study absorption of sixteen individual amino acids from an amino acid mixture simulating casein and from an enzymic hydrolysate of casein, prepared for oral administration to these subjects, which consisted of a mixture of oligopeptides and free amino acids. 2. Total absorption of alpha-amino nitrogen was greater from the casein hydrolysate than from the amino acid mixture, and the considerable variation in percentage absorption of individual amino acids from the amino acid mixture was much reduced when the enzymic hydrolysate solution was perfused, as a number of amino acids which were poorly absorbed from the amino acid mixture were absorbed to a greater extent from the casein hydrolysate. 3. These findings indicate that after extensive intestinal resections or in malabsorption there might be significant nutritional advantages in the administration of protein hydrolysates rather than amino acid mixtures.", "contents": "Jejunal absorption of an amino acid mixture simulating casein and an enzymic hydrolysate of casein prepared for oral administration to normal adults. 1. An intestinal perfusion technique was used in six normal human subjects to study absorption of sixteen individual amino acids from an amino acid mixture simulating casein and from an enzymic hydrolysate of casein, prepared for oral administration to these subjects, which consisted of a mixture of oligopeptides and free amino acids. 2. Total absorption of alpha-amino nitrogen was greater from the casein hydrolysate than from the amino acid mixture, and the considerable variation in percentage absorption of individual amino acids from the amino acid mixture was much reduced when the enzymic hydrolysate solution was perfused, as a number of amino acids which were poorly absorbed from the amino acid mixture were absorbed to a greater extent from the casein hydrolysate. 3. These findings indicate that after extensive intestinal resections or in malabsorption there might be significant nutritional advantages in the administration of protein hydrolysates rather than amino acid mixtures.", "PMID": 1115754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4798", "title": "Maintenance requirements for energy in cross-bred cattle.", "content": "1. Twenty-seven energy and protein balances were done using nine cross-bred (Brown Swiss times Sahiwal) mature bullocks in a series of three balance trials. The bullocks were fed 75, 100 and 125 percent of the metabolizable energy (ME) and digestible crude protein standard values recommended by the (US) National Research Council (1966). Heat production was estimated by indirect calorimetry, by collection and analysis of respiratory gases. 2. Utilization of energy for maintenance and fat production was estimated by computing regression of energy balance v. digestible energy (DE) and ME separately on a metabolic body size (kg body-weight (W)0-75) basis. Maintenance energy requirements and efficiency of utilization of ME for lipogenesis were estimated using multiple regression of ME intake, also. Heat production (and thus energy balance) was corrected for excess nitrogen intake. 3. An attempt was made to measure basal heat production of bullocks so that the net energy requirements for maintenance could be estimated. Extrapolation of the regression line of energy balance v. ME intake below maintenance on a W0-75 basis gave a basal metabolism of 348-09 kJ/W0-75 per d. 4. Energy requirements for maintenance were (kJ/kg W0-75 per d): 539-43 DE, 448-81 ME and 348-09 net energy. The results of multiple regression gave a requirement of 432-15 kJ ME/kg W0-75 per d for maintenance. 5. The efficiency of utilization of ME for maintenance was 81-34 percent while for lipogenesis it was 54-5 percent.", "contents": "Maintenance requirements for energy in cross-bred cattle. 1. Twenty-seven energy and protein balances were done using nine cross-bred (Brown Swiss times Sahiwal) mature bullocks in a series of three balance trials. The bullocks were fed 75, 100 and 125 percent of the metabolizable energy (ME) and digestible crude protein standard values recommended by the (US) National Research Council (1966). Heat production was estimated by indirect calorimetry, by collection and analysis of respiratory gases. 2. Utilization of energy for maintenance and fat production was estimated by computing regression of energy balance v. digestible energy (DE) and ME separately on a metabolic body size (kg body-weight (W)0-75) basis. Maintenance energy requirements and efficiency of utilization of ME for lipogenesis were estimated using multiple regression of ME intake, also. Heat production (and thus energy balance) was corrected for excess nitrogen intake. 3. An attempt was made to measure basal heat production of bullocks so that the net energy requirements for maintenance could be estimated. Extrapolation of the regression line of energy balance v. ME intake below maintenance on a W0-75 basis gave a basal metabolism of 348-09 kJ/W0-75 per d. 4. Energy requirements for maintenance were (kJ/kg W0-75 per d): 539-43 DE, 448-81 ME and 348-09 net energy. The results of multiple regression gave a requirement of 432-15 kJ ME/kg W0-75 per d for maintenance. 5. The efficiency of utilization of ME for maintenance was 81-34 percent while for lipogenesis it was 54-5 percent.", "PMID": 1115755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4799", "title": "Anthropometric measurements and amounts of body fat and serum cholesterol in samples of three Nigerian populations.", "content": "1. Skinfold thicknesses, arm circumferences, heights, weights and serum cholesterol levels were determined in ninety-one university students, 207 soldiers and 102 out-patients, all male subjects. Some of these measurements were used to determine the amount of body fat, Quetelet's index and mid-arm muscle circumference. 2. Quetelet's indices and body-fat values obtained were similar to previously reported values for lean or moderately built males. 3. Serum cholesterol levels were generally low, with means ranging from 3-98 mmol/l for 18-to 29-year-old students to 5-19 mmol/l for 40- to 69-year-old out-patients. 4. The mean values for triceps skinfold thickness, the amount of body fat and serum cholesterol levels for healthy adults obtained in this study are probably normal for northern Nigerian populations. 5. There was a significant correlation between the amount of body fat and values for triceps and subscapular skinfold thicknesses, Quetelet's index and body-weight for all adults. The correlation between muscle circumference and the amount of body fat was significant for all subjects except adult soldiers.", "contents": "Anthropometric measurements and amounts of body fat and serum cholesterol in samples of three Nigerian populations. 1. Skinfold thicknesses, arm circumferences, heights, weights and serum cholesterol levels were determined in ninety-one university students, 207 soldiers and 102 out-patients, all male subjects. Some of these measurements were used to determine the amount of body fat, Quetelet's index and mid-arm muscle circumference. 2. Quetelet's indices and body-fat values obtained were similar to previously reported values for lean or moderately built males. 3. Serum cholesterol levels were generally low, with means ranging from 3-98 mmol/l for 18-to 29-year-old students to 5-19 mmol/l for 40- to 69-year-old out-patients. 4. The mean values for triceps skinfold thickness, the amount of body fat and serum cholesterol levels for healthy adults obtained in this study are probably normal for northern Nigerian populations. 5. There was a significant correlation between the amount of body fat and values for triceps and subscapular skinfold thicknesses, Quetelet's index and body-weight for all adults. The correlation between muscle circumference and the amount of body fat was significant for all subjects except adult soldiers.", "PMID": 1115756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4800", "title": "Concentrations of amino acids and urea in the plasma of the preruminant calf and estimation of the amino acid requirements.", "content": "1. A study was made of factors affecting the plasma concentrations of free amino acids (PAA) and urea (PU) in calves receiving liquid diets. 2. When calves were given whole milk (approximately 0-05 kg/kg live weight) at 10.00 and 17.00 hours there were marked decreases in PAA and slight decreases in PU for about 3-4 h after the morning feed. Both PAA and PU thereafter increased slightly and then remained constant for the next 10 h. In subsequent comparative experiments samples were taken 3 h after the morning feed. The variation in plasma methionine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, tyrosine and total PAA was apparently greater between than within animals. 3. In calves transferred from a diet of whole milk to one consisting of diluted whole milk supplemented with appropriate nutrients, including amino acids, but deficient in methionine, PU increased markedly and plasma methionine decreased. 4. Two calves (50-60 kg live weight) given the latter diet supplemented to give an intake of more than 4-5 g L-methionine/d together with 0-3 g cystine/d showed marked increases in plasma methionine. This was considered to correspond with the point at which methionine requirements were met and that under these conditions the methionine requirement for these calves (mean value plus or minus SE) was 4-5 plus or minus 0-2 g/d. In the same two calves PU decreased markedly with increasing levels of methionine supplementation up to 3-9 g/d and the estimated methionine requirement (mean value plus or minus SE) was 3-9 plus or minus 0-4 g/d.", "contents": "Concentrations of amino acids and urea in the plasma of the preruminant calf and estimation of the amino acid requirements. 1. A study was made of factors affecting the plasma concentrations of free amino acids (PAA) and urea (PU) in calves receiving liquid diets. 2. When calves were given whole milk (approximately 0-05 kg/kg live weight) at 10.00 and 17.00 hours there were marked decreases in PAA and slight decreases in PU for about 3-4 h after the morning feed. Both PAA and PU thereafter increased slightly and then remained constant for the next 10 h. In subsequent comparative experiments samples were taken 3 h after the morning feed. The variation in plasma methionine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, tyrosine and total PAA was apparently greater between than within animals. 3. In calves transferred from a diet of whole milk to one consisting of diluted whole milk supplemented with appropriate nutrients, including amino acids, but deficient in methionine, PU increased markedly and plasma methionine decreased. 4. Two calves (50-60 kg live weight) given the latter diet supplemented to give an intake of more than 4-5 g L-methionine/d together with 0-3 g cystine/d showed marked increases in plasma methionine. This was considered to correspond with the point at which methionine requirements were met and that under these conditions the methionine requirement for these calves (mean value plus or minus SE) was 4-5 plus or minus 0-2 g/d. In the same two calves PU decreased markedly with increasing levels of methionine supplementation up to 3-9 g/d and the estimated methionine requirement (mean value plus or minus SE) was 3-9 plus or minus 0-4 g/d.", "PMID": 1115757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4801", "title": "The effect of pelleting on the voluntary intake and digestibility of leaf and stem fractions of three grasses.", "content": "1. Leaf is eaten in greater quantities than stem of similar digestibility. To determine whether this difference is caused by physical or chemical factors, leaf and stem fractions from Digitaria decumbens, Chloris gayana and Setaria splendida were fed ad lib, to sheep in the chopped and pelleted forms. Pellets were made from leaf and stem which had been ground through a screen with 3 mm holes. All sheep received a protein and mineral supplement. 2. Voluntary intake of chopped leaf was 34 percent higher than that of the chopped stem fraction (40-3 and 30-0 g/kg body-weight 0-75 respectively, P smaller than 0.01) although dry matter digestibility ratios were similar (0-478 and 0-450 respectively, P greater than 0-05). The higher intake of leaf was associated with a larger surface area (13 400 and 5200 mm2/g for chopped leaf and stem respectively), lower bulk density (60 and 180 kg/m3 respectively) and lower neutral-detergent fibre (706 and 724 g/kg respectively), acid-detergent fibre (383 and 413 g/kg respectively) and lignin (42 and 59 g/kg respectively) contents. Chopped leaf was retained in the reticulo-rumen for a shorter time than the stem fraction (19.9 and 26.4 h respectively). 3. Grinding and pelleting increased the voluntary intake of the leaf fraction by 88 percent and the stem fraction by 60 percent. This increased voluntary intake caused by grinding and pelleting was not accompanied by any significant changes in the chemical composition of the diet. Grinding and pelleting reduced the time that the food was retained in the reticulo-rumen and this change appeared sufficient to account for the observed increases in voluntary intake. 4. It was concluded that the higher intake of the leaf fraction of grasses is caused by differences in retention time of food in the reticulo-rumen. These differences in retention time are caused by differences in physical properties and not chemical composition.", "contents": "The effect of pelleting on the voluntary intake and digestibility of leaf and stem fractions of three grasses. 1. Leaf is eaten in greater quantities than stem of similar digestibility. To determine whether this difference is caused by physical or chemical factors, leaf and stem fractions from Digitaria decumbens, Chloris gayana and Setaria splendida were fed ad lib, to sheep in the chopped and pelleted forms. Pellets were made from leaf and stem which had been ground through a screen with 3 mm holes. All sheep received a protein and mineral supplement. 2. Voluntary intake of chopped leaf was 34 percent higher than that of the chopped stem fraction (40-3 and 30-0 g/kg body-weight 0-75 respectively, P smaller than 0.01) although dry matter digestibility ratios were similar (0-478 and 0-450 respectively, P greater than 0-05). The higher intake of leaf was associated with a larger surface area (13 400 and 5200 mm2/g for chopped leaf and stem respectively), lower bulk density (60 and 180 kg/m3 respectively) and lower neutral-detergent fibre (706 and 724 g/kg respectively), acid-detergent fibre (383 and 413 g/kg respectively) and lignin (42 and 59 g/kg respectively) contents. Chopped leaf was retained in the reticulo-rumen for a shorter time than the stem fraction (19.9 and 26.4 h respectively). 3. Grinding and pelleting increased the voluntary intake of the leaf fraction by 88 percent and the stem fraction by 60 percent. This increased voluntary intake caused by grinding and pelleting was not accompanied by any significant changes in the chemical composition of the diet. Grinding and pelleting reduced the time that the food was retained in the reticulo-rumen and this change appeared sufficient to account for the observed increases in voluntary intake. 4. It was concluded that the higher intake of the leaf fraction of grasses is caused by differences in retention time of food in the reticulo-rumen. These differences in retention time are caused by differences in physical properties and not chemical composition.", "PMID": 1115758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4802", "title": "The response of hind-limb muscles of the weanling rat to undernutrition and subsequent rehabilitation.", "content": "1. Weanling male rats were maintained at constant body-weight for 28 d by feeding them reduced amounts of their normal diet. They were rehabilitated for 0, 3, 7, 10 or 16 d, and compared with two sets of control groups, one set of the same body-weight and the other of the same age. 2. The quadriceps, gastrocnemius and anterior tibialis muscles from the left hind-limb were weighed, and DNA, RNA, extracellular protein and intracellular protein estimated in the quadriceps and gastrocnemius muscles. 3. Each muscle responded differently during undernutrition and rehabilitation if compared with \"age controls\", but if compared with \"body-weight controls\" there was a tendency for muscle weight to remain appropriate for body-weight. 4. The amount of DNA did not change in the gastrocnemius or quadriceps muscles during undernutrition, and on rehabilitation did not begin to increase until after 7 d. RNA decreased during undernutrition, but increased rapidly on rehabilitation. The rate of increase in RNA was greatest in the quadriceps during the first 3 d, but in the gastrocnemius was greatest between 3 and 7 d. The peak values for the rate of RNA increase corresponded with the initiation of intracellular protein accretion in each muscle. Extra cellular protein increased during undernutrition, and on rehabilitation, responded in the same way as DNA, that is, it increased only after 7 d. 5. It is concluded that the differences found between muscles of the hind-limb during rehabilitation are due mainly to differences in the rates of DNA and intracellular protein accretion. It is suggested that these differences are the result of a differential response of RNA to rehabilitation.", "contents": "The response of hind-limb muscles of the weanling rat to undernutrition and subsequent rehabilitation. 1. Weanling male rats were maintained at constant body-weight for 28 d by feeding them reduced amounts of their normal diet. They were rehabilitated for 0, 3, 7, 10 or 16 d, and compared with two sets of control groups, one set of the same body-weight and the other of the same age. 2. The quadriceps, gastrocnemius and anterior tibialis muscles from the left hind-limb were weighed, and DNA, RNA, extracellular protein and intracellular protein estimated in the quadriceps and gastrocnemius muscles. 3. Each muscle responded differently during undernutrition and rehabilitation if compared with \"age controls\", but if compared with \"body-weight controls\" there was a tendency for muscle weight to remain appropriate for body-weight. 4. The amount of DNA did not change in the gastrocnemius or quadriceps muscles during undernutrition, and on rehabilitation did not begin to increase until after 7 d. RNA decreased during undernutrition, but increased rapidly on rehabilitation. The rate of increase in RNA was greatest in the quadriceps during the first 3 d, but in the gastrocnemius was greatest between 3 and 7 d. The peak values for the rate of RNA increase corresponded with the initiation of intracellular protein accretion in each muscle. Extra cellular protein increased during undernutrition, and on rehabilitation, responded in the same way as DNA, that is, it increased only after 7 d. 5. It is concluded that the differences found between muscles of the hind-limb during rehabilitation are due mainly to differences in the rates of DNA and intracellular protein accretion. It is suggested that these differences are the result of a differential response of RNA to rehabilitation.", "PMID": 1115759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4803", "title": "Acute cold exposure and the metabolism of blood glucose, lactate and pyruvate, and plasma amino acids in the hind leg of the fed and fasted young ox.", "content": "1. Young steers were fed either 3-4 or 20 h before exposure to a thermoneutral or a moderately cold environment. Measurements were made of total oxygen consumption (total V 0-2), respiratory quotient (rq), blood packed cell volume (PCV), and hind-leg blood flow (leg Q) and oxygen uptake (leg VO-2). The arteriovenous differences in whole blood glucose, lactate and pyruvate, and individual amino acid and urea concentrations across the leg were also measured. Net exchange and fractional uptake of these metabolites by the leg were calculated from these results. 2. Cold exposure doubled total VO-2, significantly decreased RQ and significantly increased PCV. Leg Q and leg VO-2 increased 3- to 5-fold and 4- to 13-fold respectively in both feeding groups. Arterial blood glucose increased slightly but significantly in both 20 h- and 3 h-fed steers. There was a substantial increase in mean net leg uptake of glucose in both feeding groups. This was much greater in the 20 h-fed group because of the significant increase in fractional uptake occurring only in this group. Cold did not significantly affect arterial blood lactate or pyruvate levels, but the net leg output of lactate found in both feeding groups in thermoneutrality was increased in the 20 h-fed steers, and reversed to a net uptake in the 3 h-fed animals. Cold caused a small but significant decrease in the total plasma amino acid level in the 20 h-fed but not in the 3 h-fed group; individual amino acid levels or leg uptakes were not affected. 3. Feeding before the experiment caused a significant increase in RQ. Leg Q, leg uptake of glucose and leg output of lactate increased after feeding in the thermoneutral environment only. Arterial pyruvate increased significantly, but net leg output was not significantly affected by feeding. Arterial plasma concentration of several individual, but not of total amino acids, increased significantly in both environments, and the net output of many individual amino acids in the 20 h-fed steers was decreased or reversed to a net uptake in the 3 h-fed group in thermoneutrality only. 4. The results suggest that blood glucose could be a significant fuel for oxidation in shivering skeletal muscle in young steers, and that output of amino acids from skeletal muscle could not contribute significantly to this increased glucose supply by hepatic gluconeogenesis.", "contents": "Acute cold exposure and the metabolism of blood glucose, lactate and pyruvate, and plasma amino acids in the hind leg of the fed and fasted young ox. 1. Young steers were fed either 3-4 or 20 h before exposure to a thermoneutral or a moderately cold environment. Measurements were made of total oxygen consumption (total V 0-2), respiratory quotient (rq), blood packed cell volume (PCV), and hind-leg blood flow (leg Q) and oxygen uptake (leg VO-2). The arteriovenous differences in whole blood glucose, lactate and pyruvate, and individual amino acid and urea concentrations across the leg were also measured. Net exchange and fractional uptake of these metabolites by the leg were calculated from these results. 2. Cold exposure doubled total VO-2, significantly decreased RQ and significantly increased PCV. Leg Q and leg VO-2 increased 3- to 5-fold and 4- to 13-fold respectively in both feeding groups. Arterial blood glucose increased slightly but significantly in both 20 h- and 3 h-fed steers. There was a substantial increase in mean net leg uptake of glucose in both feeding groups. This was much greater in the 20 h-fed group because of the significant increase in fractional uptake occurring only in this group. Cold did not significantly affect arterial blood lactate or pyruvate levels, but the net leg output of lactate found in both feeding groups in thermoneutrality was increased in the 20 h-fed steers, and reversed to a net uptake in the 3 h-fed animals. Cold caused a small but significant decrease in the total plasma amino acid level in the 20 h-fed but not in the 3 h-fed group; individual amino acid levels or leg uptakes were not affected. 3. Feeding before the experiment caused a significant increase in RQ. Leg Q, leg uptake of glucose and leg output of lactate increased after feeding in the thermoneutral environment only. Arterial pyruvate increased significantly, but net leg output was not significantly affected by feeding. Arterial plasma concentration of several individual, but not of total amino acids, increased significantly in both environments, and the net output of many individual amino acids in the 20 h-fed steers was decreased or reversed to a net uptake in the 3 h-fed group in thermoneutrality only. 4. The results suggest that blood glucose could be a significant fuel for oxidation in shivering skeletal muscle in young steers, and that output of amino acids from skeletal muscle could not contribute significantly to this increased glucose supply by hepatic gluconeogenesis.", "PMID": 1115760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4804", "title": "Studies on the nutrition of marine flatfish. The metabolism of glucose by plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) and the effect of dietary energy source on protein utilization in plaice.", "content": "1. The effects of dietary energy level and dietary energy source on protein utilization by plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) were examined by giving diets containing 400 g crude protein/kg to nine groups of fish. Five of these diets contained only lipid as a source of energy (in addition to protein) and their energy contents were varied by increasing the lipid level in a step-wise manner from 56 to 176 g/kg. The remaining four diets contained both lipid and carbohydrate (glucose plus dextrin) together as energy sources: two levels of carbohydrate (100 and 200 g/kg) being used at each of two (56 and 86 g/kg) lipid levels. 2. Weight gains of plaice given the diets containing only lipid as an energy source did not differ significantly from each other. Weight gains of plaice given diets containing carbohydrate as well as protein and lipid were superior to those given diets lacking carbohydrate. 3. Values obtained for protein efficiency ratio (PER) and net protein utilization (NPU) increased with increasing dietary energy level in both those fish given the diets containing carbohydrate and those given diets lacking it. Both PER and NPU values were greater for plaice given diets containing carbohydrate than for fish diets without carbohydrate even when the total energy content of the diets was approximately the same. 4. Liver glycogen levels were significantly higher in plaice given diets containing 200 g carbohydrate/kg than in plaice given diets without carbohydrate. Blood glucose levels and hepatic hexokinase (EC 2-7-1-1) levels were not significantly different in plaice given these diets. No glucokinase (EC 2-7-2-2) was detected in plaice given either diet. 5. The metabolic fate of glucose carbon in plaice was investigated by injecting the fish intraperitoneally with [U-14C] glucose and examining, 18 h afterwards the distribution of radioactivity in different biochemical fractions from the fish. 6. Glucose was respired much less rapidly in the carnivorous plaice, irrespective of dietary treatment, than in omnivorous mammals (mouse and rat). The rate of production of 14CO2 from (U-14C) glucose by plaice given diets containing carbohydrate was not significantly greater than that by plaice given diets lacking carbohydrate. 7. More glucose was incorporated into liver glycogen when plaice were given carbohydrate in their food than when it was absent. Otherwise no differences were apparent in the fate of glucose C by plaice which could be related to the diets used. 8. No mortalities occurred nor was any histopathology observed in the plaice as a consequence of the inclusion of carbohydrate in the food.", "contents": "Studies on the nutrition of marine flatfish. The metabolism of glucose by plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) and the effect of dietary energy source on protein utilization in plaice. 1. The effects of dietary energy level and dietary energy source on protein utilization by plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) were examined by giving diets containing 400 g crude protein/kg to nine groups of fish. Five of these diets contained only lipid as a source of energy (in addition to protein) and their energy contents were varied by increasing the lipid level in a step-wise manner from 56 to 176 g/kg. The remaining four diets contained both lipid and carbohydrate (glucose plus dextrin) together as energy sources: two levels of carbohydrate (100 and 200 g/kg) being used at each of two (56 and 86 g/kg) lipid levels. 2. Weight gains of plaice given the diets containing only lipid as an energy source did not differ significantly from each other. Weight gains of plaice given diets containing carbohydrate as well as protein and lipid were superior to those given diets lacking carbohydrate. 3. Values obtained for protein efficiency ratio (PER) and net protein utilization (NPU) increased with increasing dietary energy level in both those fish given the diets containing carbohydrate and those given diets lacking it. Both PER and NPU values were greater for plaice given diets containing carbohydrate than for fish diets without carbohydrate even when the total energy content of the diets was approximately the same. 4. Liver glycogen levels were significantly higher in plaice given diets containing 200 g carbohydrate/kg than in plaice given diets without carbohydrate. Blood glucose levels and hepatic hexokinase (EC 2-7-1-1) levels were not significantly different in plaice given these diets. No glucokinase (EC 2-7-2-2) was detected in plaice given either diet. 5. The metabolic fate of glucose carbon in plaice was investigated by injecting the fish intraperitoneally with [U-14C] glucose and examining, 18 h afterwards the distribution of radioactivity in different biochemical fractions from the fish. 6. Glucose was respired much less rapidly in the carnivorous plaice, irrespective of dietary treatment, than in omnivorous mammals (mouse and rat). The rate of production of 14CO2 from (U-14C) glucose by plaice given diets containing carbohydrate was not significantly greater than that by plaice given diets lacking carbohydrate. 7. More glucose was incorporated into liver glycogen when plaice were given carbohydrate in their food than when it was absent. Otherwise no differences were apparent in the fate of glucose C by plaice which could be related to the diets used. 8. No mortalities occurred nor was any histopathology observed in the plaice as a consequence of the inclusion of carbohydrate in the food.", "PMID": 1115761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4805", "title": "Twelve generations of marginal protein deficiency.", "content": "1. Colonies of rats have been maintained for twleve generations on diets adequate (dietary protein energy: total metabolizable energy (NDp: E) 0-1) or marginally deficient in protein (NDp: E 0-068). 2. In the malnourished colony, the proportion of \"small-for-gestational-age\" offspring was ten times as high as amongst the well-nourished colony, growth was slow, sexual maturation delayed, especially in the females, and, when adult, both sexes were significantly lighter and shorter than adults of the well-nourished colony. Organs, other than the eye, weighed less than those of well-nourished \"age\" controls, but when expressed relative to body-weight, the brain, pituitary, thyroid, adrenals, testes, thymus and eyes were larger, the pancreas unchanged and the kidneys smaller than those of the well-nourished \"age\" controls. The relative weight of the liver showed little change, being slightly increased in the males and, like the ovaries, slightly reduced in the females. On a body-weight basis, the brains were about 50 percent heavier than normal, but in absolute terms were 5-5-5 percent lighter than those of the well-nourished animals, the cerebellum (10-5 percent lighter in males and 12-9 percent lighter in females) being more severely affected than the cerebrum (4 percent lighter). 3. The young malnourished rats showed increased exploratory activity, transient head tremors and an increased sensitivity to noises, the latter being long-lasting if not permanent. When adult, they showed marked differences in behaviour and learning patterns and it was difficult to attract and hold their attention. In situations demanding a choice the animals were very excited, emitted loud squeals and tried to escape from what was clearly a stressful situation. However, a casual examination of the malnourished adults revealed a rather small, badly groomed, excitable rat without gross abnormalities. 4. The findings are discussed in relation to changes found in malnourished human communities.", "contents": "Twelve generations of marginal protein deficiency. 1. Colonies of rats have been maintained for twleve generations on diets adequate (dietary protein energy: total metabolizable energy (NDp: E) 0-1) or marginally deficient in protein (NDp: E 0-068). 2. In the malnourished colony, the proportion of \"small-for-gestational-age\" offspring was ten times as high as amongst the well-nourished colony, growth was slow, sexual maturation delayed, especially in the females, and, when adult, both sexes were significantly lighter and shorter than adults of the well-nourished colony. Organs, other than the eye, weighed less than those of well-nourished \"age\" controls, but when expressed relative to body-weight, the brain, pituitary, thyroid, adrenals, testes, thymus and eyes were larger, the pancreas unchanged and the kidneys smaller than those of the well-nourished \"age\" controls. The relative weight of the liver showed little change, being slightly increased in the males and, like the ovaries, slightly reduced in the females. On a body-weight basis, the brains were about 50 percent heavier than normal, but in absolute terms were 5-5-5 percent lighter than those of the well-nourished animals, the cerebellum (10-5 percent lighter in males and 12-9 percent lighter in females) being more severely affected than the cerebrum (4 percent lighter). 3. The young malnourished rats showed increased exploratory activity, transient head tremors and an increased sensitivity to noises, the latter being long-lasting if not permanent. When adult, they showed marked differences in behaviour and learning patterns and it was difficult to attract and hold their attention. In situations demanding a choice the animals were very excited, emitted loud squeals and tried to escape from what was clearly a stressful situation. However, a casual examination of the malnourished adults revealed a rather small, badly groomed, excitable rat without gross abnormalities. 4. The findings are discussed in relation to changes found in malnourished human communities.", "PMID": 1115762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4806", "title": "Nutritional studies on East African herbivores. 2. Losses of nitrogen in the faeces.", "content": "1. A series of nitrogen-balance trials was done using groups of four animals of various species of wild and domesticated ruminants using pelleted diets (Arman & Hopcraft, 1975). 2. Various herbivores were given grass or grass hays, legumes, herbs and shrubs. Food and faecal samples were analysed for N. 3. With the pelleted diets, the N content of the faecal dry matter (DM) was low for eland (Taurotragus oryx Pallas), high for sheep and cattle (Bos taurus and Bos indicus) and intermediate for the three small antelope species (hartebeest (Alcelaphus buselaphus cokei G\u00fcnther), Thomson's gazelle (Gazella thomsonii G\u00fcnther) and duiker (Sylvicapra grimmia L.)). With the natural doffers, similar relationships were found, together with variations associated with the type of diet. 4. Three forms of equation were used to express the relationship between faecal N and food N. One of the forms, the linear regression of g faecal N/kg DM intake v. g food N/kg DM  intake, fitted the results less well than did the other two and was not used to estimate metabolic faecal N(MFN) losses9 5. MFN was calculated by extrapolation of linear regressions of g faecal N/kg faecal DM v. g N intake/kg faecal DM for the pelleted diets. The range of values was (g N/kg faecal DM): Friesians 7-6, eland 8-1, zebu cattle 11-0 and small antelope and sheep 11-5-12-69 There were significant differences (P smaller than 0-001) between species in slopes and intercepts. 6. MFN was calculated from linear regressions of g faecal N/kg faecal DM v. g food N/kg food DM for all diets. This method gave the best fit for the pelleted diets. Values for these diets were (g N/kg faecal DM): eland 8-3, cattle and sheep 9-3-11-0 and small antelope 11-6-12-3. Species differences were significant (P smaller than 0-001). With grasses, values ranged from 5-9 for non-ruminants (rabbit (domesticated), warthog (Phacohoerus aethiopicus Pallas) and hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius L.)) plus eland and wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus Burchell), to 8-4 for for the other ruminants (sheep, goat, hartebeest, gazelle, duiker, buffalo (Syncerus caffer Sparrman)), kob (Adenota kob thomasi Sclater), reedbuck (Redunca redunca Pallas) and topi (Damalisucs korrigum Ogilby). For ruminants (sheep, hartebeest, duiker and kob), excluding eland, given legumes the value was 8-6, and for sheep and duiker given herbs the value was 14-7. With shrubs, faecal-N losses were variable and sometimes high. 7. With the pelleted diets, true digestibilities of crude protein (N times 6-25) varied from 0-84 to 0-91. 8. The results are discussed in relation to the digestive physiology and feeding habits of the various species, and there is an examination of the feasibility of using linear regressions of crude protein in the diet v. N in the faecal DM for evaluating the quality of the diets selected by free-ranging East African herbivores.", "contents": "Nutritional studies on East African herbivores. 2. Losses of nitrogen in the faeces. 1. A series of nitrogen-balance trials was done using groups of four animals of various species of wild and domesticated ruminants using pelleted diets (Arman & Hopcraft, 1975). 2. Various herbivores were given grass or grass hays, legumes, herbs and shrubs. Food and faecal samples were analysed for N. 3. With the pelleted diets, the N content of the faecal dry matter (DM) was low for eland (Taurotragus oryx Pallas), high for sheep and cattle (Bos taurus and Bos indicus) and intermediate for the three small antelope species (hartebeest (Alcelaphus buselaphus cokei G\u00fcnther), Thomson's gazelle (Gazella thomsonii G\u00fcnther) and duiker (Sylvicapra grimmia L.)). With the natural doffers, similar relationships were found, together with variations associated with the type of diet. 4. Three forms of equation were used to express the relationship between faecal N and food N. One of the forms, the linear regression of g faecal N/kg DM intake v. g food N/kg DM  intake, fitted the results less well than did the other two and was not used to estimate metabolic faecal N(MFN) losses9 5. MFN was calculated by extrapolation of linear regressions of g faecal N/kg faecal DM v. g N intake/kg faecal DM for the pelleted diets. The range of values was (g N/kg faecal DM): Friesians 7-6, eland 8-1, zebu cattle 11-0 and small antelope and sheep 11-5-12-69 There were significant differences (P smaller than 0-001) between species in slopes and intercepts. 6. MFN was calculated from linear regressions of g faecal N/kg faecal DM v. g food N/kg food DM for all diets. This method gave the best fit for the pelleted diets. Values for these diets were (g N/kg faecal DM): eland 8-3, cattle and sheep 9-3-11-0 and small antelope 11-6-12-3. Species differences were significant (P smaller than 0-001). With grasses, values ranged from 5-9 for non-ruminants (rabbit (domesticated), warthog (Phacohoerus aethiopicus Pallas) and hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius L.)) plus eland and wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus Burchell), to 8-4 for for the other ruminants (sheep, goat, hartebeest, gazelle, duiker, buffalo (Syncerus caffer Sparrman)), kob (Adenota kob thomasi Sclater), reedbuck (Redunca redunca Pallas) and topi (Damalisucs korrigum Ogilby). For ruminants (sheep, hartebeest, duiker and kob), excluding eland, given legumes the value was 8-6, and for sheep and duiker given herbs the value was 14-7. With shrubs, faecal-N losses were variable and sometimes high. 7. With the pelleted diets, true digestibilities of crude protein (N times 6-25) varied from 0-84 to 0-91. 8. The results are discussed in relation to the digestive physiology and feeding habits of the various species, and there is an examination of the feasibility of using linear regressions of crude protein in the diet v. N in the faecal DM for evaluating the quality of the diets selected by free-ranging East African herbivores.", "PMID": 1115763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4807", "title": "Synthesis and conformational studies in solution of sequential copolypeptides: poly(L-prolyl-L-alpha-phenylglycyl-L-proline).", "content": "High molecular weight poly(L-porlyl-L-alpha-phenylglycyl-L-proline) was synthesized by condensation of L-prolyl-L-alpha-phenylglycyl-L-proline pentachlorophenyl ester in N,N-dimethylformamide. The solution properties of this material have been investigated by circular dichroism and 220-MHz nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in solvents such as trifluoroethanol (F3EtOH), chloroform, trifluoroacetic acid (F3CCOOH), chloroform-F3CCOOH and F3EtOH-F3CCOOH mixtures. Ordered structures can be formed in F3EtOH and chloroform, which we believe to be similar to the poly-L-proline II form. The ordered form easily undergoes a conformational transition to an unordered form upon addition of small amounts of F3CCOOH to the chloroform solution. The ordered structure is not disrupted upon addition of 12 per cent F3CCOOH to a F3EtOH solution of the polypeptide.", "contents": "Synthesis and conformational studies in solution of sequential copolypeptides: poly(L-prolyl-L-alpha-phenylglycyl-L-proline). High molecular weight poly(L-porlyl-L-alpha-phenylglycyl-L-proline) was synthesized by condensation of L-prolyl-L-alpha-phenylglycyl-L-proline pentachlorophenyl ester in N,N-dimethylformamide. The solution properties of this material have been investigated by circular dichroism and 220-MHz nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in solvents such as trifluoroethanol (F3EtOH), chloroform, trifluoroacetic acid (F3CCOOH), chloroform-F3CCOOH and F3EtOH-F3CCOOH mixtures. Ordered structures can be formed in F3EtOH and chloroform, which we believe to be similar to the poly-L-proline II form. The ordered form easily undergoes a conformational transition to an unordered form upon addition of small amounts of F3CCOOH to the chloroform solution. The ordered structure is not disrupted upon addition of 12 per cent F3CCOOH to a F3EtOH solution of the polypeptide.", "PMID": 1115764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4808", "title": "Hydrogen bonding abilities of 2,4-dithiouridine derivatives.", "content": "The base pairing ability of a di-2,4-thiouridine derivative was studied in carbon tetrachloride solutions by the methods of infrared spectroscopy. The strength of the association by hydrogen bonding was found to decrease in the following order: adenine-uracil, adenine-di-2,4-thiouracil, uracil-uracil, and di-2,4-thiouracil-di-2,4-thiouracil. These findings contrast with the previously demonstrated fact that poly(s2s4U) is strongly self-associated and does not form a complex with poly(A). To correlate these results, it is proposed that long range stabilizing forces are acting between the di-2,4-thiouracil residues in polynucleotide chains. This assumption also explains the existence of an ordered structure in the alternating copolymer poly(s2s4U-A).", "contents": "Hydrogen bonding abilities of 2,4-dithiouridine derivatives. The base pairing ability of a di-2,4-thiouridine derivative was studied in carbon tetrachloride solutions by the methods of infrared spectroscopy. The strength of the association by hydrogen bonding was found to decrease in the following order: adenine-uracil, adenine-di-2,4-thiouracil, uracil-uracil, and di-2,4-thiouracil-di-2,4-thiouracil. These findings contrast with the previously demonstrated fact that poly(s2s4U) is strongly self-associated and does not form a complex with poly(A). To correlate these results, it is proposed that long range stabilizing forces are acting between the di-2,4-thiouracil residues in polynucleotide chains. This assumption also explains the existence of an ordered structure in the alternating copolymer poly(s2s4U-A).", "PMID": 1115765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4809", "title": "Conversion of an androgen epoxide into 17beta-estradiol by human placental microsomes.", "content": "Three androgen epoxides, 17beta-hydroxy-4beta,5-oxido-5beta-androstan-3-one (II), 3beta,19-dihydroxy-5,6beta-oxido-5beta-androstan-17-one 3-acetate (VIII), and 19-hydroxy-4beta,5-oxido-5beta-androstane-3,17-dione (V), were synthesized and subsequently evaluated as potential precursors in the biosynthesis of estrogens by incubation with human placental microsomes. One of these epoxides (V) was converted into 17beta-estradiol, whereas the other two were metabolized to unidentified products. The possible intermediacy of an androgen epoxide in the biosynthesis of estrone and of 17beta-estradiol is discussed and a mechanism is proposed for the aromatization process.", "contents": "Conversion of an androgen epoxide into 17beta-estradiol by human placental microsomes. Three androgen epoxides, 17beta-hydroxy-4beta,5-oxido-5beta-androstan-3-one (II), 3beta,19-dihydroxy-5,6beta-oxido-5beta-androstan-17-one 3-acetate (VIII), and 19-hydroxy-4beta,5-oxido-5beta-androstane-3,17-dione (V), were synthesized and subsequently evaluated as potential precursors in the biosynthesis of estrogens by incubation with human placental microsomes. One of these epoxides (V) was converted into 17beta-estradiol, whereas the other two were metabolized to unidentified products. The possible intermediacy of an androgen epoxide in the biosynthesis of estrone and of 17beta-estradiol is discussed and a mechanism is proposed for the aromatization process.", "PMID": 1115766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4810", "title": "Modification of the cysteine residue of streptococcal dihydrofolate reducatse.", "content": "Modification of the single cysteine residue of streptococcal dihydrofolate reducatase with 5,5'-dithiobis (2-nitrobenzoic acid) results in virtually complete inactivation of the enzyme. Reduction of the enzyme-S-nitrobenzoate mixed disulfide with dithiothreitol indicates that 1.0 cysteine has been modified and approximately 70 percent of the original enzyme activity restored. Circular dichroic and fluorescence studies suggest that a localized conformational change involving aromatic residues, possibly tryptophan, has occurred following modification. In addition, nearly stoichiometric amounts of p-hydroxymercuribenzoate lead to complete inactivation of the reducatas. It is suggested that the S-nitrobenzoate moiety bound to the cysteine residue of the enzyme may perturb one or more aromatic side chains and lead to a distortion of the hydrophobic substrate binding site.", "contents": "Modification of the cysteine residue of streptococcal dihydrofolate reducatse. Modification of the single cysteine residue of streptococcal dihydrofolate reducatase with 5,5'-dithiobis (2-nitrobenzoic acid) results in virtually complete inactivation of the enzyme. Reduction of the enzyme-S-nitrobenzoate mixed disulfide with dithiothreitol indicates that 1.0 cysteine has been modified and approximately 70 percent of the original enzyme activity restored. Circular dichroic and fluorescence studies suggest that a localized conformational change involving aromatic residues, possibly tryptophan, has occurred following modification. In addition, nearly stoichiometric amounts of p-hydroxymercuribenzoate lead to complete inactivation of the reducatas. It is suggested that the S-nitrobenzoate moiety bound to the cysteine residue of the enzyme may perturb one or more aromatic side chains and lead to a distortion of the hydrophobic substrate binding site.", "PMID": 1115767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4811", "title": "Studies on the kinetic mechanism of S-adenosylmethionine: protein O-methyltransferase of calf thymus.", "content": "Initial velocity studies have been carried out on protein methylase II (S-adenosyl-L-methionine:protein O-methyltransferase, EC 2.1.1.24) purified from calf thymus, using bovine pancreatic ribonuclease as the protein substrate. Initial velocity patterns converging at a point on or near the extended abcissa were obtained with either ribonuclease or S-adenosyl-L-methionine as the variable substrate. Inhibition by the product S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine was linear competitive against both S-adenysyl-L-methionine and ribonuclease, the apparent inhibition constants being dependent on the concentration of the nonvaried substrate. Adenosine was an inhibitor of the reaction, the inhibition being linear competitive against both S-adenosyl-L-methionine (Ki/1.2 times 10-3 mol/1.) and ribonuclease (Ki/4.6 times 10-3 mol/1.). These results are consistent with a random mechanism for the protein methylase II reaction in which the rate-limiting step may be the interconversion of the ternary complexes and all other steps may be in equilibrium. The limiting Michaelis constants for S-adenosyl-L-methionine and ribonuclease are 0.87 times 10-6 and 2.86 times 10-4 mol/1., respectively. The dissociation constants of S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine for its reaction with the free enzyme was 1.03 times 10-6 mol/1. Thus it has about equal affinity for calf thymus protein methylase II as S-adenosyl-L-methionine.", "contents": "Studies on the kinetic mechanism of S-adenosylmethionine: protein O-methyltransferase of calf thymus. Initial velocity studies have been carried out on protein methylase II (S-adenosyl-L-methionine:protein O-methyltransferase, EC 2.1.1.24) purified from calf thymus, using bovine pancreatic ribonuclease as the protein substrate. Initial velocity patterns converging at a point on or near the extended abcissa were obtained with either ribonuclease or S-adenosyl-L-methionine as the variable substrate. Inhibition by the product S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine was linear competitive against both S-adenysyl-L-methionine and ribonuclease, the apparent inhibition constants being dependent on the concentration of the nonvaried substrate. Adenosine was an inhibitor of the reaction, the inhibition being linear competitive against both S-adenosyl-L-methionine (Ki/1.2 times 10-3 mol/1.) and ribonuclease (Ki/4.6 times 10-3 mol/1.). These results are consistent with a random mechanism for the protein methylase II reaction in which the rate-limiting step may be the interconversion of the ternary complexes and all other steps may be in equilibrium. The limiting Michaelis constants for S-adenosyl-L-methionine and ribonuclease are 0.87 times 10-6 and 2.86 times 10-4 mol/1., respectively. The dissociation constants of S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine for its reaction with the free enzyme was 1.03 times 10-6 mol/1. Thus it has about equal affinity for calf thymus protein methylase II as S-adenosyl-L-methionine.", "PMID": 1115768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4812", "title": "Functional properties of chemically modified hemocyanin. Fixation of hemocyanin in the low and the high oxygen affinity state by reaction with a bifunctional imido ester.", "content": "Hemocyanin of Helix pomatia is a respiratory protein with a molecular weight of 9 times 10-6; it contains 180 oxygen binding sites. The reaction of hemocyanin with the bifunctional reagent dimethyl suberimido ester, which reacts with amino groups, has been studied. Up to 75 per cent of the amino groups can be modified without inactivation of oxygen binding sites or dissociation of the protein, It appears that hemocyanin can be fixed in a state with low oxygen affinity by modification of the deoxy protein, and in a state with high oxygen affinity by modification of the oxy protein. Using conditions under which native hemocyanin binds oxygen cooperatively (Hill coefficient 2.9), modification of deoxy- and oxyhemocyanin yields derivatives with different oxygen affinities (P50 equals 10  and 2.2 mm, respectively). Both the deoxy and oxy derivatives show strongly reduced cooperativity (Hill coefficients 1.4 and 1.1, respectively). Modification of oxy- and deoxyhemocyanin subunits (molecular weight one-tenth of the native protein), which bind oxygen noncooperatively, results in derivatives with oxygen binding properties identical with those of unmodified subunits. Parallel experiments have been carried out with a unifunctional reagent, methyl acetoimido ester. Modification of partially oxygenated hemocyanin under conditions at which the protein binds oxygen cooperatively yeilds derivatives with redued cooperativity (Hill coefficents 1.1-1.2) and an oxygen affinity depending on the oxygen saturation whivh modification had been carried out. The results are consistent with a simple two-state model for the cooperativity of oxygen binding by these giant hemocyanin molecules.", "contents": "Functional properties of chemically modified hemocyanin. Fixation of hemocyanin in the low and the high oxygen affinity state by reaction with a bifunctional imido ester. Hemocyanin of Helix pomatia is a respiratory protein with a molecular weight of 9 times 10-6; it contains 180 oxygen binding sites. The reaction of hemocyanin with the bifunctional reagent dimethyl suberimido ester, which reacts with amino groups, has been studied. Up to 75 per cent of the amino groups can be modified without inactivation of oxygen binding sites or dissociation of the protein, It appears that hemocyanin can be fixed in a state with low oxygen affinity by modification of the deoxy protein, and in a state with high oxygen affinity by modification of the oxy protein. Using conditions under which native hemocyanin binds oxygen cooperatively (Hill coefficient 2.9), modification of deoxy- and oxyhemocyanin yields derivatives with different oxygen affinities (P50 equals 10  and 2.2 mm, respectively). Both the deoxy and oxy derivatives show strongly reduced cooperativity (Hill coefficients 1.4 and 1.1, respectively). Modification of oxy- and deoxyhemocyanin subunits (molecular weight one-tenth of the native protein), which bind oxygen noncooperatively, results in derivatives with oxygen binding properties identical with those of unmodified subunits. Parallel experiments have been carried out with a unifunctional reagent, methyl acetoimido ester. Modification of partially oxygenated hemocyanin under conditions at which the protein binds oxygen cooperatively yeilds derivatives with redued cooperativity (Hill coefficents 1.1-1.2) and an oxygen affinity depending on the oxygen saturation whivh modification had been carried out. The results are consistent with a simple two-state model for the cooperativity of oxygen binding by these giant hemocyanin molecules.", "PMID": 1115769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4813", "title": "Neutral and Cationic Sulfonamido Derivatives of the Fluorescent Probe 2-p-Toluidinylnaphthalene-6-sulfonate. Properties and Mechanistic implications.", "content": "The sensitivity of the fluorescence energy of 2-p-toluidinylnaphthalene-6-sulfonate (TNS) to apparent solvent polarity is considerably greater in methanol-water mixtures and lower primary alcohols than in higher primary alcohols or solvents containing no hydroxyl groups. It is suggested that the behavior of TNS in lower alcohols and their mixtures with water is an anomalous result of the combination of general polarity influences and chanes in the nature of specific interactions of the probe with hydroxyl groups of such solvents. Upon conversion of the sulfonate group of TNS to sulfonamido, the biphasic behavior observed in alcohols is eliminated, and fluorescent probes are obtained which have more nearly equal sensitivites to polarity in the alcohols and nonhydroxyl solvents. The sulfonamido fluorescent probes are more sensitive to general environmental polarity than TNS, and are superior as probes of environmental polarity.", "contents": "Neutral and Cationic Sulfonamido Derivatives of the Fluorescent Probe 2-p-Toluidinylnaphthalene-6-sulfonate. Properties and Mechanistic implications. The sensitivity of the fluorescence energy of 2-p-toluidinylnaphthalene-6-sulfonate (TNS) to apparent solvent polarity is considerably greater in methanol-water mixtures and lower primary alcohols than in higher primary alcohols or solvents containing no hydroxyl groups. It is suggested that the behavior of TNS in lower alcohols and their mixtures with water is an anomalous result of the combination of general polarity influences and chanes in the nature of specific interactions of the probe with hydroxyl groups of such solvents. Upon conversion of the sulfonate group of TNS to sulfonamido, the biphasic behavior observed in alcohols is eliminated, and fluorescent probes are obtained which have more nearly equal sensitivites to polarity in the alcohols and nonhydroxyl solvents. The sulfonamido fluorescent probes are more sensitive to general environmental polarity than TNS, and are superior as probes of environmental polarity.", "PMID": 1115770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4814", "title": "Hybridization of ribosomal RNA labeled to high specific radioactivity with dimethyl sulfate.", "content": "RNA radioactively methylated with dimethyl sulfate has the advantage of relatively low background noise level when utilized in DNA saturation hybridization employing the membrane filter technique. In addition, the RNA can be methylated with either 3H- or 14C-labeled methyl groups. However, the low specific radioactivity usually obtained with dimethyl sulfate has limited the use of this labeling technique. We describe a detailed characterization of the methylation of rRNA with dimethyl sulfate giving specific radioactivities on the order 10-5 cpm/mug. Kinetics and optimum conditions for the methylation reaction of rRNA were studied. The methylation did not cause excessive degradation of RNA in neutral aqueous solution, and the methyl derivative of RNA was stable under normal hybridization conditions. Specific radioactivitiy of the methylated RNA was found to be a linear function of the product of RNA concentration and specific radioactivity of the dimethyl sulfate in the reaction mixture at a constant incubation time. The methylated bases of the RNA lowered the thermal stability of the DNA-RNA hybrids by 1 degree in Tm per 1.6 per cent methylated RNA bases. rRNA gene dosage values using high specific radioactive methylated RNA were found to be 81 and 180 genes/haploid genome, respectively. Dissociation constants of the hybridization reaction ranged from 0.90 times 10-10 to 2.37 times 10-10 M.", "contents": "Hybridization of ribosomal RNA labeled to high specific radioactivity with dimethyl sulfate. RNA radioactively methylated with dimethyl sulfate has the advantage of relatively low background noise level when utilized in DNA saturation hybridization employing the membrane filter technique. In addition, the RNA can be methylated with either 3H- or 14C-labeled methyl groups. However, the low specific radioactivity usually obtained with dimethyl sulfate has limited the use of this labeling technique. We describe a detailed characterization of the methylation of rRNA with dimethyl sulfate giving specific radioactivities on the order 10-5 cpm/mug. Kinetics and optimum conditions for the methylation reaction of rRNA were studied. The methylation did not cause excessive degradation of RNA in neutral aqueous solution, and the methyl derivative of RNA was stable under normal hybridization conditions. Specific radioactivitiy of the methylated RNA was found to be a linear function of the product of RNA concentration and specific radioactivity of the dimethyl sulfate in the reaction mixture at a constant incubation time. The methylated bases of the RNA lowered the thermal stability of the DNA-RNA hybrids by 1 degree in Tm per 1.6 per cent methylated RNA bases. rRNA gene dosage values using high specific radioactive methylated RNA were found to be 81 and 180 genes/haploid genome, respectively. Dissociation constants of the hybridization reaction ranged from 0.90 times 10-10 to 2.37 times 10-10 M.", "PMID": 1115771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4815", "title": "Mechanism of hemin inhibition of erythroid cytoplasmic DNA polymerase.", "content": "Hemin, which has an important role in the regulation of hemoglobin synthesis, also regulates the activity of cytoplasmic DNA polymerase from erythroid hyperplastic bone marrow cells and reticulocytes. Hemin inhibits DNA synthesis by binding reversibly to the enzyme. Binding assays demonstrated that hemin prevents association and causes dissociation of the DNA-enzyme complex. This is in contrast to inhibitory compounds that specifically interact with DNA such as ethidium bromide and daunomycin which have little or no effect on the DNA polymerase-template complex. Kinetic analysis reveals that hemin inhibition of DNA synthesis is competitive with respect to template and noncompetitive with respect to substrate. The inhibitory effect of hemin can be reversed by subsequent addition of globin, indicating that the inhibition of DNA synthesis by hemin is not due to irreversible inactivation of the enzyme.", "contents": "Mechanism of hemin inhibition of erythroid cytoplasmic DNA polymerase. Hemin, which has an important role in the regulation of hemoglobin synthesis, also regulates the activity of cytoplasmic DNA polymerase from erythroid hyperplastic bone marrow cells and reticulocytes. Hemin inhibits DNA synthesis by binding reversibly to the enzyme. Binding assays demonstrated that hemin prevents association and causes dissociation of the DNA-enzyme complex. This is in contrast to inhibitory compounds that specifically interact with DNA such as ethidium bromide and daunomycin which have little or no effect on the DNA polymerase-template complex. Kinetic analysis reveals that hemin inhibition of DNA synthesis is competitive with respect to template and noncompetitive with respect to substrate. The inhibitory effect of hemin can be reversed by subsequent addition of globin, indicating that the inhibition of DNA synthesis by hemin is not due to irreversible inactivation of the enzyme.", "PMID": 1115772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4816", "title": "Phosphatidylglycerol in rat lung. I. Identification as a metabolically active phospholipid in isolated perfused rat lung.", "content": "Isolated rat lungs when perfused for 2 hr with [U-14]glucose, [2-14C]lactate, or [u-14]acetate, were found to contain a phos pholipid which represented a small percentage of the total phospholipid (3.9 per cent), and possessed the highest specific activity of any phospholipid. Using chromatographic, chemical, and mass spectral analysis, the phospholipid has been identified as phosphatidylglyercol. When [2-14C]lactate was present in the perfusion medium, 15.3 per cent of the lactate incorporated into phospholipids was incorporated into phosphatidylglyerol with a relative specific activity of 5.1 compared to phosphatidylcholine, 1.0, and phosphatidylethanolamine, 0.5. Phosphatidylglycerol also had the highest specific activity when lungs were perfused with [1-14C]acetate and [U-14]glucose. While the significance of the content and apparent metabolic activity of phosphatidylglycerol are unknown, its possible role in stabilizing the surfactant complex of lung is discussed.", "contents": "Phosphatidylglycerol in rat lung. I. Identification as a metabolically active phospholipid in isolated perfused rat lung. Isolated rat lungs when perfused for 2 hr with [U-14]glucose, [2-14C]lactate, or [u-14]acetate, were found to contain a phos pholipid which represented a small percentage of the total phospholipid (3.9 per cent), and possessed the highest specific activity of any phospholipid. Using chromatographic, chemical, and mass spectral analysis, the phospholipid has been identified as phosphatidylglyercol. When [2-14C]lactate was present in the perfusion medium, 15.3 per cent of the lactate incorporated into phospholipids was incorporated into phosphatidylglyerol with a relative specific activity of 5.1 compared to phosphatidylcholine, 1.0, and phosphatidylethanolamine, 0.5. Phosphatidylglycerol also had the highest specific activity when lungs were perfused with [1-14C]acetate and [U-14]glucose. While the significance of the content and apparent metabolic activity of phosphatidylglycerol are unknown, its possible role in stabilizing the surfactant complex of lung is discussed.", "PMID": 1115773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4817", "title": "Evidence that the major cell suface glycoprotein of the TA3-Ha carcinoma contains the Vicia graminea receptor sites.", "content": "The Vicia graminea lectin receptor of the nonstrain-specific TA3-Ha mammary carcinoma ascites cell of the strain A mouse was shown to be predominantly or exclusively on a large mucin-type surface glycoprotein. TA3-Ha cells adsorbed the lectin in amounts equivalent to 5-9 mg of this glycoprotein/10-9 cells, which was 100-400 times greater than by the strain-specific TA3-St cell, employed as a control. Release of sialic acid by incubation with neuraminidase increased the adsorptivity of the TA3-Ha cell three to fourfold and of the TA3-St cell six- to ten fold. Proteolysis of TA3-Ha cells released into the supernatant solutions approximately the same amount of inhibitory activity, equivalent to approximately 5 mg of the glycoprotein and only 10 per cent of the original adsorptivity remained on the cells. By contrast, TA3-St cells released no detectable inhibitory activity into the medium when subjected to similar proteolysis, even after neuraminidase treatment. Upon fractionation of released material on gel columns, high-molecular weight material and activity were found in the same fractions, but purified samples differed significantly in specific activity and carbohydrate composition. Heterogeneity in the carbohydrate moieties of the macromolecules was further demonstrated by incubation of these samples with neuraminidase, which enhanced their inhibitory activities from two- to tenfold.", "contents": "Evidence that the major cell suface glycoprotein of the TA3-Ha carcinoma contains the Vicia graminea receptor sites. The Vicia graminea lectin receptor of the nonstrain-specific TA3-Ha mammary carcinoma ascites cell of the strain A mouse was shown to be predominantly or exclusively on a large mucin-type surface glycoprotein. TA3-Ha cells adsorbed the lectin in amounts equivalent to 5-9 mg of this glycoprotein/10-9 cells, which was 100-400 times greater than by the strain-specific TA3-St cell, employed as a control. Release of sialic acid by incubation with neuraminidase increased the adsorptivity of the TA3-Ha cell three to fourfold and of the TA3-St cell six- to ten fold. Proteolysis of TA3-Ha cells released into the supernatant solutions approximately the same amount of inhibitory activity, equivalent to approximately 5 mg of the glycoprotein and only 10 per cent of the original adsorptivity remained on the cells. By contrast, TA3-St cells released no detectable inhibitory activity into the medium when subjected to similar proteolysis, even after neuraminidase treatment. Upon fractionation of released material on gel columns, high-molecular weight material and activity were found in the same fractions, but purified samples differed significantly in specific activity and carbohydrate composition. Heterogeneity in the carbohydrate moieties of the macromolecules was further demonstrated by incubation of these samples with neuraminidase, which enhanced their inhibitory activities from two- to tenfold.", "PMID": 1115774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4818", "title": "Oxygen consumption of human blood platelets. I. Effect of thrombin.", "content": "The effect of thrombin on the oxygen consumption of washed human platelets was measured polarographically with the Clark oxygen electrode. The average basal respiratory rate was 18 plus or minus 1.6 (mean plus or minus S.E.) natoms oxygen per min per 10-9 platelets. Thrombin (1.9 units/ml) caused a 4-13-fold increase in the rate of oxygen consumption (138 plus or minus 14 (mean plus or minus S.E.) natoms oxygen per min per 10-9 platelets). The thrombin-stimulated increase of oxygen consumption was transient, lasting from 1 to 1.5 min before returning to the respiratory rate observed before the thrombin addition. Release of platelet constituents appeared to precede the stimulation of oxygen consumption. These results may provide a basis for explaining the discrepancy in the literature concerning the effects of thrombin on platelet respiration.", "contents": "Oxygen consumption of human blood platelets. I. Effect of thrombin. The effect of thrombin on the oxygen consumption of washed human platelets was measured polarographically with the Clark oxygen electrode. The average basal respiratory rate was 18 plus or minus 1.6 (mean plus or minus S.E.) natoms oxygen per min per 10-9 platelets. Thrombin (1.9 units/ml) caused a 4-13-fold increase in the rate of oxygen consumption (138 plus or minus 14 (mean plus or minus S.E.) natoms oxygen per min per 10-9 platelets). The thrombin-stimulated increase of oxygen consumption was transient, lasting from 1 to 1.5 min before returning to the respiratory rate observed before the thrombin addition. Release of platelet constituents appeared to precede the stimulation of oxygen consumption. These results may provide a basis for explaining the discrepancy in the literature concerning the effects of thrombin on platelet respiration.", "PMID": 1115775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4819", "title": "Oxygen consumption of human blood platelets. II. Effect of inhibitors on thrombin-induced oxygen burst.", "content": "The effect of selected inhibitors on the thrombin-stimulated burst and the basal oxygen consumption of washed human platelets were investigated and compared with inhibition of the release reaction. Cyanide (0.2 mM) caused complete inhibition of the basal respiration, but only 15% inhibition of the thrombin-stimulated burst of oxygen consumption. Similar differential inhibitory effects were observed with oligomycin, antimycin, rotenone and N-ethylmaleimide. Prostaglandin E1 (0.03 mM) and acetylsalicylic acid (0.8 mM) had little effect on basal respiration, but inhibited the thrombin-stimulated burst of oxygen consumption. N-Ethylmaleimide (0.4 mM) inhibited the release of calcium from platelets by 90%, while prostaglandin E1, acetylsalicylic acid and the above mitochondrial inhibitors caused no more than 30% inhibition of the release reaction. Our results provide evidence that basal respiration and a portion of the thrombin-stimulated burst of oxygen consumption are involved in respiratory chain phosphorylation, and that this component of the thrombin-stimulated burst may be coupled to the maintenance of the release reaction.", "contents": "Oxygen consumption of human blood platelets. II. Effect of inhibitors on thrombin-induced oxygen burst. The effect of selected inhibitors on the thrombin-stimulated burst and the basal oxygen consumption of washed human platelets were investigated and compared with inhibition of the release reaction. Cyanide (0.2 mM) caused complete inhibition of the basal respiration, but only 15% inhibition of the thrombin-stimulated burst of oxygen consumption. Similar differential inhibitory effects were observed with oligomycin, antimycin, rotenone and N-ethylmaleimide. Prostaglandin E1 (0.03 mM) and acetylsalicylic acid (0.8 mM) had little effect on basal respiration, but inhibited the thrombin-stimulated burst of oxygen consumption. N-Ethylmaleimide (0.4 mM) inhibited the release of calcium from platelets by 90%, while prostaglandin E1, acetylsalicylic acid and the above mitochondrial inhibitors caused no more than 30% inhibition of the release reaction. Our results provide evidence that basal respiration and a portion of the thrombin-stimulated burst of oxygen consumption are involved in respiratory chain phosphorylation, and that this component of the thrombin-stimulated burst may be coupled to the maintenance of the release reaction.", "PMID": 1115776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4820", "title": "Study of the chlorophyll fluorescence in chloroplasts and algae with the plastoquinone antagonist dibromothymoquinone.", "content": "The effect of the plastoquinone antagonist dibromothymoquinone on chlorophyll fluorescence in vitro and in vivo was investigated. 1. With chlorophyll a in solution quenching is observed, more efficient than that of p-benzoquinone (the Stern-Volmer constant K equals to 200 M-1); ascorbate removes this effect. 2. With isolated chloroplasts, a dramatic enhancement of quenching occurs (also abolished by ascorbate) in the following order of importance: thermal step, photochemical step (of variable fluorescence), and constant fluorescence; K for the total variable fluorescence approximately equal to 480 000 M-1, for constant approximately equal to 190 000 M-1. Parallel to the quenching effect, an enlargement of the complementary area of the variable fluorescence is observed. Addition of ascorbate suppresses the quenching and this enlargement. If this area in the presence of reduced dibromothymoquinone is similar to that of the control, this means that A, the pool of oxidant next to Q, remains connected to it, a result contradicted by the O2-burst measurement. However, when the excess of unbound dibromothymoquinone is washed out, which removes the quenching effect, a significant decrease of the area is seen, in agreement then with the burst results. Therefore, the meaning of the complementary area and the nature of the controlling factors may be questioned. 3. With whole cells (Chlorella), no quenching is observed; instead, an enhancement of the thermal step is noticed, together with an even larger increase of the complementary area. Dibromothymoquinone being in an oxidized form at the thylakoid level, it is proposed that in intact membranes, the chlorophyll molecules are not readily accessible to it: thus, no quenching is observable, and the predominant effect is on the redox chain. The specific effect of dibromothymoquinone on the thermal step supports the hypothesis that is normally controlled by a secondary quencher, related to plastoquinone.", "contents": "Study of the chlorophyll fluorescence in chloroplasts and algae with the plastoquinone antagonist dibromothymoquinone. The effect of the plastoquinone antagonist dibromothymoquinone on chlorophyll fluorescence in vitro and in vivo was investigated. 1. With chlorophyll a in solution quenching is observed, more efficient than that of p-benzoquinone (the Stern-Volmer constant K equals to 200 M-1); ascorbate removes this effect. 2. With isolated chloroplasts, a dramatic enhancement of quenching occurs (also abolished by ascorbate) in the following order of importance: thermal step, photochemical step (of variable fluorescence), and constant fluorescence; K for the total variable fluorescence approximately equal to 480 000 M-1, for constant approximately equal to 190 000 M-1. Parallel to the quenching effect, an enlargement of the complementary area of the variable fluorescence is observed. Addition of ascorbate suppresses the quenching and this enlargement. If this area in the presence of reduced dibromothymoquinone is similar to that of the control, this means that A, the pool of oxidant next to Q, remains connected to it, a result contradicted by the O2-burst measurement. However, when the excess of unbound dibromothymoquinone is washed out, which removes the quenching effect, a significant decrease of the area is seen, in agreement then with the burst results. Therefore, the meaning of the complementary area and the nature of the controlling factors may be questioned. 3. With whole cells (Chlorella), no quenching is observed; instead, an enhancement of the thermal step is noticed, together with an even larger increase of the complementary area. Dibromothymoquinone being in an oxidized form at the thylakoid level, it is proposed that in intact membranes, the chlorophyll molecules are not readily accessible to it: thus, no quenching is observable, and the predominant effect is on the redox chain. The specific effect of dibromothymoquinone on the thermal step supports the hypothesis that is normally controlled by a secondary quencher, related to plastoquinone.", "PMID": 1115777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4821", "title": "Energy transfer by chlorophyll a in detergent micelles.", "content": "The process of energy transfer was studied in the chlorophyll a-containing detergent micelle, serving as a possible model of the photosynthetic unit. Chlorophyll a was added to aqueous solutions of the detergent Triton X-100 and incorporated into the micelles. The energy transfer process was studied by investigating the concentration depolarization of fluorescence of chlorophyll a. On the basis of the experimental depolarization curves as well as the value of the F\u00f6rster parameter Ro equals to 56 A calculated from the overlap of absorption and fluorescence spectra it was concluded that energy transfer between chlorophyll a molecules in this model follows the F\u00f6rster-type mechanism of inductive resonance. Furthermore it was found that the local concentration of chlorophyll a in the micelles is higher by 1-3 orders of magnitude than its overall concentration in the solution and by choosing the appropriate ratio between the consentration of chlorophyll a and the detergent it is possible to reach the in vivo chlorophyll concentration of 0.1 M withing the micelles. Thus the chlorophyll-detergent micelle model may be applied as a model of the separate package-type photosynthetic unit.", "contents": "Energy transfer by chlorophyll a in detergent micelles. The process of energy transfer was studied in the chlorophyll a-containing detergent micelle, serving as a possible model of the photosynthetic unit. Chlorophyll a was added to aqueous solutions of the detergent Triton X-100 and incorporated into the micelles. The energy transfer process was studied by investigating the concentration depolarization of fluorescence of chlorophyll a. On the basis of the experimental depolarization curves as well as the value of the F\u00f6rster parameter Ro equals to 56 A calculated from the overlap of absorption and fluorescence spectra it was concluded that energy transfer between chlorophyll a molecules in this model follows the F\u00f6rster-type mechanism of inductive resonance. Furthermore it was found that the local concentration of chlorophyll a in the micelles is higher by 1-3 orders of magnitude than its overall concentration in the solution and by choosing the appropriate ratio between the consentration of chlorophyll a and the detergent it is possible to reach the in vivo chlorophyll concentration of 0.1 M withing the micelles. Thus the chlorophyll-detergent micelle model may be applied as a model of the separate package-type photosynthetic unit.", "PMID": 1115778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4822", "title": "Further results on the photoactive chlorophyll aII in photosynthesis.", "content": "1. The flash-induced difference spectra of chlorophyll aII in untreated and in heat-treated spinach chloroplasts are presented. 2. Heat-treatment leads to an increase of the half-life of the chlorophyll aII absorbance changes. After the addition of hydroquinone plus sodium ascorbate the half-life of the chlorophyll aII reaction returns nearly to the value in untreated chloroplasts. 3. In digitonin-treated chloroplasts, or in the presence of histone, the chlorophyll aII activity is low when the electron acceptor is benzylviologen and high when ferricyanide is used. 4. The half-life of the chlorophyll aII reaction depends on the temperature of the reaction mixture. The activation energy of the chlorophyll aII reaction is about 7.5 kcal/mol. 5. From the experimental results we conclude that in heat-treated (and in Tris-washed and aged) chloroplasts the linear electron flow in Photosystem II is replaced by a cyclic one, which is sensitive to 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea.", "contents": "Further results on the photoactive chlorophyll aII in photosynthesis. 1. The flash-induced difference spectra of chlorophyll aII in untreated and in heat-treated spinach chloroplasts are presented. 2. Heat-treatment leads to an increase of the half-life of the chlorophyll aII absorbance changes. After the addition of hydroquinone plus sodium ascorbate the half-life of the chlorophyll aII reaction returns nearly to the value in untreated chloroplasts. 3. In digitonin-treated chloroplasts, or in the presence of histone, the chlorophyll aII activity is low when the electron acceptor is benzylviologen and high when ferricyanide is used. 4. The half-life of the chlorophyll aII reaction depends on the temperature of the reaction mixture. The activation energy of the chlorophyll aII reaction is about 7.5 kcal/mol. 5. From the experimental results we conclude that in heat-treated (and in Tris-washed and aged) chloroplasts the linear electron flow in Photosystem II is replaced by a cyclic one, which is sensitive to 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea.", "PMID": 1115779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4823", "title": "Light-induced absorbance changes due to photosystems 1 and 2 in spinach chloroplasts at minus 50 degrees C.", "content": "Absorbance changes in the region 500-565 nm and at 702 nm, brought about by excitation of Photosystems 1 and 2, respectively, were measured in spinach chloroplasts at minus 50 degrees C. Either dark-adapted chloroplasts were used or chloroplasts preilluminated with a number of short saturating flashes just before cooling. Both photosystems were found to cause a light-induced increase of absorbance at 518 nm (due to \"P518\"). The System 1-induced change was not affected by pre-illumination. It decayed within 1 s in the dark and showed similar kinetics as P700. Experiments in the presence of external electron acceptors (methylviologen or Fe(CN)6-3-) suggested that P518 was not affected by the redox state of the primary electron acceptor of System 1. The absorbance increase at 518 nm due to System 2 decayed in the dark with a half-time of several min. The kinetics were similar to those of C-550, the presumed indicator of the primary electron acceptor of System 2. After two flashes preillumination the changes due to P518 and C-550 were reduced by about 40%, and a relatively slow, System 2-induced oxidation of cytochrome b559 occurred which proceeded at a similar rate as the increase in yield of chlorophyll a fluorescence. The results indicate that at minus 50 degrees C two different photoreactions of System 2 occur. One consists of a photoreduction of the primary electron acceptor associated with C-550, accompanied by the oxidation of an unknown electron donor; the other is less efficient and results in the photooxidation of cytochrome b559.", "contents": "Light-induced absorbance changes due to photosystems 1 and 2 in spinach chloroplasts at minus 50 degrees C. Absorbance changes in the region 500-565 nm and at 702 nm, brought about by excitation of Photosystems 1 and 2, respectively, were measured in spinach chloroplasts at minus 50 degrees C. Either dark-adapted chloroplasts were used or chloroplasts preilluminated with a number of short saturating flashes just before cooling. Both photosystems were found to cause a light-induced increase of absorbance at 518 nm (due to \"P518\"). The System 1-induced change was not affected by pre-illumination. It decayed within 1 s in the dark and showed similar kinetics as P700. Experiments in the presence of external electron acceptors (methylviologen or Fe(CN)6-3-) suggested that P518 was not affected by the redox state of the primary electron acceptor of System 1. The absorbance increase at 518 nm due to System 2 decayed in the dark with a half-time of several min. The kinetics were similar to those of C-550, the presumed indicator of the primary electron acceptor of System 2. After two flashes preillumination the changes due to P518 and C-550 were reduced by about 40%, and a relatively slow, System 2-induced oxidation of cytochrome b559 occurred which proceeded at a similar rate as the increase in yield of chlorophyll a fluorescence. The results indicate that at minus 50 degrees C two different photoreactions of System 2 occur. One consists of a photoreduction of the primary electron acceptor associated with C-550, accompanied by the oxidation of an unknown electron donor; the other is less efficient and results in the photooxidation of cytochrome b559.", "PMID": 1115780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4824", "title": "Induction kinetics of delayed light emission in spinach chloroplasts.", "content": "Induction curves of the delayed light emission in spinach chloroplasts were studied by measuring the decay kinetics after each flash of light. This study differs from previous measurements of the induction curves where only the intensities at one set time after each flash of light were recorded. From the decay kinetics after each flash of light, the induction curves of the delayed light emission measured 2 ms after a flash of light were separated into two components: one component due to the last flash only and one component due to all previous flashes before the last one. On comparing the delayed light induction curves of the two components with the fluorescence induction curves in chloroplasts treated with 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea and in chloroplasts treated with hydroxylamine and 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea, the component due to the last flash only is found to be dependent on the concentration of open reaction centers and the component due to all previous flashes except the last is dependent on the concentration of closed reaction centers. This implies that the yield of the fast decaying component of the delayed light emission is dependent on the concentration of open reaction centers and the yield of the slow decaying component is dependent on the concentration of closed reaction centers.", "contents": "Induction kinetics of delayed light emission in spinach chloroplasts. Induction curves of the delayed light emission in spinach chloroplasts were studied by measuring the decay kinetics after each flash of light. This study differs from previous measurements of the induction curves where only the intensities at one set time after each flash of light were recorded. From the decay kinetics after each flash of light, the induction curves of the delayed light emission measured 2 ms after a flash of light were separated into two components: one component due to the last flash only and one component due to all previous flashes before the last one. On comparing the delayed light induction curves of the two components with the fluorescence induction curves in chloroplasts treated with 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea and in chloroplasts treated with hydroxylamine and 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea, the component due to the last flash only is found to be dependent on the concentration of open reaction centers and the component due to all previous flashes except the last is dependent on the concentration of closed reaction centers. This implies that the yield of the fast decaying component of the delayed light emission is dependent on the concentration of open reaction centers and the yield of the slow decaying component is dependent on the concentration of closed reaction centers.", "PMID": 1115781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4825", "title": "Slow 514 nm absorption phases and oxygen exchange transients in Ulva.", "content": "1. The slow 514-nm spectral changes in Ulva were studied using bright continuous 650-nm light. Transient and steady-state absorption changes were compared with changes in net rate of O2 exchange in a system designed to measure both parameters simultaneously. 2. Time courses of the 514-nm absorption change show three phases following the onset of light: one rapid increase and two slower (larger than or equal to 1 s) transient increases. Upon cessation of the light three transient absorption phases also follow: a rapid decrease and two slower (greater than 1 s) transient increases. Parallel transient phases (but opposite in sign) were found at 480 nm. 3. The kinetics of the slow 514-nm absorption transients correlate with the characteristic induction transients in net O2 exchange. 4. Similar difference spectra and the restoration kinetics of the light-on and light -off transient phases indicate that the slow 514-nm absorption changes reflect the same component(s) and process(es). 5. The experimental results are discussed in terms of the electrochromic hypothesis for the 515-nm absorption shift. We interpret the slow 514-nm absorption changes in Ulva as a reflection of relatively slow ionic readjustments across the photosynthetic membranes.", "contents": "Slow 514 nm absorption phases and oxygen exchange transients in Ulva. 1. The slow 514-nm spectral changes in Ulva were studied using bright continuous 650-nm light. Transient and steady-state absorption changes were compared with changes in net rate of O2 exchange in a system designed to measure both parameters simultaneously. 2. Time courses of the 514-nm absorption change show three phases following the onset of light: one rapid increase and two slower (larger than or equal to 1 s) transient increases. Upon cessation of the light three transient absorption phases also follow: a rapid decrease and two slower (greater than 1 s) transient increases. Parallel transient phases (but opposite in sign) were found at 480 nm. 3. The kinetics of the slow 514-nm absorption transients correlate with the characteristic induction transients in net O2 exchange. 4. Similar difference spectra and the restoration kinetics of the light-on and light -off transient phases indicate that the slow 514-nm absorption changes reflect the same component(s) and process(es). 5. The experimental results are discussed in terms of the electrochromic hypothesis for the 515-nm absorption shift. We interpret the slow 514-nm absorption changes in Ulva as a reflection of relatively slow ionic readjustments across the photosynthetic membranes.", "PMID": 1115782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4826", "title": "Calcium binding to rabbit skeletal myosin under physiological conditions.", "content": "At a free Mg2+ concentration of 1.0 mM, myosin binds one Ca2+ per molecule when the Ca2+ concentration is 20 muM, a value in the concentration range expected during contraction of skeletal muscle. Mg2+ alters Ca2+ binding in a complex manner, not by simple competition. In the range from 20 to 100 muM Mg2+ it produces positive cooperativity between the high-affinity Ca2+ binding sites, in addition to shifting binding to higher Ca2+ concentrations. High-affinity Ca2+ binding is not significantly affected by the addition of ATP, increase in ionic strength to 0.1 and changes in temperature. Ca2+ binding did not increase actin-activated ATPase activity in the absence of regulatory proteins, but rather inhibited it.", "contents": "Calcium binding to rabbit skeletal myosin under physiological conditions. At a free Mg2+ concentration of 1.0 mM, myosin binds one Ca2+ per molecule when the Ca2+ concentration is 20 muM, a value in the concentration range expected during contraction of skeletal muscle. Mg2+ alters Ca2+ binding in a complex manner, not by simple competition. In the range from 20 to 100 muM Mg2+ it produces positive cooperativity between the high-affinity Ca2+ binding sites, in addition to shifting binding to higher Ca2+ concentrations. High-affinity Ca2+ binding is not significantly affected by the addition of ATP, increase in ionic strength to 0.1 and changes in temperature. Ca2+ binding did not increase actin-activated ATPase activity in the absence of regulatory proteins, but rather inhibited it.", "PMID": 1115783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4827", "title": "DNA replication in nuclei isolated from bovine lymphocytes.", "content": "DNA replication was studied in nuclei isolated from phytohemagglutin-stimulated bovine lymphocytes. The mitogen treatment induced more than 60% of these cells to engage in DNA synthesis with a peak of synthetic activity occurring about 48 h after the addition of phytohemagglutinin. Throughout this response the ability of isolated nuclei and nuclear sonicates to synthesize DNA in vitro was proportional to the synthetic ability of the intact cells of origin. The subcellular systems appear to continue synthesis at replicative sites which were active in vivo. The rate of in vitro synthesis by both nuclei and nuclear sonicates was about two-thirds that of intact cells. The one cytoplasmic and two nuclear DNA polymerase activities separated from these cells were found to have properties similar to those of other eucaryotic cells.", "contents": "DNA replication in nuclei isolated from bovine lymphocytes. DNA replication was studied in nuclei isolated from phytohemagglutin-stimulated bovine lymphocytes. The mitogen treatment induced more than 60% of these cells to engage in DNA synthesis with a peak of synthetic activity occurring about 48 h after the addition of phytohemagglutinin. Throughout this response the ability of isolated nuclei and nuclear sonicates to synthesize DNA in vitro was proportional to the synthetic ability of the intact cells of origin. The subcellular systems appear to continue synthesis at replicative sites which were active in vivo. The rate of in vitro synthesis by both nuclei and nuclear sonicates was about two-thirds that of intact cells. The one cytoplasmic and two nuclear DNA polymerase activities separated from these cells were found to have properties similar to those of other eucaryotic cells.", "PMID": 1115784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4828", "title": "A requirement for RNA, protein and DNA synthesis in the establishment of DNA replicase activity in synchronized HeLa cells.", "content": "DNA replicase activity of synchronized cultures of HeLa cells was assayed by a permeable cell technique during normal S-phase and under conditions of restricted RNA, protein, or DNA synthesis. Inhibition studies with puromycin, cycloheximide, actinomycin D, and 2-mercapto-1-(beta-4-pyridethyl)benzimidazole revealed that the establishment as well as the maintenance of DNA replicase activity in S-phase cells was dependent on the continued synthesis of both RNA and protein. Measurements during limitation of DNA replication by hydroxyurea, cytosine arabinoside, or restricted availability of thymidine indicate that a low level of DNA synthesis is required to activate or assemble some subunits of DNA replicase. Evidence for the existence of short-lived RNA and protein factors essential for DNA replicase activity is discussed.", "contents": "A requirement for RNA, protein and DNA synthesis in the establishment of DNA replicase activity in synchronized HeLa cells. DNA replicase activity of synchronized cultures of HeLa cells was assayed by a permeable cell technique during normal S-phase and under conditions of restricted RNA, protein, or DNA synthesis. Inhibition studies with puromycin, cycloheximide, actinomycin D, and 2-mercapto-1-(beta-4-pyridethyl)benzimidazole revealed that the establishment as well as the maintenance of DNA replicase activity in S-phase cells was dependent on the continued synthesis of both RNA and protein. Measurements during limitation of DNA replication by hydroxyurea, cytosine arabinoside, or restricted availability of thymidine indicate that a low level of DNA synthesis is required to activate or assemble some subunits of DNA replicase. Evidence for the existence of short-lived RNA and protein factors essential for DNA replicase activity is discussed.", "PMID": 1115785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4829", "title": "Characterization of the genome of Phycomyces blakesleeanus.", "content": "DNA of Phycomyces blakesleeanus was extracted from whole mycelia and from nuclear and mitochondrial organelle fractions obtained from sporangiophores. DNA from all three sources exhibits one symmetrical band at p equals 1.688 g/ml in CsCl buoyant density gradients. Reassociation data are consistent with kinetic division of the DNA into three components: very rapidly renaturing (fraction I), rapidly reassociating (fraction II) and slowly reassociating (fraction III) base sequences. These components comprise approximately 10%, 20% and 64% of total cell DNA. Kinetic fractions were prepared from total cell DNA and reassociated separately. The corrected rate constant is 11.3 M-1-S-1 for the rapidly reassociating component and 0.055 M-1-S-1 for the slowly reassociating component. Based on these data and the data from unfractionated total cell DNA, the genome size of Phycomyces is approximately 1.9-10-10 daltons, 6.7 times that of Escherichia coli.", "contents": "Characterization of the genome of Phycomyces blakesleeanus. DNA of Phycomyces blakesleeanus was extracted from whole mycelia and from nuclear and mitochondrial organelle fractions obtained from sporangiophores. DNA from all three sources exhibits one symmetrical band at p equals 1.688 g/ml in CsCl buoyant density gradients. Reassociation data are consistent with kinetic division of the DNA into three components: very rapidly renaturing (fraction I), rapidly reassociating (fraction II) and slowly reassociating (fraction III) base sequences. These components comprise approximately 10%, 20% and 64% of total cell DNA. Kinetic fractions were prepared from total cell DNA and reassociated separately. The corrected rate constant is 11.3 M-1-S-1 for the rapidly reassociating component and 0.055 M-1-S-1 for the slowly reassociating component. Based on these data and the data from unfractionated total cell DNA, the genome size of Phycomyces is approximately 1.9-10-10 daltons, 6.7 times that of Escherichia coli.", "PMID": 1115786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4830", "title": "Size distribution and cell-free translation of globin-coding HnRNA from avian erythroblasts.", "content": "Nuclear RNA from avian erythroblasts was isolated, fractionated by dimethylsulfoxide gradient centrifugation, and the fractions pooled according to increasing sedimentation values. Addition of 125I-labeled globin 9 S mRNA before centrifugation revealed a contamination of high molecular weight RNA by globin mRNA. However, the distribution of label was not identical to the distribution of globin synthesizing activity of unlabelled nuclear RNA when the RNA was translated in a cell-free system of Ehrlich ascites cells. Whereas more than 95% of 125I activity was found in the 0-20 S pool, only 33% of globin synthesizing activity of unlabelled nuclear RNA could be found in this pool. Most of the synthesizing activity was found in the 20-55 S pool and smaller amounts in even more rapidly sedimenting fractions. This conclusively demonstrates the existence of nuclear RNA with globin-coding sequences most probably representing the globin mRNA precursor. The precursor has a higher molecular weight than globin 9 S mRNA. Furthermore we could show that only a small percentage (smaller than 20%) of the proteins synthesized by addition of nuclear RNA from avian erythroblasts to the cell-free system represents globin chains. When 9 S mRNA is added to the cell-free system, more than 70% of the newly synthesized proteins are globin chains.", "contents": "Size distribution and cell-free translation of globin-coding HnRNA from avian erythroblasts. Nuclear RNA from avian erythroblasts was isolated, fractionated by dimethylsulfoxide gradient centrifugation, and the fractions pooled according to increasing sedimentation values. Addition of 125I-labeled globin 9 S mRNA before centrifugation revealed a contamination of high molecular weight RNA by globin mRNA. However, the distribution of label was not identical to the distribution of globin synthesizing activity of unlabelled nuclear RNA when the RNA was translated in a cell-free system of Ehrlich ascites cells. Whereas more than 95% of 125I activity was found in the 0-20 S pool, only 33% of globin synthesizing activity of unlabelled nuclear RNA could be found in this pool. Most of the synthesizing activity was found in the 20-55 S pool and smaller amounts in even more rapidly sedimenting fractions. This conclusively demonstrates the existence of nuclear RNA with globin-coding sequences most probably representing the globin mRNA precursor. The precursor has a higher molecular weight than globin 9 S mRNA. Furthermore we could show that only a small percentage (smaller than 20%) of the proteins synthesized by addition of nuclear RNA from avian erythroblasts to the cell-free system represents globin chains. When 9 S mRNA is added to the cell-free system, more than 70% of the newly synthesized proteins are globin chains.", "PMID": 1115787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4831", "title": "Poly (A)-containing polyribosomal RNA in sea urchin embryos: changes in proportion during development.", "content": "Evidence is described which suggests that a large fraction of sea urchin embryo polyribosomal RNA is not polyadenylated, and that the proportion of poly(A)-containing RNA increases during embryological development. Cleavage, early blastula, and mesenchyme blastula stage embryos were treated with cordycepin, and the effects of the drug on polyribosome appearance were determined. Polyribosomes in cleaving embryos and early blastulae were unaffected by the drug. However, there was a significant reduction in the amount of polyribosomes present and in the amount of newly synthesized RNA entering polyribosomes in mesenchyme blastulae after cordycepin treatment. Polyribosomal RNA was isolated from cleavage, early blastula, and mesenchyme blastula stage embryos, and the RNA was characterized by sucrose gradient centrifugation. Cleaving embryo polyribosomal RNA has a prominent 9 S peak and a smaller 20 S peak, and the larger RNA is heterodisperse. There is no poly(A) associated with the 9 S and 20 S material, but there is poly(A) associated with the RNA sedimenting faster than 20 S. Early blastula and mesenchyme blastula polyribosomal RNA have 22 S and 26 S peaks, respectively. This later stage RNA is quite heterodisperse and poly(A) is associated with RNA in all size classes larger than 9 S. Finally, the proportion of polyadenylated light and heavy polyribosome RNA was determined for cleavage, early blastula, and mesenchyme blastula stage embryos. Approximately 20-25% of newly synthesized light polyribosome RNA is polyadenylated and this amount is relatively constant during early development. However, the proportion of newly synthesized RNA in heavy polyribosomes that is polyadenylated increases during development: 25% at cleavage, 33% at early blastula, and 48% at mesenchyme blastula stages.", "contents": "Poly (A)-containing polyribosomal RNA in sea urchin embryos: changes in proportion during development. Evidence is described which suggests that a large fraction of sea urchin embryo polyribosomal RNA is not polyadenylated, and that the proportion of poly(A)-containing RNA increases during embryological development. Cleavage, early blastula, and mesenchyme blastula stage embryos were treated with cordycepin, and the effects of the drug on polyribosome appearance were determined. Polyribosomes in cleaving embryos and early blastulae were unaffected by the drug. However, there was a significant reduction in the amount of polyribosomes present and in the amount of newly synthesized RNA entering polyribosomes in mesenchyme blastulae after cordycepin treatment. Polyribosomal RNA was isolated from cleavage, early blastula, and mesenchyme blastula stage embryos, and the RNA was characterized by sucrose gradient centrifugation. Cleaving embryo polyribosomal RNA has a prominent 9 S peak and a smaller 20 S peak, and the larger RNA is heterodisperse. There is no poly(A) associated with the 9 S and 20 S material, but there is poly(A) associated with the RNA sedimenting faster than 20 S. Early blastula and mesenchyme blastula polyribosomal RNA have 22 S and 26 S peaks, respectively. This later stage RNA is quite heterodisperse and poly(A) is associated with RNA in all size classes larger than 9 S. Finally, the proportion of polyadenylated light and heavy polyribosome RNA was determined for cleavage, early blastula, and mesenchyme blastula stage embryos. Approximately 20-25% of newly synthesized light polyribosome RNA is polyadenylated and this amount is relatively constant during early development. However, the proportion of newly synthesized RNA in heavy polyribosomes that is polyadenylated increases during development: 25% at cleavage, 33% at early blastula, and 48% at mesenchyme blastula stages.", "PMID": 1115788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4832", "title": "Effect of colchicine on collagen, albumin and transferrin synthesis by cirrhotic rat liver slices.", "content": "Collagen synthesis was found to be increased in liver slices of rats made cirrhotic by chronic administration of CCl4. The liver function was impaired, as determined by an increased retention of conjugated bilirubin and low serum albumin values. However, when animals received colchicine simultaneously with CCl4, collagen synthesis and deposition were inhibited, and the liver function appeared normal. When a group of rats was made cirrhotic by chronic administration of CCl4, and then kept for 30 days without further treatment, fibrosis persisted and collagen synthesis was very low. However, the liver function was severely impaired. When similar rats received L-azetidine-2-carboxylic acid during the 30-days period following CCl4 administration, there was a slight but not significant improvement in liver function. The collagen synthesis and the extent of fibrosis were similar to the controls. However, if similar rats received colchicine during the 30 days period, collagen synthesis was almost negligible, there was a slight decrease in fibrosis and there was a great improvement in liver function. In all the cirrhotic animals studied, transferrin biosynthesis remained constant.", "contents": "Effect of colchicine on collagen, albumin and transferrin synthesis by cirrhotic rat liver slices. Collagen synthesis was found to be increased in liver slices of rats made cirrhotic by chronic administration of CCl4. The liver function was impaired, as determined by an increased retention of conjugated bilirubin and low serum albumin values. However, when animals received colchicine simultaneously with CCl4, collagen synthesis and deposition were inhibited, and the liver function appeared normal. When a group of rats was made cirrhotic by chronic administration of CCl4, and then kept for 30 days without further treatment, fibrosis persisted and collagen synthesis was very low. However, the liver function was severely impaired. When similar rats received L-azetidine-2-carboxylic acid during the 30-days period following CCl4 administration, there was a slight but not significant improvement in liver function. The collagen synthesis and the extent of fibrosis were similar to the controls. However, if similar rats received colchicine during the 30 days period, collagen synthesis was almost negligible, there was a slight decrease in fibrosis and there was a great improvement in liver function. In all the cirrhotic animals studied, transferrin biosynthesis remained constant.", "PMID": 1115789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4833", "title": "Conformational studies on modified proteins and peptides. IX. Conformation and immunochemistry of hemoglobin reduced at some carboxyl groups by diborane.", "content": "A derivative of apohemoglobin was prepared by reduction with diborane at -10 degrees C for 2 h. Four aspartate and two glutamate side chains were reduced per half molecule to their corresponding alcohols. The modifications were identified as: alpha asp 64, alpha-asp 74, alpha-asp 75 and alpha asp 85;beta-glu 121 and beta-glu 6 (or beta-glu 7). Recombination of reduced apohemoglobin with unmodified ferriheme yielded the corresponding reduced hemoglobin derivative which was electrophoretically homogeneous. Hemoglobin and reduced hemoglobin had different electrophoretic mobilities and showed slight spectral differences. Titration with ferriheme revealed that reduced globin possessed an anomalous heme-binding behavior. The s 20,w of reduced hemoglobin was slightly higher than that of hemoglobin. Agregation of the derivative was also apparent from its behavior in gel filtration. ORD and CD measurements indicated substantial conformational differences between hemoglobin and its derivative. Immunochemical studies showed that the derivative reacted poorly with antisera to hemoglobin and, conversely, hemoglobin showed little reaction with antisera to the derivative. The results are discussed in terms of the three-dimensional structure of hemoglobin in the crystalline state and its relationship to the structure in solution.", "contents": "Conformational studies on modified proteins and peptides. IX. Conformation and immunochemistry of hemoglobin reduced at some carboxyl groups by diborane. A derivative of apohemoglobin was prepared by reduction with diborane at -10 degrees C for 2 h. Four aspartate and two glutamate side chains were reduced per half molecule to their corresponding alcohols. The modifications were identified as: alpha asp 64, alpha-asp 74, alpha-asp 75 and alpha asp 85;beta-glu 121 and beta-glu 6 (or beta-glu 7). Recombination of reduced apohemoglobin with unmodified ferriheme yielded the corresponding reduced hemoglobin derivative which was electrophoretically homogeneous. Hemoglobin and reduced hemoglobin had different electrophoretic mobilities and showed slight spectral differences. Titration with ferriheme revealed that reduced globin possessed an anomalous heme-binding behavior. The s 20,w of reduced hemoglobin was slightly higher than that of hemoglobin. Agregation of the derivative was also apparent from its behavior in gel filtration. ORD and CD measurements indicated substantial conformational differences between hemoglobin and its derivative. Immunochemical studies showed that the derivative reacted poorly with antisera to hemoglobin and, conversely, hemoglobin showed little reaction with antisera to the derivative. The results are discussed in terms of the three-dimensional structure of hemoglobin in the crystalline state and its relationship to the structure in solution.", "PMID": 1115790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4834", "title": "Aggregation of linear biopolymers induced by cooperative binding of ligands.", "content": "Owing to \"stacking\" interactions certain positively charged dye molecules display biologically significant cooperative binding to single stranded polyanions. Temperature jump experiments with such systems reveal a peculiar slow relaxation process which cannot be ascribed to the actual binding reactions. In the special case of poly(glutamic acid) and acridine orange, light scattering measurements show it to be caused by a strong aggregation of the polymer-dye complexes depending primarily on the degree of binding. This effect is clearly reflected in changes of the visible absorption spectrum. Their wavelength dependences indicate that the aggregation is apparently associated with a spectral flattening as well as an enhanced binding of the dye which both result in a decrease of its absorbance. The thermodynamics and kinetics of the phenomenon can be understood on the basis of a simple model.", "contents": "Aggregation of linear biopolymers induced by cooperative binding of ligands. Owing to \"stacking\" interactions certain positively charged dye molecules display biologically significant cooperative binding to single stranded polyanions. Temperature jump experiments with such systems reveal a peculiar slow relaxation process which cannot be ascribed to the actual binding reactions. In the special case of poly(glutamic acid) and acridine orange, light scattering measurements show it to be caused by a strong aggregation of the polymer-dye complexes depending primarily on the degree of binding. This effect is clearly reflected in changes of the visible absorption spectrum. Their wavelength dependences indicate that the aggregation is apparently associated with a spectral flattening as well as an enhanced binding of the dye which both result in a decrease of its absorbance. The thermodynamics and kinetics of the phenomenon can be understood on the basis of a simple model.", "PMID": 1115791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4835", "title": "The influence of cadmium ions on the adsorption of prothrombin onto A1(OH)3 as a means to purify prothrombin.", "content": "1. In the presence of CdSO4(1mM),Al(OH)3(1.3% w/v) completely adsorbs the coagulation factors VII, IX, and X from normal plasma, but factor II (prothrombin) is adsorbed for about 50% only.2. A purification procedure for factor II is developed, using Al(OH)3 adsorption in the presence of Cd2+ as a first step and using column chromatography only once. A 750-fold purification is obtained at a 24% yield. 3. Comparison of the prothrombin thus obtained, with prothrombin isolated by the method of Kisiel and Hanahan (Biochim. Biophys. Acta (1973) 304, 103-113) does not show significant differences in amino acid composition, N-terminal amino acid, molecular weight or immunological properties. 4. Comparison of the two prothrombin preparations in a thrombin-generating system shows that although the final yield of thrombin from a given amount of prothrombin in both preparations is the same, the initial velocity of thrombin formation from our preparation is comparable to that of native prothrombin, whereas the other preparation is converted significantly slower.", "contents": "The influence of cadmium ions on the adsorption of prothrombin onto A1(OH)3 as a means to purify prothrombin. 1. In the presence of CdSO4(1mM),Al(OH)3(1.3% w/v) completely adsorbs the coagulation factors VII, IX, and X from normal plasma, but factor II (prothrombin) is adsorbed for about 50% only.2. A purification procedure for factor II is developed, using Al(OH)3 adsorption in the presence of Cd2+ as a first step and using column chromatography only once. A 750-fold purification is obtained at a 24% yield. 3. Comparison of the prothrombin thus obtained, with prothrombin isolated by the method of Kisiel and Hanahan (Biochim. Biophys. Acta (1973) 304, 103-113) does not show significant differences in amino acid composition, N-terminal amino acid, molecular weight or immunological properties. 4. Comparison of the two prothrombin preparations in a thrombin-generating system shows that although the final yield of thrombin from a given amount of prothrombin in both preparations is the same, the initial velocity of thrombin formation from our preparation is comparable to that of native prothrombin, whereas the other preparation is converted significantly slower.", "PMID": 1115792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4836", "title": "Activation of a pro-enzyme by a stoichiometric reaction with another protein. The reaction between prothrombin and staphylocoagulase.", "content": "The reaction between prothrombin and staphylocoagulase was investigated and the following conclusions were drawn: (a) Optimal amounts of the active reaction product (coagulase-thrombin) are found when equimolar amounts of prothrombin and staphylocoagulase are added together. (b) The molecular weight of coagulase-thrombin equals the sum of the molecular weights of staphylocoagulase and prothrombin when estimated both by gelfiltration and by sodijm dodecylsulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. (c) The amino acid composition of coagulase-thrombin cannot be distinguished from the sum of the amino acid compositions of prothrombin and staphylocoagulasd. (d)in a preparation of coagulase-thrombin the N-terminal amino acids are those of prothrombin (alanin) and staphylocoagulase (aspartic acid). (e) An antibody against coagulase-thrombin precipitates prothrombin and staphylocoagulase but not thrombin. (f) We put forward the hypothesis that the thrombin activity in coagulasethrombin is the result of a stoichiometric reaction between one molecule of prothrombin and one molecule of staphylocoagulase, and limited proteolysis does not play a role in this mechanism.", "contents": "Activation of a pro-enzyme by a stoichiometric reaction with another protein. The reaction between prothrombin and staphylocoagulase. The reaction between prothrombin and staphylocoagulase was investigated and the following conclusions were drawn: (a) Optimal amounts of the active reaction product (coagulase-thrombin) are found when equimolar amounts of prothrombin and staphylocoagulase are added together. (b) The molecular weight of coagulase-thrombin equals the sum of the molecular weights of staphylocoagulase and prothrombin when estimated both by gelfiltration and by sodijm dodecylsulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. (c) The amino acid composition of coagulase-thrombin cannot be distinguished from the sum of the amino acid compositions of prothrombin and staphylocoagulasd. (d)in a preparation of coagulase-thrombin the N-terminal amino acids are those of prothrombin (alanin) and staphylocoagulase (aspartic acid). (e) An antibody against coagulase-thrombin precipitates prothrombin and staphylocoagulase but not thrombin. (f) We put forward the hypothesis that the thrombin activity in coagulasethrombin is the result of a stoichiometric reaction between one molecule of prothrombin and one molecule of staphylocoagulase, and limited proteolysis does not play a role in this mechanism.", "PMID": 1115793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4837", "title": "A new principle in biospecific affinity chromatography used for purification of cobalamin-binding proteins.", "content": "To avoid using protein-denaturing agents for desorption, when purifying cobalamin-binding protein by biospecific affinity chromatography, an affinity column has been prepared where cobalamin is attached through a temperature-labile linkage to insolubilized 3, 3'-diaminodipropylamine. On desorption the protein is obtained in solution saturated with cobalamin. The method has been used for purification of intrinsic factor and transcobalamin I.", "contents": "A new principle in biospecific affinity chromatography used for purification of cobalamin-binding proteins. To avoid using protein-denaturing agents for desorption, when purifying cobalamin-binding protein by biospecific affinity chromatography, an affinity column has been prepared where cobalamin is attached through a temperature-labile linkage to insolubilized 3, 3'-diaminodipropylamine. On desorption the protein is obtained in solution saturated with cobalamin. The method has been used for purification of intrinsic factor and transcobalamin I.", "PMID": 1115794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4838", "title": "Action of heparin on thrombin-antithrombin reaction.", "content": "Thrombin partially purified from bovine plasma can be inactivated at 60 degress C. In the presence of 10 units of heparin the extent of inactivation decreases. When thrombin and heparin are mixed and incubated for 5 min at 0 degrees C before gel filtration on Sephadex G-200, thrombin with heparin is eluted prior to either thrombin or heparin laone. These data suggest a complex formation between thrombin and heparin. Immobilized heparin binds thrombin. The enzyme can be eluted with 0.05 M Tris-HCl buffer, pH 7.3, containing an ion mixture of Na+, K+ and Ca2+ at 73, 3 and 11 mM, respectively, at 0 degrees C and with 0.05 M Tris-HCl buffer, pH 7.3, containing 0.5 M NaCl at 20 degrees C. During the same chromatographic procedure, antithrombin-III (heparin cofactor) partially purified from human plasma is eluted with 0.05 M Tris-HCl buffer, pH 7.3, at 0 degrees C as well as 20 degrees C. Although, as described in the literature, heparin binds to antithrombin, our findings suggest another possibility, i.e. that the binding of heparin to thrombin induces a conformational change in the enzyme facilitating a complex formation between thrombin and antithrombin-III.", "contents": "Action of heparin on thrombin-antithrombin reaction. Thrombin partially purified from bovine plasma can be inactivated at 60 degress C. In the presence of 10 units of heparin the extent of inactivation decreases. When thrombin and heparin are mixed and incubated for 5 min at 0 degrees C before gel filtration on Sephadex G-200, thrombin with heparin is eluted prior to either thrombin or heparin laone. These data suggest a complex formation between thrombin and heparin. Immobilized heparin binds thrombin. The enzyme can be eluted with 0.05 M Tris-HCl buffer, pH 7.3, containing an ion mixture of Na+, K+ and Ca2+ at 73, 3 and 11 mM, respectively, at 0 degrees C and with 0.05 M Tris-HCl buffer, pH 7.3, containing 0.5 M NaCl at 20 degrees C. During the same chromatographic procedure, antithrombin-III (heparin cofactor) partially purified from human plasma is eluted with 0.05 M Tris-HCl buffer, pH 7.3, at 0 degrees C as well as 20 degrees C. Although, as described in the literature, heparin binds to antithrombin, our findings suggest another possibility, i.e. that the binding of heparin to thrombin induces a conformational change in the enzyme facilitating a complex formation between thrombin and antithrombin-III.", "PMID": 1115795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4839", "title": "Comparison of the cyanogen bromide peptides of insoluble guinea-pig skin and scar collagen.", "content": "Insoluble guinea-pig skin collagen and insoluble dermal scar collagen were cleaved with CNBr and the peptides derived from the alpha1-chain were separated by ion-exchange and molecular-sieve chromatography. Comparison of the peptides from scar collagen with those from skin collagen showed that the former contained more hydroxylysine. Separation of the CNBr peptides showed that this increase in hydroxylysine was found not only in the non-helical regions, but was also seen down the helical portion of the molecule. Separation of the peptides revealed the presence of more peptides in digests of skin collagen than those of scar, and these have been attributed to the presence of Type III collagen in skin, but no evidence was found for the presence of this Type III collagen in dermal scar tissue.", "contents": "Comparison of the cyanogen bromide peptides of insoluble guinea-pig skin and scar collagen. Insoluble guinea-pig skin collagen and insoluble dermal scar collagen were cleaved with CNBr and the peptides derived from the alpha1-chain were separated by ion-exchange and molecular-sieve chromatography. Comparison of the peptides from scar collagen with those from skin collagen showed that the former contained more hydroxylysine. Separation of the CNBr peptides showed that this increase in hydroxylysine was found not only in the non-helical regions, but was also seen down the helical portion of the molecule. Separation of the peptides revealed the presence of more peptides in digests of skin collagen than those of scar, and these have been attributed to the presence of Type III collagen in skin, but no evidence was found for the presence of this Type III collagen in dermal scar tissue.", "PMID": 1115796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4840", "title": "Haemoglobin G Norfolk: alpha 85 (F6) Asp leads to Asn.", "content": "The characterisation of haemoglobin G Norfolk (alpha2 85 Asp leads to Asn 2) is described. This variant has been identified in the heterozygous state in three apparently unrelated English families of which two are resident in England and the other in Canada.", "contents": "Haemoglobin G Norfolk: alpha 85 (F6) Asp leads to Asn. The characterisation of haemoglobin G Norfolk (alpha2 85 Asp leads to Asn 2) is described. This variant has been identified in the heterozygous state in three apparently unrelated English families of which two are resident in England and the other in Canada.", "PMID": 1115797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4841", "title": "Association of the long-acting thyroid stimulator protector with the immunoglobulin G fraction of serum from patients with thyrotoxicosis.", "content": "Both the long-acting thyroid stimulator and the long-acting thyroid stimulator protector are associated with the immunoglobulin G fraction of human serum proteins. Fractionation of globulins by (NH4)2SO4 precipitation and DEAE-cellulose chromatography showed that the protector activity was associated with subfractions of differing electrophoretic mobility. Attempts to concentrate the protector in immunochemically pure immunoglobulin G prepared in this way may fail because of loss of protector activity with other immunoglobulin G fractions. Gel filtration on Sephadex G-150 indicated that protector activity was associated with 7-S proteins.", "contents": "Association of the long-acting thyroid stimulator protector with the immunoglobulin G fraction of serum from patients with thyrotoxicosis. Both the long-acting thyroid stimulator and the long-acting thyroid stimulator protector are associated with the immunoglobulin G fraction of human serum proteins. Fractionation of globulins by (NH4)2SO4 precipitation and DEAE-cellulose chromatography showed that the protector activity was associated with subfractions of differing electrophoretic mobility. Attempts to concentrate the protector in immunochemically pure immunoglobulin G prepared in this way may fail because of loss of protector activity with other immunoglobulin G fractions. Gel filtration on Sephadex G-150 indicated that protector activity was associated with 7-S proteins.", "PMID": 1115798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4842", "title": "Two new hemoglobins. Hemoglobin Alabama (beta39(C5)Gln leads to Lys) and hemoglobin Montgomery (alpha 48(CD 6) Leu leads to Arg).", "content": "The amino acid substitutions in two new hemoglobins found by electrophoretic screening during a survey in Alabama have been determined by column chromatography and amino acid analyses of their tryptic peptides. They are hemoglobin Alabama (beta 39(C 5)Gln leads to Lys) and hemoglobin Montgomery (alpha 48(CD 6) Leu leads to Arg). No harmful symptoms have been attributed to the presence of either hemoglobin.", "contents": "Two new hemoglobins. Hemoglobin Alabama (beta39(C5)Gln leads to Lys) and hemoglobin Montgomery (alpha 48(CD 6) Leu leads to Arg). The amino acid substitutions in two new hemoglobins found by electrophoretic screening during a survey in Alabama have been determined by column chromatography and amino acid analyses of their tryptic peptides. They are hemoglobin Alabama (beta 39(C 5)Gln leads to Lys) and hemoglobin Montgomery (alpha 48(CD 6) Leu leads to Arg). No harmful symptoms have been attributed to the presence of either hemoglobin.", "PMID": 1115799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4843", "title": "Proteins selectively released from water-extracted human erythrocyte membranes upon citraconylation or maleylation. Electrophoretic analysis and chromatographic fractionation.", "content": "1. Citraconylation or maleylation (carboxylation) of water-extracted human erythrocyte membranes (membrane residue) solubilized up to 20% (w/w) of the membrane residue protein, but less than 2% of the phospholipids. Amino acid analysis and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of dodecylsulfate showed that the solubilization was selective. 2. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the absence of detergent separated the solubilized acylated proteins into four well-separated major zones and two or three minor zones. Two of the major zones contained proteins of high molecular weight (spectrin components) and the other two contained components of intermediate molecular weight. 3. The solubilized components of intermediate molecular weight could be partially purified by hydroxyapatite chromatography. 4. Upon incubation at pH 5 and 36 degrees C of the unfractionated proteins solubilized by citraconylation some components became specifically degraded or dissociated into subunits.", "contents": "Proteins selectively released from water-extracted human erythrocyte membranes upon citraconylation or maleylation. Electrophoretic analysis and chromatographic fractionation. 1. Citraconylation or maleylation (carboxylation) of water-extracted human erythrocyte membranes (membrane residue) solubilized up to 20% (w/w) of the membrane residue protein, but less than 2% of the phospholipids. Amino acid analysis and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of dodecylsulfate showed that the solubilization was selective. 2. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the absence of detergent separated the solubilized acylated proteins into four well-separated major zones and two or three minor zones. Two of the major zones contained proteins of high molecular weight (spectrin components) and the other two contained components of intermediate molecular weight. 3. The solubilized components of intermediate molecular weight could be partially purified by hydroxyapatite chromatography. 4. Upon incubation at pH 5 and 36 degrees C of the unfractionated proteins solubilized by citraconylation some components became specifically degraded or dissociated into subunits.", "PMID": 1115800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4844", "title": "Specific interaction of chromatin non-histone proteins with DNA.", "content": "The interaction of different preparations of chromatin non-histone proteins of rat liver and thymus with homologous and heterologous DNA was studied. It is shown by the method of fixation of non-histone proteins-DNA complexes on nitrocellulose filters that: (1) all the non-histone proteins preparations studied form complexes with DNA in 0.02 M Tris--HCl (pH 7.5)--3 mM MgCl2; (2) the main part of non-histone proteins interacting with DNA binds to it non-specifically; (3) a small part of non-histone proteins interacts specifically with the homologous native DNA in 5 M urea; (4) both homologous and heterologous denatured DNA binds non-histone proteins more effectively than the native one; (5) the specific interaction of non-histone proteins with the homologous denatured DNA is observed both without urea and in its presence. The specific interaction of a small part of non-histone proteins with the homologous native and denatured DNA is also shown by the method of non-histone proteins chromatography on polyacrylamide--agarose columns containing DNA. The data obtained are discussed in the light of the possible non-histone proteins role in the specific regulation of the transcription process.", "contents": "Specific interaction of chromatin non-histone proteins with DNA. The interaction of different preparations of chromatin non-histone proteins of rat liver and thymus with homologous and heterologous DNA was studied. It is shown by the method of fixation of non-histone proteins-DNA complexes on nitrocellulose filters that: (1) all the non-histone proteins preparations studied form complexes with DNA in 0.02 M Tris--HCl (pH 7.5)--3 mM MgCl2; (2) the main part of non-histone proteins interacting with DNA binds to it non-specifically; (3) a small part of non-histone proteins interacts specifically with the homologous native DNA in 5 M urea; (4) both homologous and heterologous denatured DNA binds non-histone proteins more effectively than the native one; (5) the specific interaction of non-histone proteins with the homologous denatured DNA is observed both without urea and in its presence. The specific interaction of a small part of non-histone proteins with the homologous native and denatured DNA is also shown by the method of non-histone proteins chromatography on polyacrylamide--agarose columns containing DNA. The data obtained are discussed in the light of the possible non-histone proteins role in the specific regulation of the transcription process.", "PMID": 1115801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4845", "title": "The state of messenger ribonucleic acid and ribosomes in the cytoplasm of ethionine-treated rat liver.", "content": "The administration of ethionine to female rats causes breakdown of hepatic polysomes. The state of mRNA and monomeric ribosomes after the polysome dissociation was studied. The mRNA was selectively labeled with [14C] orotate after a low dose of actinomycin D. Sucrose density gradient centrifugation of Triton X-100-treated cytoplasm revealed an accumulation of heterodisperse radioactive material with very large S values. This material was converted to smaller S values with deoxycholate treatment and was extremely sensitive to mild ribonuclease treatment. Since this material was banded at around 1.43 g/cm3 in CsCl gradient centrifugation and contained RNA with a distribution of S values characteristic of polysomal mRNA, this material was identified as mRNA-containing ribonucleoprotein particles. The monomeric ribosomes were shown to be dissociated into subunits in the presence of 0.5 M KCl, indicating that these lacked nascent polypeptide chains. When the animals were recovered from the ethionine treatment by subsequent administration of adenine and methionine, the heterodisperse ribonucleoprotein particles and monomeric ribosomes appeared to be utilized for the reformation of polysomes.", "contents": "The state of messenger ribonucleic acid and ribosomes in the cytoplasm of ethionine-treated rat liver. The administration of ethionine to female rats causes breakdown of hepatic polysomes. The state of mRNA and monomeric ribosomes after the polysome dissociation was studied. The mRNA was selectively labeled with [14C] orotate after a low dose of actinomycin D. Sucrose density gradient centrifugation of Triton X-100-treated cytoplasm revealed an accumulation of heterodisperse radioactive material with very large S values. This material was converted to smaller S values with deoxycholate treatment and was extremely sensitive to mild ribonuclease treatment. Since this material was banded at around 1.43 g/cm3 in CsCl gradient centrifugation and contained RNA with a distribution of S values characteristic of polysomal mRNA, this material was identified as mRNA-containing ribonucleoprotein particles. The monomeric ribosomes were shown to be dissociated into subunits in the presence of 0.5 M KCl, indicating that these lacked nascent polypeptide chains. When the animals were recovered from the ethionine treatment by subsequent administration of adenine and methionine, the heterodisperse ribonucleoprotein particles and monomeric ribosomes appeared to be utilized for the reformation of polysomes.", "PMID": 1115802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4846", "title": "Ion effects on protein-nucleic acid interactions: the disassembly of the 50-S ribosomal subunit from the halophilic bacterium, Halobacterium cutirubrum.", "content": "The 50-S ribosomal subunits from the extreme halophilic bacterium, Halo-bacterium cutirubrum, stable structurally and functionally in concentrated salt solutions were subjected to ionic environments depleted in either K+ or Mg2+ or both. Under these conditions specific classes of proteins are released from the subunit along with the 5 S RNA. Two-dimensional electrophoretic analysis of the resultant split protein fractions indicate some mutually exclusive effects of specific ions on the binding of specific proteins to the 23 S RNA as well as on the retention of 5 S RNA within the ribosomal macrostructure.", "contents": "Ion effects on protein-nucleic acid interactions: the disassembly of the 50-S ribosomal subunit from the halophilic bacterium, Halobacterium cutirubrum. The 50-S ribosomal subunits from the extreme halophilic bacterium, Halo-bacterium cutirubrum, stable structurally and functionally in concentrated salt solutions were subjected to ionic environments depleted in either K+ or Mg2+ or both. Under these conditions specific classes of proteins are released from the subunit along with the 5 S RNA. Two-dimensional electrophoretic analysis of the resultant split protein fractions indicate some mutually exclusive effects of specific ions on the binding of specific proteins to the 23 S RNA as well as on the retention of 5 S RNA within the ribosomal macrostructure.", "PMID": 1115803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4847", "title": "Prediction of energy cost from peak heart rate in lower extremity amputees.", "content": "Heart rate, which is an easily measurable biomechanical index, has been known to bear a definite relationship with the energy cost of any activity. An investigation undertaken on two groups of lower extremity rehabilitees and a group of normal, healthy, sedentary, adult males, when the subjects were administered with a battery of tests representing four common activities of daily living and working and a fifth test for exercise tolerance (as suitable), has confirmed that the relationship between peak heart rate (beats/min) and energy expenditure (kcal/min) is linear and can be represented by the equation E=0.068 PHR-4.59, thus making it possible to predict the energy cost of any activity from the peak heart rate value. This method is a more direct, simpler and more accurate one for the assessment of rehabilitation effectiveness in clinics than the more widely used direct measurement of energy cost by indirect calorimetry.", "contents": "Prediction of energy cost from peak heart rate in lower extremity amputees. Heart rate, which is an easily measurable biomechanical index, has been known to bear a definite relationship with the energy cost of any activity. An investigation undertaken on two groups of lower extremity rehabilitees and a group of normal, healthy, sedentary, adult males, when the subjects were administered with a battery of tests representing four common activities of daily living and working and a fifth test for exercise tolerance (as suitable), has confirmed that the relationship between peak heart rate (beats/min) and energy expenditure (kcal/min) is linear and can be represented by the equation E=0.068 PHR-4.59, thus making it possible to predict the energy cost of any activity from the peak heart rate value. This method is a more direct, simpler and more accurate one for the assessment of rehabilitation effectiveness in clinics than the more widely used direct measurement of energy cost by indirect calorimetry.", "PMID": 1115831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4848", "title": "The role of a department of physiological (clinical) measurement in the UK National Health Service.", "content": "The relatively new concept of a centralized department of physiological measurement, and the ways in which such a department interacts with related hospital departments within the framework of the National Health Service, are be borne in mind when setting up such a department are outlined and, finally, discussed. A variety of structural and functional considerations which are to the author describes his own department in the light of these considerations.", "contents": "The role of a department of physiological (clinical) measurement in the UK National Health Service. The relatively new concept of a centralized department of physiological measurement, and the ways in which such a department interacts with related hospital departments within the framework of the National Health Service, are be borne in mind when setting up such a department are outlined and, finally, discussed. A variety of structural and functional considerations which are to the author describes his own department in the light of these considerations.", "PMID": 1115832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4849", "title": "Use of postpheresis plasma to improve granulocyte yields for transfusion.", "content": "Humoral factors which stimulate release of mature granulocytes from body reserves are presumed to be the mechanism through which high yields of granulocytes are obtained from donors by filtration leukopheresis. Postpheresis plasma (PPP) obtained 2 hr after leukopheresis, when infused into normal rats, induced a peak granulocytosis at 3 hr of 22,000/cu mm above controls. A substance in the nylon filters, which caused a peak granulocytosis at 4 hr of 7600/cu mm above controls, was eliminated by washing the filter with 30 volumes of saline. Injection of PPP obtained following leukopheresis with washed filters resulted in an 8000/cu mm increase in granulocytes. One milliliter of PPP given 1 hr before pheresis increased the granulocyte yield from 4.3 to 8.7 times 10-7 granulocytes in a 2-hr run. We conclude that (1) a humoral substance elaborated by the host during filtration leukopheresis induces a granulocytosis in the donor, (2) a substance in commercial leukopaks, which can be eliminated by vigorous washing of the filters, may be responsible in part for granulocytosis observed during leukopheresis, (3) PPP may be used to increase granulocyte yields in donors undergoing leukopheresis.", "contents": "Use of postpheresis plasma to improve granulocyte yields for transfusion. Humoral factors which stimulate release of mature granulocytes from body reserves are presumed to be the mechanism through which high yields of granulocytes are obtained from donors by filtration leukopheresis. Postpheresis plasma (PPP) obtained 2 hr after leukopheresis, when infused into normal rats, induced a peak granulocytosis at 3 hr of 22,000/cu mm above controls. A substance in the nylon filters, which caused a peak granulocytosis at 4 hr of 7600/cu mm above controls, was eliminated by washing the filter with 30 volumes of saline. Injection of PPP obtained following leukopheresis with washed filters resulted in an 8000/cu mm increase in granulocytes. One milliliter of PPP given 1 hr before pheresis increased the granulocyte yield from 4.3 to 8.7 times 10-7 granulocytes in a 2-hr run. We conclude that (1) a humoral substance elaborated by the host during filtration leukopheresis induces a granulocytosis in the donor, (2) a substance in commercial leukopaks, which can be eliminated by vigorous washing of the filters, may be responsible in part for granulocytosis observed during leukopheresis, (3) PPP may be used to increase granulocyte yields in donors undergoing leukopheresis.", "PMID": 1115833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4850", "title": "\"Early-peak\" carbon monoxide production in certain erythropoietic disorders.", "content": "The \"early-labeled\" peak (ELP) of 14CO excretion following injection of glycine-2-14C was used to study erythropoiesis in a patient with sideroblastic anemia and in four subjects with myeloproliferative disorders. The ELP was greatly enlarged in all patients, as compared with a normal volunteer. The contour of the peaks from the hematologically abnormal subjects suggested the presence of increased erythroid heme degradation. In the patient with sideroblastic anemia, all hours of the early peak were significantly reduced after transfusion. This was interpreted to mean that even the earliest or \"nonerythroid\" phase of the peak is influenced by erythropoietic activity, at least under conditions of erythropoietic stress.", "contents": "\"Early-peak\" carbon monoxide production in certain erythropoietic disorders. The \"early-labeled\" peak (ELP) of 14CO excretion following injection of glycine-2-14C was used to study erythropoiesis in a patient with sideroblastic anemia and in four subjects with myeloproliferative disorders. The ELP was greatly enlarged in all patients, as compared with a normal volunteer. The contour of the peaks from the hematologically abnormal subjects suggested the presence of increased erythroid heme degradation. In the patient with sideroblastic anemia, all hours of the early peak were significantly reduced after transfusion. This was interpreted to mean that even the earliest or \"nonerythroid\" phase of the peak is influenced by erythropoietic activity, at least under conditions of erythropoietic stress.", "PMID": 1115834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4851", "title": "Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: confirmation of diagnosis with in vitro methods.", "content": "Profound thrombocytopenia developed in a patient during treatment with heparin for venous thrombosis. The platelet count increased toward normal when heparin administration was stopped, but fell abruptly when the drug was again given. Platelet aggregation occurred when heparin was added to the patient's platelet-rich plasma, or to normal platelets plus the patient's serum. This serum also effected release of 3H-serotonin from normal platelets. This pattern of aggregation was clearly different from that occasionally caused by heparin in a control population. The data is consistent with an effect of heparin on platelets, possibly mediated by on immune mechanism.", "contents": "Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: confirmation of diagnosis with in vitro methods. Profound thrombocytopenia developed in a patient during treatment with heparin for venous thrombosis. The platelet count increased toward normal when heparin administration was stopped, but fell abruptly when the drug was again given. Platelet aggregation occurred when heparin was added to the patient's platelet-rich plasma, or to normal platelets plus the patient's serum. This serum also effected release of 3H-serotonin from normal platelets. This pattern of aggregation was clearly different from that occasionally caused by heparin in a control population. The data is consistent with an effect of heparin on platelets, possibly mediated by on immune mechanism.", "PMID": 1115835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4852", "title": "Short communication: possible association of newly absorbed serotonin with nonmetabolic, granule-located adenine nucleotides in human blood platelets.", "content": "[3H]-adenine-labeled human platelets in plasma were incubated with or without nonradioactive serotonin. Release reaction was then induced by ADP, epinephrine, collagen, or thrombin. Platelets that had been incubated with serotonin released four times as much serotonin as platelets incubated without serotonin. The specific radioactivities of the ATP and ADP released to plasma during release reaction induced with all four inducers were the same in both systems. This shows that when serotonin is taken up by human platelets, it enters the compartment containing nonmetabolic, granula-stored ATP, and not the compartment with metabolic extragranular ATP. These results suggest that the mechanism of serotonin storage in human platelets is similar to that in other species investigated, i.e., rabbit, guinea pig, and pig.", "contents": "Short communication: possible association of newly absorbed serotonin with nonmetabolic, granule-located adenine nucleotides in human blood platelets. [3H]-adenine-labeled human platelets in plasma were incubated with or without nonradioactive serotonin. Release reaction was then induced by ADP, epinephrine, collagen, or thrombin. Platelets that had been incubated with serotonin released four times as much serotonin as platelets incubated without serotonin. The specific radioactivities of the ATP and ADP released to plasma during release reaction induced with all four inducers were the same in both systems. This shows that when serotonin is taken up by human platelets, it enters the compartment containing nonmetabolic, granula-stored ATP, and not the compartment with metabolic extragranular ATP. These results suggest that the mechanism of serotonin storage in human platelets is similar to that in other species investigated, i.e., rabbit, guinea pig, and pig.", "PMID": 1115836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4853", "title": "Erythropoiesis in steel mutant mice: effects of erythropoietin in vitro.", "content": "Adult SI/SI-d mutant mice have severe macrocytic, normochromic anemia. Moreover these animals are unresponsive to the stimulation of erythropoietin in vivo. By means of a bone marrow cell suspension culture system, the present investigation shows that in adult SI/SI-d marrow, there are cells capable of responding in vitro to erythropoietin in a normal fashion. Moreover, the erythropoietin present in SI/SI-d serum is biologically active in vitro without any prior biochemical modification. These observations support the suggestion that there is a defect in differentiation in the erythroid cell lines of SI/SI-d mice in vivo due to an abnormal hemopoietic microenvironment.", "contents": "Erythropoiesis in steel mutant mice: effects of erythropoietin in vitro. Adult SI/SI-d mutant mice have severe macrocytic, normochromic anemia. Moreover these animals are unresponsive to the stimulation of erythropoietin in vivo. By means of a bone marrow cell suspension culture system, the present investigation shows that in adult SI/SI-d marrow, there are cells capable of responding in vitro to erythropoietin in a normal fashion. Moreover, the erythropoietin present in SI/SI-d serum is biologically active in vitro without any prior biochemical modification. These observations support the suggestion that there is a defect in differentiation in the erythroid cell lines of SI/SI-d mice in vivo due to an abnormal hemopoietic microenvironment.", "PMID": 1115837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4854", "title": "Recovery of normal hematopoietic tissue and tumor following chemotherapeutic injury from cyclophosphamide (CTX): comparative analysis of biochemical and clinical techniques.", "content": "Simultaneous alterations in the incorporation of 3H-thymidine (3H-TdR) into DNA are induced by CTX in normal host target tissues and L1210 ascites tumor. The timing of suppression and recovery of these nucleoside incorporation alterations was similar at the three CTX doses studied, but some evidence for a dose-response effect was seen as the magnitude of suppression of DNA synthesis increased with increasing dosage. A differential pattern of suppression and recovery of 3H-TdR incorporation in malignant and normal host tissues was observed. The pattern of suppression and recovery of the peripheral white blood count and bone marrow (BM) cellularity, two frequently studied clinical parameters of hematopoietic recovery, were out of phase with the recovery of BM-DNA synthesis and failed to accurately reflect the sensitivity of the BM to subsequent chemotherapeutic injury. In contrast, drug schedules based on the differential recovery patterns of the host tissues and tumor, reflected by their 3H-TdR incorporation into DNA, both reduced toxicity to normal mice and increased the survival of tumor-bearing animals.", "contents": "Recovery of normal hematopoietic tissue and tumor following chemotherapeutic injury from cyclophosphamide (CTX): comparative analysis of biochemical and clinical techniques. Simultaneous alterations in the incorporation of 3H-thymidine (3H-TdR) into DNA are induced by CTX in normal host target tissues and L1210 ascites tumor. The timing of suppression and recovery of these nucleoside incorporation alterations was similar at the three CTX doses studied, but some evidence for a dose-response effect was seen as the magnitude of suppression of DNA synthesis increased with increasing dosage. A differential pattern of suppression and recovery of 3H-TdR incorporation in malignant and normal host tissues was observed. The pattern of suppression and recovery of the peripheral white blood count and bone marrow (BM) cellularity, two frequently studied clinical parameters of hematopoietic recovery, were out of phase with the recovery of BM-DNA synthesis and failed to accurately reflect the sensitivity of the BM to subsequent chemotherapeutic injury. In contrast, drug schedules based on the differential recovery patterns of the host tissues and tumor, reflected by their 3H-TdR incorporation into DNA, both reduced toxicity to normal mice and increased the survival of tumor-bearing animals.", "PMID": 1115838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4855", "title": "Radiosensitivities of DNA molecules in lymphocytes from the circulating blood of man.", "content": "The radiosensitivities of DNA molecules from lymphocytes of human circulating blood were examined by alkaline sucrose gradient centrifugation. The single-strand breaks of DNA per rad, including the breaks formed under the present alkaline condition, were 1.2 plus or minus 0.1 breaks per 10-12 daltons DNA per rad. When the cells were transformed, the number of breaks was found to increase to 1.8 plus or minus 0.2 breaks per 10-12 daltons DNA per rad. The lymphocytes are capable of rejoining radiation-induced single-strand breaks of DNA. The rate of rejoining was dependent upon types of the suspending medium. The rate increased to ten times of that of the non-transformed cells upon transformation.", "contents": "Radiosensitivities of DNA molecules in lymphocytes from the circulating blood of man. The radiosensitivities of DNA molecules from lymphocytes of human circulating blood were examined by alkaline sucrose gradient centrifugation. The single-strand breaks of DNA per rad, including the breaks formed under the present alkaline condition, were 1.2 plus or minus 0.1 breaks per 10-12 daltons DNA per rad. When the cells were transformed, the number of breaks was found to increase to 1.8 plus or minus 0.2 breaks per 10-12 daltons DNA per rad. The lymphocytes are capable of rejoining radiation-induced single-strand breaks of DNA. The rate of rejoining was dependent upon types of the suspending medium. The rate increased to ten times of that of the non-transformed cells upon transformation.", "PMID": 1115839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4856", "title": "Sex hormones and the regulation of erythroid spleen colonies development of fetal liver origin.", "content": "The development of erythroid colonies of fetal liver hemopoietic cell origin in adult irradiated polycythemic mice was studied. It was found that orchidectomy sharply reduced the number of erythroid colonies developed in the spleen of these polycythemic male recipients. Estrogen injection to the orchidectomized polycythemic recipient did not further decrease the number of erythroid colonies developed. It is concluded that the development of erythroid colonies of fetal liver origin in polycythemic male recipients is maintained mainly by testicular testosterone. The complete suppression of these colonies in female recipients does not seem to be a result of inhibition by estrogen.", "contents": "Sex hormones and the regulation of erythroid spleen colonies development of fetal liver origin. The development of erythroid colonies of fetal liver hemopoietic cell origin in adult irradiated polycythemic mice was studied. It was found that orchidectomy sharply reduced the number of erythroid colonies developed in the spleen of these polycythemic male recipients. Estrogen injection to the orchidectomized polycythemic recipient did not further decrease the number of erythroid colonies developed. It is concluded that the development of erythroid colonies of fetal liver origin in polycythemic male recipients is maintained mainly by testicular testosterone. The complete suppression of these colonies in female recipients does not seem to be a result of inhibition by estrogen.", "PMID": 1115840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4857", "title": "Post-transfusion purpura: a heterogeneous syndrome.", "content": "Three new patients with post-transfusion purpura (PTP) are described. As the manifestations in two differ significantly from those of previously reported cases, they serve to expand the definition of this syndrome. Although all 14 previously reported cases have occurred in Pl-A1-negative females, one of our patients was a Pl-A-negative male. Moreover, a female whose postrecovery platelets possessed the Pl-A1 antigen is described. Antiplatelet antibody activity was detected in all three patients by the 51Cr release test; in contrast, only one reacted in the complement (C) fixation assay. Serum obtained during the acute episode from the PlA1-positive patient reacted against platelets from four of 11 normals by C fixation and against platelets from 48 of 53 normals by 51Cr release, including five of nine Pl-A1-negative platelet samples. This case represents the first instance of PTP in which the platelet isoantibody was not specifically directed against the Pl-A1 antigen. These observations suggest that PTP may be a more heterogeneous disorder than previously realized.", "contents": "Post-transfusion purpura: a heterogeneous syndrome. Three new patients with post-transfusion purpura (PTP) are described. As the manifestations in two differ significantly from those of previously reported cases, they serve to expand the definition of this syndrome. Although all 14 previously reported cases have occurred in Pl-A1-negative females, one of our patients was a Pl-A-negative male. Moreover, a female whose postrecovery platelets possessed the Pl-A1 antigen is described. Antiplatelet antibody activity was detected in all three patients by the 51Cr release test; in contrast, only one reacted in the complement (C) fixation assay. Serum obtained during the acute episode from the PlA1-positive patient reacted against platelets from four of 11 normals by C fixation and against platelets from 48 of 53 normals by 51Cr release, including five of nine Pl-A1-negative platelet samples. This case represents the first instance of PTP in which the platelet isoantibody was not specifically directed against the Pl-A1 antigen. These observations suggest that PTP may be a more heterogeneous disorder than previously realized.", "PMID": 1115841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4858", "title": "Mechanisms for elevated fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products in acute experimental pulmonary embolism.", "content": "The mechanism and significance of elevated levels of serum fibrin degradation products (FDP) in pulmonary embolism were investigated experimentally. Dogs were embolized with autologous blood clot-incorporating canine 125I-fibrin and were infused with either saline, heparin, or streptokinase. Serial measurements were made of total FDP by hemagglutination inhibition assay and of radioactive FDP. After saline, the peak level of total FDP was 323 mug/ml, but radioactive FDP was only 8 mug/ml. After heparin, these values were 44 and 11 mug/ml, respectively, and after streptokinase, 415 and 20 mug/ml. The results suggest that under these experimental conditions the elevated levels of FDP in pulmonary embolism are derived mainly from lysis of fibrin deposited after embolization rather than from lysis of the original embolus. Heparin inhibits both fibrin deposition and elevation of FDP levels after embolism.", "contents": "Mechanisms for elevated fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products in acute experimental pulmonary embolism. The mechanism and significance of elevated levels of serum fibrin degradation products (FDP) in pulmonary embolism were investigated experimentally. Dogs were embolized with autologous blood clot-incorporating canine 125I-fibrin and were infused with either saline, heparin, or streptokinase. Serial measurements were made of total FDP by hemagglutination inhibition assay and of radioactive FDP. After saline, the peak level of total FDP was 323 mug/ml, but radioactive FDP was only 8 mug/ml. After heparin, these values were 44 and 11 mug/ml, respectively, and after streptokinase, 415 and 20 mug/ml. The results suggest that under these experimental conditions the elevated levels of FDP in pulmonary embolism are derived mainly from lysis of fibrin deposited after embolization rather than from lysis of the original embolus. Heparin inhibits both fibrin deposition and elevation of FDP levels after embolism.", "PMID": 1115842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4859", "title": "A new method of measuring the deformability of the red cell membrane.", "content": "Red cells moving in a stream of fluid can be arrested by means of a network of fibrin threads. Those cells which fold over a fibrin thread present to view a flat strap-like portion of membrane in which the strain can be easily observed and accurately measured both optically and by scanning electron microscopy. Preliminary results obtained by this method show elastic strains of nearly 300% and indicate that the stress required to produce these large strains is an order of magnitude greater than that reported by other methods.", "contents": "A new method of measuring the deformability of the red cell membrane. Red cells moving in a stream of fluid can be arrested by means of a network of fibrin threads. Those cells which fold over a fibrin thread present to view a flat strap-like portion of membrane in which the strain can be easily observed and accurately measured both optically and by scanning electron microscopy. Preliminary results obtained by this method show elastic strains of nearly 300% and indicate that the stress required to produce these large strains is an order of magnitude greater than that reported by other methods.", "PMID": 1115843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4860", "title": "Heparin-induced hyperplasia of lymphoid tissue.", "content": "Experiments on newborn and sexually mature mice and rats showed that repeated injection of heparin leads to an increase both in the number of lymphocytes in the thymus and spleen and in the number of hematopoietic stem cells forming endogenous colonies in the spleen. The lymphoid tissue and the pool of colony-forming units are conjecturally under the regulatory influence of the adrenocortical hormones and of the product of the mast cells-heparin.", "contents": "Heparin-induced hyperplasia of lymphoid tissue. Experiments on newborn and sexually mature mice and rats showed that repeated injection of heparin leads to an increase both in the number of lymphocytes in the thymus and spleen and in the number of hematopoietic stem cells forming endogenous colonies in the spleen. The lymphoid tissue and the pool of colony-forming units are conjecturally under the regulatory influence of the adrenocortical hormones and of the product of the mast cells-heparin.", "PMID": 1115844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4861", "title": "Role of corticofugal influences in mechanisms of formation of cortical bioelectrical activity.", "content": "In experiments on cats anesthetized with a mixture of chloralose and pentobarbital, reversible cooling of the 1st sensomotor area (SM-1) unilaterally to between 25 and 23 degree C was accompanied by a simultaneous and generalized change in the activity of other parts of the cortex. These changes were expressed either as the appearance of slow high - amplitude activity or, on the other hand, by a marked decrease in amplitude of the EEG. Warming the cooled region of the cortex was followed by restoration of the normal EEG of the other parts of the cortex. These changes in electroencephalographic activity of the cortical areas are discussed in connection with the existence of synchronizing and desynchronizing subcortical brain structures.", "contents": "Role of corticofugal influences in mechanisms of formation of cortical bioelectrical activity. In experiments on cats anesthetized with a mixture of chloralose and pentobarbital, reversible cooling of the 1st sensomotor area (SM-1) unilaterally to between 25 and 23 degree C was accompanied by a simultaneous and generalized change in the activity of other parts of the cortex. These changes were expressed either as the appearance of slow high - amplitude activity or, on the other hand, by a marked decrease in amplitude of the EEG. Warming the cooled region of the cortex was followed by restoration of the normal EEG of the other parts of the cortex. These changes in electroencephalographic activity of the cortical areas are discussed in connection with the existence of synchronizing and desynchronizing subcortical brain structures.", "PMID": 1115845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4862", "title": "Effect of vagus nerve stimulation on coagulability of the blood in cats.", "content": "Electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve in cats leads to the development of hypercoagulation, accompanied by an increase in the thromboplastic activity of the blood. Increased fibrinoloysis under these conditions is evidently protective in character and aimed at dissolving the clots that may be formed in the blood stream as a result of the development of hypercoagulation.", "contents": "Effect of vagus nerve stimulation on coagulability of the blood in cats. Electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve in cats leads to the development of hypercoagulation, accompanied by an increase in the thromboplastic activity of the blood. Increased fibrinoloysis under these conditions is evidently protective in character and aimed at dissolving the clots that may be formed in the blood stream as a result of the development of hypercoagulation.", "PMID": 1115846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4863", "title": "Effect of membranous structures of the Kupffer cells on blood clotting.", "content": "The effect of subcellular fractions of the endothelia kupffer cells on blood clotting was studied. Cells were obtained from the rabbit liver by magnetic fractionation and the subcellular structures were than isolated from them by differential centrifugation. The inner membranous structures were found to carry thromboplastic activity. No correlation was found between the blood-clotting potential of the intracellular structures of the endothelial cells and the level of their cathepsin C activity.", "contents": "Effect of membranous structures of the Kupffer cells on blood clotting. The effect of subcellular fractions of the endothelia kupffer cells on blood clotting was studied. Cells were obtained from the rabbit liver by magnetic fractionation and the subcellular structures were than isolated from them by differential centrifugation. The inner membranous structures were found to carry thromboplastic activity. No correlation was found between the blood-clotting potential of the intracellular structures of the endothelial cells and the level of their cathepsin C activity.", "PMID": 1115847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4864", "title": "Investigation of a pain syndrome of spinal origin (on the concept of the generator mechanism of the pain syndrome).", "content": "A pain syndrome was induced in rats by means of a microinjection of purified tetanus toxin into the posterior horns of gray matter of the lumbosacral segments of the spinal cord. The toxin was used as a means of disturbing inhibitory mechanisms. Investigation showed that a pain syndrome can be reproduced if afferent stimulation from the periphery is blocked (by division of the nerves of the hind limbs or division of the dorsal lumbosacral roots on the side of injection of the toxin). Under these conditions the latent period of onset of the syndrome was lengthened and the degree of its development weakened a little in the initial stages by comparison with animals with intact afferentation. In many animals with blocked afferentation from the hind limb general manifestations (restlessness, aggressiveness, crying, etc.) were accompanied by a localized response in the form of increased licking, biting, or even chewing the tissues of the deafferented limb at the site of projection of the pain (the phantom syndrome). In some animals only the general reaction was observed without localization of the pain (protopathic pain). In all cases the attacks of pain arose paroxysmally. In animals with intact limb innervation the zones of licking were trigger zones of facilitated induction of an attack of pain. Injection of glycine into the affected posterior horns of the spinal cord abolished the pain syndrome during the time of action of the glycine. It is concluded that the pain syndrome is based on the formation of a generator of pathologically intensified excitation, as a result of disturbance of inhibitory processes, in the system of neurons connected with pain sensation. These mechanisms are evidently those principally concerned in the pathogenesis of all pain syndromes.", "contents": "Investigation of a pain syndrome of spinal origin (on the concept of the generator mechanism of the pain syndrome). A pain syndrome was induced in rats by means of a microinjection of purified tetanus toxin into the posterior horns of gray matter of the lumbosacral segments of the spinal cord. The toxin was used as a means of disturbing inhibitory mechanisms. Investigation showed that a pain syndrome can be reproduced if afferent stimulation from the periphery is blocked (by division of the nerves of the hind limbs or division of the dorsal lumbosacral roots on the side of injection of the toxin). Under these conditions the latent period of onset of the syndrome was lengthened and the degree of its development weakened a little in the initial stages by comparison with animals with intact afferentation. In many animals with blocked afferentation from the hind limb general manifestations (restlessness, aggressiveness, crying, etc.) were accompanied by a localized response in the form of increased licking, biting, or even chewing the tissues of the deafferented limb at the site of projection of the pain (the phantom syndrome). In some animals only the general reaction was observed without localization of the pain (protopathic pain). In all cases the attacks of pain arose paroxysmally. In animals with intact limb innervation the zones of licking were trigger zones of facilitated induction of an attack of pain. Injection of glycine into the affected posterior horns of the spinal cord abolished the pain syndrome during the time of action of the glycine. It is concluded that the pain syndrome is based on the formation of a generator of pathologically intensified excitation, as a result of disturbance of inhibitory processes, in the system of neurons connected with pain sensation. These mechanisms are evidently those principally concerned in the pathogenesis of all pain syndromes.", "PMID": 1115848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4865", "title": "Genesis of arrhythmias and mechanism of electrical defibrillation of the heart.", "content": "Atrial arrhythmias were induced in experiments on dogs by electrical stimulation or by local application of aconitine and methacholine to the atrium. The action of the defibrillator discharge on these arrhythmias was studied. The defibrillator discharge abolished the arrhythmias maintained by the circus movement of the excitation wave over the atria but did not abolish sinus tachycardia or ectopic aconitine tachysystoles. The threshold of the defibrillating effect depends on the existence of micro-or macro-reentries. Thmechanism of defibrillation consists of excitation of the atrial myocardium with a consequent decrease in the pathway for the circulation of excitation to below the critical size for maintaining the circus movement of the excitation wave. The axtion of the defibrillator does not inihibit the automatism of the nomotopic and heterotopic cardiac pacemakers.", "contents": "Genesis of arrhythmias and mechanism of electrical defibrillation of the heart. Atrial arrhythmias were induced in experiments on dogs by electrical stimulation or by local application of aconitine and methacholine to the atrium. The action of the defibrillator discharge on these arrhythmias was studied. The defibrillator discharge abolished the arrhythmias maintained by the circus movement of the excitation wave over the atria but did not abolish sinus tachycardia or ectopic aconitine tachysystoles. The threshold of the defibrillating effect depends on the existence of micro-or macro-reentries. Thmechanism of defibrillation consists of excitation of the atrial myocardium with a consequent decrease in the pathway for the circulation of excitation to below the critical size for maintaining the circus movement of the excitation wave. The axtion of the defibrillator does not inihibit the automatism of the nomotopic and heterotopic cardiac pacemakers.", "PMID": 1115849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4866", "title": "Possible role of slow sodium-calcium channels in the mechanism of changes in electrical and mechanical activity of guinea pig heart cells in local anaphylaxis (the isoptine effects).", "content": "The local anaphylactic reaction and the effects of histamine during blocking of the slow sodium-calcium channels by isoptine were investigated in the spontaneously contracting oracle of the atrium of a guinea pig previously sensitized to egg albumin. Simultaneously with the intracellular recording of the potentials, isometric contractions of the preparation were recorded by means of a mechanotron. The investigation showed that egg albumin (0.2 mg/ml) and histamine (0.1 mg/ml) are antagonists of isoptine (2-16 mg/liter) as regards its effect on automatic contraction and duration of the action potential. It is postulated that this anaphylatic reaction is based on activation of the slow sodium-calcium channels in the surface membrane of the myocardial fibers.", "contents": "Possible role of slow sodium-calcium channels in the mechanism of changes in electrical and mechanical activity of guinea pig heart cells in local anaphylaxis (the isoptine effects). The local anaphylactic reaction and the effects of histamine during blocking of the slow sodium-calcium channels by isoptine were investigated in the spontaneously contracting oracle of the atrium of a guinea pig previously sensitized to egg albumin. Simultaneously with the intracellular recording of the potentials, isometric contractions of the preparation were recorded by means of a mechanotron. The investigation showed that egg albumin (0.2 mg/ml) and histamine (0.1 mg/ml) are antagonists of isoptine (2-16 mg/liter) as regards its effect on automatic contraction and duration of the action potential. It is postulated that this anaphylatic reaction is based on activation of the slow sodium-calcium channels in the surface membrane of the myocardial fibers.", "PMID": 1115850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4867", "title": "Inhibitors of erythropoiesis in patients with aplastic anemia.", "content": "An inhibitor of erythropoiesis was found in the urine of patients with aplastic anemia. The inhibitor was concentrated with kaolin and separated from erythropoietin by subsequent fractionation with alcohol and gel filtration on Sephadex G-100 and DEAE-Sephadex A-50. The inhibitor blocked the effect of erythropoietin (standard C) when injected into mice with hypoxic polycythemia 3 H before or along with exogenous erythropoietin; partial neurtralization of standard C also was observed on incubation with the inhibitor.", "contents": "Inhibitors of erythropoiesis in patients with aplastic anemia. An inhibitor of erythropoiesis was found in the urine of patients with aplastic anemia. The inhibitor was concentrated with kaolin and separated from erythropoietin by subsequent fractionation with alcohol and gel filtration on Sephadex G-100 and DEAE-Sephadex A-50. The inhibitor blocked the effect of erythropoietin (standard C) when injected into mice with hypoxic polycythemia 3 H before or along with exogenous erythropoietin; partial neurtralization of standard C also was observed on incubation with the inhibitor.", "PMID": 1115851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4868", "title": "Functional and morphological adaptation of the gastric glands to disturbances of external pancreatic secretion and experimental reflux pancreatitis.", "content": "The mucous membrane of the gastric fundus was investigated in dogs after interruption of the external pancreatic secretion and the formation of experimental reflux pancreatitis. A marked increase in the number of chief cells and a decrease in the number of parietal cells were found in the gastric fundal glands between 6 and 15-17 months after the operation. Meanwhile the RNA concentration in the chief cells was increased. These changes were constant throughout the period of investigation (until 20 months). The results are in full agreement changes in the secretory function of the stomach described previously under the same conditions and they can therefore be regarded as being compensatory or adaptive in character.", "contents": "Functional and morphological adaptation of the gastric glands to disturbances of external pancreatic secretion and experimental reflux pancreatitis. The mucous membrane of the gastric fundus was investigated in dogs after interruption of the external pancreatic secretion and the formation of experimental reflux pancreatitis. A marked increase in the number of chief cells and a decrease in the number of parietal cells were found in the gastric fundal glands between 6 and 15-17 months after the operation. Meanwhile the RNA concentration in the chief cells was increased. These changes were constant throughout the period of investigation (until 20 months). The results are in full agreement changes in the secretory function of the stomach described previously under the same conditions and they can therefore be regarded as being compensatory or adaptive in character.", "PMID": 1115852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4869", "title": "Disturbance of the urodynamics of the upper urinary tract as a result of hormonal imbalance.", "content": "Considerable functional disturbances of the urodynamics, consisting of hypotonia, hypokinesia, and dyskinesia of the pelvis and upper third of the ureters were detected by television excretory pyeloscopy and motion-picture urography in female rabbits after prolonged administration of progesterone and estradiol dipropionate. These findings suggest a role of hormonal imbalance in the pathogenesis of disorders of the urodynamics that are the possible causes of development of pyelonephritis, nephrolithiasis, hydronephrosis, and other diseases of the kidneys in women.", "contents": "Disturbance of the urodynamics of the upper urinary tract as a result of hormonal imbalance. Considerable functional disturbances of the urodynamics, consisting of hypotonia, hypokinesia, and dyskinesia of the pelvis and upper third of the ureters were detected by television excretory pyeloscopy and motion-picture urography in female rabbits after prolonged administration of progesterone and estradiol dipropionate. These findings suggest a role of hormonal imbalance in the pathogenesis of disorders of the urodynamics that are the possible causes of development of pyelonephritis, nephrolithiasis, hydronephrosis, and other diseases of the kidneys in women.", "PMID": 1115853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4870", "title": "Action of the mycotoxin of Fusarium sporotrichiella v. sporotrichioides on lysosomal membranes.", "content": "The effect of the mycotoxin of Fusarium sporotrichiella v. sporotrichioides (sporofusarin) was studied in vitro on the total and nonsedimenting activity of eight lysosomal enzymes: acid ribonuclease, aryl sulfatases A and B, beta-glucuronidase, alpha- and beta-galactosidases, beta-glucosidase, beta-acetylglucosaminidase, and alpha-mannosidase. Incubation of a suspension of rat liver lysosomes with an aqueous solution of sporofusarin led to inhibition of the total activity of the membrane-bound lysosomal enzyme beta-glucosidase. In a dose of only 1.6 x 10-5 M sporofusarin caused a significant increase in the nonsedimenting activity of nearly all the enzymes; in a concentration of 1.6 x 10-3 M most of the enzymes of the lysosomal matrix (beta-glucuronidase, beta-galactosidase, aryl sulfatases A and B) were liberated almost completely into the supernatant, and nearly all the beta-glucosidase also was liberated. It is postulated that damage to the subcellular membranes is an important component of the toxic action of sporofusarin.", "contents": "Action of the mycotoxin of Fusarium sporotrichiella v. sporotrichioides on lysosomal membranes. The effect of the mycotoxin of Fusarium sporotrichiella v. sporotrichioides (sporofusarin) was studied in vitro on the total and nonsedimenting activity of eight lysosomal enzymes: acid ribonuclease, aryl sulfatases A and B, beta-glucuronidase, alpha- and beta-galactosidases, beta-glucosidase, beta-acetylglucosaminidase, and alpha-mannosidase. Incubation of a suspension of rat liver lysosomes with an aqueous solution of sporofusarin led to inhibition of the total activity of the membrane-bound lysosomal enzyme beta-glucosidase. In a dose of only 1.6 x 10-5 M sporofusarin caused a significant increase in the nonsedimenting activity of nearly all the enzymes; in a concentration of 1.6 x 10-3 M most of the enzymes of the lysosomal matrix (beta-glucuronidase, beta-galactosidase, aryl sulfatases A and B) were liberated almost completely into the supernatant, and nearly all the beta-glucosidase also was liberated. It is postulated that damage to the subcellular membranes is an important component of the toxic action of sporofusarin.", "PMID": 1115854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4871", "title": "Oxidative phosphorylation in the skeletal muscles of rabbits during dinithrophenol hyperthermia.", "content": "After intramuscular injection of 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) into rabbits in doses of 10,15, 25, and 30 mg/kg the degree of elevation of the body temperature, the phosphorylation in skeletal muscle homogenates were found o increase with the dose. In the course of dinitrophenol hyperthermia (following injection of 25 mg/kg DNP) the changes in body temperature and oxygen consumption of the animals followed a parallel course with the changes in the level of oxidative phosphorylation in the skeletal muscles.", "contents": "Oxidative phosphorylation in the skeletal muscles of rabbits during dinithrophenol hyperthermia. After intramuscular injection of 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) into rabbits in doses of 10,15, 25, and 30 mg/kg the degree of elevation of the body temperature, the phosphorylation in skeletal muscle homogenates were found o increase with the dose. In the course of dinitrophenol hyperthermia (following injection of 25 mg/kg DNP) the changes in body temperature and oxygen consumption of the animals followed a parallel course with the changes in the level of oxidative phosphorylation in the skeletal muscles.", "PMID": 1115855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4872", "title": "Effect of insulin and glucose on the glucose consumption and glycogen synthesis by the rat diaphragm.", "content": "Insulin activated both the uptake of glucose-C-14 from the medium and its incorporation into glycogen by the incubated diaphragm: the percentage of glucose-C-14 incorporated into glycogen increased with an increase in the dose of insulin. An increase in the concentration of glucose in the medium also caused this more rapid assimilation by the muscle tissue. However significant stimulation of glycogen synthesis was observed only in the presence of a high (unphysiological) glucose concentration in the incubation fluid; the percentage of glucose-C-14 incorporated into glycogen remained small and constant. It is postulated that the glucose-C-14 found in the case of substrate control is the result of exchange of the glucose residues of glycogen with intracellular glucose.", "contents": "Effect of insulin and glucose on the glucose consumption and glycogen synthesis by the rat diaphragm. Insulin activated both the uptake of glucose-C-14 from the medium and its incorporation into glycogen by the incubated diaphragm: the percentage of glucose-C-14 incorporated into glycogen increased with an increase in the dose of insulin. An increase in the concentration of glucose in the medium also caused this more rapid assimilation by the muscle tissue. However significant stimulation of glycogen synthesis was observed only in the presence of a high (unphysiological) glucose concentration in the incubation fluid; the percentage of glucose-C-14 incorporated into glycogen remained small and constant. It is postulated that the glucose-C-14 found in the case of substrate control is the result of exchange of the glucose residues of glycogen with intracellular glucose.", "PMID": 1115856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4873", "title": "Detection of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in single mammalian oocytes during cleavage by a micromodivication of disc electrophoresis.", "content": "A micromodification of the method of disc-electrophoresis in glass capillary tubes is described. It can be used to study the protein composition and activity of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in single rat and mouse oocytes during clevage.", "contents": "Detection of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in single mammalian oocytes during cleavage by a micromodivication of disc electrophoresis. A micromodification of the method of disc-electrophoresis in glass capillary tubes is described. It can be used to study the protein composition and activity of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in single rat and mouse oocytes during clevage.", "PMID": 1115857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4874", "title": "Hyperglycemia and gluconeogenesis in the liver of mice with tumors.", "content": "Gluconeogenesis, when sharply stimulated by exhaustion of the liver glycogen reserves, is one of the factors maintaining the normal blood sugar level in mice with tumors. Hyperglycemia induce by glucose leads to an increase in the liver glycogen content and a decrease in the intensity of gluconeogenesis in control mice with tumors. Only in the latter, however, does glycogen synthesis from noncarbohydrate compounds rise again steadily after the injections of glucose are discontinued.", "contents": "Hyperglycemia and gluconeogenesis in the liver of mice with tumors. Gluconeogenesis, when sharply stimulated by exhaustion of the liver glycogen reserves, is one of the factors maintaining the normal blood sugar level in mice with tumors. Hyperglycemia induce by glucose leads to an increase in the liver glycogen content and a decrease in the intensity of gluconeogenesis in control mice with tumors. Only in the latter, however, does glycogen synthesis from noncarbohydrate compounds rise again steadily after the injections of glucose are discontinued.", "PMID": 1115858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4875", "title": "Stimulation of adenylate deaminase activity by serotonin.", "content": "After a single intraperitoneal injection of serotonin into rats adenylate deaminase activity in the mitochondrial fraction of the liver was stimulated. The conditions under which a twofold increase in the deamination of AMP occurred, after serotonin administration,were determined. Preliminary blocking of monamine oxidase activity did not prevent this effect of serotonin.", "contents": "Stimulation of adenylate deaminase activity by serotonin. After a single intraperitoneal injection of serotonin into rats adenylate deaminase activity in the mitochondrial fraction of the liver was stimulated. The conditions under which a twofold increase in the deamination of AMP occurred, after serotonin administration,were determined. Preliminary blocking of monamine oxidase activity did not prevent this effect of serotonin.", "PMID": 1115859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4876", "title": "Comparative effect of amphetamine and caffeine on spontaneous activity of sensomotor cortical units and their responses to stimulation of the caudate nucleus.", "content": "In acute experiments on anesthetized cats activity of sensomotor cortical units was recorded during low-frequency stimulation of the head of the caudate nucleus. Amphetamine (1 mg/kg), although not significantly affecting the spontaneous firing rate, increased the number of spontaneously active cortical units. Meanwhile inhibition of these units during stimulation of the caudate nucleus was weakened. Amphetamine had a stronger suppressive action on the inhibition arising from the ventro-lateral portion than from the dorso-medial portion of the head. In the case of caffeine the location of the stimulating electrodes was unimportant.", "contents": "Comparative effect of amphetamine and caffeine on spontaneous activity of sensomotor cortical units and their responses to stimulation of the caudate nucleus. In acute experiments on anesthetized cats activity of sensomotor cortical units was recorded during low-frequency stimulation of the head of the caudate nucleus. Amphetamine (1 mg/kg), although not significantly affecting the spontaneous firing rate, increased the number of spontaneously active cortical units. Meanwhile inhibition of these units during stimulation of the caudate nucleus was weakened. Amphetamine had a stronger suppressive action on the inhibition arising from the ventro-lateral portion than from the dorso-medial portion of the head. In the case of caffeine the location of the stimulating electrodes was unimportant.", "PMID": 1115860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4877", "title": "Correlation between the toxicity of chemical agents and their inhibitory activity on isolated mitochondria.", "content": "Correlation was found between the concentrations of compounds inhibiting respiration of isolated mitochondria and the toxicity of the same substances for the whole organism. This correlation was observed for different intensities of action in vivo and for different pathways of entry of the toxic agent into the body. The relationship discovered applies to all inhibitors of tissue respiration irrespective of their point of application and of the molecular mechanism of their action.", "contents": "Correlation between the toxicity of chemical agents and their inhibitory activity on isolated mitochondria. Correlation was found between the concentrations of compounds inhibiting respiration of isolated mitochondria and the toxicity of the same substances for the whole organism. This correlation was observed for different intensities of action in vivo and for different pathways of entry of the toxic agent into the body. The relationship discovered applies to all inhibitors of tissue respiration irrespective of their point of application and of the molecular mechanism of their action.", "PMID": 1115861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4878", "title": "Hypersensitivity of delayed type manifested during the development of allergic lesions of the myocardium.", "content": "Changes in humoral and cellular responses were studied during the development of allergic lesions of the myocardium in rabbits. These responses,manifestations of hypersensitivity of delayed type, are connected with transformation of cells of the active mesenchyme, responsible for the process of immuogenesis, into lymhocytes and plasma cells. In allergic lesions of the myocardium hypersensitivity of delayed type is manifested as lympho-marcrophagal reaction in the intermuscular stroma of the heart, the thymus, and lymph glands and also as blast transformation of the lymphocytes. A complex series of disturbances of immunologic homeostasis arises, in which the primary components are  micronaglopahies, blast-transformation of the lymphoctes and activation of iysosomal enzymes.", "contents": "Hypersensitivity of delayed type manifested during the development of allergic lesions of the myocardium. Changes in humoral and cellular responses were studied during the development of allergic lesions of the myocardium in rabbits. These responses,manifestations of hypersensitivity of delayed type, are connected with transformation of cells of the active mesenchyme, responsible for the process of immuogenesis, into lymhocytes and plasma cells. In allergic lesions of the myocardium hypersensitivity of delayed type is manifested as lympho-marcrophagal reaction in the intermuscular stroma of the heart, the thymus, and lymph glands and also as blast transformation of the lymphocytes. A complex series of disturbances of immunologic homeostasis arises, in which the primary components are  micronaglopahies, blast-transformation of the lymphoctes and activation of iysosomal enzymes.", "PMID": 1115862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4879", "title": "Production of influenza antibodies by lymphocytes of the respiratory tract.", "content": "Antibody production against influenza virus by lymphocytes of the human nasopharyneal tonsils and the tracheal wall of rats was investigated. Atibody-producing cells were found in preparations of lymphadenoid tissue removed in the postepidemic period. Intranasal immunization of rats with living influenza vaccine led to the accumulation of producer cells in the tracheal wall and of antibodies in the secretions of the respiratory tract. Reimmunization was followed by a well-marked secondary response. A characteristic feature of secretory immunity is the slower formation of producer cells and of antibodies than is observed in the system of general immunity.", "contents": "Production of influenza antibodies by lymphocytes of the respiratory tract. Antibody production against influenza virus by lymphocytes of the human nasopharyneal tonsils and the tracheal wall of rats was investigated. Atibody-producing cells were found in preparations of lymphadenoid tissue removed in the postepidemic period. Intranasal immunization of rats with living influenza vaccine led to the accumulation of producer cells in the tracheal wall and of antibodies in the secretions of the respiratory tract. Reimmunization was followed by a well-marked secondary response. A characteristic feature of secretory immunity is the slower formation of producer cells and of antibodies than is observed in the system of general immunity.", "PMID": 1115863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4880", "title": "Effect of the rhythm of cyclophosphamide administration on its antitumor action and the immune response of mice with methylcholanthrene sarcoma.", "content": "The therapeutic effect of cyclophosphamide (CP) in relation to the dose and rhythum of its administration was studied in C57BL/6 mice with a methycholanthrene-induced sarcoma. The optimal scheme giving a complete cure of the experimental animals was 5 injections, each of  199 mg/kg CP at intervals of 10 days. The effect of the total dose of CP on humoral antitumor immunity was demonstrated: after injection  of 100 mg/kg CP the animals' serum lost its ability to stimulate tumor growth and acquired cytotoxic properties. The serum of animals receiving the total doses of CP above 400 mg/kg lost its effect on tumor growth. The doses of CP used did not affect cellular antitumor immunity (the cytotoxicity of the lymphocytes and resistance of the tumor to retransplantation.).", "contents": "Effect of the rhythm of cyclophosphamide administration on its antitumor action and the immune response of mice with methylcholanthrene sarcoma. The therapeutic effect of cyclophosphamide (CP) in relation to the dose and rhythum of its administration was studied in C57BL/6 mice with a methycholanthrene-induced sarcoma. The optimal scheme giving a complete cure of the experimental animals was 5 injections, each of  199 mg/kg CP at intervals of 10 days. The effect of the total dose of CP on humoral antitumor immunity was demonstrated: after injection  of 100 mg/kg CP the animals' serum lost its ability to stimulate tumor growth and acquired cytotoxic properties. The serum of animals receiving the total doses of CP above 400 mg/kg lost its effect on tumor growth. The doses of CP used did not affect cellular antitumor immunity (the cytotoxicity of the lymphocytes and resistance of the tumor to retransplantation.).", "PMID": 1115864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4881", "title": "Proliferation of the glandular epithelium of the resected rat stomach.", "content": "Between 45 and 50% of the wall of the gastric fundus was resected in adult male rats. By pulse labeling and 5 injections of thymidine-H-3 in the course of the 24 h an increase in the number of cells synthesizing DNA and the number of dividing cells of all types was found in the chief glands of the stomach during the first 3 days after resection. On the 5th-10th day the level of proliferation of all types of cells was lower than in intact animals except for the DNA-synthesizing parietal cells. The daily number ofDNA-synthesizing cells of all types 3-6 months after the operation had risen to the characteristic level for intact animals. The number of cells on the surface and pit epithelium and the number of mucous neck and parietal cells were increased. Partial reduction and dedifferentiation of the zymogenic cells were observed.", "contents": "Proliferation of the glandular epithelium of the resected rat stomach. Between 45 and 50% of the wall of the gastric fundus was resected in adult male rats. By pulse labeling and 5 injections of thymidine-H-3 in the course of the 24 h an increase in the number of cells synthesizing DNA and the number of dividing cells of all types was found in the chief glands of the stomach during the first 3 days after resection. On the 5th-10th day the level of proliferation of all types of cells was lower than in intact animals except for the DNA-synthesizing parietal cells. The daily number ofDNA-synthesizing cells of all types 3-6 months after the operation had risen to the characteristic level for intact animals. The number of cells on the surface and pit epithelium and the number of mucous neck and parietal cells were increased. Partial reduction and dedifferentiation of the zymogenic cells were observed.", "PMID": 1115865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4882", "title": "Effect of local negative pressure on reproductive function.", "content": "Local negative pressure acting in the region of projection of the internal reproductive organs in rats widened and enlarged the network of blood vessels, thereby increasing the specific area of transcapillary exchange. Activation of ovulation was observed and the number of follicles and the number of young rats in the litter were increased. Local negative pressure had a positive action on the developing embryo, fetus, and newborn animal.", "contents": "Effect of local negative pressure on reproductive function. Local negative pressure acting in the region of projection of the internal reproductive organs in rats widened and enlarged the network of blood vessels, thereby increasing the specific area of transcapillary exchange. Activation of ovulation was observed and the number of follicles and the number of young rats in the litter were increased. Local negative pressure had a positive action on the developing embryo, fetus, and newborn animal.", "PMID": 1115866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4883", "title": "The \"memory\" of salivary gland cells.", "content": "In experiments on dogs with a chronic fistual of the submandibular salivary gland intravenous or subcutaneous injection of pilocarpine at intervals of a few days was accompanied by a gradual increase in the volume of saliva, reaching a maximum after 5 injections. Retention of the 'trace' of the action of pilocarpine was observed also in experiments on a dog with vago-sympathetic anastomosis and subsequent parasympathetic denervation of the gland.", "contents": "The \"memory\" of salivary gland cells. In experiments on dogs with a chronic fistual of the submandibular salivary gland intravenous or subcutaneous injection of pilocarpine at intervals of a few days was accompanied by a gradual increase in the volume of saliva, reaching a maximum after 5 injections. Retention of the 'trace' of the action of pilocarpine was observed also in experiments on a dog with vago-sympathetic anastomosis and subsequent parasympathetic denervation of the gland.", "PMID": 1115867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4884", "title": "Reaction of smooth muscle cells of blood vessels to an increase in functional load.", "content": "Changes in the muscle tissue of the caudal vena cava of rats and its branches after disturbance of the blood drainage were studied by the methods of isotope biochemistry, autoradiography, immunomorphology, and cytophotometry.  Enlargement and polyploidy of the DNA-synthesizing muscle cells with activation of protein synthesis in them and the formation of intimal layers resembling the muscular layers were found in the main trunk of the vein which was dilated the most. Activation of DNA and protein synthesis in the less distended femoral vein was much less marked than in the main trunk. Activation of protein synthesis occurred after a delay compared with the activation of DNA synthesis but both processes were phases of development of hypertrophy of the muscle tissue of the vessel wall in response  to increased functional loading.", "contents": "Reaction of smooth muscle cells of blood vessels to an increase in functional load. Changes in the muscle tissue of the caudal vena cava of rats and its branches after disturbance of the blood drainage were studied by the methods of isotope biochemistry, autoradiography, immunomorphology, and cytophotometry.  Enlargement and polyploidy of the DNA-synthesizing muscle cells with activation of protein synthesis in them and the formation of intimal layers resembling the muscular layers were found in the main trunk of the vein which was dilated the most. Activation of DNA and protein synthesis in the less distended femoral vein was much less marked than in the main trunk. Activation of protein synthesis occurred after a delay compared with the activation of DNA synthesis but both processes were phases of development of hypertrophy of the muscle tissue of the vessel wall in response  to increased functional loading.", "PMID": 1115868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4885", "title": "DNA synthesis in various cells of the exocrine part of the intact albino rat pancreas.", "content": "A differential count was made of the DNA-synthesizing cells in various parts of the exocrine epithelium of the intact pancreas of sexually mature male albino rats sacrificed 1 h after a single injection of thymidine-H3. The acinar cells showed low proliferative activity (0.18 plus or minus 0.05%). The highest labeling index was found in the epithelium of the ducts. However, the lining membrane of the ducts consisted of a heteromorphic system of cells with a varying level of DNA synthesis. The labeling index of the nuclei of the centroacinar cells was 2.5 times higher than that of the acinar epithelium and amounted to 0.48 plus or minus 0.17%, whereas the epithelium of the intercalary ducts had an extremely low labeling index: 0.09 plus or minus 0.09%, compared with 0.27 plus or minus 0.09% for the intralobular ducts and 0.50 plus or minus 0.08% for the interlobular ducts.", "contents": "DNA synthesis in various cells of the exocrine part of the intact albino rat pancreas. A differential count was made of the DNA-synthesizing cells in various parts of the exocrine epithelium of the intact pancreas of sexually mature male albino rats sacrificed 1 h after a single injection of thymidine-H3. The acinar cells showed low proliferative activity (0.18 plus or minus 0.05%). The highest labeling index was found in the epithelium of the ducts. However, the lining membrane of the ducts consisted of a heteromorphic system of cells with a varying level of DNA synthesis. The labeling index of the nuclei of the centroacinar cells was 2.5 times higher than that of the acinar epithelium and amounted to 0.48 plus or minus 0.17%, whereas the epithelium of the intercalary ducts had an extremely low labeling index: 0.09 plus or minus 0.09%, compared with 0.27 plus or minus 0.09% for the intralobular ducts and 0.50 plus or minus 0.08% for the interlobular ducts.", "PMID": 1115869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4886", "title": "The treatment of resistant malignant ascites by insertion of a peritoneo-atrial Holter valve.", "content": "Holter valves have been used in 9 cases to drain ascites, and in 1 case of pleural effusion, into the superior vena cava. All these effusions were due to malignant disease. Three patients died before the results of the operation could be assessed and in 1 case ascites rapidly recurred. Five patients were relieved until death from their primary disease. One patient died 3 1/4 years after insertion of the valve, but ascites had returned--probably as a result of recurrent blockage of the valve by particulate matter.", "contents": "The treatment of resistant malignant ascites by insertion of a peritoneo-atrial Holter valve. Holter valves have been used in 9 cases to drain ascites, and in 1 case of pleural effusion, into the superior vena cava. All these effusions were due to malignant disease. Three patients died before the results of the operation could be assessed and in 1 case ascites rapidly recurred. Five patients were relieved until death from their primary disease. One patient died 3 1/4 years after insertion of the valve, but ascites had returned--probably as a result of recurrent blockage of the valve by particulate matter.", "PMID": 1115870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4887", "title": "Decreased incidence of indomethacin-induced gastric ulceration in rats by bile duct diversion.", "content": "Gastric mucosal ulceration was produced in rats following intraperitoneal injection of indomethacin (40 mg/kg). The incidence of ulcerations was progressively reduced as the bile flow was diverted progressively distal to the ampulla of Vater. It is suggested that bile reflux into the stomach may play a part in the pathogenesis of indomethacin-induced gastric ulceration in rats.", "contents": "Decreased incidence of indomethacin-induced gastric ulceration in rats by bile duct diversion. Gastric mucosal ulceration was produced in rats following intraperitoneal injection of indomethacin (40 mg/kg). The incidence of ulcerations was progressively reduced as the bile flow was diverted progressively distal to the ampulla of Vater. It is suggested that bile reflux into the stomach may play a part in the pathogenesis of indomethacin-induced gastric ulceration in rats.", "PMID": 1115871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4888", "title": "The aetiology of hypocalcaemia in acute pancreatitis.", "content": "Plasma calcitonin, glucagon and parathyroid hormone were measured in patients with acute pancreatitis. Plasma calcitonin was not detectable in 6 specimens obtained from the hypocalcaemic patients. Plasma glucagon values were similar in patients with acute pancreatitis and control subjects and were unrelated to hypocalcaemia, which was not even induced by glucagon infusion. High or rising parathyroid hormone levels were noted in association with hypo-and normocalcaemia, suggesting that parathyroid hormone rises and maintains plasma calcium within normal limits. Plasma parathyroid hormone was, however, undetectable in 8 patients with prolonged hypocalcaemia. Deficiency of parathyroid hormone due to its destruction by proteolytic enzymes or because of parathyroid gland exhaustion is suggested as the major factor inducing persistent hypocalcaemia in acute pancreatitis. Administration of parathyroid hormone should, therefore, be considered in patients with acute pancreatitis when hypocalcaemia does not respond to intravenous calcium therapy.", "contents": "The aetiology of hypocalcaemia in acute pancreatitis. Plasma calcitonin, glucagon and parathyroid hormone were measured in patients with acute pancreatitis. Plasma calcitonin was not detectable in 6 specimens obtained from the hypocalcaemic patients. Plasma glucagon values were similar in patients with acute pancreatitis and control subjects and were unrelated to hypocalcaemia, which was not even induced by glucagon infusion. High or rising parathyroid hormone levels were noted in association with hypo-and normocalcaemia, suggesting that parathyroid hormone rises and maintains plasma calcium within normal limits. Plasma parathyroid hormone was, however, undetectable in 8 patients with prolonged hypocalcaemia. Deficiency of parathyroid hormone due to its destruction by proteolytic enzymes or because of parathyroid gland exhaustion is suggested as the major factor inducing persistent hypocalcaemia in acute pancreatitis. Administration of parathyroid hormone should, therefore, be considered in patients with acute pancreatitis when hypocalcaemia does not respond to intravenous calcium therapy.", "PMID": 1115872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4889", "title": "An appraisal of peritoneal lavage in the diagnosis of the acute abdomen.", "content": "Forty-seven selected patients presenting with acute abdominal symptoms were investigated by examination of the fluid obtained by peritoneal lavage. In 34 patients this confirmed the clinical diagnosis, in 11 it was a more positive help in that it corrected an erroneous clinical diagnosis and in 2 the results of the investigation were misleading.", "contents": "An appraisal of peritoneal lavage in the diagnosis of the acute abdomen. Forty-seven selected patients presenting with acute abdominal symptoms were investigated by examination of the fluid obtained by peritoneal lavage. In 34 patients this confirmed the clinical diagnosis, in 11 it was a more positive help in that it corrected an erroneous clinical diagnosis and in 2 the results of the investigation were misleading.", "PMID": 1115873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4890", "title": "Abdominal lavage in blunt trauma.", "content": "A technique for abdominal lavage is described and was used to evaluate the abdomen of 671 multiple trauma victims. In 44 per cent (299 cases) there was a bloodstained return and these were regarded as positive. Patients with a positive result underwent exploratory laparotomy which revealed that 89 per cent had significant intra-abdominal trauma requiring a surgical procedure, 8 per cent had trauma which did not require any active surgical correction and 3 per cent had no abdnormal findings. Of all the lavages performed, there were 0-11 per cent false positive and 0-03 per cent false negative results. The value of the test in the context of multiple trauma is emphasized.", "contents": "Abdominal lavage in blunt trauma. A technique for abdominal lavage is described and was used to evaluate the abdomen of 671 multiple trauma victims. In 44 per cent (299 cases) there was a bloodstained return and these were regarded as positive. Patients with a positive result underwent exploratory laparotomy which revealed that 89 per cent had significant intra-abdominal trauma requiring a surgical procedure, 8 per cent had trauma which did not require any active surgical correction and 3 per cent had no abdnormal findings. Of all the lavages performed, there were 0-11 per cent false positive and 0-03 per cent false negative results. The value of the test in the context of multiple trauma is emphasized.", "PMID": 1115874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4891", "title": "Extrinsic duodenal obstruction in infants and children.", "content": "A series of 34 patients with extrinsic duodenal obstruction is described. The diagnosis and treatment are discussed. Five infants died and the findings are given. The remaining 29 have progressed normally.", "contents": "Extrinsic duodenal obstruction in infants and children. A series of 34 patients with extrinsic duodenal obstruction is described. The diagnosis and treatment are discussed. Five infants died and the findings are given. The remaining 29 have progressed normally.", "PMID": 1115875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4892", "title": "Complete disappearance of popliteal arterial thromboses in 2 patients.", "content": "Two young male patients with complete spontaneous resolution of popliteal thrombosis are described. The thromboses had been present for roughly 3 1/2 and 4 months. Such resolution has not been previously reported. The cause of the lesions is unexplained. It is suggested, should such a lesion be encountered, that the correct treatment is exploration to exclude adventitial cysts and popliteal entrapment, and simple evacuation of clot and anticoagulation.", "contents": "Complete disappearance of popliteal arterial thromboses in 2 patients. Two young male patients with complete spontaneous resolution of popliteal thrombosis are described. The thromboses had been present for roughly 3 1/2 and 4 months. Such resolution has not been previously reported. The cause of the lesions is unexplained. It is suggested, should such a lesion be encountered, that the correct treatment is exploration to exclude adventitial cysts and popliteal entrapment, and simple evacuation of clot and anticoagulation.", "PMID": 1115876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4893", "title": "Long term review of the results of rubber band ligation of haemorrhoids.", "content": "A long term assessment (mean 4.8 years) of the value of rubber band ligation treatment for haemorrhoids has been obtained by a questionnaire answered by 125 of 147 patients. Eighty-nine per cent of patients were cured or satisfied with the results of treatment, although complete absence of symptoms was only obtained in 44 per cent. Further conservative treatment (rubber band ligation or manual dilatation) was required in 12 per cent and only 3 (2 per cent) have had a haemorrhoidectomy. Similar results were obtained for patients with the additional symptoms of pain and irritation, the presence of large skin tags and for the majority of third degree piles.", "contents": "Long term review of the results of rubber band ligation of haemorrhoids. A long term assessment (mean 4.8 years) of the value of rubber band ligation treatment for haemorrhoids has been obtained by a questionnaire answered by 125 of 147 patients. Eighty-nine per cent of patients were cured or satisfied with the results of treatment, although complete absence of symptoms was only obtained in 44 per cent. Further conservative treatment (rubber band ligation or manual dilatation) was required in 12 per cent and only 3 (2 per cent) have had a haemorrhoidectomy. Similar results were obtained for patients with the additional symptoms of pain and irritation, the presence of large skin tags and for the majority of third degree piles.", "PMID": 1115877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4894", "title": "Trans-sphenoidal hypophysectomy in disseminated carcinoma of the breast.", "content": "One hundred and eight patients with advanced carcinoma of the breast were treated by trans-sphenoidal hypophysectomy and followed up for at least 1 year. The results were assessed both by clinical response and objectively by survival following hypophysectomy, as expressed by the survival ratio. The two methods showed close correlation. The results show that there is a variation in response relating to menopausal status and age at diagnosis, subsequent hormonal manipulaton and physical condition at hypophysectomy. Younger patients whose carcinoma is diagnosed after menopause carry a good prognosis, yet the older premenopausal patients, especially if their clinical condition is poor, do not benefit. Easily available clinical information can be a guide to prognosis.", "contents": "Trans-sphenoidal hypophysectomy in disseminated carcinoma of the breast. One hundred and eight patients with advanced carcinoma of the breast were treated by trans-sphenoidal hypophysectomy and followed up for at least 1 year. The results were assessed both by clinical response and objectively by survival following hypophysectomy, as expressed by the survival ratio. The two methods showed close correlation. The results show that there is a variation in response relating to menopausal status and age at diagnosis, subsequent hormonal manipulaton and physical condition at hypophysectomy. Younger patients whose carcinoma is diagnosed after menopause carry a good prognosis, yet the older premenopausal patients, especially if their clinical condition is poor, do not benefit. Easily available clinical information can be a guide to prognosis.", "PMID": 1115919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4895", "title": "Raised intracranial pressure due to spinal tumours: 3 rare cases with a probable common mechanism.", "content": "Three cases are reported of raised intracranial pressure associated with spinal tumours. The theories which have been advanced to explain this complication are discussed and it is suggested that in many of the reported cases the underlying mechanism may have been intracranial spread of the tumour and not a blockage of the cerebrospinal fluid pathways with proteinaceous deposits, as has been widely maintained. Autopsy revealed the former process to have operated in 2 of the 3 cases and it may have done so in the third. Two cases had unusual features in common: they were malignant schwannomas (a very rare spinal tumour) and they had both developed within the field of irradiation given for benign conditions many years previously.", "contents": "Raised intracranial pressure due to spinal tumours: 3 rare cases with a probable common mechanism. Three cases are reported of raised intracranial pressure associated with spinal tumours. The theories which have been advanced to explain this complication are discussed and it is suggested that in many of the reported cases the underlying mechanism may have been intracranial spread of the tumour and not a blockage of the cerebrospinal fluid pathways with proteinaceous deposits, as has been widely maintained. Autopsy revealed the former process to have operated in 2 of the 3 cases and it may have done so in the third. Two cases had unusual features in common: they were malignant schwannomas (a very rare spinal tumour) and they had both developed within the field of irradiation given for benign conditions many years previously.", "PMID": 1115920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4896", "title": "Arteriographic exposition of the parathyroids.", "content": "Arteriographic exposition of the parathyroids in 52 patients consecutively referred for primary hyperparthyroidism is reported. Thirty-nine patients under-went neck exploration. In 29 patients pathologic parathyroids were found. The arteriographic evaluation was based on observation of the course of the inferior thyroid artery and the presence of parenchymal opacification. Comparison of arteriography and surgical findings revealed that selective angiograpy of the inferior thyroid artery had a high sensitivity and specificity in the detection of pathologic parathyroids far exceeding that of a non-selective technique.", "contents": "Arteriographic exposition of the parathyroids. Arteriographic exposition of the parathyroids in 52 patients consecutively referred for primary hyperparthyroidism is reported. Thirty-nine patients under-went neck exploration. In 29 patients pathologic parathyroids were found. The arteriographic evaluation was based on observation of the course of the inferior thyroid artery and the presence of parenchymal opacification. Comparison of arteriography and surgical findings revealed that selective angiograpy of the inferior thyroid artery had a high sensitivity and specificity in the detection of pathologic parathyroids far exceeding that of a non-selective technique.", "PMID": 1115921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4897", "title": "Peak expiratory flow in youths with varying cigarette smoking habits.", "content": "Measurements of peak expiratory flow (P.E.F.) were done on 195 boys arriving at a detention centre, and again eight weeks later at the time of their discharge. During this time they took much physical exercise, and cigarette smoking and drug taking were not permitted. At the initial assessment there was an impairment of P.E.F. inversely proportional to the amount of cigarettes smoked which was statistically significant. There was a significant improvement in P.E.F. between reception and discharge in all groups of boys with varying smoking habits, all groups except the heavy smokers achieving near normal results after eight weeks. The heavier smokers improved more than the non-smokers or light smokers, but this difference was not statistically significant. Suggested reasons for this improvement are discussed.", "contents": "Peak expiratory flow in youths with varying cigarette smoking habits. Measurements of peak expiratory flow (P.E.F.) were done on 195 boys arriving at a detention centre, and again eight weeks later at the time of their discharge. During this time they took much physical exercise, and cigarette smoking and drug taking were not permitted. At the initial assessment there was an impairment of P.E.F. inversely proportional to the amount of cigarettes smoked which was statistically significant. There was a significant improvement in P.E.F. between reception and discharge in all groups of boys with varying smoking habits, all groups except the heavy smokers achieving near normal results after eight weeks. The heavier smokers improved more than the non-smokers or light smokers, but this difference was not statistically significant. Suggested reasons for this improvement are discussed.", "PMID": 1115928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4898", "title": "Early discharge of infants of low birth weight: a prospective study.", "content": "A total of 495 African infants of low birth weight were discharged from Harari Maternity Hospital, Salisbury, between October 1972 and September 1973. Criteria used for discharge were (a) no clinical evidence of disease, (b) satisfactory feeding by mouth (breast or bottle or both), and (c) stable temperature control under normal room conditions. Of the 495 babies 264 fulfilled these criteria when they weighed 1801-1900 g (group 1), 99 when they weighed 1901-2000 g (group 2), and 132 (group 3) when they weighed 2001-2500 g. The overall follow-up rate of those infants living in greater Salisbury was 85-5%, the health visitor playing an important contributory role in their progress, especially those in group 1. More than two clinic visits in the first four to five weeks after discharge were essential for continuing weight gain in groups 1 and 2 but not in group 3. The mean daily weight gain for all babies at the end of four to five weeks was 26 g. Readmission rates for babies in groups 1,2, and 3 were 9-5%, 1%, and 0-8%, respectively, the largest single cause for readmission being bronchopneumonia associated with hypothermia. Altogether 60% of the readmissions occurred during the two winter months (June and July). Hypothermia, associated with low environmental temperatures played a significant part in morbidity and mortality, and twins, particularly in group 1, had a mortality rate three times greater than singletons in the same group. In general, even in underdeveloped communities singleton babies born outside the winter months with reasonable clinic or home visiting facilities can be discharged at a weight of 1800 g or more.", "contents": "Early discharge of infants of low birth weight: a prospective study. A total of 495 African infants of low birth weight were discharged from Harari Maternity Hospital, Salisbury, between October 1972 and September 1973. Criteria used for discharge were (a) no clinical evidence of disease, (b) satisfactory feeding by mouth (breast or bottle or both), and (c) stable temperature control under normal room conditions. Of the 495 babies 264 fulfilled these criteria when they weighed 1801-1900 g (group 1), 99 when they weighed 1901-2000 g (group 2), and 132 (group 3) when they weighed 2001-2500 g. The overall follow-up rate of those infants living in greater Salisbury was 85-5%, the health visitor playing an important contributory role in their progress, especially those in group 1. More than two clinic visits in the first four to five weeks after discharge were essential for continuing weight gain in groups 1 and 2 but not in group 3. The mean daily weight gain for all babies at the end of four to five weeks was 26 g. Readmission rates for babies in groups 1,2, and 3 were 9-5%, 1%, and 0-8%, respectively, the largest single cause for readmission being bronchopneumonia associated with hypothermia. Altogether 60% of the readmissions occurred during the two winter months (June and July). Hypothermia, associated with low environmental temperatures played a significant part in morbidity and mortality, and twins, particularly in group 1, had a mortality rate three times greater than singletons in the same group. In general, even in underdeveloped communities singleton babies born outside the winter months with reasonable clinic or home visiting facilities can be discharged at a weight of 1800 g or more.", "PMID": 1115929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4899", "title": "Persistent primary enuresis: a urodynamic assessment.", "content": "Videocystourethrography with synchronous pressure and flow-rate recordings has been carried out on 50 patients referred for the investigation of persistent primary enuresis. Urodynamic studies showed nocturnal enuresis to be associated mainly with normal detrusor function and nocturnal plus diurnal enuresis mainly with abnormal detrusor function. Evidence is presented which suggests that these two distinct types of enuresis occur de novo and do not overlap. Out of 18 of formerly enuretic male patients nine with abnormal detrusor function showed persistent nocturnal plus diurnal symptoms.", "contents": "Persistent primary enuresis: a urodynamic assessment. Videocystourethrography with synchronous pressure and flow-rate recordings has been carried out on 50 patients referred for the investigation of persistent primary enuresis. Urodynamic studies showed nocturnal enuresis to be associated mainly with normal detrusor function and nocturnal plus diurnal enuresis mainly with abnormal detrusor function. Evidence is presented which suggests that these two distinct types of enuresis occur de novo and do not overlap. Out of 18 of formerly enuretic male patients nine with abnormal detrusor function showed persistent nocturnal plus diurnal symptoms.", "PMID": 1115930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4900", "title": "Measurement of fibrinogen-fibrin-related antigen in serum as aid to diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis in outpatients.", "content": "A study of serum levels of fibrinogen-fibrin-related antigen (F.R.-antigen) in outpatients presenting with clinical features suggesting deep vein thrombosis was undertaken. A raised serum level of this antigen (greater than 12 mg/1) is strong evidence in favour of the diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis. It is virtually conclusive evidence if other known causes of a raised level of the antigen are absent. On the other hand, a normal serum level of F.R.-antigen does not exclude even extensive thrombosis, and other objective techniques are required to substantiate the diagnosis.", "contents": "Measurement of fibrinogen-fibrin-related antigen in serum as aid to diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis in outpatients. A study of serum levels of fibrinogen-fibrin-related antigen (F.R.-antigen) in outpatients presenting with clinical features suggesting deep vein thrombosis was undertaken. A raised serum level of this antigen (greater than 12 mg/1) is strong evidence in favour of the diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis. It is virtually conclusive evidence if other known causes of a raised level of the antigen are absent. On the other hand, a normal serum level of F.R.-antigen does not exclude even extensive thrombosis, and other objective techniques are required to substantiate the diagnosis.", "PMID": 1115931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4901", "title": "Follow-up of emergency ambulance calls in Nottingham: implications for coronary ambulance servie.", "content": "Information about patients in ambulance service records has been linked to that in the patients' hospital records in an attempt to make the most efficient use of a special ambulance service for patients suspected of having heart attacks. During one week 248 emergency (999) calls for an ambulance were made by the public in the city of Nottingham. The quality of information given to the ambulance centre was poor, and all four patients eventually found to have had a myocardial infarction were described as having collapsed. A further study of patients who were also described as having collapsed has led to a system which allows an ambulance controller to send a \"coronary ambulance\" only in answer to those emergency calls where there is a reasonable possibility that the patient has had a heart attack.", "contents": "Follow-up of emergency ambulance calls in Nottingham: implications for coronary ambulance servie. Information about patients in ambulance service records has been linked to that in the patients' hospital records in an attempt to make the most efficient use of a special ambulance service for patients suspected of having heart attacks. During one week 248 emergency (999) calls for an ambulance were made by the public in the city of Nottingham. The quality of information given to the ambulance centre was poor, and all four patients eventually found to have had a myocardial infarction were described as having collapsed. A further study of patients who were also described as having collapsed has led to a system which allows an ambulance controller to send a \"coronary ambulance\" only in answer to those emergency calls where there is a reasonable possibility that the patient has had a heart attack.", "PMID": 1115934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4902", "title": "Lymphocyte reactivity in pregnant women and newborn infants.", "content": "The mitotic response to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) was determined in lymphocytes of mothers and their newborn infants obtained at delivery and seven days later by measuring the rate of 125 I-idoxuridine uptake into DNA in lymphocytes cultured in their own plasma and after washing and resuspension in fetal bovine serum. There was no difference in the unstimulated counts of maternal lymphocytes taken at delivery, whether unwashed or washed, compared with those from nonpregnant controls. With PHA stimulation the mitotic response of the maternal lymphocytes cultured in their own plasma was reduced compared  with that of the control lymphocytes but washed maternal cells showed a similar response to the controls. These findings suggest that the reduced lymphocyte mitotic response to PHA in pregnancy is due to a plasma inhibitory factor This inhibition was not evident in maternal blood taken seven days after delivery. DNA synthesis in unstimulated cultures from newborn infants at birth and seven days after birth was greater than that in adult control cultures. With PHA stimulation the mitotic response of cord-blood lymphocytes cultured in their own plasma paralleled that of control lymphocytes but washed newborn cells showed a greater response. Thus plasma suppression similar to that observed in the mother seems also to affect infants at birth. This inhibition was not demonstrable in blood taken from infants of 7 days.", "contents": "Lymphocyte reactivity in pregnant women and newborn infants. The mitotic response to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) was determined in lymphocytes of mothers and their newborn infants obtained at delivery and seven days later by measuring the rate of 125 I-idoxuridine uptake into DNA in lymphocytes cultured in their own plasma and after washing and resuspension in fetal bovine serum. There was no difference in the unstimulated counts of maternal lymphocytes taken at delivery, whether unwashed or washed, compared with those from nonpregnant controls. With PHA stimulation the mitotic response of the maternal lymphocytes cultured in their own plasma was reduced compared  with that of the control lymphocytes but washed maternal cells showed a similar response to the controls. These findings suggest that the reduced lymphocyte mitotic response to PHA in pregnancy is due to a plasma inhibitory factor This inhibition was not evident in maternal blood taken seven days after delivery. DNA synthesis in unstimulated cultures from newborn infants at birth and seven days after birth was greater than that in adult control cultures. With PHA stimulation the mitotic response of cord-blood lymphocytes cultured in their own plasma paralleled that of control lymphocytes but washed newborn cells showed a greater response. Thus plasma suppression similar to that observed in the mother seems also to affect infants at birth. This inhibition was not demonstrable in blood taken from infants of 7 days.", "PMID": 1115960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4903", "title": "Depression of bone marrow colony formation in gold-induced neutropenia.", "content": "Bone marrow culture in semi-solid agar was used to assess the proliferative activity and the response to sodium aurothiomalate of the myeloid precursor cells from patients during and after recovery from neutropenia associated with the use of this drug. Colony formation was reduced during the neutropenia and returned to normal after recovery. The rheumatoid process itself did not impair colony formation even in patients with Felty's syndrome. Sodium aurothiomalate inhibited colony formation by normal marrow in a dose-dependent manner. Bone marrow colonies from patients who had recovered from neutropenia induced by sodium aurothiomalate were not abnormally sensitive to the inhibitory effect of the drug in vitro. The metabolism of gold is probably altered in a small proportion of patients, which causes high local concentrations within the bone marrow leading directly to marrow depression.", "contents": "Depression of bone marrow colony formation in gold-induced neutropenia. Bone marrow culture in semi-solid agar was used to assess the proliferative activity and the response to sodium aurothiomalate of the myeloid precursor cells from patients during and after recovery from neutropenia associated with the use of this drug. Colony formation was reduced during the neutropenia and returned to normal after recovery. The rheumatoid process itself did not impair colony formation even in patients with Felty's syndrome. Sodium aurothiomalate inhibited colony formation by normal marrow in a dose-dependent manner. Bone marrow colonies from patients who had recovered from neutropenia induced by sodium aurothiomalate were not abnormally sensitive to the inhibitory effect of the drug in vitro. The metabolism of gold is probably altered in a small proportion of patients, which causes high local concentrations within the bone marrow leading directly to marrow depression.", "PMID": 1115961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4904", "title": "Can colonic bacterial metabolites predispose to cholesterol gall stones?", "content": "The cholesterol content of biliary lipids increased significantly when 16 healthy volunteers ingested deoxycholic acid (DC) for two weeks in a daily dose of 100-150 mg. Serum cholesterol also fell significantly to 88% of the baseline levels. Since DC is formed in the colon we suggest that populations in whom there is a high colonic absorption of bacterially metabolized cholate--that is, DC--have an increased predisposition to cholesterol gall stones.", "contents": "Can colonic bacterial metabolites predispose to cholesterol gall stones? The cholesterol content of biliary lipids increased significantly when 16 healthy volunteers ingested deoxycholic acid (DC) for two weeks in a daily dose of 100-150 mg. Serum cholesterol also fell significantly to 88% of the baseline levels. Since DC is formed in the colon we suggest that populations in whom there is a high colonic absorption of bacterially metabolized cholate--that is, DC--have an increased predisposition to cholesterol gall stones.", "PMID": 1115963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4905", "title": "Assessment of clinical competence using objective structured examination.", "content": "To avoid many of the disadvantages of the traditional clinical examination we have introduced the structured clinical examination. In this students rotate round a series of stations in the hospital ward. At one station they are asked to carry out a procedure, such as take a history, undertake one aspect of physical examination, or interpret laboratory investigations in the light of a patient's problem, and at the next station they have to answer questions on the findings at the previous station and their interpretation. As they cannot go back to check on omissions multiple-choice questions have a minimal cueing effect. The students may be observed and scored at some stations by examiners using a check list. In the structured clinical examination the variables and complexity of the examination are more easily controlled, its aims can be more clearly defined, and more of the student's knowledge can be tested. The examination is more objective and a marking strategy can be decided in advance. The examination results in improved feed-back to students and staff.", "contents": "Assessment of clinical competence using objective structured examination. To avoid many of the disadvantages of the traditional clinical examination we have introduced the structured clinical examination. In this students rotate round a series of stations in the hospital ward. At one station they are asked to carry out a procedure, such as take a history, undertake one aspect of physical examination, or interpret laboratory investigations in the light of a patient's problem, and at the next station they have to answer questions on the findings at the previous station and their interpretation. As they cannot go back to check on omissions multiple-choice questions have a minimal cueing effect. The students may be observed and scored at some stations by examiners using a check list. In the structured clinical examination the variables and complexity of the examination are more easily controlled, its aims can be more clearly defined, and more of the student's knowledge can be tested. The examination is more objective and a marking strategy can be decided in advance. The examination results in improved feed-back to students and staff.", "PMID": 1115966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4906", "title": "Histochemical mapping of catecholamine neurons and fiber pathways in the pontine tegmentum of the dog.", "content": "The distribution of catecholamine-containing neurons and fiber pathways were studied in the dog's pontine tegmentum by the Falck-Hillarp method. There are fundamental similarities between the dog and other mammals. Most catecholamine fluorescent cell bodies in the dog are located within the nucleus locus coeruleus and subcoeruleus in the pontine tegmentum. They are more diffuse and extensive than in the rat, monkey and human, and rather similar to those of the cat. In this study, catecholamine fiber pathways were clearly traced without using the lesion-degeneration technique. The dorsal pathway from the locus coeruleus consists of more compact bundles of non-varicose fibers than the rat, cat and monkey. It runs parallel to the mesencephalic tract of the trigeminal nerve in pons and midbrain. The ventral pathway courses as loosely arranged varicose fibers in the midreticular formation of the pons and sends axon collaterals to the caudal midbrain to form a dense network of varicose fibers. There are fluorescent plexi of fine varicose fibers at the ventromedial and dorsolateral aspect of the superior cerebellar peduncle. Cells of the medial and lateral parabrachial nucleus, in addition to those of locus coeruleus, send fluorescent fibers to this peduncle. No fluorescent fibers are found in other peduncles.", "contents": "Histochemical mapping of catecholamine neurons and fiber pathways in the pontine tegmentum of the dog. The distribution of catecholamine-containing neurons and fiber pathways were studied in the dog's pontine tegmentum by the Falck-Hillarp method. There are fundamental similarities between the dog and other mammals. Most catecholamine fluorescent cell bodies in the dog are located within the nucleus locus coeruleus and subcoeruleus in the pontine tegmentum. They are more diffuse and extensive than in the rat, monkey and human, and rather similar to those of the cat. In this study, catecholamine fiber pathways were clearly traced without using the lesion-degeneration technique. The dorsal pathway from the locus coeruleus consists of more compact bundles of non-varicose fibers than the rat, cat and monkey. It runs parallel to the mesencephalic tract of the trigeminal nerve in pons and midbrain. The ventral pathway courses as loosely arranged varicose fibers in the midreticular formation of the pons and sends axon collaterals to the caudal midbrain to form a dense network of varicose fibers. There are fluorescent plexi of fine varicose fibers at the ventromedial and dorsolateral aspect of the superior cerebellar peduncle. Cells of the medial and lateral parabrachial nucleus, in addition to those of locus coeruleus, send fluorescent fibers to this peduncle. No fluorescent fibers are found in other peduncles.", "PMID": 1115987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4907", "title": "Subcellular fractionation of rat cerebellum: an electron microscopic and biochemical investigation. III. Isolation of large fragments of the cerebellar glomeruli.", "content": "By a combination of differential and sucrose density gradient (both discontinuous and linear) centrifugation, large fragments of the cerebellar glomeruli were isolated in high purity from hand homogenised tissue. The final preparation contained only about 1% of the tissue protein, but over 90% of its volume was accounted for by the glomerulus particles. The ultrastructure of the glomerulus particles was well preserved. The enzyme profile was characteristic: the glomerulus particles were enriched in glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) activity (relative specific activity (RSA), 2.54), but the RSA of choline acetyltransferase (ChAc) was only 1.05. These findings are consistent with the view that GAD activity is very high in the inhibitory Golgi terminals, which occupy only a small fraction of the total volume of the particles, and acetylcholine may be a transmitter only in a relatively small fraction of the mossy fibre terminals. The glomerulus particles also contained a high concentration of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity (RSA, 1.91), whereas the RSA of glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) was only 1.15. The great asset of this preparation for future investigations is that it is composed almost exclusively from pre- and postsynaptic neuronal structures. Fractions containing neuropil fragments of non-glomerular origin were also obtained, but the profile of the estimated enzymes did not indicate unique characteristics.", "contents": "Subcellular fractionation of rat cerebellum: an electron microscopic and biochemical investigation. III. Isolation of large fragments of the cerebellar glomeruli. By a combination of differential and sucrose density gradient (both discontinuous and linear) centrifugation, large fragments of the cerebellar glomeruli were isolated in high purity from hand homogenised tissue. The final preparation contained only about 1% of the tissue protein, but over 90% of its volume was accounted for by the glomerulus particles. The ultrastructure of the glomerulus particles was well preserved. The enzyme profile was characteristic: the glomerulus particles were enriched in glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) activity (relative specific activity (RSA), 2.54), but the RSA of choline acetyltransferase (ChAc) was only 1.05. These findings are consistent with the view that GAD activity is very high in the inhibitory Golgi terminals, which occupy only a small fraction of the total volume of the particles, and acetylcholine may be a transmitter only in a relatively small fraction of the mossy fibre terminals. The glomerulus particles also contained a high concentration of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity (RSA, 1.91), whereas the RSA of glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) was only 1.15. The great asset of this preparation for future investigations is that it is composed almost exclusively from pre- and postsynaptic neuronal structures. Fractions containing neuropil fragments of non-glomerular origin were also obtained, but the profile of the estimated enzymes did not indicate unique characteristics.", "PMID": 1115992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4908", "title": "Effects of litter size on protein, choline acetyltransferase (cat), and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) of a mouse sympathetic ganglion.", "content": "Litters of 5, 10 and 17 pups were formed at birth. At 7, 14, 21, 28 and 60 days after birth mice were weighed and the cervical superior ganglia were examined for total protein and for CAT and DBH activities. At each age, the parameters examined were fitted into regression lines on the reciprocal of the litter size (L.S.R.); a highly positive correlation was found at each age between body weight and L.S.R., with maximum differences at weaning (day 21) followed by partial recovery after ad libitum feeding until day 60. A positive correlation was also found for total ganglion protein at days 21 and 28, with recovery practically completed at day 60. For CAT activity a positive correlation with L.S.R. appeared at day 14, with increasing coefficient and significance in later periods, until day 60. The temporal pattern of DBH activity for the 5-pup litter showed a peak at day 21, followed by a 35% decrease at day 28, with a steady level until day 60. A similar trend was observed for the 10- and 17-pup litters, but the peak occurred at day 28. Significant differences were found as early as day 7 between the 5- and the 17-pup litters, the maximum differences in the 3 experimental conditions being found at weaning, with a high and significant correlation coefficient, which persisted at day 60. Thus, the biochemical development and maturation of both presynaptic cholinergic nerve terminals and postsynaptic adrenergic neurones was evidently affected by the itter size during the suckling period, with persistent effects.", "contents": "Effects of litter size on protein, choline acetyltransferase (cat), and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) of a mouse sympathetic ganglion. Litters of 5, 10 and 17 pups were formed at birth. At 7, 14, 21, 28 and 60 days after birth mice were weighed and the cervical superior ganglia were examined for total protein and for CAT and DBH activities. At each age, the parameters examined were fitted into regression lines on the reciprocal of the litter size (L.S.R.); a highly positive correlation was found at each age between body weight and L.S.R., with maximum differences at weaning (day 21) followed by partial recovery after ad libitum feeding until day 60. A positive correlation was also found for total ganglion protein at days 21 and 28, with recovery practically completed at day 60. For CAT activity a positive correlation with L.S.R. appeared at day 14, with increasing coefficient and significance in later periods, until day 60. The temporal pattern of DBH activity for the 5-pup litter showed a peak at day 21, followed by a 35% decrease at day 28, with a steady level until day 60. A similar trend was observed for the 10- and 17-pup litters, but the peak occurred at day 28. Significant differences were found as early as day 7 between the 5- and the 17-pup litters, the maximum differences in the 3 experimental conditions being found at weaning, with a high and significant correlation coefficient, which persisted at day 60. Thus, the biochemical development and maturation of both presynaptic cholinergic nerve terminals and postsynaptic adrenergic neurones was evidently affected by the itter size during the suckling period, with persistent effects.", "PMID": 1115994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4909", "title": "The freezing lesion. III. The effects of diphenylhydantoin on potassium transport within nerve terminals from the primary foci.", "content": "Possible mechanisms by which dephenylhydantoin (DPH) controls seizures were examined. The effects of intraperitoneal DPH on seizure discharges within epileptogenic freeze lesions were correlated with DPH action on in vitro potassium uptake within synaptosomes isolated from the same freeze foci. When in vivo DPH suppressed seizure discharges, it stimulated in vitro potassium uptake within synaptosomes incubated in a high-Kplus (10 mM) media. With 2-5 mM Naplus and 10mM Kplus, DPH stimulation of synaptosome potassium uptake was reversed by ouabain. With 50 mM Naplus and 10 mM Kplus, DPH stimulation of potassium uptake was not reversed by ouabain. In low-Kplus (0.2-5 mM) media, DPH did not affect potassium uptake even when sodium concentrations were varied at 10-100 mM. In sham-operated controls and in non-epileptogenic lesions, the effects of DPH on synaptosome potassium uptake were identical to those previously reported in normal brains. These results strongly suggest that DPH controls the epileptogenic state by stimulating potassium uptake within synaptic terminals. DPH controls the epileptogenic state by stimulating potassium uptake within synaptic terminals. DPH enhances synaptic potassium uptake by stimulating the (Naplus-Kplus) pump and a second potassium uptake process which is insensitive to ouabain.", "contents": "The freezing lesion. III. The effects of diphenylhydantoin on potassium transport within nerve terminals from the primary foci. Possible mechanisms by which dephenylhydantoin (DPH) controls seizures were examined. The effects of intraperitoneal DPH on seizure discharges within epileptogenic freeze lesions were correlated with DPH action on in vitro potassium uptake within synaptosomes isolated from the same freeze foci. When in vivo DPH suppressed seizure discharges, it stimulated in vitro potassium uptake within synaptosomes incubated in a high-Kplus (10 mM) media. With 2-5 mM Naplus and 10mM Kplus, DPH stimulation of synaptosome potassium uptake was reversed by ouabain. With 50 mM Naplus and 10 mM Kplus, DPH stimulation of potassium uptake was not reversed by ouabain. In low-Kplus (0.2-5 mM) media, DPH did not affect potassium uptake even when sodium concentrations were varied at 10-100 mM. In sham-operated controls and in non-epileptogenic lesions, the effects of DPH on synaptosome potassium uptake were identical to those previously reported in normal brains. These results strongly suggest that DPH controls the epileptogenic state by stimulating potassium uptake within synaptic terminals. DPH controls the epileptogenic state by stimulating potassium uptake within synaptic terminals. DPH enhances synaptic potassium uptake by stimulating the (Naplus-Kplus) pump and a second potassium uptake process which is insensitive to ouabain.", "PMID": 1115995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4910", "title": "Diversity of coding profiles of mechanoreceptors in glabrous skin of kittens.", "content": "We examined stimulul-response (S-R) profiles of 35 single mechanoreceptive afferent units having small receptive fields in glabrous forepaw skin of 24 anesthetized domestic kittens. Single unit activity was recorded with tungsten microelectrodes from cervical dorsal root ganglia. The study was designed to be as quantitatively descriptive as possible. We indented each unit's receptive field with a broad battery of simple, carefully controlled stimuli whose major parameters, including amplitude, velocity, acceleration, duration, and interstimulus interval were systematically varied. Stimuli were delivered by a small probe driven by a feedback-controlled axial displacement generator. Single unit discharge data were analyzed by a variety of direct and derived measures including dot patterns, peristimulus histograms, instantaneous and mean instantaneous firing rates, tuning curves, thresholds for amplitude and velocity, adaptation rates, dynamic and static sensitivities, and others. We found that with respect to any of the S-R transactions examined, the properties of our sample of units were continuously and broadly distributed. Any one unit might exhibit either a slow or rapid rate of adaptation, or might superficially appear to preferentially code a single stimulus parameter such as amplitude or velocity. But when the entire range of responsiveness of units to the entire stimulus battery was surveyed by a variety of analytic techniques, we were unable to find any justifiable basis for designation of discrete categories of S-R profiles. Intermediate response types were always found, and in general, all units were both broadly tuned and capable of responding to integrals of several stimulus parameters, our data argue against the usefulness of evaluating a unit's S-R coding capabilities by means of a limited ste of stimulation of response analysis procedures.", "contents": "Diversity of coding profiles of mechanoreceptors in glabrous skin of kittens. We examined stimulul-response (S-R) profiles of 35 single mechanoreceptive afferent units having small receptive fields in glabrous forepaw skin of 24 anesthetized domestic kittens. Single unit activity was recorded with tungsten microelectrodes from cervical dorsal root ganglia. The study was designed to be as quantitatively descriptive as possible. We indented each unit's receptive field with a broad battery of simple, carefully controlled stimuli whose major parameters, including amplitude, velocity, acceleration, duration, and interstimulus interval were systematically varied. Stimuli were delivered by a small probe driven by a feedback-controlled axial displacement generator. Single unit discharge data were analyzed by a variety of direct and derived measures including dot patterns, peristimulus histograms, instantaneous and mean instantaneous firing rates, tuning curves, thresholds for amplitude and velocity, adaptation rates, dynamic and static sensitivities, and others. We found that with respect to any of the S-R transactions examined, the properties of our sample of units were continuously and broadly distributed. Any one unit might exhibit either a slow or rapid rate of adaptation, or might superficially appear to preferentially code a single stimulus parameter such as amplitude or velocity. But when the entire range of responsiveness of units to the entire stimulus battery was surveyed by a variety of analytic techniques, we were unable to find any justifiable basis for designation of discrete categories of S-R profiles. Intermediate response types were always found, and in general, all units were both broadly tuned and capable of responding to integrals of several stimulus parameters, our data argue against the usefulness of evaluating a unit's S-R coding capabilities by means of a limited ste of stimulation of response analysis procedures.", "PMID": 1115996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4911", "title": "6-hydroxydopa during development of central adrenergic neurons produces different long-term changes in rat brain noradrenaline.", "content": "6-hydroxydopa (6-OH-DOPA) administered to rats during their early development produces long-term modifications in the content of brain noradrenaline (NA) which have regional differences. An increase in brain stem NA is observed when the rats are exposed to the drug between the day 14 of gestation and the 9th postnatal day. When 6-OH-DOPA is injected subcutaneously on the 13th postnatal day or later, there is a decrease in brain stem NA. On the other hand, the content of NA in the telediencephalon is depleted for the first time in rats exposed to the drug during the day 16 of gestation, the decrease is more evident when the injection is done on days 17 or 18 and the effect is also marked when the drug is administered in the period between the day of birth and the 20th day of age. These results indicate that 6-OH-DOPA exerts different effects during the process of development and that the increase in brain stem NA is not solely dependent on the depletion produced in the forebrain because both phenomena are temporally dissociated. The adrenergic neurons injured by the drug, most probably respond in such a way that leads to an increase in brain stem NA only during the period in which they are under the influence of the factors controlling their physiologic development.", "contents": "6-hydroxydopa during development of central adrenergic neurons produces different long-term changes in rat brain noradrenaline. 6-hydroxydopa (6-OH-DOPA) administered to rats during their early development produces long-term modifications in the content of brain noradrenaline (NA) which have regional differences. An increase in brain stem NA is observed when the rats are exposed to the drug between the day 14 of gestation and the 9th postnatal day. When 6-OH-DOPA is injected subcutaneously on the 13th postnatal day or later, there is a decrease in brain stem NA. On the other hand, the content of NA in the telediencephalon is depleted for the first time in rats exposed to the drug during the day 16 of gestation, the decrease is more evident when the injection is done on days 17 or 18 and the effect is also marked when the drug is administered in the period between the day of birth and the 20th day of age. These results indicate that 6-OH-DOPA exerts different effects during the process of development and that the increase in brain stem NA is not solely dependent on the depletion produced in the forebrain because both phenomena are temporally dissociated. The adrenergic neurons injured by the drug, most probably respond in such a way that leads to an increase in brain stem NA only during the period in which they are under the influence of the factors controlling their physiologic development.", "PMID": 1115997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4912", "title": "Effect of gonadal hormones on enzyme activities in brain and pituitary of male and female rats.", "content": "Gonadectomized male and female rats were treated with equimolar doses of estradiol benzoate (EB) or testosterone pripionate (TP) daily for one week and enzyme activities were measured in the basomedial hypothalamus, corticomedial amygdala, and pituitary. In females, the hypothalamus showed estrogen-dependent increases in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH), and malate dehydrogenase (MDH). Activities of ICDH and MDH were elevated in the amygdala. In the pituitary, estrogen administration resulted in increased levels of G6PDH, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGDH), and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH). The estrogen antagonist, MER-25, effectively blocked estrogen-dependent increases in pituitary G6PDH and 6PGDH. Administration of TP did not result in changed enzyme levels. In males, treatment with EB and TP resulted in significant elevations in some but not all enzymes that were increased by EB in the female. Estrogen-dependent increases of activity in males were noted in pituitary G6PDH, 6PGDH, and LDH, in hypothalamic MDH, and in amygdaloid ICDH. Administration of TP led to increased levels of pituitary G6PDH, 6PGDH, LDH, ICDH, and MDH, hypothalamic ICDH and G6PDH, and amygdaloid MDH. The pattern of enzyme changes found in male and female brain and pituitary is discussed in relation to behavioral responses to gonadal hormones, nuclear uptake of gonadal hormones, and metabolism of androgen.", "contents": "Effect of gonadal hormones on enzyme activities in brain and pituitary of male and female rats. Gonadectomized male and female rats were treated with equimolar doses of estradiol benzoate (EB) or testosterone pripionate (TP) daily for one week and enzyme activities were measured in the basomedial hypothalamus, corticomedial amygdala, and pituitary. In females, the hypothalamus showed estrogen-dependent increases in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH), and malate dehydrogenase (MDH). Activities of ICDH and MDH were elevated in the amygdala. In the pituitary, estrogen administration resulted in increased levels of G6PDH, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGDH), and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH). The estrogen antagonist, MER-25, effectively blocked estrogen-dependent increases in pituitary G6PDH and 6PGDH. Administration of TP did not result in changed enzyme levels. In males, treatment with EB and TP resulted in significant elevations in some but not all enzymes that were increased by EB in the female. Estrogen-dependent increases of activity in males were noted in pituitary G6PDH, 6PGDH, and LDH, in hypothalamic MDH, and in amygdaloid ICDH. Administration of TP led to increased levels of pituitary G6PDH, 6PGDH, LDH, ICDH, and MDH, hypothalamic ICDH and G6PDH, and amygdaloid MDH. The pattern of enzyme changes found in male and female brain and pituitary is discussed in relation to behavioral responses to gonadal hormones, nuclear uptake of gonadal hormones, and metabolism of androgen.", "PMID": 1115998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4913", "title": "Effect of gonadal steroids on activities of monoamine oxidase and choline acetylase in rat brain.", "content": "Gonadectomized male and female rats were treated with equimolar doses of estradiol benzoate (EB) and testosterone propionate (TP) daily for periods of 3 days to 1 week and activities of monoamine oxidase (MAO) and choline acetyltransferase (ChAc) were measured in the cortex, hippocampus, basomedial hypothalamus, corticomedial amygdala and medial preoptic areas. After hormone treatment, changes in enzyme activities were found in those brain regions where gonadal hormones are known to affect sexual behavior and/or gonadotropin release and which contain putative hormone receptor sites. More specifically, EB administration to females resulted in decreased activity of MAO in the corticomedial amygdala and basomedial hypothalamus and an elevation of ChAc activity in the medial preoptic area and corticomedial amygdala while TP administration did not alter enzyme levels in any brain region. In contrast, EB administration to castrated males was without significant effect on enzyme activities while TP administration resulted in increased activity of MAO and ChAc in the medial-preoptic area. The estrogen antagonist, MER-25, given concomitantly with EB, effectively blocked EB-dependent changes in both enzymes in ovariectomized female rats. EB treatment to hypophysectomized females led to similar enzymatic changes as in ovariectomized females in all areas except the basomedial hypothalamus. Estradiol added directly to the enzyme incubation medium did not result in altered enzyme activities. Results obtained are discussed in relation to sexual differentiation of the brain, metabolism of gonadal hormones, and possible mechanism of gonadal hormone regulation of enzyme activities.", "contents": "Effect of gonadal steroids on activities of monoamine oxidase and choline acetylase in rat brain. Gonadectomized male and female rats were treated with equimolar doses of estradiol benzoate (EB) and testosterone propionate (TP) daily for periods of 3 days to 1 week and activities of monoamine oxidase (MAO) and choline acetyltransferase (ChAc) were measured in the cortex, hippocampus, basomedial hypothalamus, corticomedial amygdala and medial preoptic areas. After hormone treatment, changes in enzyme activities were found in those brain regions where gonadal hormones are known to affect sexual behavior and/or gonadotropin release and which contain putative hormone receptor sites. More specifically, EB administration to females resulted in decreased activity of MAO in the corticomedial amygdala and basomedial hypothalamus and an elevation of ChAc activity in the medial preoptic area and corticomedial amygdala while TP administration did not alter enzyme levels in any brain region. In contrast, EB administration to castrated males was without significant effect on enzyme activities while TP administration resulted in increased activity of MAO and ChAc in the medial-preoptic area. The estrogen antagonist, MER-25, given concomitantly with EB, effectively blocked EB-dependent changes in both enzymes in ovariectomized female rats. EB treatment to hypophysectomized females led to similar enzymatic changes as in ovariectomized females in all areas except the basomedial hypothalamus. Estradiol added directly to the enzyme incubation medium did not result in altered enzyme activities. Results obtained are discussed in relation to sexual differentiation of the brain, metabolism of gonadal hormones, and possible mechanism of gonadal hormone regulation of enzyme activities.", "PMID": 1115999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4914", "title": "Changes in proteolytic enzymes and proteins during maturation of the brain.", "content": "(1) Changes during development in the levels of proteinases and peptidases were measured in brain homogenates. At all ages di- and tripeptidase levels were 7-15-fold higher than proteinase activity. (2) Cathepsin A and D and neutral proteinase activity first decreased (during the 5 days before birth) and then increased (primarily during the first 10 days after birth) in development. The total enzyme content per unit weight of brain did not change greatly after 10 days, although specific activity fell owing to an increase in protein in older animals. (3) The developmental pattern of activities or peptidases measured with Leu-Gly and Leu-Gly-Gly and of arylamidases measured with Arg- and Arg-Arg-beta-naphthylamides was similar to that of proteinases. Total and specific activities increased rapidly after birth; then total activity did not change and specific activity decreased. (4) The proteinase content of tissue fractions (nuclear and lysosomal-mitochondrial) similarly reached a maximal peak in the rapid growth phase of the brain. (5) The decrease of hydrolytic activity after 10 days of age seems to parallel a decrease in the rates of protein breakdown in vivo, showing parallel behavior with decreasing protein turnover. In contrast, during the first 10 days of life protein turnover and calculated rate of protein breakdown in vivo decrease while the level of hydrolytic enzymes increases.", "contents": "Changes in proteolytic enzymes and proteins during maturation of the brain. (1) Changes during development in the levels of proteinases and peptidases were measured in brain homogenates. At all ages di- and tripeptidase levels were 7-15-fold higher than proteinase activity. (2) Cathepsin A and D and neutral proteinase activity first decreased (during the 5 days before birth) and then increased (primarily during the first 10 days after birth) in development. The total enzyme content per unit weight of brain did not change greatly after 10 days, although specific activity fell owing to an increase in protein in older animals. (3) The developmental pattern of activities or peptidases measured with Leu-Gly and Leu-Gly-Gly and of arylamidases measured with Arg- and Arg-Arg-beta-naphthylamides was similar to that of proteinases. Total and specific activities increased rapidly after birth; then total activity did not change and specific activity decreased. (4) The proteinase content of tissue fractions (nuclear and lysosomal-mitochondrial) similarly reached a maximal peak in the rapid growth phase of the brain. (5) The decrease of hydrolytic activity after 10 days of age seems to parallel a decrease in the rates of protein breakdown in vivo, showing parallel behavior with decreasing protein turnover. In contrast, during the first 10 days of life protein turnover and calculated rate of protein breakdown in vivo decrease while the level of hydrolytic enzymes increases.", "PMID": 1116000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4915", "title": "Functional correlates of low molecular weight peptide synthesis in Aplysia neurons.", "content": "An attempt was made to determine whether the synthesis of low molecular weight proteins by certain neurons of Aplysia could be correlated with either pacemaker activity or neurosecretion. Electrophysiological tests indicated that the spontaneous generation of action potentials in cells L8 and L9 is due to an endogenous pacemaker mechanism. Gel electrophoresis of proteins synthesized by these neurons showed no evidence of low molecular weight material. The non-neurosecretory interneuron L10 synthesizes a 12,000 dalton protein, whereas the silent neurosecretory cell L5 synthesizes a lower molecular weight peptide. Taken with previous findings, these results indicate that there is no correlation between pacemaker activity and the synthesis of these peptides. There is, however, a strict correlation between neurosecretory activity and the synthesis of proteins of molecular weights lower than 12,000 daltons.", "contents": "Functional correlates of low molecular weight peptide synthesis in Aplysia neurons. An attempt was made to determine whether the synthesis of low molecular weight proteins by certain neurons of Aplysia could be correlated with either pacemaker activity or neurosecretion. Electrophysiological tests indicated that the spontaneous generation of action potentials in cells L8 and L9 is due to an endogenous pacemaker mechanism. Gel electrophoresis of proteins synthesized by these neurons showed no evidence of low molecular weight material. The non-neurosecretory interneuron L10 synthesizes a 12,000 dalton protein, whereas the silent neurosecretory cell L5 synthesizes a lower molecular weight peptide. Taken with previous findings, these results indicate that there is no correlation between pacemaker activity and the synthesis of these peptides. There is, however, a strict correlation between neurosecretory activity and the synthesis of proteins of molecular weights lower than 12,000 daltons.", "PMID": 1116001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4916", "title": "Equivalent stimuli for stripes in rats with striate cortex ablations.", "content": "The purpose of the experiment was to determine which features of a visual discrimination task were used by rats with total striate cortex ablations. The task was vertical black and white stripes versus grey matched in flux. Probe trials were inserted in which stripes of two different orientations or a speckled pattern were substituted for either the positive or negative stimulus. It was found that the destriated rats were normal in response to stripes of different orientations, but showed a deficit with the speckled pattern. A finer analysis suggests that the latter finding reflected an increased preference for the speckled pattern by the destriated group.", "contents": "Equivalent stimuli for stripes in rats with striate cortex ablations. The purpose of the experiment was to determine which features of a visual discrimination task were used by rats with total striate cortex ablations. The task was vertical black and white stripes versus grey matched in flux. Probe trials were inserted in which stripes of two different orientations or a speckled pattern were substituted for either the positive or negative stimulus. It was found that the destriated rats were normal in response to stripes of different orientations, but showed a deficit with the speckled pattern. A finer analysis suggests that the latter finding reflected an increased preference for the speckled pattern by the destriated group.", "PMID": 1116005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4917", "title": "Hyperdipsia induced by bilateral destruction of the locus coeruleus in rats.", "content": "Bilateral lesions in the locus coeruleus (LC) of rats induced a urinary disorder and hyperdipsia. Dilatation of the urinary bladder, urinary retention and hematuria with bleeding originating from the urinary bladder, occurred immediately after the lesioning and continued for 2-5 days. Water intake increased 4 days after the lesioning. This hyperdipsia persisted for at least 4 days and then gradually returned to the control level. Food intake decreased for the first 5 days, and then returned to the control level. Lesions in the ascending dorsal bundle (DB) originating from the LC also produced hyperdipsia, but not urinary disorder. Destruction of the ascending ventral vundle (VB) originating from the noradrenaline (NA) neurons in the medulla oblongata did not affect eating, drinking or urination. The LC- or DB-lesioning caused a significant reduction of NA in the whole forebrain except the hypothalamus, whereas VB-lesioning caused reduced NA in the hypothalamus. In LC-lesioned animals, no significant changes were observed in serum osmolarity, Na+, K+, albumin and glucose in serum, or in the excretion of urine in the water-loading test.", "contents": "Hyperdipsia induced by bilateral destruction of the locus coeruleus in rats. Bilateral lesions in the locus coeruleus (LC) of rats induced a urinary disorder and hyperdipsia. Dilatation of the urinary bladder, urinary retention and hematuria with bleeding originating from the urinary bladder, occurred immediately after the lesioning and continued for 2-5 days. Water intake increased 4 days after the lesioning. This hyperdipsia persisted for at least 4 days and then gradually returned to the control level. Food intake decreased for the first 5 days, and then returned to the control level. Lesions in the ascending dorsal bundle (DB) originating from the LC also produced hyperdipsia, but not urinary disorder. Destruction of the ascending ventral vundle (VB) originating from the noradrenaline (NA) neurons in the medulla oblongata did not affect eating, drinking or urination. The LC- or DB-lesioning caused a significant reduction of NA in the whole forebrain except the hypothalamus, whereas VB-lesioning caused reduced NA in the hypothalamus. In LC-lesioned animals, no significant changes were observed in serum osmolarity, Na+, K+, albumin and glucose in serum, or in the excretion of urine in the water-loading test.", "PMID": 1116006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4918", "title": "The cerebral blood distribution in dogs and cats. An anatomical and functional study.", "content": "On the basis of corrosion preparations and of microsphere studies, the following characteristics of the canine and feline cerebral circulation were observed. (1) In cats, a greater part of the vertebral arterial blood goes to the brain and it is more specifically restricted to the ponto-medullary and cerebellar structures. These structures received approximately 3 times more microspheres in cats than in dogs. (2) In dogs, an important amount of vertebral blood goes to the neck muscles, and the intracranial vertebral blood supply is spread over a greater area of the brain, including the thalamo-hypothalamic and posterior cortical zone. (3) In cats the thalamo-hypothalamic area receives a greater amount of blood via the common carotid artery than in dogs. (4) In both animal species, the vascular connections between the left and right side of the brain are more extensive in the vertebral than in the carotid bed. However, for either vascular bed, a more important left to right transmission was found in the dog.", "contents": "The cerebral blood distribution in dogs and cats. An anatomical and functional study. On the basis of corrosion preparations and of microsphere studies, the following characteristics of the canine and feline cerebral circulation were observed. (1) In cats, a greater part of the vertebral arterial blood goes to the brain and it is more specifically restricted to the ponto-medullary and cerebellar structures. These structures received approximately 3 times more microspheres in cats than in dogs. (2) In dogs, an important amount of vertebral blood goes to the neck muscles, and the intracranial vertebral blood supply is spread over a greater area of the brain, including the thalamo-hypothalamic and posterior cortical zone. (3) In cats the thalamo-hypothalamic area receives a greater amount of blood via the common carotid artery than in dogs. (4) In both animal species, the vascular connections between the left and right side of the brain are more extensive in the vertebral than in the carotid bed. However, for either vascular bed, a more important left to right transmission was found in the dog.", "PMID": 1116007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4919", "title": "Intracranial pressure increase and changes in microcirculation of the pial and iridial vessels in correlation to EEG, ECG, and arterial blood pressure.", "content": "Controlled intracranial pressure increase was produced in 120 female albino rats by infusing homologous blood and saline solution into the cisterna magna. The behaviour of the brain current, cardiovascular system, and microcirculation of the iridial and pial vessels immediately after pressure increase was examined simultaneously. A direct correlation could be demonstrated between the decrease in brain electrical potentials and the intracranial pressure applied at a time of maximal cardiovascular stimulation. Different pathological mechanisms have been put forward, one of these being identified as pial arteriolospasms. Acting together with other factors these spasms might be responsible for the rapid drop in electrical activity of the brain current potentials.", "contents": "Intracranial pressure increase and changes in microcirculation of the pial and iridial vessels in correlation to EEG, ECG, and arterial blood pressure. Controlled intracranial pressure increase was produced in 120 female albino rats by infusing homologous blood and saline solution into the cisterna magna. The behaviour of the brain current, cardiovascular system, and microcirculation of the iridial and pial vessels immediately after pressure increase was examined simultaneously. A direct correlation could be demonstrated between the decrease in brain electrical potentials and the intracranial pressure applied at a time of maximal cardiovascular stimulation. Different pathological mechanisms have been put forward, one of these being identified as pial arteriolospasms. Acting together with other factors these spasms might be responsible for the rapid drop in electrical activity of the brain current potentials.", "PMID": 1116008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4920", "title": "Amino acid incorporation into neurons and glia of guinea pigs with experimental allergic encephalomyelitis.", "content": "After in vitro incubation of brain slices from guinea pigs in the intermediate (10 days postinduction) stage of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), incorporation of [14C]leucine into protein was increased in a glial-enriched fraction. By the late (17-18 days postinduction) stage of the disease, when EAE symptoms were manifest, both the neuronal- and glial-enriched fractions showed increased specific activity of their total protein. SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that the increased leucine incorporation occurred in those proteins which labeled in a control material. After intraperitoneal injection of [3H]leucine the incorporated radioactivity was slightly increased in unfractionated brains from EAE animals. The neuronal-glial ratios for protein-bound radioactivity indicated that the increased incorporation resided mainly in the glial population.", "contents": "Amino acid incorporation into neurons and glia of guinea pigs with experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. After in vitro incubation of brain slices from guinea pigs in the intermediate (10 days postinduction) stage of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), incorporation of [14C]leucine into protein was increased in a glial-enriched fraction. By the late (17-18 days postinduction) stage of the disease, when EAE symptoms were manifest, both the neuronal- and glial-enriched fractions showed increased specific activity of their total protein. SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that the increased leucine incorporation occurred in those proteins which labeled in a control material. After intraperitoneal injection of [3H]leucine the incorporated radioactivity was slightly increased in unfractionated brains from EAE animals. The neuronal-glial ratios for protein-bound radioactivity indicated that the increased incorporation resided mainly in the glial population.", "PMID": 1116009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4921", "title": "Indicator media for microorganisms degrading chlorinated pesticides.", "content": "A bromocresol purple liquid indicator medium and an eosin-methylene blue agar have been developed for the demonstration and isolation of microorganisms able to degrade the chlorinated herbicide, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Plates of the eosin-methylene blue agar indicate individual 2,4-D-degrading bacterial colonies. Both indicator systems show the production of acid, presumably hydrochloric, during degradation of the 2,4-D in the media. Concentrations of 2,4-D required to give an acid reaction in media with varying concentrations of yeast extract were determined; the production of about 0.24 mmol of hydrochloric acid seems necessary to counteract the buffering effect of 100 mg of metabolized yeast extract. Acid production from the herbicide, 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid(MCPA), which in the salt form could yield only small amounts of hydrochloric acid, was inconsistent. The two indicator media should be useful in investigations of the microbial degradation of other acid-yielding halogenated pesticides.", "contents": "Indicator media for microorganisms degrading chlorinated pesticides. A bromocresol purple liquid indicator medium and an eosin-methylene blue agar have been developed for the demonstration and isolation of microorganisms able to degrade the chlorinated herbicide, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Plates of the eosin-methylene blue agar indicate individual 2,4-D-degrading bacterial colonies. Both indicator systems show the production of acid, presumably hydrochloric, during degradation of the 2,4-D in the media. Concentrations of 2,4-D required to give an acid reaction in media with varying concentrations of yeast extract were determined; the production of about 0.24 mmol of hydrochloric acid seems necessary to counteract the buffering effect of 100 mg of metabolized yeast extract. Acid production from the herbicide, 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid(MCPA), which in the salt form could yield only small amounts of hydrochloric acid, was inconsistent. The two indicator media should be useful in investigations of the microbial degradation of other acid-yielding halogenated pesticides.", "PMID": 1116035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4922", "title": "Influence of temperature and salt concentration on the growth of a facultatively halophilic \"Micrococcus\" sp.", "content": "Growth characteristics of a facultatively halophilic strain of Micrococcus, capable of growth in medium containing no added NaCl and in medium containing 5.5 M NaCl, were studied over a range of salt concentrations and temperatures. Optimal growth occurred at 35C in a medium containing 1.0 M NaCl. In a medium containing 0.1 M NaCl, growth only occurred if the incubation temperature was less than 30C. No growth occurred if KCl, LiCl, NH4Cl, MgCl2, or sucrose was substituted for NaCl at 35C. A reexamination of bacteria previously described as moderate halophiles is suggested.", "contents": "Influence of temperature and salt concentration on the growth of a facultatively halophilic \"Micrococcus\" sp. Growth characteristics of a facultatively halophilic strain of Micrococcus, capable of growth in medium containing no added NaCl and in medium containing 5.5 M NaCl, were studied over a range of salt concentrations and temperatures. Optimal growth occurred at 35C in a medium containing 1.0 M NaCl. In a medium containing 0.1 M NaCl, growth only occurred if the incubation temperature was less than 30C. No growth occurred if KCl, LiCl, NH4Cl, MgCl2, or sucrose was substituted for NaCl at 35C. A reexamination of bacteria previously described as moderate halophiles is suggested.", "PMID": 1116036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4923", "title": "In vitro and in vivo interactions between Erwinia amylovora and related saprophytic bacteria.", "content": "Under carefully controlled laboratory conditions, a highly virulent strain of Erwinia amylovora coinhabited susceptible host tissues with a yellow saprophytic bacterium, which was invariably isolated from fire blight infected trees, with or without producing symptoms of the disease depending on the status of a number of environmental factors, both climatic and physiological. In particular, variation of temperature and sucrose concentration determined, independently, the equilibrium of a readily reversible alternation of predominance of the two bacteria. It is suggested that E. amylovora may sometimes exist as an avirulent resident on the surface or within healthy host plants when environmental conditions favor growth of the yellow saprophyte rather than the pathogen. Such conditions, which are more likely to be obtained in midsummer and the fall, include temperature fall or rise below or above the optimum for E. amylovora, decreased humidity or diminution of sap flow, and increased sugar content in the host tissues.", "contents": "In vitro and in vivo interactions between Erwinia amylovora and related saprophytic bacteria. Under carefully controlled laboratory conditions, a highly virulent strain of Erwinia amylovora coinhabited susceptible host tissues with a yellow saprophytic bacterium, which was invariably isolated from fire blight infected trees, with or without producing symptoms of the disease depending on the status of a number of environmental factors, both climatic and physiological. In particular, variation of temperature and sucrose concentration determined, independently, the equilibrium of a readily reversible alternation of predominance of the two bacteria. It is suggested that E. amylovora may sometimes exist as an avirulent resident on the surface or within healthy host plants when environmental conditions favor growth of the yellow saprophyte rather than the pathogen. Such conditions, which are more likely to be obtained in midsummer and the fall, include temperature fall or rise below or above the optimum for E. amylovora, decreased humidity or diminution of sap flow, and increased sugar content in the host tissues.", "PMID": 1116037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4924", "title": "Kinetics of Naplus-dependent amino acid transport using cells and membrane vesicles of a marine pseudomonad.", "content": "Sodium ion is required for transport of L-alanine and alpha-aminoisobutyric acid (AIB) into cells and membrane vesicles of a marine pseudomonad. Initial rate data obtained at various Naplus and amino acid concentrations were tested for fit by least squares analysis to sequential and Ping-Pong equations. The sequential case is preferred statistically at the 99% confidence limit. Cotransport of AIB and Naplus in cells could not be detected, perhaps explained by efflux of Naplus shown to occur from these cells. The kinetic analysis is consistent with formation of a ternary complex involving Naplus and the amino acid.", "contents": "Kinetics of Naplus-dependent amino acid transport using cells and membrane vesicles of a marine pseudomonad. Sodium ion is required for transport of L-alanine and alpha-aminoisobutyric acid (AIB) into cells and membrane vesicles of a marine pseudomonad. Initial rate data obtained at various Naplus and amino acid concentrations were tested for fit by least squares analysis to sequential and Ping-Pong equations. The sequential case is preferred statistically at the 99% confidence limit. Cotransport of AIB and Naplus in cells could not be detected, perhaps explained by efflux of Naplus shown to occur from these cells. The kinetic analysis is consistent with formation of a ternary complex involving Naplus and the amino acid.", "PMID": 1116038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4925", "title": "The effect of growth environment on the chloroform-methanol and alkali-extractable cell wall and cytoplasm lipid levels of Mucor rouxii.", "content": "The distribution of chloroform-methanol and alkali-extractable lipids in the cell walls of aerobically grown filamentous cells from Mucor rouxii has been determined. The results have been compared with the corresponding lipid composition of yeast-like cells from M. rouxii, which can be produced in two ways: by growth under anaerobic conditions and by aerobic growth in the presence of 0.22% phenethyl alcohol (PEA). It was observed that in most cases the crude cytoplasmic fraction contained higher levels of several lipids (i.e., squalene, sterols, triterpenes, and fatty acids) than did the corresponding cell walls. The cell walls did, however, contain both \"free\" (chloroform-methanol extractable) and \"bound\" (alkali extractable) lipids although the relative amounts were markedly dependent on the cell growth environment. The aerobically grown filamentous cell walls contained higher levels of squalene, sterols, triterpenes, and fatty acids than did aerobically grown yeast-like PEA-induced cell walls and there was also considerable variation in the \"free\"/\"bound\" ratios of the various lipid components. The lipid levels in both the cell walls and cytoplasm of the anaerobically grown cells were considerably lower than those of the cells grown under aerobic conditions. In addition, the differences in the growth environment were also reflected in the compositions of the individual lipid fractions from both the cell wall and the cytoplasm fraction.", "contents": "The effect of growth environment on the chloroform-methanol and alkali-extractable cell wall and cytoplasm lipid levels of Mucor rouxii. The distribution of chloroform-methanol and alkali-extractable lipids in the cell walls of aerobically grown filamentous cells from Mucor rouxii has been determined. The results have been compared with the corresponding lipid composition of yeast-like cells from M. rouxii, which can be produced in two ways: by growth under anaerobic conditions and by aerobic growth in the presence of 0.22% phenethyl alcohol (PEA). It was observed that in most cases the crude cytoplasmic fraction contained higher levels of several lipids (i.e., squalene, sterols, triterpenes, and fatty acids) than did the corresponding cell walls. The cell walls did, however, contain both \"free\" (chloroform-methanol extractable) and \"bound\" (alkali extractable) lipids although the relative amounts were markedly dependent on the cell growth environment. The aerobically grown filamentous cell walls contained higher levels of squalene, sterols, triterpenes, and fatty acids than did aerobically grown yeast-like PEA-induced cell walls and there was also considerable variation in the \"free\"/\"bound\" ratios of the various lipid components. The lipid levels in both the cell walls and cytoplasm of the anaerobically grown cells were considerably lower than those of the cells grown under aerobic conditions. In addition, the differences in the growth environment were also reflected in the compositions of the individual lipid fractions from both the cell wall and the cytoplasm fraction.", "PMID": 1116039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4926", "title": "The origin of fatty acids in the hydrocarbon-utilizing microorganism Mycobacterium vaccae.", "content": "The fatty acid pattern in Mycobacterium vaccae strain JOB5 was examined after growth on n-alkanes (C14-C18), 1-alkenes (C14-C18), 2- or 3-methyl octadecane, and 8-heptadecene. It was evident that monoterminal oxidation of n-alkanes was followed by beta-oxidation and that both parent fatty acid and products of beta-oxidation were incorporated into cellular lipids. Radioactive experiments demonstrated that there was desaturation of long-chain fatty acids. There was no evidence of chain elongation. Growth on 1-alkenes resulted in the incorporation of fatty acids that were products of two primary modes of oxidation: (1) methyl group attack resulting in omega-unsaturated fatty acids and (2) double-bond attack resulting in the removal of one carbon from the substrate. Cells of strain JOB5 grown on 2- and 3-methyl octadecane contained the corresponding iso- or anteiso-fatty acids in significant quantity. Cells cultured on 8-heptadecene contained 8- and 9-heptadecenoic acids, 6- and 7-pentadecenoic acids, 9- and 10-methyl heptadecanoic acids, and 7- and 8-methyl pentadecanoic acids. Fatty acid composition (C13 to C19) was affected by substrate chain length and was additionally modified by cellular control mechanisms.", "contents": "The origin of fatty acids in the hydrocarbon-utilizing microorganism Mycobacterium vaccae. The fatty acid pattern in Mycobacterium vaccae strain JOB5 was examined after growth on n-alkanes (C14-C18), 1-alkenes (C14-C18), 2- or 3-methyl octadecane, and 8-heptadecene. It was evident that monoterminal oxidation of n-alkanes was followed by beta-oxidation and that both parent fatty acid and products of beta-oxidation were incorporated into cellular lipids. Radioactive experiments demonstrated that there was desaturation of long-chain fatty acids. There was no evidence of chain elongation. Growth on 1-alkenes resulted in the incorporation of fatty acids that were products of two primary modes of oxidation: (1) methyl group attack resulting in omega-unsaturated fatty acids and (2) double-bond attack resulting in the removal of one carbon from the substrate. Cells of strain JOB5 grown on 2- and 3-methyl octadecane contained the corresponding iso- or anteiso-fatty acids in significant quantity. Cells cultured on 8-heptadecene contained 8- and 9-heptadecenoic acids, 6- and 7-pentadecenoic acids, 9- and 10-methyl heptadecanoic acids, and 7- and 8-methyl pentadecanoic acids. Fatty acid composition (C13 to C19) was affected by substrate chain length and was additionally modified by cellular control mechanisms.", "PMID": 1116040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4927", "title": "Theoretical studies on the coexistence of competing species under continuous-flow conditions.", "content": "In continuous-flow environments, such as a chemostat, we find that, in theory, stable mixed populations of competing species obeying Monod/Michaelis-Menten growth kinetics (extended to more than one limiting substrate) cannot coexist unless the number of growth-limiting substrates is equal to or greater than the number of species. Additional restrictions on the relative values of the growth-yield constants and input-substrate concentrations must also be satisfied. Examples of the theoretical growth of mixed cultures after initial inoculation in stable and unstable cases are presented. The ecological consequences of these findings are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Theoretical studies on the coexistence of competing species under continuous-flow conditions. In continuous-flow environments, such as a chemostat, we find that, in theory, stable mixed populations of competing species obeying Monod/Michaelis-Menten growth kinetics (extended to more than one limiting substrate) cannot coexist unless the number of growth-limiting substrates is equal to or greater than the number of species. Additional restrictions on the relative values of the growth-yield constants and input-substrate concentrations must also be satisfied. Examples of the theoretical growth of mixed cultures after initial inoculation in stable and unstable cases are presented. The ecological consequences of these findings are briefly discussed.", "PMID": 1116041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4928", "title": "A volatile factor inducing transmissible lysis in Gaeumannomyces graminis (Sacc.) Arx and Olivier var. tritici Walker.", "content": "Filtered water extract of Gabalong soil with a recent history of take-all in wheat caused lytic plaques to form in agar cultures of a virulent strain of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici. The plaques resembled those produced by Bdellovibrio on plate seeded with bacteria. However, there was no evidence of the presence of bacteria, viruses, or mycoplasmas. The lytic factor was transmissible in culture filtrates to fresh subcultures of the fungus. Exposure of young healthy colonies to sublethal doses of ultraviolet light also induced transmissible lysis. The lytic factor was heat-stable, passed through a 25-nm filter, and was not affected by nuclease (enzymes) or severe irradiation with UV light. It also induced bysis in several other strains of G. graminis. Lysis was always preceded by a growth-stimulatory effect on the fungus. The lytic factor was active as a volatile chemical which induced transmissible lysis and continued to be formed, apparently as a self-perpetuating agent, in lysing cultures of the fungus.", "contents": "A volatile factor inducing transmissible lysis in Gaeumannomyces graminis (Sacc.) Arx and Olivier var. tritici Walker. Filtered water extract of Gabalong soil with a recent history of take-all in wheat caused lytic plaques to form in agar cultures of a virulent strain of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici. The plaques resembled those produced by Bdellovibrio on plate seeded with bacteria. However, there was no evidence of the presence of bacteria, viruses, or mycoplasmas. The lytic factor was transmissible in culture filtrates to fresh subcultures of the fungus. Exposure of young healthy colonies to sublethal doses of ultraviolet light also induced transmissible lysis. The lytic factor was heat-stable, passed through a 25-nm filter, and was not affected by nuclease (enzymes) or severe irradiation with UV light. It also induced bysis in several other strains of G. graminis. Lysis was always preceded by a growth-stimulatory effect on the fungus. The lytic factor was active as a volatile chemical which induced transmissible lysis and continued to be formed, apparently as a self-perpetuating agent, in lysing cultures of the fungus.", "PMID": 1116042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4929", "title": "Some effects of petroleum on estuarine and marine microorganisms.", "content": "Degradation of mixed hydrocarbon substrate in a system comprising water from an environment relatively free of oil and a sediment inoculum from an oil-contaminated site was significantly greater than when sediment from the non-oil-contaminated environment served as inoculum. Mixed hydrocarbon substrate, however, was observed to have a limiting effect on the growth of autochthonous bacteria from the non-oil-contaminated estuarine source. Growth and cell yield were similarly reduced when marine sediment bacteria were cultured in seawater supplemented with mixed hydrocarbon substrate. The addition of a South Louisiana crude oil or a No. 2 fuel oil to water and sediment collected from a marsh area of Chesapeake Bay showed no limiting effects on growth of the total heterotrophic microbial flora when examined over a 28-day period. However, results of these studies indicate that the effects of petroleum on microoganisms should be examined carefully under conditions closely approximating those in situ.", "contents": "Some effects of petroleum on estuarine and marine microorganisms. Degradation of mixed hydrocarbon substrate in a system comprising water from an environment relatively free of oil and a sediment inoculum from an oil-contaminated site was significantly greater than when sediment from the non-oil-contaminated environment served as inoculum. Mixed hydrocarbon substrate, however, was observed to have a limiting effect on the growth of autochthonous bacteria from the non-oil-contaminated estuarine source. Growth and cell yield were similarly reduced when marine sediment bacteria were cultured in seawater supplemented with mixed hydrocarbon substrate. The addition of a South Louisiana crude oil or a No. 2 fuel oil to water and sediment collected from a marsh area of Chesapeake Bay showed no limiting effects on growth of the total heterotrophic microbial flora when examined over a 28-day period. However, results of these studies indicate that the effects of petroleum on microoganisms should be examined carefully under conditions closely approximating those in situ.", "PMID": 1116043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4930", "title": "Measurement of bacterial and fungal contributions to respiration of selected agricultural and forest soils.", "content": "A technique using selective inhibitors was used to estimate the relative contributions of bacterial and fungal populations to the respiration of six soils and one litter sample. The ratios of bacterial to fungal respiration in the four agricultural soils, given in percentage of the total microbial activity, ranged from 10/90 to 35/65, with the average ratio being about 30/70. In the forest soils, the ratios were 20/80 and 30/70, and in a beech litter sample, the ratio was 40/60. The fungi clearly dominated in all samples. The ratios were not found to be pH related. The difficulties which had previously limited the use of selective inhibitors for in situ soil ecological investigations, such as insufficient inhibitor specificity, inhibitor inactivation or degradation, and errors of measurement caused by elimination of competitor populations, were either resolved or methodologically avoided in the experiments. Inhibitor selectivity was demonstrated using both mixed and pure cultures of microorganisms from each soil. Through the use of experiments with short incubation periods (6-8 h), problems with population shifts and inhibitor degradation were eliminated.", "contents": "Measurement of bacterial and fungal contributions to respiration of selected agricultural and forest soils. A technique using selective inhibitors was used to estimate the relative contributions of bacterial and fungal populations to the respiration of six soils and one litter sample. The ratios of bacterial to fungal respiration in the four agricultural soils, given in percentage of the total microbial activity, ranged from 10/90 to 35/65, with the average ratio being about 30/70. In the forest soils, the ratios were 20/80 and 30/70, and in a beech litter sample, the ratio was 40/60. The fungi clearly dominated in all samples. The ratios were not found to be pH related. The difficulties which had previously limited the use of selective inhibitors for in situ soil ecological investigations, such as insufficient inhibitor specificity, inhibitor inactivation or degradation, and errors of measurement caused by elimination of competitor populations, were either resolved or methodologically avoided in the experiments. Inhibitor selectivity was demonstrated using both mixed and pure cultures of microorganisms from each soil. Through the use of experiments with short incubation periods (6-8 h), problems with population shifts and inhibitor degradation were eliminated.", "PMID": 1116044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4931", "title": "Variation in the activity levels of selected enzymes of Erwinia amylovora 595 in response to changes in dissolved oxygen tension and growth rate of D-glucose-limited chemostat cultures.", "content": "Chemostat cultures of Erwinia amylovora 595, grown in mineral salts-nicotinic acid medium at 30 degrees C, and limited by D-glucose concentrations in the presence of dissolved oxygen tensions (D.O.T.) greater than about 6mm Hg, became limited by oxygen availability below about 4 mm Hg. This latter limitation was accompanied by a marked increase in acid production as the D.O.T. was depressed. The transition between D-glucose- and oxygen-limitation was also characterized by a maximum in succinate oxidase activity, and a minimum in the in situ respiration. D-Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and D-fructose-1, 6-diphosphate aldolase showed small reductions in specific activity in the region 4-6 mm Hg D.O.T., but further reduction to 2 mm Hg resulted in a marked increase in the specific activity of aldolase. Malate dehydrogenase followed the converse trend, and attained very low activity levels when the D.O.T. decreased beyond the lower limits of detection. The in situ respiration was maximal at 2 mm Hg D.O.T., while potential respiration values were minimal at 2 mm Hg, and maximal at about 8 mm Hg D.O.T. The insitu respiration rate was proportional to dilution rate (D), in presence of excess oxygen, up to 0.18 h-1, after which a marked diminution occurred and continued until the wash-out rate was attained. Succinate oxidase activity decreased with increase in dilution rate, but remained constant above D equals 0.18 h-1. Malate dehydrogenase showed a persistent decline with increase in dilution rate, while D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate activity increased somehwat at higher dilution rates. The data are interpreted in terms of two transition points, at 6 and 2 mm Hg D.O.T., and of a change from respiratory to fermentative metabolism at low D.O.T., and at high dilution rates.", "contents": "Variation in the activity levels of selected enzymes of Erwinia amylovora 595 in response to changes in dissolved oxygen tension and growth rate of D-glucose-limited chemostat cultures. Chemostat cultures of Erwinia amylovora 595, grown in mineral salts-nicotinic acid medium at 30 degrees C, and limited by D-glucose concentrations in the presence of dissolved oxygen tensions (D.O.T.) greater than about 6mm Hg, became limited by oxygen availability below about 4 mm Hg. This latter limitation was accompanied by a marked increase in acid production as the D.O.T. was depressed. The transition between D-glucose- and oxygen-limitation was also characterized by a maximum in succinate oxidase activity, and a minimum in the in situ respiration. D-Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and D-fructose-1, 6-diphosphate aldolase showed small reductions in specific activity in the region 4-6 mm Hg D.O.T., but further reduction to 2 mm Hg resulted in a marked increase in the specific activity of aldolase. Malate dehydrogenase followed the converse trend, and attained very low activity levels when the D.O.T. decreased beyond the lower limits of detection. The in situ respiration was maximal at 2 mm Hg D.O.T., while potential respiration values were minimal at 2 mm Hg, and maximal at about 8 mm Hg D.O.T. The insitu respiration rate was proportional to dilution rate (D), in presence of excess oxygen, up to 0.18 h-1, after which a marked diminution occurred and continued until the wash-out rate was attained. Succinate oxidase activity decreased with increase in dilution rate, but remained constant above D equals 0.18 h-1. Malate dehydrogenase showed a persistent decline with increase in dilution rate, while D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate activity increased somehwat at higher dilution rates. The data are interpreted in terms of two transition points, at 6 and 2 mm Hg D.O.T., and of a change from respiratory to fermentative metabolism at low D.O.T., and at high dilution rates.", "PMID": 1116045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4932", "title": "A nutritional and taxonomic survey of Arthrobacter soil isolates.", "content": "One hundred and sixty Arthrobacter soil isolates, four groups of 40 from each of four soil types, and 17 Arthrobacter named strains were characterized on the basis of 203 different nutritional tests performed on each culture. One hundred and twenty-one compounds were examined as sole sources of carbon, 44 compounds as sole sources of nitrogen, 22 carbohydrates for the production of acid, and 16 tests were done for tolerance to various dyes. The four groups of soil arthrobacters differed markedly in acid production from carbohydrates, and in utilization of aliphatic amino acids and aromatic hydrocarbons as sole sources of carbon. The named strains did not exhibit as much nutritional diversity as any of the four groups of soil isolates. The results of the nutritional tests were subjected to a computerized taxonomic analysis. Eighty-four of the isolates were contained in nine separate clusters with 87 to 94% similarity; 39 isolates were contained in five mixed but recognizable clusters with 84 to 86% similarity; 60 isolates were randomly mixed with no recognizable clusters and similarity of 72 to 83%. All clusters were composed of nearly equal numbers of isolates from each of the four soils; the named strains were not found associated with any of the clusters of soil isolates. The results indicated that the diversity of the genus Arthrobacter is not represented by the named species already described, and the possibility of using a series of standardized tests to categorize soil arthrobacters into readily identifiable nutritional groups is discussed.", "contents": "A nutritional and taxonomic survey of Arthrobacter soil isolates. One hundred and sixty Arthrobacter soil isolates, four groups of 40 from each of four soil types, and 17 Arthrobacter named strains were characterized on the basis of 203 different nutritional tests performed on each culture. One hundred and twenty-one compounds were examined as sole sources of carbon, 44 compounds as sole sources of nitrogen, 22 carbohydrates for the production of acid, and 16 tests were done for tolerance to various dyes. The four groups of soil arthrobacters differed markedly in acid production from carbohydrates, and in utilization of aliphatic amino acids and aromatic hydrocarbons as sole sources of carbon. The named strains did not exhibit as much nutritional diversity as any of the four groups of soil isolates. The results of the nutritional tests were subjected to a computerized taxonomic analysis. Eighty-four of the isolates were contained in nine separate clusters with 87 to 94% similarity; 39 isolates were contained in five mixed but recognizable clusters with 84 to 86% similarity; 60 isolates were randomly mixed with no recognizable clusters and similarity of 72 to 83%. All clusters were composed of nearly equal numbers of isolates from each of the four soils; the named strains were not found associated with any of the clusters of soil isolates. The results indicated that the diversity of the genus Arthrobacter is not represented by the named species already described, and the possibility of using a series of standardized tests to categorize soil arthrobacters into readily identifiable nutritional groups is discussed.", "PMID": 1116046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4933", "title": "A cluster analysis of some bacteria in the water column of Green Lake, Washington.", "content": "Mass inoculation and computer clustering techniques were used in an abbreviated procedure to group similar bacteria isolated from four depths in the water column of Green Lake, Washington. Four groups of bacteria were differentiable and were catagorized as orange-yellow Flavobacterium-Cytophaga, yellow Flavobacterium-Cytophaga, Vibrio-Aeromonas-, and Pseudomonas-like. Some of the groups were most prevalent in certain sample depths in the water column.", "contents": "A cluster analysis of some bacteria in the water column of Green Lake, Washington. Mass inoculation and computer clustering techniques were used in an abbreviated procedure to group similar bacteria isolated from four depths in the water column of Green Lake, Washington. Four groups of bacteria were differentiable and were catagorized as orange-yellow Flavobacterium-Cytophaga, yellow Flavobacterium-Cytophaga, Vibrio-Aeromonas-, and Pseudomonas-like. Some of the groups were most prevalent in certain sample depths in the water column.", "PMID": 1116047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4934", "title": "Reversal of fungitoxicity of 8-quinolinols and their copper (II) bischelates. I. Amino acids and related compounds.", "content": "The effect of amino acids and related compounds on the toxicity of 8-quinolinols and their copper (II) bischelates to Aspergillus oryzae (ATCC 1011) Was studied. None of the compounds tested except the thiol-containing compounds, cysteine, cysteamine, glutathione, and N-acetylcysteine reversed the inhibitory action of 8-quinolinol but not that of 5-iodo-8-quinolinol or bis (8-quinolinolato) copper (II). It appears that the mechanism(s) of fungitoxicity of 8-quinolinol is different from that of 5-iodo-8-quinolinol or bis(8-quinolinolato) copper (II.).", "contents": "Reversal of fungitoxicity of 8-quinolinols and their copper (II) bischelates. I. Amino acids and related compounds. The effect of amino acids and related compounds on the toxicity of 8-quinolinols and their copper (II) bischelates to Aspergillus oryzae (ATCC 1011) Was studied. None of the compounds tested except the thiol-containing compounds, cysteine, cysteamine, glutathione, and N-acetylcysteine reversed the inhibitory action of 8-quinolinol but not that of 5-iodo-8-quinolinol or bis (8-quinolinolato) copper (II). It appears that the mechanism(s) of fungitoxicity of 8-quinolinol is different from that of 5-iodo-8-quinolinol or bis(8-quinolinolato) copper (II.).", "PMID": 1116048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4935", "title": "Interpreting the rate of survival in carcinoma.", "content": "Carcinomas originate in one organ, spread away from that site, cannot be accurately staged, and require total ablation for cure. Cure is achieved when all of the tumour is located within the tissue ablated by the method used. The rate of survival indicates the proportion of patients with such localized disease. A comparison of survival rates is not a comparison of therapeutic accomplishments; it is a comparison of the cumulative localization of the tumours in different series. The superior method is that which ablates the primary tumour and the largest amount of surrounding expendable tissue at the earliest time. Selecting the method according to this principle rather than by a comparison of survival rates provides the highest prospect for cure. That is the purpose of treatment.", "contents": "Interpreting the rate of survival in carcinoma. Carcinomas originate in one organ, spread away from that site, cannot be accurately staged, and require total ablation for cure. Cure is achieved when all of the tumour is located within the tissue ablated by the method used. The rate of survival indicates the proportion of patients with such localized disease. A comparison of survival rates is not a comparison of therapeutic accomplishments; it is a comparison of the cumulative localization of the tumours in different series. The superior method is that which ablates the primary tumour and the largest amount of surrounding expendable tissue at the earliest time. Selecting the method according to this principle rather than by a comparison of survival rates provides the highest prospect for cure. That is the purpose of treatment.", "PMID": 1116050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4936", "title": "Fractures of the medial humeral epicondyle in children.", "content": "A review of 50 children with fractures of the medial humeral epicondyle facilitated a simple classification of this injury and its management. The \"apparent isolated\" fracture of the medial humeral epicondyle is uncommon; it is more frequently associated with elbow dislocation, with or without spontaneous reduction, at the time of injury. Analysis of the results of treatment of medial humeral epicondylar fractures in this group of children showed that, in the case of those with an \"apparent isolated\" injury, treatment with a sling only gave good results in 90% whereas poorer results followed open treatment or fractures associated with dislocation. Closed treatment is therefore recommended. Open reduction is indicated only with (a) ulnar neuritis at the time of injury or (b) intra-articular fragment.", "contents": "Fractures of the medial humeral epicondyle in children. A review of 50 children with fractures of the medial humeral epicondyle facilitated a simple classification of this injury and its management. The \"apparent isolated\" fracture of the medial humeral epicondyle is uncommon; it is more frequently associated with elbow dislocation, with or without spontaneous reduction, at the time of injury. Analysis of the results of treatment of medial humeral epicondylar fractures in this group of children showed that, in the case of those with an \"apparent isolated\" injury, treatment with a sling only gave good results in 90% whereas poorer results followed open treatment or fractures associated with dislocation. Closed treatment is therefore recommended. Open reduction is indicated only with (a) ulnar neuritis at the time of injury or (b) intra-articular fragment.", "PMID": 1116051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4937", "title": "Effects and prevention of frostbite in wound healing.", "content": "Observations on wounds sustained at subfreezing temperatures in husky dogs and in man suggested that exposed wet tissues readily become frozen. Frostbite of wounds caused tissue necrosis, wound sepsis and delayed healing, but immediate wound suture protected against this sequence. To explore the effect of wound closure on healing frostbitten tissue, healing of paired dorsal wounds was studied in 20 rats. In each animal one wound was sutured and the other was left open. In 10 animals both wounds were frozen with Dry Ice. All sutured wounds healed primarily. Most of the control open wounds had healed at 15 days, but in the frozen wounds healing was delayed and infection ensued. It is suggested that at temperatures much below freezing the immediate treatment of a wound should include prevention of frostbite by wound closure.", "contents": "Effects and prevention of frostbite in wound healing. Observations on wounds sustained at subfreezing temperatures in husky dogs and in man suggested that exposed wet tissues readily become frozen. Frostbite of wounds caused tissue necrosis, wound sepsis and delayed healing, but immediate wound suture protected against this sequence. To explore the effect of wound closure on healing frostbitten tissue, healing of paired dorsal wounds was studied in 20 rats. In each animal one wound was sutured and the other was left open. In 10 animals both wounds were frozen with Dry Ice. All sutured wounds healed primarily. Most of the control open wounds had healed at 15 days, but in the frozen wounds healing was delayed and infection ensued. It is suggested that at temperatures much below freezing the immediate treatment of a wound should include prevention of frostbite by wound closure.", "PMID": 1116052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4938", "title": "Osteoid osteoma and osteoblastoma: reclassification of 43 cases using Schajowicz's classification.", "content": "Forty-three cases of benign osteoblastic tumour of bone from the University of British Columbia bone tumour registry have been reviewed and reclassified according to the classification of Schajowicz and Lemos. Their classification has the advantage that the relationship of the two lesions is recognized and overlap, both radiologically and microscopically, is allowed for. The terminology used in the new classification, however, is cumbersome and confusing and appears to be of no great advantage. We therefore recommend instead the terminology modified from that of Dias and Frost, which incorporates the observations put forth by Schajowicz and Lemos: (a) cortical osteoblastoma, (b) medullary osteoblastoma, (c) periosteal osteoblastoma and (d) multifocal osteoblastoma.", "contents": "Osteoid osteoma and osteoblastoma: reclassification of 43 cases using Schajowicz's classification. Forty-three cases of benign osteoblastic tumour of bone from the University of British Columbia bone tumour registry have been reviewed and reclassified according to the classification of Schajowicz and Lemos. Their classification has the advantage that the relationship of the two lesions is recognized and overlap, both radiologically and microscopically, is allowed for. The terminology used in the new classification, however, is cumbersome and confusing and appears to be of no great advantage. We therefore recommend instead the terminology modified from that of Dias and Frost, which incorporates the observations put forth by Schajowicz and Lemos: (a) cortical osteoblastoma, (b) medullary osteoblastoma, (c) periosteal osteoblastoma and (d) multifocal osteoblastoma.", "PMID": 1116053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4939", "title": "Vascular compartment syndromes.", "content": "In a 5-year period (1968 to 1973) 33 cases of vascular compartment syndrome were seen. Seven case reports illustrate various etiopathogenetic factors in the development of vascular compartment syndrome. A review of the 33 cases has permitted discussion of the pathophysiology and clinical features of these syndromes, together with introduction of a clinical classification on which treatment is based. Mild cases may be treated by application of ice, elevation, and observation; for severe cases fasciotomy is the treatment of choice. Two techniques of fasciotomy are available: multiple skin incisions with fasciotomy between the incisions for single-compartment sydnromes and extensive skin incisions over the length of the fasciotomy for multicompartment syndromes or severe single-compartment syndromes.", "contents": "Vascular compartment syndromes. In a 5-year period (1968 to 1973) 33 cases of vascular compartment syndrome were seen. Seven case reports illustrate various etiopathogenetic factors in the development of vascular compartment syndrome. A review of the 33 cases has permitted discussion of the pathophysiology and clinical features of these syndromes, together with introduction of a clinical classification on which treatment is based. Mild cases may be treated by application of ice, elevation, and observation; for severe cases fasciotomy is the treatment of choice. Two techniques of fasciotomy are available: multiple skin incisions with fasciotomy between the incisions for single-compartment sydnromes and extensive skin incisions over the length of the fasciotomy for multicompartment syndromes or severe single-compartment syndromes.", "PMID": 1116054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4940", "title": "Esophageal reconstruction: an experimental approach to the control of reflux after esophageal resection.", "content": "A study of the properties of replacement gastric tubes and colonic segments, and their use in the prevention of reflux after esophageal resection indicates that, in order to prevent reflux, these tubes must be maintained in a subdiaphragmatic position. Gastric tubes have a higher intrinsic pressure barrier than colonic tubes--a 2.5- to 6-cm segment prevents reflux and the tube maintains a pressure barrier 10 cm H2O higher than stomach presure, whereas colonic segments require 12 cm of subdiaphragmatic length to control reflux and maintain a pressure barrier only 2 cm H2O above gastric pressure. Removal of the intrinsic pressure barrier by myotomy allows free reflux in tubes that previously had prevented reflux.", "contents": "Esophageal reconstruction: an experimental approach to the control of reflux after esophageal resection. A study of the properties of replacement gastric tubes and colonic segments, and their use in the prevention of reflux after esophageal resection indicates that, in order to prevent reflux, these tubes must be maintained in a subdiaphragmatic position. Gastric tubes have a higher intrinsic pressure barrier than colonic tubes--a 2.5- to 6-cm segment prevents reflux and the tube maintains a pressure barrier 10 cm H2O higher than stomach presure, whereas colonic segments require 12 cm of subdiaphragmatic length to control reflux and maintain a pressure barrier only 2 cm H2O above gastric pressure. Removal of the intrinsic pressure barrier by myotomy allows free reflux in tubes that previously had prevented reflux.", "PMID": 1116055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4941", "title": "Methymethacrylate cement: its curing temperature and effect on articular cartilage.", "content": "The increasing use of methylmethacrylate in orthopedic surgery makes it desirable to determine whether the curing temperature of methylmethacrylate is high enough to cause bone necrosis and whether methylmethacrylate damages articular cartilage. Studies in dogs showed that methylmethacrylate plut temperatures ranged from 95 to 107degrees C and that temperatures at the cement-bone interface ranged from 50 to 95degrees. Curing temperatures therefore are high enough to cause necrosis of bone. Other studies revealed no harmful action of methylmethacrylate on articular cartilage. Fractures stabilized with methylmethacrylate can therefore be expected to heal provided the normal criteria of fracture management are fulfilled.", "contents": "Methymethacrylate cement: its curing temperature and effect on articular cartilage. The increasing use of methylmethacrylate in orthopedic surgery makes it desirable to determine whether the curing temperature of methylmethacrylate is high enough to cause bone necrosis and whether methylmethacrylate damages articular cartilage. Studies in dogs showed that methylmethacrylate plut temperatures ranged from 95 to 107degrees C and that temperatures at the cement-bone interface ranged from 50 to 95degrees. Curing temperatures therefore are high enough to cause necrosis of bone. Other studies revealed no harmful action of methylmethacrylate on articular cartilage. Fractures stabilized with methylmethacrylate can therefore be expected to heal provided the normal criteria of fracture management are fulfilled.", "PMID": 1116056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4942", "title": "Pacemaker infections: a 12-year review.", "content": "In a 12-year period, 546 pacemaker-related operations were complicated by 23 infections (infection rate, 4.2%). Most of these infections were treated successfully, but two cases of infection were fatal. The most frequently encountered organism was Staphylococcus epidermidis. In 14 cases, infection occurred despite the preoperative administration of cloxacillin to which the organism was sensitive in 13 of the cases. The skin flora constitute the most likely source of contamination. The ideal treatment consists of removal of all foreign material and replacement with a new pacing system by an alternative route.", "contents": "Pacemaker infections: a 12-year review. In a 12-year period, 546 pacemaker-related operations were complicated by 23 infections (infection rate, 4.2%). Most of these infections were treated successfully, but two cases of infection were fatal. The most frequently encountered organism was Staphylococcus epidermidis. In 14 cases, infection occurred despite the preoperative administration of cloxacillin to which the organism was sensitive in 13 of the cases. The skin flora constitute the most likely source of contamination. The ideal treatment consists of removal of all foreign material and replacement with a new pacing system by an alternative route.", "PMID": 1116057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4943", "title": "Gastrocolic fistula complicating benign gastric ulcer: case report and review of literature.", "content": "A review of the literature and report of a case of benign gastrocolic fistula indicate that epigastric pain is the most frequent early symptom. Later, the predominant symptoms are diarrhea, weight loss and feculent vomiting. Patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis and taking steroids appear to be particularly at risk of developing a gastrocolic fistula. Barium enema is the most reliable method of demonstrating the fistula. Preferred management is a one-stage gastrocolic resection and primary anastomosis.", "contents": "Gastrocolic fistula complicating benign gastric ulcer: case report and review of literature. A review of the literature and report of a case of benign gastrocolic fistula indicate that epigastric pain is the most frequent early symptom. Later, the predominant symptoms are diarrhea, weight loss and feculent vomiting. Patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis and taking steroids appear to be particularly at risk of developing a gastrocolic fistula. Barium enema is the most reliable method of demonstrating the fistula. Preferred management is a one-stage gastrocolic resection and primary anastomosis.", "PMID": 1116058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4944", "title": "[Emphysematous cholecystitis: presentation of two clinical cases].", "content": "Emphysematous cholecystitis is relatively rare: in 1971 the cumulative total of cases reported in the world literature was 115. Two cases seen in the period 1967 to 1972 can be added. The features of these two cases, and those described in the literature support the view that emphysematous cholecystitis results from a primary obliterative endarteritis and a secondary proliferation of microorganisms.", "contents": "[Emphysematous cholecystitis: presentation of two clinical cases]. Emphysematous cholecystitis is relatively rare: in 1971 the cumulative total of cases reported in the world literature was 115. Two cases seen in the period 1967 to 1972 can be added. The features of these two cases, and those described in the literature support the view that emphysematous cholecystitis results from a primary obliterative endarteritis and a secondary proliferation of microorganisms.", "PMID": 1116059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4945", "title": "Inuit myopia: an environmentally induced \"epidemic\"?", "content": "Among Inuit less than 30 years old the prevalence of myopia is far in excess of that of their elders. This is especially true for females. There seems to be little, if any, genetic contribution to this \"epidemic\" of myopia in the young. The age and sex distribution indicates the likelihood of an environmental factor, probably cultural, being responsible for the current pattern. Other data implicate school attendance as a possible etiologic factor.", "contents": "Inuit myopia: an environmentally induced \"epidemic\"? Among Inuit less than 30 years old the prevalence of myopia is far in excess of that of their elders. This is especially true for females. There seems to be little, if any, genetic contribution to this \"epidemic\" of myopia in the young. The age and sex distribution indicates the likelihood of an environmental factor, probably cultural, being responsible for the current pattern. Other data implicate school attendance as a possible etiologic factor.", "PMID": 1116086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4946", "title": "Electrocardiographic changes during exercise in asymptomatic men: 3-year follow-up.", "content": "Electrocardiographic (ECG) changes during maximal bicycle exercise and risk factors for coronary heart disease (CHD) were studied in 510 male civic employees who were followed for 3 years. Clinical CHD developed in 15 (24.6 percent) of the 61 men with an ischemic exercise ECG on the initial examination and in 11 (2.4 percent) of the 449 subjects with a normal initial exercise ECG. A normal maximal exercise ECG is no guarantee that severe CHD does not exist and that a subject will not soon sustain major myocardial damage; and an ischemic exercise ECG does not necessarily indicate underlying CHD. In the former group angina was the most frequent clinical CHD episode; in the latter group, infarction. Among those with an abnormal initial exercise ECG, CHD was most likely to develop in association with a poor exercise capacity. Subjects with subsequent clinical CHD and those with abnormal ECGs after 3 years tended to have a higher frequency of risk factors; subjects whose abnormal ECGs reverted to normal after 3 years tended to have a lower frequency of risk factors.", "contents": "Electrocardiographic changes during exercise in asymptomatic men: 3-year follow-up. Electrocardiographic (ECG) changes during maximal bicycle exercise and risk factors for coronary heart disease (CHD) were studied in 510 male civic employees who were followed for 3 years. Clinical CHD developed in 15 (24.6 percent) of the 61 men with an ischemic exercise ECG on the initial examination and in 11 (2.4 percent) of the 449 subjects with a normal initial exercise ECG. A normal maximal exercise ECG is no guarantee that severe CHD does not exist and that a subject will not soon sustain major myocardial damage; and an ischemic exercise ECG does not necessarily indicate underlying CHD. In the former group angina was the most frequent clinical CHD episode; in the latter group, infarction. Among those with an abnormal initial exercise ECG, CHD was most likely to develop in association with a poor exercise capacity. Subjects with subsequent clinical CHD and those with abnormal ECGs after 3 years tended to have a higher frequency of risk factors; subjects whose abnormal ECGs reverted to normal after 3 years tended to have a lower frequency of risk factors.", "PMID": 1116087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4947", "title": "Massive transplacental hemorrhage: clinical manifestations in the newborn.", "content": "Thirteen newborn infants had transplacental hemorrhage in excess of 30 ml. Fetal blood in the maternal circulation was demonstrated in all cases by the acid elution technique. Anemia was noted in five babies either at birth or within the first 24 hours of life. One baby was stillborn, the death possibly being related to fetal hemorrhage. The other seven babies were clinically normal in spite of massive transplacental hemorrhage. The hemoglobin values and reticulocyte counts were normal at birth and the first 5 days of life. The data on this group of babies suggest that the clinical manifestations of transplacental hemorrhage are related not only to the size of the hemorrhage but also to the time at which the hemorrhage occurs.", "contents": "Massive transplacental hemorrhage: clinical manifestations in the newborn. Thirteen newborn infants had transplacental hemorrhage in excess of 30 ml. Fetal blood in the maternal circulation was demonstrated in all cases by the acid elution technique. Anemia was noted in five babies either at birth or within the first 24 hours of life. One baby was stillborn, the death possibly being related to fetal hemorrhage. The other seven babies were clinically normal in spite of massive transplacental hemorrhage. The hemoglobin values and reticulocyte counts were normal at birth and the first 5 days of life. The data on this group of babies suggest that the clinical manifestations of transplacental hemorrhage are related not only to the size of the hemorrhage but also to the time at which the hemorrhage occurs.", "PMID": 1116088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4948", "title": "Blood glucose in intoxicated chronic alcoholics.", "content": "Chronic alcoholics may present with hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia. Because alcohol induces glycogenolysis, chronic alcoholics usually have higher blood glucose values than do nonalcoholic subjects. In a prospective study of blood glucose concentration in 201 chronic alcoholics, blood alcohol concentration, sex, weight, type of beverage consumed and time since last eating were not generally associated with lower blood glucose values. The infrequency of hypoglycemia in ambulatory chronic alcoholics may reflect the relatively ready availability of hostels, detoxification centres and hospitals in large cities. It is, however, important to be aware of the possible occurrence of hypoglycemia in chronic alcoholics, particularly when community facilities for the chronic alcoholic are not available.", "contents": "Blood glucose in intoxicated chronic alcoholics. Chronic alcoholics may present with hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia. Because alcohol induces glycogenolysis, chronic alcoholics usually have higher blood glucose values than do nonalcoholic subjects. In a prospective study of blood glucose concentration in 201 chronic alcoholics, blood alcohol concentration, sex, weight, type of beverage consumed and time since last eating were not generally associated with lower blood glucose values. The infrequency of hypoglycemia in ambulatory chronic alcoholics may reflect the relatively ready availability of hostels, detoxification centres and hospitals in large cities. It is, however, important to be aware of the possible occurrence of hypoglycemia in chronic alcoholics, particularly when community facilities for the chronic alcoholic are not available.", "PMID": 1116089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4949", "title": "Abdominal and endometrial actinomycosis associated with an intrauterine device.", "content": "Actinomycotic endometrial infection associated with an intrauterine device (IUD) complicated chronic abdominal inflammatory disease in a 28-year-old woman. Colonies of organisms with morphologic resemblance to and staining reactions of Actinomyces israelii were observed in tissue adherent to the IUD and in inflamed omental and pericolic tissues. However, the organism could not be cultured. Because intact tissues are resistant to actinomyces it is likely that the IUD created an environment favouring the establishment and growth of the organism.", "contents": "Abdominal and endometrial actinomycosis associated with an intrauterine device. Actinomycotic endometrial infection associated with an intrauterine device (IUD) complicated chronic abdominal inflammatory disease in a 28-year-old woman. Colonies of organisms with morphologic resemblance to and staining reactions of Actinomyces israelii were observed in tissue adherent to the IUD and in inflamed omental and pericolic tissues. However, the organism could not be cultured. Because intact tissues are resistant to actinomyces it is likely that the IUD created an environment favouring the establishment and growth of the organism.", "PMID": 1116090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4950", "title": "Self-conversion of drug-resistant paroxysmal atrial tachycardia.", "content": "A 56-year-old woman had paroxysmal atrial tachycardia (PAT) that was recurrent, drug-resistant and required frequent electroversion. The mode of onset and termination of initiated episodes of PAT suggested an AV junctional reentrant mechanism. The problem was successfully managed by a permanent electrode implanted transvenously in the coronary sinus and connected to a subcutaneous radio frequency receiver. For the past 24 months the patient has successfully terminated all episodes of PAT (at least 60) by activating an external radio frequency transmitter that transmits impulses to the implanted receiver and electrode catheter. Conversion to sinus rhythm requires 5 seconds or less of pacing.", "contents": "Self-conversion of drug-resistant paroxysmal atrial tachycardia. A 56-year-old woman had paroxysmal atrial tachycardia (PAT) that was recurrent, drug-resistant and required frequent electroversion. The mode of onset and termination of initiated episodes of PAT suggested an AV junctional reentrant mechanism. The problem was successfully managed by a permanent electrode implanted transvenously in the coronary sinus and connected to a subcutaneous radio frequency receiver. For the past 24 months the patient has successfully terminated all episodes of PAT (at least 60) by activating an external radio frequency transmitter that transmits impulses to the implanted receiver and electrode catheter. Conversion to sinus rhythm requires 5 seconds or less of pacing.", "PMID": 1116091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4951", "title": "A combined modality approach to the treatment of Hodgkin's disease. Preliminary results of a prospectively randomized clinical trial.", "content": "Eighty-seven previously untreated patients with pathologic Stage IA, II (A or B), or IIIA Hodgkin's disease were randomized over a 48-month period to receive either megavoltage extended field radiotherapy alone or megavoltage radiotherapy limited to involved lymph node sites (including at least an upper mantle field) followed by combination chemotherapy with nitrogen mustard, vincristine, prednisone, and procarbazine (MOPP). Four patients (4.6%) failed to achieve remission with initial radiotherapy. Seventy-two evaluable patients have currently completed therapy. Ten of 41 patients achieving remission with radiation alone have relapsed, compared to only 1 of 31 receiving radiation plus chemotherapy. Seven patients have died, 3 of whom failed to achieve remission with initial radiotherapy. The other 4 had Stage IIIA disease treated with radiation alone. Severe myelosuppression occurred infrequently during chemotherapy, and neither serious infections nor second neoplasms have observed. Although these preliminary results are encouraging, longer followup is required to determine the ultimate effects of combined modality therapy on survival and long-term complications.", "contents": "A combined modality approach to the treatment of Hodgkin's disease. Preliminary results of a prospectively randomized clinical trial. Eighty-seven previously untreated patients with pathologic Stage IA, II (A or B), or IIIA Hodgkin's disease were randomized over a 48-month period to receive either megavoltage extended field radiotherapy alone or megavoltage radiotherapy limited to involved lymph node sites (including at least an upper mantle field) followed by combination chemotherapy with nitrogen mustard, vincristine, prednisone, and procarbazine (MOPP). Four patients (4.6%) failed to achieve remission with initial radiotherapy. Seventy-two evaluable patients have currently completed therapy. Ten of 41 patients achieving remission with radiation alone have relapsed, compared to only 1 of 31 receiving radiation plus chemotherapy. Seven patients have died, 3 of whom failed to achieve remission with initial radiotherapy. The other 4 had Stage IIIA disease treated with radiation alone. Severe myelosuppression occurred infrequently during chemotherapy, and neither serious infections nor second neoplasms have observed. Although these preliminary results are encouraging, longer followup is required to determine the ultimate effects of combined modality therapy on survival and long-term complications.", "PMID": 1116100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4952", "title": "Hepatic artery ligation and postoperative chemotherapy for hepatic metastases: clinical and pathophysiological results.", "content": "Nineteen patients underwent hepatic artery ligation for metastatic cancer of the liver. Metastases were from colon cancer in 13 and from other primary cancers in 6. Postoperative chemotherapy was given to 15 by the systemic route, and to 1 by infusion into the ligated hepatic artery. Sixteen patients survived the procedure. In these patients, the mean survival of those with metastases from colon cancer was 27+ (5-72) weeks, and from other cancer 50+ (8-23) weeks. Among the patients evaluated, 57% had symptomatic improvement, 43% showed improvement in the liver scan, and 33% had a decrease in liver size. Our experience suggests that hepatic artery ligation can offer temporary but significant palliation in carefully selected patients.", "contents": "Hepatic artery ligation and postoperative chemotherapy for hepatic metastases: clinical and pathophysiological results. Nineteen patients underwent hepatic artery ligation for metastatic cancer of the liver. Metastases were from colon cancer in 13 and from other primary cancers in 6. Postoperative chemotherapy was given to 15 by the systemic route, and to 1 by infusion into the ligated hepatic artery. Sixteen patients survived the procedure. In these patients, the mean survival of those with metastases from colon cancer was 27+ (5-72) weeks, and from other cancer 50+ (8-23) weeks. Among the patients evaluated, 57% had symptomatic improvement, 43% showed improvement in the liver scan, and 33% had a decrease in liver size. Our experience suggests that hepatic artery ligation can offer temporary but significant palliation in carefully selected patients.", "PMID": 1116101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4953", "title": "Biological markers in breast carcinoma. I. Incidence of abnormalities of CEA, HCG, three polyamines, and three minor nucleosides.", "content": "Patients with breast carcinoma were screened for abnormal concentrations of CEA, HCG, putrescine, spermidine, spermine, pseudouridine, N2, N2-dimethylguanosine, and 1-methylinosine. Abnormal polyamine levels occurred in less than 15% of the patients. Among the nucleosides, N2, N2-dimethylguanosine was the most frequently abnormal, occurring in 57% of the patients with metastatic disease. CEA levels were abnormal in 30% of postoperative N+ patients and 74% of patients with metastatic disease, while HCG elevations were found in 45% and 50%, respectively. All the patients with one or more marker abnormalities could be detected by measuring only CEA, N2, N2-dimethylguanosine, and HCG. Among these three tests, a singular marker abnormality occurred in 35.8% of the patients, and all three tests were abnormal in 21.8% of the patients. The performance of these three tests in each patient revealed one or more abnormalities 97% of the patients with metastatic disease, and 67% of the postoperative N+ patients.", "contents": "Biological markers in breast carcinoma. I. Incidence of abnormalities of CEA, HCG, three polyamines, and three minor nucleosides. Patients with breast carcinoma were screened for abnormal concentrations of CEA, HCG, putrescine, spermidine, spermine, pseudouridine, N2, N2-dimethylguanosine, and 1-methylinosine. Abnormal polyamine levels occurred in less than 15% of the patients. Among the nucleosides, N2, N2-dimethylguanosine was the most frequently abnormal, occurring in 57% of the patients with metastatic disease. CEA levels were abnormal in 30% of postoperative N+ patients and 74% of patients with metastatic disease, while HCG elevations were found in 45% and 50%, respectively. All the patients with one or more marker abnormalities could be detected by measuring only CEA, N2, N2-dimethylguanosine, and HCG. Among these three tests, a singular marker abnormality occurred in 35.8% of the patients, and all three tests were abnormal in 21.8% of the patients. The performance of these three tests in each patient revealed one or more abnormalities 97% of the patients with metastatic disease, and 67% of the postoperative N+ patients.", "PMID": 1116102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4954", "title": "An effective low-dose intermittent cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and 5-fluorouracil treatment regimen for metastatic breast cancer.", "content": "A low-dose, three-drug regimen, C.M.F. (cyclophosphamide 50 mg, p.o., days 1-14; methotrexate, 25 mg, and 5-fluorouracil, 500 mg, i.v., days 1 and 8; cycled every 28 days) was used in 46 consecutive chemtherapy-eligible women (41 previously hormonally treated) with recurrent breast cancer. Thirteen percent of the patients had complete regressions (C.R.); 33% had partial regressions (P.R.); 26% stabilized; and 28% progressed. In evaluating response by sites of metastases, lymph nodes (30%), lung nodules (22%), and subcutaneous deposits (2/3) had the highest incidence of C.R.; 46-71% of patients with lymph node, lung, subcutaneous, liver, breast, or peritoneal disease showed C.R. or P.R. Skin and pleural disease responded in 30% of patients whereas no patients had radiographic healing of bony metastases. The toxicity was minimal: 7% gastrointestinal, 26% marrow-suppressive, and 7% infectious. This low-dose C.M.F. regimen resulted in regression resulted in regression rates similar to higher dose C.M.F. protocols, which use approximately twice these drug dosages with commensurate toxicity.", "contents": "An effective low-dose intermittent cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and 5-fluorouracil treatment regimen for metastatic breast cancer. A low-dose, three-drug regimen, C.M.F. (cyclophosphamide 50 mg, p.o., days 1-14; methotrexate, 25 mg, and 5-fluorouracil, 500 mg, i.v., days 1 and 8; cycled every 28 days) was used in 46 consecutive chemtherapy-eligible women (41 previously hormonally treated) with recurrent breast cancer. Thirteen percent of the patients had complete regressions (C.R.); 33% had partial regressions (P.R.); 26% stabilized; and 28% progressed. In evaluating response by sites of metastases, lymph nodes (30%), lung nodules (22%), and subcutaneous deposits (2/3) had the highest incidence of C.R.; 46-71% of patients with lymph node, lung, subcutaneous, liver, breast, or peritoneal disease showed C.R. or P.R. Skin and pleural disease responded in 30% of patients whereas no patients had radiographic healing of bony metastases. The toxicity was minimal: 7% gastrointestinal, 26% marrow-suppressive, and 7% infectious. This low-dose C.M.F. regimen resulted in regression resulted in regression rates similar to higher dose C.M.F. protocols, which use approximately twice these drug dosages with commensurate toxicity.", "PMID": 1116103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4955", "title": "Adriamycin plus vincristine compared to and combined with cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and 5-fluorouracil for advanced breast cancer.", "content": "The preliminary results of a controlled study with two independent combinations in metastatic breast cancer are reported. The first combination (Therapy A: 41 patients) consisted of Adriamycin (ADM) and vincristine (VCR), while the second combination (Therapy B: 41 patients) included cyclophosphamide (CTX), methotrexate (MTX), and 5-fluorouracil (FU), designated \"CMF.\" Both treatments were administered as intermittent cycles in patients previously untreated with chemotherapy. After eight cycles, responsive patients on Therapy A were crossed over to Therapy B to avoid the risk of cardiomyopathy. In both groups, crossover was carried out at the time of progression or relapse. In the group given ADM plus VCR, the dominant site of disease was in soft tissues in 56%, in viscera in 22%, and in bones in 22%. These findings were present in 51%, 24%, and 24%, respectively in the group started on CMF. The comparison of response after primary treatment in patients receiving a minimum of two cycles failed to show a significant difference between Therapy A and Therapy B (overall response 58% vs. 65%). When the response rate was calculated only in patients who had completed the first eight cycles of therapy, these findings were 87% and 93%, respectively. Three patients receiving treatment A (8%) AND 4 patients given Treatment B (10%) achieved complete remission. The highest incidence of response was observed for soft tissue lesions (70% vs. 76%). However, complete or partial bone recalcification was seen in 33% and 24%, respectively. The duration of response was found to be longer in patients who crossed over to CMF after eight cycles of ADM plus VCR, as compared to those started and continued on CMF. No cross-resistance was observed after crossover for progressive disease. Both incidence and degree of side effects were found acceptable, and no drug-related death was seen. Virtually all patients were treated on an outpatient basis.", "contents": "Adriamycin plus vincristine compared to and combined with cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and 5-fluorouracil for advanced breast cancer. The preliminary results of a controlled study with two independent combinations in metastatic breast cancer are reported. The first combination (Therapy A: 41 patients) consisted of Adriamycin (ADM) and vincristine (VCR), while the second combination (Therapy B: 41 patients) included cyclophosphamide (CTX), methotrexate (MTX), and 5-fluorouracil (FU), designated \"CMF.\" Both treatments were administered as intermittent cycles in patients previously untreated with chemotherapy. After eight cycles, responsive patients on Therapy A were crossed over to Therapy B to avoid the risk of cardiomyopathy. In both groups, crossover was carried out at the time of progression or relapse. In the group given ADM plus VCR, the dominant site of disease was in soft tissues in 56%, in viscera in 22%, and in bones in 22%. These findings were present in 51%, 24%, and 24%, respectively in the group started on CMF. The comparison of response after primary treatment in patients receiving a minimum of two cycles failed to show a significant difference between Therapy A and Therapy B (overall response 58% vs. 65%). When the response rate was calculated only in patients who had completed the first eight cycles of therapy, these findings were 87% and 93%, respectively. Three patients receiving treatment A (8%) AND 4 patients given Treatment B (10%) achieved complete remission. The highest incidence of response was observed for soft tissue lesions (70% vs. 76%). However, complete or partial bone recalcification was seen in 33% and 24%, respectively. The duration of response was found to be longer in patients who crossed over to CMF after eight cycles of ADM plus VCR, as compared to those started and continued on CMF. No cross-resistance was observed after crossover for progressive disease. Both incidence and degree of side effects were found acceptable, and no drug-related death was seen. Virtually all patients were treated on an outpatient basis.", "PMID": 1116104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4956", "title": "Systemic chemotherapy of advanced head and neck malignancies.", "content": "Several Phase II chemotherapy protocols were evaluated in patients with advanced malignancies; 158 were evaluable head and neck cases. The protocols were as follows: five-drug combination (COMFP), four-drug (COMF), (CCNU, Adriamycin, DTIC, and cytosine arabinoside. Insufficient numbers and data were received to adequately evaluate Yoshi 864, 5 Azacytidine, porfiromycin, BCNU, and Azaserine. Significant responses to therapy were noted in the four and five-drug combinations in which 30-44% of the patients had 50% or greater regression, with an average duration of 2.2 months. Adriamycin and CCNU demonstrated lesser antitumor effects, while DTIC and cytosine arabinoside did not demonstrate significant antitumor activity in the head and neck areas. Usual toxicity consisted largely of nausea and vomiting, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia. Alopecia was not pronouced in Adriamycin-treated patients. It appears that combination chemotherapy had a higher response rate compared to single agents used in the different cooperative protocols.", "contents": "Systemic chemotherapy of advanced head and neck malignancies. Several Phase II chemotherapy protocols were evaluated in patients with advanced malignancies; 158 were evaluable head and neck cases. The protocols were as follows: five-drug combination (COMFP), four-drug (COMF), (CCNU, Adriamycin, DTIC, and cytosine arabinoside. Insufficient numbers and data were received to adequately evaluate Yoshi 864, 5 Azacytidine, porfiromycin, BCNU, and Azaserine. Significant responses to therapy were noted in the four and five-drug combinations in which 30-44% of the patients had 50% or greater regression, with an average duration of 2.2 months. Adriamycin and CCNU demonstrated lesser antitumor effects, while DTIC and cytosine arabinoside did not demonstrate significant antitumor activity in the head and neck areas. Usual toxicity consisted largely of nausea and vomiting, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia. Alopecia was not pronouced in Adriamycin-treated patients. It appears that combination chemotherapy had a higher response rate compared to single agents used in the different cooperative protocols.", "PMID": 1116105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4957", "title": "A phase II study of methyl CCNU in the treatment of solid tumors and lymphomas: a Southwest Oncology Group study.", "content": "In March of 1972, the Southwest Oncology Group initiated a Phase II study, No. 7200, utilizing methyl-CCNU in the treatment of patients with solid tumors and lymphomas. Initially, they received 200 mg/m2 orally as a single dose every 6 weeks. The dose was subsequently reduced in poor-risk patients to 150 mg/m2. There were 69 responses noted in 675 evaluable patients (10%). The highest response rates were noted in patients with Hodgkin's disease (13/31, 35%), malignant gliomas of the brain (8/29, 28%), anaplastic carcinomas of the lung (5/20, 25%), and squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck (5/29, 17%). Squamous cell tumors appeared to be more responsive than adenocarcinomas (15% vs. 5%, respectively). Hematologic toxicity was cumulative, and was influenced by dose and prior treatment. There appeared to be no cross-resistance in patients previously treated with alkylating agents. Methyl-CCNU is an active antineoplastic agent. Further studies are indicated in order to determine relative effectiveness.", "contents": "A phase II study of methyl CCNU in the treatment of solid tumors and lymphomas: a Southwest Oncology Group study. In March of 1972, the Southwest Oncology Group initiated a Phase II study, No. 7200, utilizing methyl-CCNU in the treatment of patients with solid tumors and lymphomas. Initially, they received 200 mg/m2 orally as a single dose every 6 weeks. The dose was subsequently reduced in poor-risk patients to 150 mg/m2. There were 69 responses noted in 675 evaluable patients (10%). The highest response rates were noted in patients with Hodgkin's disease (13/31, 35%), malignant gliomas of the brain (8/29, 28%), anaplastic carcinomas of the lung (5/20, 25%), and squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck (5/29, 17%). Squamous cell tumors appeared to be more responsive than adenocarcinomas (15% vs. 5%, respectively). Hematologic toxicity was cumulative, and was influenced by dose and prior treatment. There appeared to be no cross-resistance in patients previously treated with alkylating agents. Methyl-CCNU is an active antineoplastic agent. Further studies are indicated in order to determine relative effectiveness.", "PMID": 1116106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4958", "title": "The efficacy of combining radiation therapy with a surgical procedure in patients with cervical metastasis from squamous cancer of the oropharynx and hypopharynx.", "content": "To determine whether combining radiation therapy and a surgical procedure was superior to either modality alone, the authors reviewed the records of 345 patients who had primary cancers of the base of the tongue, tonsillar fossa, or pyriform sinus associated with clinically positive nodes at the time of their first observation. Combining the two modalities of therapy produced a local and regional control of the disease in twice as many patients as did one modality alone. The absolute 5-year survival did not reflect this same trend, however, since as local and regional control increased, more patients lived longer but died before five years from distant metastases. Immunochemotherapy is suggested as a possible adjunct therapy to prevent distant  metastases.", "contents": "The efficacy of combining radiation therapy with a surgical procedure in patients with cervical metastasis from squamous cancer of the oropharynx and hypopharynx. To determine whether combining radiation therapy and a surgical procedure was superior to either modality alone, the authors reviewed the records of 345 patients who had primary cancers of the base of the tongue, tonsillar fossa, or pyriform sinus associated with clinically positive nodes at the time of their first observation. Combining the two modalities of therapy produced a local and regional control of the disease in twice as many patients as did one modality alone. The absolute 5-year survival did not reflect this same trend, however, since as local and regional control increased, more patients lived longer but died before five years from distant metastases. Immunochemotherapy is suggested as a possible adjunct therapy to prevent distant  metastases.", "PMID": 1116107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4959", "title": "Colonic neoplasms complicating ureterosigmoidostomy.", "content": "A benign reactive polyp developed at each ureteral implantation in the sigmoid colon following bilateral ureterosigmoidostomy for exstrophy of the bladder. The first polyp was discovered 23 years after the operation. The second polyp occurred 4 years later at the other ureteral orifice. Each polyp contained benign cystic glandular epithelium within the submucosa and the stalk. These submucosal cysts resembled colitis cystica profunda, except that they were confined to the pedunculated polyps. A complete review of the literature of neoplasms complicating ureterosigmoidostomy is presented. It is concluded that a benign or a malignant colonic tumor may develop at the site of the ureterocolic anastomosis many years later. Therefore, patients who undergo this operation should be followed for the rest of their lives.", "contents": "Colonic neoplasms complicating ureterosigmoidostomy. A benign reactive polyp developed at each ureteral implantation in the sigmoid colon following bilateral ureterosigmoidostomy for exstrophy of the bladder. The first polyp was discovered 23 years after the operation. The second polyp occurred 4 years later at the other ureteral orifice. Each polyp contained benign cystic glandular epithelium within the submucosa and the stalk. These submucosal cysts resembled colitis cystica profunda, except that they were confined to the pedunculated polyps. A complete review of the literature of neoplasms complicating ureterosigmoidostomy is presented. It is concluded that a benign or a malignant colonic tumor may develop at the site of the ureterocolic anastomosis many years later. Therefore, patients who undergo this operation should be followed for the rest of their lives.", "PMID": 1116108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4960", "title": "Risk of second tumors in survivors of childhood cancer.", "content": "A new malignancy was diagnosed in 19 of 414 long-term survivors of cancer in childhood. All but two lesions were attributable to prior radiotherapy; eight were successfully treated. Excluding 4 patients ascertained in connection with the second malignancy, there were 15 in the series who developed a new cancer, in contrast to 0.7 cases expected (p less than 0.001). The 20-year (5-24 years after initial diagnosis) cumulative probability of a second cancer was 12% (S.E. 4%), and the radiation-related cancer rate was 1.8 cases in exposed tissues per million person-years per rad. Host susceptibility may have had an etiologic role, but an oncogenic effect of chemotherapy was not demonstrable. Another 13 study patients developed benign tumors. These findings emphasize the importance of long-term surveillance of children with cancer.", "contents": "Risk of second tumors in survivors of childhood cancer. A new malignancy was diagnosed in 19 of 414 long-term survivors of cancer in childhood. All but two lesions were attributable to prior radiotherapy; eight were successfully treated. Excluding 4 patients ascertained in connection with the second malignancy, there were 15 in the series who developed a new cancer, in contrast to 0.7 cases expected (p less than 0.001). The 20-year (5-24 years after initial diagnosis) cumulative probability of a second cancer was 12% (S.E. 4%), and the radiation-related cancer rate was 1.8 cases in exposed tissues per million person-years per rad. Host susceptibility may have had an etiologic role, but an oncogenic effect of chemotherapy was not demonstrable. Another 13 study patients developed benign tumors. These findings emphasize the importance of long-term surveillance of children with cancer.", "PMID": 1116109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4961", "title": "Association of asbestos and bronchogenic carcinoma in a population with low asbestos exposure.", "content": "Quantitative counts of ferruginous bodies were performed on digests of lungs from 100 control and 30 lung cancer patients. It was found that the lung cancer group had significantly higher levels, although only 1 patient was known to be occupationally exposed to asbestos. It is suggested that even extremely low levels of asbestos exposure may have a carcinogenic effect.", "contents": "Association of asbestos and bronchogenic carcinoma in a population with low asbestos exposure. Quantitative counts of ferruginous bodies were performed on digests of lungs from 100 control and 30 lung cancer patients. It was found that the lung cancer group had significantly higher levels, although only 1 patient was known to be occupationally exposed to asbestos. It is suggested that even extremely low levels of asbestos exposure may have a carcinogenic effect.", "PMID": 1116110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4962", "title": "Incidence of cancer in patients with leprosy.", "content": "Individuals with congenital immunodeficiences and patients who are immunosuppressed for maintenance of organ allografts experience a marked increase in the occurrence of malignancy. Patients with lepromatous leprosy also have depressed cellular immunity, but or study of 195 autopsied subjects with leprosy did not reveal an increase in the occurrence of cancer. Thirty-three of the 195 subjects with leprosy or 16.9% died of cancer, which is comparable to an age-matched group of individuals.", "contents": "Incidence of cancer in patients with leprosy. Individuals with congenital immunodeficiences and patients who are immunosuppressed for maintenance of organ allografts experience a marked increase in the occurrence of malignancy. Patients with lepromatous leprosy also have depressed cellular immunity, but or study of 195 autopsied subjects with leprosy did not reveal an increase in the occurrence of cancer. Thirty-three of the 195 subjects with leprosy or 16.9% died of cancer, which is comparable to an age-matched group of individuals.", "PMID": 1116111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4963", "title": "Insulin goes metric: a time for reveiw.", "content": "For most diabetics, a concentration of 100 units of insulin per cc (U-100 insulin) is the simplest and safest concentration. It is compatible with the metric system and reduces the volume of the injection. The introduction of U-100 gives the nurse an opportunity, not only to review her own knowledge of insulin use in diabetes, but also to assess the diabetic individual's understanding of it.", "contents": "Insulin goes metric: a time for reveiw. For most diabetics, a concentration of 100 units of insulin per cc (U-100 insulin) is the simplest and safest concentration. It is compatible with the metric system and reduces the volume of the injection. The introduction of U-100 gives the nurse an opportunity, not only to review her own knowledge of insulin use in diabetes, but also to assess the diabetic individual's understanding of it.", "PMID": 1116113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4964", "title": "Project Alternative: the road away from isolation.", "content": "The author describes why therapeutic social groups for long-term psychiatric patients sometimes don't work, and what makes them successful when they do. Project Alternative resulted in reduced rehospitalization, and staff were excited with the new life-style their clients adopted.", "contents": "Project Alternative: the road away from isolation. The author describes why therapeutic social groups for long-term psychiatric patients sometimes don't work, and what makes them successful when they do. Project Alternative resulted in reduced rehospitalization, and staff were excited with the new life-style their clients adopted.", "PMID": 1116114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4965", "title": "The effect of aging and interval between primary and secondary treatment in two-stage carcinogenesis on mouse skin.", "content": "Two-stage carcinogenesis experiments on mouse skin (female ICR/Ha Swiss mice) were done by initiating mice at three age levels (6, 44, and 56 weeks) and promoting after a 2-week interval. In another series, mice were initiated at age 6 weeks, and three time intervals (2, 36, and 56 weeks) were used between initiation and promotion. The initiating agent was 7, 12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene and the promoting agent was phorbol myristate acetate in all experiments. The results showed a general decrease in tumor production with increasing age at the time of promotion. However, the initiating effect persisted even when the interval between initiation and promotion was 56 weeks.", "contents": "The effect of aging and interval between primary and secondary treatment in two-stage carcinogenesis on mouse skin. Two-stage carcinogenesis experiments on mouse skin (female ICR/Ha Swiss mice) were done by initiating mice at three age levels (6, 44, and 56 weeks) and promoting after a 2-week interval. In another series, mice were initiated at age 6 weeks, and three time intervals (2, 36, and 56 weeks) were used between initiation and promotion. The initiating agent was 7, 12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene and the promoting agent was phorbol myristate acetate in all experiments. The results showed a general decrease in tumor production with increasing age at the time of promotion. However, the initiating effect persisted even when the interval between initiation and promotion was 56 weeks.", "PMID": 1116119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4966", "title": "DNA synthesis in tumor-bearing rats.", "content": "Thmidine (TdR) incorporation into DNA increased in the livers and spleens of rats bearing Yoshida sarcoma (solid type) or AH130 (solid type). TdR kinase and DNA polymerase activities increased in the serum, liver, and spleen of these rats, while thymidine monophosphate kinase activity increased appreciably only in the liver and spleen. On diethylaminoethyl cellulose column chromatography, 2 peaks of TdR dinase activity were separated from the serum and tumor tissues of rats bearing Yoshida sarcoma (solid type) while only 1 peak was obtained from the liver. TdR kinase activity in the serum decreased abruptly 7 hr after removal of the Yoshida sarcoma, while that in the liver decreased more slowly.", "contents": "DNA synthesis in tumor-bearing rats. Thmidine (TdR) incorporation into DNA increased in the livers and spleens of rats bearing Yoshida sarcoma (solid type) or AH130 (solid type). TdR kinase and DNA polymerase activities increased in the serum, liver, and spleen of these rats, while thymidine monophosphate kinase activity increased appreciably only in the liver and spleen. On diethylaminoethyl cellulose column chromatography, 2 peaks of TdR dinase activity were separated from the serum and tumor tissues of rats bearing Yoshida sarcoma (solid type) while only 1 peak was obtained from the liver. TdR kinase activity in the serum decreased abruptly 7 hr after removal of the Yoshida sarcoma, while that in the liver decreased more slowly.", "PMID": 1116120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4967", "title": "The influence of thyroid stimulation on the incidence of 3-methylcholanthrene-induced tumors.", "content": "The incidence of tumors induced by a single s.c. injection of 2 mg of 3-methylcholanthrene was observed in euthyroid and thyroidectomized rats and in rats fed thyroid powder. Thyroid feeding increased the metabolic rate by a factor of 1.6 and reduced the incidence of tumors at the site of injection from 92% in euthyroid rats to 36% in hyperthyroid rats.", "contents": "The influence of thyroid stimulation on the incidence of 3-methylcholanthrene-induced tumors. The incidence of tumors induced by a single s.c. injection of 2 mg of 3-methylcholanthrene was observed in euthyroid and thyroidectomized rats and in rats fed thyroid powder. Thyroid feeding increased the metabolic rate by a factor of 1.6 and reduced the incidence of tumors at the site of injection from 92% in euthyroid rats to 36% in hyperthyroid rats.", "PMID": 1116121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4968", "title": "Subcellular fate of protein antibiotic neocarzinostatin in culture of a lymphoid cell line from Burkitt's lymphoma.", "content": "14C-LABELED PROTEIN ANTIBIOTIC NEOCARZINOSTATIN (NCS) was prepared efficiently by chemical modification. With the use of lymphoma-derived cell line P3HR-1, the subcellular behavior of this antitumor antibiotic was studied by the uptake a.  nd autoradiography of isolated nuclei of radioactive NCS. The antibiotic was taken up by the cells, reaching the maximum value at 1.5 hr and decreasing in value at 4.0 hr to the level at 0.5 hr. The silver grains in the autoradiograms were also found in the isolated nuclei. The grain count in the nuclei showed a tendency similar to the uptake of NCS by the whole cells, i.e., a gradual increase at 0.5 hr, reaching the maximum value at 1.5 hr, and then decreasing after 4.0 hr to the level at 0.5 hr. These facts indicated that NCS reached not only to cytosol but also into the nucleus, and/or at least to the nuclear membrane of the lymphoid cell. The number of NCS molecules incorporated into the cells at 1.5 hr was calculated to be about 1 x 10-6/cells at a concentration of 3 mug NCS per ml of medium, which can be extrapolated to 1 x 10-4 molecules per cell at the minimum inhibitory concentration. The number of molecules should be even less within the nucleus. In cell-free systems, the interaction of DNA and NCS, which is an inhibitor of DNA synthesis, was investigated with use of a Sephadex G-100 column, with negative results. In the cell culture system, NCS molecules were degraded into smaller polypeptides of certain sizes by proteolysis either by serum component(s) or by cells themselves. An inactive isomer, pre-NCS, which is an antagonist of NCS and a partially denatured homologous molecule, behaved similarly to NCS in all of these experiments. Because the chemically modified NCS used in this study retained biological activity essentially similar to that of parental NCS, the results obtained here could be interpreted as similar to those of parental NCS in vitro.", "contents": "Subcellular fate of protein antibiotic neocarzinostatin in culture of a lymphoid cell line from Burkitt's lymphoma. 14C-LABELED PROTEIN ANTIBIOTIC NEOCARZINOSTATIN (NCS) was prepared efficiently by chemical modification. With the use of lymphoma-derived cell line P3HR-1, the subcellular behavior of this antitumor antibiotic was studied by the uptake a.  nd autoradiography of isolated nuclei of radioactive NCS. The antibiotic was taken up by the cells, reaching the maximum value at 1.5 hr and decreasing in value at 4.0 hr to the level at 0.5 hr. The silver grains in the autoradiograms were also found in the isolated nuclei. The grain count in the nuclei showed a tendency similar to the uptake of NCS by the whole cells, i.e., a gradual increase at 0.5 hr, reaching the maximum value at 1.5 hr, and then decreasing after 4.0 hr to the level at 0.5 hr. These facts indicated that NCS reached not only to cytosol but also into the nucleus, and/or at least to the nuclear membrane of the lymphoid cell. The number of NCS molecules incorporated into the cells at 1.5 hr was calculated to be about 1 x 10-6/cells at a concentration of 3 mug NCS per ml of medium, which can be extrapolated to 1 x 10-4 molecules per cell at the minimum inhibitory concentration. The number of molecules should be even less within the nucleus. In cell-free systems, the interaction of DNA and NCS, which is an inhibitor of DNA synthesis, was investigated with use of a Sephadex G-100 column, with negative results. In the cell culture system, NCS molecules were degraded into smaller polypeptides of certain sizes by proteolysis either by serum component(s) or by cells themselves. An inactive isomer, pre-NCS, which is an antagonist of NCS and a partially denatured homologous molecule, behaved similarly to NCS in all of these experiments. Because the chemically modified NCS used in this study retained biological activity essentially similar to that of parental NCS, the results obtained here could be interpreted as similar to those of parental NCS in vitro.", "PMID": 1116122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4969", "title": "2-chloroethanol formation as evidence for a 2-chloroethyl alkylating intermediate during chemical degradation of 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea and 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-(trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea.", "content": "Chemical degradation of 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea or 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-(trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea in buffer under physiological conditions resulted in the formation of a significant quantity of 2-chlorethanol (18 to 25% of the initial nitrosourea concentration). Other degradation products observed included acetaldehyde (5 to 10%), vinyl chloride (1 to 2%), ethylene (1 to 2%), and cyclohexylamine (32%), but not 1,3-dicyclohexylurea. The 2-chlorethyl moiety of 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea was trapped with halide ions, CI-, BR-, and I-, to form the corresponding dihaloethanes which were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry techniques. High-pressure liquid chromatographic procedures were developed for the separation and quantiation of the nitrosoureas and many of their degradation products. It is postulated that a new mode of 1(2-chloreoethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea and 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-(trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea degradation can occur that is not the loss of the chloro group as chloride ion, but the loss of the N-3 hydrogen as a proton. Then the corresponding isocyanate and 2-chloroethyidiazene hydroxide are formed, with the latter intermidiate becoming an alkylating species, possibly in part as a 2-chloroethyl carbonium ion.", "contents": "2-chloroethanol formation as evidence for a 2-chloroethyl alkylating intermediate during chemical degradation of 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea and 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-(trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea. Chemical degradation of 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea or 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-(trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea in buffer under physiological conditions resulted in the formation of a significant quantity of 2-chlorethanol (18 to 25% of the initial nitrosourea concentration). Other degradation products observed included acetaldehyde (5 to 10%), vinyl chloride (1 to 2%), ethylene (1 to 2%), and cyclohexylamine (32%), but not 1,3-dicyclohexylurea. The 2-chlorethyl moiety of 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea was trapped with halide ions, CI-, BR-, and I-, to form the corresponding dihaloethanes which were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry techniques. High-pressure liquid chromatographic procedures were developed for the separation and quantiation of the nitrosoureas and many of their degradation products. It is postulated that a new mode of 1(2-chloreoethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea and 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-(trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea degradation can occur that is not the loss of the chloro group as chloride ion, but the loss of the N-3 hydrogen as a proton. Then the corresponding isocyanate and 2-chloroethyidiazene hydroxide are formed, with the latter intermidiate becoming an alkylating species, possibly in part as a 2-chloroethyl carbonium ion.", "PMID": 1116123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4970", "title": "Effect of antimyeloma cell antiserum on immunological enhancement.", "content": "Growth of Sarvoma 180 in AKR mice was enhanced by immunization with frozen-thawed homogenates of this tumor. Treatment of host mice with rabbit antimyeloma cell antiserum, either furing immunization or shortly after tumor implantation, resulted in a decreased incidence of tumor rejection or an increased rate of tumor growth. A slow-growing subline from a spontaneous, DBA/2Ha-DD mammary tumor is rejected after initial growth in DBA/2J mice. The incidence of rejection was reduced by treatment with the antiserum studied.", "contents": "Effect of antimyeloma cell antiserum on immunological enhancement. Growth of Sarvoma 180 in AKR mice was enhanced by immunization with frozen-thawed homogenates of this tumor. Treatment of host mice with rabbit antimyeloma cell antiserum, either furing immunization or shortly after tumor implantation, resulted in a decreased incidence of tumor rejection or an increased rate of tumor growth. A slow-growing subline from a spontaneous, DBA/2Ha-DD mammary tumor is rejected after initial growth in DBA/2J mice. The incidence of rejection was reduced by treatment with the antiserum studied.", "PMID": 1116124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4971", "title": "Chromatographic analyses of 3-methylcholanthrene metabolism in adult and fetal mice and the occurrence of conjugating enzymes in the fetus.", "content": "Adult pregnant mice were given i.v. injections of (3H)3-methylcholanthrene (20 muCi in 1.1 mug/mouse) or (14C)3-methylcholanthrene (1.0 muCi in 48 mug/mouse). Ethanol extracts of their tissues were chromatographed on Sephadex LH-20. Three groups of 3-methylcholanthrene metabolites were obtained: one group as yet unidentified, one containing the hydrocarbon and hydroxylated derivatives, and a third consisting of conjugated metabolites from the treated adult mice and their fetuses. The conjugated metabolites in tissue and in bile were separated into two fractions; one was acted on by beta-glucuronidase and to a lesser extent by arylsulfatase, and the other was resistant to these enzymes but completely susceptible to acid hydrolysis. The hydrolysis resulted in altered chromatographic behavior characteristic of the hydroxy compounds, which also appear in tissue. The enzyme-resistant conjugates were predominant in brain, muscle, and lung, and the enzyme-labile conjugates were predominant in the kidney, liver, and bile of adult mice. These conjugated metabolites were also demonstrated in fetal mice; some appeared in the fetus as early as the thirteenth day of gestation, the most immature fetus so far examined. The resistant group was predominant in the early developmental stages of the fetus and the susceptible group was increased in the excretory organs such as the kidney, liver, and contents of the intestinal tract as the fetuses approached term. transplacental transfer of conjugated metabolites from the mother to the fetus did not take place, although the parent 3-methylcholanthrene and its nonconjugated metabolites were transferred. We therefore assume that drug-metabolizing enzymes, including hydroxylases and conjugases, are active in the fetal mouse tissues as well as in the adult.", "contents": "Chromatographic analyses of 3-methylcholanthrene metabolism in adult and fetal mice and the occurrence of conjugating enzymes in the fetus. Adult pregnant mice were given i.v. injections of (3H)3-methylcholanthrene (20 muCi in 1.1 mug/mouse) or (14C)3-methylcholanthrene (1.0 muCi in 48 mug/mouse). Ethanol extracts of their tissues were chromatographed on Sephadex LH-20. Three groups of 3-methylcholanthrene metabolites were obtained: one group as yet unidentified, one containing the hydrocarbon and hydroxylated derivatives, and a third consisting of conjugated metabolites from the treated adult mice and their fetuses. The conjugated metabolites in tissue and in bile were separated into two fractions; one was acted on by beta-glucuronidase and to a lesser extent by arylsulfatase, and the other was resistant to these enzymes but completely susceptible to acid hydrolysis. The hydrolysis resulted in altered chromatographic behavior characteristic of the hydroxy compounds, which also appear in tissue. The enzyme-resistant conjugates were predominant in brain, muscle, and lung, and the enzyme-labile conjugates were predominant in the kidney, liver, and bile of adult mice. These conjugated metabolites were also demonstrated in fetal mice; some appeared in the fetus as early as the thirteenth day of gestation, the most immature fetus so far examined. The resistant group was predominant in the early developmental stages of the fetus and the susceptible group was increased in the excretory organs such as the kidney, liver, and contents of the intestinal tract as the fetuses approached term. transplacental transfer of conjugated metabolites from the mother to the fetus did not take place, although the parent 3-methylcholanthrene and its nonconjugated metabolites were transferred. We therefore assume that drug-metabolizing enzymes, including hydroxylases and conjugases, are active in the fetal mouse tissues as well as in the adult.", "PMID": 1116125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4972", "title": "Effect of core lipopolysaccharides from Salmonella minnesota R mutants on the survival times of mice bearing Ehrlich tumor.", "content": "Injection of a homologous series of bacterial core lipopolysaccharides obtained from Salmonella minnesota R mutants to Ehrlich solid tumor-beating mice results in an increase of survival times of treated animals. Lower chain length favors greater antitumor activity. Oligosaccharides and polysaccharides derived from lipopolysaccharides were found to be ineffective in increasing survial time of tumore-bearing mice. Smaller-sugar-chain-length core lipopolysaccharides were found to be better adjuvant than were those with longer sugar chains. Implication of adjuvant action of lipopolysaccharides in the elicitation of antitumor activity is suggested.", "contents": "Effect of core lipopolysaccharides from Salmonella minnesota R mutants on the survival times of mice bearing Ehrlich tumor. Injection of a homologous series of bacterial core lipopolysaccharides obtained from Salmonella minnesota R mutants to Ehrlich solid tumor-beating mice results in an increase of survival times of treated animals. Lower chain length favors greater antitumor activity. Oligosaccharides and polysaccharides derived from lipopolysaccharides were found to be ineffective in increasing survial time of tumore-bearing mice. Smaller-sugar-chain-length core lipopolysaccharides were found to be better adjuvant than were those with longer sugar chains. Implication of adjuvant action of lipopolysaccharides in the elicitation of antitumor activity is suggested.", "PMID": 1116126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4973", "title": "Investigation of the possible involvement of ketonic derivatives of polycyclic hydrocarbons in hydrocarbon carcinogenesis.", "content": "5,6-Dihydro-5-oxo-7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene and 5,6-dihydro-6-oxo-7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene are described. These compounds, which are isomeric with 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-5,6-oxide (the K-region epoxide), were inactive in tests for tumor-initiating activity in mouse skin and tumor production in the s.c. tissue of the mouse.", "contents": "Investigation of the possible involvement of ketonic derivatives of polycyclic hydrocarbons in hydrocarbon carcinogenesis. 5,6-Dihydro-5-oxo-7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene and 5,6-dihydro-6-oxo-7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene are described. These compounds, which are isomeric with 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-5,6-oxide (the K-region epoxide), were inactive in tests for tumor-initiating activity in mouse skin and tumor production in the s.c. tissue of the mouse.", "PMID": 1116127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4974", "title": "Carbodiimide enhancement of complement-dependent antibody-mediated tumor cell lysis in vitro and antitumor activity in vivo.", "content": "The water-soluble carbodiimide salt 1-ethyl-3-(3'-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide. HCl (EDCI-HCl) has been shown to increase the complement-dependent lysis of cultured mouse neuroblastoma C1300 cells by two types of antibody: (1) natural antibodies in the sera of normal (nonimmunized) rabbits, and (b) serum antibodies from snygeneic tumor-bearing A/HeJ mice. In the latter case, both the level of serum antibodies and the extent of carbodiimide enhancement of immune lysis were demonstrated in vitro to be substantially greater with sera from mice bearing 21-day-old tumors relative to 4-day-old tumors. The carbodiimide EDCI-HCl has also been found to increase the complement-dependent lysis of cultured TA3 carcinoma cells by serum antibodies from isogeneic LAF1/J mice bearing ascites tumors in advanced stages of growth. Finally, it has been shown that EDCI-HCl exerts an antitumor activity in vivo that is significantly greater against 21-day-old than against 4-day-old neuroblastoma c1300 tumors. The increase in EDCI-HCl activity with tumor age is contrary to the response that would be expected if this drug were serving as an antimetabolite. This is evidenced by data showing that the antimetabolite 6-thioguanine is most effective against young rapidly growing neuroblastoma C1300 tumors. The correlation between carbodiimide antitumor activity and host production of cytotoxic antibodies suggests that EDCI-HCl may operate in vivo by an immunological mechanism comparalbe to that demonstrated in vitro.", "contents": "Carbodiimide enhancement of complement-dependent antibody-mediated tumor cell lysis in vitro and antitumor activity in vivo. The water-soluble carbodiimide salt 1-ethyl-3-(3'-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide. HCl (EDCI-HCl) has been shown to increase the complement-dependent lysis of cultured mouse neuroblastoma C1300 cells by two types of antibody: (1) natural antibodies in the sera of normal (nonimmunized) rabbits, and (b) serum antibodies from snygeneic tumor-bearing A/HeJ mice. In the latter case, both the level of serum antibodies and the extent of carbodiimide enhancement of immune lysis were demonstrated in vitro to be substantially greater with sera from mice bearing 21-day-old tumors relative to 4-day-old tumors. The carbodiimide EDCI-HCl has also been found to increase the complement-dependent lysis of cultured TA3 carcinoma cells by serum antibodies from isogeneic LAF1/J mice bearing ascites tumors in advanced stages of growth. Finally, it has been shown that EDCI-HCl exerts an antitumor activity in vivo that is significantly greater against 21-day-old than against 4-day-old neuroblastoma c1300 tumors. The increase in EDCI-HCl activity with tumor age is contrary to the response that would be expected if this drug were serving as an antimetabolite. This is evidenced by data showing that the antimetabolite 6-thioguanine is most effective against young rapidly growing neuroblastoma C1300 tumors. The correlation between carbodiimide antitumor activity and host production of cytotoxic antibodies suggests that EDCI-HCl may operate in vivo by an immunological mechanism comparalbe to that demonstrated in vitro.", "PMID": 1116128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4975", "title": "Isolation and characterization of nuclear RNA polymerase II from chicken myeloblastosis cells.", "content": "Nuclear RNA polymerases of chicken myeloblastosis cells were solubilized and fractionated by diethylaminoethyl-Sephades A25 column chromatography. Both alpha-amanitin-insenstitive (polymerase I) and- sensitive (polymerase II) species were isolated. Polymerase activity, contained two peaks of enzyme (IIa and IIb), which were further purified by glycerol gradient centrifugation. The partially purified enzymes were characterized by their requirement of four nucleoside triphosphates and metal ions and by their sensitivity to several inhibitors. The enzymes were compared with RNA polymearases derived from normal chickent bone marrow cells,and the total extractable myeloblastosis than in bone marrow cells. Polymearse II from both cell types was shown to be sensitive to cytosine arabinoside triphosphate inhibiton.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of nuclear RNA polymerase II from chicken myeloblastosis cells. Nuclear RNA polymerases of chicken myeloblastosis cells were solubilized and fractionated by diethylaminoethyl-Sephades A25 column chromatography. Both alpha-amanitin-insenstitive (polymerase I) and- sensitive (polymerase II) species were isolated. Polymerase activity, contained two peaks of enzyme (IIa and IIb), which were further purified by glycerol gradient centrifugation. The partially purified enzymes were characterized by their requirement of four nucleoside triphosphates and metal ions and by their sensitivity to several inhibitors. The enzymes were compared with RNA polymearases derived from normal chickent bone marrow cells,and the total extractable myeloblastosis than in bone marrow cells. Polymearse II from both cell types was shown to be sensitive to cytosine arabinoside triphosphate inhibiton.", "PMID": 1116129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4976", "title": "Effects of double and multiple doses of hydroxyurea on mouse duodenum and mammary tumors.", "content": "Previous data on the effects of a single dose of hydroxyurea on C3H mouse duodenum and mammary tumors from a fast growing line (S102F) were used to predict times that may be optimal (i.e., minimize killing of the duodenal S-phase cells while enhancing the killing of tumor S-phase cells) for the administration of subsequent doses of hydroxyurea. These predicted protocols were tested by giving tumor-bearing mice injections of 2 doses at 24 hr intervals. A preliminary in vivo tumor treatment experiment was also done wherein multiple doses (up to 10) were given either at 12, 20, or 24 hr intervals with the mouse survival, body weights, and tumor volumes being recorded daily. The data show that partial cell synchronization was achieved in both tissues and the initial knetics of the surviving cells was essentially the same after a single dose, 2 doses, or 4 doses of hydoxyurea. Also, the different intervals between the 2 doses did not affect the timing of the initital peaks of DNA synthesis in partially synchronized cells; however, the height of the peaks was affected The results demonstrate that kinetic data can be useful for predicting optimal intervals for 2-dose regimes and probably multiple-dose regimes involving a single cell-cycle phase-speeific drug when applied to a mouse tumor model. However, the recovery phenomena in the respective tissues are extremely complicated and more animal tumor data need to be collected before  one can make adquate use of cell-synchronizing agents and perturbed cellular kinetic data for routine clinical chemotherapy or combined modality therapy.", "contents": "Effects of double and multiple doses of hydroxyurea on mouse duodenum and mammary tumors. Previous data on the effects of a single dose of hydroxyurea on C3H mouse duodenum and mammary tumors from a fast growing line (S102F) were used to predict times that may be optimal (i.e., minimize killing of the duodenal S-phase cells while enhancing the killing of tumor S-phase cells) for the administration of subsequent doses of hydroxyurea. These predicted protocols were tested by giving tumor-bearing mice injections of 2 doses at 24 hr intervals. A preliminary in vivo tumor treatment experiment was also done wherein multiple doses (up to 10) were given either at 12, 20, or 24 hr intervals with the mouse survival, body weights, and tumor volumes being recorded daily. The data show that partial cell synchronization was achieved in both tissues and the initial knetics of the surviving cells was essentially the same after a single dose, 2 doses, or 4 doses of hydoxyurea. Also, the different intervals between the 2 doses did not affect the timing of the initital peaks of DNA synthesis in partially synchronized cells; however, the height of the peaks was affected The results demonstrate that kinetic data can be useful for predicting optimal intervals for 2-dose regimes and probably multiple-dose regimes involving a single cell-cycle phase-speeific drug when applied to a mouse tumor model. However, the recovery phenomena in the respective tissues are extremely complicated and more animal tumor data need to be collected before  one can make adquate use of cell-synchronizing agents and perturbed cellular kinetic data for routine clinical chemotherapy or combined modality therapy.", "PMID": 1116130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4977", "title": "In vitro combination chemotherapy demonstrating potentiation of vincristine cytotoxicity by prednisolone.", "content": "Human lymphoid cells grown in long-term tissue culture have been used to study the cytotoxic effects of the combination of vincristine and prednisolone. The potentiating effects of this drug combination in vitro cannot be consistently shown if the drugs are addeded without attention to the growth rate of the cultured population. If the cultured cells have achieved maximum density and have remained at this density for more than 24hr, they are readily killed by vincristine alone and no further kill is achieved by adding prednisolone. Rapidly growing cell cultures, however, are relatively ristant to vincristine. The addition of prednisolone to such cultures restores their sensitivity to vincriestine, but the combination is no more effective than is vincristine alone in stable cell populations. These findings indicate that the effects of vincristine on the mitotic spindle, which produce metaphase arrest, do not account entirely for its ability to destroy cells. A second mechanism of action of vincristine at low concentrations is proposed.", "contents": "In vitro combination chemotherapy demonstrating potentiation of vincristine cytotoxicity by prednisolone. Human lymphoid cells grown in long-term tissue culture have been used to study the cytotoxic effects of the combination of vincristine and prednisolone. The potentiating effects of this drug combination in vitro cannot be consistently shown if the drugs are addeded without attention to the growth rate of the cultured population. If the cultured cells have achieved maximum density and have remained at this density for more than 24hr, they are readily killed by vincristine alone and no further kill is achieved by adding prednisolone. Rapidly growing cell cultures, however, are relatively ristant to vincristine. The addition of prednisolone to such cultures restores their sensitivity to vincriestine, but the combination is no more effective than is vincristine alone in stable cell populations. These findings indicate that the effects of vincristine on the mitotic spindle, which produce metaphase arrest, do not account entirely for its ability to destroy cells. A second mechanism of action of vincristine at low concentrations is proposed.", "PMID": 1116131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4978", "title": "An experimental model for evaluation of factors in tumor escape from immunological attack.", "content": "A model system is presented for studying the factors involved in tumor immunity. The initial observations with this system concern the importance of dose and route of administration of tumor cells on tumor growth. The data show that myeloma tumor cells, when inoculated i.v.in relatively large numbers, are eradicated by the immune response of an allogeneic host; tumor cells administered i.v. in smaller number escape from immune attack even though the host has the potential to mount an immune response. BALB/c mouse myeloma cells (MOPC-21) were transplanted s.c., i.p., or i.v. into H-2-compatible allogeneic DBA/ 2 mice. There was a marked difference in the response of the host to tumor given s.c. or i.p. as compared  to tumor given i.v. Thus s.c. or i.p. inoculation resulted in lethal tumor growth when 5 x 10-3 or more tumor cells were given. In contrast, the outcome of i.v. inoculation depended on tumor cell dose. Although small cell doses ( 5x 10-4 down to 10-2) resulted in lethal tumor gosulted in lethal tumor growth with only 10% survival, large cell doses (10-5 to 5 x 10-7) resulted in tumor rejection and 70% survival. DBA/2 mice possess the immunological ability to react agaist the tumor when large doses of tumor cells (10-7) are given i.v. or i.p., since spleen cells obtained from such mice were found to be able to suppress the growth of MOPC-21 when a mixture of spleen cells and tumor cells was inoculated. On the basis of these initial observations, our model appears to relate especially to the idea that, in autochithonous tumor development or in metastasis of tumor, a small number of antigenic tumor cells, perhaps even a single cell, usually grows into a frank tumor in spite of the immunological competence od the host to respond to the tumor cells.", "contents": "An experimental model for evaluation of factors in tumor escape from immunological attack. A model system is presented for studying the factors involved in tumor immunity. The initial observations with this system concern the importance of dose and route of administration of tumor cells on tumor growth. The data show that myeloma tumor cells, when inoculated i.v.in relatively large numbers, are eradicated by the immune response of an allogeneic host; tumor cells administered i.v. in smaller number escape from immune attack even though the host has the potential to mount an immune response. BALB/c mouse myeloma cells (MOPC-21) were transplanted s.c., i.p., or i.v. into H-2-compatible allogeneic DBA/ 2 mice. There was a marked difference in the response of the host to tumor given s.c. or i.p. as compared  to tumor given i.v. Thus s.c. or i.p. inoculation resulted in lethal tumor growth when 5 x 10-3 or more tumor cells were given. In contrast, the outcome of i.v. inoculation depended on tumor cell dose. Although small cell doses ( 5x 10-4 down to 10-2) resulted in lethal tumor gosulted in lethal tumor growth with only 10% survival, large cell doses (10-5 to 5 x 10-7) resulted in tumor rejection and 70% survival. DBA/2 mice possess the immunological ability to react agaist the tumor when large doses of tumor cells (10-7) are given i.v. or i.p., since spleen cells obtained from such mice were found to be able to suppress the growth of MOPC-21 when a mixture of spleen cells and tumor cells was inoculated. On the basis of these initial observations, our model appears to relate especially to the idea that, in autochithonous tumor development or in metastasis of tumor, a small number of antigenic tumor cells, perhaps even a single cell, usually grows into a frank tumor in spite of the immunological competence od the host to respond to the tumor cells.", "PMID": 1116132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4979", "title": "Glucose analogs as potential diagnostic tracers for brain tumors.", "content": "No tumor-specific tracer has yet been found for the detection of brain tumors by external scintiscanning. Glucose is a substrate in high demand by almost all tumors, and therefore an investigation was undertaken into the potential value of glucose and its analogs as tracers for brain tumors. The compounds studied were D-)1-3H)glucose, D-(1-14C)glucose, (3H)3-O-methyl-D-glucose and L-(1-14C)glucose. The tracers were injected i.v. into C57BL/6J mice carrying a transplantable s.c. ependymoblastoma. At specific time intervlas after injection, mice were sacrificed and the radioactivity of 6 tissues including tumor and brain were assayed by means of an automated combustion technique and liquid scintillation counting. Tumor uptake, expressed as percentage mean body concentration, was 60% for 2 of the tracers, and 92 and 143%, respectively, for 2 others. Brain uptake was over 130% mean body concentration, with 3 of the 4 tracers studies. With L-glucose, brain uptake was only 15.4% mean body concentration, and a maximum tumor-to-brain ratio of 9.5 was achieved. The very high tumor uptake achieved with two of these carbohydrated demonstrates that a carbohydrate analog  may be found that shows high tumor specificity and uptake, and that may be useful for external scintiscanning.", "contents": "Glucose analogs as potential diagnostic tracers for brain tumors. No tumor-specific tracer has yet been found for the detection of brain tumors by external scintiscanning. Glucose is a substrate in high demand by almost all tumors, and therefore an investigation was undertaken into the potential value of glucose and its analogs as tracers for brain tumors. The compounds studied were D-)1-3H)glucose, D-(1-14C)glucose, (3H)3-O-methyl-D-glucose and L-(1-14C)glucose. The tracers were injected i.v. into C57BL/6J mice carrying a transplantable s.c. ependymoblastoma. At specific time intervlas after injection, mice were sacrificed and the radioactivity of 6 tissues including tumor and brain were assayed by means of an automated combustion technique and liquid scintillation counting. Tumor uptake, expressed as percentage mean body concentration, was 60% for 2 of the tracers, and 92 and 143%, respectively, for 2 others. Brain uptake was over 130% mean body concentration, with 3 of the 4 tracers studies. With L-glucose, brain uptake was only 15.4% mean body concentration, and a maximum tumor-to-brain ratio of 9.5 was achieved. The very high tumor uptake achieved with two of these carbohydrated demonstrates that a carbohydrate analog  may be found that shows high tumor specificity and uptake, and that may be useful for external scintiscanning.", "PMID": 1116133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4980", "title": "Survival and differentiation of canine mammary tissues in the hamster cheek pouch.", "content": "The survival and differentiation of canine normal, atypical nodular (preneoplastic, and neoplastic mammary tissues were examined after transplantation to the cheek pouches of immunosuppressed female golden hamsters. Without immunosuppression, none of the mammary transplants, survived 40 days of transplantation. With either prednisolone or antilymphocyte serum immunosuppression, 78% of the mammary transplants that were recovered from the cheek pouch survived at least 35 to 45 days.", "contents": "Survival and differentiation of canine mammary tissues in the hamster cheek pouch. The survival and differentiation of canine normal, atypical nodular (preneoplastic, and neoplastic mammary tissues were examined after transplantation to the cheek pouches of immunosuppressed female golden hamsters. Without immunosuppression, none of the mammary transplants, survived 40 days of transplantation. With either prednisolone or antilymphocyte serum immunosuppression, 78% of the mammary transplants that were recovered from the cheek pouch survived at least 35 to 45 days.", "PMID": 1116134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4981", "title": "Interaction of chemotherapeutic agents with methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil and its effect on de novo DNA synthesis.", "content": "The transport of methotrexate is known to be affected by corticosteroids and vincristine in L1210 leukemia cells. The deoxyuridine suppression test was used to measure the metabolic consequences of using these drugs with the antimetabolites, methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil, in both L1210 leukemia cells and normal human marrow cells. The deoxyuridine suppression test can be utilized as a sensitive measure of methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil biological activity in producing defective de novo DNA synthesis. The deoxyuridine suppression test was found to detect changes in biological activity equal to 20 ng (0.044 nmole) of methotrexate and 200 ng (1.94 nmoles) of 5-fluorouracil. Hydrocortisone and prednisone, but not dexamethasone or prednisolone, decreased the methotrexate effect to one-half in both L1210 and human cells as measured by the deoxyuridine suppression test. 5-Fluorouracil biological activity was not affected by any steroid studied. Vincristine produced variable results, but on the average it decreased the methotrexate effect in human marrow. Vincristine consistently decreased the methotrexate effect in L1210 systems. Cephalosporin, 75 mug/ml (0.214 mumole), had no effect. In parallel studies, hydrocortisone decreased the uptake of methotrexate, but no folic acid, in human and L1210 cells. The deoxyuridine suppression test warants further investigation as a method of screening drugs for interaction with antagonists of de novo DNA synthesis. This tudy extends earlier evidence of drug interaction with methotrexate in a murine system to human cells and demonstrates that there is a metabolic consequence, reduced potency of methotrexate, as a result of reduced transport produced by certain corticosteroids.", "contents": "Interaction of chemotherapeutic agents with methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil and its effect on de novo DNA synthesis. The transport of methotrexate is known to be affected by corticosteroids and vincristine in L1210 leukemia cells. The deoxyuridine suppression test was used to measure the metabolic consequences of using these drugs with the antimetabolites, methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil, in both L1210 leukemia cells and normal human marrow cells. The deoxyuridine suppression test can be utilized as a sensitive measure of methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil biological activity in producing defective de novo DNA synthesis. The deoxyuridine suppression test was found to detect changes in biological activity equal to 20 ng (0.044 nmole) of methotrexate and 200 ng (1.94 nmoles) of 5-fluorouracil. Hydrocortisone and prednisone, but not dexamethasone or prednisolone, decreased the methotrexate effect to one-half in both L1210 and human cells as measured by the deoxyuridine suppression test. 5-Fluorouracil biological activity was not affected by any steroid studied. Vincristine produced variable results, but on the average it decreased the methotrexate effect in human marrow. Vincristine consistently decreased the methotrexate effect in L1210 systems. Cephalosporin, 75 mug/ml (0.214 mumole), had no effect. In parallel studies, hydrocortisone decreased the uptake of methotrexate, but no folic acid, in human and L1210 cells. The deoxyuridine suppression test warants further investigation as a method of screening drugs for interaction with antagonists of de novo DNA synthesis. This tudy extends earlier evidence of drug interaction with methotrexate in a murine system to human cells and demonstrates that there is a metabolic consequence, reduced potency of methotrexate, as a result of reduced transport produced by certain corticosteroids.", "PMID": 1116135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4982", "title": "Tumor induction in rats by feeding heptamethyleneimine and nitrite in water.", "content": "Groups of 15 males and 15 females Sprague-Dawley rats were given 20 ml of drinking water solution containing either 0.2% heptamethyleneimine hydrochloride or this salt together with 0.2% sodium nitrite, 5 days a week for 28 weeks. Another group of 17 male and 30 female rats was given 0.2% sodium nitrite solution for 104 weeks. Most of the animals given heptamethyleneimine hydrochloride or sodium nitrite alone survived 2 years or more after the beginning  of the treatment, and no tumors attributable to the treatment were seen at death; tumors appearing were those of endocrine origin found commonly in untreated controls. In the group receiving the combined treatment, most females were dead at 50 weeks and most males were dead at 80 weeks, 27 of 30 having tumors not seen in either control group. A total of 16 had squamous carcinomas in the lung; 25 had tumors of the oropharynx, tongue, esophagus, and forestomach; and there were a few animals with tumors in the nasal cavity and trachea. The expericment showed that squamous tumors of the lung could be induced by ingestion an amine and sodium nitrite.", "contents": "Tumor induction in rats by feeding heptamethyleneimine and nitrite in water. Groups of 15 males and 15 females Sprague-Dawley rats were given 20 ml of drinking water solution containing either 0.2% heptamethyleneimine hydrochloride or this salt together with 0.2% sodium nitrite, 5 days a week for 28 weeks. Another group of 17 male and 30 female rats was given 0.2% sodium nitrite solution for 104 weeks. Most of the animals given heptamethyleneimine hydrochloride or sodium nitrite alone survived 2 years or more after the beginning  of the treatment, and no tumors attributable to the treatment were seen at death; tumors appearing were those of endocrine origin found commonly in untreated controls. In the group receiving the combined treatment, most females were dead at 50 weeks and most males were dead at 80 weeks, 27 of 30 having tumors not seen in either control group. A total of 16 had squamous carcinomas in the lung; 25 had tumors of the oropharynx, tongue, esophagus, and forestomach; and there were a few animals with tumors in the nasal cavity and trachea. The expericment showed that squamous tumors of the lung could be induced by ingestion an amine and sodium nitrite.", "PMID": 1116136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4983", "title": "The isolation and characterization of polycyclic hydrocarbon-binding proteins from mouse liver and skin cytosols.", "content": "The major protein to which metabolites of methylcholanthrene are covalently bound has been purified from C3H mouse liver cytosol. Its properties are identical to the mouse skin h-protein, which may be primary arget of carcinogenic hydrocarbon metabolites during transformation to caner. It has a molecular wight of 44,000, consists of 2 subunits o- M.W. 20,000, has an isoelectric point (pI) of 8.05 to 8.6, and a sedimentation coefficient of 3.6 S. These physical properties are rather similar to those of ligandin, a hepatic protein that binds carcinogen metabolites, steroid anionic metabolites, bilirubin, and exogenous organic anions, but not to those of the rat liver azo dye carcinogen binding 'slow h-2-5S' protein. The h-protein and ligandin consistently give different pl values. Two minor basic proteins (molecular weights around 44,000 each), to whcih methylcholanthrene metabolites are convalently bound, have been separated from the h-protein by carboxymethyl-cellulose chromatography. Prelininary results indicate that these 2 minor proteins are related to ligandin. A protein to which methylcholanthrene is noncovalently bound was also identified in the acidic fraction of the mouse liver and skin sytosols and has been partially purified and characterized. It has a molecular weight of 60,000, a pl of 5.0, and a sedimentation coefficient of 4.5S.", "contents": "The isolation and characterization of polycyclic hydrocarbon-binding proteins from mouse liver and skin cytosols. The major protein to which metabolites of methylcholanthrene are covalently bound has been purified from C3H mouse liver cytosol. Its properties are identical to the mouse skin h-protein, which may be primary arget of carcinogenic hydrocarbon metabolites during transformation to caner. It has a molecular wight of 44,000, consists of 2 subunits o- M.W. 20,000, has an isoelectric point (pI) of 8.05 to 8.6, and a sedimentation coefficient of 3.6 S. These physical properties are rather similar to those of ligandin, a hepatic protein that binds carcinogen metabolites, steroid anionic metabolites, bilirubin, and exogenous organic anions, but not to those of the rat liver azo dye carcinogen binding 'slow h-2-5S' protein. The h-protein and ligandin consistently give different pl values. Two minor basic proteins (molecular weights around 44,000 each), to whcih methylcholanthrene metabolites are convalently bound, have been separated from the h-protein by carboxymethyl-cellulose chromatography. Prelininary results indicate that these 2 minor proteins are related to ligandin. A protein to which methylcholanthrene is noncovalently bound was also identified in the acidic fraction of the mouse liver and skin sytosols and has been partially purified and characterized. It has a molecular weight of 60,000, a pl of 5.0, and a sedimentation coefficient of 4.5S.", "PMID": 1116137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4984", "title": "N-substitution of carbon 8 in guanosine and deoxyguanosine by the carcinogen N-benzoyloxy-N-methyl-4-aminoazobenzene in vitro.", "content": "The major reaction products of the carcinogenic electrophile N-benzoyloxy-N-methyl-4-aminoazobenzene with guanosine or deoxyguanosine were characterized as N-(guanosin-8-yl)- and N-(DEOXYGUANOSIN-8-YL)-N-methyl-4-aminoazobenzene from the following chemical, radiochemical, and spectroscopic studies: (a) the presence of equimolar amounts of both N-methyl-4-aminoazobenzene (MAB) and guanosine or deoxyguanosine residues was shown by the 3H:14C ratios of the products from the reaction of (prime ring-3H)-N-benzoyloxy-N-methyl-4-aminoazobenzene with (8-14C)guanosine or (8-14C)deoxyguanosine and by the molecular weights of the trimethylsilyl derivatives of both products: (b) substitution of the dye residue on its amino nitrogen was indicated by the retention in the products of the 3H:14C ration of (CH2-3H + 14CH3)-N-BENZOYLOXY-N-methyl-4-aminoazobenzene and by the release of MAB on treatment of the nucleoside-dye derivatives with strong alkali in air; (c) substitution of the guanine residues in positon 7 or 8 was demonstrated by loss of 3H from (8-3H)guanosine or (8-3H)deoxyguanosine in the formation of the nucleoside-dye derivatives; (d) the stability of the products to mild alkali (as contrasted to the lability of 7-alkylguanosines) provided strong evidence that the substitution was in position 8 of the guanine residue; (e) direct evidence of 8-substitution came from the acid hydrolysis of guanosinyl- and deoxyguanosinyl-N-methyl-4-aminoazo benzene to N-(guan-8-yl)-N-methyl-4-aminoazobenze in up to 50% yield; (f) comparisons of the proton or 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectra or both of N-(guan-8-yl)- N-methyl-4-aminoazobenzene, MAB, N-(guanosin-8-yl)-2-acetylaminofluorene, 2-acetylaminofluorene, guanosine, and 7 -methylguanosine with the spectra of the guanosine-MAB product further confirmed that substitution had occurred at position 8 of the guanosine residue. The new compound N-(guan-8-yl)-N-methyl-4-aminoazobenzene was synthesized. Attempts to devise an unambiguous synthesis of N-(GUANOSIN-8-YL)-N-methyl-4-aminoazobenzene were not successful.", "contents": "N-substitution of carbon 8 in guanosine and deoxyguanosine by the carcinogen N-benzoyloxy-N-methyl-4-aminoazobenzene in vitro. The major reaction products of the carcinogenic electrophile N-benzoyloxy-N-methyl-4-aminoazobenzene with guanosine or deoxyguanosine were characterized as N-(guanosin-8-yl)- and N-(DEOXYGUANOSIN-8-YL)-N-methyl-4-aminoazobenzene from the following chemical, radiochemical, and spectroscopic studies: (a) the presence of equimolar amounts of both N-methyl-4-aminoazobenzene (MAB) and guanosine or deoxyguanosine residues was shown by the 3H:14C ratios of the products from the reaction of (prime ring-3H)-N-benzoyloxy-N-methyl-4-aminoazobenzene with (8-14C)guanosine or (8-14C)deoxyguanosine and by the molecular weights of the trimethylsilyl derivatives of both products: (b) substitution of the dye residue on its amino nitrogen was indicated by the retention in the products of the 3H:14C ration of (CH2-3H + 14CH3)-N-BENZOYLOXY-N-methyl-4-aminoazobenzene and by the release of MAB on treatment of the nucleoside-dye derivatives with strong alkali in air; (c) substitution of the guanine residues in positon 7 or 8 was demonstrated by loss of 3H from (8-3H)guanosine or (8-3H)deoxyguanosine in the formation of the nucleoside-dye derivatives; (d) the stability of the products to mild alkali (as contrasted to the lability of 7-alkylguanosines) provided strong evidence that the substitution was in position 8 of the guanine residue; (e) direct evidence of 8-substitution came from the acid hydrolysis of guanosinyl- and deoxyguanosinyl-N-methyl-4-aminoazo benzene to N-(guan-8-yl)-N-methyl-4-aminoazobenze in up to 50% yield; (f) comparisons of the proton or 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectra or both of N-(guan-8-yl)- N-methyl-4-aminoazobenzene, MAB, N-(guanosin-8-yl)-2-acetylaminofluorene, 2-acetylaminofluorene, guanosine, and 7 -methylguanosine with the spectra of the guanosine-MAB product further confirmed that substitution had occurred at position 8 of the guanosine residue. The new compound N-(guan-8-yl)-N-methyl-4-aminoazobenzene was synthesized. Attempts to devise an unambiguous synthesis of N-(GUANOSIN-8-YL)-N-methyl-4-aminoazobenzene were not successful.", "PMID": 1116138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4985", "title": "Structures of hepatic nucleic acid-bound dyes in rats given the carcinogen N-methyl-4-aminoazobenzene.", "content": "Rats were given the hepatocarcinogenic dye N-methyl-4-aminoazobenzene labeled in the prime ring with tritium. The hepatic ribosomal RNA and DNA from these rats were hydrolyzed to uoe;d imce;psode-dye products. The major nucleoside-dye derivatives cochromatographed with synthetic N-(guanosin-8-yl)-and N-(deoxyguanosin-8-yl)-N-(methyl-4-aminoazobenzene, respectively, on cellulose and silica gel thin layers in several solvent systems. Additional evidence for the characterization of the hepatic RNA-nucleoside derivative was obtained through its degradation by alkali in air to N-methyl-4-aminoazobenzene and -4-aminoazobenzene, as previously described for N-(guanosin-8-yl)-N-methyl-4-aminoazobenzene. The same nucleoside derivatives were also derived from ribosomal RNA and DNA reacted in vitro with the carcinogenic electrophilic derivative N-benzoyloxy-N-methyl-4-aminoazobenzene, esterification of the N-hydroxy derivative, and reaction of the resultant electrophilic esters with DNA and RNA.", "contents": "Structures of hepatic nucleic acid-bound dyes in rats given the carcinogen N-methyl-4-aminoazobenzene. Rats were given the hepatocarcinogenic dye N-methyl-4-aminoazobenzene labeled in the prime ring with tritium. The hepatic ribosomal RNA and DNA from these rats were hydrolyzed to uoe;d imce;psode-dye products. The major nucleoside-dye derivatives cochromatographed with synthetic N-(guanosin-8-yl)-and N-(deoxyguanosin-8-yl)-N-(methyl-4-aminoazobenzene, respectively, on cellulose and silica gel thin layers in several solvent systems. Additional evidence for the characterization of the hepatic RNA-nucleoside derivative was obtained through its degradation by alkali in air to N-methyl-4-aminoazobenzene and -4-aminoazobenzene, as previously described for N-(guanosin-8-yl)-N-methyl-4-aminoazobenzene. The same nucleoside derivatives were also derived from ribosomal RNA and DNA reacted in vitro with the carcinogenic electrophilic derivative N-benzoyloxy-N-methyl-4-aminoazobenzene, esterification of the N-hydroxy derivative, and reaction of the resultant electrophilic esters with DNA and RNA.", "PMID": 1116139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4986", "title": "Enhancing effect of hydrocortisone on hematogenous metastasis of Ehrlich ascites tumor in mice.", "content": "The effect of hydrocortisone on blood-borne tumor metastasis was studied in an i.v. inoculation experiment with Ehrlich hypotetraploid clone 1, Ehrlich hypotetraploid stock, and Ehrlich hyperdiploid stock tumors. The administration of hydrocortisone before tumor inoculation resulted in increased tumor take, reduced mean survival time of mice, and concentration of tumor metastasis in a specific organ (i.e., lung metastasis for Ehrlich hypotetraploid clone 1 tumor, and liver metastasis for Ehrlich hypotetraploid stock and Ehrlich hyperdiploid stock tumors). Enhancement of tumor metastasis, as induced by hydrocortisone pretreatment, was not reproduced by the administration of 6-mercaptopurine, testosterone, or estradiol. The progress of tumor death in hydrocortisone-conditioned mice was not affected by either heparin or dextran sulfate. This indicated that the effect of hydrocortisone on tumor metastasis was independent of the effect of these agents on immune reaction or blood coagulation. In the tracer experiment with 125-I-labeled tumor cells, hydrocortisone pretreatment significantly increased over the control the intrapulmonary retention of Ehrlich hypotetraploid clone 1 tumor cells from 1 through 72 hr after tumor inoculation, the time lag required for the establishment of metastatic foci in the lung. The arrest of Ehrlich hypotetraploid stock and Ehrlich hyperdiploid stock tumors in the liver was also temporarily increased by hydrocortisone pretreatment. No correlation was found between tumor cell size and differential distribution of metastatic tumors with 3 Ehrlich tumors. An attempt was made to use this blood-borne metastasis system for chemotherapeutic study. Administration of cyclophosphamide gave rise to a significant prolongation of survival time and often to complete prevention of tumor metastasis in hydrocortisone-conditioned mice.", "contents": "Enhancing effect of hydrocortisone on hematogenous metastasis of Ehrlich ascites tumor in mice. The effect of hydrocortisone on blood-borne tumor metastasis was studied in an i.v. inoculation experiment with Ehrlich hypotetraploid clone 1, Ehrlich hypotetraploid stock, and Ehrlich hyperdiploid stock tumors. The administration of hydrocortisone before tumor inoculation resulted in increased tumor take, reduced mean survival time of mice, and concentration of tumor metastasis in a specific organ (i.e., lung metastasis for Ehrlich hypotetraploid clone 1 tumor, and liver metastasis for Ehrlich hypotetraploid stock and Ehrlich hyperdiploid stock tumors). Enhancement of tumor metastasis, as induced by hydrocortisone pretreatment, was not reproduced by the administration of 6-mercaptopurine, testosterone, or estradiol. The progress of tumor death in hydrocortisone-conditioned mice was not affected by either heparin or dextran sulfate. This indicated that the effect of hydrocortisone on tumor metastasis was independent of the effect of these agents on immune reaction or blood coagulation. In the tracer experiment with 125-I-labeled tumor cells, hydrocortisone pretreatment significantly increased over the control the intrapulmonary retention of Ehrlich hypotetraploid clone 1 tumor cells from 1 through 72 hr after tumor inoculation, the time lag required for the establishment of metastatic foci in the lung. The arrest of Ehrlich hypotetraploid stock and Ehrlich hyperdiploid stock tumors in the liver was also temporarily increased by hydrocortisone pretreatment. No correlation was found between tumor cell size and differential distribution of metastatic tumors with 3 Ehrlich tumors. An attempt was made to use this blood-borne metastasis system for chemotherapeutic study. Administration of cyclophosphamide gave rise to a significant prolongation of survival time and often to complete prevention of tumor metastasis in hydrocortisone-conditioned mice.", "PMID": 1116140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4987", "title": "Aminopeptidases and arylamidases in normal and cancer tissues in humans.", "content": "Multiforms of aminopeptidases and arylamidases in normal human liver, stomach, lung, ileum, colon, rectum, and kidney, and cancer tissue from human liver, stomach, and lung were separated by triethylaminoethyl cellulose column chromatography. The aminopeptidases and arylamidases were solubilized from human tissues by treatment with bromelain, and their column chromatograms on triethylaminoethyl-cellulose gave different patterns of multiforms of enzymes in these tissues. The fractions of enzymes separated specificities toward L-leucyl-beta-naphthylamide, L-leucinamide, L-methioninamide, L-phenylalaninamide, and L-alaninamide. The activity of aminopeptidase toward L-leucinamide and of arylamidase toward L-leucyl-beta-naphthylamide was higher in human stomach cancer tissue and lower in hepatic cancer tissue than in normal stomach and liver, respectively. In lung cancer tissue, the activity of aminopeptidase toward L-leucinamide was abnormally low, while the activity of arylamidase toward L-leucyl-beta-napthylamide was similar to that in normal lung. The substrate specificities or patterns of the multiforms of these enzymes in cancer tissue from human liver, stomach, and lung were shown to differ from those of normal liver, stomach, and lung, respectively, by triethylaminoethyl cellulose column chromatography.", "contents": "Aminopeptidases and arylamidases in normal and cancer tissues in humans. Multiforms of aminopeptidases and arylamidases in normal human liver, stomach, lung, ileum, colon, rectum, and kidney, and cancer tissue from human liver, stomach, and lung were separated by triethylaminoethyl cellulose column chromatography. The aminopeptidases and arylamidases were solubilized from human tissues by treatment with bromelain, and their column chromatograms on triethylaminoethyl-cellulose gave different patterns of multiforms of enzymes in these tissues. The fractions of enzymes separated specificities toward L-leucyl-beta-naphthylamide, L-leucinamide, L-methioninamide, L-phenylalaninamide, and L-alaninamide. The activity of aminopeptidase toward L-leucinamide and of arylamidase toward L-leucyl-beta-naphthylamide was higher in human stomach cancer tissue and lower in hepatic cancer tissue than in normal stomach and liver, respectively. In lung cancer tissue, the activity of aminopeptidase toward L-leucinamide was abnormally low, while the activity of arylamidase toward L-leucyl-beta-napthylamide was similar to that in normal lung. The substrate specificities or patterns of the multiforms of these enzymes in cancer tissue from human liver, stomach, and lung were shown to differ from those of normal liver, stomach, and lung, respectively, by triethylaminoethyl cellulose column chromatography.", "PMID": 1116141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4988", "title": "Neoplastic transformation of guinea pig fetal cells in culture induced by chemical carcinogens.", "content": "Twenty-four cell strains derived from freshly isolated diploid strain 2 guinea pig fetal cells exposed in utero or directly in culture to a carcinogenic or noncarcinogenic chemical were evaluated during 4 to 24 months of continuous cultivation. Morphological alterations in carcinogen, i.e., benzo(a)pyrene-, 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-, 3-methylcholanthrene-, N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine-, diethylnitrosamine-, aflatoxin B1-, or N-acetoxyacetylaminofluorene-treated cultures were seen shortly after treatment; transformation, a loss of cell orientation, did not occur for 4 or more months, was not seen in controls and did not uniformly appear simultaneously with the capacity of transformed cells to grow as tumors in irradiated syngeneic newborn guinea pigs. Changes in plating efficiency, saturation density, doubling time, and chromosome alterations of transformed cells also did not correlate with progressive tumor growth. Formation of colonies in 0.35% agar appeared subsequent to or concomitantly with morphological transformation, and in every case they developed concurrently with the potential for neoplastic growth. Controls originally treated with a noncarcinogen (acetone, polycyclic hydocarbon, or aromatic amide) did not form agar colonies or tumors after inoculation of 108 cells. Studies with guinea pig cells indicate that persistent alterations in some growth parameters occur prior to expression of tumor growth. The ability of cells to form colonies in agar and to produce tumors may require 4 to 18 months of culturing. Of the cell properties examined, colony formation in agar was the best indication of the neoplastic state.", "contents": "Neoplastic transformation of guinea pig fetal cells in culture induced by chemical carcinogens. Twenty-four cell strains derived from freshly isolated diploid strain 2 guinea pig fetal cells exposed in utero or directly in culture to a carcinogenic or noncarcinogenic chemical were evaluated during 4 to 24 months of continuous cultivation. Morphological alterations in carcinogen, i.e., benzo(a)pyrene-, 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-, 3-methylcholanthrene-, N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine-, diethylnitrosamine-, aflatoxin B1-, or N-acetoxyacetylaminofluorene-treated cultures were seen shortly after treatment; transformation, a loss of cell orientation, did not occur for 4 or more months, was not seen in controls and did not uniformly appear simultaneously with the capacity of transformed cells to grow as tumors in irradiated syngeneic newborn guinea pigs. Changes in plating efficiency, saturation density, doubling time, and chromosome alterations of transformed cells also did not correlate with progressive tumor growth. Formation of colonies in 0.35% agar appeared subsequent to or concomitantly with morphological transformation, and in every case they developed concurrently with the potential for neoplastic growth. Controls originally treated with a noncarcinogen (acetone, polycyclic hydocarbon, or aromatic amide) did not form agar colonies or tumors after inoculation of 108 cells. Studies with guinea pig cells indicate that persistent alterations in some growth parameters occur prior to expression of tumor growth. The ability of cells to form colonies in agar and to produce tumors may require 4 to 18 months of culturing. Of the cell properties examined, colony formation in agar was the best indication of the neoplastic state.", "PMID": 1116142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4989", "title": "Colony inhibition mediated by nonimmune leukocytes in vitro and skin reactivity in vivo as indices of tumorigenicity of guinea pig cultures transformed by chemical carcinogens.", "content": "Two short-term quantitative assays that correlate with the tumorigenicity of strain 2 guinea pig fetal cells transformed in culture by chemical carcinogens are described; one measures inhibition of colony growth mediated by nonimmune leukocytes and the other measures skin reactivity in unimmunized syngeneic guinea pigs. Mineral oil-induced peritoneal exudate (PE) cells were obtained from healthy unimmunized syngeneic guinea pigs. The PE cells were cultured for 24 hr and the nonadherent cells with culture medium were incubated with tumorigenic or nontumorigenic target cells in ratios of 1000/1 to 10/1. After 7 to 9 days of incubation in the presence of peritoneal exudate cell culture (PEC), fewer target cell colonies were observed in cultures with tumorigenic than with nontumorigenic cells. The inhibition of tumorigenic cells was dependent on PEC concentration; at 1000/1 PEC/traget cell ratio, a reduction of as much as 80% in the number of colonies and a 100% decrease in colony size relative to controls were noted. Inhibitory activity was present primarily in the supernatant fluid of the culture medium of the PE cells. Phytohemagglutinin stimulation of the PE cells increased PEC and peritoneal exudate cell culture medium supernatant (PES) colony-inhibitory activity as much as twofold. The differential colony inhibition activity of PES with or without phytohemagglutinin was stable during storage of PES for 5 months at -35 degrees. In the 2nd assay, 2 or 5 X 106 tumorigenic or nontumorigenic cells were inoculated intradermally into 12- to 16-seek-old male unimmunized syngeneic guinea pigs; skin reactivity, in terms of the degree and persistence of induration during the next 4 days, was greater to tumorigenic than to nontumorigenic cells. In both assays, tumor-producing cells, morphologically transformed in culture, or tumor-derived cells, were affected more than early-passage-untreated fetal cells, morphologically nontransformed long-term-cultured cells previously exposed to noncarcinogenic chemicals, or chemical carcinogen-transformed but non-tumor-producing cells. The two assays, particularly the nonimmune leukocyte-mediated colony inhibition with its greater degree of discrimination, provide rapid estimations of the tumorigenic potential of cells transformed in in vitro model systems of chemical carcinogenesis.", "contents": "Colony inhibition mediated by nonimmune leukocytes in vitro and skin reactivity in vivo as indices of tumorigenicity of guinea pig cultures transformed by chemical carcinogens. Two short-term quantitative assays that correlate with the tumorigenicity of strain 2 guinea pig fetal cells transformed in culture by chemical carcinogens are described; one measures inhibition of colony growth mediated by nonimmune leukocytes and the other measures skin reactivity in unimmunized syngeneic guinea pigs. Mineral oil-induced peritoneal exudate (PE) cells were obtained from healthy unimmunized syngeneic guinea pigs. The PE cells were cultured for 24 hr and the nonadherent cells with culture medium were incubated with tumorigenic or nontumorigenic target cells in ratios of 1000/1 to 10/1. After 7 to 9 days of incubation in the presence of peritoneal exudate cell culture (PEC), fewer target cell colonies were observed in cultures with tumorigenic than with nontumorigenic cells. The inhibition of tumorigenic cells was dependent on PEC concentration; at 1000/1 PEC/traget cell ratio, a reduction of as much as 80% in the number of colonies and a 100% decrease in colony size relative to controls were noted. Inhibitory activity was present primarily in the supernatant fluid of the culture medium of the PE cells. Phytohemagglutinin stimulation of the PE cells increased PEC and peritoneal exudate cell culture medium supernatant (PES) colony-inhibitory activity as much as twofold. The differential colony inhibition activity of PES with or without phytohemagglutinin was stable during storage of PES for 5 months at -35 degrees. In the 2nd assay, 2 or 5 X 106 tumorigenic or nontumorigenic cells were inoculated intradermally into 12- to 16-seek-old male unimmunized syngeneic guinea pigs; skin reactivity, in terms of the degree and persistence of induration during the next 4 days, was greater to tumorigenic than to nontumorigenic cells. In both assays, tumor-producing cells, morphologically transformed in culture, or tumor-derived cells, were affected more than early-passage-untreated fetal cells, morphologically nontransformed long-term-cultured cells previously exposed to noncarcinogenic chemicals, or chemical carcinogen-transformed but non-tumor-producing cells. The two assays, particularly the nonimmune leukocyte-mediated colony inhibition with its greater degree of discrimination, provide rapid estimations of the tumorigenic potential of cells transformed in in vitro model systems of chemical carcinogenesis.", "PMID": 1116143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4990", "title": "Hexamethylmelamine-induced regression of human lung tumors growing in immune deprived mice.", "content": "Hexamethylmelamine is known to be effective in humans in the treatment of certain malignant tumors, especially bronchial carcinoma. It is, however, quite inactive against a number of animal tumors, making difficult a study of its mechanism of action in experimental systems. In a reexamination of the effects of hexamethylmelamine, two tumors were found to be very sensitive, namely, a mouse plasma cell tumor (PC6) and a human bronchial carcinoma (P246) growing in immune deprived mice. Both tumors undergo a significant and almost complete regression, even when well established, and hence may serve as model systems for the study of the mechanism of action of hexamethylmelamine.", "contents": "Hexamethylmelamine-induced regression of human lung tumors growing in immune deprived mice. Hexamethylmelamine is known to be effective in humans in the treatment of certain malignant tumors, especially bronchial carcinoma. It is, however, quite inactive against a number of animal tumors, making difficult a study of its mechanism of action in experimental systems. In a reexamination of the effects of hexamethylmelamine, two tumors were found to be very sensitive, namely, a mouse plasma cell tumor (PC6) and a human bronchial carcinoma (P246) growing in immune deprived mice. Both tumors undergo a significant and almost complete regression, even when well established, and hence may serve as model systems for the study of the mechanism of action of hexamethylmelamine.", "PMID": 1116144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4991", "title": "An improved Mantel-Bryan procedure for \"safety\" testing of carcinogens.", "content": "A published method by Mantel and Bryan for calculating \"safe\" doses of carcinogens is updated by incorporating several improvements. These improvements include more effective procedures for taking into account any spontaneous tumor rate and for combining data at several dose levels. An added feature is that it permits the combining of data from several experiments by postulating that it is only the spontaneous rate that differs between experiments. The improved method is illustrated with data from five hypothetical experiments, using a risk level of 10-8, a conservative slope of one probit or normal deviate per tenfold dose increase, and a nominal assurance level of 99%. The hypothetical experiments were geared to bring out particular pointsas, for example, the applicability of the model in the absence of control data. A large variety of issues involved in the determination of \"safe\" doses are discussed, including questions of experiment design and extrapolitan between species. A statistical appendix is provided, laying the framework for the calculating procedure and detailing complications therein. The \"safe\" dose approach helps resolve certain dilemmas in questions relating to food additives. A \"no-detectable-level\" prescription for chemical residues may be dangerous to the public where detection techniques are insufficiently sensitive, but it can become far too restrictive as exquisitely sensitive detection techniquesare developed. Only levels in excess of the \"safe\" dose would require detection. Calculated values for the \"safe\" dose could be updated and increased as more clear evidence of safety becomes available.", "contents": "An improved Mantel-Bryan procedure for \"safety\" testing of carcinogens. A published method by Mantel and Bryan for calculating \"safe\" doses of carcinogens is updated by incorporating several improvements. These improvements include more effective procedures for taking into account any spontaneous tumor rate and for combining data at several dose levels. An added feature is that it permits the combining of data from several experiments by postulating that it is only the spontaneous rate that differs between experiments. The improved method is illustrated with data from five hypothetical experiments, using a risk level of 10-8, a conservative slope of one probit or normal deviate per tenfold dose increase, and a nominal assurance level of 99%. The hypothetical experiments were geared to bring out particular pointsas, for example, the applicability of the model in the absence of control data. A large variety of issues involved in the determination of \"safe\" doses are discussed, including questions of experiment design and extrapolitan between species. A statistical appendix is provided, laying the framework for the calculating procedure and detailing complications therein. The \"safe\" dose approach helps resolve certain dilemmas in questions relating to food additives. A \"no-detectable-level\" prescription for chemical residues may be dangerous to the public where detection techniques are insufficiently sensitive, but it can become far too restrictive as exquisitely sensitive detection techniquesare developed. Only levels in excess of the \"safe\" dose would require detection. Calculated values for the \"safe\" dose could be updated and increased as more clear evidence of safety becomes available.", "PMID": 1116145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4992", "title": "The carcinogenic and electrophilic activities of N-benzoyloxy derivatives of N-methyl-4-aminoazobenzene and related dyes.", "content": "The N-benzoyloxy derivatives of N-methyl-4-aminoazobenzene, its 4'-methyl and 4'-ethyl derivatives, and N-ethyl-4-aminoazobenzene were synthesized for comparison of their carcinogenic activities and their reactivities with nucleophilic reagents. Each of the 4 esters had a similar degree of nonenzymatic reactivity with methionine and guanosine at neutral pH. Each of the dyes induced sarcomas at the site of s.c. injection in rats, but N-benzoyloxy-N-methyl-4-aminoazobenzene was considerably more carcinogenic than were any of the other dyes. N-benzoyloxy-N-methyl-4-aminoazobenzene was also more stable in neutral lipid, and this stability may have contributed to its greater carcinogenicactivity. Neither the electrophilic reactivities nor the s.c. carcinogenicities of these dyes paralleled the hepatocarinogenic activities of the parent dyes.", "contents": "The carcinogenic and electrophilic activities of N-benzoyloxy derivatives of N-methyl-4-aminoazobenzene and related dyes. The N-benzoyloxy derivatives of N-methyl-4-aminoazobenzene, its 4'-methyl and 4'-ethyl derivatives, and N-ethyl-4-aminoazobenzene were synthesized for comparison of their carcinogenic activities and their reactivities with nucleophilic reagents. Each of the 4 esters had a similar degree of nonenzymatic reactivity with methionine and guanosine at neutral pH. Each of the dyes induced sarcomas at the site of s.c. injection in rats, but N-benzoyloxy-N-methyl-4-aminoazobenzene was considerably more carcinogenic than were any of the other dyes. N-benzoyloxy-N-methyl-4-aminoazobenzene was also more stable in neutral lipid, and this stability may have contributed to its greater carcinogenicactivity. Neither the electrophilic reactivities nor the s.c. carcinogenicities of these dyes paralleled the hepatocarinogenic activities of the parent dyes.", "PMID": 1116146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4993", "title": "Detection of nerve growth factor binding sites on neuroblastoma cells by rosette formation.", "content": "A cloned suspension culture of mouse C1300 neuroblastoma cells bound, at 2degrees, sheep erythrocytes passively coated with nerve growth factor, with the formation of rosettes. When grown in tissue culture dishes to which they could attach, neuroblastoma cells rapidly transformed, within 48 hr emitting cytoplasmic processes some of which were several mm long. Most of the attached neuroblastoma cells formed rosettes. In contrast, normal mouse kidney cells or various murine tumor cell lines used as cell controls exhibited a poor capacity for binding nerve growth factor. Rosette formation was a specific reaction that could be prevented by pretreating cells with proteolytic enzymes, free nerve growth factor, or specific antibodies against neuroblastoma cell extracts.", "contents": "Detection of nerve growth factor binding sites on neuroblastoma cells by rosette formation. A cloned suspension culture of mouse C1300 neuroblastoma cells bound, at 2degrees, sheep erythrocytes passively coated with nerve growth factor, with the formation of rosettes. When grown in tissue culture dishes to which they could attach, neuroblastoma cells rapidly transformed, within 48 hr emitting cytoplasmic processes some of which were several mm long. Most of the attached neuroblastoma cells formed rosettes. In contrast, normal mouse kidney cells or various murine tumor cell lines used as cell controls exhibited a poor capacity for binding nerve growth factor. Rosette formation was a specific reaction that could be prevented by pretreating cells with proteolytic enzymes, free nerve growth factor, or specific antibodies against neuroblastoma cell extracts.", "PMID": 1116147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4994", "title": "Phagocytosis of nerve growth factor-coated erythrocytes in neuroblastoma rosette-forming cells.", "content": "At 2 degrees, murine C1300 neuroblastoma cells bound NGF-coated sheep erythrocytes and formed rosettes. When the temperature was raised to 37 degrees, the neuroblastoma cells underwent a rapid transformation characterized by microtubule formation, which occurred under the membrane surface close to the points of contact with the attached red cells. Cytoplasmic processes filled wit- microtubules were then emitted by the cell body and surrounded the red cells. Within 20 to 30 min, the attached erythrocytes were phagocytized. Interiorization of membrane-bound erythrocytes-antibody-complement complexes by neuroblasto-a cells could be similarly induced at 37 degrees. In both cases, the extent of phagocytosis was decreased when microtubule formation was blocked with colchicine or vinblastine. Complete inhibition was obtained only by pretreatment of cells with cytochalasin B, a strong inhibitor of microfilament contraction. The role played by the microtubules and the microfilaments in promoting the phagocytosis of the attached erythrocytes is discussed.", "contents": "Phagocytosis of nerve growth factor-coated erythrocytes in neuroblastoma rosette-forming cells. At 2 degrees, murine C1300 neuroblastoma cells bound NGF-coated sheep erythrocytes and formed rosettes. When the temperature was raised to 37 degrees, the neuroblastoma cells underwent a rapid transformation characterized by microtubule formation, which occurred under the membrane surface close to the points of contact with the attached red cells. Cytoplasmic processes filled wit- microtubules were then emitted by the cell body and surrounded the red cells. Within 20 to 30 min, the attached erythrocytes were phagocytized. Interiorization of membrane-bound erythrocytes-antibody-complement complexes by neuroblasto-a cells could be similarly induced at 37 degrees. In both cases, the extent of phagocytosis was decreased when microtubule formation was blocked with colchicine or vinblastine. Complete inhibition was obtained only by pretreatment of cells with cytochalasin B, a strong inhibitor of microfilament contraction. The role played by the microtubules and the microfilaments in promoting the phagocytosis of the attached erythrocytes is discussed.", "PMID": 1116148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4995", "title": "The activity of regional nodes in the evolution of immune responses to allogeneic and isogeneic tumors.", "content": "The evolution of immune responses of C57BL/6 mice to allogeneic tumor Sarcoma 180 and of A/J mice to isogeneic tumor Sarcoma 1 was investigated by colony and cell inhibition (CI) assays. The immune response of lymphocytes from regional popliteal nodes, distant nodes, and spleens was examined at varying times after s.c. implantation of known numbers of in vitro-grown tumor cells in the hind feet. In the allogeneic system, only regional node lymphocytes produced CI activity, amximum response appearing at Day 14 and gradually diminishing therafter with tumor regression. Serum-blocking activity was not observed until Day 21 and increased to significant levels by Day 39 when no lymphocyte CI activity was detectable. In the isogeneic system, CI activity was tumor-dose dependent. Responses to low-dose inocula were confined to regional nodes, whereas with high-dose inocula, initial responses were provided by regional nodes, but by Day 21 the spleen had become the primary source of CI activity. Examination of blocking activity in this system was not possible due to nonspecific serum cytotoxicity. Lymph nodes other than regional showed no CI response at any time in either tumor system. These studies demonstrate the importance of regional nodes in the development of immune responses to both allogeneic and osogeneic tumors.", "contents": "The activity of regional nodes in the evolution of immune responses to allogeneic and isogeneic tumors. The evolution of immune responses of C57BL/6 mice to allogeneic tumor Sarcoma 180 and of A/J mice to isogeneic tumor Sarcoma 1 was investigated by colony and cell inhibition (CI) assays. The immune response of lymphocytes from regional popliteal nodes, distant nodes, and spleens was examined at varying times after s.c. implantation of known numbers of in vitro-grown tumor cells in the hind feet. In the allogeneic system, only regional node lymphocytes produced CI activity, amximum response appearing at Day 14 and gradually diminishing therafter with tumor regression. Serum-blocking activity was not observed until Day 21 and increased to significant levels by Day 39 when no lymphocyte CI activity was detectable. In the isogeneic system, CI activity was tumor-dose dependent. Responses to low-dose inocula were confined to regional nodes, whereas with high-dose inocula, initial responses were provided by regional nodes, but by Day 21 the spleen had become the primary source of CI activity. Examination of blocking activity in this system was not possible due to nonspecific serum cytotoxicity. Lymph nodes other than regional showed no CI response at any time in either tumor system. These studies demonstrate the importance of regional nodes in the development of immune responses to both allogeneic and osogeneic tumors.", "PMID": 1116149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4996", "title": "Prolongation of chemotherapeutically induced remission of a syneneic murine leukemia by L-2,3,5,6-tetrahydro-6-phenylimidazo[2.1-BETA]thiazole hydrochloride.", "content": "L-2,3,5,6-Tetrahydro-6-phenylimidazo[2,1-beta]thiazole hydrochloride (LMS), when used in concert with 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea, resulted in a significantly higher percentage of long-term leukemic-free survivors. The additive effect provided by LMS treatment was evident during the immunosuppressed period induced by 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea treatment and when tumor load was minimal. Treatment with LMS alone did not appear to possess any significant antitumor effect. The beneficial effect of LMS treatment may be attributable to the immunostimulatory activity reported for this drug. LMS appears to possess characteristics that make it an excellent candidate for use as an immunostimulant in cancer combined modality treatment.", "contents": "Prolongation of chemotherapeutically induced remission of a syneneic murine leukemia by L-2,3,5,6-tetrahydro-6-phenylimidazo[2.1-BETA]thiazole hydrochloride. L-2,3,5,6-Tetrahydro-6-phenylimidazo[2,1-beta]thiazole hydrochloride (LMS), when used in concert with 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea, resulted in a significantly higher percentage of long-term leukemic-free survivors. The additive effect provided by LMS treatment was evident during the immunosuppressed period induced by 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea treatment and when tumor load was minimal. Treatment with LMS alone did not appear to possess any significant antitumor effect. The beneficial effect of LMS treatment may be attributable to the immunostimulatory activity reported for this drug. LMS appears to possess characteristics that make it an excellent candidate for use as an immunostimulant in cancer combined modality treatment.", "PMID": 1116150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4997", "title": "Antitumor activity of macromomycin B (NSC 170105) against murine leukemias, melanoma, and lung carcinoma.", "content": "Mice bearing either of the two rapidly growing mouse leukemias, L1210 or P388, or the slow-growing B16 melanoma responded to i.p. injections of Macromomycin B (NSC 170105) with significant increases in life-span. The maximal increases in life-span obtained in these experiments were 37% for L1210, 68% for P388, and 120% for B16. In addition, there were 7 of 30 cures for varying doses of Macromomycin in the B16 melanoma. Activity of over 50% increase in life-span in B16 was obtained with a daily i.p. injection on Days 1 to 9 of 16 to 40 mg/kg. Animals that had received s.c. implanted Lewis lung tumors responded to either single or repeated injections (8 to 16 mg/kg) given at the site of tumor implant by a marked reduction in growth of the primary tumor, increased life-span, and some cures. The same doses were without effect when administered i.p. The reported activity of Macromomycin against L1210, P388 leukemias, B16 melanoma, and Lewis lung carcinoma make it a good candidate for development for clinical trial against human solid tumors. A new method of evaluating activity against solid tumors, \"responder analysis,\" is also presented.", "contents": "Antitumor activity of macromomycin B (NSC 170105) against murine leukemias, melanoma, and lung carcinoma. Mice bearing either of the two rapidly growing mouse leukemias, L1210 or P388, or the slow-growing B16 melanoma responded to i.p. injections of Macromomycin B (NSC 170105) with significant increases in life-span. The maximal increases in life-span obtained in these experiments were 37% for L1210, 68% for P388, and 120% for B16. In addition, there were 7 of 30 cures for varying doses of Macromomycin in the B16 melanoma. Activity of over 50% increase in life-span in B16 was obtained with a daily i.p. injection on Days 1 to 9 of 16 to 40 mg/kg. Animals that had received s.c. implanted Lewis lung tumors responded to either single or repeated injections (8 to 16 mg/kg) given at the site of tumor implant by a marked reduction in growth of the primary tumor, increased life-span, and some cures. The same doses were without effect when administered i.p. The reported activity of Macromomycin against L1210, P388 leukemias, B16 melanoma, and Lewis lung carcinoma make it a good candidate for development for clinical trial against human solid tumors. A new method of evaluating activity against solid tumors, \"responder analysis,\" is also presented.", "PMID": 1116151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4998", "title": "The effects of an antimetastatic agent, (plus or minus)-1,2-bis(3,5-dioxopiperazin-1-yl)propane (ICRF 159), on platelet behavior.", "content": "Some agents that inhibit platelet aggregation, e.g., aspirin and dipyridamole, ahve been reported to prevent metastasis formation. To see whether inhibition of platelet aggregation could account for the antimetastatic action of (plus or minus)-1,2- bis(3,5-dioxopiperazin-1-yl)propane, this compound was investigated in vivo for any effects on platelet behavior and thrombogenesis. (plus or minus)-1,2-Bis(3,5-dioxopiperazin-1-yl)propane inhibited the formation of platelet thrombi in blood vessels on the surface of the rat brain and in the hamster cheek pouch. 1,2-Bis(dioxo-4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)ethane, a closely related analog of (plus or minus)-1,2-bis(3,5-dioxopiperazin-1-yl)propane, but without antimetastatic action, inhibited thrombus formation in vivo as effectively as (plus or minus)-1,2-bis(3,5-dioxopiperazin-1-yl)propane. It seems unlikely therefore that the antimetastatic action of (plus or minus)-1,2-bis(3,5-dioxopiperazine-l-yl)propane derives from its effects on thrombogenesis. Neither platelet numbers nor the ionized plasma calcium concentrations were changed after (plus or minus)-1,2-bis(3,5-dioxopiperazin-l-yl)propane administration.", "contents": "The effects of an antimetastatic agent, (plus or minus)-1,2-bis(3,5-dioxopiperazin-1-yl)propane (ICRF 159), on platelet behavior. Some agents that inhibit platelet aggregation, e.g., aspirin and dipyridamole, ahve been reported to prevent metastasis formation. To see whether inhibition of platelet aggregation could account for the antimetastatic action of (plus or minus)-1,2- bis(3,5-dioxopiperazin-1-yl)propane, this compound was investigated in vivo for any effects on platelet behavior and thrombogenesis. (plus or minus)-1,2-Bis(3,5-dioxopiperazin-1-yl)propane inhibited the formation of platelet thrombi in blood vessels on the surface of the rat brain and in the hamster cheek pouch. 1,2-Bis(dioxo-4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)ethane, a closely related analog of (plus or minus)-1,2-bis(3,5-dioxopiperazin-1-yl)propane, but without antimetastatic action, inhibited thrombus formation in vivo as effectively as (plus or minus)-1,2-bis(3,5-dioxopiperazin-1-yl)propane. It seems unlikely therefore that the antimetastatic action of (plus or minus)-1,2-bis(3,5-dioxopiperazine-l-yl)propane derives from its effects on thrombogenesis. Neither platelet numbers nor the ionized plasma calcium concentrations were changed after (plus or minus)-1,2-bis(3,5-dioxopiperazin-l-yl)propane administration.", "PMID": 1116152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_4999", "title": "Induction of urinary bladder tumors in rats by administration nitrosomethyldodecylamine.", "content": "Nitrosomethyl-n-dodecylamine, a product of the reaction of dimethyl-n-dodecylamine with nitrous acid, was given to Sprague-Dawley rats by gavage in olive oil solution. Twice-weekly treatments with 12 mg of the nitrosamine for 50 weeks gave rise to 100% incidence of transitional cell carcinomas of the urinary bladder. In contrast with the tests of other N-nitroso compounds, this compound seemed to be more effective in males than in females; females died later with the tumor although the dose per unit body weight was higher in females than in males.", "contents": "Induction of urinary bladder tumors in rats by administration nitrosomethyldodecylamine. Nitrosomethyl-n-dodecylamine, a product of the reaction of dimethyl-n-dodecylamine with nitrous acid, was given to Sprague-Dawley rats by gavage in olive oil solution. Twice-weekly treatments with 12 mg of the nitrosamine for 50 weeks gave rise to 100% incidence of transitional cell carcinomas of the urinary bladder. In contrast with the tests of other N-nitroso compounds, this compound seemed to be more effective in males than in females; females died later with the tumor although the dose per unit body weight was higher in females than in males.", "PMID": 1116153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5000", "title": "The pharmacokinetics of 4-acetyl tritium vinblastine in two patients.", "content": "Vinblastine, labeled with tritium in the 4-acetyl group, was given to two patients with malignant disease, and the pharmacokinetic behavior of the drug was determined. Clearance of radioactivity from the blood was biphasic, with t1/2 values for a first rapid phase of 4.25 and 4.78 min, and for a slower phase of 185 and 195 min. The volume of the central compartment was calculated as 29.7 and 39.4 liters, while the total fictive volume of distribution was 86.4 and 111.4 liters. Binding to blood components occurred in the order: plasma greater than platelets greater than red blood cells greater than white blood cells. Excretion of radiolabel occurred via the stool and the urine so that, after 72 hr, 25 and 41% of the total dose had appeared in the former and 19 a nd 23% had appeared in the latter. Appreciable amounts of unchanged drug appeared in the urine, while very little appeared in the stool, suggesting hepatic metabolism, consistent with prior animal studies.", "contents": "The pharmacokinetics of 4-acetyl tritium vinblastine in two patients. Vinblastine, labeled with tritium in the 4-acetyl group, was given to two patients with malignant disease, and the pharmacokinetic behavior of the drug was determined. Clearance of radioactivity from the blood was biphasic, with t1/2 values for a first rapid phase of 4.25 and 4.78 min, and for a slower phase of 185 and 195 min. The volume of the central compartment was calculated as 29.7 and 39.4 liters, while the total fictive volume of distribution was 86.4 and 111.4 liters. Binding to blood components occurred in the order: plasma greater than platelets greater than red blood cells greater than white blood cells. Excretion of radiolabel occurred via the stool and the urine so that, after 72 hr, 25 and 41% of the total dose had appeared in the former and 19 a nd 23% had appeared in the latter. Appreciable amounts of unchanged drug appeared in the urine, while very little appeared in the stool, suggesting hepatic metabolism, consistent with prior animal studies.", "PMID": 1116154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5001", "title": "Some properties of a DNA-unwinding protein unique to lymphocytes from chronic lymphocytic leukemia.", "content": "Lymphocytes from a common human leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, have a greatly enhanced capability of DNA repair and a concomitantly prolonged survival in vitro after damage to DNA. From these lymphocytes, we isolated and purified a DNA-binding protein with a molecular weight of 24,000. It binds tightly to both ultraviolet light (UV)-irradiated and single-stranded DNA. At 35 degrees it enhances the helix-coil transition of poly[d(A-T)] AND the UV-irradiated calf thymus DNA but is inefficient in ordinary native DNA. This protein also facilitates the rate of UV-endonuclease incision of UV DNA but does not induce any nicks by itself. This finding suggests that the protein may be involved in DNA repair by enhancing such activity, and also offers an explanation for our observation of increased DNA repair in chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. When human metaphase chromosomes are exposed to the protein, it induces marked lengthening of chromatids suggesting that this protein may also act on complex chromosomes. By quantitative immunochemical determinations, such protein could not be found in lymphocyte extracts of three normal individuals.", "contents": "Some properties of a DNA-unwinding protein unique to lymphocytes from chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Lymphocytes from a common human leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, have a greatly enhanced capability of DNA repair and a concomitantly prolonged survival in vitro after damage to DNA. From these lymphocytes, we isolated and purified a DNA-binding protein with a molecular weight of 24,000. It binds tightly to both ultraviolet light (UV)-irradiated and single-stranded DNA. At 35 degrees it enhances the helix-coil transition of poly[d(A-T)] AND the UV-irradiated calf thymus DNA but is inefficient in ordinary native DNA. This protein also facilitates the rate of UV-endonuclease incision of UV DNA but does not induce any nicks by itself. This finding suggests that the protein may be involved in DNA repair by enhancing such activity, and also offers an explanation for our observation of increased DNA repair in chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. When human metaphase chromosomes are exposed to the protein, it induces marked lengthening of chromatids suggesting that this protein may also act on complex chromosomes. By quantitative immunochemical determinations, such protein could not be found in lymphocyte extracts of three normal individuals.", "PMID": 1116155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5002", "title": "Dehydroretronecine-induced rhabdomyosarcomas in rats.", "content": "Two groups of rat were given s.c. injections of either monocrotaline or its major detectable metabolite, dehydroretronecine, biweekly for 1 year. Tissues obtained from partial hepatectomies performed at 4 months on a portion of these animals showed that both compounds caused a decided inhibition of mitotic division in regenerating liver. Rhabdomyosarcomas developed at the site of dehydroretronecine injection in 51.6% of the rats and in 3.3% of the monocrotaline-treated rats. Metastatic lesions were recorded in 8.3% of these animals. In addition to the above, 10% of the monocrotaline-treated rats developed other tumors that included myelogenous leukemias, hepatocellular carcinomas, and pulmonary adenomas. These data indicate that either monocrotaline or its metabolite dehydroretronecine are capable of causing neoplastic transformations in the tissues of experimental animals.", "contents": "Dehydroretronecine-induced rhabdomyosarcomas in rats. Two groups of rat were given s.c. injections of either monocrotaline or its major detectable metabolite, dehydroretronecine, biweekly for 1 year. Tissues obtained from partial hepatectomies performed at 4 months on a portion of these animals showed that both compounds caused a decided inhibition of mitotic division in regenerating liver. Rhabdomyosarcomas developed at the site of dehydroretronecine injection in 51.6% of the rats and in 3.3% of the monocrotaline-treated rats. Metastatic lesions were recorded in 8.3% of these animals. In addition to the above, 10% of the monocrotaline-treated rats developed other tumors that included myelogenous leukemias, hepatocellular carcinomas, and pulmonary adenomas. These data indicate that either monocrotaline or its metabolite dehydroretronecine are capable of causing neoplastic transformations in the tissues of experimental animals.", "PMID": 1116156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5003", "title": "Photoamidation of unsaturated carbohydrates. Synthesis of 1-(3-C-carbamoyl-3-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-thymine and -cytosine.", "content": "The acetone-initiated photochemical addition of formamide to 1,2,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-3-deoxy-alpha-D-erythro-hex-2-enopyranose (1) afforded 1,2,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-3-C-carbamoyl-3-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyransoe (2), 1,2,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-3-C-carbamoyl-3-deoxy-alpha-D-allopyranose (3), 1,2,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-3-C-carbamoyl-3-deoxy-alpha-D-altropyranose (4), and 1,2,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-3-deoxy-3-C-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)-alpha-D-mannopyranose (5), in 46, 13, 1, and 7% yields, respectively. Condensation of 2,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-3-C-carbamoyl-3-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl bromide (produced from 2 with hydrogen bromide) with 2,4-bis(trimethylsilyl)thymine afforded 1-(2,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-3-C-carbamoyl-3-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)thymine (6) in 40% yield. Deacetylation of 6 with sodium methoxide in methanol yielded the pure unprotected nucleoside 7. Similar condensation of the bromide from 2 with 2,4-bis(trimethylsilyl)-N4-acetylcytosine afforded the protected cytosine nucleoside 8 in 55% yield, which was converted into 1-(3-C-carbamoyl-3-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)cytosine (9).", "contents": "Photoamidation of unsaturated carbohydrates. Synthesis of 1-(3-C-carbamoyl-3-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-thymine and -cytosine. The acetone-initiated photochemical addition of formamide to 1,2,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-3-deoxy-alpha-D-erythro-hex-2-enopyranose (1) afforded 1,2,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-3-C-carbamoyl-3-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyransoe (2), 1,2,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-3-C-carbamoyl-3-deoxy-alpha-D-allopyranose (3), 1,2,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-3-C-carbamoyl-3-deoxy-alpha-D-altropyranose (4), and 1,2,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-3-deoxy-3-C-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)-alpha-D-mannopyranose (5), in 46, 13, 1, and 7% yields, respectively. Condensation of 2,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-3-C-carbamoyl-3-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl bromide (produced from 2 with hydrogen bromide) with 2,4-bis(trimethylsilyl)thymine afforded 1-(2,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-3-C-carbamoyl-3-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)thymine (6) in 40% yield. Deacetylation of 6 with sodium methoxide in methanol yielded the pure unprotected nucleoside 7. Similar condensation of the bromide from 2 with 2,4-bis(trimethylsilyl)-N4-acetylcytosine afforded the protected cytosine nucleoside 8 in 55% yield, which was converted into 1-(3-C-carbamoyl-3-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)cytosine (9).", "PMID": 1116157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5004", "title": "DNA-dependent RNA polymerase levels during the response of human peripheral lymphocytes to phytohemagglutinin.", "content": "The cellular levels of the various RNA polymerases have been monitored in resting human peripheral lymphocytes and in lymphocytes stimulated by phytohemagglutin. Activity was measured in the presence of exogenous templates following solubilization and chromatographic resolution of the different RNA polymerases. Resting lymphocytes contain Class I, II, and III RNA polymerases, although the respective levels of activity are very low compared to the levels in metabolically active cell types. During the PHA-induced transformation of resting lymphocytes, the Class I, II, and III enzyme levels rise dramatically. During four days exposure to PHA, the levels of RNA polymerases I and III (which synthesize, respectively, rRNA and the transfer and 5S RNAs) increase 17 fold, while the level of RNA polymerase II (which synthezies heterogeneous nuclear RNA) increase 8 fold. The possible relationship between enzyme levels and the regulation of gene expression is discussed.", "contents": "DNA-dependent RNA polymerase levels during the response of human peripheral lymphocytes to phytohemagglutinin. The cellular levels of the various RNA polymerases have been monitored in resting human peripheral lymphocytes and in lymphocytes stimulated by phytohemagglutin. Activity was measured in the presence of exogenous templates following solubilization and chromatographic resolution of the different RNA polymerases. Resting lymphocytes contain Class I, II, and III RNA polymerases, although the respective levels of activity are very low compared to the levels in metabolically active cell types. During the PHA-induced transformation of resting lymphocytes, the Class I, II, and III enzyme levels rise dramatically. During four days exposure to PHA, the levels of RNA polymerases I and III (which synthesize, respectively, rRNA and the transfer and 5S RNAs) increase 17 fold, while the level of RNA polymerase II (which synthezies heterogeneous nuclear RNA) increase 8 fold. The possible relationship between enzyme levels and the regulation of gene expression is discussed.", "PMID": 1116173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5005", "title": "Further evidence of transcriptional and translational control of histone messenger RNA during the HeLa S3 cycle.", "content": "Using a translational assay and new analytical procedures we have found that: -Histone mRNA can be detected both associated with polyribosomes and in the postribosomal supernatant of S phase HeLa S3 cells.-Inhibition of DNA replication by cytosine arabinoside treatment causes histone mRNA to completely disappear from polyribosomes, and little histone mRNA can be detected in the postribosomal supernatant of inhibited cells. These data indicate that histone mRNA does not accumulate in the cytoplasm after the inhibition of DNA replication. -Histone mRNA species cannot be detected in the postribosomal supernatant of G1 cells synchronized by selective detachment. This observation, together with the previous finding that histone mRNA is not present on G1 polyribosomes, is consistent with the idea of a transcriptional block in histone mRNA production and transport to the cytoplasm during G1.", "contents": "Further evidence of transcriptional and translational control of histone messenger RNA during the HeLa S3 cycle. Using a translational assay and new analytical procedures we have found that: -Histone mRNA can be detected both associated with polyribosomes and in the postribosomal supernatant of S phase HeLa S3 cells.-Inhibition of DNA replication by cytosine arabinoside treatment causes histone mRNA to completely disappear from polyribosomes, and little histone mRNA can be detected in the postribosomal supernatant of inhibited cells. These data indicate that histone mRNA does not accumulate in the cytoplasm after the inhibition of DNA replication. -Histone mRNA species cannot be detected in the postribosomal supernatant of G1 cells synchronized by selective detachment. This observation, together with the previous finding that histone mRNA is not present on G1 polyribosomes, is consistent with the idea of a transcriptional block in histone mRNA production and transport to the cytoplasm during G1.", "PMID": 1116174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5006", "title": "In vivo repair of rat liver DNA damaged by 3-hydroxyxanthine.", "content": "Using alkaline and neutral sucrose gradients, it was observed that administration of the hepatocarcinogen, 3-hydroxyxanthine, to rats, resulted in the slower sedimentation of liver DNA in alkaline and neutral sucrose gradients. Slower sedimentation of liver DNA in alkaline sucrose gradients was apparent within 4 h following the administration of the carcinogen at a dose of 50 mug/g body weight. The fragmentation of liver DNA was progressive with an increase in the dose. Such fragmentation caused by a dose of 100 mug/g was largely repaired by 24 h following the administration of the carcinogen. Fragmentation and repair of liver DNA with a dose of 100 mug or more/g body weight was also seen using neutral sucrose gradients. In neutral sucrose gradients significant repair of the fragmented DNA was seen by 24 h after carcinogen. Liver DNA from rats given 3-hydroxyxanthine (100 mug/g for 4 h) or calf thymus DNA incubated in vitro with this carcinogen did not show any change in their melting profile.", "contents": "In vivo repair of rat liver DNA damaged by 3-hydroxyxanthine. Using alkaline and neutral sucrose gradients, it was observed that administration of the hepatocarcinogen, 3-hydroxyxanthine, to rats, resulted in the slower sedimentation of liver DNA in alkaline and neutral sucrose gradients. Slower sedimentation of liver DNA in alkaline sucrose gradients was apparent within 4 h following the administration of the carcinogen at a dose of 50 mug/g body weight. The fragmentation of liver DNA was progressive with an increase in the dose. Such fragmentation caused by a dose of 100 mug/g was largely repaired by 24 h following the administration of the carcinogen. Fragmentation and repair of liver DNA with a dose of 100 mug or more/g body weight was also seen using neutral sucrose gradients. In neutral sucrose gradients significant repair of the fragmented DNA was seen by 24 h after carcinogen. Liver DNA from rats given 3-hydroxyxanthine (100 mug/g for 4 h) or calf thymus DNA incubated in vitro with this carcinogen did not show any change in their melting profile.", "PMID": 1116211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5007", "title": "Localization of heart vectors produced by epicardial burns and ectopic stimuli; validation of a dipole ranging method.", "content": "Location of the equivalent cardiac dipole has been estimated but not fully verified in several laboratories. To test the accuracy of such a procedure, injury vectors were produced in 14 isolated, perfused rabbit hearts by epicardial searing. Strongly dipolar excitation fronts were produced in 6 additional hearts by left ventricular pacing. Twenty computer-processed signals, derived from surface electrodes on a spherical electrolyte-filled tank containing the test preparation, were optimally fitted with a locatable cardiac dipole that accounted for over 99% of the root-mean-square surface potential. For the 14 burns (mean radius 5.0 mm), the S-T injury dipole was located 3.4 plus or minus 0.7 (SD) mm from the burn center. For the 6 paced hearts, the dipole early in the ectopic beat was located 3.7 mm (range 2.6 to 4.6 mm) from the stimulating electrode. Phase inhomogeneities within the chamber appeared to have a small but predictable effect on dipole site determination. The study demonstrates that equivalent dipole location can be determined with acceptable accuracy from potential measurements of the external cardiac field.", "contents": "Localization of heart vectors produced by epicardial burns and ectopic stimuli; validation of a dipole ranging method. Location of the equivalent cardiac dipole has been estimated but not fully verified in several laboratories. To test the accuracy of such a procedure, injury vectors were produced in 14 isolated, perfused rabbit hearts by epicardial searing. Strongly dipolar excitation fronts were produced in 6 additional hearts by left ventricular pacing. Twenty computer-processed signals, derived from surface electrodes on a spherical electrolyte-filled tank containing the test preparation, were optimally fitted with a locatable cardiac dipole that accounted for over 99% of the root-mean-square surface potential. For the 14 burns (mean radius 5.0 mm), the S-T injury dipole was located 3.4 plus or minus 0.7 (SD) mm from the burn center. For the 6 paced hearts, the dipole early in the ectopic beat was located 3.7 mm (range 2.6 to 4.6 mm) from the stimulating electrode. Phase inhomogeneities within the chamber appeared to have a small but predictable effect on dipole site determination. The study demonstrates that equivalent dipole location can be determined with acceptable accuracy from potential measurements of the external cardiac field.", "PMID": 1116214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5008", "title": "Time course for reversal of electrophysiological and ultrastructural abnormalities in subendocardial Purkinje fibers surviving extensive myocardial infarction in dogs.", "content": "The electrophysiological properties of subendocardial Purkinje fibers surviving in myocardial infarcts were studied with intracellular microelectrodes in isolated superfused preparations and correlated with subsequent light and electron microscopic studies. Transmembrane action potentials could always be recorded from one or two cell layers of subendocardial Purkinje fibers in infarcted regions 3 days to 7 weeks after coronary artery occlusion; ventricular muscle action potentials were rarely found. Microscopic studies also demonstrated several layers of intact subendocardial Purkinje fibers; the subjacent ventricular muscle cells were irreversibly injured and replaced by scar. At all time intervals, surviving Purkinje fibers had significantly reduced maximum diastolic potentials, action potential amplitudes, and depolarization velocities as well as prolonged action potential durations. These parameters normalized between 24 hours and 7 weeks after coronary artery occlusion. Surviving Purkinje fibers with electrophysiological abnormalities at 24 hours and 3 days contained vast lipid deposits. Lipid was less prevalent at 10 days when action potential characteristics had improved. By 7 weeks, action potentials were nearly normal and lipid was absent. Subendocardial Purkinje fibers surviving in infarcts are subject to conditions which cause electrophysiological and ultrastructural abnormalities. Persistent abnormalities in the electrophysiological properties of these surviving Purkinje fibers may cause persistent altered electrophysiological properties of the infarcted heart.", "contents": "Time course for reversal of electrophysiological and ultrastructural abnormalities in subendocardial Purkinje fibers surviving extensive myocardial infarction in dogs. The electrophysiological properties of subendocardial Purkinje fibers surviving in myocardial infarcts were studied with intracellular microelectrodes in isolated superfused preparations and correlated with subsequent light and electron microscopic studies. Transmembrane action potentials could always be recorded from one or two cell layers of subendocardial Purkinje fibers in infarcted regions 3 days to 7 weeks after coronary artery occlusion; ventricular muscle action potentials were rarely found. Microscopic studies also demonstrated several layers of intact subendocardial Purkinje fibers; the subjacent ventricular muscle cells were irreversibly injured and replaced by scar. At all time intervals, surviving Purkinje fibers had significantly reduced maximum diastolic potentials, action potential amplitudes, and depolarization velocities as well as prolonged action potential durations. These parameters normalized between 24 hours and 7 weeks after coronary artery occlusion. Surviving Purkinje fibers with electrophysiological abnormalities at 24 hours and 3 days contained vast lipid deposits. Lipid was less prevalent at 10 days when action potential characteristics had improved. By 7 weeks, action potentials were nearly normal and lipid was absent. Subendocardial Purkinje fibers surviving in infarcts are subject to conditions which cause electrophysiological and ultrastructural abnormalities. Persistent abnormalities in the electrophysiological properties of these surviving Purkinje fibers may cause persistent altered electrophysiological properties of the infarcted heart.", "PMID": 1116215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5009", "title": "A model of psychosocial hypertension showing reversibility and progression of cardiovascular complications.", "content": "The sequence of pathophysiological changes that can result from the stimulating effects of a sustained disturbance of the social environment was studied in ten colonies of socially deprived mice. Sixteen formerly isolated males were placed with 16 normal females in population cages consisting of  seven intercommunicating boxes. Six of these socially disturbed 32-member colonies were terminated after periods of interaction ranging from 2 days to 9 months. The remaining four were terminated a month or more after the males had been returned to individual isolation. Indirect blood pressure measurements, body and heart weights, and sections of hearts and aortas were studied in the males. Following the shorter exposures, blood pressure reverted to normal in a few days. Exposure of 6 months or more were associated with unchanged body weights and sustained increases in heart weight and blood pressure readings. In addition, there was a significant development of aortic arteriosclerosis and myocardial fibrosis. These changes persisted despite prolonged return to isolation.", "contents": "A model of psychosocial hypertension showing reversibility and progression of cardiovascular complications. The sequence of pathophysiological changes that can result from the stimulating effects of a sustained disturbance of the social environment was studied in ten colonies of socially deprived mice. Sixteen formerly isolated males were placed with 16 normal females in population cages consisting of  seven intercommunicating boxes. Six of these socially disturbed 32-member colonies were terminated after periods of interaction ranging from 2 days to 9 months. The remaining four were terminated a month or more after the males had been returned to individual isolation. Indirect blood pressure measurements, body and heart weights, and sections of hearts and aortas were studied in the males. Following the shorter exposures, blood pressure reverted to normal in a few days. Exposure of 6 months or more were associated with unchanged body weights and sustained increases in heart weight and blood pressure readings. In addition, there was a significant development of aortic arteriosclerosis and myocardial fibrosis. These changes persisted despite prolonged return to isolation.", "PMID": 1116216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5010", "title": "Hemodynamic effects of acute experimental aortic coarctation in the dog.", "content": "Pressure and flow pulses were recorded immediately proximal and distal to a temporary stenosis of the thoracic aorta of the dog. The severity of the stenosis was varied, and the magnitude of the pulse changes was correlated with the degree of stenosis expressed as the area ratio, As/All, where As is the cross-sectional area of the stenotic section and A-s that of the normal vessel. The harmonic amplitudes of the pressure and flow waves during the stenotic period were obtained by Fourier analysis and normalized to their values when the stenosis was released. It was found that as A-s/All yields 0 the proximal pressure amplitude increased and the distal pressure and the proximal and distal flow amplitudes decreased. These changes were such that the proximal fluid impedance calculated from the corresponding pressure and flow amplitude ratios increased as A-s/A-ll yields 0; the distal impedance remained relatively unaffected. These findings can be interpreted in terms of reflection of the pulse waves at the stenosis. The normalized proximal pressure amplitudes approximate to 1 + R and the distal pressure and both the proximal and the distal flow vary according to 1 minus R, where R is the reflection coefficient. The variation of R with A-s/A-ll can be determined from the proximal fluid impedance changes; we found that R increased relatively slowly for moderate stenoses, varying from 0 at A-s/A-ll 1.0 (no stenosis) to  similar to 0.2 at A-s/A-ll equals 0.2. At more severe stenoses, it increased more rapidly approaching 1.0 at A-s/A-ll equals 0. The generation of turbulence was most marked at A-s/A-ll yields 0.2.", "contents": "Hemodynamic effects of acute experimental aortic coarctation in the dog. Pressure and flow pulses were recorded immediately proximal and distal to a temporary stenosis of the thoracic aorta of the dog. The severity of the stenosis was varied, and the magnitude of the pulse changes was correlated with the degree of stenosis expressed as the area ratio, As/All, where As is the cross-sectional area of the stenotic section and A-s that of the normal vessel. The harmonic amplitudes of the pressure and flow waves during the stenotic period were obtained by Fourier analysis and normalized to their values when the stenosis was released. It was found that as A-s/All yields 0 the proximal pressure amplitude increased and the distal pressure and the proximal and distal flow amplitudes decreased. These changes were such that the proximal fluid impedance calculated from the corresponding pressure and flow amplitude ratios increased as A-s/A-ll yields 0; the distal impedance remained relatively unaffected. These findings can be interpreted in terms of reflection of the pulse waves at the stenosis. The normalized proximal pressure amplitudes approximate to 1 + R and the distal pressure and both the proximal and the distal flow vary according to 1 minus R, where R is the reflection coefficient. The variation of R with A-s/A-ll can be determined from the proximal fluid impedance changes; we found that R increased relatively slowly for moderate stenoses, varying from 0 at A-s/A-ll 1.0 (no stenosis) to  similar to 0.2 at A-s/A-ll equals 0.2. At more severe stenoses, it increased more rapidly approaching 1.0 at A-s/A-ll equals 0. The generation of turbulence was most marked at A-s/A-ll yields 0.2.", "PMID": 1116217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5011", "title": "Vascular endothelium-leukocyte interaction; sticking shear force in venules.", "content": "To determine the shear force acting on a white blood cell sticking to the endothelium of a blood vessel, the flow field about a single white blood cell in a venule was determined by hign-speed motion picture photomicrography. The force acting on the white blood cell was then calculated according to the principles of fluid mechanics. In this paper, the calculation was made using an experimentally determined dimensionless shear force coefficient obtained from a kinematically and dynamically similar model. The large physical model of the hemodynamic system could be easily instrumented, and the shear force acting on the model cell and the flow field around it were measured. The data were then used to calculate a shear force coefficient. On the basis of dynamic similarity, this shear force coefficient was applied to the white blood cell in the venule. The shear force coefficient was strongly influenced by the hematocrit, so in vivo hematocrits were measured from electron micrographs. It was found that in the venules of the rabbit omentum a white blood cell sticking to the endothelial wall was subjected to a shear force in the range of 4 times 10--5 dynes to 234 times 10--5 dynes; the exact value depended on the size and motion of the white blood cell, the size of the blood vessel, the velocity of the blood flow, and the local hematocrit, which varied between 20% and 40% in venules of about 40 mum in diameter. The contact area between the white blood cell and the endothelial cell was estimated, and the shear stress was found to range between 50 dynes/cm-2 and 1060 dynes/cm-2. The normal stress of interaction between the white blood cell and the endothelium had a maximum value that was of the same order of magnitude as the shear stress. The accumulated relative error of the experimental procedure was about 49%. The instantaneous shear force was a random function of time because of random fluctuations of the hematocrit.", "contents": "Vascular endothelium-leukocyte interaction; sticking shear force in venules. To determine the shear force acting on a white blood cell sticking to the endothelium of a blood vessel, the flow field about a single white blood cell in a venule was determined by hign-speed motion picture photomicrography. The force acting on the white blood cell was then calculated according to the principles of fluid mechanics. In this paper, the calculation was made using an experimentally determined dimensionless shear force coefficient obtained from a kinematically and dynamically similar model. The large physical model of the hemodynamic system could be easily instrumented, and the shear force acting on the model cell and the flow field around it were measured. The data were then used to calculate a shear force coefficient. On the basis of dynamic similarity, this shear force coefficient was applied to the white blood cell in the venule. The shear force coefficient was strongly influenced by the hematocrit, so in vivo hematocrits were measured from electron micrographs. It was found that in the venules of the rabbit omentum a white blood cell sticking to the endothelial wall was subjected to a shear force in the range of 4 times 10--5 dynes to 234 times 10--5 dynes; the exact value depended on the size and motion of the white blood cell, the size of the blood vessel, the velocity of the blood flow, and the local hematocrit, which varied between 20% and 40% in venules of about 40 mum in diameter. The contact area between the white blood cell and the endothelial cell was estimated, and the shear stress was found to range between 50 dynes/cm-2 and 1060 dynes/cm-2. The normal stress of interaction between the white blood cell and the endothelium had a maximum value that was of the same order of magnitude as the shear stress. The accumulated relative error of the experimental procedure was about 49%. The instantaneous shear force was a random function of time because of random fluctuations of the hematocrit.", "PMID": 1116218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5012", "title": "Comparison of 85krypton and 133xenon cerebral blood flow measurements before, during, and following focal, incomplete ischemia in the squirrel monkey.", "content": "A comparison of regional cerebral blood flow measurements made with beta- and gamma-emitting isotopes revealed good correspondence in areas of normal perfusion and reactive hyperemia but poor correspondence in areas of focal ischemia. After middle cerebral artery occlusion at normocapnia, there was a 65% reduction in regional cerebral blood flow from 1.40 plus or minus 0.27 ml/g min--1 to 0.49 plus or minus 0.10 ml/g min--1 in monkeys studied with 85Kr but only a 27% reduction in regional cerebral blood flow from 0.84 plus or minus 0.09 ml/g min--1 to 0.61 plus or minus 0.08 ml/g min--1 in monkeys studied with 133Xe. The lack of correlation within areas of focal, incomplete ischemia was attributed to an impairment of isotope delivery to the area of ischemia coupled with the inherent lack of spatial resolution of determinations made with 133Xe. This finding may partly explain the numerous discrepancies in experimental and clinical studies of the effects of alterations in the arterial partial pressure of CO2 on regional cerebral blood flow in areas of ischemia; it may also explain the failure of such studies to reflect the true severity of focal ischemia.", "contents": "Comparison of 85krypton and 133xenon cerebral blood flow measurements before, during, and following focal, incomplete ischemia in the squirrel monkey. A comparison of regional cerebral blood flow measurements made with beta- and gamma-emitting isotopes revealed good correspondence in areas of normal perfusion and reactive hyperemia but poor correspondence in areas of focal ischemia. After middle cerebral artery occlusion at normocapnia, there was a 65% reduction in regional cerebral blood flow from 1.40 plus or minus 0.27 ml/g min--1 to 0.49 plus or minus 0.10 ml/g min--1 in monkeys studied with 85Kr but only a 27% reduction in regional cerebral blood flow from 0.84 plus or minus 0.09 ml/g min--1 to 0.61 plus or minus 0.08 ml/g min--1 in monkeys studied with 133Xe. The lack of correlation within areas of focal, incomplete ischemia was attributed to an impairment of isotope delivery to the area of ischemia coupled with the inherent lack of spatial resolution of determinations made with 133Xe. This finding may partly explain the numerous discrepancies in experimental and clinical studies of the effects of alterations in the arterial partial pressure of CO2 on regional cerebral blood flow in areas of ischemia; it may also explain the failure of such studies to reflect the true severity of focal ischemia.", "PMID": 1116219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5013", "title": "Enhanced renal prostaglandin production in the dog. I. Effects on renal function.", "content": "The changes in renal function produced by endogenous synthesis of prostaglandins by the kidney were evaluated by infusing sodium arachidonate, the prescursor of the prostaglandins, into one renal artery of the dog. These changes were compared with those produced by similar infusions on performed prostaglandin (PG) E2 and F2alpha.PGE2given at 0.01-0.3 mug/kg min--1 produced dose-related increases in urine flow, sodium and potassium excretion, free water clearance, and renal blood flow. The glomerular filtration rage increased only at the lowest dose and the calculated filtration fraction fell. Arachidonic acid at 1.0-30.0 mug/kg min--1 similarly produced dose-related increases in electrolyte excretion, but the increase in renal blood flow was much less than that produced by PGE2 and there were no changes in glomerular filtration rate, filtration fraction, or free water clearances. PGF2alpha had essentially no effects at infusion rates of 0.03-1.0 mug/kg min--1. All renal effects of arachidonic acid were inhibited by simultaneous infusions of an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthetase, 5, 8, 11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid (20:4). None of the effects produced by PGE2 were inhibited by 20:4. These results indicate that enhanced endogenous renal prostaglandin synthesis, which can be produced by arachidonate infusion, results in significant alterations of renal function. This finding strengthens the hypothesis that renal prostaglandins formed in vivo have physiological importance as regulators of renal function.", "contents": "Enhanced renal prostaglandin production in the dog. I. Effects on renal function. The changes in renal function produced by endogenous synthesis of prostaglandins by the kidney were evaluated by infusing sodium arachidonate, the prescursor of the prostaglandins, into one renal artery of the dog. These changes were compared with those produced by similar infusions on performed prostaglandin (PG) E2 and F2alpha.PGE2given at 0.01-0.3 mug/kg min--1 produced dose-related increases in urine flow, sodium and potassium excretion, free water clearance, and renal blood flow. The glomerular filtration rage increased only at the lowest dose and the calculated filtration fraction fell. Arachidonic acid at 1.0-30.0 mug/kg min--1 similarly produced dose-related increases in electrolyte excretion, but the increase in renal blood flow was much less than that produced by PGE2 and there were no changes in glomerular filtration rate, filtration fraction, or free water clearances. PGF2alpha had essentially no effects at infusion rates of 0.03-1.0 mug/kg min--1. All renal effects of arachidonic acid were inhibited by simultaneous infusions of an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthetase, 5, 8, 11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid (20:4). None of the effects produced by PGE2 were inhibited by 20:4. These results indicate that enhanced endogenous renal prostaglandin synthesis, which can be produced by arachidonate infusion, results in significant alterations of renal function. This finding strengthens the hypothesis that renal prostaglandins formed in vivo have physiological importance as regulators of renal function.", "PMID": 1116220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5014", "title": "Enhanced renal prostaglandin production in the dog. II. Effects on intrarenal hemodynamics.", "content": "The effects of enhanced endogenous production of prostaglandins by the kidney on the distribution of blood flow in the renal cortex were assessed by infusing sodium arachidonate, the precursor of the renal prostaglandins, into one renal artery of the dog. The changes produced with arachidonate (3 times 10--6 g/kg min-1 and 10--5 g/kg min--1) were compared with those produced by infusions of prostaglandin (PG) E2 (10--7 g/kg min--1) and PGF2alpha (3 times 10--7 g/kg min--1) into  one renal artery. Distribution of renal blood flow was measured by the radioactive microsphere technique. Sodium arachidonate caused an increase in blood flow to the inner cortical zones with no change in flow to the nephrons in the outermost quarter of the cortex. PGE2 increased flow to all cortical zones, and PGF2alpha produced no change in flow. Since arterial blood pressure did not change, changes in vascular resistance were reciprocal to changes in flow. Thus, vascular resistance fell in the inner cortical regions but not in the outer regions, with arachidonate infusions and in all regions of the cortex with PGE2 infusions; no changes were seen with PGF2alpha infusions. These data indicate that prostaglandin formed endogenously in the kidney affects the vascular resistance of only the inner cortical nephrons; the data thus support the hypothesis that renal prostaglandins are one mediator of renal autoregulation of blood flow.", "contents": "Enhanced renal prostaglandin production in the dog. II. Effects on intrarenal hemodynamics. The effects of enhanced endogenous production of prostaglandins by the kidney on the distribution of blood flow in the renal cortex were assessed by infusing sodium arachidonate, the precursor of the renal prostaglandins, into one renal artery of the dog. The changes produced with arachidonate (3 times 10--6 g/kg min-1 and 10--5 g/kg min--1) were compared with those produced by infusions of prostaglandin (PG) E2 (10--7 g/kg min--1) and PGF2alpha (3 times 10--7 g/kg min--1) into  one renal artery. Distribution of renal blood flow was measured by the radioactive microsphere technique. Sodium arachidonate caused an increase in blood flow to the inner cortical zones with no change in flow to the nephrons in the outermost quarter of the cortex. PGE2 increased flow to all cortical zones, and PGF2alpha produced no change in flow. Since arterial blood pressure did not change, changes in vascular resistance were reciprocal to changes in flow. Thus, vascular resistance fell in the inner cortical regions but not in the outer regions, with arachidonate infusions and in all regions of the cortex with PGE2 infusions; no changes were seen with PGF2alpha infusions. These data indicate that prostaglandin formed endogenously in the kidney affects the vascular resistance of only the inner cortical nephrons; the data thus support the hypothesis that renal prostaglandins are one mediator of renal autoregulation of blood flow.", "PMID": 1116221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5015", "title": "Renal intracortical blood flow distribution, function, and sodium excretion in unanesthetized dogs following vena caval ligation.", "content": "We studied the renal function and the intrarenal blood flow of nine dogs whose thoracic inferior vena cava had been previously ligated (caval dogs) and nine other dogs. Following preparative surgery which included placement of a left atrial catheter, a femoral artery catheter, and bilateral ureteral catheters, the caval dogs gained an average of 2.1 kg of fluid weight, whereas the normal dogs gained no weight. Although neither the caval dogs' blood pressure (114 plus or minus 7 vs 120 plus or minus 4 mm Hg) nor their inulin clearance (0.64 plus or minus 0.06 vs. 0.79 plus or minus 0.06 ml/min g-1 kidney weight) was significantly reduced, their estimated renal blood flow (Cpah/[1-hematocrit]) was considerably lower (2.30 plus or minus 0.24 vs. 3.25 plus or minus 0.15 ml/min g-1). During the clearance study, the caval dogs' excretion of sodium (79 plus or minus 18 vs. 158 plus or minus 17 muEq/min) and their fractional clearance of sodium (2.0 plus or minus 0.4 vs. 3.4 plus or minus 0.5%) were reduced. Studies with microspheres failed to demonstrate a selective decrease in blood flow. However, comparison studies of nine other dogs (five caval and four normal) demonstrated that microsphere results were less reproducible in caval dogs than they were in normal dogs. We have concluded taht reduced blood flow is the only consistent alteration of renal function in this edematous animal model and that previous suggestions of altered distribution are not supported by these studies.", "contents": "Renal intracortical blood flow distribution, function, and sodium excretion in unanesthetized dogs following vena caval ligation. We studied the renal function and the intrarenal blood flow of nine dogs whose thoracic inferior vena cava had been previously ligated (caval dogs) and nine other dogs. Following preparative surgery which included placement of a left atrial catheter, a femoral artery catheter, and bilateral ureteral catheters, the caval dogs gained an average of 2.1 kg of fluid weight, whereas the normal dogs gained no weight. Although neither the caval dogs' blood pressure (114 plus or minus 7 vs 120 plus or minus 4 mm Hg) nor their inulin clearance (0.64 plus or minus 0.06 vs. 0.79 plus or minus 0.06 ml/min g-1 kidney weight) was significantly reduced, their estimated renal blood flow (Cpah/[1-hematocrit]) was considerably lower (2.30 plus or minus 0.24 vs. 3.25 plus or minus 0.15 ml/min g-1). During the clearance study, the caval dogs' excretion of sodium (79 plus or minus 18 vs. 158 plus or minus 17 muEq/min) and their fractional clearance of sodium (2.0 plus or minus 0.4 vs. 3.4 plus or minus 0.5%) were reduced. Studies with microspheres failed to demonstrate a selective decrease in blood flow. However, comparison studies of nine other dogs (five caval and four normal) demonstrated that microsphere results were less reproducible in caval dogs than they were in normal dogs. We have concluded taht reduced blood flow is the only consistent alteration of renal function in this edematous animal model and that previous suggestions of altered distribution are not supported by these studies.", "PMID": 1116222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5016", "title": "Permeability of connective tissue linings isolated from implanted capsules; implications for interstitial pressure measurements.", "content": "Quantification of the permeability of connective tissue linings isolated from implanted capsules was achieved by two types of experiments. The objective of the first type was to determine the restriction offered by the lining to diffusion of 125I-labeled human serum albumin. The restricted diffusion coefficient of albumin with respect to the connective tissue lining the luminal capsule surface (internal lining) averaged 3.0 times 10-7 plus or minus 0.4 times 10-7 cm2/sec in ten experiments indicating that the rate if migration of albumin across the structure was 35% of its free diffusion rate in water. In contrast, the albumin diffusion coefficient obtained for the abluminal (external) lining suggested that diffusion of albumin through this structure was 73% of the free diffusion rate in water. The objective of the second type of experiment was to determine solute reflection coefficients for inulin, serum albumin, and gamma-globulin with respect to the internal and external linings. For the internal lining, the reflection coefficients were: inulin 0.07, albumin0.23, and gamma-globulin 0.53. The external lining showed greater leakiness as evidenced by its lower reflection coefficient for a given molecule and its higher hydraulic conductivity. An equivalent pore calculation resulted in a calculated pore radius of 250-350 angstrom for the internal lining and a calculated pore radius of 500-600 angstrom for the external lining. The ineffectiveness of the leaky capsule lining in transmitting oncotic pressure suggests that under normal conditions the capsule measures interstitial hydrostatic pressure rather than oncotic pressure.", "contents": "Permeability of connective tissue linings isolated from implanted capsules; implications for interstitial pressure measurements. Quantification of the permeability of connective tissue linings isolated from implanted capsules was achieved by two types of experiments. The objective of the first type was to determine the restriction offered by the lining to diffusion of 125I-labeled human serum albumin. The restricted diffusion coefficient of albumin with respect to the connective tissue lining the luminal capsule surface (internal lining) averaged 3.0 times 10-7 plus or minus 0.4 times 10-7 cm2/sec in ten experiments indicating that the rate if migration of albumin across the structure was 35% of its free diffusion rate in water. In contrast, the albumin diffusion coefficient obtained for the abluminal (external) lining suggested that diffusion of albumin through this structure was 73% of the free diffusion rate in water. The objective of the second type of experiment was to determine solute reflection coefficients for inulin, serum albumin, and gamma-globulin with respect to the internal and external linings. For the internal lining, the reflection coefficients were: inulin 0.07, albumin0.23, and gamma-globulin 0.53. The external lining showed greater leakiness as evidenced by its lower reflection coefficient for a given molecule and its higher hydraulic conductivity. An equivalent pore calculation resulted in a calculated pore radius of 250-350 angstrom for the internal lining and a calculated pore radius of 500-600 angstrom for the external lining. The ineffectiveness of the leaky capsule lining in transmitting oncotic pressure suggests that under normal conditions the capsule measures interstitial hydrostatic pressure rather than oncotic pressure.", "PMID": 1116223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5017", "title": "Pulmonary parenchymal tissue volume measurements in graded degrees of pulmonary edema in dogs.", "content": "We investigated the accuracy and the sensitivity of a modification of the acetylene inhalation technique for the determination of lung tissue volume (Vt) during various grades of hemodynamic pulmonary edema in 23 dogs. After base-line acetylene measurements were obtained, intravascular driving force (pulmonary wedge pressure minus intravascular  colloid osmotic pressure) was varied between -8 and +71 mm Hg by the inflation of an intra-aortic ballon and the infusion of isotonic saline. After 30 minutes at this new driving force, four timed acetylene samples were again collected. Vt (when factored by alveolar volume, VA) increased from base line to 0.23 plus or minus 0.07 ml/ml between a driving force of 0 and  + 17 mm Hg. This same change in Vt/VA was accompanied by an increase in the lung wet weight-dry weight ratio from 3.84 plus or minus 0.31 to 5.2 plus or minus 0.25. Vt was 271 plus or minus ml compared with an actual lung wet weight of 288 plus or minus 57 g; Vt tended to overestimate lung wet weight in severe pulmonary edema. Alloxan-induced pulmonary edema (6 dogs) tended to parallel these data. We conclude that the acetylene method may ve a relatively accurate noninvasive method for the determination of increasing lung water in pulmonary edema.", "contents": "Pulmonary parenchymal tissue volume measurements in graded degrees of pulmonary edema in dogs. We investigated the accuracy and the sensitivity of a modification of the acetylene inhalation technique for the determination of lung tissue volume (Vt) during various grades of hemodynamic pulmonary edema in 23 dogs. After base-line acetylene measurements were obtained, intravascular driving force (pulmonary wedge pressure minus intravascular  colloid osmotic pressure) was varied between -8 and +71 mm Hg by the inflation of an intra-aortic ballon and the infusion of isotonic saline. After 30 minutes at this new driving force, four timed acetylene samples were again collected. Vt (when factored by alveolar volume, VA) increased from base line to 0.23 plus or minus 0.07 ml/ml between a driving force of 0 and  + 17 mm Hg. This same change in Vt/VA was accompanied by an increase in the lung wet weight-dry weight ratio from 3.84 plus or minus 0.31 to 5.2 plus or minus 0.25. Vt was 271 plus or minus ml compared with an actual lung wet weight of 288 plus or minus 57 g; Vt tended to overestimate lung wet weight in severe pulmonary edema. Alloxan-induced pulmonary edema (6 dogs) tended to parallel these data. We conclude that the acetylene method may ve a relatively accurate noninvasive method for the determination of increasing lung water in pulmonary edema.", "PMID": 1116224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5018", "title": "Contractility in mammalian heart muscle; calcium and osmolality.", "content": "The influence of osmolality of the external medium on the calcium (Ca) dependency of contractility of isolated electrically excited cat papillary muscle was examined. Maximum unloaded velocity of shortening was directly measured by load clamping the muscle from the preload (at the length, Lmax, at which maximum active tension was developed) to zero load (zero load clamp). Peak velocity of shortening at the Lmax preload, peak total force, peak rate of force development, time to peak force, and time to half relaxation were also recorded. The performance-Ca response curves (Ca concentration between 1.25 nM and 10 nM) for maximum unloaded velocity of shortening, peak shortening velocity at Lmax preload, total force, and peak rate of force development were shifted to the left when osmolality was increased (from 290 mosmoles to 410 mosmoles) with sucrose, and to the right when osmolality was increased with NaCl. The sensitivity for Ca, as determined from the slopes of these response curves, appeared essentially unaltered by either sucrose or NaCl, except for the high Ca concentrations (above 5 mM) at the higher osmolalities (above 370 mosmoles) especially with sucrose.", "contents": "Contractility in mammalian heart muscle; calcium and osmolality. The influence of osmolality of the external medium on the calcium (Ca) dependency of contractility of isolated electrically excited cat papillary muscle was examined. Maximum unloaded velocity of shortening was directly measured by load clamping the muscle from the preload (at the length, Lmax, at which maximum active tension was developed) to zero load (zero load clamp). Peak velocity of shortening at the Lmax preload, peak total force, peak rate of force development, time to peak force, and time to half relaxation were also recorded. The performance-Ca response curves (Ca concentration between 1.25 nM and 10 nM) for maximum unloaded velocity of shortening, peak shortening velocity at Lmax preload, total force, and peak rate of force development were shifted to the left when osmolality was increased (from 290 mosmoles to 410 mosmoles) with sucrose, and to the right when osmolality was increased with NaCl. The sensitivity for Ca, as determined from the slopes of these response curves, appeared essentially unaltered by either sucrose or NaCl, except for the high Ca concentrations (above 5 mM) at the higher osmolalities (above 370 mosmoles) especially with sucrose.", "PMID": 1116226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5019", "title": "Anoxia-induced release of prostaglandins in rabbit isolated hearts.", "content": "We investigated the relationship between prostaglandin release and the coronary vasodilation evoked by anoxia. Isolated rabbit hearts were perfused via the aorta with Krebs-Ringer's solution. The coronary effluent was bioassayed continuously in terms of prostaglandin E2 for prostaglandinlike substance which was present (at less than 1 ng/ml) in 60 of 66 hearts. This basal release was abolished by the prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor, indomethacin (1-2 mug/ml), a result which adds further to the identity of the prostaglandinlike substance as a prostaglandin. Anoxia increased coronary flow sometimes by 100% and evoked prostaglandin release shortly thereafter. Ablolition of prostaglandin synthesis by indomethacin pretreatment did not affect nor did infusion of exogenous prostaglandin mimic the anoxia-induced flow increment; thus, we conclude that prostaglandin release cannot account for the anoxia-induced vasodilator response. Furthermore, the failure of indomethacin to alter resting coronary blood flow suggests that a local prostaglandin release is not responsible for either the maintenance or the modulation of coronary flow in this preparation.", "contents": "Anoxia-induced release of prostaglandins in rabbit isolated hearts. We investigated the relationship between prostaglandin release and the coronary vasodilation evoked by anoxia. Isolated rabbit hearts were perfused via the aorta with Krebs-Ringer's solution. The coronary effluent was bioassayed continuously in terms of prostaglandin E2 for prostaglandinlike substance which was present (at less than 1 ng/ml) in 60 of 66 hearts. This basal release was abolished by the prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor, indomethacin (1-2 mug/ml), a result which adds further to the identity of the prostaglandinlike substance as a prostaglandin. Anoxia increased coronary flow sometimes by 100% and evoked prostaglandin release shortly thereafter. Ablolition of prostaglandin synthesis by indomethacin pretreatment did not affect nor did infusion of exogenous prostaglandin mimic the anoxia-induced flow increment; thus, we conclude that prostaglandin release cannot account for the anoxia-induced vasodilator response. Furthermore, the failure of indomethacin to alter resting coronary blood flow suggests that a local prostaglandin release is not responsible for either the maintenance or the modulation of coronary flow in this preparation.", "PMID": 1116227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5020", "title": "Motion of the tricuspid valve annulus in anesthetized intact dogs.", "content": "Phasic variations in the size, position, and geometry of the tricuspid valve annulus during the cardiac cycle were studied in five normal anethetized dogs 2-6 weeks after 8-11 lead beads had been sutured on the endocardial surface of the valve ring during cardiopulmonary bypass. Field-by-field measurements from biplane videoangiograms were used to assess changes in valve ring size and shape during control hemodynamic conditions and during increased heart rates. In addition, the percutaneous production of a complete atrioventricular block in two dogs enabled us to observe the effect of isolated atrial contractions on the valve annulus. During normal sinus rhythm, progressive narrowing of the annulus  during atrial and ventricular contractions reduced its area by 20-39% of the maximal valve circumference during diastole; approximately two-thirds of the total ring narrowing was associated with atrial systole. These findings suggest that one of the functions of atrial contraction is the reduction in size of the atrioventricular valve orifices prior to the onset of ventricular systole.", "contents": "Motion of the tricuspid valve annulus in anesthetized intact dogs. Phasic variations in the size, position, and geometry of the tricuspid valve annulus during the cardiac cycle were studied in five normal anethetized dogs 2-6 weeks after 8-11 lead beads had been sutured on the endocardial surface of the valve ring during cardiopulmonary bypass. Field-by-field measurements from biplane videoangiograms were used to assess changes in valve ring size and shape during control hemodynamic conditions and during increased heart rates. In addition, the percutaneous production of a complete atrioventricular block in two dogs enabled us to observe the effect of isolated atrial contractions on the valve annulus. During normal sinus rhythm, progressive narrowing of the annulus  during atrial and ventricular contractions reduced its area by 20-39% of the maximal valve circumference during diastole; approximately two-thirds of the total ring narrowing was associated with atrial systole. These findings suggest that one of the functions of atrial contraction is the reduction in size of the atrioventricular valve orifices prior to the onset of ventricular systole.", "PMID": 1116228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5021", "title": "Papillary muscle shortening in the intact dog; a cinderadiographic study of tranquilized dogs in the upright position.", "content": "Shortening of the anterior papillary muscle of the left ventricle was demonstrated in six intact, tranquilized dogs. Two small metal markers that had been surgically implanted 3-50 months earlier were cineradiographically photographed during approximately ten sequential cardiac cycles in each of two orthogonal positions. Distances between markers were plotted for successive frames. The resulting curves were used to obtain maximum velocities of papillary muscle shortening and lengthening: 1.08 plus or minus 0.29 muscle lengths/sec and 1.39 plus or minus 0.48 muscle lengths/sec, respectively. From the two orthogonal planes, the average maximum spatial distance and the average minimum spatial distance between the markers were calculated. The mean percent shortening of 22.8 plus or minus 6.5% was surprisingly large: it approximated the distance from the foot to the peak of the ascending limb of the myocardial length-tension curve derived from isolated muscle studies. Mechanical studies on isolated papillary muscle have consistently shown reduced shortening with increasing loads. Since the in vivo dog papillary muscle has been reported to be under considerable tension during systole, there appears to be some contradiction between the degree of shortening found in the present study and the shortening observed in isolated papillary muscle studies.", "contents": "Papillary muscle shortening in the intact dog; a cinderadiographic study of tranquilized dogs in the upright position. Shortening of the anterior papillary muscle of the left ventricle was demonstrated in six intact, tranquilized dogs. Two small metal markers that had been surgically implanted 3-50 months earlier were cineradiographically photographed during approximately ten sequential cardiac cycles in each of two orthogonal positions. Distances between markers were plotted for successive frames. The resulting curves were used to obtain maximum velocities of papillary muscle shortening and lengthening: 1.08 plus or minus 0.29 muscle lengths/sec and 1.39 plus or minus 0.48 muscle lengths/sec, respectively. From the two orthogonal planes, the average maximum spatial distance and the average minimum spatial distance between the markers were calculated. The mean percent shortening of 22.8 plus or minus 6.5% was surprisingly large: it approximated the distance from the foot to the peak of the ascending limb of the myocardial length-tension curve derived from isolated muscle studies. Mechanical studies on isolated papillary muscle have consistently shown reduced shortening with increasing loads. Since the in vivo dog papillary muscle has been reported to be under considerable tension during systole, there appears to be some contradiction between the degree of shortening found in the present study and the shortening observed in isolated papillary muscle studies.", "PMID": 1116229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5022", "title": "Intimal injury and regrowth in the rabbit aorta; medial smooth muscle cells as a source of neointima.", "content": "The present study was undertaken to determine the mechanism of neointima formation in rabbit arteries subjected to extensive endothelial desquamation. Endothelial cells were selectively removed from the abdominal aorta by passing an inflated balloon catheter through the vessel. The healing response was then studied serially for up to a week, when neointima formation had provided a virtually complete cover. In en face preparations, the early neointimal cells appeared in random locations; they did not develop in apposition to residual, healthy endothelium. The possibility of blood cell colonization was explored by inserting killed aortic homografts. Since these homografts showed neointima formation only close to the site of junction with the normal aorta and as a direct extension of healthy endothelium, the likelihood of significant blood cell colonization was deemed small. Histologic and electron microscopic sections provided evidence that the early neointimal cells in the healing aorta were derived from medial smooth muscle cells. Healing of the injured arterial intima was accompanied by thickening instead of prompt restoration to normal, and the thickened intima resembled an arteriosclerotic plaque. The present study thus supports the concept that arteriosclerosis is a disease involving proliferation of medial smooth muscle cells.", "contents": "Intimal injury and regrowth in the rabbit aorta; medial smooth muscle cells as a source of neointima. The present study was undertaken to determine the mechanism of neointima formation in rabbit arteries subjected to extensive endothelial desquamation. Endothelial cells were selectively removed from the abdominal aorta by passing an inflated balloon catheter through the vessel. The healing response was then studied serially for up to a week, when neointima formation had provided a virtually complete cover. In en face preparations, the early neointimal cells appeared in random locations; they did not develop in apposition to residual, healthy endothelium. The possibility of blood cell colonization was explored by inserting killed aortic homografts. Since these homografts showed neointima formation only close to the site of junction with the normal aorta and as a direct extension of healthy endothelium, the likelihood of significant blood cell colonization was deemed small. Histologic and electron microscopic sections provided evidence that the early neointimal cells in the healing aorta were derived from medial smooth muscle cells. Healing of the injured arterial intima was accompanied by thickening instead of prompt restoration to normal, and the thickened intima resembled an arteriosclerotic plaque. The present study thus supports the concept that arteriosclerosis is a disease involving proliferation of medial smooth muscle cells.", "PMID": 1116230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5023", "title": "Effect of hemodilution on the distribution of renal blood flow.", "content": "We evaluated the effects of hemodilution, expansion of intravascular volume, and expansion of interstitial volume on the distribution of cortical renal blood flow, utilizing the microsphere technique. Hemodilution without volume expansion (saline exchange) produced an increase in fractional blood flow in zone 1 (outermost zone) of the cortex from 34 plus or minus 1% to 43 plus or minus 2% and a decrease in fractional blood flow in zone 4 (innermost zone) from 16 plus or minus 2% to 13 plus or minus 2%. Hemodilution without volume expansion or a decrease in plasma protein concentration (isoncotic exchange) produced a similar redistribution in blood flow in zone 1 from 34 plus or minus 2% to 41 plus or minus 2% and in zone 4 from 14 plus or minus 2% to 10 plus or minus 1%. Hemodilution with intravascular volume expansion (hyperoncotic albumin infusion) also produced a superficial shift; blood flow in zone 1 increased from 27 plus or minus 1% to 30 plus or minus 1% and that in zone 4 decreased from 19 plus or minus 2% to 15 plus or minus 1%. Previous studies have demonstrated a redistribution to the juxtamedullary area after saline expansion. Our data demonstrate that hemodilution causes flow to redistribute to the superficial rather than the deep cortex. This superficial shift appears to be secondary to decrease hematocrit rather than to dilution of plasma proteins or expansions of intravascular volume. The deep shift in cortical blood flow which occurs during saline loading is presumably a consequence of expansion of interstitial volume.", "contents": "Effect of hemodilution on the distribution of renal blood flow. We evaluated the effects of hemodilution, expansion of intravascular volume, and expansion of interstitial volume on the distribution of cortical renal blood flow, utilizing the microsphere technique. Hemodilution without volume expansion (saline exchange) produced an increase in fractional blood flow in zone 1 (outermost zone) of the cortex from 34 plus or minus 1% to 43 plus or minus 2% and a decrease in fractional blood flow in zone 4 (innermost zone) from 16 plus or minus 2% to 13 plus or minus 2%. Hemodilution without volume expansion or a decrease in plasma protein concentration (isoncotic exchange) produced a similar redistribution in blood flow in zone 1 from 34 plus or minus 2% to 41 plus or minus 2% and in zone 4 from 14 plus or minus 2% to 10 plus or minus 1%. Hemodilution with intravascular volume expansion (hyperoncotic albumin infusion) also produced a superficial shift; blood flow in zone 1 increased from 27 plus or minus 1% to 30 plus or minus 1% and that in zone 4 decreased from 19 plus or minus 2% to 15 plus or minus 1%. Previous studies have demonstrated a redistribution to the juxtamedullary area after saline expansion. Our data demonstrate that hemodilution causes flow to redistribute to the superficial rather than the deep cortex. This superficial shift appears to be secondary to decrease hematocrit rather than to dilution of plasma proteins or expansions of intravascular volume. The deep shift in cortical blood flow which occurs during saline loading is presumably a consequence of expansion of interstitial volume.", "PMID": 1116231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5024", "title": "Static and dynamic components in the vascular myogenic response to passive changes in length as revealed by electrical and mechanical recordings from the rat portal vein.", "content": "The effects of static and dynamic passive stretch and shortening on electrical activity and active force were analyzed in the isolated rat portal vein. Static stretch by 40% of muscle length evoked moderate excitatory effects with enhanced mechanical activity and an average increase in spike discharge of 12% above the control value of 55 plus or minus 2.6 spikes/min. The dynamic responses studied at various rates of length change (dL/dt) over the range between minus 12 and plus 12 mm/min, i.e., minus 3 and plus 3% muscle length/sec, were much more pronounced. Active force and spike activity showed graded increases with increasing rates of stretch. The electrical activity reached a value of 180 spikes/min (approximately equal to 325% of control) at 5 mm/min; this frequency was then maintained for stretch rates up to 12 mm/min. Mechanical activity during stretch was further reinforced by the shift along the length-tension diagram. Passive shortening at rates from minus 1 to minus 12 mm/min caused graded decreases in mechanical and electrical activity below the control levels, complete inhibition being observed at the latter dL/dt. Blockade of alpha and beta receptors indicated that the responses were myogenic in nature. The findings seem to provide direct support for the myogenic hypothesis of vascular tone and responses to stretch of the vascular wall, but they indicate that emphasis should be placed on the dynamic characteristics of the stimulus rather than its static nature. This emphasis constitutes a new concept in the myogenic control of the peripheral circulation.", "contents": "Static and dynamic components in the vascular myogenic response to passive changes in length as revealed by electrical and mechanical recordings from the rat portal vein. The effects of static and dynamic passive stretch and shortening on electrical activity and active force were analyzed in the isolated rat portal vein. Static stretch by 40% of muscle length evoked moderate excitatory effects with enhanced mechanical activity and an average increase in spike discharge of 12% above the control value of 55 plus or minus 2.6 spikes/min. The dynamic responses studied at various rates of length change (dL/dt) over the range between minus 12 and plus 12 mm/min, i.e., minus 3 and plus 3% muscle length/sec, were much more pronounced. Active force and spike activity showed graded increases with increasing rates of stretch. The electrical activity reached a value of 180 spikes/min (approximately equal to 325% of control) at 5 mm/min; this frequency was then maintained for stretch rates up to 12 mm/min. Mechanical activity during stretch was further reinforced by the shift along the length-tension diagram. Passive shortening at rates from minus 1 to minus 12 mm/min caused graded decreases in mechanical and electrical activity below the control levels, complete inhibition being observed at the latter dL/dt. Blockade of alpha and beta receptors indicated that the responses were myogenic in nature. The findings seem to provide direct support for the myogenic hypothesis of vascular tone and responses to stretch of the vascular wall, but they indicate that emphasis should be placed on the dynamic characteristics of the stimulus rather than its static nature. This emphasis constitutes a new concept in the myogenic control of the peripheral circulation.", "PMID": 1116232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5025", "title": "In vivo electrophysiological effects of lidocaine in canine acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "Lidocaine was administered as a rapid intravenous bolus injection followed by a constant-rate intravenous infusion to nine dogs with 2-hour-old myocardial infarctions. Bipolar electrograms were recorded from and effective refractory periods were determined in the infarcted and normal zones of the heart. Intervals (Q-EG) were measured from the onset of the QRS complex in a standard electrocardiogram limb lead to the major deflection of the recorded electrograms from the normal and infarcted zones. QRS duration and serum lidocaine concentration were also determined. At serum concentrations considered to be therapeutic, lidocaine prolonged the Q-EG intervals in the infarcted zones of the heart 17-26% at peak effect (P less than 0.01), but it had no effect on the Q-EG intervals in the normal zone except for a slight (1.5%) prolongation shortly after the initial intravenous bolus injection. Lidocaine also had no effect on QRS duration. Similarly, lidocaine prolonged the effective refractory period of the infarcted zone 23% (P less than 0.01) at peak effect but had no effect on the effective refractory period of the normal zone. Prior to lidocaine administration, the mean effective refractory period of the normal zone was 26 msec longer than that of the infarcted zone, but at peak drug effect the disparity in refractoriness was reduced to 1 msec. The present study thus shows that lidocaine has different effects in infarcted and normal zones of the heart. In delaying activation and prolonging the effective refractory period of the infarcted zone of the heart, lidocaine has local anesthetic actions which might explain its effectiveness in curtailing ventricular arrhythmias after acute myocardial infarction.", "contents": "In vivo electrophysiological effects of lidocaine in canine acute myocardial infarction. Lidocaine was administered as a rapid intravenous bolus injection followed by a constant-rate intravenous infusion to nine dogs with 2-hour-old myocardial infarctions. Bipolar electrograms were recorded from and effective refractory periods were determined in the infarcted and normal zones of the heart. Intervals (Q-EG) were measured from the onset of the QRS complex in a standard electrocardiogram limb lead to the major deflection of the recorded electrograms from the normal and infarcted zones. QRS duration and serum lidocaine concentration were also determined. At serum concentrations considered to be therapeutic, lidocaine prolonged the Q-EG intervals in the infarcted zones of the heart 17-26% at peak effect (P less than 0.01), but it had no effect on the Q-EG intervals in the normal zone except for a slight (1.5%) prolongation shortly after the initial intravenous bolus injection. Lidocaine also had no effect on QRS duration. Similarly, lidocaine prolonged the effective refractory period of the infarcted zone 23% (P less than 0.01) at peak effect but had no effect on the effective refractory period of the normal zone. Prior to lidocaine administration, the mean effective refractory period of the normal zone was 26 msec longer than that of the infarcted zone, but at peak drug effect the disparity in refractoriness was reduced to 1 msec. The present study thus shows that lidocaine has different effects in infarcted and normal zones of the heart. In delaying activation and prolonging the effective refractory period of the infarcted zone of the heart, lidocaine has local anesthetic actions which might explain its effectiveness in curtailing ventricular arrhythmias after acute myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 1116233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5026", "title": "A mechanism for the electrocardiogram response to left ventricular hypertrophy and acute ischemia.", "content": "A proposed mechanism for explaining the electrocardiographic response in left ventricular hypertrophy and in subendocardial and epicardial acute ischemia was incorporated in a mathematical model of electrical heart activity. The model of hypertrophy was simply an increase in cell size, and the principal effect on the computer-generated 12-lead electrocardiograms (ECGs) was an increase in R-wave amplitude and ventricular activation time and a flattening or polarity reversal of the T wave. The model of acute ischemia was a reduction between plateau and resting potential of the transmembrane action potential. The principal effect on the computer-generated 12-lead ECGs was an S-T segment displacement up or down depending on the location of the lesion. This shift was linearly proportional to the severity of the ischemia, i.e., the reduction in electrical activity of the ischemic cell, and for a lesion of given severity the S-T segment shift was a measure of the area, not the volume, of ischemic tissue. Therefore, this model suggests that a direct correlation does not necessarily exist between volume-measuring tests such as serum enzyme values in the case of necrosis and S-T segment shifts.", "contents": "A mechanism for the electrocardiogram response to left ventricular hypertrophy and acute ischemia. A proposed mechanism for explaining the electrocardiographic response in left ventricular hypertrophy and in subendocardial and epicardial acute ischemia was incorporated in a mathematical model of electrical heart activity. The model of hypertrophy was simply an increase in cell size, and the principal effect on the computer-generated 12-lead electrocardiograms (ECGs) was an increase in R-wave amplitude and ventricular activation time and a flattening or polarity reversal of the T wave. The model of acute ischemia was a reduction between plateau and resting potential of the transmembrane action potential. The principal effect on the computer-generated 12-lead ECGs was an S-T segment displacement up or down depending on the location of the lesion. This shift was linearly proportional to the severity of the ischemia, i.e., the reduction in electrical activity of the ischemic cell, and for a lesion of given severity the S-T segment shift was a measure of the area, not the volume, of ischemic tissue. Therefore, this model suggests that a direct correlation does not necessarily exist between volume-measuring tests such as serum enzyme values in the case of necrosis and S-T segment shifts.", "PMID": 1116234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5027", "title": "Arterial fibrous proteins in cynomolgus monkeys after atherogenic and regression diets.", "content": "Fibrous proteins were measured in five arterial beds in adult cynomolgus monkeys after administration of atherogenic and regression regimens. Atherosclerosis was induced by feeding the monkeys a hypercholesterolemic diet containing 1.2% cholesterol for 17 months. A low-fat, cholesterol-free regression diet was then given for 60 days, 200 days, and 20 months. In atherosclerosis, collagen concentration (mg/g dry weight) and collagen content (mg/cm length of artery) both increased. At 200 days of regression the collagen concentration, but not the collagen content, was higher than it was in atherosclerosis. In late regression (20 months), the collagen content was lower than it was in atherosclerosis, although in the five arterial beds considered together the collagen concentration was not significantly lower. Both the elastin concentration and the elastin content rose in atherosclerosis and decreased in regression. These mass data suggest that fibrous proteins are lost from the arterial wall during a regression regimen. Correlative evidence suggests that younger intimal fibers may be chiefly susceptible to fibrolytic activity, leaving dense intimal scars characteristic of regressed arteries.", "contents": "Arterial fibrous proteins in cynomolgus monkeys after atherogenic and regression diets. Fibrous proteins were measured in five arterial beds in adult cynomolgus monkeys after administration of atherogenic and regression regimens. Atherosclerosis was induced by feeding the monkeys a hypercholesterolemic diet containing 1.2% cholesterol for 17 months. A low-fat, cholesterol-free regression diet was then given for 60 days, 200 days, and 20 months. In atherosclerosis, collagen concentration (mg/g dry weight) and collagen content (mg/cm length of artery) both increased. At 200 days of regression the collagen concentration, but not the collagen content, was higher than it was in atherosclerosis. In late regression (20 months), the collagen content was lower than it was in atherosclerosis, although in the five arterial beds considered together the collagen concentration was not significantly lower. Both the elastin concentration and the elastin content rose in atherosclerosis and decreased in regression. These mass data suggest that fibrous proteins are lost from the arterial wall during a regression regimen. Correlative evidence suggests that younger intimal fibers may be chiefly susceptible to fibrolytic activity, leaving dense intimal scars characteristic of regressed arteries.", "PMID": 1116235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5028", "title": "Diminished inotropic response of aged myocardium to catecholamines.", "content": "The effect of advanced age on the response of active tension, maximal rate of tension development (dT/dt), and contraction duration to catecholamines and to calcium was evaluated in isometric trabeculae carneae from young adult (6-month-old), middle-aged (12-month-old), and aged (25-month-old) rats. Control values were not age dependent except for that for contraction duration which was prolonged in the aged group. At a norepinephrine concentration of 8 times 10-5M, dT/dt increased to 163.8 plus or minus 5.3% of control in the young adult group and to 125.9 plus or minus 6.3% of control in the aged group (P smaller than 0.001). Active tension increased to 121.3 plus or minus 4.0% of control in the young adult muscles but did not increase in the aged muscles (P smaller than 0.01). Contraction duration shortened proportionately in both age groups. Similar results were obtained with isoproterenol. In contrast to the response to catecholamines, there was no age difference in the response of active tension and dT/dt to increasing concentrations of calcium. It is concluded that the intrinsic inotropic response to catecholamines is diminished in the aged myocardium. This finding does not appear to result from differences in tachyphylaxis, tissue uptake of catecholamines, or the ability of the contractile proteins to respond to increasing concentrations of calcium but instead may result from a decreased ability of catecholamines to increase the intracellular calcium available for contraction.", "contents": "Diminished inotropic response of aged myocardium to catecholamines. The effect of advanced age on the response of active tension, maximal rate of tension development (dT/dt), and contraction duration to catecholamines and to calcium was evaluated in isometric trabeculae carneae from young adult (6-month-old), middle-aged (12-month-old), and aged (25-month-old) rats. Control values were not age dependent except for that for contraction duration which was prolonged in the aged group. At a norepinephrine concentration of 8 times 10-5M, dT/dt increased to 163.8 plus or minus 5.3% of control in the young adult group and to 125.9 plus or minus 6.3% of control in the aged group (P smaller than 0.001). Active tension increased to 121.3 plus or minus 4.0% of control in the young adult muscles but did not increase in the aged muscles (P smaller than 0.01). Contraction duration shortened proportionately in both age groups. Similar results were obtained with isoproterenol. In contrast to the response to catecholamines, there was no age difference in the response of active tension and dT/dt to increasing concentrations of calcium. It is concluded that the intrinsic inotropic response to catecholamines is diminished in the aged myocardium. This finding does not appear to result from differences in tachyphylaxis, tissue uptake of catecholamines, or the ability of the contractile proteins to respond to increasing concentrations of calcium but instead may result from a decreased ability of catecholamines to increase the intracellular calcium available for contraction.", "PMID": 1116236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5029", "title": "Influence of carotid baroreceptors on vascular responses to carotid chemoreceptor stimulation in the dog.", "content": "The modification by the carotid baroreceptors of the vascular responses to chemoreceptor stimulation was studied in anesthetized, artificially ventilated, vagotomized dogs. The carotid bifurcations were vascularly isolated and perfused with blood at constant pressures of 134, 215, and 51 mm Hg to cause intermediate, maximal, and minimal inhibition, respectively, of the vasomotor center. At each pressure, stimulation of the carotid chemoreceptors was achieved by perfusion with hypoxic hypercapnic blood. With intermediate inhibition, the chemoreceptor stimulation increased the aortic pressure by 50% and decreased the hind-limb and kidney blood flow (perfusion at constant pressure) by 59% and 19%, respectively. At carotid sinus pressures of 215 and 51 mm Hg, the effects of chemoreceptor stimulation were absent or markedly attenuated. With intermediate sinus pressure, chemoreceptor stimulation decreased the perfusion pressure of the saphenous vein by 27% (perfusion at constant flow). When the sinus pressure was increased to 215 mm Hg, the tone of the vein did not change, but chemoreceptor stimulation was without effect. The present study indicates a central interaction (which may be presynaptic) between the chemoreceptor and baroreceptor inputs such that the vascular responses to chemoreceptor stimulation are inhibited when the carotid sinus activity is maximal or minimal.", "contents": "Influence of carotid baroreceptors on vascular responses to carotid chemoreceptor stimulation in the dog. The modification by the carotid baroreceptors of the vascular responses to chemoreceptor stimulation was studied in anesthetized, artificially ventilated, vagotomized dogs. The carotid bifurcations were vascularly isolated and perfused with blood at constant pressures of 134, 215, and 51 mm Hg to cause intermediate, maximal, and minimal inhibition, respectively, of the vasomotor center. At each pressure, stimulation of the carotid chemoreceptors was achieved by perfusion with hypoxic hypercapnic blood. With intermediate inhibition, the chemoreceptor stimulation increased the aortic pressure by 50% and decreased the hind-limb and kidney blood flow (perfusion at constant pressure) by 59% and 19%, respectively. At carotid sinus pressures of 215 and 51 mm Hg, the effects of chemoreceptor stimulation were absent or markedly attenuated. With intermediate sinus pressure, chemoreceptor stimulation decreased the perfusion pressure of the saphenous vein by 27% (perfusion at constant flow). When the sinus pressure was increased to 215 mm Hg, the tone of the vein did not change, but chemoreceptor stimulation was without effect. The present study indicates a central interaction (which may be presynaptic) between the chemoreceptor and baroreceptor inputs such that the vascular responses to chemoreceptor stimulation are inhibited when the carotid sinus activity is maximal or minimal.", "PMID": 1116237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5030", "title": "Calculations of pulsatile flow through a branch: implications for the hemodynamics of atherogenesis.", "content": "Numerical simulations of pulsatile blood flow through a symmetrical branch modeling the aortic bifurcation were carried out to assess several hemodynamic theories of atherogenesis by comparing the distribution of hemodynamic variables with that of early lesions in arterial branches. Considerable spatial and temporal variations in wall shear were found when the flow was pulsatile; the highest values occurred at the convex corner on the outer wall of the branch and in the neighborhood of the flow divider tip, and the lowest shears were experienced by the outer wall of the daughter vessel a short distance distal to the corner. Transient flow reversal occurred almost everywhere in the branch, and a transient separated region was found corresponding to the low-shear region in the daughter vessel. The shear profiles and the calculated separated region were influenced to some degree by the extent of flow development at the branch inlet and markedly by the branch area ratio. All of the proposed hemodynamic promoters of atherosclerosis that were examined--high shear, low shear, and separation--were found at sites in the branch where lesions commonly develop. Comparisons with a steady-flow calculation at the same mean flow rate showed that the severity of all of these proposed hemodynamic determinants was increased by pulsatility.", "contents": "Calculations of pulsatile flow through a branch: implications for the hemodynamics of atherogenesis. Numerical simulations of pulsatile blood flow through a symmetrical branch modeling the aortic bifurcation were carried out to assess several hemodynamic theories of atherogenesis by comparing the distribution of hemodynamic variables with that of early lesions in arterial branches. Considerable spatial and temporal variations in wall shear were found when the flow was pulsatile; the highest values occurred at the convex corner on the outer wall of the branch and in the neighborhood of the flow divider tip, and the lowest shears were experienced by the outer wall of the daughter vessel a short distance distal to the corner. Transient flow reversal occurred almost everywhere in the branch, and a transient separated region was found corresponding to the low-shear region in the daughter vessel. The shear profiles and the calculated separated region were influenced to some degree by the extent of flow development at the branch inlet and markedly by the branch area ratio. All of the proposed hemodynamic promoters of atherosclerosis that were examined--high shear, low shear, and separation--were found at sites in the branch where lesions commonly develop. Comparisons with a steady-flow calculation at the same mean flow rate showed that the severity of all of these proposed hemodynamic determinants was increased by pulsatility.", "PMID": 1116238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5031", "title": "Functional and hemodynamic adaptation to progressive renal ablation.", "content": "Removal of renal tissue stimulates functional and anatomical adaptation in the remaining renal parenchyma. Since recent studies have demonstrated no apparent limitation in compensatory growth following progressive surgical ablation, experiments were performed to determine the changes in glomerular filtration rate and renal blood flow. After removal of 50% of the renal mass mean nephron glomerular filtration rate increased 60%, and after ablation of 75% of the renal tissue it increased 150%. These changes paralleled the increases in renal growth under the same conditions. In comparison, mean glomerular blood flow rose 90% and 240% after 50% and 75% nephrectomy, respectively; these changes in relation to the changes in glomerular filtration rate resulted in a progressive fall in the filtration fraction. Intrarenal blood flow distribution was examined with labeled microspheres. The marked increase in renal blood flow after surgical ablation was characterized by a disproportionate rise in blood flow to the inner cortex. The present investigation, therefore, described the remarkable functional changes that occur as overall glomerular filtration rate declines and provides further insight into the mechanism responsible for maintaining water and electrolyte homeostasis after loss of functioning renal mass.", "contents": "Functional and hemodynamic adaptation to progressive renal ablation. Removal of renal tissue stimulates functional and anatomical adaptation in the remaining renal parenchyma. Since recent studies have demonstrated no apparent limitation in compensatory growth following progressive surgical ablation, experiments were performed to determine the changes in glomerular filtration rate and renal blood flow. After removal of 50% of the renal mass mean nephron glomerular filtration rate increased 60%, and after ablation of 75% of the renal tissue it increased 150%. These changes paralleled the increases in renal growth under the same conditions. In comparison, mean glomerular blood flow rose 90% and 240% after 50% and 75% nephrectomy, respectively; these changes in relation to the changes in glomerular filtration rate resulted in a progressive fall in the filtration fraction. Intrarenal blood flow distribution was examined with labeled microspheres. The marked increase in renal blood flow after surgical ablation was characterized by a disproportionate rise in blood flow to the inner cortex. The present investigation, therefore, described the remarkable functional changes that occur as overall glomerular filtration rate declines and provides further insight into the mechanism responsible for maintaining water and electrolyte homeostasis after loss of functioning renal mass.", "PMID": 1116239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5032", "title": "Sphingomyelin and other phospholipid metabolism in the rabbit atheromatous and normal aorta.", "content": "Hypercholesterolemia induces atheroma formation, and the concentration of sphingomyelin is increased compared with that in the normal aortic intima-media. The aortic intima-media sphingomyelin concentration appears to increase exponentially with time on the cholesterol diet. Moreover, the entry rate of serum sphingomyelin into the aortic wall also appears to increase exponentially with time on the cholesterol diet and with the extent of aortic exposure to hypercholesterolemia. 32P-Phosphate incorporation into sphingomyelin and other phospholipids in the perfused rabbit aorta does not increase with atheromatosis, but the rate of sphingomyelin entry increases 27-fold during approximately the same period of atheroma formation and can account for all of the increase in sphingomyelin concentration in the intima-media.", "contents": "Sphingomyelin and other phospholipid metabolism in the rabbit atheromatous and normal aorta. Hypercholesterolemia induces atheroma formation, and the concentration of sphingomyelin is increased compared with that in the normal aortic intima-media. The aortic intima-media sphingomyelin concentration appears to increase exponentially with time on the cholesterol diet. Moreover, the entry rate of serum sphingomyelin into the aortic wall also appears to increase exponentially with time on the cholesterol diet and with the extent of aortic exposure to hypercholesterolemia. 32P-Phosphate incorporation into sphingomyelin and other phospholipids in the perfused rabbit aorta does not increase with atheromatosis, but the rate of sphingomyelin entry increases 27-fold during approximately the same period of atheroma formation and can account for all of the increase in sphingomyelin concentration in the intima-media.", "PMID": 1116240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5033", "title": "Hypothermic arrest and potassium arrest: metabolic and myocardial protection during elective cardiac arrest.", "content": "Hypothermic arrest, potassium arrest, and ischemic arrest, either singly or in combination, with or without coronary perfusion were studied in an isolated perfused rat heart preparation. Procedures that permitted the maintenance of high cellular levels of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and creatine phosphate during arrest, e.g., coronary perfusion with hypothermic solutions or solutions containing 16.0 mM potassium, produced a fully reversible arrest with complete cardiac recovery. Cardiac arrest and coronary flow were related to the degree of hypothermia and the concentration of potassium in the coronary perfusate, and the minimum conditions required to induce complete cardiac arrest were ascertained. The effects of hypothermia and potassium were additive; total cardiac arrest could be obtained by combining small evaluations of potassium with moderate hypothermia. Under these conditions, cellular high-energy phosphates were maintained, and complete recovery was possible. Under conditions in which arrest was obtained without maintaing coronary perfusion, e.g., ischemic arrest, cellular high-energy phosphates declined rapidly, and the hearts exhibited poor recoveries. Some protection could be afforded to the ischemic myocardium by topical hypothermia or by combining the ischemia with potassium arrest. In both instances, ATP and creatine phosphate were maintained at higher levels, and improved recoveries were observed.", "contents": "Hypothermic arrest and potassium arrest: metabolic and myocardial protection during elective cardiac arrest. Hypothermic arrest, potassium arrest, and ischemic arrest, either singly or in combination, with or without coronary perfusion were studied in an isolated perfused rat heart preparation. Procedures that permitted the maintenance of high cellular levels of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and creatine phosphate during arrest, e.g., coronary perfusion with hypothermic solutions or solutions containing 16.0 mM potassium, produced a fully reversible arrest with complete cardiac recovery. Cardiac arrest and coronary flow were related to the degree of hypothermia and the concentration of potassium in the coronary perfusate, and the minimum conditions required to induce complete cardiac arrest were ascertained. The effects of hypothermia and potassium were additive; total cardiac arrest could be obtained by combining small evaluations of potassium with moderate hypothermia. Under these conditions, cellular high-energy phosphates were maintained, and complete recovery was possible. Under conditions in which arrest was obtained without maintaing coronary perfusion, e.g., ischemic arrest, cellular high-energy phosphates declined rapidly, and the hearts exhibited poor recoveries. Some protection could be afforded to the ischemic myocardium by topical hypothermia or by combining the ischemia with potassium arrest. In both instances, ATP and creatine phosphate were maintained at higher levels, and improved recoveries were observed.", "PMID": 1116243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5034", "title": "A one-dimensional viscoelastic model of cat heart muscle studied by small length perturbations during isometric contraction.", "content": "To develop a model of heart muscle, we studied cat papillary muscle contracting in a quasi-isometric condition under a fixed inotropic state. The properties of resting muscle were determined by using a step stretch of less than 1.2% of Lmax for initial lengths from 85 to 100% Lmax. The passive force response suggested the model of the passive branch (Fig. 1). All five parameters were small at muscle lengths below 95% of Lmax but increased markedly at longer lengths. The properties of contracting muscle were studied with a sinusoidal length change (amplitude less than 0.15% of Lmax, frequency 0.1-35.0 Hz). The frequency response of active (total minus passive) stiffness suggested the model of the active branch (Fig. 1). We determined the dependency of the elastic elements (K, Ks) and the viscous element (C) on length and time by recording the frequency response at various combinations of length and time Ks varied linearly with active force (FA). K and C exhibited time courses that paralleled FA up to 0.6tmax, and they maintained their values until 1.4tmax. K then fell toward zero, whereas C exhibited a secondary rise before it fell toward zero. K was dependent of length up to 95% of Lmax and then began to decline, but C varied in proportion to muscle length.", "contents": "A one-dimensional viscoelastic model of cat heart muscle studied by small length perturbations during isometric contraction. To develop a model of heart muscle, we studied cat papillary muscle contracting in a quasi-isometric condition under a fixed inotropic state. The properties of resting muscle were determined by using a step stretch of less than 1.2% of Lmax for initial lengths from 85 to 100% Lmax. The passive force response suggested the model of the passive branch (Fig. 1). All five parameters were small at muscle lengths below 95% of Lmax but increased markedly at longer lengths. The properties of contracting muscle were studied with a sinusoidal length change (amplitude less than 0.15% of Lmax, frequency 0.1-35.0 Hz). The frequency response of active (total minus passive) stiffness suggested the model of the active branch (Fig. 1). We determined the dependency of the elastic elements (K, Ks) and the viscous element (C) on length and time by recording the frequency response at various combinations of length and time Ks varied linearly with active force (FA). K and C exhibited time courses that paralleled FA up to 0.6tmax, and they maintained their values until 1.4tmax. K then fell toward zero, whereas C exhibited a secondary rise before it fell toward zero. K was dependent of length up to 95% of Lmax and then began to decline, but C varied in proportion to muscle length.", "PMID": 1116244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5035", "title": "Continuous inhibition of renin release in dogs by vagally innervated receptors in the cardiopulmonary region.", "content": "Inhibition of the release of renin by vagal afferents from the heart and lungs was studied in 14 dogs with their aortic nerves cut and their carotid sinuses vascularly isolated. The release of renin from one kidney was calculated from the venous-arterial difference in plasma renin activity (radioimmunoassay) and the renal blood flow (electromagnetic flowmeter). Renin release was determined before and during temporary interruption of afferent vagal nerve traffic (bilateral cooling of the cervical vagi). With carotid sinus pressure maintained at 40 mm Hg, vagal cooling increased mean aortic blood pressure (24%), decreased renal blood flow (19%), and increased renin release (241%). With sinus pressure maintained at the mean aortic blood pressure existing during the control period, vagal cooling caused a lesser increase in mean aortic blood pressure (12%), little decrease in renal blood flow (7%), and a marked increase in renin release (522%). The changes in renal blood flow and renin release with vagal cooling were prevented by renal denervation. Thus, vagal afferents from the cardiopulmonary region exert a tonic restraint on the release of renin; this restraint occurs in circumstances in which these afferents cause little change in total renal blood flow.", "contents": "Continuous inhibition of renin release in dogs by vagally innervated receptors in the cardiopulmonary region. Inhibition of the release of renin by vagal afferents from the heart and lungs was studied in 14 dogs with their aortic nerves cut and their carotid sinuses vascularly isolated. The release of renin from one kidney was calculated from the venous-arterial difference in plasma renin activity (radioimmunoassay) and the renal blood flow (electromagnetic flowmeter). Renin release was determined before and during temporary interruption of afferent vagal nerve traffic (bilateral cooling of the cervical vagi). With carotid sinus pressure maintained at 40 mm Hg, vagal cooling increased mean aortic blood pressure (24%), decreased renal blood flow (19%), and increased renin release (241%). With sinus pressure maintained at the mean aortic blood pressure existing during the control period, vagal cooling caused a lesser increase in mean aortic blood pressure (12%), little decrease in renal blood flow (7%), and a marked increase in renin release (522%). The changes in renal blood flow and renin release with vagal cooling were prevented by renal denervation. Thus, vagal afferents from the cardiopulmonary region exert a tonic restraint on the release of renin; this restraint occurs in circumstances in which these afferents cause little change in total renal blood flow.", "PMID": 1116245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5036", "title": "Baroreceptor reflex effects on transient and steady-state hemodynamics of salt-loading hypertension in dogs.", "content": "Intact dogs were compared with barorecptor-denervated dogs to determine the extent to which the baroreceptor reflexes delay the onset and offset transients and alter the final steady-state levels of salt-loading hypertension. Two months after their renal mass had been reduced to about one-third of normal, hypertension was produced in both groups of dogs by continuous intravenous infusion of isotonic saline (190 ml/kg day-1). Major hemodynamic variables were recorded continuously 24 hours/day throughout the experimental period. Both groups of dogs had similar control 24-hour arterial blood pressure values: intact dogs averaged 112 plus or minus 4.1 (SE) mm Hg, and denervated dogs averaged 110 plus or minus 4.3 mm Hg. Both groups reached the same average plateau of elevated arterial blood pressure: intact dogs averaged 142 plus or minus 4.8 mm Hg, and denervated dogs averaged 142 plus or minus 8.7 mm Hg. After the start of salt loading, the denervated dogs reached their plateau level of arterial blood pressure in an average of 8 hours compared with nearly 24 hours for the intact dogs. Cardiac output also rose more rapidly in the denervated dogs and reached a maximum elevation of 26% above the control level in an average of 7.4 hours compared with a maximum elevation of 40% above control in the intact dogs in 18 hours. Total peripheral resistance fell below the control level during the entire first day of infusion in the intact dogs but was somewhat elevated in the denervated dogs. When the saline infusion stopped, arterial blood pressure in both groups returned to control levels within 24 hours. The results indicate that the major action of the baroreceptor reflexes on the onset of salt-loading hypertension is to slow the development of hypertension by modifying the total peripheral resistance; the final steady-state level of hypertension is unaffected by the baroreceptor reflexes.", "contents": "Baroreceptor reflex effects on transient and steady-state hemodynamics of salt-loading hypertension in dogs. Intact dogs were compared with barorecptor-denervated dogs to determine the extent to which the baroreceptor reflexes delay the onset and offset transients and alter the final steady-state levels of salt-loading hypertension. Two months after their renal mass had been reduced to about one-third of normal, hypertension was produced in both groups of dogs by continuous intravenous infusion of isotonic saline (190 ml/kg day-1). Major hemodynamic variables were recorded continuously 24 hours/day throughout the experimental period. Both groups of dogs had similar control 24-hour arterial blood pressure values: intact dogs averaged 112 plus or minus 4.1 (SE) mm Hg, and denervated dogs averaged 110 plus or minus 4.3 mm Hg. Both groups reached the same average plateau of elevated arterial blood pressure: intact dogs averaged 142 plus or minus 4.8 mm Hg, and denervated dogs averaged 142 plus or minus 8.7 mm Hg. After the start of salt loading, the denervated dogs reached their plateau level of arterial blood pressure in an average of 8 hours compared with nearly 24 hours for the intact dogs. Cardiac output also rose more rapidly in the denervated dogs and reached a maximum elevation of 26% above the control level in an average of 7.4 hours compared with a maximum elevation of 40% above control in the intact dogs in 18 hours. Total peripheral resistance fell below the control level during the entire first day of infusion in the intact dogs but was somewhat elevated in the denervated dogs. When the saline infusion stopped, arterial blood pressure in both groups returned to control levels within 24 hours. The results indicate that the major action of the baroreceptor reflexes on the onset of salt-loading hypertension is to slow the development of hypertension by modifying the total peripheral resistance; the final steady-state level of hypertension is unaffected by the baroreceptor reflexes.", "PMID": 1116246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5037", "title": "Arterial lysosomes and connective tissue in primate atherosclerosis and hypertension.", "content": "The cellular events that occur in the vessel wall consequent to changes in endothelial permeability result in the progression of vascular disease, particularly atherosclerosis. Female rhesus monkeys were fed an atherogenic diet or were made hypertensive for 6-8 months; and their vessels were then compared with vessels from control monkeys. Length-defined segments of coronary vessels, the thoracic aorta, and the abdominal aorta showed significant increases in total connective tissue in the atherosclerotic and hypertensive groups; pulmonary vessels did not. The diseased aortic segments had increased levels of two lysosomal enzymes, acid phosphatase and beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase; pulmonary vessels were not diseased and did not show these changes. Coronary vessels from the atherosclerotic and hypertensive groups did not show an increase in enzyme levels on biochemical measurements, but focal accumulations of lysosomes were identified by cytochemical techniques. In atherosclerotic lesions, a doubling of cholesterol and more than a tenfold increase in cholesterol ester were found. These connective tissue and lysosomal changes are early features of primate vascular disease and may result from the accumulation of excessive substrate (cholesterol ester) in the lysosomes of vascular smooth muscle cells.", "contents": "Arterial lysosomes and connective tissue in primate atherosclerosis and hypertension. The cellular events that occur in the vessel wall consequent to changes in endothelial permeability result in the progression of vascular disease, particularly atherosclerosis. Female rhesus monkeys were fed an atherogenic diet or were made hypertensive for 6-8 months; and their vessels were then compared with vessels from control monkeys. Length-defined segments of coronary vessels, the thoracic aorta, and the abdominal aorta showed significant increases in total connective tissue in the atherosclerotic and hypertensive groups; pulmonary vessels did not. The diseased aortic segments had increased levels of two lysosomal enzymes, acid phosphatase and beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase; pulmonary vessels were not diseased and did not show these changes. Coronary vessels from the atherosclerotic and hypertensive groups did not show an increase in enzyme levels on biochemical measurements, but focal accumulations of lysosomes were identified by cytochemical techniques. In atherosclerotic lesions, a doubling of cholesterol and more than a tenfold increase in cholesterol ester were found. These connective tissue and lysosomal changes are early features of primate vascular disease and may result from the accumulation of excessive substrate (cholesterol ester) in the lysosomes of vascular smooth muscle cells.", "PMID": 1116247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5038", "title": "A forty-year review of bacterial endocarditis in infancy and childhood.", "content": "A retrospective review of 149 episodes of bacterial endocarditis (BE) in 141 patients under 25 years of age, at The Children's Hospital Medical Center from 1933 through June of 1972, demonstrates increasing survival and a distinct change in the frequency of underlying congenital heart disease and rheumatic heart disease (RHD). Certain forms of congenital heart disease such as tetralogy of Fallot, small ventricular septal defect, and aortic stenosis are at particular risk for BE. Following BE, patients with ventricular septal defect and tetralogy of Fallot have less morbidity and higher survival rates than children with aortic outflow lesions. over the entire time period, alpha Streptococcus is the most common pathogen and Staphylococcus aureus, second most frequent organism. Surgical correction in patients with congenital heart disease may offer the best form of prevention.", "contents": "A forty-year review of bacterial endocarditis in infancy and childhood. A retrospective review of 149 episodes of bacterial endocarditis (BE) in 141 patients under 25 years of age, at The Children's Hospital Medical Center from 1933 through June of 1972, demonstrates increasing survival and a distinct change in the frequency of underlying congenital heart disease and rheumatic heart disease (RHD). Certain forms of congenital heart disease such as tetralogy of Fallot, small ventricular septal defect, and aortic stenosis are at particular risk for BE. Following BE, patients with ventricular septal defect and tetralogy of Fallot have less morbidity and higher survival rates than children with aortic outflow lesions. over the entire time period, alpha Streptococcus is the most common pathogen and Staphylococcus aureus, second most frequent organism. Surgical correction in patients with congenital heart disease may offer the best form of prevention.", "PMID": 1116249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5039", "title": "Diastolic vibration of the interventricular septum in aortic insufficiency.", "content": "The echocardiograms of 46 patients with aortic insufficiency which manifested typical high frequency vibrations of the anterior mitral valve leaflet were reviewed.  All patients had overt clinical evidence of aortic insufficiency which was confirmed by angiography in 17 cases.  In 17 cases (eight of whom underwent catheterization and angiography), high frequency diastolic vibrations of the interventricular septum of similar frequency to those on the anterior mitral leaflet were observed.  This finding was not seen in 100 control echocardiograms from patients without clinical evidence of aortic insufficiency, and represents a previously undescribed echocardiographic manifestation of this lesion.", "contents": "Diastolic vibration of the interventricular septum in aortic insufficiency. The echocardiograms of 46 patients with aortic insufficiency which manifested typical high frequency vibrations of the anterior mitral valve leaflet were reviewed.  All patients had overt clinical evidence of aortic insufficiency which was confirmed by angiography in 17 cases.  In 17 cases (eight of whom underwent catheterization and angiography), high frequency diastolic vibrations of the interventricular septum of similar frequency to those on the anterior mitral leaflet were observed.  This finding was not seen in 100 control echocardiograms from patients without clinical evidence of aortic insufficiency, and represents a previously undescribed echocardiographic manifestation of this lesion.", "PMID": 1116250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5040", "title": "Clinical measurement of myocardial infarct size.  Modification of a method for the estimation of total creatine phosphokinase release after myocardial infarction.", "content": "A modified method for the measurement of total creatine phosphokinase release from venous blood samples taken four-hourly after myocardial infarction has been used in 43 patients admitted to a Coronary Care Unit.  The fractional decay rate (Kd) of enzyme activity has been measured by a standardized method in each patient, and accuracy of the calculation of total enzyme release has been improved by allowance for individual variations in decay rate, and discarding of data from which decay rates cannot be measured within confidence limits of less than plus or minus 15 per cent.  Total enzyme release was greater in cases of transmural infarction than in patients with subendocardial infarction, and showed a good positive correlation with clinical indices of the extent of myocardial damage.  As noted by previous workers, this method allows for the measurement of the rate as well as the extent of enzyme release, and so should prove useful in the clinical evaluation of therapeutic agents which might accelerate or retard the rate of myocardial necrosis in patients with acute myocardial infarction.", "contents": "Clinical measurement of myocardial infarct size.  Modification of a method for the estimation of total creatine phosphokinase release after myocardial infarction. A modified method for the measurement of total creatine phosphokinase release from venous blood samples taken four-hourly after myocardial infarction has been used in 43 patients admitted to a Coronary Care Unit.  The fractional decay rate (Kd) of enzyme activity has been measured by a standardized method in each patient, and accuracy of the calculation of total enzyme release has been improved by allowance for individual variations in decay rate, and discarding of data from which decay rates cannot be measured within confidence limits of less than plus or minus 15 per cent.  Total enzyme release was greater in cases of transmural infarction than in patients with subendocardial infarction, and showed a good positive correlation with clinical indices of the extent of myocardial damage.  As noted by previous workers, this method allows for the measurement of the rate as well as the extent of enzyme release, and so should prove useful in the clinical evaluation of therapeutic agents which might accelerate or retard the rate of myocardial necrosis in patients with acute myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 1116251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5041", "title": "The effect of hypoglycemia on myocardial ischemic injury during acute experimental coronary artery occlusion.", "content": "To determine the effect of hypoglycemia on myocardial ischemic injury following coronary artery occlusion epicardial electrograms were recorded 15 minutes after two 20-minute coronary artery occlusions in seven anesthetized dogs. The first occlusion was a control (blood glucose 85 plus or minus 5(sd) mg per cent). Before the second occlusion hypoglycemia was induced (blood glucose 40 plus or minus 5 mg per cent) by the intravenous administration of insulin (2 units/kg). The average ST-segment elevation in leads during control was 3.5 plus or minus 1.0 mV which rose to 6.1 plus or minus 1.4 mV during the second occlusion (P smaller than 0.05). The number of sites showing ST-segment elevation exceeding 2 mV increased from 7.6 plus or minus 1.6 during control to 10.6 plus or minus 1.4 (P smaller than 0.05) during the occlusion with hypoglycemia. In other dogs, a coronary artery was occluded for 24 hours. Epicardial ST-segment elevations were compared to creatine phosphokinase (CPK) activity and histological appearance from the same sites. CPK activity in sites with normal ST segments (0-2 mV) was 33.1 plus or minus 6.0 IU/mg protein. Six additional dogs received insulin following the 15 minute epicardial map and blood sugar was maintained at a level of 46 plus or minus 6 mg per cent for the 24 hours. These dogs showed more myocardial necrosis than predicted by the ST-segment elevation prior to insulin administration. Forty-six percent of sites, which in control dogs would have been expected to have normal CPK and histological appearance, showed depressed CPK activity and histological evidence of early myocardial necrosis. Thus, hypoglycemia increases myocardial damage, as reflected by enzymatic and histological analyses.", "contents": "The effect of hypoglycemia on myocardial ischemic injury during acute experimental coronary artery occlusion. To determine the effect of hypoglycemia on myocardial ischemic injury following coronary artery occlusion epicardial electrograms were recorded 15 minutes after two 20-minute coronary artery occlusions in seven anesthetized dogs. The first occlusion was a control (blood glucose 85 plus or minus 5(sd) mg per cent). Before the second occlusion hypoglycemia was induced (blood glucose 40 plus or minus 5 mg per cent) by the intravenous administration of insulin (2 units/kg). The average ST-segment elevation in leads during control was 3.5 plus or minus 1.0 mV which rose to 6.1 plus or minus 1.4 mV during the second occlusion (P smaller than 0.05). The number of sites showing ST-segment elevation exceeding 2 mV increased from 7.6 plus or minus 1.6 during control to 10.6 plus or minus 1.4 (P smaller than 0.05) during the occlusion with hypoglycemia. In other dogs, a coronary artery was occluded for 24 hours. Epicardial ST-segment elevations were compared to creatine phosphokinase (CPK) activity and histological appearance from the same sites. CPK activity in sites with normal ST segments (0-2 mV) was 33.1 plus or minus 6.0 IU/mg protein. Six additional dogs received insulin following the 15 minute epicardial map and blood sugar was maintained at a level of 46 plus or minus 6 mg per cent for the 24 hours. These dogs showed more myocardial necrosis than predicted by the ST-segment elevation prior to insulin administration. Forty-six percent of sites, which in control dogs would have been expected to have normal CPK and histological appearance, showed depressed CPK activity and histological evidence of early myocardial necrosis. Thus, hypoglycemia increases myocardial damage, as reflected by enzymatic and histological analyses.", "PMID": 1116252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5042", "title": "Persistence of MB isoenzyme of creatine phosphokinase in the serum after minor iatrogenic cardiac trauma. Absence of postmortem evidence of myocardial infarction.", "content": "The specificity of serum CPK-MB for acute myocardial infarction was examined by retrospective analysis of 401 consecutive patients admitted to Coronary Care Unit over a three and one-half year period with suspected infarction in whom the isoenzyme was subsequently detected.  Four patients (1 per cent) who died during the hospital admission had no autopsy evidence of acute myocardial infarction.  All four had experienced mild iatrogenic cardiac trauma, following which serum CPK-MG persisted for at least 24 hours.  In one patient, a permanent pacemaker had been inserted by the transmediastinal approach.  Two patients had been subjected to closed chest cardiac massage and intracardiac puncture, and one to external cardiac massage alone.  The findings suggest that persistent identification of serum CPK-MB, although specific for myocardial necrosis, cannot be regarded as diagnostic of myocardial infarction.  The implications of this are important to treatment of patients after cardiopulmonary resuscitation and operative trauma to the heart.", "contents": "Persistence of MB isoenzyme of creatine phosphokinase in the serum after minor iatrogenic cardiac trauma. Absence of postmortem evidence of myocardial infarction. The specificity of serum CPK-MB for acute myocardial infarction was examined by retrospective analysis of 401 consecutive patients admitted to Coronary Care Unit over a three and one-half year period with suspected infarction in whom the isoenzyme was subsequently detected.  Four patients (1 per cent) who died during the hospital admission had no autopsy evidence of acute myocardial infarction.  All four had experienced mild iatrogenic cardiac trauma, following which serum CPK-MG persisted for at least 24 hours.  In one patient, a permanent pacemaker had been inserted by the transmediastinal approach.  Two patients had been subjected to closed chest cardiac massage and intracardiac puncture, and one to external cardiac massage alone.  The findings suggest that persistent identification of serum CPK-MB, although specific for myocardial necrosis, cannot be regarded as diagnostic of myocardial infarction.  The implications of this are important to treatment of patients after cardiopulmonary resuscitation and operative trauma to the heart.", "PMID": 1116253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5043", "title": "Thallium-201 for myocardial imaging.  Relation of thallium-201 to regional myocardial perfusion.", "content": "Following intravenous administration, the myocardial concentration of tracer thallium-201, potassium-43, and rubidium-81 were determined in mice; thallium was present in the greatest concentration in the myocardium (2.08% compared 1.25% for potassium and 1.15% for rubidium at 10 minutes). The regional myocardial distribution of thallium-201 was determined in dogs under conditions of normal flow, and total occlusion, and compared with potassium-43 (r=0.97). The regional distribution of thallium-201 was compared to microspheres under conditions of partial occlusion and reactive hyperemia (r=0.97). Thallium-201 was evaluated in a series of phantom scans, which demonstrated that the low energy X-ray of thallium was suitable for imaging. These results suggest that thallium-201 can be used for the evaluation of the distribution of regional myocardial perfusion.", "contents": "Thallium-201 for myocardial imaging.  Relation of thallium-201 to regional myocardial perfusion. Following intravenous administration, the myocardial concentration of tracer thallium-201, potassium-43, and rubidium-81 were determined in mice; thallium was present in the greatest concentration in the myocardium (2.08% compared 1.25% for potassium and 1.15% for rubidium at 10 minutes). The regional myocardial distribution of thallium-201 was determined in dogs under conditions of normal flow, and total occlusion, and compared with potassium-43 (r=0.97). The regional distribution of thallium-201 was compared to microspheres under conditions of partial occlusion and reactive hyperemia (r=0.97). Thallium-201 was evaluated in a series of phantom scans, which demonstrated that the low energy X-ray of thallium was suitable for imaging. These results suggest that thallium-201 can be used for the evaluation of the distribution of regional myocardial perfusion.", "PMID": 1116254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5044", "title": "Primary T wave abnormalities caused by uniform and regional shortening of ventricular monophasic action potential in dog.", "content": "We correlated primary T wave changes with the changes of monophasic action potentials (MAP) recorded with suction electrodes from the ventricular surface of the dog heart following systemic or intracoronary infusions of small doses of isoproterenol (ISP). The portions of the heart perfused with ISP were excised and weighed to determine the mass of perfused tissue. ISP shortened the ventricular MAP by an average of 12-18 msec in the entire ventricular mass following systemic administration, in 34 plus or minus 6 per cent of the ventricular mass after injection into the left circumflex coronary artery (LCA), in 8.5 plus or minus 2.6% of the ventricular mass after injection into a branch of LCA and in 17 plus or minus 8 per cent of the ventricular mass after injection into the right CA. The MAP changes induced by ISP were similar to the transmembrane action potential changes recorded with microelectrodes from papillary muscles excised from the same dogs. The most important results of this study showed that: 1) the early and the late effects of ISP administration produced opposite effects on the T wave polarity. The early T wave change was associated with nonhomogeneous and the late change with homogeneous MAP shortening; 2) the T wave change was greater after infusion into LCA than after systemic administration, 3) the T wave change was greater after infusion into LCA than after infusion into LCA branch apparently because of greater mass of the ISP-perfused myocardium; 4) the T wave change was greater after infusion into LCA branch than after infusion into RCA, apparently due to the unequal regional repolarization contribution to the T wave; 5) the ventricular gradient did not always reflect the magnitude of the primary T wave change. Our study helps to identify factors contributing to high sensitivity and low specificity of T wave abnormalities.", "contents": "Primary T wave abnormalities caused by uniform and regional shortening of ventricular monophasic action potential in dog. We correlated primary T wave changes with the changes of monophasic action potentials (MAP) recorded with suction electrodes from the ventricular surface of the dog heart following systemic or intracoronary infusions of small doses of isoproterenol (ISP). The portions of the heart perfused with ISP were excised and weighed to determine the mass of perfused tissue. ISP shortened the ventricular MAP by an average of 12-18 msec in the entire ventricular mass following systemic administration, in 34 plus or minus 6 per cent of the ventricular mass after injection into the left circumflex coronary artery (LCA), in 8.5 plus or minus 2.6% of the ventricular mass after injection into a branch of LCA and in 17 plus or minus 8 per cent of the ventricular mass after injection into the right CA. The MAP changes induced by ISP were similar to the transmembrane action potential changes recorded with microelectrodes from papillary muscles excised from the same dogs. The most important results of this study showed that: 1) the early and the late effects of ISP administration produced opposite effects on the T wave polarity. The early T wave change was associated with nonhomogeneous and the late change with homogeneous MAP shortening; 2) the T wave change was greater after infusion into LCA than after systemic administration, 3) the T wave change was greater after infusion into LCA than after infusion into LCA branch apparently because of greater mass of the ISP-perfused myocardium; 4) the T wave change was greater after infusion into LCA branch than after infusion into RCA, apparently due to the unequal regional repolarization contribution to the T wave; 5) the ventricular gradient did not always reflect the magnitude of the primary T wave change. Our study helps to identify factors contributing to high sensitivity and low specificity of T wave abnormalities.", "PMID": 1116255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5045", "title": "The evaluation of left ventricular function in man.  A comparison of methods.", "content": "Comparisons of the sensitivities of parameters for assessing left ventricular performance in man were made in 38 patients. The parameters compared were the ejection fraction, ventriculographic contraction patterns, the left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, and the contractile indices including the contractile element velocity at 10 mm Hg (Vce 10) and maximal contractile element velocity (Vmax). The contractile indices were obtained by catheter tip manometry, utilizing developed pressure (DP) to calculate the velocity of contractile element shortening (Vce) from the formula: dp/dt divided by 32 DP. Vce 10 was measured directly and Vmax was derived by linear manual extrapolation of the pressure-velocity plot to 0 mm Hg. Vmax values derived from linear manual extrapolation were compared with values obtained by computer least squares fitting of the Vce and developed pressure data points to single and double exponential equations. The Vce and developed pressure data points fit the single exponential equation better than the double exponential equation but the use of either equation resulted in slightly higher values for Vmax than obtained with linear manual extrapolation. The effect of heart rate on myocardial contractility was eliminated by making comparisons at both a basal and atrial paced rate of 100. Utilizing all methods, 24 patients were identified to have ventricular dysfunction. The contractile indices were significantly less sensitive than any other parameter (P smaller than 0.05) and identified seven patients while the left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, ejection fraction, and presence of asynergy identified 15, 15, and 12 patients, respectively. The use of a common atrial paced rate of 100 did not increase the sensitivity of the contractile indices. Since there was only partial overlapping between parameters in the identification of left ventricular dysfunction, the combination of different parameters was more sensitive than any single parameter alone. It is concluded that several methods are required to identify all patients with left ventricular dysfunction and that the contractile indices are the least sensitive indicator of left ventricular dysfunction.", "contents": "The evaluation of left ventricular function in man.  A comparison of methods. Comparisons of the sensitivities of parameters for assessing left ventricular performance in man were made in 38 patients. The parameters compared were the ejection fraction, ventriculographic contraction patterns, the left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, and the contractile indices including the contractile element velocity at 10 mm Hg (Vce 10) and maximal contractile element velocity (Vmax). The contractile indices were obtained by catheter tip manometry, utilizing developed pressure (DP) to calculate the velocity of contractile element shortening (Vce) from the formula: dp/dt divided by 32 DP. Vce 10 was measured directly and Vmax was derived by linear manual extrapolation of the pressure-velocity plot to 0 mm Hg. Vmax values derived from linear manual extrapolation were compared with values obtained by computer least squares fitting of the Vce and developed pressure data points to single and double exponential equations. The Vce and developed pressure data points fit the single exponential equation better than the double exponential equation but the use of either equation resulted in slightly higher values for Vmax than obtained with linear manual extrapolation. The effect of heart rate on myocardial contractility was eliminated by making comparisons at both a basal and atrial paced rate of 100. Utilizing all methods, 24 patients were identified to have ventricular dysfunction. The contractile indices were significantly less sensitive than any other parameter (P smaller than 0.05) and identified seven patients while the left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, ejection fraction, and presence of asynergy identified 15, 15, and 12 patients, respectively. The use of a common atrial paced rate of 100 did not increase the sensitivity of the contractile indices. Since there was only partial overlapping between parameters in the identification of left ventricular dysfunction, the combination of different parameters was more sensitive than any single parameter alone. It is concluded that several methods are required to identify all patients with left ventricular dysfunction and that the contractile indices are the least sensitive indicator of left ventricular dysfunction.", "PMID": 1116256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5046", "title": "Serum digitoxin concentrations in infants and children.", "content": "Serum digitoxin levels were measured in 18 infants (under two years) and in 23 children (aged 2-13 years) receiving maintenance therapy. Digitalization was carried out because of heart failure in 17 infants and 13 children and for control of dysrhythmia in one infant and 10 children. Mean maintenance dosage for infants was 0.0042 plus or minus 0.0008 (sd) mg/kg/day and for children was 0.0031 plus or minus 0.0012 mg/kg/day. The mean serum digitoxin level was not significantly different in infants (30 plus or minus 10 ng/ml, range 14-58) from that found for children (34 plus or minus 11 ng/ml, range 19-61). Both values were significantly different (P smaller than 0.001) from those determined in this laboratory for adults (mean 24 plus or minus 7 ng/ml, range 5-39). In four infants with electrocardiographic or other evidence of toxicity, the mean serum level was 71 plus or minus 2 ng/ml (range 68-72), and in four children with electrocardiographic or other evidence of toxicity, the mean serum level for digitoxin was 72 plus or minus 14 ng/ml (range 53-84). The data suggest that infants and children tolerate a higher serum digitoxin concentration without any evidence of toxicity and may require more digitoxin (mg/kg) for therapeutic effect than do adults. Serum digitoxin levels may serve as an important guide in determining the adequacy of digitalization and in the recognition and management of digitalis toxicity.", "contents": "Serum digitoxin concentrations in infants and children. Serum digitoxin levels were measured in 18 infants (under two years) and in 23 children (aged 2-13 years) receiving maintenance therapy. Digitalization was carried out because of heart failure in 17 infants and 13 children and for control of dysrhythmia in one infant and 10 children. Mean maintenance dosage for infants was 0.0042 plus or minus 0.0008 (sd) mg/kg/day and for children was 0.0031 plus or minus 0.0012 mg/kg/day. The mean serum digitoxin level was not significantly different in infants (30 plus or minus 10 ng/ml, range 14-58) from that found for children (34 plus or minus 11 ng/ml, range 19-61). Both values were significantly different (P smaller than 0.001) from those determined in this laboratory for adults (mean 24 plus or minus 7 ng/ml, range 5-39). In four infants with electrocardiographic or other evidence of toxicity, the mean serum level was 71 plus or minus 2 ng/ml (range 68-72), and in four children with electrocardiographic or other evidence of toxicity, the mean serum level for digitoxin was 72 plus or minus 14 ng/ml (range 53-84). The data suggest that infants and children tolerate a higher serum digitoxin concentration without any evidence of toxicity and may require more digitoxin (mg/kg) for therapeutic effect than do adults. Serum digitoxin levels may serve as an important guide in determining the adequacy of digitalization and in the recognition and management of digitalis toxicity.", "PMID": 1116257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5047", "title": "The course of the conduction system in single ventricle with inverted (L-) loop and inverted (L-) transposition.", "content": "The conduction systems of three hearts with single ventricle and inverted (L-) loop and inverted (L-) transposition were studied by serial section.  The course of the conduction system was similar in all three hearts.  The regular (posterior) atrioventricular (A-V) node was rudimentary and did not form the bundle of His.  An accessory (anterior) A-V node was present in the roof of the right atrium.  This node pierced the connective tissue adjacent to the right side of the pulmonary annulus to form the bundle of His.  The bundle proceeded into the main ventricular chamber lying on the septum between this chamber and the small outlet chamber.  It bifurcated a varying distance from the defect in this septum.  The right bundle branch proceeded through the septal wall to the trabeculae of the outlet chamber.  The left bundle branch proceeded to caudad on the anterior wall of the main ventricular chamber.  An unusual feature in one case was the splitting of the anterior node into two parts, one forming the bundle of His, and the other giving off Mahaim fibers to the ventricular myocardium.  The surgical importance of avoiding the right side of the pulmonary annulus and the region adjoining the defect is stressed.", "contents": "The course of the conduction system in single ventricle with inverted (L-) loop and inverted (L-) transposition. The conduction systems of three hearts with single ventricle and inverted (L-) loop and inverted (L-) transposition were studied by serial section.  The course of the conduction system was similar in all three hearts.  The regular (posterior) atrioventricular (A-V) node was rudimentary and did not form the bundle of His.  An accessory (anterior) A-V node was present in the roof of the right atrium.  This node pierced the connective tissue adjacent to the right side of the pulmonary annulus to form the bundle of His.  The bundle proceeded into the main ventricular chamber lying on the septum between this chamber and the small outlet chamber.  It bifurcated a varying distance from the defect in this septum.  The right bundle branch proceeded through the septal wall to the trabeculae of the outlet chamber.  The left bundle branch proceeded to caudad on the anterior wall of the main ventricular chamber.  An unusual feature in one case was the splitting of the anterior node into two parts, one forming the bundle of His, and the other giving off Mahaim fibers to the ventricular myocardium.  The surgical importance of avoiding the right side of the pulmonary annulus and the region adjoining the defect is stressed.", "PMID": 1116258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5048", "title": "Congenital mitral valve disease in transposition of the great arteries.", "content": "A spectrum of mitral valve disease was noted in 71 per cent of 163 specimens with transposition of the great arteries.  At one end of the spectrum were hearts with normal mitral valve, except that the free margin of the anterior leaflet was shortened; at the other end were specimens with underdevelopment of the space between or behind the papillary muscles of the left ventricle.  In additional specimens the anterior leaflet was indented and attached by chordae tendineae to the ventricular septum.", "contents": "Congenital mitral valve disease in transposition of the great arteries. A spectrum of mitral valve disease was noted in 71 per cent of 163 specimens with transposition of the great arteries.  At one end of the spectrum were hearts with normal mitral valve, except that the free margin of the anterior leaflet was shortened; at the other end were specimens with underdevelopment of the space between or behind the papillary muscles of the left ventricle.  In additional specimens the anterior leaflet was indented and attached by chordae tendineae to the ventricular septum.", "PMID": 1116259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5049", "title": "Reduced baroreceptor sensitivity in borderline hypertension.", "content": "The sensitivity of the baroreceptor reflex in nine patients with borderline hypertension (mean age 19.1 plus or minus 0.2 years) was compared to that in six normal subjects of comparable age (mean 18.8 plus or minus 0.3 years) and that in 14 patients with established hypertension (mean age 48.3 plus or minus 3.1 years). The sensitivity of the baroreceptor reflex was assessed by determining the slope of the regression line relating the rise of systolic pressure to the prolongation of the R-R Interval during the transient rise of arterial pressure induced by an intravenous injection of phenylephrine. The average baroreceptor slope in nine patients with borderline hypertension was 9.1 plus or minus 0.8 msec/mm Hg, which was significantly less than that in six normal subjects (16.0 plus or minus 2.0; P smaller than 0.01), but was greater than that in 14 patients with established hypertension (4.9 plus or minus 0.7; P smaller than 0.01). The significant negative correlation was found as the baroreceptor slope was related to the mean arterial pressure in patients with borderline hypertension and normal subjects, all of whom were 20 years old or less. Attenuation of the baroreceptor sensitivity may influence the maintenance of raised arterial pressure in borderline hypertension.", "contents": "Reduced baroreceptor sensitivity in borderline hypertension. The sensitivity of the baroreceptor reflex in nine patients with borderline hypertension (mean age 19.1 plus or minus 0.2 years) was compared to that in six normal subjects of comparable age (mean 18.8 plus or minus 0.3 years) and that in 14 patients with established hypertension (mean age 48.3 plus or minus 3.1 years). The sensitivity of the baroreceptor reflex was assessed by determining the slope of the regression line relating the rise of systolic pressure to the prolongation of the R-R Interval during the transient rise of arterial pressure induced by an intravenous injection of phenylephrine. The average baroreceptor slope in nine patients with borderline hypertension was 9.1 plus or minus 0.8 msec/mm Hg, which was significantly less than that in six normal subjects (16.0 plus or minus 2.0; P smaller than 0.01), but was greater than that in 14 patients with established hypertension (4.9 plus or minus 0.7; P smaller than 0.01). The significant negative correlation was found as the baroreceptor slope was related to the mean arterial pressure in patients with borderline hypertension and normal subjects, all of whom were 20 years old or less. Attenuation of the baroreceptor sensitivity may influence the maintenance of raised arterial pressure in borderline hypertension.", "PMID": 1116260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5050", "title": "Catheter positions in congenital cardiac malformations.", "content": "Biplane cineangiocardiograms were examined from a population of patients with diverse forms of congenital heart disease and examples were selected to illustrate catheter positions which may help define and elucidate the anatomy of simple and complex cardiac lesions.  Familiarity with the appearance of these typical and atypical catheter positions may be of considerable aid in the course of hemodynamic study and in the evaluation of cineangiocardiograms.  The editors suggest that each figure be evaluated as an unknown before reading the caption.", "contents": "Catheter positions in congenital cardiac malformations. Biplane cineangiocardiograms were examined from a population of patients with diverse forms of congenital heart disease and examples were selected to illustrate catheter positions which may help define and elucidate the anatomy of simple and complex cardiac lesions.  Familiarity with the appearance of these typical and atypical catheter positions may be of considerable aid in the course of hemodynamic study and in the evaluation of cineangiocardiograms.  The editors suggest that each figure be evaluated as an unknown before reading the caption.", "PMID": 1116261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5051", "title": "Enzymatic determination of serum urea on the surface of silicone-rubber pads.", "content": "An enzymatic, fluorometric method is described for determination of serum urea on silicone-rubber pads. In this method, the reagents are lyophilized on the surface of the pads, NADH on one side and a mixture of urease, glutamate dehydrogenase, and alpha-ketoglutarate on the other. The rate of disappearance of NADH fluorescence at 460nm (excitation wavelength, 340 nm) is monitored and related to serum urea concentration. The calibration curve is linear to 250 mg of urea per liter. The method affords a rapid, simple, and inexpensive means for urea assay, the results of which correlate well with automatic diacetyl monoxime method (correlation coefficient, 0.998).", "contents": "Enzymatic determination of serum urea on the surface of silicone-rubber pads. An enzymatic, fluorometric method is described for determination of serum urea on silicone-rubber pads. In this method, the reagents are lyophilized on the surface of the pads, NADH on one side and a mixture of urease, glutamate dehydrogenase, and alpha-ketoglutarate on the other. The rate of disappearance of NADH fluorescence at 460nm (excitation wavelength, 340 nm) is monitored and related to serum urea concentration. The calibration curve is linear to 250 mg of urea per liter. The method affords a rapid, simple, and inexpensive means for urea assay, the results of which correlate well with automatic diacetyl monoxime method (correlation coefficient, 0.998).", "PMID": 1116280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5052", "title": "Thin-layer chromatographic detection and identification of methaqualone metabolites in urine.", "content": "A procedure for detecting methaqualone and identifying methaqualone metabolites in urine by thin-layer chromatography is described and evaluated. Urine is hydrolyzed with HCl or NaIO4, adjusted to pH 9.5, and extracted with chloroform. The chloroform extract is evaporated, reconstituted in methanol, applied to fluorescent silica-gel plates, and developed with ethyl acetate:methanol:ammonium hydroxide (28%) (85:10:5 by vol). Methaqualone use is detected by a pattern of four metabolites, which can be seen under ultraviolet light or are made visible by acidified iodoplatinate reagent. Synthetic methaqualone metabolites are used for identification and to compensate for procedural variables. More than 250 positive urine specimens were correctly identified by this method. Hydrolyzed natural and synthetic metabolites were identical by several criteria.", "contents": "Thin-layer chromatographic detection and identification of methaqualone metabolites in urine. A procedure for detecting methaqualone and identifying methaqualone metabolites in urine by thin-layer chromatography is described and evaluated. Urine is hydrolyzed with HCl or NaIO4, adjusted to pH 9.5, and extracted with chloroform. The chloroform extract is evaporated, reconstituted in methanol, applied to fluorescent silica-gel plates, and developed with ethyl acetate:methanol:ammonium hydroxide (28%) (85:10:5 by vol). Methaqualone use is detected by a pattern of four metabolites, which can be seen under ultraviolet light or are made visible by acidified iodoplatinate reagent. Synthetic methaqualone metabolites are used for identification and to compensate for procedural variables. More than 250 positive urine specimens were correctly identified by this method. Hydrolyzed natural and synthetic metabolites were identical by several criteria.", "PMID": 1116281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5053", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of drugs subject to abuse: critical evaluation of urinary morphine-barbiturate, morphine, barbiturate, and amphetamine assays.", "content": "Radioimmunoassays for morphine-barbiturate (MOR-BARB), morphine, barbiturate, and amphetamine were evaluated by a direct comparison with differential elution extraction thin-layer chromatography, the \"enzyme multiplied immunoassay technique,\" and XAD-2 resin extraction thin-layer chromatography for the detection in urine of drugs subject to abuse. Statistically significant (Psmaller than 0.01) concentrations for detection were: 50-100 mug/liter for MOR-BARB; 5 Mug/liter for morphine, 10 mug/liter for barbiturate, and 100 mug/liter for amphetamine. Unconfirmed and unaccounted-for radioimmunoassay positives (false) were: 0% for morphine in the radioimmunoassay for MOR-BARB and that for morphine alone; 2.8% for barbiturates in the MOR-BARB assay and that for barbiturates alone; 0-6% when a combination of these drugs was present in the MOR-BARB, morphine, or barbiturate assay; and 2.4% in the amphetamine radioimmunoassay. Less than 1% of all radioimmunoassay-negative samples were unconfirmed (false). Cross-reactivity was observed with drugs of a similar chemical structure in each of the radioimmunoassays tested. All the radio-immunoassays were easy to use, highly sensitive, and extremely reliable for detecting drug use or abuse.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of drugs subject to abuse: critical evaluation of urinary morphine-barbiturate, morphine, barbiturate, and amphetamine assays. Radioimmunoassays for morphine-barbiturate (MOR-BARB), morphine, barbiturate, and amphetamine were evaluated by a direct comparison with differential elution extraction thin-layer chromatography, the \"enzyme multiplied immunoassay technique,\" and XAD-2 resin extraction thin-layer chromatography for the detection in urine of drugs subject to abuse. Statistically significant (Psmaller than 0.01) concentrations for detection were: 50-100 mug/liter for MOR-BARB; 5 Mug/liter for morphine, 10 mug/liter for barbiturate, and 100 mug/liter for amphetamine. Unconfirmed and unaccounted-for radioimmunoassay positives (false) were: 0% for morphine in the radioimmunoassay for MOR-BARB and that for morphine alone; 2.8% for barbiturates in the MOR-BARB assay and that for barbiturates alone; 0-6% when a combination of these drugs was present in the MOR-BARB, morphine, or barbiturate assay; and 2.4% in the amphetamine radioimmunoassay. Less than 1% of all radioimmunoassay-negative samples were unconfirmed (false). Cross-reactivity was observed with drugs of a similar chemical structure in each of the radioimmunoassays tested. All the radio-immunoassays were easy to use, highly sensitive, and extremely reliable for detecting drug use or abuse.", "PMID": 1116282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5054", "title": "Binding of 63Ni (II) to ultrafiltrable constituents of rabbit serum in vivo and in vitro.", "content": "Binding of 63Ni(ll) to ultrafiltrable constituents of rabbit serum was studied (a) after in vitro incubation (2 h, 37 degrees C) of rabbit serum with 63NiCl2 (10-100 mumol/liter), and (b) at intervals (0.25-2 h) after in vivo administration of 63NiCl2(40-160 mumol/kg body wt,i.v.). Serum ultrafiltrates were fractionated by thin-layer chromatography, and the separated compounds made visible by autoradiography and by ninhydrin staining. Severel (congruent to 5) ultrafilitrable 63Ni-complexes were demonstrable as distinct radiodense 63Ni-bands with chromatographic mobilities corresponding to those of ninhydrin-positive bands. Unbound 63Ni(ll) was not detected in serum ultraviltrates in either the in vitro or in vivo experiments. In sera (n equals 10) incubated in vitro with 63Ni(ll) (10 mumol/liter), the mean percentage of ultrafiltrable 63Ni was 36% (range equals 33-38) of total serum 63Ni. In contrast, in sera (n equals 10) obtained 2 h after i.v. injection of 63Ni(ii) (40 mumol/kg), the mean concentration of total serum 63Ni was 10.8 mumol/kg), the mean concentration of total serum 63Ni was 10.8 mumol/liter (ranger equals 6-14), and the mean percentage of ultrafiltrable 63Ni was 15% (range equals 9-21) of total serum 63Ni. The disparity between the percentages of ultrafiltrable 63Ni obtained in vitro and in vivo was obviated when the in vivo experiments were performed in rabbits bilaterally nephrectomized, with ligated common bile ducts. This investigation confirms the existence of several nickel receptors in serum ultrafilitrates and substantiates the role of ultrafiltrable complexes in the excretion of nickel.", "contents": "Binding of 63Ni (II) to ultrafiltrable constituents of rabbit serum in vivo and in vitro. Binding of 63Ni(ll) to ultrafiltrable constituents of rabbit serum was studied (a) after in vitro incubation (2 h, 37 degrees C) of rabbit serum with 63NiCl2 (10-100 mumol/liter), and (b) at intervals (0.25-2 h) after in vivo administration of 63NiCl2(40-160 mumol/kg body wt,i.v.). Serum ultrafiltrates were fractionated by thin-layer chromatography, and the separated compounds made visible by autoradiography and by ninhydrin staining. Severel (congruent to 5) ultrafilitrable 63Ni-complexes were demonstrable as distinct radiodense 63Ni-bands with chromatographic mobilities corresponding to those of ninhydrin-positive bands. Unbound 63Ni(ll) was not detected in serum ultraviltrates in either the in vitro or in vivo experiments. In sera (n equals 10) incubated in vitro with 63Ni(ll) (10 mumol/liter), the mean percentage of ultrafiltrable 63Ni was 36% (range equals 33-38) of total serum 63Ni. In contrast, in sera (n equals 10) obtained 2 h after i.v. injection of 63Ni(ii) (40 mumol/kg), the mean concentration of total serum 63Ni was 10.8 mumol/kg), the mean concentration of total serum 63Ni was 10.8 mumol/liter (ranger equals 6-14), and the mean percentage of ultrafiltrable 63Ni was 15% (range equals 9-21) of total serum 63Ni. The disparity between the percentages of ultrafiltrable 63Ni obtained in vitro and in vivo was obviated when the in vivo experiments were performed in rabbits bilaterally nephrectomized, with ligated common bile ducts. This investigation confirms the existence of several nickel receptors in serum ultrafilitrates and substantiates the role of ultrafiltrable complexes in the excretion of nickel.", "PMID": 1116286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5055", "title": "Micro-scale blood lead determinations in screening: evaluation of factors affecting results.", "content": "The Delves micro-scale technique for blood lead analysis is an accurate method for screening capillary blood specimens, obtained by fingerstick, for lead intoxication.  Results are affected by the age of cup, loop, and hollow-cathode tube and by the spatial relationship between optical tube and cup.  Because the glass in many commercially available capillary tubes (used in specimen collection) contains lead and cannot be decontaminated, a lead-free glass tube must be used.  A solution of citric acid in ethanol (20 g/liter) effectively cleanses the puncture site.  A double-blind study of 207 specimens gave a mean value of 276.6 plus or minus 105.8 mug/liter (1SD) for the micro-scale method vs. 273.2 plus or minus 99.0 for a macro-scale method.  The mean coefficent of variation for the micro-scale method was 5.75 percent plus or minus 1.9 (SD).  We conclude that values of 480 mug/liter or below are not \"toxic\" (i.e., are significantly less than 600 mug/liter, the value at which therapy is begun).  The method is shown to be satisfactory as a screening procedure and for confirming lead analyses done by other methods.", "contents": "Micro-scale blood lead determinations in screening: evaluation of factors affecting results. The Delves micro-scale technique for blood lead analysis is an accurate method for screening capillary blood specimens, obtained by fingerstick, for lead intoxication.  Results are affected by the age of cup, loop, and hollow-cathode tube and by the spatial relationship between optical tube and cup.  Because the glass in many commercially available capillary tubes (used in specimen collection) contains lead and cannot be decontaminated, a lead-free glass tube must be used.  A solution of citric acid in ethanol (20 g/liter) effectively cleanses the puncture site.  A double-blind study of 207 specimens gave a mean value of 276.6 plus or minus 105.8 mug/liter (1SD) for the micro-scale method vs. 273.2 plus or minus 99.0 for a macro-scale method.  The mean coefficent of variation for the micro-scale method was 5.75 percent plus or minus 1.9 (SD).  We conclude that values of 480 mug/liter or below are not \"toxic\" (i.e., are significantly less than 600 mug/liter, the value at which therapy is begun).  The method is shown to be satisfactory as a screening procedure and for confirming lead analyses done by other methods.", "PMID": 1116287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5056", "title": "Effect of zinc deficiency and repletion on thymidine metabolism.", "content": "We studied the effect of zinc deficiency on thymidine metabolism in intact and wounded rats. Zinc deficiency was associated with significantly decreased incorporation of [methyl-3H] thymidine into skin DNA of both intact and wounded rats, as shown by liquid scintillation counting and autoradiography. With wounding, proliferation--as gauged by the labeling index--increased to about twice normal for zinc-supplemented rats, but 3.5-fold for zinc-deficient rats. However, despite the increased proliferation rate, wound-healing in deficient rats was always slower than in zinc-supplemented animals. Incorporation of 3H-labeled thymidine into spleen DNA at 2 and 4 h, and liver DNA at 4 h was also significantly less in zinc-deficient rats than in zinc-supplemented rats. Conversely, DNA synthesis was enhanced in the thymus gland of zinc-deficient rats. Further studies showed that significantly higher percentages of [methyl-14C] thymidine were oxidized by zinc-deficient rats. The specific involvement of the methyl group of thymidine was indicated by the observation of normal oxidattions of [2-14C] thymidine. These findings support the view that zinc directly regulates DNA synthesis.", "contents": "Effect of zinc deficiency and repletion on thymidine metabolism. We studied the effect of zinc deficiency on thymidine metabolism in intact and wounded rats. Zinc deficiency was associated with significantly decreased incorporation of [methyl-3H] thymidine into skin DNA of both intact and wounded rats, as shown by liquid scintillation counting and autoradiography. With wounding, proliferation--as gauged by the labeling index--increased to about twice normal for zinc-supplemented rats, but 3.5-fold for zinc-deficient rats. However, despite the increased proliferation rate, wound-healing in deficient rats was always slower than in zinc-supplemented animals. Incorporation of 3H-labeled thymidine into spleen DNA at 2 and 4 h, and liver DNA at 4 h was also significantly less in zinc-deficient rats than in zinc-supplemented rats. Conversely, DNA synthesis was enhanced in the thymus gland of zinc-deficient rats. Further studies showed that significantly higher percentages of [methyl-14C] thymidine were oxidized by zinc-deficient rats. The specific involvement of the methyl group of thymidine was indicated by the observation of normal oxidattions of [2-14C] thymidine. These findings support the view that zinc directly regulates DNA synthesis.", "PMID": 1116288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5057", "title": "Intercomparison program of lead, mercury, and cadmium analysis in blood, urine, and aqueous solutions.", "content": "Sixty-six European laboratories participated in an intercomparison program of lead, mercury, and cadmium analysis in blood, urine, and aqueous solutions.  The experimental protocol was designed in such a way that the effect of precision, experience, and analytical method could be evaluated.  For all the analyses, the scatter of the reported results is important.  The major factor influencing the variability of the results is the intralaboratory variation.  Analytical methods and degree of experience do not seem to have a significant influence.  However, with the exception of mercury determination in urine, a satisfactory intralaboratory precision is not sufficient to make the interlaboratory variation acceptable.  It appears that systematic errors are responsible for the high interlaboratory variation observed between \"precise\" laboratories.", "contents": "Intercomparison program of lead, mercury, and cadmium analysis in blood, urine, and aqueous solutions. Sixty-six European laboratories participated in an intercomparison program of lead, mercury, and cadmium analysis in blood, urine, and aqueous solutions.  The experimental protocol was designed in such a way that the effect of precision, experience, and analytical method could be evaluated.  For all the analyses, the scatter of the reported results is important.  The major factor influencing the variability of the results is the intralaboratory variation.  Analytical methods and degree of experience do not seem to have a significant influence.  However, with the exception of mercury determination in urine, a satisfactory intralaboratory precision is not sufficient to make the interlaboratory variation acceptable.  It appears that systematic errors are responsible for the high interlaboratory variation observed between \"precise\" laboratories.", "PMID": 1116289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5058", "title": "Micromethod for lead determination in whole blood by atomic absorption, with use of the graphite furnace.", "content": "I describe a micro-scale method for determining lead in whole blood by utilizing a graphite furnace.  Sample pretreatment consists of fivefold dilution with a dilute surfactant.  The method is directly calibrated with lead standards prepared in dilute HNO3.  To eliminate a small, nonspecific absorption signal from the blood matrix, simultaneous background correction is used.  Interlaboratory comparison with a flame atomic absorption technique that requires extraction yielded high correlation (r equal to 0.98).  Within-run precision (coefficient of variation) ranged from 2 to 4 percent.  Lead in blood can be accurately measured in as little as 20 mul of blood, hence the method is suitable for routine laboratory use and for pediatric screening.", "contents": "Micromethod for lead determination in whole blood by atomic absorption, with use of the graphite furnace. I describe a micro-scale method for determining lead in whole blood by utilizing a graphite furnace.  Sample pretreatment consists of fivefold dilution with a dilute surfactant.  The method is directly calibrated with lead standards prepared in dilute HNO3.  To eliminate a small, nonspecific absorption signal from the blood matrix, simultaneous background correction is used.  Interlaboratory comparison with a flame atomic absorption technique that requires extraction yielded high correlation (r equal to 0.98).  Within-run precision (coefficient of variation) ranged from 2 to 4 percent.  Lead in blood can be accurately measured in as little as 20 mul of blood, hence the method is suitable for routine laboratory use and for pediatric screening.", "PMID": 1116290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5059", "title": "Technique for determining nickel in blood by flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry.", "content": "We describe a technique for determining nickel in serum by flameless atomic absorption, with use of dimethylglyoxime.  The procedure permits a greater number of analyses per technician at a relatively low cost, yet provides acceptable accuracy and reliability.  After the sample is evaporated and dry ashed in a muffle furnace at 560 degrees C for 5 h, the residual salts are dissolved in hydrochloric acid (1 mol/liter).  Sodium citrate and dimethylglyoxime are then added for complexation of iron and nickel, respectively.  The pH is adjusted to 9 with ammonia and the nickel dimethylglyoxime is extracted with methyl isobutyl ketone.  The determination is carried out by injecting 50 mul of the organic phase into the graphite furnace, where the sample is dried at 120 degrees C and ashed at 1200 degrees C, respectively.", "contents": "Technique for determining nickel in blood by flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry. We describe a technique for determining nickel in serum by flameless atomic absorption, with use of dimethylglyoxime.  The procedure permits a greater number of analyses per technician at a relatively low cost, yet provides acceptable accuracy and reliability.  After the sample is evaporated and dry ashed in a muffle furnace at 560 degrees C for 5 h, the residual salts are dissolved in hydrochloric acid (1 mol/liter).  Sodium citrate and dimethylglyoxime are then added for complexation of iron and nickel, respectively.  The pH is adjusted to 9 with ammonia and the nickel dimethylglyoxime is extracted with methyl isobutyl ketone.  The determination is carried out by injecting 50 mul of the organic phase into the graphite furnace, where the sample is dried at 120 degrees C and ashed at 1200 degrees C, respectively.", "PMID": 1116291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5060", "title": "Serum and tissue enzyme activity and trace-element content in response to zinc deficiency in the pig.", "content": "Zinc deficiency is associated with poor growth and development.  It has been postulated that a deficiency of the various zinc metalloenzymes results from the lack of dietary zinc.  From present study, an examination of some aspects of this postulate, we conclude the following about zinc deficiency in pigs: (1) Of the tissues studied, it results im diminished zinc content only in liver, kidney, and pancreas.  (2) It is associated with tissue abnormalities of various trace elements other than zinc.  (3) Histochemical enzyme assays are satisfactory for qualitative but not quantitative determination of zinc metalloenzymes.  (4) Deficiency of various tissue zinc metalloenzymes is difficult to demonstrate, even in severe zinc deficiency.  (5) It is associated with decreased activity of hepatic leucine aminopeptidase and ornithine transcarbamylase, and decreased serum cholesterol concentrations.  Our findings are consistent with the postulate that alterations in a number of trace elements may occur in the entity called zinc deficiency.", "contents": "Serum and tissue enzyme activity and trace-element content in response to zinc deficiency in the pig. Zinc deficiency is associated with poor growth and development.  It has been postulated that a deficiency of the various zinc metalloenzymes results from the lack of dietary zinc.  From present study, an examination of some aspects of this postulate, we conclude the following about zinc deficiency in pigs: (1) Of the tissues studied, it results im diminished zinc content only in liver, kidney, and pancreas.  (2) It is associated with tissue abnormalities of various trace elements other than zinc.  (3) Histochemical enzyme assays are satisfactory for qualitative but not quantitative determination of zinc metalloenzymes.  (4) Deficiency of various tissue zinc metalloenzymes is difficult to demonstrate, even in severe zinc deficiency.  (5) It is associated with decreased activity of hepatic leucine aminopeptidase and ornithine transcarbamylase, and decreased serum cholesterol concentrations.  Our findings are consistent with the postulate that alterations in a number of trace elements may occur in the entity called zinc deficiency.", "PMID": 1116292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5061", "title": "Influence of myocardial infarction on serum manganese, copper, and zinc concentrations.", "content": "Reportedly, serum manganese concentrations increase after myocardial infarction, closely correlated with increased serum aspartate aminotransferase activity.  However, these conclusions are apparently based on analyses of contaminated samples.  Serum manganese concentrations after myocardial infarction have been re-investigated by neutron activation analysis, and no significant increase could be demonstrated.  Because serum copper and zinc could be determined simultaneously, analyses for these trace elements are also reported, which confirm the findings of others.  After myocardial infarction a statistically significant (0.02 smaller than P smaller than 0.05) increase in serum copper and a statistically significant (0.001 smaller than P smaller than 0.01) decrease in serum zinc were observed.", "contents": "Influence of myocardial infarction on serum manganese, copper, and zinc concentrations. Reportedly, serum manganese concentrations increase after myocardial infarction, closely correlated with increased serum aspartate aminotransferase activity.  However, these conclusions are apparently based on analyses of contaminated samples.  Serum manganese concentrations after myocardial infarction have been re-investigated by neutron activation analysis, and no significant increase could be demonstrated.  Because serum copper and zinc could be determined simultaneously, analyses for these trace elements are also reported, which confirm the findings of others.  After myocardial infarction a statistically significant (0.02 smaller than P smaller than 0.05) increase in serum copper and a statistically significant (0.001 smaller than P smaller than 0.01) decrease in serum zinc were observed.", "PMID": 1116293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5062", "title": "Zinc deficiency in sickle cell disease.", "content": "Clinical similarities between patients with sickle cell anemia and zinc-deficient subjects suggested a secondary zinc deficiency in sickle cell anemia.  Zinc was assayed in various biological fluids and tissues by atomic absorption spectrophotometry.  Zinc in the plasma, erythrocytes, and hair was decreased and urinary zinc excretion was increased in anemia patients as compared to controls.  Erythrocyte zinc and daily urinary zinc excretion were inversely correlated in the anemia patients (r equal to minus .63, P smaller than 0.05), suggesting that hyperzincuria may have caused zinc deficiency in these patients.  Carbonic anhydrase, a zinc metalloenzyme, correlated significantly with erythrocyte zinc (r equal to plus 0.94, P smaller than 0.001).  Plasma RNase activity was significantly greater in anemia subjects than in controls.  We administered zinc sulfate, 660 mg per day, orally, to seven men and two women with sickle cell anemia.  Two 17-year-old males gained 5 cm and 7 cm in height during 49 and 42 weeks of zinc therapy, respectively.  All but one patient gained weight (0.5 kg to 4.1 kg).  Five of the males showed increased growth of pubic, axillary, facial, and body hair, and in one a leg ulcer healed in six weeks on zinc and in two others some benefit of zinc therapy on healing of ulcers was noted.", "contents": "Zinc deficiency in sickle cell disease. Clinical similarities between patients with sickle cell anemia and zinc-deficient subjects suggested a secondary zinc deficiency in sickle cell anemia.  Zinc was assayed in various biological fluids and tissues by atomic absorption spectrophotometry.  Zinc in the plasma, erythrocytes, and hair was decreased and urinary zinc excretion was increased in anemia patients as compared to controls.  Erythrocyte zinc and daily urinary zinc excretion were inversely correlated in the anemia patients (r equal to minus .63, P smaller than 0.05), suggesting that hyperzincuria may have caused zinc deficiency in these patients.  Carbonic anhydrase, a zinc metalloenzyme, correlated significantly with erythrocyte zinc (r equal to plus 0.94, P smaller than 0.001).  Plasma RNase activity was significantly greater in anemia subjects than in controls.  We administered zinc sulfate, 660 mg per day, orally, to seven men and two women with sickle cell anemia.  Two 17-year-old males gained 5 cm and 7 cm in height during 49 and 42 weeks of zinc therapy, respectively.  All but one patient gained weight (0.5 kg to 4.1 kg).  Five of the males showed increased growth of pubic, axillary, facial, and body hair, and in one a leg ulcer healed in six weeks on zinc and in two others some benefit of zinc therapy on healing of ulcers was noted.", "PMID": 1116294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5063", "title": "Effect of the matrix of the standard on results of atomic absorption spectrophotometry of zinc in serum.", "content": "Zinc in pooled human serum, diluted 10-fold with demineralized water, was determined by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry.  Recoveries of zinc added to the serum were calculated by use of standards prepared in water, physiological saline, synthetic serum, or dilute HNO3 (10 ml/liter).  The flow rates were essentially the same (9.1 to 9.3 ml/min) for water, diluted synthetic serum or actual human serum, and diluted nitric acid.  The mean apparent percentage recoveries (plus or minus SD) were the best (102.6 plus or minus 2.5) when the standards were prepared in nitric acid; the values obtained when standards in water were used were too high (111.5 plus or minus 3.9); those with standards prepared in physiological saline (92.0 plus or minus 3.2) or synthetic serum (92.3 plus or minus 2.5) were too low.", "contents": "Effect of the matrix of the standard on results of atomic absorption spectrophotometry of zinc in serum. Zinc in pooled human serum, diluted 10-fold with demineralized water, was determined by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry.  Recoveries of zinc added to the serum were calculated by use of standards prepared in water, physiological saline, synthetic serum, or dilute HNO3 (10 ml/liter).  The flow rates were essentially the same (9.1 to 9.3 ml/min) for water, diluted synthetic serum or actual human serum, and diluted nitric acid.  The mean apparent percentage recoveries (plus or minus SD) were the best (102.6 plus or minus 2.5) when the standards were prepared in nitric acid; the values obtained when standards in water were used were too high (111.5 plus or minus 3.9); those with standards prepared in physiological saline (92.0 plus or minus 3.2) or synthetic serum (92.3 plus or minus 2.5) were too low.", "PMID": 1116295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5064", "title": "Some aspects of specimen collection and stability in trace element analysis of body fluids.", "content": "Analyses for trace elements in biological fluids are uniquely susceptible to extreme errors unless special precautions are taken during collection, storage, and analysis.  The integrity of the specimen may be compromised before it is analyzed, by contamination during collection and processing or by attenuation of the analyte concentration during storage.  If this happens, determined values are not valid even though the method of analysis is extremely sensitive and highly accurate.  Obstacles to obtaining precise and accurate analytical data arising from these factors are discussed.  We consider control procedures applicable at all stages for ascertaining the sources of error and eliminating them.", "contents": "Some aspects of specimen collection and stability in trace element analysis of body fluids. Analyses for trace elements in biological fluids are uniquely susceptible to extreme errors unless special precautions are taken during collection, storage, and analysis.  The integrity of the specimen may be compromised before it is analyzed, by contamination during collection and processing or by attenuation of the analyte concentration during storage.  If this happens, determined values are not valid even though the method of analysis is extremely sensitive and highly accurate.  Obstacles to obtaining precise and accurate analytical data arising from these factors are discussed.  We consider control procedures applicable at all stages for ascertaining the sources of error and eliminating them.", "PMID": 1116296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5065", "title": "Trace elements in hair, as related to exposure in metropolitan New York.", "content": "Previous studies have revealed that trace element concentrations in hair can reflect exposure in cases of frank poisoning and deficiency.  This study reports significant correlations within a single metropolitan area between trace-element content of hair and exposure (as measured by analyses for the corresponding elements in dustfall or housedust) for Ba, Cr, Pb, Hg, Ni, Sn, and V.  Age, sex, hair color, and smoking habits were factors included in the statistical evaluation.  Several metals increase and decrease together in the hair specimens, in agreement with trends reported for other human tissues.", "contents": "Trace elements in hair, as related to exposure in metropolitan New York. Previous studies have revealed that trace element concentrations in hair can reflect exposure in cases of frank poisoning and deficiency.  This study reports significant correlations within a single metropolitan area between trace-element content of hair and exposure (as measured by analyses for the corresponding elements in dustfall or housedust) for Ba, Cr, Pb, Hg, Ni, Sn, and V.  Age, sex, hair color, and smoking habits were factors included in the statistical evaluation.  Several metals increase and decrease together in the hair specimens, in agreement with trends reported for other human tissues.", "PMID": 1116297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5066", "title": "Retention of fluoride with time in man.", "content": "Fluoride retention is high during fluoride supplementation and increases with increasing fluoride intake.  When large amounts of fluoride were given for several months the retention of fluoride was about the same as in the initial phase of fluoride supplementation, whether the supplemental dose of fluoride was 10, 20, or 45 mg per day.  The rapid return of the fluoride balance to control values after the high fluoride intake was discontinued indicates that there is not only a tendency for continued retention of fluoride during the high fluoride intake but also after large amounts of fluoride have already been retained.", "contents": "Retention of fluoride with time in man. Fluoride retention is high during fluoride supplementation and increases with increasing fluoride intake.  When large amounts of fluoride were given for several months the retention of fluoride was about the same as in the initial phase of fluoride supplementation, whether the supplemental dose of fluoride was 10, 20, or 45 mg per day.  The rapid return of the fluoride balance to control values after the high fluoride intake was discontinued indicates that there is not only a tendency for continued retention of fluoride during the high fluoride intake but also after large amounts of fluoride have already been retained.", "PMID": 1116298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5067", "title": "Effect of carbon cup aging on plasma zinc determination by flameless atomic adosorption spectrometry.", "content": "Determination of zinc in blood plasma by flameless atomic absorption spectrometry is discussed, with particular reference to the protocol required for the successful use of the Varian-Techtron Carbon Rod Atomizer.  Cup aging is shown to be an important factor in limiting the precision of this analytical technique and ways of minimizing the problem are described.  Matrix problems have also been encountered, which precluded the use of aqueous standard curves and the method of standard additions.  We propose the use of plasma in preparing standard curves, the values for which are corrected for inherent plasma zinc, as a possible solution to the problem.", "contents": "Effect of carbon cup aging on plasma zinc determination by flameless atomic adosorption spectrometry. Determination of zinc in blood plasma by flameless atomic absorption spectrometry is discussed, with particular reference to the protocol required for the successful use of the Varian-Techtron Carbon Rod Atomizer.  Cup aging is shown to be an important factor in limiting the precision of this analytical technique and ways of minimizing the problem are described.  Matrix problems have also been encountered, which precluded the use of aqueous standard curves and the method of standard additions.  We propose the use of plasma in preparing standard curves, the values for which are corrected for inherent plasma zinc, as a possible solution to the problem.", "PMID": 1116300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5068", "title": "Associated congenital malformations in retinoblastoma.", "content": "A complete family investigation was made for 598 cases of retinoblastoma and details of any associated congenital malformations were recorded. Associated malformations were found in seven cases, four of which were cleft palate. There was a highly significant difference between the frequency of cleft palate in our cases with retinoblastoma and the frequency in the general population. This result supports the hypothesis that cases of retinoblastoma with associated congenital malformations are caused by germinal mutations.", "contents": "Associated congenital malformations in retinoblastoma. A complete family investigation was made for 598 cases of retinoblastoma and details of any associated congenital malformations were recorded. Associated malformations were found in seven cases, four of which were cleft palate. There was a highly significant difference between the frequency of cleft palate in our cases with retinoblastoma and the frequency in the general population. This result supports the hypothesis that cases of retinoblastoma with associated congenital malformations are caused by germinal mutations.", "PMID": 1116308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5069", "title": "Frequency of phenylketonuria in Norway.", "content": "By January 1973, a total of 146 homozygotes (born between 1875 and 1972) for phenylketonuria (PKU) had been identified in Norway. This is an incomplete total, particularly in respect of PKU cases born before 1950, because of the PKU mortality rate. Between 1951 and 1972, the observed incidence of PKU was unchanged at 0.07 plus and minus 0.01 per 1000 live births. Haematological screening of about one-third of all births in Norway between 1966 and 1972 indicated an incidence of 0.07 plus and minus 0.02 per 1000 liveborn screened. As expected, this was well below the observed incidence of 0.11 plus and minus 0.01 per 1000 from screening data from Denmark, and considerably higher than the observed value of 0.03 plus and minus 0.01 per 1000 screened in Sweden. In comparison, indirect estimates, using the inbreeding coefficent of parents of PKUs and that of the general population in Norway in the corresponding years (1874-1972), suggested a fall in incidence of PKU in Norway from 0.14 plus and minus 0.15 per 1000 live births in 1918, to 0.08 plus and minus 0.08 per 1000 in 1941, and to 0.06 plus and minus 0.06 per 1000 live births in 1972. The present level of inbreeding in Norway (obtained from the Medical Registration of Bith) is discussed and compared with information in the 1891 census, with the parish registers between 1889and 1902, and with the parochial lists for the years 1903-1941.", "contents": "Frequency of phenylketonuria in Norway. By January 1973, a total of 146 homozygotes (born between 1875 and 1972) for phenylketonuria (PKU) had been identified in Norway. This is an incomplete total, particularly in respect of PKU cases born before 1950, because of the PKU mortality rate. Between 1951 and 1972, the observed incidence of PKU was unchanged at 0.07 plus and minus 0.01 per 1000 live births. Haematological screening of about one-third of all births in Norway between 1966 and 1972 indicated an incidence of 0.07 plus and minus 0.02 per 1000 liveborn screened. As expected, this was well below the observed incidence of 0.11 plus and minus 0.01 per 1000 from screening data from Denmark, and considerably higher than the observed value of 0.03 plus and minus 0.01 per 1000 screened in Sweden. In comparison, indirect estimates, using the inbreeding coefficent of parents of PKUs and that of the general population in Norway in the corresponding years (1874-1972), suggested a fall in incidence of PKU in Norway from 0.14 plus and minus 0.15 per 1000 live births in 1918, to 0.08 plus and minus 0.08 per 1000 in 1941, and to 0.06 plus and minus 0.06 per 1000 live births in 1972. The present level of inbreeding in Norway (obtained from the Medical Registration of Bith) is discussed and compared with information in the 1891 census, with the parish registers between 1889and 1902, and with the parochial lists for the years 1903-1941.", "PMID": 1116309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5070", "title": "Early childhood development of four boys with 47, XXY karyotype.", "content": "In an epidemiological study, infants identified at birth as having sex chromosome anomalies are enrolled in a voluntary, long term evaluations program. Case histories are presented of the first four boys in the series to have a 47,XXY karyotype. They have been followed from birth for 6 to 9 years, with physical and psychological evaluations. Parents were informed in general terms of the child's genetic defect, and were offered continuing support and encouragement throughout the study. Close cooperation with the families was maintained. So far, the development of all these children has fallen clearly within the normal range and a reasonable healthy dpattern has been secured. Minor deviations in motor, speech and emotional development suggest a common underlying pattern, but four cases are too few on which to establish a relationship between karyotype and phenotype. The data suggest that the symptomatology reported in selected children with a 47,XXY karyotype may be strongly dependent on factors other than the chromosomal constitution, and that an appropriate familial and environmental situation may minimize elevated risks due to the marked genetic defect.", "contents": "Early childhood development of four boys with 47, XXY karyotype. In an epidemiological study, infants identified at birth as having sex chromosome anomalies are enrolled in a voluntary, long term evaluations program. Case histories are presented of the first four boys in the series to have a 47,XXY karyotype. They have been followed from birth for 6 to 9 years, with physical and psychological evaluations. Parents were informed in general terms of the child's genetic defect, and were offered continuing support and encouragement throughout the study. Close cooperation with the families was maintained. So far, the development of all these children has fallen clearly within the normal range and a reasonable healthy dpattern has been secured. Minor deviations in motor, speech and emotional development suggest a common underlying pattern, but four cases are too few on which to establish a relationship between karyotype and phenotype. The data suggest that the symptomatology reported in selected children with a 47,XXY karyotype may be strongly dependent on factors other than the chromosomal constitution, and that an appropriate familial and environmental situation may minimize elevated risks due to the marked genetic defect.", "PMID": 1116310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5071", "title": "The pediatrician and the prevention of adolescent pregnancy.", "content": "Some unplanned adolescent pregnancies may be averted through education and preventive servies provided by the teen-ager's physician. This paper discusses the need for such services, and reviews the current literature concerning issues surrounding adolescent contraception--professional acceptability, legality, public attitudes, morality, and appropriateness to the pediatrician's role. The authors conclude that recent developments make the pediatrician's involvement in adolescent sexuality counseling entirely feasible.", "contents": "The pediatrician and the prevention of adolescent pregnancy. Some unplanned adolescent pregnancies may be averted through education and preventive servies provided by the teen-ager's physician. This paper discusses the need for such services, and reviews the current literature concerning issues surrounding adolescent contraception--professional acceptability, legality, public attitudes, morality, and appropriateness to the pediatrician's role. The authors conclude that recent developments make the pediatrician's involvement in adolescent sexuality counseling entirely feasible.", "PMID": 1116313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5072", "title": "A follow-up study of the Preschool Readiness Experimental Screening Scale (the PRESS).", "content": "A follow-up study of the Preschool Readiness Experimental Screening Scale (the PRESS) was conducted to determine whether the PRESS is a valid indicator of school readiness. Teacher ratings and Metropolitan Readiness Tests (MRT) scores were obtained at the end of kindergarten for 170 children who had been administered the PRESS before entering kindergarten. When the PRESS scores were compared with the teacher ratings and the MRT scores, the PRESS seemed a valid indicator of school readiness. A modified rating system for interpreting PRESS scores is also proposed.", "contents": "A follow-up study of the Preschool Readiness Experimental Screening Scale (the PRESS). A follow-up study of the Preschool Readiness Experimental Screening Scale (the PRESS) was conducted to determine whether the PRESS is a valid indicator of school readiness. Teacher ratings and Metropolitan Readiness Tests (MRT) scores were obtained at the end of kindergarten for 170 children who had been administered the PRESS before entering kindergarten. When the PRESS scores were compared with the teacher ratings and the MRT scores, the PRESS seemed a valid indicator of school readiness. A modified rating system for interpreting PRESS scores is also proposed.", "PMID": 1116315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5073", "title": "Prophylaxis in rheumatic and nonrheumatic mitral insufficiency.", "content": "Clinical, epidemologic, and experimental findings suggest that acquired mitral insufficiency should not invariably the attributed to rheumatic fever. In this series of childhood cases, more than 50 per cent of the instances of \"pure\" mitral insufficiency did not have an acceptable past history of rheumatic fever in terms of the Jones Criteria for the diagnosis of rheumatic fever. The authors therefore recommend that daily antibacterial prophylaxis should be limited to those children with valvular heart disease who have had at least one of the major manifestations of the Jones Criteria. But all cases or acquired valvular heart disease should remain under continued clinical observation, and be given antibacterial therapy to prevent bacterial endocarditis of the damaged valves whenever indicated.", "contents": "Prophylaxis in rheumatic and nonrheumatic mitral insufficiency. Clinical, epidemologic, and experimental findings suggest that acquired mitral insufficiency should not invariably the attributed to rheumatic fever. In this series of childhood cases, more than 50 per cent of the instances of \"pure\" mitral insufficiency did not have an acceptable past history of rheumatic fever in terms of the Jones Criteria for the diagnosis of rheumatic fever. The authors therefore recommend that daily antibacterial prophylaxis should be limited to those children with valvular heart disease who have had at least one of the major manifestations of the Jones Criteria. But all cases or acquired valvular heart disease should remain under continued clinical observation, and be given antibacterial therapy to prevent bacterial endocarditis of the damaged valves whenever indicated.", "PMID": 1116316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5074", "title": "Utilization of a hospital rotation system in an offic practice. Easing the burden of nighttime and office practice.", "content": "A four-man pediatric group in private practice instituted a rotation system whereby one of the four worked entirely in the hospital for a week at a time. That physician also took all emergency nighttime calls. The program was evaluated for patient acceptance and for income production.", "contents": "Utilization of a hospital rotation system in an offic practice. Easing the burden of nighttime and office practice. A four-man pediatric group in private practice instituted a rotation system whereby one of the four worked entirely in the hospital for a week at a time. That physician also took all emergency nighttime calls. The program was evaluated for patient acceptance and for income production.", "PMID": 1116317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5075", "title": "Fractures of the mandible in motor vehicle accidents.", "content": "Motor vehicle accidents are a common cause of fractures of the mandible and are the most common cause of serious and multiple fractures. The usual mechanism of injury is outlined. The common fractures that occur are through the anterior alveolar process, condylar necks, or edentulous areas of the body and symphysis. There is high incidence of other injuries associated with jaw fractures in these patients. Treatment of the mandibular fracture must wait until the patient's general condition is stabilized. Obstruction of the airway demands emergency treatment by keeping the tongue forward and repeated suction of blood and mucus from the mouth and nasopharynx. Emergency tracheostomy is rarely necessary because of mandibular fractures. The methods for immobilizing a fractured jaw are outlined. The majority of accident victims are young and therefore have teeth. When there are teeth that occlude immobilization of the mandible must include intermaxillary fixation by wiring the teeth into occlusion. Interosseus wiring is used to support unstable fragments. Intramedullary Kirschner wires are a simple and effective method for immobilizing fractures through the body and symphysis of edentulous patients.", "contents": "Fractures of the mandible in motor vehicle accidents. Motor vehicle accidents are a common cause of fractures of the mandible and are the most common cause of serious and multiple fractures. The usual mechanism of injury is outlined. The common fractures that occur are through the anterior alveolar process, condylar necks, or edentulous areas of the body and symphysis. There is high incidence of other injuries associated with jaw fractures in these patients. Treatment of the mandibular fracture must wait until the patient's general condition is stabilized. Obstruction of the airway demands emergency treatment by keeping the tongue forward and repeated suction of blood and mucus from the mouth and nasopharynx. Emergency tracheostomy is rarely necessary because of mandibular fractures. The methods for immobilizing a fractured jaw are outlined. The majority of accident victims are young and therefore have teeth. When there are teeth that occlude immobilization of the mandible must include intermaxillary fixation by wiring the teeth into occlusion. Interosseus wiring is used to support unstable fragments. Intramedullary Kirschner wires are a simple and effective method for immobilizing fractures through the body and symphysis of edentulous patients.", "PMID": 1116321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5076", "title": "Medicolegal aspects of automobile injuries.", "content": "We have tried to acquaint you with the basic elements of law relevant to the treatment of vehicle-related injury, i.e., the Good Samaritan clause, the definition of liability in surgery, warranty and informed consent. We have listed prophylactic measures to reduce medicolegal problems to a minimum. We have outlined the stepwise development of a court case and your duties to the court. Finally we have detailed special situations that occur in a trial and how to cope with them. In summary, bear in mind that it is natural to be edgy about court appearances. Few of us in medicine, after all, enjoy this kind of thing and to that extent we are truly out of our element. On the other hand, most attorneys, expert though they may be, are out of their element in medicine. That evens the score to a very considerable degree.", "contents": "Medicolegal aspects of automobile injuries. We have tried to acquaint you with the basic elements of law relevant to the treatment of vehicle-related injury, i.e., the Good Samaritan clause, the definition of liability in surgery, warranty and informed consent. We have listed prophylactic measures to reduce medicolegal problems to a minimum. We have outlined the stepwise development of a court case and your duties to the court. Finally we have detailed special situations that occur in a trial and how to cope with them. In summary, bear in mind that it is natural to be edgy about court appearances. Few of us in medicine, after all, enjoy this kind of thing and to that extent we are truly out of our element. On the other hand, most attorneys, expert though they may be, are out of their element in medicine. That evens the score to a very considerable degree.", "PMID": 1116322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5077", "title": "Traffic accidents, facial injuries, and psychiatry.", "content": "The extent to which emotional factors play a direct or indirect role in the causation of traffic accidents has been presented along with the early and late emotional response of individuals to facial injuries as a result of traffic accidents. Illustrated case histories are presented.", "contents": "Traffic accidents, facial injuries, and psychiatry. The extent to which emotional factors play a direct or indirect role in the causation of traffic accidents has been presented along with the early and late emotional response of individuals to facial injuries as a result of traffic accidents. Illustrated case histories are presented.", "PMID": 1116323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5078", "title": "Human volunteer and anthropomorphic dummy tests of driver air cushion system.", "content": "The dynamic impact tests at Southwest Research Institute for the first time exposed human volunteers to production-like driver air cushion system depolyments at impact levels equivalent to a 30 mph barrier crash (48 kph). No significant injury was produced. At no time was it necessary for the secondary restraint systems to be utilized and the entire program schedule was carried out as planned. All tests were conducted under the most safe and controlled conditions possible, and typify only what the air cushions might accomplish in direct, head-on impacts up to 30 mph (48 kph). In comparing the test results, the anthropomorphic dummies' response to impact was conservative compared to the human volunteers. These and other human volunteer tests were run to help understand what might be expected in real world driving conditions. To further understand the value of this new safety system, 1000 1973 Chevrolets were built and places in a high mileage fleet across the couhtry. They now have accumulated 41 millions miles of experience and have had 15 accidents of sufficient severity that the air cushion depolyed. This fleet was followed with 1974 vehicles with air cushions sold to the general public as an option. These cars, combined with the test fleet, have accumulated approximately 60 million miles and have a total of 25 depolyments with 34 occupants in the front seat. There has been one fatality in accidents involving these vehicles, a seven week old baby boy. The child was not restrained in any protective carrier. All other injuries have been classified AIS-1 except for three AIS-2. Facial injuries have been very minimal and there have been no known hearing impairments as a result of these accident situations. To date, the results have been encouraging but caution must be taken in their interpretation. The population of drivers is not to be considered normal. The 60 million miles may appear to be a large number, but only represents 25 minutes of driving time of the total U.S. car population in 1 year.", "contents": "Human volunteer and anthropomorphic dummy tests of driver air cushion system. The dynamic impact tests at Southwest Research Institute for the first time exposed human volunteers to production-like driver air cushion system depolyments at impact levels equivalent to a 30 mph barrier crash (48 kph). No significant injury was produced. At no time was it necessary for the secondary restraint systems to be utilized and the entire program schedule was carried out as planned. All tests were conducted under the most safe and controlled conditions possible, and typify only what the air cushions might accomplish in direct, head-on impacts up to 30 mph (48 kph). In comparing the test results, the anthropomorphic dummies' response to impact was conservative compared to the human volunteers. These and other human volunteer tests were run to help understand what might be expected in real world driving conditions. To further understand the value of this new safety system, 1000 1973 Chevrolets were built and places in a high mileage fleet across the couhtry. They now have accumulated 41 millions miles of experience and have had 15 accidents of sufficient severity that the air cushion depolyed. This fleet was followed with 1974 vehicles with air cushions sold to the general public as an option. These cars, combined with the test fleet, have accumulated approximately 60 million miles and have a total of 25 depolyments with 34 occupants in the front seat. There has been one fatality in accidents involving these vehicles, a seven week old baby boy. The child was not restrained in any protective carrier. All other injuries have been classified AIS-1 except for three AIS-2. Facial injuries have been very minimal and there have been no known hearing impairments as a result of these accident situations. To date, the results have been encouraging but caution must be taken in their interpretation. The population of drivers is not to be considered normal. The 60 million miles may appear to be a large number, but only represents 25 minutes of driving time of the total U.S. car population in 1 year.", "PMID": 1116324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5079", "title": "Facial injury to vehicle occupants associated with traffic crashes. The engineer's viewpoint.", "content": "The greatest immediate opportunity in automobile safety lies in utilization of what is already available to the motorist-equipment he may already have on hand, belts specifically. Without any further expenditure of money and without any further delay, the motorist can reduce the risk of facial injury.", "contents": "Facial injury to vehicle occupants associated with traffic crashes. The engineer's viewpoint. The greatest immediate opportunity in automobile safety lies in utilization of what is already available to the motorist-equipment he may already have on hand, belts specifically. Without any further expenditure of money and without any further delay, the motorist can reduce the risk of facial injury.", "PMID": 1116325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5080", "title": "Automobile accident studies of maxillofacial injuries.", "content": "The use of the available lap and shoulder belts would between 10,000 and 15,000 fatalities annually, and would significantly reduce the number of injuries, particularly those of the face. By mandatory seat belt usage laws a significant reduction in deaths, disfiguring injuries, and hospital bed-days would be realized.", "contents": "Automobile accident studies of maxillofacial injuries. The use of the available lap and shoulder belts would between 10,000 and 15,000 fatalities annually, and would significantly reduce the number of injuries, particularly those of the face. By mandatory seat belt usage laws a significant reduction in deaths, disfiguring injuries, and hospital bed-days would be realized.", "PMID": 1116326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5081", "title": "The biomechanics of maxillofacial trauma.", "content": "Current advances in vehicle design include nonlacerative windshields and energy-absorbing instrument panels and interior structures. In order to prevent more severe injuries, it may be necessary to accept minor soft tissue trauma and nasal fractures, but it should be possible to prevent almost all other facial trauma at reasonable impact speeds.", "contents": "The biomechanics of maxillofacial trauma. Current advances in vehicle design include nonlacerative windshields and energy-absorbing instrument panels and interior structures. In order to prevent more severe injuries, it may be necessary to accept minor soft tissue trauma and nasal fractures, but it should be possible to prevent almost all other facial trauma at reasonable impact speeds.", "PMID": 1116327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5082", "title": "Recurrent problems in emergency room management of maxillofacial injuries.", "content": "Some of the problems that currently plaque emergency rooms are outlined, as well as possible solutions. Steps in the emergency room management of maxillofacial injuries are also presented.", "contents": "Recurrent problems in emergency room management of maxillofacial injuries. Some of the problems that currently plaque emergency rooms are outlined, as well as possible solutions. Steps in the emergency room management of maxillofacial injuries are also presented.", "PMID": 1116328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5083", "title": "Emergency care of severe facial injuries.", "content": "In the absence of other life-threatening problems and with the airway adequate and bleeding contained, the emergency phase is now under control. At this point, priorities can be assigned for additional diagnostic procedures and definitive care. Further, as indicated above, one should be able to list precautions necessary in obtaining x-rays, in transporting the patient, or in other necessary manipulations. And finally, before progressing any further in diagnosis and treatment, record the data base of acute care and examination. This document anticipates problems and is essential if the patient's status later changes. Further, since most serious injuries involve liability considerations, the creation of an accurate initial record is totally dependent upon the attending physician. In summary, during the acute or emergency phase of care, the only considerations related to facial injury are airway maintenance, bleeding control, and determining whether more serious problems are present. Then and only then does the face itself merit attention.", "contents": "Emergency care of severe facial injuries. In the absence of other life-threatening problems and with the airway adequate and bleeding contained, the emergency phase is now under control. At this point, priorities can be assigned for additional diagnostic procedures and definitive care. Further, as indicated above, one should be able to list precautions necessary in obtaining x-rays, in transporting the patient, or in other necessary manipulations. And finally, before progressing any further in diagnosis and treatment, record the data base of acute care and examination. This document anticipates problems and is essential if the patient's status later changes. Further, since most serious injuries involve liability considerations, the creation of an accurate initial record is totally dependent upon the attending physician. In summary, during the acute or emergency phase of care, the only considerations related to facial injury are airway maintenance, bleeding control, and determining whether more serious problems are present. Then and only then does the face itself merit attention.", "PMID": 1116329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5084", "title": "Changes in physiological performance of the lower limb after fracture and subsequent rehabilitation.", "content": "1. Eight patients who had suffered a fracture of one leg were studied before and after a 7 weeks period of rehabilitation during work with one leg and both legs on a bicycle ergometer. 2. In submaximal exercise minute ventilation for a given carbon dioxide output and tidal volume at a given minute ventilation remained unchanged throughout the period of therapy for both one- and two-leg exercise: oxygen intake for a given work output and cardiac frequency for a given oxygen intake decreased in both the injured and uninjured limb during one-leg work, although in two-leg exercise there was no significant change. 3. Oxygen intake at zero load was subtracted from the maximum oxygen intake measured during loaded exercise to give net values for each limb exercised separately or both legs exercised together. The net maximum oxygen intake thus calculated increased 8-9% (*17 1/min) in the uninjured leg and 17-4% (*29 1/min) in the injured leg during one-leg exercise. In two-leg exercise the increase was 17-2% (*43 1/min), which approximately equals the increase in the two legs measured separately. 4. In both legs there was an increase in leg muscle (plus bone) volume although this was significant in the injured leg only. 5. The maximum oxygen intake attained in two-leg exercise for a given leg volume in the patients at discharge was not significantly different from that found previously in a cross-sectional survey of young healthy (naval) servicemen. Thus the rehabilitation programme investigated appears to be effective, although the spontaneous recovery without a rehabilitation programme is unknown.", "contents": "Changes in physiological performance of the lower limb after fracture and subsequent rehabilitation. 1. Eight patients who had suffered a fracture of one leg were studied before and after a 7 weeks period of rehabilitation during work with one leg and both legs on a bicycle ergometer. 2. In submaximal exercise minute ventilation for a given carbon dioxide output and tidal volume at a given minute ventilation remained unchanged throughout the period of therapy for both one- and two-leg exercise: oxygen intake for a given work output and cardiac frequency for a given oxygen intake decreased in both the injured and uninjured limb during one-leg work, although in two-leg exercise there was no significant change. 3. Oxygen intake at zero load was subtracted from the maximum oxygen intake measured during loaded exercise to give net values for each limb exercised separately or both legs exercised together. The net maximum oxygen intake thus calculated increased 8-9% (*17 1/min) in the uninjured leg and 17-4% (*29 1/min) in the injured leg during one-leg exercise. In two-leg exercise the increase was 17-2% (*43 1/min), which approximately equals the increase in the two legs measured separately. 4. In both legs there was an increase in leg muscle (plus bone) volume although this was significant in the injured leg only. 5. The maximum oxygen intake attained in two-leg exercise for a given leg volume in the patients at discharge was not significantly different from that found previously in a cross-sectional survey of young healthy (naval) servicemen. Thus the rehabilitation programme investigated appears to be effective, although the spontaneous recovery without a rehabilitation programme is unknown.", "PMID": 1116330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5085", "title": "Evidence for a significant contribution from central effects of angiotensin in the development of acute renal hypertension in the greyhound.", "content": "1. The importance of central vasomotor effects of endogenously generated angiotensin in the acute hypertensive response to renal artery constriction has been investigated in the anaesthetized greyhound. 2. When the central cardiovascular action of angiotensin was abolished by thermocoagulation of the areas postrema, the hypertensive response to renal artery constriction was reduced by half while the increase in plasma renin activity was unchanged. 3. It is concluded that central vasomotor effects of angiotensin play a significant role in renin-dependent hypertension.", "contents": "Evidence for a significant contribution from central effects of angiotensin in the development of acute renal hypertension in the greyhound. 1. The importance of central vasomotor effects of endogenously generated angiotensin in the acute hypertensive response to renal artery constriction has been investigated in the anaesthetized greyhound. 2. When the central cardiovascular action of angiotensin was abolished by thermocoagulation of the areas postrema, the hypertensive response to renal artery constriction was reduced by half while the increase in plasma renin activity was unchanged. 3. It is concluded that central vasomotor effects of angiotensin play a significant role in renin-dependent hypertension.", "PMID": 1116331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5086", "title": "Haematological status of middle- and long-distance runners.", "content": "1. Haematological investigation and blood volume measurements were carried out on forty male middle and long distance runners and twelve non-athletes. 2. The distribution of haemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume, erythrocyte count, total ironbinding capacity, serum and erythrocyte folate and serum vitamin B12 concentrations were essentially the same in atheletes and non-athletes. The mean serum iron concentration was higher in non-athletes than in athletes. There was no difference in the above measurements between athletes taking iron and/or folate and athletes not taking these supplements. 3. Blood volume and total body haemoglogin were on average 20% higher in the atheletes than in the non-athletes. 4. There was no correlation between haemoglobin concentration and blood volume in athletes. The evidence of this study suggests that haemoglobin concentration and blood volume are independently controlled. 5. 2,3-Diphosphoglycerate concentration in the erythrocytes was higher in the athletes than in the non-athletes; the mean values were 15-9 and 14-2 mumol/g of haemoglobin respectively.", "contents": "Haematological status of middle- and long-distance runners. 1. Haematological investigation and blood volume measurements were carried out on forty male middle and long distance runners and twelve non-athletes. 2. The distribution of haemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume, erythrocyte count, total ironbinding capacity, serum and erythrocyte folate and serum vitamin B12 concentrations were essentially the same in atheletes and non-athletes. The mean serum iron concentration was higher in non-athletes than in athletes. There was no difference in the above measurements between athletes taking iron and/or folate and athletes not taking these supplements. 3. Blood volume and total body haemoglogin were on average 20% higher in the atheletes than in the non-athletes. 4. There was no correlation between haemoglobin concentration and blood volume in athletes. The evidence of this study suggests that haemoglobin concentration and blood volume are independently controlled. 5. 2,3-Diphosphoglycerate concentration in the erythrocytes was higher in the athletes than in the non-athletes; the mean values were 15-9 and 14-2 mumol/g of haemoglobin respectively.", "PMID": 1116332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5087", "title": "Modifications of plasma post-heparin lipolytic activity and tissue lipoprotein lipase activity induced in the rat by acute administration of ethanol or propan-2-ol.", "content": "1. The oral administration of propan-2-ol [isopropanol; 100 mmol (6 g)/kg body weight] or ethanol [130 mmol (6 g)/kg body weight] to starved rats produced no change in plasma post-heparin lipase activity (PHLA) compared with that observed in 154 mmol/1 sodium chloride (saline)-treated rats. 2. An increase of adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase (LLA) and a decrease of heart LLA occurred in isopropanol-treated animals, whereas no significant changes were found in these activities after ethanol administration. 3. Since administration of isopropanol produces hyperglycaemia, observations were also made in rats receiving glucose infusion rather than saline. In these animals a rise in PHLA and adipose tissue LLA, and a fall in heart LLA, occurred. 4. It is suggested that the changes in tissue LLA produced by isopropanol are mediated by the rise in blood glucose.", "contents": "Modifications of plasma post-heparin lipolytic activity and tissue lipoprotein lipase activity induced in the rat by acute administration of ethanol or propan-2-ol. 1. The oral administration of propan-2-ol [isopropanol; 100 mmol (6 g)/kg body weight] or ethanol [130 mmol (6 g)/kg body weight] to starved rats produced no change in plasma post-heparin lipase activity (PHLA) compared with that observed in 154 mmol/1 sodium chloride (saline)-treated rats. 2. An increase of adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase (LLA) and a decrease of heart LLA occurred in isopropanol-treated animals, whereas no significant changes were found in these activities after ethanol administration. 3. Since administration of isopropanol produces hyperglycaemia, observations were also made in rats receiving glucose infusion rather than saline. In these animals a rise in PHLA and adipose tissue LLA, and a fall in heart LLA, occurred. 4. It is suggested that the changes in tissue LLA produced by isopropanol are mediated by the rise in blood glucose.", "PMID": 1116333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5088", "title": "Stimulation of calcium absorption and apparent increased intestinal 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol in rats treated with low doses of ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate.", "content": "1. Ligated intestinal segments from rats treated with disodium ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate (EHDP) at the daily dose of 16 mumol (identical to 1 mg of phosphorus)/kg subcutaneously for 7 days show an increased rate of calcium absorption. 2. This dose of EHDP enhances the intestinal accumulation of a vitamin D3 metabolite with the chromatographic characteristics of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol.", "contents": "Stimulation of calcium absorption and apparent increased intestinal 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol in rats treated with low doses of ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate. 1. Ligated intestinal segments from rats treated with disodium ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate (EHDP) at the daily dose of 16 mumol (identical to 1 mg of phosphorus)/kg subcutaneously for 7 days show an increased rate of calcium absorption. 2. This dose of EHDP enhances the intestinal accumulation of a vitamin D3 metabolite with the chromatographic characteristics of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol.", "PMID": 1116334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5089", "title": "Detection of low-renin hypertension; evaluation of out-patient renin-stimulating methods.", "content": "1. Three-renin-stimulating methods for detection of low-renin hypertension have been compared. First, renin activity was measured in hospital patients after 5 days of sodium restriction and 3 h ambulation.  Secondly, renin activity was measured after frusemide stimualtion [0.42 mmol (140 mg) in 18 h] and 3 h ambulation. Thirdly, renin activity was measured after 5 days of chlorthalidone treatment [0.3 mmol (100 mg/day]ured after 5 days of chlorthalidone treatment [0.3 mmol (100 mg)/day] and 3 h ambulation. The last two tests were done with the subjects as out-patients without any dietary regimen. 2. In eleven normotensive control subjects and twenty hypertensive patients the results after frusemide were not comparable with those after sodium restriction since the frusemide test did not identify the same renin-suppressed hypertensive subjects as the sodium-restriction procedure. 3. After 5 days of chlorthalidone treatment in the renin values in eleven control subjects as well as in thirty-eight hypertensive patients were significantly higher than after sodium restriction. The values obtained after each procedure were closely correlated. 4. Thus the out-patinet chlorthalidone procedure identified similar sub-groups of patients as having low- or normal-renin hypertension as did the inpatient sodium-restriction test.", "contents": "Detection of low-renin hypertension; evaluation of out-patient renin-stimulating methods. 1. Three-renin-stimulating methods for detection of low-renin hypertension have been compared. First, renin activity was measured in hospital patients after 5 days of sodium restriction and 3 h ambulation.  Secondly, renin activity was measured after frusemide stimualtion [0.42 mmol (140 mg) in 18 h] and 3 h ambulation. Thirdly, renin activity was measured after 5 days of chlorthalidone treatment [0.3 mmol (100 mg/day]ured after 5 days of chlorthalidone treatment [0.3 mmol (100 mg)/day] and 3 h ambulation. The last two tests were done with the subjects as out-patients without any dietary regimen. 2. In eleven normotensive control subjects and twenty hypertensive patients the results after frusemide were not comparable with those after sodium restriction since the frusemide test did not identify the same renin-suppressed hypertensive subjects as the sodium-restriction procedure. 3. After 5 days of chlorthalidone treatment in the renin values in eleven control subjects as well as in thirty-eight hypertensive patients were significantly higher than after sodium restriction. The values obtained after each procedure were closely correlated. 4. Thus the out-patinet chlorthalidone procedure identified similar sub-groups of patients as having low- or normal-renin hypertension as did the inpatient sodium-restriction test.", "PMID": 1116335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5090", "title": "The role of plasma volume in the increase of aldosterone secretion rate during sodium deprivation.", "content": "1. 24 h aldosterone secretion rates (ASR) have been measured in six normal volunteers while recumbent all day and while standing for 12 h, on 200 and 10 mmol/day sodium diets and after salt-poor albumin infusions (75 g in 150 ml), which significantly expanded plasma volume. 2. The mean ASR on the 10 mmol/day sodium diet, both without and with the salt-poor albumin infusion, was highly significantly increased above the mean ASR on the 200 mmol/day sodium diet, both in the recumbent and in the upright posture. 3. There was no significant difference between the mean ASR values on the 10 mmol/day sodium diet alone and after the infusion of albumin either in the recumbent or in the upright posture. 4. The above abservations su;gest that sodium deprivation raises ASR by a mechanism or mechanisms unrelated to plasma volume.", "contents": "The role of plasma volume in the increase of aldosterone secretion rate during sodium deprivation. 1. 24 h aldosterone secretion rates (ASR) have been measured in six normal volunteers while recumbent all day and while standing for 12 h, on 200 and 10 mmol/day sodium diets and after salt-poor albumin infusions (75 g in 150 ml), which significantly expanded plasma volume. 2. The mean ASR on the 10 mmol/day sodium diet, both without and with the salt-poor albumin infusion, was highly significantly increased above the mean ASR on the 200 mmol/day sodium diet, both in the recumbent and in the upright posture. 3. There was no significant difference between the mean ASR values on the 10 mmol/day sodium diet alone and after the infusion of albumin either in the recumbent or in the upright posture. 4. The above abservations su;gest that sodium deprivation raises ASR by a mechanism or mechanisms unrelated to plasma volume.", "PMID": 1116336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5091", "title": "Mechanisms of post-obstructive diuresis in the solitary hydronephrotic kidney of the rat.", "content": "1. In order to clarify further the phenomenon of post-obstructive diuresis, clearance and micropuncture experiments were done before and after relief of partial ureteral obstruction in rats with a solitary hydronephrotic kidney. 2. Glomerular filtration rate, urine flow and sodium excretion increased markedly, whereas surface nephron glomerular filtration rate increased only slightly and intratubular pressure, proximal and distal tubular water reabsorption did not change significantly. Decreased tubular reabsorption in deeper nephrons and collecting ducts appeared to be of major importance in the post-obstructive diuresis after relief of chronic obstruction. 3. In order to examine further the distinctive functional characteristics of the chronically hydro-nephrotic kidney, the results were compared with control rats having a solitary normal kidney or a solitary remnant kidney with an intact renal medulla. Urine flow rate and sodium excretion were higher and urine osmolality was lower (P less than 0-01) in post-obstructive kidneys when compared with either control group. There were no differences in glomerular filtration rate or surface nephron function which could account for the greater diuresis and natriuresis from the hydronephrotic kidney, thus confirming the importance of an abnormality in deep nephron or medullary function in post-obstructive diuresis. 4. There was a greater diuresis in post-obstructive rats with a marked increase in blood urea concentration. Water reabsorption in the distal nephron was decreased in such animals, as well as in urea-loaded rats with a remnant kidney, indicating the probable mechanism by which urea diuresis potentiates the phenomenon of post-obstructive diuresis.", "contents": "Mechanisms of post-obstructive diuresis in the solitary hydronephrotic kidney of the rat. 1. In order to clarify further the phenomenon of post-obstructive diuresis, clearance and micropuncture experiments were done before and after relief of partial ureteral obstruction in rats with a solitary hydronephrotic kidney. 2. Glomerular filtration rate, urine flow and sodium excretion increased markedly, whereas surface nephron glomerular filtration rate increased only slightly and intratubular pressure, proximal and distal tubular water reabsorption did not change significantly. Decreased tubular reabsorption in deeper nephrons and collecting ducts appeared to be of major importance in the post-obstructive diuresis after relief of chronic obstruction. 3. In order to examine further the distinctive functional characteristics of the chronically hydro-nephrotic kidney, the results were compared with control rats having a solitary normal kidney or a solitary remnant kidney with an intact renal medulla. Urine flow rate and sodium excretion were higher and urine osmolality was lower (P less than 0-01) in post-obstructive kidneys when compared with either control group. There were no differences in glomerular filtration rate or surface nephron function which could account for the greater diuresis and natriuresis from the hydronephrotic kidney, thus confirming the importance of an abnormality in deep nephron or medullary function in post-obstructive diuresis. 4. There was a greater diuresis in post-obstructive rats with a marked increase in blood urea concentration. Water reabsorption in the distal nephron was decreased in such animals, as well as in urea-loaded rats with a remnant kidney, indicating the probable mechanism by which urea diuresis potentiates the phenomenon of post-obstructive diuresis.", "PMID": 1116337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5092", "title": "Resin column perfusion with whole blood or plasma separated by the continuous flow celltrifuge.", "content": "1. The aim of this study was to define the factors influencing plasma separation from the continuous flow celltrifuge and to evaluate plasma as an alternative to whole blood for perfusion of exchange resins as part of a system of artificial liver support. 2. Studies in vitro showed the importance of packed cell volume, centrifugal force and duration of centrifugation on the degree of plasma separation. From these data it was possible to calculate plasma flow rates likely to be obtained from the celltrifuge when used in vivo. These predicted values correlated closely with plasma flow rate obtained in twenty-six studies in dogs. 3. Comparison of whole blood perfusion with plasma perfusion of exchange resins in another series of dog experiments showed that with whole blood perfusion there was often a considerable rise in pressure across the resin column but that this did not occur with plasma perfusion. 4. Measurements of platelet losses in the same series of experiments showed a 50% reduction of arterial platelet counts over a 31/2 h period of perfusion when whole blood was perfused. Although the fall was lower with plasma perfusion, the difference was not statistically significant. 5. Use of the celltrifuge provides a means of resin perfusion free of the mechanical difficulties of whole blood perfusion, but platelet losses still remain a problem.", "contents": "Resin column perfusion with whole blood or plasma separated by the continuous flow celltrifuge. 1. The aim of this study was to define the factors influencing plasma separation from the continuous flow celltrifuge and to evaluate plasma as an alternative to whole blood for perfusion of exchange resins as part of a system of artificial liver support. 2. Studies in vitro showed the importance of packed cell volume, centrifugal force and duration of centrifugation on the degree of plasma separation. From these data it was possible to calculate plasma flow rates likely to be obtained from the celltrifuge when used in vivo. These predicted values correlated closely with plasma flow rate obtained in twenty-six studies in dogs. 3. Comparison of whole blood perfusion with plasma perfusion of exchange resins in another series of dog experiments showed that with whole blood perfusion there was often a considerable rise in pressure across the resin column but that this did not occur with plasma perfusion. 4. Measurements of platelet losses in the same series of experiments showed a 50% reduction of arterial platelet counts over a 31/2 h period of perfusion when whole blood was perfused. Although the fall was lower with plasma perfusion, the difference was not statistically significant. 5. Use of the celltrifuge provides a means of resin perfusion free of the mechanical difficulties of whole blood perfusion, but platelet losses still remain a problem.", "PMID": 1116338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5093", "title": "Monitoring of intrapartum phenomena.", "content": "We have discussed in the first part of this paper the place of labor monitoring in the delivery of health care to the pregnant woman and the fetus. We have shown that monitoring is only practical and realistic in centers which are equipped to welcome high risk patients. Adequate personnel and facilities should be available on a 24 hr basis. The collaboration of the pediatrician and of the neonatal nursery is essential to the success of the operation. A great part of successful attempts to decrease perinatal mortality and morbidity has to do with prevention. Our population has to be educated during childhood and adolescence about reproduction. The second part of the paper describes the measurement of intrauterine pressure and fetal heart rate and the value of data interpretation. The advantages and limitations of the techniques are outlined. The problems which the doctors and engineers encounter during these procedures are briefly reviewed. It is concluded that monitoring of labor is still in an early developmental stage. Man power and technical innovations22 are necessary to assure a reduction of 15 per cent of the total perinatal mortality with the use of this technique.", "contents": "Monitoring of intrapartum phenomena. We have discussed in the first part of this paper the place of labor monitoring in the delivery of health care to the pregnant woman and the fetus. We have shown that monitoring is only practical and realistic in centers which are equipped to welcome high risk patients. Adequate personnel and facilities should be available on a 24 hr basis. The collaboration of the pediatrician and of the neonatal nursery is essential to the success of the operation. A great part of successful attempts to decrease perinatal mortality and morbidity has to do with prevention. Our population has to be educated during childhood and adolescence about reproduction. The second part of the paper describes the measurement of intrauterine pressure and fetal heart rate and the value of data interpretation. The advantages and limitations of the techniques are outlined. The problems which the doctors and engineers encounter during these procedures are briefly reviewed. It is concluded that monitoring of labor is still in an early developmental stage. Man power and technical innovations22 are necessary to assure a reduction of 15 per cent of the total perinatal mortality with the use of this technique.", "PMID": 1116371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5094", "title": "Fetal monitoring techniques.", "content": "It is seen that there are several possible techniques for monitoring the fetus during labor. In addition to those described above, one can take microblood samples from the fetus and analyze for blood gases and pH. The latter is usually the only parameter measured and often is helpful in assessing the fetus. Yet even with spot checks of this chemical determination added to the monitored data, the overall value of fetal monitoring in definitively diagnosing the onset of significant fetal distress must be questioned. Further work and new monitoring techniques and parameters are clearly needed to improve the care of the high risk mother and fetus during labor and delivery.", "contents": "Fetal monitoring techniques. It is seen that there are several possible techniques for monitoring the fetus during labor. In addition to those described above, one can take microblood samples from the fetus and analyze for blood gases and pH. The latter is usually the only parameter measured and often is helpful in assessing the fetus. Yet even with spot checks of this chemical determination added to the monitored data, the overall value of fetal monitoring in definitively diagnosing the onset of significant fetal distress must be questioned. Further work and new monitoring techniques and parameters are clearly needed to improve the care of the high risk mother and fetus during labor and delivery.", "PMID": 1116372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5095", "title": "Duration of effect of treatment of menopausal symptoms by oestrongen fraction.", "content": "A follow-up study of 17 menopausal patients receiving piperazine oestrone sulphate (Harmogen), the efficiency measured by the effect on plasma oestradiol levels, was conducted in two groups of patients. The first group had undergone an artificial menopause. Clinical relief of symptoms again correlated with the effect of the oestradiol levels, the duration of the effect exceeding the period of therapy by 3 months.", "contents": "Duration of effect of treatment of menopausal symptoms by oestrongen fraction. A follow-up study of 17 menopausal patients receiving piperazine oestrone sulphate (Harmogen), the efficiency measured by the effect on plasma oestradiol levels, was conducted in two groups of patients. The first group had undergone an artificial menopause. Clinical relief of symptoms again correlated with the effect of the oestradiol levels, the duration of the effect exceeding the period of therapy by 3 months.", "PMID": 1116381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5096", "title": "Comparison between the bronchodilator and cardiovascular effects of inhaling 0.5 mg. rimiterol ('Pulmadil') and 0.2 mg. salbutamol.", "content": "A comparison between the acute effects of rimiterol (0.5 mg) and salbutamol (0.2 mg.) has been made using metered dose aerosols. In this dosage it was found that the peak effect of the two drugs was the same but that the effect of rimiterol was less prolonged than that of sulbutamol. No increase in blood pressure occurred and heart rate changes were minimal after both drugs. Rimiterol is an acceptable alternative to the short-acting isoprenaline but lacks the cardiovascular effects of isoprenaline and is an alternative to salbutamol where very prolonged action is unnecessary.", "contents": "Comparison between the bronchodilator and cardiovascular effects of inhaling 0.5 mg. rimiterol ('Pulmadil') and 0.2 mg. salbutamol. A comparison between the acute effects of rimiterol (0.5 mg) and salbutamol (0.2 mg.) has been made using metered dose aerosols. In this dosage it was found that the peak effect of the two drugs was the same but that the effect of rimiterol was less prolonged than that of sulbutamol. No increase in blood pressure occurred and heart rate changes were minimal after both drugs. Rimiterol is an acceptable alternative to the short-acting isoprenaline but lacks the cardiovascular effects of isoprenaline and is an alternative to salbutamol where very prolonged action is unnecessary.", "PMID": 1116382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5097", "title": "Anabolic agents in kidney disease: the effect of formebolone on protein synthesis in patients with renal insufficiency or nephrosis.", "content": "The anabolic activity of formebolone was studied in 7 patients with nephrosis or renal insufficiency by measuring the amount of 14C-leucine incorporated into plasma proteins as an index of protein synthesis. The data demonstrate that the incorporation of label into the plasma albumin fraction was significantly increased after formebolone administration.", "contents": "Anabolic agents in kidney disease: the effect of formebolone on protein synthesis in patients with renal insufficiency or nephrosis. The anabolic activity of formebolone was studied in 7 patients with nephrosis or renal insufficiency by measuring the amount of 14C-leucine incorporated into plasma proteins as an index of protein synthesis. The data demonstrate that the incorporation of label into the plasma albumin fraction was significantly increased after formebolone administration.", "PMID": 1116383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5098", "title": "Psycho-sexual disorders and their treatment: Part II.", "content": "In a previously published part of this review the historical and aetiological aspects of sexual inadequacy were considered and an account given of vaginismus. The main problems found in patients with erective and orgasmic dysfunction were also discussed. In this second part, the author considers the conditions of premature ejaculation and ejaculatory incompentance as well as discussing erective and orgasmic incompetence in more detail. Behavioural and other psychotherapeutic measures are considered and a brief review is made of the use and value of drug therapy in patients with sexual dysfunction.", "contents": "Psycho-sexual disorders and their treatment: Part II. In a previously published part of this review the historical and aetiological aspects of sexual inadequacy were considered and an account given of vaginismus. The main problems found in patients with erective and orgasmic dysfunction were also discussed. In this second part, the author considers the conditions of premature ejaculation and ejaculatory incompentance as well as discussing erective and orgasmic incompetence in more detail. Behavioural and other psychotherapeutic measures are considered and a brief review is made of the use and value of drug therapy in patients with sexual dysfunction.", "PMID": 1116384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5099", "title": "Management of arterial hypoxemia induced by fiberoptic bronchoscopy.", "content": "Twenty patients undergoing fiberoptic bronchoscopy (FOB) (bronchofiberscopy) were studied with serial arterial blood gas analyses. Ten patients were managed using a 40 percent Venturi mask with a 2-cm opening cut out for the FOB; there were ten other patients, with this opening modified by a thin rubber diaphragm with a slit for insertion of the FOB. Both masks decreased the extent of hypoxemia after bronchoscopy, but the mask with the diaphragm provided significantly higher PaO2 values. A significantly higher mean FIO2 was found at the carina in the group using the diaphragm-modified mask. This study suggests that declines in PaO2 after bronchoscopy can be avoided in most patients undergoing diagnostic FOB by using a diaphragm-modified 40 percent Venturi mask during and after the procedure. However, patients with a PaO2 below 60 mm Hg before bronchoscopy may require other measure to avoid potentially hazardous degrees of hypoxemia after bronchoscopy.", "contents": "Management of arterial hypoxemia induced by fiberoptic bronchoscopy. Twenty patients undergoing fiberoptic bronchoscopy (FOB) (bronchofiberscopy) were studied with serial arterial blood gas analyses. Ten patients were managed using a 40 percent Venturi mask with a 2-cm opening cut out for the FOB; there were ten other patients, with this opening modified by a thin rubber diaphragm with a slit for insertion of the FOB. Both masks decreased the extent of hypoxemia after bronchoscopy, but the mask with the diaphragm provided significantly higher PaO2 values. A significantly higher mean FIO2 was found at the carina in the group using the diaphragm-modified mask. This study suggests that declines in PaO2 after bronchoscopy can be avoided in most patients undergoing diagnostic FOB by using a diaphragm-modified 40 percent Venturi mask during and after the procedure. However, patients with a PaO2 below 60 mm Hg before bronchoscopy may require other measure to avoid potentially hazardous degrees of hypoxemia after bronchoscopy.", "PMID": 1116387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5100", "title": "The effect of bronchofiberscopic examination on oxygenation status.", "content": "Arterial blood gases were measured in 62 patients, none of whom was critically ill, to determine the effect of transnasal fiberoptic bronchoscopy on oxygenation status. Blood samples were obtained at regular intervals during the procedure. Thirty-four patients who were bronchoscoped while breathing room air had a significant drop in the arterial P02 following saline solution lavage. Twenty-eight patients who were given 28 percent oxygen via a Ventimask during the procedure were protected from this hypoxemia. Simultaneously measured arterial pH and Pco2 were unchanged during the procedure. Premedication alone resulted in a minimal but insignificant drop in PaO2 in 7 patients. These observations suggest that if the initial PaO2 is less than 70 mm Hg on room air, bronchoscopy by the transnasal approach is best performed with the administration of oxygen through an appropriate mask. If the patient is at risk of developing hypercapnia with supplemental oxygen, a 28 percent Ventimask should be utilized to prevent significant hypoxemia without causing hypercapnia.", "contents": "The effect of bronchofiberscopic examination on oxygenation status. Arterial blood gases were measured in 62 patients, none of whom was critically ill, to determine the effect of transnasal fiberoptic bronchoscopy on oxygenation status. Blood samples were obtained at regular intervals during the procedure. Thirty-four patients who were bronchoscoped while breathing room air had a significant drop in the arterial P02 following saline solution lavage. Twenty-eight patients who were given 28 percent oxygen via a Ventimask during the procedure were protected from this hypoxemia. Simultaneously measured arterial pH and Pco2 were unchanged during the procedure. Premedication alone resulted in a minimal but insignificant drop in PaO2 in 7 patients. These observations suggest that if the initial PaO2 is less than 70 mm Hg on room air, bronchoscopy by the transnasal approach is best performed with the administration of oxygen through an appropriate mask. If the patient is at risk of developing hypercapnia with supplemental oxygen, a 28 percent Ventimask should be utilized to prevent significant hypoxemia without causing hypercapnia.", "PMID": 1116388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5101", "title": "Hemodynamic effects of edrophonium chloride (Tensilon) infusion.", "content": "The hemodynamic effects of a 10 mg bolus of edrophonium chloride followed by a continuous infusion of 0.25 to 1.0 mg per minute, were determined in unanesthetized patients with significant myocardial disease. The effect on heart rate of the drug was negated by studying a group of nine patients with complete heart block and permanently implanted ventricular pacemakers. After the 10 mg bolus, two of the nine patients experienced dizziness, nausea and abdominal cramps associated with a mild decrease in peripheral vascular resistance. There was no significant change in cardiac index, mean blood pressure, brachial artery upstroke time, corrected ejection time, or left ventricular systolic ejection time. This study demonstrated that the continuous infusion of 0.25 to 1.0 mg per minute of edrophonium chloride following a 10 mg loading dose, had no significant effect on myocardial function.", "contents": "Hemodynamic effects of edrophonium chloride (Tensilon) infusion. The hemodynamic effects of a 10 mg bolus of edrophonium chloride followed by a continuous infusion of 0.25 to 1.0 mg per minute, were determined in unanesthetized patients with significant myocardial disease. The effect on heart rate of the drug was negated by studying a group of nine patients with complete heart block and permanently implanted ventricular pacemakers. After the 10 mg bolus, two of the nine patients experienced dizziness, nausea and abdominal cramps associated with a mild decrease in peripheral vascular resistance. There was no significant change in cardiac index, mean blood pressure, brachial artery upstroke time, corrected ejection time, or left ventricular systolic ejection time. This study demonstrated that the continuous infusion of 0.25 to 1.0 mg per minute of edrophonium chloride following a 10 mg loading dose, had no significant effect on myocardial function.", "PMID": 1116389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5102", "title": "Immediate operative treatment for massive hemoptysis.", "content": "A series of 15 patients with life threatening, massive hemoptysis is reported. Thirteen of these patients underwent immediate operative treatment with only three deaths. One died after bronchoscopic identification of the bleeding site while awaiting elective thoracotomy. The other patient left the hospital against medical advice. Immediate identification of the site of bleeding by bronchoscopy followed by thoracotomy with resection of the bleeding source, is the preferred method of managing such patients, except when there are specific contraindications to resection.", "contents": "Immediate operative treatment for massive hemoptysis. A series of 15 patients with life threatening, massive hemoptysis is reported. Thirteen of these patients underwent immediate operative treatment with only three deaths. One died after bronchoscopic identification of the bleeding site while awaiting elective thoracotomy. The other patient left the hospital against medical advice. Immediate identification of the site of bleeding by bronchoscopy followed by thoracotomy with resection of the bleeding source, is the preferred method of managing such patients, except when there are specific contraindications to resection.", "PMID": 1116390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5103", "title": "Periodic sleep apnea: chronic sleep deprivation related to intermittent upper airway obstruction and central nervous system disturbance.", "content": "Periodic sleep apnea may be due to repeated episodes of upper airway obstruction in patients who have a short thick neck and/or large jowls. Apnea due to complete cessation of breathing may occur to a lesser extent. Anaylsis of the sleep electroencephalogram shows that these patients rarely achieve deep sleep and have less stage 1-REM sleep than normal subjects of comparable age. They are chronically sleep-deprived, a manifestation expressed by daytime somnolence, chronic fatigue and often by personality disturbances marked by paranoia, agitated depression and hostility. The definitive diagnosis of this syndrome may be established by monitoring during sleep, the electroencephalogram, measuring abdominal excursions through a mercury-in-Silastic-strain gauge and recording air flow at the nose by means of a thermocouple. As demonstrated by other investigators, chronic hypoventilation during sleep leads to both pulmonary and systemic arterial hypertension, which may produce generalized cardiac enlargement and congestive heart failure. The abnormalities in the periodic sleep apnea syndrome are abolished by establishing a patent airway either through tracheostomy or weight reduction.", "contents": "Periodic sleep apnea: chronic sleep deprivation related to intermittent upper airway obstruction and central nervous system disturbance. Periodic sleep apnea may be due to repeated episodes of upper airway obstruction in patients who have a short thick neck and/or large jowls. Apnea due to complete cessation of breathing may occur to a lesser extent. Anaylsis of the sleep electroencephalogram shows that these patients rarely achieve deep sleep and have less stage 1-REM sleep than normal subjects of comparable age. They are chronically sleep-deprived, a manifestation expressed by daytime somnolence, chronic fatigue and often by personality disturbances marked by paranoia, agitated depression and hostility. The definitive diagnosis of this syndrome may be established by monitoring during sleep, the electroencephalogram, measuring abdominal excursions through a mercury-in-Silastic-strain gauge and recording air flow at the nose by means of a thermocouple. As demonstrated by other investigators, chronic hypoventilation during sleep leads to both pulmonary and systemic arterial hypertension, which may produce generalized cardiac enlargement and congestive heart failure. The abnormalities in the periodic sleep apnea syndrome are abolished by establishing a patent airway either through tracheostomy or weight reduction.", "PMID": 1116391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5104", "title": "Xerotomographic diagnosis of central bronchogenic carcinoma.", "content": "Xerotomography was used to examine 14 patients with substantial pulmonary opacities, in whom the diagnosis of bronchogenic carcinoma had been suspected. Xerotomography was valuable because it provided excellent delineation of the tracheobronchial tree, which assisted in differentiation of benign from malignant lesions. Malignancy was suggested by: 1) amputation, 2) eccentric narrowing of the bronchus, 3)irregularity of the bronchial wall, 4)presence of an intraluminal mass. Mediastinal and hilar node enlargement could also be assessed. The use of these criteria allowed a correct preoperative diagnosis in 12 of 14 patients. Due to the high radiation dosage, this method is not suitable for use as a screening procedure.", "contents": "Xerotomographic diagnosis of central bronchogenic carcinoma. Xerotomography was used to examine 14 patients with substantial pulmonary opacities, in whom the diagnosis of bronchogenic carcinoma had been suspected. Xerotomography was valuable because it provided excellent delineation of the tracheobronchial tree, which assisted in differentiation of benign from malignant lesions. Malignancy was suggested by: 1) amputation, 2) eccentric narrowing of the bronchus, 3)irregularity of the bronchial wall, 4)presence of an intraluminal mass. Mediastinal and hilar node enlargement could also be assessed. The use of these criteria allowed a correct preoperative diagnosis in 12 of 14 patients. Due to the high radiation dosage, this method is not suitable for use as a screening procedure.", "PMID": 1116392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5105", "title": "A new radiologic sign of subpulmonic effusion.", "content": "A new radiologic sign of subpulmonic effusion is described. That is obliteration of the intrapulmonary blood vessels which are seen below the level of the diaphragmatic dome. One hundred normal chest films are reviewed as well as nine patients with subpulmonic effusions. In three of the patients with subpulmonic effusions, this sign was the first evidence of pleural effusion.", "contents": "A new radiologic sign of subpulmonic effusion. A new radiologic sign of subpulmonic effusion is described. That is obliteration of the intrapulmonary blood vessels which are seen below the level of the diaphragmatic dome. One hundred normal chest films are reviewed as well as nine patients with subpulmonic effusions. In three of the patients with subpulmonic effusions, this sign was the first evidence of pleural effusion.", "PMID": 1116393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5106", "title": "Bronchial brushing through the flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope in the diagnosis of peripheral pulmonary lesions.", "content": "Bronchial brushing was performed concomitantly with transnasal flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy in 44 patients with localized peripheral pulmonary lesions and absence of visible bronchial abnormality down to subsegmental level. Fluoroscopic confirmation of brush placement was obtained. A diagnosis of malignancy was made by bronchial brushing in 12 of 23 patients (52 percent) proved to have neoplasm, although diagnostic accuracy rose to six of seven patients (86 percent) in the final quarter of the study. There was no relationship between diagnostic accuracy and tumor location. Diagnostic accuracy was highest for squamous cell carcinoma, intermediate for adenocarcinoma, and lowest for undifferentiated carcinoma. A diagnosis of tuberculosis was made in two of 21 patients found not to have malignancy, and bronchial brushing was the only procedure to yield diagnostic material in these two patients. There were no false-positive cytologic examinations and no complications. Fluoroscopic control of placement of the bronchial brush passed through the fiberoptic bronchoscope allows a single, highyield, diagnostic procedure to be performed with minimal risk to the patient. In selected cases, thoracotomy may be avoided by this procedure.", "contents": "Bronchial brushing through the flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope in the diagnosis of peripheral pulmonary lesions. Bronchial brushing was performed concomitantly with transnasal flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy in 44 patients with localized peripheral pulmonary lesions and absence of visible bronchial abnormality down to subsegmental level. Fluoroscopic confirmation of brush placement was obtained. A diagnosis of malignancy was made by bronchial brushing in 12 of 23 patients (52 percent) proved to have neoplasm, although diagnostic accuracy rose to six of seven patients (86 percent) in the final quarter of the study. There was no relationship between diagnostic accuracy and tumor location. Diagnostic accuracy was highest for squamous cell carcinoma, intermediate for adenocarcinoma, and lowest for undifferentiated carcinoma. A diagnosis of tuberculosis was made in two of 21 patients found not to have malignancy, and bronchial brushing was the only procedure to yield diagnostic material in these two patients. There were no false-positive cytologic examinations and no complications. Fluoroscopic control of placement of the bronchial brush passed through the fiberoptic bronchoscope allows a single, highyield, diagnostic procedure to be performed with minimal risk to the patient. In selected cases, thoracotomy may be avoided by this procedure.", "PMID": 1116394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5107", "title": "Evaluation of skeletal muscle capillary basement membrane thickness in congestive heart failure.", "content": "Although it has been demonstrated that during isotonic grip exercise patients with chronic congestive heart failure have an abnormally reduced forearm oxygen consumption resulting from a depressed forearm flood flow, there may be additional etiologies of this abnormality. To explore this possibility biopsies of the pronator teres muscle were taken in eight control subjects with normal cardiac hemodynamics and in seven severely decompensated chronic congestive heart failure subjects. Each sample was fixed, stained, and photomicrographs of the sections were obtained and the capillary basement membrane thickness determined. The control capillary basement membrane thickness was 3028 plus or minus 187 A (mean plus or minus SEM) compared to the congestive heart failure thickness of 4924 plus or minus 538 A (pless than .01). It is possible that the increased basement membrane thickness in congestive heart failure may result from or actually cause the depressed oxygen consumption by altering diffusion.", "contents": "Evaluation of skeletal muscle capillary basement membrane thickness in congestive heart failure. Although it has been demonstrated that during isotonic grip exercise patients with chronic congestive heart failure have an abnormally reduced forearm oxygen consumption resulting from a depressed forearm flood flow, there may be additional etiologies of this abnormality. To explore this possibility biopsies of the pronator teres muscle were taken in eight control subjects with normal cardiac hemodynamics and in seven severely decompensated chronic congestive heart failure subjects. Each sample was fixed, stained, and photomicrographs of the sections were obtained and the capillary basement membrane thickness determined. The control capillary basement membrane thickness was 3028 plus or minus 187 A (mean plus or minus SEM) compared to the congestive heart failure thickness of 4924 plus or minus 538 A (pless than .01). It is possible that the increased basement membrane thickness in congestive heart failure may result from or actually cause the depressed oxygen consumption by altering diffusion.", "PMID": 1116395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5108", "title": "Use of artificial heart for basic cardiovascular research.", "content": "Improved technology in artificial heart development and implantation studies in unanesthetized calves have stimulated a new model for cardiovascular research. Independent control of the left and right ventricles, replacement of the natural right atrium with an artificial atrium (with a compliant inner diaphragm) are illustrated as examples of new methods to study the cardiovascular system. Preliminary results in three calves suggest that synchronous ventricular pumping is not required for total circulatory maintenance. In four calves a passive artificial right atrium was shown to decrease outflow obstruction to the right ventricle. A compliant inner deiapragm demonstrated a reduction in the amplitude of the atrial C and V waves. The effects of volume and drug infusion on peripheral vascular response in the presence of controlled artificial heart pumping (which does not respond to direct neural or hormonal influences) further illustrate the efficacy of this preparation as a new model for cardiovascular research.", "contents": "Use of artificial heart for basic cardiovascular research. Improved technology in artificial heart development and implantation studies in unanesthetized calves have stimulated a new model for cardiovascular research. Independent control of the left and right ventricles, replacement of the natural right atrium with an artificial atrium (with a compliant inner diaphragm) are illustrated as examples of new methods to study the cardiovascular system. Preliminary results in three calves suggest that synchronous ventricular pumping is not required for total circulatory maintenance. In four calves a passive artificial right atrium was shown to decrease outflow obstruction to the right ventricle. A compliant inner deiapragm demonstrated a reduction in the amplitude of the atrial C and V waves. The effects of volume and drug infusion on peripheral vascular response in the presence of controlled artificial heart pumping (which does not respond to direct neural or hormonal influences) further illustrate the efficacy of this preparation as a new model for cardiovascular research.", "PMID": 1116396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5109", "title": "Percutaneous transfemoral coronary arteriography; prevention of morbid complication.", "content": "During a six-year experience involving 3,089 selective coronary arteriograms (99 percent by the percutaneous transfemoral method), modifications of technique have reduced the incidence of morbid complications. Modifications have involved guidewire technique, systemic heparinization, attention to spontaneous catheter back-bleeding after guidewire removal, and caution in approaching sever main left coronary artery lesions.", "contents": "Percutaneous transfemoral coronary arteriography; prevention of morbid complication. During a six-year experience involving 3,089 selective coronary arteriograms (99 percent by the percutaneous transfemoral method), modifications of technique have reduced the incidence of morbid complications. Modifications have involved guidewire technique, systemic heparinization, attention to spontaneous catheter back-bleeding after guidewire removal, and caution in approaching sever main left coronary artery lesions.", "PMID": 1116400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5110", "title": "Aneurysm of the body of the left atrium presenting with chest pain.", "content": "A patient with aneurysm of the body of the left atrium presenting with angina pectoris and mild congestive heart failure, but completely normal coronary arteriograms, is reported. A deverticulum seen in the left ventricular angiogram, read as a ventricular diverticulum, was found at surgery to be an aneurysm of the body of the left atrium. The possible etiologics and complications of the left atrial aneurysm are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Aneurysm of the body of the left atrium presenting with chest pain. A patient with aneurysm of the body of the left atrium presenting with angina pectoris and mild congestive heart failure, but completely normal coronary arteriograms, is reported. A deverticulum seen in the left ventricular angiogram, read as a ventricular diverticulum, was found at surgery to be an aneurysm of the body of the left atrium. The possible etiologics and complications of the left atrial aneurysm are briefly discussed.", "PMID": 1116401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5111", "title": "Pulmonary artery compression due to acute dissecting aortic aneurysm: clinical and angiographic diagnosis.", "content": "Clinical and angiographic features simulating acute massive pulmonary embolism, the result of compression of the right and main pulmonary arteries by a dissecting hematoma, are described in a 52-year-old white woman.", "contents": "Pulmonary artery compression due to acute dissecting aortic aneurysm: clinical and angiographic diagnosis. Clinical and angiographic features simulating acute massive pulmonary embolism, the result of compression of the right and main pulmonary arteries by a dissecting hematoma, are described in a 52-year-old white woman.", "PMID": 1116402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5112", "title": "Prolapsed mitral valve associated with the Holt-Oram syndrome.", "content": "The association of hypoplastic thumb and atrial septal defect, (Holt-Oram syndrome) with a prolapsed mitrial valve is described. Recognition of this association adds further support to the concept that the prolapsed mitrial valve syndrome is not necessarily an isolated cardiac disorder but may be part of a more generalized heritable disorder of connective tissue.", "contents": "Prolapsed mitral valve associated with the Holt-Oram syndrome. The association of hypoplastic thumb and atrial septal defect, (Holt-Oram syndrome) with a prolapsed mitrial valve is described. Recognition of this association adds further support to the concept that the prolapsed mitrial valve syndrome is not necessarily an isolated cardiac disorder but may be part of a more generalized heritable disorder of connective tissue.", "PMID": 1116403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5113", "title": "Transient eosinophilic pneumonia secondary to use of a vaginal cream.", "content": "Various drugs have been implicated in the development of transient eosinophilic pneumonia or Loeffler's syndrome. We present such a case occurring in a woman who had been using a sulfanilamide-containing vaginal cream.", "contents": "Transient eosinophilic pneumonia secondary to use of a vaginal cream. Various drugs have been implicated in the development of transient eosinophilic pneumonia or Loeffler's syndrome. We present such a case occurring in a woman who had been using a sulfanilamide-containing vaginal cream.", "PMID": 1116404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5114", "title": "Second degree entrance block in intermittent ventricular parasystole.", "content": "In a 21-year-old healthy man, there may be a second degree entrance block occasionally of 2:1 nature resulting in intermittent ventricular parasystole. The refractory period of the ventricular-ectopic (V-E) junction in this case was markedly longer than the ventricular muscle except the V-E junction, but much shorter than the whole length of the parasystolic cycle.", "contents": "Second degree entrance block in intermittent ventricular parasystole. In a 21-year-old healthy man, there may be a second degree entrance block occasionally of 2:1 nature resulting in intermittent ventricular parasystole. The refractory period of the ventricular-ectopic (V-E) junction in this case was markedly longer than the ventricular muscle except the V-E junction, but much shorter than the whole length of the parasystolic cycle.", "PMID": 1116405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5115", "title": "Mediastinal histoplasmosis with abscess.", "content": "A mediastinal mass of clinically undetermined nature was found at autopsy to be an enormous abcess due to secondary infection in granulamatous caseating mediastinal nodes caused by Hitosplasma capsulatum. Other complications of mediastinal histoplasmosis are briefly reviewed.", "contents": "Mediastinal histoplasmosis with abscess. A mediastinal mass of clinically undetermined nature was found at autopsy to be an enormous abcess due to secondary infection in granulamatous caseating mediastinal nodes caused by Hitosplasma capsulatum. Other complications of mediastinal histoplasmosis are briefly reviewed.", "PMID": 1116406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5116", "title": "Delayed opening of Beall mitral prosthetic valve detected by echocardiography.", "content": "A 47-year-old woman in normal sinus rhythm developed frequent pulse deficits, immediately following mitral valve replacement with a Beall disc prosthesis. Emergency bedside simultaneous tracing of echocardiogram, phonocardiogram and arterial pulse revealed a delayed opening of the disc with various timing intervals in diastole, and suggested some form of interference with normal disc motion. An interfering papillary muscle remnant was later confirmed and corrected by reoperation.", "contents": "Delayed opening of Beall mitral prosthetic valve detected by echocardiography. A 47-year-old woman in normal sinus rhythm developed frequent pulse deficits, immediately following mitral valve replacement with a Beall disc prosthesis. Emergency bedside simultaneous tracing of echocardiogram, phonocardiogram and arterial pulse revealed a delayed opening of the disc with various timing intervals in diastole, and suggested some form of interference with normal disc motion. An interfering papillary muscle remnant was later confirmed and corrected by reoperation.", "PMID": 1116407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5117", "title": "Disseminated Actinomycosis.", "content": "A patient with multiple subcutaneous abscesses was found to have disseminated actinomycosis. No predisposing cause was identified. No defects in immunity were found. His disease responded promptly to penicillin therapy.", "contents": "Disseminated Actinomycosis. A patient with multiple subcutaneous abscesses was found to have disseminated actinomycosis. No predisposing cause was identified. No defects in immunity were found. His disease responded promptly to penicillin therapy.", "PMID": 1116408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5118", "title": "Paradoxical septal motion in a patient with pulmonic stenosis.", "content": "This case will demonstrate abnormal (paradoxical) septal motion in a 31-year-old woman with an isolated pulmonary valvular stenosis. The right ventricular volume overload was exluded by the shunt series, special angiographic studies and at surgery. The echocardiographic abnormality persisted during a restudy three months after surgery.", "contents": "Paradoxical septal motion in a patient with pulmonic stenosis. This case will demonstrate abnormal (paradoxical) septal motion in a 31-year-old woman with an isolated pulmonary valvular stenosis. The right ventricular volume overload was exluded by the shunt series, special angiographic studies and at surgery. The echocardiographic abnormality persisted during a restudy three months after surgery.", "PMID": 1116409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5119", "title": "Scleroderma cerebritis, an unusual manifestation of progressive systemic sclerosis.", "content": "A 42-year-old female with scleroderma experienced two exacerbations in which behavioral changes were the main clinical features. On both occasions she presented with paranoid delusions, perceptual aberrations, and disorientation. After treatment with corticosteroids, the patient's mental status returned to normal, and her electroencephalogram showed an increase in alpha wave frequency, which is consistent with a resolving delirium. Unlike systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma rarely involves the central nervous system. This case illustrates an unusual manifestation of progressive systemic sclerosis, primary cerebral involvement which presented as an acute organic brain syndrome. Connective tissue diseases, notably systemic lupus erythematosus, often present neuropsychiatric symptoms. Despite the fact that there appears to be a clinical and pathological continuum among the connective tissue diseases, an organic psychosis rarely occurs in progressive systemic sclerosis (scleroderma. Described here is a patient with scleroderma in whom behavioral abnormalities were the main features of two exacerbations of the disease.", "contents": "Scleroderma cerebritis, an unusual manifestation of progressive systemic sclerosis. A 42-year-old female with scleroderma experienced two exacerbations in which behavioral changes were the main clinical features. On both occasions she presented with paranoid delusions, perceptual aberrations, and disorientation. After treatment with corticosteroids, the patient's mental status returned to normal, and her electroencephalogram showed an increase in alpha wave frequency, which is consistent with a resolving delirium. Unlike systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma rarely involves the central nervous system. This case illustrates an unusual manifestation of progressive systemic sclerosis, primary cerebral involvement which presented as an acute organic brain syndrome. Connective tissue diseases, notably systemic lupus erythematosus, often present neuropsychiatric symptoms. Despite the fact that there appears to be a clinical and pathological continuum among the connective tissue diseases, an organic psychosis rarely occurs in progressive systemic sclerosis (scleroderma. Described here is a patient with scleroderma in whom behavioral abnormalities were the main features of two exacerbations of the disease.", "PMID": 1116415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5120", "title": "The awareness of risk and personal relevance in alcoholics.", "content": "From the perspective of health professionals, the estimated nine million alcoholics in America are engaged in repetitive health-avoidance behavior. The purpose of this study was to asses whether alcoholics were themselves aware of the risk-taking implications of their drinking, particularly in view of the denial clinically attributed to alcoholics. Horn's Smoker's Self-Testing Kit, modified to measure respondents' attitudes toward excessive drinking and its consequences, was administered to 61 alcoholic inpatients. This instrument evaluates awareness of the health hazards of excessive drinking, awareness of the seriousness of alcoholism as a health problem, awareness of its personal relevance, and the value of stopping, concern with mastery of the drinking problem, and belief in capability for stopping. The results indicated that during sobriety these alcoholics definitely acknowledged the health hazards of excessive drinking, the seriousness of the problem, its personal relevance, and the value of stopping. However, subjects generally anticipated great difficulty in making any significant change in their self-destructive drinking patterns.", "contents": "The awareness of risk and personal relevance in alcoholics. From the perspective of health professionals, the estimated nine million alcoholics in America are engaged in repetitive health-avoidance behavior. The purpose of this study was to asses whether alcoholics were themselves aware of the risk-taking implications of their drinking, particularly in view of the denial clinically attributed to alcoholics. Horn's Smoker's Self-Testing Kit, modified to measure respondents' attitudes toward excessive drinking and its consequences, was administered to 61 alcoholic inpatients. This instrument evaluates awareness of the health hazards of excessive drinking, awareness of the seriousness of alcoholism as a health problem, awareness of its personal relevance, and the value of stopping, concern with mastery of the drinking problem, and belief in capability for stopping. The results indicated that during sobriety these alcoholics definitely acknowledged the health hazards of excessive drinking, the seriousness of the problem, its personal relevance, and the value of stopping. However, subjects generally anticipated great difficulty in making any significant change in their self-destructive drinking patterns.", "PMID": 1116417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5121", "title": "Treatment of phenothiazine induced bulbar persistent dyskinesia with deanol acetamidobenzoate.", "content": "The late manifestation of neuroleptic-induced dyskinesia (persistent dyskinesia) is an irreversible complication of long-term treatment that is poorly understood and difficult to treat. Recently, a theory of dopamine receptor hypersensitivity in the dopaminergic-cholinergic system has suggested an explanation of choreiform movements and, thus, an implication for the management of persistent dyskinesia. The case presented is that of bulbar persistent dyskinesia in a patient who had been prescribed a phenothiazine derivative for eleven years; his symptoms improved with the use of deanol, which probably converts to acetylcholine after crossing the blood brain barrier. This improvement suggests that deanol may shift the neuroleptic-induced dopaminergic-cholinergic system unbalance toward equilibrium by matching predominant dopaminergic effect or by enhancing deficient cholinergic action in the dopaminergic-cholinergic system. This isolated finding needs to be confirmed by more research in neuropharmacology.", "contents": "Treatment of phenothiazine induced bulbar persistent dyskinesia with deanol acetamidobenzoate. The late manifestation of neuroleptic-induced dyskinesia (persistent dyskinesia) is an irreversible complication of long-term treatment that is poorly understood and difficult to treat. Recently, a theory of dopamine receptor hypersensitivity in the dopaminergic-cholinergic system has suggested an explanation of choreiform movements and, thus, an implication for the management of persistent dyskinesia. The case presented is that of bulbar persistent dyskinesia in a patient who had been prescribed a phenothiazine derivative for eleven years; his symptoms improved with the use of deanol, which probably converts to acetylcholine after crossing the blood brain barrier. This improvement suggests that deanol may shift the neuroleptic-induced dopaminergic-cholinergic system unbalance toward equilibrium by matching predominant dopaminergic effect or by enhancing deficient cholinergic action in the dopaminergic-cholinergic system. This isolated finding needs to be confirmed by more research in neuropharmacology.", "PMID": 1116418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5122", "title": "Determining what heroin means to heroin addicts.", "content": "For purposes of treatment, description, typological and psychological instrumentation, agreement judgements were obtained from 20 heroin addicts and 51 normal controls on data matrices constructed from sentences obtained from the heroin addicts. Correlations demonstrate controls are similar to one another and qualitatively different from addicts. Multidimensional scaling techniques and perspective summary maps demonstrate these differences and provide the technology for developing a typology of addicts for future studies. Heroin addicts have an inability to tolerate frustration, a depressive core, a negative sense of identity and a sense of futility and isolation. Heroin addicts deviate from normals at well beyond the p less than .001 level of significance in using heroin to handle problems that normals handle in other ways. For treatment of the addict, the drug must be withdrawn and new ways of coping with old needs must be taught. This matrix qualitatively demonstrates and pinpoints the deficiencies and excesses of the addict which need treatment. The epidemiology of drug use relating narcotics, delinquency, and social policy has been well documented (Chein, 1964). One major problem posed by narcotic addition is the problem of getting people to stay off drugs (withdrawal). Another major problem is the alleviation of the human misery that motivates drug use (rehabilitation). (Jaffee, 1970, Chein, 1964). In addition to the above, a problem of recent importance has been the key question of whether or not the Vietnam addicts differ basically from addicts socialized in the drug culture in the united States. (Walsh, 1971). Numerous investigators have discussed personality and addiction (Chein, 1964; Eddy, 1965, Jaffee, 1970) usually from the vantage point of the investigators. This study attempted to describe the personalities of heroin addicts from the vantage point of the addicts using instruments borrowed from descriptive semantics. (Goodenough, 1967; Stefflre, Reich, Wendell, 1967). The purpose of the pilot study was to: 1) determine where heroin positioned in the conceptual frames of reference of heroin addicts and non-addicted control subjects, 2) to establish a classification procedure for determining subtypes of heroin addicts, and 3) to demonstrate the usefulness of a linguistically based instrument in application in clinical psychiatry.", "contents": "Determining what heroin means to heroin addicts. For purposes of treatment, description, typological and psychological instrumentation, agreement judgements were obtained from 20 heroin addicts and 51 normal controls on data matrices constructed from sentences obtained from the heroin addicts. Correlations demonstrate controls are similar to one another and qualitatively different from addicts. Multidimensional scaling techniques and perspective summary maps demonstrate these differences and provide the technology for developing a typology of addicts for future studies. Heroin addicts have an inability to tolerate frustration, a depressive core, a negative sense of identity and a sense of futility and isolation. Heroin addicts deviate from normals at well beyond the p less than .001 level of significance in using heroin to handle problems that normals handle in other ways. For treatment of the addict, the drug must be withdrawn and new ways of coping with old needs must be taught. This matrix qualitatively demonstrates and pinpoints the deficiencies and excesses of the addict which need treatment. The epidemiology of drug use relating narcotics, delinquency, and social policy has been well documented (Chein, 1964). One major problem posed by narcotic addition is the problem of getting people to stay off drugs (withdrawal). Another major problem is the alleviation of the human misery that motivates drug use (rehabilitation). (Jaffee, 1970, Chein, 1964). In addition to the above, a problem of recent importance has been the key question of whether or not the Vietnam addicts differ basically from addicts socialized in the drug culture in the united States. (Walsh, 1971). Numerous investigators have discussed personality and addiction (Chein, 1964; Eddy, 1965, Jaffee, 1970) usually from the vantage point of the investigators. This study attempted to describe the personalities of heroin addicts from the vantage point of the addicts using instruments borrowed from descriptive semantics. (Goodenough, 1967; Stefflre, Reich, Wendell, 1967). The purpose of the pilot study was to: 1) determine where heroin positioned in the conceptual frames of reference of heroin addicts and non-addicted control subjects, 2) to establish a classification procedure for determining subtypes of heroin addicts, and 3) to demonstrate the usefulness of a linguistically based instrument in application in clinical psychiatry.", "PMID": 1116419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5123", "title": "On the learning process in medical students disturbances as a symptom and a disease.", "content": "The role of emotional factors in the learning process has been recognized by the student as well as the educator in medicine. The medical student may develop disturbances in learning under appropriate circumstances. These disturbances may be the symptom of a disease but not the disease itself, or the disease but not the symptom, or the disease and the symptom at the same time. The most frequently encountered symptoms of the disturbance among the medical students include: loss of interest in studying; decrease in motivation for medicine; difficulties in concentration and retention; student's difficulty in applying himself; selective disturbance in learning certain subjects within medicine; impairment in the capacity to discriminate relevant from irrelevant data; and the tendency toward obsessive thinking and compulsive actions. The role of fantasies in these disturbances is explored. The development of the capacity to learn and some etiological considerations in its disturbances are formulated.", "contents": "On the learning process in medical students disturbances as a symptom and a disease. The role of emotional factors in the learning process has been recognized by the student as well as the educator in medicine. The medical student may develop disturbances in learning under appropriate circumstances. These disturbances may be the symptom of a disease but not the disease itself, or the disease but not the symptom, or the disease and the symptom at the same time. The most frequently encountered symptoms of the disturbance among the medical students include: loss of interest in studying; decrease in motivation for medicine; difficulties in concentration and retention; student's difficulty in applying himself; selective disturbance in learning certain subjects within medicine; impairment in the capacity to discriminate relevant from irrelevant data; and the tendency toward obsessive thinking and compulsive actions. The role of fantasies in these disturbances is explored. The development of the capacity to learn and some etiological considerations in its disturbances are formulated.", "PMID": 1116420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5124", "title": "The portrait of a murderer.", "content": "A portrait is presented of an impulsive, violent and paranoid young murderer. A review of the psychiatric literature for indicators which address themselves to predicting murderous behavior yields a broad spectrum of theories and observations. The portrait presented includes a composite of many of the indicators which the various authors have described. The patient presented is felt to represent a discernable stereotype, and the predisposing factors which are viewed as contributiing to his murderous behavior are offered and given priorities.", "contents": "The portrait of a murderer. A portrait is presented of an impulsive, violent and paranoid young murderer. A review of the psychiatric literature for indicators which address themselves to predicting murderous behavior yields a broad spectrum of theories and observations. The portrait presented includes a composite of many of the indicators which the various authors have described. The patient presented is felt to represent a discernable stereotype, and the predisposing factors which are viewed as contributiing to his murderous behavior are offered and given priorities.", "PMID": 1116425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5125", "title": "Brain damage associated with chronic alcoholism.", "content": "Three hypotheses were discussed concerning the nature of the neurological and psychological disorder in chronic alcoholics. The evidence was not supportive of a diffuse or generalized deficit. The hypothesis that the right hemisphere of the brain is more vulnerable than the left hemisphere to disruption from chronic alcohol abuse was also considered. Although provocative, there existed significant findings which did not coroborate this notion. The third hypothesis considered maintained that chronic alcoholics suffer from an anterior-basal focus of impairment. The evidence in support of this notion was substantial from both the neurological and psychological research, suggesting that alcoholics exhibit a pattern of disorders similar to that manifested by more deteriorated persons suffering from the Korsakoff psychosis.", "contents": "Brain damage associated with chronic alcoholism. Three hypotheses were discussed concerning the nature of the neurological and psychological disorder in chronic alcoholics. The evidence was not supportive of a diffuse or generalized deficit. The hypothesis that the right hemisphere of the brain is more vulnerable than the left hemisphere to disruption from chronic alcohol abuse was also considered. Although provocative, there existed significant findings which did not coroborate this notion. The third hypothesis considered maintained that chronic alcoholics suffer from an anterior-basal focus of impairment. The evidence in support of this notion was substantial from both the neurological and psychological research, suggesting that alcoholics exhibit a pattern of disorders similar to that manifested by more deteriorated persons suffering from the Korsakoff psychosis.", "PMID": 1116426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5126", "title": "Demorgraphic characteristics in affective disorders.", "content": "One hundred and fifty four consecutively evaluated new and return psychiatric outpatients were examined by the same interviewer using a detailed, precoded questionnaire based on the diagnostic criteria for psychiatric research proposed by Feighner et al. Affective disorders were present for 75% of the patients and were associated with older age, divorce and a shorter duration of marital status. Race, sex, education and income levels were not related to the presence of affective disorders. Sixty patients with diagnoses of primary affective disorders and 56 patients with diagnoses of secondary affective disorders were identified and studied. Secondary affective disorders were found to be associated with males, younger age (under 34), unmarried marital status, and lower income levels. Primary affective disorders were associated with higher annual incomes (over +4,000) and fewer individuals with a \"some high school only\" education. Forty one patients with diagnoses of unipolar primary affective disorders were examined. Sex, race, age, marital status and duration of marital status did not vary for the two groups and were not associated with polarity of affective disorders. Lower education and annual income levels both were demonstrated for patients with bipolar primary affective disorders.", "contents": "Demorgraphic characteristics in affective disorders. One hundred and fifty four consecutively evaluated new and return psychiatric outpatients were examined by the same interviewer using a detailed, precoded questionnaire based on the diagnostic criteria for psychiatric research proposed by Feighner et al. Affective disorders were present for 75% of the patients and were associated with older age, divorce and a shorter duration of marital status. Race, sex, education and income levels were not related to the presence of affective disorders. Sixty patients with diagnoses of primary affective disorders and 56 patients with diagnoses of secondary affective disorders were identified and studied. Secondary affective disorders were found to be associated with males, younger age (under 34), unmarried marital status, and lower income levels. Primary affective disorders were associated with higher annual incomes (over +4,000) and fewer individuals with a \"some high school only\" education. Forty one patients with diagnoses of unipolar primary affective disorders were examined. Sex, race, age, marital status and duration of marital status did not vary for the two groups and were not associated with polarity of affective disorders. Lower education and annual income levels both were demonstrated for patients with bipolar primary affective disorders.", "PMID": 1116428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5127", "title": "[A case of \"miliary\" Crohn's disease (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of \"milary\" Crohn's disease in a 53-year-old woman is described. There were numerous epithlioid-cell, non-caseous serosal granulomas in the jejunal and terminal ileal regions. There were, furthermore, immediately adjoining the epithelioid-cell granulomas, granuloma-like collections of brown fat tissue, a previously undescribed coexistence.", "contents": "[A case of \"miliary\" Crohn's disease (author's transl)]. A case of \"milary\" Crohn's disease in a 53-year-old woman is described. There were numerous epithlioid-cell, non-caseous serosal granulomas in the jejunal and terminal ileal regions. There were, furthermore, immediately adjoining the epithelioid-cell granulomas, granuloma-like collections of brown fat tissue, a previously undescribed coexistence.", "PMID": 1116431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5128", "title": "[Goodpasture's syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "Goodpasture's syndrome occurred in six patients (four men and two women) aged 18-32 years. Haemoptysis, anaemia and abnormal urinary findings with erythrocyturia were the first signs of the disease in five instances, in one the renal signs predominated. In five patients the disease took a malignant course with uraemia developing within six weeks. One patient is in a spontaneous remission eleven months after the onset of the disease. Three patients died of recurrent haemoptysis (non-nephrectomised), two nephrectomised patients are still alive half a year and three and a half years later, respectively. A typical linear IgG-, beta1A, alpha2D and beta1E deposition along the glomerular capillaries was demonstrated immunohistologically in all subjects. Of three lung biopsies one also had typical IgG and beta1A-positive linear fluorescence along the alveolar basal membrane. Immunoglobulins with basal membrane antibody activity were eluted from renal homogenates in two patients, basal membrane antibody activity in serum was demonstrated only in one of three patients.", "contents": "[Goodpasture's syndrome (author's transl)]. Goodpasture's syndrome occurred in six patients (four men and two women) aged 18-32 years. Haemoptysis, anaemia and abnormal urinary findings with erythrocyturia were the first signs of the disease in five instances, in one the renal signs predominated. In five patients the disease took a malignant course with uraemia developing within six weeks. One patient is in a spontaneous remission eleven months after the onset of the disease. Three patients died of recurrent haemoptysis (non-nephrectomised), two nephrectomised patients are still alive half a year and three and a half years later, respectively. A typical linear IgG-, beta1A, alpha2D and beta1E deposition along the glomerular capillaries was demonstrated immunohistologically in all subjects. Of three lung biopsies one also had typical IgG and beta1A-positive linear fluorescence along the alveolar basal membrane. Immunoglobulins with basal membrane antibody activity were eluted from renal homogenates in two patients, basal membrane antibody activity in serum was demonstrated only in one of three patients.", "PMID": 1116432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5129", "title": "[Recurrences of agranulocytosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Since agranulocytosis is in principal a curable condition with modern treatment, recurrences must be reckoned with in sensitized patients. They are relatively frequent. Recurrence occurred in eight of 17 patients. One patient had three recurrences, the last one 18 years after the first. In an Italian woman nine recurrences due to aminophenazone occurred within six years. Since sensitization does not disappear spontaneously, a recurrence may also occur in patients who have had one episode of agranulocytosis. Sensitizing drugs must be strictly avoided to prevent such recurrences: their presence in drug mixtures must be guarded against. But once a patient is sensitized he may react with agranulocytosis to various types of drugs.", "contents": "[Recurrences of agranulocytosis (author's transl)]. Since agranulocytosis is in principal a curable condition with modern treatment, recurrences must be reckoned with in sensitized patients. They are relatively frequent. Recurrence occurred in eight of 17 patients. One patient had three recurrences, the last one 18 years after the first. In an Italian woman nine recurrences due to aminophenazone occurred within six years. Since sensitization does not disappear spontaneously, a recurrence may also occur in patients who have had one episode of agranulocytosis. Sensitizing drugs must be strictly avoided to prevent such recurrences: their presence in drug mixtures must be guarded against. But once a patient is sensitized he may react with agranulocytosis to various types of drugs.", "PMID": 1116433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5130", "title": "[Thyroid tumours with a long clinical course: diagnostic and therapeutic aspects (author's transl)].", "content": "Thin-needle biopsy allows morphological examination which is free of complications. It is, therefore, suitable as a routine out-patient diagnostic measure in diseases of the thyroid. A biopsy should be taken whenever there is the slightest indication, so that clinical changes which have existed for prolonged periods can be included, even if there is no suspicion of tumour.  In this way, thyroid tumours with an unusually long course will be diagnosed cytologically. Three such cases are reported: a papillary adenocarcinoma, a medullary carcinoma and a H\u00fcrthle-cell tumour.", "contents": "[Thyroid tumours with a long clinical course: diagnostic and therapeutic aspects (author's transl)]. Thin-needle biopsy allows morphological examination which is free of complications. It is, therefore, suitable as a routine out-patient diagnostic measure in diseases of the thyroid. A biopsy should be taken whenever there is the slightest indication, so that clinical changes which have existed for prolonged periods can be included, even if there is no suspicion of tumour.  In this way, thyroid tumours with an unusually long course will be diagnosed cytologically. Three such cases are reported: a papillary adenocarcinoma, a medullary carcinoma and a H\u00fcrthle-cell tumour.", "PMID": 1116434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5131", "title": "[Total thyroidectomy in progressive endocrine exophthalmos (author's transl)].", "content": "In 26 patients with progressive endocrine exophthalmos thyroidectomy was performed after conservative treatment had failed. This treatment was successful in all but two patients. The success of therapy depended on the complete removal of all thyroid tissue. If the ophthalmic changes were more than a year old or if there had been preoperative irradiation of the orbit regression of the exophthalmos was less satisfactory.", "contents": "[Total thyroidectomy in progressive endocrine exophthalmos (author's transl)]. In 26 patients with progressive endocrine exophthalmos thyroidectomy was performed after conservative treatment had failed. This treatment was successful in all but two patients. The success of therapy depended on the complete removal of all thyroid tissue. If the ophthalmic changes were more than a year old or if there had been preoperative irradiation of the orbit regression of the exophthalmos was less satisfactory.", "PMID": 1116435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5132", "title": "[Thiamine and thiamine pyrophosphate in obsese patients during partial and total fasting (author's transl)].", "content": "The development of vitamin B1 (thiamine) deficiency was investigated in 17 obese patients in the course of a 1000 calory diet or during total fasting for a fortnight. Compared with normal persons no changes of concentrations of total thiamine, TPP, and pyruvate in the blood; thiamine excretion in the urine, or activiation coefficient of the eryhrocyte transketolase (alphaETK) were observed during the reducing diet. However, during a fortnight's total fasting all values decreased significantly to those of thiamine deficiency. The thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) levels in the blood dropped from the 1st to the 14th day, whereas the alphaETK rose accordingly and the pyruvate levels showed a delayed rise. Total thiamine content of the blood and thiamine excretion in the urine only showed significantly different values when comparing the 1st and the 14th day. There was no dependency of thiamine excretion on urinary output. Clinical symptoms of thiamine deficiency could be demonstrated in no case.", "contents": "[Thiamine and thiamine pyrophosphate in obsese patients during partial and total fasting (author's transl)]. The development of vitamin B1 (thiamine) deficiency was investigated in 17 obese patients in the course of a 1000 calory diet or during total fasting for a fortnight. Compared with normal persons no changes of concentrations of total thiamine, TPP, and pyruvate in the blood; thiamine excretion in the urine, or activiation coefficient of the eryhrocyte transketolase (alphaETK) were observed during the reducing diet. However, during a fortnight's total fasting all values decreased significantly to those of thiamine deficiency. The thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) levels in the blood dropped from the 1st to the 14th day, whereas the alphaETK rose accordingly and the pyruvate levels showed a delayed rise. Total thiamine content of the blood and thiamine excretion in the urine only showed significantly different values when comparing the 1st and the 14th day. There was no dependency of thiamine excretion on urinary output. Clinical symptoms of thiamine deficiency could be demonstrated in no case.", "PMID": 1116436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5133", "title": "[Serum level and urinary excretion of 14C-thiamozol in patients with hyperthyroidism (author's transl)].", "content": "2-(14C) Thiamazol (Favistan) was administered intravenously in a therapeutically subthreshold dose to seven control subjects and five patients with hyperthyroidism. In both groups the reduction of plasma radioactivity occurred with at least two exponentials. Half-life was calculated to be 35 minutes for the faster and 28 hours for the slower process in the control group, and 12 minutes and about 20 hours, respectively, in the hyperthyroid patients. Forty-eight hour urinary excretion of the injected radioactive material was about 80% for the hyperthyroid patients and 87% for the control subjects. Maximal activity in urine occurred about six hours after injection. There was practically no demonstrable plasma-protein binding of the drug in in-vitro experiments. As the pharmacokinetics of the drug are not influenced in thyroid disease, there is apparently no need to adapt thyrostatic dosage in hyperthyroid states.", "contents": "[Serum level and urinary excretion of 14C-thiamozol in patients with hyperthyroidism (author's transl)]. 2-(14C) Thiamazol (Favistan) was administered intravenously in a therapeutically subthreshold dose to seven control subjects and five patients with hyperthyroidism. In both groups the reduction of plasma radioactivity occurred with at least two exponentials. Half-life was calculated to be 35 minutes for the faster and 28 hours for the slower process in the control group, and 12 minutes and about 20 hours, respectively, in the hyperthyroid patients. Forty-eight hour urinary excretion of the injected radioactive material was about 80% for the hyperthyroid patients and 87% for the control subjects. Maximal activity in urine occurred about six hours after injection. There was practically no demonstrable plasma-protein binding of the drug in in-vitro experiments. As the pharmacokinetics of the drug are not influenced in thyroid disease, there is apparently no need to adapt thyrostatic dosage in hyperthyroid states.", "PMID": 1116437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5134", "title": "[Lymphogranulomatosis of the recto-sigmoid region: a rare primary manifestation and localization (author's transl)].", "content": "In a 46-year-old patient lymphogranulomatosis was found localized exclusively in the rectosigmoid region. The stenosing tumour was removed by resection of the sigmoid colon. No further evidence of abdominal Hodgkin's disease was found at a second operation when splenectomy and careful searching for affected lymph nodes were performed.", "contents": "[Lymphogranulomatosis of the recto-sigmoid region: a rare primary manifestation and localization (author's transl)]. In a 46-year-old patient lymphogranulomatosis was found localized exclusively in the rectosigmoid region. The stenosing tumour was removed by resection of the sigmoid colon. No further evidence of abdominal Hodgkin's disease was found at a second operation when splenectomy and careful searching for affected lymph nodes were performed.", "PMID": 1116438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5135", "title": "[Basal and reactive proinsulin and insulin secretion in overweight women (author's transl)].", "content": "Serum proinsulin and insulin levels were measured on 55 normal or overweight women before and after oral glucose administration. The proinsulin proportion of basal total insulin was 70% in women of normal weight. With increasing overweight the relation shifted in favour of insulin. After stimulation with glucose, proinsulin levels were significantly raised, analogous to total insulin, but les marked than the latter. The increased total insulin excretion in obesity was, therefore, largely due to insulin and less to proinsulin. The greater the overweight the later maximal insulin levels were reached after oral glucose administration: proinsulin peaks occurred later than insulin peaks. Measurement of areas from single values and corresponding times for proinsulin and insulin, after stimulation, indicated their significant correlation with the degree of overweight. In women of more than 70% overweight (Broca index), reactive proinsulin and insulin excretion decreased again despite an increase in body weight. They had a definitely reduced carbohydrate tolerance. After reduction in body weight previously increased proinsulin levels fell again. The significance of higher proinsulin levels in fasting subjects, which increased after stimulation and with overweight but were in percentage terms less than those of reactive insulin, remains unexplained.", "contents": "[Basal and reactive proinsulin and insulin secretion in overweight women (author's transl)]. Serum proinsulin and insulin levels were measured on 55 normal or overweight women before and after oral glucose administration. The proinsulin proportion of basal total insulin was 70% in women of normal weight. With increasing overweight the relation shifted in favour of insulin. After stimulation with glucose, proinsulin levels were significantly raised, analogous to total insulin, but les marked than the latter. The increased total insulin excretion in obesity was, therefore, largely due to insulin and less to proinsulin. The greater the overweight the later maximal insulin levels were reached after oral glucose administration: proinsulin peaks occurred later than insulin peaks. Measurement of areas from single values and corresponding times for proinsulin and insulin, after stimulation, indicated their significant correlation with the degree of overweight. In women of more than 70% overweight (Broca index), reactive proinsulin and insulin excretion decreased again despite an increase in body weight. They had a definitely reduced carbohydrate tolerance. After reduction in body weight previously increased proinsulin levels fell again. The significance of higher proinsulin levels in fasting subjects, which increased after stimulation and with overweight but were in percentage terms less than those of reactive insulin, remains unexplained.", "PMID": 1116447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5136", "title": "[Serum lipase activity and endoscopic retrograde pancreatography in chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic neoplasm (author's transl)].", "content": "Serum lipase activity was measured in 360 patients with the clinical suspicion of chronic pancreatic disease, 60 of them also having the lipase evocation test (serum lipase activity before and after pancreatic stimulation with secretin and pancreozymin). Of 48 with chronic pancreatitis (40 confirmed at operation) the diagnosis was made by endoscopic retrograde pancretography in all but one. Serum lipase activity was abnormal in 38. Without those cases associated with pancreatic insufficency, serum lipase activity-spontaneously and after the evocation test-was abnormal in 46 patients. Nine of 10 patients with papillary stenosis had the diagnosis confirmed at surgery, the pancretographic findings co-inciding with the surgical ones in all instances. All the five patients with abnormally high serum lipase activity also had chronic pancreatitis on pancreatography. In all of the 18 patients with pancreatic neoplasm pancreatography gave the same results as operation or post-mortem findings. In eight of these serum lipase activity was spontaneously elevated. The lipase evocation test was shown to be most effective if 2 C.H.R.- U/KG-h each of pancreozymin and secretin were administered. Serum lipase results were falsely positive in 17 of 300 patients with clinical suspicion of pancreatic disease but normal pancreatographic findings.", "contents": "[Serum lipase activity and endoscopic retrograde pancreatography in chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic neoplasm (author's transl)]. Serum lipase activity was measured in 360 patients with the clinical suspicion of chronic pancreatic disease, 60 of them also having the lipase evocation test (serum lipase activity before and after pancreatic stimulation with secretin and pancreozymin). Of 48 with chronic pancreatitis (40 confirmed at operation) the diagnosis was made by endoscopic retrograde pancretography in all but one. Serum lipase activity was abnormal in 38. Without those cases associated with pancreatic insufficency, serum lipase activity-spontaneously and after the evocation test-was abnormal in 46 patients. Nine of 10 patients with papillary stenosis had the diagnosis confirmed at surgery, the pancretographic findings co-inciding with the surgical ones in all instances. All the five patients with abnormally high serum lipase activity also had chronic pancreatitis on pancreatography. In all of the 18 patients with pancreatic neoplasm pancreatography gave the same results as operation or post-mortem findings. In eight of these serum lipase activity was spontaneously elevated. The lipase evocation test was shown to be most effective if 2 C.H.R.- U/KG-h each of pancreozymin and secretin were administered. Serum lipase results were falsely positive in 17 of 300 patients with clinical suspicion of pancreatic disease but normal pancreatographic findings.", "PMID": 1116448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5137", "title": "[A case of Behcet's disease with multiple intestinal ulcerations(author's transl)].", "content": "A case is reported of Beh\u00e7et's disease in a 41-year-old man, in the course of which colitis with perforation developed over two years, with fatal results. This is a rare complication of Behcet's disease and must be differentiated from ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Blood transfusions have a limited therapeutic value in the terminal phase of the disease, which among others is characterized by a generalized depression of response of peripheral lymphocytes to stimulation.", "contents": "[A case of Behcet's disease with multiple intestinal ulcerations(author's transl)]. A case is reported of Beh\u00e7et's disease in a 41-year-old man, in the course of which colitis with perforation developed over two years, with fatal results. This is a rare complication of Behcet's disease and must be differentiated from ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Blood transfusions have a limited therapeutic value in the terminal phase of the disease, which among others is characterized by a generalized depression of response of peripheral lymphocytes to stimulation.", "PMID": 1116449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5138", "title": "[Treatment of renal hypertension by nephrectomy in persons over 40 years of age].", "content": "42 patients aged over 40 years at the time of nephrectomy (between 1961 and 1972) for unilateral renal disease and arterial hypertension were re-investigated. The WHO criteria for normotensive and hypertensive blood pressure levels were used. Systolic and diastolic pressures returned to normal after nephrectomy in 15 patients, systolic pressure alone in nine. Systolic and diastolic pressures remained unchanged in twelve. When grouped by histological criteria, only patients with small pyelonephritis kidney improved significantly, while those with pyelonephritis, arteriolosclerosis and renal-artery stenosis did not. It is concluded that patients aged over 40 years who have hypertension associated with unilateral renal disease may benefit from nephrectomy, especially if they have a small pyelonephritic kidney.", "contents": "[Treatment of renal hypertension by nephrectomy in persons over 40 years of age]. 42 patients aged over 40 years at the time of nephrectomy (between 1961 and 1972) for unilateral renal disease and arterial hypertension were re-investigated. The WHO criteria for normotensive and hypertensive blood pressure levels were used. Systolic and diastolic pressures returned to normal after nephrectomy in 15 patients, systolic pressure alone in nine. Systolic and diastolic pressures remained unchanged in twelve. When grouped by histological criteria, only patients with small pyelonephritis kidney improved significantly, while those with pyelonephritis, arteriolosclerosis and renal-artery stenosis did not. It is concluded that patients aged over 40 years who have hypertension associated with unilateral renal disease may benefit from nephrectomy, especially if they have a small pyelonephritic kidney.", "PMID": 1116454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5139", "title": "[Constitutional narrowing of the cervical spinal canal. Radiological and clinical findings].", "content": "A constitutional narrowing of the cervical spinal canal was seen in 31 patients with neurological disorders. The ratio of the inner diameter of the spinal canal to the diameter of the vertebral body was smaller than 1 (normal greater than 1). Clinical signs were observed from 45 years upwards where reactivedegenerative changes cause additional narrowing. The majority of patients were male, predominantly heavy manual labourers. There is often a trauma preceding. On myelography multilocular deformations of the spinal subarachnoid space and nerve roots are seen. On the mechanical narrowing of the spinal canal a vascular factor supervenes, caused by exostoses, intervertebral disc protrusions, and fibrosing processes. Clinically a chronic progressive spinal transection syndrome (cervical myelopathy) dominates besides a multilocular root involvement. Posterior column sensibility is predominantly lost. Pain in the extemities and the cervical column is an early symptom. Non-specific CSF changes occur frequently. In case of root involvement the electromyogram is pathological. The prognosis is bad. Operation can only remove reactive processes but not the constitutional anomaly.", "contents": "[Constitutional narrowing of the cervical spinal canal. Radiological and clinical findings]. A constitutional narrowing of the cervical spinal canal was seen in 31 patients with neurological disorders. The ratio of the inner diameter of the spinal canal to the diameter of the vertebral body was smaller than 1 (normal greater than 1). Clinical signs were observed from 45 years upwards where reactivedegenerative changes cause additional narrowing. The majority of patients were male, predominantly heavy manual labourers. There is often a trauma preceding. On myelography multilocular deformations of the spinal subarachnoid space and nerve roots are seen. On the mechanical narrowing of the spinal canal a vascular factor supervenes, caused by exostoses, intervertebral disc protrusions, and fibrosing processes. Clinically a chronic progressive spinal transection syndrome (cervical myelopathy) dominates besides a multilocular root involvement. Posterior column sensibility is predominantly lost. Pain in the extemities and the cervical column is an early symptom. Non-specific CSF changes occur frequently. In case of root involvement the electromyogram is pathological. The prognosis is bad. Operation can only remove reactive processes but not the constitutional anomaly.", "PMID": 1116455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5140", "title": "[Acute necrotizing angitis with eosinophilic myocarditis in bronchial asthma(author's transl)].", "content": "In a 34-year-old patient asthma had developed as an allergy to infection. He died suddenly from cardiac and respiratory arrest following parenteral penicillin and sulphonamides. At autopsy necrotizing angiitis of the myocardial vessels as well as eosinophilic myocarditis were shown. These findings are probably the expression of a drug allergy.", "contents": "[Acute necrotizing angitis with eosinophilic myocarditis in bronchial asthma(author's transl)]. In a 34-year-old patient asthma had developed as an allergy to infection. He died suddenly from cardiac and respiratory arrest following parenteral penicillin and sulphonamides. At autopsy necrotizing angiitis of the myocardial vessels as well as eosinophilic myocarditis were shown. These findings are probably the expression of a drug allergy.", "PMID": 1116456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5141", "title": "[Influence of cytostatic combination therapy with vincristine sulphate and iphosphamide on blood coagulation].", "content": "Disorders of blood coagulation were investigated before and during a cytostatic combination therapy with vincristine sulphate and iphosphamide (Asta Z 4942) in 12 patients with malignant tumours or haemoblastoses.  Thromboplastin time, partial thromboplastin time, thrombin time, heat-dependent fibrin, clot retraction, and clotting factors II, V, VIII, IX, X, and the platelet count were determined. A change in the plasmatic coagulation system attributable to the combination therapy could not be demonstrated in any patient.  The influence of the cytostatic combination on the platelet-dependent haemostasis was small; a decrease in platelet count could be observed in only one patient, in whom an additional causative damage to thrombopoiesis due to the underlying disease could be assumed.  Regardless of the cytostatic therapy there were indications of a hypercoagulability in 10 patients.  This explains the increased susceptibility of such patients for thromboses or consumption coagulopathy.", "contents": "[Influence of cytostatic combination therapy with vincristine sulphate and iphosphamide on blood coagulation]. Disorders of blood coagulation were investigated before and during a cytostatic combination therapy with vincristine sulphate and iphosphamide (Asta Z 4942) in 12 patients with malignant tumours or haemoblastoses.  Thromboplastin time, partial thromboplastin time, thrombin time, heat-dependent fibrin, clot retraction, and clotting factors II, V, VIII, IX, X, and the platelet count were determined. A change in the plasmatic coagulation system attributable to the combination therapy could not be demonstrated in any patient.  The influence of the cytostatic combination on the platelet-dependent haemostasis was small; a decrease in platelet count could be observed in only one patient, in whom an additional causative damage to thrombopoiesis due to the underlying disease could be assumed.  Regardless of the cytostatic therapy there were indications of a hypercoagulability in 10 patients.  This explains the increased susceptibility of such patients for thromboses or consumption coagulopathy.", "PMID": 1116466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5142", "title": "[Fatal vitamin D intoxication].", "content": "A 43-year-old man with alopecia maligna was treated for 4 weeks with a total of 130 mg vitamin D3. Two weeks later, after intensive exposure to the sun, he developed a hypercalcaemic crisis and died 5 weeks later of acute cardiac failure.  The hypercalcaemia proved treatment-resistant despite good diuresis.  Causes other than vitamin D intoxication were excluded clinically and on histopathological investigations.  It is suggested that vitamin D should be administered only on the strictest indications and with regular control of the patient.", "contents": "[Fatal vitamin D intoxication]. A 43-year-old man with alopecia maligna was treated for 4 weeks with a total of 130 mg vitamin D3. Two weeks later, after intensive exposure to the sun, he developed a hypercalcaemic crisis and died 5 weeks later of acute cardiac failure.  The hypercalcaemia proved treatment-resistant despite good diuresis.  Causes other than vitamin D intoxication were excluded clinically and on histopathological investigations.  It is suggested that vitamin D should be administered only on the strictest indications and with regular control of the patient.", "PMID": 1116467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5143", "title": "[Observations in vitamin D and dihydrotachysterol poisoning].", "content": "In three women intoxication with vitamin D or dihydrotachysterol occurred.  Two patients died from complications despite successful lowering of the serum calcium, the third died after a pulmonary embolus during hypercalcaemia 5 months after cessation of vitamin D.  Correct observation of the narrow therapeutic range of vitamin D preparations appears most important in the treatment of hypoparathyroidism and other indications.  Particular attention should be given to the prophylaxis of over dosage.  Apart from regular serum calcium estimations instruction of the patient and relatives as to the dangers and symptoms of intoxication is recommended.  The issuing of a therapy identity card would meet these requirements.", "contents": "[Observations in vitamin D and dihydrotachysterol poisoning]. In three women intoxication with vitamin D or dihydrotachysterol occurred.  Two patients died from complications despite successful lowering of the serum calcium, the third died after a pulmonary embolus during hypercalcaemia 5 months after cessation of vitamin D.  Correct observation of the narrow therapeutic range of vitamin D preparations appears most important in the treatment of hypoparathyroidism and other indications.  Particular attention should be given to the prophylaxis of over dosage.  Apart from regular serum calcium estimations instruction of the patient and relatives as to the dangers and symptoms of intoxication is recommended.  The issuing of a therapy identity card would meet these requirements.", "PMID": 1116468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5144", "title": "Adrenal steroidogenesis in the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR).", "content": "Adrenal vein catheterizations were done in SHR and control rats at different ages during the development of hypertension. All SHR became hypertensive by 15 weeks of age. The secretion rate of aldosterone was significantly reduced at 8 weeks of age, 18-hydroxy-11-deoxycorticosterone (18-OH-DOC) at 12 weeks of age, deoxycorticosterone (DOC) at twenty weeks of age, and corticosterone (B) at 12 and 20 weeks of age. Secretion data suggest either an enzyme block, or increased conversion of known steroids to an unknown steroid product. Reduced secretion of corticosterone could explain the adrenal hyperplasia observed in SHR which may be important to the development of hypertension in these animals.", "contents": "Adrenal steroidogenesis in the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR). Adrenal vein catheterizations were done in SHR and control rats at different ages during the development of hypertension. All SHR became hypertensive by 15 weeks of age. The secretion rate of aldosterone was significantly reduced at 8 weeks of age, 18-hydroxy-11-deoxycorticosterone (18-OH-DOC) at 12 weeks of age, deoxycorticosterone (DOC) at twenty weeks of age, and corticosterone (B) at 12 and 20 weeks of age. Secretion data suggest either an enzyme block, or increased conversion of known steroids to an unknown steroid product. Reduced secretion of corticosterone could explain the adrenal hyperplasia observed in SHR which may be important to the development of hypertension in these animals.", "PMID": 1116474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5145", "title": "Regulation of FSH secretion: use of hydroxyurea to deplete germinal epithelium.", "content": "Hydroxyurea, a chemotherapeutic agent that prevents mitosis by inhibiting DNA synthesis, was administered to adult male rats for 70 days. Plasma FSH and LH showed no systematic trend although severe germinal cell depletion was produced. These data suggest that the cell(s) of the seminiferous tubule involved in FSH regulation must be either the type A spermatogonium or the Sertoli cell.", "contents": "Regulation of FSH secretion: use of hydroxyurea to deplete germinal epithelium. Hydroxyurea, a chemotherapeutic agent that prevents mitosis by inhibiting DNA synthesis, was administered to adult male rats for 70 days. Plasma FSH and LH showed no systematic trend although severe germinal cell depletion was produced. These data suggest that the cell(s) of the seminiferous tubule involved in FSH regulation must be either the type A spermatogonium or the Sertoli cell.", "PMID": 1116475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5146", "title": "Ovarian and placental origins of plasma progesterone following fetectomy in monkeys (Macaca mulatta).", "content": "Fetectomy, either alone or combined with ovariectomy, was performed in 17 monkeys. Following fetectomy alone in 8 animals, progesterone values were maintained at normal pregnancy levels (1.0 ng/cc plasma or more), until expulsion of the placenta, which frequently occurred at a time well past normal term. Values declining toward but not reaching the nonpregnancy range were observed in some animals in the 2 to 6 weeks preceding expulsion; no similar decline occurs preceding normal labor. In all cases, after the placenta was expelled, progesterone values fell below 1 ng/cc plasma within 2 days. When ovariectomy was superimposed on 3 animals previously fetectomized, plasma progesterone values fell abruptly to nonpregnancy levels, and the placenta was expelled in an average of 6.3 days. The source of the progesterone in these fetectomized animals was, therefore, the ovaries, not the placenta damaged by a preceding fetectomy. However, the ovarian progesterone production after fetectomy was dependent on the continued presence of the placenta. In 6 animals following ovariectomy, and with an intact fetus and placenta, plasma progesterone levels were usually maintained at normal pregnancy levels. When fetectomy was superimposed in these animals with a preceding ovariectomy, plasma progesterone levels fell into the nonpregnancy range in an average of 4.8 days, and placental expulsion occurred after an average of 30.8 days. We believe this reflected a deteriorating ability of the fetectomized placenta to produce progesterone, which was capable only transiently of maintaining plasma values, but later of exerting sufficient local effect to maintain uterine quiescence for a longer time.", "contents": "Ovarian and placental origins of plasma progesterone following fetectomy in monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Fetectomy, either alone or combined with ovariectomy, was performed in 17 monkeys. Following fetectomy alone in 8 animals, progesterone values were maintained at normal pregnancy levels (1.0 ng/cc plasma or more), until expulsion of the placenta, which frequently occurred at a time well past normal term. Values declining toward but not reaching the nonpregnancy range were observed in some animals in the 2 to 6 weeks preceding expulsion; no similar decline occurs preceding normal labor. In all cases, after the placenta was expelled, progesterone values fell below 1 ng/cc plasma within 2 days. When ovariectomy was superimposed on 3 animals previously fetectomized, plasma progesterone values fell abruptly to nonpregnancy levels, and the placenta was expelled in an average of 6.3 days. The source of the progesterone in these fetectomized animals was, therefore, the ovaries, not the placenta damaged by a preceding fetectomy. However, the ovarian progesterone production after fetectomy was dependent on the continued presence of the placenta. In 6 animals following ovariectomy, and with an intact fetus and placenta, plasma progesterone levels were usually maintained at normal pregnancy levels. When fetectomy was superimposed in these animals with a preceding ovariectomy, plasma progesterone levels fell into the nonpregnancy range in an average of 4.8 days, and placental expulsion occurred after an average of 30.8 days. We believe this reflected a deteriorating ability of the fetectomized placenta to produce progesterone, which was capable only transiently of maintaining plasma values, but later of exerting sufficient local effect to maintain uterine quiescence for a longer time.", "PMID": 1116476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5147", "title": "Testosterone and 5alpha-reduced androgen secretion by rabbit testes-epididymides perfused in vitro.", "content": "Mass spectrometric determinations confirmed that testosterone, 5alpha-androstan-17betaol-3-one, 5alpha-androstan-3alpha, 17beta-diol and 5alpha-androstan-3beta, 17beta-diol were present in venous effluent of in vitro perfused rabbit testes-epididymides. Testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, 3alpha-androstanediol and 3beta-androstanediol were secreted at 3.1 plus or minus 0.9, 0.7 plus or minus 0.2, 0.4 plus or minus 0.1 and 0.6 plus or minus 0.1 mug/h when testes-epididymides were perfused with an artificial medium containing 2.5 ng/ml NIH-LH-S17, ovine. Surprisingly, testosterone constituted only 64% of the total mass of the four androgens secreted. These results probably reflect in vivo androgen secretion since hourly collections of spermatic vein blood from anesthetized rabbits contained 2.7 plus or minus 0.9, 0.8 plus or minus 0.3, 0.15 plus or minus .04 and 0.5 plus or minus 0.2 mug of testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, 3alpha-androstanediol and 3beta-androstanediol, respectively. Once again testosterone constituted only 64% of the total mass of the four androgens.", "contents": "Testosterone and 5alpha-reduced androgen secretion by rabbit testes-epididymides perfused in vitro. Mass spectrometric determinations confirmed that testosterone, 5alpha-androstan-17betaol-3-one, 5alpha-androstan-3alpha, 17beta-diol and 5alpha-androstan-3beta, 17beta-diol were present in venous effluent of in vitro perfused rabbit testes-epididymides. Testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, 3alpha-androstanediol and 3beta-androstanediol were secreted at 3.1 plus or minus 0.9, 0.7 plus or minus 0.2, 0.4 plus or minus 0.1 and 0.6 plus or minus 0.1 mug/h when testes-epididymides were perfused with an artificial medium containing 2.5 ng/ml NIH-LH-S17, ovine. Surprisingly, testosterone constituted only 64% of the total mass of the four androgens secreted. These results probably reflect in vivo androgen secretion since hourly collections of spermatic vein blood from anesthetized rabbits contained 2.7 plus or minus 0.9, 0.8 plus or minus 0.3, 0.15 plus or minus .04 and 0.5 plus or minus 0.2 mug of testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, 3alpha-androstanediol and 3beta-androstanediol, respectively. Once again testosterone constituted only 64% of the total mass of the four androgens.", "PMID": 1116477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5148", "title": "Pancreatic beta cell culture: preparation of purified monolayers.", "content": "Procedures were developed for preparing partially purified beta cell monolayer cultures. Neonatal rat pancreases were dissociated with a trypsin-collagenase solution. Beta cells were separated from denser acinar cells by centrifuging the initial suspension in a two layer discontinous Ficoll gradient (20, 25%). Resultant cultures, highly enriched in beta cells, were further purified by incubation with cystine-free medium. This caused necrosis of the majority of fibroblastoid cells within two days, while beta cells were considerably less affected. The resultant cultures contained an average of 72% beta cells compared to 10% in untreated control cultures. Insulin release by purified monolayers remained responsive to changes in the glucose concentration of the culture medium.", "contents": "Pancreatic beta cell culture: preparation of purified monolayers. Procedures were developed for preparing partially purified beta cell monolayer cultures. Neonatal rat pancreases were dissociated with a trypsin-collagenase solution. Beta cells were separated from denser acinar cells by centrifuging the initial suspension in a two layer discontinous Ficoll gradient (20, 25%). Resultant cultures, highly enriched in beta cells, were further purified by incubation with cystine-free medium. This caused necrosis of the majority of fibroblastoid cells within two days, while beta cells were considerably less affected. The resultant cultures contained an average of 72% beta cells compared to 10% in untreated control cultures. Insulin release by purified monolayers remained responsive to changes in the glucose concentration of the culture medium.", "PMID": 1116478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5149", "title": "Persistent pancreatic glucagon but not insulin response to arginine in pancreatectomized dogs.", "content": "Effects of total pancreatectomy on plasma glucagon, insulin and glucose responses to arginine were determined in 5 dogs. Portal vein and femoral artery samples were obtained in response to an arginine infusion (10 g/30 min) prior to, 1 h, 1 day and 1 week after pancreatectomy. Glucagon was measured using pancreatic-specific antiserum 30K (Unger, Dallas). Before pancreatectomy arginine significantly increased portal vein glucagon from 373 plus or minus 36 to 595 plus or minus 31 pg/ml and femoral artery levels from 233 plus or minus 28 to 342 plus or minus 74 pg/ml. Portal vein and femoral artery insulin concentrations of 74 plus or minus 21 and 17 plus or minus 3 muU/ml increased significantly to 173 plus or minus 64 and 31 plus or minus 7 muU/ml. Glucose levels did not change. One h after pancreatectomy, portal vein glucagon decreased to 121 plus or minus 15 pg/ml but increased to 230 plus or minus 42 pg/ml after arginine. Elevated blood glucose and the necessity for insulin treatment established the adequacy of pancreatectomy. Furthermore portal vein insulin levels were undetectable and unresponsive to arginine or a combination of glucose, glucagon, and tolbutamide 1 week after pancreatectomy. One day after pancreatectomy arginine significantly increased portal vein glucagon from 343 plus or minus 42 to 776 plus or minus 152 pg/ml. One week after pancreatectomy basal glucagon values were 374 plus or minus 30 in the portal vein and 360 plus or minus 49 in the femoral artery and responded to 1226 plus or minus 641 and 825 plus or minus 270 pg/ml, respectively, with arginine. Chromatography of plasma from one pancreatectomized dog on Sephadex G-50 after arginine stimulation revealed that much of the material cross-reacting with antibody 30K was eluted from the column earlier than either 125I-insulin or 125I-glucagon. In contrast, peak glucagon activity in plasma obtained from a normal human given arginine eluted from the column between the peak of 125I-insulin and 125I-glucagon; glucagon added to human plasma also was recovered in this same area between the 125I-insulin and 125I-glucagon peaks. These results suggest that some of the material that reacted with 30K antibody and which increased after pancreatectomy in response to arginine has a molecular weight greater than pancreatic glucagon. At autopsy no pancreatic tissue could be identified. Thus, after pancreatectomy, validated by absent insulin responses, the glucagon response to arginine was normal or increased. Since arginine is not thought to increase intestinal glucagon-like immunoreactive material, the source and nature of the material measured as glucagon after pancreatectomy is unknown, but may be important to any understanding of plasma glucagon measurements.", "contents": "Persistent pancreatic glucagon but not insulin response to arginine in pancreatectomized dogs. Effects of total pancreatectomy on plasma glucagon, insulin and glucose responses to arginine were determined in 5 dogs. Portal vein and femoral artery samples were obtained in response to an arginine infusion (10 g/30 min) prior to, 1 h, 1 day and 1 week after pancreatectomy. Glucagon was measured using pancreatic-specific antiserum 30K (Unger, Dallas). Before pancreatectomy arginine significantly increased portal vein glucagon from 373 plus or minus 36 to 595 plus or minus 31 pg/ml and femoral artery levels from 233 plus or minus 28 to 342 plus or minus 74 pg/ml. Portal vein and femoral artery insulin concentrations of 74 plus or minus 21 and 17 plus or minus 3 muU/ml increased significantly to 173 plus or minus 64 and 31 plus or minus 7 muU/ml. Glucose levels did not change. One h after pancreatectomy, portal vein glucagon decreased to 121 plus or minus 15 pg/ml but increased to 230 plus or minus 42 pg/ml after arginine. Elevated blood glucose and the necessity for insulin treatment established the adequacy of pancreatectomy. Furthermore portal vein insulin levels were undetectable and unresponsive to arginine or a combination of glucose, glucagon, and tolbutamide 1 week after pancreatectomy. One day after pancreatectomy arginine significantly increased portal vein glucagon from 343 plus or minus 42 to 776 plus or minus 152 pg/ml. One week after pancreatectomy basal glucagon values were 374 plus or minus 30 in the portal vein and 360 plus or minus 49 in the femoral artery and responded to 1226 plus or minus 641 and 825 plus or minus 270 pg/ml, respectively, with arginine. Chromatography of plasma from one pancreatectomized dog on Sephadex G-50 after arginine stimulation revealed that much of the material cross-reacting with antibody 30K was eluted from the column earlier than either 125I-insulin or 125I-glucagon. In contrast, peak glucagon activity in plasma obtained from a normal human given arginine eluted from the column between the peak of 125I-insulin and 125I-glucagon; glucagon added to human plasma also was recovered in this same area between the 125I-insulin and 125I-glucagon peaks. These results suggest that some of the material that reacted with 30K antibody and which increased after pancreatectomy in response to arginine has a molecular weight greater than pancreatic glucagon. At autopsy no pancreatic tissue could be identified. Thus, after pancreatectomy, validated by absent insulin responses, the glucagon response to arginine was normal or increased. Since arginine is not thought to increase intestinal glucagon-like immunoreactive material, the source and nature of the material measured as glucagon after pancreatectomy is unknown, but may be important to any understanding of plasma glucagon measurements.", "PMID": 1116479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5150", "title": "Progesterone, androstenedione, testosterone, estrone, and estradiol synthesis in hamster ovarian follicle cells.", "content": "Isolated granulosa cells and theca from proestrous hamsters alone and in recombination, were cultured in order to study steroidogenic capacity of this tissue. Cells from medium size antral follicles (100-300 mum diam.) and large preovulatory follicles (500 plus mum diam.) were used. Steroids were measured by radioimmunoassay. Cultures of cells derived from both sizes of follicles made significant amounts of progesterone for up to 6 days in tissue culture. The preparations from the medium sized antral follicles synthesized little or no estrogen. Of the cells harvested from the preovulatory follicles, the granulosa and theca made moderate amounts of estradiol-17beta while the recombined system made similar to 5 times the estradiol-17beta made by theca or granulosa alone. The results indicate that in the in vitro system used: 1) The hamster follicle cells are similar to other species in that they spontaneously luteinize in culture and secrete large amounts of progesterone, 2) Androgen accumulation is greatest in media from cultured theca of preovulatory follicle, 3) A synergism between theca and granulosa of the large preovulatory follicle exists to effect maximal estrogen synthesis, and 4) Estrogen synthesis is short-lived in vitro in contrast to continued progesterone production.", "contents": "Progesterone, androstenedione, testosterone, estrone, and estradiol synthesis in hamster ovarian follicle cells. Isolated granulosa cells and theca from proestrous hamsters alone and in recombination, were cultured in order to study steroidogenic capacity of this tissue. Cells from medium size antral follicles (100-300 mum diam.) and large preovulatory follicles (500 plus mum diam.) were used. Steroids were measured by radioimmunoassay. Cultures of cells derived from both sizes of follicles made significant amounts of progesterone for up to 6 days in tissue culture. The preparations from the medium sized antral follicles synthesized little or no estrogen. Of the cells harvested from the preovulatory follicles, the granulosa and theca made moderate amounts of estradiol-17beta while the recombined system made similar to 5 times the estradiol-17beta made by theca or granulosa alone. The results indicate that in the in vitro system used: 1) The hamster follicle cells are similar to other species in that they spontaneously luteinize in culture and secrete large amounts of progesterone, 2) Androgen accumulation is greatest in media from cultured theca of preovulatory follicle, 3) A synergism between theca and granulosa of the large preovulatory follicle exists to effect maximal estrogen synthesis, and 4) Estrogen synthesis is short-lived in vitro in contrast to continued progesterone production.", "PMID": 1116480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5151", "title": "Inhibition by somatostatin of glucagon and insulin release from the perfused rat pancreas in response to arginine, isoproterenol and theophylline: evidence for a preferential effect on glucagon secretion.", "content": "To determine whether somatostatin inhibits glucagon secretion directly at the pancreatic level and to study quantitatively the relative effects of somatostatin on glucagon and insulin secretion, the effects of various concentrations of somatostatin on glucagon and insulin release from the in vitro perfused rat pancreas in response to arginine (14.2 mM), isoproterenol (2 mg/ml) and theophylline (10 MM) were studied. Glucagon and insulin responses to arginine were progressively inhibited by somatostatin over a concentration range from 0.1-100 ng/ml. At all doses, somatostatin caused greater inhibition of glucagon secretion than of insulin secretion. Approximately 4 ng/ml somatostatin reduced glucagon responses 50%, whereas 90 ng/ml was required to produce comparable inhibition of insulin responses. Glucagon responses to isoproterenol, an activator of adenylate cyclase, and to theophylline, a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, were completely abolished by 100 ng/ml somatostatin. Isoproterenol did cause insulin release in this system, but insulin responses to theophylline were diminished by somatostatin. The present studies thus indicate that somatostatin is a potent inhibitor of both glucagon and insulin secretion and indicate that it acts directly on the pancreatic alpha and beta cells. Glucagon secretion is approximately 20 times more sensitive to the inhibitory effects of somatostatin than is insulin secretion. Furthermore, the present results suggest that somatostatin may act by modifying cAMP-dependent systems rather than by altering cAMP levels.", "contents": "Inhibition by somatostatin of glucagon and insulin release from the perfused rat pancreas in response to arginine, isoproterenol and theophylline: evidence for a preferential effect on glucagon secretion. To determine whether somatostatin inhibits glucagon secretion directly at the pancreatic level and to study quantitatively the relative effects of somatostatin on glucagon and insulin secretion, the effects of various concentrations of somatostatin on glucagon and insulin release from the in vitro perfused rat pancreas in response to arginine (14.2 mM), isoproterenol (2 mg/ml) and theophylline (10 MM) were studied. Glucagon and insulin responses to arginine were progressively inhibited by somatostatin over a concentration range from 0.1-100 ng/ml. At all doses, somatostatin caused greater inhibition of glucagon secretion than of insulin secretion. Approximately 4 ng/ml somatostatin reduced glucagon responses 50%, whereas 90 ng/ml was required to produce comparable inhibition of insulin responses. Glucagon responses to isoproterenol, an activator of adenylate cyclase, and to theophylline, a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, were completely abolished by 100 ng/ml somatostatin. Isoproterenol did cause insulin release in this system, but insulin responses to theophylline were diminished by somatostatin. The present studies thus indicate that somatostatin is a potent inhibitor of both glucagon and insulin secretion and indicate that it acts directly on the pancreatic alpha and beta cells. Glucagon secretion is approximately 20 times more sensitive to the inhibitory effects of somatostatin than is insulin secretion. Furthermore, the present results suggest that somatostatin may act by modifying cAMP-dependent systems rather than by altering cAMP levels.", "PMID": 1116481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5152", "title": "The effect of abrupt lengthening of the photoperiod on the onset of ovulation in gonadotrophin-treated immature rats.", "content": "Immature female rats exposed daily to a-14 h photoperiod were induced to ovulate precociously by administering pregnant mares' serum gonadotrophin (PMS) at 30 days of age (day 30). In these rats ovulation occurs on day 33 between 0130 and 0330 (midpoint of photoperiod equals 1200). The acute effect on the timing of ovulation of abruptly lengthening the photoperiod by 6 h was investigated in this preparation. When compared with controls kept on a 14-h photoperiod, adding 6 h of light to the beginning of the daily photoperiod (i.e., AM light) advanced ovulation by 2 h; adding 6 h of light to the end of the photoperiod (i.e., PM light) delayed ovulation by 5.5 h; adding 3 h of light to the beginning and to the end of the photoperiod delayed ovulation by 2 h. These results suggest that the time of release of an ovulatory quota of pituitary gonadotrophin may be advanced by exposure to AM light and delayed by exposure to PM light, but the PM light appears to have a stronger effect on the time of gonadotrophin secretion.", "contents": "The effect of abrupt lengthening of the photoperiod on the onset of ovulation in gonadotrophin-treated immature rats. Immature female rats exposed daily to a-14 h photoperiod were induced to ovulate precociously by administering pregnant mares' serum gonadotrophin (PMS) at 30 days of age (day 30). In these rats ovulation occurs on day 33 between 0130 and 0330 (midpoint of photoperiod equals 1200). The acute effect on the timing of ovulation of abruptly lengthening the photoperiod by 6 h was investigated in this preparation. When compared with controls kept on a 14-h photoperiod, adding 6 h of light to the beginning of the daily photoperiod (i.e., AM light) advanced ovulation by 2 h; adding 6 h of light to the end of the photoperiod (i.e., PM light) delayed ovulation by 5.5 h; adding 3 h of light to the beginning and to the end of the photoperiod delayed ovulation by 2 h. These results suggest that the time of release of an ovulatory quota of pituitary gonadotrophin may be advanced by exposure to AM light and delayed by exposure to PM light, but the PM light appears to have a stronger effect on the time of gonadotrophin secretion.", "PMID": 1116482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5153", "title": "Measurement of plasma and tissue triiodothyronine concentration in the rat by radioimmunoassay.", "content": "This paper reports a radioimmunoassay method for triiodothyronine (T3) and the application of this assay to the study of plasma and tissue T3 concentration in the rat. Several antisera formed to a T3-bovine fibrogen complex in guinea pigs and T3-thyroglobulin complex in rabbits are shown to have low or no cross reactivity with T4, monoiodotyrosine, diiodotyrosine, tetraiodothyroacetic acid (TETRAC) and reverse T3. Cross reactivity with T3 derivatives, triiodothyroacetic acid (TRIAC), and triiodothyropropionic (TRIPROP) was variable, some antisera differentiating moderately well and others not at all. An extraction method is described which removes approximately 85% of added 125I-T3 or unlabelled T3 from tissues and in the final step represents 57% of total tissue T3. Mean plasma T3 in 5 normal male rats was 58 plus or minus 6.0 ng/100 ml (SEM), in liver 769 plus or minus 56 ng/100 g, and kidney 627 plus or minus 39 ng/100 g. Tissue to plasma concentration gradients for liver and kidney were 13.3 and 10.8, respectively.", "contents": "Measurement of plasma and tissue triiodothyronine concentration in the rat by radioimmunoassay. This paper reports a radioimmunoassay method for triiodothyronine (T3) and the application of this assay to the study of plasma and tissue T3 concentration in the rat. Several antisera formed to a T3-bovine fibrogen complex in guinea pigs and T3-thyroglobulin complex in rabbits are shown to have low or no cross reactivity with T4, monoiodotyrosine, diiodotyrosine, tetraiodothyroacetic acid (TETRAC) and reverse T3. Cross reactivity with T3 derivatives, triiodothyroacetic acid (TRIAC), and triiodothyropropionic (TRIPROP) was variable, some antisera differentiating moderately well and others not at all. An extraction method is described which removes approximately 85% of added 125I-T3 or unlabelled T3 from tissues and in the final step represents 57% of total tissue T3. Mean plasma T3 in 5 normal male rats was 58 plus or minus 6.0 ng/100 ml (SEM), in liver 769 plus or minus 56 ng/100 g, and kidney 627 plus or minus 39 ng/100 g. Tissue to plasma concentration gradients for liver and kidney were 13.3 and 10.8, respectively.", "PMID": 1116483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5154", "title": "Duration of chorionic gonadotropin production by the placenta of the rhesus monkey.", "content": "Concentrations of macaque chorionic gonadotropin (mCG) in placenta, blood and urine of rhesus monkeys have been measured by both radioimmunoassay and bioassay throughout gestation. mCG was easily detected and quantified in these specimens for a brief period in early pregnancy, but was not detectable between the 40th day of pregnancy and term in placental extracts, serum, or 40-fold urine concentrates. The apparent absence of mCG after the 40th day of pregnancy makes these macaques a valuable model for pregnancy research, where the absence of chorionic gonadotropin is experimentally desirable. Unlike women and some higher primates, the functional status of the fetal, placental and maternal endocrine compartments of macaques can be studied in the absence of circulating chorionic gonadotropin during mid and late gestation.", "contents": "Duration of chorionic gonadotropin production by the placenta of the rhesus monkey. Concentrations of macaque chorionic gonadotropin (mCG) in placenta, blood and urine of rhesus monkeys have been measured by both radioimmunoassay and bioassay throughout gestation. mCG was easily detected and quantified in these specimens for a brief period in early pregnancy, but was not detectable between the 40th day of pregnancy and term in placental extracts, serum, or 40-fold urine concentrates. The apparent absence of mCG after the 40th day of pregnancy makes these macaques a valuable model for pregnancy research, where the absence of chorionic gonadotropin is experimentally desirable. Unlike women and some higher primates, the functional status of the fetal, placental and maternal endocrine compartments of macaques can be studied in the absence of circulating chorionic gonadotropin during mid and late gestation.", "PMID": 1116484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5155", "title": "A direct radioimmunoassay of corticosterone in rat serum.", "content": "A direct radioimmunoassay of corticosterone is described requiring as little as 1-2 mul of rat serum. After methanol inactivation of CBG, serum was assayed with a relatively specific antibody raised against corticosterone-21-hemisuccinate. While this antibody has a significant cross-reaction with cortisol, prior purification is not necessary since cortisol is not produced in the rat.", "contents": "A direct radioimmunoassay of corticosterone in rat serum. A direct radioimmunoassay of corticosterone is described requiring as little as 1-2 mul of rat serum. After methanol inactivation of CBG, serum was assayed with a relatively specific antibody raised against corticosterone-21-hemisuccinate. While this antibody has a significant cross-reaction with cortisol, prior purification is not necessary since cortisol is not produced in the rat.", "PMID": 1116485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5156", "title": "Conversion of [125I]growth hormone into high molecular weight forms in vivo.", "content": "[125I]-growth hormone, injected in rats, was converted into high molecular weight forms (70,000 to over 200,000 daltons) as judged by gel filtration of blood serum samples collected after the injection. These forms were reactive with antisera against growth hormone, although their immunoreactivity was only 50% of that of control, single component [125I]growth hormone. Their molecular weight was not affected significantly by denaturation with sodium dodecyl sulfate. Incubation of [125I]growth hormone with blood serum in vitro did not result in the production of high molecular weight forms.", "contents": "Conversion of [125I]growth hormone into high molecular weight forms in vivo. [125I]-growth hormone, injected in rats, was converted into high molecular weight forms (70,000 to over 200,000 daltons) as judged by gel filtration of blood serum samples collected after the injection. These forms were reactive with antisera against growth hormone, although their immunoreactivity was only 50% of that of control, single component [125I]growth hormone. Their molecular weight was not affected significantly by denaturation with sodium dodecyl sulfate. Incubation of [125I]growth hormone with blood serum in vitro did not result in the production of high molecular weight forms.", "PMID": 1116486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5157", "title": "Compensatory renal hypertrophy in the absence of androgen binding.", "content": "As a direct test for a role of androgens, compensatory renal hypertrophy was studied in normal male mice, in androgen-insensitive Tfm/Y mice, and in sibling normal female mice. Fifteen days after unilateral nephrectomy, although the kidneys of the normal male mice were larger, relative increases in renal weight were similar in all groups (33-43%). The magnitude of the increase and the contents of protein, RNA, and DNA were the same in the Tfm/Y mice and the female mice. Androgens are not essential to compensatory renal hypertrophy, but they promote larger mice with larger kidneys.", "contents": "Compensatory renal hypertrophy in the absence of androgen binding. As a direct test for a role of androgens, compensatory renal hypertrophy was studied in normal male mice, in androgen-insensitive Tfm/Y mice, and in sibling normal female mice. Fifteen days after unilateral nephrectomy, although the kidneys of the normal male mice were larger, relative increases in renal weight were similar in all groups (33-43%). The magnitude of the increase and the contents of protein, RNA, and DNA were the same in the Tfm/Y mice and the female mice. Androgens are not essential to compensatory renal hypertrophy, but they promote larger mice with larger kidneys.", "PMID": 1116487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5158", "title": "Differences in the enzymatic inactivation of arginine vasopressin and oxytocin by rat kidney homogenate.", "content": "Arginine-vasopressin and oxytocin, both 14C-labeled in the glycine residue, are enzymatically inactivated by rat kidney supernatant. Production of radioactive metabolites of each hormone was followed as a function of time. Both oxytocin and vasopressin are degraded by an enzyme which cleaves their Pro-X bonds, to release Leu-Gly-NH2 from oxytocin and Arg-Gly-NH2 from vasopressin. In addition, oxytocin alone is degraded rapidly by a chymotrypsin-like enzyme which directly releases Gly-NH2 from the hormone. The direct release of Gly-NH2 from vasopressin in the homogenate is of minor importance, but there occurs a transient formation of an uncharacterized fragment in significant amounts. The data are interpreted to indicate that the difference in the overall mechanism of inactivation of the two hormones by the rat kidney extract is a result of the high level of the enzymic activity which releases Gly-NH2 directly from oxytocin, compared to the low level of activity releasing Gly-NH2 directly from the antidiuretic hormone. This allows, in the case of arginine vasopressin, a greater expression of the activity of enzyme(s) giving rise to uncharacterized fragment(s) and of the Pro-X cleaving enzyme.", "contents": "Differences in the enzymatic inactivation of arginine vasopressin and oxytocin by rat kidney homogenate. Arginine-vasopressin and oxytocin, both 14C-labeled in the glycine residue, are enzymatically inactivated by rat kidney supernatant. Production of radioactive metabolites of each hormone was followed as a function of time. Both oxytocin and vasopressin are degraded by an enzyme which cleaves their Pro-X bonds, to release Leu-Gly-NH2 from oxytocin and Arg-Gly-NH2 from vasopressin. In addition, oxytocin alone is degraded rapidly by a chymotrypsin-like enzyme which directly releases Gly-NH2 from the hormone. The direct release of Gly-NH2 from vasopressin in the homogenate is of minor importance, but there occurs a transient formation of an uncharacterized fragment in significant amounts. The data are interpreted to indicate that the difference in the overall mechanism of inactivation of the two hormones by the rat kidney extract is a result of the high level of the enzymic activity which releases Gly-NH2 directly from oxytocin, compared to the low level of activity releasing Gly-NH2 directly from the antidiuretic hormone. This allows, in the case of arginine vasopressin, a greater expression of the activity of enzyme(s) giving rise to uncharacterized fragment(s) and of the Pro-X cleaving enzyme.", "PMID": 1116488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5159", "title": "Reduced level of uterine norepinephrine transmitter during hCG-induced pseudopregnancy in the rabbit.", "content": "The bulk of rabbit uterine norepinephrine is present in short adrenergic neurons which have unique functional properties. Pseudopregnancy was induced in adult nulliparous rabbits by a single injection of 1,500 IU of human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG). By the 6th day of pseudopregnancy, the total uterine content of norepinephrine was reduced to a level only 40% of that found in untreated controls. At 12 days after the injection the amine level was greater than at 6 days but still significantly less than in controls. By 18 days, when the progestational proliferation of the endometrium had subsided, the levels in uteri of control and injected animals were similar. The findings support previous findings indicating the presence of a peripheral neuro-endocrine mechanism influencing uterine motor function.", "contents": "Reduced level of uterine norepinephrine transmitter during hCG-induced pseudopregnancy in the rabbit. The bulk of rabbit uterine norepinephrine is present in short adrenergic neurons which have unique functional properties. Pseudopregnancy was induced in adult nulliparous rabbits by a single injection of 1,500 IU of human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG). By the 6th day of pseudopregnancy, the total uterine content of norepinephrine was reduced to a level only 40% of that found in untreated controls. At 12 days after the injection the amine level was greater than at 6 days but still significantly less than in controls. By 18 days, when the progestational proliferation of the endometrium had subsided, the levels in uteri of control and injected animals were similar. The findings support previous findings indicating the presence of a peripheral neuro-endocrine mechanism influencing uterine motor function.", "PMID": 1116489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5160", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of canine growth hormone: enzymatic radioiodination.", "content": "A sensitive radioimmunoassay is described for the measurement of plasma concentrations of canine growth hormone (cGH) as low as 0.25 ng/ml. The assay utilizes enzymatically iodinated cGH and the double antibody technique. The mean plasma concentration of growth hormone in the normal dog after overnight fast is 1.75 plus or minus .17 ng/ml. Exogenous cGH was cleared from the plasma of both the normal and hypophysectomized dog with a mean half-life of 25.6 plus or minus 1.0 min and was distributed in a volume equal to 8.9% of the body weight. Insulin hypoglycemia produced a 3- to 5-fold increase in plasma GH in 4 of 6 dogs and arginine infusion failed to produce a statistically significant rise.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of canine growth hormone: enzymatic radioiodination. A sensitive radioimmunoassay is described for the measurement of plasma concentrations of canine growth hormone (cGH) as low as 0.25 ng/ml. The assay utilizes enzymatically iodinated cGH and the double antibody technique. The mean plasma concentration of growth hormone in the normal dog after overnight fast is 1.75 plus or minus .17 ng/ml. Exogenous cGH was cleared from the plasma of both the normal and hypophysectomized dog with a mean half-life of 25.6 plus or minus 1.0 min and was distributed in a volume equal to 8.9% of the body weight. Insulin hypoglycemia produced a 3- to 5-fold increase in plasma GH in 4 of 6 dogs and arginine infusion failed to produce a statistically significant rise.", "PMID": 1116490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5161", "title": "Structural and mechanical properties of tendon related to function.", "content": "Tendon normally fulfills its primary role as a flexible force transmitting element very effectively and yet failure of this passive tissue leads to great disability. As a connective tissue its structure is relatively simple and the peculiar helical arrangement of collagen fibres confers highly non-linear as well as time-dependent mechanical properties. Functional significance cannot be attributed to any facet of mechanical response until the physiological pattern of loading is established. In particular the rate of deformation and the minimum force experienced by tendon in normal locomotion have yet to be elicited. Most published values of maximum forces transmitted by tendon fall short of the measured quasi-static rupture strength. The fact that some estimates exceed this ultimate force illustrates the errors incurred in indirect assessment. Direct measurement techniques, which have now been demonstrated to be practicable, should yield valuable information when applied to tendons susceptible to spontaneous rupture. Other proposed mechanical functions of tendon are clearly of secondary importance. Much has yet to be learned of the response of muscle to rapid loading and extension before these hypotheses can be tested fully. With our scant knowledge of normal tendon function it is indeed fortunate that the techniques of repair and treatment of damaged tendon are rapidly advancing.", "contents": "Structural and mechanical properties of tendon related to function. Tendon normally fulfills its primary role as a flexible force transmitting element very effectively and yet failure of this passive tissue leads to great disability. As a connective tissue its structure is relatively simple and the peculiar helical arrangement of collagen fibres confers highly non-linear as well as time-dependent mechanical properties. Functional significance cannot be attributed to any facet of mechanical response until the physiological pattern of loading is established. In particular the rate of deformation and the minimum force experienced by tendon in normal locomotion have yet to be elicited. Most published values of maximum forces transmitted by tendon fall short of the measured quasi-static rupture strength. The fact that some estimates exceed this ultimate force illustrates the errors incurred in indirect assessment. Direct measurement techniques, which have now been demonstrated to be practicable, should yield valuable information when applied to tendons susceptible to spontaneous rupture. Other proposed mechanical functions of tendon are clearly of secondary importance. Much has yet to be learned of the response of muscle to rapid loading and extension before these hypotheses can be tested fully. With our scant knowledge of normal tendon function it is indeed fortunate that the techniques of repair and treatment of damaged tendon are rapidly advancing.", "PMID": 1116491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5162", "title": "The indirect measurement of arterial blood pressure in the horse.", "content": "An accurate modified auscultatory technique for the indirect measurement of arterial pressure in the horse is described. Limitations of the method were sensitivity to external motion in nervous, conscious horses, and the failure to detect Korotkoff sounds in shocked, anaesthetized surgical cases. The apparatus required for the method is expensive and is probably impractical for routine monitoring during anaesthesia.", "contents": "The indirect measurement of arterial blood pressure in the horse. An accurate modified auscultatory technique for the indirect measurement of arterial pressure in the horse is described. Limitations of the method were sensitivity to external motion in nervous, conscious horses, and the failure to detect Korotkoff sounds in shocked, anaesthetized surgical cases. The apparatus required for the method is expensive and is probably impractical for routine monitoring during anaesthesia.", "PMID": 1116492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5163", "title": "Enzyme activity in the serum of thoroughbred horses in the United Kingdom.", "content": "This paper records the concentrations of aspartate amino transferase (A.A.T.), creatine kinase (C.P.K.), sorbitol dehydrogenase (S.D.H.), alpha-hydroxybuturate dehydrogenase (alpha-H.B.D.) and alkaline phosphatase (A.P.) activity observed in the sera of Thoroughbred horses in the United Kingdom, at rest and during training. The methods of analysis have been selected to achieve the optimum precision when used for horse serum. During training A.A.T., C.P.K. and alpha-H.B.D. are related and demonstrate intermittent periods of increasing activity. S.D.H. remains unchanged but demonstrates increases associated with raised titres to equine rhinopneumonitis virus in the serum during the period in which the animal is clinically normal.", "contents": "Enzyme activity in the serum of thoroughbred horses in the United Kingdom. This paper records the concentrations of aspartate amino transferase (A.A.T.), creatine kinase (C.P.K.), sorbitol dehydrogenase (S.D.H.), alpha-hydroxybuturate dehydrogenase (alpha-H.B.D.) and alkaline phosphatase (A.P.) activity observed in the sera of Thoroughbred horses in the United Kingdom, at rest and during training. The methods of analysis have been selected to achieve the optimum precision when used for horse serum. During training A.A.T., C.P.K. and alpha-H.B.D. are related and demonstrate intermittent periods of increasing activity. S.D.H. remains unchanged but demonstrates increases associated with raised titres to equine rhinopneumonitis virus in the serum during the period in which the animal is clinically normal.", "PMID": 1116493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5164", "title": "Abnormal flexion of the corono-pedal joint or \"contracted tendons\" in unweaned foals.", "content": "A condition frequently misnamed \"contracted tendons\" is described in unweaned foals. Various theories regarding its aetiology are examined. Overfeeding and lack of exercise are suggested as being the most likely causes, leading to excessive growth of the long bones. An effective method of treatment is described. \"Contracted tendons\" in yearlings are also discussed.", "contents": "Abnormal flexion of the corono-pedal joint or \"contracted tendons\" in unweaned foals. A condition frequently misnamed \"contracted tendons\" is described in unweaned foals. Various theories regarding its aetiology are examined. Overfeeding and lack of exercise are suggested as being the most likely causes, leading to excessive growth of the long bones. An effective method of treatment is described. \"Contracted tendons\" in yearlings are also discussed.", "PMID": 1116494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5165", "title": "Osteoporosis in a six year old pony.", "content": "A case of what can be presumed to be secondary nutritional hyperparathyroidism, due to high phosphorus diet, in a six year old pony is discussed. The findings are compared to those found when the disease occurs in young growing horses.", "contents": "Osteoporosis in a six year old pony. A case of what can be presumed to be secondary nutritional hyperparathyroidism, due to high phosphorus diet, in a six year old pony is discussed. The findings are compared to those found when the disease occurs in young growing horses.", "PMID": 1116495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5166", "title": "Primary ocular melanoma in a young horse.", "content": "The clinical features and pathology of an ocular melanoma in a young born-grey mare are described. The tumour, possibly arising on the cornea, invaded the eye and extra-orbital muscles. Histologically; it consisted predominantly of spindle-shaped and polygonal cells containing melanin.", "contents": "Primary ocular melanoma in a young horse. The clinical features and pathology of an ocular melanoma in a young born-grey mare are described. The tumour, possibly arising on the cornea, invaded the eye and extra-orbital muscles. Histologically; it consisted predominantly of spindle-shaped and polygonal cells containing melanin.", "PMID": 1116496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5167", "title": "Response of the elasmobranch utricle to maintained spatial orientation, transitions and jitter.", "content": "1.  The spike discharges of single first order afferents from the utricle were recorded in the isolated head of the guitarfish and tested for responses to maintained spatial orientation, to transitions and to a small positional jitter representing natural perturbations.  Sensitivity to maintained orientation is referred to as \"tonic\", and to transitions and jitter as \"phasic\".  2.  Most responsive cells were either phasically, or phasically and tonically sensitive.  A few were exclusively tonic.  Tonic responsiveness implied that maintained orientation was associated with a stationary discharge which differed from one position to another; it sometimes differed also from one station to another at the same position.  Transitions from one position to another evoked a rate change that later adapted to the level of the tonic response.  Opposite transitions evoked rate changes in the opposite sense.  The phasic rate change was usually larger for transitions that increased the rate.  Many units were non-responsive.  The prevalence of phasic over tonic sensitivity is stressed, and the remarkable heterogeneity of utricular afferents confirms that the macula is not uniform, probably coding a wide variety of head accelerations.  3.  The jitter increased the ongoing scatter of intervals and binrates, changing, complicating, or abolishing their periodicity.  The jitter could influence the effects of maintained orientation, increasing, decreasing, inverting or even revealing directional sensitivity.  It could also force previously independent units into an orientation-dependent correlation; hence, between-cell correlation is potentially useful in coding of spatiel orientation.  Naturally occurring perturbations may sonstitute a significant issue of normal operation.  4.  Certain afferents from the horizontal semicircular canal showed a slow tonic response to maintained spatial orientation.", "contents": "Response of the elasmobranch utricle to maintained spatial orientation, transitions and jitter. 1.  The spike discharges of single first order afferents from the utricle were recorded in the isolated head of the guitarfish and tested for responses to maintained spatial orientation, to transitions and to a small positional jitter representing natural perturbations.  Sensitivity to maintained orientation is referred to as \"tonic\", and to transitions and jitter as \"phasic\".  2.  Most responsive cells were either phasically, or phasically and tonically sensitive.  A few were exclusively tonic.  Tonic responsiveness implied that maintained orientation was associated with a stationary discharge which differed from one position to another; it sometimes differed also from one station to another at the same position.  Transitions from one position to another evoked a rate change that later adapted to the level of the tonic response.  Opposite transitions evoked rate changes in the opposite sense.  The phasic rate change was usually larger for transitions that increased the rate.  Many units were non-responsive.  The prevalence of phasic over tonic sensitivity is stressed, and the remarkable heterogeneity of utricular afferents confirms that the macula is not uniform, probably coding a wide variety of head accelerations.  3.  The jitter increased the ongoing scatter of intervals and binrates, changing, complicating, or abolishing their periodicity.  The jitter could influence the effects of maintained orientation, increasing, decreasing, inverting or even revealing directional sensitivity.  It could also force previously independent units into an orientation-dependent correlation; hence, between-cell correlation is potentially useful in coding of spatiel orientation.  Naturally occurring perturbations may sonstitute a significant issue of normal operation.  4.  Certain afferents from the horizontal semicircular canal showed a slow tonic response to maintained spatial orientation.", "PMID": 1116497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5168", "title": "The direct spinal area of the inferior olivary nucleus: an electron microscopic study.", "content": "Identification of the direct spinal areas (portions of the dorsal and medial accessory nuclei) within the opossum inferior olivary complex was accomplished by mapping the location of the terminal degeneration by the Fink-Heimer technique subsequent to cervical cord lesions.  Following similar lesions, sampling of these same regions for electron microscopic study was assured by examination of transversely oriented, 1 mu plastic sections prior to thin sectioning.  The first evidence of electron dense axon terminals was found at a survival time of 24 hours.  At survival times of 36, 48 and 72 hours, degenerating presynaptic profiles shrink, become irregular in shape and are totally or partially surrounded by glial processes.  Spinal terminals average 1-2 mu in their greatest dimension, contain round, clear synaptic vesicles and generally contact small diameter (0.4--1.8 mu) dendritic shafts or occasional spiny appendages.  The spiny dendritic appendages make up the central core of the olivary glomeruli and these juxtaposed dendritic processes exhibit gap junctions.  At longer survival times (5, 7 and 9 days) many presynaptic profiles with either round or pleomorphic synaptic vesicles remain normal in appearance and contact dendritic shafts or the spiny appendages within glomeruli.  Afferents from other sources (possible including intrinsic neurons) must terminate within the direct spinal portion of the nuclear complex to account for the numerous axon terminals which retain normal morphology after such long survival times.", "contents": "The direct spinal area of the inferior olivary nucleus: an electron microscopic study. Identification of the direct spinal areas (portions of the dorsal and medial accessory nuclei) within the opossum inferior olivary complex was accomplished by mapping the location of the terminal degeneration by the Fink-Heimer technique subsequent to cervical cord lesions.  Following similar lesions, sampling of these same regions for electron microscopic study was assured by examination of transversely oriented, 1 mu plastic sections prior to thin sectioning.  The first evidence of electron dense axon terminals was found at a survival time of 24 hours.  At survival times of 36, 48 and 72 hours, degenerating presynaptic profiles shrink, become irregular in shape and are totally or partially surrounded by glial processes.  Spinal terminals average 1-2 mu in their greatest dimension, contain round, clear synaptic vesicles and generally contact small diameter (0.4--1.8 mu) dendritic shafts or occasional spiny appendages.  The spiny dendritic appendages make up the central core of the olivary glomeruli and these juxtaposed dendritic processes exhibit gap junctions.  At longer survival times (5, 7 and 9 days) many presynaptic profiles with either round or pleomorphic synaptic vesicles remain normal in appearance and contact dendritic shafts or the spiny appendages within glomeruli.  Afferents from other sources (possible including intrinsic neurons) must terminate within the direct spinal portion of the nuclear complex to account for the numerous axon terminals which retain normal morphology after such long survival times.", "PMID": 1116498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5169", "title": "Receptive field characteristics and plastic properties of visual cortical cells in kittens reared with or without visual experience.", "content": "The functional organization of visual cortical cells was studied in two groups of five week old kittens: one group normally reared, the other reared in total darkness from the third day after birth.  The following results were obtained: 1. The cells of the normally reared kittens were similar to adult cells except for some aspects of immaturity.  In contrast, the cells of the dark-reared kittens were totally non-specific.  Their receptive field showed neither orientational nor directional properties. 2.  The distribution of cells according to the ocular dominance was not different in either group and was similar to that previously described for \"adult\" cells.  3.  A few hours of visual experience was sufficient to provide specific receptive field properties to the cortical cells of a dark-reared kitten. 4.  Conditioning exposure with an oriented grating induced changes in orientational sensitivity in normally reared kittens but not in dark-reared kittens.", "contents": "Receptive field characteristics and plastic properties of visual cortical cells in kittens reared with or without visual experience. The functional organization of visual cortical cells was studied in two groups of five week old kittens: one group normally reared, the other reared in total darkness from the third day after birth.  The following results were obtained: 1. The cells of the normally reared kittens were similar to adult cells except for some aspects of immaturity.  In contrast, the cells of the dark-reared kittens were totally non-specific.  Their receptive field showed neither orientational nor directional properties. 2.  The distribution of cells according to the ocular dominance was not different in either group and was similar to that previously described for \"adult\" cells.  3.  A few hours of visual experience was sufficient to provide specific receptive field properties to the cortical cells of a dark-reared kitten. 4.  Conditioning exposure with an oriented grating induced changes in orientational sensitivity in normally reared kittens but not in dark-reared kittens.", "PMID": 1116499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5170", "title": "[Quantitative study of autoradiographic marking in the rat nervous system.  II.  Final characteristics of the adult animal brain: interpretation rules and concept of cortical chronoarchitecture].", "content": "In this work a statistical study is made of the final outcome of the quantification of the nerve cell labelling in the adult, after prenatal injection of tritiated thymidine. This outcome is presented in the form of histograms which are the superposition of elementary Poisson distributions.  A theoretical model, based on Probability theory, has been developed explaining the experimental outcome.  Studying the final histograms of a defined region, according to this model, we can find out the number and the importance of the constitutive cell generations (chronology).  From the graphic study of the percentage of labelled cells and that of the average of grains, the characteristics of the stratification of the neuronic populations/architectony) can be defined.  All these notions have been gathered into a new concept: chronoarchitectony.  This concept has also been applied to the neocortex.  The results show that there is a strong interpenetration of the different cell generations in a given layer.  The cortical neuronic production is a continuous phenomenon and there is no correspondence with the discontinuity of the cortical layers.", "contents": "[Quantitative study of autoradiographic marking in the rat nervous system.  II.  Final characteristics of the adult animal brain: interpretation rules and concept of cortical chronoarchitecture]. In this work a statistical study is made of the final outcome of the quantification of the nerve cell labelling in the adult, after prenatal injection of tritiated thymidine. This outcome is presented in the form of histograms which are the superposition of elementary Poisson distributions.  A theoretical model, based on Probability theory, has been developed explaining the experimental outcome.  Studying the final histograms of a defined region, according to this model, we can find out the number and the importance of the constitutive cell generations (chronology).  From the graphic study of the percentage of labelled cells and that of the average of grains, the characteristics of the stratification of the neuronic populations/architectony) can be defined.  All these notions have been gathered into a new concept: chronoarchitectony.  This concept has also been applied to the neocortex.  The results show that there is a strong interpenetration of the different cell generations in a given layer.  The cortical neuronic production is a continuous phenomenon and there is no correspondence with the discontinuity of the cortical layers.", "PMID": 1116500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5171", "title": "Modification of single neurons in the kitten's visual cortex after brief periods of monocular visual experience.", "content": "Kittens were deprived of form vision by suturing the lids of both eyes, except for a brief period (1, 6 or 20 hours) on the 29th day when the right eye was opened. 6 space and 20 hours of monocular vision produced a distinct shift in the ocular dominance of visual cortical neurons towards the experienced eye, and an increase in the proportion of cells with obvious orientation selectivity.  These modifications in the visual cortex were enhanced by a period of \"consolidation\": they were somewhat less obvious if recordings were taken immediately after the exposure but were complete 2 days later.  Although remarkably little visual experience was needed for these changes, the results contrast with the effects of rearing in an environment of vertical stripes, where only 1 hour of exposure produces much more striking effects.  A normal visual environment may have a less powerful organizing influence on cortical neurons than such an environment containing only one orientation.", "contents": "Modification of single neurons in the kitten's visual cortex after brief periods of monocular visual experience. Kittens were deprived of form vision by suturing the lids of both eyes, except for a brief period (1, 6 or 20 hours) on the 29th day when the right eye was opened. 6 space and 20 hours of monocular vision produced a distinct shift in the ocular dominance of visual cortical neurons towards the experienced eye, and an increase in the proportion of cells with obvious orientation selectivity.  These modifications in the visual cortex were enhanced by a period of \"consolidation\": they were somewhat less obvious if recordings were taken immediately after the exposure but were complete 2 days later.  Although remarkably little visual experience was needed for these changes, the results contrast with the effects of rearing in an environment of vertical stripes, where only 1 hour of exposure produces much more striking effects.  A normal visual environment may have a less powerful organizing influence on cortical neurons than such an environment containing only one orientation.", "PMID": 1116501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5172", "title": "Labyrinthine influence on cat forelimb motoneurons.", "content": "1.  Intracellular responses in forelimb motoneurons to electrical stimulation of the whole labyrinth and of individual semicircular canal nerves were studied in decerebrated, unanesthetized cats.  2.  Stimulation of the whole labyrinth typically produced EPSPs, usually bilaterally, in forelimb extensor (LON, LAT, MED) and shoulder (SI) motoneurons and bilateral IPSPs in forelimb flexor (BIC) motoneurons.  3.  Latencies of PSPs indicated that most of those in extensor motoneurons were trisynaptic and many seen in flexor motoneurons may involve four synapses.  4.  In the cells sampled, stimulation of the anterior, horizontal or posterior canal nerves often evoked EPSPs in extensor and IPSPs in flexor motoneurons, both ipsi- and contralaterally.  Responses to canal stimulation were weaker and more variable than those to stimulation of the whole nerve.  5.  Transection of the MLF in the lower medulla had no effect on PSPs evoked in forelimb motoneurons.  Lesions in the medulla in the area of the LVST greatly  reduced the occurrence of contralateral EPSPs in extensor and IPSPs in flexor motoneurons.  The pathway linking labyrinths to forelimb motoneurons therefore appears to include the LVST.  Hemisection shows that the pathway to contralateral motoneurons descends in the cord on the side of the stimulated labyrinth before crossing to influence these cells.  6.  Labyrinthine control of forelimb motoneurons is less direct than control of neck and back motoneurons.  It is suggested that the interneuron in the pathway to forelimb motoneurons is the site of integration of labyrinthine with other reflexes.", "contents": "Labyrinthine influence on cat forelimb motoneurons. 1.  Intracellular responses in forelimb motoneurons to electrical stimulation of the whole labyrinth and of individual semicircular canal nerves were studied in decerebrated, unanesthetized cats.  2.  Stimulation of the whole labyrinth typically produced EPSPs, usually bilaterally, in forelimb extensor (LON, LAT, MED) and shoulder (SI) motoneurons and bilateral IPSPs in forelimb flexor (BIC) motoneurons.  3.  Latencies of PSPs indicated that most of those in extensor motoneurons were trisynaptic and many seen in flexor motoneurons may involve four synapses.  4.  In the cells sampled, stimulation of the anterior, horizontal or posterior canal nerves often evoked EPSPs in extensor and IPSPs in flexor motoneurons, both ipsi- and contralaterally.  Responses to canal stimulation were weaker and more variable than those to stimulation of the whole nerve.  5.  Transection of the MLF in the lower medulla had no effect on PSPs evoked in forelimb motoneurons.  Lesions in the medulla in the area of the LVST greatly  reduced the occurrence of contralateral EPSPs in extensor and IPSPs in flexor motoneurons.  The pathway linking labyrinths to forelimb motoneurons therefore appears to include the LVST.  Hemisection shows that the pathway to contralateral motoneurons descends in the cord on the side of the stimulated labyrinth before crossing to influence these cells.  6.  Labyrinthine control of forelimb motoneurons is less direct than control of neck and back motoneurons.  It is suggested that the interneuron in the pathway to forelimb motoneurons is the site of integration of labyrinthine with other reflexes.", "PMID": 1116502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5173", "title": "The structure-activity relationship of 9-(X-phenyl)guanine inhibitors of xanthine oxidase.", "content": "A correlation analysis of the structure-activity relationship in the 9-(X-phenyl)guanine inhibitors of xanthine oxidase has been made. The following equation (see article) has been formulated for 30 derivatives having substituents in the 2-, 3- and 4-positions of the 9-phenyl moiety. C in this expression is the molar concentration of inhibitor causing 50% inhibition of xanthine oxidase. MR-3,4 is the combined molecular refractivity of substituents in the 3- and 4-positions. Molar refractivity is a measure of the polarizability of the substituents; it is assumed in the present instance to be a measure of the dispersion forces between the substituent and the enzyme. The positive coefficient with this term roughly indicates that the greater the number of electrons and the greater their polarizability in the substituent, the more inhibitory are the substituents. Es-2 and Es-4 are Taft steric parameters for functions in the ortho and para positions. The positive coefficients with these two terms indicate that bulky groups in the 2- and 4-positions do not make good inhibitors. This is a proximity effect and is related to the enzymic region near the ortho and para positions. No sigma term occurs in this equation which indicates the lack of importance of the electronic effect of substituents on the phenyl ring as it pertains to inhibitory power. Since the hydrophobic parameter pi was not found to be important, it is assumed that these inhibitors are not binding to hydrophobic space in or on the enzyme; rather, they are interacting with polar space. The implications of this equation for the design of better inhibitors are discussed.", "contents": "The structure-activity relationship of 9-(X-phenyl)guanine inhibitors of xanthine oxidase. A correlation analysis of the structure-activity relationship in the 9-(X-phenyl)guanine inhibitors of xanthine oxidase has been made. The following equation (see article) has been formulated for 30 derivatives having substituents in the 2-, 3- and 4-positions of the 9-phenyl moiety. C in this expression is the molar concentration of inhibitor causing 50% inhibition of xanthine oxidase. MR-3,4 is the combined molecular refractivity of substituents in the 3- and 4-positions. Molar refractivity is a measure of the polarizability of the substituents; it is assumed in the present instance to be a measure of the dispersion forces between the substituent and the enzyme. The positive coefficient with this term roughly indicates that the greater the number of electrons and the greater their polarizability in the substituent, the more inhibitory are the substituents. Es-2 and Es-4 are Taft steric parameters for functions in the ortho and para positions. The positive coefficients with these two terms indicate that bulky groups in the 2- and 4-positions do not make good inhibitors. This is a proximity effect and is related to the enzymic region near the ortho and para positions. No sigma term occurs in this equation which indicates the lack of importance of the electronic effect of substituents on the phenyl ring as it pertains to inhibitory power. Since the hydrophobic parameter pi was not found to be important, it is assumed that these inhibitors are not binding to hydrophobic space in or on the enzyme; rather, they are interacting with polar space. The implications of this equation for the design of better inhibitors are discussed.", "PMID": 1116591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5174", "title": "[Iodo-derivatives of 2-aminobenzensulfonamide and 1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-1,1-dioxide].", "content": "A series of iodo derivatives of 2-aminobenzensulfonamide and its derivatives has been prepared by reaction with iodine chloride in N,N-dimethylformamide or N,N-dimethylacetamide. The structure of each compound was confirmed by transformation with formic acid into the corresponding 1,2,4-benzothiadiazine and comparison with the same compounds prepared via the Sandmeyer reaction starting form amino derivatives of known structure. It was found that the iodination reaction in N,N-dimethylformamide, can lead, depending on the nature of the starting material, to the formation of benzothiadiazine derivatives apparently generated from sulfonamide via a formylation reaction due to N,N-dimethylformamide.", "contents": "[Iodo-derivatives of 2-aminobenzensulfonamide and 1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-1,1-dioxide]. A series of iodo derivatives of 2-aminobenzensulfonamide and its derivatives has been prepared by reaction with iodine chloride in N,N-dimethylformamide or N,N-dimethylacetamide. The structure of each compound was confirmed by transformation with formic acid into the corresponding 1,2,4-benzothiadiazine and comparison with the same compounds prepared via the Sandmeyer reaction starting form amino derivatives of known structure. It was found that the iodination reaction in N,N-dimethylformamide, can lead, depending on the nature of the starting material, to the formation of benzothiadiazine derivatives apparently generated from sulfonamide via a formylation reaction due to N,N-dimethylformamide.", "PMID": 1116592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5175", "title": "[Pyrazino (1,2-a)- and 1,4-diazepino(1,2-a)indoles. II. Synthesis of 1-substituted 10-phenyl-3,4-dihydropyrazino(1,2-a)indoles and of 11-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-4H-diazepino(1,2-a)indoles].", "content": "The AA. describe the synthesis of some 1-substituted 10-phenyl-3,4-dihydropyrazino(1,2-a)indoles and 11-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-3H-1,4-diazepino(1,2-a)indoles. Preliminary pharmacological tests indicate that these products, have lower sedative and antiadrenergic activity than the compounds reported in our previous paper.", "contents": "[Pyrazino (1,2-a)- and 1,4-diazepino(1,2-a)indoles. II. Synthesis of 1-substituted 10-phenyl-3,4-dihydropyrazino(1,2-a)indoles and of 11-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-4H-diazepino(1,2-a)indoles]. The AA. describe the synthesis of some 1-substituted 10-phenyl-3,4-dihydropyrazino(1,2-a)indoles and 11-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-3H-1,4-diazepino(1,2-a)indoles. Preliminary pharmacological tests indicate that these products, have lower sedative and antiadrenergic activity than the compounds reported in our previous paper.", "PMID": 1116593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5176", "title": "[Salts and betaines with quaternary ammonium function derived from sulfanilamide and from p-aminobenzoic and p-aminosalicylic acids].", "content": "The preparation of quaternary ammonium derivatives of sulfanilamide and of tertiary amines containing an aliphatic chain up to c-18 is described. Some members of this series show greater antimicrobial activity than the parent substances. This is found also in comparison with other analogous series which have been prepared.", "contents": "[Salts and betaines with quaternary ammonium function derived from sulfanilamide and from p-aminobenzoic and p-aminosalicylic acids]. The preparation of quaternary ammonium derivatives of sulfanilamide and of tertiary amines containing an aliphatic chain up to c-18 is described. Some members of this series show greater antimicrobial activity than the parent substances. This is found also in comparison with other analogous series which have been prepared.", "PMID": 1116594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5177", "title": "Synthesis and properties of 1,3-bis-salicyloyl-5,5-diethylbarbituric and 1,3-bis-salicyloyl-5,5-diethyl-2-deoxybarbituric acids.", "content": "1,3-Bis-salicyloyl-5,5-diethylbarbituric acid and 1,3-bis-sacilcyloyl-5,5-diethyl-2-deoxybarbituric acid have been synthesized and found not to isomerize spontaneously. 1,3-Bis-salicyloylbarbital undergoes thermal decomposition giving 2,3-dihydro-4H-benzoxazine [1,3]dione-2,4, carbon monoxide and cyclopentane.", "contents": "Synthesis and properties of 1,3-bis-salicyloyl-5,5-diethylbarbituric and 1,3-bis-salicyloyl-5,5-diethyl-2-deoxybarbituric acids. 1,3-Bis-salicyloyl-5,5-diethylbarbituric acid and 1,3-bis-sacilcyloyl-5,5-diethyl-2-deoxybarbituric acid have been synthesized and found not to isomerize spontaneously. 1,3-Bis-salicyloylbarbital undergoes thermal decomposition giving 2,3-dihydro-4H-benzoxazine [1,3]dione-2,4, carbon monoxide and cyclopentane.", "PMID": 1116595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5178", "title": "[New esters of prednisolone and triamcinolone acetonide and their anti-inflammatory activity].", "content": "Seventeen acids with diphenylyl and cyclohexylphenyl groups were esterified with the hydroxyl group at position 21 of prednisolone and triamcinolone acetonide. Some of these esters showed marked activity against carrageenin edema and Selye spots in the rat, especially on local application.", "contents": "[New esters of prednisolone and triamcinolone acetonide and their anti-inflammatory activity]. Seventeen acids with diphenylyl and cyclohexylphenyl groups were esterified with the hydroxyl group at position 21 of prednisolone and triamcinolone acetonide. Some of these esters showed marked activity against carrageenin edema and Selye spots in the rat, especially on local application.", "PMID": 1116596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5179", "title": "[Preparation and pharmacological study of some N-substituted amino-1,8-naphthyridines].", "content": "The synthesis of N-substituted amino-1,8-naphthyridines is described. Some products were subyected to pharmacological screening and the resulting data are reported.", "contents": "[Preparation and pharmacological study of some N-substituted amino-1,8-naphthyridines]. The synthesis of N-substituted amino-1,8-naphthyridines is described. Some products were subyected to pharmacological screening and the resulting data are reported.", "PMID": 1116597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5180", "title": "[Derivatives if imidazol (1,5-a) pyridin-3(2H)-one].", "content": "Numerous imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3(2H)-one derivatives having one or two electron-attracting substituents in positions 1 or 2 have been prepared starting from substituted 2-aminomethyl-pyridines and phosgene or ethyl chlorocarbonate. Attempts to obtain unsubstituted imidazo[1,5-a]-pyridin-3(2H)-one were not successful.", "contents": "[Derivatives if imidazol (1,5-a) pyridin-3(2H)-one]. Numerous imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3(2H)-one derivatives having one or two electron-attracting substituents in positions 1 or 2 have been prepared starting from substituted 2-aminomethyl-pyridines and phosgene or ethyl chlorocarbonate. Attempts to obtain unsubstituted imidazo[1,5-a]-pyridin-3(2H)-one were not successful.", "PMID": 1116598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5181", "title": "Cholinergic compounds. II - Synthesis and biological activity of epi- and allo-desethermuscarines.", "content": "To obtain further clarification of structure-activity relationships of cholinergic substances, which would give better understanding of cholinergic receptors, the carbocyclic analogs of epi-muscarine (I) and allo-muscarine (II) were prepared starting from 6-methyl-3-oxo-2-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane (IV). Pharmacological tests show that these two compounds possess lower muscarinic activity than the carbocyclic analog of muscarine (desethermuscarine), the allo isomer being from 5 to 500 times more active than the epi isomer. Therefore, the activity in the carbocyclic series follows, for these receptors, the same pattern as the oxygenated one. As far as nicotinic activity is concerned. (I) is 2.5 times more active than (II), the effective doses being from 40 to 100 times higher than that of Ach. These results suggest a steric rather than an electronic influence for the ether oxygen, whose principal role seems to be that of contributing to the rigidity of the molecule. For most receptors assayed, an inverse relationship between the potency ratio of the isomers and the sensitivity towards Ach has been observed.", "contents": "Cholinergic compounds. II - Synthesis and biological activity of epi- and allo-desethermuscarines. To obtain further clarification of structure-activity relationships of cholinergic substances, which would give better understanding of cholinergic receptors, the carbocyclic analogs of epi-muscarine (I) and allo-muscarine (II) were prepared starting from 6-methyl-3-oxo-2-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane (IV). Pharmacological tests show that these two compounds possess lower muscarinic activity than the carbocyclic analog of muscarine (desethermuscarine), the allo isomer being from 5 to 500 times more active than the epi isomer. Therefore, the activity in the carbocyclic series follows, for these receptors, the same pattern as the oxygenated one. As far as nicotinic activity is concerned. (I) is 2.5 times more active than (II), the effective doses being from 40 to 100 times higher than that of Ach. These results suggest a steric rather than an electronic influence for the ether oxygen, whose principal role seems to be that of contributing to the rigidity of the molecule. For most receptors assayed, an inverse relationship between the potency ratio of the isomers and the sensitivity towards Ach has been observed.", "PMID": 1116599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5182", "title": "Site visits for the review of grant applications to the National Institutes of Health: Views of an applicant and a scientist administrator.", "content": "The review of applications to the National Institutes of Health for individual research projects and complex programs of research may involve a visit to the applicant institution. The site visit is a review technique that is used only when information necessary for the scientific and technical review cannot be obtained satisfactorily by other means. The agenda for the visit must be carefully planned, particularly in the case of large research programs, since adequate time must be allowed for the presentation and discussion of the more complex components of the proposed research. All of the participating investigators associated with the proposal should get together for a thorough and critical rehearsal a few days before the visit. The impressions conveyed to the site visitors are transmitted to the initial review group usually through a site-visit report. The final recommendation of the visitors, which is based on the scientific merit of the proposed research, the competence of the investigators, and the suitability of the institutional setting, results from a thorough discussion of the strengths and weaknesses of the proposed program. The initial review group, in turn, uses the information obtained at the site visit in arriving at their recommendation to the appropriate National Advisory Council.", "contents": "Site visits for the review of grant applications to the National Institutes of Health: Views of an applicant and a scientist administrator. The review of applications to the National Institutes of Health for individual research projects and complex programs of research may involve a visit to the applicant institution. The site visit is a review technique that is used only when information necessary for the scientific and technical review cannot be obtained satisfactorily by other means. The agenda for the visit must be carefully planned, particularly in the case of large research programs, since adequate time must be allowed for the presentation and discussion of the more complex components of the proposed research. All of the participating investigators associated with the proposal should get together for a thorough and critical rehearsal a few days before the visit. The impressions conveyed to the site visitors are transmitted to the initial review group usually through a site-visit report. The final recommendation of the visitors, which is based on the scientific merit of the proposed research, the competence of the investigators, and the suitability of the institutional setting, results from a thorough discussion of the strengths and weaknesses of the proposed program. The initial review group, in turn, uses the information obtained at the site visit in arriving at their recommendation to the appropriate National Advisory Council.", "PMID": 1116610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5183", "title": "Covalent modification of nuclear proteins during aging.", "content": "An in vitro assay system has been established to study acetylation and phosphorylation of nuclear proteins from isolated nuclei. Phosphorylation of neclear proteins reached a peak within 5 min while maximum acetylation occurred about 10 min later. The rate of acetylation of liver nuclear proteins in 15 min incubation was significantly higher in \"old\" mice (29 mo) than in \"young\" mice (2 mo), while there was no difference in phosphorylation. When nuclear histones were fractionated by polyacrylamide-urea electrophoresis the acetylation of histone F3 was increased in \"old\" mice to 129% and F2al to 112% of the values in \"young\" mice. Acetylation of phenol-soluble nuclear acidic proteins was increased to 250% and phosphorylation to 138% in \"old\" mice as compared to \"young\" mice. This increase in covalent modification of acidic proteins was found in tow specific fractions when separated by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. By contrast, the labeling of nucleoplasmic proteins, soluble in 0.14 M NaCl, showed no significant difference between the two ages.", "contents": "Covalent modification of nuclear proteins during aging. An in vitro assay system has been established to study acetylation and phosphorylation of nuclear proteins from isolated nuclei. Phosphorylation of neclear proteins reached a peak within 5 min while maximum acetylation occurred about 10 min later. The rate of acetylation of liver nuclear proteins in 15 min incubation was significantly higher in \"old\" mice (29 mo) than in \"young\" mice (2 mo), while there was no difference in phosphorylation. When nuclear histones were fractionated by polyacrylamide-urea electrophoresis the acetylation of histone F3 was increased in \"old\" mice to 129% and F2al to 112% of the values in \"young\" mice. Acetylation of phenol-soluble nuclear acidic proteins was increased to 250% and phosphorylation to 138% in \"old\" mice as compared to \"young\" mice. This increase in covalent modification of acidic proteins was found in tow specific fractions when separated by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. By contrast, the labeling of nucleoplasmic proteins, soluble in 0.14 M NaCl, showed no significant difference between the two ages.", "PMID": 1116612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5184", "title": "Effects of aging on ionic movements of atrial muscle.", "content": "The effect of age on ion concentrations and fluxes in cardiac muscle was examined. Left atria from rats of 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, and 28 months of age were analyzed for content of total water, sodium and potassium, for 14C-inulin space and for 22Na  and 42K influx and efflux rates. Animals of 3 and 24 months of age showed a small but significantly greater water content than those of the other age groups. The inulin space, after a small nonsignificant fall between 1 and 3 mo, increased significantly at 6 mo, then leveled off through 28 mo. Intracellular sodium (Na)1, and potassium (K)1 concentrations were calculated. (Na)1 showed a significant increase from 1 to 3 mo, decreased significantly at 6 mo, and then leveled off. (K)1 exhibited an initial significant decrease from 1 to 3 mo followed at 6 mo by a significant increase which remained unchanged through 28 mo. Trend analyses of the Na influx rates showed that a significant increase with age occurred, except for a decrease at 24 mo. Potassium influx rates remained relatively constant at all ages. Sodium efflux appeared to be multiexponential, with at least two distinct rate constants (k1 and k2). Potassium efflux steadily decreased as a function of age. The results are discussed with reference to possible consequences of aging on cardiac physiology and reactivity to pharmacological agents.", "contents": "Effects of aging on ionic movements of atrial muscle. The effect of age on ion concentrations and fluxes in cardiac muscle was examined. Left atria from rats of 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, and 28 months of age were analyzed for content of total water, sodium and potassium, for 14C-inulin space and for 22Na  and 42K influx and efflux rates. Animals of 3 and 24 months of age showed a small but significantly greater water content than those of the other age groups. The inulin space, after a small nonsignificant fall between 1 and 3 mo, increased significantly at 6 mo, then leveled off through 28 mo. Intracellular sodium (Na)1, and potassium (K)1 concentrations were calculated. (Na)1 showed a significant increase from 1 to 3 mo, decreased significantly at 6 mo, and then leveled off. (K)1 exhibited an initial significant decrease from 1 to 3 mo followed at 6 mo by a significant increase which remained unchanged through 28 mo. Trend analyses of the Na influx rates showed that a significant increase with age occurred, except for a decrease at 24 mo. Potassium influx rates remained relatively constant at all ages. Sodium efflux appeared to be multiexponential, with at least two distinct rate constants (k1 and k2). Potassium efflux steadily decreased as a function of age. The results are discussed with reference to possible consequences of aging on cardiac physiology and reactivity to pharmacological agents.", "PMID": 1116613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5185", "title": "Drug and chemical residues in domestic animals.", "content": "Given the large number of chemical substances that may find their way into the food supply, a system is needed to monitor their presence. The U. S. Department of Agriculture's Meat and Poultry Inspection Program routinely tests for chemical residues in animals coming to slaughter. Pesticides, heavy metals, growth promotants (hormones and hormonelike agents), and antibiotics are included. Samples are taken statistically so that inferences as to national incidence of residues can be drawn. When a problem is identified, a more selective sampling is designed to help follow up on the initial regulatory action. In testing for pesticides, only DDT and dieldrin are found with any frequency and their levels are decreasing; violative residues of any chlorinated hydrocarbon are generally a result of an industrial accident rather than agricultural usage. Analyses for heavy metals have revealed detectable levels of mercury, lead, and others, but none at levels that are considered a health hazard. Of the hormone or hormonelike substances, only diethylstilbestrol has been a residue problem and its future is uncertain. The most extensive monitoring for veterinary drugs is on the antimicrobials, including sulfonamides, streptomycin, and the tetracycline group of antibiotics that constitute the bulk of the violations; their simultaneous use prophylactically and therapeutically has contributed to the problem in certain cases. A strong, well-designed user education program on proper application of pesticides, chemicals, and veterinary drugs appears to be one method of reducing the incidence of unwanted residues.", "contents": "Drug and chemical residues in domestic animals. Given the large number of chemical substances that may find their way into the food supply, a system is needed to monitor their presence. The U. S. Department of Agriculture's Meat and Poultry Inspection Program routinely tests for chemical residues in animals coming to slaughter. Pesticides, heavy metals, growth promotants (hormones and hormonelike agents), and antibiotics are included. Samples are taken statistically so that inferences as to national incidence of residues can be drawn. When a problem is identified, a more selective sampling is designed to help follow up on the initial regulatory action. In testing for pesticides, only DDT and dieldrin are found with any frequency and their levels are decreasing; violative residues of any chlorinated hydrocarbon are generally a result of an industrial accident rather than agricultural usage. Analyses for heavy metals have revealed detectable levels of mercury, lead, and others, but none at levels that are considered a health hazard. Of the hormone or hormonelike substances, only diethylstilbestrol has been a residue problem and its future is uncertain. The most extensive monitoring for veterinary drugs is on the antimicrobials, including sulfonamides, streptomycin, and the tetracycline group of antibiotics that constitute the bulk of the violations; their simultaneous use prophylactically and therapeutically has contributed to the problem in certain cases. A strong, well-designed user education program on proper application of pesticides, chemicals, and veterinary drugs appears to be one method of reducing the incidence of unwanted residues.", "PMID": 1116615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5186", "title": "Clinical implications of the presence of drug residues in food.", "content": "Untoward clinical effects in man of drugs or chemicals as food residues might occur from direct pharmacological action, stimulation of hypersensitivity, or effects on cell regulatory processes. Antimicrobial residues might also influence the normal bacterial microflora of the skin, mucous membranes, and gastromintestinal tract. No direct evidence exists to incriminate antimicrobial drug food residues in any of these events. The permissible residues of antimicrobial substances are so low and the assay procedures for detecting them so sensitive that adequate surveillance should preclude harmful effects in man from these agents. Problems still remain with respect to potential carcinogenicity of drugs and chemicals as food residues.", "contents": "Clinical implications of the presence of drug residues in food. Untoward clinical effects in man of drugs or chemicals as food residues might occur from direct pharmacological action, stimulation of hypersensitivity, or effects on cell regulatory processes. Antimicrobial residues might also influence the normal bacterial microflora of the skin, mucous membranes, and gastromintestinal tract. No direct evidence exists to incriminate antimicrobial drug food residues in any of these events. The permissible residues of antimicrobial substances are so low and the assay procedures for detecting them so sensitive that adequate surveillance should preclude harmful effects in man from these agents. Problems still remain with respect to potential carcinogenicity of drugs and chemicals as food residues.", "PMID": 1116616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5187", "title": "Varicocelectomy as therapy in male infertility: a study of 504 cases.", "content": "Over a ten-year period, surgical correction of varicocele was performed on 504 selected subfertile men. They were followed up for at least one year after surgery. Semen quality was improved in 71% and 55% of the wives became pregnant. Statistically, the results were better in terms of semen quality improvement and pregnancy for patients who had preoperative sperm counts over 10 million/ml (88% improved, 68% pregnancy rate) than for patients who had preoperative sperm counts of less than 10 million/ml (33% improved, 23% pregnancy rate). The empirical use of postoperative human chorionic gonadotropin therapy in this latter group improved results significantly (56% improved, 44% pregnancy rate).", "contents": "Varicocelectomy as therapy in male infertility: a study of 504 cases. Over a ten-year period, surgical correction of varicocele was performed on 504 selected subfertile men. They were followed up for at least one year after surgery. Semen quality was improved in 71% and 55% of the wives became pregnant. Statistically, the results were better in terms of semen quality improvement and pregnancy for patients who had preoperative sperm counts over 10 million/ml (88% improved, 68% pregnancy rate) than for patients who had preoperative sperm counts of less than 10 million/ml (33% improved, 23% pregnancy rate). The empirical use of postoperative human chorionic gonadotropin therapy in this latter group improved results significantly (56% improved, 44% pregnancy rate).", "PMID": 1116617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5188", "title": "Circulating antispermatozoa immunoglobulin G in men after vasectomy.", "content": "The sera from ten vasectomized men produced immobilization and agglutination of human spermatozoa and positive passive hemagglutination tests. Immunoglobulin G fractionated from the samples of sera produced similar effects. In these men, it appears that a circulating antibody, immunoglobulin G, was produced against spermatozoa after vasectomy. The sera from 22 men who had not undergone vasectomy did not cause spermatozoa immobilization or agglutination, and produced a negative passive hemagglutination test.", "contents": "Circulating antispermatozoa immunoglobulin G in men after vasectomy. The sera from ten vasectomized men produced immobilization and agglutination of human spermatozoa and positive passive hemagglutination tests. Immunoglobulin G fractionated from the samples of sera produced similar effects. In these men, it appears that a circulating antibody, immunoglobulin G, was produced against spermatozoa after vasectomy. The sera from 22 men who had not undergone vasectomy did not cause spermatozoa immobilization or agglutination, and produced a negative passive hemagglutination test.", "PMID": 1116618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5189", "title": "Circulating sperm-agglutinating antibodies in azoospermic men with congenital bilateral absence of the vasa deferentia.", "content": "Congenital bilateral absence of the vasa deferentia has been found to be the cause for azoospermia in 101 patients who have been examined in our urologic practice since 1956. This represents approximately 2% of the 5112 patients seen during that time because of problems relating to infertility. Of these 101 men, 29 have had their sera tested for the presence of circulating sperm-agglutinating antibodies. The Shulman15 modification of the macroscopic gelatin sperm-agglutination test of Kibrick et al6 was used. None of these patients had had testicular biopsy. Significantly high titers (1:32 or greater) of antibodies were found in 18 (62.1%) men, low titers (1:16 or less) in five (17.2%), and no antibodies in six (20.7%).", "contents": "Circulating sperm-agglutinating antibodies in azoospermic men with congenital bilateral absence of the vasa deferentia. Congenital bilateral absence of the vasa deferentia has been found to be the cause for azoospermia in 101 patients who have been examined in our urologic practice since 1956. This represents approximately 2% of the 5112 patients seen during that time because of problems relating to infertility. Of these 101 men, 29 have had their sera tested for the presence of circulating sperm-agglutinating antibodies. The Shulman15 modification of the macroscopic gelatin sperm-agglutination test of Kibrick et al6 was used. None of these patients had had testicular biopsy. Significantly high titers (1:32 or greater) of antibodies were found in 18 (62.1%) men, low titers (1:16 or less) in five (17.2%), and no antibodies in six (20.7%).", "PMID": 1116619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5190", "title": "Inhibition of rat spermatogenesis and seminiferous tubule growth after short-term and long-term administration of a monoamine oxidase inhibitor.", "content": "Seminiferous tubules from rats killed 24 hours after injection of pargyline, a monoamine oxidase inhibitor, did not grow well in tissue culture when compared to control tubules. Treated tubules showed severe tubular degeneration and loss of cellular detail after nine days in culture. Animals injected with pargyline for ten days had varying degrees of semi-niferous tubule degeneration with depletion of the spermatogenic elements. It is suggested that pargyline has a detrimental effect on spermatogenesis. Pargyline possibly acts by decreasing MAO levels which, in turn, may increase potentially damaging amines which may be responsible for the testicular damage.", "contents": "Inhibition of rat spermatogenesis and seminiferous tubule growth after short-term and long-term administration of a monoamine oxidase inhibitor. Seminiferous tubules from rats killed 24 hours after injection of pargyline, a monoamine oxidase inhibitor, did not grow well in tissue culture when compared to control tubules. Treated tubules showed severe tubular degeneration and loss of cellular detail after nine days in culture. Animals injected with pargyline for ten days had varying degrees of semi-niferous tubule degeneration with depletion of the spermatogenic elements. It is suggested that pargyline has a detrimental effect on spermatogenesis. Pargyline possibly acts by decreasing MAO levels which, in turn, may increase potentially damaging amines which may be responsible for the testicular damage.", "PMID": 1116620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5191", "title": "The development of rabbit ovarian follicles following copulation.", "content": "The morphologic development of rabbit ovarian follicles was studied by means of light and electron microscopy 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 hours after copulation. The progressive changes at the apex of the follicle included extensive edema, hyperemia, and rupture of blood vessels, and then rupture of the follicular wall. Ovulation occurred when the cohesive forces in the cellular layers of the follicular apex became less than the physical forces within the follicle. Most of the morphologic changes in the follicle as it approached ovulation could be related to the effects of locally produced estrogens.", "contents": "The development of rabbit ovarian follicles following copulation. The morphologic development of rabbit ovarian follicles was studied by means of light and electron microscopy 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 hours after copulation. The progressive changes at the apex of the follicle included extensive edema, hyperemia, and rupture of blood vessels, and then rupture of the follicular wall. Ovulation occurred when the cohesive forces in the cellular layers of the follicular apex became less than the physical forces within the follicle. Most of the morphologic changes in the follicle as it approached ovulation could be related to the effects of locally produced estrogens.", "PMID": 1116621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5192", "title": "Clinical experience with ethinyl estradiol and d-norgestrel as an oral contraceptive.", "content": "One hundred eighty-one women received 30 mug of ethinyl estradiol plus 150 mug of d-norgestrel as an oral contraceptive for 21 days and then received no tablets for the next seven days for a total of 1,488 cycles. There were no pregnancies. Cycle control was good to excellent. Menstrual cycles lasted 25 to 32 days in 96.2% of treatment cycles. Menstruation lasted three to five days in 93.2% of the cycles, and it began three to five days after the last day of medication in 79.1%. The menstrual flow was moderate in 87%. Breakthrough bleeding occurred in 2.0% of treatment cycles, spotting in 0.1%, and amenorrhea in 0.8%. The incidence of adverse subjective symptoms was minimal and significant increases compared with the pretreatment cycle were noted only for nausea in the first two cycles and for nervousness in the second cycle of treatment. Overall incidence of nausea was 3.2% of treatment cycles.", "contents": "Clinical experience with ethinyl estradiol and d-norgestrel as an oral contraceptive. One hundred eighty-one women received 30 mug of ethinyl estradiol plus 150 mug of d-norgestrel as an oral contraceptive for 21 days and then received no tablets for the next seven days for a total of 1,488 cycles. There were no pregnancies. Cycle control was good to excellent. Menstrual cycles lasted 25 to 32 days in 96.2% of treatment cycles. Menstruation lasted three to five days in 93.2% of the cycles, and it began three to five days after the last day of medication in 79.1%. The menstrual flow was moderate in 87%. Breakthrough bleeding occurred in 2.0% of treatment cycles, spotting in 0.1%, and amenorrhea in 0.8%. The incidence of adverse subjective symptoms was minimal and significant increases compared with the pretreatment cycle were noted only for nausea in the first two cycles and for nervousness in the second cycle of treatment. Overall incidence of nausea was 3.2% of treatment cycles.", "PMID": 1116622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5193", "title": "Menstrual regulation in the United States: a preliminary report.", "content": "The efficacy and safety of vacuum aspiration on an outpatient basis without anesthesia or cervical dilatation within 14 days of a missed menstrual period was evaluated in 1,009 women. Among those patients in whom pregnancy could be documented (54.8%), 4.2% were still pregnant after the procedure. Potentially serious complications were pelvic infection (0.4%), bleeding requiring a repeat curettage (0.3%), and prolonged bleeding (0.7%). For comfort, 26.7% received local anesthesia or analgesia. To allow selection of a higher proportion of pregnant patients, the probability of pregnancy was derived for patients with either a positive or negative pregnancy test at each length of amenorrhea. To determine the best vacuum pressure and source, and the cannula size and type at each duration of pregnancy, a more extensive (large, controlled, comparative) study is required.", "contents": "Menstrual regulation in the United States: a preliminary report. The efficacy and safety of vacuum aspiration on an outpatient basis without anesthesia or cervical dilatation within 14 days of a missed menstrual period was evaluated in 1,009 women. Among those patients in whom pregnancy could be documented (54.8%), 4.2% were still pregnant after the procedure. Potentially serious complications were pelvic infection (0.4%), bleeding requiring a repeat curettage (0.3%), and prolonged bleeding (0.7%). For comfort, 26.7% received local anesthesia or analgesia. To allow selection of a higher proportion of pregnant patients, the probability of pregnancy was derived for patients with either a positive or negative pregnancy test at each length of amenorrhea. To determine the best vacuum pressure and source, and the cannula size and type at each duration of pregnancy, a more extensive (large, controlled, comparative) study is required.", "PMID": 1116623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5194", "title": "Prostaglandin content of human endometrium.", "content": "Prostaglandin levels in 46 human endometrium specimens were determined and expressed as both total uterine content and on a dry weight basis. Concentrations of PGF2alpha and PGE did not differ significantly between specimens obtained during the proliferative or secretory phases of the menstrual cycle. There was, however, a fourfold higher total uterine content of prostaglandins during the secretory phase. There was also a more than fourfold higher level of PGF2alpha than of PGE during the secretory phase. The two types of prostaglandins were present in nearly equal amounts during the proliferative phase. Atrophic endometrium was characterized by a high concentration of prostaglandins, but a low total amount consisting of nearly equal amounts of PGF2alpha and PGE.", "contents": "Prostaglandin content of human endometrium. Prostaglandin levels in 46 human endometrium specimens were determined and expressed as both total uterine content and on a dry weight basis. Concentrations of PGF2alpha and PGE did not differ significantly between specimens obtained during the proliferative or secretory phases of the menstrual cycle. There was, however, a fourfold higher total uterine content of prostaglandins during the secretory phase. There was also a more than fourfold higher level of PGF2alpha than of PGE during the secretory phase. The two types of prostaglandins were present in nearly equal amounts during the proliferative phase. Atrophic endometrium was characterized by a high concentration of prostaglandins, but a low total amount consisting of nearly equal amounts of PGF2alpha and PGE.", "PMID": 1116624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5195", "title": "The effect of orally administered androgens on sperm motility.", "content": "The administration of oral androgens increased sperm motility to normal in 30 (52%) of 58 men whose impaired motility was the only defect in their semen quality. Their ejaculate volume, sperm count, and morphology were not benefited. Suppression was infrequently seen and appeared to be transient. Pregnancies were documented in 15 (26%) of the 58 couples studies. However, communication regarding this matter was made with only 39 of the 58 couples. The benefical effect from a single course of androgen is likely to persist. However, if a pregnancy does not ensue, semen analysis should be repeated to determine if additional medication is necessary. Pretreatment serum testosterone determinations were not helpful in determining those men who would most likely benefit from therapy. No appreciable benefit was noted in the semen quality of the 35 subfertile men identically treated who, in addition to poor sperm motility, had other defects in their semen.", "contents": "The effect of orally administered androgens on sperm motility. The administration of oral androgens increased sperm motility to normal in 30 (52%) of 58 men whose impaired motility was the only defect in their semen quality. Their ejaculate volume, sperm count, and morphology were not benefited. Suppression was infrequently seen and appeared to be transient. Pregnancies were documented in 15 (26%) of the 58 couples studies. However, communication regarding this matter was made with only 39 of the 58 couples. The benefical effect from a single course of androgen is likely to persist. However, if a pregnancy does not ensue, semen analysis should be repeated to determine if additional medication is necessary. Pretreatment serum testosterone determinations were not helpful in determining those men who would most likely benefit from therapy. No appreciable benefit was noted in the semen quality of the 35 subfertile men identically treated who, in addition to poor sperm motility, had other defects in their semen.", "PMID": 1116625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5196", "title": "Comparative glycolytic metabolism of sperm from normal, asthenospermic, and oligoasthenospermic men.", "content": "The glycolysis of spermatozoa from normal, asthenospermic, and oligoasthen ospermic men was studied using a respirometry technique to measure glucose utilization by the production of 14CO2 from glucose 14C (U-L). Lactate and pyruvate were measured by a spectrophotometric method using DNA as reference. Human spermatozoa preferred glucose to fructose as the glycolytic substrate when concentrations of these hexoses did not exceed normal concentrations in the blood. Spermatozoa from oligoasthenospermic men produced an average of 3.5 times more 14CO2 (345, 457 dpm/mg DNA/hour) than did spermatozoa from asthenospermic (88,837 dpm/mg DNA/hour) and normal men (96,595 dpm/mg DNA/hour). They also formed four times more lactate (9.63 mumoles/mg DNA/hour) than spermatozoa from normal men (2.33 mumoles/mg DNA/hour) and 6.4 times more pyruvate (2.90 mumoles/mg DNA/hour compared to 0.45 mumoles/mg DNA/hour). Spermatozoa from asthenospermic men formed amounts of lactate (3.01 mumoles/mg DNA/hour) and pyruvate (0.63 mumoles/mg DNA/hour) similar to those produced by spermatozoa from normal men.", "contents": "Comparative glycolytic metabolism of sperm from normal, asthenospermic, and oligoasthenospermic men. The glycolysis of spermatozoa from normal, asthenospermic, and oligoasthen ospermic men was studied using a respirometry technique to measure glucose utilization by the production of 14CO2 from glucose 14C (U-L). Lactate and pyruvate were measured by a spectrophotometric method using DNA as reference. Human spermatozoa preferred glucose to fructose as the glycolytic substrate when concentrations of these hexoses did not exceed normal concentrations in the blood. Spermatozoa from oligoasthenospermic men produced an average of 3.5 times more 14CO2 (345, 457 dpm/mg DNA/hour) than did spermatozoa from asthenospermic (88,837 dpm/mg DNA/hour) and normal men (96,595 dpm/mg DNA/hour). They also formed four times more lactate (9.63 mumoles/mg DNA/hour) than spermatozoa from normal men (2.33 mumoles/mg DNA/hour) and 6.4 times more pyruvate (2.90 mumoles/mg DNA/hour compared to 0.45 mumoles/mg DNA/hour). Spermatozoa from asthenospermic men formed amounts of lactate (3.01 mumoles/mg DNA/hour) and pyruvate (0.63 mumoles/mg DNA/hour) similar to those produced by spermatozoa from normal men.", "PMID": 1116626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5197", "title": "Serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in fertile and subfertile men.", "content": "High levels of serotonin and 5-HIAA were found in the urine of a group of 102 oligospermic and azoospermic men. These levels were significantly higher than those of normal fertile men.", "contents": "Serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in fertile and subfertile men. High levels of serotonin and 5-HIAA were found in the urine of a group of 102 oligospermic and azoospermic men. These levels were significantly higher than those of normal fertile men.", "PMID": 1116627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5198", "title": "Plasma testosterone, luteinizing hormone, and follicle-stimulating hormone after vasectomy.", "content": "Plasma testosterone, LH, and FSH were measured in 24 healthy subjects prior to and after bilateral vasectomy. No significant changes were noted in any of the hormones 42 and 87 days after surgery; this indicated that normal testicular function persisted during the period of study.", "contents": "Plasma testosterone, luteinizing hormone, and follicle-stimulating hormone after vasectomy. Plasma testosterone, LH, and FSH were measured in 24 healthy subjects prior to and after bilateral vasectomy. No significant changes were noted in any of the hormones 42 and 87 days after surgery; this indicated that normal testicular function persisted during the period of study.", "PMID": 1116628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5199", "title": "Plasma testosterone response to short-term human chorionic gonadotropin administration in men with follicle-stimulating hormone suppressed by exogenous estrogen.", "content": "In order to investigate the role of FSH in Leydig cell function, six men were given four daily injections of HCG (4,000 IU) while receiving oral ethinyl estradiol. The peak testosterone levels in these subjects were contrasted to the results obtained in seven men who received HCG without additional exogenous steroid treatment. Urinary and plasma FSH was suppressed to 26% and 50%, respectively, of basal values by the estrogen treatment. Peak plasma testosterone determinations following HCG did not differ in the two groups of subjects. Additionally, an early pubertal boy had a normal HCG-induced testosterone rise while his urinary FSH was suppressed by estradiol to lower than prepubertal levels. The data indicate the short-term FSH suppression does not alter testicular responsivity to short-term HCG administration. A role for FSH in Leydig cell testosterone production in men has yet to be demonstrated.", "contents": "Plasma testosterone response to short-term human chorionic gonadotropin administration in men with follicle-stimulating hormone suppressed by exogenous estrogen. In order to investigate the role of FSH in Leydig cell function, six men were given four daily injections of HCG (4,000 IU) while receiving oral ethinyl estradiol. The peak testosterone levels in these subjects were contrasted to the results obtained in seven men who received HCG without additional exogenous steroid treatment. Urinary and plasma FSH was suppressed to 26% and 50%, respectively, of basal values by the estrogen treatment. Peak plasma testosterone determinations following HCG did not differ in the two groups of subjects. Additionally, an early pubertal boy had a normal HCG-induced testosterone rise while his urinary FSH was suppressed by estradiol to lower than prepubertal levels. The data indicate the short-term FSH suppression does not alter testicular responsivity to short-term HCG administration. A role for FSH in Leydig cell testosterone production in men has yet to be demonstrated.", "PMID": 1116629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5200", "title": "Selective ovarian sympathectomy in the rabbit.", "content": "Evidence implicates the ovarian nerves in the regulation of hormonal and ovulatory functions. A technique for selectively denervating the in situ rabbit ovary is therefore of considerable investigative value. The ovarian artery was stripped of its adventitia and nerve bundles. Three weeks later, fluorescent histochemistry confirmed the complete absence of adrenergic nerves in the vessel walls and ovarian stroma of the experimental ovary, as compared to the abundant fluorescent structures present in the contralateral control ovary. The surgically treated ovaries demonstrated no significant ischemic or trophic change on gross and routine histologic examination.", "contents": "Selective ovarian sympathectomy in the rabbit. Evidence implicates the ovarian nerves in the regulation of hormonal and ovulatory functions. A technique for selectively denervating the in situ rabbit ovary is therefore of considerable investigative value. The ovarian artery was stripped of its adventitia and nerve bundles. Three weeks later, fluorescent histochemistry confirmed the complete absence of adrenergic nerves in the vessel walls and ovarian stroma of the experimental ovary, as compared to the abundant fluorescent structures present in the contralateral control ovary. The surgically treated ovaries demonstrated no significant ischemic or trophic change on gross and routine histologic examination.", "PMID": 1116630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5201", "title": "Studies on the function of the denervated rabbit ovary: human chorionic gonadotropin-induced ovulation.", "content": "The described method for selective sympathetic denervation of the in vivo rabbit ovary involved stripping the ovarian artery of its nerve bundles and adventitial tissue. The ovary was then entirely free of fluorescent-staining adrenergic nerves. This technique was used to study the effects of ovarian denervation on HCG-induced ovulation. After HCG was administered to 22 rabbits which had previously undergone unilateral ovarian denervation, the ovaries were observed for follicular maturation and rupture. Control ovaries demonstrated a mean of 5.6 stimulated follicles/ovary; denervated ovaries had a mean of 5.4. An average of 3.5 follicles/control ovary ruptured; an average of 3.1 follicles/denervated ovary ruptured. Furthermore, the time course of ovulation after HCG did not differ between denervated and intact ovaries. These results indicate that HCG-induced ovulation in the rabbit is not interrupted by ovarian denervation.", "contents": "Studies on the function of the denervated rabbit ovary: human chorionic gonadotropin-induced ovulation. The described method for selective sympathetic denervation of the in vivo rabbit ovary involved stripping the ovarian artery of its nerve bundles and adventitial tissue. The ovary was then entirely free of fluorescent-staining adrenergic nerves. This technique was used to study the effects of ovarian denervation on HCG-induced ovulation. After HCG was administered to 22 rabbits which had previously undergone unilateral ovarian denervation, the ovaries were observed for follicular maturation and rupture. Control ovaries demonstrated a mean of 5.6 stimulated follicles/ovary; denervated ovaries had a mean of 5.4. An average of 3.5 follicles/control ovary ruptured; an average of 3.1 follicles/denervated ovary ruptured. Furthermore, the time course of ovulation after HCG did not differ between denervated and intact ovaries. These results indicate that HCG-induced ovulation in the rabbit is not interrupted by ovarian denervation.", "PMID": 1116631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5202", "title": "Effects of theophylline on glucose kinetics in normal and sympathectomized rats.", "content": "The influence of intraperitoneal administration of aminophylline on the rate of hepatic glucose production and peripheral uptake (Ra and Rd) was studied in normal and in adrenodemedullated and reserpinized rats by using the primed constant infusion of Glucose-2-3H. In normal rats, the dose of 100 mg. per kilogram of aminophylline produced a marked increase of Ra and Rd. Since Ra rose more rapidly than Rd did initially, hyperglycemia developed. Thereafter, glucose production and uptake increased to nearly the same extent, and a new steady state was reached at plasma glucose levels almost twice those of the baseline. Smaller and transient modifications were observed after the administration of 20 mg. per kilogram of aminophylline. With the higher dose, insulin levels markedly rose (reaching a tenfold peak above the basal value) while minor increments were observed with the lower dose. In a group of normal rats which were given glucose (10 mg. per kilogram per minute) in order to achieve a degree of hyperglycemia comparable to that brought about by the higher dose of aminophylline, an almost identical enhancement of glucose uptake was recorded. However, insulin levels were much higher in aminophylline-treated rats as compared to normal rats. From these finding it was concluded that aminophylline induces resistance to insulin effect. When aminophylline was injected into demedullated rats pretreated with reserpine, at the dose of 100 mg. per kilogram, a marked enhancement of Ra, and consequently of glycemia, was recorded initially; later, severe hypoglycemia developed depending on both a progressive exhaustion of hepatic glucose production and a marked increase of glucose utilization. Insulin levels dramatically increased in these experiments. These results suggest that aminophylline directly increases glucose production by the liver and insulin secretion. The simultaneous activation of the sympathetic system blunts the insulin response and counteracts the restraining effect of insulin on the liver and the stimulatory effect of insulin on overall glucose uptake as well.", "contents": "Effects of theophylline on glucose kinetics in normal and sympathectomized rats. The influence of intraperitoneal administration of aminophylline on the rate of hepatic glucose production and peripheral uptake (Ra and Rd) was studied in normal and in adrenodemedullated and reserpinized rats by using the primed constant infusion of Glucose-2-3H. In normal rats, the dose of 100 mg. per kilogram of aminophylline produced a marked increase of Ra and Rd. Since Ra rose more rapidly than Rd did initially, hyperglycemia developed. Thereafter, glucose production and uptake increased to nearly the same extent, and a new steady state was reached at plasma glucose levels almost twice those of the baseline. Smaller and transient modifications were observed after the administration of 20 mg. per kilogram of aminophylline. With the higher dose, insulin levels markedly rose (reaching a tenfold peak above the basal value) while minor increments were observed with the lower dose. In a group of normal rats which were given glucose (10 mg. per kilogram per minute) in order to achieve a degree of hyperglycemia comparable to that brought about by the higher dose of aminophylline, an almost identical enhancement of glucose uptake was recorded. However, insulin levels were much higher in aminophylline-treated rats as compared to normal rats. From these finding it was concluded that aminophylline induces resistance to insulin effect. When aminophylline was injected into demedullated rats pretreated with reserpine, at the dose of 100 mg. per kilogram, a marked enhancement of Ra, and consequently of glycemia, was recorded initially; later, severe hypoglycemia developed depending on both a progressive exhaustion of hepatic glucose production and a marked increase of glucose utilization. Insulin levels dramatically increased in these experiments. These results suggest that aminophylline directly increases glucose production by the liver and insulin secretion. The simultaneous activation of the sympathetic system blunts the insulin response and counteracts the restraining effect of insulin on the liver and the stimulatory effect of insulin on overall glucose uptake as well.", "PMID": 1116648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5203", "title": "Production of chylomicron-like lipoproteins from endogenous lipid by the intestine and liver of diabetic dogs.", "content": "Pancreatectomized dogs developed hypertriglyceridemia. This probably resulted from a lack of insulin rather than a lack of glucagon, as it did not develop either in pancreatectomized dogs maintained on insulin, or in dogs with all but the uncinate process of the pancreas removed. The increase in plasma triglycerides was preceded by a decrease in post-heparin lipolytic activity (PHLA) and an increase in FFA. As the hypertriglyceridemia developed in fasted dogs who had previously been on fat-free diets, the triglyceride fatty acids (TGFA) were nondietary. These endogenous TGFA originated from adipose tissue rather than from de novo synthesis. The composition of the lipoprotein TGFA was identical to that of adipose tissue. Furthermore, nicotinic acid blocked the FFA increase and the development of the hypertriglyceridemia. However, it did not prevent the fall of PHLA. Although their TGFA were entirely nondietary, the lipoproteins in these diabetic dogs resembled chylomicrons in their electrophoretic mobility, size, density, and composition. Surgical, histological and tracer studies suggested that in addition to the liver, the intestinal mucosa makes these lipoproteins. The tracer studies also suggested that circulating FFA might enter the intestinal mucosal cells directly and be esterified.", "contents": "Production of chylomicron-like lipoproteins from endogenous lipid by the intestine and liver of diabetic dogs. Pancreatectomized dogs developed hypertriglyceridemia. This probably resulted from a lack of insulin rather than a lack of glucagon, as it did not develop either in pancreatectomized dogs maintained on insulin, or in dogs with all but the uncinate process of the pancreas removed. The increase in plasma triglycerides was preceded by a decrease in post-heparin lipolytic activity (PHLA) and an increase in FFA. As the hypertriglyceridemia developed in fasted dogs who had previously been on fat-free diets, the triglyceride fatty acids (TGFA) were nondietary. These endogenous TGFA originated from adipose tissue rather than from de novo synthesis. The composition of the lipoprotein TGFA was identical to that of adipose tissue. Furthermore, nicotinic acid blocked the FFA increase and the development of the hypertriglyceridemia. However, it did not prevent the fall of PHLA. Although their TGFA were entirely nondietary, the lipoproteins in these diabetic dogs resembled chylomicrons in their electrophoretic mobility, size, density, and composition. Surgical, histological and tracer studies suggested that in addition to the liver, the intestinal mucosa makes these lipoproteins. The tracer studies also suggested that circulating FFA might enter the intestinal mucosal cells directly and be esterified.", "PMID": 1116649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5204", "title": "Responses to arginine of the perfused pancreas of the genetically diabetic Chinese hamster.", "content": "Nonketotic, genetically diabetic Cinese hamsters show subnormal pancreatic insulin release and impaired suppression of glucagon in response to glucose. To study the pancreatic effects of other agents, dynamic insulin and glucagon release was measured from the in vitro perfused pancreases of normal and diabetic Chinese hamsters in response to various combinations of arginine (20mM), glucose (100 or 150 mg. per 100 ml.), and theophylline (10 mM). Theophylline alone caused identical insulin and glucagon release in diabetics and normals. Glucose, alone and in the presence of theophylline, caused subnormal insulin release and less suppression of glucagon release in the diabectics than in the normals. Arginine, in the presence of glucose and theophylline, caused excessive glucagon release but nearly normal insulin release in the diabetics. Arginine, in the absence of glucose or theophylline, caused excessive glucagon release in the diabetics and undetectable insulin release in either diabetics or normals. Pancreatic content after perfusion did not correlate with release during perfusion. Infusion of arginine alone markedly decreased the amount of extractable pancreatic insulin and glucagon. These results indicate that the pancreatic alpha cell of the diabetic Chinese hamster responds excessively to arginine, as is seen in the human diabetic. This defect is not related to acute insulin release or the presence of glucose. Further, these results confirm that the diabetic Chinese hamster's alpha and beta cells respond normally to theophylline, but are relatively insensitive to glucose.", "contents": "Responses to arginine of the perfused pancreas of the genetically diabetic Chinese hamster. Nonketotic, genetically diabetic Cinese hamsters show subnormal pancreatic insulin release and impaired suppression of glucagon in response to glucose. To study the pancreatic effects of other agents, dynamic insulin and glucagon release was measured from the in vitro perfused pancreases of normal and diabetic Chinese hamsters in response to various combinations of arginine (20mM), glucose (100 or 150 mg. per 100 ml.), and theophylline (10 mM). Theophylline alone caused identical insulin and glucagon release in diabetics and normals. Glucose, alone and in the presence of theophylline, caused subnormal insulin release and less suppression of glucagon release in the diabectics than in the normals. Arginine, in the presence of glucose and theophylline, caused excessive glucagon release but nearly normal insulin release in the diabetics. Arginine, in the absence of glucose or theophylline, caused excessive glucagon release in the diabetics and undetectable insulin release in either diabetics or normals. Pancreatic content after perfusion did not correlate with release during perfusion. Infusion of arginine alone markedly decreased the amount of extractable pancreatic insulin and glucagon. These results indicate that the pancreatic alpha cell of the diabetic Chinese hamster responds excessively to arginine, as is seen in the human diabetic. This defect is not related to acute insulin release or the presence of glucose. Further, these results confirm that the diabetic Chinese hamster's alpha and beta cells respond normally to theophylline, but are relatively insensitive to glucose.", "PMID": 1116650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5205", "title": "Capillaries of South African diabetics. IV. Relation to retinopathy.", "content": "The muscle capillaries of diabetic subjects, with and without retinopathy, have been measured. The groups with retinopathy had significantly thicker laminae than those without the fundal changes. No significant difference was found between the group with proliferative retinopathy and the group with nonproliferative retinopathy. The focal and segmental nature of the basal lamina thickening was confirmed by the increasing standard deviation of the measurements within and among capillaries. This study also confirms the fact that, at least for muscle capillaries, an apparent relationship exists between the thickness of the basal lamina of these vessels and the presence of clinical retinopathy.", "contents": "Capillaries of South African diabetics. IV. Relation to retinopathy. The muscle capillaries of diabetic subjects, with and without retinopathy, have been measured. The groups with retinopathy had significantly thicker laminae than those without the fundal changes. No significant difference was found between the group with proliferative retinopathy and the group with nonproliferative retinopathy. The focal and segmental nature of the basal lamina thickening was confirmed by the increasing standard deviation of the measurements within and among capillaries. This study also confirms the fact that, at least for muscle capillaries, an apparent relationship exists between the thickness of the basal lamina of these vessels and the presence of clinical retinopathy.", "PMID": 1116651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5206", "title": "Effect of glucose priming on insulin response in the premature infant.", "content": "Our paper deals with premature infants in the first twenty-four hours of life and reports the effect of a preinfusion of glucose on glucose administration. Glucose infusion (2.5 gm.) resulted in a slight elevation of serum insulin. When this administration of glucose was preceded by a two-hour infusion of glucose, there was a striking increase in serum insulin.", "contents": "Effect of glucose priming on insulin response in the premature infant. Our paper deals with premature infants in the first twenty-four hours of life and reports the effect of a preinfusion of glucose on glucose administration. Glucose infusion (2.5 gm.) resulted in a slight elevation of serum insulin. When this administration of glucose was preceded by a two-hour infusion of glucose, there was a striking increase in serum insulin.", "PMID": 1116652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5207", "title": "Clinical and epidemiological significance of the HBSAg (Australia antigen): carrier state.", "content": "One hundred fifteen asymptomatic Australia antigen (HBSAg) carriers, discovered by routine testing of volunteer blood donors in Toronto, were investigated and followed for up to 30 months. The carrier state seems to be largely host-dependent, and its prevalence is modified by ethnic origin, sex, and age. A high prevalence of carriers was found in persons coming from Mediterranean countries and the Orient. The carrier state was 3 times more common in males than in females, and the majority of the carriers were under 30 years of age. Family clustering of HBSAg-positive individuals was observed. All carriers were asymptomatic and only one gave a history of jaundice in the past. Seven gave a history of intravenous drug use. Four had moderate hepatomegaly. Fifty-four had some abnormality in their liver function tests. The SGPT was the most frequently abnormal test and correlated best with the histological findings. Twenty of 29 liver biopsies showed features of chronic benign persisting hepatitis. All patients remained well during the follow-up period. In no patient was there evidence of deterioration or progression in either their clinical state, liver function, or pathological findings. Only 1 of the 115 carriers became HBSAg-negative over the period of observation.", "contents": "Clinical and epidemiological significance of the HBSAg (Australia antigen): carrier state. One hundred fifteen asymptomatic Australia antigen (HBSAg) carriers, discovered by routine testing of volunteer blood donors in Toronto, were investigated and followed for up to 30 months. The carrier state seems to be largely host-dependent, and its prevalence is modified by ethnic origin, sex, and age. A high prevalence of carriers was found in persons coming from Mediterranean countries and the Orient. The carrier state was 3 times more common in males than in females, and the majority of the carriers were under 30 years of age. Family clustering of HBSAg-positive individuals was observed. All carriers were asymptomatic and only one gave a history of jaundice in the past. Seven gave a history of intravenous drug use. Four had moderate hepatomegaly. Fifty-four had some abnormality in their liver function tests. The SGPT was the most frequently abnormal test and correlated best with the histological findings. Twenty of 29 liver biopsies showed features of chronic benign persisting hepatitis. All patients remained well during the follow-up period. In no patient was there evidence of deterioration or progression in either their clinical state, liver function, or pathological findings. Only 1 of the 115 carriers became HBSAg-negative over the period of observation.", "PMID": 1116653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5208", "title": "Side-to-side portacaval shunt in the treatment of Budd-Chiari syndrome.", "content": "This is a case of a 22-year-old female patient with idiopathic thrombosis of the hepatic veins in whom side-to-side portacaval shunt was followed by the disappearance of a hitherto intractable ascites and a marked improvement in her general condition. The patient remained well for 1 1/2 years after surgery; however, liver cirrhosis, which was present before shunt, persisted. From this case and from the few published cases, the authors concluded that side-to-side portacaval shunt might be beneficial to patients with thrombosis of the hepatic veins.", "contents": "Side-to-side portacaval shunt in the treatment of Budd-Chiari syndrome. This is a case of a 22-year-old female patient with idiopathic thrombosis of the hepatic veins in whom side-to-side portacaval shunt was followed by the disappearance of a hitherto intractable ascites and a marked improvement in her general condition. The patient remained well for 1 1/2 years after surgery; however, liver cirrhosis, which was present before shunt, persisted. From this case and from the few published cases, the authors concluded that side-to-side portacaval shunt might be beneficial to patients with thrombosis of the hepatic veins.", "PMID": 1116654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5209", "title": "Vasodilatory drugs in the management of nonocclusive bowel ischemia.", "content": "A patient with a clinical and angiographic diagnosis of nonocclusive mesenteric ischemia had phenoxybenzamine directly infused into the superior mesenteric artery to counteract the existing splanchnic vasoconstriction. The diagnosis was confirmed by later operative intervention and the patient recovered. Vasodilatory drugs may play a significant role in the management of patients with nonocclusive mesenteric ischemia.", "contents": "Vasodilatory drugs in the management of nonocclusive bowel ischemia. A patient with a clinical and angiographic diagnosis of nonocclusive mesenteric ischemia had phenoxybenzamine directly infused into the superior mesenteric artery to counteract the existing splanchnic vasoconstriction. The diagnosis was confirmed by later operative intervention and the patient recovered. Vasodilatory drugs may play a significant role in the management of patients with nonocclusive mesenteric ischemia.", "PMID": 1116656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5210", "title": "Salmonella heidelberg infection in Caroli's syndrome.", "content": "A PATIENT IS DESCRIBED IN WHOM DIARRHEA AND FEVER DUE TO Salmonella heidelberg was followed by a series of episodes of cholangitis due to the same organism. Cholecystectomy and prolonged courses of antibiotics failed to eradicate the infection, and the presence of multiple intrahepatic biliary cysts (Caroli's syndrome) was eventually discovered by endoscopic retrograde cholangiography.", "contents": "Salmonella heidelberg infection in Caroli's syndrome. A PATIENT IS DESCRIBED IN WHOM DIARRHEA AND FEVER DUE TO Salmonella heidelberg was followed by a series of episodes of cholangitis due to the same organism. Cholecystectomy and prolonged courses of antibiotics failed to eradicate the infection, and the presence of multiple intrahepatic biliary cysts (Caroli's syndrome) was eventually discovered by endoscopic retrograde cholangiography.", "PMID": 1116657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5211", "title": "An electron-microscopic study of jejunal mucosal morphology in control subjects and in patients with tropical sprue in southern India.", "content": "The ultrastructure of the jejunal mucosa obtained by peroral biopsy from 7 control subjects and 12 patients with tropical sprue was studied. Compared with biopsies from control subjects in temperature zones, southern Indian control subjects showed minimal increase in lysosomes in surface epithelial cells, an occasional dark-staining degenerating epithelial cell in the upper two-thirds of villi, and an increase in cellular infiltration of surface epithelium and lamina propria. The jejunal epithelial cells of tropical sprue patients had abnormal microvilli, marked increase in lysosomes, increase in intracellular fat, and degenerative changes in rough endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. Two types of degenerating epithelial cells, designated pale and dark based on their staining quality, were seen in the villi. Pale staining degenerating cells were also seen in the crypts. The basement membrane region showed an amorphous deposit with many collagen fibers and fat droplets. The epithelial layer and lamina propria showed increased cellular infiltration. In one biopsy from a patient with sprue, particles of possible viral origin were seen.", "contents": "An electron-microscopic study of jejunal mucosal morphology in control subjects and in patients with tropical sprue in southern India. The ultrastructure of the jejunal mucosa obtained by peroral biopsy from 7 control subjects and 12 patients with tropical sprue was studied. Compared with biopsies from control subjects in temperature zones, southern Indian control subjects showed minimal increase in lysosomes in surface epithelial cells, an occasional dark-staining degenerating epithelial cell in the upper two-thirds of villi, and an increase in cellular infiltration of surface epithelium and lamina propria. The jejunal epithelial cells of tropical sprue patients had abnormal microvilli, marked increase in lysosomes, increase in intracellular fat, and degenerative changes in rough endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. Two types of degenerating epithelial cells, designated pale and dark based on their staining quality, were seen in the villi. Pale staining degenerating cells were also seen in the crypts. The basement membrane region showed an amorphous deposit with many collagen fibers and fat droplets. The epithelial layer and lamina propria showed increased cellular infiltration. In one biopsy from a patient with sprue, particles of possible viral origin were seen.", "PMID": 1116658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5212", "title": "Sequelae of colectomy and ileostomy: comparison between Crohn's colitis and ulcerative colitis.", "content": "A comparison is made of the immediate and long term mortality of colectomy and ileostomy between 73 patients who had Crohn's colitis and 442 who had ulcerative colitis. The immediate mortality in Crohn's disease is 4%. In ulcerative colitis it is 10%, chiefly because of the higher proportion of emergency operations. The late mortality in both groups is 10%, chiefly as a result of recurrence of Crohn's disease or the sequellae of colonic malignancy present at the time of colectomy for ulcerative colitis. A further comparison is made between the postoperative course of the 64 surviving patients with Crohn's disease and a comparable sample of 65 patients who had an ileostomy for ulcerative colitis in the same era. There was a similar incidence of postoperative septic complications in the two groups (35%). The readmission rate was twice as high in the Crohn's disease patients. Ileostomy reconstruction for mechanical complication was needed in 21 patients with Crohn's disease compared with 6 with ulcerative colitis. Further ileal resection was required for recurrent disease on another 25 occasions in the patients with Crohn's disease but never in those with ulcerative colitis. Long therm review graded the clinical status as excellent or good in 70% of those with Crohn's disease compared with 95% with ulcerative colitis.", "contents": "Sequelae of colectomy and ileostomy: comparison between Crohn's colitis and ulcerative colitis. A comparison is made of the immediate and long term mortality of colectomy and ileostomy between 73 patients who had Crohn's colitis and 442 who had ulcerative colitis. The immediate mortality in Crohn's disease is 4%. In ulcerative colitis it is 10%, chiefly because of the higher proportion of emergency operations. The late mortality in both groups is 10%, chiefly as a result of recurrence of Crohn's disease or the sequellae of colonic malignancy present at the time of colectomy for ulcerative colitis. A further comparison is made between the postoperative course of the 64 surviving patients with Crohn's disease and a comparable sample of 65 patients who had an ileostomy for ulcerative colitis in the same era. There was a similar incidence of postoperative septic complications in the two groups (35%). The readmission rate was twice as high in the Crohn's disease patients. Ileostomy reconstruction for mechanical complication was needed in 21 patients with Crohn's disease compared with 6 with ulcerative colitis. Further ileal resection was required for recurrent disease on another 25 occasions in the patients with Crohn's disease but never in those with ulcerative colitis. Long therm review graded the clinical status as excellent or good in 70% of those with Crohn's disease compared with 95% with ulcerative colitis.", "PMID": 1116664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5213", "title": "The normal human esophageal mucosa: a histological reappraisal.", "content": "In 19 asymptomatic subjects, a total of 95 mucosal suction biopsies were taken from multiple sites in the distal 10 cm of esophagus. The biopsies were examined for evidence of basal cell hyperplasia and elongated dermal papillae, features considered to be histological consequences of gastroesophageal reflux. Fifty-seven per cent of the biopsies in the distal 2.5 cm of the esophagus and 19% of the biopsies above 2.5 cm exhibited these histological features.", "contents": "The normal human esophageal mucosa: a histological reappraisal. In 19 asymptomatic subjects, a total of 95 mucosal suction biopsies were taken from multiple sites in the distal 10 cm of esophagus. The biopsies were examined for evidence of basal cell hyperplasia and elongated dermal papillae, features considered to be histological consequences of gastroesophageal reflux. Fifty-seven per cent of the biopsies in the distal 2.5 cm of the esophagus and 19% of the biopsies above 2.5 cm exhibited these histological features.", "PMID": 1116665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5214", "title": "Effect of sodium, mannitol, and magnesium on glucose, galactose, 3-O-methylglucose, and fructose absorption in the human ileum.", "content": "Although it is generally agreed that active sugar absorption in vitro is absolutely dependent on the presence of sodium ions on the luminal side of the mucosa, previous in vivo studies in the ileum of rat, dog and man have shown that active glucose absorption is almost as rapid from a sodium-free mannitol solution as from a sodium chloride solution. These experiments were performed in hopes of reconciling this discreptancy. Absorption of three actively transported sugars (glucose, galactose, and 3-O-methylglucose) having different apparent Km's, and of fructose (absorbed by a separate carrier-mediated process) were measured in the human ileum in vivo. The following observations were made: (1) Mannitol substitution for sodium results in only a slight reduction (23%) in the active absorption of glucose. (2) Magnesium substitution for sodium results in a greater depression (45%) of glucose absorption. (3) The apparent Km for glucose absorption is increased when sodium is replaced by magnesium, but the Vmax is not altered. (4) Magnesium does not depress glucose absorption or the apparent Km for glucose transport when sodium is present in the perfusing solution. (5) Neither sodium removal nor magnesium has any effect on fructose absorption. (6) Absorption of galactose and 3-O-methylglucose (low affinity sugars for the glucose carrier) is reduced by about 40 to 50% when mannitol replaces sodium, but magnesium substitution for mannitol in a sodium-free medium does not further depress absorption of these sugars. The following conclusions are suggested by these results: First, part of the discrepancy between previous in vitro and in vivo experiments was due to the type of test sugar (glucose versus glucose analogue) and the solute used to replace sodium in the luminal solution. Second, magnesium is more effective than mannitol in reducing sodium concentration at the glucose transport site on the brush border. Third, luminal sodium ions have an important effect on active sugar absorption in the human small intestine in vivo, as they do in vitro. And, fourth, there is a component of active sugar absorption (about one-half) which appears to be independent of luminal sodium ions in vivo.", "contents": "Effect of sodium, mannitol, and magnesium on glucose, galactose, 3-O-methylglucose, and fructose absorption in the human ileum. Although it is generally agreed that active sugar absorption in vitro is absolutely dependent on the presence of sodium ions on the luminal side of the mucosa, previous in vivo studies in the ileum of rat, dog and man have shown that active glucose absorption is almost as rapid from a sodium-free mannitol solution as from a sodium chloride solution. These experiments were performed in hopes of reconciling this discreptancy. Absorption of three actively transported sugars (glucose, galactose, and 3-O-methylglucose) having different apparent Km's, and of fructose (absorbed by a separate carrier-mediated process) were measured in the human ileum in vivo. The following observations were made: (1) Mannitol substitution for sodium results in only a slight reduction (23%) in the active absorption of glucose. (2) Magnesium substitution for sodium results in a greater depression (45%) of glucose absorption. (3) The apparent Km for glucose absorption is increased when sodium is replaced by magnesium, but the Vmax is not altered. (4) Magnesium does not depress glucose absorption or the apparent Km for glucose transport when sodium is present in the perfusing solution. (5) Neither sodium removal nor magnesium has any effect on fructose absorption. (6) Absorption of galactose and 3-O-methylglucose (low affinity sugars for the glucose carrier) is reduced by about 40 to 50% when mannitol replaces sodium, but magnesium substitution for mannitol in a sodium-free medium does not further depress absorption of these sugars. The following conclusions are suggested by these results: First, part of the discrepancy between previous in vitro and in vivo experiments was due to the type of test sugar (glucose versus glucose analogue) and the solute used to replace sodium in the luminal solution. Second, magnesium is more effective than mannitol in reducing sodium concentration at the glucose transport site on the brush border. Third, luminal sodium ions have an important effect on active sugar absorption in the human small intestine in vivo, as they do in vitro. And, fourth, there is a component of active sugar absorption (about one-half) which appears to be independent of luminal sodium ions in vivo.", "PMID": 1116666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5215", "title": "Increased sensitivity of the cholylglycine breath test for detecting ileal dysfunction.", "content": "Deconjugation of bile salts was assessed by measuring the rate of appearance of 14-CO2 in the breath after the administration of cholyl [1-14-C]glycine to patients with ileal dysfunction (ileitis or ileal resection), cholesterol cholelithiasis with or without cholecystectomy, and control subjects (healthy or with diarrhea). Vitamin B12 absorption was also measured in many of the patients with ileal dysfunction by determining the recovery of 57-Co in the urine (Schilling test). The percentage of administered 14-C excreted in breath 14-CO2 was increased in the patients with ileal dysfunction, but there was considerable overlap between the patients with ileal dysfunction and the control subjects. Breath 14-CO2 was excreted more rapidly in all the patients with ileal dysfunction than in the control subjects. Of the calculated 24-hr breath excretion 78.3 plus or minus 8.9% SD of administered 14-C was excreted in 12 hr in the patients with ileal dysfunction, compared to 39.1 plus or minus 13.1% in the control subjects; only 1 of the 19 patients with ileal dysfunction overlapped with the control subjects. The Schilling test was normal orequivocal in 5 of 14 patients with ileal dysfunction. The percentage of administered 14-C excreted in breath 14-CO2 was increased in patients with cholecystectomy, but excretion was not more rapid than in the control subjects. The data suggest that the sensitivity of the breath test for diagnosing ileal dysfunction may be usefully increased by determining the rate of excretion of breath 14CO2.", "contents": "Increased sensitivity of the cholylglycine breath test for detecting ileal dysfunction. Deconjugation of bile salts was assessed by measuring the rate of appearance of 14-CO2 in the breath after the administration of cholyl [1-14-C]glycine to patients with ileal dysfunction (ileitis or ileal resection), cholesterol cholelithiasis with or without cholecystectomy, and control subjects (healthy or with diarrhea). Vitamin B12 absorption was also measured in many of the patients with ileal dysfunction by determining the recovery of 57-Co in the urine (Schilling test). The percentage of administered 14-C excreted in breath 14-CO2 was increased in the patients with ileal dysfunction, but there was considerable overlap between the patients with ileal dysfunction and the control subjects. Breath 14-CO2 was excreted more rapidly in all the patients with ileal dysfunction than in the control subjects. Of the calculated 24-hr breath excretion 78.3 plus or minus 8.9% SD of administered 14-C was excreted in 12 hr in the patients with ileal dysfunction, compared to 39.1 plus or minus 13.1% in the control subjects; only 1 of the 19 patients with ileal dysfunction overlapped with the control subjects. The Schilling test was normal orequivocal in 5 of 14 patients with ileal dysfunction. The percentage of administered 14-C excreted in breath 14-CO2 was increased in patients with cholecystectomy, but excretion was not more rapid than in the control subjects. The data suggest that the sensitivity of the breath test for diagnosing ileal dysfunction may be usefully increased by determining the rate of excretion of breath 14CO2.", "PMID": 1116667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5216", "title": "Atrophy of villi with hypertrophy and hyperplasia of Paneth cells in isolated (thiry-Vella) ileal loops in rabbits. Light-microscopic studies.", "content": "Thiry-Vella loops in rabbit ileum were prepared by a new technique and were studied 18 hr to 49 days postisolation. The loops became grossly shortened after 14 days. Histologically, some shortening and blunting of villi was detectable as early as 4 days postisolation, and with prolonged isolation the changes became marked. Reduction in epithelial cell height and in brush border thickness were noted, and goblet cells were increased somewhat in size and prominence. Yet there was only slightly increased chronic inflammation in the mucosa and acute inflammation was uncommon, suggesting that mucosal injury was minimal. Furthermore, mean epithelial mitotic indices for the crypts did not rise and were generally reduced. Striking hyperplasia and hypertrophy of Paneth cells associated with mitotic figures in Paneth cells accompanied the atrophic changes in the villi. Reimplantation of loops into the bowel 3 weeks after isolation led to complete reversal of all changes, including hyperplasia of Paneth cells. On the other hand, regular perfusion of loops with a solution containing a large variety of nutrient substances failed to reverse the mucosal changes. It was concluded that atrophy of villi in isolated ileum of the rabbit occurred mainly because one or more substances contained in the chyme are needed to maintain normal mucosal architecture. These substances probably help regulate epithelial cell turnover and may well be endogenous in origin. Loss of substances in the chyme after loop isolation may also have led to Paneth cell hyperplasia. Alternatively, the Paneth cell changes and atrophy of villi might have been related in a cause and effect way.", "contents": "Atrophy of villi with hypertrophy and hyperplasia of Paneth cells in isolated (thiry-Vella) ileal loops in rabbits. Light-microscopic studies. Thiry-Vella loops in rabbit ileum were prepared by a new technique and were studied 18 hr to 49 days postisolation. The loops became grossly shortened after 14 days. Histologically, some shortening and blunting of villi was detectable as early as 4 days postisolation, and with prolonged isolation the changes became marked. Reduction in epithelial cell height and in brush border thickness were noted, and goblet cells were increased somewhat in size and prominence. Yet there was only slightly increased chronic inflammation in the mucosa and acute inflammation was uncommon, suggesting that mucosal injury was minimal. Furthermore, mean epithelial mitotic indices for the crypts did not rise and were generally reduced. Striking hyperplasia and hypertrophy of Paneth cells associated with mitotic figures in Paneth cells accompanied the atrophic changes in the villi. Reimplantation of loops into the bowel 3 weeks after isolation led to complete reversal of all changes, including hyperplasia of Paneth cells. On the other hand, regular perfusion of loops with a solution containing a large variety of nutrient substances failed to reverse the mucosal changes. It was concluded that atrophy of villi in isolated ileum of the rabbit occurred mainly because one or more substances contained in the chyme are needed to maintain normal mucosal architecture. These substances probably help regulate epithelial cell turnover and may well be endogenous in origin. Loss of substances in the chyme after loop isolation may also have led to Paneth cell hyperplasia. Alternatively, the Paneth cell changes and atrophy of villi might have been related in a cause and effect way.", "PMID": 1116668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5217", "title": "Adenylate cyclase in intestinal crypt and villus cells: stimulation by cholera enterotoxin and prostaglandin E1.", "content": "The secretory responses to cholera enterotoxin and prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) are dependent upon elevation of the intracellular levels of cyclic AMP. Although several previous reports have suggested that intestinal secretion due to cholera enterotoxin and PGE1 may be confined to the crypt cells, this matter has been incompletely resolved. These studies were undertaken to define the activity of adenylate cyclase in villus and crypt cells from rabbit and rat intestine, and to determine the influence of enterotoxin and PGE1 on this activity, Mucosal fractions were prepared from rabbit ileum with a planing device, and from rat distal small intestine by a vibration technique. In both species base line adenylate cyclase activity was greater in crypt than in villus cells. After exposure to cholera enterotoxin in vivo, adenylate cyclase activity was enhanced in all fractions prepared from rabbit ileum, and the response was most marked in villus cells. Furthermore, adenylate cyclase in membranes prepared from both rat villus and crypt intestinal cells was responsive to the in vitro addition of PGE1. The results of these studies indicate that both villus and crypt cells contain one of the important components required for the cyclic AMP-mediated secretory response, namely, a cholera enterotoxin and PGE1-sensitive adenylate cyclase activity. Since an increased level of cyclic AMP alone may not be sufficient to evoke a secretory response, these studies do not clarify the extent to which each of these major cell types may participate in cyclic AMP-mediated secretion.", "contents": "Adenylate cyclase in intestinal crypt and villus cells: stimulation by cholera enterotoxin and prostaglandin E1. The secretory responses to cholera enterotoxin and prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) are dependent upon elevation of the intracellular levels of cyclic AMP. Although several previous reports have suggested that intestinal secretion due to cholera enterotoxin and PGE1 may be confined to the crypt cells, this matter has been incompletely resolved. These studies were undertaken to define the activity of adenylate cyclase in villus and crypt cells from rabbit and rat intestine, and to determine the influence of enterotoxin and PGE1 on this activity, Mucosal fractions were prepared from rabbit ileum with a planing device, and from rat distal small intestine by a vibration technique. In both species base line adenylate cyclase activity was greater in crypt than in villus cells. After exposure to cholera enterotoxin in vivo, adenylate cyclase activity was enhanced in all fractions prepared from rabbit ileum, and the response was most marked in villus cells. Furthermore, adenylate cyclase in membranes prepared from both rat villus and crypt intestinal cells was responsive to the in vitro addition of PGE1. The results of these studies indicate that both villus and crypt cells contain one of the important components required for the cyclic AMP-mediated secretory response, namely, a cholera enterotoxin and PGE1-sensitive adenylate cyclase activity. Since an increased level of cyclic AMP alone may not be sufficient to evoke a secretory response, these studies do not clarify the extent to which each of these major cell types may participate in cyclic AMP-mediated secretion.", "PMID": 1116669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5218", "title": "Amino terminal gastrin fragment in serum of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome patients.", "content": "In addition to the previously described molecular forms of gastrin, a new component has been found in high concentrations in the serum of 6 patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Serum was fractionated by gel filtration, and ion exchange chromatography, and the new component was identified in eluates by radioimmunoassay using an antibody with specificity for the N-terminal portion of heptadecapeptide gastrin. The precise chemical nature of the new component is not known, but its chromatographic behavior and its reactivity to various antibodies is indistinguishable from that of the natural or synthetic N-terminal 1 to 13 fragment of G-17. The new component is present in gastrinoma tumor tissue. Its concentration in serum of gastrinoma patients increases markedly when secretin is injected.", "contents": "Amino terminal gastrin fragment in serum of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome patients. In addition to the previously described molecular forms of gastrin, a new component has been found in high concentrations in the serum of 6 patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Serum was fractionated by gel filtration, and ion exchange chromatography, and the new component was identified in eluates by radioimmunoassay using an antibody with specificity for the N-terminal portion of heptadecapeptide gastrin. The precise chemical nature of the new component is not known, but its chromatographic behavior and its reactivity to various antibodies is indistinguishable from that of the natural or synthetic N-terminal 1 to 13 fragment of G-17. The new component is present in gastrinoma tumor tissue. Its concentration in serum of gastrinoma patients increases markedly when secretin is injected.", "PMID": 1116670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5219", "title": "Phlegmonous gastritis.", "content": "We have reviewed 23 documented cases of phlegmonous gastritis reported since 1945 in the American literature, and have added 2 of our own. A small series of cases makes it somewhat difficult to draw any definite conclusions regarding the modes of presentation; nonetheless, some clinical trends are discernible. In a patient with a history of large ethanol intake, a recent bout of \"gastritis,\" or recent upper respiratory infection, who presents with acute upper abdominal pain, peritonitis, purulent ascitic fluid, and fever, the diagnosis of phlegmonous gastritis must be considered in differential diagnosis. With normal serum amylase, no historical evidence of ulcer or gallbladder disease, the diagnosis becomes even more probable. Preoperative diagnosis is rare, but gastroscopy with or without biopsy, and culture of gastric contents may establish the diagnosis. The definitive treatment would appear to be resection or drainage of the stomach, combined with large doses of systemic antibiotics, usually penicillin. The surgical mortality in cases reviewed was 18.2%, while the medical mortality was 100%. The overall mortality was 67%. It is hoped that more frequent recognition of this disease entity will lead to earlier diagnosis and a resulting lower morbidity and mortality.", "contents": "Phlegmonous gastritis. We have reviewed 23 documented cases of phlegmonous gastritis reported since 1945 in the American literature, and have added 2 of our own. A small series of cases makes it somewhat difficult to draw any definite conclusions regarding the modes of presentation; nonetheless, some clinical trends are discernible. In a patient with a history of large ethanol intake, a recent bout of \"gastritis,\" or recent upper respiratory infection, who presents with acute upper abdominal pain, peritonitis, purulent ascitic fluid, and fever, the diagnosis of phlegmonous gastritis must be considered in differential diagnosis. With normal serum amylase, no historical evidence of ulcer or gallbladder disease, the diagnosis becomes even more probable. Preoperative diagnosis is rare, but gastroscopy with or without biopsy, and culture of gastric contents may establish the diagnosis. The definitive treatment would appear to be resection or drainage of the stomach, combined with large doses of systemic antibiotics, usually penicillin. The surgical mortality in cases reviewed was 18.2%, while the medical mortality was 100%. The overall mortality was 67%. It is hoped that more frequent recognition of this disease entity will lead to earlier diagnosis and a resulting lower morbidity and mortality.", "PMID": 1116671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5220", "title": "Malabsorption of essential amino acids in tropical sprue.", "content": "The absorption of seven amino acids from an equimolar mixture containing each of the eight essential amino acids in a concentration of 20 mM was evaluated using a marker perfusion technique in 9 patients with untreated tropical sprue and in 6 healthy Puerto Rican control subjects. The rate of absorption of from two to six of the amino acids tested was lower in 7 of the patients than in the control subjects. The absorption of isoleucine, leucine, valine, and threonine was significantly lower in the group of sprue patients than in the control subjects. Treatment of 4 patients with oral tetracycline for 2 weeks was associated with return of amino acid absorption to normal in the 3 persons who had improved intestinal function, as tested by other parameters. More prolonged treatment was required for normalization of amino acid absorption in the 4th patient. These observations indicate that the absorption of certain essential amino acids is reduced in some patients with untreated tropical sprue.", "contents": "Malabsorption of essential amino acids in tropical sprue. The absorption of seven amino acids from an equimolar mixture containing each of the eight essential amino acids in a concentration of 20 mM was evaluated using a marker perfusion technique in 9 patients with untreated tropical sprue and in 6 healthy Puerto Rican control subjects. The rate of absorption of from two to six of the amino acids tested was lower in 7 of the patients than in the control subjects. The absorption of isoleucine, leucine, valine, and threonine was significantly lower in the group of sprue patients than in the control subjects. Treatment of 4 patients with oral tetracycline for 2 weeks was associated with return of amino acid absorption to normal in the 3 persons who had improved intestinal function, as tested by other parameters. More prolonged treatment was required for normalization of amino acid absorption in the 4th patient. These observations indicate that the absorption of certain essential amino acids is reduced in some patients with untreated tropical sprue.", "PMID": 1116672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5221", "title": "Coagulation studies in ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease.", "content": "Thromboembolic disease is a known complication of ulcerative colitis, but is rarely reported in Crohn's disease. In this study, we have tried to determine if there are indeed coagulation abnormalities associated with these two diseases. Four groups of patients were studies: (1) patients with ulcerative colitis; (2) patients with Crohn's disease; (3) patients with other diseases; (4) healthy control subjects. In both disease groups, platelet counts, factor V, factor VIII, and fibrinogen levels were found to be elevated, while antithrombin III levels were decreased.", "contents": "Coagulation studies in ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Thromboembolic disease is a known complication of ulcerative colitis, but is rarely reported in Crohn's disease. In this study, we have tried to determine if there are indeed coagulation abnormalities associated with these two diseases. Four groups of patients were studies: (1) patients with ulcerative colitis; (2) patients with Crohn's disease; (3) patients with other diseases; (4) healthy control subjects. In both disease groups, platelet counts, factor V, factor VIII, and fibrinogen levels were found to be elevated, while antithrombin III levels were decreased.", "PMID": 1116673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5222", "title": "Jejunal perfusion of simple and conjugated folates in man.", "content": "The technique of human jejunal perfusion was used to study the process of digestion and absorption of conjugated folates in five healthy volunteers. The test solution of isotonic saline contained equimolar concentrations of purified [3H]pteroylmonoglutamate ([3H]PG-1) and of [14C]pteroylheptaglutamate ([14C]PG-7) which was labeled on the first glutamyl unit. Calculations were made of the luminal disappearance of each labeled folate, and degradation products of [14C]PG-7 were identified in luminal contents obtained 15 and 30 cm from the infusion site. The percentage of disappearance of [3H]PG-1 was 74.7% and of [14C]PG-7 was 52.6% (P less than 0.001)9 Column chromatography of intestinal aspirates demonstrated a spectrum of 14C-labeled folates corresponding to chain lengths from [14C]PG-1 to [14C]PG-7, with distal accumulation of derived [14C]PG-1. Intraluminal hydrolysis of [14C]PG-7 was excluded by finding the compound unchanged after in vitro incubation with intestinal juice obtained by saline perfusion or siphonage. These data indicate that there are separate rates for the luminal disappearance of PG-1 and PG-7, and show that the digestion of PG-7 requires its contact with the intestinal mucosa. The evidence suggests that progressive mucosal hydrolysis is integral to the process of PG-7 absorption in man.", "contents": "Jejunal perfusion of simple and conjugated folates in man. The technique of human jejunal perfusion was used to study the process of digestion and absorption of conjugated folates in five healthy volunteers. The test solution of isotonic saline contained equimolar concentrations of purified [3H]pteroylmonoglutamate ([3H]PG-1) and of [14C]pteroylheptaglutamate ([14C]PG-7) which was labeled on the first glutamyl unit. Calculations were made of the luminal disappearance of each labeled folate, and degradation products of [14C]PG-7 were identified in luminal contents obtained 15 and 30 cm from the infusion site. The percentage of disappearance of [3H]PG-1 was 74.7% and of [14C]PG-7 was 52.6% (P less than 0.001)9 Column chromatography of intestinal aspirates demonstrated a spectrum of 14C-labeled folates corresponding to chain lengths from [14C]PG-1 to [14C]PG-7, with distal accumulation of derived [14C]PG-1. Intraluminal hydrolysis of [14C]PG-7 was excluded by finding the compound unchanged after in vitro incubation with intestinal juice obtained by saline perfusion or siphonage. These data indicate that there are separate rates for the luminal disappearance of PG-1 and PG-7, and show that the digestion of PG-7 requires its contact with the intestinal mucosa. The evidence suggests that progressive mucosal hydrolysis is integral to the process of PG-7 absorption in man.", "PMID": 1116674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5223", "title": "Changes in liver and gastric mucosal hexosamine synthesis after restraint.", "content": "The specific activity of L-glutamine: D-fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase was measured in the oxyntic gland mucosa and liver of fasted, male rats after immobilization in a cold environment. Immobilization for 3 hr resulted in 100% frequency of lesion formation associated with decreased enzyme activity in oxyntic gland mucosa (70.1 plus or minus 5.9% of control) and liver 25.2 plus or minus 5.2% of control). Enzyme activity had returned to control level in the stomach 9 hr after immobilization, and in the liver 21 hr after immobilization. Immobilization for 1 1/2 hr decreased oxyntic gland mucosa enzyme activity to 21.0 plus or minus 9.8% of control, although the frequency of lesion formation was only 62.5%. Liver enzyme activity was 51.3 plus or minus 12.8% of control. Concentrations of UDP-N-acetylhexosamines, feedback inhibitors of this enzyme, were not altered in either tissue. Adrenalectomy, which increased the frequency of damage after 1 hr of immobilization, enhanced the decreases in enzyme activity in both tissues, while atropine sulfate, which decreased the frequency of damage after 3 hr of immobilization, had no significant effect on the enzyme. Thus, immobilization of rats in a cold environment decreases or alters the synthesis of hexosamine-containing compounds through a mechanism not dependent on acid secretion or adrenocorticoids. This alteration in synthesis may result not only in abnormal mucus secretion, but also in altered cell membrane structure and function.", "contents": "Changes in liver and gastric mucosal hexosamine synthesis after restraint. The specific activity of L-glutamine: D-fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase was measured in the oxyntic gland mucosa and liver of fasted, male rats after immobilization in a cold environment. Immobilization for 3 hr resulted in 100% frequency of lesion formation associated with decreased enzyme activity in oxyntic gland mucosa (70.1 plus or minus 5.9% of control) and liver 25.2 plus or minus 5.2% of control). Enzyme activity had returned to control level in the stomach 9 hr after immobilization, and in the liver 21 hr after immobilization. Immobilization for 1 1/2 hr decreased oxyntic gland mucosa enzyme activity to 21.0 plus or minus 9.8% of control, although the frequency of lesion formation was only 62.5%. Liver enzyme activity was 51.3 plus or minus 12.8% of control. Concentrations of UDP-N-acetylhexosamines, feedback inhibitors of this enzyme, were not altered in either tissue. Adrenalectomy, which increased the frequency of damage after 1 hr of immobilization, enhanced the decreases in enzyme activity in both tissues, while atropine sulfate, which decreased the frequency of damage after 3 hr of immobilization, had no significant effect on the enzyme. Thus, immobilization of rats in a cold environment decreases or alters the synthesis of hexosamine-containing compounds through a mechanism not dependent on acid secretion or adrenocorticoids. This alteration in synthesis may result not only in abnormal mucus secretion, but also in altered cell membrane structure and function.", "PMID": 1116675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5224", "title": "Response of the isolated perfused stomach of the dog to electrical vagal stimulation.", "content": "The left vagal trunk of blood-perfused, isolated, canine stomach was continously stimulated electrically for periods of 30 min at 7 v and 5-msec duration; the frequency of stimulation was varied without interruption from 0.5 to 10 Hz. Plasma immunoreactive gastrin (IRG), total gastric blood flow (GBF), and gastric acid output (GAO) were monitored continuously. When the vagus was stimulated, gastrin concentrations and GBF increased rapidly, while GAO rose at a slower rate. Two Hertz appeared to be the optimal stimulus frequency for increasing plasma IGR levels, while 10 Hz was most effective for increasing GBF. Increasing the frequency from 0 to 0.5 Hz produced the maximum observed change in GAO; additional increments to 2 or 10 Hz produced no consistent additional increase in GAO. The results indicate that plasma IRG concentration and GBF increase in response to various frequencies of vagal stimulation. Vagal stimulation increases the output of immunoreactive gastrin, as well as acid, from the isolated canine stomach.", "contents": "Response of the isolated perfused stomach of the dog to electrical vagal stimulation. The left vagal trunk of blood-perfused, isolated, canine stomach was continously stimulated electrically for periods of 30 min at 7 v and 5-msec duration; the frequency of stimulation was varied without interruption from 0.5 to 10 Hz. Plasma immunoreactive gastrin (IRG), total gastric blood flow (GBF), and gastric acid output (GAO) were monitored continuously. When the vagus was stimulated, gastrin concentrations and GBF increased rapidly, while GAO rose at a slower rate. Two Hertz appeared to be the optimal stimulus frequency for increasing plasma IGR levels, while 10 Hz was most effective for increasing GBF. Increasing the frequency from 0 to 0.5 Hz produced the maximum observed change in GAO; additional increments to 2 or 10 Hz produced no consistent additional increase in GAO. The results indicate that plasma IRG concentration and GBF increase in response to various frequencies of vagal stimulation. Vagal stimulation increases the output of immunoreactive gastrin, as well as acid, from the isolated canine stomach.", "PMID": 1116676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5225", "title": "Vagal control of gastric electrical control activity and motility.", "content": "The nerves of Latarjet and those going directly to the fundus and the body of the stomach were stimulated to determine their effect on gastric electrical control activity (ECA) and contractions. The lower limits of effective stimulation parameters were: pulse frequency 2 pulses per sec, pulse width 2 msec, pulse amplitude 0.3 ma or 5 v. Stimulation at or near the lower limits of stimulation parameters caused contractions with little effect on gastric ECA. At higher pulse repetition rates and amplitudes, vagal stimulation caused premature control potentials (PCP's), delayed control potentials (dcp's), and contractions throughout the electrically active region. The PCP's and DCP's in the antrum became phase-unlocked from those in the corpus. After 2 to 5 min of such vagal stimulation, PCP's and DCP's disappeared; gastric control waves became phase-locked at normal frequency and aboarad phase lag. Contractions continued to occur. Atropine and hexamethonium blocked all effects of vagal stimulation. After gastric ECA became insensitive to vagal stimulation, PCP's could still be produced by intraarterial acetylcholine or dimethylphenylpiperazinium, or by an electrical stimulus applied to gastric muscle, and physostigmine could temporarily restore ECA sensitivity to vagal stimulation. The ECA-insensitive state to vagal stimulation represents depletion of acetycholine at preganglionic sites.", "contents": "Vagal control of gastric electrical control activity and motility. The nerves of Latarjet and those going directly to the fundus and the body of the stomach were stimulated to determine their effect on gastric electrical control activity (ECA) and contractions. The lower limits of effective stimulation parameters were: pulse frequency 2 pulses per sec, pulse width 2 msec, pulse amplitude 0.3 ma or 5 v. Stimulation at or near the lower limits of stimulation parameters caused contractions with little effect on gastric ECA. At higher pulse repetition rates and amplitudes, vagal stimulation caused premature control potentials (PCP's), delayed control potentials (dcp's), and contractions throughout the electrically active region. The PCP's and DCP's in the antrum became phase-unlocked from those in the corpus. After 2 to 5 min of such vagal stimulation, PCP's and DCP's disappeared; gastric control waves became phase-locked at normal frequency and aboarad phase lag. Contractions continued to occur. Atropine and hexamethonium blocked all effects of vagal stimulation. After gastric ECA became insensitive to vagal stimulation, PCP's could still be produced by intraarterial acetylcholine or dimethylphenylpiperazinium, or by an electrical stimulus applied to gastric muscle, and physostigmine could temporarily restore ECA sensitivity to vagal stimulation. The ECA-insensitive state to vagal stimulation represents depletion of acetycholine at preganglionic sites.", "PMID": 1116677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5226", "title": "Effects of low dose chenodeoxycholic acid feeding on biliary lipid metabolism.", "content": "To better define the mechanisms by which chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) alters the lipid composition of bile and promotes dissolution of cholesterol gallstones, we have studied the effects of relatively low doses of CDCA on the metabolism of biliary lipids in 10 subjects without gallstones. In 5 subjects, the effects of CDCA feeding were compared to those of cholic acid, a bile acid that apparently does not dissolve cholesterol stones. The following measurements were carried out during control and treatment periods: (1) composition of biliary lipids, (2) hepatic secretion rates of biliary lipids, (3) pool sizes of bile acids, and (4) specific composition of bile acids. Low doses of CDCA consistently reduced the lithogenicity of gallbladder bile by decreasing the proportion of cholesterol relative to the solubilizing lipids--bile acids and lecithin. This decrease in lithogenicity was associated with a selective reduction in hepatic secretion rates of cholesterol. At the doses of CDCA given, secretion rates of bile acids and lecithin and pool sizes of bile acids were not significantly changed; also conversion of cholesterol into bile acids was not completely inhibited. Cholic acid feeding appeared to increase the total size of the bile acid pool, but it did not affect the lithogenicity of bile or secretion rates of cholesterol. The data show that at low doses CDCA lowers lithogenicity of bile by reducing hepatic secretion of cholesterol, while cholic acid does not have a similar effect.", "contents": "Effects of low dose chenodeoxycholic acid feeding on biliary lipid metabolism. To better define the mechanisms by which chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) alters the lipid composition of bile and promotes dissolution of cholesterol gallstones, we have studied the effects of relatively low doses of CDCA on the metabolism of biliary lipids in 10 subjects without gallstones. In 5 subjects, the effects of CDCA feeding were compared to those of cholic acid, a bile acid that apparently does not dissolve cholesterol stones. The following measurements were carried out during control and treatment periods: (1) composition of biliary lipids, (2) hepatic secretion rates of biliary lipids, (3) pool sizes of bile acids, and (4) specific composition of bile acids. Low doses of CDCA consistently reduced the lithogenicity of gallbladder bile by decreasing the proportion of cholesterol relative to the solubilizing lipids--bile acids and lecithin. This decrease in lithogenicity was associated with a selective reduction in hepatic secretion rates of cholesterol. At the doses of CDCA given, secretion rates of bile acids and lecithin and pool sizes of bile acids were not significantly changed; also conversion of cholesterol into bile acids was not completely inhibited. Cholic acid feeding appeared to increase the total size of the bile acid pool, but it did not affect the lithogenicity of bile or secretion rates of cholesterol. The data show that at low doses CDCA lowers lithogenicity of bile by reducing hepatic secretion of cholesterol, while cholic acid does not have a similar effect.", "PMID": 1116678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5227", "title": "Bile acid metabolism in cirrhosis. IV. Characterization of the abnormality in deoxycholic acid metabolism.", "content": "Several recent studies have demonstrated that patients with cirrhosis frequently lack deoxycholic acid in bile and plasma. In order to explain this observation, comparative experiments on the colonic absorption of deoxycholic acid and on the colonic conversion of cholic to deoxycholic acid were carried out in the cirrhotic patients with normal and very low percentages of deoxycholic acid. Deoxycholic or cholic acid (100 mg) plus 5 muc of each [14C] bile acid were administered by enema to 8 patients with and 5 without liver disease. Deoxycholic acid produced a significant increase in the percentage of biliary deoxycholic acid in patients with cirrhosis. However, the rate of appearance of 14C-deoxycholic acid in patients with cirrhosis was slower than in normal control subjects. Distribution of the 14C activity among the bile acids indicated that rehydroxylation of deoxycholic to cholic acid did not occur. The distribution of 14C activity in biliary bile acids after the rectal administration of [14C]cholic acid showed that patients with severe cirrhosis converted [14C]cholic to [14C]deoxycholic acid at a much slower rate than did cirrhotic patients with normal percentages of biliary deoxycholic acid. Feeding of cholic acid (450 mg per day) for 3 days to 4 cirrhotic patients resulted in a 2-fold increase in the percentage of biliary cholic acid, but only a small increase in the percentage of deoxycholic acid. In a separate group of 9 cirrhotic patients, fecal bile acid analysis indicated that cirrhotic patients had a significantly lower percentage of deoxycholic acid than 12 patients without liver disease; there was no significant difference in fecal lithocholic acid. The data suggest that alteration of bacterial flora and/or altered conditions for bacterial 7alpha-dehydroxylase enzyme activity in the colon could account for the virtual absence of biliary deoxycholic acid in severely cirrhotic patients.", "contents": "Bile acid metabolism in cirrhosis. IV. Characterization of the abnormality in deoxycholic acid metabolism. Several recent studies have demonstrated that patients with cirrhosis frequently lack deoxycholic acid in bile and plasma. In order to explain this observation, comparative experiments on the colonic absorption of deoxycholic acid and on the colonic conversion of cholic to deoxycholic acid were carried out in the cirrhotic patients with normal and very low percentages of deoxycholic acid. Deoxycholic or cholic acid (100 mg) plus 5 muc of each [14C] bile acid were administered by enema to 8 patients with and 5 without liver disease. Deoxycholic acid produced a significant increase in the percentage of biliary deoxycholic acid in patients with cirrhosis. However, the rate of appearance of 14C-deoxycholic acid in patients with cirrhosis was slower than in normal control subjects. Distribution of the 14C activity among the bile acids indicated that rehydroxylation of deoxycholic to cholic acid did not occur. The distribution of 14C activity in biliary bile acids after the rectal administration of [14C]cholic acid showed that patients with severe cirrhosis converted [14C]cholic to [14C]deoxycholic acid at a much slower rate than did cirrhotic patients with normal percentages of biliary deoxycholic acid. Feeding of cholic acid (450 mg per day) for 3 days to 4 cirrhotic patients resulted in a 2-fold increase in the percentage of biliary cholic acid, but only a small increase in the percentage of deoxycholic acid. In a separate group of 9 cirrhotic patients, fecal bile acid analysis indicated that cirrhotic patients had a significantly lower percentage of deoxycholic acid than 12 patients without liver disease; there was no significant difference in fecal lithocholic acid. The data suggest that alteration of bacterial flora and/or altered conditions for bacterial 7alpha-dehydroxylase enzyme activity in the colon could account for the virtual absence of biliary deoxycholic acid in severely cirrhotic patients.", "PMID": 1116679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5228", "title": "Effects of caloric and noncaloric materials in fasting hyperbilirubinemia.", "content": "Fasting hyperbilirubinemia (FHB) has previously been shown to be rapidly reversed by the ingestion of a mixed diet. This study examines the effect of carbohydrate, fat, amino acids, and noncaloric materials on FHB. After an initial fast of 15 to 39 hr, caloric and noncaloric materials were administered by mouth or vein to 13 subjects, and the total serum bilirubin (TSB) was determined frequently for 4.5 hr. Only oral glucose reversed FHB; the TSB did not change significantly from control studies after oral saline, mannitol, amino acids, and fat. In contrast, intravenous infusion of glucose resulted in a significant increase in TSB which could not be explained by osmotic or intravascular volume changes, and was nonspecific, since similar effects resulted from infusions of mannitol and amino acids. The results of this study demonstrate that oral glucose reverses FHB, and that under the conditions of these experiments other nutrients and noncaloric materials are ineffective. In contrast, intravenous glucose, mannitol, and amino acids increase the TSB by unknown mechanisms.", "contents": "Effects of caloric and noncaloric materials in fasting hyperbilirubinemia. Fasting hyperbilirubinemia (FHB) has previously been shown to be rapidly reversed by the ingestion of a mixed diet. This study examines the effect of carbohydrate, fat, amino acids, and noncaloric materials on FHB. After an initial fast of 15 to 39 hr, caloric and noncaloric materials were administered by mouth or vein to 13 subjects, and the total serum bilirubin (TSB) was determined frequently for 4.5 hr. Only oral glucose reversed FHB; the TSB did not change significantly from control studies after oral saline, mannitol, amino acids, and fat. In contrast, intravenous infusion of glucose resulted in a significant increase in TSB which could not be explained by osmotic or intravascular volume changes, and was nonspecific, since similar effects resulted from infusions of mannitol and amino acids. The results of this study demonstrate that oral glucose reverses FHB, and that under the conditions of these experiments other nutrients and noncaloric materials are ineffective. In contrast, intravenous glucose, mannitol, and amino acids increase the TSB by unknown mechanisms.", "PMID": 1116680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5229", "title": "Presence of serum alpha-1-fetoprotein in alcoholic hepatitis.", "content": "Alpha-Fetoprotein was detected in a patient with alcoholic hepatitis during the acute phase of the illness. The alpha-fetoprotein was no longer detected as clinical improvement developed. No evidence of malignant disease was found after an extensive evaluation. This case represents another example of a non-neoplastic disease associated with the presence of increased serum levels of alpha-fetoprotein.", "contents": "Presence of serum alpha-1-fetoprotein in alcoholic hepatitis. Alpha-Fetoprotein was detected in a patient with alcoholic hepatitis during the acute phase of the illness. The alpha-fetoprotein was no longer detected as clinical improvement developed. No evidence of malignant disease was found after an extensive evaluation. This case represents another example of a non-neoplastic disease associated with the presence of increased serum levels of alpha-fetoprotein.", "PMID": 1116682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5230", "title": "Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia: presenting as an unusual gastric lesion.", "content": "A case of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia, occuring in a 61-year-old male, presented as an ulcerating antral mass lesion and hepatosplenomegaly. The antral mass was demonstrated to be composed of a proliferation of blood vessels and is an unusual presentation for hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia of the gastrointestinal tract.", "contents": "Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia: presenting as an unusual gastric lesion. A case of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia, occuring in a 61-year-old male, presented as an ulcerating antral mass lesion and hepatosplenomegaly. The antral mass was demonstrated to be composed of a proliferation of blood vessels and is an unusual presentation for hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia of the gastrointestinal tract.", "PMID": 1116683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5231", "title": "The emergency cold leg.", "content": "The clinical state of the emergency cold leg is appropriately named. The problem may be classified as a vasospastic or venoocclusive nonocclusive lesion or as an embolic or a thrombotic occlusive lesion. Diagnosis is based on the history and results of physical examination. The status of the pulses determines the need for arteriography. Rapid recognition of the problem, with an aggressive reconstructive approach, is the cornerstone of successful management. Complications resulting from failure to carry out proper treatment or arising even when proper treatment is given may be serious and lead to loss of limb or life. The seriousness of emergency cold leg cannot be overemphasized.", "contents": "The emergency cold leg. The clinical state of the emergency cold leg is appropriately named. The problem may be classified as a vasospastic or venoocclusive nonocclusive lesion or as an embolic or a thrombotic occlusive lesion. Diagnosis is based on the history and results of physical examination. The status of the pulses determines the need for arteriography. Rapid recognition of the problem, with an aggressive reconstructive approach, is the cornerstone of successful management. Complications resulting from failure to carry out proper treatment or arising even when proper treatment is given may be serious and lead to loss of limb or life. The seriousness of emergency cold leg cannot be overemphasized.", "PMID": 1116688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5232", "title": "Lipids in fruiting bodies of the basidiomycete Oudemansiella mucida.", "content": "Dried fruiting bodies of the basidiomycete Oudemansiella mucida contain 29.1% total lipids. Their qualitative analysis revealed the presence of mono-, di-, triglycerides, sterols, free fatty acids and sterolesters. Quantitatively most significant were triglycerides (37.9%) and free fatty acids (29.7%). The phospholipid fraction contained phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine and phosphatidic acid. Gas chromatography showed the presence of a broad spectrum of fatty acids. The  ratio between the neutral and polar fractions was 6 : 1, both having linoleic acid as the main component.", "contents": "Lipids in fruiting bodies of the basidiomycete Oudemansiella mucida. Dried fruiting bodies of the basidiomycete Oudemansiella mucida contain 29.1% total lipids. Their qualitative analysis revealed the presence of mono-, di-, triglycerides, sterols, free fatty acids and sterolesters. Quantitatively most significant were triglycerides (37.9%) and free fatty acids (29.7%). The phospholipid fraction contained phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine and phosphatidic acid. Gas chromatography showed the presence of a broad spectrum of fatty acids. The  ratio between the neutral and polar fractions was 6 : 1, both having linoleic acid as the main component.", "PMID": 1116799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5233", "title": "Production of extracellular lysine by a strain of Bacillus coagulans. Identification and requirements for growth and lysine accumulation.", "content": "A naturally deficient thiamine and methionine requiring strain of Bacillus coagulans (Ms 5) accumulates lysine in medium only when exogenous pyridoxine (optimal concentration, 0.1 mu g/ml) are supplied. Threonine exerts an inhibitory effect at higher  concentrations but pyridoxine does not.", "contents": "Production of extracellular lysine by a strain of Bacillus coagulans. Identification and requirements for growth and lysine accumulation. A naturally deficient thiamine and methionine requiring strain of Bacillus coagulans (Ms 5) accumulates lysine in medium only when exogenous pyridoxine (optimal concentration, 0.1 mu g/ml) are supplied. Threonine exerts an inhibitory effect at higher  concentrations but pyridoxine does not.", "PMID": 1116800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5234", "title": "The control of immune response in vitro by Ca2+. II. The Ca2+-dependent period during mitogenic stimulation.", "content": "The Ca2+ requirement for stimulation of DNA synthesis in vitro by phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was investigated using mouse spleen cells. During mitogenic stimulation two periods could be distinguished: a Ca2+-independent period which was followed by a Ca2+-dependent period. The results suggest that Ca2+ is required for a step preceeding DNA synthesis but not for the early initial phase of transformation.", "contents": "The control of immune response in vitro by Ca2+. II. The Ca2+-dependent period during mitogenic stimulation. The Ca2+ requirement for stimulation of DNA synthesis in vitro by phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was investigated using mouse spleen cells. During mitogenic stimulation two periods could be distinguished: a Ca2+-independent period which was followed by a Ca2+-dependent period. The results suggest that Ca2+ is required for a step preceeding DNA synthesis but not for the early initial phase of transformation.", "PMID": 1116866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5235", "title": "Adoptive transfer of cell-mediated immunity to tuberculin using RNA from tuberculin-sensitive subjects.", "content": "Adoptive transfer of delayed hypersensitivity skin test response to tuberculin with 'immune' RNA extracted from the sensitized lymphocytes of a healthy subject or a patient with Hodgkin's disease was successfully demonstrated in previously non-sensitive patients with neoplastic diseases including Hodgkin's disease. 'Non-immune' RNA obtained from non-sensitive man, on the other hand, failed to transfer PPD skin reactivity in non-sensitive recipients. 'Immune' RNA-mediated PPD skin test response remained positive for a considerable period of time, indicating that the effect of 'immune' RNA is systemically active. 'Immune' RNA was found to be RNase-sensitive but DNase-resistant. In vitro adoptive transfer of delayed hypersensitivity with 'immune' RNA, as assayed by lymphocyte transformation test, was unsuccessful.", "contents": "Adoptive transfer of cell-mediated immunity to tuberculin using RNA from tuberculin-sensitive subjects. Adoptive transfer of delayed hypersensitivity skin test response to tuberculin with 'immune' RNA extracted from the sensitized lymphocytes of a healthy subject or a patient with Hodgkin's disease was successfully demonstrated in previously non-sensitive patients with neoplastic diseases including Hodgkin's disease. 'Non-immune' RNA obtained from non-sensitive man, on the other hand, failed to transfer PPD skin reactivity in non-sensitive recipients. 'Immune' RNA-mediated PPD skin test response remained positive for a considerable period of time, indicating that the effect of 'immune' RNA is systemically active. 'Immune' RNA was found to be RNase-sensitive but DNase-resistant. In vitro adoptive transfer of delayed hypersensitivity with 'immune' RNA, as assayed by lymphocyte transformation test, was unsuccessful.", "PMID": 1116867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5236", "title": "Studies on the inhibition of C56-initiated lysis (reactive lysis). III. Characterization of the inhibitory activity C567-INH and its mode of action.", "content": "An activity in serum which inhibits reactive lysis has recently been shown to do so by preventing the attachment of C567 complexes to cells, and hence has been designated C567-INH. This report describes certain physiochemical characteristics of the inhibitory activity. It behaves as a heat-stable pseudoglobulin, soluble in 20 per cent Na2SO4, and having alpha1 mobility on Pevikon block electrophoresis. It is excluded from CM cellulose at pH 6-0, RSC Equals 0.007 M, is retained by an XM-100 membrane and is heterogenous on Sephadex G-200, eluting in at least two peaks. The combined active materials from the Sephadex column elute from DE-52 in at least four peaks. The mechanism of action of material from each of these four peaks is shown to involve prevention of attachment of C567 complexes to membranes, and this is shown to involve an effect on C567 complexes in solution rather than an effect on the membrane. A less dramatic effect on the lysis of EC567 by limited quanities of C8 and C9 can be demonstrated. Haemolytic studies using cell-bound C567 suggest that the interaction of C567-INH with C567 involves a loose reversible association. It is therefore postulated that C567-INH inhibits reactive lysis primarily by reversibly associating with the nascent C567 complex in solution, increasing its bulk and decreasing its diffusion capacity so that it is unable to reach a cell membrane before its haemolytic potential decays.", "contents": "Studies on the inhibition of C56-initiated lysis (reactive lysis). III. Characterization of the inhibitory activity C567-INH and its mode of action. An activity in serum which inhibits reactive lysis has recently been shown to do so by preventing the attachment of C567 complexes to cells, and hence has been designated C567-INH. This report describes certain physiochemical characteristics of the inhibitory activity. It behaves as a heat-stable pseudoglobulin, soluble in 20 per cent Na2SO4, and having alpha1 mobility on Pevikon block electrophoresis. It is excluded from CM cellulose at pH 6-0, RSC Equals 0.007 M, is retained by an XM-100 membrane and is heterogenous on Sephadex G-200, eluting in at least two peaks. The combined active materials from the Sephadex column elute from DE-52 in at least four peaks. The mechanism of action of material from each of these four peaks is shown to involve prevention of attachment of C567 complexes to membranes, and this is shown to involve an effect on C567 complexes in solution rather than an effect on the membrane. A less dramatic effect on the lysis of EC567 by limited quanities of C8 and C9 can be demonstrated. Haemolytic studies using cell-bound C567 suggest that the interaction of C567-INH with C567 involves a loose reversible association. It is therefore postulated that C567-INH inhibits reactive lysis primarily by reversibly associating with the nascent C567 complex in solution, increasing its bulk and decreasing its diffusion capacity so that it is unable to reach a cell membrane before its haemolytic potential decays.", "PMID": 1116868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5237", "title": "Studies on equine immunoglobulins. IV. Immunoglobulins of the  donkey.", "content": "Donkey IgGa was isolated in purified form from normal and immune donkey sera by column chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. Isolated donkey IgGa and mixtures of (IgGa+IgGb) were used as antigens to prepare rabbit reagents specific for equine IgGa or IgGb. Antibodies present in sera obtained from a single donkey at various times during the course of hyperimmunization with BSA were isolated by immuno-adsorption. The class or subclass of immunoglobulins present among isolated, donkey anti-BSA antibodies was determined by use of specific rabbit anti-equine immunoglobulin reagents. The homologues of horse IgGa, IgGb, IgGc and IgA were identified in normal donkey, mule, hinny and zebra serum.", "contents": "Studies on equine immunoglobulins. IV. Immunoglobulins of the  donkey. Donkey IgGa was isolated in purified form from normal and immune donkey sera by column chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. Isolated donkey IgGa and mixtures of (IgGa+IgGb) were used as antigens to prepare rabbit reagents specific for equine IgGa or IgGb. Antibodies present in sera obtained from a single donkey at various times during the course of hyperimmunization with BSA were isolated by immuno-adsorption. The class or subclass of immunoglobulins present among isolated, donkey anti-BSA antibodies was determined by use of specific rabbit anti-equine immunoglobulin reagents. The homologues of horse IgGa, IgGb, IgGc and IgA were identified in normal donkey, mule, hinny and zebra serum.", "PMID": 1116869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5238", "title": "A comparative study of anaerobic Coryneforms. Attempts to correlate their anti-tumour activity with their serological properties and ability to stimulate the lymphoreticular system.", "content": "Various strains of anaerobic coryneforms and the closely related Propionibacteria have been compared in vivo with respect to their anti-tumour activity. Their effectiveness has been correlated with their serological relationship and to some extent with their ability to stimulate the lymphoreticular system. Organisms belonging to Corynebacterium acnes groups I and II and C. avidum group IV were active anti-tumour agents, although of varying effectiveness. These strains are serologically closely related and all produce a soluble cross-reacting antigen. The single C. granulosum group III strain which we tested, an unclassified coryneform, and the classical Propionibacteria did not cross-react with the main group and had little or no anti-tumour activity. At the high dose (0.7 mg) we used, all strains, whether they inhibited tumour development or not, enhanced clearance of colloidal carbon and stimulated production of an inflammatory peritoneal exudate; at lower dosage the results were too variable to permit valid comparison. At the higher dose anti-tumour activity of a strain appeared to correlate best with ability to produce splenomegally and decrease red cell volume in the blood.", "contents": "A comparative study of anaerobic Coryneforms. Attempts to correlate their anti-tumour activity with their serological properties and ability to stimulate the lymphoreticular system. Various strains of anaerobic coryneforms and the closely related Propionibacteria have been compared in vivo with respect to their anti-tumour activity. Their effectiveness has been correlated with their serological relationship and to some extent with their ability to stimulate the lymphoreticular system. Organisms belonging to Corynebacterium acnes groups I and II and C. avidum group IV were active anti-tumour agents, although of varying effectiveness. These strains are serologically closely related and all produce a soluble cross-reacting antigen. The single C. granulosum group III strain which we tested, an unclassified coryneform, and the classical Propionibacteria did not cross-react with the main group and had little or no anti-tumour activity. At the high dose (0.7 mg) we used, all strains, whether they inhibited tumour development or not, enhanced clearance of colloidal carbon and stimulated production of an inflammatory peritoneal exudate; at lower dosage the results were too variable to permit valid comparison. At the higher dose anti-tumour activity of a strain appeared to correlate best with ability to produce splenomegally and decrease red cell volume in the blood.", "PMID": 1116870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5239", "title": "Effect of a potent interferon inducer on acute and chronic lactic dehydrogenase virus viremia.", "content": "The effect of a single and multiple doses of polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly (I). poly(C) on lactic dehydrogenase virus viremia has been studied. A single injection of 200 mug of poly (I)-poly(C) given 6 h before infection with lactic dehydrogenase virus caused a temporary decrease in viremia of about 2.5 log10. Repeated injections of 100 mug of poly(I)-poly(C) every 24 h beginning at -24 h caused a temporary decrease in viremia of about 4.0 log 10. Therapeutic treatment with optimal dosage schedules (100 mug every 24 h) caused a reduction in viremia of 1.0 to 2.0 log10. This decrease lasted for at least 24 h after the treatment was stopped. Some possible reasons for the limited effectiveness of poly (I)-poly(C) in this system are discussed.", "contents": "Effect of a potent interferon inducer on acute and chronic lactic dehydrogenase virus viremia. The effect of a single and multiple doses of polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly (I). poly(C) on lactic dehydrogenase virus viremia has been studied. A single injection of 200 mug of poly (I)-poly(C) given 6 h before infection with lactic dehydrogenase virus caused a temporary decrease in viremia of about 2.5 log10. Repeated injections of 100 mug of poly(I)-poly(C) every 24 h beginning at -24 h caused a temporary decrease in viremia of about 4.0 log 10. Therapeutic treatment with optimal dosage schedules (100 mug every 24 h) caused a reduction in viremia of 1.0 to 2.0 log10. This decrease lasted for at least 24 h after the treatment was stopped. Some possible reasons for the limited effectiveness of poly (I)-poly(C) in this system are discussed.", "PMID": 1116871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5240", "title": "Immune response to hepatitis B surface antigen.", "content": "A total of 69 persons were investigated for assessment of cell-mediated and humoral immunity to hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). Three groups, each consisting of 20 normal persons, 20HBsAg carriers, and 20 convalescent hepatitis B patients, were studied for HBsAg, anti-HBs, and leukocyte migration inhibition with purified HBsAg. Sequential sampling if an additional group of nine acute hepatitis B patients defined the cellular and humoral immune response to HBsAg. The antigen was eliminated rapidly by mounting of cell-mediated immune response detectable for a limited period, followed by antibody response in relatively few patients moore than 3 months after clearance of circulating HBsAg.", "contents": "Immune response to hepatitis B surface antigen. A total of 69 persons were investigated for assessment of cell-mediated and humoral immunity to hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). Three groups, each consisting of 20 normal persons, 20HBsAg carriers, and 20 convalescent hepatitis B patients, were studied for HBsAg, anti-HBs, and leukocyte migration inhibition with purified HBsAg. Sequential sampling if an additional group of nine acute hepatitis B patients defined the cellular and humoral immune response to HBsAg. The antigen was eliminated rapidly by mounting of cell-mediated immune response detectable for a limited period, followed by antibody response in relatively few patients moore than 3 months after clearance of circulating HBsAg.", "PMID": 1116872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5241", "title": "Hepatitis B antigen in saliva, urine, and stool.", "content": "A survey of hepatitis B patients, asymptomatic hepatitis B antigen (HBsAg) carriers, and control subjects was conducted to determine the relationship between antigenemia and antigen excretion in saliva, urine, and stool. Radioimmunoassay was used to detect HBsAg. Specificity-confirmed HBsAg was detected in the saliva of 6 (30%) of 20 antigenemic patients, 1 (5%) of 20 nonantigenemic patients, 14 (34%) of 41 carriers, and 0 of 112 controls. HBsAg was detected in urine only after 100-fold concentration of first-morning specimens. Specificity-confirmed HBsAg was present in the urine of 7 (16%) of 43 carriers; unconfirmed HBsAg was found in the urine of 5 (13%) of 38 patients and 5 (5%) of 112 controls. Unconfirmed HBsAg was detected in concentrated stool specimens from 5 (46%) of 11 patients and 3 of 8 carriers and controls. Longitudinally collected specimens from antigenemic subjects showed no consistent patterns of antigen excretion.", "contents": "Hepatitis B antigen in saliva, urine, and stool. A survey of hepatitis B patients, asymptomatic hepatitis B antigen (HBsAg) carriers, and control subjects was conducted to determine the relationship between antigenemia and antigen excretion in saliva, urine, and stool. Radioimmunoassay was used to detect HBsAg. Specificity-confirmed HBsAg was detected in the saliva of 6 (30%) of 20 antigenemic patients, 1 (5%) of 20 nonantigenemic patients, 14 (34%) of 41 carriers, and 0 of 112 controls. HBsAg was detected in urine only after 100-fold concentration of first-morning specimens. Specificity-confirmed HBsAg was present in the urine of 7 (16%) of 43 carriers; unconfirmed HBsAg was found in the urine of 5 (13%) of 38 patients and 5 (5%) of 112 controls. Unconfirmed HBsAg was detected in concentrated stool specimens from 5 (46%) of 11 patients and 3 of 8 carriers and controls. Longitudinally collected specimens from antigenemic subjects showed no consistent patterns of antigen excretion.", "PMID": 1116873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5242", "title": "Pathogenecity of Yersinia enterocolitica for mice.", "content": "A laboratory infection of Yersinia enterocolitica in mice which closely resembles the naturally acquired human infection is described Intravenous inoculation of mice with small numbers of Y. enterocolitica gives rise to a systemic, pyogenic infection involving primarily the spleen, liver, and lungs. Massive neutrophil infiltration of these organs occurs early in the infection, eventually leading to large abscesses and pulmonary consolidation. Mice infected intragastrically show neutophil infiltration in the Peyer's patches of the distal ileum less than 24h postinfection. The Peyer's patches are unable to contain the infection which spreads to the mesenteric lymph node, causing large abscesses in the medullary regions. Soon after, the infection becomes systemic with abscesses forming in the liver, spleen, and lungs, and the total peripheral leukocyte count rises dramatically to over 30,000/mm2. A serological response, in the form of agglutinating antibody, begins to appear 2 weeks after infection. Possible causes of death and the usefulness of this infectious disease model are discussed.", "contents": "Pathogenecity of Yersinia enterocolitica for mice. A laboratory infection of Yersinia enterocolitica in mice which closely resembles the naturally acquired human infection is described Intravenous inoculation of mice with small numbers of Y. enterocolitica gives rise to a systemic, pyogenic infection involving primarily the spleen, liver, and lungs. Massive neutrophil infiltration of these organs occurs early in the infection, eventually leading to large abscesses and pulmonary consolidation. Mice infected intragastrically show neutophil infiltration in the Peyer's patches of the distal ileum less than 24h postinfection. The Peyer's patches are unable to contain the infection which spreads to the mesenteric lymph node, causing large abscesses in the medullary regions. Soon after, the infection becomes systemic with abscesses forming in the liver, spleen, and lungs, and the total peripheral leukocyte count rises dramatically to over 30,000/mm2. A serological response, in the form of agglutinating antibody, begins to appear 2 weeks after infection. Possible causes of death and the usefulness of this infectious disease model are discussed.", "PMID": 1116874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5243", "title": "Coccidioidin and merthiolate in previously sensitized animals.", "content": "The effect of merthiolate, which is used as a preservative in skin test materials, on skin test reactions was determined in guinea pigs. In four groups of animals, merthiolate in basal medium produced skin tests at 24 and 48 h characterized by erythema and/or induration in an intermediate region, i.e., 5 plus or minus 2.2 mm. One of the four groups of animals was a nonsensitized control group. The other three groups were subcutaneously sensitized with (i) merthiolate and saline, (ii) killed Coccidioides immitis arthrospores, and (iii) merthiolate with killed C. immitis arthrospores. Coccidioidin only and merthiolate in coccidioidin produced positive delayed results in groups 3 and 4, which were sensitized with arthrospores. A synergistic effect of merthiolate and coccidioidin was observed in animals of group 4 sensitized by merthiolate with killed C. immitis arthrospores. This effect was observed at 24 h when positive reactions of coccidioidin with merthiolate were significantly greater than skin tests with plain coccidioidin.", "contents": "Coccidioidin and merthiolate in previously sensitized animals. The effect of merthiolate, which is used as a preservative in skin test materials, on skin test reactions was determined in guinea pigs. In four groups of animals, merthiolate in basal medium produced skin tests at 24 and 48 h characterized by erythema and/or induration in an intermediate region, i.e., 5 plus or minus 2.2 mm. One of the four groups of animals was a nonsensitized control group. The other three groups were subcutaneously sensitized with (i) merthiolate and saline, (ii) killed Coccidioides immitis arthrospores, and (iii) merthiolate with killed C. immitis arthrospores. Coccidioidin only and merthiolate in coccidioidin produced positive delayed results in groups 3 and 4, which were sensitized with arthrospores. A synergistic effect of merthiolate and coccidioidin was observed in animals of group 4 sensitized by merthiolate with killed C. immitis arthrospores. This effect was observed at 24 h when positive reactions of coccidioidin with merthiolate were significantly greater than skin tests with plain coccidioidin.", "PMID": 1116875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5244", "title": "51Cr release microassay for measuring cell-mediated immunity in chickens.", "content": "A microcytotoxic assay, based on the release of 51Cr from chicken erythrocytes by sensitized chicken lymphoid cells in the presence of the specific antigen, purified protein derivative (PPD), is described. The percentage of antigen-specific lysis was dependent on the lymphoid cell concentration, antigen concentration, time of incubation, and incubation temperature. Maximum antigen-specific lysis of nonspecific target cells was induced with a spleen-to-target cell ratio of 100:1 and with a peripheral blood lymphoid-to-target cell ratio of 1,000:1 in the presence of 100 mug of PPD per ml over a 20-h incubation period. As the concentration of PPD was increased from 25 to 200 mug/ml the specific lysis that incubation for 20 h. Incubation at 41 C produced significantly higher (P smaller than 0.05) antigen-specific cytotoxicity than incubation at 37 C.", "contents": "51Cr release microassay for measuring cell-mediated immunity in chickens. A microcytotoxic assay, based on the release of 51Cr from chicken erythrocytes by sensitized chicken lymphoid cells in the presence of the specific antigen, purified protein derivative (PPD), is described. The percentage of antigen-specific lysis was dependent on the lymphoid cell concentration, antigen concentration, time of incubation, and incubation temperature. Maximum antigen-specific lysis of nonspecific target cells was induced with a spleen-to-target cell ratio of 100:1 and with a peripheral blood lymphoid-to-target cell ratio of 1,000:1 in the presence of 100 mug of PPD per ml over a 20-h incubation period. As the concentration of PPD was increased from 25 to 200 mug/ml the specific lysis that incubation for 20 h. Incubation at 41 C produced significantly higher (P smaller than 0.05) antigen-specific cytotoxicity than incubation at 37 C.", "PMID": 1116876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5245", "title": "PCA reactions with mouse antibodies in mice and rats.", "content": "Mouse IgE was titrated in rats. The sensitization period was 2 h. The results were consistent and corresponded to the titers obtained in young adults SJL mice using a sensitization period of 48 h. With longer sensitization periods in rats, higher antibody titers were obtained. The optimum sensitization period in rats was found to be 48 h. Old CFW mice are inadequate for mouse IgE titration. IgG1 will not give a PCA reaction in rats. IgG1 titers are higher in SJL or A/J mice than in young CFW mice, and markedly higher than in old CFW mice.", "contents": "PCA reactions with mouse antibodies in mice and rats. Mouse IgE was titrated in rats. The sensitization period was 2 h. The results were consistent and corresponded to the titers obtained in young adults SJL mice using a sensitization period of 48 h. With longer sensitization periods in rats, higher antibody titers were obtained. The optimum sensitization period in rats was found to be 48 h. Old CFW mice are inadequate for mouse IgE titration. IgG1 will not give a PCA reaction in rats. IgG1 titers are higher in SJL or A/J mice than in young CFW mice, and markedly higher than in old CFW mice.", "PMID": 1116878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5246", "title": "Contact sensitivity in vitro. II. The effect of beryllium preparations on the proliferative responses of specifically allergised lymphocytes and normal lymphocytes stimulated with PHA.", "content": "Beryllium in various physical forms was studied for its ability to induce increased 14C-thymidine incorporation by allergised guinea pig lymphocytes. No increase was observed. It was further shown that beryllium had an inhibitory effect on the response of normal lymphocytes to PHA and on the response of allergised lymphocytes to antigen. These results support the finding in other systems that beryllium can suppress DNA synthesis.", "contents": "Contact sensitivity in vitro. II. The effect of beryllium preparations on the proliferative responses of specifically allergised lymphocytes and normal lymphocytes stimulated with PHA. Beryllium in various physical forms was studied for its ability to induce increased 14C-thymidine incorporation by allergised guinea pig lymphocytes. No increase was observed. It was further shown that beryllium had an inhibitory effect on the response of normal lymphocytes to PHA and on the response of allergised lymphocytes to antigen. These results support the finding in other systems that beryllium can suppress DNA synthesis.", "PMID": 1116879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5247", "title": "Specific inhibitory action of polyunsaturated fatty acids on lymphocyte transformation induced by PHA and PPD.", "content": "Both saturated (SFA) and unsaturated fatty acids (UFS) inhibited PHA- and PPD-induced lymphocyte transformation. The degree of inhibition varied with the nature of the fatty acid (FA) and further comparison with their effect on unstimulated lymphocyte cultures suggests a specific action of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) on the lymphocyte PHA- and -PPD interaction. These findings are briefly discussed in the light of similar observations with PUFA-derived prostaglandins.", "contents": "Specific inhibitory action of polyunsaturated fatty acids on lymphocyte transformation induced by PHA and PPD. Both saturated (SFA) and unsaturated fatty acids (UFS) inhibited PHA- and PPD-induced lymphocyte transformation. The degree of inhibition varied with the nature of the fatty acid (FA) and further comparison with their effect on unstimulated lymphocyte cultures suggests a specific action of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) on the lymphocyte PHA- and -PPD interaction. These findings are briefly discussed in the light of similar observations with PUFA-derived prostaglandins.", "PMID": 1116880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5248", "title": "Nippostrongylus brasiliensis infection in rats. Both antibodies and sensitised cells are necessary for the immunological control of developing larvae.", "content": "A larval N. brasiliensis infection is expelled before reaching maturity in rats given both antiserum and sensitised lymphocytes but developing larvae are not expelled from rats given antiserum or cells alone. The immunity of animals given both components is as strong as immunity in actively immunised rats. The effects of immunity do not become evident until the larvae have migrated to the intestine. Developing larvae are more susceptible to the combined action of cells and antiserum than adult worms.", "contents": "Nippostrongylus brasiliensis infection in rats. Both antibodies and sensitised cells are necessary for the immunological control of developing larvae. A larval N. brasiliensis infection is expelled before reaching maturity in rats given both antiserum and sensitised lymphocytes but developing larvae are not expelled from rats given antiserum or cells alone. The immunity of animals given both components is as strong as immunity in actively immunised rats. The effects of immunity do not become evident until the larvae have migrated to the intestine. Developing larvae are more susceptible to the combined action of cells and antiserum than adult worms.", "PMID": 1116881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5249", "title": "Cell-mediated immunity to insulin and its polypeptide chains in insulin-treated diabectics.", "content": "35 insulin-treated diabetics and 25 control persons were studied for in vivo and in vitro manifestations of hypersensitivity to insulin and its isolated polypeptide chains. Delayed hypersensitivity reactions were determined by skin testing, and blastogenic conversion tests were done with peripheral blood lymphocytes. None of the controls and 62.9% of the patients gave positive reactions in the blastogenic test, most of these reacted to the intact molecule, fewer patients responded to B chains, and very few responded to A chains. None of the controls and only three of the patients produced positive delayed hypersensitivity reactions to insulin, and all of these were to the intact insulin molecule.", "contents": "Cell-mediated immunity to insulin and its polypeptide chains in insulin-treated diabectics. 35 insulin-treated diabetics and 25 control persons were studied for in vivo and in vitro manifestations of hypersensitivity to insulin and its isolated polypeptide chains. Delayed hypersensitivity reactions were determined by skin testing, and blastogenic conversion tests were done with peripheral blood lymphocytes. None of the controls and 62.9% of the patients gave positive reactions in the blastogenic test, most of these reacted to the intact molecule, fewer patients responded to B chains, and very few responded to A chains. None of the controls and only three of the patients produced positive delayed hypersensitivity reactions to insulin, and all of these were to the intact insulin molecule.", "PMID": 1116882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5250", "title": "Leukocyte reactivity to alpha-gliadin in dermatitis herpetiformis and adult coeliac disease.", "content": "The leukocyte adherence inhibition test has been used to study leukocyte reactivity to alpha-gliadin in 20 patients with dermatitis herpetiformis and 11 patients with adult coeliac disease. Leukocytes from both groups of patients showed a significant inhibition of leukocyte adherence thus indicating possible cell-mediated reactivity to this fraction of gluten.", "contents": "Leukocyte reactivity to alpha-gliadin in dermatitis herpetiformis and adult coeliac disease. The leukocyte adherence inhibition test has been used to study leukocyte reactivity to alpha-gliadin in 20 patients with dermatitis herpetiformis and 11 patients with adult coeliac disease. Leukocytes from both groups of patients showed a significant inhibition of leukocyte adherence thus indicating possible cell-mediated reactivity to this fraction of gluten.", "PMID": 1116883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5251", "title": "Potentiating effect of D-2-O on the ascaris-induced, reagin-mediated model of asthma in the Rhesus monkey studied with a double aerosolized antigen challenge technique.", "content": "Rhesus monkeys with IgE-mediated sensitivity have respiratory reactions following aerosol challenge with antigen. Studies of agents affecting this response have previously been limited by variations in animal responsiveness at different times. A method for avoiding this variability was tested in these experiments by comparing the degree of response to two antigen challenges during the same experiment and subsequently repeating the experiment with antigen dissolved in a mixture of H-2-O and D-2-O. D-2-O was selected for testing because it should theoretically potentiate histamine-mediated respiratory responses. The results of the studies indicated that there is a potentiating effect of D-2-O on the antigen-induced respiratory response in rhesus monkeys. The double antigen challenge system described should have potential use for study of a variety of inhibiting or potentiating agents on the rhesus model of asthma.", "contents": "Potentiating effect of D-2-O on the ascaris-induced, reagin-mediated model of asthma in the Rhesus monkey studied with a double aerosolized antigen challenge technique. Rhesus monkeys with IgE-mediated sensitivity have respiratory reactions following aerosol challenge with antigen. Studies of agents affecting this response have previously been limited by variations in animal responsiveness at different times. A method for avoiding this variability was tested in these experiments by comparing the degree of response to two antigen challenges during the same experiment and subsequently repeating the experiment with antigen dissolved in a mixture of H-2-O and D-2-O. D-2-O was selected for testing because it should theoretically potentiate histamine-mediated respiratory responses. The results of the studies indicated that there is a potentiating effect of D-2-O on the antigen-induced respiratory response in rhesus monkeys. The double antigen challenge system described should have potential use for study of a variety of inhibiting or potentiating agents on the rhesus model of asthma.", "PMID": 1116884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5252", "title": "Circumvention of immunological tolerance to bovine serum albumin by diazotized antigen as a function of hapten density.", "content": "Immunological tolerance was induced in adult guinea pigs by the injection of 10-100 mg of centrifuged BSA. The tolerant state was readily circumvented, in terms of both humoral antibody response and delayed hypersensitivity, by the immunization with sulfanilated BSA with different degree of conjugation. The level of anti-BSA and intensity of the skin reactions to BSA evolked in animals with circumvented tolerance responding to the challenge immunization with sulfanilated BSA were inversely related to the number of sulfanil groups per BSA molecule. On the basis of the experimental data, the mechanism of the circumvention of tolerance is discussed.", "contents": "Circumvention of immunological tolerance to bovine serum albumin by diazotized antigen as a function of hapten density. Immunological tolerance was induced in adult guinea pigs by the injection of 10-100 mg of centrifuged BSA. The tolerant state was readily circumvented, in terms of both humoral antibody response and delayed hypersensitivity, by the immunization with sulfanilated BSA with different degree of conjugation. The level of anti-BSA and intensity of the skin reactions to BSA evolked in animals with circumvented tolerance responding to the challenge immunization with sulfanilated BSA were inversely related to the number of sulfanil groups per BSA molecule. On the basis of the experimental data, the mechanism of the circumvention of tolerance is discussed.", "PMID": 1116885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5253", "title": "Smoking habits in Romania.", "content": "The main aspects and consequences of tobacco use resulting from a series of field surveys in Romania are reviewed. The proportion of smokers in middle-aged adults is about 10 per cent for women and 40 to 50 per cent for men. Cigarettes are practically the only form of tobacco consumed--cigars are very rarely smoked and pipe-smoking accounts for less than 1 per cent of tobacco use. Less than 10 per cent of smokers use more than 25 cigarettes a day. Age at starting to smoke is low, with a quarter of smokers taking up the habit by the age of 15. Ninety per cent of the smokers admit to inhaling, and about half the men and nearly all the women smoke filter cigarettes.", "contents": "Smoking habits in Romania. The main aspects and consequences of tobacco use resulting from a series of field surveys in Romania are reviewed. The proportion of smokers in middle-aged adults is about 10 per cent for women and 40 to 50 per cent for men. Cigarettes are practically the only form of tobacco consumed--cigars are very rarely smoked and pipe-smoking accounts for less than 1 per cent of tobacco use. Less than 10 per cent of smokers use more than 25 cigarettes a day. Age at starting to smoke is low, with a quarter of smokers taking up the habit by the age of 15. Ninety per cent of the smokers admit to inhaling, and about half the men and nearly all the women smoke filter cigarettes.", "PMID": 1116888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5254", "title": "Surveillance of congenital malformations and other conditions of the newborn.", "content": "A brief description is given of a birth defects monitoring system in operation on a monthly basis in Norway since 1 January 1971. The system has disclosed apparent epidemic increases in congenital dislocation of hip and anomalies of the limbs, caused by changes in registration practice. An increase in the registration of anomalies of the uro-genital system, that started in the autumn of 1972, is currently being investigated in depth through a case-control study covering all cases of hypospadias and undescended testicles that are registered in the total population of births in Norway. However, this population is too small to provide a quick answer to urgent questions. To overcome this obstacle international collaboration is essential.", "contents": "Surveillance of congenital malformations and other conditions of the newborn. A brief description is given of a birth defects monitoring system in operation on a monthly basis in Norway since 1 January 1971. The system has disclosed apparent epidemic increases in congenital dislocation of hip and anomalies of the limbs, caused by changes in registration practice. An increase in the registration of anomalies of the uro-genital system, that started in the autumn of 1972, is currently being investigated in depth through a case-control study covering all cases of hypospadias and undescended testicles that are registered in the total population of births in Norway. However, this population is too small to provide a quick answer to urgent questions. To overcome this obstacle international collaboration is essential.", "PMID": 1116889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5255", "title": "Associations between oral clefts and drugs taken during pregnancy.", "content": "Associations between drug consumption during pregnancy and the birth of children with oral clefts were studied in material from the Finnish Register of Congenital Malformations, consisting of 599 children with clefts and their matched controls. Information concerning maternal drug consumption was partly prospective. During the first trimester, analgesic, chemotherapeutic and antineurotic drugs had all been significantly more frequently used by the mothers of children with clefts, than by the control mothers. The consumption of drugs was in general more frequent among mothers of children with cleft lip, with or without cleft palate, than among those of children with cleft palate alone.", "contents": "Associations between oral clefts and drugs taken during pregnancy. Associations between drug consumption during pregnancy and the birth of children with oral clefts were studied in material from the Finnish Register of Congenital Malformations, consisting of 599 children with clefts and their matched controls. Information concerning maternal drug consumption was partly prospective. During the first trimester, analgesic, chemotherapeutic and antineurotic drugs had all been significantly more frequently used by the mothers of children with clefts, than by the control mothers. The consumption of drugs was in general more frequent among mothers of children with cleft lip, with or without cleft palate, than among those of children with cleft palate alone.", "PMID": 1116890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5256", "title": "[Suicidal problems in Norway (author's transl)].", "content": "The author gibes a review of suicide problems in Norway. The suicide rate has in Norway traditionally been low compared with the other Scandinavian countries, about one third, and has remained so for a century. In the last century the suicide rate increased with increasing age. In this century it has come to a peak in the age groups of 50-69 years for men and 50-59 years for women. There are only small differences in the suicide rate for the different parts of the country, with a slightly higher rate in the most densely populated areas. The ratio male/female is now 3:1, and has changed little. The suicidal methods are discussed, as is also the relation of suicidal acts to alcohol and drug problems. Precipitating factors are discussed, as are also vulnerable groups, among them the sailors, where the suicidal rate is about three times higher than of the average population of the same age and sex. Norwegian follow-up studies on the future fate of suicide attempters are mentioned. Finally, the author gives an outline of the present state of suicidology in Norway.", "contents": "[Suicidal problems in Norway (author's transl)]. The author gibes a review of suicide problems in Norway. The suicide rate has in Norway traditionally been low compared with the other Scandinavian countries, about one third, and has remained so for a century. In the last century the suicide rate increased with increasing age. In this century it has come to a peak in the age groups of 50-69 years for men and 50-59 years for women. There are only small differences in the suicide rate for the different parts of the country, with a slightly higher rate in the most densely populated areas. The ratio male/female is now 3:1, and has changed little. The suicidal methods are discussed, as is also the relation of suicidal acts to alcohol and drug problems. Precipitating factors are discussed, as are also vulnerable groups, among them the sailors, where the suicidal rate is about three times higher than of the average population of the same age and sex. Norwegian follow-up studies on the future fate of suicide attempters are mentioned. Finally, the author gives an outline of the present state of suicidology in Norway.", "PMID": 1116891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5257", "title": "The impact of the New York State abortion law on black and white fertility in Upstate New York.", "content": "The availability of abortions on demand, as provided by the new New York State abortion law, had a profound effect on fertility in a large community with previously very restricted access to illegal abortions. Improved family planning and the availability of abbortions as a backup measure combines with a preference for a smaller family size led to a one-third reduction of live births in the short period since the new law became effective. Planning for paediatric and obstetric care had to be adjusted accordingly. The frequently hypothesized or reported secondary effects on illegitimacy or infant mortality could not be observed. The trend towards increasing illegitimacy was slowed down, but not reversed. Infant mortality continued its short-term erratic pattern; the trend towards a higher proportion of teenage pregnancies cancelled the effect that pregnancies at higher risk for infant death are also at higher risk for abortion.", "contents": "The impact of the New York State abortion law on black and white fertility in Upstate New York. The availability of abortions on demand, as provided by the new New York State abortion law, had a profound effect on fertility in a large community with previously very restricted access to illegal abortions. Improved family planning and the availability of abbortions as a backup measure combines with a preference for a smaller family size led to a one-third reduction of live births in the short period since the new law became effective. Planning for paediatric and obstetric care had to be adjusted accordingly. The frequently hypothesized or reported secondary effects on illegitimacy or infant mortality could not be observed. The trend towards increasing illegitimacy was slowed down, but not reversed. Infant mortality continued its short-term erratic pattern; the trend towards a higher proportion of teenage pregnancies cancelled the effect that pregnancies at higher risk for infant death are also at higher risk for abortion.", "PMID": 1116892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5258", "title": "The validity of data from next-of-kin in studies of mortality among migrants.", "content": "The design of the British-Norwegian Migrant Study afforded a unique opportunity for comparing in a large sample certain items of information on the same individual, as reported by himself some time before death, with the responses on the same points given after his death in a questionnaire addressed to his next-of-kin. This paper describes a comparison of the degree of agreement between these two methods of obtaining data and draws attention to possible sources and directions of bias involved in the use of information supplied after death by the next-of-kin. Validity, as measured by agreement with the subject's own replies, depends in part on the topic and nature of the information required and on the population included in the survey. A built-in check, such as that incorporated in the British-Norwegian Study, confers the advantage that such biases can be identified and the numerical effect of adjusting for them assessed with some confidence.", "contents": "The validity of data from next-of-kin in studies of mortality among migrants. The design of the British-Norwegian Migrant Study afforded a unique opportunity for comparing in a large sample certain items of information on the same individual, as reported by himself some time before death, with the responses on the same points given after his death in a questionnaire addressed to his next-of-kin. This paper describes a comparison of the degree of agreement between these two methods of obtaining data and draws attention to possible sources and directions of bias involved in the use of information supplied after death by the next-of-kin. Validity, as measured by agreement with the subject's own replies, depends in part on the topic and nature of the information required and on the population included in the survey. A built-in check, such as that incorporated in the British-Norwegian Study, confers the advantage that such biases can be identified and the numerical effect of adjusting for them assessed with some confidence.", "PMID": 1116894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5259", "title": "Cancer of the oesophagus in Brittany: an incidence study in Ille-et-Vilaine.", "content": "Mortality from cancer of the oesophagus is known to be high in Brittany and Normandy. A morbidity survey was initiated to confirm this finding. A registry was set up in Rennes for the d\u00e9partement of Ille-et-Vilaine. In the course of six years (1968-73) 718 cases were entered, 669 males and 49 females; the annual incidence rate for males is 29-4 per 100,000, one of the highest ever described. Most tumors are in the middle third of the oesophagus (49 per cent); 33 per cent are in the lower third. Most tumors were squamous cell carcinomas; 7 per cent were adenocarcinomas. There is an area of high endemicity in the rural areas of the north of Ille-et-Vilaine with rates reaching 60 per 100,000. The relationship with drinking habits is currently being investigated.", "contents": "Cancer of the oesophagus in Brittany: an incidence study in Ille-et-Vilaine. Mortality from cancer of the oesophagus is known to be high in Brittany and Normandy. A morbidity survey was initiated to confirm this finding. A registry was set up in Rennes for the d\u00e9partement of Ille-et-Vilaine. In the course of six years (1968-73) 718 cases were entered, 669 males and 49 females; the annual incidence rate for males is 29-4 per 100,000, one of the highest ever described. Most tumors are in the middle third of the oesophagus (49 per cent); 33 per cent are in the lower third. Most tumors were squamous cell carcinomas; 7 per cent were adenocarcinomas. There is an area of high endemicity in the rural areas of the north of Ille-et-Vilaine with rates reaching 60 per 100,000. The relationship with drinking habits is currently being investigated.", "PMID": 1116895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5260", "title": "Amniocentesis: indications and complications.", "content": "Transabdominal amniocentesis is described and our experience with this method is presented. No severe maternal complications were recorded. In two cases accidental puncture of fetal blood vessels in pregnancies over 40 weeks led to delivery by cesarean section. We believe that, although fetal complications are rare, the indications for amniocentesis should be significant enough to discount the hazards of the procedure.", "contents": "Amniocentesis: indications and complications. Transabdominal amniocentesis is described and our experience with this method is presented. No severe maternal complications were recorded. In two cases accidental puncture of fetal blood vessels in pregnancies over 40 weeks led to delivery by cesarean section. We believe that, although fetal complications are rare, the indications for amniocentesis should be significant enough to discount the hazards of the procedure.", "PMID": 1116906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5261", "title": "Clinical study of intersex states in Nigerian children.", "content": "Early diagnosis of intersex is essential to avoid indecision and to establish the correct sex of rearing before mistakes have been made. Diagnosis of adrenogenital syndrome is singularly important for delay in diagnosis may lead to stunted growth or death from electrolyte imbalance. All others except the hormonally induced types are sterile, the gonad can be ignored and the sex of rearing is determined by the external genital configuration which can be most easily created by surgery plus hormones. Patients except those with maternal virilization may also need castration and hormone therapy corresponding with the chosen sex of rearing.", "contents": "Clinical study of intersex states in Nigerian children. Early diagnosis of intersex is essential to avoid indecision and to establish the correct sex of rearing before mistakes have been made. Diagnosis of adrenogenital syndrome is singularly important for delay in diagnosis may lead to stunted growth or death from electrolyte imbalance. All others except the hormonally induced types are sterile, the gonad can be ignored and the sex of rearing is determined by the external genital configuration which can be most easily created by surgery plus hormones. Patients except those with maternal virilization may also need castration and hormone therapy corresponding with the chosen sex of rearing.", "PMID": 1116910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5262", "title": "Incidental appendectomy in vaginal surgery.", "content": "We have analyzed 225 cases of incidental appendectomy performed during 2200 vaginal operations over a six-year period. The main vaginal procedures were 1700 hysterectomies and 500 colpotomies for tubal ligation, ovarian cystectomy and diagnostic procedures. Other than prolonging the operating time by about 15 minutes, there was no sign of increased morbidity or duration of hospital stay.", "contents": "Incidental appendectomy in vaginal surgery. We have analyzed 225 cases of incidental appendectomy performed during 2200 vaginal operations over a six-year period. The main vaginal procedures were 1700 hysterectomies and 500 colpotomies for tubal ligation, ovarian cystectomy and diagnostic procedures. Other than prolonging the operating time by about 15 minutes, there was no sign of increased morbidity or duration of hospital stay.", "PMID": 1116912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5263", "title": "Out-patient uterine vacuum curettage without anesthesia.", "content": "The Vabra aspirator was used for vacuum curettage in 130 Nigerian women needing uterine curettage. The procedure was performed on an out-patient basis without anesthesia. Eighty-nine patients (68.5 percent) had their operations at the time of their first visit to the gynecological consultative clinic. The procedure was acceptable to all the patients; 117 (90 per cent) reported no pain and all 120 patients seen at the follow-up clinic returned to work a few hours after the procedure. The vacuum curettings were adequate for histological diagnosis in 92.3 per cent of the patients in whom specimens were obtained. There was no immediate or long-term complications.", "contents": "Out-patient uterine vacuum curettage without anesthesia. The Vabra aspirator was used for vacuum curettage in 130 Nigerian women needing uterine curettage. The procedure was performed on an out-patient basis without anesthesia. Eighty-nine patients (68.5 percent) had their operations at the time of their first visit to the gynecological consultative clinic. The procedure was acceptable to all the patients; 117 (90 per cent) reported no pain and all 120 patients seen at the follow-up clinic returned to work a few hours after the procedure. The vacuum curettings were adequate for histological diagnosis in 92.3 per cent of the patients in whom specimens were obtained. There was no immediate or long-term complications.", "PMID": 1116914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5264", "title": "A new, rapid fluorometric determination of retinol in serum.", "content": "A new procedure for the determination of retinol (vitamin A alcohol) in blood has been devised. It consists of direct measurement of the fluorescence of retinol (excitation 335 nm.; emission 458 nm.) in diluted serum, and is considerably more rapid than any previous method. Such measurements are feasible because the intensity of fluorescence of retinol bound to its transport protein (retinol-binding protein) is sufficiently high that other natural occurring fluorescent substances in blood do not interfere significantly. When the new method was compared to a conventional procedure employing extraction and chromatographic separation of retinol on columns of alumina, the correlation coefficient was 0.85.", "contents": "A new, rapid fluorometric determination of retinol in serum. A new procedure for the determination of retinol (vitamin A alcohol) in blood has been devised. It consists of direct measurement of the fluorescence of retinol (excitation 335 nm.; emission 458 nm.) in diluted serum, and is considerably more rapid than any previous method. Such measurements are feasible because the intensity of fluorescence of retinol bound to its transport protein (retinol-binding protein) is sufficiently high that other natural occurring fluorescent substances in blood do not interfere significantly. When the new method was compared to a conventional procedure employing extraction and chromatographic separation of retinol on columns of alumina, the correlation coefficient was 0.85.", "PMID": 1116915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5265", "title": "A rapid method for measuring miotic activity of drugs in the intact mouse eye.", "content": "A rapid and precise method for evaluating the miotic activity of cholinergic drugs has been developed based on Long's method for measuring the rate of mydriasis. The rate of reversal of mydriasis developed previously in the intact mouse eye by a mild mydriatic (phenycyclidine) is used to evaluate the miotic activity. The method provides a useful tool for measuring and comparing the miotic activity of acetylcholine agonists and cholinesterase inhibitors.", "contents": "A rapid method for measuring miotic activity of drugs in the intact mouse eye. A rapid and precise method for evaluating the miotic activity of cholinergic drugs has been developed based on Long's method for measuring the rate of mydriasis. The rate of reversal of mydriasis developed previously in the intact mouse eye by a mild mydriatic (phenycyclidine) is used to evaluate the miotic activity. The method provides a useful tool for measuring and comparing the miotic activity of acetylcholine agonists and cholinesterase inhibitors.", "PMID": 1116916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5266", "title": "Pathways for the response of the eye to injury.", "content": "The role of a neural pathway in the disruption of the blood-aqueous barrier of the rabbit after two irritating stimuli, topical nitrogen mustard, and paracentesis, was studied. Retrobulbar anesthesia or section of the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve decreased the breakdown of the blood-aqueous barrier, as measured by protein in the aqueous humor, after topical nitrogen mustard. Sensory denervation, accomplished with retrobulbar alcohol, virtually prevented the protein rise in the aqueous humor. Disruption of the blood-aqueous barrier after paracentesis, however, was not affected by retrobulbar anesthesia or alcohol denervation. Therefore, the increased protein in the aqueous humor after an irritative stimulus appears to be mediated by at least two pathways. The response to a stimulus such as nitrogen mustard depends on sensory innervation and is not mediated by prostaglandins to any important degree. The response to paracentesis does not require sensory innervation and appears to be mediated, at least in part, by prostaglandins.", "contents": "Pathways for the response of the eye to injury. The role of a neural pathway in the disruption of the blood-aqueous barrier of the rabbit after two irritating stimuli, topical nitrogen mustard, and paracentesis, was studied. Retrobulbar anesthesia or section of the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve decreased the breakdown of the blood-aqueous barrier, as measured by protein in the aqueous humor, after topical nitrogen mustard. Sensory denervation, accomplished with retrobulbar alcohol, virtually prevented the protein rise in the aqueous humor. Disruption of the blood-aqueous barrier after paracentesis, however, was not affected by retrobulbar anesthesia or alcohol denervation. Therefore, the increased protein in the aqueous humor after an irritative stimulus appears to be mediated by at least two pathways. The response to a stimulus such as nitrogen mustard depends on sensory innervation and is not mediated by prostaglandins to any important degree. The response to paracentesis does not require sensory innervation and appears to be mediated, at least in part, by prostaglandins.", "PMID": 1116918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5267", "title": "Experimental tonography on enucleated human eyes. I. The validity of Grant's tonography formula.", "content": "When newer tables for parameters in Grant's formula for tonography are used, one obtains far higher values for the outflow facility than those generally accepted. The aim of this iinvestigation has, therefore, been to test the validity of the tonography formula. The outflow facility determined by constant-rate perfusion in enucleated eyes has been compared with the results of tonography on the same eyes in the steady-state condition. Loss of intraocular fluid during tonography has been measured directly by means of a new technique. Outflow facilities determined according to the two methods show very good agreement. Thus, when the production of aqueous is held at a constant rate, and when there is no change in intraocular blood volume. Grant's tonography formula is found valid, provided absolute values for Po, Pt, and dV are used.", "contents": "Experimental tonography on enucleated human eyes. I. The validity of Grant's tonography formula. When newer tables for parameters in Grant's formula for tonography are used, one obtains far higher values for the outflow facility than those generally accepted. The aim of this iinvestigation has, therefore, been to test the validity of the tonography formula. The outflow facility determined by constant-rate perfusion in enucleated eyes has been compared with the results of tonography on the same eyes in the steady-state condition. Loss of intraocular fluid during tonography has been measured directly by means of a new technique. Outflow facilities determined according to the two methods show very good agreement. Thus, when the production of aqueous is held at a constant rate, and when there is no change in intraocular blood volume. Grant's tonography formula is found valid, provided absolute values for Po, Pt, and dV are used.", "PMID": 1116919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5268", "title": "Cone dark adaptation: the influence of halothane anesthesia.", "content": "Cone dark adaptation (da) (measured with an electroretinogram [ERG] method) is found to be severely retarded when the subject (human and macaque monkey) is under halothane anesthesia. The degree of retardation depends both on the halothane level and on the bleach history. The effect of bleach history shows a great similarity with psychophysical findings concerning foveal da. Interpretation of halothane effects, therefore, is possible in terms of an existing model on cone pigment kinetics.", "contents": "Cone dark adaptation: the influence of halothane anesthesia. Cone dark adaptation (da) (measured with an electroretinogram [ERG] method) is found to be severely retarded when the subject (human and macaque monkey) is under halothane anesthesia. The degree of retardation depends both on the halothane level and on the bleach history. The effect of bleach history shows a great similarity with psychophysical findings concerning foveal da. Interpretation of halothane effects, therefore, is possible in terms of an existing model on cone pigment kinetics.", "PMID": 1116920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5269", "title": "Evidence for lens oxoprolinase, an enzyme of the gamma-glutamyl cycle.", "content": "The presence of oxoprolinase, an enzyme of the gamma-glutamyl cycle, not previously reported in the lens was demonstrated by organ-culture technique and from a study of the partially purified enzyme. The evidence for oxoprolinase in intact rabbit lens is based on the following: (1) [14C]-labeled oxoproline is utilized by the lens giving rise to labeled CO2, (2) [14C]-oxoproline is converted to glutamic acid, which is subsequently incorporated into glutathione, (3) formation of labeled glutamic acid and CO2 from [14C]-oxoproline is effectively blocked by a structural analog of the compound L-2-imidazolidone-4-carboxylic acid, a known inhibitor of oxoprolinase. The enzyme was partially purified from bovine lens capsule epithelium and certain of its properties were examined. Ocular lens was also found to contain significant amounts of oxoproline, an intermediate of the gamma-glutamyl cycle.", "contents": "Evidence for lens oxoprolinase, an enzyme of the gamma-glutamyl cycle. The presence of oxoprolinase, an enzyme of the gamma-glutamyl cycle, not previously reported in the lens was demonstrated by organ-culture technique and from a study of the partially purified enzyme. The evidence for oxoprolinase in intact rabbit lens is based on the following: (1) [14C]-labeled oxoproline is utilized by the lens giving rise to labeled CO2, (2) [14C]-oxoproline is converted to glutamic acid, which is subsequently incorporated into glutathione, (3) formation of labeled glutamic acid and CO2 from [14C]-oxoproline is effectively blocked by a structural analog of the compound L-2-imidazolidone-4-carboxylic acid, a known inhibitor of oxoprolinase. The enzyme was partially purified from bovine lens capsule epithelium and certain of its properties were examined. Ocular lens was also found to contain significant amounts of oxoproline, an intermediate of the gamma-glutamyl cycle.", "PMID": 1116921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5270", "title": "Blood pressure and pressure amaurosis.", "content": "Susceptibility to pressure amaurosis was measured in young research subjects before and during blood pressure elevation induced by intravenous infusions of phenylephrine. Intraocular pressure elevations were produced by paralimbal suction; we measured the highest level to which intraocular pressure could be raised without obliterating perception of a slowly flickering stimulus in the nasal field of vision. Elevation of systemic blood pressure was accompanied in all subjects by a corresponding increase in the highest \"safe\" level of intraocular pressure. This observation confirms the commonly held hypothesis that pressure amaurosis is the result of pressure-induced neuroretinal ischemia.", "contents": "Blood pressure and pressure amaurosis. Susceptibility to pressure amaurosis was measured in young research subjects before and during blood pressure elevation induced by intravenous infusions of phenylephrine. Intraocular pressure elevations were produced by paralimbal suction; we measured the highest level to which intraocular pressure could be raised without obliterating perception of a slowly flickering stimulus in the nasal field of vision. Elevation of systemic blood pressure was accompanied in all subjects by a corresponding increase in the highest \"safe\" level of intraocular pressure. This observation confirms the commonly held hypothesis that pressure amaurosis is the result of pressure-induced neuroretinal ischemia.", "PMID": 1116922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5271", "title": "Lymphocyte-induced vitreous membranes: a comparative study with leukocyte- and platelet-induced vitreous membranes.", "content": "Vitreous membranes were induced in rabbit eyes by injecting an autogenous lymphocyte preparation. These membranes were compared with membranes induced by autogenous leukocyte and platelet preparations. Lymphocytes gave rise to faint, nonprogressive membranes, while leukocytes and platelets produced dense, long-standing membranes. It is suggested that lymphocytes may not be the cause of this weak response, as other cells in the preparation may be involved.", "contents": "Lymphocyte-induced vitreous membranes: a comparative study with leukocyte- and platelet-induced vitreous membranes. Vitreous membranes were induced in rabbit eyes by injecting an autogenous lymphocyte preparation. These membranes were compared with membranes induced by autogenous leukocyte and platelet preparations. Lymphocytes gave rise to faint, nonprogressive membranes, while leukocytes and platelets produced dense, long-standing membranes. It is suggested that lymphocytes may not be the cause of this weak response, as other cells in the preparation may be involved.", "PMID": 1116923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5272", "title": "Effects of antibiotics on the in vitro rabbit corneal endothelium.", "content": "The effects of ten antibiotics and two preservatives on the rabbit corneal endothelium were studied by in vitro perfusion. Dose-related effects on corneal thickness were seen with certain antibiotics. No correlation was found between structure, origin, or bacterial sensitivity of the antibiotics and their effect on corneal transplants. Five distinct morphological changes were observed: two were transient and only one was specific. Although clinical dose correlation was not intended, further investigation is needed on erythromycin, bacitracin, chloramphenicol, penicillin, oxacillin, and cephalothin.", "contents": "Effects of antibiotics on the in vitro rabbit corneal endothelium. The effects of ten antibiotics and two preservatives on the rabbit corneal endothelium were studied by in vitro perfusion. Dose-related effects on corneal thickness were seen with certain antibiotics. No correlation was found between structure, origin, or bacterial sensitivity of the antibiotics and their effect on corneal transplants. Five distinct morphological changes were observed: two were transient and only one was specific. Although clinical dose correlation was not intended, further investigation is needed on erythromycin, bacitracin, chloramphenicol, penicillin, oxacillin, and cephalothin.", "PMID": 1116924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5273", "title": "Anti-inflammatory effectiveness of topically administered corticosteroids in the cornea without epithelium.", "content": "The present studies demonstrate that modification of the derivative of a given steriod base alters its anti-inflammatory potential as measured by suppression of leukocyte invasion of the cornea. A comparison of each drug's corneal bioavailability with its anti-inflammatory effectiveness shows the acetate derivative of prednisolone to be a more potent anti-inflammatory agent than the phosphate derivative. Similarly, the free alcohol derivative of dexamethasone proved to be more potent than the phosphate derivative. Increasing the concentration of prednisolone acetate from 0.125 per cent to 1.0 per cent results in a significant increase in its anti-inflammatory effectiveness in the cornea following topical administration. The same increase in prednisolone phosphate concentration does not produce a significant increase in its ability to suppress polymorphonuclear leukocyte infiltration of the cornea. When the epithelium of the inflamed cornea is intact, prednisolone acetate, 1.0 per cent ophthalmic suspension, is the most effective of the corticosteroid preparations studied. In the absence of an intact epithelium, prednisolone acetate, 1.0 per cent ophthalmic suspension, again produces the greatest mean reduction in polymorphonuclear leukocytic infiltration of the cornea although here one cannot demonstrate a statistically significant difference from the anti-inflammatory effect produced by prednisolone phosphate, 1.0 per cent ophthalmic solution, or dexamethasone alcohol, 0.1 per cent ophthalmic suspension. Overall, therefore, prednisolone acetate 1.0 per cent is the most effective of the topical agents studied for suppression of corneal inflammation.", "contents": "Anti-inflammatory effectiveness of topically administered corticosteroids in the cornea without epithelium. The present studies demonstrate that modification of the derivative of a given steriod base alters its anti-inflammatory potential as measured by suppression of leukocyte invasion of the cornea. A comparison of each drug's corneal bioavailability with its anti-inflammatory effectiveness shows the acetate derivative of prednisolone to be a more potent anti-inflammatory agent than the phosphate derivative. Similarly, the free alcohol derivative of dexamethasone proved to be more potent than the phosphate derivative. Increasing the concentration of prednisolone acetate from 0.125 per cent to 1.0 per cent results in a significant increase in its anti-inflammatory effectiveness in the cornea following topical administration. The same increase in prednisolone phosphate concentration does not produce a significant increase in its ability to suppress polymorphonuclear leukocyte infiltration of the cornea. When the epithelium of the inflamed cornea is intact, prednisolone acetate, 1.0 per cent ophthalmic suspension, is the most effective of the corticosteroid preparations studied. In the absence of an intact epithelium, prednisolone acetate, 1.0 per cent ophthalmic suspension, again produces the greatest mean reduction in polymorphonuclear leukocytic infiltration of the cornea although here one cannot demonstrate a statistically significant difference from the anti-inflammatory effect produced by prednisolone phosphate, 1.0 per cent ophthalmic solution, or dexamethasone alcohol, 0.1 per cent ophthalmic suspension. Overall, therefore, prednisolone acetate 1.0 per cent is the most effective of the topical agents studied for suppression of corneal inflammation.", "PMID": 1116925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5274", "title": "The effect of tear substitutes on tear film break-up time.", "content": "Twelve commercial artificial tear solutions and a newly developed one were evaluated as to their effect on tear film breakup time (BUT) in ten normal subjects. Instillation of one drop of these solutions altered the BUT in such a way that serial BUT measurements could be used as an index of retention time. Results demonstrated significantly longer retention time for three related products (Adapt, Adapette, and Adsorbotear) and a newly developed product (Alcon 0413) [Tears Naturale (Alcon TM)]. This method appears to be an accurate nonirritative way of assessing retention time of tear substitute/vehicles and demonstrate values much longer than previously reported by other methods.", "contents": "The effect of tear substitutes on tear film break-up time. Twelve commercial artificial tear solutions and a newly developed one were evaluated as to their effect on tear film breakup time (BUT) in ten normal subjects. Instillation of one drop of these solutions altered the BUT in such a way that serial BUT measurements could be used as an index of retention time. Results demonstrated significantly longer retention time for three related products (Adapt, Adapette, and Adsorbotear) and a newly developed product (Alcon 0413) [Tears Naturale (Alcon TM)]. This method appears to be an accurate nonirritative way of assessing retention time of tear substitute/vehicles and demonstrate values much longer than previously reported by other methods.", "PMID": 1116926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5275", "title": "Radiographically determined lung volumes at full inspiration and during dynamic forced expiration in normal subjects.", "content": "Posteroanterior and lateral radiographs of the lungs of 30 normal adults were obtained at total lung capacity (TLC) and 1 sec after initiation of forced expiration from ttlc. simultaneous spirographic recording of the volume expired (FEV-1) and independent plethysmographic recording of TLC were obtained. Two types of measurements were made from the radiographs: 1) surface areas of the lung fields, measured planimetrically; and 2) combinations of linear distances between selected points. These radiographic measurements and the measured lung volumes were subjected to computer analysis to develop reliable formulas for determining lung volumes solely from radiographs. Formulas derived using planimetry produced multiple correlation coefficients of 0.95 for TLC and 0.89 for volume during forced expiration. Use of linear measurements produced multiple correlation coefficients of 0.92 for TLC and 0.84 for dynamic volume. Thus, in normal subjects, static lung volumes and lung volumes during dynamic forced expiration can be determined from radiographs.", "contents": "Radiographically determined lung volumes at full inspiration and during dynamic forced expiration in normal subjects. Posteroanterior and lateral radiographs of the lungs of 30 normal adults were obtained at total lung capacity (TLC) and 1 sec after initiation of forced expiration from ttlc. simultaneous spirographic recording of the volume expired (FEV-1) and independent plethysmographic recording of TLC were obtained. Two types of measurements were made from the radiographs: 1) surface areas of the lung fields, measured planimetrically; and 2) combinations of linear distances between selected points. These radiographic measurements and the measured lung volumes were subjected to computer analysis to develop reliable formulas for determining lung volumes solely from radiographs. Formulas derived using planimetry produced multiple correlation coefficients of 0.95 for TLC and 0.89 for volume during forced expiration. Use of linear measurements produced multiple correlation coefficients of 0.92 for TLC and 0.84 for dynamic volume. Thus, in normal subjects, static lung volumes and lung volumes during dynamic forced expiration can be determined from radiographs.", "PMID": 1116927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5276", "title": "Roentgenographic study of blood flow redistribution in acute pulmonary edema in dogs.", "content": "Acute pulmonary edema was induced in anesthetized vertically suspended dogs by inflating a ballon catheter in the descending thoracic aorta and infusing saline. Indices measured included pulmonary arterial pressure, left ventricle end-diastolic pressure, and cardiac output. Pulmonary blood-flow distribution was determined in frozen tissue after injecting radioactive macroaggregates labelled with 125-I, 131-I, and 99m-Tc. Randomized serial chest roentgenograms were interpreted by three radiologists not taking part in the physiologic studies. When left ventricular end-diastolic pressure was raised initially, roentgenograms usually revealed only interstitial edema. As alveolar edema increased, blood-flow to the lung bases decreased as measured physiologically. The roentgenographic and physiologic data show that in acute experiments on normal lungs, blood-flow redistribution occurs in association with alveolar edema rather than interstitial edema.", "contents": "Roentgenographic study of blood flow redistribution in acute pulmonary edema in dogs. Acute pulmonary edema was induced in anesthetized vertically suspended dogs by inflating a ballon catheter in the descending thoracic aorta and infusing saline. Indices measured included pulmonary arterial pressure, left ventricle end-diastolic pressure, and cardiac output. Pulmonary blood-flow distribution was determined in frozen tissue after injecting radioactive macroaggregates labelled with 125-I, 131-I, and 99m-Tc. Randomized serial chest roentgenograms were interpreted by three radiologists not taking part in the physiologic studies. When left ventricular end-diastolic pressure was raised initially, roentgenograms usually revealed only interstitial edema. As alveolar edema increased, blood-flow to the lung bases decreased as measured physiologically. The roentgenographic and physiologic data show that in acute experiments on normal lungs, blood-flow redistribution occurs in association with alveolar edema rather than interstitial edema.", "PMID": 1116928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5277", "title": "Controlled deposition of tantalum powder in a cast of the human airways: applications for aerosol bronchography.", "content": "A hollow latex cast of the human larynx and tracheobronchial tree extending to 2 mm diameter airways \"inhaled\" tantalum powder (mass median aero-dynamic diameter equals 9.2 mum, omicron-g equals 1.41) at 8 liters/min. Tantalum deposited within the cast as predicted by preliminary deposition  calculations. These calculations predicted deposition surface densities among greater than 2 mm diam. airways to have a range of similar to 2:1, and also predicted less than 5% alveolar deposition. A deposition surface density of 8 mg/cm-2 provided good bronchographic visualization. Single rice grains located within some airways were distinctly outlined. The small amount of tantalum needed to outline the airways be a simulated voluntary inhalation indicates that tantalum may be suitable for use as a bronchographic contrast medium when administered under strictly controlled exposure conditions.", "contents": "Controlled deposition of tantalum powder in a cast of the human airways: applications for aerosol bronchography. A hollow latex cast of the human larynx and tracheobronchial tree extending to 2 mm diameter airways \"inhaled\" tantalum powder (mass median aero-dynamic diameter equals 9.2 mum, omicron-g equals 1.41) at 8 liters/min. Tantalum deposited within the cast as predicted by preliminary deposition  calculations. These calculations predicted deposition surface densities among greater than 2 mm diam. airways to have a range of similar to 2:1, and also predicted less than 5% alveolar deposition. A deposition surface density of 8 mg/cm-2 provided good bronchographic visualization. Single rice grains located within some airways were distinctly outlined. The small amount of tantalum needed to outline the airways be a simulated voluntary inhalation indicates that tantalum may be suitable for use as a bronchographic contrast medium when administered under strictly controlled exposure conditions.", "PMID": 1116929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5278", "title": "Myocardial wall motion evaluation using amplitude frequency spectral analysis.", "content": "Frequency spectral analysis of cardiac wall motion as calculated from the recorded video kymogram are demonstrated. Characteristic harmonics following the fundamental frequency of the cardiac rate have been demonstrated to have an alternating sequential energy distribution as measured from the free margin of the left ventricle of humans. The characteristic patterns occur in approximately 80% of the 50 patients evaluated. The correlation of these harmonics with physiologic events is not yet complete. Amplitude frequency spectral analysis offers an objective method for analysis of cardiac kymography not otherwise possible.", "contents": "Myocardial wall motion evaluation using amplitude frequency spectral analysis. Frequency spectral analysis of cardiac wall motion as calculated from the recorded video kymogram are demonstrated. Characteristic harmonics following the fundamental frequency of the cardiac rate have been demonstrated to have an alternating sequential energy distribution as measured from the free margin of the left ventricle of humans. The characteristic patterns occur in approximately 80% of the 50 patients evaluated. The correlation of these harmonics with physiologic events is not yet complete. Amplitude frequency spectral analysis offers an objective method for analysis of cardiac kymography not otherwise possible.", "PMID": 1116930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5279", "title": "Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis: incidence among ethic groups in Israel.", "content": "During the period 1968-73, 46 patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE), a fatal childhood disease related to rubeola, were encountered in Israel. The incidence per million population was 3.4 for Sephardic Jews, 3.2 for Arabs and only 0.5 for Ashkenazic Jews. An environmental factor which sharply demarcated Arabs and Sephardic Jews from Ashkenazic Jews, and which might account for the differences in incidence of SSPE, was family size: 42.3% of Arab families and 21.5% of the families of Sephardic Jews but only 1.1% of Ashkenazic Jewish families had five or more children. It is postulated that older siblings in large families might constitute vectors which introduce rubeola to the younger siblings at a time when they are at unusual risk of developing SSPE (i.e. before two years of age), whereas in small families, rubeola tends to be acquired later in childhood when the risk of SSPE is reduced.", "contents": "Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis: incidence among ethic groups in Israel. During the period 1968-73, 46 patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE), a fatal childhood disease related to rubeola, were encountered in Israel. The incidence per million population was 3.4 for Sephardic Jews, 3.2 for Arabs and only 0.5 for Ashkenazic Jews. An environmental factor which sharply demarcated Arabs and Sephardic Jews from Ashkenazic Jews, and which might account for the differences in incidence of SSPE, was family size: 42.3% of Arab families and 21.5% of the families of Sephardic Jews but only 1.1% of Ashkenazic Jewish families had five or more children. It is postulated that older siblings in large families might constitute vectors which introduce rubeola to the younger siblings at a time when they are at unusual risk of developing SSPE (i.e. before two years of age), whereas in small families, rubeola tends to be acquired later in childhood when the risk of SSPE is reduced.", "PMID": 1116935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5280", "title": "Conservative vs. surgical treatment of vesicoureteral reflux.", "content": "The treatment of choice in vesicoureteral reflux in children is discussed on the basis of experience with 160 refluxing ureters. Two-thirds of the ureters responded well to conservative nonsurgical treatment and the majority of these are now completely cured. Thirty-three ureters, not responding to conservative measures, were treated surgically by the Leadbetter-Politano or Bischoff methods. It is concluded that 1) conservative treatment should be attempted before recourse to surgery and 2) Bischoff's technique should be given first consideration in cases with dilated and poorly functioning ureters.", "contents": "Conservative vs. surgical treatment of vesicoureteral reflux. The treatment of choice in vesicoureteral reflux in children is discussed on the basis of experience with 160 refluxing ureters. Two-thirds of the ureters responded well to conservative nonsurgical treatment and the majority of these are now completely cured. Thirty-three ureters, not responding to conservative measures, were treated surgically by the Leadbetter-Politano or Bischoff methods. It is concluded that 1) conservative treatment should be attempted before recourse to surgery and 2) Bischoff's technique should be given first consideration in cases with dilated and poorly functioning ureters.", "PMID": 1116936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5281", "title": "Dynamic radiography. An evaluation of cardiac motion by the analysis of scattered radiation during fluoroscopy.", "content": "A non-invasive technique, utilizing scattered radiation, has been developed to monitor and measure the motion of the epicardial surface during fluoroscopy. A number of dogs were studied using a monitoring device which consists of an X-Ray beam collimator, collimated sodium iodide dectetors and their associated electronics. The detector signals are computer processed to obtain frequency fingerprints of epicardial motion that may, in the future, indicate the condition of the myocardium.", "contents": "Dynamic radiography. An evaluation of cardiac motion by the analysis of scattered radiation during fluoroscopy. A non-invasive technique, utilizing scattered radiation, has been developed to monitor and measure the motion of the epicardial surface during fluoroscopy. A number of dogs were studied using a monitoring device which consists of an X-Ray beam collimator, collimated sodium iodide dectetors and their associated electronics. The detector signals are computer processed to obtain frequency fingerprints of epicardial motion that may, in the future, indicate the condition of the myocardium.", "PMID": 1116931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5282", "title": "A case of maternal hyperparathyroidism presenting as neonatal tetany.", "content": "A three-week-old infant presented with tetany and with serum calcium and phosphate levels compatible with the diagnosis of hypoparathyroidism. Investigation of the asymptomatic mother revealed serum calcium and phosphate levels and urinary phosphate clearance values diagnostic of hyperparathyroidism. The maternal hyperparathyroidism was treated by removal of a parathyroid adenoma.", "contents": "A case of maternal hyperparathyroidism presenting as neonatal tetany. A three-week-old infant presented with tetany and with serum calcium and phosphate levels compatible with the diagnosis of hypoparathyroidism. Investigation of the asymptomatic mother revealed serum calcium and phosphate levels and urinary phosphate clearance values diagnostic of hyperparathyroidism. The maternal hyperparathyroidism was treated by removal of a parathyroid adenoma.", "PMID": 1116937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5283", "title": "Toxicity of metrizamide and meglumine iocarmate in the spinal subarachnoid space. An experimental study in rats with special reference to long-term effects.", "content": "The toxic effects of metrizamide, a new non-ionic contrast medium, and of meglumine iocarmate (Dimer-X), were investigated after injection into the spinal subarachnoid space of rats. Convulsions were seen in 8 of 11 animals with meglumine iocarmate. No such irritative effects seen with metrizamide. Histologic examiniation of the spinal cord was carried out here 4 months. No changes were seen which could be ascribed to toxic effects of the contrast media.", "contents": "Toxicity of metrizamide and meglumine iocarmate in the spinal subarachnoid space. An experimental study in rats with special reference to long-term effects. The toxic effects of metrizamide, a new non-ionic contrast medium, and of meglumine iocarmate (Dimer-X), were investigated after injection into the spinal subarachnoid space of rats. Convulsions were seen in 8 of 11 animals with meglumine iocarmate. No such irritative effects seen with metrizamide. Histologic examiniation of the spinal cord was carried out here 4 months. No changes were seen which could be ascribed to toxic effects of the contrast media.", "PMID": 1116932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5284", "title": "Bilateral hearing loss as a sequel to unilateral acoustic trauma.", "content": "Within the framework of a study on the natural history of acoustic trauma, over 600 soldiers were examined. A higher rate of bilateral acoustic trauma was observed among soldiers with longer service. Comparison between unilateral and bilateral acoustic trauma showed a greater severity of damage in both ears of the latter group. Comparison of the progression of the damage in the same persons on two consecutive examinations suggested the same trend. It is suggested that bilateral acoustic trauma may be a later and more severe stage in some types of noise-induced damage.", "contents": "Bilateral hearing loss as a sequel to unilateral acoustic trauma. Within the framework of a study on the natural history of acoustic trauma, over 600 soldiers were examined. A higher rate of bilateral acoustic trauma was observed among soldiers with longer service. Comparison between unilateral and bilateral acoustic trauma showed a greater severity of damage in both ears of the latter group. Comparison of the progression of the damage in the same persons on two consecutive examinations suggested the same trend. It is suggested that bilateral acoustic trauma may be a later and more severe stage in some types of noise-induced damage.", "PMID": 1116939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5285", "title": "Renal arteriography. The choice of contrast material.", "content": "Angiographers responding to a questionnaire disagreed on the agent of choice for selective renal arteriography. Opinion differed regarding the advantages of sodium versus meglumine salts, diatrizoate versus iothalamate, and 50-60 percent concentration agents versus those in the 70-76 percent range. Although an increasing number of angiographers are using more concentrated agents for renal arteriography, there is little information available to indicate their safety for this purpose. Dog experiments were done to see whether Renografin 76 percent (R-76), at a reasonable dose, caused more severe changes than the lower concentration agents. The studies failed to demonstrate significant differences between R-76 and the less concentrated agents indicating that R-76 can be used for selective renal arteriography if the additional iodine is deemed necessary. Factors affecting nephrotoxicity of contrast media in patients with normal and abnormal kidneys are discussed.", "contents": "Renal arteriography. The choice of contrast material. Angiographers responding to a questionnaire disagreed on the agent of choice for selective renal arteriography. Opinion differed regarding the advantages of sodium versus meglumine salts, diatrizoate versus iothalamate, and 50-60 percent concentration agents versus those in the 70-76 percent range. Although an increasing number of angiographers are using more concentrated agents for renal arteriography, there is little information available to indicate their safety for this purpose. Dog experiments were done to see whether Renografin 76 percent (R-76), at a reasonable dose, caused more severe changes than the lower concentration agents. The studies failed to demonstrate significant differences between R-76 and the less concentrated agents indicating that R-76 can be used for selective renal arteriography if the additional iodine is deemed necessary. Factors affecting nephrotoxicity of contrast media in patients with normal and abnormal kidneys are discussed.", "PMID": 1116934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5286", "title": "The direct measurement of cytochrome P450 in unfixed tissue sections.", "content": "A method for the measurement of cytochrome P-450 in unfixed cryostat sections is described. The sections are incubated for 10 minutes at room temperature in a buffered solution containing polyvinyl alcohol and sodium dithionite. Two incubations are performed on serial sections, one in nitrogen and the other in carbon monoxide. Readings are taken on a Vickers M85 microdensitometer fitted with a high sensitivity photomultiplier amplifier system, the measurements being made on corresponding fields in the serial sections. Subtraction of the nitrogen values from the carbon monoxide values, after allowing for an absorption shift, gives the absolute spectrum of cytochrome P450. The subtraction corrects for the tissue content of other haem-containing proteins. The cytochrome P450 spectrum shows a sharp maximum at 450 nm, and two other minor components absorbing at 444 nm and 458 nm. The content of cytochrome P450 in animals fed with phenobarbitone was 2.4 times greater than in control animals.", "contents": "The direct measurement of cytochrome P450 in unfixed tissue sections. A method for the measurement of cytochrome P-450 in unfixed cryostat sections is described. The sections are incubated for 10 minutes at room temperature in a buffered solution containing polyvinyl alcohol and sodium dithionite. Two incubations are performed on serial sections, one in nitrogen and the other in carbon monoxide. Readings are taken on a Vickers M85 microdensitometer fitted with a high sensitivity photomultiplier amplifier system, the measurements being made on corresponding fields in the serial sections. Subtraction of the nitrogen values from the carbon monoxide values, after allowing for an absorption shift, gives the absolute spectrum of cytochrome P450. The subtraction corrects for the tissue content of other haem-containing proteins. The cytochrome P450 spectrum shows a sharp maximum at 450 nm, and two other minor components absorbing at 444 nm and 458 nm. The content of cytochrome P450 in animals fed with phenobarbitone was 2.4 times greater than in control animals.", "PMID": 1116950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5287", "title": "Methylation or lactonization of acid mucins by acid methanolic reagents in histochemistry.", "content": "With the demonstration that cationic dye staining of acid mucins can be prevented by treatment with hydrocholoric acid or thionyl chloride in nonpolar, nonalcoholic solvents it has been contended that the blockade has occurred by lactonization of the acid mucosaccharides. It is further contended that also in methanolic HCl lactonization is the only process by which cationic dye staining of acid mucins occurs to the exclusion of methyl esterification of the carboxyls. We have demonstrated that an acetylation adequate to prevent the PAS reaction of mucins does not prevent either direct cationic dye staining or its blockade by methylation, and that periodic acid cleavage of the 2,3 glycol of hyaluronic acid mucins does not prevent methylation blockade of cationic dye staining. With occupying or destroying the variation of(3) hydroxyl on which variation of-lactonization would have to occur it is believed that the successful blockade must have occurred by methyl esterification of the carboxyl. Lactonization must be regarded as an alternative rather than an exclusive pathway for this blockade.", "contents": "Methylation or lactonization of acid mucins by acid methanolic reagents in histochemistry. With the demonstration that cationic dye staining of acid mucins can be prevented by treatment with hydrocholoric acid or thionyl chloride in nonpolar, nonalcoholic solvents it has been contended that the blockade has occurred by lactonization of the acid mucosaccharides. It is further contended that also in methanolic HCl lactonization is the only process by which cationic dye staining of acid mucins occurs to the exclusion of methyl esterification of the carboxyls. We have demonstrated that an acetylation adequate to prevent the PAS reaction of mucins does not prevent either direct cationic dye staining or its blockade by methylation, and that periodic acid cleavage of the 2,3 glycol of hyaluronic acid mucins does not prevent methylation blockade of cationic dye staining. With occupying or destroying the variation of(3) hydroxyl on which variation of-lactonization would have to occur it is believed that the successful blockade must have occurred by methyl esterification of the carboxyl. Lactonization must be regarded as an alternative rather than an exclusive pathway for this blockade.", "PMID": 1116951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5288", "title": "[On the lysosomal pattern in the kidney of normal rats with special reference to the protein excretion(author's transl)].", "content": "Using the histochemical reaction for acid phosphatase the lysosomal pattern of the proximal renal tubule has been investigated in virginal female rats, in the course of pregnancy, and in females following pretreatment with progesterone. Furthermore the stage of gestation, phases of sexual cycle, the urinary output as well its protein concentration and the protein excretion have been taken into account. From the metabolic studies it becomes clear, that the urine values depend on the sexual phase and the duration of gravidity. On the basis of our histochemical results strong evidence occurs, that the lysosomes in the proximal renal tubule are influenced by both, the proteins in the primary urine and by sex hormones. In all collectives investigated an increase of the protein concentrations in the urine runs always parallel to an increase of the number of small and medium-sized lysosomes; the big ones disappear. At the end of pregnancy and after pretreatment with progesterone acid phosphatase seems to diffuse out of the lysosomes in the epithelial cells of the S1- and S2-segments.", "contents": "[On the lysosomal pattern in the kidney of normal rats with special reference to the protein excretion(author's transl)]. Using the histochemical reaction for acid phosphatase the lysosomal pattern of the proximal renal tubule has been investigated in virginal female rats, in the course of pregnancy, and in females following pretreatment with progesterone. Furthermore the stage of gestation, phases of sexual cycle, the urinary output as well its protein concentration and the protein excretion have been taken into account. From the metabolic studies it becomes clear, that the urine values depend on the sexual phase and the duration of gravidity. On the basis of our histochemical results strong evidence occurs, that the lysosomes in the proximal renal tubule are influenced by both, the proteins in the primary urine and by sex hormones. In all collectives investigated an increase of the protein concentrations in the urine runs always parallel to an increase of the number of small and medium-sized lysosomes; the big ones disappear. At the end of pregnancy and after pretreatment with progesterone acid phosphatase seems to diffuse out of the lysosomes in the epithelial cells of the S1- and S2-segments.", "PMID": 1116952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5289", "title": "Evaluation of tear formation in the dog, using a modification of the Schirmer tear test.", "content": "The Schirmer tear test for the measurement of tear formation in the dog was done according to 2 procedures: Schirmer I (the conventional procedure) and SCHIRMER II (with topical anesthesia and drying of the ventral conjunctival fornix. Results from 97 normal dogs averaged 21.0 mm wetting/minute (standard deviation (sd) plus or minus 4.2 mm) for the Schirmer I test and 11.6 mm  wetting/minute (sd plus or minus 6.1 mm) for the Schirmer II test. When atropine was injected subcutaneously in 50 dogs (0.02 mg/kg, wetting/minute averaged 9.36 mm (Schirmer I) AND 4.32 MM (Schirmer II). Two dogs in each of 3 groups had either the lacrimal gland, gland of the membrane nictitans, or both excised. Changes in tear formation were evaluated by Schirmer I and II tear tests, as well as after parenteral administration of atropine. The lacrimal gland, the gland of the membrama mocotams. amd tje accessory lacrimal glands and mucous cells were found to contribute 6.17, 35.2, and 3.1%, respectively, to tear formation.", "contents": "Evaluation of tear formation in the dog, using a modification of the Schirmer tear test. The Schirmer tear test for the measurement of tear formation in the dog was done according to 2 procedures: Schirmer I (the conventional procedure) and SCHIRMER II (with topical anesthesia and drying of the ventral conjunctival fornix. Results from 97 normal dogs averaged 21.0 mm wetting/minute (standard deviation (sd) plus or minus 4.2 mm) for the Schirmer I test and 11.6 mm  wetting/minute (sd plus or minus 6.1 mm) for the Schirmer II test. When atropine was injected subcutaneously in 50 dogs (0.02 mg/kg, wetting/minute averaged 9.36 mm (Schirmer I) AND 4.32 MM (Schirmer II). Two dogs in each of 3 groups had either the lacrimal gland, gland of the membrane nictitans, or both excised. Changes in tear formation were evaluated by Schirmer I and II tear tests, as well as after parenteral administration of atropine. The lacrimal gland, the gland of the membrama mocotams. amd tje accessory lacrimal glands and mucous cells were found to contribute 6.17, 35.2, and 3.1%, respectively, to tear formation.", "PMID": 1116954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5290", "title": "Spinal cord compression caused by osteocartilaginous exostoses of the spine in two dogs.", "content": "Two dogs, one 4 months old and the other 1 year old, had histories of progressive posterior weakness. In both cases, there was severe asymmetric proprioceptive loss but appreciable preservation of strength. Benign, cystic expansile lesions involving the facets and lamina of the thoracic spine were observed radiographically; a single lesioons was demonstrated in the other. Examination of biopsy speciments taken at the time of laminectomy revealed the lesions to be osteocartilaginous exostoses (osteochondromas, ecchondromas, exostoses). The progress of dogs 1 and 2 has been monitored for 1 1/2 years and 9 months, respectively. Dog 1 has no weakness or proprioceptive loss; dog 2 has a mild proprioceptive loss in the right hindlimb.", "contents": "Spinal cord compression caused by osteocartilaginous exostoses of the spine in two dogs. Two dogs, one 4 months old and the other 1 year old, had histories of progressive posterior weakness. In both cases, there was severe asymmetric proprioceptive loss but appreciable preservation of strength. Benign, cystic expansile lesions involving the facets and lamina of the thoracic spine were observed radiographically; a single lesioons was demonstrated in the other. Examination of biopsy speciments taken at the time of laminectomy revealed the lesions to be osteocartilaginous exostoses (osteochondromas, ecchondromas, exostoses). The progress of dogs 1 and 2 has been monitored for 1 1/2 years and 9 months, respectively. Dog 1 has no weakness or proprioceptive loss; dog 2 has a mild proprioceptive loss in the right hindlimb.", "PMID": 1116955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5291", "title": "Acute pancreatic hemorrhage associated with iatrogenic hypercalcemia in a dog.", "content": "A 2-year-old female dog with idiopathic hypolcalcemia was given intermittent calcium therapy, to effect. Excessive calcium may have led to the development of acute pancreatic hemorrhage.", "contents": "Acute pancreatic hemorrhage associated with iatrogenic hypercalcemia in a dog. A 2-year-old female dog with idiopathic hypolcalcemia was given intermittent calcium therapy, to effect. Excessive calcium may have led to the development of acute pancreatic hemorrhage.", "PMID": 1116956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5292", "title": "Calcifying aponeurotic fibroma in a dog.", "content": "A calcifying aponeurotic fibroma involving the soft tissue and bone of the occipital area compressed and attenuated the cerebellum and brainstem of a 9-year-old female dog of mixed breeding. Clinical signs included a head tilt to the left; gait ataxia; anisocoria, with a midly dilated left pupil; horizontal nystagmus, with the fast phase to the right; and a mild depression of the level of consciousness. The signs were sequential and progressive.", "contents": "Calcifying aponeurotic fibroma in a dog. A calcifying aponeurotic fibroma involving the soft tissue and bone of the occipital area compressed and attenuated the cerebellum and brainstem of a 9-year-old female dog of mixed breeding. Clinical signs included a head tilt to the left; gait ataxia; anisocoria, with a midly dilated left pupil; horizontal nystagmus, with the fast phase to the right; and a mild depression of the level of consciousness. The signs were sequential and progressive.", "PMID": 1116957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5293", "title": "Perianal adenoma of apocrine origin in a dog.", "content": "At necropsy, a 15-year-old male Standard Poodle had a 6-cm diameter mass in the perianal region. Histologic examination revealed an adenoma of apocrine tubular gland origin, rather than the more common type of perianal gland adenoma derived from modified sebaceous glands. The diameter of the mass had increased from 3 to 6 cm in 12 months and it had failed to respond to treatment with repository stilbestrol.", "contents": "Perianal adenoma of apocrine origin in a dog. At necropsy, a 15-year-old male Standard Poodle had a 6-cm diameter mass in the perianal region. Histologic examination revealed an adenoma of apocrine tubular gland origin, rather than the more common type of perianal gland adenoma derived from modified sebaceous glands. The diameter of the mass had increased from 3 to 6 cm in 12 months and it had failed to respond to treatment with repository stilbestrol.", "PMID": 1116958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5294", "title": "Genetic recombination in Nocardia mediterranei.", "content": "A system of genetic recombination in Nocardia mediterranei ATCC 13685 is described. This strain produces a mixture of several rifamycin antibiotics. Using haploid recombinant selection and analysis procedures similar to those applied to Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2), 14 auxotrophic markers and 1 streptomycin resistance marker were located on a circular linkage map. The linkage map of N. mediterranei seems to be similar to that of S. coelicolor A3(2).", "contents": "Genetic recombination in Nocardia mediterranei. A system of genetic recombination in Nocardia mediterranei ATCC 13685 is described. This strain produces a mixture of several rifamycin antibiotics. Using haploid recombinant selection and analysis procedures similar to those applied to Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2), 14 auxotrophic markers and 1 streptomycin resistance marker were located on a circular linkage map. The linkage map of N. mediterranei seems to be similar to that of S. coelicolor A3(2).", "PMID": 1116983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5295", "title": "Characterization of the lipids of mesosomal vesicles and plasma membranes from Staphylococcus aureus.", "content": "Mesosomal vesicles and plasma membranes were isolated from Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538P by protoplasting and differential centrifugation. The lipids of each of the two membrane fractions were extracted with pyridine-acetic acid-N-butanol, and the nonlipid contaminants were removed by Sephadex treatment. The lipids were then separated by passage through diethylaminoethyl-cellulose columns and characterized by thin-layer chromatographic, chemical, and spectral analyses. The lipids were separated into four discrete diethylaminoethyl fractions: (i) vitamin K2, carotenoids, C55 isoprenoid alcohol, and monoglucosyl diglyceride; (ii) cardiolipin, carotenoids, phosphatidyl glycerol, diglucosyl diglyceride, and an unidentified ninhydrin-positive component; (iii) cardiolipid and phosphatidyl glyderol; (iv) cardiolipin, phosphatidyl glycerol, and phosphatidyl glucose. Qualitatively, no difference in lipid composition between mesosomal vesicles and plasma membranes was found. However, based on equal dry weights of membrane materials, a relative quantitative difference in the amount of specific lipids in mesosomal vesicles and plasma membranes was observed. There are 4 times more monoglucosyl diglyceride, 2.6 times more diglucosyl diglyceride, 3.8 times more phosphatidyl glucose, 2 times more carotenoids, and 2 times more vitamin K2 found in mesosomal vesicles than in plasma membranes. The concentration of cardiolipin and phosphatidyl glycerol is 3.6 and 6 times greater, respectively, in mesosomal vesicles.", "contents": "Characterization of the lipids of mesosomal vesicles and plasma membranes from Staphylococcus aureus. Mesosomal vesicles and plasma membranes were isolated from Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538P by protoplasting and differential centrifugation. The lipids of each of the two membrane fractions were extracted with pyridine-acetic acid-N-butanol, and the nonlipid contaminants were removed by Sephadex treatment. The lipids were then separated by passage through diethylaminoethyl-cellulose columns and characterized by thin-layer chromatographic, chemical, and spectral analyses. The lipids were separated into four discrete diethylaminoethyl fractions: (i) vitamin K2, carotenoids, C55 isoprenoid alcohol, and monoglucosyl diglyceride; (ii) cardiolipin, carotenoids, phosphatidyl glycerol, diglucosyl diglyceride, and an unidentified ninhydrin-positive component; (iii) cardiolipid and phosphatidyl glyderol; (iv) cardiolipin, phosphatidyl glycerol, and phosphatidyl glucose. Qualitatively, no difference in lipid composition between mesosomal vesicles and plasma membranes was found. However, based on equal dry weights of membrane materials, a relative quantitative difference in the amount of specific lipids in mesosomal vesicles and plasma membranes was observed. There are 4 times more monoglucosyl diglyceride, 2.6 times more diglucosyl diglyceride, 3.8 times more phosphatidyl glucose, 2 times more carotenoids, and 2 times more vitamin K2 found in mesosomal vesicles than in plasma membranes. The concentration of cardiolipin and phosphatidyl glycerol is 3.6 and 6 times greater, respectively, in mesosomal vesicles.", "PMID": 1116984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5296", "title": "Sensitivity of a Bacteroides melaninogenicus strain to monosaccharides: effect on enzyme induction.", "content": "The inhibition of growth in Bacteroides melaninogenicus by sugars in described. Monosaccharides such as D-glucose, D-galactose, D-mannose, and D-fructose are inhibitory at low concentrations, whereas the disaccharides sucrose and lactose are not inhibitory even at high concentrations. The major inhibitory effect of the sugar is found during the transition of lag to logarithmic growth phases. There was no primary effect of D-glucose on protein, ribonucleic acid, or deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis on cells in transition from lag to logarithmic growth. However, the addition of glucose or galactose completely abolished the induction of 3-ketodihydrosphingosine synthetase by vitamin K in vitamin K-depleted cells. Futhermore, in cells which were not vitamin K depleted, the level of this enzyme was drastically reduced by the addition of the sugar. Cyclic adenosine 5-monophosphate was unable to reverse the growth inhibition produced by glucose. In actively growing cultures, addition of sugar slows the growth rate. In these experiments the level of 3-ketodihydrosphingosine synthetase fell only after the cells had assumed the slower rate of growth. There were two indications that D-galactose was more inhibitory than D-glucose; in the presence of 0.1% D-galactose cells in lag phase did not show the increase in turbidity found in similar cells placed in medium with 0.1% D-glucose, and also D-galactose caused a greater decrease in the growth rate of actively growing cultures than was found with D-glucose. These studies suggest that the inhibitory effect of monosaccharides in lag leads to logarithmic growth transition can be ascribed to an effect on enzyme induction. On the other hand, the ability of many monosaccharides to inhibit growth, and the greater inhibitory property of D-galactose compared with D-glucose, suggests that other mechanisms may be operative as well.", "contents": "Sensitivity of a Bacteroides melaninogenicus strain to monosaccharides: effect on enzyme induction. The inhibition of growth in Bacteroides melaninogenicus by sugars in described. Monosaccharides such as D-glucose, D-galactose, D-mannose, and D-fructose are inhibitory at low concentrations, whereas the disaccharides sucrose and lactose are not inhibitory even at high concentrations. The major inhibitory effect of the sugar is found during the transition of lag to logarithmic growth phases. There was no primary effect of D-glucose on protein, ribonucleic acid, or deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis on cells in transition from lag to logarithmic growth. However, the addition of glucose or galactose completely abolished the induction of 3-ketodihydrosphingosine synthetase by vitamin K in vitamin K-depleted cells. Futhermore, in cells which were not vitamin K depleted, the level of this enzyme was drastically reduced by the addition of the sugar. Cyclic adenosine 5-monophosphate was unable to reverse the growth inhibition produced by glucose. In actively growing cultures, addition of sugar slows the growth rate. In these experiments the level of 3-ketodihydrosphingosine synthetase fell only after the cells had assumed the slower rate of growth. There were two indications that D-galactose was more inhibitory than D-glucose; in the presence of 0.1% D-galactose cells in lag phase did not show the increase in turbidity found in similar cells placed in medium with 0.1% D-glucose, and also D-galactose caused a greater decrease in the growth rate of actively growing cultures than was found with D-glucose. These studies suggest that the inhibitory effect of monosaccharides in lag leads to logarithmic growth transition can be ascribed to an effect on enzyme induction. On the other hand, the ability of many monosaccharides to inhibit growth, and the greater inhibitory property of D-galactose compared with D-glucose, suggests that other mechanisms may be operative as well.", "PMID": 1116985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5297", "title": "Kinetics of Na+-dependent K+ ion transport in a marine pseudomonad.", "content": "The effect of external Na plus concentration on the transport of K plus was studied using K plus-depleted cells of a marine pseudomonad. K plus transport was found to be a saturable process and requires Na plus. The initial rates for K plus transport over a range of external K plus concentrations were measured in suspensions containing various fixed concentrations of Na plus. Reciprocals of the initial rates for K plus transport were plotted against reciprocals of the external concentration of K plus or Na plus to yield two primary Lineweaver-Burk plots. The experimental data were found to fit bisubstrate enzyme kinetics, with a sequential type mechanism. However, the initial rate data did not allow distinction between ordered or random mechanisms. The results suggest that Na plus and K plus form a ternary complex with a specific K plus carrier molecule on the outer surface of the membrane prior to translocation and the release of K plus inside the cell.", "contents": "Kinetics of Na+-dependent K+ ion transport in a marine pseudomonad. The effect of external Na plus concentration on the transport of K plus was studied using K plus-depleted cells of a marine pseudomonad. K plus transport was found to be a saturable process and requires Na plus. The initial rates for K plus transport over a range of external K plus concentrations were measured in suspensions containing various fixed concentrations of Na plus. Reciprocals of the initial rates for K plus transport were plotted against reciprocals of the external concentration of K plus or Na plus to yield two primary Lineweaver-Burk plots. The experimental data were found to fit bisubstrate enzyme kinetics, with a sequential type mechanism. However, the initial rate data did not allow distinction between ordered or random mechanisms. The results suggest that Na plus and K plus form a ternary complex with a specific K plus carrier molecule on the outer surface of the membrane prior to translocation and the release of K plus inside the cell.", "PMID": 1116986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5298", "title": "Lipid metabolism during bacterial growth, sporulation, and germination: kinetics of fatty acid and macromolecular synthesis during spore germination and outgrowth of Bacillus thuringiensis.", "content": "The timing and kinetics of fatty acid synthesis are delineated for Bacillus thuringiensis spore germination and outgrowth by analyzing [U-14C]acetate and [2-3H]glycerol incorporation into chloroform-methanol-extractable and trichloroacetic acid-precipitable lipids. In addition to measurement of pulsed and continuous labeling of fatty acids, monitoring the incorporation of radioactive phenylalanine, thymidine, and uridine from the onset of germination through first cell division provides a profile of biochemical activities related to membrane differentiation and cellular development. Upon germination, ribonucleic acid synthesis is initiated, immediately followed by rapid and extensive fatty acid synthesis that in turn precedes protein, deoxyribonucleic acid and triglyceride synthesis. Significantly, formation of fatty acids from acetate exhibits further developmental periodicity in which a large transient increase in fatty acid synthetic activity coincides with the approach of cell division. Radiorespirometric analyses indicates only slight oxidative decarboxylation of acetate and corroborates the extreme involvement of acetate in specific fatty acid biosynthetic reactions throughout cellular modification. These findings graphically demonstrate an intimate association of fatty acid metabolism with commitment to spore outgrowth and subsequent cell division.", "contents": "Lipid metabolism during bacterial growth, sporulation, and germination: kinetics of fatty acid and macromolecular synthesis during spore germination and outgrowth of Bacillus thuringiensis. The timing and kinetics of fatty acid synthesis are delineated for Bacillus thuringiensis spore germination and outgrowth by analyzing [U-14C]acetate and [2-3H]glycerol incorporation into chloroform-methanol-extractable and trichloroacetic acid-precipitable lipids. In addition to measurement of pulsed and continuous labeling of fatty acids, monitoring the incorporation of radioactive phenylalanine, thymidine, and uridine from the onset of germination through first cell division provides a profile of biochemical activities related to membrane differentiation and cellular development. Upon germination, ribonucleic acid synthesis is initiated, immediately followed by rapid and extensive fatty acid synthesis that in turn precedes protein, deoxyribonucleic acid and triglyceride synthesis. Significantly, formation of fatty acids from acetate exhibits further developmental periodicity in which a large transient increase in fatty acid synthetic activity coincides with the approach of cell division. Radiorespirometric analyses indicates only slight oxidative decarboxylation of acetate and corroborates the extreme involvement of acetate in specific fatty acid biosynthetic reactions throughout cellular modification. These findings graphically demonstrate an intimate association of fatty acid metabolism with commitment to spore outgrowth and subsequent cell division.", "PMID": 1116987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5299", "title": "Tryptophan biosynthetic pathway in the Enterobacteriaceae: some physical properties of the enzymes.", "content": "Several physical properties of the first four enzymatic activities of the tryptophan pathway were examined using gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography. Five different patterns were noted. Differences in the anthranilate synthetase (AS) and phosphoribosylanthranilate transferase (PRT) defined these patterns. In all the organisms studied phosphoribosylanthranilate isomerase and indoleglycerol phosphate synthetase co-eluted from both diethylaminoethyl-cellulose and G-200 and thus probably are contained in a single polypeptide of 50,000 daltons. An AS-PRT complex was found in Citrobacter species, Enterobacter cloacae, and Erwinia dissolvens. In all the other bacteria examined AS and PTR were separate molecules. In Serratia marcescens, S. marinorubra, and Enterobacter liquefaciens, AS was 140,000 daltons and PRT was 45,000 daltons. In Erwinia carotavora and Enterobacter hafniae the AS was the same size as the Serratia species but the PRT was larger at 67,000 daltons. Two Proteus species had an AS and PRT of the same size as E. carotavora and E. halfniae but the Proteus AS was different in that it partially dissociated upon gel filtration. Aeromonas formicans was unique in its possession of an AS with a molecular weight of 220,000. The PRT of A. formicans was found to elute at 67,000 daltons. Possible paths of evolution of the tryptophan enzymes are discussed in terms of the results of this study. The results presented here are also considered with respect to existing taxonomic schemes of the enteric bacteria.", "contents": "Tryptophan biosynthetic pathway in the Enterobacteriaceae: some physical properties of the enzymes. Several physical properties of the first four enzymatic activities of the tryptophan pathway were examined using gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography. Five different patterns were noted. Differences in the anthranilate synthetase (AS) and phosphoribosylanthranilate transferase (PRT) defined these patterns. In all the organisms studied phosphoribosylanthranilate isomerase and indoleglycerol phosphate synthetase co-eluted from both diethylaminoethyl-cellulose and G-200 and thus probably are contained in a single polypeptide of 50,000 daltons. An AS-PRT complex was found in Citrobacter species, Enterobacter cloacae, and Erwinia dissolvens. In all the other bacteria examined AS and PTR were separate molecules. In Serratia marcescens, S. marinorubra, and Enterobacter liquefaciens, AS was 140,000 daltons and PRT was 45,000 daltons. In Erwinia carotavora and Enterobacter hafniae the AS was the same size as the Serratia species but the PRT was larger at 67,000 daltons. Two Proteus species had an AS and PRT of the same size as E. carotavora and E. halfniae but the Proteus AS was different in that it partially dissociated upon gel filtration. Aeromonas formicans was unique in its possession of an AS with a molecular weight of 220,000. The PRT of A. formicans was found to elute at 67,000 daltons. Possible paths of evolution of the tryptophan enzymes are discussed in terms of the results of this study. The results presented here are also considered with respect to existing taxonomic schemes of the enteric bacteria.", "PMID": 1116988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5300", "title": "Comparative analysis of the lipids of Acinetobacter species grown on hexadecane.", "content": "A comparative analysis of the cellular and extracellular lipids of Acinetobacter species HO1-N indicated basic physiological differences in hexadecane-grown cells. The cellular lipids obtained from hexadecane-grown cells were characterized by 3- and 18-fold increases in the phospholipid fraction and the mono- and diglyceride fraction, respectively, over that obtained from nutrient broth-yeast extract-grown cells. The cellular-associated pools of hexadecane were shown to comprise approximately 8% of the dry cell weight of hexadecane-grown cells. The extracellular lipids obtained from the culture broths of hexadecane-grown cells were comprised of triglyceride, mono- and diglyceride, free fatty acid, and wax ester. These lipids were either absent or present in minor concentrations in the culture broths of nutrient broth-yeast extract-grown cells. The exponential growth of Acinetobacter sp. on hexadecane was characterized by the significant accumulation of free fatty acid, monoglyceride, and diglyceride in the culture medium. Wax ester was shown to represent a minor portion of the extracellular lipids during the exponential growth phase, appearing in significant proportion only after the culture had entered the stationary phase of growth.", "contents": "Comparative analysis of the lipids of Acinetobacter species grown on hexadecane. A comparative analysis of the cellular and extracellular lipids of Acinetobacter species HO1-N indicated basic physiological differences in hexadecane-grown cells. The cellular lipids obtained from hexadecane-grown cells were characterized by 3- and 18-fold increases in the phospholipid fraction and the mono- and diglyceride fraction, respectively, over that obtained from nutrient broth-yeast extract-grown cells. The cellular-associated pools of hexadecane were shown to comprise approximately 8% of the dry cell weight of hexadecane-grown cells. The extracellular lipids obtained from the culture broths of hexadecane-grown cells were comprised of triglyceride, mono- and diglyceride, free fatty acid, and wax ester. These lipids were either absent or present in minor concentrations in the culture broths of nutrient broth-yeast extract-grown cells. The exponential growth of Acinetobacter sp. on hexadecane was characterized by the significant accumulation of free fatty acid, monoglyceride, and diglyceride in the culture medium. Wax ester was shown to represent a minor portion of the extracellular lipids during the exponential growth phase, appearing in significant proportion only after the culture had entered the stationary phase of growth.", "PMID": 1116989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5301", "title": "Regulation of arylsulfatase synthesis by sulfur compounds in Klebsiella aerogenes.", "content": "In Klebsiella aerogenes, arylsulfatase synthesis was repressed by inorganic sulfate, sulfite, sulfide, thiosulfate, and cysteine, but not by methionine under normal growth conditions. We isolated cysteine-requiring mutants (Cys minus), and mutants (AtsS minus, AtsR minus) in which the regulation of arylsulfatase synthesis was altered. In the cysteine auxotroph, enzyme synthesis was also repressed by inorganic sulfate or cysteine. Kinetic studies on mutants of the cysteine auxotroph showed that inorganic sulfate repressed arylsulfatase synthesis and that this was not due to cysteine formed by reduction of sulfate. Arylsulfatase synthesis in the AtsS minus mutant was not repressed by inorganic sulfate but was repressed by cysteine. This mutant strain had a normal level of inorganic sulfate transport. Another mutant strain, defective in the inorganic sulfate transport system, synthesized arylsulfatase in the presence of inorganic sulfate but not in the presence of cysteine. The AtsS minus mutant could synthesize the enzyme in the presence of inorganic sulfate but not cysteine. The AtsR minus mutant could synthesize the enzyme in the presence of either inorganic sulfate or cysteine. These results suggest that there are two independent functional corepressors of arylsulfatase synthesis in K. aerogenes.", "contents": "Regulation of arylsulfatase synthesis by sulfur compounds in Klebsiella aerogenes. In Klebsiella aerogenes, arylsulfatase synthesis was repressed by inorganic sulfate, sulfite, sulfide, thiosulfate, and cysteine, but not by methionine under normal growth conditions. We isolated cysteine-requiring mutants (Cys minus), and mutants (AtsS minus, AtsR minus) in which the regulation of arylsulfatase synthesis was altered. In the cysteine auxotroph, enzyme synthesis was also repressed by inorganic sulfate or cysteine. Kinetic studies on mutants of the cysteine auxotroph showed that inorganic sulfate repressed arylsulfatase synthesis and that this was not due to cysteine formed by reduction of sulfate. Arylsulfatase synthesis in the AtsS minus mutant was not repressed by inorganic sulfate but was repressed by cysteine. This mutant strain had a normal level of inorganic sulfate transport. Another mutant strain, defective in the inorganic sulfate transport system, synthesized arylsulfatase in the presence of inorganic sulfate but not in the presence of cysteine. The AtsS minus mutant could synthesize the enzyme in the presence of inorganic sulfate but not cysteine. The AtsR minus mutant could synthesize the enzyme in the presence of either inorganic sulfate or cysteine. These results suggest that there are two independent functional corepressors of arylsulfatase synthesis in K. aerogenes.", "PMID": 1116990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5302", "title": "Ultrastructure of Chlamydomonas eugametos palmelloids induced by chloroplatinic acid treatment.", "content": "Palmelloids induced in the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas eugametos by chloroplatinic acid treatment have been studied electron microscopically. Thin-sectioned specimens revealed the multilayer nature of the cell walls after second division within the palmelloid. Although synchrony in cell division is lost, to a certain degree, within the palmelloid, the cells themselves appeared normal, and the presence of normal flagellar structure was confirmed. The presence of the eyespot was observed at the optical level as well as in the freeze-etched specimens. The above results support the hypothesis that the palmelloid condition of Chlamydomonas eugametos induced by chloroplatinic acid is due to an abnormality in cell wall formation rather than flagellar malfunction or loss.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of Chlamydomonas eugametos palmelloids induced by chloroplatinic acid treatment. Palmelloids induced in the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas eugametos by chloroplatinic acid treatment have been studied electron microscopically. Thin-sectioned specimens revealed the multilayer nature of the cell walls after second division within the palmelloid. Although synchrony in cell division is lost, to a certain degree, within the palmelloid, the cells themselves appeared normal, and the presence of normal flagellar structure was confirmed. The presence of the eyespot was observed at the optical level as well as in the freeze-etched specimens. The above results support the hypothesis that the palmelloid condition of Chlamydomonas eugametos induced by chloroplatinic acid is due to an abnormality in cell wall formation rather than flagellar malfunction or loss.", "PMID": 1116991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5303", "title": "Energetics of Bacillus stearothermophilus growth: molar growth yield and temperature effects on growth efficiency.", "content": "The major growth yield of a prototrophic strain of Bacillus stearothermophilus under aerobic conditions on salts medium containing ammonium nitrate as the nitrogen source and glucose or succinate as the carbon source was maximal at the lowest growth temperature employed and decreased steadily as the temperature was raised. The temperature optima for growth yield and for growth rate were thus different. The molar growth yield values of the thermophile, especially at the lower growth temperatures, were similar to those reported for aerobically grown mesophilic bacteria, both on glucose and on succinate. At the higher growth temperatures, a lower proportion of glucose carbon was incorporated into cells and a correspondingly greater proportion was left incompletely utilized in the medium, mostly as acetate. This suggests a greater inefficiency in the coordination of the nonoxidative and oxidative phases of glucose metabolism at the gigher temperatures. Another factor causing a decreased cell yield at higher temperatures was possibly an uncoupling of energy production from respiration. The rates of respiration by intact cells of the thermophile on glucose and on succinate followed the Arrhenius relationship from 55 C to 20 C, which is some 20 C below the minimal growth temperature of the organism. The Arrhenius constant was 17.1 kcal/mol for glucose oxidation and 13.5 kcal/mol for succinate oxidation. These results are comparable to those reported for some mesophiles, and they suggest that the inability of the thermophile to grow at temperatures below about 41 C is not due to an abnormally high temperature coefficient for the uptake and oxidation of the carbon source.", "contents": "Energetics of Bacillus stearothermophilus growth: molar growth yield and temperature effects on growth efficiency. The major growth yield of a prototrophic strain of Bacillus stearothermophilus under aerobic conditions on salts medium containing ammonium nitrate as the nitrogen source and glucose or succinate as the carbon source was maximal at the lowest growth temperature employed and decreased steadily as the temperature was raised. The temperature optima for growth yield and for growth rate were thus different. The molar growth yield values of the thermophile, especially at the lower growth temperatures, were similar to those reported for aerobically grown mesophilic bacteria, both on glucose and on succinate. At the higher growth temperatures, a lower proportion of glucose carbon was incorporated into cells and a correspondingly greater proportion was left incompletely utilized in the medium, mostly as acetate. This suggests a greater inefficiency in the coordination of the nonoxidative and oxidative phases of glucose metabolism at the gigher temperatures. Another factor causing a decreased cell yield at higher temperatures was possibly an uncoupling of energy production from respiration. The rates of respiration by intact cells of the thermophile on glucose and on succinate followed the Arrhenius relationship from 55 C to 20 C, which is some 20 C below the minimal growth temperature of the organism. The Arrhenius constant was 17.1 kcal/mol for glucose oxidation and 13.5 kcal/mol for succinate oxidation. These results are comparable to those reported for some mesophiles, and they suggest that the inability of the thermophile to grow at temperatures below about 41 C is not due to an abnormally high temperature coefficient for the uptake and oxidation of the carbon source.", "PMID": 1116992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5304", "title": "Relationship of macromolecular synthesis to competence induction in a group H streptococcus.", "content": "Group H streptococcus strain Wicky, which was induced to competence for genetic transformation with competence factor (CF) derived from a related strain, displayed reduced rates of ribonucleic acid (RNA) and peptidoglycan synthesis. Pulse-labeling studies revealed that the inhibition of both RNA and peptidoglycan synthesis was maximal at the peak of competence and decreased as competence declined. These studies indicated that competence induction had only a slight effect on the rate of protein synthesis. Trypsin inactivation of CF prevented the reductions in synthesis normally elicited by CF preparations. If the addition of trypsin was delayed until 5 min after the addition of CF, competence induction and decreased synthesis of RNA and peptidoglycan were again apparent. Thus, the alterations in the synthesis of these macromolecules appeared to be related to the induction of competence. Further studies indicated that the apparent reductions in biosynthesis were not caused by decreased uptake of the labeled precursors by intact Wicky cells. In addition, these effects were probably not the result of turnover of macromolecules induced by CF. The lack of turnover of labeled peptidoglycan suggested that competence induction may not involve an autolysin.", "contents": "Relationship of macromolecular synthesis to competence induction in a group H streptococcus. Group H streptococcus strain Wicky, which was induced to competence for genetic transformation with competence factor (CF) derived from a related strain, displayed reduced rates of ribonucleic acid (RNA) and peptidoglycan synthesis. Pulse-labeling studies revealed that the inhibition of both RNA and peptidoglycan synthesis was maximal at the peak of competence and decreased as competence declined. These studies indicated that competence induction had only a slight effect on the rate of protein synthesis. Trypsin inactivation of CF prevented the reductions in synthesis normally elicited by CF preparations. If the addition of trypsin was delayed until 5 min after the addition of CF, competence induction and decreased synthesis of RNA and peptidoglycan were again apparent. Thus, the alterations in the synthesis of these macromolecules appeared to be related to the induction of competence. Further studies indicated that the apparent reductions in biosynthesis were not caused by decreased uptake of the labeled precursors by intact Wicky cells. In addition, these effects were probably not the result of turnover of macromolecules induced by CF. The lack of turnover of labeled peptidoglycan suggested that competence induction may not involve an autolysin.", "PMID": 1116993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5305", "title": "Metabolic control of urea catabolism in Chlamydomonas reinhardi and Chlorella pyrenoidosa.", "content": "In the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardi (strain y-1), synthesis of the enzymes required for urea hydrolysis is under substrate induction control by urea and under end product repression control by ammonia. Hydrolysis of urea if effected by the sequential action of the discrete enzymes urea carboxylase and allophanate lyase, collectively called urea amidolyase. The carboxylase converts urea to allophanate in a reaction requiring biotin, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, and Mg2+. The lyase hydrolzyes allophanate to ammonium ions and bicarbonate. Neither activity is present in more than trace amounts when cultures are grown with ammonia or urea plus ammonia, or when they are starved for nitrogen for 8 h. Urea in the absence of ammonia induces both activities 10 to 100 times the basal levels. Addition of ammonia to an induced culture causes complete cessation of carboxylase accumulation and an 80% depression of lyase accumulation. Ammonia does not reduce urea uptake by repressed cells, so it does not prevent induction by the mechanism of inducer exclusion. The unicellular green alga Chlorella pyrenoidosa (strain 3 Emerson) also has discrete carboxylase and lyase enzymes, but only the carboxylase exhibits metabolic control.", "contents": "Metabolic control of urea catabolism in Chlamydomonas reinhardi and Chlorella pyrenoidosa. In the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardi (strain y-1), synthesis of the enzymes required for urea hydrolysis is under substrate induction control by urea and under end product repression control by ammonia. Hydrolysis of urea if effected by the sequential action of the discrete enzymes urea carboxylase and allophanate lyase, collectively called urea amidolyase. The carboxylase converts urea to allophanate in a reaction requiring biotin, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, and Mg2+. The lyase hydrolzyes allophanate to ammonium ions and bicarbonate. Neither activity is present in more than trace amounts when cultures are grown with ammonia or urea plus ammonia, or when they are starved for nitrogen for 8 h. Urea in the absence of ammonia induces both activities 10 to 100 times the basal levels. Addition of ammonia to an induced culture causes complete cessation of carboxylase accumulation and an 80% depression of lyase accumulation. Ammonia does not reduce urea uptake by repressed cells, so it does not prevent induction by the mechanism of inducer exclusion. The unicellular green alga Chlorella pyrenoidosa (strain 3 Emerson) also has discrete carboxylase and lyase enzymes, but only the carboxylase exhibits metabolic control.", "PMID": 1116994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5306", "title": "Capacity of the outer membrane of a gram-negative marine bacterium in the presence of cations to prevent lysis by Triton X-100.", "content": "Cells of marine pseudomonad B-16 (ATCC 19855) washed with a solution containing 0.3 M NaCl, 50 mM MgCl2, and 10 mM KCl (complete salts) could be protected from lysis in a hypotonic environment if the suspending medium contained either 20 mM Mg2+, 40 mM Na+, or 300 mM K+. When the outer double-track layer (the outer membrane) of the cell envelope was removed to yield mureinoplasts, the Mg2+, Na+ or K+, requirements to prevent lysis were raised to 80, 210, and 400 mM, respectively. In the presence of 0.1% Triton X-100, 220, 320, and 360 mM Mg2+, Na+ or K+, respectively, prevented lysis of the normal cells. Mureinoplasts and protoplasts, however, lysed instantly in the presence of the detergent at all concentrations of Mg2+, Na+, or K+ tested up to 1.2 M. Thus, the structure of the outer membrane appears to be maintained by appropriate concentrations of Mg2+ or Na+ in a form preventing the penetration of Triton X-100 and thereby protecting the cytoplasmic membrane from dissolution by the detergent. K+ was effective in this capacity with cells washed with complete salts solution but not with cells washed with a solution of NaCl, suggesting that bound Mg2+ was required in the cell wall membrane for K+ to be effective in preventing lysis by the detergent. At high concentrations (1 M) K+ and Mg2+, but not Na+, appeared to destabilize the structure of the outer membrane in the presence of Triton X-100.", "contents": "Capacity of the outer membrane of a gram-negative marine bacterium in the presence of cations to prevent lysis by Triton X-100. Cells of marine pseudomonad B-16 (ATCC 19855) washed with a solution containing 0.3 M NaCl, 50 mM MgCl2, and 10 mM KCl (complete salts) could be protected from lysis in a hypotonic environment if the suspending medium contained either 20 mM Mg2+, 40 mM Na+, or 300 mM K+. When the outer double-track layer (the outer membrane) of the cell envelope was removed to yield mureinoplasts, the Mg2+, Na+ or K+, requirements to prevent lysis were raised to 80, 210, and 400 mM, respectively. In the presence of 0.1% Triton X-100, 220, 320, and 360 mM Mg2+, Na+ or K+, respectively, prevented lysis of the normal cells. Mureinoplasts and protoplasts, however, lysed instantly in the presence of the detergent at all concentrations of Mg2+, Na+, or K+ tested up to 1.2 M. Thus, the structure of the outer membrane appears to be maintained by appropriate concentrations of Mg2+ or Na+ in a form preventing the penetration of Triton X-100 and thereby protecting the cytoplasmic membrane from dissolution by the detergent. K+ was effective in this capacity with cells washed with complete salts solution but not with cells washed with a solution of NaCl, suggesting that bound Mg2+ was required in the cell wall membrane for K+ to be effective in preventing lysis by the detergent. At high concentrations (1 M) K+ and Mg2+, but not Na+, appeared to destabilize the structure of the outer membrane in the presence of Triton X-100.", "PMID": 1116995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5307", "title": "Regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase in isolated rat liver mitochondria. Effects of octanoate, oxidation-reduction state, and adenosine triphosphate to adenosine diphosphate ratio.", "content": "Factors which influence the distribution of pyruvate dehydrogenase between its active, unphosphorylated form (PDHa) and its inactive, phosphorylated form (PDHb) have been examined in isolated rat liver mitochondria. A rapid freezing method was developed for the extraction of pyruvate dehydrogenase from incubated mitochondria which prevented interconversions between PHDa and PDHb which normally occur when mitochondria are collected by centrifugal methods. The intramitochondrial ATP:ADP ration was varied over a 100-fold range by the addition of dinitrophenol, oligomycin, or both substances to mitochondria oxidizing 2-oxoglutarate. PDHa activity was found to be inversely proportional to the intramitochondrial ATP:ADP ratio but was not closely correlated with the extramitochondrial adenine nucleotide levels. When mitochondria were incubated in State 4 with succinate and rotenone, the addition of pyruvate increased PDHa activity more than 10-fold without appreciably altering the mitochondrial ATP:ADP ratio. These observations are most readily explained by the known inhibitory effects of pyruvate and ADP on PDHa kinase. PDHa activity could be maintained at a high level by incubating mitochondria in a condition resembling State 3 by the addition of succinate, glucose, and hexokinase. The further addition of octanoate reduced PDHa activity by 60% without appreciably altering the ATP:ADP ratio. Rotenone had a sililar effect. When added in the presence of octanoate, rotenone further decreased PDHa activity whereas 4-pentenoate led to an increase in activity. The effects of octanoate on PDHa activity were not seen when mitochondria were incubated in the presence of high levels of pyruvate, though pyruvate oxidation was till diminished by over 50%. The data suggest that octanoate addition favors the PDHa kinase reaction leading to inactivation of PDHa, and in addition causes the accumulation of NADH and acetyl-CoA which are recognized competitive inhibitors of pyruvate dehydrogenase.", "contents": "Regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase in isolated rat liver mitochondria. Effects of octanoate, oxidation-reduction state, and adenosine triphosphate to adenosine diphosphate ratio. Factors which influence the distribution of pyruvate dehydrogenase between its active, unphosphorylated form (PDHa) and its inactive, phosphorylated form (PDHb) have been examined in isolated rat liver mitochondria. A rapid freezing method was developed for the extraction of pyruvate dehydrogenase from incubated mitochondria which prevented interconversions between PHDa and PDHb which normally occur when mitochondria are collected by centrifugal methods. The intramitochondrial ATP:ADP ration was varied over a 100-fold range by the addition of dinitrophenol, oligomycin, or both substances to mitochondria oxidizing 2-oxoglutarate. PDHa activity was found to be inversely proportional to the intramitochondrial ATP:ADP ratio but was not closely correlated with the extramitochondrial adenine nucleotide levels. When mitochondria were incubated in State 4 with succinate and rotenone, the addition of pyruvate increased PDHa activity more than 10-fold without appreciably altering the mitochondrial ATP:ADP ratio. These observations are most readily explained by the known inhibitory effects of pyruvate and ADP on PDHa kinase. PDHa activity could be maintained at a high level by incubating mitochondria in a condition resembling State 3 by the addition of succinate, glucose, and hexokinase. The further addition of octanoate reduced PDHa activity by 60% without appreciably altering the ATP:ADP ratio. Rotenone had a sililar effect. When added in the presence of octanoate, rotenone further decreased PDHa activity whereas 4-pentenoate led to an increase in activity. The effects of octanoate on PDHa activity were not seen when mitochondria were incubated in the presence of high levels of pyruvate, though pyruvate oxidation was till diminished by over 50%. The data suggest that octanoate addition favors the PDHa kinase reaction leading to inactivation of PDHa, and in addition causes the accumulation of NADH and acetyl-CoA which are recognized competitive inhibitors of pyruvate dehydrogenase.", "PMID": 1116996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5308", "title": "Abnormal induction of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase in leukocytes from subjects with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia.", "content": "Human leukocytes isolated from fresh defibinated blood were shown to utilize acetate and mevalonate for sterol synthesis. The capacity of the leukocytes to synthesize sterols is limited severely as compared to their ability to convert mevalonate into farnesyl pyrophosphate (which they hydrolyze rapidly to free farnesol) and into squalene. When leukocytes are incubated in a medium containing lipid-free serum, synthesis of sterols from acetate, but not from mevalonate, is much enhanced. It was shown that this increased synthesis resulted from increased levels of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase activity in the cells. A comparison was made of the activation of sterol synthesis from acetate in leukocytes of normal individuals and of heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemics. The latter group responded to incubation in lipid-free sera with a significantly higher activation than the cells of normocholesterolemics. This activation was shown to be well correlated with a higher induction of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase in the heterozygous cells than in the normals. The leukocytes of a heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemic individual were found to release, into a lipid-free incubation medium, more endogenously synthesized [3H]sterol (but not [3H]squalene) than the cells of a normal person. It is suggested that the genetic abnormality in heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia could be accounted for by a mutation resulting in a weaker binding of a sterol repressor by heterozygous cells than by normal cells.", "contents": "Abnormal induction of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase in leukocytes from subjects with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. Human leukocytes isolated from fresh defibinated blood were shown to utilize acetate and mevalonate for sterol synthesis. The capacity of the leukocytes to synthesize sterols is limited severely as compared to their ability to convert mevalonate into farnesyl pyrophosphate (which they hydrolyze rapidly to free farnesol) and into squalene. When leukocytes are incubated in a medium containing lipid-free serum, synthesis of sterols from acetate, but not from mevalonate, is much enhanced. It was shown that this increased synthesis resulted from increased levels of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase activity in the cells. A comparison was made of the activation of sterol synthesis from acetate in leukocytes of normal individuals and of heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemics. The latter group responded to incubation in lipid-free sera with a significantly higher activation than the cells of normocholesterolemics. This activation was shown to be well correlated with a higher induction of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase in the heterozygous cells than in the normals. The leukocytes of a heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemic individual were found to release, into a lipid-free incubation medium, more endogenously synthesized [3H]sterol (but not [3H]squalene) than the cells of a normal person. It is suggested that the genetic abnormality in heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia could be accounted for by a mutation resulting in a weaker binding of a sterol repressor by heterozygous cells than by normal cells.", "PMID": 1116997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5309", "title": "The use of 13C nuclear magnetic resonance of aromatic amino acid residues to determine the midpoint oxidation-reduction potential of each iron-sulfur cluster of Clostridium acidi-urici and Clostridium pasteurianum ferredoxins.", "content": "13C NMR of the aromatic residues of Clostridium acidi-urici [Phe2]ferredoxin (a chemically modified ferredoxin in which a phenylalanyl residue replaces a tyrosyl residue) and Clostridium pasteurianum ferredoxin permits one to distinguish and probe each iron-sulfur (Fe7S7) cluster neighboring the aromatic residues within each protein. This is because the ring carbon resonance shifts of the phenylalanyl and tyrosyl residues can be distinguished. The 13C NMR results suggest that the midpoint oxidation-reduction potentials of the two Fe4S4 clusters in C. pasteurianum and C. acidi-urici ferredoxin differ by 10 plus or minus 5 mv and smaller than mv, respectively. 13C NMR of an equilibrium mixture of methyl viologen-reduced C. acidi-urici and C. pasteurianum ferredoxin shows that the protein midpoint oxidation-reduction potential of C. acidi-urici ferredoxin is 47 plus or minus 10 mv lower than that of C. pasteurianum ferredoxin. We attribute the differences in cluster and protein midpoint oxidation-reduction potentials to differences in protein structure.", "contents": "The use of 13C nuclear magnetic resonance of aromatic amino acid residues to determine the midpoint oxidation-reduction potential of each iron-sulfur cluster of Clostridium acidi-urici and Clostridium pasteurianum ferredoxins. 13C NMR of the aromatic residues of Clostridium acidi-urici [Phe2]ferredoxin (a chemically modified ferredoxin in which a phenylalanyl residue replaces a tyrosyl residue) and Clostridium pasteurianum ferredoxin permits one to distinguish and probe each iron-sulfur (Fe7S7) cluster neighboring the aromatic residues within each protein. This is because the ring carbon resonance shifts of the phenylalanyl and tyrosyl residues can be distinguished. The 13C NMR results suggest that the midpoint oxidation-reduction potentials of the two Fe4S4 clusters in C. pasteurianum and C. acidi-urici ferredoxin differ by 10 plus or minus 5 mv and smaller than mv, respectively. 13C NMR of an equilibrium mixture of methyl viologen-reduced C. acidi-urici and C. pasteurianum ferredoxin shows that the protein midpoint oxidation-reduction potential of C. acidi-urici ferredoxin is 47 plus or minus 10 mv lower than that of C. pasteurianum ferredoxin. We attribute the differences in cluster and protein midpoint oxidation-reduction potentials to differences in protein structure.", "PMID": 1116998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5310", "title": "Heterogeneity of the carbohydrate chains of sulfated bronchial glycoproteins isolated from a patient suffering from cystic fibrosis.", "content": "Sulfated glycoproteins having blood group H activity were isolated from the sputum of a child suffering from cystic fibrosis, by reduction of the fibrillar mucus, chromatography on ECTEOLA-cellulose, and gel filtration on Sepharose 4B. The sulfated glycoproteins were degraded with alkaline borohydride, and the degradation products were fractionated by chromatography on ion exchange resins and by gel filtration. The carbohydrate chains thus obtained have a wide heterogeneity with regard to acidity and molecular size. The neutral chains contain blood group H active oligosaccharides and incomplete chains as short as 1 residue of 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-galactose. The minimal size of the neuraminic acid-containing chains is less than that of the sulfated chains, which increases with the degree of sulfation. The sulfate groups are linked at C-6 at the D-galactose residues.", "contents": "Heterogeneity of the carbohydrate chains of sulfated bronchial glycoproteins isolated from a patient suffering from cystic fibrosis. Sulfated glycoproteins having blood group H activity were isolated from the sputum of a child suffering from cystic fibrosis, by reduction of the fibrillar mucus, chromatography on ECTEOLA-cellulose, and gel filtration on Sepharose 4B. The sulfated glycoproteins were degraded with alkaline borohydride, and the degradation products were fractionated by chromatography on ion exchange resins and by gel filtration. The carbohydrate chains thus obtained have a wide heterogeneity with regard to acidity and molecular size. The neutral chains contain blood group H active oligosaccharides and incomplete chains as short as 1 residue of 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-galactose. The minimal size of the neuraminic acid-containing chains is less than that of the sulfated chains, which increases with the degree of sulfation. The sulfate groups are linked at C-6 at the D-galactose residues.", "PMID": 1116999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5311", "title": "Synthesis and assembly of HeLa cell plasma membrane glycoproteins and proteins.", "content": "At least 60 percent of the fucose residues in HeLa cell glycoprotein are nonreducing, terminal, and closely proximal to the protein carbohydrate linkage. As determined by pulse-labeling with (3H) fucose and sizing glycopeptides in Sephadex chromatography these residues are added near the time of completion of oligosaccharide chains. Glycoproteins, the large bulk if not the only macromolecules labeled with radioactive fucose in HeLa cells, were not soluble in ethanol or chloroform-methanol, 2:1, but were substanially solubilized by chloroform-methanol-water, 10:10:3. Folch extraction of labeled cells and analysis of the upper phase revealed little if any (3H) fucose-labeled glycosphingolipids. Studies on the distribution of radioactively labeled glycoprotein in various cell fractions show that in uniform labeling conditions fucosylated glycoproteins accumulate in the plasma membrane specifically. Pulse-chase and protein synthesis inhibitor studies show that there is an internal pool of completed fucosylated glycoprotein, taking not less than 12 min to deplete. From this pool newly synthesized glycoprotein moves to the plasma membrane with a transit time of 12 min and little was found soluble in the cell. By contrast, a pool of protein labeled with 14C-aminoacids and precursor to plasma membrane protein is small and depleted almost immediately. From this pool newly synthesized protein molecules move to the plasma membrane with a transit time of less than 2 min. It would appear that these two distinct molecular components of plasma membranes may be assembled into membranes sequentially or into the plasma membrane independently.", "contents": "Synthesis and assembly of HeLa cell plasma membrane glycoproteins and proteins. At least 60 percent of the fucose residues in HeLa cell glycoprotein are nonreducing, terminal, and closely proximal to the protein carbohydrate linkage. As determined by pulse-labeling with (3H) fucose and sizing glycopeptides in Sephadex chromatography these residues are added near the time of completion of oligosaccharide chains. Glycoproteins, the large bulk if not the only macromolecules labeled with radioactive fucose in HeLa cells, were not soluble in ethanol or chloroform-methanol, 2:1, but were substanially solubilized by chloroform-methanol-water, 10:10:3. Folch extraction of labeled cells and analysis of the upper phase revealed little if any (3H) fucose-labeled glycosphingolipids. Studies on the distribution of radioactively labeled glycoprotein in various cell fractions show that in uniform labeling conditions fucosylated glycoproteins accumulate in the plasma membrane specifically. Pulse-chase and protein synthesis inhibitor studies show that there is an internal pool of completed fucosylated glycoprotein, taking not less than 12 min to deplete. From this pool newly synthesized glycoprotein moves to the plasma membrane with a transit time of 12 min and little was found soluble in the cell. By contrast, a pool of protein labeled with 14C-aminoacids and precursor to plasma membrane protein is small and depleted almost immediately. From this pool newly synthesized protein molecules move to the plasma membrane with a transit time of less than 2 min. It would appear that these two distinct molecular components of plasma membranes may be assembled into membranes sequentially or into the plasma membrane independently.", "PMID": 1117000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5312", "title": "Prothrombin fragments. Ca2+ binding and activation kinetics.", "content": "The binding of Ca2+ to prothrombin and the intermediates of prothrombin activation was investigated by equilibrium dialysis using 45Ca2+ as the ligand. Scatchard plots of these data indicate that prothrombin (Mr = 70,000) has 10 to 11 Ca2+ binding sites which can be differentiated in terms of their binding affinity. Six of these Ca2+ binding sites have log Kassoc = 3.5 and all are found intact in the NH2-terminal segment (activation intermediate 3, Mr = 23,000) of the prothrombin molecule. Four or five additional weaker binding sites for Cz2+ with log Kassoc = 2.7 present in prothrombin are found intact in the remaining COOH-segment (activation intermediate 1, Mr = 51,000) of the prothrombin molecule. Upon further activation the Ca2+ binding sites residing in intermediate 1 are found intact in activation intermediate 4 (which constitutes the NH2-terminal segment of the intermediate 1 molecule). The remaining COOH-terminal portion (activation intermediate 2, Mr = 41,000) of the intermediate 1 molecule has no affinity for Ca2+. The activation of prothrombin and activation intermediates 1 and 2 was studied using these activators: Factor Xa alone, Factor Xa-Ca+, AND Factor Xa-Ca2+-phospholipid. The rate of thrombin production from prothrombin was progressively increased as Ca2+ and phospholipid were added to the system, whereas no significant increase in the rates of activation of intermediate 1 and 2 was observed. When Factor V was added to the Factor Xa-Ca2+-phospholipid system, the rate of activation of intermediate 1 was greatly enhanced. In the absence of Ca2+, Factor V had no effect on the rate of thrombin formation from intermediate 1. Factor V had no stimulatory effects on the rate of intermediate 2 activation. However, in the presence of an equimolar amount of intermediate 4, Factor V accelerated the conversion of intermediate 2 to thrombin. These studies indicate that the Ca2+ binding sites of the prothrombin molecule are contained in the \"pro\" fragment (intermediates 3 and 4) of the prothrombin molecule. Intermediate 1 and intermediate 2, both of which lack the strong Ca2+ binding sites of prothrombin, are poor substrates for the Factor Xa-Ca2+-phospholipid complex activation when compared to prothrombin. The addition of Factor V to the catalyst results in acceleration of the activation rate of intermediate 1 and an equimolar mixture if intermediates 2 and 4. These results lead us to conclude that the strong Ca2+ binding sites are the sites of phospholipid binding (intermediate 3), whereas the seak binding sites are the sites of Factor V binding (intermediate 4).", "contents": "Prothrombin fragments. Ca2+ binding and activation kinetics. The binding of Ca2+ to prothrombin and the intermediates of prothrombin activation was investigated by equilibrium dialysis using 45Ca2+ as the ligand. Scatchard plots of these data indicate that prothrombin (Mr = 70,000) has 10 to 11 Ca2+ binding sites which can be differentiated in terms of their binding affinity. Six of these Ca2+ binding sites have log Kassoc = 3.5 and all are found intact in the NH2-terminal segment (activation intermediate 3, Mr = 23,000) of the prothrombin molecule. Four or five additional weaker binding sites for Cz2+ with log Kassoc = 2.7 present in prothrombin are found intact in the remaining COOH-segment (activation intermediate 1, Mr = 51,000) of the prothrombin molecule. Upon further activation the Ca2+ binding sites residing in intermediate 1 are found intact in activation intermediate 4 (which constitutes the NH2-terminal segment of the intermediate 1 molecule). The remaining COOH-terminal portion (activation intermediate 2, Mr = 41,000) of the intermediate 1 molecule has no affinity for Ca2+. The activation of prothrombin and activation intermediates 1 and 2 was studied using these activators: Factor Xa alone, Factor Xa-Ca+, AND Factor Xa-Ca2+-phospholipid. The rate of thrombin production from prothrombin was progressively increased as Ca2+ and phospholipid were added to the system, whereas no significant increase in the rates of activation of intermediate 1 and 2 was observed. When Factor V was added to the Factor Xa-Ca2+-phospholipid system, the rate of activation of intermediate 1 was greatly enhanced. In the absence of Ca2+, Factor V had no effect on the rate of thrombin formation from intermediate 1. Factor V had no stimulatory effects on the rate of intermediate 2 activation. However, in the presence of an equimolar amount of intermediate 4, Factor V accelerated the conversion of intermediate 2 to thrombin. These studies indicate that the Ca2+ binding sites of the prothrombin molecule are contained in the \"pro\" fragment (intermediates 3 and 4) of the prothrombin molecule. Intermediate 1 and intermediate 2, both of which lack the strong Ca2+ binding sites of prothrombin, are poor substrates for the Factor Xa-Ca2+-phospholipid complex activation when compared to prothrombin. The addition of Factor V to the catalyst results in acceleration of the activation rate of intermediate 1 and an equimolar mixture if intermediates 2 and 4. These results lead us to conclude that the strong Ca2+ binding sites are the sites of phospholipid binding (intermediate 3), whereas the seak binding sites are the sites of Factor V binding (intermediate 4).", "PMID": 1117001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5313", "title": "Multiple forms of cytochrome P-450 in phenobarbital- and 3-methylcholanthrene-treated rats. Separation and spectral properties.", "content": "Multiple forms of liver microsomal cytochrome P-450 isolated from immature male rats pretreated with phenobarbital or 3-methylcholanthrene are described. Afraction of low specific content (Fraction A. 1.7 TO 4.0 nmol of cytochrome P-450 per mg of protein) and a fraction substantially purified (Fraction B, 9.0 TO 11.0 NMOL of cytochrome P-450 per mg of protein) are obtained by DEAE-cellulose chromatography of a partially purified cytochrome P-450 preparation in the presence of Emulgen 911. Shifts in the absorption maxima in the CO-reduced and ethyl isocyanide difference spectra are observed in the fractions derived from 3-methylcholanthrene-treated rats. The fractions derived from phenobarbital-treated rats exhibit different 455:430 ratios and pH intercepts in the ethyl isocyanide difference spectra. The absolute oxidized spectra and n-octylamine binding spectra at room temperature and EPR analysis at the temperature of liquid helium characterize all the fractions, except the Fraction A from 3-methylcholanthrene-treated rats, as low spin ferric hemeproteins. The A hemeprotein fractions from both 3-methylcholanthrene- and phenobarbital-treated rats have poor catalytic activity for the metabolism of benzphentamine and 3,4-benzo-[a]pyrene in comparison to the B hemeprotein fractions which may be due to the presence of a high concentration of Emulgen 911 in the A fractions. However, the presence of Emulgen 911 cannot account for the spectral differences among the fractions.", "contents": "Multiple forms of cytochrome P-450 in phenobarbital- and 3-methylcholanthrene-treated rats. Separation and spectral properties. Multiple forms of liver microsomal cytochrome P-450 isolated from immature male rats pretreated with phenobarbital or 3-methylcholanthrene are described. Afraction of low specific content (Fraction A. 1.7 TO 4.0 nmol of cytochrome P-450 per mg of protein) and a fraction substantially purified (Fraction B, 9.0 TO 11.0 NMOL of cytochrome P-450 per mg of protein) are obtained by DEAE-cellulose chromatography of a partially purified cytochrome P-450 preparation in the presence of Emulgen 911. Shifts in the absorption maxima in the CO-reduced and ethyl isocyanide difference spectra are observed in the fractions derived from 3-methylcholanthrene-treated rats. The fractions derived from phenobarbital-treated rats exhibit different 455:430 ratios and pH intercepts in the ethyl isocyanide difference spectra. The absolute oxidized spectra and n-octylamine binding spectra at room temperature and EPR analysis at the temperature of liquid helium characterize all the fractions, except the Fraction A from 3-methylcholanthrene-treated rats, as low spin ferric hemeproteins. The A hemeprotein fractions from both 3-methylcholanthrene- and phenobarbital-treated rats have poor catalytic activity for the metabolism of benzphentamine and 3,4-benzo-[a]pyrene in comparison to the B hemeprotein fractions which may be due to the presence of a high concentration of Emulgen 911 in the A fractions. However, the presence of Emulgen 911 cannot account for the spectral differences among the fractions.", "PMID": 1117002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5314", "title": "Studies on the mechanism of covalent incorporation of a lysergyl derivative to immunoglobulin peptides in vitro.", "content": "In vitro incubation of hyperimmune rabbit lymphoid cells with the hallucinogenic indole alkaloid, d-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), results in biosynthesis of modified, secretable immunoglobulin peptides. Modification involves covalent attachment of the lysergyl moiety to COOH-terminal portions of the peptides. Aalogous effects occur when cells are incubated in vitro in the presence of the non-hallucinogenic LSD analogue, d-lysergic acid, and N-[3H]-carboxymethyl-d-lysergamide. The phenomenon is reversed by tryptophan and is inhibited by puromycin and cycloheximide. In vitro attachment of the lysergyl moiety occurs in the presence of actinomycin D at levels which inhibit RNA synthesis. While LSD is not attached to intracellular tRNA, the drug binds to 80 S ribosomes from hyperimmune lymphoid cells with high affinity (K A equals 3.5 times 10-8 M-1). Similar binding occurs to nonimmune splenic ribosomes. Implications of these findings are discussed with respect to the degree of involvement of cellular protein translational mechanisms in the covalent attachment of the lysergyl moiety to low molecular weight immunoglobulin peptides.", "contents": "Studies on the mechanism of covalent incorporation of a lysergyl derivative to immunoglobulin peptides in vitro. In vitro incubation of hyperimmune rabbit lymphoid cells with the hallucinogenic indole alkaloid, d-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), results in biosynthesis of modified, secretable immunoglobulin peptides. Modification involves covalent attachment of the lysergyl moiety to COOH-terminal portions of the peptides. Aalogous effects occur when cells are incubated in vitro in the presence of the non-hallucinogenic LSD analogue, d-lysergic acid, and N-[3H]-carboxymethyl-d-lysergamide. The phenomenon is reversed by tryptophan and is inhibited by puromycin and cycloheximide. In vitro attachment of the lysergyl moiety occurs in the presence of actinomycin D at levels which inhibit RNA synthesis. While LSD is not attached to intracellular tRNA, the drug binds to 80 S ribosomes from hyperimmune lymphoid cells with high affinity (K A equals 3.5 times 10-8 M-1). Similar binding occurs to nonimmune splenic ribosomes. Implications of these findings are discussed with respect to the degree of involvement of cellular protein translational mechanisms in the covalent attachment of the lysergyl moiety to low molecular weight immunoglobulin peptides.", "PMID": 1117003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5315", "title": "Sequential changes in the protein synthetic activity of male Xenopus laevis liver following induction of egg-yolk proteins by Estradiol-17 beta.", "content": "Administration of a single injection of estradiol-17 beta to adult male Xenopus laevis induces the synthesis and secretion by the liver of the egg-yolk protein complex vitellogenin. Explants taken from livers of hormone-treated animals and maintained in organ culture continue to produce this protein at a rate which is dependent on the length of time between estrogen injection of the donor and preparation of the explants. Organ culture, therefore, can be used to quantitate the vitellogenic response and to study its time course in detail. An increase in the rate of incorporation of radioactive amino acids into secreted protein is first detectable in explants taken from animals 12 hours after estradiol injection. The response becomes increasingly pronounced as the period after hormone treatment of the donors is prolonged, and it is maximal in explants taken from frogs 12 days after estrogen administration. At this time production of vitellogenin can account for as much as 90 per cent of total protein synthesis in the liver. Labeling of intracellular protein with [14C]serine is stimulated 2-fold and incorporation into secreted protein increased 36-fold under conditions where the rate or extent of uptake of radioactive precursor into the acid-soluble pool does not change. After a lag period of 2 to 4 hours the secretion of vitellogenin in culture continues at a constant rate for up to 3 days. At least part of the stability of yolk protein synthesis in culture is attributable to long lived messenger RNA species. The major component of vitellogenin labeled wither in vivo or in culture has a molecular weight of approximately 180,000 as shown by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Material labeled with [3H]serine gives a similar distribution of radioactivity on gel electrophoresis as that labeled with [35S]methionine, with no peak corresponding to the molecular weight of phosvitin. It is suggested that phosvitin is not a primary product of translation but is synthesized as part of the large subunit of vitellogenin.", "contents": "Sequential changes in the protein synthetic activity of male Xenopus laevis liver following induction of egg-yolk proteins by Estradiol-17 beta. Administration of a single injection of estradiol-17 beta to adult male Xenopus laevis induces the synthesis and secretion by the liver of the egg-yolk protein complex vitellogenin. Explants taken from livers of hormone-treated animals and maintained in organ culture continue to produce this protein at a rate which is dependent on the length of time between estrogen injection of the donor and preparation of the explants. Organ culture, therefore, can be used to quantitate the vitellogenic response and to study its time course in detail. An increase in the rate of incorporation of radioactive amino acids into secreted protein is first detectable in explants taken from animals 12 hours after estradiol injection. The response becomes increasingly pronounced as the period after hormone treatment of the donors is prolonged, and it is maximal in explants taken from frogs 12 days after estrogen administration. At this time production of vitellogenin can account for as much as 90 per cent of total protein synthesis in the liver. Labeling of intracellular protein with [14C]serine is stimulated 2-fold and incorporation into secreted protein increased 36-fold under conditions where the rate or extent of uptake of radioactive precursor into the acid-soluble pool does not change. After a lag period of 2 to 4 hours the secretion of vitellogenin in culture continues at a constant rate for up to 3 days. At least part of the stability of yolk protein synthesis in culture is attributable to long lived messenger RNA species. The major component of vitellogenin labeled wither in vivo or in culture has a molecular weight of approximately 180,000 as shown by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Material labeled with [3H]serine gives a similar distribution of radioactivity on gel electrophoresis as that labeled with [35S]methionine, with no peak corresponding to the molecular weight of phosvitin. It is suggested that phosvitin is not a primary product of translation but is synthesized as part of the large subunit of vitellogenin.", "PMID": 1117004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5316", "title": "Glucocorticoid inhibition of protein synthesis in vivo and in vitro.", "content": "In young adult rats receiving glucocorticoids in pharmacological amounts, the accumulation proteins in the liver was suppressed. In vivo pulse-labeling experiments showed that inhibition of protein synthesis in the liver was an early effect of a single dose of glucocorticoid followed by a stimulation of protein synthesis. In animals receiving multiple doses of glucocorticoid over a period of a few days, a more pronounced inhibition in protein synthesis was observed, and the secondary stimulation of protein synthesis did not occur. These in vivo observations were paralleled by the results with cell-free protein-synthesizing systems, which indicated that the glucocorticoid inhibitory effect was imparted to the soluble fraction of the liver.", "contents": "Glucocorticoid inhibition of protein synthesis in vivo and in vitro. In young adult rats receiving glucocorticoids in pharmacological amounts, the accumulation proteins in the liver was suppressed. In vivo pulse-labeling experiments showed that inhibition of protein synthesis in the liver was an early effect of a single dose of glucocorticoid followed by a stimulation of protein synthesis. In animals receiving multiple doses of glucocorticoid over a period of a few days, a more pronounced inhibition in protein synthesis was observed, and the secondary stimulation of protein synthesis did not occur. These in vivo observations were paralleled by the results with cell-free protein-synthesizing systems, which indicated that the glucocorticoid inhibitory effect was imparted to the soluble fraction of the liver.", "PMID": 1117005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5317", "title": "On the sequence of reactions leading to cytochrome P-450 synthesis-effect of drugs.", "content": "The effect of phenobarbital on the rates of the synthesis of the protein and heme moieties of cytochromeP-450 has been studied. For this purpose, cytochrome P-450 has been partially purified as its P-420 derivative and the labeled amino acid incorporation into the protein has been studied after subjecting a partially purified preparation to sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis. The incorporation studies into the protein species after sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis reveal that the drug primarily accelerates the rate of apoptotein synthesis followed by an increase in the rate of heme synthesis. The messenger for apocytochrome P-450 appears to be fairly stable.", "contents": "On the sequence of reactions leading to cytochrome P-450 synthesis-effect of drugs. The effect of phenobarbital on the rates of the synthesis of the protein and heme moieties of cytochromeP-450 has been studied. For this purpose, cytochrome P-450 has been partially purified as its P-420 derivative and the labeled amino acid incorporation into the protein has been studied after subjecting a partially purified preparation to sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis. The incorporation studies into the protein species after sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis reveal that the drug primarily accelerates the rate of apoptotein synthesis followed by an increase in the rate of heme synthesis. The messenger for apocytochrome P-450 appears to be fairly stable.", "PMID": 1117006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5318", "title": "Studies on a 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase from human placenta. Purification and partial characterization.", "content": "A 15-dyroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase has been purified from human placenta to apparent monodispersity. The reaction catalyzed by this enzyme is freely reversible with an equilibrium constant of approximately 6.5 times 10-8 M. The activation energy is 9900 calories per mol. The molecular weight of the enzyme determined by gel filtration is 51,500; sodium dodecyl sulfate disc gel electrophoresis gives a value of 42,000. No evidence was obtained for the existence of multiple forms of the enzyme or for subunits.", "contents": "Studies on a 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase from human placenta. Purification and partial characterization. A 15-dyroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase has been purified from human placenta to apparent monodispersity. The reaction catalyzed by this enzyme is freely reversible with an equilibrium constant of approximately 6.5 times 10-8 M. The activation energy is 9900 calories per mol. The molecular weight of the enzyme determined by gel filtration is 51,500; sodium dodecyl sulfate disc gel electrophoresis gives a value of 42,000. No evidence was obtained for the existence of multiple forms of the enzyme or for subunits.", "PMID": 1117007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5319", "title": "The degradative effects of porphyrins and heme compounds on components of the microsomal mixed function oxidase system.", "content": "The effects of in vitro treatment of the hepatic microsomal fraction with various porphyrin compounds on the activity and the content of the heme-containing components of the mixed function oxidase system were studied. The compounds examined were hematin, methemalbumin (with heme to protein molar ratio of 13:1 or 1:1), mesohemalbumin, bilirubin, biliverdin, mesoporphyrin IX, and protoprophyrin IX. The activity of the system was monitored by measuring its oxidative activity for the type I and type II substrates, ethylmorphine and aniline, respectively; as well as the microsomal contents of cytochrome P-450 and b5 and 14C-labeled heme, Mesoporphyrin IX was found to be most effective in inhibiting the oxidative activity of the mixed function oxidase system as well as in decreasing the microsomal contents of cytochromes P-450, b5, and heme. Biliverdin exerted no effect on these parameters. Hematin and the other compounds studied exerted variable inhibitory effects on the system. The degradative and inhibitory effects of protoporphvrin IX and mesoporphyrin IS could be blocked significantly by conducting the studies in the dark. The presence of biliverdin decreased the inhibitory effects of the porphyrins on the system; conversely the effects could be magnified in the presence of deuterium oxide. It is suggested that the mechanism by which porphyrins inhibit the mixed function oxidase system is through porphyrin-sensitized photo-oxidation of various constituents of the hepatic microsomal fraction and that the formation of singlet oxygen molecules is most likely involved in this process. Moreover the destructive effects of heme compounds on the microsomal components and activities of the drug-metabolizing mixed function oxidase system raise questions concerning the hypothesis that the components of this system, and specifically cytochrome P-450, are involved in the activity of the heme oxygenase system.", "contents": "The degradative effects of porphyrins and heme compounds on components of the microsomal mixed function oxidase system. The effects of in vitro treatment of the hepatic microsomal fraction with various porphyrin compounds on the activity and the content of the heme-containing components of the mixed function oxidase system were studied. The compounds examined were hematin, methemalbumin (with heme to protein molar ratio of 13:1 or 1:1), mesohemalbumin, bilirubin, biliverdin, mesoporphyrin IX, and protoprophyrin IX. The activity of the system was monitored by measuring its oxidative activity for the type I and type II substrates, ethylmorphine and aniline, respectively; as well as the microsomal contents of cytochrome P-450 and b5 and 14C-labeled heme, Mesoporphyrin IX was found to be most effective in inhibiting the oxidative activity of the mixed function oxidase system as well as in decreasing the microsomal contents of cytochromes P-450, b5, and heme. Biliverdin exerted no effect on these parameters. Hematin and the other compounds studied exerted variable inhibitory effects on the system. The degradative and inhibitory effects of protoporphvrin IX and mesoporphyrin IS could be blocked significantly by conducting the studies in the dark. The presence of biliverdin decreased the inhibitory effects of the porphyrins on the system; conversely the effects could be magnified in the presence of deuterium oxide. It is suggested that the mechanism by which porphyrins inhibit the mixed function oxidase system is through porphyrin-sensitized photo-oxidation of various constituents of the hepatic microsomal fraction and that the formation of singlet oxygen molecules is most likely involved in this process. Moreover the destructive effects of heme compounds on the microsomal components and activities of the drug-metabolizing mixed function oxidase system raise questions concerning the hypothesis that the components of this system, and specifically cytochrome P-450, are involved in the activity of the heme oxygenase system.", "PMID": 1117008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5320", "title": "The control of the synthesis of pyruvate carboxylase in Pseudomonas citronellolis. Evience from double labeling studies.", "content": "The level of pyruvate carboxylase in Pseudmonas citronellolis is controlled by the carbon source of the growth medium. The activity of the enzyme is highest in cells grown on lactate or glucose and virtually absent in cells grown on malate or aspartate. Double labeling studies with 3H- and 14C-labeled leucine confirm that pyruvate carboxylase is synthesized in the presence of lactate but not in the presence of aspartate. The studies also show that coordinated regulation occurs at the level of the synthesis of the two polypeptides which make up pyruvate carboxylase in P. citronellolis, rather than at the stages of their assembly into protomers or the biotinylation of the apoenzyme. There is no evidence for control of the catalytic acitivity of the holoenzyme via effectors. In all other varieties of pyruvate carboxylase examined thus far, the enzyme appears to be constitutive with regulation accomplished either through effector modulation of holoenzyme activity (pyruvate carbox-lase from animal sources, yeast, several species of bacteria) or through control of the biotinylation of the apoenzyme by holocarboxylase synthetase (Bacillus stearothermophilus, yeast).", "contents": "The control of the synthesis of pyruvate carboxylase in Pseudomonas citronellolis. Evience from double labeling studies. The level of pyruvate carboxylase in Pseudmonas citronellolis is controlled by the carbon source of the growth medium. The activity of the enzyme is highest in cells grown on lactate or glucose and virtually absent in cells grown on malate or aspartate. Double labeling studies with 3H- and 14C-labeled leucine confirm that pyruvate carboxylase is synthesized in the presence of lactate but not in the presence of aspartate. The studies also show that coordinated regulation occurs at the level of the synthesis of the two polypeptides which make up pyruvate carboxylase in P. citronellolis, rather than at the stages of their assembly into protomers or the biotinylation of the apoenzyme. There is no evidence for control of the catalytic acitivity of the holoenzyme via effectors. In all other varieties of pyruvate carboxylase examined thus far, the enzyme appears to be constitutive with regulation accomplished either through effector modulation of holoenzyme activity (pyruvate carbox-lase from animal sources, yeast, several species of bacteria) or through control of the biotinylation of the apoenzyme by holocarboxylase synthetase (Bacillus stearothermophilus, yeast).", "PMID": 1117009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5321", "title": "A theoretical model for the covalent assembly of immunoglobulins. Application to the assembly of human immunoglobulin G in vitro.", "content": "A simple theoretical model for the formation of interchain disulfide bonds (covalent assembly) in immunoglobulins has been developed. This model successfully simulates the experimentally determined sequence of disulfide bond formation in vitro for human immunoglobulin G1 and G4 (Petersen, J. G. L., and Dorrington, K. J. (1974) J. Biol. Chem. 249, 5633-5641). The model appears to be generally applicable suggesting that the various pathways of covalent assembly observed in vivo and in vitro reflect structural differences between the immunoglobulin classes and subclasses. The rate of assembly, however, is dependent upon environmental factors.", "contents": "A theoretical model for the covalent assembly of immunoglobulins. Application to the assembly of human immunoglobulin G in vitro. A simple theoretical model for the formation of interchain disulfide bonds (covalent assembly) in immunoglobulins has been developed. This model successfully simulates the experimentally determined sequence of disulfide bond formation in vitro for human immunoglobulin G1 and G4 (Petersen, J. G. L., and Dorrington, K. J. (1974) J. Biol. Chem. 249, 5633-5641). The model appears to be generally applicable suggesting that the various pathways of covalent assembly observed in vivo and in vitro reflect structural differences between the immunoglobulin classes and subclasses. The rate of assembly, however, is dependent upon environmental factors.", "PMID": 1117010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5322", "title": "A new look at osteogenesis imperfecta. A clinical, radiological and biochemical study of forty-two patients.", "content": "In a clinical, radiological and biochemical study of forty-two patients from Oxford with osteogenesis imperfecta, it was found that patients could be divided simply into mild, moderate and severe groups according to deformity of long bones. In the severe group (seventeen patients) a family history of affected members was uncommon and fractures began earlier and were more frequent than in the mild group (twenty-two patients); sixteen patients in the severe group had scoliosis and eleven had white sclerae; no patients in the mild group had white sclerae or scoliosis. Radiological examination of the femur showed only minor modelling defects in patients in the mild group, whereas in the severe group five distinct appearances of bone (thin, thick, cystic and buttressed bones, and those with hyperplastic callus) were seen. The polymeric (structural) collagen from skin was unstable to depolymerisation in patients in the severe group, but normal in amount, whereas the reverse was found in the mild group. This division according to long bone deformity may provide, a basis for future research more useful than previous classifications.", "contents": "A new look at osteogenesis imperfecta. A clinical, radiological and biochemical study of forty-two patients. In a clinical, radiological and biochemical study of forty-two patients from Oxford with osteogenesis imperfecta, it was found that patients could be divided simply into mild, moderate and severe groups according to deformity of long bones. In the severe group (seventeen patients) a family history of affected members was uncommon and fractures began earlier and were more frequent than in the mild group (twenty-two patients); sixteen patients in the severe group had scoliosis and eleven had white sclerae; no patients in the mild group had white sclerae or scoliosis. Radiological examination of the femur showed only minor modelling defects in patients in the mild group, whereas in the severe group five distinct appearances of bone (thin, thick, cystic and buttressed bones, and those with hyperplastic callus) were seen. The polymeric (structural) collagen from skin was unstable to depolymerisation in patients in the severe group, but normal in amount, whereas the reverse was found in the mild group. This division according to long bone deformity may provide, a basis for future research more useful than previous classifications.", "PMID": 1117018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5323", "title": "Equinus deformity due to haemangioma of calf muscle.", "content": "Joint deformity secondary to extensive haemangiomatous involvement of the soft tissues has been well described and is easy to diagnose. If the haemangioma is small, localised and within the belly of a muscle the diagnosis is more difficult. In equinus deformity of obscure aetiology localised calf tenderness may be the only diagnostic sign. Three children with equinus deformity caused by a small haemangioma in the calf muscles were treated by simple excision with satisfactory results.", "contents": "Equinus deformity due to haemangioma of calf muscle. Joint deformity secondary to extensive haemangiomatous involvement of the soft tissues has been well described and is easy to diagnose. If the haemangioma is small, localised and within the belly of a muscle the diagnosis is more difficult. In equinus deformity of obscure aetiology localised calf tenderness may be the only diagnostic sign. Three children with equinus deformity caused by a small haemangioma in the calf muscles were treated by simple excision with satisfactory results.", "PMID": 1117019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5324", "title": "Reflections upon the aetiology of congenital pseudarthrosis of the clavicle. With a note on cranio-cleido dysostosis.", "content": "The cause of pseudarthrosis of the clavicle is obscure. Right-sidedness is an almost constant feature. We have proposed that the lesion is sometimes due to pressure upon the developing clavicle by the subclavian artery which is normally at a higher level on the right side. This may be accentuated in the presence of cervical ribs or unduly elevated first ribs, both of which we have observed in association with pseudarthrosis. We have also noted pseudarthrosis on the left side in association with dextrocardia (when the relative positions of the subclavian arteries are reversed) and in the presence of a large left cervical rib. We have speculated upon the nature of the clavicular defect in cranio-cleido dysostosis, in which disorder the first ribs are habitually elevated. A similar mechanism may be involved.", "contents": "Reflections upon the aetiology of congenital pseudarthrosis of the clavicle. With a note on cranio-cleido dysostosis. The cause of pseudarthrosis of the clavicle is obscure. Right-sidedness is an almost constant feature. We have proposed that the lesion is sometimes due to pressure upon the developing clavicle by the subclavian artery which is normally at a higher level on the right side. This may be accentuated in the presence of cervical ribs or unduly elevated first ribs, both of which we have observed in association with pseudarthrosis. We have also noted pseudarthrosis on the left side in association with dextrocardia (when the relative positions of the subclavian arteries are reversed) and in the presence of a large left cervical rib. We have speculated upon the nature of the clavicular defect in cranio-cleido dysostosis, in which disorder the first ribs are habitually elevated. A similar mechanism may be involved.", "PMID": 1117020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5325", "title": "The management of local complications of total hip replacement by the McKee-Farrar technique.", "content": "One thousand and forty-two McKee-Farrar prostheses of the present design inserted in Norwich from January 1965 to December 1972 have been reviewed retrospectively to determine the incidence of complications needing revision. Of prostheses implanted for more than two years, 6-6 per cent needed revision for loosening (cup 3-5 per cent; stem 2-2 per cent; both components 0-9 per cent). Of the total number, 2-3 per cent became infected and 1-9 per cent dislocated. Most dislocations needed only a single closed reduction but 0-8 per cent were revised. The outcome of revision operations was also assessed. Of revisions for loosening, 40 per cent needed no further operation but 23 per cent required excision; pelvic fracture or bone destruction around the components made success unlikely. Revisions for dislocation were disappointing. Of all revisions 17 per cent became infected. Excision arthroplasty is better than a series of failed revisions in an elderly patient.", "contents": "The management of local complications of total hip replacement by the McKee-Farrar technique. One thousand and forty-two McKee-Farrar prostheses of the present design inserted in Norwich from January 1965 to December 1972 have been reviewed retrospectively to determine the incidence of complications needing revision. Of prostheses implanted for more than two years, 6-6 per cent needed revision for loosening (cup 3-5 per cent; stem 2-2 per cent; both components 0-9 per cent). Of the total number, 2-3 per cent became infected and 1-9 per cent dislocated. Most dislocations needed only a single closed reduction but 0-8 per cent were revised. The outcome of revision operations was also assessed. Of revisions for loosening, 40 per cent needed no further operation but 23 per cent required excision; pelvic fracture or bone destruction around the components made success unlikely. Revisions for dislocation were disappointing. Of all revisions 17 per cent became infected. Excision arthroplasty is better than a series of failed revisions in an elderly patient.", "PMID": 1117021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5326", "title": "Acetabular development in congenital dislocation of the hip. With special reference to the indications for acetabuloplasty and pelvic or femoral realignment osteotomy.", "content": "This investigation examined the validity of the hypothesis that the acetabulum in congenital dislocation of the hip will develop satisfactorily provided accurate congruous and concentric reduction is obtained as early as possible, and is maintained throughout growth. Seventy-two patients with eighty-five hips were studied. The children were more than one year old on admission and over ten years at the time of review. Acetabular development was assessed radiologically by measurement of the acetabular angle. Angles of less than 21 degrees were regarded as normal, and more than 21 degrees as indicating some failure of development. Satisfactory acetabular development occurred in 80 per cent (angles 24 degrees or below), and was unsatisfactory in 20 per cent (angles above 24 degrees). If three errors in management, namely failure to obtain congruity, failure to maintain congruity and ischaemic necrosis secondary to manipulative reductions, are excluded from the analysis, it is found that 95 per cent of acetabula develop satisfactorily. The outcome is largely independent of the age on admission up to four years old, and of bilateral involvement. It is concluded that acetabuloplasty should not be necessary if the patient is admitted under the age of four or congruity is obtained in the functional position under four and a half years.", "contents": "Acetabular development in congenital dislocation of the hip. With special reference to the indications for acetabuloplasty and pelvic or femoral realignment osteotomy. This investigation examined the validity of the hypothesis that the acetabulum in congenital dislocation of the hip will develop satisfactorily provided accurate congruous and concentric reduction is obtained as early as possible, and is maintained throughout growth. Seventy-two patients with eighty-five hips were studied. The children were more than one year old on admission and over ten years at the time of review. Acetabular development was assessed radiologically by measurement of the acetabular angle. Angles of less than 21 degrees were regarded as normal, and more than 21 degrees as indicating some failure of development. Satisfactory acetabular development occurred in 80 per cent (angles 24 degrees or below), and was unsatisfactory in 20 per cent (angles above 24 degrees). If three errors in management, namely failure to obtain congruity, failure to maintain congruity and ischaemic necrosis secondary to manipulative reductions, are excluded from the analysis, it is found that 95 per cent of acetabula develop satisfactorily. The outcome is largely independent of the age on admission up to four years old, and of bilateral involvement. It is concluded that acetabuloplasty should not be necessary if the patient is admitted under the age of four or congruity is obtained in the functional position under four and a half years.", "PMID": 1117022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5327", "title": "The Walldius hinge arthroplasty.", "content": "Eighty-three Walldius arthroplasties, performed by one surgeon as salvage operation on the knee joint between 1966 and 1972, were independently reviewed. The fifty-seven living patients with sixty-seven arthroplasties were interviewed and examined and the clinical records of the deceased patients were inspected. Sixty-seven arthroplasties (81 per cent) were successful and sixteen failed (19 per cent). Acrylic cement was used to secure the prosthesis on eight occasions only. There were two primary infections (2-4 per cent) and two delayed (2-4 per cent). Major loosening occurred in three arthroplasties (3-6 per cent). Minor loosening was compatible with a good result. Arthrodesis was successful on the two occasions on which it became necessary to remove the implant. There were no disasters. On the basis of these results it is considered that the Walldius arthroplasty can justifiably be offered as an alternative to primary arthrodesis of the knee.", "contents": "The Walldius hinge arthroplasty. Eighty-three Walldius arthroplasties, performed by one surgeon as salvage operation on the knee joint between 1966 and 1972, were independently reviewed. The fifty-seven living patients with sixty-seven arthroplasties were interviewed and examined and the clinical records of the deceased patients were inspected. Sixty-seven arthroplasties (81 per cent) were successful and sixteen failed (19 per cent). Acrylic cement was used to secure the prosthesis on eight occasions only. There were two primary infections (2-4 per cent) and two delayed (2-4 per cent). Major loosening occurred in three arthroplasties (3-6 per cent). Minor loosening was compatible with a good result. Arthrodesis was successful on the two occasions on which it became necessary to remove the implant. There were no disasters. On the basis of these results it is considered that the Walldius arthroplasty can justifiably be offered as an alternative to primary arthrodesis of the knee.", "PMID": 1117023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5328", "title": "Popliteal cysts in children. The case against surgery.", "content": "The natural history of 120 popliteal cysts in children has been reviewed. Of seventy untreated cysts fifty-one disappeared spontaneously during a mean period of one year and eight months. Of fifty cysts submitted to operation, twenty-one recurred in a mean period of seven months. Three children with recurrences had more than one further operation. Most popliteal cysts in children disappear spontaneously, and operation without very good reason is unjustified.", "contents": "Popliteal cysts in children. The case against surgery. The natural history of 120 popliteal cysts in children has been reviewed. Of seventy untreated cysts fifty-one disappeared spontaneously during a mean period of one year and eight months. Of fifty cysts submitted to operation, twenty-one recurred in a mean period of seven months. Three children with recurrences had more than one further operation. Most popliteal cysts in children disappear spontaneously, and operation without very good reason is unjustified.", "PMID": 1117024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5329", "title": "Link arthroplasty of the metacarpo-phalangeal joints. A preliminary report of a new method.", "content": "Link arthroplasty is a system of joint replacement in which the joint is left almost intact with no great removal of bone. It is based on a two-piece self-locking hinge slotted into the metacarpal head and phalangeal shaft. The operation is simple and no special instruments are needed. The preliminary follow-up of fifty-four metacarpo-phalangeal joint replacements showed thirty-five good and sixteen fair results.", "contents": "Link arthroplasty of the metacarpo-phalangeal joints. A preliminary report of a new method. Link arthroplasty is a system of joint replacement in which the joint is left almost intact with no great removal of bone. It is based on a two-piece self-locking hinge slotted into the metacarpal head and phalangeal shaft. The operation is simple and no special instruments are needed. The preliminary follow-up of fifty-four metacarpo-phalangeal joint replacements showed thirty-five good and sixteen fair results.", "PMID": 1117025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5330", "title": "Benign chondroblastoma of bone. Report of a case.", "content": "A benign chondroblastoma of bone is reported. It was unusual because it occurred in an old lady, in a toe, and it was not painful and radiologically resembled a chondroma. The coarsely lobulated tumour showed a varied microscopic appearance, but it consisted chiefly of closely packed sheets of small, round polygonal or fusiform cells. There was some calcification present. The literature is reviewed.", "contents": "Benign chondroblastoma of bone. Report of a case. A benign chondroblastoma of bone is reported. It was unusual because it occurred in an old lady, in a toe, and it was not painful and radiologically resembled a chondroma. The coarsely lobulated tumour showed a varied microscopic appearance, but it consisted chiefly of closely packed sheets of small, round polygonal or fusiform cells. There was some calcification present. The literature is reviewed.", "PMID": 1117026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5331", "title": "Hangman's fracture.", "content": "Of four hangman's fractures of the axis, three occurred in road accidents and were stable, undisplaced and free of neurological signs, with full recovery after six to twelve weeks in a cervical collar. The fourth fracture occurred in a fall with profound tetraparesis from haemorrhage into the spinal cord, and the patient died a week later. There are two types of hangman's fracture: that of the axis pedicle, which results from extension and compression of the cervical column, is more common than usually supposed because of the slight symptoms it causes.", "contents": "Hangman's fracture. Of four hangman's fractures of the axis, three occurred in road accidents and were stable, undisplaced and free of neurological signs, with full recovery after six to twelve weeks in a cervical collar. The fourth fracture occurred in a fall with profound tetraparesis from haemorrhage into the spinal cord, and the patient died a week later. There are two types of hangman's fracture: that of the axis pedicle, which results from extension and compression of the cervical column, is more common than usually supposed because of the slight symptoms it causes.", "PMID": 1117027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5332", "title": "An investigation of the centres of pressure under the foot while walking.", "content": "The forces under the foot while walking have been measured using a high sensitivity force-plate of the strip-suspended type combined with simultaneous filming of the sole of the foot. The recording of data and the calculation and plotting of results were much simplified by computer aid. Normal and abnormal feet, both barefoot and shod, were investigated in sixteen subjects. It was found that in normal barefoot walking the forefoot carried a total load of the order of three times that of the heel. When footwear was worn the function of the forefoot was progressively reduced as the rigidity of the sole of the shoe increased. Painful conditions of the forefoot also produced a large reduction in the proportion of the total load transferred.", "contents": "An investigation of the centres of pressure under the foot while walking. The forces under the foot while walking have been measured using a high sensitivity force-plate of the strip-suspended type combined with simultaneous filming of the sole of the foot. The recording of data and the calculation and plotting of results were much simplified by computer aid. Normal and abnormal feet, both barefoot and shod, were investigated in sixteen subjects. It was found that in normal barefoot walking the forefoot carried a total load of the order of three times that of the heel. When footwear was worn the function of the forefoot was progressively reduced as the rigidity of the sole of the shoe increased. Painful conditions of the forefoot also produced a large reduction in the proportion of the total load transferred.", "PMID": 1117028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5333", "title": "Actin filaments in the acrosomal reaction of Limulus sperm. Motion generated by alterations in the packing of the filaments.", "content": "When Limulus sperm are induced to undergo the acrosomal reaction, a process, 50 mum in length, is generated in a few seconds. This process rotates as it elongates; thus the acrosomal process literally screws through the jelly of the egg. Within the process is a bundle of filaments which before induction are coiled up inside the sperm. The filament bundle exists in three stable states in the sperm. One of the states can be isolated in pure form. It is composed of only three proteins whose molecular weights (mol wt) are 43,000, 55,000, and 95,000. The 43,000 mol wt protein is actin, based on its molecular weight, net charge, morphology, G-F transformation, and heavy meromyosin (HMM) binding. The 55,000 mol wt protein is in equimolar ratio to actin and is not tubulin, binds tenaciously to actin, and inhibits HMM binding. Evidence is presented that both the 55,000 mol wt protein and the 95,000 mol wt protein (possibly alpha-actinin) are also present in Limulus muscle. Presumably these proteins function in the sperm in holding the actin filaments together. Before the acrosomal reaction, the actin filaments are twisted over one another in a supercoil; when the reaction is completed, the filaments lie parallel to each other and form an actin paracrystal. This change in their packing appears to give rise to the motion of the acrosomal process and is under the control of the 55,000 mol wt protein and the 95,000 mol wt protein.", "contents": "Actin filaments in the acrosomal reaction of Limulus sperm. Motion generated by alterations in the packing of the filaments. When Limulus sperm are induced to undergo the acrosomal reaction, a process, 50 mum in length, is generated in a few seconds. This process rotates as it elongates; thus the acrosomal process literally screws through the jelly of the egg. Within the process is a bundle of filaments which before induction are coiled up inside the sperm. The filament bundle exists in three stable states in the sperm. One of the states can be isolated in pure form. It is composed of only three proteins whose molecular weights (mol wt) are 43,000, 55,000, and 95,000. The 43,000 mol wt protein is actin, based on its molecular weight, net charge, morphology, G-F transformation, and heavy meromyosin (HMM) binding. The 55,000 mol wt protein is in equimolar ratio to actin and is not tubulin, binds tenaciously to actin, and inhibits HMM binding. Evidence is presented that both the 55,000 mol wt protein and the 95,000 mol wt protein (possibly alpha-actinin) are also present in Limulus muscle. Presumably these proteins function in the sperm in holding the actin filaments together. Before the acrosomal reaction, the actin filaments are twisted over one another in a supercoil; when the reaction is completed, the filaments lie parallel to each other and form an actin paracrystal. This change in their packing appears to give rise to the motion of the acrosomal process and is under the control of the 55,000 mol wt protein and the 95,000 mol wt protein.", "PMID": 1117029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5334", "title": "Protein migration into nuclei. II. Frog oocyte nuclei accumulate a class of microinjected oocyte nuclear proteins and exclude a class of microinjected oocyte cytoplasmic proteins.", "content": "Nuclear contents or cytoplasm from Xenopus oocytes labeled with (35-S)methionine or (3-H)proline (donor oocytes) were reinjected into unlabeled oocytes (recipient oocytes). The radioactivity injected as nuclear contents was found to enter and accumulate in the recipient oocyte nucleus. In contrast, the radioactivity injected as cytoplasm was found to enter but not to accumulate in the recipient oocyte nucleus. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) gel electrophoresis of the nucleus and cytoplasm of donor oocytes revealed the existence of three classes of labeled proteins in these oocytes: those proteins found predominantly in the nucleus (N proteins), those found predominantly in the cytoplasm (C proteins), and those found in both the nucleus and cytoplasm at similar concentrations (B proteins). SDS gel electrophoresis of the nucleus and cytoplasm of recipient  oocytes showed that N proteins entered and accumulated in the nucleus but that B proteins partitioned about equally between the nucleus and cytoplasm. A similar analysis of oocytes injected with labeled cytoplasm showed that C proteins did not enter the nucleus but again B proteins partitioned about equally between the nucleus and cytoplasm.", "contents": "Protein migration into nuclei. II. Frog oocyte nuclei accumulate a class of microinjected oocyte nuclear proteins and exclude a class of microinjected oocyte cytoplasmic proteins. Nuclear contents or cytoplasm from Xenopus oocytes labeled with (35-S)methionine or (3-H)proline (donor oocytes) were reinjected into unlabeled oocytes (recipient oocytes). The radioactivity injected as nuclear contents was found to enter and accumulate in the recipient oocyte nucleus. In contrast, the radioactivity injected as cytoplasm was found to enter but not to accumulate in the recipient oocyte nucleus. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) gel electrophoresis of the nucleus and cytoplasm of donor oocytes revealed the existence of three classes of labeled proteins in these oocytes: those proteins found predominantly in the nucleus (N proteins), those found predominantly in the cytoplasm (C proteins), and those found in both the nucleus and cytoplasm at similar concentrations (B proteins). SDS gel electrophoresis of the nucleus and cytoplasm of recipient  oocytes showed that N proteins entered and accumulated in the nucleus but that B proteins partitioned about equally between the nucleus and cytoplasm. A similar analysis of oocytes injected with labeled cytoplasm showed that C proteins did not enter the nucleus but again B proteins partitioned about equally between the nucleus and cytoplasm.", "PMID": 1117031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5335", "title": "Studies on the synthesis and intracellular transport of lipoprotein particles in rat liver.", "content": "Lipoprotein particles (d less than 1.03 g/ml) were isolated from rough and smooth microsomes and from the Golgi apparatus of rat liver, and were characterized chemically and morphologically. The rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) particles were rich in protein (50%) and contained phospholipids (PLP) and triglycerides (TG) in smaller amounts, whereas the lipoprotein particles emanating from the smooth ER, and especially the Golgi apparatus, were rich in TG and PLP, resembling very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) of serum. The difference in chemical composition among the particles was associated with change in size both in situ and in isolated lipoprotein fractions. The rough ER particles were 200-800  A in diameter (mean similar to 420 A); the smooth er particles 200-900 A (mean similar to 520 A); the Golgi particles 350-950 A (mean similar to 580A); and serum VLDL 300-800 A (mean similar to 450 A). Generally, lipoprotein particles were rare in the rough ER, frequent but diffusely dispersed in smooth ER, and occurring mainly in clusters in \"secretory vesicles\" of the Golgi complex. They were seldom observed in the cisternal compartments of the Golgi complex. At short intervals (less than 15 min), intravenously injected radioactive glycerol was preferentially channelled into TG, whereas at later time points the majority of the isotope was recovered in the PLP. Three TG pools were distinguished: (a) a cytoplasmic pool with a slow turnover rate; (b) a membrane-associated TG pool; and (c) a pool corresponding to the TG moiety of lipoprotein particles, which showed the highest initial rate of labeling and fastest turnover. When, after pulse labeling, the appearance of incorporation of radioactive glycerol into TG or PLP of isolated lipoproteins was followed from one subcellular fraction to the other, a sequence of labeling was noted. During the first interval, TG from both rough and smooth microsomal lipoproteins displayed a high rate of labeling with peak value at 6 min, followed by a quick fall-off, while the Golgi lipoproteins reached maximal level at 10-20 min after administration. There was an interval of 10-15 min before the appearance of labeled VLDL in serum. It is concluded that the assembly of the apoproteins and lipid moieties into lipoprotein particles-presumed to be precursors of liver VLDL-begins in the rough ER and continues in the smooth ER. Also, there is a parallel change in chemical composition and size of the lipoprotein particles as they make their way through the ER and the Golgi apparatus. Some remodeling of the particles may take place in the Golgi apparatus before discharge into the circulation.", "contents": "Studies on the synthesis and intracellular transport of lipoprotein particles in rat liver. Lipoprotein particles (d less than 1.03 g/ml) were isolated from rough and smooth microsomes and from the Golgi apparatus of rat liver, and were characterized chemically and morphologically. The rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) particles were rich in protein (50%) and contained phospholipids (PLP) and triglycerides (TG) in smaller amounts, whereas the lipoprotein particles emanating from the smooth ER, and especially the Golgi apparatus, were rich in TG and PLP, resembling very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) of serum. The difference in chemical composition among the particles was associated with change in size both in situ and in isolated lipoprotein fractions. The rough ER particles were 200-800  A in diameter (mean similar to 420 A); the smooth er particles 200-900 A (mean similar to 520 A); the Golgi particles 350-950 A (mean similar to 580A); and serum VLDL 300-800 A (mean similar to 450 A). Generally, lipoprotein particles were rare in the rough ER, frequent but diffusely dispersed in smooth ER, and occurring mainly in clusters in \"secretory vesicles\" of the Golgi complex. They were seldom observed in the cisternal compartments of the Golgi complex. At short intervals (less than 15 min), intravenously injected radioactive glycerol was preferentially channelled into TG, whereas at later time points the majority of the isotope was recovered in the PLP. Three TG pools were distinguished: (a) a cytoplasmic pool with a slow turnover rate; (b) a membrane-associated TG pool; and (c) a pool corresponding to the TG moiety of lipoprotein particles, which showed the highest initial rate of labeling and fastest turnover. When, after pulse labeling, the appearance of incorporation of radioactive glycerol into TG or PLP of isolated lipoproteins was followed from one subcellular fraction to the other, a sequence of labeling was noted. During the first interval, TG from both rough and smooth microsomal lipoproteins displayed a high rate of labeling with peak value at 6 min, followed by a quick fall-off, while the Golgi lipoproteins reached maximal level at 10-20 min after administration. There was an interval of 10-15 min before the appearance of labeled VLDL in serum. It is concluded that the assembly of the apoproteins and lipid moieties into lipoprotein particles-presumed to be precursors of liver VLDL-begins in the rough ER and continues in the smooth ER. Also, there is a parallel change in chemical composition and size of the lipoprotein particles as they make their way through the ER and the Golgi apparatus. Some remodeling of the particles may take place in the Golgi apparatus before discharge into the circulation.", "PMID": 1117030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5336", "title": "Evidence for firm linkages between microtubules and membrane-bounded vesicles.", "content": "Direct evidence is presented in support of the widely held idea that membrane-bounded vesicles can bind firmly to microtubules. This is shown in P. caudatum which contains ribbons of straight microtubules located in open cytoplasm and uniquely associated with the disk-shaped vesicles. These vesicles frequently lie flat against the face of the ribbons at a constant distance of 30-40 nm. Under certain conditions the ribbons are compressed into zigzag pattern, but the vesicles continue to maintain their 30-40 nm spacing with the tubules and The author's interpretation of this phenomena is that the vesicles and the microtubules are strongly bound together. This interaction appears to be via a filamentous material rather than bridges.", "contents": "Evidence for firm linkages between microtubules and membrane-bounded vesicles. Direct evidence is presented in support of the widely held idea that membrane-bounded vesicles can bind firmly to microtubules. This is shown in P. caudatum which contains ribbons of straight microtubules located in open cytoplasm and uniquely associated with the disk-shaped vesicles. These vesicles frequently lie flat against the face of the ribbons at a constant distance of 30-40 nm. Under certain conditions the ribbons are compressed into zigzag pattern, but the vesicles continue to maintain their 30-40 nm spacing with the tubules and The author's interpretation of this phenomena is that the vesicles and the microtubules are strongly bound together. This interaction appears to be via a filamentous material rather than bridges.", "PMID": 1117032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5337", "title": "Gas-liquid chromatographic studies of reactions and structural relationships of steroids. II. Positions 3, 11, and 20 in the pregnane series.", "content": "Qualitative and quantitative effects of classical reactions on steroids observed by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) under standardized conditions, including the double internal standard technique, are reported. Simple procedures applicable to nanogram amounts of reactants which afford excellent yields of the major products are described. Reactions studied include the Wolff-Kishner removal of keto groups (WK), their conversion to hydroxyl groups by NaBH4(RD), and to dioxolone derivatives by ethylene glycol (DO); the conversion of hydroxyl to keto groups by CrO3 (OX), and to TMS ethers by hexamethyldisilazane; the hydrolysis of dioxolone and TMS derivatives by H+ (HY). GLC chromatograms of reaction mixtures of single and multistep reactions readily provide information on effects on functional groups at positions 3, 11, and 20 in the pregnane series, and the retention times of many steroids unavailable from commercial or other sources. GLC data analysis provides relationships between steroid structure and retention time from which methods for the computation of retention times and for steroid identification are designed. The accuracy of the computation methods is demonstrated.", "contents": "Gas-liquid chromatographic studies of reactions and structural relationships of steroids. II. Positions 3, 11, and 20 in the pregnane series. Qualitative and quantitative effects of classical reactions on steroids observed by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) under standardized conditions, including the double internal standard technique, are reported. Simple procedures applicable to nanogram amounts of reactants which afford excellent yields of the major products are described. Reactions studied include the Wolff-Kishner removal of keto groups (WK), their conversion to hydroxyl groups by NaBH4(RD), and to dioxolone derivatives by ethylene glycol (DO); the conversion of hydroxyl to keto groups by CrO3 (OX), and to TMS ethers by hexamethyldisilazane; the hydrolysis of dioxolone and TMS derivatives by H+ (HY). GLC chromatograms of reaction mixtures of single and multistep reactions readily provide information on effects on functional groups at positions 3, 11, and 20 in the pregnane series, and the retention times of many steroids unavailable from commercial or other sources. GLC data analysis provides relationships between steroid structure and retention time from which methods for the computation of retention times and for steroid identification are designed. The accuracy of the computation methods is demonstrated.", "PMID": 1117033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5338", "title": "Determination of carbamazepine and its epoxide metabolite in plasma by high-speed liquid chromatography.", "content": "A liquid-chromatographic method for the simultaneous determination of carbamazepine and its active metabolite (carbamazepine 10,11-epoxide) in plasma has been developed. The two compounds were identified in plasma by mass spectrometry. The lower limit of sensitivity is about 4 and 40 ng for the drug and its metabolite, respectively. 10,11-Dihydrocarbamazepine is used as internal standard for the determinations, which have precisions of 2.2 and 4.2%, respectively. No derivatization is needed. The specificity of the method for carbamazepine is shown by the significant correlation (r = 0.99) between the results obtained by this method and by mass fragmentography for the drug in plasma of patients.", "contents": "Determination of carbamazepine and its epoxide metabolite in plasma by high-speed liquid chromatography. A liquid-chromatographic method for the simultaneous determination of carbamazepine and its active metabolite (carbamazepine 10,11-epoxide) in plasma has been developed. The two compounds were identified in plasma by mass spectrometry. The lower limit of sensitivity is about 4 and 40 ng for the drug and its metabolite, respectively. 10,11-Dihydrocarbamazepine is used as internal standard for the determinations, which have precisions of 2.2 and 4.2%, respectively. No derivatization is needed. The specificity of the method for carbamazepine is shown by the significant correlation (r = 0.99) between the results obtained by this method and by mass fragmentography for the drug in plasma of patients.", "PMID": 1117034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5339", "title": "Automated single-column analysis of amino acids using ascorbic acid as reductant for air-stable ninhydrin.", "content": "The procedure for operation of a constant-temperature, single-column automated amino acid analyser in the sub-nanomole range is described. The cycle time for a complete analysis is 90 min including equilibration for next cycle. Eluting buffers can be made in the laboratory or commercially available concentrates (Pico-Buffers) can be used. A novel reducing agent, ascorbic acid, incorporated into the column buffers was used to reduce air-stable ninhydrin.", "contents": "Automated single-column analysis of amino acids using ascorbic acid as reductant for air-stable ninhydrin. The procedure for operation of a constant-temperature, single-column automated amino acid analyser in the sub-nanomole range is described. The cycle time for a complete analysis is 90 min including equilibration for next cycle. Eluting buffers can be made in the laboratory or commercially available concentrates (Pico-Buffers) can be used. A novel reducing agent, ascorbic acid, incorporated into the column buffers was used to reduce air-stable ninhydrin.", "PMID": 1117039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5340", "title": "Agar derivatives for chromatography, electrophoresis and gel-bound enzymes. III. Rigid agarose gels cross-linked with divinyl sulphone (dvs).", "content": "Agarose cross-linked with divinyl sulphone (DVS) is a new matrix for chromatography and immobilized enzymes that has distinct advantages over common agarose gels. It has outstanding mechanical stability as compared with these gels, and the rigid gel beads form beds permitting very high flow-rates. In addition, DVS-agarose is superior to agarose gels with respect to chemical stability in acid and neutral media. In alkaline solutions above pH 8, there is a slow elimination of the sulphone-containing bridges, but without noticeable concomitant dissolution of the gels below pH 12 for moderately or highly cross-linked gels. The DVS-agarose is sufficiently thermostable to be heated in an autoclave.", "contents": "Agar derivatives for chromatography, electrophoresis and gel-bound enzymes. III. Rigid agarose gels cross-linked with divinyl sulphone (dvs). Agarose cross-linked with divinyl sulphone (DVS) is a new matrix for chromatography and immobilized enzymes that has distinct advantages over common agarose gels. It has outstanding mechanical stability as compared with these gels, and the rigid gel beads form beds permitting very high flow-rates. In addition, DVS-agarose is superior to agarose gels with respect to chemical stability in acid and neutral media. In alkaline solutions above pH 8, there is a slow elimination of the sulphone-containing bridges, but without noticeable concomitant dissolution of the gels below pH 12 for moderately or highly cross-linked gels. The DVS-agarose is sufficiently thermostable to be heated in an autoclave.", "PMID": 1117040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5341", "title": "Specific quantitative gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of methyldopa and some foreign related amino acids in raw material and commercial tablets.", "content": "A relatively simple gas-liquid chromatographic (GLC) procedure has been designed for the rapid detection and accurate quantitation of some theoretically possible foreign related amino acid contaminants in alpha-methyldopa raw material and commercial tablets. After trimethylsilylation of the drug or drug mixture with N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)acetamide in acetonitrile at ambient temperature for 90 min, the derivatives are eluted from a methylsilicone column isothermally at 170 degrees. Quantitation of the components is effected by simple computation relative to dibenzyl succinate as the internal standard. The results obtained by applying the GLC procedure to the analysis of a number of multicomponent synthetic mixtures are in good agreement with the theoretical values. The percentage of label claim values obtained by the GLC method for commercial tablets are compared to those measured colorimetrically by the official U.S.P. procedure. No foreign related amino acid impurities were detected in any of the three commercial dosage forms examined.", "contents": "Specific quantitative gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of methyldopa and some foreign related amino acids in raw material and commercial tablets. A relatively simple gas-liquid chromatographic (GLC) procedure has been designed for the rapid detection and accurate quantitation of some theoretically possible foreign related amino acid contaminants in alpha-methyldopa raw material and commercial tablets. After trimethylsilylation of the drug or drug mixture with N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)acetamide in acetonitrile at ambient temperature for 90 min, the derivatives are eluted from a methylsilicone column isothermally at 170 degrees. Quantitation of the components is effected by simple computation relative to dibenzyl succinate as the internal standard. The results obtained by applying the GLC procedure to the analysis of a number of multicomponent synthetic mixtures are in good agreement with the theoretical values. The percentage of label claim values obtained by the GLC method for commercial tablets are compared to those measured colorimetrically by the official U.S.P. procedure. No foreign related amino acid impurities were detected in any of the three commercial dosage forms examined.", "PMID": 1117041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5342", "title": "Ionic effects in the chromatography of proteins on columns of controlled-pore glass.", "content": "Bovine serum albumin, acetylcholinesterase and two non-protein markers were chromatographed on columns of controlled-pore glasses in buffer solutions of varied ionic strengths. Adsorption of protein to the glass and ionic effects due to repulsion of the negatively-charged solutes from the glass matrix were observed. When glasses were treated with Carbowax 20M, the adsorption disappeared but ion exclusion effects persisted. The ionic behavior of Carbowax-treated glasses was similar to that observed by one of the authors when using agarose columns.", "contents": "Ionic effects in the chromatography of proteins on columns of controlled-pore glass. Bovine serum albumin, acetylcholinesterase and two non-protein markers were chromatographed on columns of controlled-pore glasses in buffer solutions of varied ionic strengths. Adsorption of protein to the glass and ionic effects due to repulsion of the negatively-charged solutes from the glass matrix were observed. When glasses were treated with Carbowax 20M, the adsorption disappeared but ion exclusion effects persisted. The ionic behavior of Carbowax-treated glasses was similar to that observed by one of the authors when using agarose columns.", "PMID": 1117042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5343", "title": "Thin-layer chromatographic separation of methadone and its primary metabolite in the presence of other drugs in urine specimens.", "content": "Three solvent systems for thin-layer chromatography have been developed for methadone and its primary metabolite (2-ethylidene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine). These solvent systems separate methadone and its primary metabolite, and are not interfered by other drugs of abuse in urine specimens.", "contents": "Thin-layer chromatographic separation of methadone and its primary metabolite in the presence of other drugs in urine specimens. Three solvent systems for thin-layer chromatography have been developed for methadone and its primary metabolite (2-ethylidene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine). These solvent systems separate methadone and its primary metabolite, and are not interfered by other drugs of abuse in urine specimens.", "PMID": 1117043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5344", "title": "The removal of organic matter with a weakly basic macroreticular ion-exchange resin. A case history.", "content": "Natural waters containing organic pollutants have a strong tendency to foul anionic exchange resins irremediably. The use of various types of scavenging resins is discussed and results are given on trials carried out at a chemical plant. The conclusion is drawn that a proper analysis of organic matter present in water cannot be made and that consequently it is difficult to determine which types of scavengers are the most suitable. The paper suggests a principle of calculating weakly basic macroreticular resins into the flow system so as to function both as a scavenger and a weakly basic ion-exchange resin.", "contents": "The removal of organic matter with a weakly basic macroreticular ion-exchange resin. A case history. Natural waters containing organic pollutants have a strong tendency to foul anionic exchange resins irremediably. The use of various types of scavenging resins is discussed and results are given on trials carried out at a chemical plant. The conclusion is drawn that a proper analysis of organic matter present in water cannot be made and that consequently it is difficult to determine which types of scavengers are the most suitable. The paper suggests a principle of calculating weakly basic macroreticular resins into the flow system so as to function both as a scavenger and a weakly basic ion-exchange resin.", "PMID": 1117044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5345", "title": "Sterols of the cockle Cerastoderma edule. Evaluation of thermostable liquid phases for the gas-liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of the trimethylsilyl ethers of marine sterols.", "content": "Some recent liquid phases for gas-liquid chromatography with improved thermostability have been evaluated for their use in the gas-liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) analysis of the complex mixtures of sterol trimethylsilyl ethers obtained, often in small amounts, from marine organisms. A combination of Dexsil 300 GC, SE-30 \"ultraphase\" and Silar 5CP is recommended for use in this technique because of the excellent separating efficiency and the very low substrate bleed. GC-MS analysis of the sterol trimethylsilyl ethers obtained from the cockle Cerastoderma edule has established the identity and relative proportions of the eleven sterols present.", "contents": "Sterols of the cockle Cerastoderma edule. Evaluation of thermostable liquid phases for the gas-liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of the trimethylsilyl ethers of marine sterols. Some recent liquid phases for gas-liquid chromatography with improved thermostability have been evaluated for their use in the gas-liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) analysis of the complex mixtures of sterol trimethylsilyl ethers obtained, often in small amounts, from marine organisms. A combination of Dexsil 300 GC, SE-30 \"ultraphase\" and Silar 5CP is recommended for use in this technique because of the excellent separating efficiency and the very low substrate bleed. GC-MS analysis of the sterol trimethylsilyl ethers obtained from the cockle Cerastoderma edule has established the identity and relative proportions of the eleven sterols present.", "PMID": 1117045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5346", "title": "Analysis of the diazinon metabolites G 27550 and GS 31144 by gas-liquid chromatography with nitrogen-specific detection after derivatization.", "content": "The alkylation and silylation of the diazinon metabolites G 27550 (2-isopropyl-4-methyl-6-hydroxypyrimidine) and GS 31144 [2-(1'-hydroxy-1'-methyl)-ethyl-4-methyl-6-hydroxypyrimidine] with methyl iodide/sodium hydride and bis-(trimethylsilyl)-trifluoroacetamide, respectively, were examined for use as confirmation techniques for these metabolites in sample material. The methods proved to be rapid and simple. The derivatives chromatographed well on 4% SE-30/6% QF-1. Electrolytic conductivity detection proved satisfactory for the derivatives with minimum cleanup. The techniques were successfully applied to the analysis of the two metabolites in dog urine in the range of 1 ppm.", "contents": "Analysis of the diazinon metabolites G 27550 and GS 31144 by gas-liquid chromatography with nitrogen-specific detection after derivatization. The alkylation and silylation of the diazinon metabolites G 27550 (2-isopropyl-4-methyl-6-hydroxypyrimidine) and GS 31144 [2-(1'-hydroxy-1'-methyl)-ethyl-4-methyl-6-hydroxypyrimidine] with methyl iodide/sodium hydride and bis-(trimethylsilyl)-trifluoroacetamide, respectively, were examined for use as confirmation techniques for these metabolites in sample material. The methods proved to be rapid and simple. The derivatives chromatographed well on 4% SE-30/6% QF-1. Electrolytic conductivity detection proved satisfactory for the derivatives with minimum cleanup. The techniques were successfully applied to the analysis of the two metabolites in dog urine in the range of 1 ppm.", "PMID": 1117046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5347", "title": "Mass spectrometric identification of the thermal decomposition products of N-(p-toluenesulfonyl)-N'-(aza-bicyclo-(3.3.0.) octyl) urea (S-852).", "content": "A study was made on the thermal decomposition products of S-852. The identification of the degradation products separated on a 3% OV-17 glass column was obtained by means of the mass spectrometric technique", "contents": "Mass spectrometric identification of the thermal decomposition products of N-(p-toluenesulfonyl)-N'-(aza-bicyclo-(3.3.0.) octyl) urea (S-852). A study was made on the thermal decomposition products of S-852. The identification of the degradation products separated on a 3% OV-17 glass column was obtained by means of the mass spectrometric technique", "PMID": 1117049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5348", "title": "Changes in plasma growth hormone levels in normal and acromegalic subjects following administration of 2-bromo-alpha-ergocryptine.", "content": "2-Bromo-alpha-ergocryptine (CB-154), AN ERGOT ALKALOID THAT STIMulates dopaminergic receptors, caused a widely varying, but significant increase in plasma GH levels in normal subject whereas a marked and protractedfall in values was observed in some patients with acromegaly. It is suggested that these effects were mediated by activation of either hypothalamic or hypophyseal dopaminergic receptors. The fact that GH values fell to or near normal levels in 4/8 cases suggests that CB-154 may have therapeutic possibilities in acromegaly.", "contents": "Changes in plasma growth hormone levels in normal and acromegalic subjects following administration of 2-bromo-alpha-ergocryptine. 2-Bromo-alpha-ergocryptine (CB-154), AN ERGOT ALKALOID THAT STIMulates dopaminergic receptors, caused a widely varying, but significant increase in plasma GH levels in normal subject whereas a marked and protractedfall in values was observed in some patients with acromegaly. It is suggested that these effects were mediated by activation of either hypothalamic or hypophyseal dopaminergic receptors. The fact that GH values fell to or near normal levels in 4/8 cases suggests that CB-154 may have therapeutic possibilities in acromegaly.", "PMID": 1117050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5349", "title": "Growth hormone responses following double pulse oral glucose administration in various clinical states.", "content": "The 8-h double pulse oral glucose test is proposed as an alternative screening procedure for determining the adequacy of growth hormone (GH) release. The second pulse of glucose is timely in suppressing GH release and delaying it for a more predictable controlled elevation. Peak GH (mean plus or minus SD) values following the double pulse glucose test were 17 plus or minus 10.2, 16.5 plus or minus 2.2, and 1.3 plus or minus 0.5 ng/ml in normal controls, short stature patients and GH deficient patients, respectively. Peak GH values following insulin hypoglycemia were 36.9 plus or minus 13.8, 21.9 plus or minus 23.0 and 1.8 plus or minus 1.1 ng/ml in normal controls, short stature patients and GH-deficient patients. Peak GH values during a 5-h oral glucose tolerance test were 16.4 plus or minus 6.0 and 10.2 plus or minus 3.3 ng/ml in normal controls and short patients, respectively. These differences in peak GH values between the various clinical and control groups were not significantly different except for the greater GH peak values reached in short patients in the double pulse glucose test compared to the 5-h oral glucose tolerance test. The rise in GH following double pulse oral glucose is more timely predictab-e than after the 5-h oral glucose test and involves less professional time than the insulin tolerance test as it does not require close medical supervision.", "contents": "Growth hormone responses following double pulse oral glucose administration in various clinical states. The 8-h double pulse oral glucose test is proposed as an alternative screening procedure for determining the adequacy of growth hormone (GH) release. The second pulse of glucose is timely in suppressing GH release and delaying it for a more predictable controlled elevation. Peak GH (mean plus or minus SD) values following the double pulse glucose test were 17 plus or minus 10.2, 16.5 plus or minus 2.2, and 1.3 plus or minus 0.5 ng/ml in normal controls, short stature patients and GH deficient patients, respectively. Peak GH values following insulin hypoglycemia were 36.9 plus or minus 13.8, 21.9 plus or minus 23.0 and 1.8 plus or minus 1.1 ng/ml in normal controls, short stature patients and GH-deficient patients. Peak GH values during a 5-h oral glucose tolerance test were 16.4 plus or minus 6.0 and 10.2 plus or minus 3.3 ng/ml in normal controls and short patients, respectively. These differences in peak GH values between the various clinical and control groups were not significantly different except for the greater GH peak values reached in short patients in the double pulse glucose test compared to the 5-h oral glucose tolerance test. The rise in GH following double pulse oral glucose is more timely predictab-e than after the 5-h oral glucose test and involves less professional time than the insulin tolerance test as it does not require close medical supervision.", "PMID": 1117051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5350", "title": "The excretion of 2-hydroxyestrone during the menstrual cycle.", "content": "A double isotope derivative determination technique was developed to investigate the excretion of 2-hydroxyestrone inhuman menstrual cycle. The method is highly specific, accurate and precise within the range of 0.2-20 nmol 2-hydroxyestrone/20ml of urine. The amounts of 2-hydroxyestrone excreted during menstrual cycle varied between 10 (proliferation phase) and 60 mug/24 h urine (ovulatory peak), which is comparable to that of estriol, supposed hitherto to be the main excretion product of estrogen metabolism.", "contents": "The excretion of 2-hydroxyestrone during the menstrual cycle. A double isotope derivative determination technique was developed to investigate the excretion of 2-hydroxyestrone inhuman menstrual cycle. The method is highly specific, accurate and precise within the range of 0.2-20 nmol 2-hydroxyestrone/20ml of urine. The amounts of 2-hydroxyestrone excreted during menstrual cycle varied between 10 (proliferation phase) and 60 mug/24 h urine (ovulatory peak), which is comparable to that of estriol, supposed hitherto to be the main excretion product of estrogen metabolism.", "PMID": 1117052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5351", "title": "Aromatization of androstenedione by isolated human hairs.", "content": "The formation of (3-H) estrone has been demonstrated in human anagen scalp hair roots incubated with (1, 2, 6, 7-3H) androstenedione, and approximate rates of formation of 0.2 pmol of estrone/mg DNA/h were observed. Thus, hair is a potential site for the extraglandular formation of estrogen in man.", "contents": "Aromatization of androstenedione by isolated human hairs. The formation of (3-H) estrone has been demonstrated in human anagen scalp hair roots incubated with (1, 2, 6, 7-3H) androstenedione, and approximate rates of formation of 0.2 pmol of estrone/mg DNA/h were observed. Thus, hair is a potential site for the extraglandular formation of estrogen in man.", "PMID": 1117053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5352", "title": "Effect of alanine and glycine on glucagon secretion in postabsorptive and fasting obese man.", "content": "Changes in blood levels of glucagon, insulin and glucose in response to infusions of alanine and glycine have been studied in postabsorptive and fasting obese human subjects. Four-to-five-fold elevations of baseline plasma alanine levels stimulated glucagon secretion significantly. Supraphysiological plasma levels of glycine had a small but insignificant stimulatory effect on glucagon secretion. The glucose increase (6 to 10 mg per 100 ml) observed within 30 min of a supraphysiologic alanine infusion in subjects fasted for 2 or more weeks may be secondary to glucagonmediated glycogen breakdown. However, despite equivalent glucagon rises in the other two study periods, no significant rise in blood sugar was noted during the period of infusion.", "contents": "Effect of alanine and glycine on glucagon secretion in postabsorptive and fasting obese man. Changes in blood levels of glucagon, insulin and glucose in response to infusions of alanine and glycine have been studied in postabsorptive and fasting obese human subjects. Four-to-five-fold elevations of baseline plasma alanine levels stimulated glucagon secretion significantly. Supraphysiological plasma levels of glycine had a small but insignificant stimulatory effect on glucagon secretion. The glucose increase (6 to 10 mg per 100 ml) observed within 30 min of a supraphysiologic alanine infusion in subjects fasted for 2 or more weeks may be secondary to glucagonmediated glycogen breakdown. However, despite equivalent glucagon rises in the other two study periods, no significant rise in blood sugar was noted during the period of infusion.", "PMID": 1117054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5353", "title": "Intra-uterine treatment of a hypothyroid fetus.", "content": "A woman in her 24th week of gestation was referred for treatment of hypothyroidism, after she underwent radioablation of the thyroid during the 13th week of gestation. Because of the high risk of hypothyroidism in the fetus, prenatal administration of intramuscular T-4 to the fetus was begun at 32 weeks. The last dose of T-4 was given 2 weeks before delivery; cord blood levels of T-4 and T-3 were undetectable and the TSH concentration was markedly elevated. The case illustrates several important physiological concepts regarding thyroid hormone and TSH metabolism in the fetal-placental unit, including the minimal placental permeability to iodothyronines and TSH, independent function (including feedback control) of the fetal hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis, and the TSH response at parturition. In addition we suggest that administration of T-4 to the hypothyroid fetus in utero is an acceptable modality of treatment and may help to minimize irreversible mental retardation in known high risk infants. However, further studies are necessary to assess the effectiveness and safety of this approach.", "contents": "Intra-uterine treatment of a hypothyroid fetus. A woman in her 24th week of gestation was referred for treatment of hypothyroidism, after she underwent radioablation of the thyroid during the 13th week of gestation. Because of the high risk of hypothyroidism in the fetus, prenatal administration of intramuscular T-4 to the fetus was begun at 32 weeks. The last dose of T-4 was given 2 weeks before delivery; cord blood levels of T-4 and T-3 were undetectable and the TSH concentration was markedly elevated. The case illustrates several important physiological concepts regarding thyroid hormone and TSH metabolism in the fetal-placental unit, including the minimal placental permeability to iodothyronines and TSH, independent function (including feedback control) of the fetal hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis, and the TSH response at parturition. In addition we suggest that administration of T-4 to the hypothyroid fetus in utero is an acceptable modality of treatment and may help to minimize irreversible mental retardation in known high risk infants. However, further studies are necessary to assess the effectiveness and safety of this approach.", "PMID": 1117055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5354", "title": "A cycle of plasma testosterone in the human male.", "content": "The object of the study was to assess the lability of testosterone levels in plasma of normal human males over a long period of time and to search for periodicities in changing levels. Blood samples obtained from 20 healthy young men every second day for 2 months were assayed for total testosterone concentration by radioligand saturation analysis with late-pregnancy plasma. The flucturations of plasma testosterone levels over the total time span were substantial for most individuals; the coefficients of variation ranged from 14 to 42% (median 21%). The presence of periodic functions in these fluctuations was tested by 4 different, relatively independent methods. Close agreement among at least 3 analytic methods was found for 12 out of the 20 subjects. These 12 subjects had cycles of plasma testosterone levels with periods ranging between 8-30 days, with a cluster of periods around 20-22 days. The majority of such cycles were significant at least at the 5% level. The mean amplitudes of these cycles ranged from 9 to 28% of the subjects' mean testosterone levels (average 17%).", "contents": "A cycle of plasma testosterone in the human male. The object of the study was to assess the lability of testosterone levels in plasma of normal human males over a long period of time and to search for periodicities in changing levels. Blood samples obtained from 20 healthy young men every second day for 2 months were assayed for total testosterone concentration by radioligand saturation analysis with late-pregnancy plasma. The flucturations of plasma testosterone levels over the total time span were substantial for most individuals; the coefficients of variation ranged from 14 to 42% (median 21%). The presence of periodic functions in these fluctuations was tested by 4 different, relatively independent methods. Close agreement among at least 3 analytic methods was found for 12 out of the 20 subjects. These 12 subjects had cycles of plasma testosterone levels with periods ranging between 8-30 days, with a cluster of periods around 20-22 days. The majority of such cycles were significant at least at the 5% level. The mean amplitudes of these cycles ranged from 9 to 28% of the subjects' mean testosterone levels (average 17%).", "PMID": 1117056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5355", "title": "Spontaneous fluctuations of human placental lactogen during normal pregnancy.", "content": "Six women in the 3rd trimester of normal pregnancy had measurements of circulating placental lactogen (hPL) levels using a continuous blood sampling technique for 10-15 h. In addition, in 3 pregnant women hPL was assayed at 10-min intervals for 60-90 min. Both these procedures showed that hPL serum levels fluctuate irregularly during normal pregnancy. The magnitude and frequency of these fluctuations make the significance of a single hPL determination less reliable as a test of placental function.", "contents": "Spontaneous fluctuations of human placental lactogen during normal pregnancy. Six women in the 3rd trimester of normal pregnancy had measurements of circulating placental lactogen (hPL) levels using a continuous blood sampling technique for 10-15 h. In addition, in 3 pregnant women hPL was assayed at 10-min intervals for 60-90 min. Both these procedures showed that hPL serum levels fluctuate irregularly during normal pregnancy. The magnitude and frequency of these fluctuations make the significance of a single hPL determination less reliable as a test of placental function.", "PMID": 1117057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5356", "title": "Circulating estradiol, estrone and gonadotropin levels following the administration of orally active 17beta-estradiol in postmenopausal women.", "content": "Ingestion of a single tablet containing 2 mg micronized 17beta-estradiol (E-2) produced marked increases in the serum concentrations of E-2 and estrone (E-1) in 9 postmenopausal women. The rise in circulating E-2 became significant within 2 h, reached a maximum (110 pg/ML; 437% increase) at 5 h, and remained significantly elevated at 8 h posttreatment. By 24 h, the serum E-2 concentration was not significantly different than baseline. In contrast, a more rapid (within 1 h) and pronounced (4-fold) increase in the serum concentration of E-1 was observed. This rise continued until a peak (467 pg/ml; 2000%) was reached 6 h posttreatment. Thereafter, the serum E-1 concentration declined progressively but was still significantly elevated (140 pg/ml; P smaller than 0.01) 24 h after treatment. Serum concentrations of FSH AND LH were significantly decreased within 6 and 3 h, respectively and both gonadotropins remained significantly suppressed 24 h following the ingestion of E-2. The ratios of circulating E-1: E-2 reported herein (ca. 3-6) were much higher than those observed by other investigators following iv E-2 (I.E., smaller than 1). Thus the data indicate that micronized E-2 peros is readily absorbed and that during this process a significant portion of the hormone is converted to E-1 by the gstrointestinal tract. In addition, 2 mg oral E-2 exerts significant biologic activity as assessed by serum gonadotropin suppression.", "contents": "Circulating estradiol, estrone and gonadotropin levels following the administration of orally active 17beta-estradiol in postmenopausal women. Ingestion of a single tablet containing 2 mg micronized 17beta-estradiol (E-2) produced marked increases in the serum concentrations of E-2 and estrone (E-1) in 9 postmenopausal women. The rise in circulating E-2 became significant within 2 h, reached a maximum (110 pg/ML; 437% increase) at 5 h, and remained significantly elevated at 8 h posttreatment. By 24 h, the serum E-2 concentration was not significantly different than baseline. In contrast, a more rapid (within 1 h) and pronounced (4-fold) increase in the serum concentration of E-1 was observed. This rise continued until a peak (467 pg/ml; 2000%) was reached 6 h posttreatment. Thereafter, the serum E-1 concentration declined progressively but was still significantly elevated (140 pg/ml; P smaller than 0.01) 24 h after treatment. Serum concentrations of FSH AND LH were significantly decreased within 6 and 3 h, respectively and both gonadotropins remained significantly suppressed 24 h following the ingestion of E-2. The ratios of circulating E-1: E-2 reported herein (ca. 3-6) were much higher than those observed by other investigators following iv E-2 (I.E., smaller than 1). Thus the data indicate that micronized E-2 peros is readily absorbed and that during this process a significant portion of the hormone is converted to E-1 by the gstrointestinal tract. In addition, 2 mg oral E-2 exerts significant biologic activity as assessed by serum gonadotropin suppression.", "PMID": 1117058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5357", "title": "Metyrapone test in Cushing's disease.", "content": "The urinary 17-hydroxycorticosteroid response to 2 g of metyrapone given orally at 10 PM was compared with that following the standard test in which 750 mg of metyrapone was given at 4 hourly intervals for 6 doses. Both tests were performed on four occasions in 3 patients with Cushing's disease. Increments in urinary 17-hydroxycorticosteroid excretion during the modified test were 7.0, 7.5, 8.4 and 23.3 mg/day, whereas with the standard test, increments ranged from 29.5 to 56.8 mg/day. The urinary 17-hydroxycorticosteroid response to the 2 g dose of metyrapone at 10 PM was marginal in 3 of the 4 studies. Urinary 17-hydroxycorticosteroid excretion with the modified metyrapone test varied from 10.7 to 44% of that found with the standard test. Since urinary steroid excretion may vary considerably in patients with Cushing's syndrome as was evident in 2 of the 3 patients studied, the data suggest that the modified metyrapone test should not be used in preference to the standard test in evaluating Cushing's syndrome. It appears that the modified test could lead to erroneous conclusions.", "contents": "Metyrapone test in Cushing's disease. The urinary 17-hydroxycorticosteroid response to 2 g of metyrapone given orally at 10 PM was compared with that following the standard test in which 750 mg of metyrapone was given at 4 hourly intervals for 6 doses. Both tests were performed on four occasions in 3 patients with Cushing's disease. Increments in urinary 17-hydroxycorticosteroid excretion during the modified test were 7.0, 7.5, 8.4 and 23.3 mg/day, whereas with the standard test, increments ranged from 29.5 to 56.8 mg/day. The urinary 17-hydroxycorticosteroid response to the 2 g dose of metyrapone at 10 PM was marginal in 3 of the 4 studies. Urinary 17-hydroxycorticosteroid excretion with the modified metyrapone test varied from 10.7 to 44% of that found with the standard test. Since urinary steroid excretion may vary considerably in patients with Cushing's syndrome as was evident in 2 of the 3 patients studied, the data suggest that the modified metyrapone test should not be used in preference to the standard test in evaluating Cushing's syndrome. It appears that the modified test could lead to erroneous conclusions.", "PMID": 1117059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5358", "title": "Plasma renin activity in normal subjects from infancy to puberty.", "content": "Immunoassayable Plasma renin activity (PRA) was measured in normal subjects aged from 15 days to 15 years. A very progressive decrease of PRA with age could be demonstrated. Practical conditions for the study of PRA were defined.", "contents": "Plasma renin activity in normal subjects from infancy to puberty. Immunoassayable Plasma renin activity (PRA) was measured in normal subjects aged from 15 days to 15 years. A very progressive decrease of PRA with age could be demonstrated. Practical conditions for the study of PRA were defined.", "PMID": 1117060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5359", "title": "Plasma glucagon and alanine responses to acute insulin deficiency in man.", "content": "Plasma glucagon levels rose within 1 hr after withdrawal of insulin in 7 juvenile-type diabetics previously kept normoglycemic by prolonged intravenous infusions of insulin. These changes preceded subsequent elevations in plasma alanine levels. Individual rises in plasma glucagon were correlated with elevations in plasma glucose, beta-hydroxybutyrate, free fatty acid, and glycerol levels, suggesting that glucagon may play an important role in the development of diabetic ketoacidosis in man.", "contents": "Plasma glucagon and alanine responses to acute insulin deficiency in man. Plasma glucagon levels rose within 1 hr after withdrawal of insulin in 7 juvenile-type diabetics previously kept normoglycemic by prolonged intravenous infusions of insulin. These changes preceded subsequent elevations in plasma alanine levels. Individual rises in plasma glucagon were correlated with elevations in plasma glucose, beta-hydroxybutyrate, free fatty acid, and glycerol levels, suggesting that glucagon may play an important role in the development of diabetic ketoacidosis in man.", "PMID": 1117061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5360", "title": "Early variations of plasma somatomedin activity in the newborn.", "content": "In neonates, plasma somatomedin as measured by the porcine cartilage assay was very low during the first day of life. A striking increase was observed on day 4 and 5, with a return to lower values at a later age. These findings indicate an early capacity to generate somatomedin activity in newborns.", "contents": "Early variations of plasma somatomedin activity in the newborn. In neonates, plasma somatomedin as measured by the porcine cartilage assay was very low during the first day of life. A striking increase was observed on day 4 and 5, with a return to lower values at a later age. These findings indicate an early capacity to generate somatomedin activity in newborns.", "PMID": 1117062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5361", "title": "Appearance of hCG in pregnancy plasma following the initiation of implantation of the blastocyst.", "content": "Plasma chorionic gonadotropin levels were measured by three different assay methods during early pregnancy in four patients following induction of ovulation with Pergonal and hCG. Radioligand-receptor assay of unextracted samples was subject to non-specific interference by plasma proteins, causing an apparent elevation of gonadotropin levels during the first few days after fertilization. By contrast, the gonadotropin values measured by a highly sensitive LH/hCG bioassay were consistent with those obtained with a sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay for hCG, and showed that the first significant rise in plasma hCG occurred 9 to 13 days after ovulation. These results indicate that hCG does not appear in the maternal circulation until after the initiation of implantation of the blastocyst.", "contents": "Appearance of hCG in pregnancy plasma following the initiation of implantation of the blastocyst. Plasma chorionic gonadotropin levels were measured by three different assay methods during early pregnancy in four patients following induction of ovulation with Pergonal and hCG. Radioligand-receptor assay of unextracted samples was subject to non-specific interference by plasma proteins, causing an apparent elevation of gonadotropin levels during the first few days after fertilization. By contrast, the gonadotropin values measured by a highly sensitive LH/hCG bioassay were consistent with those obtained with a sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay for hCG, and showed that the first significant rise in plasma hCG occurred 9 to 13 days after ovulation. These results indicate that hCG does not appear in the maternal circulation until after the initiation of implantation of the blastocyst.", "PMID": 1117063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5362", "title": "Demonstration of insulin resistance in untreated adult onset diabetic subjects with fasting hyperglycemia.", "content": "We have used a continuous intravenous infusion of glucose (6 mg/kg/min), insulin (80 mU/min), epinephrine (6 mug/min), and propranolol (0.08 mg/min) to directly assess insulin resistance in 14 untreated adult onset diabetics with a mean (plus or minus SE) fasting plasma glucose level of 217 plus or minus 17 mg/100 ml. During the infusion endogenous insulin secretion is inhibited and steady-state plasma glucose and insulin levels are achieved after 90 min. Since similar steady-state levels of plasma insulin are achieved in all subjects, the plasma glucose concentration observed during the steady-state period is a measure of an individual's insulin resistance. Under these conditions, the mean (plus or minus SE) steady-state plasma glucose level of the 14 diabetic patients was 350 plus or minus 16 mg/100 ml, while that of 12 normal subjects was 121 plus or minus 4 mg/100 ml. Additional studies were performed in which control subjects and patients with diabetes had their fasting plasma glucose levels acutely raised or lowered to comparable levels before receiving the basic infusion mixture of glucose, insulin, epinephrine, and propranolol. The results of these studies indicated that differences in initial plasma glucose levels could not account for the different glucose responses of the two groups to the basic infusion. Finally, the mean (plus or minus SE) steady-state plasma glucose level of 104 plus or minus 17 mg/100 ml observed during the same basic infusion in five patients with fasting hyperglycemia (mean plus or minus SE, 142 plus or minus 12 mg/100 ml) secondary to chronic pancreatitis suggested that neither chronic hyperglycemia nor hypoinsulinemia per se necessarily lead to insulin resistance. These results demonstrate that marked insulin resistance exists in adult onset diabetics with fasting hyperglycemia. Since previous studies have documented the presence of insulin resistance in patients with chemical diabetes, the possibility exists that insulin resistance may be characteristic of adult onset diabetes mellitus.", "contents": "Demonstration of insulin resistance in untreated adult onset diabetic subjects with fasting hyperglycemia. We have used a continuous intravenous infusion of glucose (6 mg/kg/min), insulin (80 mU/min), epinephrine (6 mug/min), and propranolol (0.08 mg/min) to directly assess insulin resistance in 14 untreated adult onset diabetics with a mean (plus or minus SE) fasting plasma glucose level of 217 plus or minus 17 mg/100 ml. During the infusion endogenous insulin secretion is inhibited and steady-state plasma glucose and insulin levels are achieved after 90 min. Since similar steady-state levels of plasma insulin are achieved in all subjects, the plasma glucose concentration observed during the steady-state period is a measure of an individual's insulin resistance. Under these conditions, the mean (plus or minus SE) steady-state plasma glucose level of the 14 diabetic patients was 350 plus or minus 16 mg/100 ml, while that of 12 normal subjects was 121 plus or minus 4 mg/100 ml. Additional studies were performed in which control subjects and patients with diabetes had their fasting plasma glucose levels acutely raised or lowered to comparable levels before receiving the basic infusion mixture of glucose, insulin, epinephrine, and propranolol. The results of these studies indicated that differences in initial plasma glucose levels could not account for the different glucose responses of the two groups to the basic infusion. Finally, the mean (plus or minus SE) steady-state plasma glucose level of 104 plus or minus 17 mg/100 ml observed during the same basic infusion in five patients with fasting hyperglycemia (mean plus or minus SE, 142 plus or minus 12 mg/100 ml) secondary to chronic pancreatitis suggested that neither chronic hyperglycemia nor hypoinsulinemia per se necessarily lead to insulin resistance. These results demonstrate that marked insulin resistance exists in adult onset diabetics with fasting hyperglycemia. Since previous studies have documented the presence of insulin resistance in patients with chemical diabetes, the possibility exists that insulin resistance may be characteristic of adult onset diabetes mellitus.", "PMID": 1117064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5363", "title": "Biosynthesis of bile acids in man. Hydroxylation of the C27-steroid side chain.", "content": "The first step in the degradation of the steroid side chain during biosynthesis of bile acids from cholesterol in man was studied in microsomal and mitochondrial fraction of homogenate of livers from 14 patients. The microsomal fraction was found to catalyze an efficient 25-hydroxylation of 5,8-cholestane-3a,7a,12atriol. A small extent of 23-, 24-, and 26-hydroxylation of the same substrate was observed. 53-Cholestane-3a,7adiol was hydroxylated in the 25-position only to a very small extent. The mitochondrial fraction was found to catalyze 26-hydroxylation of cholesterol, 5-cholestene-3P,7a-diol, 5P-cholestane-3a,7a-diol, 7a-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one, and 5,0-cholestane-3a,7a,12a-triol. Addition of Mg++ stimulated the 26-hydroxylation of cholesterol but had no effect or an inhibitory effect on 26-hydroxylation of the other substrates, indicating a heterogeneity of the mitochondrial 26-hydroxylating system. The level of 26-hydroxylase activity towards different substrates varied considerably with different mitochondrial preparations. The roles of the microsomal and mitochondrial 26- hydroxylations as well as the microsomal 25-hydroxylation in biosynthesis of bile acids in man are discussed. The results indicate that microsomal 26-hydroxylation is less important than mitochondrial 26-hydroxylation under normal conditions. The possibility that microsomal 25-hydroxylation is important cannot be ruled out.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of bile acids in man. Hydroxylation of the C27-steroid side chain. The first step in the degradation of the steroid side chain during biosynthesis of bile acids from cholesterol in man was studied in microsomal and mitochondrial fraction of homogenate of livers from 14 patients. The microsomal fraction was found to catalyze an efficient 25-hydroxylation of 5,8-cholestane-3a,7a,12atriol. A small extent of 23-, 24-, and 26-hydroxylation of the same substrate was observed. 53-Cholestane-3a,7adiol was hydroxylated in the 25-position only to a very small extent. The mitochondrial fraction was found to catalyze 26-hydroxylation of cholesterol, 5-cholestene-3P,7a-diol, 5P-cholestane-3a,7a-diol, 7a-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one, and 5,0-cholestane-3a,7a,12a-triol. Addition of Mg++ stimulated the 26-hydroxylation of cholesterol but had no effect or an inhibitory effect on 26-hydroxylation of the other substrates, indicating a heterogeneity of the mitochondrial 26-hydroxylating system. The level of 26-hydroxylase activity towards different substrates varied considerably with different mitochondrial preparations. The roles of the microsomal and mitochondrial 26- hydroxylations as well as the microsomal 25-hydroxylation in biosynthesis of bile acids in man are discussed. The results indicate that microsomal 26-hydroxylation is less important than mitochondrial 26-hydroxylation under normal conditions. The possibility that microsomal 25-hydroxylation is important cannot be ruled out.", "PMID": 1117065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5364", "title": "The choleretic effect of iodipamide.", "content": "It is well established that a number of organic anions are excreted by the liver into bile in association with a marked increase in bile flow. Previous studies have shown that iodipamide (3,3'-(adipoyl-diimino)bis[2,4,6-triiodobenzoic acid]), the radiographic contrast material used for intravenous cholangiography, is a potent choleretic. Experiments were performed in unanesthetized dogs to determine if the increased bile flow produced by iodipamide is canalicular or ductular in origin, to quantitate the choleresis associated with iodipamide and taurocholate excretion, and to correlate these findings with the results of in vitro studies in which the osmotic activities of iodipamide and taurocholate in both isotonic saline and bile were determined. The plasma erythritol clearance increase linearly with the excretion of iodipamide, indicating that iodipamide stimulates canalicular bile flow. The choleretic potency of iodipamide (22 ml/mmol) is approximately 3 times that of taurocholate (7.8 ml/mmol), yet the osmotic activity of iodipamide in bile (1.5 mosmol/mmol) is only twice as great as that of taurocholate in bile (0.8 mosmol/mmol). It therefore appears that, per unit of effective osmotic solute secreted, iodipamide carries more water into the bile canaliculi than does taurocholate.", "contents": "The choleretic effect of iodipamide. It is well established that a number of organic anions are excreted by the liver into bile in association with a marked increase in bile flow. Previous studies have shown that iodipamide (3,3'-(adipoyl-diimino)bis[2,4,6-triiodobenzoic acid]), the radiographic contrast material used for intravenous cholangiography, is a potent choleretic. Experiments were performed in unanesthetized dogs to determine if the increased bile flow produced by iodipamide is canalicular or ductular in origin, to quantitate the choleresis associated with iodipamide and taurocholate excretion, and to correlate these findings with the results of in vitro studies in which the osmotic activities of iodipamide and taurocholate in both isotonic saline and bile were determined. The plasma erythritol clearance increase linearly with the excretion of iodipamide, indicating that iodipamide stimulates canalicular bile flow. The choleretic potency of iodipamide (22 ml/mmol) is approximately 3 times that of taurocholate (7.8 ml/mmol), yet the osmotic activity of iodipamide in bile (1.5 mosmol/mmol) is only twice as great as that of taurocholate in bile (0.8 mosmol/mmol). It therefore appears that, per unit of effective osmotic solute secreted, iodipamide carries more water into the bile canaliculi than does taurocholate.", "PMID": 1117066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5365", "title": "Catalase, superoxide dismutase, and virulence of Staphylococcus aureus. In vitro and in vivo studies with emphasis on staphylococcal--leukocyte interaction.", "content": "Since oxygen-free polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) cannot kill Staphylococcus aureus normally, the usual mechanisms for PMN bactericidal activity probably involve hydrogen peroxide or superoxide. Catalase can destroy hydrogen peroxide, and superoxide dismutase breaks down superoxide. Experiments were performed to study the influence of these enzymes (which are found in staphylococci) on virulence for mice or on leukocyte-bacterial interaction. 15 staphylococcal strains were injected i.p. into mice to quantitate virulence. There was good correlation between staphylococcal catalase activity and mouse lethality (r equals 0.88) but no correlation between staphylococcal superoxide dismutase activity and mouse lethality (r equals 0.14). Exogenous catalase (10,000 U/ml) increased the virulence of low-catalase staphylococci, but exogenous superoxide dismutase (200 mug/ml) did not alter the virulence of staphyloccal strains. C14=labeled high-catalase or low-catalase staphylococci were ingested equally well by PMN, with or without the addition of exogenous catalase. A high-catalase staphylococcal strain was killed relatively poorly by PMN, and addition of exogenous catalase (but not superoxide dismutase) decreased the ability of PMN to kill a low-catalase strain. Iodination of bacterial proteins by PMN is related to hydrogen peroxide, and a high-catalase staphylococcal strain was iodinated only 63% as much as a low-catalase strain. Addition of exogenous catalase decreased iodination of the low-catalase strain by 23%. These findings suggest that staphylococcal catalase protects intraphagocytic microbes by destroying hydrogen peroxide produced by the phagocyte. Thus, catalase may be a significant staphylococcal virulence factor.", "contents": "Catalase, superoxide dismutase, and virulence of Staphylococcus aureus. In vitro and in vivo studies with emphasis on staphylococcal--leukocyte interaction. Since oxygen-free polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) cannot kill Staphylococcus aureus normally, the usual mechanisms for PMN bactericidal activity probably involve hydrogen peroxide or superoxide. Catalase can destroy hydrogen peroxide, and superoxide dismutase breaks down superoxide. Experiments were performed to study the influence of these enzymes (which are found in staphylococci) on virulence for mice or on leukocyte-bacterial interaction. 15 staphylococcal strains were injected i.p. into mice to quantitate virulence. There was good correlation between staphylococcal catalase activity and mouse lethality (r equals 0.88) but no correlation between staphylococcal superoxide dismutase activity and mouse lethality (r equals 0.14). Exogenous catalase (10,000 U/ml) increased the virulence of low-catalase staphylococci, but exogenous superoxide dismutase (200 mug/ml) did not alter the virulence of staphyloccal strains. C14=labeled high-catalase or low-catalase staphylococci were ingested equally well by PMN, with or without the addition of exogenous catalase. A high-catalase staphylococcal strain was killed relatively poorly by PMN, and addition of exogenous catalase (but not superoxide dismutase) decreased the ability of PMN to kill a low-catalase strain. Iodination of bacterial proteins by PMN is related to hydrogen peroxide, and a high-catalase staphylococcal strain was iodinated only 63% as much as a low-catalase strain. Addition of exogenous catalase decreased iodination of the low-catalase strain by 23%. These findings suggest that staphylococcal catalase protects intraphagocytic microbes by destroying hydrogen peroxide produced by the phagocyte. Thus, catalase may be a significant staphylococcal virulence factor.", "PMID": 1117067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5366", "title": "Effect of increased peritubule protein concentration on proximal tubule reabsorption in the presence and absence of extracellular volume expansion.", "content": "The effect of increased peritubule capillary oncotic pressure on sodium reabsorption by the proximal tubule of the dog was investistigated after extracellular volume expansion (ECVE) with Ringer's solution or during continued hydropenia. Control measurements were made after ECVE or during hydropenia and again during renal arterial infusion with hyperoncotic albumin solution. Absolute reabsorption by the proximal tubule was calculated from fractional reabsorption and single nephron filtration rates as determined by micropuncture. Direct measurements of efferent arteriole protein were used to determine efferent arteriolar oncotic pressure. Albumin infused into the renal artery after ECVE significantly increased efferent oncotic pressure by 17.6 plus or minus 5.3 mm Hg. Fractional and absolute reabsorption by the proximal tubule increased from 20 plus or minus 6 to 37 plus or minus 5% and from 22 plus or minus 6 to 36 plus or minus 7 nl/min, respectively. During hydropenia, the albumin infusion significantly increased efferent oncotic pressure by 15.0 plus or minus 4.4 mm Hg. However, in contrast to the effect seen during ECVE, neither fractional nor absolute reabsorption was changed, delta equals 0.3 plus or minus 1.5% and 3 plus or minus 5 nl/min, respectively. Single nephron filtration rates were not significantly different between the groups and were unchanged by the albumin infusion. Peritubule capillary hydrostatic pressures, measured with a null-servo device, were not changed by the albumin infusion in either group. Renal interstitial hydrostatic pressure, measured from chronically implanted polyethylene capsules, was decreased significantly from 7.2 plus or minus 0.9 to 3.4 plus or minus 0.6 mm Hg in the hydropenic group and from 0.6 plus or minus 0.6 to 4.8 plus or minus 0.7 mm Hg in the Ringer's expanded group. In the hydropenic group, the increase in efferent oncotic pressure was nearly compensated for by changes in interstitial forces so that the calculated net force for capillary uptake was almost unchanged, 17.8 mm Hg before vs. 21.4 mm Hg during the albumin infusion. The increased efferent oncotic pressure in the Ringer's expanded group was not compensated, so that the calculated net force for uptake was increased, 11.9 mm Hg before to 22.2 mm Hg during the albumin infusion. Thus, while the increase in efferent oncotic pressure during albumin infusion was not significantly different between the groups, absolute and fractional reabsorptions were increased only in the animals in which the extracellular volume was expanded. The results suggest that ECVE alters the effect of increased peritubule oncotic pressure on sodium reabsorption by the proximal tubule.", "contents": "Effect of increased peritubule protein concentration on proximal tubule reabsorption in the presence and absence of extracellular volume expansion. The effect of increased peritubule capillary oncotic pressure on sodium reabsorption by the proximal tubule of the dog was investistigated after extracellular volume expansion (ECVE) with Ringer's solution or during continued hydropenia. Control measurements were made after ECVE or during hydropenia and again during renal arterial infusion with hyperoncotic albumin solution. Absolute reabsorption by the proximal tubule was calculated from fractional reabsorption and single nephron filtration rates as determined by micropuncture. Direct measurements of efferent arteriole protein were used to determine efferent arteriolar oncotic pressure. Albumin infused into the renal artery after ECVE significantly increased efferent oncotic pressure by 17.6 plus or minus 5.3 mm Hg. Fractional and absolute reabsorption by the proximal tubule increased from 20 plus or minus 6 to 37 plus or minus 5% and from 22 plus or minus 6 to 36 plus or minus 7 nl/min, respectively. During hydropenia, the albumin infusion significantly increased efferent oncotic pressure by 15.0 plus or minus 4.4 mm Hg. However, in contrast to the effect seen during ECVE, neither fractional nor absolute reabsorption was changed, delta equals 0.3 plus or minus 1.5% and 3 plus or minus 5 nl/min, respectively. Single nephron filtration rates were not significantly different between the groups and were unchanged by the albumin infusion. Peritubule capillary hydrostatic pressures, measured with a null-servo device, were not changed by the albumin infusion in either group. Renal interstitial hydrostatic pressure, measured from chronically implanted polyethylene capsules, was decreased significantly from 7.2 plus or minus 0.9 to 3.4 plus or minus 0.6 mm Hg in the hydropenic group and from 0.6 plus or minus 0.6 to 4.8 plus or minus 0.7 mm Hg in the Ringer's expanded group. In the hydropenic group, the increase in efferent oncotic pressure was nearly compensated for by changes in interstitial forces so that the calculated net force for capillary uptake was almost unchanged, 17.8 mm Hg before vs. 21.4 mm Hg during the albumin infusion. The increased efferent oncotic pressure in the Ringer's expanded group was not compensated, so that the calculated net force for uptake was increased, 11.9 mm Hg before to 22.2 mm Hg during the albumin infusion. Thus, while the increase in efferent oncotic pressure during albumin infusion was not significantly different between the groups, absolute and fractional reabsorptions were increased only in the animals in which the extracellular volume was expanded. The results suggest that ECVE alters the effect of increased peritubule oncotic pressure on sodium reabsorption by the proximal tubule.", "PMID": 1117068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5367", "title": "Platelet hypersensitivity induced by cholesterol incorporation.", "content": "Platelets from individuals with familial hypercholesterolemia show increased sensitivity to the aggregating atents, epinephrine and ADP. Since the mechanism of this abnormal sensitivity is unknown, we examined, in vitro, the influence of the plasma lipid environment on the function of platelets. The composition of plasma lipids was altered by the addition of sonicated cholesterol-dipalmitoyl lecithin liposomes which were \"cholesterol normal\" (cholesterol-phospholipid mole ratio [C/P] equals 1.0, \"cholesterol rich\" (C/P eauals 2.2), or \"cholesterol poor\" (C/P equals 0). Cholesterol-normal liposomes had no influence on platelet lipids or platelet function. In contrast, after incubation for 5 h at 37 degrees C with cholesterol-rich liposomes, normal platelets acquired 39.2% excess cholesterol with no change in phospholipids or protein. The percent increase in platelet membrane cholesterol was three-fold that of the granule fraction. The acquisition of cholesterol by platelets was associated with a 35-fold increase in sensitivity to epinephrine-induced aggregation (P less than 0.001) and 15-fold increase to ADP aggregation (P less than 0.001), as determined both by aggregometry and by [13C]serotonin release. Response to thrombin or collagen was unchanged. Platelets incubated with cholesterol-poor liposomes underwent a selective loss of 21.4% cholesterol and this was associated with an 18-fold reduction in their sensitivity to epinephrine. These studies demonstrate that the cholesterol content of platelets is dependent on the lipid composition of the milier. Cholesterol acquired by platelets may exert its effect on platelet function by a modification of the platelet membrane.", "contents": "Platelet hypersensitivity induced by cholesterol incorporation. Platelets from individuals with familial hypercholesterolemia show increased sensitivity to the aggregating atents, epinephrine and ADP. Since the mechanism of this abnormal sensitivity is unknown, we examined, in vitro, the influence of the plasma lipid environment on the function of platelets. The composition of plasma lipids was altered by the addition of sonicated cholesterol-dipalmitoyl lecithin liposomes which were \"cholesterol normal\" (cholesterol-phospholipid mole ratio [C/P] equals 1.0, \"cholesterol rich\" (C/P eauals 2.2), or \"cholesterol poor\" (C/P equals 0). Cholesterol-normal liposomes had no influence on platelet lipids or platelet function. In contrast, after incubation for 5 h at 37 degrees C with cholesterol-rich liposomes, normal platelets acquired 39.2% excess cholesterol with no change in phospholipids or protein. The percent increase in platelet membrane cholesterol was three-fold that of the granule fraction. The acquisition of cholesterol by platelets was associated with a 35-fold increase in sensitivity to epinephrine-induced aggregation (P less than 0.001) and 15-fold increase to ADP aggregation (P less than 0.001), as determined both by aggregometry and by [13C]serotonin release. Response to thrombin or collagen was unchanged. Platelets incubated with cholesterol-poor liposomes underwent a selective loss of 21.4% cholesterol and this was associated with an 18-fold reduction in their sensitivity to epinephrine. These studies demonstrate that the cholesterol content of platelets is dependent on the lipid composition of the milier. Cholesterol acquired by platelets may exert its effect on platelet function by a modification of the platelet membrane.", "PMID": 1117069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5368", "title": "Orthophosphate transport in the erythrocyte of normal subjects and of patients with X-linked hypophosphatemia.", "content": "We have examined the mechanism of TCA-soluble orthophosphate (Pi) transfer across the membrane of mature human erythrocytes in normal subjects and in patients with X-linked hypophosphatemia (X-LH). The studies were carried out largely at pH 7.4 and 37 degrees C, in partial stimulation of conditions in vivo. (a) At physiological concentrations (1-2 mM) Pi enters the intact normal erythrocyte down its chemical gradient and under no conditions could we identify a steady-state trans-membrane gradient for Pi greater than 0.6. Calculations of the phosphate anion distribution ratio using the Nernst equation yield theoretical values that closely approximate observed values. (b) Glycolytic inhibitors have little effect on total entry of 32Pi inti erythrocytes but they do affect the intracellular distribution of Pi. In the presence of iodoacetamide, label accumulates almost exclusively in the orthophosphate pool and less than 1% enters the organic phosphate pool. (c) Specific activity measurements in unblocked cells indicate that Pi anion equilibrates first with its intracellular Pi pool. These initial findings imply that neither group translocation, nor energy coupling, influence Pi permeation into the human erythrocytes. (d) The relationship between 32P entry and extracellular Pi concentration is parabolic in the presence of chloride, and linear in the presence of sulfate. The kinetics of concentration dependent entrance cannot be examined and saturability of Pi entry cannot be identified under these conditions. (e) The competitive inhibitor arsenate partially inhibits the initial rate and steady-state flux of orthophosphate in erythrocytes treated with iodoacetamide to inhibit glycolysis. However, a significant portion of Pi transport escapes arsenate inhibition. (f) Activation energies for Pi entry, in nonglycolizing erythrocytes are much higher than those required by simple diffusion in an aqueous system. (g) Neither the inward or outward movement of Pi is modulated by trans-phosphate. These latter findings suggest that transport of phosphate across the human erythrocyte is compatible with slow facilitated diffusion with symmetry for influex and efflux. The transmembrane chemical distribution ratio, and the equilibrium flux of Pi were not different from normal in the X-LH erythrocyte. Nor did the extracellular Pi concentration, arsenate, or temperature affect Pi entry differently in the two types of cells. We dedjce that different gene products serve the diffusional type of Pi transport in the erythrocyte membrane and the saturable component of transepithelial absorption in the gut and kidney. Only the latter is affected by the X-LH mutation. The former is apparently present not only in erythrocytes but also in epithelial tissue, where it can serve the absorption of pharmacologic amounts of Pi in the therapeutic repair of the depleted phosphate pools in X-LH.", "contents": "Orthophosphate transport in the erythrocyte of normal subjects and of patients with X-linked hypophosphatemia. We have examined the mechanism of TCA-soluble orthophosphate (Pi) transfer across the membrane of mature human erythrocytes in normal subjects and in patients with X-linked hypophosphatemia (X-LH). The studies were carried out largely at pH 7.4 and 37 degrees C, in partial stimulation of conditions in vivo. (a) At physiological concentrations (1-2 mM) Pi enters the intact normal erythrocyte down its chemical gradient and under no conditions could we identify a steady-state trans-membrane gradient for Pi greater than 0.6. Calculations of the phosphate anion distribution ratio using the Nernst equation yield theoretical values that closely approximate observed values. (b) Glycolytic inhibitors have little effect on total entry of 32Pi inti erythrocytes but they do affect the intracellular distribution of Pi. In the presence of iodoacetamide, label accumulates almost exclusively in the orthophosphate pool and less than 1% enters the organic phosphate pool. (c) Specific activity measurements in unblocked cells indicate that Pi anion equilibrates first with its intracellular Pi pool. These initial findings imply that neither group translocation, nor energy coupling, influence Pi permeation into the human erythrocytes. (d) The relationship between 32P entry and extracellular Pi concentration is parabolic in the presence of chloride, and linear in the presence of sulfate. The kinetics of concentration dependent entrance cannot be examined and saturability of Pi entry cannot be identified under these conditions. (e) The competitive inhibitor arsenate partially inhibits the initial rate and steady-state flux of orthophosphate in erythrocytes treated with iodoacetamide to inhibit glycolysis. However, a significant portion of Pi transport escapes arsenate inhibition. (f) Activation energies for Pi entry, in nonglycolizing erythrocytes are much higher than those required by simple diffusion in an aqueous system. (g) Neither the inward or outward movement of Pi is modulated by trans-phosphate. These latter findings suggest that transport of phosphate across the human erythrocyte is compatible with slow facilitated diffusion with symmetry for influex and efflux. The transmembrane chemical distribution ratio, and the equilibrium flux of Pi were not different from normal in the X-LH erythrocyte. Nor did the extracellular Pi concentration, arsenate, or temperature affect Pi entry differently in the two types of cells. We dedjce that different gene products serve the diffusional type of Pi transport in the erythrocyte membrane and the saturable component of transepithelial absorption in the gut and kidney. Only the latter is affected by the X-LH mutation. The former is apparently present not only in erythrocytes but also in epithelial tissue, where it can serve the absorption of pharmacologic amounts of Pi in the therapeutic repair of the depleted phosphate pools in X-LH.", "PMID": 1117070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5369", "title": "Conversion of human erythrocyte-adenosine deaminase activity to different tissue-specific isozymes. Evidence for a common catalytic unit.", "content": "Adenosine deaminase activity resides in various characteristic isozymes in red blood cells (RBC-ADA) and other tissues. Absence of RBC-ADA has been reported in a proportion of patients with autosomally inherited severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID). We have previously reported that the tissue isozymes of ADA are also deficient in children with SCID and RBC-ADA deficiency, although these isozymes differ from RBC-ADA in molecular weight, accessible SH groups, and electrophoretic mobility. The deficiency of all types of ADA in SCID implies that a catalytic unit of ADA in each isozyme is coded by the same structural gene. The relationship of RBC-ADA and the different tissue ADA isozymes is the subject of this paper. Incubation of RBC-ADA with ADA-deficient liver, kidney, and fibroblast extracts resulted in the appearance of new isozymes of ADA. These newly generated isozymes had the physicochemical and electrophoretic characteristics of the tissue-specific isozymes obtained from normal tissues. The electrophoretic mobility of the isozyme generated appeared to depend upon the tissue utilized and corresponded to the electrophoretic mobilities of the ADA isozymes found naturally in each of the different tissues. Additionally, the genetically determined polymorphism exhibited by RBC-ADA could be detected in the isozyme generated. Incubation with normal kidney also caused conversion of the RBC isozyme to the kidney form. These findings further support the concept that the catalytic activity of each of the several forms of the ADA enzyme resides in a single molecule coded at the same genetic locus as is defective in one form of SCID. The tissue-specific isozymes, which differ in electrophoretic mobility and molecular weight, are generated by interaction of the RBC catalytic unit with tissue-specific factors present in the different tissues of normal humans and patients.", "contents": "Conversion of human erythrocyte-adenosine deaminase activity to different tissue-specific isozymes. Evidence for a common catalytic unit. Adenosine deaminase activity resides in various characteristic isozymes in red blood cells (RBC-ADA) and other tissues. Absence of RBC-ADA has been reported in a proportion of patients with autosomally inherited severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID). We have previously reported that the tissue isozymes of ADA are also deficient in children with SCID and RBC-ADA deficiency, although these isozymes differ from RBC-ADA in molecular weight, accessible SH groups, and electrophoretic mobility. The deficiency of all types of ADA in SCID implies that a catalytic unit of ADA in each isozyme is coded by the same structural gene. The relationship of RBC-ADA and the different tissue ADA isozymes is the subject of this paper. Incubation of RBC-ADA with ADA-deficient liver, kidney, and fibroblast extracts resulted in the appearance of new isozymes of ADA. These newly generated isozymes had the physicochemical and electrophoretic characteristics of the tissue-specific isozymes obtained from normal tissues. The electrophoretic mobility of the isozyme generated appeared to depend upon the tissue utilized and corresponded to the electrophoretic mobilities of the ADA isozymes found naturally in each of the different tissues. Additionally, the genetically determined polymorphism exhibited by RBC-ADA could be detected in the isozyme generated. Incubation with normal kidney also caused conversion of the RBC isozyme to the kidney form. These findings further support the concept that the catalytic activity of each of the several forms of the ADA enzyme resides in a single molecule coded at the same genetic locus as is defective in one form of SCID. The tissue-specific isozymes, which differ in electrophoretic mobility and molecular weight, are generated by interaction of the RBC catalytic unit with tissue-specific factors present in the different tissues of normal humans and patients.", "PMID": 1117071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5370", "title": "Restoration by purified C3b inactivator of complement-mediated function in vivo in a patient with C3b inactivator deficiency.", "content": "In a patient with lifelong increased susceptibility to infection and multiple abnormalities in complement-mediated functions, the infusion of normal plasma had been seen to produce a prolonged partial correction of serum abnormalities. It was subsequently shown that the patient was genetically deficient in the C3b inactivator and that immunochemical depletion of C3b inactivator from normal serum resulted in abnormalities similar to those found in the patient's serum, including alternative pathway C3 activation. Highly purified C3b inactivator was obtained from the euglobulin fraction of normal human serum, sterilized by filtration, and infused intravenously. Partial or complete correction of almost all the known serum abnormalities was obtained. C3b almost disappeared from the serum within 4-5 h, as did Factor C activity. Native C3, C5, and serum hemolytic activity rose to normal or near-normal levels over 4 days and were sustained for another week. Factor B, properdin, opsonic activity, and bactericidal activity reached a level at least two-five times that found before the infusion within 24 h and fell over the next 5 days. These observations prove the primary role of C3b inactivator deficiency in the patient's disease and demonstrate clearly the curcial role in vivo of C3b inactivator in modulating alternative pathway activity.", "contents": "Restoration by purified C3b inactivator of complement-mediated function in vivo in a patient with C3b inactivator deficiency. In a patient with lifelong increased susceptibility to infection and multiple abnormalities in complement-mediated functions, the infusion of normal plasma had been seen to produce a prolonged partial correction of serum abnormalities. It was subsequently shown that the patient was genetically deficient in the C3b inactivator and that immunochemical depletion of C3b inactivator from normal serum resulted in abnormalities similar to those found in the patient's serum, including alternative pathway C3 activation. Highly purified C3b inactivator was obtained from the euglobulin fraction of normal human serum, sterilized by filtration, and infused intravenously. Partial or complete correction of almost all the known serum abnormalities was obtained. C3b almost disappeared from the serum within 4-5 h, as did Factor C activity. Native C3, C5, and serum hemolytic activity rose to normal or near-normal levels over 4 days and were sustained for another week. Factor B, properdin, opsonic activity, and bactericidal activity reached a level at least two-five times that found before the infusion within 24 h and fell over the next 5 days. These observations prove the primary role of C3b inactivator deficiency in the patient's disease and demonstrate clearly the curcial role in vivo of C3b inactivator in modulating alternative pathway activity.", "PMID": 1117072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5371", "title": "Molecular weight profile of fat globule membrane proteins.", "content": "Fat globule membrane material, isolated by churning cream that had been washed four times, was extracted sequentially with .6 M potassium chloride and centrifuged to yield pellet and supernatant fractions. Compositional data indicated that lipid components were removed preferentially into the supernatant fractions. Electropherograms of the pellet and supernatant fraction in 10% and 5% sodium dodecyl sulfate-containing polyacrylamide gels revealed that the protein species originally present in the membrane associated into higher molecular weight species concomitant with the removal of lipid moieties. Thus, a contribution of the lipid moiety to membrane integrity is suggested. Approximately 17 protein-stained zones, ranging in molecular weight from 13,500 to 208,000 daltons, were observed in gels of the membrane material.", "contents": "Molecular weight profile of fat globule membrane proteins. Fat globule membrane material, isolated by churning cream that had been washed four times, was extracted sequentially with .6 M potassium chloride and centrifuged to yield pellet and supernatant fractions. Compositional data indicated that lipid components were removed preferentially into the supernatant fractions. Electropherograms of the pellet and supernatant fraction in 10% and 5% sodium dodecyl sulfate-containing polyacrylamide gels revealed that the protein species originally present in the membrane associated into higher molecular weight species concomitant with the removal of lipid moieties. Thus, a contribution of the lipid moiety to membrane integrity is suggested. Approximately 17 protein-stained zones, ranging in molecular weight from 13,500 to 208,000 daltons, were observed in gels of the membrane material.", "PMID": 1117073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5372", "title": "Effects of insulin upon fatty acids synthesis from pyruvate, lactate, and glucose in rat mammary cells.", "content": "In isolated rat mammary secretory cells, insulin stimulated fatty acid synthesis from pyruvate three times, stimulated glucose conversion to fatty acids 1.2 to 1.5 times, and decreased lactate conversion to fatty acids 20 to 30%. Incubation of glucose and pyruvate together depressed fatty acid synthesis from glucose not attributable to isotope dilution. Glucose stimulated conversion of pyruvate-2-14 carbon to fatty acids without significantly affecting pyruvate-1-14 carbon conversion to 14-carbon dioxide. At differing concentrations, the electron acceptors phenazine methosulfate and N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-p-phenylene-diamine alleviated the depression by insulin of lactate conversion to fatty acids. The data support concepts that: (1) insulin acts at important sites other than or in addition to glucose transport in regulating mammary secretory cell metabolism and, particularly, fatty acid synthesis; (2) insulin actions upon fatty acid synthesis can vary dependent upon cellular redox state (insulin increases fatty acid synthesis in cells with a low redox state and decreases fatty acid synthesis in cells in a very reduced state); and (3) pyruvate depresses glucose carbon flux through the Embden-Meyerhof pathway.", "contents": "Effects of insulin upon fatty acids synthesis from pyruvate, lactate, and glucose in rat mammary cells. In isolated rat mammary secretory cells, insulin stimulated fatty acid synthesis from pyruvate three times, stimulated glucose conversion to fatty acids 1.2 to 1.5 times, and decreased lactate conversion to fatty acids 20 to 30%. Incubation of glucose and pyruvate together depressed fatty acid synthesis from glucose not attributable to isotope dilution. Glucose stimulated conversion of pyruvate-2-14 carbon to fatty acids without significantly affecting pyruvate-1-14 carbon conversion to 14-carbon dioxide. At differing concentrations, the electron acceptors phenazine methosulfate and N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-p-phenylene-diamine alleviated the depression by insulin of lactate conversion to fatty acids. The data support concepts that: (1) insulin acts at important sites other than or in addition to glucose transport in regulating mammary secretory cell metabolism and, particularly, fatty acid synthesis; (2) insulin actions upon fatty acid synthesis can vary dependent upon cellular redox state (insulin increases fatty acid synthesis in cells with a low redox state and decreases fatty acid synthesis in cells in a very reduced state); and (3) pyruvate depresses glucose carbon flux through the Embden-Meyerhof pathway.", "PMID": 1117074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5373", "title": "Epinephrine inhibiting milk ejection in lactating cows.", "content": "Blood oxytocin was determined on 10 Holstein cows during normal milking and during milking when epinephrine was injected intravenously before or after udder stimulation. The average peak oxytocin concentration during normal milking was 399.7 muU/ml plasma and was reached at 1 min after teat cup application. Oxytocin concentration in blood plasma declined rapidly after peak concentration and dropped to 30.5 muU/ml plasma within 4 min after the start of milking. By 5 min after removal of the teat cups, it had declined to less than 4 muU/ml plasma. The administration of epinephrine, either before or after udder washing, inhibited milk ejection as indicated by milk production and oxytocin concentrations. Peak oxytocin concentrations were 1.05 muU/ml plasma 1 min after teat cup application when epinephrine was injected before udder washing and 8.6 muU/ml plasma at teat cup application when epinephrine was injected after udder washing. These results and the use of a beta receptor blocker to inhibit the effect of epinephrine at the myoepithelial cell level indicated that epinephrine inhibited release of oxytocin from the neurohypophysis.", "contents": "Epinephrine inhibiting milk ejection in lactating cows. Blood oxytocin was determined on 10 Holstein cows during normal milking and during milking when epinephrine was injected intravenously before or after udder stimulation. The average peak oxytocin concentration during normal milking was 399.7 muU/ml plasma and was reached at 1 min after teat cup application. Oxytocin concentration in blood plasma declined rapidly after peak concentration and dropped to 30.5 muU/ml plasma within 4 min after the start of milking. By 5 min after removal of the teat cups, it had declined to less than 4 muU/ml plasma. The administration of epinephrine, either before or after udder washing, inhibited milk ejection as indicated by milk production and oxytocin concentrations. Peak oxytocin concentrations were 1.05 muU/ml plasma 1 min after teat cup application when epinephrine was injected before udder washing and 8.6 muU/ml plasma at teat cup application when epinephrine was injected after udder washing. These results and the use of a beta receptor blocker to inhibit the effect of epinephrine at the myoepithelial cell level indicated that epinephrine inhibited release of oxytocin from the neurohypophysis.", "PMID": 1117075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5374", "title": "Feeding following intrahypothalamic injections of calcium and magnesium ions in sheep.", "content": "To study ionic effects on hypothalamic control of feeding, seven sheep were each prepared with six bilateral medial-hypothalamic guides. Hypothalamic loci were identified where feeding resulted following 1 mu 1 injections of calcium chloride and/or magnesium chloride. Doses of 1 and 2 mumol were most effective to induce feeding, and potassium chloride was not effective. Injections of phentolamine, LB-46, carbachol, atropine, or prostaglandin E1 did not inhibit the feeding responses following magnesium chloride injections into magnesium ion responsive loci. Feeding following calcium chloride injections into calcium ion responsive loci was blocked by atropine and reduced by phentolamine. Carbachol and prostaglandin E1 elicited feeding when injected into magnesium but not calcium ion responsive loci. Injections of carbachol followed by magnesium chloride resulted in greater feeding than when either chemical was injected alone. Calcium and/or magnesium ion bound feeding loci were in the anterior, ventromedial, dorsomedial, posterior and lateral hypothalamus, and the mammillary bodies. These ions elicited feeding in sheep perhaps by decreasing excitability of feeding-inhibitory neural pathways in the hypothalamus.", "contents": "Feeding following intrahypothalamic injections of calcium and magnesium ions in sheep. To study ionic effects on hypothalamic control of feeding, seven sheep were each prepared with six bilateral medial-hypothalamic guides. Hypothalamic loci were identified where feeding resulted following 1 mu 1 injections of calcium chloride and/or magnesium chloride. Doses of 1 and 2 mumol were most effective to induce feeding, and potassium chloride was not effective. Injections of phentolamine, LB-46, carbachol, atropine, or prostaglandin E1 did not inhibit the feeding responses following magnesium chloride injections into magnesium ion responsive loci. Feeding following calcium chloride injections into calcium ion responsive loci was blocked by atropine and reduced by phentolamine. Carbachol and prostaglandin E1 elicited feeding when injected into magnesium but not calcium ion responsive loci. Injections of carbachol followed by magnesium chloride resulted in greater feeding than when either chemical was injected alone. Calcium and/or magnesium ion bound feeding loci were in the anterior, ventromedial, dorsomedial, posterior and lateral hypothalamus, and the mammillary bodies. These ions elicited feeding in sheep perhaps by decreasing excitability of feeding-inhibitory neural pathways in the hypothalamus.", "PMID": 1117076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5375", "title": "Effect of glucose load on synthesis of plasma glucose in lactating cows.", "content": "We assess the effect of an intravenous glucose load on production of glucose in lactating dairy cows. Isotope dilution techniques were utilized to measure transfer rate of plasma glucose (with tritiated glucose) and gluconeogenesis (with carbon-14 labeled propionate or carbon dioxide). A glucose load equivalent to the cow's normal transfer rate decreased endogenous glucose output two-thirds and decreased gluconeogenesis by half. Glucose concentration and transfer rate were higher within 2 h after glucose load started while carbon-14 transfer to plasma glucose became increasingly depressed and persisted for at least 1 h after loading terminated. Reduced plasma glucose synthesis from propionate during loading was associated with increased transfer of propionate carbon to plasma phospholipids, triglycerides, and cholesterol esters, and with increased plasma insulin concentration. It appears that glucogenic precursors are utilized for greater synthesis of lipid (and presumably glycogen) and that loading leads to metabolic changes causing net reduction in gluconeogenic capacity. These changes could have important implications for use of intravenous glucose in treating hypoglycemic metabolic conditions.", "contents": "Effect of glucose load on synthesis of plasma glucose in lactating cows. We assess the effect of an intravenous glucose load on production of glucose in lactating dairy cows. Isotope dilution techniques were utilized to measure transfer rate of plasma glucose (with tritiated glucose) and gluconeogenesis (with carbon-14 labeled propionate or carbon dioxide). A glucose load equivalent to the cow's normal transfer rate decreased endogenous glucose output two-thirds and decreased gluconeogenesis by half. Glucose concentration and transfer rate were higher within 2 h after glucose load started while carbon-14 transfer to plasma glucose became increasingly depressed and persisted for at least 1 h after loading terminated. Reduced plasma glucose synthesis from propionate during loading was associated with increased transfer of propionate carbon to plasma phospholipids, triglycerides, and cholesterol esters, and with increased plasma insulin concentration. It appears that glucogenic precursors are utilized for greater synthesis of lipid (and presumably glycogen) and that loading leads to metabolic changes causing net reduction in gluconeogenic capacity. These changes could have important implications for use of intravenous glucose in treating hypoglycemic metabolic conditions.", "PMID": 1117077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5376", "title": "Effects of zinc, copper, and manganese supplementation of high-concentrate ration on digestibility, growth, and tissue content of Holstein calves.", "content": "The effects of supplemental zinc, copper, and manganese alone or in combination in a high-concentrate ration were studied in 16 Holstein bull calves during a 10-wk feeding trial. Metabolism was studied after the feeding trial. Apparent digestibility of dry matter, nitrogen, and gross energy, and nitrogen retention and urinary excretion of zinc, copper, and manganese were determined. The calves were slaughtered after the experiment, and liver, heart, and kidney were taken for analyses of trace minerals. Supplementation of the basal ration with the trace minerals did not affect body weight gains, which averaged 1.42 kg daily. The addition of trace minerals did not affect apparent digestibility co-efficients. A zinc-manganese interaction in digestion of nitrogen and gross energy was significant. Higher dietary manganese caused increased zinc concentrations in the liver, kidney, and heart. The copper concentration of liver was decreased by dietary zinc and increased by dietary copper and manganese. Supplemental manganese increased its net retention. There was no evidence of deficiency of any trace minerals in the unsupplemented treatments.", "contents": "Effects of zinc, copper, and manganese supplementation of high-concentrate ration on digestibility, growth, and tissue content of Holstein calves. The effects of supplemental zinc, copper, and manganese alone or in combination in a high-concentrate ration were studied in 16 Holstein bull calves during a 10-wk feeding trial. Metabolism was studied after the feeding trial. Apparent digestibility of dry matter, nitrogen, and gross energy, and nitrogen retention and urinary excretion of zinc, copper, and manganese were determined. The calves were slaughtered after the experiment, and liver, heart, and kidney were taken for analyses of trace minerals. Supplementation of the basal ration with the trace minerals did not affect body weight gains, which averaged 1.42 kg daily. The addition of trace minerals did not affect apparent digestibility co-efficients. A zinc-manganese interaction in digestion of nitrogen and gross energy was significant. Higher dietary manganese caused increased zinc concentrations in the liver, kidney, and heart. The copper concentration of liver was decreased by dietary zinc and increased by dietary copper and manganese. Supplemental manganese increased its net retention. There was no evidence of deficiency of any trace minerals in the unsupplemented treatments.", "PMID": 1117078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5377", "title": "Combinations of glycerol percent, glycerol equilibration time, and thawing rate upon freezability of bull spermatozoa in plastic straws.", "content": "Twelve ejaculates were used in a central composite experiment to test 15 combinations of glycerol (7, 9, 11, 13, or 15%), glycerol equilibration times (1, 2, 4, 8, or 16 h) and thawing rates (water at 35 C for 15 s, 50 C for 13 s, 65 C for 11 s, 80 C for 9 s, or 95 C for 7 s). Semen was diluted in heated skim milk-glycerol, packaged in .3-ml. Continental U.S. straws and frozen in liquid nitrogen vapor. Based on post-thaw progressive sperm motility after storage at -196 C for 9 to 11 days, estimated optima from multiple regression were 10.7% for glycerol, 2.0 h for glycerol equilibration time, and 76 C for thawing bath temperature. Only the linear effect for each variable was significant. Much faster thawing rates and shorter glycerol equilibration times than those for freezing bull spermatozoa in glass ampules should be used for maximum post-thaw sperm motility in straws.", "contents": "Combinations of glycerol percent, glycerol equilibration time, and thawing rate upon freezability of bull spermatozoa in plastic straws. Twelve ejaculates were used in a central composite experiment to test 15 combinations of glycerol (7, 9, 11, 13, or 15%), glycerol equilibration times (1, 2, 4, 8, or 16 h) and thawing rates (water at 35 C for 15 s, 50 C for 13 s, 65 C for 11 s, 80 C for 9 s, or 95 C for 7 s). Semen was diluted in heated skim milk-glycerol, packaged in .3-ml. Continental U.S. straws and frozen in liquid nitrogen vapor. Based on post-thaw progressive sperm motility after storage at -196 C for 9 to 11 days, estimated optima from multiple regression were 10.7% for glycerol, 2.0 h for glycerol equilibration time, and 76 C for thawing bath temperature. Only the linear effect for each variable was significant. Much faster thawing rates and shorter glycerol equilibration times than those for freezing bull spermatozoa in glass ampules should be used for maximum post-thaw sperm motility in straws.", "PMID": 1117079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5378", "title": "Effect of sperm numbers on fertility of frozen bull spermatozoa in skim milk diluent.", "content": "Insemination doses of 10, 15, and 20 million progressively motile spermatozoa prior to freezing were compared in a split-ejaculate fertility experiment involving 4,603 first service inseminations to 34 semen samples from six Angus bulls. Based on 60- to 90-day nonreturn rates, fertility was significantly lower for inseminating doses of 10 and 15 times 10-6 than 20 times 10-6 motile sperm (61, 62, and 70%). The 1-ml doses of skim milk diluted semen were frozen in glass ampules. The post-thaw number of motile sperm per ampule after freezing and storage for 3 wk in liquid nitrogen averaged 5.5, 8.4, and 12.4 times 10-6 for corresponding pre-freeze numbers of 10, 15 and 20 times 10-6 motile sperm/ml and ranged from 4.0 to 15.7 times 10-6/ml. Frozen semen packaged in ampules should contain more than 8.4 times 10-6 motile cells post-thaw per ampule.", "contents": "Effect of sperm numbers on fertility of frozen bull spermatozoa in skim milk diluent. Insemination doses of 10, 15, and 20 million progressively motile spermatozoa prior to freezing were compared in a split-ejaculate fertility experiment involving 4,603 first service inseminations to 34 semen samples from six Angus bulls. Based on 60- to 90-day nonreturn rates, fertility was significantly lower for inseminating doses of 10 and 15 times 10-6 than 20 times 10-6 motile sperm (61, 62, and 70%). The 1-ml doses of skim milk diluted semen were frozen in glass ampules. The post-thaw number of motile sperm per ampule after freezing and storage for 3 wk in liquid nitrogen averaged 5.5, 8.4, and 12.4 times 10-6 for corresponding pre-freeze numbers of 10, 15 and 20 times 10-6 motile sperm/ml and ranged from 4.0 to 15.7 times 10-6/ml. Frozen semen packaged in ampules should contain more than 8.4 times 10-6 motile cells post-thaw per ampule.", "PMID": 1117080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5379", "title": "Genetic and environmental effects on serum cholesterol of dairy cattle of various ages.", "content": "Serum cholesterol of dairy cattle, particularly when measured on animals of the same approximate age, is a heritable trait. Heritabilities were .50 for first lactation cows and .19 for heifers from 2 to 22 mo of age. Serum cholesterol increases with increasing age. Serum cholesterol was 192.8 mg/100 ml in cows and 121.4 mg/100 ml in heifers. Serum cholesterol was relatively low at the onset of lactation, increased at mid-lactation, and leveled off or decreased in late lactation. Month of calving, year of sampling, and ration did not influence serum cholesterol of first lactation cows. However, variation in both month and year of sampling was significant for heifers.", "contents": "Genetic and environmental effects on serum cholesterol of dairy cattle of various ages. Serum cholesterol of dairy cattle, particularly when measured on animals of the same approximate age, is a heritable trait. Heritabilities were .50 for first lactation cows and .19 for heifers from 2 to 22 mo of age. Serum cholesterol increases with increasing age. Serum cholesterol was 192.8 mg/100 ml in cows and 121.4 mg/100 ml in heifers. Serum cholesterol was relatively low at the onset of lactation, increased at mid-lactation, and leveled off or decreased in late lactation. Month of calving, year of sampling, and ration did not influence serum cholesterol of first lactation cows. However, variation in both month and year of sampling was significant for heifers.", "PMID": 1117081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5380", "title": "Prevention of parturient paresis by a low-calcium diet prepartum: a field study.", "content": "Twenty of 60 control cows fed a \"normal\" diet prepartum developed parturient paresis whereas none of 37 fed a low-calcium (13 to 18 g/cow per day) diet prepartum developed the disease.", "contents": "Prevention of parturient paresis by a low-calcium diet prepartum: a field study. Twenty of 60 control cows fed a \"normal\" diet prepartum developed parturient paresis whereas none of 37 fed a low-calcium (13 to 18 g/cow per day) diet prepartum developed the disease.", "PMID": 1117082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5381", "title": "Dietary survey of low-income, rural families in Iowa and North Carolina. I. Research procedures.", "content": "Methods used in assessing the dietary intake of selected low-income, rural families are described. The sample consisted of 668 families randomly selected from predetermined locations in Iowa and North Carolina. A 24-hr. recall method supplemented with food models was used in gathering data on family food intake. The nutritional \"adequacy\" of the family diets was then evaluated according to family composition and the 1968 Recommended Dietary Allowances. The adequacy of individual nutrients was also evaluated by the same criteria. Nutrients studied included: protein, calcium, iron, vitamin A, ascorbic acid, thiamin, and riboflavin. The selection of the method in relation to opinions of previous investigators is discussed.", "contents": "Dietary survey of low-income, rural families in Iowa and North Carolina. I. Research procedures. Methods used in assessing the dietary intake of selected low-income, rural families are described. The sample consisted of 668 families randomly selected from predetermined locations in Iowa and North Carolina. A 24-hr. recall method supplemented with food models was used in gathering data on family food intake. The nutritional \"adequacy\" of the family diets was then evaluated according to family composition and the 1968 Recommended Dietary Allowances. The adequacy of individual nutrients was also evaluated by the same criteria. Nutrients studied included: protein, calcium, iron, vitamin A, ascorbic acid, thiamin, and riboflavin. The selection of the method in relation to opinions of previous investigators is discussed.", "PMID": 1117107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5382", "title": "Dietary survey of low-income, rural families in Iowa and North Carolina. II. Family distribution of dietary adequacy.", "content": "Distribution patterns of Iowa and North Carolina families for dietary adequacy at various income levels were compared according to: (a) two family dietary standards, based on the 1968 Recommended Dietary Allowance and the Ten-State Nutrition Survey dietary standards, and (b) two income standards, family income and per capita income. A 24-hr. recall method was used to collect the dietary data. Nutrients studied included: protein, calcium, iron, vitamin A, ascorbic acid, thiamin, and riboflavin. Clear differences emerged in family distribution patterns by the two dietary standards and by the two income standards. Comparison of family distribution patterns for dietary intake by the two standards showed that percentages of families with poor nutrient intakes were lower by Ten-State evaluation than for the recommended allowance evaluation, except for protein and iron. For example, the percentage of families with poor calcium intakes, by Ten-State criteria, was approximately half that measured by the recommended allowances. While, according to the latter, calcium was the most limiting nutrient in many family diets, vitamin A was most limiting by Ten-State evaluation. The proportions of families with poor ascorbic acid, thiamin, and riboflavin intakes were also lower by Ten-State standards. While the iron adequacy remained approximately the same by both dietary standards, the percentage of families with poor protein intakes was higher by the Ten-State criteria. A higher percentage of families at each income level had fair and good diets by Ten-State comparison. Family distribution patterns for intakes of individual nutrients at various family income levels demonstrated a positive relationship between nutritional intake and income. Proportions of families with poor nutrient intakes according to per capita income tended to increase with the income level. For both income standards, the percentages of families with good and fair diets in the total family sample gradually increased with income. Percentages of Iowa families with fair and good diets at various income levels were, in general, higher than those of North Carolina families. The lowest and the highest percentages of families with poor diets of two population groups were higher for per capita income distribution than for family income distribution.", "contents": "Dietary survey of low-income, rural families in Iowa and North Carolina. II. Family distribution of dietary adequacy. Distribution patterns of Iowa and North Carolina families for dietary adequacy at various income levels were compared according to: (a) two family dietary standards, based on the 1968 Recommended Dietary Allowance and the Ten-State Nutrition Survey dietary standards, and (b) two income standards, family income and per capita income. A 24-hr. recall method was used to collect the dietary data. Nutrients studied included: protein, calcium, iron, vitamin A, ascorbic acid, thiamin, and riboflavin. Clear differences emerged in family distribution patterns by the two dietary standards and by the two income standards. Comparison of family distribution patterns for dietary intake by the two standards showed that percentages of families with poor nutrient intakes were lower by Ten-State evaluation than for the recommended allowance evaluation, except for protein and iron. For example, the percentage of families with poor calcium intakes, by Ten-State criteria, was approximately half that measured by the recommended allowances. While, according to the latter, calcium was the most limiting nutrient in many family diets, vitamin A was most limiting by Ten-State evaluation. The proportions of families with poor ascorbic acid, thiamin, and riboflavin intakes were also lower by Ten-State standards. While the iron adequacy remained approximately the same by both dietary standards, the percentage of families with poor protein intakes was higher by the Ten-State criteria. A higher percentage of families at each income level had fair and good diets by Ten-State comparison. Family distribution patterns for intakes of individual nutrients at various family income levels demonstrated a positive relationship between nutritional intake and income. Proportions of families with poor nutrient intakes according to per capita income tended to increase with the income level. For both income standards, the percentages of families with good and fair diets in the total family sample gradually increased with income. Percentages of Iowa families with fair and good diets at various income levels were, in general, higher than those of North Carolina families. The lowest and the highest percentages of families with poor diets of two population groups were higher for per capita income distribution than for family income distribution.", "PMID": 1117108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5383", "title": "Dietary survey of low-income, rural families in Iowa and North Carolina. III. Contribution of food groups to nutrients.", "content": "Percentage contributions of specific food groups indicated in the Basic 4 to protein, calcium, vitamin A, and ascorbic acid in one day's diets of thirty-five Iowa families and twenty-five North Carolina families are reported. All members of the families ate all meals at home. Their diets met or exceeded two-thirds of the 1968 Recommended Dietary Allowances for seven nutrients. Data were collected by the 24-hr. recall method. While the percentage contribution of the meat group to protein intake of the North Carolina families ranged from zero to 84 per cent, that of the Iowa group was from 35 to 85 per cent. The range for the percentage contribution of the milk group to calcium intake of North Carolina families was similar; however, in the Iowa group the range was from 2 to 97 per cent. The vitamin A-rich fruit and vegetable group contributed from zero to 99 per cent for the North Carolina families of vitamin A intake and from zero to 88 per cent for the Iowa group. Ascorbic acid-rich fruits and vegetables contributed from zero to 100 per cent of the ascorbic acid intake of the Iowa group and from zero to 95 per cent in North Carolina families. The results support the argument that the exclusive use of the \"Daily Food Guide\" or the \"Basic 4\" to assess nutritional intake of diets may produce biased in formation.", "contents": "Dietary survey of low-income, rural families in Iowa and North Carolina. III. Contribution of food groups to nutrients. Percentage contributions of specific food groups indicated in the Basic 4 to protein, calcium, vitamin A, and ascorbic acid in one day's diets of thirty-five Iowa families and twenty-five North Carolina families are reported. All members of the families ate all meals at home. Their diets met or exceeded two-thirds of the 1968 Recommended Dietary Allowances for seven nutrients. Data were collected by the 24-hr. recall method. While the percentage contribution of the meat group to protein intake of the North Carolina families ranged from zero to 84 per cent, that of the Iowa group was from 35 to 85 per cent. The range for the percentage contribution of the milk group to calcium intake of North Carolina families was similar; however, in the Iowa group the range was from 2 to 97 per cent. The vitamin A-rich fruit and vegetable group contributed from zero to 99 per cent for the North Carolina families of vitamin A intake and from zero to 88 per cent for the Iowa group. Ascorbic acid-rich fruits and vegetables contributed from zero to 100 per cent of the ascorbic acid intake of the Iowa group and from zero to 95 per cent in North Carolina families. The results support the argument that the exclusive use of the \"Daily Food Guide\" or the \"Basic 4\" to assess nutritional intake of diets may produce biased in formation.", "PMID": 1117109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5384", "title": "Urinary calcium excretion in relation to kidney function in the adult.", "content": "A study based on 55 hospital patients (age groups 40-59, 60-69, 70-79) demonstrated a significant correlation between the glomerular filtration rate (as expressed by endogenous creatinine clearance) and the mean urinary calcium concentration. Excluded were patients with thyroidal or hypophyseal disorders, osteoporosis, renal stones immobilizing conditions, or those treated with corticosteroids. The study patients had a normal fluid intake and did not receive any diuretics. The urinary calcium concentration test is less laborious and less liable to laboratory errors than the creatinine clearance test, which requires a 24-hour urine collection. Because of the gradual decrease in the glomerular filtration rate in the elderly, this test should be of value in geriatric practice.", "contents": "Urinary calcium excretion in relation to kidney function in the adult. A study based on 55 hospital patients (age groups 40-59, 60-69, 70-79) demonstrated a significant correlation between the glomerular filtration rate (as expressed by endogenous creatinine clearance) and the mean urinary calcium concentration. Excluded were patients with thyroidal or hypophyseal disorders, osteoporosis, renal stones immobilizing conditions, or those treated with corticosteroids. The study patients had a normal fluid intake and did not receive any diuretics. The urinary calcium concentration test is less laborious and less liable to laboratory errors than the creatinine clearance test, which requires a 24-hour urine collection. Because of the gradual decrease in the glomerular filtration rate in the elderly, this test should be of value in geriatric practice.", "PMID": 1117116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5385", "title": "Pulmonary infections in elderly patients: treatment with cefazolin.", "content": "The effects of cefazolin were studied in 15 hospital patients (average age, 67) with respiratory-tract infections. The infections were chiefly bronchopneumonia caused by organisms such as D. pneumoniae, Staph. aureus, or E. coli. In 13 of the 15 patients the results were excellent to good (eradication of the primary pathogen and clinical improvement); in the other 2 patients the response was fair. Intramuscular injection was well tolerated and only one patient complained of pain at the site of injection; no other adverse clinical effects were observed. In the laboratory determinations, including liver and kidney function tests, the only abnormalities were 2 cases in which the Coombs' test gave positive results without hemolysis. Cefazolin seems to be a safe and effective antibiotic for the treatment of respiratory-tract infections caused by cefazolin-susceptible organisms.", "contents": "Pulmonary infections in elderly patients: treatment with cefazolin. The effects of cefazolin were studied in 15 hospital patients (average age, 67) with respiratory-tract infections. The infections were chiefly bronchopneumonia caused by organisms such as D. pneumoniae, Staph. aureus, or E. coli. In 13 of the 15 patients the results were excellent to good (eradication of the primary pathogen and clinical improvement); in the other 2 patients the response was fair. Intramuscular injection was well tolerated and only one patient complained of pain at the site of injection; no other adverse clinical effects were observed. In the laboratory determinations, including liver and kidney function tests, the only abnormalities were 2 cases in which the Coombs' test gave positive results without hemolysis. Cefazolin seems to be a safe and effective antibiotic for the treatment of respiratory-tract infections caused by cefazolin-susceptible organisms.", "PMID": 1117117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5386", "title": "Prevalence of hypertension among the elderly in an urban community.", "content": "The results of a hypertension screening project conducted in senior citizen agencies in Manhattan are presented. The prevalence of hypertension among elderly females tended to conform to the data of the Nation Health Surgery of 1960-62, but the prevalence among elderly males was much higher than in the National Survey. The prevalence of hypertension varied inversely with the educational level. Various implications for future medical evaluations of the elderly are discussed, based on the clinical and social data obtained.", "contents": "Prevalence of hypertension among the elderly in an urban community. The results of a hypertension screening project conducted in senior citizen agencies in Manhattan are presented. The prevalence of hypertension among elderly females tended to conform to the data of the Nation Health Surgery of 1960-62, but the prevalence among elderly males was much higher than in the National Survey. The prevalence of hypertension varied inversely with the educational level. Various implications for future medical evaluations of the elderly are discussed, based on the clinical and social data obtained.", "PMID": 1117118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5387", "title": "Important factors in the examination and care of old patients.", "content": "The author emphasizes the importance of certain factors in the initial assessment of geriatric patients. The geriatrician should be a keen observer, and not neglect simple tests. Thus diagnostic mistakes will be kept to a minimum and he will be rewarded by the improved welfare of his patients.", "contents": "Important factors in the examination and care of old patients. The author emphasizes the importance of certain factors in the initial assessment of geriatric patients. The geriatrician should be a keen observer, and not neglect simple tests. Thus diagnostic mistakes will be kept to a minimum and he will be rewarded by the improved welfare of his patients.", "PMID": 1117119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5388", "title": "Differential permeation of Artemia cysts and cucumber seeds by alcohols.", "content": "The rate of penetration of the simpler alcohols into brine shrimp cysts and cucumber seeds was studied. In solutions below 70% the rate of penetration is related to lipid solvent capacity of the alcohol. In concentrations above 70%, particularly in absolute alcohols, methanol penetrates brine shrimp rapidly and ethanol penetrates slowly. All the other alcohols tested did not pepetrate the dormant structures. Ethionine and deuteroxy-methanol did not affect the rate of penetration of methanol. It is suggested that in dehydrated membranes the lipid moiety is protected by a continuous sheet of protein. Methanol, which is fairly similar to water, is probably able to penetrate the membrane by initiating a conformation change in the protein, exposing the lipid which subsequently dissolves in the methanol thus destroying the membrane.", "contents": "Differential permeation of Artemia cysts and cucumber seeds by alcohols. The rate of penetration of the simpler alcohols into brine shrimp cysts and cucumber seeds was studied. In solutions below 70% the rate of penetration is related to lipid solvent capacity of the alcohol. In concentrations above 70%, particularly in absolute alcohols, methanol penetrates brine shrimp rapidly and ethanol penetrates slowly. All the other alcohols tested did not pepetrate the dormant structures. Ethionine and deuteroxy-methanol did not affect the rate of penetration of methanol. It is suggested that in dehydrated membranes the lipid moiety is protected by a continuous sheet of protein. Methanol, which is fairly similar to water, is probably able to penetrate the membrane by initiating a conformation change in the protein, exposing the lipid which subsequently dissolves in the methanol thus destroying the membrane.", "PMID": 1117126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5389", "title": "Rapid chemical dehydration of samples for electron microscopic examinations.", "content": "Acidified 2,2-dimethoxypropane was used to chemically dehydrate biologic tissues for examination in the electron microscope. The ultrastructural integrities of single-celled algae, plant tissues (cotyledon, root, leaf) and animal tissues (liver, pancreas, muscle, cartilage) were maintained. Our technique was simpler and quicker than physically exchanging water for organic solvents (e.g., acetone, ethanol) as generally performed in microscopy.", "contents": "Rapid chemical dehydration of samples for electron microscopic examinations. Acidified 2,2-dimethoxypropane was used to chemically dehydrate biologic tissues for examination in the electron microscope. The ultrastructural integrities of single-celled algae, plant tissues (cotyledon, root, leaf) and animal tissues (liver, pancreas, muscle, cartilage) were maintained. Our technique was simpler and quicker than physically exchanging water for organic solvents (e.g., acetone, ethanol) as generally performed in microscopy.", "PMID": 1117127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5390", "title": "Histochemical demonstration of mitochondrial dehydrogenases in developing normal and nervous mutant mouse Purkinje cells.", "content": "The mouse mutation nervous (nr), expressed as a recessive, causes a morphologic change in cerebellar Purkinje cell perikaryonal mitochondria during the 2nd postnatal week which is followed by the selective degeneration of most Purkinje cells. In the present study, mitochondrial dehydrogenase activities (succinic acid dehydrogenase, lactic acid dehydrogenase, malic acid dehydrogenase, reduced diphosphopyridine nucleotide diaphorase and succinic semialdehyde dehyrogenase) are found by light microscopy to be similar in the perikarya of normal and nervous Purkinje cells until after mitochondrial rounding has begun to occur, but then staining increases markedly in nervous. Although only a small fraction of mitochondrial functions were examined, those enzymes assayed were present and competent. In a sense, the only mitochondrial abnormalities demonstrated thus far in nervous Purkinje cells are their unusual shape and probable loss of motility.", "contents": "Histochemical demonstration of mitochondrial dehydrogenases in developing normal and nervous mutant mouse Purkinje cells. The mouse mutation nervous (nr), expressed as a recessive, causes a morphologic change in cerebellar Purkinje cell perikaryonal mitochondria during the 2nd postnatal week which is followed by the selective degeneration of most Purkinje cells. In the present study, mitochondrial dehydrogenase activities (succinic acid dehydrogenase, lactic acid dehydrogenase, malic acid dehydrogenase, reduced diphosphopyridine nucleotide diaphorase and succinic semialdehyde dehyrogenase) are found by light microscopy to be similar in the perikarya of normal and nervous Purkinje cells until after mitochondrial rounding has begun to occur, but then staining increases markedly in nervous. Although only a small fraction of mitochondrial functions were examined, those enzymes assayed were present and competent. In a sense, the only mitochondrial abnormalities demonstrated thus far in nervous Purkinje cells are their unusual shape and probable loss of motility.", "PMID": 1117128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5391", "title": "Characterization of chemotactic activity produced in vivo by a cell-mediated immune reaction in the guinea pig.", "content": "A system that allows repeated sampling of peritoneal fluid at various time intervals has been adapted to study mechanisms of leukocyte accumulation in vivo. Application of this technique in guinea pigs exhibiting delayed hypersensitivity (DH) to horse radish peroxidase (HRPO) has allowed characterization of some events after i.p.challenge with the sensitizing antigen. Within 24 hr of the administration of HRPO i.p. to such animals there is a significant increase in the number of peritoneal macrophages and in the chemotactic activity (CTX) for macrophages in the sampled peritoneal fluid. At 48 and 72 hr the CTX returns to the pre-challenge level and i.p. macrophages appear to be actively phagocytic. Molecular sieve chromatograms of concentrated peritoneal fluid obtained 24 hr after i.p. challenge with HRPO and of supernatants derived from immune spleen cells cultured in the presence of HRPO in the presence of HRPO in vitro revealed that the major portion of CTX for homologous macrophages eluted in the region of the 12,500 dalton protein marker. The partially purified CTX obtained from peritoneal fluid and supernatants of spleen cell cultures was heat stable (56 degrees C for 30 min) and was destroyed by trypsin digestion. These data demonstrate that a chemotactic factor (LDCF) obtained in vitro, is present in vivo at the site of a cell-mediated immune reaction. Moreover, these observations demonstrate the feasibility of studying the kinetics of leukocyte accumulation and the production of mediators of inflammation at the site of well defined immunologic reactions in vivo.", "contents": "Characterization of chemotactic activity produced in vivo by a cell-mediated immune reaction in the guinea pig. A system that allows repeated sampling of peritoneal fluid at various time intervals has been adapted to study mechanisms of leukocyte accumulation in vivo. Application of this technique in guinea pigs exhibiting delayed hypersensitivity (DH) to horse radish peroxidase (HRPO) has allowed characterization of some events after i.p.challenge with the sensitizing antigen. Within 24 hr of the administration of HRPO i.p. to such animals there is a significant increase in the number of peritoneal macrophages and in the chemotactic activity (CTX) for macrophages in the sampled peritoneal fluid. At 48 and 72 hr the CTX returns to the pre-challenge level and i.p. macrophages appear to be actively phagocytic. Molecular sieve chromatograms of concentrated peritoneal fluid obtained 24 hr after i.p. challenge with HRPO and of supernatants derived from immune spleen cells cultured in the presence of HRPO in the presence of HRPO in vitro revealed that the major portion of CTX for homologous macrophages eluted in the region of the 12,500 dalton protein marker. The partially purified CTX obtained from peritoneal fluid and supernatants of spleen cell cultures was heat stable (56 degrees C for 30 min) and was destroyed by trypsin digestion. These data demonstrate that a chemotactic factor (LDCF) obtained in vitro, is present in vivo at the site of a cell-mediated immune reaction. Moreover, these observations demonstrate the feasibility of studying the kinetics of leukocyte accumulation and the production of mediators of inflammation at the site of well defined immunologic reactions in vivo.", "PMID": 1117129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5392", "title": "Quantitative comparison of techniques used to measure complement-mediated cytotoxicity of nucleated cells.", "content": "?The cytotoxicity of nucleated cells by specific antibody and complement can be guantitated in vitro by several methods. Trypan blue exclusion, 51-Cr release, inhibition of uptake of 3-H-thymidine, and inhibition of colony formation are the four assays that we used to guantitatively compare the C-mediated cytotoxicity of Chinese hamster lung (CHL) cells. CHL cells were sensitized with either guinea pig or rabbit anti-CHL antisera, and exposed to guinea pig, human, or rabbit C. We found that the relative activities of the antibodies and the complements were not dependent on the method of measurement of cytotoxicity, i.e., a given  pair of antiserum-complement were not dependent on the method of measurement of cytotoxicity, i.e., a given antiserum-complement titer, regardless of the assay used to measure cytotoxicity. However, the titers of the different antibody-complement pairs differed from each other.", "contents": "Quantitative comparison of techniques used to measure complement-mediated cytotoxicity of nucleated cells. ?The cytotoxicity of nucleated cells by specific antibody and complement can be guantitated in vitro by several methods. Trypan blue exclusion, 51-Cr release, inhibition of uptake of 3-H-thymidine, and inhibition of colony formation are the four assays that we used to guantitatively compare the C-mediated cytotoxicity of Chinese hamster lung (CHL) cells. CHL cells were sensitized with either guinea pig or rabbit anti-CHL antisera, and exposed to guinea pig, human, or rabbit C. We found that the relative activities of the antibodies and the complements were not dependent on the method of measurement of cytotoxicity, i.e., a given  pair of antiserum-complement were not dependent on the method of measurement of cytotoxicity, i.e., a given antiserum-complement titer, regardless of the assay used to measure cytotoxicity. However, the titers of the different antibody-complement pairs differed from each other.", "PMID": 1117130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5393", "title": "The properities of lymphocytes which carry immunologic memory of phiX 174.", "content": "Cells that carry immunologic memory of phiX 174 have been studied in the rat. Memory cells could not be detected in thoracic duct lymph before the 10th day after priming. Thereafter, they increased rapidly in number to reach a plateau by the 4th week. This long latency was not due to a protracted process of maturation of cells formed and delivered to the lymph during the early post-induction period because memory never appeared in rats immunized adoptively with cells obtained before the 11th day. The fact that phiX memory cells are resistant to inhibition by vinblastine also indicates that memory is carried by cells which are released from regionally stimulated lymphoid tissue only after they have ceased dividing and become functionally mature. Adoptively acquired memory decays rapidly at first, but slowly from the 2nd week after cell transfer. This suggests that two cell populations of differing half-life are involved. If two distinct populations are necessary to the full expression of phiX memory, both populations recirculate because the memory cells in lymph draining the sites of the primary response and those reaching the central lymph of adoptive hosts give parallel dose-response curves.", "contents": "The properities of lymphocytes which carry immunologic memory of phiX 174. Cells that carry immunologic memory of phiX 174 have been studied in the rat. Memory cells could not be detected in thoracic duct lymph before the 10th day after priming. Thereafter, they increased rapidly in number to reach a plateau by the 4th week. This long latency was not due to a protracted process of maturation of cells formed and delivered to the lymph during the early post-induction period because memory never appeared in rats immunized adoptively with cells obtained before the 11th day. The fact that phiX memory cells are resistant to inhibition by vinblastine also indicates that memory is carried by cells which are released from regionally stimulated lymphoid tissue only after they have ceased dividing and become functionally mature. Adoptively acquired memory decays rapidly at first, but slowly from the 2nd week after cell transfer. This suggests that two cell populations of differing half-life are involved. If two distinct populations are necessary to the full expression of phiX memory, both populations recirculate because the memory cells in lymph draining the sites of the primary response and those reaching the central lymph of adoptive hosts give parallel dose-response curves.", "PMID": 1117131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5394", "title": "Antibody synthesis in synchronized mouse spleen cells during the secondary response to sheep erythrocytes in vitro.", "content": "Immunoglobulin synthesis by mouse spleen cells during the secondary response to sheep erythrocytes in vitro was examined in cells synchronized by methotrexate and adenosine treatment. Antibody synthesis by the synchronized cells was discontinuous through the cell cycle and highest in the early S phase. Previous results from this laboratory indicated that antibody secretion, as measured by plaque production to sheep erythrocytes, was also greatest in early S, and taken together these results suggest little difference in the expression of antibody synthesis and secretion through the cell cycle. Actinomycin D was employed in several experiments in an attempt to determine if the variation in antibody synthesis was regulated by transcription of messenger RNA for immunoglobulin. Lower actinomycin concentrations (0.05 mug/ml) reportedly permitting messenger, but not ribosomal, RNA synthesis as well as higher concentrations (1 mug/ml) rapidly reduced immunoglobulin and total protein synthesis. These results indicated that actinomycin was not suitable for determining the stability of messenger RNA in mouse spleen cells. Therefore, the reasons for fluctuation in antibody synthesis during the cell cycle could not be determined, but several possibilities are suggested.", "contents": "Antibody synthesis in synchronized mouse spleen cells during the secondary response to sheep erythrocytes in vitro. Immunoglobulin synthesis by mouse spleen cells during the secondary response to sheep erythrocytes in vitro was examined in cells synchronized by methotrexate and adenosine treatment. Antibody synthesis by the synchronized cells was discontinuous through the cell cycle and highest in the early S phase. Previous results from this laboratory indicated that antibody secretion, as measured by plaque production to sheep erythrocytes, was also greatest in early S, and taken together these results suggest little difference in the expression of antibody synthesis and secretion through the cell cycle. Actinomycin D was employed in several experiments in an attempt to determine if the variation in antibody synthesis was regulated by transcription of messenger RNA for immunoglobulin. Lower actinomycin concentrations (0.05 mug/ml) reportedly permitting messenger, but not ribosomal, RNA synthesis as well as higher concentrations (1 mug/ml) rapidly reduced immunoglobulin and total protein synthesis. These results indicated that actinomycin was not suitable for determining the stability of messenger RNA in mouse spleen cells. Therefore, the reasons for fluctuation in antibody synthesis during the cell cycle could not be determined, but several possibilities are suggested.", "PMID": 1117132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5395", "title": "Differential susceptibility of strain 2 and strain 13 guinea pigs to induction of experimental autoimmune thyroiditis.", "content": "Twenty-seven of 30 Strain 2 guinea pigs immunized with 100 mug guinea pig thyroglobulin (GPTG) prepared either from Hartley (H) or Strain 13 (13) thyroids developed experimental autoimmune thyroiditis (EAT) whereas only 1 of 39 similarly immunized Strain 13 guinea pigs developed EAT. F1 hybrids behaved like the Strain 2 parent in that 16 of 20 developed EAT. The susceptible Strain 2 and F1 guinea pigs had higher hemagglutinating antibody titers to GPTG than the Strain 13 guinea pigs whereas all three strains had similar delayed skin reactivity to GPTG. The results suggest that susceptibility of guinea pigs to thyroiditis is genetically controlled and that production of antithyroglobulin antibody may be important in determining disease susceptibility.", "contents": "Differential susceptibility of strain 2 and strain 13 guinea pigs to induction of experimental autoimmune thyroiditis. Twenty-seven of 30 Strain 2 guinea pigs immunized with 100 mug guinea pig thyroglobulin (GPTG) prepared either from Hartley (H) or Strain 13 (13) thyroids developed experimental autoimmune thyroiditis (EAT) whereas only 1 of 39 similarly immunized Strain 13 guinea pigs developed EAT. F1 hybrids behaved like the Strain 2 parent in that 16 of 20 developed EAT. The susceptible Strain 2 and F1 guinea pigs had higher hemagglutinating antibody titers to GPTG than the Strain 13 guinea pigs whereas all three strains had similar delayed skin reactivity to GPTG. The results suggest that susceptibility of guinea pigs to thyroiditis is genetically controlled and that production of antithyroglobulin antibody may be important in determining disease susceptibility.", "PMID": 1117133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5396", "title": "Micro-radioimmunoassay for antibodies to Newcastle disease virus in the chicken.", "content": "An indirect micro-radioimmunoassay is described in which chicken anti-Newcastle disease virus antibody was detected, with radioactively labeled rabbit anti-chicken Fab, on virus-infected microcultures of chick embryo fibroblasts. Newcastle disease virus-infected microcultures were formalin fixed and stored at 4 degrees C for up to 4 months without affecting the sensitivity of the test. The micro-technique was found to be highly sensitive and specific assay of anti-viral antibody and may allow detection of immunoglobulin class of anti-Newcastle disease virus antibody.", "contents": "Micro-radioimmunoassay for antibodies to Newcastle disease virus in the chicken. An indirect micro-radioimmunoassay is described in which chicken anti-Newcastle disease virus antibody was detected, with radioactively labeled rabbit anti-chicken Fab, on virus-infected microcultures of chick embryo fibroblasts. Newcastle disease virus-infected microcultures were formalin fixed and stored at 4 degrees C for up to 4 months without affecting the sensitivity of the test. The micro-technique was found to be highly sensitive and specific assay of anti-viral antibody and may allow detection of immunoglobulin class of anti-Newcastle disease virus antibody.", "PMID": 1117134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5397", "title": "Serum IgE levels during the potentiated reagin response to egg albumin in rats infected with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis.", "content": "Rats were immunized with 10 mug EA and alum; a low titer IgE anti-EA response was observed; subsequent infection with N. brasiliensis greatly potentiated this response. Serum from these rats was tested for its IgE content by a recently developed radioimmunoassay for rat IgE. The average serum level of IgE was 1.15 mug/ml; this level was not altered by immunization, but infection with N. brasiliensis was accompanied by an 80-fold increase in concentration of serum IgE. This increase could not be accounted for by IgE anti-EA or anti-worm antibodies. Infection with N. brasiliensis appears to have an adjuvant effect on IgE antibody responses to diverse environmental antigens as well as the experimentally induced IgE anti-EA response.", "contents": "Serum IgE levels during the potentiated reagin response to egg albumin in rats infected with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. Rats were immunized with 10 mug EA and alum; a low titer IgE anti-EA response was observed; subsequent infection with N. brasiliensis greatly potentiated this response. Serum from these rats was tested for its IgE content by a recently developed radioimmunoassay for rat IgE. The average serum level of IgE was 1.15 mug/ml; this level was not altered by immunization, but infection with N. brasiliensis was accompanied by an 80-fold increase in concentration of serum IgE. This increase could not be accounted for by IgE anti-EA or anti-worm antibodies. Infection with N. brasiliensis appears to have an adjuvant effect on IgE antibody responses to diverse environmental antigens as well as the experimentally induced IgE anti-EA response.", "PMID": 1117135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5398", "title": "Tolerance and contact sensitivity to DNFB in mice. IV. Desensitization as a manifestation of increased proliferation of sensitized cells.", "content": "Contact sensitivity to 2, 4-dinitro-1-fluorobenzene (DNFB) in mice could be rapidly and specifically suppressed by a single i.v. injection of DNBSO3 just before the elicitation skin test. The effects of desensitization were also demonstrated in vitro by the diminished response of cultured desensitized lymph node cells to specific antigenic stimulation (DNBSO3). The effect was dependent on the dose of DNBSO3 injected, and it occurred immediately and disappeared within 2 days. We believe that the mechanism is a functional defect of antigen-reactive cells which have been triggered to proliferate by the desensitizing antigen. These rapidly cycling cells may not migrate properly or respond adequately to the skin test challenge and are also refractory to additional antigen stimulation in vitro. The mechanism so postulated is derived from the finding that there was an inverse relation between the proliferative rates of the cells and their degree of specific reactivity to antigen. When the desensitizing antigen raised the proliferative rate of lymph node cells, the specific reactivity of both the whole animal and of the isolated lymphoid cells was low and vice versa.", "contents": "Tolerance and contact sensitivity to DNFB in mice. IV. Desensitization as a manifestation of increased proliferation of sensitized cells. Contact sensitivity to 2, 4-dinitro-1-fluorobenzene (DNFB) in mice could be rapidly and specifically suppressed by a single i.v. injection of DNBSO3 just before the elicitation skin test. The effects of desensitization were also demonstrated in vitro by the diminished response of cultured desensitized lymph node cells to specific antigenic stimulation (DNBSO3). The effect was dependent on the dose of DNBSO3 injected, and it occurred immediately and disappeared within 2 days. We believe that the mechanism is a functional defect of antigen-reactive cells which have been triggered to proliferate by the desensitizing antigen. These rapidly cycling cells may not migrate properly or respond adequately to the skin test challenge and are also refractory to additional antigen stimulation in vitro. The mechanism so postulated is derived from the finding that there was an inverse relation between the proliferative rates of the cells and their degree of specific reactivity to antigen. When the desensitizing antigen raised the proliferative rate of lymph node cells, the specific reactivity of both the whole animal and of the isolated lymphoid cells was low and vice versa.", "PMID": 1117136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5399", "title": "Complement-dependent alterations in the handling of immune complexes by NZB/W mice.", "content": "Serum of normal mammals contains factors which can release antigen-antibody complexes from the surfaces of leukocytes and platelets. This \"complex release activity\" (CRA) is mediated by the alternative pathway of complement activation, and is measured by a kinetic assay of the release of lymphocyte-bound soluble immune complexes. CRA activity was measured in the sera of NZB/W mice, which develop an autoimmune disease with aging. CRA in these mice declined rapidly after 16 weeks of  age, and by 32 weeks was barely detectable. Serum C3 levels also declined in these mice. An association test correlating CRA and C3 concentration was highly significant. The decreased complement levels in the older mice led to profound changes in their handling of injected soluble immune complexes, as demonstrated in studies of the kinetics of distribution of the complexes between plasma and circulating cells. These abnormalities may be related to the diseases which occurs spontaneously in NZB/W mice, as well as in human immune complex diseases.", "contents": "Complement-dependent alterations in the handling of immune complexes by NZB/W mice. Serum of normal mammals contains factors which can release antigen-antibody complexes from the surfaces of leukocytes and platelets. This \"complex release activity\" (CRA) is mediated by the alternative pathway of complement activation, and is measured by a kinetic assay of the release of lymphocyte-bound soluble immune complexes. CRA activity was measured in the sera of NZB/W mice, which develop an autoimmune disease with aging. CRA in these mice declined rapidly after 16 weeks of  age, and by 32 weeks was barely detectable. Serum C3 levels also declined in these mice. An association test correlating CRA and C3 concentration was highly significant. The decreased complement levels in the older mice led to profound changes in their handling of injected soluble immune complexes, as demonstrated in studies of the kinetics of distribution of the complexes between plasma and circulating cells. These abnormalities may be related to the diseases which occurs spontaneously in NZB/W mice, as well as in human immune complex diseases.", "PMID": 1117137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5400", "title": "Antibody-dependent lymphocyte cytotoxicity in the murine sarcoma virus system: activity of IgM and IgG with specificity for MLV determined antigen(s).", "content": "Antisera with specificity for Moloney leukemia virus-(MLV) determined antigen(s) were studied for their ability to induce MLV antigen bearing target cell reduction by lymphocytes in microcytotoxicity assays. Sera from animals which had regressed Moloney sarcoma virus (MSV) tumors as well as sera from animals with progressively growing MSV tumors were found to induce normal lymphocytes to be active against the targets. Regressor serum was found also to induce cytotoxicity by immune lymphocytes from a tumor-bearing animal 15 days after MSV and from a regressor 50 days after MSV infection. Both the 19S and 7S Sephadex G-200 fractions of the antisera were found to induce cytotoxicity by normal lymphocytes and to potentiate the cytotoxicity of MSV immune lymphocytes. These activities were shown to be IgM and IgG, respectively, by the use of Sepharose-coupled anti-mouse IgM and anti-mouse IgG columns. All activity was removed by passing sera over both columns.", "contents": "Antibody-dependent lymphocyte cytotoxicity in the murine sarcoma virus system: activity of IgM and IgG with specificity for MLV determined antigen(s). Antisera with specificity for Moloney leukemia virus-(MLV) determined antigen(s) were studied for their ability to induce MLV antigen bearing target cell reduction by lymphocytes in microcytotoxicity assays. Sera from animals which had regressed Moloney sarcoma virus (MSV) tumors as well as sera from animals with progressively growing MSV tumors were found to induce normal lymphocytes to be active against the targets. Regressor serum was found also to induce cytotoxicity by immune lymphocytes from a tumor-bearing animal 15 days after MSV and from a regressor 50 days after MSV infection. Both the 19S and 7S Sephadex G-200 fractions of the antisera were found to induce cytotoxicity by normal lymphocytes and to potentiate the cytotoxicity of MSV immune lymphocytes. These activities were shown to be IgM and IgG, respectively, by the use of Sepharose-coupled anti-mouse IgM and anti-mouse IgG columns. All activity was removed by passing sera over both columns.", "PMID": 1117138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5401", "title": "Serologic and biochemical studies of the Ia system of the mouse H-2 gene complex. Further evidence for I-C subregion.", "content": "Three antisera were made against B10.A(5R) tissues to show the presence of an I-Cd subregion in that strain: 1) B10 anti-B10.A(5R) [anti-Dd, I-Cd]; 2) (B10 times C3H.9L) F1 anti-B10.A(5R) [anti-Ddi1; 3) (B10 times HTI)F1 anti-B10.A(5R) [anti-I-Cd]. Serologic analyses of the antisera clearly showed the presence of an Id segment in B10.A(5R) and provided further evidence for the existence of a new I-C subregion. These anti-I-Cd sera define the Ia.7 specificity and analyses of several recombinants map Ia.7 within the I-C subregion. Ia.7 is present in I-Ck, I-Cd and Ip strains. Biochemical analyses showed that the Ia.7 molecule has a molecular weight of 31,000 and is distinct from the 46,000 m.w. H2K or D molecules. The possible roles of the I-C region in immune response, mixed lymphocyte reaction, and graft-vs-host reaction are discussed.", "contents": "Serologic and biochemical studies of the Ia system of the mouse H-2 gene complex. Further evidence for I-C subregion. Three antisera were made against B10.A(5R) tissues to show the presence of an I-Cd subregion in that strain: 1) B10 anti-B10.A(5R) [anti-Dd, I-Cd]; 2) (B10 times C3H.9L) F1 anti-B10.A(5R) [anti-Ddi1; 3) (B10 times HTI)F1 anti-B10.A(5R) [anti-I-Cd]. Serologic analyses of the antisera clearly showed the presence of an Id segment in B10.A(5R) and provided further evidence for the existence of a new I-C subregion. These anti-I-Cd sera define the Ia.7 specificity and analyses of several recombinants map Ia.7 within the I-C subregion. Ia.7 is present in I-Ck, I-Cd and Ip strains. Biochemical analyses showed that the Ia.7 molecule has a molecular weight of 31,000 and is distinct from the 46,000 m.w. H2K or D molecules. The possible roles of the I-C region in immune response, mixed lymphocyte reaction, and graft-vs-host reaction are discussed.", "PMID": 1117139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5402", "title": "Malaria (Plasmodium knowlesi) merozoites: immunity and the surface coat.", "content": "Immune serum agglutinated merozoites of Plasmodium knowlesi in culture. Agglutinated merozoites attached to erythorcytes but were usually unable to invade. Marked aggregation of merozoites was associated with reduced invasion of erythrocytes in these cultures. The agglutination and reduced invasion were immunologically specific, for the effect of serum was greatest against homologous strains of P. knowlesi. Merozoite agglutination was caused by the binding of surface coats on adjacent parasites. This coat appeared on the plasma membrane of merozoites after it was exposed to culture medium, both with and without immune serum. The coat consisted of protein or glycoprotein, since it was susceptible to trypsin treatment. It appears that antibodies directed against this surface coat are crucial for reduced invasion of erythrocytes, at least in vitro.", "contents": "Malaria (Plasmodium knowlesi) merozoites: immunity and the surface coat. Immune serum agglutinated merozoites of Plasmodium knowlesi in culture. Agglutinated merozoites attached to erythorcytes but were usually unable to invade. Marked aggregation of merozoites was associated with reduced invasion of erythrocytes in these cultures. The agglutination and reduced invasion were immunologically specific, for the effect of serum was greatest against homologous strains of P. knowlesi. Merozoite agglutination was caused by the binding of surface coats on adjacent parasites. This coat appeared on the plasma membrane of merozoites after it was exposed to culture medium, both with and without immune serum. The coat consisted of protein or glycoprotein, since it was susceptible to trypsin treatment. It appears that antibodies directed against this surface coat are crucial for reduced invasion of erythrocytes, at least in vitro.", "PMID": 1117140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5403", "title": "The nature of murine immune response to nucleic acids.", "content": "The antibody response of mice to nucleic acids appears to be genetically regulated, and may show varying patterns. SJL/J mice and AKR/Cu mice are high responders to denatured DNA complexed with MBSA and produce 7S as well as 19S antibodies. DBA/2 mice respond with low titers to this immunogen which consists of 19S antibody exclusively. C57BL/6 mice are high responders to denatured DNA, but produce only 19S antibodies. Denatured DNA-MBSA is immunogenic when injected without complete Freund's adjuvant, thereby suggesting that this antigen might be thymus independent. The pattern of immune responses of some strains to the polyribonucleotides poly(I)-poly(C) and poly(A)-poly(U) is opposite to that observed with denatured DNA. Thus, DBA/2 mice are high responders and SJL/J mice are low responders. However, the low responders SJL/J mice produce 7S as well as 19S antibody which suggests that different mechanisms operate for the regulation of immune responses to the two types of nucleic acids. Whereas no antibody is elicited upon immunization with DNA in the absence of a carrier protein, poly(A)-poly(U) and poly(I)-poly(C) are immunogenic when injected without MBSA. Immunization with complexes of the polyribonucleotides and MBSA enhanced the responses to these immunogens; however, the strain differences were not completely abolished. Poly(A)-poly(U) did not enhance the low immune responses of DBA/2 mice to denatured DNA when injected i.v. following immunization with the DNA-MBSA. However, simultaneous immunization of DBA/2 and SJL/J mice with poly(A)-poly(U) and denatured DNA-MBSA resulted in high antibody titers to both immunogens in either mouse strain.", "contents": "The nature of murine immune response to nucleic acids. The antibody response of mice to nucleic acids appears to be genetically regulated, and may show varying patterns. SJL/J mice and AKR/Cu mice are high responders to denatured DNA complexed with MBSA and produce 7S as well as 19S antibodies. DBA/2 mice respond with low titers to this immunogen which consists of 19S antibody exclusively. C57BL/6 mice are high responders to denatured DNA, but produce only 19S antibodies. Denatured DNA-MBSA is immunogenic when injected without complete Freund's adjuvant, thereby suggesting that this antigen might be thymus independent. The pattern of immune responses of some strains to the polyribonucleotides poly(I)-poly(C) and poly(A)-poly(U) is opposite to that observed with denatured DNA. Thus, DBA/2 mice are high responders and SJL/J mice are low responders. However, the low responders SJL/J mice produce 7S as well as 19S antibody which suggests that different mechanisms operate for the regulation of immune responses to the two types of nucleic acids. Whereas no antibody is elicited upon immunization with DNA in the absence of a carrier protein, poly(A)-poly(U) and poly(I)-poly(C) are immunogenic when injected without MBSA. Immunization with complexes of the polyribonucleotides and MBSA enhanced the responses to these immunogens; however, the strain differences were not completely abolished. Poly(A)-poly(U) did not enhance the low immune responses of DBA/2 mice to denatured DNA when injected i.v. following immunization with the DNA-MBSA. However, simultaneous immunization of DBA/2 and SJL/J mice with poly(A)-poly(U) and denatured DNA-MBSA resulted in high antibody titers to both immunogens in either mouse strain.", "PMID": 1117141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5404", "title": "Delayed clearance of morphine from the circulation of rabbits immunized with morphine-6-hemisuccinate bovine serum albumin.", "content": "Morphine clearance from the circulation of normal rabbits and rabbits with circulating anti-morphine antibody was studied. Individual animals were injected with 14C trace-labeled morphine in saline (6 mg morphine/kg body weight). The rabbits were bled at various times after morphine injection and the amount of morphine present in the serum at each time interval was determined. Morphine could be detected in the serum of normal animals for 1 week following injection and up to 12 weeks following injection in at least one animal with antibodies to morphine. The rate of morphine clearance in animals immunized to morphine-6-hemisuccinate-bovine serum albumin was not significantly different from normal during the first 4 hr after morphine injection. However, by 24 hr after injection, the rate of morphine clearance in morphine-6-hemisuccinate-bovine serum albumin-immunized animals was significantly slower than in normal animals. The amount of morphine present in the sera of the rabbits 24 hr after injection was related to the antigen-binding capacity and independent of antibody avidity. However, the rate of morphine clearance at times greater than 24 hr after injection was related to the average antibody avidity and not related to the antigen-binding capacity.", "contents": "Delayed clearance of morphine from the circulation of rabbits immunized with morphine-6-hemisuccinate bovine serum albumin. Morphine clearance from the circulation of normal rabbits and rabbits with circulating anti-morphine antibody was studied. Individual animals were injected with 14C trace-labeled morphine in saline (6 mg morphine/kg body weight). The rabbits were bled at various times after morphine injection and the amount of morphine present in the serum at each time interval was determined. Morphine could be detected in the serum of normal animals for 1 week following injection and up to 12 weeks following injection in at least one animal with antibodies to morphine. The rate of morphine clearance in animals immunized to morphine-6-hemisuccinate-bovine serum albumin was not significantly different from normal during the first 4 hr after morphine injection. However, by 24 hr after injection, the rate of morphine clearance in morphine-6-hemisuccinate-bovine serum albumin-immunized animals was significantly slower than in normal animals. The amount of morphine present in the sera of the rabbits 24 hr after injection was related to the antigen-binding capacity and independent of antibody avidity. However, the rate of morphine clearance at times greater than 24 hr after injection was related to the average antibody avidity and not related to the antigen-binding capacity.", "PMID": 1117142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5405", "title": "A new immunoassay for C3. Application of the cell-linked antigen radioactive antibody (CLARA) technique.", "content": "The cell-linked antigen radioactive antibody (CLARA) method of immunoassay was applied to the C3 component of the complement system. C3 from whole complement was fixed on erythrocytes sensitized with IgM antibody. The IgG1 fractions of monospecific sheep anti-C3 were labelled with 125I and measurement of their specific binding to C3-bearing erythrocytes was used to quantitate the relative amount of fixed C3. Competititive inhibition of this specific binding was used to assay fluid phase C3. 0.3-0.6mug/ml of murine C3 were detected in the supernatant fluid of in vitro cultures of mouse spleen cells.", "contents": "A new immunoassay for C3. Application of the cell-linked antigen radioactive antibody (CLARA) technique. The cell-linked antigen radioactive antibody (CLARA) method of immunoassay was applied to the C3 component of the complement system. C3 from whole complement was fixed on erythrocytes sensitized with IgM antibody. The IgG1 fractions of monospecific sheep anti-C3 were labelled with 125I and measurement of their specific binding to C3-bearing erythrocytes was used to quantitate the relative amount of fixed C3. Competititive inhibition of this specific binding was used to assay fluid phase C3. 0.3-0.6mug/ml of murine C3 were detected in the supernatant fluid of in vitro cultures of mouse spleen cells.", "PMID": 1117143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5406", "title": "Simple and sensitive test for the determination of phenolic compounds in urine and its application to melanoma.", "content": "A simple procedure is outlined for the determination of phenolic compounds in urine.  The method involves the diazotization of p-nitroaniline and subsequent coupling of the diazonium chloride with phenolic compounds.  The diazo compound formed is determined by measuring the absorbance at 400 nm.  The extinction coefficients for several compounds have been determined.  Application of this method to determine the levels of phenolic compounds in urine in patients with melanoma showed that the assay may be of diagnostic value.  The amounts of phenols in 24-hr urine samples from patients with melanoma, patients with various other diseases, and healthy individuals were determined.  A statistical analysis of these results showed that the results for patients with melanoma were higher than those for healthy individuals and patients with other diseases at 1 percent probability level.  A comparison of this test with three other methods (Thorm\u00e4hlen test, ferric chloride test, and ferrocitrate test) for determination of melanogens showed that the diazo test is the most sensitive one for detecting melanoma.", "contents": "Simple and sensitive test for the determination of phenolic compounds in urine and its application to melanoma. A simple procedure is outlined for the determination of phenolic compounds in urine.  The method involves the diazotization of p-nitroaniline and subsequent coupling of the diazonium chloride with phenolic compounds.  The diazo compound formed is determined by measuring the absorbance at 400 nm.  The extinction coefficients for several compounds have been determined.  Application of this method to determine the levels of phenolic compounds in urine in patients with melanoma showed that the assay may be of diagnostic value.  The amounts of phenols in 24-hr urine samples from patients with melanoma, patients with various other diseases, and healthy individuals were determined.  A statistical analysis of these results showed that the results for patients with melanoma were higher than those for healthy individuals and patients with other diseases at 1 percent probability level.  A comparison of this test with three other methods (Thorm\u00e4hlen test, ferric chloride test, and ferrocitrate test) for determination of melanogens showed that the diazo test is the most sensitive one for detecting melanoma.", "PMID": 1117172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5407", "title": "Absolute concentrations of dithranol and triacetyl-dithranol in the skin layers after local treatment: in vivo investigations with four different types of pharmaceutical vehicles.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of dithranol (anthralin) and its triacetate were investigated by employing a method which determines the quantity of the drug that penetrated into single layers of the human skin in vivo.  For this purpose, tritium-labeled dithranol or triacetyl-dithranol was incorporated into four different ointments.  The ointments were applied to the skin and biopsies were taken after 10, 30, 100, and 1000 min.  The horny layer was removed before biopsy by Scotch tape stripping.  The biopsies were sliced horizontally and the tritium determined in each sample.  Dithranol as well as its triacetate penetrated best from more hydropholic ointments (Vaseline and aqueous wool-wax-alcohol ointment).  From hydrophilic ointments (polyethylene glycol ointment and aqueous hydrophilic cream), only poor penetration was observed.  Dithranol penetrated in far greater amounts than its triacetate, and the two compounds revealed fundamentally different penetration kinetics in epidermis and dermis.  The data indicate that the triacetate was not split into its parent compound, dithranol, in substantial quantity, as the data obtained show the criteria of two independent substances.", "contents": "Absolute concentrations of dithranol and triacetyl-dithranol in the skin layers after local treatment: in vivo investigations with four different types of pharmaceutical vehicles. The pharmacokinetics of dithranol (anthralin) and its triacetate were investigated by employing a method which determines the quantity of the drug that penetrated into single layers of the human skin in vivo.  For this purpose, tritium-labeled dithranol or triacetyl-dithranol was incorporated into four different ointments.  The ointments were applied to the skin and biopsies were taken after 10, 30, 100, and 1000 min.  The horny layer was removed before biopsy by Scotch tape stripping.  The biopsies were sliced horizontally and the tritium determined in each sample.  Dithranol as well as its triacetate penetrated best from more hydropholic ointments (Vaseline and aqueous wool-wax-alcohol ointment).  From hydrophilic ointments (polyethylene glycol ointment and aqueous hydrophilic cream), only poor penetration was observed.  Dithranol penetrated in far greater amounts than its triacetate, and the two compounds revealed fundamentally different penetration kinetics in epidermis and dermis.  The data indicate that the triacetate was not split into its parent compound, dithranol, in substantial quantity, as the data obtained show the criteria of two independent substances.", "PMID": 1117173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5408", "title": "DNA repair in tumor cells from the variant form of xeroderma pigmentosum.", "content": "Cells from most patients with xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) can be shown to be defective in repairing ultraviolet (UV) light-induced damage to their DNA, for they have a reduced rate of UV-induced thymidine incorporation.  XP variants, however, have clinical manifestations of XP, but all their tissues tested to date have a normal rate of UV-induced 3H-thymidine incorporation. We have now tested tumor cells from an XP variant and from a typical XP patient.  The variant's tumor cells, in contrast to those of the typical patient, had no detectable defect in their UV-induced thymidine corporation.  We conclude, therefore, that the cells that formed tumors in this XP variant resemble his other cells in DNA repair capacity, and do not represent a minor cell population with the kind of DNA repair defect that is reflected in reduced UV-induced thymidine incorporation.", "contents": "DNA repair in tumor cells from the variant form of xeroderma pigmentosum. Cells from most patients with xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) can be shown to be defective in repairing ultraviolet (UV) light-induced damage to their DNA, for they have a reduced rate of UV-induced thymidine incorporation.  XP variants, however, have clinical manifestations of XP, but all their tissues tested to date have a normal rate of UV-induced 3H-thymidine incorporation. We have now tested tumor cells from an XP variant and from a typical XP patient.  The variant's tumor cells, in contrast to those of the typical patient, had no detectable defect in their UV-induced thymidine corporation.  We conclude, therefore, that the cells that formed tumors in this XP variant resemble his other cells in DNA repair capacity, and do not represent a minor cell population with the kind of DNA repair defect that is reflected in reduced UV-induced thymidine incorporation.", "PMID": 1117174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5409", "title": "IgE in human eccrine sweat.", "content": "By the use of a sensitive and specific double antibody radioimmunoassay, immunoglobulin  E was demonstrated in sweat from 6 of 11 healthy volunteers; the concentrations of IgE ranged from 1 to 3.9 ng/ml of sweat.  Six of seven patients with dermatitis and elevated levels of serum IgE also had high IgE levels in sweat; the highest IgE value in sweat was 75.5 ng/ml and was noted in a patient with atopic dermatitis. Thus, all the main immunoglobulin classes can be demonstrated in eccrine sweat.", "contents": "IgE in human eccrine sweat. By the use of a sensitive and specific double antibody radioimmunoassay, immunoglobulin  E was demonstrated in sweat from 6 of 11 healthy volunteers; the concentrations of IgE ranged from 1 to 3.9 ng/ml of sweat.  Six of seven patients with dermatitis and elevated levels of serum IgE also had high IgE levels in sweat; the highest IgE value in sweat was 75.5 ng/ml and was noted in a patient with atopic dermatitis. Thus, all the main immunoglobulin classes can be demonstrated in eccrine sweat.", "PMID": 1117175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5410", "title": "Effect of polysorbate 85 on human skin.", "content": "Ten percent polysorbate 85, a nonionic surfactant, was applied on the upper arm of 15 healthy individuals under occlusive dressing daily for 4 days.  The other arm was similarly treated with the ointment base (white petrolatum USP) to provide the control area.  At the end of treatment, macroscopic observations indicated minor erythema in 11 cases and no visible changes were noted on the surfactant-treated areas of 4 persons or any of the control areas.  No definite histologic changes were observed by microscopic evaluations.  The results of biochemical assays, however, were more definitive. The content of the epidermal phospholipids was elevated within a range of 5 to 65 percent as a result of the treatment with polysorbate 85 preparation.  Radioactive tracer studies indicated higher rates of 32P incorporation into epidermal phospholipids, TCA-soluble, DNA and RNA fractions of the surfactant-treated skin.  Results resemble those that were documented in earlier studies with rabbit skin.", "contents": "Effect of polysorbate 85 on human skin. Ten percent polysorbate 85, a nonionic surfactant, was applied on the upper arm of 15 healthy individuals under occlusive dressing daily for 4 days.  The other arm was similarly treated with the ointment base (white petrolatum USP) to provide the control area.  At the end of treatment, macroscopic observations indicated minor erythema in 11 cases and no visible changes were noted on the surfactant-treated areas of 4 persons or any of the control areas.  No definite histologic changes were observed by microscopic evaluations.  The results of biochemical assays, however, were more definitive. The content of the epidermal phospholipids was elevated within a range of 5 to 65 percent as a result of the treatment with polysorbate 85 preparation.  Radioactive tracer studies indicated higher rates of 32P incorporation into epidermal phospholipids, TCA-soluble, DNA and RNA fractions of the surfactant-treated skin.  Results resemble those that were documented in earlier studies with rabbit skin.", "PMID": 1117176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5411", "title": "The innervation of hyperplastic epidermis in the mouse: a light microscopic study.", "content": "The innervation of the skin of hairless mice has been studied following induction of epidermal hyperplasia by physical and chemical methods. Physical stimuli comprised ultraviolet irradiation, heat, wounding, and friction. Effective chemicals included benzene, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, creosote, formaldehyde, hexadecane, hydrobromic acid, sodium lauryl sulfate, and turpentine. Epidermal hyperplasia, however produced, was associated with growth of sensory nerve fibers into the outer part of the epidermis. Following a single 10-min exposure to an ultraviolet sunalmp at 40 cm, the nerves extended into the epidermis within 24 hr and disappeared during the second week as the epidermis reverted to its normal thickness. Repeated irradiation (until tumors appeared) was accompanied by persistent hyperplasia and neural invasion. Of 32 papillomas examined, intraepithelial nerves were found in 28. The presence and location of nerves in the tumor epithelium were related to the incorporation of tactile hair disc epithelium. The hyperplastic regenerative epithelium at the margins of skin ulcers were also invaded by nerves which sometimes followed the migrating epithelium across the ulcer floor. Since the regenerative epithelium was not directly treated, it was concluded that the proliferation of nervous tissue in response to skin injury was the result of the hyperplasia per se, regardless of the method used to produce it.", "contents": "The innervation of hyperplastic epidermis in the mouse: a light microscopic study. The innervation of the skin of hairless mice has been studied following induction of epidermal hyperplasia by physical and chemical methods. Physical stimuli comprised ultraviolet irradiation, heat, wounding, and friction. Effective chemicals included benzene, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, creosote, formaldehyde, hexadecane, hydrobromic acid, sodium lauryl sulfate, and turpentine. Epidermal hyperplasia, however produced, was associated with growth of sensory nerve fibers into the outer part of the epidermis. Following a single 10-min exposure to an ultraviolet sunalmp at 40 cm, the nerves extended into the epidermis within 24 hr and disappeared during the second week as the epidermis reverted to its normal thickness. Repeated irradiation (until tumors appeared) was accompanied by persistent hyperplasia and neural invasion. Of 32 papillomas examined, intraepithelial nerves were found in 28. The presence and location of nerves in the tumor epithelium were related to the incorporation of tactile hair disc epithelium. The hyperplastic regenerative epithelium at the margins of skin ulcers were also invaded by nerves which sometimes followed the migrating epithelium across the ulcer floor. Since the regenerative epithelium was not directly treated, it was concluded that the proliferation of nervous tissue in response to skin injury was the result of the hyperplasia per se, regardless of the method used to produce it.", "PMID": 1117177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5412", "title": "The detection of carotenoid pigments in human skin.", "content": "Carotenoid pigments were extracted chemically from both epidermis and dermis obtained from non-carotenemic individuals at autopsy.  Absorption maxima characteristic of beta-carotene were found in the extracts of specimens of epidermis following cantharidin application in volunteers made carotenemic by the ingestion of beta-carotene (180 mg/day for 10 weeks).  These maxima were absent in the extracts of epidermis obtained from the volunteers before beta-carotene ingestion.", "contents": "The detection of carotenoid pigments in human skin. Carotenoid pigments were extracted chemically from both epidermis and dermis obtained from non-carotenemic individuals at autopsy.  Absorption maxima characteristic of beta-carotene were found in the extracts of specimens of epidermis following cantharidin application in volunteers made carotenemic by the ingestion of beta-carotene (180 mg/day for 10 weeks).  These maxima were absent in the extracts of epidermis obtained from the volunteers before beta-carotene ingestion.", "PMID": 1117178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5413", "title": "Effect of heparin in experimental gram-negative septicemia.", "content": "Young rabbits were given live encapsulated or heat-hilled Pasteurella multocida by the intraperitoneal route. Those animals given live organisms regularly developed clinical illness, positive blood cultures, positive limulus lysate tests on plasma, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and disseminated intravascular coagulation and died. Death occurred in 68% of these rabbits by 12 hr after infection and in 100% by 24 hr. Septicemic animals given heparin as an anticoagulant similarly developed clinical illness, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia, but no laboratory evidence of disseminated intravascular coagulation. The mortality rate in these animals was  90% 12 hr after infection and 100% 24 hr after infection. None of the animals given heat-killed organisms developed leukopenia, thormbocytopenia, or disseminated intravascular coagulation, and none died. The data show that the survivial rate in septicemic rabbits was not improved with heparin, although fibrinogen consumption (disseminated intravascular coagulation) was abolished.", "contents": "Effect of heparin in experimental gram-negative septicemia. Young rabbits were given live encapsulated or heat-hilled Pasteurella multocida by the intraperitoneal route. Those animals given live organisms regularly developed clinical illness, positive blood cultures, positive limulus lysate tests on plasma, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and disseminated intravascular coagulation and died. Death occurred in 68% of these rabbits by 12 hr after infection and in 100% by 24 hr. Septicemic animals given heparin as an anticoagulant similarly developed clinical illness, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia, but no laboratory evidence of disseminated intravascular coagulation. The mortality rate in these animals was  90% 12 hr after infection and 100% 24 hr after infection. None of the animals given heat-killed organisms developed leukopenia, thormbocytopenia, or disseminated intravascular coagulation, and none died. The data show that the survivial rate in septicemic rabbits was not improved with heparin, although fibrinogen consumption (disseminated intravascular coagulation) was abolished.", "PMID": 1117188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5414", "title": "Hepatitis A: report of a common-source outbreak with recovery of a possible etiologic agent. I. Epidemiologic studies.", "content": "From the end of October to the end of December 1973, an epidemic of hepatitis A affected 40 students at a state university, 11 employees of two restaurants, and 11 other residents in a southwestern metropolitan community. Two distinct epidemic waves of illness occurred, and investigation implicated two local restaurants as sources of infection, one for each epidemic wave. An index patient who prepared food was identified at each restaurant, and the two restaurants were linked by the fact that the index patient who worked at the second restaurant had patronized the first restaurant. Foods implicated as vehicles of transmission included 'guacamole,' green salad, spaghetti, and hamburger. The findings represent a rare example of a 'double' common-source outbreak with two distinct epidemic waves related to two separate eating establishments.", "contents": "Hepatitis A: report of a common-source outbreak with recovery of a possible etiologic agent. I. Epidemiologic studies. From the end of October to the end of December 1973, an epidemic of hepatitis A affected 40 students at a state university, 11 employees of two restaurants, and 11 other residents in a southwestern metropolitan community. Two distinct epidemic waves of illness occurred, and investigation implicated two local restaurants as sources of infection, one for each epidemic wave. An index patient who prepared food was identified at each restaurant, and the two restaurants were linked by the fact that the index patient who worked at the second restaurant had patronized the first restaurant. Foods implicated as vehicles of transmission included 'guacamole,' green salad, spaghetti, and hamburger. The findings represent a rare example of a 'double' common-source outbreak with two distinct epidemic waves related to two separate eating establishments.", "PMID": 1117189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5415", "title": "Hepatitis A: report of a common-source outbreak with recovery of a possible etiologic agent. II. Laboratory studies.", "content": "During investigation of a food-borne outbreak of hepatitis A among university students in a southwestern metropolitan community, immune electron microscopic examination of a concentrated stool suspension pooled from seven acutely ill individuals revealed viruslike particles 17-nm in diameter. These particles were initially coated by antibody contained in the convalescent-phase serum of one of the ill students as well ad by antibody in convalescent plasma of a prison volunteer originally infected with the MS-1 strain of hepatitis A virus. Rises in titer of antibody to this particle were demonstrated by immune electron microscopy in acute and convalescent sera from student patients as well as in pre-inoculation and convalescent sera from the prison volunteer. Two chimpanzees inoculated intravenously with the concentrated preparation of pooled human stools developed viral hepatitis. During acute illness their feces contained particles morphologically identical to those in the inoculum. These findings represent the first reported recovery of the presumed etiologic agent of hepatitis A from a naturally occurring community outbreak of disease in the United States.", "contents": "Hepatitis A: report of a common-source outbreak with recovery of a possible etiologic agent. II. Laboratory studies. During investigation of a food-borne outbreak of hepatitis A among university students in a southwestern metropolitan community, immune electron microscopic examination of a concentrated stool suspension pooled from seven acutely ill individuals revealed viruslike particles 17-nm in diameter. These particles were initially coated by antibody contained in the convalescent-phase serum of one of the ill students as well ad by antibody in convalescent plasma of a prison volunteer originally infected with the MS-1 strain of hepatitis A virus. Rises in titer of antibody to this particle were demonstrated by immune electron microscopy in acute and convalescent sera from student patients as well as in pre-inoculation and convalescent sera from the prison volunteer. Two chimpanzees inoculated intravenously with the concentrated preparation of pooled human stools developed viral hepatitis. During acute illness their feces contained particles morphologically identical to those in the inoculum. These findings represent the first reported recovery of the presumed etiologic agent of hepatitis A from a naturally occurring community outbreak of disease in the United States.", "PMID": 1117190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5416", "title": "Effects of cyclophosphamide on hepatitis B virus infection and challenge in chimpanzees.", "content": "The role of antibodies to the surface antigen of hepatitis B virus (HBsAg) and to the hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg) and of cell-mediated immunity in hepatitis B virus infections and in resistance to challenge was studied in six chimpanzees. Two chimpanzees were studied during primary hepatitis B virus infection while being treated with cyclophosphamide (5-15 mg/kg im three times per week). Cyclophosphamide treatment may have predisposed these chimpanzees to chronic hepatitis B virus infections. Four other chimpanzees convalescent from primary hepatitis B virus infection (subtype ayw) were challanged with hepatitis Bvirus; two were callenged with heterologous virus (subtype adw) without immunosuppression, and two were challenged with homologous virus (subtype syw)while being treated with cyclophosphamide. Chimpanzees with residual humoral immunity, demonstrable by serum antibodies against the group determinant a and subdeterminant y of HBsAg, resisted challenge with either heterologous or homologous hepatitis B virus despite cyclophosphamide immunosuppression in the latter case. Antibodies to the hepatitis B virus core did not appear necessary for protection against hepatitis B virus infection in these chimps.", "contents": "Effects of cyclophosphamide on hepatitis B virus infection and challenge in chimpanzees. The role of antibodies to the surface antigen of hepatitis B virus (HBsAg) and to the hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg) and of cell-mediated immunity in hepatitis B virus infections and in resistance to challenge was studied in six chimpanzees. Two chimpanzees were studied during primary hepatitis B virus infection while being treated with cyclophosphamide (5-15 mg/kg im three times per week). Cyclophosphamide treatment may have predisposed these chimpanzees to chronic hepatitis B virus infections. Four other chimpanzees convalescent from primary hepatitis B virus infection (subtype ayw) were challanged with hepatitis Bvirus; two were callenged with heterologous virus (subtype adw) without immunosuppression, and two were challenged with homologous virus (subtype syw)while being treated with cyclophosphamide. Chimpanzees with residual humoral immunity, demonstrable by serum antibodies against the group determinant a and subdeterminant y of HBsAg, resisted challenge with either heterologous or homologous hepatitis B virus despite cyclophosphamide immunosuppression in the latter case. Antibodies to the hepatitis B virus core did not appear necessary for protection against hepatitis B virus infection in these chimps.", "PMID": 1117192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5417", "title": "Isolation and purification of hepatitis B antigen by electrochromatography.", "content": "The electrochromatography column is a unique glass device designed to function both as a chromatography column and as an electrophoresis column; it can also be operated so that both column chromatography and electrophoresis can take place in one simultaneous operation (electrochromatography). When the column is used for electrochromatography, proteins of the same molecular size, but with different electrophoretic mobilities, will be separated by electrophoresis, whereas proteins with the same electrophoretic mobilities but of different molecular size will be separated by molecular sieving. If proteins vary only slightly in these physical properties, separation is greatly enhanced by the action of the electric field on the filtering molecules. Thus, electrochromatography allows proteins to be separated simply, rapidly, and with greater resolution than other systems currently available. Electrochromatography has been used successfully for the purification of hepatitis B antigen, which is not separated from closely related serum immunoglobulins by either chromatography or electrophoresis. This method may become an important tool for the isolation and purification of a large number of proteins and viruses not easily separated by means of current technology.", "contents": "Isolation and purification of hepatitis B antigen by electrochromatography. The electrochromatography column is a unique glass device designed to function both as a chromatography column and as an electrophoresis column; it can also be operated so that both column chromatography and electrophoresis can take place in one simultaneous operation (electrochromatography). When the column is used for electrochromatography, proteins of the same molecular size, but with different electrophoretic mobilities, will be separated by electrophoresis, whereas proteins with the same electrophoretic mobilities but of different molecular size will be separated by molecular sieving. If proteins vary only slightly in these physical properties, separation is greatly enhanced by the action of the electric field on the filtering molecules. Thus, electrochromatography allows proteins to be separated simply, rapidly, and with greater resolution than other systems currently available. Electrochromatography has been used successfully for the purification of hepatitis B antigen, which is not separated from closely related serum immunoglobulins by either chromatography or electrophoresis. This method may become an important tool for the isolation and purification of a large number of proteins and viruses not easily separated by means of current technology.", "PMID": 1117193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5418", "title": "Antimicrobial therapy of experimental endocarditis caused by Staphylococcus aureus.", "content": "The rate at which various antimicrobial agents eradicated Staphylococcus aureus from cardiac vegetations in a rabbit model of endocarditis was studied. The rate at which various drugs and combinations killed high titers of bacteria in broth correlated with the relative effectiveness of the agents in vivo. Gentamicin plus penicillin proved to be synergistic in vitro and more effective in eradicating bacteria from cardiac vegetations in vivo than was penicillin alone. Vancomycin killed bacteria at a rate similar to that for the combination of penicillin and gentamicin, and the rate for cefazolin was similar to that for penicillin alone. Clindamycin was less effective in vivo and in vitro than penicillin. Therapy with rifampin led to the emergence of resistant organisms, and, when penicillin, this drug was less effective in vitro and in vivo than was penicillin alone. This model appears to offer an effective method for evaluation of antimicrobial treatment of staphylococcal endocarditis.", "contents": "Antimicrobial therapy of experimental endocarditis caused by Staphylococcus aureus. The rate at which various antimicrobial agents eradicated Staphylococcus aureus from cardiac vegetations in a rabbit model of endocarditis was studied. The rate at which various drugs and combinations killed high titers of bacteria in broth correlated with the relative effectiveness of the agents in vivo. Gentamicin plus penicillin proved to be synergistic in vitro and more effective in eradicating bacteria from cardiac vegetations in vivo than was penicillin alone. Vancomycin killed bacteria at a rate similar to that for the combination of penicillin and gentamicin, and the rate for cefazolin was similar to that for penicillin alone. Clindamycin was less effective in vivo and in vitro than penicillin. Therapy with rifampin led to the emergence of resistant organisms, and, when penicillin, this drug was less effective in vitro and in vivo than was penicillin alone. This model appears to offer an effective method for evaluation of antimicrobial treatment of staphylococcal endocarditis.", "PMID": 1117194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5419", "title": "Teratogenic effects of Colorado tick fever virus in mice.", "content": "The teratogenic effects in mice of Colorado tick fever (CTF) virus, a human pathogen, were demonstrated. Various routes of inoculation, gestational periods, and dosages of virus were studied. The incidence of stillbirth and neonatal death increased significantly after inoculation of pregnant mice with CTF virus. CTF virus crossed the placenta and replicated to high titers in the placental and fetal tissues. Mice that survived the first six weeks of life had neutralizing antibody to CTF virus. Neutralization tests, in which pregnant mice were inoculated with both CTF virus and specific antiserum to CTF virus, validated the teratogenic effects of CTF virus in mice.", "contents": "Teratogenic effects of Colorado tick fever virus in mice. The teratogenic effects in mice of Colorado tick fever (CTF) virus, a human pathogen, were demonstrated. Various routes of inoculation, gestational periods, and dosages of virus were studied. The incidence of stillbirth and neonatal death increased significantly after inoculation of pregnant mice with CTF virus. CTF virus crossed the placenta and replicated to high titers in the placental and fetal tissues. Mice that survived the first six weeks of life had neutralizing antibody to CTF virus. Neutralization tests, in which pregnant mice were inoculated with both CTF virus and specific antiserum to CTF virus, validated the teratogenic effects of CTF virus in mice.", "PMID": 1117196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5420", "title": "In vitro correlates of cell-mediated immunity in human tonsils after natural or induced Rubella virus infection.", "content": "The techniques of hemagglutination inhibition and in vitro lymphocyte transformation and the assay of migration inhibitory factor were used for study of the development of rubella antibody activity in serum and tonsillar tissue washings and of the appearance of rubella-specific, cell-mediated immunity in circulating and tonsillar lymphocytes in groups of children who underwent tonsillectomy at various intervals after natural rubella infection,  subcutaneous immunization with HPV-77 DE/5 vaccine, or intranasal inoculation with RA27/3 live, attenuated rubella virus vaccine. Antibody response in serum and tonsillar tissue washings was detected regularly after natural infection or immunization. Development of specific cell-mediated immunity in circulating lymphocytes was regularly observed after natural infection and frequently after immunization. Natural infection or intranasal immunization with rubella vaccine resulted in the appearance of cell-mediated immunity in the tonsillar lymphoid tissue, and the response was detectable up to several years after natural infection in several cases. It is significant, however, that the level of cell-mediated immunity in tonsils was conspicuously low after subcutaneous immunization. These data suggest the induction of local cell-mediated immunity in tonsillar lymphoid tissue after local mucosal application of rubella virus.", "contents": "In vitro correlates of cell-mediated immunity in human tonsils after natural or induced Rubella virus infection. The techniques of hemagglutination inhibition and in vitro lymphocyte transformation and the assay of migration inhibitory factor were used for study of the development of rubella antibody activity in serum and tonsillar tissue washings and of the appearance of rubella-specific, cell-mediated immunity in circulating and tonsillar lymphocytes in groups of children who underwent tonsillectomy at various intervals after natural rubella infection,  subcutaneous immunization with HPV-77 DE/5 vaccine, or intranasal inoculation with RA27/3 live, attenuated rubella virus vaccine. Antibody response in serum and tonsillar tissue washings was detected regularly after natural infection or immunization. Development of specific cell-mediated immunity in circulating lymphocytes was regularly observed after natural infection and frequently after immunization. Natural infection or intranasal immunization with rubella vaccine resulted in the appearance of cell-mediated immunity in the tonsillar lymphoid tissue, and the response was detectable up to several years after natural infection in several cases. It is significant, however, that the level of cell-mediated immunity in tonsils was conspicuously low after subcutaneous immunization. These data suggest the induction of local cell-mediated immunity in tonsillar lymphoid tissue after local mucosal application of rubella virus.", "PMID": 1117197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5421", "title": "The generation of superoxide anion by various types of phagocyte.", "content": "Polymorphonuclear leukocytes derived from human peripheral blood, rabbit peritoneal exudates, and guinea pig peritoneal exudates generate measurable quantities of superoxide anion when challenged with opsonized zymosan, but not when challenged with zymosan that has not been opsonized. The generation of superoxide is dependent upon the concentration of cells and closely parallels the stimulation of the hexose monophosphate shunt in the phagocytes. In contrast, no superoxide can be detected when rabbit alveolar macrophages (either normal or activated by prior vaccination of the animal with bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin) or rabbit peritoneal macrophages are similarly treated. These data suggest that although superoxide anion may be involved in the bactericidal activity of the polymorphonuclear leukocyte, it is less likely to play a significant role in the bactericidal activity of the macrophage.", "contents": "The generation of superoxide anion by various types of phagocyte. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes derived from human peripheral blood, rabbit peritoneal exudates, and guinea pig peritoneal exudates generate measurable quantities of superoxide anion when challenged with opsonized zymosan, but not when challenged with zymosan that has not been opsonized. The generation of superoxide is dependent upon the concentration of cells and closely parallels the stimulation of the hexose monophosphate shunt in the phagocytes. In contrast, no superoxide can be detected when rabbit alveolar macrophages (either normal or activated by prior vaccination of the animal with bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin) or rabbit peritoneal macrophages are similarly treated. These data suggest that although superoxide anion may be involved in the bactericidal activity of the polymorphonuclear leukocyte, it is less likely to play a significant role in the bactericidal activity of the macrophage.", "PMID": 1117198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5422", "title": "Generalized Yersinia enterocolitica infection.", "content": "The clinical course of generalized Yersinia enterocolitica infection in 13 patients was observed. Two syndromes were apparent; seven patients had an acute septicemic picture, whereas the rest had a subacute localizing infection that usually produced hepatic or splenic abscesses. The latter form often resembled amebic hepatitis clinically, and five of the six patients died despite antibiotic treatment. The acute septicemic form of the disease resembled systemic salmonellosis, and most cases responded to therapy with the appropriate antibiotics.", "contents": "Generalized Yersinia enterocolitica infection. The clinical course of generalized Yersinia enterocolitica infection in 13 patients was observed. Two syndromes were apparent; seven patients had an acute septicemic picture, whereas the rest had a subacute localizing infection that usually produced hepatic or splenic abscesses. The latter form often resembled amebic hepatitis clinically, and five of the six patients died despite antibiotic treatment. The acute septicemic form of the disease resembled systemic salmonellosis, and most cases responded to therapy with the appropriate antibiotics.", "PMID": 1117199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5423", "title": "Short-term metabolism of (14-C) tryptophan in rats infected with Trypanosoma brucei gambiense.", "content": "The pathways of short-term tryptophan metabolism in rats infected with Trypanosoma brucei gambiense were studied to determine whether this amino acid undergoes rapid conversion to tryptophol and indole lactic acid, two metabolites produced in vitro by T. brucei gambiense. Intravenously administered L-(3-14-C)-tryptophan was metabolized to at least two compounds in infected rats: tryptophol (indole ethanol) and indole acetic acid. Indole lactic acid was not detected as a metabolite. Approximately 76 percent of the labeled substrate was metabolized along these pathways in 30 min. Control rats exhibited no detectable metabolism of tryptophan during the same period. These results indicate that dietary tryptophan may be diverted from the kynurenine and serotonin pathways by parasite metabolism to compounds possessing potential pharmacological or toxic activity.", "contents": "Short-term metabolism of (14-C) tryptophan in rats infected with Trypanosoma brucei gambiense. The pathways of short-term tryptophan metabolism in rats infected with Trypanosoma brucei gambiense were studied to determine whether this amino acid undergoes rapid conversion to tryptophol and indole lactic acid, two metabolites produced in vitro by T. brucei gambiense. Intravenously administered L-(3-14-C)-tryptophan was metabolized to at least two compounds in infected rats: tryptophol (indole ethanol) and indole acetic acid. Indole lactic acid was not detected as a metabolite. Approximately 76 percent of the labeled substrate was metabolized along these pathways in 30 min. Control rats exhibited no detectable metabolism of tryptophan during the same period. These results indicate that dietary tryptophan may be diverted from the kynurenine and serotonin pathways by parasite metabolism to compounds possessing potential pharmacological or toxic activity.", "PMID": 1117200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5424", "title": "Kinetics of hemodiafiltration. I. In vitro transport characteristics of a hollow-fiber blood ultrafilter.", "content": "The transport characteristics of a hollow-fiber blood ultrafilter were studied in vitro to provide an understanding of the factors which control solute removal rate and to permit design of a full-scale clinical device. The dependence of ultrafiltrate flux on transmembrane pressure difference, protein concentration, flow rate, and fiber geometry was correlated in terms of available theoretical analyses. Solute rejection was 1.0 for albumin and decreased to nearly zero for solutes of several thousand molecular weight. An analysis of overall hemodiafilter behavior showed that blood and ultrafiltrate flow rates of 200 ml. per minute can be attained with a device of reasonable size which would provide an inulin whole blood clearance of about 100 ml. per minute.", "contents": "Kinetics of hemodiafiltration. I. In vitro transport characteristics of a hollow-fiber blood ultrafilter. The transport characteristics of a hollow-fiber blood ultrafilter were studied in vitro to provide an understanding of the factors which control solute removal rate and to permit design of a full-scale clinical device. The dependence of ultrafiltrate flux on transmembrane pressure difference, protein concentration, flow rate, and fiber geometry was correlated in terms of available theoretical analyses. Solute rejection was 1.0 for albumin and decreased to nearly zero for solutes of several thousand molecular weight. An analysis of overall hemodiafilter behavior showed that blood and ultrafiltrate flow rates of 200 ml. per minute can be attained with a device of reasonable size which would provide an inulin whole blood clearance of about 100 ml. per minute.", "PMID": 1117205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5425", "title": "The effect of inosine, pyruvate, and inorganic phosphate on 2,3-diphosphoglycerate, adenine, and hypoxanthine nucleotide synthesis in outdated human erythrocytes.", "content": "Phosphate compounds of red cells stored at 4 degrees C. in acid-citrate-dextrose solution for 15 to 44 days, incubated at 37 degrees C. for 2 and 4 hours with inosine, pyruvate, and inorganic phosphate, and then stored for 2 weeks have been examined by ion-exchange column chromatography. After 2 and 4 hours of incubation the 2,3-diphospholycerate level increased to 1,385 and 1,819 mumoles per 100 ml. of erythroeytes, respectively. After 4 hours of incubation the content of AIP increased to about 80 per cent of the physiologic level, while the content of AMP and ADP decreased considerably. These data suggest that the elevation of ATP is in part connected with the phosphorylation of AMP and ADP. The incorporation of inosine or hypoxanthine into the IMP and ITP has been proved. Four hours incubation period caused the synthesis of IMP and ITP to the mean value of 187 and 141 mumoles per 100 ml. of erythrocytes, respectively. No evidence of IDP formation was observed during the chromatographic separations of erythrocytic phosphate compounds. Storage of the erythrocyte suspension which has been incubated for 4 hours leads to the slower decomposition of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate, ATP, ITP, and IMP, and to the increase of AMP and ADP.", "contents": "The effect of inosine, pyruvate, and inorganic phosphate on 2,3-diphosphoglycerate, adenine, and hypoxanthine nucleotide synthesis in outdated human erythrocytes. Phosphate compounds of red cells stored at 4 degrees C. in acid-citrate-dextrose solution for 15 to 44 days, incubated at 37 degrees C. for 2 and 4 hours with inosine, pyruvate, and inorganic phosphate, and then stored for 2 weeks have been examined by ion-exchange column chromatography. After 2 and 4 hours of incubation the 2,3-diphospholycerate level increased to 1,385 and 1,819 mumoles per 100 ml. of erythroeytes, respectively. After 4 hours of incubation the content of AIP increased to about 80 per cent of the physiologic level, while the content of AMP and ADP decreased considerably. These data suggest that the elevation of ATP is in part connected with the phosphorylation of AMP and ADP. The incorporation of inosine or hypoxanthine into the IMP and ITP has been proved. Four hours incubation period caused the synthesis of IMP and ITP to the mean value of 187 and 141 mumoles per 100 ml. of erythrocytes, respectively. No evidence of IDP formation was observed during the chromatographic separations of erythrocytic phosphate compounds. Storage of the erythrocyte suspension which has been incubated for 4 hours leads to the slower decomposition of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate, ATP, ITP, and IMP, and to the increase of AMP and ADP.", "PMID": 1117206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5426", "title": "Enhancement of filterability of sickle cells by cyanate: an effect independent of oxygen saturation.", "content": "Filterability and morphology of cyanate-treated sickle cells were compared to those of untreated cells at equal oxygen saturations to determine whether carbamylation inhibited sickling by an effect other than by its alteration of the oxygen dissociation curve. Morphology of treated and untreated cells was not significantly different at all levels of oxygen saturation examined. Filterability, on the other hand, was improved significantly by carbamylation. This latter finding indicates that carbamylation enhances deformability of sickle cells by a mechanism(s) in addition to its effect on red cell oxygen saturation. This mechanism(s) may account for the clinical benefit of cyanate therapy with doses which do not significantly affect the oxygen dissociation curve.", "contents": "Enhancement of filterability of sickle cells by cyanate: an effect independent of oxygen saturation. Filterability and morphology of cyanate-treated sickle cells were compared to those of untreated cells at equal oxygen saturations to determine whether carbamylation inhibited sickling by an effect other than by its alteration of the oxygen dissociation curve. Morphology of treated and untreated cells was not significantly different at all levels of oxygen saturation examined. Filterability, on the other hand, was improved significantly by carbamylation. This latter finding indicates that carbamylation enhances deformability of sickle cells by a mechanism(s) in addition to its effect on red cell oxygen saturation. This mechanism(s) may account for the clinical benefit of cyanate therapy with doses which do not significantly affect the oxygen dissociation curve.", "PMID": 1117207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5427", "title": "Impaired renal tubular reabsorption of sodium in hypothyroid man.", "content": "The renal response to acute salt loading and to stimuli for rapid sodium conservation was studied in 14 patients with untreated myxedema and in 13 euthyroid control subjects in balance on a 155 mEq. sodium intake. The salt-loading studies reveal urinary excretion of sodium in the myxedema patients within the range of controls despite reductions of 34 per cent in glomerular filtration (p less than 0.001) and 37 per cent in filtered load of sodium (p less than 0.001) in the former group. The capacity to conserve sodium in response to stimuli for rapid sodium conservation [postural change and administration of a supramaximal dose of 9alpha-fluorohydrocortisone (9alpha-F)] was impaired in patients with myxedema. The per cent decrease in sodium excretion during the upright posture in the hypothyroid patients was 28 per cent, less than half that observed in the control subjects, 62 per cent (p less than 0.005). Following administration of 2 mg. of 9 alpha-F the per cent decrease in sodium excretion was less (p less than 0.05) in the hypothyroid patients (50 per cent) than in control subjects (72 per cent). In all studies, baseline sodium excretion was comparable in both groups. Fractional excretion of sodium was significantly increased in the hypothyroid patients prior to (p less than 0.005) and during saline loading (p less than 0.05) and at the time of the subnormal responses to stimuli for acute sodium conservation (p less than 0.05 less than 0.005). Potassium excretion was reduced in the hypothyroid patients, even after 9alpha-F. These observations indicate decreased tubular reabsorption of sodium in myxedema under the experimental conditions described. The findings are most consistent with a role for thyroid hormone in normal sodium reabsorption. That this is not related to mineralocorticoid deficiency is suggested by the impaired sodium reabsorptive response to 9alpha-F.", "contents": "Impaired renal tubular reabsorption of sodium in hypothyroid man. The renal response to acute salt loading and to stimuli for rapid sodium conservation was studied in 14 patients with untreated myxedema and in 13 euthyroid control subjects in balance on a 155 mEq. sodium intake. The salt-loading studies reveal urinary excretion of sodium in the myxedema patients within the range of controls despite reductions of 34 per cent in glomerular filtration (p less than 0.001) and 37 per cent in filtered load of sodium (p less than 0.001) in the former group. The capacity to conserve sodium in response to stimuli for rapid sodium conservation [postural change and administration of a supramaximal dose of 9alpha-fluorohydrocortisone (9alpha-F)] was impaired in patients with myxedema. The per cent decrease in sodium excretion during the upright posture in the hypothyroid patients was 28 per cent, less than half that observed in the control subjects, 62 per cent (p less than 0.005). Following administration of 2 mg. of 9 alpha-F the per cent decrease in sodium excretion was less (p less than 0.05) in the hypothyroid patients (50 per cent) than in control subjects (72 per cent). In all studies, baseline sodium excretion was comparable in both groups. Fractional excretion of sodium was significantly increased in the hypothyroid patients prior to (p less than 0.005) and during saline loading (p less than 0.05) and at the time of the subnormal responses to stimuli for acute sodium conservation (p less than 0.05 less than 0.005). Potassium excretion was reduced in the hypothyroid patients, even after 9alpha-F. These observations indicate decreased tubular reabsorption of sodium in myxedema under the experimental conditions described. The findings are most consistent with a role for thyroid hormone in normal sodium reabsorption. That this is not related to mineralocorticoid deficiency is suggested by the impaired sodium reabsorptive response to 9alpha-F.", "PMID": 1117208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5428", "title": "A simplified and rapid quantitative assay for propionic and methylmalonic acids in urine.", "content": "Propionic and methylmalonic aciduria occur individually in inborn errors of metabolism and together in vitamin B12-deficient states. A method is described for the simultaneous and rapid extraction of these acids from urine and their quantification by a simple gas chromatographic technique. The assay is based upon the spontaneous and quantitative decarboxylation of methylmalonic acid (MMA) at 225 degrees C. to its monocarboxylic acid product, propionic acid. By utilizing another substituted malonic acid, ethylmalonic acid, as a specific internal standard, accurate quantitation is possible by peak height ratio analysis, Endogenous propionic acid is then measured at 130 degrees C., a temperature at which methylmalonic acid does not decarboxylate. The assay is rapid with a total running time of approximately 2 hours. The method provides excellent resolution of propionic acid excretion at or above 0.5 mg. per liter of urine. The level of resolution for methylmalonic acid, in the presence of propionic aciduria, was 5 mg. per liter of urine.", "contents": "A simplified and rapid quantitative assay for propionic and methylmalonic acids in urine. Propionic and methylmalonic aciduria occur individually in inborn errors of metabolism and together in vitamin B12-deficient states. A method is described for the simultaneous and rapid extraction of these acids from urine and their quantification by a simple gas chromatographic technique. The assay is based upon the spontaneous and quantitative decarboxylation of methylmalonic acid (MMA) at 225 degrees C. to its monocarboxylic acid product, propionic acid. By utilizing another substituted malonic acid, ethylmalonic acid, as a specific internal standard, accurate quantitation is possible by peak height ratio analysis, Endogenous propionic acid is then measured at 130 degrees C., a temperature at which methylmalonic acid does not decarboxylate. The assay is rapid with a total running time of approximately 2 hours. The method provides excellent resolution of propionic acid excretion at or above 0.5 mg. per liter of urine. The level of resolution for methylmalonic acid, in the presence of propionic aciduria, was 5 mg. per liter of urine.", "PMID": 1117209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5429", "title": "Non chromatographic colorimetric assay for total taurine-conjugated bile acids: application of measurements of glycine: taurine ratio in bile.", "content": "A direct colorimetric assay for total conjugated taurine from bile-rich duodenal aspirates is described. The method is based on complete acetylation of the free hydroxyl groups by acetic anhydride at 100 degrees C. of both the tri- and di-hydroxy bile acids in Folch extracted bile samples. Taurine-conjugated bile acids are measured by ion pair formation with Azure A and subsequent extraction of the complex into the organic phase of a biphasic system. Absorption at 645 nm. of this complex directly quantifies total taurine-conjugated bile acid. Total bile acids are then estimated by the 3alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase assay. The difference between the concentration of the total conjugated bile acid and of the total conjugated taurine determines the concentration of glycine conjugates and the glycine:taurine ratio. Potentially interfering materials such as sulphalipids, certain phospholipids, and unconjugated bile acids are removed by Folch extraction. The 3-hydroxysteroid sulfates (cholesteryl sulfate, lithocholate sulfate, and glycocholate sulfate) are not measurable by heating in acetic anhydride and do not interfere. Taurolithocholate-3-sulfate, under identical conditions, gives a measurable but very low color yield and in normal physiologic concentrations would contribute negligible color. As previously reported, this assay under prescribed conditions is selective for long-chain amphipathic sulfates or sulfonates with no measurable color yield with glycine conjugates, unconjugated bile acids, free fatty acids, or lecithin. Values for glycine:taurine ratios by the above-described method in both normal bile extracts and extracts from patients with either elevated or depressed ratios relate closely to those determined by thin-layer chromatography.", "contents": "Non chromatographic colorimetric assay for total taurine-conjugated bile acids: application of measurements of glycine: taurine ratio in bile. A direct colorimetric assay for total conjugated taurine from bile-rich duodenal aspirates is described. The method is based on complete acetylation of the free hydroxyl groups by acetic anhydride at 100 degrees C. of both the tri- and di-hydroxy bile acids in Folch extracted bile samples. Taurine-conjugated bile acids are measured by ion pair formation with Azure A and subsequent extraction of the complex into the organic phase of a biphasic system. Absorption at 645 nm. of this complex directly quantifies total taurine-conjugated bile acid. Total bile acids are then estimated by the 3alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase assay. The difference between the concentration of the total conjugated bile acid and of the total conjugated taurine determines the concentration of glycine conjugates and the glycine:taurine ratio. Potentially interfering materials such as sulphalipids, certain phospholipids, and unconjugated bile acids are removed by Folch extraction. The 3-hydroxysteroid sulfates (cholesteryl sulfate, lithocholate sulfate, and glycocholate sulfate) are not measurable by heating in acetic anhydride and do not interfere. Taurolithocholate-3-sulfate, under identical conditions, gives a measurable but very low color yield and in normal physiologic concentrations would contribute negligible color. As previously reported, this assay under prescribed conditions is selective for long-chain amphipathic sulfates or sulfonates with no measurable color yield with glycine conjugates, unconjugated bile acids, free fatty acids, or lecithin. Values for glycine:taurine ratios by the above-described method in both normal bile extracts and extracts from patients with either elevated or depressed ratios relate closely to those determined by thin-layer chromatography.", "PMID": 1117210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5430", "title": "Sequential blood samples from the tail vein of rats and mice obtained with modified Liebig condenser jackets and vacuum.", "content": "A simple method for obtaining multiple, sizeable blood samples rapidly and sequentially from mice and rats without the use of anesthesia utilizing an adapted Liebig condenser jacket connected to a vacuum line is described. The method permits the removal and insertion of sample tubes during the procedure so that anticoagulated and clotted specimens can be obtained during a single bleeding.", "contents": "Sequential blood samples from the tail vein of rats and mice obtained with modified Liebig condenser jackets and vacuum. A simple method for obtaining multiple, sizeable blood samples rapidly and sequentially from mice and rats without the use of anesthesia utilizing an adapted Liebig condenser jacket connected to a vacuum line is described. The method permits the removal and insertion of sample tubes during the procedure so that anticoagulated and clotted specimens can be obtained during a single bleeding.", "PMID": 1117211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5431", "title": "Effects of testosterone and prolactin or growth hormone on the accessory sex organs of castrated mice.", "content": "In 5-day experiments, neither bovine prolactin (300 or 100 i.u./kg) nor ovine growth hormone (25 i.u./kg) alone significantly enhanced accessory sex organ weights in the castrated mouse. Seminal vesicle weights, and to a lesser extent anterior prostate gland weights, were augmented by the simultaneous injection of testosterone (1-5 mg/kg) daily plus prolactin or growth hormone. The effect was greater than that produced by testosterone alone. The levels of fructose in accessory sex organs used to indicate androgenic activity were similar in castrated mice receiving testosterone alone or in combination with prolactin or growth hormone. Prolactin alone did not influence uptake of (3H)testosterone by the seminal vesicles or anterior prostate gland over a 5 min period in vivo.", "contents": "Effects of testosterone and prolactin or growth hormone on the accessory sex organs of castrated mice. In 5-day experiments, neither bovine prolactin (300 or 100 i.u./kg) nor ovine growth hormone (25 i.u./kg) alone significantly enhanced accessory sex organ weights in the castrated mouse. Seminal vesicle weights, and to a lesser extent anterior prostate gland weights, were augmented by the simultaneous injection of testosterone (1-5 mg/kg) daily plus prolactin or growth hormone. The effect was greater than that produced by testosterone alone. The levels of fructose in accessory sex organs used to indicate androgenic activity were similar in castrated mice receiving testosterone alone or in combination with prolactin or growth hormone. Prolactin alone did not influence uptake of (3H)testosterone by the seminal vesicles or anterior prostate gland over a 5 min period in vivo.", "PMID": 1117214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5432", "title": "Oestrogen, progesterone and corticosteroid concentrations in peripheral plasma of sows during pregnancy, parturition, lactation and after weaning.", "content": "Steroid hormone concentrations in plasma have been measured in blood samples taken from conscious sows with ear vein catheters. In late pregnancy, the plasma progesterone concentration ranged from 6 to 12 ng/ml and it decreased in all animals before the onset of parturition. Total unconjugated oestrogens increased to high values of up to about 3 ng/ml in late pregnancy and then declined after the onset of parturition. Oestrone was the predominant unconjugated oestrogen measured. Plasma corticosteroid (mainly cortisol) concentration was about 33 ng/ml and showed no consistent change at the time of parturition. During lactational anoestrum the plasma concentration of progesterone and total unconjugated oestrogens was very low, while that of corticosteroids was 21 ng/ml. When the piglets were weaned at 26-31 days, sows came into oestrus 4-12 days later, and this was preceded, or accompanied by, an increase in plasma oestrogens. In the luteal phase, plasma progesterone concentrations rose to 20-35 ng/ml. A sow whose piglets were removed at birth, showed signs of oestrus (vulval enlargement and a lordosis response), but a lack of receptivity to the boar associated with no detectable changes in the plasma oestrogen concentration; however, ovulation probably occurred since plasma progesterone values increased in a manner comparable to that found after the formation of normal corpora lutea in other sows. After a second non-receptive cycle, the sow was mated and became pregnant at the third post-weaning oestrus. At parturition the concentration of progesterone and total unconjugated oestrogens was greater in placental venous plasma than in maternal jugular plasma, which indicates placental synthesis of these hormones. A greater concentration of plasma corticosteroids in foetal blood than in placental venous or maternal jugular plasma suggests foetal synthesis in late pregnancy.", "contents": "Oestrogen, progesterone and corticosteroid concentrations in peripheral plasma of sows during pregnancy, parturition, lactation and after weaning. Steroid hormone concentrations in plasma have been measured in blood samples taken from conscious sows with ear vein catheters. In late pregnancy, the plasma progesterone concentration ranged from 6 to 12 ng/ml and it decreased in all animals before the onset of parturition. Total unconjugated oestrogens increased to high values of up to about 3 ng/ml in late pregnancy and then declined after the onset of parturition. Oestrone was the predominant unconjugated oestrogen measured. Plasma corticosteroid (mainly cortisol) concentration was about 33 ng/ml and showed no consistent change at the time of parturition. During lactational anoestrum the plasma concentration of progesterone and total unconjugated oestrogens was very low, while that of corticosteroids was 21 ng/ml. When the piglets were weaned at 26-31 days, sows came into oestrus 4-12 days later, and this was preceded, or accompanied by, an increase in plasma oestrogens. In the luteal phase, plasma progesterone concentrations rose to 20-35 ng/ml. A sow whose piglets were removed at birth, showed signs of oestrus (vulval enlargement and a lordosis response), but a lack of receptivity to the boar associated with no detectable changes in the plasma oestrogen concentration; however, ovulation probably occurred since plasma progesterone values increased in a manner comparable to that found after the formation of normal corpora lutea in other sows. After a second non-receptive cycle, the sow was mated and became pregnant at the third post-weaning oestrus. At parturition the concentration of progesterone and total unconjugated oestrogens was greater in placental venous plasma than in maternal jugular plasma, which indicates placental synthesis of these hormones. A greater concentration of plasma corticosteroids in foetal blood than in placental venous or maternal jugular plasma suggests foetal synthesis in late pregnancy.", "PMID": 1117218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5433", "title": "Superfusion in vitro in the study of ovarian steroidogenesis.", "content": "A method for the continuous superfusion of porcine corpus luteum tissue is described which readily allows both the introduction of regulatory factors to the incubating tissue, and sampling of the tissue. Oestrogen (principally oestradiol) and progestin (principally progesterone) can be measured for up to 24 h in the superfusate from corpora lutea of all ages, and the secretion of both steroids is stimulated by the addition of luteinizing hormone. The pattern of response of both steroids to a pulse of gonadotrophin was similar in that a rapid transient increase in secretion occurred followed some time later by a secondary and more prolonged response. A second pulse of gonadotrophin introduced 6 h after the first also stimulated steroid secretion, indicating that during superfusion in vitro the porcine corpus luteum does not become refractory to the steroidogenic effect of gonadotrophin.", "contents": "Superfusion in vitro in the study of ovarian steroidogenesis. A method for the continuous superfusion of porcine corpus luteum tissue is described which readily allows both the introduction of regulatory factors to the incubating tissue, and sampling of the tissue. Oestrogen (principally oestradiol) and progestin (principally progesterone) can be measured for up to 24 h in the superfusate from corpora lutea of all ages, and the secretion of both steroids is stimulated by the addition of luteinizing hormone. The pattern of response of both steroids to a pulse of gonadotrophin was similar in that a rapid transient increase in secretion occurred followed some time later by a secondary and more prolonged response. A second pulse of gonadotrophin introduced 6 h after the first also stimulated steroid secretion, indicating that during superfusion in vitro the porcine corpus luteum does not become refractory to the steroidogenic effect of gonadotrophin.", "PMID": 1117221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5434", "title": "Restoration by oestradiol benzoate of a neural and hormonal rhythm in the ovariectomized rat.", "content": "The rate of [35S]methionine incorporation into protein in discrete cerebral areas was measured before and after the administration of oestradiol benzoate (OB) to chronically ovariectomized rats. The circadian rhythm of incorporation which is normally seen in the intact cyclic female rat was deleted by ovariectomy. A daily rhythm of incorporation reappeared, however, in all the brain areas studied 30 h after a single injection of OB (20 mug), and was still present 12 days later. The release of luteinizing hormone (LH) after administration of 20 mug OB was measured in chronically ovariectomized animals and was found to be biphasic. High levels of LH after ovariectomy were initially reduced by negative feedback, but this phase was followed 52 h later by a facilitation of LH release between 15.00 and 18.00 h. The facilitation of LH release at this time of day was still detectable 12 days after the initial injection. The evidence for a functional link between the rhythm of neural activity which is reflected by [35S]methionine incorporation, and the ability to 'time' the facilitation of LH release is discussed.", "contents": "Restoration by oestradiol benzoate of a neural and hormonal rhythm in the ovariectomized rat. The rate of [35S]methionine incorporation into protein in discrete cerebral areas was measured before and after the administration of oestradiol benzoate (OB) to chronically ovariectomized rats. The circadian rhythm of incorporation which is normally seen in the intact cyclic female rat was deleted by ovariectomy. A daily rhythm of incorporation reappeared, however, in all the brain areas studied 30 h after a single injection of OB (20 mug), and was still present 12 days later. The release of luteinizing hormone (LH) after administration of 20 mug OB was measured in chronically ovariectomized animals and was found to be biphasic. High levels of LH after ovariectomy were initially reduced by negative feedback, but this phase was followed 52 h later by a facilitation of LH release between 15.00 and 18.00 h. The facilitation of LH release at this time of day was still detectable 12 days after the initial injection. The evidence for a functional link between the rhythm of neural activity which is reflected by [35S]methionine incorporation, and the ability to 'time' the facilitation of LH release is discussed.", "PMID": 1117226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5435", "title": "Episodic release of luteinizing hormone in the domestic fowl.", "content": "Plasma luteinizing hormone (LH) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay in serial samples taken from intact adult cockerels, gonadectomized fowl of both sexes and laying hens. By sampling at 30 and 10 min intervals, it was shown that in cockerels LH is released episodically. Each secretory episode lasted 90-120 min and was characterized by a 100-200% rise in LH levels over a period of 10-15 min followed by a more gradual, exponential decline. Mean plasma LH levels were found to be depressed in cockerels as a result of the handling associated with taking blood samples; in cases where LH levels were most depressed, an episodic pattern of secretion could not be demonstrated. In the gonadectomized fowl, an episodic pattern of LH secretion was shown when blood samples were taken at 10 or 5 min intervals. During each secretory episode, which lasted 20-45 min, LH levels rose by 20-60%. It is suggested that the increase in mean plasma LH levels in gonadectomized fowl (30-77 ng/ml) over those in cockerels (7-16 ng/ml) is related to an increase in the frequency of the episodic release of the hormone. Episodic discharges of LH could not be demonstrated in laying hens. In these birds the mean LH levels are low (1-5--2-4 ng/ml) and consequently may be maintained by secretory episodes which are of too low an amplitude to be detectable.", "contents": "Episodic release of luteinizing hormone in the domestic fowl. Plasma luteinizing hormone (LH) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay in serial samples taken from intact adult cockerels, gonadectomized fowl of both sexes and laying hens. By sampling at 30 and 10 min intervals, it was shown that in cockerels LH is released episodically. Each secretory episode lasted 90-120 min and was characterized by a 100-200% rise in LH levels over a period of 10-15 min followed by a more gradual, exponential decline. Mean plasma LH levels were found to be depressed in cockerels as a result of the handling associated with taking blood samples; in cases where LH levels were most depressed, an episodic pattern of secretion could not be demonstrated. In the gonadectomized fowl, an episodic pattern of LH secretion was shown when blood samples were taken at 10 or 5 min intervals. During each secretory episode, which lasted 20-45 min, LH levels rose by 20-60%. It is suggested that the increase in mean plasma LH levels in gonadectomized fowl (30-77 ng/ml) over those in cockerels (7-16 ng/ml) is related to an increase in the frequency of the episodic release of the hormone. Episodic discharges of LH could not be demonstrated in laying hens. In these birds the mean LH levels are low (1-5--2-4 ng/ml) and consequently may be maintained by secretory episodes which are of too low an amplitude to be detectable.", "PMID": 1117230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5436", "title": "Plasma levels of luteinizing hormone in gonadectomized Japanese quail exposed to short or to long daylengths.", "content": "Plasma levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) were measured by radioimmunoassay in gonadectomized male and female Japanese quail, exposed either to 8 h light: 16 h darkness per day (8L:16D; short days) or to 20L:4D (long days). In both sexes, exposure to long days increased LH levels and in the gonadectomized quail LH continued to rise over several weeks. Eventually the castrated quail had levels about five times higher than the control birds and the ovariectomized quail had levels about 14 times higher than their controls. Quail kept on short days had low LH levels while birds kept on long days and returned to short days resumed low levels after a delay of some days. Since very high levels of LH occurred in gonadectomized quail only when they were on long days, we conclude that the photoperiodic regulation of LH secretion does not operate solely by adjusting sensitivity to gonadal feedback, but works in a more direct manner. Ovariectomized females whether on long days (high LH) or short days (low LH) grew masculine plumage and castrated males retained male plumage. This confirms that the ovary is responsible for sexual dimorphism of plumage and shows that the action of the ovary is not mediated by LH (through feedback). The remaining rudimentary (right) gonad in ovariectomized females did not undergo visible hypertrophy and did not secrete enough hormone to stimulate the cloacal gland or oviduct.", "contents": "Plasma levels of luteinizing hormone in gonadectomized Japanese quail exposed to short or to long daylengths. Plasma levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) were measured by radioimmunoassay in gonadectomized male and female Japanese quail, exposed either to 8 h light: 16 h darkness per day (8L:16D; short days) or to 20L:4D (long days). In both sexes, exposure to long days increased LH levels and in the gonadectomized quail LH continued to rise over several weeks. Eventually the castrated quail had levels about five times higher than the control birds and the ovariectomized quail had levels about 14 times higher than their controls. Quail kept on short days had low LH levels while birds kept on long days and returned to short days resumed low levels after a delay of some days. Since very high levels of LH occurred in gonadectomized quail only when they were on long days, we conclude that the photoperiodic regulation of LH secretion does not operate solely by adjusting sensitivity to gonadal feedback, but works in a more direct manner. Ovariectomized females whether on long days (high LH) or short days (low LH) grew masculine plumage and castrated males retained male plumage. This confirms that the ovary is responsible for sexual dimorphism of plumage and shows that the action of the ovary is not mediated by LH (through feedback). The remaining rudimentary (right) gonad in ovariectomized females did not undergo visible hypertrophy and did not secrete enough hormone to stimulate the cloacal gland or oviduct.", "PMID": 1117231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5437", "title": "Clearance and metabolism of neurophysins by rat kidney.", "content": "The half-life in the circulation of 125I-labelled porcine neurophysins, injected intravenously into rats, was determined. The radioactivity in blood collected at intervals after injection was characterized as neurophysin by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The half-life of neurophysin I was 1-5 plus or minus 0-1 (S.E.M.) min and that of neurophusin II was 1-7 plus or minus 0-1 min. The metabolic clearance rate of neurophysin I and neurophysin II was 1-9 plus or minus 0-1 and 1-3 plus or minus 0-2 ml/min/200 g respectively. Clearance from the circulation was due to both equilibration with the extravescular space and rapid specific accumulation by the kidney. The neurophysins were filtered at the glomerulus. Most of the neurophysin takken up by the kidney was incorporated into lysosomes, probably in the proximal tubule and degraded to low-molecular-weight metabolites which appeared in urine and which represented the principle mode of excretion of neurophysins.", "contents": "Clearance and metabolism of neurophysins by rat kidney. The half-life in the circulation of 125I-labelled porcine neurophysins, injected intravenously into rats, was determined. The radioactivity in blood collected at intervals after injection was characterized as neurophysin by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The half-life of neurophysin I was 1-5 plus or minus 0-1 (S.E.M.) min and that of neurophusin II was 1-7 plus or minus 0-1 min. The metabolic clearance rate of neurophysin I and neurophysin II was 1-9 plus or minus 0-1 and 1-3 plus or minus 0-2 ml/min/200 g respectively. Clearance from the circulation was due to both equilibration with the extravescular space and rapid specific accumulation by the kidney. The neurophysins were filtered at the glomerulus. Most of the neurophysin takken up by the kidney was incorporated into lysosomes, probably in the proximal tubule and degraded to low-molecular-weight metabolites which appeared in urine and which represented the principle mode of excretion of neurophysins.", "PMID": 1117232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5438", "title": "Distribution of radioactivity in the organs of the rat and mouse after injection of (125I)alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone.", "content": "The distribution of radioactivity after intrajugular injection of 125I-labelled alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) was studied by whole-body autoradiography of the mouse and by direct measurement of radioactivity in individual organs of the rat. Very high uptake of radioactivity in the pineal gland was measured 5 min after the injection of (125I)alpha-MSH. Lower levels of accumulation of radioactivity were found in the kidney and in the posterior (including intermediate) lobe of the pituitary. High uptake was also found in the thyroid, stomach, and oesophagus. The specificity of uptake of (125I)alpha-MSH into the pineal and pituitary is suggested by the very low uptake of Na125I into those tissues.", "contents": "Distribution of radioactivity in the organs of the rat and mouse after injection of (125I)alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone. The distribution of radioactivity after intrajugular injection of 125I-labelled alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) was studied by whole-body autoradiography of the mouse and by direct measurement of radioactivity in individual organs of the rat. Very high uptake of radioactivity in the pineal gland was measured 5 min after the injection of (125I)alpha-MSH. Lower levels of accumulation of radioactivity were found in the kidney and in the posterior (including intermediate) lobe of the pituitary. High uptake was also found in the thyroid, stomach, and oesophagus. The specificity of uptake of (125I)alpha-MSH into the pineal and pituitary is suggested by the very low uptake of Na125I into those tissues.", "PMID": 1117233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5439", "title": "Distribution of radioactivity in the organs of the rat and mouse after injection of L-(3H)prolyl-L-leucyl-glycinamide.", "content": "The distribution of radioactivity after intrajugular injection of L-(3H)-prolyl-L-leucyl-glycinamide has been studied by whole-body autoradiography in the mouse and by direct measurement of radioactivity in individual organs of the rat. There is good agreement between results obtained with the two techniques and animal species. High levels of radioactivity were found in the pineal gland, anterior pituitary, posterior (including intermediate) lobe of the pituitary, and epididymal and brown fat. Lower uptake of radioactivity occurred in the submaxillary gland, kidney, and adrenal gland. The preferential uptake of radioactivity by the pineal gland after injection of the labelled tripeptide suggests a role for this hypothalamic hormone in the control of pineal activity.", "contents": "Distribution of radioactivity in the organs of the rat and mouse after injection of L-(3H)prolyl-L-leucyl-glycinamide. The distribution of radioactivity after intrajugular injection of L-(3H)-prolyl-L-leucyl-glycinamide has been studied by whole-body autoradiography in the mouse and by direct measurement of radioactivity in individual organs of the rat. There is good agreement between results obtained with the two techniques and animal species. High levels of radioactivity were found in the pineal gland, anterior pituitary, posterior (including intermediate) lobe of the pituitary, and epididymal and brown fat. Lower uptake of radioactivity occurred in the submaxillary gland, kidney, and adrenal gland. The preferential uptake of radioactivity by the pineal gland after injection of the labelled tripeptide suggests a role for this hypothalamic hormone in the control of pineal activity.", "PMID": 1117234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5440", "title": "Pituitary hormone secretion in the genectically male rat pseudohermaphrodite.", "content": "Pituitary content or concentration of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), prolactin and growth hormone in the genetically androgen insensitive male rat pseudohermaphrodite is intermediate between normal male and female rats, while pituitary luteinizing hormone (LH) concentration and serum FSH levels are the same as in the normal male. The concentration of serum LH, prolactin and growth hormone indicated no sexual dimorphism. Although the pseudohermaphrodite is genetically male with a female phenotype, our results suggest some degree of masculinization of the hypothalamic-pituitary system.", "contents": "Pituitary hormone secretion in the genectically male rat pseudohermaphrodite. Pituitary content or concentration of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), prolactin and growth hormone in the genetically androgen insensitive male rat pseudohermaphrodite is intermediate between normal male and female rats, while pituitary luteinizing hormone (LH) concentration and serum FSH levels are the same as in the normal male. The concentration of serum LH, prolactin and growth hormone indicated no sexual dimorphism. Although the pseudohermaphrodite is genetically male with a female phenotype, our results suggest some degree of masculinization of the hypothalamic-pituitary system.", "PMID": 1117235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5441", "title": "A comparison of the characteristics of parturition induced by prostaglandin F2alpha, infused intra-aortically, with those following ovariectomy in the rat.", "content": "Prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) was infused intra-aortically at different rates into rats for 11-5 h from day 18 of gestation. At doses in excess of 5 mug/h premature delivery invariably occ'rred 40-41 h later. At lower doses an all-or-none effect was observed, some animals delivering prematurely and others continuing to term. Parturition could not be induced earlier than 40 h after the start of the treatment even by a continuous infusion of PGF2alpha, suggesting that the luteolytic role of PGF2alpha is more important than its oxytocic action in this case. The rate of fall in plasma progesterone was greater in the rats delivering prematurely than those delivering at term, although the final concentrations of between 15 and 30 ng/ml at delivery were the same. Labour appeared more normal in the animals receiving PGF2alpha than in those which had been bilaterally ovariectomized. The possible significance of this in relation to an effect of PGF2alpha on oestrogen secretion is discussed.", "contents": "A comparison of the characteristics of parturition induced by prostaglandin F2alpha, infused intra-aortically, with those following ovariectomy in the rat. Prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) was infused intra-aortically at different rates into rats for 11-5 h from day 18 of gestation. At doses in excess of 5 mug/h premature delivery invariably occ'rred 40-41 h later. At lower doses an all-or-none effect was observed, some animals delivering prematurely and others continuing to term. Parturition could not be induced earlier than 40 h after the start of the treatment even by a continuous infusion of PGF2alpha, suggesting that the luteolytic role of PGF2alpha is more important than its oxytocic action in this case. The rate of fall in plasma progesterone was greater in the rats delivering prematurely than those delivering at term, although the final concentrations of between 15 and 30 ng/ml at delivery were the same. Labour appeared more normal in the animals receiving PGF2alpha than in those which had been bilaterally ovariectomized. The possible significance of this in relation to an effect of PGF2alpha on oestrogen secretion is discussed.", "PMID": 1117236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5442", "title": "Partial feminization of hepatic steroid metabolism in male rats after neonatal administration of cyproterone acetate.", "content": "The metabolism of (4-14C)4-androstene-3,17-dione, (4-14C)5alpha-androstane-3alpha, 17beta-diol and (1,2-3H)5alpha-androstane-3alpha, 17beta-diol 3,17-disulphate was studied using the microsomal fraction and the metabolism of (4-14C)4-androstene-3,17-dione was studied using the 105 000 g supernatant fraction of liver from male and female rats aged 5 months that had been treated with cyproterone acetate before (from day 13 of pregnancy) and after birth (until 3 weeks of age). Nearly all sex-dependent enzyme activities in the treated male rats were changes in a direction characteristic of female rats: 5alpha-reductase active on 4-androstene-3,17-dione increased in activity whereas 3beta- and 17alpha-hydroxysteroid reductases and 6beta- and 16alpha-hydroxylases active on 4-androstene-3,17-dione and 2alpha-, 2beta- and 18-hydroxylases active on 5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol decreased in activity. Enzyme activities not under gonadal control, i.e. 3alpha- and 17beta-hydroxysteroid reductases active on 4-androstene-3,17-dione and 7alpha-hydroxylase active on both 4-androstene-3,17-dione and 5alpha-androstane-3alpha, 17beta-diol, were not affected by cyproterone acetate. The liver enzyme activities in treated female rate were generally not affected although significant effects were noted in two cases; in one of these (17alpha-hydroxysteroid reductase) a testosterone-like effect was observed. The results obtained are probably best explained in the following way: treatment with theanti-androgen during the neonatal period results in less efficient imprinting of the hypothalamo-hypophysial system leading to less pronounced masculine setting of sex-dependent enzyme levels and also to a relative androgen unresponsiveness. It is suggested that the biochemical methods used in the degree of neonatal sexual differentiation of the hypothalamo-hypophysial system than biological and psychological methods previously available.", "contents": "Partial feminization of hepatic steroid metabolism in male rats after neonatal administration of cyproterone acetate. The metabolism of (4-14C)4-androstene-3,17-dione, (4-14C)5alpha-androstane-3alpha, 17beta-diol and (1,2-3H)5alpha-androstane-3alpha, 17beta-diol 3,17-disulphate was studied using the microsomal fraction and the metabolism of (4-14C)4-androstene-3,17-dione was studied using the 105 000 g supernatant fraction of liver from male and female rats aged 5 months that had been treated with cyproterone acetate before (from day 13 of pregnancy) and after birth (until 3 weeks of age). Nearly all sex-dependent enzyme activities in the treated male rats were changes in a direction characteristic of female rats: 5alpha-reductase active on 4-androstene-3,17-dione increased in activity whereas 3beta- and 17alpha-hydroxysteroid reductases and 6beta- and 16alpha-hydroxylases active on 4-androstene-3,17-dione and 2alpha-, 2beta- and 18-hydroxylases active on 5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol decreased in activity. Enzyme activities not under gonadal control, i.e. 3alpha- and 17beta-hydroxysteroid reductases active on 4-androstene-3,17-dione and 7alpha-hydroxylase active on both 4-androstene-3,17-dione and 5alpha-androstane-3alpha, 17beta-diol, were not affected by cyproterone acetate. The liver enzyme activities in treated female rate were generally not affected although significant effects were noted in two cases; in one of these (17alpha-hydroxysteroid reductase) a testosterone-like effect was observed. The results obtained are probably best explained in the following way: treatment with theanti-androgen during the neonatal period results in less efficient imprinting of the hypothalamo-hypophysial system leading to less pronounced masculine setting of sex-dependent enzyme levels and also to a relative androgen unresponsiveness. It is suggested that the biochemical methods used in the degree of neonatal sexual differentiation of the hypothalamo-hypophysial system than biological and psychological methods previously available.", "PMID": 1117237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5443", "title": "Estimation of aldosterone, 11-deoxycorticosterone, 18-hydroxy-11-deoxy-corticosterone, corticosterone, cortisol and 11-deoxycortisol in human plasma by gas-liquid chromatography with electron capture detection.", "content": "A method for determining the plasma concentrations of six major corticosteroids, aldosterone, 18-hydroxy-11-deoxycorticosterone (18-OH-DOC), corticosterone, deoxycorticosterone (DOC), cortisol and 11-deoxycortisol using gas-liquid chromatography with electron capture detection is described. Esterification of suitable derivatives of these compounds with heptafluorobutyric anhydride (HFB) allowed detection of quantitities of steroid, ranging from 0-3 pg for androstenetrione HFB (from cortisol) to 2-3 pg for corticosterone HFB. No detectable reagent blank was obtained for any compound when water was used instead of plasma and this was also the case when plasma from an adrenalectomized subject was analysed, with the exception of 18-OH-DOC where a reproducible but negligibly small blank occurred. Coefficients of variation for replicate determinations ranged from 8% for corticosterone to 17% for aldosterone. Concentrations in a series of normal human plasma samples were as follows: aldosterone, 4-0- 18-0 ng/100 ml; 18-OH-DOC, 20-16- ng/ml; corticosterone, 0-08 - 0.-80 mug/100 ml; DOC, 2-8 - 16-0 ng/100 ml; cortisol, 2-5 - 10-0 mug/100 ml; and 11-deoxycortisol, 40-0 - 400-0 ng/100 ml. When seven normal subjects were treated with dexamethasone concentrations of DOC, cortisol and 11-deoxycortisol fell to below the limit of the normal range, those of 18-OH-DOC and corticosterone were at the lower end of the normal range while the concentration of aldosterone was not significantly affected.", "contents": "Estimation of aldosterone, 11-deoxycorticosterone, 18-hydroxy-11-deoxy-corticosterone, corticosterone, cortisol and 11-deoxycortisol in human plasma by gas-liquid chromatography with electron capture detection. A method for determining the plasma concentrations of six major corticosteroids, aldosterone, 18-hydroxy-11-deoxycorticosterone (18-OH-DOC), corticosterone, deoxycorticosterone (DOC), cortisol and 11-deoxycortisol using gas-liquid chromatography with electron capture detection is described. Esterification of suitable derivatives of these compounds with heptafluorobutyric anhydride (HFB) allowed detection of quantitities of steroid, ranging from 0-3 pg for androstenetrione HFB (from cortisol) to 2-3 pg for corticosterone HFB. No detectable reagent blank was obtained for any compound when water was used instead of plasma and this was also the case when plasma from an adrenalectomized subject was analysed, with the exception of 18-OH-DOC where a reproducible but negligibly small blank occurred. Coefficients of variation for replicate determinations ranged from 8% for corticosterone to 17% for aldosterone. Concentrations in a series of normal human plasma samples were as follows: aldosterone, 4-0- 18-0 ng/100 ml; 18-OH-DOC, 20-16- ng/ml; corticosterone, 0-08 - 0.-80 mug/100 ml; DOC, 2-8 - 16-0 ng/100 ml; cortisol, 2-5 - 10-0 mug/100 ml; and 11-deoxycortisol, 40-0 - 400-0 ng/100 ml. When seven normal subjects were treated with dexamethasone concentrations of DOC, cortisol and 11-deoxycortisol fell to below the limit of the normal range, those of 18-OH-DOC and corticosterone were at the lower end of the normal range while the concentration of aldosterone was not significantly affected.", "PMID": 1117238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5444", "title": "Effect of calcium deprivation on parathyroid hormone-mediated bone and kidney contributions to the maintenance of plasma calcium in rats.", "content": "This study was designed to investigate the roles of bone and kidney in the acute regulation of plasma calcium by parathyroid hormone (PTH) during prolonged calcium deprivation. The effect of PTH was assessed by gland ablation. Animals were thyroparathyroidectomized or sham-operated and their urine was collected for 3 h. Subsequently they were anaesthetized and bled from the abdominal aorta. In rats fed on a low calcium diet, urinary hydroxyproline excretion was enhanced and, unlike animals fed on a normal diet, decreased 3 h after thyroparathyroidectomy (TPTX). In addition TPTX decreased plasma calcium by 0-45 mg/100 ml in normal rats compared with 1-94 mg/100 ml in animals fed on a calcium-deficient diet. Urinary calcium increased by 161 and 12 mug and accounted for 82 and 1-4 % of the fall in plasma calcium in normal and calcium-deprived animals respectively. The corresponding contributions of bone were 18 and 98-6%. These findings support the view that with prolonged calcium deprivation in adult rats, the relative contributions of bone and kidney to the acute regulation of the plasma calcium level by PTH are reversed. As a result, bone rather than kidney becomes the more important organ. At the same time non-PTH-mediated kidney reabsorption of calcium is increased.", "contents": "Effect of calcium deprivation on parathyroid hormone-mediated bone and kidney contributions to the maintenance of plasma calcium in rats. This study was designed to investigate the roles of bone and kidney in the acute regulation of plasma calcium by parathyroid hormone (PTH) during prolonged calcium deprivation. The effect of PTH was assessed by gland ablation. Animals were thyroparathyroidectomized or sham-operated and their urine was collected for 3 h. Subsequently they were anaesthetized and bled from the abdominal aorta. In rats fed on a low calcium diet, urinary hydroxyproline excretion was enhanced and, unlike animals fed on a normal diet, decreased 3 h after thyroparathyroidectomy (TPTX). In addition TPTX decreased plasma calcium by 0-45 mg/100 ml in normal rats compared with 1-94 mg/100 ml in animals fed on a calcium-deficient diet. Urinary calcium increased by 161 and 12 mug and accounted for 82 and 1-4 % of the fall in plasma calcium in normal and calcium-deprived animals respectively. The corresponding contributions of bone were 18 and 98-6%. These findings support the view that with prolonged calcium deprivation in adult rats, the relative contributions of bone and kidney to the acute regulation of the plasma calcium level by PTH are reversed. As a result, bone rather than kidney becomes the more important organ. At the same time non-PTH-mediated kidney reabsorption of calcium is increased.", "PMID": 1117239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5445", "title": "Concentrations of prolactin in serial blood samples from goats before, during and after milking throughout lactation.", "content": "Two experiments are described in which prolactin was measured in (a) serial blood samples taken at monthly intervals (April-November) from six lactating goats before, during and after milking and (b) in similar blood samples taken on days 2, 7 and 12 after parturition. The quantity of prolactin released at milking (April-August) varied both between goats and within the individual goat. No correlation was found between the duration of milking and the quantity of prolactin released into the circulation (r equals minus 0-24, P greater than 0-1) or the average concentration of prolactin found at milking (April-August) and the average daily milk yield of the individual goat (r equals minus 0-57, P greater than 0-1). No evidence was found for a release of prolactin conditioned by events normally preceding milking. The results showed a correlation between the average concentration of prolactin released at milking each month and the average milk yield of the six goats (r equals 0-67, P smaller than 0-05). The physiological significance of this correlation is discussed. No correlation was found between the average concentration of prolactin released during early lactation and the average milk yield of the goats (r equals 0-36, P greater than 0-1).", "contents": "Concentrations of prolactin in serial blood samples from goats before, during and after milking throughout lactation. Two experiments are described in which prolactin was measured in (a) serial blood samples taken at monthly intervals (April-November) from six lactating goats before, during and after milking and (b) in similar blood samples taken on days 2, 7 and 12 after parturition. The quantity of prolactin released at milking (April-August) varied both between goats and within the individual goat. No correlation was found between the duration of milking and the quantity of prolactin released into the circulation (r equals minus 0-24, P greater than 0-1) or the average concentration of prolactin found at milking (April-August) and the average daily milk yield of the individual goat (r equals minus 0-57, P greater than 0-1). No evidence was found for a release of prolactin conditioned by events normally preceding milking. The results showed a correlation between the average concentration of prolactin released at milking each month and the average milk yield of the six goats (r equals 0-67, P smaller than 0-05). The physiological significance of this correlation is discussed. No correlation was found between the average concentration of prolactin released during early lactation and the average milk yield of the goats (r equals 0-36, P greater than 0-1).", "PMID": 1117240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5446", "title": "Seasonal factors affecting the release of prolactin in goats in response to milking.", "content": "An investigation has been carried out in goats of the possible seasonal factors which might influence the autumn decline in the average concentration of prolactin released at milking. Serial blood samples were taken during milking, once a month between August and December 1972, from groups of mated, non-mated and ovariectomized goats and also from goats maintained in summer light conditions (17 h light: 7 hr darkness). Since high levels of progesterone occur in the circulation during the major part of the oestrous cycle and pregnancy in the goat, the same sampling procedure was carried out earlier in the year (June-August) in animals which had been implanted with progesterone tablets. Although high levels of progesterone in the circulation inhibited the release of prolactin at milking, oestrus, mating and pregnancy were not found to be responsible for the fall in prolactin levels in the blood in the autumn. In each of these cases the concentration of prolactin released at milking decreased uniformly between August and October. Housing goats in summer lighting conditions, however, maintained the release of prolactin at milking at a consistently high level from August until December, but had no effect on the milk yield which declined in a manner similar to that of the control animals. It is concluded that daylength is the predominant factor governing the autumn decline in the concentration of prolactin released at milking and that the decline is not the major cause of the fall in milk production during late lactation in goats.", "contents": "Seasonal factors affecting the release of prolactin in goats in response to milking. An investigation has been carried out in goats of the possible seasonal factors which might influence the autumn decline in the average concentration of prolactin released at milking. Serial blood samples were taken during milking, once a month between August and December 1972, from groups of mated, non-mated and ovariectomized goats and also from goats maintained in summer light conditions (17 h light: 7 hr darkness). Since high levels of progesterone occur in the circulation during the major part of the oestrous cycle and pregnancy in the goat, the same sampling procedure was carried out earlier in the year (June-August) in animals which had been implanted with progesterone tablets. Although high levels of progesterone in the circulation inhibited the release of prolactin at milking, oestrus, mating and pregnancy were not found to be responsible for the fall in prolactin levels in the blood in the autumn. In each of these cases the concentration of prolactin released at milking decreased uniformly between August and October. Housing goats in summer lighting conditions, however, maintained the release of prolactin at milking at a consistently high level from August until December, but had no effect on the milk yield which declined in a manner similar to that of the control animals. It is concluded that daylength is the predominant factor governing the autumn decline in the concentration of prolactin released at milking and that the decline is not the major cause of the fall in milk production during late lactation in goats.", "PMID": 1117241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5447", "title": "Plasma progesterone and its relationship to serum gonadotrophins in immature female rats.", "content": "In immature female rats, low values for concentrations of plasma progesterone were generally found from days 6-15 and from days 25-32 of life. Maximum progesterone concentrations (13-0-14-1 ng/ml), comparable to metoestrous values in the adult rat, occurred on days 20-22. The progesterone appeared to be of ovarian origin since after ovariectomy, on day 18, low progesterone concentrations were found 1 and 2 days later (2-5 ng/ml and 1-3 ng/ml) as compared with control values of 10-7 ng/ml and 14-1 ng/ml. However, adrenalectomy also lowered progesterone concentrations, 1 and 2 days later (6-4 and 4-9 ng/ml). The effect of progesterone, either alone or in combination with oestradiol benzoate (OB), on serum gonadotrophins was studied in rats ovariectomized on day 18. The highest dose of progesterone (0-15 mg) only slightly diminished the rise in serum luteinizing hormone (LH) after ovariectomy and had no effect on serum follicle-stimulating hormone FSH). Oestradiol benzoate in a dose of 0-025 mug/100 g body weight was highly effective in preventing the rise in both LH and FSH concentrations, and OB treatment (resulting in a near-physiological oestradiol concentration) combined with progesterone treatment was more effective than treatment with OB alone. The results suggest that the amounts of progesterone and oestradiol present in the 20-day-old rat are adequate to cause the decrease in FSH level normally observed in immature female rats around this age.", "contents": "Plasma progesterone and its relationship to serum gonadotrophins in immature female rats. In immature female rats, low values for concentrations of plasma progesterone were generally found from days 6-15 and from days 25-32 of life. Maximum progesterone concentrations (13-0-14-1 ng/ml), comparable to metoestrous values in the adult rat, occurred on days 20-22. The progesterone appeared to be of ovarian origin since after ovariectomy, on day 18, low progesterone concentrations were found 1 and 2 days later (2-5 ng/ml and 1-3 ng/ml) as compared with control values of 10-7 ng/ml and 14-1 ng/ml. However, adrenalectomy also lowered progesterone concentrations, 1 and 2 days later (6-4 and 4-9 ng/ml). The effect of progesterone, either alone or in combination with oestradiol benzoate (OB), on serum gonadotrophins was studied in rats ovariectomized on day 18. The highest dose of progesterone (0-15 mg) only slightly diminished the rise in serum luteinizing hormone (LH) after ovariectomy and had no effect on serum follicle-stimulating hormone FSH). Oestradiol benzoate in a dose of 0-025 mug/100 g body weight was highly effective in preventing the rise in both LH and FSH concentrations, and OB treatment (resulting in a near-physiological oestradiol concentration) combined with progesterone treatment was more effective than treatment with OB alone. The results suggest that the amounts of progesterone and oestradiol present in the 20-day-old rat are adequate to cause the decrease in FSH level normally observed in immature female rats around this age.", "PMID": 1117242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5448", "title": "Effect of serotonin and progesterone on induced ovulation in immature rats.", "content": "Serotonin (50 and 100 mg/kg), given subcutaneously, inhibited induced ovulation in immature rats treated with pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin (PMSG). A single injection was effective if given 52-55 h after the PMSG, i.e. in the 3 h period after the critical period before ovulation. The injection of serotonin inhibited the release of luteinizing hormone (LH) from the pituitary since the pituitary levels were higher than in the control animals and there was complete inhibition of the plasma LH surge. The anti-ovulatory effect was reversed by administration of progesterone and endogenous plasma progesterone levels were reduced in the late evening after serontonin treatment. The site of action of serotonin appeared to be peripheral since it inhibited induced ovulation in hypophysectomized rats but was without effect in intact rats treated intraventricularly. It is suggested that progesterone is essential for the occurrence of induced ovulation and serotonin inhibits either its secretion at the ovarian level or its passage away from the ovary.", "contents": "Effect of serotonin and progesterone on induced ovulation in immature rats. Serotonin (50 and 100 mg/kg), given subcutaneously, inhibited induced ovulation in immature rats treated with pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin (PMSG). A single injection was effective if given 52-55 h after the PMSG, i.e. in the 3 h period after the critical period before ovulation. The injection of serotonin inhibited the release of luteinizing hormone (LH) from the pituitary since the pituitary levels were higher than in the control animals and there was complete inhibition of the plasma LH surge. The anti-ovulatory effect was reversed by administration of progesterone and endogenous plasma progesterone levels were reduced in the late evening after serontonin treatment. The site of action of serotonin appeared to be peripheral since it inhibited induced ovulation in hypophysectomized rats but was without effect in intact rats treated intraventricularly. It is suggested that progesterone is essential for the occurrence of induced ovulation and serotonin inhibits either its secretion at the ovarian level or its passage away from the ovary.", "PMID": 1117243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5449", "title": "Thyrotrophin concentrations in the plasma of cattle, sheep and foetal lambs as measured by radioimmunoassay.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay technique for measuring the thyrotrophin (TSH) concentration of sheep and cattle plasma is described. The sensitivity of the assay allowed the measurement of 1-50 ng TSH/ml unextracted plasma. Cross-reaction with ovine luteinizing hormone, prolactin and growth hormone was very low. The average recovery of added TSH was 103 plus or minus 4-1 (S.E.M.)% and the between-assay coefficient of variation was 13-8%. The normal plasma TSH levels of sheep and cattle were approximately 2-5 ng/ml (5 mu. bovine TSH/100ml). Foetal sheep had plasma TSH concentrations of approximately 3-2 ng/ml during the last 20 days of gestation. Levels of TSH in the circulation decreased abruptly after hypophysectomy of the foetal lamb and a decline in the plasma thyroxine (T4) concentrations was also apparent within 24 h of the operation. However, thyroidectomy of adult and foetal sheep did not increase plasma TSH concentrations until almost all the T4 had been cleared from the circulation. The injection of T4 into thyroidectomized sheep rapidly reduced plasma TSH concentrations to normal values. However, the continued injection of T4 did not further reduce TSH concentration. The injection of T4 or triiodothyronine into normal sheep was also without effect on plasma TSH concentrations.", "contents": "Thyrotrophin concentrations in the plasma of cattle, sheep and foetal lambs as measured by radioimmunoassay. A radioimmunoassay technique for measuring the thyrotrophin (TSH) concentration of sheep and cattle plasma is described. The sensitivity of the assay allowed the measurement of 1-50 ng TSH/ml unextracted plasma. Cross-reaction with ovine luteinizing hormone, prolactin and growth hormone was very low. The average recovery of added TSH was 103 plus or minus 4-1 (S.E.M.)% and the between-assay coefficient of variation was 13-8%. The normal plasma TSH levels of sheep and cattle were approximately 2-5 ng/ml (5 mu. bovine TSH/100ml). Foetal sheep had plasma TSH concentrations of approximately 3-2 ng/ml during the last 20 days of gestation. Levels of TSH in the circulation decreased abruptly after hypophysectomy of the foetal lamb and a decline in the plasma thyroxine (T4) concentrations was also apparent within 24 h of the operation. However, thyroidectomy of adult and foetal sheep did not increase plasma TSH concentrations until almost all the T4 had been cleared from the circulation. The injection of T4 into thyroidectomized sheep rapidly reduced plasma TSH concentrations to normal values. However, the continued injection of T4 did not further reduce TSH concentration. The injection of T4 or triiodothyronine into normal sheep was also without effect on plasma TSH concentrations.", "PMID": 1117244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5450", "title": "Animal psychophysics: improvements in the tracking method.", "content": "It is difficult to maintain stimulus control in animal psychophysical studies using the tracking method. Loss of stimulus control is characterized by wandering thresholds and responses in the absence of the stimulus. Rats were trained to make a variable number of licking responses to turn on an auditory stimulus. A response on a lever in the presence of the stimulus was reinforced with food. Two precedures were added to improve stimulus control. First, lever responses in the absence of the stimulus raised the intensity of the stimulus at the next presentation; second, rate of reinforcement in the threshold region was maintained at about the same level as that in the suprathreshold region by reducing the number of licking responses required to turn on the stimulus. Using these two procedures, stimulus control was improved and maintained and reliable auditory intensity thresholds were obtained.", "contents": "Animal psychophysics: improvements in the tracking method. It is difficult to maintain stimulus control in animal psychophysical studies using the tracking method. Loss of stimulus control is characterized by wandering thresholds and responses in the absence of the stimulus. Rats were trained to make a variable number of licking responses to turn on an auditory stimulus. A response on a lever in the presence of the stimulus was reinforced with food. Two precedures were added to improve stimulus control. First, lever responses in the absence of the stimulus raised the intensity of the stimulus at the next presentation; second, rate of reinforcement in the threshold region was maintained at about the same level as that in the suprathreshold region by reducing the number of licking responses required to turn on the stimulus. Using these two procedures, stimulus control was improved and maintained and reliable auditory intensity thresholds were obtained.", "PMID": 1117247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5451", "title": "Some effects of response-independent reinforcement on auditory generalization gradients.", "content": "Two groups of six rats received discrimination training with two auditory stimuli differing in intensity. During one stimulus, the schedule was variable interval; during the other, it was either variable time or extinction. Both the variable time and extinction schedules resulted in differential rates of responding in the presence of the two stimuli. Extinction resulted in an earlier and more stable difference. Stimulus generalization gradients obtained along the noise-intensity dimension revealed peak shift with both procedures. In addition, a secondary peak to stimuli in between the two training stimuli occurred with the variable-time schedule.", "contents": "Some effects of response-independent reinforcement on auditory generalization gradients. Two groups of six rats received discrimination training with two auditory stimuli differing in intensity. During one stimulus, the schedule was variable interval; during the other, it was either variable time or extinction. Both the variable time and extinction schedules resulted in differential rates of responding in the presence of the two stimuli. Extinction resulted in an earlier and more stable difference. Stimulus generalization gradients obtained along the noise-intensity dimension revealed peak shift with both procedures. In addition, a secondary peak to stimuli in between the two training stimuli occurred with the variable-time schedule.", "PMID": 1117248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5452", "title": "The effect of azathioprine (Imuran) on the cell cycle of promonocytes and the production of monocytes in the bone marrow.", "content": "The present communication concerns the effect of azathioprine on the mitotic activity of promonocytes and the production of monocytes. In vitro and in vivo labeling with [3H]thymidine showed that during azathioprine treatment the promonocytes synthesize DNA and that, contrary to expectation, the labeling index increases. Cytospectrophotometric determination of the Feulgen-DNA content of the promonocytes during azathioprine treatment showed an increase in the percentage of tetraploid promonocytes, and determination of the various phases of the cell cycle showed significantly increased DNA synthesis and cell cycle times as compared with the normal steady state. On the basis of these results it can be concluded that azathioprine arrests the cell cycle of the promonocytes late in the DNA synthesis phase or in the postsynthesis (G2) phase and mitosis does not occur. This timing of the effect of azathioprine had not been previously observed. The diminished mitotic activity of the promonocytes during azathioprine treatment depressed monocyte production. During treatment with 3 mg/kg azathioprine the cell cycle time of the promonocytes was on the average 5.5 h longer than in the normal steady state and the rate of monocyte production was reduced by 70%. During an acute inflammatory reaction too, monocyte production is affected by azathioprine. In animals not treated with azathioprine but with an acute inflammation the cell cycle time becomes shorter and the monocyte production increases, but animals treated with (3 mg/kg) azathioprine do not show this effect. The kinetics of the monocyte also changes under the low dosage of azathioprine. As consequence of the diminished production of monocytes, far fewer (about 50%) monocytes enter and leave the circulation than during the normal steady state. During an acute inflammatory reaction the numbers in transit through the circulation are slightly augmented but remain considerably lower than in nonazathioprine-trehat of animals not treated with azathioprine.", "contents": "The effect of azathioprine (Imuran) on the cell cycle of promonocytes and the production of monocytes in the bone marrow. The present communication concerns the effect of azathioprine on the mitotic activity of promonocytes and the production of monocytes. In vitro and in vivo labeling with [3H]thymidine showed that during azathioprine treatment the promonocytes synthesize DNA and that, contrary to expectation, the labeling index increases. Cytospectrophotometric determination of the Feulgen-DNA content of the promonocytes during azathioprine treatment showed an increase in the percentage of tetraploid promonocytes, and determination of the various phases of the cell cycle showed significantly increased DNA synthesis and cell cycle times as compared with the normal steady state. On the basis of these results it can be concluded that azathioprine arrests the cell cycle of the promonocytes late in the DNA synthesis phase or in the postsynthesis (G2) phase and mitosis does not occur. This timing of the effect of azathioprine had not been previously observed. The diminished mitotic activity of the promonocytes during azathioprine treatment depressed monocyte production. During treatment with 3 mg/kg azathioprine the cell cycle time of the promonocytes was on the average 5.5 h longer than in the normal steady state and the rate of monocyte production was reduced by 70%. During an acute inflammatory reaction too, monocyte production is affected by azathioprine. In animals not treated with azathioprine but with an acute inflammation the cell cycle time becomes shorter and the monocyte production increases, but animals treated with (3 mg/kg) azathioprine do not show this effect. The kinetics of the monocyte also changes under the low dosage of azathioprine. As consequence of the diminished production of monocytes, far fewer (about 50%) monocytes enter and leave the circulation than during the normal steady state. During an acute inflammatory reaction the numbers in transit through the circulation are slightly augmented but remain considerably lower than in nonazathioprine-trehat of animals not treated with azathioprine.", "PMID": 1117257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5453", "title": "Augmentation of delayed-type hypersensitivity by doses of cyclophosphamide which do not affect antibody responses.", "content": "Mice immunized with more SRBC than are required to produce optimal delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions, developed good antibody responses and poor delayed foot pad reactions. Cyclophosphamide treatment in low doses (20 mg/kg) before immunization, augmented the delayed-type hypersensitivity without affecting antibody responses. Cyclophosphamide did not augment delayed responses to optimal doses of SRBC (0.01%), but did augment the delayed hypersensitivity response of mice immunized with a suboptimal antigen dose (0.001%); which produced no detectable antibody response with or without cyclophosphamide pretreatment. These results suggest that antibody feedback is not the sole regulator of delayed reactions; the possibility that suppressor T cells may also be involved is discussed.", "contents": "Augmentation of delayed-type hypersensitivity by doses of cyclophosphamide which do not affect antibody responses. Mice immunized with more SRBC than are required to produce optimal delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions, developed good antibody responses and poor delayed foot pad reactions. Cyclophosphamide treatment in low doses (20 mg/kg) before immunization, augmented the delayed-type hypersensitivity without affecting antibody responses. Cyclophosphamide did not augment delayed responses to optimal doses of SRBC (0.01%), but did augment the delayed hypersensitivity response of mice immunized with a suboptimal antigen dose (0.001%); which produced no detectable antibody response with or without cyclophosphamide pretreatment. These results suggest that antibody feedback is not the sole regulator of delayed reactions; the possibility that suppressor T cells may also be involved is discussed.", "PMID": 1117258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5454", "title": "Firearm residue detection by instrumental neutron activation analysis.", "content": "Work leading to an improved technique for firearm discharge residue detection by neutron activation is described. The troublesome and time-consuming postirradiation chemistry has been eliminated; also, sample size has been minimized to accommodate some 130 samples per irradiation capsule. To put the method in a proper perspective, previous work has been referenced and discussed.", "contents": "Firearm residue detection by instrumental neutron activation analysis. Work leading to an improved technique for firearm discharge residue detection by neutron activation is described. The troublesome and time-consuming postirradiation chemistry has been eliminated; also, sample size has been minimized to accommodate some 130 samples per irradiation capsule. To put the method in a proper perspective, previous work has been referenced and discussed.", "PMID": 1117260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5455", "title": "Change in muzzle velocity due to freezing and water immersion of .22, long rifle, K.F. cartridges.", "content": "A study of change in muzzle velocity due to freezing and water immersion of .22, long rifle, K. F. cartridges has been presented. A statistical criterion has been formulated to ascertain whether or not a cartridge undergoes a change in muzzle velocity due to a particular treatment. The muzzle velocity data of .22, long rifle, K. F. cartridges, obtained by an electronic timer before and after the various treatments, have been analyzed in the light of this criterion. These cartridges have generally been found to suffer considerable loss in muzzle velocity when immersed in water for three weeks and also when immersed in water for three days and simultaneously cooled to 0 degrees C. The forensic significance of this loss in muzzle velocity has been discussed.", "contents": "Change in muzzle velocity due to freezing and water immersion of .22, long rifle, K.F. cartridges. A study of change in muzzle velocity due to freezing and water immersion of .22, long rifle, K. F. cartridges has been presented. A statistical criterion has been formulated to ascertain whether or not a cartridge undergoes a change in muzzle velocity due to a particular treatment. The muzzle velocity data of .22, long rifle, K. F. cartridges, obtained by an electronic timer before and after the various treatments, have been analyzed in the light of this criterion. These cartridges have generally been found to suffer considerable loss in muzzle velocity when immersed in water for three weeks and also when immersed in water for three days and simultaneously cooled to 0 degrees C. The forensic significance of this loss in muzzle velocity has been discussed.", "PMID": 1117261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5456", "title": "A portable explosives identification kit for field use.", "content": "This study has shown the feasibility of using a miniaturized TLC kit for the presumptive identification of explosives in the field. The process of TLC field screening of a post-explosion site is nondestructive, resolves constituent explosives from interfering backgrounds, and increases the residence time of isolated specimens in the adsorbed state for subsequent substantive identification by trace methods of instrumental analyses. The cost of the modified Kodak kit for explosives identification (excluding the microscope) is approximately +150. The stock items, such as the fluorescent silica gel sheets, Cab-O-Sil, and solvents, are of nominal cost. The kit is relatively simple to use and personnel with a minimal technical background can be trained in its use.", "contents": "A portable explosives identification kit for field use. This study has shown the feasibility of using a miniaturized TLC kit for the presumptive identification of explosives in the field. The process of TLC field screening of a post-explosion site is nondestructive, resolves constituent explosives from interfering backgrounds, and increases the residence time of isolated specimens in the adsorbed state for subsequent substantive identification by trace methods of instrumental analyses. The cost of the modified Kodak kit for explosives identification (excluding the microscope) is approximately +150. The stock items, such as the fluorescent silica gel sheets, Cab-O-Sil, and solvents, are of nominal cost. The kit is relatively simple to use and personnel with a minimal technical background can be trained in its use.", "PMID": 1117263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5457", "title": "Human or not? A problem in skeletal identification.", "content": "Frequently, bones submitted to physical anthropologists by law emforcement agencies as human prove to be nonhuman. This results in a waste of time, money, and effort of all concerned. A course has been designed that could be offered by a physical anthropologist either as a workshop or as part of a training program for law enforcement officers. This would consist of teaching through lectures and laboratory work the techniques utilized by physical anthropologists to differentiate human from nonhuman bone, the anatomical relationships of bones of the human skeleton, and methods of recording bones and artifacts as they are recovered so that their original positions are documented both in relationship to each other and to the terrain. Training in these techniques would aid forensic investigators and amplify the kinds of information available to physical anthropological consultants asked to identify skeletal remains recovered by members of a law enforcement agency.", "contents": "Human or not? A problem in skeletal identification. Frequently, bones submitted to physical anthropologists by law emforcement agencies as human prove to be nonhuman. This results in a waste of time, money, and effort of all concerned. A course has been designed that could be offered by a physical anthropologist either as a workshop or as part of a training program for law enforcement officers. This would consist of teaching through lectures and laboratory work the techniques utilized by physical anthropologists to differentiate human from nonhuman bone, the anatomical relationships of bones of the human skeleton, and methods of recording bones and artifacts as they are recovered so that their original positions are documented both in relationship to each other and to the terrain. Training in these techniques would aid forensic investigators and amplify the kinds of information available to physical anthropological consultants asked to identify skeletal remains recovered by members of a law enforcement agency.", "PMID": 1117264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5458", "title": "Is the insanity defense \"unconscionable\"?", "content": "The debate over the meaningfulness and utility of the insanity defense has continued unabated ober the years. President Nixon has referred to the \"unconscionably abuse\" of the defense. This paper, presented as part of a panel on the subject, has propounded the view that the defense is unconscionable, using that aspect of the definition dealing with unreasonableness. The historical antecedents and the religious and social philosophy of the concept of responsibility and nonresponsibility have been reviewed. In addition to the inapplicability of the concept to current social problems, and the difficulties of applying current psychiatric knowledge to effect a rational delineation between the two legal entities encompassed under the rubric of responsibility and nonresponsibility, the potential problems and the potential opportunities which may result from the abolition of the plea are presented. With these factors in mind, as well as the obvious failure of the legal-social-penal system in handling the problems of the behaviorally deviant, I believe that the use of the current system has hampered the development of possibly more reasonable alternative systems and that, therefore, the maintenance of the insanity defense is unreasonable and harmful to our society. The insanity defense, as currently constituted and institutionalized, has evolved into a rigid and archaic vestige of the legal system of an earlier era and therefore its use has, in the sense defined, indeed become \"unconscionable\" and lacking in social meaningfulness.", "contents": "Is the insanity defense \"unconscionable\"? The debate over the meaningfulness and utility of the insanity defense has continued unabated ober the years. President Nixon has referred to the \"unconscionably abuse\" of the defense. This paper, presented as part of a panel on the subject, has propounded the view that the defense is unconscionable, using that aspect of the definition dealing with unreasonableness. The historical antecedents and the religious and social philosophy of the concept of responsibility and nonresponsibility have been reviewed. In addition to the inapplicability of the concept to current social problems, and the difficulties of applying current psychiatric knowledge to effect a rational delineation between the two legal entities encompassed under the rubric of responsibility and nonresponsibility, the potential problems and the potential opportunities which may result from the abolition of the plea are presented. With these factors in mind, as well as the obvious failure of the legal-social-penal system in handling the problems of the behaviorally deviant, I believe that the use of the current system has hampered the development of possibly more reasonable alternative systems and that, therefore, the maintenance of the insanity defense is unreasonable and harmful to our society. The insanity defense, as currently constituted and institutionalized, has evolved into a rigid and archaic vestige of the legal system of an earlier era and therefore its use has, in the sense defined, indeed become \"unconscionable\" and lacking in social meaningfulness.", "PMID": 1117266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5459", "title": "Identification of drugs and other toxic compounds from their ultraviolet spectra. Part II: Ultraviolet absorption properties of thirteen structural groups.", "content": "The ultraviolet absorption spectra of 13 different chemical classes of drugs and toxic organic compounds were studied. A classification system has been developed in which compounds with the same conjugated molecular system and auxochrome substituents are grouped together. Each of these groups has characteristic absorption spectra, showing similarities in the number of major bands, position of maximum absorbance, pH effects, and solvent effects. The absorption maxima and molecular absorptivities are tabulated for approximately 100 compounds, and characteristic spectra of each designated group are illustrated. Classes of drugs included in this study are pyridine derivatives, hydrazines, pyridylamine derivatives, variously substituted phenols, barbiturates, ureides, imides, hydantoins, and conjugted ketones (enones).", "contents": "Identification of drugs and other toxic compounds from their ultraviolet spectra. Part II: Ultraviolet absorption properties of thirteen structural groups. The ultraviolet absorption spectra of 13 different chemical classes of drugs and toxic organic compounds were studied. A classification system has been developed in which compounds with the same conjugated molecular system and auxochrome substituents are grouped together. Each of these groups has characteristic absorption spectra, showing similarities in the number of major bands, position of maximum absorbance, pH effects, and solvent effects. The absorption maxima and molecular absorptivities are tabulated for approximately 100 compounds, and characteristic spectra of each designated group are illustrated. Classes of drugs included in this study are pyridine derivatives, hydrazines, pyridylamine derivatives, variously substituted phenols, barbiturates, ureides, imides, hydantoins, and conjugted ketones (enones).", "PMID": 1117267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5460", "title": "Sexual asphyxia in the female.", "content": "The author has reported what appears to be a clearly defined masochistic hanging in the female. This is supported by many of the usual characteristics inherent in most male hangings. Although it was not the function of the police, a background study of the victim by a medical authority unfortunately was not made, which is so often the case in deaths due to sexual asphyxia.", "contents": "Sexual asphyxia in the female. The author has reported what appears to be a clearly defined masochistic hanging in the female. This is supported by many of the usual characteristics inherent in most male hangings. Although it was not the function of the police, a background study of the victim by a medical authority unfortunately was not made, which is so often the case in deaths due to sexual asphyxia.", "PMID": 1117268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5461", "title": "Narcotic abuse among homicide victims in Detroit.", "content": "A record of 751 homicides occurred in Detroit in 1973. An attempt was made to explore the relationship between narcotics and a random sample of these homicides. It was demonstrated that in the group studied, 43% were narcotic users. It is suggested that if one includes pushers and dealers (possibly victims of a \"drug war\"), people killed by addicts, and those cases where a narcotic might not be detected in the biological sample, the percentage of homicide victims associated with narcotics traffic could be as high as 60 to 70%. An investigation into the manner (executed, killed in a robbery attempt, etc) helps substantiate this suggestion. Finally, unlike the majority of homicide victims, ethanol is infrequently found in the victim using narcotics.", "contents": "Narcotic abuse among homicide victims in Detroit. A record of 751 homicides occurred in Detroit in 1973. An attempt was made to explore the relationship between narcotics and a random sample of these homicides. It was demonstrated that in the group studied, 43% were narcotic users. It is suggested that if one includes pushers and dealers (possibly victims of a \"drug war\"), people killed by addicts, and those cases where a narcotic might not be detected in the biological sample, the percentage of homicide victims associated with narcotics traffic could be as high as 60 to 70%. An investigation into the manner (executed, killed in a robbery attempt, etc) helps substantiate this suggestion. Finally, unlike the majority of homicide victims, ethanol is infrequently found in the victim using narcotics.", "PMID": 1117269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5462", "title": "Carisoprodol-related death in a child.", "content": "A child who ingested approximately 3500 mg of carisoprodol gradually deteriorated and died within 36 h. GC analysis of serum, urine, and gastric samples indicated that meprobamate was the principal metabolite of carisoprodol.", "contents": "Carisoprodol-related death in a child. A child who ingested approximately 3500 mg of carisoprodol gradually deteriorated and died within 36 h. GC analysis of serum, urine, and gastric samples indicated that meprobamate was the principal metabolite of carisoprodol.", "PMID": 1117271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5463", "title": "Experience in the identification of abuse drugs in urines collected under Treatment Alternatives to Street Crime.", "content": "This paper describes the criteria and analytical approach that were employed to cope with a mass drug urine screening program. Motives and justifications for selecting one technique over another are covered, along with a detailed description of those methods selected. Advantages, disadvantages, and limitations of each procedure are discussed. Results are presented for over 11,500 samples of urine collected from the criminal segment of Philadelphia's population over a period of six months. These were examined for amphetamine, methamphetamine, amobarbital, butabarbital, pentobarbital, phenobarbital, secobarbital, cocaine, codeine, methadone, and morphine.", "contents": "Experience in the identification of abuse drugs in urines collected under Treatment Alternatives to Street Crime. This paper describes the criteria and analytical approach that were employed to cope with a mass drug urine screening program. Motives and justifications for selecting one technique over another are covered, along with a detailed description of those methods selected. Advantages, disadvantages, and limitations of each procedure are discussed. Results are presented for over 11,500 samples of urine collected from the criminal segment of Philadelphia's population over a period of six months. These were examined for amphetamine, methamphetamine, amobarbital, butabarbital, pentobarbital, phenobarbital, secobarbital, cocaine, codeine, methadone, and morphine.", "PMID": 1117273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5464", "title": "Quantitative extraction of tubocurarine, gallamine, and decamethonium from biological materials.", "content": "A procedure is described for quantitative extraction of tubocurarine, gallamine, and decamethonium from blood, urine, and tissue. Ion pairs of the drugs are formed with picric acid and are extracted into a dichloromethane/1-pentanol solvent. Qualitative analysis of the extract is effected using thin-layer chromatography. Quantitative analysis is accomplished by elution of TLC areas containing the drug, formation of the ion pair with sodium 9,10-dimethoxyanthracene-2-sulfonate, and analysis of the ion pair by spectrophotofluorometry.", "contents": "Quantitative extraction of tubocurarine, gallamine, and decamethonium from biological materials. A procedure is described for quantitative extraction of tubocurarine, gallamine, and decamethonium from blood, urine, and tissue. Ion pairs of the drugs are formed with picric acid and are extracted into a dichloromethane/1-pentanol solvent. Qualitative analysis of the extract is effected using thin-layer chromatography. Quantitative analysis is accomplished by elution of TLC areas containing the drug, formation of the ion pair with sodium 9,10-dimethoxyanthracene-2-sulfonate, and analysis of the ion pair by spectrophotofluorometry.", "PMID": 1117276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5465", "title": "Slow PIII component of the carp electroretinogram.", "content": "The slow PIII component of the electroretinogram (ERG) was studied in the isolated, aspartate-treated carp retina. Although the latter is richly populated with cones, slow PIII appeared to reflect almost exclusively the activity of rods; e.g. the spectral sensitivity of the potential paralleled closely the rod pigment curve, its operating range (i.e. the V-log I curve) was limited to 3 log units above absolute threshold, and raising background intensities to photopic levels produced saturation of the increment threshold function without evidence of a cone-mediated segment. Only after bleaching away a significant fraction of the porphyropsin was it possible to unmask a small photopic contribution to slow PIII, as evidenced by a displacement in the action spectrum to longer wavelengths. The spatial distribution of the slow PIII voltage within the retina (Faber, D.S. 1969. Ph.D. Thesis. State University of New York. Buffalo, N.Y.; Witkovsky, P.J. Nelson, and H. Ripps. 1973. J. Gen Physiol. 61:401) and its ability to survive aspartate treatment indicate that this potential arises in the M\u00fcller (glial) fiber. Additional support for this conclusion is provided by the slow rise time (several seconds) and long temporal integration (up to 40s) of the response. In many respects the properties of slow PIII resemble those of the c-wave, a pigment epithelial response also subserved by rod activity. On the other hand, the receptoral (fast PIII) and the b-wave components of the ERG behave quite differently. Unlike slow PIII, response saturation could not be induced, since both potentials are subserved by cones when the stimulus conditions exceed the limits of the scotopic range. Receptors appear to govern light adaptation at photopic background levels; both fast PIII and b-wave manifest identical incremental threshold values over this range of intensities. However, under scotopic conditions, the sensitivity of the b-wave is affected by luminous backgrounds too weak to alter fast PIII threshold, indicating a postreceptoral stage of adaptation.", "contents": "Slow PIII component of the carp electroretinogram. The slow PIII component of the electroretinogram (ERG) was studied in the isolated, aspartate-treated carp retina. Although the latter is richly populated with cones, slow PIII appeared to reflect almost exclusively the activity of rods; e.g. the spectral sensitivity of the potential paralleled closely the rod pigment curve, its operating range (i.e. the V-log I curve) was limited to 3 log units above absolute threshold, and raising background intensities to photopic levels produced saturation of the increment threshold function without evidence of a cone-mediated segment. Only after bleaching away a significant fraction of the porphyropsin was it possible to unmask a small photopic contribution to slow PIII, as evidenced by a displacement in the action spectrum to longer wavelengths. The spatial distribution of the slow PIII voltage within the retina (Faber, D.S. 1969. Ph.D. Thesis. State University of New York. Buffalo, N.Y.; Witkovsky, P.J. Nelson, and H. Ripps. 1973. J. Gen Physiol. 61:401) and its ability to survive aspartate treatment indicate that this potential arises in the M\u00fcller (glial) fiber. Additional support for this conclusion is provided by the slow rise time (several seconds) and long temporal integration (up to 40s) of the response. In many respects the properties of slow PIII resemble those of the c-wave, a pigment epithelial response also subserved by rod activity. On the other hand, the receptoral (fast PIII) and the b-wave components of the ERG behave quite differently. Unlike slow PIII, response saturation could not be induced, since both potentials are subserved by cones when the stimulus conditions exceed the limits of the scotopic range. Receptors appear to govern light adaptation at photopic background levels; both fast PIII and b-wave manifest identical incremental threshold values over this range of intensities. However, under scotopic conditions, the sensitivity of the b-wave is affected by luminous backgrounds too weak to alter fast PIII threshold, indicating a postreceptoral stage of adaptation.", "PMID": 1117278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5466", "title": "Sensitivity of calcium efflux from squid axons to changes in membrane potential.", "content": "Squid giant axons were internally dialyzed with a medium free of metabolic substrates but containing 45Ca buffered with EGTA to concentrations of free Ca++ in the range 0.01-230 muM. At (Ca)i of 1.0 muM OR GREATER, Ca efflux was in the range of 1-3 pmol/cm2 s, was dependent on (Na)o and (Ca)o, and was sensitive to membrane potential. At lower (Ca)i, the sensitivity of Ca efflux to membrane potential was greater. Hyperpolarization of the membrane increased, and depolarization decreased Ca efflux over the range of potentials studied (-20 to -100 mV). The maximum sensitivity of Ca efflux to membrane potential was of the order of an e-fold increase in Ca efflux for a 25-mV increase in Em; this sensitivity of Ca efflux to membrane potential was lost if (Na)o was removed and was greatly reduced when (Ca)i was increased to 230 muM.", "contents": "Sensitivity of calcium efflux from squid axons to changes in membrane potential. Squid giant axons were internally dialyzed with a medium free of metabolic substrates but containing 45Ca buffered with EGTA to concentrations of free Ca++ in the range 0.01-230 muM. At (Ca)i of 1.0 muM OR GREATER, Ca efflux was in the range of 1-3 pmol/cm2 s, was dependent on (Na)o and (Ca)o, and was sensitive to membrane potential. At lower (Ca)i, the sensitivity of Ca efflux to membrane potential was greater. Hyperpolarization of the membrane increased, and depolarization decreased Ca efflux over the range of potentials studied (-20 to -100 mV). The maximum sensitivity of Ca efflux to membrane potential was of the order of an e-fold increase in Ca efflux for a 25-mV increase in Em; this sensitivity of Ca efflux to membrane potential was lost if (Na)o was removed and was greatly reduced when (Ca)i was increased to 230 muM.", "PMID": 1117279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5467", "title": "Olfactory receptor responses to sex pheromone components in the redbanded leafroller moth.", "content": "Electrical responses of single olfactory receptor neurons of the male redbanded leafroller moth were elicited by each of the principle components of the sex pheromone and six other behaviorally active compounds. Response frequencies to equal intensities of each of these compounds  and changes in response frequency with increasing amounts of any one compound, varied from receptor to receptor. These differences in response characteristics appear to be due to factors intrinsic to the olfactory recptor neuron and not to factors external to it. The encoding of odor quality by these receptor neurons cannot be in the simple presence or absence  of activity in any one of them. Rather, odor quality may be encoded by the pattern of activity which invariably arises across an ensemble of receptor neurons, each having its own distribution of sensitivities.", "contents": "Olfactory receptor responses to sex pheromone components in the redbanded leafroller moth. Electrical responses of single olfactory receptor neurons of the male redbanded leafroller moth were elicited by each of the principle components of the sex pheromone and six other behaviorally active compounds. Response frequencies to equal intensities of each of these compounds  and changes in response frequency with increasing amounts of any one compound, varied from receptor to receptor. These differences in response characteristics appear to be due to factors intrinsic to the olfactory recptor neuron and not to factors external to it. The encoding of odor quality by these receptor neurons cannot be in the simple presence or absence  of activity in any one of them. Rather, odor quality may be encoded by the pattern of activity which invariably arises across an ensemble of receptor neurons, each having its own distribution of sensitivities.", "PMID": 1117280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5468", "title": "Membrane response to current pulses in spheroidal aggregates of embryonic heart cells.", "content": "Hearts from chick embryos aged 4,7, or 14 days were dissociated into their component cells, and the cells allowed to reassociate in the form of smooth-surfaced spheroidal aggregates on a gyratory shaker. Records from intracellular electrodes inserted into two widely spaced cells in a spontaneously beating aggregate indicated that the action potentials occurred virtually simultaneously. In aggregates made quiescent with tetrodotoxin, the voltage response to a current pulse injected in one cell could be noted by recording with a second microelectrode at various distance from the current source. The magnitude of the response was found not to vary with distance. It is concluded that the component cells in an aggregate are normally tightly coupled electrically; the cell boundaries do not constitute an appreciable resistive barrier. Such ag-regates behave as virtually isopential systems, with properties similar to those of single spherical cells, as modeled by Eisenberg and Engel (1970. J. Gen. Physiol. 55:736-757). Passive membrane time constant ranged from 11 to 31 ms, with a mean value of 17 ms; this value did not vary with aggregate size. Input resistance (V/I) varied inversely with aggregate size, as predicted, but with much scatter in the measured values. Specific membrane resistance was calculated as either 13,000 or 800 ohm-cm2 depending on whether input resistance was attributed to the total cell surface membrane area or to the outer surface of the sphere alone. No systematic difference in passive electrical properties of aggregates composed of 4-, 7-, and 14-day cells was seen. It is concluded that these aggregates may be suitable for voltage clamp analysis of their excitable membrane properties.", "contents": "Membrane response to current pulses in spheroidal aggregates of embryonic heart cells. Hearts from chick embryos aged 4,7, or 14 days were dissociated into their component cells, and the cells allowed to reassociate in the form of smooth-surfaced spheroidal aggregates on a gyratory shaker. Records from intracellular electrodes inserted into two widely spaced cells in a spontaneously beating aggregate indicated that the action potentials occurred virtually simultaneously. In aggregates made quiescent with tetrodotoxin, the voltage response to a current pulse injected in one cell could be noted by recording with a second microelectrode at various distance from the current source. The magnitude of the response was found not to vary with distance. It is concluded that the component cells in an aggregate are normally tightly coupled electrically; the cell boundaries do not constitute an appreciable resistive barrier. Such ag-regates behave as virtually isopential systems, with properties similar to those of single spherical cells, as modeled by Eisenberg and Engel (1970. J. Gen. Physiol. 55:736-757). Passive membrane time constant ranged from 11 to 31 ms, with a mean value of 17 ms; this value did not vary with aggregate size. Input resistance (V/I) varied inversely with aggregate size, as predicted, but with much scatter in the measured values. Specific membrane resistance was calculated as either 13,000 or 800 ohm-cm2 depending on whether input resistance was attributed to the total cell surface membrane area or to the outer surface of the sphere alone. No systematic difference in passive electrical properties of aggregates composed of 4-, 7-, and 14-day cells was seen. It is concluded that these aggregates may be suitable for voltage clamp analysis of their excitable membrane properties.", "PMID": 1117281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5469", "title": "Metabolism of acetylcholine in the nervous system of Aplysia californica. I. Source of choline and its uptake by intact nervous tissue.", "content": "Although acetylcholine is a major neurotransmitter in Aplysia, labeling studies with methionine and serine showed that little choline was synthesized by nervous tissue and indicated that the choline required for the synthesis of acetylcholine must be derived exogenously. Aanglia in the central nervous system (abdominal, cerebral, and pleuropedals) all took up about 0.5 nmol of choline per hour at 9 muM, the concentration of choline we found in hemolymph. This rate was more than two orders of magnitude greater than that of synthesis from the labeled precursors. Ganglia accumulated choline by a process which has two kinetic components, one with a Michaelis constant between 2-8 muM. The other component was not saturated at 420 muM. Presumably the process with the high affinity functions to supply choline for synthesis of transmitter, since the efficiency of conversion to acetylcholine was maximal in the range of external concentrations found in hemolymph.", "contents": "Metabolism of acetylcholine in the nervous system of Aplysia californica. I. Source of choline and its uptake by intact nervous tissue. Although acetylcholine is a major neurotransmitter in Aplysia, labeling studies with methionine and serine showed that little choline was synthesized by nervous tissue and indicated that the choline required for the synthesis of acetylcholine must be derived exogenously. Aanglia in the central nervous system (abdominal, cerebral, and pleuropedals) all took up about 0.5 nmol of choline per hour at 9 muM, the concentration of choline we found in hemolymph. This rate was more than two orders of magnitude greater than that of synthesis from the labeled precursors. Ganglia accumulated choline by a process which has two kinetic components, one with a Michaelis constant between 2-8 muM. The other component was not saturated at 420 muM. Presumably the process with the high affinity functions to supply choline for synthesis of transmitter, since the efficiency of conversion to acetylcholine was maximal in the range of external concentrations found in hemolymph.", "PMID": 1117282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5470", "title": "Metabolism of acetylcholine in the nervous system of Aplysia californica. II. Reginal localization and characterization of choline uptake.", "content": "The choline required for synthesis of acetylcholine is derived exogenously by  Aplysia ganglia. Under physiological conditions choline was taken up primarlily by neuropile and nerves and not by cholinergic cell bodies. In addition, compared with their contents of choline acetyltransferase, those components of nervous tissue which contain nerve terminals and axons synthesized acetylcholine far more efficiently. Choline was accumulated by high and low affinity uptake processes; the high affinity process appeared to be characteristic of cholinergic nuerons (Swartz, J. H., M. L. Eisenstadt, and H. Cedar.1975. J. Gen. Physiol. 65:255).  The two uptake processes were similarly affected by  temperature with a  Q10 of 2.8. Both were dependent on a variety of ions in a complicated manner. High affinity uptake seemed to be more dependent on Na+, showed greater inhibition by ouabain, and was selectively inhibited by oxotremorine. We found that the functional state  of neurons did not alter uptake of radioactive choline by either process, nor did it change the conversion to radioactive acetylcholine.", "contents": "Metabolism of acetylcholine in the nervous system of Aplysia californica. II. Reginal localization and characterization of choline uptake. The choline required for synthesis of acetylcholine is derived exogenously by  Aplysia ganglia. Under physiological conditions choline was taken up primarlily by neuropile and nerves and not by cholinergic cell bodies. In addition, compared with their contents of choline acetyltransferase, those components of nervous tissue which contain nerve terminals and axons synthesized acetylcholine far more efficiently. Choline was accumulated by high and low affinity uptake processes; the high affinity process appeared to be characteristic of cholinergic nuerons (Swartz, J. H., M. L. Eisenstadt, and H. Cedar.1975. J. Gen. Physiol. 65:255).  The two uptake processes were similarly affected by  temperature with a  Q10 of 2.8. Both were dependent on a variety of ions in a complicated manner. High affinity uptake seemed to be more dependent on Na+, showed greater inhibition by ouabain, and was selectively inhibited by oxotremorine. We found that the functional state  of neurons did not alter uptake of radioactive choline by either process, nor did it change the conversion to radioactive acetylcholine.", "PMID": 1117283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5471", "title": "Metabolism of acetylcholine in the nervous system of Aplysia californica. III. Studies of an indentified cholinergic neuron.", "content": "[3H] choline and [3H] acetyl CoA were injected into the cell body of an identified cholinergic neuron, the giant R2 of the Aplysia abdominal ganglion, and the fate and distribution of the radioactivity studied. Direct eveidence was obtained that the availabliity of choline to the enzymatic machinery limits synthesis. [3H] choline injected intrasomatically was converted to acetylcholine far more efficiently than choline taken up into the cell body from the bath. Synthesis from injected [3H] acety CoA was increased more than an order of magnitude when the cosubstrate was injected together with a saturating amount of unlabeled choline. In order to study the kinetics of acetylcholine synthesis in the living neuron, we injected [3H] choline in amounts resulting in a range of intracellular concentrations of about four orders of magnitude. The maximal velocity was 300 pmol of acetylcholine/cell/h and the Michaelis constant was 5.9 mM [3H] choline; these values agreed well with those previously reported for choline acetyltransferase assayed in extracts of Aplysia nervous tissue. [3H] acetylcholine turned over within the injected neuron with a half-life of about 9 h. The ultimate product formed was betaine. Subcellular distribution of [3H] acetylcholine was studied using differential and gradient centrifuagtion, gel filtration, and  passage through cellulose acetate filters. A small portion of acetylcholine was contained in particulates the size and density expected of cholinergic vesicles.", "contents": "Metabolism of acetylcholine in the nervous system of Aplysia californica. III. Studies of an indentified cholinergic neuron. [3H] choline and [3H] acetyl CoA were injected into the cell body of an identified cholinergic neuron, the giant R2 of the Aplysia abdominal ganglion, and the fate and distribution of the radioactivity studied. Direct eveidence was obtained that the availabliity of choline to the enzymatic machinery limits synthesis. [3H] choline injected intrasomatically was converted to acetylcholine far more efficiently than choline taken up into the cell body from the bath. Synthesis from injected [3H] acety CoA was increased more than an order of magnitude when the cosubstrate was injected together with a saturating amount of unlabeled choline. In order to study the kinetics of acetylcholine synthesis in the living neuron, we injected [3H] choline in amounts resulting in a range of intracellular concentrations of about four orders of magnitude. The maximal velocity was 300 pmol of acetylcholine/cell/h and the Michaelis constant was 5.9 mM [3H] choline; these values agreed well with those previously reported for choline acetyltransferase assayed in extracts of Aplysia nervous tissue. [3H] acetylcholine turned over within the injected neuron with a half-life of about 9 h. The ultimate product formed was betaine. Subcellular distribution of [3H] acetylcholine was studied using differential and gradient centrifuagtion, gel filtration, and  passage through cellulose acetate filters. A small portion of acetylcholine was contained in particulates the size and density expected of cholinergic vesicles.", "PMID": 1117284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5472", "title": "Relationships between voltage and tension in sheep cardiac Purkinje fibers.", "content": "The two-microelectrode technique of voltage clamping sheep cardiac Purkinje fibers was used to examine the changes in contraction which occur during trains of voltage clamps. (A \"train\" is defined as a series of voltage clamps delivered at a particular rate, beginning after a rest long enough that the effects of previous stimulation have died away.) Contractions showed striking staircases, or progressive changes in peak isometric tension, during trains. Short clamps, clamps to voltages more negative than --20 or --30 mV, or holding potentials less negative than the resting potential favored negative staircases, while long clamps, clamps to positive voltages, and holding potentials near the resting potential each favored positive staircases. The staircase behavior appeared to be due to changes in the initial rate of recovery of the ability to contract. The changes in staircase behavior as a function of clamp voltage suggested that the relationship between peak tension and clamp voltage should depend on the experimental design. When the steady-state contraction was plotted as a function of clamp voltage, voltage-tension relations like those recently reported for working ventricle were obtained, with a threshold between --30 and --40 mV and a steep relation between tension and voltage. When the first contraction after a rest was plotted, the threshold voltage was more negative, the curve was flatter, and the peak tensions at inside positive voltages were reduced.", "contents": "Relationships between voltage and tension in sheep cardiac Purkinje fibers. The two-microelectrode technique of voltage clamping sheep cardiac Purkinje fibers was used to examine the changes in contraction which occur during trains of voltage clamps. (A \"train\" is defined as a series of voltage clamps delivered at a particular rate, beginning after a rest long enough that the effects of previous stimulation have died away.) Contractions showed striking staircases, or progressive changes in peak isometric tension, during trains. Short clamps, clamps to voltages more negative than --20 or --30 mV, or holding potentials less negative than the resting potential favored negative staircases, while long clamps, clamps to positive voltages, and holding potentials near the resting potential each favored positive staircases. The staircase behavior appeared to be due to changes in the initial rate of recovery of the ability to contract. The changes in staircase behavior as a function of clamp voltage suggested that the relationship between peak tension and clamp voltage should depend on the experimental design. When the steady-state contraction was plotted as a function of clamp voltage, voltage-tension relations like those recently reported for working ventricle were obtained, with a threshold between --30 and --40 mV and a steep relation between tension and voltage. When the first contraction after a rest was plotted, the threshold voltage was more negative, the curve was flatter, and the peak tensions at inside positive voltages were reduced.", "PMID": 1117285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5473", "title": "Slow inward current and contraction of sheep cardiac Purkinje fibers.", "content": "A \"slow\" inward current (Is) has been identified in ventricular muscle and Purkinje fibers of several mammalian species. The two-microelectrode voltage clamp technique is used to examine some of the relationships between Is and contraction of the sheep cardiac Purkinje fiber. \"Tails\" of inward current occurring on repolarization and extrapolation of Is recovery each show that the Is system may not inactivate completely during prolonged depolarization. The rate of recovery of Is after a depolarization is slow, and when a train of 300-ms clamps (frequency 1 s-1) is begun after a rest, Is is larger for the first clamp than it is  for succeedings clamps. For the first clamp after a rest, the thresholds for Is and tension are the same and there is a direct correlation between peak tension and peak Is for clamp voltages between threshold and minus 40 mV. After a clamp, however, the ability to contract recovers much more slowly than does Is. Therefore, since Is may occur under certain conditions without tension, the realtionship between Is and tension must be indirect. Calcium entering the cell via this current may replenish or augment an intracellular calcium pool.", "contents": "Slow inward current and contraction of sheep cardiac Purkinje fibers. A \"slow\" inward current (Is) has been identified in ventricular muscle and Purkinje fibers of several mammalian species. The two-microelectrode voltage clamp technique is used to examine some of the relationships between Is and contraction of the sheep cardiac Purkinje fiber. \"Tails\" of inward current occurring on repolarization and extrapolation of Is recovery each show that the Is system may not inactivate completely during prolonged depolarization. The rate of recovery of Is after a depolarization is slow, and when a train of 300-ms clamps (frequency 1 s-1) is begun after a rest, Is is larger for the first clamp than it is  for succeedings clamps. For the first clamp after a rest, the thresholds for Is and tension are the same and there is a direct correlation between peak tension and peak Is for clamp voltages between threshold and minus 40 mV. After a clamp, however, the ability to contract recovers much more slowly than does Is. Therefore, since Is may occur under certain conditions without tension, the realtionship between Is and tension must be indirect. Calcium entering the cell via this current may replenish or augment an intracellular calcium pool.", "PMID": 1117286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5474", "title": "Anticonvulsants in the treatment of aggression.", "content": "A significant number of violent acts are committed by individuals in whom central nervous system instability can be demonstrated by special electroencephalographic (EEG) activation procedures utilizing alpha-chloralose as the activating agent. Furthermore, subcortical electrograms suggest that this instability is related to a circumscribed ictal phenomenon in the limbic system. The abruptness of the aggressive act, the fact that the behavior is so often out of character for the individual and inappropriate for the situation, as well as the confusion and partial amnesia which accompany these episodes lend clinical support for the ictal hypothesis. Some anticonvulsants not only block the activated abnormalities on the EEG but also lead to dramatic clinical improvement in those individuals showing repeated and frequent aggressive behavior. For instance, in one study 46.7 percent and 53.3 per cent of the patients demonstrated activated abnormalities on no drug and placebo, respectively. When these same patients were receiving chlorpormazine or trifluoperazine, the activation rates were 60.0 per cent and 73.3 per cent, respectively. On the other hand, when these same patients were placed on a regimen of chlordiazepoxide the activation rate was reduced to 20 per cent (p smaller than or equal to .01). Another study involved severely distrubed chronically hospitalized psychotic patients whose aggressive uncontrolled outbursts relegated then not only to a locked ward, but often to isolation rooms despite high doses of phenothiazines. A regimen of chlordiazepoxide and", "contents": "Anticonvulsants in the treatment of aggression. A significant number of violent acts are committed by individuals in whom central nervous system instability can be demonstrated by special electroencephalographic (EEG) activation procedures utilizing alpha-chloralose as the activating agent. Furthermore, subcortical electrograms suggest that this instability is related to a circumscribed ictal phenomenon in the limbic system. The abruptness of the aggressive act, the fact that the behavior is so often out of character for the individual and inappropriate for the situation, as well as the confusion and partial amnesia which accompany these episodes lend clinical support for the ictal hypothesis. Some anticonvulsants not only block the activated abnormalities on the EEG but also lead to dramatic clinical improvement in those individuals showing repeated and frequent aggressive behavior. For instance, in one study 46.7 percent and 53.3 per cent of the patients demonstrated activated abnormalities on no drug and placebo, respectively. When these same patients were receiving chlorpormazine or trifluoperazine, the activation rates were 60.0 per cent and 73.3 per cent, respectively. On the other hand, when these same patients were placed on a regimen of chlordiazepoxide the activation rate was reduced to 20 per cent (p smaller than or equal to .01). Another study involved severely distrubed chronically hospitalized psychotic patients whose aggressive uncontrolled outbursts relegated then not only to a locked ward, but often to isolation rooms despite high doses of phenothiazines. A regimen of chlordiazepoxide and", "PMID": 1117287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5475", "title": "Clinician attitudes toward the suicide attempter.", "content": "The clinical and sociodemographic characteristics and dispositional outcome of 248 suicide attempters were studied in a general hospital emergency room. A mood adjective checklist was completed by evaluating psychiatric residents and three orthogonal factor analytically derived mood clusters were related to sociodemographic, clinical, and dispositional variables. Residents expressed warmth toward patients having low suicide risk and limited overall psychopathology. They felt anxious toward patients with high suicidal risk and significant psychopathology. Angry feelings were reported toward patients with high suicidal risk in the absence of recent precipitating events. Residents reported warmth toward patients admitted to private or mental health center vs. state hospital facilities and tended to devote more time to their clinical assessment of these patients. Feelings of anxiety and anger characterized the responses to state hospital admissions who were only briefly assessed. The findings have implications for the organization of clinical services and the training of mental health professionals. Supervision needs to be directed to the recognition and modification of therapist emotional attitudes as well as to the understanding of patient psychopathology. Clinician feelings can then be effectively utilized to \"capture\" a high risk, high drop-out population into effective follow-up care.", "contents": "Clinician attitudes toward the suicide attempter. The clinical and sociodemographic characteristics and dispositional outcome of 248 suicide attempters were studied in a general hospital emergency room. A mood adjective checklist was completed by evaluating psychiatric residents and three orthogonal factor analytically derived mood clusters were related to sociodemographic, clinical, and dispositional variables. Residents expressed warmth toward patients having low suicide risk and limited overall psychopathology. They felt anxious toward patients with high suicidal risk and significant psychopathology. Angry feelings were reported toward patients with high suicidal risk in the absence of recent precipitating events. Residents reported warmth toward patients admitted to private or mental health center vs. state hospital facilities and tended to devote more time to their clinical assessment of these patients. Feelings of anxiety and anger characterized the responses to state hospital admissions who were only briefly assessed. The findings have implications for the organization of clinical services and the training of mental health professionals. Supervision needs to be directed to the recognition and modification of therapist emotional attitudes as well as to the understanding of patient psychopathology. Clinician feelings can then be effectively utilized to \"capture\" a high risk, high drop-out population into effective follow-up care.", "PMID": 1117288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5476", "title": "Autonomic control, selective attention and schizophrenic subtype.", "content": "Groups of paranoid reactive and nonparanoid process schizophrenic subjects participated in an experiment in which they were reinforced to modify attentional and autonomic responsiveness to differential excitatory and inhibitory avoidance stimuli. Groups did not differ in autonomic responsiveness or in ability to modify GSR and FPV activity to the differential avoidance stimuli. Groups were found to differ in their response to experimental instructions. Parenoid subjects reported being able to exert considerable emotional control during emotional stress. Nonparanoid subjects reported an inability to exert emotional control during stressful stimulation.", "contents": "Autonomic control, selective attention and schizophrenic subtype. Groups of paranoid reactive and nonparanoid process schizophrenic subjects participated in an experiment in which they were reinforced to modify attentional and autonomic responsiveness to differential excitatory and inhibitory avoidance stimuli. Groups did not differ in autonomic responsiveness or in ability to modify GSR and FPV activity to the differential avoidance stimuli. Groups were found to differ in their response to experimental instructions. Parenoid subjects reported being able to exert considerable emotional control during emotional stress. Nonparanoid subjects reported an inability to exert emotional control during stressful stimulation.", "PMID": 1117290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5477", "title": "Increasing speech intensity of chronic patients (\"mumblers\") bu shaping techniques.", "content": "The present experiment sought to increase the volume of speech in three adult male institutionalized patients. The method consisted of shaping modeled responses. Reinforcement was contingent upon the vocalization surpassing the threshold on an electronic volume indicator, which could be set at various levels of sensitivity. Results indicated that the volume of speech was increased in all three cases, as a function of manipulation of reinforcement contingencies. Follow-up data indicated that the long term maintenance of the acquired behavior was dependent on the ward environment.", "contents": "Increasing speech intensity of chronic patients (\"mumblers\") bu shaping techniques. The present experiment sought to increase the volume of speech in three adult male institutionalized patients. The method consisted of shaping modeled responses. Reinforcement was contingent upon the vocalization surpassing the threshold on an electronic volume indicator, which could be set at various levels of sensitivity. Results indicated that the volume of speech was increased in all three cases, as a function of manipulation of reinforcement contingencies. Follow-up data indicated that the long term maintenance of the acquired behavior was dependent on the ward environment.", "PMID": 1117291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5478", "title": "Student suicide: death as a life style.", "content": "This is a study of the psychology of college students who are seriously suicidal. Fifty college students who had made suicide attempts were studied in detail over a 5-year period. Short term therapy was administered in most cases and long term therapy in some. Psychological tests (Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, Rorschach, Thematic Apperception Test, Sentence Completion, Figure Drawing, and Word Association) were performed and used as an independent check on the data derived from the interviews. The study indicates the ways in which death has become a way of life for these students--an integral, ongoing part of their adaptation. It traces the origin of this adaptation in a family relationship that the students perceived as requiring their emotional extinction. These students are tied to their parents in a kind of death knot and have become overly suicidal when live--coming to college, graduating, becoming seriously involved with another person--threatens to unravel this knot.", "contents": "Student suicide: death as a life style. This is a study of the psychology of college students who are seriously suicidal. Fifty college students who had made suicide attempts were studied in detail over a 5-year period. Short term therapy was administered in most cases and long term therapy in some. Psychological tests (Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, Rorschach, Thematic Apperception Test, Sentence Completion, Figure Drawing, and Word Association) were performed and used as an independent check on the data derived from the interviews. The study indicates the ways in which death has become a way of life for these students--an integral, ongoing part of their adaptation. It traces the origin of this adaptation in a family relationship that the students perceived as requiring their emotional extinction. These students are tied to their parents in a kind of death knot and have become overly suicidal when live--coming to college, graduating, becoming seriously involved with another person--threatens to unravel this knot.", "PMID": 1117292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5479", "title": "The family histories of manic-depressive patients with and without alcoholism.", "content": "An investigation of family histories of bipolar affective disorder patients with and without an additional diagnosis of alcoholism showed that affective disorder was seen with equal frequency in both populations of relatives. Alcoholism was significantly more prevalent in relatives of the alcoholic probands than in the relatives of those who did not themselves have alcoholism. These data suggest that bipolar affective disorder and alcoholism may be transmitted independent of one another.", "contents": "The family histories of manic-depressive patients with and without alcoholism. An investigation of family histories of bipolar affective disorder patients with and without an additional diagnosis of alcoholism showed that affective disorder was seen with equal frequency in both populations of relatives. Alcoholism was significantly more prevalent in relatives of the alcoholic probands than in the relatives of those who did not themselves have alcoholism. These data suggest that bipolar affective disorder and alcoholism may be transmitted independent of one another.", "PMID": 1117293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5480", "title": "A wasted hand. Case with uncommon neurological and radiological features caused by a cervical band.", "content": "The symptomatology in the thoracic outlet syndrome is well known. A patient is reported in whom the finding of a unilateral pulse deficit was the alerting sign that led to the correct diagnosis. Angiography, performed with injections during different respiratory phases, visualized the pathogenetic mechanism underlying some of the clinical findings.", "contents": "A wasted hand. Case with uncommon neurological and radiological features caused by a cervical band. The symptomatology in the thoracic outlet syndrome is well known. A patient is reported in whom the finding of a unilateral pulse deficit was the alerting sign that led to the correct diagnosis. Angiography, performed with injections during different respiratory phases, visualized the pathogenetic mechanism underlying some of the clinical findings.", "PMID": 1117295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5481", "title": "Ictal laughter: a case report with clinical, cinefilm, and EEG observations.", "content": "Seizures with laughter, verbalization, and repetitive abduction-adduction movements of the upper limbs are described in a 13 year old male of normal intelligence. Cin\u00e9film and EEG records illustrate some of the points made in the text.", "contents": "Ictal laughter: a case report with clinical, cinefilm, and EEG observations. Seizures with laughter, verbalization, and repetitive abduction-adduction movements of the upper limbs are described in a 13 year old male of normal intelligence. Cin\u00e9film and EEG records illustrate some of the points made in the text.", "PMID": 1117296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5482", "title": "A regional technique for the study of sensitivity to curare in human muscle.", "content": "A regional technique for the study of curare sensitivity of human muslce in vivo is described. 0-5 mg d-tubocurarine is given intravenously at the wrist while the circulation to the hand and forearm is occluded. Neuromuscular transsmission is then studied by delivering trains of stimuli to the ulnar nerve and recording changes in evoked muscle action potential (map) amplitude from the abductor digiti minimi. In most normal subjects, this dose causes a recognizable block in neuromuscular transmission. The amplitude of a single evoked MAP is depressed and declines further during trains of 3/s repetitive stimulation. Recovery usually takes place gradually during the 20-30 minutes after the release of the tourniquet. The technique will be of value in the study of latent disturbance of neuromuscular transmission in neurological and metabolic disorders.", "contents": "A regional technique for the study of sensitivity to curare in human muscle. A regional technique for the study of curare sensitivity of human muslce in vivo is described. 0-5 mg d-tubocurarine is given intravenously at the wrist while the circulation to the hand and forearm is occluded. Neuromuscular transsmission is then studied by delivering trains of stimuli to the ulnar nerve and recording changes in evoked muscle action potential (map) amplitude from the abductor digiti minimi. In most normal subjects, this dose causes a recognizable block in neuromuscular transmission. The amplitude of a single evoked MAP is depressed and declines further during trains of 3/s repetitive stimulation. Recovery usually takes place gradually during the 20-30 minutes after the release of the tourniquet. The technique will be of value in the study of latent disturbance of neuromuscular transmission in neurological and metabolic disorders.", "PMID": 1117297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5483", "title": "A study of sensitivity to curare in myasthenic disorders using a regionaltechnique.", "content": "A study of curare sensitivity has been made in ocular myasthenia, myasthenia gravis, and the myasthenic syndrome sometimes associated with carcinoma, using a regional technique. Sensitivity is greater than in normal subjects. The injection of 0-125 mg d-tubocurarine resulted in a neuromuscular transmission block in all but a few of those cases with ocular myasthenia and in all cases of generalized myasthenia. Furthermore, the block persisted for longer than in normal subjects after the release of the tourniquet. This sensitivity to curare was not directly related to myasthenic weakness. The reasons for this are discussed and an explanation for such curare sensitivity is suggested.", "contents": "A study of sensitivity to curare in myasthenic disorders using a regionaltechnique. A study of curare sensitivity has been made in ocular myasthenia, myasthenia gravis, and the myasthenic syndrome sometimes associated with carcinoma, using a regional technique. Sensitivity is greater than in normal subjects. The injection of 0-125 mg d-tubocurarine resulted in a neuromuscular transmission block in all but a few of those cases with ocular myasthenia and in all cases of generalized myasthenia. Furthermore, the block persisted for longer than in normal subjects after the release of the tourniquet. This sensitivity to curare was not directly related to myasthenic weakness. The reasons for this are discussed and an explanation for such curare sensitivity is suggested.", "PMID": 1117298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5484", "title": "Non-invasive screening for surgical intracranial lesions.", "content": "The value and reliability of the combined results of skull radiographs, electroencephalography, echoencephalography, isotope angiography, and brain scanning in 147 patients suspected of having an intracranial space occupying lesions are analysed. The overall accuracy of the technique was 79%. No false negatives were found. The advantages of adopting the system proposed by the authors in everyday clinical work is discussed.", "contents": "Non-invasive screening for surgical intracranial lesions. The value and reliability of the combined results of skull radiographs, electroencephalography, echoencephalography, isotope angiography, and brain scanning in 147 patients suspected of having an intracranial space occupying lesions are analysed. The overall accuracy of the technique was 79%. No false negatives were found. The advantages of adopting the system proposed by the authors in everyday clinical work is discussed.", "PMID": 1117299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5485", "title": "Supratentorial extracerebral cysts in infants and children.", "content": "Twelve cases of supratentorial extracerebral cysts in infants and children are reported. Eight were located in the Sylvian fissure, two in the interhemispheric fissue, and two over the convexity of the cerebral hemispheres. Irrespective of their precise location these cysts, in their common, uncomplicated form, give rise to a clinical syndrome different from that recorded in older patients, with a symmetrical macrocrania of a severe degree unassociated with any neurological signs or abnormalities in psychomotor development. Extensive unilateral transillumination of the skull is common (six cases). These features, in association with specific angiographic and pneumoencephalographic findings, make a preoperative diagnosis possible. Extracerebral cysts (either arachnoidal or histologically more complex) should be distinguished from intracerebral cavities which may closely mimic them, even at surgery. The natural history of infatile cysts is studied and serial head-measurements (pre-and postoperative) are presented in five cases. Insufficient knowledge of the spontaneous course and incidence of complications prevents definite statements on the necessity and type of therapy.", "contents": "Supratentorial extracerebral cysts in infants and children. Twelve cases of supratentorial extracerebral cysts in infants and children are reported. Eight were located in the Sylvian fissure, two in the interhemispheric fissue, and two over the convexity of the cerebral hemispheres. Irrespective of their precise location these cysts, in their common, uncomplicated form, give rise to a clinical syndrome different from that recorded in older patients, with a symmetrical macrocrania of a severe degree unassociated with any neurological signs or abnormalities in psychomotor development. Extensive unilateral transillumination of the skull is common (six cases). These features, in association with specific angiographic and pneumoencephalographic findings, make a preoperative diagnosis possible. Extracerebral cysts (either arachnoidal or histologically more complex) should be distinguished from intracerebral cavities which may closely mimic them, even at surgery. The natural history of infatile cysts is studied and serial head-measurements (pre-and postoperative) are presented in five cases. Insufficient knowledge of the spontaneous course and incidence of complications prevents definite statements on the necessity and type of therapy.", "PMID": 1117300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5486", "title": "Auditory affective agnosia. Disturbed comprehension of affective speech.", "content": "Hughlings Jackson noted that, although some aphasic patients were unable to use propositional speech, affective speech appeared to be spared. The purpose of this experiment was to study patients with unilateral hemispheric disease in order to ascertain if there are hemispheric asymmetries in the comprehension of affective speech. Six subjects had right temporoparietal lesions (left unilateral neglect) and six subjects had left temporoparietal lesions (fluent aphasias). These subjects were presented with 32 tape recorded sentences. In 16 trials the patients were asked to judge the emotional mood of the speaker (happy, sad, angry, indifferent) and in 16 trials the patients were asked to judge the content. Line drawings containing facial expressions of the four emotions or line drawings corresponding with the four basic contents were displayed with each sentence and the patient responded by pointing. All 12 subjects made perfect scores on the content portion of the test. On the emotional portion the right hemispheric patients scored a mean of 4-17 and the left hemispheric group scored a mean 10-17. The difference between these means is significantly (P less than 0-01) and suggests that patients with right hemispheric dysfunction and neglect have a defect in the comprehension of affective speech.", "contents": "Auditory affective agnosia. Disturbed comprehension of affective speech. Hughlings Jackson noted that, although some aphasic patients were unable to use propositional speech, affective speech appeared to be spared. The purpose of this experiment was to study patients with unilateral hemispheric disease in order to ascertain if there are hemispheric asymmetries in the comprehension of affective speech. Six subjects had right temporoparietal lesions (left unilateral neglect) and six subjects had left temporoparietal lesions (fluent aphasias). These subjects were presented with 32 tape recorded sentences. In 16 trials the patients were asked to judge the emotional mood of the speaker (happy, sad, angry, indifferent) and in 16 trials the patients were asked to judge the content. Line drawings containing facial expressions of the four emotions or line drawings corresponding with the four basic contents were displayed with each sentence and the patient responded by pointing. All 12 subjects made perfect scores on the content portion of the test. On the emotional portion the right hemispheric patients scored a mean of 4-17 and the left hemispheric group scored a mean 10-17. The difference between these means is significantly (P less than 0-01) and suggests that patients with right hemispheric dysfunction and neglect have a defect in the comprehension of affective speech.", "PMID": 1117301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5487", "title": "Arterial blood pressure in patients with Parkinson's disease.", "content": "The casual arterial blood pressure of 411 patients with Parkinson's disease was compared with that of a representative sample of the general population. The patients were also divided into various sub-groups, and comparisons of blood pressure were made between them. The results provided no support for the widely held belief that blood pressure tends to be low in patients with Parkinson's disease.", "contents": "Arterial blood pressure in patients with Parkinson's disease. The casual arterial blood pressure of 411 patients with Parkinson's disease was compared with that of a representative sample of the general population. The patients were also divided into various sub-groups, and comparisons of blood pressure were made between them. The results provided no support for the widely held belief that blood pressure tends to be low in patients with Parkinson's disease.", "PMID": 1117302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5488", "title": "Regional cerebral blood flow changes after bilateral external carotid artery ligation in acute experimental infarction.", "content": "Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was measured in baboons by intracarotid injection of 133Xe and a gamma camera after acute cerebral infarction was induced by occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCA). A steady state of rCBF was measured four hour after MCA occlusion and was followed by bilateral ligation of the external cartoid arteries (ECA). Subsequent rCBF measurements were obtained at 30, 60, and 120 minutes. After bilateral ECA ligation, flow in ischaemic and non-ischaemic areas was greatly enhanced and flow in the hyperaemic areas significantly reduced, presumably since they had provided collateral circulation to the ischaemic zone with a favourable redistribution.", "contents": "Regional cerebral blood flow changes after bilateral external carotid artery ligation in acute experimental infarction. Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was measured in baboons by intracarotid injection of 133Xe and a gamma camera after acute cerebral infarction was induced by occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCA). A steady state of rCBF was measured four hour after MCA occlusion and was followed by bilateral ligation of the external cartoid arteries (ECA). Subsequent rCBF measurements were obtained at 30, 60, and 120 minutes. After bilateral ECA ligation, flow in ischaemic and non-ischaemic areas was greatly enhanced and flow in the hyperaemic areas significantly reduced, presumably since they had provided collateral circulation to the ischaemic zone with a favourable redistribution.", "PMID": 1117303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5489", "title": "Spontaneous spinal epidural haemorrhage: good results after early treatment.", "content": "Extravasation of blood in the spinal epidural space is an uncommon but often disastrous problem. Severe trauma, anticoagulants, bleeding diatheses, and intraspinal vascular malformations have been associated with such haemorrhage, but occasionally it occurs without apparent cause. It may then be confused with transverse myelopathy or vascular occlusion. Early diagnosis by myelography and treatment by surgery can result in good recovery, as illustrated by two cases.", "contents": "Spontaneous spinal epidural haemorrhage: good results after early treatment. Extravasation of blood in the spinal epidural space is an uncommon but often disastrous problem. Severe trauma, anticoagulants, bleeding diatheses, and intraspinal vascular malformations have been associated with such haemorrhage, but occasionally it occurs without apparent cause. It may then be confused with transverse myelopathy or vascular occlusion. Early diagnosis by myelography and treatment by surgery can result in good recovery, as illustrated by two cases.", "PMID": 1117304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5490", "title": "Sub-clinical entrapment neuropathy in man.", "content": "Twelve median and 12 ulnar nerves were obtained at routine autopsies from patients without known disease of the peripheral nervous system.  Enlargement of cross-sectional area due to an increase in connective tissue elements was commonly present in the ulnar nerve at the elbow and in the median nerve under the flexor retinaculum. Renaut bodies were also prominent at these two sites.  The connective tissue changes did not appear to be related to the presence or absence of nerve fibre damage. When nerve fibres were teased apart and examined individually, localised changes were found at the elbow in 5 ulnar nerves and under the flexor retinaculum in 5 median nerves.  The changes were mild and transverse sections at the same levels showed few abnormalities. However, the changes were similar in character to those described previously in experimental animals with entrapment syndromes. They are therefore considered to be valid evidence of sub-clinical entrapment in apparently unaffected human subjects.", "contents": "Sub-clinical entrapment neuropathy in man. Twelve median and 12 ulnar nerves were obtained at routine autopsies from patients without known disease of the peripheral nervous system.  Enlargement of cross-sectional area due to an increase in connective tissue elements was commonly present in the ulnar nerve at the elbow and in the median nerve under the flexor retinaculum. Renaut bodies were also prominent at these two sites.  The connective tissue changes did not appear to be related to the presence or absence of nerve fibre damage. When nerve fibres were teased apart and examined individually, localised changes were found at the elbow in 5 ulnar nerves and under the flexor retinaculum in 5 median nerves.  The changes were mild and transverse sections at the same levels showed few abnormalities. However, the changes were similar in character to those described previously in experimental animals with entrapment syndromes. They are therefore considered to be valid evidence of sub-clinical entrapment in apparently unaffected human subjects.", "PMID": 1117305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5491", "title": "A pressure vessel model for nerve compression.", "content": "This paper suggests that compression block in nerve can be better interpreted in terms of a pressure vessel model for nerve fiber distension that the more common models based upon tubes with more or less rigid walls. In this model resistance to compression is due to the elasticity of the cell membrane at locations where displaced intracellular fluid tends to distend it.  Because the stresses in pressure vessels increase with the size of the vessel, the theory predicts that the percentage deformation should be larger in larger diameter fibers.", "contents": "A pressure vessel model for nerve compression. This paper suggests that compression block in nerve can be better interpreted in terms of a pressure vessel model for nerve fiber distension that the more common models based upon tubes with more or less rigid walls. In this model resistance to compression is due to the elasticity of the cell membrane at locations where displaced intracellular fluid tends to distend it.  Because the stresses in pressure vessels increase with the size of the vessel, the theory predicts that the percentage deformation should be larger in larger diameter fibers.", "PMID": 1117306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5492", "title": "Vesicular disruption of myelin in autoimmune demyelination.", "content": "A pattern of autoimmune demyelination in EAE and EAN has been described which was encountered consistently and was sometimes more common than the better known phenomenon of active stripping of myelin by macrophages. This pattern involved the rapid dissolution of myelin into a vesicular network which was later degraded by macrophages. It occurred early in the disease, was not accentuated perivascularly, and was usually associated with the presence of macrophases. The underlying mechanisms are not known but several alternatives have been discussed, viz., activity of locally released antibody, cytotoxic factors, or hydrolytic enzymes.", "contents": "Vesicular disruption of myelin in autoimmune demyelination. A pattern of autoimmune demyelination in EAE and EAN has been described which was encountered consistently and was sometimes more common than the better known phenomenon of active stripping of myelin by macrophages. This pattern involved the rapid dissolution of myelin into a vesicular network which was later degraded by macrophages. It occurred early in the disease, was not accentuated perivascularly, and was usually associated with the presence of macrophases. The underlying mechanisms are not known but several alternatives have been discussed, viz., activity of locally released antibody, cytotoxic factors, or hydrolytic enzymes.", "PMID": 1117307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5493", "title": "Hyperthyroid myopathy. Intracellular electrophysiological measurements in biopsied human intercostal muscle.", "content": "Morphological and electrophysiological studies were performed on intercostal muscle biopsies from 2 thyrotoxic patients. The diseased fibers had numerous areas of subsarcolemmal glyogen accumulations and abnormal membranous projections. Both Type I and Type II muscle fibers were atrophied.  Diseased fibers were substantially depolarized and when artifically hyperpolarized showed earlier inactivation of the sodium conductance as a function of membrane potential, and a critical depolarization potential more depolarized than in normal fibers. When stimulated at 20 pulses/sec, or faster, the diseased fibers could not generate normal action potentials due to membrane depolarization and the appearance of a marked after-hyperpolarization. Muscle weakness associated with hyperthyroidism is attributed to the reduced membrane excitability.", "contents": "Hyperthyroid myopathy. Intracellular electrophysiological measurements in biopsied human intercostal muscle. Morphological and electrophysiological studies were performed on intercostal muscle biopsies from 2 thyrotoxic patients. The diseased fibers had numerous areas of subsarcolemmal glyogen accumulations and abnormal membranous projections. Both Type I and Type II muscle fibers were atrophied.  Diseased fibers were substantially depolarized and when artifically hyperpolarized showed earlier inactivation of the sodium conductance as a function of membrane potential, and a critical depolarization potential more depolarized than in normal fibers. When stimulated at 20 pulses/sec, or faster, the diseased fibers could not generate normal action potentials due to membrane depolarization and the appearance of a marked after-hyperpolarization. Muscle weakness associated with hyperthyroidism is attributed to the reduced membrane excitability.", "PMID": 1117309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5494", "title": "Recurrent experimental allergic neuritis. An electron microscope study.", "content": "Experimental allergic neuritis has been induced in 52 guinea pigs by the inoculation of rabbit peripheral nerve in Freund's adjuvant. The majority  of the animals developed an acute monophasic illness after a mean interval of 16 days and, if they survived, recovered fully after an average period of 52 days. Two animals displayed a more chronic course and 1 animal relapsed spontaneously after clinical recovery had occurred. Twenty-three animals that recovered were re-inoculated when recovery was complete and in 4 a relapse was induced. In the remainder, no clinical response was observed, even after repeated reinoculations. The ultrastructural appearances in the animals with a monophasic illness were similar to those previously reported. The appearances differed markedly in those animals that were induced to relapse and were similar to those in the animal that relapsed spontaneously. The findings indicated persistent demyelination and remyelination with striking hypertrophic changes (onion bulb neuropathy). The possible reasons for the differences between the two groups are discussed.", "contents": "Recurrent experimental allergic neuritis. An electron microscope study. Experimental allergic neuritis has been induced in 52 guinea pigs by the inoculation of rabbit peripheral nerve in Freund's adjuvant. The majority  of the animals developed an acute monophasic illness after a mean interval of 16 days and, if they survived, recovered fully after an average period of 52 days. Two animals displayed a more chronic course and 1 animal relapsed spontaneously after clinical recovery had occurred. Twenty-three animals that recovered were re-inoculated when recovery was complete and in 4 a relapse was induced. In the remainder, no clinical response was observed, even after repeated reinoculations. The ultrastructural appearances in the animals with a monophasic illness were similar to those previously reported. The appearances differed markedly in those animals that were induced to relapse and were similar to those in the animal that relapsed spontaneously. The findings indicated persistent demyelination and remyelination with striking hypertrophic changes (onion bulb neuropathy). The possible reasons for the differences between the two groups are discussed.", "PMID": 1117310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5495", "title": "Adenyl cyclase activity in Duchenne dystrophic muscle.", "content": "Adenyl cyclase activity in normal and Duchenne dystrophic muscle was assayed using a radiochemical method. In dystrophic muscle, the enzyme activity is reduced. The reduced enzyme activity and its adverse effects on energy metabolism in dystrophic patients are discussed.", "contents": "Adenyl cyclase activity in Duchenne dystrophic muscle. Adenyl cyclase activity in normal and Duchenne dystrophic muscle was assayed using a radiochemical method. In dystrophic muscle, the enzyme activity is reduced. The reduced enzyme activity and its adverse effects on energy metabolism in dystrophic patients are discussed.", "PMID": 1117311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5496", "title": "Single fibre electromyography in various processes affecting the anterior horn cell.", "content": "SFEMG recordings were carried out in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, progressive muscular atrophy, familial spinal muscular atrophy and syringomyelia. The fibre density was increased in all conditions, especially in progressive muscular atrophy indicating marked collateral sprouting. The duration of the action potential was increased indicating a mixture of hypertrophic and atrophic fibres and slowly conducting newly formed nerve sprouts. The action potentials were unstable with varying degree of impulse blocking especially in the more progressive cases (ALS), representing recent re-innervation. The SFEMG method is used to characterize the functional status of the motor unit and helps in diagnosis and in predicting prognosis. In addition, SFEMG recordings reveal abnormalities in clinically and electromyographically normal muscles.", "contents": "Single fibre electromyography in various processes affecting the anterior horn cell. SFEMG recordings were carried out in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, progressive muscular atrophy, familial spinal muscular atrophy and syringomyelia. The fibre density was increased in all conditions, especially in progressive muscular atrophy indicating marked collateral sprouting. The duration of the action potential was increased indicating a mixture of hypertrophic and atrophic fibres and slowly conducting newly formed nerve sprouts. The action potentials were unstable with varying degree of impulse blocking especially in the more progressive cases (ALS), representing recent re-innervation. The SFEMG method is used to characterize the functional status of the motor unit and helps in diagnosis and in predicting prognosis. In addition, SFEMG recordings reveal abnormalities in clinically and electromyographically normal muscles.", "PMID": 1117312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5497", "title": "Neurotoxicity of hexachlorophene: new pathological and biochemical observations.", "content": "Twenty female rats with nursing litters were fed a diet containing 500 p.p.m. of hexachlorophene (HCP). The blood concentrations of hexachlorophene in mother rats were 4.7-6.0 mug/ml and in infant rats 2.0-2.5 mug/ml. Fifty percent of mother rats and 75% of infant rats died. Most of the surviving animals were asymptomatic apart from imparied visual function. Ten adult and 20 infant rats were killed by perfusion. Light- and electron-microscopic studies showed vacuolation of myelin in the central and peripheral nervous system and axonal degeneration which was especially severe in the optic nerves. After withdrawal of HCP hydrocephalus ex vacuo was present in the chronically intoxicated infant rats and the optic nerves showed marked atrophy and gliosis. Studies with liver mitochondria prepared from lactating hexachlorophene-fed rats showed a 50-75% inhibition of respiration with succinate as substrate.", "contents": "Neurotoxicity of hexachlorophene: new pathological and biochemical observations. Twenty female rats with nursing litters were fed a diet containing 500 p.p.m. of hexachlorophene (HCP). The blood concentrations of hexachlorophene in mother rats were 4.7-6.0 mug/ml and in infant rats 2.0-2.5 mug/ml. Fifty percent of mother rats and 75% of infant rats died. Most of the surviving animals were asymptomatic apart from imparied visual function. Ten adult and 20 infant rats were killed by perfusion. Light- and electron-microscopic studies showed vacuolation of myelin in the central and peripheral nervous system and axonal degeneration which was especially severe in the optic nerves. After withdrawal of HCP hydrocephalus ex vacuo was present in the chronically intoxicated infant rats and the optic nerves showed marked atrophy and gliosis. Studies with liver mitochondria prepared from lactating hexachlorophene-fed rats showed a 50-75% inhibition of respiration with succinate as substrate.", "PMID": 1117313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5498", "title": "Some observations on the skeletal musculature of aged rats. Part 2. Fine morphology of diseased muscle fibres.", "content": "The ultrastructural changes seen in muscle fibres of aged rats have been studied and described in relation to the degree of fibre atrophy and to the involvement of the different fibre types. The ultrastructural abnormalities were classified into four different categories: (1) diffuse dilatation of sarcoplasmic reticulum, (2) streaming of Z-bands, (3) so-called myofibrillar degeneration, and (4) myofibrillar \"homogenization\". These are all, except (1), abnormalities which affect principally the contractile elements of the muscle fibre. The ultrastructural changes represent a chronic process. The abnormality most often encountered and hence the most important is myofibrillar degeneration. Of these four types of change, myofibrillar degeneration and myofibrillar \"homogenization\" may be degenerative in nature and lead eventually to the total dissolution of the muscle fibres involved. Smudging of Z-bands and diffuse dilatation of the sarcoplasmic reticulum, although occasionally diffuse and massive, were often found in otherwise normal muscle fibres and were rarely observed in severely atrophic ones. We therefore conclude that these latter two types of change are probably reactive in nature and are not ultimately lethal to the muscle fibres involved. Longitudinal sections of affected muscle fibres clearly showed that the morbid process involves a muscle fibre unevenly and not simultaneously over its entire length. Various stages of myofibrillar degeneration, for example, could be observed at the same time in different portions of one and the same muscle fibre. Streaming of Z-bands was observed exclusively in what appeared to be red fibres, while myofibrillar degeneration was observed predominantly in white or intermediate fibres. However some of these muscle fibres with myofibrillar degeneration could have been red fibres which had lost their mitochondrial population. Myofibrillar \"homogenization\" occurred in both red and white fibres. Other miscellaneous changes within muscle fibres are briefly described and discussed. Although the findings observed are in general non-specific in nature, the importance of neurogenic mechanisms is inferred. The occurrence of age-related ultrastructural alterations may have important implications in the study of muscle in general.", "contents": "Some observations on the skeletal musculature of aged rats. Part 2. Fine morphology of diseased muscle fibres. The ultrastructural changes seen in muscle fibres of aged rats have been studied and described in relation to the degree of fibre atrophy and to the involvement of the different fibre types. The ultrastructural abnormalities were classified into four different categories: (1) diffuse dilatation of sarcoplasmic reticulum, (2) streaming of Z-bands, (3) so-called myofibrillar degeneration, and (4) myofibrillar \"homogenization\". These are all, except (1), abnormalities which affect principally the contractile elements of the muscle fibre. The ultrastructural changes represent a chronic process. The abnormality most often encountered and hence the most important is myofibrillar degeneration. Of these four types of change, myofibrillar degeneration and myofibrillar \"homogenization\" may be degenerative in nature and lead eventually to the total dissolution of the muscle fibres involved. Smudging of Z-bands and diffuse dilatation of the sarcoplasmic reticulum, although occasionally diffuse and massive, were often found in otherwise normal muscle fibres and were rarely observed in severely atrophic ones. We therefore conclude that these latter two types of change are probably reactive in nature and are not ultimately lethal to the muscle fibres involved. Longitudinal sections of affected muscle fibres clearly showed that the morbid process involves a muscle fibre unevenly and not simultaneously over its entire length. Various stages of myofibrillar degeneration, for example, could be observed at the same time in different portions of one and the same muscle fibre. Streaming of Z-bands was observed exclusively in what appeared to be red fibres, while myofibrillar degeneration was observed predominantly in white or intermediate fibres. However some of these muscle fibres with myofibrillar degeneration could have been red fibres which had lost their mitochondrial population. Myofibrillar \"homogenization\" occurred in both red and white fibres. Other miscellaneous changes within muscle fibres are briefly described and discussed. Although the findings observed are in general non-specific in nature, the importance of neurogenic mechanisms is inferred. The occurrence of age-related ultrastructural alterations may have important implications in the study of muscle in general.", "PMID": 1117314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5499", "title": "Changes in creatine kinase and its isoenzymes in human fetal muscle during development.", "content": "The total creatine kinase activity and its isoenzyme patterns were investigated in the skeletal muscle of 87 fetuses, of which 80 were presumed normal, 5 were anencephalic and 2 were \"at risk\" for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). No differences, either in total enzyme activity or in the isoenzyme distributions, were found between the anencephalic fetuses or those at risk for DMD, when compared to normal fetuses of similar gestation. Creatine kinase activity was found to rise steadily throughout embryonic life. During fetal development, the isoenzyme pattern in skeletal muscle was observed to change from the initial prevalence of the brain (BB) type, to the predominance of the muscle (MM) form. The most pronounced change occurred between the 6th and the 16th week of gestation, a period characterized by the rapid fusion of myoblasts to form myotubes and the concomitant production of myofibrils. It is proposed that there is a close association between the creatine kinase isoenzymes spectrum and the stage of muscle development.", "contents": "Changes in creatine kinase and its isoenzymes in human fetal muscle during development. The total creatine kinase activity and its isoenzyme patterns were investigated in the skeletal muscle of 87 fetuses, of which 80 were presumed normal, 5 were anencephalic and 2 were \"at risk\" for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). No differences, either in total enzyme activity or in the isoenzyme distributions, were found between the anencephalic fetuses or those at risk for DMD, when compared to normal fetuses of similar gestation. Creatine kinase activity was found to rise steadily throughout embryonic life. During fetal development, the isoenzyme pattern in skeletal muscle was observed to change from the initial prevalence of the brain (BB) type, to the predominance of the muscle (MM) form. The most pronounced change occurred between the 6th and the 16th week of gestation, a period characterized by the rapid fusion of myoblasts to form myotubes and the concomitant production of myofibrils. It is proposed that there is a close association between the creatine kinase isoenzymes spectrum and the stage of muscle development.", "PMID": 1117316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5500", "title": "X-linked spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy of late onset. A separate type of motor neuron disease?", "content": "The clinical, electrophysiological and muscle biopsy findings of 7 cases with a peculiar form of X-linked hereditary degenerative motor neuron disease are presented. It is suggested that the disease might be a separate clinical entity with the following characteristics: (1) sex-linked recessive inheritance, (2) unusual but not invariable late onset, (3) slow progression, (4) facial-bulbar and proximal spinal muscle involvement, (5) consistent fasciculations, sometimes massive and more pronounced about the lips, chin and tongue, (6) fine tremor of the hands, (7) muscle cramps usually preceding the other symptoms, and (8) gynaecomastia as a frequent but not a constant feature.", "contents": "X-linked spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy of late onset. A separate type of motor neuron disease? The clinical, electrophysiological and muscle biopsy findings of 7 cases with a peculiar form of X-linked hereditary degenerative motor neuron disease are presented. It is suggested that the disease might be a separate clinical entity with the following characteristics: (1) sex-linked recessive inheritance, (2) unusual but not invariable late onset, (3) slow progression, (4) facial-bulbar and proximal spinal muscle involvement, (5) consistent fasciculations, sometimes massive and more pronounced about the lips, chin and tongue, (6) fine tremor of the hands, (7) muscle cramps usually preceding the other symptoms, and (8) gynaecomastia as a frequent but not a constant feature.", "PMID": 1117317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5501", "title": "Transmission of multiple sclerosis by blood transfusion?", "content": "A survey of 14,000 multiple sclerosis patients revealed 289 blood donors; 65 of them had already shown clinical manifestations at the time of blood donation. In view of current immunological and virological hypotheses on multiple sclerosis, such patients should not be accepted as blood donors. An effort is being made to determine whether multiple sclerosis has been transmitted to the recipients of this blood.", "contents": "Transmission of multiple sclerosis by blood transfusion? A survey of 14,000 multiple sclerosis patients revealed 289 blood donors; 65 of them had already shown clinical manifestations at the time of blood donation. In view of current immunological and virological hypotheses on multiple sclerosis, such patients should not be accepted as blood donors. An effort is being made to determine whether multiple sclerosis has been transmitted to the recipients of this blood.", "PMID": 1117318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5502", "title": "The fine structure of the cervical spinal cord, ventral root and brachial nerves in the wobbler (wr) mouse.", "content": "Much indirect evidence supports the prevailing concept that the wobbler mouse represents an inherited form of lower motor neuron degeneration, with resultant neurogenic muscular atrophy, due to an autosomal recessive gene (wr). This report, which emphasizes the fine structural changes in the wobbler mouse cervical spinal cord, ventral root and brachial nerves, both extends and modifies previously published data concerning the ultrastructural changes in this disorder. In addition to the more obvious neuronal cytoplasmic vacuolization known to occur, studies extended to a broader age range of wobbler mice have revealed neuronal alterations such as nonvacuolar dissolution of granular endoplasmic reticulum, proliferation of cytoplasmic microtubules and neurofilaments, proliferation of branched tubules resembling smooth endoplasmic reticulum, development of lipid droplets, and increased numbers of pleomorphic dense and lamellar cytoplasmic bodies. The spectrum of pathological changes in this murine form of motor neuron disease thus appears more complex and varied than has hitherto been appreciated, and may be relevant to the formulation of pathogenetic hypotheses.", "contents": "The fine structure of the cervical spinal cord, ventral root and brachial nerves in the wobbler (wr) mouse. Much indirect evidence supports the prevailing concept that the wobbler mouse represents an inherited form of lower motor neuron degeneration, with resultant neurogenic muscular atrophy, due to an autosomal recessive gene (wr). This report, which emphasizes the fine structural changes in the wobbler mouse cervical spinal cord, ventral root and brachial nerves, both extends and modifies previously published data concerning the ultrastructural changes in this disorder. In addition to the more obvious neuronal cytoplasmic vacuolization known to occur, studies extended to a broader age range of wobbler mice have revealed neuronal alterations such as nonvacuolar dissolution of granular endoplasmic reticulum, proliferation of cytoplasmic microtubules and neurofilaments, proliferation of branched tubules resembling smooth endoplasmic reticulum, development of lipid droplets, and increased numbers of pleomorphic dense and lamellar cytoplasmic bodies. The spectrum of pathological changes in this murine form of motor neuron disease thus appears more complex and varied than has hitherto been appreciated, and may be relevant to the formulation of pathogenetic hypotheses.", "PMID": 1117319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5503", "title": "Retinal tumor induction by ocular inoculation of human adneovirus in 3-day-old rats.", "content": "A direct causal relationship between a human DNA virus, adeno serotype 12, and malignant transformation in target cells (sensory retinal neuronal precursors) was suggested by the development of a remarkably uniform retinoblastoma-like neoplasm in rats. In order to focus upon incipient photoreceptor differentiation, 27 3-day-old CD rats were selected for intraocular virus inoculation. A single injection of 0.03 ml of the virus fluid, 104.5 TCID50 HeLa cells/0.1 ml was given in the left eye. Within 73 to 167 days after the virus inoculation, 12 rats (44.4%) developed retinal tumors in the left eye. Although retinal tumors mimicking human retinoblastoma with true rosettes were anticipated, the highly uniform histopathologic appearance of all 12 eyes was virtually indistinguishable from that of 0-day-old rats. However, multiple foci of malignant cells fusing with the inner segment of relatively well-differentiated retinal layers were found haphazardly throughout the cases; such retinal remnants were not detectable in tumors of 0-day-old rats. Electron microscopy revealed poorly differentiated tumor cells that possessed a single cilium consisting of a typical ring of nine doublets with no axial pair (a 9 plus 0 pattern). Advenovirus-specific T-antigens detected in vivo by the immunofluorescein microscopic procedure in abortively infected or transformed cells clearly indicated that some neuronal precursors destined for part of the ganglioneuronic layer are selectively susceptible to viral oncogenesis. No preferential involvement of the photoreceptor cells was observed. No control animals developed retinal neoplasms.", "contents": "Retinal tumor induction by ocular inoculation of human adneovirus in 3-day-old rats. A direct causal relationship between a human DNA virus, adeno serotype 12, and malignant transformation in target cells (sensory retinal neuronal precursors) was suggested by the development of a remarkably uniform retinoblastoma-like neoplasm in rats. In order to focus upon incipient photoreceptor differentiation, 27 3-day-old CD rats were selected for intraocular virus inoculation. A single injection of 0.03 ml of the virus fluid, 104.5 TCID50 HeLa cells/0.1 ml was given in the left eye. Within 73 to 167 days after the virus inoculation, 12 rats (44.4%) developed retinal tumors in the left eye. Although retinal tumors mimicking human retinoblastoma with true rosettes were anticipated, the highly uniform histopathologic appearance of all 12 eyes was virtually indistinguishable from that of 0-day-old rats. However, multiple foci of malignant cells fusing with the inner segment of relatively well-differentiated retinal layers were found haphazardly throughout the cases; such retinal remnants were not detectable in tumors of 0-day-old rats. Electron microscopy revealed poorly differentiated tumor cells that possessed a single cilium consisting of a typical ring of nine doublets with no axial pair (a 9 plus 0 pattern). Advenovirus-specific T-antigens detected in vivo by the immunofluorescein microscopic procedure in abortively infected or transformed cells clearly indicated that some neuronal precursors destined for part of the ganglioneuronic layer are selectively susceptible to viral oncogenesis. No preferential involvement of the photoreceptor cells was observed. No control animals developed retinal neoplasms.", "PMID": 1117320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5504", "title": "Dermatomyostis of childhood, ultrastructural alteratious of muscle and intramuscular blood vessels.", "content": "Muscle biopsies from 8 children with dermatomysotis and from 4 normal children and 4 children and adults with other primary diseases of muscle were studied by ultrastructural techniques. The major abnormalities in dermatomyositis of childhood were in the walls of the intramuscular blood vessels, more specifically in the endothelial cells of capillaries, arterioles, and veins. Endothelial cells were observed in various stages of degeneration and regeneration. In a single plane of section, inclusions consisting of tubular aggregates were found within the cytoplasm of 76 to 98% of all intramuscular blood vessels. The angiopathy resulted in multiple thrombus formation and infarction of muscle. Three factors were of particular importance in the genesis of these events: separations at the cell junctions in the regenerating endothelium; the necrosis of endothelium with subsequent retraction, distortion and cell loss; and endothelial hyperplasia. These observations provide strong support for the concept that dermatomyositis of childhood is a unique disease, the fundamental lesion of which is in the walls of the intramuscular blood vessels.", "contents": "Dermatomyostis of childhood, ultrastructural alteratious of muscle and intramuscular blood vessels. Muscle biopsies from 8 children with dermatomysotis and from 4 normal children and 4 children and adults with other primary diseases of muscle were studied by ultrastructural techniques. The major abnormalities in dermatomyositis of childhood were in the walls of the intramuscular blood vessels, more specifically in the endothelial cells of capillaries, arterioles, and veins. Endothelial cells were observed in various stages of degeneration and regeneration. In a single plane of section, inclusions consisting of tubular aggregates were found within the cytoplasm of 76 to 98% of all intramuscular blood vessels. The angiopathy resulted in multiple thrombus formation and infarction of muscle. Three factors were of particular importance in the genesis of these events: separations at the cell junctions in the regenerating endothelium; the necrosis of endothelium with subsequent retraction, distortion and cell loss; and endothelial hyperplasia. These observations provide strong support for the concept that dermatomyositis of childhood is a unique disease, the fundamental lesion of which is in the walls of the intramuscular blood vessels.", "PMID": 1117321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5505", "title": "Effects of mannitol and steroid therapy on intracranial volume-pressure relationships in patients.", "content": "The intracranial volume-pressure response was measured in 61 patients undergoing continous monitoring of intraventicular pressure. This test, which determlnes the increase in intracranial pressure induced by an addition of 1 ml in ventricular CSF volume in 1 sencond, yields information concerning spatial compensation in patients with intracranial space-occupying processes. On the basis of variability tests, a change in volume-pressure response of 2 mm Hg/ml was accepted as significant. Pronounced enlargement of the ventricles interferes with the test. In patients with intracranial hypertension, intravenous mannitol (0.5gm/kg) and intramuscular betamethasone (26 mg) both reduce the volume-pressure response significantly more than they reduce intracranial pressure. This suggests that these agents favorably alter the configuration of the volume-pressure curve.", "contents": "Effects of mannitol and steroid therapy on intracranial volume-pressure relationships in patients. The intracranial volume-pressure response was measured in 61 patients undergoing continous monitoring of intraventicular pressure. This test, which determlnes the increase in intracranial pressure induced by an addition of 1 ml in ventricular CSF volume in 1 sencond, yields information concerning spatial compensation in patients with intracranial space-occupying processes. On the basis of variability tests, a change in volume-pressure response of 2 mm Hg/ml was accepted as significant. Pronounced enlargement of the ventricles interferes with the test. In patients with intracranial hypertension, intravenous mannitol (0.5gm/kg) and intramuscular betamethasone (26 mg) both reduce the volume-pressure response significantly more than they reduce intracranial pressure. This suggests that these agents favorably alter the configuration of the volume-pressure curve.", "PMID": 1117324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5506", "title": "Increase in cerebral perfusion pressure by arterial hypertension in brain swelling. A mathematical model of the volume-pressure relationship.", "content": "Brain swelling was produced in monkeys and cats by the inflation af an epidural balloon against the parietal lobe. Resulting changes in intracranial pressure (ICP) were correlated to variation in systemic arterial pressure (SAP). Intracranial perfusion pressure (ICPP) defined as the difference between SAP and ICP, was found to vary with the degree of arterial hyper-and hypotension. The relationship between SAP and ICP can be explained by an existing equilibrium between extramural pressure and vessel wall circumferential tension. A positive perfusion pressure can exist in brain swelling as long as vessel wall tension is preserved and the degree of expanding brain tissue volume is held below certain limits.", "contents": "Increase in cerebral perfusion pressure by arterial hypertension in brain swelling. A mathematical model of the volume-pressure relationship. Brain swelling was produced in monkeys and cats by the inflation af an epidural balloon against the parietal lobe. Resulting changes in intracranial pressure (ICP) were correlated to variation in systemic arterial pressure (SAP). Intracranial perfusion pressure (ICPP) defined as the difference between SAP and ICP, was found to vary with the degree of arterial hyper-and hypotension. The relationship between SAP and ICP can be explained by an existing equilibrium between extramural pressure and vessel wall circumferential tension. A positive perfusion pressure can exist in brain swelling as long as vessel wall tension is preserved and the degree of expanding brain tissue volume is held below certain limits.", "PMID": 1117325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5507", "title": "Distribution of activity in spinal pathways evoked by experimental dorsal column stimulation.", "content": "Experiments were performed in rhesus monkeys to determine the distribution of activity evoked in spinal pathways by dorsal column stimulation. It was shown that many pathways in both the dorsal and ventral quadrants of the cord can be activated either directly or transsynaptically by stimulation with electrodes of the type implanted clinically. Moreover, the transsynaptically evoked responses recorded in each quadrant had somewhat different characteristics. Therefore, since the activation of each group of pathways may have differing effects in modifying the preception of noxious stimuli, the authors believe that changes in electrode position and stimulus parameters may be important in obtaining the therapeutic value of spinal cord stimulation for relief of pain.", "contents": "Distribution of activity in spinal pathways evoked by experimental dorsal column stimulation. Experiments were performed in rhesus monkeys to determine the distribution of activity evoked in spinal pathways by dorsal column stimulation. It was shown that many pathways in both the dorsal and ventral quadrants of the cord can be activated either directly or transsynaptically by stimulation with electrodes of the type implanted clinically. Moreover, the transsynaptically evoked responses recorded in each quadrant had somewhat different characteristics. Therefore, since the activation of each group of pathways may have differing effects in modifying the preception of noxious stimuli, the authors believe that changes in electrode position and stimulus parameters may be important in obtaining the therapeutic value of spinal cord stimulation for relief of pain.", "PMID": 1117326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5508", "title": "Supraspinal interactions resulting from experimental dorsal column stimulation.", "content": "Experiments were performed on rhesus monkeys to examine the hypothesis that stimulation with dorsal column electrodes of the type implanted clinically could alter the responses evoked in supraspinal nuclei through pathways in the ventral quadrant of the spinal cord. Dorsal column stimulation did produce changes in responses evoked in supraspinal nuclei; this effect could not be ascribed to a conduction block in ascending pathways. These results suggest that the mechanism of action of the dorsal column stimulator need not be dependent on interactions in the dorsal horn.", "contents": "Supraspinal interactions resulting from experimental dorsal column stimulation. Experiments were performed on rhesus monkeys to examine the hypothesis that stimulation with dorsal column electrodes of the type implanted clinically could alter the responses evoked in supraspinal nuclei through pathways in the ventral quadrant of the spinal cord. Dorsal column stimulation did produce changes in responses evoked in supraspinal nuclei; this effect could not be ascribed to a conduction block in ascending pathways. These results suggest that the mechanism of action of the dorsal column stimulator need not be dependent on interactions in the dorsal horn.", "PMID": 1117327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5509", "title": "Phantom limb pain. Treatment with dorsal column stimulation.", "content": "Good to excellent relief of phantom pain is reported in 5 of 6 patients by the use of dorsal column stimulation. Follow-up periods are 7 to 25 months. One failure occurred despite excellent pain relief; this patient could not tolerate application of the DCS apparatus to his chest wall. The authors review the physiology involved and some less successful series reported by others.", "contents": "Phantom limb pain. Treatment with dorsal column stimulation. Good to excellent relief of phantom pain is reported in 5 of 6 patients by the use of dorsal column stimulation. Follow-up periods are 7 to 25 months. One failure occurred despite excellent pain relief; this patient could not tolerate application of the DCS apparatus to his chest wall. The authors review the physiology involved and some less successful series reported by others.", "PMID": 1117328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5510", "title": "Relief of pain by transcutaneous stimulation.", "content": "A series of 198 patients with chronic pain of diverse etiology was carefully analyzed for epidemiologic and descriptive factors which might influence the response to transcutaneous stimulation. The overall series included 12 1/2% with long-term success, and 68% with partial or short-term relief. There were no consistent specific diagnoses, or epidemiologic or descriptive factors that made good results from stimulation predictable. Stimulation of the painful area itself was not always necessary for pain relief. Favorable responses to transcutaneous stimulation were usually correlated with the continued existence of significant sensory input from the painful region. The authors conclude that transcutaneous stimulation is a valuable therapeutic modality for some patients with chronic pain.", "contents": "Relief of pain by transcutaneous stimulation. A series of 198 patients with chronic pain of diverse etiology was carefully analyzed for epidemiologic and descriptive factors which might influence the response to transcutaneous stimulation. The overall series included 12 1/2% with long-term success, and 68% with partial or short-term relief. There were no consistent specific diagnoses, or epidemiologic or descriptive factors that made good results from stimulation predictable. Stimulation of the painful area itself was not always necessary for pain relief. Favorable responses to transcutaneous stimulation were usually correlated with the continued existence of significant sensory input from the painful region. The authors conclude that transcutaneous stimulation is a valuable therapeutic modality for some patients with chronic pain.", "PMID": 1117329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5511", "title": "Value of gas myelography in early management of acute cervical spinal cord injuries.", "content": "Gas myelography was carried out in 22 patients with acute cervical spinal cord injuries in whom oily contrast media seemed contraindicated. The authors believe this technique makes a valuable contribution to the basic decision regarding the surgical versus medical treatment of a specific patient with a cervical cord injury. They emphasize the importance of visualizing cord compression due to disc herniation in these cases and conclude that gases are the optimal contrast agents for visualization of the entire circumference of the spinal cord.", "contents": "Value of gas myelography in early management of acute cervical spinal cord injuries. Gas myelography was carried out in 22 patients with acute cervical spinal cord injuries in whom oily contrast media seemed contraindicated. The authors believe this technique makes a valuable contribution to the basic decision regarding the surgical versus medical treatment of a specific patient with a cervical cord injury. They emphasize the importance of visualizing cord compression due to disc herniation in these cases and conclude that gases are the optimal contrast agents for visualization of the entire circumference of the spinal cord.", "PMID": 1117330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5512", "title": "Effect of alpha-retinyl acetate on growth of hamsters fed vitamin A-deficient diets.", "content": "The capacity of the alpha-isomer of retinyl acetate to support growth in hamsters fed a vitamin A-deficient diet was assessed over a 40-fold dose range. Although decreased relative potency of the alpha isomer, as compared with the beta isomer, was found, sustained weight gain and survival for 6 months were achieved with a weekly intraperitoneal dose of 300 mug of the alpha isomer. An intraperitoneal dosage of alpha-retinyl acetate resulted in greater activity than an oral dosage.", "contents": "Effect of alpha-retinyl acetate on growth of hamsters fed vitamin A-deficient diets. The capacity of the alpha-isomer of retinyl acetate to support growth in hamsters fed a vitamin A-deficient diet was assessed over a 40-fold dose range. Although decreased relative potency of the alpha isomer, as compared with the beta isomer, was found, sustained weight gain and survival for 6 months were achieved with a weekly intraperitoneal dose of 300 mug of the alpha isomer. An intraperitoneal dosage of alpha-retinyl acetate resulted in greater activity than an oral dosage.", "PMID": 1117337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5513", "title": "Selenium content of food consumed by Canadians.", "content": "Four composite diets from three cities, each representing the daily per capita consumption of foods in Canada, contained on analysis 191, 220, 113, and 150 mug selenium. Cereals provided the most selenium (62-112 mug) followed by meat, poultry, and fish (25-90 mug) and dairy products (5-25 mug). The average daily intake of selenium in Canada was also calculated from published analytical data and the per capita disappearance of unprepared foods. The total intake was 197 mug/day, and the major sources were wheat flour (98 mug), pork (21 mug), poultry products (24 mug), and fish (17 mug). Because the average diet is rich in selenium, the possibility of a deficiency in the adult is considered to be remote. Milk is relatively low in selenium, and thus the greatest deprivation in humans would occur during infancy.", "contents": "Selenium content of food consumed by Canadians. Four composite diets from three cities, each representing the daily per capita consumption of foods in Canada, contained on analysis 191, 220, 113, and 150 mug selenium. Cereals provided the most selenium (62-112 mug) followed by meat, poultry, and fish (25-90 mug) and dairy products (5-25 mug). The average daily intake of selenium in Canada was also calculated from published analytical data and the per capita disappearance of unprepared foods. The total intake was 197 mug/day, and the major sources were wheat flour (98 mug), pork (21 mug), poultry products (24 mug), and fish (17 mug). Because the average diet is rich in selenium, the possibility of a deficiency in the adult is considered to be remote. Milk is relatively low in selenium, and thus the greatest deprivation in humans would occur during infancy.", "PMID": 1117338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5514", "title": "Fat deficiency in rats during development of the central nervous system and susceptibility to experimental allergic encephalomyelitis.", "content": "On day 14 of gestation, Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to a diet adequate in fat (C), a fat-deficient diet (FD), or a fat-deficient diet supplemented with ethyl linoleate (FD-S). The same diets were continued during lactation. On weaning, the offspring were fed the same diets as their mothers. Rats were killed at 21 and 33 days, and the lipid compositions of brain, brain myelin, and spinal cord myelin were determined. Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) was induced in animals from each group at 54 days of age. Acute EAE occurred after 13 days, and on day 14 (day 68 of age), the rats were killed. Body, brain, and brain myelin developments were slower in the FD and FD-S rats during early life. At 68 days, brain myelin from all groups reached mature composition, although body and brain weights of FD and FD-S rats remained lower than those of controls. With the exception of a slightly lower plasmalogen content at 33 and 68 days, the composition of spinal cord myelin from FD and FD-S rats was similar to that of C rats throughout the period of study. The plasmalogen content at 33 and 68 days, the composition of spinal cord myelin from FD and FD-S rats was similar to that of EAE occurred in animals from the FD group. The incidence of the disease in FD-S rats was similar to that in the controls. A reduction in total brain protein occurred in FD-EAE rats and in C-EAE and FD-EAE cerebrosides. Myelin from brain and spinal cord of EAE rats did not differ appreciably in protein content or lipid composition from myelin of controls. It was concluded that fat deficiency during development leads to increased susceptibility to EAE, and that a supplement of a source of linoleic acid has a marked protective effect against EAE.", "contents": "Fat deficiency in rats during development of the central nervous system and susceptibility to experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. On day 14 of gestation, Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to a diet adequate in fat (C), a fat-deficient diet (FD), or a fat-deficient diet supplemented with ethyl linoleate (FD-S). The same diets were continued during lactation. On weaning, the offspring were fed the same diets as their mothers. Rats were killed at 21 and 33 days, and the lipid compositions of brain, brain myelin, and spinal cord myelin were determined. Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) was induced in animals from each group at 54 days of age. Acute EAE occurred after 13 days, and on day 14 (day 68 of age), the rats were killed. Body, brain, and brain myelin developments were slower in the FD and FD-S rats during early life. At 68 days, brain myelin from all groups reached mature composition, although body and brain weights of FD and FD-S rats remained lower than those of controls. With the exception of a slightly lower plasmalogen content at 33 and 68 days, the composition of spinal cord myelin from FD and FD-S rats was similar to that of C rats throughout the period of study. The plasmalogen content at 33 and 68 days, the composition of spinal cord myelin from FD and FD-S rats was similar to that of EAE occurred in animals from the FD group. The incidence of the disease in FD-S rats was similar to that in the controls. A reduction in total brain protein occurred in FD-EAE rats and in C-EAE and FD-EAE cerebrosides. Myelin from brain and spinal cord of EAE rats did not differ appreciably in protein content or lipid composition from myelin of controls. It was concluded that fat deficiency during development leads to increased susceptibility to EAE, and that a supplement of a source of linoleic acid has a marked protective effect against EAE.", "PMID": 1117339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5515", "title": "Determination of carnitine turnover in choline-deficient and cold-exposed rats.", "content": "Two experimetns were conducted to study the body pool size and turnover rate of carnitine in rats. The turnover of carnitine was determined by injection of a tracer dose of L-[methyl-14C] carnitine. In experiment 1, carnitine body pool size and turnover in rats fed a choline-deficient basal diet were compared with values obtained from rats fed the basal diet supplemented with choline. These rats were maintained at 22degrees. In experiment 2, carnitine body pool size and turnover were determined in cold-exposed (2degrees) rats fed the choline-deficient basal diet. Carnitine body pool sizes of rats maintained 22degrees and fed the choline-deficient basal diet and the choline-supplemented diet were 35.6 and 41.8 mumoles/100 g body weight, respectively. Carnitine body pool size of rats maintained at 2degrees and fed a choline-deficient basal diet were 6.6 and 56.1 days, for rats fed a choline-supplemented diet, 6.7 and 40.2 days, and for rats maintained at 2degrees and fed a choline-deficient diet, 2.9 and 36.4 days, respectively. Carnitine turnover times obtained with DL-[14C]carnitine in our previous study longer than turnover times obtained with DL-[14C]carnitine in our previous study (j. nutr. 104, 782-792). These observations suggest that D-carnitine is not metabolized the same way as L-carnitine, and that D-carnitine is not cleared from the body within 2 days after injection. The results also suggest that carnitine metabolism can be influenced by the amount of choline in the diet and by cold exposure.", "contents": "Determination of carnitine turnover in choline-deficient and cold-exposed rats. Two experimetns were conducted to study the body pool size and turnover rate of carnitine in rats. The turnover of carnitine was determined by injection of a tracer dose of L-[methyl-14C] carnitine. In experiment 1, carnitine body pool size and turnover in rats fed a choline-deficient basal diet were compared with values obtained from rats fed the basal diet supplemented with choline. These rats were maintained at 22degrees. In experiment 2, carnitine body pool size and turnover were determined in cold-exposed (2degrees) rats fed the choline-deficient basal diet. Carnitine body pool sizes of rats maintained 22degrees and fed the choline-deficient basal diet and the choline-supplemented diet were 35.6 and 41.8 mumoles/100 g body weight, respectively. Carnitine body pool size of rats maintained at 2degrees and fed a choline-deficient basal diet were 6.6 and 56.1 days, for rats fed a choline-supplemented diet, 6.7 and 40.2 days, and for rats maintained at 2degrees and fed a choline-deficient diet, 2.9 and 36.4 days, respectively. Carnitine turnover times obtained with DL-[14C]carnitine in our previous study longer than turnover times obtained with DL-[14C]carnitine in our previous study (j. nutr. 104, 782-792). These observations suggest that D-carnitine is not metabolized the same way as L-carnitine, and that D-carnitine is not cleared from the body within 2 days after injection. The results also suggest that carnitine metabolism can be influenced by the amount of choline in the diet and by cold exposure.", "PMID": 1117340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5516", "title": "Hyperglycemic effect of amino compounds structurally related to caproate in rats.", "content": "The chronic feeding of small amounts (0.3-3% of diet weight) of certain amino derivatives of caproate resulted in hyperglycemia, an elevated glucose tolerance curve and, occasionally, glucosuria. Effective compounds included norleucine, norvaline, glutamate, epsilon-aminocaproate, methionine, and leucine.", "contents": "Hyperglycemic effect of amino compounds structurally related to caproate in rats. The chronic feeding of small amounts (0.3-3% of diet weight) of certain amino derivatives of caproate resulted in hyperglycemia, an elevated glucose tolerance curve and, occasionally, glucosuria. Effective compounds included norleucine, norvaline, glutamate, epsilon-aminocaproate, methionine, and leucine.", "PMID": 1117341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5517", "title": "Feeding studies in rats with high protein fungus grown on natural gas.", "content": "Preliminary feeding studies were conducted with a high protein fungus (Graphium sp.) grown on natural gas. The biomass, containing approximately 50% protein, is considered a potential source of single cell protein. In short-term (1-week) experiments, rats gained weight when fed semisynthetic diets containing up to 40% of the biomass, although growth was depressed at the higher levels. Rats lost weight but survived for this length of time when fed biomass alone. Chronic toxicity was tested in a 5-month study with diets in which the casein (20% by weight) of the semisynthetic diet was either partially or entirely replaced by the proteinaceous biomass. Rats fed these diets grew more slowly but appeared normal and healthy, and no pathological changes were observed at autopsy. Some of these rats were fed a standard laboratory diet for an additional 10-month observation period, and at autopsy, one cortical adenoma of the kidney was found in a rat originally fed the lower level of Graphium biomass.", "contents": "Feeding studies in rats with high protein fungus grown on natural gas. Preliminary feeding studies were conducted with a high protein fungus (Graphium sp.) grown on natural gas. The biomass, containing approximately 50% protein, is considered a potential source of single cell protein. In short-term (1-week) experiments, rats gained weight when fed semisynthetic diets containing up to 40% of the biomass, although growth was depressed at the higher levels. Rats lost weight but survived for this length of time when fed biomass alone. Chronic toxicity was tested in a 5-month study with diets in which the casein (20% by weight) of the semisynthetic diet was either partially or entirely replaced by the proteinaceous biomass. Rats fed these diets grew more slowly but appeared normal and healthy, and no pathological changes were observed at autopsy. Some of these rats were fed a standard laboratory diet for an additional 10-month observation period, and at autopsy, one cortical adenoma of the kidney was found in a rat originally fed the lower level of Graphium biomass.", "PMID": 1117342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5518", "title": "Effect of hydrogen peroxide treatment on the nutritional quality of rapeseed flour fed to weanling rats.", "content": "The effect of treating rapeseed flours with hydrogen peroxide on the glucosinolate content and nutritional value of the protein was examined. Four flours were prepared from Target variety rapeseed (Brassica napus) by dehulling and defatting the seed (sample RF), by heat treating and water washing the dehulled seed prior to defatting (sample WWRF), and by treating a part of samples RF and WWRF with solutions of 7 and 3% hydrogen peroxide, respectively. Chemical analysis showed that the hydrogen peroxide treatment lowered the glucosinolate content of the flour but was not as effective as the water extraction. The hydrogen peroxide treatment also oxidized methionine to its sulfoxide and sulfone and cysteine to cysteic acid. In the first experiment, weanling rats were fed for 3 weeks diets in which casein or each of the flour preparations provided 5, 10, or 20% protein. Rats fed the high glucosinolate-containing flour (sample RF) at the 10 to 20% protein level died, while those fed 5% survived but lost weight. Those fed the hydrogen peroxide-treated flours survived, but weight gains and food consumption were low compared with the values of the caseinor WWRF-fed groups. Rats fed sample RF exhibited enlarged thyroids. Those fed the peroxide-treated samples had high plasma levels of methionine sulfoxide and sulfone. In the second experiment, additions of 0.15 or 0.30% methionine to the 10% protein diets resulted in increased weight gains of the groups fed the peroxide-treated flours. It was concluded that the hydrogen peroxide treatment was effective in reducing the glucosinolate content of the rapeseed flour. However, the production of the oxidized sulfur amino acids, in particular methionine sulfone, reduced considerably the nutritional value of the protein.", "contents": "Effect of hydrogen peroxide treatment on the nutritional quality of rapeseed flour fed to weanling rats. The effect of treating rapeseed flours with hydrogen peroxide on the glucosinolate content and nutritional value of the protein was examined. Four flours were prepared from Target variety rapeseed (Brassica napus) by dehulling and defatting the seed (sample RF), by heat treating and water washing the dehulled seed prior to defatting (sample WWRF), and by treating a part of samples RF and WWRF with solutions of 7 and 3% hydrogen peroxide, respectively. Chemical analysis showed that the hydrogen peroxide treatment lowered the glucosinolate content of the flour but was not as effective as the water extraction. The hydrogen peroxide treatment also oxidized methionine to its sulfoxide and sulfone and cysteine to cysteic acid. In the first experiment, weanling rats were fed for 3 weeks diets in which casein or each of the flour preparations provided 5, 10, or 20% protein. Rats fed the high glucosinolate-containing flour (sample RF) at the 10 to 20% protein level died, while those fed 5% survived but lost weight. Those fed the hydrogen peroxide-treated flours survived, but weight gains and food consumption were low compared with the values of the caseinor WWRF-fed groups. Rats fed sample RF exhibited enlarged thyroids. Those fed the peroxide-treated samples had high plasma levels of methionine sulfoxide and sulfone. In the second experiment, additions of 0.15 or 0.30% methionine to the 10% protein diets resulted in increased weight gains of the groups fed the peroxide-treated flours. It was concluded that the hydrogen peroxide treatment was effective in reducing the glucosinolate content of the rapeseed flour. However, the production of the oxidized sulfur amino acids, in particular methionine sulfone, reduced considerably the nutritional value of the protein.", "PMID": 1117343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5519", "title": "Comparative metabolism of L-methionine and N-acetylated derivatives of methionine.", "content": "These experiments compared the metabolism of the N-acetylated derivatives of D- or L-methionine to that of L-methionine. Spargue-Dawley rats were orally or intraperitoneally dosed with N-[1-14C]acetyl-L-methionine, N-[1-14C]acetyl-D-methionine, or sodium [1-14C]acetate. 14CO2 was collected at intervals over 24 hours. In addition, groups of rats were orally dosed with either 35S-labeled N-acetyl-L-methionine or L-methionine. The animals were killed 3, 24, and 168 hours after dosing. Urine and feces were collected, and tissues were excised for 35S determinations. With either route of dosing, N-[1-14C]acetyl-L-methionine yielded the same amount of 14CO2 as sodium [1-14C]acetate over a 24-hour period. The acetate moiety of N-[1-14C]acetyl-D-methionine is not readily metabolized to 14CO2. Within each time period after dosing, the tissue distribution of 35S from 35S-labeled N-acetyl-L-methionine and L-methionine was similar. Protein specific activities for the two isotopes were also the same. After 168 hours, 30% of both isotopes of 35S appeared in the urine and feces, and the two isotopes were similarly distributed in the organic -S and inorganic -S fractions of urine. The studies show that L-methionine from N-acetyl-L-methionine is metabolically equivalent to free L-methionine. This conclusion is consistent with rat feeding studies showing that N-acetyl-L-methionine is nutritionally equivalent to L-methionine.", "contents": "Comparative metabolism of L-methionine and N-acetylated derivatives of methionine. These experiments compared the metabolism of the N-acetylated derivatives of D- or L-methionine to that of L-methionine. Spargue-Dawley rats were orally or intraperitoneally dosed with N-[1-14C]acetyl-L-methionine, N-[1-14C]acetyl-D-methionine, or sodium [1-14C]acetate. 14CO2 was collected at intervals over 24 hours. In addition, groups of rats were orally dosed with either 35S-labeled N-acetyl-L-methionine or L-methionine. The animals were killed 3, 24, and 168 hours after dosing. Urine and feces were collected, and tissues were excised for 35S determinations. With either route of dosing, N-[1-14C]acetyl-L-methionine yielded the same amount of 14CO2 as sodium [1-14C]acetate over a 24-hour period. The acetate moiety of N-[1-14C]acetyl-D-methionine is not readily metabolized to 14CO2. Within each time period after dosing, the tissue distribution of 35S from 35S-labeled N-acetyl-L-methionine and L-methionine was similar. Protein specific activities for the two isotopes were also the same. After 168 hours, 30% of both isotopes of 35S appeared in the urine and feces, and the two isotopes were similarly distributed in the organic -S and inorganic -S fractions of urine. The studies show that L-methionine from N-acetyl-L-methionine is metabolically equivalent to free L-methionine. This conclusion is consistent with rat feeding studies showing that N-acetyl-L-methionine is nutritionally equivalent to L-methionine.", "PMID": 1117344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5520", "title": "Developmental and postdevelopmental uptake of dietary organic and inorganic selenium into the molar teeth of rats.", "content": "The mechanism for the uptake of dietary inorganic and organic selenium by the fully developed, mature molar teeth of mother rats and the developing molar teeth of their pups was studied. Pregnant rats received drinking solutions containing either 0.2 ppm Na2SiO3 plus 0.043 muCi Na2-75SeO3 per ml from day 10 of pregnancy until parturition. Thirteen days postpartum, the uptake of dietary 75Se into developing molar teeth was more extensive than the postdevelopmental uptake onto mature teeth. Developing molar teeth incorporated more 75Se from dietary selenomethionine than from selenite, as did many hard and soft tissues studied. The major portion of 75Se in enamel and dentine was located in the protein fraction of these dental tissues. Dialysis experiments showed that the selenium in enamel and dentine existed in at least three forms: loosely bound selenium, proteinaceous selenotrisulfides, and proteinaceous stable selenium. These data and the results of a previous study (J. Nutr. 103, 553-559) provide evidence that selenium incorporated into developing proteins as selenotrisulfides or selenoamino acids may be responsible for the increases in dental caries reported in man and experimental animals ingesting somewhat increased amounts of dietary selenium.", "contents": "Developmental and postdevelopmental uptake of dietary organic and inorganic selenium into the molar teeth of rats. The mechanism for the uptake of dietary inorganic and organic selenium by the fully developed, mature molar teeth of mother rats and the developing molar teeth of their pups was studied. Pregnant rats received drinking solutions containing either 0.2 ppm Na2SiO3 plus 0.043 muCi Na2-75SeO3 per ml from day 10 of pregnancy until parturition. Thirteen days postpartum, the uptake of dietary 75Se into developing molar teeth was more extensive than the postdevelopmental uptake onto mature teeth. Developing molar teeth incorporated more 75Se from dietary selenomethionine than from selenite, as did many hard and soft tissues studied. The major portion of 75Se in enamel and dentine was located in the protein fraction of these dental tissues. Dialysis experiments showed that the selenium in enamel and dentine existed in at least three forms: loosely bound selenium, proteinaceous selenotrisulfides, and proteinaceous stable selenium. These data and the results of a previous study (J. Nutr. 103, 553-559) provide evidence that selenium incorporated into developing proteins as selenotrisulfides or selenoamino acids may be responsible for the increases in dental caries reported in man and experimental animals ingesting somewhat increased amounts of dietary selenium.", "PMID": 1117345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5521", "title": "Effect of different levels of gossypol on transaminase activity, on nonessential to essential amino acid ratio, and on iron and nitrogen retention in rats.", "content": "Metabolic experiments with rats fed rations containing varying levels of free gossypol (from 3 to 109 mg/100 g) showed that nitrogen retention was not affected by gossypol while iron absorption decreased as the levels of gossypol in the ration increased. This in turn resulted in lower hematocrit and hemoglobin values and lower levels of iron in the liver. The levels of glutamic-oxaloacetic and glutamic-pyruvic transaminases, an indication of liver necrosis, increased in blood serum and decreased in liver when gossypol was fed. The ratio of nonessential to essential amino acids in both serum and liver increased with increasing levels of gossypol in the diet showing that, in spite of an equalized available lysine intake, the cottonseed pigment was capable of binding this and/or other essential amino acids. In all cases, weight gain was adversely affected by the level of gossypol used.", "contents": "Effect of different levels of gossypol on transaminase activity, on nonessential to essential amino acid ratio, and on iron and nitrogen retention in rats. Metabolic experiments with rats fed rations containing varying levels of free gossypol (from 3 to 109 mg/100 g) showed that nitrogen retention was not affected by gossypol while iron absorption decreased as the levels of gossypol in the ration increased. This in turn resulted in lower hematocrit and hemoglobin values and lower levels of iron in the liver. The levels of glutamic-oxaloacetic and glutamic-pyruvic transaminases, an indication of liver necrosis, increased in blood serum and decreased in liver when gossypol was fed. The ratio of nonessential to essential amino acids in both serum and liver increased with increasing levels of gossypol in the diet showing that, in spite of an equalized available lysine intake, the cottonseed pigment was capable of binding this and/or other essential amino acids. In all cases, weight gain was adversely affected by the level of gossypol used.", "PMID": 1117346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5522", "title": "An asparagine requirement in young rats fed the dietary combinations of aspartic acid, glutamine, and glutamic acid.", "content": "The effect of dietary asparagine on rat growth was investigated. Diets were formulated with L-amino acids so as to contain asparagine, aspartic acid, glutamine and/or glutamic acid in all possible combinations and then fed to weanling rats for 3 weeks. Of the four, only asparagine was found to be essential for optimal growth, and it was essential regardless of the presence or absence of any dietary combination of these related amino acids. In selected dietary groups, the unbound asparagine levels were measured in various tissues over an 8-day period. Muscle asparagine levels were reduced for asparagine-deprived animals over the entire period studied; brain levels were decreased only after 7 days of dietary depletion, while hepatic levels were unaffected by dietary asparagine deprivation. In a related series, animals were more drastically depleted of asparagine by combining dietary deprivation with asparaginase treatment, causing a rapid decrease in cellular concentration of asparagine, which affected protein and DNA synthesis for those organs undergoing hyperplastic growth. Thus, asparagine may be rate limiting to protein synthesis for this extreme case as well as during dietary asparagine deprivation, which also decreased intracellular levels of unbound asparagine and led to irreversible deficits in development.", "contents": "An asparagine requirement in young rats fed the dietary combinations of aspartic acid, glutamine, and glutamic acid. The effect of dietary asparagine on rat growth was investigated. Diets were formulated with L-amino acids so as to contain asparagine, aspartic acid, glutamine and/or glutamic acid in all possible combinations and then fed to weanling rats for 3 weeks. Of the four, only asparagine was found to be essential for optimal growth, and it was essential regardless of the presence or absence of any dietary combination of these related amino acids. In selected dietary groups, the unbound asparagine levels were measured in various tissues over an 8-day period. Muscle asparagine levels were reduced for asparagine-deprived animals over the entire period studied; brain levels were decreased only after 7 days of dietary depletion, while hepatic levels were unaffected by dietary asparagine deprivation. In a related series, animals were more drastically depleted of asparagine by combining dietary deprivation with asparaginase treatment, causing a rapid decrease in cellular concentration of asparagine, which affected protein and DNA synthesis for those organs undergoing hyperplastic growth. Thus, asparagine may be rate limiting to protein synthesis for this extreme case as well as during dietary asparagine deprivation, which also decreased intracellular levels of unbound asparagine and led to irreversible deficits in development.", "PMID": 1117347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5523", "title": "Studies on the formation of lipid peroxides and on some enzymic activities in the liver of vitamin E-deficient rats.", "content": "Rats were fed a 5 or 20% casein diet that causes liver necrosis unless supplemented with vitamin E or selenite. The following activities were studied in liver subcellar fractions: enzymic formation of lipid peroxides, NADPH-cytochrome c reductase, oxidative demethylation of aminopyrine, and incorporation of [14C]leucine into protein (with microsomes); xanthine oxidase (with soluble supernatant); and RNA polymerases I and II (with nuclei). Formation of lipid peroxides was higher in rats fed diets without vitamin E and was not reduced significantly by dietary selenite. The activity of xanthine oxidase was higher in animals fed the 20% casein than in those fed the 5% casein diet; however, a higher activity was observed in the rats fed the latter diet without vitamin E or selenite than in those receiving these supplements. The activity of RNA polymerase I was higher in rats fed the low casein diet. Other activities examined were not affected significantly by the level of dietary casein or by vitamin E or selenits.", "contents": "Studies on the formation of lipid peroxides and on some enzymic activities in the liver of vitamin E-deficient rats. Rats were fed a 5 or 20% casein diet that causes liver necrosis unless supplemented with vitamin E or selenite. The following activities were studied in liver subcellar fractions: enzymic formation of lipid peroxides, NADPH-cytochrome c reductase, oxidative demethylation of aminopyrine, and incorporation of [14C]leucine into protein (with microsomes); xanthine oxidase (with soluble supernatant); and RNA polymerases I and II (with nuclei). Formation of lipid peroxides was higher in rats fed diets without vitamin E and was not reduced significantly by dietary selenite. The activity of xanthine oxidase was higher in animals fed the 20% casein than in those fed the 5% casein diet; however, a higher activity was observed in the rats fed the latter diet without vitamin E or selenite than in those receiving these supplements. The activity of RNA polymerase I was higher in rats fed the low casein diet. Other activities examined were not affected significantly by the level of dietary casein or by vitamin E or selenits.", "PMID": 1117348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5524", "title": "Effects of substitution of methionine, leucine, phenylalanine, or valine by their alpha-hydroxy analogs in the diet of rats.", "content": "Weanling male rats were fed diets containing essential amino acids as the sole source of nitrogen at a level of either 6 or 15% by weight of the diet. When L-valine was replaced isonitrogenously by calcium L-alpha-hydroxyisovalerate in the 15% amino acid diet, growth ceased and urea excretion increased; urea clearance was unaffected. When L-leucine was replaced isonitrogenously by calcium L-alpha-hydroxyisocaproate in this diet, growth and feed efficiency fell approximately 60% and urea excretion rose, but urea clearance doubled. L-Phenylalanine was replaced both isonitrogenously and without supplemental glutamate by calcium L-phenyllactate in both the 6 and 15% amino acid diets and was also added in twice equimolar quantities to the 6% amino acid diet. When the 15% amino acid diet was fed, growth was severly reduced, but when the 6% diet was fed, the double dose of phenyllactate reduced growth and feed efficiency only 25%. Urea clearance was not consistently altered. When D,L-methionine was replaced by calcium K,L-alpha-hydroxy-gamma-thiobutyrate in the 15% amino acid diet, growth and feed efficiency improved whether or not glutamate was added to make diets isonitrogenous, and also whether or not 0.1% neomycin was included. Urea clearance did not differ among these groups but was significantly higher in rats receiving the hydroxy analog or D,L-methionine than that in controls receiving L-methionine. Thus, the ability of these hydroxy analogs to replace the corresponding amino acids in the diet of rats varies from complete (methionine) to partial (leucine and phenylalanine) or virtually nonexistent (valine).", "contents": "Effects of substitution of methionine, leucine, phenylalanine, or valine by their alpha-hydroxy analogs in the diet of rats. Weanling male rats were fed diets containing essential amino acids as the sole source of nitrogen at a level of either 6 or 15% by weight of the diet. When L-valine was replaced isonitrogenously by calcium L-alpha-hydroxyisovalerate in the 15% amino acid diet, growth ceased and urea excretion increased; urea clearance was unaffected. When L-leucine was replaced isonitrogenously by calcium L-alpha-hydroxyisocaproate in this diet, growth and feed efficiency fell approximately 60% and urea excretion rose, but urea clearance doubled. L-Phenylalanine was replaced both isonitrogenously and without supplemental glutamate by calcium L-phenyllactate in both the 6 and 15% amino acid diets and was also added in twice equimolar quantities to the 6% amino acid diet. When the 15% amino acid diet was fed, growth was severly reduced, but when the 6% diet was fed, the double dose of phenyllactate reduced growth and feed efficiency only 25%. Urea clearance was not consistently altered. When D,L-methionine was replaced by calcium K,L-alpha-hydroxy-gamma-thiobutyrate in the 15% amino acid diet, growth and feed efficiency improved whether or not glutamate was added to make diets isonitrogenous, and also whether or not 0.1% neomycin was included. Urea clearance did not differ among these groups but was significantly higher in rats receiving the hydroxy analog or D,L-methionine than that in controls receiving L-methionine. Thus, the ability of these hydroxy analogs to replace the corresponding amino acids in the diet of rats varies from complete (methionine) to partial (leucine and phenylalanine) or virtually nonexistent (valine).", "PMID": 1117349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5525", "title": "Gluconeogenesis from L-cysteine in the perfused rat liver.", "content": "The effects of dietary and hormonal treatments on the rate of gluconeogenesis from L-cysteine have been investigated in the perfused rat liver in situ. In order to demonstrate gluconeogenesis from L-cysteine, rats were fed either a 90% casein diet, or this diet with 2 or 4% cysteine, added in place of casein, and perfused in the fed state; or fed stock diet and starved 48 or 72 hours; or fasted and injected with cortisol. The net rate of gluconeogenesis (in mumoles/min/g liver) from cysteine in rats fed 4%cysteine was 0.24; in 48-hour starved rats it was 0.10; in 72-hour starved rats it was 0.16; and in the cortisol injected rats it was 0.23. When [U-14C]cysteine plus carrier cysteine (10 mM) was added as the substrate for gluconeogenesis in 72-hour starved rats; 3.9% of the label appeared in glucose. The above dietary and hormonal treatments stimulated gluconeogenesis from L-cysteine.", "contents": "Gluconeogenesis from L-cysteine in the perfused rat liver. The effects of dietary and hormonal treatments on the rate of gluconeogenesis from L-cysteine have been investigated in the perfused rat liver in situ. In order to demonstrate gluconeogenesis from L-cysteine, rats were fed either a 90% casein diet, or this diet with 2 or 4% cysteine, added in place of casein, and perfused in the fed state; or fed stock diet and starved 48 or 72 hours; or fasted and injected with cortisol. The net rate of gluconeogenesis (in mumoles/min/g liver) from cysteine in rats fed 4%cysteine was 0.24; in 48-hour starved rats it was 0.10; in 72-hour starved rats it was 0.16; and in the cortisol injected rats it was 0.23. When [U-14C]cysteine plus carrier cysteine (10 mM) was added as the substrate for gluconeogenesis in 72-hour starved rats; 3.9% of the label appeared in glucose. The above dietary and hormonal treatments stimulated gluconeogenesis from L-cysteine.", "PMID": 1117350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5526", "title": "Paratenuisentis gen. n. for Tanaorhamphus ambiguus Van Cleave 1921 (Acanthocephala), with a reconsideration of the Tenuisentidae.", "content": "Paratenuisentis gen. n. (Tenuisentidae) is characterized by quincuncially arranged proboscis hooks, numerous giant nuclei in the subcuticula and cement glands, and a prominent muscular sling around the proboscis receptacle. P. ambiguus (Van Cleave, 1921) is redescribed following study of a long series of mature males and females. On the basis of the typical pattern of giant nuclei distribution, it is concluded that Tanaorhamphus and Microsentis, previously included in the Tenuisentidae, belong in the Neoechinrhynchidae.", "contents": "Paratenuisentis gen. n. for Tanaorhamphus ambiguus Van Cleave 1921 (Acanthocephala), with a reconsideration of the Tenuisentidae. Paratenuisentis gen. n. (Tenuisentidae) is characterized by quincuncially arranged proboscis hooks, numerous giant nuclei in the subcuticula and cement glands, and a prominent muscular sling around the proboscis receptacle. P. ambiguus (Van Cleave, 1921) is redescribed following study of a long series of mature males and females. On the basis of the typical pattern of giant nuclei distribution, it is concluded that Tanaorhamphus and Microsentis, previously included in the Tenuisentidae, belong in the Neoechinrhynchidae.", "PMID": 1117351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5527", "title": "Ultrastructural changes in Ascaris suum intestine after mebendazole treatment in vivo.", "content": "The effect of in vivo treatment with mebendazole on the ultrastructural morphology of Ascaris suum intestine was investigated. Pigs, infected with A. suum, were fed ad libitum a medicated food containing mebendazole at a concentration of 30 ppm. Control and treated animals were killed 6, 9, 15, and 24 hr after the onset of feeding. The parasites were quickly collected from the pig intestinal tract and prepared for ultrastructural and cytochemical examination. Absence of secretory granules in the terminal web, accumulation of secretory granules in the Golgi region, formation of autophagic vacuoles in the apical cell part, and loss of glycogen were the characteristic changes observed after 6 and 9 hr of treatment. Degenerative changes were very pronounced after 15 and 24 hr and involved almost the entire cytoplasm. Microvilli were decreased in number and appeared swollen in the majority of absorptive cells. Some more severely altered cells were completely devoid of microvilli. Cytochemistry revealed that the accumulated secretory granules in the Golgi area contained glycoproteins or polysaccharides. Microvilli, lysosomes, and Golgi apparatus were reactive for acid phosphatase in the control intestinal cells. After treatment, the enzyme activity was localized in numerous autophagic vacuoles, whereas the secretory granules remained unstained. The acid phosphatase activity in the microvilli decreased or was completely absent. The possible significance of these modifications in view of mebendazole's anthelmintic activity is discussed.", "contents": "Ultrastructural changes in Ascaris suum intestine after mebendazole treatment in vivo. The effect of in vivo treatment with mebendazole on the ultrastructural morphology of Ascaris suum intestine was investigated. Pigs, infected with A. suum, were fed ad libitum a medicated food containing mebendazole at a concentration of 30 ppm. Control and treated animals were killed 6, 9, 15, and 24 hr after the onset of feeding. The parasites were quickly collected from the pig intestinal tract and prepared for ultrastructural and cytochemical examination. Absence of secretory granules in the terminal web, accumulation of secretory granules in the Golgi region, formation of autophagic vacuoles in the apical cell part, and loss of glycogen were the characteristic changes observed after 6 and 9 hr of treatment. Degenerative changes were very pronounced after 15 and 24 hr and involved almost the entire cytoplasm. Microvilli were decreased in number and appeared swollen in the majority of absorptive cells. Some more severely altered cells were completely devoid of microvilli. Cytochemistry revealed that the accumulated secretory granules in the Golgi area contained glycoproteins or polysaccharides. Microvilli, lysosomes, and Golgi apparatus were reactive for acid phosphatase in the control intestinal cells. After treatment, the enzyme activity was localized in numerous autophagic vacuoles, whereas the secretory granules remained unstained. The acid phosphatase activity in the microvilli decreased or was completely absent. The possible significance of these modifications in view of mebendazole's anthelmintic activity is discussed.", "PMID": 1117352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5528", "title": "Trypanosomes in horse flies and deer flies in central New York State.", "content": "Tabanids were collected during 2 consecutive summers from 3 counties in New York using a canopy trap and insect net. Twenty-seven per cent of all fly specimens (N equals 641) representing 69% of the species collected (N equals 36) were infected with flagellates. Tabanid intestines harbored amastigote, choanomastigote, and epimastigote forms. Epimastigotes were frequently found, and trypomastigotes and choanomastigotes rarely found in cultures of tabanid intestinal flagellates. Epimastigote and trypomastigote forms closely resembled Trypanosoma theileri-like trypanosomes reported from ruminants.", "contents": "Trypanosomes in horse flies and deer flies in central New York State. Tabanids were collected during 2 consecutive summers from 3 counties in New York using a canopy trap and insect net. Twenty-seven per cent of all fly specimens (N equals 641) representing 69% of the species collected (N equals 36) were infected with flagellates. Tabanid intestines harbored amastigote, choanomastigote, and epimastigote forms. Epimastigotes were frequently found, and trypomastigotes and choanomastigotes rarely found in cultures of tabanid intestinal flagellates. Epimastigote and trypomastigote forms closely resembled Trypanosoma theileri-like trypanosomes reported from ruminants.", "PMID": 1117353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5529", "title": "Two new species of the genus Caminacarus (Acarina: Cloacaridae) from turtles in Louisiana.", "content": "Caminacarus chrysemys sp. n. and Caminacarus terrapenae sp. n. are described from the cloaca of Chrysemys scripta elegans and Terrapene carolina in Louisiana. The former species is very similar to Caminacarus deirochelys but differs in the form of the dorsal shield which has longer lateral elongations and the median dorsal elongation does not extend to the genital sclerite, structure of the anterodorsal wall of the gnathosomal base which is closed forming a ringlike apodeme, and structure of the tarsal setae as well as the presence of one additional seta on the dorsal surface of tarsus III. Caminacarus terrapenae differs from the above species by the form of the dorsal shield which extends more anteriorly but lacks anterior winglike elongations and has rounded anterolateral margins, the posteriorly concave shape of the genital sclerite and more sclerotized vaginal wall, the anterodorsal wall of the gnathosomal base which is not ringlike but open with lateral sclerotizations and interior punctations in this species, and structure of the tarsal setae with the presence of smaller heavier setae. The host specificity and biology of these species are discussed in relation to other members of the Cloacaridae.", "contents": "Two new species of the genus Caminacarus (Acarina: Cloacaridae) from turtles in Louisiana. Caminacarus chrysemys sp. n. and Caminacarus terrapenae sp. n. are described from the cloaca of Chrysemys scripta elegans and Terrapene carolina in Louisiana. The former species is very similar to Caminacarus deirochelys but differs in the form of the dorsal shield which has longer lateral elongations and the median dorsal elongation does not extend to the genital sclerite, structure of the anterodorsal wall of the gnathosomal base which is closed forming a ringlike apodeme, and structure of the tarsal setae as well as the presence of one additional seta on the dorsal surface of tarsus III. Caminacarus terrapenae differs from the above species by the form of the dorsal shield which extends more anteriorly but lacks anterior winglike elongations and has rounded anterolateral margins, the posteriorly concave shape of the genital sclerite and more sclerotized vaginal wall, the anterodorsal wall of the gnathosomal base which is not ringlike but open with lateral sclerotizations and interior punctations in this species, and structure of the tarsal setae with the presence of smaller heavier setae. The host specificity and biology of these species are discussed in relation to other members of the Cloacaridae.", "PMID": 1117354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5530", "title": "Trypanosoma cervi sp. n. from elk (Cervus canadensis) in Wyoming.", "content": "Trypanosoma cervi sp. n. is described from 22 trypomastigote syntypes from the blood of elk, Cervus canadensis, in North America (type locality: Wyoming). The blood trypomatigotes of T. cervi are compared with various culture forms: epimastigotes in 22 to 25 C NNN cultures; trypomastigotes in 37 C NNN cultures; and trypomastigotes from CAM chick embryo (10-day) cultures. Trypanosoma cervi is differentiated on morphological grounds from the cosmopolitan bovine species, T. theileri, and from T. ingens and T. mazamarum. Transmission of T. cervi to cattle was attempted using infected elk blood. No trypanosomal stages were recovered when recipients were examined by blood culture. The findings support the morphological data that T. cervi is distinct from T. theileri.", "contents": "Trypanosoma cervi sp. n. from elk (Cervus canadensis) in Wyoming. Trypanosoma cervi sp. n. is described from 22 trypomastigote syntypes from the blood of elk, Cervus canadensis, in North America (type locality: Wyoming). The blood trypomatigotes of T. cervi are compared with various culture forms: epimastigotes in 22 to 25 C NNN cultures; trypomastigotes in 37 C NNN cultures; and trypomastigotes from CAM chick embryo (10-day) cultures. Trypanosoma cervi is differentiated on morphological grounds from the cosmopolitan bovine species, T. theileri, and from T. ingens and T. mazamarum. Transmission of T. cervi to cattle was attempted using infected elk blood. No trypanosomal stages were recovered when recipients were examined by blood culture. The findings support the morphological data that T. cervi is distinct from T. theileri.", "PMID": 1117365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5531", "title": "On the cultivation of Trypanosoma vivax: a tale of two visits in Nigeria.", "content": "A new method is presented for obtaining in vitro development of the insect cycle of Trypanosoma vivax. Bloodstream trypanosomes from infected sheep were inoculated to tsete fly organ cultures in a modified Eagle's medium with 20% sheep serum, and incubated at 28 C. The organisms multiplied first as elongate spiral trypomastigotes. In successful cultures these transformed to epimastigotes. The epimastigotes multiplied extensively to form dense layers attached to formed structures, especially to pieces of peritrophic membrane. In older cultures transitional forms appeared, including some approaching the morphology of metacyclic trypanosomes.", "contents": "On the cultivation of Trypanosoma vivax: a tale of two visits in Nigeria. A new method is presented for obtaining in vitro development of the insect cycle of Trypanosoma vivax. Bloodstream trypanosomes from infected sheep were inoculated to tsete fly organ cultures in a modified Eagle's medium with 20% sheep serum, and incubated at 28 C. The organisms multiplied first as elongate spiral trypomastigotes. In successful cultures these transformed to epimastigotes. The epimastigotes multiplied extensively to form dense layers attached to formed structures, especially to pieces of peritrophic membrane. In older cultures transitional forms appeared, including some approaching the morphology of metacyclic trypanosomes.", "PMID": 1117366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5532", "title": "Four new species of Gyrodactylus from fishes of Alabama.", "content": "Four new species of Gyrodactylus are described from fishes of Alabama. Gyrodactylus dorosomae was collected from Dorosoma cepedianum (Le Sueur) and D. petenense (Gunther); G. parvicirrus from Notropis atherinoides Raf; G. lythruri from Notropis b. bellus Hay and N. atrapiculus Snelson; and G. nigrum from Etheostoma nigrum Raf.", "contents": "Four new species of Gyrodactylus from fishes of Alabama. Four new species of Gyrodactylus are described from fishes of Alabama. Gyrodactylus dorosomae was collected from Dorosoma cepedianum (Le Sueur) and D. petenense (Gunther); G. parvicirrus from Notropis atherinoides Raf; G. lythruri from Notropis b. bellus Hay and N. atrapiculus Snelson; and G. nigrum from Etheostoma nigrum Raf.", "PMID": 1117368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5533", "title": "Activity of commerical fasciolicides in small laboratory mammals.", "content": "The activity is reported of 6 commerical fasciolicides and disophenol administered at doses of effective in sheep, against 6- and 12-week-old Fasciola hepatica in rats and rabbits and 6-week-old flukes in guinea pigs. Tests in rats and rabbits do not give a reliable indication of the activity of fasciolicides in sheep, but results with guinea pigs were closer to those in sheep. A comparison of the effective dose in rats and sheep indicates that tests in rats usually underestimate activity in sheep. The use of a simple egg count procedure in sheep to provide information on potential fasciolicides is described.", "contents": "Activity of commerical fasciolicides in small laboratory mammals. The activity is reported of 6 commerical fasciolicides and disophenol administered at doses of effective in sheep, against 6- and 12-week-old Fasciola hepatica in rats and rabbits and 6-week-old flukes in guinea pigs. Tests in rats and rabbits do not give a reliable indication of the activity of fasciolicides in sheep, but results with guinea pigs were closer to those in sheep. A comparison of the effective dose in rats and sheep indicates that tests in rats usually underestimate activity in sheep. The use of a simple egg count procedure in sheep to provide information on potential fasciolicides is described.", "PMID": 1117369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5534", "title": "The life cycle of Echinoparyphium ralphaudyi sp. n. (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae).", "content": "The life cycel and morphology of Echinoparyphium ralphaudyi sp. n. is described. Natural infections were found in Bulinus truncatus from Egypt, Ethiopia, and the Yemen Arab Republic, and later in B. forskalii and B. sericinus from Ethiopia. Sporocysts develop near the places of miracidial entry into the snail (the head-foot region, mantle edge, pseudobranch, and antennae). Rediae occur mainly in the ovotestis and in tissues anterior to the liver. The first cercariae are released 24 days postexposure. Metacercariae encyst in various freshwater snails and are localized in the pericardial sac and the posterior part of the kidney. Adult worms live in the small intestine of a variety of experimental animals: hamsters, rats, mice, chicks, ducklings, pigeons, and finches.", "contents": "The life cycle of Echinoparyphium ralphaudyi sp. n. (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae). The life cycel and morphology of Echinoparyphium ralphaudyi sp. n. is described. Natural infections were found in Bulinus truncatus from Egypt, Ethiopia, and the Yemen Arab Republic, and later in B. forskalii and B. sericinus from Ethiopia. Sporocysts develop near the places of miracidial entry into the snail (the head-foot region, mantle edge, pseudobranch, and antennae). Rediae occur mainly in the ovotestis and in tissues anterior to the liver. The first cercariae are released 24 days postexposure. Metacercariae encyst in various freshwater snails and are localized in the pericardial sac and the posterior part of the kidney. Adult worms live in the small intestine of a variety of experimental animals: hamsters, rats, mice, chicks, ducklings, pigeons, and finches.", "PMID": 1117371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5535", "title": "Identification of sex in Schistosoma mansoni cercariae.", "content": "A simple method for determining the sex of larval stages of Schistosoma mansoni involved cytological demonstration of sex chromatin (heterochromatin) in the interphase and prophase nuclei of cercariae. Cerariae from unimiracidial infections were fixed, and permanent slides were stained with thionin, Giemsa, or fuchsin. On examination, a given cercaria showed either 1 or 2 sex chromatin bodies in the nuclei, the female with 1 and the male with 2 bodies. The results of observation on the sex of cercariae from the slides were matched with those of worms obtained from mice injected with the corresponding batch of cercariae. The accuracy of cytologic sex identification was greater than 80% in these experiments. The sex chromatin in both adult and larval stages was in the form of large, dark purplish bodies usually situated towards the periphery of the nuclei and could be easily distinguished from the other chromatin granules present in the nuclei.", "contents": "Identification of sex in Schistosoma mansoni cercariae. A simple method for determining the sex of larval stages of Schistosoma mansoni involved cytological demonstration of sex chromatin (heterochromatin) in the interphase and prophase nuclei of cercariae. Cerariae from unimiracidial infections were fixed, and permanent slides were stained with thionin, Giemsa, or fuchsin. On examination, a given cercaria showed either 1 or 2 sex chromatin bodies in the nuclei, the female with 1 and the male with 2 bodies. The results of observation on the sex of cercariae from the slides were matched with those of worms obtained from mice injected with the corresponding batch of cercariae. The accuracy of cytologic sex identification was greater than 80% in these experiments. The sex chromatin in both adult and larval stages was in the form of large, dark purplish bodies usually situated towards the periphery of the nuclei and could be easily distinguished from the other chromatin granules present in the nuclei.", "PMID": 1117373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5536", "title": "Fine structure of possible photoreceptor in cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni.", "content": "Two structures near the anterior end of cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni are interpreted as possible photoreceptors. Each appears to be ovoid and is composed of a thin cytoplasmic wall surrounding a cavity which contains lamellae. The lamellae are extensions of modified cilia which arise from the inner wall of the cavity.", "contents": "Fine structure of possible photoreceptor in cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni. Two structures near the anterior end of cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni are interpreted as possible photoreceptors. Each appears to be ovoid and is composed of a thin cytoplasmic wall surrounding a cavity which contains lamellae. The lamellae are extensions of modified cilia which arise from the inner wall of the cavity.", "PMID": 1117374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5537", "title": "Superinfection of Biomphalaria glabrata with Schistosoma mansoni.", "content": "Biomphalaria glabrata 2 to 12 mm in diameter were exposed to 1 miracidium of Schistosoma mansoni and after 15, 30, or 60 days were reexposed to the homologous strain. The criterion of superinfection was the subsequent escape of cercariae of both sexes. Opposite sex superinfection was acquired by 45 of 106 snails of various sizes, all of which were in the group reexposed at 30 days. The observations confirm those of Kagan and Geiger and suggest that in the schistosomes a maximizing of the number of intermediate hosts with larval populations of both sexes may be an adaptation having a high species survival value.", "contents": "Superinfection of Biomphalaria glabrata with Schistosoma mansoni. Biomphalaria glabrata 2 to 12 mm in diameter were exposed to 1 miracidium of Schistosoma mansoni and after 15, 30, or 60 days were reexposed to the homologous strain. The criterion of superinfection was the subsequent escape of cercariae of both sexes. Opposite sex superinfection was acquired by 45 of 106 snails of various sizes, all of which were in the group reexposed at 30 days. The observations confirm those of Kagan and Geiger and suggest that in the schistosomes a maximizing of the number of intermediate hosts with larval populations of both sexes may be an adaptation having a high species survival value.", "PMID": 1117376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5538", "title": "Ammonia formation and amino acid excretion by Gyrocotyle fimbriata (Cestoidea).", "content": "Gyrocotyle fimbriata isolated from the spiral valve of Hydrolagus colliei were washed, then held in a filtered seawater-penicillin-Tris buffer medium. Ammonia and urea release to the medium declined together and ammonia production was minimal when the urea concentration was below detectable limits. Alanine and smaller amounts of glycine were released to the medium at a more constant rate. After 12 hr the alanine-glycine excretion was more than 20 times the ammonia excretion. L-arginine, L-serine, L-histidine, and urea were most effective in stimulating ammonia production by whole worms; other L-amino acids were essentially ineffective. L-glutamate dehydrogenase, L-amino acid oxidase, uricase, and ornithine transcarbamylase were below detectable levels. L-serine dehydrase, L-arginase, L-histidase, and urease were detected in tissue homogenates and probably account for most of the endogenous ammonia production. L-arginase has a molecular weight of 28,000 by Sehpadex gel filtration. The high levels of glutamate-pyruvate transaminase and lower levels of glutamate-oxalacetate transaminase correlate with the high level of alanine excretion. It is concluded that (1) ammonia production is not strongly linked to the overall energy metabolism of Gyrocotyle and is probably a result of a series of unrelated enzymatic reactions such as the action of urease of urea from the tissue of the rat fish, and (2) alanine and glycine are the major nitrogen excretory products and their production is linked to the energy metabolism of Gyrocotyle.", "contents": "Ammonia formation and amino acid excretion by Gyrocotyle fimbriata (Cestoidea). Gyrocotyle fimbriata isolated from the spiral valve of Hydrolagus colliei were washed, then held in a filtered seawater-penicillin-Tris buffer medium. Ammonia and urea release to the medium declined together and ammonia production was minimal when the urea concentration was below detectable limits. Alanine and smaller amounts of glycine were released to the medium at a more constant rate. After 12 hr the alanine-glycine excretion was more than 20 times the ammonia excretion. L-arginine, L-serine, L-histidine, and urea were most effective in stimulating ammonia production by whole worms; other L-amino acids were essentially ineffective. L-glutamate dehydrogenase, L-amino acid oxidase, uricase, and ornithine transcarbamylase were below detectable levels. L-serine dehydrase, L-arginase, L-histidase, and urease were detected in tissue homogenates and probably account for most of the endogenous ammonia production. L-arginase has a molecular weight of 28,000 by Sehpadex gel filtration. The high levels of glutamate-pyruvate transaminase and lower levels of glutamate-oxalacetate transaminase correlate with the high level of alanine excretion. It is concluded that (1) ammonia production is not strongly linked to the overall energy metabolism of Gyrocotyle and is probably a result of a series of unrelated enzymatic reactions such as the action of urease of urea from the tissue of the rat fish, and (2) alanine and glycine are the major nitrogen excretory products and their production is linked to the energy metabolism of Gyrocotyle.", "PMID": 1117378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5539", "title": "Three new species of Echeneibothrium (Cestoda: Tetraphyllidea) from the skate, Raja chilensis Guichenot, 1848, with comments on mode of attachment and host specificity.", "content": "Echeneibothrium multiloculatum sp. n., E. williamsi sp. n., and E. megalosoma sp. n. are described from the spiral valve of 90 specimens of Raja chilensis collected off central Chile. In Echeneibothrium infections, attachment sites and host infectivity are indicated as at least a partial function of hold-fast type, mucosal pattern, and first worms established. This is the first report of the genus Echeneibothrium from South American waters.", "contents": "Three new species of Echeneibothrium (Cestoda: Tetraphyllidea) from the skate, Raja chilensis Guichenot, 1848, with comments on mode of attachment and host specificity. Echeneibothrium multiloculatum sp. n., E. williamsi sp. n., and E. megalosoma sp. n. are described from the spiral valve of 90 specimens of Raja chilensis collected off central Chile. In Echeneibothrium infections, attachment sites and host infectivity are indicated as at least a partial function of hold-fast type, mucosal pattern, and first worms established. This is the first report of the genus Echeneibothrium from South American waters.", "PMID": 1117379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5540", "title": "Two new species of Echeneibothrium (Cestoda: Tetraphyllidea) from skates in the western North Atlantic.", "content": "Echeneibothrium bathyphilum sp. n. is described from the deep-sea skate, Raja bathyphila Holt and Byrne. Echeneibothrium sobrinum sp. n., a parasite in the spiral intestine of the skates Raja ocellata Mitchill and Raja erinacea Mitchill, is described from Vineyard Sound near Woods Hole, Massachusetts. Additional data are given for E. vernetae Euzet, 1956, from living and fixed specimens obtained from the type host in the type locality. Morphology of the strobilae and bothridia, testes numbers, and cirrus pouch dimensions clearly distinguish the new species from all others.", "contents": "Two new species of Echeneibothrium (Cestoda: Tetraphyllidea) from skates in the western North Atlantic. Echeneibothrium bathyphilum sp. n. is described from the deep-sea skate, Raja bathyphila Holt and Byrne. Echeneibothrium sobrinum sp. n., a parasite in the spiral intestine of the skates Raja ocellata Mitchill and Raja erinacea Mitchill, is described from Vineyard Sound near Woods Hole, Massachusetts. Additional data are given for E. vernetae Euzet, 1956, from living and fixed specimens obtained from the type host in the type locality. Morphology of the strobilae and bothridia, testes numbers, and cirrus pouch dimensions clearly distinguish the new species from all others.", "PMID": 1117380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5541", "title": "Giant-cell tumors and aneurysmal bone cysts of ribs in childhood.", "content": "Cystic or solid lesions of ribs containing giant cells are rarely seen in children. Three cases are presented which are uncommon with regard to the age of the patients (5-14 yr old) as well as the site. These lesions were diagnosed late and exclusively by X-ray. Radiographically it was impossible to distinguish between a giant cell tumor and an aneurysmal bone cyst. Although the distinction of aneurysmal bone cysts and giant cell tumors sensu strictiori is justified from a clinical point of view, the two may be variants of the same pathologic growth process, i.e. growth of angiogribous tissue with giant cells in excess of that generally observed in the course of a \"reactive\" process.", "contents": "Giant-cell tumors and aneurysmal bone cysts of ribs in childhood. Cystic or solid lesions of ribs containing giant cells are rarely seen in children. Three cases are presented which are uncommon with regard to the age of the patients (5-14 yr old) as well as the site. These lesions were diagnosed late and exclusively by X-ray. Radiographically it was impossible to distinguish between a giant cell tumor and an aneurysmal bone cyst. Although the distinction of aneurysmal bone cysts and giant cell tumors sensu strictiori is justified from a clinical point of view, the two may be variants of the same pathologic growth process, i.e. growth of angiogribous tissue with giant cells in excess of that generally observed in the course of a \"reactive\" process.", "PMID": 1117381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5542", "title": "Testicular tumors in childhood.", "content": "Tumors of the testis are uncommon in childhood comprising only about 2% of all malignant tumors. Twenty-five children with testicular tumors seen in the last 25 yr had 11 orchioblastomas, nine differentiated teratomas, three paratesticular sarcomas, one seminoma, and one dermoid cyst. It must be stressed that, contrary to popular opinion, the prognosis for orchioblastoma is favorable today, eight of the 11 children with this condition have survived for more than 2 yr. Orchiectomy should be followed by rigorous treatment with anticancer chemotherapy for 1 yr. Excision of the para-aortic glands and radiotherapy are not beneficial in prophylaxis. Lymphadenectomy is indicated only if metastases are demonstrated by lymphangiogram. Patients who have survived for more than 2 yr should, in general, be regarded as cured.", "contents": "Testicular tumors in childhood. Tumors of the testis are uncommon in childhood comprising only about 2% of all malignant tumors. Twenty-five children with testicular tumors seen in the last 25 yr had 11 orchioblastomas, nine differentiated teratomas, three paratesticular sarcomas, one seminoma, and one dermoid cyst. It must be stressed that, contrary to popular opinion, the prognosis for orchioblastoma is favorable today, eight of the 11 children with this condition have survived for more than 2 yr. Orchiectomy should be followed by rigorous treatment with anticancer chemotherapy for 1 yr. Excision of the para-aortic glands and radiotherapy are not beneficial in prophylaxis. Lymphadenectomy is indicated only if metastases are demonstrated by lymphangiogram. Patients who have survived for more than 2 yr should, in general, be regarded as cured.", "PMID": 1117382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5543", "title": "Hemangiomatosis of the liver in infants.", "content": "Seven patients with hemangiomatosis of the liver are presented together with 100 cases reported in the literature. Six of seven patients survived; four with supportive treatment only. Follow-up is from 2 to 11 yr. Hepatomegaly, heart failure, and cutaneous angiomas constitute the classical clinical triad. Arteriography is the best method for diagnosis; biopsy should be avoided. Clinical features and histologic examination of these benign vascular tumors seem to confirm the theory that hemangioendothelioma and hemangioma represent only different developmental stages of one disease. These lesions can regress spontaneously if left alone. Despite contrary prevailing opinion, the authors recommend nonoperative treatment as the first choice of the clinician.", "contents": "Hemangiomatosis of the liver in infants. Seven patients with hemangiomatosis of the liver are presented together with 100 cases reported in the literature. Six of seven patients survived; four with supportive treatment only. Follow-up is from 2 to 11 yr. Hepatomegaly, heart failure, and cutaneous angiomas constitute the classical clinical triad. Arteriography is the best method for diagnosis; biopsy should be avoided. Clinical features and histologic examination of these benign vascular tumors seem to confirm the theory that hemangioendothelioma and hemangioma represent only different developmental stages of one disease. These lesions can regress spontaneously if left alone. Despite contrary prevailing opinion, the authors recommend nonoperative treatment as the first choice of the clinician.", "PMID": 1117383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5544", "title": "Major hepatic resections in children.", "content": "An experience with 31 hepatic resections in children has demonstrated that mortality and morbidity are primarily determined by percentage of normally functioning liver retained as well as by the experitse of both intraoperative and postoperative care. Criteria for resectability in neoplasia  and trauma can readily be established. Early peripheral hypovolemia due to splanchnic pooling was observed frequently, while drains appeared to favor significantly the development of intra-abdominal spesis. Bleeding diatheses did not occur. An inability of the patient to maintain blood glucose and serum albumin were the sole metabolic derangements necessitating replacement therapy. The over-all mortality rate was 13%, with survival of two of four children subjected to 90% resections.", "contents": "Major hepatic resections in children. An experience with 31 hepatic resections in children has demonstrated that mortality and morbidity are primarily determined by percentage of normally functioning liver retained as well as by the experitse of both intraoperative and postoperative care. Criteria for resectability in neoplasia  and trauma can readily be established. Early peripheral hypovolemia due to splanchnic pooling was observed frequently, while drains appeared to favor significantly the development of intra-abdominal spesis. Bleeding diatheses did not occur. An inability of the patient to maintain blood glucose and serum albumin were the sole metabolic derangements necessitating replacement therapy. The over-all mortality rate was 13%, with survival of two of four children subjected to 90% resections.", "PMID": 1117384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5545", "title": "Intestinal smooth muscle response to chronic obstruction : possible applications in jejunoileal atresia.", "content": "Hyperplasia is the main change occurring in intestinal smooth muscle above a chronic obstruction and explains the functional obstruction seen in the proximal bowel of a jejunoileal atresia. With an experimental model in dogs, this hyperplasia has been shown to be reversible. However, changes are extreme in atresia, and experiments in animals with induced atresia will best evaluate various kinds of treatment.", "contents": "Intestinal smooth muscle response to chronic obstruction : possible applications in jejunoileal atresia. Hyperplasia is the main change occurring in intestinal smooth muscle above a chronic obstruction and explains the functional obstruction seen in the proximal bowel of a jejunoileal atresia. With an experimental model in dogs, this hyperplasia has been shown to be reversible. However, changes are extreme in atresia, and experiments in animals with induced atresia will best evaluate various kinds of treatment.", "PMID": 1117393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5546", "title": "Gastric bypass for morbid obesity in children and adolescents.", "content": "This report reviews 25 patients 20 yr of age or younger who were treated for morbid obesity by gastric bypass or gastroplasty. Eighteen genetically normal obese adolescents averaged 15% body weight loss 6 mo after operation and 25% weight loss 36 mo postoperatively; the eight males lost more weight than did the ten females. Seven younger children had Prader-Willi syndrome; six of them lost weight postoperatively although not so dramatically as the genetically normal obese patients. Four patients required later revisions to reduce the size of the gastric pouch or stoma. These operations were performed with acceptable morbidity and no mortality. Growth in height was not interrupted and no metabolic problems were encountered postoperatively. Gastric bypass is a safe and effective method of controlling body weight in morbidly obese children and adolescents.", "contents": "Gastric bypass for morbid obesity in children and adolescents. This report reviews 25 patients 20 yr of age or younger who were treated for morbid obesity by gastric bypass or gastroplasty. Eighteen genetically normal obese adolescents averaged 15% body weight loss 6 mo after operation and 25% weight loss 36 mo postoperatively; the eight males lost more weight than did the ten females. Seven younger children had Prader-Willi syndrome; six of them lost weight postoperatively although not so dramatically as the genetically normal obese patients. Four patients required later revisions to reduce the size of the gastric pouch or stoma. These operations were performed with acceptable morbidity and no mortality. Growth in height was not interrupted and no metabolic problems were encountered postoperatively. Gastric bypass is a safe and effective method of controlling body weight in morbidly obese children and adolescents.", "PMID": 1117394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5547", "title": "Immunological studies in the postsplenectomy syndrome.", "content": "Variations in the serial immunoglobulins of 52 children splenectomized for a variety of indications were studied and compared with two groups of children, one postoperative and one without operation. The most significant finding was the constant decrease in Ig M in every instance. Our series of splenectomized children seems to confirm the facts noted by other authors. The incidence of serious infections has been clearly significant and is clearly postsplenectomy sepsis. The age of the patients has a great influence on the seriousness of the septic process, these being more severe on younger children. The influence has also been revealed of the cause which motivated the operation, this corresponding in the first place to thalassemia and in the second place through spherocytosis and pseudohormones. It is evident that the immunologic role of the spleen during early childhood, especially under the age of 5 yr is important. The greatest risk or postsplenectomy sepsis is in the first 2 yr of life. Splenectomy should be delayed until after the age of 5 if clinical circumstances permit. If not, prophylactic chemotherapy should be carried out during the first 18 mo after splenectomy.", "contents": "Immunological studies in the postsplenectomy syndrome. Variations in the serial immunoglobulins of 52 children splenectomized for a variety of indications were studied and compared with two groups of children, one postoperative and one without operation. The most significant finding was the constant decrease in Ig M in every instance. Our series of splenectomized children seems to confirm the facts noted by other authors. The incidence of serious infections has been clearly significant and is clearly postsplenectomy sepsis. The age of the patients has a great influence on the seriousness of the septic process, these being more severe on younger children. The influence has also been revealed of the cause which motivated the operation, this corresponding in the first place to thalassemia and in the second place through spherocytosis and pseudohormones. It is evident that the immunologic role of the spleen during early childhood, especially under the age of 5 yr is important. The greatest risk or postsplenectomy sepsis is in the first 2 yr of life. Splenectomy should be delayed until after the age of 5 if clinical circumstances permit. If not, prophylactic chemotherapy should be carried out during the first 18 mo after splenectomy.", "PMID": 1117395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5548", "title": "Experience with choledocal cyst.", "content": "In a series of ten children operated upon for congenital choledocal cyst, it was noted that the diagnosis had often been delayed because of intermittent or moderate symptoms during the first year of life. We favor resection of the cyst, advocated by many authors recently, but it should be emphasized that this procedure is not without risk and may be quite a difficult undertaking. Late results were satisfactory on the whole, even in one child with severe portal hypertension. However, the moderate fibrosis found at operative biopsy and the still slightly enlarged liver at follow-up examination are reasons for long-term observation of these patients.", "contents": "Experience with choledocal cyst. In a series of ten children operated upon for congenital choledocal cyst, it was noted that the diagnosis had often been delayed because of intermittent or moderate symptoms during the first year of life. We favor resection of the cyst, advocated by many authors recently, but it should be emphasized that this procedure is not without risk and may be quite a difficult undertaking. Late results were satisfactory on the whole, even in one child with severe portal hypertension. However, the moderate fibrosis found at operative biopsy and the still slightly enlarged liver at follow-up examination are reasons for long-term observation of these patients.", "PMID": 1117396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5549", "title": "Hiatus hernia in infants and children: a long-term follow-up of medical therapy.", "content": "The follow-up of 75 patients over a period of 1-12 yr demonstrates that at least 70% of these--if infants--may be permanently free of symptoms, when placed on medical therapy. If an infant becomes free of symptoms under 14 days, it may be expected that medical therapy will be definitely successful. Therefore, it seems to us that every infant ought to be given medical therapy for a period of at least 14 days. Medical therapy does not give rise to stenosis of the esophagus. Hiatus hernia is a diagnosis which should be made at the earlies possible moment. Only on this basis can medical therapy be successful and stenosis of the esophagus may be prevented.", "contents": "Hiatus hernia in infants and children: a long-term follow-up of medical therapy. The follow-up of 75 patients over a period of 1-12 yr demonstrates that at least 70% of these--if infants--may be permanently free of symptoms, when placed on medical therapy. If an infant becomes free of symptoms under 14 days, it may be expected that medical therapy will be definitely successful. Therefore, it seems to us that every infant ought to be given medical therapy for a period of at least 14 days. Medical therapy does not give rise to stenosis of the esophagus. Hiatus hernia is a diagnosis which should be made at the earlies possible moment. Only on this basis can medical therapy be successful and stenosis of the esophagus may be prevented.", "PMID": 1117398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5550", "title": "Individual differences in coalitional behavior.", "content": "Individual differences in coalitional behavior were investigated in an experimental setting. Variables representing the choice of partner and bargaining on payoff were correlated with one another and with some personality variables. The findings indicate that partner power preference is significantly related to initial bargaining demands and bargaining endurance. The bargaining variables of initial demands, final demands, concessions, and endurance were found to be significantly related to one another. The findings indicate that the personality variable of external control is significantly related to partner power preference and bargaining concessions. The results suggest that differences in coalitional behavior that occur independently of situational variation have a significant systematic component. The findings indicate that an analysis of these differences could enhance prediction of coalitional behavior. Prediction linkages between variables are proposed.", "contents": "Individual differences in coalitional behavior. Individual differences in coalitional behavior were investigated in an experimental setting. Variables representing the choice of partner and bargaining on payoff were correlated with one another and with some personality variables. The findings indicate that partner power preference is significantly related to initial bargaining demands and bargaining endurance. The bargaining variables of initial demands, final demands, concessions, and endurance were found to be significantly related to one another. The findings indicate that the personality variable of external control is significantly related to partner power preference and bargaining concessions. The results suggest that differences in coalitional behavior that occur independently of situational variation have a significant systematic component. The findings indicate that an analysis of these differences could enhance prediction of coalitional behavior. Prediction linkages between variables are proposed.", "PMID": 1117399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5551", "title": "Evaluation of an interviewer as a function of interviewer gaze, reinforcement of subject gaze, and interviewer attractiveness.", "content": "Male subjects were interviewed by female interviewers who gazed constantly, intermittently, or not at all. Experimental subjects were reinforced with green light feedback whenever they gazed at the interviewers and were punished with red light feedback when they averted gaze for more than 6 seconds. Control subjects received noncontingent green and red light feedback. Although gaze of experimental subjects toward the interviewers was increased significantly, their attitudes toward the interviewers remained the same. This was probably because the subjects did not discriminate that their gazing behavior had changed. Subjects gave the most unfavorable reactions to the nongazing interviewers, rating them as least attractive, giving them the shortest answers, and sitting farthest from them during the debriefing session. Subjects did not discriminate between high and low attractive interviewers, except that the latter were rated disproportionately low on attentiveness if they did not gaze. Interviewers with high rates of talking were preferred over interviewers with low rates of talking. It was concluded that interpersonal attraction is related to gaze and physical attractiveness through a number of mediating variables which will have to be isolated more specifically in future research.", "contents": "Evaluation of an interviewer as a function of interviewer gaze, reinforcement of subject gaze, and interviewer attractiveness. Male subjects were interviewed by female interviewers who gazed constantly, intermittently, or not at all. Experimental subjects were reinforced with green light feedback whenever they gazed at the interviewers and were punished with red light feedback when they averted gaze for more than 6 seconds. Control subjects received noncontingent green and red light feedback. Although gaze of experimental subjects toward the interviewers was increased significantly, their attitudes toward the interviewers remained the same. This was probably because the subjects did not discriminate that their gazing behavior had changed. Subjects gave the most unfavorable reactions to the nongazing interviewers, rating them as least attractive, giving them the shortest answers, and sitting farthest from them during the debriefing session. Subjects did not discriminate between high and low attractive interviewers, except that the latter were rated disproportionately low on attentiveness if they did not gaze. Interviewers with high rates of talking were preferred over interviewers with low rates of talking. It was concluded that interpersonal attraction is related to gaze and physical attractiveness through a number of mediating variables which will have to be isolated more specifically in future research.", "PMID": 1117400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5552", "title": "Cross-modal effects of anticipatory bogus heart rate feedback in a negative emotional context.", "content": "The goal of the present investigation was to examine the effect of altering the perceptions of one's own physiological arousal on the elicitation of emotional behavior as defined by galvanic skin response, the nonspecific galvanic skin response, and verbal report measures of discomfort and unpleasantness. After an initial three-minute rest period, 48 subjects were exposed to 10 successive slides of people who died violently and continuous auditory tones. Results showed that the groups simultaneously exposed to the noxious slides and tones labeled as bogus heart rate feedback responded to the slides with increased electrodermal activity as compared to subjects exposed to the identical auditory feedback labeled as extraneous noise. An increase in bogus heart rate tended to elicit the most pronounced electrodermal responses. As expected, bogus heart rate conditions resulted in greater self reports of discomfort and slide unpleasantness as compared to the noise conditions. These findings were explained as a function of a cyclic cognitive-visceral link.", "contents": "Cross-modal effects of anticipatory bogus heart rate feedback in a negative emotional context. The goal of the present investigation was to examine the effect of altering the perceptions of one's own physiological arousal on the elicitation of emotional behavior as defined by galvanic skin response, the nonspecific galvanic skin response, and verbal report measures of discomfort and unpleasantness. After an initial three-minute rest period, 48 subjects were exposed to 10 successive slides of people who died violently and continuous auditory tones. Results showed that the groups simultaneously exposed to the noxious slides and tones labeled as bogus heart rate feedback responded to the slides with increased electrodermal activity as compared to subjects exposed to the identical auditory feedback labeled as extraneous noise. An increase in bogus heart rate tended to elicit the most pronounced electrodermal responses. As expected, bogus heart rate conditions resulted in greater self reports of discomfort and slide unpleasantness as compared to the noise conditions. These findings were explained as a function of a cyclic cognitive-visceral link.", "PMID": 1117401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5553", "title": "Influence of locus of control on interpersonal attraction and affective reactions in situations involving reward and punishment.", "content": "Ninety-six subjects with either high or low I-E Scale scores participated in individual discussions with an experimental who either (a) rewarded and then punished, (b) punished and then rewarded, or (c) gave no evaluative feedback after the subject's responses. Because previous research has suggested that internally controlled subjects attend primarily to rewards while externally controlled subjects attend primarily to punishments, it was hypothesized (a) that the internally controlled subjects, as compared to externally controlled subjects, would be more attracted to the experimenter in the conditions involving rewards and punishments regardless of the sequencing and (b) that the reverse would be true in the nonevaluative control condition. The prediction was consistently supported and subjects' feelings of anger and anxiety during the discussions generally complemented the attention and attraction hypotheses. The results indicate that individual differences influence attraction in situations involving rewards and punishments and they offer a prescription for developing interpersonal attraction and minimizing anger: Offer rewards to internally controlled persons and remain neutral with externally controlled persons.", "contents": "Influence of locus of control on interpersonal attraction and affective reactions in situations involving reward and punishment. Ninety-six subjects with either high or low I-E Scale scores participated in individual discussions with an experimental who either (a) rewarded and then punished, (b) punished and then rewarded, or (c) gave no evaluative feedback after the subject's responses. Because previous research has suggested that internally controlled subjects attend primarily to rewards while externally controlled subjects attend primarily to punishments, it was hypothesized (a) that the internally controlled subjects, as compared to externally controlled subjects, would be more attracted to the experimenter in the conditions involving rewards and punishments regardless of the sequencing and (b) that the reverse would be true in the nonevaluative control condition. The prediction was consistently supported and subjects' feelings of anger and anxiety during the discussions generally complemented the attention and attraction hypotheses. The results indicate that individual differences influence attraction in situations involving rewards and punishments and they offer a prescription for developing interpersonal attraction and minimizing anger: Offer rewards to internally controlled persons and remain neutral with externally controlled persons.", "PMID": 1117402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5554", "title": "Conditioned autonomic responses as bidirectional indicators of racial attitude.", "content": "Present physiological techniques of attitude measurement tap attitude intensity but not attitude direction. An alternative physiological technique, based upon the phenomenon of semantic generalization of conditioned autonomic responses, was tested to determine whether it would provide a bidirectional indicator of attitude. Subjects with favorable or unfavorable self-reported attitudes toward blacks were conditioned to statements having no racial content which they had previously evaluated as \"bad.\" Subsequently, they were presented with statements with racial content; the latter were sentences which would be differentially evaluated as \"good\" or \"bad\" by persons with dissimilar racial attitudes. It was hypothesized that racial attitude would predict conditioned autonomic responses elicited by the generalization statements. It was found that groups differing in racial attitude could be distinguished on the basis of their conditioned responses to the race-related generalization statements. Unresolved problems of interpretation are discussed.", "contents": "Conditioned autonomic responses as bidirectional indicators of racial attitude. Present physiological techniques of attitude measurement tap attitude intensity but not attitude direction. An alternative physiological technique, based upon the phenomenon of semantic generalization of conditioned autonomic responses, was tested to determine whether it would provide a bidirectional indicator of attitude. Subjects with favorable or unfavorable self-reported attitudes toward blacks were conditioned to statements having no racial content which they had previously evaluated as \"bad.\" Subsequently, they were presented with statements with racial content; the latter were sentences which would be differentially evaluated as \"good\" or \"bad\" by persons with dissimilar racial attitudes. It was hypothesized that racial attitude would predict conditioned autonomic responses elicited by the generalization statements. It was found that groups differing in racial attitude could be distinguished on the basis of their conditioned responses to the race-related generalization statements. Unresolved problems of interpretation are discussed.", "PMID": 1117403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5555", "title": "Effects of stress and commonality of fate on helping behavior.", "content": "An experiment was performed in order to examine the joint effects of stress and commonality of fate on helping behavior. In a 2 times 2 factorial design, subjects were randomly assigned to one of four conditions in which (a) the subject and a confederate are both awaiting an experiment involving electric shock (high stress-common fate); (b) the subject is awaiting an experiment involving electric shock while the confederate is awaiting an innocuous word association experiment (high stress-dissimilar fate); (c) the subject is awaiting the word association experiment while the confederate awaits shock (low stress-dissimilar fate); and (d) the subject and the confederate are both awaiting an innocuous word association experiment (low stress-common fate). As predicted, a significant interaction, p less than .01, was obtained, indicating that high stress, as compared to low stress, facilitates helping if the potential recipient is in the same stressful situation but inhibits helping if the potential recipient is in a dissimilar and less stressful situation.", "contents": "Effects of stress and commonality of fate on helping behavior. An experiment was performed in order to examine the joint effects of stress and commonality of fate on helping behavior. In a 2 times 2 factorial design, subjects were randomly assigned to one of four conditions in which (a) the subject and a confederate are both awaiting an experiment involving electric shock (high stress-common fate); (b) the subject is awaiting an experiment involving electric shock while the confederate is awaiting an innocuous word association experiment (high stress-dissimilar fate); (c) the subject is awaiting the word association experiment while the confederate awaits shock (low stress-dissimilar fate); and (d) the subject and the confederate are both awaiting an innocuous word association experiment (low stress-common fate). As predicted, a significant interaction, p less than .01, was obtained, indicating that high stress, as compared to low stress, facilitates helping if the potential recipient is in the same stressful situation but inhibits helping if the potential recipient is in a dissimilar and less stressful situation.", "PMID": 1117404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5556", "title": "Escalation of aggression: experimental studies.", "content": "A finding commonly obtained in research using the Buss \"aggression machine\" is a main effect for trail blocks, indicating an escalation in shock intensity over trails. Theoretical explanations for this effect were tested in a modified verbal operant-conditioning situation. In Experiment 1, subjects could administer any of 10 levels of positive reinforcement to a \"learner\" for correct verbal responses or any of 10 levels of negative reinforcement to a learner for incorrect responses. Half of the subjects were required to begin with weak, half with strong, reinforcements. Results indicated that, regardless of condition, subjects gave more intense reinforcements as the learning trails progressed. Those who administered negative reinforcements devalued the learner relative to those who administered positive reinforcements. In Experiment 2, a role-playing procedure was used in which subjects administered either positive or negative reinforcements to a learner whose performance either did or did not improve over trials. Again, in all experimental groups, subjects administered increasingly intense reinforcements over trials. The results are interpreted as supporting a disinhibition theory of anti- and prosocial behavior.", "contents": "Escalation of aggression: experimental studies. A finding commonly obtained in research using the Buss \"aggression machine\" is a main effect for trail blocks, indicating an escalation in shock intensity over trails. Theoretical explanations for this effect were tested in a modified verbal operant-conditioning situation. In Experiment 1, subjects could administer any of 10 levels of positive reinforcement to a \"learner\" for correct verbal responses or any of 10 levels of negative reinforcement to a learner for incorrect responses. Half of the subjects were required to begin with weak, half with strong, reinforcements. Results indicated that, regardless of condition, subjects gave more intense reinforcements as the learning trails progressed. Those who administered negative reinforcements devalued the learner relative to those who administered positive reinforcements. In Experiment 2, a role-playing procedure was used in which subjects administered either positive or negative reinforcements to a learner whose performance either did or did not improve over trials. Again, in all experimental groups, subjects administered increasingly intense reinforcements over trials. The results are interpreted as supporting a disinhibition theory of anti- and prosocial behavior.", "PMID": 1117405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5557", "title": "Childbirth as crisis: a test of Janis's theory of communication and stress resolution.", "content": "The relationship between expectation and subjective outcome in childbirth was investigated. Sixty primigravidae responded to a questionnaire before and after labor and delivery. The evaluation of childbirth as favorable or unfavorable was related to whether the experience was rated better or worse than expectation. Anticipation of labor and delivery was positively related to a woman's perception of her mother's experience in childbirth, but was not related to the woman's evaluation of her actual delivery experience. Women receiving extreme communications or no information from their mother reported poorer outcomes than women who received moderate communications. Anxiety, as measured by the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale, and denial, as measured by the Self-Criticism Scale of the Tennessee Self-Concept Scale, were not related to anticipation or subjective outcome measures. Results were interpreted within Janis's theory of psychological stress.", "contents": "Childbirth as crisis: a test of Janis's theory of communication and stress resolution. The relationship between expectation and subjective outcome in childbirth was investigated. Sixty primigravidae responded to a questionnaire before and after labor and delivery. The evaluation of childbirth as favorable or unfavorable was related to whether the experience was rated better or worse than expectation. Anticipation of labor and delivery was positively related to a woman's perception of her mother's experience in childbirth, but was not related to the woman's evaluation of her actual delivery experience. Women receiving extreme communications or no information from their mother reported poorer outcomes than women who received moderate communications. Anxiety, as measured by the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale, and denial, as measured by the Self-Criticism Scale of the Tennessee Self-Concept Scale, were not related to anticipation or subjective outcome measures. Results were interpreted within Janis's theory of psychological stress.", "PMID": 1117406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5558", "title": "Effects of viewed violence and aggression: stimulation and catharsis.", "content": "Tests of the catharsis hypothesis involving viewed violence have led to conflicting results. It was suggested that the inconsistencies were due in part to the use of two different types of response measures, aggressive responses and hostile responses. This study involved a direct comparison of the two types of responses under conditions of instigation versus no instigation and aggressive versus neutral film. It was hypothesized that viewing an aggressive film would lead to a decrease in hostile responses (catharsis) and an increase in aggressive responses (stimulation) when compared with a neutral film condition. It was also hypothesized that both stimulation and catharsis effects would be enhanced under instigation conditions. A main effect of instigation was found with subjects in the instigation condition having higher scores than those in the noninstigated condition. A main effect of film was found with subjects having lower scores in the aggressive film condition than in the neutral film condition. A significant Film times Response Outlet interaction was found which offered support for the predicted catharsis effect on the hostility measure. There was no support for the predicted stimulation effect on the aggression measure. The results of the study offer support for the main thesis that in examining the effects of viewed violence, separation of hostile responses and aggressive responses is necessary for full understanding.", "contents": "Effects of viewed violence and aggression: stimulation and catharsis. Tests of the catharsis hypothesis involving viewed violence have led to conflicting results. It was suggested that the inconsistencies were due in part to the use of two different types of response measures, aggressive responses and hostile responses. This study involved a direct comparison of the two types of responses under conditions of instigation versus no instigation and aggressive versus neutral film. It was hypothesized that viewing an aggressive film would lead to a decrease in hostile responses (catharsis) and an increase in aggressive responses (stimulation) when compared with a neutral film condition. It was also hypothesized that both stimulation and catharsis effects would be enhanced under instigation conditions. A main effect of instigation was found with subjects in the instigation condition having higher scores than those in the noninstigated condition. A main effect of film was found with subjects having lower scores in the aggressive film condition than in the neutral film condition. A significant Film times Response Outlet interaction was found which offered support for the predicted catharsis effect on the hostility measure. There was no support for the predicted stimulation effect on the aggression measure. The results of the study offer support for the main thesis that in examining the effects of viewed violence, separation of hostile responses and aggressive responses is necessary for full understanding.", "PMID": 1117407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5559", "title": "Reactions to male and female success and failure in sex-linked occupations: impressions of personality, causal attributions, and perceived likelihood of different consequences.", "content": "Female subjects responded to three short verbal cues in which either a male or female character succeeded or failed in an examination qualifying the male (or female) for entry into an occupation. Three occupations were involved varying in masculine dominance (medicine, teaching, and nursing). In responding to each cue, subjects first rated the character in the cue on semantic differential scales to provide impressions of personality, then rated the importance of different possible causes of the outcome (causal attribution), and finally rated the likelihood that each of a set of possible consequences might follow the outcome. Results indicated a fairly pervasive tendency for the female subjects to upgrade successful males in relation to unsuccessful males but to downgrade successful females in relation to unsuccessful females. Results were discussed in relation to sex roles in society as they relate to permissible achievements for males and females.", "contents": "Reactions to male and female success and failure in sex-linked occupations: impressions of personality, causal attributions, and perceived likelihood of different consequences. Female subjects responded to three short verbal cues in which either a male or female character succeeded or failed in an examination qualifying the male (or female) for entry into an occupation. Three occupations were involved varying in masculine dominance (medicine, teaching, and nursing). In responding to each cue, subjects first rated the character in the cue on semantic differential scales to provide impressions of personality, then rated the importance of different possible causes of the outcome (causal attribution), and finally rated the likelihood that each of a set of possible consequences might follow the outcome. Results indicated a fairly pervasive tendency for the female subjects to upgrade successful males in relation to unsuccessful males but to downgrade successful females in relation to unsuccessful females. Results were discussed in relation to sex roles in society as they relate to permissible achievements for males and females.", "PMID": 1117408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5560", "title": "Time perception and stimulus preference as a function of stimulus complexity.", "content": "The present research joins previous efforts to define more clearly the phenomenon of perceived time as an important social-psychological dimension. In this study, time was considered a socially existential variable that can most meaningfully be measured by comparing two or more subjectively experienced durations, each with the other(s). Combining this view of time judgment with the adaptation level/optimal arousal principle, two hypotheses were tested: (a) that test stimuli differing in degree of complexity elicit from the individual differential degrees of affect, and (b) that intervals during which the individual is exposed to either overly simple or overly complex stimuli are judged as comparatively longer than objectively equal durations filled with moderately complex stimuli. Both hypotheses were affirmed.", "contents": "Time perception and stimulus preference as a function of stimulus complexity. The present research joins previous efforts to define more clearly the phenomenon of perceived time as an important social-psychological dimension. In this study, time was considered a socially existential variable that can most meaningfully be measured by comparing two or more subjectively experienced durations, each with the other(s). Combining this view of time judgment with the adaptation level/optimal arousal principle, two hypotheses were tested: (a) that test stimuli differing in degree of complexity elicit from the individual differential degrees of affect, and (b) that intervals during which the individual is exposed to either overly simple or overly complex stimuli are judged as comparatively longer than objectively equal durations filled with moderately complex stimuli. Both hypotheses were affirmed.", "PMID": 1117409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5561", "title": "Differential self-concept in American Indian children as a function of language and examiner.", "content": "The hypothesis that minority self-concept may vary as a function of implicit ethnic and nonethnic evaluative criteria was investigated by testing 40 Mikasuki Seminole Indian children in their native language (Mikasuki) with Indian examiners and in English with Anglo examiners. Two reservation groups, matched for age and sex, received four administration of a personal (Piers-Harris) and an Indian self-concept scale, in a repeated measures counterbalanced design, varying language and order. Significant tes-retest correlations indicated response stability across languages and time. Results, homogeneous for all subgroups, showed significantly higher personal self-concept in Mikasuki, significantly higher Indian self-concept in English. It was suggested that minority testing may involve culturally patterned and context-bound response tendencies.", "contents": "Differential self-concept in American Indian children as a function of language and examiner. The hypothesis that minority self-concept may vary as a function of implicit ethnic and nonethnic evaluative criteria was investigated by testing 40 Mikasuki Seminole Indian children in their native language (Mikasuki) with Indian examiners and in English with Anglo examiners. Two reservation groups, matched for age and sex, received four administration of a personal (Piers-Harris) and an Indian self-concept scale, in a repeated measures counterbalanced design, varying language and order. Significant tes-retest correlations indicated response stability across languages and time. Results, homogeneous for all subgroups, showed significantly higher personal self-concept in Mikasuki, significantly higher Indian self-concept in English. It was suggested that minority testing may involve culturally patterned and context-bound response tendencies.", "PMID": 1117410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5562", "title": "Humorous laughter in children.", "content": "This experiment examines the notion that the sharing of humor enhances overt expressive responses (laughter and smiling) and humor ratings. Independent groups of seven- to eight-year-old children listened on headphones to amusing material. They were tested alone or in dyads or triads with confederates of the same sex. In triads, duration of laughter and smiling was inversely related to the amount that confederates looked at one another; this was the case whether confederates were thought to be listening to the same or different recordings. Laughter and smiling scores support the notion that sharing the social situation is crucial in the facilitation of \"humorous laughter.\" A  theory of socially facilitated laughter is proposed which draws upon social-facilitation drive theory and the tension-reduction aspects of humor theory.", "contents": "Humorous laughter in children. This experiment examines the notion that the sharing of humor enhances overt expressive responses (laughter and smiling) and humor ratings. Independent groups of seven- to eight-year-old children listened on headphones to amusing material. They were tested alone or in dyads or triads with confederates of the same sex. In triads, duration of laughter and smiling was inversely related to the amount that confederates looked at one another; this was the case whether confederates were thought to be listening to the same or different recordings. Laughter and smiling scores support the notion that sharing the social situation is crucial in the facilitation of \"humorous laughter.\" A  theory of socially facilitated laughter is proposed which draws upon social-facilitation drive theory and the tension-reduction aspects of humor theory.", "PMID": 1117411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5563", "title": "To comply or not comply: testing the self-perception explanation of the \"foot-in-the-door\" phenomenon.", "content": "A field experiment was conducted to test the self-perception explanation of the \"foot-in-the-door\" phenomenon of increased compliance with a substantial request after prior compliance with a smaller demand. In this study, some subjects were first approached with a small request (answer 8 questions in a telephone survey)  the size of which was virtually certain to guarantee compliance. Other subjects were first approached with a request sufficiently large to guarantee noncompliance (answer 50 questions). Subjects in both of these conditions were subsequently approached with a moderately sized request (30 questions sponsored by a different public service organization). As predicted by self-perception theory, subjects in the small-initial-request condition showed a higher rate of compliance to the second request (.519), whereas subjects in the large-initial-request condition showed a lower rate of compliance (.219) than subjects in the no-initial-request control condition (.333).", "contents": "To comply or not comply: testing the self-perception explanation of the \"foot-in-the-door\" phenomenon. A field experiment was conducted to test the self-perception explanation of the \"foot-in-the-door\" phenomenon of increased compliance with a substantial request after prior compliance with a smaller demand. In this study, some subjects were first approached with a small request (answer 8 questions in a telephone survey)  the size of which was virtually certain to guarantee compliance. Other subjects were first approached with a request sufficiently large to guarantee noncompliance (answer 50 questions). Subjects in both of these conditions were subsequently approached with a moderately sized request (30 questions sponsored by a different public service organization). As predicted by self-perception theory, subjects in the small-initial-request condition showed a higher rate of compliance to the second request (.519), whereas subjects in the large-initial-request condition showed a lower rate of compliance (.219) than subjects in the no-initial-request control condition (.333).", "PMID": 1117412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5564", "title": "Effects of \"mere exposure\" on learning and affect.", "content": "The mediating role of learning in the relationship between repeated exposure and affect was explored and supported in three experiments involving a total of 229 undergraduate participants. It was found that both learning and affect measures behaved in essentially the same way as a function of exposure duration (Experiments 1 and 3), serial position (Experiments 1 and 2), rating delay (Experiment 1) and stimulus properties (Experiment 1). These results suggest learning may be intrinsically rewarding and clarify one of the mechanisms involved in the relationship between exposure frequency and affect, extending Berlyne's two-factor theory of the effects of stimulus familiarity.", "contents": "Effects of \"mere exposure\" on learning and affect. The mediating role of learning in the relationship between repeated exposure and affect was explored and supported in three experiments involving a total of 229 undergraduate participants. It was found that both learning and affect measures behaved in essentially the same way as a function of exposure duration (Experiments 1 and 3), serial position (Experiments 1 and 2), rating delay (Experiment 1) and stimulus properties (Experiment 1). These results suggest learning may be intrinsically rewarding and clarify one of the mechanisms involved in the relationship between exposure frequency and affect, extending Berlyne's two-factor theory of the effects of stimulus familiarity.", "PMID": 1117413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5565", "title": "The treatment of ethylene glycol toxicosis with pyrazole.", "content": "Rats and dogs were protected from the effects of lethal doses of ingested ethylene glycol (EG) with pyrazole (P), an inhibitor of liver alcohol dehydrogenase. Rats given 1.35 ml/100 g of EG followed by 2.2 mmol/kg of P i.p. at 6 and 30 hours postingestion survived. Untreated control animals died. Dogs were given either 10.0 or 12.5 ml/kg of EG and treatment was begun 6 hours later. The control treatment consised of NaHC03 administered i.v. according to the calculated base deficit, B-complex vitamins with ascorbic acid, hydrocortisone, and 5 per cent glucose in water. The addition postexposure to this treatment of 0.9 mmol/kg of P and 0.5 mmol/kg of P at 6 and 30 hours, respectively, constituted the experimental therapy. In summary: with 10 ml/kg of EG, no P, 2 of 5 dogs survived; 12.5 ml/kg of EG, no P, 0/1; 10 ml/kg of EG plus P, 9/11; 12.5 ml/kg of EG plus P, 12/22. Dogs that succumbed had large numbers of oxalate crystals in their kidneys at necropsy. The surviving dogs had few oxalate crystals in their kidneys at the time of unilateral nephrectomy (2 weeks postexposure) or necropsy (30 days postexposure). Several clinical factors were identified as useful prognostic indicators in the treatment of EG poisoning. The results suggested that pyrazole, despite its marked toxicity, may be of clinically significant value in the treatment of ethylene glycol poisoning when therapy is initiated withing 6 hours of exposure.", "contents": "The treatment of ethylene glycol toxicosis with pyrazole. Rats and dogs were protected from the effects of lethal doses of ingested ethylene glycol (EG) with pyrazole (P), an inhibitor of liver alcohol dehydrogenase. Rats given 1.35 ml/100 g of EG followed by 2.2 mmol/kg of P i.p. at 6 and 30 hours postingestion survived. Untreated control animals died. Dogs were given either 10.0 or 12.5 ml/kg of EG and treatment was begun 6 hours later. The control treatment consised of NaHC03 administered i.v. according to the calculated base deficit, B-complex vitamins with ascorbic acid, hydrocortisone, and 5 per cent glucose in water. The addition postexposure to this treatment of 0.9 mmol/kg of P and 0.5 mmol/kg of P at 6 and 30 hours, respectively, constituted the experimental therapy. In summary: with 10 ml/kg of EG, no P, 2 of 5 dogs survived; 12.5 ml/kg of EG, no P, 0/1; 10 ml/kg of EG plus P, 9/11; 12.5 ml/kg of EG plus P, 12/22. Dogs that succumbed had large numbers of oxalate crystals in their kidneys at necropsy. The surviving dogs had few oxalate crystals in their kidneys at the time of unilateral nephrectomy (2 weeks postexposure) or necropsy (30 days postexposure). Several clinical factors were identified as useful prognostic indicators in the treatment of EG poisoning. The results suggested that pyrazole, despite its marked toxicity, may be of clinically significant value in the treatment of ethylene glycol poisoning when therapy is initiated withing 6 hours of exposure.", "PMID": 1117414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5566", "title": "An extracorporeal complexing hemodialysis system for the treatment of methylmercury poisoning.  I.  In vitro studies of the effects of four complexing agents on the distribution and dialyzability of methylmercury in human blood.", "content": "Almost all of the methylmercury (MM) in human blood is protein bound, primarily to sulfhydryl ligands.  Sulfhydryl agents such as penicillamine, N-acetylpenicillamine, cysteine and N-acetyleysteine are capable of reversing the protein binding of MM when they are added to whole human blood.  The magnitude of the protein binding reversal was similar for each compound as predicted by the determination of their relative affinities for MM in vitro.  Concentration-dependent reversals of protein binding of MM in blood was observed at increasing sulfhydryl concentrations from 10-4 to 10-2 M.  At 10-2 M, a 55- to 60-fold increase in non-protein-bound plasma MM was observed, when compared to blood with no added sulfhydryl agent.  Both the complexing agent and the MM complex formed in blood were readily dialyzable using a Travenol 145 twin coil hemodialyzer.  At cysteine concentrations of 10-2 M in whole blood, up to 44 percent of whole blood MM was dialyzed on a single pass at a dialyzer blood flow rate of 55 ml/min.  Under the same conditions, up 50 94 percent of plasma cysteine was dialyzed.  A system is presented for use in vivo on experimental animals.  The potential advantages of this method over existing therapeutic regimens for MM poisoning are discussed.", "contents": "An extracorporeal complexing hemodialysis system for the treatment of methylmercury poisoning.  I.  In vitro studies of the effects of four complexing agents on the distribution and dialyzability of methylmercury in human blood. Almost all of the methylmercury (MM) in human blood is protein bound, primarily to sulfhydryl ligands.  Sulfhydryl agents such as penicillamine, N-acetylpenicillamine, cysteine and N-acetyleysteine are capable of reversing the protein binding of MM when they are added to whole human blood.  The magnitude of the protein binding reversal was similar for each compound as predicted by the determination of their relative affinities for MM in vitro.  Concentration-dependent reversals of protein binding of MM in blood was observed at increasing sulfhydryl concentrations from 10-4 to 10-2 M.  At 10-2 M, a 55- to 60-fold increase in non-protein-bound plasma MM was observed, when compared to blood with no added sulfhydryl agent.  Both the complexing agent and the MM complex formed in blood were readily dialyzable using a Travenol 145 twin coil hemodialyzer.  At cysteine concentrations of 10-2 M in whole blood, up to 44 percent of whole blood MM was dialyzed on a single pass at a dialyzer blood flow rate of 55 ml/min.  Under the same conditions, up 50 94 percent of plasma cysteine was dialyzed.  A system is presented for use in vivo on experimental animals.  The potential advantages of this method over existing therapeutic regimens for MM poisoning are discussed.", "PMID": 1117415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5567", "title": "Effect of narcotic drugs on ribonucleic acid and nucleotide metabolism in mouse brain.", "content": "Mice either were administered 10, 30 or 100 mg/kg of morphine sulfate acutely or were chronically implanted with pellets containing morphine, naloxone or pentazocine. They were then injected intraperitoneally or intracerebroventricularly with [5-3H] uridine or [5-3H] orotic acid either 30 minutes, 24 hours of 48 hours before sacrifice. The incorporation of the 3H into brain total homogenate, ribonucleic acid (RNA) and uridine nucleotides was measured. The RNA content of brain and liver was also assayed. When [3H] uridine was injected. i.p. 30 minutes before sacrifice, acute injection of 30 or 100 mg/kg of morphine sulfate or chronic implantation of morphine pellets decreased the incorporation of the [3H] uridine into brain RNA. However, neither the acute administration of 10 mg/kg of morphine sulfate, nor the chronic administration of naloxone or pentazocine, altered the amount of radioactivity incorporated into RNA. Chronic morphine treatment decreased the incorporation of 3H into uridine nucleotides and nucleotide sugars due partially to increased catabolism of the [3H] uridine. The brain and liver RNA concentration was unchanged by chronic morphine administration. Thus, chronic morphine treatment alters the metabolism of uridine nucleotides but does not appear to alter the net synthesis of the total brain RNA.", "contents": "Effect of narcotic drugs on ribonucleic acid and nucleotide metabolism in mouse brain. Mice either were administered 10, 30 or 100 mg/kg of morphine sulfate acutely or were chronically implanted with pellets containing morphine, naloxone or pentazocine. They were then injected intraperitoneally or intracerebroventricularly with [5-3H] uridine or [5-3H] orotic acid either 30 minutes, 24 hours of 48 hours before sacrifice. The incorporation of the 3H into brain total homogenate, ribonucleic acid (RNA) and uridine nucleotides was measured. The RNA content of brain and liver was also assayed. When [3H] uridine was injected. i.p. 30 minutes before sacrifice, acute injection of 30 or 100 mg/kg of morphine sulfate or chronic implantation of morphine pellets decreased the incorporation of the [3H] uridine into brain RNA. However, neither the acute administration of 10 mg/kg of morphine sulfate, nor the chronic administration of naloxone or pentazocine, altered the amount of radioactivity incorporated into RNA. Chronic morphine treatment decreased the incorporation of 3H into uridine nucleotides and nucleotide sugars due partially to increased catabolism of the [3H] uridine. The brain and liver RNA concentration was unchanged by chronic morphine administration. Thus, chronic morphine treatment alters the metabolism of uridine nucleotides but does not appear to alter the net synthesis of the total brain RNA.", "PMID": 1117416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5568", "title": "Application of principles of steady-state kinetics to the in vivo estimation of acetylcholine turnover rate in mouse brain.", "content": "The rate of metabolism of acetylcholine (ACh) in mouse brain in vivo has been estimated utilizing a radio gas chromatographic approach and pulse labeling with radioactive phosphorylcholine.  A kinetic model describing the change with time of the plasma choline (Ch), brain Ch and ACh specific radioactivities as interdependent variables is postulated.  The experimental results are analyzed kinetically according to this model using two methods: the finite difference method described by Neff et al. (J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 176: 701-710, 1971) and a simple graphic method based on the transformation of the data in terms of the decline of plasma Ch radioactivity described in this paper.  The accuracy of the latter is evaluated by the classic method of the least mean squares.  Calculations with the two methods yield comparable results.  This method is simple and can be used to study drug effects on brain ACh turnover rate.  ACh turnover rate in mouse brain has been calculated to be 0.36 mumol/g/hr with the latter method, whereas the finite difference method yields slightly lower values.  Because of the compartmentalization of brain Ch and the inherent assumptions, the new method can be used only for data collected during the exponential decline of plasma radioactive choline.", "contents": "Application of principles of steady-state kinetics to the in vivo estimation of acetylcholine turnover rate in mouse brain. The rate of metabolism of acetylcholine (ACh) in mouse brain in vivo has been estimated utilizing a radio gas chromatographic approach and pulse labeling with radioactive phosphorylcholine.  A kinetic model describing the change with time of the plasma choline (Ch), brain Ch and ACh specific radioactivities as interdependent variables is postulated.  The experimental results are analyzed kinetically according to this model using two methods: the finite difference method described by Neff et al. (J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 176: 701-710, 1971) and a simple graphic method based on the transformation of the data in terms of the decline of plasma Ch radioactivity described in this paper.  The accuracy of the latter is evaluated by the classic method of the least mean squares.  Calculations with the two methods yield comparable results.  This method is simple and can be used to study drug effects on brain ACh turnover rate.  ACh turnover rate in mouse brain has been calculated to be 0.36 mumol/g/hr with the latter method, whereas the finite difference method yields slightly lower values.  Because of the compartmentalization of brain Ch and the inherent assumptions, the new method can be used only for data collected during the exponential decline of plasma radioactive choline.", "PMID": 1117417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5569", "title": "Structure-activity relationships between meta-substituted N-ethylamphetamines and locomotor activity in mice.", "content": "The effects of N-ethylamphetamines substituted at the meta position of the phenyl ring with H, F, Cl, Br, I, CF3, CH3O, NO2 or OH were examined on locomotor activity in mice.  With the exception of meta-CF3-N-ethylamphetamine (fenfluramine), all compounds stimulated locomotor activity to varying amounts as determined in dose-activity curves that included doses which were ineffective through doses which either decreased activity relative to lower doses or were lethal.  Multiple linear regression analyses indicated that the extent to which these compounds increased locomotor activity was inversely related to meta-substituent steric effects (size, r equal to 0.90), whereas hydrophobic and electronic substituent effects did not contribute significantly to this relationship.  In mice pretreated with pargyline (100 mg/kg, 4 hours), the stimulant effects of these compounds were potentiated and again were inversely related only to substituent size (r equal to 0.77).  In reserpine-pretreated mice (5 mg/kg, 24 hours), no relationship was obtained with size, hydrophobic or electronic effects individually or together.  Reserpine pretreatment eliminated the rate-increasing effects of the iodinated and hydroxylated derivatives but not those of the other compounds.  Pretreatment with alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine (100 or 320 mg/kg, 1 hour) caused a dose-related abolition of N-ethylamphetamine-induced increases in acitivity. These data suggest that the amphetamine derivatives of the present study act indirectly, probably through release of catecholamines.", "contents": "Structure-activity relationships between meta-substituted N-ethylamphetamines and locomotor activity in mice. The effects of N-ethylamphetamines substituted at the meta position of the phenyl ring with H, F, Cl, Br, I, CF3, CH3O, NO2 or OH were examined on locomotor activity in mice.  With the exception of meta-CF3-N-ethylamphetamine (fenfluramine), all compounds stimulated locomotor activity to varying amounts as determined in dose-activity curves that included doses which were ineffective through doses which either decreased activity relative to lower doses or were lethal.  Multiple linear regression analyses indicated that the extent to which these compounds increased locomotor activity was inversely related to meta-substituent steric effects (size, r equal to 0.90), whereas hydrophobic and electronic substituent effects did not contribute significantly to this relationship.  In mice pretreated with pargyline (100 mg/kg, 4 hours), the stimulant effects of these compounds were potentiated and again were inversely related only to substituent size (r equal to 0.77).  In reserpine-pretreated mice (5 mg/kg, 24 hours), no relationship was obtained with size, hydrophobic or electronic effects individually or together.  Reserpine pretreatment eliminated the rate-increasing effects of the iodinated and hydroxylated derivatives but not those of the other compounds.  Pretreatment with alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine (100 or 320 mg/kg, 1 hour) caused a dose-related abolition of N-ethylamphetamine-induced increases in acitivity. These data suggest that the amphetamine derivatives of the present study act indirectly, probably through release of catecholamines.", "PMID": 1117418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5570", "title": "Structure-activity relationships between meta-substituted N-ethylamphetamines and isolated guinea-pig atrial rate.", "content": "The effects of N-ethylamphetamines (NEAs) substituted at the meta position of the phenyl ring with H, F, Cl, Br, I, CF3, CH3O, NO2, or OH were examined on the rate of spontaneously beating isolated guinea-pig atria. All compounds, with the exception of meta-iodo NEA and meta-trifluoromethyl NEA (fenfluramine), increased atrial rate to varying degrees, as determined in cumulative concentration-response curves that included concentrations which were ineffective through those which decreased rate. Multiple linear regression analyses indicated that the respective maximum increases in atrial rate produced by these compounds were inversely related to the meta-substituted steric factor (size); neither hydrophobic nor electronic substituent effects contributed significantly to the relationship. In atria obtained from guinea pigs pretreated with the monoamine oxidase inhibitor, pargyline (100 mg/kg, 4 hours pretreatment), the stimulant effects of these compounds were markedly potentiated and were again inversely related only to substituent size. In addition, after pargyline, meta-iodo NEA and fenfluramine greatly stimulated the atria. In atria. In atria obtained from guinea pigs which had been administered reserpine (5 mg/kg, 24 hours pretreatment), none of the compounds except meta-hydroxy NEA increased atrial rate. The interactions of pargyline and reserpine pretreatment with the actions of these NEA congeners suggest that all are indirectly acting sympathomimetic amines, except the hydroxylated compound, which is mixed-acting.", "contents": "Structure-activity relationships between meta-substituted N-ethylamphetamines and isolated guinea-pig atrial rate. The effects of N-ethylamphetamines (NEAs) substituted at the meta position of the phenyl ring with H, F, Cl, Br, I, CF3, CH3O, NO2, or OH were examined on the rate of spontaneously beating isolated guinea-pig atria. All compounds, with the exception of meta-iodo NEA and meta-trifluoromethyl NEA (fenfluramine), increased atrial rate to varying degrees, as determined in cumulative concentration-response curves that included concentrations which were ineffective through those which decreased rate. Multiple linear regression analyses indicated that the respective maximum increases in atrial rate produced by these compounds were inversely related to the meta-substituted steric factor (size); neither hydrophobic nor electronic substituent effects contributed significantly to the relationship. In atria obtained from guinea pigs pretreated with the monoamine oxidase inhibitor, pargyline (100 mg/kg, 4 hours pretreatment), the stimulant effects of these compounds were markedly potentiated and were again inversely related only to substituent size. In addition, after pargyline, meta-iodo NEA and fenfluramine greatly stimulated the atria. In atria. In atria obtained from guinea pigs which had been administered reserpine (5 mg/kg, 24 hours pretreatment), none of the compounds except meta-hydroxy NEA increased atrial rate. The interactions of pargyline and reserpine pretreatment with the actions of these NEA congeners suggest that all are indirectly acting sympathomimetic amines, except the hydroxylated compound, which is mixed-acting.", "PMID": 1117419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5571", "title": "Brain concentration of propranolol in relation to hypotensive effect in the rabbit with observations on brain propranolol levels in man.", "content": "Intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of propranolol in the dog, cat and rabbit produces a significant fall in arterial pressure.  In the following experiments, regional brain propranolol concentrations and changes in mean arterial pressure (MAP) have been measured in the rabbit after central and peripheral administration of the drug and the results compared to human brain/plasma levels.  In the conscious rabbit, ICV injection of l-propranolol (500 mug) produced a prolonged fall in MAP, maximal at 105 minutes (16.8 plus or minus 5.9 mm Hg below base line).  The regional brain propranolol concentrations after ICV injection of 14C-dl-propranolol (530 mug) were determined and the levels compared to those achieved following i.v. infusion of the unlabeled drug (1.0 and 2.0 mg/kg/hr).  The propranolol concentrations in the hypothalamus, medulla pons and midbrain after i.v. infusion were similar to the propranolol content in these areas at 60 and 120 minutes after ICV injection.  Intravenous infusion of propranolol also resulted in significant falls in MAP between 60 and 120 minutes.  In control studies, infusions of d-propranolol (1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 mg/kg/hr), which is virtually devoid of beta adrenoceptor blocking activity, produced only slight reductions in MAP.  Postmortem studies in patients treated with prolonged i.v. infusions of d-propranolol as part of the treatment of paraquat poisoning indicate that the brain/plasma concentration of propranolol in man is similar to that observed in the rabbit.  Propranolol is therefore highly concentrated in human brain tissue and comparable brain levels in the rabbit result in a hypotensive response.", "contents": "Brain concentration of propranolol in relation to hypotensive effect in the rabbit with observations on brain propranolol levels in man. Intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of propranolol in the dog, cat and rabbit produces a significant fall in arterial pressure.  In the following experiments, regional brain propranolol concentrations and changes in mean arterial pressure (MAP) have been measured in the rabbit after central and peripheral administration of the drug and the results compared to human brain/plasma levels.  In the conscious rabbit, ICV injection of l-propranolol (500 mug) produced a prolonged fall in MAP, maximal at 105 minutes (16.8 plus or minus 5.9 mm Hg below base line).  The regional brain propranolol concentrations after ICV injection of 14C-dl-propranolol (530 mug) were determined and the levels compared to those achieved following i.v. infusion of the unlabeled drug (1.0 and 2.0 mg/kg/hr).  The propranolol concentrations in the hypothalamus, medulla pons and midbrain after i.v. infusion were similar to the propranolol content in these areas at 60 and 120 minutes after ICV injection.  Intravenous infusion of propranolol also resulted in significant falls in MAP between 60 and 120 minutes.  In control studies, infusions of d-propranolol (1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 mg/kg/hr), which is virtually devoid of beta adrenoceptor blocking activity, produced only slight reductions in MAP.  Postmortem studies in patients treated with prolonged i.v. infusions of d-propranolol as part of the treatment of paraquat poisoning indicate that the brain/plasma concentration of propranolol in man is similar to that observed in the rabbit.  Propranolol is therefore highly concentrated in human brain tissue and comparable brain levels in the rabbit result in a hypotensive response.", "PMID": 1117420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5572", "title": "Inhibition of the sympathetic nervous system by 5,6-dihydroxy-2-dimethylamino tetralin (M-7), apomorphine and dopamine.", "content": "M-7, in doses of 1 mug/kg, reduces the resting heart rate of anesthetized dogs and cats.  In similar dose ranges, M-7 blocks reflex activation of the sympathetic nervous system.  Experimental procedures included bilateral carotid occlusion in the dog and central stimulation of vagi and right sciatic nerves in the cat.  M-7 inhibits the response to postganglionic stimulation of the right cardioaccelerator nerve if the frequency of stimulation is 2 Hz; no inhibition is observed with a frequency of 18Hz.  The inhibitory action of M-7 is antagonized by haloperidol, 50 mug/kg, or chlorpromazine, 150 mug/kg.  Similar inhibitory actions and frequency specificity were observed in vitro using the right atrium of the cat and nerve stimulation.  In cats, nerve stimulation was inhibited by apomorphine.  Dopamine, in the presence of cocaine, also inhibited low-frequency nerve stimulation.  It is postulated that prejunctional sympathetic nerves innervating the heart have dopamine receptors that serve as inhibitory role in transmission.", "contents": "Inhibition of the sympathetic nervous system by 5,6-dihydroxy-2-dimethylamino tetralin (M-7), apomorphine and dopamine. M-7, in doses of 1 mug/kg, reduces the resting heart rate of anesthetized dogs and cats.  In similar dose ranges, M-7 blocks reflex activation of the sympathetic nervous system.  Experimental procedures included bilateral carotid occlusion in the dog and central stimulation of vagi and right sciatic nerves in the cat.  M-7 inhibits the response to postganglionic stimulation of the right cardioaccelerator nerve if the frequency of stimulation is 2 Hz; no inhibition is observed with a frequency of 18Hz.  The inhibitory action of M-7 is antagonized by haloperidol, 50 mug/kg, or chlorpromazine, 150 mug/kg.  Similar inhibitory actions and frequency specificity were observed in vitro using the right atrium of the cat and nerve stimulation.  In cats, nerve stimulation was inhibited by apomorphine.  Dopamine, in the presence of cocaine, also inhibited low-frequency nerve stimulation.  It is postulated that prejunctional sympathetic nerves innervating the heart have dopamine receptors that serve as inhibitory role in transmission.", "PMID": 1117421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5573", "title": "On the mechanism of release of norepinephrine from cat spleen slices by sodium deprivation and calcium pretreatment.", "content": "Endogenous norepinephrine (NE) content of cat spleen slices was markedly depleted by incubating them in a sodium-free solution for 2 hours at 37 degrees C. Dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) activity was not changed by this treatment.  During incubation of the slices in sodium-free solution for 30 minutes at 37 degrees C, there was a marked release of NE into the medium without a concomitant release of DBH.  Incubation of the slices in a potassium-rich solution (140 mM) resulted in the release of both NE and DBH into the medium.  In control slices, the soluble form of DBH accounted for nearly 30 percent of the total DBH activity.  The proportion of soluble DBH was not appreciably affected when slices were incubated in sodium-free medium for 2 hours at 37 degrees C.  It is concluded that release of NE from sympathetic nerves by sodium deprivation probably occurs by a process other than exocytosis.  Additional information is presented concerning the DBH levels in spleen slices which were depleted by their endogenous NE content by preincubation in calcium-rich solution and then in normal Krebs' solution or by a simultaneous inhibition of both glycolytic and oxidative metabolism.", "contents": "On the mechanism of release of norepinephrine from cat spleen slices by sodium deprivation and calcium pretreatment. Endogenous norepinephrine (NE) content of cat spleen slices was markedly depleted by incubating them in a sodium-free solution for 2 hours at 37 degrees C. Dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) activity was not changed by this treatment.  During incubation of the slices in sodium-free solution for 30 minutes at 37 degrees C, there was a marked release of NE into the medium without a concomitant release of DBH.  Incubation of the slices in a potassium-rich solution (140 mM) resulted in the release of both NE and DBH into the medium.  In control slices, the soluble form of DBH accounted for nearly 30 percent of the total DBH activity.  The proportion of soluble DBH was not appreciably affected when slices were incubated in sodium-free medium for 2 hours at 37 degrees C.  It is concluded that release of NE from sympathetic nerves by sodium deprivation probably occurs by a process other than exocytosis.  Additional information is presented concerning the DBH levels in spleen slices which were depleted by their endogenous NE content by preincubation in calcium-rich solution and then in normal Krebs' solution or by a simultaneous inhibition of both glycolytic and oxidative metabolism.", "PMID": 1117422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5574", "title": "Effect of magnesium on isoproterenol-induced alpha and beta receptor responses of vascular smooth muscle.", "content": "The presence of 1.2 mM magnesium in normal Ringer's solution decreased the sensitivity (increased ED50) and increased the maximum tension of rabbit aortic strips developed in response to dl-isoproterenol.  Magnesium in the medium enhanced the degree of reserpine-induced supersensitivity to isoproterenol in whole aortic strips.  On the other hand, in adventitia-free aortae, supersensitivity to isoproterenol was absent in the presence of magnesium.  Isoproterenol-induced relaxation responses mediated by beta receptors were not modified by magnesium.  However, maximum contractile responses mediated by alpha receptors were increased in the presence of magnesium.  The decrease in sensitivity to isoproterenol in the presence of magnesium might be the result of its effect on calcium  movements at the membrane and/or at intracellular calcium binding sites.  The potentiating effect on the contractile tension responses to isoproterenol by magnesium might be a result of an increase in the amount of available calcium or to conformational changes produced on the membrane leading to a change in the contractility of the cells.", "contents": "Effect of magnesium on isoproterenol-induced alpha and beta receptor responses of vascular smooth muscle. The presence of 1.2 mM magnesium in normal Ringer's solution decreased the sensitivity (increased ED50) and increased the maximum tension of rabbit aortic strips developed in response to dl-isoproterenol.  Magnesium in the medium enhanced the degree of reserpine-induced supersensitivity to isoproterenol in whole aortic strips.  On the other hand, in adventitia-free aortae, supersensitivity to isoproterenol was absent in the presence of magnesium.  Isoproterenol-induced relaxation responses mediated by beta receptors were not modified by magnesium.  However, maximum contractile responses mediated by alpha receptors were increased in the presence of magnesium.  The decrease in sensitivity to isoproterenol in the presence of magnesium might be the result of its effect on calcium  movements at the membrane and/or at intracellular calcium binding sites.  The potentiating effect on the contractile tension responses to isoproterenol by magnesium might be a result of an increase in the amount of available calcium or to conformational changes produced on the membrane leading to a change in the contractility of the cells.", "PMID": 1117423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5575", "title": "Altered resting membrane potential in the supersensitive vas deferens of the guinea pig.", "content": "Microelectrodes have been used to obtain evidence for cellular changes associated with postjunctional supersensitivity in the vas deferens.  Chronic decentralization or denervation caused a partial depolarization.  A study of the time course of this depolarization in decentralized vasa deferentia indicated that the phenomenon appeared and reached a plateau between the 2nd and 4th postoperative day, i. e., at the same time as postjunctional supersensitivity develops in this tissue.  Junction potentials induced by transmural stimulation and measured in impaled cells were not significantly different in control and decentralized cells.  The results are discussed in relation to existing theories of supersensitivity and information in the literature regarding other cellular changes, especially of calcium.  It is hypothesized that postjunctional supersensitivity is due, at least in part, to a reduction in resting membrane potential associated with a decrease in calcium bound to the cell membrane.", "contents": "Altered resting membrane potential in the supersensitive vas deferens of the guinea pig. Microelectrodes have been used to obtain evidence for cellular changes associated with postjunctional supersensitivity in the vas deferens.  Chronic decentralization or denervation caused a partial depolarization.  A study of the time course of this depolarization in decentralized vasa deferentia indicated that the phenomenon appeared and reached a plateau between the 2nd and 4th postoperative day, i. e., at the same time as postjunctional supersensitivity develops in this tissue.  Junction potentials induced by transmural stimulation and measured in impaled cells were not significantly different in control and decentralized cells.  The results are discussed in relation to existing theories of supersensitivity and information in the literature regarding other cellular changes, especially of calcium.  It is hypothesized that postjunctional supersensitivity is due, at least in part, to a reduction in resting membrane potential associated with a decrease in calcium bound to the cell membrane.", "PMID": 1117424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5576", "title": "Antagonism of the uterotonic action of oxytocin in vitro.", "content": "Cumulative concentration-effect curves of oxytocin alone and with various antagonists were obtained in vitro on uteri from estrogen-treated rats.  Graded concentrations of salbutamol, isoproterenol, papaverine, theophylline, thioglycollate, and MgCl2 produced a decrease in the maximal effect of oxytocin and a shift of the concentration-effect curves to the right.  Salbutamol and isoproterenol appeared to act as functional antagonists of oxytocin in which agonist and antagonist each interacted with its own specific receptor to produce a decreased combined effect on a common effector.  Antagonism by papaverine or theophylline was increased by prior or simultaneous treatment with salbutamol, isoproterenol, epinephrine, or norepinephrine.  The potentiation had a rapid onset, was partially blocked by propranolol, persisted for at least 85 minutes following washout of salbutamol, and was not due to a residual effect of salbutamol.  This interaction could result from phosphodiesterase inhibition by papaverine and the accumulation of higher levels of cyclic 3',5'-adenosine monophosphate brought about by adenyl cyclase activation with the sympathomimetic amines.", "contents": "Antagonism of the uterotonic action of oxytocin in vitro. Cumulative concentration-effect curves of oxytocin alone and with various antagonists were obtained in vitro on uteri from estrogen-treated rats.  Graded concentrations of salbutamol, isoproterenol, papaverine, theophylline, thioglycollate, and MgCl2 produced a decrease in the maximal effect of oxytocin and a shift of the concentration-effect curves to the right.  Salbutamol and isoproterenol appeared to act as functional antagonists of oxytocin in which agonist and antagonist each interacted with its own specific receptor to produce a decreased combined effect on a common effector.  Antagonism by papaverine or theophylline was increased by prior or simultaneous treatment with salbutamol, isoproterenol, epinephrine, or norepinephrine.  The potentiation had a rapid onset, was partially blocked by propranolol, persisted for at least 85 minutes following washout of salbutamol, and was not due to a residual effect of salbutamol.  This interaction could result from phosphodiesterase inhibition by papaverine and the accumulation of higher levels of cyclic 3',5'-adenosine monophosphate brought about by adenyl cyclase activation with the sympathomimetic amines.", "PMID": 1117425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5577", "title": "Interaction between halothane and propranolol on oxytocin-induced uterine contractions.", "content": "Halothane and other volatile anesthetics were found to relax uteri maximally contracted by oxytocin and to enhance the relaxant effect of propranolol and other agents (tetracaine, quinidine and chlorpromazine) with local anesthetic properties.  Concentration-effect curves for inhibition by propranolol or tetracaine were shifted to the left by halothane.  Methoxyflurane, chloroform and diethyl ether also increased the effect of propranolol.  The tissue/medium ratio for propranolol was increased by halothane.  The uptake of propranolol was saturable and was decreased at 2.5 degrees C, suggesting an active transport mechanism.  The increased uptake of propranolol in the presence of halothane was probably insufficient to account for the synergism noted.  Inhibition by propranolol and tetracaine was inversely related to the concentration of calcium in the medium.  The inhibitory effect of propranolol, tetracaine, quinidine and chlorpromazine appeared to be related to their ability to inhibit calcium transport.", "contents": "Interaction between halothane and propranolol on oxytocin-induced uterine contractions. Halothane and other volatile anesthetics were found to relax uteri maximally contracted by oxytocin and to enhance the relaxant effect of propranolol and other agents (tetracaine, quinidine and chlorpromazine) with local anesthetic properties.  Concentration-effect curves for inhibition by propranolol or tetracaine were shifted to the left by halothane.  Methoxyflurane, chloroform and diethyl ether also increased the effect of propranolol.  The tissue/medium ratio for propranolol was increased by halothane.  The uptake of propranolol was saturable and was decreased at 2.5 degrees C, suggesting an active transport mechanism.  The increased uptake of propranolol in the presence of halothane was probably insufficient to account for the synergism noted.  Inhibition by propranolol and tetracaine was inversely related to the concentration of calcium in the medium.  The inhibitory effect of propranolol, tetracaine, quinidine and chlorpromazine appeared to be related to their ability to inhibit calcium transport.", "PMID": 1117426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5578", "title": "Mechanism of morphine-induced miosis in the dog.", "content": "It was observed that dogs under 50 percent nitrous oxide and succinylcholine exhibited a moderately large pupil, maintained a good pupillary light reflex and had a relatively high sensitivity to the miotic effects of morphine.  A cumulative dose of 1 mg/kg. i.v. of morphine caused marked and sustained miosis in these animals.  Morphine, 1 mg, was found to have no pupillary effect by intraocular administration.  Optic nerve section and cervical sympathectomy did not interfere with the miotic response in either acute or chronic preparations.  Conversely, a cumulative i.v. dose of 30 mg/kg of morphine failed to cause pupillary constriction when oculomotor innervation had been interrupted.  In addition, morphine, 0.2 to 0.6 mg/kg i.v., caused marked miosis in dogs whose occipital lobes or cerebral hemispheres had been removed.  These findings suggest that morphine acts on a subcortical region causing constriction of the pupil.  The possible location was ascertained by unit recording with microelectrodes.  It was observed that pupilloconstrictor neurons in the visceral nuclei of the oculomotor nuclear complex responded to morphine, 0.2 mg/kg i.v., by increased frequency of discharge.  Other neurons in the pupillary light reflex pathway showed depressed activity.  Levallorphan, 0.05 mg/kg i.v., but not phenylephrine (locally applied to the conjunctival sac) antagonized all of the actions of morphine on the pupilloconstrictor neurons.  The present findings demonstrate that the miosis induced by morphine is accomplished by an excitatory action of the narcotic on the visceral nuclei of the oculomotor nuclear complex.", "contents": "Mechanism of morphine-induced miosis in the dog. It was observed that dogs under 50 percent nitrous oxide and succinylcholine exhibited a moderately large pupil, maintained a good pupillary light reflex and had a relatively high sensitivity to the miotic effects of morphine.  A cumulative dose of 1 mg/kg. i.v. of morphine caused marked and sustained miosis in these animals.  Morphine, 1 mg, was found to have no pupillary effect by intraocular administration.  Optic nerve section and cervical sympathectomy did not interfere with the miotic response in either acute or chronic preparations.  Conversely, a cumulative i.v. dose of 30 mg/kg of morphine failed to cause pupillary constriction when oculomotor innervation had been interrupted.  In addition, morphine, 0.2 to 0.6 mg/kg i.v., caused marked miosis in dogs whose occipital lobes or cerebral hemispheres had been removed.  These findings suggest that morphine acts on a subcortical region causing constriction of the pupil.  The possible location was ascertained by unit recording with microelectrodes.  It was observed that pupilloconstrictor neurons in the visceral nuclei of the oculomotor nuclear complex responded to morphine, 0.2 mg/kg i.v., by increased frequency of discharge.  Other neurons in the pupillary light reflex pathway showed depressed activity.  Levallorphan, 0.05 mg/kg i.v., but not phenylephrine (locally applied to the conjunctival sac) antagonized all of the actions of morphine on the pupilloconstrictor neurons.  The present findings demonstrate that the miosis induced by morphine is accomplished by an excitatory action of the narcotic on the visceral nuclei of the oculomotor nuclear complex.", "PMID": 1117427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5579", "title": "Imipramine-caused interference with levodopa absorption from the gastrointestinal tract in rats.", "content": "Rats treated for 3 or 30 days with imipramine (30 mg/kg) have impaired absorption of a single dose of 14C-levodopa. Treated animals retain larger amounts of radioactivity in their gastric lumen and this interfers with delivery of levodopa to intestinal absorptive sites. Tissues of treated animals have lower levels of radioactivity than controls and urinary excretion of radioactivity is also lessened. Imipramine does not interfere with uptake of levodopa by everted sacs of rat jejunum. Imipramine does, however, interfere with the transit of radioactivity through the gastrointestinal tract of rats, since treated animals have lower ileal radioactivity than controls. Lower relative concentration of levodopa metabolites in gastric fluid and tissue may reflect an interference of uptake of levodopa by gastric enterochromaffin-like cells.", "contents": "Imipramine-caused interference with levodopa absorption from the gastrointestinal tract in rats. Rats treated for 3 or 30 days with imipramine (30 mg/kg) have impaired absorption of a single dose of 14C-levodopa. Treated animals retain larger amounts of radioactivity in their gastric lumen and this interfers with delivery of levodopa to intestinal absorptive sites. Tissues of treated animals have lower levels of radioactivity than controls and urinary excretion of radioactivity is also lessened. Imipramine does not interfere with uptake of levodopa by everted sacs of rat jejunum. Imipramine does, however, interfere with the transit of radioactivity through the gastrointestinal tract of rats, since treated animals have lower ileal radioactivity than controls. Lower relative concentration of levodopa metabolites in gastric fluid and tissue may reflect an interference of uptake of levodopa by gastric enterochromaffin-like cells.", "PMID": 1117428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5580", "title": "Inhibitory actions of laxatives on motility and water and electrolyte transport in the gastrointestinal tract.", "content": "Castor oil and magnesium sulfate were studied for their effects on gastrointestinal contractile activity in vivo.  Ricinoleic acid, the active ingredient in castor oil, magnesium sulfate and mannitol were studied and compared for their effects on net water and electrolyte absorption in vitro.  Extraluminal strain gauge transducers were implanted in dogs and used to monitor the circular smooth muscle activity of the antrum, duodenum, ileum and colon after water, castor oil or a 30 percent solution of magnesium sulfate.  Substances were tested during the interdigestive (fasted) and digestive (fed) states.  Decreases in total activity were found for both cathartics in the antrum and ileum.  Further analysis revealed that decreases in the ileum occurred primarily by a decrease in contractile rate, whereas antral decreases could be attributed primarily to a decrease in force per contraction.  Proximal colonic activity tended to decrease after laxatives and feeding.  The effects of ricinoleic acid, isotonic and hypertonic solutions of magnesium sulfate and mannitol on net water and electrolyte absorption were tested on everted segments of hamster jejunum.  Sodium ricinoleate (2.0 mM) reduced net water transport by 48 percent (P smaller than .01).  Magnesium sulfate, like mannitol, only reduced net water absorption when present as a component of a hypertonic mucosal solution.  The results suggest that both inhibition of water absorption and reduced circular smooth muscle activity may be important factors in castor oil- and magnesium sulfate-induced catharsis.", "contents": "Inhibitory actions of laxatives on motility and water and electrolyte transport in the gastrointestinal tract. Castor oil and magnesium sulfate were studied for their effects on gastrointestinal contractile activity in vivo.  Ricinoleic acid, the active ingredient in castor oil, magnesium sulfate and mannitol were studied and compared for their effects on net water and electrolyte absorption in vitro.  Extraluminal strain gauge transducers were implanted in dogs and used to monitor the circular smooth muscle activity of the antrum, duodenum, ileum and colon after water, castor oil or a 30 percent solution of magnesium sulfate.  Substances were tested during the interdigestive (fasted) and digestive (fed) states.  Decreases in total activity were found for both cathartics in the antrum and ileum.  Further analysis revealed that decreases in the ileum occurred primarily by a decrease in contractile rate, whereas antral decreases could be attributed primarily to a decrease in force per contraction.  Proximal colonic activity tended to decrease after laxatives and feeding.  The effects of ricinoleic acid, isotonic and hypertonic solutions of magnesium sulfate and mannitol on net water and electrolyte absorption were tested on everted segments of hamster jejunum.  Sodium ricinoleate (2.0 mM) reduced net water transport by 48 percent (P smaller than .01).  Magnesium sulfate, like mannitol, only reduced net water absorption when present as a component of a hypertonic mucosal solution.  The results suggest that both inhibition of water absorption and reduced circular smooth muscle activity may be important factors in castor oil- and magnesium sulfate-induced catharsis.", "PMID": 1117429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5581", "title": "Negative reinforcing properties of some psychotropic drugs in drug-naive rhesus monkeys.", "content": "Rhesus monkeys, previously trained to avoid electric shock, pressed a lever to extinguish a light associated with an intravenous drug infusion scheduled to occur 30 seconds after the onset of the light.  Each response when the light was on terminated the light for a 1-minute time-out period (avoidance); a response during the infusion terminated the infusion (escape).  Under these conditions the monkeys tolerated a high number of saline infusions.  Saline was replaced by different doses of chlorpromazine, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and pentobarbital each for six successive daily 2-hour sessions.  Infusions of chlorpromazine (5.0-20 mug/kg/infusion) or LSD (1.0-2.5 mug/kg/infusion) generated and maintained avoidance/escape behavior, whereas most of the infusions of pentobarbital (10-100 mu/kg/infusion) were tolerated.  In rhesus monkeys with no previous drug experience, chlorpromazine and LSD, but not pentobartital, have negative reinforcing properties.", "contents": "Negative reinforcing properties of some psychotropic drugs in drug-naive rhesus monkeys. Rhesus monkeys, previously trained to avoid electric shock, pressed a lever to extinguish a light associated with an intravenous drug infusion scheduled to occur 30 seconds after the onset of the light.  Each response when the light was on terminated the light for a 1-minute time-out period (avoidance); a response during the infusion terminated the infusion (escape).  Under these conditions the monkeys tolerated a high number of saline infusions.  Saline was replaced by different doses of chlorpromazine, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and pentobarbital each for six successive daily 2-hour sessions.  Infusions of chlorpromazine (5.0-20 mug/kg/infusion) or LSD (1.0-2.5 mug/kg/infusion) generated and maintained avoidance/escape behavior, whereas most of the infusions of pentobarbital (10-100 mu/kg/infusion) were tolerated.  In rhesus monkeys with no previous drug experience, chlorpromazine and LSD, but not pentobartital, have negative reinforcing properties.", "PMID": 1117430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5582", "title": "Cultivation of Acanthamoeba castellanii, Neff Strain, at high hydrostatic pressures.", "content": "Log-phase cultures of Acanthamoeba castellanii, Neff strain, have been maintained at elevated hydrostatic pressures over periods of several days and the population has been recounted at the end of the experimental period.  A pressure of 2,000 psi (136 atm) depressed growth of the population, but was quickly reversed on release.  A pressure of 4,000 psi (272 atm) severly depressed population growth, and any increase was slight and short-lasting at 5,000 psi (340 atm).  Growth of the population was resumed only after an interval of 1 or more days after release.", "contents": "Cultivation of Acanthamoeba castellanii, Neff Strain, at high hydrostatic pressures. Log-phase cultures of Acanthamoeba castellanii, Neff strain, have been maintained at elevated hydrostatic pressures over periods of several days and the population has been recounted at the end of the experimental period.  A pressure of 2,000 psi (136 atm) depressed growth of the population, but was quickly reversed on release.  A pressure of 4,000 psi (272 atm) severly depressed population growth, and any increase was slight and short-lasting at 5,000 psi (340 atm).  Growth of the population was resumed only after an interval of 1 or more days after release.", "PMID": 1117431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5583", "title": "Effects of thiamine deprivation and replacement on the mitochondrion of Polytomella agilis.", "content": "Late log-phase cells of Polytomella agilis, grown with or without thiamine, were examined by electron microscopy.  The mitochondrial profiles of cells cultivated in the presence of thiamine are relatively few in number and irregular in shape.  The inner membranes, randomly dispersed in a light matrix, are elongated, vesicular, or branched in appearance.  In vitamin-deficient cells, numerous mitochondrial profiles are evident.  They have a regular circular or ovoid appearance.  The inner membranes are regularly arrayed in an electron-dense matrix and generally appear elongated.  By means of partial 3-dimensional reconstruction of whole cells the appearance of mitochondrial profiles in vitamin-deficient cells can be explained by the increased branching of a single structure.  Following transfer of vitamin-deficient cells to complete medium, normal mitochondrial structure is attained by similar to 3 hr.  Reduced-minus-oxidized difference spectra of suspensions of normal and vitamin-deficient cells, grown with gentle aeration, were recorded.  The concentrations of a- and b-type cytochromes are reduced by 80-90 per cent, and c-type cytochromes are reduced by 40 per cent in thiamine-deficient cells.", "contents": "Effects of thiamine deprivation and replacement on the mitochondrion of Polytomella agilis. Late log-phase cells of Polytomella agilis, grown with or without thiamine, were examined by electron microscopy.  The mitochondrial profiles of cells cultivated in the presence of thiamine are relatively few in number and irregular in shape.  The inner membranes, randomly dispersed in a light matrix, are elongated, vesicular, or branched in appearance.  In vitamin-deficient cells, numerous mitochondrial profiles are evident.  They have a regular circular or ovoid appearance.  The inner membranes are regularly arrayed in an electron-dense matrix and generally appear elongated.  By means of partial 3-dimensional reconstruction of whole cells the appearance of mitochondrial profiles in vitamin-deficient cells can be explained by the increased branching of a single structure.  Following transfer of vitamin-deficient cells to complete medium, normal mitochondrial structure is attained by similar to 3 hr.  Reduced-minus-oxidized difference spectra of suspensions of normal and vitamin-deficient cells, grown with gentle aeration, were recorded.  The concentrations of a- and b-type cytochromes are reduced by 80-90 per cent, and c-type cytochromes are reduced by 40 per cent in thiamine-deficient cells.", "PMID": 1117432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5584", "title": "Metabolic changes in Trichomonas gallinae resulting from growth in various carbohydrates.", "content": "The influence of the type of growth carbohydrate on the subsequent metabolic activity of Trichomonas gallinae was investigated. Washed suspensions of cells collected from CPL-glucose, CPL-maltose, CPL-galactose, and CPL-glucose-maltose media were examined in the warburg respirometer for their ability to utilize glucose, maltose, and galactose. Comparisons of the metabolic parameters of substrate consumption, changes in glycogen content, and CO2 and H2 production were made. The pattern of utilization of the sugars, both qualitatively and quantitatively, depended upon the type of carbohydrate in the CPL medium used to culture the cells and upon the time of exposure of the cells to a particular sugar in the medium.", "contents": "Metabolic changes in Trichomonas gallinae resulting from growth in various carbohydrates. The influence of the type of growth carbohydrate on the subsequent metabolic activity of Trichomonas gallinae was investigated. Washed suspensions of cells collected from CPL-glucose, CPL-maltose, CPL-galactose, and CPL-glucose-maltose media were examined in the warburg respirometer for their ability to utilize glucose, maltose, and galactose. Comparisons of the metabolic parameters of substrate consumption, changes in glycogen content, and CO2 and H2 production were made. The pattern of utilization of the sugars, both qualitatively and quantitatively, depended upon the type of carbohydrate in the CPL medium used to culture the cells and upon the time of exposure of the cells to a particular sugar in the medium.", "PMID": 1117433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5585", "title": "Eimeria taterae sp. n. and other intestinal parasites from the antelope rat, Tatera indica in Baghdad District.", "content": "Of 8 fecal specimens from the antelope rat, Tatera indica Hardwicke examined, 4 were found positive for intestinal parasites.  Among these was Eimeria taterae sp. n., sporulated oocysts of which are described, their characteristics serving for the diagnosis of this species.  Entamoeba coli cysts, as well as ova of Hymenolepis sp. and Trichuris sp., were also found.", "contents": "Eimeria taterae sp. n. and other intestinal parasites from the antelope rat, Tatera indica in Baghdad District. Of 8 fecal specimens from the antelope rat, Tatera indica Hardwicke examined, 4 were found positive for intestinal parasites.  Among these was Eimeria taterae sp. n., sporulated oocysts of which are described, their characteristics serving for the diagnosis of this species.  Entamoeba coli cysts, as well as ova of Hymenolepis sp. and Trichuris sp., were also found.", "PMID": 1117434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5586", "title": "Fine structure of Bodo curvifilus Griessmann (Kinetoplastida: Bodonidae).", "content": "Bodo curvifilus Griessmann conforms in its fine structure to the criteria proposed for the genus Bodo, including the presence of subpellicular microtubules, a single large kinetoplast-mitochondrion, emergence of the 2 heterodynamic flagella from a subapical flagellar pocket, and the presence of a paraxial rod associated with the axoneme of each flagellum.  B. curvifilus possesses cytoplasmic bodies which resemble endosymbiotic bacteria.  These are similar to those found in Bodo saltans.  Bodo curvifilus can be distinguished ultrastructurally from Bodo caudatus and B. saltans by the presence in B. curvifilus of a hitherto unreported structure, \"the microtubular prism,\" consisting of a bundle of 19 microtubules.  In cross section, 15 of these microtubules form a cross-linked prismatic array.  This microtubular bundle originates near the flagellar pocket and extends for several micrometers into the body of the organism where it follows the periphery of the cell and the long finger-like projections of the kinetoplast-mitochondrion.", "contents": "Fine structure of Bodo curvifilus Griessmann (Kinetoplastida: Bodonidae). Bodo curvifilus Griessmann conforms in its fine structure to the criteria proposed for the genus Bodo, including the presence of subpellicular microtubules, a single large kinetoplast-mitochondrion, emergence of the 2 heterodynamic flagella from a subapical flagellar pocket, and the presence of a paraxial rod associated with the axoneme of each flagellum.  B. curvifilus possesses cytoplasmic bodies which resemble endosymbiotic bacteria.  These are similar to those found in Bodo saltans.  Bodo curvifilus can be distinguished ultrastructurally from Bodo caudatus and B. saltans by the presence in B. curvifilus of a hitherto unreported structure, \"the microtubular prism,\" consisting of a bundle of 19 microtubules.  In cross section, 15 of these microtubules form a cross-linked prismatic array.  This microtubular bundle originates near the flagellar pocket and extends for several micrometers into the body of the organism where it follows the periphery of the cell and the long finger-like projections of the kinetoplast-mitochondrion.", "PMID": 1117435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5587", "title": "Protein uptake and digestion in bloodstream and culture forms of Trypanosoma brucei.", "content": "The mechanisms of ferritin uptake and digestion differ in bloodstream and culture forms of Trypanosoma brucei.  Ferritin enters bloodstream forms from the flagellar pocket by pinocytosis in large spiny-coated vesicles.  These vesicles become continuous with straight tubular extensions of a complex, mostly tubular, collecting membrane membrane system where ferritin is concentrated.  From the collecting membrane system the tracer enters large digestive vacuoles.  Small spiny-coated vesicles, which never contain ferritin, are found in the Golgi region, fusing with the collecting membrane system, and around the flagellar pocket.  Acid phosphatase activity is present in some small spiny-coated vesicles which may represent primary lysosomes.  This enzymic activity is also found in the flagellar pocket, pinocytotic vesicles, the collecting membrane system, the Golgi (mature face), and digestive vacuoles of bloodstream forms.  About 50 percent of the acid phosphatase activity of blood forms is latent.  The remaining nonlatent activity is firmly cell-associated and probably represents activity in the flagellar pocket.  The structures involved in ferritin uptake and digestion are larger and more active in the short stumpy than in the long slender bloodstream forms.  The short stumpy forms also have more autophagic vacuoles.  No pinocytotic large, spiny-coated vesicles or Golgi-derived, small spiny-coated vesicles are seen in culture forms.  Ferritin leaves the flagellar pocket of these forms and enters small smooth cisternae located just beneath bulges in the pocket membrane.  The tracer then passes through a cisternal collecting membrane network, where it is concentrated, and then into multivesicular bodies.  In the culture forms, acid phosphatase activity is localized in the cisternal system, multivesicular bodies, the Golgi (mature face), and small vesicles in the Golgi and cisternal regions.  The flagellar pocket has no acid phosphatase activity, and almost all the acitvity is latent in these forms.  The culture forms do not release acid phosphatase into culture medium during 4 days growth.  Uptake of ferritin by all forms is almost completely inhibited by low temperature.  These differences among the long slender and short stumpy bloodstream forms and culture forms are undoubtedly adaptive and reflect different needs of the parasite in different life cycle stages.", "contents": "Protein uptake and digestion in bloodstream and culture forms of Trypanosoma brucei. The mechanisms of ferritin uptake and digestion differ in bloodstream and culture forms of Trypanosoma brucei.  Ferritin enters bloodstream forms from the flagellar pocket by pinocytosis in large spiny-coated vesicles.  These vesicles become continuous with straight tubular extensions of a complex, mostly tubular, collecting membrane membrane system where ferritin is concentrated.  From the collecting membrane system the tracer enters large digestive vacuoles.  Small spiny-coated vesicles, which never contain ferritin, are found in the Golgi region, fusing with the collecting membrane system, and around the flagellar pocket.  Acid phosphatase activity is present in some small spiny-coated vesicles which may represent primary lysosomes.  This enzymic activity is also found in the flagellar pocket, pinocytotic vesicles, the collecting membrane system, the Golgi (mature face), and digestive vacuoles of bloodstream forms.  About 50 percent of the acid phosphatase activity of blood forms is latent.  The remaining nonlatent activity is firmly cell-associated and probably represents activity in the flagellar pocket.  The structures involved in ferritin uptake and digestion are larger and more active in the short stumpy than in the long slender bloodstream forms.  The short stumpy forms also have more autophagic vacuoles.  No pinocytotic large, spiny-coated vesicles or Golgi-derived, small spiny-coated vesicles are seen in culture forms.  Ferritin leaves the flagellar pocket of these forms and enters small smooth cisternae located just beneath bulges in the pocket membrane.  The tracer then passes through a cisternal collecting membrane network, where it is concentrated, and then into multivesicular bodies.  In the culture forms, acid phosphatase activity is localized in the cisternal system, multivesicular bodies, the Golgi (mature face), and small vesicles in the Golgi and cisternal regions.  The flagellar pocket has no acid phosphatase activity, and almost all the acitvity is latent in these forms.  The culture forms do not release acid phosphatase into culture medium during 4 days growth.  Uptake of ferritin by all forms is almost completely inhibited by low temperature.  These differences among the long slender and short stumpy bloodstream forms and culture forms are undoubtedly adaptive and reflect different needs of the parasite in different life cycle stages.", "PMID": 1117436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5588", "title": "Fine structure of the endogenous stages of Eimeria labbeana.  I.  The first generation merozoites.", "content": "The fine structure of the 1st generation merozoites of Eimeria labbeana from the ileal mucosa of artificially infected pigeons (Columba livia) was investigated and described.  The 1st generation merozoites which appeared between 36-48 hr after infection averaged 4.4 times 2.1 mum in size.  The 3-membraned pellicle was irregular in texture and harbored a single micropore, and many micropore-like invaginations.  Closely apposed to the inner pellicular membrane were seen 22 microtubules, each 22-25 nm in diameter.  An apical vesicle, 50 nm in diameter, seen at the anterior extremity, was connected with the common duct of the micronemes.  The conoid consisted of 9 spiral elements, each 30 times 25 nm.  The paired organelle (rhoptries) varied in length (1.4-2.2 mum), and the ductules (23 nm diameter) were composed of 2 inner tubules, each 6 nm in diameter.  A unit membrane enveloped the partially alveolar and differentially osmiophilic interior of the bulbous regions of the rhoptries.  The \"rod-like structure\" was found to be tubular and represented the common duct of the micronemes.", "contents": "Fine structure of the endogenous stages of Eimeria labbeana.  I.  The first generation merozoites. The fine structure of the 1st generation merozoites of Eimeria labbeana from the ileal mucosa of artificially infected pigeons (Columba livia) was investigated and described.  The 1st generation merozoites which appeared between 36-48 hr after infection averaged 4.4 times 2.1 mum in size.  The 3-membraned pellicle was irregular in texture and harbored a single micropore, and many micropore-like invaginations.  Closely apposed to the inner pellicular membrane were seen 22 microtubules, each 22-25 nm in diameter.  An apical vesicle, 50 nm in diameter, seen at the anterior extremity, was connected with the common duct of the micronemes.  The conoid consisted of 9 spiral elements, each 30 times 25 nm.  The paired organelle (rhoptries) varied in length (1.4-2.2 mum), and the ductules (23 nm diameter) were composed of 2 inner tubules, each 6 nm in diameter.  A unit membrane enveloped the partially alveolar and differentially osmiophilic interior of the bulbous regions of the rhoptries.  The \"rod-like structure\" was found to be tubular and represented the common duct of the micronemes.", "PMID": 1117437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5589", "title": "[Genesis of merozoites in the coccidia, Eimeria necatrix.  Ultrastructural study].", "content": "Second generation schizonts of Eimeria necatrix were studied with the aid of the electron microscope.  Differentiation of daughter merozoites is associated with the last mitosis, which is not significantly different from the earlier ones.  The merozoites develop at the periphery of the schizont.  The conoid and 22 subpellicular microtubules, probably induced by centrioles, and the inner membranes complex and the rhoptry anlagen which seem to be produced by the Golgi apparatus, appear close to each nuclear pole, just near the schizont membrane.  These organelles are the first to appear in the merozoite anlagen.  Then, nucleus, dictyosome and multimembranous vescles enter the budding merozoites.  Micronemes, probably originating from Golgi apparatus, and amylopectin granules are produced later, when daughter merozoites separate from the residuum.  The genesis of these various organelles and the relation between the last mitosis and differentiation are discussed.", "contents": "[Genesis of merozoites in the coccidia, Eimeria necatrix.  Ultrastructural study]. Second generation schizonts of Eimeria necatrix were studied with the aid of the electron microscope.  Differentiation of daughter merozoites is associated with the last mitosis, which is not significantly different from the earlier ones.  The merozoites develop at the periphery of the schizont.  The conoid and 22 subpellicular microtubules, probably induced by centrioles, and the inner membranes complex and the rhoptry anlagen which seem to be produced by the Golgi apparatus, appear close to each nuclear pole, just near the schizont membrane.  These organelles are the first to appear in the merozoite anlagen.  Then, nucleus, dictyosome and multimembranous vescles enter the budding merozoites.  Micronemes, probably originating from Golgi apparatus, and amylopectin granules are produced later, when daughter merozoites separate from the residuum.  The genesis of these various organelles and the relation between the last mitosis and differentiation are discussed.", "PMID": 1117438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5590", "title": "Reproduction, structure and host specificity of Trypanosoma (Herpetosoms) tamiasi sp. n. from the eastern chipmunk, Tamias striatus.", "content": "Trypanosoma (Herpetosoma) tamiasi sp. n. is described from blood and organs of the eastern chipmunk, Tamias striatus, and the least chipmunk, Eutamias minimus.  In experimentally infected Tamias striatus and E. minimus, Trypanosoma tamiasi reproduced by equal binary fission in the trypo-, sphaero-, epi-, or amastigote form, mainly in lymphoid organs.  Trypomastigotes developed from amastigotes through epimastigotes, or from sphaeromastigotes, mainly in the same organs.  The mean lengths of body and flagellum of trypomastigotes increased linearly until the organisms reached a maximum length of similar to 37-39 mum.  The distance between the nucleus and kinetoplast increased to a mean total length of similar to 33 mum, and thereafter remained constant.  Parasitemias of up to 2.5 times 10-7 trypanosomes/ml were produced in Tamias striatus by inoculation with bloodstream, culture, or flea gut forms of Trypanosoma tamiasi; natural parasitemias in Tamias striatus peaked at up to 2.1 times 10-7 trypanosomes/ml. One E. minimus and 2 Spermophilus tridecemlineatus developed parasitemias of more than 1 times 10-6 trypanosomes/ml after inoculation of bloodstream forms of Trypanosoma tamiasi; other experimentally inoculated rodents, including mice, rats, and Spermophilus richardsonii, proved refractory.  In chipmunk fleas, Megabothris acerbus, Megabothris quirini, and Tamiophila grandis, bloodstream forms of Trypanosoma tamiasi developed to metacyclic forms in 4-9 days; in rat fleas, Xenopsylla cheopis and Nosopsyllus fasciatus, they survived with little development for up to 2 days, and in kissing bugs, Rhodnius prolixus, up to 10 days.  Apparently, the speciation of this trypanosome involved adaptation to certain species of both fleas and rodents.", "contents": "Reproduction, structure and host specificity of Trypanosoma (Herpetosoms) tamiasi sp. n. from the eastern chipmunk, Tamias striatus. Trypanosoma (Herpetosoma) tamiasi sp. n. is described from blood and organs of the eastern chipmunk, Tamias striatus, and the least chipmunk, Eutamias minimus.  In experimentally infected Tamias striatus and E. minimus, Trypanosoma tamiasi reproduced by equal binary fission in the trypo-, sphaero-, epi-, or amastigote form, mainly in lymphoid organs.  Trypomastigotes developed from amastigotes through epimastigotes, or from sphaeromastigotes, mainly in the same organs.  The mean lengths of body and flagellum of trypomastigotes increased linearly until the organisms reached a maximum length of similar to 37-39 mum.  The distance between the nucleus and kinetoplast increased to a mean total length of similar to 33 mum, and thereafter remained constant.  Parasitemias of up to 2.5 times 10-7 trypanosomes/ml were produced in Tamias striatus by inoculation with bloodstream, culture, or flea gut forms of Trypanosoma tamiasi; natural parasitemias in Tamias striatus peaked at up to 2.1 times 10-7 trypanosomes/ml. One E. minimus and 2 Spermophilus tridecemlineatus developed parasitemias of more than 1 times 10-6 trypanosomes/ml after inoculation of bloodstream forms of Trypanosoma tamiasi; other experimentally inoculated rodents, including mice, rats, and Spermophilus richardsonii, proved refractory.  In chipmunk fleas, Megabothris acerbus, Megabothris quirini, and Tamiophila grandis, bloodstream forms of Trypanosoma tamiasi developed to metacyclic forms in 4-9 days; in rat fleas, Xenopsylla cheopis and Nosopsyllus fasciatus, they survived with little development for up to 2 days, and in kissing bugs, Rhodnius prolixus, up to 10 days.  Apparently, the speciation of this trypanosome involved adaptation to certain species of both fleas and rodents.", "PMID": 1117439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5591", "title": "Influence of age of ewe and photoperiod on the intervals between parturition and first oestrus in lactating and non-lactating ewes at different nutritional levels.", "content": "A total of 131 2- to 6-year-old Mutton Merino ewes in two experiments were maintained in pens during the post-partum period and were exposed either to an artificial photoperiod of decreasing daylength, or to the naturally increasing photoperiod. After lambing in July, the ewes either were deprived of their lambs or they reared one lamb for 40 days. In both groups, the ewes were fed at one of four nutritional levels until the first post-partum oestrus had been recorded. The proportion of ewes showing first oestrus within 90 days of lambing was 44% for those subjected to the artificial photoperiod compared with 67% for those exposed to the natural photoperiod. First oestrus in the ewes which showed first oestrus more than 90 days after lambing was less delayed in those exposed to the artificial photoperiod. Nutritional level had no effect on the time of resumption of oestrus. In the natural photoperiod, 67% of lactating ewes and 68% of non-lactating ewes showed oestrus in 56.3 and 42.1 days, respectively, and a similar effect was observed in those exposed to the artificial photoperiod. In the natural photoperiod, 33% of 2-year-old, 53% of 3-year-old and 84% of mature ewes showed first oestrus within 90 days of lambing. It was concluded that, in most periods of the year, many ewes of this breed can be remated within 2 to 3 months of lambing and may thus be able to lamb three times in 2 years.", "contents": "Influence of age of ewe and photoperiod on the intervals between parturition and first oestrus in lactating and non-lactating ewes at different nutritional levels. A total of 131 2- to 6-year-old Mutton Merino ewes in two experiments were maintained in pens during the post-partum period and were exposed either to an artificial photoperiod of decreasing daylength, or to the naturally increasing photoperiod. After lambing in July, the ewes either were deprived of their lambs or they reared one lamb for 40 days. In both groups, the ewes were fed at one of four nutritional levels until the first post-partum oestrus had been recorded. The proportion of ewes showing first oestrus within 90 days of lambing was 44% for those subjected to the artificial photoperiod compared with 67% for those exposed to the natural photoperiod. First oestrus in the ewes which showed first oestrus more than 90 days after lambing was less delayed in those exposed to the artificial photoperiod. Nutritional level had no effect on the time of resumption of oestrus. In the natural photoperiod, 67% of lactating ewes and 68% of non-lactating ewes showed oestrus in 56.3 and 42.1 days, respectively, and a similar effect was observed in those exposed to the artificial photoperiod. In the natural photoperiod, 33% of 2-year-old, 53% of 3-year-old and 84% of mature ewes showed first oestrus within 90 days of lambing. It was concluded that, in most periods of the year, many ewes of this breed can be remated within 2 to 3 months of lambing and may thus be able to lamb three times in 2 years.", "PMID": 1117440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5592", "title": "Effect of dietary protein on the biosynthesis of inositol in rat testes.", "content": "The presence of inositol in high concentrations in semen and the male reporductive organs of mammals suggests that it may have an important r\u00f4le in male reproduction. The present study is an attempt to investigate the effect of dietary protein restriction in the male rat on inositol synthesis in the testes and on the concentration of inositol in some of the accessory sex organs. The results show that marginal protein deficiency does not alter either the biosynthesis of inositol or inositol concentration in the testis, epididymis or seminal vesicles.", "contents": "Effect of dietary protein on the biosynthesis of inositol in rat testes. The presence of inositol in high concentrations in semen and the male reporductive organs of mammals suggests that it may have an important r\u00f4le in male reproduction. The present study is an attempt to investigate the effect of dietary protein restriction in the male rat on inositol synthesis in the testes and on the concentration of inositol in some of the accessory sex organs. The results show that marginal protein deficiency does not alter either the biosynthesis of inositol or inositol concentration in the testis, epididymis or seminal vesicles.", "PMID": 1117441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5593", "title": "Variations in peripheral levels of LH and testosterone in adult male rabbits.", "content": "Seasonal, diurnal and episodic patterns of LH and tests-sterone secretion in sexually mature male New Zealand rabbits were studied. Blood samples were obtained from the central ear artery by puncture or through an indwelling catheter, and were assayed for hormones using radioimmunoassay. Testosterone values appeared to be lower in the summer months while LH showed no seasonal cyclicity. There were no significant fluctuations when samples were taken at 10-min intervals, but specimens taken every hour for 24 or 36 hr revealed an episodic pattern of release. Peaks of both hormones occurred every 4 to 5 hr in most animals. Testosterone levels ranged from 0.5 to 10 ng/ml and LH from 15 to 200 ng/ml of WP360A standard. In general, a rise in LH preceded or coincided with an increase in testosterone. No specific diurnal rhythm could be demonstrated and the patterns appeared to be unrelated to external stimuli.", "contents": "Variations in peripheral levels of LH and testosterone in adult male rabbits. Seasonal, diurnal and episodic patterns of LH and tests-sterone secretion in sexually mature male New Zealand rabbits were studied. Blood samples were obtained from the central ear artery by puncture or through an indwelling catheter, and were assayed for hormones using radioimmunoassay. Testosterone values appeared to be lower in the summer months while LH showed no seasonal cyclicity. There were no significant fluctuations when samples were taken at 10-min intervals, but specimens taken every hour for 24 or 36 hr revealed an episodic pattern of release. Peaks of both hormones occurred every 4 to 5 hr in most animals. Testosterone levels ranged from 0.5 to 10 ng/ml and LH from 15 to 200 ng/ml of WP360A standard. In general, a rise in LH preceded or coincided with an increase in testosterone. No specific diurnal rhythm could be demonstrated and the patterns appeared to be unrelated to external stimuli.", "PMID": 1117442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5594", "title": "Induction of incubation behaviour in male ring doves (Streptopelia risoria): a behavioural analysis.", "content": "Male ring doves (Streptopelia risoria) were treated with either progesterone or dexamethasone (a powerful ACTH inhibitor) and tested for incubation behaviour. Progesterone treatments shortened the latency of incubation response by facilitating nest-related pre-incubation behaviour patterns in the nest bowl and components of incubation behaviour. The accumulated rather than the daily dose level of progesterone injections appeared to be the determinant factor in mediating behavioural effects. Dexamethasone treatment at the dosage of 100 mug/day for 7 days inhibited the overall expression of male courtship behaviour. None of the dexamethasone-treated ring doves \"sat\" in 2 weeks. It is suggested that the hormonal and situational (non-hormonal) cues are not only important contributory factors but also complement one another in the induction of incubation behaviour.", "contents": "Induction of incubation behaviour in male ring doves (Streptopelia risoria): a behavioural analysis. Male ring doves (Streptopelia risoria) were treated with either progesterone or dexamethasone (a powerful ACTH inhibitor) and tested for incubation behaviour. Progesterone treatments shortened the latency of incubation response by facilitating nest-related pre-incubation behaviour patterns in the nest bowl and components of incubation behaviour. The accumulated rather than the daily dose level of progesterone injections appeared to be the determinant factor in mediating behavioural effects. Dexamethasone treatment at the dosage of 100 mug/day for 7 days inhibited the overall expression of male courtship behaviour. None of the dexamethasone-treated ring doves \"sat\" in 2 weeks. It is suggested that the hormonal and situational (non-hormonal) cues are not only important contributory factors but also complement one another in the induction of incubation behaviour.", "PMID": 1117443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5595", "title": "Preimplantation development in vivo and in vitro in bank voles, Clethrionomys glareolus, treated with PMSG and HCG.", "content": "Ovulation can be induced in the bank vole by PMSG and HCG and takes place 9 1/2 to 11 1/2 hr after administration of HCG. The number of eggs obtained varied from 1 to 30 (average 9.3). The highest ovulation rates were observed when PMSG and HCG were administered 41 to 43 1/2 hr apart. The embryos attained the blastocyst stage 96 hr after HCG injection. Bank vole eggs can be cultured in chemically defined media beginning with the eight-cell stage; only 25% of four-cell eggs developed to blastocysts in vitro.", "contents": "Preimplantation development in vivo and in vitro in bank voles, Clethrionomys glareolus, treated with PMSG and HCG. Ovulation can be induced in the bank vole by PMSG and HCG and takes place 9 1/2 to 11 1/2 hr after administration of HCG. The number of eggs obtained varied from 1 to 30 (average 9.3). The highest ovulation rates were observed when PMSG and HCG were administered 41 to 43 1/2 hr apart. The embryos attained the blastocyst stage 96 hr after HCG injection. Bank vole eggs can be cultured in chemically defined media beginning with the eight-cell stage; only 25% of four-cell eggs developed to blastocysts in vitro.", "PMID": 1117444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5596", "title": "Effect of indomethacin on blood plasma levels of LH and testosterone in male rats.", "content": "Treatment of adult male rats with indomethacin, an inhibitor of prostaglandin (PG) synthesis, caused a significant decrease in LH and testosterone levels in the blood plasma and in the weight of the seminal vesicles, but the weight of the testes and ventral prostate, the levels of FSH in the plasma and fertility were not affected. The concentration of PGF in the blood plasma of the treated animals was reduced, even though measurable amounts of PGs were present in every group. The results of this study, together with the known effects of PG administration on LH release, suggest that the reduction of plasma LH levels in rats injected with indomethacin was due to decreased PG synthesis. It appears that PGs are normally involved in the regulation of LH release.", "contents": "Effect of indomethacin on blood plasma levels of LH and testosterone in male rats. Treatment of adult male rats with indomethacin, an inhibitor of prostaglandin (PG) synthesis, caused a significant decrease in LH and testosterone levels in the blood plasma and in the weight of the seminal vesicles, but the weight of the testes and ventral prostate, the levels of FSH in the plasma and fertility were not affected. The concentration of PGF in the blood plasma of the treated animals was reduced, even though measurable amounts of PGs were present in every group. The results of this study, together with the known effects of PG administration on LH release, suggest that the reduction of plasma LH levels in rats injected with indomethacin was due to decreased PG synthesis. It appears that PGs are normally involved in the regulation of LH release.", "PMID": 1117445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5597", "title": "The antifertility activity of 2-(isopropylamino) ethanol in the mouse.", "content": "Intraperitoneal administration of 2-(isopropylamino) ethanol on the 3rd day of pregnancy reduces the extent of the decidual cell reaction induced by the blastocyst and can cause the death of the conceptus by the 6th day of pregnancy. Evidence is presented to support the theory that the compound administered in this way has a direct effect on the conceptus.", "contents": "The antifertility activity of 2-(isopropylamino) ethanol in the mouse. Intraperitoneal administration of 2-(isopropylamino) ethanol on the 3rd day of pregnancy reduces the extent of the decidual cell reaction induced by the blastocyst and can cause the death of the conceptus by the 6th day of pregnancy. Evidence is presented to support the theory that the compound administered in this way has a direct effect on the conceptus.", "PMID": 1117446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5598", "title": "Plasma luteinizing hormone levels and testis diameters of ram lambs of different breeds.", "content": "Plasma LH levels were examined at 1 1/2-hr intervals in ram lambs of the Finnish Landrace, Border Leicester and Cheviot breeds on three occasions at 3-week intervals by radioimmunoassay. On each occasion, the mean plasma LH concentration was found to be significantly higher in the Finnish Landrace than the other two breeds, although big variations occurred between individual samples in the same animal. This form of hormonal pulsatile release was most marked in the Finnish Landrace lambs. Testis growth was also measured and was found to be correlated, independently of body weight, with LH concentration on the final sampling occasion.", "contents": "Plasma luteinizing hormone levels and testis diameters of ram lambs of different breeds. Plasma LH levels were examined at 1 1/2-hr intervals in ram lambs of the Finnish Landrace, Border Leicester and Cheviot breeds on three occasions at 3-week intervals by radioimmunoassay. On each occasion, the mean plasma LH concentration was found to be significantly higher in the Finnish Landrace than the other two breeds, although big variations occurred between individual samples in the same animal. This form of hormonal pulsatile release was most marked in the Finnish Landrace lambs. Testis growth was also measured and was found to be correlated, independently of body weight, with LH concentration on the final sampling occasion.", "PMID": 1117447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5599", "title": "Induction of acrosome degeneration of mouse spermatozoa with blood serum collected from females in various hormonal states.", "content": "Blood serum collected from female mice treated with oestrogen and progesterone was assayed for its ability to induce acrosome degeneration. The maximum activity was found in serum obtained from females treated with 1.0 mug oestrogen/day for 5 days. Lower doses did not produce any significant difference from the control group. Blood serum from pregnant or ovariectomized females treated with progesterone did not significantly depress the incidence of acrosome degeneration. The possibility that removal of the acrosome may not be a morphological concomitant of capacitation in mice has been discussed.", "contents": "Induction of acrosome degeneration of mouse spermatozoa with blood serum collected from females in various hormonal states. Blood serum collected from female mice treated with oestrogen and progesterone was assayed for its ability to induce acrosome degeneration. The maximum activity was found in serum obtained from females treated with 1.0 mug oestrogen/day for 5 days. Lower doses did not produce any significant difference from the control group. Blood serum from pregnant or ovariectomized females treated with progesterone did not significantly depress the incidence of acrosome degeneration. The possibility that removal of the acrosome may not be a morphological concomitant of capacitation in mice has been discussed.", "PMID": 1117448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5600", "title": "Effects of hormones on the maturation of rabbit oocytes recovered from follicles of various sizes.", "content": "Progesterone stimulated oocytes to develop more rapidly in culture. The time-dependent effect was more pronounced on large preovulatory Graafian follicles than on small- and medium-sized follicles. Treatment with LH had no effect.", "contents": "Effects of hormones on the maturation of rabbit oocytes recovered from follicles of various sizes. Progesterone stimulated oocytes to develop more rapidly in culture. The time-dependent effect was more pronounced on large preovulatory Graafian follicles than on small- and medium-sized follicles. Treatment with LH had no effect.", "PMID": 1117449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5601", "title": "Lipid composition of buffalo spermatozoa: a cytochemical and biochemical study.", "content": "Buffalo spermatozoa have been studied cytochemically and biochemically to investigate their phospholipids, which appear to be phosphatidyl choline, lysolecithin, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl inositol, phosphatidyl glycerol and monogalactosyl diglyceride. Most of them form lipoprotein complexes in the regions of the plasma membrane, the post-nuclear cap and the mid-piece. The lipid composition of buffalo spermatozoa has been compared to and contrasted with that of bull and ram spermatozoa and species differences are indicated.", "contents": "Lipid composition of buffalo spermatozoa: a cytochemical and biochemical study. Buffalo spermatozoa have been studied cytochemically and biochemically to investigate their phospholipids, which appear to be phosphatidyl choline, lysolecithin, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl inositol, phosphatidyl glycerol and monogalactosyl diglyceride. Most of them form lipoprotein complexes in the regions of the plasma membrane, the post-nuclear cap and the mid-piece. The lipid composition of buffalo spermatozoa has been compared to and contrasted with that of bull and ram spermatozoa and species differences are indicated.", "PMID": 1117452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5602", "title": "Luteinizing hormone concentrations in the plasma of laying hens exposed to a 27-hr cycle of light and darkness.", "content": "The time of peak concentration of LH in the peripheral plasma of ten laying hens kept on a 14 hr light/13 hr dark cycle was determined by radioimmunoassay. A single peak of LH occurred in each hen 3 1/2 hr before oviposition or 4 hr before ovulation. These are similar intervals to those reported for laying hens kept on a 14 hr light/10 hr dark cycle. The mean time of the observed peak in plasma LH was 2 hr 9 min after the beginning of the dark period. This is about 3 hr earlier than corresponding LH peaks reported for hens under normal lighting.", "contents": "Luteinizing hormone concentrations in the plasma of laying hens exposed to a 27-hr cycle of light and darkness. The time of peak concentration of LH in the peripheral plasma of ten laying hens kept on a 14 hr light/13 hr dark cycle was determined by radioimmunoassay. A single peak of LH occurred in each hen 3 1/2 hr before oviposition or 4 hr before ovulation. These are similar intervals to those reported for laying hens kept on a 14 hr light/10 hr dark cycle. The mean time of the observed peak in plasma LH was 2 hr 9 min after the beginning of the dark period. This is about 3 hr earlier than corresponding LH peaks reported for hens under normal lighting.", "PMID": 1117453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5603", "title": "Ultrastructural study of human sperm acrosome during acetic acid extraction of acrosin.", "content": "During acrosin extraction from human spermatozoa by acetic acid treatment, severe ultrastructural alterations are observed: loss of the plasma membrane and of parts of the outer acrosomal membrane, total depletion of the acrosomal content, disappearance of the equatorial segment. The inner acrosomal membrane and the nucleus appear unchanged. The alterations are reduced by glycerol pretreatment in spite of improved extraction of the enzyme.", "contents": "Ultrastructural study of human sperm acrosome during acetic acid extraction of acrosin. During acrosin extraction from human spermatozoa by acetic acid treatment, severe ultrastructural alterations are observed: loss of the plasma membrane and of parts of the outer acrosomal membrane, total depletion of the acrosomal content, disappearance of the equatorial segment. The inner acrosomal membrane and the nucleus appear unchanged. The alterations are reduced by glycerol pretreatment in spite of improved extraction of the enzyme.", "PMID": 1117454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5604", "title": "Different patterns of energy metabolism in the rat and mouse zygate.", "content": "The development of rat zygotes in vitro to the two-cell stage occurred if lactate, phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), pyruvate or oxaloacetate were present in the media. When rat and mouse zygotes were cultured in the same droplet of medium containing lactate or PEP, mouse zygotes did not develop to the two-cell stage but the rat zygotes cleaved.", "contents": "Different patterns of energy metabolism in the rat and mouse zygate. The development of rat zygotes in vitro to the two-cell stage occurred if lactate, phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), pyruvate or oxaloacetate were present in the media. When rat and mouse zygotes were cultured in the same droplet of medium containing lactate or PEP, mouse zygotes did not develop to the two-cell stage but the rat zygotes cleaved.", "PMID": 1117456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5605", "title": "Neurosecretory system of the American Dog Tick, Dermacentor variabilis (Acari: Ixodidae).  ii.  Distribution of secretory cell types, axonal pathways and putative neurohemal-neuroendocrine associations; comparative histological and anatomical implications.", "content": "Histological observations using specialized techniques reveal neurosecretory cells in 18 centers throughout the rind (cortex) of the central nerve mass or synganglion of Dermacentor variabilis. Many cells contribute to complicated networks of neurosecretory pathways and tracts in pre- and post-esophageal portions of the synganglion. The four types of neurohemal-neuroendocrine associations found in Dermacentor resemble structures found in soft ticks (Argasidae) and in other Arachnida, but are more diverse than those described from any other single species. Neurosecretory terminals are distributed diffusely and in two concentrated associations within the perineurium of the synganglion and major peripheral nerves. Terminals are also distributed in the perineurial layers of lateral segmental organs which lie in the general hemocoel at the level of the pedal nerves. A retrocerebral organ complex surrounds the esophagus at its junction with the midgut. The complex includes dorsal and ventro-lateral lobes (containing neurosecretory terminals and intrinsic secretory cells1 and the proventricular (neurohemal) plexus. This plexus seems to be a modified (concentrated) cardioglial association. Cardioglial associations are also formed by the neurosecretory innervation of vascular walls of the dorsal aorta and circulatory sinuses which envelope the synganglion and major peripheral nerves. Inferential considerations of neurosecretory and endocrine interactions in the Acari are based on these anatomical and histological data which also provide the basis for evolutionary considerations of anatomical relationships and specializations in the neurosecretory systems of other Arachnida.", "contents": "Neurosecretory system of the American Dog Tick, Dermacentor variabilis (Acari: Ixodidae).  ii.  Distribution of secretory cell types, axonal pathways and putative neurohemal-neuroendocrine associations; comparative histological and anatomical implications. Histological observations using specialized techniques reveal neurosecretory cells in 18 centers throughout the rind (cortex) of the central nerve mass or synganglion of Dermacentor variabilis. Many cells contribute to complicated networks of neurosecretory pathways and tracts in pre- and post-esophageal portions of the synganglion. The four types of neurohemal-neuroendocrine associations found in Dermacentor resemble structures found in soft ticks (Argasidae) and in other Arachnida, but are more diverse than those described from any other single species. Neurosecretory terminals are distributed diffusely and in two concentrated associations within the perineurium of the synganglion and major peripheral nerves. Terminals are also distributed in the perineurial layers of lateral segmental organs which lie in the general hemocoel at the level of the pedal nerves. A retrocerebral organ complex surrounds the esophagus at its junction with the midgut. The complex includes dorsal and ventro-lateral lobes (containing neurosecretory terminals and intrinsic secretory cells1 and the proventricular (neurohemal) plexus. This plexus seems to be a modified (concentrated) cardioglial association. Cardioglial associations are also formed by the neurosecretory innervation of vascular walls of the dorsal aorta and circulatory sinuses which envelope the synganglion and major peripheral nerves. Inferential considerations of neurosecretory and endocrine interactions in the Acari are based on these anatomical and histological data which also provide the basis for evolutionary considerations of anatomical relationships and specializations in the neurosecretory systems of other Arachnida.", "PMID": 1117459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5606", "title": "Therapy of advanced colorectal cancer with a combination of 5-fluorouracil, methyl-1,3-cis(2-chlorethyl)-1-nitrosourea, and vincristine.", "content": "In a randomized, controlled study of 80 patients with advanced colorectal carcinoma, the combination of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), methyl-1, 3-cis(2-chlorethyl)-1-nitrosourea, and vincristine produced an overall degree to toxicity comparable to that of 5-FU used alone. At 10 weeks, a positive objective response rate of 43.5% was observed with the three-drug combination compared to 19.5% with 5-FU alone (P less than 0.5).", "contents": "Therapy of advanced colorectal cancer with a combination of 5-fluorouracil, methyl-1,3-cis(2-chlorethyl)-1-nitrosourea, and vincristine. In a randomized, controlled study of 80 patients with advanced colorectal carcinoma, the combination of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), methyl-1, 3-cis(2-chlorethyl)-1-nitrosourea, and vincristine produced an overall degree to toxicity comparable to that of 5-FU used alone. At 10 weeks, a positive objective response rate of 43.5% was observed with the three-drug combination compared to 19.5% with 5-FU alone (P less than 0.5).", "PMID": 1117460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5607", "title": "Serum levels of N2, N2-dimethylguanosine and pseudouridine as determined by radioimmunoassay for patients with malignancy.", "content": "A sensitive, rapid, and specific radioimmunoassay procedure was used to determine levels of N2,N2-dimethylguanosine and pseudouridine in sera of patients with acute leukemia and breast cancer. Elevated levels of both nucleosides were above standard deviations of the normal mean for patients in both disease categories.", "contents": "Serum levels of N2, N2-dimethylguanosine and pseudouridine as determined by radioimmunoassay for patients with malignancy. A sensitive, rapid, and specific radioimmunoassay procedure was used to determine levels of N2,N2-dimethylguanosine and pseudouridine in sera of patients with acute leukemia and breast cancer. Elevated levels of both nucleosides were above standard deviations of the normal mean for patients in both disease categories.", "PMID": 1117461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5608", "title": "Parachuting injuries: a retrospective study of 83,718 jumps.", "content": "In a retrospective study of 83,718 consecutive parachuting jumps effected in the Israeli Defence Forces, an injury rate of 6.26/1,000 jumps was observed. About two-thirds of the injuries were light. Injury rates were calculated according to type of jump (free jumps, basic course, refresher jumps, and maneuvers jumps) and time of jump (day or night). A significant difference was found between the injury rate by day (4.62/1,000) and night (11.25/1,000). The lowest injury rate was observed among free jumpers (2.96/1,000) and highest during maneuvers jumps at night (25.75/1,000). The injury rate during the basic parachuting course was 4.04/1,000, and 8.24/1,000 in refresher jumps. Clinical data collected on 723 parachuting injuries included the site and type of injury. More than 90% of the injuries were caused during the landing impact. The most vulnerable sites were the ankle (35.6% of all injuries) and the spinal vertebrae (14.5% of all injuries).", "contents": "Parachuting injuries: a retrospective study of 83,718 jumps. In a retrospective study of 83,718 consecutive parachuting jumps effected in the Israeli Defence Forces, an injury rate of 6.26/1,000 jumps was observed. About two-thirds of the injuries were light. Injury rates were calculated according to type of jump (free jumps, basic course, refresher jumps, and maneuvers jumps) and time of jump (day or night). A significant difference was found between the injury rate by day (4.62/1,000) and night (11.25/1,000). The lowest injury rate was observed among free jumpers (2.96/1,000) and highest during maneuvers jumps at night (25.75/1,000). The injury rate during the basic parachuting course was 4.04/1,000, and 8.24/1,000 in refresher jumps. Clinical data collected on 723 parachuting injuries included the site and type of injury. More than 90% of the injuries were caused during the landing impact. The most vulnerable sites were the ankle (35.6% of all injuries) and the spinal vertebrae (14.5% of all injuries).", "PMID": 1117462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5609", "title": "Accidental high-pressure injection-gun injuries of the hand; the role of the emergency radiologic examination.", "content": "High-pressure injection-gun injuries of the hand are serious accidents and constitute a surgical emergency. Radiography is an important part of the pre-operative evaluation. Without adequate films, it is frequently impossible to estimate the extent of underlying trauma. It is imperative that physicians who initially care for injection-gun accident patients be aware of the unique features of these injuries. Delay in the institution of adequate therapy may result in needless and permanent disability.", "contents": "Accidental high-pressure injection-gun injuries of the hand; the role of the emergency radiologic examination. High-pressure injection-gun injuries of the hand are serious accidents and constitute a surgical emergency. Radiography is an important part of the pre-operative evaluation. Without adequate films, it is frequently impossible to estimate the extent of underlying trauma. It is imperative that physicians who initially care for injection-gun accident patients be aware of the unique features of these injuries. Delay in the institution of adequate therapy may result in needless and permanent disability.", "PMID": 1117464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5610", "title": "Extrication of the hand from a meat grinder.", "content": "A case is presented in which a patient arrived in the emergency room with his forearm firmly entrapped in a large commercial meat grinder. The arm was extricated without sacrificing additional forearm stump length by reversing the worm mechanism of the meat grinder.", "contents": "Extrication of the hand from a meat grinder. A case is presented in which a patient arrived in the emergency room with his forearm firmly entrapped in a large commercial meat grinder. The arm was extricated without sacrificing additional forearm stump length by reversing the worm mechanism of the meat grinder.", "PMID": 1117465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5611", "title": "Wounding capacity of rotary lawn mowers.", "content": "The rotary lawn mower possesses a powerful wounding mechanism. A typical 26-inch rotary mower blade rotating at 3,000 revolutions per minute develops a kinetic energy of 2,100 ft lb. Wounds may be inflicted by direct strike or by missile action due to a broken blade or other mass. Other serious injuries due to crushing or upset are commonly seen with self-propelled mowers. Ways of reducing these risks are enumerated.", "contents": "Wounding capacity of rotary lawn mowers. The rotary lawn mower possesses a powerful wounding mechanism. A typical 26-inch rotary mower blade rotating at 3,000 revolutions per minute develops a kinetic energy of 2,100 ft lb. Wounds may be inflicted by direct strike or by missile action due to a broken blade or other mass. Other serious injuries due to crushing or upset are commonly seen with self-propelled mowers. Ways of reducing these risks are enumerated.", "PMID": 1117466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5612", "title": "Cerebral etiology of the acute respiratory distress syndrome: diphenylhydantoin prophylaxis.", "content": "Beagles and rats were subjected to hemorrhage regimens that induced the pulmonary complex of the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) in 6:6 dogs and 7:8 rats. Pretreatment with diphenylhydantoin (DPH), 5 mg/kg 1-2 hours preceding hemorrhage, resulted in complete prevention of the lung lesions in 8:8 dogs. (P smaller than 0.005). It also provided significant (P smaller than 0.01) protection to 8:11 rats. We offer this as circumstantial evidence that the ARDS has a centrineurogenic etiology.", "contents": "Cerebral etiology of the acute respiratory distress syndrome: diphenylhydantoin prophylaxis. Beagles and rats were subjected to hemorrhage regimens that induced the pulmonary complex of the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) in 6:6 dogs and 7:8 rats. Pretreatment with diphenylhydantoin (DPH), 5 mg/kg 1-2 hours preceding hemorrhage, resulted in complete prevention of the lung lesions in 8:8 dogs. (P smaller than 0.005). It also provided significant (P smaller than 0.01) protection to 8:11 rats. We offer this as circumstantial evidence that the ARDS has a centrineurogenic etiology.", "PMID": 1117467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5613", "title": "The classification of trauma. Lessons leaned in classifying injuries of 1,797 patients from civil disturbances in Northern Ireland, 1969-1971.", "content": "The difficulties of applying the rules of the International Classification of Diseases to trauma cases are discussed on the basis of coding the injuries of 1,797 injured patients from civil disorders in Northern Ireland, 1969-1971. Certain inadequacies of the code are indicated and suggestions made about ways to modify it and make its applications more informative.", "contents": "The classification of trauma. Lessons leaned in classifying injuries of 1,797 patients from civil disturbances in Northern Ireland, 1969-1971. The difficulties of applying the rules of the International Classification of Diseases to trauma cases are discussed on the basis of coding the injuries of 1,797 injured patients from civil disorders in Northern Ireland, 1969-1971. Certain inadequacies of the code are indicated and suggestions made about ways to modify it and make its applications more informative.", "PMID": 1117468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5614", "title": "Factitial mesenteric avulsion.", "content": "Colon exteriorization procedures were done in two patients who also were, or became, psychotic. Each patient pulled on the exteriorized loop, causing severe bowel injury. In known or potential psychotics some other form of colonic injury management--other than exteriorization--should be utilized, or extreme caution should be taken to prevent inadvertent self-injury by the patient.", "contents": "Factitial mesenteric avulsion. Colon exteriorization procedures were done in two patients who also were, or became, psychotic. Each patient pulled on the exteriorized loop, causing severe bowel injury. In known or potential psychotics some other form of colonic injury management--other than exteriorization--should be utilized, or extreme caution should be taken to prevent inadvertent self-injury by the patient.", "PMID": 1117469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5615", "title": "Fractures of the femoral neck after healed intertrochanteric fractures: a complication of too short a nail plate fixation. Report of three cases.", "content": "Three cases are described in which a femoral neck fracture developed at least 1 year after a healed intertrochanteric fracture of the femur. Trauma via osteoporotic bone is felt to be the cause. To prevent this complication, a nail extending just to the articular cartilage of the hip joint is needed. This can be accomplished by the displacement osteotomy technique or by the use of the sliding nail-plate into the more stable posterior inferior quadrant of the head.", "contents": "Fractures of the femoral neck after healed intertrochanteric fractures: a complication of too short a nail plate fixation. Report of three cases. Three cases are described in which a femoral neck fracture developed at least 1 year after a healed intertrochanteric fracture of the femur. Trauma via osteoporotic bone is felt to be the cause. To prevent this complication, a nail extending just to the articular cartilage of the hip joint is needed. This can be accomplished by the displacement osteotomy technique or by the use of the sliding nail-plate into the more stable posterior inferior quadrant of the head.", "PMID": 1117471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5616", "title": "Maturation of rabies virus by budding from neuronal cell membrane in suckling mouse brain.", "content": "Two strains of tissue culture-grown rabies virus developed in suckling mouse brain predominantly by the process of virus budding from the neuronal cell membrane.", "contents": "Maturation of rabies virus by budding from neuronal cell membrane in suckling mouse brain. Two strains of tissue culture-grown rabies virus developed in suckling mouse brain predominantly by the process of virus budding from the neuronal cell membrane.", "PMID": 1117483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5617", "title": "Novel rII duplications in bacteriophage T4.", "content": "The properties of two rII complementation heterozygotes (D5B and D7A) of bacteriophage T4 are described. These strains are characterized by their stability, each forming less than 10-3 r segregants among their viable progeny, and by their segregation of only one of the two parental types. No increase in r progeny was found on crossing D7A or D5B with T4r+, indicating that the duplications in these strains are not separated by an essential region of the phage genome. Both D5B and D7A from h-2+/h-4+ heterozygotes at frequencies similar to T4r+, suggesting that the duplicated regions in these strains are short. The progeny of these h-2+/h-4+ heterozygotes retain heterozygosity for rII but not for h: therefore, D5B and D7A are not stabilized terminal redundancy complementation heterozygotes. We conclude that D5B and D7A contain very short tandem duplications and we present structures consistent with the observed characteristics of these phages.", "contents": "Novel rII duplications in bacteriophage T4. The properties of two rII complementation heterozygotes (D5B and D7A) of bacteriophage T4 are described. These strains are characterized by their stability, each forming less than 10-3 r segregants among their viable progeny, and by their segregation of only one of the two parental types. No increase in r progeny was found on crossing D7A or D5B with T4r+, indicating that the duplications in these strains are not separated by an essential region of the phage genome. Both D5B and D7A from h-2+/h-4+ heterozygotes at frequencies similar to T4r+, suggesting that the duplicated regions in these strains are short. The progeny of these h-2+/h-4+ heterozygotes retain heterozygosity for rII but not for h: therefore, D5B and D7A are not stabilized terminal redundancy complementation heterozygotes. We conclude that D5B and D7A contain very short tandem duplications and we present structures consistent with the observed characteristics of these phages.", "PMID": 1117484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5618", "title": "Murine oncornavirus high-molecular-weight RNA structure thermal stepwise dissociation of 70S murine leukemia-sarcoma virus to subunits and low-molecular-weight associated RNAs.", "content": "The thermal dissociation into subunits and low-molecular-weight (LMW) associated RNAs of the aggregate structure of 70S RNA of a murine leukemia sarcoma viral complex was studied. By polyacrylamide-agarose gel electrophoresis, it was found that at low temperature a fraction of the genome was converted into an intermediate population of RNA (Im.P) with an apparent molecular weight of 6.6 times 10-6. At higher temperature, the 70S RNA and the Im.P RNA were successively dissociated into two RNA subunits called \"I\" and \"II\" and 70S-associated LMW RNAs. The apparent molecular weight of subunit I was about 5 times 10-6 and that of subunit II was about 3.2 times 10-6. The release of 4S, 5S, 5.5S, and 8S RNAs from 70S RNA at various temperatures was studied by composite polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. It was found that the nature of hydrogen bonding to the 70S RNA was different for each LMW RNA species. A possible relationship of the association between the subunits and each 70S-associated LMW RNA, based on their T-m values, is discussed.", "contents": "Murine oncornavirus high-molecular-weight RNA structure thermal stepwise dissociation of 70S murine leukemia-sarcoma virus to subunits and low-molecular-weight associated RNAs. The thermal dissociation into subunits and low-molecular-weight (LMW) associated RNAs of the aggregate structure of 70S RNA of a murine leukemia sarcoma viral complex was studied. By polyacrylamide-agarose gel electrophoresis, it was found that at low temperature a fraction of the genome was converted into an intermediate population of RNA (Im.P) with an apparent molecular weight of 6.6 times 10-6. At higher temperature, the 70S RNA and the Im.P RNA were successively dissociated into two RNA subunits called \"I\" and \"II\" and 70S-associated LMW RNAs. The apparent molecular weight of subunit I was about 5 times 10-6 and that of subunit II was about 3.2 times 10-6. The release of 4S, 5S, 5.5S, and 8S RNAs from 70S RNA at various temperatures was studied by composite polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. It was found that the nature of hydrogen bonding to the 70S RNA was different for each LMW RNA species. A possible relationship of the association between the subunits and each 70S-associated LMW RNA, based on their T-m values, is discussed.", "PMID": 1117485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5619", "title": "Characterization of the inhomogeneous DNA in virions of bacteriophage Mu by DNA reannealing kinetics.", "content": "The DNA of bacteriophage Mu has been studied to characterize a region of inhomogeneous sequence that occurs at one end of the molecule. The kinetics of reassocation of tracer amounts of labeled host DNA in the presence of Mu DNA show that Mu DNA contains a complete selection of host sequences. These host sequences are shown to be covalently attached to phage-specific sequences and are present at a concentration that accounts for the inhomogeneity observed in the electron microscope. The significance and possible function of the host DNA attachment is discussed.", "contents": "Characterization of the inhomogeneous DNA in virions of bacteriophage Mu by DNA reannealing kinetics. The DNA of bacteriophage Mu has been studied to characterize a region of inhomogeneous sequence that occurs at one end of the molecule. The kinetics of reassocation of tracer amounts of labeled host DNA in the presence of Mu DNA show that Mu DNA contains a complete selection of host sequences. These host sequences are shown to be covalently attached to phage-specific sequences and are present at a concentration that accounts for the inhomogeneity observed in the electron microscope. The significance and possible function of the host DNA attachment is discussed.", "PMID": 1117486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5620", "title": "Adenovirus type 2 DNA replication. I. Evidence for discontinuous DNA synthesis.", "content": "Isolated nuclei from adenovirus type 2-infected HeLa cells catalyze the incorporation of all four deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates into viral DNA. The observed DNA synthesis occurs via a transient formation of DNA fragments with a sedimentation coefficient of 10S. The fragments are precursors to unit-length viral DNA, they are self-complementary to an extent of at least 70%, and they are distributed along most of the viral chromosome. In addition, accumulation of 10S DNA fragments is observed either in intact, virus-infected HeLa cells under conditions where viral DNA synthesis is inhibited by hydroxyurea or in isolated nuclei from virus-infected HeLa cells at low concentrations of deoxyribonucleotides. Under these suboptimal conditions for DNA synthesis in isolated nuclei, ribonucleoside triphosphates determine the size distribution of DNA intermediates. The evidence presented suggests that a ribonucleoside-dependent initiation step as well at two DNA polymerase catalyzed reactions are involved in the discontinuous replication of adenovirus type 2 DNA.", "contents": "Adenovirus type 2 DNA replication. I. Evidence for discontinuous DNA synthesis. Isolated nuclei from adenovirus type 2-infected HeLa cells catalyze the incorporation of all four deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates into viral DNA. The observed DNA synthesis occurs via a transient formation of DNA fragments with a sedimentation coefficient of 10S. The fragments are precursors to unit-length viral DNA, they are self-complementary to an extent of at least 70%, and they are distributed along most of the viral chromosome. In addition, accumulation of 10S DNA fragments is observed either in intact, virus-infected HeLa cells under conditions where viral DNA synthesis is inhibited by hydroxyurea or in isolated nuclei from virus-infected HeLa cells at low concentrations of deoxyribonucleotides. Under these suboptimal conditions for DNA synthesis in isolated nuclei, ribonucleoside triphosphates determine the size distribution of DNA intermediates. The evidence presented suggests that a ribonucleoside-dependent initiation step as well at two DNA polymerase catalyzed reactions are involved in the discontinuous replication of adenovirus type 2 DNA.", "PMID": 1117487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5621", "title": "Bacteriophage-associated spherical bodies in Bacteroides fragilis.", "content": "Unique spherical bodies with multilayered walls were observed by electron microscopy in cells of a single strain of Bacteroides fragilis subsp. fragilis. Phage-like particles were present in the same cells, both free in the cytoplasm and within the spheres. The proportion of cells containing the phage-associated spherical structures ranged from less than 0.01% to about 7% depending on the culture conditions. Phage particles of morphological type B and spherical bodies were also found free in the medium surrounding the cells. Spherical bodies with discontinuities in their walls, through which phage-like particles sometimes appeared to be escaping, were also found both intra- and extracellularly. The biological significance of these distinctive spherical structures is a matter of conjecture.", "contents": "Bacteriophage-associated spherical bodies in Bacteroides fragilis. Unique spherical bodies with multilayered walls were observed by electron microscopy in cells of a single strain of Bacteroides fragilis subsp. fragilis. Phage-like particles were present in the same cells, both free in the cytoplasm and within the spheres. The proportion of cells containing the phage-associated spherical structures ranged from less than 0.01% to about 7% depending on the culture conditions. Phage particles of morphological type B and spherical bodies were also found free in the medium surrounding the cells. Spherical bodies with discontinuities in their walls, through which phage-like particles sometimes appeared to be escaping, were also found both intra- and extracellularly. The biological significance of these distinctive spherical structures is a matter of conjecture.", "PMID": 1117488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5622", "title": "Hexon peptides of type 2, 3, and 5 adenoviruses and their relationship to hexon structure.", "content": "Peptides of hexons from type 2 and 5 (subgroup III) and type 3 (subgroup I) adenoviruses were produced by treatment with cyanogen bromide and were separated by isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gels containing 8 M urea. Peptides with identical isoelectric points, but from different hexon types, were considered to have structural similarities. According to this criterion for chemical relatedness, about two-thirds of the type 2 and 5 hexon peptides may be considered similar. In contrast, the majority of the type 3 hexon peptides differed chemically from peptides of type 2 and 5 hexons. Virions and free hexons were iodinated with 125-I in the presence of lactoperoxidase and H-2-O-2. When 125-I-labeled virions were disrupted and the hexon was purified, the highly labeled cyanogen bromide peptides were labeled. When purified hexons from the excess cellular pool were iodinated, peptides common to types 2, 3, and 5 (peptides 12 and 14) were most extensively labeled. Thus, hexons assembled in virions and those free in solution were iodinated differently. The data suggest that immunologically the hexons in viral capsids react differently from unassembled hexons because the polypeptide chains assume slightly different folding configurations in the two hexon forms and therefore expose different regions of the protein to antibodies.", "contents": "Hexon peptides of type 2, 3, and 5 adenoviruses and their relationship to hexon structure. Peptides of hexons from type 2 and 5 (subgroup III) and type 3 (subgroup I) adenoviruses were produced by treatment with cyanogen bromide and were separated by isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gels containing 8 M urea. Peptides with identical isoelectric points, but from different hexon types, were considered to have structural similarities. According to this criterion for chemical relatedness, about two-thirds of the type 2 and 5 hexon peptides may be considered similar. In contrast, the majority of the type 3 hexon peptides differed chemically from peptides of type 2 and 5 hexons. Virions and free hexons were iodinated with 125-I in the presence of lactoperoxidase and H-2-O-2. When 125-I-labeled virions were disrupted and the hexon was purified, the highly labeled cyanogen bromide peptides were labeled. When purified hexons from the excess cellular pool were iodinated, peptides common to types 2, 3, and 5 (peptides 12 and 14) were most extensively labeled. Thus, hexons assembled in virions and those free in solution were iodinated differently. The data suggest that immunologically the hexons in viral capsids react differently from unassembled hexons because the polypeptide chains assume slightly different folding configurations in the two hexon forms and therefore expose different regions of the protein to antibodies.", "PMID": 1117489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5623", "title": "Complementation of defective reovirus by ts mutants.", "content": "Defective reovirions lacking the largest (L-1) of the normal 10 genomic segments grow only in association with helper reovirus. Because of the similarity in properties of defective and infectious virions, separation of the two populations by physical methods has been unseccessful. Controlled digestion of purified virus removes the outer capsomeres of the virions. The resulting core particles containing the viral genome have a buoyant density of 1.43/ml if derived from infectious virions and of 1.415g/ml if they originate in defectives, and this difference permits ready separation of the two types of cores. With the purpose of obtaining a pure population of defective virions, L cells were co-infected with defective cores and a class E temperature-sensitive mutant which has a mutation in an early function. After three serial passages at the permissive temperature (31 C) to build up the defective population, a fourth passage was made at 39 C, the nonpermissive temperature. The virus purified from this passage was predominantly defective; it contained practically no E mutant and had a low background of wild-type virus. Complementation was thus asymmetric; the L-1 function required for growth of defective virus was supplied by the E mutant and is thus a trans-function, while defective virus did not complement the E mutation which is thus in a cis-acting function. Defective virions were indistinguishable from infectious virions except for the absence of the L-1 genomic segment in the defectives. Such defective virions could be complemented at 39 C by class A and B temperature-sensitive mutants, both of which have lesions in late functions.", "contents": "Complementation of defective reovirus by ts mutants. Defective reovirions lacking the largest (L-1) of the normal 10 genomic segments grow only in association with helper reovirus. Because of the similarity in properties of defective and infectious virions, separation of the two populations by physical methods has been unseccessful. Controlled digestion of purified virus removes the outer capsomeres of the virions. The resulting core particles containing the viral genome have a buoyant density of 1.43/ml if derived from infectious virions and of 1.415g/ml if they originate in defectives, and this difference permits ready separation of the two types of cores. With the purpose of obtaining a pure population of defective virions, L cells were co-infected with defective cores and a class E temperature-sensitive mutant which has a mutation in an early function. After three serial passages at the permissive temperature (31 C) to build up the defective population, a fourth passage was made at 39 C, the nonpermissive temperature. The virus purified from this passage was predominantly defective; it contained practically no E mutant and had a low background of wild-type virus. Complementation was thus asymmetric; the L-1 function required for growth of defective virus was supplied by the E mutant and is thus a trans-function, while defective virus did not complement the E mutation which is thus in a cis-acting function. Defective virions were indistinguishable from infectious virions except for the absence of the L-1 genomic segment in the defectives. Such defective virions could be complemented at 39 C by class A and B temperature-sensitive mutants, both of which have lesions in late functions.", "PMID": 1117490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5624", "title": "Ligation of the renal vein in the solitary kidney: effects on renal function.", "content": "Three patients with right renal tumors extending into the inferior vena cava underwent ligation of the left renal vein coincident with right nephrectomy and en bloc resection of the vena cava. Two patients exhibited no postoperative renal dysfunction while the third demonstrated renal dysfunction which cleared by 9 days postoperatively. Features of the temporary renal dysfunction included proteinuria, elevated serum creatinine levels, oliguria, hypertension, elevated peripheral venous renin level, as well as radiographic evidence of swelling the kidney. The collateral venous drainage of the left kidney makes it possible to ligate the main vein of a solitary kidney with survival of the patient. However, postoperative temporary renal dysfunction may occur and a plan to deal with this problem should be fromulated.", "contents": "Ligation of the renal vein in the solitary kidney: effects on renal function. Three patients with right renal tumors extending into the inferior vena cava underwent ligation of the left renal vein coincident with right nephrectomy and en bloc resection of the vena cava. Two patients exhibited no postoperative renal dysfunction while the third demonstrated renal dysfunction which cleared by 9 days postoperatively. Features of the temporary renal dysfunction included proteinuria, elevated serum creatinine levels, oliguria, hypertension, elevated peripheral venous renin level, as well as radiographic evidence of swelling the kidney. The collateral venous drainage of the left kidney makes it possible to ligate the main vein of a solitary kidney with survival of the patient. However, postoperative temporary renal dysfunction may occur and a plan to deal with this problem should be fromulated.", "PMID": 1117494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5625", "title": "Colonic urinary diversion: 10 years of experience.", "content": "Experience with 46 colon urinary conduits is summarized. The transverse colon was used in 39 patients and the sigmoid in 7. Initially, we considered widened uretercolic anastomosis with free reflux desirable but later, upon realizing the dangers of reflux, antireflux procedures were incorporated into the operation. Among the advantages of the colon conduit are minimal stomal stenosis, little residuum, less electrolyte disturbance and availability for high and low diversions.", "contents": "Colonic urinary diversion: 10 years of experience. Experience with 46 colon urinary conduits is summarized. The transverse colon was used in 39 patients and the sigmoid in 7. Initially, we considered widened uretercolic anastomosis with free reflux desirable but later, upon realizing the dangers of reflux, antireflux procedures were incorporated into the operation. Among the advantages of the colon conduit are minimal stomal stenosis, little residuum, less electrolyte disturbance and availability for high and low diversions.", "PMID": 1117495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5626", "title": "Primary obstructive megaureter in adults.", "content": "The clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of 26 adults with primary obstructive megaureter have been reviewed. The histological features and the urodynamics of this disease are discussed. The clinical picture of primary obstructive megaureter in the adult may be deceivingly unimpressive. In this series 2 kidneys were destroyed because of progressive disease in the absence of clinical symptoms. We support Creevy's findings that the pathology involved is an obstructive segment of the ureter on the basis of a thickened muscularis and mild inflammation of the mucosa and submucosa. Urodynamic studies performed by one of us (M.K.H.) suggest that these ureters may remain in a balanced state indefinitely, owing to a low resting pressure. However, there may be relatively little reserve capacity and, with increased urine production rates, the pressure transmitted to the renal collecting system may produce renal atrophy. The radiologic features of the disease may reflect its clinical course, that is those showing a bulb and tail have a more benign course than ureters with a sharp cutoff. High dosage cine-pyelography is valuable in confirming the diagnosis and in studying the contractility of the ureter. Initially, we treated these cases conservatively. The presence of calculi and planned pregnancy are strong indication for surgical interference. Of the 26 patients 15 ultimatley required an operation. We recommend ureteral remodeling and reimplantation whenever possible since 11 of our cases had a most gratifying result from this procedure.", "contents": "Primary obstructive megaureter in adults. The clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of 26 adults with primary obstructive megaureter have been reviewed. The histological features and the urodynamics of this disease are discussed. The clinical picture of primary obstructive megaureter in the adult may be deceivingly unimpressive. In this series 2 kidneys were destroyed because of progressive disease in the absence of clinical symptoms. We support Creevy's findings that the pathology involved is an obstructive segment of the ureter on the basis of a thickened muscularis and mild inflammation of the mucosa and submucosa. Urodynamic studies performed by one of us (M.K.H.) suggest that these ureters may remain in a balanced state indefinitely, owing to a low resting pressure. However, there may be relatively little reserve capacity and, with increased urine production rates, the pressure transmitted to the renal collecting system may produce renal atrophy. The radiologic features of the disease may reflect its clinical course, that is those showing a bulb and tail have a more benign course than ureters with a sharp cutoff. High dosage cine-pyelography is valuable in confirming the diagnosis and in studying the contractility of the ureter. Initially, we treated these cases conservatively. The presence of calculi and planned pregnancy are strong indication for surgical interference. Of the 26 patients 15 ultimatley required an operation. We recommend ureteral remodeling and reimplantation whenever possible since 11 of our cases had a most gratifying result from this procedure.", "PMID": 1117497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5627", "title": "Clinical experience with the Mentor bladder stimulator. III. Patients with urinary vesical hypotonia.", "content": "The Mentor bladder stimulator has been implanted in 5 patients with vesical hypotonia. Of these patients 3 empty the bladder with low residua and sterile urine postoperatively. Pain is the primary side effect in patients with incomplete lower motor neuron lesions or vesical hypotonia of unknown etiology.", "contents": "Clinical experience with the Mentor bladder stimulator. III. Patients with urinary vesical hypotonia. The Mentor bladder stimulator has been implanted in 5 patients with vesical hypotonia. Of these patients 3 empty the bladder with low residua and sterile urine postoperatively. Pain is the primary side effect in patients with incomplete lower motor neuron lesions or vesical hypotonia of unknown etiology.", "PMID": 1117498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5628", "title": "Clinical application of electronic bladder stimulation in paraplegics.", "content": "Ten patients have received bladder stimulators in a clinical trial to reduce urologic complications of neuropathic bladders. Preoperative evaluation and surgical techniques are discussed. Several patients void with the stimulator, and maintain low residual urine and a reduced incidence of infection. Two patients are total failures and 1 is in the early postoperative period. The physiological mechanisms involved are discussed. Additional investigation is  needed for a means to deliver the stimulus to a more precise localization. Further clinical trials are warranted.", "contents": "Clinical application of electronic bladder stimulation in paraplegics. Ten patients have received bladder stimulators in a clinical trial to reduce urologic complications of neuropathic bladders. Preoperative evaluation and surgical techniques are discussed. Several patients void with the stimulator, and maintain low residual urine and a reduced incidence of infection. Two patients are total failures and 1 is in the early postoperative period. The physiological mechanisms involved are discussed. Additional investigation is  needed for a means to deliver the stimulus to a more precise localization. Further clinical trials are warranted.", "PMID": 1117499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5629", "title": "Electrohydraulic lithotripsy: experimental study and case reports with the stone disintegrator.", "content": "Electrohydraulic lithotripsy with the SD-1 for crushing bladder stones was performed experimentally, in vitro and in vivo. The results of this experiment in laboratory animals and in 19 patients revealed that the procedure is safe and superior to the conventional methods with blind or optical lithotriptors. The methods is easy to learn and application of the technique may be combined in the same session with other urological operations. This procedure was done more than 50 times in toto without any complication.", "contents": "Electrohydraulic lithotripsy: experimental study and case reports with the stone disintegrator. Electrohydraulic lithotripsy with the SD-1 for crushing bladder stones was performed experimentally, in vitro and in vivo. The results of this experiment in laboratory animals and in 19 patients revealed that the procedure is safe and superior to the conventional methods with blind or optical lithotriptors. The methods is easy to learn and application of the technique may be combined in the same session with other urological operations. This procedure was done more than 50 times in toto without any complication.", "PMID": 1117502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5630", "title": "Complete external sphincterotomy: correlation between endoscopic observation and the anatomic sphincter.", "content": "Longitudinal cuts of various lengths and depths were made in the area of the external urethral  sphincter in 18 male cadavers. The Iglesias resectoscope and the Collings knife electrode were used. Histologic sections of the prostate and of the membranous and bulbous urethra demonstrated that a cut of 2 cm. in length beginning from the verumontanum and 6 mm. in depth was necessary to completely incise the external urethral fibers. This procedure, when performed according to these criteria, effectively decreases urethral resistance, permits adequate bladder emptying and probably eliminates the need for a catheter.", "contents": "Complete external sphincterotomy: correlation between endoscopic observation and the anatomic sphincter. Longitudinal cuts of various lengths and depths were made in the area of the external urethral  sphincter in 18 male cadavers. The Iglesias resectoscope and the Collings knife electrode were used. Histologic sections of the prostate and of the membranous and bulbous urethra demonstrated that a cut of 2 cm. in length beginning from the verumontanum and 6 mm. in depth was necessary to completely incise the external urethral fibers. This procedure, when performed according to these criteria, effectively decreases urethral resistance, permits adequate bladder emptying and probably eliminates the need for a catheter.", "PMID": 1117503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5631", "title": "Gonadoblastoma associated with embryonal carcinoma in an anatomically normal man.", "content": "A case of gonadoblastoma associated with embryonal carcinoma in a normally decended testis of an anatomically normal 20-year-old man is reported. The patient had enlargment of the supraclavicular lymph nodes, which contained metastatic yolk sac tumor. Pulmonary and abdominal metatases were present. Despite chemotherapy and radiotherapy the patient died 9 months after presentation. Review of the literature concerning gonadoblastoma in phenotypic male patients is presented.", "contents": "Gonadoblastoma associated with embryonal carcinoma in an anatomically normal man. A case of gonadoblastoma associated with embryonal carcinoma in a normally decended testis of an anatomically normal 20-year-old man is reported. The patient had enlargment of the supraclavicular lymph nodes, which contained metastatic yolk sac tumor. Pulmonary and abdominal metatases were present. Despite chemotherapy and radiotherapy the patient died 9 months after presentation. Review of the literature concerning gonadoblastoma in phenotypic male patients is presented.", "PMID": 1117504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5632", "title": "An evaluation of lymphangiography in staging carcinoma of the prostate.", "content": "Pedal lymphangiography was done on 38 patients with stages O, A and B carcinoma of the prostate. The lymphangiograms were positive in 19 cases and negative in 19. Of 18 patients who underwent lymphadenectomy (9 with positive and 9 with negative studies) operative findings confirmed the lymphangiogram in 15 (83 per cent). In the 6 patients with osseous metastases and/or enzyme elevation, the lymphangiogram was positive. Furthermore, 13 patients with positive lymphangiograms had negative osseous and enzyme survey, emphasizing that nodal involvement may be the earliest finding in disseminated carcinoma of the prostate. The value of lymphangiography in staging carcinoma of the prostate prior to radical prostatectomy or irradiation seems well established.", "contents": "An evaluation of lymphangiography in staging carcinoma of the prostate. Pedal lymphangiography was done on 38 patients with stages O, A and B carcinoma of the prostate. The lymphangiograms were positive in 19 cases and negative in 19. Of 18 patients who underwent lymphadenectomy (9 with positive and 9 with negative studies) operative findings confirmed the lymphangiogram in 15 (83 per cent). In the 6 patients with osseous metastases and/or enzyme elevation, the lymphangiogram was positive. Furthermore, 13 patients with positive lymphangiograms had negative osseous and enzyme survey, emphasizing that nodal involvement may be the earliest finding in disseminated carcinoma of the prostate. The value of lymphangiography in staging carcinoma of the prostate prior to radical prostatectomy or irradiation seems well established.", "PMID": 1117505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5633", "title": "Intrarenal reflux and its relationship to renal scarring.", "content": "Intrarenal reflux found during voiding cystourethrography in children has been suggested to be a significant factor in the production of renal damage. To investigate its incidence and effect on renal growth the records and roentgenograms of 150 children with known vesicoureteral reflux were reviewed. Of these children 15 had evidence of intrarenal reflux. Their IVPs were studied for signs of renal parenchymal damage at the time of the initial voiding cystogram as well as up to 4 years later. Evidence of renal damage was seen in 4 of the 15 patients with intrarenal reflux. These same 4 children had gross vesicoureteral reflux.", "contents": "Intrarenal reflux and its relationship to renal scarring. Intrarenal reflux found during voiding cystourethrography in children has been suggested to be a significant factor in the production of renal damage. To investigate its incidence and effect on renal growth the records and roentgenograms of 150 children with known vesicoureteral reflux were reviewed. Of these children 15 had evidence of intrarenal reflux. Their IVPs were studied for signs of renal parenchymal damage at the time of the initial voiding cystogram as well as up to 4 years later. Evidence of renal damage was seen in 4 of the 15 patients with intrarenal reflux. These same 4 children had gross vesicoureteral reflux.", "PMID": 1117509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5634", "title": "131I hippuran quantitative scintillation camera studies in the evaluation and management of vesicoureteral reflux.", "content": "A study was made of 136 patients with vesicoureteral reflux with the conventional radiologic modalities of voiding cystourethrography and IVP. In addition, a 30-minute quantitative scintillation camera study was used. Comparison of these studies indicates that most periodic re-evaluations with IVP can be eliminated in favor of the scintillation study with its markedly reduced radiation dosage and lack of allergic type reactions. Unfortunately, as the quantitative scintillation camera study has been performed in these patients, it has been impossible to diagnose the presence of vesicoureteral reflux. Therefore, voiding cystourethrography or direct radionuclide cystography must be repeated at some time to determine if conservative management has been successful. The benefit of the routine use of the quantitative scintillation camera study in the early postoperative period seems to be strongly supported even by the small group of patients studied.", "contents": "131I hippuran quantitative scintillation camera studies in the evaluation and management of vesicoureteral reflux. A study was made of 136 patients with vesicoureteral reflux with the conventional radiologic modalities of voiding cystourethrography and IVP. In addition, a 30-minute quantitative scintillation camera study was used. Comparison of these studies indicates that most periodic re-evaluations with IVP can be eliminated in favor of the scintillation study with its markedly reduced radiation dosage and lack of allergic type reactions. Unfortunately, as the quantitative scintillation camera study has been performed in these patients, it has been impossible to diagnose the presence of vesicoureteral reflux. Therefore, voiding cystourethrography or direct radionuclide cystography must be repeated at some time to determine if conservative management has been successful. The benefit of the routine use of the quantitative scintillation camera study in the early postoperative period seems to be strongly supported even by the small group of patients studied.", "PMID": 1117510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5635", "title": "Anesthesia considerations during nephrolithotomy with slush.", "content": "A retrospective study was made of 113 patients who underwent nephrolithotomy between 1962 and 1973. Multiple parameters from a surgical and anesthesia viewpoint were tabulated. The main findings were a high incidence of pulmonary complications (37 per cent), a general lowering of body temperature during anesthesia and operation and initial decreases in blood pressure, apparently related to the use of d-tubocurarine. Currently, prospective studies are underway to more clearly delineate these problems and perhaps find ways to eliminate them.", "contents": "Anesthesia considerations during nephrolithotomy with slush. A retrospective study was made of 113 patients who underwent nephrolithotomy between 1962 and 1973. Multiple parameters from a surgical and anesthesia viewpoint were tabulated. The main findings were a high incidence of pulmonary complications (37 per cent), a general lowering of body temperature during anesthesia and operation and initial decreases in blood pressure, apparently related to the use of d-tubocurarine. Currently, prospective studies are underway to more clearly delineate these problems and perhaps find ways to eliminate them.", "PMID": 1117511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5636", "title": "Renal artery aneurysms.", "content": "The various types of renal artery aneurysms are described, the most common one being the congenital saccular aneurysm. Usually asymptomatic it may be associated with hypertension and generally undergoes atherosclerotic degeneration. An arteriovenous fistula may form and rupture into the renal pelvis or retroperitoneal space in some rare instances. Small, well calcified saccular aneurysms should be left alone and followed; larger, incompletely calcified or non-calcified aneurysms should be removed. Fusiform aneurysmal dilatation of the renal artery occurs distal to a focal fibromuscular dysplastic stenosis. This type is almost invariably found in hypertensive young people. Thrombosis of a branch may occur distal to the aneurysm. These aneurysms should be treated surgically, usually by excision of the stenotic area and its aneurysm, and anastomosis of branches back to the main renal artery. Dissecting aneurysms of the renal artery are the most damaging to the kidney. Complications are thrombosis of the branches, infarction of the kidney and a virulent form of hypertension. An operation should be done to correct the dissection and to remove part or all of the kidney when infarction is severe. Intrarenal arterial aneurysms are prone to hemorrhage and should be removed by local excision or partial nephrectomy.", "contents": "Renal artery aneurysms. The various types of renal artery aneurysms are described, the most common one being the congenital saccular aneurysm. Usually asymptomatic it may be associated with hypertension and generally undergoes atherosclerotic degeneration. An arteriovenous fistula may form and rupture into the renal pelvis or retroperitoneal space in some rare instances. Small, well calcified saccular aneurysms should be left alone and followed; larger, incompletely calcified or non-calcified aneurysms should be removed. Fusiform aneurysmal dilatation of the renal artery occurs distal to a focal fibromuscular dysplastic stenosis. This type is almost invariably found in hypertensive young people. Thrombosis of a branch may occur distal to the aneurysm. These aneurysms should be treated surgically, usually by excision of the stenotic area and its aneurysm, and anastomosis of branches back to the main renal artery. Dissecting aneurysms of the renal artery are the most damaging to the kidney. Complications are thrombosis of the branches, infarction of the kidney and a virulent form of hypertension. An operation should be done to correct the dissection and to remove part or all of the kidney when infarction is severe. Intrarenal arterial aneurysms are prone to hemorrhage and should be removed by local excision or partial nephrectomy.", "PMID": 1117513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5637", "title": "The Page kidney: a correctable form of arterial hypertension.", "content": "The Page kidney is a remediable form of renal hypertension. It is usually seen in young male patients with an antecedent history of blunt renal trauma, followed by a subcapsular or perirenal hematoma causing compression of the renal parenchyma and hypertension. Radiographic studies demonstrate the presence of an extrinsic mass compressing the kidney. Divided function studies and renal vein renin determinations confirm the functional significance of this process in the etiology of hypertension. Treatment may initially consist of observation. However, if hypertension persists then decortication and evacuation of the encysted fluid are indicated. In long-standing cases, although nephrectomy may be necessary, the chance of relieving hypertension is excellent.", "contents": "The Page kidney: a correctable form of arterial hypertension. The Page kidney is a remediable form of renal hypertension. It is usually seen in young male patients with an antecedent history of blunt renal trauma, followed by a subcapsular or perirenal hematoma causing compression of the renal parenchyma and hypertension. Radiographic studies demonstrate the presence of an extrinsic mass compressing the kidney. Divided function studies and renal vein renin determinations confirm the functional significance of this process in the etiology of hypertension. Treatment may initially consist of observation. However, if hypertension persists then decortication and evacuation of the encysted fluid are indicated. In long-standing cases, although nephrectomy may be necessary, the chance of relieving hypertension is excellent.", "PMID": 1117514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5638", "title": "Ferromagnetic silicone necrosis of hypernephromas by selective vascular occlusion to the tumor: a new technique.", "content": "Arterial vascular occlusion of hypernephromas may be performed by obstructiing the tumor vascular tree with the injection of ferromagnetic silicone microspheres. The powerful superconducting electromagnet confines the embolized iron-silicone compound to the neoplastic target organ. Radioactive material may or may not be added to the iron-silicone compound to give local direct radioactive radiation therapy to the tumor area. In experimental dogs up to 70,000 rad of beta radiation from the P32 source had been delivered homogeneously within the kidney when mixed with the ferrosilicone. This technique may well be used in cases in which a major operation is contraindicated or when preoperative necrosis of the tumor is advisable. Since the entire procedure can be done with the patient under local anesthesia in a radiology department it may be a valuable new technique in the future management of urological tumors, unilateral renal hypertension, solitary kidney pathology and so forth. Ferrosilicone material has not been found to be toxic. The application of a powerful superconducting electromagnet to the technique provides a means of confining the embolized iron-silicone compound to the target organ.", "contents": "Ferromagnetic silicone necrosis of hypernephromas by selective vascular occlusion to the tumor: a new technique. Arterial vascular occlusion of hypernephromas may be performed by obstructiing the tumor vascular tree with the injection of ferromagnetic silicone microspheres. The powerful superconducting electromagnet confines the embolized iron-silicone compound to the neoplastic target organ. Radioactive material may or may not be added to the iron-silicone compound to give local direct radioactive radiation therapy to the tumor area. In experimental dogs up to 70,000 rad of beta radiation from the P32 source had been delivered homogeneously within the kidney when mixed with the ferrosilicone. This technique may well be used in cases in which a major operation is contraindicated or when preoperative necrosis of the tumor is advisable. Since the entire procedure can be done with the patient under local anesthesia in a radiology department it may be a valuable new technique in the future management of urological tumors, unilateral renal hypertension, solitary kidney pathology and so forth. Ferrosilicone material has not been found to be toxic. The application of a powerful superconducting electromagnet to the technique provides a means of confining the embolized iron-silicone compound to the target organ.", "PMID": 1117515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5639", "title": "Treatment of multiple superficial papillary tumors of the bladder by intracavitary yttrium-90.", "content": "Intravesical Y-90 was used in 38 patients with multiple papillary T1 tumors considered beyond control by cystodiathermy. Of the 32 patients available for 3-year observation 19 (60 per cent) were alive after 3 years, 6 had died of progression of the tumor and 7 had died of other causes. Prolonged imporvement was noted in 23 patients (72 per cent). The complication rate was moderate and only 2 patients required cystectomy for symptoms caused by radiation damage alone.", "contents": "Treatment of multiple superficial papillary tumors of the bladder by intracavitary yttrium-90. Intravesical Y-90 was used in 38 patients with multiple papillary T1 tumors considered beyond control by cystodiathermy. Of the 32 patients available for 3-year observation 19 (60 per cent) were alive after 3 years, 6 had died of progression of the tumor and 7 had died of other causes. Prolonged imporvement was noted in 23 patients (72 per cent). The complication rate was moderate and only 2 patients required cystectomy for symptoms caused by radiation damage alone.", "PMID": 1117518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5640", "title": "Failure of ascorbic acid to inhibit FANFT-induced bladder cancer.", "content": "L-ascorbic acid has been shown to reduce the elevated level of urinary chemiluminescence found in patients with bladder cancer. Thus, it has been suggested that vitamin C might be efficacious in bladder tumor prophylaxis. However, there is no clinical evidence to support this thesis. We evaluated whether L-ascorbic acid given concomitantly with the urinary carcinogen FANFT was capable of reducing the incidence of subsequent bladder tumors. No inhibitory effect was observed. Unless evidence is obtained demonstrating bladder tumor prevention by L-ascorbic acid its routine administration to patients with bladder cancer is not indicated.", "contents": "Failure of ascorbic acid to inhibit FANFT-induced bladder cancer. L-ascorbic acid has been shown to reduce the elevated level of urinary chemiluminescence found in patients with bladder cancer. Thus, it has been suggested that vitamin C might be efficacious in bladder tumor prophylaxis. However, there is no clinical evidence to support this thesis. We evaluated whether L-ascorbic acid given concomitantly with the urinary carcinogen FANFT was capable of reducing the incidence of subsequent bladder tumors. No inhibitory effect was observed. Unless evidence is obtained demonstrating bladder tumor prevention by L-ascorbic acid its routine administration to patients with bladder cancer is not indicated.", "PMID": 1117519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5641", "title": "Lactic dehydrogenase isoenzymes in human bladder cancer.", "content": "The lactic dehydrogenase isoenzymic patterns of normal, atypical and neoplastic urothelium were studied. In comparison to normal, the atypical urothelium had a significant increase in the LDH-V/I ratio. In neoplastic urothelium the LDH-I per cent was increased in low grade tumors, while the LDH-V per cent and LDH-V/I ratio was increased in high grade tumors. The findings in high grade tumors are thought to represent altered genetic expression with activation of the gene locus controlling M subunit synthesis.", "contents": "Lactic dehydrogenase isoenzymes in human bladder cancer. The lactic dehydrogenase isoenzymic patterns of normal, atypical and neoplastic urothelium were studied. In comparison to normal, the atypical urothelium had a significant increase in the LDH-V/I ratio. In neoplastic urothelium the LDH-I per cent was increased in low grade tumors, while the LDH-V per cent and LDH-V/I ratio was increased in high grade tumors. The findings in high grade tumors are thought to represent altered genetic expression with activation of the gene locus controlling M subunit synthesis.", "PMID": 1117520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5642", "title": "The corpus cavernosum intercommunicating venous drainage system.", "content": "A series of cavernosograms were used to study the corpus cavernosum superficial and deep dorsal venous system. Within this drainage system exists an intricate circumflex venous interconnective network of vessels. In addition, each corpus cavernosum intercommunicates with its opposite corpus cavernosum through median septal apertures. The cavernosum venous system, unlike the venous drainage from the glans penis, delays venous drainage and in doing so assists in maintaining erections.", "contents": "The corpus cavernosum intercommunicating venous drainage system. A series of cavernosograms were used to study the corpus cavernosum superficial and deep dorsal venous system. Within this drainage system exists an intricate circumflex venous interconnective network of vessels. In addition, each corpus cavernosum intercommunicates with its opposite corpus cavernosum through median septal apertures. The cavernosum venous system, unlike the venous drainage from the glans penis, delays venous drainage and in doing so assists in maintaining erections.", "PMID": 1117521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5643", "title": "Comparative responses of the isolated human testicular capsule to autonomic drugs.", "content": "The testicular capsule of the human has been prepared for the first time as an isolated tissue suitable for pharmacological investigation. Cholinergic and adrenergic agents caused a contraction of the isolated testicular capsule. In addition, periodic spontaneous contractions of the isolated testicular capsule had been observed in the absence of any added pharmacological agents. The present experiments have demonstrated that the testicular capsule contains smooth muscle, thereby offering a reasonable anatomical explanation for spontaneous and drug-induced contractions of the testicular capsule. Therefore, it appears likely that the rhythmic contractions and relaxations of the testicular capsule provide a pumping action capable of explaining the transport of non-motile sperm out of the testes into the epididymis where they can attain their motility.", "contents": "Comparative responses of the isolated human testicular capsule to autonomic drugs. The testicular capsule of the human has been prepared for the first time as an isolated tissue suitable for pharmacological investigation. Cholinergic and adrenergic agents caused a contraction of the isolated testicular capsule. In addition, periodic spontaneous contractions of the isolated testicular capsule had been observed in the absence of any added pharmacological agents. The present experiments have demonstrated that the testicular capsule contains smooth muscle, thereby offering a reasonable anatomical explanation for spontaneous and drug-induced contractions of the testicular capsule. Therefore, it appears likely that the rhythmic contractions and relaxations of the testicular capsule provide a pumping action capable of explaining the transport of non-motile sperm out of the testes into the epididymis where they can attain their motility.", "PMID": 1117523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5644", "title": "Infertility and semen non-liquefaction.", "content": "Semen non-liquefaction is common and was present in 11.8 per cent of our patients. The diagnostic test is simple and treatment is not difficult. Thus, it appears that treatment of non-liquefaction of semen with alpha-amylase may be a useful aid in the treatment of infertility.", "contents": "Infertility and semen non-liquefaction. Semen non-liquefaction is common and was present in 11.8 per cent of our patients. The diagnostic test is simple and treatment is not difficult. Thus, it appears that treatment of non-liquefaction of semen with alpha-amylase may be a useful aid in the treatment of infertility.", "PMID": 1117524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5645", "title": "Prostatic fluid lactic dehydrogenase isoenzyme patterns of prostatic cancer and hyperplasia.", "content": "LDH isoenzyme patterns were determined in prostatic fluid from 286 patients with a prostate gland judged to be normal, the site of benign hyperplasia on clinical evidence or the site of benign hyperplasia or carcinoma on the basis of histologic evidence. Fluid from 12 of 15 patients (80 per cent) with carcinoma representing all stages and grades of disease showed an LDH-V/I ratio of more than 3. This ratio was exceeded in only 6 of 57 (11.8 per cent) and 14 of 97 (14.4 per cent) patients in whom the diagnosis of benign prostatic hyperplasia without evidence of infection was established histologically or clinically, respectively. An LDH-V/I ratio exceeding 3 was seen commonly in patients with a diagnosis of benign prostatic hyperplasia with a recent history suggesting infection and more than 10 WBCs per high power field on microscopic examination of the prostatic fluid. These observations suggest that an LDH-V/I ratio exceeding 3 in the prostatic fluid in the absence of a history of infection and more than 10 WBCs per high power field on microscopic examination should be regarded as an indication of a high risk of the presence or development of a malignancy of the prostate. The results obtained also support the concept that, in the presence of malignancy, expressed prostatic fluid provides an adequate sample of cells with altered metabolism.", "contents": "Prostatic fluid lactic dehydrogenase isoenzyme patterns of prostatic cancer and hyperplasia. LDH isoenzyme patterns were determined in prostatic fluid from 286 patients with a prostate gland judged to be normal, the site of benign hyperplasia on clinical evidence or the site of benign hyperplasia or carcinoma on the basis of histologic evidence. Fluid from 12 of 15 patients (80 per cent) with carcinoma representing all stages and grades of disease showed an LDH-V/I ratio of more than 3. This ratio was exceeded in only 6 of 57 (11.8 per cent) and 14 of 97 (14.4 per cent) patients in whom the diagnosis of benign prostatic hyperplasia without evidence of infection was established histologically or clinically, respectively. An LDH-V/I ratio exceeding 3 was seen commonly in patients with a diagnosis of benign prostatic hyperplasia with a recent history suggesting infection and more than 10 WBCs per high power field on microscopic examination of the prostatic fluid. These observations suggest that an LDH-V/I ratio exceeding 3 in the prostatic fluid in the absence of a history of infection and more than 10 WBCs per high power field on microscopic examination should be regarded as an indication of a high risk of the presence or development of a malignancy of the prostate. The results obtained also support the concept that, in the presence of malignancy, expressed prostatic fluid provides an adequate sample of cells with altered metabolism.", "PMID": 1117525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5646", "title": "Urologic complications of ileal bypass operation for morbid obesity.", "content": "Preoperative, operative and postoperative data from a sampling group of 435 ileal bypass patients have been tabulated and computer-analyzed. Genitourinary disorders other than stone disease have been insignificant. Patients with stones and those without stones have been compared and the significant data tabulated. The incidence of stone disease is 6 per cent. All but 1 stone consisted of calcium oxalate. Oxalate levels were normal preoperatively and elevated in 60 per cent postoperatively. The stone formers are among the heaviest members of the studied population, they have the greatest amount of ileum bypassed and the greatest amount of 1 year weight loss. Correlations between these observations and possible pathways of metabolic stone disease are made.", "contents": "Urologic complications of ileal bypass operation for morbid obesity. Preoperative, operative and postoperative data from a sampling group of 435 ileal bypass patients have been tabulated and computer-analyzed. Genitourinary disorders other than stone disease have been insignificant. Patients with stones and those without stones have been compared and the significant data tabulated. The incidence of stone disease is 6 per cent. All but 1 stone consisted of calcium oxalate. Oxalate levels were normal preoperatively and elevated in 60 per cent postoperatively. The stone formers are among the heaviest members of the studied population, they have the greatest amount of ileum bypassed and the greatest amount of 1 year weight loss. Correlations between these observations and possible pathways of metabolic stone disease are made.", "PMID": 1117526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5647", "title": "The usefulness of ultrasound in the evaluation of renal masses in adults.", "content": "The efficacy of ultrasonography in the diagnosis of renal masses in our own series and in the recent literature has been reviewed. Ultrasonography in combination with cyst puncture approaches 100 per cent accuracy in the diagnosis of lesions more than 3 cm. in diameter that can be adequately delineated. Complications appear to be minimal.", "contents": "The usefulness of ultrasound in the evaluation of renal masses in adults. The efficacy of ultrasonography in the diagnosis of renal masses in our own series and in the recent literature has been reviewed. Ultrasonography in combination with cyst puncture approaches 100 per cent accuracy in the diagnosis of lesions more than 3 cm. in diameter that can be adequately delineated. Complications appear to be minimal.", "PMID": 1117527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5648", "title": "The effect of hydron on latex urinary catheters.", "content": "Hydron, a polymeric gel which permits the passage of small molecules through its interstices, was used to coat latex urethral catheters. These catheters, as well as other catheters of varied composition, were exposed to a liquid environment from which struvite crystals could be precipitated. The deposition of struvite on a hydron coated latex catheter was significantly less than upon the other catheters.", "contents": "The effect of hydron on latex urinary catheters. Hydron, a polymeric gel which permits the passage of small molecules through its interstices, was used to coat latex urethral catheters. These catheters, as well as other catheters of varied composition, were exposed to a liquid environment from which struvite crystals could be precipitated. The deposition of struvite on a hydron coated latex catheter was significantly less than upon the other catheters.", "PMID": 1117528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5649", "title": "Pediatric nephrolithiasis.", "content": "The management of 78 children with upper urinary calculi is described. Boys outnumbered girls by a ratio of 2 to 1. Two-thirds of the patients had identifiable metabolic causes, while the remaining third had infected renal lithiasis. In this latter group, all patients had had multiple urologic procedures, urinary infection, and stasis with diversionary and indwelling drainage devices. Contrary to earlier views, idiopathic renal lithiasis with or without hypercalciuria was the most common metabolic form of nephrolithiasis in children. Sixty-seven patients (86 per cent) were followed for an average of 7 1/2 years. With appropriate therapy, stone disease became inactive in 70 per cent of the children. The remaining 30 per cent continued with active disease--5 died of renal failure and 1 has received a renal allograft. Stone formation may be regarded as a solitary complication or one of several manifestations of a large number of underlying disorders. Along with a thorough search for etiologic factors there must be an equally aggressive therapeutic effort. Because the disease is ofter sporadic, careful long-term followup of the patients with active as well as those with inactive stone disease is mandatory.", "contents": "Pediatric nephrolithiasis. The management of 78 children with upper urinary calculi is described. Boys outnumbered girls by a ratio of 2 to 1. Two-thirds of the patients had identifiable metabolic causes, while the remaining third had infected renal lithiasis. In this latter group, all patients had had multiple urologic procedures, urinary infection, and stasis with diversionary and indwelling drainage devices. Contrary to earlier views, idiopathic renal lithiasis with or without hypercalciuria was the most common metabolic form of nephrolithiasis in children. Sixty-seven patients (86 per cent) were followed for an average of 7 1/2 years. With appropriate therapy, stone disease became inactive in 70 per cent of the children. The remaining 30 per cent continued with active disease--5 died of renal failure and 1 has received a renal allograft. Stone formation may be regarded as a solitary complication or one of several manifestations of a large number of underlying disorders. Along with a thorough search for etiologic factors there must be an equally aggressive therapeutic effort. Because the disease is ofter sporadic, careful long-term followup of the patients with active as well as those with inactive stone disease is mandatory.", "PMID": 1117531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5650", "title": "Hypertension in infancy: the case for aggressive management.", "content": "We have reported on 10 infants less than 3 months old with hypertension. Renovascular hypertension was identified in 80 per cent of these patients. Spontaneous recovery with medical management occurred in 30 per cent of the patients and 57 per cent treated medically died. Of the 3 patients treated by nephrectomy normotensive survival resulted in 2.", "contents": "Hypertension in infancy: the case for aggressive management. We have reported on 10 infants less than 3 months old with hypertension. Renovascular hypertension was identified in 80 per cent of these patients. Spontaneous recovery with medical management occurred in 30 per cent of the patients and 57 per cent treated medically died. Of the 3 patients treated by nephrectomy normotensive survival resulted in 2.", "PMID": 1117532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5651", "title": "Segmental renal hypoplasia and hypertension.", "content": "The association of hypertension with congenital renal hypoplasia (Ask-Upmark kidney) has been well established. A case is presented that clearly demonstrates the distinctive clinical, roentgenographic and pathologic features. An abnormal production of renin by the affected kidney suggested that the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis was involved in the genesis of the hypertension. Hypertension was cured by unilateral nephrectomy.", "contents": "Segmental renal hypoplasia and hypertension. The association of hypertension with congenital renal hypoplasia (Ask-Upmark kidney) has been well established. A case is presented that clearly demonstrates the distinctive clinical, roentgenographic and pathologic features. An abnormal production of renin by the affected kidney suggested that the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis was involved in the genesis of the hypertension. Hypertension was cured by unilateral nephrectomy.", "PMID": 1117534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5652", "title": "Bilateral transitional cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis with unilateral non-functioning kidney.", "content": "A case is presented of bilateral transitional cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis with extension of the tumor to involve the renal parenchyma bilaterally. Unilateral complete absence of function was demonstrated and pathological study correlated the absence of function with complete replacement and destruction of the renal parenchyma by transitional cell tumor. Segmental absence of function of the contralateral kidney is also correlated pathologically with complete replacement of the involved renal segment with tumor. Total replacement of renal parenchyma by transitional cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis should be considered in the evaluation of renal non-function.", "contents": "Bilateral transitional cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis with unilateral non-functioning kidney. A case is presented of bilateral transitional cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis with extension of the tumor to involve the renal parenchyma bilaterally. Unilateral complete absence of function was demonstrated and pathological study correlated the absence of function with complete replacement and destruction of the renal parenchyma by transitional cell tumor. Segmental absence of function of the contralateral kidney is also correlated pathologically with complete replacement of the involved renal segment with tumor. Total replacement of renal parenchyma by transitional cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis should be considered in the evaluation of renal non-function.", "PMID": 1117535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5653", "title": "Intrarenal distribution of blood flow and renin in chronic congestive heart failure.", "content": "Intrarenal distribution of blood flow was measured by the 133xenon washout curve in 33 patients with heart disease. Plasma renin activity and sodium concentration were also measured on the day when the xenon study was performed. The patients were divided into three groups according to cardiac index: Group I whose cardiac index showed higher than 3.50 1/min/M2, BSA, group II whose index ranged from 2.50 to 3.50, and group III who had lower than 2.50. Total renal blood flow was significantly decreased in group II (p less than 0.001), as compared with normal controls. The percents of the total renal blood flow supplied to component I decreased significantly in group I, II (p less than 0.05) and group III (p less than 0.01). The flow rate in component I decreased significantly only in group II (p less than 0.05) and group III (p less than 0.01). There was a significant increase in the percent distribution of component II in group II (p less than 0.05) and in group III (p less than 0.01). The flow rate of component II showed a slight increase in group I and III. The study of autoradiographs done in dogs with heart failure demonstrated that component I corresponded to a cortical area having a relatively faster flow rate, whereas component II corresponded to the cortical area which was perfused more slowly. Accordingly, component III indicated outer medulla. There was no apparent relation between intrarenal distribution of blood flow and plasma renin activity although the latter tended to be elevated in patients treated with diuretics. In view of the data available it was concluded that outer cortical as well as outer medullary blood flow are decreased in chronic congestive heart failure and that there is no apparent correlation between outer cortical flow and plasma renin activity.", "contents": "Intrarenal distribution of blood flow and renin in chronic congestive heart failure. Intrarenal distribution of blood flow was measured by the 133xenon washout curve in 33 patients with heart disease. Plasma renin activity and sodium concentration were also measured on the day when the xenon study was performed. The patients were divided into three groups according to cardiac index: Group I whose cardiac index showed higher than 3.50 1/min/M2, BSA, group II whose index ranged from 2.50 to 3.50, and group III who had lower than 2.50. Total renal blood flow was significantly decreased in group II (p less than 0.001), as compared with normal controls. The percents of the total renal blood flow supplied to component I decreased significantly in group I, II (p less than 0.05) and group III (p less than 0.01). The flow rate in component I decreased significantly only in group II (p less than 0.05) and group III (p less than 0.01). There was a significant increase in the percent distribution of component II in group II (p less than 0.05) and in group III (p less than 0.01). The flow rate of component II showed a slight increase in group I and III. The study of autoradiographs done in dogs with heart failure demonstrated that component I corresponded to a cortical area having a relatively faster flow rate, whereas component II corresponded to the cortical area which was perfused more slowly. Accordingly, component III indicated outer medulla. There was no apparent relation between intrarenal distribution of blood flow and plasma renin activity although the latter tended to be elevated in patients treated with diuretics. In view of the data available it was concluded that outer cortical as well as outer medullary blood flow are decreased in chronic congestive heart failure and that there is no apparent correlation between outer cortical flow and plasma renin activity.", "PMID": 1117537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5654", "title": "Left ventricular ejection time measured by finger-tip plethysmography in healthy young Japanese. Its correction for heart rate.", "content": "Finger-tip plethysmograms were recorded photoelectrically on 200 young males and females each. The relation between the left ventricular ejection time (ET) and the preceding heart rate (HR) and a method for correcting ET for the heart rate were studied. The values calculated by the formula ET/S-S or ET/square root S-S varied with the HR, so these formulae cannot be used for correcting the ET for HR. Thus from the relationship between ET and HR, a formula for converting the measured ET to the ET at an HR OF 70, I.E. ETc, was deduced. ETc equals ET + HR - 70. This formula can be used for both sexes of Japanese juveniles and the values obtained by it can be directly compared, irrespective of the HR.", "contents": "Left ventricular ejection time measured by finger-tip plethysmography in healthy young Japanese. Its correction for heart rate. Finger-tip plethysmograms were recorded photoelectrically on 200 young males and females each. The relation between the left ventricular ejection time (ET) and the preceding heart rate (HR) and a method for correcting ET for the heart rate were studied. The values calculated by the formula ET/S-S or ET/square root S-S varied with the HR, so these formulae cannot be used for correcting the ET for HR. Thus from the relationship between ET and HR, a formula for converting the measured ET to the ET at an HR OF 70, I.E. ETc, was deduced. ETc equals ET + HR - 70. This formula can be used for both sexes of Japanese juveniles and the values obtained by it can be directly compared, irrespective of the HR.", "PMID": 1117538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5655", "title": "Blood flow of the superior and inferior venae cavae in cardiogenic shock: a study with an emphasis of the role of the stretch receptors in the low pressure system.", "content": "Blood flow of the superior (SVC) and inferior venae cavae (IVC) was simultaneously and separately measured with two cannulating type electromagnetic blood flow probes inserted into the SVC and IVC of thirty two dogs during hypotensive and low cardiac output states in hemorrhagic shock and cardiogenic shock. Blood flow ratio of teh IVC to total venous return was expressed by IVCF/CO (per cent). It was 66.3 per cent in normal condition, but was decreased to 54.3 per cent in hemorrhagic shock. In four cardiogenic shock models, however, IVCF/CO changes little from the control to the initial phase of shock state. At least in part, the marked decrease of venous return from the IVC region in hemorrhagic shock was considered due to the increase of sympathetic nerve activity in that region mediated by baro-receptors in the high pressure system. The unchanged blood flow ratio of the SVC and IVC in cardiogenic shock was assumed that the high atrial or high ventricular endodiastolic pressure was an inhibitory factor of the sympathetic nerve activity by activating the stretch receptors existing the low pressure system including left ventricle. This hypothesis was proved by the experiments in which the renal vascular resistance was suppressed by stretch of the left atrium by either extraatrial mechanical traction or intraatrial balloon inflation in hemorrhagic shock or intracardiac decompression during cardiopulmonary by pass.", "contents": "Blood flow of the superior and inferior venae cavae in cardiogenic shock: a study with an emphasis of the role of the stretch receptors in the low pressure system. Blood flow of the superior (SVC) and inferior venae cavae (IVC) was simultaneously and separately measured with two cannulating type electromagnetic blood flow probes inserted into the SVC and IVC of thirty two dogs during hypotensive and low cardiac output states in hemorrhagic shock and cardiogenic shock. Blood flow ratio of teh IVC to total venous return was expressed by IVCF/CO (per cent). It was 66.3 per cent in normal condition, but was decreased to 54.3 per cent in hemorrhagic shock. In four cardiogenic shock models, however, IVCF/CO changes little from the control to the initial phase of shock state. At least in part, the marked decrease of venous return from the IVC region in hemorrhagic shock was considered due to the increase of sympathetic nerve activity in that region mediated by baro-receptors in the high pressure system. The unchanged blood flow ratio of the SVC and IVC in cardiogenic shock was assumed that the high atrial or high ventricular endodiastolic pressure was an inhibitory factor of the sympathetic nerve activity by activating the stretch receptors existing the low pressure system including left ventricle. This hypothesis was proved by the experiments in which the renal vascular resistance was suppressed by stretch of the left atrium by either extraatrial mechanical traction or intraatrial balloon inflation in hemorrhagic shock or intracardiac decompression during cardiopulmonary by pass.", "PMID": 1117539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5656", "title": "Epidemiological evaluation of funduscopic findings in cerebrovascular diseases. I. Fundoscopic findings as risk factors for cerebrovascular diseases.", "content": "In order to epidemiologically clarify the relationships between the funduscopic findings and occurrence of cerebrovascular diseases, an analysis of 68 cerebral hemorrhage, 47 cerebral thrombosis and 230 controls in two rural Akabane and Asahi towns in Japan was accomplished and the results were as follows: 1. Among the fundamental funduscopic findings, irregular constriction, narrowing and retinal bleeding were high risk factors of cerebral hemorrhage in due order. Arteriolar reflex lateral displacement, irregular constriction, tapering, vertical displacement, white plaque and retinal bleeding were high risk factors of cerebral thrombosis in the order listed. Sheathing of arteriole was significantly related to the occurrence of cerebrovascular diseases. 2. Risk of cerebral hemorrhage was significant and highest in grade 3 of Scheie's hypertensive and Keith-Wagener's classifications. Grade 3 of Scheie's hypertensive and Keith-Wagener's classifications of cerebral thrombosis revealed the highest O/E ratio but was insignificant. 3. As is to be expected, the higher the grade of each funduscopic finding and the classifications of the retinal findings, the higher the risk of occurrence of cerebrovascular diseases. 4. Three or more, bright red color and large plaque shape of retinal bleeding in the upper and lower temporal areas were more indicative of future cerebrovascular diseases than in other area, and one or two, dark red color or smaller bleeding. 5. Arterial blood pressure was significantly related to the occurrence of cerebral hemorrhage and thrombosis. Albuminuria was also significantly related to the occurrence of cerebral hemorrhage, but glycosuria was not found to have an important relation to the occurrence of cerebral hemorrhage. The relationship between serum cholesterol level and cerebrovascular diseases was insignificant. 6. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure and albuminuria were more important than the funduscopic findings for prospecting the occurrence of cerebral hemorrhage, and on the contrary, the funduscopic findings were more important than systolic and diastolic blood pressure and other findings for prospecting the occurrence of cerebral thrombosis.", "contents": "Epidemiological evaluation of funduscopic findings in cerebrovascular diseases. I. Fundoscopic findings as risk factors for cerebrovascular diseases. In order to epidemiologically clarify the relationships between the funduscopic findings and occurrence of cerebrovascular diseases, an analysis of 68 cerebral hemorrhage, 47 cerebral thrombosis and 230 controls in two rural Akabane and Asahi towns in Japan was accomplished and the results were as follows: 1. Among the fundamental funduscopic findings, irregular constriction, narrowing and retinal bleeding were high risk factors of cerebral hemorrhage in due order. Arteriolar reflex lateral displacement, irregular constriction, tapering, vertical displacement, white plaque and retinal bleeding were high risk factors of cerebral thrombosis in the order listed. Sheathing of arteriole was significantly related to the occurrence of cerebrovascular diseases. 2. Risk of cerebral hemorrhage was significant and highest in grade 3 of Scheie's hypertensive and Keith-Wagener's classifications. Grade 3 of Scheie's hypertensive and Keith-Wagener's classifications of cerebral thrombosis revealed the highest O/E ratio but was insignificant. 3. As is to be expected, the higher the grade of each funduscopic finding and the classifications of the retinal findings, the higher the risk of occurrence of cerebrovascular diseases. 4. Three or more, bright red color and large plaque shape of retinal bleeding in the upper and lower temporal areas were more indicative of future cerebrovascular diseases than in other area, and one or two, dark red color or smaller bleeding. 5. Arterial blood pressure was significantly related to the occurrence of cerebral hemorrhage and thrombosis. Albuminuria was also significantly related to the occurrence of cerebral hemorrhage, but glycosuria was not found to have an important relation to the occurrence of cerebral hemorrhage. The relationship between serum cholesterol level and cerebrovascular diseases was insignificant. 6. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure and albuminuria were more important than the funduscopic findings for prospecting the occurrence of cerebral hemorrhage, and on the contrary, the funduscopic findings were more important than systolic and diastolic blood pressure and other findings for prospecting the occurrence of cerebral thrombosis.", "PMID": 1117580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5657", "title": "Epidemiological evaluation of funduscopic findings in cerebrovascular diseases. II. A multivariate analysis of funduscopic findings.", "content": "The interrelationship of the funduscopic, physical and laboratory findings, the additional information of each funduscopic finding when physical and laboratory findings were considered simultaneously, and the relative importance of each retinal finding in the funduscopic pictures were investigated by a series of multivariate analysis for 68 cerebral hemorrhage, 47 cerebral thrombosis and 230 controls in two rural towns, Akabane and Asahi, in Japan and the results were as follows: 1. For the occurrence of cerebral hemorrhage, narrowing of arteriole and irregular constriction were especially important indicators, and retinal bleeding and lateral displacement were also valuable but less than narrowing and irregular constriction. On the other hand, for the occurrence of cerebral thrombosis, arteriolar reflex was considered as the most valuable indicator, and irregular constriction, lateral displacement and white plaque were also important but less than arteriolar reflex. 2. Narrowing of arteriole was most highly related with irregular constriction while the correlation between retinal bleeding and white plaque, and also the correlation between arteriolar reflex, vertical and lateral displacement and tapering were significant. 3. A significiant correlation among physical and laboratory findings was found only between systolic and diastolic blood pressure as far as analysed. Funduscopic findings by Scheie's hypertensive and Keith-Wagener's classifications were highly correlated with systolic and diastolic blood pressure. 4. Narrowing and irregular constriction were significantly correlated with systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and the relation between retinal bleeding and glycosuria was significant. 5. An analysis of the additional information of each funduscopic finding, when evaluated with the physical and laboratory findings simultaneously, revealed that irregular constriction, lateral displacement and narrowing gave prominent additional information for the occurrence of cerebral hemorrhage, while arteriolar reflex, lateral and vertical displacement and white plaque gave valuable information for the occurrence of cerebral thrombosis. 6. It is noteworthy from these multivariate analyses that narrowing and irregular constriction may arise from a similar pathophysiological mechanism which brings out vasoconstriction and the resultant organic changes due to hypertension. It is also noticed that arteriolar reflex and A/V crossing phenomenon may come from the different pathophysiological mechanism related to arteriosclerosis. It was stressed that detailed analyses of observer variability and evolution of funduscopic findings would be necessary.", "contents": "Epidemiological evaluation of funduscopic findings in cerebrovascular diseases. II. A multivariate analysis of funduscopic findings. The interrelationship of the funduscopic, physical and laboratory findings, the additional information of each funduscopic finding when physical and laboratory findings were considered simultaneously, and the relative importance of each retinal finding in the funduscopic pictures were investigated by a series of multivariate analysis for 68 cerebral hemorrhage, 47 cerebral thrombosis and 230 controls in two rural towns, Akabane and Asahi, in Japan and the results were as follows: 1. For the occurrence of cerebral hemorrhage, narrowing of arteriole and irregular constriction were especially important indicators, and retinal bleeding and lateral displacement were also valuable but less than narrowing and irregular constriction. On the other hand, for the occurrence of cerebral thrombosis, arteriolar reflex was considered as the most valuable indicator, and irregular constriction, lateral displacement and white plaque were also important but less than arteriolar reflex. 2. Narrowing of arteriole was most highly related with irregular constriction while the correlation between retinal bleeding and white plaque, and also the correlation between arteriolar reflex, vertical and lateral displacement and tapering were significant. 3. A significiant correlation among physical and laboratory findings was found only between systolic and diastolic blood pressure as far as analysed. Funduscopic findings by Scheie's hypertensive and Keith-Wagener's classifications were highly correlated with systolic and diastolic blood pressure. 4. Narrowing and irregular constriction were significantly correlated with systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and the relation between retinal bleeding and glycosuria was significant. 5. An analysis of the additional information of each funduscopic finding, when evaluated with the physical and laboratory findings simultaneously, revealed that irregular constriction, lateral displacement and narrowing gave prominent additional information for the occurrence of cerebral hemorrhage, while arteriolar reflex, lateral and vertical displacement and white plaque gave valuable information for the occurrence of cerebral thrombosis. 6. It is noteworthy from these multivariate analyses that narrowing and irregular constriction may arise from a similar pathophysiological mechanism which brings out vasoconstriction and the resultant organic changes due to hypertension. It is also noticed that arteriolar reflex and A/V crossing phenomenon may come from the different pathophysiological mechanism related to arteriosclerosis. It was stressed that detailed analyses of observer variability and evolution of funduscopic findings would be necessary.", "PMID": 1117581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5658", "title": "The epidemiological study on the correlation between serum lipids and cerebro-cardiovascular disease.", "content": "1. There were significant correlation between hyperlipidemia and obesity, hypertension, abnormal ECG and abnormal eyeground. 2. The incidence of cerebral hemorrhage was closely associated with hypertension but not with hyperlipidemia. 3. It was proved that hypertension with both hyper-Ch and hyper-TG was highly related to the development of cerebral infarction. 4. It seemed that the incidence of myocardial infarction and angina pectoris was related to hypertension with hyper-Ch. 5. Therefore, the present study suggested that the control of hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia was useful for the prevention of cerebro-cardiovascular disease.", "contents": "The epidemiological study on the correlation between serum lipids and cerebro-cardiovascular disease. 1. There were significant correlation between hyperlipidemia and obesity, hypertension, abnormal ECG and abnormal eyeground. 2. The incidence of cerebral hemorrhage was closely associated with hypertension but not with hyperlipidemia. 3. It was proved that hypertension with both hyper-Ch and hyper-TG was highly related to the development of cerebral infarction. 4. It seemed that the incidence of myocardial infarction and angina pectoris was related to hypertension with hyper-Ch. 5. Therefore, the present study suggested that the control of hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia was useful for the prevention of cerebro-cardiovascular disease.", "PMID": 1117582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5659", "title": "Prevalence of plasma lipoprotein abnormalities in the farming village of Tanushimaru and the fishing village of Ushibuka. From the epidemiological aspects.", "content": "A prospective survey was made on the population of two village in order to compare the frequency of plasma lipoprotein abnormalities in the two cohorts. The inhabitants of the farming village and those of the fishing village had different mode of life, especially eating habits, and different incidence rates of heart attack and brain stroke, but invariably had low serum cholesterol levels. The results of the study indicated that the nature and frequency of plasma lipoprotein abnormalities made vary with difference eating habits. However, the way in which this variance is related to the development into heart attack and brain stroke in the two populations remains to be settled by further follow-up study.", "contents": "Prevalence of plasma lipoprotein abnormalities in the farming village of Tanushimaru and the fishing village of Ushibuka. From the epidemiological aspects. A prospective survey was made on the population of two village in order to compare the frequency of plasma lipoprotein abnormalities in the two cohorts. The inhabitants of the farming village and those of the fishing village had different mode of life, especially eating habits, and different incidence rates of heart attack and brain stroke, but invariably had low serum cholesterol levels. The results of the study indicated that the nature and frequency of plasma lipoprotein abnormalities made vary with difference eating habits. However, the way in which this variance is related to the development into heart attack and brain stroke in the two populations remains to be settled by further follow-up study.", "PMID": 1117583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5660", "title": "Genetic control of fatty acid metabolism, especially study of genetic control of cholesterol.", "content": "The serum cholesterol of 1431 inhabitants over 10 years old in the general population was estimated by the method of Autoanalyzer. The correlation coefficients of the serum total cholesterol between parent and child and between siblings were obtained from other samples which completely excluded consanguinity. The genetic study of 41 pedigrees of familial hypercholesterolemia with xanthoma which described the cholesterol value of parent and child in Japan and other countries was done, and the following results were obtained. 1) Cholesterol is a quantitative character, therefore it will be controlled genetically by polygene. 2) It was presumed that the mode of inheritance of type II hypercholesterolemia (with or without xanthoma) was also controlled by polygene. 3) The correlation coefficients of cholesterol between parent and child and between siblings were found to be 0.26004, 0.27998, respectively. 4) The heritability of cholesterol was found to be 0.5995.", "contents": "Genetic control of fatty acid metabolism, especially study of genetic control of cholesterol. The serum cholesterol of 1431 inhabitants over 10 years old in the general population was estimated by the method of Autoanalyzer. The correlation coefficients of the serum total cholesterol between parent and child and between siblings were obtained from other samples which completely excluded consanguinity. The genetic study of 41 pedigrees of familial hypercholesterolemia with xanthoma which described the cholesterol value of parent and child in Japan and other countries was done, and the following results were obtained. 1) Cholesterol is a quantitative character, therefore it will be controlled genetically by polygene. 2) It was presumed that the mode of inheritance of type II hypercholesterolemia (with or without xanthoma) was also controlled by polygene. 3) The correlation coefficients of cholesterol between parent and child and between siblings were found to be 0.26004, 0.27998, respectively. 4) The heritability of cholesterol was found to be 0.5995.", "PMID": 1117584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5661", "title": "Studies on pathophysiological effects of postalimentary lipemia in patients with ischemic heart disease.", "content": "The present studies were undertaken to elucidate the pathophysiological effects of postalimentary lipemia(PAL) induced by the intake of much animal fat in patients with ischemic heart disease(IHD) and the preventive measures against them. Results obtained were as follows: 1) Occurrence of augmentation of ischemic changes in ECG was demonstrated after fat intake. 2) After fat intake, lowering of arterial oxygen tension and heparin-induced increase in arterio-venous difference of oxygen tension in the forearm were observed. 3) PAL resulted in an acceleration of platelet adhesiveness as well as a shortening of plasms recalcification time and that of plasma prothrombin time. 4) It was revealed that red blood cells adsorbed fat on their membrane and then readily agglutinate together. 5) Removal of chylomicrons from the blood stream was accelerated by the intravenous injection of glucose. These results lead to the following conclusions: 1)PAL exerts a deleterious effect on the oxygen supply to the myocardium in patients with IHD and it is probably due to the disturbance of pulmonary function and that of oxygen diffusion and blood flow in the myocardium. 2) As one of preventive measures against the concurrent intake of carbohydrate in an appropriate quantity appears to be of use.", "contents": "Studies on pathophysiological effects of postalimentary lipemia in patients with ischemic heart disease. The present studies were undertaken to elucidate the pathophysiological effects of postalimentary lipemia(PAL) induced by the intake of much animal fat in patients with ischemic heart disease(IHD) and the preventive measures against them. Results obtained were as follows: 1) Occurrence of augmentation of ischemic changes in ECG was demonstrated after fat intake. 2) After fat intake, lowering of arterial oxygen tension and heparin-induced increase in arterio-venous difference of oxygen tension in the forearm were observed. 3) PAL resulted in an acceleration of platelet adhesiveness as well as a shortening of plasms recalcification time and that of plasma prothrombin time. 4) It was revealed that red blood cells adsorbed fat on their membrane and then readily agglutinate together. 5) Removal of chylomicrons from the blood stream was accelerated by the intravenous injection of glucose. These results lead to the following conclusions: 1)PAL exerts a deleterious effect on the oxygen supply to the myocardium in patients with IHD and it is probably due to the disturbance of pulmonary function and that of oxygen diffusion and blood flow in the myocardium. 2) As one of preventive measures against the concurrent intake of carbohydrate in an appropriate quantity appears to be of use.", "PMID": 1117585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5662", "title": "Dietary treatment of the cardiovascular patient with the hyperlipidemia and the long term dietary control of the hyperlipidemia.", "content": "The prudent reducing diets relatively low in fat and rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids prepared with the intension of lowering lipid and applied to the cardiovascular patient with hyperlipemia and obesity. The diet is effective to the depress of serum lipid and the reducing body weight and I.R.I. in serum revert to normal levels and normal type.", "contents": "Dietary treatment of the cardiovascular patient with the hyperlipidemia and the long term dietary control of the hyperlipidemia. The prudent reducing diets relatively low in fat and rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids prepared with the intension of lowering lipid and applied to the cardiovascular patient with hyperlipemia and obesity. The diet is effective to the depress of serum lipid and the reducing body weight and I.R.I. in serum revert to normal levels and normal type.", "PMID": 1117587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5663", "title": "Echocardiogram and phonocardiogram related to the movement of the pulmonary valve.", "content": "Pulmonary valve movement and the related acoustic phenomena were investigated using high speed strip-chart echo- and phonocardiographic recording. The opening of the pulmonary valve had no definite relationship to the acoustic phenomena, whereas the pulmonary ejection sound was closely related in time to the early systolic maximal opening of the valve. The concomitant pulmonary ejection systolic murmur faded away by the time of the mid-systolic semi-closure of the valve, where the tiny extrasound occurred in a half of cases. The pulmonary component of the second heart sound occurred after the valve closure, and the time lag maximally reached up to 50 msec. Pulmonary hypertension tended to minimize this delay, giving the so-called single loud second heart sound. Graham Steell murmur started with the pulmonary component of the second heart sound and reached up to the isometric contaction phase beyond the first heart sound.", "contents": "Echocardiogram and phonocardiogram related to the movement of the pulmonary valve. Pulmonary valve movement and the related acoustic phenomena were investigated using high speed strip-chart echo- and phonocardiographic recording. The opening of the pulmonary valve had no definite relationship to the acoustic phenomena, whereas the pulmonary ejection sound was closely related in time to the early systolic maximal opening of the valve. The concomitant pulmonary ejection systolic murmur faded away by the time of the mid-systolic semi-closure of the valve, where the tiny extrasound occurred in a half of cases. The pulmonary component of the second heart sound occurred after the valve closure, and the time lag maximally reached up to 50 msec. Pulmonary hypertension tended to minimize this delay, giving the so-called single loud second heart sound. Graham Steell murmur started with the pulmonary component of the second heart sound and reached up to the isometric contaction phase beyond the first heart sound.", "PMID": 1117589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5664", "title": "Comparison of a semi-automated sphygmomanometer with the clinical sphygmomanometer.", "content": "A semi-automated sphygmomanometer Stanley B-200 has been compared with the clinical sphygmomanometer in 500 college boys by using a blind simultaneous method. Stanley B-200 has shown significantly higher systolic blood pressure (14.8 mmHg, P smaller than 0.05) and diastolic blood pressure (3.8 mmHg, P smaller than 0;05). This device also recorded 15 false positive systolic and 12 false negative diastolic results (P smaller than 0.05).", "contents": "Comparison of a semi-automated sphygmomanometer with the clinical sphygmomanometer. A semi-automated sphygmomanometer Stanley B-200 has been compared with the clinical sphygmomanometer in 500 college boys by using a blind simultaneous method. Stanley B-200 has shown significantly higher systolic blood pressure (14.8 mmHg, P smaller than 0.05) and diastolic blood pressure (3.8 mmHg, P smaller than 0;05). This device also recorded 15 false positive systolic and 12 false negative diastolic results (P smaller than 0.05).", "PMID": 1117590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5665", "title": "Hemodynamic and clinical significances of atrial fibrillation, pulmonary vascular resistance and left ventricular function in rheumatic mitral stenosis.", "content": "Seventy-four patients with rheumatic mitral stenosis were catheterized and hemodynamic and clinical significances of atrial fibrillation, pulmonary  vascular resistance and left ventricular function were studied. These data were also compared to those in the 6 control cases. In addition to the correlation of mitral valve area to the functional classification of patients, significance of atrial fibrillation was also demonstrated. Patients with this arrhythmia had lower cardiac index than those with regular sinus rhythm by approximately 20%, throughout the range of mitral valve area observed. The lower average cardiac index was associated with a higher average left ventricular end-diastolic pressure in cases with atrial fibrillation than in cases without the arrhythmia, in the face of similar average heart rate and average mitral valve area; Average pulmonary vascular resistance correlated to the functional classification, but its systematic influence on the relation between mitral valve area and cardiac index was not observed. Abnormalities of left ventricular function were suggested frequently by various combinations of abnormal values in end-diastolic pressure, end-diastolic volume, ejection fraction, angiographically-measured circumferential fiber shortening velocity (Vcf), and pressure-derived maximal contractile element velocity (Vmax). Patients with enlarged left ventricle had significantly lower average cardiac index than those with normal ventricular size.", "contents": "Hemodynamic and clinical significances of atrial fibrillation, pulmonary vascular resistance and left ventricular function in rheumatic mitral stenosis. Seventy-four patients with rheumatic mitral stenosis were catheterized and hemodynamic and clinical significances of atrial fibrillation, pulmonary  vascular resistance and left ventricular function were studied. These data were also compared to those in the 6 control cases. In addition to the correlation of mitral valve area to the functional classification of patients, significance of atrial fibrillation was also demonstrated. Patients with this arrhythmia had lower cardiac index than those with regular sinus rhythm by approximately 20%, throughout the range of mitral valve area observed. The lower average cardiac index was associated with a higher average left ventricular end-diastolic pressure in cases with atrial fibrillation than in cases without the arrhythmia, in the face of similar average heart rate and average mitral valve area; Average pulmonary vascular resistance correlated to the functional classification, but its systematic influence on the relation between mitral valve area and cardiac index was not observed. Abnormalities of left ventricular function were suggested frequently by various combinations of abnormal values in end-diastolic pressure, end-diastolic volume, ejection fraction, angiographically-measured circumferential fiber shortening velocity (Vcf), and pressure-derived maximal contractile element velocity (Vmax). Patients with enlarged left ventricle had significantly lower average cardiac index than those with normal ventricular size.", "PMID": 1117591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5666", "title": "Effect of apomorphine on the canine SA node.", "content": "A constant pressure perfusion of the sinus node artery was performed in 10 in situ and in 3 isolated SA node preparations. The selective administration of apomorphine caused a negative chronotropic effect which was not blocked by treatment with atropine. The sinus deceleration was usually produced by apomorphine, 10-300 mug, while sinus irregularity and finally atrioventricular nodal rhythm in the in situ preparation or sinus arrest in the isolated one resulted from doses above 1 mg. In the in situ preparation at a higher dose from 300 mug to 1 mg, a slight sinus acceleration was occasionally induced following sinus deceleration; In this time, a fall in blood pressure was usually observed; This acceleration response to apomorphine was inhibited by propranolol. From these results, it is concluded that apomorphine induces direct depressive action on the SA node and, in extremely high doses, a slight sinus acceleration may be induced by reflex mechanism.", "contents": "Effect of apomorphine on the canine SA node. A constant pressure perfusion of the sinus node artery was performed in 10 in situ and in 3 isolated SA node preparations. The selective administration of apomorphine caused a negative chronotropic effect which was not blocked by treatment with atropine. The sinus deceleration was usually produced by apomorphine, 10-300 mug, while sinus irregularity and finally atrioventricular nodal rhythm in the in situ preparation or sinus arrest in the isolated one resulted from doses above 1 mg. In the in situ preparation at a higher dose from 300 mug to 1 mg, a slight sinus acceleration was occasionally induced following sinus deceleration; In this time, a fall in blood pressure was usually observed; This acceleration response to apomorphine was inhibited by propranolol. From these results, it is concluded that apomorphine induces direct depressive action on the SA node and, in extremely high doses, a slight sinus acceleration may be induced by reflex mechanism.", "PMID": 1117592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5667", "title": "Pseudo-Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome observed in a patient with Lutembacher's syndrome.", "content": "Pre- and post-operative vectorcardiograms (Frank system) and angiocardiograms in a patient with Lutembacher's syndrome, were correlated. Preoperative vectorcariogram showed the initial conduction delay, complete RBBB, increased QRS voltage, and open QRS loop, while left ventriculography and left atriography demonstrated the markedly posteriorly dislocated left ventricular major axis surrounded by the huge right ventricle and right atrium. Two months after operation, when the left ventricular major axis shifted from abnormally posteriorly directed to left and inferiorly, with the decreased right-sided heart chambers, the initial conduction delay disappeared with decreased QRS voltage. As these vectorcardiographic and angiocardiographic changes at the postoperative stage were parallel, we concluded that the initial conduction delay was a representation of \"the pseudo-W-P-W syndrome\" and due to the abnormally posteriorly dislocated left ventricular apex and the delayed excitation of the right ventricular free wall caused by the huge dilatation.", "contents": "Pseudo-Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome observed in a patient with Lutembacher's syndrome. Pre- and post-operative vectorcardiograms (Frank system) and angiocardiograms in a patient with Lutembacher's syndrome, were correlated. Preoperative vectorcariogram showed the initial conduction delay, complete RBBB, increased QRS voltage, and open QRS loop, while left ventriculography and left atriography demonstrated the markedly posteriorly dislocated left ventricular major axis surrounded by the huge right ventricle and right atrium. Two months after operation, when the left ventricular major axis shifted from abnormally posteriorly directed to left and inferiorly, with the decreased right-sided heart chambers, the initial conduction delay disappeared with decreased QRS voltage. As these vectorcardiographic and angiocardiographic changes at the postoperative stage were parallel, we concluded that the initial conduction delay was a representation of \"the pseudo-W-P-W syndrome\" and due to the abnormally posteriorly dislocated left ventricular apex and the delayed excitation of the right ventricular free wall caused by the huge dilatation.", "PMID": 1117593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5668", "title": "A case of the omphalocele. The discussion about the frequent combination of the cardiac malformation, and the observation at the early non-cyanotic period of Fallot's tetralogy.", "content": "Even in the severe tetralogy of Fallot the performance of right ventricle is maintained normally without loaded pattern in ECG compensated by the blood flow derived through the ductus arteriosus at early neonatal period. Thereafter, stenotic murmur and reversed shunt appear, because the degree of right ventricular stenosis presumably increases gradually and right ventricular resistance11) become higher than systemic one.", "contents": "A case of the omphalocele. The discussion about the frequent combination of the cardiac malformation, and the observation at the early non-cyanotic period of Fallot's tetralogy. Even in the severe tetralogy of Fallot the performance of right ventricle is maintained normally without loaded pattern in ECG compensated by the blood flow derived through the ductus arteriosus at early neonatal period. Thereafter, stenotic murmur and reversed shunt appear, because the degree of right ventricular stenosis presumably increases gradually and right ventricular resistance11) become higher than systemic one.", "PMID": 1117594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5669", "title": "Peutz-Jeghers syndrome: its natural course and management.", "content": "Two hundred and twenty-two patients with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome were ascertained in Japan between 1961 and 1974 through two nationwide surveys, medical literature, and personal examinations. Genetic analysis was made of this group as well as 102 follow-up cases. The average age at diagnosis was 23 in males and 26 in females, with male to female ratio of 1:1.13. Presenting complaints of 170 patients included obstruction (42.8 per cent of patients), abdominal pain (23.4 per cent), rectal bleeding (13.5 per cent), extrusion of polyp (7.2 percent). Diagnosis of 52 patients was based on melanin pigmentation. Intussusception occurred in 46.9 per cent of the patients, most often in the small intestine. Polyps occurred in the stomach in 108 patients (48.6 per cent), small intestine, 142 patients (64 per cent), colon, 118 patients (53.2 per cent) and rectum, 71 patients (32 per cent). Among the 222 patients, cancer was histologically verified in 28. Fifteen early cancers occurred (3 gastric, 8 small intestine, 4 colon), and 11 advanced cancers (3 gastric, 1 small intestine, 6 colon, and 1 both colon and small intestine). Mortality was lower than in patients with familial polyposis coli but higher than in the general population. Conservative surgical management, planned medical follow-up, and the need for a national registration system are stressed.", "contents": "Peutz-Jeghers syndrome: its natural course and management. Two hundred and twenty-two patients with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome were ascertained in Japan between 1961 and 1974 through two nationwide surveys, medical literature, and personal examinations. Genetic analysis was made of this group as well as 102 follow-up cases. The average age at diagnosis was 23 in males and 26 in females, with male to female ratio of 1:1.13. Presenting complaints of 170 patients included obstruction (42.8 per cent of patients), abdominal pain (23.4 per cent), rectal bleeding (13.5 per cent), extrusion of polyp (7.2 percent). Diagnosis of 52 patients was based on melanin pigmentation. Intussusception occurred in 46.9 per cent of the patients, most often in the small intestine. Polyps occurred in the stomach in 108 patients (48.6 per cent), small intestine, 142 patients (64 per cent), colon, 118 patients (53.2 per cent) and rectum, 71 patients (32 per cent). Among the 222 patients, cancer was histologically verified in 28. Fifteen early cancers occurred (3 gastric, 8 small intestine, 4 colon), and 11 advanced cancers (3 gastric, 1 small intestine, 6 colon, and 1 both colon and small intestine). Mortality was lower than in patients with familial polyposis coli but higher than in the general population. Conservative surgical management, planned medical follow-up, and the need for a national registration system are stressed.", "PMID": 1117595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5670", "title": "Carcinoma in the Gardner syndrome: a case report.", "content": "Carcinoma of the colon is commonly seen in the Gardner syndrome and familial polyposis of the colon. Therefore early detection of these symdromes in families and careful follow-up are important. During a study of families at high risk of developing colorectal cancer, an asymptomatic 19-year-old female was found to have the Gardner syndrome. Although barium enema examination was negative, colonoscopy revealed the presence of polyps; biopsy of one polyp revealed carcinoma-in-situ.", "contents": "Carcinoma in the Gardner syndrome: a case report. Carcinoma of the colon is commonly seen in the Gardner syndrome and familial polyposis of the colon. Therefore early detection of these symdromes in families and careful follow-up are important. During a study of families at high risk of developing colorectal cancer, an asymptomatic 19-year-old female was found to have the Gardner syndrome. Although barium enema examination was negative, colonoscopy revealed the presence of polyps; biopsy of one polyp revealed carcinoma-in-situ.", "PMID": 1117596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5671", "title": "Polycythemia produced by hemoglobin Osler (beta-145 (HC2) Tyr yields Asp).", "content": "Polycythemia in a black woman was associated with hemoglobin Osler. In this hemoglobin the tyrosine at the penultimate position of the beta chain is replaced by aspartic acid. As a result oxygen affinity of the hemoglobin is very high, heme-heme interaction is absent, and the influence of hydrogen ion and 2,3 diphosphoglycerate on oxygen affinity is attenuated.", "contents": "Polycythemia produced by hemoglobin Osler (beta-145 (HC2) Tyr yields Asp). Polycythemia in a black woman was associated with hemoglobin Osler. In this hemoglobin the tyrosine at the penultimate position of the beta chain is replaced by aspartic acid. As a result oxygen affinity of the hemoglobin is very high, heme-heme interaction is absent, and the influence of hydrogen ion and 2,3 diphosphoglycerate on oxygen affinity is attenuated.", "PMID": 1117598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5672", "title": "Clinical and pathological studies in a growth hormone-deficient dwarf.", "content": "Postmortem studies were performed in one of three closely related dwarfs. Repeated arginine infusions and insulin tolerance tests never resulted in plasma levels of human growth hormone (HGH) greater than 2.0 ng/ml in any of these three dwarfs. However, pituitary somatotropes in the autopsied subject were well granulated and were reduced in number to 20% of normal. In the absence of a second defect, there should have been substantially higher HGH levels in plasma after provocative stimulation. The clinical and pathological data appear most compatible with (a) deficiency of growth hormone releasing factor, or (b) insensitivity of somatotropes to this material. It seems reasonable to postulate that a major group of dwarfs clinically simulating HGH deficiency can be explained by one of these mechanisms rather than by an absolute deficiency of HGH.", "contents": "Clinical and pathological studies in a growth hormone-deficient dwarf. Postmortem studies were performed in one of three closely related dwarfs. Repeated arginine infusions and insulin tolerance tests never resulted in plasma levels of human growth hormone (HGH) greater than 2.0 ng/ml in any of these three dwarfs. However, pituitary somatotropes in the autopsied subject were well granulated and were reduced in number to 20% of normal. In the absence of a second defect, there should have been substantially higher HGH levels in plasma after provocative stimulation. The clinical and pathological data appear most compatible with (a) deficiency of growth hormone releasing factor, or (b) insensitivity of somatotropes to this material. It seems reasonable to postulate that a major group of dwarfs clinically simulating HGH deficiency can be explained by one of these mechanisms rather than by an absolute deficiency of HGH.", "PMID": 1117599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5673", "title": "[Changes in the biosynthesis of corticosteroids from progesterone-C14 under the effect of prostaglandin E2 in rabbits with vasorenal hypertension].", "content": "The effect of prostaglandin E2 on the biosynthesis of corticosteroids was studied in intact rabbits and in the ones with vasorenal hypertension in different periods of its development (1st group) and in the animals subjected to a spurious operation (2nd group). Prostaglandin added to an incubation medium was found to produce in intact rabbits a significant depression of the 11-dehydrocorticosterone and cortisone biosynthesis from progesterone-C14. In rabbits operated upon (1st and 2nd groups) prostaglandin E2 brought changes in the production of corticosteroids no sooner than in 1 month after surgery. In rabbits with vasorenal hypertension brought about through unilateral constriction of the renal artery with an intact second kidney the content of the labeled 11-desoxycorticosterone and 11-desoxycorticosol materially decreased under the effect of prostaglandin E2, while the biosynthesis of the end fractions--11-desoxycorticosterone, aldosterone and cortisone, would gain in intensity. These changes preceded somewhat the most significant rise of the arterial pressure. In the rabbits spuriously operated upon prostaglandin E2 increased the production of corticosteroids and 11-dehydrocorticosterone, low at that time. It is presumed that prostaglandin E2 produces a regulating influence on the processes of the corticosteroids biosynthesis both in normalcy and in vasorenal hypertension.", "contents": "[Changes in the biosynthesis of corticosteroids from progesterone-C14 under the effect of prostaglandin E2 in rabbits with vasorenal hypertension]. The effect of prostaglandin E2 on the biosynthesis of corticosteroids was studied in intact rabbits and in the ones with vasorenal hypertension in different periods of its development (1st group) and in the animals subjected to a spurious operation (2nd group). Prostaglandin added to an incubation medium was found to produce in intact rabbits a significant depression of the 11-dehydrocorticosterone and cortisone biosynthesis from progesterone-C14. In rabbits operated upon (1st and 2nd groups) prostaglandin E2 brought changes in the production of corticosteroids no sooner than in 1 month after surgery. In rabbits with vasorenal hypertension brought about through unilateral constriction of the renal artery with an intact second kidney the content of the labeled 11-desoxycorticosterone and 11-desoxycorticosol materially decreased under the effect of prostaglandin E2, while the biosynthesis of the end fractions--11-desoxycorticosterone, aldosterone and cortisone, would gain in intensity. These changes preceded somewhat the most significant rise of the arterial pressure. In the rabbits spuriously operated upon prostaglandin E2 increased the production of corticosteroids and 11-dehydrocorticosterone, low at that time. It is presumed that prostaglandin E2 produces a regulating influence on the processes of the corticosteroids biosynthesis both in normalcy and in vasorenal hypertension.", "PMID": 1117613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5674", "title": "[Electrophysiological classification of myocardial infarct].", "content": "The paper treats some questions concerning the electrophysiological diagnosis of myocardial infarction. An attempt has been made to work out an electrophysiological classification of myocardial infarction basing on 4 categories: localization, stage, volume, electrical instability. In new concept reversibility of changes at the very early stage of the disease has been developed. Great importance was given to the volume of the lesion, and to electrical instability. Three types of electrical instability were differentiated (the myocardium, automatic centers, atrioventricular system) and the \"staircase phenomenon\" has been described. All the categories were classified and coded and as a result a formula was proposed to express and asses in terms of codes and mathematical figures all the features of the process. The importance of this formula for the application of computers in electrocardiology was stressed.", "contents": "[Electrophysiological classification of myocardial infarct]. The paper treats some questions concerning the electrophysiological diagnosis of myocardial infarction. An attempt has been made to work out an electrophysiological classification of myocardial infarction basing on 4 categories: localization, stage, volume, electrical instability. In new concept reversibility of changes at the very early stage of the disease has been developed. Great importance was given to the volume of the lesion, and to electrical instability. Three types of electrical instability were differentiated (the myocardium, automatic centers, atrioventricular system) and the \"staircase phenomenon\" has been described. All the categories were classified and coded and as a result a formula was proposed to express and asses in terms of codes and mathematical figures all the features of the process. The importance of this formula for the application of computers in electrocardiology was stressed.", "PMID": 1117614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5675", "title": "[Physical exertion tests in patients with acute myocardial infarct at the hospital stage of rehabilitation].", "content": "The aim of the work is to clarify the part of physical exertion tests applied to patients early after myocardial infarction, i.e. on the 30--35th day of the affection and also to appraise the reserves of the coronary circulation with a definite threshold tolerance to physical efforts. Tests with a graded physical loading were set up in 50 patients with acute macrofocal (including 34 transmural) myocardial infarction at the time of completion of the intrahospital rehabilitation program that included the regimen of an early activation. A continually-rising type of loading with an initial rating of 150 kgm/min was used. At the instant of effort the ECG was being registered in 4 chest leads. The threshold load-rating was found to average 315 kgm/min and the sum-total of the work performed equaled 2190 kgm. Tests with graded physical loading are of great importance for elaboration of concrete recommendations for rehabilitation and prophylactic measures in patients with acute myocardial infarction.", "contents": "[Physical exertion tests in patients with acute myocardial infarct at the hospital stage of rehabilitation]. The aim of the work is to clarify the part of physical exertion tests applied to patients early after myocardial infarction, i.e. on the 30--35th day of the affection and also to appraise the reserves of the coronary circulation with a definite threshold tolerance to physical efforts. Tests with a graded physical loading were set up in 50 patients with acute macrofocal (including 34 transmural) myocardial infarction at the time of completion of the intrahospital rehabilitation program that included the regimen of an early activation. A continually-rising type of loading with an initial rating of 150 kgm/min was used. At the instant of effort the ECG was being registered in 4 chest leads. The threshold load-rating was found to average 315 kgm/min and the sum-total of the work performed equaled 2190 kgm. Tests with graded physical loading are of great importance for elaboration of concrete recommendations for rehabilitation and prophylactic measures in patients with acute myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 1117615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5676", "title": "[Determination of pressure in the pulmonary artery by indirect method in pregnant women with heart defects].", "content": "The purpose of the work was to ascertain the degree of reliability achievable by an indirect measurement of pressure in the pulmonary artery in pregnant women with congenital and acquired heart diseases. To determine the pressure in the pulmonary artery by the indirect method electro-phonocardiograms and a phlebogram from the jugular vein were recorded simultaneously. The pressure in the pulmonary artery was measured with reference to the duration of the isometric relaxation period of the right ventricle, estimated from the distance between the pulmonary component of the II sound and the beginning of the diastolic fall on the phlebogram. By registering the duration  of this period and the heart rate the systolic pressure in the pulmonary artery was found from the nomogram. A total of 55 patients, including 19 pregnant women, were examined. The pressure levels calculated by the indirect method were contrasted against the results obtained through catheterization of the cardiac cavities,  or during surgery--by direct puncturing. Investigations have shown a high degree of reliability of the estimated pressure levels in the pulmonary artery of patients with congenital and acquired cardiac defects. The indirect method of measuring the pulmonary artery pressure is simple, quite safe and accurate. It allows one to ascertain the extent of pulmonary hypertension in pregnant women irrespective of the type of the defect, the age and the intensity of the pulmonary hypertension.", "contents": "[Determination of pressure in the pulmonary artery by indirect method in pregnant women with heart defects]. The purpose of the work was to ascertain the degree of reliability achievable by an indirect measurement of pressure in the pulmonary artery in pregnant women with congenital and acquired heart diseases. To determine the pressure in the pulmonary artery by the indirect method electro-phonocardiograms and a phlebogram from the jugular vein were recorded simultaneously. The pressure in the pulmonary artery was measured with reference to the duration of the isometric relaxation period of the right ventricle, estimated from the distance between the pulmonary component of the II sound and the beginning of the diastolic fall on the phlebogram. By registering the duration  of this period and the heart rate the systolic pressure in the pulmonary artery was found from the nomogram. A total of 55 patients, including 19 pregnant women, were examined. The pressure levels calculated by the indirect method were contrasted against the results obtained through catheterization of the cardiac cavities,  or during surgery--by direct puncturing. Investigations have shown a high degree of reliability of the estimated pressure levels in the pulmonary artery of patients with congenital and acquired cardiac defects. The indirect method of measuring the pulmonary artery pressure is simple, quite safe and accurate. It allows one to ascertain the extent of pulmonary hypertension in pregnant women irrespective of the type of the defect, the age and the intensity of the pulmonary hypertension.", "PMID": 1117616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5677", "title": "[Certain problems of study of cardiohemodynamics by the method of ultrasonic Doppler-echolocation].", "content": "Results obtained in experiments on 10 adult mongrel dogs are offered. A synchronous registration of ultrasonic doppler-cardiograms (USDC) and of the intraventricular pressure continued throughout the experiment helped establish the relation between the pressure range in the left ventricle and the acceleration on the USDC curve. On the ground of the dependence thus obtained 2 indexes are proposed, viz. for an indirect evaluation of the intraventricular pressure (the index of \"rated acceleration\") and for appraising the contractability or the muyo cardium (the index of \"relaxation from acceleration\"). The available data might in the future provide for the possibility of devising appliances supplementing and replacing the catheterization.", "contents": "[Certain problems of study of cardiohemodynamics by the method of ultrasonic Doppler-echolocation]. Results obtained in experiments on 10 adult mongrel dogs are offered. A synchronous registration of ultrasonic doppler-cardiograms (USDC) and of the intraventricular pressure continued throughout the experiment helped establish the relation between the pressure range in the left ventricle and the acceleration on the USDC curve. On the ground of the dependence thus obtained 2 indexes are proposed, viz. for an indirect evaluation of the intraventricular pressure (the index of \"rated acceleration\") and for appraising the contractability or the muyo cardium (the index of \"relaxation from acceleration\"). The available data might in the future provide for the possibility of devising appliances supplementing and replacing the catheterization.", "PMID": 1117617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5678", "title": "[10-year experience with heart stimulation in atrioventricular heart block].", "content": "Data covering 177 cases of the atrioventricular block where cardiostimulation was effected by using Soviet-made batch-produced electrocardiostimulators are analyzed. The largest group included patients 50 to 70 years old (71 per cent). In 47 per cent of the cases the atrioventricular block stemmed from ischemic heart disease. As indications for cardiostimulation served the Morgagni-Adams-Stocks syndrome and a well-marked circulatory insufficiency. The hospital lethality comprised 15.8 per cent. The death was caused by acute cardio-pulmonary incompetence, thromboembolism of the pulmonary artery and myocardial infarction. Among complications secondary to cardiostimulation figure suppuration of the operating wound, disturbed integrity of the myocardial electrodes and a premature exhaustion of the cardiostimulators reserves. From among 130 patients kept under observation the duration of cardiostimulation comprised: up to 1-year--in 20.7, from 1 to 3 years--in 26.1, from 3 to 5 years--in 20.7, from 5 to 10 years--in 1m.7 and over 10 years--in 14.8 per cent.", "contents": "[10-year experience with heart stimulation in atrioventricular heart block]. Data covering 177 cases of the atrioventricular block where cardiostimulation was effected by using Soviet-made batch-produced electrocardiostimulators are analyzed. The largest group included patients 50 to 70 years old (71 per cent). In 47 per cent of the cases the atrioventricular block stemmed from ischemic heart disease. As indications for cardiostimulation served the Morgagni-Adams-Stocks syndrome and a well-marked circulatory insufficiency. The hospital lethality comprised 15.8 per cent. The death was caused by acute cardio-pulmonary incompetence, thromboembolism of the pulmonary artery and myocardial infarction. Among complications secondary to cardiostimulation figure suppuration of the operating wound, disturbed integrity of the myocardial electrodes and a premature exhaustion of the cardiostimulators reserves. From among 130 patients kept under observation the duration of cardiostimulation comprised: up to 1-year--in 20.7, from 1 to 3 years--in 26.1, from 3 to 5 years--in 20.7, from 5 to 10 years--in 1m.7 and over 10 years--in 14.8 per cent.", "PMID": 1117622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5679", "title": "[Constant endocardiac stimulation of the heart ventricles controlled by atrial biopotential].", "content": "The technique procedures and the first clinical experience of the atrial biopotential controlled endocardiac electric stimulation of the ventricles applied to 14 patients 17 to 72 years old with complete or intermittent atrio-ventricular block and attacks of Morgagni-Adams-Stocks disease are described. An endocardial detector electrode designed by German scientists was used to take biopotentials of the atrium. The stimulation proved successful in all the patients who were kept under observations for a period from 1 to 30 months. Advantages of the method under review are set forth.", "contents": "[Constant endocardiac stimulation of the heart ventricles controlled by atrial biopotential]. The technique procedures and the first clinical experience of the atrial biopotential controlled endocardiac electric stimulation of the ventricles applied to 14 patients 17 to 72 years old with complete or intermittent atrio-ventricular block and attacks of Morgagni-Adams-Stocks disease are described. An endocardial detector electrode designed by German scientists was used to take biopotentials of the atrium. The stimulation proved successful in all the patients who were kept under observations for a period from 1 to 30 months. Advantages of the method under review are set forth.", "PMID": 1117623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5680", "title": "[Role of the vagus nerve in the origination and cessation of atrial tachyarrhythmias].", "content": "At the root of the mechanism of supraventricular tachyarrhythmias observed in an isolated atrium following electric stimulation of the vagus nerve lies circulation of the excitation wave or waves. The origination of this circulation is due to a normalized conduction in the regions inhibited by the vagus nerve, the existence of such regions having been shown in experiments. The trajectory of the circulating excitation wave was reproduced with the help of a mathematical model the properties of whose elements had been pre-set axiomatically. The forecasts and effects of the model were verified in tests involving the use of the microelectrode technique. The question as to the applicability of the proposed model for explaining the mechanism causing the development of disorders in the cardiac rhythm at the time of myocardial infarction is discussed. The inhibited regions develop not only on stimulation of the extracardiac vagus, but also after direct stimulation of the myocardium. Direct tests demonstrated that the activation of the intramural nerves is apt to suppress disturbances of the rhythm, occasioned by the circulating excitation and ectopic activity. It is suggested that the excitation of the intracardiac nerves during electric defibrillation may appear as an additional factor causing a positive antiarrhythmic effect of the condensator discharge.", "contents": "[Role of the vagus nerve in the origination and cessation of atrial tachyarrhythmias]. At the root of the mechanism of supraventricular tachyarrhythmias observed in an isolated atrium following electric stimulation of the vagus nerve lies circulation of the excitation wave or waves. The origination of this circulation is due to a normalized conduction in the regions inhibited by the vagus nerve, the existence of such regions having been shown in experiments. The trajectory of the circulating excitation wave was reproduced with the help of a mathematical model the properties of whose elements had been pre-set axiomatically. The forecasts and effects of the model were verified in tests involving the use of the microelectrode technique. The question as to the applicability of the proposed model for explaining the mechanism causing the development of disorders in the cardiac rhythm at the time of myocardial infarction is discussed. The inhibited regions develop not only on stimulation of the extracardiac vagus, but also after direct stimulation of the myocardium. Direct tests demonstrated that the activation of the intramural nerves is apt to suppress disturbances of the rhythm, occasioned by the circulating excitation and ectopic activity. It is suggested that the excitation of the intracardiac nerves during electric defibrillation may appear as an additional factor causing a positive antiarrhythmic effect of the condensator discharge.", "PMID": 1117624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5681", "title": "[Distribution of the density of defibrillating current in the chest and underneath the defibrillator's electrodes].", "content": "Results of experiments carried out in animals and of measurements made on electrophysical and analogue models are presented. It has been found that with routinely employed manipulations in the electric impulse therapy of arrhythmias the denstiy of the current in the chest and directly underneath the defibrillator's electrodes is distributed in a non-uniform fashion. This results in high defibrillation thresholds, possible damages of the heart and body teguments. The causes responsible for this non-uniformity are analyzed, the non-uniformity itself is assessed and ways of its elimination are indicated.", "contents": "[Distribution of the density of defibrillating current in the chest and underneath the defibrillator's electrodes]. Results of experiments carried out in animals and of measurements made on electrophysical and analogue models are presented. It has been found that with routinely employed manipulations in the electric impulse therapy of arrhythmias the denstiy of the current in the chest and directly underneath the defibrillator's electrodes is distributed in a non-uniform fashion. This results in high defibrillation thresholds, possible damages of the heart and body teguments. The causes responsible for this non-uniformity are analyzed, the non-uniformity itself is assessed and ways of its elimination are indicated.", "PMID": 1117625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5682", "title": "[Classification and clinical-electrocardiographic evaluation of his bundle-branch block].", "content": "Investigation covered 114 patients with ischemic heart disease exhibiting electrocardiographic signs of deranged intraventricular conduction. Major ECG changes with blocked left anterior and left posterior brances of the bundle of His and also in combined blocks of two and three branches are described. A quantitative spatial analysis of the ECG in corrected orthogonal leads after McFee with determination of the initial, terminal and median orientation of the QRS vector in the frontal plane, as well as of the azimuth and elevation was made. A classification of the His bundle-branch block is proposed. It includes single-, double- and triple-bundle branch blocks. Clinical and electrocardiographic comparisons showed that disrupted conduction in the ramification system of the bundle of His occurs with marked diffuse or focal alterations in the myocardium of the left ventricle observed in patients afflicted with different forms of ischemic heart disease.", "contents": "[Classification and clinical-electrocardiographic evaluation of his bundle-branch block]. Investigation covered 114 patients with ischemic heart disease exhibiting electrocardiographic signs of deranged intraventricular conduction. Major ECG changes with blocked left anterior and left posterior brances of the bundle of His and also in combined blocks of two and three branches are described. A quantitative spatial analysis of the ECG in corrected orthogonal leads after McFee with determination of the initial, terminal and median orientation of the QRS vector in the frontal plane, as well as of the azimuth and elevation was made. A classification of the His bundle-branch block is proposed. It includes single-, double- and triple-bundle branch blocks. Clinical and electrocardiographic comparisons showed that disrupted conduction in the ramification system of the bundle of His occurs with marked diffuse or focal alterations in the myocardium of the left ventricle observed in patients afflicted with different forms of ischemic heart disease.", "PMID": 1117626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5683", "title": "[Block of the main branches of the bundle of His].", "content": "The author describes the contemporary data on the ECG picture of the main right branch, the main left branches of His' bundle block and hemiblock of the left anterior and posterior main branches and their combinations with the main right branch of His' bundle block. Pathohistological changes of the conductive system in different forms of the main branches of His' bundle block as well as their influence on cardieac function and circulation were demonstrated. Work capacity of patients with these blocks was noted.", "contents": "[Block of the main branches of the bundle of His]. The author describes the contemporary data on the ECG picture of the main right branch, the main left branches of His' bundle block and hemiblock of the left anterior and posterior main branches and their combinations with the main right branch of His' bundle block. Pathohistological changes of the conductive system in different forms of the main branches of His' bundle block as well as their influence on cardieac function and circulation were demonstrated. Work capacity of patients with these blocks was noted.", "PMID": 1117627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5684", "title": "[Congenital complete atrio-ventricular block].", "content": "Case-histories and ECG of 23 patients with congenital atrio-ventricular heart block were studied. Most of these were up to 14 years old. In 10 of these patients concomitant congenital cardiac defects were uncovered which in 7 cases were combined with a corrected transposition of the major vessels. A relationship between the localization of the ventricular pacemaker and the clinical picture of the disease. The attacks of the Morgagni-Adams-Stocks disease were, as a rule, observed in patients with the ventricular pacemaker located beneath the bundle of His bifurcation, which manifested itself on the ECG by deformation and broadening of the QRS complex in the form of a complete or incomplete block of one or both of the bundle of His crura. Most patients with circulatory insufficiency suffered from severe concomitant congential cardiac failures or from frequent attacks of the Morgagni-Adams-Stocks disease.", "contents": "[Congenital complete atrio-ventricular block]. Case-histories and ECG of 23 patients with congenital atrio-ventricular heart block were studied. Most of these were up to 14 years old. In 10 of these patients concomitant congenital cardiac defects were uncovered which in 7 cases were combined with a corrected transposition of the major vessels. A relationship between the localization of the ventricular pacemaker and the clinical picture of the disease. The attacks of the Morgagni-Adams-Stocks disease were, as a rule, observed in patients with the ventricular pacemaker located beneath the bundle of His bifurcation, which manifested itself on the ECG by deformation and broadening of the QRS complex in the form of a complete or incomplete block of one or both of the bundle of His crura. Most patients with circulatory insufficiency suffered from severe concomitant congential cardiac failures or from frequent attacks of the Morgagni-Adams-Stocks disease.", "PMID": 1117628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5685", "title": "[On the semiology and genetics of keratoglobus (author's transl)].", "content": "A report on the pedigree in familial occurrence of keratoglobus in 3 offsprings probably having autosomal, recessive inheritance of this feature. A deviation from the normal axial length of the ball, the anterior chamber depth and the length of the vitreous space could be found by ultrasonography in 4 eyes with keratoglobus.", "contents": "[On the semiology and genetics of keratoglobus (author's transl)]. A report on the pedigree in familial occurrence of keratoglobus in 3 offsprings probably having autosomal, recessive inheritance of this feature. A deviation from the normal axial length of the ball, the anterior chamber depth and the length of the vitreous space could be found by ultrasonography in 4 eyes with keratoglobus.", "PMID": 1117629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5686", "title": "[Contributions to the surgical technique of external dacryocystorhinostomy (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors describe some modifications of the surgical technique of external dacryocystorhinostomy. The preliminary exploration methods and their evaluation are considered. An arched skin incision is used for a more anatomical dissection to approach the lacrimal sac. The following bone trepanation is then made with burrs designed by Burch Barraquer. It should be rather large (15-20 mm), backwards and downwards in the nose bone. A running suture, with three external skin stiches as pexia, is used to tie the anterior muco-mucosal flaps together. This suture is them removed after approximately 12 days. Management and procedures in special cases as well as in reoperations are also discussed.?Author", "contents": "[Contributions to the surgical technique of external dacryocystorhinostomy (author's transl)]. The authors describe some modifications of the surgical technique of external dacryocystorhinostomy. The preliminary exploration methods and their evaluation are considered. An arched skin incision is used for a more anatomical dissection to approach the lacrimal sac. The following bone trepanation is then made with burrs designed by Burch Barraquer. It should be rather large (15-20 mm), backwards and downwards in the nose bone. A running suture, with three external skin stiches as pexia, is used to tie the anterior muco-mucosal flaps together. This suture is them removed after approximately 12 days. Management and procedures in special cases as well as in reoperations are also discussed.?Author", "PMID": 1117630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5687", "title": "[Follow-up of cases of suspected glaucoma (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors analysed the findings in 280 patients suspected of glaucoma. These patients were controlled over a long period in the course of which 30 developed a glaucoma. The authors recommend the measurement of IOP in all patients in the office so far as there is no contraindication and a 1/2 yearly control of all suspected cases to begin with. They recommend further that after 4 year control the provocative tests should be repeated in case there is yet no manifestation of the disease. Finally they recommend that the pilocarpine-test should be done if the pressure level reaches 26 mm Hg in order to fish out cases of manifest glaucoma early enough.", "contents": "[Follow-up of cases of suspected glaucoma (author's transl)]. The authors analysed the findings in 280 patients suspected of glaucoma. These patients were controlled over a long period in the course of which 30 developed a glaucoma. The authors recommend the measurement of IOP in all patients in the office so far as there is no contraindication and a 1/2 yearly control of all suspected cases to begin with. They recommend further that after 4 year control the provocative tests should be repeated in case there is yet no manifestation of the disease. Finally they recommend that the pilocarpine-test should be done if the pressure level reaches 26 mm Hg in order to fish out cases of manifest glaucoma early enough.", "PMID": 1117631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5688", "title": "[Ophthalmological medals and coins (author's transl)].", "content": "The author - a collector of ophthalmological medals - made a list of all ophthalmological medals and coins that he could find. In this cataloguq he does not only mention the memorial and prize medals of ophthalmologists but also those of physicists, physiologists, surgeons, opticians who have made a name in the field of ophthalmology. Further ophthalmological congress medals and badges are presented.", "contents": "[Ophthalmological medals and coins (author's transl)]. The author - a collector of ophthalmological medals - made a list of all ophthalmological medals and coins that he could find. In this cataloguq he does not only mention the memorial and prize medals of ophthalmologists but also those of physicists, physiologists, surgeons, opticians who have made a name in the field of ophthalmology. Further ophthalmological congress medals and badges are presented.", "PMID": 1117632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5689", "title": "[Fixation-test using the Heine-mini-ophthalmoscope with regulation of intensity of illumination (author's transl)].", "content": "A report on experiences with the Heine-mini-ophthalmoscope with gliding regulation of intensity of illumination for fixation test in children employing a fixation object newly developed by K. Heilmann.", "contents": "[Fixation-test using the Heine-mini-ophthalmoscope with regulation of intensity of illumination (author's transl)]. A report on experiences with the Heine-mini-ophthalmoscope with gliding regulation of intensity of illumination for fixation test in children employing a fixation object newly developed by K. Heilmann.", "PMID": 1117633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5690", "title": "[Phase-difference haploscope with a varioobjective for the measurement of aniseikonia (author's transl)].", "content": "The author reports on a technical modification of Author's phase-difference haploscope. Through the employment of a varioobjective pictures of size variation ranging from +60 percent to -30 percent could be continually used for the measurement of aniseikonia. Through this the range of fusion of patients with aniseikonia could be measured under conditions of aniseikonia. The importance of the variation of the size of pictures for the measurement of range of fusion in strabismus is pointed out.", "contents": "[Phase-difference haploscope with a varioobjective for the measurement of aniseikonia (author's transl)]. The author reports on a technical modification of Author's phase-difference haploscope. Through the employment of a varioobjective pictures of size variation ranging from +60 percent to -30 percent could be continually used for the measurement of aniseikonia. Through this the range of fusion of patients with aniseikonia could be measured under conditions of aniseikonia. The importance of the variation of the size of pictures for the measurement of range of fusion in strabismus is pointed out.", "PMID": 1117634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5691", "title": "[Scanning electrone microscopic investigations of synthetic suture material (author's transl)].", "content": "Alterations of polyamide 6/6 sewing material after ophthalmologic micro-surgical operations were investigated by a scanning electrone microscope. On the basis of the typical transverse fissures of the nylon strings we succeeded in proving that these alterations were similar to those of a stick with circular cross-section after stress deflexion. Thus the fissures of the string cover can be reduced mainly to a mechanical permanent stress.", "contents": "[Scanning electrone microscopic investigations of synthetic suture material (author's transl)]. Alterations of polyamide 6/6 sewing material after ophthalmologic micro-surgical operations were investigated by a scanning electrone microscope. On the basis of the typical transverse fissures of the nylon strings we succeeded in proving that these alterations were similar to those of a stick with circular cross-section after stress deflexion. Thus the fissures of the string cover can be reduced mainly to a mechanical permanent stress.", "PMID": 1117635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5692", "title": "[Improvement of visual acuity in lens opacities using an optic aperture (author's transl)].", "content": "The author reports on improvement of visual acuity in cataract patients through placing a stenopacic opening before the eye. Recommendation is made as to the nature of such a visual aid.", "contents": "[Improvement of visual acuity in lens opacities using an optic aperture (author's transl)]. The author reports on improvement of visual acuity in cataract patients through placing a stenopacic opening before the eye. Recommendation is made as to the nature of such a visual aid.", "PMID": 1117636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5693", "title": "[Spontaneous healing of a malignoma? (AUTHOR'S TRANSL)].", "content": "The author reports on the following case: A 46-year-old female patient had an inflammatory lesion of the sclera, similar to an episcleritic nodule, which was treated with cortisone eye drops without success. Because of increasing pigment release in the conjunctiva a malignant neoplasma was suspected. There was no further treatment. After the patient started a treatment of her own in the form of a grape-diet without any other source of nourishment her symptoms disappeared.", "contents": "[Spontaneous healing of a malignoma? (AUTHOR'S TRANSL)]. The author reports on the following case: A 46-year-old female patient had an inflammatory lesion of the sclera, similar to an episcleritic nodule, which was treated with cortisone eye drops without success. Because of increasing pigment release in the conjunctiva a malignant neoplasma was suspected. There was no further treatment. After the patient started a treatment of her own in the form of a grape-diet without any other source of nourishment her symptoms disappeared.", "PMID": 1117637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5694", "title": "[Low tension glaucoma. Contribution to etiology (author's transl)].", "content": "A report on a patient with pathological cupping of the disc and visual field defects similar to those found in glaucoma. In the sitting position the IOP was 18 and 21 mm Hg and in lying over 30 mm Hg. This abnormal positional effect was measured with the pneumotonograph which is based on a new principle of applanation independent of position. The classification of glaucoma simplex and low tension glaucoma as well as the differentiation from pseudoglaucoma are discussed.", "contents": "[Low tension glaucoma. Contribution to etiology (author's transl)]. A report on a patient with pathological cupping of the disc and visual field defects similar to those found in glaucoma. In the sitting position the IOP was 18 and 21 mm Hg and in lying over 30 mm Hg. This abnormal positional effect was measured with the pneumotonograph which is based on a new principle of applanation independent of position. The classification of glaucoma simplex and low tension glaucoma as well as the differentiation from pseudoglaucoma are discussed.", "PMID": 1117638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5695", "title": "[An instrument for vitrectomy (author's transl)].", "content": "The development of a new vitrectomy instrument has contributed to advancement in vitreous surgery to a large extent. The principle of this instrument is the suction of the vitreous into a needle and its simultaneous resection. In the meantime several constructions have been described. The resection apparatus, observation possibilities and illumination are discussed.", "contents": "[An instrument for vitrectomy (author's transl)]. The development of a new vitrectomy instrument has contributed to advancement in vitreous surgery to a large extent. The principle of this instrument is the suction of the vitreous into a needle and its simultaneous resection. In the meantime several constructions have been described. The resection apparatus, observation possibilities and illumination are discussed.", "PMID": 1117639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5696", "title": "[ERG and EOG results in X-chromosomal vitreo-retinal degeneration (author transl)].", "content": "ERG and EOG were performed in three male patients deriving from two no related families and who had vitreo-retinal degeneration including macula area. The EOG was below normal and ERG-potentials particularly b-waves reduced. The finding although of interest are not pathognomically significant. Therefore the diagnosis is only proven by morphological fundus changes and genetics studies indicating a sex-linked transmission.", "contents": "[ERG and EOG results in X-chromosomal vitreo-retinal degeneration (author transl)]. ERG and EOG were performed in three male patients deriving from two no related families and who had vitreo-retinal degeneration including macula area. The EOG was below normal and ERG-potentials particularly b-waves reduced. The finding although of interest are not pathognomically significant. Therefore the diagnosis is only proven by morphological fundus changes and genetics studies indicating a sex-linked transmission.", "PMID": 1117640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5697", "title": "[Orbita teratoma in a new-born (author's transl)].", "content": "An orbital tumor of the size of an apple with a centrally placed optic vesicle was removed in a new-born baby girl 3 days after delivery. The histological examination revealed a mature teratoma with derivatives of all blastodermic layers. There has been no relapse up till now and the further growth of the girl has not been impaired.", "contents": "[Orbita teratoma in a new-born (author's transl)]. An orbital tumor of the size of an apple with a centrally placed optic vesicle was removed in a new-born baby girl 3 days after delivery. The histological examination revealed a mature teratoma with derivatives of all blastodermic layers. There has been no relapse up till now and the further growth of the girl has not been impaired.", "PMID": 1117641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5698", "title": "[The coats of the eyeball and the intraocular pressure (author's transl)].", "content": "The coats of the eyeball influence the results of tonometry 1. by their response to changes of intraocular volume and pressure as expressed by the deltaP/deltaV-ratio and 2. by the rigidity of the cornea. None of the clinical methods in use is able to measure the true deltaP/deltaV-ratio in vivo. Therefore this factor has to be either eliminated from tonometry or measured by a rather complicated new procedure as described in this paper. The rigidity of the cornea as measured on enucleated eyes, offers a resistance increasing significantly with the thickness of the cornea, the size of the applanation and the altitude of the intraocular pressure. It might be neglected in applanations up to 3 mm in diameter, in larger applanations however it becomes a remarkable source of error.", "contents": "[The coats of the eyeball and the intraocular pressure (author's transl)]. The coats of the eyeball influence the results of tonometry 1. by their response to changes of intraocular volume and pressure as expressed by the deltaP/deltaV-ratio and 2. by the rigidity of the cornea. None of the clinical methods in use is able to measure the true deltaP/deltaV-ratio in vivo. Therefore this factor has to be either eliminated from tonometry or measured by a rather complicated new procedure as described in this paper. The rigidity of the cornea as measured on enucleated eyes, offers a resistance increasing significantly with the thickness of the cornea, the size of the applanation and the altitude of the intraocular pressure. It might be neglected in applanations up to 3 mm in diameter, in larger applanations however it becomes a remarkable source of error.", "PMID": 1117642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5699", "title": "[The effect of gamma rays on glutathion and ascorbic acid content in rabbit lenses (author's transl)].", "content": "It is pointed out that the partner non radiated eye is also influenced after employment of high radiation on an eye. The authors radiated rabbit eyes with gamma rays employing Stallard-applicators and determined the glutathion and ascorbic acid content in the lenses. The lenses of the partner eye were also examined for comparison. In those eyes which were directly radiated there was a fall of concentration of the two substances indirectly proportional to the dose of rays employed. In the partner eyes which were not directly subjected to direct radiation there were changes of similar character which were however not so much pronounced. The role of glutathion and ascorbic acid in lens metabolism is pointed out.", "contents": "[The effect of gamma rays on glutathion and ascorbic acid content in rabbit lenses (author's transl)]. It is pointed out that the partner non radiated eye is also influenced after employment of high radiation on an eye. The authors radiated rabbit eyes with gamma rays employing Stallard-applicators and determined the glutathion and ascorbic acid content in the lenses. The lenses of the partner eye were also examined for comparison. In those eyes which were directly radiated there was a fall of concentration of the two substances indirectly proportional to the dose of rays employed. In the partner eyes which were not directly subjected to direct radiation there were changes of similar character which were however not so much pronounced. The role of glutathion and ascorbic acid in lens metabolism is pointed out.", "PMID": 1117643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5700", "title": "[Orthostatic cephalic hypotension and the eye (author's transl)].", "content": "The pressure in the ophthalmic artery was measured during change of posture from the lying position to the sitting position by means of Muller's ophthalmodynamometer. In 210 healthy individuals there was a fall of average pressure between 0 and 21 percent. In 89 patients having a certainly pathological fluctuation of 25 percent or more which could not be found in the brachial pressure. Such patients did not only have general orthostatic symptoms but also various ocular symptoms.", "contents": "[Orthostatic cephalic hypotension and the eye (author's transl)]. The pressure in the ophthalmic artery was measured during change of posture from the lying position to the sitting position by means of Muller's ophthalmodynamometer. In 210 healthy individuals there was a fall of average pressure between 0 and 21 percent. In 89 patients having a certainly pathological fluctuation of 25 percent or more which could not be found in the brachial pressure. Such patients did not only have general orthostatic symptoms but also various ocular symptoms.", "PMID": 1117644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5701", "title": "[Tonography test according to Leydhecker. Clinical comparison by tonography according to Grant (author's transl)].", "content": "In our 1st series of examinations the Grant's 4-minutes-tonography, combined with waterdrinking (Becker), was compared with Leydhecker's modification of 7-minutes-tonography. Out of 60 healthy eyes were 13,3% false-positive with the 4-minutes-tonography, combined with waterdrinking, however with the 7-minutes-tonography none of these were glaucoma-suspicious. For 92 glaucoma-suspicious eyes, which were tested with both methods, the 7-minutes-tonography proved to be much more valuable. Leydhecker's value P3/CL3-7 offers 38,4% positive results at a starting pressure of 18-22 mm Hg, and 51,1% positive results at a starting pressure of 20-24 mmHg. Grant's 4-minutes-tonography, combined with waterdrinking (Becker), may show suspicious values at pressures of 18-22 mm Hg, however is not able to register with certainty existing pathological findings. In 2nd series of examinations 54 eyes with proven glaucoma chronicum simplex were tested with the 7-minutes-tonography. It showed a reliability of 83%.", "contents": "[Tonography test according to Leydhecker. Clinical comparison by tonography according to Grant (author's transl)]. In our 1st series of examinations the Grant's 4-minutes-tonography, combined with waterdrinking (Becker), was compared with Leydhecker's modification of 7-minutes-tonography. Out of 60 healthy eyes were 13,3% false-positive with the 4-minutes-tonography, combined with waterdrinking, however with the 7-minutes-tonography none of these were glaucoma-suspicious. For 92 glaucoma-suspicious eyes, which were tested with both methods, the 7-minutes-tonography proved to be much more valuable. Leydhecker's value P3/CL3-7 offers 38,4% positive results at a starting pressure of 18-22 mm Hg, and 51,1% positive results at a starting pressure of 20-24 mmHg. Grant's 4-minutes-tonography, combined with waterdrinking (Becker), may show suspicious values at pressures of 18-22 mm Hg, however is not able to register with certainty existing pathological findings. In 2nd series of examinations 54 eyes with proven glaucoma chronicum simplex were tested with the 7-minutes-tonography. It showed a reliability of 83%.", "PMID": 1117645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5702", "title": "[A comment on siderosis bulbi (author's transl)].", "content": "Report on a case of advanced siderosis bulbi. Besides the typical alterations in the anterior segment of the globe, siderotic changes of the retina could be revealed. The ERG showed a reduction of the b-wave. After removal of the foreign body, a partial regression of the siderotic changes took place. In addition, the ERG became normal within 8 weeks postoperatively. The indication for removal of metallic intraocular foreign bodies despite specific alterations of the ERG is emphasized.", "contents": "[A comment on siderosis bulbi (author's transl)]. Report on a case of advanced siderosis bulbi. Besides the typical alterations in the anterior segment of the globe, siderotic changes of the retina could be revealed. The ERG showed a reduction of the b-wave. After removal of the foreign body, a partial regression of the siderotic changes took place. In addition, the ERG became normal within 8 weeks postoperatively. The indication for removal of metallic intraocular foreign bodies despite specific alterations of the ERG is emphasized.", "PMID": 1117646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5703", "title": "[A new possibility for the measurement of cyclophoria and cyclotropia with the glascyclometer (author's transl)].", "content": "The glascyclometer is used for measuring cyclophoria and cyclotropia in free space with and without influencing the gained experience in the area of gaze for near and far as well as in head tilting. The apparatus is easy to handle. The reliability of results of measuring and their easy reproductability are of special advantage.", "contents": "[A new possibility for the measurement of cyclophoria and cyclotropia with the glascyclometer (author's transl)]. The glascyclometer is used for measuring cyclophoria and cyclotropia in free space with and without influencing the gained experience in the area of gaze for near and far as well as in head tilting. The apparatus is easy to handle. The reliability of results of measuring and their easy reproductability are of special advantage.", "PMID": 1117647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5704", "title": "[A case of unilateral endogenous intraocular mycosis through candida parapsilosis (author's transl)].", "content": "The clinical course of a unilateral intraocular mycosis through candida parapsilosis is described. The fungus could be histologically verified from a whitish yellow thick deposits on the lens in the anterior chamber after enucleation of the eye. The ocular infection was endogenic probably through an infested cava-catheter.", "contents": "[A case of unilateral endogenous intraocular mycosis through candida parapsilosis (author's transl)]. The clinical course of a unilateral intraocular mycosis through candida parapsilosis is described. The fungus could be histologically verified from a whitish yellow thick deposits on the lens in the anterior chamber after enucleation of the eye. The ocular infection was endogenic probably through an infested cava-catheter.", "PMID": 1117648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5705", "title": "[A case of isolated bilateral microcoria and ectopic lens (author's transl)].", "content": "The author reports on a patient having a congenital bilateral microcoria and ectopic lens. This is a not yet described combination of isolated abnormalities which are normally combined with other symptoms of Marfan-syndrome. This isolated ocular manifestation is to be regarded as a maldevelopment of ectoderm.", "contents": "[A case of isolated bilateral microcoria and ectopic lens (author's transl)]. The author reports on a patient having a congenital bilateral microcoria and ectopic lens. This is a not yet described combination of isolated abnormalities which are normally combined with other symptoms of Marfan-syndrome. This isolated ocular manifestation is to be regarded as a maldevelopment of ectoderm.", "PMID": 1117649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5706", "title": "Breeding nude (nu/nu) mice.", "content": "By using as sires homozygous nude males bearing thymus glands from their normal siblings, heterozygous females yield 50 per cent nu/nu offspring under conventional conditions.  Most nu/nu females are fertile, but in our experience only 20 per cent of them rear nude litters to weaning age.", "contents": "Breeding nude (nu/nu) mice. By using as sires homozygous nude males bearing thymus glands from their normal siblings, heterozygous females yield 50 per cent nu/nu offspring under conventional conditions.  Most nu/nu females are fertile, but in our experience only 20 per cent of them rear nude litters to weaning age.", "PMID": 1117693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5707", "title": "Differences in blood values depending on age in laboratory-bred European hampsters (Cricetus cricetus L.).", "content": "No significant differences in blood parameters were found between males and females aged 13-900 days.  A comparison of the various age groups showed significant differences in the number of erythrocytes, leucocytes, thrombocytes and in the diameter of red blood cells.  The number of erythrocytes and leucocytes was lowest, and the erythrocytes had the largest diameteres in young animals.  The number of thrombocytes was lowest in older animals.", "contents": "Differences in blood values depending on age in laboratory-bred European hampsters (Cricetus cricetus L.). No significant differences in blood parameters were found between males and females aged 13-900 days.  A comparison of the various age groups showed significant differences in the number of erythrocytes, leucocytes, thrombocytes and in the diameter of red blood cells.  The number of erythrocytes and leucocytes was lowest, and the erythrocytes had the largest diameteres in young animals.  The number of thrombocytes was lowest in older animals.", "PMID": 1117694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5708", "title": "Effect of litter size on milk yield in the rat.", "content": "The amount of milk removed from rats during 1 hour's suckling after a separation period of 8 hours was estimated by weighing their pups.  In the 1st experiment litters of 9 pups were suckled by all rats.  At test sucklings held daily on days 6-15 of lactation, pups were reallocated to give 3, 6, 9, 12 or 15 pups per dam.  The largest amount of milk was removed at suckling by groups of 12 pups. In a 2nd experiment, rats were constantly sucked by litters of either 3, 6, 9, 12 or 15 pups from birth to slaughter at 15 days post partum.  Rats with 12 and 15 pups yielded the most milk, nearly twice as much as those suckling only 6 or 9 pups.  Litters of 3 pups consumed less than 1/3 of the amount consumed by litters of 6 or 9 pups.", "contents": "Effect of litter size on milk yield in the rat. The amount of milk removed from rats during 1 hour's suckling after a separation period of 8 hours was estimated by weighing their pups.  In the 1st experiment litters of 9 pups were suckled by all rats.  At test sucklings held daily on days 6-15 of lactation, pups were reallocated to give 3, 6, 9, 12 or 15 pups per dam.  The largest amount of milk was removed at suckling by groups of 12 pups. In a 2nd experiment, rats were constantly sucked by litters of either 3, 6, 9, 12 or 15 pups from birth to slaughter at 15 days post partum.  Rats with 12 and 15 pups yielded the most milk, nearly twice as much as those suckling only 6 or 9 pups.  Litters of 3 pups consumed less than 1/3 of the amount consumed by litters of 6 or 9 pups.", "PMID": 1117695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5709", "title": "Some pathogenic aspects of murine sarcoma virus (Moloney) in rats.", "content": "The oncogenic effect of the murine sarcoma virus (Moloney) was tested in rats.  Host-age and virus-dose dependent variations in the pathogenic spectrum were found.  Four tumour \"stages\" were described: progressively lethal; lethal after long stationary period; complete tumour regression; tumour reoccurrence after complete regression.  Virus recovery was highest from the progressively growing tumours and in the reoccurred neoplasms, while no virus was found in stationary tumours or in those sites where regression had occurred.  Tumour onset and death was more rapid and frequent when inoculation of the virus was in muscle-rich tissues.  When inoculation was into different visceral organs or intravenously, tumour development still occurred primary in muscle tissue.", "contents": "Some pathogenic aspects of murine sarcoma virus (Moloney) in rats. The oncogenic effect of the murine sarcoma virus (Moloney) was tested in rats.  Host-age and virus-dose dependent variations in the pathogenic spectrum were found.  Four tumour \"stages\" were described: progressively lethal; lethal after long stationary period; complete tumour regression; tumour reoccurrence after complete regression.  Virus recovery was highest from the progressively growing tumours and in the reoccurred neoplasms, while no virus was found in stationary tumours or in those sites where regression had occurred.  Tumour onset and death was more rapid and frequent when inoculation of the virus was in muscle-rich tissues.  When inoculation was into different visceral organs or intravenously, tumour development still occurred primary in muscle tissue.", "PMID": 1117696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5710", "title": "Pulmonary artery sling.", "content": "Pulmonary artery sling is an uncommon and potentially lethal vascular anomaly that can produce airway obstruction. Despite the availability of a corrective operation, the mortality rate remains very high (50 per cent of surgically treated children) due to the high incidence of associated obstructive anormaliies of the tracheobronchial tree. The survivors of corrective operation have done well symptomatically. However, when restudied, most have been found to have no pulmonary blood flow to the left lung. Successful treatment requires early recognition of the anomaly, adequate preoperative investigation for associated anormalies (especially those of the tracheobronchial tree), a technically perfect vascular reconstruction, and meticulous postoperative respiratory therapy.", "contents": "Pulmonary artery sling. Pulmonary artery sling is an uncommon and potentially lethal vascular anomaly that can produce airway obstruction. Despite the availability of a corrective operation, the mortality rate remains very high (50 per cent of surgically treated children) due to the high incidence of associated obstructive anormaliies of the tracheobronchial tree. The survivors of corrective operation have done well symptomatically. However, when restudied, most have been found to have no pulmonary blood flow to the left lung. Successful treatment requires early recognition of the anomaly, adequate preoperative investigation for associated anormalies (especially those of the tracheobronchial tree), a technically perfect vascular reconstruction, and meticulous postoperative respiratory therapy.", "PMID": 1117725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5711", "title": "Thoracic surgical problems associated with rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Nine cases are presented that represent nearly all of the pleural, lung, and pericardial manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis. Three of the 9 had lung biopsies for various reasons to confirm the presence of the rheumatoid change. Six patients had complications of the disorder that required thoracic surgical intervention. The operations included emergency exploration of an empyema cavity for hemorrhage, decortication of the heart and lung, permanent open empyema drainage, and tube thoracostomy. The fact that all of the patients withstood the major complications and major surgery proves that patients with severe rheumatoid disease can withstand major thoracic surgery whenever there occurs a problem that will further increase their disability or threaten their lives.", "contents": "Thoracic surgical problems associated with rheumatoid arthritis. Nine cases are presented that represent nearly all of the pleural, lung, and pericardial manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis. Three of the 9 had lung biopsies for various reasons to confirm the presence of the rheumatoid change. Six patients had complications of the disorder that required thoracic surgical intervention. The operations included emergency exploration of an empyema cavity for hemorrhage, decortication of the heart and lung, permanent open empyema drainage, and tube thoracostomy. The fact that all of the patients withstood the major complications and major surgery proves that patients with severe rheumatoid disease can withstand major thoracic surgery whenever there occurs a problem that will further increase their disability or threaten their lives.", "PMID": 1117726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5712", "title": "The association of carcinoma of the esophagus with achalasia.", "content": "Among 156 patients with achalasia who were treated during a 13 year period, two developed squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. The first, a 33-year-old man, developed a carcinoma of the upper third of the esophagus 2 years after the onset of symptoms of achalasia. He was treated by a Heller myotomy and radiation therapy and survived 16.7 months. The second, a 60-year-old man, had had symptoms of achalasia for 15 years. He is alive with suspected recurrence 6 months after undergoing esophagogastrectomy for a carcinoma of the middle and lower thirds. A summary of the literature regarding carcinoma complicating achalasia is presented. This indicates that carcinoma arises in at least 1 to 7 per cent of patients with achalasia. Delay in diagnosis is common. The treatment need not differ from that of carcinoma without a chalasia, but the prognosis is dismal. Since there is evidence that retention esophagitis is a premalignant condition, it should be possible to prevent the development of carcinoma in achalasia by early cardiomyotomy in cases in which hydrostatic dilatation is not completely effective. A plea is made for closer surveillance of patients with achalasia so that, if carcinoma supervenes, it may be detected at an early stage.", "contents": "The association of carcinoma of the esophagus with achalasia. Among 156 patients with achalasia who were treated during a 13 year period, two developed squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. The first, a 33-year-old man, developed a carcinoma of the upper third of the esophagus 2 years after the onset of symptoms of achalasia. He was treated by a Heller myotomy and radiation therapy and survived 16.7 months. The second, a 60-year-old man, had had symptoms of achalasia for 15 years. He is alive with suspected recurrence 6 months after undergoing esophagogastrectomy for a carcinoma of the middle and lower thirds. A summary of the literature regarding carcinoma complicating achalasia is presented. This indicates that carcinoma arises in at least 1 to 7 per cent of patients with achalasia. Delay in diagnosis is common. The treatment need not differ from that of carcinoma without a chalasia, but the prognosis is dismal. Since there is evidence that retention esophagitis is a premalignant condition, it should be possible to prevent the development of carcinoma in achalasia by early cardiomyotomy in cases in which hydrostatic dilatation is not completely effective. A plea is made for closer surveillance of patients with achalasia so that, if carcinoma supervenes, it may be detected at an early stage.", "PMID": 1117727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5713", "title": "Total sequestration of the right lung.", "content": "A 2-day-old baby with severe respiratory distress and cyanosis was admitted to the hospital with a totally opacified right pleural cavity. Preoperative studies demonstrated absence of the right pulmonary artery, and a patent ductus arteriosus, and a left pulmonary artery pressure of 85/45 mm. Hg. The hypoplastic right lung received its entire blood supply from multiple vessels through the diaphragm. The infant's condition improved initially after a right pneumonectomy, but she died of progressive respiratory insufficiency at the age of 7 months.", "contents": "Total sequestration of the right lung. A 2-day-old baby with severe respiratory distress and cyanosis was admitted to the hospital with a totally opacified right pleural cavity. Preoperative studies demonstrated absence of the right pulmonary artery, and a patent ductus arteriosus, and a left pulmonary artery pressure of 85/45 mm. Hg. The hypoplastic right lung received its entire blood supply from multiple vessels through the diaphragm. The infant's condition improved initially after a right pneumonectomy, but she died of progressive respiratory insufficiency at the age of 7 months.", "PMID": 1117728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5714", "title": "Runaway pacemaker in seven patients: a persisting problem.", "content": "Runaway pacemaker has been encountered in 7 patients during the past 7 years at the Texas Heart Institute. In this series, 4 patients with fixed-rate pacemakers experienced pacemaker arrhythmias because of battery depletion, and 3 had arrhythmias because of component failure. Battery deterioration was heralded by an increase in cardiac rate. Ventricular tachycardia, rapidly followed by ventricular fibrillation, occurred in 2 patients. Prompt surgical exteriorization of the failing pulse generator and connection to an external pacemaker resulted in prompt recovery in all patients. Elective generator change should be performed routinely after 24 to 30 months unless reliable serial observations of ventricular rates can be attained. This at least will reduce the lethal complications attributed to battery exhaustion. Increasing developments in the design of generators and sources of power, as well as data from pacemaker clinic follow-up and telephone pulse transmittal, are expected to decrease the frequency of this complication.", "contents": "Runaway pacemaker in seven patients: a persisting problem. Runaway pacemaker has been encountered in 7 patients during the past 7 years at the Texas Heart Institute. In this series, 4 patients with fixed-rate pacemakers experienced pacemaker arrhythmias because of battery depletion, and 3 had arrhythmias because of component failure. Battery deterioration was heralded by an increase in cardiac rate. Ventricular tachycardia, rapidly followed by ventricular fibrillation, occurred in 2 patients. Prompt surgical exteriorization of the failing pulse generator and connection to an external pacemaker resulted in prompt recovery in all patients. Elective generator change should be performed routinely after 24 to 30 months unless reliable serial observations of ventricular rates can be attained. This at least will reduce the lethal complications attributed to battery exhaustion. Increasing developments in the design of generators and sources of power, as well as data from pacemaker clinic follow-up and telephone pulse transmittal, are expected to decrease the frequency of this complication.", "PMID": 1117729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5715", "title": "Pulse duration variation and electrode size as factors in pacemaker longevity.", "content": "For the past 4 years, we have used highly efficient Medtronic electrodes (Nos. 6901 and 6907), with small surface areas, for cardiac pacemakers. We have found that chronic thresholds average 1.6 Ma. at a 1 msec. pulse duration, compared to 4.9 Ma. for the conventional Medtronic No. 5816 electrodes. These electrodes have been used in association with Medtronic Models 5961 and 5931, ventricular-inhibited and asynchronous pulse generators in which output current and voltage are fixed and pulse duration is variable. Drain from the generator battery is directly related to impulse duration and is reduced at shorter durations. The strength-duration curve of cardiac stimulation suggests and actual long-term pacing has been achieved at an average of 0.2 to 0.3 msec., rather than the conventional 1.0 msec. Drain from the battery is one fourth that of pacemakers of 1970 and one half that of present day, conventional units. This fact suggests that a realistic average life of the pulse generator is 4 years or more.", "contents": "Pulse duration variation and electrode size as factors in pacemaker longevity. For the past 4 years, we have used highly efficient Medtronic electrodes (Nos. 6901 and 6907), with small surface areas, for cardiac pacemakers. We have found that chronic thresholds average 1.6 Ma. at a 1 msec. pulse duration, compared to 4.9 Ma. for the conventional Medtronic No. 5816 electrodes. These electrodes have been used in association with Medtronic Models 5961 and 5931, ventricular-inhibited and asynchronous pulse generators in which output current and voltage are fixed and pulse duration is variable. Drain from the generator battery is directly related to impulse duration and is reduced at shorter durations. The strength-duration curve of cardiac stimulation suggests and actual long-term pacing has been achieved at an average of 0.2 to 0.3 msec., rather than the conventional 1.0 msec. Drain from the battery is one fourth that of pacemakers of 1970 and one half that of present day, conventional units. This fact suggests that a realistic average life of the pulse generator is 4 years or more.", "PMID": 1117730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5716", "title": "Effects of obstruction of cardiac lymphatics.", "content": "A study was undertaken in the dog to determine whether changes occurred in the lymphatics of the endocardium and myocardium of both ventricles after obstruction of the cardiac lymphatics. Other investigators have reported ventricular subendocardial hemorrhage, increased elastic and fibrous tissue in the left ventricle endocardium, and opacification of the mitral valve leaflets. In 14 experiments the ventricular walls were injected with India ink. The efferent cardiac lymphatics were followed to their termination in the cardiac lymph node or nodes. These nodes were excised, as were afferent and efferent lymphatic trunks. After 4 to 16 weeks, with the aid of extracorporeal circulation and oxygenation, biopsies were taken of the myocardium and endocardium of the ventricles of the beating heart. Six animals were used as control subjects. Grossly, there were no changes in the endocardium, myocardium, or valve leaflets. Light and electron microscopy demonstrated no fibrosis or elastosis, and no lymphatics were identifiable. We were unable to establish evidence of permanent changes as a result of obstruction of the lymphatics of the dog heart.", "contents": "Effects of obstruction of cardiac lymphatics. A study was undertaken in the dog to determine whether changes occurred in the lymphatics of the endocardium and myocardium of both ventricles after obstruction of the cardiac lymphatics. Other investigators have reported ventricular subendocardial hemorrhage, increased elastic and fibrous tissue in the left ventricle endocardium, and opacification of the mitral valve leaflets. In 14 experiments the ventricular walls were injected with India ink. The efferent cardiac lymphatics were followed to their termination in the cardiac lymph node or nodes. These nodes were excised, as were afferent and efferent lymphatic trunks. After 4 to 16 weeks, with the aid of extracorporeal circulation and oxygenation, biopsies were taken of the myocardium and endocardium of the ventricles of the beating heart. Six animals were used as control subjects. Grossly, there were no changes in the endocardium, myocardium, or valve leaflets. Light and electron microscopy demonstrated no fibrosis or elastosis, and no lymphatics were identifiable. We were unable to establish evidence of permanent changes as a result of obstruction of the lymphatics of the dog heart.", "PMID": 1117731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5717", "title": "Cavernous hemangioma of the heart: case report and review of the literature.", "content": "A case of diffuse cavernous hemangioma of the heart discovered incidentally during life is reported. Resection of the tumor was impossible at operation. Two similar cases were found in the literature. Radation therapy is suggested, and the importance of a simple blood pool scan in the investigation of paracardiac masses is stressed.", "contents": "Cavernous hemangioma of the heart: case report and review of the literature. A case of diffuse cavernous hemangioma of the heart discovered incidentally during life is reported. Resection of the tumor was impossible at operation. Two similar cases were found in the literature. Radation therapy is suggested, and the importance of a simple blood pool scan in the investigation of paracardiac masses is stressed.", "PMID": 1117732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5718", "title": "Neurogenic influences on the coronary vascular response to ischemia in the awake dog.", "content": "The influence of the nervous system on the response of the coronary vessels to ischemia was evaluated by observing the reactive hyperemia subsequent to a 10 second occlusion of the left circumflex coronary artery in 19 awake dogs. Sympathectomy produced by pretreatment with 6-hydroxydopamine, chronic total surgical cardiac denervation, beta-adrenergic blockade with propranolol, and alpha blockade with phentolamine did not significantly after the reactive hyperemic response. Thus cardiac denervation did not impair the ability of the coronary vasculature to respond to a brief ischemic stimulus.", "contents": "Neurogenic influences on the coronary vascular response to ischemia in the awake dog. The influence of the nervous system on the response of the coronary vessels to ischemia was evaluated by observing the reactive hyperemia subsequent to a 10 second occlusion of the left circumflex coronary artery in 19 awake dogs. Sympathectomy produced by pretreatment with 6-hydroxydopamine, chronic total surgical cardiac denervation, beta-adrenergic blockade with propranolol, and alpha blockade with phentolamine did not significantly after the reactive hyperemic response. Thus cardiac denervation did not impair the ability of the coronary vasculature to respond to a brief ischemic stimulus.", "PMID": 1117733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5719", "title": "Isolated, unruptured sinus of Valsalva aneurysm: serendipitous detection and correction.", "content": "Reaction of an isolated, unruptured sinus of Valsalva aneurysm is described. Detection was serendipitous in a patient with previous surgical resection and grafting of significant aortic coarctation. The philosophy and importance of proceeding with elective resection in these progressive lesions is emphasized.", "contents": "Isolated, unruptured sinus of Valsalva aneurysm: serendipitous detection and correction. Reaction of an isolated, unruptured sinus of Valsalva aneurysm is described. Detection was serendipitous in a patient with previous surgical resection and grafting of significant aortic coarctation. The philosophy and importance of proceeding with elective resection in these progressive lesions is emphasized.", "PMID": 1117734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5720", "title": "Partial anomalous systemic venous return: report of surgical treatment in two cases.", "content": "Two cases of anomalous systemic venous return were correctly diagnosed preoperatively and repaired by intracardiac baffle. These cases are of interest because of their anatomy, embryology, and the surgical method chosen to correct them.", "contents": "Partial anomalous systemic venous return: report of surgical treatment in two cases. Two cases of anomalous systemic venous return were correctly diagnosed preoperatively and repaired by intracardiac baffle. These cases are of interest because of their anatomy, embryology, and the surgical method chosen to correct them.", "PMID": 1117735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5721", "title": "Aorto-pulmonary shunt in the premature infant: technical considerations.", "content": "In a 13-day-old, 1,300 gram premature infant with tricuspid atresia, a Potts-Smith anastomosis was successfully performed. We used a neurosurgical vessel clip, smaller than the smallest available vascular clamp, to side-clamp the descending aorta. This report appears to be the first of the construction of a Potts-Smith shunt in an infant of this size.", "contents": "Aorto-pulmonary shunt in the premature infant: technical considerations. In a 13-day-old, 1,300 gram premature infant with tricuspid atresia, a Potts-Smith anastomosis was successfully performed. We used a neurosurgical vessel clip, smaller than the smallest available vascular clamp, to side-clamp the descending aorta. This report appears to be the first of the construction of a Potts-Smith shunt in an infant of this size.", "PMID": 1117736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5722", "title": "Extracorporeal perfusion for acute respiratory failure: recent experience with the spiral coil membrane lung.", "content": "Selection criteria, clinical data, and physiological measurements obtained during five extracorporeal membrane lung perfusions for acute respiratory insufficiency are presented. Four patients died and 1 survived. A new technique of femoral artery cannulation to allow aortic arch perfusion is described. When properly monitored, this route provides improved oxygen delivery to the brain during venoarterial (VA) perfusion. The importance of monitoring the equivalent of carotid artery Po2 during VA perfusion is emphasized. Recognition of the effects of high cardiac output in limiting the quality of extracorporeal perfusion, plus the use of hypothermia to reduce output, are stressed. We have confirmed that perfusion can be accomplished with small quantities of heparin, so that bleeding is reduced, but thrombocytopenia and occasional hemorrhage continue to be persistent problems.", "contents": "Extracorporeal perfusion for acute respiratory failure: recent experience with the spiral coil membrane lung. Selection criteria, clinical data, and physiological measurements obtained during five extracorporeal membrane lung perfusions for acute respiratory insufficiency are presented. Four patients died and 1 survived. A new technique of femoral artery cannulation to allow aortic arch perfusion is described. When properly monitored, this route provides improved oxygen delivery to the brain during venoarterial (VA) perfusion. The importance of monitoring the equivalent of carotid artery Po2 during VA perfusion is emphasized. Recognition of the effects of high cardiac output in limiting the quality of extracorporeal perfusion, plus the use of hypothermia to reduce output, are stressed. We have confirmed that perfusion can be accomplished with small quantities of heparin, so that bleeding is reduced, but thrombocytopenia and occasional hemorrhage continue to be persistent problems.", "PMID": 1117737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5723", "title": "Interventricular septal defects from penetrating injuries of the heart: a report of 12 cases and review of the literature.", "content": "In the past 7 years, 1967 through 1973, 12 patients who had interventricular septal defects from penetrating stab wounds of the thorax were treated at Detroit General Hospital. In 10, the defects were confirmed by cardiac catheterization. Four of the 12 patients were symptomatic and required surgery. Two of these patients had pulmonary-to-system flow ratios less than 2:1. Both these patients had left ventricular dysfunction as a result of coronary artery and myocardial damage from the penetrating trauma to the left ventricle. One of the 4 patients had an injury to the tricuspid valve; this is the first reported case of a traumatic interventricular septal defect associated with a left ventricle-right atrium shunt and tricuspid valve insufficiency. Another patient had a laceration of the left anterior descending coronary artery, in addition to the interventricular septal defect. Ligation of the injured artery resulted in a left ventricular aneurysm. Three patients had \"multiple defects\" in the muscular septum which proved to be a single interventricular septal defect in which the left to right shunt was divided into multiple jets by the trabeculae carneae of the right ventricle.", "contents": "Interventricular septal defects from penetrating injuries of the heart: a report of 12 cases and review of the literature. In the past 7 years, 1967 through 1973, 12 patients who had interventricular septal defects from penetrating stab wounds of the thorax were treated at Detroit General Hospital. In 10, the defects were confirmed by cardiac catheterization. Four of the 12 patients were symptomatic and required surgery. Two of these patients had pulmonary-to-system flow ratios less than 2:1. Both these patients had left ventricular dysfunction as a result of coronary artery and myocardial damage from the penetrating trauma to the left ventricle. One of the 4 patients had an injury to the tricuspid valve; this is the first reported case of a traumatic interventricular septal defect associated with a left ventricle-right atrium shunt and tricuspid valve insufficiency. Another patient had a laceration of the left anterior descending coronary artery, in addition to the interventricular septal defect. Ligation of the injured artery resulted in a left ventricular aneurysm. Three patients had \"multiple defects\" in the muscular septum which proved to be a single interventricular septal defect in which the left to right shunt was divided into multiple jets by the trabeculae carneae of the right ventricle.", "PMID": 1117738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5724", "title": "Distribution of oxygenated blood in experimental perfusion via the femoral and carotid arteries.", "content": "The efficiency of femoral and carotid artery perfusion was compared in 10 dogs. The purpose of our study was to determine under what conditions the femoral artery can be used to perfuse the upper body satisfactorily during prolonged perfusions.", "contents": "Distribution of oxygenated blood in experimental perfusion via the femoral and carotid arteries. The efficiency of femoral and carotid artery perfusion was compared in 10 dogs. The purpose of our study was to determine under what conditions the femoral artery can be used to perfuse the upper body satisfactorily during prolonged perfusions.", "PMID": 1117739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5725", "title": "Treatment of intercostal neuralgia with 10 per cent ammonium sulfate.", "content": "Intercostal nerves were injected with 10 per cent annomium sulfate in 41 patients (52 total sets of injections) for management of intercostal neuralgia from radical mastectomy (six blocks), thoracotomy (20 blocks), or unknown etiology (26 blocks). Five patients failed to return for follow-up evaluation and could not be located. Sixty per cent (28/47) of the treatments produced complete or nearly complete (excellent) relief of pain. Excellent pain relief persisted for more than 20 days after 22 treatments and for more than 90 days after seven treatments. Postblock neuritis never occurred. We conclude that intercostal nerve block with 10 per cent ammonium sulfate effectively relieves intercostal neuralgia and is not associated with postblock neuritis. We therefore believe that ammonium sulfate nerve blocks should be administered for treatment of intercostal neuralgia before phenol or alcohol nerve blocks or a surgical procedure.", "contents": "Treatment of intercostal neuralgia with 10 per cent ammonium sulfate. Intercostal nerves were injected with 10 per cent annomium sulfate in 41 patients (52 total sets of injections) for management of intercostal neuralgia from radical mastectomy (six blocks), thoracotomy (20 blocks), or unknown etiology (26 blocks). Five patients failed to return for follow-up evaluation and could not be located. Sixty per cent (28/47) of the treatments produced complete or nearly complete (excellent) relief of pain. Excellent pain relief persisted for more than 20 days after 22 treatments and for more than 90 days after seven treatments. Postblock neuritis never occurred. We conclude that intercostal nerve block with 10 per cent ammonium sulfate effectively relieves intercostal neuralgia and is not associated with postblock neuritis. We therefore believe that ammonium sulfate nerve blocks should be administered for treatment of intercostal neuralgia before phenol or alcohol nerve blocks or a surgical procedure.", "PMID": 1117740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5726", "title": "Nature of deposits in a tubular membrane oxygenator after prolonged extracorporeal circulation: a scanning electron microscope study.", "content": "Although silicone fibers are among the most compatible with tissue and blood, numerous deposits are observed after their prolonged usage in a capillary membrane oxygenator, even when the blood has been properly heparinized. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) study shows that the morphology of these deposits varies greatly, depending upon the part of the unit from which the sample is taken. The area close to the inlet is the most severely affected. The outlet zone is affected to a lesser degree, and the areas in between are only slightly affected.", "contents": "Nature of deposits in a tubular membrane oxygenator after prolonged extracorporeal circulation: a scanning electron microscope study. Although silicone fibers are among the most compatible with tissue and blood, numerous deposits are observed after their prolonged usage in a capillary membrane oxygenator, even when the blood has been properly heparinized. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) study shows that the morphology of these deposits varies greatly, depending upon the part of the unit from which the sample is taken. The area close to the inlet is the most severely affected. The outlet zone is affected to a lesser degree, and the areas in between are only slightly affected.", "PMID": 1117741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5727", "title": "The action of carbon dioxide on the collateral pathways of pulmonary ventilation.", "content": "The major collateral ventilatory pathways between the segments of the lobes of the dog are lined with smooth muscle and course from bronchiole to alveolus and from bronchiole to bronchiole. In previous studies, we showed that the channels constricted with metacholine and dilated with epinephrine. Carbon dioxide elevations in the inspired air, as noted in this study, greatly increased the collateral flow, whereas 100 per cent oxygen did not affect it. The greatest dilatation occurred when the inspired carbon dioxide increased from 2.5 to 6 per cent, with little if any further change when increased to 15 per cent. When perfusion of the in situ lung was blocked, or when the lung was excised, carbon dioxide still had a marked bronchodilating effect. This indicates its direct action on smooth muscle. The fact that carbon dioxide acts as a dilator of the collateral channels, independent of neural and humoral influences, confirms its important role in ensuring maximal pulmonary ventilation.", "contents": "The action of carbon dioxide on the collateral pathways of pulmonary ventilation. The major collateral ventilatory pathways between the segments of the lobes of the dog are lined with smooth muscle and course from bronchiole to alveolus and from bronchiole to bronchiole. In previous studies, we showed that the channels constricted with metacholine and dilated with epinephrine. Carbon dioxide elevations in the inspired air, as noted in this study, greatly increased the collateral flow, whereas 100 per cent oxygen did not affect it. The greatest dilatation occurred when the inspired carbon dioxide increased from 2.5 to 6 per cent, with little if any further change when increased to 15 per cent. When perfusion of the in situ lung was blocked, or when the lung was excised, carbon dioxide still had a marked bronchodilating effect. This indicates its direct action on smooth muscle. The fact that carbon dioxide acts as a dilator of the collateral channels, independent of neural and humoral influences, confirms its important role in ensuring maximal pulmonary ventilation.", "PMID": 1117742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5728", "title": "Prolonged perfusion with a membrane oxygenator in awake ponies.", "content": "Prolonged extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (PEMO) was performed in 6 adult ponies with the membrane oxygenator in vein-to-artery bypass circuit. A flow rate equal to 46 per cent of control cardiac output was diverted through the PEMO circuit of 10 to 24 hours. Three of the 6 ponies were perfused for at least 20 hours and developed no complications. Immediately following initiation of PEMO, left ventricular output decreased; however, in the interval between 6 and 24 hours, left ventricular output was increased above control levels. Aortic pressure and left ventricular work were markedly elevated during PEMO. Pulmonary ventilation and oxygen uptake also decreased initially but were elevated during later stages of bypass. Pulmonary compliance did not change, except in those studies in which problems were encountered with perfusion techniques. Hepatic glycolysis and hyperglycemia occurred and were more severe in ponies with catheter-produced thrombi. Marked diuresis, which could be attributed only partially to the hyperglycemia, was present throughout PEMO. Based on the minimal morphologic changes observed in the ponies, extracorporeal circulation diverting one half of the cardiac output through a membrane oxygenator can be safely performed for up to 24 hours.", "contents": "Prolonged perfusion with a membrane oxygenator in awake ponies. Prolonged extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (PEMO) was performed in 6 adult ponies with the membrane oxygenator in vein-to-artery bypass circuit. A flow rate equal to 46 per cent of control cardiac output was diverted through the PEMO circuit of 10 to 24 hours. Three of the 6 ponies were perfused for at least 20 hours and developed no complications. Immediately following initiation of PEMO, left ventricular output decreased; however, in the interval between 6 and 24 hours, left ventricular output was increased above control levels. Aortic pressure and left ventricular work were markedly elevated during PEMO. Pulmonary ventilation and oxygen uptake also decreased initially but were elevated during later stages of bypass. Pulmonary compliance did not change, except in those studies in which problems were encountered with perfusion techniques. Hepatic glycolysis and hyperglycemia occurred and were more severe in ponies with catheter-produced thrombi. Marked diuresis, which could be attributed only partially to the hyperglycemia, was present throughout PEMO. Based on the minimal morphologic changes observed in the ponies, extracorporeal circulation diverting one half of the cardiac output through a membrane oxygenator can be safely performed for up to 24 hours.", "PMID": 1117743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5729", "title": "Changes in arterial pressure, viscosity and resistance during cardiopulmonary bypass.", "content": "Large changes in arterial pressure and systemic vascular resistance are frequently observed at the onset of and during cardiopulmonary bypass, particularly when hemodilution is employed. In order to assess the extent to which these changes are induced by changes in blood viscosity, we measured viscosity, pressure, and flow in a series of 17 patients. Hemodilution was used in Group A (12 patients) but not in Group B (5 patients). At the beginning of cardiopulmonary bypass, the arteriovenous pressure difference decreased an average of 53.8 per cent in the Group A patients, concomitant with a 41.7 per cent decrease in blood viscosity. The arteriovenous pressure difference in the Group B patients increased an average of 6.4 per cent, while the blood viscosity increased by 8 per cent. A nomogram was theoretically derived for the Group A patients, which allows rapid estimation of the extent of viscosity-induced hypotension for a given volume of priming fluid, initial patient hematocrit, and patient weight. After correction for viscosity changes due to hemodilution, the Group A patients were found to exhibit essentially normal values of systemic vascular resistance at the start of bypass, with a mean of 1,155 dynes-sec./cm.5. On the other hand, the Group B patients had elevated resistance values, with a mean of 1,611 dynes-sec./cm.5. During perfusion, the resistance of both groups tended to increase, sometimes by 100 per cent or more. In some cases, however, the resistance values changed in an erratic fashion. These effects were not due to changes in blood viscosity.", "contents": "Changes in arterial pressure, viscosity and resistance during cardiopulmonary bypass. Large changes in arterial pressure and systemic vascular resistance are frequently observed at the onset of and during cardiopulmonary bypass, particularly when hemodilution is employed. In order to assess the extent to which these changes are induced by changes in blood viscosity, we measured viscosity, pressure, and flow in a series of 17 patients. Hemodilution was used in Group A (12 patients) but not in Group B (5 patients). At the beginning of cardiopulmonary bypass, the arteriovenous pressure difference decreased an average of 53.8 per cent in the Group A patients, concomitant with a 41.7 per cent decrease in blood viscosity. The arteriovenous pressure difference in the Group B patients increased an average of 6.4 per cent, while the blood viscosity increased by 8 per cent. A nomogram was theoretically derived for the Group A patients, which allows rapid estimation of the extent of viscosity-induced hypotension for a given volume of priming fluid, initial patient hematocrit, and patient weight. After correction for viscosity changes due to hemodilution, the Group A patients were found to exhibit essentially normal values of systemic vascular resistance at the start of bypass, with a mean of 1,155 dynes-sec./cm.5. On the other hand, the Group B patients had elevated resistance values, with a mean of 1,611 dynes-sec./cm.5. During perfusion, the resistance of both groups tended to increase, sometimes by 100 per cent or more. In some cases, however, the resistance values changed in an erratic fashion. These effects were not due to changes in blood viscosity.", "PMID": 1117744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5730", "title": "Mitral valve replacement with a turtleneck-disc prosthesis.", "content": "A 5 year experience in 100 patients with a turtleneck-cuff (Magovern) disc valve (Harken) is presented. The prosthesis was inserted into the atrioventricular position by a continuous suture technique. The operative mortality rate was 7 per cent and the late mortality rate, 8 per cent. Age, functional classification, multiple valve replacement, pulmonary hypertension, and reoperation did not influence the operative mortality rate. However, the incidence of late death was much higher among patients in Class IV than in Class III and was also greater when more than one valve was replaced. The incidence of combined early and late thromboembolic complications was 7 per cent. Peribasilar leaks or valve dehiscences were not encountered.", "contents": "Mitral valve replacement with a turtleneck-disc prosthesis. A 5 year experience in 100 patients with a turtleneck-cuff (Magovern) disc valve (Harken) is presented. The prosthesis was inserted into the atrioventricular position by a continuous suture technique. The operative mortality rate was 7 per cent and the late mortality rate, 8 per cent. Age, functional classification, multiple valve replacement, pulmonary hypertension, and reoperation did not influence the operative mortality rate. However, the incidence of late death was much higher among patients in Class IV than in Class III and was also greater when more than one valve was replaced. The incidence of combined early and late thromboembolic complications was 7 per cent. Peribasilar leaks or valve dehiscences were not encountered.", "PMID": 1117745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5731", "title": "Transvenous atrial pacing with a new electrode.", "content": "The unique concept of an atrioventricular electrode is presented. This transvenous electrode is incorporated into one body and has the mechanical advantages of double fixation and atrial or ventricular sensing or pacing. With the \"extension wire principle,\" it can be used for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes, short- or long-term pacing. The optimal pacemaker setting can be adjusted according to the individual needs of the patient and can easily be converted to a permanent system. This atrioventricular electrode was used for long-term atrial pacing in 4 patients with tachyarrhythmia syndrome. There were no electrode-related complications. Atrial pacing was maintained in all patients. The longest follow-up period was 2 1/2 years.", "contents": "Transvenous atrial pacing with a new electrode. The unique concept of an atrioventricular electrode is presented. This transvenous electrode is incorporated into one body and has the mechanical advantages of double fixation and atrial or ventricular sensing or pacing. With the \"extension wire principle,\" it can be used for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes, short- or long-term pacing. The optimal pacemaker setting can be adjusted according to the individual needs of the patient and can easily be converted to a permanent system. This atrioventricular electrode was used for long-term atrial pacing in 4 patients with tachyarrhythmia syndrome. There were no electrode-related complications. Atrial pacing was maintained in all patients. The longest follow-up period was 2 1/2 years.", "PMID": 1117746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5732", "title": "Tricuspid atresia with christmas disease (hemophilia B). Report of a case.", "content": "A case combining Christmas disease and tricuspid atresia is presented. A severe coagulation defect in a hypoxic, polycythemic patient poses an added grave risk to major surgery. In the presence of marked and worsening symptoms, however, major surgery can be performed in these difficult cases. Close liason with a skilled hematology department is essential. Minimal tissue dissection is advised, and the usefulness of a reversed saphenous vein conduit is described.", "contents": "Tricuspid atresia with christmas disease (hemophilia B). Report of a case. A case combining Christmas disease and tricuspid atresia is presented. A severe coagulation defect in a hypoxic, polycythemic patient poses an added grave risk to major surgery. In the presence of marked and worsening symptoms, however, major surgery can be performed in these difficult cases. Close liason with a skilled hematology department is essential. Minimal tissue dissection is advised, and the usefulness of a reversed saphenous vein conduit is described.", "PMID": 1117747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5733", "title": "Macroscopic enzyme-mapping verification of large, homogeneous, experimental myocardial infarcts of predictable size and location in dogs.", "content": "Difficulty is frequently experienced in producing a large homogeneous myocardial infarct in the dog heart because of the extensive network of coronary anastomoses. This problem may be overcome by combining the ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery with agar injection into the distal coronary vasculature to obliterate anastomotic channels. All infarcts produced in this manner occupied a constant area in the anterior wall of the left ventricle. From our results in 25 dogs, the individual infarct averaged 12.3 Gm. in weight (range 9.4 to 13.5), representing 25 to 30 per cent of the total left ventricular muscle mass. The homogeneity of the infarct was verified by a simple, macroscopic enzyme-mapping technique based on the inability of the ischemic (dehydrogenase-deficient) myocardium to reduce triphenyl tetrazolium chloride and by detailed histologic studies. Apart from providing ample raw material for comprehensive morphologic, chemical, histochemical, and radioisotopic analyses, a large myocardial infarct also serves as a useful experimental model for various physiological and hemodynamic studies of cardiogenic shock and left ventricular akinesis.", "contents": "Macroscopic enzyme-mapping verification of large, homogeneous, experimental myocardial infarcts of predictable size and location in dogs. Difficulty is frequently experienced in producing a large homogeneous myocardial infarct in the dog heart because of the extensive network of coronary anastomoses. This problem may be overcome by combining the ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery with agar injection into the distal coronary vasculature to obliterate anastomotic channels. All infarcts produced in this manner occupied a constant area in the anterior wall of the left ventricle. From our results in 25 dogs, the individual infarct averaged 12.3 Gm. in weight (range 9.4 to 13.5), representing 25 to 30 per cent of the total left ventricular muscle mass. The homogeneity of the infarct was verified by a simple, macroscopic enzyme-mapping technique based on the inability of the ischemic (dehydrogenase-deficient) myocardium to reduce triphenyl tetrazolium chloride and by detailed histologic studies. Apart from providing ample raw material for comprehensive morphologic, chemical, histochemical, and radioisotopic analyses, a large myocardial infarct also serves as a useful experimental model for various physiological and hemodynamic studies of cardiogenic shock and left ventricular akinesis.", "PMID": 1117748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5734", "title": "Internodal conduction. Immediate and long-term effects of transverse circular incision of right atrium including atrial septum.", "content": "Immediate and long-term effects of a transverse circular incision of the entire right atrium, including the atrial septum, on internodal conduction were studied in 7 dogs. Electrocardiograms were followed up to 35 weeks, and the atrial epicardial excitation sequence was evaluated in all 7 dogs. The findings were compared with data from 3 normal dogs and 3 other dogs which underwent total atrial transverse incisions. All dogs with total atrial separation developed complete atrioventricular (A-V) block immediately after the operation and died within 3 days. All dogs with right atrial interruption exhibited persistent sinus rhythm with slight extension of P-R intervals and a normal QRS immediately after the operation. The mean P-R interval reached its maximum at the fourth day (50 per cent increase), remained prolonged through the first week, but returned to near control valves after 12 weeks. Three days later developed transient arrhythmia; sinus arrhythmia; sinus arrhythmia in 2 dogs and second-degree block in 1 appeared between the tenth and fourteenth postoperative days. Postoperative P vectors migrated toward the left. Atrial excitation sequence studies demonstrated prolongation of atrial epicardial conduction intervals (2.3 times) between the sinus node and distal right atrial wall. The presence of an interatrial conduction mechanism (whether by specific pathways or not), through which sinus node excitation was transmitted to the A-V node was demonstrated.", "contents": "Internodal conduction. Immediate and long-term effects of transverse circular incision of right atrium including atrial septum. Immediate and long-term effects of a transverse circular incision of the entire right atrium, including the atrial septum, on internodal conduction were studied in 7 dogs. Electrocardiograms were followed up to 35 weeks, and the atrial epicardial excitation sequence was evaluated in all 7 dogs. The findings were compared with data from 3 normal dogs and 3 other dogs which underwent total atrial transverse incisions. All dogs with total atrial separation developed complete atrioventricular (A-V) block immediately after the operation and died within 3 days. All dogs with right atrial interruption exhibited persistent sinus rhythm with slight extension of P-R intervals and a normal QRS immediately after the operation. The mean P-R interval reached its maximum at the fourth day (50 per cent increase), remained prolonged through the first week, but returned to near control valves after 12 weeks. Three days later developed transient arrhythmia; sinus arrhythmia; sinus arrhythmia in 2 dogs and second-degree block in 1 appeared between the tenth and fourteenth postoperative days. Postoperative P vectors migrated toward the left. Atrial excitation sequence studies demonstrated prolongation of atrial epicardial conduction intervals (2.3 times) between the sinus node and distal right atrial wall. The presence of an interatrial conduction mechanism (whether by specific pathways or not), through which sinus node excitation was transmitted to the A-V node was demonstrated.", "PMID": 1117749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5735", "title": "Surgical management for acute coronary insufficiency with three year's follow-up.", "content": "In this report, acute coronary sufficiency is defined as unstable angina requiring narcotics for relief and an unstable electrocardiogram with or without transient mild enzyme elevations. Forty-five consecutive patients with this syndrome underwent coronary artery grafting with the saphenous vein within 48 hours of the onset of symptoms. They were followed for 3 years. There was an 8.8 per cent operative mortality rate. One long-term survivor sustained a fatal myocardial infarction 18 months postoperatively. One nonfatal myocardial infarction occurred 6 weeks postoperatively. Therefore, the 3 year cumulative mortality rate was 11 per cent and the 3 year myocardial infarction rate was 4 per cent. Thirty-eight patients are in Class I clinical status, 1 is in Class II, and 1 is in Class III.", "contents": "Surgical management for acute coronary insufficiency with three year's follow-up. In this report, acute coronary sufficiency is defined as unstable angina requiring narcotics for relief and an unstable electrocardiogram with or without transient mild enzyme elevations. Forty-five consecutive patients with this syndrome underwent coronary artery grafting with the saphenous vein within 48 hours of the onset of symptoms. They were followed for 3 years. There was an 8.8 per cent operative mortality rate. One long-term survivor sustained a fatal myocardial infarction 18 months postoperatively. One nonfatal myocardial infarction occurred 6 weeks postoperatively. Therefore, the 3 year cumulative mortality rate was 11 per cent and the 3 year myocardial infarction rate was 4 per cent. Thirty-eight patients are in Class I clinical status, 1 is in Class II, and 1 is in Class III.", "PMID": 1117750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5736", "title": "The profile and surgical management of mitral stenosis in young patients.", "content": "Mitral stenosis in the younger age groups in India is a unique condition characterized by a short duration and a rapid progression of symptoms. The majority of patients with this lesion develop pulmonary hypertension at an accelerated pace, and about one third have associated congestive failure and functional tricuspid regurgitation. Five hundred consecutive patients with this condition were treated surgically, 493 with a closed valvotomy. The over-all hospital mortality rate of 5.8 per cent was related to the severity of the preoperative functional status. In the last 150 cases, the figure dropped to 2 per cent. Assessment during the first 5 years after surgery revealed an excellent functional status in 85 per cent. The incidence of restenosis was only 3.4 per cent in the first 5 year period and 11 per cent in a subsequent 6 to 10 year follow-up period. Twenty of the 21 subjects with restenosis had an excellent functional result following closed transventricular valvotomy, and this status has been maintained during the follow-up period. To our knowledge, there are no other reports of long-term follow-up data in young patients undergoing surgical treatment for mitral stenosis.", "contents": "The profile and surgical management of mitral stenosis in young patients. Mitral stenosis in the younger age groups in India is a unique condition characterized by a short duration and a rapid progression of symptoms. The majority of patients with this lesion develop pulmonary hypertension at an accelerated pace, and about one third have associated congestive failure and functional tricuspid regurgitation. Five hundred consecutive patients with this condition were treated surgically, 493 with a closed valvotomy. The over-all hospital mortality rate of 5.8 per cent was related to the severity of the preoperative functional status. In the last 150 cases, the figure dropped to 2 per cent. Assessment during the first 5 years after surgery revealed an excellent functional status in 85 per cent. The incidence of restenosis was only 3.4 per cent in the first 5 year period and 11 per cent in a subsequent 6 to 10 year follow-up period. Twenty of the 21 subjects with restenosis had an excellent functional result following closed transventricular valvotomy, and this status has been maintained during the follow-up period. To our knowledge, there are no other reports of long-term follow-up data in young patients undergoing surgical treatment for mitral stenosis.", "PMID": 1117751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5737", "title": "The effect of different methods of protecting the myocardium on lysosomal activation and acid phosphatase activity in the dog heart after one hour of cardiopulmonary bypass.", "content": "The present study was undertaken to determine the involvement of cardiac lyososomes in injury to the myocardium after cardiopulmonary bypass. Twenty conditioned mongrel dogs, weighing 15 to 18 kilograms, were fasted overnight, anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital (30 mg. per kilogram), intubated, and maintained on positive-pressure ventilation. The femoral artery and femoral vein were cannulated for pressure measurements. After median sternotomy, intravenous heparin was administered (3 mg. per kilogram) before the aorta and the superior and inferior venae cavae were cannulated for bypass. Bypass was instituted with a Travenol modular pump and a Bentley pediatric bubble oxygenator and heat exchanger. The ultrastructural effects on the myocardium and the acid phosphatase activity in the left ventricle were compared in dogs exposed to bypass for 1 hour with varying types of myocardial support: perfusion of the coronary arteries, normothermic ischemic arrest, or selective cardiac hypothermia. The morphology of control hearts and hearts fixed after 1 hour of coronary perfusion were similar. The distribution and structure of subcellular lysosomes were the same and showed identical patterns of acid phosphatase activity. Normothermic ischemic arrest was associated with a loss of glycogen stores, disrupted sarcoplasmic reticulum and T tubules, vacuolization and decrease in matrix density of mitochondria, and separation of the intercalated discs. Lysosomal activity was absent except for occasional residual bodies in the nuclear pole zone of the myocardial cells. Selective cardiac hypothermia produced results superior to those from normothermic ischemic arrest. Although these hearts showed proliferation of the lysosomal compartment, the organelles responsible for excitation-contraction coupling were spared.", "contents": "The effect of different methods of protecting the myocardium on lysosomal activation and acid phosphatase activity in the dog heart after one hour of cardiopulmonary bypass. The present study was undertaken to determine the involvement of cardiac lyososomes in injury to the myocardium after cardiopulmonary bypass. Twenty conditioned mongrel dogs, weighing 15 to 18 kilograms, were fasted overnight, anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital (30 mg. per kilogram), intubated, and maintained on positive-pressure ventilation. The femoral artery and femoral vein were cannulated for pressure measurements. After median sternotomy, intravenous heparin was administered (3 mg. per kilogram) before the aorta and the superior and inferior venae cavae were cannulated for bypass. Bypass was instituted with a Travenol modular pump and a Bentley pediatric bubble oxygenator and heat exchanger. The ultrastructural effects on the myocardium and the acid phosphatase activity in the left ventricle were compared in dogs exposed to bypass for 1 hour with varying types of myocardial support: perfusion of the coronary arteries, normothermic ischemic arrest, or selective cardiac hypothermia. The morphology of control hearts and hearts fixed after 1 hour of coronary perfusion were similar. The distribution and structure of subcellular lysosomes were the same and showed identical patterns of acid phosphatase activity. Normothermic ischemic arrest was associated with a loss of glycogen stores, disrupted sarcoplasmic reticulum and T tubules, vacuolization and decrease in matrix density of mitochondria, and separation of the intercalated discs. Lysosomal activity was absent except for occasional residual bodies in the nuclear pole zone of the myocardial cells. Selective cardiac hypothermia produced results superior to those from normothermic ischemic arrest. Although these hearts showed proliferation of the lysosomal compartment, the organelles responsible for excitation-contraction coupling were spared.", "PMID": 1117752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5738", "title": "Stimulation tests for diagnosis of medullary thyroid carcinoma.", "content": "We compared the maximal calcitonin secretion produced by pentagastrin, calcium, and glucagon for preoperative detection of medullary thyroid carcinoma in four subjects with normal or slightly increased plasma immunoreactive calcitonin (iCT) levels. In each case, pentagastrin administration produced higher peak iCT levels (5- to 36-fold increases over basal) than did calcium infusion (by 1.9- to 10.3-fold) and glucagon administration (by 3.6- to 27.4-fold). These preliminary studies suggest that pentagastrin is an effective agent for use in rapid stimulation tests designed to detectmedullary thyroid carcinoma in asymptomatic patients who have normal basal iCT concentrations.", "contents": "Stimulation tests for diagnosis of medullary thyroid carcinoma. We compared the maximal calcitonin secretion produced by pentagastrin, calcium, and glucagon for preoperative detection of medullary thyroid carcinoma in four subjects with normal or slightly increased plasma immunoreactive calcitonin (iCT) levels. In each case, pentagastrin administration produced higher peak iCT levels (5- to 36-fold increases over basal) than did calcium infusion (by 1.9- to 10.3-fold) and glucagon administration (by 3.6- to 27.4-fold). These preliminary studies suggest that pentagastrin is an effective agent for use in rapid stimulation tests designed to detectmedullary thyroid carcinoma in asymptomatic patients who have normal basal iCT concentrations.", "PMID": 1117754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5739", "title": "Summated auditory evoked potentials in the cerebellum and inferior colliculus in the young rat.", "content": "The summated auditory evoked responses recorded at the superior surface and depth of the cerebellum of the young rat had a similar latency and configuration as did summated auditory evoked potentials in the inferior colliculus. Electric stimulation of the inferior colliculus did not evoke a response (other than the shock-artifact response) at the cerebellum. Stimulation of the cerebellum did not modify the evoked responses to click in the inferior colliculus (unless current levels were large enough to cause current spread to the brain stem). There is insufficient evidence to conclude that the cerebellum has an auditory receiving area in the young rat.", "contents": "Summated auditory evoked potentials in the cerebellum and inferior colliculus in the young rat. The summated auditory evoked responses recorded at the superior surface and depth of the cerebellum of the young rat had a similar latency and configuration as did summated auditory evoked potentials in the inferior colliculus. Electric stimulation of the inferior colliculus did not evoke a response (other than the shock-artifact response) at the cerebellum. Stimulation of the cerebellum did not modify the evoked responses to click in the inferior colliculus (unless current levels were large enough to cause current spread to the brain stem). There is insufficient evidence to conclude that the cerebellum has an auditory receiving area in the young rat.", "PMID": 1117755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5740", "title": "Fluttering of atrioventricular valves in patients with d-transposition of the great arteries after Mustard operation: an echographic observation.", "content": "Postoperative echocardiograms were obtained in conjunction with cardiac catheterization in 14 patients with d-transposition of the great arteries who had undergone the Mustard operation. All 14 patients had atrioventricular valve fluttering demonstrated echographically, although the degree and type of fluttering of both valves varied in each patient. Significant tricuspid valve fluttering was not demonstrated in two patients. Atrioventricular valve fluttering was not related to any one hemodynamic residual. The study suggests that atrioventricular valve fluttering was related to the relatively restrictive atrial tunnel, resulting in turbulent blood flow across these valves. Two patients with d-transposition of the great arteries who underwent repair by the Rastelli operation (without an intra-atrial baffle) did not have atrioventricular valve fluttering.", "contents": "Fluttering of atrioventricular valves in patients with d-transposition of the great arteries after Mustard operation: an echographic observation. Postoperative echocardiograms were obtained in conjunction with cardiac catheterization in 14 patients with d-transposition of the great arteries who had undergone the Mustard operation. All 14 patients had atrioventricular valve fluttering demonstrated echographically, although the degree and type of fluttering of both valves varied in each patient. Significant tricuspid valve fluttering was not demonstrated in two patients. Atrioventricular valve fluttering was not related to any one hemodynamic residual. The study suggests that atrioventricular valve fluttering was related to the relatively restrictive atrial tunnel, resulting in turbulent blood flow across these valves. Two patients with d-transposition of the great arteries who underwent repair by the Rastelli operation (without an intra-atrial baffle) did not have atrioventricular valve fluttering.", "PMID": 1117756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5741", "title": "Thyroid radioiodine uptakes and scans in euthyroid patients.", "content": "A substantial increase in the dietary iodide intake in many communities has caused a major increase in the total iodide pool in the body and a consequent decrease in the normal thyroid radioiodine uptake. Because of the pronounced regional variations in iodide supplementation of food, and because the effects of this additional dietary intake on radioiodine uptake are so large, a redefinition of the normal range of thyroid radioiodine uptake values in patients seen at this institution was thought to be indicated. The results of 6-hour and 24-hour thyroid radioiodine uptake studies in 44 euthyroid subjects, with scan data on the 20 who were studied with 123-I, are consistent with other reports indicating that the current normal thyroid radioiodine uptake values are lower than those accepted several years ago.", "contents": "Thyroid radioiodine uptakes and scans in euthyroid patients. A substantial increase in the dietary iodide intake in many communities has caused a major increase in the total iodide pool in the body and a consequent decrease in the normal thyroid radioiodine uptake. Because of the pronounced regional variations in iodide supplementation of food, and because the effects of this additional dietary intake on radioiodine uptake are so large, a redefinition of the normal range of thyroid radioiodine uptake values in patients seen at this institution was thought to be indicated. The results of 6-hour and 24-hour thyroid radioiodine uptake studies in 44 euthyroid subjects, with scan data on the 20 who were studied with 123-I, are consistent with other reports indicating that the current normal thyroid radioiodine uptake values are lower than those accepted several years ago.", "PMID": 1117757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5742", "title": "Changes in plasma renin substrate, plasma and renal renin, and plasma osmolarity during glycerol-induced acute renal failure in rabbits.", "content": "Seven groups of rabbits were studied before or at various intervals after the subcutaneous administration of 50 percent glycerol in isotonic saline (14 ml/kg).  A sharp increase in plasma crystalloid osmolarity, due to glycerol reabsorption from the subcutaneous tissue, was detected at 1.5 and 6 hours and was maximal between 12 and 20 hours.  Plasma renin activity did not change at 1.5 hours, but it was significantly elevated at 6 hours and maximally increased between 12 and 20 hours.  The increase of plasma crystalloid osmolarity might contribute to renin release in this experimental model.  Changes in renal renin levels after the administration of glycerol were not significant, although lower renal renin values were consistently found in rabbits with more severe impairment of renal function.  Plasma renin substrate increased later than plasma renin activity (20 hours) and remained high after plasma renin activity had returned to normal (48 hours).  The increase of plasma renin substrate was interpreted as mainly due to the impairment of renal function, since a positive correlation was found between plasma creatinine and plasma renin substrate.", "contents": "Changes in plasma renin substrate, plasma and renal renin, and plasma osmolarity during glycerol-induced acute renal failure in rabbits. Seven groups of rabbits were studied before or at various intervals after the subcutaneous administration of 50 percent glycerol in isotonic saline (14 ml/kg).  A sharp increase in plasma crystalloid osmolarity, due to glycerol reabsorption from the subcutaneous tissue, was detected at 1.5 and 6 hours and was maximal between 12 and 20 hours.  Plasma renin activity did not change at 1.5 hours, but it was significantly elevated at 6 hours and maximally increased between 12 and 20 hours.  The increase of plasma crystalloid osmolarity might contribute to renin release in this experimental model.  Changes in renal renin levels after the administration of glycerol were not significant, although lower renal renin values were consistently found in rabbits with more severe impairment of renal function.  Plasma renin substrate increased later than plasma renin activity (20 hours) and remained high after plasma renin activity had returned to normal (48 hours).  The increase of plasma renin substrate was interpreted as mainly due to the impairment of renal function, since a positive correlation was found between plasma creatinine and plasma renin substrate.", "PMID": 1117758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5743", "title": "Influence of primary bile acid feeding on cholesterol metabolism and hepatic function in the rhesus monkey.", "content": "In three healthy rhesus monkeys fed chenodeoxycholic (chenic) acid, there was no consistent increase in the total exchangeable cholesterol pool or input to the cholesterol pool.  In three similar monkeys fed cholic acid, the total exchangeable pool increased in all animals and input to the cholesterol pool increased in two.  Serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) increased transiently in two animals in each group.  Morphologic abnormalities (triaditis with atypical ductular proliferation) were noted in one animal; this animal was ingesting chenic acid but had normal liver test results at the time of biopsy.  Biliary bile acids contained 8 to 14 percent lithocholic acid in the chenic acid group and 48 to 72 percent deoxycholic acid in the cholic acid group.", "contents": "Influence of primary bile acid feeding on cholesterol metabolism and hepatic function in the rhesus monkey. In three healthy rhesus monkeys fed chenodeoxycholic (chenic) acid, there was no consistent increase in the total exchangeable cholesterol pool or input to the cholesterol pool.  In three similar monkeys fed cholic acid, the total exchangeable pool increased in all animals and input to the cholesterol pool increased in two.  Serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) increased transiently in two animals in each group.  Morphologic abnormalities (triaditis with atypical ductular proliferation) were noted in one animal; this animal was ingesting chenic acid but had normal liver test results at the time of biopsy.  Biliary bile acids contained 8 to 14 percent lithocholic acid in the chenic acid group and 48 to 72 percent deoxycholic acid in the cholic acid group.", "PMID": 1117759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5744", "title": "An unusual compressive syndrome of the cauda equina.", "content": "An unusual case of a capillary hemangioma of the filum terminale is presented.  The successful removal returned the patient to an asymptomatic state.", "contents": "An unusual compressive syndrome of the cauda equina. An unusual case of a capillary hemangioma of the filum terminale is presented.  The successful removal returned the patient to an asymptomatic state.", "PMID": 1117760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5745", "title": "Nitrogen metabolism in bears: urea metabolism in summer starvation and in winter sleep and role of urinary bladder in water and nitrogen conservation.", "content": "Three bears were studied under conditions of (1) no food but access to water for 2 weeks and (2) no food or water for 3 weeks. During starvation in summer, the bears could not inhibit the net production of urea but used lean body mass; when denied access to water as well, the bears became dehydrated and azotemic. Urea was continuously formed and degraded in the winter. Arginase activity in liver increased in winter sleep; hepatic steatosis and inflammatory reactions were also noted. The urinary bladder readsorbed labeled urea and D20 in winter; the rate of absorption of urea was equal to the rate of excretion of it into the bladder. The ability to preserve lean body mass during winter sleep apparently is a special mechanism associated with the induction of winter sleep. Bears cannot duplicate this feat during summertime starvation. In winter sleep, urea is formed and degraded but the nitrogen produced is conserved in some manner that maintains the total nitrogen pool constant. The urinary bladder plays a central role in maintaining the state of winter sleep by absorbing water and solute at a rate equal to their entry into the urinary bladder.", "contents": "Nitrogen metabolism in bears: urea metabolism in summer starvation and in winter sleep and role of urinary bladder in water and nitrogen conservation. Three bears were studied under conditions of (1) no food but access to water for 2 weeks and (2) no food or water for 3 weeks. During starvation in summer, the bears could not inhibit the net production of urea but used lean body mass; when denied access to water as well, the bears became dehydrated and azotemic. Urea was continuously formed and degraded in the winter. Arginase activity in liver increased in winter sleep; hepatic steatosis and inflammatory reactions were also noted. The urinary bladder readsorbed labeled urea and D20 in winter; the rate of absorption of urea was equal to the rate of excretion of it into the bladder. The ability to preserve lean body mass during winter sleep apparently is a special mechanism associated with the induction of winter sleep. Bears cannot duplicate this feat during summertime starvation. In winter sleep, urea is formed and degraded but the nitrogen produced is conserved in some manner that maintains the total nitrogen pool constant. The urinary bladder plays a central role in maintaining the state of winter sleep by absorbing water and solute at a rate equal to their entry into the urinary bladder.", "PMID": 1117761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5746", "title": "Pancreatography in the diagnosis of carcinoma of the pancreas.", "content": "Until recently the pancreas was regarded as one of the most diagnostically unapproachable organs. Tests of function were for the most part indirect, and results tended to be misleading. Endoscopic pancreatography has proved useful in the investigation of diseases of the pancreas and the biliary tree, and has become routine in several gastroenterology centers around the world. Experience with the procedure in patients with suspected carcinoma of the pancreas is reviewed.", "contents": "Pancreatography in the diagnosis of carcinoma of the pancreas. Until recently the pancreas was regarded as one of the most diagnostically unapproachable organs. Tests of function were for the most part indirect, and results tended to be misleading. Endoscopic pancreatography has proved useful in the investigation of diseases of the pancreas and the biliary tree, and has become routine in several gastroenterology centers around the world. Experience with the procedure in patients with suspected carcinoma of the pancreas is reviewed.", "PMID": 1117762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5747", "title": "Role of liver scanning in the diagnosis of hepatic metastases.", "content": "Liver scanning is quite useful in detecting metastases, particularly when none are suspected clinically, and obviates the need for more elaborate and expensive examinations in about half the cases in the series analyzed here.", "contents": "Role of liver scanning in the diagnosis of hepatic metastases. Liver scanning is quite useful in detecting metastases, particularly when none are suspected clinically, and obviates the need for more elaborate and expensive examinations in about half the cases in the series analyzed here.", "PMID": 1117763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5748", "title": "Diagnostic approaches in metastatic lung disease.", "content": "Procedures such as bronchoscopy, bronchial brushing, pleural needle biopsy, mediastinoscopy, and percutaneous aspiration and trephine needle biopsy afford the specialist in pulmonary medicine a wide diagnostic armamentarium and considerable flexibility in the diagnostic management of patients with metastatic lung disease.", "contents": "Diagnostic approaches in metastatic lung disease. Procedures such as bronchoscopy, bronchial brushing, pleural needle biopsy, mediastinoscopy, and percutaneous aspiration and trephine needle biopsy afford the specialist in pulmonary medicine a wide diagnostic armamentarium and considerable flexibility in the diagnostic management of patients with metastatic lung disease.", "PMID": 1117764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5749", "title": "Current philosophy in treatment of primary cancer of the breast.", "content": "In response to widespread public and professional controversy over the treatment of primary carcinoma of the breast, an attempt is made to assemble a series of facts that most authorities will agree on, to evaluate the threads of consistency that run through most clinical studies, to develop an overall conceptualization of the disease process, and to place these in the context of contemporary medical management and societal attitudes.", "contents": "Current philosophy in treatment of primary cancer of the breast. In response to widespread public and professional controversy over the treatment of primary carcinoma of the breast, an attempt is made to assemble a series of facts that most authorities will agree on, to evaluate the threads of consistency that run through most clinical studies, to develop an overall conceptualization of the disease process, and to place these in the context of contemporary medical management and societal attitudes.", "PMID": 1117765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5750", "title": "Changinc concepts in malignant melanoma.", "content": "Melanoma currently offers challenges to the medical profession. Opportunities for early detection, development of rational immunotherapy, and gains in curability are unparalled because of the recently defined aspects of early recognition, its cutaneous location, the long periods of superficial lateral growth, the increasing incidence, and the many fascinating immunologic aspects of melanoma.", "contents": "Changinc concepts in malignant melanoma. Melanoma currently offers challenges to the medical profession. Opportunities for early detection, development of rational immunotherapy, and gains in curability are unparalled because of the recently defined aspects of early recognition, its cutaneous location, the long periods of superficial lateral growth, the increasing incidence, and the many fascinating immunologic aspects of melanoma.", "PMID": 1117766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5751", "title": "Changing epidemiology of lung cancer. Increasing incidence in women.", "content": "Recent worldwide reports show a large increase in the incidence of lung cancer in both men and women. To detail changes in the epidemiology of lung cancer relating to the incidence in men and women, we reviewed the patterns of diagnosis of 1145 patients with lung cancer seen at the Lahey Clinic between 1956 and 1972, during which time the proportion of all men and women seen was unchanged. The total number of women with lung cancer increased greatly and has almost doubled during this period. Lung cancer in women is now increasing at a faster rate than in men so that the male to female incidence has decreased from 6.8/1 (1957 to 1960) to 2.4/1 (1969 to 1972). We reviewed in detail the case histories and pathology of 231 women with lung cancer. No significant change was evident in cell type distribution during the study years. The most frequently seen tumors in women were adenocarcinoma (31 per cent), undifferentiated large cell cancer (22 per cent), epidermoid carcinoma (16 per cent), and undifferentiated small cell carcinoma (12 per cent). Among those women with known smoking histories, the group most responsible for the recent increase in women with lung cancer was comprised of smoking women in whom Kreyberg group 1 (smoking-related) tumors developed.", "contents": "Changing epidemiology of lung cancer. Increasing incidence in women. Recent worldwide reports show a large increase in the incidence of lung cancer in both men and women. To detail changes in the epidemiology of lung cancer relating to the incidence in men and women, we reviewed the patterns of diagnosis of 1145 patients with lung cancer seen at the Lahey Clinic between 1956 and 1972, during which time the proportion of all men and women seen was unchanged. The total number of women with lung cancer increased greatly and has almost doubled during this period. Lung cancer in women is now increasing at a faster rate than in men so that the male to female incidence has decreased from 6.8/1 (1957 to 1960) to 2.4/1 (1969 to 1972). We reviewed in detail the case histories and pathology of 231 women with lung cancer. No significant change was evident in cell type distribution during the study years. The most frequently seen tumors in women were adenocarcinoma (31 per cent), undifferentiated large cell cancer (22 per cent), epidermoid carcinoma (16 per cent), and undifferentiated small cell carcinoma (12 per cent). Among those women with known smoking histories, the group most responsible for the recent increase in women with lung cancer was comprised of smoking women in whom Kreyberg group 1 (smoking-related) tumors developed.", "PMID": 1117767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5752", "title": "Immunologic approach to cancer therapy.", "content": "The resistance that many cancer patients show to the progress of their disease, attested to by well documented cases of spontaneous regressions as in neuroblastoma, hypernephroma, choriocarcinoma and malignant melanoma, and the long-term dormancy of multiple metastases seen particularly after removal of a primary mass, can be explained only by host defense mechanisms. Attemps at immunotherapy over the years are reviewed and new directions are presented.", "contents": "Immunologic approach to cancer therapy. The resistance that many cancer patients show to the progress of their disease, attested to by well documented cases of spontaneous regressions as in neuroblastoma, hypernephroma, choriocarcinoma and malignant melanoma, and the long-term dormancy of multiple metastases seen particularly after removal of a primary mass, can be explained only by host defense mechanisms. Attemps at immunotherapy over the years are reviewed and new directions are presented.", "PMID": 1117768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5753", "title": "Growth kinetics of solid tumors. Implications for chemotherapy.", "content": "More precise definition of the cytokinetic parameters of human tumor growth will clearly help both in predicting the outcome of disease in individual patients and in planning the dosage schedules of single chemotherapeutic agents and combinations of agents to achieve optimal results.", "contents": "Growth kinetics of solid tumors. Implications for chemotherapy. More precise definition of the cytokinetic parameters of human tumor growth will clearly help both in predicting the outcome of disease in individual patients and in planning the dosage schedules of single chemotherapeutic agents and combinations of agents to achieve optimal results.", "PMID": 1117769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5754", "title": "Recent thoughts on the development of colorectal cancer.", "content": "Considerable evidence demonstrates that a relationship may exist between adenomatous polyps and carcinoma. While the evidence may be circumstantial, it is not unimpressive. A recently completed 18 year follow-up of patients with benign polyps initially fulgurated demonstrates a statistically significant higher incidence of the development in colorectal carcinoma in these patients than in the unaffected population.", "contents": "Recent thoughts on the development of colorectal cancer. Considerable evidence demonstrates that a relationship may exist between adenomatous polyps and carcinoma. While the evidence may be circumstantial, it is not unimpressive. A recently completed 18 year follow-up of patients with benign polyps initially fulgurated demonstrates a statistically significant higher incidence of the development in colorectal carcinoma in these patients than in the unaffected population.", "PMID": 1117770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5755", "title": "Management of Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas.", "content": "These diseases of the lymphoreticular system with neoplastic alteration of the involved tissues represent different entities and show marked variability in their clinical manifestations, pathologic behavior, prognosis, and response to treatment. New diagnostic, histopathologic, and therapeutic concepts in the past decade have led to significant advances in the care and management of these patients, particularly those with Hodgkin's disease.", "contents": "Management of Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. These diseases of the lymphoreticular system with neoplastic alteration of the involved tissues represent different entities and show marked variability in their clinical manifestations, pathologic behavior, prognosis, and response to treatment. New diagnostic, histopathologic, and therapeutic concepts in the past decade have led to significant advances in the care and management of these patients, particularly those with Hodgkin's disease.", "PMID": 1117771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5756", "title": "Hypercalcemia and malignant disease.", "content": "Virtually any malignancy may lead to hypercalcemia, but carcinoma of the breast, myeloma, and carcinoma of the lung are especially frequent offenders. A more difficult diagnostic problem is posed by the \"silent\" tumor which secretes a substance causing hypercalcemia. Foremost in this category are bronchogenic carcimona and hypernephroma.", "contents": "Hypercalcemia and malignant disease. Virtually any malignancy may lead to hypercalcemia, but carcinoma of the breast, myeloma, and carcinoma of the lung are especially frequent offenders. A more difficult diagnostic problem is posed by the \"silent\" tumor which secretes a substance causing hypercalcemia. Foremost in this category are bronchogenic carcimona and hypernephroma.", "PMID": 1117772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5757", "title": "Fluid and electrolyte problems in patients with advanced carcinoma.", "content": "Brief outlines of these problems serve to suggest some etiologic factors in their production. The patient seldom presents with a single or simple cause or solution. The body reacts with compensations or side effects, and suffers complications and mixed disorders -- all of which probabilities must be investigated and appreciated before rational therapy can be initiated.", "contents": "Fluid and electrolyte problems in patients with advanced carcinoma. Brief outlines of these problems serve to suggest some etiologic factors in their production. The patient seldom presents with a single or simple cause or solution. The body reacts with compensations or side effects, and suffers complications and mixed disorders -- all of which probabilities must be investigated and appreciated before rational therapy can be initiated.", "PMID": 1117773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5758", "title": "Cancer of the thyroid.", "content": "These relatively infrequent tumors intrigue both clinican and researcher. Each histologic type posesses its own distinctive natural history, controversy surrounds therapeutic programs, and prognosis is influenced by multiple factors, varying from a fatal outcome within a few months to a nearly normal life expectancy. Since fatalities do occur in patients with well differentiated cancers, a more aggressive approach to all thyroid nodules would improve current survival rates.", "contents": "Cancer of the thyroid. These relatively infrequent tumors intrigue both clinican and researcher. Each histologic type posesses its own distinctive natural history, controversy surrounds therapeutic programs, and prognosis is influenced by multiple factors, varying from a fatal outcome within a few months to a nearly normal life expectancy. Since fatalities do occur in patients with well differentiated cancers, a more aggressive approach to all thyroid nodules would improve current survival rates.", "PMID": 1117774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5759", "title": "Neurosurgical treatment of pain caused by cancer.", "content": "While pain can be a most useful symptom, it becomes a problem requiring attention when it causes or increases the patient's anxiety, prevents sleep, or starts the patient on a vicious cycle of increasing doses of narcotics with concomitant depression, anorexia, and lethargy. Various surgical modalities and their indications are discussed.", "contents": "Neurosurgical treatment of pain caused by cancer. While pain can be a most useful symptom, it becomes a problem requiring attention when it causes or increases the patient's anxiety, prevents sleep, or starts the patient on a vicious cycle of increasing doses of narcotics with concomitant depression, anorexia, and lethargy. Various surgical modalities and their indications are discussed.", "PMID": 1117775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5760", "title": "Indications for neurosurgical intervention in metastatic lesions of the central nervous system.", "content": "The broad spectrum between highly malignant metastatic tumors and more favorable, slow-growing, even solitary lesions makes it impossible to establish rigid criteria for deciding whether to operate on a metastatic lesion. The major objective is to prolong life and function without adding to the patient's pain or discomfort.", "contents": "Indications for neurosurgical intervention in metastatic lesions of the central nervous system. The broad spectrum between highly malignant metastatic tumors and more favorable, slow-growing, even solitary lesions makes it impossible to establish rigid criteria for deciding whether to operate on a metastatic lesion. The major objective is to prolong life and function without adding to the patient's pain or discomfort.", "PMID": 1117776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5761", "title": "Infections in the immunosuppressed patient.", "content": "Infections in the immunosuppressed cancer patient are caused by a wide variety of bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa; many of these in the normal individual are saprophytes but will cause disease in the immunosuppressed patient, often with treatment failure. Patterns of infection are recognized, and this should enable the physician to plan a meaningful course of action when infection occurs in the compromised host. Obviously, it would be much better to prevent rather than have to treat infection in these immunosuppressed patients. Ideally, in the future, it is hoped that drugs which have less suppressive effect on defense mechanisms will provide a partial solution to the problem of infection in the immunosuppressed patient.", "contents": "Infections in the immunosuppressed patient. Infections in the immunosuppressed cancer patient are caused by a wide variety of bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa; many of these in the normal individual are saprophytes but will cause disease in the immunosuppressed patient, often with treatment failure. Patterns of infection are recognized, and this should enable the physician to plan a meaningful course of action when infection occurs in the compromised host. Obviously, it would be much better to prevent rather than have to treat infection in these immunosuppressed patients. Ideally, in the future, it is hoped that drugs which have less suppressive effect on defense mechanisms will provide a partial solution to the problem of infection in the immunosuppressed patient.", "PMID": 1117777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5762", "title": "Effects of administration of hypolipidemic agent, 2,2'''- [ (1-methyl-4, 4-diphenylbutylidene) bis (p-phenyleneoxy)] bistriethylamine oxalate (SQ 10,591) upon cholesterol esterification by aorta, adrenal, and testes of cholesterol-fed rabbits].", "content": "Administration of 2,2'''-([1-methyl-4, 4-diphenylbutylidene] bis(p-phenyl-eneoxy]) bistriethylamine oxalate (SQ 10,591) at 20 mg/Kg daily for 5 days to cholesterol-fed rabbits resulted in no change in aortic microsomal cholesterol esterification with a palmitoyl coenzyme A substrate or of aortic mitochondrial cholesterol esterification with a palmitate substrate. Esterification by both reactions in the adrenal was much higher than in either aorta or testes. Adrenal and testicular mitochondrial esterification and testicular microsomal esterification were inhibited significantly after SQ 10,591 administration. In vitro addition of 0.0001 M SQ 10,591 significantly inhibited both microsomal and mitochondrial cholesterol esterification in aorta, adrenal, and testes.", "contents": "Effects of administration of hypolipidemic agent, 2,2'''- [ (1-methyl-4, 4-diphenylbutylidene) bis (p-phenyleneoxy)] bistriethylamine oxalate (SQ 10,591) upon cholesterol esterification by aorta, adrenal, and testes of cholesterol-fed rabbits]. Administration of 2,2'''-([1-methyl-4, 4-diphenylbutylidene] bis(p-phenyl-eneoxy]) bistriethylamine oxalate (SQ 10,591) at 20 mg/Kg daily for 5 days to cholesterol-fed rabbits resulted in no change in aortic microsomal cholesterol esterification with a palmitoyl coenzyme A substrate or of aortic mitochondrial cholesterol esterification with a palmitate substrate. Esterification by both reactions in the adrenal was much higher than in either aorta or testes. Adrenal and testicular mitochondrial esterification and testicular microsomal esterification were inhibited significantly after SQ 10,591 administration. In vitro addition of 0.0001 M SQ 10,591 significantly inhibited both microsomal and mitochondrial cholesterol esterification in aorta, adrenal, and testes.", "PMID": 1117800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5763", "title": "Lipid and fatty acid composition of testes of quaking mice.", "content": "Testes of quaking mice (sterile mutants) and of controls were analyzed for major lipid classes and fatty acid composition. Of the main lipid classes, only cholesterol esters differed significantly in concentration between the two groups (1.01 for quakers vs 0.69 mg/g wet wt of tissue for controls). The concentration of triglycerides was 4.5-5.0 that of total phosphatides 18-19 and that of free cholesterol 1.9-2.0 mg/g for mutants and controls. The concentrations of phosphatidyl ethanolmanine and of sphingomyelin were both lower in quaking than in normal mice, but only the change in the former was statistically significant. Phosphatidyl choline was the major phosphatide (43-45% of total phosphatides) followed by phosphatidyl ethanolamine (24-26%) and sphingomyelin, phosphatidyl serine, and phosphatidyl inositol (all ca. 7% of total phosphatides). Minor differences between the mutants and controls were observed in concentrations of fatty acids of major lipid classes. The mutants, sterile because of faulty spermatid differentiation, had normal quantities of 22:6 w3 and 22:5 w6. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that the 22-carbon polyenes are associated with the formation of spermatids, rather than with their final differentiation into spermatozoa.", "contents": "Lipid and fatty acid composition of testes of quaking mice. Testes of quaking mice (sterile mutants) and of controls were analyzed for major lipid classes and fatty acid composition. Of the main lipid classes, only cholesterol esters differed significantly in concentration between the two groups (1.01 for quakers vs 0.69 mg/g wet wt of tissue for controls). The concentration of triglycerides was 4.5-5.0 that of total phosphatides 18-19 and that of free cholesterol 1.9-2.0 mg/g for mutants and controls. The concentrations of phosphatidyl ethanolmanine and of sphingomyelin were both lower in quaking than in normal mice, but only the change in the former was statistically significant. Phosphatidyl choline was the major phosphatide (43-45% of total phosphatides) followed by phosphatidyl ethanolamine (24-26%) and sphingomyelin, phosphatidyl serine, and phosphatidyl inositol (all ca. 7% of total phosphatides). Minor differences between the mutants and controls were observed in concentrations of fatty acids of major lipid classes. The mutants, sterile because of faulty spermatid differentiation, had normal quantities of 22:6 w3 and 22:5 w6. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that the 22-carbon polyenes are associated with the formation of spermatids, rather than with their final differentiation into spermatozoa.", "PMID": 1117801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5764", "title": "Separation of polyunsaturated fatty acids by argentation thin layer chromatography.", "content": "A single step, silver nitrate thin layer chromatographic procedure which separates a methyl ester mixture containing 0-6 double bonds is described. Purity of each ester recovered from the silver nitrate plate was 98-99%. Recovery of the esters ranged from 100% for saturates to 77% for pentaenes.", "contents": "Separation of polyunsaturated fatty acids by argentation thin layer chromatography. A single step, silver nitrate thin layer chromatographic procedure which separates a methyl ester mixture containing 0-6 double bonds is described. Purity of each ester recovered from the silver nitrate plate was 98-99%. Recovery of the esters ranged from 100% for saturates to 77% for pentaenes.", "PMID": 1117802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5765", "title": "Simple, rapid method for detecting phase transititons of lipids.", "content": "A simple rapid method was worked out for studying the physical and structural state of lipids by measuring the refractive indices of a layered lipid film. Melting processes of n-paraffins and phase transitions of phospholipids and the lecithin-cholesterol system also can be followed as a function of temperature. In accordance with data from the relevant literature, the measured refractive indices show that cholesterol lowers the phase transition temperature  of lecithin. By isorefraction curves, the most ordered structure of the layers is indicated to occur at the equimolar ratio of cholesterol and lecithin. The method may be applied to study the effect of lipid-soluble agents upon lipid structure and is applicable for routine investigations and industrial purposes as well.", "contents": "Simple, rapid method for detecting phase transititons of lipids. A simple rapid method was worked out for studying the physical and structural state of lipids by measuring the refractive indices of a layered lipid film. Melting processes of n-paraffins and phase transitions of phospholipids and the lecithin-cholesterol system also can be followed as a function of temperature. In accordance with data from the relevant literature, the measured refractive indices show that cholesterol lowers the phase transition temperature  of lecithin. By isorefraction curves, the most ordered structure of the layers is indicated to occur at the equimolar ratio of cholesterol and lecithin. The method may be applied to study the effect of lipid-soluble agents upon lipid structure and is applicable for routine investigations and industrial purposes as well.", "PMID": 1117803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5766", "title": "Hydrocarbons from males, females, and larvae of pecan weevil: Curculio caryae (Horn).", "content": "As part of a program to identify as many as possible of the components of the pecan weevil, Curculio caryae (Horn), the hydrocarbons from males, females, and larvae were isolated by solvent extraction and column chromatography and subjected to gas lipuid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. n-Alkanes from C14-C32 in the larvae and unsaturated and branched chain hydrocarbons from C20-C32 in males and females were found. There are no significant differences between the hydrocarbons of the male and female pecan weevils.", "contents": "Hydrocarbons from males, females, and larvae of pecan weevil: Curculio caryae (Horn). As part of a program to identify as many as possible of the components of the pecan weevil, Curculio caryae (Horn), the hydrocarbons from males, females, and larvae were isolated by solvent extraction and column chromatography and subjected to gas lipuid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. n-Alkanes from C14-C32 in the larvae and unsaturated and branched chain hydrocarbons from C20-C32 in males and females were found. There are no significant differences between the hydrocarbons of the male and female pecan weevils.", "PMID": 1117804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5767", "title": "Effect of dietary linolenic and linoleic acids upon growth and lipid metabolism of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri).", "content": "Nine diets, each containing different levels of linoleic acid (18:2 omega 6) and linolenic (18:3 omega 3) were fed to duplicate groups of rainbow trout for 14 weeks. The growth rate, feed efficiency, accumulated mortality, and fatty acid composition of neutral fat and phospholipids of these groups of fish were determined. The growth was slow in the groups of fish receiving diets containing (A) low concentration of 18:3 omega 3and (B) high concentration (5%) of 18:2 omega 6. The accumulated mortality was high in these groups of fish. The diet containing 1% of 18:3 omega 3 alone supported rapid fish growth with low mortality . The feed efficiency of this diet was also high. The metabolism of 18:2 omega 6 and 18:3 omega 3 in fish and their conversion to more unsaturated fatty acids typical of fish lipids was investigated.", "contents": "Effect of dietary linolenic and linoleic acids upon growth and lipid metabolism of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Nine diets, each containing different levels of linoleic acid (18:2 omega 6) and linolenic (18:3 omega 3) were fed to duplicate groups of rainbow trout for 14 weeks. The growth rate, feed efficiency, accumulated mortality, and fatty acid composition of neutral fat and phospholipids of these groups of fish were determined. The growth was slow in the groups of fish receiving diets containing (A) low concentration of 18:3 omega 3and (B) high concentration (5%) of 18:2 omega 6. The accumulated mortality was high in these groups of fish. The diet containing 1% of 18:3 omega 3 alone supported rapid fish growth with low mortality . The feed efficiency of this diet was also high. The metabolism of 18:2 omega 6 and 18:3 omega 3 in fish and their conversion to more unsaturated fatty acids typical of fish lipids was investigated.", "PMID": 1117805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5768", "title": "Nature of alkanes in beef heart lipids.", "content": "n-Alkanes have been found to be the major saturated hydrocarbon components in the fatty tissues on beef heart. These alkanes consist of a homologous series C14-C35, with the C29 and C31 n-alkanes being most abundant. C16, C19, and C20 isoprenoid alkanes also were identified. A C17 isoprenoid alkane tentatively was identified. The fatty tissues on beef heart contained 32 mug/g saturated hydrocarbons. The distribution pattern of these saturated hydrocarbons is in marked contrast to the alkane distribution in beef liver where branched and cyclic alkanes are predominant. The enrichment and the similarity of the n-alkane distribution in the fatty tissues on heart and in pasture plants may have implications for the physiological aspects of hydrocarbons in the diet.", "contents": "Nature of alkanes in beef heart lipids. n-Alkanes have been found to be the major saturated hydrocarbon components in the fatty tissues on beef heart. These alkanes consist of a homologous series C14-C35, with the C29 and C31 n-alkanes being most abundant. C16, C19, and C20 isoprenoid alkanes also were identified. A C17 isoprenoid alkane tentatively was identified. The fatty tissues on beef heart contained 32 mug/g saturated hydrocarbons. The distribution pattern of these saturated hydrocarbons is in marked contrast to the alkane distribution in beef liver where branched and cyclic alkanes are predominant. The enrichment and the similarity of the n-alkane distribution in the fatty tissues on heart and in pasture plants may have implications for the physiological aspects of hydrocarbons in the diet.", "PMID": 1117806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5769", "title": "Studies of lipid class and fatty acid profiles of rat mammary tumors induced by 7, 12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene.", "content": "The lipid class and fatty acid composition profiles of mammary glands of female rats fed a nutritionally adequate diet are compared to those of tumors induced in the mammary glands by intravenous injection of  dimethylbenz(a)anthracene of animals fed the same diet. Ca. 95% of the lipids of the mammary glands of the control group of animals consisted of triglycerides; glycolipids and phospholipids were present in only minor amounts. In contrast, the lipids of the mammary tumors contained much lower amounts of neutral lipids and higher concentrations of phospholipids. The glycolipid fraction was a minor component of both tissues but differed greatly in composition. The composition of the phospholipid and neutral lipid fractions, particulary the latter, of the mammary tumors also differed from that of the mammary glands of the control animals. The neutral lipids of the tumor tissues contained elevated levels of free fatty acids and cholesterol and much lower concentrations of triglyceride compared to the mammary gland lipids. Differences also were observed in the fatty acid composition of tumor and mammary gland lipid. The greatest differences occurred in the concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acids which were generally much higher in the tumor lipids.", "contents": "Studies of lipid class and fatty acid profiles of rat mammary tumors induced by 7, 12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene. The lipid class and fatty acid composition profiles of mammary glands of female rats fed a nutritionally adequate diet are compared to those of tumors induced in the mammary glands by intravenous injection of  dimethylbenz(a)anthracene of animals fed the same diet. Ca. 95% of the lipids of the mammary glands of the control group of animals consisted of triglycerides; glycolipids and phospholipids were present in only minor amounts. In contrast, the lipids of the mammary tumors contained much lower amounts of neutral lipids and higher concentrations of phospholipids. The glycolipid fraction was a minor component of both tissues but differed greatly in composition. The composition of the phospholipid and neutral lipid fractions, particulary the latter, of the mammary tumors also differed from that of the mammary glands of the control animals. The neutral lipids of the tumor tissues contained elevated levels of free fatty acids and cholesterol and much lower concentrations of triglyceride compared to the mammary gland lipids. Differences also were observed in the fatty acid composition of tumor and mammary gland lipid. The greatest differences occurred in the concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acids which were generally much higher in the tumor lipids.", "PMID": 1117807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5770", "title": "On methylating activity of L-(methyl-14C)-methionine in metabolism of phospholipids by insect Ceratitis capitata.", "content": "The methylating activity of L-(methyl-14C)-methionine in different stages of developmenent of the insect Ceratitis capitata was studied in a series of in vitro and in vivo experiments. Larval and pharate adult homogenates of the insect were used in the in vitro conditions, and the utilization of the methyl group of methionine for the synthesis of different classes of phospholipids was evaluated. Incorporation of radioactivity in lipids by pharate adult homogenates was significantly higher than that by larval homogenates. In both cases, phosphatidyl ethanolamine showed the highest levels of radioactivity incorporation. Free bases from total lipid hydrolysates were resolved and identified by paper chromatography, and the labeling was investigated by radioactivity scanning of paper chromatograms. Significant differences were observed in the activity of both stages of development of the insect. Larval and pharate adult homogenates incorporated mainly the labeled methyl groups into ethanolamine. Monmethyl ethanolamine was the only methyl derivative that appeared in the hydrolysates of lipids synthesized by larval homogenates, whereas mono-,di-and trimethyl ethanolamine clearly were detected in those synthesized by pharate adult homogeneates. Administration of L-(methyl 14C)-methionine to larvae confirmed the existence of methylation reactions in the metabolic activity of the insect.", "contents": "On methylating activity of L-(methyl-14C)-methionine in metabolism of phospholipids by insect Ceratitis capitata. The methylating activity of L-(methyl-14C)-methionine in different stages of developmenent of the insect Ceratitis capitata was studied in a series of in vitro and in vivo experiments. Larval and pharate adult homogenates of the insect were used in the in vitro conditions, and the utilization of the methyl group of methionine for the synthesis of different classes of phospholipids was evaluated. Incorporation of radioactivity in lipids by pharate adult homogenates was significantly higher than that by larval homogenates. In both cases, phosphatidyl ethanolamine showed the highest levels of radioactivity incorporation. Free bases from total lipid hydrolysates were resolved and identified by paper chromatography, and the labeling was investigated by radioactivity scanning of paper chromatograms. Significant differences were observed in the activity of both stages of development of the insect. Larval and pharate adult homogenates incorporated mainly the labeled methyl groups into ethanolamine. Monmethyl ethanolamine was the only methyl derivative that appeared in the hydrolysates of lipids synthesized by larval homogenates, whereas mono-,di-and trimethyl ethanolamine clearly were detected in those synthesized by pharate adult homogeneates. Administration of L-(methyl 14C)-methionine to larvae confirmed the existence of methylation reactions in the metabolic activity of the insect.", "PMID": 1117808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5771", "title": "Sterol metabolism: XXXIII. On derivation of cholesterol 7-alkoxyl ethers.", "content": "The facile acid-catalyzed conversion of cholest-5-ene-3 beta, 7 alpha-diol (but not of cholest-5-ene-3 beta, 7 beta-diol) in methanol or ethanol solution to the corresponding 7 alpha-methyl or 7 alpha-ethyl ethers and epimerization of the 7 alpha-alkyl ethers to the corresponding 7 beta-alkyl ethers were established. The epimeric cholest-5-ene-3 beta, 7-diols, their 7-methyl ethers, and their 7-ethyl ethers are readily interconverted in acidified solvents, the quasiequatorial 7 beta-epimer predominating in each case. Both 7 alpha- and 7 beta-alkyl ethers may be encountered as artifacts in analyses of sterol mixtures from mamalian tissues.", "contents": "Sterol metabolism: XXXIII. On derivation of cholesterol 7-alkoxyl ethers. The facile acid-catalyzed conversion of cholest-5-ene-3 beta, 7 alpha-diol (but not of cholest-5-ene-3 beta, 7 beta-diol) in methanol or ethanol solution to the corresponding 7 alpha-methyl or 7 alpha-ethyl ethers and epimerization of the 7 alpha-alkyl ethers to the corresponding 7 beta-alkyl ethers were established. The epimeric cholest-5-ene-3 beta, 7-diols, their 7-methyl ethers, and their 7-ethyl ethers are readily interconverted in acidified solvents, the quasiequatorial 7 beta-epimer predominating in each case. Both 7 alpha- and 7 beta-alkyl ethers may be encountered as artifacts in analyses of sterol mixtures from mamalian tissues.", "PMID": 1117809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5772", "title": "Comparison of lipid composition of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus cells obtained from logarithmic and stationary phases of growth.", "content": "The total lipids, total neutral lipids, and total phospholipids from Aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus cells cultivated in vitro in a medium containing fetal calf serum were analyzed. The mosquito cells were harvested in the logarithmic and stationary phases of growth. The fatty acid profiles of the lipids showed differences during the aging of the cells but not betweeen species. There was an increase in chain elongation and unsaturation of the fatty acids in the stationary phase when compared with the logarithmic phase of growth. The major components of the fatty acid profiles of the cells were 16:0, 16:1, and 18:1 fatty acids. Few similarities were found between the lipid analysis of the mosquito cells and the growth medium.", "contents": "Comparison of lipid composition of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus cells obtained from logarithmic and stationary phases of growth. The total lipids, total neutral lipids, and total phospholipids from Aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus cells cultivated in vitro in a medium containing fetal calf serum were analyzed. The mosquito cells were harvested in the logarithmic and stationary phases of growth. The fatty acid profiles of the lipids showed differences during the aging of the cells but not betweeen species. There was an increase in chain elongation and unsaturation of the fatty acids in the stationary phase when compared with the logarithmic phase of growth. The major components of the fatty acid profiles of the cells were 16:0, 16:1, and 18:1 fatty acids. Few similarities were found between the lipid analysis of the mosquito cells and the growth medium.", "PMID": 1117810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5773", "title": "Aplastic anemia following viral hepatitis: report of two fatal cases and literature review.", "content": "Within recent years the combination of aplastic anemia following viral hepatitis has been reported with increasing frequency suggesting the existence of a causal relationship between the two conditions.  Two case histories of aplastic anemia following hepatitis are presented in detail, and the information on 193 such patients reported in the literature through 1972 is summarized.  A number of parameters were evaluated and extensive cross correlation carried out in order to define criteria which might have diagnostic, prognostic or therapeutic value.  Males were more likely to develop bone marrow failure following hepatitis (p congruent to 0.05), but females were less likely to survive the marrow depression (p smaller than 0.025).  No other statistically identifiable criteria were detected.  The hematologic changes commonly encountered in hepatitis are reviewed.  These and other observations support the concept that subclinical hepatitis may be responsible for a significant percentage of so-called idiopathic aplastic anemia, for which, at present, no etiology can be determined in nearly half the cases.  Possible pathogenetic mechanisms are discussed as they might relate to chromosomal abnormalities which were found in one of our patients.  It is suggested that occasional fortuitious human infection with animal viruses known to be both hepato- and myelotoxic could relate the hepatitis and aplasia.", "contents": "Aplastic anemia following viral hepatitis: report of two fatal cases and literature review. Within recent years the combination of aplastic anemia following viral hepatitis has been reported with increasing frequency suggesting the existence of a causal relationship between the two conditions.  Two case histories of aplastic anemia following hepatitis are presented in detail, and the information on 193 such patients reported in the literature through 1972 is summarized.  A number of parameters were evaluated and extensive cross correlation carried out in order to define criteria which might have diagnostic, prognostic or therapeutic value.  Males were more likely to develop bone marrow failure following hepatitis (p congruent to 0.05), but females were less likely to survive the marrow depression (p smaller than 0.025).  No other statistically identifiable criteria were detected.  The hematologic changes commonly encountered in hepatitis are reviewed.  These and other observations support the concept that subclinical hepatitis may be responsible for a significant percentage of so-called idiopathic aplastic anemia, for which, at present, no etiology can be determined in nearly half the cases.  Possible pathogenetic mechanisms are discussed as they might relate to chromosomal abnormalities which were found in one of our patients.  It is suggested that occasional fortuitious human infection with animal viruses known to be both hepato- and myelotoxic could relate the hepatitis and aplasia.", "PMID": 1117835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5774", "title": "Mucosal neuroma, pheochromocytoma and medullary thyroid carcinoma: multiple endocrine neoplasia type 3.", "content": "1. Three members of a kindred and a fourth unrelated individual demonstrating the syndrome of mucosal neuroma, bumpy lips, marfanoid habitus, medullary thyroid carcinoma and pheochromocytoma are reported, and the literature pertaining to this syndrome has been reviewed. 2. There are currently 41 definite and 16 additional probable reported cases manifesting the syndrome of mucosal neuroma, bumpy lips, pheochromocytoma and medullary thyroid carcinoma.  Mucosal neuroma was present in all patients.  Medullary thyroid carcinoma was histologically proved in 38 cases.  Pheochromocytoma was documented in 19 patients with a probable diagnois in another 4 patients.  Only one patient was noted to have hypercalcemia associated with parathyroid adenoma.  Associated abnormalities seen in this syndrome include hypertrophied corneal nerves, skeletal defects and gastrointestinal tract abnormalities.  3. The relationship of this syndrome to other types of multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes and the phakomatoses is also discussed.  This syndrome appears to be distinct from the entity of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2.  We suggest that this syndrome be called multiple endocrine neoplasia type 3, following the classification originally proposed by Steiner et al.  4.  MEN type 3 appears to be inherited as an autosomal dominant disorder.  Many apparently non-familial cases have been reported, but due to inadequate information regarding family history it may be possible that some of these cases also had other affected family members.  5.  This syndrome most likely results from a dysplasia of neuroectodermal tissue.  The pathogenesis of this syndrome is discussed and evidence supporting the hypothesis is reviewed.  6.  The importance of diagnosing the syndrome at an early stage and of investigating the relatives of a patient manifesting this potentially fatal syndrome are stressed.  7.  Plasma calcitonin measurement following calcium infusion is extremely useful as a screening procedure for the diagnosis of medullary thyroid carcinoma, when the patients are completely asymptomatic and routine thyroid function tests are normal.  Affected individuals should also be periodically screened for the development of pheochromocytoma.", "contents": "Mucosal neuroma, pheochromocytoma and medullary thyroid carcinoma: multiple endocrine neoplasia type 3. 1. Three members of a kindred and a fourth unrelated individual demonstrating the syndrome of mucosal neuroma, bumpy lips, marfanoid habitus, medullary thyroid carcinoma and pheochromocytoma are reported, and the literature pertaining to this syndrome has been reviewed. 2. There are currently 41 definite and 16 additional probable reported cases manifesting the syndrome of mucosal neuroma, bumpy lips, pheochromocytoma and medullary thyroid carcinoma.  Mucosal neuroma was present in all patients.  Medullary thyroid carcinoma was histologically proved in 38 cases.  Pheochromocytoma was documented in 19 patients with a probable diagnois in another 4 patients.  Only one patient was noted to have hypercalcemia associated with parathyroid adenoma.  Associated abnormalities seen in this syndrome include hypertrophied corneal nerves, skeletal defects and gastrointestinal tract abnormalities.  3. The relationship of this syndrome to other types of multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes and the phakomatoses is also discussed.  This syndrome appears to be distinct from the entity of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2.  We suggest that this syndrome be called multiple endocrine neoplasia type 3, following the classification originally proposed by Steiner et al.  4.  MEN type 3 appears to be inherited as an autosomal dominant disorder.  Many apparently non-familial cases have been reported, but due to inadequate information regarding family history it may be possible that some of these cases also had other affected family members.  5.  This syndrome most likely results from a dysplasia of neuroectodermal tissue.  The pathogenesis of this syndrome is discussed and evidence supporting the hypothesis is reviewed.  6.  The importance of diagnosing the syndrome at an early stage and of investigating the relatives of a patient manifesting this potentially fatal syndrome are stressed.  7.  Plasma calcitonin measurement following calcium infusion is extremely useful as a screening procedure for the diagnosis of medullary thyroid carcinoma, when the patients are completely asymptomatic and routine thyroid function tests are normal.  Affected individuals should also be periodically screened for the development of pheochromocytoma.", "PMID": 1117836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5775", "title": "The starved kidney: a defect in renal concentrating ability.", "content": "The renal tubular responsiveness to antidiuretic hormone was assessed in seven obese patients during starvation and feeding by an overnight dehydration test followed by exogenous vasopressin. All seven subjects showed a mean reduction of one-third in their maximum urinary osmolality on day 4 of starvation. Thes- data show that the renal tubule is partially insensitive to antidiuretic hormone at a time when it is also insensitive to mineralocorticoids.?Author", "contents": "The starved kidney: a defect in renal concentrating ability. The renal tubular responsiveness to antidiuretic hormone was assessed in seven obese patients during starvation and feeding by an overnight dehydration test followed by exogenous vasopressin. All seven subjects showed a mean reduction of one-third in their maximum urinary osmolality on day 4 of starvation. Thes- data show that the renal tubule is partially insensitive to antidiuretic hormone at a time when it is also insensitive to mineralocorticoids.?Author", "PMID": 1117837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5776", "title": "The metabolic balance technique: a critical reappraisal.", "content": "Twenty-six metabolic balance studies (MBS) of Ca, Mg, and P have been conducted in 11 postmenopausal women with osteoporosis and in 4 patients suffering from Paget's disease of bone. Subjects were given a liquid formula diet (LFD) matched as closely as possible to the patient's home diet. Studies lasted for 25 days, separated into 5-day periods by a carmine marker combines with Cr2O3 as continuous fecal marker. The balance studies were combined with a tracer technique using 47Ca to detect a possible loss of Ca by perspiration. The reliability of analytical methods necessary for mineral balances was tested. In 22 of the 26 MBS a steady state (SS) reflecting the patient's regular living conditions was demonstrated, while a non-SS situation possibly due to changes of physical activity was seen in four instances. The overall precision and accuracy of this balance method for Ca and P was found to be better than plus or minus 50 mg/day after four periods and plus or minus 40 mg/day after five periods, as related to an average daily intake of 920 mg Ca and 1230 mg P. For Mg (intake 190 mg/day), a precision of plus or minus 10 mg/day was recorded. The dermal loss of Ca was found to be less than 20 mg/day. As shown for Ca, Mg and P, the precision of a balance study is only little enhanced when the investigation is continued for more than four periods. At the present time is not possible to predict non-SS situations before starting such a study but a simple formula is proposed to detect those which were not performed under SS conditions.", "contents": "The metabolic balance technique: a critical reappraisal. Twenty-six metabolic balance studies (MBS) of Ca, Mg, and P have been conducted in 11 postmenopausal women with osteoporosis and in 4 patients suffering from Paget's disease of bone. Subjects were given a liquid formula diet (LFD) matched as closely as possible to the patient's home diet. Studies lasted for 25 days, separated into 5-day periods by a carmine marker combines with Cr2O3 as continuous fecal marker. The balance studies were combined with a tracer technique using 47Ca to detect a possible loss of Ca by perspiration. The reliability of analytical methods necessary for mineral balances was tested. In 22 of the 26 MBS a steady state (SS) reflecting the patient's regular living conditions was demonstrated, while a non-SS situation possibly due to changes of physical activity was seen in four instances. The overall precision and accuracy of this balance method for Ca and P was found to be better than plus or minus 50 mg/day after four periods and plus or minus 40 mg/day after five periods, as related to an average daily intake of 920 mg Ca and 1230 mg P. For Mg (intake 190 mg/day), a precision of plus or minus 10 mg/day was recorded. The dermal loss of Ca was found to be less than 20 mg/day. As shown for Ca, Mg and P, the precision of a balance study is only little enhanced when the investigation is continued for more than four periods. At the present time is not possible to predict non-SS situations before starting such a study but a simple formula is proposed to detect those which were not performed under SS conditions.", "PMID": 1117838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5777", "title": "Uric acid kinetic studies in the immediate post-myocardial-infarction period.", "content": "The etiology of hyperuricemia following myocardial infarction was investigated by uric acid kinetic studies carried out on seven male patients following myocardial infarction and on two control subjects. The patients selected had uncomplicated myocardial infarction and were maintained on a low-purine diet. Measurements of uric acid pool size and turnover rates using 2-C14 uric acid were made, commencing on days 2-5 following myocardial infarction. Initial concentration of serum uric acid ranged from 2.9 to 9.8 mg/100 ml. Uric acid pool size was elevated in six of seven patients. Five had a pool size of from 36.9 to 79.6 mg/kg, while the single gouty subject demonstrated 104 mg/kg compared with 12.6 and 16.8 mg/kg for the control subjects. Turnover rates were also increased, ranging from 1036 to 2772 mg/day (controls, 612 and 872 mg/day). Twenty-four-hour urine uric acid excretions ranged from 358 to 623 mg/24 hr. Serum lactic acid concentration was normal (1.03 plus or minus 0.17 muM/ml), and endogenous creatinine clearance in all cases was 77.9 ml/min or greater. These data suggest that following myocardial infarction there is an expansion of the uric acid pool with an increased uric acid turnover rate. Only the patient with a previous history of gout had uric acid excretion outside the normal range.", "contents": "Uric acid kinetic studies in the immediate post-myocardial-infarction period. The etiology of hyperuricemia following myocardial infarction was investigated by uric acid kinetic studies carried out on seven male patients following myocardial infarction and on two control subjects. The patients selected had uncomplicated myocardial infarction and were maintained on a low-purine diet. Measurements of uric acid pool size and turnover rates using 2-C14 uric acid were made, commencing on days 2-5 following myocardial infarction. Initial concentration of serum uric acid ranged from 2.9 to 9.8 mg/100 ml. Uric acid pool size was elevated in six of seven patients. Five had a pool size of from 36.9 to 79.6 mg/kg, while the single gouty subject demonstrated 104 mg/kg compared with 12.6 and 16.8 mg/kg for the control subjects. Turnover rates were also increased, ranging from 1036 to 2772 mg/day (controls, 612 and 872 mg/day). Twenty-four-hour urine uric acid excretions ranged from 358 to 623 mg/24 hr. Serum lactic acid concentration was normal (1.03 plus or minus 0.17 muM/ml), and endogenous creatinine clearance in all cases was 77.9 ml/min or greater. These data suggest that following myocardial infarction there is an expansion of the uric acid pool with an increased uric acid turnover rate. Only the patient with a previous history of gout had uric acid excretion outside the normal range.", "PMID": 1117839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5778", "title": "Lipid metabolism in pregnancy. II. Postheparin lipolytic acitivity and hypertriglyceridemia in the pregnant rat.", "content": "Plasma postheparin lipolytic activity (PHLA) has been measured in rat pregnancy to qualitatively assess mechanisms of triglyceride removal from the circulation. This assessment can be made if the larger plasma volume of pregnancy is considered. A supramaximal dose of heparin avoids dilution of the heparin stimulus to PHLA release. Dilution of the released PHLA is corrected using measurements of plasma volume. In addition, no evidence of circulating inhibitors is present, and timing of PHLA appearance is unaffected by pregnancy. Prior studies of postheparin lipolytic activity in human pregnancy have not taken the effect of plasma volume into account and must therefore be reconsidered in light of the present results. We observed a biphasic pattern in PHLA over the course of gestation. Levels were increased in midgestation (day 12), declined to normal by day 19, and fell rapidly to one-half of control by day 21. Assuming a functional role for the triglyceride lipases represented in PHLA, the data suggest the following hypothesis: triglyceride removal is increased or normal for the greater part of gestation and is decreased only at term. If this hypothesis proves true, the hypertriglyceridemia of pregnancy should be due largely to overproduction, with decreased removal contributing only near term.", "contents": "Lipid metabolism in pregnancy. II. Postheparin lipolytic acitivity and hypertriglyceridemia in the pregnant rat. Plasma postheparin lipolytic activity (PHLA) has been measured in rat pregnancy to qualitatively assess mechanisms of triglyceride removal from the circulation. This assessment can be made if the larger plasma volume of pregnancy is considered. A supramaximal dose of heparin avoids dilution of the heparin stimulus to PHLA release. Dilution of the released PHLA is corrected using measurements of plasma volume. In addition, no evidence of circulating inhibitors is present, and timing of PHLA appearance is unaffected by pregnancy. Prior studies of postheparin lipolytic activity in human pregnancy have not taken the effect of plasma volume into account and must therefore be reconsidered in light of the present results. We observed a biphasic pattern in PHLA over the course of gestation. Levels were increased in midgestation (day 12), declined to normal by day 19, and fell rapidly to one-half of control by day 21. Assuming a functional role for the triglyceride lipases represented in PHLA, the data suggest the following hypothesis: triglyceride removal is increased or normal for the greater part of gestation and is decreased only at term. If this hypothesis proves true, the hypertriglyceridemia of pregnancy should be due largely to overproduction, with decreased removal contributing only near term.", "PMID": 1117840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5779", "title": "Metabolic effects of increased caloric intake in man.", "content": "In order to determine if increased caloric intake could be responsible for the insulin resistance and elevated plasma glucose, insulin, and triglyceride levels commonly associated with obesity, hypercaloric diets were fed for 3 wk to eight normal subjects, and the metabolic consequences of this diet were assessed before significant weight gain had occurred. One wk of increased caloric intake led to statistically significant increases in fasting plasma insulin (22 per cent), glucose (5 per cent), and triglyceride (30 per cent) levels, as well as an increased insulin response (20 per cent) to oral glucose. Since the average weight gain during this period was only 1.6 kg, the observed changes appear to be secondary to increased caloric consumption, not obesity. Most of these changes returned toward baseline values during the succeeding 2 wk of increased caloric intake, but statistically significant elevations of fasting plasma glucose (10 per cent), insulin (8 per cent) and cholesterol (15 per cent) levels were still seen at the end of the hypercaloric dietary period. On the other hand, insulin resistance, as estimated by direct measurement of insulin responsiveness, did not change as a result of 3 wk of increased  caloric intake. These results indicate that acute increases in caloric intake can lead to elevated plasma glucose, insulin, cholesterol, and triglyceride levels. These changes occurred before significant weight gain had taken place, and raised the possibility that at least some of the abnormalities of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism attributed to obesity may be due to increased caloric intake. However, this conclusion would not seem to apply to the insulin resistance associated with obesity, as 3 wk of increased caloric intake did not produce any change in the responsiveness of these subjects to insulin's action.", "contents": "Metabolic effects of increased caloric intake in man. In order to determine if increased caloric intake could be responsible for the insulin resistance and elevated plasma glucose, insulin, and triglyceride levels commonly associated with obesity, hypercaloric diets were fed for 3 wk to eight normal subjects, and the metabolic consequences of this diet were assessed before significant weight gain had occurred. One wk of increased caloric intake led to statistically significant increases in fasting plasma insulin (22 per cent), glucose (5 per cent), and triglyceride (30 per cent) levels, as well as an increased insulin response (20 per cent) to oral glucose. Since the average weight gain during this period was only 1.6 kg, the observed changes appear to be secondary to increased caloric consumption, not obesity. Most of these changes returned toward baseline values during the succeeding 2 wk of increased caloric intake, but statistically significant elevations of fasting plasma glucose (10 per cent), insulin (8 per cent) and cholesterol (15 per cent) levels were still seen at the end of the hypercaloric dietary period. On the other hand, insulin resistance, as estimated by direct measurement of insulin responsiveness, did not change as a result of 3 wk of increased  caloric intake. These results indicate that acute increases in caloric intake can lead to elevated plasma glucose, insulin, cholesterol, and triglyceride levels. These changes occurred before significant weight gain had taken place, and raised the possibility that at least some of the abnormalities of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism attributed to obesity may be due to increased caloric intake. However, this conclusion would not seem to apply to the insulin resistance associated with obesity, as 3 wk of increased caloric intake did not produce any change in the responsiveness of these subjects to insulin's action.", "PMID": 1117841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5780", "title": "The effects of acute and chronic dexamethasone administration on insulin binding to isolated rat hepatocytes and adipocytes.", "content": "In an effort to determine the possible relationship between changes in insulin-receptor binding and the glucocorticoid-induced insulin-resistant state, we studied insulin binding to specific receptors located on isolated adipocytes and hepatocytes obtained from dexamethasone (D)-treated rats. Three groups of D-treated rats were studied: (1) acute high-dose treatment (1.5 mg/kg/6 days), (2) acute low-dose treatment (0.125 mg/kg/6 days), and (3) chronic low-dose treatment (0.125 mg/kg/21 days). When insulin binding to isolated hepatocytes was studied, we found that binding to isolated hepatocytes was studied, we found that binding was only 30%-50% of control values when cells from the D-treated animals were used. This decrease in binding was greatest for cells from the acute high-dose group, indicating a dose-response effect, and least for cells from the chronic group, suggesting a tendency toward return of insulin-receptor binding during chronic treatment. When insulin binding to isolated adipocytes was studied, binding was 50%-60% of control values when cells from both acute D-treated groups were used. While the magnitude of the decrease in insulin binding was not as great as that seen with hepatocytes, the decrease was still greatest using cells from the acute high-dose group as compared to the acute low-dose group. Thus, a dose-response effect was suggested in both tissues. On the other hand, the effects of chronic D treatment on insulin binding were strikingly different in the two cell systems. After chronic D treatment, insulin binding to adipocytes returned to near-normal levels, while a 55% decrease in binding to hepatocytes persisted. Thus, the tendency toward return of insulin binding after chronic D treatment seen with hepatocytes was almost fully expressed by adipocytes. This might be related to the amelioration of the corticosteroid-induced insulin-resistant state which has been reported after chronic corticosteroid administration to humans. In conclusion, (1) a decrease in insulin binding is associated with corticosteroid excess, and it is possible that this decreased binding is related to the insulin resistance which results from corticosteroid administration; (2) the return of insulin binding toward normal after chronic D treatment could well be related to the improvement in insulin resistance seen during chronic corticosteroid administration to humans; and (3) the difference in effects of chronic D treatment on insulin binding to hepatocytes versus adipocytes indicates that changes in insulin binding can be tissue specific.", "contents": "The effects of acute and chronic dexamethasone administration on insulin binding to isolated rat hepatocytes and adipocytes. In an effort to determine the possible relationship between changes in insulin-receptor binding and the glucocorticoid-induced insulin-resistant state, we studied insulin binding to specific receptors located on isolated adipocytes and hepatocytes obtained from dexamethasone (D)-treated rats. Three groups of D-treated rats were studied: (1) acute high-dose treatment (1.5 mg/kg/6 days), (2) acute low-dose treatment (0.125 mg/kg/6 days), and (3) chronic low-dose treatment (0.125 mg/kg/21 days). When insulin binding to isolated hepatocytes was studied, we found that binding to isolated hepatocytes was studied, we found that binding was only 30%-50% of control values when cells from the D-treated animals were used. This decrease in binding was greatest for cells from the acute high-dose group, indicating a dose-response effect, and least for cells from the chronic group, suggesting a tendency toward return of insulin-receptor binding during chronic treatment. When insulin binding to isolated adipocytes was studied, binding was 50%-60% of control values when cells from both acute D-treated groups were used. While the magnitude of the decrease in insulin binding was not as great as that seen with hepatocytes, the decrease was still greatest using cells from the acute high-dose group as compared to the acute low-dose group. Thus, a dose-response effect was suggested in both tissues. On the other hand, the effects of chronic D treatment on insulin binding were strikingly different in the two cell systems. After chronic D treatment, insulin binding to adipocytes returned to near-normal levels, while a 55% decrease in binding to hepatocytes persisted. Thus, the tendency toward return of insulin binding after chronic D treatment seen with hepatocytes was almost fully expressed by adipocytes. This might be related to the amelioration of the corticosteroid-induced insulin-resistant state which has been reported after chronic corticosteroid administration to humans. In conclusion, (1) a decrease in insulin binding is associated with corticosteroid excess, and it is possible that this decreased binding is related to the insulin resistance which results from corticosteroid administration; (2) the return of insulin binding toward normal after chronic D treatment could well be related to the improvement in insulin resistance seen during chronic corticosteroid administration to humans; and (3) the difference in effects of chronic D treatment on insulin binding to hepatocytes versus adipocytes indicates that changes in insulin binding can be tissue specific.", "PMID": 1117842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5781", "title": "Colchicine: effects upon urinary hydroxyproline excretion in patients with scleroderma.", "content": "Three patients with scleroderma were given intravenous infusions of colchicine (2-4 mg/day) for 3 days. Twenty-four-hour urine collections were assayed for total hydroxyproline (HYPRO), an index of collagen resorption, and for nondialyzable polypeptide HYPRO, an index of collagen synthesis. During the colchicine infusions there was a fall in total urinary HYPRO and a slight increase in the per cent nondialyzalbe HYPRO in each patient. The hydroxylysyl-galactosyl-glucose (HGG) to hydroxylysyl-galactose (HG) ratios were not strikingly different in two samples, with the greastest differences in HYPRO excretion. Our results suggested that total body collagen catabolism had diminished without a concomitant decrease in synthesis. In contrast to provocative reports in the literature, these data do not support the hypothesis that administration of colchicine in doses tolerated in man can either inhibit synthesis of new collagen, increase degradation of mature collagen, or be of use in treatment of fibrotic states.", "contents": "Colchicine: effects upon urinary hydroxyproline excretion in patients with scleroderma. Three patients with scleroderma were given intravenous infusions of colchicine (2-4 mg/day) for 3 days. Twenty-four-hour urine collections were assayed for total hydroxyproline (HYPRO), an index of collagen resorption, and for nondialyzable polypeptide HYPRO, an index of collagen synthesis. During the colchicine infusions there was a fall in total urinary HYPRO and a slight increase in the per cent nondialyzalbe HYPRO in each patient. The hydroxylysyl-galactosyl-glucose (HGG) to hydroxylysyl-galactose (HG) ratios were not strikingly different in two samples, with the greastest differences in HYPRO excretion. Our results suggested that total body collagen catabolism had diminished without a concomitant decrease in synthesis. In contrast to provocative reports in the literature, these data do not support the hypothesis that administration of colchicine in doses tolerated in man can either inhibit synthesis of new collagen, increase degradation of mature collagen, or be of use in treatment of fibrotic states.", "PMID": 1117843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5782", "title": "Correlation of serum triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) with biologic effects of thyroid hormone replacement in propylthiouracil-treated rats.", "content": "To study the role of T4 to T3 conversion in the biologic action of T4, thyroidectomized, hypothyroid rats were given subcutaneous T4 (0.8 or 1.6 mug/100g/day) with or without intraperitoneal propylthiouracil (PTU) (1 mg/100g/day). Rats were killed after 5, 10, 12, or 15 days of treatment and serum T3 and T4 levels were correlated with serum TSH, liver mitochondrial alphaGPD activity and weight gain. In rats killed at 5 days, PTU treatment resulted in higher serum T4, lower serum T3, and a markedly elevated serum T4:T3 ratio, demonstrating that PTU inhibits peripheral conversion of T4 to T3 in the rat. Despite higher T4 levels, mean serum TSH was higher in the two groups receiving PTU as well as T4. In rats receiving 0.8 mug T4, growth rate was also slower with concomitant PTU administration. In other groups of rats treated with 0.8 mug T4 for 10 and 15 days, PTU treatment resulted in similar differences in T3, T4, and T4:T3 ratios and serum TSH. At 15 days, rats treated with 0.8 mug T4 mptu had significantly lower alphaGPD activity than rats receiving 0.8 mug T4 alone. PTU treatment had no effect on alphaGPD activity in rats maintained on 0.1 mug T3/100g/day indicating that there was no inhibition of this biologic response to T3 by this agent. PTU without T4 had no significant effect on TSH, weight gain, or alphaGPD activity. In addition, the dialyzable fraction of T3 and T4 in serum was not altered by this agent. These data show that in animals treated with T4, with and without PTU, TSH suppression, alphaGPD activity and growth correlate better with serum T3 concentrations than with serum T4. This suggests that for maximum biologic activity, T4 must be converted to T3.", "contents": "Correlation of serum triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) with biologic effects of thyroid hormone replacement in propylthiouracil-treated rats. To study the role of T4 to T3 conversion in the biologic action of T4, thyroidectomized, hypothyroid rats were given subcutaneous T4 (0.8 or 1.6 mug/100g/day) with or without intraperitoneal propylthiouracil (PTU) (1 mg/100g/day). Rats were killed after 5, 10, 12, or 15 days of treatment and serum T3 and T4 levels were correlated with serum TSH, liver mitochondrial alphaGPD activity and weight gain. In rats killed at 5 days, PTU treatment resulted in higher serum T4, lower serum T3, and a markedly elevated serum T4:T3 ratio, demonstrating that PTU inhibits peripheral conversion of T4 to T3 in the rat. Despite higher T4 levels, mean serum TSH was higher in the two groups receiving PTU as well as T4. In rats receiving 0.8 mug T4, growth rate was also slower with concomitant PTU administration. In other groups of rats treated with 0.8 mug T4 for 10 and 15 days, PTU treatment resulted in similar differences in T3, T4, and T4:T3 ratios and serum TSH. At 15 days, rats treated with 0.8 mug T4 mptu had significantly lower alphaGPD activity than rats receiving 0.8 mug T4 alone. PTU treatment had no effect on alphaGPD activity in rats maintained on 0.1 mug T3/100g/day indicating that there was no inhibition of this biologic response to T3 by this agent. PTU without T4 had no significant effect on TSH, weight gain, or alphaGPD activity. In addition, the dialyzable fraction of T3 and T4 in serum was not altered by this agent. These data show that in animals treated with T4, with and without PTU, TSH suppression, alphaGPD activity and growth correlate better with serum T3 concentrations than with serum T4. This suggests that for maximum biologic activity, T4 must be converted to T3.", "PMID": 1117844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5783", "title": "[Drug therapy in newborns and young babies].", "content": "Over the last twenty years drug therapy for the newborn and young infant has developed from its empirical origins to a state where the results of intensive research can be applied. As biochemical studies have shown, enzyme activities and the mechanisms of detoxification are dependent on age. These findings have prompted pharmacokinetic considerations with regard to dosage, especially in repetitive dosage regimens. Further aspects include interference and in particular the protein-binding of drugs in the newborn, side effects of drugs administered to the expectant mother, only seen later in their infants, and side effects characteristic for the newborn. Finally mention is made of some recent advances in pediatric antimicrobial therapy. The most frequent side effect is the inefficiency of drugs because of underdosage.", "contents": "[Drug therapy in newborns and young babies]. Over the last twenty years drug therapy for the newborn and young infant has developed from its empirical origins to a state where the results of intensive research can be applied. As biochemical studies have shown, enzyme activities and the mechanisms of detoxification are dependent on age. These findings have prompted pharmacokinetic considerations with regard to dosage, especially in repetitive dosage regimens. Further aspects include interference and in particular the protein-binding of drugs in the newborn, side effects of drugs administered to the expectant mother, only seen later in their infants, and side effects characteristic for the newborn. Finally mention is made of some recent advances in pediatric antimicrobial therapy. The most frequent side effect is the inefficiency of drugs because of underdosage.", "PMID": 1117865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5784", "title": "[Drug metabolism in early life].", "content": "For various reasons the dosage of drugs in early life is difficult and complicated. Besides differences in sensitivity of pharmacological receptors, in protein binding of drugs and in drug distribution the metabolic elimination of drugs has to be considered as playing an important role for the understanding of the pharmacotherapeutic peculiarities of the perinatal period. The most important means for chemical inactivation of drugs are oxidation and conjugation of these foreign compounds. Both pathways will be briefly outlined. Evidence for a decreased ability of infants to oxidize drugs can be found in the observation that the biological half lives of amobarbital and other drugs are about twice as long as those of the mother. Retarded conjugation in infants manifests itself especially with sulfonamides. The postnatal development of the drug oxidizing enzyme system is described with special emphasis on the development of cytochrome P450 in young pigs. In this context it is of interest that the apoenzyme of the mixed function hydroxylase seems to be present already before the iron containing haem moiety is fitted into the enzyme molecule. Furthermore it is described that the postnatal development of the glucuxonyl transferase is different for different substrates.", "contents": "[Drug metabolism in early life]. For various reasons the dosage of drugs in early life is difficult and complicated. Besides differences in sensitivity of pharmacological receptors, in protein binding of drugs and in drug distribution the metabolic elimination of drugs has to be considered as playing an important role for the understanding of the pharmacotherapeutic peculiarities of the perinatal period. The most important means for chemical inactivation of drugs are oxidation and conjugation of these foreign compounds. Both pathways will be briefly outlined. Evidence for a decreased ability of infants to oxidize drugs can be found in the observation that the biological half lives of amobarbital and other drugs are about twice as long as those of the mother. Retarded conjugation in infants manifests itself especially with sulfonamides. The postnatal development of the drug oxidizing enzyme system is described with special emphasis on the development of cytochrome P450 in young pigs. In this context it is of interest that the apoenzyme of the mixed function hydroxylase seems to be present already before the iron containing haem moiety is fitted into the enzyme molecule. Furthermore it is described that the postnatal development of the glucuxonyl transferase is different for different substrates.", "PMID": 1117866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5785", "title": "[Special pharmacokinetic aspects in newborns and young infants].", "content": "The safety of drug therapy in the newborn period and early infancy is endangered for two main reasons: 1. The relative distribution volume of drugs during maturation and in pathological states varies greatly and thus makes conventional dosage in short-term therapy ineffective. 2. During early childhood, the rate of elimination of many drugs is slow hence there is a risk of overdosage in long-term therapy with doses considered safe in older children. The example of two drugs demonstrates, that the course of blood levels is not only dependent on the elimination half life and on the relative distribution volume, but may also be modified to a large extent by the process of invasion. This increases the risk of iron-dextrane but contributes to the safety of Cephalexine. If drug therapy is to be safe and effective in childhood at least the basic elements of a most simple pharmacokinetical model consisting of Invasion, Volume of Distribution and Elimination must be known as can be shown by the mathematical extrapolation of blood level curves gained from single applications for long-therm therapy.", "contents": "[Special pharmacokinetic aspects in newborns and young infants]. The safety of drug therapy in the newborn period and early infancy is endangered for two main reasons: 1. The relative distribution volume of drugs during maturation and in pathological states varies greatly and thus makes conventional dosage in short-term therapy ineffective. 2. During early childhood, the rate of elimination of many drugs is slow hence there is a risk of overdosage in long-term therapy with doses considered safe in older children. The example of two drugs demonstrates, that the course of blood levels is not only dependent on the elimination half life and on the relative distribution volume, but may also be modified to a large extent by the process of invasion. This increases the risk of iron-dextrane but contributes to the safety of Cephalexine. If drug therapy is to be safe and effective in childhood at least the basic elements of a most simple pharmacokinetical model consisting of Invasion, Volume of Distribution and Elimination must be known as can be shown by the mathematical extrapolation of blood level curves gained from single applications for long-therm therapy.", "PMID": 1117867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5786", "title": "[The importance of the albumin bilirubin binding in drug therapy in the newborn].", "content": "Bilirubin encephalopathy in the newborn is caused not so much by the level of total serum bilirubin but rather by the level of free bilirubin not bound to albumin. Compared to adults prematures and newborns show a higher tendency towards separation of bilirubin from the albumin bond which is statistically significant as could be demonstrated by measurements in serum and plasma. This might be due to a lower bilirubin binding capacity of the neonatal albumin or a competitive displacement of the bilirubin from the albumin bonds by unknown endogenous substances. The influence of several drugs, of blood exchange transfusion and of light in phototherapy on the cleavage of bilirubin from its albumin bond was examined. Some drugs, but not the phototherapylight, enhanced displacement.", "contents": "[The importance of the albumin bilirubin binding in drug therapy in the newborn]. Bilirubin encephalopathy in the newborn is caused not so much by the level of total serum bilirubin but rather by the level of free bilirubin not bound to albumin. Compared to adults prematures and newborns show a higher tendency towards separation of bilirubin from the albumin bond which is statistically significant as could be demonstrated by measurements in serum and plasma. This might be due to a lower bilirubin binding capacity of the neonatal albumin or a competitive displacement of the bilirubin from the albumin bonds by unknown endogenous substances. The influence of several drugs, of blood exchange transfusion and of light in phototherapy on the cleavage of bilirubin from its albumin bond was examined. Some drugs, but not the phototherapylight, enhanced displacement.", "PMID": 1117868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5787", "title": "[Familial infantile achalasia in three siblings].", "content": "Following the review of the literature \"achalasia\" in 3 brothers of a family with 5 children is reported. Inherited, acquired, constitutional and circumstantional factors may have a role in the manifestation of this rare illness. Surgical intervention (Heller's esophagocardial myotomy) was effective in the treatment for all three children.", "contents": "[Familial infantile achalasia in three siblings]. Following the review of the literature \"achalasia\" in 3 brothers of a family with 5 children is reported. Inherited, acquired, constitutional and circumstantional factors may have a role in the manifestation of this rare illness. Surgical intervention (Heller's esophagocardial myotomy) was effective in the treatment for all three children.", "PMID": 1117869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5788", "title": "[Anoxic myocardial lesions in man, developed during extracorporeal circulation, studied by electron microscopy].", "content": "Anoxemic changes of the myocardium were examined at 20 patients operated on in extracorporal circulation. At a mild degree hypothermia (30 degrees C) morphological changes appear after a 20 minutes period of anoxaemia. Damage to the myocard of irreversible character could be revealed after an anoxaemic period of 43--55 minutes. An intermitting perfusion of the coronary arteries delayes the formation of the lesions, although in cases of ligation of the aorta for 90 minutes severe mitochondrial changes and deformation of cells were seen. The best method for protecting the myocard is an isotherm perfusion of the coronary arteries. Clinical and laboratory findings show that necrosis of the myocard has a focal character and may play a part in formation of postoperative lesions.", "contents": "[Anoxic myocardial lesions in man, developed during extracorporeal circulation, studied by electron microscopy]. Anoxemic changes of the myocardium were examined at 20 patients operated on in extracorporal circulation. At a mild degree hypothermia (30 degrees C) morphological changes appear after a 20 minutes period of anoxaemia. Damage to the myocard of irreversible character could be revealed after an anoxaemic period of 43--55 minutes. An intermitting perfusion of the coronary arteries delayes the formation of the lesions, although in cases of ligation of the aorta for 90 minutes severe mitochondrial changes and deformation of cells were seen. The best method for protecting the myocard is an isotherm perfusion of the coronary arteries. Clinical and laboratory findings show that necrosis of the myocard has a focal character and may play a part in formation of postoperative lesions.", "PMID": 1117870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5789", "title": "[Early ischemic lesion of the myocardium in a case of unusual developmental anomaly of the coronary vessels and coronary thrombosis].", "content": "An uncommon form of anomaly of coronary arteries is reported, similar to which had not as yet been published. A single right arteria coronaria was found having an only left branch with a thin vena-like wall, descending on the anterior surface of the heart. The lumen of the sclerotic right arteria was occluded by a thrombus at the point of origin of ramus descendens posterior. The cause of death was an acute cardiac failure, in which authors prescribe an important part to the anomaly of coronary arteries. Areas of myocard getting blood supply from the occluded arteria were investigated by the method of fuchsinorrhagia. Authors believe, that this reaction is suitable for the demonstration of the acute, early ishaemic lesions of the myocard.", "contents": "[Early ischemic lesion of the myocardium in a case of unusual developmental anomaly of the coronary vessels and coronary thrombosis]. An uncommon form of anomaly of coronary arteries is reported, similar to which had not as yet been published. A single right arteria coronaria was found having an only left branch with a thin vena-like wall, descending on the anterior surface of the heart. The lumen of the sclerotic right arteria was occluded by a thrombus at the point of origin of ramus descendens posterior. The cause of death was an acute cardiac failure, in which authors prescribe an important part to the anomaly of coronary arteries. Areas of myocard getting blood supply from the occluded arteria were investigated by the method of fuchsinorrhagia. Authors believe, that this reaction is suitable for the demonstration of the acute, early ishaemic lesions of the myocard.", "PMID": 1117871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5790", "title": "[A new method for the study of flow of material into surviving blood vessel segments].", "content": "One of the most important questions arising in experiment on surviving segments of vessels is the question of flow of material into the vessel wall through the intima or adventitia. To make a distinction is important for the interpretation of results of in vitro experiments. By using a \"tissuephil\" tested already in practical surgery wound-adhesive free of any noxious effect, authors could form segments of vessels, having an only intimal or adventitial surface. Using this technique the flow of blood into the wall through intima or adventitia could be investigated separtely. At in vitro experiments most part of the labelled material flows into the vessel wall through the adventitia. This fact can be explained by the presence of microinjuries of the adventitia caused by the removing of the surrounding fat tissue. It is believed that only the flow through the intima gives an information about the condition of the vessels. Flow through the adventitia is mostly artificial.", "contents": "[A new method for the study of flow of material into surviving blood vessel segments]. One of the most important questions arising in experiment on surviving segments of vessels is the question of flow of material into the vessel wall through the intima or adventitia. To make a distinction is important for the interpretation of results of in vitro experiments. By using a \"tissuephil\" tested already in practical surgery wound-adhesive free of any noxious effect, authors could form segments of vessels, having an only intimal or adventitial surface. Using this technique the flow of blood into the wall through intima or adventitia could be investigated separtely. At in vitro experiments most part of the labelled material flows into the vessel wall through the adventitia. This fact can be explained by the presence of microinjuries of the adventitia caused by the removing of the surrounding fat tissue. It is believed that only the flow through the intima gives an information about the condition of the vessels. Flow through the adventitia is mostly artificial.", "PMID": 1117872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5791", "title": "[Relationship between the thickness of the aortic andventitia and cholesterol and lipid content of blood and aortic wall].", "content": "Correlation between the changes of blood cholesterol and lipoid level, exerted by cholesterol feeding and changes of the thickness of the aortic wall was investigated. Changes have been found to be significant, but as it was revealed by investigation of regression no correlation exits between them. Authors believe that thickening of the adventitia in atherosclerosis is a consequence of the morphological changes of the vessel-wall.", "contents": "[Relationship between the thickness of the aortic andventitia and cholesterol and lipid content of blood and aortic wall]. Correlation between the changes of blood cholesterol and lipoid level, exerted by cholesterol feeding and changes of the thickness of the aortic wall was investigated. Changes have been found to be significant, but as it was revealed by investigation of regression no correlation exits between them. Authors believe that thickening of the adventitia in atherosclerosis is a consequence of the morphological changes of the vessel-wall.", "PMID": 1117873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5792", "title": "[Morphological studies on the hepatotoxic effect of Thiuram (tetramethylthiuram disulphide) in white rats].", "content": "After a single per os or a single and repeated subcutan doses of Thiuram necrosis of the liver of different extension was revealed. Changes could be seen by 3--14 days after administration of Thiuram in different doses. In some cases animals died spontaneously. These investigations seems to evidence the fact that Thiuram, which is similar to Disulphiram (Antaethyl-Antabus) used in the therapy of chronic alkoholism in big doses exerts a noxious effect on the liver of white rats.", "contents": "[Morphological studies on the hepatotoxic effect of Thiuram (tetramethylthiuram disulphide) in white rats]. After a single per os or a single and repeated subcutan doses of Thiuram necrosis of the liver of different extension was revealed. Changes could be seen by 3--14 days after administration of Thiuram in different doses. In some cases animals died spontaneously. These investigations seems to evidence the fact that Thiuram, which is similar to Disulphiram (Antaethyl-Antabus) used in the therapy of chronic alkoholism in big doses exerts a noxious effect on the liver of white rats.", "PMID": 1117874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5793", "title": "Melosis as a source of spontaneous mutations in Schizophyllum commune.", "content": "Spontaneous mutation frequencies were determined for two loci in the fungus Schizophyllum commune, at meiosis and at mitosis.  For both loci the meiotic frequency is significantly higher than the mitotic frequency. No correlation was found between meiotic mutagenesis and recombination of markers bracketing the mutant site.  The meiotic temperature affected the spontaneous mutation frequency but not the recombination frequency in the cross examined. A number of suppressor mutations were detected for both loci examined.  Almost all the suppressors are closely linked to the site they suppress. The distribution of mutations among the suppressor sites was different at meiosis and at mitosis.", "contents": "Melosis as a source of spontaneous mutations in Schizophyllum commune. Spontaneous mutation frequencies were determined for two loci in the fungus Schizophyllum commune, at meiosis and at mitosis.  For both loci the meiotic frequency is significantly higher than the mitotic frequency. No correlation was found between meiotic mutagenesis and recombination of markers bracketing the mutant site.  The meiotic temperature affected the spontaneous mutation frequency but not the recombination frequency in the cross examined. A number of suppressor mutations were detected for both loci examined.  Almost all the suppressors are closely linked to the site they suppress. The distribution of mutations among the suppressor sites was different at meiosis and at mitosis.", "PMID": 1117875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5794", "title": "Radioresistance in natural populations of Drosophila nebulosa from a Brazilian area of high background radiation.", "content": "D. nebulosa, collected in two woods of a high background radiation area (both in Iron Hills, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil), were compared to and found to be more resistant than flies collected as controls in two other woods of an adjacent area.  This was the second time that average differences in radioresistance between natural populations were established. Previous experiments were carried out with D. willistoni, in the same area and in comparable fashion.  In spite of their higher radiation resistance the flies from the radiation area carried a higher expressed load than the controls. The following tests were performed to estimate the differences: (a) survival, after whole body exposure to 90 000 R of 60Co-gamma-rays on 120 strains set up from single inseminated females and (b) reproductive performance, in 240 duplicate croses, measured in terms of the difference between irradiated series (males received 3000 R of 60Co-gamma-rays) and their unirradiated counterparts. The data are based on an offspring of 293784 individuals. Futhermore, two diallel crosses between sensitive and resistant strains have shown that the differences probably are due mainly to additive genes.", "contents": "Radioresistance in natural populations of Drosophila nebulosa from a Brazilian area of high background radiation. D. nebulosa, collected in two woods of a high background radiation area (both in Iron Hills, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil), were compared to and found to be more resistant than flies collected as controls in two other woods of an adjacent area.  This was the second time that average differences in radioresistance between natural populations were established. Previous experiments were carried out with D. willistoni, in the same area and in comparable fashion.  In spite of their higher radiation resistance the flies from the radiation area carried a higher expressed load than the controls. The following tests were performed to estimate the differences: (a) survival, after whole body exposure to 90 000 R of 60Co-gamma-rays on 120 strains set up from single inseminated females and (b) reproductive performance, in 240 duplicate croses, measured in terms of the difference between irradiated series (males received 3000 R of 60Co-gamma-rays) and their unirradiated counterparts. The data are based on an offspring of 293784 individuals. Futhermore, two diallel crosses between sensitive and resistant strains have shown that the differences probably are due mainly to additive genes.", "PMID": 1117876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5795", "title": "[Investigations on the mutagenic effect of triethylenemelamine (TEM) on early embryonic tissue and bone marrow of the rat by chromosome analysis (author's transl)].", "content": "Female rats were treated with triethylenemelamine (Tretamine; TEM) with a dose of 0.4 mg/kg body weight and 0.6 mg/kg body weight respectively on days 1, 2, 3; 3, 4, 5 or 6, 7, 8 post coitum. The animals were slaughtered on day 9 or pregnancy. Corpora lutea and living and dead embryos were counted to estimate embryonic loss. Thereafter chromosome-analysis of bone marrow cells and embryonic tissue took place. Highter TEM dosage increased the rate of embryonic loss. It increased from 28.1% with a dose of 3 X 0.4 mg TEM to 75.7% with 3 X 0.6 mg TEM. The level of embryonic loss depends on the time of treatment during different stages of early gestation. It was highest on the first 3 days and lowest on days 6-8 of gestation (0.4 mg TEM on -ays 1, 2, 3 p.c., 71.8%; 0.4 mg TEM on days 6, 7, 8 p.c., 2.9%). By the chromosome analysis, early embryonic tissue seemed to be more sensitive to TEM than bone marrow cells. The highest rates of numerical (35.7%) and (3 X 0.4 mg TEM). A higher dose induced a negative dose-effect, the frequency of aberrations decreased (3 X 0.6 mg TEM, 29% NUMERICAL AND 1.2% STRUCTURal aberrations). With increased embryonic loss (from 28.1% to 75%) structural aberrations decreased (from 5.7% to 1.2%). The time of treatment p.c. was highly correlated with the frequency of aberrations. It was highest with TEM application on days 6, 7, 8 of pregnancy; at the same time the mortality rate was lowest. The same tendencies were noted in the investigation of the chromosomes from bone marrow cells.", "contents": "[Investigations on the mutagenic effect of triethylenemelamine (TEM) on early embryonic tissue and bone marrow of the rat by chromosome analysis (author's transl)]. Female rats were treated with triethylenemelamine (Tretamine; TEM) with a dose of 0.4 mg/kg body weight and 0.6 mg/kg body weight respectively on days 1, 2, 3; 3, 4, 5 or 6, 7, 8 post coitum. The animals were slaughtered on day 9 or pregnancy. Corpora lutea and living and dead embryos were counted to estimate embryonic loss. Thereafter chromosome-analysis of bone marrow cells and embryonic tissue took place. Highter TEM dosage increased the rate of embryonic loss. It increased from 28.1% with a dose of 3 X 0.4 mg TEM to 75.7% with 3 X 0.6 mg TEM. The level of embryonic loss depends on the time of treatment during different stages of early gestation. It was highest on the first 3 days and lowest on days 6-8 of gestation (0.4 mg TEM on -ays 1, 2, 3 p.c., 71.8%; 0.4 mg TEM on days 6, 7, 8 p.c., 2.9%). By the chromosome analysis, early embryonic tissue seemed to be more sensitive to TEM than bone marrow cells. The highest rates of numerical (35.7%) and (3 X 0.4 mg TEM). A higher dose induced a negative dose-effect, the frequency of aberrations decreased (3 X 0.6 mg TEM, 29% NUMERICAL AND 1.2% STRUCTURal aberrations). With increased embryonic loss (from 28.1% to 75%) structural aberrations decreased (from 5.7% to 1.2%). The time of treatment p.c. was highly correlated with the frequency of aberrations. It was highest with TEM application on days 6, 7, 8 of pregnancy; at the same time the mortality rate was lowest. The same tendencies were noted in the investigation of the chromosomes from bone marrow cells.", "PMID": 1117877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5796", "title": "Cycloheximide resistance in Chinese hamster cells. I. Spontaneous mutagenesis.", "content": "Resistance to cycloheximide (CHM) was studied in cultured Chinese hamster cells. Concentrations of CHM above 5-10-7 M were toxic for the cells. At concentrations above 9-10-7 M no colonies were recovered in selective medium. 15 resistant clones of independent origin were isolated in selective medium containing 7-10-7 M CHM. Resistance was stable when the cells were cultured under non-selective conditions. The spontaneous mutation rate was determined by the fluctuation test. Mutations to CHM resistance arose spontaneously. The spontaneous mutation rate to CHM resistance was about 10-5.", "contents": "Cycloheximide resistance in Chinese hamster cells. I. Spontaneous mutagenesis. Resistance to cycloheximide (CHM) was studied in cultured Chinese hamster cells. Concentrations of CHM above 5-10-7 M were toxic for the cells. At concentrations above 9-10-7 M no colonies were recovered in selective medium. 15 resistant clones of independent origin were isolated in selective medium containing 7-10-7 M CHM. Resistance was stable when the cells were cultured under non-selective conditions. The spontaneous mutation rate was determined by the fluctuation test. Mutations to CHM resistance arose spontaneously. The spontaneous mutation rate to CHM resistance was about 10-5.", "PMID": 1117878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5797", "title": "Human cells repair DNA damaged by nitrous acid.", "content": "Cultured fibroblasts from normal persons or persons afflicted by xeroderma pigmentosum were used as hosts for adenovirus 2 infection. With xeroderma cells as hosts, nitrous acid-treated virus showed less plaque-forming ability than when normal cells were used, indicating that DNA damaged by nitrous acid is at least partly repaired by normal human cells.", "contents": "Human cells repair DNA damaged by nitrous acid. Cultured fibroblasts from normal persons or persons afflicted by xeroderma pigmentosum were used as hosts for adenovirus 2 infection. With xeroderma cells as hosts, nitrous acid-treated virus showed less plaque-forming ability than when normal cells were used, indicating that DNA damaged by nitrous acid is at least partly repaired by normal human cells.", "PMID": 1117879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5798", "title": "The comparative cytogenetic effects of aldrin and phosphamidon.", "content": "An organochlorinated pesticide (aldrin) and an organophosphorus one (phosphamidon) were administered in human lymphocyte cultures, and the cytogenetic effects were related to the compound concentration. The comparative estimation of the number and type of chromosome aberrations observed in the treatments with various doses of drugs permits the following statements. (a) The aldrin showed a narrow range of clastogenic doses, between 19.125 and 38.25 mug/ml. Since these doses are near the limit for cell survival, the observed chromosome lesions are probably not perpetuated in other abnormal cells. (b) Comparatively, the range of phosphamidon clastogenic doses is very large, scattered between 1.9 and 122 mug/ml. Since, in the phosphamidon treatments, the cellular death begins at a concentration above 244 mug/ml, the chromosome aberrations, induced especially by the low doses, could be maintained in other abnormal cells. In a smaller number of experiments, chromosome examinations were performed after intraperitoneal injections of the drugs into rats and mice, 24 h before harvesting of the bone marrow. The administered doses were low, as compared with those of the experiments in vitro: the minimal doses inducing chromosome aberrations in vivo were, in the aldrin treatments 9.56, and in the phosphamidon treatments, 0.07 mug/g body weight. In the experiments both in vitro and in vivo, the analysis of the frequencies of the abnormal cells and of the chromosome lesion types support the existence of a dose-response correlation. The genetic peril due to low doses of pesticides with a general weak toxic effect is discussed.", "contents": "The comparative cytogenetic effects of aldrin and phosphamidon. An organochlorinated pesticide (aldrin) and an organophosphorus one (phosphamidon) were administered in human lymphocyte cultures, and the cytogenetic effects were related to the compound concentration. The comparative estimation of the number and type of chromosome aberrations observed in the treatments with various doses of drugs permits the following statements. (a) The aldrin showed a narrow range of clastogenic doses, between 19.125 and 38.25 mug/ml. Since these doses are near the limit for cell survival, the observed chromosome lesions are probably not perpetuated in other abnormal cells. (b) Comparatively, the range of phosphamidon clastogenic doses is very large, scattered between 1.9 and 122 mug/ml. Since, in the phosphamidon treatments, the cellular death begins at a concentration above 244 mug/ml, the chromosome aberrations, induced especially by the low doses, could be maintained in other abnormal cells. In a smaller number of experiments, chromosome examinations were performed after intraperitoneal injections of the drugs into rats and mice, 24 h before harvesting of the bone marrow. The administered doses were low, as compared with those of the experiments in vitro: the minimal doses inducing chromosome aberrations in vivo were, in the aldrin treatments 9.56, and in the phosphamidon treatments, 0.07 mug/g body weight. In the experiments both in vitro and in vivo, the analysis of the frequencies of the abnormal cells and of the chromosome lesion types support the existence of a dose-response correlation. The genetic peril due to low doses of pesticides with a general weak toxic effect is discussed.", "PMID": 1117881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5799", "title": "Mutagenic studies of aziridine derivatives derived from various diamines.", "content": "Various aziridine derivatives derived from diamines were studied in several biological systems to evaluate their effects on reproduction and as potential mutagens. Considerable variations in the biological activities of these compounds were seen among animal species and among the varied chemical structures. In general, mutagenic responses paralleled the antifertility effects in mice and houseflies and the anticancer effects in mice. The lack of an antifertility effect by N,N'-bis(aziridinylacetyl)-1,8-octamethylenediamine in the rat was quite unexpected in view of its chemosterilant activity in houseflies and mice.", "contents": "Mutagenic studies of aziridine derivatives derived from various diamines. Various aziridine derivatives derived from diamines were studied in several biological systems to evaluate their effects on reproduction and as potential mutagens. Considerable variations in the biological activities of these compounds were seen among animal species and among the varied chemical structures. In general, mutagenic responses paralleled the antifertility effects in mice and houseflies and the anticancer effects in mice. The lack of an antifertility effect by N,N'-bis(aziridinylacetyl)-1,8-octamethylenediamine in the rat was quite unexpected in view of its chemosterilant activity in houseflies and mice.", "PMID": 1117882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5800", "title": "Folate-responsive homocystinuria and \"schizophrenia\". A defect in methylation due to deficient 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase activity.", "content": "Homocystinuria and homocystinemia without hypermthioninemia, but with reccurent episodes of folate responseive schizophrenic-like behavior, was documented in a mildly retarded adolescent girl who lacked the habitus associated with cystathionine synthase deficiency. Enzymes involved in homocysteine-methionine metabolism were demonstrated to be normal. A defect in the ability to reducte N-5-10--methylenetetrahydrofolate to 5-methyltetrahydrofolate was demonstrated. Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase was 18 per cent of control values. Methyltetrahydrofolate is used for the methylation of homocysteine to methionine, and a deficiency of this compound could explain the homocystinemia and homocystinuria.", "contents": "Folate-responsive homocystinuria and \"schizophrenia\". A defect in methylation due to deficient 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase activity. Homocystinuria and homocystinemia without hypermthioninemia, but with reccurent episodes of folate responseive schizophrenic-like behavior, was documented in a mildly retarded adolescent girl who lacked the habitus associated with cystathionine synthase deficiency. Enzymes involved in homocysteine-methionine metabolism were demonstrated to be normal. A defect in the ability to reducte N-5-10--methylenetetrahydrofolate to 5-methyltetrahydrofolate was demonstrated. Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase was 18 per cent of control values. Methyltetrahydrofolate is used for the methylation of homocysteine to methionine, and a deficiency of this compound could explain the homocystinemia and homocystinuria.", "PMID": 1117892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5801", "title": "Glucose tolerance and insulin secretion in patients with parathyroid disorders. Effect of serum calcium on insulin release.", "content": "To evaluate the role of serum calcium in human insulin secretion, insulin responses after a 100-g oral glucose load were studied in nine patients with primary hyperparathyroidism, five with idiopathic hypoparathyroidism, three with pseudohypoparathyroidism and one with normocalcemic secondary hyperparathyroidism. Glucose tolerance values in these disorders were almost normal. Insulin responses in primary hyperparathyroidism were increased, and those in idiopathic hypoparathyroidism and pseudohypoparathyroidism were reduced significantly as compared to normal subjects. Isulin response in secondary hyperparathyroidism was normal. The calculated insulin area during an oral glucose load was significantly correlated with serum calcium (5.1 to 12.2 mg per deciliter), and a linear relation was obtained (y = 1.59x - 3.3, r = 0.81, p less than 0.001), although a relation with the glucose area was not found. These observations indicate that serum calcium has an important effect on insulin secretion in parathyroid disorders.", "contents": "Glucose tolerance and insulin secretion in patients with parathyroid disorders. Effect of serum calcium on insulin release. To evaluate the role of serum calcium in human insulin secretion, insulin responses after a 100-g oral glucose load were studied in nine patients with primary hyperparathyroidism, five with idiopathic hypoparathyroidism, three with pseudohypoparathyroidism and one with normocalcemic secondary hyperparathyroidism. Glucose tolerance values in these disorders were almost normal. Insulin responses in primary hyperparathyroidism were increased, and those in idiopathic hypoparathyroidism and pseudohypoparathyroidism were reduced significantly as compared to normal subjects. Isulin response in secondary hyperparathyroidism was normal. The calculated insulin area during an oral glucose load was significantly correlated with serum calcium (5.1 to 12.2 mg per deciliter), and a linear relation was obtained (y = 1.59x - 3.3, r = 0.81, p less than 0.001), although a relation with the glucose area was not found. These observations indicate that serum calcium has an important effect on insulin secretion in parathyroid disorders.", "PMID": 1117893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5802", "title": "Function of the male sex organs in heroin and methadone users.", "content": "The function of the secondary sex organs was found to be markedly impaired in 29 participants in a methadone maintenance program. The ejaculate volume and seminal vesicular and prostatic secretions were reduced by over 50 per cent in methadone clients, as compared to 16 heroin addicts and 43 narcotic-free controls. Serum testosterone levels were also approximately 43 per cent lower in methadone clients than in controls or heroin users. Although the sperm count of methadone clients was more than twice the control levels, reflecting a lack of sperm dilution by secondary-sex-organ secretions, the sperm motility of these subjects was markedly lower than normal. On all measures of secondary-sex-organ and testicular function, heroin addicts appeared to fall between the methadone and control subjects, but, with the exception of sperm motility, the deviation from control values did not reach statisitcal significance.", "contents": "Function of the male sex organs in heroin and methadone users. The function of the secondary sex organs was found to be markedly impaired in 29 participants in a methadone maintenance program. The ejaculate volume and seminal vesicular and prostatic secretions were reduced by over 50 per cent in methadone clients, as compared to 16 heroin addicts and 43 narcotic-free controls. Serum testosterone levels were also approximately 43 per cent lower in methadone clients than in controls or heroin users. Although the sperm count of methadone clients was more than twice the control levels, reflecting a lack of sperm dilution by secondary-sex-organ secretions, the sperm motility of these subjects was markedly lower than normal. On all measures of secondary-sex-organ and testicular function, heroin addicts appeared to fall between the methadone and control subjects, but, with the exception of sperm motility, the deviation from control values did not reach statisitcal significance.", "PMID": 1117911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5803", "title": "Role of dietary iron and fat on vitamin E deficiency anemia of infancy.", "content": "Thirty-five infants weighing less than 1500 g at birth were fed four commercial formulas (A-D) varying in polyunsaturated fatty acid composition (32 per cent linoleic acid in A and B and 12 per cent linoleic acid in C and D) and in iron content (smaller than 1.0 in A and B; 12 to 12 mg per liter in B and D). Infants receiving formula B showed significantly lower hemoglobins (p smaller than 0.01) and higher reticulocyte counts (p smaller than 0.005) than infants fed the other three formulas. Infants receiving the two formulas with higher concentrations of unsaturated fatty acids (A and B) showed significantly greater hydrogen-peroxide-induced hemolysis (p smaller than 0.001) than those given diets containing lower amounts. Infants in groups A and B also had lower serum tocopherol concentrations. Infant red-cell membranes are altered by the increased amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids and iron in the diet. It appears that the development of vitamin E deficiency anemia occurs in infants receiving iron supplementation.", "contents": "Role of dietary iron and fat on vitamin E deficiency anemia of infancy. Thirty-five infants weighing less than 1500 g at birth were fed four commercial formulas (A-D) varying in polyunsaturated fatty acid composition (32 per cent linoleic acid in A and B and 12 per cent linoleic acid in C and D) and in iron content (smaller than 1.0 in A and B; 12 to 12 mg per liter in B and D). Infants receiving formula B showed significantly lower hemoglobins (p smaller than 0.01) and higher reticulocyte counts (p smaller than 0.005) than infants fed the other three formulas. Infants receiving the two formulas with higher concentrations of unsaturated fatty acids (A and B) showed significantly greater hydrogen-peroxide-induced hemolysis (p smaller than 0.001) than those given diets containing lower amounts. Infants in groups A and B also had lower serum tocopherol concentrations. Infant red-cell membranes are altered by the increased amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids and iron in the diet. It appears that the development of vitamin E deficiency anemia occurs in infants receiving iron supplementation.", "PMID": 1117912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5804", "title": "Politics in the development of a migrant health center. A pilgrim's progress from idealism to pragmatism.", "content": "New methods of health-care delivery have been recommended to correct the inequities in the distribution of health services to rural and urban poor. A migrant health center developed in 1970 to accomplish this aim illustrated the many attendant problems. The award of the grant to an outside consumer group rather than to the country health department resulted in political pressures during the center's development. Other factors isolated the center. These included categorical funding specifically directed to a community's ethnic minority and the lack of a regional network of health care. Confusion was created when legitimate spokesmen of the target group, other segments of the local community or interested private and governmental agencies were not defined. Although a program for curative and preventive medicine was established for a minority, the center was less successful in becoming self-supporting and in affecting the social and economic determinants of health.", "contents": "Politics in the development of a migrant health center. A pilgrim's progress from idealism to pragmatism. New methods of health-care delivery have been recommended to correct the inequities in the distribution of health services to rural and urban poor. A migrant health center developed in 1970 to accomplish this aim illustrated the many attendant problems. The award of the grant to an outside consumer group rather than to the country health department resulted in political pressures during the center's development. Other factors isolated the center. These included categorical funding specifically directed to a community's ethnic minority and the lack of a regional network of health care. Confusion was created when legitimate spokesmen of the target group, other segments of the local community or interested private and governmental agencies were not defined. Although a program for curative and preventive medicine was established for a minority, the center was less successful in becoming self-supporting and in affecting the social and economic determinants of health.", "PMID": 1117913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5805", "title": "Progressive rubella panencephalitis. Late onset after congenital rubella.", "content": "In children with congenital rubella infection the deficits remain stable; neurologic deterioration after the first few years of life is not believed to occur. We have encountered three patients with a definite or presumptive diagnosis of congenital rubella, in whom a progressive neurologic illness developed that began in the second decade and was characterized by spasticity, ataxia, intellectual deterioration, and seizures. High antibody titers to rubella virus in serum and spinal fluid were present in two, and all had increased cerebrospinal-fluid protein and gamma globulin. Extensive attempts to recover a virus from brain and body fluids were unsuccessful. The brains of two patients showed a widespread, progressive, subacute panencephalitis mainly affecting white matter. These data suggest that rubella virus may be a cause of progressive panencephalitis.", "contents": "Progressive rubella panencephalitis. Late onset after congenital rubella. In children with congenital rubella infection the deficits remain stable; neurologic deterioration after the first few years of life is not believed to occur. We have encountered three patients with a definite or presumptive diagnosis of congenital rubella, in whom a progressive neurologic illness developed that began in the second decade and was characterized by spasticity, ataxia, intellectual deterioration, and seizures. High antibody titers to rubella virus in serum and spinal fluid were present in two, and all had increased cerebrospinal-fluid protein and gamma globulin. Extensive attempts to recover a virus from brain and body fluids were unsuccessful. The brains of two patients showed a widespread, progressive, subacute panencephalitis mainly affecting white matter. These data suggest that rubella virus may be a cause of progressive panencephalitis.", "PMID": 1117960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5806", "title": "Integrated concentration of plasma aldosterone in normal subjects: correlation with cortisol.", "content": "The integrated concentration (I. C.) of plasma aldosterone and cortisol was determined every 30 min during a 24-h period, using a blood collection system composed of a nonthrombogenic catheter and a small, portable withdrawal pump. The experiments were carried out in 8 normal adult men during daily routine life, and repeated in 2 of the subjects while recumbent in bed most of the day. The following conclusions were made: a) The 30-min I. C. of aldosterone fluctuated widely throughout the day. b) Although peaks of increased concentration occurred after a change in posture from supine to erect, there were many peaks of concentration that occurred during the supine posture. The 24-h I.C. of aldosterone in 2 subjects that were studied a second time while staying in bed most of the day was lower than the I. C. observed during normal activity. Furthermore, there was a significant correlation between 24-h I. C. and percentage of time spent in supine position. c) A weak, but significant correlation was found between the 30-min I. C. of aldosterone and cortisol in 4 out of the 7 subjects tested. The overall correlation for all experiments was also significant (R = 0.3. p smaller than 0.001). D) The 4-h I. C. of aldosterone and cortisol showed that the lowest mean values were between 4 PM and 4 AM and the highest values between 4 AM and 4 PM for both steroids.", "contents": "Integrated concentration of plasma aldosterone in normal subjects: correlation with cortisol. The integrated concentration (I. C.) of plasma aldosterone and cortisol was determined every 30 min during a 24-h period, using a blood collection system composed of a nonthrombogenic catheter and a small, portable withdrawal pump. The experiments were carried out in 8 normal adult men during daily routine life, and repeated in 2 of the subjects while recumbent in bed most of the day. The following conclusions were made: a) The 30-min I. C. of aldosterone fluctuated widely throughout the day. b) Although peaks of increased concentration occurred after a change in posture from supine to erect, there were many peaks of concentration that occurred during the supine posture. The 24-h I.C. of aldosterone in 2 subjects that were studied a second time while staying in bed most of the day was lower than the I. C. observed during normal activity. Furthermore, there was a significant correlation between 24-h I. C. and percentage of time spent in supine position. c) A weak, but significant correlation was found between the 30-min I. C. of aldosterone and cortisol in 4 out of the 7 subjects tested. The overall correlation for all experiments was also significant (R = 0.3. p smaller than 0.001). D) The 4-h I. C. of aldosterone and cortisol showed that the lowest mean values were between 4 PM and 4 AM and the highest values between 4 AM and 4 PM for both steroids.", "PMID": 1117975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5807", "title": "Erythropoiesis and erythropoietin in hypo- and hyperthyroidism.", "content": "Qualitative and quantitative studies of erythropoiesis in 23 patients with hypothyroidism and 21 patients with hyperthryoidism included routine hematologic evaluation, bone marrow morphology, status of serum iron, B12 and folate red blood cell mass and plasma volume by radioisotope methods, erythrokinetics and radiobioassay of plasma erythropoietin. A majority of patients with the hypothyroid state had significant reduction in red blood cell mas per kg of body weight. The presence of anemia in many of these patients was not evident from hemoglobin and hematocrit values due to concomitant reduction of plasma volume. The erythrokinetic data in hypothyroid patients provided evidence of significant decline of the erythropoietic activity of the bone marrow. Erythroid cells in the marrow were depleted and also showed reduced proliferative activity as indicated by lower 3H-thymidine labeling index. Plasma erythropoietin levels were reduced, often being immeasurable by the polycythemic mouse bioassay technique. These changes in erythropoiesis in the hypothyroid state appear to be a part of physiological adjustment to the reduced oxygen requirement of the tissues due to diminished basal metabolic rate. Similar investigations revealed mild erythrocytosis in a significant proportion of patients with hyperthyroidism. Failure of erythrocytosis to occur in other patients of this group was associated with impaired erythropoiesis due to a deficiency of hemopoietic nutrients such as iron, vitamin B12 and folate. The mean plasma erythropoietin level of these patients was significantly elevated; in 4 patients the levels were in the upper normal range whereas in the rest, the values were above the normal range. The bone marrow showed erythyroid hyperplasia in all patients with hyperthyroidism. The mean 3H-thymidine labeling index of the erythroblasts was also significantly higher than normal in hyperthyroidism; in 8 patients the index was within the normal range whereas in the remaining 13 it was above the normal range. Erythrokinetic studies also provided evidences of increased erythropoietic activity in the bone marrow. It is postulated that thyroid hormones stimulate erythropoiesis, sometimes leading to erythrocytosis provided there is no deficiency of hemopoietic nutrients. Stimulation of erythropoiesis by thryoid hormones appears to be mediated through erythropoietin.", "contents": "Erythropoiesis and erythropoietin in hypo- and hyperthyroidism. Qualitative and quantitative studies of erythropoiesis in 23 patients with hypothyroidism and 21 patients with hyperthryoidism included routine hematologic evaluation, bone marrow morphology, status of serum iron, B12 and folate red blood cell mass and plasma volume by radioisotope methods, erythrokinetics and radiobioassay of plasma erythropoietin. A majority of patients with the hypothyroid state had significant reduction in red blood cell mas per kg of body weight. The presence of anemia in many of these patients was not evident from hemoglobin and hematocrit values due to concomitant reduction of plasma volume. The erythrokinetic data in hypothyroid patients provided evidence of significant decline of the erythropoietic activity of the bone marrow. Erythroid cells in the marrow were depleted and also showed reduced proliferative activity as indicated by lower 3H-thymidine labeling index. Plasma erythropoietin levels were reduced, often being immeasurable by the polycythemic mouse bioassay technique. These changes in erythropoiesis in the hypothyroid state appear to be a part of physiological adjustment to the reduced oxygen requirement of the tissues due to diminished basal metabolic rate. Similar investigations revealed mild erythrocytosis in a significant proportion of patients with hyperthyroidism. Failure of erythrocytosis to occur in other patients of this group was associated with impaired erythropoiesis due to a deficiency of hemopoietic nutrients such as iron, vitamin B12 and folate. The mean plasma erythropoietin level of these patients was significantly elevated; in 4 patients the levels were in the upper normal range whereas in the rest, the values were above the normal range. The bone marrow showed erythyroid hyperplasia in all patients with hyperthyroidism. The mean 3H-thymidine labeling index of the erythroblasts was also significantly higher than normal in hyperthyroidism; in 8 patients the index was within the normal range whereas in the remaining 13 it was above the normal range. Erythrokinetic studies also provided evidences of increased erythropoietic activity in the bone marrow. It is postulated that thyroid hormones stimulate erythropoiesis, sometimes leading to erythrocytosis provided there is no deficiency of hemopoietic nutrients. Stimulation of erythropoiesis by thryoid hormones appears to be mediated through erythropoietin.", "PMID": 1117976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5808", "title": "Circadian variation of integrated concentration of growth hormone in children and adults.", "content": "A portable constant withdrawal pump was used to determine consecutive 30-min integrated concentrations of growth hormone (ICGH) for a 24-h period in 18 normal subjects, ages 5 to 28 yr. Seven prepubertal, 5 pubertal and 6 young adult subjects were studied under conditions of normal activity. Pubertal, prepubertal, and adult subjects had peaks during waking hours as well as during sleep, but peaks in the adults were usually lower than in the children. Using an analysis of variance, a significant (P smaller than 0.01) downward trend of ICGH was observed to occur during sleep. During waking hours a significant variation (P smaller than 0.01 by analysis of variance) was found with low levels in the first few hours after awakening and an upward trend as the evening approached. Food intake had no significant effect on ICGH nor did the introduction of the indwelling catheter. The mean apparent half-life values of growth hormone calculated on the basis of 87 episodes with 3 or more points on the downslope was 40.1 min. This is significantly higher than the known true half-life of the hormone, suggesting that complete secretory inactivity after a secretory episode is an infrequent event.", "contents": "Circadian variation of integrated concentration of growth hormone in children and adults. A portable constant withdrawal pump was used to determine consecutive 30-min integrated concentrations of growth hormone (ICGH) for a 24-h period in 18 normal subjects, ages 5 to 28 yr. Seven prepubertal, 5 pubertal and 6 young adult subjects were studied under conditions of normal activity. Pubertal, prepubertal, and adult subjects had peaks during waking hours as well as during sleep, but peaks in the adults were usually lower than in the children. Using an analysis of variance, a significant (P smaller than 0.01) downward trend of ICGH was observed to occur during sleep. During waking hours a significant variation (P smaller than 0.01 by analysis of variance) was found with low levels in the first few hours after awakening and an upward trend as the evening approached. Food intake had no significant effect on ICGH nor did the introduction of the indwelling catheter. The mean apparent half-life values of growth hormone calculated on the basis of 87 episodes with 3 or more points on the downslope was 40.1 min. This is significantly higher than the known true half-life of the hormone, suggesting that complete secretory inactivity after a secretory episode is an infrequent event.", "PMID": 1117977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5809", "title": "Inhibition of L-dopa-induced growth hormone stimulation by pyridoxine and chlorpromazine.", "content": "One gram of L-dopa was administered orally to 12 male control subjects and induced an increase of growth hormone (GH) secretion. The L-dopa-induced GH response was inhibited by an intravenous infusion of pyridoxine, but pyridoxine did not inhibit the GH response to hypoglycemia. Chlorpromazine also inhibited L-dopa-induced GH stimulation. Glucose concentrations were unaffected by L-dopa, chlorpromazine, and pyridoxine administration in these subjects. The mechanism of the suppressed L-dopa-induced GH response by pyridoxine appears to be mediated by peripheral accleration of the conversion of L-dopa to dopamine, while that of chlorpromazine appears to be mediated through hypothalamic centers. Pyridoxine and chlorpromazine should be added to the list of other factors affecting the response to L-dopa-induced GH stimulation", "contents": "Inhibition of L-dopa-induced growth hormone stimulation by pyridoxine and chlorpromazine. One gram of L-dopa was administered orally to 12 male control subjects and induced an increase of growth hormone (GH) secretion. The L-dopa-induced GH response was inhibited by an intravenous infusion of pyridoxine, but pyridoxine did not inhibit the GH response to hypoglycemia. Chlorpromazine also inhibited L-dopa-induced GH stimulation. Glucose concentrations were unaffected by L-dopa, chlorpromazine, and pyridoxine administration in these subjects. The mechanism of the suppressed L-dopa-induced GH response by pyridoxine appears to be mediated by peripheral accleration of the conversion of L-dopa to dopamine, while that of chlorpromazine appears to be mediated through hypothalamic centers. Pyridoxine and chlorpromazine should be added to the list of other factors affecting the response to L-dopa-induced GH stimulation", "PMID": 1117978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5810", "title": "Antiovulatory activity of synthetic corticoids.", "content": "A single dose of triamcinolone acetonide had antiovulatory properties in 7 of 11 women when injected on day 1 or 2 of the menstrual cycle. Daily blood studies in three subjects revealed that the FSH and LH surges were absent, and there was no rise in plasma progesterone. Follicular function, as manifested by estrogen levels, was maintained.", "contents": "Antiovulatory activity of synthetic corticoids. A single dose of triamcinolone acetonide had antiovulatory properties in 7 of 11 women when injected on day 1 or 2 of the menstrual cycle. Daily blood studies in three subjects revealed that the FSH and LH surges were absent, and there was no rise in plasma progesterone. Follicular function, as manifested by estrogen levels, was maintained.", "PMID": 1117979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5811", "title": "High molecular weight glucagon-like immunoreactivity in plasma.", "content": "An \"interference factor\" has been shown to be present in human plasma, which can cause artifactual elevation of pancreatic glucagon values as conventionally determined by radioimmunoassay using antiserum 30K. A method of correcting for this problem was developed and used to measure glucagon levels in 60 diabetic and 30 nondiabetic subjects. No significant difference was found between the two groups. Twelve percent of the diabetic subjects had evidence of glucagon binding in their plasma which prevented valid measurement of their glucagon levels. Characterization of the \"interference factor\" was undertaken with G-200 sephadex column chromatography. Large amounts of glucagon-like immunoreactivity were found in fractions indicating an approximate molecular weight of 160,000. It was demonstrated that this \"factor\" was not an artifact of charcoal treatment of plasma. The original source of this material is unknown.", "contents": "High molecular weight glucagon-like immunoreactivity in plasma. An \"interference factor\" has been shown to be present in human plasma, which can cause artifactual elevation of pancreatic glucagon values as conventionally determined by radioimmunoassay using antiserum 30K. A method of correcting for this problem was developed and used to measure glucagon levels in 60 diabetic and 30 nondiabetic subjects. No significant difference was found between the two groups. Twelve percent of the diabetic subjects had evidence of glucagon binding in their plasma which prevented valid measurement of their glucagon levels. Characterization of the \"interference factor\" was undertaken with G-200 sephadex column chromatography. Large amounts of glucagon-like immunoreactivity were found in fractions indicating an approximate molecular weight of 160,000. It was demonstrated that this \"factor\" was not an artifact of charcoal treatment of plasma. The original source of this material is unknown.", "PMID": 1117980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5812", "title": "Serum thyroid hormone and thyrotropin levels in subjects from endemic goiter regions of New Guinea.", "content": "We studied serum thyroid hormone and thyrotropin (TSH) levels in subjects from two regions (Nomane and KarKar) of New Guinea where endemic goiter and/or iodine deficiency are prevalent. The results of the studies in 285 patients from Nomane indicated subnormal serum T4 (mean plus or minus SD, 6.5 plus or minus 2.8 vs 8.4 plus or minus 2.0 mug/1ll ml, for normal Americans, P less than 0.001), supranormal serum T3 (161 plus or minus 51 vs 126 plus or minus 33, ng/100 ml, p less than 0.001), supranormal serum T3/T4 ratio (T3/T4 x 100, 3.1 plus or minus 2.4 vs 1.5 plus or minus 0.4, P less than 0.001) and supranormal serum TSH (16 plus or minus 40 vs 2.7 plus or minus 1.2 muU/ml, P less than 0.001). Serum free T4 and free T3 were measured in 42 subjects. Serum free T4 was subnormal (2.0 plus or minus 0.9 vs 2.8 plus or minus 0.5, ng/100 ml P less than 0.001) and free T3 was elevated (677 plus or minus 150 vs 375 plus or minus 105, pg/100 ml, P less than 0.001). Serum T4 in goitrous patients was significantly lower than that in non-goitrous patients (5.9 vs 6.9 mug/100 ml, P less than 0.005). However, serum T3 and TSH were no different in the presence or absence of goiter. The frequencies of elevated serum TSH or serum T3 in presence of goiter were also no different from those in its absence. The mean values of various thyroid function tests in 37 subjects from KarKar Island were similar to the corresponding values in Nomane subjects. Serum T4, T3 and TSH values in 8 of 13 deaf-mute patients were similar to the corresponding mean values of other inhabitants of the region. However, the remaining 5 patients had deaf-mutism with no appreciable abnormality in thyroid function. Serum TSH correlated inversely with serum T4 (r= -0.31, P less than 0.001). There was, however, no significant relationship between serum TSH and T3 levels. The data suggest that: 1) circulating T4 exerts a significant negative feedback effect on serum TSH level and that this effect of T4 may be even more important than that of circulating T3; 2) factors other than hypothyroidism may be important in the genesis of neurological defects in endemic goiter regions.", "contents": "Serum thyroid hormone and thyrotropin levels in subjects from endemic goiter regions of New Guinea. We studied serum thyroid hormone and thyrotropin (TSH) levels in subjects from two regions (Nomane and KarKar) of New Guinea where endemic goiter and/or iodine deficiency are prevalent. The results of the studies in 285 patients from Nomane indicated subnormal serum T4 (mean plus or minus SD, 6.5 plus or minus 2.8 vs 8.4 plus or minus 2.0 mug/1ll ml, for normal Americans, P less than 0.001), supranormal serum T3 (161 plus or minus 51 vs 126 plus or minus 33, ng/100 ml, p less than 0.001), supranormal serum T3/T4 ratio (T3/T4 x 100, 3.1 plus or minus 2.4 vs 1.5 plus or minus 0.4, P less than 0.001) and supranormal serum TSH (16 plus or minus 40 vs 2.7 plus or minus 1.2 muU/ml, P less than 0.001). Serum free T4 and free T3 were measured in 42 subjects. Serum free T4 was subnormal (2.0 plus or minus 0.9 vs 2.8 plus or minus 0.5, ng/100 ml P less than 0.001) and free T3 was elevated (677 plus or minus 150 vs 375 plus or minus 105, pg/100 ml, P less than 0.001). Serum T4 in goitrous patients was significantly lower than that in non-goitrous patients (5.9 vs 6.9 mug/100 ml, P less than 0.005). However, serum T3 and TSH were no different in the presence or absence of goiter. The frequencies of elevated serum TSH or serum T3 in presence of goiter were also no different from those in its absence. The mean values of various thyroid function tests in 37 subjects from KarKar Island were similar to the corresponding values in Nomane subjects. Serum T4, T3 and TSH values in 8 of 13 deaf-mute patients were similar to the corresponding mean values of other inhabitants of the region. However, the remaining 5 patients had deaf-mutism with no appreciable abnormality in thyroid function. Serum TSH correlated inversely with serum T4 (r= -0.31, P less than 0.001). There was, however, no significant relationship between serum TSH and T3 levels. The data suggest that: 1) circulating T4 exerts a significant negative feedback effect on serum TSH level and that this effect of T4 may be even more important than that of circulating T3; 2) factors other than hypothyroidism may be important in the genesis of neurological defects in endemic goiter regions.", "PMID": 1117981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5813", "title": "Serum triiodothyronine concentration in thyroid storm.", "content": "Serum triiodothyronine levels were elevated in 6 patients with thyroid storm (769 plus or minus 181 ng/100 ml) but the values observed were not significantly different from those found in uncomplicated thyrotoxicosis (752 plus or minus 282 ng/100 ml). This observation suggests that the pathogenesis of thyroid storm resides in mechanisms other than a simple increase in serum triiodothyronine concentration.", "contents": "Serum triiodothyronine concentration in thyroid storm. Serum triiodothyronine levels were elevated in 6 patients with thyroid storm (769 plus or minus 181 ng/100 ml) but the values observed were not significantly different from those found in uncomplicated thyrotoxicosis (752 plus or minus 282 ng/100 ml). This observation suggests that the pathogenesis of thyroid storm resides in mechanisms other than a simple increase in serum triiodothyronine concentration.", "PMID": 1117982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5814", "title": "Urinary excretion of hydroxylysyl glycosides and thyroid function.", "content": "Urinary excretion of hydroxylysyl glycosides, two specific collagen metabolites, was measured in 18 patients with hyperthyroidism and 4 patients with hypothyroidism. As in the case of hydroxyproline, values were high in thyrotoxicosis and low in hypothyroidism. The glucosyl-galactosyl-hydroxylysine/galactosyl-hydroxylysine urinary ratio which indicates the bone or skin origin of degraded collagen was found to be unchanged in hyperthyroidism, except in two cases complicated with hypercalcemia where it was very low. This finding provides a further argument in favour of the bone origin of hypercalcemia in thyrotoxicosis.", "contents": "Urinary excretion of hydroxylysyl glycosides and thyroid function. Urinary excretion of hydroxylysyl glycosides, two specific collagen metabolites, was measured in 18 patients with hyperthyroidism and 4 patients with hypothyroidism. As in the case of hydroxyproline, values were high in thyrotoxicosis and low in hypothyroidism. The glucosyl-galactosyl-hydroxylysine/galactosyl-hydroxylysine urinary ratio which indicates the bone or skin origin of degraded collagen was found to be unchanged in hyperthyroidism, except in two cases complicated with hypercalcemia where it was very low. This finding provides a further argument in favour of the bone origin of hypercalcemia in thyrotoxicosis.", "PMID": 1117983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5815", "title": "Arterio-venous transfer of testosterone in the spermatic cord of man.", "content": "A counter-current exchange mechanism for testosterone has been demonstrated between venous and arterial blood in the spermatic cord of man.", "contents": "Arterio-venous transfer of testosterone in the spermatic cord of man. A counter-current exchange mechanism for testosterone has been demonstrated between venous and arterial blood in the spermatic cord of man.", "PMID": 1117984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5816", "title": "Nuclear envelope permeability.", "content": "The permeability of the amphibian oocyte nuclear envelope in situ has been determined for three tritiated dextrans. The envelope is a sieve, restricting molecular movement between the cytoplasm and nucleus. The patent radius of its pores is about 45\u00e5.", "contents": "Nuclear envelope permeability. The permeability of the amphibian oocyte nuclear envelope in situ has been determined for three tritiated dextrans. The envelope is a sieve, restricting molecular movement between the cytoplasm and nucleus. The patent radius of its pores is about 45\u00e5.", "PMID": 1117994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5817", "title": "Sequence of the OR operator of phage lambda.", "content": "A sequence of 79 nucleotides from the lambda OR operator is obtained by primed transcription of repressor protected DNA fragments. The sequence contains the primary repressor binding site plus partial duplications which can be interpreted as secondary repressor binding sites.", "contents": "Sequence of the OR operator of phage lambda. A sequence of 79 nucleotides from the lambda OR operator is obtained by primed transcription of repressor protected DNA fragments. The sequence contains the primary repressor binding site plus partial duplications which can be interpreted as secondary repressor binding sites.", "PMID": 1117995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5818", "title": "Sequence of the PR promoter of phage lambda.", "content": "The RNA polymerase binding site from the lambda PR promoter was isolated and sequenced. This DNA fragment contains the transcription initiation site and shares 25 nucleotides with OR. The sequence preceding the initiation site suggests that the promoter recognition site is not identical with the tight binding and initiation site.", "contents": "Sequence of the PR promoter of phage lambda. The RNA polymerase binding site from the lambda PR promoter was isolated and sequenced. This DNA fragment contains the transcription initiation site and shares 25 nucleotides with OR. The sequence preceding the initiation site suggests that the promoter recognition site is not identical with the tight binding and initiation site.", "PMID": 1117996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5819", "title": "Structural invariants in protein folding.", "content": "An analysis of 15 protein structures indicates: First, the loss of accessible surface area by monomeric proteins on folding-proportional to hydrophobic energy-is a simple function of molecular weight; second, the proportion of polar groups forming intramolecular hydrogen bonds is constant; and third, protein interiors are closely packed, each residue occupying the same volume as it does in crystals of amino acids.", "contents": "Structural invariants in protein folding. An analysis of 15 protein structures indicates: First, the loss of accessible surface area by monomeric proteins on folding-proportional to hydrophobic energy-is a simple function of molecular weight; second, the proportion of polar groups forming intramolecular hydrogen bonds is constant; and third, protein interiors are closely packed, each residue occupying the same volume as it does in crystals of amino acids.", "PMID": 1118010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5820", "title": "Effect of phenobarbital, spironolactone and pregnenolone-16 alpha-carbonitrile on bile formation in the rat.", "content": "The effects of pretreatment for 4 days with the hepatic microsomal enzyme inducers phenobarbital (8 mg/100 g body weight), spironolactone (20 mg/100 g body weight) and pregnenolone-16alpha-carbonitrile (7 mg/100 g body weight) on bile flow and bile pipid secretion have been compared in rats.  Similar to phenobarbital, spironolactone and pregnenolone-16alph-carbonitrile increased bile flow but did not alter bile salt excretion, indicating that these agents increased bile salt independent bile formation.  This finding could be substantiated for spironolactone by studies of the relationship between bile salt excretion and bile flow during bile salt infusions.  Whereas phenobarbital decreased cholesterol and phospholipid secretion to 39 and 49 per cent, respectively, spironolactone and pregnenolone-16alpha-carbonitrile more than doubled cholesterol excretion without influencing phospholipid output.  As a consequence, marked differences in the effect on cholesterol saturation were observed: a decrease by phenobarbital and an increase following spironolactone and pregnenolone-16alpha-carbonitrile.  The present studies demonstrate that different types of enzyme inducers may share certain effects on bile formation and differ in others.", "contents": "Effect of phenobarbital, spironolactone and pregnenolone-16 alpha-carbonitrile on bile formation in the rat. The effects of pretreatment for 4 days with the hepatic microsomal enzyme inducers phenobarbital (8 mg/100 g body weight), spironolactone (20 mg/100 g body weight) and pregnenolone-16alpha-carbonitrile (7 mg/100 g body weight) on bile flow and bile pipid secretion have been compared in rats.  Similar to phenobarbital, spironolactone and pregnenolone-16alph-carbonitrile increased bile flow but did not alter bile salt excretion, indicating that these agents increased bile salt independent bile formation.  This finding could be substantiated for spironolactone by studies of the relationship between bile salt excretion and bile flow during bile salt infusions.  Whereas phenobarbital decreased cholesterol and phospholipid secretion to 39 and 49 per cent, respectively, spironolactone and pregnenolone-16alpha-carbonitrile more than doubled cholesterol excretion without influencing phospholipid output.  As a consequence, marked differences in the effect on cholesterol saturation were observed: a decrease by phenobarbital and an increase following spironolactone and pregnenolone-16alpha-carbonitrile.  The present studies demonstrate that different types of enzyme inducers may share certain effects on bile formation and differ in others.", "PMID": 1118040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5821", "title": "Inhibition by oxotremorine of acetylcholine resting release from guinea pig-ileum longitudinal muscle strips.", "content": "1.  Longitudinal muscle strips of the guinea-pig ileum were incubated in Tyrode solution containing either DFP or physostigmine as cholinesterase inhibitor.  After a 90 min preincubation period the acetylcholine resting release into the medium was determined.  Acetylcholine was estimated by gas chromatography.  2.  The resting release was 0.39 nmol/g times min irrespective of the cholinesterase inhibitor used.  In the presence of hexamethonium, or after omission of external calcium, the resting release fell by 50 and 55 per cent, respectively.  3.  Oxotremorine (10-5 and 10-4M) significantly inhibited the resting release of acetylcholine by 25 and 33 per cent, respectively.  The inhibitory effect of oxotremorine was completely reversed by atropine (3 times 10-7 M).  Oxotremorine did not reduce the spontaneous release of acetylcholine that occurred either in the presence of hexamethonium or in the absence of external calcium.  4.  The acetylcholine content of the muscle strips was approximately doubled during the preincubation with a cholinesterase inhibitor.  The subsequent incubation with oxotremorine did not lead to a further increase in the endogenous acetylcholine content.  However, incubation of the muscle strips with oxotremorine in the absence of a cholinesterase inhibitor led to a rise in the endogenous acetycholine concentration.  In in vivo experiments, oxotremorine also caused an increase in the acetylcholine content of the muscle strips.  The possibility is discussed that the rise in the acetylcholine concentration following the administration of oxotremorine is a consequence of the decreased release.  5.  It is concluded that oxotremorine inhibits the resting release of acetylcholine by activation of neuronal muscarinic receptors.  The inhibitory effect of exotremorine is linked to that fraction of the acetylcholine resting release that is calcium-dependent and that arises from propagated activity in cholinergic neurones.  The results are consistent with the hypothesis of a feed-back control of acetylcholine release mediated by inhibitory muscarinic receptors.", "contents": "Inhibition by oxotremorine of acetylcholine resting release from guinea pig-ileum longitudinal muscle strips. 1.  Longitudinal muscle strips of the guinea-pig ileum were incubated in Tyrode solution containing either DFP or physostigmine as cholinesterase inhibitor.  After a 90 min preincubation period the acetylcholine resting release into the medium was determined.  Acetylcholine was estimated by gas chromatography.  2.  The resting release was 0.39 nmol/g times min irrespective of the cholinesterase inhibitor used.  In the presence of hexamethonium, or after omission of external calcium, the resting release fell by 50 and 55 per cent, respectively.  3.  Oxotremorine (10-5 and 10-4M) significantly inhibited the resting release of acetylcholine by 25 and 33 per cent, respectively.  The inhibitory effect of oxotremorine was completely reversed by atropine (3 times 10-7 M).  Oxotremorine did not reduce the spontaneous release of acetylcholine that occurred either in the presence of hexamethonium or in the absence of external calcium.  4.  The acetylcholine content of the muscle strips was approximately doubled during the preincubation with a cholinesterase inhibitor.  The subsequent incubation with oxotremorine did not lead to a further increase in the endogenous acetylcholine content.  However, incubation of the muscle strips with oxotremorine in the absence of a cholinesterase inhibitor led to a rise in the endogenous acetycholine concentration.  In in vivo experiments, oxotremorine also caused an increase in the acetylcholine content of the muscle strips.  The possibility is discussed that the rise in the acetylcholine concentration following the administration of oxotremorine is a consequence of the decreased release.  5.  It is concluded that oxotremorine inhibits the resting release of acetylcholine by activation of neuronal muscarinic receptors.  The inhibitory effect of exotremorine is linked to that fraction of the acetylcholine resting release that is calcium-dependent and that arises from propagated activity in cholinergic neurones.  The results are consistent with the hypothesis of a feed-back control of acetylcholine release mediated by inhibitory muscarinic receptors.", "PMID": 1118041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5822", "title": "Influence of temperature on the positive inotropic effects mediated by alpha-and-beta-adrenoceptors in the isolated rabbit papillary muscle.", "content": "On the isolated rabbit papillary muscle experiments were carried out to determine whether the positive inotropic effects mediated by alpha- and by beta- adrenoceptors are brought about by different mechanisms or not.--For this reason the influence of temperature and the effect of the calcium antagonist D600 on the responses to phenylephrine and to isoprenaline were compared. 1. The maximal inotropic effects of phenylephrine, isoprenaline and calcium were not affected by raising the temperature of the organ bath from 37 degrees to 42 degrees C, wheras the basal developed tension of the muscle was significantly decreased. 2. The dose-response curve for phenylephrine was markedly shifted to the right by raising the temperature (pD2=0.89), while that for isoprenaline was also shifted to the right, but to a lesser extent (pD2=0.23). 3. In the presence of 1.5 times 10-8 M pindolol the shift of the dose-response curve for phenylephrine induced by elevation of temperature was more prominent (pD2=1,91), whereas phentolamine (3 times 10-6 M) inhibited the temperature-induced shift. 4. The positive inotropic effect of phenylephrine--mediated by alpha-adrenoceptors under blockade of beta-adrenoceptors by 1.5 times 10-8 M pindolol--was markedly depressed by D600 (10-7 and 3 times 10-7 M): the dose-response curve was shifted to the right ant the maximal response was depressed. On the other hand, the positive inotropic effect of isoprenaline--mediated by beta-adrenoceptors--was affected to a lesser extent by D600 and the maximal response was not changed. It indicates that the stimulation of alpha- adrenoceptors in the rabbit papillary muscle induces a positive inotropic response through a biochemical process different from that caused via beta- adrenoceptors, i. e., stimulation of alpha- adrenoceptors may increase the intracellular calcium level mainly by changing the transmembrane calcium flux.", "contents": "Influence of temperature on the positive inotropic effects mediated by alpha-and-beta-adrenoceptors in the isolated rabbit papillary muscle. On the isolated rabbit papillary muscle experiments were carried out to determine whether the positive inotropic effects mediated by alpha- and by beta- adrenoceptors are brought about by different mechanisms or not.--For this reason the influence of temperature and the effect of the calcium antagonist D600 on the responses to phenylephrine and to isoprenaline were compared. 1. The maximal inotropic effects of phenylephrine, isoprenaline and calcium were not affected by raising the temperature of the organ bath from 37 degrees to 42 degrees C, wheras the basal developed tension of the muscle was significantly decreased. 2. The dose-response curve for phenylephrine was markedly shifted to the right by raising the temperature (pD2=0.89), while that for isoprenaline was also shifted to the right, but to a lesser extent (pD2=0.23). 3. In the presence of 1.5 times 10-8 M pindolol the shift of the dose-response curve for phenylephrine induced by elevation of temperature was more prominent (pD2=1,91), whereas phentolamine (3 times 10-6 M) inhibited the temperature-induced shift. 4. The positive inotropic effect of phenylephrine--mediated by alpha-adrenoceptors under blockade of beta-adrenoceptors by 1.5 times 10-8 M pindolol--was markedly depressed by D600 (10-7 and 3 times 10-7 M): the dose-response curve was shifted to the right ant the maximal response was depressed. On the other hand, the positive inotropic effect of isoprenaline--mediated by beta-adrenoceptors--was affected to a lesser extent by D600 and the maximal response was not changed. It indicates that the stimulation of alpha- adrenoceptors in the rabbit papillary muscle induces a positive inotropic response through a biochemical process different from that caused via beta- adrenoceptors, i. e., stimulation of alpha- adrenoceptors may increase the intracellular calcium level mainly by changing the transmembrane calcium flux.", "PMID": 1118042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5823", "title": "Direct evidence for the specific fixation of Cl. botulinum A neurotoxin to brain matter.", "content": "Rat brain homogenate and synaptosomes from rat brain bind botulinum toxin. The binding is accompanied by partial inactivation. The binding decreases with increasing ionic strength. A considerable fixation of tetanus toxin can still be demonstrated under conditions which prevent the fixation of botulinum toxin. 2. Only the grey substance, not the white substance from bovine brain is able to bind the toxin. 3. Upon pretreatment with neuraminidase, synaptosomes lose nearly all of their binding capacity. However, neither gangliosides nor ganglioside-cerebroside mixtures nor brain extracts could replace the synaptosomes. Thus botulinum A toxin closely resembles tetanus toxin in its ability to react with (a) neuraminidase-sensitive site(s) of the grey matter of the CNS. It differs from tetanus toxin by its stronger sensitivity against ionic forces and by its failure to react with certain gangliosides.", "contents": "Direct evidence for the specific fixation of Cl. botulinum A neurotoxin to brain matter. Rat brain homogenate and synaptosomes from rat brain bind botulinum toxin. The binding is accompanied by partial inactivation. The binding decreases with increasing ionic strength. A considerable fixation of tetanus toxin can still be demonstrated under conditions which prevent the fixation of botulinum toxin. 2. Only the grey substance, not the white substance from bovine brain is able to bind the toxin. 3. Upon pretreatment with neuraminidase, synaptosomes lose nearly all of their binding capacity. However, neither gangliosides nor ganglioside-cerebroside mixtures nor brain extracts could replace the synaptosomes. Thus botulinum A toxin closely resembles tetanus toxin in its ability to react with (a) neuraminidase-sensitive site(s) of the grey matter of the CNS. It differs from tetanus toxin by its stronger sensitivity against ionic forces and by its failure to react with certain gangliosides.", "PMID": 1118043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5824", "title": "[Surgical correction of the pectus excavatum and carinatum in the adult. Report of an unusual case of combination of the straight back and pectus excavatum].", "content": "Surgical correction of pectus excavatum et carinatum in a series of adult patients is described. The relationship between deformity of the anterior chest wall and cardiac, respiratory and digestive disturbances is assessed. The indications for surgical management are explained. Reference is also made to the satisfactory morphological and respiratory function results observed on follow-up. An unusual cases of pectus excavatum associated with straight back is separately described. Here again, successful surgical management was achieved, coupled with disappearance of functional disturbances and improvement of the heart picture.", "contents": "[Surgical correction of the pectus excavatum and carinatum in the adult. Report of an unusual case of combination of the straight back and pectus excavatum]. Surgical correction of pectus excavatum et carinatum in a series of adult patients is described. The relationship between deformity of the anterior chest wall and cardiac, respiratory and digestive disturbances is assessed. The indications for surgical management are explained. Reference is also made to the satisfactory morphological and respiratory function results observed on follow-up. An unusual cases of pectus excavatum associated with straight back is separately described. Here again, successful surgical management was achieved, coupled with disappearance of functional disturbances and improvement of the heart picture.", "PMID": 1118070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5825", "title": "[Primary carcinoma of the gastric stump after resection for peptic ulcer].", "content": "Seven cases of primary carcinoma of the gastric stump operated over the last five years are reported. Intervals of from 21 to 44 yr between surgery and the onset of carcinoma were noted. All patients were males and their ages ranged from 54 to 74 yr. Diagnosis was essentially radiographical, though gastroscopical and histological confirmation was obtained in 2 cases. Simple derivative anastomosis was employed in 2 cases. Total, extended gastrectomy was carried out in 3 cases (2 with interposition of the jejunal loop and 1 with direct oesophago-jejunal recanalisation. Gastric resection following degastroentero-anastomosis was performed in the remaining 2 cases. Survivals include 2 subjects apparently in good health 2 6/12 and 2 7/12 yr after surgery. Two patients died after 16 and 18 months. While the prognosis for stump cancer is very poor as far as long-term results are concerned, passive and entirely negative management would seem unjustified.", "contents": "[Primary carcinoma of the gastric stump after resection for peptic ulcer]. Seven cases of primary carcinoma of the gastric stump operated over the last five years are reported. Intervals of from 21 to 44 yr between surgery and the onset of carcinoma were noted. All patients were males and their ages ranged from 54 to 74 yr. Diagnosis was essentially radiographical, though gastroscopical and histological confirmation was obtained in 2 cases. Simple derivative anastomosis was employed in 2 cases. Total, extended gastrectomy was carried out in 3 cases (2 with interposition of the jejunal loop and 1 with direct oesophago-jejunal recanalisation. Gastric resection following degastroentero-anastomosis was performed in the remaining 2 cases. Survivals include 2 subjects apparently in good health 2 6/12 and 2 7/12 yr after surgery. Two patients died after 16 and 18 months. While the prognosis for stump cancer is very poor as far as long-term results are concerned, passive and entirely negative management would seem unjustified.", "PMID": 1118071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5826", "title": "[Bile secretion].", "content": "The canaliculus is the primary site for the formation of bile. Here, active secretion of bile acids creates an osmotic gradient between bile and blood, crossed passively by water and solutes. Numerous experimental data point to the existence of a canalicular bile fraction that is independent of the active transport of bile acids and related to active sodium secretion. The bile ducts are not mere conduits for the passage of bile, but can also change its volume and composition by means of both absorption and secretion. Nervous, vascular, hormonal and pharmacological factors serve to modify bile secretion. In most cases, however, their mechanism of action is virtually unknown.", "contents": "[Bile secretion]. The canaliculus is the primary site for the formation of bile. Here, active secretion of bile acids creates an osmotic gradient between bile and blood, crossed passively by water and solutes. Numerous experimental data point to the existence of a canalicular bile fraction that is independent of the active transport of bile acids and related to active sodium secretion. The bile ducts are not mere conduits for the passage of bile, but can also change its volume and composition by means of both absorption and secretion. Nervous, vascular, hormonal and pharmacological factors serve to modify bile secretion. In most cases, however, their mechanism of action is virtually unknown.", "PMID": 1118072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5827", "title": "[Serum enzyme picture in major burns].", "content": "Serum GOT, GPT, LDH, CHE, MDH, SDH, PK, GLDM, LAP and amylase levels and serum ammonia were determined in 49 major burn cases with 2nd and 3rd degree lesions covering 25% to 80% of the body surface. GOT, GPT, LDH, CHE and gamma-GT have above normal in all cases. Limited and inconsistent movements were noted for the remaining enzymes. Blood ammonia was constantly increased and it is felt that the enzyme picture may be of considerable prognostic value in major burn cases.", "contents": "[Serum enzyme picture in major burns]. Serum GOT, GPT, LDH, CHE, MDH, SDH, PK, GLDM, LAP and amylase levels and serum ammonia were determined in 49 major burn cases with 2nd and 3rd degree lesions covering 25% to 80% of the body surface. GOT, GPT, LDH, CHE and gamma-GT have above normal in all cases. Limited and inconsistent movements were noted for the remaining enzymes. Blood ammonia was constantly increased and it is felt that the enzyme picture may be of considerable prognostic value in major burn cases.", "PMID": 1118073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5828", "title": "Report on a case of mild thromboasthenia.", "content": "A case of Glanzmann thrombo-asthenia has been studied and on the basis of personal history and tests carried out has been classified as being of slight degree.", "contents": "Report on a case of mild thromboasthenia. A case of Glanzmann thrombo-asthenia has been studied and on the basis of personal history and tests carried out has been classified as being of slight degree.", "PMID": 1118074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5829", "title": "[Total and fractionized plasma phospholipids in chronic liver diseases].", "content": "The literature data relating to the importance of the liver in fat metabolism, and the behaviour of plasma and red cell phospholipids, cholesterol, triglycerides, fatty acids and lipoproteins in acute and chronic liver disease is reviewed. The results of an investigation of the diagnostic and prognostic significance of total and single plasma phospholipid levels in a series of 70 cases (5 chronic aggressive hepatitis, 12 compensated cirrhosis, 41 uncompensated cirrhosis, and 12 controls) are presented. Quantitative assessment by means of thin-layer chromatography showed four features of marked prognostic interest: a) a significant decrease in total phospholipids; b) increased phosphatidyl choline; c) increased phosphatidyl ethanolamine; d) decreased sphingomyelin. In discussing the results, stress is laid on the fact that this method offers a sufficient close evaluation of the clinical picture with respect to both the evolution of cirrogenic liver diseases and the effectiveness of their treatment. It also enables an assessment to be made of liver cell mitochondria function.", "contents": "[Total and fractionized plasma phospholipids in chronic liver diseases]. The literature data relating to the importance of the liver in fat metabolism, and the behaviour of plasma and red cell phospholipids, cholesterol, triglycerides, fatty acids and lipoproteins in acute and chronic liver disease is reviewed. The results of an investigation of the diagnostic and prognostic significance of total and single plasma phospholipid levels in a series of 70 cases (5 chronic aggressive hepatitis, 12 compensated cirrhosis, 41 uncompensated cirrhosis, and 12 controls) are presented. Quantitative assessment by means of thin-layer chromatography showed four features of marked prognostic interest: a) a significant decrease in total phospholipids; b) increased phosphatidyl choline; c) increased phosphatidyl ethanolamine; d) decreased sphingomyelin. In discussing the results, stress is laid on the fact that this method offers a sufficient close evaluation of the clinical picture with respect to both the evolution of cirrogenic liver diseases and the effectiveness of their treatment. It also enables an assessment to be made of liver cell mitochondria function.", "PMID": 1118075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5830", "title": "[Aspects of glycolipid metabolism in chronic renal insufficiency. Effects of intravenous glucose loading].", "content": "The behaviour of blood sugar, insulin plasma free fatty acids and glycerol was studied at various times after intravenous glucose loading in patients with chronic renal insufficiency and normal subjects. Conard's K (glycide assimilation) coefficient was also determined. A statistically significant difference was observed between the two groups in the case of the K values only. No difference was noted in the case of the other parameters. The existence of two distinct groups within the subjects with chronic insufficiency, one with normal and one with altered K values, was also noted. The main physiopathological mechanisms probably responsible for this are discussed. It is considered that glucose loading is less sensitive i.v. than per os in the study of glycolipid metabolism in chronic renal insufficiency.", "contents": "[Aspects of glycolipid metabolism in chronic renal insufficiency. Effects of intravenous glucose loading]. The behaviour of blood sugar, insulin plasma free fatty acids and glycerol was studied at various times after intravenous glucose loading in patients with chronic renal insufficiency and normal subjects. Conard's K (glycide assimilation) coefficient was also determined. A statistically significant difference was observed between the two groups in the case of the K values only. No difference was noted in the case of the other parameters. The existence of two distinct groups within the subjects with chronic insufficiency, one with normal and one with altered K values, was also noted. The main physiopathological mechanisms probably responsible for this are discussed. It is considered that glucose loading is less sensitive i.v. than per os in the study of glycolipid metabolism in chronic renal insufficiency.", "PMID": 1118076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5831", "title": "[Interposition of the jejunal loop in the surgical treatment of gastroduodenal ulcer, postprandial syndromes and gastric cancer].", "content": "50 cases of interposition of jejunal loop (32 for gastric cancer and 18 for ulcerous pathology) carried out over the last 3 years are reported. From a technical point of view and as an alternative to degastroenteroanastomosis, interposition of the loop is preferred in partial oral end-to-end on the stomach. In neoplastic lesions, Mouchet-Camey type reconstruction was adopted as a routine measure. After describing the complications of the operation and analyzing the causes, the long-term results are evaluated using absorption curves with 131-I labelled oleic acid. The excellent weight increase in the inflammatory forms, and the lack of reflow and dumping in patients subjected to total gastrectomy for cancer, confirm the value of the technique.", "contents": "[Interposition of the jejunal loop in the surgical treatment of gastroduodenal ulcer, postprandial syndromes and gastric cancer]. 50 cases of interposition of jejunal loop (32 for gastric cancer and 18 for ulcerous pathology) carried out over the last 3 years are reported. From a technical point of view and as an alternative to degastroenteroanastomosis, interposition of the loop is preferred in partial oral end-to-end on the stomach. In neoplastic lesions, Mouchet-Camey type reconstruction was adopted as a routine measure. After describing the complications of the operation and analyzing the causes, the long-term results are evaluated using absorption curves with 131-I labelled oleic acid. The excellent weight increase in the inflammatory forms, and the lack of reflow and dumping in patients subjected to total gastrectomy for cancer, confirm the value of the technique.", "PMID": 1118078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5832", "title": "[Diagnosis of intrathoracic goiter].", "content": "The various aspects of the diagnosis of intrathoracic goitre are examined. Clinical, blood chemistry and radiological and radioisotope data are required before a firm decision can be made. Detailed recognition of goitre type and assessment of the site and extent of the intramediastinal portion, together with determination of the existence of intra- and extraparenchymal inflammation or degeneration or other signs of disease, are an essential differential overture to the choice of a surgical approach route (cervical, cervical-mediastinal with median sternotomy, transthoracic) and the appraisal of prognosis. In the absence of malignant degeneration, prognosis is good in all cases, since this type of goitre can be completely and finally eradicated.", "contents": "[Diagnosis of intrathoracic goiter]. The various aspects of the diagnosis of intrathoracic goitre are examined. Clinical, blood chemistry and radiological and radioisotope data are required before a firm decision can be made. Detailed recognition of goitre type and assessment of the site and extent of the intramediastinal portion, together with determination of the existence of intra- and extraparenchymal inflammation or degeneration or other signs of disease, are an essential differential overture to the choice of a surgical approach route (cervical, cervical-mediastinal with median sternotomy, transthoracic) and the appraisal of prognosis. In the absence of malignant degeneration, prognosis is good in all cases, since this type of goitre can be completely and finally eradicated.", "PMID": 1118079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5833", "title": "Fibrin monomer as a test for intravascular coagulation.", "content": "Soluble fibrin monomer complexes have been determined in approximately 500 obstetric patients by protamine sulfate precipitation, as a test for intravascular coagulation. The incidence of positive fibrin monomer was less than 1% in 139 samples drawn during normal pregnancy. In confirmed abruptio placentae, 84% of samples were positive, but other sources of antepartum bleeding were negative. Positive results were obtained in 24% of samples from patients between 3 and 48 hours after injection of hypertonic saline for second trimester abortion, 33% were positive by only 3% were positive after administration of prostaglandins. The test for intravascular coagulation is simple and rapidly carried out. The results correlated well with the clinical condition of patients with disseminated intravascular coagulation. However, the test is usually negative in patients with thromboembolic phenomena.", "contents": "Fibrin monomer as a test for intravascular coagulation. Soluble fibrin monomer complexes have been determined in approximately 500 obstetric patients by protamine sulfate precipitation, as a test for intravascular coagulation. The incidence of positive fibrin monomer was less than 1% in 139 samples drawn during normal pregnancy. In confirmed abruptio placentae, 84% of samples were positive, but other sources of antepartum bleeding were negative. Positive results were obtained in 24% of samples from patients between 3 and 48 hours after injection of hypertonic saline for second trimester abortion, 33% were positive by only 3% were positive after administration of prostaglandins. The test for intravascular coagulation is simple and rapidly carried out. The results correlated well with the clinical condition of patients with disseminated intravascular coagulation. However, the test is usually negative in patients with thromboembolic phenomena.", "PMID": 1118081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5834", "title": "Urinary estrogen assays and maternal hyperbilirubinemia.", "content": "Urinary estrogen determinations have simplified the care of pregnant patients with certain metabolic disorders known to adversely affect the fetus. This report demonstrates that erroneously low values for urinary estrogens may be obtained if colorimetric assay methods are used for patients with congenital hemolytic anemias during an acute hemolytic crisis. This appears to be due to the interference of the large amounts of urobilin present in the urine of these patients.", "contents": "Urinary estrogen assays and maternal hyperbilirubinemia. Urinary estrogen determinations have simplified the care of pregnant patients with certain metabolic disorders known to adversely affect the fetus. This report demonstrates that erroneously low values for urinary estrogens may be obtained if colorimetric assay methods are used for patients with congenital hemolytic anemias during an acute hemolytic crisis. This appears to be due to the interference of the large amounts of urobilin present in the urine of these patients.", "PMID": 1118082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5835", "title": "Maternal serum heat-stable alkaline phosphatase. In normal and high-risk pregnancies.", "content": "To evaluate its specificity as an indicator of placental function or fetal status, maternal serum heat-stable alkaline phosphatase (HSAP) was measured serially in 76 normal and 161 high-risk pregnancies (1272 determinations). The previously reported curvilinear HSAP rise starting at about 28 gestational weeks was noted. No relation was seen between HSAP levels and milk or moderate hypertension, gestational diabetes, nontoxemic placental insufficiency, or maternal blood group. HSAP levels were mostly above normal in proteinuric hypertension and were low normal in pregnant insulin-dependent diabetics. Two neonatal deaths were associated with normal HSAP levels. Of 4 intrauterine deaths, 1 was associated with high, 1 with low, and 2 with rising values in the normal range. Serial maternal HSAP values are apparently not a specific indicator of placental function or fetal status.", "contents": "Maternal serum heat-stable alkaline phosphatase. In normal and high-risk pregnancies. To evaluate its specificity as an indicator of placental function or fetal status, maternal serum heat-stable alkaline phosphatase (HSAP) was measured serially in 76 normal and 161 high-risk pregnancies (1272 determinations). The previously reported curvilinear HSAP rise starting at about 28 gestational weeks was noted. No relation was seen between HSAP levels and milk or moderate hypertension, gestational diabetes, nontoxemic placental insufficiency, or maternal blood group. HSAP levels were mostly above normal in proteinuric hypertension and were low normal in pregnant insulin-dependent diabetics. Two neonatal deaths were associated with normal HSAP levels. Of 4 intrauterine deaths, 1 was associated with high, 1 with low, and 2 with rising values in the normal range. Serial maternal HSAP values are apparently not a specific indicator of placental function or fetal status.", "PMID": 1118083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5836", "title": "A study of fetal heart rate acceleration patterns.", "content": "Fetal heart rate (FHR) accelerations have never been fully investigated. These accelerations are responses of the healthy fetus to various stimuli and stresses. Observations and proper evaluation of FHR acceleration patterns will give reassurance of fetal well-being. The fetal activity acceleration acceleration determination (FAD) is a method of antepartum evaluation of fetal well-being. The FAD can be used where the oxytocin challenge test is contraindicated. The physiologic bases of FHR accelerations are discussed. An attempt has been made to classify the FHR acceleration patterns.", "contents": "A study of fetal heart rate acceleration patterns. Fetal heart rate (FHR) accelerations have never been fully investigated. These accelerations are responses of the healthy fetus to various stimuli and stresses. Observations and proper evaluation of FHR acceleration patterns will give reassurance of fetal well-being. The fetal activity acceleration acceleration determination (FAD) is a method of antepartum evaluation of fetal well-being. The FAD can be used where the oxytocin challenge test is contraindicated. The physiologic bases of FHR accelerations are discussed. An attempt has been made to classify the FHR acceleration patterns.", "PMID": 1118084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5837", "title": "Comparison of the fetogram and L/S ratio for fetal maturity.", "content": "There were 254 cases studied in which two tests of fetal maturity were performed within 72 hours of each other. The two tests were an x-ray fetogram and an amniotic fluid L/S ratio determination. All fetograms were read by one author for the presence of distal femoral epiphysis (DFE). It was assumed that DFE permits estimation of fetal bone maturation and L/S ratio permits estimation of fetal lung maturity. The DFE results gave a 40% false-positive rate in predicting a mature L/S ratio (greater than 2.0) and a 38.7% false-negative rate. Of the 21 patients who delivered within 3 days of the performance of the two tests, all neonates did well when there were no visible DFE's but a mature L/S ratio. There is a significant lack of specificity and sensitivity of the fetogram DFE's in predicting a mature L/S ratio. Since infant lung maturation is a critical factor in predicting neonatal survival, these results suggest that the x-ray DFE is unacceptable as a single maturity test for use in a perinatal center managing complicated obstetric cases.", "contents": "Comparison of the fetogram and L/S ratio for fetal maturity. There were 254 cases studied in which two tests of fetal maturity were performed within 72 hours of each other. The two tests were an x-ray fetogram and an amniotic fluid L/S ratio determination. All fetograms were read by one author for the presence of distal femoral epiphysis (DFE). It was assumed that DFE permits estimation of fetal bone maturation and L/S ratio permits estimation of fetal lung maturity. The DFE results gave a 40% false-positive rate in predicting a mature L/S ratio (greater than 2.0) and a 38.7% false-negative rate. Of the 21 patients who delivered within 3 days of the performance of the two tests, all neonates did well when there were no visible DFE's but a mature L/S ratio. There is a significant lack of specificity and sensitivity of the fetogram DFE's in predicting a mature L/S ratio. Since infant lung maturation is a critical factor in predicting neonatal survival, these results suggest that the x-ray DFE is unacceptable as a single maturity test for use in a perinatal center managing complicated obstetric cases.", "PMID": 1118085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5838", "title": "Relation between glucose, insulin, and growth hormone in the fetus during labor and at delivery.", "content": "Maternal, fetal and umbilical blood glucose, insulin, and human growth hormone (HGH) levels were measured to determine their relation during labor and at delivery. There was a positive correlation between fetal glucose and HGH, as well as between the fetal insulin and HGH values. Higher birthweights were associated with lower umbilical venous HGH and higher insulin levels. Thus, the balance between insulin and growth hormone might be involved in the regulation of fetal growth.", "contents": "Relation between glucose, insulin, and growth hormone in the fetus during labor and at delivery. Maternal, fetal and umbilical blood glucose, insulin, and human growth hormone (HGH) levels were measured to determine their relation during labor and at delivery. There was a positive correlation between fetal glucose and HGH, as well as between the fetal insulin and HGH values. Higher birthweights were associated with lower umbilical venous HGH and higher insulin levels. Thus, the balance between insulin and growth hormone might be involved in the regulation of fetal growth.", "PMID": 1118086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5839", "title": "Relation of large birthweight to maternal diabetes mellitus.", "content": "The records of 517 pregnancies which terminated in the delivery of infants weighing 9 lb or more were reviewed. The obstetric patient most likely to deliver a large birthweight infant was characterized. Toxemia, prolonged labor, and puerperal morbidity occurred with increased frequency. Many of the deliveries were complicated by fetopelvic disproportion with resultant increase in mid-forceps deliveries, cesarean sections, and perinatal morbidity. Five of the 517 patients delivering large birthweight infants were known to have diabetes mellitus prior to the pregnancy included in this study. An additional 369 patients were evaluated with intravenous glucose tolerance tests. Thirty-eight (10.3%) of the 369 tested proved to have diabetic glucose tolerance curves. The likelihood of finding maternal diabetes mellitus increased with the infant's birthweight. Multiple regression analysis of other clinical variables failed to predict which patients would prove to have diabetes. Identification of diabetic puerperas requires that glucose tolerance tests be performed in all who delivered large birthweight infants.", "contents": "Relation of large birthweight to maternal diabetes mellitus. The records of 517 pregnancies which terminated in the delivery of infants weighing 9 lb or more were reviewed. The obstetric patient most likely to deliver a large birthweight infant was characterized. Toxemia, prolonged labor, and puerperal morbidity occurred with increased frequency. Many of the deliveries were complicated by fetopelvic disproportion with resultant increase in mid-forceps deliveries, cesarean sections, and perinatal morbidity. Five of the 517 patients delivering large birthweight infants were known to have diabetes mellitus prior to the pregnancy included in this study. An additional 369 patients were evaluated with intravenous glucose tolerance tests. Thirty-eight (10.3%) of the 369 tested proved to have diabetic glucose tolerance curves. The likelihood of finding maternal diabetes mellitus increased with the infant's birthweight. Multiple regression analysis of other clinical variables failed to predict which patients would prove to have diabetes. Identification of diabetic puerperas requires that glucose tolerance tests be performed in all who delivered large birthweight infants.", "PMID": 1118087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5840", "title": "Effects of diuril and dilantin on blood glucose and insulin levels in late pregnancy.", "content": "In order to evaluate the carbohydrate metabolic effects of certain drug therapies used in treating the toxemia syndrome, 75 term pregnant women were studied with two intravenous glucose tolerance tests performed 1 week apart. During the 2-hour tests, both blood glucose and plasma insulin were measured. The women were randomly assigned to three treatment groups, and during the week between tests they received:a) no drugs (control or C group);b) Diuril, 500 mg/day (Dgroup); or c)Dilantin, 100 mg, t.i.d. (DL group). Each group was of similar age, weight, and gestational age. There were no significant changes in any of the glucose curves. Both drug-treated groups demonstrated insulin changes. In contrast to the C group, the D group showed an elevation of the plasma insulin values during the second test, and the DL group had a lowering of plasma insulin levels in the second test. Thus, both drugs had minor effects on carbohydrate metabolism during short-term use. However, a more marked metabolic effect of these drugs must be considered when using them at higher dosages or for a longer duration.", "contents": "Effects of diuril and dilantin on blood glucose and insulin levels in late pregnancy. In order to evaluate the carbohydrate metabolic effects of certain drug therapies used in treating the toxemia syndrome, 75 term pregnant women were studied with two intravenous glucose tolerance tests performed 1 week apart. During the 2-hour tests, both blood glucose and plasma insulin were measured. The women were randomly assigned to three treatment groups, and during the week between tests they received:a) no drugs (control or C group);b) Diuril, 500 mg/day (Dgroup); or c)Dilantin, 100 mg, t.i.d. (DL group). Each group was of similar age, weight, and gestational age. There were no significant changes in any of the glucose curves. Both drug-treated groups demonstrated insulin changes. In contrast to the C group, the D group showed an elevation of the plasma insulin values during the second test, and the DL group had a lowering of plasma insulin levels in the second test. Thus, both drugs had minor effects on carbohydrate metabolism during short-term use. However, a more marked metabolic effect of these drugs must be considered when using them at higher dosages or for a longer duration.", "PMID": 1118088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5841", "title": "Advantages of local anesthesia for cesarean section.", "content": "A review was made of histories of 5010 patients delivered by the senior author over a period of 25 years. Of these deliveries, cesarean section was performed in 283 (5.6%). In 218 of these patients, only local field block of the abdominal wall was done prior to the birth of the baby. When local anesthesia was used, 92% of newborn babies cried spontaneously at once, There were 48 premature babies and 7 neonatal deaths, the latter caused primarily by pregnancy complications and secondarily by prematurity. Fetuses already at high risk are most benefited by the use of local anesthesia prior to birth. Many of the patients experiencing this method had second, third, and even fourth cesarean sections with the use of local anesthesia.", "contents": "Advantages of local anesthesia for cesarean section. A review was made of histories of 5010 patients delivered by the senior author over a period of 25 years. Of these deliveries, cesarean section was performed in 283 (5.6%). In 218 of these patients, only local field block of the abdominal wall was done prior to the birth of the baby. When local anesthesia was used, 92% of newborn babies cried spontaneously at once, There were 48 premature babies and 7 neonatal deaths, the latter caused primarily by pregnancy complications and secondarily by prematurity. Fetuses already at high risk are most benefited by the use of local anesthesia prior to birth. Many of the patients experiencing this method had second, third, and even fourth cesarean sections with the use of local anesthesia.", "PMID": 1118089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5842", "title": "Melanoma of the vulva.", "content": "Twenty-three cases of malignant melanoma of the vulva recorded at Roswell Park Memorial Institute over a 36-year period have been reviewed. The findings confirm those of earlier series that these lesions tend to occur in postmenopausal Caucasians and most commonly originate on the labia minora and clitoris. Twenty of 23 patients were treated with therapy more conservative than radical vulvectomy and regional node dissection, with a resultant 25% 5-year survival and 10% 10-year survival among eligible patients. The fact that 12 of 14 recurrences surgical removal of these structures; No patient in this series with a lesion greater than 2 cm or with clinically positive groin nodes survived 5 years. According to the literature, very few patients with groin node involvement have survived, even with radical surgical therapy, and a combination of therapeutic modalities in treating these patients is recommended.", "contents": "Melanoma of the vulva. Twenty-three cases of malignant melanoma of the vulva recorded at Roswell Park Memorial Institute over a 36-year period have been reviewed. The findings confirm those of earlier series that these lesions tend to occur in postmenopausal Caucasians and most commonly originate on the labia minora and clitoris. Twenty of 23 patients were treated with therapy more conservative than radical vulvectomy and regional node dissection, with a resultant 25% 5-year survival and 10% 10-year survival among eligible patients. The fact that 12 of 14 recurrences surgical removal of these structures; No patient in this series with a lesion greater than 2 cm or with clinically positive groin nodes survived 5 years. According to the literature, very few patients with groin node involvement have survived, even with radical surgical therapy, and a combination of therapeutic modalities in treating these patients is recommended.", "PMID": 1118090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5843", "title": "Endodermal sinus tumor: a report of two sustained remissions treated postoperatively with a combination of actinomycin D, 5-fluorouracil, and cyclophosphamide.", "content": "The literature reflects a poor prognosis for women with endodermal sinus tumor. Two women with this neoplasm, 1 having stage IA and the other stage IIB disease were treated for 1 year postoperatively with a combination of actinomycin-D, 5-fluorouracil, and cyclophosphamide. Each had therapy discontinued after a negative second laparotomy and 15 and 21 months later are without recurrence. It is suggested that this drug regimen is a benficial adjunct to surgery in the treatment of endodermal sinus tumor.", "contents": "Endodermal sinus tumor: a report of two sustained remissions treated postoperatively with a combination of actinomycin D, 5-fluorouracil, and cyclophosphamide. The literature reflects a poor prognosis for women with endodermal sinus tumor. Two women with this neoplasm, 1 having stage IA and the other stage IIB disease were treated for 1 year postoperatively with a combination of actinomycin-D, 5-fluorouracil, and cyclophosphamide. Each had therapy discontinued after a negative second laparotomy and 15 and 21 months later are without recurrence. It is suggested that this drug regimen is a benficial adjunct to surgery in the treatment of endodermal sinus tumor.", "PMID": 1118091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5844", "title": "Effect of abdominal transplanted mammary tumor on peritoneal fluid cytology in mice.", "content": "In this study C3H/HeJ female mice received an intraperitoneal injection of mammary tumor suspended in saline; After 14 days, the presence of mammary neoplasm was detected by a significant change in the cytodifferential counts of aspirated peritoneal fluid. Previous studies suggest that ovarian cancer can be detected in mice and in women by the characteristic changes produced in abdominal cellular fluid distribution.", "contents": "Effect of abdominal transplanted mammary tumor on peritoneal fluid cytology in mice. In this study C3H/HeJ female mice received an intraperitoneal injection of mammary tumor suspended in saline; After 14 days, the presence of mammary neoplasm was detected by a significant change in the cytodifferential counts of aspirated peritoneal fluid. Previous studies suggest that ovarian cancer can be detected in mice and in women by the characteristic changes produced in abdominal cellular fluid distribution.", "PMID": 1118092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5845", "title": "Endometrial dating correlated with progesterone levels.", "content": "The aim of this work was to document the validity and usefulness of progesterone determination instead of endometrial biopsies as evidence for ovulation within a menstrual cycle. The presence of progesterone in amounts greater than 2 ng/ml of plasma was always associated with a secretory endometrium, ie, the endometrium was matured beyond cycle day 14 as diagnosed by classical histologic dating. The remarkable simplicity of quantitating luteal phase progesterone levels by this radioimmunoassay warrants their extended use for evaluating the physiology and the pathology of the corpus luteum.", "contents": "Endometrial dating correlated with progesterone levels. The aim of this work was to document the validity and usefulness of progesterone determination instead of endometrial biopsies as evidence for ovulation within a menstrual cycle. The presence of progesterone in amounts greater than 2 ng/ml of plasma was always associated with a secretory endometrium, ie, the endometrium was matured beyond cycle day 14 as diagnosed by classical histologic dating. The remarkable simplicity of quantitating luteal phase progesterone levels by this radioimmunoassay warrants their extended use for evaluating the physiology and the pathology of the corpus luteum.", "PMID": 1118093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5846", "title": "Female genital coccidioidomycosis.", "content": "Three cases of coccidioidomycosis of the female genital tract are reviewed. The diagnosis was made by laparotomy in 2 patients who presented with tender adnexal masses, and by endometrical curettage in a third patient with disseminated coccidioidomycosis. Hysterectomies were performed in all 3 patients; 1 had a bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy and the others a bilteral salpingectomy and unilateral oophorectomy. Two patients received chemotherapy with amphotericin B. One patient died 4 years after her operation from disseminated and meningeal coccidioidomycosis. In a female patient who has resided in an endemic region and who presents with pelvic pain of obscure origin, unexplained infertility, a menstrual disorder, or a chronic, refractory pelvic inflammatory disease, genital coccidioidomycosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis.", "contents": "Female genital coccidioidomycosis. Three cases of coccidioidomycosis of the female genital tract are reviewed. The diagnosis was made by laparotomy in 2 patients who presented with tender adnexal masses, and by endometrical curettage in a third patient with disseminated coccidioidomycosis. Hysterectomies were performed in all 3 patients; 1 had a bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy and the others a bilteral salpingectomy and unilateral oophorectomy. Two patients received chemotherapy with amphotericin B. One patient died 4 years after her operation from disseminated and meningeal coccidioidomycosis. In a female patient who has resided in an endemic region and who presents with pelvic pain of obscure origin, unexplained infertility, a menstrual disorder, or a chronic, refractory pelvic inflammatory disease, genital coccidioidomycosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis.", "PMID": 1118094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5847", "title": "Endometrial regeneration after voluntary abortion.", "content": "Endometrial biopsies were obtained on postabortal days 1 to 36 in 42 women without contraception, in 28 women using oral contraceptives, and in 12 women with intrauterine devices. Tissue samples were examined for day-to-day sequential changes, specifically: a)regenerative, repair, proliferative and secretory activity, b)involution of pregnancy changes, c)inflammation. In the absence of contraception, the endometrium promptly regenerated. The earliest evidence of ovulation was on day 9. One-third of the women ovulated before the first period. Incomplete placental and decidual involution was seen in 45% of patients, but its frequency progressively decreased toward the end of observation. Inflammation seen in 26% was limited to the retained decidua and was, therefore, thought to be a reactive rather than an infectious phenomenon. In women taking oral contraceptives, initial regeneration was also prompt. \"On pill\" changes resembled the nonpostabortal picture except for a few cases of cystic glandular dilation, or Arias-Stella-like phenomena. Retained decidua and inflammation were more frequent (75% and 68%) than in the noncontraceptive group, and the diminishing trend was not observed. In the intrauterine device group, inflammation was more frequent (83%) than in the other two groups and was not limited to the decidua.", "contents": "Endometrial regeneration after voluntary abortion. Endometrial biopsies were obtained on postabortal days 1 to 36 in 42 women without contraception, in 28 women using oral contraceptives, and in 12 women with intrauterine devices. Tissue samples were examined for day-to-day sequential changes, specifically: a)regenerative, repair, proliferative and secretory activity, b)involution of pregnancy changes, c)inflammation. In the absence of contraception, the endometrium promptly regenerated. The earliest evidence of ovulation was on day 9. One-third of the women ovulated before the first period. Incomplete placental and decidual involution was seen in 45% of patients, but its frequency progressively decreased toward the end of observation. Inflammation seen in 26% was limited to the retained decidua and was, therefore, thought to be a reactive rather than an infectious phenomenon. In women taking oral contraceptives, initial regeneration was also prompt. \"On pill\" changes resembled the nonpostabortal picture except for a few cases of cystic glandular dilation, or Arias-Stella-like phenomena. Retained decidua and inflammation were more frequent (75% and 68%) than in the noncontraceptive group, and the diminishing trend was not observed. In the intrauterine device group, inflammation was more frequent (83%) than in the other two groups and was not limited to the decidua.", "PMID": 1118095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5848", "title": "Tubal pregnancy: a report of a very early luminal form of imbedding.", "content": "A specimen of a very early ovum, 4 to 6 days old, shown in the luminal form of imbedding before any hemorrhage has taken place, confirms that the luminal form of imbedding does occur. This case probably represents the earliest tubal pregnancy reported.", "contents": "Tubal pregnancy: a report of a very early luminal form of imbedding. A specimen of a very early ovum, 4 to 6 days old, shown in the luminal form of imbedding before any hemorrhage has taken place, confirms that the luminal form of imbedding does occur. This case probably represents the earliest tubal pregnancy reported.", "PMID": 1118096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5849", "title": "Fetus papyraceus: an unusual case with congenital anomaly of the surviving fetus.", "content": "Fetus papyraceus is a rare condition occurring in both monochorionic and dichorionic multiple gestations. Assocated with case presented were two interesting and uncommon findings: velamentous insertion of the umbilical cord of the blighted fetus and a congenital abonormality of the surviving fetus. This case is the first known intrauterine monitoring of a pregnancy involving a fetus papyraceus with serial plasma estriol and human placenta lactogen determination.", "contents": "Fetus papyraceus: an unusual case with congenital anomaly of the surviving fetus. Fetus papyraceus is a rare condition occurring in both monochorionic and dichorionic multiple gestations. Assocated with case presented were two interesting and uncommon findings: velamentous insertion of the umbilical cord of the blighted fetus and a congenital abonormality of the surviving fetus. This case is the first known intrauterine monitoring of a pregnancy involving a fetus papyraceus with serial plasma estriol and human placenta lactogen determination.", "PMID": 1118097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5850", "title": "Balanced translocation in fetal wastage.", "content": "A balanced reciprocal translocation involving the long arms of a No. 4 and a No. 11 chromosome, t(4;11) (q25;q13), was found in a mother who had one spontaneous first trimester abortion and 2 abnormal infants, as well as in her 2 phenotypically normal children. This translocation was not detectable by conventional karotyping since the two exchanged chromosome segments are almost identical in size; it was demonstrated by the new banding technic which allow us to recognize and to identify each chromosome and its segments accurately.", "contents": "Balanced translocation in fetal wastage. A balanced reciprocal translocation involving the long arms of a No. 4 and a No. 11 chromosome, t(4;11) (q25;q13), was found in a mother who had one spontaneous first trimester abortion and 2 abnormal infants, as well as in her 2 phenotypically normal children. This translocation was not detectable by conventional karotyping since the two exchanged chromosome segments are almost identical in size; it was demonstrated by the new banding technic which allow us to recognize and to identify each chromosome and its segments accurately.", "PMID": 1118098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5851", "title": "Symposium on sensorineural hearing loss in children: early detection and intervention. Histopathology of sensorineural hearing loss in children.", "content": "It is important to determine clinically the etiology of any sensorineural hearing loss in a child, if this is at all possible. With continued examination of the pathologic changes in the temporal bone, one can correlate the clinical and histopathologic findings. By use of this combined knowledge, one can diagnose and evaluate more thoroughly a child with such a hearing loss and also better counsel the child's parents.", "contents": "Symposium on sensorineural hearing loss in children: early detection and intervention. Histopathology of sensorineural hearing loss in children. It is important to determine clinically the etiology of any sensorineural hearing loss in a child, if this is at all possible. With continued examination of the pathologic changes in the temporal bone, one can correlate the clinical and histopathologic findings. By use of this combined knowledge, one can diagnose and evaluate more thoroughly a child with such a hearing loss and also better counsel the child's parents.", "PMID": 1118165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5852", "title": "Symposium on sensorineural hearing loss in children: early detection and intervention. The rationale for early identification and intervention.", "content": "The normal hearing child utilizes auditory data to trigger his innate propensity for language learning and begins to use these stored auditory images long before he says his first word. The auditory modality appears to provide the input from which he abstracts and regularizes the rule of grammar both from outside sources and in an auditory feedback arrangement from his own utterances. The development of expressive language appears to occur rapidly once the first word is said, and by age three he appears to be using all the basic structures of speech. The child with severe hearing impairment, on the other hand, deprived of auditory input, either does not develop speech or may with some training develop very limited speech. Since most hearing impaired children can benefit from amplification, hearing aids can provide a means to maximize the auditory channel. Many such children, however, do not receive hearing aids until three to four years of age, and so have already been deprived of these key years in language development. They have already missed the critical periods in language learning and thus are apt to remain severely depressed in language skills at best. The results of one study reported in this discussion appear to substantiate the observation that a good program of early intervention, including effective parent training and early use of hearing aids to exploit auditory potential, can help hearing impaired children to generate spontaneous spoken language more comparable to that used by their normal hearing peers in both type and level of utterance. Although this language may be more immature or less syntactically and morphologically correct than that of their normal hearing peers, it compares in syntactical structure much more favorably than does the language of hearing impaired children who have not received such special help until about two years later. The study further demonstrates the importance of early intervention and illustrates the positive effects of a good early management program on the language and resulting educational achievement of hearing impaired children.", "contents": "Symposium on sensorineural hearing loss in children: early detection and intervention. The rationale for early identification and intervention. The normal hearing child utilizes auditory data to trigger his innate propensity for language learning and begins to use these stored auditory images long before he says his first word. The auditory modality appears to provide the input from which he abstracts and regularizes the rule of grammar both from outside sources and in an auditory feedback arrangement from his own utterances. The development of expressive language appears to occur rapidly once the first word is said, and by age three he appears to be using all the basic structures of speech. The child with severe hearing impairment, on the other hand, deprived of auditory input, either does not develop speech or may with some training develop very limited speech. Since most hearing impaired children can benefit from amplification, hearing aids can provide a means to maximize the auditory channel. Many such children, however, do not receive hearing aids until three to four years of age, and so have already been deprived of these key years in language development. They have already missed the critical periods in language learning and thus are apt to remain severely depressed in language skills at best. The results of one study reported in this discussion appear to substantiate the observation that a good program of early intervention, including effective parent training and early use of hearing aids to exploit auditory potential, can help hearing impaired children to generate spontaneous spoken language more comparable to that used by their normal hearing peers in both type and level of utterance. Although this language may be more immature or less syntactically and morphologically correct than that of their normal hearing peers, it compares in syntactical structure much more favorably than does the language of hearing impaired children who have not received such special help until about two years later. The study further demonstrates the importance of early intervention and illustrates the positive effects of a good early management program on the language and resulting educational achievement of hearing impaired children.", "PMID": 1118167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5853", "title": "Symposium on sensorineural hearing loss in children: early detection and intervention. Behavioral audiometry with children.", "content": "Our purpose in this discussion has been to present practical information about behavioral audiometry with infants and young children as a critical part of the comprehensive audiologic assessment. The introductory discussion focused on eight critical audiometric variables and the application of operant conditioning. These variables and operant principles were related to behavior observation audiometry, threshold audiometry (including play, visually reinforced and tangibly reinforced), and speech audiometry (including the speech awareness threshold, the speech reception threshold, and word discrimination). It is concluded that through careful application of these principles and procedures, meaningful audiometric data can be obtained from any child regardless of age or developmental disability.", "contents": "Symposium on sensorineural hearing loss in children: early detection and intervention. Behavioral audiometry with children. Our purpose in this discussion has been to present practical information about behavioral audiometry with infants and young children as a critical part of the comprehensive audiologic assessment. The introductory discussion focused on eight critical audiometric variables and the application of operant conditioning. These variables and operant principles were related to behavior observation audiometry, threshold audiometry (including play, visually reinforced and tangibly reinforced), and speech audiometry (including the speech awareness threshold, the speech reception threshold, and word discrimination). It is concluded that through careful application of these principles and procedures, meaningful audiometric data can be obtained from any child regardless of age or developmental disability.", "PMID": 1118168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5854", "title": "The effect of continuous doses of Trichostrongylus colubriformis larvae on the intestinal mucosa of sheep and on liver vitamin A concentration.", "content": "Eight 7-month-old sheep were dosed continuously with Trichostrongylus colubriformis larvae and 4 sheep were killed at 5 and 10 weeks from the commencement of infection. Flattening of the mucosa and villous atrophy were commonly present at slaughter, and parasites were often found in superficial channels parallel with the luminal surface. At 10 weeks the mucosa was thickened and highly cellular. Leucine aminopeptidase, alkaline phosphatase and maltase activity were reduced in the proximal third of the small intestine. Liver vitamin A was reduced in 3 of 4 infected sheep at 10 weeks, but serum vitamin A levels were comparable with those of worm-free control sheep throughout the experiment.", "contents": "The effect of continuous doses of Trichostrongylus colubriformis larvae on the intestinal mucosa of sheep and on liver vitamin A concentration. Eight 7-month-old sheep were dosed continuously with Trichostrongylus colubriformis larvae and 4 sheep were killed at 5 and 10 weeks from the commencement of infection. Flattening of the mucosa and villous atrophy were commonly present at slaughter, and parasites were often found in superficial channels parallel with the luminal surface. At 10 weeks the mucosa was thickened and highly cellular. Leucine aminopeptidase, alkaline phosphatase and maltase activity were reduced in the proximal third of the small intestine. Liver vitamin A was reduced in 3 of 4 infected sheep at 10 weeks, but serum vitamin A levels were comparable with those of worm-free control sheep throughout the experiment.", "PMID": 1118182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5855", "title": "Seasonal variation in numbers of the rabbit flea on the wild rabbit.", "content": "Samples of rabbits were obtained throughout each month over the 4-year period 1967-70. All fleas were removed, sexed and counted and the reproductive condition of the rabbits recorded. Rabbit fleas Spilopsyllus cuniculi (Dale) were present on both sexes of rabbit at all times of the year. In each year significantly high numbers of fleas were found on the rabbits in January, February, March and April and significantly low numbers in August, September and October. Mean flea counts were significantly higher on female rabbits than on males during April, May and June. During the rest of the year counts from each sex of host did not differ significantly. There were significant differences in flea numbers between years. More female than male fleas were found on both sexes of host throughout the year. The rabbit population sampled is shown to be typical of post-myxomatosis populations with regard to breeding performance and juvenile mortality. The relationship of the observed patterns of change in flea numbers to host and flea breeding and to host behavior, population size and structure is discussed.", "contents": "Seasonal variation in numbers of the rabbit flea on the wild rabbit. Samples of rabbits were obtained throughout each month over the 4-year period 1967-70. All fleas were removed, sexed and counted and the reproductive condition of the rabbits recorded. Rabbit fleas Spilopsyllus cuniculi (Dale) were present on both sexes of rabbit at all times of the year. In each year significantly high numbers of fleas were found on the rabbits in January, February, March and April and significantly low numbers in August, September and October. Mean flea counts were significantly higher on female rabbits than on males during April, May and June. During the rest of the year counts from each sex of host did not differ significantly. There were significant differences in flea numbers between years. More female than male fleas were found on both sexes of host throughout the year. The rabbit population sampled is shown to be typical of post-myxomatosis populations with regard to breeding performance and juvenile mortality. The relationship of the observed patterns of change in flea numbers to host and flea breeding and to host behavior, population size and structure is discussed.", "PMID": 1118183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5856", "title": "The fowl (Gallus domesticus) and a lepidopteran (Setomorpha rutella) as experimental hosts for Tetrameres mohtedai (Nematoda).", "content": "The life-cycle of Tetrameres mohtedai in the fowl involving a hitherto unknown intermediate host, Setomorpha rutella, is described and methods for laboratory demonstration are given. Development to infectivity in the intermediate host took less than 2 weeks under laboratory conditions. Infections could be established using infective larvae dissected from the intermediate host. The pre-patent period in the fowl averaged 36 days. Experimental evidence is given for infection of the final host by ingestion of either infected adult or infected larval Setomorpha. Development of the parasite to the infective stage does not depend on metamorphosis of the intermediate host.", "contents": "The fowl (Gallus domesticus) and a lepidopteran (Setomorpha rutella) as experimental hosts for Tetrameres mohtedai (Nematoda). The life-cycle of Tetrameres mohtedai in the fowl involving a hitherto unknown intermediate host, Setomorpha rutella, is described and methods for laboratory demonstration are given. Development to infectivity in the intermediate host took less than 2 weeks under laboratory conditions. Infections could be established using infective larvae dissected from the intermediate host. The pre-patent period in the fowl averaged 36 days. Experimental evidence is given for infection of the final host by ingestion of either infected adult or infected larval Setomorpha. Development of the parasite to the infective stage does not depend on metamorphosis of the intermediate host.", "PMID": 1118184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5857", "title": "Genetic studies on Plasmodium chabaudi: recombination between enzyme markers.", "content": "Two lines of Plasmodium chabaudi differing in three characters have been crossed, using a technique previously described for P. yoelii. One line, termed 47AS, was characterized by an electrophoretic form of 6-hosphogluconate dehydrogenase, denoted 6PGD-2, a form of lactate dehydrogenase, denoted LDH-3, and was pyrimethanime-resistant. The second line, termed 10AJ, possessed enzyme forms of 6PGD-3 and LDH-2 and was pyrimethamine-sensitive. The cross was made by permitting mosquitoes to feed on a mixture of the two lines and infecting rodents with the resulting sporozoites. The products of the cross were cloned by dilution and examined for enzyme-type and drug-response. Results showed that recombination had occurred between each of the three characters. Clones characterized by 6PGD-2/LDH-2 and 6PGD-3/LDH-3 demonstrated recombination between the enzyme markers. The drug-resistance character segregated independently of either enzyme marker.", "contents": "Genetic studies on Plasmodium chabaudi: recombination between enzyme markers. Two lines of Plasmodium chabaudi differing in three characters have been crossed, using a technique previously described for P. yoelii. One line, termed 47AS, was characterized by an electrophoretic form of 6-hosphogluconate dehydrogenase, denoted 6PGD-2, a form of lactate dehydrogenase, denoted LDH-3, and was pyrimethanime-resistant. The second line, termed 10AJ, possessed enzyme forms of 6PGD-3 and LDH-2 and was pyrimethamine-sensitive. The cross was made by permitting mosquitoes to feed on a mixture of the two lines and infecting rodents with the resulting sporozoites. The products of the cross were cloned by dilution and examined for enzyme-type and drug-response. Results showed that recombination had occurred between each of the three characters. Clones characterized by 6PGD-2/LDH-2 and 6PGD-3/LDH-3 demonstrated recombination between the enzyme markers. The drug-resistance character segregated independently of either enzyme marker.", "PMID": 1118185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5858", "title": "Amino acids of Diclidophora merlangi (Monogenea).", "content": "The level of free amino acids in Diclidophora merlangi is high, comprising over 500 mu moles/g ethanol extracted dry weight. A single amino acid, proline, constitutes some 70% of the total pool. Analysis of parasite protein and host blood and mucus revealed low proline levels, suggesting that the high free pool content was not related to a requirement for protein systhesis or to its abundance in the diet of the worm. Experiments revealed that proline was not involved specifically in osmoregulation, and the reasons for the large amounts present in Diclidophora remain unknown.", "contents": "Amino acids of Diclidophora merlangi (Monogenea). The level of free amino acids in Diclidophora merlangi is high, comprising over 500 mu moles/g ethanol extracted dry weight. A single amino acid, proline, constitutes some 70% of the total pool. Analysis of parasite protein and host blood and mucus revealed low proline levels, suggesting that the high free pool content was not related to a requirement for protein systhesis or to its abundance in the diet of the worm. Experiments revealed that proline was not involved specifically in osmoregulation, and the reasons for the large amounts present in Diclidophora remain unknown.", "PMID": 1118186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5859", "title": "Robenidine-dependence in a strain of Eimeria maxima.", "content": "A robenidine-resistant strain of Eimeria maxima was found to be drug-dependent and developed satisfactorily only in birds which were receiving the drug in the diet. Normal parasite development occurred in the presence of 132 ppm of robenidine in the food.", "contents": "Robenidine-dependence in a strain of Eimeria maxima. A robenidine-resistant strain of Eimeria maxima was found to be drug-dependent and developed satisfactorily only in birds which were receiving the drug in the diet. Normal parasite development occurred in the presence of 132 ppm of robenidine in the food.", "PMID": 1118187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5860", "title": "Cytology and kinetics of microgametogenesis and fertilization in Plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis.", "content": "The sexual development of the microgametocyte of Plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis may be subdivided into microgametogenesis which includes exflagellation, dispersal of the gametes and fertilization. Under our experimental conditions microgametogenesis takes about 8-15 min at 20 degrees C, the duration of this period being inversely related to temperature. Exflagellation takes less than 1 min, subsequent dispersal of gametes may continue for 40 min. We find that exflagellation is totally inhibited in vitro by temperatures of 30 degrees C and above, and by certain invertebrate tissue culture media. Exflagellation may occur within a persistent host cell plasmalemma, which seriously impedes the escape of the 8 microgametes. Microgametes move by sinusoidal or helical waves which may be rapid (10 waves/s), slow (smaller than 1 wave/s) or they may be immobile. Microgamete activity, which is alternately rapid/slow or slow/immobile, declines linearly with time. Fertilization which takes less than 1 min results from characteristic behavioural changes by the microgamete; vibratory waves are responsible for the penetration of the macrogamete by the microgamete. The microgamete completely enters the macrogamete and therein continues its cyclical activity.", "contents": "Cytology and kinetics of microgametogenesis and fertilization in Plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis. The sexual development of the microgametocyte of Plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis may be subdivided into microgametogenesis which includes exflagellation, dispersal of the gametes and fertilization. Under our experimental conditions microgametogenesis takes about 8-15 min at 20 degrees C, the duration of this period being inversely related to temperature. Exflagellation takes less than 1 min, subsequent dispersal of gametes may continue for 40 min. We find that exflagellation is totally inhibited in vitro by temperatures of 30 degrees C and above, and by certain invertebrate tissue culture media. Exflagellation may occur within a persistent host cell plasmalemma, which seriously impedes the escape of the 8 microgametes. Microgametes move by sinusoidal or helical waves which may be rapid (10 waves/s), slow (smaller than 1 wave/s) or they may be immobile. Microgamete activity, which is alternately rapid/slow or slow/immobile, declines linearly with time. Fertilization which takes less than 1 min results from characteristic behavioural changes by the microgamete; vibratory waves are responsible for the penetration of the macrogamete by the microgamete. The microgamete completely enters the macrogamete and therein continues its cyclical activity.", "PMID": 1118188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5861", "title": "Acquisition of host antigens by young Schistosoma mansoni in mice: correlation with failure to bind antibody in vitro.", "content": "Young schistosomes collected after penetration through isolated mouse skin (3 h schistosomula) were cultured in medium containing immune rhesus monkey serum with a high titre of antibody known to kill schistosomula in the presence of complement. Morphological signs of damage in electron micrographs were confined to the surface tegument of the schistosomula. Antibodies in immune rhesus serum were shown to bind to the surface membrane of 3 h schistosomula using an antibody-enzyme bridge technique involving labelling with horseradish peroxidase and histochemical localization of the enzyme at the ultrastructural level. Schistosomula recovered from the lungs of mice 4 days after infection did not bind monkey antibodies at the surface and these 4-day schistosomula are not susceptible to damage by immune serum in vitro. Mouse erythrocyte antigens were detected on the surface of 4-day schistosomula using an appropriate antibody-enzyme bridge but these host antigens could not be found on 3 h schistosomula. This correlation between the presence of mouse host antigens on the surface of schistosomula and the inability of immune monkey antibodies to bind to the surface membrane is consistent with the hypothesis that host antigens are acquired by young schistosomes and serve to protect the surface membrane against antibody-mediated damage.", "contents": "Acquisition of host antigens by young Schistosoma mansoni in mice: correlation with failure to bind antibody in vitro. Young schistosomes collected after penetration through isolated mouse skin (3 h schistosomula) were cultured in medium containing immune rhesus monkey serum with a high titre of antibody known to kill schistosomula in the presence of complement. Morphological signs of damage in electron micrographs were confined to the surface tegument of the schistosomula. Antibodies in immune rhesus serum were shown to bind to the surface membrane of 3 h schistosomula using an antibody-enzyme bridge technique involving labelling with horseradish peroxidase and histochemical localization of the enzyme at the ultrastructural level. Schistosomula recovered from the lungs of mice 4 days after infection did not bind monkey antibodies at the surface and these 4-day schistosomula are not susceptible to damage by immune serum in vitro. Mouse erythrocyte antigens were detected on the surface of 4-day schistosomula using an appropriate antibody-enzyme bridge but these host antigens could not be found on 3 h schistosomula. This correlation between the presence of mouse host antigens on the surface of schistosomula and the inability of immune monkey antibodies to bind to the surface membrane is consistent with the hypothesis that host antigens are acquired by young schistosomes and serve to protect the surface membrane against antibody-mediated damage.", "PMID": 1118189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5862", "title": "Hatching in the monogenean parasite Dictyocotyle coeliaca from the body cavity of Raja naevus.", "content": "When eggs of the monogenean Dictyocotyle coeliaca, a parasite from the body cavity of Raja naevus, are incubated in alternating 12 h periods of light and darkness at 12 degrees C the marginal hooklets appear between 75 and 90 days after collecting the eggs from the host's body cavity and hatching begins after about 102 (96-109) days. Hatching occurs continuously throughout the light and dark periods so that there is no daily hatching rhythm, and host skin mucus and fluid from the host's body cavity (previously deep frozen and thawed before use) are ineffective as hatching stimulants. The significance of these observations in relation to host behavior is discussed.", "contents": "Hatching in the monogenean parasite Dictyocotyle coeliaca from the body cavity of Raja naevus. When eggs of the monogenean Dictyocotyle coeliaca, a parasite from the body cavity of Raja naevus, are incubated in alternating 12 h periods of light and darkness at 12 degrees C the marginal hooklets appear between 75 and 90 days after collecting the eggs from the host's body cavity and hatching begins after about 102 (96-109) days. Hatching occurs continuously throughout the light and dark periods so that there is no daily hatching rhythm, and host skin mucus and fluid from the host's body cavity (previously deep frozen and thawed before use) are ineffective as hatching stimulants. The significance of these observations in relation to host behavior is discussed.", "PMID": 1118190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5863", "title": "Acceleration of the median nerve distal latency time in preterm infants with intrauterine growth retardation.", "content": "The distal latency time (DLT) of the median nerve was measured in infants at various stages of in utero and ex utero maturation. The DLT measured at 36 degrees (DLT-36) during the first 3 days of life was inversely related to gestational age in normal preterm infants. However, the DLT-36 was significantly accelerated in infants with in utero growth retardation (IUGR). In normal infants the DLT-36 was significantly related to the nerve conduction velocity of the proximal segment of the median nerve. This relation was lost in infants with IUGR, since the DLT-36 was accelerated by not the nerve conduction velocity. In normal preterm infants the slope of change of DLT-36 in utero with maturation was similar to the change ex utero. Wigh IUGR the DLT-36 shortened sharply during the first 2 weeks of postnatal life, and thereafter the DLT-36 changed at the same rate as in normal infants. The DLT is sensitive to temperature change in the thenar muscle. The more immature the infant the greater the change of DLT with temperature. Apnea in preterm infants was not significantly related to the DLT-36.", "contents": "Acceleration of the median nerve distal latency time in preterm infants with intrauterine growth retardation. The distal latency time (DLT) of the median nerve was measured in infants at various stages of in utero and ex utero maturation. The DLT measured at 36 degrees (DLT-36) during the first 3 days of life was inversely related to gestational age in normal preterm infants. However, the DLT-36 was significantly accelerated in infants with in utero growth retardation (IUGR). In normal infants the DLT-36 was significantly related to the nerve conduction velocity of the proximal segment of the median nerve. This relation was lost in infants with IUGR, since the DLT-36 was accelerated by not the nerve conduction velocity. In normal preterm infants the slope of change of DLT-36 in utero with maturation was similar to the change ex utero. Wigh IUGR the DLT-36 shortened sharply during the first 2 weeks of postnatal life, and thereafter the DLT-36 changed at the same rate as in normal infants. The DLT is sensitive to temperature change in the thenar muscle. The more immature the infant the greater the change of DLT with temperature. Apnea in preterm infants was not significantly related to the DLT-36.", "PMID": 1118191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5864", "title": "Amniotic fluid lecithin to sphingomyelin ration of 3.5 and fetal pulmonary maturity.", "content": "The clinical outcome of 118 pregnancies assessed by amniotic fluid lecithin to sphingomyelin concentration (L/S) ratio within 2 days of delivery is presented. It has been observed that the critical L/S ratio for pulmonary function is 3.5 in that no infant born with an L/ S ratio greater than 3.5 has had respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). Below an L/S ratio of 3.5, the risk and severity of RDS is inversely related to the L/S ratio. An L/S ratio smaller than 3.5 has the same prognostic value in infants born between 30 and 34 weeks gestation as it has in infants born between 35 and 38 weeks gestation. Under these conditions the relation between L/S ratio and RDS is independent of gestational age.", "contents": "Amniotic fluid lecithin to sphingomyelin ration of 3.5 and fetal pulmonary maturity. The clinical outcome of 118 pregnancies assessed by amniotic fluid lecithin to sphingomyelin concentration (L/S) ratio within 2 days of delivery is presented. It has been observed that the critical L/S ratio for pulmonary function is 3.5 in that no infant born with an L/ S ratio greater than 3.5 has had respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). Below an L/S ratio of 3.5, the risk and severity of RDS is inversely related to the L/S ratio. An L/S ratio smaller than 3.5 has the same prognostic value in infants born between 30 and 34 weeks gestation as it has in infants born between 35 and 38 weeks gestation. Under these conditions the relation between L/S ratio and RDS is independent of gestational age.", "PMID": 1118192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5865", "title": "The Dutch famine, 1944-1945, and the reproductive process. I. Effects on six indices at birth.", "content": "Prenatal exposure to the Dutch famine of 1944-1945 reduced postpartum maternal weight, birth weight, placental weight, length at birth, and head circumference at birth. These conclusions are based on maternities occurring in the famine area and exposed to famine during some part of gestation as compared both with maternities in nonfamine areas, and with maternities before and after the famine. Third trimester exposure accounted for the whole of the famine effects. Length of gestation was not affected by third trimester exposure, and did not mediate the effects on infant exposure, and did not mediate the effects on infant dimensions at birth. Effects were apparent only below a threshold value of official food rations of 1,500 cal daily average during the third trimester. (Calorie value for official food rations can be assumed to be lower than actual food intake.) Maternal weight declined 4.3% during the famine and rose 10.5% after the famine. Birth weight declined 9% during the famine, and rose 9% after the famine. Placental weight declined 15% during the famine, and rose 14% after the famine. Length at birth declined 2.5% during the famine, and rose 1.5% after the famine. Head circumference declined 2.7% during the famine, and rose 2.4% afterward.", "contents": "The Dutch famine, 1944-1945, and the reproductive process. I. Effects on six indices at birth. Prenatal exposure to the Dutch famine of 1944-1945 reduced postpartum maternal weight, birth weight, placental weight, length at birth, and head circumference at birth. These conclusions are based on maternities occurring in the famine area and exposed to famine during some part of gestation as compared both with maternities in nonfamine areas, and with maternities before and after the famine. Third trimester exposure accounted for the whole of the famine effects. Length of gestation was not affected by third trimester exposure, and did not mediate the effects on infant exposure, and did not mediate the effects on infant dimensions at birth. Effects were apparent only below a threshold value of official food rations of 1,500 cal daily average during the third trimester. (Calorie value for official food rations can be assumed to be lower than actual food intake.) Maternal weight declined 4.3% during the famine and rose 10.5% after the famine. Birth weight declined 9% during the famine, and rose 9% after the famine. Placental weight declined 15% during the famine, and rose 14% after the famine. Length at birth declined 2.5% during the famine, and rose 1.5% after the famine. Head circumference declined 2.7% during the famine, and rose 2.4% afterward.", "PMID": 1118193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5866", "title": "The Dutch famine, 1944-1945, and the reproductive process. II. Interrelations of caloric rations and six indices at birth.", "content": "Effects of maternal exposure to famine during the prenatal period were compared among six indices of reproduction by the use of Z scores. Maternal weight was affected soonest, then birthweight and placental weight. Length and head size at birth were affected relatively less and only after exposure to more severe nutritional deprivation. Path models were constructed of the interrelations of caloric rations, length of gestation, maternal weight, and fetal dimensions. Above a threshold value of 1,5000 Cal dialy average official food rations available to mothers in the third trimester, a model in whichthe placenta is treated as a fetal dimension (or organ) seemed most appropriate. Below the threshold value, a model in which the placenta is treated as a transmitter of nutrients seemed most appropirate.", "contents": "The Dutch famine, 1944-1945, and the reproductive process. II. Interrelations of caloric rations and six indices at birth. Effects of maternal exposure to famine during the prenatal period were compared among six indices of reproduction by the use of Z scores. Maternal weight was affected soonest, then birthweight and placental weight. Length and head size at birth were affected relatively less and only after exposure to more severe nutritional deprivation. Path models were constructed of the interrelations of caloric rations, length of gestation, maternal weight, and fetal dimensions. Above a threshold value of 1,5000 Cal dialy average official food rations available to mothers in the third trimester, a model in whichthe placenta is treated as a fetal dimension (or organ) seemed most appropriate. Below the threshold value, a model in which the placenta is treated as a transmitter of nutrients seemed most appropirate.", "PMID": 1118194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5867", "title": "Dominantly inherited osteogenesis imperfecta in man: an examination of collagen biosynthesis.", "content": "We have examined control subjects and patients in an effor to discover a metabolic basis for dominantly inherited osterogenesis imperfecta (OI). Studies were carried out in vitro with cultured skin fibroblasts obtained from OI patients, and in vivo on peptide-bound hydroxyproline excretion in urine. Urinary hydroxyproline excretion (milligrams/24 hr) adjusted for age is essentially normal in OI patients, although the mean excretion rate is below average. The latter finding is presumably a reflection of the smaller body mass of OI patients. The OI skin fibroblasts, matched for age of donor, site of biopsy, phase of growth, and generation number in culture, incorporated L-proline into hot trichloroacetic acid (TCA)-soluble protein (collagen) at normal rates. The rate of conversion of proline to hydroxyproline in the nascent polypeptides is also normal in OI. Incorporation of L-lysine was also normal in OI. These findings indicate that peptide synthesis of collagen is not impaired in OI. Rates of galactose incorporation into collagen and the extractability of collagen into normal saline or 0.2 M citric acid were all normal both in OI cells and in the culture medium recovered from the monolayer. These findings, in combination with the urinary data on hydroxyproline excretion in vivo reveal that cross-linking and export of collagen in OI is essentially normal. The elution profile after ion exchange chromatography of fibroblast collagen on carboxymethyl (CM)--Sephadex was also examined. The normal 2/1 ratio of peak 1 (largely alpha 1(1) chains) to peak 2 ) largely alpha 2 chains) was found in OI fibroblast extracts, which implies that synthesis and initial aggregation of the two types of polypeptide to yield (alpha1(1))-2 alpha 2 collagen composition is not abnormal in OI. Despite the negative biochemical findings, a consistent defect in the morphology of OI cells was identified in the log phase and the confluent phase of monolayer cultures. The finding is characterized by irregular packing of the aggregated cells and by an irregular tessellated appearance of the individual OI fibroblast. This observation reassures us that the inherited defect is expressed in vitro.", "contents": "Dominantly inherited osteogenesis imperfecta in man: an examination of collagen biosynthesis. We have examined control subjects and patients in an effor to discover a metabolic basis for dominantly inherited osterogenesis imperfecta (OI). Studies were carried out in vitro with cultured skin fibroblasts obtained from OI patients, and in vivo on peptide-bound hydroxyproline excretion in urine. Urinary hydroxyproline excretion (milligrams/24 hr) adjusted for age is essentially normal in OI patients, although the mean excretion rate is below average. The latter finding is presumably a reflection of the smaller body mass of OI patients. The OI skin fibroblasts, matched for age of donor, site of biopsy, phase of growth, and generation number in culture, incorporated L-proline into hot trichloroacetic acid (TCA)-soluble protein (collagen) at normal rates. The rate of conversion of proline to hydroxyproline in the nascent polypeptides is also normal in OI. Incorporation of L-lysine was also normal in OI. These findings indicate that peptide synthesis of collagen is not impaired in OI. Rates of galactose incorporation into collagen and the extractability of collagen into normal saline or 0.2 M citric acid were all normal both in OI cells and in the culture medium recovered from the monolayer. These findings, in combination with the urinary data on hydroxyproline excretion in vivo reveal that cross-linking and export of collagen in OI is essentially normal. The elution profile after ion exchange chromatography of fibroblast collagen on carboxymethyl (CM)--Sephadex was also examined. The normal 2/1 ratio of peak 1 (largely alpha 1(1) chains) to peak 2 ) largely alpha 2 chains) was found in OI fibroblast extracts, which implies that synthesis and initial aggregation of the two types of polypeptide to yield (alpha1(1))-2 alpha 2 collagen composition is not abnormal in OI. Despite the negative biochemical findings, a consistent defect in the morphology of OI cells was identified in the log phase and the confluent phase of monolayer cultures. The finding is characterized by irregular packing of the aggregated cells and by an irregular tessellated appearance of the individual OI fibroblast. This observation reassures us that the inherited defect is expressed in vitro.", "PMID": 1118195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5868", "title": "Some effects of postnatal zinc deficiency on developing rat brain.", "content": "A deficiency of dietary zinc during the suckling period of the rat results in a depression in normal growth, which is, in part, due to the inanition experienced by the dam. The pups from such zinc-deficient dams have smaller forebrains at all of the time intervals investigated in comparison with pups from both zinc-adequate controls. The cell number of the forebrain of the zinc-deficient pup was also reduced in comparison with the zinc-adequate pups. RNA concentration did not appear to be affected, although the total RNA content was reduced because of the smaller brain size. The amount of protein per cell was reduced at 6 and 15 days in the zinc-deficient forebrain and polysomal profiles displayed abnormal distribution of material between monosomes and polysomes in the zinc-deficient brain. Zinc deficiency during the suckling period thus appears to disadvantage the animal in terms of body, brain growth, accretion of cells into the forebrain, and normal protein metabolism.", "contents": "Some effects of postnatal zinc deficiency on developing rat brain. A deficiency of dietary zinc during the suckling period of the rat results in a depression in normal growth, which is, in part, due to the inanition experienced by the dam. The pups from such zinc-deficient dams have smaller forebrains at all of the time intervals investigated in comparison with pups from both zinc-adequate controls. The cell number of the forebrain of the zinc-deficient pup was also reduced in comparison with the zinc-adequate pups. RNA concentration did not appear to be affected, although the total RNA content was reduced because of the smaller brain size. The amount of protein per cell was reduced at 6 and 15 days in the zinc-deficient forebrain and polysomal profiles displayed abnormal distribution of material between monosomes and polysomes in the zinc-deficient brain. Zinc deficiency during the suckling period thus appears to disadvantage the animal in terms of body, brain growth, accretion of cells into the forebrain, and normal protein metabolism.", "PMID": 1118196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5869", "title": "Some effects of prenatal zinc deficiency on behavior of the adult rat.", "content": "The effect of zinc deficiency during the latter third of gestation on avoidance conditioning of young adult male rats was compared with the effect of intrauterine starvation and normal pregnancy. Animals which had experienced zinc deficiency avoided shock less well than the offspring of pair-fed control dams. The offspring of pair-fed dams avoided shock less well than animals which were the product of normal pregnancy. Response latencies were inferior in the zinc-deficient group, whereas intertrial responses were less on both the previous zinc-deficient and intrauterine starved animals.", "contents": "Some effects of prenatal zinc deficiency on behavior of the adult rat. The effect of zinc deficiency during the latter third of gestation on avoidance conditioning of young adult male rats was compared with the effect of intrauterine starvation and normal pregnancy. Animals which had experienced zinc deficiency avoided shock less well than the offspring of pair-fed control dams. The offspring of pair-fed dams avoided shock less well than animals which were the product of normal pregnancy. Response latencies were inferior in the zinc-deficient group, whereas intertrial responses were less on both the previous zinc-deficient and intrauterine starved animals.", "PMID": 1118197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5870", "title": "Appearance of hormone-sensitive adenylate cyclase in the developing human heart.", "content": "Highly significant (P smaller than 0.0025) increases in adenylate cyclase activity were seen at all fetal age periods (5-17 weeks) whenever sodium fluoride (5-10 mM) was added to the enzyme prepared from human myocardium. Norepinephrine (NE) at 10-4 M significantly elevated adenylate cyclase activity commencing at 6-7 weeks (P smaller than 0.01). Beginning at 8-9 fetal weeks, glucagon (6x10-6 M) effectively activated adenylate cyclase. Other hormonal agents, namely, histamine, epinephrine, and isoproterenol at 10-4 M, demonstrated an ability to activate the enzyme (P smaller than 0.025) by as early as 6-7 weeks and continued to act in this manner throughout the remainder of the developmental periods investigated. The beta blocking agents, propranolol, significantly inhibited (P smaller than 0.25) the stimulation of adenylate cyclase by NE throughout the 8-15 fetal week periods.", "contents": "Appearance of hormone-sensitive adenylate cyclase in the developing human heart. Highly significant (P smaller than 0.0025) increases in adenylate cyclase activity were seen at all fetal age periods (5-17 weeks) whenever sodium fluoride (5-10 mM) was added to the enzyme prepared from human myocardium. Norepinephrine (NE) at 10-4 M significantly elevated adenylate cyclase activity commencing at 6-7 weeks (P smaller than 0.01). Beginning at 8-9 fetal weeks, glucagon (6x10-6 M) effectively activated adenylate cyclase. Other hormonal agents, namely, histamine, epinephrine, and isoproterenol at 10-4 M, demonstrated an ability to activate the enzyme (P smaller than 0.025) by as early as 6-7 weeks and continued to act in this manner throughout the remainder of the developmental periods investigated. The beta blocking agents, propranolol, significantly inhibited (P smaller than 0.25) the stimulation of adenylate cyclase by NE throughout the 8-15 fetal week periods.", "PMID": 1118198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5871", "title": "Separation protest in day-care and home-reared infants.", "content": "Separation protest was measured by the onset and duration of fretting or crying in 24 day-care and 28 home-reared infants during a two-minute period of isolated separation from their mothers in an unfamiliar room. Separation episodes were repeated under similarly controlled circumstances at two-month intervals from 3 1/2 through 13 1/2 months and at 20 months of age. The composition of the day-care and home-reared groups was similar for sex, ordinal position, and family background. Day-care and home-reared infants showed similar patterns in the manifestation of separation protest over age, with sharp reductions in latency to crying and marked increases in the occurrence of crying at 9 1/2 and 13 1/2 months. These results suggest that the psychological processes underlying separation protest are not materially altered by the continuing presence of the young infant in a day-care program designed to meet both his physical and psychological requirements.", "contents": "Separation protest in day-care and home-reared infants. Separation protest was measured by the onset and duration of fretting or crying in 24 day-care and 28 home-reared infants during a two-minute period of isolated separation from their mothers in an unfamiliar room. Separation episodes were repeated under similarly controlled circumstances at two-month intervals from 3 1/2 through 13 1/2 months and at 20 months of age. The composition of the day-care and home-reared groups was similar for sex, ordinal position, and family background. Day-care and home-reared infants showed similar patterns in the manifestation of separation protest over age, with sharp reductions in latency to crying and marked increases in the occurrence of crying at 9 1/2 and 13 1/2 months. These results suggest that the psychological processes underlying separation protest are not materially altered by the continuing presence of the young infant in a day-care program designed to meet both his physical and psychological requirements.", "PMID": 1118207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5872", "title": "Clindamycin treatment of osteomyelitis and septic arthritis in children.", "content": "Forty-eight children, 1 month to 14 years of age, including 11 patients with untreated acute osteomyelitis, 8 with pretreated acute osteomyelitis, 12 with septic arthritis, and 11 with cellulitis or soft tissue abscess, were treated with clindamycin. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from the blood, synovial fluid, bone, or soft tissues of 27 of these individuals while group A, beta-hemolytic streptococci or Clostridia were isolated from 9 patients. Clindamycin was provided intravenously until patients were afebrile for three days followed by orally administered clindamycin for one week in patients with cellulitis to as long as six months in patients with chronic osteomyelitis. Clinical and bacteriologic responses to treatment generally were excellent, most likely reflecting the excellent serum and tissue concentrations of clindamycin which were achieved. Serum concentrations of clindamycin following intravenous infusion at 20 to 30 mg/kg/day in three divided doses were 8- to 32-fold in excess of the minimal inhibitory concentrations of all organisms isolated in this study. Bone and synovial fluid concentrations of clindamycin were 60% to 85% of the serum concentrations measured concomitantly. Clindamycin provides an effective alternative treatment of osteomyelitis and septic arthritis in children who are sensitive to penicillin.", "contents": "Clindamycin treatment of osteomyelitis and septic arthritis in children. Forty-eight children, 1 month to 14 years of age, including 11 patients with untreated acute osteomyelitis, 8 with pretreated acute osteomyelitis, 12 with septic arthritis, and 11 with cellulitis or soft tissue abscess, were treated with clindamycin. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from the blood, synovial fluid, bone, or soft tissues of 27 of these individuals while group A, beta-hemolytic streptococci or Clostridia were isolated from 9 patients. Clindamycin was provided intravenously until patients were afebrile for three days followed by orally administered clindamycin for one week in patients with cellulitis to as long as six months in patients with chronic osteomyelitis. Clinical and bacteriologic responses to treatment generally were excellent, most likely reflecting the excellent serum and tissue concentrations of clindamycin which were achieved. Serum concentrations of clindamycin following intravenous infusion at 20 to 30 mg/kg/day in three divided doses were 8- to 32-fold in excess of the minimal inhibitory concentrations of all organisms isolated in this study. Bone and synovial fluid concentrations of clindamycin were 60% to 85% of the serum concentrations measured concomitantly. Clindamycin provides an effective alternative treatment of osteomyelitis and septic arthritis in children who are sensitive to penicillin.", "PMID": 1118208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5873", "title": "Transcutaneous determination of arterial oxygen tension.", "content": "Arterial oxygen tension measurements were performed simultaneously using two different techniques: (1) the conventional method of analyzing a blood sample obtained from the radial artery by means of a Clark electrode and (2) a new method of transcutaneous oxygen tension recording using a newly developed surface electrode containing a built-in heating device to ensure optimal cutaneous perfusion at the site of measurement. Two groups of newborn infants were used as subjects: (1) 70 clinically healthy babies who were tested during normoxia and hyperoxia (breathing 80% to 100% oxygen) and (2) 20 sick preterm and term infants receiving inspired oxygen concentrations of between 21% and 100% during the measurement. Our results indicate a satisfactory accuracy for the transcutaneous oxygen tension measurements in normoxia and hyperoxia (percentage coefficient of variation, 15.9% and 24.1%, respectively). In hypoxia agreement between the two methods varies depending on the degree of circulatory derangement. Overall correlation coefficients were greater than 0.85 in each group.", "contents": "Transcutaneous determination of arterial oxygen tension. Arterial oxygen tension measurements were performed simultaneously using two different techniques: (1) the conventional method of analyzing a blood sample obtained from the radial artery by means of a Clark electrode and (2) a new method of transcutaneous oxygen tension recording using a newly developed surface electrode containing a built-in heating device to ensure optimal cutaneous perfusion at the site of measurement. Two groups of newborn infants were used as subjects: (1) 70 clinically healthy babies who were tested during normoxia and hyperoxia (breathing 80% to 100% oxygen) and (2) 20 sick preterm and term infants receiving inspired oxygen concentrations of between 21% and 100% during the measurement. Our results indicate a satisfactory accuracy for the transcutaneous oxygen tension measurements in normoxia and hyperoxia (percentage coefficient of variation, 15.9% and 24.1%, respectively). In hypoxia agreement between the two methods varies depending on the degree of circulatory derangement. Overall correlation coefficients were greater than 0.85 in each group.", "PMID": 1118209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5874", "title": "Yersinia enterocolitica arthritis.", "content": "Human infections with Yersinia were first recognized and reported in upper New York State almost 40 years ago. Recently, there have been increasing numbers of reports from Scandinavia of episodes of polyarthritis associated with Yersinia infections. A 6-month-old girl from upstate New York had a fever of 40 C for two weeks and green watery diarrhea, and irritability was noted when she was handled. An evanescent rash was most apparent at times of temperature elevations. Her mother and father had had diarrhea during the month preceding the child's illness. Stool cultures were grown in an effort to identify Yersinia enterocolitica if it was present, and the organism was found. A rise in serum agglutination titer against polyvalent Y. enterocolitica was demonstrated from zero to 1:256 dilutions. Y. enterocolitica is probably a cause of arthritis, mesenteric adenitis, and erythema nodosum in the United States.", "contents": "Yersinia enterocolitica arthritis. Human infections with Yersinia were first recognized and reported in upper New York State almost 40 years ago. Recently, there have been increasing numbers of reports from Scandinavia of episodes of polyarthritis associated with Yersinia infections. A 6-month-old girl from upstate New York had a fever of 40 C for two weeks and green watery diarrhea, and irritability was noted when she was handled. An evanescent rash was most apparent at times of temperature elevations. Her mother and father had had diarrhea during the month preceding the child's illness. Stool cultures were grown in an effort to identify Yersinia enterocolitica if it was present, and the organism was found. A rise in serum agglutination titer against polyvalent Y. enterocolitica was demonstrated from zero to 1:256 dilutions. Y. enterocolitica is probably a cause of arthritis, mesenteric adenitis, and erythema nodosum in the United States.", "PMID": 1118210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5875", "title": "Limb blood flow following umbilical arterial catheterization.", "content": "Stimulated blood flow was measured in the legs of 28 infants who had undergone umbilical arterial catheterization in the neonatal period. Catheter tips were positioned in the region of the aortic bifurcation, and only an isotonic saline/dextrose solution was continuously pumped through the catheter. The catheters were in place for an average of 58.3 hours (range, 4 to 144), and the infants were studied between 29 and 135 days of age (mean, 67 days). Blood flow in both legs was measured simultaneously by venous occlusion plethysmography using a mercury-in-rubber strain gauge. Analysis of peak stimulated blood flow in each leg and simultaneous flow in the opposite leg showed no difference between flow in the leg whose iliac artery had been catheterized in the neonatal period and flow in the opposite leg (paired t-test equal 0.17; P greater.50). No chronic, subclinical flow deficiencies of umbilical arterial catheterization were demonstrable. We see no new reason to curtail the judicious use of the umbilical artery catheter.", "contents": "Limb blood flow following umbilical arterial catheterization. Stimulated blood flow was measured in the legs of 28 infants who had undergone umbilical arterial catheterization in the neonatal period. Catheter tips were positioned in the region of the aortic bifurcation, and only an isotonic saline/dextrose solution was continuously pumped through the catheter. The catheters were in place for an average of 58.3 hours (range, 4 to 144), and the infants were studied between 29 and 135 days of age (mean, 67 days). Blood flow in both legs was measured simultaneously by venous occlusion plethysmography using a mercury-in-rubber strain gauge. Analysis of peak stimulated blood flow in each leg and simultaneous flow in the opposite leg showed no difference between flow in the leg whose iliac artery had been catheterized in the neonatal period and flow in the opposite leg (paired t-test equal 0.17; P greater.50). No chronic, subclinical flow deficiencies of umbilical arterial catheterization were demonstrable. We see no new reason to curtail the judicious use of the umbilical artery catheter.", "PMID": 1118211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5876", "title": "Systematic utilization of data for analysis of a pediatric emergency-room experience.", "content": "This report describes the systematic use of emergency-room data to (1) define the experiences of a group of pediatric interns in their emergency-room rotation (especially as they relate to their role as future pediatric practitioners), (2) evaluate, supervise, and learn from their performance in this primary care setting, and (3) provide an ongoing weekly list of illnesses diagnosed in the emergency room as an epidemiological sentinel for the larger community. The future applications of this type of systematic approach, perhaps with computer technology, offer the opportunity for comparison of delivery, quality, and cost of health care between various sources of primary care (emergency-room facilities, private physicians' offices, neighborhood health centers, and health maintenance organizations.", "contents": "Systematic utilization of data for analysis of a pediatric emergency-room experience. This report describes the systematic use of emergency-room data to (1) define the experiences of a group of pediatric interns in their emergency-room rotation (especially as they relate to their role as future pediatric practitioners), (2) evaluate, supervise, and learn from their performance in this primary care setting, and (3) provide an ongoing weekly list of illnesses diagnosed in the emergency room as an epidemiological sentinel for the larger community. The future applications of this type of systematic approach, perhaps with computer technology, offer the opportunity for comparison of delivery, quality, and cost of health care between various sources of primary care (emergency-room facilities, private physicians' offices, neighborhood health centers, and health maintenance organizations.", "PMID": 1118212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5877", "title": "Compatible transfusion therapy for paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria.", "content": "Two children with paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria (PCH) are described. Both cases were associated with cold-warm serum lysins having anti-Tja activity. Transfusion with compatible frozen-thawed red cells tided these children over the critical acute hemolytic phase of the syndrome. These are the first recorded examples of successful compatible transfusion therapy in PCH.", "contents": "Compatible transfusion therapy for paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria. Two children with paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria (PCH) are described. Both cases were associated with cold-warm serum lysins having anti-Tja activity. Transfusion with compatible frozen-thawed red cells tided these children over the critical acute hemolytic phase of the syndrome. These are the first recorded examples of successful compatible transfusion therapy in PCH.", "PMID": 1118213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5878", "title": "Manpower training and child-development services.", "content": "Making quality child-development services available for children of mothers in one vocational training program significantly improved the mothers' performances. On the average, mothers with children receiving these services stayed in the Job Corps longer and more frequently completed their vocational training program. Since longer length of stay and program completion show a positive correlation with a better chance of placement and higher initial wage, the new Job Corps program improves a mother's potential for economic self-sufficiency. In addition, mothers in the program are able to learn how to better understand their children and provide for their needs. Nonresident mothers in the new mother-and-child program performed as well as resident mothers. This similarity points towards the widespread potential for initiating similar programs in many vocational training and educational settings. If, as in the Job Corps program, providing quality child-care arrangements for mothers in such settings as high schools, colleges, other manpower training programs, prisons, and places of employment can improve the mother's general motivation, enhance her earning capacity, and improve her ability to be a good mother, then dollars invested in these programs will show a high return.", "contents": "Manpower training and child-development services. Making quality child-development services available for children of mothers in one vocational training program significantly improved the mothers' performances. On the average, mothers with children receiving these services stayed in the Job Corps longer and more frequently completed their vocational training program. Since longer length of stay and program completion show a positive correlation with a better chance of placement and higher initial wage, the new Job Corps program improves a mother's potential for economic self-sufficiency. In addition, mothers in the program are able to learn how to better understand their children and provide for their needs. Nonresident mothers in the new mother-and-child program performed as well as resident mothers. This similarity points towards the widespread potential for initiating similar programs in many vocational training and educational settings. If, as in the Job Corps program, providing quality child-care arrangements for mothers in such settings as high schools, colleges, other manpower training programs, prisons, and places of employment can improve the mother's general motivation, enhance her earning capacity, and improve her ability to be a good mother, then dollars invested in these programs will show a high return.", "PMID": 1118214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5879", "title": "Bender-Gestalt test and background interference procedure in discernment of organic brain damage.", "content": "Although the Bender-Gestalt test has proven adequate in differentiating groups of organic from groups of nonorganic Ss, attempts at individual diagnosis have frequently met with failure. Canter's Background Interference Procedure was designed to increase the sensitivity of the Bender test to the discernment of organic brain damage. The purpose of this paper was to check the validity of the Canter procedure, and to investigate its applicability to Hain's scoring system for the Bender test. 20 brain-damaged patients, 20 schizophrenics and 20 nonorganic, non-brain-damaged patients were matched for age and intelligence. Each of these groups was further divided into outpatients and inpatients. All patients were administered the Bender test on the standard white paper, the WAIS vocabulary subtest, and again the Bender test, on paper for the Background Interference Procedure. Significant results were obtained with the Background Interference administration for both Pascal-Suttell's and Hain's scoring systems where the standard administration had failed to yield significance. The tentative criteria proposed by Canter for individual diagnosis, however, were adequate for Pascal-Suttell's scoring system but not for Hain's method. Possible explanations for this disagreement, as well as suggestions for further research, are offered.", "contents": "Bender-Gestalt test and background interference procedure in discernment of organic brain damage. Although the Bender-Gestalt test has proven adequate in differentiating groups of organic from groups of nonorganic Ss, attempts at individual diagnosis have frequently met with failure. Canter's Background Interference Procedure was designed to increase the sensitivity of the Bender test to the discernment of organic brain damage. The purpose of this paper was to check the validity of the Canter procedure, and to investigate its applicability to Hain's scoring system for the Bender test. 20 brain-damaged patients, 20 schizophrenics and 20 nonorganic, non-brain-damaged patients were matched for age and intelligence. Each of these groups was further divided into outpatients and inpatients. All patients were administered the Bender test on the standard white paper, the WAIS vocabulary subtest, and again the Bender test, on paper for the Background Interference Procedure. Significant results were obtained with the Background Interference administration for both Pascal-Suttell's and Hain's scoring systems where the standard administration had failed to yield significance. The tentative criteria proposed by Canter for individual diagnosis, however, were adequate for Pascal-Suttell's scoring system but not for Hain's method. Possible explanations for this disagreement, as well as suggestions for further research, are offered.", "PMID": 1118248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5880", "title": "Development of praxis in children.", "content": "Praxis was defined as the ability to perform skilled movements on command or demonstration. The performances of 87 normal male children, ages 1 to 6 yr., were assessed on four measures of praxis: oral praxis command, oral praxis demonstration, limb praxis command, and limb praxis demonstration. These measures were also correlated with measures of language and articulation development for the entire group across ages and for yearly age intervals. Results showed an orderly emergence of praxis in all measures beginning about age 1 and reaching nearly perfect performance by age 6. Predictably, ability to follow demonstration emerged earlier than ability to follow spoken commands. Praxis correlated somewhat with articulation and language skills at age 2 but the magnitude of the correlations decreased with increasing age intervals. Normative data are provided for clinical researchers interested in studying \"apraxic\" children.", "contents": "Development of praxis in children. Praxis was defined as the ability to perform skilled movements on command or demonstration. The performances of 87 normal male children, ages 1 to 6 yr., were assessed on four measures of praxis: oral praxis command, oral praxis demonstration, limb praxis command, and limb praxis demonstration. These measures were also correlated with measures of language and articulation development for the entire group across ages and for yearly age intervals. Results showed an orderly emergence of praxis in all measures beginning about age 1 and reaching nearly perfect performance by age 6. Predictably, ability to follow demonstration emerged earlier than ability to follow spoken commands. Praxis correlated somewhat with articulation and language skills at age 2 but the magnitude of the correlations decreased with increasing age intervals. Normative data are provided for clinical researchers interested in studying \"apraxic\" children.", "PMID": 1118249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5881", "title": "Immediate recall fo semantically varied \"sentences\" by learning-disabled adolescents.", "content": "The immediate recall of 20 semantically and syntactically varied sentences was assessed and compared for 30 learning-disabled and 30 academically achieving adolescents. Learning-disabled adolescents repeated significantly fewer of the sentences verbatim than their achieving age peers. They exhibited significant reductions in the recall of sentences which violated semantic (selectional) rules, contained correctly and incorrectly sequenced modifier-strings, contained a random word-setting, or were syntactically complex. Perseveration errors occured more frequently among the learning-disabled adolescents than among the achievers and inter-sentence perseverative errors were exhibited only by those who were learning disabled. The rank order of difficulty for the sentences agreed for the two groups, suggesting primarily quantitative reductions in the immediate recall by the learning-disabled adolescents. The findings suggest that learning-disabled adolescents depend heavily upon semantic aspects for language processing, experience immediate memory and sequencing problems for modifier-strings, and exhibit a prevalence of interfering perseverative responses.", "contents": "Immediate recall fo semantically varied \"sentences\" by learning-disabled adolescents. The immediate recall of 20 semantically and syntactically varied sentences was assessed and compared for 30 learning-disabled and 30 academically achieving adolescents. Learning-disabled adolescents repeated significantly fewer of the sentences verbatim than their achieving age peers. They exhibited significant reductions in the recall of sentences which violated semantic (selectional) rules, contained correctly and incorrectly sequenced modifier-strings, contained a random word-setting, or were syntactically complex. Perseveration errors occured more frequently among the learning-disabled adolescents than among the achievers and inter-sentence perseverative errors were exhibited only by those who were learning disabled. The rank order of difficulty for the sentences agreed for the two groups, suggesting primarily quantitative reductions in the immediate recall by the learning-disabled adolescents. The findings suggest that learning-disabled adolescents depend heavily upon semantic aspects for language processing, experience immediate memory and sequencing problems for modifier-strings, and exhibit a prevalence of interfering perseverative responses.", "PMID": 1118250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5882", "title": "Effects of post-hypnotic suggestions on muscular endurance.", "content": "This study examined the effects of post-hypnotic suggestions upon maximal endurance capacity, Borg ratings of perceived exertion, and heart rate. Experimental subjects were administered post-hypnotic suggestions to improve or decrease performance, and control subjects were given similar instructions during the awake state. Endurance time could be decreased significantly when the fatigue suggestion was given to experimental subjects, but performance could not be enhanced with the facilitating suggestion. Control subjects showed no significant changes across conditions. The Borg ratings indicated that experimental subjects experienced subjective changes as suggested by the hypnotist. In addition, analysis failed to find any significant differences for the heart-rate data.", "contents": "Effects of post-hypnotic suggestions on muscular endurance. This study examined the effects of post-hypnotic suggestions upon maximal endurance capacity, Borg ratings of perceived exertion, and heart rate. Experimental subjects were administered post-hypnotic suggestions to improve or decrease performance, and control subjects were given similar instructions during the awake state. Endurance time could be decreased significantly when the fatigue suggestion was given to experimental subjects, but performance could not be enhanced with the facilitating suggestion. Control subjects showed no significant changes across conditions. The Borg ratings indicated that experimental subjects experienced subjective changes as suggested by the hypnotist. In addition, analysis failed to find any significant differences for the heart-rate data.", "PMID": 1118252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5883", "title": "Prediction of perceptual defense from experimental stress and susceptibility to stress as indicated by thematic apperception.", "content": "The present investigation tested the hypothesis advanced by J. Inglis (1961) that perceptual defense and perceptual vigilance result from an interaction between personality differences and degrees of experimental stress. The design, which controlled for questionable procedures used in previous studies, utilized 32 introverts and 32 extraverts, half male and half female, in an experiment with a visual recognition-task. Results indicated that under low-stress conditions introverts and extraverts identified by their response to a thematic apperception task react to threatening stimuli with perceptual defense and perceptual vigilance, respectively. Under high-stress conditions, type of avoidance activity reverses; extraverts react with perceptual defense and introverts with perceptual vigilance. It was suggested that, when both personality and stress variables are controlled, results of the perceptual defense paradigm are predictable and consistent, in support of Inglis' hypothesis.", "contents": "Prediction of perceptual defense from experimental stress and susceptibility to stress as indicated by thematic apperception. The present investigation tested the hypothesis advanced by J. Inglis (1961) that perceptual defense and perceptual vigilance result from an interaction between personality differences and degrees of experimental stress. The design, which controlled for questionable procedures used in previous studies, utilized 32 introverts and 32 extraverts, half male and half female, in an experiment with a visual recognition-task. Results indicated that under low-stress conditions introverts and extraverts identified by their response to a thematic apperception task react to threatening stimuli with perceptual defense and perceptual vigilance, respectively. Under high-stress conditions, type of avoidance activity reverses; extraverts react with perceptual defense and introverts with perceptual vigilance. It was suggested that, when both personality and stress variables are controlled, results of the perceptual defense paradigm are predictable and consistent, in support of Inglis' hypothesis.", "PMID": 1118253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5884", "title": "Contrast effects in the response to art.", "content": "Slides of traditional and abstract paintings were rated for either preference or complexity by 120 Ss following their earlier exposure to a contrasting series of slides of another type of art. Traditional art was liked more when it followed abstract art than when it was viewed after its own type of art. Abstract art, on the other hand, was liked less when it followed traditional art than when it followed the same type of art. Complexity judgments for both types of art, compared to their ratings without an earlier contrasting series, increased after seeing another type of art, although traditional art increased more than abstract art did. These findings were related to several theoretical approaches to cognition, general psychology, aesthetics, and the practical problems of art education. The research also illustrated that the humanistic content of experimental psychology can be broadened by including aesthetics and that experimental aesthetics can be liberalized by using slides showing real art.", "contents": "Contrast effects in the response to art. Slides of traditional and abstract paintings were rated for either preference or complexity by 120 Ss following their earlier exposure to a contrasting series of slides of another type of art. Traditional art was liked more when it followed abstract art than when it was viewed after its own type of art. Abstract art, on the other hand, was liked less when it followed traditional art than when it followed the same type of art. Complexity judgments for both types of art, compared to their ratings without an earlier contrasting series, increased after seeing another type of art, although traditional art increased more than abstract art did. These findings were related to several theoretical approaches to cognition, general psychology, aesthetics, and the practical problems of art education. The research also illustrated that the humanistic content of experimental psychology can be broadened by including aesthetics and that experimental aesthetics can be liberalized by using slides showing real art.", "PMID": 1118254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5885", "title": "Project Re-ed: increase in self-esteem as measured by the Coopersmith Inventory.", "content": "A group of boys and girls (9 to 15 yr. of age) who were identified as emotionally disturbed and in residential enrollment at a short-term (2 to 15 mo.) high-impact residential treatment center displayed a significant gain on the Coopersmith Self-esteem Inventory. Of the 59 children 37 showed a gain; 19 showed a decrease.", "contents": "Project Re-ed: increase in self-esteem as measured by the Coopersmith Inventory. A group of boys and girls (9 to 15 yr. of age) who were identified as emotionally disturbed and in residential enrollment at a short-term (2 to 15 mo.) high-impact residential treatment center displayed a significant gain on the Coopersmith Self-esteem Inventory. Of the 59 children 37 showed a gain; 19 showed a decrease.", "PMID": 1118255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5886", "title": "Effect of speed adaptation on performance in a self-paced tracking task.", "content": "12 Ss were required to perform a self-paced tracking task designed to simulate 'hazardous' road conditions. Those 6 Ss who had previously been exposed to a simple, high-speed version of the task travelled faster and made more errors on the hazardous task than 6 control Ss who performed the hazardous task throughout the experiment. The findings supplement earlier studies of the effect of speed adaptation on the judgment of speed and suggest that, in addition to perceptual distortions, an acquired motivation for speed may be an important factor in the behaviour of drivers leaving high-speed roads.", "contents": "Effect of speed adaptation on performance in a self-paced tracking task. 12 Ss were required to perform a self-paced tracking task designed to simulate 'hazardous' road conditions. Those 6 Ss who had previously been exposed to a simple, high-speed version of the task travelled faster and made more errors on the hazardous task than 6 control Ss who performed the hazardous task throughout the experiment. The findings supplement earlier studies of the effect of speed adaptation on the judgment of speed and suggest that, in addition to perceptual distortions, an acquired motivation for speed may be an important factor in the behaviour of drivers leaving high-speed roads.", "PMID": 1118256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5887", "title": "Relationship between auditory discrimination, articulation stimulability, and consistency of misarticulation.", "content": "A study was conducted to measure the relationship between auditory discrimination, articulation stimulability, and consistency of misarticulation. Data were based on the Carter-Buck Nonsense-Syllable Imitation Test for stimulability of /s/, the McDonald Deep Test of Articulation which measured consistency of misarticulation of /s/, and the Farquhar-Bankson In-depth Test of Auditory Discrimination which measured external and internal auditory discrimination of /s/. Ss were 25  kindergarten and first grade children with normal hearing and intelligence. No S had received any speech therapy. Each S misarticulated a minimum of three /s/ items on the McDonald Screening Test of Articulation. No more than one phoneme was misarticulated in addition to misarticulation of /s/. A significant correlation between the child's ability to discriminate his own production of /s/ (internal or self-monitoring) and the consistency of misarticulation of /s/ was obtained, as well as one between the consistency of misarticulation of /s/ and the stimulability of /s/. No statistically significant correlations were found between the other variables. A low nonsignificant correlation was found between the stimulability of /s/ and internal discrimination abilities. Different types of discrimination tasks were of varying difficulty. Performance on external discrimination items was better than for internal discrimination items.", "contents": "Relationship between auditory discrimination, articulation stimulability, and consistency of misarticulation. A study was conducted to measure the relationship between auditory discrimination, articulation stimulability, and consistency of misarticulation. Data were based on the Carter-Buck Nonsense-Syllable Imitation Test for stimulability of /s/, the McDonald Deep Test of Articulation which measured consistency of misarticulation of /s/, and the Farquhar-Bankson In-depth Test of Auditory Discrimination which measured external and internal auditory discrimination of /s/. Ss were 25  kindergarten and first grade children with normal hearing and intelligence. No S had received any speech therapy. Each S misarticulated a minimum of three /s/ items on the McDonald Screening Test of Articulation. No more than one phoneme was misarticulated in addition to misarticulation of /s/. A significant correlation between the child's ability to discriminate his own production of /s/ (internal or self-monitoring) and the consistency of misarticulation of /s/ was obtained, as well as one between the consistency of misarticulation of /s/ and the stimulability of /s/. No statistically significant correlations were found between the other variables. A low nonsignificant correlation was found between the stimulability of /s/ and internal discrimination abilities. Different types of discrimination tasks were of varying difficulty. Performance on external discrimination items was better than for internal discrimination items.", "PMID": 1118257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5888", "title": "Arousal and preferences for complexity in infants.", "content": "To determine the effects of arousal on preference for complexity 9 infants (16 to 18 mo.) were exposed to different levels of complexity under low and high hunger drive. Low-hunger Ss showed longer fixation time than high-hunger Ss toward all stimuli and showed relatively greater preference for complexity than high-hunger Ss. The results were interpreted in terms of optimal-stimulation theory and information-processing theory.", "contents": "Arousal and preferences for complexity in infants. To determine the effects of arousal on preference for complexity 9 infants (16 to 18 mo.) were exposed to different levels of complexity under low and high hunger drive. Low-hunger Ss showed longer fixation time than high-hunger Ss toward all stimuli and showed relatively greater preference for complexity than high-hunger Ss. The results were interpreted in terms of optimal-stimulation theory and information-processing theory.", "PMID": 1118259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5889", "title": "Visual imagery and religious ceremonial.", "content": "The purpose of the study was to determine whether visual imagery occurs more in 49  'high church' than in 40 'low church' individuals. Since visual imagery is positively related to need for stimulation, it might be expected that people with a preference for ceremonial would tend to image more vividly. In this study, imagery tended to be stronger among 'low church' individuals, however.", "contents": "Visual imagery and religious ceremonial. The purpose of the study was to determine whether visual imagery occurs more in 49  'high church' than in 40 'low church' individuals. Since visual imagery is positively related to need for stimulation, it might be expected that people with a preference for ceremonial would tend to image more vividly. In this study, imagery tended to be stronger among 'low church' individuals, however.", "PMID": 1118260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5890", "title": "Psychophysical preference for harmonized musical passages in the Just and Equal Tempered systems.", "content": "Preferences were obtained from both experienced and untrained Ss concerning musical passages presented in both Just (natural) and Equal Tempered (synthetic) tuning systems. While a significant preference for Just tonation was recorded for all Ss, no significant difference for preference was found between moderately experienced musicians and non-performers. Boys showed a greater, and significant, preference for Just tuning than did girls.", "contents": "Psychophysical preference for harmonized musical passages in the Just and Equal Tempered systems. Preferences were obtained from both experienced and untrained Ss concerning musical passages presented in both Just (natural) and Equal Tempered (synthetic) tuning systems. While a significant preference for Just tonation was recorded for all Ss, no significant difference for preference was found between moderately experienced musicians and non-performers. Boys showed a greater, and significant, preference for Just tuning than did girls.", "PMID": 1118261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5891", "title": "Field dependence--independence, social--non-social play and sex differences in preschool children.", "content": "The present study investigated the hypothesis that preschool children who spend more time in social play than in non-social play would be more field-dependent than their field-independent counterparts. Over-all the hypothesis was supported by the results. Although the social-non-social dimension appeared to account for most of the findings, correlations between individual play activities and field dependence suggested that this single dimension could not adequately account for all of the findings. The dimension of perceptual-motor demand required in some of the activities may have been involved as well. Discussion focused on the complexity of the play preference, cognitive findings, and on sex differences as well.", "contents": "Field dependence--independence, social--non-social play and sex differences in preschool children. The present study investigated the hypothesis that preschool children who spend more time in social play than in non-social play would be more field-dependent than their field-independent counterparts. Over-all the hypothesis was supported by the results. Although the social-non-social dimension appeared to account for most of the findings, correlations between individual play activities and field dependence suggested that this single dimension could not adequately account for all of the findings. The dimension of perceptual-motor demand required in some of the activities may have been involved as well. Discussion focused on the complexity of the play preference, cognitive findings, and on sex differences as well.", "PMID": 1118262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5892", "title": "Organizational properties in a cutaneous memory-scanning task.", "content": "An experiment investigated the notion that organizational properties operate in a memory-scanning task using cutaneous stimuli. The results indicated that the open-closed nature of the positive set is a significant factor in a cutaneous memory-scanning task. Set-size was not a significant factor. The data suggest there are some organizational processes in a cutaneous memory-scanning task, however, these processes do not seem to be completely analogous to those used in visual and auditory memory-scanning tasks.", "contents": "Organizational properties in a cutaneous memory-scanning task. An experiment investigated the notion that organizational properties operate in a memory-scanning task using cutaneous stimuli. The results indicated that the open-closed nature of the positive set is a significant factor in a cutaneous memory-scanning task. Set-size was not a significant factor. The data suggest there are some organizational processes in a cutaneous memory-scanning task, however, these processes do not seem to be completely analogous to those used in visual and auditory memory-scanning tasks.", "PMID": 1118263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5893", "title": "Curved contours and the associative response.", "content": "72 random polygons and their curvilinear transformations were exposed for 3 sec. to 40 subjects who produced written associations during a 10-sec. interval. The number of associations varied, in general, directly with the amount of curved contour as well as with the degree of contour dispersion. The amount of variance accounted for by these two variables was small, however. Differences in curvature produced much greater differences in the content of the associations, greater degrees of curvature evoking more associations that were curved, man-made objects or living things and fewer associations that were straight-edged, man-made objects. A significant and inverse relationship was also established between contour dispersion and associations that were non-living, natural objects. It is concluded that physical form dimensions, especially curvature, affect less the association value (connotative meaning) of visual forms and much more their denotative meaning.", "contents": "Curved contours and the associative response. 72 random polygons and their curvilinear transformations were exposed for 3 sec. to 40 subjects who produced written associations during a 10-sec. interval. The number of associations varied, in general, directly with the amount of curved contour as well as with the degree of contour dispersion. The amount of variance accounted for by these two variables was small, however. Differences in curvature produced much greater differences in the content of the associations, greater degrees of curvature evoking more associations that were curved, man-made objects or living things and fewer associations that were straight-edged, man-made objects. A significant and inverse relationship was also established between contour dispersion and associations that were non-living, natural objects. It is concluded that physical form dimensions, especially curvature, affect less the association value (connotative meaning) of visual forms and much more their denotative meaning.", "PMID": 1118264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5894", "title": "IES Arrow-Dot longitudinal study of personality development in preschool children.", "content": "Preschool children were administered the IES Arrow-Dot at the beginning and end of the school year and scores compared with those based on a prior study in a Montessori preschool. Developmental trends of declining Impulsivity and rising Ego scores were corroborated. Superego development remained almost stable in contrast to a significant rise for the Montessori sample. Results support effective use of the test with preschoolers to assess baselines and developmental patterns of personality integration.", "contents": "IES Arrow-Dot longitudinal study of personality development in preschool children. Preschool children were administered the IES Arrow-Dot at the beginning and end of the school year and scores compared with those based on a prior study in a Montessori preschool. Developmental trends of declining Impulsivity and rising Ego scores were corroborated. Superego development remained almost stable in contrast to a significant rise for the Montessori sample. Results support effective use of the test with preschoolers to assess baselines and developmental patterns of personality integration.", "PMID": 1118265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5895", "title": "Apparent reversals for circular and elliptical stimuli.", "content": "Number of apparent reversals for various patterned ellipses and circles was investigated. Ellipses produced significantly more reversals than circles. Patterned stimuli produced a number of reversals dependent upon pattern orientation and corroborated predictions consistent with Power and Day's (1973) general constancy theory for apparent reversals.", "contents": "Apparent reversals for circular and elliptical stimuli. Number of apparent reversals for various patterned ellipses and circles was investigated. Ellipses produced significantly more reversals than circles. Patterned stimuli produced a number of reversals dependent upon pattern orientation and corroborated predictions consistent with Power and Day's (1973) general constancy theory for apparent reversals.", "PMID": 1118266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5896", "title": "Arousal and learning, and noncontingency detection in one-year-old infants.", "content": "The relationship between arousal and learning was studied with 6 infants 1 yr. of age on a two-choice discrimination learning task. The behavioral indices of arousal (activity level) and learning (response rate and reinforcements) correlated significantly (r, .44). Affective state correlated positively with activity level (r, .47) during the learning phase of the experiment. Two control conditions were presented following the learning phase of the experiment. Noncontingent (response independent) reinforcement produced significantly faster response deceleration than nonreinforcement. Affective response did not differ between nonreinforcement and noncontingent reinforcement conditions.", "contents": "Arousal and learning, and noncontingency detection in one-year-old infants. The relationship between arousal and learning was studied with 6 infants 1 yr. of age on a two-choice discrimination learning task. The behavioral indices of arousal (activity level) and learning (response rate and reinforcements) correlated significantly (r, .44). Affective state correlated positively with activity level (r, .47) during the learning phase of the experiment. Two control conditions were presented following the learning phase of the experiment. Noncontingent (response independent) reinforcement produced significantly faster response deceleration than nonreinforcement. Affective response did not differ between nonreinforcement and noncontingent reinforcement conditions.", "PMID": 1118267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5897", "title": "Locus stabilization with parallel rectilinear dot-progressions.", "content": "Illusory displacement measures (\"straight\" or \"crooked\") were compared for single vs parallel rectilinear light progressions in 24 educable mental retardates and 24 normals of equal MA. For both groups, frequency of perceived \"straight\" responses was greater for the parallel- than for the single-line progressions. It was concluded that concurrent stimulation by two proximate visual stimuli rather than the presence of supplementary interstimulus mediatory referents is sufficient to facilitate veridical perception of successive light positions. Comparable performance by the normals and retardates substantiates previous findings.", "contents": "Locus stabilization with parallel rectilinear dot-progressions. Illusory displacement measures (\"straight\" or \"crooked\") were compared for single vs parallel rectilinear light progressions in 24 educable mental retardates and 24 normals of equal MA. For both groups, frequency of perceived \"straight\" responses was greater for the parallel- than for the single-line progressions. It was concluded that concurrent stimulation by two proximate visual stimuli rather than the presence of supplementary interstimulus mediatory referents is sufficient to facilitate veridical perception of successive light positions. Comparable performance by the normals and retardates substantiates previous findings.", "PMID": 1118269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5898", "title": "Effects of auditory and visual modalities in recall of words.", "content": "Ten experimental conditions were used to study the effects of auditory and visual (printed words, uncolored and colored pictures) modalities and their various combinations with college students. A recall paradigm was employed in which subjects responded in a written test. Analysis of data showed the auditory modality was superior to visual (pictures) ones but was not significantly different from visual (printed words) modality. In visual modalities, printed words were superior to colored pictures. Generally, conditions with multiple modes of representation of stimuli were significantly higher than for conditions with single modes. Multiple modalities, consisting of two or three modes, did not differ significantly from each other. It was concluded that any two modalities of the stimuli presented simultaneously were just as effective as three in recall of stimulus words.", "contents": "Effects of auditory and visual modalities in recall of words. Ten experimental conditions were used to study the effects of auditory and visual (printed words, uncolored and colored pictures) modalities and their various combinations with college students. A recall paradigm was employed in which subjects responded in a written test. Analysis of data showed the auditory modality was superior to visual (pictures) ones but was not significantly different from visual (printed words) modality. In visual modalities, printed words were superior to colored pictures. Generally, conditions with multiple modes of representation of stimuli were significantly higher than for conditions with single modes. Multiple modalities, consisting of two or three modes, did not differ significantly from each other. It was concluded that any two modalities of the stimuli presented simultaneously were just as effective as three in recall of stimulus words.", "PMID": 1118270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5899", "title": "Speech remediation of children involved in two different physical education programs.", "content": "25 children with severe speech defects and receiving specialized therapy in a camp were randomly assigned to either a physical education program with an emphasis on recreational games or perceptual-motor instruction. All children were administered 6 pre- and posttests of language and speech proficiency. The recreation games group achieved slightly more statistically significant improvements.", "contents": "Speech remediation of children involved in two different physical education programs. 25 children with severe speech defects and receiving specialized therapy in a camp were randomly assigned to either a physical education program with an emphasis on recreational games or perceptual-motor instruction. All children were administered 6 pre- and posttests of language and speech proficiency. The recreation games group achieved slightly more statistically significant improvements.", "PMID": 1118271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5900", "title": "Social desirability and self-reports of mood: a rejoinder.", "content": "Warehime and Jones found moderate correlations between social desirability and short-term mood level scores on the Wessman-Ricks Personal Feeling Scales. They suggested that it might be valuable to study patterns of dissimulation in self-reports of immediate feeling states. In the present authors' studies involving long-term mood reports and multivariate methods, social desirability was shown to have a moderately weak relationship with measures of mood level and mood variability. Under conditions of confidentiality and good rapport, repeated self-reports of mood appeared to share more variance with important personality characteristics and situational influences than with social desirability per se.", "contents": "Social desirability and self-reports of mood: a rejoinder. Warehime and Jones found moderate correlations between social desirability and short-term mood level scores on the Wessman-Ricks Personal Feeling Scales. They suggested that it might be valuable to study patterns of dissimulation in self-reports of immediate feeling states. In the present authors' studies involving long-term mood reports and multivariate methods, social desirability was shown to have a moderately weak relationship with measures of mood level and mood variability. Under conditions of confidentiality and good rapport, repeated self-reports of mood appeared to share more variance with important personality characteristics and situational influences than with social desirability per se.", "PMID": 1118272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5901", "title": "Short-term motor memory in Korsakoff patients.", "content": "10 amnesic alcoholic Korsakoff patients were compared with 10 chronic alcoholics for their ability to retain a simple motor movement over either a 10- or 20-sec. interval. During this interval the opportunity for rehearsal was minimized by having the patients engage in either a verbal or a motor distractor task. Under both conditions the Korsakoff patients were impaired relative to the control subjects, with very little difference between the two types of interference. It was concluded that Korsakoff patients have a short-term motor retention deficit that cannot be explained simply as an inability to mediate the task verbally.", "contents": "Short-term motor memory in Korsakoff patients. 10 amnesic alcoholic Korsakoff patients were compared with 10 chronic alcoholics for their ability to retain a simple motor movement over either a 10- or 20-sec. interval. During this interval the opportunity for rehearsal was minimized by having the patients engage in either a verbal or a motor distractor task. Under both conditions the Korsakoff patients were impaired relative to the control subjects, with very little difference between the two types of interference. It was concluded that Korsakoff patients have a short-term motor retention deficit that cannot be explained simply as an inability to mediate the task verbally.", "PMID": 1118273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5902", "title": "Conditioning changes in differential skin temperature.", "content": "8 male Ss were presented with visual and auditory analog feedback regarding the difference between forehead and finger temperature. 4 Ss were instructed to raise the temperature of their finger in comparison with the forehead, while a second group of 4 Ss was instructed to lower the temperature of their finger in comparison with the temperature of the forehead. After 12 15-min. training sessions all Ss were able to produce changes in differential skin temperature in the specified direction. Differential changes in skin temperature correlated highly with changes in absolute finger temperature. These results are discussed as relevant to the clinical application of skin temperature control.", "contents": "Conditioning changes in differential skin temperature. 8 male Ss were presented with visual and auditory analog feedback regarding the difference between forehead and finger temperature. 4 Ss were instructed to raise the temperature of their finger in comparison with the forehead, while a second group of 4 Ss was instructed to lower the temperature of their finger in comparison with the temperature of the forehead. After 12 15-min. training sessions all Ss were able to produce changes in differential skin temperature in the specified direction. Differential changes in skin temperature correlated highly with changes in absolute finger temperature. These results are discussed as relevant to the clinical application of skin temperature control.", "PMID": 1118275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5903", "title": "A note on illusions.", "content": "The crucial factor in illusion is not in perception but rather in the assumption that all two-dimensional drawings represent two-dimensional reality. This leads in some cases to making unwarranted comparisons between parts of the figures.", "contents": "A note on illusions. The crucial factor in illusion is not in perception but rather in the assumption that all two-dimensional drawings represent two-dimensional reality. This leads in some cases to making unwarranted comparisons between parts of the figures.", "PMID": 1118276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5904", "title": "Interviewer's role-playing and responses to sensory deprivation: a clinical demonstration.", "content": "10 Ss with a history of intransigent hypochondriacal personality disorder were subjected to 2-1/2 hr. of sensory deprivation preceded and followed by planned interviewing procedures. Each interview was designed to prestructure the interpersonal meaning of the experience of sensory deprivation and selectively reinforce social roles antithetical to S's characteristic, maladaptive interpersonal behavior. As predicted, Ss showed a significant (p smaller than .01) shift from passively hostile to an actively warm social role. The changes in social role were also reflected in a significant (p smaller than .01) reduction in number of medical clinic visits. These effects were still operative 30 days following the procedure, whereas an equated baseline group of 10 Ss showed no significant change in behavior over the same period of time.", "contents": "Interviewer's role-playing and responses to sensory deprivation: a clinical demonstration. 10 Ss with a history of intransigent hypochondriacal personality disorder were subjected to 2-1/2 hr. of sensory deprivation preceded and followed by planned interviewing procedures. Each interview was designed to prestructure the interpersonal meaning of the experience of sensory deprivation and selectively reinforce social roles antithetical to S's characteristic, maladaptive interpersonal behavior. As predicted, Ss showed a significant (p smaller than .01) shift from passively hostile to an actively warm social role. The changes in social role were also reflected in a significant (p smaller than .01) reduction in number of medical clinic visits. These effects were still operative 30 days following the procedure, whereas an equated baseline group of 10 Ss showed no significant change in behavior over the same period of time.", "PMID": 1118277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5905", "title": "Pleasingness vs interestingness of visual stimuli with controlled complexity: their relationship to looking time as a function of exposure time.", "content": "Ss take more time to perceive interesting/displeasing stimuli than uninteresting/pleasing ones. This is consistent with the results of former experiments. However we used a different operationalization of looking time, based on binocular rivalry. Each of six stimulus pairs was presented in a stereoscope. One member of each pair was interesting but displeasing in comparison to the other member. Stimulus complexity was under control. Due to binocular rivalry Ss perceived only one pattern a time. 20 Ss were asked to indicate which pattern they actually saw by pushing two buttons. For each stimulus pair was registered how long each button was pushed during each of six successive minutes. Unlike other operationalizations this one is less dependent on S's determination of what stimulus will be looked at or for how long. It has the advantage that it is bound up more exclusively with relations of similarity and dissimilarity between stimulus elements. It allows manipulation of exposure time in a systematic and continous way. There is no significant interaction between looking and exposure time.", "contents": "Pleasingness vs interestingness of visual stimuli with controlled complexity: their relationship to looking time as a function of exposure time. Ss take more time to perceive interesting/displeasing stimuli than uninteresting/pleasing ones. This is consistent with the results of former experiments. However we used a different operationalization of looking time, based on binocular rivalry. Each of six stimulus pairs was presented in a stereoscope. One member of each pair was interesting but displeasing in comparison to the other member. Stimulus complexity was under control. Due to binocular rivalry Ss perceived only one pattern a time. 20 Ss were asked to indicate which pattern they actually saw by pushing two buttons. For each stimulus pair was registered how long each button was pushed during each of six successive minutes. Unlike other operationalizations this one is less dependent on S's determination of what stimulus will be looked at or for how long. It has the advantage that it is bound up more exclusively with relations of similarity and dissimilarity between stimulus elements. It allows manipulation of exposure time in a systematic and continous way. There is no significant interaction between looking and exposure time.", "PMID": 1118278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5906", "title": "Haptic-visual form identification in children aged 4 through 13.", "content": "Children 4 through 13 yr. of age performed on a haptic-to-visual form-identification task. The obtained curves showed that for both sexes, rate of improvement slowed down at approximately 9 yr. of age.", "contents": "Haptic-visual form identification in children aged 4 through 13. Children 4 through 13 yr. of age performed on a haptic-to-visual form-identification task. The obtained curves showed that for both sexes, rate of improvement slowed down at approximately 9 yr. of age.", "PMID": 1118280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5907", "title": "Children's constructions of their self-images.", "content": "In order to trace the normal development of the self-qua-body image during elementary school age, 250 public school children in that age range were tested. The test devised involved assembling self-replicas from a standard array of 37 jigsaw-like, prefashioned segments representing various body parts. A highly reliable and flexible quantitative scoring scheme was applied to the resulting protocols. Mean performance improved with age until age 10 yr., except for judgments of body proportions. Recurrent error patterns involved omission of arms, hands and feet, underestimation of body size relative to head size, and mislocation of upper and lower extremities. On the basis of the results, it was hypothesized that the arms and hands often are not as integral to the body image as are the head, trunk and legs. In most respects, qualitive performance was not affected by sex or IQ. Performance on the self-image construction test was compared with children's self-drawings and the implications of some commonalities as well as disparities in the two methods were discussed.", "contents": "Children's constructions of their self-images. In order to trace the normal development of the self-qua-body image during elementary school age, 250 public school children in that age range were tested. The test devised involved assembling self-replicas from a standard array of 37 jigsaw-like, prefashioned segments representing various body parts. A highly reliable and flexible quantitative scoring scheme was applied to the resulting protocols. Mean performance improved with age until age 10 yr., except for judgments of body proportions. Recurrent error patterns involved omission of arms, hands and feet, underestimation of body size relative to head size, and mislocation of upper and lower extremities. On the basis of the results, it was hypothesized that the arms and hands often are not as integral to the body image as are the head, trunk and legs. In most respects, qualitive performance was not affected by sex or IQ. Performance on the self-image construction test was compared with children's self-drawings and the implications of some commonalities as well as disparities in the two methods were discussed.", "PMID": 1118281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5908", "title": "Successive processing of color and form from brief visual displays.", "content": "Visual processing of multidimensional stimuli was explored with a task designed to determine the number of separable perceptual stages operating and the nature of their relationship. Displays containing 2 rows of 5 randomly selected letters were presented briefly. In half the displays, 1 of the 10 letters was red and the other 9 black; in the remaining displays, all 10 letters were black. Ss made two responses to each display; color detection, in which the presence or absence of a red letter was judged, and letter naming, in which Ss reported as many letters as they could. The findings suggested that the two tasks were performed by separate perceptual mechanisms and the selection of letters to be named could be influenced by the information acquired by the color-detection mechanism.", "contents": "Successive processing of color and form from brief visual displays. Visual processing of multidimensional stimuli was explored with a task designed to determine the number of separable perceptual stages operating and the nature of their relationship. Displays containing 2 rows of 5 randomly selected letters were presented briefly. In half the displays, 1 of the 10 letters was red and the other 9 black; in the remaining displays, all 10 letters were black. Ss made two responses to each display; color detection, in which the presence or absence of a red letter was judged, and letter naming, in which Ss reported as many letters as they could. The findings suggested that the two tasks were performed by separate perceptual mechanisms and the selection of letters to be named could be influenced by the information acquired by the color-detection mechanism.", "PMID": 1118282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5909", "title": "Personality, emotional state, and perception of nonverbal communications.", "content": "The study investigated whether emotionally provoking disagreements between 36 marriage partners influenced their ability to identify each other's feelings from tone of voice cues. The results suggested that among the males the ability of stable introverts to identify increased after disagreements, while that of neurotic introverts decreased (p smaller than 0.01).", "contents": "Personality, emotional state, and perception of nonverbal communications. The study investigated whether emotionally provoking disagreements between 36 marriage partners influenced their ability to identify each other's feelings from tone of voice cues. The results suggested that among the males the ability of stable introverts to identify increased after disagreements, while that of neurotic introverts decreased (p smaller than 0.01).", "PMID": 1118283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5910", "title": "Measurement of subvocal speech: correlations between two muscle leads and between two recording methods.", "content": "Electromyographical (EMG) activity was recorded from both the lip and the chin speech muscles of 46 preschool children while they silently memorized names of pictures in a memory task. Correlations between responses from the lip and chin muscle channels, performed for each trial, were high. A more sensitive measurement procedure of squaring and integrating voltages was used to quantify EMG activity. Correlations per each trial of squared, integrated voltages with amplitude of the single highest pen deflections (a commonly used measurement in studies of subvocal speech) were somewhat lower than desirable; correlations with amplitude of the five highest pen deflections were noticabley higher.", "contents": "Measurement of subvocal speech: correlations between two muscle leads and between two recording methods. Electromyographical (EMG) activity was recorded from both the lip and the chin speech muscles of 46 preschool children while they silently memorized names of pictures in a memory task. Correlations between responses from the lip and chin muscle channels, performed for each trial, were high. A more sensitive measurement procedure of squaring and integrating voltages was used to quantify EMG activity. Correlations per each trial of squared, integrated voltages with amplitude of the single highest pen deflections (a commonly used measurement in studies of subvocal speech) were somewhat lower than desirable; correlations with amplitude of the five highest pen deflections were noticabley higher.", "PMID": 1118284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5911", "title": "Relationship of objective score, perceptual trace, and practice method in learning to balance.", "content": "The relationship of the perceptual trace to the objective score (raw score) under three practice conditions was the main concern of this study. Three groups of 14 Ss performed 35 trials on a stabilometer balancing task. Ss were asked to estimate how well they did after each trial. The difference between S's actual score and his guess was used as a measure of the perceptual trace. While performance and time estimations improved with practice, they correlated very low. The results were discussed in the context of Adams' closed-loop theory and gave mixed support for the theory.", "contents": "Relationship of objective score, perceptual trace, and practice method in learning to balance. The relationship of the perceptual trace to the objective score (raw score) under three practice conditions was the main concern of this study. Three groups of 14 Ss performed 35 trials on a stabilometer balancing task. Ss were asked to estimate how well they did after each trial. The difference between S's actual score and his guess was used as a measure of the perceptual trace. While performance and time estimations improved with practice, they correlated very low. The results were discussed in the context of Adams' closed-loop theory and gave mixed support for the theory.", "PMID": 1118285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5912", "title": "Toward a modification of the indices of neonatal prematurity.", "content": "In a study of 233 infants, traditional indices of neonatal prematurity were excessively high for predicting developmental lag at 1 yr., and alternative cut-off scores were suggested. Prematurity indices were especially important for infants with below-average development.", "contents": "Toward a modification of the indices of neonatal prematurity. In a study of 233 infants, traditional indices of neonatal prematurity were excessively high for predicting developmental lag at 1 yr., and alternative cut-off scores were suggested. Prematurity indices were especially important for infants with below-average development.", "PMID": 1118287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5913", "title": "Duration of stimulus presentation and screening for perceptual disabilities.", "content": "This study examined the effects of increasing the stimulus-presentation time of a motion picture test for identifying perceptual disabilities in the performance of Ss in regular first and fourth grade classrooms and on a sample of Ss in special education classes who had been identified as having varying degrees of perceptual deficiencies. The length of stimulus presentation increased the total performance of Ss on the motion picture test but did not add to the value of the instrument as a screening device.", "contents": "Duration of stimulus presentation and screening for perceptual disabilities. This study examined the effects of increasing the stimulus-presentation time of a motion picture test for identifying perceptual disabilities in the performance of Ss in regular first and fourth grade classrooms and on a sample of Ss in special education classes who had been identified as having varying degrees of perceptual deficiencies. The length of stimulus presentation increased the total performance of Ss on the motion picture test but did not add to the value of the instrument as a screening device.", "PMID": 1118288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5914", "title": "Integrational deficits in children with visual-perceptual-motor disabilities.", "content": "To assess the psycholinguistic and perceptual aspects of their differential performance, 12 normal and 12 learning disabled children in elementary school were tested on a visual-motor task, both with and without an added verbal component. No differences were found for motor performance in any condition, but significant differences were found for linguistic performance during the combined task. The power of linguistic performance during the combined task to serve as a means of diagnosis for learning disabilities was explained as an indication of delayed development of the ability to superimpose process upon process.", "contents": "Integrational deficits in children with visual-perceptual-motor disabilities. To assess the psycholinguistic and perceptual aspects of their differential performance, 12 normal and 12 learning disabled children in elementary school were tested on a visual-motor task, both with and without an added verbal component. No differences were found for motor performance in any condition, but significant differences were found for linguistic performance during the combined task. The power of linguistic performance during the combined task to serve as a means of diagnosis for learning disabilities was explained as an indication of delayed development of the ability to superimpose process upon process.", "PMID": 1118289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5915", "title": "Is construction reserved for the target during visual search?", "content": "This study was designed to examine the possibility, that where there is high similarity between irrelevant and target letters, the irrelevant letter will be constructed to sudents each attended a 1-hr. experimental session in which they searched 25 lists, followed by a recognition test. The lists were made up from the upper case letters of the alphabet, and during the recognition test each S was required to indicate how many times each of the irrelevant letters had appeared on the final list searched. Analysis of variance showed a significant recognition frequency effect. The results indicated Neisser's (1967) view, that during visual search construction is reserved for the target, may require modification.", "contents": "Is construction reserved for the target during visual search? This study was designed to examine the possibility, that where there is high similarity between irrelevant and target letters, the irrelevant letter will be constructed to sudents each attended a 1-hr. experimental session in which they searched 25 lists, followed by a recognition test. The lists were made up from the upper case letters of the alphabet, and during the recognition test each S was required to indicate how many times each of the irrelevant letters had appeared on the final list searched. Analysis of variance showed a significant recognition frequency effect. The results indicated Neisser's (1967) view, that during visual search construction is reserved for the target, may require modification.", "PMID": 1118290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5916", "title": "Relationship of acoustic parameters and perceptual ratings of esophageal speech.", "content": "For 10 male and 10 female esophageal speakers selected acoustic and perceptual dimensions of esophageal speech were investigated to determine the intercorrelations of the following measures: intelligibility, articulation, rate, fundamental frequency, mean relative intensity, and effectiveness. Results indicate that only articulation and effectiveness were significantly correlated with intelligibility, whereas measures of intelligibility, articulation, rate, fundamental frequency, and mean relative intensity were all significantly correlated with effectiveness ratings.", "contents": "Relationship of acoustic parameters and perceptual ratings of esophageal speech. For 10 male and 10 female esophageal speakers selected acoustic and perceptual dimensions of esophageal speech were investigated to determine the intercorrelations of the following measures: intelligibility, articulation, rate, fundamental frequency, mean relative intensity, and effectiveness. Results indicate that only articulation and effectiveness were significantly correlated with intelligibility, whereas measures of intelligibility, articulation, rate, fundamental frequency, and mean relative intensity were all significantly correlated with effectiveness ratings.", "PMID": 1118291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5917", "title": "A video-tape study on the relationship between wearing spectacles and judgments of intelligence.", "content": "Video-tapes were made of men and women students with and without spectacles. Judges rated 7 of the 8 Ss as being more intelligent when wearing spectacles.", "contents": "A video-tape study on the relationship between wearing spectacles and judgments of intelligence. Video-tapes were made of men and women students with and without spectacles. Judges rated 7 of the 8 Ss as being more intelligent when wearing spectacles.", "PMID": 1118292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5918", "title": "Simultaneous disappearances of both images during binocular rivalry of contours and effect on eye-blink rate.", "content": "Simultaneous disappearances of both rivalry images were reported by 28 women who reported on the rivalry 3.2 degree diagonal rivalry contours for 10 min. of continuous viewing. The data support the notion that suppression of images during binocular rivalry is independent in both eyes. In a second study, 48 women reported simultaneous disappearances during the rivalry of 3.2 degree vertical and horizontal contours for 10 min. of continuous viewing under one of two blink-rate instruction conditions. Fewer simultaneous disappearances were reported by Ss instructed to blink every 5 sec. than by Ss instructed to blink every 15 sec. Blinking may reduce the probability of simultaneous disappearances in rivalry. In both studies, the fusion squares surrounding the rivalry stimuli were continuously perceived.", "contents": "Simultaneous disappearances of both images during binocular rivalry of contours and effect on eye-blink rate. Simultaneous disappearances of both rivalry images were reported by 28 women who reported on the rivalry 3.2 degree diagonal rivalry contours for 10 min. of continuous viewing. The data support the notion that suppression of images during binocular rivalry is independent in both eyes. In a second study, 48 women reported simultaneous disappearances during the rivalry of 3.2 degree vertical and horizontal contours for 10 min. of continuous viewing under one of two blink-rate instruction conditions. Fewer simultaneous disappearances were reported by Ss instructed to blink every 5 sec. than by Ss instructed to blink every 15 sec. Blinking may reduce the probability of simultaneous disappearances in rivalry. In both studies, the fusion squares surrounding the rivalry stimuli were continuously perceived.", "PMID": 1118293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5919", "title": "On the psychophysical law: an information theory interpretation.", "content": "For more than a century Fechner's psychophysical law has been the subject of dispute and debate. Fechner based his law on Weber's indisputable observations and measurements. Yet, using these observations as a starting point, but measuring information instead of sensation, one may arrive at numerical laws quite different from Fechner's psychophysical law.", "contents": "On the psychophysical law: an information theory interpretation. For more than a century Fechner's psychophysical law has been the subject of dispute and debate. Fechner based his law on Weber's indisputable observations and measurements. Yet, using these observations as a starting point, but measuring information instead of sensation, one may arrive at numerical laws quite different from Fechner's psychophysical law.", "PMID": 1118295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5920", "title": "Clinical and \"actuarial\" evaluation of organic brain damage by psychologists and non-psychologists using the Memory-for-Designs.", "content": "This study examined the effects of type of training and level of education on clinical judgment, as demonstrated in \"clinical\" and \"actuarial\" evaluation of the Graham-Kendall Memory-for-Designs (1960). Protocols of 6 organic and 6 non-organic patients matched for age and IQ were evaluated by 18 judges. Nine of the judges were psychologists and nine had degrees in some field other than psychology. In each group 3 judges had PhDs, 3 had Master's degrees and 3 had Bachelor's degrees. There was no significant difference (p greater than .01) between the 2 groups in clinical or actuarial diagnoses of brain damage regardless of level of education, and inter-rater reliability was all but identical. Results were consistent with other research on clinical judgment.", "contents": "Clinical and \"actuarial\" evaluation of organic brain damage by psychologists and non-psychologists using the Memory-for-Designs. This study examined the effects of type of training and level of education on clinical judgment, as demonstrated in \"clinical\" and \"actuarial\" evaluation of the Graham-Kendall Memory-for-Designs (1960). Protocols of 6 organic and 6 non-organic patients matched for age and IQ were evaluated by 18 judges. Nine of the judges were psychologists and nine had degrees in some field other than psychology. In each group 3 judges had PhDs, 3 had Master's degrees and 3 had Bachelor's degrees. There was no significant difference (p greater than .01) between the 2 groups in clinical or actuarial diagnoses of brain damage regardless of level of education, and inter-rater reliability was all but identical. Results were consistent with other research on clinical judgment.", "PMID": 1118296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5921", "title": "Pediatric aspects of nuclear medicine.", "content": "During the last few years, the number, variety, and complexity of nuclear medical examinations that can be performed in children have increased impressively, due partly to recent accomplishments in radiopharmaceutical development and the availability of gamma scintillation cameras and computer systems for acquisition, storage, and analysis of data. The reduction in radiation exposure with the new radiopharmaceuticals has helped to expand the scope of nuclear medical examinations in children to include not only the study or evaluation of suspected malignant disease but also the evaluation of nonmalignant disease and organ function in a number of body systems. Specific applications of nuclear medical techniques in children are discussed, with relation to the brain and cerebrospinal fluid, thyroid, lungs, heart and great vessels, liver and spleen, kidneys and bladder, and bone.", "contents": "Pediatric aspects of nuclear medicine. During the last few years, the number, variety, and complexity of nuclear medical examinations that can be performed in children have increased impressively, due partly to recent accomplishments in radiopharmaceutical development and the availability of gamma scintillation cameras and computer systems for acquisition, storage, and analysis of data. The reduction in radiation exposure with the new radiopharmaceuticals has helped to expand the scope of nuclear medical examinations in children to include not only the study or evaluation of suspected malignant disease but also the evaluation of nonmalignant disease and organ function in a number of body systems. Specific applications of nuclear medical techniques in children are discussed, with relation to the brain and cerebrospinal fluid, thyroid, lungs, heart and great vessels, liver and spleen, kidneys and bladder, and bone.", "PMID": 1118430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5922", "title": "Urinary tract infections in the adult. The Postgraduate Medicine Lecture.", "content": "Diagnosis of urinary tract infection should be made only on the basis of complete evidence. Examination and culture of the urine are necessary steps in correct diagnosis and treatment. Urinary obstruction is almost always present in recurrent infections. Contributory factors include sex practices conducive to entry of bacteria, poor perineal hygiene, occupations that require long periods of driving or riding, chronic constipation, and use of oral contraceptives, tampons, and douches. Many antibacterial drugs are effective in eliminating infection. Contributing factors should be modified or eliminated to prevent recurrence.", "contents": "Urinary tract infections in the adult. The Postgraduate Medicine Lecture. Diagnosis of urinary tract infection should be made only on the basis of complete evidence. Examination and culture of the urine are necessary steps in correct diagnosis and treatment. Urinary obstruction is almost always present in recurrent infections. Contributory factors include sex practices conducive to entry of bacteria, poor perineal hygiene, occupations that require long periods of driving or riding, chronic constipation, and use of oral contraceptives, tampons, and douches. Many antibacterial drugs are effective in eliminating infection. Contributing factors should be modified or eliminated to prevent recurrence.", "PMID": 1118438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5923", "title": "Resuscitation of the newborn.", "content": "Resuscitation of the newborn is not different from resuscitation of any other patient, but in newborns, resuscitation requires special skills and considerations because of the size of the patient. If properly done, it can save many lives. If done incorrectly, however, it can save many lives. If done incorrectly, however, it can result in death or permanent neurologic damage to the infant. Because it is difficult to predict the status of the infant before birth, any delivery room must have experienced personnel and adequate equipment necessary for the resuscitation of the newborn.", "contents": "Resuscitation of the newborn. Resuscitation of the newborn is not different from resuscitation of any other patient, but in newborns, resuscitation requires special skills and considerations because of the size of the patient. If properly done, it can save many lives. If done incorrectly, however, it can save many lives. If done incorrectly, however, it can result in death or permanent neurologic damage to the infant. Because it is difficult to predict the status of the infant before birth, any delivery room must have experienced personnel and adequate equipment necessary for the resuscitation of the newborn.", "PMID": 1118439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5924", "title": "[The essentials of a modern campaign against tuberculosis with special emphasis on the general B.C.G. vaccination (author's transl)].", "content": "1. In the proposals for the reorganisation of the campaign against T.B., published in 1973, the german Central Committee focused its attention on the search for sources of infection and their elimination. Closely connected with this is the use of the tuberculin test as a means of verifying cases, and in the estimation of the epidemiological situation by determining the risk of infection. 2. Only the elucidation of epidemiological conditions can vouchsafe the definite use of the effective measures possible today. The indefinite vaccination of the new-born hinders this attempt considerably. In the main the immunal prophylaxis of those exposed to the disease can be continued. However, in certain cases chemical prophylaxis should be applied. Mass X-ray examinations must be increasingly assessed in the light of general precautional methods. 3. Criterion for the danger of tuberculosis is the risk of infection. This risk can be determined by representative tuberculin tests which can be carried out singly in each federal state in order to do justice to local peculiarities. A risk of infection of less than 1%o makes indefinite measures for the most part superfluous. Furthermore, in the long run, the further trend of tuberculosis can be kept under observation by continued determination of the risk of infection with random samples. 4. The main task of the Public Health Service in the campaign against T.B. is the search for the sources of infection. The more a measure helps to achieve this aim, the more important it is. The ensuing hierarchy of measures taken should form the basis of all planning and organization.", "contents": "[The essentials of a modern campaign against tuberculosis with special emphasis on the general B.C.G. vaccination (author's transl)]. 1. In the proposals for the reorganisation of the campaign against T.B., published in 1973, the german Central Committee focused its attention on the search for sources of infection and their elimination. Closely connected with this is the use of the tuberculin test as a means of verifying cases, and in the estimation of the epidemiological situation by determining the risk of infection. 2. Only the elucidation of epidemiological conditions can vouchsafe the definite use of the effective measures possible today. The indefinite vaccination of the new-born hinders this attempt considerably. In the main the immunal prophylaxis of those exposed to the disease can be continued. However, in certain cases chemical prophylaxis should be applied. Mass X-ray examinations must be increasingly assessed in the light of general precautional methods. 3. Criterion for the danger of tuberculosis is the risk of infection. This risk can be determined by representative tuberculin tests which can be carried out singly in each federal state in order to do justice to local peculiarities. A risk of infection of less than 1%o makes indefinite measures for the most part superfluous. Furthermore, in the long run, the further trend of tuberculosis can be kept under observation by continued determination of the risk of infection with random samples. 4. The main task of the Public Health Service in the campaign against T.B. is the search for the sources of infection. The more a measure helps to achieve this aim, the more important it is. The ensuing hierarchy of measures taken should form the basis of all planning and organization.", "PMID": 1118440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5925", "title": "[The essentials of a modern campaign against tuberculosis with special emphasis on the general B.C.G. vaccination].", "content": "1. In the proposals for the reorganisation of the campaign against T.B., published in 1973, the german Central Committee focused its attention on the search for sources of infection and their eleimination. Closely connected with this is the use of the tuberculin test as a means of verifying cases, and in the estimation of the epidemiological situation by determining the risk of infection. 2. Only the elucidation of epidemiological conditions can vouchsafe the definite use of the effective measures possible today. The indefinite vaccination of the new-born hinders this attempt considerably. In the main the immunal prophylaxis of those exposed to the disease can be continued. However, in certain cases chemical prophylaxis should be applied. Mass X-ray examinations must be increasingly assessed in the light of general precautional methods. 3. Criterion for the danger of tuberculosis is the risk of infection. This risk can be determined by representative tuberculin tests which can be carried out singly in each federal state in order to do justice to local peculiarities. A risk of infection of less than 1%o makes indefinite measures for the most part superfluous. Furthermore, in the long run, the further trend of tuberculosis can be kept under observation by continued determination of the risk of infection with random samples. 4. The main task of the Public Health Service in the campaign against T.B. is the search for the sources of infection. The more a measure helps to achieve this aim, the more important it is. The enxuing hierarchy of measures taken shozld form the basis of all planning and organisation.", "contents": "[The essentials of a modern campaign against tuberculosis with special emphasis on the general B.C.G. vaccination]. 1. In the proposals for the reorganisation of the campaign against T.B., published in 1973, the german Central Committee focused its attention on the search for sources of infection and their eleimination. Closely connected with this is the use of the tuberculin test as a means of verifying cases, and in the estimation of the epidemiological situation by determining the risk of infection. 2. Only the elucidation of epidemiological conditions can vouchsafe the definite use of the effective measures possible today. The indefinite vaccination of the new-born hinders this attempt considerably. In the main the immunal prophylaxis of those exposed to the disease can be continued. However, in certain cases chemical prophylaxis should be applied. Mass X-ray examinations must be increasingly assessed in the light of general precautional methods. 3. Criterion for the danger of tuberculosis is the risk of infection. This risk can be determined by representative tuberculin tests which can be carried out singly in each federal state in order to do justice to local peculiarities. A risk of infection of less than 1%o makes indefinite measures for the most part superfluous. Furthermore, in the long run, the further trend of tuberculosis can be kept under observation by continued determination of the risk of infection with random samples. 4. The main task of the Public Health Service in the campaign against T.B. is the search for the sources of infection. The more a measure helps to achieve this aim, the more important it is. The enxuing hierarchy of measures taken shozld form the basis of all planning and organisation.", "PMID": 1118441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5926", "title": "[The epidemiology of lung cancer in the German Federal Republic, with special reference to regional differences (author's transl)].", "content": "11 per cent more men and 23 per cent more women died of lung cancer in the German Federal Republic during 1960-1971 than would have been the case if the age structure had remained unchanged. This increase involves exclusively (men) or predominantly (women) the over-65 years age group. It is still showing an upward trend in men and is most pronounced in the 45-74 age group. Mortality from lung cancer differs significantly between the L\u00e4nder of the Federal Republic. It is highest for both men and women in the City States and is lowest in the less industrialized areas, particularly South Germany. This difference is presumably not entirely population: the particularly marked increase (especially in men) in the Saarland and North-Rhine-Westphalia-L\u00e4nder with a predominance of heavy industry-suggests that occupational noxae may play a part.", "contents": "[The epidemiology of lung cancer in the German Federal Republic, with special reference to regional differences (author's transl)]. 11 per cent more men and 23 per cent more women died of lung cancer in the German Federal Republic during 1960-1971 than would have been the case if the age structure had remained unchanged. This increase involves exclusively (men) or predominantly (women) the over-65 years age group. It is still showing an upward trend in men and is most pronounced in the 45-74 age group. Mortality from lung cancer differs significantly between the L\u00e4nder of the Federal Republic. It is highest for both men and women in the City States and is lowest in the less industrialized areas, particularly South Germany. This difference is presumably not entirely population: the particularly marked increase (especially in men) in the Saarland and North-Rhine-Westphalia-L\u00e4nder with a predominance of heavy industry-suggests that occupational noxae may play a part.", "PMID": 1118446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5927", "title": "Correlation between gait speed and spasticity at the knee.", "content": "An automated system designed and developed at this laboratory was used to measure spasticity in the thigh musculature of fifteen patients with hemiplegia. In addition, each subject was timed during a gait trial over a measured distance at maximum speed. Analysis of the data revealed no statistically significant correlation between spasticity in the thigh musculature and the gait speed of the subjects studied. Factors which may have contributed to the findings are mentioned.", "contents": "Correlation between gait speed and spasticity at the knee. An automated system designed and developed at this laboratory was used to measure spasticity in the thigh musculature of fifteen patients with hemiplegia. In addition, each subject was timed during a gait trial over a measured distance at maximum speed. Analysis of the data revealed no statistically significant correlation between spasticity in the thigh musculature and the gait speed of the subjects studied. Factors which may have contributed to the findings are mentioned.", "PMID": 1118465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5928", "title": "Reading \"physical therapy\" from an ethics perspective.", "content": "Physical therapists have an increasing need to incorporate an ethics perspective into their professional outlook. One way a physical therapist can become more proficient in recognizing morally significant data is to identify such data in articles written by physical therapists and other health professionals. An article should be evaluated according to the facts included or omitted, the loyalties expressed by the author, the life-view implied by the author, and the norms of good and right directing the author's thinking.", "contents": "Reading \"physical therapy\" from an ethics perspective. Physical therapists have an increasing need to incorporate an ethics perspective into their professional outlook. One way a physical therapist can become more proficient in recognizing morally significant data is to identify such data in articles written by physical therapists and other health professionals. An article should be evaluated according to the facts included or omitted, the loyalties expressed by the author, the life-view implied by the author, and the norms of good and right directing the author's thinking.", "PMID": 1118466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5929", "title": "Placement of recording electrode in median and peroneal nerve conduction studies.", "content": "Motor nerve conduction examinations were performed on the median and peroneal nerves of thirteen normal women (mean age equals 20.4 years). The purpose in this study was to determine the difference and variation of latencies and amplitudes when measured from various recording sites over the abductor pollicis brevis and extensor digitorum brevis. Optimal areas of four square centimeters over the center of the abductor pollicis brevis and over the proximal portion of the extensor digitorum brevis were found to be the most favorable for recording maximum action potential amplitude and shortest latency. The muscle action potentials were found to be diphasic with a sharp onset in a negative direction from the oscilloscope base line when recorded within the optimal area of each muscle. The results of this study indicate that there is a margin for error in recording electrode placement (3 to 4 cm2) before the action potential amplitude or latency measurements are significantly affected.", "contents": "Placement of recording electrode in median and peroneal nerve conduction studies. Motor nerve conduction examinations were performed on the median and peroneal nerves of thirteen normal women (mean age equals 20.4 years). The purpose in this study was to determine the difference and variation of latencies and amplitudes when measured from various recording sites over the abductor pollicis brevis and extensor digitorum brevis. Optimal areas of four square centimeters over the center of the abductor pollicis brevis and over the proximal portion of the extensor digitorum brevis were found to be the most favorable for recording maximum action potential amplitude and shortest latency. The muscle action potentials were found to be diphasic with a sharp onset in a negative direction from the oscilloscope base line when recorded within the optimal area of each muscle. The results of this study indicate that there is a margin for error in recording electrode placement (3 to 4 cm2) before the action potential amplitude or latency measurements are significantly affected.", "PMID": 1118467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5930", "title": "Comparison of opinions, attitudes, and interests of physical therapy students with other students at the University of Michigan.", "content": "Scores on the Opinion, Attitude, and Interest Survey made by freshmen who later successfully completed work in the Physical Therapy Curriculum at the University of Michigan were compared with scores of eighteen other freshmen groups at the university. Physical therapy students ranked highest on the Biological Science Interest, Social Adjustment, and Emotional Adjustment scales, and lowest on the Infrequent Response, Social Undesirability, and Creative Personality scales. The conclusion was that freshmen who later completed work in the Physical Therapy Curriculum exhibited different opinions, attitudes, and interests than did other freshmen at the university.", "contents": "Comparison of opinions, attitudes, and interests of physical therapy students with other students at the University of Michigan. Scores on the Opinion, Attitude, and Interest Survey made by freshmen who later successfully completed work in the Physical Therapy Curriculum at the University of Michigan were compared with scores of eighteen other freshmen groups at the university. Physical therapy students ranked highest on the Biological Science Interest, Social Adjustment, and Emotional Adjustment scales, and lowest on the Infrequent Response, Social Undesirability, and Creative Personality scales. The conclusion was that freshmen who later completed work in the Physical Therapy Curriculum exhibited different opinions, attitudes, and interests than did other freshmen at the university.", "PMID": 1118468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5931", "title": "Abdominoplasty by the W technique.", "content": "The W abdominoplasty is an excellent esthetic operation (Figs. 7-12), based on several important principles. 1. The drawing of the W with its 3 angles gives 3 good landmarks for a symmetrical result. The mid-angle may be cut off by one to two cm at the time of closure, if it seems too sharp. 2. By making the incision inside the hairline, there is no increase in the height of the pubic hair. 3. By removing more tissues laterally than in the midline the traction on the flap is equalized, thus giving a nice draping on the hips. 4. The operation equalizes the wound edges and avoids producing skin folds. 5. Complete removal of the skin and fat between the umbilicus and the pubis is always possible if the operating table is put in a proper position for closure. No vertical scar has ever been necessary in our series. 6. The direction of the final scar, although different from the primary incision due to the traction, remains low-just above the inguinal fold and approximately in the same direction, in the area concealed by small bathing suits. 7. The maximum stretching of the abdominal skin favors a lasting result.", "contents": "Abdominoplasty by the W technique. The W abdominoplasty is an excellent esthetic operation (Figs. 7-12), based on several important principles. 1. The drawing of the W with its 3 angles gives 3 good landmarks for a symmetrical result. The mid-angle may be cut off by one to two cm at the time of closure, if it seems too sharp. 2. By making the incision inside the hairline, there is no increase in the height of the pubic hair. 3. By removing more tissues laterally than in the midline the traction on the flap is equalized, thus giving a nice draping on the hips. 4. The operation equalizes the wound edges and avoids producing skin folds. 5. Complete removal of the skin and fat between the umbilicus and the pubis is always possible if the operating table is put in a proper position for closure. No vertical scar has ever been necessary in our series. 6. The direction of the final scar, although different from the primary incision due to the traction, remains low-just above the inguinal fold and approximately in the same direction, in the area concealed by small bathing suits. 7. The maximum stretching of the abdominal skin favors a lasting result.", "PMID": 1118485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5932", "title": "Report on a series of 50 craniofacial operations.", "content": "We present a retrospective study of 50 patients who have undergone craniofacial surgery. The indications, types of osteotomies, complications, and other aspects are reported.", "contents": "Report on a series of 50 craniofacial operations. We present a retrospective study of 50 patients who have undergone craniofacial surgery. The indications, types of osteotomies, complications, and other aspects are reported.", "PMID": 1118486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5933", "title": "Intralesional BCG, intravenous immune lymphocytes, and immunization with neuraminidase-treated tumor cells to manage melanoma; A clinical assessment.", "content": "An attempt was made to produce tumor immunity in 193 patients who had melanoma, 160 of whom had metastases and 33 of whom did not. Four stages of treatment are outlined. The patients whose disease was confined to the skin, subcutaneous tissues, and lymph nodes seemed to benefit most. The treatment was of no benefit to patients whose disease had progressed to the visceral, skeletal, or central nervous systems.", "contents": "Intralesional BCG, intravenous immune lymphocytes, and immunization with neuraminidase-treated tumor cells to manage melanoma; A clinical assessment. An attempt was made to produce tumor immunity in 193 patients who had melanoma, 160 of whom had metastases and 33 of whom did not. Four stages of treatment are outlined. The patients whose disease was confined to the skin, subcutaneous tissues, and lymph nodes seemed to benefit most. The treatment was of no benefit to patients whose disease had progressed to the visceral, skeletal, or central nervous systems.", "PMID": 1118487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5934", "title": "First branchial cleft cysts and sinuses.", "content": "A brief review of the embryology and anatomy of first branchial cleft cysts and sinuses, with a resume of our experience, is presented. An illustrative case of each general type of this anomaly is given. The surgical treatment of these lesions, with special reference to technique and the precautions to be applied to minimize complications and recurrence, is discussed.", "contents": "First branchial cleft cysts and sinuses. A brief review of the embryology and anatomy of first branchial cleft cysts and sinuses, with a resume of our experience, is presented. An illustrative case of each general type of this anomaly is given. The surgical treatment of these lesions, with special reference to technique and the precautions to be applied to minimize complications and recurrence, is discussed.", "PMID": 1118488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5935", "title": "Surgical treatment of Moebius syndrome by platsma and temporalis muscle transfers.", "content": "The essential features of Moebius syndrome are described. The etiology of the condition remains in doubt. The role of heredity and the possible familial incidence are noted. We present two cases of Moebius syndrome in which  the facial paralysis was surgically corrected by means of dynamic muscle transfers. The use of an innervated platysma muscle flap in the first patient is believed to be the first surgical description of such a procedure.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of Moebius syndrome by platsma and temporalis muscle transfers. The essential features of Moebius syndrome are described. The etiology of the condition remains in doubt. The role of heredity and the possible familial incidence are noted. We present two cases of Moebius syndrome in which  the facial paralysis was surgically corrected by means of dynamic muscle transfers. The use of an innervated platysma muscle flap in the first patient is believed to be the first surgical description of such a procedure.", "PMID": 1118489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5936", "title": "Reconstruction of ear, eyebrow, and sideburn in the burned patient.", "content": "Some new variations are described for partial and total ear reconstructions, eyebrow reconstructions, and sideburn reconstructions in burned patients.", "contents": "Reconstruction of ear, eyebrow, and sideburn in the burned patient. Some new variations are described for partial and total ear reconstructions, eyebrow reconstructions, and sideburn reconstructions in burned patients.", "PMID": 1118490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5937", "title": "Further experiences with the arytenoid-epiglottic flap for chronic aspiration pneumonia.", "content": "We present our experiences with 7 patients in whom we did arytenoid-epiglottic flaps for the treatment of  chronic aspiration pneumonia. The indications for the operation are outlined, and some technical suggestions are made.", "contents": "Further experiences with the arytenoid-epiglottic flap for chronic aspiration pneumonia. We present our experiences with 7 patients in whom we did arytenoid-epiglottic flaps for the treatment of  chronic aspiration pneumonia. The indications for the operation are outlined, and some technical suggestions are made.", "PMID": 1118491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5938", "title": "A new technique for reduction mammaplasty.", "content": "We present a new technique of reduction mammaplasty which we have employed in 20 cases. We believe it has specific advantages, as outlined.", "contents": "A new technique for reduction mammaplasty. We present a new technique of reduction mammaplasty which we have employed in 20 cases. We believe it has specific advantages, as outlined.", "PMID": 1118493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5939", "title": "Tropical ulcers.", "content": "We review 230 cases of tropical ulcers, includied reports of 7 cases with squamous cell carcinoma. We think the etiology may be a combination of the hot, humid environment, trauma, local infection, and malnutrition. Agressive treatment of these ulcers is advocated, to heal the wounds and to prevent malignant transformation.", "contents": "Tropical ulcers. We review 230 cases of tropical ulcers, includied reports of 7 cases with squamous cell carcinoma. We think the etiology may be a combination of the hot, humid environment, trauma, local infection, and malnutrition. Agressive treatment of these ulcers is advocated, to heal the wounds and to prevent malignant transformation.", "PMID": 1118492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5940", "title": "Surgical correction of lesions of the temporomandibular joints.", "content": "The previous report of 140 cases of TM joint disorders from the University of Michigan experience has been updated by the addition of 25 recent cases of surgical management of TM joint pathology. The surgical correction pathology of the articular disc, the condyle head, the articular eminence of the glenoid fossa, ankylosis, and chronic dislocation is discussed. Our experiences in these 25 cases are summarized.", "contents": "Surgical correction of lesions of the temporomandibular joints. The previous report of 140 cases of TM joint disorders from the University of Michigan experience has been updated by the addition of 25 recent cases of surgical management of TM joint pathology. The surgical correction pathology of the articular disc, the condyle head, the articular eminence of the glenoid fossa, ankylosis, and chronic dislocation is discussed. Our experiences in these 25 cases are summarized.", "PMID": 1118494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5941", "title": "Benign teratoid tumor of the parotid; Case report.", "content": "We present a patient who had a benign teratoid tumor of the parotid gland. We believe this is the first such case reported.", "contents": "Benign teratoid tumor of the parotid; Case report. We present a patient who had a benign teratoid tumor of the parotid gland. We believe this is the first such case reported.", "PMID": 1118495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5942", "title": "Stress fracture of the clavicle after a radical neck dissection; Case report.", "content": "We report a case of a stress fracture occurring in the medial end of the clavicle, 15 months after a radical neck dissection.", "contents": "Stress fracture of the clavicle after a radical neck dissection; Case report. We report a case of a stress fracture occurring in the medial end of the clavicle, 15 months after a radical neck dissection.", "PMID": 1118496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5943", "title": "A modification in the face-lift incision to facilitate suturing around the earlobe.", "content": "We present a modification of the face-lift incision which avoids some of the problems we had in suturing around and behind the earlobe.", "contents": "A modification in the face-lift incision to facilitate suturing around the earlobe. We present a modification of the face-lift incision which avoids some of the problems we had in suturing around and behind the earlobe.", "PMID": 1118497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5944", "title": "Dynamic correction of unilateral paralysis of the lower lip.", "content": "We present a simple operation, performed under local anesthesia, to restore essential movement to the side of a lower lip paralyzed by injury to the mandibular branch of the facial nerve. The operation consists of a limited lateral resection of the paralyzed lower lip, plus transposition of the segment of orbicularis muscle from the paralyzed lower lip to the normal upper lip, through a subcutaneous tunnel.", "contents": "Dynamic correction of unilateral paralysis of the lower lip. We present a simple operation, performed under local anesthesia, to restore essential movement to the side of a lower lip paralyzed by injury to the mandibular branch of the facial nerve. The operation consists of a limited lateral resection of the paralyzed lower lip, plus transposition of the segment of orbicularis muscle from the paralyzed lower lip to the normal upper lip, through a subcutaneous tunnel.", "PMID": 1118498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5945", "title": "Tattoo removal by superficial dermabrasion. Five-year experience.", "content": "A 5-year clinical experience using superficial dermabrasion to remove tattoos is presented. This procedure can be done quickly in the office with low patient risk. Good pigment removal is obtained with little or no scar formation.  Cases are presented which are typical of the 250 tattoos removed in the last 5 years.", "contents": "Tattoo removal by superficial dermabrasion. Five-year experience. A 5-year clinical experience using superficial dermabrasion to remove tattoos is presented. This procedure can be done quickly in the office with low patient risk. Good pigment removal is obtained with little or no scar formation.  Cases are presented which are typical of the 250 tattoos removed in the last 5 years.", "PMID": 1118499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5946", "title": "The constricted (cup and lop) ear.", "content": "The author classifies ear deformities into 3 major groups and two sub-groups. The surgical procedures used to correct the deformity in each group are described.", "contents": "The constricted (cup and lop) ear. The author classifies ear deformities into 3 major groups and two sub-groups. The surgical procedures used to correct the deformity in each group are described.", "PMID": 1118500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5947", "title": "Revisional surgery after reduction mammaplasty.", "content": "The occasional unsatisfactory results after reduction mammaplasty are classified and analyzed. Methods of revision in 4 illustrative cases are presented and discussed.", "contents": "Revisional surgery after reduction mammaplasty. The occasional unsatisfactory results after reduction mammaplasty are classified and analyzed. Methods of revision in 4 illustrative cases are presented and discussed.", "PMID": 1118501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5948", "title": "W-epicanthoplasty.", "content": "A modified W-plasty technique is described for the correction of epicanthal folds.", "contents": "W-epicanthoplasty. A modified W-plasty technique is described for the correction of epicanthal folds.", "PMID": 1118502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5949", "title": "A new folded pharyngeal flap. Preliminary report.", "content": "In an attempt to minimize postoperative scar contracture and shrinkage after a pharyngeal flap operation, a folded flap operation was devised. This operation was performed on 14 patients with velopharyngeal inadequacy. A superiorly-based flap was elevated from the posterior pharyngeal wall and was folded with the mucosa outside. The flap-velum connection was made through raw surfaces produced on each lateral ridge of the flap and the two penetrating incisions on the sides of the soft palate. In none of the cases did detachment of the flap or any other complications occur. This rather simple technique which aims to prevent scar contracture of the flap will permit further elaboration of the flap design-depending on the extent of velopharyngeal incompetence.", "contents": "A new folded pharyngeal flap. Preliminary report. In an attempt to minimize postoperative scar contracture and shrinkage after a pharyngeal flap operation, a folded flap operation was devised. This operation was performed on 14 patients with velopharyngeal inadequacy. A superiorly-based flap was elevated from the posterior pharyngeal wall and was folded with the mucosa outside. The flap-velum connection was made through raw surfaces produced on each lateral ridge of the flap and the two penetrating incisions on the sides of the soft palate. In none of the cases did detachment of the flap or any other complications occur. This rather simple technique which aims to prevent scar contracture of the flap will permit further elaboration of the flap design-depending on the extent of velopharyngeal incompetence.", "PMID": 1118503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5950", "title": "Fiberoptic endoscopy in the head and neck region.", "content": "The potential use of fiberoptic endoscopy in the head and neck region was evaluated by the comparison with the findings we obtained from indirect, mirror endoscopy. Fiberoptic endoscopy confirmed our clinical staging and diagnosis in 39 percent, changed our diagnosis in 41 percent, and changed our clinical staging in 20 percent of this series of patients. These findings indicate that fiberoptic endoscopy is a valuable aid for clinical staging; in some instances it may be used in preference to indirect, mirror examination; frequently, it may enable one to avoid a direct laryngoscopy. The procedure is safe, well tolerated, and may be performed on an outpatient basis. With this instrument, routine examination of the head and neck in suitable patients may lead to improved clinical evaluations.", "contents": "Fiberoptic endoscopy in the head and neck region. The potential use of fiberoptic endoscopy in the head and neck region was evaluated by the comparison with the findings we obtained from indirect, mirror endoscopy. Fiberoptic endoscopy confirmed our clinical staging and diagnosis in 39 percent, changed our diagnosis in 41 percent, and changed our clinical staging in 20 percent of this series of patients. These findings indicate that fiberoptic endoscopy is a valuable aid for clinical staging; in some instances it may be used in preference to indirect, mirror examination; frequently, it may enable one to avoid a direct laryngoscopy. The procedure is safe, well tolerated, and may be performed on an outpatient basis. With this instrument, routine examination of the head and neck in suitable patients may lead to improved clinical evaluations.", "PMID": 1118504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5951", "title": "Cancellous bone grafts from the distal radius for use in hand surgery.", "content": "A method of obtaining small autogenous cancellous grafts for hand surgery from the volar side of the distal radius is presented.", "contents": "Cancellous bone grafts from the distal radius for use in hand surgery. A method of obtaining small autogenous cancellous grafts for hand surgery from the volar side of the distal radius is presented.", "PMID": 1118505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5952", "title": "Growth of homotransplanted ear cartilage in baby rabbits.", "content": "Our study verifies that homografted ear cartilage in baby rabbits does, indeed, grow in size. It showed an average increase of 75 percent in length and 211 percent in area.", "contents": "Growth of homotransplanted ear cartilage in baby rabbits. Our study verifies that homografted ear cartilage in baby rabbits does, indeed, grow in size. It showed an average increase of 75 percent in length and 211 percent in area.", "PMID": 1118506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5953", "title": "Proboscis lateralis. Case report.", "content": "We present a case of proboscis lateralis, an uncommon malformation which gives the nose a snout shape. The surgical treatment is outlined.", "contents": "Proboscis lateralis. Case report. We present a case of proboscis lateralis, an uncommon malformation which gives the nose a snout shape. The surgical treatment is outlined.", "PMID": 1118511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5954", "title": "The diagnosis of 'hysteria'.", "content": "A study of 120 inpatients diagnosed as suffering from hysteria is presented and the validity of the diagnosis questioned. Clinical study showed that 13% showed only hysterical symptoms, 33% showed hysterical symptoms occuring with affective symptoms, 28% showed affective symptomatology only, and the remainder were either of other or uncertain diagnostic grouping. It is concluded that the 13% are suffering from a condition that can only be diagnosed as hysteria.", "contents": "The diagnosis of 'hysteria'. A study of 120 inpatients diagnosed as suffering from hysteria is presented and the validity of the diagnosis questioned. Clinical study showed that 13% showed only hysterical symptoms, 33% showed hysterical symptoms occuring with affective symptoms, 28% showed affective symptomatology only, and the remainder were either of other or uncertain diagnostic grouping. It is concluded that the 13% are suffering from a condition that can only be diagnosed as hysteria.", "PMID": 1118526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5955", "title": "Multiple personality. A single case study with a 15 year follow-up.", "content": "A review of the literature relating to multiple personality is presented together with a study of a single case of hysterical aetiology that demonstrates the development of multiple personality from a fugue amnesic state. A re-examination of this case after 15 years without significant psychotherapeutic intervention demonstrates a tendency towards remission. The view that multiple personality is a form of fugue, not necessarily hysterical, in which an alternative personality is adopted and that this behaviour is reinforced by the attention that it receives, is discussed.", "contents": "Multiple personality. A single case study with a 15 year follow-up. A review of the literature relating to multiple personality is presented together with a study of a single case of hysterical aetiology that demonstrates the development of multiple personality from a fugue amnesic state. A re-examination of this case after 15 years without significant psychotherapeutic intervention demonstrates a tendency towards remission. The view that multiple personality is a form of fugue, not necessarily hysterical, in which an alternative personality is adopted and that this behaviour is reinforced by the attention that it receives, is discussed.", "PMID": 1118527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5956", "title": "Hysteria and parental psychiatric illness.", "content": "A two-generation study of 46 families of convicted women felons showed that the daughters of sociopathic fathers had a significantly higher prevalence of hysteria than did the daughters of other fathers. The differences were significant both for daughters with hysteria plus sociopathy and for daughters with hysteria without sociopathy. The association was independent of assortative mating between sociopathic men and women with hysteria or sociopathy.", "contents": "Hysteria and parental psychiatric illness. A two-generation study of 46 families of convicted women felons showed that the daughters of sociopathic fathers had a significantly higher prevalence of hysteria than did the daughters of other fathers. The differences were significant both for daughters with hysteria plus sociopathy and for daughters with hysteria without sociopathy. The association was independent of assortative mating between sociopathic men and women with hysteria or sociopathy.", "PMID": 1118528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5957", "title": "Incidence of referred mental illness in Chichester and Salisbury.", "content": "The annual rates of referral to two differently organized comprehensive psychiatric services in separate but demographically similar areas are presented for various demographic social and clinical categories. In Part 1 the rates are examined for similarities both between the two areas and with findings from other studies in order to obtain pointers to factors affecting the inception of psychiatric disorders. In Part 2 an attempt is made to evaluate an aspect of the community service. Differences between the rates in the two areas are discussed with a view to identifying those variables that selectively affect referral to a community service.", "contents": "Incidence of referred mental illness in Chichester and Salisbury. The annual rates of referral to two differently organized comprehensive psychiatric services in separate but demographically similar areas are presented for various demographic social and clinical categories. In Part 1 the rates are examined for similarities both between the two areas and with findings from other studies in order to obtain pointers to factors affecting the inception of psychiatric disorders. In Part 2 an attempt is made to evaluate an aspect of the community service. Differences between the rates in the two areas are discussed with a view to identifying those variables that selectively affect referral to a community service.", "PMID": 1118529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5958", "title": "Depression followed by suicide: a comparison of depressed suicides with living depressives.", "content": "The characteristics of 64 suicides with a retrospective diagnosis of depression and 128 depressives referred for psychiatric treatment were compared. The following items differentiated the suicide group: male sex, older age in females, single status, living alone, the symptoms of insomnia, impaired memory and self neglect, and a history of suicide attempts. The value of these items in assessing suicide risk in depressive illness is discussed.", "contents": "Depression followed by suicide: a comparison of depressed suicides with living depressives. The characteristics of 64 suicides with a retrospective diagnosis of depression and 128 depressives referred for psychiatric treatment were compared. The following items differentiated the suicide group: male sex, older age in females, single status, living alone, the symptoms of insomnia, impaired memory and self neglect, and a history of suicide attempts. The value of these items in assessing suicide risk in depressive illness is discussed.", "PMID": 1118531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5959", "title": "Severity of symptoms of psychiatric outpatients: use of the General Health Questionnaire in hospital ang general practice patients.", "content": "A sample of 91 new referrals to a community based psychiatric outpatient service was compared with a cross-matched control sample of 107 patients attending the general practitioner's surgery. The subjects in both groups completed the General Health Questionnaire and there was a very marked difference between the scores of the two groups. Seventy-five of the psychiatric group had a high score on the questionnaire, and a large number of these were extremely high, while 74 of the general practice group had a low score. The 'false' positives and negatives are discussed. It is considered that the validity of this questionnaire as a screening device for demonstrating psychiatric morbidity and severity in general practice is further established in this study by showing that in matched samples the expected psychiatric morbidity in general practice can be compared with the much greater morbidity in psychiatric outpatient referrals. For the psychiatric sample more patients showed high scores and these tended to be much higher.", "contents": "Severity of symptoms of psychiatric outpatients: use of the General Health Questionnaire in hospital ang general practice patients. A sample of 91 new referrals to a community based psychiatric outpatient service was compared with a cross-matched control sample of 107 patients attending the general practitioner's surgery. The subjects in both groups completed the General Health Questionnaire and there was a very marked difference between the scores of the two groups. Seventy-five of the psychiatric group had a high score on the questionnaire, and a large number of these were extremely high, while 74 of the general practice group had a low score. The 'false' positives and negatives are discussed. It is considered that the validity of this questionnaire as a screening device for demonstrating psychiatric morbidity and severity in general practice is further established in this study by showing that in matched samples the expected psychiatric morbidity in general practice can be compared with the much greater morbidity in psychiatric outpatient referrals. For the psychiatric sample more patients showed high scores and these tended to be much higher.", "PMID": 1118532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5960", "title": "Factor analysis of subjectively reported sleep habits, and the nature of insomnia.", "content": "Factor analysis was performed on variables used to describe subjectively the sleep habits of three groups of subjects--male patients, female patients, and medical students. Similarities in the six factors from each analysis indicate the existence of dimensions of variation which are common to normal sleep habits and insomnia.", "contents": "Factor analysis of subjectively reported sleep habits, and the nature of insomnia. Factor analysis was performed on variables used to describe subjectively the sleep habits of three groups of subjects--male patients, female patients, and medical students. Similarities in the six factors from each analysis indicate the existence of dimensions of variation which are common to normal sleep habits and insomnia.", "PMID": 1118533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5961", "title": "Influence of psychiatric training, medical qualification, and paramedical training on the rating of abnormal behaviour.", "content": "The psychiatric ratings, using the In-Patient Multi-dimensional Psychiatric Scale, of (1) a group of over 200 psychiatrists from the British Isles, (2) third year psychology students, (3) trainee sister tutors, (4) general practitioners attending a postgraduate course in psychiatry, and (5) a group of new registrars at the Maudsley Hospital, were compared. The first hypothesis, that, whereas the non-psychiatrists would rate similar levels of symptoms, the psychiatrists would tend to rate lower than other professional groups, was upheld. The second, that the pattern or profile of symptoms as shown by the IMPS syndromes would differ little between the groups, was also upheld. The third hypothesis, that because of their special training in the recognition of synptoms, psychiatrists would tend to show greater intra-group agreement on the levels of symptoms that the other groups, was not upheld. Some possible reasons for the findings are discussed. The importance for a screening schedule, designed to be used by non-psychiatrists for the detection of psychiatric illness, of the finding that non-psychiatrists rate higher levels of symptoms than psychiatrists, is also discussed.", "contents": "Influence of psychiatric training, medical qualification, and paramedical training on the rating of abnormal behaviour. The psychiatric ratings, using the In-Patient Multi-dimensional Psychiatric Scale, of (1) a group of over 200 psychiatrists from the British Isles, (2) third year psychology students, (3) trainee sister tutors, (4) general practitioners attending a postgraduate course in psychiatry, and (5) a group of new registrars at the Maudsley Hospital, were compared. The first hypothesis, that, whereas the non-psychiatrists would rate similar levels of symptoms, the psychiatrists would tend to rate lower than other professional groups, was upheld. The second, that the pattern or profile of symptoms as shown by the IMPS syndromes would differ little between the groups, was also upheld. The third hypothesis, that because of their special training in the recognition of synptoms, psychiatrists would tend to show greater intra-group agreement on the levels of symptoms that the other groups, was not upheld. Some possible reasons for the findings are discussed. The importance for a screening schedule, designed to be used by non-psychiatrists for the detection of psychiatric illness, of the finding that non-psychiatrists rate higher levels of symptoms than psychiatrists, is also discussed.", "PMID": 1118534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5962", "title": "Social versus clinical prediction in minor psychiatric disorders.", "content": "Fifty new psychiatric outpatients, suffering from minor disorders, were assessed using standardized social and clinical interview schedules. Forty-six were successfully followed-up six months later and their condition was assessed using a specially constructed rating scale. Social dysfunction in the area of the patient's material circumstances was the single most important predictive variable. Clinical predictions of outcome were shown to be closely related to the proportion of time the patient had been ill over the five years before inception.", "contents": "Social versus clinical prediction in minor psychiatric disorders. Fifty new psychiatric outpatients, suffering from minor disorders, were assessed using standardized social and clinical interview schedules. Forty-six were successfully followed-up six months later and their condition was assessed using a specially constructed rating scale. Social dysfunction in the area of the patient's material circumstances was the single most important predictive variable. Clinical predictions of outcome were shown to be closely related to the proportion of time the patient had been ill over the five years before inception.", "PMID": 1118536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5963", "title": "Intravenous cholangiography: optimum dosage and methodology.", "content": "Cholangiography was performed in 442 patients using four dosage regimens of Cholografin: (a) a single-dose, full-strength injection in 10 minutes (150 examinations), (b) two dilute (76 examinations) or very dilute single doses (71 examinations) infused in 30 minutes, and (c) one dilute double dose infused in 30 minutes (145 examinations). Results showed that the double-dose infusion gave maximum visualization, followed by the single-dose injection and the two single-dose infusions. With the double-dose method, both the reaction rate and the incidence of SGOT elevation were twice that seen with any single-dose method, making the single-dose injection the procedure of choice despite slightly lower opacification.", "contents": "Intravenous cholangiography: optimum dosage and methodology. Cholangiography was performed in 442 patients using four dosage regimens of Cholografin: (a) a single-dose, full-strength injection in 10 minutes (150 examinations), (b) two dilute (76 examinations) or very dilute single doses (71 examinations) infused in 30 minutes, and (c) one dilute double dose infused in 30 minutes (145 examinations). Results showed that the double-dose infusion gave maximum visualization, followed by the single-dose injection and the two single-dose infusions. With the double-dose method, both the reaction rate and the incidence of SGOT elevation were twice that seen with any single-dose method, making the single-dose injection the procedure of choice despite slightly lower opacification.", "PMID": 1118549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5964", "title": "Intravenous cholangiography in normal and subsequently liver-damaged dogs.", "content": "When a 30-minute infusion is chosen for intravenous cholangiography, the optimal dose in subjects with normal and decreased hepatic function seems to be 0.6 ml/kg iodipamide. Delayed visualization of the ducts and gallbladder occurs in hepatic dysfunction, therefore, radiographs should be taken up to eight hours after the start of the examination if the cholangiogram is not diagnostic sooner. Prolonged infusion time, increased dosage, or both did not improve the radiographic results significantly when this method was not diagnostic. Contary to what is seen in obstructive jaundice, a markedly reduced gallbladder size, compared to its own baseline, was found in hepatic dysfunction.", "contents": "Intravenous cholangiography in normal and subsequently liver-damaged dogs. When a 30-minute infusion is chosen for intravenous cholangiography, the optimal dose in subjects with normal and decreased hepatic function seems to be 0.6 ml/kg iodipamide. Delayed visualization of the ducts and gallbladder occurs in hepatic dysfunction, therefore, radiographs should be taken up to eight hours after the start of the examination if the cholangiogram is not diagnostic sooner. Prolonged infusion time, increased dosage, or both did not improve the radiographic results significantly when this method was not diagnostic. Contary to what is seen in obstructive jaundice, a markedly reduced gallbladder size, compared to its own baseline, was found in hepatic dysfunction.", "PMID": 1118550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5965", "title": "The value of the fatty meal in oral cholecystography.", "content": "A fatty meal was given to 231 patients who had a well-visualized gallbladder with no stones. The radiological diagnoses on fluoroscopic spot films made before and after the fatty meal were compared. Only one case was diagnosed differently after the fatty meal. In 4 patients the post-fat film was useful in confirming a suspected diagnosis. Indications for administration of a fatty meal include (a) overlying gas shadows, (b) differentiation of a stone from a polyp, (c) adenomyomatosis, (d) a distended gallbladder, and (e) suspected common bile duct obstruction. In the absence of these indications, the time, effort, and cost involved in making the post-fat film are not justified by the additional diagnostic information obtained.", "contents": "The value of the fatty meal in oral cholecystography. A fatty meal was given to 231 patients who had a well-visualized gallbladder with no stones. The radiological diagnoses on fluoroscopic spot films made before and after the fatty meal were compared. Only one case was diagnosed differently after the fatty meal. In 4 patients the post-fat film was useful in confirming a suspected diagnosis. Indications for administration of a fatty meal include (a) overlying gas shadows, (b) differentiation of a stone from a polyp, (c) adenomyomatosis, (d) a distended gallbladder, and (e) suspected common bile duct obstruction. In the absence of these indications, the time, effort, and cost involved in making the post-fat film are not justified by the additional diagnostic information obtained.", "PMID": 1118551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5966", "title": "Planning the new x-ray department.", "content": "Planning a radiology facility requires consideration of many aspects of the x-ray operation. Not only is the available space an important consideration, but concepts on how the radiology facility is used, such as teaching, research, diagnosis, type and frequency of examinations, viewing and filing, film handling, and processing, must also be considered.", "contents": "Planning the new x-ray department. Planning a radiology facility requires consideration of many aspects of the x-ray operation. Not only is the available space an important consideration, but concepts on how the radiology facility is used, such as teaching, research, diagnosis, type and frequency of examinations, viewing and filing, film handling, and processing, must also be considered.", "PMID": 1118545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5967", "title": "Technique charts: the key to radiographic quality.", "content": "The radiologic technologist has three professional obligations: to provide consistent quality radiographs, to use minimum exposures necessary for these radiographs, and to reduce unnecessary costs by maintaining good techniques.  Through the development and routine use of standardized techniques, he can assure that the radiologist has radiographs of consistent quality to interpret, the patient receives minimum radiation exposure, and the administration maintains a non-wasteful budget in the radiology department.  The technique chart is the key to maintaining radiographic quality from which the rest flow.", "contents": "Technique charts: the key to radiographic quality. The radiologic technologist has three professional obligations: to provide consistent quality radiographs, to use minimum exposures necessary for these radiographs, and to reduce unnecessary costs by maintaining good techniques.  Through the development and routine use of standardized techniques, he can assure that the radiologist has radiographs of consistent quality to interpret, the patient receives minimum radiation exposure, and the administration maintains a non-wasteful budget in the radiology department.  The technique chart is the key to maintaining radiographic quality from which the rest flow.", "PMID": 1118546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5968", "title": "Technique management.", "content": "Good technique management is an imperative in modern, efficient departmental routine and patient care.  The control of processor efficiency and generator output, along with the production of comprehensive technique charts are factors that contribute to this effective management.  They fall well within the responsibility area of the radiologic technologist and require minimal time in department routine.", "contents": "Technique management. Good technique management is an imperative in modern, efficient departmental routine and patient care.  The control of processor efficiency and generator output, along with the production of comprehensive technique charts are factors that contribute to this effective management.  They fall well within the responsibility area of the radiologic technologist and require minimal time in department routine.", "PMID": 1118547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5969", "title": "The fat embolism syndrome.", "content": "The \"shock lung syndrome,\" whenever associated with trauma, is probably in part the consequence of fat emboli, though aspiration, disseminated intravascular coagulation, microatelectasis, pulmonary edema, and hemorrhage due to other lung insults may be important in the etiology of many cases. When lung injury is due to fat emboli, there is an interval between the time of trauma and the onset of clinical symptoms and chest radiographic findings. The radiographic picture is that of a diffuse alveolar and interstitial lung density. In severe cases marked respiratory embarrassment requires the use of both oxygen therapy and mechanical respirators for survival.", "contents": "The fat embolism syndrome. The \"shock lung syndrome,\" whenever associated with trauma, is probably in part the consequence of fat emboli, though aspiration, disseminated intravascular coagulation, microatelectasis, pulmonary edema, and hemorrhage due to other lung insults may be important in the etiology of many cases. When lung injury is due to fat emboli, there is an interval between the time of trauma and the onset of clinical symptoms and chest radiographic findings. The radiographic picture is that of a diffuse alveolar and interstitial lung density. In severe cases marked respiratory embarrassment requires the use of both oxygen therapy and mechanical respirators for survival.", "PMID": 1118552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5970", "title": "Intralobar pulmonary sequestration; with special emphasis on bronchial communication.", "content": "The radiologic and pathologic features of eight cases of intralobar pulmonary sequestration are reported. Special attention was given the communication between the cystic areas and the normal bronchial tree. In three of five surgical specimens, probing revealed such communications. Microscopically, the transition from the normal bronchus to the cysts revealed no inflammation to suggest fistulous communication secondary to infection. The possibility of preexisting congenital bronchocystic communications within the pulmonary sequestrations was therefore suggested.", "contents": "Intralobar pulmonary sequestration; with special emphasis on bronchial communication. The radiologic and pathologic features of eight cases of intralobar pulmonary sequestration are reported. Special attention was given the communication between the cystic areas and the normal bronchial tree. In three of five surgical specimens, probing revealed such communications. Microscopically, the transition from the normal bronchus to the cysts revealed no inflammation to suggest fistulous communication secondary to infection. The possibility of preexisting congenital bronchocystic communications within the pulmonary sequestrations was therefore suggested.", "PMID": 1118553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5971", "title": "Selective bronchial arteriography in patients with cystic fibrosis and massive hemoptysis.", "content": "Massive hemoptysis is a potentially fatal complication of long-standing cystic fibrosis. Lobectomy may prevent a hemorrhagic death if the hemorrhage source can be identified and if involvement of the remaining lung tissue is mild. Selective bronchial arteriography was performed in six patients with cystic fibrosis to localize a lobar source of bleeding. Arteriographic findings correlated with bronchoscopic observations. Bronchial arteriography may be helpful when bronchoscopy cannot be done because of continuous hemorrhage or because the severity of the lung disease precludes general anesthesia, but it is not an adequate substitute for bronchoscopy in most patients.", "contents": "Selective bronchial arteriography in patients with cystic fibrosis and massive hemoptysis. Massive hemoptysis is a potentially fatal complication of long-standing cystic fibrosis. Lobectomy may prevent a hemorrhagic death if the hemorrhage source can be identified and if involvement of the remaining lung tissue is mild. Selective bronchial arteriography was performed in six patients with cystic fibrosis to localize a lobar source of bleeding. Arteriographic findings correlated with bronchoscopic observations. Bronchial arteriography may be helpful when bronchoscopy cannot be done because of continuous hemorrhage or because the severity of the lung disease precludes general anesthesia, but it is not an adequate substitute for bronchoscopy in most patients.", "PMID": 1118554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5972", "title": "Clearing patterns of pulmonary infarction and slowly resolving pneumonia.", "content": "Previous authors have suggested that the radiographic clearing pattern of pulmonary infarction is specific and permits differentiation from pneumonitis. Pulmonary infarcts are said to \"shrink\" or \"melt\" and pneumonitis consolidations to clear diffusely. Chest radiographs of 4 patients with angiographically confirmed pulmonary infarction and 5 with slowly resolving pneumonitis were examined, in random case order, by three independent radiologists unaware of the diagnosis. All observers found the shrinking pattern in 3 of the 4 cases of pulmonary infarction and in 1 case of pneumonitis. The shrinking pattern is not specific for pulmonary infarction; it may be related to fibrotic organization of pulmonary consolidation.", "contents": "Clearing patterns of pulmonary infarction and slowly resolving pneumonia. Previous authors have suggested that the radiographic clearing pattern of pulmonary infarction is specific and permits differentiation from pneumonitis. Pulmonary infarcts are said to \"shrink\" or \"melt\" and pneumonitis consolidations to clear diffusely. Chest radiographs of 4 patients with angiographically confirmed pulmonary infarction and 5 with slowly resolving pneumonitis were examined, in random case order, by three independent radiologists unaware of the diagnosis. All observers found the shrinking pattern in 3 of the 4 cases of pulmonary infarction and in 1 case of pneumonitis. The shrinking pattern is not specific for pulmonary infarction; it may be related to fibrotic organization of pulmonary consolidation.", "PMID": 1118555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5973", "title": "Likelihood ratios as a measure of the diagnostic usefulness of excretory urogram information.", "content": "The log likelihood ratio (LLR) method of assessing physicians' diagnostic judgments can be used to measure the diagnostic usefulness of radiologic information (urography in this study). The method requires collection of referring pbysicians' diagnosis prior to and after urography and their certainty in relation to receipt of the radiologic information. Physicians in daily practice are able to provide diagnoses and assign a percentage number to their certainty. The LLR method permits measurement of the diagnostic usefulness of both normal and abnormal urogram results. Retrospective chart review does not provide the same LLR results as those obtained from the prospective study.", "contents": "Likelihood ratios as a measure of the diagnostic usefulness of excretory urogram information. The log likelihood ratio (LLR) method of assessing physicians' diagnostic judgments can be used to measure the diagnostic usefulness of radiologic information (urography in this study). The method requires collection of referring pbysicians' diagnosis prior to and after urography and their certainty in relation to receipt of the radiologic information. Physicians in daily practice are able to provide diagnoses and assign a percentage number to their certainty. The LLR method permits measurement of the diagnostic usefulness of both normal and abnormal urogram results. Retrospective chart review does not provide the same LLR results as those obtained from the prospective study.", "PMID": 1118556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5974", "title": "Vesiculographic findings in cysts of the seminal vesicle.", "content": "Vasoseminal vesiculography showed medial displacement and stretching of the ampulla of the vas deferens in 3 patients with cysts of the seminal vesicle. In 2 a nonopacified mass separated the ampulla from the ipsilateral seminal vesicle. All 3 patients were managed without surgical intervention. If such a vesiculographic pattern is seen in a patient with a paraprostatic mass, the contents of the mass should be aspirated and contrast material injected to document its cystic nature.", "contents": "Vesiculographic findings in cysts of the seminal vesicle. Vasoseminal vesiculography showed medial displacement and stretching of the ampulla of the vas deferens in 3 patients with cysts of the seminal vesicle. In 2 a nonopacified mass separated the ampulla from the ipsilateral seminal vesicle. All 3 patients were managed without surgical intervention. If such a vesiculographic pattern is seen in a patient with a paraprostatic mass, the contents of the mass should be aspirated and contrast material injected to document its cystic nature.", "PMID": 1118557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5975", "title": "Ureteral ectopia associated with seminal vesicle cyst and ipsilateral renal agenesis.", "content": "A case of an ectopic ureter entering a seminal vesicle cyst and associated with ipsilateral renal agenesis is presented. The differential diagnosis and the embryological explanation of the anomaly are considered.", "contents": "Ureteral ectopia associated with seminal vesicle cyst and ipsilateral renal agenesis. A case of an ectopic ureter entering a seminal vesicle cyst and associated with ipsilateral renal agenesis is presented. The differential diagnosis and the embryological explanation of the anomaly are considered.", "PMID": 1118558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5976", "title": "Holster accidents: self-inflicted gunshot injuries of the knee and leg.", "content": "A man accidentally shot himself in the knee while holstering his own revolver. Although the pain was minimal, the wound \"clean\", and the joint flexible, angiography revealed a false aneurysm of the popliteal artery, a short segment of minimal tears below it, and a popliteal arteriovenus fistula slightly distal to the false aneurysm. Any penetrating wound of the popliteal fossa whose trajectory points to the vascular structures should be investigated angiographically.", "contents": "Holster accidents: self-inflicted gunshot injuries of the knee and leg. A man accidentally shot himself in the knee while holstering his own revolver. Although the pain was minimal, the wound \"clean\", and the joint flexible, angiography revealed a false aneurysm of the popliteal artery, a short segment of minimal tears below it, and a popliteal arteriovenus fistula slightly distal to the false aneurysm. Any penetrating wound of the popliteal fossa whose trajectory points to the vascular structures should be investigated angiographically.", "PMID": 1118559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5977", "title": "Pyarthrosis complicating rheumatoid arthritis. Roentgenographic evaluation of 5 patients and review of the literature.", "content": "Five patients with pyarthrosis complicating rheumatoid arthritis are described. Only minimal clinical signs may be seen in such patients, making accurate diagnosis of this occasional complication difficult. Roentgenographic abnormalities include a rapidly enlarging joint effusion and progressive cartilage and bone destruction. Fistulas may develop. The principal differential diagnoses include exacerbtion of rheumatoid arthritis and alterations in the rheumatoid joint following trauma.", "contents": "Pyarthrosis complicating rheumatoid arthritis. Roentgenographic evaluation of 5 patients and review of the literature. Five patients with pyarthrosis complicating rheumatoid arthritis are described. Only minimal clinical signs may be seen in such patients, making accurate diagnosis of this occasional complication difficult. Roentgenographic abnormalities include a rapidly enlarging joint effusion and progressive cartilage and bone destruction. Fistulas may develop. The principal differential diagnoses include exacerbtion of rheumatoid arthritis and alterations in the rheumatoid joint following trauma.", "PMID": 1118560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5978", "title": "Arthrography of the ankle joint: problems in diagnosis of acute lateral ligament injuries.", "content": "Arthrography of the ankle joint is a reasonably accurate and helpful method of delineating the extent of injuries to the lateral ligament. Forty-six arthrograms were obtained following acute injuries, with 26 patients having operative evaluation. Eight false negative results were encountered, all in combination with fairly massive capsular tears. Although ankle arthrography in acute injuries is useful, it is not infallible. An explanation for the large number of false negative results is offered and additional suggestions are made about the technique of examination.", "contents": "Arthrography of the ankle joint: problems in diagnosis of acute lateral ligament injuries. Arthrography of the ankle joint is a reasonably accurate and helpful method of delineating the extent of injuries to the lateral ligament. Forty-six arthrograms were obtained following acute injuries, with 26 patients having operative evaluation. Eight false negative results were encountered, all in combination with fairly massive capsular tears. Although ankle arthrography in acute injuries is useful, it is not infallible. An explanation for the large number of false negative results is offered and additional suggestions are made about the technique of examination.", "PMID": 1118561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5979", "title": "Mesentsery and colon injuries secondary to blunt trauma.", "content": "Three cases of colon lesions following blunt trauma are presented to illustrate their varied manifestations. Although these injuries are not as common as those to the small bowel and solid viscera, the radiologist's awareness of them and of their various presentations may be helpful in suggesting the correct diagnosis. The major types of colon injury include mesenteric laceration with blood loss, vascular injury with or without bowel ischemia, intramural hematoma, bowel wall laceration, and delayed cicatricial stenosis.", "contents": "Mesentsery and colon injuries secondary to blunt trauma. Three cases of colon lesions following blunt trauma are presented to illustrate their varied manifestations. Although these injuries are not as common as those to the small bowel and solid viscera, the radiologist's awareness of them and of their various presentations may be helpful in suggesting the correct diagnosis. The major types of colon injury include mesenteric laceration with blood loss, vascular injury with or without bowel ischemia, intramural hematoma, bowel wall laceration, and delayed cicatricial stenosis.", "PMID": 1118562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5980", "title": "Gas in the portal and inferior mesenteric veins caused by diverticulitis of the sigmoid colon. Report of a case with survival.", "content": "Colonic diverticulitis can produce gas in the portal and inferior mesenteric veins. Such an occurrence is usually associated with massive bowel necrosis and carries a grave prognosis. The authors report a case in which the patient survived.", "contents": "Gas in the portal and inferior mesenteric veins caused by diverticulitis of the sigmoid colon. Report of a case with survival. Colonic diverticulitis can produce gas in the portal and inferior mesenteric veins. Such an occurrence is usually associated with massive bowel necrosis and carries a grave prognosis. The authors report a case in which the patient survived.", "PMID": 1118563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5981", "title": "The colitis of Behcet's disease: a clinical-radiographic correlation.", "content": "The radiographic, colonoscopic, and pathologic findings in this case of Behcet's colitis differ completely from ulcerative or granulomatous colitis as well as from other, less commonly seen inflammatory colitides. Discrete, peptic-type ulcers, with normal intervening mucosa and normal overall configuration of the colon, are seen on radiography and endoscopy. The angiographic features are not diagnostic but differ considerably from findings in other inflammatory colitides. No tortuous arterioles, mucosal hyperemia or early venous filling was encountered.", "contents": "The colitis of Behcet's disease: a clinical-radiographic correlation. The radiographic, colonoscopic, and pathologic findings in this case of Behcet's colitis differ completely from ulcerative or granulomatous colitis as well as from other, less commonly seen inflammatory colitides. Discrete, peptic-type ulcers, with normal intervening mucosa and normal overall configuration of the colon, are seen on radiography and endoscopy. The angiographic features are not diagnostic but differ considerably from findings in other inflammatory colitides. No tortuous arterioles, mucosal hyperemia or early venous filling was encountered.", "PMID": 1118564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5982", "title": "Angiography vs. pancreatography in diagnosis of carcinoma of the pancreas.", "content": "Relative efficacy of angiography and pancreatography in the diagnosis of pancreatic carcinoma was assessed in 13 patients. Pancreatography provided a correct preoperative diagnosis in 10 patients. In 3 patients the duct could not be cannulated. Twelve patients underwent angiography and a correct diagnosis was made in 10. Preoperative diagnosis was not made by either technique in 1 patient. Pancreatography did not detect carcinoma of the pancreas at an earlier stage than did angiography. These procedures should be considered complementary to each other. Angiography defines the size, extension and resectability of the tumor. Pancreatography outlines the internal architecture of the gland and duct system.", "contents": "Angiography vs. pancreatography in diagnosis of carcinoma of the pancreas. Relative efficacy of angiography and pancreatography in the diagnosis of pancreatic carcinoma was assessed in 13 patients. Pancreatography provided a correct preoperative diagnosis in 10 patients. In 3 patients the duct could not be cannulated. Twelve patients underwent angiography and a correct diagnosis was made in 10. Preoperative diagnosis was not made by either technique in 1 patient. Pancreatography did not detect carcinoma of the pancreas at an earlier stage than did angiography. These procedures should be considered complementary to each other. Angiography defines the size, extension and resectability of the tumor. Pancreatography outlines the internal architecture of the gland and duct system.", "PMID": 1118565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5983", "title": "Postmortem radiology of head neck injuries in fatal traffic accidents.", "content": "A series of 146 victims of fatal traffic accidents were subjected to postmortem radiographic examination prior to medicolegal autopsy. A total of 42% were found to have radiographically demonstrable head injuries ranging from relatively simple linear skull fractures to massive skull damage. Free intracranial or intravascular air was demonstrated in more than 60%. A total of 21% had demonstrable neck injuries, most of which were localized to a single level at the craniocervical junction or the upper two cervical vertebrae. Flexion and extension studies of this area are of major importance in demonstrating the injury and locating potentially occult lesions for the forensic pathologist.", "contents": "Postmortem radiology of head neck injuries in fatal traffic accidents. A series of 146 victims of fatal traffic accidents were subjected to postmortem radiographic examination prior to medicolegal autopsy. A total of 42% were found to have radiographically demonstrable head injuries ranging from relatively simple linear skull fractures to massive skull damage. Free intracranial or intravascular air was demonstrated in more than 60%. A total of 21% had demonstrable neck injuries, most of which were localized to a single level at the craniocervical junction or the upper two cervical vertebrae. Flexion and extension studies of this area are of major importance in demonstrating the injury and locating potentially occult lesions for the forensic pathologist.", "PMID": 1118566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5984", "title": "Angiographic features of hypervascular neurinomas of the head and neck.", "content": "Neurinomas of the head and neck are often hypervascular. The angiograms of 32 patients with neurinomas of the head or neck were reviewed. Twenty-two (68%) of these tumors displayed abnormal tumor vascularity. Complete selective angiography with direct magnification, subtraction technique, and special projections aided in the recognition of tumor vascularity. Although the angioarchitecture in some cases is indistinguishable from that of meningiomas, neurinomas can exhibit distinctive vascular patterns, such as intermixed areas of increased and decreased vascularity or tortuors, irregular tumor vessels.", "contents": "Angiographic features of hypervascular neurinomas of the head and neck. Neurinomas of the head and neck are often hypervascular. The angiograms of 32 patients with neurinomas of the head or neck were reviewed. Twenty-two (68%) of these tumors displayed abnormal tumor vascularity. Complete selective angiography with direct magnification, subtraction technique, and special projections aided in the recognition of tumor vascularity. Although the angioarchitecture in some cases is indistinguishable from that of meningiomas, neurinomas can exhibit distinctive vascular patterns, such as intermixed areas of increased and decreased vascularity or tortuors, irregular tumor vessels.", "PMID": 1118567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5985", "title": "Ocular complications of orbital venography.", "content": "Three ocular complications directly related to orbital venography are described, one resulting in permanent loss of vision,. The patient had lymphangioma of the orbit which evidently had bled secondary to increased venous pressure and injection of contrast bolus. Both of the 2 patients with transient visual disturbances had diabetic retinopathy. The common factor is felt to be an imparied vascular bed which cannot meet the stress of increased venous pressure and contrast medium injection. Conditions which predispose to ocular-orbital stasis and/or hemorrhage are discussed.", "contents": "Ocular complications of orbital venography. Three ocular complications directly related to orbital venography are described, one resulting in permanent loss of vision,. The patient had lymphangioma of the orbit which evidently had bled secondary to increased venous pressure and injection of contrast bolus. Both of the 2 patients with transient visual disturbances had diabetic retinopathy. The common factor is felt to be an imparied vascular bed which cannot meet the stress of increased venous pressure and contrast medium injection. Conditions which predispose to ocular-orbital stasis and/or hemorrhage are discussed.", "PMID": 1118568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5986", "title": "Vascularity of the femoral head: 18fluorine scintigraphy validated with tetracycline labeling.", "content": "Blood flow to the femoral head was assessed by 18F positron scintigraphy and tetracycline fluorescent labeling in 17 patients undergoing replacement of the femoral head with an endoprosthesis. Radioactivity was absent in the femoral head of 10 patients, normal in 5, and increased in 2. Normal or increased radioactivity indicated presence of blood flow to the femoral head; decreased or absent radioactivity indicated absence of blood flow. Results of 18F scintigraphy correlated with those of tetracycline labeling.", "contents": "Vascularity of the femoral head: 18fluorine scintigraphy validated with tetracycline labeling. Blood flow to the femoral head was assessed by 18F positron scintigraphy and tetracycline fluorescent labeling in 17 patients undergoing replacement of the femoral head with an endoprosthesis. Radioactivity was absent in the femoral head of 10 patients, normal in 5, and increased in 2. Normal or increased radioactivity indicated presence of blood flow to the femoral head; decreased or absent radioactivity indicated absence of blood flow. Results of 18F scintigraphy correlated with those of tetracycline labeling.", "PMID": 1118569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5987", "title": "Abnormal brain scans in adrenal leukodystrophy. A study of three cases.", "content": "Brain scintiphotography in three patients with the clinical characteristics of adrenal leukodystrophy demonstrated focal areas of increased uptake of the radionuclide. Histological examination of cerebral tissue corresponding to the abnormal foci on the scan revealed sudanophilic leukodystrophy. These findings suggest that areas of active demyelination, such as occur in adrenal leukodystrophy, accumulate radionuclide. Thus, brain scintiphotography may be useful in the evaluation of patients in whom the diagnosis of adrenal leukodystrophy is being considered.", "contents": "Abnormal brain scans in adrenal leukodystrophy. A study of three cases. Brain scintiphotography in three patients with the clinical characteristics of adrenal leukodystrophy demonstrated focal areas of increased uptake of the radionuclide. Histological examination of cerebral tissue corresponding to the abnormal foci on the scan revealed sudanophilic leukodystrophy. These findings suggest that areas of active demyelination, such as occur in adrenal leukodystrophy, accumulate radionuclide. Thus, brain scintiphotography may be useful in the evaluation of patients in whom the diagnosis of adrenal leukodystrophy is being considered.", "PMID": 1118570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5988", "title": "Neonatal septic \"dislocation\" of the hip: true dislocation or pathological epiphyseal separation?", "content": "The clinical and roentgenologic appearance of septic dislocation of the hip may be caused by either a true dislocation or a pathological epiphyseal separation due to osteomyelitis. Arthrography of the hip permits differentiation in the neonate. The significance of these two anatomical possibilites is discussed in terms of follow-up and results of neonatal infections about the hip, and a case of pathological epiphyseal separation at the hip diagnosed in the neonatal period by aspiration and arthrography and followed up for 3 years is presented.", "contents": "Neonatal septic \"dislocation\" of the hip: true dislocation or pathological epiphyseal separation? The clinical and roentgenologic appearance of septic dislocation of the hip may be caused by either a true dislocation or a pathological epiphyseal separation due to osteomyelitis. Arthrography of the hip permits differentiation in the neonate. The significance of these two anatomical possibilites is discussed in terms of follow-up and results of neonatal infections about the hip, and a case of pathological epiphyseal separation at the hip diagnosed in the neonatal period by aspiration and arthrography and followed up for 3 years is presented.", "PMID": 1118571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5989", "title": "The cervical aortic arches.", "content": "Four cases of cervical aortic arch are described and correlated with the 21 previously reproted cases. Five distinct forms of cervical aortic arch were found and classified according to configuration of the aorta, sequence of brachiocephalic branching, and embryogenesis. In brief, Type A has separate external and internal carotid artery branches from the aortic arch. Tye B is similar but has dual common carotid arteries. Type C is a left cervical arch with a right-sided descending aorta and bicarotid trunk. Type D is a left cervical arch with a normal branching pattern, redundant transverse aorta and left-sided (often hypoplastic) descending aorta. Type E is a right cervical aortic arch with a right descending aorta and an aberrant left subclavian artery.", "contents": "The cervical aortic arches. Four cases of cervical aortic arch are described and correlated with the 21 previously reproted cases. Five distinct forms of cervical aortic arch were found and classified according to configuration of the aorta, sequence of brachiocephalic branching, and embryogenesis. In brief, Type A has separate external and internal carotid artery branches from the aortic arch. Tye B is similar but has dual common carotid arteries. Type C is a left cervical arch with a right-sided descending aorta and bicarotid trunk. Type D is a left cervical arch with a normal branching pattern, redundant transverse aorta and left-sided (often hypoplastic) descending aorta. Type E is a right cervical aortic arch with a right descending aorta and an aberrant left subclavian artery.", "PMID": 1118572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5990", "title": "Retention of small foreign objects in the stomach and duodenum. A sign of partial obstruction caused by duodenal anomalies.", "content": "Small round, oval, or cuboidal foreign objects nearly always pass through the gastrointestinal tract promptly, and stasis of such objects in the stomach or duodenum is extremely uncommon. The authors describe 3 cases of prolonged retention in children with no clinical or plain-film evidence of duodenal obstruction. In each case, a barium meal demonstrated a congenital anomaly of the duodenum producing partial obstruction: duodenal stenosis, prolapse of the duodenal diaphragm (\"windsock duodenum\"), and an annular pancreas.", "contents": "Retention of small foreign objects in the stomach and duodenum. A sign of partial obstruction caused by duodenal anomalies. Small round, oval, or cuboidal foreign objects nearly always pass through the gastrointestinal tract promptly, and stasis of such objects in the stomach or duodenum is extremely uncommon. The authors describe 3 cases of prolonged retention in children with no clinical or plain-film evidence of duodenal obstruction. In each case, a barium meal demonstrated a congenital anomaly of the duodenum producing partial obstruction: duodenal stenosis, prolapse of the duodenal diaphragm (\"windsock duodenum\"), and an annular pancreas.", "PMID": 1118573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5991", "title": "Acoustical holography: physical parameters and potential clinical applications.", "content": "Acoustical holography achieves real-time imaging of bodily structures through ultrasound. The fundamentals of acoustical holography and a description of a prototype unit undergoing trials at the authors' institution are presented. Physical parameters and means of calibrating the acoustic beam are discussed, and results of preliminary experimental and clinical studies reviewed. Acoustical holography has the potential for providing complementary diagnostic information which, after further technical developments, may furnish clinically useful information.", "contents": "Acoustical holography: physical parameters and potential clinical applications. Acoustical holography achieves real-time imaging of bodily structures through ultrasound. The fundamentals of acoustical holography and a description of a prototype unit undergoing trials at the authors' institution are presented. Physical parameters and means of calibrating the acoustic beam are discussed, and results of preliminary experimental and clinical studies reviewed. Acoustical holography has the potential for providing complementary diagnostic information which, after further technical developments, may furnish clinically useful information.", "PMID": 1118574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5992", "title": "Ultrasonic diagnosis of seminal vesicle cyst.", "content": "Seminal vesicle cysts are uncommon, particularly when associated with ipsilateral agenesis of the kidney, ureter, and/or trigone. This entity should be considered when a cystic pelvic mass is seen in a young male. B-scan ultrasound can be of considerable aid in making the diagnosis.", "contents": "Ultrasonic diagnosis of seminal vesicle cyst. Seminal vesicle cysts are uncommon, particularly when associated with ipsilateral agenesis of the kidney, ureter, and/or trigone. This entity should be considered when a cystic pelvic mass is seen in a young male. B-scan ultrasound can be of considerable aid in making the diagnosis.", "PMID": 1118575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5993", "title": "Radiation therapy of cardiac and pericardial metastases.", "content": "Cardiac metastasis should be strongly suspected in the cancer patient with sudden onset of unexplained tachycardia, arrhythmia, or congestive heart failure. Conduction defects and low voltage on electrocardiographic examination and an enlarged heart shadow on the chest film are virtually confirmatory. Thirty-eight such patients were treated through anterior and posterior opposing portals and received 2,500-3,500 rads in 3-4 weeks, except for 6 lymphoma and leukemia patients who were controlled with lower doses (1,500-2,000 rads in 11/2-2 weeks). Primary sites and duration of improvement were as follows: breast (11/16 patients): 2-36 months; lung (2/7 patients): 1-9 months; lymphoma and leukemia (6/7 patients): 2-4 months; others (4/8 patients): 1-4 months. Overall, the clinical improvement rate was 60%, with durations of 12 to 36 months.", "contents": "Radiation therapy of cardiac and pericardial metastases. Cardiac metastasis should be strongly suspected in the cancer patient with sudden onset of unexplained tachycardia, arrhythmia, or congestive heart failure. Conduction defects and low voltage on electrocardiographic examination and an enlarged heart shadow on the chest film are virtually confirmatory. Thirty-eight such patients were treated through anterior and posterior opposing portals and received 2,500-3,500 rads in 3-4 weeks, except for 6 lymphoma and leukemia patients who were controlled with lower doses (1,500-2,000 rads in 11/2-2 weeks). Primary sites and duration of improvement were as follows: breast (11/16 patients): 2-36 months; lung (2/7 patients): 1-9 months; lymphoma and leukemia (6/7 patients): 2-4 months; others (4/8 patients): 1-4 months. Overall, the clinical improvement rate was 60%, with durations of 12 to 36 months.", "PMID": 1118576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5994", "title": "Tumor and normal tissue response to irradiation in vivo: variation with decreasing dose rates.", "content": "Continuous irradiation in vivo at dose rates ranging form 0.54 to 274 rads per minute was performed in mice using the EMT6 tumor, the gut clone system, and the bone-marrow CFU system. A progressive increase in D0 and decrease in \u00f1 were seen with decreasing dose rates in the EMT6 tumor and the gut clone system. The D0 showed little change in the bone-marrow CFU system. These findings are related to the D2-D1 values obtained from split-dose experiments at conventional dose rates. The results do not fit the various mathematical models proposed for correlating the effects of continuous low-dose-rate irradiation and acute exposure.", "contents": "Tumor and normal tissue response to irradiation in vivo: variation with decreasing dose rates. Continuous irradiation in vivo at dose rates ranging form 0.54 to 274 rads per minute was performed in mice using the EMT6 tumor, the gut clone system, and the bone-marrow CFU system. A progressive increase in D0 and decrease in \u00f1 were seen with decreasing dose rates in the EMT6 tumor and the gut clone system. The D0 showed little change in the bone-marrow CFU system. These findings are related to the D2-D1 values obtained from split-dose experiments at conventional dose rates. The results do not fit the various mathematical models proposed for correlating the effects of continuous low-dose-rate irradiation and acute exposure.", "PMID": 1118577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5995", "title": "The total biological dose.", "content": "The nominal standard dose concept is used to define the total biological dose or cumulative radiation effect at a point for treatment regimens employing two or more radiation modalities. Various clinical applications are illustrated. A convenient nomographic method for determining the total biological dose is presented.", "contents": "The total biological dose. The nominal standard dose concept is used to define the total biological dose or cumulative radiation effect at a point for treatment regimens employing two or more radiation modalities. Various clinical applications are illustrated. A convenient nomographic method for determining the total biological dose is presented.", "PMID": 1118578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5996", "title": "The adjuvant effect of lucanthone (miracil D) in clinical radiation therapy.", "content": "Clinical trials were undertaken to determine whether lucanthone (miracil D) affects radiation-induced regression in measurable pulmonary metastases and advanced squamous-cell oral and pharyngeal tumors. The time required for 50% tumor regression was decreased by approximately 50% in those patients who received lucanthone in addition to irradiation. These results indicate that lucanthone has a definite adjuvant effect when used together with irradiation.", "contents": "The adjuvant effect of lucanthone (miracil D) in clinical radiation therapy. Clinical trials were undertaken to determine whether lucanthone (miracil D) affects radiation-induced regression in measurable pulmonary metastases and advanced squamous-cell oral and pharyngeal tumors. The time required for 50% tumor regression was decreased by approximately 50% in those patients who received lucanthone in addition to irradiation. These results indicate that lucanthone has a definite adjuvant effect when used together with irradiation.", "PMID": 1118579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5997", "title": "Preshaped catheters for percutaneous transaxillary selective coronary arteriography.", "content": "Percutaneous transaxillary selective coronary arteriography using preshaped catheters is useful in patients who have had aorto-iliac surgery or have clinical evidence of occlusive arterial disease of the lower extremities. For safety and ease of performance it compares favorably with the percutaneous transfemoral method and can be readily mastered by those experienced in the transfemoral approach.", "contents": "Preshaped catheters for percutaneous transaxillary selective coronary arteriography. Percutaneous transaxillary selective coronary arteriography using preshaped catheters is useful in patients who have had aorto-iliac surgery or have clinical evidence of occlusive arterial disease of the lower extremities. For safety and ease of performance it compares favorably with the percutaneous transfemoral method and can be readily mastered by those experienced in the transfemoral approach.", "PMID": 1118580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5998", "title": "A drop-in treatment shell support.", "content": "An easily made, inexpensive drop-in support for the use with treatment shells fabricated by the direct (plaster of paris bandage) method is used to immobilize the patient and reproduce the treatment position. Its quick and easy method of attachment and removal requires a minimum of patient cooperation.", "contents": "A drop-in treatment shell support. An easily made, inexpensive drop-in support for the use with treatment shells fabricated by the direct (plaster of paris bandage) method is used to immobilize the patient and reproduce the treatment position. Its quick and easy method of attachment and removal requires a minimum of patient cooperation.", "PMID": 1118581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_5999", "title": "Rapid treatment field light adjustment for linear accelerators.", "content": "A technique for rapid, accurate alignment of the light field to the radiation field is presented. When these two fields are coincident, a permanent template results which minimizes machine down time when this procedure is required during the treatment day.", "contents": "Rapid treatment field light adjustment for linear accelerators. A technique for rapid, accurate alignment of the light field to the radiation field is presented. When these two fields are coincident, a permanent template results which minimizes machine down time when this procedure is required during the treatment day.", "PMID": 1118582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6000", "title": "Device for lower extremity phlebography.", "content": "A simple device is described for lower extremity phlebography. With the patient standing or recumbent, simultaneous injection of contrast material can easily be achieved by one person.", "contents": "Device for lower extremity phlebography. A simple device is described for lower extremity phlebography. With the patient standing or recumbent, simultaneous injection of contrast material can easily be achieved by one person.", "PMID": 1118583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6001", "title": "A simplified injection technique for shoulder arthrography.", "content": "An easy and reliable technique to inject the shoulder joint for arthrography is described. The technique utilizes a straight anteroposterior position of the patient and a directly vertical placement of the needle with the aid of fluoroscopy.", "contents": "A simplified injection technique for shoulder arthrography. An easy and reliable technique to inject the shoulder joint for arthrography is described. The technique utilizes a straight anteroposterior position of the patient and a directly vertical placement of the needle with the aid of fluoroscopy.", "PMID": 1118584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6002", "title": "A block and wedge holder for the Picker Series 8 cobalt-60 teletherapy machines.", "content": "A rigid, easily demountable, and versatile device combines the function of three separate accessories for the Picker Series 8 cobalt-60 teletherapy machine. Wedges and lead blocks are held simultaneously, and firmly so that the blocked field may be directed at any angle.", "contents": "A block and wedge holder for the Picker Series 8 cobalt-60 teletherapy machines. A rigid, easily demountable, and versatile device combines the function of three separate accessories for the Picker Series 8 cobalt-60 teletherapy machine. Wedges and lead blocks are held simultaneously, and firmly so that the blocked field may be directed at any angle.", "PMID": 1118585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6003", "title": "The challenge of continuing medical education.", "content": "Continuing education is an important responsibility in the practice of radiology. The response to the growing demand for additional and new educational opportunities includes specialty societies and their programs of scientific paper presentations and refresher courses, audiovisual aids and seminars. Lacking, however, is organization of efforts leading toward programmed instruction, permitting renewal and expansion of knowledge on an organized and continuing basis. The Intersociety Educational Committee is attempting to coordinate educational efforts. A unified and effective educational process would eliminate much duplication of effort and increase efficiency.", "contents": "The challenge of continuing medical education. Continuing education is an important responsibility in the practice of radiology. The response to the growing demand for additional and new educational opportunities includes specialty societies and their programs of scientific paper presentations and refresher courses, audiovisual aids and seminars. Lacking, however, is organization of efforts leading toward programmed instruction, permitting renewal and expansion of knowledge on an organized and continuing basis. The Intersociety Educational Committee is attempting to coordinate educational efforts. A unified and effective educational process would eliminate much duplication of effort and increase efficiency.", "PMID": 1118586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6004", "title": "Some possible consequences of recertification.", "content": "In the absence of documented conclusions concerning the problems of recertification, the author suggests carrying out a few experiments prior to embarking on an elaborate program. Perhaps one or two specialities could conduct programs to investigate the consequences of training and the giving of examinations to various age groups, comparing the work of those with and those without recertification. After analysis of the results, it might be appropriate to embark in a step-wise fashion on rigorous and clearly defined methods of recertification.", "contents": "Some possible consequences of recertification. In the absence of documented conclusions concerning the problems of recertification, the author suggests carrying out a few experiments prior to embarking on an elaborate program. Perhaps one or two specialities could conduct programs to investigate the consequences of training and the giving of examinations to various age groups, comparing the work of those with and those without recertification. After analysis of the results, it might be appropriate to embark in a step-wise fashion on rigorous and clearly defined methods of recertification.", "PMID": 1118587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6005", "title": "Will radiology participate?", "content": "Because of the ever increasing need for radiological services in disadvantaged and remote areas of the United States, it is proposed that there be more emphasis and encouragement of family practice radiology. Since most diagnostic work consists of \"bread and butter\" radiology rather than highly specialized procedures, and because much of radiation therapy is palliative and can be done outside major therapy centers, the author believes that competency in these areas can be obtained in a resonable training time.", "contents": "Will radiology participate? Because of the ever increasing need for radiological services in disadvantaged and remote areas of the United States, it is proposed that there be more emphasis and encouragement of family practice radiology. Since most diagnostic work consists of \"bread and butter\" radiology rather than highly specialized procedures, and because much of radiation therapy is palliative and can be done outside major therapy centers, the author believes that competency in these areas can be obtained in a resonable training time.", "PMID": 1118588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6006", "title": "Hypotonic examination of the colon with glucagon.", "content": "The authors report their experience with glucagon in the barium enema examination. Two milligrams of glucagon given intramuscularly was found to be safe and effective in overcoming functional spasm, permitting more detailed evaluation of organic narrowing. The relatively infrequent side effects and few contraindications seen with glucagon make it the drug of choice when reduction in intestinal tone is indicated.", "contents": "Hypotonic examination of the colon with glucagon. The authors report their experience with glucagon in the barium enema examination. Two milligrams of glucagon given intramuscularly was found to be safe and effective in overcoming functional spasm, permitting more detailed evaluation of organic narrowing. The relatively infrequent side effects and few contraindications seen with glucagon make it the drug of choice when reduction in intestinal tone is indicated.", "PMID": 1118589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6007", "title": "Appraisal of the angiographic circulation time as an index of cerebral blood flow.", "content": "The relationship of the brain angiographic mode circulation time (AVCT) to the mean transit time of the vascular indicator C15O-labeled hemoglobin (tc15o) and the regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) as measured by the clearance of the diffusible tracer H2-15O was examined in 38 patients with selected cerebral diseases. The results demonstrate a predictable relationship does exist between the rCBF and tc15o. This relationship is linear when plotted as tc15o vs. 1/CBF. Further, tc150 can be estimated with sufficient accuracy from the AVCT to permit at least a qualitative assessment of rCBF from the cerebral angiogram.", "contents": "Appraisal of the angiographic circulation time as an index of cerebral blood flow. The relationship of the brain angiographic mode circulation time (AVCT) to the mean transit time of the vascular indicator C15O-labeled hemoglobin (tc15o) and the regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) as measured by the clearance of the diffusible tracer H2-15O was examined in 38 patients with selected cerebral diseases. The results demonstrate a predictable relationship does exist between the rCBF and tc15o. This relationship is linear when plotted as tc15o vs. 1/CBF. Further, tc150 can be estimated with sufficient accuracy from the AVCT to permit at least a qualitative assessment of rCBF from the cerebral angiogram.", "PMID": 1118590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6008", "title": "Rhinocerebral mucormycosis.", "content": "Nine cases of rhinocerebral mucormycosis are reviewed. Eight patients had diabetes and 7 had symptoms related to the orbit. Roentgen analysis of focal bone destruction and uniform mucosal thickening will frequently suggest the diagnosis. Mucormycosis should be suspected in the diabetic patient with destruction of the walls of the bony sinuses, especially when multiple sinus involvement suggests an etiology other than neoplasm.", "contents": "Rhinocerebral mucormycosis. Nine cases of rhinocerebral mucormycosis are reviewed. Eight patients had diabetes and 7 had symptoms related to the orbit. Roentgen analysis of focal bone destruction and uniform mucosal thickening will frequently suggest the diagnosis. Mucormycosis should be suspected in the diabetic patient with destruction of the walls of the bony sinuses, especially when multiple sinus involvement suggests an etiology other than neoplasm.", "PMID": 1118591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6009", "title": "The manifestations of diaphragmatic and juxtadiaphragmatic diseases in the liver-spleen scintigraph.", "content": "Diaphragmatic and juxtadiaphragmatic abnormalities can be recognized on liver-spleen scintigraphs by alteration of the normal disparity in height between the liver and the spleen and by flattening of the superior margins of the liver and spleen. A unilateral abnormality is manifested by exaggeration or reversal of the normal disparity in height between the superior margins of the liver and spleen by cephalad or caudad displacement of one of these organs. Bilateral peridiaphragmatic abnormalities are manifested by flattening of the superior margins of the liver and spleen by caudad displacement of both organs.", "contents": "The manifestations of diaphragmatic and juxtadiaphragmatic diseases in the liver-spleen scintigraph. Diaphragmatic and juxtadiaphragmatic abnormalities can be recognized on liver-spleen scintigraphs by alteration of the normal disparity in height between the liver and the spleen and by flattening of the superior margins of the liver and spleen. A unilateral abnormality is manifested by exaggeration or reversal of the normal disparity in height between the superior margins of the liver and spleen by cephalad or caudad displacement of one of these organs. Bilateral peridiaphragmatic abnormalities are manifested by flattening of the superior margins of the liver and spleen by caudad displacement of both organs.", "PMID": 1118592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6010", "title": "Determination of cerebral death by radionuclide angiography.", "content": "A unique appearance was seen in 18 of more than 4,000 radionuclide cerebral angiographic studies performed over a period of 5 years in patients who had cerebral death. Absence of cerebral perfusion was indicated by a lack of intracerebral activity and nondelineation of the sagittal sinus during the first minutes after the appearance of scalp activity. This technique provides a sensitive, unambiguous means of identifying a lack of cerebral perfusion.", "contents": "Determination of cerebral death by radionuclide angiography. A unique appearance was seen in 18 of more than 4,000 radionuclide cerebral angiographic studies performed over a period of 5 years in patients who had cerebral death. Absence of cerebral perfusion was indicated by a lack of intracerebral activity and nondelineation of the sagittal sinus during the first minutes after the appearance of scalp activity. This technique provides a sensitive, unambiguous means of identifying a lack of cerebral perfusion.", "PMID": 1118593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6011", "title": "Diagnosis of midgut malrotation with 99mTc-pertechnetate abdominal imaging.", "content": "In a six-year-old girl with recurrent abdominal pain, abdominal imaging with technetium-99m pertechnetate was performed to detect ectopic gastric mucosa in a Meckel's diverticulum but was negative in this respect. The pattern of radioactivity, moving from the stomach to the proximal small bowel, showed abnormal localization and high concentration of the radionuclide to the right of the midline, indicating midgut malrotation and obstruction. This was subsequently confirmed at exploratory laparotomy.", "contents": "Diagnosis of midgut malrotation with 99mTc-pertechnetate abdominal imaging. In a six-year-old girl with recurrent abdominal pain, abdominal imaging with technetium-99m pertechnetate was performed to detect ectopic gastric mucosa in a Meckel's diverticulum but was negative in this respect. The pattern of radioactivity, moving from the stomach to the proximal small bowel, showed abnormal localization and high concentration of the radionuclide to the right of the midline, indicating midgut malrotation and obstruction. This was subsequently confirmed at exploratory laparotomy.", "PMID": 1118594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6012", "title": "Pulmonary lymphangiectasia demonstrated by lymphangiography in 2 patients with Noonan's syndrome.", "content": "Two cases of pulmonary lymphangiectasia associated with Noonan's syndrome are described. Chest films showed diffuse pulmonary intersitial infiltrates from infancy. Lymphangiograms demonstrated obstructive changes and collateral formation in the retroperitoneal, mediastinal, pulmonary, and cervical lymphatics and extensive opacification of the pulmonary and visceral pleural lymphatics. Possible mechanisms and causes of the lymphatic malformation are discussed.", "contents": "Pulmonary lymphangiectasia demonstrated by lymphangiography in 2 patients with Noonan's syndrome. Two cases of pulmonary lymphangiectasia associated with Noonan's syndrome are described. Chest films showed diffuse pulmonary intersitial infiltrates from infancy. Lymphangiograms demonstrated obstructive changes and collateral formation in the retroperitoneal, mediastinal, pulmonary, and cervical lymphatics and extensive opacification of the pulmonary and visceral pleural lymphatics. Possible mechanisms and causes of the lymphatic malformation are discussed.", "PMID": 1118595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6013", "title": "Delayed radiographic presentation of congenital right diaphragmatic hernia.", "content": "The diagnosis of right-sided Bochdalek hernias is diffucult. Problems encountered in diagnosis include delayed radiographic manifestations and stimulation of inflammatory disease. The case is presented of a neonate in whom a right-sided diaphragmatic hernia masqueraded as inflammatory disease of the chest.", "contents": "Delayed radiographic presentation of congenital right diaphragmatic hernia. The diagnosis of right-sided Bochdalek hernias is diffucult. Problems encountered in diagnosis include delayed radiographic manifestations and stimulation of inflammatory disease. The case is presented of a neonate in whom a right-sided diaphragmatic hernia masqueraded as inflammatory disease of the chest.", "PMID": 1118596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6014", "title": "The modulus of elasticity of human cortical bone: an in vivo measurement and its clinical implications.", "content": "The modulus of elasticity was derived by combining the velocity of ultrasound measurements and photon absorption (Norland-Cameron method) in human cortical bone (proximal radius) in vivo. The results compare favorably with published values of the elasticity modulus obtained in vitro. Values obtained for a heterogeneous group of patients with bone and joint complaints differed from those of normal volunteers.", "contents": "The modulus of elasticity of human cortical bone: an in vivo measurement and its clinical implications. The modulus of elasticity was derived by combining the velocity of ultrasound measurements and photon absorption (Norland-Cameron method) in human cortical bone (proximal radius) in vivo. The results compare favorably with published values of the elasticity modulus obtained in vitro. Values obtained for a heterogeneous group of patients with bone and joint complaints differed from those of normal volunteers.", "PMID": 1118597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6015", "title": "Ultrasonic localization for renal biopsy.", "content": "B-scan ultrasound was used in 30 patients to localize the kidney prior to renal biopsy. The lower pole of the kidney was outlined in the longitudinal and transverase planes and the depth of the kidney was easily obtained from the ultrasonic tracings. The puncture site was marked on the skin and the angle of the needle pathway determined. Renal biopsy was performed successfully in 28 patients, which compares favorably with the results of other localization methods.", "contents": "Ultrasonic localization for renal biopsy. B-scan ultrasound was used in 30 patients to localize the kidney prior to renal biopsy. The lower pole of the kidney was outlined in the longitudinal and transverase planes and the depth of the kidney was easily obtained from the ultrasonic tracings. The puncture site was marked on the skin and the angle of the needle pathway determined. Renal biopsy was performed successfully in 28 patients, which compares favorably with the results of other localization methods.", "PMID": 1118598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6016", "title": "Analytical approach for depth dose calculations (60Co beams with fixed source-target distance).", "content": "A method is described to calculate depth dose distribution to a principal plane using analytical formulas for 60Co teletherapy units and constant source-to-target distance. The formulas were derived from experimental measurements taking into consideration the obliquity of the beam. For the purposes of dose calculation the beam was divided into primary and scattered components. A computer program incorporating the formulas was developed for an IBM 360/67 computer. Dose distributions computed and obtained from experimental measurements were in good agreement. The computer program is now in use for treatment planning, including rotational techniques.", "contents": "Analytical approach for depth dose calculations (60Co beams with fixed source-target distance). A method is described to calculate depth dose distribution to a principal plane using analytical formulas for 60Co teletherapy units and constant source-to-target distance. The formulas were derived from experimental measurements taking into consideration the obliquity of the beam. For the purposes of dose calculation the beam was divided into primary and scattered components. A computer program incorporating the formulas was developed for an IBM 360/67 computer. Dose distributions computed and obtained from experimental measurements were in good agreement. The computer program is now in use for treatment planning, including rotational techniques.", "PMID": 1118599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6017", "title": "A data acquisition system for three-dimensional treatment planning.", "content": "The authors describe a coordinate measuring device developed to simplify manual acquisition of the digital information required for computerized three-dimensional treatment planning. This system has been used for two years and shown to be both fast and accurate. The time needed to digitize contour data is reduced to approximately one-tenth of that required for manual methods in most cases.", "contents": "A data acquisition system for three-dimensional treatment planning. The authors describe a coordinate measuring device developed to simplify manual acquisition of the digital information required for computerized three-dimensional treatment planning. This system has been used for two years and shown to be both fast and accurate. The time needed to digitize contour data is reduced to approximately one-tenth of that required for manual methods in most cases.", "PMID": 1118600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6018", "title": "Residual radiation damage in mouse skin 5 to 8 months after irradiation.", "content": "Residual injury from large doses of x-rays or neutrons given 5-8 months earlier was assessed by the response of the skin to further doses of 250 kV x-rays. The \"dose remembered\" was assessed by single test doses. Two doses separated by 24 hours or 7 days were given to assess the capacity for repair of sublethal injury and recovery by proliferation. About 10% of the pretreatment dose was \"remembered\" 5-8 months later. The capacity for repair of sublethal injury and proliferation was similar in controls and animals receiving 1000-3000 rads as pretreatment. These results apply to basal layer epidermal cells and may differ from those of more slowly dividing populations.", "contents": "Residual radiation damage in mouse skin 5 to 8 months after irradiation. Residual injury from large doses of x-rays or neutrons given 5-8 months earlier was assessed by the response of the skin to further doses of 250 kV x-rays. The \"dose remembered\" was assessed by single test doses. Two doses separated by 24 hours or 7 days were given to assess the capacity for repair of sublethal injury and recovery by proliferation. About 10% of the pretreatment dose was \"remembered\" 5-8 months later. The capacity for repair of sublethal injury and proliferation was similar in controls and animals receiving 1000-3000 rads as pretreatment. These results apply to basal layer epidermal cells and may differ from those of more slowly dividing populations.", "PMID": 1118601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6019", "title": "Human CNS perfusion scanning with 123I-iodoantipyrine.", "content": "Regional perfusion scanning of the central nervous system requires lipophilic radionuclides that rapidly penetrate the intact blood brain barrier. The first compound of this type to be developed for human use is 123I-iodoantipyrine. 123I-iodoantipyrine rapidly crosses the blood brain barrier and is flow-limited in its delivery to the brain. This makes possible the CNS perfusion scanning of the human brain, thereby showing regional distribution of microcirculatory blood flow.", "contents": "Human CNS perfusion scanning with 123I-iodoantipyrine. Regional perfusion scanning of the central nervous system requires lipophilic radionuclides that rapidly penetrate the intact blood brain barrier. The first compound of this type to be developed for human use is 123I-iodoantipyrine. 123I-iodoantipyrine rapidly crosses the blood brain barrier and is flow-limited in its delivery to the brain. This makes possible the CNS perfusion scanning of the human brain, thereby showing regional distribution of microcirculatory blood flow.", "PMID": 1118602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6020", "title": "Cholescintigraphy with 99mTc-penicillamine.", "content": "D-pencillamine labeled with 99mTc (Tc-Pen) was used for cholescintigraphy in dogs and man. Satisfactory images of the gallbladder were obtained using a scintillation camera fitted with a pinhole collimator. The results of cholescintigraphy and contrast cholecystography compared favorably. The authors suggest that Tc-Pen is taken up by the hepatocytes and excreted into the bile canaliculi which enter the gallbladder. Tc-Pen may prove to be an ideal agent for evaluation of hepatocellular function.", "contents": "Cholescintigraphy with 99mTc-penicillamine. D-pencillamine labeled with 99mTc (Tc-Pen) was used for cholescintigraphy in dogs and man. Satisfactory images of the gallbladder were obtained using a scintillation camera fitted with a pinhole collimator. The results of cholescintigraphy and contrast cholecystography compared favorably. The authors suggest that Tc-Pen is taken up by the hepatocytes and excreted into the bile canaliculi which enter the gallbladder. Tc-Pen may prove to be an ideal agent for evaluation of hepatocellular function.", "PMID": 1118603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6021", "title": "Peroneal tenography in previous calcaneal fractures.", "content": "The evaluation of persistent hindfoot pain in patients with previous calcaneal fractures should include contrast examination of the peroneal tendon sheaths. The identification of extrinsic compression or displacement of the peroneal tendons may indicate that source of pain, the diagnosis being substantiated by temporary relief of discomfort following Xylocaine injection.", "contents": "Peroneal tenography in previous calcaneal fractures. The evaluation of persistent hindfoot pain in patients with previous calcaneal fractures should include contrast examination of the peroneal tendon sheaths. The identification of extrinsic compression or displacement of the peroneal tendons may indicate that source of pain, the diagnosis being substantiated by temporary relief of discomfort following Xylocaine injection.", "PMID": 1118604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6022", "title": "Instrumentation for salivary duct cannulation.", "content": "The use of lacrimal probes to locate and dilate the ducts of major salivary glands is described. This technique greatly facilitates cannulation for sialography.", "contents": "Instrumentation for salivary duct cannulation. The use of lacrimal probes to locate and dilate the ducts of major salivary glands is described. This technique greatly facilitates cannulation for sialography.", "PMID": 1118605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6023", "title": "Visualization of the posterolateral elements of the upper cervical vertebrae in the anteroposterior projection.", "content": "A radiographic view in the anteroposterior projection through the open mouth for visualization of the laminae and articular processes of the upper cervical vertebrae is described. This view is adaptable to acutely injured patients.", "contents": "Visualization of the posterolateral elements of the upper cervical vertebrae in the anteroposterior projection. A radiographic view in the anteroposterior projection through the open mouth for visualization of the laminae and articular processes of the upper cervical vertebrae is described. This view is adaptable to acutely injured patients.", "PMID": 1118606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6024", "title": "A simple device for measuring angles without marking the radiographic film.", "content": "Measurements of angles in radiology can be made without marking the radiographs when a simple modification of a standard goniometer is used.", "contents": "A simple device for measuring angles without marking the radiographic film. Measurements of angles in radiology can be made without marking the radiographs when a simple modification of a standard goniometer is used.", "PMID": 1118607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6025", "title": "A pneumatically operated femoral artery compressor.", "content": "A readily assembled, inexpensive pneumatically operated femoral artery compressor for use in transfemoral arteriography is described. This device is effective in controlling post-procedure bleeding and oozing around the catheter during the procedure.", "contents": "A pneumatically operated femoral artery compressor. A readily assembled, inexpensive pneumatically operated femoral artery compressor for use in transfemoral arteriography is described. This device is effective in controlling post-procedure bleeding and oozing around the catheter during the procedure.", "PMID": 1118608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6026", "title": "An evaluation of an automated radiographic table.", "content": "Results of an official field trial of an automated radiographic film-handling system for horizontal Bucky radiography without cassettes, complete with vacuum exposure magazine are reported. An integral tube stand may limit usefulness of the equipment; a fast film/screen combination and delayed film transport protects the x-ray tube. No film transport problems were found.", "contents": "An evaluation of an automated radiographic table. Results of an official field trial of an automated radiographic film-handling system for horizontal Bucky radiography without cassettes, complete with vacuum exposure magazine are reported. An integral tube stand may limit usefulness of the equipment; a fast film/screen combination and delayed film transport protects the x-ray tube. No film transport problems were found.", "PMID": 1118609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6027", "title": "Light fog on radiographic films: how to measure it properly.", "content": "A single step wedge imaging technique is described for the proper evaluation of light fog in radiographic darkrooms. Tests indicate that this technique is a more sensitive indicator of light fog than the conventional technique utilizing unexposed film. It is recommended that fog tests be carried out in radiographic darkrooms annually to maintain optimum radiographic image contrast.", "contents": "Light fog on radiographic films: how to measure it properly. A single step wedge imaging technique is described for the proper evaluation of light fog in radiographic darkrooms. Tests indicate that this technique is a more sensitive indicator of light fog than the conventional technique utilizing unexposed film. It is recommended that fog tests be carried out in radiographic darkrooms annually to maintain optimum radiographic image contrast.", "PMID": 1118610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6028", "title": "Abdominal aorta catheterization via the left axillary artery.", "content": "A simple technique is described for catheterization of the abdominal aorta via the left axillary artery. A commercially available pigtail catheter is used to direct the guide wire toward the descending aorta, and the contrast material may be injected through this catheter. This method works well, even in elderly patients with elongated, tortuous aortas.", "contents": "Abdominal aorta catheterization via the left axillary artery. A simple technique is described for catheterization of the abdominal aorta via the left axillary artery. A commercially available pigtail catheter is used to direct the guide wire toward the descending aorta, and the contrast material may be injected through this catheter. This method works well, even in elderly patients with elongated, tortuous aortas.", "PMID": 1118611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6029", "title": "Coronary angiographic nomenclature. Current status and a plea for standardization.", "content": "Currently, there is no universal agreement on coronary angiographic anatomic nomenclature. A standardized version is proposed with regional anatomy as the unifying concept. The suggested nomenclature adds no new names to the long list currently in use but rather utilizes those arterial branch names which denote regional perfusion. The goals are to simplify the learning process and to provide more meaningful clinical communication.", "contents": "Coronary angiographic nomenclature. Current status and a plea for standardization. Currently, there is no universal agreement on coronary angiographic anatomic nomenclature. A standardized version is proposed with regional anatomy as the unifying concept. The suggested nomenclature adds no new names to the long list currently in use but rather utilizes those arterial branch names which denote regional perfusion. The goals are to simplify the learning process and to provide more meaningful clinical communication.", "PMID": 1118612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6030", "title": "Errors in applying the NSD concept.", "content": "An analysis of selected papers in which the Nominal Standard Dose (NSD) concept is used reveals that about 50% of them contain errors. These mistakes are both conceptual and mathematical in nature and average plus or minus 7%. Typical errors and methods to eliminate them are discussed. A table is provided for interconversion of NSDs, partial tolerances, and time, dose and fractionation (TDF) factors.", "contents": "Errors in applying the NSD concept. An analysis of selected papers in which the Nominal Standard Dose (NSD) concept is used reveals that about 50% of them contain errors. These mistakes are both conceptual and mathematical in nature and average plus or minus 7%. Typical errors and methods to eliminate them are discussed. A table is provided for interconversion of NSDs, partial tolerances, and time, dose and fractionation (TDF) factors.", "PMID": 1118613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6031", "title": "The localization of abnormal mediastinal parathyroid glands.", "content": "The venous drainage of parathyroid glands ectopically located in the mediastinum is generally caraniad into the inferior thyroid veins. Parathyroid glands in the neck can cause elevated concentrations of parathyroid hormone in mediastinal veins because of thyroidalthymic anastomoses. Therefore venous sampling alone cannot distinguish cervical from mediastinal adenomas. Arteriography can localize mediastinal parathyroids and should be perfomred before any repeat exploration.", "contents": "The localization of abnormal mediastinal parathyroid glands. The venous drainage of parathyroid glands ectopically located in the mediastinum is generally caraniad into the inferior thyroid veins. Parathyroid glands in the neck can cause elevated concentrations of parathyroid hormone in mediastinal veins because of thyroidalthymic anastomoses. Therefore venous sampling alone cannot distinguish cervical from mediastinal adenomas. Arteriography can localize mediastinal parathyroids and should be perfomred before any repeat exploration.", "PMID": 1118614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6032", "title": "Treatment of hyperparathyroidism by percutaneous embolization of a mediastinal adenoma.", "content": "Percutaneous embolization of parathyroid adenomas was attempted in three hypercalcemic patients with previously unsuccessful neck explorations. Two adenomas were in the mediastinum and the third was within the thyroid lobe. Autologous clot, Gelfoam, and silicone rubber were used to obstruct feeding arteries. The intrathyroidal adenoma failed to respond but both mediastinal adenomas were infarcted. Hyperparathyroidism recurred after 7 months in one patient but the other remains normocalcemic 8 months postembolization.", "contents": "Treatment of hyperparathyroidism by percutaneous embolization of a mediastinal adenoma. Percutaneous embolization of parathyroid adenomas was attempted in three hypercalcemic patients with previously unsuccessful neck explorations. Two adenomas were in the mediastinum and the third was within the thyroid lobe. Autologous clot, Gelfoam, and silicone rubber were used to obstruct feeding arteries. The intrathyroidal adenoma failed to respond but both mediastinal adenomas were infarcted. Hyperparathyroidism recurred after 7 months in one patient but the other remains normocalcemic 8 months postembolization.", "PMID": 1118615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6033", "title": "The wandering gallbladder.", "content": "An unusual case of a hypermobile gallbladder and liver is presented. The liver and gallbladder, supported only by a long midline falciform ligament, rotated freely from the right to the left upper quadrant. Because of a long gastrohepatic ligament and mesocolon, intermittent volvulus of the stomach and colon were associated findings.", "contents": "The wandering gallbladder. An unusual case of a hypermobile gallbladder and liver is presented. The liver and gallbladder, supported only by a long midline falciform ligament, rotated freely from the right to the left upper quadrant. Because of a long gastrohepatic ligament and mesocolon, intermittent volvulus of the stomach and colon were associated findings.", "PMID": 1118616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6034", "title": "Radiographic diagnosis and accuracy in knee joint effusions.", "content": "Anteroposterior and lateral knee radiographs were obtained prior to arthrography in 200 patients. Presence and quantity of joint effusion were recorded, and radiologic criteria for the presence or absence of knee effusion were evaluated. Only the lateral projection was of value in assessing joint fluid. The fat pad separation sign was the most accurate indicator of fluid and effusions as small as 1-2 ml were recognized. There were accuracies of 88% in the diagnosis and 90% in the exclusion of knee effusions. Satisfactory lateral knee radiographs required radiologic demonstration of the entire suprapatellar area. Minimal knee flexion and a 5degrees cephalad angulation of the x-ray tube help in adequately visualizing this area.", "contents": "Radiographic diagnosis and accuracy in knee joint effusions. Anteroposterior and lateral knee radiographs were obtained prior to arthrography in 200 patients. Presence and quantity of joint effusion were recorded, and radiologic criteria for the presence or absence of knee effusion were evaluated. Only the lateral projection was of value in assessing joint fluid. The fat pad separation sign was the most accurate indicator of fluid and effusions as small as 1-2 ml were recognized. There were accuracies of 88% in the diagnosis and 90% in the exclusion of knee effusions. Satisfactory lateral knee radiographs required radiologic demonstration of the entire suprapatellar area. Minimal knee flexion and a 5degrees cephalad angulation of the x-ray tube help in adequately visualizing this area.", "PMID": 1118617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6035", "title": "Effects of inguinal hernias upon the bladder and ureters.", "content": "The presence of inguinal hernia may be associated with extrinsic defects upon the bladder and ureter in the absence of actual herniation of the urinary structures. The findings are characteristic unless associated with irregularity of the bladder wall or elevation of the bladder floor by prostatic enlargement. In some cases, the possibility of intrinsic bladder pathology is raised, requiring retrograde study for clarification. Ureteral displacements may be either ipsilateral or contralateral, depending upon the segment of bowel involved and the side of the hernia. The bladder findings are best demonstrated when the patient is prone or upright.", "contents": "Effects of inguinal hernias upon the bladder and ureters. The presence of inguinal hernia may be associated with extrinsic defects upon the bladder and ureter in the absence of actual herniation of the urinary structures. The findings are characteristic unless associated with irregularity of the bladder wall or elevation of the bladder floor by prostatic enlargement. In some cases, the possibility of intrinsic bladder pathology is raised, requiring retrograde study for clarification. Ureteral displacements may be either ipsilateral or contralateral, depending upon the segment of bowel involved and the side of the hernia. The bladder findings are best demonstrated when the patient is prone or upright.", "PMID": 1118618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6036", "title": "Effects of metrizamide, a new nonionic contrast medium, on cardiac function during coronary angiography in the dog.", "content": "Metrizamide is a new non-ionic radiopaque agent with low osmolarity and low intravenous toxicity. Hyperosmolarity is one of the factors involved in the decrease of myocardial contracility, alterations of aortic pressure, and disturbances in the cardiac rhythm which contrast media induce during coronary angiography. Metrizamide has been compared to other commonly used contrast media and was shown to produce fewer changes on the cardiac functions recorded.", "contents": "Effects of metrizamide, a new nonionic contrast medium, on cardiac function during coronary angiography in the dog. Metrizamide is a new non-ionic radiopaque agent with low osmolarity and low intravenous toxicity. Hyperosmolarity is one of the factors involved in the decrease of myocardial contracility, alterations of aortic pressure, and disturbances in the cardiac rhythm which contrast media induce during coronary angiography. Metrizamide has been compared to other commonly used contrast media and was shown to produce fewer changes on the cardiac functions recorded.", "PMID": 1118619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6037", "title": "Xeroradiography of axillary lymph node disease.", "content": "Xeroradiographic evaluation of the axillary lymph nodes permits differentiation of characteristic patterns, including normal nodes and those enlarged as the result of fatty infiltration, inflammation, metastases from a breast primary, or primary nodal disease such as lymphoma or hyperplasia. The author describes his experience with this technique in selected patients.", "contents": "Xeroradiography of axillary lymph node disease. Xeroradiographic evaluation of the axillary lymph nodes permits differentiation of characteristic patterns, including normal nodes and those enlarged as the result of fatty infiltration, inflammation, metastases from a breast primary, or primary nodal disease such as lymphoma or hyperplasia. The author describes his experience with this technique in selected patients.", "PMID": 1118620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6038", "title": "Thermal evaluation of breast disease using local cooling.", "content": "A simple, inexpensive local cooling system for thermal evaluation of breast disease is described. Skin temperature measured during a 10-minute cooling process averaged 1.2degrees C higher over 31 proved cancers and 0.6degrees C lower over 18 benign masses. Forty-nine masses averaged 1.7 cm in diameter and were 1.5 cm deep; 23 of 31 malignancies (74%), 16 of 18 benign growths (88%), and 46 of 52 \"normals\" (88%) would have been correctly diagnosed, while results for 10 of 22 women (45%) with asymmetrical diffuse non-malignant disease would have been falsely classified positive.", "contents": "Thermal evaluation of breast disease using local cooling. A simple, inexpensive local cooling system for thermal evaluation of breast disease is described. Skin temperature measured during a 10-minute cooling process averaged 1.2degrees C higher over 31 proved cancers and 0.6degrees C lower over 18 benign masses. Forty-nine masses averaged 1.7 cm in diameter and were 1.5 cm deep; 23 of 31 malignancies (74%), 16 of 18 benign growths (88%), and 46 of 52 \"normals\" (88%) would have been correctly diagnosed, while results for 10 of 22 women (45%) with asymmetrical diffuse non-malignant disease would have been falsely classified positive.", "PMID": 1118621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6039", "title": "Hysterographic evidence of polypoid filling defects in the uterine cavity.", "content": "According to earlier studies, radiographic evidence of polypoid filling defects in the uterine cavity has a physiological background if hysterography is carried out during the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle, but if performed during the proliferative phase, the defects indicate endometrial hyperplasia. This view was not confirmed in the present investigation. Of 8,000 hysterograms reviewed, 200 (2.5%) showed filling defects. Of these, 162 hysterograms were from cases in which the coexisting histological appearance of the endometrium was available; 78% of the histological examinations showed no abnormalities. There was no difference between the secretory and proliferative phases in this respect, and no correlation between radiographic evidence of polypoid filling defects and abnormal uterine bleeding.", "contents": "Hysterographic evidence of polypoid filling defects in the uterine cavity. According to earlier studies, radiographic evidence of polypoid filling defects in the uterine cavity has a physiological background if hysterography is carried out during the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle, but if performed during the proliferative phase, the defects indicate endometrial hyperplasia. This view was not confirmed in the present investigation. Of 8,000 hysterograms reviewed, 200 (2.5%) showed filling defects. Of these, 162 hysterograms were from cases in which the coexisting histological appearance of the endometrium was available; 78% of the histological examinations showed no abnormalities. There was no difference between the secretory and proliferative phases in this respect, and no correlation between radiographic evidence of polypoid filling defects and abnormal uterine bleeding.", "PMID": 1118622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6040", "title": "Positive lymphangiography in gaucher's disease. Report of a case.", "content": "The author reports a case of Gaucher's disease in which lymphangiography was performed to evaluate cervical lymphadenopathy, later shown to be Hodgkin's disease. The 24-hour lymphangiogram showed fragmentation of the normal nodal architecture and foamy-appearing lymph nodes in the aortic bifurcation. Microscopic study of these nodes revealed abnormalities characteristic of Gaucher's disease.", "contents": "Positive lymphangiography in gaucher's disease. Report of a case. The author reports a case of Gaucher's disease in which lymphangiography was performed to evaluate cervical lymphadenopathy, later shown to be Hodgkin's disease. The 24-hour lymphangiogram showed fragmentation of the normal nodal architecture and foamy-appearing lymph nodes in the aortic bifurcation. Microscopic study of these nodes revealed abnormalities characteristic of Gaucher's disease.", "PMID": 1118623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6041", "title": "Calcification in pelvic lymph nodes containing Hodgkin's disease following radiotherapy.", "content": "The appearance of roentgenographically demonstrable calcification in intrathoracic lymph nodes containing Hodgkin's disease following radiotherapy is an unusual but recognized occurrence. This report describes two patients with Hodgkin's disease in whom similar lymph node calcifications developed in involved pelvic nodes following radiotherapy. Such calcification appears to be secondary to tumor degeneration which may result from a variety of postulated causes, including radiotherapy.", "contents": "Calcification in pelvic lymph nodes containing Hodgkin's disease following radiotherapy. The appearance of roentgenographically demonstrable calcification in intrathoracic lymph nodes containing Hodgkin's disease following radiotherapy is an unusual but recognized occurrence. This report describes two patients with Hodgkin's disease in whom similar lymph node calcifications developed in involved pelvic nodes following radiotherapy. Such calcification appears to be secondary to tumor degeneration which may result from a variety of postulated causes, including radiotherapy.", "PMID": 1118624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6042", "title": "Lumbar radiculography with metrizamide. A nonionic water-soluble contrast medium.", "content": "Six hundred lumbar radiculographies were performed with metrizamide in 581 patients. Excellent radiographs were obtained in almost all cases. The adverse effects were minor and no serious complications occurred. The authors consider metrizamide superior to other water-soluble contrast media in present use from both toxicological and radiological points of view.", "contents": "Lumbar radiculography with metrizamide. A nonionic water-soluble contrast medium. Six hundred lumbar radiculographies were performed with metrizamide in 581 patients. Excellent radiographs were obtained in almost all cases. The adverse effects were minor and no serious complications occurred. The authors consider metrizamide superior to other water-soluble contrast media in present use from both toxicological and radiological points of view.", "PMID": 1118625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6043", "title": "The pattern of infection with gastro-intestinal nematodes in young fattening lambs at pasture.", "content": "The pattern of infection with gastrointestinal nematodes in young fattening lambs was determined during the period 1965-69 in 10 counties of the UK. On 25 farms with a history Nematodirus disease, 193 lambs were killed, mostly in pairs, at intervals of three weeks from the end of April to mid-July. In three of the seasons similar studies were extended to mid-September on 33 farms which had a history of parasitic gastroenteritis. Worms were counted 361 parasitic gastroenteritis. Worms were counted in 361 lambs killed at intervals of four weeks. The degree of infection and incidence of different genera covering the same period were identical in both series. The division into Nematodirus and parasitic gastroenteritis farms proved artificial and the results were combined to obtain an overall picture based on average worm burdens during weekly periods from the last week in April to the second week in September. An average total of 2500 worms was present in four-week-old lambs at the end of April and this rose steadily to a peak of 10, 000 during the first week in June. A gradual fall to 5500 in mid-July was followed by a rapid rise which had reached 22, 000 at the end of observations in mid-September. The first wave of infection up to mid-July consisted almost entirely of Nematodirus and Ostertagia in the approximate proportions 3;1, 2:1 and 1-5:1 midway through the months of May, June and July respectively. The second rise from mid-July onwards consisted principally of Ostertagia and Trichostrongylus. Nematodirus worm numbers remained at a lower level while a few Cooperia and Haemonchus had appeared. Unidentified third and fourth stage larvae in the abomasum and small intestine reflected the prevalence of Ostertagia and Nematodirus respectively. The significance of this infection pattern, which was common to all geopgraphical areas, in relation to the epidemiology of parasitic infections in lambs is discussed.", "contents": "The pattern of infection with gastro-intestinal nematodes in young fattening lambs at pasture. The pattern of infection with gastrointestinal nematodes in young fattening lambs was determined during the period 1965-69 in 10 counties of the UK. On 25 farms with a history Nematodirus disease, 193 lambs were killed, mostly in pairs, at intervals of three weeks from the end of April to mid-July. In three of the seasons similar studies were extended to mid-September on 33 farms which had a history of parasitic gastroenteritis. Worms were counted 361 parasitic gastroenteritis. Worms were counted in 361 lambs killed at intervals of four weeks. The degree of infection and incidence of different genera covering the same period were identical in both series. The division into Nematodirus and parasitic gastroenteritis farms proved artificial and the results were combined to obtain an overall picture based on average worm burdens during weekly periods from the last week in April to the second week in September. An average total of 2500 worms was present in four-week-old lambs at the end of April and this rose steadily to a peak of 10, 000 during the first week in June. A gradual fall to 5500 in mid-July was followed by a rapid rise which had reached 22, 000 at the end of observations in mid-September. The first wave of infection up to mid-July consisted almost entirely of Nematodirus and Ostertagia in the approximate proportions 3;1, 2:1 and 1-5:1 midway through the months of May, June and July respectively. The second rise from mid-July onwards consisted principally of Ostertagia and Trichostrongylus. Nematodirus worm numbers remained at a lower level while a few Cooperia and Haemonchus had appeared. Unidentified third and fourth stage larvae in the abomasum and small intestine reflected the prevalence of Ostertagia and Nematodirus respectively. The significance of this infection pattern, which was common to all geopgraphical areas, in relation to the epidemiology of parasitic infections in lambs is discussed.", "PMID": 1118655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6044", "title": "The involvement of dietary fat and vitamins, stress, litter and starvation on the incidence of the fatty liver and kidney syndrome in chicks.", "content": "Dietary and environmental factors involved in the fatty liver and kidney syndrome (FLKS) were studied. Addition of maize oil, tallow or olive oil isoenergetically at the expense of starch to the standard highmortality diet reduced mortality from 19 to 7 per cent. Supplementation of the standard diet with a mixture of vitamins reduced mortality to 1 per cent whereas supplementation with thiamin alone reduced it to 11 per cent. Mortality was 53 per cent higher among females than males. At 25 days of age mortality was 94 per cent higher among birds that had been subjected to repeated stressing. Withdrawal of food on day 36 resulted in a marked increase in mortality.", "contents": "The involvement of dietary fat and vitamins, stress, litter and starvation on the incidence of the fatty liver and kidney syndrome in chicks. Dietary and environmental factors involved in the fatty liver and kidney syndrome (FLKS) were studied. Addition of maize oil, tallow or olive oil isoenergetically at the expense of starch to the standard highmortality diet reduced mortality from 19 to 7 per cent. Supplementation of the standard diet with a mixture of vitamins reduced mortality to 1 per cent whereas supplementation with thiamin alone reduced it to 11 per cent. Mortality was 53 per cent higher among females than males. At 25 days of age mortality was 94 per cent higher among birds that had been subjected to repeated stressing. Withdrawal of food on day 36 resulted in a marked increase in mortality.", "PMID": 1118656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6045", "title": "The erythrokinetics of Zebu cattle chronically infected with Trypanosoma congolense.", "content": "The erythrokinetics of Ethiopian Zebu cattle infected with T congolense were studied at 12-16 weeks after infection using 59Fe and 51Cr-labelled red cells. The severe anaemia which developed as a result of the infectionw as found to be due principally to a massive loss of red cells from the circulation.", "contents": "The erythrokinetics of Zebu cattle chronically infected with Trypanosoma congolense. The erythrokinetics of Ethiopian Zebu cattle infected with T congolense were studied at 12-16 weeks after infection using 59Fe and 51Cr-labelled red cells. The severe anaemia which developed as a result of the infectionw as found to be due principally to a massive loss of red cells from the circulation.", "PMID": 1118657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6046", "title": "The effect of bithionol sulphoxide on Echinococcus granulosus and Taenia hydatigena infections in dogs.", "content": "Trials with bithionol sulphoxide involving 130 dogs, infected with either Echinococcus granulosus or Taenia hydatigena, indicated that a single treatment at a dose rate of 400 mg/kg or two treatments at 50 mg/kg eliminated the former, but a single treatment at 50 mg/kg was sufficient to eliminate the latter. Dose rates 200 mg/kg or more were lethal to some dogs. With two doses of 50 mg/kg, there was only minor discomfort from vomiting or diarrhoea in some dogs.", "contents": "The effect of bithionol sulphoxide on Echinococcus granulosus and Taenia hydatigena infections in dogs. Trials with bithionol sulphoxide involving 130 dogs, infected with either Echinococcus granulosus or Taenia hydatigena, indicated that a single treatment at a dose rate of 400 mg/kg or two treatments at 50 mg/kg eliminated the former, but a single treatment at 50 mg/kg was sufficient to eliminate the latter. Dose rates 200 mg/kg or more were lethal to some dogs. With two doses of 50 mg/kg, there was only minor discomfort from vomiting or diarrhoea in some dogs.", "PMID": 1118658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6047", "title": "Functional recovery from spinal cord trauma following delayed incision of spinal meninges in dogs.", "content": "The spinal cords of 16 normal dogs were exposed via dorsal laminectomies and damaged with a known force. In eight dogs the spinal cord meninges were incised longitudinally after a delay of 2 h. The other eight dogs were kept as controls and their meninges were not incised. The spinal cord function of all dogs was monitored for up to 32 days. The results show that delayed incision of the spinal meninges is of little benefit to dogs following experimental trauma to the spinal cord.", "contents": "Functional recovery from spinal cord trauma following delayed incision of spinal meninges in dogs. The spinal cords of 16 normal dogs were exposed via dorsal laminectomies and damaged with a known force. In eight dogs the spinal cord meninges were incised longitudinally after a delay of 2 h. The other eight dogs were kept as controls and their meninges were not incised. The spinal cord function of all dogs was monitored for up to 32 days. The results show that delayed incision of the spinal meninges is of little benefit to dogs following experimental trauma to the spinal cord.", "PMID": 1118659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6048", "title": "Epidemiology of equine streptococci.", "content": "Equine tonsillar tissue and the draining regional lymph nodes, as well as deep nasal swabs were examined bacteriologically. Group C streptococci, predominantly Streptococcus zooepidemicus, were shown to be present in all tissues. The most frequent site for isolation was the tonsil. Streptococcus equi was not located in any of the tissues sampled.", "contents": "Epidemiology of equine streptococci. Equine tonsillar tissue and the draining regional lymph nodes, as well as deep nasal swabs were examined bacteriologically. Group C streptococci, predominantly Streptococcus zooepidemicus, were shown to be present in all tissues. The most frequent site for isolation was the tonsil. Streptococcus equi was not located in any of the tissues sampled.", "PMID": 1118660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6049", "title": "The virulence of vaccine strains of Mycoplasma mycoides var. mycoides recovered from inoculated cattle.", "content": "The T1 and KH3J attenuated strains of M mycoides, well-known in Africa for immunisation against contagious bovine pleuropneumonia, were recovered from the lymph nodes of cattle at intervals up to three months after vaccination. Virulence titrations in mice indicated that the organisms recovered from cattle were of no greater virulence than the strains used for inoculation. There was, therefore, no suggestion that the use of attenuated vaccines in the field might be associated with reversion to virulence after inoculation.", "contents": "The virulence of vaccine strains of Mycoplasma mycoides var. mycoides recovered from inoculated cattle. The T1 and KH3J attenuated strains of M mycoides, well-known in Africa for immunisation against contagious bovine pleuropneumonia, were recovered from the lymph nodes of cattle at intervals up to three months after vaccination. Virulence titrations in mice indicated that the organisms recovered from cattle were of no greater virulence than the strains used for inoculation. There was, therefore, no suggestion that the use of attenuated vaccines in the field might be associated with reversion to virulence after inoculation.", "PMID": 1118661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6050", "title": "Tissue lipid composition in fatty liver and kidney syndrome in chicks.", "content": "The lipid composition of the liver, kidneys, heart and adipose tissue of chicks affected by the fatty liver and kidney syndrome were analysed. Livers and kidneys showed 400 to 500 per cent increases in heart lipid levels. Liver and kidney triglycerides contained increased proportions of mono-unsaturated fatty acids, mainly palmitoleic acid, at the expense of the saturated fatty acids, mainly stearic acid. Phospholipid and adipose tissue fatty acid composition were not markedly altered. The abnormalities were regressing in birds recovering from the syndrome.", "contents": "Tissue lipid composition in fatty liver and kidney syndrome in chicks. The lipid composition of the liver, kidneys, heart and adipose tissue of chicks affected by the fatty liver and kidney syndrome were analysed. Livers and kidneys showed 400 to 500 per cent increases in heart lipid levels. Liver and kidney triglycerides contained increased proportions of mono-unsaturated fatty acids, mainly palmitoleic acid, at the expense of the saturated fatty acids, mainly stearic acid. Phospholipid and adipose tissue fatty acid composition were not markedly altered. The abnormalities were regressing in birds recovering from the syndrome.", "PMID": 1118662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6051", "title": "Prophylaxis and treatment of experimental anaphylaxis in cattle by sodium meclofenamate.", "content": "Sodium meclofenamate was compared to saline for efficacy in preventing and treating experimentally induced, acute, systemic anaphylaxis in cattle. Respiratroy changes were shown to be reduced to the greatest extent. Lacrimation and collapse were not affected. The timing and routes of administration giving maximum efficacy were those which gave maximum plasma levels of the drug closest to the time of exposure of the animal to the specific antigen.", "contents": "Prophylaxis and treatment of experimental anaphylaxis in cattle by sodium meclofenamate. Sodium meclofenamate was compared to saline for efficacy in preventing and treating experimentally induced, acute, systemic anaphylaxis in cattle. Respiratroy changes were shown to be reduced to the greatest extent. Lacrimation and collapse were not affected. The timing and routes of administration giving maximum efficacy were those which gave maximum plasma levels of the drug closest to the time of exposure of the animal to the specific antigen.", "PMID": 1118663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6052", "title": "Haemagglutination and haemagglutination inhibition with Mycoplasma synoviae.", "content": "A haemagglutinating antigen prepared from cultures of M synoviae WVU 1853 successfully detected homologous haemagglutination inhibition (HI) in sera of fowls and turkeys inoculated with M synoviae. Nonspecific HI was encountered with normal fowl sera but this was removed by treatment with receptor destroying enzyme. It is suggested that M synoviae. HA antigen will be a useful reagent for the diagnosis of M synoviae infection.", "contents": "Haemagglutination and haemagglutination inhibition with Mycoplasma synoviae. A haemagglutinating antigen prepared from cultures of M synoviae WVU 1853 successfully detected homologous haemagglutination inhibition (HI) in sera of fowls and turkeys inoculated with M synoviae. Nonspecific HI was encountered with normal fowl sera but this was removed by treatment with receptor destroying enzyme. It is suggested that M synoviae. HA antigen will be a useful reagent for the diagnosis of M synoviae infection.", "PMID": 1118664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6053", "title": "Intestinal intubation in the unanaesthetised miniature pig: technique for sampling and measurement of gut length per fistulam.", "content": "Techniques have been developed and are described for the surgical preparation of long-term jejunal and ileal fistulas in miniature swine and for the management and restraint of the fistulated swine for laboratory investigation. An apparatus and procedure is described for per fistulam intubation which allows sampling of intestinal contents at any site in the jejuno-ileum of the unanaesthetised pig. A comparison between in vivo intestinal length, measured by intubation between jejunal and ileal fistulas, and post mortem intestinal length demonstrates that, as in the human, the intestine becomes remarkably elongated after death.", "contents": "Intestinal intubation in the unanaesthetised miniature pig: technique for sampling and measurement of gut length per fistulam. Techniques have been developed and are described for the surgical preparation of long-term jejunal and ileal fistulas in miniature swine and for the management and restraint of the fistulated swine for laboratory investigation. An apparatus and procedure is described for per fistulam intubation which allows sampling of intestinal contents at any site in the jejuno-ileum of the unanaesthetised pig. A comparison between in vivo intestinal length, measured by intubation between jejunal and ileal fistulas, and post mortem intestinal length demonstrates that, as in the human, the intestine becomes remarkably elongated after death.", "PMID": 1118665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6054", "title": "Carbohydrate digestion and absorption studies in the horse.", "content": "The ability of the horse to digest and absorb soluble carbohydrates was assessed using a series of oral disaccharide tolerance tests followed in the same animals by tolerance tests with the constituent monosaccharides. In horses older than three years, lactose did not produce an increase in the plasma glucose levels but induced the passing of soft faeces, indicating that adult horses are lactose intolerant. Horses of all ages could absorb the glucose: galactose mixture without any change in the faeces. The tolerance is due to a failure to hydrolyse lactose and does not involve the monosaccharide transport systems. These findings correspond to the known development pattern of brush border lactase activity in the equine small intestine. Both sucrose and maltose were rapidly hydrolysed, the resulting tolerance curves closely approximating to those for the constituent monosaccharides. Galactose was absorbed at a similar rate to glucose, although a dose of 1g/kg was necessary to produce galactosaemia. An oral lactose tolerance test (1 g/kg as a 20 per cent solution) could be of clinical value to determine small intestinal mucosal damage in diarrhoeic foals when the continued ingestion of lactose might be detrimental.", "contents": "Carbohydrate digestion and absorption studies in the horse. The ability of the horse to digest and absorb soluble carbohydrates was assessed using a series of oral disaccharide tolerance tests followed in the same animals by tolerance tests with the constituent monosaccharides. In horses older than three years, lactose did not produce an increase in the plasma glucose levels but induced the passing of soft faeces, indicating that adult horses are lactose intolerant. Horses of all ages could absorb the glucose: galactose mixture without any change in the faeces. The tolerance is due to a failure to hydrolyse lactose and does not involve the monosaccharide transport systems. These findings correspond to the known development pattern of brush border lactase activity in the equine small intestine. Both sucrose and maltose were rapidly hydrolysed, the resulting tolerance curves closely approximating to those for the constituent monosaccharides. Galactose was absorbed at a similar rate to glucose, although a dose of 1g/kg was necessary to produce galactosaemia. An oral lactose tolerance test (1 g/kg as a 20 per cent solution) could be of clinical value to determine small intestinal mucosal damage in diarrhoeic foals when the continued ingestion of lactose might be detrimental.", "PMID": 1118666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6055", "title": "The effect of dietary fat and protein levels, form and cereal type on fatty liver and kidney syndrome in chicks.", "content": "A total of 4200 day-old Ross I broiler chicks were subjected to an ambient temperature 2 to 3C degrees higher than normal and were fed various diets to determine the effects of dietary factors and sex on mortality from fatty liver and kidney syndrome (FLKS). In a first experiment mortality was not significantly influenced by cereal type (barley or wheat) but was influenced significantly by fat content of the diet. In a second experiment mortality was increased significantly with a low protein diet and with a pelleted one compared with a mash diet. In both experiments mortality was signigicantly higher in females than in males. High levels of protein and fat in the diet had a protective influence on mortality but the results, especially with pelleted diets, suggested that some other nutrient(s) might be involved in the syndrome.", "contents": "The effect of dietary fat and protein levels, form and cereal type on fatty liver and kidney syndrome in chicks. A total of 4200 day-old Ross I broiler chicks were subjected to an ambient temperature 2 to 3C degrees higher than normal and were fed various diets to determine the effects of dietary factors and sex on mortality from fatty liver and kidney syndrome (FLKS). In a first experiment mortality was not significantly influenced by cereal type (barley or wheat) but was influenced significantly by fat content of the diet. In a second experiment mortality was increased significantly with a low protein diet and with a pelleted one compared with a mash diet. In both experiments mortality was signigicantly higher in females than in males. High levels of protein and fat in the diet had a protective influence on mortality but the results, especially with pelleted diets, suggested that some other nutrient(s) might be involved in the syndrome.", "PMID": 1118667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6056", "title": "The pathogenesis of single experimental infections with Strongylus vulgaris in foals.", "content": "The clinical signs, pathology and clinical pathology associated with single experimental infections of Strongylus vulgaris in worm-free pony foals are described. The major clinical signs which became apparent in the infected foals during the first three weeks were pyrexia, anorexia, dullness and abdominal pain. Within the first two weeks of infection lesions were confined to the intestine and terminal branches of the intestinal arteries and consisted of mucosal, submucosal and serosal haemorrhage together with arteritis of submucosal and serosal arteries and also a marked inflammatory reaction. The main lesion seen three weeks after infection was gross thrombosis of the anterior mesenteric artery or one of its major branches. On section these affected arteries showed marked intimal thickening with infiltration of plasma cells, lymphocytes, macrophages and neutrophils. Between one and four months after infection the gross lesions were predominantly in the arteries and consisted of fibrous thickening of the arterial wall and thrombosis associated with the presence of developing fourth stage larvae. Four months after infection the arterial lesions were still prominent and microscopically there was fibrosis of the wall of the affected artery with wide-spread disruption of the intima. In the adventitia organised thrombi were apparent in the vasa vasorum and resulted in the obliteration of their lumina. The typical lesion associated with the return of fifth stage larvae to the intestine was nodule formation in close proximity to thrombosed terminal intestinal arteries and sections of parasites were seen in the intestinal wall surrounded by neutrophils and necrotic debris. By nine months after infection the arterial lesion had healed, but histologically there was fibrosis of the intima and macrophages containing haemosiderin were seen in the arterial wall. The most significant haematological findings during the experimental period were a marked polymorphonuclear leucocytosis and an increase in the number of circulating eosinophils in the infected animals. Also marked was an increase in the serum globulin levels of the infected foals.", "contents": "The pathogenesis of single experimental infections with Strongylus vulgaris in foals. The clinical signs, pathology and clinical pathology associated with single experimental infections of Strongylus vulgaris in worm-free pony foals are described. The major clinical signs which became apparent in the infected foals during the first three weeks were pyrexia, anorexia, dullness and abdominal pain. Within the first two weeks of infection lesions were confined to the intestine and terminal branches of the intestinal arteries and consisted of mucosal, submucosal and serosal haemorrhage together with arteritis of submucosal and serosal arteries and also a marked inflammatory reaction. The main lesion seen three weeks after infection was gross thrombosis of the anterior mesenteric artery or one of its major branches. On section these affected arteries showed marked intimal thickening with infiltration of plasma cells, lymphocytes, macrophages and neutrophils. Between one and four months after infection the gross lesions were predominantly in the arteries and consisted of fibrous thickening of the arterial wall and thrombosis associated with the presence of developing fourth stage larvae. Four months after infection the arterial lesions were still prominent and microscopically there was fibrosis of the wall of the affected artery with wide-spread disruption of the intima. In the adventitia organised thrombi were apparent in the vasa vasorum and resulted in the obliteration of their lumina. The typical lesion associated with the return of fifth stage larvae to the intestine was nodule formation in close proximity to thrombosed terminal intestinal arteries and sections of parasites were seen in the intestinal wall surrounded by neutrophils and necrotic debris. By nine months after infection the arterial lesion had healed, but histologically there was fibrosis of the intima and macrophages containing haemosiderin were seen in the arterial wall. The most significant haematological findings during the experimental period were a marked polymorphonuclear leucocytosis and an increase in the number of circulating eosinophils in the infected animals. Also marked was an increase in the serum globulin levels of the infected foals.", "PMID": 1118668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6057", "title": "Analysis of factors determining the resistance to diffusion in patients with liver cirrhosis.", "content": "In 5 patients with liver cirrhosis the measured pulmonary diffusing capacity for oxygen (DLo2) was related to the diffusing capacity of the pulmonary membrane (DM) and to the volume of blood in the pulmonary capillary bed (Vc) as estimated from the measured pulmonary blood flow (Qc) and the value of the presumptive transit time. DL and DM were found to be diminished in 4 of the 5 cases, DM being only once 1,7 times greater than DL. The relationship between the resistance of the red blood cells to diffusion and the resistance of the pulmonary membrane to diffusion (see journal for formula) ranged between 5 and 35% indicating that the resistance of the pulmonary membrane to the uptake of O2 was of greater importance than the resistance of the red cells. A correlation was found to exist between D/Q and DM/ThetaVc (diffusing capacity/blood flow and membrane diffusing capacity/diffusing capacity of the red cells in the pulmonary capillary bed). The possible site and nature of the diffusion defect is discussed.", "contents": "Analysis of factors determining the resistance to diffusion in patients with liver cirrhosis. In 5 patients with liver cirrhosis the measured pulmonary diffusing capacity for oxygen (DLo2) was related to the diffusing capacity of the pulmonary membrane (DM) and to the volume of blood in the pulmonary capillary bed (Vc) as estimated from the measured pulmonary blood flow (Qc) and the value of the presumptive transit time. DL and DM were found to be diminished in 4 of the 5 cases, DM being only once 1,7 times greater than DL. The relationship between the resistance of the red blood cells to diffusion and the resistance of the pulmonary membrane to diffusion (see journal for formula) ranged between 5 and 35% indicating that the resistance of the pulmonary membrane to the uptake of O2 was of greater importance than the resistance of the red cells. A correlation was found to exist between D/Q and DM/ThetaVc (diffusing capacity/blood flow and membrane diffusing capacity/diffusing capacity of the red cells in the pulmonary capillary bed). The possible site and nature of the diffusion defect is discussed.", "PMID": 1118669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6058", "title": "Indications for lung scintigraphy.", "content": "Perfusion and ventilation lung scintigraphy are indicated: (1) for evaluating regional perfusion and ventilation, (2) for establishing a ratio between ventilation and perfusion in different areas of the lung, (3) when chest surgery is planned (especially for mapping out the extent of resection), (4) when surgery of the upper abdomen is to be performed, and (5) when global function studies are compromised. Regional ventilation and perfusion studies are invaluable in the diagnosis of pulmonary thromboembolism in which a perfusion defect is accompanied by well-preserved ventilation in the underperfused area. Regional function tests are indicated for evaluating the distribution of ventilation and pulmonary circulation in practically any chronic pulmonary disease, especially when global function studies, such as spirometry, show significant decreases.", "contents": "Indications for lung scintigraphy. Perfusion and ventilation lung scintigraphy are indicated: (1) for evaluating regional perfusion and ventilation, (2) for establishing a ratio between ventilation and perfusion in different areas of the lung, (3) when chest surgery is planned (especially for mapping out the extent of resection), (4) when surgery of the upper abdomen is to be performed, and (5) when global function studies are compromised. Regional ventilation and perfusion studies are invaluable in the diagnosis of pulmonary thromboembolism in which a perfusion defect is accompanied by well-preserved ventilation in the underperfused area. Regional function tests are indicated for evaluating the distribution of ventilation and pulmonary circulation in practically any chronic pulmonary disease, especially when global function studies, such as spirometry, show significant decreases.", "PMID": 1118670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6059", "title": "[The effect of metered aerosols on bronchospasm induced by acetylcholine inhalation comparison of ipratropiumbromide (Sch 1000) and fenoterol (Berotec) (author's transl)].", "content": "Twenty patients with bronchoconstriction induced by inhaled acetylcholine were treated with Sch 1000 and Berotec comparatively. From the mean value diagrams a faster, stronger and more constant decrease of bronchial resistance due to Berotec inhalation can be recognized. The effect, however, is called in question by contrasting diagrams of single cases.", "contents": "[The effect of metered aerosols on bronchospasm induced by acetylcholine inhalation comparison of ipratropiumbromide (Sch 1000) and fenoterol (Berotec) (author's transl)]. Twenty patients with bronchoconstriction induced by inhaled acetylcholine were treated with Sch 1000 and Berotec comparatively. From the mean value diagrams a faster, stronger and more constant decrease of bronchial resistance due to Berotec inhalation can be recognized. The effect, however, is called in question by contrasting diagrams of single cases.", "PMID": 1118671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6060", "title": "Transcendental meditation and asthma.", "content": "A 6-month study with crossover at 3 months was designed to evaluate the possible beneficial effects of transcendental meditation upon bronchial asthma. 21 patients kept daily diaries of symptoms and medications and answered questionnaires at the end of the study and 6 months later. Other measurements included physician evaluation, pulmonary function testing, and galvanic skin resistance. The results indicated that transcendental meditation is a useful adjunct in treating asthma.", "contents": "Transcendental meditation and asthma. A 6-month study with crossover at 3 months was designed to evaluate the possible beneficial effects of transcendental meditation upon bronchial asthma. 21 patients kept daily diaries of symptoms and medications and answered questionnaires at the end of the study and 6 months later. Other measurements included physician evaluation, pulmonary function testing, and galvanic skin resistance. The results indicated that transcendental meditation is a useful adjunct in treating asthma.", "PMID": 1118672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6061", "title": "Silo-Filler's disease.", "content": "The effects of oxides of nitrogen inhalation are reported in a 21-year-old gardener exposed to silage gas. Initial nausea, cough and fever remitted, but respiratory failure developed 3 weeks later. Roentgenograms and lung function studies revealed pulmonary edema, volume restriction, and severely impaired gas exchange. Needle biopsy showed a nonspecific interstitial pneumonia. With steroid therapy all functional parameters except diffusing capacity returned to normal. Failure to inquire about non-occupational activities led to delayed diagnosis. A brief review of toxic effects of nitrogen oxides is presented.", "contents": "Silo-Filler's disease. The effects of oxides of nitrogen inhalation are reported in a 21-year-old gardener exposed to silage gas. Initial nausea, cough and fever remitted, but respiratory failure developed 3 weeks later. Roentgenograms and lung function studies revealed pulmonary edema, volume restriction, and severely impaired gas exchange. Needle biopsy showed a nonspecific interstitial pneumonia. With steroid therapy all functional parameters except diffusing capacity returned to normal. Failure to inquire about non-occupational activities led to delayed diagnosis. A brief review of toxic effects of nitrogen oxides is presented.", "PMID": 1118673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6062", "title": "Respiratory function in esophageal hiatus hernia. II. Regional lung function.", "content": "64 subjects with hiatus hernia (34 sliding, 22 mixed, and 8 of paraesophageal variety) were divided into 3 groups according to the transverse diameter of the thoracic loculus and examined by 133Xe-radio-spirometry in the supine position. 48 subjects (22 sliding, 18 mixed, and 8 or paraesophageal variety) showed a significant reduction in the regional ventilation, perfusion or lung volume. Significant correlations were found between the diameter of the thoracic loculus and the reduction in these vairables of the affected lung.", "contents": "Respiratory function in esophageal hiatus hernia. II. Regional lung function. 64 subjects with hiatus hernia (34 sliding, 22 mixed, and 8 of paraesophageal variety) were divided into 3 groups according to the transverse diameter of the thoracic loculus and examined by 133Xe-radio-spirometry in the supine position. 48 subjects (22 sliding, 18 mixed, and 8 or paraesophageal variety) showed a significant reduction in the regional ventilation, perfusion or lung volume. Significant correlations were found between the diameter of the thoracic loculus and the reduction in these vairables of the affected lung.", "PMID": 1118674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6063", "title": "Evolution of spirographic patterns in pulmonary bilaterally denervated dogs.", "content": "One stage total bilateral pulmonary denervation produced in a group of 23 dogs an increase breathing frequency, an increase in the amplitude of respiration and a characteristic morphology of the spirographic pattern. Later in the evolution, these alterations returned to normal with the exeption of the amplitude of respiration which remained increased. This normalization was not accompanied by the reappearance of the Hering-Breuer reflux. Administration of an aerosol of acetylcholine after normalization of the spirographic pattern produced a temporary reappearance of the immediate postdenervation spirographic pattern. We postulate that in denervated lung a nervous plexus localized in the bronchi not related to the vagus might assume an important role in the regulation of respiration. One cannot exclude, however, the possibility that the reappearance of postdenervation pattern is due to stimulation of airways vagal receptors located in areas proximal to the level of the nervous section.", "contents": "Evolution of spirographic patterns in pulmonary bilaterally denervated dogs. One stage total bilateral pulmonary denervation produced in a group of 23 dogs an increase breathing frequency, an increase in the amplitude of respiration and a characteristic morphology of the spirographic pattern. Later in the evolution, these alterations returned to normal with the exeption of the amplitude of respiration which remained increased. This normalization was not accompanied by the reappearance of the Hering-Breuer reflux. Administration of an aerosol of acetylcholine after normalization of the spirographic pattern produced a temporary reappearance of the immediate postdenervation spirographic pattern. We postulate that in denervated lung a nervous plexus localized in the bronchi not related to the vagus might assume an important role in the regulation of respiration. One cannot exclude, however, the possibility that the reappearance of postdenervation pattern is due to stimulation of airways vagal receptors located in areas proximal to the level of the nervous section.", "PMID": 1118675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6064", "title": "Comparative measurements of airway resistance.", "content": "Three different ways to calculate airway resistance with the whole body plethysmograph during spontaneous breathing and the MBC maneuver were tested on normal subjects and patients with obstructive airway disease. The 'effective resistance values' calculated by applying periodic electric current theory correlate well with a linear interpolation of the various alveolar pressure-flow loops. These apparent linear airway resistance values are as good as the procedure described by Jaeger and Otis, based on the main assumption of sinusoidal flow, to calculate airway resistance. The difficulties in assessing the ventilated lung volume, e.g. in patients with obstructive airway disease, justifies use of the 'apparent resistance values' which are easy to calculate for clinical testing.", "contents": "Comparative measurements of airway resistance. Three different ways to calculate airway resistance with the whole body plethysmograph during spontaneous breathing and the MBC maneuver were tested on normal subjects and patients with obstructive airway disease. The 'effective resistance values' calculated by applying periodic electric current theory correlate well with a linear interpolation of the various alveolar pressure-flow loops. These apparent linear airway resistance values are as good as the procedure described by Jaeger and Otis, based on the main assumption of sinusoidal flow, to calculate airway resistance. The difficulties in assessing the ventilated lung volume, e.g. in patients with obstructive airway disease, justifies use of the 'apparent resistance values' which are easy to calculate for clinical testing.", "PMID": 1118676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6065", "title": "[Mechanics of breathing and exertion dyspnea in silicosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Mechanics of breathing as studied in patients with different stages of silicosis in rest and during exercise show the following: dynamic compliance and work against elastic and viscous resistances could not be found to be decisive indices of exertion dyspnea. Evidence of exertion dyspnea could only be achieved by means of the ration VT/PT (VT equals tidal volume, PT equals tidal esophageal pressure). Exertion dyspnea was observed at less than 0,081 VT per cm H20 PT. In accordance with Campbell and Howell, dyspnea is seen as an inappropriateness between ventilation and pressure needed.", "contents": "[Mechanics of breathing and exertion dyspnea in silicosis (author's transl)]. Mechanics of breathing as studied in patients with different stages of silicosis in rest and during exercise show the following: dynamic compliance and work against elastic and viscous resistances could not be found to be decisive indices of exertion dyspnea. Evidence of exertion dyspnea could only be achieved by means of the ration VT/PT (VT equals tidal volume, PT equals tidal esophageal pressure). Exertion dyspnea was observed at less than 0,081 VT per cm H20 PT. In accordance with Campbell and Howell, dyspnea is seen as an inappropriateness between ventilation and pressure needed.", "PMID": 1118677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6066", "title": "[Statistical study on correlations between spirometric data and arterial blood gas tensions. I. Under testing conditions].", "content": "Spirometric data, resting Pao2 and Paco2 have been statistically evaluated in 152 patients with chronic obstructive bronchitis. Spirographic studies show a restrictive and obstructive syndrome, associated with hypoxaemia and hypercapnia. Partial correlations show that Pao2 is positively correlated with age and negatively with VC (predicted percentage) and with FEV1 (predicted percentage); Paco2 is only correlated with FEV1 (predicted percentage). FEV1 (predicted percentage) divides the patients into two groups, the hypercapnic and normocapnic. These data show the interest of the FEV1 (predicted percentage) values.", "contents": "[Statistical study on correlations between spirometric data and arterial blood gas tensions. I. Under testing conditions]. Spirometric data, resting Pao2 and Paco2 have been statistically evaluated in 152 patients with chronic obstructive bronchitis. Spirographic studies show a restrictive and obstructive syndrome, associated with hypoxaemia and hypercapnia. Partial correlations show that Pao2 is positively correlated with age and negatively with VC (predicted percentage) and with FEV1 (predicted percentage); Paco2 is only correlated with FEV1 (predicted percentage). FEV1 (predicted percentage) divides the patients into two groups, the hypercapnic and normocapnic. These data show the interest of the FEV1 (predicted percentage) values.", "PMID": 1118678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6067", "title": "Respiratory function in esophageal hiatus hernia. I. Spirometry, gas distribution, and arterial blood gases.", "content": "As a part of a preoperative investigation, spirometry and blood gas tensions were studied in 64 subjects with X-ray-verified hiatus hernia (34 sliding, 22 mixed, and 8 of paraesophageal variety). According to the transverse diameter of the hernia. They were divided into 3 groups, small (2-5.9 cm), medium (6-9.9 cm), and large (10-17 cm) hernias. No correlation between the size of the hernia, reflux incidence, and spirometric findings could be demonstrated. A significant reduction of the arterial oxygen tension was found in small hernias and in vital capacity and maximal voluntary ventilation (MVV) in medium-sized hernias. Significant reduction in MVV was noted in the large hernia group. A common spirometric finding in all groups was a significant increase in residual volume and wash-out volume. The incidence of restrictive or obstructive pulmonary impairment was high in large (39%) and small (32%) hernias and relatively low in medium-sized hernias (8%). Roentgenological fibrosis was not found in any of the patients, while 4 showed emphysematous changes.", "contents": "Respiratory function in esophageal hiatus hernia. I. Spirometry, gas distribution, and arterial blood gases. As a part of a preoperative investigation, spirometry and blood gas tensions were studied in 64 subjects with X-ray-verified hiatus hernia (34 sliding, 22 mixed, and 8 of paraesophageal variety). According to the transverse diameter of the hernia. They were divided into 3 groups, small (2-5.9 cm), medium (6-9.9 cm), and large (10-17 cm) hernias. No correlation between the size of the hernia, reflux incidence, and spirometric findings could be demonstrated. A significant reduction of the arterial oxygen tension was found in small hernias and in vital capacity and maximal voluntary ventilation (MVV) in medium-sized hernias. Significant reduction in MVV was noted in the large hernia group. A common spirometric finding in all groups was a significant increase in residual volume and wash-out volume. The incidence of restrictive or obstructive pulmonary impairment was high in large (39%) and small (32%) hernias and relatively low in medium-sized hernias (8%). Roentgenological fibrosis was not found in any of the patients, while 4 showed emphysematous changes.", "PMID": 1118679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6068", "title": "Bronchial lability in children suffering from some diseases of the bronchi.", "content": "The authors studied bronchial reactivity in children with cystic fibrosis and with deformative bronchitis. The reaction of the bronchi was studied both by inhalatory and exercise provocation. Inhalatory tests were monitored by means of a whole body plethysmograph. Free-range run was used for the exercise test, and the peak expiratory flow rate was measured. The described technique of inhalatory tests was accurate, safe, and not tiring for the patient. No distinct difference in bronchial reaction between the two groups of patients could be stated. The bronchial reaction to the inhalatory and exercise tests was stronger in both groups than in normals but not as strong as in asthmatics. The nature of bronchial hyperreactivity in those patients is still unknown. The inhalatory test seems to be more sensitive than the exercise test in detecting that hyperreactivity.", "contents": "Bronchial lability in children suffering from some diseases of the bronchi. The authors studied bronchial reactivity in children with cystic fibrosis and with deformative bronchitis. The reaction of the bronchi was studied both by inhalatory and exercise provocation. Inhalatory tests were monitored by means of a whole body plethysmograph. Free-range run was used for the exercise test, and the peak expiratory flow rate was measured. The described technique of inhalatory tests was accurate, safe, and not tiring for the patient. No distinct difference in bronchial reaction between the two groups of patients could be stated. The bronchial reaction to the inhalatory and exercise tests was stronger in both groups than in normals but not as strong as in asthmatics. The nature of bronchial hyperreactivity in those patients is still unknown. The inhalatory test seems to be more sensitive than the exercise test in detecting that hyperreactivity.", "PMID": 1118680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6069", "title": "Functional evaluation of a corticosteroid molecule activity, dexamethasone-isonicotinate, by aerosol dosage in obstructive lung disease.", "content": "The authors experimented with a corticosteroid molecule, dexamethasone-isonicotinate, by pressurized aerosol, testing it on 15 subjects suffering from a bronchial obstructive syndrome (7 cases of asthmatic bronchitis, 6 of chronic bronchitis with pulmonary emphysema, 2 of bronchial asthma). In such patients clinical evolution, spirographic patterns, and airway resistance were studied by means of body plethysmograph before and after administration of 0.25 mg dexamethasone-isonicotinate four times a day. In four subjects daily variations of airway resistance before and after 10 days of treatment were evaluated: in three cases the resistance diminished noticeably at all times of the day after therapy. In eleven cases the functional parameters were recorded before and after 7 days therapy, and ten subjects were followed up by a monthly, check during 6 months of therapy. In both methods, the authors obtained good or very good results in more than half of the subjects and fair results in a fifth of the subjects; in the remaining patients poor results were obtained. Side-effects attributed to improper dosage were never observed.", "contents": "Functional evaluation of a corticosteroid molecule activity, dexamethasone-isonicotinate, by aerosol dosage in obstructive lung disease. The authors experimented with a corticosteroid molecule, dexamethasone-isonicotinate, by pressurized aerosol, testing it on 15 subjects suffering from a bronchial obstructive syndrome (7 cases of asthmatic bronchitis, 6 of chronic bronchitis with pulmonary emphysema, 2 of bronchial asthma). In such patients clinical evolution, spirographic patterns, and airway resistance were studied by means of body plethysmograph before and after administration of 0.25 mg dexamethasone-isonicotinate four times a day. In four subjects daily variations of airway resistance before and after 10 days of treatment were evaluated: in three cases the resistance diminished noticeably at all times of the day after therapy. In eleven cases the functional parameters were recorded before and after 7 days therapy, and ten subjects were followed up by a monthly, check during 6 months of therapy. In both methods, the authors obtained good or very good results in more than half of the subjects and fair results in a fifth of the subjects; in the remaining patients poor results were obtained. Side-effects attributed to improper dosage were never observed.", "PMID": 1118681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6070", "title": "Influence of tuberculin on ventilatory parameters in patients with chronic bronchitis.", "content": "The influence of tuberculin administered in aerosol on the ventilatory parameters in patients suffering from chronic bronchitis has been studied. The diameter of the tuberculin skin reaction 1 day after inhalation of tuberculin was found to be related to a decrease in maximal 1-sec forced expiratory volume and maximal midexpiratory flow-rate. Significant decrease in the parameters of dynamic pulmonary ventilation occurred only in a certain proportion (24.6%) of tuberculin-positive patients suffering from chronic bronchitis of the obstructive type.", "contents": "Influence of tuberculin on ventilatory parameters in patients with chronic bronchitis. The influence of tuberculin administered in aerosol on the ventilatory parameters in patients suffering from chronic bronchitis has been studied. The diameter of the tuberculin skin reaction 1 day after inhalation of tuberculin was found to be related to a decrease in maximal 1-sec forced expiratory volume and maximal midexpiratory flow-rate. Significant decrease in the parameters of dynamic pulmonary ventilation occurred only in a certain proportion (24.6%) of tuberculin-positive patients suffering from chronic bronchitis of the obstructive type.", "PMID": 1118682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6071", "title": "Crescent sign in pulmonary hematoma.", "content": "The pathophysiology of pulmonary hematoma is discussed. The presence of the air-crescent sign in a coin lesion is nonspecific; however, it may direct the attention of the physician to consider a traumatic etiology.", "contents": "Crescent sign in pulmonary hematoma. The pathophysiology of pulmonary hematoma is discussed. The presence of the air-crescent sign in a coin lesion is nonspecific; however, it may direct the attention of the physician to consider a traumatic etiology.", "PMID": 1118683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6072", "title": "Interspecific competition: a new approach to the classical theory.", "content": "The biological consequences of the classical theory of competition are shown to be at least partly a function of a very special way of interpreting particular constants in simple equations. Ii is shown how altered consequences may be obtained by different, but equally plausible, interpretations of those constants.", "contents": "Interspecific competition: a new approach to the classical theory. The biological consequences of the classical theory of competition are shown to be at least partly a function of a very special way of interpreting particular constants in simple equations. Ii is shown how altered consequences may be obtained by different, but equally plausible, interpretations of those constants.", "PMID": 1118725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6073", "title": "Thyroid allograft immunogenicity is reduced after a period in organ culture.", "content": "The survival time of mouse thyroid, transplanted under the kidney capsule of an H-2 incompatible recipient, is extended by holding the thyroid in organ culture for 12 days prior to transplantation.", "contents": "Thyroid allograft immunogenicity is reduced after a period in organ culture. The survival time of mouse thyroid, transplanted under the kidney capsule of an H-2 incompatible recipient, is extended by holding the thyroid in organ culture for 12 days prior to transplantation.", "PMID": 1118726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6074", "title": "Nuclear magnetic resonance of rotational mobility of mouse hemoglobin labeled with (2-13C)histidine.", "content": "Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance studies were made on mouse hemoglobin specifically labeled at the C-2 histidine position. Measurement of the spin lattice relaxation times of the label before and after hemolysis of the erythrocytes provides information on the intracellular fluid viscosities.", "contents": "Nuclear magnetic resonance of rotational mobility of mouse hemoglobin labeled with (2-13C)histidine. Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance studies were made on mouse hemoglobin specifically labeled at the C-2 histidine position. Measurement of the spin lattice relaxation times of the label before and after hemolysis of the erythrocytes provides information on the intracellular fluid viscosities.", "PMID": 1118727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6075", "title": "Inhibition of immune responses in vitro by specific antiserums to Ia antigens.", "content": "Mouse antiserums prepared against Ia antigens, which are products of I (immune response) region genes of the H-2 complex, can inhibit both primary (immunoglobulin M) and secondary (immunoglobulin G) immune responses in vitro by mouse spleen cultures to heterologous erythrocytes. Antiserums directed specifically at products of either the H-2K or H-2D loci have no effect on this response.", "contents": "Inhibition of immune responses in vitro by specific antiserums to Ia antigens. Mouse antiserums prepared against Ia antigens, which are products of I (immune response) region genes of the H-2 complex, can inhibit both primary (immunoglobulin M) and secondary (immunoglobulin G) immune responses in vitro by mouse spleen cultures to heterologous erythrocytes. Antiserums directed specifically at products of either the H-2K or H-2D loci have no effect on this response.", "PMID": 1118728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6076", "title": "Development of specific sensory-evoked synaptic networks in fetal mouse cord-brainstem cultures.", "content": "Neurites of nerve growth factor-enhanced fetal mouse dorsal root ganglion cells can not only establish characteristic sensory synaptic network functions in dorsal regions of attached spinal cord explants, but some of the neurites may grow through the cord tissue in these cultures and make similar functional synaptic connections with specific types of \"target\" neurons in localized zones within nearby medulla explants.", "contents": "Development of specific sensory-evoked synaptic networks in fetal mouse cord-brainstem cultures. Neurites of nerve growth factor-enhanced fetal mouse dorsal root ganglion cells can not only establish characteristic sensory synaptic network functions in dorsal regions of attached spinal cord explants, but some of the neurites may grow through the cord tissue in these cultures and make similar functional synaptic connections with specific types of \"target\" neurons in localized zones within nearby medulla explants.", "PMID": 1118729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6077", "title": "Vaterite: a mineralization product of the hard tissues of a marine organism (Ascidiacea).", "content": "X-ray diffraction and infrared absorption spectra show that the spicules of the common tropical ascidian, Herdmania momus, are mineralized with vaterite. These are the first strictly marine organisms known to normally precipitate vaterite. The biomineralization of vaterite may constitute another link between the urochordates and vertebrates. The vaterite of ascidian spicules immersed in natural seawater remains mineralogically unchanged for 1 year, which indicates that vaterite may be preserved transiently in marine sediments.", "contents": "Vaterite: a mineralization product of the hard tissues of a marine organism (Ascidiacea). X-ray diffraction and infrared absorption spectra show that the spicules of the common tropical ascidian, Herdmania momus, are mineralized with vaterite. These are the first strictly marine organisms known to normally precipitate vaterite. The biomineralization of vaterite may constitute another link between the urochordates and vertebrates. The vaterite of ascidian spicules immersed in natural seawater remains mineralogically unchanged for 1 year, which indicates that vaterite may be preserved transiently in marine sediments.", "PMID": 1118730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6078", "title": "Luminous and chromatic flickering patterns have opposite effects.", "content": "When stimulated in phase by a sinusoidally flickering, uniform field, the red and green cone systems tend to inhibit each other. This inhibition is minimized by (i) counterphase (luminance) patterns or (ii) red/green (chromaticity) flicker. However, when (i) and (ii) are combined, the usual flickering-pattern effect is reversed: instead of enhancing chromatic flicker, counterphase patterns tend to suppress it.", "contents": "Luminous and chromatic flickering patterns have opposite effects. When stimulated in phase by a sinusoidally flickering, uniform field, the red and green cone systems tend to inhibit each other. This inhibition is minimized by (i) counterphase (luminance) patterns or (ii) red/green (chromaticity) flicker. However, when (i) and (ii) are combined, the usual flickering-pattern effect is reversed: instead of enhancing chromatic flicker, counterphase patterns tend to suppress it.", "PMID": 1118731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6079", "title": "Partition of gross peripheral nerve activity into single unit responses by correlation techniques.", "content": "The neural activity in the medial articular nerve is partitioned on the basis of conduction velocity by correlation techniques. Because of the small number of cat knee joint units (two to ten) responding under a prescribed set of rotational conditions, it is possible to partition and simultaneously study the units' responses to periodic joint articulation waveforms.", "contents": "Partition of gross peripheral nerve activity into single unit responses by correlation techniques. The neural activity in the medial articular nerve is partitioned on the basis of conduction velocity by correlation techniques. Because of the small number of cat knee joint units (two to ten) responding under a prescribed set of rotational conditions, it is possible to partition and simultaneously study the units' responses to periodic joint articulation waveforms.", "PMID": 1118732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6080", "title": "Studies of the erythron.", "content": "Radionuclide studies of the erythron are valuable to the physician in evaluating the clinical situation in a wide variety of hematologic disorders. A complete and accurate analysis of the life cycle of the red cell can be obtained with a full iron kinetic study, in conjunction with a DF32P red-cell survival study. However, a complete iron kinetic study is not always necessary. It may be abbreviated by deleting the in vitro phase of the iron kinetic procedure. The abbreviated iron kinetic study is also done in conjunction with a DF32P red-cell survival study. It can easily be performed by injecting 59Fe-labeled plasma and monitoring externally over the spleen, liver, and sacrum. Measurements of red-cell survival may be obtained with either 51Cr or DF32P. Although 51Cr provides a relatively uniform label of circulating red cells and is convenient to count in vitro, its highly variable elution rate precludes an accurate measurement of erythrocyte survival. The 51Cr method provides only a rough index of circulating red-cell half-times as a measure of red-cell survival. DF32P, HOWEVER, IS A PERMANENT LABEL OF CIRCULATING RED CELLS. It provides a direct measurement of erythrocyte survival and permits in vivo labeling of red cells simply by means of direct intravenous injection. Because it has an elution rate that is virtually zero after minimal elution on the day of injection, and because it is not reutilized, DF32P is unquestionably the best agent known for the determination of red-cell survival. In addition to these diagnostic data, the complete iron kinetic study can provide data on the deposition of iron in storage and the rate of iron storage exchange. It can also determine if erythropoiesis is quantitatively abnormal and if the abnormality is located in the bone marrow or in other organs such as the liver or spleen. Although the study of hematologic disorders is one of the most rapidly developing areas of medical research, techniques that are currently available can provide an understanding of the life cycle of the red cell and valuable data that can be applied directly to the clinical situation. When performed accurately, these studies provide a thorough analysis of the pathophysiology of the erythron and are valuable clinical tools that can be used successfully in the diagnosis and evaluation of a broad spectrum of hematological disorders.", "contents": "Studies of the erythron. Radionuclide studies of the erythron are valuable to the physician in evaluating the clinical situation in a wide variety of hematologic disorders. A complete and accurate analysis of the life cycle of the red cell can be obtained with a full iron kinetic study, in conjunction with a DF32P red-cell survival study. However, a complete iron kinetic study is not always necessary. It may be abbreviated by deleting the in vitro phase of the iron kinetic procedure. The abbreviated iron kinetic study is also done in conjunction with a DF32P red-cell survival study. It can easily be performed by injecting 59Fe-labeled plasma and monitoring externally over the spleen, liver, and sacrum. Measurements of red-cell survival may be obtained with either 51Cr or DF32P. Although 51Cr provides a relatively uniform label of circulating red cells and is convenient to count in vitro, its highly variable elution rate precludes an accurate measurement of erythrocyte survival. The 51Cr method provides only a rough index of circulating red-cell half-times as a measure of red-cell survival. DF32P, HOWEVER, IS A PERMANENT LABEL OF CIRCULATING RED CELLS. It provides a direct measurement of erythrocyte survival and permits in vivo labeling of red cells simply by means of direct intravenous injection. Because it has an elution rate that is virtually zero after minimal elution on the day of injection, and because it is not reutilized, DF32P is unquestionably the best agent known for the determination of red-cell survival. In addition to these diagnostic data, the complete iron kinetic study can provide data on the deposition of iron in storage and the rate of iron storage exchange. It can also determine if erythropoiesis is quantitatively abnormal and if the abnormality is located in the bone marrow or in other organs such as the liver or spleen. Although the study of hematologic disorders is one of the most rapidly developing areas of medical research, techniques that are currently available can provide an understanding of the life cycle of the red cell and valuable data that can be applied directly to the clinical situation. When performed accurately, these studies provide a thorough analysis of the pathophysiology of the erythron and are valuable clinical tools that can be used successfully in the diagnosis and evaluation of a broad spectrum of hematological disorders.", "PMID": 1118735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6081", "title": "Technical considerations in labeling of blood elements.", "content": "The technical difficulties of labeling albumin, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets are discussed with respect to the effect of procedual differences on the in vivo fate of the radiolabeled blood element. Albumin can be labeled with 99mTc by a variety of procedures that have not been proved clinically. The labeling of erythrocytes with 51Cr is well defined, but the demand for a better radionuclide has not led to a routine procedure for 99mTc-labeled red blood cells. The procedure for labeling white blood cells and platelets with 51Cr has been established, but the in vivo viability of the cells remains in question. Labeling techniques with other isotopes such as 67Ga and 99mTc are still being developed. Blood elements labeled with 51Cr are by far the best defined species, but much remains to be done with isotopes having better physical properties.", "contents": "Technical considerations in labeling of blood elements. The technical difficulties of labeling albumin, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets are discussed with respect to the effect of procedual differences on the in vivo fate of the radiolabeled blood element. Albumin can be labeled with 99mTc by a variety of procedures that have not been proved clinically. The labeling of erythrocytes with 51Cr is well defined, but the demand for a better radionuclide has not led to a routine procedure for 99mTc-labeled red blood cells. The procedure for labeling white blood cells and platelets with 51Cr has been established, but the in vivo viability of the cells remains in question. Labeling techniques with other isotopes such as 67Ga and 99mTc are still being developed. Blood elements labeled with 51Cr are by far the best defined species, but much remains to be done with isotopes having better physical properties.", "PMID": 1118736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6082", "title": "The spleen as a hematological organ.", "content": "The spleen has multiple roles in human physiology. Eitht major functions are discussed in this review (hematopoiesis, erythrocyte destruction, hormonal function in hematopoiesis, culling and pitting, platelet and leukocyte destruction, particulate removal, reservoir function, and immunologic function). Splenic trapping of red cells, and the concepts of hypersplenism, are major responsibilities of this organ. These aspects are placed in perspective for the reader.", "contents": "The spleen as a hematological organ. The spleen has multiple roles in human physiology. Eitht major functions are discussed in this review (hematopoiesis, erythrocyte destruction, hormonal function in hematopoiesis, culling and pitting, platelet and leukocyte destruction, particulate removal, reservoir function, and immunologic function). Splenic trapping of red cells, and the concepts of hypersplenism, are major responsibilities of this organ. These aspects are placed in perspective for the reader.", "PMID": 1118737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6083", "title": "Antimicrobial mechanisms in neutrophilic polymorphonuclear leukocytes.", "content": "Microorganisms ingested by PMNs are exposed to a variety of antimicrobial systems. Together they comprise a formidable armamentarium, and few organisms survive. The predominant antimicrobial system would be expected to vary with the species, the availability of oxygen and the type of microorganism ingested. There is considerable evidence that the MPO-mediated antimicrobial system plays an important role in the destruction of certain microorganisms in most species; chicken heterophils, however, do not contain MPO,40 and some microorganisms are resistant to this system due to the nature of their cell wall material.146 Further, microbial catalase may offer some protection. The granulocytes of some species (e.g., rabbit, chicken) are rich in cationic proteins and these agents may play a particularly important role in these cells. Granular cationic proteins are less plentiful in human cells.111 Organisms vary in their susceptibility to lysozyme and this enzyme is absent from bovine leukocytes.113 It is probable that the total microbicidal potential of the leukocyte is in excess of its needs under most circumstances. This \"overkill\" capacity is a reflection of both the level of activity of individual systems and their variety. Particular organisms are susceptible to more than one antimicrobial system and thus may be effectively handled by back-up systems when one is absent. Thus, an organism normally killed by the peroxidase system may be handled less efficiently but adequately when MPO is absent by other oxygen-dependent antimicrobial systems. When a defect in oxidative metabolixm is present as in CGD, both MPO-catalyzed and nonenzymatic oxygen-dependent systems are absent. The ingested organism can, in some instances, supply the needed product of oxidative metabolism (i.e., H2O2); in other instances, oxygen-independent antimicrobial systems are adequate to prevent microbial growth. However, in yet other instances, the organisms survive and multiply and severe infection results.", "contents": "Antimicrobial mechanisms in neutrophilic polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Microorganisms ingested by PMNs are exposed to a variety of antimicrobial systems. Together they comprise a formidable armamentarium, and few organisms survive. The predominant antimicrobial system would be expected to vary with the species, the availability of oxygen and the type of microorganism ingested. There is considerable evidence that the MPO-mediated antimicrobial system plays an important role in the destruction of certain microorganisms in most species; chicken heterophils, however, do not contain MPO,40 and some microorganisms are resistant to this system due to the nature of their cell wall material.146 Further, microbial catalase may offer some protection. The granulocytes of some species (e.g., rabbit, chicken) are rich in cationic proteins and these agents may play a particularly important role in these cells. Granular cationic proteins are less plentiful in human cells.111 Organisms vary in their susceptibility to lysozyme and this enzyme is absent from bovine leukocytes.113 It is probable that the total microbicidal potential of the leukocyte is in excess of its needs under most circumstances. This \"overkill\" capacity is a reflection of both the level of activity of individual systems and their variety. Particular organisms are susceptible to more than one antimicrobial system and thus may be effectively handled by back-up systems when one is absent. Thus, an organism normally killed by the peroxidase system may be handled less efficiently but adequately when MPO is absent by other oxygen-dependent antimicrobial systems. When a defect in oxidative metabolixm is present as in CGD, both MPO-catalyzed and nonenzymatic oxygen-dependent systems are absent. The ingested organism can, in some instances, supply the needed product of oxidative metabolism (i.e., H2O2); in other instances, oxygen-independent antimicrobial systems are adequate to prevent microbial growth. However, in yet other instances, the organisms survive and multiply and severe infection results.", "PMID": 1118738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6084", "title": "Prurigo nodularis and uremia.", "content": "Patients with uremia frequently have generalized pruritus that is usually related to a disturbance of calcium and phosphorus metabolism. This report describes three patients with uremia who had prurigo nodularis due to localized scratching and rubbing. The diagnosis of uremia in one case was made when the patient was hospitalized for evaluation of skin lesions.", "contents": "Prurigo nodularis and uremia. Patients with uremia frequently have generalized pruritus that is usually related to a disturbance of calcium and phosphorus metabolism. This report describes three patients with uremia who had prurigo nodularis due to localized scratching and rubbing. The diagnosis of uremia in one case was made when the patient was hospitalized for evaluation of skin lesions.", "PMID": 1118744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6085", "title": "Vascular and adjacent soft tissue injuries associated with fractures of the pelvis.", "content": "One hundred fifty-one patients with fractures of the pelvis and associated injuries have been reviewed. Patients who have these injuries are likely to have uncontrollable, fatal hemorrhage. Of this group, nine died, 11 had exploratory laparotomies, ten had bladder injuries, and two had rectal damage. Blood gas determinations, arterial catheterization, and pulmonary wedge pressure determinations are valuable in making and early diagnosis of pathologic changes resulting from internal hemorrhage.", "contents": "Vascular and adjacent soft tissue injuries associated with fractures of the pelvis. One hundred fifty-one patients with fractures of the pelvis and associated injuries have been reviewed. Patients who have these injuries are likely to have uncontrollable, fatal hemorrhage. Of this group, nine died, 11 had exploratory laparotomies, ten had bladder injuries, and two had rectal damage. Blood gas determinations, arterial catheterization, and pulmonary wedge pressure determinations are valuable in making and early diagnosis of pathologic changes resulting from internal hemorrhage.", "PMID": 1118745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6086", "title": "Primary operative management: method of choice for stab wounds to the heart.", "content": "Experiences in managing patients suffering cardiac stab wounds and coming to the University of Alabama Hospital in Birmingham from January 1964 to July 1972 are reviewed. From 1964 through July 1971, conservative management was used primarily, but most patients ultimately required operation. Analysis of our experiences during this period convinced us of the advisability of primary operative management for these patients, and since July 1971, primary operative management has been used. In the years from January 1964 to July 1972, 34 patients with cardiac stab wounds were treated at our hospital. Ten were managed conservatively with three deaths among this group. The remaining 24 received operative management either primarily or secondarily, and all of these patients survived. A patient managment program is outlined.", "contents": "Primary operative management: method of choice for stab wounds to the heart. Experiences in managing patients suffering cardiac stab wounds and coming to the University of Alabama Hospital in Birmingham from January 1964 to July 1972 are reviewed. From 1964 through July 1971, conservative management was used primarily, but most patients ultimately required operation. Analysis of our experiences during this period convinced us of the advisability of primary operative management for these patients, and since July 1971, primary operative management has been used. In the years from January 1964 to July 1972, 34 patients with cardiac stab wounds were treated at our hospital. Ten were managed conservatively with three deaths among this group. The remaining 24 received operative management either primarily or secondarily, and all of these patients survived. A patient managment program is outlined.", "PMID": 1118747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6087", "title": "Cryosurgery in dermatologic office practice: special reference to dermatofibroma and mucous cyst of the lip.", "content": "The use of liquid nitrogen therapy by spray, probe, and direct application in benign skin conditions is described. Most dermatofibromas do not require treatment, but for various reasons some are objectionable to the patient. Forty-five dermatofibromas were treated by cryospray, with five receiving a second treatment. Diagnosis was made clinically and confirmed in ten cases by shave biopsy of the elevated portion of the fibroma immediately after thawing. In all cases the resulting scar was minimal but sometimes hypopigmented. There was one depressed scar but no hypertrophic scars. Four mucous cysts of the lip were treated successfully by the cryoprobe without any visible or palpable scar. There was one recurrence. We know of no previous reports of cryosurgical treatment of mucous cysts of the lip.", "contents": "Cryosurgery in dermatologic office practice: special reference to dermatofibroma and mucous cyst of the lip. The use of liquid nitrogen therapy by spray, probe, and direct application in benign skin conditions is described. Most dermatofibromas do not require treatment, but for various reasons some are objectionable to the patient. Forty-five dermatofibromas were treated by cryospray, with five receiving a second treatment. Diagnosis was made clinically and confirmed in ten cases by shave biopsy of the elevated portion of the fibroma immediately after thawing. In all cases the resulting scar was minimal but sometimes hypopigmented. There was one depressed scar but no hypertrophic scars. Four mucous cysts of the lip were treated successfully by the cryoprobe without any visible or palpable scar. There was one recurrence. We know of no previous reports of cryosurgical treatment of mucous cysts of the lip.", "PMID": 1118748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6088", "title": "Carcinoma of the parathyroid.", "content": "The histologic diagnosis of carcinoma of the parathyroid is difficult to make, and invasion of contiguous structures or metastasis must be present before the diagnosis can be established. The serum calcium level is usually high, and the tumor is palpable in approximately one half of the patients. A case of parathyroid carcinoma is presented in which the patient had a high serum calcium level, a palpable tumor with invasion of the thyroid gland and metastasis to a local lymph node. Treatment consists of en bloc resection of the tumor and, if possiblethe metastasis. Usually an ipsilateral neck dissection is indicated.", "contents": "Carcinoma of the parathyroid. The histologic diagnosis of carcinoma of the parathyroid is difficult to make, and invasion of contiguous structures or metastasis must be present before the diagnosis can be established. The serum calcium level is usually high, and the tumor is palpable in approximately one half of the patients. A case of parathyroid carcinoma is presented in which the patient had a high serum calcium level, a palpable tumor with invasion of the thyroid gland and metastasis to a local lymph node. Treatment consists of en bloc resection of the tumor and, if possiblethe metastasis. Usually an ipsilateral neck dissection is indicated.", "PMID": 1118749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6089", "title": "Managing depression in the '70s.", "content": "Depression is among the most common of clinical conditions. Like problems such as anemia, it is not one disease, but a constellation of signs and symptoms which may occur as the result of several psychopatho-physiologic processes. This paper summarizes the recent dramatic advances in research into the neurochemistry of the major affective diseases, provides a conceptual way of viewing depressions, and summarizes current fundamentals of managment.", "contents": "Managing depression in the '70s. Depression is among the most common of clinical conditions. Like problems such as anemia, it is not one disease, but a constellation of signs and symptoms which may occur as the result of several psychopatho-physiologic processes. This paper summarizes the recent dramatic advances in research into the neurochemistry of the major affective diseases, provides a conceptual way of viewing depressions, and summarizes current fundamentals of managment.", "PMID": 1118750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6090", "title": "Villous tumors of the rectum: excision by the posterior approach.", "content": "Villous tumors of the rectum require complete excision for accurate histologic diagnosis. The posterior rectotomy approach of Kraske is presented and described in detail as an excellent method for use in the surgical managment of these lesions. The technic is simple and postoperative morbidity minimal. The procedure is curative for benign lesions and does not interfere with further radical resection of malignant lesions.", "contents": "Villous tumors of the rectum: excision by the posterior approach. Villous tumors of the rectum require complete excision for accurate histologic diagnosis. The posterior rectotomy approach of Kraske is presented and described in detail as an excellent method for use in the surgical managment of these lesions. The technic is simple and postoperative morbidity minimal. The procedure is curative for benign lesions and does not interfere with further radical resection of malignant lesions.", "PMID": 1118751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6091", "title": "The epidemiology of cancer in Oklahoma: examination of Cramer's hypothesis.", "content": "Cancer epidemiology was studied from mortality data using age-specific and age-adjusted rates by sex and county of residence for 1956 to 1960 and 1961 to 1965. Geographic and time variations were examined as well as sex ratios and proportionate death rates. Age-adjusted rates for two time periods were used to examine Cramer's hypothesis which states that host susceptibility to cancer is predetermined and external factors determine the site of cancer occurrence. Elevation in total cancer mortality occurred in the urban northeast geographic area, reflecting perhaps the high rates for specific sites such as lung and cervix. Variations with time appeared for the different systems and the sex subgroups but not for total cancer. This finding is consistent with Cramer's hypothesis. Additional findings show an increase in susceptibility of men to cancer over women for most sites, and a proportionate death rate of about 33.4%, 23.2%, 16.1%, and 10.3% respectively for the gastrointestinal, reproductive, respiratory, and hematopoietic systems. Analysis of the data was limited to the white population.", "contents": "The epidemiology of cancer in Oklahoma: examination of Cramer's hypothesis. Cancer epidemiology was studied from mortality data using age-specific and age-adjusted rates by sex and county of residence for 1956 to 1960 and 1961 to 1965. Geographic and time variations were examined as well as sex ratios and proportionate death rates. Age-adjusted rates for two time periods were used to examine Cramer's hypothesis which states that host susceptibility to cancer is predetermined and external factors determine the site of cancer occurrence. Elevation in total cancer mortality occurred in the urban northeast geographic area, reflecting perhaps the high rates for specific sites such as lung and cervix. Variations with time appeared for the different systems and the sex subgroups but not for total cancer. This finding is consistent with Cramer's hypothesis. Additional findings show an increase in susceptibility of men to cancer over women for most sites, and a proportionate death rate of about 33.4%, 23.2%, 16.1%, and 10.3% respectively for the gastrointestinal, reproductive, respiratory, and hematopoietic systems. Analysis of the data was limited to the white population.", "PMID": 1118752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6092", "title": "Metastatic melanoma of the brain presenting as subarachnoid hemorrhage.", "content": "Case reports of two patients with metastatic melanoma of the brain who presented with subarachnoid hemorrhage are described. The importance of considering metastatic melanoma to the brain in the differential diagnosis of subarachnoid hemorrhage is emphasized.", "contents": "Metastatic melanoma of the brain presenting as subarachnoid hemorrhage. Case reports of two patients with metastatic melanoma of the brain who presented with subarachnoid hemorrhage are described. The importance of considering metastatic melanoma to the brain in the differential diagnosis of subarachnoid hemorrhage is emphasized.", "PMID": 1118753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6093", "title": "Leptospirosis: an underdiagnosed cause of acute febrile illness.", "content": "Two cases of leptospirosis diagnosed at the Texas Medical Center in a two-week period are presented. Most cases of leptospirosis go undiagnosed because the symptoms and signs are nonspecific. Leptospirosis should enter the differential diagnosis when symptoms of influenzal illness, aseptic meningitis, and viral gastroenteritis occur, especially if abnormal hepatic and renal function are shown to be present. Many, but by no means all, patients will give history of exposure to livestock or rodents. Diagnosis is best made by serologic methods; Treatment is usually not required since the disease is self-limited, and even in the more severe form, antibiotics have not been conclusively shown to be of benefit.", "contents": "Leptospirosis: an underdiagnosed cause of acute febrile illness. Two cases of leptospirosis diagnosed at the Texas Medical Center in a two-week period are presented. Most cases of leptospirosis go undiagnosed because the symptoms and signs are nonspecific. Leptospirosis should enter the differential diagnosis when symptoms of influenzal illness, aseptic meningitis, and viral gastroenteritis occur, especially if abnormal hepatic and renal function are shown to be present. Many, but by no means all, patients will give history of exposure to livestock or rodents. Diagnosis is best made by serologic methods; Treatment is usually not required since the disease is self-limited, and even in the more severe form, antibiotics have not been conclusively shown to be of benefit.", "PMID": 1118754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6094", "title": "Bromism: recent perspectives.", "content": "The introduction of bromureides on a large scale in England and Australia has resulted in a major health hazard. Attention is directed to this problem so preventive measures may be taken in this country to discourage their marketing. We recommend that physicians acquaint themselves with the active ingredients of over-the-counter sedatives and cough medications and that they consider the potential risks involved before prescribing bromides in organic combination. We maintain that bromism is not a relic of the past but rather a serious problem in some countries and a potential one in ours. In addition to reviewing the present status of bromide intoxication in the United States and abroad, we report an atypical case of possible bromide intoxication from a water supply in a rural area of the Midwest United States. Because of reports of bromide intoxication in rural areas, we speculate that some of these cases may be secondary to contaminated water supplies.", "contents": "Bromism: recent perspectives. The introduction of bromureides on a large scale in England and Australia has resulted in a major health hazard. Attention is directed to this problem so preventive measures may be taken in this country to discourage their marketing. We recommend that physicians acquaint themselves with the active ingredients of over-the-counter sedatives and cough medications and that they consider the potential risks involved before prescribing bromides in organic combination. We maintain that bromism is not a relic of the past but rather a serious problem in some countries and a potential one in ours. In addition to reviewing the present status of bromide intoxication in the United States and abroad, we report an atypical case of possible bromide intoxication from a water supply in a rural area of the Midwest United States. Because of reports of bromide intoxication in rural areas, we speculate that some of these cases may be secondary to contaminated water supplies.", "PMID": 1118755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6095", "title": "Postoperative hypoglycemia in congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis.", "content": "One infant with congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis developed severe hypoglycemia with lethargy, irritability, cyanosis, and convulsions in the immediate postoperative period after Fredet-Ramstedt pyloromytomy. A likely hypothesis for this mechanism has been reported as hepatic glycogen depletion secondary to malnutrition. Any infant with malnutrition, from whatever cause, should be assumed to have glycogen depletion, and repletion should be started and continued with all intravenous fluids given during the preoperative period. Hypoglycemia should be suspected when an infant develops any unusual or unexplained symptoms or findings in the immediate postoperative period. Prompt and intensive treatment with intravenous hypertonic glucose infusion must be begun and continued until blood glucose determinations remain at a safe level with oral feedings alone.", "contents": "Postoperative hypoglycemia in congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. One infant with congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis developed severe hypoglycemia with lethargy, irritability, cyanosis, and convulsions in the immediate postoperative period after Fredet-Ramstedt pyloromytomy. A likely hypothesis for this mechanism has been reported as hepatic glycogen depletion secondary to malnutrition. Any infant with malnutrition, from whatever cause, should be assumed to have glycogen depletion, and repletion should be started and continued with all intravenous fluids given during the preoperative period. Hypoglycemia should be suspected when an infant develops any unusual or unexplained symptoms or findings in the immediate postoperative period. Prompt and intensive treatment with intravenous hypertonic glucose infusion must be begun and continued until blood glucose determinations remain at a safe level with oral feedings alone.", "PMID": 1118756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6096", "title": "A practical approach to the patient with vertigo: an outline of diagnosis and management for the nonspecialist.", "content": "A careful history is the most important part of a medical examination for vertigo, especially to establish whether it is acute, chronic or recurrent. If the patient spontaneously volunteers ear complaints, such as fullness, tinnitus, or hearing loss, the cause is probably otologic and deserves immediate referral. If no otologic complaints are volunteered, the whole body becomes a source of investigation. All nonvital drugs should be withheld while the vertigo study is progressing. A complete physical examination and blood profile should be carried out. Roentgenograms of the skull and chest should be obtained. Accurate diagnosis and proper management are possible only with prolonged follow-up. Unnecessary expense, inconvenience, and discomfort for the patient can be avoided by a screening audiogram to identify unilateral hearing loss. All unilateral hearing loss should be investigated thoroughly in order to diagnose serious retrocochlear disease early.", "contents": "A practical approach to the patient with vertigo: an outline of diagnosis and management for the nonspecialist. A careful history is the most important part of a medical examination for vertigo, especially to establish whether it is acute, chronic or recurrent. If the patient spontaneously volunteers ear complaints, such as fullness, tinnitus, or hearing loss, the cause is probably otologic and deserves immediate referral. If no otologic complaints are volunteered, the whole body becomes a source of investigation. All nonvital drugs should be withheld while the vertigo study is progressing. A complete physical examination and blood profile should be carried out. Roentgenograms of the skull and chest should be obtained. Accurate diagnosis and proper management are possible only with prolonged follow-up. Unnecessary expense, inconvenience, and discomfort for the patient can be avoided by a screening audiogram to identify unilateral hearing loss. All unilateral hearing loss should be investigated thoroughly in order to diagnose serious retrocochlear disease early.", "PMID": 1118759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6097", "title": "Megaloblastic anemia in a vegetarian taking oral contraceptives.", "content": "A case is reported of megaloblastic anemia resulting from folate deficiency in a vegetarian who had been taking oral contraceptives for eight years. A brief report of the pertinent literature is included,", "contents": "Megaloblastic anemia in a vegetarian taking oral contraceptives. A case is reported of megaloblastic anemia resulting from folate deficiency in a vegetarian who had been taking oral contraceptives for eight years. A brief report of the pertinent literature is included,", "PMID": 1118760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6098", "title": "Gram-negative bacillus pneumonia.", "content": "Our experience with gram-negativebacillus pneumonia (GNBP) was examined to assist us in the diagnosis and treatment of this serious condition. The patients were divided into three categories: those with primary GNBP, those with primary nosocomial GNBP, and those with superinfection GNBP. Mortality correlated highly with the severity of underlying disorders. Aspiration occurred or was suspected before most instances of primary GNBP. Tracheostomy, inhalation therapy, and aspiration were common events before development of primary nosocomial GNBP and superinfection GNBP. Half the patients survived the two primary varieties of GNBP. A striking leukocytosis developed at the onset of most cases of primary nosocomial GNBP and superinfection GNBP.", "contents": "Gram-negative bacillus pneumonia. Our experience with gram-negativebacillus pneumonia (GNBP) was examined to assist us in the diagnosis and treatment of this serious condition. The patients were divided into three categories: those with primary GNBP, those with primary nosocomial GNBP, and those with superinfection GNBP. Mortality correlated highly with the severity of underlying disorders. Aspiration occurred or was suspected before most instances of primary GNBP. Tracheostomy, inhalation therapy, and aspiration were common events before development of primary nosocomial GNBP and superinfection GNBP. Half the patients survived the two primary varieties of GNBP. A striking leukocytosis developed at the onset of most cases of primary nosocomial GNBP and superinfection GNBP.", "PMID": 1118763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6099", "title": "Massive orbital invasion by small malignant lesions.", "content": "In diagnosing and treating small malignant lesions of the eyelids, physicians should be alert for possible extension of the cancer into the orbit, endangering not only the patient's sight but his life as well. Important signs and symptoms include bone thickening, disturbances of ocular motility, intermittent epiphora, and positive results of radiologic studies. From histopathologic study of the resected carcinomatous tissues, it is apparent that the creeping, cicatrizing, ulcerated, and invasive patterns of basal cell carcinoma predominate in this group of eyelid tumors, all of which are aggressive lesions; however, the histologic type is quite variable and no definite trends can be established.", "contents": "Massive orbital invasion by small malignant lesions. In diagnosing and treating small malignant lesions of the eyelids, physicians should be alert for possible extension of the cancer into the orbit, endangering not only the patient's sight but his life as well. Important signs and symptoms include bone thickening, disturbances of ocular motility, intermittent epiphora, and positive results of radiologic studies. From histopathologic study of the resected carcinomatous tissues, it is apparent that the creeping, cicatrizing, ulcerated, and invasive patterns of basal cell carcinoma predominate in this group of eyelid tumors, all of which are aggressive lesions; however, the histologic type is quite variable and no definite trends can be established.", "PMID": 1118765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6100", "title": "Guidelines for blood pressure mass screening projects.", "content": "Community-wide blood pressure screening is one of many methods of detecting unknown or inadequately treated hypertension. The first mass blood pressure screeing in a major metropolitan area was conducted in New Orleans on Aril 28 and 29, 1973. The 43 public and parochial schools were used as screening sites. Medical volunteers screened 30,329 individuals, 8,953 of whom were referred to their physician for treatment of high blood pressure. This project has shown that with adequate volunteers and publicity, mass screening is feasible and may be the only realistic method of reaching the numerous undetected hypertensives. An added bonus has been the spin-off in public awareness of the problem and its sequelae. A follow-up program for those individuals referred for further evaluation is strongly recommended. Guidelines and suggestions for mass screeings are described for use by medical groups or agencies. The blood pressure data are studied in relation to demographic data to facilitate comprehension of the problem on a larger scale.", "contents": "Guidelines for blood pressure mass screening projects. Community-wide blood pressure screening is one of many methods of detecting unknown or inadequately treated hypertension. The first mass blood pressure screeing in a major metropolitan area was conducted in New Orleans on Aril 28 and 29, 1973. The 43 public and parochial schools were used as screening sites. Medical volunteers screened 30,329 individuals, 8,953 of whom were referred to their physician for treatment of high blood pressure. This project has shown that with adequate volunteers and publicity, mass screening is feasible and may be the only realistic method of reaching the numerous undetected hypertensives. An added bonus has been the spin-off in public awareness of the problem and its sequelae. A follow-up program for those individuals referred for further evaluation is strongly recommended. Guidelines and suggestions for mass screeings are described for use by medical groups or agencies. The blood pressure data are studied in relation to demographic data to facilitate comprehension of the problem on a larger scale.", "PMID": 1118766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6101", "title": "Manpower and the future role of otolaryngology.", "content": "Much discussion has taken place in the past three years in the media and in Congress concerning the delivery of health care in the United States. Our concern is to supply manpower to deliver adequate health care, to train enough new specialists, and to encourage needed research. There is presently a debate among otolaryngologists as to the scope of their specialty. Some believe that family practitioners should receive some training in this specialty, be certified by our Board, and act as the primary otolaryngologists. The need for fully trained otolaryngologists would then be reduced radically. Otolaryngologists could be concentrated in the medical centers, where they would act as tertiary physicians. Others believe that better quality care would be delivered by fully trained otolaryngologists, and that many otolaryngologists prefer to be primary and secondary physicians. This debate must be settled quickly in order to plan our manpower pool for the future. Decisions involving future manpower needs in our specialty must be made by the otolaryngologists.", "contents": "Manpower and the future role of otolaryngology. Much discussion has taken place in the past three years in the media and in Congress concerning the delivery of health care in the United States. Our concern is to supply manpower to deliver adequate health care, to train enough new specialists, and to encourage needed research. There is presently a debate among otolaryngologists as to the scope of their specialty. Some believe that family practitioners should receive some training in this specialty, be certified by our Board, and act as the primary otolaryngologists. The need for fully trained otolaryngologists would then be reduced radically. Otolaryngologists could be concentrated in the medical centers, where they would act as tertiary physicians. Others believe that better quality care would be delivered by fully trained otolaryngologists, and that many otolaryngologists prefer to be primary and secondary physicians. This debate must be settled quickly in order to plan our manpower pool for the future. Decisions involving future manpower needs in our specialty must be made by the otolaryngologists.", "PMID": 1118767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6102", "title": "Congenital posterior angulation of tibia and fibula.", "content": "Congenital posterior angulation of the tibia occurs less frequently than congenital anterior bowing. Concomitant deformities of the foot and contractures of the soft tissue usually exist. A review of the literature indicates that nonoperative treatment is usually successful in correcting the deformity. Tibial growth is frequently less than normal and epiphysiodesis of the opposite extermity may be necessary. Three patients are presented who have been followed up for 17 years, two years, and over one year. Improvement is occurring with nonoperative treatment.", "contents": "Congenital posterior angulation of tibia and fibula. Congenital posterior angulation of the tibia occurs less frequently than congenital anterior bowing. Concomitant deformities of the foot and contractures of the soft tissue usually exist. A review of the literature indicates that nonoperative treatment is usually successful in correcting the deformity. Tibial growth is frequently less than normal and epiphysiodesis of the opposite extermity may be necessary. Three patients are presented who have been followed up for 17 years, two years, and over one year. Improvement is occurring with nonoperative treatment.", "PMID": 1118768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6103", "title": "Carcinoma in situ of the gallbladder: A dilemma.", "content": "The prognosis for advanced carcinoma of the gallbladder is grave, but a reappraisal of the histologic and gross presentation of the disease may uncover a group of patients with significantly better prognosis. During any cholecystedtomy, the gallbladder should be opened by the surgeon and frozen sections should be obtained for suspicious lesions. Carcinoma in situ appears to be well treated by cholecstectomy alone. Microinvasive carcinomas of the gallbladder require wider surgical excision", "contents": "Carcinoma in situ of the gallbladder: A dilemma. The prognosis for advanced carcinoma of the gallbladder is grave, but a reappraisal of the histologic and gross presentation of the disease may uncover a group of patients with significantly better prognosis. During any cholecystedtomy, the gallbladder should be opened by the surgeon and frozen sections should be obtained for suspicious lesions. Carcinoma in situ appears to be well treated by cholecstectomy alone. Microinvasive carcinomas of the gallbladder require wider surgical excision", "PMID": 1118769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6104", "title": "Loss of transferase enzyme activity of transfused erythrocytes in galactosemia.", "content": "Rapid loss of erythrocyte galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase in hemolysates from an infant 26 days after transfusion led to investigation of the possiblity of an unstable enzyme or other variant of galactosemia. However, the child was found to have the classic type of galactosemia. The seeming transferase instability was attributable to loss of enzyme activity in hemolysates from blood containg aged, transfused cells, the source of the enzyme. Thus when transfusion is necessary, transferase assay for diagnosis of the enzyme deficiency before transfusion avoids confusion attributable to the enzyme supplied in the transfused cells.", "contents": "Loss of transferase enzyme activity of transfused erythrocytes in galactosemia. Rapid loss of erythrocyte galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase in hemolysates from an infant 26 days after transfusion led to investigation of the possiblity of an unstable enzyme or other variant of galactosemia. However, the child was found to have the classic type of galactosemia. The seeming transferase instability was attributable to loss of enzyme activity in hemolysates from blood containg aged, transfused cells, the source of the enzyme. Thus when transfusion is necessary, transferase assay for diagnosis of the enzyme deficiency before transfusion avoids confusion attributable to the enzyme supplied in the transfused cells.", "PMID": 1118770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6105", "title": "Carotid artery injury produced by blunt neck trauma.", "content": "Three patients with extracranial carotid artery injury are presented. The trauma to the neck was blunt and nonpenetrating. Two patients showed the progressive neurologic signs of an intracranial lesion three and seven days respectively after head injuries. Injury to the neck did not appear to be a factor in one and, at most, a minor factor in the other. The provisional diagnostic impression in each instance was subdural hematoma. The third case was found in a patient with brain contusion, fractured mandible, and severe neck contusion, who was investigated by contrast study when he failed to respond. All three patients showed compromise of the lumen of an extracranial internal carotid artery on arteriography and on exploration. Two reacted promptly and well to surgical intervention. The third recovered slowly from the brain contusion, but we believe that additional complications were averted by appropriate intervention.", "contents": "Carotid artery injury produced by blunt neck trauma. Three patients with extracranial carotid artery injury are presented. The trauma to the neck was blunt and nonpenetrating. Two patients showed the progressive neurologic signs of an intracranial lesion three and seven days respectively after head injuries. Injury to the neck did not appear to be a factor in one and, at most, a minor factor in the other. The provisional diagnostic impression in each instance was subdural hematoma. The third case was found in a patient with brain contusion, fractured mandible, and severe neck contusion, who was investigated by contrast study when he failed to respond. All three patients showed compromise of the lumen of an extracranial internal carotid artery on arteriography and on exploration. Two reacted promptly and well to surgical intervention. The third recovered slowly from the brain contusion, but we believe that additional complications were averted by appropriate intervention.", "PMID": 1118771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6106", "title": "Aspirin allergy: a clinical study.", "content": "The following beliefs about aspirin sensitivity are widely held: (1) it usually is accompanied by nasal polyps. (2) It occurs primarily in nonallergic patients. (3) Its most common manifestation is asthma. (4) When it is combined with polyps and asthma (the so-called \"aspirin triad\"), the prognosis is unfavorable. (5) Polypectomy may precipitate asthma in aspirin sensitive patients. This paper, based on a study of 112 private patients, presents clinical evidence to refute these beliefs. It shows the following: (1) Aspirin allergy is accompanied by polyps in less than 5% of cases (13% of asthma patients). (2) In most cases, patients show well-defined allergy to an inhalant, food, or other drug. (3) Its most common manifestations are urticaria and angiodema, not asthma. (4) The prognosis is favorable, whether or not polyps are present. (5) Polypectomy does not precipitate asthma in aspirin-sensitive patients.", "contents": "Aspirin allergy: a clinical study. The following beliefs about aspirin sensitivity are widely held: (1) it usually is accompanied by nasal polyps. (2) It occurs primarily in nonallergic patients. (3) Its most common manifestation is asthma. (4) When it is combined with polyps and asthma (the so-called \"aspirin triad\"), the prognosis is unfavorable. (5) Polypectomy may precipitate asthma in aspirin sensitive patients. This paper, based on a study of 112 private patients, presents clinical evidence to refute these beliefs. It shows the following: (1) Aspirin allergy is accompanied by polyps in less than 5% of cases (13% of asthma patients). (2) In most cases, patients show well-defined allergy to an inhalant, food, or other drug. (3) Its most common manifestations are urticaria and angiodema, not asthma. (4) The prognosis is favorable, whether or not polyps are present. (5) Polypectomy does not precipitate asthma in aspirin-sensitive patients.", "PMID": 1118772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6107", "title": "The management of organophosphate intoxication.", "content": "This review attempts to reiterate the problem of organophosphate intoxication and the pathophysiologic problems created by these compounds. A discussion of management is included. The case reported of a two-year old child serves to illustrate the tremendously high doses of atropine which may be required to block the acetylcholine accumulated at cholinergic synapses as a result of phosphorylation of acetylcholinesterase by organophosphorus compounds.", "contents": "The management of organophosphate intoxication. This review attempts to reiterate the problem of organophosphate intoxication and the pathophysiologic problems created by these compounds. A discussion of management is included. The case reported of a two-year old child serves to illustrate the tremendously high doses of atropine which may be required to block the acetylcholine accumulated at cholinergic synapses as a result of phosphorylation of acetylcholinesterase by organophosphorus compounds.", "PMID": 1118773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6108", "title": "Sebaceous carcinoma of the caruncle.", "content": "A rare case of sabaceous carcinoma of the caruncle with intraluminal shedding of tumour cells into the canaliculus is presented. The possibility of metastatic spread via this route and its clinical implications are discussed. Although the patient had tumor extending to the deep surgical section, he is alive 29 months after the initial surgical excision without subsequent treatment.", "contents": "Sebaceous carcinoma of the caruncle. A rare case of sabaceous carcinoma of the caruncle with intraluminal shedding of tumour cells into the canaliculus is presented. The possibility of metastatic spread via this route and its clinical implications are discussed. Although the patient had tumor extending to the deep surgical section, he is alive 29 months after the initial surgical excision without subsequent treatment.", "PMID": 1118774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6109", "title": "Gastrins in human antrum, duodenum and peripheral circulation.", "content": "Previous studies have shown that arginine-stimulated gastrin release disappears after pyloric antrectomy in the human, while conflicting evidence indicates that gastrin is released by the human duodenum. The present study reconciles this conflict by showing that the major form of gastrin in the pyloric antrum is the heptadecpeptide form, while the duodenum contains mainly \"big\" and almost no heptadecapeptide gastrin. Fasting serum samples contain mostly \"big\" gastrins, while stimulated serum contains increased proportions of the heptadecapeptide and minigastrin species. It is suggested that local factors operative at the different G-cell sites determine the nature of gastrin released since \"big\" gastrins occur in most sites containing gastrin.", "contents": "Gastrins in human antrum, duodenum and peripheral circulation. Previous studies have shown that arginine-stimulated gastrin release disappears after pyloric antrectomy in the human, while conflicting evidence indicates that gastrin is released by the human duodenum. The present study reconciles this conflict by showing that the major form of gastrin in the pyloric antrum is the heptadecpeptide form, while the duodenum contains mainly \"big\" and almost no heptadecapeptide gastrin. Fasting serum samples contain mostly \"big\" gastrins, while stimulated serum contains increased proportions of the heptadecapeptide and minigastrin species. It is suggested that local factors operative at the different G-cell sites determine the nature of gastrin released since \"big\" gastrins occur in most sites containing gastrin.", "PMID": 1118789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6110", "title": "Biochemical monitoring of the surgical patient.", "content": "The need for prognostic and biochemical monitors of cellular function becomes increasingly evident with the further elucidation of the metabolic pattern secondary to disease. Thus far studies have shown that lactic acid may be one of these biochemical parameters. Investigations are now in the process of defining other biochemical indicators of cellular dysfunction.", "contents": "Biochemical monitoring of the surgical patient. The need for prognostic and biochemical monitors of cellular function becomes increasingly evident with the further elucidation of the metabolic pattern secondary to disease. Thus far studies have shown that lactic acid may be one of these biochemical parameters. Investigations are now in the process of defining other biochemical indicators of cellular dysfunction.", "PMID": 1118791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6111", "title": "Intraoperative esophagoscopy, gastroscopy, colonoscopy, and endoscopy of the small bowel.", "content": "Intraoperative endoscopy of the gastrointestinal tract is probably much more widely used than has been publicized in the recent literature. Application of this new tool to the surgical armamentarium depends only on the limits of the imagination of the operating surgeon and his endoscopist colleague, in most cases, the gastroenterologist. The operative maneuverability of current endoscopes make every portion of the gastrointestinal tract accessible to direct visualization without incision into it, both by the operating surgeon and by the endoscopist. For the full potential of this modality to be realized, the same sort of cooperation between gastrointestinal surgeon and gastroenterologist must be achieved as currently exists between cardiac surgeon and cardiologist and between transplant surgeon and nephrologist. Once this cooperation has been established, application of these tools to gastrointestinal diseases should become commonplace in gastrointestinal surgery.", "contents": "Intraoperative esophagoscopy, gastroscopy, colonoscopy, and endoscopy of the small bowel. Intraoperative endoscopy of the gastrointestinal tract is probably much more widely used than has been publicized in the recent literature. Application of this new tool to the surgical armamentarium depends only on the limits of the imagination of the operating surgeon and his endoscopist colleague, in most cases, the gastroenterologist. The operative maneuverability of current endoscopes make every portion of the gastrointestinal tract accessible to direct visualization without incision into it, both by the operating surgeon and by the endoscopist. For the full potential of this modality to be realized, the same sort of cooperation between gastrointestinal surgeon and gastroenterologist must be achieved as currently exists between cardiac surgeon and cardiologist and between transplant surgeon and nephrologist. Once this cooperation has been established, application of these tools to gastrointestinal diseases should become commonplace in gastrointestinal surgery.", "PMID": 1118792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6112", "title": "Dysplasia of the quadriceps mechanism: hypoplasia of the vastus medialis muscle as related to the hypermobile patella syndrome.", "content": "Disturbance of the patellofemoral mechanism is the most common cause of dysfunction in the knee, especially in athletes of all age groups. This is primarily a congenital familial abnormality due to poor development in the vastus medialis. The patella develops in the line of maximum pull of this muscle group; in this congenital condition it develops in line with the stronger antagonist to the vastus medialis, the vastus lateralis muscle. Therefore, the position in the extremity that the patella assumes is the result of abnormal muscle development. This brings about other changes in the lower extremity that increase the tendency of the patella to migrate laterally. This condition, hypoplasia of the vastus medialis muscle, exists in a large number of people (about 40% of my patient population) in an asymptomatic form that predisposes them to degenerative changes of the patellofemoral articulation later in life, even without symptoms related to dysfunction of the patellofemoral mechanism. These individuals are also predisposed to disturbances of the patellofemoral mechanism which may cause symptoms, that is, the painful knee for which they seek medical attention. The symptomatic types of dysplasia of the quadriceps mechanism are usually brought on by injury to the medical quadriceps retinaculum that stretches or tears it, allowing the lateral migration to increase and producing pain in the inner aspect of the knee. Disuse atrophy of the vastus medialis accentuates the clinical picture as the condition worsens. As the asymptomatic type may progress into the midly symptomatic variant and eacy may worsen into a more serious disabling variety as reinjury occurs, it is important to recognize each type and to treat them properly.", "contents": "Dysplasia of the quadriceps mechanism: hypoplasia of the vastus medialis muscle as related to the hypermobile patella syndrome. Disturbance of the patellofemoral mechanism is the most common cause of dysfunction in the knee, especially in athletes of all age groups. This is primarily a congenital familial abnormality due to poor development in the vastus medialis. The patella develops in the line of maximum pull of this muscle group; in this congenital condition it develops in line with the stronger antagonist to the vastus medialis, the vastus lateralis muscle. Therefore, the position in the extremity that the patella assumes is the result of abnormal muscle development. This brings about other changes in the lower extremity that increase the tendency of the patella to migrate laterally. This condition, hypoplasia of the vastus medialis muscle, exists in a large number of people (about 40% of my patient population) in an asymptomatic form that predisposes them to degenerative changes of the patellofemoral articulation later in life, even without symptoms related to dysfunction of the patellofemoral mechanism. These individuals are also predisposed to disturbances of the patellofemoral mechanism which may cause symptoms, that is, the painful knee for which they seek medical attention. The symptomatic types of dysplasia of the quadriceps mechanism are usually brought on by injury to the medical quadriceps retinaculum that stretches or tears it, allowing the lateral migration to increase and producing pain in the inner aspect of the knee. Disuse atrophy of the vastus medialis accentuates the clinical picture as the condition worsens. As the asymptomatic type may progress into the midly symptomatic variant and eacy may worsen into a more serious disabling variety as reinjury occurs, it is important to recognize each type and to treat them properly.", "PMID": 1118794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6113", "title": "Scope and limitations of stroma-free hemoglobin solution as an oxygen-carrying blood substitute.", "content": "One hundred years of study of stroma-free hemoglobin have generated much information regarding its scope and limitations as an oxygen-carrying blood substitute. The most important development in recent years is the development of a truly stroma-free hemoglobin solution. At this time, we know that SFH can readily bind, transport, and unload oxygen. It does not appear to be nephrotoxic or significantly antigenic. It may not be converted to methemoglobin in the body in significant amounts. Its short in vivo half-life may have important advantages.", "contents": "Scope and limitations of stroma-free hemoglobin solution as an oxygen-carrying blood substitute. One hundred years of study of stroma-free hemoglobin have generated much information regarding its scope and limitations as an oxygen-carrying blood substitute. The most important development in recent years is the development of a truly stroma-free hemoglobin solution. At this time, we know that SFH can readily bind, transport, and unload oxygen. It does not appear to be nephrotoxic or significantly antigenic. It may not be converted to methemoglobin in the body in significant amounts. Its short in vivo half-life may have important advantages.", "PMID": 1118795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6114", "title": "Newer Techniques in evaluation of injured patients.", "content": "Effective management of the severely injured requires an experienced, knowledgeable, and thoughtful physician who has a rational approach to both evaluation and treatment firmly in mind. When in doubt, access to a Trauma Registry (computerized) can be exceedingly valuable to assist in selecting the most effective treatment for a given clinical problem. The evaluation of the patient centers about general metabolic considerations, including acid-base disequilibrium, respiratory insufficiency, fluid volume monitoring, tissue perfusion (urine output), and osmolality. Diagnostic efforts to identify organ injury include infusion pyelography, paracentesis, radionuclide scanning, and angiography. The most critical diagnostic evaluation, however, remains frequent, careful examination of the injured patient, meticulously noting and interpreting all changes in physical findings.", "contents": "Newer Techniques in evaluation of injured patients. Effective management of the severely injured requires an experienced, knowledgeable, and thoughtful physician who has a rational approach to both evaluation and treatment firmly in mind. When in doubt, access to a Trauma Registry (computerized) can be exceedingly valuable to assist in selecting the most effective treatment for a given clinical problem. The evaluation of the patient centers about general metabolic considerations, including acid-base disequilibrium, respiratory insufficiency, fluid volume monitoring, tissue perfusion (urine output), and osmolality. Diagnostic efforts to identify organ injury include infusion pyelography, paracentesis, radionuclide scanning, and angiography. The most critical diagnostic evaluation, however, remains frequent, careful examination of the injured patient, meticulously noting and interpreting all changes in physical findings.", "PMID": 1118796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6115", "title": "New insights in cardiac trauma.", "content": "Recent advances in cardiac surgery associated with newer diagnostic modalities have decreased the mortality from cardiac wounds. With decreasing operative mortality, previous nonoperative approaches have been abandoned while judicious total repair of valvular, septal, and coronary artery injuries at the initial operative procedure seems resonable and justified.", "contents": "New insights in cardiac trauma. Recent advances in cardiac surgery associated with newer diagnostic modalities have decreased the mortality from cardiac wounds. With decreasing operative mortality, previous nonoperative approaches have been abandoned while judicious total repair of valvular, septal, and coronary artery injuries at the initial operative procedure seems resonable and justified.", "PMID": 1118797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6116", "title": "Bilateral traumatic carotid-cavernous fistulae.", "content": "The author reports a case of bilateral traumatic carotid-cavernous fistulae successfully treated by cervical carotid surgery alone. The right fistula was presumably cured by the thrombotic process induced by muscle embolization and carotid ligation (Brooks method). The left shunt was selectively obliterated by controlled embolization with preservation of the carotid permeability (variant of Isamat technique).", "contents": "Bilateral traumatic carotid-cavernous fistulae. The author reports a case of bilateral traumatic carotid-cavernous fistulae successfully treated by cervical carotid surgery alone. The right fistula was presumably cured by the thrombotic process induced by muscle embolization and carotid ligation (Brooks method). The left shunt was selectively obliterated by controlled embolization with preservation of the carotid permeability (variant of Isamat technique).", "PMID": 1118799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6117", "title": "Combined subarachnoid and subdural spinal hematoma following spinal puncture.", "content": "A case of combined subarachnoid and subdural spinal hematomas secondary to lumbar puncture during myelography is described. Contributing factors to this particular syndrome are discussed and the separate clinical syndromes of epidural and subarachnoid spinal hematomas are described. The incidence of all spinal hematomas appears to be increasing, due to the combined factors of spinal trauma and anticoagulant therapy. Spinal hematomas typically present with severe and localized back pain, rapidly progressive myelopathy and a poor prognosis for functional recovery unless immediate decompression is performed.", "contents": "Combined subarachnoid and subdural spinal hematoma following spinal puncture. A case of combined subarachnoid and subdural spinal hematomas secondary to lumbar puncture during myelography is described. Contributing factors to this particular syndrome are discussed and the separate clinical syndromes of epidural and subarachnoid spinal hematomas are described. The incidence of all spinal hematomas appears to be increasing, due to the combined factors of spinal trauma and anticoagulant therapy. Spinal hematomas typically present with severe and localized back pain, rapidly progressive myelopathy and a poor prognosis for functional recovery unless immediate decompression is performed.", "PMID": 1118800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6118", "title": "Intraspinal enterogenous cyst: delayed appearance following mediastinal cyst resection.", "content": "A case of delayed appearance of a cervicothoracic extra-medullary intradural enterogenous cyst was disclosed in a boy at the age of four years and 9 months. The patient had had removal of an enterogenous mediastinal cyst without any demonstrable anatomical connection to the spinal cord at the age of three weeks.", "contents": "Intraspinal enterogenous cyst: delayed appearance following mediastinal cyst resection. A case of delayed appearance of a cervicothoracic extra-medullary intradural enterogenous cyst was disclosed in a boy at the age of four years and 9 months. The patient had had removal of an enterogenous mediastinal cyst without any demonstrable anatomical connection to the spinal cord at the age of three weeks.", "PMID": 1118803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6119", "title": "Effect of phenoxybenzamine on experimental cerebral arterial spasm in cats.", "content": "The effect of topical and intravenous administration of phenoxybenzamine, an alpha adrenergic blocking agent, on experimental vasospasm was studied in cats. Topical application of phenoxybenzamine prevented the occurence of vasospasm without noticeable systemic alpha adrenergic blocking effect. Intravenous use, however, was ineffective in the dosage with which total systemic alpha adrenergic blockade was obtained. Effects of intravenous administration in much larger dosage seemed to be largely due to the non-specific action of phenoxybenzamine on vascular smooth muscle.", "contents": "Effect of phenoxybenzamine on experimental cerebral arterial spasm in cats. The effect of topical and intravenous administration of phenoxybenzamine, an alpha adrenergic blocking agent, on experimental vasospasm was studied in cats. Topical application of phenoxybenzamine prevented the occurence of vasospasm without noticeable systemic alpha adrenergic blocking effect. Intravenous use, however, was ineffective in the dosage with which total systemic alpha adrenergic blockade was obtained. Effects of intravenous administration in much larger dosage seemed to be largely due to the non-specific action of phenoxybenzamine on vascular smooth muscle.", "PMID": 1118804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6120", "title": "Salmonella meningitis.", "content": "Three cases of salmonella meningitis in infants were successfully treated with a combination of intraventricular and systemic antibiotics after standard treatment had failed. The intraventricular antibiotics were administered through a subcutaneously implanted ventriculostomy reservoir. The ventricular fluid cultures were positive in all cases. The organisms in the ventricle may periodically reinoculate the subarachnoid space and add to the difficulty in curing salmonella meningitis. Details of the prolonged treatment (29-59 days) and the antibiotic levels obtained are presented. No local reservoir complications were encountered. All three patients were developing normally 10 to 18 months following treatment including two who required a shunt procedure for nonabsorptive hydrocephalus.", "contents": "Salmonella meningitis. Three cases of salmonella meningitis in infants were successfully treated with a combination of intraventricular and systemic antibiotics after standard treatment had failed. The intraventricular antibiotics were administered through a subcutaneously implanted ventriculostomy reservoir. The ventricular fluid cultures were positive in all cases. The organisms in the ventricle may periodically reinoculate the subarachnoid space and add to the difficulty in curing salmonella meningitis. Details of the prolonged treatment (29-59 days) and the antibiotic levels obtained are presented. No local reservoir complications were encountered. All three patients were developing normally 10 to 18 months following treatment including two who required a shunt procedure for nonabsorptive hydrocephalus.", "PMID": 1118805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6121", "title": "Interhemispheric subdural empyema: angiographic diagnosis and surgical treatment.", "content": "Interhemispheric subdural empyema, secondary to frontal sinusitis in two girls is described. Headache, hemiparesis more marked in the lower extremity, fever, focal seizures, stupor and stiff neck were the principal features of the clinical course. The angiographic appearance of the lesion was the key to the preoperative diagnosis. Surgical evacuation of the purulent collection resulted in complete cure in both cases.", "contents": "Interhemispheric subdural empyema: angiographic diagnosis and surgical treatment. Interhemispheric subdural empyema, secondary to frontal sinusitis in two girls is described. Headache, hemiparesis more marked in the lower extremity, fever, focal seizures, stupor and stiff neck were the principal features of the clinical course. The angiographic appearance of the lesion was the key to the preoperative diagnosis. Surgical evacuation of the purulent collection resulted in complete cure in both cases.", "PMID": 1118807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6122", "title": "Cranio-cerebral injuries from nail-gun used in the construction industry.", "content": "The nail-gun has been used in the construction industry world-wide. An increasing number of injuries to the cranium and other parts of the body has been reported due to its careless use or mishandling. Some of these are reviewed with emphasis on craniocerebral and spinal cord involvement. Two cases are reported here. Both of these patients survived and have returned to gainful employment.", "contents": "Cranio-cerebral injuries from nail-gun used in the construction industry. The nail-gun has been used in the construction industry world-wide. An increasing number of injuries to the cranium and other parts of the body has been reported due to its careless use or mishandling. Some of these are reviewed with emphasis on craniocerebral and spinal cord involvement. Two cases are reported here. Both of these patients survived and have returned to gainful employment.", "PMID": 1118809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6123", "title": "Cerebellar abscesses: a review of seventeen cases.", "content": "Seventeen cases of cerebellar abscesses are reviewed. The incidence was 18% of all brain abscesses. Thirteen were males, and four were females. Headache was the most common presenting symptom. These abscesses have a better prognosis for survival and neurological function than supratentorial abscesses. They are less likely to be encapsulated. Continued neurological decline in the face of adequate surgical treatment of a single abscess should alert the physcian to the possibility of a second abscess.", "contents": "Cerebellar abscesses: a review of seventeen cases. Seventeen cases of cerebellar abscesses are reviewed. The incidence was 18% of all brain abscesses. Thirteen were males, and four were females. Headache was the most common presenting symptom. These abscesses have a better prognosis for survival and neurological function than supratentorial abscesses. They are less likely to be encapsulated. Continued neurological decline in the face of adequate surgical treatment of a single abscess should alert the physcian to the possibility of a second abscess.", "PMID": 1118810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6124", "title": "Traumatic pseudoaneurysm and arteriovenous fistula involving the middle meningeal artery.", "content": "Two cases of traumatic pseudoaneurysm and arteriovenous fistula involving the middle meningeal artery are reported with a review of the world literature on these specific entities. The two conditions appear to evolve through similar mechanisms and may lead to a confusing clinical picture. High quality angiography is important in making an early diagnosis, prior to performing a definitive surgical procedure.", "contents": "Traumatic pseudoaneurysm and arteriovenous fistula involving the middle meningeal artery. Two cases of traumatic pseudoaneurysm and arteriovenous fistula involving the middle meningeal artery are reported with a review of the world literature on these specific entities. The two conditions appear to evolve through similar mechanisms and may lead to a confusing clinical picture. High quality angiography is important in making an early diagnosis, prior to performing a definitive surgical procedure.", "PMID": 1118812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6125", "title": "A case against heparin therapy of intravascular coagulation.", "content": "Administration of a potentially dangerous drug like heparin should not be based on theroretical considerations and innumerable case reports but 1) on a firm diagnosis and 2) on a critical evaluation of the clinical benefit. The validity of criteria for the diagnosis of intravascular coagulation (IC) is discussed. It is emphasized in particular that loss of fibrinogen into extravascular spaces can only be excluded by assays of the level and disappearance rate of serum proteins not subject to the proteolytic action of thrombin or plasmin. Even when the diagnosis can be reasonably established, heparin therapy in a particular condition should only be advocated if its clinical benefit has been demonstrated in controlled clinical trails. Our conviction that heparin has as yet a small if any place in the management of patients with so-called intravascular coagulations is based mainly on two sets of arguments, one stemming from a critique of the diagnosis of IC, the other from a general attitude in the evaluation of therapeutic procedures.", "contents": "A case against heparin therapy of intravascular coagulation. Administration of a potentially dangerous drug like heparin should not be based on theroretical considerations and innumerable case reports but 1) on a firm diagnosis and 2) on a critical evaluation of the clinical benefit. The validity of criteria for the diagnosis of intravascular coagulation (IC) is discussed. It is emphasized in particular that loss of fibrinogen into extravascular spaces can only be excluded by assays of the level and disappearance rate of serum proteins not subject to the proteolytic action of thrombin or plasmin. Even when the diagnosis can be reasonably established, heparin therapy in a particular condition should only be advocated if its clinical benefit has been demonstrated in controlled clinical trails. Our conviction that heparin has as yet a small if any place in the management of patients with so-called intravascular coagulations is based mainly on two sets of arguments, one stemming from a critique of the diagnosis of IC, the other from a general attitude in the evaluation of therapeutic procedures.", "PMID": 1118827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6126", "title": "Ultrastructure of mitosis in the amoeboflagellate Naegleria gruberi.", "content": "Naegleria gruberi is an amoeboflagellate found in soil; mitosis is restricted to the amoeboid phase of its life-cycle. Ultrastructural examination of mitotic stages has confirmed some aspects of karyokinesis reported in earlier light-microscopic studies and expanded on other features of nuclear division described in electron-microscopic studies of Naegleria. The nuclear envelope remained intact throughout division, the nucleolus persisted, and centrioles were not found. Chromosomes were indistinguishable at the ultrastructural level, nor was any evidence detected of sites of microtubular attachment to possible chromosomes. An interzonal body, formed during separation in two of the nucleolus, was not an invariable feature of mitosis. The same was true of the polar caps, which appeared to be little more than the ends of the mitotic spindle. It is suggested that, in line with comparable situations in other protists, expansion of the nuclear envelope is chiefly responsible for separation of the nucleus into two daughter nuclei.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of mitosis in the amoeboflagellate Naegleria gruberi. Naegleria gruberi is an amoeboflagellate found in soil; mitosis is restricted to the amoeboid phase of its life-cycle. Ultrastructural examination of mitotic stages has confirmed some aspects of karyokinesis reported in earlier light-microscopic studies and expanded on other features of nuclear division described in electron-microscopic studies of Naegleria. The nuclear envelope remained intact throughout division, the nucleolus persisted, and centrioles were not found. Chromosomes were indistinguishable at the ultrastructural level, nor was any evidence detected of sites of microtubular attachment to possible chromosomes. An interzonal body, formed during separation in two of the nucleolus, was not an invariable feature of mitosis. The same was true of the polar caps, which appeared to be little more than the ends of the mitotic spindle. It is suggested that, in line with comparable situations in other protists, expansion of the nuclear envelope is chiefly responsible for separation of the nucleus into two daughter nuclei.", "PMID": 1118856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6127", "title": "The role of the Golgi complex in the isolation and digestion of organelles.", "content": "The origin of the membranes and lytic enzymes involved in autophagy has been studied in metamorphosing insect fat body. The Golgi complex has two functions in the organelle destruction which takes place when fat body cells change their activities. (1) It gives rise to envelopes which extermalize organelles scheduled for destruction. Microbodies, mitochodria and rough endoplasmic reticulum are sequentially removed from the cytoplasm by investment in isolation membranes. During the isolating phase, isolation membranes have the same osmiophilia as the outer saccular and microvesicular components of the Golgi complex, they do not contain lytic enzymes and they are specific in their adhesion to organelles scheduled for destruction. (2) The Golgi complex gives rist to lytic enzymes. Primary lysosomes which contain acid phosphatase fuse with the isolation bodies formed from invested organelles to become autophagic vacuoles. During this lytic phase, acid phosphatase is present in the inner saccules and microvesicular components of the Golgi complex, in the primary lysosomes seen fusing with isolation bodies and in autophagic vacuoles.", "contents": "The role of the Golgi complex in the isolation and digestion of organelles. The origin of the membranes and lytic enzymes involved in autophagy has been studied in metamorphosing insect fat body. The Golgi complex has two functions in the organelle destruction which takes place when fat body cells change their activities. (1) It gives rise to envelopes which extermalize organelles scheduled for destruction. Microbodies, mitochodria and rough endoplasmic reticulum are sequentially removed from the cytoplasm by investment in isolation membranes. During the isolating phase, isolation membranes have the same osmiophilia as the outer saccular and microvesicular components of the Golgi complex, they do not contain lytic enzymes and they are specific in their adhesion to organelles scheduled for destruction. (2) The Golgi complex gives rist to lytic enzymes. Primary lysosomes which contain acid phosphatase fuse with the isolation bodies formed from invested organelles to become autophagic vacuoles. During this lytic phase, acid phosphatase is present in the inner saccules and microvesicular components of the Golgi complex, in the primary lysosomes seen fusing with isolation bodies and in autophagic vacuoles.", "PMID": 1118857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6128", "title": "Fenestrated endothelium of the adrenal gland: freeze-fracture studies.", "content": "Little is known of how adrenal hormones pass from the interstitial to the vascular space. We have begun to examine the adrenal endothelium as a barrier to hormone passage, by the freeze-fracturing technique. The endothelium of both cortex and medulla is fenestrated. Fractures from both regions show endothelial cells to be extremely thin in regions where fenestrations are abundant. En face fractures show fenestrae disposed in tracts; the fenestrae reaching a distribution of 35/mu2. In both cortex and medulla there are areas of continuous endothelium which contain caveolae. Structures believed to represent fenestra diaphragms contain randomly disposed particles and occasional pits. We have not identified in replicas the central ring and pore described in thin-sectioned material (Elfvin, 1965). The main differences between freeze-fractured aspects of cortical and medullary endothelium are the greater abundance of caveolae in the medulla and the size of the fenestrae (fenestra rims in the medulla are 525-780 A in diameter; in the cortex 570-1660 A). These differences may reflect the different embryological origins of the medulla and cortex. While caveolae may participate in hormone transport, there is no evidence for this. In the medulla the caveolae are more numerous and may have a function not necessarily related to transport. Possibly, caveolae play a role in processing hormones and related substances. For example, ATP and specific proteins are released as well as epinephrine during exocytosis from chromaffin cells. Epinephrine enters the vascular space but ATP does not. ATPase enzymes are a common feature of caveolae of other endothelia and may occur as well in adrenal endothelium.", "contents": "Fenestrated endothelium of the adrenal gland: freeze-fracture studies. Little is known of how adrenal hormones pass from the interstitial to the vascular space. We have begun to examine the adrenal endothelium as a barrier to hormone passage, by the freeze-fracturing technique. The endothelium of both cortex and medulla is fenestrated. Fractures from both regions show endothelial cells to be extremely thin in regions where fenestrations are abundant. En face fractures show fenestrae disposed in tracts; the fenestrae reaching a distribution of 35/mu2. In both cortex and medulla there are areas of continuous endothelium which contain caveolae. Structures believed to represent fenestra diaphragms contain randomly disposed particles and occasional pits. We have not identified in replicas the central ring and pore described in thin-sectioned material (Elfvin, 1965). The main differences between freeze-fractured aspects of cortical and medullary endothelium are the greater abundance of caveolae in the medulla and the size of the fenestrae (fenestra rims in the medulla are 525-780 A in diameter; in the cortex 570-1660 A). These differences may reflect the different embryological origins of the medulla and cortex. While caveolae may participate in hormone transport, there is no evidence for this. In the medulla the caveolae are more numerous and may have a function not necessarily related to transport. Possibly, caveolae play a role in processing hormones and related substances. For example, ATP and specific proteins are released as well as epinephrine during exocytosis from chromaffin cells. Epinephrine enters the vascular space but ATP does not. ATPase enzymes are a common feature of caveolae of other endothelia and may occur as well in adrenal endothelium.", "PMID": 1118858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6129", "title": "Some ultrastructural observations on the integument of a pentastomid.", "content": "The cuticle of the cephalobaenid pentastomid Reighardia sternae is described at various stages of the moult-intermoult cycle. The intermoult cuticle comprises four layers: an outer epicuticle; an underlying dense layer, the protein epicuticle; a fibrillar endocuticle; and a denser subcuticle. The overall similarity between the structure and composition of these layers and those of insects is discussed. However, the orientation of the chitin-protein fibres in the endocuticle does not show the rotating structure characteristic of many arthropod species, but this does appear in the sclerotized hooks. It is suggested that this comparatively loose, poorly oriented endocuticular structure produces a highly extensible cuticle which is precisely adapted to the specialize, endoparasitic habit of this species. Events at ecdysis, particularly the secretion of moulting fluid and the deposition of cuticulin, follow the insect pattern precisely. The phyletic significance of these observations is discussed.", "contents": "Some ultrastructural observations on the integument of a pentastomid. The cuticle of the cephalobaenid pentastomid Reighardia sternae is described at various stages of the moult-intermoult cycle. The intermoult cuticle comprises four layers: an outer epicuticle; an underlying dense layer, the protein epicuticle; a fibrillar endocuticle; and a denser subcuticle. The overall similarity between the structure and composition of these layers and those of insects is discussed. However, the orientation of the chitin-protein fibres in the endocuticle does not show the rotating structure characteristic of many arthropod species, but this does appear in the sclerotized hooks. It is suggested that this comparatively loose, poorly oriented endocuticular structure produces a highly extensible cuticle which is precisely adapted to the specialize, endoparasitic habit of this species. Events at ecdysis, particularly the secretion of moulting fluid and the deposition of cuticulin, follow the insect pattern precisely. The phyletic significance of these observations is discussed.", "PMID": 1118859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6130", "title": "The fine structure of the cockroach subgenual organ.", "content": "This paper describes the fine structure of the cockroach subgenual organ, a complex ciliated mechanoreceptor that detects vibrations in the substrate upon which the animal stands. Located beneath the knee in each walking leg, the cockroach subgenual organ is a thin, fan-shaped flap of tissue slung across the dorsal blood space of the tibia at right angles to the leg's long axis. It is innervated by approximately 50 chordotonal sensilla. The fine structure of the chordotonal sensilla is is described in detail; possible transducer sites are discussed.", "contents": "The fine structure of the cockroach subgenual organ. This paper describes the fine structure of the cockroach subgenual organ, a complex ciliated mechanoreceptor that detects vibrations in the substrate upon which the animal stands. Located beneath the knee in each walking leg, the cockroach subgenual organ is a thin, fan-shaped flap of tissue slung across the dorsal blood space of the tibia at right angles to the leg's long axis. It is innervated by approximately 50 chordotonal sensilla. The fine structure of the chordotonal sensilla is is described in detail; possible transducer sites are discussed.", "PMID": 1118860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6131", "title": "Effect of clomiphene on the ponderal, histological and biochemical changes induced by stilbestrol and testosterone in the uterus of rats.", "content": "A comparative study on the effects of clomiphene on the stilbestrol- and testosterone-induced changes in the weight, histology and biochemical constituents of the uterus was undertaken. Clomiphene counteracted the stilbestrol-induced increase in the weight, and the absolute contents of the glycogen, protein and RNA of the uterus, possibly by competitive inhibition. It failed to prevent such changes induced by testosterone: on the contrary, there were some additive effects. The results of the present study indicate that the binding sites for the estrogen and the androgen in the uterus are different.", "contents": "Effect of clomiphene on the ponderal, histological and biochemical changes induced by stilbestrol and testosterone in the uterus of rats. A comparative study on the effects of clomiphene on the stilbestrol- and testosterone-induced changes in the weight, histology and biochemical constituents of the uterus was undertaken. Clomiphene counteracted the stilbestrol-induced increase in the weight, and the absolute contents of the glycogen, protein and RNA of the uterus, possibly by competitive inhibition. It failed to prevent such changes induced by testosterone: on the contrary, there were some additive effects. The results of the present study indicate that the binding sites for the estrogen and the androgen in the uterus are different.", "PMID": 1118861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6132", "title": "Steroid hormones in the ovarian blood of the laying turkey.", "content": "In the present study estrone, estradiol, progesterone, the two 20-dihydroprogesterone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, and testosterone were isolated for the first time from the ovarian plasma of laying turkey hens. The isolated steroids were identified by comparing their chromatographic mobilities in thin-layer, liquid, and gas-liquid chromatography and, when sufficient material was isolated, by combined gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.", "contents": "Steroid hormones in the ovarian blood of the laying turkey. In the present study estrone, estradiol, progesterone, the two 20-dihydroprogesterone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, and testosterone were isolated for the first time from the ovarian plasma of laying turkey hens. The isolated steroids were identified by comparing their chromatographic mobilities in thin-layer, liquid, and gas-liquid chromatography and, when sufficient material was isolated, by combined gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.", "PMID": 1118862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6133", "title": "Adrenal and liver metabolites of 18-hydroxy-11-deoxycorticosterone in the rat. Identification of reduced compounds (18-OH-TH-DOC).", "content": "The presence of reduced metabolites of 18-hydroxy-11-deoxycorticosterone has been investigated in the adrenals of 23 day-old and adult rats and in the liver of adult rats. By thin-layer chromatography a fraction of the adrenal steroid extract migrating like tetrahydrocorticosterone has been isolated. By gas chromatography-mass spectrometry several isomers of 3,18,21-trihydroxy-pregnan-20-one (18-OH-TH-DOC) have been separated in this fraction and identified by comparison with authentic samples which have been chemically and enzymatically synthesized. The major tetrahydrogenated metabolite in the adult and prepuberal rat adrenals is 3beta,18,21-trihydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-one (18-OH-TH-DOC II). The 3alpha,18,21-trihydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one has been found only in the prepuberal rat adrenal. A third tetrahydrogenated isomer has been tentatively indentified as 3alpha,18,21-trihydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-one. Quantitative measurements by mass fragmentography show that adrenal reductase activity on 18-hydroxy-11-deoxycorticosterone is higher than on corticosterone. The 18-OH-TH-DOC II has been identified in the liver of adult male rat.", "contents": "Adrenal and liver metabolites of 18-hydroxy-11-deoxycorticosterone in the rat. Identification of reduced compounds (18-OH-TH-DOC). The presence of reduced metabolites of 18-hydroxy-11-deoxycorticosterone has been investigated in the adrenals of 23 day-old and adult rats and in the liver of adult rats. By thin-layer chromatography a fraction of the adrenal steroid extract migrating like tetrahydrocorticosterone has been isolated. By gas chromatography-mass spectrometry several isomers of 3,18,21-trihydroxy-pregnan-20-one (18-OH-TH-DOC) have been separated in this fraction and identified by comparison with authentic samples which have been chemically and enzymatically synthesized. The major tetrahydrogenated metabolite in the adult and prepuberal rat adrenals is 3beta,18,21-trihydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-one (18-OH-TH-DOC II). The 3alpha,18,21-trihydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one has been found only in the prepuberal rat adrenal. A third tetrahydrogenated isomer has been tentatively indentified as 3alpha,18,21-trihydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-one. Quantitative measurements by mass fragmentography show that adrenal reductase activity on 18-hydroxy-11-deoxycorticosterone is higher than on corticosterone. The 18-OH-TH-DOC II has been identified in the liver of adult male rat.", "PMID": 1118863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6134", "title": "Neural uptake and metabolism of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone in the guinea pig.", "content": "Neural tissues from adult, castrated male guinea pigs were examined for their capability to concentrate and metabolize [1,2-3H]testosterone (T) and [1,2-3H]dihydrotestosterone (DHT), both in vitro and in vivo. In vitro uptake of DHT and T was greater in the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary than in the cerebral cortex. With DHT as the substrate, the 800 times g particulate concentration of this compound was highest in the hypothalamus, although in this tissue, particulate concentration was less than that of the cytoplasm. In the cerebral cortex 5alpha-androstane-3,17-dione was the most abundant metabolite, whereas 5alpha-androstane-3,17-dione, 5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol, and 5alpha-androstane-3beta,17beta-diol were all present in equivalent amounts in the hypothalamus and pituitary. Incubation with T resulted in the formation of DHT, 4-androstene-3,17-dione, and a compound with the mobility of 5alpha-(or 5beta-)androstane-3,17-dione. The radioactivity associated with DHT was the most prevalent in the pituitary (1.3%), and least prevalent in the cerebral cortex (0.6%), and in all cases cytoplasmic concentration of this compound exceeded the concentration in the particulate fraction. Recrystallization failed to confirm the presence of estradiol-17beta. Although there were no apparent tissue differences in the uptake of DHT or T 1 hour after their injection, intracellular distribution varied. In all tissues examined, that percentage of total radioactivity attributable to DHT was greatest in the 800 times g particulate preparations, particularly in the hypothalamus. Thus neural tissues in the guinea pig, as in other species, exhibit differential uptake and metabolism of androgen through which physiological and behavioral effects may be mediated.", "contents": "Neural uptake and metabolism of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone in the guinea pig. Neural tissues from adult, castrated male guinea pigs were examined for their capability to concentrate and metabolize [1,2-3H]testosterone (T) and [1,2-3H]dihydrotestosterone (DHT), both in vitro and in vivo. In vitro uptake of DHT and T was greater in the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary than in the cerebral cortex. With DHT as the substrate, the 800 times g particulate concentration of this compound was highest in the hypothalamus, although in this tissue, particulate concentration was less than that of the cytoplasm. In the cerebral cortex 5alpha-androstane-3,17-dione was the most abundant metabolite, whereas 5alpha-androstane-3,17-dione, 5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol, and 5alpha-androstane-3beta,17beta-diol were all present in equivalent amounts in the hypothalamus and pituitary. Incubation with T resulted in the formation of DHT, 4-androstene-3,17-dione, and a compound with the mobility of 5alpha-(or 5beta-)androstane-3,17-dione. The radioactivity associated with DHT was the most prevalent in the pituitary (1.3%), and least prevalent in the cerebral cortex (0.6%), and in all cases cytoplasmic concentration of this compound exceeded the concentration in the particulate fraction. Recrystallization failed to confirm the presence of estradiol-17beta. Although there were no apparent tissue differences in the uptake of DHT or T 1 hour after their injection, intracellular distribution varied. In all tissues examined, that percentage of total radioactivity attributable to DHT was greatest in the 800 times g particulate preparations, particularly in the hypothalamus. Thus neural tissues in the guinea pig, as in other species, exhibit differential uptake and metabolism of androgen through which physiological and behavioral effects may be mediated.", "PMID": 1118864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6135", "title": "Inhibition of 17,20(17-hydroxyprogesterone)-lyase by progesterone.", "content": "14C-17-hydroxyprogesterone was incubated with 7000 times g times 20 min supernatants of rat testis homogenates in the presence of various concentrations of 3H-progesterone, both under conditions where metabolism would take place and where it would be prevented. When metabolism was prevented, the ratio of progesterone to 17-hydroxyprogesterone in the microsomal fraction was 3 times that which was added to the incubation medium. Progesterone competitively inhibited 17,20-lyase action on added 17-hydroxyprogesterone but not on 17-hydroxyprogesterone formed from the added progesterone. The rate of formation of 17-hydroxyprogesterone from progesterone, however, was inhibited by added 17-hydroxyprogesterone. The results indicate that there is no free exchange of an intermediate between progesterone and androstenedione with the soluble fraction, either inside or outside the microsomal vesicle. The limited exchange with 17-hydroxyprogesterone in solution probably represents exchange with an enzyme-bound intermediate.", "contents": "Inhibition of 17,20(17-hydroxyprogesterone)-lyase by progesterone. 14C-17-hydroxyprogesterone was incubated with 7000 times g times 20 min supernatants of rat testis homogenates in the presence of various concentrations of 3H-progesterone, both under conditions where metabolism would take place and where it would be prevented. When metabolism was prevented, the ratio of progesterone to 17-hydroxyprogesterone in the microsomal fraction was 3 times that which was added to the incubation medium. Progesterone competitively inhibited 17,20-lyase action on added 17-hydroxyprogesterone but not on 17-hydroxyprogesterone formed from the added progesterone. The rate of formation of 17-hydroxyprogesterone from progesterone, however, was inhibited by added 17-hydroxyprogesterone. The results indicate that there is no free exchange of an intermediate between progesterone and androstenedione with the soluble fraction, either inside or outside the microsomal vesicle. The limited exchange with 17-hydroxyprogesterone in solution probably represents exchange with an enzyme-bound intermediate.", "PMID": 1118865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6136", "title": "Synthesis and biological activity of 25xi,26-dihydroxycholecalciferol.", "content": "25xi,26-Dihydroxycholecalciferol (25xi,26-dihydroxyvitamin D3), a metabolite of vitamin D3 preferentially active on intestine has been synthesized. This compound was prepared by converting 3beta-hydroxy-27-norcholest-5-en-25-one to 25xi,26-epoxy-5-cholesten--3beta-ol and base-catalyzed hydrolysis of the latter to 5-cholestene-3beta,25xi,26-triol; allylic bromination of the corresponding triacetate, and dehydrobromination gave the required 5,7-diene which yielded the vitamin derivative upon photolysis (Figure 3). The synthetic product shows the same activity pattern as the natural metabolite: at dose levels of 0.25 mug, the compound stimulates intestinal calcium transport, but has no effect on bone calcium mobilization in rats maintained on a vitamin D-deficient, low calcium diet. Higher doses (2.5 mug) elicit a more pronounced intestinal calcium transport response, but also have no significant effect on the bone mobilization system. The compound exhibits no biologial activity in nephrectomized animals.", "contents": "Synthesis and biological activity of 25xi,26-dihydroxycholecalciferol. 25xi,26-Dihydroxycholecalciferol (25xi,26-dihydroxyvitamin D3), a metabolite of vitamin D3 preferentially active on intestine has been synthesized. This compound was prepared by converting 3beta-hydroxy-27-norcholest-5-en-25-one to 25xi,26-epoxy-5-cholesten--3beta-ol and base-catalyzed hydrolysis of the latter to 5-cholestene-3beta,25xi,26-triol; allylic bromination of the corresponding triacetate, and dehydrobromination gave the required 5,7-diene which yielded the vitamin derivative upon photolysis (Figure 3). The synthetic product shows the same activity pattern as the natural metabolite: at dose levels of 0.25 mug, the compound stimulates intestinal calcium transport, but has no effect on bone calcium mobilization in rats maintained on a vitamin D-deficient, low calcium diet. Higher doses (2.5 mug) elicit a more pronounced intestinal calcium transport response, but also have no significant effect on the bone mobilization system. The compound exhibits no biologial activity in nephrectomized animals.", "PMID": 1118866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6137", "title": "Plasma estrogens, progesterone and chorionic gonadotropin in pregnant rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) after ovariectomy.", "content": "Maternal peripheral plasma concentrations of estrone (E1), estradiol-17beta (E2), and progesterone (P) were determined in 4 rhesus monkeys ovariectomized in early pregnancy (22-24 days). After ovariectomy, plasma concentrations of E1 and E2 were basal for 1 to 2 weeks. In contrast, slightly higher estrogen levels, which may be attributed to the ovaries, were found in intact pregnant monkeys. E2 levels increased rapidly after this and exceeded those of E1 until the 5th month of gestation. From that time until parturition, E1 levels equaled or exceeded those of E2 in most instances. The pattern of P concentrations was similar to that observed in intact monkeys. Urinary chorionic gonadotropin (MCG) levels in ovariectomized monkeys were not significantly different from those found in normal pregnancies. Thus, the pattern for circulating E1, E2 and P, as well as for the excretion of MCG, after ovariectomy were remarkably similar to those found in intact, pregnant rhesus monkeys, indicating minimal ovarian influence.", "contents": "Plasma estrogens, progesterone and chorionic gonadotropin in pregnant rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) after ovariectomy. Maternal peripheral plasma concentrations of estrone (E1), estradiol-17beta (E2), and progesterone (P) were determined in 4 rhesus monkeys ovariectomized in early pregnancy (22-24 days). After ovariectomy, plasma concentrations of E1 and E2 were basal for 1 to 2 weeks. In contrast, slightly higher estrogen levels, which may be attributed to the ovaries, were found in intact pregnant monkeys. E2 levels increased rapidly after this and exceeded those of E1 until the 5th month of gestation. From that time until parturition, E1 levels equaled or exceeded those of E2 in most instances. The pattern of P concentrations was similar to that observed in intact monkeys. Urinary chorionic gonadotropin (MCG) levels in ovariectomized monkeys were not significantly different from those found in normal pregnancies. Thus, the pattern for circulating E1, E2 and P, as well as for the excretion of MCG, after ovariectomy were remarkably similar to those found in intact, pregnant rhesus monkeys, indicating minimal ovarian influence.", "PMID": 1118867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6138", "title": "Effects of estrogen and progesterone on uterine sialic acid in ovariectomized rats.", "content": "The effects of estradiol-17beta and progesterone on uterine sialic acid of ovariectomized rats have been examined. In contrast to a previous report, progesterone was found in two of three experiments of different design to increase uterine sialic acid concentration above that produced by estradiol-17beta alone; in the third experiment, it had no significant effect. This effect of progesterone was independent of the duration of treatment with exogenous hormones or of whether or not uterine luminal fluid was removed by blotting before assaying sialic acid. In a factorially designed experiment with four levels of estradiol-17beta and three of progesterone, a dose-response relationship was found between estradiol-17beta, but not progesterone, and uterine sialic acid concentration. It is concluded that, in some circumstances, estrogen and progesterone can act synergistically to increase uterine sialic acid concentration.", "contents": "Effects of estrogen and progesterone on uterine sialic acid in ovariectomized rats. The effects of estradiol-17beta and progesterone on uterine sialic acid of ovariectomized rats have been examined. In contrast to a previous report, progesterone was found in two of three experiments of different design to increase uterine sialic acid concentration above that produced by estradiol-17beta alone; in the third experiment, it had no significant effect. This effect of progesterone was independent of the duration of treatment with exogenous hormones or of whether or not uterine luminal fluid was removed by blotting before assaying sialic acid. In a factorially designed experiment with four levels of estradiol-17beta and three of progesterone, a dose-response relationship was found between estradiol-17beta, but not progesterone, and uterine sialic acid concentration. It is concluded that, in some circumstances, estrogen and progesterone can act synergistically to increase uterine sialic acid concentration.", "PMID": 1118868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6139", "title": "Assessment of national family planning programs in developing countries.", "content": "Today, 34 developing countries have policies and programs to lower fertility, and an additional 32 countries provide family planning services for health and humanitarian reasons. Specific causal relationships and linkages between social and economic development, family planning programs, and fertility levels and changes remain mostly unclear at this point. Based on percent acceptors, percent users, and changes in fertility rates (the most commonly used measures to evaluate family planning program accomplishments), however, the performance of programs on the whole has been moderately encouraging.", "contents": "Assessment of national family planning programs in developing countries. Today, 34 developing countries have policies and programs to lower fertility, and an additional 32 countries provide family planning services for health and humanitarian reasons. Specific causal relationships and linkages between social and economic development, family planning programs, and fertility levels and changes remain mostly unclear at this point. Based on percent acceptors, percent users, and changes in fertility rates (the most commonly used measures to evaluate family planning program accomplishments), however, the performance of programs on the whole has been moderately encouraging.", "PMID": 1118869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6140", "title": "Evaluating family planning program effectiveness and efficiency.", "content": "This article proposes an integrated in-house evaluation model for family planning programs. The model is designed to meet the need of program management for an operational and internal evaluation system suited to the ongoing character of program activities and focused on the feedback of information for program planning. The ideas presented are applied to the context of the Albany County Family Planning Service, Inc., Wyoming.", "contents": "Evaluating family planning program effectiveness and efficiency. This article proposes an integrated in-house evaluation model for family planning programs. The model is designed to meet the need of program management for an operational and internal evaluation system suited to the ongoing character of program activities and focused on the feedback of information for program planning. The ideas presented are applied to the context of the Albany County Family Planning Service, Inc., Wyoming.", "PMID": 1118870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6141", "title": "The role of voluntary organizations in national family planning programs.", "content": "A meeting of an expert group was held on 7-12 August 1972 in Bangkok, Thailand, to discuss existing patterns of relationships between governments in Asian countries implementing national family planning programs and the private national family planning associations. The concept of a suitable working relationship and division of labor was explored. It was felt that a nationwide program can best be administered under government leadership but that voluntary organizations should be involved to the maximum extent possible. The need for communication and coordination at all levels of planning and operation was stressed.", "contents": "The role of voluntary organizations in national family planning programs. A meeting of an expert group was held on 7-12 August 1972 in Bangkok, Thailand, to discuss existing patterns of relationships between governments in Asian countries implementing national family planning programs and the private national family planning associations. The concept of a suitable working relationship and division of labor was explored. It was felt that a nationwide program can best be administered under government leadership but that voluntary organizations should be involved to the maximum extent possible. The need for communication and coordination at all levels of planning and operation was stressed.", "PMID": 1118871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6142", "title": "Screening oral contraceptive candidates and inconsequential pelvic examinations.", "content": "Among 1,201 women who requested oral contraceptives (OCs) at a large London family planning clinic between 1 January 1971 and 9 March 1971, 51 (5 percent) were initially denied this method because of contraindications discovered by medical histories and examinations. Twenty-four of the 51 women received OCs at subsequent visits, raising the overall proportion receiving OCs to 97.4 percent. Initial screening procedures detected 44 contraindications by medical history, six by blood pressure determination, one by breast examination, and none by pelvic examination. Examination by a physician did not appear to be essential in the screening process at this clinic.", "contents": "Screening oral contraceptive candidates and inconsequential pelvic examinations. Among 1,201 women who requested oral contraceptives (OCs) at a large London family planning clinic between 1 January 1971 and 9 March 1971, 51 (5 percent) were initially denied this method because of contraindications discovered by medical histories and examinations. Twenty-four of the 51 women received OCs at subsequent visits, raising the overall proportion receiving OCs to 97.4 percent. Initial screening procedures detected 44 contraindications by medical history, six by blood pressure determination, one by breast examination, and none by pelvic examination. Examination by a physician did not appear to be essential in the screening process at this clinic.", "PMID": 1118872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6143", "title": "An economic framework for fertility analysis.", "content": "The standard formulation of the microeconomic theory of fertility, which emphasizes the demand for children and, to a lesser extent, the costs of fertility control, is too limited in its scope for use by most demographers and sociologists. The approach advanced in this paper adds to the usual theory a more explicit and formal treatment of the production of children, including the possibility of shifts in production independent of demand conditions. This more comprehensive framework is compared with the usual approach in the analysis of several empirical problems-non-marital fertility, premodern fertility fluctuations and differentials, and the secular fertility decline-and is shown to be better suited for incorporating the concepts and hypotheses of noneconomists along with those of economists.", "contents": "An economic framework for fertility analysis. The standard formulation of the microeconomic theory of fertility, which emphasizes the demand for children and, to a lesser extent, the costs of fertility control, is too limited in its scope for use by most demographers and sociologists. The approach advanced in this paper adds to the usual theory a more explicit and formal treatment of the production of children, including the possibility of shifts in production independent of demand conditions. This more comprehensive framework is compared with the usual approach in the analysis of several empirical problems-non-marital fertility, premodern fertility fluctuations and differentials, and the secular fertility decline-and is shown to be better suited for incorporating the concepts and hypotheses of noneconomists along with those of economists.", "PMID": 1118873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6144", "title": "REALPOP: a mathematical model for resource allocation in population programs-results from a test in the Dominican Republic.", "content": "The structure of a computerized mathematical model for resource allocation in population programs (REALPOP) and its application to the Dominican Republic's national family planning program are described. The model integrates demographic and management science approaches in the analysis of resource allocation, program planning, goal evaluation, and growth strategies of a family planning program. It is designed primarily to aid administrative decision-makers. The Dominican National Population and Family Council (NPFC) established a goal of reducing the crude birth rate from its 1968 level of 48 per thousand population to 28 per thousand in 15 years. Further, the program has established a clear set of program plans and alternatives. This study investigates the implication of these plans for the program's stated goals.", "contents": "REALPOP: a mathematical model for resource allocation in population programs-results from a test in the Dominican Republic. The structure of a computerized mathematical model for resource allocation in population programs (REALPOP) and its application to the Dominican Republic's national family planning program are described. The model integrates demographic and management science approaches in the analysis of resource allocation, program planning, goal evaluation, and growth strategies of a family planning program. It is designed primarily to aid administrative decision-makers. The Dominican National Population and Family Council (NPFC) established a goal of reducing the crude birth rate from its 1968 level of 48 per thousand population to 28 per thousand in 15 years. Further, the program has established a clear set of program plans and alternatives. This study investigates the implication of these plans for the program's stated goals.", "PMID": 1118874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6145", "title": "The relationship between change in educational attainment and fertility rates in Taiwan.", "content": "Using vital statistics data for 1966 on age-education-specific marital fertility rates and comparable data drawn from a sample of Taiwanese women in 1971, the author computes the separate effects of changes in marital fertility, proportions married, age distribution, and educational distribution on changes in the crude birth rate and the fertility rate between 1966 and 1971. The changing educational distribution appears to have been fairly important, accounting for 24 percent of the 1966-1971 change in crude birth rate, holding other factors constant. For young women, the closely related factors of education and age at marriage seem to dominate fertility over the period, probably reflecting the widespread adoption of contraceptive practice by the lower educational strata. The effects of organized family planning program efforts are probably felt here.", "contents": "The relationship between change in educational attainment and fertility rates in Taiwan. Using vital statistics data for 1966 on age-education-specific marital fertility rates and comparable data drawn from a sample of Taiwanese women in 1971, the author computes the separate effects of changes in marital fertility, proportions married, age distribution, and educational distribution on changes in the crude birth rate and the fertility rate between 1966 and 1971. The changing educational distribution appears to have been fairly important, accounting for 24 percent of the 1966-1971 change in crude birth rate, holding other factors constant. For young women, the closely related factors of education and age at marriage seem to dominate fertility over the period, probably reflecting the widespread adoption of contraceptive practice by the lower educational strata. The effects of organized family planning program efforts are probably felt here.", "PMID": 1118875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6146", "title": "Washed hyperpacked frozen and shelf red blood cells.", "content": "In order to determine the maximum degree to which blood units could be packed and still be effective, shelf stored blood and previously frozen red blood cells were washed and hyperpacked to hematocrits of 90 to 98 per cent. These products had average volumes of 180 and 162 ml, respectively. When transfused into a group of patients with stable nonhemolytic anemias or with slow or intermittent blood loss, the hyperpacked shelf stored blood resulted in average hematocrit increments of 4.4 per cent; the hyperpacked frozen red blood cells resulted in average hematocrit increments of 3.4 per cent. Conventionally packed unwashed red blood cells had approximately 10 per cent more hemoglobin and volumes of 270 to 330 ml, but resulted in average hematocrit elevations of only 2.8 per cent. Unwashed blood hyperpacked to hematocrits of 90 per cent with removal of the visible buffy coat took much longer to administer. Thus, by washing and hyperpacking shelf stored blood or previously forzen red blood cells, transfusions with the minimal amount of extraneous material can be given.", "contents": "Washed hyperpacked frozen and shelf red blood cells. In order to determine the maximum degree to which blood units could be packed and still be effective, shelf stored blood and previously frozen red blood cells were washed and hyperpacked to hematocrits of 90 to 98 per cent. These products had average volumes of 180 and 162 ml, respectively. When transfused into a group of patients with stable nonhemolytic anemias or with slow or intermittent blood loss, the hyperpacked shelf stored blood resulted in average hematocrit increments of 4.4 per cent; the hyperpacked frozen red blood cells resulted in average hematocrit increments of 3.4 per cent. Conventionally packed unwashed red blood cells had approximately 10 per cent more hemoglobin and volumes of 270 to 330 ml, but resulted in average hematocrit elevations of only 2.8 per cent. Unwashed blood hyperpacked to hematocrits of 90 per cent with removal of the visible buffy coat took much longer to administer. Thus, by washing and hyperpacking shelf stored blood or previously forzen red blood cells, transfusions with the minimal amount of extraneous material can be given.", "PMID": 1118876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6147", "title": "Identification of strong Sd(a+) and Sd(a++) red cells by hemagglutinins from Salvia horminum.", "content": "Anti-Sd-a is difficult to identify, unless a special technique and strongly reacting Sd(a+) red blood cells are used. Sd-a has a broad distribution of antigen strength. The strongest examples [Sd(a++) or \"Super Sid\" and strong Sd(a+)] may be readily identified by using an extract from the seeds of Salvia horminum.", "contents": "Identification of strong Sd(a+) and Sd(a++) red cells by hemagglutinins from Salvia horminum. Anti-Sd-a is difficult to identify, unless a special technique and strongly reacting Sd(a+) red blood cells are used. Sd-a has a broad distribution of antigen strength. The strongest examples [Sd(a++) or \"Super Sid\" and strong Sd(a+)] may be readily identified by using an extract from the seeds of Salvia horminum.", "PMID": 1118877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6148", "title": "In vitro metabolism of packed erythrocytes stored in CPD-adenine.", "content": "In vitro metabolism of erythrocytes packed at 70 and 90 per cent hematocrits and stored in various CPD-adenine preservatives was studied. It was found that maintenance of acceptable levels of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for the full 42 days of storage could be accomplished only if glucose levels were doubled from the standard 138.7 mM concentration to 277.5 mM level. If glucose levels were doubled, the amount of adenine could be decreased from 4.07 mM (0.50 mM final concentration) to 2.04 mM (0.25 mM final concentration) with maintenance of ATP at greater than 2.0 mumoles/g Hb. 2,3-diphosphoglycerate concentrations were essentially absent by 21 days in the various media studies. Thus, in vitro levels of ATP appear to be maintained at acceptable levels in a CPD media modified to contain 2 times glucose and 2.04 mM adenine.", "contents": "In vitro metabolism of packed erythrocytes stored in CPD-adenine. In vitro metabolism of erythrocytes packed at 70 and 90 per cent hematocrits and stored in various CPD-adenine preservatives was studied. It was found that maintenance of acceptable levels of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for the full 42 days of storage could be accomplished only if glucose levels were doubled from the standard 138.7 mM concentration to 277.5 mM level. If glucose levels were doubled, the amount of adenine could be decreased from 4.07 mM (0.50 mM final concentration) to 2.04 mM (0.25 mM final concentration) with maintenance of ATP at greater than 2.0 mumoles/g Hb. 2,3-diphosphoglycerate concentrations were essentially absent by 21 days in the various media studies. Thus, in vitro levels of ATP appear to be maintained at acceptable levels in a CPD media modified to contain 2 times glucose and 2.04 mM adenine.", "PMID": 1118878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6149", "title": "Two further examples of anti-Gy.", "content": "Two new patients with anti-Gy-a (Gregory) are reported. Both patients are from an area where consanguineous marriage is common. The two kindreds may be related.", "contents": "Two further examples of anti-Gy. Two new patients with anti-Gy-a (Gregory) are reported. Both patients are from an area where consanguineous marriage is common. The two kindreds may be related.", "PMID": 1118881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6150", "title": "The effect of agitation on in vitro metabolism of erythrocytes stored in CPD-adenine.", "content": "Agitation of blood stored in plastic containers has been reported to lead to improved posttransfusion survival and it has been found that, in some media, agitation has improved erythrocyte 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) levels. Using CPD II media (CPD with 277.5 mM glucose and 2.04 mM adenine), we were not able to identify any improvement in levels of adenosine triphosphate, 2,3-DPG or glucose in whole blood under various agitation conditions when compared with nonagitated control. The 2,3-DPG level was moderately improved through 28 days in the 90 per cent hematocrit packed erythrocytes but the results were not considered to be significantly beneficial to warrant agitation. Thus, the application of agitation to the CPD II blood storage system was of no great benefit in improving metabolic intermediate levels.", "contents": "The effect of agitation on in vitro metabolism of erythrocytes stored in CPD-adenine. Agitation of blood stored in plastic containers has been reported to lead to improved posttransfusion survival and it has been found that, in some media, agitation has improved erythrocyte 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) levels. Using CPD II media (CPD with 277.5 mM glucose and 2.04 mM adenine), we were not able to identify any improvement in levels of adenosine triphosphate, 2,3-DPG or glucose in whole blood under various agitation conditions when compared with nonagitated control. The 2,3-DPG level was moderately improved through 28 days in the 90 per cent hematocrit packed erythrocytes but the results were not considered to be significantly beneficial to warrant agitation. Thus, the application of agitation to the CPD II blood storage system was of no great benefit in improving metabolic intermediate levels.", "PMID": 1118879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6151", "title": "Potassium load in CPD-preserved whole blood and two types of packed red blood cells.", "content": "The potassium load of transfused blood must be minimized. We have compared the total plasma potassium content of units of CPD-preserved stored whole blood (SWB), stored packed cells (SPC), and packed cells prepared from stored whole blood (WB-PC). Plasma potassium concentrations, unit weights, and hematocrits of 20 units of SWB, 27 units of SPC, and 20 units of WB-PC of various ages were measured. During the 21-day storage period, total plasma potassium content per unit increased in units of SPC at the same rate as in units of SWB, because plasma potassium concentration increased in SPC at three times the rate of SWB. The values for total plasma potassium per unit at 14 and 21 days in mEq/unit were: SWB, 4.4, 5.8; SPC 3.1, 4.4; and WB-PC 1.9, 2.5. Thus, SPC units may contain substantial amounts of plasma potassium when stored for two to three weeks. However, removal of most of the remaining supernatant plasma from SPC units just prior to administration provides a readily available supply of low potassium blood while allowing maximum conservation of scarce blood resources.", "contents": "Potassium load in CPD-preserved whole blood and two types of packed red blood cells. The potassium load of transfused blood must be minimized. We have compared the total plasma potassium content of units of CPD-preserved stored whole blood (SWB), stored packed cells (SPC), and packed cells prepared from stored whole blood (WB-PC). Plasma potassium concentrations, unit weights, and hematocrits of 20 units of SWB, 27 units of SPC, and 20 units of WB-PC of various ages were measured. During the 21-day storage period, total plasma potassium content per unit increased in units of SPC at the same rate as in units of SWB, because plasma potassium concentration increased in SPC at three times the rate of SWB. The values for total plasma potassium per unit at 14 and 21 days in mEq/unit were: SWB, 4.4, 5.8; SPC 3.1, 4.4; and WB-PC 1.9, 2.5. Thus, SPC units may contain substantial amounts of plasma potassium when stored for two to three weeks. However, removal of most of the remaining supernatant plasma from SPC units just prior to administration provides a readily available supply of low potassium blood while allowing maximum conservation of scarce blood resources.", "PMID": 1118880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6152", "title": "Blood banking as a professional discipline in medicine.", "content": "A closer orientation of blood banking toward optimal donor and patient care will depend upon an enlargement of the manpower pool of physicians with specific competence in this area. Toward this end, programs must be developed within medical school curricula, and comprehensive postgraduate training programs must be available for those interested in committing themselves fully to this specialty. Continuing education must be made available to part-time blood banking professionals in order that they remain abreast of newer developments. Recognition of their skills can now come about through competence testing and certification programs. Improvements in management of the blood resource may then be expected to occur in parallel with the increase in numbers and quality of the professionals within this unique specialty.", "contents": "Blood banking as a professional discipline in medicine. A closer orientation of blood banking toward optimal donor and patient care will depend upon an enlargement of the manpower pool of physicians with specific competence in this area. Toward this end, programs must be developed within medical school curricula, and comprehensive postgraduate training programs must be available for those interested in committing themselves fully to this specialty. Continuing education must be made available to part-time blood banking professionals in order that they remain abreast of newer developments. Recognition of their skills can now come about through competence testing and certification programs. Improvements in management of the blood resource may then be expected to occur in parallel with the increase in numbers and quality of the professionals within this unique specialty.", "PMID": 1118882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6153", "title": "Effects of donor recruitment methods on population responses.", "content": "It is important to know the preferences of blood donors and nondonors as to 1) the method of contact of the prospective donor by the recruiter, 2) the character of the relationship between the recruiter and the recruit, 3) the recruitment message used by the recruiter, and 4) the logistics of the collection. Interviews with almost 2,000 blood donors and nondonors in the Buffalo region were done to provide information on these preferences. Results of the studies include evidence that face-to-face recruiting is over three times as effective as is recruiting by the telephone. the relationship between recruiter and recruit is important primarily to first-time donors. The recruitment message should include all of the reasons for donating. Replacement donors are a good source of future volunteers, and the logistics of blood collection, particularly selection of donor sites and overall time required to donate, are crucial in determining donor responses.", "contents": "Effects of donor recruitment methods on population responses. It is important to know the preferences of blood donors and nondonors as to 1) the method of contact of the prospective donor by the recruiter, 2) the character of the relationship between the recruiter and the recruit, 3) the recruitment message used by the recruiter, and 4) the logistics of the collection. Interviews with almost 2,000 blood donors and nondonors in the Buffalo region were done to provide information on these preferences. Results of the studies include evidence that face-to-face recruiting is over three times as effective as is recruiting by the telephone. the relationship between recruiter and recruit is important primarily to first-time donors. The recruitment message should include all of the reasons for donating. Replacement donors are a good source of future volunteers, and the logistics of blood collection, particularly selection of donor sites and overall time required to donate, are crucial in determining donor responses.", "PMID": 1118883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6154", "title": "On the sparse seeding of bone marrow and thymus in radiation chimaeras.", "content": "The repopulation of the thymus was studied in mice after a potentially lethal dose of irradiation and injection of different numbers of syngeneic but chromosomally distinguishable bone marrow cells.  The more bone marrow cells were injected, the earlier was the changeover from dividing host cells to dividing donor cells observed.  At both 30 and 60 days after irradiation, the number of donor-derived T cells in the peripheral blood responding to phytohemagglutinin was directly proportional to the number of donor bone marrow cells injected, but the number of host-derived T cells was inversely proportional.  Experiments in which mistures of two syngeneic chromosomally distinguishable haematopoietic cell populations were injected after irradiation suggested that relatively small numbers of haematopoietic cells can be responsible for repopulating a single femur.  Analysis of the thymus showed that the dividing cell populations within the thymus can also derive from very few precursor cells, possibly as few as one or two.", "contents": "On the sparse seeding of bone marrow and thymus in radiation chimaeras. The repopulation of the thymus was studied in mice after a potentially lethal dose of irradiation and injection of different numbers of syngeneic but chromosomally distinguishable bone marrow cells.  The more bone marrow cells were injected, the earlier was the changeover from dividing host cells to dividing donor cells observed.  At both 30 and 60 days after irradiation, the number of donor-derived T cells in the peripheral blood responding to phytohemagglutinin was directly proportional to the number of donor bone marrow cells injected, but the number of host-derived T cells was inversely proportional.  Experiments in which mistures of two syngeneic chromosomally distinguishable haematopoietic cell populations were injected after irradiation suggested that relatively small numbers of haematopoietic cells can be responsible for repopulating a single femur.  Analysis of the thymus showed that the dividing cell populations within the thymus can also derive from very few precursor cells, possibly as few as one or two.", "PMID": 1118887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6155", "title": "Donors and nondonors: communication and information.", "content": "Donors and nondonors from six states were surveyed to determine differences in: 1) socioeconomic and demographic characteristics, 2) knowledge about blood donation, 3) access to information about donating, and 4) motivation to donate. The findings indicate that the present donor pool consists largely of socioeconomically advancing young adults. There was little difference between donors' and nondonors' knowledge of the donating process and access to mass media-disseminated information about blood donation. Nondonors receive more information about donating from friends than do donors and interpersonal influence is an effective means of donor recruitment. The use of motivators other than humanitarianism may also be useful for inducing volunteer donations. Nondonors do lack knowledge about the location of local collection facilities. The present sample is socioeconomically and demographically representative of the U.S. adult population. As such, it provides information useful for developing effective donor recruitment strategies.", "contents": "Donors and nondonors: communication and information. Donors and nondonors from six states were surveyed to determine differences in: 1) socioeconomic and demographic characteristics, 2) knowledge about blood donation, 3) access to information about donating, and 4) motivation to donate. The findings indicate that the present donor pool consists largely of socioeconomically advancing young adults. There was little difference between donors' and nondonors' knowledge of the donating process and access to mass media-disseminated information about blood donation. Nondonors receive more information about donating from friends than do donors and interpersonal influence is an effective means of donor recruitment. The use of motivators other than humanitarianism may also be useful for inducing volunteer donations. Nondonors do lack knowledge about the location of local collection facilities. The present sample is socioeconomically and demographically representative of the U.S. adult population. As such, it provides information useful for developing effective donor recruitment strategies.", "PMID": 1118884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6156", "title": "A computerized donor processing system for a regional blood collection center.", "content": "The initial phase of a computerized on-line donor processing system was developed and demonstrated at the American National Red Cross, Washington Regional Donor Center and at bloodmobile operations. It was used for entry of donor registration information and for screening donors early in the donation procedure against a list of deferred donors. This demonstration took place with the computerized donor processing system running in parallel with the present manual operations. Since volunteer staff usually assist in the operation of most blood collection facilities, it was necessary to demonstrate that nontechnical personnel could operate the computerized system.", "contents": "A computerized donor processing system for a regional blood collection center. The initial phase of a computerized on-line donor processing system was developed and demonstrated at the American National Red Cross, Washington Regional Donor Center and at bloodmobile operations. It was used for entry of donor registration information and for screening donors early in the donation procedure against a list of deferred donors. This demonstration took place with the computerized donor processing system running in parallel with the present manual operations. Since volunteer staff usually assist in the operation of most blood collection facilities, it was necessary to demonstrate that nontechnical personnel could operate the computerized system.", "PMID": 1118885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6157", "title": "Granulocyte harvest for transfusion: donor response to repeated leukapheresis.", "content": "Leukapheresis of normal donors with the NCI-IBM Continuous Flow Blood Cell Separator was compared with the method of filtration leukapheresis. An average of 5.7 times 10-9 (range 1.4 to 10.9 times 10-9) granulocytes were collected on 25 occasions with the blood cell separator compared with an average of 36.6 times 10-9 (range 20.1 to 61.3 times 10-9) obtained by filtration leukapheresis on 85 occasions. Donor platelet counts decreased following donation by an average of 29,000/mul (14%) with continuous flow centrifugation (CFC) and an average of 40,000/mul (17%) with filtration leukapheresis (FL). Estimated donor packed red blood cell loss, including blood obtained for investigative purposes, was 80 ml per donation with CFC and 67 ml per donation when FL was used. FL resulted in at least a 25 per cent increase in the granulocyte count of donors by donation completion in 61 per cent of donors, although postdonation granulocytosis did not correlate with increased cell harvest. CFC donors generally displayed a postdonation decrease in granulocyte count. Normal numbers of granulocytes were maintained in donors undergoing frequent leukapheresis and no donor's health was compromised by the removal of large numbers of granulocytes. Repeated donations were possible with both systems. Although platelet counts dropped more with FL, the procedure was performed as frequently as eight times in a ten-day period without development of severe donor thrombocytopenia. Donor red blood cell loss appears to be the limiting factor in the repeated use of either system. Blood loss could be significantly decreased under routine conditions if fewer samples were obtained for investigational purposes. Filtration leukapheresis offers the advantage of significantly greater granulocyte yields than is possible with CFC unless modifications such as arterio-venous shunts or the use of steroids and/or rouleaux-inducing agents are employed.", "contents": "Granulocyte harvest for transfusion: donor response to repeated leukapheresis. Leukapheresis of normal donors with the NCI-IBM Continuous Flow Blood Cell Separator was compared with the method of filtration leukapheresis. An average of 5.7 times 10-9 (range 1.4 to 10.9 times 10-9) granulocytes were collected on 25 occasions with the blood cell separator compared with an average of 36.6 times 10-9 (range 20.1 to 61.3 times 10-9) obtained by filtration leukapheresis on 85 occasions. Donor platelet counts decreased following donation by an average of 29,000/mul (14%) with continuous flow centrifugation (CFC) and an average of 40,000/mul (17%) with filtration leukapheresis (FL). Estimated donor packed red blood cell loss, including blood obtained for investigative purposes, was 80 ml per donation with CFC and 67 ml per donation when FL was used. FL resulted in at least a 25 per cent increase in the granulocyte count of donors by donation completion in 61 per cent of donors, although postdonation granulocytosis did not correlate with increased cell harvest. CFC donors generally displayed a postdonation decrease in granulocyte count. Normal numbers of granulocytes were maintained in donors undergoing frequent leukapheresis and no donor's health was compromised by the removal of large numbers of granulocytes. Repeated donations were possible with both systems. Although platelet counts dropped more with FL, the procedure was performed as frequently as eight times in a ten-day period without development of severe donor thrombocytopenia. Donor red blood cell loss appears to be the limiting factor in the repeated use of either system. Blood loss could be significantly decreased under routine conditions if fewer samples were obtained for investigational purposes. Filtration leukapheresis offers the advantage of significantly greater granulocyte yields than is possible with CFC unless modifications such as arterio-venous shunts or the use of steroids and/or rouleaux-inducing agents are employed.", "PMID": 1118886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6158", "title": "[Device increasing the capabilities of the MUF-5 microspectrophotometer].", "content": "Technical data for coordination of the device electric scheme and the MUPH-5 scheme (both with and without the integrator MIU-2) are presented together with a following computer analysis. The device enables to record discrete changes of optical density on the scanning pathway thus giving an advantage in application for quantitative analysis of histochemical enzymatic reaction as compared with the graphic registering.", "contents": "[Device increasing the capabilities of the MUF-5 microspectrophotometer]. Technical data for coordination of the device electric scheme and the MUPH-5 scheme (both with and without the integrator MIU-2) are presented together with a following computer analysis. The device enables to record discrete changes of optical density on the scanning pathway thus giving an advantage in application for quantitative analysis of histochemical enzymatic reaction as compared with the graphic registering.", "PMID": 1118896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6159", "title": "[Linear differentiation of the X-chromosomes of the field vole Microtus agrestis].", "content": "Morphology of the fibroblasts X-chromosomes obtained from the female field vole Microtus agrestis and cultured for 4--5 hr before fixation in 5-bromodeoxyuridine, was studied. A clear differential condensation along the lenght of the whole X-chromosome was observed. A difference between homologues in the degree of uneven condensation was noted both in the short arm (facultative heterochromatin) and in the long arm (constitutive heterochromatin).", "contents": "[Linear differentiation of the X-chromosomes of the field vole Microtus agrestis]. Morphology of the fibroblasts X-chromosomes obtained from the female field vole Microtus agrestis and cultured for 4--5 hr before fixation in 5-bromodeoxyuridine, was studied. A clear differential condensation along the lenght of the whole X-chromosome was observed. A difference between homologues in the degree of uneven condensation was noted both in the short arm (facultative heterochromatin) and in the long arm (constitutive heterochromatin).", "PMID": 1118897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6160", "title": "[Electron microscopic study of the formation of pancreatic endocrine A-cells from acinar epithelium in normal and experimental conditions].", "content": "Electron microscope studies in the pancreas of intact white rats and cats and after folliculin administration showed presence of acinar-islet cells with zymogen and endocrine A-granules. Different structure organellas, different amount of zymogen and incretory granules in these cells gave an idea of the process of acino-insular transformation. At later stages of the transformation, participation of the elements of laminar complex of the transitional cells in formation of secretory A-granules, was noted. Presence of the acinar-islet cells in normal and a high amount of them in the pancreas of experimental animals corroborated the essential role of the acinar-islet transformation in the genesis of A-cells of the Langerhans islets.", "contents": "[Electron microscopic study of the formation of pancreatic endocrine A-cells from acinar epithelium in normal and experimental conditions]. Electron microscope studies in the pancreas of intact white rats and cats and after folliculin administration showed presence of acinar-islet cells with zymogen and endocrine A-granules. Different structure organellas, different amount of zymogen and incretory granules in these cells gave an idea of the process of acino-insular transformation. At later stages of the transformation, participation of the elements of laminar complex of the transitional cells in formation of secretory A-granules, was noted. Presence of the acinar-islet cells in normal and a high amount of them in the pancreas of experimental animals corroborated the essential role of the acinar-islet transformation in the genesis of A-cells of the Langerhans islets.", "PMID": 1118898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6161", "title": "[Role of cations and surface membrane proteins in the adhesion of rat liver parenchymal cells. I. Effect of dirrerent perfusion periods on the structure of cellular junctions].", "content": "Electronmicroscopic study of the structure of the rat liver cell junctions in the normal conditions and after 90 min. perfusion by the physiological solution showed 4 kinds of specialized junctions between the hepatocytes with typical structure: tight junction, gap junction, intermediate junction, and desmosomes. The long perfusion does not cause visible changes in the contact structure or the sizes of the intercellular space. The preservation of the tight junction after the long perfusion is demonstrated by the lanthanum tracer: lanthanum is never found in the tight junction and in the bile capillary. Lanthanum reveales globular structure of the middle layer of the gap junction.", "contents": "[Role of cations and surface membrane proteins in the adhesion of rat liver parenchymal cells. I. Effect of dirrerent perfusion periods on the structure of cellular junctions]. Electronmicroscopic study of the structure of the rat liver cell junctions in the normal conditions and after 90 min. perfusion by the physiological solution showed 4 kinds of specialized junctions between the hepatocytes with typical structure: tight junction, gap junction, intermediate junction, and desmosomes. The long perfusion does not cause visible changes in the contact structure or the sizes of the intercellular space. The preservation of the tight junction after the long perfusion is demonstrated by the lanthanum tracer: lanthanum is never found in the tight junction and in the bile capillary. Lanthanum reveales globular structure of the middle layer of the gap junction.", "PMID": 1118899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6162", "title": "[Nuclear apparatus of the oocyte and accessory cells in the oogenesis of 2 ant species].", "content": "The accessory nuclei are present throughout vitellogenesis. They originate from the oocyte nucleus. Structurally they resembe nuclei and, besides, their inclusions contain RNA of nucleolar origin. But the inclusions of accessory nuclei are Feulgen-negative.", "contents": "[Nuclear apparatus of the oocyte and accessory cells in the oogenesis of 2 ant species]. The accessory nuclei are present throughout vitellogenesis. They originate from the oocyte nucleus. Structurally they resembe nuclei and, besides, their inclusions contain RNA of nucleolar origin. But the inclusions of accessory nuclei are Feulgen-negative.", "PMID": 1118900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6163", "title": "[Mechanism of potentiation of contraction in glycerol-treated muscles].", "content": "The glycerol was shown to lead to a considerable though transient increase in the contractile amplitude of the m. sartorius. Prolonged incubation of the muscle in the Ringer and Ca-free solutions in presence of glycerol led to a decrease in the response following potentiation. The potentiation due to glycerol seems to be caused by Ca2+ release which, in its turn, is due to the glycerol effect on membranes of SR and T-systems.", "contents": "[Mechanism of potentiation of contraction in glycerol-treated muscles]. The glycerol was shown to lead to a considerable though transient increase in the contractile amplitude of the m. sartorius. Prolonged incubation of the muscle in the Ringer and Ca-free solutions in presence of glycerol led to a decrease in the response following potentiation. The potentiation due to glycerol seems to be caused by Ca2+ release which, in its turn, is due to the glycerol effect on membranes of SR and T-systems.", "PMID": 1118901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6164", "title": "[Increase in the time of conservation of contractility of glycerinated muscles exposed to subthreshhold concentrations of chemical agents].", "content": "The response of glycerinized frog muscles to the action of chemical agents at subthreshold concentrations was the same as that of living muscles. Preservation of contractility (up to 50--200% over the control time) in response to ATP was achieved by incubation of the muscle models in solutions of chloral hydrate (0.0038--0.015M), urethan (0.09--0.35M), urea (0.5M) and sodium chloride (0.035--0.070M). Concentrations of these agents were always about 15--45% of the toxicity threshold. The prolongation of the \"survival time\" is suggested to depend on changes in the contractile proteins of muscles.", "contents": "[Increase in the time of conservation of contractility of glycerinated muscles exposed to subthreshhold concentrations of chemical agents]. The response of glycerinized frog muscles to the action of chemical agents at subthreshold concentrations was the same as that of living muscles. Preservation of contractility (up to 50--200% over the control time) in response to ATP was achieved by incubation of the muscle models in solutions of chloral hydrate (0.0038--0.015M), urethan (0.09--0.35M), urea (0.5M) and sodium chloride (0.035--0.070M). Concentrations of these agents were always about 15--45% of the toxicity threshold. The prolongation of the \"survival time\" is suggested to depend on changes in the contractile proteins of muscles.", "PMID": 1118902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6165", "title": "[Time dependence of the reaction rate constant of potassium permeability of Ranvier's node membrane].", "content": "To describe the kinetics of potassium permeability (conductance) changes in the  squid giant axon membrane the Hodgkin--Huxley formulation uses a single first-order in time variable n with forward and backward rate constants, respectively alpha-n and beta-n, potential-dependent but time-independent. It has been shown by Frankenhaeuser that in the potassium-carrying system of the myelinated nerve fiber membrane of Xenopus laevis the rate constant beta-n is dependent on the duration of previous depolarization, i. e. the beta-n of this membrane is time-dependent. Started from the FitzHugh--Cole--Moore translation principle for potassium current experimental data of Frankenhaeuser have been analysed to show that the rate constant alpha-n in the X. laevis nerve fiber membrane is also time-dependent. To keep the conventional Hodgkin--Huxley formulation valid in case of the potassium-carrying system of the X. laevis nodal membrane involvement of an additional first--order in time component (n-II) has been postulated, which is compatible with Frankenhaeuser's experimental results. This component n-II appears to be identical to the n-II-component in the potassium-carrying system of the Rana ridibunda nerve fiber membrane. Both are rather slow and activated within the potential range more negative than the basic n-I-component (corresponding to Frankenhaeuser's variable n). The component n-I seems to be identical to the n-component of many other excitable membranes with fast action potentials. The existence of the third, very slow nIII-component is also possible. The independent components in question are believed to be associated with different independent potassium channels within the same membrane. It is likely that the existence of several independent components is a general feature of the potassium-carrying mechanism in the excitable membranes essential for a particular type of electrogenesis.", "contents": "[Time dependence of the reaction rate constant of potassium permeability of Ranvier's node membrane]. To describe the kinetics of potassium permeability (conductance) changes in the  squid giant axon membrane the Hodgkin--Huxley formulation uses a single first-order in time variable n with forward and backward rate constants, respectively alpha-n and beta-n, potential-dependent but time-independent. It has been shown by Frankenhaeuser that in the potassium-carrying system of the myelinated nerve fiber membrane of Xenopus laevis the rate constant beta-n is dependent on the duration of previous depolarization, i. e. the beta-n of this membrane is time-dependent. Started from the FitzHugh--Cole--Moore translation principle for potassium current experimental data of Frankenhaeuser have been analysed to show that the rate constant alpha-n in the X. laevis nerve fiber membrane is also time-dependent. To keep the conventional Hodgkin--Huxley formulation valid in case of the potassium-carrying system of the X. laevis nodal membrane involvement of an additional first--order in time component (n-II) has been postulated, which is compatible with Frankenhaeuser's experimental results. This component n-II appears to be identical to the n-II-component in the potassium-carrying system of the Rana ridibunda nerve fiber membrane. Both are rather slow and activated within the potential range more negative than the basic n-I-component (corresponding to Frankenhaeuser's variable n). The component n-I seems to be identical to the n-component of many other excitable membranes with fast action potentials. The existence of the third, very slow nIII-component is also possible. The independent components in question are believed to be associated with different independent potassium channels within the same membrane. It is likely that the existence of several independent components is a general feature of the potassium-carrying mechanism in the excitable membranes essential for a particular type of electrogenesis.", "PMID": 1118903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6166", "title": "[Grouping of neurons according to their RNA content during different functional states of the cerebral cortex].", "content": "In the cat somatosensory cortex intact and after epileptiform activity induced by electric stimulation, neurons formed groups on the basis of similarity of their RNA contents. The highest degree of grouping was observed during the epileptiform cortical activity. Functional significance of these groupings is discussed.", "contents": "[Grouping of neurons according to their RNA content during different functional states of the cerebral cortex]. In the cat somatosensory cortex intact and after epileptiform activity induced by electric stimulation, neurons formed groups on the basis of similarity of their RNA contents. The highest degree of grouping was observed during the epileptiform cortical activity. Functional significance of these groupings is discussed.", "PMID": 1118904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6167", "title": "[Effect of light deprivation and light stimulation on the RNA content of neurons in the adult rat visual analyzer].", "content": "By means of two-wavelength visual cytospectrophotometry, a content of nucleic acids per cell was determined in the gallocyanin chrome alum stained sections of the adult rat nervous system. Illumination of normal rats with constant or flashing light for 2 hr resulted in an accumulation of RNA in II--III layer neurons of the visual cortex and in the retina ganglionic neurons. After the rats had been kept for 30 days in a complete darkness the nucleic acid content in their visual cortex neurons was increased. Illumination of these animals with constant or flashing light for 2 hr gave rise to a return of the nucleic acid content in the cortex neurons to the normal. Under the effect of 30-day light deprivation, the nucleic acid content in the retina ganglionic neurons remained unchanged. Illumination of the light-deprived rats with flashing light for 2 hr also did not change RNA content in these retina neurons. The data obtained indicate the prolonged hypofunction in adult animals to induce marked changes in nucleic acid metabolism in the neurons of visual analyser. A relationship between the function and metabolism in adult neurons is emphasized; differences of the function-dependent metabolic responses in the cell structures of central and peripheral parts of the visual analyser are discussed.", "contents": "[Effect of light deprivation and light stimulation on the RNA content of neurons in the adult rat visual analyzer]. By means of two-wavelength visual cytospectrophotometry, a content of nucleic acids per cell was determined in the gallocyanin chrome alum stained sections of the adult rat nervous system. Illumination of normal rats with constant or flashing light for 2 hr resulted in an accumulation of RNA in II--III layer neurons of the visual cortex and in the retina ganglionic neurons. After the rats had been kept for 30 days in a complete darkness the nucleic acid content in their visual cortex neurons was increased. Illumination of these animals with constant or flashing light for 2 hr gave rise to a return of the nucleic acid content in the cortex neurons to the normal. Under the effect of 30-day light deprivation, the nucleic acid content in the retina ganglionic neurons remained unchanged. Illumination of the light-deprived rats with flashing light for 2 hr also did not change RNA content in these retina neurons. The data obtained indicate the prolonged hypofunction in adult animals to induce marked changes in nucleic acid metabolism in the neurons of visual analyser. A relationship between the function and metabolism in adult neurons is emphasized; differences of the function-dependent metabolic responses in the cell structures of central and peripheral parts of the visual analyser are discussed.", "PMID": 1118905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6168", "title": "[Ultrastructural characteristics of the mitochondrion of flagellates of suborder Bodonina].", "content": "The presence of \"free\" mitochondria in addition to the single mitochondrion associated with kinetoplast, was observed in flagellates. Ultrastructure of the mitochondria was described. The presence of kinetoplast was observed in Pleuromonas jaculans.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural characteristics of the mitochondrion of flagellates of suborder Bodonina]. The presence of \"free\" mitochondria in addition to the single mitochondrion associated with kinetoplast, was observed in flagellates. Ultrastructure of the mitochondria was described. The presence of kinetoplast was observed in Pleuromonas jaculans.", "PMID": 1118906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6169", "title": "[Symbiotic bacteria of the macronucleus of Paramecium caudatum].", "content": "Particles of a newly described endosymbiont of Paramecium caudatum, clone M-115, here referred to as iota--particles, are Gram--negative bacteria. The symbionts are only present within macronuclei and not in the cytoplasm or in the micronuclei. The cells of clone M-115 iota do not display any killer-effect when mixed with \"clean\" cultures of Paramecia. In life cycle of the symbiont, there is an alternation of two morphological forms: a spindle-shaped form 2.0--2.5 microns long and a rod-shaped form -- about 18 microns long. The data obtained revealed a high ability to infect cell of \"clean\" clones of P. caudatum with iota-particles. The antagonistic relationships between two different species of endonucleosymbionts: iota- and omega-particles, are detected. The revealed biological features of iota can be used for studying the mechanisms of nuclear differentiation in ciliates.", "contents": "[Symbiotic bacteria of the macronucleus of Paramecium caudatum]. Particles of a newly described endosymbiont of Paramecium caudatum, clone M-115, here referred to as iota--particles, are Gram--negative bacteria. The symbionts are only present within macronuclei and not in the cytoplasm or in the micronuclei. The cells of clone M-115 iota do not display any killer-effect when mixed with \"clean\" cultures of Paramecia. In life cycle of the symbiont, there is an alternation of two morphological forms: a spindle-shaped form 2.0--2.5 microns long and a rod-shaped form -- about 18 microns long. The data obtained revealed a high ability to infect cell of \"clean\" clones of P. caudatum with iota-particles. The antagonistic relationships between two different species of endonucleosymbionts: iota- and omega-particles, are detected. The revealed biological features of iota can be used for studying the mechanisms of nuclear differentiation in ciliates.", "PMID": 1118907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6170", "title": "Diagnosis of neurologic disorders of micturition without evidence of the pathological process by measuring conduction velocity of sacral roots.", "content": "In cases of neurogenic bladder disturbances-especially if the pathological process cannot be clinically approved-useful information could be obtained by measuring conduction velocity between sacral roots and striated pelvic floor muscles. Measurements have been performed to determine normal conduction time. Technique and results are presented.", "contents": "Diagnosis of neurologic disorders of micturition without evidence of the pathological process by measuring conduction velocity of sacral roots. In cases of neurogenic bladder disturbances-especially if the pathological process cannot be clinically approved-useful information could be obtained by measuring conduction velocity between sacral roots and striated pelvic floor muscles. Measurements have been performed to determine normal conduction time. Technique and results are presented.", "PMID": 1118944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6171", "title": "Visco-elastic properties of the bladder wall.", "content": "Stepwise cystometry is a new method proposed to analyse the visco-elastic properties of the bladder. It is based on a mathematical analysis of the pressure decay after a stepwise filling. By assumption of a mechanical visco-elastic model of bladder tissue and a model of the geometry, the derived parameters are interpreted as elasticity and viscosity moduli. Static cystometry is involved in this new procedure. From analysis by stepwise cystometry it is concluded that static cystometry attained by following a slow-filling procedure is unacceptable in studying elastic behaviour.", "contents": "Visco-elastic properties of the bladder wall. Stepwise cystometry is a new method proposed to analyse the visco-elastic properties of the bladder. It is based on a mathematical analysis of the pressure decay after a stepwise filling. By assumption of a mechanical visco-elastic model of bladder tissue and a model of the geometry, the derived parameters are interpreted as elasticity and viscosity moduli. Static cystometry is involved in this new procedure. From analysis by stepwise cystometry it is concluded that static cystometry attained by following a slow-filling procedure is unacceptable in studying elastic behaviour.", "PMID": 1118945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6172", "title": "Bladder base insufficiency.", "content": "The normal female bladder base is defined. It is shown that the trigone does not always form part of a flat base. In 25% of all female patients referred for cystourethrography a specific defect of the anterior part of the base is seen caused by an insufficient upwards and backwards suspension of the bladder neck. 92% of these patients are stress incontinent. Urodynamically they have low protracted flows, but the most characteristic feature is a very low intravesical pressure and particularly a very low opening pressure. The low pressure is due to the fact that the internal orifice does not close correctly because of insufficient support. The protracted and low flows are due to an increased tone in the posterior urethra needed for continence when the bladder neck has lost its passive continence function.", "contents": "Bladder base insufficiency. The normal female bladder base is defined. It is shown that the trigone does not always form part of a flat base. In 25% of all female patients referred for cystourethrography a specific defect of the anterior part of the base is seen caused by an insufficient upwards and backwards suspension of the bladder neck. 92% of these patients are stress incontinent. Urodynamically they have low protracted flows, but the most characteristic feature is a very low intravesical pressure and particularly a very low opening pressure. The low pressure is due to the fact that the internal orifice does not close correctly because of insufficient support. The protracted and low flows are due to an increased tone in the posterior urethra needed for continence when the bladder neck has lost its passive continence function.", "PMID": 1118947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6173", "title": "Tubular cystourethroneostomy after total prostatectomy.", "content": "After radical prostatectomy cystourethroneostomy is done as a tubular cystourethroplasty. In the last 13 months 14 patients have been operated on in this manner. In 12 patients continence was achieved; 2 patients had a temporary stress incontinence. The stress incontinence could be treated successfully by temporary electrostimulation of the pelvic floor by an anal plug stimulator.", "contents": "Tubular cystourethroneostomy after total prostatectomy. After radical prostatectomy cystourethroneostomy is done as a tubular cystourethroplasty. In the last 13 months 14 patients have been operated on in this manner. In 12 patients continence was achieved; 2 patients had a temporary stress incontinence. The stress incontinence could be treated successfully by temporary electrostimulation of the pelvic floor by an anal plug stimulator.", "PMID": 1118948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6174", "title": "Lioresal in the treatment of neurogenic bladder dysfunction.", "content": "Lioresal is a very effective compound in treatment of the neurogenic uninhibited bladder due to spinal cord lesions. It does not decrease, however, bladder spasms due to cerebral lesions. In detrusor-sphincter externus dyssynergia as frequently encountered in discreet spinal lesions Lioresal restores the normal reciprocal innervation of bladder and sphincter externus again. This effect is demonstrated electromyographically. Lioresal is of no effect on the normal bladder. Bladder capacity and micturition reflex before and after Lioresal therapy are unchanged.", "contents": "Lioresal in the treatment of neurogenic bladder dysfunction. Lioresal is a very effective compound in treatment of the neurogenic uninhibited bladder due to spinal cord lesions. It does not decrease, however, bladder spasms due to cerebral lesions. In detrusor-sphincter externus dyssynergia as frequently encountered in discreet spinal lesions Lioresal restores the normal reciprocal innervation of bladder and sphincter externus again. This effect is demonstrated electromyographically. Lioresal is of no effect on the normal bladder. Bladder capacity and micturition reflex before and after Lioresal therapy are unchanged.", "PMID": 1118949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6175", "title": "Urinary manometry in spinal cord injury patients. External urethral sphincter pressure recordings before and after sphincterotomy.", "content": "Recordings of local pressure within the membranous urethra were performed in 15 male spinal cord injury patients before and after external sphincterotomy. Transurethral division of the external sphincter reduced the intraurethral pressure by 55% in the upper part of the membranous urethra and by 66% in the lower part. The local pressure within the membranous urethra seems to diminish in proportion to the importance of the incision of the urethral wall.", "contents": "Urinary manometry in spinal cord injury patients. External urethral sphincter pressure recordings before and after sphincterotomy. Recordings of local pressure within the membranous urethra were performed in 15 male spinal cord injury patients before and after external sphincterotomy. Transurethral division of the external sphincter reduced the intraurethral pressure by 55% in the upper part of the membranous urethra and by 66% in the lower part. The local pressure within the membranous urethra seems to diminish in proportion to the importance of the incision of the urethral wall.", "PMID": 1118950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6176", "title": "Twelve o'clock sphincterotomy: technique, indications, results. (Abbreviated report).", "content": "In contrast to other investigators, the authors regard a transurethral sphincterotomy at the 12 o'clock position alone as sufficient and preferable. The anatomy of the external sphincter and the blood supply in this area may explain the good results.", "contents": "Twelve o'clock sphincterotomy: technique, indications, results. (Abbreviated report). In contrast to other investigators, the authors regard a transurethral sphincterotomy at the 12 o'clock position alone as sufficient and preferable. The anatomy of the external sphincter and the blood supply in this area may explain the good results.", "PMID": 1118951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6177", "title": "Simultaneous cine-urographic and manoflowmetric evaluation of the neurogenic component in incontinence.", "content": "For diagnosis of incontinence the exact analysis of the dynamics of micturition is of great importance, primarily in order to evaluate the urethral flow-resistance and detrusor activity. Extending already existing methods for the evaluation of urodynamics, we developed a complex method of cine/pressure/flow/cystourethrography. All data were recorded and simultaneously stored on videotape. Especially in cases of incontinence with a neurogenic component important information for a causative therapy was gained using this complex investigation. Thus in 20 patients with incontinence, studied for exclusion of a neurogenic component, we found two patients with a neurogenic bladder dysfunction that had been unknown prior to the examination. The neurogenic component in each case had remained unnoticed by usual routine diagnostic procedures.", "contents": "Simultaneous cine-urographic and manoflowmetric evaluation of the neurogenic component in incontinence. For diagnosis of incontinence the exact analysis of the dynamics of micturition is of great importance, primarily in order to evaluate the urethral flow-resistance and detrusor activity. Extending already existing methods for the evaluation of urodynamics, we developed a complex method of cine/pressure/flow/cystourethrography. All data were recorded and simultaneously stored on videotape. Especially in cases of incontinence with a neurogenic component important information for a causative therapy was gained using this complex investigation. Thus in 20 patients with incontinence, studied for exclusion of a neurogenic component, we found two patients with a neurogenic bladder dysfunction that had been unknown prior to the examination. The neurogenic component in each case had remained unnoticed by usual routine diagnostic procedures.", "PMID": 1118952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6178", "title": "Electromyography of the perineal striated muscles during cystometry.", "content": "The electromyographic patterns of the external urethral sphincter, the anal sphincter, and the levator ani during cystometries have been analyzed. Synchronized activity changes occur during abdominal straining. Muscle fatigue is very pronounced. Activity may be less synchronized during bladder filling and micturition, even in normal cystometries. In neurogenic diseases, true dyssynergia between the striated muscles may be observed.", "contents": "Electromyography of the perineal striated muscles during cystometry. The electromyographic patterns of the external urethral sphincter, the anal sphincter, and the levator ani during cystometries have been analyzed. Synchronized activity changes occur during abdominal straining. Muscle fatigue is very pronounced. Activity may be less synchronized during bladder filling and micturition, even in normal cystometries. In neurogenic diseases, true dyssynergia between the striated muscles may be observed.", "PMID": 1118953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6179", "title": "[Kidney function during total blood substitution in the rat (author's transl)].", "content": "Urine production, glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and Na+ transport of the kidney were studied in rats after complete substitution of the blood with a fluorocarbon emulsion. The urine production is found to be increased, the GFR lowered. The Na+ load as a function of the GFR is reduced while the relative Na+ reabsorption with values in the range of 98-99% of the load is normal.", "contents": "[Kidney function during total blood substitution in the rat (author's transl)]. Urine production, glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and Na+ transport of the kidney were studied in rats after complete substitution of the blood with a fluorocarbon emulsion. The urine production is found to be increased, the GFR lowered. The Na+ load as a function of the GFR is reduced while the relative Na+ reabsorption with values in the range of 98-99% of the load is normal.", "PMID": 1118954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6180", "title": "[Water and ionic variations in dog kidneys during hypothermic plasma perfusion(author's transl)].", "content": "Dog kidneys have been perfused with homologous plasma at plus 6 degrees-C for 24 and 48 h and the water, K+ and Na+ variations in the cortex and medulla have been studied. After 24 h perfusion Na+-gain and K+-loss in the cortex are found while water content shows no changes. After 48 h perfusion additional increase of Na+ and gain of water are observed while the K+ content remains unchanged as compared with the cortex after 24 h perfusion time. In the medulla after 24 h perfusion K+ loss and water gain are registered while the Na+ content remains unchanged. In the following 24 h no additional changes of the K+, Na+ or water contents are observed.", "contents": "[Water and ionic variations in dog kidneys during hypothermic plasma perfusion(author's transl)]. Dog kidneys have been perfused with homologous plasma at plus 6 degrees-C for 24 and 48 h and the water, K+ and Na+ variations in the cortex and medulla have been studied. After 24 h perfusion Na+-gain and K+-loss in the cortex are found while water content shows no changes. After 48 h perfusion additional increase of Na+ and gain of water are observed while the K+ content remains unchanged as compared with the cortex after 24 h perfusion time. In the medulla after 24 h perfusion K+ loss and water gain are registered while the Na+ content remains unchanged. In the following 24 h no additional changes of the K+, Na+ or water contents are observed.", "PMID": 1118955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6181", "title": "[Extracorporeal renal surgery using a new preservation method(author's transl)].", "content": "Extracorporeal renal operations were performed in 12 dogs to determine the efficacy of a new renal preservation method. Serveral ex vivo surgical techniques are described, illustrated and the literature reviewed. A single perfusion of the totally ischemic kidney with a new hyperosmolar intracellular electrolyte solution provided sufficient protection from the otherwise lethal effect of 5 hours ambiothermic exposure. Pre- and postoperative serum creatinine levels were assessed to determine renal function.", "contents": "[Extracorporeal renal surgery using a new preservation method(author's transl)]. Extracorporeal renal operations were performed in 12 dogs to determine the efficacy of a new renal preservation method. Serveral ex vivo surgical techniques are described, illustrated and the literature reviewed. A single perfusion of the totally ischemic kidney with a new hyperosmolar intracellular electrolyte solution provided sufficient protection from the otherwise lethal effect of 5 hours ambiothermic exposure. Pre- and postoperative serum creatinine levels were assessed to determine renal function.", "PMID": 1118956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6182", "title": "[Late effects of neurogenic bladder dysfunctions in paraplegics (authors's transl].", "content": "The experience is based upon the care of paraplegic patients admitted to the Rehabilitation Centre Tobelbad, near Graz. Pathological changes in the urinary tract are reported as late effects in bladder dysfunctions of paraplegics. The study reviews the late complications of urethra and bladder and outlines the effects of chronic urinary infection, where particular attention is paid to the vesicoureteric reflux. Finally, the problem of urinary stones in paraplegic patients is discussed.", "contents": "[Late effects of neurogenic bladder dysfunctions in paraplegics (authors's transl]. The experience is based upon the care of paraplegic patients admitted to the Rehabilitation Centre Tobelbad, near Graz. Pathological changes in the urinary tract are reported as late effects in bladder dysfunctions of paraplegics. The study reviews the late complications of urethra and bladder and outlines the effects of chronic urinary infection, where particular attention is paid to the vesicoureteric reflux. Finally, the problem of urinary stones in paraplegic patients is discussed.", "PMID": 1118957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6183", "title": "[Late effects of neurogenic bladder dysfunctions in paraplegics].", "content": "The experience is based upon the care of paraplegic patients admitted to the Rehabilitation Centre Tobelbad, near Graz. Pathological changes in the urinary tract are reported as late effects in bladder dysfunctions of paraplegics. The study reviews the late complications of urethra and bladder and outlines the effects of chronic urinary infection, where particular attention is paid to the vesicoureteric reflux. Finally, the problem of urinary stones in paraplegic patients is discussed.", "contents": "[Late effects of neurogenic bladder dysfunctions in paraplegics]. The experience is based upon the care of paraplegic patients admitted to the Rehabilitation Centre Tobelbad, near Graz. Pathological changes in the urinary tract are reported as late effects in bladder dysfunctions of paraplegics. The study reviews the late complications of urethra and bladder and outlines the effects of chronic urinary infection, where particular attention is paid to the vesicoureteric reflux. Finally, the problem of urinary stones in paraplegic patients is discussed.", "PMID": 1118958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6184", "title": "Double-layer needle cannula for percutaneous artery or vein catheterization in patients requiring hemodialysis.", "content": "In this paper the structure and use of the double cannula needle, designed to simplify percutaneous catheterization in hemodialysis, is introduced. The cannula needle is used mainly in cases with acute renal failure, and sometimes in cases of chronic renal insufficiency requiring weekly maintenance of hemodialysis.", "contents": "Double-layer needle cannula for percutaneous artery or vein catheterization in patients requiring hemodialysis. In this paper the structure and use of the double cannula needle, designed to simplify percutaneous catheterization in hemodialysis, is introduced. The cannula needle is used mainly in cases with acute renal failure, and sometimes in cases of chronic renal insufficiency requiring weekly maintenance of hemodialysis.", "PMID": 1118959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6185", "title": "Treatment of organic impotence by implantation of silicone penile prosthesis.", "content": "To help bolster penile tension mechanically, we have tried implantation of silicone penile prostheses varying in type. Our simple and apparently successful procedures for organic impotence with the implantation of intrapenile silicone prostheses may well deserve recommendation in view of spinal impairment therapeutically categorized irreparable.", "contents": "Treatment of organic impotence by implantation of silicone penile prosthesis. To help bolster penile tension mechanically, we have tried implantation of silicone penile prostheses varying in type. Our simple and apparently successful procedures for organic impotence with the implantation of intrapenile silicone prostheses may well deserve recommendation in view of spinal impairment therapeutically categorized irreparable.", "PMID": 1118960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6186", "title": "Peripheral nerves controlling the closure of internal urethral orifice during ejaculation.", "content": "The peripheral nervous pathways controlling seminal emission and closure of the internal urethral orifice during ejaculation were examined experimentally using male adolescent dogs. The experimental methods were measurement of the contraction of the internal urethral orifice and measurement of the change of the posterior urethral pressure induced by selective stimulation of the nerves related to the hypogastric nerve. Further, the change of actual ejaculation caused by manual stimulation of the penis was observed after excision of the nerves. Results included the following: (1) The seminal emission and the closure of the internal urethral orifice on ejaculation were controlled by the hypogastric nerve. (2) The nerve fibers which controlled these two phenomena took different paths above the lower mesenteric plexus. (3) Seminal emission was controlled by the splanchnic nerves which originated from the lower thoracic and upper lumbar ganglia of the sympathetic trunk, and the closure of the internal urethral orifice by those which originated from the lower lumbar ganglia of the trunk.", "contents": "Peripheral nerves controlling the closure of internal urethral orifice during ejaculation. The peripheral nervous pathways controlling seminal emission and closure of the internal urethral orifice during ejaculation were examined experimentally using male adolescent dogs. The experimental methods were measurement of the contraction of the internal urethral orifice and measurement of the change of the posterior urethral pressure induced by selective stimulation of the nerves related to the hypogastric nerve. Further, the change of actual ejaculation caused by manual stimulation of the penis was observed after excision of the nerves. Results included the following: (1) The seminal emission and the closure of the internal urethral orifice on ejaculation were controlled by the hypogastric nerve. (2) The nerve fibers which controlled these two phenomena took different paths above the lower mesenteric plexus. (3) Seminal emission was controlled by the splanchnic nerves which originated from the lower thoracic and upper lumbar ganglia of the sympathetic trunk, and the closure of the internal urethral orifice by those which originated from the lower lumbar ganglia of the trunk.", "PMID": 1118961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6187", "title": "An observation on the composition and recurrence of urinary calculi.", "content": "Seven hundred patients with 735 urinary calculi were studied for the compositions of calculi by infrared analysis and for stone recurrence. Of these 700 cases, 422 cases were possible to follow up, and 250 cases have had no further stone; 138 cases experience recurring stones, and 34 cases had multiple stones. The length of follow-up period was 1-19 years averaging 8 years, 8 months. 41.2% of patients with calcium oxalate-calcium phosphate calculi had stones recurrently, and although there was some variation of recurrence rates for patients with various proportions of oxalate to phosphate in the calculi, it was impossible to predict the tendency of recurrence by these proportions. The stone recurrence was noted in 38.6% of patients with magnesium ammonium phosphate calculi, in 38.9% with mixed magnesium ammonium phosphate-calcium oxalate calculi, in 55.6% with uric acid calculi, and in 50% with cystine calculi.", "contents": "An observation on the composition and recurrence of urinary calculi. Seven hundred patients with 735 urinary calculi were studied for the compositions of calculi by infrared analysis and for stone recurrence. Of these 700 cases, 422 cases were possible to follow up, and 250 cases have had no further stone; 138 cases experience recurring stones, and 34 cases had multiple stones. The length of follow-up period was 1-19 years averaging 8 years, 8 months. 41.2% of patients with calcium oxalate-calcium phosphate calculi had stones recurrently, and although there was some variation of recurrence rates for patients with various proportions of oxalate to phosphate in the calculi, it was impossible to predict the tendency of recurrence by these proportions. The stone recurrence was noted in 38.6% of patients with magnesium ammonium phosphate calculi, in 38.9% with mixed magnesium ammonium phosphate-calcium oxalate calculi, in 55.6% with uric acid calculi, and in 50% with cystine calculi.", "PMID": 1118962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6188", "title": "Acetohydroxamic acid. Potential use in urinary infection caused by urea-splitting bacteria.", "content": "Several lines of evidence suggest that bacterial urease is the primary cause of infection-induced urinary stones. The hydroxamate group of compounds are specific urease inhibitors. Of the cogeners studied, to dat, AHA (acetohydroxamic acid) appears to have the most pharmacologic potential. AHA is rapidly and completely absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and is concentrated and excreted in the urine. In animals it appears to be relatively nontoxic. Although its toxicity in human beings has not been studied, its similarity to hydroxyurea suggests that reversible toxicity involving the gastrointestinal tract and the hematopoietic systems may result when high doses are administered. The only known metabolite of AHA is acetamide which is nontoxic and rapidly excreted in the urine. Pharmacologic use of AHA is expected to be practical and relatively safe. Use of AHA in patients with urinary infections caused by urea-splitting bacteria may reduce pathogenicity of the infecting organism and may lead to prevention and/or dissolution of stones commonly associated with such infections.", "contents": "Acetohydroxamic acid. Potential use in urinary infection caused by urea-splitting bacteria. Several lines of evidence suggest that bacterial urease is the primary cause of infection-induced urinary stones. The hydroxamate group of compounds are specific urease inhibitors. Of the cogeners studied, to dat, AHA (acetohydroxamic acid) appears to have the most pharmacologic potential. AHA is rapidly and completely absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and is concentrated and excreted in the urine. In animals it appears to be relatively nontoxic. Although its toxicity in human beings has not been studied, its similarity to hydroxyurea suggests that reversible toxicity involving the gastrointestinal tract and the hematopoietic systems may result when high doses are administered. The only known metabolite of AHA is acetamide which is nontoxic and rapidly excreted in the urine. Pharmacologic use of AHA is expected to be practical and relatively safe. Use of AHA in patients with urinary infections caused by urea-splitting bacteria may reduce pathogenicity of the infecting organism and may lead to prevention and/or dissolution of stones commonly associated with such infections.", "PMID": 1118989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6189", "title": "Urologic complications of renal papillary necrosis.", "content": "Fifty-six patients demonstrating roentgenographic evidence of renal papillary necrosis were reviewed. Seven patients had an acute fulminating form of the disease. Urologic complication incident to sloughed renal papillae required urgent surgical intervention. Management ranging from ureteral catheterization to nephrectomy in 3 of 7 patients is discussed, and associated disease states are scrutinized.", "contents": "Urologic complications of renal papillary necrosis. Fifty-six patients demonstrating roentgenographic evidence of renal papillary necrosis were reviewed. Seven patients had an acute fulminating form of the disease. Urologic complication incident to sloughed renal papillae required urgent surgical intervention. Management ranging from ureteral catheterization to nephrectomy in 3 of 7 patients is discussed, and associated disease states are scrutinized.", "PMID": 1118993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6190", "title": "Sympathetic activity of internal urethral spincter. In empty and partially filled bladder.", "content": "The sympathetic activity was investigated by recording the fall of internal sphincter pressure produced by a dose of phentolamine (Regitine) which completely abolished all alpha adrenergic sympathetic activity. It was found that when the bladder was empty, the mean fall of internal sphincter pressure was 7.1 cm, water; but when the bladder was partially filled, the mean fall was 17.6 cm. water. After use of reserpine, which creates a \"pharmacologic sympathectomy,\" no sympathetic activity was demonstrated.", "contents": "Sympathetic activity of internal urethral spincter. In empty and partially filled bladder. The sympathetic activity was investigated by recording the fall of internal sphincter pressure produced by a dose of phentolamine (Regitine) which completely abolished all alpha adrenergic sympathetic activity. It was found that when the bladder was empty, the mean fall of internal sphincter pressure was 7.1 cm, water; but when the bladder was partially filled, the mean fall was 17.6 cm. water. After use of reserpine, which creates a \"pharmacologic sympathectomy,\" no sympathetic activity was demonstrated.", "PMID": 1118997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6191", "title": "Spontaneous expulsion of intravesical bullet.", "content": "The first reported case of spontaneous expulsion per urethra of an intravesical bullet which initially entered through the left flank is presented. Recognition of the truc location of the millile might have been facilitated had lateral and/or oblique films have been obtained under emergency conditions as advocated by the authors.", "contents": "Spontaneous expulsion of intravesical bullet. The first reported case of spontaneous expulsion per urethra of an intravesical bullet which initially entered through the left flank is presented. Recognition of the truc location of the millile might have been facilitated had lateral and/or oblique films have been obtained under emergency conditions as advocated by the authors.", "PMID": 1119003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6192", "title": "[Work capacity of patients with dumping syndrome after stomach surgery].", "content": "Of 528 patients subjected to radical operations on the stomach for cancer, polyposis and ulcerous disease the dumping-syndrome was revealed in 74 patients. Following resection of the distal gastric portion the latter was observed in 49 cases, after resection of the cardia--in 18, and after gastrectomy--in 7. In most patients with the dumping-syndrome an impairment of basic hepatic functions and motor-evacuative function of the gastric stump was observed. The study of the work capacity in patients with the dumping-syndrome has deomonstrated its reduction in most patients (in 74% of cases). 55 of 74 investigated patients proved to be invalids of the second and third group. The capacity for work was mostly impaired in patients showing the dumping-syndrome of average and severe gravity.", "contents": "[Work capacity of patients with dumping syndrome after stomach surgery]. Of 528 patients subjected to radical operations on the stomach for cancer, polyposis and ulcerous disease the dumping-syndrome was revealed in 74 patients. Following resection of the distal gastric portion the latter was observed in 49 cases, after resection of the cardia--in 18, and after gastrectomy--in 7. In most patients with the dumping-syndrome an impairment of basic hepatic functions and motor-evacuative function of the gastric stump was observed. The study of the work capacity in patients with the dumping-syndrome has deomonstrated its reduction in most patients (in 74% of cases). 55 of 74 investigated patients proved to be invalids of the second and third group. The capacity for work was mostly impaired in patients showing the dumping-syndrome of average and severe gravity.", "PMID": 1119024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6193", "title": "[Disorders of the pancreas, liver and bile ducts in patients with ulcer disease].", "content": "Data on the state of the pancreato-biliary system in 563 patients with ulcerous disease are analysed. The incidence of clinically pronounced lesions of the pancreatobiliary system in ulcerous disease was 26.7%. Some years following the Billroth-II gastrectomy diseases of the pancreato-biliary system were diagnosed in 35% of patients under investigation.", "contents": "[Disorders of the pancreas, liver and bile ducts in patients with ulcer disease]. Data on the state of the pancreato-biliary system in 563 patients with ulcerous disease are analysed. The incidence of clinically pronounced lesions of the pancreatobiliary system in ulcerous disease was 26.7%. Some years following the Billroth-II gastrectomy diseases of the pancreato-biliary system were diagnosed in 35% of patients under investigation.", "PMID": 1119025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6194", "title": "[In defense of cholecystostomy].", "content": "In the paper, a question concerning indications to fistulization of the gallbladder for acute cholecystitis is discussed. A total of 165 cholecystostomies have been performed. In 121 patients (77.4%) late results were followed up from 2 to 15 years. Good and satisfactory results were noted in 83.4% of patients. The postoperative mortality after cholecystostomy was 6.2%.", "contents": "[In defense of cholecystostomy]. In the paper, a question concerning indications to fistulization of the gallbladder for acute cholecystitis is discussed. A total of 165 cholecystostomies have been performed. In 121 patients (77.4%) late results were followed up from 2 to 15 years. Good and satisfactory results were noted in 83.4% of patients. The postoperative mortality after cholecystostomy was 6.2%.", "PMID": 1119027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6195", "title": "[Diagnostic importance of surgical diskography].", "content": "The author's experience with roentgenocontrast studies of intervertebral discs in 15 patients with osteochondrosis during an operative procedure is reported. The technic of operative discography and some possible complications are described. An importance of intraoperative discography, that is indicated in emotionally labile patients and in cases of failure of preoperative contrasting of discs, is discussed. A contrast roentgenological investigation allowed not only to reveal structural changes in a disc, but also to determine an extent and character of operative interventions.", "contents": "[Diagnostic importance of surgical diskography]. The author's experience with roentgenocontrast studies of intervertebral discs in 15 patients with osteochondrosis during an operative procedure is reported. The technic of operative discography and some possible complications are described. An importance of intraoperative discography, that is indicated in emotionally labile patients and in cases of failure of preoperative contrasting of discs, is discussed. A contrast roentgenological investigation allowed not only to reveal structural changes in a disc, but also to determine an extent and character of operative interventions.", "PMID": 1119029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6196", "title": "[Treatment of pseudarthrosis of the tibia by the method of traction].", "content": "The report is based on the experience with treatment, using the method of dosaged distraction of 39 pseudarthroses and unhealing fractures of the tibia in 38 patients. Twenty three patients showed osteomyelitis, 32-shortening of crural bones and 27-their deformation. With the aim of distraction the G. A. Ilizarov apparatus was employed. Up to data, the treatment is termined in all 38 patients. Healing was gained after 36 operations in 35 patients. No union was obtained after 3 operations of distraction the osteosynthesis in avascular forms of pseudarthrosis. Some regularities in formation of the regenerate and its reoconstruction during the process of lasting fixation were studied in 25 patients.", "contents": "[Treatment of pseudarthrosis of the tibia by the method of traction]. The report is based on the experience with treatment, using the method of dosaged distraction of 39 pseudarthroses and unhealing fractures of the tibia in 38 patients. Twenty three patients showed osteomyelitis, 32-shortening of crural bones and 27-their deformation. With the aim of distraction the G. A. Ilizarov apparatus was employed. Up to data, the treatment is termined in all 38 patients. Healing was gained after 36 operations in 35 patients. No union was obtained after 3 operations of distraction the osteosynthesis in avascular forms of pseudarthrosis. Some regularities in formation of the regenerate and its reoconstruction during the process of lasting fixation were studied in 25 patients.", "PMID": 1119030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6197", "title": "[Simultaneous surgical correction of deformities caused by tuberculous coxitis].", "content": "A one-moment correction of associated defects of the lower extremities was performed in 45 patients. An analysis of treatment of such patients enabled us to elaborate indications to operative interventions concerned and surgical technic. The treatment was terminated in 38 patients. In 33 of them weight-bearing of the extremity was restored by means of ankylosis of the coxa with simultaneous lengthening of the extremity and correction of concomitant deformities. In 3 patients no ankylosis in the joint developed, in two-pseudarthrosis at the site of osteotomized femoral bone was formed.", "contents": "[Simultaneous surgical correction of deformities caused by tuberculous coxitis]. A one-moment correction of associated defects of the lower extremities was performed in 45 patients. An analysis of treatment of such patients enabled us to elaborate indications to operative interventions concerned and surgical technic. The treatment was terminated in 38 patients. In 33 of them weight-bearing of the extremity was restored by means of ankylosis of the coxa with simultaneous lengthening of the extremity and correction of concomitant deformities. In 3 patients no ankylosis in the joint developed, in two-pseudarthrosis at the site of osteotomized femoral bone was formed.", "PMID": 1119031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6198", "title": "[Surgical treatment of post-thrombophlebitic disease].", "content": "A compression-functional test is recommended to determine indications to the Ascar-Zelenin operation and in selecting the optimum compression of crural muscles. The suggested complex of operative procedures involves: radical operation in the oval fossa region, partial of total removal of the great saphenous vein trunk, and, if indicated, also small saphenous vein, the Kocher and Crokett operation, duplication of the crural aponeurosis in the authors' modification with production of an additional dosaged pressure in the crural aponeurotic sheath. Late results followed up to 2 years were good and satisfactory in 94.4%, and poor--in 5.6% of the operated objects.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of post-thrombophlebitic disease]. A compression-functional test is recommended to determine indications to the Ascar-Zelenin operation and in selecting the optimum compression of crural muscles. The suggested complex of operative procedures involves: radical operation in the oval fossa region, partial of total removal of the great saphenous vein trunk, and, if indicated, also small saphenous vein, the Kocher and Crokett operation, duplication of the crural aponeurosis in the authors' modification with production of an additional dosaged pressure in the crural aponeurotic sheath. Late results followed up to 2 years were good and satisfactory in 94.4%, and poor--in 5.6% of the operated objects.", "PMID": 1119032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6199", "title": "[Preoperative sanation of the bronchi].", "content": "Among 255 patients with suppurative pulmonary diseases, aerosol therapy was performed preoperatively in 80 patients, complex sanation of bronchi--in 140, including 30--in association with visual sounding of segmental bronchi and intrapulmonary suppurative foci. As a result of complex sanation of bronchi, as compared with patients in whom no sanation was performed, or it was limited only by aerosol therapy, there was noted a reliable decrease in the number of postoperative pleural empyemas and bronchial fistulas, as well as an increase in the number of patients discharged with a recovery from 74.3% and 78.7% to 90%.", "contents": "[Preoperative sanation of the bronchi]. Among 255 patients with suppurative pulmonary diseases, aerosol therapy was performed preoperatively in 80 patients, complex sanation of bronchi--in 140, including 30--in association with visual sounding of segmental bronchi and intrapulmonary suppurative foci. As a result of complex sanation of bronchi, as compared with patients in whom no sanation was performed, or it was limited only by aerosol therapy, there was noted a reliable decrease in the number of postoperative pleural empyemas and bronchial fistulas, as well as an increase in the number of patients discharged with a recovery from 74.3% and 78.7% to 90%.", "PMID": 1119033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6200", "title": "[Results of treatment of postoperative bronchopleural complications in lung cancer].", "content": "An analysis of the results of treatment in 138 patients with bronchopleural complications after 1400 operations on the lung for cancer is given. Conservative methods of therapy (punctures and drainage of the pleural cavity, instillation and of the fisula with 30% silver nitrite and intratracheal injections of antibiotics) were utilized in 105 patients with bronchial fistulas and pleural empyemas. Thirty there patients were treated surgically (tamponade, thoracoplasty, rethoracotomy with suturing of the bronchial fistula, transsternal suturing of the bronchial fistulas). The rate of mortality from bronchopleural complications was 4.8%, i.e. one third of all causes of death. However, recently it reduced more than twice in comparison with the initial period. The direct causes of lethal issues are complications on the part of other organs: pneumonia of the remained lung (24), septicopyemia (12), hemorrhage (10), and others (19).", "contents": "[Results of treatment of postoperative bronchopleural complications in lung cancer]. An analysis of the results of treatment in 138 patients with bronchopleural complications after 1400 operations on the lung for cancer is given. Conservative methods of therapy (punctures and drainage of the pleural cavity, instillation and of the fisula with 30% silver nitrite and intratracheal injections of antibiotics) were utilized in 105 patients with bronchial fistulas and pleural empyemas. Thirty there patients were treated surgically (tamponade, thoracoplasty, rethoracotomy with suturing of the bronchial fistula, transsternal suturing of the bronchial fistulas). The rate of mortality from bronchopleural complications was 4.8%, i.e. one third of all causes of death. However, recently it reduced more than twice in comparison with the initial period. The direct causes of lethal issues are complications on the part of other organs: pneumonia of the remained lung (24), septicopyemia (12), hemorrhage (10), and others (19).", "PMID": 1119034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6201", "title": "[Present-time problems of the treatment of burns].", "content": "The author's experience with a large number of burnt patients enabled them to conclude that treatment of extensive deep burns is of most extreme difficulty. Many specialists should participate in treatment and rehabilitation of burnt patients. It is necessary to organize special centers of rehabilitation and dispensary control over such patients, and a further program in this respect is greatly warranted.", "contents": "[Present-time problems of the treatment of burns]. The author's experience with a large number of burnt patients enabled them to conclude that treatment of extensive deep burns is of most extreme difficulty. Many specialists should participate in treatment and rehabilitation of burnt patients. It is necessary to organize special centers of rehabilitation and dispensary control over such patients, and a further program in this respect is greatly warranted.", "PMID": 1119035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6202", "title": "[Closed intramedullar osteosynthesis of diaphyseal fractures of the crural bones].", "content": "An experience with 137 operations of closed intramedullary osteosynthesis of tibial bones with Kuncher pins is analysed. Indications to surgery, technic of osteosynthesis and complications are described. Average terms of patients' incapacity were 130.7 plus or minus 14.4 days. Late results were studied in 118 patients. Good and satisfactory issues were gained in 117 patients, poor--in 1. It is the authors' opinion that closed osteosynthesis of crural diaphyseal fractures with Kuncher pins would provide solid fixation permitting to carry out functional therapy during the period of fracture consolidation.", "contents": "[Closed intramedullar osteosynthesis of diaphyseal fractures of the crural bones]. An experience with 137 operations of closed intramedullary osteosynthesis of tibial bones with Kuncher pins is analysed. Indications to surgery, technic of osteosynthesis and complications are described. Average terms of patients' incapacity were 130.7 plus or minus 14.4 days. Late results were studied in 118 patients. Good and satisfactory issues were gained in 117 patients, poor--in 1. It is the authors' opinion that closed osteosynthesis of crural diaphyseal fractures with Kuncher pins would provide solid fixation permitting to carry out functional therapy during the period of fracture consolidation.", "PMID": 1119036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6203", "title": "[Experimental study of coronary-splenic arterial anastomosis with the aim of myocardial revascularization].", "content": "In search of new sources for cardiac revascularization of the myocardium in ischemic heart disease the authors elaborated experimentally on dogs an operation of construction of retrograde arterial splenocoronary anastomosis. The results of the operation were estimated by means of EEG findings, vital and postmortem coronarography and histological studies of the myocardium and zone of the anastomosis. An analysis of the experimental data obtained has revealed a patency of the vascular anastomosis in most animals; electrocardiographic signs of acute myocardial infarction, developed in high ligation of the anterior intraventricular branch of the left coronary artery, would undergo a prompt reverse dynamics after constructing a splenocoronary anastomosis. Further studies of the mentioned method of revascularization of the myocardium seems to be rather perspective.", "contents": "[Experimental study of coronary-splenic arterial anastomosis with the aim of myocardial revascularization]. In search of new sources for cardiac revascularization of the myocardium in ischemic heart disease the authors elaborated experimentally on dogs an operation of construction of retrograde arterial splenocoronary anastomosis. The results of the operation were estimated by means of EEG findings, vital and postmortem coronarography and histological studies of the myocardium and zone of the anastomosis. An analysis of the experimental data obtained has revealed a patency of the vascular anastomosis in most animals; electrocardiographic signs of acute myocardial infarction, developed in high ligation of the anterior intraventricular branch of the left coronary artery, would undergo a prompt reverse dynamics after constructing a splenocoronary anastomosis. Further studies of the mentioned method of revascularization of the myocardium seems to be rather perspective.", "PMID": 1119041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6204", "title": "An assessment of a method of manual pregnancy diagnosis in the ewe.", "content": "The recto-abdominal palpation method of ovine pregnancy diagnosis described by Hulet (1972) was carried out on 167 ewes in three flocks. The results showed a virtual 100 per cent accuracy of diagnosis between pregnancy and non-pregnancy and approximately 70 per cent overall accuracy in differentiating single from multiple pregnancies. At least 34 ewes aborted and five died. It was concluded that the method as carried out was neither safe nor accurate enough to justify any savings consequent upon more efficient food usage.", "contents": "An assessment of a method of manual pregnancy diagnosis in the ewe. The recto-abdominal palpation method of ovine pregnancy diagnosis described by Hulet (1972) was carried out on 167 ewes in three flocks. The results showed a virtual 100 per cent accuracy of diagnosis between pregnancy and non-pregnancy and approximately 70 per cent overall accuracy in differentiating single from multiple pregnancies. At least 34 ewes aborted and five died. It was concluded that the method as carried out was neither safe nor accurate enough to justify any savings consequent upon more efficient food usage.", "PMID": 1119055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6205", "title": "Naturally-occurring Tyzzer's disease (Bacillus piliformis infection) in horse foals.", "content": "Spontaneous Tyzzer's disease is described in quarter horse foals which died suddenly with no clinical history of apparent illness. Significant gross findings included icterus, focal paletan areas in the liver and catarrhal entercolitis. Focal dark red lesions were present in the small intestine of one foal, and the mesenteric lymph nodes of another were enlarged and hyperemic. Histopathologically, the liver showed multiple discrete and confluent foci of necrosis, fatty change, sinusoid congestion and haemorrhage. Bundles of intracytoplasmic bacilli were demonstrated in hepatocytes at the margin of liver lesions using special stains. Infiltration of the portal triads with inflammatory cells and biliary duct hyperplasia and degeneration were also observed. Lesions in the intestine were characterised by mucosal necrosis with inflammatory cell infiltration, increased mucus production, submucosal lymphoid hyperplasia and, in one foal, submucosal haemorrhage. Necrosis of lymph follicles, congestion and haemorrhage were also present in the spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes.", "contents": "Naturally-occurring Tyzzer's disease (Bacillus piliformis infection) in horse foals. Spontaneous Tyzzer's disease is described in quarter horse foals which died suddenly with no clinical history of apparent illness. Significant gross findings included icterus, focal paletan areas in the liver and catarrhal entercolitis. Focal dark red lesions were present in the small intestine of one foal, and the mesenteric lymph nodes of another were enlarged and hyperemic. Histopathologically, the liver showed multiple discrete and confluent foci of necrosis, fatty change, sinusoid congestion and haemorrhage. Bundles of intracytoplasmic bacilli were demonstrated in hepatocytes at the margin of liver lesions using special stains. Infiltration of the portal triads with inflammatory cells and biliary duct hyperplasia and degeneration were also observed. Lesions in the intestine were characterised by mucosal necrosis with inflammatory cell infiltration, increased mucus production, submucosal lymphoid hyperplasia and, in one foal, submucosal haemorrhage. Necrosis of lymph follicles, congestion and haemorrhage were also present in the spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes.", "PMID": 1119056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6206", "title": "Prenatal diagnosis of sex in cattle by amniocentesis.", "content": "A method for the aspiration of amniotic fluid from pregnant cows at 70 to 1000 day gestation and the subsequent cultivation of amniotic cells in vitro is described. The unit for aspirating amniotic fluid includes a sterile Plexitron tubing fitted with a 60 ml syringe on one end and a 12 in needle (\"18 gauge) partially encased in a 6 inch AI pipette on the other. Aspiration of fluid is accomplished through the vaginal route by piercing the dorsal fornix and chromosome analysis is performed on amniotic cells after cultivation in vitro for four to seven days. This method, which is simple and accurate, provides a safe diagnostic procedure for the prenatal detection of sex and cytogenetic defects in cattle.", "contents": "Prenatal diagnosis of sex in cattle by amniocentesis. A method for the aspiration of amniotic fluid from pregnant cows at 70 to 1000 day gestation and the subsequent cultivation of amniotic cells in vitro is described. The unit for aspirating amniotic fluid includes a sterile Plexitron tubing fitted with a 60 ml syringe on one end and a 12 in needle (\"18 gauge) partially encased in a 6 inch AI pipette on the other. Aspiration of fluid is accomplished through the vaginal route by piercing the dorsal fornix and chromosome analysis is performed on amniotic cells after cultivation in vitro for four to seven days. This method, which is simple and accurate, provides a safe diagnostic procedure for the prenatal detection of sex and cytogenetic defects in cattle.", "PMID": 1119062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6207", "title": "Vaccination against Vibrio (Campylobacter) fetus infection in sheep in late pregnancy.", "content": "A single injection of vaccine containing disrupted formol-killed Vibrio (campylobacter) fetus var intestinalis serotype V was shown to give good protection against abortion from an oral challenge of the same serotype administered simultaneously. Protection was also afforded by vaccination at the time of the first abortion in sheep infected orally one month previously. These results suggest that vaccination subsequent to an abortion might be of value in preventing a proportion of further abortions.", "contents": "Vaccination against Vibrio (Campylobacter) fetus infection in sheep in late pregnancy. A single injection of vaccine containing disrupted formol-killed Vibrio (campylobacter) fetus var intestinalis serotype V was shown to give good protection against abortion from an oral challenge of the same serotype administered simultaneously. Protection was also afforded by vaccination at the time of the first abortion in sheep infected orally one month previously. These results suggest that vaccination subsequent to an abortion might be of value in preventing a proportion of further abortions.", "PMID": 1119063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6208", "title": "Pectineus muscle resection as a treatment for hip dysplasia in dogs.", "content": "Pectineus muscle resection was performed on 100 dogs with hip dysplasia. The degree of dysplasia was estimated by radiography and by joint manipulation. The effects of the procedure on 81 dogs were determined by personal reinspection (34), or by means of owner-reports (47). Improvement was noted in 80 per cent but only 35 per cent reached a high level of recovery. The operation has a role in the treatment of hip dysplasia but it does not cure the condition and it will be several years before the long-term results are known.", "contents": "Pectineus muscle resection as a treatment for hip dysplasia in dogs. Pectineus muscle resection was performed on 100 dogs with hip dysplasia. The degree of dysplasia was estimated by radiography and by joint manipulation. The effects of the procedure on 81 dogs were determined by personal reinspection (34), or by means of owner-reports (47). Improvement was noted in 80 per cent but only 35 per cent reached a high level of recovery. The operation has a role in the treatment of hip dysplasia but it does not cure the condition and it will be several years before the long-term results are known.", "PMID": 1119074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6209", "title": "An outbreak of arsenic and toxaphene poisoning in Kenyan cattle.", "content": "In a case of poisoning involving 70 cattle analysis of specimens obtained during post mortem examination showed that the toxic substances were arsenic and toxaphene. This was consistent with both the clinical and post mortem findings. Arsenic was detected in water from an abandoned cattle dip in the farm. Soil samples collected in the vicinity of the dip contained both arsenic and toxaphene.", "contents": "An outbreak of arsenic and toxaphene poisoning in Kenyan cattle. In a case of poisoning involving 70 cattle analysis of specimens obtained during post mortem examination showed that the toxic substances were arsenic and toxaphene. This was consistent with both the clinical and post mortem findings. Arsenic was detected in water from an abandoned cattle dip in the farm. Soil samples collected in the vicinity of the dip contained both arsenic and toxaphene.", "PMID": 1119075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6210", "title": "A case of polytetrafluoroethylene poisoning in cockatiels accompanied by polymer fume fever in the owner.", "content": "Five cocatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus) died within 30 minutes following exposure to fumes from a frying pan coated with the \"non-stick\" plastic polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) that had accidentally overheated. Within an hour the owner developed symptoms of \"polymer fume fever\" but recovered in the next 24 hours. Clinical signs and post mortem lesions of the cockatiels are described and reference is made to the unusual susceptibility of parakeets to the pyrolysis products of frying pans coated with PTFE.", "contents": "A case of polytetrafluoroethylene poisoning in cockatiels accompanied by polymer fume fever in the owner. Five cocatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus) died within 30 minutes following exposure to fumes from a frying pan coated with the \"non-stick\" plastic polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) that had accidentally overheated. Within an hour the owner developed symptoms of \"polymer fume fever\" but recovered in the next 24 hours. Clinical signs and post mortem lesions of the cockatiels are described and reference is made to the unusual susceptibility of parakeets to the pyrolysis products of frying pans coated with PTFE.", "PMID": 1119084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6211", "title": "A modified refractometer method as a practical aid to the epidemiological investigation of disease in the neonatal ruminant.", "content": "A refractometer method for use on the farm, by the practising veterinary surgeon, to allow estimation of immunoglobulin levels of neonatal calf and lamb plasma is described. The results show that a good correlation exists between values obtained by this method and those obtained by the standard zinc sulphate turbidity method.", "contents": "A modified refractometer method as a practical aid to the epidemiological investigation of disease in the neonatal ruminant. A refractometer method for use on the farm, by the practising veterinary surgeon, to allow estimation of immunoglobulin levels of neonatal calf and lamb plasma is described. The results show that a good correlation exists between values obtained by this method and those obtained by the standard zinc sulphate turbidity method.", "PMID": 1119085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6212", "title": "[Use of x-ray spectral microanalysis for studying mineralized tissues].", "content": "In microanalysis of mineralized tissues an x-ray spectral method possessed an absolute limit of sensitivity about 5-10 minus 15 g. A relative limit of the method sensitivity constituted hundredth parts of a per cent and locality of the analysis--several cubic microns. The x-ray spectral microanalysis permitted to carry out qualitative and quantitative estimations of content of elements in different structures of biological tissues. The data were obtained on content of calcium and phosphorus in compact part of human tubular bone.", "contents": "[Use of x-ray spectral microanalysis for studying mineralized tissues]. In microanalysis of mineralized tissues an x-ray spectral method possessed an absolute limit of sensitivity about 5-10 minus 15 g. A relative limit of the method sensitivity constituted hundredth parts of a per cent and locality of the analysis--several cubic microns. The x-ray spectral microanalysis permitted to carry out qualitative and quantitative estimations of content of elements in different structures of biological tissues. The data were obtained on content of calcium and phosphorus in compact part of human tubular bone.", "PMID": 1119109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6213", "title": "[Lactate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in the myocardium and liver of rabbits with thyrotoxicosis].", "content": "Isoenzyme spectra of lactate and malate dehydrogenases were studied by means of polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis in heart muscle and liver tissue of rabbits with thyreoidin toxicosis. Under conditions of thyreotoxicosis in liver tissue content of isoenzymes LDH4 and LDH5, which slowly moved to anode, was decreased; in heart muscle content of LDH2-LDH5 was also decreased. In liver tissue the relative predominance of LDH1-LDH2 was observed, in heart muscle of LDH1. Activity and isoenzyme pattern of MDH were shown to be unaltered in homogenates of the tissues in thyreotoxicosis. An aerobisation of the LDH isoenzyme spectrum together with normal content of MDH suggested that intensive aerobic oxidation of substrates of glycolytic pathway occurred in heart muscle and liver tissue of rabbits with thyreoidin toxicosis.", "contents": "[Lactate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in the myocardium and liver of rabbits with thyrotoxicosis]. Isoenzyme spectra of lactate and malate dehydrogenases were studied by means of polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis in heart muscle and liver tissue of rabbits with thyreoidin toxicosis. Under conditions of thyreotoxicosis in liver tissue content of isoenzymes LDH4 and LDH5, which slowly moved to anode, was decreased; in heart muscle content of LDH2-LDH5 was also decreased. In liver tissue the relative predominance of LDH1-LDH2 was observed, in heart muscle of LDH1. Activity and isoenzyme pattern of MDH were shown to be unaltered in homogenates of the tissues in thyreotoxicosis. An aerobisation of the LDH isoenzyme spectrum together with normal content of MDH suggested that intensive aerobic oxidation of substrates of glycolytic pathway occurred in heart muscle and liver tissue of rabbits with thyreoidin toxicosis.", "PMID": 1119110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6214", "title": "[Purification and some properties of the thymidine kinase from the rat thymus].", "content": "Preparation of thymidine kinase, purified 500-fold, was isolated from rat thymus by means of fractionation with ammonium sulphate, gel filtration on Sephadex G-200, treatment with calcium phosphate gel and chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. The enzyme was shown to be stabilized by 0.12 mM of thymidine, activated by Mg2 (optimum concentration 12 mM) and inhibited by Mn2+ATP served as donor of phosphate groups in reactions, catalyzed by thymidine kinase. In respect to the phosphate acceptor the enzyme showed sharp specificity: it used as a substrate only thymidine, deoxyuridine and its derivatives, substituted at the 5-th position by haloid group. In study of affinity of the enzyme for the substrate Km equals 2.5-10 minus 5 M (Vmax equals 0.09) was determined.", "contents": "[Purification and some properties of the thymidine kinase from the rat thymus]. Preparation of thymidine kinase, purified 500-fold, was isolated from rat thymus by means of fractionation with ammonium sulphate, gel filtration on Sephadex G-200, treatment with calcium phosphate gel and chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. The enzyme was shown to be stabilized by 0.12 mM of thymidine, activated by Mg2 (optimum concentration 12 mM) and inhibited by Mn2+ATP served as donor of phosphate groups in reactions, catalyzed by thymidine kinase. In respect to the phosphate acceptor the enzyme showed sharp specificity: it used as a substrate only thymidine, deoxyuridine and its derivatives, substituted at the 5-th position by haloid group. In study of affinity of the enzyme for the substrate Km equals 2.5-10 minus 5 M (Vmax equals 0.09) was determined.", "PMID": 1119111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6215", "title": "[Oxidation of succinic acid in the liver mitochondria in chronic enterocolitis and after resection of the small intestine].", "content": "In liver tissue of dogs with experimental chronic enterocolitis rate of phosphorylation and P/O coefficient were decreased, when succinic acid was used as a substrate of oxidation. Within 10-40 days after resection of 1/2 part of small intestine in rats oxidation of succinate was increased with simultaneous decrease in P/O coefficient in liver tissue. In mitochondria of liver tissue on 20th and 30th day after the operation the succinate dehydrogenase activity was increased. In remote period after resection of small intestine (90 days) rates of succinate oxidation and P/3 coefficient approached the normal values, found in liver tissue.", "contents": "[Oxidation of succinic acid in the liver mitochondria in chronic enterocolitis and after resection of the small intestine]. In liver tissue of dogs with experimental chronic enterocolitis rate of phosphorylation and P/O coefficient were decreased, when succinic acid was used as a substrate of oxidation. Within 10-40 days after resection of 1/2 part of small intestine in rats oxidation of succinate was increased with simultaneous decrease in P/O coefficient in liver tissue. In mitochondria of liver tissue on 20th and 30th day after the operation the succinate dehydrogenase activity was increased. In remote period after resection of small intestine (90 days) rates of succinate oxidation and P/3 coefficient approached the normal values, found in liver tissue.", "PMID": 1119112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6216", "title": "[Citrate content in the myocardium and liver of rabbits in starvation and thyrotoxicosis].", "content": "Under starvation in rabbit blood plasma an increase in content of free fatty acids was accompanied by accumulation of citrate in myocardium and by maintenance of glycogen content in the organ. Contents of glycogen and citrate were decreased in liver tissue. In blood plasma under thyreotoxicosis an increase in concentration of free fatty acids was followed by decrease in contents of glycogen and citrate both in myocardium and in liver tissue. Under thyreotoxicosis the absence of the glycogenolysis block was associated with non-accumulation of citrate in myocardium. Difference in metabolic patterns of fatty acids in heart and liver tissues under starvation and thyreotoxycosis are discussed.", "contents": "[Citrate content in the myocardium and liver of rabbits in starvation and thyrotoxicosis]. Under starvation in rabbit blood plasma an increase in content of free fatty acids was accompanied by accumulation of citrate in myocardium and by maintenance of glycogen content in the organ. Contents of glycogen and citrate were decreased in liver tissue. In blood plasma under thyreotoxicosis an increase in concentration of free fatty acids was followed by decrease in contents of glycogen and citrate both in myocardium and in liver tissue. Under thyreotoxicosis the absence of the glycogenolysis block was associated with non-accumulation of citrate in myocardium. Difference in metabolic patterns of fatty acids in heart and liver tissues under starvation and thyreotoxycosis are discussed.", "PMID": 1119114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6217", "title": "[Formation of a secondary adrenaline-heparin-fibrinogen complex and its properties].", "content": "An effect of increase in fibrinolytic activity of adrenaline-heparin (ADH) complex was studied under its incubation in a mixture with pure fibrinogen on unstablized plates of fibrin in presence of xi-aminocapronic acid, By means of spectrophotometry in UV-light an increase in lytic activity of the incubated mixture of adrenaline-heparin complex with fibrinogen was shown to be due to formation of a secondary complex, which included adrenaline, heparin and fibrinogen. After intravenous administration of a mixture of ADH complex with fibrinogen, containing products of interaction of adrenaline, heparin and fibrinogen, not only an increase in non-enzymic fibrinolytic activity of plasma occurred, but also an increase in duration of an effect of adrenaline--heparin--fibrinogen complex was observed in vivo as compared with the equivalent dose of the ADH complex", "contents": "[Formation of a secondary adrenaline-heparin-fibrinogen complex and its properties]. An effect of increase in fibrinolytic activity of adrenaline-heparin (ADH) complex was studied under its incubation in a mixture with pure fibrinogen on unstablized plates of fibrin in presence of xi-aminocapronic acid, By means of spectrophotometry in UV-light an increase in lytic activity of the incubated mixture of adrenaline-heparin complex with fibrinogen was shown to be due to formation of a secondary complex, which included adrenaline, heparin and fibrinogen. After intravenous administration of a mixture of ADH complex with fibrinogen, containing products of interaction of adrenaline, heparin and fibrinogen, not only an increase in non-enzymic fibrinolytic activity of plasma occurred, but also an increase in duration of an effect of adrenaline--heparin--fibrinogen complex was observed in vivo as compared with the equivalent dose of the ADH complex", "PMID": 1119113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6218", "title": "[Synthesis and study of the properties of water-insoluble products of the interaction of urease and cellulose derivatives].", "content": "As a result of reaction of urease with graft copolymer of cellulose and polyglycidyle methacrylate or with carboxymethyl cellulose, products were synthesized, containing about 2% of chemically bound urease. Binding with the cellulose derivatives was accompanied by about two-fold decrease in urease activity. Carboxymethyl cellulose-urease and polyglycidile methacrylate-cellulose-urease might be repeatedly (for 30 cycles) used for hydrolysis of urea; the enzymatic activity of the first compound did not change, but of the second one--was decreased by 30%. Activity of the compounds was not changed after storage within 2 months in 0.1 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.0 at 4 degrees C.", "contents": "[Synthesis and study of the properties of water-insoluble products of the interaction of urease and cellulose derivatives]. As a result of reaction of urease with graft copolymer of cellulose and polyglycidyle methacrylate or with carboxymethyl cellulose, products were synthesized, containing about 2% of chemically bound urease. Binding with the cellulose derivatives was accompanied by about two-fold decrease in urease activity. Carboxymethyl cellulose-urease and polyglycidile methacrylate-cellulose-urease might be repeatedly (for 30 cycles) used for hydrolysis of urea; the enzymatic activity of the first compound did not change, but of the second one--was decreased by 30%. Activity of the compounds was not changed after storage within 2 months in 0.1 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.0 at 4 degrees C.", "PMID": 1119115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6219", "title": "[Insulin activity of the blood, the action on it of various loads and the effect of blood serum on the effect of insulin relative to fatty tissue in chronic pancreatitis].", "content": "In patients with chronic pancreatitis a decrease in insulin activity of blood was observed. The activity was tested using preparations of diaphragm and epididymal fat of rats. Reaction of the insulin activity of blood, after loading with glucose, secretine and pancreosimine, was also decreased. The phenomenon was probably important for development of decreased tolerance to carbohydrates, which was observed in patients with chronic pancreatitis. In blood serum of the patients no effect of inhibition of the insulin activity could be observed by means of influence of insulin on lipolysis in epididymal rat adipose tissue. The data obtained suggest that in chronic pancreatitis the leading role in development of carbohydrate metabolism impairements belonged to the quantitative insufficiency of insulin, but not to the qualitative alterations in blood serum, where the ability to inhibite the insulin activity appeared.", "contents": "[Insulin activity of the blood, the action on it of various loads and the effect of blood serum on the effect of insulin relative to fatty tissue in chronic pancreatitis]. In patients with chronic pancreatitis a decrease in insulin activity of blood was observed. The activity was tested using preparations of diaphragm and epididymal fat of rats. Reaction of the insulin activity of blood, after loading with glucose, secretine and pancreosimine, was also decreased. The phenomenon was probably important for development of decreased tolerance to carbohydrates, which was observed in patients with chronic pancreatitis. In blood serum of the patients no effect of inhibition of the insulin activity could be observed by means of influence of insulin on lipolysis in epididymal rat adipose tissue. The data obtained suggest that in chronic pancreatitis the leading role in development of carbohydrate metabolism impairements belonged to the quantitative insufficiency of insulin, but not to the qualitative alterations in blood serum, where the ability to inhibite the insulin activity appeared.", "PMID": 1119116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6220", "title": "[Activity of the kallikrein-kinin system in experimental myocardial infarct in dogs and the effect of catecholamines].", "content": "In experimental myocardial infarction in dogs even within first minutes after occlusion of coronary artery content of bradikinine was distinctly decreassed in blood plasma, content of kallikrein was increased and the activity of kininase was decreased in blood. These phenomena reflected the activation of kallikrein-kinin system. An increase in content of glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase was observed only within 6 hrs after ligation of the coronary artery. Content of adrenaline and noradrenaline was increased in the zone of myocardial infarction within 2 days after the onset of the disease; content of the catecholamines was significantly increased (3-17-fold) in adrenal glands. In acute period of myocardial infarction intravenous administration of adrenaline into animals caused a promt, distinct kininogenolytic effect and increased the content of kallikrein in blood. These findings demonstrate a significant effect of adrenaline on kallikrein-kinin system.", "contents": "[Activity of the kallikrein-kinin system in experimental myocardial infarct in dogs and the effect of catecholamines]. In experimental myocardial infarction in dogs even within first minutes after occlusion of coronary artery content of bradikinine was distinctly decreassed in blood plasma, content of kallikrein was increased and the activity of kininase was decreased in blood. These phenomena reflected the activation of kallikrein-kinin system. An increase in content of glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase was observed only within 6 hrs after ligation of the coronary artery. Content of adrenaline and noradrenaline was increased in the zone of myocardial infarction within 2 days after the onset of the disease; content of the catecholamines was significantly increased (3-17-fold) in adrenal glands. In acute period of myocardial infarction intravenous administration of adrenaline into animals caused a promt, distinct kininogenolytic effect and increased the content of kallikrein in blood. These findings demonstrate a significant effect of adrenaline on kallikrein-kinin system.", "PMID": 1119117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6221", "title": "[Effect of sodium ribonucleate on amino acid acceptance by transport RNA in the rabbit liver and muscles].", "content": "Both single or repeated (during 14 days) administration of sodium ribonucleate (10 mg/kg) into rabbits, caused an increased formation of lysine-RNA, leucine-t-RNA and alanine-t-RNA; At the same time, the acceptive capacity of t-RNA and aminoacylating activity of amino acyl-t-RNA-synthetases were increased. In sceletal muscles these processes were unaltered after single administration of sodium ribonucleate, but were stimulated after the repeated injections.", "contents": "[Effect of sodium ribonucleate on amino acid acceptance by transport RNA in the rabbit liver and muscles]. Both single or repeated (during 14 days) administration of sodium ribonucleate (10 mg/kg) into rabbits, caused an increased formation of lysine-RNA, leucine-t-RNA and alanine-t-RNA; At the same time, the acceptive capacity of t-RNA and aminoacylating activity of amino acyl-t-RNA-synthetases were increased. In sceletal muscles these processes were unaltered after single administration of sodium ribonucleate, but were stimulated after the repeated injections.", "PMID": 1119118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6222", "title": "[ Change in the protein spectrum of the erythrocytic membranes in certain anemias].", "content": "Proteins of human erythrocyte membranes were studied in normal state and in different anaemias. After solubilization of cell \"shadows\" in phenol-urea-acetic acid-water system in membranes there were found, by means of polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis, 20 protein fractions with molecular weight from 48000 to 225000; seven of them glycoproteins. In 9 cases out of 36 a complete or partial disappearance of a glycoprotein component with molecular weight of 170000 was observed in erythrocyte membranes from patients with inherited spherocytosis and Markiafava--Mikely disease.", "contents": "[ Change in the protein spectrum of the erythrocytic membranes in certain anemias]. Proteins of human erythrocyte membranes were studied in normal state and in different anaemias. After solubilization of cell \"shadows\" in phenol-urea-acetic acid-water system in membranes there were found, by means of polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis, 20 protein fractions with molecular weight from 48000 to 225000; seven of them glycoproteins. In 9 cases out of 36 a complete or partial disappearance of a glycoprotein component with molecular weight of 170000 was observed in erythrocyte membranes from patients with inherited spherocytosis and Markiafava--Mikely disease.", "PMID": 1119119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6223", "title": "[ Serotonin and monoamine oxidase activity in the dynamics of experimental neuroallergy].", "content": "A phasic type of alterations was observed in concentration of serotonin and in the monoamine oxidase activity (MAO, EC 1.4.3.4) in blood, spinal fluid and other tissues of dog in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. In the preparalytic period a decrease in content of the amine was observed in the brain part studied and in blood; in spinal fluid content of the amine was increased. During the period of clinical manifestations of encephalomylitis reduction in content of serotonin was found in hypothalamus and brain cortex; in white substance, spinal fluid and blood content of the amine was decreased. Content of serotonin was decreased in blood and other tissues of animals without clinical manifestations of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. In dynamics of the process the MAO activity was increased only in cortex of big hemispheres; distinct alterations were not shown in hypothalamus and white substance. The MAO activity was increased only in white substance of animals without clinical manifestations of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. A possible mechanism and function of alterations in content of monoamines in brain under experimental allergic encephalomyelitis are discussed.", "contents": "[ Serotonin and monoamine oxidase activity in the dynamics of experimental neuroallergy]. A phasic type of alterations was observed in concentration of serotonin and in the monoamine oxidase activity (MAO, EC 1.4.3.4) in blood, spinal fluid and other tissues of dog in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. In the preparalytic period a decrease in content of the amine was observed in the brain part studied and in blood; in spinal fluid content of the amine was increased. During the period of clinical manifestations of encephalomylitis reduction in content of serotonin was found in hypothalamus and brain cortex; in white substance, spinal fluid and blood content of the amine was decreased. Content of serotonin was decreased in blood and other tissues of animals without clinical manifestations of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. In dynamics of the process the MAO activity was increased only in cortex of big hemispheres; distinct alterations were not shown in hypothalamus and white substance. The MAO activity was increased only in white substance of animals without clinical manifestations of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. A possible mechanism and function of alterations in content of monoamines in brain under experimental allergic encephalomyelitis are discussed.", "PMID": 1119120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6224", "title": "[Electron microscope study of the innervation of the large arteries of the base of the brain subsequent to subarachnoid hemorrhage, following aneurysmal rupture (a pathomorphologic and experimental study)].", "content": "The ultrastructure of the intraadventitial and paravasal nerve trunks of the superficial adventitial plexus in major vessels of the basis cerebri in man and in dogs under normal conditions and with a subarachnoidal hemorrhagic effusion was studied at the submucroscopic level. Unlike the ultrastructure of the intra-adventitial nerve trunks the paravasal ones, lying in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), have an endothelial sheath that substitutes the epineurium and also has a perineurium endowed with an abundantly developed system of basal membranes containing aplanated cells and bands of collagen fibrils. With a subarachnoidal hemorrhagic effusion was in evidence the disruption of the \"CSF-neural barrier\". The endothelial cells break\" away and fall into the CSF, the basal membrane undergoes lysis, which, apparently, contributes to the penetration of various components of the subarachuoidally effused blood deep into the nerve trunks. This results in changes occurring in the ultrastructure of axones of the pulpous and, to a lesser extent,pulpousless nerve fibers.", "contents": "[Electron microscope study of the innervation of the large arteries of the base of the brain subsequent to subarachnoid hemorrhage, following aneurysmal rupture (a pathomorphologic and experimental study)]. The ultrastructure of the intraadventitial and paravasal nerve trunks of the superficial adventitial plexus in major vessels of the basis cerebri in man and in dogs under normal conditions and with a subarachnoidal hemorrhagic effusion was studied at the submucroscopic level. Unlike the ultrastructure of the intra-adventitial nerve trunks the paravasal ones, lying in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), have an endothelial sheath that substitutes the epineurium and also has a perineurium endowed with an abundantly developed system of basal membranes containing aplanated cells and bands of collagen fibrils. With a subarachnoidal hemorrhagic effusion was in evidence the disruption of the \"CSF-neural barrier\". The endothelial cells break\" away and fall into the CSF, the basal membrane undergoes lysis, which, apparently, contributes to the penetration of various components of the subarachuoidally effused blood deep into the nerve trunks. This results in changes occurring in the ultrastructure of axones of the pulpous and, to a lesser extent,pulpousless nerve fibers.", "PMID": 1119122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6225", "title": "Morphology of stored, rejuvenated human erythrocytes.", "content": "Whole blood was stored at 4 degrees C for 42 days. At 7-day intervals, starting with day 21, aliquots were rejuvenated with a phosphate, inosine, glucose pyruvate, and adenine solution. Samples were taken for ATP assays and red cell morphology (by SEM) both before and after rejuvenation. Rejuvenation elevated all ATP levels in excess of 100% of the starting values and significantly increased the percent of cells in the discoid shape as measured by their morphological index, showing that rejuvenation not only raises the cell's metabolic level but causes partial reversion to fresh cell morphology.", "contents": "Morphology of stored, rejuvenated human erythrocytes. Whole blood was stored at 4 degrees C for 42 days. At 7-day intervals, starting with day 21, aliquots were rejuvenated with a phosphate, inosine, glucose pyruvate, and adenine solution. Samples were taken for ATP assays and red cell morphology (by SEM) both before and after rejuvenation. Rejuvenation elevated all ATP levels in excess of 100% of the starting values and significantly increased the percent of cells in the discoid shape as measured by their morphological index, showing that rejuvenation not only raises the cell's metabolic level but causes partial reversion to fresh cell morphology.", "PMID": 1119131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6226", "title": "Dissociation of MNSs antigens using sodium deoxycholate fraction of erythrocyte membranes.", "content": "A dissociation of the MNSs blood group system has been demonstrated by sodium deoxycholate fractionation of erythrocyte membrane preparations. The MN antigens were localized in a fraction that sedimented at 30,000 g while the Ss antigens remained soluble after 100,000 g centrifugation for donors who were heterozygous at the MN locus. In contrast, fractions derived from erythrocytes of 'homozygous' M or N donors showed M or N activity in both the 30,000 g pellet and 100,000 g supernatant and Ss remained in the 100,000 g supernatant.", "contents": "Dissociation of MNSs antigens using sodium deoxycholate fraction of erythrocyte membranes. A dissociation of the MNSs blood group system has been demonstrated by sodium deoxycholate fractionation of erythrocyte membrane preparations. The MN antigens were localized in a fraction that sedimented at 30,000 g while the Ss antigens remained soluble after 100,000 g centrifugation for donors who were heterozygous at the MN locus. In contrast, fractions derived from erythrocytes of 'homozygous' M or N donors showed M or N activity in both the 30,000 g pellet and 100,000 g supernatant and Ss remained in the 100,000 g supernatant.", "PMID": 1119132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6227", "title": "Plasmapheresis: the in vitro distribution of heparin in plasma and red cell fractions following centrifugation.", "content": "A modified activated partial thromboplastin time (activated PTT) technique was employed in determining heparin concentration in plasma following centrifugation of whole blood. In reference to previous studies reporting heparin to be found essentially in the plasma, it was shown in the present study that following centrifugation of each bag of whole blood in a double-pheresis procedure, the approximate heparin distribution was 39.9 and 45.7% recovery in plasma for bags 1 and 2, respectively. It is suggested that heparin binding to cellular components may account for the low recovery in plasma. Activated PTTs conducted following reinfusion of red cell concentrates into donors were within normal values, and were consistent with the suggestion that heparin is bound to cellular components in vivo. The safety of the weekly injection of approximately 3,120 USP units of heparin into donors on a long-term basis is considered in the light of extensive data avilable from widespread systemic use.", "contents": "Plasmapheresis: the in vitro distribution of heparin in plasma and red cell fractions following centrifugation. A modified activated partial thromboplastin time (activated PTT) technique was employed in determining heparin concentration in plasma following centrifugation of whole blood. In reference to previous studies reporting heparin to be found essentially in the plasma, it was shown in the present study that following centrifugation of each bag of whole blood in a double-pheresis procedure, the approximate heparin distribution was 39.9 and 45.7% recovery in plasma for bags 1 and 2, respectively. It is suggested that heparin binding to cellular components may account for the low recovery in plasma. Activated PTTs conducted following reinfusion of red cell concentrates into donors were within normal values, and were consistent with the suggestion that heparin is bound to cellular components in vivo. The safety of the weekly injection of approximately 3,120 USP units of heparin into donors on a long-term basis is considered in the light of extensive data avilable from widespread systemic use.", "PMID": 1119133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6228", "title": "Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency and blood transfusion.", "content": "Seven White American male blood donors with Italian surnames were found to have red cell glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) deficiency among 1,285 with Greek or Italian surnames screened. Five different genetic variants were found; G-6-PDs Mediterranean (2), \"Athens-like\" (2), San Juan, Columbus and \"Canton-like\". Clinical evaluation of 23 patients who received 24 units of G-6-PD-deficient blood (G-6-PD A-) failed to reveal any deleterious effects. Screening of Black donors for G-6-PD deficiency is believed unnecessary; further data are needed before a recommendation can be made concerning screening for non-Black donors.", "contents": "Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency and blood transfusion. Seven White American male blood donors with Italian surnames were found to have red cell glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) deficiency among 1,285 with Greek or Italian surnames screened. Five different genetic variants were found; G-6-PDs Mediterranean (2), \"Athens-like\" (2), San Juan, Columbus and \"Canton-like\". Clinical evaluation of 23 patients who received 24 units of G-6-PD-deficient blood (G-6-PD A-) failed to reveal any deleterious effects. Screening of Black donors for G-6-PD deficiency is believed unnecessary; further data are needed before a recommendation can be made concerning screening for non-Black donors.", "PMID": 1119134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6229", "title": "[The strength and elasticity of the dura mater].", "content": "The strength and extensibility of human dura mater cold-preserved at--30 degrees--50 degrees and stored for up to 2 years were investigated. A total of 38 preserved and 5 fresh specimens were tested. The test-trials were made by using standard tensile-testing machines; The strength of preserved dura mater specimens was found to vary from 0.4 to 2 kg/mm2 and of the fresh ones--from 0.4 to 1.1 kg/mm2. The extensibility of the speciments equalled 10--30 per cent without any marked difference between the fresh and preserved ones. The duration of storage of the preserved dura mater does not affect adversely its strength.", "contents": "[The strength and elasticity of the dura mater]. The strength and extensibility of human dura mater cold-preserved at--30 degrees--50 degrees and stored for up to 2 years were investigated. A total of 38 preserved and 5 fresh specimens were tested. The test-trials were made by using standard tensile-testing machines; The strength of preserved dura mater specimens was found to vary from 0.4 to 2 kg/mm2 and of the fresh ones--from 0.4 to 1.1 kg/mm2. The extensibility of the speciments equalled 10--30 per cent without any marked difference between the fresh and preserved ones. The duration of storage of the preserved dura mater does not affect adversely its strength.", "PMID": 1119129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6230", "title": "Titration of antibodies to tetanus toxoid by agglutination of purified tetanus toxoid sensitized latex particles.", "content": "The method of sensitized latex particle agglutination which we have devised allows the selection of samples of plasma for the preparation of immunoglobulins. The population of thus selected samples is the same as is selected by the in vivo test, having a titer greater than or equeal to 6 IU/ml. The test gives a clear-cut difference between the positive and negative results and does not give any prozone phenomenon. It can be used extensively, as the batches of sensitized latex particles may be stored for quite a long time.", "contents": "Titration of antibodies to tetanus toxoid by agglutination of purified tetanus toxoid sensitized latex particles. The method of sensitized latex particle agglutination which we have devised allows the selection of samples of plasma for the preparation of immunoglobulins. The population of thus selected samples is the same as is selected by the in vivo test, having a titer greater than or equeal to 6 IU/ml. The test gives a clear-cut difference between the positive and negative results and does not give any prozone phenomenon. It can be used extensively, as the batches of sensitized latex particles may be stored for quite a long time.", "PMID": 1119135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6231", "title": "The effect of a single or double dose of dexamethasone on granulocyte collection with the continuous flow centrifuge.", "content": "A total of 33 leukaphereses were performed with the IBM continuous flow centrifuge on 28 normal healthy donors for the purpose of obtaining increased yields of granulocytes for infusion into leukopenic recipients. The pretreatment of donors within a 10- to 12-hour period prior to pheresis with a double dose of dexamethasone and the addition of hydroxyethyl starch to the input line of the continuous flow centrifuge, significantly increased the total quantity and efficiency of granulocyte collected as compared to a donor group receiving a single dose of dexamethasone in addition to hydroxyethyl starch. A mean of 25.5 times 10-9 total granulocytes were collected in addition to an efficiency of 2.11 times 10-9 granulocytes harvested per liter of blood processed in the double-dose-treated donors, in contrast to 19.6 times 10-9 total granulocytes collected and an efficiency of 1.82 times 10-9 granulocytes harvested per liter of blood processed in the single dose donor group. The results of the present study demonstrate that elevated quantities of granulocytes can be collected from normal donors by scheduling a double dose of dexamethasone prior to the pheresis procedure.", "contents": "The effect of a single or double dose of dexamethasone on granulocyte collection with the continuous flow centrifuge. A total of 33 leukaphereses were performed with the IBM continuous flow centrifuge on 28 normal healthy donors for the purpose of obtaining increased yields of granulocytes for infusion into leukopenic recipients. The pretreatment of donors within a 10- to 12-hour period prior to pheresis with a double dose of dexamethasone and the addition of hydroxyethyl starch to the input line of the continuous flow centrifuge, significantly increased the total quantity and efficiency of granulocyte collected as compared to a donor group receiving a single dose of dexamethasone in addition to hydroxyethyl starch. A mean of 25.5 times 10-9 total granulocytes were collected in addition to an efficiency of 2.11 times 10-9 granulocytes harvested per liter of blood processed in the double-dose-treated donors, in contrast to 19.6 times 10-9 total granulocytes collected and an efficiency of 1.82 times 10-9 granulocytes harvested per liter of blood processed in the single dose donor group. The results of the present study demonstrate that elevated quantities of granulocytes can be collected from normal donors by scheduling a double dose of dexamethasone prior to the pheresis procedure.", "PMID": 1119136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6232", "title": "Studies on glycoproteins and glycopeptides from Tn-polyagglutinable erythrocytes.", "content": "Direct evidence for the theory that Tn-polyagglutinable erythrocytes have a deficiency of alkali-labile sialic acid and galactose is gained by analysing the carbohydrate moiety of the tryptic glycopeptides with spectrophotometric methods and gas-liquid chromatography. Alkaline borohydride treatment of these glycopeptides specifically releases N-acetylgalactosaminitol. In addition it is shown that mainly the third and the first membrane glycoprotein are affected by the defect.", "contents": "Studies on glycoproteins and glycopeptides from Tn-polyagglutinable erythrocytes. Direct evidence for the theory that Tn-polyagglutinable erythrocytes have a deficiency of alkali-labile sialic acid and galactose is gained by analysing the carbohydrate moiety of the tryptic glycopeptides with spectrophotometric methods and gas-liquid chromatography. Alkaline borohydride treatment of these glycopeptides specifically releases N-acetylgalactosaminitol. In addition it is shown that mainly the third and the first membrane glycoprotein are affected by the defect.", "PMID": 1119137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6233", "title": "Anti-Kell (K1) in ascitic fluid.", "content": "The presence of anti-Kell (K1) in the ascitic fluid of a patient with adenocarcinoma is described. The antibody has persisted for over 3 years. The anit-K1 together with the anti-A and anti-B also present in the fluid, is compared with antibodies present in the patient's serum.", "contents": "Anti-Kell (K1) in ascitic fluid. The presence of anti-Kell (K1) in the ascitic fluid of a patient with adenocarcinoma is described. The antibody has persisted for over 3 years. The anit-K1 together with the anti-A and anti-B also present in the fluid, is compared with antibodies present in the patient's serum.", "PMID": 1119138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6234", "title": "[Mollusca contagiosa--review and critical evaluation of a new form of therapy (author's transl)].", "content": "The present state of knowledge of the clinical features and therapy of molluscum contagiosum is reviewed. Treatment with retinoic acid, applied topically, is evaluated on the basis of 15 cases. In the majority of patients the lesions cleared up within an average of 8.9 days. This therapy is contraindicated only in patients with a disposition to develop eczema. This form of therapy appears to be superior to all those in common use up to the present date, especially in children with multiple or recurrent lesions.", "contents": "[Mollusca contagiosa--review and critical evaluation of a new form of therapy (author's transl)]. The present state of knowledge of the clinical features and therapy of molluscum contagiosum is reviewed. Treatment with retinoic acid, applied topically, is evaluated on the basis of 15 cases. In the majority of patients the lesions cleared up within an average of 8.9 days. This therapy is contraindicated only in patients with a disposition to develop eczema. This form of therapy appears to be superior to all those in common use up to the present date, especially in children with multiple or recurrent lesions.", "PMID": 1119161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6235", "title": "[Lipoatrophia semicircularis (author's transl)].", "content": "11 young women were seen in the span of 2 years at the Department of Dermatology, University of Innsbruck, with dents of a very similar appearance on the extensor aspect of their thighs. These dents are characterized by their band-like circular localization and isolated atrophy of the subcutaneous fatty tissue. These changes are considered to be a distinct disease, termed lipoatrophia semicircularis. A differentiation from other diseases with atrophy of the subcutaneous fat, especially lipoatrophia annularis may be obtained on the basis of the clinical symptoms, histology and the course of disease. Possible causes and the pathogenesis of this disease are discussed.", "contents": "[Lipoatrophia semicircularis (author's transl)]. 11 young women were seen in the span of 2 years at the Department of Dermatology, University of Innsbruck, with dents of a very similar appearance on the extensor aspect of their thighs. These dents are characterized by their band-like circular localization and isolated atrophy of the subcutaneous fatty tissue. These changes are considered to be a distinct disease, termed lipoatrophia semicircularis. A differentiation from other diseases with atrophy of the subcutaneous fat, especially lipoatrophia annularis may be obtained on the basis of the clinical symptoms, histology and the course of disease. Possible causes and the pathogenesis of this disease are discussed.", "PMID": 1119162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6236", "title": "[Giant melanosomes in moles and in normal human epidermis (author's transl)].", "content": "This is the first report on the occurrence of giant melanosomes in normal human epidermis and in moles. Due to their characteristic ultrastructural features these large pigment organelles are of special interest for the research in melanin pigmentation. The diferentiation of giant malanosomes from other types of large melanin granules is discussed.", "contents": "[Giant melanosomes in moles and in normal human epidermis (author's transl)]. This is the first report on the occurrence of giant melanosomes in normal human epidermis and in moles. Due to their characteristic ultrastructural features these large pigment organelles are of special interest for the research in melanin pigmentation. The diferentiation of giant malanosomes from other types of large melanin granules is discussed.", "PMID": 1119163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6237", "title": "[Trophic phenomena in dermatology (author's transl)].", "content": "After a description of trophic disorders in 2 patients the great variety of trophic disorders and their diagnostic problems are discussed. Neurovascular dysfunction may be the main cause of trophic phenomena. The general opinion ist that so-called \"trophic\" nerve fibres do not exist, but there is evidence of the production of \"trophic\" substances by the nerve endings. So long as these problems remain unresolved, the term \"trophic\" should be avoided in favour of \"neurovascular disorder\".", "contents": "[Trophic phenomena in dermatology (author's transl)]. After a description of trophic disorders in 2 patients the great variety of trophic disorders and their diagnostic problems are discussed. Neurovascular dysfunction may be the main cause of trophic phenomena. The general opinion ist that so-called \"trophic\" nerve fibres do not exist, but there is evidence of the production of \"trophic\" substances by the nerve endings. So long as these problems remain unresolved, the term \"trophic\" should be avoided in favour of \"neurovascular disorder\".", "PMID": 1119164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6238", "title": "[Reticular formation nuclei and bioelectric activity in patients with ischemic brain stem strokes].", "content": "The study pertains to new approaches in the study of corrlations between the EEG data and the degree of lesions in the nuclei of the reticular formation in ischemic strokes due to occlusive processes in the vertebrobasillar system. In all cases, because of disorders of vital functions, the authors convened artificial lung ventilation which permitted to prolong the life of the patient and to study the dynamics of the EEG. In 10 lethal cases the brain stem was studied on a series of continuous preparations to determine the degree of lesions in the nuclei of the reticular formation in the pons Varoli and medulla oblongata in ischemic foci. It was not possible to establish significant differences in the indices of bioelectric brain activity in lesions of reticular nuclei of pons Varoli and medulla oblongata. The authors stress the necessitity of reconsidering the existing concepts of a dependence of EEG changed parameters upon the localization of the focus in the brain stem.", "contents": "[Reticular formation nuclei and bioelectric activity in patients with ischemic brain stem strokes]. The study pertains to new approaches in the study of corrlations between the EEG data and the degree of lesions in the nuclei of the reticular formation in ischemic strokes due to occlusive processes in the vertebrobasillar system. In all cases, because of disorders of vital functions, the authors convened artificial lung ventilation which permitted to prolong the life of the patient and to study the dynamics of the EEG. In 10 lethal cases the brain stem was studied on a series of continuous preparations to determine the degree of lesions in the nuclei of the reticular formation in the pons Varoli and medulla oblongata in ischemic foci. It was not possible to establish significant differences in the indices of bioelectric brain activity in lesions of reticular nuclei of pons Varoli and medulla oblongata. The authors stress the necessitity of reconsidering the existing concepts of a dependence of EEG changed parameters upon the localization of the focus in the brain stem.", "PMID": 1119236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6239", "title": "[Autoimmune factors in cerebral circulatory disorders associated with hypertension and atherosclerosis of the cerebral vessels].", "content": "In 160 patients with disorders of brain circulation in cerebral atherosclerosis, 68 normals and 38 patients with different neurological diseases (a control group), a special study was undertaken to study the antibrain antibodies with the aid of a complement fixation test (CFT), and a test of complement utilization (CUT). Positive results in the CFT and CUT were seen in patients with ischemic strokes and transient disorders of brain circulation. The formation of antibodies to brain tissues depends upon their type, duration of the disease and is more characteristic of the rehabilitation period. In studying autoimmune processes in patients with disordered brain circulation previous diseases should be taken into consideration (brain trauma, epilepsy, strokes). The existence of antibrain antibodies correlates with the intensity of the process.", "contents": "[Autoimmune factors in cerebral circulatory disorders associated with hypertension and atherosclerosis of the cerebral vessels]. In 160 patients with disorders of brain circulation in cerebral atherosclerosis, 68 normals and 38 patients with different neurological diseases (a control group), a special study was undertaken to study the antibrain antibodies with the aid of a complement fixation test (CFT), and a test of complement utilization (CUT). Positive results in the CFT and CUT were seen in patients with ischemic strokes and transient disorders of brain circulation. The formation of antibodies to brain tissues depends upon their type, duration of the disease and is more characteristic of the rehabilitation period. In studying autoimmune processes in patients with disordered brain circulation previous diseases should be taken into consideration (brain trauma, epilepsy, strokes). The existence of antibrain antibodies correlates with the intensity of the process.", "PMID": 1119237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6240", "title": "[The condition of the retinal vessels and intraocular and retinal pressure in patients with incipient forms of cerebrovascular atherosclerosis].", "content": "The authors examined 350 patients with initial forms of cerebrovascular atherosclerosis. Among the studied group 98 had discirculatory disorders. All patients were studied for the eye ground, intraocular and retinal pressure. The following clinical symptoms characterized this group of patients: antigiospasms, organic changes in the arterial vessels of the retina, changes in the peripapillar zones, in a normal eye retraction, a drop in the diastolic retinal pressure. Glaucoma was depicted in 27%. In patients with a tendency to cerebral paroxysms and transient disorders of cerebral circulation there were more distinct and more frequent symptoms of angiospasms, as well as signs of organic changes in the retinal arteries. The authors mark an increase in the systolic and retinal pressure and an asymmetry of it. Glaucoma was depicted in 3% of the cases.", "contents": "[The condition of the retinal vessels and intraocular and retinal pressure in patients with incipient forms of cerebrovascular atherosclerosis]. The authors examined 350 patients with initial forms of cerebrovascular atherosclerosis. Among the studied group 98 had discirculatory disorders. All patients were studied for the eye ground, intraocular and retinal pressure. The following clinical symptoms characterized this group of patients: antigiospasms, organic changes in the arterial vessels of the retina, changes in the peripapillar zones, in a normal eye retraction, a drop in the diastolic retinal pressure. Glaucoma was depicted in 27%. In patients with a tendency to cerebral paroxysms and transient disorders of cerebral circulation there were more distinct and more frequent symptoms of angiospasms, as well as signs of organic changes in the retinal arteries. The authors mark an increase in the systolic and retinal pressure and an asymmetry of it. Glaucoma was depicted in 3% of the cases.", "PMID": 1119238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6241", "title": "[A comparative clinico-genetic study of attack-like schizophrenia with late and early manifestation with regard to age].", "content": "The author studied the genetical traits in 2 groups of probands with attack-like schizophrenia with corresponding sex and age. The 1st group (62 probands) consisted of cases where the average age of the manifest psychoses was 59.5. The second group consisted of cases with an average of the manifest psychoses of 30.9. It appeared that the morbidity risk for schizophrenia for all the relatives of the first degree of relationship in the families of patients with late attack-like schizophrenia is significantly lower than the morbidity risk in familiies with an onset in young age. At the same time the frequency of schizophrenia among the relatives of patients with late attack-like schizophrenia significantly exceeds the frequency of schizophrenia in the general population. An accumulation of psychoses of a different nozology was not observed. The frequency of schizophrenia among the parents and sibs in a late manifestation of the disease in the probands is lower than in early schizophrenia. These differences were not seen in the children. Among the relatives of patients with late and early attack-like schizophrenia there is a large amount of schizoid personality anomalies.", "contents": "[A comparative clinico-genetic study of attack-like schizophrenia with late and early manifestation with regard to age]. The author studied the genetical traits in 2 groups of probands with attack-like schizophrenia with corresponding sex and age. The 1st group (62 probands) consisted of cases where the average age of the manifest psychoses was 59.5. The second group consisted of cases with an average of the manifest psychoses of 30.9. It appeared that the morbidity risk for schizophrenia for all the relatives of the first degree of relationship in the families of patients with late attack-like schizophrenia is significantly lower than the morbidity risk in familiies with an onset in young age. At the same time the frequency of schizophrenia among the relatives of patients with late attack-like schizophrenia significantly exceeds the frequency of schizophrenia in the general population. An accumulation of psychoses of a different nozology was not observed. The frequency of schizophrenia among the parents and sibs in a late manifestation of the disease in the probands is lower than in early schizophrenia. These differences were not seen in the children. Among the relatives of patients with late and early attack-like schizophrenia there is a large amount of schizoid personality anomalies.", "PMID": 1119284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6242", "title": "Clinico-pathological studies of the liver in asymptomatic carriers of Australia antigen.", "content": "In an attempt to clinico-pathologically examine asymptomatic HBs AG carriers, follow-up studies were made on 57 HBAg-positive blood donors with the S-GPT within normal range and the following conclusions were arrived at: 1) The results of liver function tests made in the present studies revealed the following rates of abnormalities: the S-GPT was abnormal in 14.5% of the subjects, the S-GOT was abnormal in 9%, the serum total bilirubins were abnormal in 12.2%, the serum alkaline phosphatase level was abnormal in 24.5%, the TTT was abnormal in 4.4%, the ZTT was abnormal in 2.2%, the gamma-globulin was abnormal in 21.2%, and the ICG retention was abnormal in 25.6%. It was thus necessary to make a follow-up study of the results of liver function test. 2) Anti-HBs was negative in all subjects, the rate of lymphocytic blastogenesis in the peripheral blood (tested by the addition of PHA) was low in 7 (36.8%) of 19 patients, and the MIF test by the addition of the purified HBs Ag revealed that 17 subjects, excluding one subject with a histologic picture of acute hepatitis, were not susceptible to HBs Ag. It was, therefore, surmised that immunological insufficiency would be involved in the development of asymptomatic carriers. 3) Histologic examinations, made on 20 subjects, revealed A.V.H. in one subject, N.S.R.H. in seven, N.S.R. in ten and fatty liver in two, and further revealed mild, diffuse inflammations in 8 subjects in the first two group (40% in total). Further, pleomorphism was noted in the hepatocytes of 8 (40%) of these 20 subjects, and a study is under way of the significance of the pleomorphism.", "contents": "Clinico-pathological studies of the liver in asymptomatic carriers of Australia antigen. In an attempt to clinico-pathologically examine asymptomatic HBs AG carriers, follow-up studies were made on 57 HBAg-positive blood donors with the S-GPT within normal range and the following conclusions were arrived at: 1) The results of liver function tests made in the present studies revealed the following rates of abnormalities: the S-GPT was abnormal in 14.5% of the subjects, the S-GOT was abnormal in 9%, the serum total bilirubins were abnormal in 12.2%, the serum alkaline phosphatase level was abnormal in 24.5%, the TTT was abnormal in 4.4%, the ZTT was abnormal in 2.2%, the gamma-globulin was abnormal in 21.2%, and the ICG retention was abnormal in 25.6%. It was thus necessary to make a follow-up study of the results of liver function test. 2) Anti-HBs was negative in all subjects, the rate of lymphocytic blastogenesis in the peripheral blood (tested by the addition of PHA) was low in 7 (36.8%) of 19 patients, and the MIF test by the addition of the purified HBs Ag revealed that 17 subjects, excluding one subject with a histologic picture of acute hepatitis, were not susceptible to HBs Ag. It was, therefore, surmised that immunological insufficiency would be involved in the development of asymptomatic carriers. 3) Histologic examinations, made on 20 subjects, revealed A.V.H. in one subject, N.S.R.H. in seven, N.S.R. in ten and fatty liver in two, and further revealed mild, diffuse inflammations in 8 subjects in the first two group (40% in total). Further, pleomorphism was noted in the hepatocytes of 8 (40%) of these 20 subjects, and a study is under way of the significance of the pleomorphism.", "PMID": 1119298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6243", "title": "Bioptical liver changes in florid hyperthyreosis.", "content": "In 42 non-selected patients with a clinically, biochemically and radio-iodine proved hyperthyreosis, previously untreated, a Menghini liver needle biopsy was carried out for evaluation of histomorphologic changes of the liver. As a result, \"reactive hepatitis\" was found in 8 patients. Moreover, in about 40% of the cases vacuolated nuclei of hepatocytes were observed in such a great number, as has been found so far only in diabetes mellitus. The microscopic findings, however, are in general unspecific and without particular pathologic value, showing no positive correlation to the biochemical findings.", "contents": "Bioptical liver changes in florid hyperthyreosis. In 42 non-selected patients with a clinically, biochemically and radio-iodine proved hyperthyreosis, previously untreated, a Menghini liver needle biopsy was carried out for evaluation of histomorphologic changes of the liver. As a result, \"reactive hepatitis\" was found in 8 patients. Moreover, in about 40% of the cases vacuolated nuclei of hepatocytes were observed in such a great number, as has been found so far only in diabetes mellitus. The microscopic findings, however, are in general unspecific and without particular pathologic value, showing no positive correlation to the biochemical findings.", "PMID": 1119299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6244", "title": "The effect of phenobarbital on the serum bilirubin level in normal and CCI-4 liver-damaged rats. Biochemical and histologic study.", "content": "The present study was designed to determine the effect of phenobarbital on bilirubin metabolism in rats, following intraperitoneal injection of blood incubated at 37 degrees C for 24 hr to produce hyperbilirubinaemia. Blood was taken from the rats to determine the total serum bilirubin before and 6, 12, 24, 36 and 48 hours after the intraperitoneal transfusion. Comparison of the bilirubin curves shows that the serum bilirubin levels were always significantly lower in the phenobarbital pretreated animals. It is proposed that several mechanisms may be responsible for the favorable effect of the phenobarbital on the bilirubin metabolism.", "contents": "The effect of phenobarbital on the serum bilirubin level in normal and CCI-4 liver-damaged rats. Biochemical and histologic study. The present study was designed to determine the effect of phenobarbital on bilirubin metabolism in rats, following intraperitoneal injection of blood incubated at 37 degrees C for 24 hr to produce hyperbilirubinaemia. Blood was taken from the rats to determine the total serum bilirubin before and 6, 12, 24, 36 and 48 hours after the intraperitoneal transfusion. Comparison of the bilirubin curves shows that the serum bilirubin levels were always significantly lower in the phenobarbital pretreated animals. It is proposed that several mechanisms may be responsible for the favorable effect of the phenobarbital on the bilirubin metabolism.", "PMID": 1119300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6245", "title": "Galactosamine- \"hepatitis\" in rats with different phagocytic activity of liver RES.", "content": "Morphological investigations by lightmicroscopy were performed to evaluate the influence of an altered liver RES-function state on the course of Gal-N-hepatitis. There was a good correlation between the biochemical data and the morphological alterations. The simultaneous infusion of Gal-N 1 g/kg b.w. and carbon particles (2.6 mg/100 g b.w) into the portal vein was followed by subtotal necrosis of the liver and Sanarelli-Shwartzmann-phenomenon. Signs of RES-activity were nearly absent. 8 days after pretreatment with carbon, Gal-N application did not produce Gal-N hepatitis; 21 days after carbon infusion the morphological changes normally found after Gal-N application were present. The morphological studies confirm the concept that an altered RES-function state is a very important factor for the development of liver cell necrosis.", "contents": "Galactosamine- \"hepatitis\" in rats with different phagocytic activity of liver RES. Morphological investigations by lightmicroscopy were performed to evaluate the influence of an altered liver RES-function state on the course of Gal-N-hepatitis. There was a good correlation between the biochemical data and the morphological alterations. The simultaneous infusion of Gal-N 1 g/kg b.w. and carbon particles (2.6 mg/100 g b.w) into the portal vein was followed by subtotal necrosis of the liver and Sanarelli-Shwartzmann-phenomenon. Signs of RES-activity were nearly absent. 8 days after pretreatment with carbon, Gal-N application did not produce Gal-N hepatitis; 21 days after carbon infusion the morphological changes normally found after Gal-N application were present. The morphological studies confirm the concept that an altered RES-function state is a very important factor for the development of liver cell necrosis.", "PMID": 1119301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6246", "title": "Subcutaneous secretin in dogs: influence of solvent and volume of solvent.", "content": "Pancreatic secretion in response to subcutaneously injected secretin was studied in three dogs with chronic pancreatic and gastric fistulas. Three solvents: saline, gelatin, carboxymethylcellulose (CMC); two volumes of solvent: 2 and 6 ml; and two doses of secretin: 75 and 150 clinical units were tested. Gelatin was more effective than CMC in prolonging the action of secretin; the duration of the plateau of secretion was about twice as long with gelatin as with saline. Increasing the volume of solvent from 2 to 6 ml also increased the total duration of secretion and total HCO-3 output. It is concluded that gelatin is a suitable vehicle for prolonging the action of secretin.", "contents": "Subcutaneous secretin in dogs: influence of solvent and volume of solvent. Pancreatic secretion in response to subcutaneously injected secretin was studied in three dogs with chronic pancreatic and gastric fistulas. Three solvents: saline, gelatin, carboxymethylcellulose (CMC); two volumes of solvent: 2 and 6 ml; and two doses of secretin: 75 and 150 clinical units were tested. Gelatin was more effective than CMC in prolonging the action of secretin; the duration of the plateau of secretion was about twice as long with gelatin as with saline. Increasing the volume of solvent from 2 to 6 ml also increased the total duration of secretion and total HCO-3 output. It is concluded that gelatin is a suitable vehicle for prolonging the action of secretin.", "PMID": 1119302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6247", "title": "Cell renewal of gastric mucosa in Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.", "content": "In Zollinger-Ellison patients the gastric mucosa is characterized histologically by hyperplasia both of the glands and the gastric pits. The fundic gastric mucosa is thickened with a marked increase of the specific glandular cells. In-vitro autoradiographic examination shows a significant increase in proliferation of the stomach epithelial cells in three patients with hypergastrinaemia. The mean generation time was diminished from 72 plus or minus 2 in controls to 45 plus or minus 4 hours in the Zollinger-Ellison patients owing to a reduction of the G-1 phase from 62-63 to 36-37 hours. The labelling index (3-H-index) was increased from 10.0 plus or minus 0.2 to 15.7 plus or minus 1.8%. The DNA synthesis phase, the G-2 phase, and the mitotic time were not altered compared to the controls.", "contents": "Cell renewal of gastric mucosa in Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. In Zollinger-Ellison patients the gastric mucosa is characterized histologically by hyperplasia both of the glands and the gastric pits. The fundic gastric mucosa is thickened with a marked increase of the specific glandular cells. In-vitro autoradiographic examination shows a significant increase in proliferation of the stomach epithelial cells in three patients with hypergastrinaemia. The mean generation time was diminished from 72 plus or minus 2 in controls to 45 plus or minus 4 hours in the Zollinger-Ellison patients owing to a reduction of the G-1 phase from 62-63 to 36-37 hours. The labelling index (3-H-index) was increased from 10.0 plus or minus 0.2 to 15.7 plus or minus 1.8%. The DNA synthesis phase, the G-2 phase, and the mitotic time were not altered compared to the controls.", "PMID": 1119303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6248", "title": "ABO blood groups and serum gastrin.", "content": "Serum gastrin concentrations were measured in 75 subjects of blood group O and in 75 subjects of other blood groups. Gastrinaemia both basally and following stimulation by glycine drink or by insulin hypoglycaemia did not show any statistically significant differenc in blood group O people as compared to subjects of other blood groups. It is concluded that the claimed relationship between blood group O and parietal cell hyperplasia cannot be considered as secondary to a relationship between blood group O and increased gastrin-producting G cell mass.", "contents": "ABO blood groups and serum gastrin. Serum gastrin concentrations were measured in 75 subjects of blood group O and in 75 subjects of other blood groups. Gastrinaemia both basally and following stimulation by glycine drink or by insulin hypoglycaemia did not show any statistically significant differenc in blood group O people as compared to subjects of other blood groups. It is concluded that the claimed relationship between blood group O and parietal cell hyperplasia cannot be considered as secondary to a relationship between blood group O and increased gastrin-producting G cell mass.", "PMID": 1119304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6249", "title": "Bulk flow in the cerebrospinal fluid system of the dog.", "content": "Ventriculo-cisternal, intracranial subarachnoid-to-subarachnoid space and spinal subarachnoid space perfusions were carried out on dogs. The perfusate contained inulin as a tracer and the design of these experiments was based upon the concept that inulin leaves cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) compartments only by means of bulk absorption, and that actual diffusion and active transport of inulin is negligibly small. Inulin was removed from different CSF spaces by bulk absorption at rates which varied linearly with hydrostatic pressure. The rate of formation of CSF is equal to inulin clearance plus the difference between outflow and inflow rates. The total CSF formation in dogs weighing 12 to 17 kg was measured as 0.065 ml/min, and 58.5 per cent of this amount was found to come from extraventricular CSF space. The rates are independent of hydrostatic pressure in the range studied.", "contents": "Bulk flow in the cerebrospinal fluid system of the dog. Ventriculo-cisternal, intracranial subarachnoid-to-subarachnoid space and spinal subarachnoid space perfusions were carried out on dogs. The perfusate contained inulin as a tracer and the design of these experiments was based upon the concept that inulin leaves cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) compartments only by means of bulk absorption, and that actual diffusion and active transport of inulin is negligibly small. Inulin was removed from different CSF spaces by bulk absorption at rates which varied linearly with hydrostatic pressure. The rate of formation of CSF is equal to inulin clearance plus the difference between outflow and inflow rates. The total CSF formation in dogs weighing 12 to 17 kg was measured as 0.065 ml/min, and 58.5 per cent of this amount was found to come from extraventricular CSF space. The rates are independent of hydrostatic pressure in the range studied.", "PMID": 1119314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6250", "title": "Peripheral nerve injury as a complication of axillary arteriography.", "content": "Five patients with peripheral nerve injury after axillary arteriography are presented. The clinical and electromyographic pictures of this complication are described. In 4 patients the brachial plexus was damaged due to haematoma or pseudoaneurysm-formation at the site of the arterial puncture. The grave prognosis for this complication is illustrated on the basis of the literature and our cases. Since it is concluded that the prognosis is better if rapid surgical correction of the complication is performed, certain steps to prevent the disabling outcome are proposed.", "contents": "Peripheral nerve injury as a complication of axillary arteriography. Five patients with peripheral nerve injury after axillary arteriography are presented. The clinical and electromyographic pictures of this complication are described. In 4 patients the brachial plexus was damaged due to haematoma or pseudoaneurysm-formation at the site of the arterial puncture. The grave prognosis for this complication is illustrated on the basis of the literature and our cases. Since it is concluded that the prognosis is better if rapid surgical correction of the complication is performed, certain steps to prevent the disabling outcome are proposed.", "PMID": 1119315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6251", "title": "Myopathy and neuropathy associated with osteomalacia.", "content": "Thirty unselected females with proven osteomalacia were evaluated clinically, electromyographically and histopathologically for muscle dysfunction. Clinical evidence of myopathy was found in all the patients except one; the electromyograms were abnormal in 25 of them, and histopathological abnormalities, although slight and nonspecific, were seen in all the 17 patients who underwent muscle biopsy. Electromyographic findings revealed a myopathic pattern as evidenced by a significant reduction in motor unit potential duration and amplitude, and an increased percentage polyphasicity as compared to the controls. There was a complete absence of denervation potentials. The histopathological abnormalities were nonspecific and slight, and consisted of fatty infiltration, interstitial fibrosis, sarcolemmal nuclear proliferation and variation in muscle fibre thickness. A statistically significant reduction in motor nerve conduction velocities of the ulnar and peroneal nerves was found. It was considered that this reduction in the velocities was due to subclinical neuropathy. Our data suggest that myopathy, neuropathy and osteomalacia in our patients are due to nutritional deficiencies of multiple vitamins.", "contents": "Myopathy and neuropathy associated with osteomalacia. Thirty unselected females with proven osteomalacia were evaluated clinically, electromyographically and histopathologically for muscle dysfunction. Clinical evidence of myopathy was found in all the patients except one; the electromyograms were abnormal in 25 of them, and histopathological abnormalities, although slight and nonspecific, were seen in all the 17 patients who underwent muscle biopsy. Electromyographic findings revealed a myopathic pattern as evidenced by a significant reduction in motor unit potential duration and amplitude, and an increased percentage polyphasicity as compared to the controls. There was a complete absence of denervation potentials. The histopathological abnormalities were nonspecific and slight, and consisted of fatty infiltration, interstitial fibrosis, sarcolemmal nuclear proliferation and variation in muscle fibre thickness. A statistically significant reduction in motor nerve conduction velocities of the ulnar and peroneal nerves was found. It was considered that this reduction in the velocities was due to subclinical neuropathy. Our data suggest that myopathy, neuropathy and osteomalacia in our patients are due to nutritional deficiencies of multiple vitamins.", "PMID": 1119316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6252", "title": "Intestinal absorption in myotonic dystrophy.", "content": "Forty-four patients with myotonic dystrophy were subjected to various tests for intestinal absorption. A varying number of patients were subjected to the various tests. In one patient (of altogether 11 patients) a pathological vitamin A absorption test was found together with increased faecal excretion of fat and nitrogen. Two of 12 patients showed pathological D-xylose tests. The reason for this may possibly be deficient urine collection. Schilling tests were on the whole normal. Glucose tolerance tests were pathological in 26 of 35 patients. The following pathological findings were made: elevated fasting blood sugar, elevated peak level, delayed return to pretest level, biphasic response and reduced increment in blood glucose levels following loading. The biphasic response seems to be a rather characteristic finding in myotonic dystrophy. The peak concentration was in all except one case reached within 15-60 minutes. Intravenous glucose loading gave normal response curves. The pathological response on oral loading was probably often caused by intestinal motility disturbances and not by malabsorption. Malabsorption seems to be a rare feature of myotonic dystrophy.", "contents": "Intestinal absorption in myotonic dystrophy. Forty-four patients with myotonic dystrophy were subjected to various tests for intestinal absorption. A varying number of patients were subjected to the various tests. In one patient (of altogether 11 patients) a pathological vitamin A absorption test was found together with increased faecal excretion of fat and nitrogen. Two of 12 patients showed pathological D-xylose tests. The reason for this may possibly be deficient urine collection. Schilling tests were on the whole normal. Glucose tolerance tests were pathological in 26 of 35 patients. The following pathological findings were made: elevated fasting blood sugar, elevated peak level, delayed return to pretest level, biphasic response and reduced increment in blood glucose levels following loading. The biphasic response seems to be a rather characteristic finding in myotonic dystrophy. The peak concentration was in all except one case reached within 15-60 minutes. Intravenous glucose loading gave normal response curves. The pathological response on oral loading was probably often caused by intestinal motility disturbances and not by malabsorption. Malabsorption seems to be a rare feature of myotonic dystrophy.", "PMID": 1119317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6253", "title": "The concepts: Disturbed state of consciousness and psychosis.", "content": "A theoretical analysis is made of the two concepts: \"disturbed state of consciousness\" (DSC) and \"psychosis\", and these concepts are defined in ways which are consistent with actual clinical psychiatric work on the Continent. Concerning DSC's two points are emphasized: Whether we, as psychiatrists, are conscious of it or not--one of our premisses for classifying a state as a pathological DSC is an evaluation of the client's ability to change the state voluntarily. Furthermore, stating that a DSC was present in the time interval tl0tn implies stating that all experiences were abnormal in some way during the interval--when the word \"experience\" is taken in the broad sense, including William James' \"fringe\" and \"embeddedness\" in the stream of consciousness. Reality testing may remain the cardinal point in the definition of \"psychosis\"--if we make the distinction between theoretical, \"fullblown\", syndromes and concrete syndromes with fewer symptoms clear to ourselves.", "contents": "The concepts: Disturbed state of consciousness and psychosis. A theoretical analysis is made of the two concepts: \"disturbed state of consciousness\" (DSC) and \"psychosis\", and these concepts are defined in ways which are consistent with actual clinical psychiatric work on the Continent. Concerning DSC's two points are emphasized: Whether we, as psychiatrists, are conscious of it or not--one of our premisses for classifying a state as a pathological DSC is an evaluation of the client's ability to change the state voluntarily. Furthermore, stating that a DSC was present in the time interval tl0tn implies stating that all experiences were abnormal in some way during the interval--when the word \"experience\" is taken in the broad sense, including William James' \"fringe\" and \"embeddedness\" in the stream of consciousness. Reality testing may remain the cardinal point in the definition of \"psychosis\"--if we make the distinction between theoretical, \"fullblown\", syndromes and concrete syndromes with fewer symptoms clear to ourselves.", "PMID": 1119318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6254", "title": "Prognosis of paranoid states in relation to the clinical features.", "content": "Scandinavian psychiatrists acknowledge endogenous psychoses which are neither schizophrenic nor manic-depressive, i.e., above all the \"reactive psychoses\" and the \"schizophreniform psychoses\", both of which differ from schizophrenia in their features as well as in their good prognoses. These Scandinavian diagnoses bear relationships to psychoses, which I separate from schizophrenia. In the present paper, paranoid states are discussed with regard to their clinical pictures and their good prognoses. Among these are the \"cycloid psychoses\". Patients suffering from these diseases recover from every phase, though most of the German psychiatrists consider them schizophrenic. Among the cycloid psychoses, the \"ansiety happiness psychosis\" shows ideas of reference on the one hand and ecstatic ideas on the other. In \"inhibited confusion psychosis\", the patients are suffering from ideas of reference and ideas of significance; in \"excited confusion psychosis\", from misidentifications of persons. The other symptoms which occur--anxiety, happiness, stupor, incoherent pressure of speech--confirm the cycloid psychoses and disprove schizophrenias. Besides the already mentioned psychoses, there is a monopolar psychosis, \"suspicious depression\", in which ideas of reference and ideas of guilt mix. It is extremely important, not only for theoretical but also practical reasons, to separate from schizophrenia paranoid states which terminate in complete recovery from every phase.", "contents": "Prognosis of paranoid states in relation to the clinical features. Scandinavian psychiatrists acknowledge endogenous psychoses which are neither schizophrenic nor manic-depressive, i.e., above all the \"reactive psychoses\" and the \"schizophreniform psychoses\", both of which differ from schizophrenia in their features as well as in their good prognoses. These Scandinavian diagnoses bear relationships to psychoses, which I separate from schizophrenia. In the present paper, paranoid states are discussed with regard to their clinical pictures and their good prognoses. Among these are the \"cycloid psychoses\". Patients suffering from these diseases recover from every phase, though most of the German psychiatrists consider them schizophrenic. Among the cycloid psychoses, the \"ansiety happiness psychosis\" shows ideas of reference on the one hand and ecstatic ideas on the other. In \"inhibited confusion psychosis\", the patients are suffering from ideas of reference and ideas of significance; in \"excited confusion psychosis\", from misidentifications of persons. The other symptoms which occur--anxiety, happiness, stupor, incoherent pressure of speech--confirm the cycloid psychoses and disprove schizophrenias. Besides the already mentioned psychoses, there is a monopolar psychosis, \"suspicious depression\", in which ideas of reference and ideas of guilt mix. It is extremely important, not only for theoretical but also practical reasons, to separate from schizophrenia paranoid states which terminate in complete recovery from every phase.", "PMID": 1119319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6255", "title": "Predisposition for mental syndromes: A study comparing predisposition for depression, neurasthenia and anxiety state.", "content": "A hypothesis of selective predisposition for drepression, neurasthenic syndrome and anxiety states has been tested in a prospective study. The primary material for the investigation consisted of 4,000 city inhabitants who had registered a private car. Almost all of these could be invited to a group investigation by questionnaire in the autumn of 1959. Out of those invited, 83% participated, and out of these, 3,019 were males (the secondary material). Six years later, the registers of public psychiatric out- and in-patient units in the city were examined as to the appearance in 1960 or later of the men in the secondary material. One hundred and fourteen of these men were found in the registers. For each of these men ten controls, matched for age, were chosen from the rest of the secondary material. Thirty-seven of the patients had had a depression and 17 a neurasthenic syndrome as the main diagnosis, and 17 had an anxiety state as the main or secondary diagnosis. As independent factors were chosen the Sj\u00f6bring personality factors sub-validity (psychasthenic traits), sub-stability (syntonia) and sub-solidity (hysteroid habitual attitude), as well as subclinical phenomena related to the neurasthenic, depressive and anxiety syndromes. It was not possible to show a specific predisposing power of the background factors investigated. Psychasthenic premorbid personality, however, was significantly related to depression, and also showed a strong tendency to an association with neurasthenic syndrome and anxiety states.", "contents": "Predisposition for mental syndromes: A study comparing predisposition for depression, neurasthenia and anxiety state. A hypothesis of selective predisposition for drepression, neurasthenic syndrome and anxiety states has been tested in a prospective study. The primary material for the investigation consisted of 4,000 city inhabitants who had registered a private car. Almost all of these could be invited to a group investigation by questionnaire in the autumn of 1959. Out of those invited, 83% participated, and out of these, 3,019 were males (the secondary material). Six years later, the registers of public psychiatric out- and in-patient units in the city were examined as to the appearance in 1960 or later of the men in the secondary material. One hundred and fourteen of these men were found in the registers. For each of these men ten controls, matched for age, were chosen from the rest of the secondary material. Thirty-seven of the patients had had a depression and 17 a neurasthenic syndrome as the main diagnosis, and 17 had an anxiety state as the main or secondary diagnosis. As independent factors were chosen the Sj\u00f6bring personality factors sub-validity (psychasthenic traits), sub-stability (syntonia) and sub-solidity (hysteroid habitual attitude), as well as subclinical phenomena related to the neurasthenic, depressive and anxiety syndromes. It was not possible to show a specific predisposing power of the background factors investigated. Psychasthenic premorbid personality, however, was significantly related to depression, and also showed a strong tendency to an association with neurasthenic syndrome and anxiety states.", "PMID": 1119320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6256", "title": "Depression: Predisposing factors.", "content": "Factors predisposing to a depressive state had been investigated in a prospective study on a stratified population, accounted for in the preceding article (Nystr\u00f6m & Lindeg\u00e5rd (1975a) ). Of the 114 persons seeking psychiatric care during the period of observation, 37 had a depression as the main diagnosis. As compared to their 370 matched controls, these patients showed a significant overrepresentation of psychasthenic traits (subvalidity according to Sj\u00f6bring), a tendency to ruminate, shyness in company and lack of endurance, certain asthenic subclinical symptoms such as habitual fatigue and irritability, certain depressive subclinical phenomena, various expressions of anxiousness, all kinds of insomnia, and certain forms of medical care and examinations. The findings can be used for mental hygienic purposes. It can be recommended that the environmental pressure within occupational as well as within private life, should be kept as low as possible, expecially for persons with characteristics shown to indicate mental vulnerability.", "contents": "Depression: Predisposing factors. Factors predisposing to a depressive state had been investigated in a prospective study on a stratified population, accounted for in the preceding article (Nystr\u00f6m & Lindeg\u00e5rd (1975a) ). Of the 114 persons seeking psychiatric care during the period of observation, 37 had a depression as the main diagnosis. As compared to their 370 matched controls, these patients showed a significant overrepresentation of psychasthenic traits (subvalidity according to Sj\u00f6bring), a tendency to ruminate, shyness in company and lack of endurance, certain asthenic subclinical symptoms such as habitual fatigue and irritability, certain depressive subclinical phenomena, various expressions of anxiousness, all kinds of insomnia, and certain forms of medical care and examinations. The findings can be used for mental hygienic purposes. It can be recommended that the environmental pressure within occupational as well as within private life, should be kept as low as possible, expecially for persons with characteristics shown to indicate mental vulnerability.", "PMID": 1119321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6257", "title": "Sex chromatin anomaly among Chinese psychiatric inpatients compared to schoolchildren.", "content": "In a study of sex chromatin abnormality among Chinese psychiatric inpatients, buccal smears were examined from a total of 1,253 psychiatric inpatients (639 males and 614 females). One male psychiatric inpatient (1.6/1000) was chromatin positive (plus ve); two female psychiatric inpatients (3.3/1000) were found to have two sex chromatin bodies (less than e). The lower rate for male inpatients in comparison to Chinese schoolboys (i.3/1000) is thought to reflect a higher rate of mental subnormality in the primary schoolchildren. This is considered attributable to the special nature of the school system and psychiatric patient facilities in Taiwan. The higher rate for female inpatients in comparison with the schoolgirls (0.5/1000) tends to indicate a predisposition to mental disorder in favor of psychosis associated with double sex chromatin abnormality in the female.", "contents": "Sex chromatin anomaly among Chinese psychiatric inpatients compared to schoolchildren. In a study of sex chromatin abnormality among Chinese psychiatric inpatients, buccal smears were examined from a total of 1,253 psychiatric inpatients (639 males and 614 females). One male psychiatric inpatient (1.6/1000) was chromatin positive (plus ve); two female psychiatric inpatients (3.3/1000) were found to have two sex chromatin bodies (less than e). The lower rate for male inpatients in comparison to Chinese schoolboys (i.3/1000) is thought to reflect a higher rate of mental subnormality in the primary schoolchildren. This is considered attributable to the special nature of the school system and psychiatric patient facilities in Taiwan. The higher rate for female inpatients in comparison with the schoolgirls (0.5/1000) tends to indicate a predisposition to mental disorder in favor of psychosis associated with double sex chromatin abnormality in the female.", "PMID": 1119322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6258", "title": "Alterations in chromatin functions during aging in vitro.", "content": "Age-associated alterations in the chromatin functions of human diploid cells have been observed. These alterations include: (1) a decline in the rate of histone acetylation; (2) a reduction in the rate of RNA synthesis as measured by (a) the rate of 3H-uridine incorporated into the RNA of young and old cells; (b) comparison of the template activity of isolated chromatin from young and old cells using E. coli RNA polymerase and (c) measurement of chromatin template activity using the endogenous RNA polymerase of young and old cells. It is suggested that the nondividing state of old cells may be the result of the inability to synthesize specific RNA molecules (and perhaps specific proteins) necessary for the cell to continue through the cell cycle.", "contents": "Alterations in chromatin functions during aging in vitro. Age-associated alterations in the chromatin functions of human diploid cells have been observed. These alterations include: (1) a decline in the rate of histone acetylation; (2) a reduction in the rate of RNA synthesis as measured by (a) the rate of 3H-uridine incorporated into the RNA of young and old cells; (b) comparison of the template activity of isolated chromatin from young and old cells using E. coli RNA polymerase and (c) measurement of chromatin template activity using the endogenous RNA polymerase of young and old cells. It is suggested that the nondividing state of old cells may be the result of the inability to synthesize specific RNA molecules (and perhaps specific proteins) necessary for the cell to continue through the cell cycle.", "PMID": 1119331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6259", "title": "Creatinephosphokinase in human diploid cell lines.", "content": "The activity of CPK was proved in cultivated cells from amniotic fluid cells, thymus, spleen, pericardium, umbilical cord, skin and muscle. The activity in these strains did not significantly differ. The average value is 224 plus or minus 68 i.u. CPK/mg N. No differences of activity were disclosed between embryonal, foetal and children cultures. The activity of CPK in post mortem cultures was not altered. The relationship between collagen synthesis and CPK activity is suggested. The evidence of CPK activity in amniotic fluid cells corresponding to the activity in other foetal cultures and the whole sample under investigation opens the way to the prenatal investigation of pathophysiology and inborn errors of the metabolism of this enzyme.", "contents": "Creatinephosphokinase in human diploid cell lines. The activity of CPK was proved in cultivated cells from amniotic fluid cells, thymus, spleen, pericardium, umbilical cord, skin and muscle. The activity in these strains did not significantly differ. The average value is 224 plus or minus 68 i.u. CPK/mg N. No differences of activity were disclosed between embryonal, foetal and children cultures. The activity of CPK in post mortem cultures was not altered. The relationship between collagen synthesis and CPK activity is suggested. The evidence of CPK activity in amniotic fluid cells corresponding to the activity in other foetal cultures and the whole sample under investigation opens the way to the prenatal investigation of pathophysiology and inborn errors of the metabolism of this enzyme.", "PMID": 1119333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6260", "title": "Studies on the proliferative capacity of mouse spleen cells in serial transplantation.", "content": "The ageing of mouse spleen cells in vivo was investigated by determining the size distribution of cell volumes. It was found that ageing is accompained by an increase in cell volume which is in agreement with published data on ageing for a number of cell types both in vivo and in vitro. After the first transplantation into irradiated hosts the size distribution of spleen cells proves to be more heterogeneous which may affect the proliferative capacity. After the fifth transplantation, when the cell population is three years old, the parameters of the volume distributions of spleen cells agree better with the data from middle-aged mice than with the data from old-aged mice. Further it was found that at least six serial transplantations are possible if the interval between passages is long. Therefore our data do not show an intrinsic limited proliferative capacity of these cells.", "contents": "Studies on the proliferative capacity of mouse spleen cells in serial transplantation. The ageing of mouse spleen cells in vivo was investigated by determining the size distribution of cell volumes. It was found that ageing is accompained by an increase in cell volume which is in agreement with published data on ageing for a number of cell types both in vivo and in vitro. After the first transplantation into irradiated hosts the size distribution of spleen cells proves to be more heterogeneous which may affect the proliferative capacity. After the fifth transplantation, when the cell population is three years old, the parameters of the volume distributions of spleen cells agree better with the data from middle-aged mice than with the data from old-aged mice. Further it was found that at least six serial transplantations are possible if the interval between passages is long. Therefore our data do not show an intrinsic limited proliferative capacity of these cells.", "PMID": 1119335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6261", "title": "Ageing and the loss of auditory neuroepithelium in the guinea pig.", "content": "By microscopic evulation of the cellular pattern of the organ of Corti in 3 age groups of guinea pigs (6 weeks, 7 months and 3 yr) the linear dependence of the loss of sensory cells on the age of animals was found. The linearity of the decrease in number of sensory cells supports the idea that the effect observed was induced by the ageing of the organism in normal conditions of living.", "contents": "Ageing and the loss of auditory neuroepithelium in the guinea pig. By microscopic evulation of the cellular pattern of the organ of Corti in 3 age groups of guinea pigs (6 weeks, 7 months and 3 yr) the linear dependence of the loss of sensory cells on the age of animals was found. The linearity of the decrease in number of sensory cells supports the idea that the effect observed was induced by the ageing of the organism in normal conditions of living.", "PMID": 1119338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6262", "title": "The role of retinol in, and the action of anti-inflammatory drugs on, hereditary retinal degeneration.", "content": "Light deprivation retarded retinal degeneration in albino dystrophic rats. In pigmented dystrophic rats the presence of pigment in the eye retarded the degenerative process. Retinol labilized rat retinal lysosomes in vitro. Acetylsalicylic acid stabilized retinal lysosomes even in the presence of the concentration of retinol which produced the maximum labilization. The effect of acetylsalicyclic acid was concentration dependent, maximum stabilization being produced by 0.25-0.50 mM. The results provide further evidence for the hypothesis that hereditary retinal degeneration in rats is mediated by an increased amount of retinol (produced by the action of light on an unusually labile type of visual pigment) causing a premature release of lysosomal enzymes.", "contents": "The role of retinol in, and the action of anti-inflammatory drugs on, hereditary retinal degeneration. Light deprivation retarded retinal degeneration in albino dystrophic rats. In pigmented dystrophic rats the presence of pigment in the eye retarded the degenerative process. Retinol labilized rat retinal lysosomes in vitro. Acetylsalicylic acid stabilized retinal lysosomes even in the presence of the concentration of retinol which produced the maximum labilization. The effect of acetylsalicyclic acid was concentration dependent, maximum stabilization being produced by 0.25-0.50 mM. The results provide further evidence for the hypothesis that hereditary retinal degeneration in rats is mediated by an increased amount of retinol (produced by the action of light on an unusually labile type of visual pigment) causing a premature release of lysosomal enzymes.", "PMID": 1119339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6263", "title": "Effect of age on kidney hyperplasia in the rat after unilateral nephrectomy.", "content": "The absolute weight of the rat's kidney increases from 3 weeks to 3 months and from 3 months to 12 months. The relative weight decreases. The number of cells freed from the kidney by trypsinization increases. (2) After nephrectomy, the kidney weight increases in all age groups. The increase is mery high in the youngest rats, lower but still significant in the 3 month old rats and still lower in the 12 month old rats. The number of cells freed from the kidney after nephrectomy is again very high in the young and 3 month old rats, but very low in the 12 month old rats. In these animals, the cell number is lower after nephrectomy than before, and a greater vulnerability of the cells is suggested as the cause of this phenomenon.", "contents": "Effect of age on kidney hyperplasia in the rat after unilateral nephrectomy. The absolute weight of the rat's kidney increases from 3 weeks to 3 months and from 3 months to 12 months. The relative weight decreases. The number of cells freed from the kidney by trypsinization increases. (2) After nephrectomy, the kidney weight increases in all age groups. The increase is mery high in the youngest rats, lower but still significant in the 3 month old rats and still lower in the 12 month old rats. The number of cells freed from the kidney after nephrectomy is again very high in the young and 3 month old rats, but very low in the 12 month old rats. In these animals, the cell number is lower after nephrectomy than before, and a greater vulnerability of the cells is suggested as the cause of this phenomenon.", "PMID": 1119340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6264", "title": "Effect of age on kidney hyperplasia in the rat during cold acclimation.", "content": "In adult rats acclimated to 5 degrees C, the kidney weight increases with the length of the exposure. Kidney cells of younger rats survive explantation better than the cells of control rats of the same age. Kidney cells of older rats after cold acclimation and after unilateral nephrectomy have a lower vitality in vitro than corresponding control cells. Unilateral nephrectomy performed in rats aged 3 and 6 months, exposed previously to low temperature, leads to a better survival of explanted kidney cells than nephrectomy or cold only. Old rats do not survive exposure to 5 degrees C for more than 18 hr.", "contents": "Effect of age on kidney hyperplasia in the rat during cold acclimation. In adult rats acclimated to 5 degrees C, the kidney weight increases with the length of the exposure. Kidney cells of younger rats survive explantation better than the cells of control rats of the same age. Kidney cells of older rats after cold acclimation and after unilateral nephrectomy have a lower vitality in vitro than corresponding control cells. Unilateral nephrectomy performed in rats aged 3 and 6 months, exposed previously to low temperature, leads to a better survival of explanted kidney cells than nephrectomy or cold only. Old rats do not survive exposure to 5 degrees C for more than 18 hr.", "PMID": 1119341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6265", "title": "Biosynthesis of collagen during the life cycle of human diploid cell lines.", "content": "In the course of the active phase of growth collagen synthesis appears relatively stable and decreases when the culture passes into the degenerative phase III. The increase of cell nitrogen indicates the increasing accumulation of cell proteins with their aging in vitro. The ratio of soluble to insoluble collagen is relatively constant in fibroblast cultures from different tissues, periods of development during the active phase of growth. The increase of insoluble collagen in long term cultivated Marfan syndrome fibroblasts indicates the possible relationship between increasing stability of collagen and ageing of fibroblasts in vitro. Further studies confirmed the significant differences between control fibroblast and fibroblast derived from tissues of patients affected by Marfan syndrome. No differences were found in collagen synthesis and in the ratio of soluble to insoluble collagen in fibroblast strains from embryos, foetuses, children and young adults. The collagen synthesis and the ratio of soluble to insoluble collagen does not differ in fibroblast cultures derived from or post-natal period of life. The collagen synthesis in amniotic fluid cells was confirmed by analysis of cell proteins and proteins produced into the cultivation medium. The ultrastructural analysis of these cells reveals formation of intracellular fibrills and their growth in the extracellular space. The possibility of prenatal investigation of inborn errors of collagen metabolism is pointed out.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of collagen during the life cycle of human diploid cell lines. In the course of the active phase of growth collagen synthesis appears relatively stable and decreases when the culture passes into the degenerative phase III. The increase of cell nitrogen indicates the increasing accumulation of cell proteins with their aging in vitro. The ratio of soluble to insoluble collagen is relatively constant in fibroblast cultures from different tissues, periods of development during the active phase of growth. The increase of insoluble collagen in long term cultivated Marfan syndrome fibroblasts indicates the possible relationship between increasing stability of collagen and ageing of fibroblasts in vitro. Further studies confirmed the significant differences between control fibroblast and fibroblast derived from tissues of patients affected by Marfan syndrome. No differences were found in collagen synthesis and in the ratio of soluble to insoluble collagen in fibroblast strains from embryos, foetuses, children and young adults. The collagen synthesis and the ratio of soluble to insoluble collagen does not differ in fibroblast cultures derived from or post-natal period of life. The collagen synthesis in amniotic fluid cells was confirmed by analysis of cell proteins and proteins produced into the cultivation medium. The ultrastructural analysis of these cells reveals formation of intracellular fibrills and their growth in the extracellular space. The possibility of prenatal investigation of inborn errors of collagen metabolism is pointed out.", "PMID": 1119343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6266", "title": "Ageing processes in collagens from different tissues of rats.", "content": "It has been demonstrated by solubility data, that the differences in cross-linking and degree of polymerisation in connective tissue from different organs of a single animal are much more pronounced than the increase which occurs with advancing age. Judged from the cross-linking analysis one can therefore conclude that in a single animal there are connective tissues which differ in their degree of maturity. It is therefore conceivable to suggest that the level of cross-linking should not be taken as the measure of the biological age of the animal.", "contents": "Ageing processes in collagens from different tissues of rats. It has been demonstrated by solubility data, that the differences in cross-linking and degree of polymerisation in connective tissue from different organs of a single animal are much more pronounced than the increase which occurs with advancing age. Judged from the cross-linking analysis one can therefore conclude that in a single animal there are connective tissues which differ in their degree of maturity. It is therefore conceivable to suggest that the level of cross-linking should not be taken as the measure of the biological age of the animal.", "PMID": 1119344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6267", "title": "The effect of nutritional regimes upon collagen concentration and survival of rats.", "content": "It has been demonstrated that food restriction put upon animals at any stage of the individual's life, if chronic, produces a distinct increase in the lifespan. This can be effected in youth and still have a distinct effect in old age even if the food restriction is cut down and for the rest of the life the animal is allowed food ad libitum. Since the effect upon the aging of the animal is delayed on the time scale, it is obviously an effect which is stored somewhere and it is suggested that this storage occurred somewhere along the DNA-RNA pathway. Also the effect of under nutrition is not identical with that of oxidizing free radical blocking agents and therefore it is concluded that the food deprivation does not minimize the attack of the free radicals on the long chain macromolecules and as a matter of fact it seems that the proportion by which free radicals contribute to the changes in the average lifespan in undernourished and fully nourished animals is small. It has been also demonstrated that the addition of reducing agents to normal diet and to the diet of food restricted animals increases the average and maximum lifespan in both cases practically to the same extent, which supports the idea expressed before. This feeding effect has been observed in three different species of rodents and no extrapolation has been done to other types of mammals. Due to the data published on this topic and dealing with rotifers and some insects (2) it is conceivable to conclude that the effect of undernutrition is general and is not limited to the food restriction in the early stages of development only. Collagen starts to accumulate in the kidneys and liver of experimental animals roughly ten months before 90 percent of the population dies out. Tus an increase in collagen concentration can be indicative of involutional changes in the organ (and perhaps organism). These data are i- good agreement with previously published results on the relation between collagen accumulation and chronic food deprivation in rats (6). It can be also concluded that food deprivation induced in the adult, though not so effective in life prolongation as the food restriction during early development, still can increase survival in experimental animals to a high degree.", "contents": "The effect of nutritional regimes upon collagen concentration and survival of rats. It has been demonstrated that food restriction put upon animals at any stage of the individual's life, if chronic, produces a distinct increase in the lifespan. This can be effected in youth and still have a distinct effect in old age even if the food restriction is cut down and for the rest of the life the animal is allowed food ad libitum. Since the effect upon the aging of the animal is delayed on the time scale, it is obviously an effect which is stored somewhere and it is suggested that this storage occurred somewhere along the DNA-RNA pathway. Also the effect of under nutrition is not identical with that of oxidizing free radical blocking agents and therefore it is concluded that the food deprivation does not minimize the attack of the free radicals on the long chain macromolecules and as a matter of fact it seems that the proportion by which free radicals contribute to the changes in the average lifespan in undernourished and fully nourished animals is small. It has been also demonstrated that the addition of reducing agents to normal diet and to the diet of food restricted animals increases the average and maximum lifespan in both cases practically to the same extent, which supports the idea expressed before. This feeding effect has been observed in three different species of rodents and no extrapolation has been done to other types of mammals. Due to the data published on this topic and dealing with rotifers and some insects (2) it is conceivable to conclude that the effect of undernutrition is general and is not limited to the food restriction in the early stages of development only. Collagen starts to accumulate in the kidneys and liver of experimental animals roughly ten months before 90 percent of the population dies out. Tus an increase in collagen concentration can be indicative of involutional changes in the organ (and perhaps organism). These data are i- good agreement with previously published results on the relation between collagen accumulation and chronic food deprivation in rats (6). It can be also concluded that food deprivation induced in the adult, though not so effective in life prolongation as the food restriction during early development, still can increase survival in experimental animals to a high degree.", "PMID": 1119345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6268", "title": "Relations between development of the capillary wall and myoarchitecture of the rat heart.", "content": "The type of the blood supply to the myocardium appears to be closely related to its structural arrangement. The heart of adult poikilotherm animals is either entirely spongious, supplied from the ventricular cavity or its spongious musculature is covered by an outer compact layer with vascular supply. The size of the compact layer increases with increasing heart weight. The changes in the heart size during the ontogenetic development of honoiotherms are accompanied by the gradual transformation of the vascularless spongious musculature into a compact myocardium supplied thrugh coronary vessels. Up to the development of coronary arteries (in the rat up to the 17th day of embryonic life - ed) the myocardium is entirely spongious and supplied from mentricular cavity. Two types of primitive vascular bed are characteristic for this period: a) intertrabecular spaces, which penetrate deep into the ventricular wall as direct continuation of the endocardium, and b) intramyocardial clefts without endothelial lining. During further development of the terminal mascular bed, the outgrowth of endothelial cells into the myocardial clefts is important. The first capillaries with closed endothelial wall can be observed on the 18th ed. At this time various developmental stages o the terminal blood bed can be observed simultaneously. Within the following period (20-21 ed) the thick capillary walls become narrow and pericytes occur. The process of differentiation spreads in both ventricles and in septum from the base to the cardiac apex and is practically finished by the 14th day of postnatal life. The longitudinal orientations of myofibres starts between the 20th and 22nd ed. The final arrangement of muscle cells and capillaries into three layers (outer and inner longitudinal, central circular) is terminated during the second postnatal week.", "contents": "Relations between development of the capillary wall and myoarchitecture of the rat heart. The type of the blood supply to the myocardium appears to be closely related to its structural arrangement. The heart of adult poikilotherm animals is either entirely spongious, supplied from the ventricular cavity or its spongious musculature is covered by an outer compact layer with vascular supply. The size of the compact layer increases with increasing heart weight. The changes in the heart size during the ontogenetic development of honoiotherms are accompanied by the gradual transformation of the vascularless spongious musculature into a compact myocardium supplied thrugh coronary vessels. Up to the development of coronary arteries (in the rat up to the 17th day of embryonic life - ed) the myocardium is entirely spongious and supplied from mentricular cavity. Two types of primitive vascular bed are characteristic for this period: a) intertrabecular spaces, which penetrate deep into the ventricular wall as direct continuation of the endocardium, and b) intramyocardial clefts without endothelial lining. During further development of the terminal mascular bed, the outgrowth of endothelial cells into the myocardial clefts is important. The first capillaries with closed endothelial wall can be observed on the 18th ed. At this time various developmental stages o the terminal blood bed can be observed simultaneously. Within the following period (20-21 ed) the thick capillary walls become narrow and pericytes occur. The process of differentiation spreads in both ventricles and in septum from the base to the cardiac apex and is practically finished by the 14th day of postnatal life. The longitudinal orientations of myofibres starts between the 20th and 22nd ed. The final arrangement of muscle cells and capillaries into three layers (outer and inner longitudinal, central circular) is terminated during the second postnatal week.", "PMID": 1119347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6269", "title": "The use of arrested populations of human diploid fibroblasts for the study of senescence in vitro.", "content": "It has been shown that human diploid cells from various donor ages can be arrested in an essentially nonmitotic state by reducing the serum concentration of the incubation medium from 10 to 0.5 percent. Cells incubated at this serum level maintained the population distribution that was present when the cells reached confluency. The population, which has 90 percent of the cells in the G1 phase of the division cycle, was not static and exhibited a low level of mitotic activity with prolonged interdivision times. These cells also exhibited a greatly reduced (30 percent) protein content which occurred within the first 7 days of cultivation with 0.5 percent serum. Cells arrested by incubation with low serum medium and subsequently recovered to a proliferative state underwent an equivalent or greater number of population doublings with a concomitant extension of in vitro calendar time when compared to growth controls. This indicated that the number of mitotic events and not the length of time in culture was the primary determinant of in vitro lifespan. The ultimate passage level achieved by experimental cells as compared to controls was different in the three cell strains studied. A gradient of attained passage number according to donor age was established with cells from younger donors reaching a significantly greater number than those from older donors. The use of arrested cell populations for the study of cellular senescence offers a unique opportunity to have an in vitro system which may more closely approximate those in vivo tissues which normally do not exhibit a rapid rate of proliferation. By the use of this system numerous biochemical parameters can be investigated at various cell ages without the interference of proliferative processes.", "contents": "The use of arrested populations of human diploid fibroblasts for the study of senescence in vitro. It has been shown that human diploid cells from various donor ages can be arrested in an essentially nonmitotic state by reducing the serum concentration of the incubation medium from 10 to 0.5 percent. Cells incubated at this serum level maintained the population distribution that was present when the cells reached confluency. The population, which has 90 percent of the cells in the G1 phase of the division cycle, was not static and exhibited a low level of mitotic activity with prolonged interdivision times. These cells also exhibited a greatly reduced (30 percent) protein content which occurred within the first 7 days of cultivation with 0.5 percent serum. Cells arrested by incubation with low serum medium and subsequently recovered to a proliferative state underwent an equivalent or greater number of population doublings with a concomitant extension of in vitro calendar time when compared to growth controls. This indicated that the number of mitotic events and not the length of time in culture was the primary determinant of in vitro lifespan. The ultimate passage level achieved by experimental cells as compared to controls was different in the three cell strains studied. A gradient of attained passage number according to donor age was established with cells from younger donors reaching a significantly greater number than those from older donors. The use of arrested cell populations for the study of cellular senescence offers a unique opportunity to have an in vitro system which may more closely approximate those in vivo tissues which normally do not exhibit a rapid rate of proliferation. By the use of this system numerous biochemical parameters can be investigated at various cell ages without the interference of proliferative processes.", "PMID": 1119348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6270", "title": "Morphometrical and mathematical analysis of the ageing changes of the muscle-connective-tissue-relation in smooth muscles.", "content": "The rate of the process of ageing studied in this work as well as of other ageing processes observed by us constantly decreases with increasing age. By an adaptation of exponential functions to series of measurements it is possible to estimate the theoretically possible end stage of histological ageing processes for extremely long lifetimes. The histological biomorphosis is much slower in female persons during their generative phase than in males. Results of planimetric measurements made on sections suggest that, so far as the shift in muscle-connective tissue relation in favour of the connective tissue is concerned, primary significance should be attached to muscular atrophy, while the connective-tissue proliferation may be considered to the secondary in this respect.", "contents": "Morphometrical and mathematical analysis of the ageing changes of the muscle-connective-tissue-relation in smooth muscles. The rate of the process of ageing studied in this work as well as of other ageing processes observed by us constantly decreases with increasing age. By an adaptation of exponential functions to series of measurements it is possible to estimate the theoretically possible end stage of histological ageing processes for extremely long lifetimes. The histological biomorphosis is much slower in female persons during their generative phase than in males. Results of planimetric measurements made on sections suggest that, so far as the shift in muscle-connective tissue relation in favour of the connective tissue is concerned, primary significance should be attached to muscular atrophy, while the connective-tissue proliferation may be considered to the secondary in this respect.", "PMID": 1119350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6271", "title": "Time-lapse cinemicrophotographic studies of cell division patterns of human diploid fibroblasts (WI-38) during their in vitro lifespan.", "content": "Genealogies of human diploid embryonic lung fibroblasts, WI-38 were prepare from analysis of filmed sequences of clones at passages 20, 28 and 53. The results indicate heterogeneity in cell division patterns, interdivision time and migration activity. The relationship of the cell division patterns to age of culture is difficult to assess at this time because of the heterogeneity of the clones, however, the late passage culture appeared to be more variable in terms of sister-sister, and mother-daughter relationships. The passage 28 culture was representative of a highly proliferating clone, exhibiting short interdivision times and a synchronous division pattern. The passage 20 and 53 clones exhibited longer interdivision times and less synchronous division pattern than the passage 28 clone. A gradual lengthening of average interdivision time with successive generations has been observed in all genealogies regardless of passage level of the donor culture. A portion of daughter cells in the fifth and sixth generation exhibited lower interdivision time than the mother cell. The effects of nutrients, space, and mitotic inhibitors or stimulators on interdivision time of the cells within the clones is discussed.", "contents": "Time-lapse cinemicrophotographic studies of cell division patterns of human diploid fibroblasts (WI-38) during their in vitro lifespan. Genealogies of human diploid embryonic lung fibroblasts, WI-38 were prepare from analysis of filmed sequences of clones at passages 20, 28 and 53. The results indicate heterogeneity in cell division patterns, interdivision time and migration activity. The relationship of the cell division patterns to age of culture is difficult to assess at this time because of the heterogeneity of the clones, however, the late passage culture appeared to be more variable in terms of sister-sister, and mother-daughter relationships. The passage 28 culture was representative of a highly proliferating clone, exhibiting short interdivision times and a synchronous division pattern. The passage 20 and 53 clones exhibited longer interdivision times and less synchronous division pattern than the passage 28 clone. A gradual lengthening of average interdivision time with successive generations has been observed in all genealogies regardless of passage level of the donor culture. A portion of daughter cells in the fifth and sixth generation exhibited lower interdivision time than the mother cell. The effects of nutrients, space, and mitotic inhibitors or stimulators on interdivision time of the cells within the clones is discussed.", "PMID": 1119352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6272", "title": "The angiotensin infusion test as a method of evaluating left ventricular function.", "content": "Fifteen patients had left ventricular function measured by the angiotensin infusion method. Seven patients had no evidence of heart disease, and eight patients had angina pectoris and coronary arteriographic evidence of coronary disease without congestive heart failure. During angiotensin infusion, those patients without heart disease had a decrease in cardiac index (average, 0.63 L. per minute per square meter) and a decrease in heart rate (average, 12 beats per minute.) The ventricular function curve had a poor SWI response in four of the seven subjects. The patients with coronary artery disease also had a reduction in cardiac index during angiotensin (average, 0.44 L. per minute per square meter) and the heart rate was unchanged in four subjects, increased in two subjects, and decreased in two subjects. Six of the subjects had flat or descending slopes on the function curve, and in one subject there was only a very gradual ascending slope. Many of the curves of both groups looked similar so that the function curves did not differentiate between those patients with or without heart disease. The mechanism for production of bradycardia, reduction of cardiac output, and depressed function curves with angiotensin is multifactorial, but is probably due to the baroreceptor reflex response, the increase in coronary artery resistance, and possible to the direct effect of increased left ventricular afterload itself. The ventricular response to angiotensin is so variable that the angiotensin infusion method of evaluating ventricular function is not reliable.", "contents": "The angiotensin infusion test as a method of evaluating left ventricular function. Fifteen patients had left ventricular function measured by the angiotensin infusion method. Seven patients had no evidence of heart disease, and eight patients had angina pectoris and coronary arteriographic evidence of coronary disease without congestive heart failure. During angiotensin infusion, those patients without heart disease had a decrease in cardiac index (average, 0.63 L. per minute per square meter) and a decrease in heart rate (average, 12 beats per minute.) The ventricular function curve had a poor SWI response in four of the seven subjects. The patients with coronary artery disease also had a reduction in cardiac index during angiotensin (average, 0.44 L. per minute per square meter) and the heart rate was unchanged in four subjects, increased in two subjects, and decreased in two subjects. Six of the subjects had flat or descending slopes on the function curve, and in one subject there was only a very gradual ascending slope. Many of the curves of both groups looked similar so that the function curves did not differentiate between those patients with or without heart disease. The mechanism for production of bradycardia, reduction of cardiac output, and depressed function curves with angiotensin is multifactorial, but is probably due to the baroreceptor reflex response, the increase in coronary artery resistance, and possible to the direct effect of increased left ventricular afterload itself. The ventricular response to angiotensin is so variable that the angiotensin infusion method of evaluating ventricular function is not reliable.", "PMID": 1119366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6273", "title": "Permanent pacing in disorders of sinus node function.", "content": "Thirty-three patients with disorders of sinus node function treated with permanent endocardial pacemakers were evaluated.  Study of the underlying heart rate and rhythm was accomplished by external inhibition of pacemakers.  The development of stable atrial fibrillation was documented in 7 out of 29 patients studied and effectively terminated the syndrome of sinus node dysfunction.  Embolic complications appeared to be an important factor in the morbidity and mortality in patients with changing supraventricular rhythms.  Pacemaker therapy effectively controlled syncopal episodes due to bradycardia, but recurrent episodes of tachycardia and problems associated with this remained unaffected.", "contents": "Permanent pacing in disorders of sinus node function. Thirty-three patients with disorders of sinus node function treated with permanent endocardial pacemakers were evaluated.  Study of the underlying heart rate and rhythm was accomplished by external inhibition of pacemakers.  The development of stable atrial fibrillation was documented in 7 out of 29 patients studied and effectively terminated the syndrome of sinus node dysfunction.  Embolic complications appeared to be an important factor in the morbidity and mortality in patients with changing supraventricular rhythms.  Pacemaker therapy effectively controlled syncopal episodes due to bradycardia, but recurrent episodes of tachycardia and problems associated with this remained unaffected.", "PMID": 1119367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6274", "title": "Effect of ventricular aberrancy on fibrillation threshold.", "content": "VFT's were determined in 12 open-chest dogs at epicardial sites in the right and left ventricles (RV and LV) following normally or aberrantly conducted beats.  The normal beats were produced by right atrial pacing, and the aberrant beats by surgical RBBB or ventricular pacing at an RV or LV site.  The mean VFT following normal beats was 21.2 plus or minus 1.8 ma. in RV and 23.0 plus or minus 2.7 ma. in LV. The mean VFT following aberrant beats of RBBB was 21.3 plus or minus 2.6 ma. in RV and 25.0 plus or minus 2.8 ma. in LV.  The difference between the mean VFT of normal beats and that of aberrant beats was not statistically significant.  The mean values of VFT's determined in RV or LV following aberrant beats produced by pacing of the contralateral ventricle were not significantly different from those of the normal beats.  The mean VFT was 22.9 plus or minus 3.1 ma. in RV and 20.1 plus or minus 2.1 ma. in LV.  These results indicate that  the aberrancy of ventricular beats per se is not associated with decreased VFT or increased ventricular vulnerability to fibrillation.  The most predictable observation was that the mean VFT's were significantly lower in both ventricles when they were determined at the site of application of pacing stimuli.  The mean values were 12.4 plus or minus 1.2 ma. in RV and 13.6 plus or minus 1.6 ma. in LV.  This decrease in VFT may be due to slow conduction and increased asynchrony of recovery of excitability at or near the site of application of pacing stimuli.", "contents": "Effect of ventricular aberrancy on fibrillation threshold. VFT's were determined in 12 open-chest dogs at epicardial sites in the right and left ventricles (RV and LV) following normally or aberrantly conducted beats.  The normal beats were produced by right atrial pacing, and the aberrant beats by surgical RBBB or ventricular pacing at an RV or LV site.  The mean VFT following normal beats was 21.2 plus or minus 1.8 ma. in RV and 23.0 plus or minus 2.7 ma. in LV. The mean VFT following aberrant beats of RBBB was 21.3 plus or minus 2.6 ma. in RV and 25.0 plus or minus 2.8 ma. in LV.  The difference between the mean VFT of normal beats and that of aberrant beats was not statistically significant.  The mean values of VFT's determined in RV or LV following aberrant beats produced by pacing of the contralateral ventricle were not significantly different from those of the normal beats.  The mean VFT was 22.9 plus or minus 3.1 ma. in RV and 20.1 plus or minus 2.1 ma. in LV.  These results indicate that  the aberrancy of ventricular beats per se is not associated with decreased VFT or increased ventricular vulnerability to fibrillation.  The most predictable observation was that the mean VFT's were significantly lower in both ventricles when they were determined at the site of application of pacing stimuli.  The mean values were 12.4 plus or minus 1.2 ma. in RV and 13.6 plus or minus 1.6 ma. in LV.  This decrease in VFT may be due to slow conduction and increased asynchrony of recovery of excitability at or near the site of application of pacing stimuli.", "PMID": 1119368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6275", "title": "Effects of dipyridamole and acetylsalicylic acid on platelet functions in patients with aortic ball-valve prostheses.", "content": "The effects of dipyridamole and ASA on platelet functions were studied in patients with aortic ball-valve prostheses.  Before ingestion, platelet adhesiveness was markedly reduced and platelet survival time slightly, but insignificantly shortened.  ASA prolonged the bleeding time, reduced collagen-induced platelet aggregation, and inhibited secondary aggregation initiated by adrenalin.  Similar effects were obtained with 2 Gm. of ASA alone as with 1 Gm. daily in combination with 225 mg. of dipyridamole.  Platelet adhesiveness remained low.  Depyridamole alone, 375 mg. daily, did not influence any of these parameters.  The mean platelet half-life was prolonged from 3.52 to 3.72 days by each drug and to 4 days by the combined treatment.  None of the differences was, however, statistically significant.  A clinical study with ASA has been started in a larger series of patients to evaluate the effect on arterial thromboembolism.", "contents": "Effects of dipyridamole and acetylsalicylic acid on platelet functions in patients with aortic ball-valve prostheses. The effects of dipyridamole and ASA on platelet functions were studied in patients with aortic ball-valve prostheses.  Before ingestion, platelet adhesiveness was markedly reduced and platelet survival time slightly, but insignificantly shortened.  ASA prolonged the bleeding time, reduced collagen-induced platelet aggregation, and inhibited secondary aggregation initiated by adrenalin.  Similar effects were obtained with 2 Gm. of ASA alone as with 1 Gm. daily in combination with 225 mg. of dipyridamole.  Platelet adhesiveness remained low.  Depyridamole alone, 375 mg. daily, did not influence any of these parameters.  The mean platelet half-life was prolonged from 3.52 to 3.72 days by each drug and to 4 days by the combined treatment.  None of the differences was, however, statistically significant.  A clinical study with ASA has been started in a larger series of patients to evaluate the effect on arterial thromboembolism.", "PMID": 1119369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6276", "title": "Frequency response of fluid-filled catheter-micromanometer systems used for measurement of left ventricular pressure.", "content": "The resonant frequencies of five commonly used fluid-filled catheters connected to a solidstate microdisplacement pressure gauge were 18 to 33 per cent higher than those obtained with a conventional manometer.  Four catheters had a flat amplitude response to 26 Hz. or more at the 20 per cent amplitude distortion level.  The dynamic response characteristic of certain fluid-filled catheters used with microdisplacement pressure gauges allows one to record high fidelity left ventricular pressure curves.", "contents": "Frequency response of fluid-filled catheter-micromanometer systems used for measurement of left ventricular pressure. The resonant frequencies of five commonly used fluid-filled catheters connected to a solidstate microdisplacement pressure gauge were 18 to 33 per cent higher than those obtained with a conventional manometer.  Four catheters had a flat amplitude response to 26 Hz. or more at the 20 per cent amplitude distortion level.  The dynamic response characteristic of certain fluid-filled catheters used with microdisplacement pressure gauges allows one to record high fidelity left ventricular pressure curves.", "PMID": 1119370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6277", "title": "A new method for determination of postmortem left ventricular volumes: clinico-pathologic correlations.", "content": "A description is presented of a new and simple procedure for ventricular volume determination by means of pressure fixation of the heart and preparation of plastic molds of the ventricles which can be used to displace water in a graduated cylinder to determine the volume of the mold.  Correlations between postmortem ventricular volume as measured by this method and antemortem stroke volume or clinical cardiac status indicate that a large left ventricular volume is often correlated with a low cardiac output and cardiogenic shock.", "contents": "A new method for determination of postmortem left ventricular volumes: clinico-pathologic correlations. A description is presented of a new and simple procedure for ventricular volume determination by means of pressure fixation of the heart and preparation of plastic molds of the ventricles which can be used to displace water in a graduated cylinder to determine the volume of the mold.  Correlations between postmortem ventricular volume as measured by this method and antemortem stroke volume or clinical cardiac status indicate that a large left ventricular volume is often correlated with a low cardiac output and cardiogenic shock.", "PMID": 1119371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6278", "title": "Bacteroides pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade in a patient with chronic renal failure.", "content": "A 31-year-old woman with chronic renal insufficiency and recurrent pericarditis developed an enlarging cardiac silhouette and physical signs of cardiac tamponade.  Cardiac catheterization demonstrated pericardial effusion with hemodynamic evidence of cardiac compression.  At pericardial exploration, 1.5 L. of foul-smelling purulent material was removed from a distended pericardial sac.  Cultures of both the exudate and pericardium revealed pure growth of Bacteroides fragiles.  The patient was subsequently treated with intravenous chloramphenicol and has had an uncomplicated clinical course since that time.  This represents the first reported case of cardiac tamponade secondary to culturally proved Bacteroides pericarditis in the setting of chronic renal insufficiency.", "contents": "Bacteroides pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade in a patient with chronic renal failure. A 31-year-old woman with chronic renal insufficiency and recurrent pericarditis developed an enlarging cardiac silhouette and physical signs of cardiac tamponade.  Cardiac catheterization demonstrated pericardial effusion with hemodynamic evidence of cardiac compression.  At pericardial exploration, 1.5 L. of foul-smelling purulent material was removed from a distended pericardial sac.  Cultures of both the exudate and pericardium revealed pure growth of Bacteroides fragiles.  The patient was subsequently treated with intravenous chloramphenicol and has had an uncomplicated clinical course since that time.  This represents the first reported case of cardiac tamponade secondary to culturally proved Bacteroides pericarditis in the setting of chronic renal insufficiency.", "PMID": 1119372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6279", "title": "Atrioventricular and intraventricular conduction in hyperkalemia.", "content": "Twelve patients exhibited electrocardiographic evidence of fascicular block during hyperkalemia. Isolated left posterior hemiblock occurred in four, isolated left anterior hemiblock in two, right bundle branch block with left anterior hemiblock in two, right bundle branch block with left posterior hemiblock in one, left bundle branch block with abnormal left axis deviation in two and advanced atrioventricular block in one. In all seven patients with sinus rhythm the P-R interval shortened after correction of hyperkalemia. Electrophysiologic studies using His bundle recording and atrial pacing in one patient revealed intraatrial conduction delay and marked prolongation of conduction time in the His-Purkinje system. It is concluded that conduction defects in the specialized intraventricular conduction system are common in hyperkalemia and result in electrocardiographic patterns of fascicular block.", "contents": "Atrioventricular and intraventricular conduction in hyperkalemia. Twelve patients exhibited electrocardiographic evidence of fascicular block during hyperkalemia. Isolated left posterior hemiblock occurred in four, isolated left anterior hemiblock in two, right bundle branch block with left anterior hemiblock in two, right bundle branch block with left posterior hemiblock in one, left bundle branch block with abnormal left axis deviation in two and advanced atrioventricular block in one. In all seven patients with sinus rhythm the P-R interval shortened after correction of hyperkalemia. Electrophysiologic studies using His bundle recording and atrial pacing in one patient revealed intraatrial conduction delay and marked prolongation of conduction time in the His-Purkinje system. It is concluded that conduction defects in the specialized intraventricular conduction system are common in hyperkalemia and result in electrocardiographic patterns of fascicular block.", "PMID": 1119378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6280", "title": "Blood platelet response to plasma from patients with ischemic heart disease.", "content": "Blood platelets change shape (from small round spheres to larger spread forms) as they participate in thrombosis. Using an electron microscopic technique, we surveyed 14 patients with both acute and chronic ischemic heart disease; each had increased spread platelet forms (69 plus and minus 22.2 [standard deviation] percent) when compared with 14 asymptomatic control subjects (P less than 0.001). When platelets from these 14 control subjects were exposed to plasma from the patients with ischemic heart disease, spread forms increased from 13.4 plus and minus 9.1 to 44.5 plus and minus 15.5 percent (P less than 0.001). There was no significant increase in spread platelets in these control subjects when their blood was mixed with plasma from another control group. Similar studies were performed in seriously ill noncardiac patients: 9 of 13 had increased spread platelet forms when compared with control subjects, but plasma from only 5 of these 9 subjects caused increased spread forms when mixed with platelets from normal subjects (P less than 0.05). Thus a factor existed in the plasma of these patients with ischemic heart disease that caused normal platelets to become spread. Similarly the plasma of some patients with serious noncardiac disease had a comparable effect on normal platelets. Although the identity of this factor is unknown, it is probably unrelated to hormonal or therapeutic influences occurring either during acute infarction or during the stress of serious illness because (1) the effect of the plasma from patients with acute ischemic heart disease was identical to that of patients with chronic ischemic heart disease, and (2) the effect was not present in all patients with serious noncardiac disease.", "contents": "Blood platelet response to plasma from patients with ischemic heart disease. Blood platelets change shape (from small round spheres to larger spread forms) as they participate in thrombosis. Using an electron microscopic technique, we surveyed 14 patients with both acute and chronic ischemic heart disease; each had increased spread platelet forms (69 plus and minus 22.2 [standard deviation] percent) when compared with 14 asymptomatic control subjects (P less than 0.001). When platelets from these 14 control subjects were exposed to plasma from the patients with ischemic heart disease, spread forms increased from 13.4 plus and minus 9.1 to 44.5 plus and minus 15.5 percent (P less than 0.001). There was no significant increase in spread platelets in these control subjects when their blood was mixed with plasma from another control group. Similar studies were performed in seriously ill noncardiac patients: 9 of 13 had increased spread platelet forms when compared with control subjects, but plasma from only 5 of these 9 subjects caused increased spread forms when mixed with platelets from normal subjects (P less than 0.05). Thus a factor existed in the plasma of these patients with ischemic heart disease that caused normal platelets to become spread. Similarly the plasma of some patients with serious noncardiac disease had a comparable effect on normal platelets. Although the identity of this factor is unknown, it is probably unrelated to hormonal or therapeutic influences occurring either during acute infarction or during the stress of serious illness because (1) the effect of the plasma from patients with acute ischemic heart disease was identical to that of patients with chronic ischemic heart disease, and (2) the effect was not present in all patients with serious noncardiac disease.", "PMID": 1119379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6281", "title": "Radiation-related pericarditis.", "content": "To determine the incidence of pericardial effusion in patients undergoing upper mantle radiation therapy, 81 patients with Hodgkin's disease, stages I to IIIB, were selected from a protocol series of 98 patients. Twenty-four patients (29.6 percent) met X-ray criteria for the presence of pericardial effusion. Eleven of the 24 also underwent right heart catheterization to confirm the presence of pericardial effusion and to define any hemodynamic abnormality. Fourteen patients were found to have transient effusion. Five of the 11 patients have had partial pericardiectomy for symptoms and signs of cardiac tamponade. There has been no evidence of recurrent Hodgkin's disease in these surgically treated patients. Ninety-two percent of the pericardial effusions occurred in the first 12 months after the end of radiation therapy. Therapeutic implications depend on elucidation of the natural history of this process. At present close follow-up is necessary with surgical intervention for signs or symptoms of cardiac tamponade.", "contents": "Radiation-related pericarditis. To determine the incidence of pericardial effusion in patients undergoing upper mantle radiation therapy, 81 patients with Hodgkin's disease, stages I to IIIB, were selected from a protocol series of 98 patients. Twenty-four patients (29.6 percent) met X-ray criteria for the presence of pericardial effusion. Eleven of the 24 also underwent right heart catheterization to confirm the presence of pericardial effusion and to define any hemodynamic abnormality. Fourteen patients were found to have transient effusion. Five of the 11 patients have had partial pericardiectomy for symptoms and signs of cardiac tamponade. There has been no evidence of recurrent Hodgkin's disease in these surgically treated patients. Ninety-two percent of the pericardial effusions occurred in the first 12 months after the end of radiation therapy. Therapeutic implications depend on elucidation of the natural history of this process. At present close follow-up is necessary with surgical intervention for signs or symptoms of cardiac tamponade.", "PMID": 1119380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6282", "title": "Natural history of aortic and mitral valve disease.", "content": "An appreciation of the natural history of acquired valvular heart disease is a prerequisite to an understanding of how surgical intervention has altered the natural outlook. The prognosis for a patient with valvular heart disease treated medically is dependent on the stage of the disease at which he is first seen. Therefore, assessment for surgery requires evaluation of the pathophysiologic consequences that have resulted from the hemodynamic alterations. Survival statistics for patients seen at the University of California Medical Center at San Francisco are presented and compared with the data of others. Stenotic lesions appear to have a poorer prognosis than chronic regurgitant lesions and generally warrant surgical intervention at an earlier functional stage of the disease. However, valvular insufficiency produced acutely is poorly tolerated and many constitute a surgical emergency.", "contents": "Natural history of aortic and mitral valve disease. An appreciation of the natural history of acquired valvular heart disease is a prerequisite to an understanding of how surgical intervention has altered the natural outlook. The prognosis for a patient with valvular heart disease treated medically is dependent on the stage of the disease at which he is first seen. Therefore, assessment for surgery requires evaluation of the pathophysiologic consequences that have resulted from the hemodynamic alterations. Survival statistics for patients seen at the University of California Medical Center at San Francisco are presented and compared with the data of others. Stenotic lesions appear to have a poorer prognosis than chronic regurgitant lesions and generally warrant surgical intervention at an earlier functional stage of the disease. However, valvular insufficiency produced acutely is poorly tolerated and many constitute a surgical emergency.", "PMID": 1119381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6283", "title": "Long-term follow-up of isolated replacement of the aortic or mitral valve with the Starr-Edwards prosthesis.", "content": "Review of 1,684 cases of isolated aortic or mitral valve replacement with a Starr-Edwards prosthesis demonstrated that the procedure provides improved life expectancy over that found in the natural history of valvular heart disease. Further improvement in results depends on continued reduction in operative and late mortality and in the incidence of thromboembolism. Advanced preoperative functional class, atrial or ventricular enlargement, a history of prior heart surgery, advanced age at operation and untreated valvular disease were among the factors related to increased early or late mortality. The data suggest that adequate anticoagulation, earlier performance of valve replacement and more complete repair of valvular dysfunction may increase survival rates.", "contents": "Long-term follow-up of isolated replacement of the aortic or mitral valve with the Starr-Edwards prosthesis. Review of 1,684 cases of isolated aortic or mitral valve replacement with a Starr-Edwards prosthesis demonstrated that the procedure provides improved life expectancy over that found in the natural history of valvular heart disease. Further improvement in results depends on continued reduction in operative and late mortality and in the incidence of thromboembolism. Advanced preoperative functional class, atrial or ventricular enlargement, a history of prior heart surgery, advanced age at operation and untreated valvular disease were among the factors related to increased early or late mortality. The data suggest that adequate anticoagulation, earlier performance of valve replacement and more complete repair of valvular dysfunction may increase survival rates.", "PMID": 1119382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6284", "title": "Influence of surgery on the natural history of rheumatic mitral and aortic valve disease.", "content": "The rate of survival, the evolution of functional cardiac status and the incidence of major complications during a 5 year period were studied in 410 patients with rheumatic mitral or aortic valve disease, of whom 200 were treated medically and 210 by surgery. The 5 year survival rates in patients with various types of rheumatic mitral valve disease were similar (45 percent for those with mitral stenosis and 46 percent for those with mitral insufficiency or mixed mitral insufficiency and stenosis). The survival rate in patients with aortic valve disease was somewhat more favorable (64 percent). Mitral valvulotomy had the most positive influence on mortality. The 85 percent 5 year survival rate of patients who underwent this procedure was significantly higher than that of patients with medically treated mitral stenosis. In patients submitted to mitral and aortic valve replacement, the survival rate was also improved in comparison with data in the corresponding medically treated group, but to a lesser degree (70 percent for aortic valve replacement and 60 percent for mitral valve replacement). In all surgically treated groups, initial operative mortality was the primary determinant of the rate of survival at the end of 5 years. Survivors of all surgical groups had appreciable improvement in cardiac functional classification and a remarkable reduction in the incidence of heart failure and atrial fibrillation. The incidence of infectious endocarditis was significantly reduced after mitral valvulotomy, as compared with the incidence in patients with medically treated mitral stenosis. Mitral and aortic valve replacement did not reduce the incidence of infectious endocarditis. The incidence of thromboembolic phenomena was favorably influenced by mitral valvulotomy and aortic valve replacement, but not by mitral valve replacement.", "contents": "Influence of surgery on the natural history of rheumatic mitral and aortic valve disease. The rate of survival, the evolution of functional cardiac status and the incidence of major complications during a 5 year period were studied in 410 patients with rheumatic mitral or aortic valve disease, of whom 200 were treated medically and 210 by surgery. The 5 year survival rates in patients with various types of rheumatic mitral valve disease were similar (45 percent for those with mitral stenosis and 46 percent for those with mitral insufficiency or mixed mitral insufficiency and stenosis). The survival rate in patients with aortic valve disease was somewhat more favorable (64 percent). Mitral valvulotomy had the most positive influence on mortality. The 85 percent 5 year survival rate of patients who underwent this procedure was significantly higher than that of patients with medically treated mitral stenosis. In patients submitted to mitral and aortic valve replacement, the survival rate was also improved in comparison with data in the corresponding medically treated group, but to a lesser degree (70 percent for aortic valve replacement and 60 percent for mitral valve replacement). In all surgically treated groups, initial operative mortality was the primary determinant of the rate of survival at the end of 5 years. Survivors of all surgical groups had appreciable improvement in cardiac functional classification and a remarkable reduction in the incidence of heart failure and atrial fibrillation. The incidence of infectious endocarditis was significantly reduced after mitral valvulotomy, as compared with the incidence in patients with medically treated mitral stenosis. Mitral and aortic valve replacement did not reduce the incidence of infectious endocarditis. The incidence of thromboembolic phenomena was favorably influenced by mitral valvulotomy and aortic valve replacement, but not by mitral valve replacement.", "PMID": 1119383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6285", "title": "Effects of alcohol on cardiovascular performance after experimental nonpenetrating chest trauma.", "content": "Electrocardiographic and hemodynamic correlates were recorded before and after a standardized nonpenetrating blow to the chest in 9 anesthetized control dogs (Group I), 5 dogs, pretreated with alcohol, 0.4 g/kg intravenously (Group II), and 12 dogs undergoing chest trauma after alcohol infusions (Group III). In animals in Group I, transient major arrhythmias, including complete heart block and ventricular tachycardia, occurred immediately after impact. One animal died with ventricular fibrillation. In the eight survivors these disturbances were accompanied by acute reductions in aortic pressure and cardiac index; values for both variables gradually increased after restoration of sinus mechanism. Alcohol alone (Group II) produced no significant alterations in either hemodynamic performance or electrical activity, but when combined with nonpenetrating chest injury (Group III) it caused a mortality rate of 92 percent, the majority of animals dying with electromechanical dissociation. Mean survival time in Group III was 23.1 plus and minus 6.5 (standard error of the mean) minutes compared with 80.3 plus and minus 9.6 minutes in Group I. At autopsy, minor cardiac lesions of either the pericardium or myocardium were observed in all animals in Groups I and III, but none were considered lethal. It is concluded that administration of alcohol, even in small doses, can effect catastrophic reductions in mechanical performance in the presence of otherwise nonfatal cardiac injury secondary to nonpenetrating chest trauma. The clinical implications of this association are discussed.", "contents": "Effects of alcohol on cardiovascular performance after experimental nonpenetrating chest trauma. Electrocardiographic and hemodynamic correlates were recorded before and after a standardized nonpenetrating blow to the chest in 9 anesthetized control dogs (Group I), 5 dogs, pretreated with alcohol, 0.4 g/kg intravenously (Group II), and 12 dogs undergoing chest trauma after alcohol infusions (Group III). In animals in Group I, transient major arrhythmias, including complete heart block and ventricular tachycardia, occurred immediately after impact. One animal died with ventricular fibrillation. In the eight survivors these disturbances were accompanied by acute reductions in aortic pressure and cardiac index; values for both variables gradually increased after restoration of sinus mechanism. Alcohol alone (Group II) produced no significant alterations in either hemodynamic performance or electrical activity, but when combined with nonpenetrating chest injury (Group III) it caused a mortality rate of 92 percent, the majority of animals dying with electromechanical dissociation. Mean survival time in Group III was 23.1 plus and minus 6.5 (standard error of the mean) minutes compared with 80.3 plus and minus 9.6 minutes in Group I. At autopsy, minor cardiac lesions of either the pericardium or myocardium were observed in all animals in Groups I and III, but none were considered lethal. It is concluded that administration of alcohol, even in small doses, can effect catastrophic reductions in mechanical performance in the presence of otherwise nonfatal cardiac injury secondary to nonpenetrating chest trauma. The clinical implications of this association are discussed.", "PMID": 1119384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6286", "title": "Effects of myocardial hypoxia and ischemia on myocardial scintigraphy.", "content": "The effect of regional myocardial ischemia and hypoxia on myocardial scintigraphy was studied in patients and dogs after intravenous administration of cesium-129. Seven men with angiographically proved ischemic heart disease underwent exercise testing and 129Cs was given immediately when ischemia was manifested in the electrocardiogram. Defects were not evident in the scintigrams of any patient. Failure to visualize a defect might be related to delayed uptake of 129Cs by the myocardium (maximal uptake in 45 minutes). The ischemic state was dissipated before the disparity in uptake between normal and ischemic myocardium could be visualized. Cesium-129 is useful for identifying acute myocardial infarcts but should not be used to visualize transient exercise-induced regional ischemia. Six dogs were given 129Cs after induction of regional myocardial hypoxia by perfusion of the anterior descending coronary artery with venous blood. In each, scintigraphy revealed a defect that resolved after reperfusion with arterial blood. Two other dogs were given 129Cs before perfusion with hypoxemic blood; neither dog manifested a defect. Since perfusion was maintained by a pump these results suggest that the major cause of the scintigraphically observed defect was inadequate cellular uptake of 129Cs rather than excessive cellular loss. Since regional myocardial hypoxia produced a reversible defect, scintigraphic studies might overestimate the size of an acute myocardial infarct in man by including the ischemic zone surrounding the infarct.", "contents": "Effects of myocardial hypoxia and ischemia on myocardial scintigraphy. The effect of regional myocardial ischemia and hypoxia on myocardial scintigraphy was studied in patients and dogs after intravenous administration of cesium-129. Seven men with angiographically proved ischemic heart disease underwent exercise testing and 129Cs was given immediately when ischemia was manifested in the electrocardiogram. Defects were not evident in the scintigrams of any patient. Failure to visualize a defect might be related to delayed uptake of 129Cs by the myocardium (maximal uptake in 45 minutes). The ischemic state was dissipated before the disparity in uptake between normal and ischemic myocardium could be visualized. Cesium-129 is useful for identifying acute myocardial infarcts but should not be used to visualize transient exercise-induced regional ischemia. Six dogs were given 129Cs after induction of regional myocardial hypoxia by perfusion of the anterior descending coronary artery with venous blood. In each, scintigraphy revealed a defect that resolved after reperfusion with arterial blood. Two other dogs were given 129Cs before perfusion with hypoxemic blood; neither dog manifested a defect. Since perfusion was maintained by a pump these results suggest that the major cause of the scintigraphically observed defect was inadequate cellular uptake of 129Cs rather than excessive cellular loss. Since regional myocardial hypoxia produced a reversible defect, scintigraphic studies might overestimate the size of an acute myocardial infarct in man by including the ischemic zone surrounding the infarct.", "PMID": 1119385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6287", "title": "Ventricular performance in patients based upon rate of change of power during isovolumic contraction.", "content": "Energy is expended by the ventricle during isovolumic contraction as the blood within the ventricle is compressed. This isovolumic energy of compression, as well as the isovolumic rate of energy transfer (power) and acceleration of energy transfer (rate of change of power), was calculated in 17 patients with angina pectoris who underwent diagnostic cardiac catheterization. The peak isovolumic rate of change of power in patients with normal left ventricular performance (based upon the ejection fraction, mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening and end-diastolic volume index) was 31,000 plus or minus 3,000 dynes cm sec-2 (mean plus or minus standard error), whereas in those with poor ventricular performance it was 18,000 plus or minus 2,000 dynes cm sec-2 (P less than 0.01). None of the patients with poor ventricular performance had a peak isovolumic rate of change of power that exceeded 25,000 dynes cm sec-2. Overlap between patients with normal performance and those with reduced performance was less with the peak rate of change of power than with peak power, peak rate of change of intraventricular pressure (dp/dt), maximal (dp/dt)/p or Vmax. The derivation of these isovolumic energy transfer rates requires no assumptions related to ventricular geometry or characteristics of muscle fibers. Peak isovolumic rate of change of power may be a useful and sensitive indicator of ventricular performance in patients with coronary artery disease.", "contents": "Ventricular performance in patients based upon rate of change of power during isovolumic contraction. Energy is expended by the ventricle during isovolumic contraction as the blood within the ventricle is compressed. This isovolumic energy of compression, as well as the isovolumic rate of energy transfer (power) and acceleration of energy transfer (rate of change of power), was calculated in 17 patients with angina pectoris who underwent diagnostic cardiac catheterization. The peak isovolumic rate of change of power in patients with normal left ventricular performance (based upon the ejection fraction, mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening and end-diastolic volume index) was 31,000 plus or minus 3,000 dynes cm sec-2 (mean plus or minus standard error), whereas in those with poor ventricular performance it was 18,000 plus or minus 2,000 dynes cm sec-2 (P less than 0.01). None of the patients with poor ventricular performance had a peak isovolumic rate of change of power that exceeded 25,000 dynes cm sec-2. Overlap between patients with normal performance and those with reduced performance was less with the peak rate of change of power than with peak power, peak rate of change of intraventricular pressure (dp/dt), maximal (dp/dt)/p or Vmax. The derivation of these isovolumic energy transfer rates requires no assumptions related to ventricular geometry or characteristics of muscle fibers. Peak isovolumic rate of change of power may be a useful and sensitive indicator of ventricular performance in patients with coronary artery disease.", "PMID": 1119386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6288", "title": "Isovolumic fractional rate of change of power: its applicability to assessment of ventricular performance in patients.", "content": "The ratio of the instantaneous isovolumic rate of change of power, normalized to instantaneous isovolumic power, appears to be an expression of physiologic and practical significance. This ratio, termed the isovolumic fractional rate of change of power, describes the capability of the ventricle to sustain, during isovolumic contraction, an acceleration of energy production relative to instantaneous rates of energy production. The expression is independent of assumptions of ventricular geometry, fiber orientation, symmetry of contraction or elasticity of muscle fibers. It was derived upon the basis of established principles of fluid dynamics. The expression serves in an integrative fashion by demonstrating a simple relation between characteristics of performance derived on the basis of fluid dynamics and those derived on the basis of muscle mechanics. In this study, the isovolumic fractional rate of change of power permitted distinction between patients with normal and abnormal ventricular performance (as characterized by the ejection fraction, mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening and end-diastolic volume index) (P less than 0.01). The firm theoretical basis of the isovolumic fractional rate of change of power, and its demonstrated capability to permit identification of patients with normal or abnormal left ventricular performance, recommends it as a meaningful and useful hemodynamic expression.", "contents": "Isovolumic fractional rate of change of power: its applicability to assessment of ventricular performance in patients. The ratio of the instantaneous isovolumic rate of change of power, normalized to instantaneous isovolumic power, appears to be an expression of physiologic and practical significance. This ratio, termed the isovolumic fractional rate of change of power, describes the capability of the ventricle to sustain, during isovolumic contraction, an acceleration of energy production relative to instantaneous rates of energy production. The expression is independent of assumptions of ventricular geometry, fiber orientation, symmetry of contraction or elasticity of muscle fibers. It was derived upon the basis of established principles of fluid dynamics. The expression serves in an integrative fashion by demonstrating a simple relation between characteristics of performance derived on the basis of fluid dynamics and those derived on the basis of muscle mechanics. In this study, the isovolumic fractional rate of change of power permitted distinction between patients with normal and abnormal ventricular performance (as characterized by the ejection fraction, mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening and end-diastolic volume index) (P less than 0.01). The firm theoretical basis of the isovolumic fractional rate of change of power, and its demonstrated capability to permit identification of patients with normal or abnormal left ventricular performance, recommends it as a meaningful and useful hemodynamic expression.", "PMID": 1119387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6289", "title": "Solitary interruption of the arch of the aorta. Clinicopathologic review of eight cases.", "content": "Patients with isolated total interruption of the arch of the aorta not accompanied by other cardiovascular anomalies may survive to advanced age. Their symptoms and course resemble those of patients with postductal coarctation of the aorta. However, there are basic differences in the pathologic findings in these two types of anomalies that may be of aid in the radiographic diagnosis.", "contents": "Solitary interruption of the arch of the aorta. Clinicopathologic review of eight cases. Patients with isolated total interruption of the arch of the aorta not accompanied by other cardiovascular anomalies may survive to advanced age. Their symptoms and course resemble those of patients with postductal coarctation of the aorta. However, there are basic differences in the pathologic findings in these two types of anomalies that may be of aid in the radiographic diagnosis.", "PMID": 1119388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6290", "title": "Electrophysiologic effects of the antiarrhythmic agent disopyramide phosphate.", "content": "The electrophysiologic effects of the antiarrhythmic agent disopyramide phosphate given intravenously were studied in 10 patients with cardiac disease. Studies included determinations of sinus recovery time and refractoriness of the atria, the atrioventricular (A-V) node and the His-Purkinje system. Measurements were performed at rest and 15 and 30 minutes after administration of disopyramide. Serum drug levels were measured at these times. Sinus recovery time was shortened at both 15 and 30 minutes, with an average decrease of 39.5 and 146.2 msec, respectively (P less than 0.01). Atrial refractoriness was not altered significantly, but tended to be reduced; the mean effective refractory period was 289.5 msec before administration of disopyramide and 259 and 270 msec 15 and 30 minutes, respectively, after administration. The functional refractory period of the atrioventricular (A-V) node was definitely prolonged in seven patients 15 minutes after administration of disopyramide. The relative refractory period of the His-Purkinje System was not altered. Although this study does not elucidate the mechanism by which disopyramide acheives its antiarrhythmic effects, animal work has shown that it is similar to that of quinidine. In the doses used the drug does not seem to cause first, second or third degree A-V block or fascicular or bundle branch block; it did not increase the severity of first degree A-V block in the three patients with this disturbance. The drug may be particularly useful when arrhythmias are associated with slow sinus rates.", "contents": "Electrophysiologic effects of the antiarrhythmic agent disopyramide phosphate. The electrophysiologic effects of the antiarrhythmic agent disopyramide phosphate given intravenously were studied in 10 patients with cardiac disease. Studies included determinations of sinus recovery time and refractoriness of the atria, the atrioventricular (A-V) node and the His-Purkinje system. Measurements were performed at rest and 15 and 30 minutes after administration of disopyramide. Serum drug levels were measured at these times. Sinus recovery time was shortened at both 15 and 30 minutes, with an average decrease of 39.5 and 146.2 msec, respectively (P less than 0.01). Atrial refractoriness was not altered significantly, but tended to be reduced; the mean effective refractory period was 289.5 msec before administration of disopyramide and 259 and 270 msec 15 and 30 minutes, respectively, after administration. The functional refractory period of the atrioventricular (A-V) node was definitely prolonged in seven patients 15 minutes after administration of disopyramide. The relative refractory period of the His-Purkinje System was not altered. Although this study does not elucidate the mechanism by which disopyramide acheives its antiarrhythmic effects, animal work has shown that it is similar to that of quinidine. In the doses used the drug does not seem to cause first, second or third degree A-V block or fascicular or bundle branch block; it did not increase the severity of first degree A-V block in the three patients with this disturbance. The drug may be particularly useful when arrhythmias are associated with slow sinus rates.", "PMID": 1119389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6291", "title": "Electrocardiographic manifestations of dual pathways of retrograde impulse conduction in the human heart.", "content": "Three cases are presented in which the electrocardiogram provided evidence for the functioning of two separate pathways of retrograde impulse conduction. In the first case, distinct points of entry of the impulses into the atria are inferred. In the second case, the origin of the retrograde impulses was created by the stimuli of an artificial pacemaker. In the third case, the operation of two pathways of retrograde conduction was evidenced by the demonstrated differences of the refractory periods and the conduction velocities. Each of the three cases reflects a particular aspect of the phenomenon.", "contents": "Electrocardiographic manifestations of dual pathways of retrograde impulse conduction in the human heart. Three cases are presented in which the electrocardiogram provided evidence for the functioning of two separate pathways of retrograde impulse conduction. In the first case, distinct points of entry of the impulses into the atria are inferred. In the second case, the origin of the retrograde impulses was created by the stimuli of an artificial pacemaker. In the third case, the operation of two pathways of retrograde conduction was evidenced by the demonstrated differences of the refractory periods and the conduction velocities. Each of the three cases reflects a particular aspect of the phenomenon.", "PMID": 1119390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6292", "title": "Conduction system in systemic lupus erythematosus with atrioventricular block.", "content": "We describe the clinical course and the postmortem cardiac findings in a 12 year old girl with systemic lupus erythematosus, complete heart block, renal failure and hyperkalemia. The conduction system was examined by serial section. The sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes were found to be almost completely replaced by granulation tissue; we believe that this finding is related to the systemic lupus. The hyperkalemia is not considered to be the cause of the block, since the block persisted despite the lowering of the blood potassium level and the morphologic findings in this case are not found in hyperkalemia.", "contents": "Conduction system in systemic lupus erythematosus with atrioventricular block. We describe the clinical course and the postmortem cardiac findings in a 12 year old girl with systemic lupus erythematosus, complete heart block, renal failure and hyperkalemia. The conduction system was examined by serial section. The sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes were found to be almost completely replaced by granulation tissue; we believe that this finding is related to the systemic lupus. The hyperkalemia is not considered to be the cause of the block, since the block persisted despite the lowering of the blood potassium level and the morphologic findings in this case are not found in hyperkalemia.", "PMID": 1119391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6293", "title": "Myocardial infarction due to coronary atherosclerosis in three young adults with systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "Three patients, 24, 24 and 25 years of age, with systemic lupus erythematosus had signs of myocardial infarction. Two had serial electrocardiographic changes indicative of infarction without any cardiac symptoms. The third patient had clinical evidence of an acute massive myocardial infarction, which was proved at autopsy to be due to coronary atherosclerosis. This case is presented in detail and the association between systemic lupus erythematosus and myocardial infarction is reviewed. It is postulated that the relation between lupus erythematosus and coronary atherosclerosis is more than coincidental.", "contents": "Myocardial infarction due to coronary atherosclerosis in three young adults with systemic lupus erythematosus. Three patients, 24, 24 and 25 years of age, with systemic lupus erythematosus had signs of myocardial infarction. Two had serial electrocardiographic changes indicative of infarction without any cardiac symptoms. The third patient had clinical evidence of an acute massive myocardial infarction, which was proved at autopsy to be due to coronary atherosclerosis. This case is presented in detail and the association between systemic lupus erythematosus and myocardial infarction is reviewed. It is postulated that the relation between lupus erythematosus and coronary atherosclerosis is more than coincidental.", "PMID": 1119392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6294", "title": "Aortic orgin of the left pulmonary artery. Variant of tetralogy of Fallot.", "content": "A case of tetralogy of Fallot with aortic origin of the left pulmonary artery is presented. This rare malformation should be suspected in a child with stunted growth, cyanosis, a continuous murmur over the pulmonary area and a hypervascular left lung on chest roentgenogram. Final diagnosis depends upon cardiac catheterization and angiocardiography. During surgical correction of the tetralogy, the left pulmonary artery can be divided from the aorta and anastomosed to the main pulmonary artery.", "contents": "Aortic orgin of the left pulmonary artery. Variant of tetralogy of Fallot. A case of tetralogy of Fallot with aortic origin of the left pulmonary artery is presented. This rare malformation should be suspected in a child with stunted growth, cyanosis, a continuous murmur over the pulmonary area and a hypervascular left lung on chest roentgenogram. Final diagnosis depends upon cardiac catheterization and angiocardiography. During surgical correction of the tetralogy, the left pulmonary artery can be divided from the aorta and anastomosed to the main pulmonary artery.", "PMID": 1119393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6295", "title": "Variability of hemodynamic responses to acute digitalization in chronic cardiac failure due to cardiomyopathy and coronary artery disease.", "content": "Eight patients with chronic congestive heart failure (four with cardiomyopathy and four with ischemic heart disease) underwent hemodynamic studies during acute administration of digoxin, given intravenously in two 0-5 mg doses 2 hours apart. Observations were made before administration of digitalis (control period) and serially therafter for 4 hours after the first dose. Resting mean cardiac index and pulmonary arterial wedge pressure were as follows: 2.0 liters/min per m2 and 23 mm Hg (control period); 2.1 and 24 (at 1 hour); 2.0 and 23 (at 2 hours); 2.7 and 19 (at 3 hours); and 2.3 and 20 (at 4 hours). Exercise responses of mean cardiac index and pulmonary arterial wedge pressure in five patients were: 3.1 liters/min per m2 and 36 mm Hg (control period); 3.2 and 33 (at 1 hour); 3.2 and 28 (at 2 hours); 3.1 and 27 (at.3 hours); and 3.4 and 31 (at 4 hours). The pulmonary arterial wedge pressure remained elevated during exercise in all cases. Arrhythmias were seen in five patients after administration of 0.5 mg of digoxin. Hemodynamic improvement at 4 hours involving both reduced filling pressure and increased blood flow was observed in only two patients at rest and in one additional patient during exercise. Acute deterioration of cardiac function (elevated pulmonary arterial wedge pressure of decreased cardiac index) occurred 30 minutes after administration of digoxin in four patients, concomitantly with increased systemic resistance. In six patients, a peak hemodynamic effect appeared 1 to 1 1/2 hours after administration of digoxin, with partial or total loss of initial benefit by 2 and 4 hours. In previously performed studies observations have seldom exceeded 1 hour; the results of this 4 hour study suggest that, in patients with cardiomyopathy or coronary artery disease and chronic congestive heart failure, acute digitalization does not necessarily lead to consistent, marked or lasting hemodynamic improvement. Thus, current concepts of the use of digitalis is such patients may require revision.", "contents": "Variability of hemodynamic responses to acute digitalization in chronic cardiac failure due to cardiomyopathy and coronary artery disease. Eight patients with chronic congestive heart failure (four with cardiomyopathy and four with ischemic heart disease) underwent hemodynamic studies during acute administration of digoxin, given intravenously in two 0-5 mg doses 2 hours apart. Observations were made before administration of digitalis (control period) and serially therafter for 4 hours after the first dose. Resting mean cardiac index and pulmonary arterial wedge pressure were as follows: 2.0 liters/min per m2 and 23 mm Hg (control period); 2.1 and 24 (at 1 hour); 2.0 and 23 (at 2 hours); 2.7 and 19 (at 3 hours); and 2.3 and 20 (at 4 hours). Exercise responses of mean cardiac index and pulmonary arterial wedge pressure in five patients were: 3.1 liters/min per m2 and 36 mm Hg (control period); 3.2 and 33 (at 1 hour); 3.2 and 28 (at 2 hours); 3.1 and 27 (at.3 hours); and 3.4 and 31 (at 4 hours). The pulmonary arterial wedge pressure remained elevated during exercise in all cases. Arrhythmias were seen in five patients after administration of 0.5 mg of digoxin. Hemodynamic improvement at 4 hours involving both reduced filling pressure and increased blood flow was observed in only two patients at rest and in one additional patient during exercise. Acute deterioration of cardiac function (elevated pulmonary arterial wedge pressure of decreased cardiac index) occurred 30 minutes after administration of digoxin in four patients, concomitantly with increased systemic resistance. In six patients, a peak hemodynamic effect appeared 1 to 1 1/2 hours after administration of digoxin, with partial or total loss of initial benefit by 2 and 4 hours. In previously performed studies observations have seldom exceeded 1 hour; the results of this 4 hour study suggest that, in patients with cardiomyopathy or coronary artery disease and chronic congestive heart failure, acute digitalization does not necessarily lead to consistent, marked or lasting hemodynamic improvement. Thus, current concepts of the use of digitalis is such patients may require revision.", "PMID": 1119395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6296", "title": "Dose-response relation between therapeutic levels of serum digoxin and systolic time intervals.", "content": "A dose-response relation between cardiac glycosides and systolic time intervals has previously been established in short-term studies in which the glycoside was administered intravenously in these studies there was uncertainty regarding the steady state kinetics, and maintenance of the early serum levels would have resulted in toxicity. Accordingly, we studied the effect on systolic time intervals of small increments of serum digoxin within the therapeutic range. Serum digoxin concentration and systolic time intervals were measured in 21 patients receiving 0.25 mg of the glycoside daily. The daily dose was increased to 0.5 mg and measurements were repeated 5 to 7 days later. Serum digoxin concentration with the smaller dose was 0.56 plus or minus (standard error) 0.06 ng/ml and increased to 1.18 plus or minus 0.11 ng/ml with the larger dose. Associated with the increased serum digoxin was a mean decrease in duration of total electromechanical events of 6.3 plus or minus 2.9 msec (P smaller than 0.025), which resulted from a mean shortening of left ventricular ejection time of 5.6 plus or minus 3.0 msec (P smaller than 0.05). The mean decrease in preejection phase of 1.1 plus or minus 2.1 msec was insignificant (P larger than 0.2). Repeated measurements in control patients showed no change in serum digoxin concentration or systolic time intervals. In nine patients the digoxin dose was randomly varied between 0 and 0.75 mg and measurements were made 4 to 5 days after drug administration at each dose level. The correlation coefficient between changes in serum digoxin and changes in left ventricular ejection time was minus 0.55 (P smaller than 0.01) the data indicated that increasing the maintenance dose of digoxin while keeping the serum level within therapeutic range will result in improved ventricular function as assessed by determination of systolic time intervals.", "contents": "Dose-response relation between therapeutic levels of serum digoxin and systolic time intervals. A dose-response relation between cardiac glycosides and systolic time intervals has previously been established in short-term studies in which the glycoside was administered intravenously in these studies there was uncertainty regarding the steady state kinetics, and maintenance of the early serum levels would have resulted in toxicity. Accordingly, we studied the effect on systolic time intervals of small increments of serum digoxin within the therapeutic range. Serum digoxin concentration and systolic time intervals were measured in 21 patients receiving 0.25 mg of the glycoside daily. The daily dose was increased to 0.5 mg and measurements were repeated 5 to 7 days later. Serum digoxin concentration with the smaller dose was 0.56 plus or minus (standard error) 0.06 ng/ml and increased to 1.18 plus or minus 0.11 ng/ml with the larger dose. Associated with the increased serum digoxin was a mean decrease in duration of total electromechanical events of 6.3 plus or minus 2.9 msec (P smaller than 0.025), which resulted from a mean shortening of left ventricular ejection time of 5.6 plus or minus 3.0 msec (P smaller than 0.05). The mean decrease in preejection phase of 1.1 plus or minus 2.1 msec was insignificant (P larger than 0.2). Repeated measurements in control patients showed no change in serum digoxin concentration or systolic time intervals. In nine patients the digoxin dose was randomly varied between 0 and 0.75 mg and measurements were made 4 to 5 days after drug administration at each dose level. The correlation coefficient between changes in serum digoxin and changes in left ventricular ejection time was minus 0.55 (P smaller than 0.01) the data indicated that increasing the maintenance dose of digoxin while keeping the serum level within therapeutic range will result in improved ventricular function as assessed by determination of systolic time intervals.", "PMID": 1119396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6297", "title": "Echocardiographic studies of left ventricular wall motion and dimensions after valvular heart surgery.", "content": "Echocardiograms obtained from 50 patients after valvular heart surgery (in 33 cases within 2 months of the procedure) were examined to study patterns of interventricular septal motion and left ventricular dimensional changes. Preoperative echograms were available in 28 cases. Before and after mitral commissurotomy septal motion and left ventricular diameters as well as the percent systolic shortening of the echocardiographic transverse axis were within normal limits. Before operation, aortic and mitral regurgitation were associated with increases in end-diastolic and end-systolic diameters, septal motion and percent systolic shortening of the left ventricular diameter. Septal dyssynergy, defined as paradoxical motion or marked hypokinesia, was seen within 2 months of operation in 91 percent of patients after aortic valve replacement and in 42 percent after mitral valve replacement. Of subjects studied more than 2 months postoperatively, none with mitral valve replacement and only 33 percent with aortic valve replacement manifested septal dyssynergy. After valve replacement for aortic or mitral regurgitation there were significant decreases in end-diastolic diameter, septal excursion and total and percent left ventricular systolic shortening. Two subjects not having valve replacement also demonstrated paradoxical septal motion postoperatively. The cause of septal dyssynergy after valvular surgery was not apparent although the use of cardiopulmonary bypass was an esential condition. We conclude that echocardiography can be utilized to follow up changes in left ventricular wall motion and dimensions after surgery for valvular heart disease, and that it may be of value in assessing the early and late postoperative results.", "contents": "Echocardiographic studies of left ventricular wall motion and dimensions after valvular heart surgery. Echocardiograms obtained from 50 patients after valvular heart surgery (in 33 cases within 2 months of the procedure) were examined to study patterns of interventricular septal motion and left ventricular dimensional changes. Preoperative echograms were available in 28 cases. Before and after mitral commissurotomy septal motion and left ventricular diameters as well as the percent systolic shortening of the echocardiographic transverse axis were within normal limits. Before operation, aortic and mitral regurgitation were associated with increases in end-diastolic and end-systolic diameters, septal motion and percent systolic shortening of the left ventricular diameter. Septal dyssynergy, defined as paradoxical motion or marked hypokinesia, was seen within 2 months of operation in 91 percent of patients after aortic valve replacement and in 42 percent after mitral valve replacement. Of subjects studied more than 2 months postoperatively, none with mitral valve replacement and only 33 percent with aortic valve replacement manifested septal dyssynergy. After valve replacement for aortic or mitral regurgitation there were significant decreases in end-diastolic diameter, septal excursion and total and percent left ventricular systolic shortening. Two subjects not having valve replacement also demonstrated paradoxical septal motion postoperatively. The cause of septal dyssynergy after valvular surgery was not apparent although the use of cardiopulmonary bypass was an esential condition. We conclude that echocardiography can be utilized to follow up changes in left ventricular wall motion and dimensions after surgery for valvular heart disease, and that it may be of value in assessing the early and late postoperative results.", "PMID": 1119397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6298", "title": "Hemodynamic consequences of total removal of the tricuspid valve without prosthetic replacement.", "content": "Tricuspid valvulectomy without prosthetic replacement has been advocated as a life-saving measure in the treatment of Pseudomonas endocarditis of the tricuspid valve. This report describes the hemodynamic data obtained in 10 patients before and after removal of the tricuspid valve. Seven patients remained free of carciac decompensation, but right heart failure developed in three. Analysis of the preoperative data did not permit differentiation of these two groups of patients.", "contents": "Hemodynamic consequences of total removal of the tricuspid valve without prosthetic replacement. Tricuspid valvulectomy without prosthetic replacement has been advocated as a life-saving measure in the treatment of Pseudomonas endocarditis of the tricuspid valve. This report describes the hemodynamic data obtained in 10 patients before and after removal of the tricuspid valve. Seven patients remained free of carciac decompensation, but right heart failure developed in three. Analysis of the preoperative data did not permit differentiation of these two groups of patients.", "PMID": 1119398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6299", "title": "Altered refractory periods in patients with short P-R intervals and normal QRS complex.", "content": "To evaluate the refractory periods of the atrioventricular (A-V) conducting system in patients with a short P-R interval and normal QRS complex, 57 patients with a P-R interval of 110 to 280 msec were studied with His bundle recording and premature atrial stimulation at similar cycle lengths of 660 to 720 msec. In 13 patients with a short P-R interval (120 msec or less) the mean value for the functional refractory period of the A-V node was 368 plus or minus 36 msec (standard deviation), which was significantly lower (P smaller than 0.01) than the mean value of 415 plus or minus 50 msec in 36 patients with a normal P-R interval (between 120 and 200 msec) and the mean value of 492 plus or minus 57 msec in 8 patients with an increased P-R interval (200 msec or greater). Patients with a short P-R interval had a mean value for the effective refractory period of the A-V conducting system of 247 plus or minus 26 msec, which was significantly lower (P smaller than 0.01) than the mean values of 297 plus or minus 51 msec in patients with a normal P-R interval and 369 plus or minus 87 msec in patients with an increased P-R interval. The results identify a characteristic conduction abnormality that is compatible with a partial A-V nodal bypass or dual A-V nodal conduction pathways. The relation between the duration of the P-R interval and the regractory period may aid understanding of the clinical significance of the scalar electrocardiogram.", "contents": "Altered refractory periods in patients with short P-R intervals and normal QRS complex. To evaluate the refractory periods of the atrioventricular (A-V) conducting system in patients with a short P-R interval and normal QRS complex, 57 patients with a P-R interval of 110 to 280 msec were studied with His bundle recording and premature atrial stimulation at similar cycle lengths of 660 to 720 msec. In 13 patients with a short P-R interval (120 msec or less) the mean value for the functional refractory period of the A-V node was 368 plus or minus 36 msec (standard deviation), which was significantly lower (P smaller than 0.01) than the mean value of 415 plus or minus 50 msec in 36 patients with a normal P-R interval (between 120 and 200 msec) and the mean value of 492 plus or minus 57 msec in 8 patients with an increased P-R interval (200 msec or greater). Patients with a short P-R interval had a mean value for the effective refractory period of the A-V conducting system of 247 plus or minus 26 msec, which was significantly lower (P smaller than 0.01) than the mean values of 297 plus or minus 51 msec in patients with a normal P-R interval and 369 plus or minus 87 msec in patients with an increased P-R interval. The results identify a characteristic conduction abnormality that is compatible with a partial A-V nodal bypass or dual A-V nodal conduction pathways. The relation between the duration of the P-R interval and the regractory period may aid understanding of the clinical significance of the scalar electrocardiogram.", "PMID": 1119399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6300", "title": "Sinus nodal function in the intact dog heart evaluated by premature atrial stimulation and atrial pacing.", "content": "Sinus nodal function was analyzed in 25 dogs by premature stimulation of the right atrium. The return (AT-AR) and post-return (AR-A) cycles were plotted as a function of the premature cycle, and four zones were identified. Zone I (compensatory zone) was observed during the last 4.8 percent (mean value) of the sinus cycle (A-A). Zone II was observed during 43.6 to 95.2 percent (mean value) of the sinus cycle. During the latter part of zone II, AT-AR was nearly constant and AR-A remained nearly equal to A-A during the last 29 percent (mean value) of the cycle. Earlier in zone II three distinct patterns of return cycle responses were observed whereas post-return cycles either remained nearly equal to A-A or showed progressive lengthening. Zone III (interpolation) was observed in 10 animals during 39.5 to 46.2 percent (mean value) of the sinus cycle. AR-A was nearly equal to A-A in zone III. Interpolation was incomplete late and complete early in the zone. Zone IV (echo zone) was seen in another 10 animals during 40.9 to 45.3 percent (mean value) of the sinus cycle and in this zone AR-A was greater than A-A. No significant difference in these zones was seen among the animals anesthetized with pentobarbital or alpha-chloralose, or given 6-OH-dopamine. The AR-A was important in the analysis of these zones and appears to be essential to the interpretation of data derived from premature atrial stimulation. Responses to premature atrial stimulation through a catheter electrode positioned against the sinus nodal region compared favorably with responses to direct epicardial stimulation. After periods of continuous right atrial pacing a vairety of patterns of sinus nodal depression were observed at different rates and durations of stimulation. The frequent occurrence of a short sinus escape cycle followed by the maximal pause observed during rapid pacing rates suggests sinus nodal entrance block. This may be an important factor to consider in determining an optimal pacing rate for assessing sinus nodal function.", "contents": "Sinus nodal function in the intact dog heart evaluated by premature atrial stimulation and atrial pacing. Sinus nodal function was analyzed in 25 dogs by premature stimulation of the right atrium. The return (AT-AR) and post-return (AR-A) cycles were plotted as a function of the premature cycle, and four zones were identified. Zone I (compensatory zone) was observed during the last 4.8 percent (mean value) of the sinus cycle (A-A). Zone II was observed during 43.6 to 95.2 percent (mean value) of the sinus cycle. During the latter part of zone II, AT-AR was nearly constant and AR-A remained nearly equal to A-A during the last 29 percent (mean value) of the cycle. Earlier in zone II three distinct patterns of return cycle responses were observed whereas post-return cycles either remained nearly equal to A-A or showed progressive lengthening. Zone III (interpolation) was observed in 10 animals during 39.5 to 46.2 percent (mean value) of the sinus cycle. AR-A was nearly equal to A-A in zone III. Interpolation was incomplete late and complete early in the zone. Zone IV (echo zone) was seen in another 10 animals during 40.9 to 45.3 percent (mean value) of the sinus cycle and in this zone AR-A was greater than A-A. No significant difference in these zones was seen among the animals anesthetized with pentobarbital or alpha-chloralose, or given 6-OH-dopamine. The AR-A was important in the analysis of these zones and appears to be essential to the interpretation of data derived from premature atrial stimulation. Responses to premature atrial stimulation through a catheter electrode positioned against the sinus nodal region compared favorably with responses to direct epicardial stimulation. After periods of continuous right atrial pacing a vairety of patterns of sinus nodal depression were observed at different rates and durations of stimulation. The frequent occurrence of a short sinus escape cycle followed by the maximal pause observed during rapid pacing rates suggests sinus nodal entrance block. This may be an important factor to consider in determining an optimal pacing rate for assessing sinus nodal function.", "PMID": 1119400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6301", "title": "Ischemic heart failure: sustained inotropic response to small doses of I-epinephrine without toxicity.", "content": "As a prelude to a study of severe ischemic heart failure, the therapeutic response of the ischemic ventricle to epinephrine and acetylstrophanthidin in nontoxic doses was determined in 24 intact anesthetized dogs undergoing a first episode of acute regional ischemia. A thrombotic obstruction was produced in the left ventricular dysfunction. The elevation of end-diastolic pressure and reduced stroke volume in control dogs were not significantly altered by administration of strophanthidin. Epinephrine (0.05 mug/kg per min) elicited a significant reduction in end-diastolic pressure and increase in stroke volume. The latter was not attended by an increased incidence of ventricular fibrillation, whereas fibrillation occurred in half of the group given strophantihidin. Thus, the catecholamine was selected to study pump failure. Severe ischemic heart failure was assessed in two groups with scar from previous infarction for up to 4 hours. By 60 minutes of ischemia the increase in end-diastolic pressure and volume and decrease in stroke volume and ejection fraction were comparable in both groups. Thereafter, alternate animals received small doses of epinephrine (0.05 to 0.15 mug/kg per min) with graded increments at 60 minute intervals to counter tachyphylaxis and findings were compared with those in control dogs. Over the subsequent 3 hours, there was progressive deterioration of left anterior descending coronary artery, affecting ventricular function in the untreated group with an increase in end-diastolic pressure from 10 plus or minus 1 to 33 plus or minus 2.4 mm Hg. End-diastolic volume increased by 63 percent; stroke volume and ejection fraction decreased by 48 and 66 percent, respectively. The infusion of epinephrine was attended by a significantly lower end-diastolic pressure of 20 plus or minus 2.5 mm Hg, whereas end-diastolic volume, stroke volume and ejection fraction were restored to control levels after 4 hours of ischemia. Mortality in the untreated group was 62 percent by 4 hours; all seven animals in the treated group survived.", "contents": "Ischemic heart failure: sustained inotropic response to small doses of I-epinephrine without toxicity. As a prelude to a study of severe ischemic heart failure, the therapeutic response of the ischemic ventricle to epinephrine and acetylstrophanthidin in nontoxic doses was determined in 24 intact anesthetized dogs undergoing a first episode of acute regional ischemia. A thrombotic obstruction was produced in the left ventricular dysfunction. The elevation of end-diastolic pressure and reduced stroke volume in control dogs were not significantly altered by administration of strophanthidin. Epinephrine (0.05 mug/kg per min) elicited a significant reduction in end-diastolic pressure and increase in stroke volume. The latter was not attended by an increased incidence of ventricular fibrillation, whereas fibrillation occurred in half of the group given strophantihidin. Thus, the catecholamine was selected to study pump failure. Severe ischemic heart failure was assessed in two groups with scar from previous infarction for up to 4 hours. By 60 minutes of ischemia the increase in end-diastolic pressure and volume and decrease in stroke volume and ejection fraction were comparable in both groups. Thereafter, alternate animals received small doses of epinephrine (0.05 to 0.15 mug/kg per min) with graded increments at 60 minute intervals to counter tachyphylaxis and findings were compared with those in control dogs. Over the subsequent 3 hours, there was progressive deterioration of left anterior descending coronary artery, affecting ventricular function in the untreated group with an increase in end-diastolic pressure from 10 plus or minus 1 to 33 plus or minus 2.4 mm Hg. End-diastolic volume increased by 63 percent; stroke volume and ejection fraction decreased by 48 and 66 percent, respectively. The infusion of epinephrine was attended by a significantly lower end-diastolic pressure of 20 plus or minus 2.5 mm Hg, whereas end-diastolic volume, stroke volume and ejection fraction were restored to control levels after 4 hours of ischemia. Mortality in the untreated group was 62 percent by 4 hours; all seven animals in the treated group survived.", "PMID": 1119401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6302", "title": "Risk factors for myocardial infarction and death due to ischemic heart disease and other causes.", "content": "As part of a study of the male population in an industrial city in Sweden, one third of all male inhabitants of G\u00f6teborg born in 1913 were invited to an examination in 1963. Of those invited, 855 (88 percent) accepted. This report examines the incidence of nonfatal myocardial infarction and death from ischemic heart disease and other causes in this group of men during the ensuing 10 years. There were 6l deaths; autopsy was performed in 56 cases. Nineteen men died of ischemic heart disease and 18 of cancer; 12 men died violently. Thirty-one men survived an acute myocardial infarction. Cigarette smoking and registration with the Temperance Board at the time of the initial examination were more common in men who later had a nonfatal myocardial infarction or died of ischemic heart disease or other causes than in surviving subjects and men who did not have an infarction. Dyspnea was more common in men who died of ischemic heart disease but was less common in those who died of other causes than in the remaining subjects. Values for systolic blood presure were higher and those for peak expiratory flow lower in men who died of ischemic heart disease. Serum cholesterol values were higher and those for serum triglycerides tended to be higher in men who died of ischemic heart disease than in other subjects. Heart size tended to be greater in those who had nonfatal or fatal ischemic heart disease. Obesity, the level of physical activity, fasting blood glucose levels, doffee consumption, hematocrit and erythrocyte sedimentation rate as determined at age 50 years had no predictive value for assissing the risk of nonfatal myocardial infarction, fatal ischemic heart disease or death from other causes before age 60. The results indicate that many so-called risk factors have a different relation to fatal than to nonfatal ischemic heart disease.", "contents": "Risk factors for myocardial infarction and death due to ischemic heart disease and other causes. As part of a study of the male population in an industrial city in Sweden, one third of all male inhabitants of G\u00f6teborg born in 1913 were invited to an examination in 1963. Of those invited, 855 (88 percent) accepted. This report examines the incidence of nonfatal myocardial infarction and death from ischemic heart disease and other causes in this group of men during the ensuing 10 years. There were 6l deaths; autopsy was performed in 56 cases. Nineteen men died of ischemic heart disease and 18 of cancer; 12 men died violently. Thirty-one men survived an acute myocardial infarction. Cigarette smoking and registration with the Temperance Board at the time of the initial examination were more common in men who later had a nonfatal myocardial infarction or died of ischemic heart disease or other causes than in surviving subjects and men who did not have an infarction. Dyspnea was more common in men who died of ischemic heart disease but was less common in those who died of other causes than in the remaining subjects. Values for systolic blood presure were higher and those for peak expiratory flow lower in men who died of ischemic heart disease. Serum cholesterol values were higher and those for serum triglycerides tended to be higher in men who died of ischemic heart disease than in other subjects. Heart size tended to be greater in those who had nonfatal or fatal ischemic heart disease. Obesity, the level of physical activity, fasting blood glucose levels, doffee consumption, hematocrit and erythrocyte sedimentation rate as determined at age 50 years had no predictive value for assissing the risk of nonfatal myocardial infarction, fatal ischemic heart disease or death from other causes before age 60. The results indicate that many so-called risk factors have a different relation to fatal than to nonfatal ischemic heart disease.", "PMID": 1119402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6303", "title": "Influence of race, sex and weight on blood pressure behavior in young adults.", "content": "This study is concerned with blood pressure behavior in young adults (aged 15 to 29 years) in the biracial community of Evans County, Ga., on two occasions 7 years apart. On the basis of casual blood pressure recordings the prevalence of systolic pressure equal to or greater than 140 mm Hg or diastolic pressure equal to or greater than 90 mm Hg, or both, showed race/sex differences as follows: white males 19.0 percent, white females 12.7 percent. black males 34.0 percent, black females 31.6 percent. Similar differences were noted in the incidence during the 7 year interval. The problem presented by the variability of the casual blood pressure recording is apparent in this interval study. Of particular interest is the association of weight with blood pressure in this youthful group, particularly among white males and females and black females, in relation to both initial and subsequent pressure levels. The data suggest that in this population under 30 years, weight is a risk factor for hypertension, and that maintenance of ideal weight, instituted in youth, may be a preventive measure.", "contents": "Influence of race, sex and weight on blood pressure behavior in young adults. This study is concerned with blood pressure behavior in young adults (aged 15 to 29 years) in the biracial community of Evans County, Ga., on two occasions 7 years apart. On the basis of casual blood pressure recordings the prevalence of systolic pressure equal to or greater than 140 mm Hg or diastolic pressure equal to or greater than 90 mm Hg, or both, showed race/sex differences as follows: white males 19.0 percent, white females 12.7 percent. black males 34.0 percent, black females 31.6 percent. Similar differences were noted in the incidence during the 7 year interval. The problem presented by the variability of the casual blood pressure recording is apparent in this interval study. Of particular interest is the association of weight with blood pressure in this youthful group, particularly among white males and females and black females, in relation to both initial and subsequent pressure levels. The data suggest that in this population under 30 years, weight is a risk factor for hypertension, and that maintenance of ideal weight, instituted in youth, may be a preventive measure.", "PMID": 1119403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6304", "title": "The omnicardiogram: new approach to detection of heart disease in patients with a normal resting electrocardiogram.", "content": "The omnicardiogram is a new technique in which various leads of the standard electrocardiogram are digitized and subjected to a nonlinear mathematical transformation so as to detect subtle degrees of abnormality not apparent in the original electrocardiogram. Its usefulness in the detection of heart disease was studied in 121 male patients with a normal resting 12 lead electrocardiogram who underwent selective coronary cineangiography for a chest pain syndrome. In normotensive patients with a normal resting electrocardiogram, an abnormal omnicardiogram was recorded in 81 percent of those with three vessel disease, 67 percent of those with two vessel disease and 41 percent of those with one vessel disease. Nineteen percent of patients with normal coronary arteries or nonobstructive coronary artery disease had false positive tracings. The omnicardiogram was abnormal in 81 percent of patients with hypertension whether or not cornary artery disease was present. A double Master exercise test was performed by 109 of the 121 patients. In normotensive patients results of the test were positive in 67 percent of those with three vessel disease, 31 percent of those with two vessel disease and 14 percent of those with one vessel disease. There was a 4 percent rate of false positive tracings. Thus in our study, the omnicardiogram appeared to be superior to the Master test and to provide a useful new approach to detection of coronary artery disease in male patients with a normal resting electrocardiogram.", "contents": "The omnicardiogram: new approach to detection of heart disease in patients with a normal resting electrocardiogram. The omnicardiogram is a new technique in which various leads of the standard electrocardiogram are digitized and subjected to a nonlinear mathematical transformation so as to detect subtle degrees of abnormality not apparent in the original electrocardiogram. Its usefulness in the detection of heart disease was studied in 121 male patients with a normal resting 12 lead electrocardiogram who underwent selective coronary cineangiography for a chest pain syndrome. In normotensive patients with a normal resting electrocardiogram, an abnormal omnicardiogram was recorded in 81 percent of those with three vessel disease, 67 percent of those with two vessel disease and 41 percent of those with one vessel disease. Nineteen percent of patients with normal coronary arteries or nonobstructive coronary artery disease had false positive tracings. The omnicardiogram was abnormal in 81 percent of patients with hypertension whether or not cornary artery disease was present. A double Master exercise test was performed by 109 of the 121 patients. In normotensive patients results of the test were positive in 67 percent of those with three vessel disease, 31 percent of those with two vessel disease and 14 percent of those with one vessel disease. There was a 4 percent rate of false positive tracings. Thus in our study, the omnicardiogram appeared to be superior to the Master test and to provide a useful new approach to detection of coronary artery disease in male patients with a normal resting electrocardiogram.", "PMID": 1119404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6305", "title": "Effect of transducer placement on echocardiographic measurement of left ventricular dimensions.", "content": "An echocardiogram from the left ventricle may be used to estimate left ventricular volume and rate of circumferential fiber shortening, to measure posterior wall and interventricular septal thickness and to evaluate the normality of septal motion. Extended application of this technique in this laboratory has emphasized the need for a more standardized means of transducer location and direction. The effect of placing the ultrasonic transducer in several intercostal spaces along the left sternal border was tested in 14 patients. Variability in the left ventricular dimension and the difference in this dimension from end-diastole to end-systole were greater than for duplicate measurements from the same interspace. A system has been developed for more consistent placement of the transducer in each patient, using intracardiac landmarks and observation of transducer orientation to record specific cardiac structures.", "contents": "Effect of transducer placement on echocardiographic measurement of left ventricular dimensions. An echocardiogram from the left ventricle may be used to estimate left ventricular volume and rate of circumferential fiber shortening, to measure posterior wall and interventricular septal thickness and to evaluate the normality of septal motion. Extended application of this technique in this laboratory has emphasized the need for a more standardized means of transducer location and direction. The effect of placing the ultrasonic transducer in several intercostal spaces along the left sternal border was tested in 14 patients. Variability in the left ventricular dimension and the difference in this dimension from end-diastole to end-systole were greater than for duplicate measurements from the same interspace. A system has been developed for more consistent placement of the transducer in each patient, using intracardiac landmarks and observation of transducer orientation to record specific cardiac structures.", "PMID": 1119405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6306", "title": "Turnover of phospholipids in rat aortic smooth muscle cells in culture.", "content": "Smooth muscle cells derived from rat aortic media were explanted and grown in culture for 14 to 60 days. During that time they formed a confluent multilayer and depostied extracellular material resembling newly formed elastin. The lipid composition of the cells in culture differed slightly from the parent cells in the intact aorta with respect to a higher phospholipid/DNA ratio and a higher lecithin content. The cholesterol content resembled that of parent cells. After incubation with labeled precursor the cultured cells show an active lipid synthesis; choline is incorporated mainly into lecithin, whereas glycerol and palmitate appear in phospholipids and to a lesser extent in neutral lipids. After a 2 hour pulse and up to 96 hour chase there is a linear fall in the specific acitivty of lecithin with a half-time of 28 to 30 hours. The rate of fall in specific activity of glycerol- or choline-labeled lecithin was found to be similar, indicating that choline does not turn over by an exchange reaction and is a suitable marker for studying phospholipid turnover in cultured cells. The results provide a basis for investigation of the effect of increasing cellular cholesterol content on phospholipid turnover.", "contents": "Turnover of phospholipids in rat aortic smooth muscle cells in culture. Smooth muscle cells derived from rat aortic media were explanted and grown in culture for 14 to 60 days. During that time they formed a confluent multilayer and depostied extracellular material resembling newly formed elastin. The lipid composition of the cells in culture differed slightly from the parent cells in the intact aorta with respect to a higher phospholipid/DNA ratio and a higher lecithin content. The cholesterol content resembled that of parent cells. After incubation with labeled precursor the cultured cells show an active lipid synthesis; choline is incorporated mainly into lecithin, whereas glycerol and palmitate appear in phospholipids and to a lesser extent in neutral lipids. After a 2 hour pulse and up to 96 hour chase there is a linear fall in the specific acitivty of lecithin with a half-time of 28 to 30 hours. The rate of fall in specific activity of glycerol- or choline-labeled lecithin was found to be similar, indicating that choline does not turn over by an exchange reaction and is a suitable marker for studying phospholipid turnover in cultured cells. The results provide a basis for investigation of the effect of increasing cellular cholesterol content on phospholipid turnover.", "PMID": 1119407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6307", "title": "Developmental morphology of the subarachnoid space and contiguous structures in the mouse.", "content": "Development of pia-arachnoidal membranes in the mouse occurs in four stages: the first (prenatal days 10-13) follows closure of the neural tube and is a period of initial vascularization of the developing telencephalon; the second (prenatal days 14-16) is a period of delineation during which the limits of the subarachnoid space are defined; the third (prenatal day 17 to birth) is a period of ensheathment of pia-arachnoidal blood vessels; and the fourth (birth to postnatal day 21) includes addition of smooth muscle to larger vessels, the appearance of macrophages in the subarachnoid space, and a general increase in extracellular collagenous and elastic fibers. The mesenchyme over the telencephalic surface in the 10-day fetus has a typically large extracellular space. By the 13th fetal day cerebrospinal fluid begins to seep into and replace it. The mesenchymal extracellular compartment is reduced peripherally, resulting in a compacted pia-arachnoidal tissue which limits the peripheral extent of the subarachnoid space. By the 21st postnatal day a subarachnoid space typical of the adult animal has been established.", "contents": "Developmental morphology of the subarachnoid space and contiguous structures in the mouse. Development of pia-arachnoidal membranes in the mouse occurs in four stages: the first (prenatal days 10-13) follows closure of the neural tube and is a period of initial vascularization of the developing telencephalon; the second (prenatal days 14-16) is a period of delineation during which the limits of the subarachnoid space are defined; the third (prenatal day 17 to birth) is a period of ensheathment of pia-arachnoidal blood vessels; and the fourth (birth to postnatal day 21) includes addition of smooth muscle to larger vessels, the appearance of macrophages in the subarachnoid space, and a general increase in extracellular collagenous and elastic fibers. The mesenchyme over the telencephalic surface in the 10-day fetus has a typically large extracellular space. By the 13th fetal day cerebrospinal fluid begins to seep into and replace it. The mesenchymal extracellular compartment is reduced peripherally, resulting in a compacted pia-arachnoidal tissue which limits the peripheral extent of the subarachnoid space. By the 21st postnatal day a subarachnoid space typical of the adult animal has been established.", "PMID": 1119412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6308", "title": "Permeability of ovarian follicles and capillaries in mice.", "content": "The permeability of ovarian capillaries and follicles in prepubertal and sexually mature (proestrus and metestrus) randomly bred Swiss Albino female mice (SCH:ARS HA ICR strain) was studied by intravenous injection of either ferritin or horseradish peroxidase (HRP), followed by examination with light and electron microscopes. The study revealed that capillaries in the interstitial and perifollicular regions were provided with a continuous endothelium that had constant permeability characteristics irrespective of sexual maturity or phase of the estrous cycle. Horseradish peroxidase left the capillaries primarily through interendothelial cell junctions and was present in all follicles within 30 seconds after administration of the tracer. Ferritin, on the other hand, was absent from endothelial cell junctions, and left the capillaries, at a slower rate than HRP, via cytoplasmic vesicular transport. Both tracers were found in the granulosa cells but rarely in the oocytes. The tracers reached the oocyte through the intercellular spaces between granulosa cells. These findings demonstrate that the follicular apparatus of the mouse is permeable to ferritin and HRP, and that follicular regions such as the basal lamina of the follicle and the zona pellucida do not stop or retard the passage of either tracer.", "contents": "Permeability of ovarian follicles and capillaries in mice. The permeability of ovarian capillaries and follicles in prepubertal and sexually mature (proestrus and metestrus) randomly bred Swiss Albino female mice (SCH:ARS HA ICR strain) was studied by intravenous injection of either ferritin or horseradish peroxidase (HRP), followed by examination with light and electron microscopes. The study revealed that capillaries in the interstitial and perifollicular regions were provided with a continuous endothelium that had constant permeability characteristics irrespective of sexual maturity or phase of the estrous cycle. Horseradish peroxidase left the capillaries primarily through interendothelial cell junctions and was present in all follicles within 30 seconds after administration of the tracer. Ferritin, on the other hand, was absent from endothelial cell junctions, and left the capillaries, at a slower rate than HRP, via cytoplasmic vesicular transport. Both tracers were found in the granulosa cells but rarely in the oocytes. The tracers reached the oocyte through the intercellular spaces between granulosa cells. These findings demonstrate that the follicular apparatus of the mouse is permeable to ferritin and HRP, and that follicular regions such as the basal lamina of the follicle and the zona pellucida do not stop or retard the passage of either tracer.", "PMID": 1119413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6309", "title": "Tubules and filaments in satellite cells and axons of sensory neurons.", "content": "Satellite cells covering the axon hillock region and initial axon process of the neurons of rat and mouse trigeminal ganglia contained numerous parallel microtubules and microfilaments. These were oriented circumferentially to axonal neurofilaments and neurotubules. The latter were sometimes grouped in fascicles. The results suggest a specialized role for the supporting cell in this region and that fascicles of neurotubules are not related to action potential initiation.", "contents": "Tubules and filaments in satellite cells and axons of sensory neurons. Satellite cells covering the axon hillock region and initial axon process of the neurons of rat and mouse trigeminal ganglia contained numerous parallel microtubules and microfilaments. These were oriented circumferentially to axonal neurofilaments and neurotubules. The latter were sometimes grouped in fascicles. The results suggest a specialized role for the supporting cell in this region and that fascicles of neurotubules are not related to action potential initiation.", "PMID": 1119414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6310", "title": "Effect of gonadotropins on ovulation and ovarian histology in the immature Mongolian gerbil.", "content": "The present study is an analysis of the effects of superovulatory doses of gonadotropins on the rate and time of ovulation and ovarian histology in immature gerbils. Groups were treated with various combinations of pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG) and human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG). The maximum superovulatory response followed treatment with 10 IU PMSG and 20 IU HCG. High dosages of PMSG inhibited superovulation, as did some combinations involving the highest dose of HCG. Entrapment of ova within corpora lutes was common in groups receiving high doses of either gonadotropin. Luteal regression, appearing by day 3, occurred often in groups receiving high doses of HCG. A dose of 10 IU PMSG and 5 IU HCG resulted in both a near maximal superovulatory response and the least abnormal ovarian alteration.", "contents": "Effect of gonadotropins on ovulation and ovarian histology in the immature Mongolian gerbil. The present study is an analysis of the effects of superovulatory doses of gonadotropins on the rate and time of ovulation and ovarian histology in immature gerbils. Groups were treated with various combinations of pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG) and human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG). The maximum superovulatory response followed treatment with 10 IU PMSG and 20 IU HCG. High dosages of PMSG inhibited superovulation, as did some combinations involving the highest dose of HCG. Entrapment of ova within corpora lutes was common in groups receiving high doses of either gonadotropin. Luteal regression, appearing by day 3, occurred often in groups receiving high doses of HCG. A dose of 10 IU PMSG and 5 IU HCG resulted in both a near maximal superovulatory response and the least abnormal ovarian alteration.", "PMID": 1119415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6311", "title": "Depressed cell-mediated immunity in megaloblastic anemia due to folic acid deficiency.", "content": "Cell-mediated immunity has been studied in patients with 1) megaloblastic anemia of folic acid deficiency, 2)megaloblastic anemia of pregnancy, or 3) iron-deficiency anemia. Using dinitrochlorobenzene skin tests,  phytohemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocyte transformation, and rosette inhibition by antilymphocyte globulin, we have shown that cell-mediated immunity is depressed in megaloblastic anemia due to folate deficiency; this depression was reversed by folate treatment. Cell-mediated immunity was not impaired by iron-deficiency anemia. Suggested interactions between iron deficiency and folate metabolism were not clarified by these studies.", "contents": "Depressed cell-mediated immunity in megaloblastic anemia due to folic acid deficiency. Cell-mediated immunity has been studied in patients with 1) megaloblastic anemia of folic acid deficiency, 2)megaloblastic anemia of pregnancy, or 3) iron-deficiency anemia. Using dinitrochlorobenzene skin tests,  phytohemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocyte transformation, and rosette inhibition by antilymphocyte globulin, we have shown that cell-mediated immunity is depressed in megaloblastic anemia due to folate deficiency; this depression was reversed by folate treatment. Cell-mediated immunity was not impaired by iron-deficiency anemia. Suggested interactions between iron deficiency and folate metabolism were not clarified by these studies.", "PMID": 1119420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6312", "title": "Effect of dietary lactose on the absorption of protein, fat and calcium in the postweaning rat.", "content": "To assess the effect of dietary lactose on the intestinal absorption of protein, fat and calcium in lactose intolerance due to low levels of intestinal lactase, balance studies were carried out on postweaning rats (initial weight 164 g) for a period of 10 days. The experimental diets contained either 10% or 30% lactose, while in the control diets the lactose was replaced with equivalent amounts of sucrose. The excretions of fecal and urinary nitrogen, calcium and fat are expressed as precent of intake over the 10-day period. The fecal excretion of nitrogen and fat was significantly higher in the lactose groups (P less than 0.05). The fecal calcium excretion, however, was lower in the lactose groups, the difference being significantly only in the case of the 30% lactose diet (P less than 0.001). There was no difference in urinary nitrogen excretion between the lactose and sucrose groups, but urinary calcium excretion was significantly higher in the rats fed the 30% lactose diet (P less than 0.01). These findings suggest that dietary lactose may reduce the absorption of protein and fat, but not of calcium, in individuals with low levels of intestinal lactase activity.", "contents": "Effect of dietary lactose on the absorption of protein, fat and calcium in the postweaning rat. To assess the effect of dietary lactose on the intestinal absorption of protein, fat and calcium in lactose intolerance due to low levels of intestinal lactase, balance studies were carried out on postweaning rats (initial weight 164 g) for a period of 10 days. The experimental diets contained either 10% or 30% lactose, while in the control diets the lactose was replaced with equivalent amounts of sucrose. The excretions of fecal and urinary nitrogen, calcium and fat are expressed as precent of intake over the 10-day period. The fecal excretion of nitrogen and fat was significantly higher in the lactose groups (P less than 0.05). The fecal calcium excretion, however, was lower in the lactose groups, the difference being significantly only in the case of the 30% lactose diet (P less than 0.001). There was no difference in urinary nitrogen excretion between the lactose and sucrose groups, but urinary calcium excretion was significantly higher in the rats fed the 30% lactose diet (P less than 0.01). These findings suggest that dietary lactose may reduce the absorption of protein and fat, but not of calcium, in individuals with low levels of intestinal lactase activity.", "PMID": 1119421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6313", "title": "Utilization of different quantities of fat at high altitude.", "content": "Investigations on utilization of fats have been carried out at altitudes of 3,500, 3,800, and 4,700 m, respectively, on 27, 7, and 12 soldiers staying at these altitudes for over 4 months in tentage accommodation. At 3,500 m the fat utilization was 95.9, 96.2, and 96.6% on intakes of 128, 168, and 198 g fat/day. At 3,800 m on maximum fat intake of 364 g/day, the fecal fat content was 11.48 g and percentage digestibility 96.9. At 4,700 m the digestibility was 97.5% on a fat intake of 232 g/day. Urine examination did not reveal ketone bodies on any of these fat intakes. Neither was there any incidence of constipation nor diarrhea. While 364 g of fat/day could not be fully consumed, digestibilty was not affected up to an intake of 324 g/day though, at this intake there was feeling of thirst at night. Thus, digestibility and utilization of dietary fats up to 324 g at 3,800 m and 232 g at 4,700 m are not distrubed.", "contents": "Utilization of different quantities of fat at high altitude. Investigations on utilization of fats have been carried out at altitudes of 3,500, 3,800, and 4,700 m, respectively, on 27, 7, and 12 soldiers staying at these altitudes for over 4 months in tentage accommodation. At 3,500 m the fat utilization was 95.9, 96.2, and 96.6% on intakes of 128, 168, and 198 g fat/day. At 3,800 m on maximum fat intake of 364 g/day, the fecal fat content was 11.48 g and percentage digestibility 96.9. At 4,700 m the digestibility was 97.5% on a fat intake of 232 g/day. Urine examination did not reveal ketone bodies on any of these fat intakes. Neither was there any incidence of constipation nor diarrhea. While 364 g of fat/day could not be fully consumed, digestibilty was not affected up to an intake of 324 g/day though, at this intake there was feeling of thirst at night. Thus, digestibility and utilization of dietary fats up to 324 g at 3,800 m and 232 g at 4,700 m are not distrubed.", "PMID": 1119422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6314", "title": "Increased rate of alcohol removal from blood with oral fructose and sucrose.", "content": "The effect of oral glucose, fructose and sucrose on the disappearance rate for intravenously administered alcohol was studied in eight abstinent alcoholic subjects. The three sugars were ingested on separate days in random sequence. alcohol levels were determined at hourly intervals. During sugar ingestion, the mean rates of alcohol disappearance were: 19 plus or minus 1.4 mg/100 ml per hour (plus or minus SE), with glucose, 23.9 or minus 1.4 mg/100 ml per hour with sucrose, and 25.4 plus or minus 1.4 mg/100 ml per hour with fructose. Compared to glucose both fructose and sucrose increased the rate of alcohol from the blood. The blood levels of fructose were similar after the oral dose of 2 g/kg of fructose or 4 g/kg of sucrose.", "contents": "Increased rate of alcohol removal from blood with oral fructose and sucrose. The effect of oral glucose, fructose and sucrose on the disappearance rate for intravenously administered alcohol was studied in eight abstinent alcoholic subjects. The three sugars were ingested on separate days in random sequence. alcohol levels were determined at hourly intervals. During sugar ingestion, the mean rates of alcohol disappearance were: 19 plus or minus 1.4 mg/100 ml per hour (plus or minus SE), with glucose, 23.9 or minus 1.4 mg/100 ml per hour with sucrose, and 25.4 plus or minus 1.4 mg/100 ml per hour with fructose. Compared to glucose both fructose and sucrose increased the rate of alcohol from the blood. The blood levels of fructose were similar after the oral dose of 2 g/kg of fructose or 4 g/kg of sucrose.", "PMID": 1119423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6315", "title": "Nutritional status and mortality: a prospective validation of the QUAC stick.", "content": "In December 1970, 8,292 rural Bengali children the ages of 1 and 9 had their height and arm circumference measured. Eighteen months later the fate of 98.8% of these children was ascertained. Overall, 2.3% of the children had died. Those the 9th and between the 10th and 50th percentiles of arm circumference for height were at 3.4 1.5 times greater risk of dying, respectively, than those above the 5oth percentiles. A gradient was present at every age, although it was greatest for the bulnerable 1- to 4-year age group, for whom the relative risks were 4.5, 1.6, and 1.0, respectively. The discriminant efficiency of these categories was greatest immediately following measurement and decreased with time. During the first postmeasurement month the risk of dying the poorest nutritional category was 19.8 times that of the best, and for the first 3 months, 12.2 times. By the last 3 months of followup it was only twice that of the best. Females in all three categories fared slightly worse than males, being at 1.1 times the risk of dying. This same vulnerable group of 1. to 4-year olds could be identified without knowing their age. Limiting the analysis to children whose heights were between 65 and 89 cm resulted in relative risks, for the three categories, of 4.1, 1.6, and 1.0, respectively. These arm circumference to height categories and the QUAC stick survey technique for which they were devised appear to be valid tools for identifying nutritionally disadvantaged individuals and populations at high risk of death.", "contents": "Nutritional status and mortality: a prospective validation of the QUAC stick. In December 1970, 8,292 rural Bengali children the ages of 1 and 9 had their height and arm circumference measured. Eighteen months later the fate of 98.8% of these children was ascertained. Overall, 2.3% of the children had died. Those the 9th and between the 10th and 50th percentiles of arm circumference for height were at 3.4 1.5 times greater risk of dying, respectively, than those above the 5oth percentiles. A gradient was present at every age, although it was greatest for the bulnerable 1- to 4-year age group, for whom the relative risks were 4.5, 1.6, and 1.0, respectively. The discriminant efficiency of these categories was greatest immediately following measurement and decreased with time. During the first postmeasurement month the risk of dying the poorest nutritional category was 19.8 times that of the best, and for the first 3 months, 12.2 times. By the last 3 months of followup it was only twice that of the best. Females in all three categories fared slightly worse than males, being at 1.1 times the risk of dying. This same vulnerable group of 1. to 4-year olds could be identified without knowing their age. Limiting the analysis to children whose heights were between 65 and 89 cm resulted in relative risks, for the three categories, of 4.1, 1.6, and 1.0, respectively. These arm circumference to height categories and the QUAC stick survey technique for which they were devised appear to be valid tools for identifying nutritionally disadvantaged individuals and populations at high risk of death.", "PMID": 1119424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6316", "title": "Nitrogen retention and plasma amino acids of men who consumed isonitrogenous diets containing egg albumen or mixtures of amino acids.", "content": "Experimental diets that furnished approximately 6.0 g of nitrogen per day were consumed by young men. Nitrogen retention was not altered significantly when egg albumen was replaced by its constituent essential and nonessential amino acids or by the essential amino acids (including cystine, tyrosine and histidine) plus a source of nonspecific nitrogen. Concentrations of essential amino acids in fasting or postprandial plasma were not influenced significantly by source of amino acids or by replacement of nonessential amino acids by nonspecific nitrogen; but concentrations of certain nonessential amino acids were altered by treatment. Responses to an elemental diet or to a similar diet in which egg albumen replaced the amino acid mixture did not differ significantly.", "contents": "Nitrogen retention and plasma amino acids of men who consumed isonitrogenous diets containing egg albumen or mixtures of amino acids. Experimental diets that furnished approximately 6.0 g of nitrogen per day were consumed by young men. Nitrogen retention was not altered significantly when egg albumen was replaced by its constituent essential and nonessential amino acids or by the essential amino acids (including cystine, tyrosine and histidine) plus a source of nonspecific nitrogen. Concentrations of essential amino acids in fasting or postprandial plasma were not influenced significantly by source of amino acids or by replacement of nonessential amino acids by nonspecific nitrogen; but concentrations of certain nonessential amino acids were altered by treatment. Responses to an elemental diet or to a similar diet in which egg albumen replaced the amino acid mixture did not differ significantly.", "PMID": 1119429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6317", "title": "Plasma amino acid pattern in pellagra.", "content": "Plasma free amino acid levels were determined in subjects suffering from pellagra and compared with levels observed in normal subjects of both low and high socioeconomic groups. In pellagrins, a wide variation was seen in the plasma levels of tryptophan and these levels overlapped considerably with those in the low socioeconomic group controls. Administration of 5 g L-leucine daily for 5 days to normal subjects belonging to the low socioeconomic group did not affect the plasma tryptophan levels. These data suggest that the pellagragenic action of leucine is not mediated through changes in circulating levels of tryptophan. They also indicate that a low level of plasma tryptophan per se may not be a reliable biochemical indicator in the diagnosis of pellagra.", "contents": "Plasma amino acid pattern in pellagra. Plasma free amino acid levels were determined in subjects suffering from pellagra and compared with levels observed in normal subjects of both low and high socioeconomic groups. In pellagrins, a wide variation was seen in the plasma levels of tryptophan and these levels overlapped considerably with those in the low socioeconomic group controls. Administration of 5 g L-leucine daily for 5 days to normal subjects belonging to the low socioeconomic group did not affect the plasma tryptophan levels. These data suggest that the pellagragenic action of leucine is not mediated through changes in circulating levels of tryptophan. They also indicate that a low level of plasma tryptophan per se may not be a reliable biochemical indicator in the diagnosis of pellagra.", "PMID": 1119430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6318", "title": "Effect of ethynodiol diacetate and mestranol on serum folic acid and vitamin B12 levels and on tryptophan metabolism in baboons.", "content": "The effect of an oral contraceptive agent on serum folate and vitamin B12 levels and on some aspects of tryptophan metabolism in the baboon has been investigated. Folate levels were not affected by this treatment. Vitamin B12 levels were lowered during oral contraceptive treatment (P smaller than 0.1) and increased during a 30-day period of pyridoxine supplementation (P smaller than 0.01). Trends indicating deterioration of glucose tolerance and abnormal tryptophan metabolism were also observed. Definite conclusions concerning the effect of oral contraceptive agents on nutritive parameters could not be made. This is in keeping with the vast volume of literature published on the effects of oral contraceptive agents in humans and other species. It is concluded that perhaps, due to the biologically variable responses to oral contraceptive agents by individuals of any species, studies of serum levels of vitamins and other superficial biochemical parameters. Further, we conclude that the baboon could be a useful model for the study of endocrine influences on nutritive parameters, first because endocrine parameters resemble those of humans and second, because experimental protocols can be rigidly adhered to.", "contents": "Effect of ethynodiol diacetate and mestranol on serum folic acid and vitamin B12 levels and on tryptophan metabolism in baboons. The effect of an oral contraceptive agent on serum folate and vitamin B12 levels and on some aspects of tryptophan metabolism in the baboon has been investigated. Folate levels were not affected by this treatment. Vitamin B12 levels were lowered during oral contraceptive treatment (P smaller than 0.1) and increased during a 30-day period of pyridoxine supplementation (P smaller than 0.01). Trends indicating deterioration of glucose tolerance and abnormal tryptophan metabolism were also observed. Definite conclusions concerning the effect of oral contraceptive agents on nutritive parameters could not be made. This is in keeping with the vast volume of literature published on the effects of oral contraceptive agents in humans and other species. It is concluded that perhaps, due to the biologically variable responses to oral contraceptive agents by individuals of any species, studies of serum levels of vitamins and other superficial biochemical parameters. Further, we conclude that the baboon could be a useful model for the study of endocrine influences on nutritive parameters, first because endocrine parameters resemble those of humans and second, because experimental protocols can be rigidly adhered to.", "PMID": 1119431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6319", "title": "Dietary intakes and plasma concentrations of folate in healthy adolescents.", "content": "Dietary intakes of folate and concentrations of plasma folate were obtained from healthy adolescents of families having low or high income. Results were tested statistically in relation to ages and to sex maturity ratings of the subjects. Maturity was a significant factor and age was not. Boys had higher dietary intakes of folate than girls, and family income was not significant. Low folate intakes are in general attributed to incomplete tables of folate content of foods and suggest a need for revision of existing standards. Plasma folate concentrations were higher in girls than in boys at all maturity ratings but both sexes showed decreasing concentrations as they became more mature. The paradox of increased dietary intake associated with decreased plasma folate concentration reflects increased need of folate for cellular manufacture associated with adolescent growth, particularly in boys. Plasma folate concentrations were subnormal in 9.4 percent of boys and 4.7 percent of girls from low-income families. Girls of higher income families had higher plasma folate due to their taking nonprescribed vitamin preparations containing folic acid. Family income did not affect dietary intakes but, either income or cultural pattern indirectly affected plasma folate concentrations. The study demonstrates the value of relating nutritional investigations to maturity ratings.", "contents": "Dietary intakes and plasma concentrations of folate in healthy adolescents. Dietary intakes of folate and concentrations of plasma folate were obtained from healthy adolescents of families having low or high income. Results were tested statistically in relation to ages and to sex maturity ratings of the subjects. Maturity was a significant factor and age was not. Boys had higher dietary intakes of folate than girls, and family income was not significant. Low folate intakes are in general attributed to incomplete tables of folate content of foods and suggest a need for revision of existing standards. Plasma folate concentrations were higher in girls than in boys at all maturity ratings but both sexes showed decreasing concentrations as they became more mature. The paradox of increased dietary intake associated with decreased plasma folate concentration reflects increased need of folate for cellular manufacture associated with adolescent growth, particularly in boys. Plasma folate concentrations were subnormal in 9.4 percent of boys and 4.7 percent of girls from low-income families. Girls of higher income families had higher plasma folate due to their taking nonprescribed vitamin preparations containing folic acid. Family income did not affect dietary intakes but, either income or cultural pattern indirectly affected plasma folate concentrations. The study demonstrates the value of relating nutritional investigations to maturity ratings.", "PMID": 1119432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6320", "title": "Effects of oral contraceptive steroids on vitamin and lipid levels in serum.", "content": "The results of a comprehensive study to determine the effects of oral contraceptive agents on nutrient metabolism have been reported. The group of women using oral contraceptive agents was found to have significantly higher levels of hemoglobin, packed cell volume, serum vitamin A, total lipids, triglycerides, vitamin E, and alpha1-protein and significantly lower levels of serum and red cell folacin, vitamin B12 and albumin. The biological significance of many of these differences has not been elucidated satisfactorily.", "contents": "Effects of oral contraceptive steroids on vitamin and lipid levels in serum. The results of a comprehensive study to determine the effects of oral contraceptive agents on nutrient metabolism have been reported. The group of women using oral contraceptive agents was found to have significantly higher levels of hemoglobin, packed cell volume, serum vitamin A, total lipids, triglycerides, vitamin E, and alpha1-protein and significantly lower levels of serum and red cell folacin, vitamin B12 and albumin. The biological significance of many of these differences has not been elucidated satisfactorily.", "PMID": 1119433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6321", "title": "Effect of oral contraceptive agents on nutrients: I. Minerals.", "content": "The epidemiological aspects of oral contraceptive agents on nutrient metabolism were studied in a large population of women. Incidence of clinical abnormalities, related to malnutrition, were more frequently observed in the lower (B) as compared to the higher (A) socioeconomic groups. In the A groups some clinical signs were more common in the nonsupplemented groups of subjects. In general, the intake of oral contraceptive agent subjects for calories, protein, calcium, magnesium, iron, copper and zinc did not differ from the controls. The intake of the above nutrients in group A subjects were higher than those of group B except for calories. The subjects who took supplements had higher intakes of calcium, iron, magnesium and copper. No effect of oral contraceptive agents was seen on hemoglobin, hematocrit and erythrocyte count. Serum iron was increased due to \"Norinyl.\" Total iron binding capacity was increased as a result of oral contraceptive agent administration. Total iron binding capacity values were higher in group B as compared to group A and in the nonsupplemented as compared to the supplemented groups. Plasma copper was increased and plasma zinc was decreased as a result of oral contraceptive agent administration. An increase in erythrocyte zinc was observed due to \"Norinyl.\" No effect of oral contraceptive agents on plasma calcium, magnesium and erythrocyte magnesium was observed. Although no effect of oral contraceptive agents on plasma total protein was found, serum albumin was decreased.", "contents": "Effect of oral contraceptive agents on nutrients: I. Minerals. The epidemiological aspects of oral contraceptive agents on nutrient metabolism were studied in a large population of women. Incidence of clinical abnormalities, related to malnutrition, were more frequently observed in the lower (B) as compared to the higher (A) socioeconomic groups. In the A groups some clinical signs were more common in the nonsupplemented groups of subjects. In general, the intake of oral contraceptive agent subjects for calories, protein, calcium, magnesium, iron, copper and zinc did not differ from the controls. The intake of the above nutrients in group A subjects were higher than those of group B except for calories. The subjects who took supplements had higher intakes of calcium, iron, magnesium and copper. No effect of oral contraceptive agents was seen on hemoglobin, hematocrit and erythrocyte count. Serum iron was increased due to \"Norinyl.\" Total iron binding capacity was increased as a result of oral contraceptive agent administration. Total iron binding capacity values were higher in group B as compared to group A and in the nonsupplemented as compared to the supplemented groups. Plasma copper was increased and plasma zinc was decreased as a result of oral contraceptive agent administration. An increase in erythrocyte zinc was observed due to \"Norinyl.\" No effect of oral contraceptive agents on plasma calcium, magnesium and erythrocyte magnesium was observed. Although no effect of oral contraceptive agents on plasma total protein was found, serum albumin was decreased.", "PMID": 1119434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6322", "title": "Effect of oral contraceptive agents on the metabolism of some trace minerals.", "content": "Biochemical and metabolic alterations noted in women taking the oral contraceptive agents have included changes in blood levels of some trace minerals. Only a few of these, namely, iron, copper and zinc, have been studied. This paper intends to review the changes reported and outline the beginning of a series of studies to attempt to determine whether there is any metabolic significance to these alterations. The alterations reported in blood levels are generally believed to be related in large measure to alterations in levels of specific \"transport\" proteins induced primarily by estrogen. The significance of these changes is generally unknown, however, they involve slight elevations in serum iron and copper and possibly a reduction in serum zinc, although these are not as clear-cut as those of the other two trace minerals. In an attempt to determine whether any metabolic significance could be attributed to these changes, several studies have been instituted. The first, reported in this paper, consisted of a metabolic study on a group of seven women aged 18-32 who had been taking oral contraceptives for at least 3 years. The subjects were studied over four metabolic periods for a total length of 116 days. They were studied in a random fashion, generally 2 months on and 2 months off the pill, although this varied slightly. The subjects were fed a controlled formula diet throughout this study and vitamins and trace minerals, other than copper, iron and zinc, were given orally in capsules. A trace mineral solution was administered so that the total daily iron, copper and zinc could be fed in four equal feedings per day with the formula. Measurements consisted of studies of the blood levels of the trace minerals as well as their binding proteins, various indices of blood chemistry to assess health, hematological indices and total balance studies for each of the trace minerals and nitrogen. The balance studies included not only urine and fecal loss but also skin, menstrual and hair losers. Preliminary results are discussed as well as the formidable problems involved in trace mineral studies in humans. These problems are not only related to contamination but also are analytic in nature.", "contents": "Effect of oral contraceptive agents on the metabolism of some trace minerals. Biochemical and metabolic alterations noted in women taking the oral contraceptive agents have included changes in blood levels of some trace minerals. Only a few of these, namely, iron, copper and zinc, have been studied. This paper intends to review the changes reported and outline the beginning of a series of studies to attempt to determine whether there is any metabolic significance to these alterations. The alterations reported in blood levels are generally believed to be related in large measure to alterations in levels of specific \"transport\" proteins induced primarily by estrogen. The significance of these changes is generally unknown, however, they involve slight elevations in serum iron and copper and possibly a reduction in serum zinc, although these are not as clear-cut as those of the other two trace minerals. In an attempt to determine whether any metabolic significance could be attributed to these changes, several studies have been instituted. The first, reported in this paper, consisted of a metabolic study on a group of seven women aged 18-32 who had been taking oral contraceptives for at least 3 years. The subjects were studied over four metabolic periods for a total length of 116 days. They were studied in a random fashion, generally 2 months on and 2 months off the pill, although this varied slightly. The subjects were fed a controlled formula diet throughout this study and vitamins and trace minerals, other than copper, iron and zinc, were given orally in capsules. A trace mineral solution was administered so that the total daily iron, copper and zinc could be fed in four equal feedings per day with the formula. Measurements consisted of studies of the blood levels of the trace minerals as well as their binding proteins, various indices of blood chemistry to assess health, hematological indices and total balance studies for each of the trace minerals and nitrogen. The balance studies included not only urine and fecal loss but also skin, menstrual and hair losers. Preliminary results are discussed as well as the formidable problems involved in trace mineral studies in humans. These problems are not only related to contamination but also are analytic in nature.", "PMID": 1119435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6323", "title": "Relationship between levels of blood lipids, vitamins C, A, and E, serum copper compounds, and urinary excretions of tryptophan metabolites in women taking oral contraceptive therapy.", "content": "To evaluate which women using oral contraceptive agents might be at risk, biochemical indices known to be affected by the estrogens and progestogens were studied in women who take oral contraceptive agents, in women who do not use oral contraceptive agents, in women in third trimester of pregnancy and 6 weeks after parturition, and in men with normal and high blood lipid levels. The most consistent changes due to oral contraceptive agents were in serum levels of copper, triglycerides, and vitamin A and in the urinary excretion of xanthurenic acid and niacin derivatives before and after a tryptophan load test. There was only a slight suggestion, with no statistical significance, that serum vitamin C levels decreased when the serum levels of ceruloplasmin were high. The highest blood pressures and serum triglycerides and vitamin A levels were obtained in those women who ingested the highest level of estrogens. Pregnant women had the lowest levels of serum vitamin A. The oral contraceptive agents users had the lowest average levels of carotenoids corresponding to the highest average levels of vitamin A in the serum. Thus, estrogens not only increase the rate of change of tryptophan to niacin but may also increase the rate of conversion of carotene to vitamin A. Relative reactivity to oral contraceptive agents and possible risk to a patient might be evaluated by a profile of blood pressure and serum triglycerides, copper, and vitamin A.", "contents": "Relationship between levels of blood lipids, vitamins C, A, and E, serum copper compounds, and urinary excretions of tryptophan metabolites in women taking oral contraceptive therapy. To evaluate which women using oral contraceptive agents might be at risk, biochemical indices known to be affected by the estrogens and progestogens were studied in women who take oral contraceptive agents, in women who do not use oral contraceptive agents, in women in third trimester of pregnancy and 6 weeks after parturition, and in men with normal and high blood lipid levels. The most consistent changes due to oral contraceptive agents were in serum levels of copper, triglycerides, and vitamin A and in the urinary excretion of xanthurenic acid and niacin derivatives before and after a tryptophan load test. There was only a slight suggestion, with no statistical significance, that serum vitamin C levels decreased when the serum levels of ceruloplasmin were high. The highest blood pressures and serum triglycerides and vitamin A levels were obtained in those women who ingested the highest level of estrogens. Pregnant women had the lowest levels of serum vitamin A. The oral contraceptive agents users had the lowest average levels of carotenoids corresponding to the highest average levels of vitamin A in the serum. Thus, estrogens not only increase the rate of change of tryptophan to niacin but may also increase the rate of conversion of carotene to vitamin A. Relative reactivity to oral contraceptive agents and possible risk to a patient might be evaluated by a profile of blood pressure and serum triglycerides, copper, and vitamin A.", "PMID": 1119436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6324", "title": "Telemetric ECG data (biorhythms) in operations with acupuncture analgesia in the People's Republic of China.", "content": "During seven operations with acupuncture analgesia in the People's Republic of China, recordings were made with a self-developed device for telemetric transmittance of the ECG. Among others, the amplitude of the QRS complex as well as the period of time between two cardiac cycles were electronically measured and registered for evaluation. Through comparison of the values from China with our own material, the following statements can be made: (1) All patients were in conditions ranging from restlessness and slight excitation to weariness and drowsiness. A condition similar to narcosis must be excluded. (2) In a large number of cases a preoperatively performed strong psychological sedation through pharmacological agents can be excluded with certainty. (3) The massive reaction to events such as the cleansing of the operative field refutes-at least partly-our concept of \"Asiatic indifference\". (4) Acupuncture cannot depress reflexes. (5) Finally, the hypothesis that acupuncture has a stabilizing effect on the circulation is invalid.", "contents": "Telemetric ECG data (biorhythms) in operations with acupuncture analgesia in the People's Republic of China. During seven operations with acupuncture analgesia in the People's Republic of China, recordings were made with a self-developed device for telemetric transmittance of the ECG. Among others, the amplitude of the QRS complex as well as the period of time between two cardiac cycles were electronically measured and registered for evaluation. Through comparison of the values from China with our own material, the following statements can be made: (1) All patients were in conditions ranging from restlessness and slight excitation to weariness and drowsiness. A condition similar to narcosis must be excluded. (2) In a large number of cases a preoperatively performed strong psychological sedation through pharmacological agents can be excluded with certainty. (3) The massive reaction to events such as the cleansing of the operative field refutes-at least partly-our concept of \"Asiatic indifference\". (4) Acupuncture cannot depress reflexes. (5) Finally, the hypothesis that acupuncture has a stabilizing effect on the circulation is invalid.", "PMID": 1119437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6325", "title": "Ryodoraku therapy for migraine headache.", "content": "The authors discuss Ryodoraku electric acupuncture therapy in detail in Part I. The results of the treatment of migraine headache (20 cases) by Ryodoraku therapy were investigated in part II. In the present study 15 out of 20 patients achieved good to excellent responses to this type of therapy.", "contents": "Ryodoraku therapy for migraine headache. The authors discuss Ryodoraku electric acupuncture therapy in detail in Part I. The results of the treatment of migraine headache (20 cases) by Ryodoraku therapy were investigated in part II. In the present study 15 out of 20 patients achieved good to excellent responses to this type of therapy.", "PMID": 1119438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6326", "title": "Acupuncture for chronic pain--a small pilot project.", "content": "A prelminiary report is presented on the results of a small pilot project utilizing acupuncture in the management of chronic painful conditions. Problems associated with patient selection and evaluation are outlined along with a suggested future mechanism for triage and assessment. A description is given of the early clinical results of this pilot project.", "contents": "Acupuncture for chronic pain--a small pilot project. A prelminiary report is presented on the results of a small pilot project utilizing acupuncture in the management of chronic painful conditions. Problems associated with patient selection and evaluation are outlined along with a suggested future mechanism for triage and assessment. A description is given of the early clinical results of this pilot project.", "PMID": 1119439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6327", "title": "Effects of procedural variations on the activity of aminoglycosides in vitro.", "content": "Am J Clin Pathol 63:438-445, 1975. The effects of procedural variations on the activities of gentamicin, tobramycin, sisomicin, kanamycin, and amikacin in vitro were evaluated using 134 clinical isolates. In broth dilution studies, a change in assay medium from brain-heart infusion broth to Mueller-Hinton broth resulted in significant changes in minimal inhibitory concentrations in 36% (242 of 670) of assays. A change in the bacterial population size utilized in broth dilution studies resulted in significant changes in minimal inhibitory concentrations in 34% (155 of 456) of assays. These variations in activities appeared to depend more on the organism tested than on the particular aminoglycoside used; with strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus, and Providenica being most affected. For all five aminoglycosides, minimal inhibitory concentrations determined by broth dilution, regardless of medium, showed poor correlation with zone sizes obtained by the Bauer-Kirby technic. These results suggest that unless some standard assay procedure for activity of aminoglycosides is adopted, meaningful comparison of results within and among laboratories will not be possible.", "contents": "Effects of procedural variations on the activity of aminoglycosides in vitro. Am J Clin Pathol 63:438-445, 1975. The effects of procedural variations on the activities of gentamicin, tobramycin, sisomicin, kanamycin, and amikacin in vitro were evaluated using 134 clinical isolates. In broth dilution studies, a change in assay medium from brain-heart infusion broth to Mueller-Hinton broth resulted in significant changes in minimal inhibitory concentrations in 36% (242 of 670) of assays. A change in the bacterial population size utilized in broth dilution studies resulted in significant changes in minimal inhibitory concentrations in 34% (155 of 456) of assays. These variations in activities appeared to depend more on the organism tested than on the particular aminoglycoside used; with strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus, and Providenica being most affected. For all five aminoglycosides, minimal inhibitory concentrations determined by broth dilution, regardless of medium, showed poor correlation with zone sizes obtained by the Bauer-Kirby technic. These results suggest that unless some standard assay procedure for activity of aminoglycosides is adopted, meaningful comparison of results within and among laboratories will not be possible.", "PMID": 1119441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6328", "title": "A case of hartmannellid amebic meningoencephalitis in Zambia.", "content": "A case of amebic meningoencephalitis recognized in an adult Zambian is described. This is the first authenticated case from Africa. The morphologic features of the organism, its ability to form cysts in tissue, and the granulomatous tissue response denote that the ameba is an hartmannellid rather than a Naegleria. Free-living amebas of the family Hartmannellidae have not been incriminated before as a cause of primary amebic meningoencephalitis in man. To our knowledge this is the only case where such an ameba was responsible for fulminating meningoencephalitis. The presence of the amebas in a cellulocutaneous abdominal lesion suggests hematogenous dissemination.", "contents": "A case of hartmannellid amebic meningoencephalitis in Zambia. A case of amebic meningoencephalitis recognized in an adult Zambian is described. This is the first authenticated case from Africa. The morphologic features of the organism, its ability to form cysts in tissue, and the granulomatous tissue response denote that the ameba is an hartmannellid rather than a Naegleria. Free-living amebas of the family Hartmannellidae have not been incriminated before as a cause of primary amebic meningoencephalitis in man. To our knowledge this is the only case where such an ameba was responsible for fulminating meningoencephalitis. The presence of the amebas in a cellulocutaneous abdominal lesion suggests hematogenous dissemination.", "PMID": 1119442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6329", "title": "Results of the 1972 CAP/NBS study of radionuclide measurements.", "content": "In 1972 a pilot study was carried out to evaluate radioactivity assay procedures for in-vivo administration in nuclear medicine. The plan was to determine the accuracy with which a measured quantity of radioactivity can be administered to a patient. Delivered samples were returned to the National Bureau of Standards by 33 participants. The activity values of 47% of the participants were within plus or minus 10% and 81% were within plus or minus 20% of the activity value of the samples subsequently measured by the National Bureau of Standards. The analysis of the variability indicated that many of the difficulties encountered by the participants were due to two factors outside their control: differences in assay values of chromium-51 between radiopharmaceutical companies and poor calibration or instruction by the manufacturers of dose calibrators.", "contents": "Results of the 1972 CAP/NBS study of radionuclide measurements. In 1972 a pilot study was carried out to evaluate radioactivity assay procedures for in-vivo administration in nuclear medicine. The plan was to determine the accuracy with which a measured quantity of radioactivity can be administered to a patient. Delivered samples were returned to the National Bureau of Standards by 33 participants. The activity values of 47% of the participants were within plus or minus 10% and 81% were within plus or minus 20% of the activity value of the samples subsequently measured by the National Bureau of Standards. The analysis of the variability indicated that many of the difficulties encountered by the participants were due to two factors outside their control: differences in assay values of chromium-51 between radiopharmaceutical companies and poor calibration or instruction by the manufacturers of dose calibrators.", "PMID": 1119444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6330", "title": "Spinal fluid cytology during chemotherapy of leukemia of the central nervous system in children.", "content": "During a two-year period 170 children were treated for leukemia. Forty-seven per cent had clinical and cytologic evidence of central nervous system involvement. Of these, 38 patients had repeated cytologic examinations of the spinal fluid and were suitable for a study of changes that occurred during the course of their disease and treatment. A total of 112 cytologyc specimens from the 38 patients over a period of 8 to 60 months was reviewed. There was accurate correlation between cytologic evidence of leukemia in the spinal fluid, clinical signs and symptoms of central nervous system disease, and autopsy evidence of meningeal leukemia, though the number of cells present did not predict the severity of clinical disease or extent of meningeal infiltrate. Almost every patient with leukemic cells in the spinal fluid had a corresponding leukemia infiltrate in the bone marrow, but not in peripheral blood. The differential diagnosis of leukemia in spinal fluid cytology is discussed and the clinical response to intrathecal chemotherapy correlated with cytologic findings. Serial cytologic observations during treatment, and the phenomenon of autonomous CNS leukemia, are discussed in terms of cell cycle physiology and chemotherapy. The results stress the usefulness of spinal fluid cytology as a screening procedure in asymptomatic patients with leukemia and are of interest in regard to the pathophysiology of leukemia of the central nervous system.", "contents": "Spinal fluid cytology during chemotherapy of leukemia of the central nervous system in children. During a two-year period 170 children were treated for leukemia. Forty-seven per cent had clinical and cytologic evidence of central nervous system involvement. Of these, 38 patients had repeated cytologic examinations of the spinal fluid and were suitable for a study of changes that occurred during the course of their disease and treatment. A total of 112 cytologyc specimens from the 38 patients over a period of 8 to 60 months was reviewed. There was accurate correlation between cytologic evidence of leukemia in the spinal fluid, clinical signs and symptoms of central nervous system disease, and autopsy evidence of meningeal leukemia, though the number of cells present did not predict the severity of clinical disease or extent of meningeal infiltrate. Almost every patient with leukemic cells in the spinal fluid had a corresponding leukemia infiltrate in the bone marrow, but not in peripheral blood. The differential diagnosis of leukemia in spinal fluid cytology is discussed and the clinical response to intrathecal chemotherapy correlated with cytologic findings. Serial cytologic observations during treatment, and the phenomenon of autonomous CNS leukemia, are discussed in terms of cell cycle physiology and chemotherapy. The results stress the usefulness of spinal fluid cytology as a screening procedure in asymptomatic patients with leukemia and are of interest in regard to the pathophysiology of leukemia of the central nervous system.", "PMID": 1119443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6331", "title": "Hemoglobin A2 level. A proposed test for confirming the diagnosis of iron deficiency.", "content": "The absolute hemoglobin A2 concentration in mg. per 100 ml. of blood was calculated from the hemoglobin level in Gm. per 100 ml. and hemoglobin A2 percentage for 38 patients with documented iron deficiency, 37 patients with proven beta-thalassemia minor, 26 patients with simple chronic anemia and 40 normal control laboratory workers. The mean hemoglobin A2 concentration (mg. per 100 ml.) in the control group was 459 plus or minus 60 (2 S.D.) and that in the beta-thalassemia group, 766 plus or minus 99. However, in the iron deficiency group it was 229 plus or minus 58, while in the simple chronic anemia group it was 315 plus or minus 39. The mean corpuscular volume (M.C.V.) in cu. mu was 90 plus or minus 8 (2 S.D.) in the normal controls, 68 plus or minus 10 in beta-thalassemia, 69 plus or minus 9 in iron deficiency, and 90 plus or minus 15 in secondary anemia. It is proposed that the absolute hemoglobin A2 level in mg. per 100 ml. of blood taken in conjunction with the M.C.V. is of value in establishing the diagnosis of iron deficiency.", "contents": "Hemoglobin A2 level. A proposed test for confirming the diagnosis of iron deficiency. The absolute hemoglobin A2 concentration in mg. per 100 ml. of blood was calculated from the hemoglobin level in Gm. per 100 ml. and hemoglobin A2 percentage for 38 patients with documented iron deficiency, 37 patients with proven beta-thalassemia minor, 26 patients with simple chronic anemia and 40 normal control laboratory workers. The mean hemoglobin A2 concentration (mg. per 100 ml.) in the control group was 459 plus or minus 60 (2 S.D.) and that in the beta-thalassemia group, 766 plus or minus 99. However, in the iron deficiency group it was 229 plus or minus 58, while in the simple chronic anemia group it was 315 plus or minus 39. The mean corpuscular volume (M.C.V.) in cu. mu was 90 plus or minus 8 (2 S.D.) in the normal controls, 68 plus or minus 10 in beta-thalassemia, 69 plus or minus 9 in iron deficiency, and 90 plus or minus 15 in secondary anemia. It is proposed that the absolute hemoglobin A2 level in mg. per 100 ml. of blood taken in conjunction with the M.C.V. is of value in establishing the diagnosis of iron deficiency.", "PMID": 1119445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6332", "title": "Platelet morphology after aspirin.", "content": "Previous studies have revealed morphologic platelet abnormalities, particularly inclusions, in patients who have acute malarial infections. To determine the possible role of aspirin (ASA) in the etiology of these abnormalities, the thrombocytes of 14 normal men were examined before and after ingestion of 2 Gm. of ASA. A significant decrease in platelet size was noticed after ASA: however, no ultrastructural alteration of these circulating platelets was found, although functional impairment was manifested in vivo (bleeding time) and in vitro (aggregation). It is concluded that inclusions and other morphologic abnormalities in thrombocytes of malaria patients are not caused by aspirin ingestion.", "contents": "Platelet morphology after aspirin. Previous studies have revealed morphologic platelet abnormalities, particularly inclusions, in patients who have acute malarial infections. To determine the possible role of aspirin (ASA) in the etiology of these abnormalities, the thrombocytes of 14 normal men were examined before and after ingestion of 2 Gm. of ASA. A significant decrease in platelet size was noticed after ASA: however, no ultrastructural alteration of these circulating platelets was found, although functional impairment was manifested in vivo (bleeding time) and in vitro (aggregation). It is concluded that inclusions and other morphologic abnormalities in thrombocytes of malaria patients are not caused by aspirin ingestion.", "PMID": 1119446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6333", "title": "Spontaneous platelet aggregation. Occurrence in an asymptomatic individual.", "content": "Spontaneous platelet aggregation in an asymptomatic individual is described. The platelet-poor plasma of the subject greatly enhanced the response of normal platelet-rich plasma to adenosine diphosphate. The spontaneous platelet aggregation was easily inhibited by aspirin.", "contents": "Spontaneous platelet aggregation. Occurrence in an asymptomatic individual. Spontaneous platelet aggregation in an asymptomatic individual is described. The platelet-poor plasma of the subject greatly enhanced the response of normal platelet-rich plasma to adenosine diphosphate. The spontaneous platelet aggregation was easily inhibited by aspirin.", "PMID": 1119447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6334", "title": "Evaluation of hepatitis B antigen testing in federally licensed blood banks in the United States.", "content": "Between August 1972 and January 1974, the Burear of Biologics distributed four panels of 20 coded serum samples to all federally licensed blood banks for hepatitis B antigen testing. Initially, all but six blood banks reported results by counterelectrophoresis (CEP) only, but by January 1974, 152 of 247 banks reported results by radioimmunoassay (RIA). On the four panels distributed, correct results were reported for 63 to 83% of all potentially detectable samples by CEP and for 98 to 100% of all samples potentially detectable by RIA. Perfect scores were obtained by only 5 to 25% of blood banks using CEP but by 77 to 100% using RIA. Nonreproducible results on duplicate reactive samples, included to evaluate internal consistency, ranged from 0.5 to 25% by CEP and from zero to 5% by RIA. These results demonstrate greater reliability in addition to greater sensitivity of \"third generation\" RIA testing in comparison with \"second generation\" CEP testing.", "contents": "Evaluation of hepatitis B antigen testing in federally licensed blood banks in the United States. Between August 1972 and January 1974, the Burear of Biologics distributed four panels of 20 coded serum samples to all federally licensed blood banks for hepatitis B antigen testing. Initially, all but six blood banks reported results by counterelectrophoresis (CEP) only, but by January 1974, 152 of 247 banks reported results by radioimmunoassay (RIA). On the four panels distributed, correct results were reported for 63 to 83% of all potentially detectable samples by CEP and for 98 to 100% of all samples potentially detectable by RIA. Perfect scores were obtained by only 5 to 25% of blood banks using CEP but by 77 to 100% using RIA. Nonreproducible results on duplicate reactive samples, included to evaluate internal consistency, ranged from 0.5 to 25% by CEP and from zero to 5% by RIA. These results demonstrate greater reliability in addition to greater sensitivity of \"third generation\" RIA testing in comparison with \"second generation\" CEP testing.", "PMID": 1119448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6335", "title": "Optic nerve hypoplasia with hypopituitarism. Septo-optic dysplasia with hypopituitarism.", "content": "Four children had optic nerve hypoplasia with hypopituitarism, and their clinical picture varied with age. The newborn had apnea, hypotonia, seizures, hyopglycemia, and prolong jaundice. The young infant had defective vision, behavioral delay, hypotonia, and seizures. Except for a mildly receding lower jaw and a high-arched palate, the appearance of the patients was not unusual. The fasting blood glucose level was mildly depressed. In two cases the liver was palpable and results of liver function tests were abnormal. The older child, who was blind and mentally retarded, had growth failure. The extent of the pituitary hormone deficiencies was variable, including diabetes insipidus. The septum pellucidum was not invariably absent. Clinical and pathological findings indicate that the brain lesion might be more diffuse than hitherto recognized. Early recognition of this syndrome and timely intervention might diminish serious sequels.", "contents": "Optic nerve hypoplasia with hypopituitarism. Septo-optic dysplasia with hypopituitarism. Four children had optic nerve hypoplasia with hypopituitarism, and their clinical picture varied with age. The newborn had apnea, hypotonia, seizures, hyopglycemia, and prolong jaundice. The young infant had defective vision, behavioral delay, hypotonia, and seizures. Except for a mildly receding lower jaw and a high-arched palate, the appearance of the patients was not unusual. The fasting blood glucose level was mildly depressed. In two cases the liver was palpable and results of liver function tests were abnormal. The older child, who was blind and mentally retarded, had growth failure. The extent of the pituitary hormone deficiencies was variable, including diabetes insipidus. The septum pellucidum was not invariably absent. Clinical and pathological findings indicate that the brain lesion might be more diffuse than hitherto recognized. Early recognition of this syndrome and timely intervention might diminish serious sequels.", "PMID": 1119454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6336", "title": "Bacterial endocarditis in children under 2 years of age.", "content": "The risk of bacterial endocarditis in infants with bacterial sepsis was assessed by review of clinical and autopsy records (1930 to 1972). There were 12 cases of bacterial endocarditis among 847 patients (1.4%) dying with bacterial sepis; a single survivor was noted during the entire period. Of the 12 autopsy patients, six had underlying congenital heart disease (CHD). Among 61 patients with bacterial sepsis associated with CHD, six acquired bacterial endocarditis (10%), whereas in 786 infants with sepsis but without underlying heart disease, only six developed bacterial endocarditis (0.8%) (P less than .01). There is a high mortality in infants with bacterial endocarditis, and an increased risk of it in infants with sepsis and CHD.", "contents": "Bacterial endocarditis in children under 2 years of age. The risk of bacterial endocarditis in infants with bacterial sepsis was assessed by review of clinical and autopsy records (1930 to 1972). There were 12 cases of bacterial endocarditis among 847 patients (1.4%) dying with bacterial sepis; a single survivor was noted during the entire period. Of the 12 autopsy patients, six had underlying congenital heart disease (CHD). Among 61 patients with bacterial sepsis associated with CHD, six acquired bacterial endocarditis (10%), whereas in 786 infants with sepsis but without underlying heart disease, only six developed bacterial endocarditis (0.8%) (P less than .01). There is a high mortality in infants with bacterial endocarditis, and an increased risk of it in infants with sepsis and CHD.", "PMID": 1119455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6337", "title": "The school health team and school health physician: new role and operation.", "content": "A new concept of school health redefines the school physician's role as dealing primarily with behavior and learning disorders in children. It is an on-site operation, using a multidisciplinary team of professionals. We outlined internal team operations, as well as modes of remediation. Many types of behavior and learning problems were seen by our school health team during the first year of operation. It is important to recognize the multiplicity of diagnoses on individual elementary school children, as well as the differentiation of early organics from late functional primary causes. We need to reassess the delivery of school health care. The expansion of school health to include the multidisciplinary team approach to behavior and learning problem is a primary priority. We suggest using outside medical agencies for periodic physical illness.", "contents": "The school health team and school health physician: new role and operation. A new concept of school health redefines the school physician's role as dealing primarily with behavior and learning disorders in children. It is an on-site operation, using a multidisciplinary team of professionals. We outlined internal team operations, as well as modes of remediation. Many types of behavior and learning problems were seen by our school health team during the first year of operation. It is important to recognize the multiplicity of diagnoses on individual elementary school children, as well as the differentiation of early organics from late functional primary causes. We need to reassess the delivery of school health care. The expansion of school health to include the multidisciplinary team approach to behavior and learning problem is a primary priority. We suggest using outside medical agencies for periodic physical illness.", "PMID": 1119456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6338", "title": "Absence of intravascular coagulation in the hemolytic-uremic syndrome.", "content": "Four patients had clinical manifestations of the hemolytic-uremic syndrome. No evidence of active intravascular coagulation was found during the acute phase of the illness, using a sensitive assay to measure soluble circulating fibrin in the plasma of these patients, three of whom developed the clinical syndrome while hospitalized for gastro-enteritis. These findings, coupled with the findings of others, suggest that either the episode of intravascular coagulation precedes the development of the clinical manifestations, or that platelet thrombosis is occurring in the absence of activation of plasma clotting factors. In any case, heparin anticoagulant therapy does not seem indicated.", "contents": "Absence of intravascular coagulation in the hemolytic-uremic syndrome. Four patients had clinical manifestations of the hemolytic-uremic syndrome. No evidence of active intravascular coagulation was found during the acute phase of the illness, using a sensitive assay to measure soluble circulating fibrin in the plasma of these patients, three of whom developed the clinical syndrome while hospitalized for gastro-enteritis. These findings, coupled with the findings of others, suggest that either the episode of intravascular coagulation precedes the development of the clinical manifestations, or that platelet thrombosis is occurring in the absence of activation of plasma clotting factors. In any case, heparin anticoagulant therapy does not seem indicated.", "PMID": 1119457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6339", "title": "Recurrent hyperosmolar nonketotic episodes in a young diabetic.", "content": "A 15-month-old girl was successfully treated for substantial hyperosmolarity in the absence of ketosis at the onset of permanent insulin-requiring diabetes mellitus. Hypotonic solutions containing small amounts of glucose and subcutaneous administration of low doses of insulin were empolyed. Potassium was added to the hydrating solutions during the second hour of treatment. In the next three months, two recurrences of this syndrome were verified and successfully treated in a similar manner.", "contents": "Recurrent hyperosmolar nonketotic episodes in a young diabetic. A 15-month-old girl was successfully treated for substantial hyperosmolarity in the absence of ketosis at the onset of permanent insulin-requiring diabetes mellitus. Hypotonic solutions containing small amounts of glucose and subcutaneous administration of low doses of insulin were empolyed. Potassium was added to the hydrating solutions during the second hour of treatment. In the next three months, two recurrences of this syndrome were verified and successfully treated in a similar manner.", "PMID": 1119459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6340", "title": "An endoscopic method for recording DC potentials in the upper gastrointestinal tract.", "content": "An endoscopic sensing electrode for measuiring mucosal potential differences along the duodenum, stomach and esophagus is described. Potential profiles were plotted for 31 humans. The profiles of 11 patients with documented carcinoma differed in shape from the profiles of 20 reference subjects with no such documentiation. The profiles of all the reference subjects demonstrated a distinct concave shape with a single pronounced dip. On the other hand, carcinoma profiles did not manifest such a dip but were flattened out and/or manifested an undulatory trend.", "contents": "An endoscopic method for recording DC potentials in the upper gastrointestinal tract. An endoscopic sensing electrode for measuiring mucosal potential differences along the duodenum, stomach and esophagus is described. Potential profiles were plotted for 31 humans. The profiles of 11 patients with documented carcinoma differed in shape from the profiles of 20 reference subjects with no such documentiation. The profiles of all the reference subjects demonstrated a distinct concave shape with a single pronounced dip. On the other hand, carcinoma profiles did not manifest such a dip but were flattened out and/or manifested an undulatory trend.", "PMID": 1119466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6341", "title": "Dispersion analysis of prognostic and relapsing factors of duodenal ulcer by use of electron computer.", "content": "Among 192 cases of duodenal ulcers and ulcer scars, which were endoscopically observed in the last three years, complete healing was observed in 109 cases. Study of the data in these cases by computer indicates that the healing tendency of duodenal ulcer is poorer with advancing age. It is less in a linear ulcer than in a round or irregularly shaped one and worse in an ulcer without marginal swelling than in one with it. Shape, number, distribution of lesions and degree of radiological deformity of duodenal cap are of no use in prognosis. Ulcer scars with redness or converged folds, however, are apt to relapse.", "contents": "Dispersion analysis of prognostic and relapsing factors of duodenal ulcer by use of electron computer. Among 192 cases of duodenal ulcers and ulcer scars, which were endoscopically observed in the last three years, complete healing was observed in 109 cases. Study of the data in these cases by computer indicates that the healing tendency of duodenal ulcer is poorer with advancing age. It is less in a linear ulcer than in a round or irregularly shaped one and worse in an ulcer without marginal swelling than in one with it. Shape, number, distribution of lesions and degree of radiological deformity of duodenal cap are of no use in prognosis. Ulcer scars with redness or converged folds, however, are apt to relapse.", "PMID": 1119467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6342", "title": "Atropine and exocrine pancreatic secretion in alcohol-fed dogs.", "content": "In dogs provided with chroinic pancreatic and gastric fistulas (Thomas canula), one of them vagotomized and alcohol-fed for 17 months with 50% (v/v) intragastric ethanol (0.2gm./kg.), an atropine perfusion (1.0 mg./hr.) superimposed on a continuous i.v. injection of secretion (GIH, 1.0 CU./kg./hr.) and CCK (GIH, Crick, Harper 3.0 U./kg./hr) prevents the excitatory effects on pancreatic secretion of an acute i.v. ethanol infusion (1.3 gm./kg.). In alcohol-fed dogs, the i.v. ehtanol-induced excitatory effect on 'pancreon' is exerted through a cholinergic mechanism, elicited at the hypothalamic bulbar centers and/or the intrapancreatic ganglia.", "contents": "Atropine and exocrine pancreatic secretion in alcohol-fed dogs. In dogs provided with chroinic pancreatic and gastric fistulas (Thomas canula), one of them vagotomized and alcohol-fed for 17 months with 50% (v/v) intragastric ethanol (0.2gm./kg.), an atropine perfusion (1.0 mg./hr.) superimposed on a continuous i.v. injection of secretion (GIH, 1.0 CU./kg./hr.) and CCK (GIH, Crick, Harper 3.0 U./kg./hr) prevents the excitatory effects on pancreatic secretion of an acute i.v. ethanol infusion (1.3 gm./kg.). In alcohol-fed dogs, the i.v. ehtanol-induced excitatory effect on 'pancreon' is exerted through a cholinergic mechanism, elicited at the hypothalamic bulbar centers and/or the intrapancreatic ganglia.", "PMID": 1119468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6343", "title": "Tuberculous enteritis. Review of a protean disease.", "content": "Prior to the advent of antituberculosis drugs, at least 70% of patients with far advanced pulmonary tuberculosis had tuberculous enteritis. Despite the effectiveness of drug therapy, overt cases of tuberculous enteritis occur in the United States and particularly among immigrants from endemic areas. Clinicians often forget to consider this entity. The patient may have no or minimal abdominal complaints. Vague abdominal distress, anorexia and weight loss can be overlooked because of the extensive pulmonary exudative or cavitary disease. Even after an enteric lesion is identified, often it is mistaken for other entities, particularly neoplasm or Crohn's disease. Obviously, the diagnosis is difficult but certain radiological criteria can be indicative of the disease. This report demonstrates the protean manifestations of this entity, the complications which occur despite drug therapy and the need for continued awareness of its existence.", "contents": "Tuberculous enteritis. Review of a protean disease. Prior to the advent of antituberculosis drugs, at least 70% of patients with far advanced pulmonary tuberculosis had tuberculous enteritis. Despite the effectiveness of drug therapy, overt cases of tuberculous enteritis occur in the United States and particularly among immigrants from endemic areas. Clinicians often forget to consider this entity. The patient may have no or minimal abdominal complaints. Vague abdominal distress, anorexia and weight loss can be overlooked because of the extensive pulmonary exudative or cavitary disease. Even after an enteric lesion is identified, often it is mistaken for other entities, particularly neoplasm or Crohn's disease. Obviously, the diagnosis is difficult but certain radiological criteria can be indicative of the disease. This report demonstrates the protean manifestations of this entity, the complications which occur despite drug therapy and the need for continued awareness of its existence.", "PMID": 1119469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6344", "title": "Ileocecal tuberculosis.", "content": "Three cases of ileocecal tuberculosis are presented with a review of pathogenesis, diagnosis and therapy. Emphasis is placed upon preoperative suspicion and the indications for resectional surgery in combination with antituberculous drugs in the management of the patients.", "contents": "Ileocecal tuberculosis. Three cases of ileocecal tuberculosis are presented with a review of pathogenesis, diagnosis and therapy. Emphasis is placed upon preoperative suspicion and the indications for resectional surgery in combination with antituberculous drugs in the management of the patients.", "PMID": 1119470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6345", "title": "Malignant tumors associated with granulomatous enterocolitis.", "content": "Three cases of malignant tumor associated with Crohn's disease of the large intestine are reported.  The reasons for a low incidence of carcinoma associated with Crohn's disease have been postulated.", "contents": "Malignant tumors associated with granulomatous enterocolitis. Three cases of malignant tumor associated with Crohn's disease of the large intestine are reported.  The reasons for a low incidence of carcinoma associated with Crohn's disease have been postulated.", "PMID": 1119471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6346", "title": "Silent acute pancreatitis with encephalomalacia mimicking hepatic coma.", "content": "A very rare case of acute pancreatitis with concurrent encephalomalacia and ascites mimicking hepatic coma is described. The possibliity that the pancreatitis was caused by the administration of chlorothiazide in a diabetic patient is suggested as possible etiology. It is emphasized that when a cirrhotic patient develops coma, the possibility of painless,silent pancreatitis with encephalomalacia as well as hepatic coma should be considered in the differential diagnosis.", "contents": "Silent acute pancreatitis with encephalomalacia mimicking hepatic coma. A very rare case of acute pancreatitis with concurrent encephalomalacia and ascites mimicking hepatic coma is described. The possibliity that the pancreatitis was caused by the administration of chlorothiazide in a diabetic patient is suggested as possible etiology. It is emphasized that when a cirrhotic patient develops coma, the possibility of painless,silent pancreatitis with encephalomalacia as well as hepatic coma should be considered in the differential diagnosis.", "PMID": 1119473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6347", "title": "The radiology corner. Anorectal melanoma.", "content": "A case of malignant anorectal melanoma is presented together with a short review of the literature. The lesion arises from the melanocytes normally present within the squamous epithelium of the anal canal. It presents as a small polypoid tumor and spreads rapidly into rectum, perirectal tissues, pelvic and inguinal nodes. It should be considered in the differential diagnosis of sessile lesions located or involving the anal canal.", "contents": "The radiology corner. Anorectal melanoma. A case of malignant anorectal melanoma is presented together with a short review of the literature. The lesion arises from the melanocytes normally present within the squamous epithelium of the anal canal. It presents as a small polypoid tumor and spreads rapidly into rectum, perirectal tissues, pelvic and inguinal nodes. It should be considered in the differential diagnosis of sessile lesions located or involving the anal canal.", "PMID": 1119474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6348", "title": "The radiologic diagnosis of spontaneous mesenteric venous thrombosis.", "content": "Spontaneous mesenteric venous thrombosis is a distinct clinicopathologic entity that typically presents as abdominal pain of obscure origin.  Pathologically, thrombosis of multiple small tributaries of the superior mesenteric vein causes segmental congestion, edema, hemorrhage and ultimately mucosal necrosis.  Characteristic radiologic changes were found in  10 of 12 cases.", "contents": "The radiologic diagnosis of spontaneous mesenteric venous thrombosis. Spontaneous mesenteric venous thrombosis is a distinct clinicopathologic entity that typically presents as abdominal pain of obscure origin.  Pathologically, thrombosis of multiple small tributaries of the superior mesenteric vein causes segmental congestion, edema, hemorrhage and ultimately mucosal necrosis.  Characteristic radiologic changes were found in  10 of 12 cases.", "PMID": 1119475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6349", "title": "The double-contrast upper gastrointestinal examination in the Japanese style.", "content": "An experience with over 2,000 Japanese-style double-contrast upper gastrointestinal examinations is presented.  Results indicate that, in combination with the conventional single-contrast films, the double-contrast examination of the stomach greatly increased the yield and accuracy of the radiographic procedure.  The double-contrast study appears to have particular applicability in detecting lesions which do not greatly elevate or depress the surface of the stomach, such as early carcinomas, shallow ulcers, ulcer scars, small polyps and other similar mucosal abnormalities.", "contents": "The double-contrast upper gastrointestinal examination in the Japanese style. An experience with over 2,000 Japanese-style double-contrast upper gastrointestinal examinations is presented.  Results indicate that, in combination with the conventional single-contrast films, the double-contrast examination of the stomach greatly increased the yield and accuracy of the radiographic procedure.  The double-contrast study appears to have particular applicability in detecting lesions which do not greatly elevate or depress the surface of the stomach, such as early carcinomas, shallow ulcers, ulcer scars, small polyps and other similar mucosal abnormalities.", "PMID": 1119476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6350", "title": "Electromyography of the sphincter of Oddi.  Technic and experimental results in the rabbit: Effect of certain drugs.", "content": "Electromyographic activity of the sphincter of Oddi was recorded by means of bipolar suction electrodes applied to the rabbit, in which the sphincter of Oddi is easily identifiable and independent of the duodenal musculature.  Seventy animals were investigated (20 in vitro and 50 in vivo).  The bile duct was catheterized so that the pressure could be recorded.  The sphincteric traces show basal activity consisting of bursts of 1-8 spike potentials which recur every 3-5 seconds on average and are accompanied by a transient rise in biliary pressure.  The patterns are different from those recorded for the duodenum, the activity of which does not affect biliary pressure.  On the basis of these findings, it can be asserted that the sphincter of Oddi plays a part in biliary flow apart from any duodenal muscular action.  This method has made it possible to study the behavior of the sphincter of Oddi under the influence of certain physical agents or drugs.  Within certain limits, the frequency and amplitude of the spike potentials increase with temperature and the rise in biliary perfusion pressure.  Acetylcholine, prostigmin and morphine hydrochloride increase the frequency and amplitude of the spike potentials and shorten the resting intervals.  Inhaled amyl nitrite and intravenous hexamethonium reduce electrical activity.  The depressant effect of atropine is much less marked in the rabbit.  Intravenous administration of alcohol results in a substantial increase in the electrical activity of the sphincter and in biliary pressure.  This effect is reduced by vagotomy and suppressed by hexamethonium.", "contents": "Electromyography of the sphincter of Oddi.  Technic and experimental results in the rabbit: Effect of certain drugs. Electromyographic activity of the sphincter of Oddi was recorded by means of bipolar suction electrodes applied to the rabbit, in which the sphincter of Oddi is easily identifiable and independent of the duodenal musculature.  Seventy animals were investigated (20 in vitro and 50 in vivo).  The bile duct was catheterized so that the pressure could be recorded.  The sphincteric traces show basal activity consisting of bursts of 1-8 spike potentials which recur every 3-5 seconds on average and are accompanied by a transient rise in biliary pressure.  The patterns are different from those recorded for the duodenum, the activity of which does not affect biliary pressure.  On the basis of these findings, it can be asserted that the sphincter of Oddi plays a part in biliary flow apart from any duodenal muscular action.  This method has made it possible to study the behavior of the sphincter of Oddi under the influence of certain physical agents or drugs.  Within certain limits, the frequency and amplitude of the spike potentials increase with temperature and the rise in biliary perfusion pressure.  Acetylcholine, prostigmin and morphine hydrochloride increase the frequency and amplitude of the spike potentials and shorten the resting intervals.  Inhaled amyl nitrite and intravenous hexamethonium reduce electrical activity.  The depressant effect of atropine is much less marked in the rabbit.  Intravenous administration of alcohol results in a substantial increase in the electrical activity of the sphincter and in biliary pressure.  This effect is reduced by vagotomy and suppressed by hexamethonium.", "PMID": 1119477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6351", "title": "Gastrointestinal leiomyomas.", "content": "An exogastric asymptomatic leiomyoma and a ileal leiomyoma presenting as an intussusception are reported on account of rarity.  The diagnostic problem involved are discussed with a short review of the literature.", "contents": "Gastrointestinal leiomyomas. An exogastric asymptomatic leiomyoma and a ileal leiomyoma presenting as an intussusception are reported on account of rarity.  The diagnostic problem involved are discussed with a short review of the literature.", "PMID": 1119478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6352", "title": "Constipation of prolonged duration.", "content": "A case is reported of a 19-year old man who went periods of four and a half and four months without a bowel movement and who experienced no distress throughout these periods except for late appearing abdominal cramps.", "contents": "Constipation of prolonged duration. A case is reported of a 19-year old man who went periods of four and a half and four months without a bowel movement and who experienced no distress throughout these periods except for late appearing abdominal cramps.", "PMID": 1119479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6353", "title": "The Radiology Corner.  Gastrointestinal histoplasmosis, roentgenographic, clinical and pathological correlation.", "content": "Five cases with gastrointestinal histoplasmosis are presented.  Gastrointestinal involvement is moderately frequent during the hematogenous dissemination of histoplasmosis.  Depending on the underlying pathological changes, six roentgenographic patterns can be identified: 1. malabsorptive; 2. ulcerative; 3. polypoid; 4. granulomatous; 5. tumefactive and 6. compressive.  Perforation, hemorrhage, obstruction and erroneous diagnosis for ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease or carcinoma are the major complications.  Histoplasmosis should be included in the differential diagnosis of diseases presenting with a malabsorption pattern, gastrointestinal polyposis, ulcerative and granulomatous gastrointestinal diseases and carcinoma, particularly if pulmonary lesions co-exist.", "contents": "The Radiology Corner.  Gastrointestinal histoplasmosis, roentgenographic, clinical and pathological correlation. Five cases with gastrointestinal histoplasmosis are presented.  Gastrointestinal involvement is moderately frequent during the hematogenous dissemination of histoplasmosis.  Depending on the underlying pathological changes, six roentgenographic patterns can be identified: 1. malabsorptive; 2. ulcerative; 3. polypoid; 4. granulomatous; 5. tumefactive and 6. compressive.  Perforation, hemorrhage, obstruction and erroneous diagnosis for ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease or carcinoma are the major complications.  Histoplasmosis should be included in the differential diagnosis of diseases presenting with a malabsorption pattern, gastrointestinal polyposis, ulcerative and granulomatous gastrointestinal diseases and carcinoma, particularly if pulmonary lesions co-exist.", "PMID": 1119480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6354", "title": "Epidemic Venezuelan equine encephalitis in North America in 1971: vertebrate field studies.", "content": "Epidemic Venezuelan equine encephalitis in North America in 1971: vertebrate field studies. Am J Epidemiol 101:36-50, 1975.-In June 1971, epidemic Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) invaded the lower Rio Grande Valley in south Texas. The Boca Chica area of Cameron County was selected as a study site to investigate vertebrate involvement in the natural cycle of epidemic VEE on the basis of considerable evidence of VEE virus activity there in equines, humans, and mosquito vectors. Only one VEE virus isolation was made from 4739 wild and domestic non-equine vertebrates, although numerous equine and human VEE virus isolations were made in concurrent studies. Serologic studies indicated that VEE virus activity was far greater in large domestic animals than in wild birds, wild mammals, or reptiles. Apparently epidemic VEE virus failed to establish itself in a wild vertebrate cycle in south Texas, since VEE antibody was found only in rabbits in 1972. Eventual cessation of VEE transmission in south Texas has been attributed 1) to the elimination of equines as a source of VEE virus by death, naturally acquired antibodies, or vaccination, 2) to quarantines, 3) to mosquito control, and 4) to the failure of epidemic VEE virus to become established in the wild vertebrate population. Equines emerge as the most important vertebrate host in the amplification and spread of virus during an epidemic of VEE.", "contents": "Epidemic Venezuelan equine encephalitis in North America in 1971: vertebrate field studies. Epidemic Venezuelan equine encephalitis in North America in 1971: vertebrate field studies. Am J Epidemiol 101:36-50, 1975.-In June 1971, epidemic Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) invaded the lower Rio Grande Valley in south Texas. The Boca Chica area of Cameron County was selected as a study site to investigate vertebrate involvement in the natural cycle of epidemic VEE on the basis of considerable evidence of VEE virus activity there in equines, humans, and mosquito vectors. Only one VEE virus isolation was made from 4739 wild and domestic non-equine vertebrates, although numerous equine and human VEE virus isolations were made in concurrent studies. Serologic studies indicated that VEE virus activity was far greater in large domestic animals than in wild birds, wild mammals, or reptiles. Apparently epidemic VEE virus failed to establish itself in a wild vertebrate cycle in south Texas, since VEE antibody was found only in rabbits in 1972. Eventual cessation of VEE transmission in south Texas has been attributed 1) to the elimination of equines as a source of VEE virus by death, naturally acquired antibodies, or vaccination, 2) to quarantines, 3) to mosquito control, and 4) to the failure of epidemic VEE virus to become established in the wild vertebrate population. Equines emerge as the most important vertebrate host in the amplification and spread of virus during an epidemic of VEE.", "PMID": 1119481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6355", "title": "Epidemiology of hepatitis B in hospital personnel.", "content": "To identify occupational categories and work areas of possible risk for acquisition of nosocomial hepatitis B by hospital personnel, serologic sampling for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBSAg) and antibody (anti-HBS) by radioimmunoassay was carried out in 513 employees of a large metropolitan hospital serving predominantly indigent patients. HBSAg was detected in 0.7%, HBSAg and anti-HBS in 0.4%, and anti-HBS in 13.3% of the study population. No significant difference in seropositivity was noted between sexes. Furthermore, neither exposure to patients with hapatitis nor previous blood transfusion correlated with serologic evidence of hepatitis B infection. However, frequency and intensity of exposure to blood products was associated with serologic evidence of infection: 18.9% of those with frequent blood contact were positive for HBSAg or anti-HBS, compared with 11.4% of those without blood product exposure (p less than .05). Direct patient contact, apart from blood exposure, did not appear operative as a major factor in hepatitis B transmission in this population. Accordingly, occupational categories and work areas with highest risk for acquisition of nosocomial hepatitis B were those with greatest blood exposure.", "contents": "Epidemiology of hepatitis B in hospital personnel. To identify occupational categories and work areas of possible risk for acquisition of nosocomial hepatitis B by hospital personnel, serologic sampling for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBSAg) and antibody (anti-HBS) by radioimmunoassay was carried out in 513 employees of a large metropolitan hospital serving predominantly indigent patients. HBSAg was detected in 0.7%, HBSAg and anti-HBS in 0.4%, and anti-HBS in 13.3% of the study population. No significant difference in seropositivity was noted between sexes. Furthermore, neither exposure to patients with hapatitis nor previous blood transfusion correlated with serologic evidence of hepatitis B infection. However, frequency and intensity of exposure to blood products was associated with serologic evidence of infection: 18.9% of those with frequent blood contact were positive for HBSAg or anti-HBS, compared with 11.4% of those without blood product exposure (p less than .05). Direct patient contact, apart from blood exposure, did not appear operative as a major factor in hepatitis B transmission in this population. Accordingly, occupational categories and work areas with highest risk for acquisition of nosocomial hepatitis B were those with greatest blood exposure.", "PMID": 1119482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6356", "title": "Interviewer effect on responses to a questionnaire relating to mood.", "content": "A community mental health assessment questionnaire relating largely to depressed mood was administered during 1972 to 1,212 respondents in Washington County, MD, by six interviewers. Analysis of 15 psycho-social tests showed that responses obtained by one interviewer differed significantly from responses obtained the other five. Suggestions for minimizing interviewer effects include 1) selection of interviewers with similar characteristics and backgrounds; 2) adequate training and periodic field assessment of interviewer performance; 3) simplification of questions and reduction in the number of possible responses per question; and 4) allocation of various types of subjects to interviewers as uniformly as possible.", "contents": "Interviewer effect on responses to a questionnaire relating to mood. A community mental health assessment questionnaire relating largely to depressed mood was administered during 1972 to 1,212 respondents in Washington County, MD, by six interviewers. Analysis of 15 psycho-social tests showed that responses obtained by one interviewer differed significantly from responses obtained the other five. Suggestions for minimizing interviewer effects include 1) selection of interviewers with similar characteristics and backgrounds; 2) adequate training and periodic field assessment of interviewer performance; 3) simplification of questions and reduction in the number of possible responses per question; and 4) allocation of various types of subjects to interviewers as uniformly as possible.", "PMID": 1119483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6357", "title": "Congenital adrenal hyperplasia caused by 11 beta-hydroxylase deficiency with onset of symptoms after one spontaneous pregnancy.", "content": "A case of adrenogenital syndrome due to 11beta-hydroxylase deficiency is described in a mother, 25 years of age, who had experienced a successful pregnancy 5 years previously. At that time no abnormality had been suspected and pregnancy was achieved without therapy. Subsequently the patient was examined because of secondary sterility. The menstrual cycles were anovulatory. Only slight virilization was observed and blood pressure was normal. Diagnosis was based on the observation of highly increased urinary excretion of 17-ketosteroids and 17-ketogenic steroids, with especially high excretion of tetrahydro-11-deoxycortisol. Following suppression with dexamethasone and adequate maintenance treatment, the patient conceived and had an uneventful pregnancy. This is apparently the first report of pregnancy in adrenogenital syndrome due to 11beta-hydroxylase deficiency.", "contents": "Congenital adrenal hyperplasia caused by 11 beta-hydroxylase deficiency with onset of symptoms after one spontaneous pregnancy. A case of adrenogenital syndrome due to 11beta-hydroxylase deficiency is described in a mother, 25 years of age, who had experienced a successful pregnancy 5 years previously. At that time no abnormality had been suspected and pregnancy was achieved without therapy. Subsequently the patient was examined because of secondary sterility. The menstrual cycles were anovulatory. Only slight virilization was observed and blood pressure was normal. Diagnosis was based on the observation of highly increased urinary excretion of 17-ketosteroids and 17-ketogenic steroids, with especially high excretion of tetrahydro-11-deoxycortisol. Following suppression with dexamethasone and adequate maintenance treatment, the patient conceived and had an uneventful pregnancy. This is apparently the first report of pregnancy in adrenogenital syndrome due to 11beta-hydroxylase deficiency.", "PMID": 1119484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6358", "title": "Latent period, time to reach maximum effect, and disappearance of uterine contractility induced by desamino-oxytocin.", "content": "The effect of buccal desamino-oxytocin (CAO) upon uterine contractility was studied in pregnant women at term by recording the amniotic pressure. The DAO increased uterine activity and the intensity and frequency of the contractions; basal pressure did not vary. The time required to reach the maximum effect ranged between 57 and 106 minutes, whereas the time elapsed between the administration of the first tablet and the beginning of the increase of uterine activity ranged between 13 and 96 minutes. An inverse linear correlation between the percentage increase of uterine activity and the spontaneous uterine activity was observed. Ninety minutes after the suppression of DAO uterine activity remained above basal levels; uterine activity after DAO was found to be in direct linear correlation with stabilized utertine activity during DAO.", "contents": "Latent period, time to reach maximum effect, and disappearance of uterine contractility induced by desamino-oxytocin. The effect of buccal desamino-oxytocin (CAO) upon uterine contractility was studied in pregnant women at term by recording the amniotic pressure. The DAO increased uterine activity and the intensity and frequency of the contractions; basal pressure did not vary. The time required to reach the maximum effect ranged between 57 and 106 minutes, whereas the time elapsed between the administration of the first tablet and the beginning of the increase of uterine activity ranged between 13 and 96 minutes. An inverse linear correlation between the percentage increase of uterine activity and the spontaneous uterine activity was observed. Ninety minutes after the suppression of DAO uterine activity remained above basal levels; uterine activity after DAO was found to be in direct linear correlation with stabilized utertine activity during DAO.", "PMID": 1119485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6359", "title": "A conceptual model for regionalization and consolidation of obstetric-gynecologic services.", "content": "The regionalization and consolidation of obstetric-gynecologic services, especially maternity services, is a significant current trend in our specialty. The concepts of consolidation and regional organization are interdependent and interrelated, and the movement has received impetus from economic considerations as well as the needs for organizational efficiency. Regionalization and consolidation of services are also consistent with the stated goals of The American College of Obstetricans and Gynecologists which call for the assurance that adequate obstetric-gynecologic care is available to all women, through (1) solutions to the problems of maldistribution of personnel and facilities, and (2) reductions in health-care costs by the more efficient utilization of personnel and facilities. Activities in this field have been enhanced by the interests of such health-related entities as the National Foundation-March of Dimes and the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation in these studies. It is mandatory that progress in this activity be dictated by practical as well as theoretical considerations. A conceptual model for the organization of these developments will be presented with considerations of patient care and services, medical education (both continuing and residency), and research (including basic and clinical) as they apply to the model.", "contents": "A conceptual model for regionalization and consolidation of obstetric-gynecologic services. The regionalization and consolidation of obstetric-gynecologic services, especially maternity services, is a significant current trend in our specialty. The concepts of consolidation and regional organization are interdependent and interrelated, and the movement has received impetus from economic considerations as well as the needs for organizational efficiency. Regionalization and consolidation of services are also consistent with the stated goals of The American College of Obstetricans and Gynecologists which call for the assurance that adequate obstetric-gynecologic care is available to all women, through (1) solutions to the problems of maldistribution of personnel and facilities, and (2) reductions in health-care costs by the more efficient utilization of personnel and facilities. Activities in this field have been enhanced by the interests of such health-related entities as the National Foundation-March of Dimes and the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation in these studies. It is mandatory that progress in this activity be dictated by practical as well as theoretical considerations. A conceptual model for the organization of these developments will be presented with considerations of patient care and services, medical education (both continuing and residency), and research (including basic and clinical) as they apply to the model.", "PMID": 1119487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6360", "title": "Blood flow to the human uterus during maternal metabolic acidosis.", "content": "Uterine blood flow and metabolism were estimated at cesarean section under general anesthesia in pregnant women at term with the use of the Fick principle with nitrous oxide as the test material. Observations were made without superimposed maternal metabolic acidosis and during the infusion of ammonium chloride. Increasing maternal metabolic acidosis was accompanied by a decreasing rate of blood flow in the uterine circulation. There were no statistically significant differences in the metabolic rate of the uterus and its contents during maternal metabolic acidosis induced by the infusion of ammonium chloride.", "contents": "Blood flow to the human uterus during maternal metabolic acidosis. Uterine blood flow and metabolism were estimated at cesarean section under general anesthesia in pregnant women at term with the use of the Fick principle with nitrous oxide as the test material. Observations were made without superimposed maternal metabolic acidosis and during the infusion of ammonium chloride. Increasing maternal metabolic acidosis was accompanied by a decreasing rate of blood flow in the uterine circulation. There were no statistically significant differences in the metabolic rate of the uterus and its contents during maternal metabolic acidosis induced by the infusion of ammonium chloride.", "PMID": 1119488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6361", "title": "Is the obstetrician-gynecologist a specialist or primary physician to women?", "content": "In an attempt to answer the question, \"Is the practicing obstetrician-gynecologist a specialist or a primary physician to women?\" 1,008 patients of 51 Michigan obstetrician-gynecologists were asked a series of questions concerning their health care. Forty-four per cent have no primary-care physician and 86 per cent see only their obstetrician-gynecologists for regular periodic examinations. Forty-one per cent reported that their obstetrician-gynecologists either had treated them for nongynecologic conditions or had decided that no treatment was necessary. The training and practice of obstetrician-gynecologists must be altered in view of the role they are assuming--that of primary physician to women.", "contents": "Is the obstetrician-gynecologist a specialist or primary physician to women? In an attempt to answer the question, \"Is the practicing obstetrician-gynecologist a specialist or a primary physician to women?\" 1,008 patients of 51 Michigan obstetrician-gynecologists were asked a series of questions concerning their health care. Forty-four per cent have no primary-care physician and 86 per cent see only their obstetrician-gynecologists for regular periodic examinations. Forty-one per cent reported that their obstetrician-gynecologists either had treated them for nongynecologic conditions or had decided that no treatment was necessary. The training and practice of obstetrician-gynecologists must be altered in view of the role they are assuming--that of primary physician to women.", "PMID": 1119489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6362", "title": "The effects of danazol on gonadotropins and steroid blood levels in normal and anovulatory women.", "content": "The effect of Danazol, a new gonadotropin inhibitor, was examined in four categories of patients. (1) Ten normal women medicated orally with Danazol, 800 mg. daily for 91 days, showed no depression of serum LH, estrone, estradiol, or progesterone below control, second-day levels. The serum FSH was slightly depressed; (2) Two anovulatory patients having elevated serum LH values were treated with Danazol, 400 to 800 mg. daily, for 1 to 3 days at midcycle. One patient repeatedly showed a temperature rise and LH flood within 24 hours of initial medication. Both had menstrual periods 7 to 9 days later. (3) Two normal midcycle ovulators were treated with 400 and 800 mg; of Danazol, respectively, for 1 day in the midfollicular phase and one apparently ovulated promptly prematurely. (4) Two patients having severe hot flushes following surgical menopause were treated with Danazol, 800 mg; daily, without reducing FSH or LH but with disappearance of hot flushes.", "contents": "The effects of danazol on gonadotropins and steroid blood levels in normal and anovulatory women. The effect of Danazol, a new gonadotropin inhibitor, was examined in four categories of patients. (1) Ten normal women medicated orally with Danazol, 800 mg. daily for 91 days, showed no depression of serum LH, estrone, estradiol, or progesterone below control, second-day levels. The serum FSH was slightly depressed; (2) Two anovulatory patients having elevated serum LH values were treated with Danazol, 400 to 800 mg. daily, for 1 to 3 days at midcycle. One patient repeatedly showed a temperature rise and LH flood within 24 hours of initial medication. Both had menstrual periods 7 to 9 days later. (3) Two normal midcycle ovulators were treated with 400 and 800 mg; of Danazol, respectively, for 1 day in the midfollicular phase and one apparently ovulated promptly prematurely. (4) Two patients having severe hot flushes following surgical menopause were treated with Danazol, 800 mg; daily, without reducing FSH or LH but with disappearance of hot flushes.", "PMID": 1119490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6363", "title": "Continuing education of obstetricians and gynecologists in fertility management.", "content": "One of the current fundamental problems in medicine is the massive quantity of new information that continues to develop and the requirement for the application of these data to good patient care. New techniques of merit need to be placed rapidly in the patient-care arena and the time lag between the steps from laboratory to clinic minimized. One approach to the achievement of the goal in fertility management is described in the following report; namely, a summary of the results of an education program in fertility management established in November, 1972, for the continued education of obstetricians and gynecologists from \"developing countries\". This report reviews the experience and data derived from the first 95 physicians completing a course in population dynamics. An estimate of the factual knowledge that these individual physicians possessed at the beginning of the course is compared with an estimate of the knowledge acquired within the 4 week training program. In a similar manner, an important part of this survey was a study of the attitudes of the clinical fellows in the areas of sex education, contraception, sterilization, and abortion. The results of this study suggest that newly developed techniques in clinical medicine may be taught to a specific and highly motivated group in an effective and efficient manner. The initial interest and response of physicians for admission to this program have demonstrated the need for the development of more similar educational programs.", "contents": "Continuing education of obstetricians and gynecologists in fertility management. One of the current fundamental problems in medicine is the massive quantity of new information that continues to develop and the requirement for the application of these data to good patient care. New techniques of merit need to be placed rapidly in the patient-care arena and the time lag between the steps from laboratory to clinic minimized. One approach to the achievement of the goal in fertility management is described in the following report; namely, a summary of the results of an education program in fertility management established in November, 1972, for the continued education of obstetricians and gynecologists from \"developing countries\". This report reviews the experience and data derived from the first 95 physicians completing a course in population dynamics. An estimate of the factual knowledge that these individual physicians possessed at the beginning of the course is compared with an estimate of the knowledge acquired within the 4 week training program. In a similar manner, an important part of this survey was a study of the attitudes of the clinical fellows in the areas of sex education, contraception, sterilization, and abortion. The results of this study suggest that newly developed techniques in clinical medicine may be taught to a specific and highly motivated group in an effective and efficient manner. The initial interest and response of physicians for admission to this program have demonstrated the need for the development of more similar educational programs.", "PMID": 1119491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6364", "title": "Angiogenesis of cervical neoplasia.", "content": "Recent studies concerning the role of an angiogenic factor in cancer have produced a renewed interest in vascular studies of the cervix. Colposcopic and histochemical vascular studies demonstrate changes in the vascular pattern of cervical neoplasia which progress from early dysplasia to carcinoma in situ. There is a restructuring of the terminal vascular network of the pre-existing columnar epithelium in noninvasive cervical neoplasia which is caused by compression of the capillaries by the epithelial proliferation. In contrast, neovascularization is observed in those cases of carcinoma in situ which will progress to invasive cancer. The position is taken that this process of neovascularization, which is recognized by the development of horizontal vessels, may be the direct effect of an angiogenic factor. Evidence is also presented that the initial vascular changes may precede the histopathologic criteria of cervical neoplasia.", "contents": "Angiogenesis of cervical neoplasia. Recent studies concerning the role of an angiogenic factor in cancer have produced a renewed interest in vascular studies of the cervix. Colposcopic and histochemical vascular studies demonstrate changes in the vascular pattern of cervical neoplasia which progress from early dysplasia to carcinoma in situ. There is a restructuring of the terminal vascular network of the pre-existing columnar epithelium in noninvasive cervical neoplasia which is caused by compression of the capillaries by the epithelial proliferation. In contrast, neovascularization is observed in those cases of carcinoma in situ which will progress to invasive cancer. The position is taken that this process of neovascularization, which is recognized by the development of horizontal vessels, may be the direct effect of an angiogenic factor. Evidence is also presented that the initial vascular changes may precede the histopathologic criteria of cervical neoplasia.", "PMID": 1119492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6365", "title": "The surgical management of invasive cancer of the cervix in pregnancy.", "content": "During a 13 year period ending in July, 1974, 42 obstetric patients with a diagnosis of invasive carcinoma of the cervix were seen. Nine patients were treated with primary radiation therapy; 33 patients were treated with primary surgery. Total hysterectomy with partial vaginectomy was performed in seven patients with Stage I-A, and extensive abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy was performed in 26 patients (14 with Stage I-A, nine with Stage I-B, and three with Stage II-A). Thirty-eight patients are alive and well from three months to 13 years following treatment. Extensive abdominal hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy can be done in selected obstetric patients with invasive carcinoma of the cervix with an acceptable morbidity and cure rate. Normal ovaries left in place will continue to function normally. Seven patients with a conization diagnosis of Stage I-A had a planned delay in definitive treatment until delivery at term.", "contents": "The surgical management of invasive cancer of the cervix in pregnancy. During a 13 year period ending in July, 1974, 42 obstetric patients with a diagnosis of invasive carcinoma of the cervix were seen. Nine patients were treated with primary radiation therapy; 33 patients were treated with primary surgery. Total hysterectomy with partial vaginectomy was performed in seven patients with Stage I-A, and extensive abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy was performed in 26 patients (14 with Stage I-A, nine with Stage I-B, and three with Stage II-A). Thirty-eight patients are alive and well from three months to 13 years following treatment. Extensive abdominal hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy can be done in selected obstetric patients with invasive carcinoma of the cervix with an acceptable morbidity and cure rate. Normal ovaries left in place will continue to function normally. Seven patients with a conization diagnosis of Stage I-A had a planned delay in definitive treatment until delivery at term.", "PMID": 1119493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6366", "title": "Synthesis and use of affinity-labeling steroids for interceptive purposes.", "content": "Synthesis of 17 beta-bromoacetoxy-19-nortestosterone was carried out by reaction of 19-nortestosterone with bromoacetic acid in the presence of dicyclohexycarbodiimide. The steroid was capable of alkylating cysteine, methionine, and histidine under physiologic conditions, indicating its potential as an affinity-labeling steroid. 17beta-Bromoacetoxy-19-nortestosterone interrupted postimplantation pregnancy in the rat when administered into the lumen of the uterus at low doses or subcutaneously at higher doses. Exogenous gonadotropins or steroids in dosages sufficient to maintain pregnancy do not prevent the interceptive action of this steroid. Animals whose first pregnancies were interrupted by this steroid had a subsequent normal pregnancy. The mode of action may be via covalent bonding to the progesterone receptor resulting in exclusion of endogenous progesterone.", "contents": "Synthesis and use of affinity-labeling steroids for interceptive purposes. Synthesis of 17 beta-bromoacetoxy-19-nortestosterone was carried out by reaction of 19-nortestosterone with bromoacetic acid in the presence of dicyclohexycarbodiimide. The steroid was capable of alkylating cysteine, methionine, and histidine under physiologic conditions, indicating its potential as an affinity-labeling steroid. 17beta-Bromoacetoxy-19-nortestosterone interrupted postimplantation pregnancy in the rat when administered into the lumen of the uterus at low doses or subcutaneously at higher doses. Exogenous gonadotropins or steroids in dosages sufficient to maintain pregnancy do not prevent the interceptive action of this steroid. Animals whose first pregnancies were interrupted by this steroid had a subsequent normal pregnancy. The mode of action may be via covalent bonding to the progesterone receptor resulting in exclusion of endogenous progesterone.", "PMID": 1119494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6367", "title": "Use of serum lutenizing hormone in the clinical management of short-term amenorrhea.", "content": "Serum luteinizing hormone (LH) values determined by radioimmunoassay can be of aid in evaluating patients with short-term amenorrhea. These values have proved useful in ruling out pregnancy in cases of hypothalamic amenorrhea and amenorrhea occuring during treatment with contraceptive pills and also in diagnosing early pregnancy after clomiphene therapy.", "contents": "Use of serum lutenizing hormone in the clinical management of short-term amenorrhea. Serum luteinizing hormone (LH) values determined by radioimmunoassay can be of aid in evaluating patients with short-term amenorrhea. These values have proved useful in ruling out pregnancy in cases of hypothalamic amenorrhea and amenorrhea occuring during treatment with contraceptive pills and also in diagnosing early pregnancy after clomiphene therapy.", "PMID": 1119495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6368", "title": "The Pap smear: take two.", "content": "The results of two \"pancervical\" Pap smears taken sequentially at the same sitting were evaluated on 2,823 patients in a Family Planning Program as part of a national sample to evaluate abnormal cervical cytology and method of contraception. It was found that obtaining two smears increased the detection of abnormal cytology in these patients by 86 per cent. Every group participating in this national study found a large increase in sensitivity, though not to the degree noted in our population. The importance of this result for case-finding and subsequent rescreening procedures is evident, and emphasizes that the single \"pancervical\" Pap smear is an insensitive procedure for detecting abnormal cervical cytology.", "contents": "The Pap smear: take two. The results of two \"pancervical\" Pap smears taken sequentially at the same sitting were evaluated on 2,823 patients in a Family Planning Program as part of a national sample to evaluate abnormal cervical cytology and method of contraception. It was found that obtaining two smears increased the detection of abnormal cytology in these patients by 86 per cent. Every group participating in this national study found a large increase in sensitivity, though not to the degree noted in our population. The importance of this result for case-finding and subsequent rescreening procedures is evident, and emphasizes that the single \"pancervical\" Pap smear is an insensitive procedure for detecting abnormal cervical cytology.", "PMID": 1119496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6369", "title": "A functional analysis of the myogenic control systems of the human Fallopian tube.", "content": "Electrical and mechanical activity of segments of isolated human Fallopian tubes was recorded with the use of extracellular pore electrodes and a transducer recording tension in the longitudinal axis. Electrical activity was regularly recorded in ampullar segments of tubes from premenopausal women and consisted usually of one spike apparently preceded by prepotentials associated with each contraction. These spikes were propagated at 2 to 9 mm. per second in either direction with equal velocity. The direction or velocity of propagation was not influenced by the hormonal status of the woman from whom the tube was derived. It was concluded that the myogenic system of the human Fallopian tube was organized on a symmetrical principle, any directionality being imposed by hormonal, neuronal, or other modulating systems in vivo. Stretch was able to enhance the excitability of this system.", "contents": "A functional analysis of the myogenic control systems of the human Fallopian tube. Electrical and mechanical activity of segments of isolated human Fallopian tubes was recorded with the use of extracellular pore electrodes and a transducer recording tension in the longitudinal axis. Electrical activity was regularly recorded in ampullar segments of tubes from premenopausal women and consisted usually of one spike apparently preceded by prepotentials associated with each contraction. These spikes were propagated at 2 to 9 mm. per second in either direction with equal velocity. The direction or velocity of propagation was not influenced by the hormonal status of the woman from whom the tube was derived. It was concluded that the myogenic system of the human Fallopian tube was organized on a symmetrical principle, any directionality being imposed by hormonal, neuronal, or other modulating systems in vivo. Stretch was able to enhance the excitability of this system.", "PMID": 1119497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6370", "title": "A computerized aid to Ball pelvimetry.", "content": "A computer program is presented that will generate a table of capacities and volumes for use with the Ball technique for cephalopelvimetry. The technique of Ball pelvimetry is reviewed and directions for use are described. This table may be produced on any medium or large-scale digital computer equipped with a FORTRAN compiler and a standard page printer. Its use eliminates many errors inherent in previous methods of volume computation. Physician acceptance has been excellent.", "contents": "A computerized aid to Ball pelvimetry. A computer program is presented that will generate a table of capacities and volumes for use with the Ball technique for cephalopelvimetry. The technique of Ball pelvimetry is reviewed and directions for use are described. This table may be produced on any medium or large-scale digital computer equipped with a FORTRAN compiler and a standard page printer. Its use eliminates many errors inherent in previous methods of volume computation. Physician acceptance has been excellent.", "PMID": 1119498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6371", "title": "The safety of lincomycin in pregnancy.", "content": "The progeny of mothers treated with lincomycin during the first, second, or third trimester of their pregnancy were extensively evaluated at various periods extending to 7 years after birth. As compared to a control group (mothers not receiving lincomycin), the study group did not show any more developmental anomalies of the teeth, specific physical defects, general developmental anomalties, or late developing abnormalities in speech, emotional and mental make-up, or ability to adjust to schooling, than would occur in the normal population. The relationship to clindamycin, a closely related derivative, and to antibiotic therapy during pregnancy is discussed.", "contents": "The safety of lincomycin in pregnancy. The progeny of mothers treated with lincomycin during the first, second, or third trimester of their pregnancy were extensively evaluated at various periods extending to 7 years after birth. As compared to a control group (mothers not receiving lincomycin), the study group did not show any more developmental anomalies of the teeth, specific physical defects, general developmental anomalties, or late developing abnormalities in speech, emotional and mental make-up, or ability to adjust to schooling, than would occur in the normal population. The relationship to clindamycin, a closely related derivative, and to antibiotic therapy during pregnancy is discussed.", "PMID": 1119499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6372", "title": "Pyridoxal phosphate and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy.", "content": "Pyridoxal phosphate (vitamin B6) concentrations in peripheral and cord blood obtained at the time of delivery were measured in 30 women. The average plasma concentration in nine women with normal pregnancy was 4.3 ng. per milliliter; in 10 women with pre-eclampsia, 3.3 ng. per milliliter; and in nonpregnant women, 17 ng. per milliliter. The average cord blood plasma concentration of normal infants was 28.4 ng. per milliliter, whereas that of infants of pre-eclamptic mothers was 12.2 ng. per milliliter. This twofold difference in the cord plasma concentrations was statistically significant (p smaller than 0.001). Pyridoxal phosphate concentrations in the infants' cord plasma were increased in all pregnancies studied by administration of pyridoxine either orally or intravenously. These findings together with other data, demonstrating (1) that B6 deficiency during pregnancy may lead to abnormal neurologic development in experimental animals and (2) that brain development in infants of toxemic mothers may be retarded, suggest that dietary supplementation with vitamin B6 should be instituted in women at high risk for development of toxemia of pregnancy.", "contents": "Pyridoxal phosphate and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Pyridoxal phosphate (vitamin B6) concentrations in peripheral and cord blood obtained at the time of delivery were measured in 30 women. The average plasma concentration in nine women with normal pregnancy was 4.3 ng. per milliliter; in 10 women with pre-eclampsia, 3.3 ng. per milliliter; and in nonpregnant women, 17 ng. per milliliter. The average cord blood plasma concentration of normal infants was 28.4 ng. per milliliter, whereas that of infants of pre-eclamptic mothers was 12.2 ng. per milliliter. This twofold difference in the cord plasma concentrations was statistically significant (p smaller than 0.001). Pyridoxal phosphate concentrations in the infants' cord plasma were increased in all pregnancies studied by administration of pyridoxine either orally or intravenously. These findings together with other data, demonstrating (1) that B6 deficiency during pregnancy may lead to abnormal neurologic development in experimental animals and (2) that brain development in infants of toxemic mothers may be retarded, suggest that dietary supplementation with vitamin B6 should be instituted in women at high risk for development of toxemia of pregnancy.", "PMID": 1119500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6373", "title": "Effect of regional analgesia on maternal oxygen consumption during the first stage of labor.", "content": "Oxygen consumption, tidal volume, and minute volume decreased in 20 patients during the first stage of labor after either epidural or paracervical block. The elimination of pain with optimum regional analgesia is associated with a decrease in tidal and minute volumes, apprehension, and consequently a decreased oxygen consumption. These factors may contribute to a decrease in maternal lactic acidosis during labor.", "contents": "Effect of regional analgesia on maternal oxygen consumption during the first stage of labor. Oxygen consumption, tidal volume, and minute volume decreased in 20 patients during the first stage of labor after either epidural or paracervical block. The elimination of pain with optimum regional analgesia is associated with a decrease in tidal and minute volumes, apprehension, and consequently a decreased oxygen consumption. These factors may contribute to a decrease in maternal lactic acidosis during labor.", "PMID": 1119501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6374", "title": "Ultrasonography: its usefulness and reliability in early pregnancy. A review of 210 cases.", "content": "A total of 210 women who had ultrasonic examination done during early pregnancy, and whose final pregnancy outcome was known, were reviewed to assess the usefulness and reliability of the procedure. Ultrasonography was found to be diagnostic in 96.2 per cent of these cases, with the primary indication for its use being \"assessment of pregnancy wellbeing.\" Multiple gestations, hydatidiform moles, and pelvic tumors associated with pregnancy were readily diagnosed and assessed in their early stages and the gestational age was correctly determined when dates were uncertain.", "contents": "Ultrasonography: its usefulness and reliability in early pregnancy. A review of 210 cases. A total of 210 women who had ultrasonic examination done during early pregnancy, and whose final pregnancy outcome was known, were reviewed to assess the usefulness and reliability of the procedure. Ultrasonography was found to be diagnostic in 96.2 per cent of these cases, with the primary indication for its use being \"assessment of pregnancy wellbeing.\" Multiple gestations, hydatidiform moles, and pelvic tumors associated with pregnancy were readily diagnosed and assessed in their early stages and the gestational age was correctly determined when dates were uncertain.", "PMID": 1119502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6375", "title": "Rubella vaccination: fertility control in a large-scale vaccination program for postpubertal women.", "content": "Despite nationwide immunization programs, rubella infections during pregnancy continue. To solve this serious health problem direct immunization of women of reproductive age may be required. On a clinic basis, using nonphysician personnel, we vaccinated 404 susceptible women, ages 18 to 33; half were sexually active. Since pregnancy is proscribed for 2 to 3 months following rubella vaccination, a full range of family-planning services and a variety of contraceptive methods were used to ensure sustained fertility control. Sixteen vaccinees presented with possible conceptions in a 3 month follow-up. Of these, only five required treatment: two received diethylstilbestrol, two had menstrual inductions, and one an abortion. Administration of vaccine during a menstrual period was effective in preventing inadvertent vaccination of pregnant women. It was concluded that contraceptive counseling with adequate pregnancy termination backup makes it feasible to give rubella vaccine to highly motivated women.", "contents": "Rubella vaccination: fertility control in a large-scale vaccination program for postpubertal women. Despite nationwide immunization programs, rubella infections during pregnancy continue. To solve this serious health problem direct immunization of women of reproductive age may be required. On a clinic basis, using nonphysician personnel, we vaccinated 404 susceptible women, ages 18 to 33; half were sexually active. Since pregnancy is proscribed for 2 to 3 months following rubella vaccination, a full range of family-planning services and a variety of contraceptive methods were used to ensure sustained fertility control. Sixteen vaccinees presented with possible conceptions in a 3 month follow-up. Of these, only five required treatment: two received diethylstilbestrol, two had menstrual inductions, and one an abortion. Administration of vaccine during a menstrual period was effective in preventing inadvertent vaccination of pregnant women. It was concluded that contraceptive counseling with adequate pregnancy termination backup makes it feasible to give rubella vaccine to highly motivated women.", "PMID": 1119503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6376", "title": "Failure of insulin hypoglycemia to produce rise in serum prolactin.", "content": "Serum prolactin and growth hormone responses to insulin-induced hypoglycemia were measured in 5 normal individuals. While growth hormone rose appropriately in all subjects studied, serum prolactin levels did not significantly change despite the production of symptomatic hypoglycemia during testing. Prolactin response to insulin hypoglycemia is not a useful diagnostic test for prolactin secretion and cannot be used as such for assessment of pituitary reserve.", "contents": "Failure of insulin hypoglycemia to produce rise in serum prolactin. Serum prolactin and growth hormone responses to insulin-induced hypoglycemia were measured in 5 normal individuals. While growth hormone rose appropriately in all subjects studied, serum prolactin levels did not significantly change despite the production of symptomatic hypoglycemia during testing. Prolactin response to insulin hypoglycemia is not a useful diagnostic test for prolactin secretion and cannot be used as such for assessment of pituitary reserve.", "PMID": 1119504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6377", "title": "Serum prolactin patterns in early human gestation.", "content": "The relation between levels of human prolactin (HPRL), other protein hromones, and estradiol in serum immediately prior to and for the first weeks after conception was determined. HPRL was measured by radioimmunoassay in serum samples obtained daily from these women during the menstrual cycle in which conception took place and for several weeks therafter. It was found that the concentration of HPRL initally increased above nonpregnant levels 32 to 36 days after the luteinizing hormone (LH) peak. The patterns of estradiol and HPRL were similar in early gestation, while there was no similarity between the patterns of HPRL and human placental lactogen. These results are in aggreement with other studies showing that high levels of estrogen influence HPRL secretion in the human subject.", "contents": "Serum prolactin patterns in early human gestation. The relation between levels of human prolactin (HPRL), other protein hromones, and estradiol in serum immediately prior to and for the first weeks after conception was determined. HPRL was measured by radioimmunoassay in serum samples obtained daily from these women during the menstrual cycle in which conception took place and for several weeks therafter. It was found that the concentration of HPRL initally increased above nonpregnant levels 32 to 36 days after the luteinizing hormone (LH) peak. The patterns of estradiol and HPRL were similar in early gestation, while there was no similarity between the patterns of HPRL and human placental lactogen. These results are in aggreement with other studies showing that high levels of estrogen influence HPRL secretion in the human subject.", "PMID": 1119505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6378", "title": "Tubal electrocoagulation under hysteroscopic control (three hundred and fifty cases).", "content": "Three hundred and fifty patients of the Family Planning Service of the Hospital De Gineco Obstetricia of the Medical Center at the Mexican Social Security Institute were treated by tubal electrocoagulation under hysteroscopic control. Our results in these patients are presented, with a follow-up period of between nine and 30 months after electrocoagulation.", "contents": "Tubal electrocoagulation under hysteroscopic control (three hundred and fifty cases). Three hundred and fifty patients of the Family Planning Service of the Hospital De Gineco Obstetricia of the Medical Center at the Mexican Social Security Institute were treated by tubal electrocoagulation under hysteroscopic control. Our results in these patients are presented, with a follow-up period of between nine and 30 months after electrocoagulation.", "PMID": 1119506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6379", "title": "Pressure gradient changes on the trabecular meshwork of monkeys.", "content": "The cellular lining of the inner wall of Schlemm's canal was anatomically different at different pressure levels. When the anterior chamber pressure rose above that of the canal, there was a marked increase in the number and size of the vacuoles present. At the same time the canal became smaller. When Schlemm's canal pressure exceeded that of the anterior chamber, the vacuoles decreased in size and number, and the canal enlarged. These findings were independent of postmortem artifacts.", "contents": "Pressure gradient changes on the trabecular meshwork of monkeys. The cellular lining of the inner wall of Schlemm's canal was anatomically different at different pressure levels. When the anterior chamber pressure rose above that of the canal, there was a marked increase in the number and size of the vacuoles present. At the same time the canal became smaller. When Schlemm's canal pressure exceeded that of the anterior chamber, the vacuoles decreased in size and number, and the canal enlarged. These findings were independent of postmortem artifacts.", "PMID": 1119515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6380", "title": "Bilateral recurrent acute retinal pigment epitheliitis.", "content": "Acute retinal pigment epitheliitis appears to be a specific discrete process of unknown etiology. It is generally unilateral but can be recurrent and can affect both eyes. Eyes in which the disease has run its course exhibit little or no unusual ophthalmoscopic or visual function abnormalities. The actue  phase  of the disease is localized to the macular area. The lesions are localized in the retinal pigment epithelium as shown by slit-lamp and contact-lens examination, the small lesions more or less surrounding the fovea. They vary from tiny grayish to black spots, which may become surrounded by a lighter halo. Fluroescein angiography is normal in acute phases but the halo-like areas may represent \"window defects\" with hyperfluorescence in later stages.", "contents": "Bilateral recurrent acute retinal pigment epitheliitis. Acute retinal pigment epitheliitis appears to be a specific discrete process of unknown etiology. It is generally unilateral but can be recurrent and can affect both eyes. Eyes in which the disease has run its course exhibit little or no unusual ophthalmoscopic or visual function abnormalities. The actue  phase  of the disease is localized to the macular area. The lesions are localized in the retinal pigment epithelium as shown by slit-lamp and contact-lens examination, the small lesions more or less surrounding the fovea. They vary from tiny grayish to black spots, which may become surrounded by a lighter halo. Fluroescein angiography is normal in acute phases but the halo-like areas may represent \"window defects\" with hyperfluorescence in later stages.", "PMID": 1119516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6381", "title": "Retinal pigment epithelium in incontinentia pigmenti.", "content": "An 18-month-old white girl with incontinentia pigmenti presented clinically with leukokoria of the right eye. B-scan ultrasound demonstrated a retrolental mass consistent with a detached retina. Histologic examination of the skin revealed changes compatible with the intermediate verrucous phase of the disease. Microscopic examination  of the right eye showed retinal detachment and nodular proliferation of the retinal pigment epithelium. The nodules contained macrophages laden with melanin and lipofuscin. An unusually large amount of lipofuscin was present for a child of this age. The basic pigmentary abnormality may affect the retinal pigment epithelium, resulting in changes in the overlying neurosensory retina that may lead to the retinal dysplasia or retinal detachemnt often associated with this condition.", "contents": "Retinal pigment epithelium in incontinentia pigmenti. An 18-month-old white girl with incontinentia pigmenti presented clinically with leukokoria of the right eye. B-scan ultrasound demonstrated a retrolental mass consistent with a detached retina. Histologic examination of the skin revealed changes compatible with the intermediate verrucous phase of the disease. Microscopic examination  of the right eye showed retinal detachment and nodular proliferation of the retinal pigment epithelium. The nodules contained macrophages laden with melanin and lipofuscin. An unusually large amount of lipofuscin was present for a child of this age. The basic pigmentary abnormality may affect the retinal pigment epithelium, resulting in changes in the overlying neurosensory retina that may lead to the retinal dysplasia or retinal detachemnt often associated with this condition.", "PMID": 1119517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6382", "title": "Optic nerve glioma in an 18-month-old child.", "content": "An optic nerve glioma in an 18-month-old child was examined by both light and electron microscopy. The tumor revealed the characteristic features of uniform benign and fibrillary astrocytoma. Rosenthal fibers and calcium depostis were found within numerous intracellular glial processes. The above features indicated a slow-growing tumor of long duration, confirming the generally supported assumption of the congenital nature of optic nerve glioma. One unsuspected feature was the presence of fenestrated blood vessels.", "contents": "Optic nerve glioma in an 18-month-old child. An optic nerve glioma in an 18-month-old child was examined by both light and electron microscopy. The tumor revealed the characteristic features of uniform benign and fibrillary astrocytoma. Rosenthal fibers and calcium depostis were found within numerous intracellular glial processes. The above features indicated a slow-growing tumor of long duration, confirming the generally supported assumption of the congenital nature of optic nerve glioma. One unsuspected feature was the presence of fenestrated blood vessels.", "PMID": 1119518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6383", "title": "The survival and growth of microorganisms in mascara during use.", "content": "Over 150 mascaras representing eight popular brands were examined for their susceptibility to microbial contamination during their use by study group members. Additional mascaras from patients with symptoms and clinical findings of long-term blepharitis also were investigated. Early in the study, two brands without preservatives supported reproducing populations of microorganisms, including potential eye pathogens. These products, as currently manufactured, were recalcitrant to microbial attack. Microbes associated with the facial skin and fingers of the study group users were typically isolated from mascaras after use. Initial microorganisms isolated from mascaras were usually transients. Establishment of reproducing populations within the cosmetics appeared related to the number of uses, personal habits of the user, and the formulation of the product. Four patients with staphylococcal blepharitis and cosmetics heavily laden with Staphylococcus epidermidis showed marked clinical improvement when they stopped using the contaminated cosmetics. The application of used eye area makeup prior to and following ocular surgery should be avoided.", "contents": "The survival and growth of microorganisms in mascara during use. Over 150 mascaras representing eight popular brands were examined for their susceptibility to microbial contamination during their use by study group members. Additional mascaras from patients with symptoms and clinical findings of long-term blepharitis also were investigated. Early in the study, two brands without preservatives supported reproducing populations of microorganisms, including potential eye pathogens. These products, as currently manufactured, were recalcitrant to microbial attack. Microbes associated with the facial skin and fingers of the study group users were typically isolated from mascaras after use. Initial microorganisms isolated from mascaras were usually transients. Establishment of reproducing populations within the cosmetics appeared related to the number of uses, personal habits of the user, and the formulation of the product. Four patients with staphylococcal blepharitis and cosmetics heavily laden with Staphylococcus epidermidis showed marked clinical improvement when they stopped using the contaminated cosmetics. The application of used eye area makeup prior to and following ocular surgery should be avoided.", "PMID": 1119519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6384", "title": "Corneal alkali burns arising from accidental instillation of a hair straightener.", "content": "A patient sustained mild bilateral alkali burns of the cornea following ocular exposure to a commercial hair straightening preparation. This compound and three other products all had an alkaline pH which was not reduced to neutrality by the neutralizer provided. Corneal alkali burns similar to those seen in our patient were produced in experimental animals after brief exposure. Histologic changes were primarily limited to the cornea. The warning against ocular exposure printed on the containers or package insert is not sufficiently emphatic to protect the consumer.", "contents": "Corneal alkali burns arising from accidental instillation of a hair straightener. A patient sustained mild bilateral alkali burns of the cornea following ocular exposure to a commercial hair straightening preparation. This compound and three other products all had an alkaline pH which was not reduced to neutrality by the neutralizer provided. Corneal alkali burns similar to those seen in our patient were produced in experimental animals after brief exposure. Histologic changes were primarily limited to the cornea. The warning against ocular exposure printed on the containers or package insert is not sufficiently emphatic to protect the consumer.", "PMID": 1119520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6385", "title": "Ocular findings in patients with arteriovenous malformations of the head and neck.", "content": "The hospital charts of 71 patients with congenital arteriovenous malformation of the head or neck, excluding carotid-cavernous sinus fistulas, yiedled 25 patients, referred to the ophthalmology service for examination. Of these, 22 patients had ocular findings; additionally, 12 patients with visual complaints or ocular findings were not referred for ocular examination. Forty-seven percent of all patients had ocular signs and symptoms including subjective visual complaints, visual field loss, ophthalmic artery pressure changes, nystagmus and motility findings, orbital and ocular vascular abnormalities, and fundus changes including optic atrophy, hypoxic retinopathy, and papilledema. Every patient with known or suspected arteriovenous malformation of the head or neck should have a thorough ocular examination. The findings can generally be correlated with the anatomic location and size of the lesion.", "contents": "Ocular findings in patients with arteriovenous malformations of the head and neck. The hospital charts of 71 patients with congenital arteriovenous malformation of the head or neck, excluding carotid-cavernous sinus fistulas, yiedled 25 patients, referred to the ophthalmology service for examination. Of these, 22 patients had ocular findings; additionally, 12 patients with visual complaints or ocular findings were not referred for ocular examination. Forty-seven percent of all patients had ocular signs and symptoms including subjective visual complaints, visual field loss, ophthalmic artery pressure changes, nystagmus and motility findings, orbital and ocular vascular abnormalities, and fundus changes including optic atrophy, hypoxic retinopathy, and papilledema. Every patient with known or suspected arteriovenous malformation of the head or neck should have a thorough ocular examination. The findings can generally be correlated with the anatomic location and size of the lesion.", "PMID": 1119521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6386", "title": "Nonfluorescent malignant melanoma of the choroid diagnosed with the radioactive phosphorus uptake test.", "content": "A 57-year-old white woman presented with a small malignant melanoma of the choroid in the macular area of the right eye. The lesion failed to produce a visual field defect or to show fluorescence with angiography, but the radioactive phosphorus uptake(P) test was positive. Histologically, the retinal pigment epithelium was intact over the tumor and the sensory retina was normal. This unusual finding was the most likely explanation for the normal visual field. The intact retinal pigment epithelium over this nonfluroescent melanoma suggests that the destruction of the retinal pigment epithelium occurring with most choroidal melanomas may partially explain why these tumors usually demonstrate fluorescence. This case emphasizes the great accuracy of the P test for diagnosing small malignant tumors of the choroid, even before other popular diagnostic modalities indicate the malignancy of the lesion.", "contents": "Nonfluorescent malignant melanoma of the choroid diagnosed with the radioactive phosphorus uptake test. A 57-year-old white woman presented with a small malignant melanoma of the choroid in the macular area of the right eye. The lesion failed to produce a visual field defect or to show fluorescence with angiography, but the radioactive phosphorus uptake(P) test was positive. Histologically, the retinal pigment epithelium was intact over the tumor and the sensory retina was normal. This unusual finding was the most likely explanation for the normal visual field. The intact retinal pigment epithelium over this nonfluroescent melanoma suggests that the destruction of the retinal pigment epithelium occurring with most choroidal melanomas may partially explain why these tumors usually demonstrate fluorescence. This case emphasizes the great accuracy of the P test for diagnosing small malignant tumors of the choroid, even before other popular diagnostic modalities indicate the malignancy of the lesion.", "PMID": 1119522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6387", "title": "Effect of immunization with attenuated Mycobacterium bovis on experimental toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis.", "content": "Administration of attenuated Mycobacterium bovis (Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin or BCG) provides nonspecific resistance to a variety of microbial infections and tumors. This is associated with a state of augmented immunologic responsiveness. Mustering defenses against intracellular parasites, such as Toxoplasma gondii, presents a special problem that can be met only by measures that alter the intracellular environment. Our study was designed to evaluate the effect of prior immunization of rabbits with BCG on experimental toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis. One group of rabbits was immunized by the intravenous administration of BCG, another group by the retrobulbar injection of BCG, and a third group, unvaccinated, served as a control. Intravenous immunization provided significant protection against Toxoplasma organisms injected into the suprachoroidal space. In the immunized rabbits, the onset of Toxoplasma retinochoroiditis was delayed and the severity of the disease reduced. Although Toxoplasma was isolated from the chorioretinal tissues of both BCG-immunized and control rabbits, Toxoplasma antibody was not (with one exception) detected in the sera of BCG-immunized rabbits. While vaccination by the retrobulbar route produced little or no effect, intravenous administration of BCG provided nonspecific resistance to Toxoplasma retinochoroiditis in rabbits.", "contents": "Effect of immunization with attenuated Mycobacterium bovis on experimental toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis. Administration of attenuated Mycobacterium bovis (Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin or BCG) provides nonspecific resistance to a variety of microbial infections and tumors. This is associated with a state of augmented immunologic responsiveness. Mustering defenses against intracellular parasites, such as Toxoplasma gondii, presents a special problem that can be met only by measures that alter the intracellular environment. Our study was designed to evaluate the effect of prior immunization of rabbits with BCG on experimental toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis. One group of rabbits was immunized by the intravenous administration of BCG, another group by the retrobulbar injection of BCG, and a third group, unvaccinated, served as a control. Intravenous immunization provided significant protection against Toxoplasma organisms injected into the suprachoroidal space. In the immunized rabbits, the onset of Toxoplasma retinochoroiditis was delayed and the severity of the disease reduced. Although Toxoplasma was isolated from the chorioretinal tissues of both BCG-immunized and control rabbits, Toxoplasma antibody was not (with one exception) detected in the sera of BCG-immunized rabbits. While vaccination by the retrobulbar route produced little or no effect, intravenous administration of BCG provided nonspecific resistance to Toxoplasma retinochoroiditis in rabbits.", "PMID": 1119523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6388", "title": "Subretinal cysticercosis.", "content": "Subretinal cysticercosis was discovered in two South African Bantu-speaking blacks. A 50-year-old man had a live, mobile, subretinal cyst, 0.3 mm in diameter, at the macular of his only eye, causing retinal edema and superficial and deep hemorrhage. A 25-year-old woman had a 6-mm wide, live, mobile cyst at the posterior pole of her right eye, surrounded by retinal edema, hemorrhage, and vasculitis involving the disk. This cyst was removed intact, after division of the lateral rectus muscle and maximum rotation of the eye. Massive vitreous hemorrhage occurred despite diathermy application, and vision was lost. Localization and incision of the sclera were difficult; in retrospect, a lateral orbitotomy would have been advisable. Histology of the cyst showed typical features of the larva of Taenia solium-a single scolex with suckers and hooks-gland-shaped folds in the neck and membrane of the cyst wall.", "contents": "Subretinal cysticercosis. Subretinal cysticercosis was discovered in two South African Bantu-speaking blacks. A 50-year-old man had a live, mobile, subretinal cyst, 0.3 mm in diameter, at the macular of his only eye, causing retinal edema and superficial and deep hemorrhage. A 25-year-old woman had a 6-mm wide, live, mobile cyst at the posterior pole of her right eye, surrounded by retinal edema, hemorrhage, and vasculitis involving the disk. This cyst was removed intact, after division of the lateral rectus muscle and maximum rotation of the eye. Massive vitreous hemorrhage occurred despite diathermy application, and vision was lost. Localization and incision of the sclera were difficult; in retrospect, a lateral orbitotomy would have been advisable. Histology of the cyst showed typical features of the larva of Taenia solium-a single scolex with suckers and hooks-gland-shaped folds in the neck and membrane of the cyst wall.", "PMID": 1119524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6389", "title": "A disposable vitreous cutter-aspirator with electronic vacuum control.", "content": "A sophisticated instrument system for performing vitreous surgery includes a disposable surgical tool, with all connecting tubing incorporated in a sterile template that is easy to assemble prior to surgery. The instrument console and foot switches provide all necessary surgical options, with a maximum degree of safety, for precise vitreous suction and infusion control with the disposable vitreophage or other available vitreous cutters.", "contents": "A disposable vitreous cutter-aspirator with electronic vacuum control. A sophisticated instrument system for performing vitreous surgery includes a disposable surgical tool, with all connecting tubing incorporated in a sterile template that is easy to assemble prior to surgery. The instrument console and foot switches provide all necessary surgical options, with a maximum degree of safety, for precise vitreous suction and infusion control with the disposable vitreophage or other available vitreous cutters.", "PMID": 1119525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6390", "title": "A coaxial electrode for intraocular diathermy.", "content": "A bipolar electrode was used in intraocular coagulation of vessels. This device was a useful adjunct for the coagulation of vessels in diabetic eyes undergoing vitrectomy. No surgical complications due to the diathermy occurred in the first six patients on whom the device was used.", "contents": "A coaxial electrode for intraocular diathermy. A bipolar electrode was used in intraocular coagulation of vessels. This device was a useful adjunct for the coagulation of vessels in diabetic eyes undergoing vitrectomy. No surgical complications due to the diathermy occurred in the first six patients on whom the device was used.", "PMID": 1119526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6391", "title": "An accountability model for occupational therapy.", "content": "Clark recently challenged OTRs to investigate accountability theory. It is a topic which deserves attention. This paper describes briefly the nature of accountability theory and suggests how theory can be applied to occupational therapy practice. An accountability model based upon an education model is presented for occupational therapists who wish to design their own accountability plans. Examples are included to show how the model can be translated into operational terms.", "contents": "An accountability model for occupational therapy. Clark recently challenged OTRs to investigate accountability theory. It is a topic which deserves attention. This paper describes briefly the nature of accountability theory and suggests how theory can be applied to occupational therapy practice. An accountability model based upon an education model is presented for occupational therapists who wish to design their own accountability plans. Examples are included to show how the model can be translated into operational terms.", "PMID": 1119530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6392", "title": "A pilot community program: training adult retardates for private enterprise.", "content": "This paper describes a community-based program for placing low-level retardates with no prior work experience or job training into work positions in private business and industry compatible with their needs and abilities. This paper also reports on the various problems and solutions encountered in the attempt to match the needs of employers, who experience rapid turnover and motivation problems of employees in routine work tasks, with the needs of low-level, nonworking, adult retardates who show potential for these types of jobs.", "contents": "A pilot community program: training adult retardates for private enterprise. This paper describes a community-based program for placing low-level retardates with no prior work experience or job training into work positions in private business and industry compatible with their needs and abilities. This paper also reports on the various problems and solutions encountered in the attempt to match the needs of employers, who experience rapid turnover and motivation problems of employees in routine work tasks, with the needs of low-level, nonworking, adult retardates who show potential for these types of jobs.", "PMID": 1119531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6393", "title": "Computers and occupational therapy.", "content": "The benefits and applications of computer science for occupational therapy are explored and a basic, functional description of the computer and computer programming is presented. Potential problems and advantages of computer utilization are compared and examples of existing computer systems in health fields are cited. Methods for successfully introducing computers are discussed.", "contents": "Computers and occupational therapy. The benefits and applications of computer science for occupational therapy are explored and a basic, functional description of the computer and computer programming is presented. Potential problems and advantages of computer utilization are compared and examples of existing computer systems in health fields are cited. Methods for successfully introducing computers are discussed.", "PMID": 1119532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6394", "title": "Model occupational therapy practice act.", "content": "The Model Occupational Therapy Practice Act has been assembled by the Government Affairs Department, American Occupational Therapy Association, for use as a guide by affilitate organizations concerned with developing legislation to regulate the practice of occupational therapy. The Model Act must be reviewed and carefully adapted to comply with state legislative requirements and practices. It must also be adapted to reflect the structure of state government of the particular state, and its particular administrative arrangements. The Model Ace leaves blanks,--, or indicates alternatives in brackets-[ ] in instances where further detail needs to be considered or where adaptations are especially necessary.", "contents": "Model occupational therapy practice act. The Model Occupational Therapy Practice Act has been assembled by the Government Affairs Department, American Occupational Therapy Association, for use as a guide by affilitate organizations concerned with developing legislation to regulate the practice of occupational therapy. The Model Act must be reviewed and carefully adapted to comply with state legislative requirements and practices. It must also be adapted to reflect the structure of state government of the particular state, and its particular administrative arrangements. The Model Ace leaves blanks,--, or indicates alternatives in brackets-[ ] in instances where further detail needs to be considered or where adaptations are especially necessary.", "PMID": 1119533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6395", "title": "Metabolic bone disease in chronic renal failure. I. Dialyzed uremics.", "content": "Garner and ball's point counting technic was used to compare metabolic bone disease in dialyzed and nondialyzed uremic patients. Histologic measurements of bone from dialyzed and nondialyzed uremic patients dying between 1966 and 1971 showed that dialyzed patients have quantitatively more severe bone resorption, distortion of trabecular architecture and mineralization defects. Mineralization defects become more severe as the duration of dialysis increases but are not related to serum calcium and phosphorus levels. Bone volume in both groups is normal or increased and in dialysis patients increases in proportion to the elevation of serum phosphorus. Mean serum phosphorus and calcium levels, bone volume, and volume: surface ratios all decreased in dialysis patients between 1966 and 1971, while bone resorption and mineralization defects did not change. These results suggest that lowering of serum phosphorus without increasing serum calcium may aggrevate the uremic bone disease by reducing bone volume without improvement of mineralization and resorption defects.", "contents": "Metabolic bone disease in chronic renal failure. I. Dialyzed uremics. Garner and ball's point counting technic was used to compare metabolic bone disease in dialyzed and nondialyzed uremic patients. Histologic measurements of bone from dialyzed and nondialyzed uremic patients dying between 1966 and 1971 showed that dialyzed patients have quantitatively more severe bone resorption, distortion of trabecular architecture and mineralization defects. Mineralization defects become more severe as the duration of dialysis increases but are not related to serum calcium and phosphorus levels. Bone volume in both groups is normal or increased and in dialysis patients increases in proportion to the elevation of serum phosphorus. Mean serum phosphorus and calcium levels, bone volume, and volume: surface ratios all decreased in dialysis patients between 1966 and 1971, while bone resorption and mineralization defects did not change. These results suggest that lowering of serum phosphorus without increasing serum calcium may aggrevate the uremic bone disease by reducing bone volume without improvement of mineralization and resorption defects.", "PMID": 1119535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6396", "title": "Acute newcastle viral infection of the upper respiratory tract of the chicken. II. The effect of diets deficient in vitamin A on the pathogenesis of the infection.", "content": "Keratotic and squamous changes characteristic of vitamin A deficiency were minimal even in chicks which were malnourished and growth stunted and had no vitamin A in their diet. However, when these chicks were infected with Newcastle disease virus (NDV), keratotic changes appeared, most markedly in areas regenerating after infection. In chicks raised on full nutrient diets lacking only vitamin A, keratotic changes appeared in several areas of nasal mucosa but were absent from the mucosa of the inner (under) surface of the maxillary turbinate. Following NDV infection, such changes did appear in the inner lining epithelia. It is suggested that depletion of vitamin A causes regenerating epithelial cells to keratinize. Other effects of combined lack of vitamin A plus NDV infection were exhaustion of lymphoid cells from cranial bone marrow and exhaustion of lymphoid cell systems locally from the nose and paranasal glands.", "contents": "Acute newcastle viral infection of the upper respiratory tract of the chicken. II. The effect of diets deficient in vitamin A on the pathogenesis of the infection. Keratotic and squamous changes characteristic of vitamin A deficiency were minimal even in chicks which were malnourished and growth stunted and had no vitamin A in their diet. However, when these chicks were infected with Newcastle disease virus (NDV), keratotic changes appeared, most markedly in areas regenerating after infection. In chicks raised on full nutrient diets lacking only vitamin A, keratotic changes appeared in several areas of nasal mucosa but were absent from the mucosa of the inner (under) surface of the maxillary turbinate. Following NDV infection, such changes did appear in the inner lining epithelia. It is suggested that depletion of vitamin A causes regenerating epithelial cells to keratinize. Other effects of combined lack of vitamin A plus NDV infection were exhaustion of lymphoid cells from cranial bone marrow and exhaustion of lymphoid cell systems locally from the nose and paranasal glands.", "PMID": 1119536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6397", "title": "Adaptive changes in muscle fibers infected with Trichinella spiralis.", "content": "Ultrastructural changes which occurred in infected skeletal muscle fibers after infection with larvae of Trichinella spiralis were followed on a daily basis utilizing synchronous infections. No changes were observed in muscle fiber architecture during the first 2 days of intracellular infection. However, on Day 3, a space containing various sarcoplasmic elements developed between the plasma membrane and myofilaments. Widening near the regions of triads was also observed at this time. On Day 4 the space at the outer edge had increased, as did the ones at the triads. In addition, the myofilaments throughout the infected fiber were in a state of partial disarray. Finally, the nuclei were enlarged and had migrated to the central portion of the infected cytoplasm. On Day 5 day, sarcomeres were highly disorganized, and an increase in sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) was noted. By Day 8, only the extreme periphery of the infected fiber contained Z bands with actin filaments attached. Proliferation of the t tuble system was also evident. At Day 10, myofilaments were completely replaced with SR. Further, the plasma membrane became hyperinvoluted and was associated with a 36-fold increase in the thickness of the glycocalyx. No further enlargement of nuclei occurred after Day 10. Finally, a host-derived double membrane completely surrounded the larva.", "contents": "Adaptive changes in muscle fibers infected with Trichinella spiralis. Ultrastructural changes which occurred in infected skeletal muscle fibers after infection with larvae of Trichinella spiralis were followed on a daily basis utilizing synchronous infections. No changes were observed in muscle fiber architecture during the first 2 days of intracellular infection. However, on Day 3, a space containing various sarcoplasmic elements developed between the plasma membrane and myofilaments. Widening near the regions of triads was also observed at this time. On Day 4 the space at the outer edge had increased, as did the ones at the triads. In addition, the myofilaments throughout the infected fiber were in a state of partial disarray. Finally, the nuclei were enlarged and had migrated to the central portion of the infected cytoplasm. On Day 5 day, sarcomeres were highly disorganized, and an increase in sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) was noted. By Day 8, only the extreme periphery of the infected fiber contained Z bands with actin filaments attached. Proliferation of the t tuble system was also evident. At Day 10, myofilaments were completely replaced with SR. Further, the plasma membrane became hyperinvoluted and was associated with a 36-fold increase in the thickness of the glycocalyx. No further enlargement of nuclei occurred after Day 10. Finally, a host-derived double membrane completely surrounded the larva.", "PMID": 1119537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6398", "title": "Lipid accumulation in smooth muscle cell lysosomes im primate atherosclerosis.", "content": "Cytochemical and ultrastructural examination of the developing atherosclerotic lesion in hypercholesterolemic rhesus monkeys reveals that lipid is sequestered within lysosomes of aortic smooth muscle cells. A common pathway in the development of sclerotic arterial disease appears to be overloading of vascular smooth muscle cell lysosomes with a variety of metabolites. This may occur as a consequence of an excess of substrate or because of a congenital deficiency of a lysosomal hydrolase.", "contents": "Lipid accumulation in smooth muscle cell lysosomes im primate atherosclerosis. Cytochemical and ultrastructural examination of the developing atherosclerotic lesion in hypercholesterolemic rhesus monkeys reveals that lipid is sequestered within lysosomes of aortic smooth muscle cells. A common pathway in the development of sclerotic arterial disease appears to be overloading of vascular smooth muscle cell lysosomes with a variety of metabolites. This may occur as a consequence of an excess of substrate or because of a congenital deficiency of a lysosomal hydrolase.", "PMID": 1119538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6399", "title": "An ultrastructural study of nutritionally induced and reversed retinal degeneration in cats.", "content": "Kittens and adult cats fed a semipurified diet containing casein developed a retinal degeneration that initially involved photoreceptor outer segments in the area centralis. By electron microscopy, cone and rod outer segment lamellar discs could be seen to become vesiculated, frayed, disoriented and twisted. Shortening and subsequent disappearance of outer segments was followed by loss of photoreceptor nuclei, primarily in the area centralis but also in the midperipheral retina. The electroretinogram (ERG) indicated progressive reduction in cone and rod amplitudes and a delay in the temporal aspects of the cone response. When dietary casein was replaced by egg albumin in the diets of cats with minimal to moderately advanced degeneration, the degeneration was reversed; rod ERG function and structure returned essentially to normal, whereas some abnormalities of cone outer segment structure and a delay in the temporal aspects of the cone ERG persisted. The data provide strong evidence that dietary casein is a factor in this retinopathy and suggest that an alteration in protein metabolism of the photoreceptor may result from the dietary protein inadequacy.", "contents": "An ultrastructural study of nutritionally induced and reversed retinal degeneration in cats. Kittens and adult cats fed a semipurified diet containing casein developed a retinal degeneration that initially involved photoreceptor outer segments in the area centralis. By electron microscopy, cone and rod outer segment lamellar discs could be seen to become vesiculated, frayed, disoriented and twisted. Shortening and subsequent disappearance of outer segments was followed by loss of photoreceptor nuclei, primarily in the area centralis but also in the midperipheral retina. The electroretinogram (ERG) indicated progressive reduction in cone and rod amplitudes and a delay in the temporal aspects of the cone response. When dietary casein was replaced by egg albumin in the diets of cats with minimal to moderately advanced degeneration, the degeneration was reversed; rod ERG function and structure returned essentially to normal, whereas some abnormalities of cone outer segment structure and a delay in the temporal aspects of the cone ERG persisted. The data provide strong evidence that dietary casein is a factor in this retinopathy and suggest that an alteration in protein metabolism of the photoreceptor may result from the dietary protein inadequacy.", "PMID": 1119539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6400", "title": "The dermatoglyphics of American Negroes.", "content": "Digital and palmar dermatoglyphics of 184 male and 224 female normal American Negroes were evaluated for digital patterns, digital ridge counts, palmar patterns, palmar main line terminations, accessory triradii and palmar creases.  All subjects were seven year olds examined and found free of chronic or other genetic diseases.  The results were presented for the left and right hand separately as well as in terms of bilateral symmetry.  The present results were for the most part comparable to those of the African and other American Negro groups reported earlier.  The distributions of the various dermatoglyphic features among the Negroes taken as a group were compared to those of the other racial groups and their differences were discussed.", "contents": "The dermatoglyphics of American Negroes. Digital and palmar dermatoglyphics of 184 male and 224 female normal American Negroes were evaluated for digital patterns, digital ridge counts, palmar patterns, palmar main line terminations, accessory triradii and palmar creases.  All subjects were seven year olds examined and found free of chronic or other genetic diseases.  The results were presented for the left and right hand separately as well as in terms of bilateral symmetry.  The present results were for the most part comparable to those of the African and other American Negro groups reported earlier.  The distributions of the various dermatoglyphic features among the Negroes taken as a group were compared to those of the other racial groups and their differences were discussed.", "PMID": 1119540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6401", "title": "The dermatoglyphics of American Caucasians.", "content": "Digital and palmar dermatoglyphics were collected from 360 male and 360 female seven year old Caucasians from the greater Boston area.  All participants were screened and found to be free of minor anomalies or chronic diseases.  All individuals with I. Q. scores below 70 were also excluded.  The results were presented in such a way as to give information on bilateral symmetry as well as overall frequencies of the various dermatoglyphic features.  The results were compared with those of the corresponding sample of seven year old normal male and female Negroes of the accompanying report.  A review of the distribution of the dermatoglyphic features in different Caucasian populations has also been presented and the overall dermatoglyphics of the Caucasians were discussed in reference to the distribution of the same features in the other major \"racial\" groups.  The method of collection and selection of the subjects, described in the text, makes this set of data unique and one of the most suitable for use as controls in studying the dermatoglyphics of the individuals with diseases or congenital anomalies.", "contents": "The dermatoglyphics of American Caucasians. Digital and palmar dermatoglyphics were collected from 360 male and 360 female seven year old Caucasians from the greater Boston area.  All participants were screened and found to be free of minor anomalies or chronic diseases.  All individuals with I. Q. scores below 70 were also excluded.  The results were presented in such a way as to give information on bilateral symmetry as well as overall frequencies of the various dermatoglyphic features.  The results were compared with those of the corresponding sample of seven year old normal male and female Negroes of the accompanying report.  A review of the distribution of the dermatoglyphic features in different Caucasian populations has also been presented and the overall dermatoglyphics of the Caucasians were discussed in reference to the distribution of the same features in the other major \"racial\" groups.  The method of collection and selection of the subjects, described in the text, makes this set of data unique and one of the most suitable for use as controls in studying the dermatoglyphics of the individuals with diseases or congenital anomalies.", "PMID": 1119541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6402", "title": "The hypothenar radial arch, a genetically determined epidermal ridge configuration.", "content": "A radial arch in the hypothenar area of the human palm is an uncommon ridge arrangement.  It is associated with an ulnar triradius and no axial triradius is present.  The configuration generally occurs on right hands but is sometimes found on both hands.  The frequency in the few European populations studied and in one Canadian sample varies from 0.2 per cent to over 2 per cent of persons.  Hypothenar radial arches have also been reported in patients with abnormal sex chromosomes but are not specific to any karyotype.  Two families are described in which nearly related persons have hypothenar radial arches.  They provide the first evidence that the pattern is inherited.  In one family three out of six sibs have radial arches in the hypothenar area and so have two out of three children of one of them.  In the other family a pair of identical twins and their mother have hypothenar radial arches.  It is suggested that, from the information available, inheritance is probably due to a recessive gene.", "contents": "The hypothenar radial arch, a genetically determined epidermal ridge configuration. A radial arch in the hypothenar area of the human palm is an uncommon ridge arrangement.  It is associated with an ulnar triradius and no axial triradius is present.  The configuration generally occurs on right hands but is sometimes found on both hands.  The frequency in the few European populations studied and in one Canadian sample varies from 0.2 per cent to over 2 per cent of persons.  Hypothenar radial arches have also been reported in patients with abnormal sex chromosomes but are not specific to any karyotype.  Two families are described in which nearly related persons have hypothenar radial arches.  They provide the first evidence that the pattern is inherited.  In one family three out of six sibs have radial arches in the hypothenar area and so have two out of three children of one of them.  In the other family a pair of identical twins and their mother have hypothenar radial arches.  It is suggested that, from the information available, inheritance is probably due to a recessive gene.", "PMID": 1119542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6403", "title": "Population variation in asymmetry and diversity from finger to finger for digital ridge-count.", "content": "Population variation in ridge-count asymmetry and diversity from finger to finger has received scant attention in dermatoglyphic studies.  Asymmetry, in particular, has generally been attributed to environmental effects operating during the formation of dermal ridges.  Examination of samples from several groups of diverse racial background revealed the existence of considerable population variation with respect to finger ridge-count asymmetry and diversity from finger to finger.  Patterning along population lines suggests a genetic rather than environmental basis for such variation.  The genetic mechanisms responsible for ridge-counts may also mediate asymmetry and diversity, or the degree of developmental stabiltiy in different populations may itself be under genetic control.", "contents": "Population variation in asymmetry and diversity from finger to finger for digital ridge-count. Population variation in ridge-count asymmetry and diversity from finger to finger has received scant attention in dermatoglyphic studies.  Asymmetry, in particular, has generally been attributed to environmental effects operating during the formation of dermal ridges.  Examination of samples from several groups of diverse racial background revealed the existence of considerable population variation with respect to finger ridge-count asymmetry and diversity from finger to finger.  Patterning along population lines suggests a genetic rather than environmental basis for such variation.  The genetic mechanisms responsible for ridge-counts may also mediate asymmetry and diversity, or the degree of developmental stabiltiy in different populations may itself be under genetic control.", "PMID": 1119543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6404", "title": "Finger dermatoglyphics of the Bagathas of Araku Valley (A. P.), India.", "content": "Finger prints of the Bagathas, a dominant endogamous tribal population of Araku Valley in Andhra Pradesh (India) were analysed.  They are distributed in Araku, Paderu and Chintapalli agency areas of Visakhapatnam district of A. P.  Investigations on finger prints of 235 males and 235 females reveal that loops are higher in females (57.58 per cent) than in males (49.19 per cent).  Sex differences in the distribution of the patterns are statistically significant (chi2 equal to 27.8277; d. f. equal to 2; 0.001 greater than P).  The index of pattern intensity shows a higher value in males (14.17) than the females (12.84).  It isevident from the mean ridge counts that there is a clear sexual dimorphism, males showing higher mean ridge counts than females.  Bagathas show greater affinity with the Valmikis in the frequency distribution of pattern types and in the pattern intensity index.  However, a more detailed dermatoglyphic study of all the tribes of Andhra Pradesh yields information of great value in disclosing the pattern distributions among these Dravidian or proto-Australoid tribal populations.", "contents": "Finger dermatoglyphics of the Bagathas of Araku Valley (A. P.), India. Finger prints of the Bagathas, a dominant endogamous tribal population of Araku Valley in Andhra Pradesh (India) were analysed.  They are distributed in Araku, Paderu and Chintapalli agency areas of Visakhapatnam district of A. P.  Investigations on finger prints of 235 males and 235 females reveal that loops are higher in females (57.58 per cent) than in males (49.19 per cent).  Sex differences in the distribution of the patterns are statistically significant (chi2 equal to 27.8277; d. f. equal to 2; 0.001 greater than P).  The index of pattern intensity shows a higher value in males (14.17) than the females (12.84).  It isevident from the mean ridge counts that there is a clear sexual dimorphism, males showing higher mean ridge counts than females.  Bagathas show greater affinity with the Valmikis in the frequency distribution of pattern types and in the pattern intensity index.  However, a more detailed dermatoglyphic study of all the tribes of Andhra Pradesh yields information of great value in disclosing the pattern distributions among these Dravidian or proto-Australoid tribal populations.", "PMID": 1119544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6405", "title": "Dermatoglyphics of three Hungarian populations.", "content": "The dermatoglyphics of 709 individuals from three Hungarian populations living near each other but of different origin were analyzed.  In dermatoglyphic traits the three populations present but slight differences from one another.", "contents": "Dermatoglyphics of three Hungarian populations. The dermatoglyphics of 709 individuals from three Hungarian populations living near each other but of different origin were analyzed.  In dermatoglyphic traits the three populations present but slight differences from one another.", "PMID": 1119545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6406", "title": "The ridge-counts of the interdigital a-b, b-c, and c-d areas in a normal sample and in cerebrally damaged patients of Thuringia, G. D. R. (East Germany).", "content": "We determined the ridge-counts and their correlations of interdigital area a-b, b-c, and c-d among 300 boys and 300 girls from Jena and 95 male and 79 female cerebrally damaged children from the Mental Hospital of Stadtroda, both in Thuringia, G. D. R. (East Germany).  The mean values of the normals and the patients differ significantly only on the right hand of males in the b-c area (p smaller than or equal to 5 per cent).  Bimanuar comparisons showed significant correlations in the three areas in both sexes in the normal and the abnormal children.  Inter-area comparisons revealed no significant correlation between a-b and b-c areas; correlations were significant between a-b and c-d areas in both sexes in the normal group, but significant for the right hand only in cerebrally damaged children.  Highly significant correlation was found between the b-c and c-d areas only in the right hand of female cerebrally damaged children.  Comparative data from Bavaria and North-Rhine-Westfalia are also presented.", "contents": "The ridge-counts of the interdigital a-b, b-c, and c-d areas in a normal sample and in cerebrally damaged patients of Thuringia, G. D. R. (East Germany). We determined the ridge-counts and their correlations of interdigital area a-b, b-c, and c-d among 300 boys and 300 girls from Jena and 95 male and 79 female cerebrally damaged children from the Mental Hospital of Stadtroda, both in Thuringia, G. D. R. (East Germany).  The mean values of the normals and the patients differ significantly only on the right hand of males in the b-c area (p smaller than or equal to 5 per cent).  Bimanuar comparisons showed significant correlations in the three areas in both sexes in the normal and the abnormal children.  Inter-area comparisons revealed no significant correlation between a-b and b-c areas; correlations were significant between a-b and c-d areas in both sexes in the normal group, but significant for the right hand only in cerebrally damaged children.  Highly significant correlation was found between the b-c and c-d areas only in the right hand of female cerebrally damaged children.  Comparative data from Bavaria and North-Rhine-Westfalia are also presented.", "PMID": 1119546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6407", "title": "The dermatoglyphics of the Elema people from the Gulf District of Papua New Guinea.", "content": "The present report deals with the digital and palmar dermatoglyphics of the Elema peoples from the Gulf District of Papua New Guinea.  The samples involved 91 males and 134 females from the areas of Iokea, Sepoe and Karama.  The Elema dermatoglyphics, compared to those of other peoples in New Guinea, were found to have a high pattern intensity index and frequency of whorls, and the highest frequency of ulnar type C line, complete simian creases and patterns in the IV interdigital areas of the palms.  On the other hand, their 11/7 ratio of the D line, the main line index, and the frequencies of patterns in the hypothenar, thenar/I and II interdigital areas were lower than most other groups on the island; they also have the lowest R/U ratio.  All dermatoglyphic features considered, the frequencies in the Elema group were for the most part found to be near the extremes of the range of the dermatoglyphic frequency distributions in New Guinea populations.  The dermatoglyphic distributions of New Guinea as a whole are discussed in terms of those of the other Australian populations with comments on the dermatoglyphic comparisons between the Australasians and the other major human groups, Amerindians, Orientals, Asian Indian, Caucasians and Negroes.", "contents": "The dermatoglyphics of the Elema people from the Gulf District of Papua New Guinea. The present report deals with the digital and palmar dermatoglyphics of the Elema peoples from the Gulf District of Papua New Guinea.  The samples involved 91 males and 134 females from the areas of Iokea, Sepoe and Karama.  The Elema dermatoglyphics, compared to those of other peoples in New Guinea, were found to have a high pattern intensity index and frequency of whorls, and the highest frequency of ulnar type C line, complete simian creases and patterns in the IV interdigital areas of the palms.  On the other hand, their 11/7 ratio of the D line, the main line index, and the frequencies of patterns in the hypothenar, thenar/I and II interdigital areas were lower than most other groups on the island; they also have the lowest R/U ratio.  All dermatoglyphic features considered, the frequencies in the Elema group were for the most part found to be near the extremes of the range of the dermatoglyphic frequency distributions in New Guinea populations.  The dermatoglyphic distributions of New Guinea as a whole are discussed in terms of those of the other Australian populations with comments on the dermatoglyphic comparisons between the Australasians and the other major human groups, Amerindians, Orientals, Asian Indian, Caucasians and Negroes.", "PMID": 1119547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6408", "title": "High pattern intensity indices and ridge counts from the Milne Bay district of Papua-New Guinea and their bearing on the origin of the Australian Aborigines.", "content": "A population sample from the Milne Bay district of Papua-New Guinea was found to have extremely high pattern intensity indices and total ridge-counts.  These fell into the range of certain Australian Aboriginal tribes, and so argue for a possible connection between this region of Melanesia and the Australian Aborigines, although equally strong connections with other regions of Melanesia are known.", "contents": "High pattern intensity indices and ridge counts from the Milne Bay district of Papua-New Guinea and their bearing on the origin of the Australian Aborigines. A population sample from the Milne Bay district of Papua-New Guinea was found to have extremely high pattern intensity indices and total ridge-counts.  These fell into the range of certain Australian Aboriginal tribes, and so argue for a possible connection between this region of Melanesia and the Australian Aborigines, although equally strong connections with other regions of Melanesia are known.", "PMID": 1119548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6409", "title": "Epidermal patterns of the hands and feet of the pygmy Chimpanzee (Pan paniscus).", "content": "The characteristics of the epidermal ridge system were studied in a series of eighteen lesser or pygmy chimpanzees (Pan paniscus).  The general ridge alignments are very similar to those of the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes); Biegert ('61).  On the average the pattern intensity (P. I.) of the palm configurations is considerably higher in the pygmy chimpanzee than in the chimpanzee, thus representating the highest total palm pattern intensity of all species of the hominoidea.  The sole configurations show parallel main results to those of the palm; however, the decreased sole pattern frequency of the pygmy chimpanzee is of a smaller predominance only as compared to the values of the other species of this superfamily.  The preliminary data on the finger tip patterns, translated into P. I. values, are much higher than in chimpanzees and within the range of the mean values of gorillas (Brehme, '73), while those of the toes of pygmy chimpanzees seem to possess the lowest P. I. values of the African apes.", "contents": "Epidermal patterns of the hands and feet of the pygmy Chimpanzee (Pan paniscus). The characteristics of the epidermal ridge system were studied in a series of eighteen lesser or pygmy chimpanzees (Pan paniscus).  The general ridge alignments are very similar to those of the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes); Biegert ('61).  On the average the pattern intensity (P. I.) of the palm configurations is considerably higher in the pygmy chimpanzee than in the chimpanzee, thus representating the highest total palm pattern intensity of all species of the hominoidea.  The sole configurations show parallel main results to those of the palm; however, the decreased sole pattern frequency of the pygmy chimpanzee is of a smaller predominance only as compared to the values of the other species of this superfamily.  The preliminary data on the finger tip patterns, translated into P. I. values, are much higher than in chimpanzees and within the range of the mean values of gorillas (Brehme, '73), while those of the toes of pygmy chimpanzees seem to possess the lowest P. I. values of the African apes.", "PMID": 1119549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6410", "title": "Ridge course of the whorls: classification and methods.", "content": "In dermatoglyphic methodology the system of gross classification of digital pattern types needs modifications.  More attention should be focussed on the study of minute morphological variations among pattern types in order to understand fully the genetic mechanisms involved in pattern variations.  A systematic classification to record many of the morphological peculiarities is lacking.  The paper proposes a classification and methods of identification of the direction of the course of the ridges inside the pattern area of true whorls.  In all, nine ridge course types are identified, named and described.  Data analysed on the basis of the above methods and classification reveal significant bilateral differences for clockwise and counter-clockwise types of ridge directions.  Mode of inheritance, bisexual differences, etc., of the polymorphic course of these ridges should be studied.  Its usefulness in the field of personal identification, population genetics and medicine should also be evaluated.", "contents": "Ridge course of the whorls: classification and methods. In dermatoglyphic methodology the system of gross classification of digital pattern types needs modifications.  More attention should be focussed on the study of minute morphological variations among pattern types in order to understand fully the genetic mechanisms involved in pattern variations.  A systematic classification to record many of the morphological peculiarities is lacking.  The paper proposes a classification and methods of identification of the direction of the course of the ridges inside the pattern area of true whorls.  In all, nine ridge course types are identified, named and described.  Data analysed on the basis of the above methods and classification reveal significant bilateral differences for clockwise and counter-clockwise types of ridge directions.  Mode of inheritance, bisexual differences, etc., of the polymorphic course of these ridges should be studied.  Its usefulness in the field of personal identification, population genetics and medicine should also be evaluated.", "PMID": 1119550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6411", "title": "Dermatoglyphics of Easter Islanders analyzed by pattern type, admixture effect, and ridge count variation.", "content": "The adult Easter Island population was fingerprinted in 1965 as part of an overall study of their human biology.  Major findings of the dermatoglyphic analysis are as follows.  Digit and bimanuar percentages of patterns (arches, loops, and whorls) were similar to those observed in Europeans.  However, in terms of total pattern type distributions, the Islanders had many more whorls and a correspondingly much higher Pattern Intensity Index than those found in European groups.  This difference was even present, although in lesser magnitude, in Easter Islanders known to be admixed with Europeans.  Corresponding to a high occurrence of whorls, Mean Total Ridge Count (TRC) was also notably high.  An association between TRC as a measure of pattern size and incidence of patterns was clearly evident in several groups available for comparison.", "contents": "Dermatoglyphics of Easter Islanders analyzed by pattern type, admixture effect, and ridge count variation. The adult Easter Island population was fingerprinted in 1965 as part of an overall study of their human biology.  Major findings of the dermatoglyphic analysis are as follows.  Digit and bimanuar percentages of patterns (arches, loops, and whorls) were similar to those observed in Europeans.  However, in terms of total pattern type distributions, the Islanders had many more whorls and a correspondingly much higher Pattern Intensity Index than those found in European groups.  This difference was even present, although in lesser magnitude, in Easter Islanders known to be admixed with Europeans.  Corresponding to a high occurrence of whorls, Mean Total Ridge Count (TRC) was also notably high.  An association between TRC as a measure of pattern size and incidence of patterns was clearly evident in several groups available for comparison.", "PMID": 1119551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6412", "title": "Sex and side differences and correlations between quantitative palmar characteristics in a sample Sardinian population.", "content": "Defferences between the sexes and between the sides and the correlations between four quantitative characteristics of palmar dermatoglyphics in a sample population of 809 individuals (418 males and 391 females) from the city of Cagliari, Sardinia, are tested.  Males have a greater number of ridges than females, shown by a greater a-b ridge count and A-d ridge count, and a more transverse slope of the main lines, shown by a greater main line index and papillary number.  The left palm shows a greater number of ridges than the right palm between the A line and the triradius d and between the triradii a and b, with a lower main line index and papillary number.  The a-b ridge count has a negative correlation with the main line index and with the papillary number and a positive one with the A-d ridge count; these correlations are greater in the left palms, especially in the males.", "contents": "Sex and side differences and correlations between quantitative palmar characteristics in a sample Sardinian population. Defferences between the sexes and between the sides and the correlations between four quantitative characteristics of palmar dermatoglyphics in a sample population of 809 individuals (418 males and 391 females) from the city of Cagliari, Sardinia, are tested.  Males have a greater number of ridges than females, shown by a greater a-b ridge count and A-d ridge count, and a more transverse slope of the main lines, shown by a greater main line index and papillary number.  The left palm shows a greater number of ridges than the right palm between the A line and the triradius d and between the triradii a and b, with a lower main line index and papillary number.  The a-b ridge count has a negative correlation with the main line index and with the papillary number and a positive one with the A-d ridge count; these correlations are greater in the left palms, especially in the males.", "PMID": 1119552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6413", "title": "Dermatoglyphic traits in patients with cardiovascular disorders.", "content": "Dermatoglyphic studies were carried out on 800 Japanese subjects.  Digital dermal pattern types were classified into true whorls, double loops, ulnar loops, radial loops and arches.  Both total and absolute ridge count were recorded.  Subjects with hypertension, angina pectoris and myocardial infarction were compared with the remaining group of others who had not yet developed any of these disorders.  Individuals with myocardial infarction had a significantly higher frequency of true whorls and a correspondingly lower frequency of ulnar loops than the control group.  Total and absolute ridge counts were also significantly higher in myocardial infarction.  Individuals with hypertension and angina pectoris were not significantly different in most dermatoglyphic traits from the controls.  These observations suggest that antenatal factors may contribute to the etiology of myocardial infarction in man.", "contents": "Dermatoglyphic traits in patients with cardiovascular disorders. Dermatoglyphic studies were carried out on 800 Japanese subjects.  Digital dermal pattern types were classified into true whorls, double loops, ulnar loops, radial loops and arches.  Both total and absolute ridge count were recorded.  Subjects with hypertension, angina pectoris and myocardial infarction were compared with the remaining group of others who had not yet developed any of these disorders.  Individuals with myocardial infarction had a significantly higher frequency of true whorls and a correspondingly lower frequency of ulnar loops than the control group.  Total and absolute ridge counts were also significantly higher in myocardial infarction.  Individuals with hypertension and angina pectoris were not significantly different in most dermatoglyphic traits from the controls.  These observations suggest that antenatal factors may contribute to the etiology of myocardial infarction in man.", "PMID": 1119553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6414", "title": "Localization of rapidly exchangeable calcium in mammalian heart muscle.", "content": "Two new methods were used to calculate net labeled Ca++ compartmental influx into rabbit myocardium: 1) continuous measurements of arteriovenous differences in 45Ca levels are corrected for longitudinal mixing and for varying transit times by a double-isotope technique with the relatively impermeant 131I-labeled albumin as the referent substance; 21 tritiated sucrose and 45Ca contents were measured in ventricular muscle after perfusion with the doubly labeled perfusate and washout of aqueous perfusate with fluorocarbon 80. Both methods yielded similar results. Only 52% of the Ca++ efflux from the vascular bed during the rapid flux period can be accounted for as Ca++ in interstitial water under control perfusion conditions. Contracture induced by substituting K+ for Na+ in the perfusate brings the fraction not accounted for as Ca++ in interstitial water from 48 to 60% of the total in 5 min. When irreversible contracture is induced by return to normal [Ca++] after short periods of excitation-contraction uncoupling due to zero [Ca++] perfusion, the fraction not accounted for as Ca++ in interstitial water is 68% in 5 min.", "contents": "Localization of rapidly exchangeable calcium in mammalian heart muscle. Two new methods were used to calculate net labeled Ca++ compartmental influx into rabbit myocardium: 1) continuous measurements of arteriovenous differences in 45Ca levels are corrected for longitudinal mixing and for varying transit times by a double-isotope technique with the relatively impermeant 131I-labeled albumin as the referent substance; 21 tritiated sucrose and 45Ca contents were measured in ventricular muscle after perfusion with the doubly labeled perfusate and washout of aqueous perfusate with fluorocarbon 80. Both methods yielded similar results. Only 52% of the Ca++ efflux from the vascular bed during the rapid flux period can be accounted for as Ca++ in interstitial water under control perfusion conditions. Contracture induced by substituting K+ for Na+ in the perfusate brings the fraction not accounted for as Ca++ in interstitial water from 48 to 60% of the total in 5 min. When irreversible contracture is induced by return to normal [Ca++] after short periods of excitation-contraction uncoupling due to zero [Ca++] perfusion, the fraction not accounted for as Ca++ in interstitial water is 68% in 5 min.", "PMID": 1119555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6415", "title": "Rat brain regional uptake and decarboxylation of L-DOPA following carotid injection.", "content": "Using the carotid injection technique, the regional uptake and decarboxylation of L-DOPA at the blood-brain barrier in the rat was studied. After a single intracarotid injection in the rat followed by decapitation 15 S later, the uptake of L-DOPA was measured relative to tritiated water injected simultaneously as a diffusible internal standard. Decarboxylation was investigated with an injection mixture of L-[carboxy-14C]DOPA and L-[2,3-3H]DOPA. Uptake of L-DOPA studied over the range of 15-5,076 nmol/ml appeared to be a composite of two separate mechanisms. The saturable component had a half-maximal velocity transport value, K-t, of 336 muG. A diffusional, nonsaturable component had a diffusion constant of 0.018. A regional study showed that uptake operated at approximately the same rate in the various brain areas despite marked regional variation in catecholamine concentration. The decarboxylation of L-DOPA also occurred at a similar rate in all regions. Even when L-DOPA was injected at a concentration of 3 mM, 33-51% was decarboxylated within the 15-S period. These results support the hypothesis that L-DOPA movement into the brain occures via a neutral amino acid transport mechanism common to cerebral capillaries of different regions of the brain.", "contents": "Rat brain regional uptake and decarboxylation of L-DOPA following carotid injection. Using the carotid injection technique, the regional uptake and decarboxylation of L-DOPA at the blood-brain barrier in the rat was studied. After a single intracarotid injection in the rat followed by decapitation 15 S later, the uptake of L-DOPA was measured relative to tritiated water injected simultaneously as a diffusible internal standard. Decarboxylation was investigated with an injection mixture of L-[carboxy-14C]DOPA and L-[2,3-3H]DOPA. Uptake of L-DOPA studied over the range of 15-5,076 nmol/ml appeared to be a composite of two separate mechanisms. The saturable component had a half-maximal velocity transport value, K-t, of 336 muG. A diffusional, nonsaturable component had a diffusion constant of 0.018. A regional study showed that uptake operated at approximately the same rate in the various brain areas despite marked regional variation in catecholamine concentration. The decarboxylation of L-DOPA also occurred at a similar rate in all regions. Even when L-DOPA was injected at a concentration of 3 mM, 33-51% was decarboxylated within the 15-S period. These results support the hypothesis that L-DOPA movement into the brain occures via a neutral amino acid transport mechanism common to cerebral capillaries of different regions of the brain.", "PMID": 1119556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6416", "title": "Positive staircase effect in the rat heart.", "content": "The apparent lack of a positive staircase effect in ray myocardium may reflect inadequate metabolic support. Isolated rat hearts (n equals 10) were perfused at 37 degrees C with Krebs buffer containing 5 mM glucose. In 10 preparations increases in heart rate from 240 to 480/min resulted in twofold increases in left ventricular pressure and dP/dt. Pacing at a rate of 480/min resulted in mechanical deterioration of the preparation and in 50% decreases of myocardial ATP concentration within a 10-min period. Hearts of open-chest rats driven at the same rate for the same period maintained normal ATP stores. In isolated papillary muscles contracting isometrically at a rate of 30/min, peak stress 15g/mm2 (mean plus or minus SE, n equals 8) and was not changed by increasing the concentration of glucose from 5 to 30 mM. When frequency was raised from 30 to 300/min, stress declined to 5.0 plus or minus .15 g/mm2 in the presence of 5mM glucose (P smaller than .001) but increased to 8.8 plus or minus .21 g/mm2 (P smaller than 0.001) in the presence of 30 mM glucose. Thus, rat ventricular myocardium exhibits a positive staircase effect at physiological heart rates when metabolic support is adequate.", "contents": "Positive staircase effect in the rat heart. The apparent lack of a positive staircase effect in ray myocardium may reflect inadequate metabolic support. Isolated rat hearts (n equals 10) were perfused at 37 degrees C with Krebs buffer containing 5 mM glucose. In 10 preparations increases in heart rate from 240 to 480/min resulted in twofold increases in left ventricular pressure and dP/dt. Pacing at a rate of 480/min resulted in mechanical deterioration of the preparation and in 50% decreases of myocardial ATP concentration within a 10-min period. Hearts of open-chest rats driven at the same rate for the same period maintained normal ATP stores. In isolated papillary muscles contracting isometrically at a rate of 30/min, peak stress 15g/mm2 (mean plus or minus SE, n equals 8) and was not changed by increasing the concentration of glucose from 5 to 30 mM. When frequency was raised from 30 to 300/min, stress declined to 5.0 plus or minus .15 g/mm2 in the presence of 5mM glucose (P smaller than .001) but increased to 8.8 plus or minus .21 g/mm2 (P smaller than 0.001) in the presence of 30 mM glucose. Thus, rat ventricular myocardium exhibits a positive staircase effect at physiological heart rates when metabolic support is adequate.", "PMID": 1119557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6417", "title": "Effects of coronary hypotension on myocardial substrate utilization.", "content": "Changes in myocardial substrate utilization were studied after experimental coronary hypotension in the isolated dog heart perfused with the blood of a large donor animal. After a control period (100 mmHg) the afterload of the isolated heart was adjusted to 50 mmHg and kept at that level for 4 h. After this period, a second control observation was made at a 100-mmHg afterload. Coronary sinus blood flow and oxygen consumption decreased during hypotension and returned to normal during the second control period. Myocardial free fatty acid (FFA) uptake and oxidation did not change significantly. Lactate uptake and the percentage of CO2 derived from myocardial lactate utilization were both diminished during hypotension. These changes were not present during the second control period. Glucose uptake and myocardial respiratory quotient were decreased during the hypotensive period. Half the hearts exhibited elevated end-diastolic pressure after hypotension, but no metabolic differences were detectable between the failing and nonfailing hearts. Thus, prolonged severe hypotension caused a relative preference of FFA oxidation and diminished lactate and glucose uptakes by the myocardium. These changes were quite different from those obtained during experimental hemorrhagic or endotoxic shock.", "contents": "Effects of coronary hypotension on myocardial substrate utilization. Changes in myocardial substrate utilization were studied after experimental coronary hypotension in the isolated dog heart perfused with the blood of a large donor animal. After a control period (100 mmHg) the afterload of the isolated heart was adjusted to 50 mmHg and kept at that level for 4 h. After this period, a second control observation was made at a 100-mmHg afterload. Coronary sinus blood flow and oxygen consumption decreased during hypotension and returned to normal during the second control period. Myocardial free fatty acid (FFA) uptake and oxidation did not change significantly. Lactate uptake and the percentage of CO2 derived from myocardial lactate utilization were both diminished during hypotension. These changes were not present during the second control period. Glucose uptake and myocardial respiratory quotient were decreased during the hypotensive period. Half the hearts exhibited elevated end-diastolic pressure after hypotension, but no metabolic differences were detectable between the failing and nonfailing hearts. Thus, prolonged severe hypotension caused a relative preference of FFA oxidation and diminished lactate and glucose uptakes by the myocardium. These changes were quite different from those obtained during experimental hemorrhagic or endotoxic shock.", "PMID": 1119558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6418", "title": "Methods for serial study of renin-angiotensin system in the unanesthetized rat.", "content": "Micromethods for measurement of plasma renin concentration (PRC) and plasma renin-substrate concentration (PSC) have been developed for rat plasma with radioimmunoassay of angiotensin I. An improved technique for aortic implantation of plastic cannulas was developed for use in experiments 1-2 wk in duration. The effects on components of renin system of anesthesia and tail cutting were studied. Arterial blood was sampled through cannulas without animal manipulation. PRC varied little in unanesthetized rats, was moderately and variably increased during pentobarbital anesthesia, and was markedly and consistently elevated during ether anesthesia. PSC was unchanged during anesthesia. PRC was increased in blood obtained by tail cutting within 1-2 min after cutting. With the use of the methods and techniques described here serial studies of the renin system in plasma of unanesthetized rats are shown to be feasible. A role for the sympathetic nervous system in the mediation of renin secretion by ether is proposed.", "contents": "Methods for serial study of renin-angiotensin system in the unanesthetized rat. Micromethods for measurement of plasma renin concentration (PRC) and plasma renin-substrate concentration (PSC) have been developed for rat plasma with radioimmunoassay of angiotensin I. An improved technique for aortic implantation of plastic cannulas was developed for use in experiments 1-2 wk in duration. The effects on components of renin system of anesthesia and tail cutting were studied. Arterial blood was sampled through cannulas without animal manipulation. PRC varied little in unanesthetized rats, was moderately and variably increased during pentobarbital anesthesia, and was markedly and consistently elevated during ether anesthesia. PSC was unchanged during anesthesia. PRC was increased in blood obtained by tail cutting within 1-2 min after cutting. With the use of the methods and techniques described here serial studies of the renin system in plasma of unanesthetized rats are shown to be feasible. A role for the sympathetic nervous system in the mediation of renin secretion by ether is proposed.", "PMID": 1119559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6419", "title": "Plasma hormone and renal function changes in unrestrained dogs exposed to cold.", "content": "Renal clearances and plasma antidiuretic hormone (ADH), 17-hydroxycorticoids, and norepinephrine were measured in unrestrained dogs before and during exposure to ambient cold (minus 4 to + 4 degrees C). Some dogs were treated with an inhibitor of cortisol biosynthesis, Metopirone, either alone or combined with dexamethasone, a potent glucocorticoid suppressing ACTH release. Plasma ADH increased in the Metopirone-treated group (P smaller than 0.02) but changed little in other dogs. Plasma 17-hydroxycorticoids in untreated dogs rose from a control value of 14.4 plus or minus 1.9 (SE) to 1.82 plus or minus 1.2 mug/100 ml after 20 min of exposure (P smaller than 0.01), an increase comparable with that previously observed in restrained dogs. Plasma norepinephrine increased from 0.98 plus or minus 0.07 to 1.15 plus or minus 0.08 mug/liter (P smaller than 0.01) after 20 min of exposure. Urine flow, C-Cr, and C-PAH tended to increase spontaneously in nonexposed control dogs. Exposure to cold abolished or reversed this tendency, most distinctly in the Metopirone-dexamethasone group. The urine concentration, measured as T-c-H2O/C-Cr, did not change in cold, in contrast to a decrease previously observed in restrained dogs. The data do not support the key role of plasma cortisol elevation in the mechanism of urine-concentration defect in cold and demonstrate important differences between responses of restrained and unrestrained animals.", "contents": "Plasma hormone and renal function changes in unrestrained dogs exposed to cold. Renal clearances and plasma antidiuretic hormone (ADH), 17-hydroxycorticoids, and norepinephrine were measured in unrestrained dogs before and during exposure to ambient cold (minus 4 to + 4 degrees C). Some dogs were treated with an inhibitor of cortisol biosynthesis, Metopirone, either alone or combined with dexamethasone, a potent glucocorticoid suppressing ACTH release. Plasma ADH increased in the Metopirone-treated group (P smaller than 0.02) but changed little in other dogs. Plasma 17-hydroxycorticoids in untreated dogs rose from a control value of 14.4 plus or minus 1.9 (SE) to 1.82 plus or minus 1.2 mug/100 ml after 20 min of exposure (P smaller than 0.01), an increase comparable with that previously observed in restrained dogs. Plasma norepinephrine increased from 0.98 plus or minus 0.07 to 1.15 plus or minus 0.08 mug/liter (P smaller than 0.01) after 20 min of exposure. Urine flow, C-Cr, and C-PAH tended to increase spontaneously in nonexposed control dogs. Exposure to cold abolished or reversed this tendency, most distinctly in the Metopirone-dexamethasone group. The urine concentration, measured as T-c-H2O/C-Cr, did not change in cold, in contrast to a decrease previously observed in restrained dogs. The data do not support the key role of plasma cortisol elevation in the mechanism of urine-concentration defect in cold and demonstrate important differences between responses of restrained and unrestrained animals.", "PMID": 1119560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6420", "title": "Regulation of arterial blood pressure in the common green iguana.", "content": "Arterial blood pressure (ABP) responses to graded hemorrhage and passive head-up tilt were studied in restrained, anesthetized, and unanesthetized iguanas. The ABP fell slowly in response to hemorrhage up to a critical deficit of 35 plus or minus 19% of the estimated blood volume; the rate of ABP fall then increased nearly 40-fold to continued hemorrhage. Increased heart rate and decreased femoral arterial blood flow accompanied progressive hemorrhage. Propranolol (2-3 mug/kg) did not appreciably alter arterial pressure-hemorrhage curves but hemorrhage-induced increases in heart rate were diminished nearly 50%. Atropine had little effect on either the blood pressure or heart rate changes induced by hemorrhage. During passive tilts of 0-90 degrees carotid arterial pressure fell 33% before returning to control levels (2 min). Heart rate increased and femoral arterial blood flow and central venous pressure fell in response to head-up tilts. It is concluded that hemorrhage and passive head-up tilting can induce reflex cardiovascular changes that assist ABP regulation in iguanas.", "contents": "Regulation of arterial blood pressure in the common green iguana. Arterial blood pressure (ABP) responses to graded hemorrhage and passive head-up tilt were studied in restrained, anesthetized, and unanesthetized iguanas. The ABP fell slowly in response to hemorrhage up to a critical deficit of 35 plus or minus 19% of the estimated blood volume; the rate of ABP fall then increased nearly 40-fold to continued hemorrhage. Increased heart rate and decreased femoral arterial blood flow accompanied progressive hemorrhage. Propranolol (2-3 mug/kg) did not appreciably alter arterial pressure-hemorrhage curves but hemorrhage-induced increases in heart rate were diminished nearly 50%. Atropine had little effect on either the blood pressure or heart rate changes induced by hemorrhage. During passive tilts of 0-90 degrees carotid arterial pressure fell 33% before returning to control levels (2 min). Heart rate increased and femoral arterial blood flow and central venous pressure fell in response to head-up tilts. It is concluded that hemorrhage and passive head-up tilting can induce reflex cardiovascular changes that assist ABP regulation in iguanas.", "PMID": 1119561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6421", "title": "Neuroendocrine conditioning: conditioned feeding after alterations in glucose utilization.", "content": "We have demonstrated that it is possible to condition the feeding behavior induced by either 2-deoxy-D-glucose (a chemical that induces glucopenia) or tolbutamide (an oral hypoglycemic agent). Such behavioral conditioning is also accompanied by a conditioning of neuroendocrine responses. A model for both overt and covert conditioned responses is proposed.", "contents": "Neuroendocrine conditioning: conditioned feeding after alterations in glucose utilization. We have demonstrated that it is possible to condition the feeding behavior induced by either 2-deoxy-D-glucose (a chemical that induces glucopenia) or tolbutamide (an oral hypoglycemic agent). Such behavioral conditioning is also accompanied by a conditioning of neuroendocrine responses. A model for both overt and covert conditioned responses is proposed.", "PMID": 1119562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6422", "title": "Central nervous system control of cardiorespiratory nasopharyngeal reflexes in the rabbit.", "content": "The role of different central nervous regions in the reflex apnea, bradycardia, and mesenteric vasoconstriction evoked by nasopharyngeal stimulation with cigarette smoke was examined in unanesthetized shamoperated, thalamic, and pontine rabbits with intact and sectioned carotid sinus and aortic nerves (CS and AN). Apnea occurred in all preparations. In pontine animals with intact CS and AN, the heart rate response was reduced but not the mesenteric vasoconstriction. The role of suprabulbar and bulbospinal regions became more apparent when individual components of the input profile were examined in animals with controlled ventilation. The bradycardia and mesenteric vasoconstriction evoked by apnea without smoke, but not by smoke without apnea, were reduced in pontine animals. Prior section of the CS and AN attenuated the response in all neural preparations but to the least extent when cerebral hemispheres were intact. The data indicate that the respiratory reflex is predominantly integrated at bulbospinal sites, but the cardiovascular reflex is integrated at both bulbospinal and suprabulbar sites, or is integrated at bulbospinal and modulated from suprabulbar sites.", "contents": "Central nervous system control of cardiorespiratory nasopharyngeal reflexes in the rabbit. The role of different central nervous regions in the reflex apnea, bradycardia, and mesenteric vasoconstriction evoked by nasopharyngeal stimulation with cigarette smoke was examined in unanesthetized shamoperated, thalamic, and pontine rabbits with intact and sectioned carotid sinus and aortic nerves (CS and AN). Apnea occurred in all preparations. In pontine animals with intact CS and AN, the heart rate response was reduced but not the mesenteric vasoconstriction. The role of suprabulbar and bulbospinal regions became more apparent when individual components of the input profile were examined in animals with controlled ventilation. The bradycardia and mesenteric vasoconstriction evoked by apnea without smoke, but not by smoke without apnea, were reduced in pontine animals. Prior section of the CS and AN attenuated the response in all neural preparations but to the least extent when cerebral hemispheres were intact. The data indicate that the respiratory reflex is predominantly integrated at bulbospinal sites, but the cardiovascular reflex is integrated at both bulbospinal and suprabulbar sites, or is integrated at bulbospinal and modulated from suprabulbar sites.", "PMID": 1119563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6423", "title": "Endotoxin-induced prostaglandin E and F release in dogs.", "content": "Prostaglandin E and F (PGE and PGF) levels in sequential blood samples obtained simultaneously from the renal and portal veins and aorta during endotoxin shock in dogs were determined by radioimmunoassay. Four groups of dogs were studied. In five control dogs in which no endotoxin was given, PGE and PGF levels did not change significantly at 0, 15, 30, 60, and 90 min. In eight dogs given endotoxin alone, PGE and PGF levels did not change in the aorta. In samples taken from the portal vein there was a significant rise in PGE and PGF 15 min after endotoxin, whereas renal vein PGE and PGF did not become significantly elevated until 60 and 90 min after endotoxin. In six dogs pretreated with acetylsalicylic acid and six dogs pretreated with indomethacin, PGE and PGF levels did not change after endotoxin. Indomethacin modified the delayed hemodynamic effects of endotoxin whereas acetylsalicylic acid did not. Neither drug blocked the immediate hemodynamic effects of endotoxin. Endotoxin-induced PGE and PGF release is probably due to increased synthesis. The mechanism whereby synthesis is stimulated and the extent to which vasomotor tone is influenced by PGE and PGF during endotoxin shock cannot be determined from our data.", "contents": "Endotoxin-induced prostaglandin E and F release in dogs. Prostaglandin E and F (PGE and PGF) levels in sequential blood samples obtained simultaneously from the renal and portal veins and aorta during endotoxin shock in dogs were determined by radioimmunoassay. Four groups of dogs were studied. In five control dogs in which no endotoxin was given, PGE and PGF levels did not change significantly at 0, 15, 30, 60, and 90 min. In eight dogs given endotoxin alone, PGE and PGF levels did not change in the aorta. In samples taken from the portal vein there was a significant rise in PGE and PGF 15 min after endotoxin, whereas renal vein PGE and PGF did not become significantly elevated until 60 and 90 min after endotoxin. In six dogs pretreated with acetylsalicylic acid and six dogs pretreated with indomethacin, PGE and PGF levels did not change after endotoxin. Indomethacin modified the delayed hemodynamic effects of endotoxin whereas acetylsalicylic acid did not. Neither drug blocked the immediate hemodynamic effects of endotoxin. Endotoxin-induced PGE and PGF release is probably due to increased synthesis. The mechanism whereby synthesis is stimulated and the extent to which vasomotor tone is influenced by PGE and PGF during endotoxin shock cannot be determined from our data.", "PMID": 1119564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6424", "title": "Creatinine, potassium, and calcium flux from chicken cerebrospinal fluid.", "content": "Brains of methoxyflurane-anesthetized chickens were perfused from a lateral cerebral ventricle to cisterna magna with an artificial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) containing trace quantities of radioiodinated human serum albumin (RIHSA) or inulin (1.0 mg/ml) to measure CSF bulk absorption. In addition, it contained either trace quantities of 22Na, 42K, 45Ca or [14C]creatinine; the concentrations of the latter three were varied to determine permeability coefficients (K-D's) as a function of concentration. A mass balance for the tracer molecules was calculated to determine their movement into brain or blood. K-D's for 45Ca, 42K, 22Na, and creatinine (Cr) were unaffected by perfusion time and the latter two were larger than previously reported (3). The lack of effect of time on K-D and the large values for K-D22Na and K-D-Cr are attributed to anesthetic effects on brain blood flow. K-D-Cr and K-D42K were larger than K-D22Na or K-D45Ca and K-D's for 45Ca, Cr, and 42K were independent of their inflow concentrations. An active transport process is suggested for potassium and creatinine, but one that is located at sites other than the ependymal wall. Bulk flow clearance accounted for RIHSA movement from CSF, whereas nonbulk clearance  accounted for 50% of 22Na and 45Ca movement and 90% of 42K clearance. Fifty percent of 42K and 25% of 22Na and 45Ca were found in brain. The large recovery of 42K in brain supports the hypothesis that intracellular potassium serves as an exchangeable pool for the tracer.", "contents": "Creatinine, potassium, and calcium flux from chicken cerebrospinal fluid. Brains of methoxyflurane-anesthetized chickens were perfused from a lateral cerebral ventricle to cisterna magna with an artificial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) containing trace quantities of radioiodinated human serum albumin (RIHSA) or inulin (1.0 mg/ml) to measure CSF bulk absorption. In addition, it contained either trace quantities of 22Na, 42K, 45Ca or [14C]creatinine; the concentrations of the latter three were varied to determine permeability coefficients (K-D's) as a function of concentration. A mass balance for the tracer molecules was calculated to determine their movement into brain or blood. K-D's for 45Ca, 42K, 22Na, and creatinine (Cr) were unaffected by perfusion time and the latter two were larger than previously reported (3). The lack of effect of time on K-D and the large values for K-D22Na and K-D-Cr are attributed to anesthetic effects on brain blood flow. K-D-Cr and K-D42K were larger than K-D22Na or K-D45Ca and K-D's for 45Ca, Cr, and 42K were independent of their inflow concentrations. An active transport process is suggested for potassium and creatinine, but one that is located at sites other than the ependymal wall. Bulk flow clearance accounted for RIHSA movement from CSF, whereas nonbulk clearance  accounted for 50% of 22Na and 45Ca movement and 90% of 42K clearance. Fifty percent of 42K and 25% of 22Na and 45Ca were found in brain. The large recovery of 42K in brain supports the hypothesis that intracellular potassium serves as an exchangeable pool for the tracer.", "PMID": 1119565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6425", "title": "Kidney function of the American eel Anguilla rostrata.", "content": "Urine formation in the eel, acclimated to freshwater (FW) and seawater (SW) was studied. SW eels maintained higher plasma and urine osmotic and ionic concentrations than FW eels. Polyethylene-1,2-glycol-14C (PEG-14C) clearance was 29% greater than methoxy-inulin-3H clearance. PEG-14C clearance was considered to be the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). The GFR of SW and FW eels did not differ. Urine flow rate in SW eels was one-third of that in FW eels. The primary urinary solutes in both groups were Na and Cl. Apparently, tubular fluid secretion occurred in FW and, to a lesser degree, in SW eels. With the assumption that water reabsorption was secondary to Na reabsorption in the kidney, the clearance data were used to evaluate all possible explanations for what appeared to be fluid secretion. The data were inconsistent with the possibility that GFR had been underestimated due to glomerular sieving of PEG or active or passive reabsorption of the marker, but consistent with tubular fluid secretion. Furosemide caused diuresis in both groups of eels apparently by inhibition of Na reabsorption in the distal tubule, but it had no effect on the apparent tubular fluid secretion. Tubular ion secretion could not be conclusively implicated as a driving force for fluid secretion. However, the possibility of K, Ca, or Mg secretion in a proximal segment followed by reabsorption in a more distal part of the nephron was not ruled out.", "contents": "Kidney function of the American eel Anguilla rostrata. Urine formation in the eel, acclimated to freshwater (FW) and seawater (SW) was studied. SW eels maintained higher plasma and urine osmotic and ionic concentrations than FW eels. Polyethylene-1,2-glycol-14C (PEG-14C) clearance was 29% greater than methoxy-inulin-3H clearance. PEG-14C clearance was considered to be the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). The GFR of SW and FW eels did not differ. Urine flow rate in SW eels was one-third of that in FW eels. The primary urinary solutes in both groups were Na and Cl. Apparently, tubular fluid secretion occurred in FW and, to a lesser degree, in SW eels. With the assumption that water reabsorption was secondary to Na reabsorption in the kidney, the clearance data were used to evaluate all possible explanations for what appeared to be fluid secretion. The data were inconsistent with the possibility that GFR had been underestimated due to glomerular sieving of PEG or active or passive reabsorption of the marker, but consistent with tubular fluid secretion. Furosemide caused diuresis in both groups of eels apparently by inhibition of Na reabsorption in the distal tubule, but it had no effect on the apparent tubular fluid secretion. Tubular ion secretion could not be conclusively implicated as a driving force for fluid secretion. However, the possibility of K, Ca, or Mg secretion in a proximal segment followed by reabsorption in a more distal part of the nephron was not ruled out.", "PMID": 1119566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6426", "title": "Modulation of leucine transaminase activity by dietary means.", "content": "The specific activity of leucine transaminase was measured in supernatants of liver, skeletal muscle (gastrocnemius), and kidney homogenates obtained from fed, starved, and protein-deprived rats. After 12 h of starvation, there were slight reductions in leucine transaminase activity of both muscle and kidney tissues. When starvation was prolonged to 1 full day, the activity of this enzyme increased by approximately twofold in both muscle and kidney. Prolongation of fasting to 5 days resulted in an additional increase in specific activity of leucine transaminase in muscle. During the entire 5 days of starvation, leucine transaminase activity remained unaltered in liver of starved rats. Protein deprivation for 1 or 5 days resulted in significant reductions in specific activity of leucine transaminase in skeletal muscle. Protein deprivation did not produce a remarkable effect on the activity of this enzyme in kidney or liver tissue. The results of this study, together with those previously obtained, indicate that within our experimental conditions increased oxidation of leucine in skeletal muscle of starved rats is not initially related to an alteration in activity of leucine transaminase. When caloric deficiency is prolonged, the potential for transamination is also increased. These adaptive changes increase the ability of skeletal muscle to use leucine as a metabolic fuel.", "contents": "Modulation of leucine transaminase activity by dietary means. The specific activity of leucine transaminase was measured in supernatants of liver, skeletal muscle (gastrocnemius), and kidney homogenates obtained from fed, starved, and protein-deprived rats. After 12 h of starvation, there were slight reductions in leucine transaminase activity of both muscle and kidney tissues. When starvation was prolonged to 1 full day, the activity of this enzyme increased by approximately twofold in both muscle and kidney. Prolongation of fasting to 5 days resulted in an additional increase in specific activity of leucine transaminase in muscle. During the entire 5 days of starvation, leucine transaminase activity remained unaltered in liver of starved rats. Protein deprivation for 1 or 5 days resulted in significant reductions in specific activity of leucine transaminase in skeletal muscle. Protein deprivation did not produce a remarkable effect on the activity of this enzyme in kidney or liver tissue. The results of this study, together with those previously obtained, indicate that within our experimental conditions increased oxidation of leucine in skeletal muscle of starved rats is not initially related to an alteration in activity of leucine transaminase. When caloric deficiency is prolonged, the potential for transamination is also increased. These adaptive changes increase the ability of skeletal muscle to use leucine as a metabolic fuel.", "PMID": 1119567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6427", "title": "Uremic inhibition of purine uptake by rat hepatic slices.", "content": "Measurements were made of the production of allantoin by liver slices prepared either from bilaterally nephrectomized rats or from normal, control rats in flasks containing either a) no added substrate, b) hypoxanthine, or c) xanthine. Uremic liver slices showed a 72.3% inhibition of augmented allantoin production with hypoxanthine as substrate and a 68.3% inhibition with xanthine as substrate. Next, uremic rat serum was added to liver slices prepared from normal rats along with either a) no added substrate, b) hypoxanthine, or c) xanthine. Normal rat serum replaced uremic rat serum in control experiments. In these paired experiments, uremic serum exerted an inhibitory effect on allantoin production of 78.0% when hypoxanthine was the substrate and of 83.6% when xanthine was the substrate. Studies on possible underlying mechanisms showed that the observed uremic inhibition of allantoin production by hepatic slices, in the presence of substrate (e.g., hypoxanthine), represents a decreased production of uric acid, secondary to the decreased hepatic uptake of substrate.", "contents": "Uremic inhibition of purine uptake by rat hepatic slices. Measurements were made of the production of allantoin by liver slices prepared either from bilaterally nephrectomized rats or from normal, control rats in flasks containing either a) no added substrate, b) hypoxanthine, or c) xanthine. Uremic liver slices showed a 72.3% inhibition of augmented allantoin production with hypoxanthine as substrate and a 68.3% inhibition with xanthine as substrate. Next, uremic rat serum was added to liver slices prepared from normal rats along with either a) no added substrate, b) hypoxanthine, or c) xanthine. Normal rat serum replaced uremic rat serum in control experiments. In these paired experiments, uremic serum exerted an inhibitory effect on allantoin production of 78.0% when hypoxanthine was the substrate and of 83.6% when xanthine was the substrate. Studies on possible underlying mechanisms showed that the observed uremic inhibition of allantoin production by hepatic slices, in the presence of substrate (e.g., hypoxanthine), represents a decreased production of uric acid, secondary to the decreased hepatic uptake of substrate.", "PMID": 1119568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6428", "title": "Branchial effects of epinephrine in the seawater-adapted mullet. II. Na+ and Cl- extrusion.", "content": "Injection of epinephrine into Mugil capito adapted to seawater is followed by a 40-60% inhibition of the Na and Cl effluxes. Simultaneously the Na influx is decreased by 30%, the overall result being a reduction of the net sodium extrusion rate by the gill. The change in Na influx is in part explained by a 75-80% decrease of the oral ingestion of seawater. This branchial adrenergic response is sensitive to alpha-blockade by phentolamine and tolazoline and insensitive to beta-blockade by propranolol. Both alpha-blockers are ineffective when injected alone. Propranolol injected alone mimics epinephrine while simultaneous injection of phentolamine blocks the response to propranolol. Rapid transfer experiments suggest that epinephrine inhibits the branchial Cl pump and its associated Na/K exchange mechanism. The leak pathway for these ions remains insensitive to epinephrine.", "contents": "Branchial effects of epinephrine in the seawater-adapted mullet. II. Na+ and Cl- extrusion. Injection of epinephrine into Mugil capito adapted to seawater is followed by a 40-60% inhibition of the Na and Cl effluxes. Simultaneously the Na influx is decreased by 30%, the overall result being a reduction of the net sodium extrusion rate by the gill. The change in Na influx is in part explained by a 75-80% decrease of the oral ingestion of seawater. This branchial adrenergic response is sensitive to alpha-blockade by phentolamine and tolazoline and insensitive to beta-blockade by propranolol. Both alpha-blockers are ineffective when injected alone. Propranolol injected alone mimics epinephrine while simultaneous injection of phentolamine blocks the response to propranolol. Rapid transfer experiments suggest that epinephrine inhibits the branchial Cl pump and its associated Na/K exchange mechanism. The leak pathway for these ions remains insensitive to epinephrine.", "PMID": 1119569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6429", "title": "Placental diffusing capacity in unanesthetized rabbits.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to determine the placental diffusing capacity of CO in unanesthetized rabbits. A standard dose of CO was administered to 18 near-term rabbits, and at time intervals varying from 5 min to 4 h maternal and fetal blood samples were analyzed for carboxyhemoglobin saturation (HbCO). Following administration of CO, the maternal HbCO rose rapidly within the 1st min and remained nearly constant for the remainder of the experiment. The fetal HbCO after CO introduction to the mother rose as CO crossed the placenta from maternal to fetal blood. After 15 min the fetal HbCO rose to equal the maternal HbCO averaging 18.5%. The fetal HbCO after 1 h averaged 33% saturation, 1.7-fold greater than the maternal HbCO at 1 h. Thereafter there was little further fetal rise and apparently equilibrium was reached. The average placental diffusing capacity for CO was 2.3 ml/(min times mmHg times kg), a value fourfold higher than has previously been reported in anesthetized sheep and dogs. Possible reasons are species difference, effects of posture, influence of anesthesia and surgery, and effects of an open versus intact uterus.", "contents": "Placental diffusing capacity in unanesthetized rabbits. The purpose of this study was to determine the placental diffusing capacity of CO in unanesthetized rabbits. A standard dose of CO was administered to 18 near-term rabbits, and at time intervals varying from 5 min to 4 h maternal and fetal blood samples were analyzed for carboxyhemoglobin saturation (HbCO). Following administration of CO, the maternal HbCO rose rapidly within the 1st min and remained nearly constant for the remainder of the experiment. The fetal HbCO after CO introduction to the mother rose as CO crossed the placenta from maternal to fetal blood. After 15 min the fetal HbCO rose to equal the maternal HbCO averaging 18.5%. The fetal HbCO after 1 h averaged 33% saturation, 1.7-fold greater than the maternal HbCO at 1 h. Thereafter there was little further fetal rise and apparently equilibrium was reached. The average placental diffusing capacity for CO was 2.3 ml/(min times mmHg times kg), a value fourfold higher than has previously been reported in anesthetized sheep and dogs. Possible reasons are species difference, effects of posture, influence of anesthesia and surgery, and effects of an open versus intact uterus.", "PMID": 1119570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6430", "title": "Intestinal transport of tryptophan and its analogs.", "content": "A comparative study of the intestinal transport of DL-tryptophan and its 1-methylindole (tryptophan-l-Me) and benzo[b]thiophene (tryptophan-S) analogs has been carried out in vitro, using the everted intestinal sac of the rat and hamster. Both tryptophan and tryptophan-S are actively transported across the intestine, while tryptophan-l-Me is not actively transported. The active transport of tryptophan is competitively inhibited by tryptophan-S, suggesting a similar carrier, while tryptophan-l-Me is not an inhibitor of tryptophan transport, suggesting little or no interaction with the carrier. The transport of tryptophan and tryptophan-S is depressed at concentrations (10 mM), and all three amino acids produce subtle alterations in the barrier properties of the sacs, as evidenced by increased tetraethylammonium bromide-14C diffusion.", "contents": "Intestinal transport of tryptophan and its analogs. A comparative study of the intestinal transport of DL-tryptophan and its 1-methylindole (tryptophan-l-Me) and benzo[b]thiophene (tryptophan-S) analogs has been carried out in vitro, using the everted intestinal sac of the rat and hamster. Both tryptophan and tryptophan-S are actively transported across the intestine, while tryptophan-l-Me is not actively transported. The active transport of tryptophan is competitively inhibited by tryptophan-S, suggesting a similar carrier, while tryptophan-l-Me is not an inhibitor of tryptophan transport, suggesting little or no interaction with the carrier. The transport of tryptophan and tryptophan-S is depressed at concentrations (10 mM), and all three amino acids produce subtle alterations in the barrier properties of the sacs, as evidenced by increased tetraethylammonium bromide-14C diffusion.", "PMID": 1119571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6431", "title": "A proposed mechanism of zinc absorption in the rat.", "content": "Studies were conducted at the cellular level in an attempt to describe the processes involved in zinc absorption from the intestine. A low-molecular-weight zinc-binding ligand was identified in the pancreas of rats and pancreatic secretions from a dog. The whole-body absorption of 65Zn in rats in which the common bile duct was ligated was significantly less than the absorption of 65Zn in rats in which the hepatic bile duct was ligated. The uptake of 65Zn by epithelial cells from everted intestinal segments was markedly increased in the presence of the zinc-binding ligand fraction from pancreatic secretions. Following in vivo labeling, 30% of the 65Zn in the epithelial cell was associated with the partially purified basolateral plasma membrane. When labeled basolateral plasma membranes were incubated in a medium that contained zinc-free albumin, approximately 96% of the 65Zn was transferred to the medium while less than 30% of the isotope was released to media that contained either no albumin or a 3:1 zinc: albumin complex. In rats fed a zinc-deficient diet, 65Zn absorption was inversely proportional to the serum zinc concentration, and both zinc and copper injections produced a marked decrease in 65Zn absorption. These results suggest that zinc absorption consists of interactions among a low-molecular-weight ligand, recpetor sites on the basolateral membrane, and metal-free albumin.", "contents": "A proposed mechanism of zinc absorption in the rat. Studies were conducted at the cellular level in an attempt to describe the processes involved in zinc absorption from the intestine. A low-molecular-weight zinc-binding ligand was identified in the pancreas of rats and pancreatic secretions from a dog. The whole-body absorption of 65Zn in rats in which the common bile duct was ligated was significantly less than the absorption of 65Zn in rats in which the hepatic bile duct was ligated. The uptake of 65Zn by epithelial cells from everted intestinal segments was markedly increased in the presence of the zinc-binding ligand fraction from pancreatic secretions. Following in vivo labeling, 30% of the 65Zn in the epithelial cell was associated with the partially purified basolateral plasma membrane. When labeled basolateral plasma membranes were incubated in a medium that contained zinc-free albumin, approximately 96% of the 65Zn was transferred to the medium while less than 30% of the isotope was released to media that contained either no albumin or a 3:1 zinc: albumin complex. In rats fed a zinc-deficient diet, 65Zn absorption was inversely proportional to the serum zinc concentration, and both zinc and copper injections produced a marked decrease in 65Zn absorption. These results suggest that zinc absorption consists of interactions among a low-molecular-weight ligand, recpetor sites on the basolateral membrane, and metal-free albumin.", "PMID": 1119572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6432", "title": "Comparative evaluation of the specificity and sensitivity of isometric indices of contractility.", "content": "It is generally held that a useful mechanical index of contractility is one that is unchanged by changes in initial muscle length, but that changes in appropriate direction and magnitude with a change in contractile state. A number of isometric indices were measured in vitro in isolated cat papillary muscles to quantitate their relative dependence on initial muscle length and contractile state. Results indicate that no one isometric index completely fulfills the definition of an ideal index of contractile state. In particular, indices that change considerably with alterations in contractile state (e.g., maximum dF/dt) are also moderately dependent on preload. Conversely, indices that are moderately insensitive to changes in contractile state (e.g., time-to-peak force) are also insensitive to changes in contractile state. Changes in extrapolated maximum velocity and peak VCE were similar and were less sensitive to changes in contractile state than maximum dF/dt. The most sensitive in vitro index of contractility appears to be maximum dF/dt at a constant preload.", "contents": "Comparative evaluation of the specificity and sensitivity of isometric indices of contractility. It is generally held that a useful mechanical index of contractility is one that is unchanged by changes in initial muscle length, but that changes in appropriate direction and magnitude with a change in contractile state. A number of isometric indices were measured in vitro in isolated cat papillary muscles to quantitate their relative dependence on initial muscle length and contractile state. Results indicate that no one isometric index completely fulfills the definition of an ideal index of contractile state. In particular, indices that change considerably with alterations in contractile state (e.g., maximum dF/dt) are also moderately dependent on preload. Conversely, indices that are moderately insensitive to changes in contractile state (e.g., time-to-peak force) are also insensitive to changes in contractile state. Changes in extrapolated maximum velocity and peak VCE were similar and were less sensitive to changes in contractile state than maximum dF/dt. The most sensitive in vitro index of contractility appears to be maximum dF/dt at a constant preload.", "PMID": 1119573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6433", "title": "Nature of aortic smooth muscle responses to changes in venous return in intact dogs.", "content": "A response of the aortic smooth muscle to reduction in venous return was demonstrated previously. The present experiments were performed to determine whether these responses were of a reflex origin rather than being attributable to viscoelastic mechanisms. Viscoelastic mechanisms could not account for changes seen in the aortic pressure diameter relationship curve. On the other hand, it was demonstrated that the response was abolished by eliminating sympathetic input to the aorta via spinal cord transection. This and other evidence demonstrate beyond doubt that the aortic response to reduction in venous return is of neurogenic origin and constitutes a well-integrated reflex. However, experimental evidence is presented which clearly indicates that the receptors for the aortic smooth muscle response are not located in either the carotid sinus or aortic arch but must be located elsewhere in the system.", "contents": "Nature of aortic smooth muscle responses to changes in venous return in intact dogs. A response of the aortic smooth muscle to reduction in venous return was demonstrated previously. The present experiments were performed to determine whether these responses were of a reflex origin rather than being attributable to viscoelastic mechanisms. Viscoelastic mechanisms could not account for changes seen in the aortic pressure diameter relationship curve. On the other hand, it was demonstrated that the response was abolished by eliminating sympathetic input to the aorta via spinal cord transection. This and other evidence demonstrate beyond doubt that the aortic response to reduction in venous return is of neurogenic origin and constitutes a well-integrated reflex. However, experimental evidence is presented which clearly indicates that the receptors for the aortic smooth muscle response are not located in either the carotid sinus or aortic arch but must be located elsewhere in the system.", "PMID": 1119574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6434", "title": "Modification of vagal depressor reflex by CO2 in spontaneously breathing rabbits.", "content": "The control of hindlimb and renal vascular beds by vagal afferents was studied, in anesthetized spontaneously breathing rabbits in which the carotid sinus and aortic depressor nerves were cut, by measuring the increase in vascular resistance (constant-flow perfusion with autologous blood) during bilateral vagal cold block (VCB). The effect of hypercapnia was studied with both increased ventilation (caused by inspiration of mixtures of CO2 in O2) and decreased ventilation (caused by infusion of gallamine during O2 breathing). The increase in hindlimb resistance with VCB was correlated with respiratory minute volume but not with PCO2; the reverse was true for the increase in renal resistance. Without VCB the renal vessel constriction caused by the hypercapnia was markedly attenuated, provided that there were minimal respiratory movements; the resistance increased dramatically when these movements were abolished or with VCB. Thus, the powerful central effect of CO2 on the renal vessels can be counteracted by vagal afferents activated by lung movement; even minimal respiratory activity can cause this effect.", "contents": "Modification of vagal depressor reflex by CO2 in spontaneously breathing rabbits. The control of hindlimb and renal vascular beds by vagal afferents was studied, in anesthetized spontaneously breathing rabbits in which the carotid sinus and aortic depressor nerves were cut, by measuring the increase in vascular resistance (constant-flow perfusion with autologous blood) during bilateral vagal cold block (VCB). The effect of hypercapnia was studied with both increased ventilation (caused by inspiration of mixtures of CO2 in O2) and decreased ventilation (caused by infusion of gallamine during O2 breathing). The increase in hindlimb resistance with VCB was correlated with respiratory minute volume but not with PCO2; the reverse was true for the increase in renal resistance. Without VCB the renal vessel constriction caused by the hypercapnia was markedly attenuated, provided that there were minimal respiratory movements; the resistance increased dramatically when these movements were abolished or with VCB. Thus, the powerful central effect of CO2 on the renal vessels can be counteracted by vagal afferents activated by lung movement; even minimal respiratory activity can cause this effect.", "PMID": 1119575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6435", "title": "Intratubular hydrostatic pressure in testis and epididymis before and after vasectomy.", "content": "A method is described for the measurement of intratubular hydrostatic pressure in the testis, caput epididymidis, and cauda epididymidis of the golden hamster. Pressures in these locations in normal animals ranged from 3 to 6 cmH2O. Mean pressure in the tubules of the caput was significantly higher than that in the seminiferous tubules (P smaller than 0.05) and in the proximal caudal tubules (P smaller than 0.02). There was a small, significant increase in pressure from the proximal cauda to the distal cauda (P smaller than 0.04). Two weeks after vasectomy, the mean pressure in the seminiferous tubules of 3.3 cmH2O was significantly lower (P smaller than 0.004) than the mean pressure in the normal seminiferous tubules of 4.4 cmH2O. Pressures in the cauda at 2 wk of 10-18 cmH2O were significantly greater than normal (P smaller than 0.0005) and reflected the accumulation of sperm and fluid. The high incidence of spermatic granuloma formation and/or rupture of the epididymis observed after vasectomy emphasized that there are definite limits to both distensibility and reabsorptive capacity of the epididymis in some species. Pressures at 1 mo after vasectomy were similar to those at 2 wk in animals that were still obstructed and comparable to normal in animals with granulomas and/or large epididymal leaks. Testicular weight was slightly but significantly decreased 2 wk after vasectomy. At 4 wk, there was no detectable effect of vasectomy on the weights of the testes.", "contents": "Intratubular hydrostatic pressure in testis and epididymis before and after vasectomy. A method is described for the measurement of intratubular hydrostatic pressure in the testis, caput epididymidis, and cauda epididymidis of the golden hamster. Pressures in these locations in normal animals ranged from 3 to 6 cmH2O. Mean pressure in the tubules of the caput was significantly higher than that in the seminiferous tubules (P smaller than 0.05) and in the proximal caudal tubules (P smaller than 0.02). There was a small, significant increase in pressure from the proximal cauda to the distal cauda (P smaller than 0.04). Two weeks after vasectomy, the mean pressure in the seminiferous tubules of 3.3 cmH2O was significantly lower (P smaller than 0.004) than the mean pressure in the normal seminiferous tubules of 4.4 cmH2O. Pressures in the cauda at 2 wk of 10-18 cmH2O were significantly greater than normal (P smaller than 0.0005) and reflected the accumulation of sperm and fluid. The high incidence of spermatic granuloma formation and/or rupture of the epididymis observed after vasectomy emphasized that there are definite limits to both distensibility and reabsorptive capacity of the epididymis in some species. Pressures at 1 mo after vasectomy were similar to those at 2 wk in animals that were still obstructed and comparable to normal in animals with granulomas and/or large epididymal leaks. Testicular weight was slightly but significantly decreased 2 wk after vasectomy. At 4 wk, there was no detectable effect of vasectomy on the weights of the testes.", "PMID": 1119576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6436", "title": "Secretion of salt and water into the medullary collecting duct of Ringer-infused rats.", "content": "Using a microcatheterization technique, the contribution of the collecting duct to the renal response to extracellular fluid volume expansion was studied in anesthetized rats. During intravenous infusion of Ringer solution (0.25 ml/min per 100 g body wt), urinary excretion of fluid, sodium, and potassium was 365 mul/min per g kidney wt (V), 52.6 mueq/min per g kidney wt (UNaV), and 3.86 mueq/min per g kidney wt (UKV), representing 23, 24, and 65% of filtered load, respectively. Analysis of collecting duct fluid from cortex and outer medulla indicated continued net reabsorption of ions and water in these nephron segments; in contrast, in inner medulla net secretion of Na, K, and fluid into the collecting duct was demonstrated. Addition of sodium and water was equivalent to approximately 10% of filtered load. It is concluded that under the stress of extreme intravenous fluid loading tubular secretion of salt and water into the inner medullary collecting duct contributes importantly to diuresis and natriuresis. The mechanism of such secretion remains undetermined.", "contents": "Secretion of salt and water into the medullary collecting duct of Ringer-infused rats. Using a microcatheterization technique, the contribution of the collecting duct to the renal response to extracellular fluid volume expansion was studied in anesthetized rats. During intravenous infusion of Ringer solution (0.25 ml/min per 100 g body wt), urinary excretion of fluid, sodium, and potassium was 365 mul/min per g kidney wt (V), 52.6 mueq/min per g kidney wt (UNaV), and 3.86 mueq/min per g kidney wt (UKV), representing 23, 24, and 65% of filtered load, respectively. Analysis of collecting duct fluid from cortex and outer medulla indicated continued net reabsorption of ions and water in these nephron segments; in contrast, in inner medulla net secretion of Na, K, and fluid into the collecting duct was demonstrated. Addition of sodium and water was equivalent to approximately 10% of filtered load. It is concluded that under the stress of extreme intravenous fluid loading tubular secretion of salt and water into the inner medullary collecting duct contributes importantly to diuresis and natriuresis. The mechanism of such secretion remains undetermined.", "PMID": 1119577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6437", "title": "Metabolic responses of unanesthetized rats to manipulation of skin temperature.", "content": "Body temperatures of albino rats are highly variable compared to those of larger mammals. This paper demonstrates that much of that variability can be attributed to shifts of body temperature thresholds for metabolic response accompanying disturbance or arousal. It also shows that the open-loop gain (OLG) of the metabolic temperature-regulating system is as high as that in larger mammals, ruling out low gain as the source of the variability. Skin temperature (T-sk) of shaved rats was controlled by immersion to the neck in a water bath. Metabolic rate (M), measured during step changes of T-sk and during more gradual changes of colonic (T-c) and hypothalamic (T-hy) temperature, was proportional to deviations of both T-c and T-sk below their respective thresholds. The absolute values of the coupling function (alpha) relating M to T-c were proportional to T-sk; the absolute values of the coupling function (beta) relating M to T-sk were proportional to T-c. Thus, the gain of the system changed systematically with body temperatures. The thresholds of T-sk and T-c below which M increased were inversely proportional to T-c and T-sk, respectively, as well as shifting in response to some unknown variable designated arousal.", "contents": "Metabolic responses of unanesthetized rats to manipulation of skin temperature. Body temperatures of albino rats are highly variable compared to those of larger mammals. This paper demonstrates that much of that variability can be attributed to shifts of body temperature thresholds for metabolic response accompanying disturbance or arousal. It also shows that the open-loop gain (OLG) of the metabolic temperature-regulating system is as high as that in larger mammals, ruling out low gain as the source of the variability. Skin temperature (T-sk) of shaved rats was controlled by immersion to the neck in a water bath. Metabolic rate (M), measured during step changes of T-sk and during more gradual changes of colonic (T-c) and hypothalamic (T-hy) temperature, was proportional to deviations of both T-c and T-sk below their respective thresholds. The absolute values of the coupling function (alpha) relating M to T-c were proportional to T-sk; the absolute values of the coupling function (beta) relating M to T-sk were proportional to T-c. Thus, the gain of the system changed systematically with body temperatures. The thresholds of T-sk and T-c below which M increased were inversely proportional to T-c and T-sk, respectively, as well as shifting in response to some unknown variable designated arousal.", "PMID": 1119578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6438", "title": "Nonelectrolyte permeability of the paracellular pathway in Necturus proximal tubule.", "content": "Micropuncture experiments were performed on Necturus proximal tubule using stationary microperfusion and microrecollection techniques. The transepithelial movement of the extracellular marker, sucrose, was used to investigate the passive permeability of the paracellular shunt pathway under steady-state conditions, during spontaneous reabsorption and water flow induced by an external osmotic gradient. Measurements were made of the sucrose permeability (P-s) efflux, net flux, and of net volume flow. True P-s determined in the absence of net volume flow and transepithelial gradient was 0.96 10-6 cm s-1. Both ouabain and isotonic volume expansion decreased shunt P-s. During reabsorption, solute-coupled water flow increased apparent P-s and net sucrose flux equalled efflux. Osmotic water flow from lumen to plasma decreased apparent P-s, with net sucrose flux equal to efflux; whereas osmotic flow from plasma to lumen increased apparent P-s but no net flux was observed. It is concluded that changes in P-s can be interpreted as relative alterations of the tight junction and the lateral spaces and that a portion of the volume flow from lumen to plasma proceeds via the tight junction.", "contents": "Nonelectrolyte permeability of the paracellular pathway in Necturus proximal tubule. Micropuncture experiments were performed on Necturus proximal tubule using stationary microperfusion and microrecollection techniques. The transepithelial movement of the extracellular marker, sucrose, was used to investigate the passive permeability of the paracellular shunt pathway under steady-state conditions, during spontaneous reabsorption and water flow induced by an external osmotic gradient. Measurements were made of the sucrose permeability (P-s) efflux, net flux, and of net volume flow. True P-s determined in the absence of net volume flow and transepithelial gradient was 0.96 10-6 cm s-1. Both ouabain and isotonic volume expansion decreased shunt P-s. During reabsorption, solute-coupled water flow increased apparent P-s and net sucrose flux equalled efflux. Osmotic water flow from lumen to plasma decreased apparent P-s, with net sucrose flux equal to efflux; whereas osmotic flow from plasma to lumen increased apparent P-s but no net flux was observed. It is concluded that changes in P-s can be interpreted as relative alterations of the tight junction and the lateral spaces and that a portion of the volume flow from lumen to plasma proceeds via the tight junction.", "PMID": 1119579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6439", "title": "Effect of hypothalamic lesions on immediate hypersensitivity.", "content": "Bilateral electrolytic lesions were placed in the anterior basal hypothalamus of male Hartley-strain guinea pigs. The animals with anterior hypothalamic lesions and a group of sham-operated controls were sensitized 5-10 days postoperatively with ovalbumin in modified Freund's adjuvant. At 18-22 days following sensitization both groups were randomly divided into three subgroups and challenged by intrajugular injections of three different antigen doses. Anaphylactic death and the severity of anaphylaxis in the survivors were recorded. Antibody titers were determined prior to challenge with use of the passive cutaneous anaphylaxis technique. Serial sections of each brain were made for lesion localization. Significant protection against anaphylaxis was found in guina pigs with symmetrical lesions in the anterior hypothalamus. No significant differences in antibody titers were observed between the lesion and sham-operated groups. There were no significant differences in the response of isolated muscle strips from anterior-lesioned and sham-operated guinea pigs to exogenous histamine. Anterior hypothalamic lesions of size and location comparable to those that provided protection against lethal anaphylaxis did not modify the anaphylactic response of isolated ileum from actively sensitized animals or following passive sensitization in vitro.", "contents": "Effect of hypothalamic lesions on immediate hypersensitivity. Bilateral electrolytic lesions were placed in the anterior basal hypothalamus of male Hartley-strain guinea pigs. The animals with anterior hypothalamic lesions and a group of sham-operated controls were sensitized 5-10 days postoperatively with ovalbumin in modified Freund's adjuvant. At 18-22 days following sensitization both groups were randomly divided into three subgroups and challenged by intrajugular injections of three different antigen doses. Anaphylactic death and the severity of anaphylaxis in the survivors were recorded. Antibody titers were determined prior to challenge with use of the passive cutaneous anaphylaxis technique. Serial sections of each brain were made for lesion localization. Significant protection against anaphylaxis was found in guina pigs with symmetrical lesions in the anterior hypothalamus. No significant differences in antibody titers were observed between the lesion and sham-operated groups. There were no significant differences in the response of isolated muscle strips from anterior-lesioned and sham-operated guinea pigs to exogenous histamine. Anterior hypothalamic lesions of size and location comparable to those that provided protection against lethal anaphylaxis did not modify the anaphylactic response of isolated ileum from actively sensitized animals or following passive sensitization in vitro.", "PMID": 1119580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6440", "title": "Renal function in the hibernating, and hypothermic hamster Mesocricetus auratus.", "content": "Plasma and urine concentrations of Na+, K+, and urea were examined in hibernating, hypothermic, and normothermic hamsters. Plasma Na+ and K+ appear unaffected by 48 h of hypothermia (T-re 7 degrees C); however, plasma Na+ increased (P smaller than 0.05) from control values of 125.8 plus or minus 10.2 to 173 plus or minus 9.2 meg/liter in hibernators. Plasma K+ of the hibernator increased to 9.6 plus or minus 3.2 meq/liter from control values of 5.5 plus or minus 0.8 meq/liter (P smaller than 0.05). Plasma urea concentrations were increased (P smaller than 0.05) in both metabolically depressed groups from a control value of 0.5 plus or minus .05 to 0.8 plus or minus .16 and 7.2 plus or minus 2.8 mM in hypothermic and hibernating groups, respectively. Urine concentrations of solute for the hypothermic animals showed no detactable change from control values for Na+ and a decrease for both K+ and urea. Concentrations from hibernators showed a decrease from control values for both Na+ and K+ with no detectable change in urea. Renal tissue slice analysis demonstrated a marked corticomedullary solute gradient for Na+ and urea in normothermic control animals which is eliminated in hamsters hypothermic for 48 h and reduced in animals hypothermic for 15 min. Rewarming animals did not show a return of the solute gradient at T-re 18 degrees C. However, animals that had rewarmed to T-re 37 degrees C demonstrated a complete return with no difference (P greater than 0.05) from control values. Hibernators showed a slight (P smaller than 0.05) gradient for Na+ and no gradient for urea. Animals in all instances demonstrated a decrease in K+ concentration from cortex to papilla. A greater concentration of K+ was found in the renal cortex of animals hypothermic for 15 min and in hibernators (P smaller than 0.05).", "contents": "Renal function in the hibernating, and hypothermic hamster Mesocricetus auratus. Plasma and urine concentrations of Na+, K+, and urea were examined in hibernating, hypothermic, and normothermic hamsters. Plasma Na+ and K+ appear unaffected by 48 h of hypothermia (T-re 7 degrees C); however, plasma Na+ increased (P smaller than 0.05) from control values of 125.8 plus or minus 10.2 to 173 plus or minus 9.2 meg/liter in hibernators. Plasma K+ of the hibernator increased to 9.6 plus or minus 3.2 meq/liter from control values of 5.5 plus or minus 0.8 meq/liter (P smaller than 0.05). Plasma urea concentrations were increased (P smaller than 0.05) in both metabolically depressed groups from a control value of 0.5 plus or minus .05 to 0.8 plus or minus .16 and 7.2 plus or minus 2.8 mM in hypothermic and hibernating groups, respectively. Urine concentrations of solute for the hypothermic animals showed no detactable change from control values for Na+ and a decrease for both K+ and urea. Concentrations from hibernators showed a decrease from control values for both Na+ and K+ with no detectable change in urea. Renal tissue slice analysis demonstrated a marked corticomedullary solute gradient for Na+ and urea in normothermic control animals which is eliminated in hamsters hypothermic for 48 h and reduced in animals hypothermic for 15 min. Rewarming animals did not show a return of the solute gradient at T-re 18 degrees C. However, animals that had rewarmed to T-re 37 degrees C demonstrated a complete return with no difference (P greater than 0.05) from control values. Hibernators showed a slight (P smaller than 0.05) gradient for Na+ and no gradient for urea. Animals in all instances demonstrated a decrease in K+ concentration from cortex to papilla. A greater concentration of K+ was found in the renal cortex of animals hypothermic for 15 min and in hibernators (P smaller than 0.05).", "PMID": 1119581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6441", "title": "Effects of catecholamines on myocardial endogenous substrates and contractility.", "content": "The effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine on triglyceride and glycogen metabolism and contractility were studied in isolated perfused working rat hearts. Hearts with lipids prelabeled in vivo with [1-14C]palmitate were perfused with bicarbonate buffer containing 5.5 mM glucose, with or without 0.6 mM palmitate (3% albumin), and varying concentrations of catecholamines. Direct evidence for catecholamine-stimulated myocardial triglyceride lipolysis was obtained and, for the first time, was shown to be concentration-dependent. Also, catecholamines enhanced heart triglyceride fatty acid oxidation in concentration-dependent fashion. Stimulation of lipolysis and oxidation was observed only in hearts perfused with buffer containing glucose as the sole substrate, and was inhibited in the presence of 0.6 mM palmitate. Palmitate inhibited net glycogenolysis in the absence of catecholamines, but had little effect on epinephrine-stimulated glycogenolysis. Therefore, with free fatty acids present, mobilization of endogenous triglycerides to meet the increased metabolic demands of catecholamine stimulation is minimized; this is due, possibly, to enhanced utilization of exogenous free fatty acids and to inhibition of net lipolysis.", "contents": "Effects of catecholamines on myocardial endogenous substrates and contractility. The effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine on triglyceride and glycogen metabolism and contractility were studied in isolated perfused working rat hearts. Hearts with lipids prelabeled in vivo with [1-14C]palmitate were perfused with bicarbonate buffer containing 5.5 mM glucose, with or without 0.6 mM palmitate (3% albumin), and varying concentrations of catecholamines. Direct evidence for catecholamine-stimulated myocardial triglyceride lipolysis was obtained and, for the first time, was shown to be concentration-dependent. Also, catecholamines enhanced heart triglyceride fatty acid oxidation in concentration-dependent fashion. Stimulation of lipolysis and oxidation was observed only in hearts perfused with buffer containing glucose as the sole substrate, and was inhibited in the presence of 0.6 mM palmitate. Palmitate inhibited net glycogenolysis in the absence of catecholamines, but had little effect on epinephrine-stimulated glycogenolysis. Therefore, with free fatty acids present, mobilization of endogenous triglycerides to meet the increased metabolic demands of catecholamine stimulation is minimized; this is due, possibly, to enhanced utilization of exogenous free fatty acids and to inhibition of net lipolysis.", "PMID": 1119582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6442", "title": "Effect of tetraethylammonium on tonic airway smooth muscle: initiation of phasic electrical activity.", "content": "We have previously shown that in the presence of tetraethylammonium (TEA, 6.7-67 mM) phasic mechanical activity and a myogenic response (MR) to quick stretch are produced in normally multi-unit tracheal smooth muscle. The present studies were designed to investigate the electrophysiological basis for these changes in the mechanical properties of the muscle. Intracellular recordings showed that in the presence of TEA the membrane was partially depolarized and trains of small (8-20 mV), decrementally conducted action potentials were produced spontaneously at a frequency of 15-20/min. Action potentials could also be stimulated by external electrodes, and the conduction velocity over short distances was 0.84 plus or minus 0.2 cm/s. Membrane conductance and rectification, as measured by the magnitude of electrotonic potentials in response to external stimulation, were reduced in the presence of TEA. The length constant was increased from 1.6 plus or minus 0.1 to 2.8 plus or minus 0.2 mm. These results are consistent with the notion that TEA produces phasic membrane electrical activity by reducing P-K.", "contents": "Effect of tetraethylammonium on tonic airway smooth muscle: initiation of phasic electrical activity. We have previously shown that in the presence of tetraethylammonium (TEA, 6.7-67 mM) phasic mechanical activity and a myogenic response (MR) to quick stretch are produced in normally multi-unit tracheal smooth muscle. The present studies were designed to investigate the electrophysiological basis for these changes in the mechanical properties of the muscle. Intracellular recordings showed that in the presence of TEA the membrane was partially depolarized and trains of small (8-20 mV), decrementally conducted action potentials were produced spontaneously at a frequency of 15-20/min. Action potentials could also be stimulated by external electrodes, and the conduction velocity over short distances was 0.84 plus or minus 0.2 cm/s. Membrane conductance and rectification, as measured by the magnitude of electrotonic potentials in response to external stimulation, were reduced in the presence of TEA. The length constant was increased from 1.6 plus or minus 0.1 to 2.8 plus or minus 0.2 mm. These results are consistent with the notion that TEA produces phasic membrane electrical activity by reducing P-K.", "PMID": 1119583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6443", "title": "The kidney in regulation of plasma choline in the chicken.", "content": "Exogenous choline was administered into the wing vein of chickens until steady-state plasma choline levels were achieved. Both plasma and urine were analyzed for free choline by a choline kinase, radiochemical microassay that did not require prior extraction of choline from the biological fluids. Choline was infused at rates from 0.5 to 20.0 mumol/kg-min. Total and urinary clearance were assessed at the steady state reached in each experiment. At the endogenous level of plasma choline of 0.019 mM, total clearance of choline from the plasma was about 50 ml/kg-min and urinary clearance was 0.06 ml/kg-min. There was no significant increase in urinary clearance of choline produced by infusion loads from 0.5 to 1.0 mumol/kg-min. However, as the infusion of choline was increased further, extraurinary clearance decreased while the contribution of the kidneys to total clearance of choline from the plasma increased. At the choline infusion rate of 12.5 mumol/kg-min, plasma choline was 0.5 mM and urinary choline clearance had reached a maximum value of 18.5 ml/kg-min for two kidneys, removing more than 70% of the infused choline.", "contents": "The kidney in regulation of plasma choline in the chicken. Exogenous choline was administered into the wing vein of chickens until steady-state plasma choline levels were achieved. Both plasma and urine were analyzed for free choline by a choline kinase, radiochemical microassay that did not require prior extraction of choline from the biological fluids. Choline was infused at rates from 0.5 to 20.0 mumol/kg-min. Total and urinary clearance were assessed at the steady state reached in each experiment. At the endogenous level of plasma choline of 0.019 mM, total clearance of choline from the plasma was about 50 ml/kg-min and urinary clearance was 0.06 ml/kg-min. There was no significant increase in urinary clearance of choline produced by infusion loads from 0.5 to 1.0 mumol/kg-min. However, as the infusion of choline was increased further, extraurinary clearance decreased while the contribution of the kidneys to total clearance of choline from the plasma increased. At the choline infusion rate of 12.5 mumol/kg-min, plasma choline was 0.5 mM and urinary choline clearance had reached a maximum value of 18.5 ml/kg-min for two kidneys, removing more than 70% of the infused choline.", "PMID": 1119584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6444", "title": "Effect of vagotomy on electrical activity of the small intestine of the dog.", "content": "The effect of bilateral thoracic vagotomy on the myoelectric activity of the small intestine was determined in conscious dogs. Animals were implanted with electrodes spaced 25 cm apart along the serosal surface of the small intestine, and a cannula was placed in the most dependent portion of the stomach. Recordings were made with dogs in the fasted and fed states. Two distinct patterns of myoelectric activity were recorded: one typical of the fasted state (the interdigestive myoelectric complex) and one typical of the fed state. After completion of the control recording periods, a truncal vagotomy was performed on each animal. Completeness of vagotomy was confirmed by lack of a gastric secretory response to insulin. Gastric stasis occurred after vagotomy; therefore, the animals' stomachs were emptied via the gastric cannula to obtain a fasted condition. Vagotomy had little to no effect on the fasted pattern of myoelectric activity. The fed pattern was significantly altered in two of the three animals. This alteration could be due to the effect of vagotomy on gastrin release. We conclude that nervous pathways within the vagus may exert some influence on intestinal myoelectric activity but that other neural-humoral pathways are probably involved.", "contents": "Effect of vagotomy on electrical activity of the small intestine of the dog. The effect of bilateral thoracic vagotomy on the myoelectric activity of the small intestine was determined in conscious dogs. Animals were implanted with electrodes spaced 25 cm apart along the serosal surface of the small intestine, and a cannula was placed in the most dependent portion of the stomach. Recordings were made with dogs in the fasted and fed states. Two distinct patterns of myoelectric activity were recorded: one typical of the fasted state (the interdigestive myoelectric complex) and one typical of the fed state. After completion of the control recording periods, a truncal vagotomy was performed on each animal. Completeness of vagotomy was confirmed by lack of a gastric secretory response to insulin. Gastric stasis occurred after vagotomy; therefore, the animals' stomachs were emptied via the gastric cannula to obtain a fasted condition. Vagotomy had little to no effect on the fasted pattern of myoelectric activity. The fed pattern was significantly altered in two of the three animals. This alteration could be due to the effect of vagotomy on gastrin release. We conclude that nervous pathways within the vagus may exert some influence on intestinal myoelectric activity but that other neural-humoral pathways are probably involved.", "PMID": 1119585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6445", "title": "Metabolic responses to varying restrictions of coronary blood flow in swine.", "content": "An in situ working swine heart preparation is described in which total coronary perfusion was controlled. At normal rates of coronary flow, oxygen, glucose, and fatty acid utilization were stable for at least a 60-min perfusion period. With a 50% reduction in coronary flow, oxygen and glucose consumption were reduced during 30 min of perfusion and fatty acid extraction  was lower at the end of 30 min. Glycogen utilization was increased, but tissue levels of creatine phosphate, ATP, and lactate were similar to those in hearts receiving normal flow. With a 60% reduction in coronary flow, uptake of oxygen, glucose, and fatty acids were further decreased. Tissue levels of high-energy phosphates and glycogen were decreased and ADP, AMP, and lactate increased. Mechanical performance progressively deteriorated in these hearts, and ventricular fibrillation developed after about 20 min (19.8 plus or minus 3.0 min). The data indicate that this preparation is suitable for the study of myocardial metabolism during mild and severe ischemia and may be useful for the evaluation of pharmacological interventions designed for the treatment of myocardial ischemia.", "contents": "Metabolic responses to varying restrictions of coronary blood flow in swine. An in situ working swine heart preparation is described in which total coronary perfusion was controlled. At normal rates of coronary flow, oxygen, glucose, and fatty acid utilization were stable for at least a 60-min perfusion period. With a 50% reduction in coronary flow, oxygen and glucose consumption were reduced during 30 min of perfusion and fatty acid extraction  was lower at the end of 30 min. Glycogen utilization was increased, but tissue levels of creatine phosphate, ATP, and lactate were similar to those in hearts receiving normal flow. With a 60% reduction in coronary flow, uptake of oxygen, glucose, and fatty acids were further decreased. Tissue levels of high-energy phosphates and glycogen were decreased and ADP, AMP, and lactate increased. Mechanical performance progressively deteriorated in these hearts, and ventricular fibrillation developed after about 20 min (19.8 plus or minus 3.0 min). The data indicate that this preparation is suitable for the study of myocardial metabolism during mild and severe ischemia and may be useful for the evaluation of pharmacological interventions designed for the treatment of myocardial ischemia.", "PMID": 1119586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6446", "title": "Some characteristics of psychiatric residency training programs.", "content": "The author summarizes responses to a major questionnaire survey of psychiatric residency training programs. In addition to providing objective data on residents, training staff, and on the training institution and its related facilities, the author presents information drawn from the narrative responses to questions on major issues facing psychiatry. These include training for dealing with critical social problems, recruitment of minority group trainees and faculty, and training in interdisciplinary collaboration and preparation for work with paraprofessionals. It is hoped that these data will facilitate answers to questions about the training psychiatrists should receive in the future by providing information about training programs in the immediate past.", "contents": "Some characteristics of psychiatric residency training programs. The author summarizes responses to a major questionnaire survey of psychiatric residency training programs. In addition to providing objective data on residents, training staff, and on the training institution and its related facilities, the author presents information drawn from the narrative responses to questions on major issues facing psychiatry. These include training for dealing with critical social problems, recruitment of minority group trainees and faculty, and training in interdisciplinary collaboration and preparation for work with paraprofessionals. It is hoped that these data will facilitate answers to questions about the training psychiatrists should receive in the future by providing information about training programs in the immediate past.", "PMID": 1119587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6447", "title": "Short-term analytically oriented psychotherapy versus behavior therapy.", "content": "Ninety-four outpatients with anxiety neurosis or personality disorder were randomly assigned for four months to a waiting list, behavior therapy, or psychoanalytically oriented therapy. The target symptoms of all three groups improved significantly, but the two treated groups improved equally well and significantly more than those on the waiting list. There were no significant differences among the groups in work or social adjustment; however, the patients who received behavior therapy had a significant overall improvement at four months. One year and two years after the initial assessment, all groups were found to be equally and significantly improved.", "contents": "Short-term analytically oriented psychotherapy versus behavior therapy. Ninety-four outpatients with anxiety neurosis or personality disorder were randomly assigned for four months to a waiting list, behavior therapy, or psychoanalytically oriented therapy. The target symptoms of all three groups improved significantly, but the two treated groups improved equally well and significantly more than those on the waiting list. There were no significant differences among the groups in work or social adjustment; however, the patients who received behavior therapy had a significant overall improvement at four months. One year and two years after the initial assessment, all groups were found to be equally and significantly improved.", "PMID": 1119588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6448", "title": "Short versus long hospitalization: a prospective controlled study. II. Results for schizophrenic inpatients.", "content": "The authors compared treatment results for 141 schizophrenic patients randomly assigned to short-term or long-term hospitalization. The patients received intensive treatment and were on partially fixed drug dosage schedules. Test results indicated that the short-term group was functioning better at four weeks. However, at discharge (21 to 28 days for short-term patients; 90 to 120 days for long-term) the long-term group showed significantly better functioning. There were no significant differences between the groups on symptomatology at discharge. The authors discuss the implications of these findings for decisions regarding length and type of hospitalization for schizophrenic patients.", "contents": "Short versus long hospitalization: a prospective controlled study. II. Results for schizophrenic inpatients. The authors compared treatment results for 141 schizophrenic patients randomly assigned to short-term or long-term hospitalization. The patients received intensive treatment and were on partially fixed drug dosage schedules. Test results indicated that the short-term group was functioning better at four weeks. However, at discharge (21 to 28 days for short-term patients; 90 to 120 days for long-term) the long-term group showed significantly better functioning. There were no significant differences between the groups on symptomatology at discharge. The authors discuss the implications of these findings for decisions regarding length and type of hospitalization for schizophrenic patients.", "PMID": 1119589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6449", "title": "Intellectual and neuropsychological functions in young men with heavy and long-term patterns of drug abuse.", "content": "The authors attempted to determine the long-term effects of heavy drug abuse in 87 male prisoners. The sample was divided into the following groups: 1) nondrug users; 2) users of cannabis and hallucinogens; 3) users of cannabis, hallucinogens, and amphetamines; and 4) users of cannabis, hallucinogens, amphetamines, and opiates. Intellectual and neuropsychological tests sensitive to brain dysfunction revealed no intergroup differences. This finding casts some doubt on other reports suggesting that long-term drug abuse results in neuropsychological disorders. However, the authors caution that one should not conclude that no organic changes occurred in their sample.", "contents": "Intellectual and neuropsychological functions in young men with heavy and long-term patterns of drug abuse. The authors attempted to determine the long-term effects of heavy drug abuse in 87 male prisoners. The sample was divided into the following groups: 1) nondrug users; 2) users of cannabis and hallucinogens; 3) users of cannabis, hallucinogens, and amphetamines; and 4) users of cannabis, hallucinogens, amphetamines, and opiates. Intellectual and neuropsychological tests sensitive to brain dysfunction revealed no intergroup differences. This finding casts some doubt on other reports suggesting that long-term drug abuse results in neuropsychological disorders. However, the authors caution that one should not conclude that no organic changes occurred in their sample.", "PMID": 1119590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6450", "title": "Psychiatric resident suicide: an analysis of five cases.", "content": "The authors present case histories of five psychiatric residents in a large metropolitan area who committed suicide during an 11-year period. Although they found no single precipitant or predictor, they noted striking similarities in the cases, including a high incidence of psychopathology manifested in marital problems, absence of close personal relationships, previous psychotherapy, drug and/or alcohol abuse, etc. The authors suggest an interaction of personal, peer, and institutional factors as casual in all of these suicides and recommend such improvements in residency programs as providing individual faculty preceptors for each resident and facilitating psychotherapy for troubled residents.", "contents": "Psychiatric resident suicide: an analysis of five cases. The authors present case histories of five psychiatric residents in a large metropolitan area who committed suicide during an 11-year period. Although they found no single precipitant or predictor, they noted striking similarities in the cases, including a high incidence of psychopathology manifested in marital problems, absence of close personal relationships, previous psychotherapy, drug and/or alcohol abuse, etc. The authors suggest an interaction of personal, peer, and institutional factors as casual in all of these suicides and recommend such improvements in residency programs as providing individual faculty preceptors for each resident and facilitating psychotherapy for troubled residents.", "PMID": 1119591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6451", "title": "Outpatient alcohol detoxification: initial findings on 564 patients.", "content": "The authors report on a large-scale outpatient alcohol detoxification program, presenting a clinical rationale for outpatient detoxification, describing the program method, and giving initial evaluation data on the first 564 patients. Only 47 percent of the patients required detoxification, and only 19 percent of these required inpatient care. The majority of the patients successfully completed outpatient detoxification; half of these continued in the related rehabilitation program. There were no fatalities. The authors believe the results support the utility of outpatient detoxification as a cost-effective alternative to inpatient detoxification for the majority of acute alcoholics.", "contents": "Outpatient alcohol detoxification: initial findings on 564 patients. The authors report on a large-scale outpatient alcohol detoxification program, presenting a clinical rationale for outpatient detoxification, describing the program method, and giving initial evaluation data on the first 564 patients. Only 47 percent of the patients required detoxification, and only 19 percent of these required inpatient care. The majority of the patients successfully completed outpatient detoxification; half of these continued in the related rehabilitation program. There were no fatalities. The authors believe the results support the utility of outpatient detoxification as a cost-effective alternative to inpatient detoxification for the majority of acute alcoholics.", "PMID": 1119592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6452", "title": "The pregnant psychotherapist in training: some preliminary findings and impressions.", "content": "With more women entering general medical and psychiatric training, the more that supervisors and staff can understand the impact of the resident's pregnancy on the resident and others, the more helpful they can be to her and she to herself. The authors' work was done at what was formerly the Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania, which has had a larger percent of women in psychiatric training than most programs. This report is derived from a pilot study on the pregnant therapist.", "contents": "The pregnant psychotherapist in training: some preliminary findings and impressions. With more women entering general medical and psychiatric training, the more that supervisors and staff can understand the impact of the resident's pregnancy on the resident and others, the more helpful they can be to her and she to herself. The authors' work was done at what was formerly the Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania, which has had a larger percent of women in psychiatric training than most programs. This report is derived from a pilot study on the pregnant therapist.", "PMID": 1119593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6453", "title": "Psychological dimensions of internation dependency.", "content": "The author analyzes the psychological consequences of international dependency, advancing 13 propositions as clues for a heuristic understanding of the dynamics of dependent relationships between nations. He believes that these relationships must be understood before they can be improved. The author proposes coequal alliances and multinational aid as desirable alternatives to existing political-economic-military strategies.", "contents": "Psychological dimensions of internation dependency. The author analyzes the psychological consequences of international dependency, advancing 13 propositions as clues for a heuristic understanding of the dynamics of dependent relationships between nations. He believes that these relationships must be understood before they can be improved. The author proposes coequal alliances and multinational aid as desirable alternatives to existing political-economic-military strategies.", "PMID": 1119594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6454", "title": "Childhood chemotherapy and later drug abuse and growth curve: a follow-up study of 30 adolescents.", "content": "The authors studies the correlation of methylphenidate medication in childhood with later drug abuse and growth in height. Thirty adolescents with histories of minimal brain dysfunction who had been treated for at least six months with chemotherapy were compared with 30 adolescents who had not been so treated. The findings do not indicate that methylphenidate prescribed in childhood contributed to later drug abuse or seriously interfered with growth in height.", "contents": "Childhood chemotherapy and later drug abuse and growth curve: a follow-up study of 30 adolescents. The authors studies the correlation of methylphenidate medication in childhood with later drug abuse and growth in height. Thirty adolescents with histories of minimal brain dysfunction who had been treated for at least six months with chemotherapy were compared with 30 adolescents who had not been so treated. The findings do not indicate that methylphenidate prescribed in childhood contributed to later drug abuse or seriously interfered with growth in height.", "PMID": 1119596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6455", "title": "Platelet monoamine oxidase activity in acute schizophrenia.", "content": "The authors found normal monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity in 40 acute schizophrenic patients, in contrast to previous reports of a genetically linked platelet MAO deficit in chronic schizophrenia. Variations in MAO activity were not significantly associated with the 65 clinical variables analyzed, although there was a tendency for patients in the low-MAO group to have more severely impaired reality testing, more paranoid and grandiose delusions, better prognostic scores, and less restlessness.", "contents": "Platelet monoamine oxidase activity in acute schizophrenia. The authors found normal monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity in 40 acute schizophrenic patients, in contrast to previous reports of a genetically linked platelet MAO deficit in chronic schizophrenia. Variations in MAO activity were not significantly associated with the 65 clinical variables analyzed, although there was a tendency for patients in the low-MAO group to have more severely impaired reality testing, more paranoid and grandiose delusions, better prognostic scores, and less restlessness.", "PMID": 1119597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6456", "title": "The postdivorce clinic.", "content": "The authors describe a clinic that evaluates court-referred families who have child custody or visitation problems in the postdivorce period. A multidisciplinary staff uses interviews, auxiliary sources of information, and psychological testing to arrive at recommendations that often address issues not specifically mentioned in the legal proceedings, particularly regarding treatment for disturbed children. The authors suggest that the clinic is an example of an appropriate interaction between law and psychiatry.", "contents": "The postdivorce clinic. The authors describe a clinic that evaluates court-referred families who have child custody or visitation problems in the postdivorce period. A multidisciplinary staff uses interviews, auxiliary sources of information, and psychological testing to arrive at recommendations that often address issues not specifically mentioned in the legal proceedings, particularly regarding treatment for disturbed children. The authors suggest that the clinic is an example of an appropriate interaction between law and psychiatry.", "PMID": 1119598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6457", "title": "Alcoholism and forcible rape.", "content": "Data collected from detailed autobiographies of 77 convicted rapists revealed that 50 percent of them were drinking at the time of the rape and that 35 percent were alcoholics. This strong association between alcoholism and forcible rape highlights the importance of follow-up treatment programs for the alcoholic sex offender; such programs should focus on adequate control of his drinking behavior as well as on his sexual adjustment.", "contents": "Alcoholism and forcible rape. Data collected from detailed autobiographies of 77 convicted rapists revealed that 50 percent of them were drinking at the time of the rape and that 35 percent were alcoholics. This strong association between alcoholism and forcible rape highlights the importance of follow-up treatment programs for the alcoholic sex offender; such programs should focus on adequate control of his drinking behavior as well as on his sexual adjustment.", "PMID": 1119599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6458", "title": "Similarities between parents and offspring on a personality inventory.", "content": "The authors administered a personality inventory that has been used as a psychiatric screening test to 28 children and their natural parents. By intercorrelations between the tests of parents and offspring they attempted to find out whether the offspring resembled the parent of same sex, the parent of the opposite sex, or a composite of both parents. They found that the offspring resembled their peer group more often than either parent or a composite of both parents.", "contents": "Similarities between parents and offspring on a personality inventory. The authors administered a personality inventory that has been used as a psychiatric screening test to 28 children and their natural parents. By intercorrelations between the tests of parents and offspring they attempted to find out whether the offspring resembled the parent of same sex, the parent of the opposite sex, or a composite of both parents. They found that the offspring resembled their peer group more often than either parent or a composite of both parents.", "PMID": 1119600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6459", "title": "Indian children and tribal group homes: new interpretations of the Whipper Man.", "content": "The authors describe a community-based children's home and child welfare program among a tribe of Plateau Indians. The program has been effective because it is compatible with this Indian culture, which accepts extended family and community responsibility for child care. The authors feel that the program demonstrates principles of primary prevention in community mental health.", "contents": "Indian children and tribal group homes: new interpretations of the Whipper Man. The authors describe a community-based children's home and child welfare program among a tribe of Plateau Indians. The program has been effective because it is compatible with this Indian culture, which accepts extended family and community responsibility for child care. The authors feel that the program demonstrates principles of primary prevention in community mental health.", "PMID": 1119601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6460", "title": "Dangerousness and civil commitment of the mentally ill: some public policy considerations.", "content": "The author discusses \"dangerousness to others\" as a ground for involuntary civil commitment of the mentally ill, suggesting that there is often a confounding of legal/public-policy concerns and mental health concerns in issues related to this concept. The questionable nature of the presumption of dangerousness in mental patients and the overprediction of dangerous behavior for this group indicate that such commitment processes may circumvent legal safeguards designed to ensure due process. The author recommends that psychiatrists and other mental health professionals assume greater responsibility for the ways in which their services are used in these proceedings.", "contents": "Dangerousness and civil commitment of the mentally ill: some public policy considerations. The author discusses \"dangerousness to others\" as a ground for involuntary civil commitment of the mentally ill, suggesting that there is often a confounding of legal/public-policy concerns and mental health concerns in issues related to this concept. The questionable nature of the presumption of dangerousness in mental patients and the overprediction of dangerous behavior for this group indicate that such commitment processes may circumvent legal safeguards designed to ensure due process. The author recommends that psychiatrists and other mental health professionals assume greater responsibility for the ways in which their services are used in these proceedings.", "PMID": 1119609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6461", "title": "Token programs in an acute psychiatric hospital.", "content": "The author has used individually prescribed token economies with about 5 percent of his acute psychiatric inpatients. Previous reports have dealt primarily with chronic patients. Case reviews indicated that patients chosen for these programs fell into four categories (which are illustrated by case histories): depressed complainers, apathetic and withdrawn patients, agitated psychotics, and impulsive, acting-out nonpsychotics. The author recommends techniques for patient selection, goal setting, and determination of reinforcers, and suggests that use of token programs may forestall the social breakdown syndrome in very disturbed patients.", "contents": "Token programs in an acute psychiatric hospital. The author has used individually prescribed token economies with about 5 percent of his acute psychiatric inpatients. Previous reports have dealt primarily with chronic patients. Case reviews indicated that patients chosen for these programs fell into four categories (which are illustrated by case histories): depressed complainers, apathetic and withdrawn patients, agitated psychotics, and impulsive, acting-out nonpsychotics. The author recommends techniques for patient selection, goal setting, and determination of reinforcers, and suggests that use of token programs may forestall the social breakdown syndrome in very disturbed patients.", "PMID": 1119611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6462", "title": "Cardiovascular malformations with lithium use during pregnancy.", "content": "The 143 cases of lithium use during pregnancy collected by the Register of Lithium Babies show that infants exposed to lithium appear to have a higher than expected ratio of cardiovascular anomalies to all anomalies and may have an increased risk of congenital heart disease. The authors believe that these findings justify a conservative policy on the use of lithium with fertile and pregnant women.", "contents": "Cardiovascular malformations with lithium use during pregnancy. The 143 cases of lithium use during pregnancy collected by the Register of Lithium Babies show that infants exposed to lithium appear to have a higher than expected ratio of cardiovascular anomalies to all anomalies and may have an increased risk of congenital heart disease. The authors believe that these findings justify a conservative policy on the use of lithium with fertile and pregnant women.", "PMID": 1119612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6463", "title": "Drug-induced dystonia.", "content": "Among 1,152 psychiatric inpatients who received a phenothiazine, a butyrophenone, or a thioxanthene, 116 developed dystonia attributed to one or more of these drugs. The highest frequencies of dystonia occurred among recipients of haloperidol and the long-acting injectable fluphenazines. For all patients at risk, dystonia was more common in men and in younger patients. For chlorpromazine, high doses, male sex, and low age were each positively associated with dystonia.", "contents": "Drug-induced dystonia. Among 1,152 psychiatric inpatients who received a phenothiazine, a butyrophenone, or a thioxanthene, 116 developed dystonia attributed to one or more of these drugs. The highest frequencies of dystonia occurred among recipients of haloperidol and the long-acting injectable fluphenazines. For all patients at risk, dystonia was more common in men and in younger patients. For chlorpromazine, high doses, male sex, and low age were each positively associated with dystonia.", "PMID": 1119613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6464", "title": "Atypical tardive dyskinesia.", "content": "The author reports an atypical case of tardive dyskinesia in a 19-year-old male who had been given relatively low dosages of neuroleptic medication for less than 6 months. The symptoms cleared within 3 months after the medication was discontinued. The author reviews the literature regarding similar atypical cases and suggests that increased reporting and careful description of such cases might be useful in furthering our understanding of this syndrome.", "contents": "Atypical tardive dyskinesia. The author reports an atypical case of tardive dyskinesia in a 19-year-old male who had been given relatively low dosages of neuroleptic medication for less than 6 months. The symptoms cleared within 3 months after the medication was discontinued. The author reviews the literature regarding similar atypical cases and suggests that increased reporting and careful description of such cases might be useful in furthering our understanding of this syndrome.", "PMID": 1119614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6465", "title": "Electrocardiographic monitoring of enuretic children receiving therapeutic doses of imipramine.", "content": "The authors studied the monthly electrocardiographic tracings of 27 children with normal cardiovascular function receiving imipramine therapy for enuresis. They found no substantial EKG changes in any of these children, who were receiving doses of 25 to 75 mg of the drug. They conclude that electrocardiographic monitoring may be essential only when more than 25 to 75 mg of imipramine is given and that it should be established that the patient's cardiovascular function is normal before the drug is administered.", "contents": "Electrocardiographic monitoring of enuretic children receiving therapeutic doses of imipramine. The authors studied the monthly electrocardiographic tracings of 27 children with normal cardiovascular function receiving imipramine therapy for enuresis. They found no substantial EKG changes in any of these children, who were receiving doses of 25 to 75 mg of the drug. They conclude that electrocardiographic monitoring may be essential only when more than 25 to 75 mg of imipramine is given and that it should be established that the patient's cardiovascular function is normal before the drug is administered.", "PMID": 1119615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6466", "title": "Imipramine and electrocardiographic abnormalities in hyperactive children.", "content": "The authors report seven cases of electrocardiographic abnormalities occurring in 7- to 10-year-old children receiving imipramine pharmacotherapy for behavior disorders. Three of the children evidenced a first-degree atrioventricular block. The abnormalities were less pronounced in the other four children. Imipramine plasma levels during steady state were not found to be directly related to the extent of the electrocardiographic changes within the obtained plasma values. The authors emphasize the necessity of careful clinical surveillance of children receiving imipramine pharmacotherapy.", "contents": "Imipramine and electrocardiographic abnormalities in hyperactive children. The authors report seven cases of electrocardiographic abnormalities occurring in 7- to 10-year-old children receiving imipramine pharmacotherapy for behavior disorders. Three of the children evidenced a first-degree atrioventricular block. The abnormalities were less pronounced in the other four children. Imipramine plasma levels during steady state were not found to be directly related to the extent of the electrocardiographic changes within the obtained plasma values. The authors emphasize the necessity of careful clinical surveillance of children receiving imipramine pharmacotherapy.", "PMID": 1119616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6467", "title": "Imipramine dosage in children: a comment on \"imipramine and electrocardiographic abnormalities in hyperactive children\".", "content": "The authors asked that this paper be published as a comment on the preceding article by Dr. Winsberg and associates, who approved the suggestion.", "contents": "Imipramine dosage in children: a comment on \"imipramine and electrocardiographic abnormalities in hyperactive children\". The authors asked that this paper be published as a comment on the preceding article by Dr. Winsberg and associates, who approved the suggestion.", "PMID": 1119617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6468", "title": "Allergic conjunctivitis due to diazepam.", "content": "The author reports on four patients, all women, who developed conjunctival hypersensitivity during diazepam treatment. This hypersensitivity is self-limited after diazepam treatment is discontinued. The author suggests that conjunctival hypersensitivity could be mistakenly attributed to contact lens irritation rather than to diazepam.", "contents": "Allergic conjunctivitis due to diazepam. The author reports on four patients, all women, who developed conjunctival hypersensitivity during diazepam treatment. This hypersensitivity is self-limited after diazepam treatment is discontinued. The author suggests that conjunctival hypersensitivity could be mistakenly attributed to contact lens irritation rather than to diazepam.", "PMID": 1119618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6469", "title": "The impact of the psychiatric intensive care unit on patients and staff.", "content": "Inpatient crisis intervention units have many of the characteristics of medical/surgical intensive care units. The author believes that the environment of these psychiatric intensive care units serves as an important source of stress and may increase the patient's symptomatology and impair the therapeutic effectiveness of the staff. He suggests some modifications in the environment that may ameliorate these effects.", "contents": "The impact of the psychiatric intensive care unit on patients and staff. Inpatient crisis intervention units have many of the characteristics of medical/surgical intensive care units. The author believes that the environment of these psychiatric intensive care units serves as an important source of stress and may increase the patient's symptomatology and impair the therapeutic effectiveness of the staff. He suggests some modifications in the environment that may ameliorate these effects.", "PMID": 1119619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6470", "title": "Depression in thyrotoxicosis.", "content": "The author describes the case of a middle-aged man who was admitted twice to a psychiatric hospital with depression. On the second admission, his mental state improved following treatment for thyrotoxicosis. The author emphasizes the importance of recognizing such atypical presentations of thyrotoxicosis and postulates a possible depression-producing mechanism in predisposed individuals.", "contents": "Depression in thyrotoxicosis. The author describes the case of a middle-aged man who was admitted twice to a psychiatric hospital with depression. On the second admission, his mental state improved following treatment for thyrotoxicosis. The author emphasizes the importance of recognizing such atypical presentations of thyrotoxicosis and postulates a possible depression-producing mechanism in predisposed individuals.", "PMID": 1119620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6471", "title": "Suicide attempted by self-immolation.", "content": "The authors found that 14 individuals who had attempted suicide by self-immolation all had psychiatric illness (most were psychotic), and many had religious preoccupations. There was a reversal of the usual male to female ratios for burn injury and for successful suicide--all 5 completed suicides were women. Although self-immolation as social protest was widely publicized during the years surveyed, the authors note that these individuals all attempted suicide for personal and irrational rather than morally idealistic reasons.", "contents": "Suicide attempted by self-immolation. The authors found that 14 individuals who had attempted suicide by self-immolation all had psychiatric illness (most were psychotic), and many had religious preoccupations. There was a reversal of the usual male to female ratios for burn injury and for successful suicide--all 5 completed suicides were women. Although self-immolation as social protest was widely publicized during the years surveyed, the authors note that these individuals all attempted suicide for personal and irrational rather than morally idealistic reasons.", "PMID": 1119621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6472", "title": "An investigation of calendar calculating by an idiot savant.", "content": "Three mechanisms (eidetic imagery, high-speed calculation, and substitute compensation for normal learning) were investigated and rejected as possible explanations for the calendar-calculating ability of a particular idiot savant. Reaction times for calendar calculations indicated that he used neither an idiosyncratic nor a calendar-based system. Rote memory and a special ability to concentrate for extended periods of time were postulated to explain this individual's performance.", "contents": "An investigation of calendar calculating by an idiot savant. Three mechanisms (eidetic imagery, high-speed calculation, and substitute compensation for normal learning) were investigated and rejected as possible explanations for the calendar-calculating ability of a particular idiot savant. Reaction times for calendar calculations indicated that he used neither an idiosyncratic nor a calendar-based system. Rote memory and a special ability to concentrate for extended periods of time were postulated to explain this individual's performance.", "PMID": 1119622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6473", "title": "Quality assessment of restorations in a population of school children.", "content": "An index to measure quality of dental restorative care was devised and utilized on a population of 838 Caucasian school children in a large midwestern city. Quality was measured using a four-point scale. All restorations present were considered as part of the entire mouth. Quality was tested in relation to socioeconomic status. Based on this index the problem of poor quality dental restorations is significant and not necessarily related to socioeconomic status as represented by income or education. Evidence of high quality dentistry as evidenced by stainless steel crowns, space maintainers, and orthodontic appliances was limited to children whose families reported incomes over $6,000. Further use of this quality index is recommended to improve and refine measurements in the area of dental care.", "contents": "Quality assessment of restorations in a population of school children. An index to measure quality of dental restorative care was devised and utilized on a population of 838 Caucasian school children in a large midwestern city. Quality was measured using a four-point scale. All restorations present were considered as part of the entire mouth. Quality was tested in relation to socioeconomic status. Based on this index the problem of poor quality dental restorations is significant and not necessarily related to socioeconomic status as represented by income or education. Evidence of high quality dentistry as evidenced by stainless steel crowns, space maintainers, and orthodontic appliances was limited to children whose families reported incomes over $6,000. Further use of this quality index is recommended to improve and refine measurements in the area of dental care.", "PMID": 1119639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6474", "title": "Lymphangiography in ovarian cancer.", "content": "Lymphangiography can be of assistance in pre-treatment staging and thereby influence management of patients with ovarian cancer. The distribution of lymph node metastases was related to the histologic type of ovarian neoplasm. Tumors of germ cell origin more frequently spread to para-aortic lymph nodes, while epithelial neoplasms of the ovary metastasized to the pelvic and para-aortic lymph nodes, apparently in continuity. In this series, lymph node metastasis from ovarian cancer was seldom associated with ascites.", "contents": "Lymphangiography in ovarian cancer. Lymphangiography can be of assistance in pre-treatment staging and thereby influence management of patients with ovarian cancer. The distribution of lymph node metastases was related to the histologic type of ovarian neoplasm. Tumors of germ cell origin more frequently spread to para-aortic lymph nodes, while epithelial neoplasms of the ovary metastasized to the pelvic and para-aortic lymph nodes, apparently in continuity. In this series, lymph node metastasis from ovarian cancer was seldom associated with ascites.", "PMID": 1119644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6475", "title": "Preoperative irradiation in renal cancer. Evaluation of radiation treatment plans.", "content": "1. Analysis of radiation treatment plans of a preoperative irradiation study of the kidney indicates that the primary cancer has been treated to levels of 4,500 rads plus or minus 10 per cent in 90 per cent of the instances. 2. The major problem, from the point of view of the radiation therapist's treatment planning, is the delivery of adequate doses to the regional nodal volume. Only 25 per cent received the prescribed dose. Special booster fields are required. 3. Surgical resection of regional lymph nodes and renal vein thrombus, if present, is recommended, since the deliverance of full radiation doses is not likely without exceeding tolerance of vital normal tissues.", "contents": "Preoperative irradiation in renal cancer. Evaluation of radiation treatment plans. 1. Analysis of radiation treatment plans of a preoperative irradiation study of the kidney indicates that the primary cancer has been treated to levels of 4,500 rads plus or minus 10 per cent in 90 per cent of the instances. 2. The major problem, from the point of view of the radiation therapist's treatment planning, is the delivery of adequate doses to the regional nodal volume. Only 25 per cent received the prescribed dose. Special booster fields are required. 3. Surgical resection of regional lymph nodes and renal vein thrombus, if present, is recommended, since the deliverance of full radiation doses is not likely without exceeding tolerance of vital normal tissues.", "PMID": 1119645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6476", "title": "Surgery and postoperative radiotherapy in the treatment of soft tissue sarcomas in adults.", "content": "A retrospective review of 100 selected patients with soft tissue sarcomas treated by conservative excision and postoperative radiation therapy shows the following: 1. In extremity lesions, a functional limb can be preserved. The 5 year survival rate free of disease is 62 per cent (23/37). 2. The control rate of the soft tissue sarcomas is related to the anatomic site of origin rather than histologic type of the tumor except rhabdomyosarcomas. In lesions of the extremities, the control rate is 82 per cent (51/62). 3. The first manifestation of spread is usually distant metastasis rather than regional lymph node metastasis. 4. The complications can be minimized if sufficient attention is given to the placement of the surgical scar and the radiotherapeutic technique.", "contents": "Surgery and postoperative radiotherapy in the treatment of soft tissue sarcomas in adults. A retrospective review of 100 selected patients with soft tissue sarcomas treated by conservative excision and postoperative radiation therapy shows the following: 1. In extremity lesions, a functional limb can be preserved. The 5 year survival rate free of disease is 62 per cent (23/37). 2. The control rate of the soft tissue sarcomas is related to the anatomic site of origin rather than histologic type of the tumor except rhabdomyosarcomas. In lesions of the extremities, the control rate is 82 per cent (51/62). 3. The first manifestation of spread is usually distant metastasis rather than regional lymph node metastasis. 4. The complications can be minimized if sufficient attention is given to the placement of the surgical scar and the radiotherapeutic technique.", "PMID": 1119646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6477", "title": "Selective intra-arterial embolization of bone tumors. A useful adjunct in the management of selected lesions.", "content": "Our initial experience with therapeutic selective arterial embolization of 3 highly vascular bone tumors is discussed. In 2 benign lesions embolization of Gelfoam particles through a large bore selective catheter facilitated complete resection by limiting hemorrhage at the time of surgery. Embolization of a vascular malignant tumor provided temporary palliation.", "contents": "Selective intra-arterial embolization of bone tumors. A useful adjunct in the management of selected lesions. Our initial experience with therapeutic selective arterial embolization of 3 highly vascular bone tumors is discussed. In 2 benign lesions embolization of Gelfoam particles through a large bore selective catheter facilitated complete resection by limiting hemorrhage at the time of surgery. Embolization of a vascular malignant tumor provided temporary palliation.", "PMID": 1119647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6478", "title": "The tumbling bullet sign in a post-traumatic bone cyst.", "content": "Various hypotheses for the etiology of unicameral bone cysts are discussed. The unique documentation of a lesion which developed as a result of a bullet wound appears to lend credence to trauma as an inciting agent.", "contents": "The tumbling bullet sign in a post-traumatic bone cyst. Various hypotheses for the etiology of unicameral bone cysts are discussed. The unique documentation of a lesion which developed as a result of a bullet wound appears to lend credence to trauma as an inciting agent.", "PMID": 1119648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6479", "title": "Irradiation of stage I and II Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "One must conclude on the basis of the above analysis that tumor doses in excess of 3,600 or 4,000 rads add only to morbidity, and not to local control. Secondly, the technique of irradiating involved lymph node groups only, leaving other areas to be treated \"later,\" apparently denies the possibility of cure to a significant number of patients with early stage Hodgkin's disease. Recurrence or extension almost uniformly leads to eventual death from disease despite retreatment. No case of second primary cancer has been documented in the patient population included in this report. However, the number at risk is relatively small and chemotherapy was reserved only for generalized recurrence. Since the reported 20 times expected incidence occurred with the combination of total-nodal and multple-agent chemotherapy, one would not expect an increased incidence of second primary lesions in this series.", "contents": "Irradiation of stage I and II Hodgkin's disease. One must conclude on the basis of the above analysis that tumor doses in excess of 3,600 or 4,000 rads add only to morbidity, and not to local control. Secondly, the technique of irradiating involved lymph node groups only, leaving other areas to be treated \"later,\" apparently denies the possibility of cure to a significant number of patients with early stage Hodgkin's disease. Recurrence or extension almost uniformly leads to eventual death from disease despite retreatment. No case of second primary cancer has been documented in the patient population included in this report. However, the number at risk is relatively small and chemotherapy was reserved only for generalized recurrence. Since the reported 20 times expected incidence occurred with the combination of total-nodal and multple-agent chemotherapy, one would not expect an increased incidence of second primary lesions in this series.", "PMID": 1119649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6480", "title": "Iodine 125 source in interstitial tumor therapy. Clinical and biological considerations.", "content": "Our clinical experience with interstitial tumor therapy is presented in 2 groups of patients: 98 patients with metastatic carcinoma in neck lymph nodes implanted with iodine 125, iridium 192 or radon 222 encapsulated sources, and 105 patients with primary unresectable lung tumors, which were implanted either with radon 222 or iodine 125 seeds. The local tumor control rates with iodine 125, radon 222 and iridium 192 were 78 per cent (38/49), 65 per cent (15/23) and 58 per cent (7/12), while the local complication rates were 17 per cent, 35 per cent and 43 per cent, respectively. An analysis of the tumor control rate as a function of the implanted tumor dose shows that the iodine 125 implants with a delivery of the minimal effective tumor dose of 16,000 rads have a higher therapeutic effect than either radon 222 or iridium 192. The results of the patients with unresectable lung tumors similarly show that the implants with iodine 125 sources are superior to those with radon 222. The advantages could stem from the better spatial dose distribution, and from radiobiologic considerations associated with low dose rates, continous irradiation, and possibly gains in RBE. There present clinical data clearly demonstrate that iodine 125 seeds have a higher therapeutic ratio than radon 222 seeds. There are, in addition, distinct physical advantages making iodine 125 an attractive substitute for radon 222 for the interstitial implantation of malignant tumors.", "contents": "Iodine 125 source in interstitial tumor therapy. Clinical and biological considerations. Our clinical experience with interstitial tumor therapy is presented in 2 groups of patients: 98 patients with metastatic carcinoma in neck lymph nodes implanted with iodine 125, iridium 192 or radon 222 encapsulated sources, and 105 patients with primary unresectable lung tumors, which were implanted either with radon 222 or iodine 125 seeds. The local tumor control rates with iodine 125, radon 222 and iridium 192 were 78 per cent (38/49), 65 per cent (15/23) and 58 per cent (7/12), while the local complication rates were 17 per cent, 35 per cent and 43 per cent, respectively. An analysis of the tumor control rate as a function of the implanted tumor dose shows that the iodine 125 implants with a delivery of the minimal effective tumor dose of 16,000 rads have a higher therapeutic effect than either radon 222 or iridium 192. The results of the patients with unresectable lung tumors similarly show that the implants with iodine 125 sources are superior to those with radon 222. The advantages could stem from the better spatial dose distribution, and from radiobiologic considerations associated with low dose rates, continous irradiation, and possibly gains in RBE. There present clinical data clearly demonstrate that iodine 125 seeds have a higher therapeutic ratio than radon 222 seeds. There are, in addition, distinct physical advantages making iodine 125 an attractive substitute for radon 222 for the interstitial implantation of malignant tumors.", "PMID": 1119650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6481", "title": "The therapeutic use of fractionated subtotal body irradiation.", "content": "A technique is presented for the treatment of generalized radiosensitive malignancies. The results of fractionated STBI (subtotal body irradiation) in a group of 41 patients are at least as satisfactory as those achieved by any other therapeutic modality. Eight of 9 patients with generalized Stage III and IV nodular lymphocytic lymphoma, both well and poorly differentiated, are living without evidence of disease, from 15 to 82 months since treatment.", "contents": "The therapeutic use of fractionated subtotal body irradiation. A technique is presented for the treatment of generalized radiosensitive malignancies. The results of fractionated STBI (subtotal body irradiation) in a group of 41 patients are at least as satisfactory as those achieved by any other therapeutic modality. Eight of 9 patients with generalized Stage III and IV nodular lymphocytic lymphoma, both well and poorly differentiated, are living without evidence of disease, from 15 to 82 months since treatment.", "PMID": 1119651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6482", "title": "The radius-dose relationship in linear source therapy.", "content": "The rationale and physical data are presented which support the hypothesis that the tolerance dose on the surface of a cylindrical applicator containing a central linear source is inversely proportional to the cube root of its radius.", "contents": "The radius-dose relationship in linear source therapy. The rationale and physical data are presented which support the hypothesis that the tolerance dose on the surface of a cylindrical applicator containing a central linear source is inversely proportional to the cube root of its radius.", "PMID": 1119652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6483", "title": "An \"instantaneous\" display linear accelerator field flatness monitor.", "content": "A beam flatness monitor is described which consists of 16 iron chambers and amplifiers, the outputs of which are sequentially sampled and displayed as a series of dots or lines on a conventional CRO, giving an instantaneous display of beam flatness variations. The device is used routinely for checking the beam flatness of our Linacs. The device involves no new principles, but represents a radical change in approach to the checking of Linac beam uniformity.", "contents": "An \"instantaneous\" display linear accelerator field flatness monitor. A beam flatness monitor is described which consists of 16 iron chambers and amplifiers, the outputs of which are sequentially sampled and displayed as a series of dots or lines on a conventional CRO, giving an instantaneous display of beam flatness variations. The device is used routinely for checking the beam flatness of our Linacs. The device involves no new principles, but represents a radical change in approach to the checking of Linac beam uniformity.", "PMID": 1119653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6484", "title": "Basal ganglia calcification as a late radiation effect.", "content": "Basal ganglia calcification following radiation therapy has rarely been documented in the literature. A case of diffuse bilateral basal ganglia calcification developing 6 years after irridiation of a hypothalamic glioma is presented. Review of previous reports and other causes of basal ganglia calcification are discussed.", "contents": "Basal ganglia calcification as a late radiation effect. Basal ganglia calcification following radiation therapy has rarely been documented in the literature. A case of diffuse bilateral basal ganglia calcification developing 6 years after irridiation of a hypothalamic glioma is presented. Review of previous reports and other causes of basal ganglia calcification are discussed.", "PMID": 1119654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6485", "title": "Magnification angiography. Identifying the capsular vasculature of acoustic neuromas.", "content": "Five cases of acoustic neuromas studied angiographically are presented. Magnification techniques enhance the visualization of the fine capsular vessels of these tumors. When shown, these abnormal vessels are probably pathognomonic of a neuroma.", "contents": "Magnification angiography. Identifying the capsular vasculature of acoustic neuromas. Five cases of acoustic neuromas studied angiographically are presented. Magnification techniques enhance the visualization of the fine capsular vessels of these tumors. When shown, these abnormal vessels are probably pathognomonic of a neuroma.", "PMID": 1119656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6486", "title": "Dosimetry of spherical Sr-90-Y-90 beta ray eye applicators.", "content": "A modification of the conventional extrapolation chamber to perform absolute dose measurements from surfaces of spherical beta applicators (type SIA.I, SIA.3, SIA.6) is described. A stack of Ilford N 550 films has been used in a spherical geometry to obtain the variation of surface dose, the depth dose data and the isodose curves. The results obtained are compared with data available in the literature.", "contents": "Dosimetry of spherical Sr-90-Y-90 beta ray eye applicators. A modification of the conventional extrapolation chamber to perform absolute dose measurements from surfaces of spherical beta applicators (type SIA.I, SIA.3, SIA.6) is described. A stack of Ilford N 550 films has been used in a spherical geometry to obtain the variation of surface dose, the depth dose data and the isodose curves. The results obtained are compared with data available in the literature.", "PMID": 1119657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6487", "title": "Control by irradiation alone of nonfixed clinically positive lymph nodes from squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity, oropharynx, supraglottic larynx, and hypopharynx.", "content": "The records from 1948 through 1967 of 344 previously untreated patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity, oropharynx, supraglottic larynx and hypopharynx who had clinically positive cervical lymph node metastases staged N1, N2A, or N2B, and whose initial neck treatment consisted of external radiation therapy alone were reviewed. After appropriate exclusions the study group consists of 183 patients. The dose to the lymph node(s) was calculated retrospectively. The control rates for N1 lymph nodes are 91.5 per cent (76/83) and for N2 lymph nodes 78.5 per cent (55/70) in the patients whose lymph node(s) were well included in the irradiated volume and received a known dose. A dose response analysis shows that doses in the range of 6,500 rads to a single lymph node, 3 cm. or less in diameter, produce 90 per cent control. When a nonfixed metastatic lymph node of 3 cm. or more in diameter of multiple lymph nodes are present or there is questionable coverage, external irradiation alone cannot be relied upon for control and a neck dissection should follow.", "contents": "Control by irradiation alone of nonfixed clinically positive lymph nodes from squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity, oropharynx, supraglottic larynx, and hypopharynx. The records from 1948 through 1967 of 344 previously untreated patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity, oropharynx, supraglottic larynx and hypopharynx who had clinically positive cervical lymph node metastases staged N1, N2A, or N2B, and whose initial neck treatment consisted of external radiation therapy alone were reviewed. After appropriate exclusions the study group consists of 183 patients. The dose to the lymph node(s) was calculated retrospectively. The control rates for N1 lymph nodes are 91.5 per cent (76/83) and for N2 lymph nodes 78.5 per cent (55/70) in the patients whose lymph node(s) were well included in the irradiated volume and received a known dose. A dose response analysis shows that doses in the range of 6,500 rads to a single lymph node, 3 cm. or less in diameter, produce 90 per cent control. When a nonfixed metastatic lymph node of 3 cm. or more in diameter of multiple lymph nodes are present or there is questionable coverage, external irradiation alone cannot be relied upon for control and a neck dissection should follow.", "PMID": 1119658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6488", "title": "Hyperuricemia in cancer of the larynx. Preliminary report.", "content": "Serum uric acid values were obtained in 94 patients with cancer, prior to and upon completion of radiation therapy. Hyperuricemia was persistent in all of the patients with carcinoma of the larynx. Explanation for this finding is uncertain. Serum uric acid levels for all other cancers, in this series, were not impressive.", "contents": "Hyperuricemia in cancer of the larynx. Preliminary report. Serum uric acid values were obtained in 94 patients with cancer, prior to and upon completion of radiation therapy. Hyperuricemia was persistent in all of the patients with carcinoma of the larynx. Explanation for this finding is uncertain. Serum uric acid levels for all other cancers, in this series, were not impressive.", "PMID": 1119659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6489", "title": "Computer-assisted thyroidal technetium uptake measurement using a short pinhole-to-surface distance.", "content": "The close pinhole view of the thyroid presents some important measurement problems. Possible errors due to gland, neck and set-up geometry are accentuated due to the effects of the inverse square law, and care is needed to control these. The nonuniform response inherent in the use of the pinhole collimator has a significant effect, but with computer processing this is readily eliminated. ENR subtraction may become difficult in certain circumstances, as insufficient \"background areas\" may be viewed, but it has been shown that the use of a \"universal\" (for the particular system) ENR subtraction may give, if anything, more accurate results. With these precautions in use, important errors will be of the same order of magnitude as those involved in more distant views, and may thus be kept within the realms of clinical significance. On the other hand, considerable improvements in both resolution and sensitivity make the use of the closer view an asset to both the research laboratory and the small department involved mainly in routine service work.", "contents": "Computer-assisted thyroidal technetium uptake measurement using a short pinhole-to-surface distance. The close pinhole view of the thyroid presents some important measurement problems. Possible errors due to gland, neck and set-up geometry are accentuated due to the effects of the inverse square law, and care is needed to control these. The nonuniform response inherent in the use of the pinhole collimator has a significant effect, but with computer processing this is readily eliminated. ENR subtraction may become difficult in certain circumstances, as insufficient \"background areas\" may be viewed, but it has been shown that the use of a \"universal\" (for the particular system) ENR subtraction may give, if anything, more accurate results. With these precautions in use, important errors will be of the same order of magnitude as those involved in more distant views, and may thus be kept within the realms of clinical significance. On the other hand, considerable improvements in both resolution and sensitivity make the use of the closer view an asset to both the research laboratory and the small department involved mainly in routine service work.", "PMID": 1119660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6490", "title": "Late recurrence in medulloblastoma.", "content": "The authors present 3 cases of recurrence of medulloblastoma at 6 years, 6 years 7 months, and 7 years 4 months disease-free intervals from the time of diagnosis. Two of these cases have violated Collins' rule of survivorship; i.e., an interval longer than the patient's age plus 9 months being equivalent to cure. Two of the cases were biopsy proven recurrences of medulloblastoma and in the third, the recurrence was diagnosed on the basis of clinical and roentgenographic data. Other than for these late recurrences, our series is similar to other series reported in the literature.", "contents": "Late recurrence in medulloblastoma. The authors present 3 cases of recurrence of medulloblastoma at 6 years, 6 years 7 months, and 7 years 4 months disease-free intervals from the time of diagnosis. Two of these cases have violated Collins' rule of survivorship; i.e., an interval longer than the patient's age plus 9 months being equivalent to cure. Two of the cases were biopsy proven recurrences of medulloblastoma and in the third, the recurrence was diagnosed on the basis of clinical and roentgenographic data. Other than for these late recurrences, our series is similar to other series reported in the literature.", "PMID": 1119661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6491", "title": "Metastatic carcinoma simulating inflammatory colitis.", "content": "Metastatic carcinoma to the colon may be mistaken for inflammatory colitis, particulary Crohn's disease, both clinically and roentgenologically. Characteristic changes include mucosal thickening, nodular masses, multiple and eccentric strictures, asymmetric involvement, pseudosacculations, and spiculations of contour. This report, based upon experience with 12 cases, establishes the distinctive roentgen features of metastatic disease to the colon from a variety of primary sites. It is shown that these changes are dependent upon pathways of spread, growth characteristics, and local tissue response. The clinical importance of making this differential diagnosis is two-fold. A patient with an occult or a known primary malignancy may present clinically with metastatic disease to the colon masquerading as inflammatory colitis. Recognition of the characteristic roentgenologic changes immediately either leads to a search for the primary neoplasm or establishes the diagnosis of widespread disease.", "contents": "Metastatic carcinoma simulating inflammatory colitis. Metastatic carcinoma to the colon may be mistaken for inflammatory colitis, particulary Crohn's disease, both clinically and roentgenologically. Characteristic changes include mucosal thickening, nodular masses, multiple and eccentric strictures, asymmetric involvement, pseudosacculations, and spiculations of contour. This report, based upon experience with 12 cases, establishes the distinctive roentgen features of metastatic disease to the colon from a variety of primary sites. It is shown that these changes are dependent upon pathways of spread, growth characteristics, and local tissue response. The clinical importance of making this differential diagnosis is two-fold. A patient with an occult or a known primary malignancy may present clinically with metastatic disease to the colon masquerading as inflammatory colitis. Recognition of the characteristic roentgenologic changes immediately either leads to a search for the primary neoplasm or establishes the diagnosis of widespread disease.", "PMID": 1119662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6492", "title": "Carcinoma of the cervix: a time dose analysis of control and complications.", "content": "The use of 3 dose assessment systems is compared. The Manchester approach which measures a dose to Point A and Point B; the Paris approach using rads and mgh; and Ellis's NSD approach appear to have equal value in predicting probability of pelvic control and the likelihood of complication over the dose range employed at this hospital. Control increases with higher dose schemes, but complications appear to be influenced by other variables not accounted for in the 3 systems.", "contents": "Carcinoma of the cervix: a time dose analysis of control and complications. The use of 3 dose assessment systems is compared. The Manchester approach which measures a dose to Point A and Point B; the Paris approach using rads and mgh; and Ellis's NSD approach appear to have equal value in predicting probability of pelvic control and the likelihood of complication over the dose range employed at this hospital. Control increases with higher dose schemes, but complications appear to be influenced by other variables not accounted for in the 3 systems.", "PMID": 1119663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6493", "title": "Indications for adjunctive conservative extrafascial hysterectomy in selected cases of carcinoma of the uterine cervix.", "content": "The survival rates for a selected group of patients with large central lesions, either squamous cell carcinoma or adenocarcinoma and managed by combining irradiation and a conservative extrafascial hysterectomy, are comparable to those of carcinoma of the cervix in general. Death is caused much more often by distant metastases and intercurrent disease than by failure within the irradiated volume.", "contents": "Indications for adjunctive conservative extrafascial hysterectomy in selected cases of carcinoma of the uterine cervix. The survival rates for a selected group of patients with large central lesions, either squamous cell carcinoma or adenocarcinoma and managed by combining irradiation and a conservative extrafascial hysterectomy, are comparable to those of carcinoma of the cervix in general. Death is caused much more often by distant metastases and intercurrent disease than by failure within the irradiated volume.", "PMID": 1119664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6494", "title": "Numbers of Giardia in the feces of infected children.", "content": "Estimates were made of the number of Giardia in 1,090 stools from 15 infected children over periods of 1 to 3 months. Three patterns of excretion were observed: 1) high, with the parasite abundant in nearly all stools; 2) low, with the parasite detectable in only 40% of the stools and scanty when present; and 3) mixed, with periods of 1 to 3 weeks of high excretion alternating with generally shorter periods of low excretion, and an overall average of about 60% of stools positive. The presence and relative numbers of Giardia in the feces apparently were unrelated to either the consistency of the stools or frequency of defecation. Attempts to increase parasite excretion with purgatives were, on the whole, unsuccessful.", "contents": "Numbers of Giardia in the feces of infected children. Estimates were made of the number of Giardia in 1,090 stools from 15 infected children over periods of 1 to 3 months. Three patterns of excretion were observed: 1) high, with the parasite abundant in nearly all stools; 2) low, with the parasite detectable in only 40% of the stools and scanty when present; and 3) mixed, with periods of 1 to 3 weeks of high excretion alternating with generally shorter periods of low excretion, and an overall average of about 60% of stools positive. The presence and relative numbers of Giardia in the feces apparently were unrelated to either the consistency of the stools or frequency of defecation. Attempts to increase parasite excretion with purgatives were, on the whole, unsuccessful.", "PMID": 1119665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6495", "title": "Evaluation of the skin test for hookworm as an epidemiological tool.", "content": "The usefulness of a skin test with larval Necator americanus antigen for assessment of hookworm prevalence was evaluated in an endemic area of Costa Rica. In comparison with standard coprologic techniques employed to survey the population, the skin test detected 83% of infections, showing a fairly satisfactory sensitivity. The overall specificity of the test was 50%, i.e., random. No correlation was found between skin reactivity and hookworm burden. The sensitivity of the test increased moderately with age, but its specificity decreased significantly at the same time. False positive reactions were more numerous among persons formerly infected with hookworm who had been negative for as long as 5 years. There was an indication of cross reactivity with intestinal nematodes other than hookworm. The test was used to detect hookworm infected persons in the community for selective treatment, in comparison with mass treatment of all the people in another village. The selective administration of an anthelminthic drug to only skin test positive persons did not achieve the same drop in community hookworm prevalence as did the indiscriminate treatment of the whole population.", "contents": "Evaluation of the skin test for hookworm as an epidemiological tool. The usefulness of a skin test with larval Necator americanus antigen for assessment of hookworm prevalence was evaluated in an endemic area of Costa Rica. In comparison with standard coprologic techniques employed to survey the population, the skin test detected 83% of infections, showing a fairly satisfactory sensitivity. The overall specificity of the test was 50%, i.e., random. No correlation was found between skin reactivity and hookworm burden. The sensitivity of the test increased moderately with age, but its specificity decreased significantly at the same time. False positive reactions were more numerous among persons formerly infected with hookworm who had been negative for as long as 5 years. There was an indication of cross reactivity with intestinal nematodes other than hookworm. The test was used to detect hookworm infected persons in the community for selective treatment, in comparison with mass treatment of all the people in another village. The selective administration of an anthelminthic drug to only skin test positive persons did not achieve the same drop in community hookworm prevalence as did the indiscriminate treatment of the whole population.", "PMID": 1119666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6496", "title": "Infection of the mastoid bone with a Paragonimus-like trematode.", "content": "Three unusual cases of mastoid abscess are described. Case histories and the clinical, laboratory, radiological, surgical, and histopathological findings in the patients are reported. Operculated eggs measuring about 60 mu times 40 mu were seen in pus obtained from two cases, but no adult worm was recovered. The findings suggest that the infections could have been caused by either Paragonimus species or Poikilorchis (Achillurbania) species.", "contents": "Infection of the mastoid bone with a Paragonimus-like trematode. Three unusual cases of mastoid abscess are described. Case histories and the clinical, laboratory, radiological, surgical, and histopathological findings in the patients are reported. Operculated eggs measuring about 60 mu times 40 mu were seen in pus obtained from two cases, but no adult worm was recovered. The findings suggest that the infections could have been caused by either Paragonimus species or Poikilorchis (Achillurbania) species.", "PMID": 1119667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6497", "title": "Renographic studies in vesical schistosomiasis in children.", "content": "Renal function in children infected with Schistosoma haematobium and in uninfected controls has been studied with the I131 hippuran renogram. The results suggest that renographic abnormalities which persist after a water-load are more common in infected children who have heavy egg-output in their urine, and abnormal pyelograms. Specific chemotherapy restored the renogram to normal within 3 weeks in several cases. It is suggested that the renogram is useful for the assessment and followup of patients with vesical schistosomiasis, and further work should be done to more clearly define the renal function of such patients.", "contents": "Renographic studies in vesical schistosomiasis in children. Renal function in children infected with Schistosoma haematobium and in uninfected controls has been studied with the I131 hippuran renogram. The results suggest that renographic abnormalities which persist after a water-load are more common in infected children who have heavy egg-output in their urine, and abnormal pyelograms. Specific chemotherapy restored the renogram to normal within 3 weeks in several cases. It is suggested that the renogram is useful for the assessment and followup of patients with vesical schistosomiasis, and further work should be done to more clearly define the renal function of such patients.", "PMID": 1119668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6498", "title": "Studies on schistosomiasis in Somalia.", "content": "A survey was made on the prevalence and intensity of schistosomiasis in 14 localities in 4 areas in Somalia has revealed the presence of urinary bilharziasis among the inhabitants of all these localities, this being much higher in the two areas where water development has been accomplished. The mean prevalence of infection was found to be 27.2% and 58.1% in the two areas where water development has only been planned, while it was 58.7% and 75.6% in the two areas where the extension of irrigation was achieved years ago. Snails were collected from the habitats visited and these were identified. The role of Bulinus abyssinicus in the transmission of infection was proven.", "contents": "Studies on schistosomiasis in Somalia. A survey was made on the prevalence and intensity of schistosomiasis in 14 localities in 4 areas in Somalia has revealed the presence of urinary bilharziasis among the inhabitants of all these localities, this being much higher in the two areas where water development has been accomplished. The mean prevalence of infection was found to be 27.2% and 58.1% in the two areas where water development has only been planned, while it was 58.7% and 75.6% in the two areas where the extension of irrigation was achieved years ago. Snails were collected from the habitats visited and these were identified. The role of Bulinus abyssinicus in the transmission of infection was proven.", "PMID": 1119669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6499", "title": "The relation of worm burden to passage of Schistosoma haematobium eggs in the urine of infected patients.", "content": "Patients scheduled for cystectomy for bladder carcinoma or exstrophy of the bladder were studied. The number of eggs per day passed in the urine preoperatively was compared with the number of worms recovered from the cystectomy specimen by dissection. A mean of 203 embryonated Schistosoma haematobium eggs per day per worm pair were recovered from the urine of active, untreated cases. The relation between the number of S. haematobium females recovered and the number of living eggs passed in the urine was questionably significant. The correlation between S. haematobium females and all eggs (living and dead) passed in the urine was somewhat better. Several S. mansoni females were recovered from one specimen. This patient passed 139 embryonated S. mansoni eggs per day in the urine for each female worm recovered. Only one active case, treated 6 weeks before operation, might have been missed on routine parasitological examination of the urine.", "contents": "The relation of worm burden to passage of Schistosoma haematobium eggs in the urine of infected patients. Patients scheduled for cystectomy for bladder carcinoma or exstrophy of the bladder were studied. The number of eggs per day passed in the urine preoperatively was compared with the number of worms recovered from the cystectomy specimen by dissection. A mean of 203 embryonated Schistosoma haematobium eggs per day per worm pair were recovered from the urine of active, untreated cases. The relation between the number of S. haematobium females recovered and the number of living eggs passed in the urine was questionably significant. The correlation between S. haematobium females and all eggs (living and dead) passed in the urine was somewhat better. Several S. mansoni females were recovered from one specimen. This patient passed 139 embryonated S. mansoni eggs per day in the urine for each female worm recovered. Only one active case, treated 6 weeks before operation, might have been missed on routine parasitological examination of the urine.", "PMID": 1119670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6500", "title": "Chiropteran rabies in Florida: a twenty-year analysis, 1954 to 1973.", "content": "Chiropteran rabies in Florida is analyzed for the 20-year period 1954 to 1973. The examination of 6,447 bats between 1954 and 1961 yielded 55 (0.85%) positive animals. From 1962 to 1973 however, 2,293 bats examined yielded 236 (10.3%) positive. The yellow bat, Lasiurus intermedius floridanus, accounted for 183 (63.1%) of all cases of chiropteran rabies. Sporadic cases occurred throughout the state with more being reported from the central portion of the state. Cases have been reported every month of the year, peaking in July and August. There were no significant differences in the distribution of rabies in colonial or noncolonial bats by sex or age. There were also no significant differences in the number of reported human and dog contacts made by rabid and non-rabid bats. Clinically ill bats found negative for rabies had a significantly higher contact rate with cats than did rabid bats.", "contents": "Chiropteran rabies in Florida: a twenty-year analysis, 1954 to 1973. Chiropteran rabies in Florida is analyzed for the 20-year period 1954 to 1973. The examination of 6,447 bats between 1954 and 1961 yielded 55 (0.85%) positive animals. From 1962 to 1973 however, 2,293 bats examined yielded 236 (10.3%) positive. The yellow bat, Lasiurus intermedius floridanus, accounted for 183 (63.1%) of all cases of chiropteran rabies. Sporadic cases occurred throughout the state with more being reported from the central portion of the state. Cases have been reported every month of the year, peaking in July and August. There were no significant differences in the distribution of rabies in colonial or noncolonial bats by sex or age. There were also no significant differences in the number of reported human and dog contacts made by rabid and non-rabid bats. Clinically ill bats found negative for rabies had a significantly higher contact rate with cats than did rabid bats.", "PMID": 1119671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6501", "title": "Liver abscess due to ascarid in Iran.", "content": "A deep 3-cm liver abscess with resulting exogenous cholecystitis, pericholecystitis and adhesions caused by an adult Ascaris was discovered by laparotomy in a 63-year-old man in northwest Iran. Though Ascaris infection rates are high in most major areas of the country, this apparently is the first case of liver abscess caused by Ascaris to be reported from Iran.", "contents": "Liver abscess due to ascarid in Iran. A deep 3-cm liver abscess with resulting exogenous cholecystitis, pericholecystitis and adhesions caused by an adult Ascaris was discovered by laparotomy in a 63-year-old man in northwest Iran. Though Ascaris infection rates are high in most major areas of the country, this apparently is the first case of liver abscess caused by Ascaris to be reported from Iran.", "PMID": 1119672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6502", "title": "Exchange transfusion in hepatic coma: factors affecting results, with long-term follow-up data.", "content": "1. Exchange transfusion in our experience has produced a response in 42 per cent of the patients. 2. Complicating factors, primarily sepsis, have been responsible for a 50 per cent mortality in those patients who initially respond, yielding a survival rate of 21 per cent. 3. In a select group of patients with infectious hepatitis under the age of twenty-five years, the survival rate was 37.5 per cent. 4. Excess bilirubin and ammonia rebound after exchange transfusions indicates a grave prognosis. 5. All survivors have normal results on liver function studies.", "contents": "Exchange transfusion in hepatic coma: factors affecting results, with long-term follow-up data. 1. Exchange transfusion in our experience has produced a response in 42 per cent of the patients. 2. Complicating factors, primarily sepsis, have been responsible for a 50 per cent mortality in those patients who initially respond, yielding a survival rate of 21 per cent. 3. In a select group of patients with infectious hepatitis under the age of twenty-five years, the survival rate was 37.5 per cent. 4. Excess bilirubin and ammonia rebound after exchange transfusions indicates a grave prognosis. 5. All survivors have normal results on liver function studies.", "PMID": 1119673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6503", "title": "An electron microscopic study of the effects of portacaval shunts on the ultrastructure of the rat liver after partial hepatectomy.", "content": "The normally quiescent stable adult liver has a generous capacity for reparative hypertrophy and hyperplasia after loss of functional tissue. The large reserve of the liver's functional capacity permits survival of the animal even if over 70 per cent of its liver is removed. It retains an inherent capacity for regenerative growth which subsides once the original organ deficit is restored. This study attempted to resolve the question of whether alteration in hepatic hemodynamics affects the regenerative stimulus of the liver after partial (70 per cent) hepatectomy. It has shown that the liver remnant regenerates after reduction of portal blood flow by construction of a portacaval anastomosis. The diversion of blood from the liver exerts its own histologic and electron microscopic effects on the liver. Reduction of portal blood flow affects the temporal patterns of regeneration after partial hepatectomy but does not prevent completion of the regenerative process. Correlation of this study with the biochemical data available in the literature indicates that the structural changes in the cellular organelles during the process of regeneration reflect dynamic biochemical events that are based on a predetermined genetic code representing the key to life that is uniquely found in the liver.", "contents": "An electron microscopic study of the effects of portacaval shunts on the ultrastructure of the rat liver after partial hepatectomy. The normally quiescent stable adult liver has a generous capacity for reparative hypertrophy and hyperplasia after loss of functional tissue. The large reserve of the liver's functional capacity permits survival of the animal even if over 70 per cent of its liver is removed. It retains an inherent capacity for regenerative growth which subsides once the original organ deficit is restored. This study attempted to resolve the question of whether alteration in hepatic hemodynamics affects the regenerative stimulus of the liver after partial (70 per cent) hepatectomy. It has shown that the liver remnant regenerates after reduction of portal blood flow by construction of a portacaval anastomosis. The diversion of blood from the liver exerts its own histologic and electron microscopic effects on the liver. Reduction of portal blood flow affects the temporal patterns of regeneration after partial hepatectomy but does not prevent completion of the regenerative process. Correlation of this study with the biochemical data available in the literature indicates that the structural changes in the cellular organelles during the process of regeneration reflect dynamic biochemical events that are based on a predetermined genetic code representing the key to life that is uniquely found in the liver.", "PMID": 1119675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6504", "title": "Analysis of gallbladder bile in morbid obesity.", "content": "Thirty-seven per cent of our grossly obese patients selected for gastric bypass had cholesterol gallstones. To document the composition of the biliary lipids prior to weight loss, the bile taken from eleven obese patients at the time of gastric bypass was analyzed and the results compared with those in eleven nonobese patients undergoing elective surgery. There was extreme supersaturation of both gallbladder and hepatic bile in all obese patients. The gallbladder bile of all obese patients fell well outside the micellar zone whereas the bile from all but one of the controls fell within the micellar zone. These data provide biochemical support for the clinical association of obesity and cholesterol gallstone formation and are evidence against the possibility that gastric bypass is a lithogenic operation.", "contents": "Analysis of gallbladder bile in morbid obesity. Thirty-seven per cent of our grossly obese patients selected for gastric bypass had cholesterol gallstones. To document the composition of the biliary lipids prior to weight loss, the bile taken from eleven obese patients at the time of gastric bypass was analyzed and the results compared with those in eleven nonobese patients undergoing elective surgery. There was extreme supersaturation of both gallbladder and hepatic bile in all obese patients. The gallbladder bile of all obese patients fell well outside the micellar zone whereas the bile from all but one of the controls fell within the micellar zone. These data provide biochemical support for the clinical association of obesity and cholesterol gallstone formation and are evidence against the possibility that gastric bypass is a lithogenic operation.", "PMID": 1119676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6505", "title": "Prognostic evaluation of regional lymph node morphology colorectal cancer.", "content": "Histologic sections from 143 patients treated with surgery for infiltrating adenocarcinoma of the distal large bowel were studied with emphasis on the morphologic characteristics of the regional lymph nodes. Lymph nodes were classified into four groups designated lymphocyte predominance, germinal center predominance, lymphocyte depletion, and unstimulated. Results were correlated with the extent of disease and five year survival data. There was no significant association between the histologic pattern of the lymph nodes and the extent of the primary lesion. There was a higher survival rate in patients whose nodes showed germinal center predominance (71 per cent) compared with those whose nodes showed lymphocyte predominance or the unstimulated pattern (both 54 per cent), but these results were not statistically significant.", "contents": "Prognostic evaluation of regional lymph node morphology colorectal cancer. Histologic sections from 143 patients treated with surgery for infiltrating adenocarcinoma of the distal large bowel were studied with emphasis on the morphologic characteristics of the regional lymph nodes. Lymph nodes were classified into four groups designated lymphocyte predominance, germinal center predominance, lymphocyte depletion, and unstimulated. Results were correlated with the extent of disease and five year survival data. There was no significant association between the histologic pattern of the lymph nodes and the extent of the primary lesion. There was a higher survival rate in patients whose nodes showed germinal center predominance (71 per cent) compared with those whose nodes showed lymphocyte predominance or the unstimulated pattern (both 54 per cent), but these results were not statistically significant.", "PMID": 1119677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6506", "title": "Comparison of colonoscopy and the contrast enema in five hundred patients with colorectal disease.", "content": "Endoscopic examination of the entire colon (colonoscopy) is an important new method of diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the colon and rectum, particularly cancer. The records of 500 patients who had one or more contrast enemas and subsequent colonoscopy were analyzed in an attempt to evaluate the competitive and complementary features of the two methods. The endoscopists had the advantage of having a radiologic report or radiographs available to them. In general, when the level of abnormality could be reached, colonoscopy had a higher degree of accuracy, particularly since observation could be combined with biopsy. This was particularly true in the case of polyps in which colonoscopy confirmed 166 radiologically described growths plus an additional 118 lesion, twenty-one of which were over 1 cm in diameter. By endoscopic excision of these polyps via the colonoscope, malignant changes can be identified, a conclusion rarely reached by radiographic means alone. With respect to cancer, exclusive of polyps, only twenty-four of thirty-two cases were diagnosed by x-ray study alone. Another nine, interpreted aa demonstrating malignancy from the radiographs, had cancer excluded when subjected to endoscopic confirmation. Colonoscopy has also proved valuable in identifying lesions of the cecum, notoriously a problem for the radiologist, and in identifying milder degrees of inflammatory change which are undetectable by radiographic means. Colonoscopy and the contrast enema are best reported as completmentary rather than competitive approaches, and by their combined use, diagnostic accuracy is greatly enhanced.", "contents": "Comparison of colonoscopy and the contrast enema in five hundred patients with colorectal disease. Endoscopic examination of the entire colon (colonoscopy) is an important new method of diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the colon and rectum, particularly cancer. The records of 500 patients who had one or more contrast enemas and subsequent colonoscopy were analyzed in an attempt to evaluate the competitive and complementary features of the two methods. The endoscopists had the advantage of having a radiologic report or radiographs available to them. In general, when the level of abnormality could be reached, colonoscopy had a higher degree of accuracy, particularly since observation could be combined with biopsy. This was particularly true in the case of polyps in which colonoscopy confirmed 166 radiologically described growths plus an additional 118 lesion, twenty-one of which were over 1 cm in diameter. By endoscopic excision of these polyps via the colonoscope, malignant changes can be identified, a conclusion rarely reached by radiographic means alone. With respect to cancer, exclusive of polyps, only twenty-four of thirty-two cases were diagnosed by x-ray study alone. Another nine, interpreted aa demonstrating malignancy from the radiographs, had cancer excluded when subjected to endoscopic confirmation. Colonoscopy has also proved valuable in identifying lesions of the cecum, notoriously a problem for the radiologist, and in identifying milder degrees of inflammatory change which are undetectable by radiographic means. Colonoscopy and the contrast enema are best reported as completmentary rather than competitive approaches, and by their combined use, diagnostic accuracy is greatly enhanced.", "PMID": 1119678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6507", "title": "The injured colon: therapeutic considerations.", "content": "A prospective randomized study was carried out at the Detroit General Hospital over a two year period to evaluate methods of management in 165 patients with colonic injuries. Results of the study show that primary closure is a safe and reiable method of management when rigid criteria are incorporated in an ongoing protocol. Moreover, the technic of exteriorization is a safe adjunct to management and is recommended in any patient with a colonic injury above 18 cm in which one suture line is required and in which the additional operating time of twenty minutes will not compromise the management of secondary injuries. Patients not fulfilling these criteria should have primary colostomy. These principles make it possible to reduce the need for primary colostomy to approximately 50 per cent in a large ongoing group of patients with colonic injury.", "contents": "The injured colon: therapeutic considerations. A prospective randomized study was carried out at the Detroit General Hospital over a two year period to evaluate methods of management in 165 patients with colonic injuries. Results of the study show that primary closure is a safe and reiable method of management when rigid criteria are incorporated in an ongoing protocol. Moreover, the technic of exteriorization is a safe adjunct to management and is recommended in any patient with a colonic injury above 18 cm in which one suture line is required and in which the additional operating time of twenty minutes will not compromise the management of secondary injuries. Patients not fulfilling these criteria should have primary colostomy. These principles make it possible to reduce the need for primary colostomy to approximately 50 per cent in a large ongoing group of patients with colonic injury.", "PMID": 1119679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6508", "title": "Absorption of carbohydrates and vitamins in the preserved and transplanted small intestine.", "content": "A significant impairment in the intestinal absorption of D-xylose and vitamin A was observed in the first weeks after preservation and transplantation of the whole small bowel. Functional recovery was only observed in long-term survivors, usually transplanted dogs that lived more than five weeks. There was no impairment in the absorption of vitamin B12. Only prolonged survivors showed low normal limits of vitamin B12.", "contents": "Absorption of carbohydrates and vitamins in the preserved and transplanted small intestine. A significant impairment in the intestinal absorption of D-xylose and vitamin A was observed in the first weeks after preservation and transplantation of the whole small bowel. Functional recovery was only observed in long-term survivors, usually transplanted dogs that lived more than five weeks. There was no impairment in the absorption of vitamin B12. Only prolonged survivors showed low normal limits of vitamin B12.", "PMID": 1119680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6509", "title": "Jejunal mucosal graft: a sutureless technic for repair of high bile duct strictures.", "content": "A simplified sutureless technic for the repair of high bile duct strictures is described. The technic combines the principle of a transhepatic tube together with a mucosal graft formed by removing a seromuscular patch near the end of a Roux-en-Y loop of jejunum creating a mucosal outpouching. The biliary tree is entered at the hilum of the liver and a latex rubber tube is drawn through the liver and anchored to the Roux-en-Y loop through the previously created mucosal diverticulum. The tube is pulled back into the liver carrying with it the sleeve of jejunal mucosa into the duct system in contact with the epithelium of the intrahepatic ducts. The technic is simple, easy, and quick. There is no difficult and tedious duct dissection of hepaticodochojejunal anastomosis to perform. It provides mucosa to mucosa approximation and eliminates the need for sutures through or near the mucosa to compromise the blood supply and prevent  primary healing. The stent tube is easily removed without reoperation when desired. Finally, there is access to the biliary tree for daily irrigation, radiography, and cultures. From 1969 to 1972, sixty-one repairs were performed in fifty seriously ill patients utilizing the principles of this sutureless technic. All had had failure of previous attempts at repair with an average of 2.86 previous biliary tract operations per patient. Eight-five per cent of the patients have had an ultimately successful result. The mean postoperative hospital stay was only 19.6 days. Although the follow-up period is still short, these preliminary results are most encouraging.", "contents": "Jejunal mucosal graft: a sutureless technic for repair of high bile duct strictures. A simplified sutureless technic for the repair of high bile duct strictures is described. The technic combines the principle of a transhepatic tube together with a mucosal graft formed by removing a seromuscular patch near the end of a Roux-en-Y loop of jejunum creating a mucosal outpouching. The biliary tree is entered at the hilum of the liver and a latex rubber tube is drawn through the liver and anchored to the Roux-en-Y loop through the previously created mucosal diverticulum. The tube is pulled back into the liver carrying with it the sleeve of jejunal mucosa into the duct system in contact with the epithelium of the intrahepatic ducts. The technic is simple, easy, and quick. There is no difficult and tedious duct dissection of hepaticodochojejunal anastomosis to perform. It provides mucosa to mucosa approximation and eliminates the need for sutures through or near the mucosa to compromise the blood supply and prevent  primary healing. The stent tube is easily removed without reoperation when desired. Finally, there is access to the biliary tree for daily irrigation, radiography, and cultures. From 1969 to 1972, sixty-one repairs were performed in fifty seriously ill patients utilizing the principles of this sutureless technic. All had had failure of previous attempts at repair with an average of 2.86 previous biliary tract operations per patient. Eight-five per cent of the patients have had an ultimately successful result. The mean postoperative hospital stay was only 19.6 days. Although the follow-up period is still short, these preliminary results are most encouraging.", "PMID": 1119681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6510", "title": "Pathophysiology of stress ulcer and its prevention. II. Prostaglandin E1 and microcirculatory responses in stress ulcer.", "content": "PGE1 completely prevented the formation of stress ulcers when administered in doses of 4 to 5 mg/kg or more. However, at this dose, complications and mortality were significant.", "contents": "Pathophysiology of stress ulcer and its prevention. II. Prostaglandin E1 and microcirculatory responses in stress ulcer. PGE1 completely prevented the formation of stress ulcers when administered in doses of 4 to 5 mg/kg or more. However, at this dose, complications and mortality were significant.", "PMID": 1119682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6511", "title": "Mechanical cleansing of contaminated wounds with a surfactant.", "content": "Mechanical cleansing of a wound with a sponge soaked in a surfactant has prevented the development of experimental wound infection. The surfactant utilized for wound cleansing is Pluronic F-68, a member of a family of block copolymers called Pluronic polyols. Long-term toxicity studies and clinical trials suggest that this surfactant is safe for human use. Pluronic F-68 is a nonionic detergent that does not have any intrinsic antibacterial activity. Although mechanical cleansing with saline-soaked sponges effectively removes bacteria, it damages the wound and impairs its resistance to infection. The severity of the damage to the skin exerted by the sponge can be correlated with its porosity. Sponges with a low porosity are abrasive and exert more damage to skin than do sponges with a higher porosity. The addition of Pluronic F-68 to even the most abrasive sponges ensures that the bacterial removal efficiency of the sponge scrub is maintained, while tissue trauma is minimized. This dual effect of the surfactant results in a dramatic reduction in the infection rate of contaminated wounds. On the basis of these results, a clinical trial with surfactant-soaked sponges would appear to be indicated.", "contents": "Mechanical cleansing of contaminated wounds with a surfactant. Mechanical cleansing of a wound with a sponge soaked in a surfactant has prevented the development of experimental wound infection. The surfactant utilized for wound cleansing is Pluronic F-68, a member of a family of block copolymers called Pluronic polyols. Long-term toxicity studies and clinical trials suggest that this surfactant is safe for human use. Pluronic F-68 is a nonionic detergent that does not have any intrinsic antibacterial activity. Although mechanical cleansing with saline-soaked sponges effectively removes bacteria, it damages the wound and impairs its resistance to infection. The severity of the damage to the skin exerted by the sponge can be correlated with its porosity. Sponges with a low porosity are abrasive and exert more damage to skin than do sponges with a higher porosity. The addition of Pluronic F-68 to even the most abrasive sponges ensures that the bacterial removal efficiency of the sponge scrub is maintained, while tissue trauma is minimized. This dual effect of the surfactant results in a dramatic reduction in the infection rate of contaminated wounds. On the basis of these results, a clinical trial with surfactant-soaked sponges would appear to be indicated.", "PMID": 1119685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6512", "title": "Pathophysiology of stress ulcer and its prevention. I. Pharmacologic doses of steroid.", "content": "The efficacy of a large dose of Decadron on stress ulcer formation in restrained rats has been studied using microangiohistologic technics. When a pharmacologic dose of Decadron was administered twenty-four hours prior to the procedure, Dacadron prevented ulcer formation.", "contents": "Pathophysiology of stress ulcer and its prevention. I. Pharmacologic doses of steroid. The efficacy of a large dose of Decadron on stress ulcer formation in restrained rats has been studied using microangiohistologic technics. When a pharmacologic dose of Decadron was administered twenty-four hours prior to the procedure, Dacadron prevented ulcer formation.", "PMID": 1119686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6513", "title": "Tracking respiratory therapy in the trauma patient.", "content": "The respiratory index (RI), P(AaDO2)/PaO2, was investigated in a retrospective study of 177 intubated patients treated at the Maryland Institute for Emergency Medicine. An RI of 0.1 to 0.37 is normal. Patients with an RI of 2 or greater were intubated. Those patients who reached an RI of 6 or more had an associated 12 per cent probability of survival. The RI reflects the presence of pulmonary shunting in a variety of circumstances including atelectasis, pulmonary contusion, and pulmonary emboli. A nomogram that allows the course of the patient with respiratory problems to be followed is described. Movement along the same isobars or between isobars can be followed by plotting the PaO2 against the FI0-2. Thus, the rationale and effect of respiratory therapeutic manipulations may be recorded graphically.", "contents": "Tracking respiratory therapy in the trauma patient. The respiratory index (RI), P(AaDO2)/PaO2, was investigated in a retrospective study of 177 intubated patients treated at the Maryland Institute for Emergency Medicine. An RI of 0.1 to 0.37 is normal. Patients with an RI of 2 or greater were intubated. Those patients who reached an RI of 6 or more had an associated 12 per cent probability of survival. The RI reflects the presence of pulmonary shunting in a variety of circumstances including atelectasis, pulmonary contusion, and pulmonary emboli. A nomogram that allows the course of the patient with respiratory problems to be followed is described. Movement along the same isobars or between isobars can be followed by plotting the PaO2 against the FI0-2. Thus, the rationale and effect of respiratory therapeutic manipulations may be recorded graphically.", "PMID": 1119687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6514", "title": "Development of a plastic surgical teaching service in a women's correctional institution.", "content": "A plastic surgical teaching service has been organized at a women's correctional institution to provide a previously unrecognized medical need and to serve a valuable educational function for our residents in training. A total of 177 surgical candidates demonstrating a wide range of reconstructive problems including tattoos, scars, keloids, neoplasms of the skin and hands, deformities of the face and breasts, and numerous disabilities of the hands were identified among 241 inmates requesting examination. Thus far, 116 operative procedures have been performed on 101 patients. Patient acceptance has been high, and the support of prison authorities has been enthusiastic. Persistent efforts to convince legislators of the wisdom of supporting this program financially have only been partially successful and will require further accumulation of sociologic data bearing on the rehabilitative potential of the detained patient with a correctable deformity. Meanwhile, residents in training gain maturity as they provide a very \"private\" type of service for what has traditionally been considered a very \"public\" population of patients.", "contents": "Development of a plastic surgical teaching service in a women's correctional institution. A plastic surgical teaching service has been organized at a women's correctional institution to provide a previously unrecognized medical need and to serve a valuable educational function for our residents in training. A total of 177 surgical candidates demonstrating a wide range of reconstructive problems including tattoos, scars, keloids, neoplasms of the skin and hands, deformities of the face and breasts, and numerous disabilities of the hands were identified among 241 inmates requesting examination. Thus far, 116 operative procedures have been performed on 101 patients. Patient acceptance has been high, and the support of prison authorities has been enthusiastic. Persistent efforts to convince legislators of the wisdom of supporting this program financially have only been partially successful and will require further accumulation of sociologic data bearing on the rehabilitative potential of the detained patient with a correctable deformity. Meanwhile, residents in training gain maturity as they provide a very \"private\" type of service for what has traditionally been considered a very \"public\" population of patients.", "PMID": 1119689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6515", "title": "Head and neck cancer manpower study.", "content": "1. Approximately 40,000 cases of cancer of the head and neck (excluding skin) are diagnosed each year. 2. Approximately 20,000 of these cases and 30,000 cases of skin cancer are treated by 366 head and neck cancer surgeons. 3. Ninety per cent of the cases are treated by 63 per cent of the surgeons. 4. Fifty-eight per cent of the surgeons care for between 50 and 300 cases per year. 5. While 2,759 new board-certified surgeons of all specialties are recruited annually to maintain a work force of 46,000 board-certified surgeons (3), apparently 730 potential head and neck cancer surgeons are being prepared to maintain a work force of approximately 450 head and neck cancer surgeons. 6. These findings indicate the need for in-depth study of the manpower needs in head and neck cancer surgery by all who are responsible for the training of surgeons in this field.", "contents": "Head and neck cancer manpower study. 1. Approximately 40,000 cases of cancer of the head and neck (excluding skin) are diagnosed each year. 2. Approximately 20,000 of these cases and 30,000 cases of skin cancer are treated by 366 head and neck cancer surgeons. 3. Ninety per cent of the cases are treated by 63 per cent of the surgeons. 4. Fifty-eight per cent of the surgeons care for between 50 and 300 cases per year. 5. While 2,759 new board-certified surgeons of all specialties are recruited annually to maintain a work force of 46,000 board-certified surgeons (3), apparently 730 potential head and neck cancer surgeons are being prepared to maintain a work force of approximately 450 head and neck cancer surgeons. 6. These findings indicate the need for in-depth study of the manpower needs in head and neck cancer surgery by all who are responsible for the training of surgeons in this field.", "PMID": 1119690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6516", "title": "Immediate oophorectomy and adrenalectomy in the treatment of stage III breast carcinoma. A ten year follow-up study.", "content": "One hundred twenty-two patients with state III breast carcinoma had radical mastectomy with or without adjunctive radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or steroids. Thirteen randomly selected persons in the group had immediate bilateral oophoroadrenalectomy. Survival ranged from 10 to 147 months (median, 68.0) with seven of thirteen patients (53.8 per cent) alive five years and three of thirteen (23.0 per cent) alive ten year or longer. No statistical difference in survival or disease-free intervals with respect to menopausal status was observed in the nine patients of this group who died. One hundred and nine patients treated by conventional therapy without endocrine ablation had shorter five year (37.6 per cent) and ten year (15.6 per cent) survival intervals. The difference in survival intervals was statistically significant at p smaller than 0.01. This study suggests that immediate endocrine ablation may prolong survival in patients with stage III breast carcinoma.", "contents": "Immediate oophorectomy and adrenalectomy in the treatment of stage III breast carcinoma. A ten year follow-up study. One hundred twenty-two patients with state III breast carcinoma had radical mastectomy with or without adjunctive radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or steroids. Thirteen randomly selected persons in the group had immediate bilateral oophoroadrenalectomy. Survival ranged from 10 to 147 months (median, 68.0) with seven of thirteen patients (53.8 per cent) alive five years and three of thirteen (23.0 per cent) alive ten year or longer. No statistical difference in survival or disease-free intervals with respect to menopausal status was observed in the nine patients of this group who died. One hundred and nine patients treated by conventional therapy without endocrine ablation had shorter five year (37.6 per cent) and ten year (15.6 per cent) survival intervals. The difference in survival intervals was statistically significant at p smaller than 0.01. This study suggests that immediate endocrine ablation may prolong survival in patients with stage III breast carcinoma.", "PMID": 1119691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6517", "title": "Lymphedema of the upper limb after surgery for breast cancer.", "content": "Radical mastectomy is followed by swelling of the arm, and although the number of surgeons employing the operation is decreasing, postmastectomy lymphedema continues to be a serious complication. In the present report based on 158 women who underwent modified radical (126) or simple (32) mastectomy and occasionally radiation for histologically proved adenocarcinoma of the breast, the pathogenesis and treatment of postmastectomy lymphedema are discussed. The following conclusions can be drawn: (1) The occurrence of postmastectomy lymphedema diminishes the less extensive the operation. (2) Mild lymphedema that develops early postoperatively tends to subside. (3) Conservative treatment in the majority of cases is effective in controlling postmastectomy lymphedema of a mild to moderate degree. (4) Modified radical mastectomy, which is as radical as Halsted's operation, is rarely followed by lymphedema.", "contents": "Lymphedema of the upper limb after surgery for breast cancer. Radical mastectomy is followed by swelling of the arm, and although the number of surgeons employing the operation is decreasing, postmastectomy lymphedema continues to be a serious complication. In the present report based on 158 women who underwent modified radical (126) or simple (32) mastectomy and occasionally radiation for histologically proved adenocarcinoma of the breast, the pathogenesis and treatment of postmastectomy lymphedema are discussed. The following conclusions can be drawn: (1) The occurrence of postmastectomy lymphedema diminishes the less extensive the operation. (2) Mild lymphedema that develops early postoperatively tends to subside. (3) Conservative treatment in the majority of cases is effective in controlling postmastectomy lymphedema of a mild to moderate degree. (4) Modified radical mastectomy, which is as radical as Halsted's operation, is rarely followed by lymphedema.", "PMID": 1119692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6518", "title": "Experience with pancreatoduodenectomy in a cancer hospital.", "content": "Records of twenty-nine patients with adenocarcinoma of the pancreas, ampulla of Vater, common bile duct, and colon who were treated with pancreatoduodenectomy were reviewed. Operative mortality was 24 per cent. Survival was adversely affected by incomplete excision of the primary lesion, the presence of metastases in lymph nodes, and severe biliary obstruction. Twenty-two patients (76 per cent) died from the operation or were not cured. Pancreatoduodenectomy was of dubious value in the treatment of carcinoma of the head of the pancreas.", "contents": "Experience with pancreatoduodenectomy in a cancer hospital. Records of twenty-nine patients with adenocarcinoma of the pancreas, ampulla of Vater, common bile duct, and colon who were treated with pancreatoduodenectomy were reviewed. Operative mortality was 24 per cent. Survival was adversely affected by incomplete excision of the primary lesion, the presence of metastases in lymph nodes, and severe biliary obstruction. Twenty-two patients (76 per cent) died from the operation or were not cured. Pancreatoduodenectomy was of dubious value in the treatment of carcinoma of the head of the pancreas.", "PMID": 1119693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6519", "title": "A study of experimental colovesical fistula.", "content": "An experimental study of colovesical fistulas in dogs was undertaken to gain insight into the clinical implications of such a fistula. The fistula itself was well tolerated by the animals. However, distal urinary tract or gastrointestinal obstruction led to sepsis and death.", "contents": "A study of experimental colovesical fistula. An experimental study of colovesical fistulas in dogs was undertaken to gain insight into the clinical implications of such a fistula. The fistula itself was well tolerated by the animals. However, distal urinary tract or gastrointestinal obstruction led to sepsis and death.", "PMID": 1119697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6520", "title": "Thyroid hemangioma.", "content": "A case is presented of a fifty-six year old man with a thyroid hemangioma presenting as a neck mass with tracheal deviation and unilateral vocal cord paralysis. A standard thyroid scan yielded equivocal findings. The diagnosis was determined preoperatively by the use of a 99m-technetium angiogram that disclosed the vascular nature of the lesion. Subsequent arteriography demonstrated the main arterial supply of the mass to be from both inferior thyroid arteries. Operative removal of the mass was accomplished through a standard transverse cervical incision. Pathologic study revealed that the vascular tumor involved both the surrounding normal thyroid parenchyma and also a microfollicular adenoma. This case points out the value of utilizing all available diagnostic means in atypical cases of thyroid disease.", "contents": "Thyroid hemangioma. A case is presented of a fifty-six year old man with a thyroid hemangioma presenting as a neck mass with tracheal deviation and unilateral vocal cord paralysis. A standard thyroid scan yielded equivocal findings. The diagnosis was determined preoperatively by the use of a 99m-technetium angiogram that disclosed the vascular nature of the lesion. Subsequent arteriography demonstrated the main arterial supply of the mass to be from both inferior thyroid arteries. Operative removal of the mass was accomplished through a standard transverse cervical incision. Pathologic study revealed that the vascular tumor involved both the surrounding normal thyroid parenchyma and also a microfollicular adenoma. This case points out the value of utilizing all available diagnostic means in atypical cases of thyroid disease.", "PMID": 1119698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6521", "title": "Hyperoxaluria and urinary tract calculi after jejunoileal bypass.", "content": "Five patients with jejunoileal shunt for morbid obesity in whom postshunt hyperoxaluria and recurrent urinary tract calculi developed are presented. All the stones were composed of calcium oxalate. The twenty-four hour urinary oxalic acid levels were also elevated in twenty of twenty-six patients who had had jejunoileal shunt for six months or longer. No correlation was present between urolithiasis and the degree of hyperoxaluria.", "contents": "Hyperoxaluria and urinary tract calculi after jejunoileal bypass. Five patients with jejunoileal shunt for morbid obesity in whom postshunt hyperoxaluria and recurrent urinary tract calculi developed are presented. All the stones were composed of calcium oxalate. The twenty-four hour urinary oxalic acid levels were also elevated in twenty of twenty-six patients who had had jejunoileal shunt for six months or longer. No correlation was present between urolithiasis and the degree of hyperoxaluria.", "PMID": 1119699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6522", "title": "Acute ischemia of the limb in a newborn treated successfully by thrombectomy.", "content": "A seven day old dehydrated male infant was found to have acute ischemia of the leg due to acute thrombotic occlusion of an external iliac, common and superficial femoral, and popliteal arteries. Early thrombectomy and arterioplasty resulted in complete remission of ischemia. Our success with direct vascular surgery prompts us to recommend this form of treatment in preventing neonatal gangrene. To our knowledge, this is the first report of successful thrombectomy in a newborn infant.", "contents": "Acute ischemia of the limb in a newborn treated successfully by thrombectomy. A seven day old dehydrated male infant was found to have acute ischemia of the leg due to acute thrombotic occlusion of an external iliac, common and superficial femoral, and popliteal arteries. Early thrombectomy and arterioplasty resulted in complete remission of ischemia. Our success with direct vascular surgery prompts us to recommend this form of treatment in preventing neonatal gangrene. To our knowledge, this is the first report of successful thrombectomy in a newborn infant.", "PMID": 1119700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6523", "title": "Saphenous vein-popliteal artery fistula for chornic hemodialysis.", "content": "A saphenous vein arteriovenous fistula for chronic hemodialysis can be formed in the thigh by tunneling the vein subcutaneously, anastomosing the distal end to the popliteal artery, and leaving the proximal end attached to the femoral vein. Of seven fistulas, only one has thrombosed spontaneously. There were no instances of infection, vascular insufficiency, or high output cardiac failure. A saphenous vein-popliteal artery fistula can be a satisfactory method of maintaining vascular access in those patients who require chronic hemodialysis but who have no available sites in the upper extremities for construction of a fistula.", "contents": "Saphenous vein-popliteal artery fistula for chornic hemodialysis. A saphenous vein arteriovenous fistula for chronic hemodialysis can be formed in the thigh by tunneling the vein subcutaneously, anastomosing the distal end to the popliteal artery, and leaving the proximal end attached to the femoral vein. Of seven fistulas, only one has thrombosed spontaneously. There were no instances of infection, vascular insufficiency, or high output cardiac failure. A saphenous vein-popliteal artery fistula can be a satisfactory method of maintaining vascular access in those patients who require chronic hemodialysis but who have no available sites in the upper extremities for construction of a fistula.", "PMID": 1119701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6524", "title": "Spatial distribution of mitosis in mouse epidermis.", "content": "The cells of the upper strata of mammalian epidermis are flattened and aligned to form regular columnar units. It has been suggested that the position of the smaller underlying basal cells is related to the overlying cell columns. Examination of the position of metaphase figures in sheets of mouse epidermis indicated that mitosis occurs principally in cells lying just within the periphery of the cell columns but that there is no alignment of interphase basal cells within the columnar peripheries which could account for this position of mitosis.", "contents": "Spatial distribution of mitosis in mouse epidermis. The cells of the upper strata of mammalian epidermis are flattened and aligned to form regular columnar units. It has been suggested that the position of the smaller underlying basal cells is related to the overlying cell columns. Examination of the position of metaphase figures in sheets of mouse epidermis indicated that mitosis occurs principally in cells lying just within the periphery of the cell columns but that there is no alignment of interphase basal cells within the columnar peripheries which could account for this position of mitosis.", "PMID": 1119702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6525", "title": "A comparison of secondary palate development with different in vitro techniques.", "content": "Palatal processes from 14-day fetal C57BL mice were cultured under varying conditions for 48 hours and prepared for light and electron microscopy. Disruption of the epithelium along the medial border occurred when single palatal processes were explanted onto Millipore filters, plasma clots, or lens paper in subjacent contact with nutrient medium. Paired processes under the same culture conditions demonstrated typical midline epithelial disruption and mesenchymal fusion. Regions of mesenchymal necrosis occurred in processes grown on nutrient agar in a dish or submerged in nutrient medium. In similar cultures medial epithelial disruption did not occur in single processes and mesenchymal fusion of paired processes was either delayed or did not occur. Disruption of the epithelium along the medial border in single palatal processes, and mesenchymal fusion in paired palatal processes, occurred when palates were grown on nutrient agar supported above but in contact with nutrient medium. The results indicated that responses of palatal epithelium and mesenchyme may be altered by different in vitro procedures. These observations emphasize that many factors must be considered in interpreting developmental changes in palatal processes grown in vitro.", "contents": "A comparison of secondary palate development with different in vitro techniques. Palatal processes from 14-day fetal C57BL mice were cultured under varying conditions for 48 hours and prepared for light and electron microscopy. Disruption of the epithelium along the medial border occurred when single palatal processes were explanted onto Millipore filters, plasma clots, or lens paper in subjacent contact with nutrient medium. Paired processes under the same culture conditions demonstrated typical midline epithelial disruption and mesenchymal fusion. Regions of mesenchymal necrosis occurred in processes grown on nutrient agar in a dish or submerged in nutrient medium. In similar cultures medial epithelial disruption did not occur in single processes and mesenchymal fusion of paired processes was either delayed or did not occur. Disruption of the epithelium along the medial border in single palatal processes, and mesenchymal fusion in paired palatal processes, occurred when palates were grown on nutrient agar supported above but in contact with nutrient medium. The results indicated that responses of palatal epithelium and mesenchyme may be altered by different in vitro procedures. These observations emphasize that many factors must be considered in interpreting developmental changes in palatal processes grown in vitro.", "PMID": 1119703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6526", "title": "On the development of the lymphoid follicles of the bursa of Fabricius.", "content": "The structural features of the development of the bursa of Fabricius in white Leghorn chick embryos are depicted at carefully timed intervals during embryogenesis, with emphasis on the sequence of events between the ninth and twelfth days of incubation. The direction and character of the migration of lymphoid cell precursors and granulocytes from the intravascular space to intraepithelial sites, where the formation of the primitive lymphoepithelial nodule takes place, is demonstrated. The mechanism of the mode of migration of these cells through the stromal epithelial interface is described and illustrated with electron micrographs and their role in the development of the primitive lymphoid follicles is described and discussed.", "contents": "On the development of the lymphoid follicles of the bursa of Fabricius. The structural features of the development of the bursa of Fabricius in white Leghorn chick embryos are depicted at carefully timed intervals during embryogenesis, with emphasis on the sequence of events between the ninth and twelfth days of incubation. The direction and character of the migration of lymphoid cell precursors and granulocytes from the intravascular space to intraepithelial sites, where the formation of the primitive lymphoepithelial nodule takes place, is demonstrated. The mechanism of the mode of migration of these cells through the stromal epithelial interface is described and illustrated with electron micrographs and their role in the development of the primitive lymphoid follicles is described and discussed.", "PMID": 1119704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6527", "title": "A simple, single-injection method for inducing long-term paralysis in embryonic chicks, and preliminary observations on growth of the tibia.", "content": "A method for inducing paralysis in embryonic chicks is described. This involves single injections of the neuromuscular blocking agents, D-tubocurrarine Chloride or decamethonium iodide, into 10-day embryos. The dose which optimises survival and paralysis is determined along with the effect of the drugs on embryonic growth. Decamethonium iodide at a dose of 1 mg per embryo gave maximum survival and paralysis to 18 days of incubation. Paralysis was assessed by observation of treated embryos in ovo and by examination of embryos removed from their shells between 11 and 18 days of incubation. Embryos were completely paralysed 24 hours post-injection and remained paralysed until 18 days of incubation. Paralysed embryos failed to hatch. Development of the leg musculature was severely retarded in paralysed embryos. This method of inducing paralysis has considerable advantages over previous continuous infusion methods. The growth and collagen content of the tibia in the paralysed embryos was reduced and these results, and other applications of the method, are discussed.", "contents": "A simple, single-injection method for inducing long-term paralysis in embryonic chicks, and preliminary observations on growth of the tibia. A method for inducing paralysis in embryonic chicks is described. This involves single injections of the neuromuscular blocking agents, D-tubocurrarine Chloride or decamethonium iodide, into 10-day embryos. The dose which optimises survival and paralysis is determined along with the effect of the drugs on embryonic growth. Decamethonium iodide at a dose of 1 mg per embryo gave maximum survival and paralysis to 18 days of incubation. Paralysis was assessed by observation of treated embryos in ovo and by examination of embryos removed from their shells between 11 and 18 days of incubation. Embryos were completely paralysed 24 hours post-injection and remained paralysed until 18 days of incubation. Paralysed embryos failed to hatch. Development of the leg musculature was severely retarded in paralysed embryos. This method of inducing paralysis has considerable advantages over previous continuous infusion methods. The growth and collagen content of the tibia in the paralysed embryos was reduced and these results, and other applications of the method, are discussed.", "PMID": 1119705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6528", "title": "Cyclicity in tumescence of the perineal labia of female lowland gorillas.", "content": "The first group norms on the periodic occurrence of tumescence in the perineal labia of female lowland gorillas were obtained in 9 captive subjects. Individual mean cycle lengths for 8 adult females in 2 experiments ranged from 25.9-36.3 days with overall means of 31.1 and 32.5 days. The one subadult female had a mean cycle length of 40.7 days. The median and modal duration of maximal labial tumescence were 1.8 and 1 day, respectively. Data from 3 animals on which menses were recorded during 6 cycles yielded relatively consistent postswelling phase durations of 8-11 days and durations of menstruation of 1-2 days. The data from 2 conceptions of 1 female suggested that time of ovulation was closely associated with the day of detumescence. These data are discussed in terms of certain differences as well as similarities which exist between the gorilla and its closest relative, the chimpanzee. The contribution of these data to the area of comparative reproduction is enhanced because of the significant taxonomic affiliations of the gorilla species.", "contents": "Cyclicity in tumescence of the perineal labia of female lowland gorillas. The first group norms on the periodic occurrence of tumescence in the perineal labia of female lowland gorillas were obtained in 9 captive subjects. Individual mean cycle lengths for 8 adult females in 2 experiments ranged from 25.9-36.3 days with overall means of 31.1 and 32.5 days. The one subadult female had a mean cycle length of 40.7 days. The median and modal duration of maximal labial tumescence were 1.8 and 1 day, respectively. Data from 3 animals on which menses were recorded during 6 cycles yielded relatively consistent postswelling phase durations of 8-11 days and durations of menstruation of 1-2 days. The data from 2 conceptions of 1 female suggested that time of ovulation was closely associated with the day of detumescence. These data are discussed in terms of certain differences as well as similarities which exist between the gorilla and its closest relative, the chimpanzee. The contribution of these data to the area of comparative reproduction is enhanced because of the significant taxonomic affiliations of the gorilla species.", "PMID": 1119706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6529", "title": "Cardiovascular responses to calcium administered intravenously to man during halothane anesthesia.", "content": "Calcium chloride (7 mg/kg) was administered intravenously to six healthy volunteers anesthetized with halothane. Cardiovascular changes were measured during constant ventilation and anesthetic depth under three conditions: 1) respiratory alkalosis, 2) normocarbia, and 3) respiratory acidosis. At each Paco2, calcium infusion significantly increased cardiac index, left ventricular minute work index, and stroke index. Heart rate, total peripheral resistance, and cardiac pre-ejection period decreased. No significant change in mean arterial blood pressure or central venous pressure followed calcium administration, and no arrhythmias occurred. It is concluded that calcium administration increases myocardial performance, presumably by increasing the availability of intracellular calcium ion for actomyosin interaction.", "contents": "Cardiovascular responses to calcium administered intravenously to man during halothane anesthesia. Calcium chloride (7 mg/kg) was administered intravenously to six healthy volunteers anesthetized with halothane. Cardiovascular changes were measured during constant ventilation and anesthetic depth under three conditions: 1) respiratory alkalosis, 2) normocarbia, and 3) respiratory acidosis. At each Paco2, calcium infusion significantly increased cardiac index, left ventricular minute work index, and stroke index. Heart rate, total peripheral resistance, and cardiac pre-ejection period decreased. No significant change in mean arterial blood pressure or central venous pressure followed calcium administration, and no arrhythmias occurred. It is concluded that calcium administration increases myocardial performance, presumably by increasing the availability of intracellular calcium ion for actomyosin interaction.", "PMID": 1119707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6530", "title": "Comparative toxicities of halothane, isoflurane, and diethyl ether at subanesthetic concentrations in laboratory animals.", "content": "Effects of 35-day exposures to subanesthetic concentrations of halothane, isoflurane, and diethyl ether were measured in mice, rats, and guinea pigs which were in a phase of rapid body growth. Halothane produced a greater decrement in weight gain and a greater incidence of hepatic degenerative changes than isoflurane or diethyl ether despite its administration at lower anesthetic concentrations. Isoflurane results were intermediate between those of halothane and diethyl ether. No consistent injury to any organ other than the liver was found.", "contents": "Comparative toxicities of halothane, isoflurane, and diethyl ether at subanesthetic concentrations in laboratory animals. Effects of 35-day exposures to subanesthetic concentrations of halothane, isoflurane, and diethyl ether were measured in mice, rats, and guinea pigs which were in a phase of rapid body growth. Halothane produced a greater decrement in weight gain and a greater incidence of hepatic degenerative changes than isoflurane or diethyl ether despite its administration at lower anesthetic concentrations. Isoflurane results were intermediate between those of halothane and diethyl ether. No consistent injury to any organ other than the liver was found.", "PMID": 1119708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6531", "title": "Metabolism in vitro of enflurane, isoflurane, and methoxyflurane.", "content": "Specific activities of enflurane, isoflurane, and methoxyflurane defluorinases were measured in microsomes prepared from the livers of Fischer 344 rats; the ratio of these activities was 23:3:1. Pretreatment with phenobarbital significantly increased the defluorinase activities of all three agents. Factors that influence anesthetic drug metabolism are discussed; tissue solubility is considered to be the most important.", "contents": "Metabolism in vitro of enflurane, isoflurane, and methoxyflurane. Specific activities of enflurane, isoflurane, and methoxyflurane defluorinases were measured in microsomes prepared from the livers of Fischer 344 rats; the ratio of these activities was 23:3:1. Pretreatment with phenobarbital significantly increased the defluorinase activities of all three agents. Factors that influence anesthetic drug metabolism are discussed; tissue solubility is considered to be the most important.", "PMID": 1119709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6532", "title": "Intracranial pressure during hypotension and subsequent vasopressor therapy in anesthetized cats.", "content": "The effects of vasopressor therapy on intracranial pressure (ICP) during hypotension were evaluated in 45 adult cats anesthetized with pentobarbital and hyperventilated via an endotracheal tube with nitrous oxide, 70 per cent, and oxygen, 30 per cent, to maintain Paco2 25 plus or minus 5 torr. Hypotension was induced by intravenous administration of trimethaphan camsylate or sodium nitroferricyanide and by hemorrhage. Vasopressor (norepinephrine, ephedrine, or isoproterenol) administration in the absence of hypotension caused slight transient increases in ICP. Trimethaphan produced increases in ICP averaging 4.3 mm Hg, while sodium nitroferricyanide caused no change and hemorrhage decreased ICP by 3.9 mm Hg. After hypotension was established, vasopressors caused increases in ICP of 1-21 mm Hg. The greatest increase was seen with norepinephrine administration during sodium nitroferricyanide-induced hypotension. Increases in ICP were pronounced in absolute magnitude and rapidity of rise but were of short duration (2 to 5 minutes). The elevation of pressure might be of clinical significance in patients who have pre-existing intracranial hypertension or space-occupying lesions.", "contents": "Intracranial pressure during hypotension and subsequent vasopressor therapy in anesthetized cats. The effects of vasopressor therapy on intracranial pressure (ICP) during hypotension were evaluated in 45 adult cats anesthetized with pentobarbital and hyperventilated via an endotracheal tube with nitrous oxide, 70 per cent, and oxygen, 30 per cent, to maintain Paco2 25 plus or minus 5 torr. Hypotension was induced by intravenous administration of trimethaphan camsylate or sodium nitroferricyanide and by hemorrhage. Vasopressor (norepinephrine, ephedrine, or isoproterenol) administration in the absence of hypotension caused slight transient increases in ICP. Trimethaphan produced increases in ICP averaging 4.3 mm Hg, while sodium nitroferricyanide caused no change and hemorrhage decreased ICP by 3.9 mm Hg. After hypotension was established, vasopressors caused increases in ICP of 1-21 mm Hg. The greatest increase was seen with norepinephrine administration during sodium nitroferricyanide-induced hypotension. Increases in ICP were pronounced in absolute magnitude and rapidity of rise but were of short duration (2 to 5 minutes). The elevation of pressure might be of clinical significance in patients who have pre-existing intracranial hypertension or space-occupying lesions.", "PMID": 1119710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6533", "title": "Anesthetic biotransformation and renal function in obese patients during and after methoxyflurane or halothane anesthesia.", "content": "Anesthetic biotransformation and renal function were studied in obese adult patients (148 plus or minus 8 kg; mean plus or minus SE) anesthetized for three hours with 60 per cent nitrous oxide plus either methoxyflurane or halothane for elective jejunoileal small-bowel-bypass operations. There was no evidence of persistent renal dysfunction in any patient postoperatively, but serum osmolality was elevated 72 hours after methoxyflurane anesthesia. Urine concentrating ability was not determined. Peak serum ionic fluoride concentration was 55.8 plus or minus 5.8 muM/1 two hours after discontinuation of methoxyflurane. Urinary ionic fluoride and oxalate excretions increased postoperatively. Compared with previously reported data from nonobese patients, serum ionic fluoride concentrations in obese patients increased more rapidly during methoxyflurane anesthesia and peaked higher and sooner after discontinuation of methoxyflurane. The peak serum ionic fluoride concentration was 10.4 plus or minus 1.5 muM/1 at the conclusion of halothane anesthesia, significantly more than the corresponding value in nonobese patients. Intraoperative liver biopsies from 23 of 27 patients showed moderate to severe fatty metamorphosis. Fatty liver infiltration may have increased hepatic anesthetic uptake and exposed more methoxyflurane or halothane to hepatic microsomal enzymes. The more rapid elevation and higher peak levels of serum ionic fluoride following methoxyflurane, and to a lesser extent following halothane, may reflect increased anesthetic biotransformation in obese compared with nonobese patients. To avoid excessive serum ionic fluoride elevations the authors recommended limiting low-dose methoxyflurane anesthesia delivered to obese patients with potential fatty liver infiltration to no more than three hours.", "contents": "Anesthetic biotransformation and renal function in obese patients during and after methoxyflurane or halothane anesthesia. Anesthetic biotransformation and renal function were studied in obese adult patients (148 plus or minus 8 kg; mean plus or minus SE) anesthetized for three hours with 60 per cent nitrous oxide plus either methoxyflurane or halothane for elective jejunoileal small-bowel-bypass operations. There was no evidence of persistent renal dysfunction in any patient postoperatively, but serum osmolality was elevated 72 hours after methoxyflurane anesthesia. Urine concentrating ability was not determined. Peak serum ionic fluoride concentration was 55.8 plus or minus 5.8 muM/1 two hours after discontinuation of methoxyflurane. Urinary ionic fluoride and oxalate excretions increased postoperatively. Compared with previously reported data from nonobese patients, serum ionic fluoride concentrations in obese patients increased more rapidly during methoxyflurane anesthesia and peaked higher and sooner after discontinuation of methoxyflurane. The peak serum ionic fluoride concentration was 10.4 plus or minus 1.5 muM/1 at the conclusion of halothane anesthesia, significantly more than the corresponding value in nonobese patients. Intraoperative liver biopsies from 23 of 27 patients showed moderate to severe fatty metamorphosis. Fatty liver infiltration may have increased hepatic anesthetic uptake and exposed more methoxyflurane or halothane to hepatic microsomal enzymes. The more rapid elevation and higher peak levels of serum ionic fluoride following methoxyflurane, and to a lesser extent following halothane, may reflect increased anesthetic biotransformation in obese compared with nonobese patients. To avoid excessive serum ionic fluoride elevations the authors recommended limiting low-dose methoxyflurane anesthesia delivered to obese patients with potential fatty liver infiltration to no more than three hours.", "PMID": 1119711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6534", "title": "Halothane and isometric contractions of isolated pregnant rat myometrium.", "content": "The effects of halothane on isometirc contractions of isolated pregnant uterine muscle strips were evaluated in tissue obtained from 13 midpregnant rats. Peak developed tension was depressed in a dose-related manner at halothane concentrations above 0.8 vol per cent, but was not affected at lower halothane concentrations. Time to peak tension was reduced 10-20 per cent, and relaxation time, 10 per cent, by halothane concentrations ranging up to 2.2 per cent. Total resting tension consisted of a passive component and a calcium-dependent component. In concentrations above 0.8 per cent, halothane rapidly removed 100 per cent of the calcium-dependent resting tension. At lower concentrations, halothane reduced it 50 per cent. The passive component of resting tension was unaffected by halothane. These actions of halothane can prevent postpartum hemostasis. They occur even with very low anesthetic concentrations and  can be detected soon after introduction of anesthetic into the muscle bath. This indicates that the hemostatic hazards associated with the use of halothane for delivery may not be prevented by limiting the concentration of halothane or the duration of anesthetic exposure.", "contents": "Halothane and isometric contractions of isolated pregnant rat myometrium. The effects of halothane on isometirc contractions of isolated pregnant uterine muscle strips were evaluated in tissue obtained from 13 midpregnant rats. Peak developed tension was depressed in a dose-related manner at halothane concentrations above 0.8 vol per cent, but was not affected at lower halothane concentrations. Time to peak tension was reduced 10-20 per cent, and relaxation time, 10 per cent, by halothane concentrations ranging up to 2.2 per cent. Total resting tension consisted of a passive component and a calcium-dependent component. In concentrations above 0.8 per cent, halothane rapidly removed 100 per cent of the calcium-dependent resting tension. At lower concentrations, halothane reduced it 50 per cent. The passive component of resting tension was unaffected by halothane. These actions of halothane can prevent postpartum hemostasis. They occur even with very low anesthetic concentrations and  can be detected soon after introduction of anesthetic into the muscle bath. This indicates that the hemostatic hazards associated with the use of halothane for delivery may not be prevented by limiting the concentration of halothane or the duration of anesthetic exposure.", "PMID": 1119712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6535", "title": "Myocardial metabolism during pentobarbital anesthesia in dogs.", "content": "Myocardial substrate utilization and hemodynamics were determined in dogs before and one hour and two hours after intravenous administration of sodium pentobarbital. Although total body O2 consumption decreased, along with arterial O2 concentration, there was no significant change in mean arterial pressure or cardiac output. Arterial free fatty acid (FFA) concentration and myocardial FFA remained the major energy source for the heart. Arterial glucose concentrations decreased significantly after pentobarbital, but myocardial uptake of glucose remained unchanged. Neither arterial lactic acid concentration nor myocardial lactate uptake was affected. Mocardial pyruvate uptake, by contrast, while remaining quantitatively the least of the contributors of energy measured, was more than double one hour after pentobarbital injection despite the fact that arterial pyruvate concentration did not increase. It is concluded that pentobarbital reduces the FFA utilization of both the whole animal and of its myocardium. The energy consumption of the whole animal is similarly diminished, whereas the energy used by myocardium is unchanged, other substrates evidently being substituted for FFA as energy sources.", "contents": "Myocardial metabolism during pentobarbital anesthesia in dogs. Myocardial substrate utilization and hemodynamics were determined in dogs before and one hour and two hours after intravenous administration of sodium pentobarbital. Although total body O2 consumption decreased, along with arterial O2 concentration, there was no significant change in mean arterial pressure or cardiac output. Arterial free fatty acid (FFA) concentration and myocardial FFA remained the major energy source for the heart. Arterial glucose concentrations decreased significantly after pentobarbital, but myocardial uptake of glucose remained unchanged. Neither arterial lactic acid concentration nor myocardial lactate uptake was affected. Mocardial pyruvate uptake, by contrast, while remaining quantitatively the least of the contributors of energy measured, was more than double one hour after pentobarbital injection despite the fact that arterial pyruvate concentration did not increase. It is concluded that pentobarbital reduces the FFA utilization of both the whole animal and of its myocardium. The energy consumption of the whole animal is similarly diminished, whereas the energy used by myocardium is unchanged, other substrates evidently being substituted for FFA as energy sources.", "PMID": 1119713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6536", "title": "Etidocaine, bupivacaine, and lidocaine seizure thresholds in monkeys.", "content": "The central nervous system toxicities of etidocaine, bupivacaine, and lidocaine were studied during constant-rate intravenous infusions in rhesus monkeys. Comparison of drug effects was achieved by determining the drug dosages and arterial plasma concentrations that induced electrical seizure activity. The central nervous system toxicity of etidocaine was similar to that of bupivacaine. The toxicity of each was four times greater than that of lidocaine. Since the drug infusion rates were proportional to anesthetic potencies in clinical usage, the therapeutic-toxic ratios of these three drugs are similar.", "contents": "Etidocaine, bupivacaine, and lidocaine seizure thresholds in monkeys. The central nervous system toxicities of etidocaine, bupivacaine, and lidocaine were studied during constant-rate intravenous infusions in rhesus monkeys. Comparison of drug effects was achieved by determining the drug dosages and arterial plasma concentrations that induced electrical seizure activity. The central nervous system toxicity of etidocaine was similar to that of bupivacaine. The toxicity of each was four times greater than that of lidocaine. Since the drug infusion rates were proportional to anesthetic potencies in clinical usage, the therapeutic-toxic ratios of these three drugs are similar.", "PMID": 1119714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6537", "title": "Study of daily caloric intake of patients in the coronary intensive care unit.", "content": "A retrospective analysis of the caloric intake of patients in the coronary intensive care unit was undertaken after discovery of two cases of severe hypoglycemia. An unsuspected number of extremely low daily caloric intakes were found after careful analyses. The surviving group (50 patients) had less than 600 calories on 19.5% of the patient days and under 800 calories on 28.8% of patient days. In the nonsurviving group (29 patients) caloric intake was under 600 calories on 48.8% of patient days and under 200 calories on 22.7% of patient days. This study indicates the importance of monitoring actual caloric intake to avoid unrecognized extreme caloric deprivation and its possible complications.", "contents": "Study of daily caloric intake of patients in the coronary intensive care unit. A retrospective analysis of the caloric intake of patients in the coronary intensive care unit was undertaken after discovery of two cases of severe hypoglycemia. An unsuspected number of extremely low daily caloric intakes were found after careful analyses. The surviving group (50 patients) had less than 600 calories on 19.5% of the patient days and under 800 calories on 28.8% of patient days. In the nonsurviving group (29 patients) caloric intake was under 600 calories on 48.8% of patient days and under 200 calories on 22.7% of patient days. This study indicates the importance of monitoring actual caloric intake to avoid unrecognized extreme caloric deprivation and its possible complications.", "PMID": 1119733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6538", "title": "Effect of beta adrenergic blocking agents (alprenolol and propranolol) in essential hypertension.", "content": "The antihypertensive effect of two adrenergic blocking agents (Alprenolol and Propranolol) have been studied in a group of 107 patients with essential hypertension. A significant reduction of 20 mmHg in the systolic blood pressure was recorded for the group using Alprenolol and 25 mmHg in the group using Propranolol. The corresponding decrease of 7-10 mmHg in the diastolic blood pressure for the entire group was also significant. These two drugs may be of therapeutic value in essential hypertension, independently or in combination with other antihypertensive drugs.", "contents": "Effect of beta adrenergic blocking agents (alprenolol and propranolol) in essential hypertension. The antihypertensive effect of two adrenergic blocking agents (Alprenolol and Propranolol) have been studied in a group of 107 patients with essential hypertension. A significant reduction of 20 mmHg in the systolic blood pressure was recorded for the group using Alprenolol and 25 mmHg in the group using Propranolol. The corresponding decrease of 7-10 mmHg in the diastolic blood pressure for the entire group was also significant. These two drugs may be of therapeutic value in essential hypertension, independently or in combination with other antihypertensive drugs.", "PMID": 1119734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6539", "title": "An enormous intrahepatic shunt between portal vein and hepatic one.", "content": "An autopsy case of an enormous shunt between intrahepatic portal vein and hepatic vein in a 57-year-old man who showed an Inose's type of hepatocerebral disorder for 6 years is described. The shunt measuring up to more than 1 cm in diameter was located in the right-upper angle of the right liver lobe. The wall of the shunt lacked both the muscular layer and the elastic lamellae. Based upon the histopathology and the clinical history, this shunt was considered not to be a congenital malformation but a vascular disorder resulted from the parenchymal collapse of the liver.", "contents": "An enormous intrahepatic shunt between portal vein and hepatic one. An autopsy case of an enormous shunt between intrahepatic portal vein and hepatic vein in a 57-year-old man who showed an Inose's type of hepatocerebral disorder for 6 years is described. The shunt measuring up to more than 1 cm in diameter was located in the right-upper angle of the right liver lobe. The wall of the shunt lacked both the muscular layer and the elastic lamellae. Based upon the histopathology and the clinical history, this shunt was considered not to be a congenital malformation but a vascular disorder resulted from the parenchymal collapse of the liver.", "PMID": 1119738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6540", "title": "A canine model for comparative study of respiratory and systemic immunologic reactions.", "content": "A canine model for the comparative study of lower respiratory and systemic immunologic reactions is described. The techniques of bronchopulmonary lavage and percutaneous splenic aspiration were employed to obtain serial samples of pulmonary and systemic lymphocytes. The morphologic features and the yield of cells obtained by these procedures were characterized. The presence of lymphocytes and plasma cells among the cell populations obtained by pulmonary lavage was confirmed by electron microscopy. The effect of serial bronchopulmonary lavage per se on the yield, composition, and functional properties of bronchoalveolar lymphocytes and macrophages was found to be minor. By contrast, the effect of immununization on these parameters was marked and easily detected. Evidence is presented that at least 2 anatomically and functionally different populatons of immunocytes subserve the lower respiratory tract, namely, the hilar lymph node cells and the bronchoalveolar lymphocytes. It is concluded that the canine model is well suited for the investigation of respiratory and systemic immunity and is useful for the study of bronchoalveolar lymphocyte and alveolar macrophage function, either independently or in concert with the study of pulmonary host defense and the pathogenesis of lung disease.", "contents": "A canine model for comparative study of respiratory and systemic immunologic reactions. A canine model for the comparative study of lower respiratory and systemic immunologic reactions is described. The techniques of bronchopulmonary lavage and percutaneous splenic aspiration were employed to obtain serial samples of pulmonary and systemic lymphocytes. The morphologic features and the yield of cells obtained by these procedures were characterized. The presence of lymphocytes and plasma cells among the cell populations obtained by pulmonary lavage was confirmed by electron microscopy. The effect of serial bronchopulmonary lavage per se on the yield, composition, and functional properties of bronchoalveolar lymphocytes and macrophages was found to be minor. By contrast, the effect of immununization on these parameters was marked and easily detected. Evidence is presented that at least 2 anatomically and functionally different populatons of immunocytes subserve the lower respiratory tract, namely, the hilar lymph node cells and the bronchoalveolar lymphocytes. It is concluded that the canine model is well suited for the investigation of respiratory and systemic immunity and is useful for the study of bronchoalveolar lymphocyte and alveolar macrophage function, either independently or in concert with the study of pulmonary host defense and the pathogenesis of lung disease.", "PMID": 1119739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6541", "title": "Lung growth after unilateral pneumonectomy: quantitation of collagen synthesis and content.", "content": "Unilateral pneumonectomy in the adult rabbit causes the mass of the remaining lung to double within one month. The content and synthesis of lung collagen were compared in 113 rabbits with pneumonectomy, thoracotomy without pneumonectomy, or pneumonectomy with subsequent wax plombage. By the twenty eighth day after left pneumonectomy, total lung collagen and cell number were nearly 100 per cent greater than matched control values, but the density of both collagen and cell number remained constant and unchanged from control. This collagen accumlation was preceded by an increase in the rate of collagen synthesis per cell and in the per cent of lung total protein synthesis represented by collagen synthesis. In normal neonatal lung growth, total lung mass, collagen, and cell number increase. During this same period there is also an increase in the per cent of collagen synthesis represented by lung total protein synthesis; however, in contrast to postpneumonectomy adult lung growth, the density of collagen increases. Obliteration of the empty hemithorax with wax after pneumonectomy resulted in suppression of the increases in right lung cell number, collagen synthesis, and collagen accumlation seen with pneumonectomy alone. This could have generalized implications relating to the control of lung gene expression in that lung cell replication and/or lung cell differentiation may, in part, be controlled by the available space into which the lung may grow.", "contents": "Lung growth after unilateral pneumonectomy: quantitation of collagen synthesis and content. Unilateral pneumonectomy in the adult rabbit causes the mass of the remaining lung to double within one month. The content and synthesis of lung collagen were compared in 113 rabbits with pneumonectomy, thoracotomy without pneumonectomy, or pneumonectomy with subsequent wax plombage. By the twenty eighth day after left pneumonectomy, total lung collagen and cell number were nearly 100 per cent greater than matched control values, but the density of both collagen and cell number remained constant and unchanged from control. This collagen accumlation was preceded by an increase in the rate of collagen synthesis per cell and in the per cent of lung total protein synthesis represented by collagen synthesis. In normal neonatal lung growth, total lung mass, collagen, and cell number increase. During this same period there is also an increase in the per cent of collagen synthesis represented by lung total protein synthesis; however, in contrast to postpneumonectomy adult lung growth, the density of collagen increases. Obliteration of the empty hemithorax with wax after pneumonectomy resulted in suppression of the increases in right lung cell number, collagen synthesis, and collagen accumlation seen with pneumonectomy alone. This could have generalized implications relating to the control of lung gene expression in that lung cell replication and/or lung cell differentiation may, in part, be controlled by the available space into which the lung may grow.", "PMID": 1119740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6542", "title": "The philadelphia pulmonary neoplasm research project. Thwarting factors in periodic screening for lung cancer.", "content": "This report describes the problems of the Philadelphia Pulmonary Neoplasms Research Project, begun in 1951, when 6,027 male volunteers 45 years of age and older were enrolled in a study designed to screen them every 6 months for 10 years with questionnaires and chest photofluorograms. These volunteers tended to be slightly younger and to include fewer nonwhites that the corresponding Philadelphia population. The volunteers included more smokers than older American urban men in general, but among smokers the distribution by smoking habits was similar. The average probability of having 2 consecutive semiannual screening examinations was 57 per cent. The risk of lung cancer was higher among noncompliant men than among compliant ones. During the 10-year period of observation, 121 men developed lung cancer; only 8 per cent survived 5 years. Aside from the screening method, the factors that thwarted early detection and surgery among the men with lung cancer were (1) the interval between a negative roentgenogram and detection of cancer, which exceeded 6 months in 45 per cent; (2) an interval of 6 months or less between a negative roentgenogram and detection of cancer in 20 per cent, with a delay of 3 months or more before appropriate action was taken; (3) advanced age (70+ years) in 25 per cent at the time of detection of cancer; (4) nonmalignant disease contraindicating surgery in 31 per cent. One or more of these factors was present in 84 per cent of the men with lung cancer, leaving only a small segment for whom improvements in the screening method would be expected to be of value.", "contents": "The philadelphia pulmonary neoplasm research project. Thwarting factors in periodic screening for lung cancer. This report describes the problems of the Philadelphia Pulmonary Neoplasms Research Project, begun in 1951, when 6,027 male volunteers 45 years of age and older were enrolled in a study designed to screen them every 6 months for 10 years with questionnaires and chest photofluorograms. These volunteers tended to be slightly younger and to include fewer nonwhites that the corresponding Philadelphia population. The volunteers included more smokers than older American urban men in general, but among smokers the distribution by smoking habits was similar. The average probability of having 2 consecutive semiannual screening examinations was 57 per cent. The risk of lung cancer was higher among noncompliant men than among compliant ones. During the 10-year period of observation, 121 men developed lung cancer; only 8 per cent survived 5 years. Aside from the screening method, the factors that thwarted early detection and surgery among the men with lung cancer were (1) the interval between a negative roentgenogram and detection of cancer, which exceeded 6 months in 45 per cent; (2) an interval of 6 months or less between a negative roentgenogram and detection of cancer in 20 per cent, with a delay of 3 months or more before appropriate action was taken; (3) advanced age (70+ years) in 25 per cent at the time of detection of cancer; (4) nonmalignant disease contraindicating surgery in 31 per cent. One or more of these factors was present in 84 per cent of the men with lung cancer, leaving only a small segment for whom improvements in the screening method would be expected to be of value.", "PMID": 1119741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6543", "title": "Dose response of patients with asthma to inhaled isoproterenol.", "content": "In 12 patients with asthma, inhalation of approximately 0.02 mg of isoproternol produced as much increase in peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) as had a previous inhalation of approximately 0.16 mg of isoproternol at a time when the pre-treatment PEFRwas similar. A group or patients recorded measurements of their PEFR before and after inhalation of varying doses of isoproterenol, ranging from 0 to 0.08 mg. In each patient, only data obtained when control PEFRs were similar were utilized. A maximal effect was noted after inhalation of 0.02 mg of isoproterenol, and no further increase of PEFR was noted after inhalation of larger doses. Inhalation of 0.02 mg or less of isoproterenol produces a maximal effect on PEFR of patients with asthma.", "contents": "Dose response of patients with asthma to inhaled isoproterenol. In 12 patients with asthma, inhalation of approximately 0.02 mg of isoproternol produced as much increase in peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) as had a previous inhalation of approximately 0.16 mg of isoproternol at a time when the pre-treatment PEFRwas similar. A group or patients recorded measurements of their PEFR before and after inhalation of varying doses of isoproterenol, ranging from 0 to 0.08 mg. In each patient, only data obtained when control PEFRs were similar were utilized. A maximal effect was noted after inhalation of 0.02 mg of isoproterenol, and no further increase of PEFR was noted after inhalation of larger doses. Inhalation of 0.02 mg or less of isoproterenol produces a maximal effect on PEFR of patients with asthma.", "PMID": 1119742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6544", "title": "Mycobacterium simiae infection in the United States. A case report and discussion of the organism.", "content": "The clinical and bacteriologic features of a case of mycobacteriosis in which Mycobacterium simiae was thought to be the causative agent are presented. The unique features of this organism, includeing its positive niacin reaction and photochromogenicity, which may lead to confusion  with other mycobacterial species, are duscussed.", "contents": "Mycobacterium simiae infection in the United States. A case report and discussion of the organism. The clinical and bacteriologic features of a case of mycobacteriosis in which Mycobacterium simiae was thought to be the causative agent are presented. The unique features of this organism, includeing its positive niacin reaction and photochromogenicity, which may lead to confusion  with other mycobacterial species, are duscussed.", "PMID": 1119743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6545", "title": "Advances in the treatment of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis.", "content": "Our currecnt technique for lung lavage is described. This technique can be safely and effectively applied to patients with pulmonary alvelar proteinosis who require therapy. Normal saline alone is as effective a solution as one containing heparin and acetylcysteine. Chest percussion during lung lavage considerably enhances the yeild of each lavage and thus shortens the time required for the procedure. Lung lavage results in remarkable clearing of the chest roentgenogram and reversal of the physiologic defects and symptoms of the patient by the following day. In our experience this improvement lasts for at least one year.", "contents": "Advances in the treatment of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. Our currecnt technique for lung lavage is described. This technique can be safely and effectively applied to patients with pulmonary alvelar proteinosis who require therapy. Normal saline alone is as effective a solution as one containing heparin and acetylcysteine. Chest percussion during lung lavage considerably enhances the yeild of each lavage and thus shortens the time required for the procedure. Lung lavage results in remarkable clearing of the chest roentgenogram and reversal of the physiologic defects and symptoms of the patient by the following day. In our experience this improvement lasts for at least one year.", "PMID": 1119744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6546", "title": "The prevalence of mycoplasmal complement-fixing antibodies in sarcoidosis.", "content": "Complement-fixing antibody titers to Mycoplasama pnuemoniae were measured in the sera of 31 patients with sarcoidosis and 31 control subjects matched by age, sex, and race. Data indicated a binomial distribution and a geometric mean titer of 1:32 in patients with sarcoidosis. In contrast, the control data were skewed,with a geometric mean titer of less than 1:8. Possible explanations include generalized increase in antibody formation, unusual susceptibility to infection with M.pneumoniae, and sarcoidosis as one consquence of infection with M.pneumoniae.", "contents": "The prevalence of mycoplasmal complement-fixing antibodies in sarcoidosis. Complement-fixing antibody titers to Mycoplasama pnuemoniae were measured in the sera of 31 patients with sarcoidosis and 31 control subjects matched by age, sex, and race. Data indicated a binomial distribution and a geometric mean titer of 1:32 in patients with sarcoidosis. In contrast, the control data were skewed,with a geometric mean titer of less than 1:8. Possible explanations include generalized increase in antibody formation, unusual susceptibility to infection with M.pneumoniae, and sarcoidosis as one consquence of infection with M.pneumoniae.", "PMID": 1119745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6547", "title": "Importance of histologic classification of carcinoma of the gallbladder.", "content": "In summary, we have reviewed 914 patients who underwent primary biliary procedures at the University of Kentucky between 1962-1970. Twenty-one (2.5%) of these patients were found to have carcinoma of the gallbladder. There were differences in histological evidence of invasion and in survival between invasive, microinvasive and in situ carcinomas. The changing age of the population and the increasing incidence of cholelithiasis make it likely that the incidence of carcinoma of the gallbladder will also increase. Today, aggressive surgical therapy will probably not change the prognosis for invasive carcinoma.", "contents": "Importance of histologic classification of carcinoma of the gallbladder. In summary, we have reviewed 914 patients who underwent primary biliary procedures at the University of Kentucky between 1962-1970. Twenty-one (2.5%) of these patients were found to have carcinoma of the gallbladder. There were differences in histological evidence of invasion and in survival between invasive, microinvasive and in situ carcinomas. The changing age of the population and the increasing incidence of cholelithiasis make it likely that the incidence of carcinoma of the gallbladder will also increase. Today, aggressive surgical therapy will probably not change the prognosis for invasive carcinoma.", "PMID": 1119751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6548", "title": "Transduodenal sphincteroplasty for biliary tract disease.", "content": "Transduodenal sphincteroplasty is an efficient and easy method for dealing with benign biliary tract disease. With it a permanent wide-open stoma is created between the common bile duct and the duodenum, which is established only by complete division of the muscular sphinteric mechanism. Specific indications for sphincteroplasty include multiple common duct stones or \"sludge\", primary biliary calculi, unremovable intrahepatic stones, impacted ampullary stones, or stenosis of the sphincter of Oddi. Conditions unrelieved by sphincteroplasty include biliary dyskinesia \"post-cholecystectomy syndrome\", and relapsing pancreatitis with biliary disease. Sixty-five patients are presented who underwent transduodenal sphincteroplasty for benign biliary tract disease in various categories. Satisfactory results were obtained in 53 patients. Coincident pancreatic disease was associated with the least satisfactory results.", "contents": "Transduodenal sphincteroplasty for biliary tract disease. Transduodenal sphincteroplasty is an efficient and easy method for dealing with benign biliary tract disease. With it a permanent wide-open stoma is created between the common bile duct and the duodenum, which is established only by complete division of the muscular sphinteric mechanism. Specific indications for sphincteroplasty include multiple common duct stones or \"sludge\", primary biliary calculi, unremovable intrahepatic stones, impacted ampullary stones, or stenosis of the sphincter of Oddi. Conditions unrelieved by sphincteroplasty include biliary dyskinesia \"post-cholecystectomy syndrome\", and relapsing pancreatitis with biliary disease. Sixty-five patients are presented who underwent transduodenal sphincteroplasty for benign biliary tract disease in various categories. Satisfactory results were obtained in 53 patients. Coincident pancreatic disease was associated with the least satisfactory results.", "PMID": 1119752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6549", "title": "Surgical treatment of esophageal stricture in patients with scleroderma.", "content": "Two patients with dense distal esophageal strictures associated with progressive systemic sclerosis (scleroderma) are discussed. Both were treated with a Thal-Nissen procedure. Both patients now can eat without difficulty and have experienced no dysphagia. Although the peristalsis in the esophagus is markedly depressed or absent, food still can pass through the Nissen wrap into the stomach. The Thal-Nissen patch and fundoplication is an effective and well-tolerated operative procedure for the unusual patient with distal esophageal stricture and scleroderma.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of esophageal stricture in patients with scleroderma. Two patients with dense distal esophageal strictures associated with progressive systemic sclerosis (scleroderma) are discussed. Both were treated with a Thal-Nissen procedure. Both patients now can eat without difficulty and have experienced no dysphagia. Although the peristalsis in the esophagus is markedly depressed or absent, food still can pass through the Nissen wrap into the stomach. The Thal-Nissen patch and fundoplication is an effective and well-tolerated operative procedure for the unusual patient with distal esophageal stricture and scleroderma.", "PMID": 1119753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6550", "title": "Primary hyperparathyroidism in a referral hospital.", "content": "A series of 46 patients had a tissue diagnosis of primary hyperparthyrodism. Forty (88%) had a single adenoma, one had multiple adenomas; four exhibited parathyroid hyperplasia and one had carcinoma of the parathyroid. The incidence establishing the diagnosis has increased in recent years because of routine multichemistry screening for calcium. The most reliable \"diagnostic\" laboratory finding was an elevated serum calcium: 96 per cent of our patients had serum calcium above the upper limit of normal. Forty-one patients had lesions removed; parathyroid carcinoma (1), hyperplasia (3), and adenomas (37). Only two patients have presistent disease postoperatively: one with hyperplasia who apparently had an inadequate resection of her involved glands and one who had biopsy of an adenoma without further surgical management.", "contents": "Primary hyperparathyroidism in a referral hospital. A series of 46 patients had a tissue diagnosis of primary hyperparthyrodism. Forty (88%) had a single adenoma, one had multiple adenomas; four exhibited parathyroid hyperplasia and one had carcinoma of the parathyroid. The incidence establishing the diagnosis has increased in recent years because of routine multichemistry screening for calcium. The most reliable \"diagnostic\" laboratory finding was an elevated serum calcium: 96 per cent of our patients had serum calcium above the upper limit of normal. Forty-one patients had lesions removed; parathyroid carcinoma (1), hyperplasia (3), and adenomas (37). Only two patients have presistent disease postoperatively: one with hyperplasia who apparently had an inadequate resection of her involved glands and one who had biopsy of an adenoma without further surgical management.", "PMID": 1119755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6551", "title": "Endometriosis causing acute small bowel obstruction: report of a case and review of the literature.", "content": "Endometriosis causing acute small bowel obstruction is a clinical complex which should be considered in the differential diagnosis of intestinal obstruction. Theories as to etiology and pathogenesis are discussed. The best clue to preoperative diagnosis of the lesion is a careful history with regard to previous episodes of ileus having menstrual periodicity. The lesion itself usually causes obstruction by kinking or volvulus secondary to serosal adhesion formation, and more rarely by stenosis or intussusception. The treatment of total small bowel obstruction secondary to endometriosis is surgical, with resection of the involved bowel and end-to-end anastomosis.", "contents": "Endometriosis causing acute small bowel obstruction: report of a case and review of the literature. Endometriosis causing acute small bowel obstruction is a clinical complex which should be considered in the differential diagnosis of intestinal obstruction. Theories as to etiology and pathogenesis are discussed. The best clue to preoperative diagnosis of the lesion is a careful history with regard to previous episodes of ileus having menstrual periodicity. The lesion itself usually causes obstruction by kinking or volvulus secondary to serosal adhesion formation, and more rarely by stenosis or intussusception. The treatment of total small bowel obstruction secondary to endometriosis is surgical, with resection of the involved bowel and end-to-end anastomosis.", "PMID": 1119757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6552", "title": "Isolated tuberculosis of appendix.", "content": "Two patients with acute appendicitis are discussed. On histologic examination both were found to have tuberculosis associated with pyogenic infection. Subsequent investigations failed to reveal tuberculous lesions elsewhere in the body. Both patients have responded well to appendectomy and antituberculous drug therapy.", "contents": "Isolated tuberculosis of appendix. Two patients with acute appendicitis are discussed. On histologic examination both were found to have tuberculosis associated with pyogenic infection. Subsequent investigations failed to reveal tuberculous lesions elsewhere in the body. Both patients have responded well to appendectomy and antituberculous drug therapy.", "PMID": 1119758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6553", "title": "Gardner's syndrome and villous adenoma of jejunum.", "content": "A case of Gardner's syndrome in association with villous adenoma of the jejunum is presented. The discussion stresses that the presence of small intestinal neoplasia in Gardner's syndrome, especially of duodenal sweep and pancreas, is not an infrequent occurrence. Life-long follow-up after total colectomy is indicated for these patients.", "contents": "Gardner's syndrome and villous adenoma of jejunum. A case of Gardner's syndrome in association with villous adenoma of the jejunum is presented. The discussion stresses that the presence of small intestinal neoplasia in Gardner's syndrome, especially of duodenal sweep and pancreas, is not an infrequent occurrence. Life-long follow-up after total colectomy is indicated for these patients.", "PMID": 1119760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6554", "title": "Lymphoid polyposis of the terminal ileum and colon: a source of clinical error.", "content": "A case of lymphoid polyposis of the terminal ileum is presented. The clinical errors arising from confusion of this disorder with adenomatous polyposis are discussed.", "contents": "Lymphoid polyposis of the terminal ileum and colon: a source of clinical error. A case of lymphoid polyposis of the terminal ileum is presented. The clinical errors arising from confusion of this disorder with adenomatous polyposis are discussed.", "PMID": 1119761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6555", "title": "Chronic interstitial nephritis: etiologic factors.", "content": "Whether chronic interstitial nephritis (pyelonephritis) mainly results from kidney infection is widely debated. We studies 101 patients with interstitial nephritis, selected from 320 patients with newly diagnosed chronic renal disease, for frequency of etiological factors. Eleven had no etiologic factor(s) identified; 89 had clearcut factor(s): anatomic abnormalities 31, analgesic abuse 20, hyperuricemia 11, nephrosclerosis 10, stones 9, sickle cell disease1, tuberculosis 1, multiple causes7. Bacterial infection (present in 27%) was found only with another preceding primary cause of renal damage. Analgesic abusers frequently denied drug ingestion; 15% had urinary tract infection and 20% classical papillary necrosis. Two had family histories of analgesic abuse with nephropathy. We conclude that interstitial nephritis is a common form of chronic renal disease, is seldom idiopathic, rarely results from bacterial infection alone in adults, and frequently results from analgesic abuse in the United States.", "contents": "Chronic interstitial nephritis: etiologic factors. Whether chronic interstitial nephritis (pyelonephritis) mainly results from kidney infection is widely debated. We studies 101 patients with interstitial nephritis, selected from 320 patients with newly diagnosed chronic renal disease, for frequency of etiological factors. Eleven had no etiologic factor(s) identified; 89 had clearcut factor(s): anatomic abnormalities 31, analgesic abuse 20, hyperuricemia 11, nephrosclerosis 10, stones 9, sickle cell disease1, tuberculosis 1, multiple causes7. Bacterial infection (present in 27%) was found only with another preceding primary cause of renal damage. Analgesic abusers frequently denied drug ingestion; 15% had urinary tract infection and 20% classical papillary necrosis. Two had family histories of analgesic abuse with nephropathy. We conclude that interstitial nephritis is a common form of chronic renal disease, is seldom idiopathic, rarely results from bacterial infection alone in adults, and frequently results from analgesic abuse in the United States.", "PMID": 1119762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6556", "title": "Oxidative injury to erythrocytes, cell rigidity, and splenic hemolysis in hemodialyzed uremic patients.", "content": "In 23 hemodialyzed patients the metabolic defect of erythrocytes related to uremia and potentiated by dialysis was studied to establish a possible link with the shortened erythrocyte survival. A highly significant correlation was found between sulfhemoglobin provoked by oxidative stress and erythrocyte rigidity measured by filterability. Impaired filterability also correlated with the degree of splenic sequestration. Both sulfhemoglobin and impaired filterability correlated with the degree of hemolysis. Finally, erythrocyte survival showed a highly significant correlation with the degree of anemia. From osmotic fragility, plasma trapping, erythrocyte ATP and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG), and serum phosphorus, calcium, and magnesium measurements it seems unlikely that either spheric transformation or sol-gel transformation of the membrane is causing the increased erythrocyte rigidity. In view of the impaired erythrocyte defense capacity against oxidative injury, cell content rigidity as mediated by reduced hemoglobin solubility is a more likely explanation. Our results give a rational basis for a trial of splenectomy in severely anemia hemodialyzed patients.", "contents": "Oxidative injury to erythrocytes, cell rigidity, and splenic hemolysis in hemodialyzed uremic patients. In 23 hemodialyzed patients the metabolic defect of erythrocytes related to uremia and potentiated by dialysis was studied to establish a possible link with the shortened erythrocyte survival. A highly significant correlation was found between sulfhemoglobin provoked by oxidative stress and erythrocyte rigidity measured by filterability. Impaired filterability also correlated with the degree of splenic sequestration. Both sulfhemoglobin and impaired filterability correlated with the degree of hemolysis. Finally, erythrocyte survival showed a highly significant correlation with the degree of anemia. From osmotic fragility, plasma trapping, erythrocyte ATP and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG), and serum phosphorus, calcium, and magnesium measurements it seems unlikely that either spheric transformation or sol-gel transformation of the membrane is causing the increased erythrocyte rigidity. In view of the impaired erythrocyte defense capacity against oxidative injury, cell content rigidity as mediated by reduced hemoglobin solubility is a more likely explanation. Our results give a rational basis for a trial of splenectomy in severely anemia hemodialyzed patients.", "PMID": 1119763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6557", "title": "Resolution of primary amyloidosis during chemotherapy. Studies in a patient with nephrotic syndrome.", "content": "A patient with primary amyloidosis with evidence for a plasma cell dyscrasia but no abnormal immunoglobulin components had nephrotic syndrome with severe renal impairment. Kidney and bone marrow had extensive amyloid infiltration. She was treated with penicillamine, malphalan, prednisone, and fluoxymesterone; through 6 months renal function gradually improved; urine protein excretion dropped dramatically, serum albumin rose; liver size decreased; the bone marrow returned towards normal. During the next 4 1/2 years melphalan, prednisone, and fluoxymesterone treatment was continued with further improvement in renal function to normal levels. The morphologic characteristics and cellular relations of amyloid fibrils in the bone marrow were studied before, during, and after successful chemotherapy; the findings are evidence for a dual role for the reticuloendothelial cell in the formation and destruction of primary amyloidosis. This patient's response suggests that a multi-agent chemotherapy approach should be further studied.", "contents": "Resolution of primary amyloidosis during chemotherapy. Studies in a patient with nephrotic syndrome. A patient with primary amyloidosis with evidence for a plasma cell dyscrasia but no abnormal immunoglobulin components had nephrotic syndrome with severe renal impairment. Kidney and bone marrow had extensive amyloid infiltration. She was treated with penicillamine, malphalan, prednisone, and fluoxymesterone; through 6 months renal function gradually improved; urine protein excretion dropped dramatically, serum albumin rose; liver size decreased; the bone marrow returned towards normal. During the next 4 1/2 years melphalan, prednisone, and fluoxymesterone treatment was continued with further improvement in renal function to normal levels. The morphologic characteristics and cellular relations of amyloid fibrils in the bone marrow were studied before, during, and after successful chemotherapy; the findings are evidence for a dual role for the reticuloendothelial cell in the formation and destruction of primary amyloidosis. This patient's response suggests that a multi-agent chemotherapy approach should be further studied.", "PMID": 1119764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6558", "title": "Effects of hyaluronidase administration on myocardial ischemic injury in acute infarction. A preliminary study in 24 patients.", "content": "The effect of hyaluronidase on myocardial ischemic injury was examined in 13 patients with acute myocardial infarction, and the results were compared with 11 patients who did not receive hyaluronidase. A 35-electrode precordial mapping method was used to assess the rate of resolution of ST segment elevations. In the 11 control patients, the sum of ST segment elevations (sigmaST) fell after 2 hours to an average of 93.5% plus or minus 17.3% (SEM) and after 24 hours to 89.6% plus or minus 7.6% of the initial values, while the number of electrodes exhibiting ST segment elevations exceeding 0.1 mV (NST) fell to 98.0% plus or minus 12.3% and 94.3% plus or minus 10.4% of the initial values respectively. In the hyaluronidase-treated group, at the same time sigmaST fell significantly more (P less than 0.05), to 54.1% plus or minus 5.0% and 51.3% plus or minus 11.8% and NST was also more markedly reduced (P less than 0.05) to 50.7% plus or minus 7.8% and 50.1% plus or minus 12.4%, thus indicating that hyaluronidase can accelerate the reduction of myocardial ischemic injury in patients with acute myocardial infarction.", "contents": "Effects of hyaluronidase administration on myocardial ischemic injury in acute infarction. A preliminary study in 24 patients. The effect of hyaluronidase on myocardial ischemic injury was examined in 13 patients with acute myocardial infarction, and the results were compared with 11 patients who did not receive hyaluronidase. A 35-electrode precordial mapping method was used to assess the rate of resolution of ST segment elevations. In the 11 control patients, the sum of ST segment elevations (sigmaST) fell after 2 hours to an average of 93.5% plus or minus 17.3% (SEM) and after 24 hours to 89.6% plus or minus 7.6% of the initial values, while the number of electrodes exhibiting ST segment elevations exceeding 0.1 mV (NST) fell to 98.0% plus or minus 12.3% and 94.3% plus or minus 10.4% of the initial values respectively. In the hyaluronidase-treated group, at the same time sigmaST fell significantly more (P less than 0.05), to 54.1% plus or minus 5.0% and 51.3% plus or minus 11.8% and NST was also more markedly reduced (P less than 0.05) to 50.7% plus or minus 7.8% and 50.1% plus or minus 12.4%, thus indicating that hyaluronidase can accelerate the reduction of myocardial ischemic injury in patients with acute myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 1119765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6559", "title": "Comparative left ventricular dimensions in trained athletes.", "content": "Little is known about the structure of athletes' hearts of anatomic variations associated with training. Echocardiograms of 56 active athletes were obtained. Mean left ventricular end-diastolic volume and mass were increased in athletes involved in isotonic exercise, such as swimming (181 ml, 308 g) and running (160 ml, 302 g), compared with controls (101 ml, 211 g); wall thickness was normal (less than or equal to 12 mm). Athletes involved in isometric exercise, such as werstling and shot putting, had normal mean left ventricular end-diastolic volumes (110 ml, 122 ml), but increased wall thickness (13 to 14 mm) and mass (330 g, 348 g). Thus, athletes participating in isotonic exercise had increased left ventricular mass with cardiac changes similar to those in chronic volume overloads. Athletes participating in isometric exercise had increased left ventricular mass with cardiac changes similar to those in chronic pressure loads, recognizing greater left ventricular mass and volume in well-trained athletes aids in interpreting values deviating from \"normal\" limits.", "contents": "Comparative left ventricular dimensions in trained athletes. Little is known about the structure of athletes' hearts of anatomic variations associated with training. Echocardiograms of 56 active athletes were obtained. Mean left ventricular end-diastolic volume and mass were increased in athletes involved in isotonic exercise, such as swimming (181 ml, 308 g) and running (160 ml, 302 g), compared with controls (101 ml, 211 g); wall thickness was normal (less than or equal to 12 mm). Athletes involved in isometric exercise, such as werstling and shot putting, had normal mean left ventricular end-diastolic volumes (110 ml, 122 ml), but increased wall thickness (13 to 14 mm) and mass (330 g, 348 g). Thus, athletes participating in isotonic exercise had increased left ventricular mass with cardiac changes similar to those in chronic volume overloads. Athletes participating in isometric exercise had increased left ventricular mass with cardiac changes similar to those in chronic pressure loads, recognizing greater left ventricular mass and volume in well-trained athletes aids in interpreting values deviating from \"normal\" limits.", "PMID": 1119766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6560", "title": "Disappearance of vascular calcifications during treatment of renal osteodystrophy. Two patients treated with high doses of vitamin D and aluminum hydroxide.", "content": "In two patients with chronic renal failure, extensive renal osteodystrophy, and vascular calcifications, treatment with high doses of vitamin D3 and aluminum hydroxide was followed by healing of the osteodystrophy and marked resolution of the vascular calcifications. The importance of adequate serum phosphate control during this treatment is stressed. It is postulated that the presence of pathologic bone that was rendered more avid for mineral by the action of vitamin D contributed to the disposal of calcium and phosphorus derived from the calcified vessels and from a positive external balance.", "contents": "Disappearance of vascular calcifications during treatment of renal osteodystrophy. Two patients treated with high doses of vitamin D and aluminum hydroxide. In two patients with chronic renal failure, extensive renal osteodystrophy, and vascular calcifications, treatment with high doses of vitamin D3 and aluminum hydroxide was followed by healing of the osteodystrophy and marked resolution of the vascular calcifications. The importance of adequate serum phosphate control during this treatment is stressed. It is postulated that the presence of pathologic bone that was rendered more avid for mineral by the action of vitamin D contributed to the disposal of calcium and phosphorus derived from the calcified vessels and from a positive external balance.", "PMID": 1119767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6561", "title": "Methyl iodide intoxication. A case report.", "content": "A 41-year-old chemist developed methyl iodide intoxication. His case is presented with a review of pertinent literature. Characteristics of the poisoning include a delay between exposure and onset of symptoms; early systemic toxicity with congestive changes in the lungs and oliguric renal failure; prominent cerebellar and Parkinsonian neurologic symptoms as well as seizures and coma in severe cases; and psychiatric disturbances that can last from months to years. Although methyl iodide is a rare form of intoxicant, its manifestations are similar to that of poisoning with the other monohalomethanes that are not uncommon.", "contents": "Methyl iodide intoxication. A case report. A 41-year-old chemist developed methyl iodide intoxication. His case is presented with a review of pertinent literature. Characteristics of the poisoning include a delay between exposure and onset of symptoms; early systemic toxicity with congestive changes in the lungs and oliguric renal failure; prominent cerebellar and Parkinsonian neurologic symptoms as well as seizures and coma in severe cases; and psychiatric disturbances that can last from months to years. Although methyl iodide is a rare form of intoxicant, its manifestations are similar to that of poisoning with the other monohalomethanes that are not uncommon.", "PMID": 1119768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6562", "title": "Unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia. Physiologic evaluation and experimental approaches to therapy.", "content": "The plasma concentration of unconjugated bilirubin is determined by the rate at which newly synthesized bilirubin enters the plasma (bilirubin turnover) and the rate of irreversible bilirubin removal by the liver (hepatic bilirubin clearance). Measurement of each of these variables by kinetic studies with radiolabeled bilirubin permits a precise classification of cases of unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia into those due to increased bilirubin turnover (for example, hemolysis), those due to decreased bilirubin clearance (for example, Gilbert's syndrome), and those in which both mechanisms operate. The ability to quantitate hepatic bilirubin clearance makes it possible to detect gilbert's syndrome even in the presence of concomitant hemolysis. Of the hereditary disorders of bilirubin metabolism, Gilbert's syndrome is common but innocuous, whereas Crigler-Najjar syndrome is rare but devastating. An unusual case of Crigler-Najjar syndrome is described in which bilirubin encephalopathy developed at age 10. Various modalities used in an attempt to reduce her plasma bilirubin concentration by either increasing bilirubin clearance or reducing bilirubin turnover are described.", "contents": "Unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia. Physiologic evaluation and experimental approaches to therapy. The plasma concentration of unconjugated bilirubin is determined by the rate at which newly synthesized bilirubin enters the plasma (bilirubin turnover) and the rate of irreversible bilirubin removal by the liver (hepatic bilirubin clearance). Measurement of each of these variables by kinetic studies with radiolabeled bilirubin permits a precise classification of cases of unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia into those due to increased bilirubin turnover (for example, hemolysis), those due to decreased bilirubin clearance (for example, Gilbert's syndrome), and those in which both mechanisms operate. The ability to quantitate hepatic bilirubin clearance makes it possible to detect gilbert's syndrome even in the presence of concomitant hemolysis. Of the hereditary disorders of bilirubin metabolism, Gilbert's syndrome is common but innocuous, whereas Crigler-Najjar syndrome is rare but devastating. An unusual case of Crigler-Najjar syndrome is described in which bilirubin encephalopathy developed at age 10. Various modalities used in an attempt to reduce her plasma bilirubin concentration by either increasing bilirubin clearance or reducing bilirubin turnover are described.", "PMID": 1119773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6563", "title": "The American Board of Internal Medicine recertification examination: process and results.", "content": "On 26 October 1974, 3356 diplomates of the American Board of Internal Medicine (ABIM) took a 1-day written examination for recertification consisting of multiple-choice, matching, and true-false questions derived from the American College of Physicians' Medical Knowledge Self-Assessment Program III and the ABIM Certifying Examination pool. The passing score was set by using a normative standard applied to a reference group of internists practicing general internal medicine who had had 2 or more years of residency training completed between the years 1949 and 1958. The passing score represented approximately 63% correct answers. The failure rate for the total number of examinees was 4.3%. Mean score of examinees showed an inverse relation with age but relatively slight differences when analyzed according to the degree of subspecialization, practice setting, hospital affiliation, or size of patient community.", "contents": "The American Board of Internal Medicine recertification examination: process and results. On 26 October 1974, 3356 diplomates of the American Board of Internal Medicine (ABIM) took a 1-day written examination for recertification consisting of multiple-choice, matching, and true-false questions derived from the American College of Physicians' Medical Knowledge Self-Assessment Program III and the ABIM Certifying Examination pool. The passing score was set by using a normative standard applied to a reference group of internists practicing general internal medicine who had had 2 or more years of residency training completed between the years 1949 and 1958. The passing score represented approximately 63% correct answers. The failure rate for the total number of examinees was 4.3%. Mean score of examinees showed an inverse relation with age but relatively slight differences when analyzed according to the degree of subspecialization, practice setting, hospital affiliation, or size of patient community.", "PMID": 1119774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6564", "title": "Porphyria in relation to surgery and anaesthesia.", "content": "A review is presented of the more recent biochemical findings in the hepatic porphyrias. The clinical aspects of acute porphyria are re-emphasized and illustrated with a case history. In particular the differentiation between porphyria and surgical causes of abdominal pain is stressed. The anaesthetic management is discussed and details of diagnostic and screening tests are given.", "contents": "Porphyria in relation to surgery and anaesthesia. A review is presented of the more recent biochemical findings in the hepatic porphyrias. The clinical aspects of acute porphyria are re-emphasized and illustrated with a case history. In particular the differentiation between porphyria and surgical causes of abdominal pain is stressed. The anaesthetic management is discussed and details of diagnostic and screening tests are given.", "PMID": 1119785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6565", "title": "Liver biopsy.", "content": "An account is given of the findings obtained with open liver biopsy in 111 patients with various diseases, including 78 with cholecystitis and colelithiasis where unsuspected liver pathology, including biliary cirrhosis, was found in 37 patients. An exact diagnosis of hepatic metastasis by biopsy has therapeutic importance in malignant diseases, and in some patients, particularly those with argent-affinoma, liver involvement is compatible with normal life for many years.", "contents": "Liver biopsy. An account is given of the findings obtained with open liver biopsy in 111 patients with various diseases, including 78 with cholecystitis and colelithiasis where unsuspected liver pathology, including biliary cirrhosis, was found in 37 patients. An exact diagnosis of hepatic metastasis by biopsy has therapeutic importance in malignant diseases, and in some patients, particularly those with argent-affinoma, liver involvement is compatible with normal life for many years.", "PMID": 1119786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6566", "title": "Split ileostomy in the treatment of Crohn's disease of the colon.", "content": "Because of the problems associated with surgical resection of Crohn's disease of the colon a more conservative approach has been used in Oxford since 1960. The inflamed large bowel has been defunctioned by an external diversionary ileostomy and subsequently the disease has been treated with topical and oral corticosteroids. The technique of the split ileostomy used for this purpose is described and the indications for the operation and early results of its use in 69 patients are recorded. In carefully chosen cases the method has two advantages over primary resection. In some patients the inflammation improved sufficiently for continuity of the bowel to be restored without resection being necessary and without medical treatment being required. In others the ileostomy resulted in a marked improvement in general health which has made the subsequent major resection a safer procedure. As an extension of the technique the use of an external faecal diversion by ileostomy is recorded in a further 11 patients who had a synchronous resection of a segment of bowel affected by Crohn's disease.", "contents": "Split ileostomy in the treatment of Crohn's disease of the colon. Because of the problems associated with surgical resection of Crohn's disease of the colon a more conservative approach has been used in Oxford since 1960. The inflamed large bowel has been defunctioned by an external diversionary ileostomy and subsequently the disease has been treated with topical and oral corticosteroids. The technique of the split ileostomy used for this purpose is described and the indications for the operation and early results of its use in 69 patients are recorded. In carefully chosen cases the method has two advantages over primary resection. In some patients the inflammation improved sufficiently for continuity of the bowel to be restored without resection being necessary and without medical treatment being required. In others the ileostomy resulted in a marked improvement in general health which has made the subsequent major resection a safer procedure. As an extension of the technique the use of an external faecal diversion by ileostomy is recorded in a further 11 patients who had a synchronous resection of a segment of bowel affected by Crohn's disease.", "PMID": 1119787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6567", "title": "Gynaecology and general surgery.", "content": "The gynaecological disorders most likely to be met by the general surgeon are those that present with acute abdominal symptoms and those unexpectedly encountered at laparotomy. The former group includes ectopic pregnancy, acute salpingitis, and complications of ovarian cysts and abortion and the latter endometriosis, ovarian tumours, and myomatosis. The characteristics and treatment of these various conditions are described and principles outlined for the guidance of the general surgeon in dealing with gynaecological problem.", "contents": "Gynaecology and general surgery. The gynaecological disorders most likely to be met by the general surgeon are those that present with acute abdominal symptoms and those unexpectedly encountered at laparotomy. The former group includes ectopic pregnancy, acute salpingitis, and complications of ovarian cysts and abortion and the latter endometriosis, ovarian tumours, and myomatosis. The characteristics and treatment of these various conditions are described and principles outlined for the guidance of the general surgeon in dealing with gynaecological problem.", "PMID": 1119788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6568", "title": "How should the common bile duct be explored?", "content": "An attempt has been made to find which of 3 operations currently in use for exploring the bile ducts gave the best clinical results. For this purpose 3 series of consecutive patients treated at The London Hospital over a 12-year period have been studied retrospectively. The operations used were as follows: (1) conventional supraduodenal choledochotomy; (2) transduodenal biliary sphincterotomy; and (3) a combined approach. The mortality in the supraduodenal series was 4 (4%) of 101 patients and in the transduodenal series 2 (2.4%) of 82 patients. Both routes were used in 26 patients, of whom 2 (7.7%) died. Early complications were commoner after choledochotomy than after biliary sphincterotomy, but when both procedures were combined the incidence was higher still. Late complications were also more frequent after both the supraduodenal and the combined approach, residual or recurrent stones and cholangitis being 6 times more common than after sphincterotomy alone. Postexploratory cholangiography, however, was not used routinly in the supraduodenal series and might conceivably have reduced this factor further, but not below 3. Stenosis occurred in one patient after choledochotomy and in one patient after the combined operation but not after sphincterotomy alone. In this study, therefore, transduodenal biliary sphincterotomy gave the lowest mortality and morbidity. With the combined procedure, however, the mortality and morbidity were much higher than after either method alone.", "contents": "How should the common bile duct be explored? An attempt has been made to find which of 3 operations currently in use for exploring the bile ducts gave the best clinical results. For this purpose 3 series of consecutive patients treated at The London Hospital over a 12-year period have been studied retrospectively. The operations used were as follows: (1) conventional supraduodenal choledochotomy; (2) transduodenal biliary sphincterotomy; and (3) a combined approach. The mortality in the supraduodenal series was 4 (4%) of 101 patients and in the transduodenal series 2 (2.4%) of 82 patients. Both routes were used in 26 patients, of whom 2 (7.7%) died. Early complications were commoner after choledochotomy than after biliary sphincterotomy, but when both procedures were combined the incidence was higher still. Late complications were also more frequent after both the supraduodenal and the combined approach, residual or recurrent stones and cholangitis being 6 times more common than after sphincterotomy alone. Postexploratory cholangiography, however, was not used routinly in the supraduodenal series and might conceivably have reduced this factor further, but not below 3. Stenosis occurred in one patient after choledochotomy and in one patient after the combined operation but not after sphincterotomy alone. In this study, therefore, transduodenal biliary sphincterotomy gave the lowest mortality and morbidity. With the combined procedure, however, the mortality and morbidity were much higher than after either method alone.", "PMID": 1119789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6569", "title": "Assessment and treatment of recurrent peptic ulceration.", "content": "From the experience of treating 91 patients with a proven recurrent ulcer we consider that if a proven ulcer is shown to be present and a gastrin-secreting tumour is excluded an appropriate reoperation will almost always produce a successful result (94 per cent). Before subjecting patients to reoperation all attempts must be made to secure a precise diagnosis. The following investigations should be performed: barium meal, panendoscopy of the upper gastrointestinal tract, determination of maximum acid output (with insulin test and gastrin analysis if appropriate), and cholecystography. Before accepting a diagnosis of recurrent ulcer at least 2 of the first 3 tests should be postive. If the primary operation was a resection we advocate vagotomy alone as the second operation, provided there are no local complications such as stenosis, bleeding, or fistula. If the primary operation was a vagotomy and the recurrence is associated with a positive response to the insulin test we advocate revagotomy and antrectomy. If the insulin test is negative we normally repeat the test; if it is still negative then we use antrectomy alone.", "contents": "Assessment and treatment of recurrent peptic ulceration. From the experience of treating 91 patients with a proven recurrent ulcer we consider that if a proven ulcer is shown to be present and a gastrin-secreting tumour is excluded an appropriate reoperation will almost always produce a successful result (94 per cent). Before subjecting patients to reoperation all attempts must be made to secure a precise diagnosis. The following investigations should be performed: barium meal, panendoscopy of the upper gastrointestinal tract, determination of maximum acid output (with insulin test and gastrin analysis if appropriate), and cholecystography. Before accepting a diagnosis of recurrent ulcer at least 2 of the first 3 tests should be postive. If the primary operation was a resection we advocate vagotomy alone as the second operation, provided there are no local complications such as stenosis, bleeding, or fistula. If the primary operation was a vagotomy and the recurrence is associated with a positive response to the insulin test we advocate revagotomy and antrectomy. If the insulin test is negative we normally repeat the test; if it is still negative then we use antrectomy alone.", "PMID": 1119790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6570", "title": "[Determination of neomycin in the film-forming aerosol preparation \"Neotizol'\"].", "content": "A colorimetric method for guantitative determination of neomycin in the aerozol preparation \"Neotizol\" was developed. The determination was performed after neomycin isolation from the film-forming composition with the carboxylic ion exchange resins IRC-50 and KB-2 containing 2.5-3 per cent of divinylbenzol. The results of the colorimetric determination were compared with the data of the microbiological assay. The results of neomycin determination in the aerozol preparation \"Neotizol\" were treated statistically.", "contents": "[Determination of neomycin in the film-forming aerosol preparation \"Neotizol'\"]. A colorimetric method for guantitative determination of neomycin in the aerozol preparation \"Neotizol\" was developed. The determination was performed after neomycin isolation from the film-forming composition with the carboxylic ion exchange resins IRC-50 and KB-2 containing 2.5-3 per cent of divinylbenzol. The results of the colorimetric determination were compared with the data of the microbiological assay. The results of neomycin determination in the aerozol preparation \"Neotizol\" were treated statistically.", "PMID": 1119791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6571", "title": "[Effect of carbenicillin and its combination with prodigiozan and lysozyme on the course of an experimental inflammatory process of Proteus etiology].", "content": "Biological properties of 142 Proteus strains isolated from patients were studied. Sensitivity of Proteus to II antibiotics was tested. The isolates were resistant to most of the antibiotics. The highest number of the isolates was sensitive to ampicillin (77.1 minus or plus 7.16) and especially to carbenicillin (82.6 plus or minus 6.16). This provided the use of carbenicillin for the treatment of experimental septicemia in albino mice and wound processes in rabbits with Proteus complications. The high therapeutic effect of the antibiotic was shown in experiments with 210 albino mice and 44 rabbits. The therapeutic effect of carbenicillin increased when it was used in combination with prodigiozan and especially in combination with prodigiozan and lysozyme.", "contents": "[Effect of carbenicillin and its combination with prodigiozan and lysozyme on the course of an experimental inflammatory process of Proteus etiology]. Biological properties of 142 Proteus strains isolated from patients were studied. Sensitivity of Proteus to II antibiotics was tested. The isolates were resistant to most of the antibiotics. The highest number of the isolates was sensitive to ampicillin (77.1 minus or plus 7.16) and especially to carbenicillin (82.6 plus or minus 6.16). This provided the use of carbenicillin for the treatment of experimental septicemia in albino mice and wound processes in rabbits with Proteus complications. The high therapeutic effect of the antibiotic was shown in experiments with 210 albino mice and 44 rabbits. The therapeutic effect of carbenicillin increased when it was used in combination with prodigiozan and especially in combination with prodigiozan and lysozyme.", "PMID": 1119792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6572", "title": "[Effect of repeated cycles of tetraolean and oleandomycin administration on the indices of nonspecific resistence of the body in experimental staphylococcal sepsis].", "content": "The effect of repeated cycles of tetracycline and oleandomycin administration on the complement titer, content of lysozyme and bactericidal properties of the serum in rabbits with experimental staphylococcal sepsis was studied. It was shown that the septic process induced by intravenous inoculation of staphylococci was accompanied by stimulation of the host nonspecific resistance. However, repeated inoculations of the animals resulted in exhaustion of the host protective forces and decreased non-specific resistance. The use of tetracycline in experimental staphylococcal sepsis was accompanied by an increase in the complement titer, lysozyme content and bactericidal properties of the serum after both the 1st and 2nd cycles of the drug administration. The use of oleaudomycin induced an increase in the contents of the complement, lysozyme and bactericidal properties of the serum at the background of staphylococcal sepsis only after the 1st cycle. The repeated cycle of oleandomycin administration was accompanied by a decrease in the above indices. Such conditions should be taken into account in choosing the antibiotic for treatment of septic cases especially when repeated cycles of the drug administration are used.", "contents": "[Effect of repeated cycles of tetraolean and oleandomycin administration on the indices of nonspecific resistence of the body in experimental staphylococcal sepsis]. The effect of repeated cycles of tetracycline and oleandomycin administration on the complement titer, content of lysozyme and bactericidal properties of the serum in rabbits with experimental staphylococcal sepsis was studied. It was shown that the septic process induced by intravenous inoculation of staphylococci was accompanied by stimulation of the host nonspecific resistance. However, repeated inoculations of the animals resulted in exhaustion of the host protective forces and decreased non-specific resistance. The use of tetracycline in experimental staphylococcal sepsis was accompanied by an increase in the complement titer, lysozyme content and bactericidal properties of the serum after both the 1st and 2nd cycles of the drug administration. The use of oleaudomycin induced an increase in the contents of the complement, lysozyme and bactericidal properties of the serum at the background of staphylococcal sepsis only after the 1st cycle. The repeated cycle of oleandomycin administration was accompanied by a decrease in the above indices. Such conditions should be taken into account in choosing the antibiotic for treatment of septic cases especially when repeated cycles of the drug administration are used.", "PMID": 1119793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6573", "title": "[Antibiotic sensitivity of the causative agent of glanders].", "content": "Sensitivity of the glanders causative agent to 20 antibiotics representing different groups is described. The results of the in vitro studies showed that most of the antibiotics were not active against the glanders causative agent, except for polymyxin M, levomycetin and their combination. Some relative activity was observed with neomycin. The \"indicators\" method used by the authors for determination of the M. mallei sensitivity to the antibiotics allowed the shortening of the time of the test by 8 to 10 hours.", "contents": "[Antibiotic sensitivity of the causative agent of glanders]. Sensitivity of the glanders causative agent to 20 antibiotics representing different groups is described. The results of the in vitro studies showed that most of the antibiotics were not active against the glanders causative agent, except for polymyxin M, levomycetin and their combination. Some relative activity was observed with neomycin. The \"indicators\" method used by the authors for determination of the M. mallei sensitivity to the antibiotics allowed the shortening of the time of the test by 8 to 10 hours.", "PMID": 1119794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6574", "title": "[Effect of the antibiotic sibiromycin on the bioelectrical activity of the heart and the serum transaminase activity in dogs].", "content": "Experiments with dogs showed that daily intravenous administrations of sibiromycin in doses of 1.5 or 1 gamma/kg resulted in significant changes in the ECG: delayed heart rythm, narrowed R peak amplitude, lower P peak or its absence, presence of coronary T peak and location of S-T segment above the isoline, which corresponded to the increase in the transminase activity of the blood serum. When sibiromycin was used in a dose of 0.75 gamma/kg 30 times a day and in a dose of 1.5 gamma/kg 2 times a weak for 13 times T, P R peaks on the ECG changed. The cardiotoxic effect of sibiromycin depended on the dose. When used in a single dose of 5 gamma/kg, in a dose of 0.37 gamma/kg 30 times a day or in a dose of 2 or 1.5 gamma/kg once a weak for 7 times, sibiromycin had no toxic effect on the heart.", "contents": "[Effect of the antibiotic sibiromycin on the bioelectrical activity of the heart and the serum transaminase activity in dogs]. Experiments with dogs showed that daily intravenous administrations of sibiromycin in doses of 1.5 or 1 gamma/kg resulted in significant changes in the ECG: delayed heart rythm, narrowed R peak amplitude, lower P peak or its absence, presence of coronary T peak and location of S-T segment above the isoline, which corresponded to the increase in the transminase activity of the blood serum. When sibiromycin was used in a dose of 0.75 gamma/kg 30 times a day and in a dose of 1.5 gamma/kg 2 times a weak for 13 times T, P R peaks on the ECG changed. The cardiotoxic effect of sibiromycin depended on the dose. When used in a single dose of 5 gamma/kg, in a dose of 0.37 gamma/kg 30 times a day or in a dose of 2 or 1.5 gamma/kg once a weak for 7 times, sibiromycin had no toxic effect on the heart.", "PMID": 1119795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6575", "title": "[Effect of antibiotic therapy on the experimental production of antiviral antibodies].", "content": "Because of the practical value of the study of peculiar properties of antinfluenza immunity under conditions of the use of tetracycline, streptomycin and penicillin, the experiments were performed on albino mice and rats. The studies showed that the antibiotics inhibited the intensity of production of specific antibodies, i.e. antihemagglutinines and virus neutralizing antibodies in the process of antiinfluenza immunization of the animals which must be connected with changes in the cells of the immunoreactive system, suppression of the activity of the metabolic processes.", "contents": "[Effect of antibiotic therapy on the experimental production of antiviral antibodies]. Because of the practical value of the study of peculiar properties of antinfluenza immunity under conditions of the use of tetracycline, streptomycin and penicillin, the experiments were performed on albino mice and rats. The studies showed that the antibiotics inhibited the intensity of production of specific antibodies, i.e. antihemagglutinines and virus neutralizing antibodies in the process of antiinfluenza immunization of the animals which must be connected with changes in the cells of the immunoreactive system, suppression of the activity of the metabolic processes.", "PMID": 1119796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6576", "title": "[Toxic action of morphocycline on pregnant rats].", "content": "Morphocycline was administered intravenously to rats of Wistar line in doses of 100, 50 and 20 mg/kg at various periods of pregnancy. It was found that a single administration of morphocycline in the above doses to the rats on the 9th day of their pregnancy resulted in abortus in some female rats. Death and resorption of the fetus were more frequent after the antibiotic use in doses of 20 and 50 mg/kg. Repeated administrations of morphocycline in doses of 20 mg/kg resulted in abortus and postimplantation death of the fetus most pronounced in the animal groups treated with the antibiotic during the periods of the 7th to the 10th and from the 11th to the 14th days of pregnancy. The teratogenic activity of morphocycline was slightly pronounced. It was observed in some fetus after both single and repeated administrations of the antibiotic.", "contents": "[Toxic action of morphocycline on pregnant rats]. Morphocycline was administered intravenously to rats of Wistar line in doses of 100, 50 and 20 mg/kg at various periods of pregnancy. It was found that a single administration of morphocycline in the above doses to the rats on the 9th day of their pregnancy resulted in abortus in some female rats. Death and resorption of the fetus were more frequent after the antibiotic use in doses of 20 and 50 mg/kg. Repeated administrations of morphocycline in doses of 20 mg/kg resulted in abortus and postimplantation death of the fetus most pronounced in the animal groups treated with the antibiotic during the periods of the 7th to the 10th and from the 11th to the 14th days of pregnancy. The teratogenic activity of morphocycline was slightly pronounced. It was observed in some fetus after both single and repeated administrations of the antibiotic.", "PMID": 1119797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6577", "title": "Topical colchicine therapy for recalcitrant psoriasis.", "content": "Once daily applications of 1.0% colchicine in hydrophilic ointment for 6 to 12 weeks produced substantial resolution of recalcitrant psoriatic plaques, especially those on the trunk. With occlusion, lower concentrations of the drug (0.25% and 0.50%) were usually effective. A thick viscous base (hydrophilic petrolatum) was more effective than a hydrophilic cream base (hydrophilic ointment), presumably because of greater occlusivity. Treatment with topically applied colchicine may be valuable when other measures fail to control localized thick plaques of psoriasis. Its use is still experimental and should be restricted to small areas until more is known about its percutaneous absorption.", "contents": "Topical colchicine therapy for recalcitrant psoriasis. Once daily applications of 1.0% colchicine in hydrophilic ointment for 6 to 12 weeks produced substantial resolution of recalcitrant psoriatic plaques, especially those on the trunk. With occlusion, lower concentrations of the drug (0.25% and 0.50%) were usually effective. A thick viscous base (hydrophilic petrolatum) was more effective than a hydrophilic cream base (hydrophilic ointment), presumably because of greater occlusivity. Treatment with topically applied colchicine may be valuable when other measures fail to control localized thick plaques of psoriasis. Its use is still experimental and should be restricted to small areas until more is known about its percutaneous absorption.", "PMID": 1119820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6578", "title": "Scabies: histological study of inflammatory lesions.", "content": "Histological findings of the inflammatory lesions of scabies are distinctive enough to guide the pathologist in the direction of this diagnosis. It is characterized by a combination of an acute, vesicular, eczematous type of epidermal change and an erythema multiforme type of dermal reaction. When this combination is present, a search should be made to expose the organism in tissue sections or in scrapings of the cutaneous lesions.", "contents": "Scabies: histological study of inflammatory lesions. Histological findings of the inflammatory lesions of scabies are distinctive enough to guide the pathologist in the direction of this diagnosis. It is characterized by a combination of an acute, vesicular, eczematous type of epidermal change and an erythema multiforme type of dermal reaction. When this combination is present, a search should be made to expose the organism in tissue sections or in scrapings of the cutaneous lesions.", "PMID": 1119821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6579", "title": "A new formula for depigmenting human skin.", "content": "Complete depigmentation of the noraml skin of adult male blacks was procured by the daily application for five to seven weeks of a formula consisting of 0.1% tretinoin, 5.0% hydroquinone, 0.1% dexamethasone, and hydrophilic ointment. Depigmentation was not attainable when any one of the components was omitted. The formula was therapeutically effective in treatment of melasma, ephelides, and postinflammatory hyperpigmentation. Senile lentigines were resistant to this therapy.", "contents": "A new formula for depigmenting human skin. Complete depigmentation of the noraml skin of adult male blacks was procured by the daily application for five to seven weeks of a formula consisting of 0.1% tretinoin, 5.0% hydroquinone, 0.1% dexamethasone, and hydrophilic ointment. Depigmentation was not attainable when any one of the components was omitted. The formula was therapeutically effective in treatment of melasma, ephelides, and postinflammatory hyperpigmentation. Senile lentigines were resistant to this therapy.", "PMID": 1119822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6580", "title": "Electron microscopical and biochemical analysis of colloid milium.", "content": "Two new cases of colloid millium were studied by several methods to examine if collagen is the source of colloid. Wound-healing experiments in the lesion revealed that colloid is reproduced de novo with possible interaction with epidermal cells. Unfixed, native colloid did not contain collagen and salt extraction did not alter the ultrastructure of colloid. Tissue culture of colloid fibroblasts produced colloid-like substance. These results suggest that colloid is not a degeneration product of collagen. Disc electrophoresis of extracted colloid produced a distinct band, which is absent in the normal skin control. Amino acid analysis of colloid suggests that colloid may contain the recently described class of glycoprotein, called \"structural glycoprotein\" that is not related to collagen because it does not contain hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine and contains only a small amount of glucose. These biochemical data support the conclusion reached in electron microscopical studies.", "contents": "Electron microscopical and biochemical analysis of colloid milium. Two new cases of colloid millium were studied by several methods to examine if collagen is the source of colloid. Wound-healing experiments in the lesion revealed that colloid is reproduced de novo with possible interaction with epidermal cells. Unfixed, native colloid did not contain collagen and salt extraction did not alter the ultrastructure of colloid. Tissue culture of colloid fibroblasts produced colloid-like substance. These results suggest that colloid is not a degeneration product of collagen. Disc electrophoresis of extracted colloid produced a distinct band, which is absent in the normal skin control. Amino acid analysis of colloid suggests that colloid may contain the recently described class of glycoprotein, called \"structural glycoprotein\" that is not related to collagen because it does not contain hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine and contains only a small amount of glucose. These biochemical data support the conclusion reached in electron microscopical studies.", "PMID": 1119823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6581", "title": "Alteration of hypertrophic scars induced by mechanical pressure.", "content": "Hypertrophic scars and contractures may be rapidly resolved through application of pressure and forced extension. Examination of pressure-treated scars by scanning and transmission electron microscopy demonstrates a reduction in intercollagen cohesiveness and increasing numbers of vesicular fibroblasts. Assays of chrondroitin sulfate A show a decrease from the excessive levels found in untreated hypertrophic scars. It is suggested that the application of pressure increases an already present condition of hypoxia, which results in degeneration of many fibroblasts. The ratio of collagen synthesis to degradation would, then, be altered in favor of the latter, resulting in resolution of the scar.", "contents": "Alteration of hypertrophic scars induced by mechanical pressure. Hypertrophic scars and contractures may be rapidly resolved through application of pressure and forced extension. Examination of pressure-treated scars by scanning and transmission electron microscopy demonstrates a reduction in intercollagen cohesiveness and increasing numbers of vesicular fibroblasts. Assays of chrondroitin sulfate A show a decrease from the excessive levels found in untreated hypertrophic scars. It is suggested that the application of pressure increases an already present condition of hypoxia, which results in degeneration of many fibroblasts. The ratio of collagen synthesis to degradation would, then, be altered in favor of the latter, resulting in resolution of the scar.", "PMID": 1119824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6582", "title": "Precocious noduloulcerative cutaneous syphilis.", "content": "A man had widespread, noduloulcerative syphilitic lesions that appeared, chronologically, during the \"secondary\" stage of syphilis. There were no systemic manifestations of the disease, except for possible periostitis. The darkfield examination and spinal fluid examinations were negative for syphilis. It is suggested that the term \"malignant\" syphilis should be discarded in favor of nonduloulcerative cutaneous syphilis.", "contents": "Precocious noduloulcerative cutaneous syphilis. A man had widespread, noduloulcerative syphilitic lesions that appeared, chronologically, during the \"secondary\" stage of syphilis. There were no systemic manifestations of the disease, except for possible periostitis. The darkfield examination and spinal fluid examinations were negative for syphilis. It is suggested that the term \"malignant\" syphilis should be discarded in favor of nonduloulcerative cutaneous syphilis.", "PMID": 1119825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6583", "title": "Raynaud disease with oral manifestations.", "content": "A young women with a history of Raynaud phenomenon, without underlying disease, manifested spasms of the tongue at times when the episodes of the hands were most severe. Striking changes in the appearance of the tongue occurred.", "contents": "Raynaud disease with oral manifestations. A young women with a history of Raynaud phenomenon, without underlying disease, manifested spasms of the tongue at times when the episodes of the hands were most severe. Striking changes in the appearance of the tongue occurred.", "PMID": 1119826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6584", "title": "Familial progressive systemic scleroderma.", "content": "Three patients seen with similar findings of progressive systemic scleroderma. Two of the patients, a father and son, had very similar skin changes, sclerodactyly, Raynaud phenomenon, gastrointestinal involvement, and pulmonary symptoms. The three patients were from the highly inbred Brandywine triracial isolate. This isolate is a group of families who have been inbreeding since 1660 and now have the highest gene frequencies for sickle cell anemia and oculocutaneous albinism in the United States. There have been only a few reported cases of familial scleroderma and the hereditary aspect of the disease has not been well established. This report shows that the mortality for scleroderma in this isolate is at least 250 times the mortality of the general population, thus suggesting a probable genetic predisposition for the disease.", "contents": "Familial progressive systemic scleroderma. Three patients seen with similar findings of progressive systemic scleroderma. Two of the patients, a father and son, had very similar skin changes, sclerodactyly, Raynaud phenomenon, gastrointestinal involvement, and pulmonary symptoms. The three patients were from the highly inbred Brandywine triracial isolate. This isolate is a group of families who have been inbreeding since 1660 and now have the highest gene frequencies for sickle cell anemia and oculocutaneous albinism in the United States. There have been only a few reported cases of familial scleroderma and the hereditary aspect of the disease has not been well established. This report shows that the mortality for scleroderma in this isolate is at least 250 times the mortality of the general population, thus suggesting a probable genetic predisposition for the disease.", "PMID": 1119827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6585", "title": "Lymphangiosarcoma arising in congenital lymphedema.", "content": "An 85-year-old woman with congenital lymphedema of the right upper extremity developed a small purplish papule on the forearm, which was the first clinical evidence of lymphangiosarcoma. The lesion grew rapidly and became necrotic and ulcerated. The patient experienced severe pain. A mid-arm amputation was performed. Microscopical examination of the amputated limb showed widespread histological involvement of skin, muscle, and subcutaneous tissue by lymphangiosarcoma. The need for continuous monitoring of patients with both primary and secondary lymphedema is emphasized, since early diagnosis of the developing lymphangiosarcoma and rapid surgical intervention provide the best prognosis for survival.", "contents": "Lymphangiosarcoma arising in congenital lymphedema. An 85-year-old woman with congenital lymphedema of the right upper extremity developed a small purplish papule on the forearm, which was the first clinical evidence of lymphangiosarcoma. The lesion grew rapidly and became necrotic and ulcerated. The patient experienced severe pain. A mid-arm amputation was performed. Microscopical examination of the amputated limb showed widespread histological involvement of skin, muscle, and subcutaneous tissue by lymphangiosarcoma. The need for continuous monitoring of patients with both primary and secondary lymphedema is emphasized, since early diagnosis of the developing lymphangiosarcoma and rapid surgical intervention provide the best prognosis for survival.", "PMID": 1119828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6586", "title": "Pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism with fibrous dysplasia.", "content": "Pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism and pseudohypoparathyroidism have been thought to represent variants of the same disease process, Albright hereditary osteodystrophy. A 31-year-old woman with the characteristic features of pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism, such as shortened metacarpals and metatarsals, round facies, and normal serum calcium values, was studied. Underdeveloped metacarpal and metatarsal heads produced an important diagnostic sign, Albright dimpling sign, which dermatologists can use to make the correct diagnosis. The presence of this sign, together with roentgenographic evidence, will usually exclude other diagnostic possibilities. Our patient had a normal response to parathyroid hormone infusion, including increased urinary adenosine 3',5' cyclic monophosphate excretion. Radiological, light microscopic, and electron microscopic studies of the mandible showed fibrous dysplasia, a disease commonly reported to be present with hyperparathyroidism, but, to our knowledge, never before reported in association with any variant of hypoparathyroidism.", "contents": "Pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism with fibrous dysplasia. Pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism and pseudohypoparathyroidism have been thought to represent variants of the same disease process, Albright hereditary osteodystrophy. A 31-year-old woman with the characteristic features of pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism, such as shortened metacarpals and metatarsals, round facies, and normal serum calcium values, was studied. Underdeveloped metacarpal and metatarsal heads produced an important diagnostic sign, Albright dimpling sign, which dermatologists can use to make the correct diagnosis. The presence of this sign, together with roentgenographic evidence, will usually exclude other diagnostic possibilities. Our patient had a normal response to parathyroid hormone infusion, including increased urinary adenosine 3',5' cyclic monophosphate excretion. Radiological, light microscopic, and electron microscopic studies of the mandible showed fibrous dysplasia, a disease commonly reported to be present with hyperparathyroidism, but, to our knowledge, never before reported in association with any variant of hypoparathyroidism.", "PMID": 1119829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6587", "title": "Chronic urticaria from isophane insulin therapy; sensitivity associated with noninsulin components in commercial preparations.", "content": "A young woman with diabetes mellitus developed chronic urticaria after changing from isophane been insulin suspension to isophane beef-pork insulin suspension. She reverted to treatment with her original insulin preparation, but urticaria failed to terminate. While in the hospital, her eruption began each afternoon at the site of insulin injection. Zinc single-peak beef insulin suspension, a purer preparation with different additives than isophane beef insulin, was substituted, and urticaria terminated rapidly. Intradermal skin testing using single-peak (purified) preparations indicated that the patient was sensitive to beef and pork forms of isophane insulin but not to beef and pork forms of zinc insulin. The patient later had a brief recurrence of urticaria following oral erythromycin and tetracycline therapy but did not develop lesions at sites of insulin injection.", "contents": "Chronic urticaria from isophane insulin therapy; sensitivity associated with noninsulin components in commercial preparations. A young woman with diabetes mellitus developed chronic urticaria after changing from isophane been insulin suspension to isophane beef-pork insulin suspension. She reverted to treatment with her original insulin preparation, but urticaria failed to terminate. While in the hospital, her eruption began each afternoon at the site of insulin injection. Zinc single-peak beef insulin suspension, a purer preparation with different additives than isophane beef insulin, was substituted, and urticaria terminated rapidly. Intradermal skin testing using single-peak (purified) preparations indicated that the patient was sensitive to beef and pork forms of isophane insulin but not to beef and pork forms of zinc insulin. The patient later had a brief recurrence of urticaria following oral erythromycin and tetracycline therapy but did not develop lesions at sites of insulin injection.", "PMID": 1119830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6588", "title": "Localized scleroderma.", "content": "Familial scleroderma is rare; only seven documented instances of the disease have been reported, to our knowledge. This report adds two more families to the literature. Three children in one family and two in the other had clinically and histiologically established localized scleroderma.", "contents": "Localized scleroderma. Familial scleroderma is rare; only seven documented instances of the disease have been reported, to our knowledge. This report adds two more families to the literature. Three children in one family and two in the other had clinically and histiologically established localized scleroderma.", "PMID": 1119831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6589", "title": "Orally given indomethacin and blood flow response to UVL.", "content": "Blood flow in normal skin and skin treated with ultraviolet light (UVL) has been determined by measuring the clearance of epicutaneously applied xenon 133 gas. Mean blood flow in UVL-irradiated skin was 25.7 ml/100 gm/min, which is about twice that found in normal skin (12.2 ml/100 gm/min). Orally administered indomethacin reduced by one third the increase in blood flow produced by UVL irradiation.", "contents": "Orally given indomethacin and blood flow response to UVL. Blood flow in normal skin and skin treated with ultraviolet light (UVL) has been determined by measuring the clearance of epicutaneously applied xenon 133 gas. Mean blood flow in UVL-irradiated skin was 25.7 ml/100 gm/min, which is about twice that found in normal skin (12.2 ml/100 gm/min). Orally administered indomethacin reduced by one third the increase in blood flow produced by UVL irradiation.", "PMID": 1119832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6590", "title": "Granulomatous panniculitis in erythema nodosum.", "content": "A group of ten patients with granulomatous panniculitis was studied; five had erythema induratum of the tuberculous or the nontuberculous type and five had erythema nodosum. In both groups, histiocytic giant cells and lymphocytic inflammation of the fat were seen microscopically. Massive caseation was seen in the patients who had erythema induratum, but this was not a distinguishing feature between the tuberculous and the nontuberculous type. The clinical history in all instances was a reliable guide to diagnosis. No specific cause was found, and treatment was not specific. tin granulomatous panniculitis, the clinical pattern of disease is confusing in view of the histologic findings, and the diagnosis can be made with confidence only if the clinical findings are carefully correlated to the course of the disease.", "contents": "Granulomatous panniculitis in erythema nodosum. A group of ten patients with granulomatous panniculitis was studied; five had erythema induratum of the tuberculous or the nontuberculous type and five had erythema nodosum. In both groups, histiocytic giant cells and lymphocytic inflammation of the fat were seen microscopically. Massive caseation was seen in the patients who had erythema induratum, but this was not a distinguishing feature between the tuberculous and the nontuberculous type. The clinical history in all instances was a reliable guide to diagnosis. No specific cause was found, and treatment was not specific. tin granulomatous panniculitis, the clinical pattern of disease is confusing in view of the histologic findings, and the diagnosis can be made with confidence only if the clinical findings are carefully correlated to the course of the disease.", "PMID": 1119833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6591", "title": "Soft-tissue calcification in systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "Calcification of soft tissues is known to occur frequently in progressive systemic sclerosis (PSS) and dermatomyositis. To our knowledge, only seven case reports have appeared concerning this abnormality in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). We describe four patients with well-documented SLE who developed calcification in subcutaneous tissue, muscle, or periarticular structures. The pattern and localization of the calcification can mimic those seen in other disorders.", "contents": "Soft-tissue calcification in systemic lupus erythematosus. Calcification of soft tissues is known to occur frequently in progressive systemic sclerosis (PSS) and dermatomyositis. To our knowledge, only seven case reports have appeared concerning this abnormality in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). We describe four patients with well-documented SLE who developed calcification in subcutaneous tissue, muscle, or periarticular structures. The pattern and localization of the calcification can mimic those seen in other disorders.", "PMID": 1119834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6592", "title": "Pruritic maculopapular skin lesions in sarcoidosis. An unusual clinical presentation.", "content": "Pruritic maculopapular rash occurred in a 23-year-old black man. The lesion remained undiagnosed and required frequent hospital admissions. Twenty years after the onset of symptoms, the skin and lymph node biopsy specimens showed noncaseating granulomas. Sarcoidosis should always be included in the differential diagnosis of pruritic skin lesion.", "contents": "Pruritic maculopapular skin lesions in sarcoidosis. An unusual clinical presentation. Pruritic maculopapular rash occurred in a 23-year-old black man. The lesion remained undiagnosed and required frequent hospital admissions. Twenty years after the onset of symptoms, the skin and lymph node biopsy specimens showed noncaseating granulomas. Sarcoidosis should always be included in the differential diagnosis of pruritic skin lesion.", "PMID": 1119835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6593", "title": "Lymphocyte transformation in mycosis fungoides.", "content": "Lymphocyte transformation tests with PHA were carried out in 26 patients with mycosis fungoides (MF) in different stages of the disease. In premycotic and infiltrative stages of MF there were no significant disturbances in the lymphocyte response to PHA. Inhibition of DNA synthesis and blastic transformation was observed only in the tumorous stage. The results are in favour of the nosological distinctiveness of mycosis fungoides within the lymphoma group.", "contents": "Lymphocyte transformation in mycosis fungoides. Lymphocyte transformation tests with PHA were carried out in 26 patients with mycosis fungoides (MF) in different stages of the disease. In premycotic and infiltrative stages of MF there were no significant disturbances in the lymphocyte response to PHA. Inhibition of DNA synthesis and blastic transformation was observed only in the tumorous stage. The results are in favour of the nosological distinctiveness of mycosis fungoides within the lymphoma group.", "PMID": 1119842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6594", "title": "[The effect of salicylic acid on epidermal cell proliferation kinetics in psoriasis. Autoradiographic in vitro-investigations(author's transl)].", "content": "Salicylic acid in the therapeutic concentrations from 0.5 to 10% does not affect the rate of proliferation of psoriatic epidermal cells. In 18 patients suffering from psoriasis the H3-I (H3-thymidine labelling index) was determined using autoradiographic in vitro labelling techniques. In 12 of these patients double-labelling with C14-and H3-thymidine was used to determine the H3-I, the DNA-synthesis time (ts) and the duration of the cell-cycle (tc). No significant changes were observed following external application of salicyclic acid in white Vaseline in concentrations of 0.5, 2 and 10% for one week.", "contents": "[The effect of salicylic acid on epidermal cell proliferation kinetics in psoriasis. Autoradiographic in vitro-investigations(author's transl)]. Salicylic acid in the therapeutic concentrations from 0.5 to 10% does not affect the rate of proliferation of psoriatic epidermal cells. In 18 patients suffering from psoriasis the H3-I (H3-thymidine labelling index) was determined using autoradiographic in vitro labelling techniques. In 12 of these patients double-labelling with C14-and H3-thymidine was used to determine the H3-I, the DNA-synthesis time (ts) and the duration of the cell-cycle (tc). No significant changes were observed following external application of salicyclic acid in white Vaseline in concentrations of 0.5, 2 and 10% for one week.", "PMID": 1119844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6595", "title": "[Hydrotherapy in cauterization wounds. A histologic study (author's transl)].", "content": "Investigations have have been carried out in guinea pigs to test the usefullness of hydrotherapy. Concentrated sulfuric acid was applied to the skin for a period of 30 sec and 5 min. After this the skin was washed with tap water for 1 hr. The treated area was then subjected to macroscopic and microscopic examination. When the acid was applied for 30 sec, followed by rinsing, an almost complete restitution of the skin was found on the test area macroscopically and microscopically. Significant differences were also observed after an exposition of 5 min in comparison with untreated control animals.", "contents": "[Hydrotherapy in cauterization wounds. A histologic study (author's transl)]. Investigations have have been carried out in guinea pigs to test the usefullness of hydrotherapy. Concentrated sulfuric acid was applied to the skin for a period of 30 sec and 5 min. After this the skin was washed with tap water for 1 hr. The treated area was then subjected to macroscopic and microscopic examination. When the acid was applied for 30 sec, followed by rinsing, an almost complete restitution of the skin was found on the test area macroscopically and microscopically. Significant differences were also observed after an exposition of 5 min in comparison with untreated control animals.", "PMID": 1119846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6596", "title": "[The effect of fumaric acid monoethylester on the synthesis of nucleic acids and proteins of PHA-stimulated human lymphocytes (author's transl)].", "content": "Fumaric acid monoethylester (FAME) inhibits the incorporation of 14C-Thymidin, 14C-Uridin, 14C-Alanin and 14C-Leucin into acid-insoluble biopolymers of cultivated PHA-stimulated human lymphocytes. At high concentrations of FAME (500 mug/ml culture medium) the inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis is 6 times higher on the average than the inhibition of protein synthesis. However, the application of the cis-isomer, maleic acid monoethylester (MAME), results in an increase of the incorporation rate of the labelled precursors into the RNA and DNA. This is 3.5--9.3 times higher than after application of FAME. The results demonstrate the specific inhibition by FAME. The rate of labelling of nucleic acids is decreased above 10 mug FAME/ml culture medium and in the case of MAME above 50 mug/ml medium. As an explanation of the specific action of FAME its influence on the enzymes of the nucleic acid synthesis, the citric acid cycle or a faulty synthesis of enzymes are discussed.", "contents": "[The effect of fumaric acid monoethylester on the synthesis of nucleic acids and proteins of PHA-stimulated human lymphocytes (author's transl)]. Fumaric acid monoethylester (FAME) inhibits the incorporation of 14C-Thymidin, 14C-Uridin, 14C-Alanin and 14C-Leucin into acid-insoluble biopolymers of cultivated PHA-stimulated human lymphocytes. At high concentrations of FAME (500 mug/ml culture medium) the inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis is 6 times higher on the average than the inhibition of protein synthesis. However, the application of the cis-isomer, maleic acid monoethylester (MAME), results in an increase of the incorporation rate of the labelled precursors into the RNA and DNA. This is 3.5--9.3 times higher than after application of FAME. The results demonstrate the specific inhibition by FAME. The rate of labelling of nucleic acids is decreased above 10 mug FAME/ml culture medium and in the case of MAME above 50 mug/ml medium. As an explanation of the specific action of FAME its influence on the enzymes of the nucleic acid synthesis, the citric acid cycle or a faulty synthesis of enzymes are discussed.", "PMID": 1119847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6597", "title": "[Effect of arsenic on the incorporation of 14C-thymidine into DNAP of phytohaemagglutinin-treated lymphocytes (author's transl)].", "content": "In lymphocyte cultures stimulated with PHA Na2HAsO4 is able, independent of the arsenic doses used (10 mug, 30 mug, 50 mug/ml culture medium), to increase the 14C-thymidine incorporation in acid precipitable biopolymers. The increase was 17 plus or minus 4% at 1 hr exposure to arsenic, compared with control cultures which were not exposed to arsenic. The administration of 30 mug and 50 mug Na2HAsO4/ml medium at incubation periods between 2 and 18 hrs resulted in a decrease in the radioactive incorporation rate into the DNA which was dependent on dose and time. Using 10 mug Na2HAsO4 per ml medium, the 1 hr stimulation is followed by an inhibition (up to approximately 35%, control equals 100%), which lasts for approximately 3 hrs. This is followed by an increase in the 14C-thymidine incorporation into the DNA for a further 2 hrs. The course of the inhibition curve with 10 mug Na2HAsO4 and with exposure times between 6 and 18 hrs the decreases again dependent on dose and time. As an explanation of the stimulation of the 14C-thymidine utilisation by arsenic, we suppose an increased repair activity. This may lead to a situation where (labelled) bases which are added outside the synthesis phase are incorporated into the DNA. The inhibition of 14C-thymidine incorporation which is dependent on dosage and time, with larger doses of arsenic can be explained by a prevailing influence of enzymes of the synthesis system (e.g. polymer arsenic), while the unusual course of the inhibition curve under the influence of 10 mug Na2HAsO4 shows that an activation and inhibition of enzyme systems (synthesis and repair) which is displaced in time is taking place. Apart from this, disturbances of regulation processes of the DNA replication and the initiation overlap can also be suspected as a cause of the phenomena observed.", "contents": "[Effect of arsenic on the incorporation of 14C-thymidine into DNAP of phytohaemagglutinin-treated lymphocytes (author's transl)]. In lymphocyte cultures stimulated with PHA Na2HAsO4 is able, independent of the arsenic doses used (10 mug, 30 mug, 50 mug/ml culture medium), to increase the 14C-thymidine incorporation in acid precipitable biopolymers. The increase was 17 plus or minus 4% at 1 hr exposure to arsenic, compared with control cultures which were not exposed to arsenic. The administration of 30 mug and 50 mug Na2HAsO4/ml medium at incubation periods between 2 and 18 hrs resulted in a decrease in the radioactive incorporation rate into the DNA which was dependent on dose and time. Using 10 mug Na2HAsO4 per ml medium, the 1 hr stimulation is followed by an inhibition (up to approximately 35%, control equals 100%), which lasts for approximately 3 hrs. This is followed by an increase in the 14C-thymidine incorporation into the DNA for a further 2 hrs. The course of the inhibition curve with 10 mug Na2HAsO4 and with exposure times between 6 and 18 hrs the decreases again dependent on dose and time. As an explanation of the stimulation of the 14C-thymidine utilisation by arsenic, we suppose an increased repair activity. This may lead to a situation where (labelled) bases which are added outside the synthesis phase are incorporated into the DNA. The inhibition of 14C-thymidine incorporation which is dependent on dosage and time, with larger doses of arsenic can be explained by a prevailing influence of enzymes of the synthesis system (e.g. polymer arsenic), while the unusual course of the inhibition curve under the influence of 10 mug Na2HAsO4 shows that an activation and inhibition of enzyme systems (synthesis and repair) which is displaced in time is taking place. Apart from this, disturbances of regulation processes of the DNA replication and the initiation overlap can also be suspected as a cause of the phenomena observed.", "PMID": 1119848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6598", "title": "Immune response to primary immunization with brucella antigen in mycosis fungoides.", "content": "The immune response to primary immunization with brucella antigen was studied in 8 patients with mycosis fungoides and 11 controls. The development of as well cellular as humoral hypersensitivity to brucella antigen was followed by in vitro techniques. Both, patients with mycosis fungoides and controls were studied for previously acquired delayed hypersensitivity to tuberculin by skin test. The distribution of B and T cells was encountered among the patients. Previously acquired cellular immunity was found equal in the two groups, however, induction of cellular hypersensitivity to brucella antigen was found depressed in mycosis fungoides patients compared with the controls. Also the humoral response to brucella antigen could seem depressed, only one of seven patients with mycosis fungoides had a positive titer, while seven of eleven controls had positive titres following vaccination; but the difference between the two groups was not significant.", "contents": "Immune response to primary immunization with brucella antigen in mycosis fungoides. The immune response to primary immunization with brucella antigen was studied in 8 patients with mycosis fungoides and 11 controls. The development of as well cellular as humoral hypersensitivity to brucella antigen was followed by in vitro techniques. Both, patients with mycosis fungoides and controls were studied for previously acquired delayed hypersensitivity to tuberculin by skin test. The distribution of B and T cells was encountered among the patients. Previously acquired cellular immunity was found equal in the two groups, however, induction of cellular hypersensitivity to brucella antigen was found depressed in mycosis fungoides patients compared with the controls. Also the humoral response to brucella antigen could seem depressed, only one of seven patients with mycosis fungoides had a positive titer, while seven of eleven controls had positive titres following vaccination; but the difference between the two groups was not significant.", "PMID": 1119849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6599", "title": "[Excision repair in lymphocytes of psoriasis (author's transl)].", "content": "Psoriasis is a autosomal hereditary disease of the skin, which has been treated with a great number of possibly carcinogenic substances. No increase of maligonomies has been observed except for the tumors induced by arsenic. The question may be asked whether the psoriatic cell has additional or more effective mechanisms to eliminate onocogenic somatic mutations. In this study the capacity of the excision repair of circulating blood lymphocytes from 12 psoriatic patients has been investigated and compared to a control group of equal size. After irradiation with ultraviolet light, the lymphocytes are incubated with 3 H-thymidine and at various intervals the radioactivity in the cell material precipitated with perchloric acid is measured. It appears, that the excision reapir in lymphocytes from patients with psoriasis and normal persons is equal. In addition, the influence of hydroxyurea on the thymidine incorporation in lymphocytes has been studied.", "contents": "[Excision repair in lymphocytes of psoriasis (author's transl)]. Psoriasis is a autosomal hereditary disease of the skin, which has been treated with a great number of possibly carcinogenic substances. No increase of maligonomies has been observed except for the tumors induced by arsenic. The question may be asked whether the psoriatic cell has additional or more effective mechanisms to eliminate onocogenic somatic mutations. In this study the capacity of the excision repair of circulating blood lymphocytes from 12 psoriatic patients has been investigated and compared to a control group of equal size. After irradiation with ultraviolet light, the lymphocytes are incubated with 3 H-thymidine and at various intervals the radioactivity in the cell material precipitated with perchloric acid is measured. It appears, that the excision reapir in lymphocytes from patients with psoriasis and normal persons is equal. In addition, the influence of hydroxyurea on the thymidine incorporation in lymphocytes has been studied.", "PMID": 1119850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6600", "title": "Development of occupational standards.", "content": "Criteria and recommended occupational safety and health standards have been developed by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health as a basic adversary review and comment process. Several changes in the process designed to alleviate problem areas include the preparation of work practice standards and the addition of supplementary requirements to the existing promulgated standards.", "contents": "Development of occupational standards. Criteria and recommended occupational safety and health standards have been developed by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health as a basic adversary review and comment process. Several changes in the process designed to alleviate problem areas include the preparation of work practice standards and the addition of supplementary requirements to the existing promulgated standards.", "PMID": 1119852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6601", "title": "Dermal irritancy of metal compounds. Studies with palladium, platinum, lead, and manganese compounds.", "content": "Dermal irritancy of 14 materials, including several compounds of palladium, platinum and lead, and methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl, plus deionized water (negative control) and glacial acetic acid (positive control), was tested on male albino rabbits weighing 2 to 3 kg. Procedures and evaluation criteria were adopted from those in use by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Five materials were evaluated as unsafe for intact or abraded skin contact as judged by severity of responses: glacial acetic acid (C3H5PDCl)2, (NH4)2PdCl4, (NH4)2PdCl6, and PtCl4; one as safe for intact, but not for abraded, skin: K2PdCl6; and two as safe for intact skin but not for abraded skin unless protected: K2PdCl4 and PdCl2. The remainder were evaluated as safe for intact or abraded skin contact (irritancy grade less than 1 on a scale of 4): H2O, Pd(NH3)2Cl2, PdO, PtO2, PtCl2, PbCl2, PbO, MMT.", "contents": "Dermal irritancy of metal compounds. Studies with palladium, platinum, lead, and manganese compounds. Dermal irritancy of 14 materials, including several compounds of palladium, platinum and lead, and methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl, plus deionized water (negative control) and glacial acetic acid (positive control), was tested on male albino rabbits weighing 2 to 3 kg. Procedures and evaluation criteria were adopted from those in use by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Five materials were evaluated as unsafe for intact or abraded skin contact as judged by severity of responses: glacial acetic acid (C3H5PDCl)2, (NH4)2PdCl4, (NH4)2PdCl6, and PtCl4; one as safe for intact, but not for abraded, skin: K2PdCl6; and two as safe for intact skin but not for abraded skin unless protected: K2PdCl4 and PdCl2. The remainder were evaluated as safe for intact or abraded skin contact (irritancy grade less than 1 on a scale of 4): H2O, Pd(NH3)2Cl2, PdO, PtO2, PtCl2, PbCl2, PbO, MMT.", "PMID": 1119851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6602", "title": "Carboxyhemoglobin in nonsmokers: a mathematical model.", "content": "A study was made of existing mathematical models for both carbon monoxide (CO) and carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) buildup. From these models a combined model was derived for calculating delta%COHb in nonsmokers in an enclosed space in which excess concentrations of CO may occur. For simplicity the model was restricted to those occasions where CO concentration was at equillibrium or came to equillibrium in a time-short compared with exposure time. The equation derived was for delta%COHb calculated from CO, ventilation, respiration, persons, smokers, height, weight, cigarettes, and exposure time. Comparisons with published data show excellent agreement of calculated and observed values.", "contents": "Carboxyhemoglobin in nonsmokers: a mathematical model. A study was made of existing mathematical models for both carbon monoxide (CO) and carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) buildup. From these models a combined model was derived for calculating delta%COHb in nonsmokers in an enclosed space in which excess concentrations of CO may occur. For simplicity the model was restricted to those occasions where CO concentration was at equillibrium or came to equillibrium in a time-short compared with exposure time. The equation derived was for delta%COHb calculated from CO, ventilation, respiration, persons, smokers, height, weight, cigarettes, and exposure time. Comparisons with published data show excellent agreement of calculated and observed values.", "PMID": 1119853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6603", "title": "Utensil swab test: its effectiveness in food service sanitation programs.", "content": "The effectiveness of the utensil swab test as part of the periodic inspection of food establishments was studied both as an indicator of cleanliness during the period between inspections and as an educational tool. Two to seven samplings were taken at intervals of two to three months at 95 food establishments in rural areas in the northern part of Israel. A statistical analysis showed a high variation and almost no correlation between repeated samplings of the same establishment. Also, no trend to suggest an educational effect was found. We concluded that, though the swab test had proved to be useful in special projects, it had no value as part of the periodic sanitary inspections.", "contents": "Utensil swab test: its effectiveness in food service sanitation programs. The effectiveness of the utensil swab test as part of the periodic inspection of food establishments was studied both as an indicator of cleanliness during the period between inspections and as an educational tool. Two to seven samplings were taken at intervals of two to three months at 95 food establishments in rural areas in the northern part of Israel. A statistical analysis showed a high variation and almost no correlation between repeated samplings of the same establishment. Also, no trend to suggest an educational effect was found. We concluded that, though the swab test had proved to be useful in special projects, it had no value as part of the periodic sanitary inspections.", "PMID": 1119854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6604", "title": "Sequential changes in cerebral blood flow and distribution of flow within the brain during hemorrhagic shock.", "content": "Sequential changes in cerebral blood flow as well as in regional blood flow to the brain (brain stem, cerebellum, hypothalamus, white matter and grey matter) were measured in unanesthetized dogs subjected to gradual prolonged hemorrhage according to a protocol which stimulates the most commonly encountered type of clinical hemorrhagic shock. Microspheres labeled with five different radioactive isotopes were injected into a left atrial catheter at five different times: control, early hypotension (immediately after hemorrhage), late hypotension (just before reinfusion of the shed blood), as well as one and eight hours after reinfusion of the shed blood. Immediately after hemorrhage, the total cerebral blood flow decreased slightly, but increased when calculated as a percent of the cardiac output. In the late hypotensive, hypovolemic stage, there was decreased flow calculated both as percentages of cardiac output and absolute flow as compared with the initial response to hemorrhage. Immediately after reinfusion of the shed blood, there were further reductions of flow. Eight hours subsequently, flow rose to values slightly above control. The patterns of each region was almost identical to that of the total cerebral flow. Since each of the major regions of the brain are approximately equally affected, changes in the level of consciousness and other cerebral functions occurring with hypovolemic shock may reflect circulation of the white matter as well as that of the whole brain.", "contents": "Sequential changes in cerebral blood flow and distribution of flow within the brain during hemorrhagic shock. Sequential changes in cerebral blood flow as well as in regional blood flow to the brain (brain stem, cerebellum, hypothalamus, white matter and grey matter) were measured in unanesthetized dogs subjected to gradual prolonged hemorrhage according to a protocol which stimulates the most commonly encountered type of clinical hemorrhagic shock. Microspheres labeled with five different radioactive isotopes were injected into a left atrial catheter at five different times: control, early hypotension (immediately after hemorrhage), late hypotension (just before reinfusion of the shed blood), as well as one and eight hours after reinfusion of the shed blood. Immediately after hemorrhage, the total cerebral blood flow decreased slightly, but increased when calculated as a percent of the cardiac output. In the late hypotensive, hypovolemic stage, there was decreased flow calculated both as percentages of cardiac output and absolute flow as compared with the initial response to hemorrhage. Immediately after reinfusion of the shed blood, there were further reductions of flow. Eight hours subsequently, flow rose to values slightly above control. The patterns of each region was almost identical to that of the total cerebral flow. Since each of the major regions of the brain are approximately equally affected, changes in the level of consciousness and other cerebral functions occurring with hypovolemic shock may reflect circulation of the white matter as well as that of the whole brain.", "PMID": 1119856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6605", "title": "Physiologic effects of transfusing red blood cells with high or low affinity for oxygen to passively hyperventilated, anemic baboons: systemic and cerebral oxygen extraction.", "content": "Anemic, passively hyperventilated baboons were given preserved red blood cells either with increased or with slightly reduced affinity for oxygen to restore the red cell volume. In the high affinity group there was a 50% increase in cerebral blood flow immediately after the transfusion, but there was no significant change in the low affinity group. The cardiac output decreased slightly in the low affinity group, and increased slightly but insignificantly in the high affinity group. Two hours after transfusion the cerebral blood flow had returned to normal in the high affinity group. In both groups there was a decrease in arterial blood pH and an increase in Po2 in blood from the pulmonary artery and the jugular vein after transfusion. A 40% restoration of the 2,3 DPG level occurred within 4 hours of the transfusion of red cells with high affinity for oxygen, and this rapid increase was associated with increases in blood pH and inorganic phosphorus levels. Preserved red cells with high affinity for oxygen and low 2, 3 DPG levels significantly increased the cerebral circulation during the 2-hour posttransfusion period. These findings lend support to the recommendation that preserved red cells with normal or elevated 2,3 DPG levels be administered to patients in hemorrhagic or septic shock, and to patients subjected to extracorporeal circulation during cardiac surgery in order to lessen the demand for increased blood flow and to ensure adequate tissue oxygenation during the postoperative period.", "contents": "Physiologic effects of transfusing red blood cells with high or low affinity for oxygen to passively hyperventilated, anemic baboons: systemic and cerebral oxygen extraction. Anemic, passively hyperventilated baboons were given preserved red blood cells either with increased or with slightly reduced affinity for oxygen to restore the red cell volume. In the high affinity group there was a 50% increase in cerebral blood flow immediately after the transfusion, but there was no significant change in the low affinity group. The cardiac output decreased slightly in the low affinity group, and increased slightly but insignificantly in the high affinity group. Two hours after transfusion the cerebral blood flow had returned to normal in the high affinity group. In both groups there was a decrease in arterial blood pH and an increase in Po2 in blood from the pulmonary artery and the jugular vein after transfusion. A 40% restoration of the 2,3 DPG level occurred within 4 hours of the transfusion of red cells with high affinity for oxygen, and this rapid increase was associated with increases in blood pH and inorganic phosphorus levels. Preserved red cells with high affinity for oxygen and low 2, 3 DPG levels significantly increased the cerebral circulation during the 2-hour posttransfusion period. These findings lend support to the recommendation that preserved red cells with normal or elevated 2,3 DPG levels be administered to patients in hemorrhagic or septic shock, and to patients subjected to extracorporeal circulation during cardiac surgery in order to lessen the demand for increased blood flow and to ensure adequate tissue oxygenation during the postoperative period.", "PMID": 1119857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6606", "title": "Comparison of filtering efficiency of four new in-line blood transfusion filters.", "content": "Efficient removal of debris from stored human blood prior to transfusion has become increasingly important. The debris, consisting largely of microaggregates of platelets and fibrin, is not effectively removed by passage through a standard transfusion filter. This study evaluated the performance of four of the currently available small pore in-line blood transfusion filters. Filters tested included the Bentley PF-127, the Pall Ultipor SQ-40, the Swank In-Line IL-200 and the Fenwal Microaggregate Blood Filter. A standard blood administration filter was also tested, the McGraw V-2950. The rate of blood flow through the filters was recorded using single and multiple units of blood. The screen filtration pressure and debris weight of the filtered blood were studied to compare effectiveness of filtration. The Swank filter was effective in debris removal and maintained good flow rates. The Bentley and Fenwall filters removed debris nearly as well, but had reduction of flow rates after smaller infusions. The Pall filter maintained high flow rates but did not remove debris as effectively, particularly with pressure infusion. The standard 170 mu pore blood transfusion filter does not remove microaggregates.", "contents": "Comparison of filtering efficiency of four new in-line blood transfusion filters. Efficient removal of debris from stored human blood prior to transfusion has become increasingly important. The debris, consisting largely of microaggregates of platelets and fibrin, is not effectively removed by passage through a standard transfusion filter. This study evaluated the performance of four of the currently available small pore in-line blood transfusion filters. Filters tested included the Bentley PF-127, the Pall Ultipor SQ-40, the Swank In-Line IL-200 and the Fenwal Microaggregate Blood Filter. A standard blood administration filter was also tested, the McGraw V-2950. The rate of blood flow through the filters was recorded using single and multiple units of blood. The screen filtration pressure and debris weight of the filtered blood were studied to compare effectiveness of filtration. The Swank filter was effective in debris removal and maintained good flow rates. The Bentley and Fenwall filters removed debris nearly as well, but had reduction of flow rates after smaller infusions. The Pall filter maintained high flow rates but did not remove debris as effectively, particularly with pressure infusion. The standard 170 mu pore blood transfusion filter does not remove microaggregates.", "PMID": 1119858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6607", "title": "The association of parathyroid adenoma and non-medullary carcinoma of the thyroid.", "content": "Thyroid carcinoma was discovered in five of 56 (8.9%) patients operated upon for hyperparathyroidism. In only one instance was a mass palpated preoperatively. An additional 26% of the 56 patients had either multinodular goiter or follicular adenomas. It is thus important to biopsy the thyroid nodules which may represent malignancy.", "contents": "The association of parathyroid adenoma and non-medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. Thyroid carcinoma was discovered in five of 56 (8.9%) patients operated upon for hyperparathyroidism. In only one instance was a mass palpated preoperatively. An additional 26% of the 56 patients had either multinodular goiter or follicular adenomas. It is thus important to biopsy the thyroid nodules which may represent malignancy.", "PMID": 1119859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6608", "title": "Intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation: potential for therapy in hemorrhagic shock with associated myocardial failure.", "content": "After attaching appropriate monitoring devices enabling the measurement of the slope of the left ventricular function curve, left atrial pressure, mean aortic pressure, peak left ventricular pressure, and tension time index, three groups of ten dogs were subjected to varying periods of hemorrhagic shock until a slope of their ventricular function curve was reduced to either 75% (Group I), 50% (Group II), or 25% (Group III) of their baseline value. Resuscitation was attempted in all dogs by the intravenous infusion of shed blood plus additional balanced salt solution. This infusate was administered to maintain either the mean aortic pressure within 15 mm Hg of the baseline value or a left atrial pressure of 15 mm Hg, whichever occurred forst. One half of the dogs received, in addition, intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation. All dogs not receiving counterpulsation expired within two hours. There was no apparent effect of counterpulsation on Group I animals. Three of five animals (Group II) and four of five animals (Group III) receiving counterpulsation survived to the end of the experiment with significant (p smaller than .01) improvement in the parameters monitored. The utilization of counterpulsation as an adjunct to treatment in hemorrhagic shock is suggested.", "contents": "Intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation: potential for therapy in hemorrhagic shock with associated myocardial failure. After attaching appropriate monitoring devices enabling the measurement of the slope of the left ventricular function curve, left atrial pressure, mean aortic pressure, peak left ventricular pressure, and tension time index, three groups of ten dogs were subjected to varying periods of hemorrhagic shock until a slope of their ventricular function curve was reduced to either 75% (Group I), 50% (Group II), or 25% (Group III) of their baseline value. Resuscitation was attempted in all dogs by the intravenous infusion of shed blood plus additional balanced salt solution. This infusate was administered to maintain either the mean aortic pressure within 15 mm Hg of the baseline value or a left atrial pressure of 15 mm Hg, whichever occurred forst. One half of the dogs received, in addition, intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation. All dogs not receiving counterpulsation expired within two hours. There was no apparent effect of counterpulsation on Group I animals. Three of five animals (Group II) and four of five animals (Group III) receiving counterpulsation survived to the end of the experiment with significant (p smaller than .01) improvement in the parameters monitored. The utilization of counterpulsation as an adjunct to treatment in hemorrhagic shock is suggested.", "PMID": 1119860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6609", "title": "Mesenteric thrombosis following splenectomy.", "content": "Three cases of postsplenectomy mesenteric thrombosis, two associated with thrombocytosis, are presented. Experience has shown that persistent thrombocytosis, accompanied by abnormal platelet function, is not a benign condition and may be associated with thrombosis. When encountered, postsplenectomy thrombocytosis of greater than 800,000 per mm-3 must be evaluated by platelet function studies and anticoagulation begun. Post-prandial cramping abdominal pain may be an early symptom of thrombosis, demanding immediate anticoagulation. Low-dose heparin, ASA, and dipyridamole are three of the more commonly used treatment modalities. Small bowel resection is indicated if thrombosis occurs.", "contents": "Mesenteric thrombosis following splenectomy. Three cases of postsplenectomy mesenteric thrombosis, two associated with thrombocytosis, are presented. Experience has shown that persistent thrombocytosis, accompanied by abnormal platelet function, is not a benign condition and may be associated with thrombosis. When encountered, postsplenectomy thrombocytosis of greater than 800,000 per mm-3 must be evaluated by platelet function studies and anticoagulation begun. Post-prandial cramping abdominal pain may be an early symptom of thrombosis, demanding immediate anticoagulation. Low-dose heparin, ASA, and dipyridamole are three of the more commonly used treatment modalities. Small bowel resection is indicated if thrombosis occurs.", "PMID": 1119861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6610", "title": "Fecal impaction following methadone ingestion simulating acute intestinal obstruction,.", "content": "A hitherto unreported clinical entity, namely fecal impaction following methadone ingestion simulating acute intestinal obstruction, is described. Five cases admitted to the Surgical Service of the Beth Israel Medical Center in New York City are discussed. The nature and pathogenesis of the obstruction are analyzed and a suggested method of managing these cases is presented. It is emphasized that with expansion and increasing acceptance of Methadone Maintenance Treatment Programs, the number of such cases will increase. It is thus important that physicians become aware of the existence of this syndrome since involvement in methadone maintenance may be a life-long commitment for persons involved, thus increasing the incidence of the complication. It is also imperative to avoid unnecessary, and possibly harmful surgical intervention in such cases.", "contents": "Fecal impaction following methadone ingestion simulating acute intestinal obstruction,. A hitherto unreported clinical entity, namely fecal impaction following methadone ingestion simulating acute intestinal obstruction, is described. Five cases admitted to the Surgical Service of the Beth Israel Medical Center in New York City are discussed. The nature and pathogenesis of the obstruction are analyzed and a suggested method of managing these cases is presented. It is emphasized that with expansion and increasing acceptance of Methadone Maintenance Treatment Programs, the number of such cases will increase. It is thus important that physicians become aware of the existence of this syndrome since involvement in methadone maintenance may be a life-long commitment for persons involved, thus increasing the incidence of the complication. It is also imperative to avoid unnecessary, and possibly harmful surgical intervention in such cases.", "PMID": 1119862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6611", "title": "Primary pulmonary leiomyosarcoma: case report and review of literature.", "content": "A case of primary leiomyosarcoma of the lung is added to the literature. Previously, 66 cases were documented. This is a case of a 55-year-old male, a pulmonary cripple for many years, with a collapsed left lower lobe found by roentgenogram, verified by bronchoscopy and bronchograms. Biopsy of lesion was reported as low grade leiomyosarcoma. Despite pulmonary function studies showing a vital capacity of 37% of predicted normal, a left pneumonectomy was preformed. Postoperatively, the patient had a tachycardia which gradually decreased in the next several months. Two months following operation pulmonary function studies were essentially unchanged from those made preoperatively. Arterial gas studies are presented pre and postoperatively.", "contents": "Primary pulmonary leiomyosarcoma: case report and review of literature. A case of primary leiomyosarcoma of the lung is added to the literature. Previously, 66 cases were documented. This is a case of a 55-year-old male, a pulmonary cripple for many years, with a collapsed left lower lobe found by roentgenogram, verified by bronchoscopy and bronchograms. Biopsy of lesion was reported as low grade leiomyosarcoma. Despite pulmonary function studies showing a vital capacity of 37% of predicted normal, a left pneumonectomy was preformed. Postoperatively, the patient had a tachycardia which gradually decreased in the next several months. Two months following operation pulmonary function studies were essentially unchanged from those made preoperatively. Arterial gas studies are presented pre and postoperatively.", "PMID": 1119863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6612", "title": "Results of conservative treatment of breast cancer at ten and 15 years.", "content": "The ten-year survival of patients at the Cleveland Clinic treated by operations less than radical mastectomy was 45% compared with 43% in identically staged patients of the \"National Cancer Registry\" treated predominantly by radical mastectomy. The five and ten-year survival rates of patients treated by simple operations was higher than that of a similar group of patients treated by radical operations, but at 15 years there was no difference. The late deaths from cancer in the patients treated conservatively occurred in patients with favorably staged cancers who never had local recurrences and most of whom had no involvement of nodes. The incidence of local recurrence was no higher after simple operations than after the radical procedure. The ten-year incidences of local recurrence and of death from cancer were the same after partial mastectomy as after total mastectomy. It is pointed out that differences in staging the cancers and in reporting the survival rates invalidate comparisons of results from different institutions. The figures presented suggest that conservative operations and radical operations give the same survival rates at ten and at 15 years.", "contents": "Results of conservative treatment of breast cancer at ten and 15 years. The ten-year survival of patients at the Cleveland Clinic treated by operations less than radical mastectomy was 45% compared with 43% in identically staged patients of the \"National Cancer Registry\" treated predominantly by radical mastectomy. The five and ten-year survival rates of patients treated by simple operations was higher than that of a similar group of patients treated by radical operations, but at 15 years there was no difference. The late deaths from cancer in the patients treated conservatively occurred in patients with favorably staged cancers who never had local recurrences and most of whom had no involvement of nodes. The incidence of local recurrence was no higher after simple operations than after the radical procedure. The ten-year incidences of local recurrence and of death from cancer were the same after partial mastectomy as after total mastectomy. It is pointed out that differences in staging the cancers and in reporting the survival rates invalidate comparisons of results from different institutions. The figures presented suggest that conservative operations and radical operations give the same survival rates at ten and at 15 years.", "PMID": 1119864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6613", "title": "Diabetes insipidus secondary to penetrating thoracic trauma.", "content": "Three cases of diabetes insipidus following non-cranial trauma are presented. They are believed to be the first of their kind reported. The etiology, pathogenesis and differential diagnosis of diabetes insipidus are discussed. The literature if briefly reviewed and similarities between patients with DI due to long bone trauma with fat embolism, post open heart surgery hypotension, Sheehan's syndrome following postpartum hemorrhage, DI and our own patients are discussed. It is concluded that the diabetes insipidus is caused by selective disruption of posterior pituitary circulation due to fat globules, thrombi and hypovolemia resulting in hypoxia and tissue necrosis.", "contents": "Diabetes insipidus secondary to penetrating thoracic trauma. Three cases of diabetes insipidus following non-cranial trauma are presented. They are believed to be the first of their kind reported. The etiology, pathogenesis and differential diagnosis of diabetes insipidus are discussed. The literature if briefly reviewed and similarities between patients with DI due to long bone trauma with fat embolism, post open heart surgery hypotension, Sheehan's syndrome following postpartum hemorrhage, DI and our own patients are discussed. It is concluded that the diabetes insipidus is caused by selective disruption of posterior pituitary circulation due to fat globules, thrombi and hypovolemia resulting in hypoxia and tissue necrosis.", "PMID": 1119865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6614", "title": "Vagotomy and double pyloroplasty for peptic ulcer.", "content": "Seventy patients with peptic ulcers (55 duodenal and 15 gastric) were treated by truncal vagotomy and doulbe pyloroplasty during the past four years. Clinical and experimental data as presented lead us to believe that transecting the pylorus twice produces an incontinent pyloric sphincter and a larger gastric outlet than is found in other methods of pyloroplasty. This decreases gastric stasis and has led to a lower ulcer recurrence rate (1.5%). In addition the untoward postoperative sequelae are minimal. The 70 patients treated (for the most pare consecutive cases) exhibited the usual complications of peptic ulcer disease. Thirty-three had intractable pain, 23 bleeding (15 massive), 13 obstruction, and one acute perforation. There were no operative or postoperative deaths and the only serious postoperative complication was unrelated to the double pyloroplasty. During the followup period four patients have died of unrelated diseases. Of the remaining 66 patients one developed a probable recurrent peptic ulcer which has responded to medical management. Four patients have intermittent dumping, three have mild diarrhea and one has failed to gain weight, Constipation and weight gain are more common complaints. It would appear that vagotomy with double pyloroplasty is a safe and effective operation for peptic ulcers and that further clinical trials are warranted.", "contents": "Vagotomy and double pyloroplasty for peptic ulcer. Seventy patients with peptic ulcers (55 duodenal and 15 gastric) were treated by truncal vagotomy and doulbe pyloroplasty during the past four years. Clinical and experimental data as presented lead us to believe that transecting the pylorus twice produces an incontinent pyloric sphincter and a larger gastric outlet than is found in other methods of pyloroplasty. This decreases gastric stasis and has led to a lower ulcer recurrence rate (1.5%). In addition the untoward postoperative sequelae are minimal. The 70 patients treated (for the most pare consecutive cases) exhibited the usual complications of peptic ulcer disease. Thirty-three had intractable pain, 23 bleeding (15 massive), 13 obstruction, and one acute perforation. There were no operative or postoperative deaths and the only serious postoperative complication was unrelated to the double pyloroplasty. During the followup period four patients have died of unrelated diseases. Of the remaining 66 patients one developed a probable recurrent peptic ulcer which has responded to medical management. Four patients have intermittent dumping, three have mild diarrhea and one has failed to gain weight, Constipation and weight gain are more common complaints. It would appear that vagotomy with double pyloroplasty is a safe and effective operation for peptic ulcers and that further clinical trials are warranted.", "PMID": 1119866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6615", "title": "Pancreatic exocrine secretion during and after pregnancy.", "content": "Pancreatitis occurring in late pregnancy and in the puerperium has been documented as an entity unrelated to cholelithiasis or hyperlipidemia. Canine pancreatic exocrine function has been studied during pregnancy and the puerperium. Pancreatic secretion was evaluated in eight pregnant female mongrel dogs prepared with Thomas duodenal and gastric fistulae, during pregnancy (corresponding to the third trimester in humans), during the puerperium, and several months after whelping. Basal secretion (volume and HCO3) was increased during pregnancy and the puerperium. The response to exogenous secretin  (submaximal and maximal) was unchanged during pregnancy but decreased in the puerperium. Resting enzyme output was increased during pregnancy and the puerperium; the responses to cholecystokinin-pancreozymin during pregnancy were even more profoundly increased. Although the mechanism is speculative, these alterations in pancreatic function might contribute to the development of pancreatitis in pregnancy and the puerperium.", "contents": "Pancreatic exocrine secretion during and after pregnancy. Pancreatitis occurring in late pregnancy and in the puerperium has been documented as an entity unrelated to cholelithiasis or hyperlipidemia. Canine pancreatic exocrine function has been studied during pregnancy and the puerperium. Pancreatic secretion was evaluated in eight pregnant female mongrel dogs prepared with Thomas duodenal and gastric fistulae, during pregnancy (corresponding to the third trimester in humans), during the puerperium, and several months after whelping. Basal secretion (volume and HCO3) was increased during pregnancy and the puerperium. The response to exogenous secretin  (submaximal and maximal) was unchanged during pregnancy but decreased in the puerperium. Resting enzyme output was increased during pregnancy and the puerperium; the responses to cholecystokinin-pancreozymin during pregnancy were even more profoundly increased. Although the mechanism is speculative, these alterations in pancreatic function might contribute to the development of pancreatitis in pregnancy and the puerperium.", "PMID": 1119867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6616", "title": "Hepaticogastrostomy: ulcerogenic preparation or therapeutic alternative.", "content": "Recent laboratory and clinical studies have implicated bile salts in the patogenesis of gastric ulceration. Common hepatic duct to stomach anastomosis results in total diversion of bile to the stomach and has been utilized at the Lahey Clinic occasionally for bypass of the obstructed common bile duct in difficult technical situations where conventional procedures were deemed prohibitively difficult. Of seven patients undergoing hepaticogastrostomy, two had upper gastrointestinal bleeding in followup. One of these patients had documented esophageal varices and stopped bleeding after splenorenal shunt. The other had massive sepsis which predisposed him to gastric ulceration. From this small series it is clear that the entire biliary output of the liver can be shunted into the stomach without greatly increased risk of clinically significant gastric ulceration. Hepaticogastrostomy provided relief from jaundice in all but one of the seven patients in the series and remains an occasionally useful procedure. These data indicate that diversion of the entire flow of bile from the liver into stomach does not cause gastric ulcers.", "contents": "Hepaticogastrostomy: ulcerogenic preparation or therapeutic alternative. Recent laboratory and clinical studies have implicated bile salts in the patogenesis of gastric ulceration. Common hepatic duct to stomach anastomosis results in total diversion of bile to the stomach and has been utilized at the Lahey Clinic occasionally for bypass of the obstructed common bile duct in difficult technical situations where conventional procedures were deemed prohibitively difficult. Of seven patients undergoing hepaticogastrostomy, two had upper gastrointestinal bleeding in followup. One of these patients had documented esophageal varices and stopped bleeding after splenorenal shunt. The other had massive sepsis which predisposed him to gastric ulceration. From this small series it is clear that the entire biliary output of the liver can be shunted into the stomach without greatly increased risk of clinically significant gastric ulceration. Hepaticogastrostomy provided relief from jaundice in all but one of the seven patients in the series and remains an occasionally useful procedure. These data indicate that diversion of the entire flow of bile from the liver into stomach does not cause gastric ulcers.", "PMID": 1119868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6617", "title": "Effects of cortisone acetate, methylprednisolone and medroxyprogesterone on wound contracture and epithelization in rabbits.", "content": "Standardized flank wounds were made on 20 rabbits divided into the following five groups: Group 1 served as controls, Group 2 were given cortisone acetate 6.25 mg/kg/day (I.M.), Group 3--methylprednisolone (Solu-Medrol) 1 mg/kg/day, Group 4--medroxyprogesterone (Depo-Provera) 35 mg/kg/day, Group 5--methylprednisolone 1 mg/kg/day and medroxyprogresterone 35 mg/kg/day. Wound contracture and epithelization was measured by planimetry of photographs taken twice weekly; weekly weights were recorded, and the maturation phase of wound healing followed in the control and methylprednisolone groups. All three steroids prolonged the latent phase of wound healing, slowed the rate and decreased the total amount of contracture. Cortisone showed the most inhibition of wound contracture and was the only steroid to inhibit epithelization suggesting it may have a slightly different or more potent mode of action. When the methylprednisolone group was followed for seven weeks on daily injections, the maturation phase of wound healing was inhibited, and this inhibition persisted during the next nine weeks after the drug was withdrawn. Only the control and the medroxyprogesterone group gained weight. Combining medroxyprogesterona and methylprednisolone resulted in the severest weight loss of 20% with a 60% mortality.", "contents": "Effects of cortisone acetate, methylprednisolone and medroxyprogesterone on wound contracture and epithelization in rabbits. Standardized flank wounds were made on 20 rabbits divided into the following five groups: Group 1 served as controls, Group 2 were given cortisone acetate 6.25 mg/kg/day (I.M.), Group 3--methylprednisolone (Solu-Medrol) 1 mg/kg/day, Group 4--medroxyprogesterone (Depo-Provera) 35 mg/kg/day, Group 5--methylprednisolone 1 mg/kg/day and medroxyprogresterone 35 mg/kg/day. Wound contracture and epithelization was measured by planimetry of photographs taken twice weekly; weekly weights were recorded, and the maturation phase of wound healing followed in the control and methylprednisolone groups. All three steroids prolonged the latent phase of wound healing, slowed the rate and decreased the total amount of contracture. Cortisone showed the most inhibition of wound contracture and was the only steroid to inhibit epithelization suggesting it may have a slightly different or more potent mode of action. When the methylprednisolone group was followed for seven weeks on daily injections, the maturation phase of wound healing was inhibited, and this inhibition persisted during the next nine weeks after the drug was withdrawn. Only the control and the medroxyprogesterone group gained weight. Combining medroxyprogesterona and methylprednisolone resulted in the severest weight loss of 20% with a 60% mortality.", "PMID": 1119869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6618", "title": "Laser surgery in exsanguinating liver injury.", "content": "Thirty-two conditioned 15-18 kg dogs underwent laparotomy, heparinization, left lateral hepatic lobe injury and subsequent partial left lateral hepatic lobectomy. The hemostatic capabilities of the surgical scalpel combined with suture ligatures and stay sutures, the Bovie, and the CO2 laser were compared. The CO2 laser proved significantly more effective in achieving hemostasis both in comparison to the Bovine and the surgical scalpel combined with classical methods. The postoperative mortality utilizing the Bovie was 11%, the scalpel 30% and the laser 23%. Two of the three laser deaths were related to a bulky laser delivery system which can be redesigned. Postoperative laboratory evaluation revealed that SGOT, LDH, alkaline phosphatase, total protein, albumin and hemoglobin levels were altered in the postoperative period but returned to normal levels in uniform fashion in all groups. There was no statistical difference between various surgical modalities with regard to these parameters. The white blood count was significantly lower in laser dogs when compared to the other two groups. Other laboratory parameters were unchanged. Damage to liver tissue may be less extensive when the laser is utilized as opposed to the Bovie or stay suture methods of hemostasis and healing is equally good. The CO-2 laser is considered a valuable ancillary tool in hepatic resection and clinical evaluation is warranted.", "contents": "Laser surgery in exsanguinating liver injury. Thirty-two conditioned 15-18 kg dogs underwent laparotomy, heparinization, left lateral hepatic lobe injury and subsequent partial left lateral hepatic lobectomy. The hemostatic capabilities of the surgical scalpel combined with suture ligatures and stay sutures, the Bovie, and the CO2 laser were compared. The CO2 laser proved significantly more effective in achieving hemostasis both in comparison to the Bovine and the surgical scalpel combined with classical methods. The postoperative mortality utilizing the Bovie was 11%, the scalpel 30% and the laser 23%. Two of the three laser deaths were related to a bulky laser delivery system which can be redesigned. Postoperative laboratory evaluation revealed that SGOT, LDH, alkaline phosphatase, total protein, albumin and hemoglobin levels were altered in the postoperative period but returned to normal levels in uniform fashion in all groups. There was no statistical difference between various surgical modalities with regard to these parameters. The white blood count was significantly lower in laser dogs when compared to the other two groups. Other laboratory parameters were unchanged. Damage to liver tissue may be less extensive when the laser is utilized as opposed to the Bovie or stay suture methods of hemostasis and healing is equally good. The CO-2 laser is considered a valuable ancillary tool in hepatic resection and clinical evaluation is warranted.", "PMID": 1119870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6619", "title": "Carcinoembryonic antigen and prognosis in patients with colon cancer.", "content": "One-hundred and fifty patients with non-metastatic colo-rectal cancer were followed for a period of 24 to 36 months postoperatively. Preoperative CEA values have been shown to correlate with the extent of the disease and the patient's prognosis. The prognosis for recurrences is greater in patients with elevated pre-operative CEA values regardless of the stage of their disease. This tendency to have recurrences is 1.8 times higher in individuals with increased pre-operative CEA levels. This same relationship occurs to a greater or lesser extent at each stage of the disease.", "contents": "Carcinoembryonic antigen and prognosis in patients with colon cancer. One-hundred and fifty patients with non-metastatic colo-rectal cancer were followed for a period of 24 to 36 months postoperatively. Preoperative CEA values have been shown to correlate with the extent of the disease and the patient's prognosis. The prognosis for recurrences is greater in patients with elevated pre-operative CEA values regardless of the stage of their disease. This tendency to have recurrences is 1.8 times higher in individuals with increased pre-operative CEA levels. This same relationship occurs to a greater or lesser extent at each stage of the disease.", "PMID": 1119871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6620", "title": "Management of umbilical hernias associated with hepatic cirrhosis and ascites.", "content": "A series of 35 umbilical herniorraphies in patients with cirrhosis of the liver is reported. In this group there were eight significant complications (22%) and six deaths (16%). There was no evidence in this study of increased likelihood of esophageal variceal bleeding secondary to the interruption of portosystemic collaterals in the umbilical region. An aggressive surgical approach is indicated in cirrhotic patients, with umbilical herniae complicated by incarceration, strangulation, rupture, ulceration, and leakage of ascitic fluid. On the other hand it is recommended, that repair of non-complicated umbilical herniae be delayed until the cirrhosis is stabilized, ascites has diminished and nutrition has been improved. In many instances herniorrhaphy may not be necessary after disappearance of ascites.", "contents": "Management of umbilical hernias associated with hepatic cirrhosis and ascites. A series of 35 umbilical herniorraphies in patients with cirrhosis of the liver is reported. In this group there were eight significant complications (22%) and six deaths (16%). There was no evidence in this study of increased likelihood of esophageal variceal bleeding secondary to the interruption of portosystemic collaterals in the umbilical region. An aggressive surgical approach is indicated in cirrhotic patients, with umbilical herniae complicated by incarceration, strangulation, rupture, ulceration, and leakage of ascitic fluid. On the other hand it is recommended, that repair of non-complicated umbilical herniae be delayed until the cirrhosis is stabilized, ascites has diminished and nutrition has been improved. In many instances herniorrhaphy may not be necessary after disappearance of ascites.", "PMID": 1119872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6621", "title": "Management of ileal perforation due to typhoid fever.", "content": "The results of the surgical management of 161 cases of ileal perforation due to typhoid fever are presented. Most were seen after an illness of 2-4 weeks, and because of delays in seeking hospital admission, more than half were explored more than 24 hours after their perforation occurred. All patients were prepared for operation with nasogastric suction, intravenous fluids, and antibiotics. At laparotomy, 80% had considerable quantities of pus and small bowel contents in the peritoneal cavity and the remainder had localized abscesses; there were no instances of localization of the perforation. One hundred three of these patients underwent simple closure of their perforations, while 43 underwent small bowel resection, usually because of multiple perforations. Exteriorization or drainage were performed only in patients too sick to tolerate a more appropriate procedure. The overall mortality was 9.9%. The authors believe that typhoid perforations can best be dealt with at operation. Delay in operative intervention adversely affects the survival rate after surgery. Chloramphenicol is used as the drug of choice.", "contents": "Management of ileal perforation due to typhoid fever. The results of the surgical management of 161 cases of ileal perforation due to typhoid fever are presented. Most were seen after an illness of 2-4 weeks, and because of delays in seeking hospital admission, more than half were explored more than 24 hours after their perforation occurred. All patients were prepared for operation with nasogastric suction, intravenous fluids, and antibiotics. At laparotomy, 80% had considerable quantities of pus and small bowel contents in the peritoneal cavity and the remainder had localized abscesses; there were no instances of localization of the perforation. One hundred three of these patients underwent simple closure of their perforations, while 43 underwent small bowel resection, usually because of multiple perforations. Exteriorization or drainage were performed only in patients too sick to tolerate a more appropriate procedure. The overall mortality was 9.9%. The authors believe that typhoid perforations can best be dealt with at operation. Delay in operative intervention adversely affects the survival rate after surgery. Chloramphenicol is used as the drug of choice.", "PMID": 1119873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6622", "title": "The surgeon, the surgery, the patient, and the disease: factors complicating colonic surgery.", "content": "A review of 231 cases of colonic operations performed during the year 1971 by, or under the supervision of, 32 attending surgeons in an 850 bed private community medical center was undertaken. The overall mortality rate was 5.6% while a 35.5% overall complication rate was also noted. Factors significantly associated with increased overall complication rate were: emergency operations, preoperative anemia (hemoglobin less than 10 gm%), preoperative hypoalbuminemia (serum albumin less than 3 gm%), preoperative obstruction, malignant lesions of the colon and ulcerative colitis, prolonged operation, operations requireing a large quantity of packed cell transfusion, coexisting hepatic disease and operations performed by surgical attending staff under 50 years of age in this institution. Each of these factors is discussed individually. Several factors that were expected to be associated with increased complication rate failed to show significant statistical correlation in this series. These are: age of the patient, coexisting diseases other than hepatic disease, absence of prophylactic parenteral antibiotics, preoperative perforations and operations involving resection of the colon. Hypotheses are offered to explain a number of unexpected poor correlations.", "contents": "The surgeon, the surgery, the patient, and the disease: factors complicating colonic surgery. A review of 231 cases of colonic operations performed during the year 1971 by, or under the supervision of, 32 attending surgeons in an 850 bed private community medical center was undertaken. The overall mortality rate was 5.6% while a 35.5% overall complication rate was also noted. Factors significantly associated with increased overall complication rate were: emergency operations, preoperative anemia (hemoglobin less than 10 gm%), preoperative hypoalbuminemia (serum albumin less than 3 gm%), preoperative obstruction, malignant lesions of the colon and ulcerative colitis, prolonged operation, operations requireing a large quantity of packed cell transfusion, coexisting hepatic disease and operations performed by surgical attending staff under 50 years of age in this institution. Each of these factors is discussed individually. Several factors that were expected to be associated with increased complication rate failed to show significant statistical correlation in this series. These are: age of the patient, coexisting diseases other than hepatic disease, absence of prophylactic parenteral antibiotics, preoperative perforations and operations involving resection of the colon. Hypotheses are offered to explain a number of unexpected poor correlations.", "PMID": 1119874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6623", "title": "Traumatic injuries to the duodenum: a report of 98 patients.", "content": "Data of 98 patients who had sustained traumatic injuries to the duodenum during a recent 7-year period is reviewed. The overall mortality was 23.5%; that of the blunt injury group was 35%, that of the penetrating injury group was 20%. However, after the establishment of a trauma unit, the mortality for duodenal injuries fell from 32% to 12%. Death from duodenal wounds may be reduced by earlier hospitalization, earlier diagnosis and consequently earlier surgical repair. Vigorous treatment of shock is essential. A specialized trauma unit with personnel experienced in the management of shock and trauma problems provides a better environment to carry out the preoperative and postoperative care of the acutely injured patient. Adequate surgical treatment of the blunt injury and missile injury of the duodenum should consist of the following procedures: 1) repair of the duodenal wall utilizing conventional techniques; 2) internal decompression of the repair by afferent jejunostomy; 3) efferent jejunostomy for postoperative feeding; 4) temporary gastrostomy; and 5) external drainage of the repair. In certain selected instances, the simple stab wound of the duodenum may be treated by conventional repair without decompression, but a loop of jujunum should be sutured over the repair to prevent delayed disruption. The majority of patients with injuries to the duodenum have associated organs injured which also require considered surgical judgment and action.", "contents": "Traumatic injuries to the duodenum: a report of 98 patients. Data of 98 patients who had sustained traumatic injuries to the duodenum during a recent 7-year period is reviewed. The overall mortality was 23.5%; that of the blunt injury group was 35%, that of the penetrating injury group was 20%. However, after the establishment of a trauma unit, the mortality for duodenal injuries fell from 32% to 12%. Death from duodenal wounds may be reduced by earlier hospitalization, earlier diagnosis and consequently earlier surgical repair. Vigorous treatment of shock is essential. A specialized trauma unit with personnel experienced in the management of shock and trauma problems provides a better environment to carry out the preoperative and postoperative care of the acutely injured patient. Adequate surgical treatment of the blunt injury and missile injury of the duodenum should consist of the following procedures: 1) repair of the duodenal wall utilizing conventional techniques; 2) internal decompression of the repair by afferent jejunostomy; 3) efferent jejunostomy for postoperative feeding; 4) temporary gastrostomy; and 5) external drainage of the repair. In certain selected instances, the simple stab wound of the duodenum may be treated by conventional repair without decompression, but a loop of jujunum should be sutured over the repair to prevent delayed disruption. The majority of patients with injuries to the duodenum have associated organs injured which also require considered surgical judgment and action.", "PMID": 1119875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6624", "title": "Physiologic effects of hyperventilation and phlebotomy in baboons: systemic and cerebral oxygen extraction.", "content": "Eighteen anesthetized baboons were studied to determine the effects of passive hyperventilation and phlebotomy on oxygen transport. After 1 hour of hyperventilation a significant increase in the red cell affinity for oxygen occurred in vivo. This was not associated with any significant changes in cardiac output, oxygen consumption, or in lactic acid production. There was a 40% decrease in cerebral blood flow, a 10 mm Hg decrease in the pulmonary artery Po2 level, and a 17 mm Hg decrease in the jugular venous Po2 level. After 1 hour of hyperventilation, the plasma inorganic phosphorus level decreased significantly, the red cell ATP level decreased slightly, and the red cell 2. 3 DPG level increased significantly, indicating that inorganic phosphorus had been removed from the blood during hyperventilation. Passive hyperventilation was maintained, and the baboons were bled 32% of their red cell volume. The blood volume was partially restored with nonbuffered isotonic saline. One hour after the phlebotomy and volume restoration (2 hours of hyperventilation) there were no changes in oxygen consumption, cardiac output, cerebral blood flow, or blood lactate levels, but the pulmonary artery Po2 level was decreased by 15 mm Hg, and the jugular venous Po2 level was decreased by 20 mm Hg. Systemic oxygen consumption was not affected by the significant decrease in pulmonary artery Po2.", "contents": "Physiologic effects of hyperventilation and phlebotomy in baboons: systemic and cerebral oxygen extraction. Eighteen anesthetized baboons were studied to determine the effects of passive hyperventilation and phlebotomy on oxygen transport. After 1 hour of hyperventilation a significant increase in the red cell affinity for oxygen occurred in vivo. This was not associated with any significant changes in cardiac output, oxygen consumption, or in lactic acid production. There was a 40% decrease in cerebral blood flow, a 10 mm Hg decrease in the pulmonary artery Po2 level, and a 17 mm Hg decrease in the jugular venous Po2 level. After 1 hour of hyperventilation, the plasma inorganic phosphorus level decreased significantly, the red cell ATP level decreased slightly, and the red cell 2. 3 DPG level increased significantly, indicating that inorganic phosphorus had been removed from the blood during hyperventilation. Passive hyperventilation was maintained, and the baboons were bled 32% of their red cell volume. The blood volume was partially restored with nonbuffered isotonic saline. One hour after the phlebotomy and volume restoration (2 hours of hyperventilation) there were no changes in oxygen consumption, cardiac output, cerebral blood flow, or blood lactate levels, but the pulmonary artery Po2 level was decreased by 15 mm Hg, and the jugular venous Po2 level was decreased by 20 mm Hg. Systemic oxygen consumption was not affected by the significant decrease in pulmonary artery Po2.", "PMID": 1119876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6625", "title": "Esophageal perforation: an increasing challenge.", "content": "Esophageal perforation continues to be a challenge. The overall incidence is rising even though iatrogenic perforations are decreasing. With early diagnosis followed by prompt surgical treatment, most patients can be expected to survive. Roentgenographic contrast studies demonstrated a perforation in all but 1 of our patients who had this examination and should be used early in patients suspected of having an esophageal perforation. The mortality rate is directly related to the interval between perforation and initiation of treatment. Nonoperative treatment, even for cervical esophageal perforations, is not advocated. An aggressive approach, consisting of closure of the perforation and adequate drainage, is indicated for both diagnosis and surgical treatment.", "contents": "Esophageal perforation: an increasing challenge. Esophageal perforation continues to be a challenge. The overall incidence is rising even though iatrogenic perforations are decreasing. With early diagnosis followed by prompt surgical treatment, most patients can be expected to survive. Roentgenographic contrast studies demonstrated a perforation in all but 1 of our patients who had this examination and should be used early in patients suspected of having an esophageal perforation. The mortality rate is directly related to the interval between perforation and initiation of treatment. Nonoperative treatment, even for cervical esophageal perforations, is not advocated. An aggressive approach, consisting of closure of the perforation and adequate drainage, is indicated for both diagnosis and surgical treatment.", "PMID": 1119877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6626", "title": "Use of intercostal muscle in primary repair of esophageal atresia with tracheoesophageal fistula.", "content": "Forty-one patients with esophageal atresia and distal tracheoesophageal fistula underwent primary repair. Results are compared among patients in whom an intercostal muscle graft was interposed between the trachea and esophagus and those without the graft. Patients with muscle interposition had lower morbidity and mortality and better long-term results.", "contents": "Use of intercostal muscle in primary repair of esophageal atresia with tracheoesophageal fistula. Forty-one patients with esophageal atresia and distal tracheoesophageal fistula underwent primary repair. Results are compared among patients in whom an intercostal muscle graft was interposed between the trachea and esophagus and those without the graft. Patients with muscle interposition had lower morbidity and mortality and better long-term results.", "PMID": 1119878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6627", "title": "Anesthesia for prolonged bronchoscopy.", "content": "At the Mayo Clinic, experience with 22 patients undergoing bronchoscopy on 29 occasions has shown that prolonged operative manipulation in the airway can be carried out safely and satisfactorily using general anesthesia. Requisites for this procedure include a period of apneic oxygenation, an adequate-sized endotracheal tube, hyperventilation of the patient during operative manipulation, and careful attention to management of postoperative bronchospasm. Prolonged bronchoscopy under general anesthesia has permitted localization of occult bronchogenic carcinoma at an earlier stage than has been possible up to this point.", "contents": "Anesthesia for prolonged bronchoscopy. At the Mayo Clinic, experience with 22 patients undergoing bronchoscopy on 29 occasions has shown that prolonged operative manipulation in the airway can be carried out safely and satisfactorily using general anesthesia. Requisites for this procedure include a period of apneic oxygenation, an adequate-sized endotracheal tube, hyperventilation of the patient during operative manipulation, and careful attention to management of postoperative bronchospasm. Prolonged bronchoscopy under general anesthesia has permitted localization of occult bronchogenic carcinoma at an earlier stage than has been possible up to this point.", "PMID": 1119879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6628", "title": "Transbronchial catheterization of pulmonary abscesses.", "content": "A major indication for bronchoscopy in patients with pulmonary abscess is the need to establish adequate drainage. Often, associated bronchial swelling precludes direct entry into the cavity with standard suctioning devices. Satisfactory drainage may require numerous bronchoscopic procedures, prolonging hospitalization and subjecting the patient to the complications of pyogenic pulmonary abscess. We have recently adopted the technique of passing angiography catheters through the rigid bronchoscope into the abscess cavity, thereby facilitating the bacteriological diagnosis and drainage of the cavity.", "contents": "Transbronchial catheterization of pulmonary abscesses. A major indication for bronchoscopy in patients with pulmonary abscess is the need to establish adequate drainage. Often, associated bronchial swelling precludes direct entry into the cavity with standard suctioning devices. Satisfactory drainage may require numerous bronchoscopic procedures, prolonging hospitalization and subjecting the patient to the complications of pyogenic pulmonary abscess. We have recently adopted the technique of passing angiography catheters through the rigid bronchoscope into the abscess cavity, thereby facilitating the bacteriological diagnosis and drainage of the cavity.", "PMID": 1119880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6629", "title": "Current concepts in thoracic drainage systems.", "content": "Thoracic drainage systems are currently marketed in many varieties, resulting in significant cost and complicating patient management. Realistic needs have been identified from a survey of thoracic surgeons. These are: (1) clear plastic chest catheters with multiple drainage holes in sizes 28, 32, and 36F for adults and 16, 20, and 24F for infants and children; (2) serrated plastic connectors that can be sized at operation; (3) connecting tubes of clear plastic 6 feet long with a diameter of 1/2 inch; (4) a single graduated volume-collecting bottle of 1- to 2-liter capacity that can be emptied and marked, with a separate waterseal component and an associated manometer; and (5) a highflow vacuum source. A drainage system with these characteristics should be safe, effective, simple, and less costly.", "contents": "Current concepts in thoracic drainage systems. Thoracic drainage systems are currently marketed in many varieties, resulting in significant cost and complicating patient management. Realistic needs have been identified from a survey of thoracic surgeons. These are: (1) clear plastic chest catheters with multiple drainage holes in sizes 28, 32, and 36F for adults and 16, 20, and 24F for infants and children; (2) serrated plastic connectors that can be sized at operation; (3) connecting tubes of clear plastic 6 feet long with a diameter of 1/2 inch; (4) a single graduated volume-collecting bottle of 1- to 2-liter capacity that can be emptied and marked, with a separate waterseal component and an associated manometer; and (5) a highflow vacuum source. A drainage system with these characteristics should be safe, effective, simple, and less costly.", "PMID": 1119881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6630", "title": "Subdural hematoma following open-heart operations.", "content": "Six patients who died following open-heart operations were found at postmortem examination to have acute subdural hematomas. On the basis of the clinical and postmortem findings, two factors in the pathogenesis of the hemorrhage are postulated. In the presence of intraoperative heparin administration, significant hematoma formation may result from damage to the bridging dural veins from minor, inadvertent head trauma or alterations in cerebral volume from fluid shifts. Manipulation of the head in patients who have been given heparin should be undertaken with extreme care, particularly in infants. In any patient with neurological dysfunction who has also had an open-heart operation, the possibility of an expanding subdural hematoma must be considered.", "contents": "Subdural hematoma following open-heart operations. Six patients who died following open-heart operations were found at postmortem examination to have acute subdural hematomas. On the basis of the clinical and postmortem findings, two factors in the pathogenesis of the hemorrhage are postulated. In the presence of intraoperative heparin administration, significant hematoma formation may result from damage to the bridging dural veins from minor, inadvertent head trauma or alterations in cerebral volume from fluid shifts. Manipulation of the head in patients who have been given heparin should be undertaken with extreme care, particularly in infants. In any patient with neurological dysfunction who has also had an open-heart operation, the possibility of an expanding subdural hematoma must be considered.", "PMID": 1119882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6631", "title": "Late complications of aortic valve replacement with cloth-covered, composite-seat prostheses. A six-year appraisal.", "content": "Advanced actuarial techniques are used to analyze early and late results in a closely followed series of 396 patients who received a cloth-covered, composite-seat aortic prosthesis. Late mortality and various complications are carefully assessed, and most late deaths are seen to be unrelated to the prosthesis. One hundred sixteen patients with Model 2310-2320 prostheses who received warfarin postoperatively had no thromboembolic complications in 360 patient-years of follow-up (average, 3.1 years per patient); 134 patients who had the same prosthesis but did not receive warfarin had 9 emboli per 100 patient-years (average follow-up, 1.7 years per patient; total, 228 patient-years). By comparison, in 9 years' experience with non-cloth-covered Model 1200-1260 valves, 132 patients had 4.0 emboli per 100 patient-years (average follow-up, 5.1 years; total, 673 patient-years). The safety of cloth-covered valves is clearly enhanced by concomitant use of anticoagulants; the possibility that antiplatelet drugs may suffice has not yet been demonstrated. Strut cloth wear was found at reoperation in 10 patients. The Model 2400 composite strut (\"track\") valve with a narrow metal track on the inner surface of each strut prevents this complication.", "contents": "Late complications of aortic valve replacement with cloth-covered, composite-seat prostheses. A six-year appraisal. Advanced actuarial techniques are used to analyze early and late results in a closely followed series of 396 patients who received a cloth-covered, composite-seat aortic prosthesis. Late mortality and various complications are carefully assessed, and most late deaths are seen to be unrelated to the prosthesis. One hundred sixteen patients with Model 2310-2320 prostheses who received warfarin postoperatively had no thromboembolic complications in 360 patient-years of follow-up (average, 3.1 years per patient); 134 patients who had the same prosthesis but did not receive warfarin had 9 emboli per 100 patient-years (average follow-up, 1.7 years per patient; total, 228 patient-years). By comparison, in 9 years' experience with non-cloth-covered Model 1200-1260 valves, 132 patients had 4.0 emboli per 100 patient-years (average follow-up, 5.1 years; total, 673 patient-years). The safety of cloth-covered valves is clearly enhanced by concomitant use of anticoagulants; the possibility that antiplatelet drugs may suffice has not yet been demonstrated. Strut cloth wear was found at reoperation in 10 patients. The Model 2400 composite strut (\"track\") valve with a narrow metal track on the inner surface of each strut prevents this complication.", "PMID": 1119883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6632", "title": "Effects of an abdominal left ventricular assist device on myocardial oxygen supply/demand ratios in normally perfused and ischemic bovine myocardium.", "content": "The effects of an abdominal left ventricular assist device (ALVAD) on subendocardial oxygen supply/demand ratios as reflected by diastolic pressure-time index/tension-time index (DPTI/TTI) were investigated in calves. Control DPTI/TTI ratios were 1.09 plus or minus 0.12 (mean plus or minus SD). With ALVAD actuation the ratios increased to 5.73 plus or minus 3.2. Following circumflex coronary artery occlusion, control ratios decreased to 0.04 plus or minus 0.05 in the ischemic area and 0.97 plus or minus 0.20 in the nonischemic areas. With ALVAD actuation in the presence of circumflex occlusion, the depressed ratios were increased to 1.37 plus or minus 0.39 in the ischemic zone and 9.71 plus or minus 2.5 in the nonoccluded segments. Subendocardial oxygen supply/demand ratios were significantly improved by ALVAD assistance following induced subendocardial ischemia.", "contents": "Effects of an abdominal left ventricular assist device on myocardial oxygen supply/demand ratios in normally perfused and ischemic bovine myocardium. The effects of an abdominal left ventricular assist device (ALVAD) on subendocardial oxygen supply/demand ratios as reflected by diastolic pressure-time index/tension-time index (DPTI/TTI) were investigated in calves. Control DPTI/TTI ratios were 1.09 plus or minus 0.12 (mean plus or minus SD). With ALVAD actuation the ratios increased to 5.73 plus or minus 3.2. Following circumflex coronary artery occlusion, control ratios decreased to 0.04 plus or minus 0.05 in the ischemic area and 0.97 plus or minus 0.20 in the nonischemic areas. With ALVAD actuation in the presence of circumflex occlusion, the depressed ratios were increased to 1.37 plus or minus 0.39 in the ischemic zone and 9.71 plus or minus 2.5 in the nonoccluded segments. Subendocardial oxygen supply/demand ratios were significantly improved by ALVAD assistance following induced subendocardial ischemia.", "PMID": 1119884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6633", "title": "A simple model of the hemodynamic effects of a proximal coronary artery narrowing.", "content": "A simple mathematical model of the hemodynamic effects of a discrete proximal coronary artery obstruction is presented. The model demonstrates that resting myocardial flow demands fail to be met when the vessel diameter is decreased by 75% or greater. More strikingly, it shows that the maximum flow obtainable for increased myocardial oxygen demand begins to fall significantly with a lesion causing a 40 to 50% obstruction. The implications of these findings in relation to stress-induced angina are discussed.", "contents": "A simple model of the hemodynamic effects of a proximal coronary artery narrowing. A simple mathematical model of the hemodynamic effects of a discrete proximal coronary artery obstruction is presented. The model demonstrates that resting myocardial flow demands fail to be met when the vessel diameter is decreased by 75% or greater. More strikingly, it shows that the maximum flow obtainable for increased myocardial oxygen demand begins to fall significantly with a lesion causing a 40 to 50% obstruction. The implications of these findings in relation to stress-induced angina are discussed.", "PMID": 1119885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6634", "title": "Primary amyloidosis of the respiratory tract.", "content": "Two patients with solitary amyloidosis of the respiratory tract are discussed. Bronchial obstruction caused by amyloid deposits led to the death of our first patient. Diagnosis in the second patient was made after removal of a localized amyloid deposit within the lung parenchyma.", "contents": "Primary amyloidosis of the respiratory tract. Two patients with solitary amyloidosis of the respiratory tract are discussed. Bronchial obstruction caused by amyloid deposits led to the death of our first patient. Diagnosis in the second patient was made after removal of a localized amyloid deposit within the lung parenchyma.", "PMID": 1119886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6635", "title": "Coronary venous retroperfusion for myocardial revascularization.", "content": "Although the use of retrograde arteriovenous bypass perfusion may seem appealing in those patients with diffuse occlusive coronary artery disease in whom arterial bypasses are not possible, the likelihood of success seems small. Experimental evidence indicates that such retroperfusion in opposition to antegrade perfusion causes the myocardium to become hemorrhagic. Further experimental evidence indicates that this damaging effect on the myocardium may be prevented by a second bypass which vents the arterial side to a low-pressure system.", "contents": "Coronary venous retroperfusion for myocardial revascularization. Although the use of retrograde arteriovenous bypass perfusion may seem appealing in those patients with diffuse occlusive coronary artery disease in whom arterial bypasses are not possible, the likelihood of success seems small. Experimental evidence indicates that such retroperfusion in opposition to antegrade perfusion causes the myocardium to become hemorrhagic. Further experimental evidence indicates that this damaging effect on the myocardium may be prevented by a second bypass which vents the arterial side to a low-pressure system.", "PMID": 1119887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6636", "title": "Microbodies in methanol-assimilating yeasts.", "content": "Cells of 3 yeast species capable of assimilating methanol have been examined by electron microscopy. When grown on methanol as the sole source of carbon and energy they contained many microbodies. Cells grown on glucose or ethanol either did not contain such bodies at all, or only to a limited extent.", "contents": "Microbodies in methanol-assimilating yeasts. Cells of 3 yeast species capable of assimilating methanol have been examined by electron microscopy. When grown on methanol as the sole source of carbon and energy they contained many microbodies. Cells grown on glucose or ethanol either did not contain such bodies at all, or only to a limited extent.", "PMID": 1119891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6637", "title": "Amino sugar and amino acid constituents of the cell walls of the extremely halophilic cocci.", "content": "Cell wall hydrolysates of nine strains of extremely halophilic cocci all contained gylcine, glucosamine, galactosamine, and gulosaminuronic acid. Muramic acid was not present in any of the strains.", "contents": "Amino sugar and amino acid constituents of the cell walls of the extremely halophilic cocci. Cell wall hydrolysates of nine strains of extremely halophilic cocci all contained gylcine, glucosamine, galactosamine, and gulosaminuronic acid. Muramic acid was not present in any of the strains.", "PMID": 1119892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6638", "title": "Utilization of mental health services. I. Patienthood and the prevalence of symptomatology in the community.", "content": "We explored the association between patienthood and prevalence of symptomatology in the community. Base line data on prevalence were obtained through the use of a household survey. Characteristics of survey respondents (N equals 938) and patients admitted from the surveyed area to a Connecticut Mental Health Center during a 12-month period (N equals 808) were compared. High utilization of facilities was associated with the prevalence of symptoms in the community, particularly where defining characteristics were descriptors of disadvantaged social status. A second set of variables correlated with mental health center use but not with the prevalence of symptoms in the community. By and large, these characteristics describe a lack of social supports not necessarily related to social status. Finally, certain groups were underrepresented as patients even though comprising polulations-at-risk in terms of levels of symptom impairment in the community.", "contents": "Utilization of mental health services. I. Patienthood and the prevalence of symptomatology in the community. We explored the association between patienthood and prevalence of symptomatology in the community. Base line data on prevalence were obtained through the use of a household survey. Characteristics of survey respondents (N equals 938) and patients admitted from the surveyed area to a Connecticut Mental Health Center during a 12-month period (N equals 808) were compared. High utilization of facilities was associated with the prevalence of symptoms in the community, particularly where defining characteristics were descriptors of disadvantaged social status. A second set of variables correlated with mental health center use but not with the prevalence of symptoms in the community. By and large, these characteristics describe a lack of social supports not necessarily related to social status. Finally, certain groups were underrepresented as patients even though comprising polulations-at-risk in terms of levels of symptom impairment in the community.", "PMID": 1119893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6639", "title": "Utilization of mental health services. II. Mediators of service allocation.", "content": "Data were obtained from a mental health survey of a representative sample of 938 adults from a defined geographic area and 808 patients from the same area who were admitted to a community mental health center. Multivariate techniques were used to isolate factors that best predicted mental health center use. The existence of \"patienthood\" as a dimension of residence-related behavior was confirmed. Although psychological impairment was predictive of patienthood, other factors including age and familial and social disorganization also acted as mediators of patienthood. Indexes of social status, such as race and social class, did not emerge as major allocative mediators.", "contents": "Utilization of mental health services. II. Mediators of service allocation. Data were obtained from a mental health survey of a representative sample of 938 adults from a defined geographic area and 808 patients from the same area who were admitted to a community mental health center. Multivariate techniques were used to isolate factors that best predicted mental health center use. The existence of \"patienthood\" as a dimension of residence-related behavior was confirmed. Although psychological impairment was predictive of patienthood, other factors including age and familial and social disorganization also acted as mediators of patienthood. Indexes of social status, such as race and social class, did not emerge as major allocative mediators.", "PMID": 1119894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6640", "title": "Natural history of male psychological health. III. Empirical dimensions of mental health.", "content": "In a nonpatient polulation, the concept of mental health was operationally defined both in terms of behavior and of abstract psychological functioning. Ninety-five college sophomores, selected for psychological health, were prospectively followed up for 30 years. They were assessed by independent raters on a scale reflecting objectively defined healthy adult adjustment; on a scale of clinically defined psychiatric illness; and on a scale of maturity of ego defenses. These three scales were highly correlated. It seemed likely that relatively objective items like length of vacation, divorce, heavy use of mood-altering drugs, career dissatisfaction, and visits to medical physicians can--as a cluster--statistically identify the abstract concept of mental health.", "contents": "Natural history of male psychological health. III. Empirical dimensions of mental health. In a nonpatient polulation, the concept of mental health was operationally defined both in terms of behavior and of abstract psychological functioning. Ninety-five college sophomores, selected for psychological health, were prospectively followed up for 30 years. They were assessed by independent raters on a scale reflecting objectively defined healthy adult adjustment; on a scale of clinically defined psychiatric illness; and on a scale of maturity of ego defenses. These three scales were highly correlated. It seemed likely that relatively objective items like length of vacation, divorce, heavy use of mood-altering drugs, career dissatisfaction, and visits to medical physicians can--as a cluster--statistically identify the abstract concept of mental health.", "PMID": 1119895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6641", "title": "Developmental aspects of aging in women. A comparative study of dreams.", "content": "Changes with age in the nature of women's inner experience were investigated through a comparison of the manifest dreams of a group of older women (ages 40 to 85 years) with the dreams from two groups of younger women (ages 18 to 26 and 16 to 17 years). The major comparative findings include a narrowing down of internal personal investments, a decrease in concerns about aggression, a decrease in the dreamer's sense of herself as pivotal, and, strikingly, an augmented amount of internally represented robust and locomotor activity for the older women. These results seem to correspond with other reports in the literature on the experience of aging women.", "contents": "Developmental aspects of aging in women. A comparative study of dreams. Changes with age in the nature of women's inner experience were investigated through a comparison of the manifest dreams of a group of older women (ages 40 to 85 years) with the dreams from two groups of younger women (ages 18 to 26 and 16 to 17 years). The major comparative findings include a narrowing down of internal personal investments, a decrease in concerns about aggression, a decrease in the dreamer's sense of herself as pivotal, and, strikingly, an augmented amount of internally represented robust and locomotor activity for the older women. These results seem to correspond with other reports in the literature on the experience of aging women.", "PMID": 1119896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6642", "title": "Reactive psychoses. A family study.", "content": "Reactive, or psychogenic, psychoses have been given the most attention in the literature by Scandinavian investigators. We defined diagnostic criteria for reactive psychoses emphasizing differences with manic-depressive psychoses and schizophrenia. Forty Danish probands were selected and family history data was obtained by personal interview and record review. In order to compare our results with other investigations, we age corrected family history data. Siblings of reactive probands were found to have significantly more reactive psychoses than siblings of manic-depressives or schizophrenics, and significantly less schizophrenia than siblings of schizophrenics. Although there was some genetic overlap with manic-depressive psychosis, we believe that the findings are sufficiently distinct to warrant the separate diagnostic category of reactive psychoses.", "contents": "Reactive psychoses. A family study. Reactive, or psychogenic, psychoses have been given the most attention in the literature by Scandinavian investigators. We defined diagnostic criteria for reactive psychoses emphasizing differences with manic-depressive psychoses and schizophrenia. Forty Danish probands were selected and family history data was obtained by personal interview and record review. In order to compare our results with other investigations, we age corrected family history data. Siblings of reactive probands were found to have significantly more reactive psychoses than siblings of manic-depressives or schizophrenics, and significantly less schizophrenia than siblings of schizophrenics. Although there was some genetic overlap with manic-depressive psychosis, we believe that the findings are sufficiently distinct to warrant the separate diagnostic category of reactive psychoses.", "PMID": 1119898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6643", "title": "A longitudinal study of three brain damaged children. Infancy to adolescence.", "content": "The developmental course of three children with brain damage (now 14 to 16 years of age) was followed since early infancy in the New York Longitudinal Study. Data on behavioral characteristics, patterns of parental attitudes and practices, clinical neurological, and psychiatric evaluation, and psychometric findings at different age periods are available. Each child has shown a different behavioral course that could not be explained only in terms of motor dysfunction, intellectual deficit, patterns of parental management and attitudes, or more general features of environmental demand alone, but also required a consideration of the constellation of temperamental organization. Patterns of adaptation and levels of functioning were the complex product of the interaction of all these factors. One child developed the clinical syndrome of childhood schizophrenia.", "contents": "A longitudinal study of three brain damaged children. Infancy to adolescence. The developmental course of three children with brain damage (now 14 to 16 years of age) was followed since early infancy in the New York Longitudinal Study. Data on behavioral characteristics, patterns of parental attitudes and practices, clinical neurological, and psychiatric evaluation, and psychometric findings at different age periods are available. Each child has shown a different behavioral course that could not be explained only in terms of motor dysfunction, intellectual deficit, patterns of parental management and attitudes, or more general features of environmental demand alone, but also required a consideration of the constellation of temperamental organization. Patterns of adaptation and levels of functioning were the complex product of the interaction of all these factors. One child developed the clinical syndrome of childhood schizophrenia.", "PMID": 1119899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6644", "title": "Parent-child relationships and psychopathological disorder in the child.", "content": "This report uses naturally occurring adoptions to tease apart the effects of heredity and rearing on the development of psychopathological disorder in the child. The quality of relationship between the child and his adoptive parents was assessed in four groups of subjects, and the degree of illness in the child was correlated with the quality of parent-child relationship. Quality of rearing and hereditary input both affect the development of psychopathological disorder, but the amount of variance explained by rearing tends to be low.", "contents": "Parent-child relationships and psychopathological disorder in the child. This report uses naturally occurring adoptions to tease apart the effects of heredity and rearing on the development of psychopathological disorder in the child. The quality of relationship between the child and his adoptive parents was assessed in four groups of subjects, and the degree of illness in the child was correlated with the quality of parent-child relationship. Quality of rearing and hereditary input both affect the development of psychopathological disorder, but the amount of variance explained by rearing tends to be low.", "PMID": 1119900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6645", "title": "Human growth hormone response to levodopa. Relation to menopause, depression, and plasma dopa concentration.", "content": "After ingestion of 500 mg of levodopa, postmenopausal women had significantly diminished human growth hormone (HGH) responses (mean, 4.6 ng/ml), as compared with those of age-matched men (mean, 9.1 ng/ml; P smaller than .05). The differences between the groups were not related to plasma dopa concentrations. The HGH responses to levodopa of age-matched unipolar and bipolar depressed men, and of unipolar depressed postmenopausal women, did not differ significantly from their respective normal control groups. Depressive illness of these types does not appear to affect the HGH response to levodopa, once the effect of the menopause is taken into account.", "contents": "Human growth hormone response to levodopa. Relation to menopause, depression, and plasma dopa concentration. After ingestion of 500 mg of levodopa, postmenopausal women had significantly diminished human growth hormone (HGH) responses (mean, 4.6 ng/ml), as compared with those of age-matched men (mean, 9.1 ng/ml; P smaller than .05). The differences between the groups were not related to plasma dopa concentrations. The HGH responses to levodopa of age-matched unipolar and bipolar depressed men, and of unipolar depressed postmenopausal women, did not differ significantly from their respective normal control groups. Depressive illness of these types does not appear to affect the HGH response to levodopa, once the effect of the menopause is taken into account.", "PMID": 1119901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6646", "title": "Dimensional diagnosis and the medical student's grasp of psychiatry.", "content": "Two problems that interfere with the student's understanding and acceptance of psychiatric knowledge result largely from the use of a categorical model for psychiatric diagnosis. These two problems are: (1) the apparent inapplicability of the standard system of psychiatric diagnosis to real patients; and (2) the apparent irrelevance for general medical practice of psychiatric diagnosis and theory. Both problems may be avoided by presenting psychiatry in the framework of a multidimensional diagnostic schema that used familiar terms but treats them as dimensions with severe, moderate, and mild degrees of impairment rather than as categories of mutually exclusive psychiatric diseases. A teaching program is described in which detailed review of student interviews with psychiatric and especially nonpsychiatric patients is employed to demonstrate the usefulness of multidimensional psychiatric diagnosis.", "contents": "Dimensional diagnosis and the medical student's grasp of psychiatry. Two problems that interfere with the student's understanding and acceptance of psychiatric knowledge result largely from the use of a categorical model for psychiatric diagnosis. These two problems are: (1) the apparent inapplicability of the standard system of psychiatric diagnosis to real patients; and (2) the apparent irrelevance for general medical practice of psychiatric diagnosis and theory. Both problems may be avoided by presenting psychiatry in the framework of a multidimensional diagnostic schema that used familiar terms but treats them as dimensions with severe, moderate, and mild degrees of impairment rather than as categories of mutually exclusive psychiatric diseases. A teaching program is described in which detailed review of student interviews with psychiatric and especially nonpsychiatric patients is employed to demonstrate the usefulness of multidimensional psychiatric diagnosis.", "PMID": 1119902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6647", "title": "An alternative frame of reference for rehabilitation: the helping process versus the medical model.", "content": "In rehabilitation the frame of reference of the helping professions is significantly different from the standard medical model in the following areas: the dynamics of the relationship, basis for client's trust of the professional, activity versus passivity of both the client and the professional, and the approach to identification and solution of client problems. \"The helping process\" as practiced in the helping professions is not doing the task, but assisting the client to do it himself, for himself. In this process the needs, values and feelings of both the helper and the helpee must be recognized and dealt with. For the helping process to be successful, three basic conditions are required: development of mutual trust, joint exploration of the problem(s) and listening by both sides. Also involved in attaining success in the helping process is an awareness of not only the barriers in receiving help but also the difficulties in giving help.", "contents": "An alternative frame of reference for rehabilitation: the helping process versus the medical model. In rehabilitation the frame of reference of the helping professions is significantly different from the standard medical model in the following areas: the dynamics of the relationship, basis for client's trust of the professional, activity versus passivity of both the client and the professional, and the approach to identification and solution of client problems. \"The helping process\" as practiced in the helping professions is not doing the task, but assisting the client to do it himself, for himself. In this process the needs, values and feelings of both the helper and the helpee must be recognized and dealt with. For the helping process to be successful, three basic conditions are required: development of mutual trust, joint exploration of the problem(s) and listening by both sides. Also involved in attaining success in the helping process is an awareness of not only the barriers in receiving help but also the difficulties in giving help.", "PMID": 1119914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6648", "title": "Effectiveness of aides in a perceptual motor training program for children with learning disabilities.", "content": "A program for children with learning disabilities associated with perceptual deficits was designed that included elements of gross and fine motor coordination, visual and somatosensory perceptual training, dance, art, music and language.  The effectiveness of nonprofessional \"perceptual-aides,\" who were trained in this program, was evaluated.  Twenty-eight children with learning disabilities associated with perceptual deficits were treated by occupational, physical, recreational and language therapists; and 27 similarly involved children were treated by two aides, under supervision, after training by therapists.  Treatment in both groups was for four hours weekly over a four to seven month period.  There was significant improvement in motor skills, visual and somatosensory perception, language and educational skills in the two programs. Although there was no significant difference between the two groups, there was a slight advantage to the aide program.  The cost of the aide program was 10 percent higher than the therapist program during the first year, but 22 percent lower than the therapist program during the second year.", "contents": "Effectiveness of aides in a perceptual motor training program for children with learning disabilities. A program for children with learning disabilities associated with perceptual deficits was designed that included elements of gross and fine motor coordination, visual and somatosensory perceptual training, dance, art, music and language.  The effectiveness of nonprofessional \"perceptual-aides,\" who were trained in this program, was evaluated.  Twenty-eight children with learning disabilities associated with perceptual deficits were treated by occupational, physical, recreational and language therapists; and 27 similarly involved children were treated by two aides, under supervision, after training by therapists.  Treatment in both groups was for four hours weekly over a four to seven month period.  There was significant improvement in motor skills, visual and somatosensory perception, language and educational skills in the two programs. Although there was no significant difference between the two groups, there was a slight advantage to the aide program.  The cost of the aide program was 10 percent higher than the therapist program during the first year, but 22 percent lower than the therapist program during the second year.", "PMID": 1119915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6649", "title": "Time care profile: an evaluation of a new method of assessing ADL dependence.", "content": "Valid and reliable measures of dependency in activities of daily living (ADL) remain a critical area in rehabilitation medicine for determining the patient's progress and assessing program effectiveness.  This paper describes a new approach to ADL evaluation which utilizes a diary method to record the amount of time the patient receives assistance during the course of a normal day as an index of dependency.  Results from a validity study using this approach on hospitalized patients in which staff members made on-the-spot time recordings of assistance provided suggest the following conclusions: (1) a diary-type record of information indicating the length of time (time measurements) an activity lasted is relatively inaccurate; and (2) the same kind of diary approach provides a highly accurate record of the number of times (frequency measurements) an activity occurred and the distribution of assistance throughout the day.  In five of six activities studied, frequency measurements recorded by staff members agreed with those of an independent observer 84 percent or more of the time. Frequency measurements in a diary format appear to represent a feasible and useful method for quantifying and evaluating patient performance in nontest situations.", "contents": "Time care profile: an evaluation of a new method of assessing ADL dependence. Valid and reliable measures of dependency in activities of daily living (ADL) remain a critical area in rehabilitation medicine for determining the patient's progress and assessing program effectiveness.  This paper describes a new approach to ADL evaluation which utilizes a diary method to record the amount of time the patient receives assistance during the course of a normal day as an index of dependency.  Results from a validity study using this approach on hospitalized patients in which staff members made on-the-spot time recordings of assistance provided suggest the following conclusions: (1) a diary-type record of information indicating the length of time (time measurements) an activity lasted is relatively inaccurate; and (2) the same kind of diary approach provides a highly accurate record of the number of times (frequency measurements) an activity occurred and the distribution of assistance throughout the day.  In five of six activities studied, frequency measurements recorded by staff members agreed with those of an independent observer 84 percent or more of the time. Frequency measurements in a diary format appear to represent a feasible and useful method for quantifying and evaluating patient performance in nontest situations.", "PMID": 1119916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6650", "title": "Excitation overflow: an electromyographic investigation.", "content": "The amount of excitation overflow into a nonactive upper limb can be predicted when the active limb is isometrically contracted during a standardized exercise.  Bilateral electromyographic recordings from the biceps brachii and brachialis demonstrated that the amount of excitation overflow in the nonactive limb is between 10 percent and 20 percent of the maximal intensity of activity measured in the exercised limb.  This amount appears to be independent of the position of the active limb (supination, neutral, or pronation) and the amount of force used during the isometric contraction exercise.  Excitation overflow, using the exercise described, should be considered as a reliable rehabilitation technique for maintaining a degree of muscle tone and tissue turgor in a limb that is temporarily immobilized.", "contents": "Excitation overflow: an electromyographic investigation. The amount of excitation overflow into a nonactive upper limb can be predicted when the active limb is isometrically contracted during a standardized exercise.  Bilateral electromyographic recordings from the biceps brachii and brachialis demonstrated that the amount of excitation overflow in the nonactive limb is between 10 percent and 20 percent of the maximal intensity of activity measured in the exercised limb.  This amount appears to be independent of the position of the active limb (supination, neutral, or pronation) and the amount of force used during the isometric contraction exercise.  Excitation overflow, using the exercise described, should be considered as a reliable rehabilitation technique for maintaining a degree of muscle tone and tissue turgor in a limb that is temporarily immobilized.", "PMID": 1119917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6651", "title": "Verlo orthosis: experience with different developmental levels in normal children.", "content": "Fifty-three normal children ranging in age from 11 to 36 months were trained to ambulate 3 meters in the Verlo brace using a walkerette.  The children were divided into five age groups: 11 to 15 months, 17 to 21 months, 22 to 27 months, 29 to 34 months, and 35 to 36 months.  The age groups were compared with respect to the percentage in each group that completed the training protocol and the average number of minutes required by those subjects to do so.  Results ranged from a low 36 percent completion with an average training time of 366 minutes in the youngest age group to a high of 100 percent completion with an average training time of 70 minutes in the oldest age group.  There was an increasing tendency in the three older groups to resist getting into the brace.", "contents": "Verlo orthosis: experience with different developmental levels in normal children. Fifty-three normal children ranging in age from 11 to 36 months were trained to ambulate 3 meters in the Verlo brace using a walkerette.  The children were divided into five age groups: 11 to 15 months, 17 to 21 months, 22 to 27 months, 29 to 34 months, and 35 to 36 months.  The age groups were compared with respect to the percentage in each group that completed the training protocol and the average number of minutes required by those subjects to do so.  Results ranged from a low 36 percent completion with an average training time of 366 minutes in the youngest age group to a high of 100 percent completion with an average training time of 70 minutes in the oldest age group.  There was an increasing tendency in the three older groups to resist getting into the brace.", "PMID": 1119918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6652", "title": "Rehabilitation care course for paraprofessional personnel.", "content": "A survey of training activities was conducted at Mass Rehabilitation Hospital by Research and Training Center No. 8 (RT-8), Temple University, Philadelphia. The findings revealed that primary teaching consideration was being given to trainees from affiliated institutions and professional employees rather than allied health professional personnel (occupational and physical therapy aides, nursing assistants and hospital corpsmen). This personnel group is the largest group of employees who spend the most time with patients, but have the least amount of formal education or training. A second survey of this group revealed they were interested in a continuing education course designed for them. As a result of the surveys, a course entitled, \"Aspects of Rehabilitation Care,\" was designed for paraprofessional employees. The nine-month course was designed so that the material and language was kept at an appropriate level, with supplemental material and audiotapes of the course available for review. The lectures were evaluated each week by the students and this data was analyzed by RT-8. Results indicated that attendance was good, averaging 54 (73%) persons per week, and the course was a success as a learning experience. This paper presents the need, organization, content and evaluation of a rehabilitation care course designed for paraprofessional personnel.", "contents": "Rehabilitation care course for paraprofessional personnel. A survey of training activities was conducted at Mass Rehabilitation Hospital by Research and Training Center No. 8 (RT-8), Temple University, Philadelphia. The findings revealed that primary teaching consideration was being given to trainees from affiliated institutions and professional employees rather than allied health professional personnel (occupational and physical therapy aides, nursing assistants and hospital corpsmen). This personnel group is the largest group of employees who spend the most time with patients, but have the least amount of formal education or training. A second survey of this group revealed they were interested in a continuing education course designed for them. As a result of the surveys, a course entitled, \"Aspects of Rehabilitation Care,\" was designed for paraprofessional employees. The nine-month course was designed so that the material and language was kept at an appropriate level, with supplemental material and audiotapes of the course available for review. The lectures were evaluated each week by the students and this data was analyzed by RT-8. Results indicated that attendance was good, averaging 54 (73%) persons per week, and the course was a success as a learning experience. This paper presents the need, organization, content and evaluation of a rehabilitation care course designed for paraprofessional personnel.", "PMID": 1119919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6653", "title": "Fabrication of a polysar, temporary prosthesis in a hospital setting.", "content": "The Physical Therapy Department at Kessler Institute for Rehabilitation has been fabricating temporary prostheses since 1967.  Initially, these below-knee limbs were constructed with a plaster socket attached to a modular type prosthesis.  Early in 1970, we began to use polysar, a thermoplastic compound.  It is nonirritating to the skin, light, durable, easily moldable, relatively inexpensive, retains suspension mechanisms adequately, and allows the production of a cosmetically acceptable training limb.  Because we had difficulty with the direct forming method as described by Staros and Gardner, the indirect method was adopted.", "contents": "Fabrication of a polysar, temporary prosthesis in a hospital setting. The Physical Therapy Department at Kessler Institute for Rehabilitation has been fabricating temporary prostheses since 1967.  Initially, these below-knee limbs were constructed with a plaster socket attached to a modular type prosthesis.  Early in 1970, we began to use polysar, a thermoplastic compound.  It is nonirritating to the skin, light, durable, easily moldable, relatively inexpensive, retains suspension mechanisms adequately, and allows the production of a cosmetically acceptable training limb.  Because we had difficulty with the direct forming method as described by Staros and Gardner, the indirect method was adopted.", "PMID": 1119920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6654", "title": "Therapeutic groups for patients with spinal cord injuries.", "content": "A preliminary study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of therapeutic patient groups in a rehabilitation setting.  A spinal cord knowledge \"Inventory\" test was designed to evaluate the success of the group method in disseminating information to patients.  The first part of this test assesses the patient's knowledge about body physiology and functioning, health care, and community resources.  The second part attempts to evaluate the patient's feelings regarding his body image, sexual attractiveness, and family relationships.  The test was administered to 31 spinal cord injured patients upon admission and again just prior to discharge.  Eighteen patients participated in a therapeutic patient group, which met twice  a week for a month.  The other group did not participate in such sessions. The purpose of the meetings was to help the patient adjust to his disability by exchanging commonly needed information and discussing experiences and feelings.  Initial results suggest that therapeutic groups can provide an effective means for imparting information to patients.  The test also indicates that many patients experience changes in their attitudes and feelings around such sensitive areas as personal worth and self-esteem.", "contents": "Therapeutic groups for patients with spinal cord injuries. A preliminary study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of therapeutic patient groups in a rehabilitation setting.  A spinal cord knowledge \"Inventory\" test was designed to evaluate the success of the group method in disseminating information to patients.  The first part of this test assesses the patient's knowledge about body physiology and functioning, health care, and community resources.  The second part attempts to evaluate the patient's feelings regarding his body image, sexual attractiveness, and family relationships.  The test was administered to 31 spinal cord injured patients upon admission and again just prior to discharge.  Eighteen patients participated in a therapeutic patient group, which met twice  a week for a month.  The other group did not participate in such sessions. The purpose of the meetings was to help the patient adjust to his disability by exchanging commonly needed information and discussing experiences and feelings.  Initial results suggest that therapeutic groups can provide an effective means for imparting information to patients.  The test also indicates that many patients experience changes in their attitudes and feelings around such sensitive areas as personal worth and self-esteem.", "PMID": 1119921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6655", "title": "Frequency of training as a determinant for improvement in cardiovascular function and body composition of middle-aged men.", "content": "Frequency, duration and intensity of training have been shown to be important determinants for improving various physiological functions. This report represents a series of six training investigations conducted by the investigators over the past seven years. Within the six investigations ten separate groups were studied. These data were combined and tabulated to look at frequency of training as a determinant for improving cardiovascular function and body composition of middle-aged men. The subjects included 148 healthy, sedentary, volunteer men ranging from 28 to 64 years of age (x equal to 41). The experiments were carefully controlled and included running 30 to 45 minutes for two (four groups), three (three groups) or four (three groups) days each week for 20 weeks. The results show that all frequencies had a significant effect on cardiovascular function, but only three and four days/week regimens showed reduction in total body weight and fat. Changes in maximum oxygen consumption (VO2 max) were similar for two and three days/week programs, and significantly greater for four days. The data support the notion of frequency of training being an important criterion for improving cardiovascular function and body composition.", "contents": "Frequency of training as a determinant for improvement in cardiovascular function and body composition of middle-aged men. Frequency, duration and intensity of training have been shown to be important determinants for improving various physiological functions. This report represents a series of six training investigations conducted by the investigators over the past seven years. Within the six investigations ten separate groups were studied. These data were combined and tabulated to look at frequency of training as a determinant for improving cardiovascular function and body composition of middle-aged men. The subjects included 148 healthy, sedentary, volunteer men ranging from 28 to 64 years of age (x equal to 41). The experiments were carefully controlled and included running 30 to 45 minutes for two (four groups), three (three groups) or four (three groups) days each week for 20 weeks. The results show that all frequencies had a significant effect on cardiovascular function, but only three and four days/week regimens showed reduction in total body weight and fat. Changes in maximum oxygen consumption (VO2 max) were similar for two and three days/week programs, and significantly greater for four days. The data support the notion of frequency of training being an important criterion for improving cardiovascular function and body composition.", "PMID": 1119922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6656", "title": "Temperature distribution produced in models by three microwave applicators at 433.92 megahertz.", "content": "Temperature distributions produced in phantom models by diathermy applicators operating at a frequency of 433.92 MHz, a frequency not approved for diathermy by Federal Communication Commission regulations, and an experimental cooled contact applicator operating at an assigned frequency of 915 MHz were compared. The specially designed direct contact applicator with surface cooling elevated deep muscle temperatures as effectively as the \"Rundfeldstrahler\" operating at the lower frequency in spite of the better penetration of the energy at the lower frequency. The \"Pyrodor\" and the \"Langfeldstrahler,\" the largest of the applicators operating at 433.92 MHz, do not appear to offer any advantage over existing diathermy equipment. The highest temperatures produced with these applicators were at the fat-muscle-interface.", "contents": "Temperature distribution produced in models by three microwave applicators at 433.92 megahertz. Temperature distributions produced in phantom models by diathermy applicators operating at a frequency of 433.92 MHz, a frequency not approved for diathermy by Federal Communication Commission regulations, and an experimental cooled contact applicator operating at an assigned frequency of 915 MHz were compared. The specially designed direct contact applicator with surface cooling elevated deep muscle temperatures as effectively as the \"Rundfeldstrahler\" operating at the lower frequency in spite of the better penetration of the energy at the lower frequency. The \"Pyrodor\" and the \"Langfeldstrahler,\" the largest of the applicators operating at 433.92 MHz, do not appear to offer any advantage over existing diathermy equipment. The highest temperatures produced with these applicators were at the fat-muscle-interface.", "PMID": 1119923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6657", "title": "Optimal isokinetic loads and velocities producing muscular power in human subjects.", "content": "The torque values of the quadriceps muscles of 16 college football players were tested by means of an isokinetic dynamometer in order to determine the optimal loads and velocities producing muscular power. The men were tested at velocities ranging from 5 to 25 rpm and throughout a range of knee extension between the positions of 85 degrees to 50 degrees of knee flexion. Isometric measures were also recorded at corresponding angles. The muscular torque values recorded isokinetically at the various velocities were then compared to the isometric forces at the corresponding angles of knee extension to ascertain the arithemtic proportion of isokinetic to isometric torque which produced maximum muscular power. The results indicated that the proportionate values of isokinetic to isometric torque and isokinetic velocities which produced maximum power were not directly comparable to similar loads and velocities found in vitro. The weight of the leg may have contributed to submaximal isometric recordings, thus resulting in higher proportionate values of isokinetic to isometric force. Changes in these values as the knee was extended were deemed to be a result of variance in the isometric torque since the isokinetic torque stayed relatively constant throughout the range of movement. The data suggested that a plateau of isokinetic torque may have been reached in the production of maximum power. Maximum isokinetic torque values tended to shift to more extended joint positions as the speed of knee extension increased. This shift may have been due to the momentum of the leg during the faster isokinetic speeds overcoming some of the inertia of the weight of the leg as it was extended.", "contents": "Optimal isokinetic loads and velocities producing muscular power in human subjects. The torque values of the quadriceps muscles of 16 college football players were tested by means of an isokinetic dynamometer in order to determine the optimal loads and velocities producing muscular power. The men were tested at velocities ranging from 5 to 25 rpm and throughout a range of knee extension between the positions of 85 degrees to 50 degrees of knee flexion. Isometric measures were also recorded at corresponding angles. The muscular torque values recorded isokinetically at the various velocities were then compared to the isometric forces at the corresponding angles of knee extension to ascertain the arithemtic proportion of isokinetic to isometric torque which produced maximum muscular power. The results indicated that the proportionate values of isokinetic to isometric torque and isokinetic velocities which produced maximum power were not directly comparable to similar loads and velocities found in vitro. The weight of the leg may have contributed to submaximal isometric recordings, thus resulting in higher proportionate values of isokinetic to isometric force. Changes in these values as the knee was extended were deemed to be a result of variance in the isometric torque since the isokinetic torque stayed relatively constant throughout the range of movement. The data suggested that a plateau of isokinetic torque may have been reached in the production of maximum power. Maximum isokinetic torque values tended to shift to more extended joint positions as the speed of knee extension increased. This shift may have been due to the momentum of the leg during the faster isokinetic speeds overcoming some of the inertia of the weight of the leg as it was extended.", "PMID": 1119924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6658", "title": "American Indian sign: a gestural communication system for the speechless.", "content": "American Indian sign, used as a gestural communication system for the speechless, served the daily life needs of patients with a variety of deficits, many with unfavorable prognosis for oral speech rehabilitation. The project included total glassectomees, laryngectomees, dysphonics, dysarthrics and apraxics. Many of the last named were hemiplegics. The sign was effectively interpreted by hospital personnel, patients and visitors, none of whom had received any instruction in interpreting the sign. This system may be a desirable new tool from an old culture for the professional repertoire of the speech clinician. An illustrated manual and instructional videotapes are in preparation.", "contents": "American Indian sign: a gestural communication system for the speechless. American Indian sign, used as a gestural communication system for the speechless, served the daily life needs of patients with a variety of deficits, many with unfavorable prognosis for oral speech rehabilitation. The project included total glassectomees, laryngectomees, dysphonics, dysarthrics and apraxics. Many of the last named were hemiplegics. The sign was effectively interpreted by hospital personnel, patients and visitors, none of whom had received any instruction in interpreting the sign. This system may be a desirable new tool from an old culture for the professional repertoire of the speech clinician. An illustrated manual and instructional videotapes are in preparation.", "PMID": 1119925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6659", "title": "Pressure sores: an operant conditioning approach to prevention.", "content": "A training system for the prevention of pressure sores has been designed to teach the paralytic person to relieve pressure intermittently from his ischium while sitting in a wheelchair. The system automates the training of wheelchair pushups, and conditions the person into exercising, based upon modified avoidance learning procedures. Results indicate that the paralytic person can be trained to pushup intermittently and efficiently using this system, thus reducing the incidence of pressure sore formation. Further long-term study is needed to assess the effectiveness of the training system as a preventative program for pressure sores.", "contents": "Pressure sores: an operant conditioning approach to prevention. A training system for the prevention of pressure sores has been designed to teach the paralytic person to relieve pressure intermittently from his ischium while sitting in a wheelchair. The system automates the training of wheelchair pushups, and conditions the person into exercising, based upon modified avoidance learning procedures. Results indicate that the paralytic person can be trained to pushup intermittently and efficiently using this system, thus reducing the incidence of pressure sore formation. Further long-term study is needed to assess the effectiveness of the training system as a preventative program for pressure sores.", "PMID": 1119926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6660", "title": "The reality of restorative care in Harlem's municipal hospital: the patient as a therapeutic agent.", "content": "Motor-oriented rehabilitation programs are of limited value in attaining the goals of the physically impaired poor in the cities. The location and the physical and social structure of the ghetto municipal hospital and the population served necessitate modification of rehabilitation methods. Patients must participate in decision-making. Staff must assist the patient in attempts to change the environment. In the process of working closely with patients towards non-motor goals, professionals learn to play the role of the advocate.", "contents": "The reality of restorative care in Harlem's municipal hospital: the patient as a therapeutic agent. Motor-oriented rehabilitation programs are of limited value in attaining the goals of the physically impaired poor in the cities. The location and the physical and social structure of the ghetto municipal hospital and the population served necessitate modification of rehabilitation methods. Patients must participate in decision-making. Staff must assist the patient in attempts to change the environment. In the process of working closely with patients towards non-motor goals, professionals learn to play the role of the advocate.", "PMID": 1119927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6661", "title": "Mate swapping: Perceptions, value orientations, and participation in a midwestern community.", "content": "This article attempts to illuminate the understanding of swinging, or mate swapping, an increasingly common form of extramarital sexual activity. A theoretical  formulation argues that swinging is a form of extramarital sexual activity which serves to define as good and acceptable a behavior that in other forms and in the past has been considered deviant or immoral. A stratified area probability sample of 579 married adults was drawn from a Midwestern community of 40,000. Areas investigated included community knowledge and perception of swinging, values of respondents with regard to participation in and acceptance of swinging, and the incidence of swinging in the community. Most respondents dispproved of mate swapping as well as other forms of extramarital sex. Over half of the respondents knew about mate swapping, although less than 7% of the sample would consider participating. Swinging was found to exist in the community, but less than 2% of the respondents had ever participted. The data analysis is descriptive and exploratory, focusing on social correlates and characterisitics.", "contents": "Mate swapping: Perceptions, value orientations, and participation in a midwestern community. This article attempts to illuminate the understanding of swinging, or mate swapping, an increasingly common form of extramarital sexual activity. A theoretical  formulation argues that swinging is a form of extramarital sexual activity which serves to define as good and acceptable a behavior that in other forms and in the past has been considered deviant or immoral. A stratified area probability sample of 579 married adults was drawn from a Midwestern community of 40,000. Areas investigated included community knowledge and perception of swinging, values of respondents with regard to participation in and acceptance of swinging, and the incidence of swinging in the community. Most respondents dispproved of mate swapping as well as other forms of extramarital sex. Over half of the respondents knew about mate swapping, although less than 7% of the sample would consider participating. Swinging was found to exist in the community, but less than 2% of the respondents had ever participted. The data analysis is descriptive and exploratory, focusing on social correlates and characterisitics.", "PMID": 1119933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6662", "title": "Volunteer bias and personality traits in sexual standards research.", "content": "The effects of personality traits and volunteer bias in sexual standards research were studied. Two hundred and fifty-four subjects completed Jackson's Personality Research Form (PRF) and were subsequently sent either a sex or a control questionnaire. Return rates for the two groups were comparable. Also, the analyses of the PRF scores failed to show sex volunteers as having unique personality characteristics. These results are interpreted as grounds for rejecting the widely held stereotype that volunteers for sexual standards surveys are inevitably an atypical, deviant group. The possible limiting effects of age and method of soliciting information are discussed.", "contents": "Volunteer bias and personality traits in sexual standards research. The effects of personality traits and volunteer bias in sexual standards research were studied. Two hundred and fifty-four subjects completed Jackson's Personality Research Form (PRF) and were subsequently sent either a sex or a control questionnaire. Return rates for the two groups were comparable. Also, the analyses of the PRF scores failed to show sex volunteers as having unique personality characteristics. These results are interpreted as grounds for rejecting the widely held stereotype that volunteers for sexual standards surveys are inevitably an atypical, deviant group. The possible limiting effects of age and method of soliciting information are discussed.", "PMID": 1119934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6663", "title": "Male to female: the role transformation of transsexuals.", "content": "Twelve male transsexuals were found to have acquired a successtion of gender roles from childhood to adulthood-ambivalent, homosexual, drag queen, and transsexual. Thse roles constituted different stages of their livers during which they were clarifying their psychosocial gender role as transsexuals. Their transition through these roles suggests that these individuals are a subset of the transsexual phenomenon, for many--probably most--other transsexuals do not adopt these roles prior to becoming adult transsexuals. The social interaction of these transsexuals with significant others differed from the ways in which sociological role theories view this process: the significant others in their lives (apart from their mothers) primarily influenced their role changes by withdrawing from and/or rejecting these individuals--not by inducing them to conform to their role expectations. As permanently cross-dressed transsexuals, these individuals continued to associate with the institutions of the gay world, which alone was tolerant of them and where they could draw on the emotional support of other transsexuals in this last presurgery role. At this point they had become their own reference group.", "contents": "Male to female: the role transformation of transsexuals. Twelve male transsexuals were found to have acquired a successtion of gender roles from childhood to adulthood-ambivalent, homosexual, drag queen, and transsexual. Thse roles constituted different stages of their livers during which they were clarifying their psychosocial gender role as transsexuals. Their transition through these roles suggests that these individuals are a subset of the transsexual phenomenon, for many--probably most--other transsexuals do not adopt these roles prior to becoming adult transsexuals. The social interaction of these transsexuals with significant others differed from the ways in which sociological role theories view this process: the significant others in their lives (apart from their mothers) primarily influenced their role changes by withdrawing from and/or rejecting these individuals--not by inducing them to conform to their role expectations. As permanently cross-dressed transsexuals, these individuals continued to associate with the institutions of the gay world, which alone was tolerant of them and where they could draw on the emotional support of other transsexuals in this last presurgery role. At this point they had become their own reference group.", "PMID": 1119935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6664", "title": "Families of seven male-to-female transexuals after 5-7 years: Sociological sexology.", "content": "Four black and three whilte families have a male-to-female transexual member surgically reassigned more than 5 years ag. The black families were more open than the white in declaring the reassignment within the family and community. Thereby they relieved themselves and the transexual member of a need for deception, defiance, or defensiveness, and they were less scheming and manipulative. Without the anxiety of concealment, they could feel more positive about sex reassignment as a form of rehabilitation. A formal public declaration of sex reassignment, analogous to a declared change of citizenship, would be advantageous in transexual rehabilitation.", "contents": "Families of seven male-to-female transexuals after 5-7 years: Sociological sexology. Four black and three whilte families have a male-to-female transexual member surgically reassigned more than 5 years ag. The black families were more open than the white in declaring the reassignment within the family and community. Thereby they relieved themselves and the transexual member of a need for deception, defiance, or defensiveness, and they were less scheming and manipulative. Without the anxiety of concealment, they could feel more positive about sex reassignment as a form of rehabilitation. A formal public declaration of sex reassignment, analogous to a declared change of citizenship, would be advantageous in transexual rehabilitation.", "PMID": 1119936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6665", "title": "Heterosexual copulatory patterns in stumptail macaques (Macaca arctoides) and in other macaque species.", "content": "A comparison of the mating behavior patterns of several macaque species reveals that the mating behavior of Macaca arctoides exhibits several unique features. The laboratory groups of stumptail monkeys observed had exceptionally long single-mount copulations characterized by a large number of pelvic thrusts, a slow thrusting rate, and an unusually salient male orgasmic pattern (characterized by body rigidity followed by body spasms and a typical facial expression and vocalization). The frequency with which the copulation culminates in ejaculation is unusually high, and copulating stumptails generally manifest \"tieing\" in a genital lock after ejaculation.", "contents": "Heterosexual copulatory patterns in stumptail macaques (Macaca arctoides) and in other macaque species. A comparison of the mating behavior patterns of several macaque species reveals that the mating behavior of Macaca arctoides exhibits several unique features. The laboratory groups of stumptail monkeys observed had exceptionally long single-mount copulations characterized by a large number of pelvic thrusts, a slow thrusting rate, and an unusually salient male orgasmic pattern (characterized by body rigidity followed by body spasms and a typical facial expression and vocalization). The frequency with which the copulation culminates in ejaculation is unusually high, and copulating stumptails generally manifest \"tieing\" in a genital lock after ejaculation.", "PMID": 1119937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6666", "title": "Spasm and operative cholangiography.", "content": "Operative cholangiography is a commonly employed adjunct to biliary operation and is useful in identifying unsuspected common duct calculi. Spasm of the sphincter of Oddi from administration of anesthetic agents like fentanyl citrate (Sublimaze) and morphine sulfate and from operative manipulation may lead to misinterpretation of the cholangiograms and unnecessary surgical procedures that increase morbidity and mortality. Six case reports illustrate these hazards, and the influence of medications that exacerbate spasm of the sphincter of Oddi is emphasized. Recognition of the factors that cause spasm of the sphincter of Oddi will prevent unnecessary common duct explorations and reduce morbidity and mortality in biliary tract operations.", "contents": "Spasm and operative cholangiography. Operative cholangiography is a commonly employed adjunct to biliary operation and is useful in identifying unsuspected common duct calculi. Spasm of the sphincter of Oddi from administration of anesthetic agents like fentanyl citrate (Sublimaze) and morphine sulfate and from operative manipulation may lead to misinterpretation of the cholangiograms and unnecessary surgical procedures that increase morbidity and mortality. Six case reports illustrate these hazards, and the influence of medications that exacerbate spasm of the sphincter of Oddi is emphasized. Recognition of the factors that cause spasm of the sphincter of Oddi will prevent unnecessary common duct explorations and reduce morbidity and mortality in biliary tract operations.", "PMID": 1119938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6667", "title": "Humoral and secretory antibody responses to immunization with low and high dosage split influenza virus vaccine.", "content": "Tri (n-butyl) phosphate (TNBP)-split vaccine containing 6400 CCA units of influenza virus A/Aichi/68 (H3N2) was given intramuscularly to a group of volunteers. The changes in serum haemagglutination-inhibiting (HI) and nasal wash neutralizing antibody were measured, and the results compared with that of volunteers given a TNBP-split vaccine containing 400 CCA of the same virus. More volunteers given the high-dose vaccine developed a fourfold rise in serum HI antibody, and there was a greater increase in geometric mean titre in this group. In addition, more volunteers given the high-dose vaccine developed detectable nasal wash neutralizing and anti-neuraminidase antibodies. Following low-dose vaccine, the production of nasal wash antibody was not related to the serum antibody response. For both groups given vaccine, antibody was detected most frequently in nasal washings with relatively high levels of protein and IgA; the concentration of IgA was also directly related to the protein concentration.", "contents": "Humoral and secretory antibody responses to immunization with low and high dosage split influenza virus vaccine. Tri (n-butyl) phosphate (TNBP)-split vaccine containing 6400 CCA units of influenza virus A/Aichi/68 (H3N2) was given intramuscularly to a group of volunteers. The changes in serum haemagglutination-inhibiting (HI) and nasal wash neutralizing antibody were measured, and the results compared with that of volunteers given a TNBP-split vaccine containing 400 CCA of the same virus. More volunteers given the high-dose vaccine developed a fourfold rise in serum HI antibody, and there was a greater increase in geometric mean titre in this group. In addition, more volunteers given the high-dose vaccine developed detectable nasal wash neutralizing and anti-neuraminidase antibodies. Following low-dose vaccine, the production of nasal wash antibody was not related to the serum antibody response. For both groups given vaccine, antibody was detected most frequently in nasal washings with relatively high levels of protein and IgA; the concentration of IgA was also directly related to the protein concentration.", "PMID": 1119940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6668", "title": "An attenuated variant of Eastern encephalitis virus: biological properties and protection induced in mice.", "content": "Wild type Eastern equine encephalitis virus (E) was compared with a mutant (Em) derived from it. The latter was tested as an attenuated vaccine in mice. They differed in the following properties: Em formed smaller plaques on chick embryo (CE) cell monolayers and, unlike E, did not plaque on mouse embryo (ME) monolayers. Futher, Em had a longer latent period and attained a lower peak titer than E after infection of CE cells, was more senssitive than E to chick interferon, and was less virulent for mice (SC and IP routes) and hamsters (IP route) than E. Both viruses were similar in several other properties tested. The mutant was found to induce a gradient in the specificity of protection in mice against challenge by selected viruses after a single subcutaneous injection of living virus. The protection was best against autologous (Em) challenge, was next best against challenge by the virulent parent (E) virus, but was not demonstrable against cross challenge by Venezuelan encephalitis (V) virus. Conventional hemagglutination-inhibiting (HI), complement-fixing (F), and neutralizing (N) antibodies could not be detected in Em-immunized mice even when fresh monkey or guinea pig serum was included in Ntests to provide complement and/or accessory factor(s). However, N antibodies were detected in protected mice by an indirect antiglobulin test. Passive protection by serum or ascites fluids (a.f.) was characterized by a lower but otherwise similar protection gradient like that found after active immunization with virus as described above. Interferon was not detected in the a.f. used for passive protection, nor was heterologous interference evident in Em immunized mice challenged 18 days later with vaccinia or vesicular stomatitis virus. Immunized mice that survived autologous (Em) challenge showed broadened protection against a second challenge by parent E virus, and cross protection against V virus. This typical protection was associated with the presence of HI and conventional N antibodies, except for V which showed no detectable neutralizing antibodies by either a standard or antiglobulin technique.", "contents": "An attenuated variant of Eastern encephalitis virus: biological properties and protection induced in mice. Wild type Eastern equine encephalitis virus (E) was compared with a mutant (Em) derived from it. The latter was tested as an attenuated vaccine in mice. They differed in the following properties: Em formed smaller plaques on chick embryo (CE) cell monolayers and, unlike E, did not plaque on mouse embryo (ME) monolayers. Futher, Em had a longer latent period and attained a lower peak titer than E after infection of CE cells, was more senssitive than E to chick interferon, and was less virulent for mice (SC and IP routes) and hamsters (IP route) than E. Both viruses were similar in several other properties tested. The mutant was found to induce a gradient in the specificity of protection in mice against challenge by selected viruses after a single subcutaneous injection of living virus. The protection was best against autologous (Em) challenge, was next best against challenge by the virulent parent (E) virus, but was not demonstrable against cross challenge by Venezuelan encephalitis (V) virus. Conventional hemagglutination-inhibiting (HI), complement-fixing (F), and neutralizing (N) antibodies could not be detected in Em-immunized mice even when fresh monkey or guinea pig serum was included in Ntests to provide complement and/or accessory factor(s). However, N antibodies were detected in protected mice by an indirect antiglobulin test. Passive protection by serum or ascites fluids (a.f.) was characterized by a lower but otherwise similar protection gradient like that found after active immunization with virus as described above. Interferon was not detected in the a.f. used for passive protection, nor was heterologous interference evident in Em immunized mice challenged 18 days later with vaccinia or vesicular stomatitis virus. Immunized mice that survived autologous (Em) challenge showed broadened protection against a second challenge by parent E virus, and cross protection against V virus. This typical protection was associated with the presence of HI and conventional N antibodies, except for V which showed no detectable neutralizing antibodies by either a standard or antiglobulin technique.", "PMID": 1119939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6669", "title": "Replication of a strain of feline calicivirus in organ culture.", "content": "The zwitterionic buffer HEPES was used successfully to maintain organ cultures of kitten tongue and trachea for 10--15 days in vitro. A strain of feline calicivirus grew to high titres in both tongue and tracheal explants but it was not possible to ascribe specific histological changes to virus infection in either tongue or tracheal organ cultures. Cells in tongue explants retained specific virus receptors for at least six days in vitro and virus grew to high levels in the cultures infected six days postinitiation of explants. These results suggest that at least some strains of feline caliciviruses have tropism for lingual epithelium as well as respiratory tract tissues.", "contents": "Replication of a strain of feline calicivirus in organ culture. The zwitterionic buffer HEPES was used successfully to maintain organ cultures of kitten tongue and trachea for 10--15 days in vitro. A strain of feline calicivirus grew to high titres in both tongue and tracheal explants but it was not possible to ascribe specific histological changes to virus infection in either tongue or tracheal organ cultures. Cells in tongue explants retained specific virus receptors for at least six days in vitro and virus grew to high levels in the cultures infected six days postinitiation of explants. These results suggest that at least some strains of feline caliciviruses have tropism for lingual epithelium as well as respiratory tract tissues.", "PMID": 1119941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6670", "title": "Study of the antigenic and immunogenic properties of neurovaccinia virus TS mutants.", "content": "The antigenic and immunogenic properties of five ts mutants of neurovaccinia virus with markedly reduced pathogenicity for laboratory animals as compared with \"wild\" type virus were studied. The antigenic and immunogenic activities of the mutants correlated with their capacity to reproduce in the skin of the inoculated animals. When similar doses of UV-inactivated mutants were used for immunization of rabbits, significant differences (more than 100-fold) in their antigenic activity were found. When rabbits were immunized with active virus, neutralizing antibody in titer of 1:800 protected all the immunized animals against intracerebral challenge with log 4.0 LD50 of neurovaccinia virus. On the other hand, the neutralizing antibody formed in response to inoculation of UV-inactivated virus did not protect the immunized animals in titers exceeding 1:2560. A correlation between the antibody titer for \"extracellular\" virus and immunity in vaccinated rabbits has been demonstrated.", "contents": "Study of the antigenic and immunogenic properties of neurovaccinia virus TS mutants. The antigenic and immunogenic properties of five ts mutants of neurovaccinia virus with markedly reduced pathogenicity for laboratory animals as compared with \"wild\" type virus were studied. The antigenic and immunogenic activities of the mutants correlated with their capacity to reproduce in the skin of the inoculated animals. When similar doses of UV-inactivated mutants were used for immunization of rabbits, significant differences (more than 100-fold) in their antigenic activity were found. When rabbits were immunized with active virus, neutralizing antibody in titer of 1:800 protected all the immunized animals against intracerebral challenge with log 4.0 LD50 of neurovaccinia virus. On the other hand, the neutralizing antibody formed in response to inoculation of UV-inactivated virus did not protect the immunized animals in titers exceeding 1:2560. A correlation between the antibody titer for \"extracellular\" virus and immunity in vaccinated rabbits has been demonstrated.", "PMID": 1119943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6671", "title": "Isolation, characterization, and pathogenicity studies of a bovine respiratory syncytial virus.", "content": "The isolation and characterization of a bovine respiratory syncytial (RS) virus is described. Serological studies indicate that bovine RS virus is widespread in Iowa cattle and that it is involved in some outbreaks of respiratory disease. Experimental infection in calves indicates that the virus can cause illness in calves, particularly those with serum neutralizing antibody.", "contents": "Isolation, characterization, and pathogenicity studies of a bovine respiratory syncytial virus. The isolation and characterization of a bovine respiratory syncytial (RS) virus is described. Serological studies indicate that bovine RS virus is widespread in Iowa cattle and that it is involved in some outbreaks of respiratory disease. Experimental infection in calves indicates that the virus can cause illness in calves, particularly those with serum neutralizing antibody.", "PMID": 1119944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6672", "title": "The ribonucleic acid of infectious bronchitis virus.", "content": "Analysis of the nucleic acid of infectious bronchitis virus by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed an RNA of molecular weight 9.0 times 10-6 Daltons. The RNA was shown to have a sedimentation coefficient of 50.", "contents": "The ribonucleic acid of infectious bronchitis virus. Analysis of the nucleic acid of infectious bronchitis virus by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed an RNA of molecular weight 9.0 times 10-6 Daltons. The RNA was shown to have a sedimentation coefficient of 50.", "PMID": 1119945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6673", "title": "Two cases of acute pandysautonomia.", "content": "Two men had acute nonprogressive pandysautonomia. Both of them showed orthostatic hypotension, fainting in upright position, pupillary disturbances, diminished sweating, anacidity, and impotence. Case 1 showed considerable but inadequate improvement within 31 months. Case 2 recovered completely after 11 months. Clinical and pharmacodynamic investigations suggested that the main lesion was located in postganglionic fibers in case 1 and in preganglionic fibers in case 2. The cause of this disorder is unknown, although both patients had undergone substantial weight loss.", "contents": "Two cases of acute pandysautonomia. Two men had acute nonprogressive pandysautonomia. Both of them showed orthostatic hypotension, fainting in upright position, pupillary disturbances, diminished sweating, anacidity, and impotence. Case 1 showed considerable but inadequate improvement within 31 months. Case 2 recovered completely after 11 months. Clinical and pharmacodynamic investigations suggested that the main lesion was located in postganglionic fibers in case 1 and in preganglionic fibers in case 2. The cause of this disorder is unknown, although both patients had undergone substantial weight loss.", "PMID": 1119958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6674", "title": "Glue-sniffing neuropathy.", "content": "Although industrial exposure to n-hexane is known to cause neuropathy, it is less well recognized that inhalation of n-hexane present in the vapors of some commercial contact cements is also neurotoxic to peripheral nerves. A young man with a long history of addictive glue-sniffing developed severe distal symmetrical polyneuropathy several months after switching to a cement containing n-hexane and gradually improved several months after switching to another cement containing no n-hexane. Fascicular biopsy of radial cutaneous nerve showed striking segmental distention of axons by neurofilamentous masses with secondary thinning of myelin sheath, paranodal myelin retraction, and widening velocities were correspondingly slow. We conclude that n-hexane used as a solvent in some contact cements may be neurotoxic when inhaled to excess and, further, that the neuropathy has characteristic electrophysiological and pathological features.", "contents": "Glue-sniffing neuropathy. Although industrial exposure to n-hexane is known to cause neuropathy, it is less well recognized that inhalation of n-hexane present in the vapors of some commercial contact cements is also neurotoxic to peripheral nerves. A young man with a long history of addictive glue-sniffing developed severe distal symmetrical polyneuropathy several months after switching to a cement containing n-hexane and gradually improved several months after switching to another cement containing no n-hexane. Fascicular biopsy of radial cutaneous nerve showed striking segmental distention of axons by neurofilamentous masses with secondary thinning of myelin sheath, paranodal myelin retraction, and widening velocities were correspondingly slow. We conclude that n-hexane used as a solvent in some contact cements may be neurotoxic when inhaled to excess and, further, that the neuropathy has characteristic electrophysiological and pathological features.", "PMID": 1119959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6675", "title": "Myotonia. An evaluation of the chloride hypothesis.", "content": "The muscle membrane in myotonia congenita is characterized by a normal resting potential with a greatly increased resting resistance usually attributed to a decrease in membrane chloride permeability (PC1). In this report, the hypothesis that decreased PC1 alone can account for the repetitive action potentials of myotonia is tested with a mathematical model of the muscle membrane and is shown to be valid. Reduction of Pc1 to 20% of control values will produce myotonic activity in response to a single stimulus. Membrane resistance and potential approximate those found experimentally. The model predicts that increasing external K+ will aggravate myotonia due to a reduction of PC15 while decreasing Kout will prevent repetitive spiking. Further, myotonia can be prevented by reducing peak membrane sodium permeability or by shifting the voltage dependency of the membrane rate constants for sodium in a depolarizing direction. These results are shown to correlate well with clinical observtonia.", "contents": "Myotonia. An evaluation of the chloride hypothesis. The muscle membrane in myotonia congenita is characterized by a normal resting potential with a greatly increased resting resistance usually attributed to a decrease in membrane chloride permeability (PC1). In this report, the hypothesis that decreased PC1 alone can account for the repetitive action potentials of myotonia is tested with a mathematical model of the muscle membrane and is shown to be valid. Reduction of Pc1 to 20% of control values will produce myotonic activity in response to a single stimulus. Membrane resistance and potential approximate those found experimentally. The model predicts that increasing external K+ will aggravate myotonia due to a reduction of PC15 while decreasing Kout will prevent repetitive spiking. Further, myotonia can be prevented by reducing peak membrane sodium permeability or by shifting the voltage dependency of the membrane rate constants for sodium in a depolarizing direction. These results are shown to correlate well with clinical observtonia.", "PMID": 1119960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6676", "title": "Ocular skew deviation. Analysis of 100 cases.", "content": "In 100 patients with ocular skew deviation, the lesion was usually on the side of the lower eye, particularly when patients with internuclear ophthalmoplegia were excluded, but exceptions were sufficiently frequent to diminish the clinical lateralizing value of skew. Pontine damage was most commonly encountered, but midbrain-pretectal and medullary lesions were frequent. The onset of skew frequently coincided with acute brain stem damage, and while a wide variety of diseases produced skew deviation, stem strokes were present in more than two thirds of the patients. The hypothesis that skew results from damage to tonic otolith-ocular pathways is generally compatible with both the known anatomy of otolith pathways and the clinical presentation of skew. Otolith function testing in patients with skew, further anatomical definition of otolith-ocular pathways, and clinicopathological study of discrete lesions associated with skew should help resolve the causative role of the otolith organs in skew deviation.", "contents": "Ocular skew deviation. Analysis of 100 cases. In 100 patients with ocular skew deviation, the lesion was usually on the side of the lower eye, particularly when patients with internuclear ophthalmoplegia were excluded, but exceptions were sufficiently frequent to diminish the clinical lateralizing value of skew. Pontine damage was most commonly encountered, but midbrain-pretectal and medullary lesions were frequent. The onset of skew frequently coincided with acute brain stem damage, and while a wide variety of diseases produced skew deviation, stem strokes were present in more than two thirds of the patients. The hypothesis that skew results from damage to tonic otolith-ocular pathways is generally compatible with both the known anatomy of otolith pathways and the clinical presentation of skew. Otolith function testing in patients with skew, further anatomical definition of otolith-ocular pathways, and clinicopathological study of discrete lesions associated with skew should help resolve the causative role of the otolith organs in skew deviation.", "PMID": 1119961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6677", "title": "Convergence-evoked nystagmus. Congenital and acquired forms.", "content": "Pendular nystagmus occurring during binocualr fixation and pursuit of near objects is true convergence-evoked nystagmus. Two forms of this nystagmus are described, one congenital and the other acquired in the course of multiple sclerosis. The congenital form was conjugate and the acquired form disjunctive. Neuropathological examination provided no morphological explanation for the congenital pattern. These two unique forms of nystagmus are induced by one of the visuomotor subsystems controlling convergence.", "contents": "Convergence-evoked nystagmus. Congenital and acquired forms. Pendular nystagmus occurring during binocualr fixation and pursuit of near objects is true convergence-evoked nystagmus. Two forms of this nystagmus are described, one congenital and the other acquired in the course of multiple sclerosis. The congenital form was conjugate and the acquired form disjunctive. Neuropathological examination provided no morphological explanation for the congenital pattern. These two unique forms of nystagmus are induced by one of the visuomotor subsystems controlling convergence.", "PMID": 1119962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6678", "title": "Aphakic retinal detachment. Management of the fellow eye.", "content": "One hundred eighty-five patients with unilateral aphakic retinal detachment were studied to determine the frequency of retinal detachment in the fellow eyes undergoing cataract surgery. It was found to be four times higher than the frequency in those eyes that remained phakic (26% vs 7%). Despite the high incidence of detachment, 94% of the aphakic group had a final visual acuity of 20/60 or better in the second eye. At the time of surgery, the macula was still attached in only 17% of the 185 first eyes as compared to 57% of the 21 second eyes that developed an aphakic retinal detachment.", "contents": "Aphakic retinal detachment. Management of the fellow eye. One hundred eighty-five patients with unilateral aphakic retinal detachment were studied to determine the frequency of retinal detachment in the fellow eyes undergoing cataract surgery. It was found to be four times higher than the frequency in those eyes that remained phakic (26% vs 7%). Despite the high incidence of detachment, 94% of the aphakic group had a final visual acuity of 20/60 or better in the second eye. At the time of surgery, the macula was still attached in only 17% of the 185 first eyes as compared to 57% of the 21 second eyes that developed an aphakic retinal detachment.", "PMID": 1119965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6679", "title": "Occipital lobe arteriovenous malformations. Clinical and radiologic features in 26 cases with comments on differentiation from migraine.", "content": "The differentiation of migraine headache, preceded by visual aura, from cerebral arteriovenous malformation (AVM) is often regarded as difficult. A study of 26 patients with occipital lobe AVM revealed two distinct syndromes in 18 patients--occipital epilepsy and occipital apoplexy. Occipital epilepsy is characterized either by elementary visual phenomena, such as brief flashes of light, or by dimming of a homonymous field. Occipital apoplexy results from hemorrhage and hematoma formation within the occipital lobe and is characterized by sudden headache and homonymous visual field loss. We conclude that patients harboring occipital AVMs may, indeed, have visual phenomena and headache that should not be confused with migraine because either a history of generalized seizure or bruits on examination will probably be present.", "contents": "Occipital lobe arteriovenous malformations. Clinical and radiologic features in 26 cases with comments on differentiation from migraine. The differentiation of migraine headache, preceded by visual aura, from cerebral arteriovenous malformation (AVM) is often regarded as difficult. A study of 26 patients with occipital lobe AVM revealed two distinct syndromes in 18 patients--occipital epilepsy and occipital apoplexy. Occipital epilepsy is characterized either by elementary visual phenomena, such as brief flashes of light, or by dimming of a homonymous field. Occipital apoplexy results from hemorrhage and hematoma formation within the occipital lobe and is characterized by sudden headache and homonymous visual field loss. We conclude that patients harboring occipital AVMs may, indeed, have visual phenomena and headache that should not be confused with migraine because either a history of generalized seizure or bruits on examination will probably be present.", "PMID": 1119966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6680", "title": "Microwave lens effects in humans. II. Results of five-year survey.", "content": "Individuals selected on the basis of likelihood of occupational exposure to microwaves were subjected to a biomicroscopic examination of the lens. Control personnel were also examined along with them, the examiners having no knowledge of the exposure history of any examinee prior to or during the examination. Objective evidence of lens abnormality (opacities, vacuoles, or posterior subcapsular iridescence) was recorded and a comparison made between the two groups on the basis of that evidence. The comparison showed the two groups to be essentially the same and did not support the hypothesis that human lens damage is occurring in the military environment in this country. Instead, it tended to support the assumption that the existing safety level of 10 MW/sq cm is adequate.", "contents": "Microwave lens effects in humans. II. Results of five-year survey. Individuals selected on the basis of likelihood of occupational exposure to microwaves were subjected to a biomicroscopic examination of the lens. Control personnel were also examined along with them, the examiners having no knowledge of the exposure history of any examinee prior to or during the examination. Objective evidence of lens abnormality (opacities, vacuoles, or posterior subcapsular iridescence) was recorded and a comparison made between the two groups on the basis of that evidence. The comparison showed the two groups to be essentially the same and did not support the hypothesis that human lens damage is occurring in the military environment in this country. Instead, it tended to support the assumption that the existing safety level of 10 MW/sq cm is adequate.", "PMID": 1119967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6681", "title": "Ultrastructure of human organ-cultured cornea. II. Stroma and epithelium.", "content": "The stroma and epithelium of human corneas that had been stored in organ culture medium for 10 to 22 days at 37 C were examined by light and electron microscopy. Total corneal thickness was found to be doubled at ten days and there was no further increase even at 22 days. The posterior portion of the stroma was more hydrated than the anterior region. Stromal cells were reduced in number and normal-appearing cells were present only in superficial stroma. The epithelial basement membrane was irregular and thickened. Although the epithelium was reduced to three or four cells in thickness and the intercellular spaces were dilated, the epithelial cells contained normal subcellular organelles and appeared to be viable.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of human organ-cultured cornea. II. Stroma and epithelium. The stroma and epithelium of human corneas that had been stored in organ culture medium for 10 to 22 days at 37 C were examined by light and electron microscopy. Total corneal thickness was found to be doubled at ten days and there was no further increase even at 22 days. The posterior portion of the stroma was more hydrated than the anterior region. Stromal cells were reduced in number and normal-appearing cells were present only in superficial stroma. The epithelial basement membrane was irregular and thickened. Although the epithelium was reduced to three or four cells in thickness and the intercellular spaces were dilated, the epithelial cells contained normal subcellular organelles and appeared to be viable.", "PMID": 1119969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6682", "title": "Is the lacrimal gland dispensable? Keratoconjunctivitis sicca after lacrimal gland removal.", "content": "A persistent, unilateral keratoconjunctivitis sicca developed immediately after palpebral dacryoadenectomy in a healthy 43-year-old woman with normal eyes and tear function before the operation. The unoperated on fellow eye remained normal during a ten-year period. Eight similar cases are collected from the literature. On the basis of the presented cases, we believe that the main lacrimal gland is an indispensable element of the tear system, and the accessory lacrimal glands are unable normally to prevent tear insufficiency.", "contents": "Is the lacrimal gland dispensable? Keratoconjunctivitis sicca after lacrimal gland removal. A persistent, unilateral keratoconjunctivitis sicca developed immediately after palpebral dacryoadenectomy in a healthy 43-year-old woman with normal eyes and tear function before the operation. The unoperated on fellow eye remained normal during a ten-year period. Eight similar cases are collected from the literature. On the basis of the presented cases, we believe that the main lacrimal gland is an indispensable element of the tear system, and the accessory lacrimal glands are unable normally to prevent tear insufficiency.", "PMID": 1119971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6683", "title": "Relationship between morphologic features and hardness of the subchondral bone of the medial tibial condyle in the normal state and in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "In osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis the hardness of the subchondral bone of the medial tibial plateau is lower than in normals. In order to further analyse this study of the morphologic characteristics in bone from the mentioned region was carried out in 22 normals, 14 osteoarthritis and 12 rheumatoid arthritis. Specimens from these groups were subjected to a radiologic assay, a light microscopic investigation and an evaluation of the occurrence of intraosseous lipids. The normals showed a remarkable integrity of the subchondral trabecular network with advancing age only with slight osteoporosis and occasional sclerosis. In osteoarthritis there were osteoporosis, osteolysis, sclerosis and osteophytes all in good correlation to the grade of osteoarthritis present. In rheumatoid arthritis there were areas of rarefaction, fractures of the trabeculae, sclerosis and invasion of granulation tissue. The radiologic appearance corresponded well with the morphologic observation. No abnormal presence of lipids was encountered. This investigation supports the concept that the hardness of the subchondral bone of the medial tibial plateau much depends on the morphologic structure of the bone.", "contents": "Relationship between morphologic features and hardness of the subchondral bone of the medial tibial condyle in the normal state and in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. In osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis the hardness of the subchondral bone of the medial tibial plateau is lower than in normals. In order to further analyse this study of the morphologic characteristics in bone from the mentioned region was carried out in 22 normals, 14 osteoarthritis and 12 rheumatoid arthritis. Specimens from these groups were subjected to a radiologic assay, a light microscopic investigation and an evaluation of the occurrence of intraosseous lipids. The normals showed a remarkable integrity of the subchondral trabecular network with advancing age only with slight osteoporosis and occasional sclerosis. In osteoarthritis there were osteoporosis, osteolysis, sclerosis and osteophytes all in good correlation to the grade of osteoarthritis present. In rheumatoid arthritis there were areas of rarefaction, fractures of the trabeculae, sclerosis and invasion of granulation tissue. The radiologic appearance corresponded well with the morphologic observation. No abnormal presence of lipids was encountered. This investigation supports the concept that the hardness of the subchondral bone of the medial tibial plateau much depends on the morphologic structure of the bone.", "PMID": 1119975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6684", "title": "[Whiplash injuries of the cervical spine. A catamnestic study].", "content": "Whiplash injuries of the cervical spine are due to the rapid sequence of movements in opposite direction. They are mainly following rear-end collisions where the trunk is pushed rapidly forward. Very important forces act therefore on the different segments of the cervical spine and lead to lesions of the perispinal soft tissues, of the ligaments, of the disks and the bony structures. In 24 tables, the signs and symptoms in 104 personal cases observed for a period which lasted more than 4 years are described. Amongst the clinical signs there are cervical strain, cervico brachial pain, headaches, radicular signs as well as symptoms of concussion and cercial medullar lesion. Radiological findings are discrete; functional X-rays sometimes show local diminution of motility in a single segment. The treatments, amongst these immobilisation and local heat, are discussed. The unusually long duration of local disturbance is stressed. Signs of neurasthenia are part of the typical findings and do not at all mean a secondary neurotic development.", "contents": "[Whiplash injuries of the cervical spine. A catamnestic study]. Whiplash injuries of the cervical spine are due to the rapid sequence of movements in opposite direction. They are mainly following rear-end collisions where the trunk is pushed rapidly forward. Very important forces act therefore on the different segments of the cervical spine and lead to lesions of the perispinal soft tissues, of the ligaments, of the disks and the bony structures. In 24 tables, the signs and symptoms in 104 personal cases observed for a period which lasted more than 4 years are described. Amongst the clinical signs there are cervical strain, cervico brachial pain, headaches, radicular signs as well as symptoms of concussion and cercial medullar lesion. Radiological findings are discrete; functional X-rays sometimes show local diminution of motility in a single segment. The treatments, amongst these immobilisation and local heat, are discussed. The unusually long duration of local disturbance is stressed. Signs of neurasthenia are part of the typical findings and do not at all mean a secondary neurotic development.", "PMID": 1119976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6685", "title": "[Volume changes of bone cements].", "content": "The volume changes of hardening cements are measured with the buoyancy method. During hardening the polymerisation shrinkage runs through distinguished phases, totaling from setting in the bone to the final state 2 to 4 volume percents. Expansion and contraction because of temperature changes superimpose the measurements by a rate of 0, 21%/10 degrees C. - Factors influencing the volume changes are discussed.", "contents": "[Volume changes of bone cements]. The volume changes of hardening cements are measured with the buoyancy method. During hardening the polymerisation shrinkage runs through distinguished phases, totaling from setting in the bone to the final state 2 to 4 volume percents. Expansion and contraction because of temperature changes superimpose the measurements by a rate of 0, 21%/10 degrees C. - Factors influencing the volume changes are discussed.", "PMID": 1119977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6686", "title": "[Microstructural examinations of the behavior of human cortical bone after compression osteosynthesis].", "content": "20 samples of human cortical bone removed from the subtrochanteric region after introchanteric femoral osteotomies with subsequent fixation by a blade plate were examined for studies of the phenomenon of cancellous transformation. Previous experiments with animals can be confirmed. A dilatation of Haver's canals in the direction from endosteum peripherally becomes apparent. This quantitative loss of cortical density is associated with a loss of mineral density. Under polarisation and scanning microscopy a derangement of collagen fibrils usually arranged in an oriented fashion can be shown. The loss of mechanical properties is discussed in connection with the derangement of orientation of collagen fibrils.", "contents": "[Microstructural examinations of the behavior of human cortical bone after compression osteosynthesis]. 20 samples of human cortical bone removed from the subtrochanteric region after introchanteric femoral osteotomies with subsequent fixation by a blade plate were examined for studies of the phenomenon of cancellous transformation. Previous experiments with animals can be confirmed. A dilatation of Haver's canals in the direction from endosteum peripherally becomes apparent. This quantitative loss of cortical density is associated with a loss of mineral density. Under polarisation and scanning microscopy a derangement of collagen fibrils usually arranged in an oriented fashion can be shown. The loss of mechanical properties is discussed in connection with the derangement of orientation of collagen fibrils.", "PMID": 1119978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6687", "title": "[Internal compression arthrodesis of the ankle joint (with examination of stability for comparison].", "content": "A new technique of arthrodesis of the ankle joint by internal fixation with self-compression blade-plates is presented. The both possible techniques of inserting the plate lateraly or medialy are described. We prefer the lateral approach. After resection of the ankle joint we also resect the tibiofibular syndesmosis putting than in a transfixion screw. We than compare under biomechanical aspects the new techniques with Charnley's external fixation with compression clamps. The osteosynthesis with blade-plates gives a higher stability in which external splintage with plaster becomes unnecessary. Following our experiences consolidation occurs after 8 tp 12 weeks.", "contents": "[Internal compression arthrodesis of the ankle joint (with examination of stability for comparison]. A new technique of arthrodesis of the ankle joint by internal fixation with self-compression blade-plates is presented. The both possible techniques of inserting the plate lateraly or medialy are described. We prefer the lateral approach. After resection of the ankle joint we also resect the tibiofibular syndesmosis putting than in a transfixion screw. We than compare under biomechanical aspects the new techniques with Charnley's external fixation with compression clamps. The osteosynthesis with blade-plates gives a higher stability in which external splintage with plaster becomes unnecessary. Following our experiences consolidation occurs after 8 tp 12 weeks.", "PMID": 1119979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6688", "title": "[The cartilage-damage after fracture of the patella].", "content": "At least 16 cases of posttraumatic chondromalacia of the patella out of a total of 79 patients operated between 1968 and 1971 were diagnosed on the basis of a questionnaire and follow-up examination. The clinical findings and delineation of this complaint from femoro-patellar osteoarthritis are discussed. The diagnosis was confirmed by arthroscopy in 2 patients. The significance of cartilagenous damage due to direct contusion is pointed out. The mechanisms which result in a degradation of the cartilagenous layer in the weeks following the accident are mentioned. The therapeutic consequences for the treatment of fractures of the patella are as follows: One must aim at exact bony reduction. Macroscopically damaged parts of the cartilage should be removed. Indication to partial patellectomy should be on a broad basis. A long term treatment with salicylic acid or Chloroquin-both of which are said to prevent enzymatic degradation of cartilage-should be considered.", "contents": "[The cartilage-damage after fracture of the patella]. At least 16 cases of posttraumatic chondromalacia of the patella out of a total of 79 patients operated between 1968 and 1971 were diagnosed on the basis of a questionnaire and follow-up examination. The clinical findings and delineation of this complaint from femoro-patellar osteoarthritis are discussed. The diagnosis was confirmed by arthroscopy in 2 patients. The significance of cartilagenous damage due to direct contusion is pointed out. The mechanisms which result in a degradation of the cartilagenous layer in the weeks following the accident are mentioned. The therapeutic consequences for the treatment of fractures of the patella are as follows: One must aim at exact bony reduction. Macroscopically damaged parts of the cartilage should be removed. Indication to partial patellectomy should be on a broad basis. A long term treatment with salicylic acid or Chloroquin-both of which are said to prevent enzymatic degradation of cartilage-should be considered.", "PMID": 1119980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6689", "title": "[The surgical treatment of distal humeral fractures].", "content": "The treatment of this kind of fractures, especially involving the elbow-joint still is difficult and needs a thoroughly preoperative planning as well as an exact operative technique. Even in spite of optimal therapy failures are not avoidable in some cases, as our statistic shows.", "contents": "[The surgical treatment of distal humeral fractures]. The treatment of this kind of fractures, especially involving the elbow-joint still is difficult and needs a thoroughly preoperative planning as well as an exact operative technique. Even in spite of optimal therapy failures are not avoidable in some cases, as our statistic shows.", "PMID": 1119981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6690", "title": "Surgical treatment of orbital floor fractures.", "content": "Ninety patients with orbital floor fractures were treated by the Otolaryngology Service of the Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center. Of these 90 patients, 58 were classified as coexisting and 32 as isolated. All fractures with clinical symptoms and demonstrable x-ray evidence should be explored. Despite negative findings by routine techniques, laminography may confirm fractures in all clinically suspicious cases. In this series, 100% of the patients explored had definitive fractures. A direct infraorbital approach adequately exposes the floor of the orbit. An effective and cosmetic subtarsal incision was utilized. Implants were employed when the floor could not be anatomically reapproximated or the periorbita was destroyed.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of orbital floor fractures. Ninety patients with orbital floor fractures were treated by the Otolaryngology Service of the Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center. Of these 90 patients, 58 were classified as coexisting and 32 as isolated. All fractures with clinical symptoms and demonstrable x-ray evidence should be explored. Despite negative findings by routine techniques, laminography may confirm fractures in all clinically suspicious cases. In this series, 100% of the patients explored had definitive fractures. A direct infraorbital approach adequately exposes the floor of the orbit. An effective and cosmetic subtarsal incision was utilized. Implants were employed when the floor could not be anatomically reapproximated or the periorbita was destroyed.", "PMID": 1119982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6691", "title": "Temporal bone resection. Review of 100 cases.", "content": "One hundred cases of temporal bone resection for cancer of the ear were reviewed retrospectively, allowing for a survival five-year follow-up period in all cases. Operative technique previously described varied from case to case but essentially involved subtotal resection of the mastoid, petrous pyramid and squamosa of the temporal bone, temporomandibular joint, base of zygoma, and attached adjacent soft tissues. The procedure sacrifices the facial nerve and hearing in the involved ear. Preoperative radiation or a sandwich technique of preoperative and postoperative radiation was used. Many complications were encountered, but with hypotensive agents, high-speed air drills, and adequate coverage of the defect, the death rate was reduced from 10% in 1954 to 5% in recent years. The overall five-year cure rate was 27%, with a 25% cure rate for squamous carcinoma.", "contents": "Temporal bone resection. Review of 100 cases. One hundred cases of temporal bone resection for cancer of the ear were reviewed retrospectively, allowing for a survival five-year follow-up period in all cases. Operative technique previously described varied from case to case but essentially involved subtotal resection of the mastoid, petrous pyramid and squamosa of the temporal bone, temporomandibular joint, base of zygoma, and attached adjacent soft tissues. The procedure sacrifices the facial nerve and hearing in the involved ear. Preoperative radiation or a sandwich technique of preoperative and postoperative radiation was used. Many complications were encountered, but with hypotensive agents, high-speed air drills, and adequate coverage of the defect, the death rate was reduced from 10% in 1954 to 5% in recent years. The overall five-year cure rate was 27%, with a 25% cure rate for squamous carcinoma.", "PMID": 1119983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6692", "title": "Pain control in recurrent head and neck cancer. Retrolabyrinthine section of the fifth and ninth cranial nerves.", "content": "The present-day otolaryngologist who is amply trained in the area of head and neck cancer surgery has the additional otologic surgical skills that can be applied to the control of head and neck cancer pain, utilizing the retrolabyrinthine route to the preganglionic pain fibers. Patients who can benefit from this surgical procedure have pain in the distribution of the fifth, seventh, ninth, and tenth cranial nerves that requires administration of narcotics for control. The complications of meningitis, bleeding, facial paralysis, and hearing loss are possible and must be appropriately treated, if present.", "contents": "Pain control in recurrent head and neck cancer. Retrolabyrinthine section of the fifth and ninth cranial nerves. The present-day otolaryngologist who is amply trained in the area of head and neck cancer surgery has the additional otologic surgical skills that can be applied to the control of head and neck cancer pain, utilizing the retrolabyrinthine route to the preganglionic pain fibers. Patients who can benefit from this surgical procedure have pain in the distribution of the fifth, seventh, ninth, and tenth cranial nerves that requires administration of narcotics for control. The complications of meningitis, bleeding, facial paralysis, and hearing loss are possible and must be appropriately treated, if present.", "PMID": 1119984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6693", "title": "The short arm deletion syndrome of chromosome 4 (4p- syndrome).", "content": "Partial deletion of the short arm of chromosome 4 (4p-) represents another (rare) cause of cleft lip and cleft palate. Further characteristic manifestations of the syndrome (also called Wolf or Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome) are growth failure, microcephaly, prominent glabella, hypertelorism, beaked nose, poorly differentiated and low set ears, cardiac and renal malformation and hypospadias. Life expectancy is often shortened. The 4p- syndrome has many features in common with another deletion syndrome, the cri-du-chat syndrome, and also with the Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome. The latter is a hereditary condition with normal karyotype. The cri-du-chat syndrome is characterized by a peculiar high-pitched, mewing cry and can be differentiated from the Wolf syndrome by the different staining characteristics (banding) of chromosomes 4 and 5.", "contents": "The short arm deletion syndrome of chromosome 4 (4p- syndrome). Partial deletion of the short arm of chromosome 4 (4p-) represents another (rare) cause of cleft lip and cleft palate. Further characteristic manifestations of the syndrome (also called Wolf or Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome) are growth failure, microcephaly, prominent glabella, hypertelorism, beaked nose, poorly differentiated and low set ears, cardiac and renal malformation and hypospadias. Life expectancy is often shortened. The 4p- syndrome has many features in common with another deletion syndrome, the cri-du-chat syndrome, and also with the Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome. The latter is a hereditary condition with normal karyotype. The cri-du-chat syndrome is characterized by a peculiar high-pitched, mewing cry and can be differentiated from the Wolf syndrome by the different staining characteristics (banding) of chromosomes 4 and 5.", "PMID": 1119985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6694", "title": "Medial orbital wall fracture with rectus entrapment.", "content": "Two cases of medial orbital fracture with medial rectus muscle entrapment are reported, one a bona fide blowout fracture. Review of the literature reveals six previous cases. Clinically, patients complain of diplopia with lateral gaze and forced duction tests confirm medial rectus entrapment. Radiographic confirmation is best obtained with hypocycloidal tomography. Surgical therapy is indicated for diplopia or enophthalmus.", "contents": "Medial orbital wall fracture with rectus entrapment. Two cases of medial orbital fracture with medial rectus muscle entrapment are reported, one a bona fide blowout fracture. Review of the literature reveals six previous cases. Clinically, patients complain of diplopia with lateral gaze and forced duction tests confirm medial rectus entrapment. Radiographic confirmation is best obtained with hypocycloidal tomography. Surgical therapy is indicated for diplopia or enophthalmus.", "PMID": 1119986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6695", "title": "Misdiagnosis complicating acupuncture.", "content": "A 33-year-old man, profoundly deaf since the age of 5 from meningitis, received 25 acupuncture treatments at a center in western Massachusetts. Subsequent hearing evaluation at the Yale New Haven Medical Center again confirmed his profound deafness. He also was found to have cerumen (rock-hard and long standing) in both ear canals. Final removal of the cerumen one week later permitted inspection of a normal eardrum on the right and a debris-filled retraction pocket on the left. The diagnosis of cholesteatoma was confirmed at surgery. Representatives of the medical profession should accept responsibility for adequate examination and diagnosis before starting treatment.", "contents": "Misdiagnosis complicating acupuncture. A 33-year-old man, profoundly deaf since the age of 5 from meningitis, received 25 acupuncture treatments at a center in western Massachusetts. Subsequent hearing evaluation at the Yale New Haven Medical Center again confirmed his profound deafness. He also was found to have cerumen (rock-hard and long standing) in both ear canals. Final removal of the cerumen one week later permitted inspection of a normal eardrum on the right and a debris-filled retraction pocket on the left. The diagnosis of cholesteatoma was confirmed at surgery. Representatives of the medical profession should accept responsibility for adequate examination and diagnosis before starting treatment.", "PMID": 1119987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6696", "title": "Eversion of the laryngeal ventricle.", "content": "Eversion of the laryngeal ventricle is a rare lesion that presents with cough and/or voice changes. Laryngoscopy reveals a polypoid mass arising from the ventricle. Microscopically a polyp covered with ventricular mucosa and containing normal laryngeal mucous glands is seen. Chronic inflammation is usually present. Treatment in symptomatic cases consists of surgical removal endoscopically or by laryngofissure. The management of one patient is reported with a discussion of the cause, symptoms, and treatment of this condition.", "contents": "Eversion of the laryngeal ventricle. Eversion of the laryngeal ventricle is a rare lesion that presents with cough and/or voice changes. Laryngoscopy reveals a polypoid mass arising from the ventricle. Microscopically a polyp covered with ventricular mucosa and containing normal laryngeal mucous glands is seen. Chronic inflammation is usually present. Treatment in symptomatic cases consists of surgical removal endoscopically or by laryngofissure. The management of one patient is reported with a discussion of the cause, symptoms, and treatment of this condition.", "PMID": 1119988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6697", "title": "Cricoid arch replacement in dogs. Further studies.", "content": "Published reports by Delahunty et al and Alonso et al described the feasibility of correcting subglottic defects with cricoid arch transplantation. Using normal dogs, satisfactory results, including airway patency and vocal cord function, were reported. This report describes a second series of dogs in which subglottic stenosis was first induced by an open procedure and was subsequently repaired with an allotransplanted cricoid arch. The resulting subglottic defect in the donor dogs was repaired by autogenous hyoid arch transposition. No immunosuppressive measures or stents were used in either group. The animals were followed for periods up to one year prior to histologic study. Satisfactory results were obtained in both groups.", "contents": "Cricoid arch replacement in dogs. Further studies. Published reports by Delahunty et al and Alonso et al described the feasibility of correcting subglottic defects with cricoid arch transplantation. Using normal dogs, satisfactory results, including airway patency and vocal cord function, were reported. This report describes a second series of dogs in which subglottic stenosis was first induced by an open procedure and was subsequently repaired with an allotransplanted cricoid arch. The resulting subglottic defect in the donor dogs was repaired by autogenous hyoid arch transposition. No immunosuppressive measures or stents were used in either group. The animals were followed for periods up to one year prior to histologic study. Satisfactory results were obtained in both groups.", "PMID": 1119989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6698", "title": "Technique for closure of the floor of the mouth in monobloc resection.", "content": "Closure of the floor of the mouth after resection with or without partial mandibulectomy is often unsatisfactory. The wound may fail to heal per primum and transient orocutaneous fistulas are not uncommon. A technique of closure of the floor of the mouth, based on a series of 68 patients treated by monobloc or \"three-dimensional\" resection, uses the hyoglossal muscle as a new muscular sling to close the surgical defect. The overlying hypoglossal nerve is mobilized in a neuromuscular transplant that preserves tongue function and speech. Such a procedure facilitates the successful surgical management of stages I and II carcinomas of the floor of the mouth.", "contents": "Technique for closure of the floor of the mouth in monobloc resection. Closure of the floor of the mouth after resection with or without partial mandibulectomy is often unsatisfactory. The wound may fail to heal per primum and transient orocutaneous fistulas are not uncommon. A technique of closure of the floor of the mouth, based on a series of 68 patients treated by monobloc or \"three-dimensional\" resection, uses the hyoglossal muscle as a new muscular sling to close the surgical defect. The overlying hypoglossal nerve is mobilized in a neuromuscular transplant that preserves tongue function and speech. Such a procedure facilitates the successful surgical management of stages I and II carcinomas of the floor of the mouth.", "PMID": 1119990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6699", "title": "Diagnosis and management of tuberculous cervical adenitis.", "content": "In a series of 133 patients with a primary diagnosis of tuberculosis admitted to the Naval Regional Medical Center, San Diego, Calif, during a four-year period from July 1967 to July 1971, 29 (16.7%) had extrapulmonary lymphadenitis. The cervical region was involved in 20 (68.7%) of these cases. This report reviews the history of scrofula and deals with specific diagnostic tests which are helpful in separating tuberculous adenitis from other masses found commonly in the neck. Excisional biopsy and methods of handling these specimens are stressed. The higher incidence of tuberculous lymphadenitis in dark-skinned individuals, especially Orientals, when compared with a similar population group with pulmonary tuberculosis is noted and theories for this stated.", "contents": "Diagnosis and management of tuberculous cervical adenitis. In a series of 133 patients with a primary diagnosis of tuberculosis admitted to the Naval Regional Medical Center, San Diego, Calif, during a four-year period from July 1967 to July 1971, 29 (16.7%) had extrapulmonary lymphadenitis. The cervical region was involved in 20 (68.7%) of these cases. This report reviews the history of scrofula and deals with specific diagnostic tests which are helpful in separating tuberculous adenitis from other masses found commonly in the neck. Excisional biopsy and methods of handling these specimens are stressed. The higher incidence of tuberculous lymphadenitis in dark-skinned individuals, especially Orientals, when compared with a similar population group with pulmonary tuberculosis is noted and theories for this stated.", "PMID": 1119991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6700", "title": "Carotid body tumors.", "content": "The anatomy, physiology, embryology, and pathology of the carotid body are reviewed, stressing the capability of the normal and neoplastic structure to produce pressor amines. Nine new cases of carotid body tumors are reported including a patient with a malignant tumor with a facial nerve paralysis and regional node metastases. The clinical presentation and management emphasize the preoperative catecholamine determinations and angiographic studies.", "contents": "Carotid body tumors. The anatomy, physiology, embryology, and pathology of the carotid body are reviewed, stressing the capability of the normal and neoplastic structure to produce pressor amines. Nine new cases of carotid body tumors are reported including a patient with a malignant tumor with a facial nerve paralysis and regional node metastases. The clinical presentation and management emphasize the preoperative catecholamine determinations and angiographic studies.", "PMID": 1119992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6701", "title": "Auditory evoked frequency following responses in man.", "content": "A sound-evoked sinusoidal response was recorded from the temporal scalp area in six humans. This evoked signal is similar in its characteristics to (and may correspond with) the \"frequency-following response\" of Worden and Marsh recorded on the scalp in man by Moushegian and colleagues. The site of origin of the response recorded in these subjects is not known, but it is of interest that the aspect of the scalp, and that the influence of arousal state on response amplitude paralleled the described effects of changes in arousal state on the primary auditory cortical evoked response. This technique may allow for the direct measurement of auditory thresholds across the frequency domain. This is possible because measured responses can be obtained at sound levels of the order of 15 to 20 dB across the frequency range from 300 to 2,500 Hz.", "contents": "Auditory evoked frequency following responses in man. A sound-evoked sinusoidal response was recorded from the temporal scalp area in six humans. This evoked signal is similar in its characteristics to (and may correspond with) the \"frequency-following response\" of Worden and Marsh recorded on the scalp in man by Moushegian and colleagues. The site of origin of the response recorded in these subjects is not known, but it is of interest that the aspect of the scalp, and that the influence of arousal state on response amplitude paralleled the described effects of changes in arousal state on the primary auditory cortical evoked response. This technique may allow for the direct measurement of auditory thresholds across the frequency domain. This is possible because measured responses can be obtained at sound levels of the order of 15 to 20 dB across the frequency range from 300 to 2,500 Hz.", "PMID": 1119993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6702", "title": "Spindle cell carcinoma (pseudosarcoma) of the larynx.", "content": "\"Pseudosarcoma\", initially considered a benign response of connective tissue to an adjacent squamous carcinoma, is now regarded as a spindle cell variant of epidermoid carcinoma. Nine cases of spindle cell carcinoma of the larynx are presented. Characteristically, the lesion appears as a large, gray, polypoid tumor. In contrast to other reports, a correlation between gross morphology and prognosis could not be made. The prognosis is more closely related to the size and location of the tumor. Biopsy specimens of the tumors in seven of the nine cases showed only the spindle cell pattern. This may be confused with granulation tissue. Spindle cell carcinoma was metastatic to the neck and lungs in three patients. Our average follow-up time was 3.8 years with two of the nine patients dying of recurrent disease. Most of our patients were successfully treated with conservation surgery.", "contents": "Spindle cell carcinoma (pseudosarcoma) of the larynx. \"Pseudosarcoma\", initially considered a benign response of connective tissue to an adjacent squamous carcinoma, is now regarded as a spindle cell variant of epidermoid carcinoma. Nine cases of spindle cell carcinoma of the larynx are presented. Characteristically, the lesion appears as a large, gray, polypoid tumor. In contrast to other reports, a correlation between gross morphology and prognosis could not be made. The prognosis is more closely related to the size and location of the tumor. Biopsy specimens of the tumors in seven of the nine cases showed only the spindle cell pattern. This may be confused with granulation tissue. Spindle cell carcinoma was metastatic to the neck and lungs in three patients. Our average follow-up time was 3.8 years with two of the nine patients dying of recurrent disease. Most of our patients were successfully treated with conservation surgery.", "PMID": 1119994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6703", "title": "Management of traumatic tracheoesophageal fistula.", "content": "Traumatic injury to the trachea most commonly results in separation of the trachea from the cricoid cartillage. In severe cases, this injury is complicated by an esophageal injury that is seriously complicated by a tracheoesophageal fistula. The repair of such a fistula is a prime priority. Surgical repair of the tracheal injury must be associated with esophageal repair and this is best accomplished by the interposition of the sternothyroid muscles between the trachea and the esophagus to strengthen the esophageal repair. The use of a laryngeal drop will also be of value in relieving the tension on the esophageal suture.", "contents": "Management of traumatic tracheoesophageal fistula. Traumatic injury to the trachea most commonly results in separation of the trachea from the cricoid cartillage. In severe cases, this injury is complicated by an esophageal injury that is seriously complicated by a tracheoesophageal fistula. The repair of such a fistula is a prime priority. Surgical repair of the tracheal injury must be associated with esophageal repair and this is best accomplished by the interposition of the sternothyroid muscles between the trachea and the esophagus to strengthen the esophageal repair. The use of a laryngeal drop will also be of value in relieving the tension on the esophageal suture.", "PMID": 1119995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6704", "title": "Treatment of the fractured larynx. Use of a new grafting technique.", "content": "Laryngeal fractures are best handled early by the meticulous apposition of mucous membrane and reconstitution of the laryngeal skeleton. Postoperative dilatations may deal successfully with any stenosis that occurs. However, the loss of critical supporting structures such as the cricoid ring or large amounts of mucosa may result in stenosis that requires the addition of structural elements from elsewhere in the body. This is a five-year follow-up on such a patient in whom ultimate reconstruction was accomplished by the use of mucous membrane from the maxillary sinus as a lining for the reconstructed larynx while costal cartilage provided additional supportive structural material for the compromised cricoid and thyroid cartilages.", "contents": "Treatment of the fractured larynx. Use of a new grafting technique. Laryngeal fractures are best handled early by the meticulous apposition of mucous membrane and reconstitution of the laryngeal skeleton. Postoperative dilatations may deal successfully with any stenosis that occurs. However, the loss of critical supporting structures such as the cricoid ring or large amounts of mucosa may result in stenosis that requires the addition of structural elements from elsewhere in the body. This is a five-year follow-up on such a patient in whom ultimate reconstruction was accomplished by the use of mucous membrane from the maxillary sinus as a lining for the reconstructed larynx while costal cartilage provided additional supportive structural material for the compromised cricoid and thyroid cartilages.", "PMID": 1119998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6705", "title": "Tongue flap reconstruction in cancer of the oral cavity.", "content": "The mobility, size, and composition of the tongue make it ideal for oral cavity reconstruction following resection for carcinoma. The tongue flap provides a ready means of primary closure without increased morbidity, especially in patients who have had extensive therapeutic or preoperative irradiation treatment. The position of the tongue adjacent to the surgical defect and its excellent blood supply allow its nondelayed utilization. In most cases, use of the tongue flap precludes the necessity for multiple-staged reconstruction with regional pedicle flaps, with an improvement in functional results in terms of immediate healing, swallowing, and articulation over previous methods of reconstruction.", "contents": "Tongue flap reconstruction in cancer of the oral cavity. The mobility, size, and composition of the tongue make it ideal for oral cavity reconstruction following resection for carcinoma. The tongue flap provides a ready means of primary closure without increased morbidity, especially in patients who have had extensive therapeutic or preoperative irradiation treatment. The position of the tongue adjacent to the surgical defect and its excellent blood supply allow its nondelayed utilization. In most cases, use of the tongue flap precludes the necessity for multiple-staged reconstruction with regional pedicle flaps, with an improvement in functional results in terms of immediate healing, swallowing, and articulation over previous methods of reconstruction.", "PMID": 1119999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6706", "title": "Reconstructive procedures for congenital aural atresia.", "content": "The three surgical methods currently in use to improve hearing for patients with congenital aural atresia are fenestration of the lateral semicircular canal, canal plasty, and type III tympanoplasty. Because the surgery is difficult and the functional rewards are modest, it should ordinarily be reserved for patients with bilateral atresia. Of the 12 ears operated by the technique of type III tympanoplasty, the average gain in hearing was 22 dB, with seven attaining a 30 dB or better air-conduction threshold. When aural rehabilitative and cosmetic surgery are contemplated, coordinated planning by the surgeons is necessary to acquire the best end result.", "contents": "Reconstructive procedures for congenital aural atresia. The three surgical methods currently in use to improve hearing for patients with congenital aural atresia are fenestration of the lateral semicircular canal, canal plasty, and type III tympanoplasty. Because the surgery is difficult and the functional rewards are modest, it should ordinarily be reserved for patients with bilateral atresia. Of the 12 ears operated by the technique of type III tympanoplasty, the average gain in hearing was 22 dB, with seven attaining a 30 dB or better air-conduction threshold. When aural rehabilitative and cosmetic surgery are contemplated, coordinated planning by the surgeons is necessary to acquire the best end result.", "PMID": 1120000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6707", "title": "Voice rehabilitation after laryngectomy. Results with the use of a hypopharyngeal prosthesis.", "content": "The Northwestern voice prosthesis for laryngectomees is described. The prosthesis contains no vibrator but activates vibration of the patient's pharyngeal or upper esophageal tissue by transporting air from the tracheostoma to a fistula in the upper neck, well away from major blood vessels. The prosthesis fits directly onto the laryngectomy tube and allows the patient to breathe, speak, and cough without any manual adjustments. The important advantage of this prosthesis is the fistula location. It can be placed at the time of original surgery and is also workable in patients who have had radiation and extensive radical surgery with total reconstruction of their gullet. The prosthesis can be used by primary total laryngectomees while learning esophageal speech or installed in those who are unable to use the electronic larynx or to learn esophageal speech. Four case studies are presented.", "contents": "Voice rehabilitation after laryngectomy. Results with the use of a hypopharyngeal prosthesis. The Northwestern voice prosthesis for laryngectomees is described. The prosthesis contains no vibrator but activates vibration of the patient's pharyngeal or upper esophageal tissue by transporting air from the tracheostoma to a fistula in the upper neck, well away from major blood vessels. The prosthesis fits directly onto the laryngectomy tube and allows the patient to breathe, speak, and cough without any manual adjustments. The important advantage of this prosthesis is the fistula location. It can be placed at the time of original surgery and is also workable in patients who have had radiation and extensive radical surgery with total reconstruction of their gullet. The prosthesis can be used by primary total laryngectomees while learning esophageal speech or installed in those who are unable to use the electronic larynx or to learn esophageal speech. Four case studies are presented.", "PMID": 1120001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6708", "title": "Protection against malpractice litigation.", "content": "Malpractice insurance costs are based on loss experience and defenses of expenses. Physicians in the high-risk category are in that position because, as a group, they have a high frequency of claims, a high average cost, or both. True, \"defensive medicine\" is the best way to minimize the risks. This does not mean ordering unnecessary tests or refusal of essential treatment. Rather, it is the habit of exercising extra care and foresight to avoid medical hazards and to apply prompt remedial measures when they occur. It means being aware of the patient's personality and needs. It means taking time to talk to the patient about proposed procedures and their risks. This kind of \"defensive medicine\" offers the best hope for reducing the frequency and cost of claims that result in the present critical malpractice problems.", "contents": "Protection against malpractice litigation. Malpractice insurance costs are based on loss experience and defenses of expenses. Physicians in the high-risk category are in that position because, as a group, they have a high frequency of claims, a high average cost, or both. True, \"defensive medicine\" is the best way to minimize the risks. This does not mean ordering unnecessary tests or refusal of essential treatment. Rather, it is the habit of exercising extra care and foresight to avoid medical hazards and to apply prompt remedial measures when they occur. It means being aware of the patient's personality and needs. It means taking time to talk to the patient about proposed procedures and their risks. This kind of \"defensive medicine\" offers the best hope for reducing the frequency and cost of claims that result in the present critical malpractice problems.", "PMID": 1120002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6709", "title": "Distribution of labeled chloroquine in the inner ear.", "content": "Autoradiography of the inner ear was performed at varying intervals following intravenous injection of either chloroquine tagged with carbon 14 (14C), or an iodine 125 (125l)-labeled analogue of chloroquine, in rats. In pigmented rats a strong accumulation and retention was noted in the melanin-bearing tissues. In the inner ear there was a very high concentration in the melanin-containing tissues, eg, the stria vascularis and the planum semilunatum. A strong retention was found in these structures 13 days after injection. Accumulation was not observed in the endolymph nor in the perilymph. No accumulation was found in the inner ear of an albino rat. The ototoxic effects of chloroquine may be caused by an accumulation of the drug in the melanin-containing structures in the inner ear, leading to pathological changes in these tissues and secondary lesions in the receptor cells.", "contents": "Distribution of labeled chloroquine in the inner ear. Autoradiography of the inner ear was performed at varying intervals following intravenous injection of either chloroquine tagged with carbon 14 (14C), or an iodine 125 (125l)-labeled analogue of chloroquine, in rats. In pigmented rats a strong accumulation and retention was noted in the melanin-bearing tissues. In the inner ear there was a very high concentration in the melanin-containing tissues, eg, the stria vascularis and the planum semilunatum. A strong retention was found in these structures 13 days after injection. Accumulation was not observed in the endolymph nor in the perilymph. No accumulation was found in the inner ear of an albino rat. The ototoxic effects of chloroquine may be caused by an accumulation of the drug in the melanin-containing structures in the inner ear, leading to pathological changes in these tissues and secondary lesions in the receptor cells.", "PMID": 1120003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6710", "title": "Stroboscopic microsurgery of the larynx.", "content": "An attempt was made to develop a new method of microsurgery of the larynx. A newly designed laryngostroboscope suitable for our purpose was employed in our new method. The vibratory pattern was stroboscopically examined through the operating microscope throughout the operative procedure while the patients who were able to phonate due to neuroleptanalgesia were asked to do so. Thus, the determination of the completion time of the operation was obtained mainly by the observation of stroboscopic vibratory patterns of the vocal cords. Since the beginning of 1972, this stroboscopic microsurgery of the larynx has been satisfactorily employed in more than 200 cases of various kinds of laryngeal lesions. As a result, a remarkable improvement of the postoperative voice was observed by phonatory examinations as well as by audible estimation.", "contents": "Stroboscopic microsurgery of the larynx. An attempt was made to develop a new method of microsurgery of the larynx. A newly designed laryngostroboscope suitable for our purpose was employed in our new method. The vibratory pattern was stroboscopically examined through the operating microscope throughout the operative procedure while the patients who were able to phonate due to neuroleptanalgesia were asked to do so. Thus, the determination of the completion time of the operation was obtained mainly by the observation of stroboscopic vibratory patterns of the vocal cords. Since the beginning of 1972, this stroboscopic microsurgery of the larynx has been satisfactorily employed in more than 200 cases of various kinds of laryngeal lesions. As a result, a remarkable improvement of the postoperative voice was observed by phonatory examinations as well as by audible estimation.", "PMID": 1120004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6711", "title": "Chin reduction in profileplasty.", "content": "An intraoral method of reduction mentoplasty by subapical horizontal osteotomy of the mandibular symphysis is used in the profileplasty of patients with a protuberant chin who have a normal or functionally satisfactory occlusion. Dental and cephalometric evaluation are necessary to determine if resection of the mandible or orthodontic surgery is necessary for correction of the facial deformity. Because of the tendency toward postoperative osteoneogenesis and fibrosis, overcompensation in the amount of bone removed is important in gaining the maximum aesthetic improvement.", "contents": "Chin reduction in profileplasty. An intraoral method of reduction mentoplasty by subapical horizontal osteotomy of the mandibular symphysis is used in the profileplasty of patients with a protuberant chin who have a normal or functionally satisfactory occlusion. Dental and cephalometric evaluation are necessary to determine if resection of the mandible or orthodontic surgery is necessary for correction of the facial deformity. Because of the tendency toward postoperative osteoneogenesis and fibrosis, overcompensation in the amount of bone removed is important in gaining the maximum aesthetic improvement.", "PMID": 1120007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6712", "title": "Staged surgery in ears with excessive disease of tympanum.", "content": "Results regarding tympanic healing and hearing improvement are reported in a series of 84 one-stage operations on the middle ear, using thin silicone elastomer sheeting, and of 76 two-stage operations using temporary filling of the middle ear with paraffin wax, and of ten with silicone elastomer sponge. All epithelium was removed from the tympanic cleft at the primary operation. Staging of the operation gave better hearing results and resulted in fewer adhesive middle ears. Middle ear mucosal biopsies from ears with mucus production around the paraffin showed an increased number of glands and secreting epithelial cells, much as in glue ears. Residual or recurrent cholesteatoma appeared in only 2.4%, which is attributed to resection of the posterior canal wall in cases of cholesteatoma, as contrasted with the intact canal wall technique.", "contents": "Staged surgery in ears with excessive disease of tympanum. Results regarding tympanic healing and hearing improvement are reported in a series of 84 one-stage operations on the middle ear, using thin silicone elastomer sheeting, and of 76 two-stage operations using temporary filling of the middle ear with paraffin wax, and of ten with silicone elastomer sponge. All epithelium was removed from the tympanic cleft at the primary operation. Staging of the operation gave better hearing results and resulted in fewer adhesive middle ears. Middle ear mucosal biopsies from ears with mucus production around the paraffin showed an increased number of glands and secreting epithelial cells, much as in glue ears. Residual or recurrent cholesteatoma appeared in only 2.4%, which is attributed to resection of the posterior canal wall in cases of cholesteatoma, as contrasted with the intact canal wall technique.", "PMID": 1120008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6713", "title": "Stenting in experimental laryngeal injuries.", "content": "This experimental pilot project studies acute laryngeal injuries in 20 dogs and compares the use of three types of stenting materials with using no stent at all following the production of a \"controlled airway deforming injury.\" Each injury was repaired meticulously using stainless steel wire to immobilize the cartilage separations, and fine catgut to close the mucosal lacerations. Animals were killed after observation for periods of two to six weeks postoperatively. Marked infection, ulceration, and granulation tissue formation were observed in most of the stented animals, with the nonstented animals showing the most complete and uncomplicated healing. In this experimental model, acute laryngeal \"fractures\" were adequately stabilized by suturing and a stable cartilaginous framework supported the healing intralaryngeal soft tissues. Avoidance of stenting in this animal series appears to decrease infection, ulceration, and granulation tissue formation resulting in improved healing.", "contents": "Stenting in experimental laryngeal injuries. This experimental pilot project studies acute laryngeal injuries in 20 dogs and compares the use of three types of stenting materials with using no stent at all following the production of a \"controlled airway deforming injury.\" Each injury was repaired meticulously using stainless steel wire to immobilize the cartilage separations, and fine catgut to close the mucosal lacerations. Animals were killed after observation for periods of two to six weeks postoperatively. Marked infection, ulceration, and granulation tissue formation were observed in most of the stented animals, with the nonstented animals showing the most complete and uncomplicated healing. In this experimental model, acute laryngeal \"fractures\" were adequately stabilized by suturing and a stable cartilaginous framework supported the healing intralaryngeal soft tissues. Avoidance of stenting in this animal series appears to decrease infection, ulceration, and granulation tissue formation resulting in improved healing.", "PMID": 1120009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6714", "title": "Animal model acoustic neuroma.", "content": "As part of an effort to develop a longterm animal model simulating the effects of acoustic neuromas, a series of shortterm electrophysiological experiments were performed in the cat. The eighth nerve, as it exits the internal auditory meatus, was exposed and a silicone baloon catheter secured over the nerve. Pure tones and clicks were introduced ipsilaterally and primary evoked potentials were recorded from the contralateral auditory cortex. Alterations in the evoked potentials were examined as the baloons were inflated and deflated. Several reproducible phenomena were recorded: (1) contact between the silicone balloons and eight nerves resulted in substantial reductions in the evoked potential; (2) there was a further reduction in the evoked potential with inflation of the indwelling balloons; and (3) there was a prolongation of the latency period between auditory stimulation and the onset of the evoked potential with balloon inflation. All of these phenomena were reversed when either the contact was broken or balloons deflated.", "contents": "Animal model acoustic neuroma. As part of an effort to develop a longterm animal model simulating the effects of acoustic neuromas, a series of shortterm electrophysiological experiments were performed in the cat. The eighth nerve, as it exits the internal auditory meatus, was exposed and a silicone baloon catheter secured over the nerve. Pure tones and clicks were introduced ipsilaterally and primary evoked potentials were recorded from the contralateral auditory cortex. Alterations in the evoked potentials were examined as the baloons were inflated and deflated. Several reproducible phenomena were recorded: (1) contact between the silicone balloons and eight nerves resulted in substantial reductions in the evoked potential; (2) there was a further reduction in the evoked potential with inflation of the indwelling balloons; and (3) there was a prolongation of the latency period between auditory stimulation and the onset of the evoked potential with balloon inflation. All of these phenomena were reversed when either the contact was broken or balloons deflated.", "PMID": 1120010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6715", "title": "Maximum compliance and the symptom of fullness in Meniere disease.", "content": "The symptom of fullness in Meniere disease was investigated in relation to measurements of maximum compliance (Cm) at the eardrum. The symptom of fullness is considered to be related to an increase in inner ear fluid pressure in Meniere disease. The Cms between ears were measured and compared for 36 patients with Meniere disease and the symptom of fullness in only one ear (full ear). A comparison of the Cm between the full ear and nonfull ear showed that the Cm was reduced for 32 of the patients. The data were interpreted as indicating that the Cm can be affected by pathological mechanical changes in the inner ear.", "contents": "Maximum compliance and the symptom of fullness in Meniere disease. The symptom of fullness in Meniere disease was investigated in relation to measurements of maximum compliance (Cm) at the eardrum. The symptom of fullness is considered to be related to an increase in inner ear fluid pressure in Meniere disease. The Cms between ears were measured and compared for 36 patients with Meniere disease and the symptom of fullness in only one ear (full ear). A comparison of the Cm between the full ear and nonfull ear showed that the Cm was reduced for 32 of the patients. The data were interpreted as indicating that the Cm can be affected by pathological mechanical changes in the inner ear.", "PMID": 1120011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6716", "title": "Heterograft Myringoplasty.", "content": "Heterograft myringoplasty on dogs was performed. Serosa of the cecum of the calf was used in eight middle ears and cadaver tympanic membrane of the calf with the malleus attached in four. All canine eardrums were healed 10 to 12 weeks postoperatively. The heterografts were then unidentifiable. In only two middle ears did a mild inflammatory reaction occur with serosa grafts, but in three of the four middle ears with cadaver eardrum grafts, severe inflammation and scarring appeared. The attached denatured calf malleus was being remodeled into a canine ossicle by new bone deposits. The results with calf serosa graft indicate that tolerance and survival might be expected using it in the human ear. However, the experiences with the calf cadaver tympanic membrane suggest a need for great caution in expanding the present information to surgical use in the human.", "contents": "Heterograft Myringoplasty. Heterograft myringoplasty on dogs was performed. Serosa of the cecum of the calf was used in eight middle ears and cadaver tympanic membrane of the calf with the malleus attached in four. All canine eardrums were healed 10 to 12 weeks postoperatively. The heterografts were then unidentifiable. In only two middle ears did a mild inflammatory reaction occur with serosa grafts, but in three of the four middle ears with cadaver eardrum grafts, severe inflammation and scarring appeared. The attached denatured calf malleus was being remodeled into a canine ossicle by new bone deposits. The results with calf serosa graft indicate that tolerance and survival might be expected using it in the human ear. However, the experiences with the calf cadaver tympanic membrane suggest a need for great caution in expanding the present information to surgical use in the human.", "PMID": 1120012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6717", "title": "Radiologic diagnosis of chondroma and chondrosarcoma of the larynx.", "content": "The radiographic findings in chondroma and chondrosarcoma of the larynx basically comprise a discreet soft tissue mass on plain lateral and anteroposterior film, a smooth mucosal outline to the lesion, calcification, with either peripheral or central stippling and ossification. Secondary signs are also noted. Definition of these criteria are illustrated in order to apply these findings to the radiographic diagnosis of chondroma and chondrosarcoma of the larynx.", "contents": "Radiologic diagnosis of chondroma and chondrosarcoma of the larynx. The radiographic findings in chondroma and chondrosarcoma of the larynx basically comprise a discreet soft tissue mass on plain lateral and anteroposterior film, a smooth mucosal outline to the lesion, calcification, with either peripheral or central stippling and ossification. Secondary signs are also noted. Definition of these criteria are illustrated in order to apply these findings to the radiographic diagnosis of chondroma and chondrosarcoma of the larynx.", "PMID": 1120013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6718", "title": "Rerouting the external auditory canal. A method of correcting congenital stenosis.", "content": "An hourglass or funnel-shaped, stenosed, external auditory meatus with a normal tympanic membrane, middle and inner ear is one of the congenital anomalies that occasionally occurs. Such abnormality was present in both ears of a woman and caused chromic otitis externa and deafness. A routine meatoplasty on the right ear failed because of an unusual cephalad position of the drumhead in relation to a \"downhill\" position of the stenosed outer meatus. Rerouting the ear canal to a horizontal position by removing bone of the canal superiorly, posteriorly, and inferiorly, and grafting the now horizontal canal with skin taken from the postauricular fold produced a good result. This is a satisfactory procedure for a woman, but would be cosmetically unacceptable for a man.", "contents": "Rerouting the external auditory canal. A method of correcting congenital stenosis. An hourglass or funnel-shaped, stenosed, external auditory meatus with a normal tympanic membrane, middle and inner ear is one of the congenital anomalies that occasionally occurs. Such abnormality was present in both ears of a woman and caused chromic otitis externa and deafness. A routine meatoplasty on the right ear failed because of an unusual cephalad position of the drumhead in relation to a \"downhill\" position of the stenosed outer meatus. Rerouting the ear canal to a horizontal position by removing bone of the canal superiorly, posteriorly, and inferiorly, and grafting the now horizontal canal with skin taken from the postauricular fold produced a good result. This is a satisfactory procedure for a woman, but would be cosmetically unacceptable for a man.", "PMID": 1120014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6719", "title": "Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (Osler-Weber-Rendu disease). An electron microscopic study of the vascular lesions before and after therapy with hormones.", "content": "Eight patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia and severe epistaxis were treated with norethynodrel with mestranol (Enovid). Biopsy specimens of typical lesions from two patients were taken for electron microscopy before and after several months of therapy. Characteristic endothelial cell damage and nectosis were noted in the dilated venules of patients before treatment but not after. Unlined channels of blood were found in connective tissue before treatment but not after. These are thought to arise from leaks in the affected venules, and it is suggested that later indothelial ingrowth gives rise to the propagation of lesions that are known to develop with age. Reduplicated basal laminae and regenerating endothelial cells were found both before and after treatment.", "contents": "Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (Osler-Weber-Rendu disease). An electron microscopic study of the vascular lesions before and after therapy with hormones. Eight patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia and severe epistaxis were treated with norethynodrel with mestranol (Enovid). Biopsy specimens of typical lesions from two patients were taken for electron microscopy before and after several months of therapy. Characteristic endothelial cell damage and nectosis were noted in the dilated venules of patients before treatment but not after. Unlined channels of blood were found in connective tissue before treatment but not after. These are thought to arise from leaks in the affected venules, and it is suggested that later indothelial ingrowth gives rise to the propagation of lesions that are known to develop with age. Reduplicated basal laminae and regenerating endothelial cells were found both before and after treatment.", "PMID": 1120015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6720", "title": "Fish bone fistulae.", "content": "This is a communication of a fish bone in the cervical esophagus of an adult causing a common carotid false aneurysm with fistula to the esophagus (not reported previously).", "contents": "Fish bone fistulae. This is a communication of a fish bone in the cervical esophagus of an adult causing a common carotid false aneurysm with fistula to the esophagus (not reported previously).", "PMID": 1120016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6721", "title": "Gnathostomiasis. A case of otological interest.", "content": "A young Thai man was afflicted with neurognathostomiasis. The symptomatology was distinct from that of eosinophillic myeloencephalitis. In view of its neurootological flavor, it is proposed that this newly described symptomatology of neurognathostomiasis should be referred to as the neurootological gnathostomiatic syndrome(NOGS).", "contents": "Gnathostomiasis. A case of otological interest. A young Thai man was afflicted with neurognathostomiasis. The symptomatology was distinct from that of eosinophillic myeloencephalitis. In view of its neurootological flavor, it is proposed that this newly described symptomatology of neurognathostomiasis should be referred to as the neurootological gnathostomiatic syndrome(NOGS).", "PMID": 1120017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6722", "title": "Fatal bronchopulmonary hemorrhage due to unrecognized amyloidosis.", "content": "Amyloidosis of the larynx and tracheobronchial tree is usually described as a nonbleeding lesion. However, severe hemorrhage, often fatal, is reported in other organs involved by this disease. A fatal bronchopulmonary hemorrhage was found in a 23-year-old woman unsuspected of having amyloidosis. The possible causes of hemorrhage in this disease are a vessel wall involvement or disturbances of the blood clotting mechanism.", "contents": "Fatal bronchopulmonary hemorrhage due to unrecognized amyloidosis. Amyloidosis of the larynx and tracheobronchial tree is usually described as a nonbleeding lesion. However, severe hemorrhage, often fatal, is reported in other organs involved by this disease. A fatal bronchopulmonary hemorrhage was found in a 23-year-old woman unsuspected of having amyloidosis. The possible causes of hemorrhage in this disease are a vessel wall involvement or disturbances of the blood clotting mechanism.", "PMID": 1120018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6723", "title": "Polytef granuloma clinically simulating carcinoma of the thyroid.", "content": "A case of a foreign body granuloma to polytef (Teflon) appeared as a mass on the left side of the neck and clinically simulated carcinoma of the thyroid. Autopsy results demonstrated that the intracordal polytef extended through the cricothyroid membrane via a fistulous tract forming a suprathyroid nodule.", "contents": "Polytef granuloma clinically simulating carcinoma of the thyroid. A case of a foreign body granuloma to polytef (Teflon) appeared as a mass on the left side of the neck and clinically simulated carcinoma of the thyroid. Autopsy results demonstrated that the intracordal polytef extended through the cricothyroid membrane via a fistulous tract forming a suprathyroid nodule.", "PMID": 1120019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6724", "title": "Ischemic carotid endothelium.  Scanning electron microscopical studies.", "content": "The normal luminal surface and the effect of ischemia on the endothelium of the common carotid arteries of rhesus monkeys were examined by scanning electron microscopy.  Clamps were placed proximally and distally on the right common carotid arteries, totally occluding the vessels for periods ranging from five minutes to four hours.  The clamps were then removed and fixation carried out by intravascular perfusion.  The contralateral sham-operated carotids, as well as those from unoperated animals were used as control specimens.  The most obvious effect of ischemia was the appearance of conical, crater-like defects in the cytoplasm of endothelial cells.  Such \"craters\" were observed following as little as 15 minutes of ischemia, were much less frequent in sham-operated vessels, and were not seen in the unoperated control specimens.", "contents": "Ischemic carotid endothelium.  Scanning electron microscopical studies. The normal luminal surface and the effect of ischemia on the endothelium of the common carotid arteries of rhesus monkeys were examined by scanning electron microscopy.  Clamps were placed proximally and distally on the right common carotid arteries, totally occluding the vessels for periods ranging from five minutes to four hours.  The clamps were then removed and fixation carried out by intravascular perfusion.  The contralateral sham-operated carotids, as well as those from unoperated animals were used as control specimens.  The most obvious effect of ischemia was the appearance of conical, crater-like defects in the cytoplasm of endothelial cells.  Such \"craters\" were observed following as little as 15 minutes of ischemia, were much less frequent in sham-operated vessels, and were not seen in the unoperated control specimens.", "PMID": 1120022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6725", "title": "A key to identify heart valve prostheses.", "content": "A system for the identification of heart valve prostheses has been developed.  A series of observations is made on the structure of a prosthesis.  Following each the most appropriate choice of two or three alternative findings is made.  One is then directed to the next observation until a genus of prostheses is found with structural characteristics like the unknown one.  Positive identification is aided by a brief description of each prosthesis in the genus.", "contents": "A key to identify heart valve prostheses. A system for the identification of heart valve prostheses has been developed.  A series of observations is made on the structure of a prosthesis.  Following each the most appropriate choice of two or three alternative findings is made.  One is then directed to the next observation until a genus of prostheses is found with structural characteristics like the unknown one.  Positive identification is aided by a brief description of each prosthesis in the genus.", "PMID": 1120023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6726", "title": "Primary sarcoma of the aorta.", "content": "A 70-year-old man had an obstruction of the aortic bifurcation by a primary aortic sarcoma.  The tumor was not fibrosarcomatous, as are the majority of primary aortic tumors.  To our knowledge, this is the third occurrence of this type of primary aortic malignant neoplasm to be reported in the literature.  A possible endotheliomatous origin is suggested.", "contents": "Primary sarcoma of the aorta. A 70-year-old man had an obstruction of the aortic bifurcation by a primary aortic sarcoma.  The tumor was not fibrosarcomatous, as are the majority of primary aortic tumors.  To our knowledge, this is the third occurrence of this type of primary aortic malignant neoplasm to be reported in the literature.  A possible endotheliomatous origin is suggested.", "PMID": 1120024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6727", "title": "Single coronary artery with myocardial infarction and AV block.", "content": "A case of single coronary artery with myocardial infarction was found in a 77-year-old woman.  Study of the conductive system in this case did not show any abnormalities that could be correlated with the terminal clinical episode of heart block.  In seven anatomically proven cases reported, the single coronary artery arose from the right aortic sinus, which suggests a possible causal relationship to infarction.", "contents": "Single coronary artery with myocardial infarction and AV block. A case of single coronary artery with myocardial infarction was found in a 77-year-old woman.  Study of the conductive system in this case did not show any abnormalities that could be correlated with the terminal clinical episode of heart block.  In seven anatomically proven cases reported, the single coronary artery arose from the right aortic sinus, which suggests a possible causal relationship to infarction.", "PMID": 1120025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6728", "title": "Glomerular lesions of diabetes mellitus in Mystromys albicaudatus.", "content": "The kidneys of 175 nondiabetic and diabetic Mystromys albicaudatus were evaluated histologically by light microscopy.  The degree of capillary basement membrane thickening and the predominant glomerular histologic pattern were recorded.  Statistical analyses indicated that glomerulosclerosis is associated with diabetes in this species.  In addition, a granular capillary basement membrane lesion occurred more frequently in diabetic than in nondiabetic animals.", "contents": "Glomerular lesions of diabetes mellitus in Mystromys albicaudatus. The kidneys of 175 nondiabetic and diabetic Mystromys albicaudatus were evaluated histologically by light microscopy.  The degree of capillary basement membrane thickening and the predominant glomerular histologic pattern were recorded.  Statistical analyses indicated that glomerulosclerosis is associated with diabetes in this species.  In addition, a granular capillary basement membrane lesion occurred more frequently in diabetic than in nondiabetic animals.", "PMID": 1120026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6729", "title": "Nodal angiomatosis.", "content": "Four patients with nodal angiomatosis were examined.  Nodal angiomatosis consisted of a bengin vascular proliferation coincidentally encountered in lymph nodes that were removed for other reasons.  Although the lesion is uncommon, it is important to distinguish nodal angiomatosis from primary Kaposi sarcoma of the lymph node.", "contents": "Nodal angiomatosis. Four patients with nodal angiomatosis were examined.  Nodal angiomatosis consisted of a bengin vascular proliferation coincidentally encountered in lymph nodes that were removed for other reasons.  Although the lesion is uncommon, it is important to distinguish nodal angiomatosis from primary Kaposi sarcoma of the lymph node.", "PMID": 1120027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6730", "title": "Anticoccidial activity of Lasalocid in control of moderate and severe coccidiosis.", "content": "The fermentation product lasalocid (\"Antibiotic X-537A,\" Hoffmann-LaRoche) showed good anticoccidial activity when administered via feed at 50 or 75 ppm in a replicated floor-pen experiment. Lasalocid was compared with monensin (121 ppm) (\"positive control\") and also with unmedicated (\"negative\") controls in pens heavily seeded or indirectly seeded with eight species of coccidia (Eimeria acervulina, E. brunetti, E. hagani, E. maxima, E. mitati, E. necatrix, E. praecox, and E. tenella). Under severe coccidiosis exposure (litter seeded by infected birds) both anticoccidials permitted significantly increased weights, improved feed conversions, and reduced lesion scores. Shank depigmentation was numerically less in anticoccidial-treated birds than in unmedicated controls, though not significantly. Coccidiosis mortality (lesions or parasites demonstrated) was 10% in unmedicated controls. Lasaloic reduced this mortality significantly to 0.8% at 50 ppm and 0.4% at 75 ppm. No coccidiosis mortality occurred with monensin-fed birds. With moderate exposure (indirect seeding) both anticoccidials permitted significantly greater weight gains and less shank depigmentation than in unmedicated controls. In unmedicated pens severity of coccidiosis was significantly greater in the intentionally seeded pens than in indirectly seeded pens with all parameters except depigmentation. This design provided a practical procedure for testing anticoccidials in a single experiment against severe and moderate exposures to coccidiosis as are normal in broiler production.", "contents": "Anticoccidial activity of Lasalocid in control of moderate and severe coccidiosis. The fermentation product lasalocid (\"Antibiotic X-537A,\" Hoffmann-LaRoche) showed good anticoccidial activity when administered via feed at 50 or 75 ppm in a replicated floor-pen experiment. Lasalocid was compared with monensin (121 ppm) (\"positive control\") and also with unmedicated (\"negative\") controls in pens heavily seeded or indirectly seeded with eight species of coccidia (Eimeria acervulina, E. brunetti, E. hagani, E. maxima, E. mitati, E. necatrix, E. praecox, and E. tenella). Under severe coccidiosis exposure (litter seeded by infected birds) both anticoccidials permitted significantly increased weights, improved feed conversions, and reduced lesion scores. Shank depigmentation was numerically less in anticoccidial-treated birds than in unmedicated controls, though not significantly. Coccidiosis mortality (lesions or parasites demonstrated) was 10% in unmedicated controls. Lasaloic reduced this mortality significantly to 0.8% at 50 ppm and 0.4% at 75 ppm. No coccidiosis mortality occurred with monensin-fed birds. With moderate exposure (indirect seeding) both anticoccidials permitted significantly greater weight gains and less shank depigmentation than in unmedicated controls. In unmedicated pens severity of coccidiosis was significantly greater in the intentionally seeded pens than in indirectly seeded pens with all parameters except depigmentation. This design provided a practical procedure for testing anticoccidials in a single experiment against severe and moderate exposures to coccidiosis as are normal in broiler production.", "PMID": 1120028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6731", "title": "Influence of strain of Mycoplasma synoviae and route of infection on development of synovitis or airsacculitis in broilers.", "content": "Two strains of Mycoplasma synoviae (WVU 1853 and F10-2AS) were compared for their relative pathogenicity in terms of airsacculitis and synovitis. Both strains produced air-sac lesions after aerosol exposure of chickens vaccinated against Newcastle disease and infectious bronchitis; both produced synovitis when inoculated into the foot pad. The WVU 1853 strain was more likely to result in synovitis, whereas the F10-2AS strain was more apt to produce air-sac lesions.", "contents": "Influence of strain of Mycoplasma synoviae and route of infection on development of synovitis or airsacculitis in broilers. Two strains of Mycoplasma synoviae (WVU 1853 and F10-2AS) were compared for their relative pathogenicity in terms of airsacculitis and synovitis. Both strains produced air-sac lesions after aerosol exposure of chickens vaccinated against Newcastle disease and infectious bronchitis; both produced synovitis when inoculated into the foot pad. The WVU 1853 strain was more likely to result in synovitis, whereas the F10-2AS strain was more apt to produce air-sac lesions.", "PMID": 1120029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6732", "title": "Characterization of Newcastle disease viruses isolated from migratory waterfowl in the Atlantic flyway.", "content": "Four isolants of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) obtained from free-flying Canada geese in the Atlantic flyway were characterized and compared with the B1, LaSota, Roakin, and Texas-GB strains of NDV. The 4 isolants were identified as lentogenic strains on the basis of embryo mean death times of greater than 100 hours and relative lack of pathogenicity for 1-day-old and 3-week-old chickens. The hemagglutinin of 2 of the isolants was stable at 56 C for 15 minutes, 1 for 30 minutes, and the other for at least 2 hours. When held at 4 C for 24 hours, none of the 4 isolants could be eluted from chicken erythrocytes. All 4 of the isolants produced plaques in chicken embryo fibroblast cell cultures without additives, whereas the B1 and LaSota strains did not. The 4 lentogenic NDV isolants from Canada geese differed in many respects from currently used commerical vaccine strains (B1 and LaSota).", "contents": "Characterization of Newcastle disease viruses isolated from migratory waterfowl in the Atlantic flyway. Four isolants of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) obtained from free-flying Canada geese in the Atlantic flyway were characterized and compared with the B1, LaSota, Roakin, and Texas-GB strains of NDV. The 4 isolants were identified as lentogenic strains on the basis of embryo mean death times of greater than 100 hours and relative lack of pathogenicity for 1-day-old and 3-week-old chickens. The hemagglutinin of 2 of the isolants was stable at 56 C for 15 minutes, 1 for 30 minutes, and the other for at least 2 hours. When held at 4 C for 24 hours, none of the 4 isolants could be eluted from chicken erythrocytes. All 4 of the isolants produced plaques in chicken embryo fibroblast cell cultures without additives, whereas the B1 and LaSota strains did not. The 4 lentogenic NDV isolants from Canada geese differed in many respects from currently used commerical vaccine strains (B1 and LaSota).", "PMID": 1120030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6733", "title": "Viscerotropic velogenic Newcastle disease in turkeys: immune response following vaccination with either viable B1 strain or inactivated vaccine.", "content": "When used as a vaccine, live letogenic B1 Newcastle disease virus (NDV) protects turkeys against challenge-exposure to viscerotropic velogenic NDV (VVNDV). Low-level passively-immune poults were vaccinated one, two, or three times at various intervals and their immunity challenged at various times from 1 to 10 months of age. Newcastle disease virus was isolated readily from either the blood, trachea, or vent of turkeys in all challenge groups (through 5 months of age) on the 3rd to 6th days postchallenge (PC) but after 14 days PC was isolated rarely. Virus was isolated from turkeys that had high titers of serum hemagglutination-inhibition antibodies at the time of challenge. The anamnestic antibody response appeared to be stronger in poults that had low antibody titers prior to challenge-exposure to VVNDV. In a small-scale study with an inactivated VVNDV vaccine, vaccinated poults were protected against challenge with the homologous viscerotropic virus. Parallel control studies on the infectivity of viscerotropic NDV for turkeys indicated that resistance to VVNDV increased with age.", "contents": "Viscerotropic velogenic Newcastle disease in turkeys: immune response following vaccination with either viable B1 strain or inactivated vaccine. When used as a vaccine, live letogenic B1 Newcastle disease virus (NDV) protects turkeys against challenge-exposure to viscerotropic velogenic NDV (VVNDV). Low-level passively-immune poults were vaccinated one, two, or three times at various intervals and their immunity challenged at various times from 1 to 10 months of age. Newcastle disease virus was isolated readily from either the blood, trachea, or vent of turkeys in all challenge groups (through 5 months of age) on the 3rd to 6th days postchallenge (PC) but after 14 days PC was isolated rarely. Virus was isolated from turkeys that had high titers of serum hemagglutination-inhibition antibodies at the time of challenge. The anamnestic antibody response appeared to be stronger in poults that had low antibody titers prior to challenge-exposure to VVNDV. In a small-scale study with an inactivated VVNDV vaccine, vaccinated poults were protected against challenge with the homologous viscerotropic virus. Parallel control studies on the infectivity of viscerotropic NDV for turkeys indicated that resistance to VVNDV increased with age.", "PMID": 1120031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6734", "title": "Inclusion body hepatitis in Mexico.", "content": "Inclusion body hepatitis is recorded for the first time in Mexico. Clinical signs, gross lesions, and histopathology in chickens are described, as well as chicken embryo lesions.", "contents": "Inclusion body hepatitis in Mexico. Inclusion body hepatitis is recorded for the first time in Mexico. Clinical signs, gross lesions, and histopathology in chickens are described, as well as chicken embryo lesions.", "PMID": 1120032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6735", "title": "In vitro incorporation of 1-14C acetate by blood cells of normal ducks and ducks infected with Plasmodium lophurae.", "content": "Several investigations have been made, on a qualitative basis, of in vitro incorporation of 1-14C acetate into the lipids of whole blood from normal ducks and ducks infected with Plasmodium lophurae (1,3,4). It was found generally that the percent labeling in blood cells and plasma was higher for infected ducks than for normal ducks. The present study was concerned with quantitative determination of the incorporation of 1-14 C acetate into the lipids of purified erythrocytes (RBC) and leukocytes (WBC) of normal and infected ducks.", "contents": "In vitro incorporation of 1-14C acetate by blood cells of normal ducks and ducks infected with Plasmodium lophurae. Several investigations have been made, on a qualitative basis, of in vitro incorporation of 1-14C acetate into the lipids of whole blood from normal ducks and ducks infected with Plasmodium lophurae (1,3,4). It was found generally that the percent labeling in blood cells and plasma was higher for infected ducks than for normal ducks. The present study was concerned with quantitative determination of the incorporation of 1-14 C acetate into the lipids of purified erythrocytes (RBC) and leukocytes (WBC) of normal and infected ducks.", "PMID": 1120033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6736", "title": "Borrelia anserina in chickens previously exposed to Borrelia theileri.", "content": "Exposure of 10-week-old White Leghorn chickens to sheep blood containing Borrelia theileri neither resulted in infection nor conferred protection against B. anserina.", "contents": "Borrelia anserina in chickens previously exposed to Borrelia theileri. Exposure of 10-week-old White Leghorn chickens to sheep blood containing Borrelia theileri neither resulted in infection nor conferred protection against B. anserina.", "PMID": 1120034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6737", "title": "Viscerotropic velogenic Newcastle disease in Turkeys: virus shedding and persistence of infection in susceptible and vaccinated poults.", "content": "Susceptible turkeys and turkeys vaccinated with live lentogenic B1 strain Newcastle disease virus (NDV) were inoculated intracularly with viscerotropic velogenic (VV) Fontana strain NDV and studied for virus shedding and persistence of infection. Susceptible poults that survived infection (15%) continued to shed NDV from the intestinal tract up to 46 days postinoculation. Turkeys that were vaccinated with B1 strain NDV did not develop clinical signs when their immunity was challenged with VV Fontana strain virus. Virus was covered up to 53 days postchallenge (PC) from the cloaca of poults that were vaccinated once at 4 days of age and challenged at 1 month of age. Older turkeys that had been vaccinated one to three times did not generally shed virus after 4 days PC. Newcastle disease virus was recovered later in convalescence by the organ-culture method when swabs of trachea and cloaca were negative for virus. Persistent infection was detected as long as 88 days PC in organ cultures of cecal tonsil. Five of seven NDV isolants from organ cultures or from swabs caused fatal disease in chickens.", "contents": "Viscerotropic velogenic Newcastle disease in Turkeys: virus shedding and persistence of infection in susceptible and vaccinated poults. Susceptible turkeys and turkeys vaccinated with live lentogenic B1 strain Newcastle disease virus (NDV) were inoculated intracularly with viscerotropic velogenic (VV) Fontana strain NDV and studied for virus shedding and persistence of infection. Susceptible poults that survived infection (15%) continued to shed NDV from the intestinal tract up to 46 days postinoculation. Turkeys that were vaccinated with B1 strain NDV did not develop clinical signs when their immunity was challenged with VV Fontana strain virus. Virus was covered up to 53 days postchallenge (PC) from the cloaca of poults that were vaccinated once at 4 days of age and challenged at 1 month of age. Older turkeys that had been vaccinated one to three times did not generally shed virus after 4 days PC. Newcastle disease virus was recovered later in convalescence by the organ-culture method when swabs of trachea and cloaca were negative for virus. Persistent infection was detected as long as 88 days PC in organ cultures of cecal tonsil. Five of seven NDV isolants from organ cultures or from swabs caused fatal disease in chickens.", "PMID": 1120035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6738", "title": "Viscerotropic velogenic Newcastle disease in turkeys: isolation of Newcastle disease virus from tracheal and cecal tonsil organ cultures.", "content": "Tracheal and cecal-tonsil organ cultures were made from vaccinated turkeys that had survived challenge of immunity with viscerotropic velogenic strain of Newcastle disease virus (NDV). Culture fluids were tested to show that latent infections did exist in the vaccinated and challenged turkeys, thus indicating a possible carrier state. NDV was recovered from 6 of 159 turkeys examined. Preliminary tests indicate that 4 isolants are velogenic and 2 are lentogenic.", "contents": "Viscerotropic velogenic Newcastle disease in turkeys: isolation of Newcastle disease virus from tracheal and cecal tonsil organ cultures. Tracheal and cecal-tonsil organ cultures were made from vaccinated turkeys that had survived challenge of immunity with viscerotropic velogenic strain of Newcastle disease virus (NDV). Culture fluids were tested to show that latent infections did exist in the vaccinated and challenged turkeys, thus indicating a possible carrier state. NDV was recovered from 6 of 159 turkeys examined. Preliminary tests indicate that 4 isolants are velogenic and 2 are lentogenic.", "PMID": 1120036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6739", "title": "Viscerotropic velogenic Newcastle disease in turkeys: vaccination against loss of egg production.", "content": "Live B1 Newcastle disease virus was administered to young turkeys either intraocularly or by driniking water, or by both methods. Protection against egg production loss was evaluated by challenge-exposure to viscerotropic velogenic Newcastle disease virus in drinking water. During 22 days postchallenge (PC), none of the vaccinated hens had morbidity, whereas 44% of the unvaccinated controls died 6-13 days PC. Percent egg production (PEP) of all groups 1-5 and 6-22 days PC were compared with their levels 1-5 days before challenge. For days 1-5 PC, changes were not significant. For days 6-22 PC, changes for all groups were siginficant lower. The controls had 0 production. Hens vaccinated only at 4 days or at 4 days and again at 4 weeks averaged one-third or less of prechallenge levels but were recovering. Those revaccinated at 4 months maintained 84-91% of their prechallenge levels and were considered satisfactory. Broodiness was a detracting factor in one group of hens vaccinated at 4 days, 4 weeks, and 51/2 months. They averaged two-thirds of prechallenge levels but were in decline.", "contents": "Viscerotropic velogenic Newcastle disease in turkeys: vaccination against loss of egg production. Live B1 Newcastle disease virus was administered to young turkeys either intraocularly or by driniking water, or by both methods. Protection against egg production loss was evaluated by challenge-exposure to viscerotropic velogenic Newcastle disease virus in drinking water. During 22 days postchallenge (PC), none of the vaccinated hens had morbidity, whereas 44% of the unvaccinated controls died 6-13 days PC. Percent egg production (PEP) of all groups 1-5 and 6-22 days PC were compared with their levels 1-5 days before challenge. For days 1-5 PC, changes were not significant. For days 6-22 PC, changes for all groups were siginficant lower. The controls had 0 production. Hens vaccinated only at 4 days or at 4 days and again at 4 weeks averaged one-third or less of prechallenge levels but were recovering. Those revaccinated at 4 months maintained 84-91% of their prechallenge levels and were considered satisfactory. Broodiness was a detracting factor in one group of hens vaccinated at 4 days, 4 weeks, and 51/2 months. They averaged two-thirds of prechallenge levels but were in decline.", "PMID": 1120037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6740", "title": "Characterization of a new infectious bronchitis virus isolate. III. Cell-culture adaptation of Clark 333.", "content": "The Clark 333 strain of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) was substantially resistant to primary chicken cell-culture adaptation. More than 40 serial embryo passages were required before the virus would produce cytopathic alterations upon cell-culture inoculation. The cytopathic effect was characteristic of the effect of reported for IBV. Adaptation was not accomplished by alternating serial passages in embryo and cell-cultured systems. A careful monitoring of cell-culture fluid infectivity by embryo inoculation was found to be essential because absence of adaptation is accompanied by a loss in virus titer (3 to 5 serial passages). Helpful additional aids were immunofluorescence and cytopathology.", "contents": "Characterization of a new infectious bronchitis virus isolate. III. Cell-culture adaptation of Clark 333. The Clark 333 strain of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) was substantially resistant to primary chicken cell-culture adaptation. More than 40 serial embryo passages were required before the virus would produce cytopathic alterations upon cell-culture inoculation. The cytopathic effect was characteristic of the effect of reported for IBV. Adaptation was not accomplished by alternating serial passages in embryo and cell-cultured systems. A careful monitoring of cell-culture fluid infectivity by embryo inoculation was found to be essential because absence of adaptation is accompanied by a loss in virus titer (3 to 5 serial passages). Helpful additional aids were immunofluorescence and cytopathology.", "PMID": 1120038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6741", "title": "Viremic responses of genetically susceptible and resistant chickens to experimental infection with acute, mild, or both strains of Marek's disease herpesvirus.", "content": "The development and persistence of viremia were followed in two lines of Single-Comb White Leghorns: one experimental line (WSU-VS) highly susceptible, and one commercial line (C-WL) relatively resistant to Marek's disease(MD). In the resistant C-WL chicken, viremia with a mild strain of MD herpesvirus (MDHV) persisted in all viremic birds through 8 weeks postinoculation (PI), while viremia with an acute strain of MDHV did not, resulting in a decrease in number of viremic birds after 2 weeks PI. In the susceptible WSU-VS chicken, viremia with acute MDHV persisted in all viremic birds whereas viremia with mild MDHV was detected in a decreasing number of birds after 6 weeks PI. The pattern of viremia observed in the dually infected groups simulated a combination of the responses of the two groups respectively inoculated with mild and acute MDHV. Whether inoculation was with acute MDHV alone, or together with mild MDHV, levels of viremia with acute MDHV were appreciably higher in the WSU-VS than in the C-WL chicken. In both lines, levels of viremia were higher with acute MDHV than with mild MDHV but viremia with acute MDHV could not be demonstrated in the C-WL bird at 6-8 weeks PI. Levels of viremia with mild MDHV were consistently and similarly low in both WSU-VS and C-WL chickens.", "contents": "Viremic responses of genetically susceptible and resistant chickens to experimental infection with acute, mild, or both strains of Marek's disease herpesvirus. The development and persistence of viremia were followed in two lines of Single-Comb White Leghorns: one experimental line (WSU-VS) highly susceptible, and one commercial line (C-WL) relatively resistant to Marek's disease(MD). In the resistant C-WL chicken, viremia with a mild strain of MD herpesvirus (MDHV) persisted in all viremic birds through 8 weeks postinoculation (PI), while viremia with an acute strain of MDHV did not, resulting in a decrease in number of viremic birds after 2 weeks PI. In the susceptible WSU-VS chicken, viremia with acute MDHV persisted in all viremic birds whereas viremia with mild MDHV was detected in a decreasing number of birds after 6 weeks PI. The pattern of viremia observed in the dually infected groups simulated a combination of the responses of the two groups respectively inoculated with mild and acute MDHV. Whether inoculation was with acute MDHV alone, or together with mild MDHV, levels of viremia with acute MDHV were appreciably higher in the WSU-VS than in the C-WL chicken. In both lines, levels of viremia were higher with acute MDHV than with mild MDHV but viremia with acute MDHV could not be demonstrated in the C-WL bird at 6-8 weeks PI. Levels of viremia with mild MDHV were consistently and similarly low in both WSU-VS and C-WL chickens.", "PMID": 1120039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6742", "title": "The neutralizing characteristics of strains of infectious bronchitis virus as measured by the constant-virus variable-serum method in chicken tracheal cultures.", "content": "The constant-virus variable-serum neutralization test in chicken tracheal organ cultures was employed in cross-neutralization tests with the following infectious bronchitis viruses: Massachusetts 41, Connecticut, Iowa 97, Iowa 609, Holte, JMK, Clark 333, SE 17, Florida, and Arkansas 99. These viruses all proved serologically distinct by this method. Chickens immunized with the Connecticut strain and later challenged with Arkansas 99 were not protected against it.", "contents": "The neutralizing characteristics of strains of infectious bronchitis virus as measured by the constant-virus variable-serum method in chicken tracheal cultures. The constant-virus variable-serum neutralization test in chicken tracheal organ cultures was employed in cross-neutralization tests with the following infectious bronchitis viruses: Massachusetts 41, Connecticut, Iowa 97, Iowa 609, Holte, JMK, Clark 333, SE 17, Florida, and Arkansas 99. These viruses all proved serologically distinct by this method. Chickens immunized with the Connecticut strain and later challenged with Arkansas 99 were not protected against it.", "PMID": 1120040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6743", "title": "Adenoviruses of chickens: serologic groups.", "content": "By literature review and experimental studies, 57 adenovirus isolants from chickens were grouped into 10 distinct serotypes. In plaque-reduction tests, 20 antibody units were reacted with 32-320 plaque-forming units of virus. Viruses that were neutralized (80% or greater reduction in titer) by a given serum were considered to belong to that serotype. Used to distinguish among serotypes were their antisera. One-way neutralization occurred in only two instances; in both cases it was traced to contamination of the virus inocula used to induce specific antiserum. Recloning corrected the problem. Of the 10 serotypes described, all are known to exist in the United States, 7 were found in Northern Ireland, and at least 6 have been shown to occur in Japan.", "contents": "Adenoviruses of chickens: serologic groups. By literature review and experimental studies, 57 adenovirus isolants from chickens were grouped into 10 distinct serotypes. In plaque-reduction tests, 20 antibody units were reacted with 32-320 plaque-forming units of virus. Viruses that were neutralized (80% or greater reduction in titer) by a given serum were considered to belong to that serotype. Used to distinguish among serotypes were their antisera. One-way neutralization occurred in only two instances; in both cases it was traced to contamination of the virus inocula used to induce specific antiserum. Recloning corrected the problem. Of the 10 serotypes described, all are known to exist in the United States, 7 were found in Northern Ireland, and at least 6 have been shown to occur in Japan.", "PMID": 1120041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6744", "title": "Properties of the highly reactive SH groups of phosphorylase b.", "content": "The reaction of rabbit muscle phosphorylase b with 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (Nbs2) has been studied with stopped-flow spectrophotometry. Two highly reactive sulfhydryl groups per dimer reacted with Nbs2 within a few seconds, while the remaining SH groups needed several minutes and hours. Decomposition of the time curve revealed that the highly reactive SH groups can be divided into two subclasses: a fast type which reacted with a rate constant of 3 x 10-3 M-1 sec-1 and a more slowly reacting type disappearing with a rate constant of 0.3 x 10-3 M-1 sec-1. The reactivity of the slowly reacting type increased by a factor of about 2 in the presence of 1 mM AMP. Concurrently, the ratio between the fast reacting and the more slowly reacting subclasses decreased from 5.3 to 1.0. The AMP effect was greatly enhanced by glucose 1-phosphate. This enhancement was abolished in the presence of ATP. The finding that the ratio between the number of SH groups in the two subclasses of the highly reactive SH groups changed upon addition of ligand molecules indicates that the two subclasses reflect the different reactivities of the SH groups when the enzyme is present in different conformational states. It is suggested that the highly reactive SH group measured belong to the peptide: Gly-Cys-Arg-Asp.", "contents": "Properties of the highly reactive SH groups of phosphorylase b. The reaction of rabbit muscle phosphorylase b with 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (Nbs2) has been studied with stopped-flow spectrophotometry. Two highly reactive sulfhydryl groups per dimer reacted with Nbs2 within a few seconds, while the remaining SH groups needed several minutes and hours. Decomposition of the time curve revealed that the highly reactive SH groups can be divided into two subclasses: a fast type which reacted with a rate constant of 3 x 10-3 M-1 sec-1 and a more slowly reacting type disappearing with a rate constant of 0.3 x 10-3 M-1 sec-1. The reactivity of the slowly reacting type increased by a factor of about 2 in the presence of 1 mM AMP. Concurrently, the ratio between the fast reacting and the more slowly reacting subclasses decreased from 5.3 to 1.0. The AMP effect was greatly enhanced by glucose 1-phosphate. This enhancement was abolished in the presence of ATP. The finding that the ratio between the number of SH groups in the two subclasses of the highly reactive SH groups changed upon addition of ligand molecules indicates that the two subclasses reflect the different reactivities of the SH groups when the enzyme is present in different conformational states. It is suggested that the highly reactive SH group measured belong to the peptide: Gly-Cys-Arg-Asp.", "PMID": 1120099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6745", "title": "Photosensitized inactivation of stem bromelain. Oxidation of histidine, methionine, and tryptophan residues.", "content": "Pineapple stem bromelain was photooxidized in the presence of Methylene Blue used as a sensitizer. The essential sulfhydryl group of the enzyme protein rapidly became inaccessible to react with 5,5'-dithiobis(nitrobenzoic acid), but the reactivity was readily regained to the original level upon treatment with dithiothreitol. Even after such reduction, the photooxidized enzyme showed a markedly decreased hydrolytic activity on casein. Spectral examination revealed that the oxidized enzyme had tyrosine residues intact. Amino acid analysis showed significant decreases in histidine, ethionine, and tryptophan residues. Photoinactivation occurred in a similar manner also in the presence of tetrathionate which reversibly blocked the essential sulfhydryl group. It is concluded that the irreversible photoinactivation of stem bromelain must be related to the oxidation of histidine, methionine, and tryptophan residues. When the photooxidation was carried out a different pH values ranging from 4.0 to 8.3, the inactivation and the decrease in histidine content were found to be markedly pH dependent. Thus, the photooxidation experiment provided a method for directly measuring the apparent pKa of the ionization of the single histidine residue in stem bromelain. Apparent pKa values of 6.4 and 7.1 were obtained for the histidine imidazole in the absence and in presence of tetrathionate, respectively. In view of these normal pKa values for an imidazole, a mechanism of ionization of the active-site group in a plant thiol proteinase is proposed, in which the validity of mechanism involving a close electronic interaction between histidine and cysteine residues is seriously questioned.", "contents": "Photosensitized inactivation of stem bromelain. Oxidation of histidine, methionine, and tryptophan residues. Pineapple stem bromelain was photooxidized in the presence of Methylene Blue used as a sensitizer. The essential sulfhydryl group of the enzyme protein rapidly became inaccessible to react with 5,5'-dithiobis(nitrobenzoic acid), but the reactivity was readily regained to the original level upon treatment with dithiothreitol. Even after such reduction, the photooxidized enzyme showed a markedly decreased hydrolytic activity on casein. Spectral examination revealed that the oxidized enzyme had tyrosine residues intact. Amino acid analysis showed significant decreases in histidine, ethionine, and tryptophan residues. Photoinactivation occurred in a similar manner also in the presence of tetrathionate which reversibly blocked the essential sulfhydryl group. It is concluded that the irreversible photoinactivation of stem bromelain must be related to the oxidation of histidine, methionine, and tryptophan residues. When the photooxidation was carried out a different pH values ranging from 4.0 to 8.3, the inactivation and the decrease in histidine content were found to be markedly pH dependent. Thus, the photooxidation experiment provided a method for directly measuring the apparent pKa of the ionization of the single histidine residue in stem bromelain. Apparent pKa values of 6.4 and 7.1 were obtained for the histidine imidazole in the absence and in presence of tetrathionate, respectively. In view of these normal pKa values for an imidazole, a mechanism of ionization of the active-site group in a plant thiol proteinase is proposed, in which the validity of mechanism involving a close electronic interaction between histidine and cysteine residues is seriously questioned.", "PMID": 1120100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6746", "title": "Iron-donating properties of transferrin.", "content": "The transferrin molecule has two specific metal-binding sites, each of which may provide iron for the biosynthesis of hemoglobin by reticulocytes. Diferric human transferrin was shown to be a better iron donor, per iron atom, for rabbit reticulocytes, than was monoferric transferrin obtained by isoelectric focusing. The difference in binding of 125I-labeled monoferric and differic transferrin to reticulocytes may be sufficient to account for the difference in iron uptake. In contrast, diferric and monoferric rabbit transferrin both donated iron to reticulocytes at the same rate, per iron atom. In an experiment using 55Fe/59Fe doubly labeled transferrin, one iron binding site of human transferrin was a better iron donor than the other. In rabbit transferrin, the two sites appeared to function equivalently. Care was taken in these experiments to demonstrate that labeled iron added to dilute solutions of transferrin was indeed specifically bound to the protein. A liquid scintillation counting procedure, simpler than existing methods, was developed to quantitate 55Fe and 59Fe in blood.", "contents": "Iron-donating properties of transferrin. The transferrin molecule has two specific metal-binding sites, each of which may provide iron for the biosynthesis of hemoglobin by reticulocytes. Diferric human transferrin was shown to be a better iron donor, per iron atom, for rabbit reticulocytes, than was monoferric transferrin obtained by isoelectric focusing. The difference in binding of 125I-labeled monoferric and differic transferrin to reticulocytes may be sufficient to account for the difference in iron uptake. In contrast, diferric and monoferric rabbit transferrin both donated iron to reticulocytes at the same rate, per iron atom. In an experiment using 55Fe/59Fe doubly labeled transferrin, one iron binding site of human transferrin was a better iron donor than the other. In rabbit transferrin, the two sites appeared to function equivalently. Care was taken in these experiments to demonstrate that labeled iron added to dilute solutions of transferrin was indeed specifically bound to the protein. A liquid scintillation counting procedure, simpler than existing methods, was developed to quantitate 55Fe and 59Fe in blood.", "PMID": 1120101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6747", "title": "The alpha and beta subunits of Cyanidium caldarium phycocyanin: properties and amino acid sequences at the amino terminus.", "content": "Phycocyanin was isolated and purified from the unicellular alga, Cyanidium caldarium. Subunits were prepared on a Bio-Rex-70 column developed stepwise with urea solutions (pH 1.9). The alpha subunit eluted in 8 M urea and the beta subunit eluted in 9 M urea. The alpha and beta subunits displayed absorption maxima at 660, 354, and 277 nm in 8 M and 9 M urea. The alpha:beta ratio of total absorbance under the 660-nm peak was 0.56 suggesting an alpha:beta phycocyanobilin chromophore ration of 1:2. On calibrated sodium dodecyl sulfate gels, the alphs subunit had an estimated molecular weight of 15,500 plus or minus 1100 and the beta subunit has an estimated molecular weight of 18,300 plus or minus 300. Minimum molecular weights based on one histidine residue per subunit were 16,300 for the alpha subunit and 18,750 for the beta subunit. Phycocyanin displayed a single visible absorption maximum at 625 nm and two positive circular dichroic bands at 632 and 610 nm. The alpha and beta subunits displayed single visible absorption maxima at 618 and 600 nm and single positive circular dichroic peaks at 620 and 585 nm, respectively. Two-dimensional maps of tryptic digests of the alpha and beta subunits revealed distinct patterns of peptides each of which was consistent with the lysine and arginine composition of these polypeptides. Maps of tryptic digests of phycocyanin contained 25 major peptides (a total of 27 lysine and arginine residues). Automated sequence analysis of separated subunits revealed a 70% homology within the first 27 residues at the amino terminus of the alpha and beta subunits of C. caldarium phycocyanin.", "contents": "The alpha and beta subunits of Cyanidium caldarium phycocyanin: properties and amino acid sequences at the amino terminus. Phycocyanin was isolated and purified from the unicellular alga, Cyanidium caldarium. Subunits were prepared on a Bio-Rex-70 column developed stepwise with urea solutions (pH 1.9). The alpha subunit eluted in 8 M urea and the beta subunit eluted in 9 M urea. The alpha and beta subunits displayed absorption maxima at 660, 354, and 277 nm in 8 M and 9 M urea. The alpha:beta ratio of total absorbance under the 660-nm peak was 0.56 suggesting an alpha:beta phycocyanobilin chromophore ration of 1:2. On calibrated sodium dodecyl sulfate gels, the alphs subunit had an estimated molecular weight of 15,500 plus or minus 1100 and the beta subunit has an estimated molecular weight of 18,300 plus or minus 300. Minimum molecular weights based on one histidine residue per subunit were 16,300 for the alpha subunit and 18,750 for the beta subunit. Phycocyanin displayed a single visible absorption maximum at 625 nm and two positive circular dichroic bands at 632 and 610 nm. The alpha and beta subunits displayed single visible absorption maxima at 618 and 600 nm and single positive circular dichroic peaks at 620 and 585 nm, respectively. Two-dimensional maps of tryptic digests of the alpha and beta subunits revealed distinct patterns of peptides each of which was consistent with the lysine and arginine composition of these polypeptides. Maps of tryptic digests of phycocyanin contained 25 major peptides (a total of 27 lysine and arginine residues). Automated sequence analysis of separated subunits revealed a 70% homology within the first 27 residues at the amino terminus of the alpha and beta subunits of C. caldarium phycocyanin.", "PMID": 1120102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6748", "title": "Negative cooperativity in the binding of thyroxine to human serum prealbumin. Preparation of tritium-labeled 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid.", "content": "The binding of thyroxine (T4) and 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid (ANS) to human serum prealbumin was measured by equilibrium dialysis at pH 7.4 in 0.05 M phosphate-0.10 M NaCl at 25 degrees. The data were analyzed for the binding constants based on equations for (1) two independent sites and (2) two identical sites with negative interaction. Evaluation by the independent site model gave the following association constants: for T4 binding, KT1 = 1.0 x 10-8 M-1, KT2 = 9.5 x 10-5 M-1; for ANS binding, KA1 = 9.5 x 10-5 M-1, KA2 = 2.1 x 10-5 M-1. The interactive model gave constants kT = 5.5 x 10-7 M-1 and kA = 5.5 x 10-5 M-1. Interaction factors, alpha, defined such that -RT in alpha is the energy of interaction, were: alpha T = 0.041 AND ALPHA A = 0.62 for T4 and ANS, respectively. The \"best fit\" values for the number of sites were 2.0 and 1.6 for T4 and ANS, respectively. The binding of T4 to human prealbumin was competitive with ANS, and the binding constants evaluated from competition experiments were in agreement with those found for each ligand when studied separately. On the basis of analysis of X-ray data of human prealbumin (Blake et al.) there appear to be two identical T4 sites. It is therefore evident that the binding of T4 represents a case of negative cooperativity which is presumably due to interaction between ligands.", "contents": "Negative cooperativity in the binding of thyroxine to human serum prealbumin. Preparation of tritium-labeled 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid. The binding of thyroxine (T4) and 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid (ANS) to human serum prealbumin was measured by equilibrium dialysis at pH 7.4 in 0.05 M phosphate-0.10 M NaCl at 25 degrees. The data were analyzed for the binding constants based on equations for (1) two independent sites and (2) two identical sites with negative interaction. Evaluation by the independent site model gave the following association constants: for T4 binding, KT1 = 1.0 x 10-8 M-1, KT2 = 9.5 x 10-5 M-1; for ANS binding, KA1 = 9.5 x 10-5 M-1, KA2 = 2.1 x 10-5 M-1. The interactive model gave constants kT = 5.5 x 10-7 M-1 and kA = 5.5 x 10-5 M-1. Interaction factors, alpha, defined such that -RT in alpha is the energy of interaction, were: alpha T = 0.041 AND ALPHA A = 0.62 for T4 and ANS, respectively. The \"best fit\" values for the number of sites were 2.0 and 1.6 for T4 and ANS, respectively. The binding of T4 to human prealbumin was competitive with ANS, and the binding constants evaluated from competition experiments were in agreement with those found for each ligand when studied separately. On the basis of analysis of X-ray data of human prealbumin (Blake et al.) there appear to be two identical T4 sites. It is therefore evident that the binding of T4 represents a case of negative cooperativity which is presumably due to interaction between ligands.", "PMID": 1120103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6749", "title": "DNA-dependent RNA polymerase from Pseudomonas BAL-31. I. Purification and properties of the enzyme.", "content": "The DNA-dependent RNA polymerase from Pseudomonas BAL-31, the host for bacteriophage PM2, has been purified 154-fold using differential centrifugation, chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, ammonium sulfate precipitation, and sucrose gradient centrifugations at low and high ionic strength. The resulting enzyme is free of enzyme activities which could interfere with transcription studies and is greater than 85% pure as judged by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Like other bacterial RNA polymerases, its subunit structure is beta'beta sigma alpha2. From gel electrophoresis the beta', beta, and alpha subunits have approximately the same molecular weights as those from Escherichia coli, whereas the sigma subunit is 5% larger (89,000 vs. 85,000). A summation of the subunits yields a molecular weight of 485,000 for the holoenzyme. Like other bacterial RNA polymerases, it sediments as a monomer (15 S) at low ionic strength (0.065) and as a dimer (22 S) at high ionic strength (0.75). Its activity is stimulated three-fold by monovalent cations (K+,NH4+, NA+) with additional stimulation provided by divalent cations (Mg2plus, Mn2plus). The transcription of phage PM2 form I (supercoiled) DNA has an ionic strength optimum of 0.26 for continuous long-term synthesis, and over an ionic strength range of 0.09-0.46 \"plateau-type\" kinetics are not observed. The sigma subunit is required for optimal PM2 transcription. The enzyme is sensitive to the same inhibitors of transcription as the RNA polymerase from E. coli, it has a temperature optimum of 28 degrees, and it is 50% inactivated by heating 10 min at 41 degrees. It has template preference similar to E. coli polymerase and shows little preference for homologous templates. With various DNAs the order of template activities is T7 greater than PM2 I congruent to T4 greater than PM2 II (relaxed circular form) greater than lambda-c greater than calf thymus greater than BAL-31 DNA. Phage PM2 form I DNA is transcribed at a twofold greater rate than PM2 form II DNA by this enzyme.", "contents": "DNA-dependent RNA polymerase from Pseudomonas BAL-31. I. Purification and properties of the enzyme. The DNA-dependent RNA polymerase from Pseudomonas BAL-31, the host for bacteriophage PM2, has been purified 154-fold using differential centrifugation, chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, ammonium sulfate precipitation, and sucrose gradient centrifugations at low and high ionic strength. The resulting enzyme is free of enzyme activities which could interfere with transcription studies and is greater than 85% pure as judged by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Like other bacterial RNA polymerases, its subunit structure is beta'beta sigma alpha2. From gel electrophoresis the beta', beta, and alpha subunits have approximately the same molecular weights as those from Escherichia coli, whereas the sigma subunit is 5% larger (89,000 vs. 85,000). A summation of the subunits yields a molecular weight of 485,000 for the holoenzyme. Like other bacterial RNA polymerases, it sediments as a monomer (15 S) at low ionic strength (0.065) and as a dimer (22 S) at high ionic strength (0.75). Its activity is stimulated three-fold by monovalent cations (K+,NH4+, NA+) with additional stimulation provided by divalent cations (Mg2plus, Mn2plus). The transcription of phage PM2 form I (supercoiled) DNA has an ionic strength optimum of 0.26 for continuous long-term synthesis, and over an ionic strength range of 0.09-0.46 \"plateau-type\" kinetics are not observed. The sigma subunit is required for optimal PM2 transcription. The enzyme is sensitive to the same inhibitors of transcription as the RNA polymerase from E. coli, it has a temperature optimum of 28 degrees, and it is 50% inactivated by heating 10 min at 41 degrees. It has template preference similar to E. coli polymerase and shows little preference for homologous templates. With various DNAs the order of template activities is T7 greater than PM2 I congruent to T4 greater than PM2 II (relaxed circular form) greater than lambda-c greater than calf thymus greater than BAL-31 DNA. Phage PM2 form I DNA is transcribed at a twofold greater rate than PM2 form II DNA by this enzyme.", "PMID": 1120104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6750", "title": "DNA-dependent RNA polymerase from Pseudomonas BAL-31. II. Transcription of the allomorphic forms of bacteriophage PM2 DNA.", "content": "Transcription of the supercoiled form (I) and the relaxed circular form (II) of bacteriophage PM2 DNA was studied utilizing the DNA-dependent RNA polymerase from its host, Pseudomonas BAL-31. Transcription of both templates is continuous for up to 2 hr, but proceeds at a two-fold higher rate on I than on II. This difference is mainly due to a 2.2-fold higher rate of chain initiation on I. When rifampicin (Rif) is added ater 10 min of synthesis, (1) transcription of II ceases by 30 min with a maximum product length of 7000 nucleotides (number average) being produced; (2) transcription of I continues with little rate reduction and with the product reaching 16,000 nucleotides (number average) by 2 hr. Sucrose gradient analysis shows that the product of II achieves maximum size 20 min after Rif addition and sediments in three peaks of 24, 33, and 39 S (approximately one-third, two-thirds, and one genome lengths). The product of I has a heterogeneous distribution and grows continuously with a large fraction reacting greater than 3 genome lengths by 90 min. The same differences in synthesis kinetics, Rif inhibition, and product size distribution are observed when I and II are transcribed by Escherichia coli RNA polymerase. These experiments show that (i) PM2 form I DNA is transcribed mainly by a process of continuous chain elongation, with little chain termination occurring; (ii) PM2 form II is transcribed by a process of continuous chain initiation, elongation, and termination of yield discrete products. Thus, the tertiary structure of circular DNA influences chain termination by RNA polymerase.", "contents": "DNA-dependent RNA polymerase from Pseudomonas BAL-31. II. Transcription of the allomorphic forms of bacteriophage PM2 DNA. Transcription of the supercoiled form (I) and the relaxed circular form (II) of bacteriophage PM2 DNA was studied utilizing the DNA-dependent RNA polymerase from its host, Pseudomonas BAL-31. Transcription of both templates is continuous for up to 2 hr, but proceeds at a two-fold higher rate on I than on II. This difference is mainly due to a 2.2-fold higher rate of chain initiation on I. When rifampicin (Rif) is added ater 10 min of synthesis, (1) transcription of II ceases by 30 min with a maximum product length of 7000 nucleotides (number average) being produced; (2) transcription of I continues with little rate reduction and with the product reaching 16,000 nucleotides (number average) by 2 hr. Sucrose gradient analysis shows that the product of II achieves maximum size 20 min after Rif addition and sediments in three peaks of 24, 33, and 39 S (approximately one-third, two-thirds, and one genome lengths). The product of I has a heterogeneous distribution and grows continuously with a large fraction reacting greater than 3 genome lengths by 90 min. The same differences in synthesis kinetics, Rif inhibition, and product size distribution are observed when I and II are transcribed by Escherichia coli RNA polymerase. These experiments show that (i) PM2 form I DNA is transcribed mainly by a process of continuous chain elongation, with little chain termination occurring; (ii) PM2 form II is transcribed by a process of continuous chain initiation, elongation, and termination of yield discrete products. Thus, the tertiary structure of circular DNA influences chain termination by RNA polymerase.", "PMID": 1120105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6751", "title": "DNA binding proteins in the cytoplasm and in a nuclear membrane complex isolated from uninfected and adenovirus 2 infected cells.", "content": "The DNA binding proteins in a nuclear membrane fraction that can synthesize DNA in vitro (referred to as \"nuclear membrane complex\") and in the cytoplasm of adenovirus infected and uninfected cells were isolated and characterized. Suspension cultures of human KB cells infected with human adenovirus 2 were treated with 25 mu-g/ml of arabinosylcytosine starting at 2 hr to block the synthesis of viral structural proteins, and then labeled with (3H)leucine from 6 to 24 hr after infection. Uninfected cells were treated similarly and labeled with (14C)leucine. The 3H-labeled proteins (infected cells) and 14C-labeled proteins (uninfected cells) isolated from the cytoplasm were mixed, as were the corresponding proteins isolated from the membrane complex, and each mixture was fractionated by stepwise elution from single-stranded DNA-cellulose columns. From 50 to 60% of the labeled protein in the membrane complex from infected cells and 40 to 50% of that from uninfected cells bound to DNA-cellulose in 0.05 M NaCl. Much less protein from the cytoplasm was bound to DNA cellulose, 20% from infected cells and 11% from uninfected cells. Gel electrophoresis of the mixture of 3H- and 14C-labeled proteins eluted from DNA-cellulose by different concentrations of NaCl revealed the following. (1) The 0.15 and 0.40 M NaCl eluates from the membrane complex of infected and uninfected cells contained a heterogenous mixture of similar polypeptides. (2) The 0.6 M NaCl eluate from the membrane complex derived from infected cells contained two major DNA binding proteins with molecular weights of 75,000 and 45,000 that were absent from uninfected cells. Large quantities of these two proteins were present in highly purified form in the 0.6 M NaCl eluate from the cytoplasm of infected cells. The DNA binding proteins of molecular weight 75,000 and 45,000 that are present in the cytoplasm are identical with those present in the membrane complex, as established by coelectrophoresis. (3) Two major cell-specific proteins of molecular weight 40,000 and 15,000-17,000 were present in the 2 M NaCl eluate of the membrane complex from uninfected and infected cells. A major cell-specific protein of molecular weight 33,000 was present in the 0.15 and 0.4 M NaCl eluates of the uninfected and infected cell cytoplasmic fractions. Aanalysis of cells labeled at 2-6 hr after infection in the absence of arabinosyl cytosine indicated that the synthesis of the DNA binding proteins of molecular weight 75,000 and 45,000 begins early after infection prior to the onset of viral DNA replication.", "contents": "DNA binding proteins in the cytoplasm and in a nuclear membrane complex isolated from uninfected and adenovirus 2 infected cells. The DNA binding proteins in a nuclear membrane fraction that can synthesize DNA in vitro (referred to as \"nuclear membrane complex\") and in the cytoplasm of adenovirus infected and uninfected cells were isolated and characterized. Suspension cultures of human KB cells infected with human adenovirus 2 were treated with 25 mu-g/ml of arabinosylcytosine starting at 2 hr to block the synthesis of viral structural proteins, and then labeled with (3H)leucine from 6 to 24 hr after infection. Uninfected cells were treated similarly and labeled with (14C)leucine. The 3H-labeled proteins (infected cells) and 14C-labeled proteins (uninfected cells) isolated from the cytoplasm were mixed, as were the corresponding proteins isolated from the membrane complex, and each mixture was fractionated by stepwise elution from single-stranded DNA-cellulose columns. From 50 to 60% of the labeled protein in the membrane complex from infected cells and 40 to 50% of that from uninfected cells bound to DNA-cellulose in 0.05 M NaCl. Much less protein from the cytoplasm was bound to DNA cellulose, 20% from infected cells and 11% from uninfected cells. Gel electrophoresis of the mixture of 3H- and 14C-labeled proteins eluted from DNA-cellulose by different concentrations of NaCl revealed the following. (1) The 0.15 and 0.40 M NaCl eluates from the membrane complex of infected and uninfected cells contained a heterogenous mixture of similar polypeptides. (2) The 0.6 M NaCl eluate from the membrane complex derived from infected cells contained two major DNA binding proteins with molecular weights of 75,000 and 45,000 that were absent from uninfected cells. Large quantities of these two proteins were present in highly purified form in the 0.6 M NaCl eluate from the cytoplasm of infected cells. The DNA binding proteins of molecular weight 75,000 and 45,000 that are present in the cytoplasm are identical with those present in the membrane complex, as established by coelectrophoresis. (3) Two major cell-specific proteins of molecular weight 40,000 and 15,000-17,000 were present in the 2 M NaCl eluate of the membrane complex from uninfected and infected cells. A major cell-specific protein of molecular weight 33,000 was present in the 0.15 and 0.4 M NaCl eluates of the uninfected and infected cell cytoplasmic fractions. Aanalysis of cells labeled at 2-6 hr after infection in the absence of arabinosyl cytosine indicated that the synthesis of the DNA binding proteins of molecular weight 75,000 and 45,000 begins early after infection prior to the onset of viral DNA replication.", "PMID": 1120106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6752", "title": "Isolation, characterization, and stability of the 30S ribosomal RNA complex from HeLa cells.", "content": "The HeLa 30S rRNA molecule (historically designated 28S rRNA) can be dissociated into two components, a 7S rRNA and a large rRNA component which we call 29S rRNA. To evaluate conformational differences between the 30S rRNA complex and the isolated 29S rRNA component of the complex, viscosity, sedimentation velocity, circular dichroism, and ultraviolet absorption measurements with the two species were performed. Sedimentation equilibrium studies were also carried out with the 30S rRNA complex. In addition, the kinetics of the reaction which dissociates the 30S rRNA complex were characterized. The removal of glycogen-like molecules by cetyltrimethylammonium bromide prescipitation of the rRNA and the preequilibration of rRNA with solvent by Sephadex column chromatography were found to be essential for reproducibility. The s20,2o values for the 30S rRNA complex and the isolated 29S rRNA were determined from the experimental data obtained at various rRNA concentrations as 29.89 plus or minus 0.40 and 29.09 plus or minus 0.14, respectively. The corresponding intrinsic viscosity values were 74 plus or minus 5 and 67 plus or minus 5 cm3/g, respectively. The optical properties of the 30S rRNA and 29S rRNA were not significantly different. These results indicate that there is no significant conformational difference between 30S rRNA and 29S rRNA under the conditions studied. We conclude from the sedimentation equilibrium data that the molecular weight of 30S rRNA is 2.1 x 10-6. From the kinetic data, the 30S rRNA dissociation appears to be an irreversible, cooperative, and ionic strength dependent reaction which at an ionic strength of 0.051 has an activation enthalpy of 123.5 kcal/mol and an activation entropy of 0.21 kcal/(mol deg).", "contents": "Isolation, characterization, and stability of the 30S ribosomal RNA complex from HeLa cells. The HeLa 30S rRNA molecule (historically designated 28S rRNA) can be dissociated into two components, a 7S rRNA and a large rRNA component which we call 29S rRNA. To evaluate conformational differences between the 30S rRNA complex and the isolated 29S rRNA component of the complex, viscosity, sedimentation velocity, circular dichroism, and ultraviolet absorption measurements with the two species were performed. Sedimentation equilibrium studies were also carried out with the 30S rRNA complex. In addition, the kinetics of the reaction which dissociates the 30S rRNA complex were characterized. The removal of glycogen-like molecules by cetyltrimethylammonium bromide prescipitation of the rRNA and the preequilibration of rRNA with solvent by Sephadex column chromatography were found to be essential for reproducibility. The s20,2o values for the 30S rRNA complex and the isolated 29S rRNA were determined from the experimental data obtained at various rRNA concentrations as 29.89 plus or minus 0.40 and 29.09 plus or minus 0.14, respectively. The corresponding intrinsic viscosity values were 74 plus or minus 5 and 67 plus or minus 5 cm3/g, respectively. The optical properties of the 30S rRNA and 29S rRNA were not significantly different. These results indicate that there is no significant conformational difference between 30S rRNA and 29S rRNA under the conditions studied. We conclude from the sedimentation equilibrium data that the molecular weight of 30S rRNA is 2.1 x 10-6. From the kinetic data, the 30S rRNA dissociation appears to be an irreversible, cooperative, and ionic strength dependent reaction which at an ionic strength of 0.051 has an activation enthalpy of 123.5 kcal/mol and an activation entropy of 0.21 kcal/(mol deg).", "PMID": 1120107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6753", "title": "The binding of deoxycholate, Triton X-100, sodium dodecyl sulfate, and phosphatidylcholine vesicles to cytochrome b5.", "content": "Cytochrome b5 is composed of two domains that can be isolated after tryptic cleavage as two polypeptide fragments. One fragment is globular and hydrophilic and contains the heme; the other fragment is rich in hydrophobic amino acids and is essential for recombination of cytochrome b5 with microsomal membranes (Ito, A., and Sato, R. (1968), J. Biol. Chem. 243, 4922; Spatz, L., and Strittmatter, P. (1971), Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S. 68, 1042). Equilibrium dialysis and sedimentation equilibrium measurements of the binding of deoxycholate, Triton X-100 and dodecyl sulfate show that neither intact cytochrome b5 nor its proteolytic fragments possess high affinity binding sites for any of these amphiphiles. However, each detergent binds to the protein in a highly cooperative manner at concentrations near the critical micelle concentration. Binding measurements using the separated tryptic fragments show that deoxycholate and Triton X-100 (both nondenaturing detergents) bind to the hydrophobic fragment to the same extent as to intact cytochrome b5, and not at all to the polar fragment. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (a denaturing detergent) is bound to both tryptic fragments, but 70% of the detergent is bound to the hydrophobic fragment although it comprises only 30% of the protein mass. Less detailed measurements were made with synthetic and natural phosphatidylcholines, and show that the intact protein is quantitatively incorporated into phosphatidylcholine vesicles, but that no interaction with the polar fragment occurs. These results are interpreted in terms of the hydrophobic domain of cytochrome b5 having a diffuse hydrophobic surface that can act as a nonspecific nucleus for the formation of a micelle with a variety of amphiphilic substances. This domain of the molecule will insert into any available hydrophobic environment, whether it be detergent micelles, synthetic phospholipid vesicles, or the microsomal membrane. The incorporation of cytochrome b5 into the microsomal membrane is only a specialized case of the general property.", "contents": "The binding of deoxycholate, Triton X-100, sodium dodecyl sulfate, and phosphatidylcholine vesicles to cytochrome b5. Cytochrome b5 is composed of two domains that can be isolated after tryptic cleavage as two polypeptide fragments. One fragment is globular and hydrophilic and contains the heme; the other fragment is rich in hydrophobic amino acids and is essential for recombination of cytochrome b5 with microsomal membranes (Ito, A., and Sato, R. (1968), J. Biol. Chem. 243, 4922; Spatz, L., and Strittmatter, P. (1971), Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S. 68, 1042). Equilibrium dialysis and sedimentation equilibrium measurements of the binding of deoxycholate, Triton X-100 and dodecyl sulfate show that neither intact cytochrome b5 nor its proteolytic fragments possess high affinity binding sites for any of these amphiphiles. However, each detergent binds to the protein in a highly cooperative manner at concentrations near the critical micelle concentration. Binding measurements using the separated tryptic fragments show that deoxycholate and Triton X-100 (both nondenaturing detergents) bind to the hydrophobic fragment to the same extent as to intact cytochrome b5, and not at all to the polar fragment. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (a denaturing detergent) is bound to both tryptic fragments, but 70% of the detergent is bound to the hydrophobic fragment although it comprises only 30% of the protein mass. Less detailed measurements were made with synthetic and natural phosphatidylcholines, and show that the intact protein is quantitatively incorporated into phosphatidylcholine vesicles, but that no interaction with the polar fragment occurs. These results are interpreted in terms of the hydrophobic domain of cytochrome b5 having a diffuse hydrophobic surface that can act as a nonspecific nucleus for the formation of a micelle with a variety of amphiphilic substances. This domain of the molecule will insert into any available hydrophobic environment, whether it be detergent micelles, synthetic phospholipid vesicles, or the microsomal membrane. The incorporation of cytochrome b5 into the microsomal membrane is only a specialized case of the general property.", "PMID": 1120108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6754", "title": "Comparison of the resonance Raman spectra of carbon monoxy and oxy hemoglobin and myoglobin: similarities and differences in heme electron distribution.", "content": "With 441.6-nm excitation, which is near the Soret band, we observe that the resonance Raman spectra of hemoproteins contain not only the bands between 650 and 1700 cm-1 which arise from vibrations of the conjugated macrocycle, but also bands below 650 cm-1, some of which involve vibrations of the iron pyrrole-nitrogen bonds. The spectra of the oxygen and carbon monoxide complexes of both myoglobin and hemoglobin are sufficiently similar to those of low spin met derivatives, that the electronic distribution on the heme for both ligands can be interpreted as that of a low spin ferriheme. This agrees with an earlier interpretation, by others, of comparative optical absorption spectra and, as pointed out previously, would imply that in the complex the ligands are bound as O2- and CO-. However, band frequencies and relative intensities differ somewhat between the carbon monoxide and oxygen complexes of the same protein, which indicates differences between the details of the pi-electron distributions in the corresponding complexes.", "contents": "Comparison of the resonance Raman spectra of carbon monoxy and oxy hemoglobin and myoglobin: similarities and differences in heme electron distribution. With 441.6-nm excitation, which is near the Soret band, we observe that the resonance Raman spectra of hemoproteins contain not only the bands between 650 and 1700 cm-1 which arise from vibrations of the conjugated macrocycle, but also bands below 650 cm-1, some of which involve vibrations of the iron pyrrole-nitrogen bonds. The spectra of the oxygen and carbon monoxide complexes of both myoglobin and hemoglobin are sufficiently similar to those of low spin met derivatives, that the electronic distribution on the heme for both ligands can be interpreted as that of a low spin ferriheme. This agrees with an earlier interpretation, by others, of comparative optical absorption spectra and, as pointed out previously, would imply that in the complex the ligands are bound as O2- and CO-. However, band frequencies and relative intensities differ somewhat between the carbon monoxide and oxygen complexes of the same protein, which indicates differences between the details of the pi-electron distributions in the corresponding complexes.", "PMID": 1120109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6755", "title": "Studies of individual amino acid residues of the decapeptide tyrocidine A by proton double-resonance difference spectroscopy in the correlation mode.", "content": "The cyclic decapeptide antibiotic tyrocidine A was studied by two relatively new methods, viz., correlation proton magnetic resonance (pmr) spectroscopy and double-resonance difference pmr spectroscopy. The correlation method of spectral accumulation provided pmr spectra of good resolution, and in addition the signal-to-noise ratio achieved per unit time of accumulation was much higher than that achieved by use of the conventional continuous wave (cw) method. Furthermore, when protonated solvents are used, the correlation mode of accumulation has a distinct advantage over pulse and fast Fourier transform (fft) methods currently in use. Double-resonance difference (drd) spectra of individual amino acid residues in tyrocidine A were obtained by the correlation method when the decoupling frequency was maintained at the center frequency of the appropriate C-alpha proton multiplet and at a level of power that totally decoupled vicinal C-alpha and C-beta protons; the resolution of these spectra was good, and the signal-to-noise ratio was high. The distinct patterns and spectral positions of the drd spectra were characteristic of the particular type of amino acid residue and, therefore, could be used as the basis for making assignments. Furthermore, the drd spectra revealed the spectral positions of individual C-alpha and C-beta proton transitions and therefore, upon spectral analysis, could provide the chemical shifts and coupling constants of these protons. Positions of transitions were revealed even though they were hidden by overlap in the corresponding conventional single- or double-resonance spectra.", "contents": "Studies of individual amino acid residues of the decapeptide tyrocidine A by proton double-resonance difference spectroscopy in the correlation mode. The cyclic decapeptide antibiotic tyrocidine A was studied by two relatively new methods, viz., correlation proton magnetic resonance (pmr) spectroscopy and double-resonance difference pmr spectroscopy. The correlation method of spectral accumulation provided pmr spectra of good resolution, and in addition the signal-to-noise ratio achieved per unit time of accumulation was much higher than that achieved by use of the conventional continuous wave (cw) method. Furthermore, when protonated solvents are used, the correlation mode of accumulation has a distinct advantage over pulse and fast Fourier transform (fft) methods currently in use. Double-resonance difference (drd) spectra of individual amino acid residues in tyrocidine A were obtained by the correlation method when the decoupling frequency was maintained at the center frequency of the appropriate C-alpha proton multiplet and at a level of power that totally decoupled vicinal C-alpha and C-beta protons; the resolution of these spectra was good, and the signal-to-noise ratio was high. The distinct patterns and spectral positions of the drd spectra were characteristic of the particular type of amino acid residue and, therefore, could be used as the basis for making assignments. Furthermore, the drd spectra revealed the spectral positions of individual C-alpha and C-beta proton transitions and therefore, upon spectral analysis, could provide the chemical shifts and coupling constants of these protons. Positions of transitions were revealed even though they were hidden by overlap in the corresponding conventional single- or double-resonance spectra.", "PMID": 1120110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6756", "title": "Properties of hydroxylase systems in the human fetal liver active on free and sulfoconjugated steroids.", "content": "The substrate specificity of the steroid sulfate-hydroxylating activity in microsomes from human fetal liver has been investigated. Twelve different C18, C19, C21, and C27 steroid sulfates and the corresponding free steroids were used as substrates. The introduction of a sulfate group on the steroid substrate was found to have two principal effects. (1) The hydrophilic sulfate group directs the steroid molecule so that it only interacts with the active site of cytochrome P-450 with its non-sulfurylated, hydrophobic end. (2) The sulfate group interacts with the enzyme surface resulting in exposure of a slightly different part of the hydrophobic end of the substrate to the active site of cytochrome P-450 than when the same end of the free steroid is exposed to the active site of the enzyme. As a consequence of these two effects of the sulfate group, the \"steroid sulfate pathway\" of steroid hydroxylations generally differs considerably from the \"free steroid pathway,\" both from a qualitative and a quantitative aspect. This difference was found to be most pronounced with estrogens: whereas estradiol was not hydroxylated by human fetal liver microsomal preparations, estradiol 3-sulfate was both 15-alpha- and 16-alpha-hydroxylated. Thus, for certain steroids, sulfurylation is a prerequisite for further metabolism by microsomal hydroxylase systems. These results indicate the presence in human fetal liver microsomes of a multipotent, highly unspecific, hydrophobic \"bulk\" of cytochrome P-450. The existence of this hydroxylase system which efficiently hydroxylates steroid sulfates is probably of great physiological importance as a detoxifying mechansim in the human fetus.", "contents": "Properties of hydroxylase systems in the human fetal liver active on free and sulfoconjugated steroids. The substrate specificity of the steroid sulfate-hydroxylating activity in microsomes from human fetal liver has been investigated. Twelve different C18, C19, C21, and C27 steroid sulfates and the corresponding free steroids were used as substrates. The introduction of a sulfate group on the steroid substrate was found to have two principal effects. (1) The hydrophilic sulfate group directs the steroid molecule so that it only interacts with the active site of cytochrome P-450 with its non-sulfurylated, hydrophobic end. (2) The sulfate group interacts with the enzyme surface resulting in exposure of a slightly different part of the hydrophobic end of the substrate to the active site of cytochrome P-450 than when the same end of the free steroid is exposed to the active site of the enzyme. As a consequence of these two effects of the sulfate group, the \"steroid sulfate pathway\" of steroid hydroxylations generally differs considerably from the \"free steroid pathway,\" both from a qualitative and a quantitative aspect. This difference was found to be most pronounced with estrogens: whereas estradiol was not hydroxylated by human fetal liver microsomal preparations, estradiol 3-sulfate was both 15-alpha- and 16-alpha-hydroxylated. Thus, for certain steroids, sulfurylation is a prerequisite for further metabolism by microsomal hydroxylase systems. These results indicate the presence in human fetal liver microsomes of a multipotent, highly unspecific, hydrophobic \"bulk\" of cytochrome P-450. The existence of this hydroxylase system which efficiently hydroxylates steroid sulfates is probably of great physiological importance as a detoxifying mechansim in the human fetus.", "PMID": 1120111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6757", "title": "Cholesterol in aqueous solution: hydrophobicity and self-association.", "content": "Free energies of transfer of cholesterol monomer from water to organic solvents show that the hydrophibicity of this sterol molecule is significantly less than predicted from hydrophobic surface area considerations. It is suggested that this phenomenon may arise from unusual orientation of water molecules at the surface of the solute. From the direct measruemtn of the hydrophobic free energy of transfer and comparison with thermodynamic data on micelle formation reported previously we calcuate specific attractive interactions between cholesterol monomers in the micelle of 2-4 kcal/mol, which suggests the possiblity of self-association (phase separation) in mixed micellar systems such as sterol-lipid complexes.", "contents": "Cholesterol in aqueous solution: hydrophobicity and self-association. Free energies of transfer of cholesterol monomer from water to organic solvents show that the hydrophibicity of this sterol molecule is significantly less than predicted from hydrophobic surface area considerations. It is suggested that this phenomenon may arise from unusual orientation of water molecules at the surface of the solute. From the direct measruemtn of the hydrophobic free energy of transfer and comparison with thermodynamic data on micelle formation reported previously we calcuate specific attractive interactions between cholesterol monomers in the micelle of 2-4 kcal/mol, which suggests the possiblity of self-association (phase separation) in mixed micellar systems such as sterol-lipid complexes.", "PMID": 1120112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6758", "title": "The role of the state governments in educating the public about health.", "content": "Fifty years ago health care was a private matter between a physician and his patient. Doctors practiced medicine; people could and did pay for their own health care; and legislators did not need to concern themselves much with health problems. In the meantime, instigated by a massive scientific knowledge explosion, we have spent billions on monstrous complexes to house ultramodern equipment and technology to fight acute, dreaded diseases. Doctors, who once treated human body as an entity, are so specialized that none seems to know any more that the head bone is still indirectly connected to the great toe. People, who incidentally are plagued with essentially the same chronic maladies that visited their predecessors five decades ago, are in real trouble if their complaint is simply a boil on the backside. First they must determine who specializes in this particular area. Next they are lucky if they can obtain an appointment before the boil bursts. Finally, they probably cannot afford to pay for the services rendered. The lawmaker steps in and pours more money into erecting more buildings and providing more specialists. We will not solve the dissonance between the mutually dependent group if we isolate ourselves, forgetting to listen, forgetting to educate, forgetting to communicate. Let me close with Sir William Osler's metaphor: How common the experience to enter a cold cheerless room in which the fire in the grate has died down, not from lack of coal, not because the coal was not alight, but the bits, large and small, falling away from each other have gradually become dark and cold. Break them with a poker, get them together, and what a change in a few minutes.", "contents": "The role of the state governments in educating the public about health. Fifty years ago health care was a private matter between a physician and his patient. Doctors practiced medicine; people could and did pay for their own health care; and legislators did not need to concern themselves much with health problems. In the meantime, instigated by a massive scientific knowledge explosion, we have spent billions on monstrous complexes to house ultramodern equipment and technology to fight acute, dreaded diseases. Doctors, who once treated human body as an entity, are so specialized that none seems to know any more that the head bone is still indirectly connected to the great toe. People, who incidentally are plagued with essentially the same chronic maladies that visited their predecessors five decades ago, are in real trouble if their complaint is simply a boil on the backside. First they must determine who specializes in this particular area. Next they are lucky if they can obtain an appointment before the boil bursts. Finally, they probably cannot afford to pay for the services rendered. The lawmaker steps in and pours more money into erecting more buildings and providing more specialists. We will not solve the dissonance between the mutually dependent group if we isolate ourselves, forgetting to listen, forgetting to educate, forgetting to communicate. Let me close with Sir William Osler's metaphor: How common the experience to enter a cold cheerless room in which the fire in the grate has died down, not from lack of coal, not because the coal was not alight, but the bits, large and small, falling away from each other have gradually become dark and cold. Break them with a poker, get them together, and what a change in a few minutes.", "PMID": 1120115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6759", "title": "The Dr. Fox effect: a study of lecturer effectiveness and ratings of instruction.", "content": "Students viewed one of six lectures which varied only in substantive teaching points (content) covered and seductiveness. These 207 students then rated the effectiveness of the presentation (satisfaction ratings) and completed a 26-item achievement test. Students who viewed high seduction lectures performed better on the achievement test than did students who viewed low seduction lectures. Similarly, students who viewed lectures high in content performed better on the cognitive test than did students who viewed low-content lectures. The relationship between staisfaction ratings and student achievement was not perfect. Students gave higher ratings to seductive lectures. However, ratings reflected differences in content-coverage only under low seduction conditions. The ratings were not sensitive to variations in content-coverage when lectures were highly seductive. The \"Doctor Fox Effect\" appears to be more than an illusion. Seductiveness affects both student ratings of instruction and achievement.", "contents": "The Dr. Fox effect: a study of lecturer effectiveness and ratings of instruction. Students viewed one of six lectures which varied only in substantive teaching points (content) covered and seductiveness. These 207 students then rated the effectiveness of the presentation (satisfaction ratings) and completed a 26-item achievement test. Students who viewed high seduction lectures performed better on the achievement test than did students who viewed low seduction lectures. Similarly, students who viewed lectures high in content performed better on the cognitive test than did students who viewed low-content lectures. The relationship between staisfaction ratings and student achievement was not perfect. Students gave higher ratings to seductive lectures. However, ratings reflected differences in content-coverage only under low seduction conditions. The ratings were not sensitive to variations in content-coverage when lectures were highly seductive. The \"Doctor Fox Effect\" appears to be more than an illusion. Seductiveness affects both student ratings of instruction and achievement.", "PMID": 1120118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6760", "title": "The development of views of specialties during four years of medical school.", "content": "A total of 141 medical students at one medical school participated in a longitudinal study of medical specialty choice. Students indicated their choices in the freshman, sophomore, and senior years. They ranked specialties with respect to status and completed an adjective checklist for self and practitioners of five specialties. Measures of social attractiveness and similarity to self were applied for each specialty. Increasing numbers of students chose internal medicine over the four years. Pediatrics and psychiatry lost students, while family practice and surgery changed little between the first and fourth years. Surgery and medicine were ranked highest and family practice and psychiatry lowest as to status. Family practice was ranked highest and surgery lowest as to social attractiveness. In examining similarity to self, medical students regardless of specialty interest rated themselves as having traits similar to those they assigned to the family practitioner.", "contents": "The development of views of specialties during four years of medical school. A total of 141 medical students at one medical school participated in a longitudinal study of medical specialty choice. Students indicated their choices in the freshman, sophomore, and senior years. They ranked specialties with respect to status and completed an adjective checklist for self and practitioners of five specialties. Measures of social attractiveness and similarity to self were applied for each specialty. Increasing numbers of students chose internal medicine over the four years. Pediatrics and psychiatry lost students, while family practice and surgery changed little between the first and fourth years. Surgery and medicine were ranked highest and family practice and psychiatry lowest as to status. Family practice was ranked highest and surgery lowest as to social attractiveness. In examining similarity to self, medical students regardless of specialty interest rated themselves as having traits similar to those they assigned to the family practitioner.", "PMID": 1120119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6761", "title": "Foreign medical graduates who return home after U.S. residency training: the Peruvian case.", "content": "With few exceptions, reports on foreign medical graduates (FMGs) are concerned with their academic, clinical, and adaptational problems during their training at American hospitals and universities. This report, part of a study of FMGs from Peru who have completed postgraduate training in the United States in the past 10 years, is concerned with the psychosocial and professional stresses of adaptation experienced by a group of 21 Peruvian doctors who have returned home to practice. The authors discuss the \"push\" factors and \"pull\" factors that motivated these physicians to return to Peru to pursue careers in academic medicine, private practice, and government service in contrast to many of their colleagues who have remained in the United States.", "contents": "Foreign medical graduates who return home after U.S. residency training: the Peruvian case. With few exceptions, reports on foreign medical graduates (FMGs) are concerned with their academic, clinical, and adaptational problems during their training at American hospitals and universities. This report, part of a study of FMGs from Peru who have completed postgraduate training in the United States in the past 10 years, is concerned with the psychosocial and professional stresses of adaptation experienced by a group of 21 Peruvian doctors who have returned home to practice. The authors discuss the \"push\" factors and \"pull\" factors that motivated these physicians to return to Peru to pursue careers in academic medicine, private practice, and government service in contrast to many of their colleagues who have remained in the United States.", "PMID": 1120120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6762", "title": "The effects of an information specialist on patient care and medical education.", "content": "A medical librarian joined the pulmonary medicine health care team at Cook County Hospital in order to provide a quick response to information needs regarding patient care, graduate medical education, continuing education, and research. Regular attendance at rounds and conferences enabled the librarian to initiate immediately literature searches in response to both clinical problems and educational requirements. A basic reference supplied to the medical librarian/information specialist by a physician frequently expedited literature research. It was found that patient care and education were enhanced by the rapid access to recent information and that team members used the library more. Close cooperation between the information specialist and physicians significantly facilitated the searches and saved time for health care team members.", "contents": "The effects of an information specialist on patient care and medical education. A medical librarian joined the pulmonary medicine health care team at Cook County Hospital in order to provide a quick response to information needs regarding patient care, graduate medical education, continuing education, and research. Regular attendance at rounds and conferences enabled the librarian to initiate immediately literature searches in response to both clinical problems and educational requirements. A basic reference supplied to the medical librarian/information specialist by a physician frequently expedited literature research. It was found that patient care and education were enhanced by the rapid access to recent information and that team members used the library more. Close cooperation between the information specialist and physicians significantly facilitated the searches and saved time for health care team members.", "PMID": 1120121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6763", "title": "Medical student change during a psychiatry clerkship: evaluation of a program.", "content": "The psychiatry clerkship at the University of British Columbia (U.B.C.) emphasizes the teaching model of the student as primary therapist. In the adult program this takes the form of a ward in which clinical clerks are the primary medical agents. In the child program each clerk assesses and treats a new family referral. While the student-ward model has been described previously, this is the first report which attempts to evaluate some aspects of this innovative approach to teaching clinical psychiatry. Student knowledge, attitudes, personality attributes, and expectations were assessed at the beginning and end of the eight-week rotation, and the changes are described. Principal findings included significant differences in the following: psychiatric knowledge, attitudes about psychiatric illness, ratings of the students by the psychiatrist-supervisor, and some student personality characteristics. Most students had rotation experiences which went beyond prior expectations. The changes which occurred were thought to be important, although modest. The implications of the changes are discussed. The level of the patient care in the programs described compared favorably with similar situations in which residents are the primary therapists.", "contents": "Medical student change during a psychiatry clerkship: evaluation of a program. The psychiatry clerkship at the University of British Columbia (U.B.C.) emphasizes the teaching model of the student as primary therapist. In the adult program this takes the form of a ward in which clinical clerks are the primary medical agents. In the child program each clerk assesses and treats a new family referral. While the student-ward model has been described previously, this is the first report which attempts to evaluate some aspects of this innovative approach to teaching clinical psychiatry. Student knowledge, attitudes, personality attributes, and expectations were assessed at the beginning and end of the eight-week rotation, and the changes are described. Principal findings included significant differences in the following: psychiatric knowledge, attitudes about psychiatric illness, ratings of the students by the psychiatrist-supervisor, and some student personality characteristics. Most students had rotation experiences which went beyond prior expectations. The changes which occurred were thought to be important, although modest. The implications of the changes are discussed. The level of the patient care in the programs described compared favorably with similar situations in which residents are the primary therapists.", "PMID": 1120122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6764", "title": "Relationship between the mutagenic and base-stacking properties of halogenated uracil derivatives. The crystal structures of 5-chloro- and 5-bromouracil.", "content": "Three-dimensional X-ray diffraction data were used to determine the crystal structures of 5-chlorouracil and 5-bromouracil, two mutagenic pyrimidine analogs that can substitute for thymine in DNA. Crystals of the two compounds are nearly isostructural. The space group is P21/c, with a equals 8.450(6), b equals 6.842(3), c equals 11.072(16) angstrom, beta equals 123.53(19) degrees for 5-chlorouracil, and a equals 8.598(3), b equals 6.886(1), c equals 11.417(5) angstrom, beta equals 123.93(3) degrees for 5-bromouracil. Intensity data were collected with an automated diffractometer. The structures were refined by full-matrix least-squares to R equals 0.058 for 5-chlorouracil and R equals 0.027 for 5-bromouracil. The analogs from planar, hydrogen-bonded ribbons that are nearly  identical to those found in the crystal structure of thymine monohydrate. As in many other structures of 5-halogenated uracil derivatives, the bases assume a stacking pattern that permits intimate contacts between the halogen substituents and the pyrimidine rings of adjacent bases. This stacking pattern involves halogen contacts that are significantly shorter than normal van der Waals interactions. The crystallographic results provide additional evidence that halogen substituents influence the stacking patterns of uracil derivatives, while exerting little direct effect on the hydrogen-bonding properties. The observed stacking patterns are consistent with the hypothesis that altered stacking interactions may account for the mis-pairing between 5-halogenated uracil bases and guanine residues within double-helical nucleic acids.", "contents": "Relationship between the mutagenic and base-stacking properties of halogenated uracil derivatives. The crystal structures of 5-chloro- and 5-bromouracil. Three-dimensional X-ray diffraction data were used to determine the crystal structures of 5-chlorouracil and 5-bromouracil, two mutagenic pyrimidine analogs that can substitute for thymine in DNA. Crystals of the two compounds are nearly isostructural. The space group is P21/c, with a equals 8.450(6), b equals 6.842(3), c equals 11.072(16) angstrom, beta equals 123.53(19) degrees for 5-chlorouracil, and a equals 8.598(3), b equals 6.886(1), c equals 11.417(5) angstrom, beta equals 123.93(3) degrees for 5-bromouracil. Intensity data were collected with an automated diffractometer. The structures were refined by full-matrix least-squares to R equals 0.058 for 5-chlorouracil and R equals 0.027 for 5-bromouracil. The analogs from planar, hydrogen-bonded ribbons that are nearly  identical to those found in the crystal structure of thymine monohydrate. As in many other structures of 5-halogenated uracil derivatives, the bases assume a stacking pattern that permits intimate contacts between the halogen substituents and the pyrimidine rings of adjacent bases. This stacking pattern involves halogen contacts that are significantly shorter than normal van der Waals interactions. The crystallographic results provide additional evidence that halogen substituents influence the stacking patterns of uracil derivatives, while exerting little direct effect on the hydrogen-bonding properties. The observed stacking patterns are consistent with the hypothesis that altered stacking interactions may account for the mis-pairing between 5-halogenated uracil bases and guanine residues within double-helical nucleic acids.", "PMID": 1120131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6765", "title": "Free and membrane-bound ribosomes. II. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of proteins from free and membrane-bound rabbit reticulocyte ribosomes.", "content": "Free and membrane-bound polysomes were isolated from rabbit reticulocytes. The membrane-bound polysomes were liberated form the membrane with deoxycholate. Monosomes were prepared from the two types of polysomes by incubation with puromycin. The ribosomal proteins were extracted and analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Two proteins of the large subunit, L11 and L17 present in the free monosomes were not found in the membrane-bound monosomes. On the other hand, four additional spots were found in the protein pattern of the membrane-bound monosomes.", "contents": "Free and membrane-bound ribosomes. II. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of proteins from free and membrane-bound rabbit reticulocyte ribosomes. Free and membrane-bound polysomes were isolated from rabbit reticulocytes. The membrane-bound polysomes were liberated form the membrane with deoxycholate. Monosomes were prepared from the two types of polysomes by incubation with puromycin. The ribosomal proteins were extracted and analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Two proteins of the large subunit, L11 and L17 present in the free monosomes were not found in the membrane-bound monosomes. On the other hand, four additional spots were found in the protein pattern of the membrane-bound monosomes.", "PMID": 1120132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6766", "title": "Factors affecting incorporation of (14C) leucine into albumin and transferrin by the liver in the postnatal rat.", "content": "The mechanisms responsible for the increase in incorporation of radioactive amino acid into albumin, transferrin and total soluble liver protein which occurs in the immediate postnatal period in the rat was investigated in rats delivered surgically in the last 2 days of gestation. The in vivo incorporation of [14C]leucine into the proteins in the liver was low at birth, but increased rapidly during the first half hour after delivery and then more gradually during the subsequent 4.5 h. Neonatal adrenalectomy had no effect on this pattern of results. Intraperitoneal administration of an amino acid supplement had little effect on [14C]leucine incorporation immediately after birth but increased incorporation at 0.5 h and eliminated the second phase of rising incorporation values between 0.5 and 5 h. The in vitro incorporation of 14C into albumin, transferrin and total protein by slices of the liver from animals immediately after delivery was as great as with slices from animals 5 h after delivery. It is concluded that the initial increase in synthesis of proteins in the liver in the first 0.5 h after delivery is probably due to an increase in the supply of metabolic energy due to improved oxygenation of the rats and that the slower increase in protein synthesis between 0.5-5.0 h results from an improved supply of amino acids to liver cells. It is unlikely that changes in the secretion of adrenal hormones in involved.", "contents": "Factors affecting incorporation of (14C) leucine into albumin and transferrin by the liver in the postnatal rat. The mechanisms responsible for the increase in incorporation of radioactive amino acid into albumin, transferrin and total soluble liver protein which occurs in the immediate postnatal period in the rat was investigated in rats delivered surgically in the last 2 days of gestation. The in vivo incorporation of [14C]leucine into the proteins in the liver was low at birth, but increased rapidly during the first half hour after delivery and then more gradually during the subsequent 4.5 h. Neonatal adrenalectomy had no effect on this pattern of results. Intraperitoneal administration of an amino acid supplement had little effect on [14C]leucine incorporation immediately after birth but increased incorporation at 0.5 h and eliminated the second phase of rising incorporation values between 0.5 and 5 h. The in vitro incorporation of 14C into albumin, transferrin and total protein by slices of the liver from animals immediately after delivery was as great as with slices from animals 5 h after delivery. It is concluded that the initial increase in synthesis of proteins in the liver in the first 0.5 h after delivery is probably due to an increase in the supply of metabolic energy due to improved oxygenation of the rats and that the slower increase in protein synthesis between 0.5-5.0 h results from an improved supply of amino acids to liver cells. It is unlikely that changes in the secretion of adrenal hormones in involved.", "PMID": 1120133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6767", "title": "Protein synthesis in chloroplasts. IV. Polypeptides of the chloroplast envelope.", "content": "Envelope membranes were isolated from washed chloroplasts of pea seedlings. As judged by the protein-to-chlorophyll ratio, average preparations contain less than 8 percent contamination with internal lamellar membranes. Electrophoresis on sodium dodecylsulphate polyacrylamide gels shows that the envelope membranes contain at least 25 polypeptides. The molecular weight distribution of the envelope polypeptides is different from that of the lamellar polypeptides, there being more polypeptides of molecular weights above 50 000 in the envelopes. Two envelope polypeptides become labelled when isolated intact chloroplasts are incubated in the light with (35S) methionine. One of these is similar in molecular weight to the main polypeptide labelled in lamellae, but the other is unique to the envelope fraction. Incorporation of label into both polypeptides is totally light-dependent and is inhibited by chloramphenicol. When (35S) methionine is fed to detached pea shoots with and without cycloheximide, the labelling of other envelope polypeptides is inhibited. We conclude that two polypeptides of the chloroplast envelop are synthesised by chloroplast ribosomes.", "contents": "Protein synthesis in chloroplasts. IV. Polypeptides of the chloroplast envelope. Envelope membranes were isolated from washed chloroplasts of pea seedlings. As judged by the protein-to-chlorophyll ratio, average preparations contain less than 8 percent contamination with internal lamellar membranes. Electrophoresis on sodium dodecylsulphate polyacrylamide gels shows that the envelope membranes contain at least 25 polypeptides. The molecular weight distribution of the envelope polypeptides is different from that of the lamellar polypeptides, there being more polypeptides of molecular weights above 50 000 in the envelopes. Two envelope polypeptides become labelled when isolated intact chloroplasts are incubated in the light with (35S) methionine. One of these is similar in molecular weight to the main polypeptide labelled in lamellae, but the other is unique to the envelope fraction. Incorporation of label into both polypeptides is totally light-dependent and is inhibited by chloramphenicol. When (35S) methionine is fed to detached pea shoots with and without cycloheximide, the labelling of other envelope polypeptides is inhibited. We conclude that two polypeptides of the chloroplast envelop are synthesised by chloroplast ribosomes.", "PMID": 1120134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6768", "title": "Globin mRNA from rabbit reticulocyte membrane-bound ribosomes.", "content": "Messenger RNA has been isolated from both free and membrane-bound rabbit reticulocyte ribosomes. Membrane-bound ribosomes, which constitute less than 10% of total cellular ribosomes, are released from the membrane by deoxycholate but remain associated with the membrane fraction following treatment with 0.5 M KC1. The major messenger RNA species isolated from either free or bound ribosomes is globin messenger. Both alpha- and beta-globin chains are synthesized when the isolated messenger RNA from either free or membrane-bound reticulocyte ribosomes is added to a Krebs ascites cell-free system.", "contents": "Globin mRNA from rabbit reticulocyte membrane-bound ribosomes. Messenger RNA has been isolated from both free and membrane-bound rabbit reticulocyte ribosomes. Membrane-bound ribosomes, which constitute less than 10% of total cellular ribosomes, are released from the membrane by deoxycholate but remain associated with the membrane fraction following treatment with 0.5 M KC1. The major messenger RNA species isolated from either free or bound ribosomes is globin messenger. Both alpha- and beta-globin chains are synthesized when the isolated messenger RNA from either free or membrane-bound reticulocyte ribosomes is added to a Krebs ascites cell-free system.", "PMID": 1120136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6769", "title": "Neutral lipids from the skin of the rhino mutant mouse.", "content": "The neutral lipids of the skin of the Rhino mutant mouse consist mainly of fatty acid esters of sterols, fatty alcohols and 1,2-alkane diols, with strikingly low amounts of triacylglycerols. Fatty acids of wax and sterol esters were predominantly even chain monounsaturates (63 per cent) between C16 and C36 with a surprisingly high proportion of long chain lengths: the principal peaks corresponded to C32, C34, C18, C30, and C22 monoenes. The fatty alcohols showed a somewhat similar pattern, but with an even greater preponderance of long chain lengths and only small proportions shorter than C24. sterols included cholesterol, as expected, but only to the extent of about 28 per cent; the larger fraction was shown to be lathosterol (5alpha-cholest-7-en-3beta-ol). The largest single fraction (35.6 per cent) of cutaneous lipids consisted of fatty acid esters of 1.2-alkane diols. The 1,2-alkane diols were completely saturated and included odd and even chain lengths, both straight and branched, in the C16-C24 range: predominant peaks were C20, C22(iso), C16, and C22. Fatty acids of diol esters ranged between C14-C36 with major concentrations of C18, C22, C32, and C34 monounsaturates and C20 and C16 saturates.", "contents": "Neutral lipids from the skin of the rhino mutant mouse. The neutral lipids of the skin of the Rhino mutant mouse consist mainly of fatty acid esters of sterols, fatty alcohols and 1,2-alkane diols, with strikingly low amounts of triacylglycerols. Fatty acids of wax and sterol esters were predominantly even chain monounsaturates (63 per cent) between C16 and C36 with a surprisingly high proportion of long chain lengths: the principal peaks corresponded to C32, C34, C18, C30, and C22 monoenes. The fatty alcohols showed a somewhat similar pattern, but with an even greater preponderance of long chain lengths and only small proportions shorter than C24. sterols included cholesterol, as expected, but only to the extent of about 28 per cent; the larger fraction was shown to be lathosterol (5alpha-cholest-7-en-3beta-ol). The largest single fraction (35.6 per cent) of cutaneous lipids consisted of fatty acid esters of 1.2-alkane diols. The 1,2-alkane diols were completely saturated and included odd and even chain lengths, both straight and branched, in the C16-C24 range: predominant peaks were C20, C22(iso), C16, and C22. Fatty acids of diol esters ranged between C14-C36 with major concentrations of C18, C22, C32, and C34 monounsaturates and C20 and C16 saturates.", "PMID": 1120137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6770", "title": "Changes in the activities of de novo fatty acid synthesis and palmitoyl-CoA synthetase in relation to myelination in rabbit brain.", "content": "1. Age-related changes in the activities of fatty acid synthetase and palmitoyl-CoA synthetase (EC 6.2.1.3) have been determined in rabbit brain from the foetal stage through to maturity. 2. Fatty acid synthetase was most active in the soluble fraction of brain homogenates at 5 days of age, prior to the active phase of myelination. Palmitic acid was the major fatty acid synthesised throughout development. 3. Palmitoyl-CoA synthetase had a constant specific activity in the full homogenate, but in the microsomal fraction reached a maximum specific activity at 15-20 days of age. The specific activity was higher than in the mitochondrial fraction which declined from birth. Most of the palmitoyl-CoA synthetase activity was present in the fraction containing cell membranes plus nuclei. 4. From a comparison of the total activities of the enzymes involved in the metabolism of fatty acids in the brain, de novo fatty acid synthesis may be rate limiting compared with esterification of synthesised fatty acids, but not in the further transformations of the synthesised fatty acids.", "contents": "Changes in the activities of de novo fatty acid synthesis and palmitoyl-CoA synthetase in relation to myelination in rabbit brain. 1. Age-related changes in the activities of fatty acid synthetase and palmitoyl-CoA synthetase (EC 6.2.1.3) have been determined in rabbit brain from the foetal stage through to maturity. 2. Fatty acid synthetase was most active in the soluble fraction of brain homogenates at 5 days of age, prior to the active phase of myelination. Palmitic acid was the major fatty acid synthesised throughout development. 3. Palmitoyl-CoA synthetase had a constant specific activity in the full homogenate, but in the microsomal fraction reached a maximum specific activity at 15-20 days of age. The specific activity was higher than in the mitochondrial fraction which declined from birth. Most of the palmitoyl-CoA synthetase activity was present in the fraction containing cell membranes plus nuclei. 4. From a comparison of the total activities of the enzymes involved in the metabolism of fatty acids in the brain, de novo fatty acid synthesis may be rate limiting compared with esterification of synthesised fatty acids, but not in the further transformations of the synthesised fatty acids.", "PMID": 1120138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6771", "title": "Fatty acid metabolism in the microsomal fraction of developing rabbit brain.", "content": "1. Incorporation of [14C]malonyl-CoA into fatty acid and lipid by the microsomal fraction from developing rabbit brain has been determined. 2. The specific activity for malonyl-CoA incorporation into preformed fatty acid reached a maximum at 15-20 days of age and the increase in enzyme activity paralleled that of palmitoyl-CoA synthesis in the microsomal fraction. 3. Most of the preformed fatty acid was derived from microsomal membrane lipid, and added acyl-CoA only slightly increased the incorporation. Inhibition occurred at concentrations in excess of 2 muM acyl-CoA. Endogenous acyl-CoA may be formed by acyl-group turnover through the action of phospholipase A and acyl-CoA synthetase. 4. Added 14C-labelled acyl-CoA was elongated to a longer chain-length product than endogenous fatty acid elongated with [14C]malonyl-CoA. 5. Both ATP and acyl-CoA influence the incorporation of elongated fatty acids into complex lipids, possibly through their effect on acyl-CoA synthetase.", "contents": "Fatty acid metabolism in the microsomal fraction of developing rabbit brain. 1. Incorporation of [14C]malonyl-CoA into fatty acid and lipid by the microsomal fraction from developing rabbit brain has been determined. 2. The specific activity for malonyl-CoA incorporation into preformed fatty acid reached a maximum at 15-20 days of age and the increase in enzyme activity paralleled that of palmitoyl-CoA synthesis in the microsomal fraction. 3. Most of the preformed fatty acid was derived from microsomal membrane lipid, and added acyl-CoA only slightly increased the incorporation. Inhibition occurred at concentrations in excess of 2 muM acyl-CoA. Endogenous acyl-CoA may be formed by acyl-group turnover through the action of phospholipase A and acyl-CoA synthetase. 4. Added 14C-labelled acyl-CoA was elongated to a longer chain-length product than endogenous fatty acid elongated with [14C]malonyl-CoA. 5. Both ATP and acyl-CoA influence the incorporation of elongated fatty acids into complex lipids, possibly through their effect on acyl-CoA synthetase.", "PMID": 1120139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6772", "title": "Effect of halofenate and clofibrate on lipid synthesis in rat adipocytes.", "content": "The free acids of the plasma lipid-lowering agents, halofenate and clofibrate inhibited the incorporation of radioactive glucose and pyruvate into fatty acids of isolated adipocytes prepared from rat epididymal fat pads. The concentration which inhibited fatty acid synthesis was dependent on the bovine serum albumin concentration in the incubation. The 50 per cent inhibitory concentration of the free acid of halofenate in 1 per cent, 2 percent and 4 per cent albumin was 0.9 mM, 2.3 MM and 4.4 mM, respectively. The potency of clofibrate was also lowered by increasing the albumin concentration. These compounds inhibited the uptake of both [14C]glucose and [14C]pyruvate to the same degree as the incorporation of these substrates into fatty acids. However, the drugs either had no effect on , or stimulated the uptake of palmitate by the cells. Leucine accumulation by the adipocytes was unaffected by halofenate (free acid) and inhibited by clofibrate (free acid). A comparison of these agents with (minus)-hydroxycitrate, kynurenate and cerulenin (inhibitors of ATP-citrate lyase, acetyl CoA carboxylase and fatty acid synthetase, respectively) on the oxidation of pyruvate suggested that they inhibited pyruvate metabolism at or near the enzyme, pyruvate dehydrogenase.", "contents": "Effect of halofenate and clofibrate on lipid synthesis in rat adipocytes. The free acids of the plasma lipid-lowering agents, halofenate and clofibrate inhibited the incorporation of radioactive glucose and pyruvate into fatty acids of isolated adipocytes prepared from rat epididymal fat pads. The concentration which inhibited fatty acid synthesis was dependent on the bovine serum albumin concentration in the incubation. The 50 per cent inhibitory concentration of the free acid of halofenate in 1 per cent, 2 percent and 4 per cent albumin was 0.9 mM, 2.3 MM and 4.4 mM, respectively. The potency of clofibrate was also lowered by increasing the albumin concentration. These compounds inhibited the uptake of both [14C]glucose and [14C]pyruvate to the same degree as the incorporation of these substrates into fatty acids. However, the drugs either had no effect on , or stimulated the uptake of palmitate by the cells. Leucine accumulation by the adipocytes was unaffected by halofenate (free acid) and inhibited by clofibrate (free acid). A comparison of these agents with (minus)-hydroxycitrate, kynurenate and cerulenin (inhibitors of ATP-citrate lyase, acetyl CoA carboxylase and fatty acid synthetase, respectively) on the oxidation of pyruvate suggested that they inhibited pyruvate metabolism at or near the enzyme, pyruvate dehydrogenase.", "PMID": 1120140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6773", "title": "Substrate-selectivity of rat liver microsomal 1,2-diacylglycerol: CDP-choline(ethanolamine) choline(ethanolamine)phosphotransferase in utilizing endogenous substrates.", "content": "Rat liver microsomes containing 1,2-diacylglycerols formed from the endogenous phosphatidycholines by the action of 1,2-diacylglycerol: CDPcholine cholinephosphotransferase (E.C. 2.7.8.2.) were used as a source of enzymes and substrates. A marked selectivity of 1,2-diacylglycerol: CDPethanolamine ethanolaminephosphotransferase (E.C. 2.7.8.1.) was revealed for utilizing endogenous hexaenoic diaglycerol, while cholinephosphotransferase utilized without marked selectivity the endogenous 1,2-diacylglycerol species differing in the degree of unsaturation. By using microsomes prepared after injecting the animals with 1-acyl lysophosphatidylcholines labeled with radioactive myristic, palmitic, and stearic acids, the selectivity of the transferases towards the saturated fatty acids in the 1-position of the endogenous substrates was studied. In incubation of the labeled microsomes with CMP, cholinephosphotransferase appeared to utilize 1-myristyl phosphatidylcholine most rapidly and, in decreasing order, the 1-palmityl and 1-stearyl species. Ethanolaminephosphotransferase utilized the endogenous 1-stearyl diacylglycerol in preference to 1-palmityl type.", "contents": "Substrate-selectivity of rat liver microsomal 1,2-diacylglycerol: CDP-choline(ethanolamine) choline(ethanolamine)phosphotransferase in utilizing endogenous substrates. Rat liver microsomes containing 1,2-diacylglycerols formed from the endogenous phosphatidycholines by the action of 1,2-diacylglycerol: CDPcholine cholinephosphotransferase (E.C. 2.7.8.2.) were used as a source of enzymes and substrates. A marked selectivity of 1,2-diacylglycerol: CDPethanolamine ethanolaminephosphotransferase (E.C. 2.7.8.1.) was revealed for utilizing endogenous hexaenoic diaglycerol, while cholinephosphotransferase utilized without marked selectivity the endogenous 1,2-diacylglycerol species differing in the degree of unsaturation. By using microsomes prepared after injecting the animals with 1-acyl lysophosphatidylcholines labeled with radioactive myristic, palmitic, and stearic acids, the selectivity of the transferases towards the saturated fatty acids in the 1-position of the endogenous substrates was studied. In incubation of the labeled microsomes with CMP, cholinephosphotransferase appeared to utilize 1-myristyl phosphatidylcholine most rapidly and, in decreasing order, the 1-palmityl and 1-stearyl species. Ethanolaminephosphotransferase utilized the endogenous 1-stearyl diacylglycerol in preference to 1-palmityl type.", "PMID": 1120141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6774", "title": "Biosynthesis of galactosyl diglycerides by non-green fractions from chloroplasts.", "content": "When either mitochondria, chloroplast stroma lamellae, or osmotically shocked chloroplasts were centrifuged through sucrose gradients, zones were always obtained at the 0.6 M-0.9 M boundary which were highly active in galactosyltransferase. These activities did not coincide with maxima for chlorophyll or cytochrome c oxidase activity. A second chlorophyll-free fraction was obtained at lower density, showing high galactosyltransferase activity when incubated after isolation. The results indicate that the highly active fractions originate from chloroplast envelopes.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of galactosyl diglycerides by non-green fractions from chloroplasts. When either mitochondria, chloroplast stroma lamellae, or osmotically shocked chloroplasts were centrifuged through sucrose gradients, zones were always obtained at the 0.6 M-0.9 M boundary which were highly active in galactosyltransferase. These activities did not coincide with maxima for chlorophyll or cytochrome c oxidase activity. A second chlorophyll-free fraction was obtained at lower density, showing high galactosyltransferase activity when incubated after isolation. The results indicate that the highly active fractions originate from chloroplast envelopes.", "PMID": 1120142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6775", "title": "Distribution of fatty acids incorporated into triacylglycerols by microsome/cytosol preparations from adipose tissue.", "content": "Microsome/cytosol preparations from adipose tissue of the mouse, pig, rat and chicken and from pig liver synthesize triacylglycerols containing a fatty acid distribution consistent with that in their respective fats. Since the incorporation of fatty acids depends on the presence of glycerol phospahte and no loss of tritium occurs during the incorporation of sn-[2-3 H]glycerol 3-phosphate into triacylglycerols, it would appear that the specific distribution is a property of the transacylases of the glycerophosphate pathway. The apparent Michaelis constant for sn-glycerol 3-phosphate, measured either by sn-glycerol 3-phosphate or palmitate incorporation, averaged 1.4-10-4 M both the mouse and pig adipose tissue enzyme systems.", "contents": "Distribution of fatty acids incorporated into triacylglycerols by microsome/cytosol preparations from adipose tissue. Microsome/cytosol preparations from adipose tissue of the mouse, pig, rat and chicken and from pig liver synthesize triacylglycerols containing a fatty acid distribution consistent with that in their respective fats. Since the incorporation of fatty acids depends on the presence of glycerol phospahte and no loss of tritium occurs during the incorporation of sn-[2-3 H]glycerol 3-phosphate into triacylglycerols, it would appear that the specific distribution is a property of the transacylases of the glycerophosphate pathway. The apparent Michaelis constant for sn-glycerol 3-phosphate, measured either by sn-glycerol 3-phosphate or palmitate incorporation, averaged 1.4-10-4 M both the mouse and pig adipose tissue enzyme systems.", "PMID": 1120143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6776", "title": "Electron diffraction study of the hexagonal polymorphic form of some choline-containing phosphpolipids.", "content": "Since the kinematical diffraction assumption has been found to be applicable to the analysis of electron diffraction patterns from thin organic crystals, single crystal electron diffraction patterns were obtained from thin anhydrous microcrystals of a lecithin, a lysolecithin and a beef brain sphingomyelin. Crystal structure analysis using the hk0 intensity data affirms the correctness of a free methylene rotor model for this projection of the aliphatic chain packing. Because the aliphatic chains are affixed to the polar moiety of a phospholipid molecule, it is proposed that there is helical twisting along the polymethylene chains, rather than the rigid body chain rotation proposed for the hexagonal packing of long chain paraffins. Lack of upper layer diffraction from the lecithin crystals which would be indicative of repeats along the chains leads to a speculation of translational disorders along the chain axes.", "contents": "Electron diffraction study of the hexagonal polymorphic form of some choline-containing phosphpolipids. Since the kinematical diffraction assumption has been found to be applicable to the analysis of electron diffraction patterns from thin organic crystals, single crystal electron diffraction patterns were obtained from thin anhydrous microcrystals of a lecithin, a lysolecithin and a beef brain sphingomyelin. Crystal structure analysis using the hk0 intensity data affirms the correctness of a free methylene rotor model for this projection of the aliphatic chain packing. Because the aliphatic chains are affixed to the polar moiety of a phospholipid molecule, it is proposed that there is helical twisting along the polymethylene chains, rather than the rigid body chain rotation proposed for the hexagonal packing of long chain paraffins. Lack of upper layer diffraction from the lecithin crystals which would be indicative of repeats along the chains leads to a speculation of translational disorders along the chain axes.", "PMID": 1120144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6777", "title": "Biosynthesis of retinol in bovine corpus luteum tissue.", "content": "The bovine corpus luteum was found to contain retinol, as analyzed by fluorometry and the formation of anhydroretinol. After the incubation of beta-[15,15 foot-3H] carotene with slices of corpus luteum tissue the biosynthesis of radioactive retinol was demonstrated. Alumina column chromatography, thin layer chromatography, and high speed liquid chromatography were used to isolate and identify radioactive vitamin A. Retinol was also found to form a polar complex, from which could be released by acid hydrolysis.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of retinol in bovine corpus luteum tissue. The bovine corpus luteum was found to contain retinol, as analyzed by fluorometry and the formation of anhydroretinol. After the incubation of beta-[15,15 foot-3H] carotene with slices of corpus luteum tissue the biosynthesis of radioactive retinol was demonstrated. Alumina column chromatography, thin layer chromatography, and high speed liquid chromatography were used to isolate and identify radioactive vitamin A. Retinol was also found to form a polar complex, from which could be released by acid hydrolysis.", "PMID": 1120145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6778", "title": "Effect of trans-1,4-bis(2-chlorobenzylaminomethyl) cyclohexane dihydrochloride and carbon monoxide on hepatic cholesterol biosynthesis from 4,4,-dimethyl sterols in vitro.", "content": "The drug trans-1,4-bis(2-chlorobenzylaminomethyl)cyclohexane dihydrochloride (AY-9944) almost completely inhibited the conversion of [2-14C] mevalonic acid, dihydro[14C]lanosterol, 4,4-dimethyl-5alpha-[2-3H2]cholesta-8,14-dien-3beta-ol and 4,4-dimethyl-5alpha-[2-3H2]cholest-8(14)-en-3beta-ol to 5alpha-cholest-7-en-3beta-ol and cholesterol by cell-free systems of rat liver. With the first three precursors, the inhibition was accompanied by an accumulation of radioactive 5alpha-cholesta-8,14-dien-3beta-ol, but this material could not be detected during inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis from 4,4-dimethyl-5alpha-[2-3H2] cholest-8(14)-en-3beta-ol. Regardless of the nature of the precursor, trans-1,4-bis(2-chlorobenzylaminomethyl)cyclohexane dihydrochloride did not result in the accumulation of any delta5,7 sterols. Non-radioactive 5alpha-cholest-8(14)-en-3beta-ol inhibited the conversion of dihydro[14C]lanosterol to 4,4-dimethyl-5alpha-cholesta-8,14-dien-3beta-ol. Carbon monoxide resulted in a decrease in the rate of conversion of dihydro[14C]lanosterol to 4,4-dimethyl-5alpha-cholesta-8,14-dien-3beta-ol but had no effect on the rate of conversion of 4,4-dimethyl-5alpha-[2-3H2]cholesta-8,14-dien-3beta-ol to 5alpha-cholest-7-en-3beta-ol and cholesterol suggesting that cytochrome P-450 is involved neither in the oxidative removal of the 4-methyl groups nor in the oxidative introduction of the delta5 bond during cholesterol biosynthesis. In addition, the process of cholesterol and 5alpha-cholest-7-en-3beta-ol biosynthesis from 4,4-dimethyl-5alpha-[2-3H2]cholest-8(14)-en-3beta-ol was inhibited by carbon monoxide at a stage after the formation of 5alpha-cholest-8(14)-en-3beta-ol.", "contents": "Effect of trans-1,4-bis(2-chlorobenzylaminomethyl) cyclohexane dihydrochloride and carbon monoxide on hepatic cholesterol biosynthesis from 4,4,-dimethyl sterols in vitro. The drug trans-1,4-bis(2-chlorobenzylaminomethyl)cyclohexane dihydrochloride (AY-9944) almost completely inhibited the conversion of [2-14C] mevalonic acid, dihydro[14C]lanosterol, 4,4-dimethyl-5alpha-[2-3H2]cholesta-8,14-dien-3beta-ol and 4,4-dimethyl-5alpha-[2-3H2]cholest-8(14)-en-3beta-ol to 5alpha-cholest-7-en-3beta-ol and cholesterol by cell-free systems of rat liver. With the first three precursors, the inhibition was accompanied by an accumulation of radioactive 5alpha-cholesta-8,14-dien-3beta-ol, but this material could not be detected during inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis from 4,4-dimethyl-5alpha-[2-3H2] cholest-8(14)-en-3beta-ol. Regardless of the nature of the precursor, trans-1,4-bis(2-chlorobenzylaminomethyl)cyclohexane dihydrochloride did not result in the accumulation of any delta5,7 sterols. Non-radioactive 5alpha-cholest-8(14)-en-3beta-ol inhibited the conversion of dihydro[14C]lanosterol to 4,4-dimethyl-5alpha-cholesta-8,14-dien-3beta-ol. Carbon monoxide resulted in a decrease in the rate of conversion of dihydro[14C]lanosterol to 4,4-dimethyl-5alpha-cholesta-8,14-dien-3beta-ol but had no effect on the rate of conversion of 4,4-dimethyl-5alpha-[2-3H2]cholesta-8,14-dien-3beta-ol to 5alpha-cholest-7-en-3beta-ol and cholesterol suggesting that cytochrome P-450 is involved neither in the oxidative removal of the 4-methyl groups nor in the oxidative introduction of the delta5 bond during cholesterol biosynthesis. In addition, the process of cholesterol and 5alpha-cholest-7-en-3beta-ol biosynthesis from 4,4-dimethyl-5alpha-[2-3H2]cholest-8(14)-en-3beta-ol was inhibited by carbon monoxide at a stage after the formation of 5alpha-cholest-8(14)-en-3beta-ol.", "PMID": 1120146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6779", "title": "Identification of alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherols and their contents in human milk.", "content": "Human milk was found to contain naturally occuring beta-, gamma- and delta-tocopherol and gamma-tocotrienol in addition to alpha-tocopherol on thin-layer chromatography. Some of the tocopherols were also identified by gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. The mean content of alpha-, beta-, gamma- and delta-tocopherol was 319.3, 7.6, 23.9 and 4.9 mug/g lipid in twelve human colostra 52.5, 1.8, 10.2 and 2.3 mug/g lipid in three transitional milks and 61.7, 2.0, 9.2 and 1.1 mug/g lipid in three normal milks, respectively. A markedly high concentration of alpha-tocopherol was found in colostrum compared with transitional and normal human milk. Gamma-Tocotrienol was detected in colostrum as only one tocotrienol derivative on thin-layer chromatography. The importance of colostrum as the source of vitamin E for the newborn is suggested.", "contents": "Identification of alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherols and their contents in human milk. Human milk was found to contain naturally occuring beta-, gamma- and delta-tocopherol and gamma-tocotrienol in addition to alpha-tocopherol on thin-layer chromatography. Some of the tocopherols were also identified by gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. The mean content of alpha-, beta-, gamma- and delta-tocopherol was 319.3, 7.6, 23.9 and 4.9 mug/g lipid in twelve human colostra 52.5, 1.8, 10.2 and 2.3 mug/g lipid in three transitional milks and 61.7, 2.0, 9.2 and 1.1 mug/g lipid in three normal milks, respectively. A markedly high concentration of alpha-tocopherol was found in colostrum compared with transitional and normal human milk. Gamma-Tocotrienol was detected in colostrum as only one tocotrienol derivative on thin-layer chromatography. The importance of colostrum as the source of vitamin E for the newborn is suggested.", "PMID": 1120147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6780", "title": "3-Ketosphingolipids: application to the determination of sphingolipids which contain 4-sphingenine.", "content": "1. Ceramides and cerebrosides, both with 2-hydroxy or non-hydroxy fatty acids, and sphingomyelins were converted quantitatively to the corresponding 3-keto derivatives with the oxidative reagent 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyanobenzoquinone. Sulfatides were converted to 3-ketocerebrosides. 2. The conversion of these sphingolipids to the alpha,beta-unsaturated ketone permits three methods of quantitation: in Method I, the absorption of the reaction product is measured at 230 nm; Method II utilizes high performance liquid chromatography and an ultraviolet light detector; in Method III, the product is reduced with NaB3H4 and the radioactivity of the reduced products is determined. All three methods can be used to measure sphingolipids in nanomole quantities. 3. Methods I and II have been applied to the determination of cerebroside and sulfatide content of normal and metachromatic leukodystrophy brains. In the white matter of the pathological brains, there was a greater accumulation of sulfatides containing non-hydroxy fatty acids than of those containing 2-hydroxy fatty acids. The ceramide levels of the cerebellum in a Farber's disease patient and a control were determined by Method II. Method III was used to determine the content of free ceramides in human sera.", "contents": "3-Ketosphingolipids: application to the determination of sphingolipids which contain 4-sphingenine. 1. Ceramides and cerebrosides, both with 2-hydroxy or non-hydroxy fatty acids, and sphingomyelins were converted quantitatively to the corresponding 3-keto derivatives with the oxidative reagent 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyanobenzoquinone. Sulfatides were converted to 3-ketocerebrosides. 2. The conversion of these sphingolipids to the alpha,beta-unsaturated ketone permits three methods of quantitation: in Method I, the absorption of the reaction product is measured at 230 nm; Method II utilizes high performance liquid chromatography and an ultraviolet light detector; in Method III, the product is reduced with NaB3H4 and the radioactivity of the reduced products is determined. All three methods can be used to measure sphingolipids in nanomole quantities. 3. Methods I and II have been applied to the determination of cerebroside and sulfatide content of normal and metachromatic leukodystrophy brains. In the white matter of the pathological brains, there was a greater accumulation of sulfatides containing non-hydroxy fatty acids than of those containing 2-hydroxy fatty acids. The ceramide levels of the cerebellum in a Farber's disease patient and a control were determined by Method II. Method III was used to determine the content of free ceramides in human sera.", "PMID": 1120148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6781", "title": "9-Hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase activity in the adult rat kidney. Regional distribution and sub-fractionation.", "content": "1. Catabolism of prostaglandin F2alpha in the adult rat kidney takes place by the following sequence of enzymatic steps: (1) 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase; (2) prostaglandin delta13-reductase; and (3) 9-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase. 2. 9-Hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase activity was highest in the cortex with lesser amounts in the medulla and negligible activity detected in the papilla. A similar distribution was observed for 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase and prostaglandin delta13-reductase. 3. Most of the 9-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase activity in the homogenate was found in the high-speed supernatant as also observed for 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase and prostaglandin delta13-reductase. 4. These observations indicate that the rat kidney contains an abundance of prostaglandin-catabolising enzymes which favour formation of metabolites of the E-type.", "contents": "9-Hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase activity in the adult rat kidney. Regional distribution and sub-fractionation. 1. Catabolism of prostaglandin F2alpha in the adult rat kidney takes place by the following sequence of enzymatic steps: (1) 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase; (2) prostaglandin delta13-reductase; and (3) 9-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase. 2. 9-Hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase activity was highest in the cortex with lesser amounts in the medulla and negligible activity detected in the papilla. A similar distribution was observed for 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase and prostaglandin delta13-reductase. 3. Most of the 9-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase activity in the homogenate was found in the high-speed supernatant as also observed for 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase and prostaglandin delta13-reductase. 4. These observations indicate that the rat kidney contains an abundance of prostaglandin-catabolising enzymes which favour formation of metabolites of the E-type.", "PMID": 1120149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6782", "title": "Photoreactions of phosphorothioate and cysteamine-S-phosphate. Photosubstitution and photophosphoryl transfer.", "content": "The photoreactions of phosphorothioate and cysteamine-S-phosphate were investigated. On irradiation of phosphorothioate a marked change in absorption spectrum was observed. The product migrated in high voltage electrophoresis, with different mobility from that of phosphorothioate and its dimer, or inorganic orthophosphate. It contained phosphate and sulfur in a ratio of 2: 1, without reducing properties. Therefore it was suggested that the product is either pyrothiophosphate, or a cyclic compound, with similar composition. On irradiation of phosphorothioate in the presence of potential phosphoryl group acceptor, such as glucose or galactose, 25-40% of the phosphoryl group was transferred. The formation of glucose 6-phosphate, or galactose 6-phosphate was observed. The photolysis of cysteamine-S-phosphate gave cysteamine, inorganic orthophospate and taurine. Under the same conditions of irradiation, inorganic orthophosphate or aminoethanol-O-phosphate were found to be stable.", "contents": "Photoreactions of phosphorothioate and cysteamine-S-phosphate. Photosubstitution and photophosphoryl transfer. The photoreactions of phosphorothioate and cysteamine-S-phosphate were investigated. On irradiation of phosphorothioate a marked change in absorption spectrum was observed. The product migrated in high voltage electrophoresis, with different mobility from that of phosphorothioate and its dimer, or inorganic orthophosphate. It contained phosphate and sulfur in a ratio of 2: 1, without reducing properties. Therefore it was suggested that the product is either pyrothiophosphate, or a cyclic compound, with similar composition. On irradiation of phosphorothioate in the presence of potential phosphoryl group acceptor, such as glucose or galactose, 25-40% of the phosphoryl group was transferred. The formation of glucose 6-phosphate, or galactose 6-phosphate was observed. The photolysis of cysteamine-S-phosphate gave cysteamine, inorganic orthophospate and taurine. Under the same conditions of irradiation, inorganic orthophosphate or aminoethanol-O-phosphate were found to be stable.", "PMID": 1120150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6783", "title": "Biosynthesis of phenylalanine, tyrosine, 3-(3-carbocyphenyl) alanine and 3-(3-carbocy-4-hydroxyphenyl) alanine in higher plants. Examples of the transformation possibilities for chorismic acid.", "content": "14C-labelled shikimic acid and double labelled shikimic acid tritiated stereospicifically at C-6 are incorporated into 3-(3-carboxyphenyl) alanine, 3-(3-carboxy-4-hydroxyphenyl) alanine, phenylalanine, and tyrosine in Reseda lutea L., Reseda odorata L., Iris x Hollandica cv. Prof. Blauw, and Iris x hollandica cv. Wedgwood. The experiments with 14C-labelled shikimic acid confirm that the aromatic carboxyl groups and rings in 3-(3-carboxyphenyl) alanine and 3-(3-carbocy-4-hydroxyphenyl) alanine derive from the carbocyl group and ring in shikimic acid whereas the experiments with double labelled shikimic acid demonstrate that the pro-6S-hydrogen atom is retained and the pro-6R-hydrogen atom lost in the biosynthesis of 3-(3-carboxyphenyl) alanine, phenylalanine, and tyrosine in the plants used. 3H was located in the ortho-position in the aromatic rings of phenylalanine and tyrosine but in a position para to the alanine side chain of 3- (3-carboxyphenly) alanine. No 3H was found in 3- (3-carboxy-4-hydroxyphenyl) alanine. This supports a derivation of the last two compounds from chorismic acid via isochorismic acid, isoprephenic acid, and 3'-carboxyphenylpyruvic acid and 3'-carbocy-4'-hydroxyphenylphruvic acid. The 3H/14C ratio in 3-(3-carboxyphenyl) alanine was found higher than in the precursor used. This isotope effect must operate by competition between the pathways from isoprephenic acid to 3'-carbocyphenylpyruvic acid and to 3'-carbocy-4'- hydroxyphenylpyruvic acic. The proposed biosynthetic pathways for the two carboxy-substituted amino acids are in agreement with their distribution patterns in the plant kingdom and suggest that they may derive from minor changes of enzymes involved in the general pathways of aromatic biosynthesis.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of phenylalanine, tyrosine, 3-(3-carbocyphenyl) alanine and 3-(3-carbocy-4-hydroxyphenyl) alanine in higher plants. Examples of the transformation possibilities for chorismic acid. 14C-labelled shikimic acid and double labelled shikimic acid tritiated stereospicifically at C-6 are incorporated into 3-(3-carboxyphenyl) alanine, 3-(3-carboxy-4-hydroxyphenyl) alanine, phenylalanine, and tyrosine in Reseda lutea L., Reseda odorata L., Iris x Hollandica cv. Prof. Blauw, and Iris x hollandica cv. Wedgwood. The experiments with 14C-labelled shikimic acid confirm that the aromatic carboxyl groups and rings in 3-(3-carboxyphenyl) alanine and 3-(3-carbocy-4-hydroxyphenyl) alanine derive from the carbocyl group and ring in shikimic acid whereas the experiments with double labelled shikimic acid demonstrate that the pro-6S-hydrogen atom is retained and the pro-6R-hydrogen atom lost in the biosynthesis of 3-(3-carboxyphenyl) alanine, phenylalanine, and tyrosine in the plants used. 3H was located in the ortho-position in the aromatic rings of phenylalanine and tyrosine but in a position para to the alanine side chain of 3- (3-carboxyphenly) alanine. No 3H was found in 3- (3-carboxy-4-hydroxyphenyl) alanine. This supports a derivation of the last two compounds from chorismic acid via isochorismic acid, isoprephenic acid, and 3'-carboxyphenylpyruvic acid and 3'-carbocy-4'-hydroxyphenylphruvic acid. The 3H/14C ratio in 3-(3-carboxyphenyl) alanine was found higher than in the precursor used. This isotope effect must operate by competition between the pathways from isoprephenic acid to 3'-carbocyphenylpyruvic acid and to 3'-carbocy-4'- hydroxyphenylpyruvic acic. The proposed biosynthetic pathways for the two carboxy-substituted amino acids are in agreement with their distribution patterns in the plant kingdom and suggest that they may derive from minor changes of enzymes involved in the general pathways of aromatic biosynthesis.", "PMID": 1120151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6784", "title": "Intermediates in the metabolism of m-carboxy-substituted aromatic amino acids in plants. Phenylpyruvic acids, mandelic acids, and phenylglyoxylic acids.", "content": "Tracer experiments with 14C-labelled precursors in Iris times hollandica cv. Wedgwood, Reseda Iutea L. And Keseda Odorata L. have demonstrated that 3-(3-carboxyphenyl) alanine and 3-(3-carboxy-4-hydroxyphenyl) alanine can be derived from the corresponding pyruvic acids, presumably by unspecific transaminations, and that (3-carboxyphenyl) glycine and (3-carboxy-4-hydroxyphenyl) glycine can be derived from the corresponding phenylglyoxylic acids. The glycine derivatives are derived from the alanine derivatives, and the corresponding mandelic acids are intermediates in these transformations. The corresponding phenylacetic acids are incorporated only slightly into the glycine derivatives, indicating that oxidation at the benzylic position in the C6-C3 compounds takes place early in the transformation. The corresponding cinamic acids are not metabolized at all in the plants.", "contents": "Intermediates in the metabolism of m-carboxy-substituted aromatic amino acids in plants. Phenylpyruvic acids, mandelic acids, and phenylglyoxylic acids. Tracer experiments with 14C-labelled precursors in Iris times hollandica cv. Wedgwood, Reseda Iutea L. And Keseda Odorata L. have demonstrated that 3-(3-carboxyphenyl) alanine and 3-(3-carboxy-4-hydroxyphenyl) alanine can be derived from the corresponding pyruvic acids, presumably by unspecific transaminations, and that (3-carboxyphenyl) glycine and (3-carboxy-4-hydroxyphenyl) glycine can be derived from the corresponding phenylglyoxylic acids. The glycine derivatives are derived from the alanine derivatives, and the corresponding mandelic acids are intermediates in these transformations. The corresponding phenylacetic acids are incorporated only slightly into the glycine derivatives, indicating that oxidation at the benzylic position in the C6-C3 compounds takes place early in the transformation. The corresponding cinamic acids are not metabolized at all in the plants.", "PMID": 1120152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6785", "title": "Biosynthesis of p-aminophenylalanine: part of a general scheme for the biosynthesis of chorisimic acid derivatives.", "content": "p-Aminophenylalanine is biosynthesized in Vigna vexillata (L.) A. Rich. from shikimic acid through a pathway different from that giving phenylalanine and tyrosine. Experiments with 1,6-14C-labelled shikimic acid demonstrate that the C3-side chain in p-aminophenylalanine is attached to the original C-1 in shikimic acid. The biosynthesis of p-aminophenylalanine in Vigna vexillata probably follows the same pathway as the biosynthesis of this amino acid in Streptomyces species where it is known to be an intermediate in the biosynthesis of chloramphenicol. It is proposed that the biosynthesis takes place through chorismic acid, 4-amino-3-enolpyruvylcyclohexa-1,5-dienecarboxylic acid, 3-(4-amino-1-carboxycyclohexa-2,5-dienyl) pyruvic acid, and 4'-aminophenyl-yruvic acid. It is proposed that chorismic acid can gave rise to 4-amino-3-enolpyruvylcyclohexa-1,5-dienecarboxylic acid, 2-amino-3-enolpyruvylcyclohexa-4,6-dienecarboxylic acid, and isochorismic acid, and that these three compounds and chorismic acid itself by simple rearrangements and elimination reactions can give rise to most known chorismic acid derivatives, i. e.p-hydroxybenzoic acid, 3,4-dihydroxy-3,4-dihydrobenzoic acid, phenylalanine, tyrosine, p-aminobenzoic acid, p-aminophenylalanine, anthranilic acid, 2-amino-3-hydroxy-2,3-dihydrobenzoic acid, 3-(3-carobxyphenyl) alanine, 3-(3-carbocy-4-hydrocyphenyl) alanine, salicylic acid, and 2,3-dihydroxy2,3-dihydrobenzoic acid.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of p-aminophenylalanine: part of a general scheme for the biosynthesis of chorisimic acid derivatives. p-Aminophenylalanine is biosynthesized in Vigna vexillata (L.) A. Rich. from shikimic acid through a pathway different from that giving phenylalanine and tyrosine. Experiments with 1,6-14C-labelled shikimic acid demonstrate that the C3-side chain in p-aminophenylalanine is attached to the original C-1 in shikimic acid. The biosynthesis of p-aminophenylalanine in Vigna vexillata probably follows the same pathway as the biosynthesis of this amino acid in Streptomyces species where it is known to be an intermediate in the biosynthesis of chloramphenicol. It is proposed that the biosynthesis takes place through chorismic acid, 4-amino-3-enolpyruvylcyclohexa-1,5-dienecarboxylic acid, 3-(4-amino-1-carboxycyclohexa-2,5-dienyl) pyruvic acid, and 4'-aminophenyl-yruvic acid. It is proposed that chorismic acid can gave rise to 4-amino-3-enolpyruvylcyclohexa-1,5-dienecarboxylic acid, 2-amino-3-enolpyruvylcyclohexa-4,6-dienecarboxylic acid, and isochorismic acid, and that these three compounds and chorismic acid itself by simple rearrangements and elimination reactions can give rise to most known chorismic acid derivatives, i. e.p-hydroxybenzoic acid, 3,4-dihydroxy-3,4-dihydrobenzoic acid, phenylalanine, tyrosine, p-aminobenzoic acid, p-aminophenylalanine, anthranilic acid, 2-amino-3-hydroxy-2,3-dihydrobenzoic acid, 3-(3-carobxyphenyl) alanine, 3-(3-carbocy-4-hydrocyphenyl) alanine, salicylic acid, and 2,3-dihydroxy2,3-dihydrobenzoic acid.", "PMID": 1120153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6786", "title": "Isolation and partial characterization of two minor glycoproteins from human erythrocyte membranes.", "content": "Two minor glycoproteins GP-II and GP-III, were isolated from human erythrocyte membranes and characterized chemically and immunologically. The chemical composition of GP-II and GP-III was similar: GP-II consisted of 81% protein and 19% carbohydrate of which 4.9% was hexose, 5.4% hexosamine and 7.8% sialic acid. GP-III consisted of 76% protein and 24% carbohydrate of which 7.6% was hexose, 7.2% hexosamine and 8.1% sialic acid. The amino acid composition of GP-II and GP-III was also similar. GP-II and GP-III, however, differed in chemical composition from the MN glycoprotein. GP-II and GP-III were associated with the blood group activities Ss, I and A, but not with the MN antigens. GP-III had higher blood group activities per mug of protein than did GP-II. The specific activities for the Ss blood group antigens were increased 3-10-fold by purificantion of GP-III from the aqueous phase of chloroform methanol extracts.", "contents": "Isolation and partial characterization of two minor glycoproteins from human erythrocyte membranes. Two minor glycoproteins GP-II and GP-III, were isolated from human erythrocyte membranes and characterized chemically and immunologically. The chemical composition of GP-II and GP-III was similar: GP-II consisted of 81% protein and 19% carbohydrate of which 4.9% was hexose, 5.4% hexosamine and 7.8% sialic acid. GP-III consisted of 76% protein and 24% carbohydrate of which 7.6% was hexose, 7.2% hexosamine and 8.1% sialic acid. The amino acid composition of GP-II and GP-III was also similar. GP-II and GP-III, however, differed in chemical composition from the MN glycoprotein. GP-II and GP-III were associated with the blood group activities Ss, I and A, but not with the MN antigens. GP-III had higher blood group activities per mug of protein than did GP-II. The specific activities for the Ss blood group antigens were increased 3-10-fold by purificantion of GP-III from the aqueous phase of chloroform methanol extracts.", "PMID": 1120154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6787", "title": "Species variability in the modification of erythrocyte surface proteins by enzymatic probes.", "content": "Bovine and equine erythrocytes have been studied by three different surface modification techniques to investigate the accessibility of the surface components to the external medium. Lactoperoxidase labeling of equine erythrocytes results in a significant labeling of only one membrane component, a 100 000-mol.wt polypeptide corresponding to the membrane-spanning Component III of human erythrocytes. The major sialoglycoprotein of the equine erythrocyte is not labeled. This is in contradistinction to the situation for human and bovine cells, where both components are labeled. The equine membrane sialoglycoprotein is also not markedly affected by pronase, chymotrypsin or trypsin treatment of whole cells under the treatment conditions used, although it can be cleaved by pronase in isolated membranes. Experiments with the isolated glycoprotein show that its cleavage by trypsin is quite selective, whereas cleavage by pronase and chymotrypsin is much more extensive. Labelling of bovine red cells by galactose oxidase treatment followed by reduction with 3H-labeled borohydride yields radioactivity in only one major peak, that corresponding increase in labeling. Equine erythrocytes don not show significant labeling by this technique unless a neuraminidase pretreatment has been performed. Then only the major glycoprotein is labeled. Thus the equine glycoprotein is apparently inaccessible to the cell surface by standard surface modification methods, although it is clearly a surface component. These experiments point out some of the limitations of surface labeling and proteolysis methods in probing the accessibility of membrane components. The results suggest that apparent inaccessibility of the equine glycoprotein is due partially to its structure and partially to its localization in the membrane.", "contents": "Species variability in the modification of erythrocyte surface proteins by enzymatic probes. Bovine and equine erythrocytes have been studied by three different surface modification techniques to investigate the accessibility of the surface components to the external medium. Lactoperoxidase labeling of equine erythrocytes results in a significant labeling of only one membrane component, a 100 000-mol.wt polypeptide corresponding to the membrane-spanning Component III of human erythrocytes. The major sialoglycoprotein of the equine erythrocyte is not labeled. This is in contradistinction to the situation for human and bovine cells, where both components are labeled. The equine membrane sialoglycoprotein is also not markedly affected by pronase, chymotrypsin or trypsin treatment of whole cells under the treatment conditions used, although it can be cleaved by pronase in isolated membranes. Experiments with the isolated glycoprotein show that its cleavage by trypsin is quite selective, whereas cleavage by pronase and chymotrypsin is much more extensive. Labelling of bovine red cells by galactose oxidase treatment followed by reduction with 3H-labeled borohydride yields radioactivity in only one major peak, that corresponding increase in labeling. Equine erythrocytes don not show significant labeling by this technique unless a neuraminidase pretreatment has been performed. Then only the major glycoprotein is labeled. Thus the equine glycoprotein is apparently inaccessible to the cell surface by standard surface modification methods, although it is clearly a surface component. These experiments point out some of the limitations of surface labeling and proteolysis methods in probing the accessibility of membrane components. The results suggest that apparent inaccessibility of the equine glycoprotein is due partially to its structure and partially to its localization in the membrane.", "PMID": 1120155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6788", "title": "Active secretion of calcium, sodium and chloride by adult rat duodenum in vitro.", "content": "Active secretion of Ca2+ is observed from the serosal to the mucosal surface across adult rat duodenum in vitro when absorptive Ca2+ flux is saturated by a high [Ca2+]. Sodium and chloride are spontaneously secreted by this tissue with Cl secretion apparently accounting for about one-third of the short-circuit current when there is no absorptive co-transport of Na+.", "contents": "Active secretion of calcium, sodium and chloride by adult rat duodenum in vitro. Active secretion of Ca2+ is observed from the serosal to the mucosal surface across adult rat duodenum in vitro when absorptive Ca2+ flux is saturated by a high [Ca2+]. Sodium and chloride are spontaneously secreted by this tissue with Cl secretion apparently accounting for about one-third of the short-circuit current when there is no absorptive co-transport of Na+.", "PMID": 1120156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6789", "title": "Galactose transport across the serosal border of rabbit ileum and its role in intracellular accumulation.", "content": "Unidirectional fluxes of D-galactose across the brush and serosal border of rabbit ileum were determined using the method described previously (Naftalin, R. J. and Curran, P.F. (1974) J. Membrane Biol. 16, 257-278). With ringer [Na] equals 75 meguiv., the Km for galactose influx across the brush-border is 5mM, with 0.1 mM ouabain present K-m equals 50 mM, the V (2.0 munol - CM-2-H-1) remains unaltered. The Michaelis parameters for galactose influx across the serosal border are K-m equals 59 plus or minus 9 mM and V equals 4.7 plus or minus 0.24 mumol-cm-2-h-1 and for efflux K-m equals 85 plus or minus 10 mM and V equals 6.8 plus or minus 0.7 mumol-CM-2-H-1. 2. 2-Deoxy-D-glucose and methyl beta-D-glucopyranoside inhibit galactose entry exclusively at the serosal and mucosal borders respectively, while 3-O-methyl-D-glucose inhibits galactose influx at both borders. 0.1 mM ouabain increases the K1 of 3-O-methylglucose for the serosal transport system (100 mM) is unaffected by ouabain. Inhibition of mucosal galactose transport by ouabain or by competition with other sugars results in a reciprocal increase in exit permeability and decrease in entry permeability. Inhibition of serosal galactose transport results in inhibition of both the entry and exit permeability, entry is more affected. 3. There is a small degree of permeability asymetry at the serosal border to galactose which is reduced by ouabain or removel of Na+ from the Ringer. Uptake of 14C-labelled galactose from the serosal solution into the tissue is also inhibited by addition of ouabain or Na+ removal. It is therefore considered that there is a weak active transport system for galactose at the serosal border. 4. Net transepithelial galactose flux is sufficiently high and serosal permeability to galactose sufficiently low to be consistent with the view that galactose is concentrated within the tissue fluid, after conviction (Naftalin, R.J. and Holman, G.D. (1974) Biochim. Biophys. Acta., 373, 453-470) across the mucosal border because it is reflected at the serosal boundary.", "contents": "Galactose transport across the serosal border of rabbit ileum and its role in intracellular accumulation. Unidirectional fluxes of D-galactose across the brush and serosal border of rabbit ileum were determined using the method described previously (Naftalin, R. J. and Curran, P.F. (1974) J. Membrane Biol. 16, 257-278). With ringer [Na] equals 75 meguiv., the Km for galactose influx across the brush-border is 5mM, with 0.1 mM ouabain present K-m equals 50 mM, the V (2.0 munol - CM-2-H-1) remains unaltered. The Michaelis parameters for galactose influx across the serosal border are K-m equals 59 plus or minus 9 mM and V equals 4.7 plus or minus 0.24 mumol-cm-2-h-1 and for efflux K-m equals 85 plus or minus 10 mM and V equals 6.8 plus or minus 0.7 mumol-CM-2-H-1. 2. 2-Deoxy-D-glucose and methyl beta-D-glucopyranoside inhibit galactose entry exclusively at the serosal and mucosal borders respectively, while 3-O-methyl-D-glucose inhibits galactose influx at both borders. 0.1 mM ouabain increases the K1 of 3-O-methylglucose for the serosal transport system (100 mM) is unaffected by ouabain. Inhibition of mucosal galactose transport by ouabain or by competition with other sugars results in a reciprocal increase in exit permeability and decrease in entry permeability. Inhibition of serosal galactose transport results in inhibition of both the entry and exit permeability, entry is more affected. 3. There is a small degree of permeability asymetry at the serosal border to galactose which is reduced by ouabain or removel of Na+ from the Ringer. Uptake of 14C-labelled galactose from the serosal solution into the tissue is also inhibited by addition of ouabain or Na+ removal. It is therefore considered that there is a weak active transport system for galactose at the serosal border. 4. Net transepithelial galactose flux is sufficiently high and serosal permeability to galactose sufficiently low to be consistent with the view that galactose is concentrated within the tissue fluid, after conviction (Naftalin, R.J. and Holman, G.D. (1974) Biochim. Biophys. Acta., 373, 453-470) across the mucosal border because it is reflected at the serosal boundary.", "PMID": 1120157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6790", "title": "The effect of diamide and glutathione on the uptake of alpha-methyl-D-glucoside by slices of rat kidney cortex.", "content": "The uptake of alpha-methyl-D-glucoside was stimulated in slices of rat kidney cortex by pretreatment with reduced glutathione. Diamide, an oxidizind agent with high specificity for GSH, caused an inhibition of alpha-methyl-D-glucoside uptake. These effects appeared to be related specifically to GSH, since dithiothreitol and mercaptoethanol did not increase alpha-methyl-D-glucoside uptake, and were not as effective as GSH in reversing the effects of diamide. GSH and diamide had no effect on the uptake of another sugar analog, 3-O-methylglucose, which is not actively transported. Kinetic studies indicated that GSH increased the apparent V without affecting K-m. The results are discussed in terms of the possible role of GSH in the process of sugar transport.", "contents": "The effect of diamide and glutathione on the uptake of alpha-methyl-D-glucoside by slices of rat kidney cortex. The uptake of alpha-methyl-D-glucoside was stimulated in slices of rat kidney cortex by pretreatment with reduced glutathione. Diamide, an oxidizind agent with high specificity for GSH, caused an inhibition of alpha-methyl-D-glucoside uptake. These effects appeared to be related specifically to GSH, since dithiothreitol and mercaptoethanol did not increase alpha-methyl-D-glucoside uptake, and were not as effective as GSH in reversing the effects of diamide. GSH and diamide had no effect on the uptake of another sugar analog, 3-O-methylglucose, which is not actively transported. Kinetic studies indicated that GSH increased the apparent V without affecting K-m. The results are discussed in terms of the possible role of GSH in the process of sugar transport.", "PMID": 1120158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6791", "title": "A comparison of a spin-label and a fluorescent cell membrane probe using pure and mixed monomolecular films.", "content": "Monocular films studies of 12-nitroxide stearic acid and 12-(9-anthroyl) stearic acid reveal that deviations from the behavior of the parent molecule (stearic acid) are as much dictated by the polar, or nonpolar, nature of the probe group as by its size. In mixed films under membrane-like conditions, the spin label probe, 12-nitroxide stearic acid, exhibits positive deviations from ideality and should read too high a fluidity. The picture is, however, complicated by a tendency of this probe molecule to adopt a bent conformation, a tendency apparently enhanced by specific interactions with the lecithin zwitterion. 12-(9-anthroyl) stearic acid, in contrast, shows only negative deviations from ideality in mixed dipalmitoyl lecithin films and should read too low a fluidity.", "contents": "A comparison of a spin-label and a fluorescent cell membrane probe using pure and mixed monomolecular films. Monocular films studies of 12-nitroxide stearic acid and 12-(9-anthroyl) stearic acid reveal that deviations from the behavior of the parent molecule (stearic acid) are as much dictated by the polar, or nonpolar, nature of the probe group as by its size. In mixed films under membrane-like conditions, the spin label probe, 12-nitroxide stearic acid, exhibits positive deviations from ideality and should read too high a fluidity. The picture is, however, complicated by a tendency of this probe molecule to adopt a bent conformation, a tendency apparently enhanced by specific interactions with the lecithin zwitterion. 12-(9-anthroyl) stearic acid, in contrast, shows only negative deviations from ideality in mixed dipalmitoyl lecithin films and should read too low a fluidity.", "PMID": 1120159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6792", "title": "Demonstration of a class of proteins loosely associated with secretory granule membranes.", "content": "It is shown, in this study, that rat secretory granule membrane preparations, as prepared by the method of Amsterdam et al. [(1971) J. Cell Biol. 50, 187-200], contain a protein fraction which is removed by washing in isotonic medium. This fraction contains unusually high levels of Pro, Gly and Glx, and appears to label rapidly if the rats are pulsed with [14-c] amino acids prior to removal of the glands. The fraction, which may represent specifically adsorbed secretory protein(s) or peripheral membrane protein, is significant to investigators using this model system to study secretory phenomena.", "contents": "Demonstration of a class of proteins loosely associated with secretory granule membranes. It is shown, in this study, that rat secretory granule membrane preparations, as prepared by the method of Amsterdam et al. [(1971) J. Cell Biol. 50, 187-200], contain a protein fraction which is removed by washing in isotonic medium. This fraction contains unusually high levels of Pro, Gly and Glx, and appears to label rapidly if the rats are pulsed with [14-c] amino acids prior to removal of the glands. The fraction, which may represent specifically adsorbed secretory protein(s) or peripheral membrane protein, is significant to investigators using this model system to study secretory phenomena.", "PMID": 1120160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6793", "title": "RNA - DNA hybridization on membrane filters with fragmented mammalian DNA.", "content": "The possibilities of using fragmented mammalian DNA for hybridization on membrane filters were investigated. The adsorption and release of fragmented DNA were studied as influenced by various factors of the hybridization procedure. It was found that working with preparations sufficiently homogeneous in molecular weight with fragment size 4.8-6.5 S, dissolved in 6 times SSC at neutral pH, the adsorption on filters was almost 100%. After incubation of filters for 18 h in 2 times SSC at 65 degrees C about 50% of the fragmented DNA and 20% of the high molecular weight DNA were released. The degree of release differed for the different families of repeated DNA sequences. Lowest release was obtained with the highly repeated DNA (20%) and highest with the unique DNA (63%), i.e. the release was inversely proportional to the renaturation rate of DNA. In the course of release of fragmented total DNA the material remaining on the filters became enriched in highly repeated sequences, due to selective release of the slowly reassociating fractions. As a result, the percentage of fragmented DNA which hybridized with heterogeneous nuclear RNA was higher than that of high molecular weight DNA. The thermal stabilities of the hybrids with fragmented and high molecular weight DNA were identical. The conditions are defined which permit application of the membrane filter hybridization technique to fragmented mammalian DNA.", "contents": "RNA - DNA hybridization on membrane filters with fragmented mammalian DNA. The possibilities of using fragmented mammalian DNA for hybridization on membrane filters were investigated. The adsorption and release of fragmented DNA were studied as influenced by various factors of the hybridization procedure. It was found that working with preparations sufficiently homogeneous in molecular weight with fragment size 4.8-6.5 S, dissolved in 6 times SSC at neutral pH, the adsorption on filters was almost 100%. After incubation of filters for 18 h in 2 times SSC at 65 degrees C about 50% of the fragmented DNA and 20% of the high molecular weight DNA were released. The degree of release differed for the different families of repeated DNA sequences. Lowest release was obtained with the highly repeated DNA (20%) and highest with the unique DNA (63%), i.e. the release was inversely proportional to the renaturation rate of DNA. In the course of release of fragmented total DNA the material remaining on the filters became enriched in highly repeated sequences, due to selective release of the slowly reassociating fractions. As a result, the percentage of fragmented DNA which hybridized with heterogeneous nuclear RNA was higher than that of high molecular weight DNA. The thermal stabilities of the hybrids with fragmented and high molecular weight DNA were identical. The conditions are defined which permit application of the membrane filter hybridization technique to fragmented mammalian DNA.", "PMID": 1120161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6794", "title": "Molecular weights of maize mitochondrial and cytoplasmic ribosomal RNAs under denaturing conditions.", "content": "The molecular weights of maize cytoplasmic and mitochondrial rRNAs were determined by gel acrylamide electrophoresis under non-denaturing and denaturing conditions. The molecular weights of mitochondrial rRNAs (0.76-10-6 and 1.25-10-6) exceeded those of cytoplasmic rRNAs (0.67-10-6 and 1.19-10-6) when electrophoresed in 8 M urea at 60 degrees C. Electrophoresis in 1.1 M formaldehyde resulted in similar values except for heavy mitochondrial rRNA, which exhibited a higher molecular weight than observed in 8 M urea. The observed values for cytoplasmic rRNAs, especially the heavy component, represent a decrease from estimates obtained under non-denaturing conditions. This is the first report of the electrophoretic examination of higher plant rRNAs under denaturing conditions.", "contents": "Molecular weights of maize mitochondrial and cytoplasmic ribosomal RNAs under denaturing conditions. The molecular weights of maize cytoplasmic and mitochondrial rRNAs were determined by gel acrylamide electrophoresis under non-denaturing and denaturing conditions. The molecular weights of mitochondrial rRNAs (0.76-10-6 and 1.25-10-6) exceeded those of cytoplasmic rRNAs (0.67-10-6 and 1.19-10-6) when electrophoresed in 8 M urea at 60 degrees C. Electrophoresis in 1.1 M formaldehyde resulted in similar values except for heavy mitochondrial rRNA, which exhibited a higher molecular weight than observed in 8 M urea. The observed values for cytoplasmic rRNAs, especially the heavy component, represent a decrease from estimates obtained under non-denaturing conditions. This is the first report of the electrophoretic examination of higher plant rRNAs under denaturing conditions.", "PMID": 1120162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6795", "title": "On the interaction of ribonuclease U-2 and substrate analogues.", "content": "1. The interaction of ribonuclease U-2 (RNAase U-2) with its substrate analogues has been investigated by a gel filtration method. At pH 4.5 and 30 degrees C, the apparent binding strength of the substrate analogues was in the following order; adenylate greater than guanylate greater than inosylate greater than cytidylate among 2'-nucleotides and 2'- greater than 3'- greater than 5'- among adenylate isomers. The formation of an equimolar complex of RNAase U-2 and 2'-nucleotide was indicated from the Scatchard plot. 2. The interaction of RNAase U-2 with 2'-adenylate or 2'-guanylate was observed spectrophotometrically. The complex of RNAase U-2 and 2'-adenylate yielded not only an absorption difference spectrum having a broad positive peak at 280 to 285 nm and a negative trough at 256 nm but also a circular dichroic difference spectrum having a positive peak at around 250 nm and a negative trough at around 290 nm. The complex of RNAase U-2 and 2'-guanylate gave a similar difference spectrum to that of the RNAase T-1 - 3'-guanylate complex, in absorption as well as in circular dichroism.", "contents": "On the interaction of ribonuclease U-2 and substrate analogues. 1. The interaction of ribonuclease U-2 (RNAase U-2) with its substrate analogues has been investigated by a gel filtration method. At pH 4.5 and 30 degrees C, the apparent binding strength of the substrate analogues was in the following order; adenylate greater than guanylate greater than inosylate greater than cytidylate among 2'-nucleotides and 2'- greater than 3'- greater than 5'- among adenylate isomers. The formation of an equimolar complex of RNAase U-2 and 2'-nucleotide was indicated from the Scatchard plot. 2. The interaction of RNAase U-2 with 2'-adenylate or 2'-guanylate was observed spectrophotometrically. The complex of RNAase U-2 and 2'-adenylate yielded not only an absorption difference spectrum having a broad positive peak at 280 to 285 nm and a negative trough at 256 nm but also a circular dichroic difference spectrum having a positive peak at around 250 nm and a negative trough at around 290 nm. The complex of RNAase U-2 and 2'-guanylate gave a similar difference spectrum to that of the RNAase T-1 - 3'-guanylate complex, in absorption as well as in circular dichroism.", "PMID": 1120163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6796", "title": "The cell-free translation of Rauscher leukemia virus RNA into high molecular weight polypeptides.", "content": "Rauscher leukemia virus (RLV) 65-S RNA, 35-S mengovirus RNA and reticulocyte A-rich RNA each stimulated cell-free protein synthesis in a JLS-V5 cell derived S-30 system. rRNA, however, was not stimulatory in this system. Of the stimulated protein products only those synthesized in response to added RLV RNA were immune-precipitable with anti-RLV rabbit serum. Furthermore, cell-free incubations with pactamycin at a concentration which specifically inhibits initiation and not elongation prevented the stimulation of amino acid incorporation in response to added RLV RNA. Analysis of the polypeptides synthesized by the cell-free system in response to reticulocyte A-rich RNA, showed them to be globin-like and, therefore, also mRNA specific. The RLV RNA-directed product included at least two classes of polypeptides (mol. wts of 140 000-185 000 and 50 000-75 000) both of which were larger than the group specific polypeptides of mature virions. None of the internal structural polypeptides of mature virions were synthesized in response to RLV RNA. The large molecular weight, viral-specific polypeptides are candidate precursor polyproteins which may represent the translational products of a polycistronic mRNA with a single initiation site.", "contents": "The cell-free translation of Rauscher leukemia virus RNA into high molecular weight polypeptides. Rauscher leukemia virus (RLV) 65-S RNA, 35-S mengovirus RNA and reticulocyte A-rich RNA each stimulated cell-free protein synthesis in a JLS-V5 cell derived S-30 system. rRNA, however, was not stimulatory in this system. Of the stimulated protein products only those synthesized in response to added RLV RNA were immune-precipitable with anti-RLV rabbit serum. Furthermore, cell-free incubations with pactamycin at a concentration which specifically inhibits initiation and not elongation prevented the stimulation of amino acid incorporation in response to added RLV RNA. Analysis of the polypeptides synthesized by the cell-free system in response to reticulocyte A-rich RNA, showed them to be globin-like and, therefore, also mRNA specific. The RLV RNA-directed product included at least two classes of polypeptides (mol. wts of 140 000-185 000 and 50 000-75 000) both of which were larger than the group specific polypeptides of mature virions. None of the internal structural polypeptides of mature virions were synthesized in response to RLV RNA. The large molecular weight, viral-specific polypeptides are candidate precursor polyproteins which may represent the translational products of a polycistronic mRNA with a single initiation site.", "PMID": 1120164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6797", "title": "Mechanism of inhbition of protein systhesis initiation by diacetoxyscirpenol and fusarenon X in the reticulocyte lysate system.", "content": "The mechanism of inhibition of peptide chain initiation by diacetoxyscirpenol and fusarenon X, (trichotecene mycotoxins), was studied in the reticulocyte lysate protein-synthesizing system. The mycotoxins did not inhibit formation of the complex between Met-tRNA-f and the 40S ribosomal subunit nor the initiation codon AUG-promoted combination of the complex with  60S ribosomal subunit. Formyl-methionyl-valine accumulated when the system was incubated with the mycotoxins and fMet-tRNA-f. This suggests that the inhibition occurs after the formation of the first peptide bond.", "contents": "Mechanism of inhbition of protein systhesis initiation by diacetoxyscirpenol and fusarenon X in the reticulocyte lysate system. The mechanism of inhibition of peptide chain initiation by diacetoxyscirpenol and fusarenon X, (trichotecene mycotoxins), was studied in the reticulocyte lysate protein-synthesizing system. The mycotoxins did not inhibit formation of the complex between Met-tRNA-f and the 40S ribosomal subunit nor the initiation codon AUG-promoted combination of the complex with  60S ribosomal subunit. Formyl-methionyl-valine accumulated when the system was incubated with the mycotoxins and fMet-tRNA-f. This suggests that the inhibition occurs after the formation of the first peptide bond.", "PMID": 1120165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6798", "title": "Schizophrenia and organic brain syndrome with trisomy 8 (group-C trisomy 8 [47, XX, 8+]).", "content": "A supernumerary autosomal syndrome in the C group of submetacentric autosomes has not yet been delineated phenotypically, although cases of an extra C-group autosome have been reported. Recent technical advances (fluorescence and Giemsa banding) now permit positive identification of each autosome. The present case reports the presence of schizophrenia and organic brain syndrome in association with trisomy 8. It is the sixth case of trisomy 8 reported to date. A stress-diathesis model is used to explain the development of the psychiatric disturbances. The patient's autosomal aberration is regarded as diathetic, and the multiple congenital anomalies, surgical interventions, infections, familial, and other environmental responses as stress. This report provides further data for the phenotypic delineation of a trisomy 8 syndrome.", "contents": "Schizophrenia and organic brain syndrome with trisomy 8 (group-C trisomy 8 [47, XX, 8+]). A supernumerary autosomal syndrome in the C group of submetacentric autosomes has not yet been delineated phenotypically, although cases of an extra C-group autosome have been reported. Recent technical advances (fluorescence and Giemsa banding) now permit positive identification of each autosome. The present case reports the presence of schizophrenia and organic brain syndrome in association with trisomy 8. It is the sixth case of trisomy 8 reported to date. A stress-diathesis model is used to explain the development of the psychiatric disturbances. The patient's autosomal aberration is regarded as diathetic, and the multiple congenital anomalies, surgical interventions, infections, familial, and other environmental responses as stress. This report provides further data for the phenotypic delineation of a trisomy 8 syndrome.", "PMID": 1120174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6799", "title": "Dopamine antagonism by thioridazine in schizophrenia.", "content": "One of the leading current theories of the etiology of schizophrenia is excessive activity of some brain dopaminergic tracts. One of the major objections to the theory is that thioridazine is clinically as effective a treatment of schizophrenia as other neuroleptic drugs but appears to have much less dopamine-blocking properties than these agents in man and laboratory animals. Serum prolactin levels are increased by dopamine receptor-blocking drugs. We have found that thioridazine is as effective as chlorpromazine, trifluperazine, and prolixin enanthate in increasing serum prolactin levels in unmediated schizophrenic patients, indicating it is an effective dopamine-blocking agent.", "contents": "Dopamine antagonism by thioridazine in schizophrenia. One of the leading current theories of the etiology of schizophrenia is excessive activity of some brain dopaminergic tracts. One of the major objections to the theory is that thioridazine is clinically as effective a treatment of schizophrenia as other neuroleptic drugs but appears to have much less dopamine-blocking properties than these agents in man and laboratory animals. Serum prolactin levels are increased by dopamine receptor-blocking drugs. We have found that thioridazine is as effective as chlorpromazine, trifluperazine, and prolixin enanthate in increasing serum prolactin levels in unmediated schizophrenic patients, indicating it is an effective dopamine-blocking agent.", "PMID": 1120175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6800", "title": "The origin of land plants: a matter of mycotrophism.", "content": "It is hypothesized that terrestrial plants are the product of an ancient and continuing symbiosis of a semi-aquatic ancestral green alga and an aquatic fungus-an oomycete. The Siluro-Devonian \"explosive\" colonization of land, and indeed the very evolution of plants, was possible only through such mutualistic partnerships-partnerships that were equipped to cope with the problems of desiccation and starvation associated with terrestrial existence.", "contents": "The origin of land plants: a matter of mycotrophism. It is hypothesized that terrestrial plants are the product of an ancient and continuing symbiosis of a semi-aquatic ancestral green alga and an aquatic fungus-an oomycete. The Siluro-Devonian \"explosive\" colonization of land, and indeed the very evolution of plants, was possible only through such mutualistic partnerships-partnerships that were equipped to cope with the problems of desiccation and starvation associated with terrestrial existence.", "PMID": 1120179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6801", "title": "Sodium dodecyl sulfate in protein chemistry.", "content": "This review summarizes in a brief manner the main aspects of the application of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) to protein chemistry. The principal problems of SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis are described, as well as the anomalous behavior of protein-SDS complexes and the inactivation of enzymes due to variable binding of SDS to the polypeptides studied. The particular value of SDS in elucidating the protein composition of biological membranes and in membrane-reconstitution experiments is discussed.", "contents": "Sodium dodecyl sulfate in protein chemistry. This review summarizes in a brief manner the main aspects of the application of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) to protein chemistry. The principal problems of SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis are described, as well as the anomalous behavior of protein-SDS complexes and the inactivation of enzymes due to variable binding of SDS to the polypeptides studied. The particular value of SDS in elucidating the protein composition of biological membranes and in membrane-reconstitution experiments is discussed.", "PMID": 1120181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6802", "title": "[The effect of methyluracil on protein and amino acid concentration in HEp-2 cells].", "content": "Methyluracil doses from 1 to 50 mg/ml induced an increase of total nucleinic acids in the nuclei and the protein in the cytoplasm of the HEp-2 cells. 20 mg/ml of methyluracil gave a progressive increase in the nucleinic acid concentration in the cells--from 122 to 197 %. A relatively stable increase of protein at all the time intervals was induced by a dose of 30 mg/ml (132--145%). This is in favour of an increase in cell metabolic processes under the influence of methyluracil.", "contents": "[The effect of methyluracil on protein and amino acid concentration in HEp-2 cells]. Methyluracil doses from 1 to 50 mg/ml induced an increase of total nucleinic acids in the nuclei and the protein in the cytoplasm of the HEp-2 cells. 20 mg/ml of methyluracil gave a progressive increase in the nucleinic acid concentration in the cells--from 122 to 197 %. A relatively stable increase of protein at all the time intervals was induced by a dose of 30 mg/ml (132--145%). This is in favour of an increase in cell metabolic processes under the influence of methyluracil.", "PMID": 1120183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6803", "title": "Peroxidase-H2O2-halide system: Cytotoxic effect on mammalian tumor cells.", "content": "Myeloperoxidase, H2O2, and a halide constitute a potent antimicrobial system. A cytotoxic effect of this system on a line of mouse ascitic lymphoma cells (LSTRA) is demonstrated here using four different assay systems: 51Cr release, trypan blue exclusion, inhibition of glucose C-1 oxidation, and loss of oncogenicity for mice. Deletion of each component of the system, preheating the peroxidase, or addition of azide, cyanide, or catalase abolished the cytotoxicity. Myeloperoxidase was effective with either chloride or iodide as the halide, while lastoperoxidase was effective with iodide but not chloride. The iodinated thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine and thyroxine, could substitute for the halide, and H2O2 could be replaced by a peroxide-generating enzyme system such as glucose and glucose oxidase or by H2O2 producing bacteria such as pneumococci or streptococci. The possibility is raised that the peroxidases of inflammatory cells and certain biologic fluids may affect tumor initiation or growth in vivo.", "contents": "Peroxidase-H2O2-halide system: Cytotoxic effect on mammalian tumor cells. Myeloperoxidase, H2O2, and a halide constitute a potent antimicrobial system. A cytotoxic effect of this system on a line of mouse ascitic lymphoma cells (LSTRA) is demonstrated here using four different assay systems: 51Cr release, trypan blue exclusion, inhibition of glucose C-1 oxidation, and loss of oncogenicity for mice. Deletion of each component of the system, preheating the peroxidase, or addition of azide, cyanide, or catalase abolished the cytotoxicity. Myeloperoxidase was effective with either chloride or iodide as the halide, while lastoperoxidase was effective with iodide but not chloride. The iodinated thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine and thyroxine, could substitute for the halide, and H2O2 could be replaced by a peroxide-generating enzyme system such as glucose and glucose oxidase or by H2O2 producing bacteria such as pneumococci or streptococci. The possibility is raised that the peroxidases of inflammatory cells and certain biologic fluids may affect tumor initiation or growth in vivo.", "PMID": 1120184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6804", "title": "Arsenic intoxication as a cause of megaloblastic anemia.", "content": "We have described a case of chronic arsenic intoxication associated with pancytopenia and megaloblastic erythropoiesis. The patient had the typical laboratory manifestations of effective erythorpoiesis due to a megaloblastic process, including macroovalocytes, mild pancytopenia, low reticulocyte index, increased marrow cellularity with erythroid hyperplasia, and morphologic evidence of megaloblastic maturation in the marrow. The patient's serum folate and vitamin B12 were normal, and the anemia regressed without therapy. Our case suggests that the combination of megaloblastosis with normoblastic or megaloblastic karyorrhexis,should raise the suspicion of arsenic intoxication in the mind of the observer. In addition, arsenic should be added to the list of agents causing a reversible megaloblastic anemia.", "contents": "Arsenic intoxication as a cause of megaloblastic anemia. We have described a case of chronic arsenic intoxication associated with pancytopenia and megaloblastic erythropoiesis. The patient had the typical laboratory manifestations of effective erythorpoiesis due to a megaloblastic process, including macroovalocytes, mild pancytopenia, low reticulocyte index, increased marrow cellularity with erythroid hyperplasia, and morphologic evidence of megaloblastic maturation in the marrow. The patient's serum folate and vitamin B12 were normal, and the anemia regressed without therapy. Our case suggests that the combination of megaloblastosis with normoblastic or megaloblastic karyorrhexis,should raise the suspicion of arsenic intoxication in the mind of the observer. In addition, arsenic should be added to the list of agents causing a reversible megaloblastic anemia.", "PMID": 1120185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6805", "title": "Red cell life span in sickle cell-hemoglobin C disease with a note about sickle cell-hemoglobin O ARAB.", "content": "Red cell survival was measured in ten subjects with S-C disease and one with S-O Arab (alpha 2 beta 2-121 glu yields lys) disease using both DF32p and 51Cr as tags. Red cell volume was slightly reduced in most patients (87% plus or minus 20% of predicted normal). In nine SC patients, mean red cell life (DF32p) was 28.9 plus or minus 4.0 days. For one SC subject it was significantly longer (47.9 days), as it was for the one with S-O Arab. The S-O Arab subject had irreversibly sickled cells in the peripheral blood, shereas those with SC had few (less than 1/1000 red cells) or none. The S-O Arab hemolysate gelled at a hemmoglobin concentration (16.2 g/100ml) near that for sickle cell anemia hemolysates (15.9 plus or minus 1.0 g/100 ml; n equals 8) but significantly lower than that for SC hemolysates (21.6 plus or minus 1.9 g/100 ml; n equals 5). It seems likely that properties of S-C red cells other than their relative ease of sickling contribute significantly to their rate of hemolysis.", "contents": "Red cell life span in sickle cell-hemoglobin C disease with a note about sickle cell-hemoglobin O ARAB. Red cell survival was measured in ten subjects with S-C disease and one with S-O Arab (alpha 2 beta 2-121 glu yields lys) disease using both DF32p and 51Cr as tags. Red cell volume was slightly reduced in most patients (87% plus or minus 20% of predicted normal). In nine SC patients, mean red cell life (DF32p) was 28.9 plus or minus 4.0 days. For one SC subject it was significantly longer (47.9 days), as it was for the one with S-O Arab. The S-O Arab subject had irreversibly sickled cells in the peripheral blood, shereas those with SC had few (less than 1/1000 red cells) or none. The S-O Arab hemolysate gelled at a hemmoglobin concentration (16.2 g/100ml) near that for sickle cell anemia hemolysates (15.9 plus or minus 1.0 g/100 ml; n equals 8) but significantly lower than that for SC hemolysates (21.6 plus or minus 1.9 g/100 ml; n equals 5). It seems likely that properties of S-C red cells other than their relative ease of sickling contribute significantly to their rate of hemolysis.", "PMID": 1120186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6806", "title": "Measurement of vitamin B12-binding proteins of plasma. I. Technique.", "content": "The unsaturated binding capacities (UBBC) of individual vitamin B12-binding proteins in plasma were measured by a two-step procedure. Transcobalamin II (TC II) was separated by precipitation with ammonium sulfate; the \"R\"-type binders remaining soluble were then divided into two components by bath separation with anion exchange on DEAE-cellulose. The two R components were designated alpha1-R (TC 1) and alpha2-R (third binder, fetal binder, PV binder, TC III). Ten normal sera were studied by this technique giving a separation into TC III and total plasma R identical to that obtained simultaneously by gel filtration. The mean UBBC of TC II was 969 plus or minus 204 pg of 57 Co B12 per ml of serum. The mean contamination of the precipitated TC III with plasma R was 3%. The UBBCs of alpha 2-R and alpha 1-R were 127 plus or minus 42 and 40 plus or minus 12 pg/ml, respectively. The mean contamination of the R fraction by TC II was 14% as evaluated by gel filtration. By isoelectric focusing it was found that the alpha1-R contained principally those components isoelectric at pH isoelectric at pH of 2.9-3.2, while alpha2-R was made up of those components isoelectric at pH of 3.6 or greater.", "contents": "Measurement of vitamin B12-binding proteins of plasma. I. Technique. The unsaturated binding capacities (UBBC) of individual vitamin B12-binding proteins in plasma were measured by a two-step procedure. Transcobalamin II (TC II) was separated by precipitation with ammonium sulfate; the \"R\"-type binders remaining soluble were then divided into two components by bath separation with anion exchange on DEAE-cellulose. The two R components were designated alpha1-R (TC 1) and alpha2-R (third binder, fetal binder, PV binder, TC III). Ten normal sera were studied by this technique giving a separation into TC III and total plasma R identical to that obtained simultaneously by gel filtration. The mean UBBC of TC II was 969 plus or minus 204 pg of 57 Co B12 per ml of serum. The mean contamination of the precipitated TC III with plasma R was 3%. The UBBCs of alpha 2-R and alpha 1-R were 127 plus or minus 42 and 40 plus or minus 12 pg/ml, respectively. The mean contamination of the R fraction by TC II was 14% as evaluated by gel filtration. By isoelectric focusing it was found that the alpha1-R contained principally those components isoelectric at pH isoelectric at pH of 2.9-3.2, while alpha2-R was made up of those components isoelectric at pH of 3.6 or greater.", "PMID": 1120187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6807", "title": "Some factors affecting fibrinogen precipitation by ristocetin: ultrastructure of precipitates.", "content": "Fibrinogen in aqueous solution is precipitated by the antibiotic ristocetin. This reaction is inhibited by albumin and facilitated by low temperature. Resolubilized fibrinogen clots in the presence of thrombin. Ristocetin-precipitated fibrinogen takes the form of fibrils or clumps, composed of irregularly spaced, structure-less particles. The addition of ristocetin to washed platelets suspended in fibrinogen-containing media produces fibrinogen clumps in both the media and in the surface cannalicular system of the platelets. The changes in light transmission (aggregation curves) are due to both platelet aggregation and fibrinogen clumping. The role of the latter is confirmed by the observation that the addition of ristocetin to inert latex particles suspended in fibrinogen solution produces typical aggregation curves. This phenomenon is prevented by the addition of albumin to the media. We conclude that (1) if fibrinogen is present in any artificial system, albumin should be included in the media to prevent fibrinogen precipitation; and (2) statements about aggregation of any particulated materials by ristocetin should not be based solely on light-transmission changes, but should also include a description of the morphologic appearance.", "contents": "Some factors affecting fibrinogen precipitation by ristocetin: ultrastructure of precipitates. Fibrinogen in aqueous solution is precipitated by the antibiotic ristocetin. This reaction is inhibited by albumin and facilitated by low temperature. Resolubilized fibrinogen clots in the presence of thrombin. Ristocetin-precipitated fibrinogen takes the form of fibrils or clumps, composed of irregularly spaced, structure-less particles. The addition of ristocetin to washed platelets suspended in fibrinogen-containing media produces fibrinogen clumps in both the media and in the surface cannalicular system of the platelets. The changes in light transmission (aggregation curves) are due to both platelet aggregation and fibrinogen clumping. The role of the latter is confirmed by the observation that the addition of ristocetin to inert latex particles suspended in fibrinogen solution produces typical aggregation curves. This phenomenon is prevented by the addition of albumin to the media. We conclude that (1) if fibrinogen is present in any artificial system, albumin should be included in the media to prevent fibrinogen precipitation; and (2) statements about aggregation of any particulated materials by ristocetin should not be based solely on light-transmission changes, but should also include a description of the morphologic appearance.", "PMID": 1120188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6808", "title": "Direct effects of thyroid hormones on bone marrow erythroid cells of rats.", "content": "A stimulatory effect on bone marrow cellularity was observed in normal and nephrectomized rats continuously infused with T3 and T4. Results of bone marrow studies are expressed in absolute numbers of total nucleated erythroid cells per milligram of femoral marrow at the beginning and after 8 hr of continuous intravenous infusions. Administration of T3 and T4 to nephrectomized rats produced a marked and significant increase in total erythroid cells counted. After differential analyses of the nucleated erythroid elements, a significant increase in all erythroid cell types was also observed. Similar results were seen in a control group of rats in which both ureters have been previously ligated and in groups of nephrectomized rats receiving rabbit antiserum against erythropoietin before starting the intravenous infusions of T3 and T4. These results indicate that stimulation of marrow erythropoiesis produced by thyroid hormones in our system is not dependent on renal or extra-renal production of erythropoietin. The progressive introduction of T3 and T4 into the circulation of rats with bilateral nephrectomy or ureter-ligated normal rats, may overload the mechanism of transport of these hormones in plasma. As a consequence, a progressive increase in free active forms of T3 and T4 in plasma may occur. Our interpretation of the present findings is that thyroid hormones stimulate directly bone marrow erythropoiesis. This stimulation is clearly evident when high levels of free active forms of thyroid hormones are present in plasma.", "contents": "Direct effects of thyroid hormones on bone marrow erythroid cells of rats. A stimulatory effect on bone marrow cellularity was observed in normal and nephrectomized rats continuously infused with T3 and T4. Results of bone marrow studies are expressed in absolute numbers of total nucleated erythroid cells per milligram of femoral marrow at the beginning and after 8 hr of continuous intravenous infusions. Administration of T3 and T4 to nephrectomized rats produced a marked and significant increase in total erythroid cells counted. After differential analyses of the nucleated erythroid elements, a significant increase in all erythroid cell types was also observed. Similar results were seen in a control group of rats in which both ureters have been previously ligated and in groups of nephrectomized rats receiving rabbit antiserum against erythropoietin before starting the intravenous infusions of T3 and T4. These results indicate that stimulation of marrow erythropoiesis produced by thyroid hormones in our system is not dependent on renal or extra-renal production of erythropoietin. The progressive introduction of T3 and T4 into the circulation of rats with bilateral nephrectomy or ureter-ligated normal rats, may overload the mechanism of transport of these hormones in plasma. As a consequence, a progressive increase in free active forms of T3 and T4 in plasma may occur. Our interpretation of the present findings is that thyroid hormones stimulate directly bone marrow erythropoiesis. This stimulation is clearly evident when high levels of free active forms of thyroid hormones are present in plasma.", "PMID": 1120189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6809", "title": "Ferritin iron absorption in man.", "content": "The iron absorption from ferritin and hemosiderin biosynthetically labeled with radioiron was studied in 108 subjects. The geometric mean absorption of ferritin iron in both normal and iron-deficient subjects was 1.9 percent. Its mean absorption ranged from 0.9 percent in normal subjects to 2.5 percent in subjects with moderate iron deficiency and 5.7 percent in subjects with marked iron deficiency. The administration of this iron compound with vegetals in a meal showed distinctly lower absorption values than the absorption from either maize, wheat, or soybean. Ferritin iron absorption was also different from that of ferric chloride when they were administered together as a drink or mixed with maize or liver. The iron absorption from ferritin was markedly increased when it was administered with either meat or liver, but it did not reach the absorption level of these foods. It is still to be elucidated whether the difference in iron absorption between ferritin and vegetable foods administered together reflect that this iron is incompletely miscible with a nonheme iron pool or that it really forms a third iron pool.", "contents": "Ferritin iron absorption in man. The iron absorption from ferritin and hemosiderin biosynthetically labeled with radioiron was studied in 108 subjects. The geometric mean absorption of ferritin iron in both normal and iron-deficient subjects was 1.9 percent. Its mean absorption ranged from 0.9 percent in normal subjects to 2.5 percent in subjects with moderate iron deficiency and 5.7 percent in subjects with marked iron deficiency. The administration of this iron compound with vegetals in a meal showed distinctly lower absorption values than the absorption from either maize, wheat, or soybean. Ferritin iron absorption was also different from that of ferric chloride when they were administered together as a drink or mixed with maize or liver. The iron absorption from ferritin was markedly increased when it was administered with either meat or liver, but it did not reach the absorption level of these foods. It is still to be elucidated whether the difference in iron absorption between ferritin and vegetable foods administered together reflect that this iron is incompletely miscible with a nonheme iron pool or that it really forms a third iron pool.", "PMID": 1120190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6810", "title": "Pressure-volume characteristics of foot veins in normal cases and patients with venous insufficiency.", "content": "In order to evaluate pressure-volume characteristics of foot veins in patients with venous insufficiency compared with a control group, the foot-volumetric method was utilized, combined with intravenous pressure measurements.  Calculations of compliance and elastance were preformed within a fixed pressure interval, where the veins were filled or almost filled.  The investigation demonstrates a lower compliance and a higher elastance in the varicose veins compared with the control cases.  This is contrary to most previous investigations, in which the veins have not been fully distended, as the measurements were preformed in the lying position with rather low venous pressure.  Changes of compliance and elastance were most marked in cases with advanced venous disease and skin changes of the ankle region.  The observed changes of a 'greater stiffness' of the foot-vascular system can be explained by fibrotic or phlebosclerotic changes.  In addition to the observations of slightly altered elasticity factors, we observed volume changes after exercise which seem to be related to capillary filtration.", "contents": "Pressure-volume characteristics of foot veins in normal cases and patients with venous insufficiency. In order to evaluate pressure-volume characteristics of foot veins in patients with venous insufficiency compared with a control group, the foot-volumetric method was utilized, combined with intravenous pressure measurements.  Calculations of compliance and elastance were preformed within a fixed pressure interval, where the veins were filled or almost filled.  The investigation demonstrates a lower compliance and a higher elastance in the varicose veins compared with the control cases.  This is contrary to most previous investigations, in which the veins have not been fully distended, as the measurements were preformed in the lying position with rather low venous pressure.  Changes of compliance and elastance were most marked in cases with advanced venous disease and skin changes of the ankle region.  The observed changes of a 'greater stiffness' of the foot-vascular system can be explained by fibrotic or phlebosclerotic changes.  In addition to the observations of slightly altered elasticity factors, we observed volume changes after exercise which seem to be related to capillary filtration.", "PMID": 1120191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6811", "title": "Inhibition of in vivo Neural Vasoconstriction by exogenous catecholamines.", "content": "Intaarterial infusions of norepinephrine and dopamine markedly attenuated the mesenteric vasoconstrictor response to periarterial nerve stimulation in anesthetized cats, but did not attenuate the response to intravenous norepinephrine.  The degree of attenuation was independent of stimulation voltage, but inversely related to frequency.  The results are compatible with previous in vitro evidence that NE and DA decrease adrenergic transmitter release during nerve stimulation.", "contents": "Inhibition of in vivo Neural Vasoconstriction by exogenous catecholamines. Intaarterial infusions of norepinephrine and dopamine markedly attenuated the mesenteric vasoconstrictor response to periarterial nerve stimulation in anesthetized cats, but did not attenuate the response to intravenous norepinephrine.  The degree of attenuation was independent of stimulation voltage, but inversely related to frequency.  The results are compatible with previous in vitro evidence that NE and DA decrease adrenergic transmitter release during nerve stimulation.", "PMID": 1120192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6812", "title": "Differentiation of calcium activation mechanisms in vascular smooth muscle by selective suppression with verapamil and D 600-1.", "content": "Mechanical activity of the isolated portal vein and thoracic aorta of the guinea-pig was recorded and the effects of verapamil and D 600 (methoxy-verapamil) on the dose-response curves to noradrenaline were measured. Extracellular electrical activity in portal vein was also sometimes recorded. Two calcium activation mechanisms could be differentiated: a \"spike activation mechanism\" (SAM) inhibited by verapamil and D 600, and a \"spike-free activation mechanism\" (SFAM) resistant to these antagonists in their specific concentration range (up to 10-minus 5 mol/1). In portal vein, both mechanisms were similarly dependent on extracellular calcium, indicating a D 600-resistant system for transmembrane calcium fluxes. The response of portal vein to increased potassium concentration was also tested. Species differences and differences in the specificity of various calcium antagonistic drugs complicate the picture of calcium antagonism in vascular smooth muscle.", "contents": "Differentiation of calcium activation mechanisms in vascular smooth muscle by selective suppression with verapamil and D 600-1. Mechanical activity of the isolated portal vein and thoracic aorta of the guinea-pig was recorded and the effects of verapamil and D 600 (methoxy-verapamil) on the dose-response curves to noradrenaline were measured. Extracellular electrical activity in portal vein was also sometimes recorded. Two calcium activation mechanisms could be differentiated: a \"spike activation mechanism\" (SAM) inhibited by verapamil and D 600, and a \"spike-free activation mechanism\" (SFAM) resistant to these antagonists in their specific concentration range (up to 10-minus 5 mol/1). In portal vein, both mechanisms were similarly dependent on extracellular calcium, indicating a D 600-resistant system for transmembrane calcium fluxes. The response of portal vein to increased potassium concentration was also tested. Species differences and differences in the specificity of various calcium antagonistic drugs complicate the picture of calcium antagonism in vascular smooth muscle.", "PMID": 1120193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6813", "title": "Vibration-induced inhibition of vascular smooth muscle contraction.", "content": "Vascular smooth muscle is known to be exposed to an oscillating strain under physiological and patho-physiological conditions as well as in different occupational and environmental situations.  The effect of vibrations of smooth muscle seems to be largly unknown.  In the present experiments on isolated preparations of the rat portal vein and the rabbit thoracic aorta, imposed sinusoidal changes in length were found to cause prompt reduction in active force, the extent of which was dependent on amplitude (1-10% of tissue length, peak to peak, i.e. approximately plus or minus 50-500 mum) and frequency of  vibration (1-400 Hz) as well as on the prevailing level of active and passive forces.  Vibration caused only small and inconsistant reductions of passive force of vascular smooth muscle.  The results are in accordance with the hypothesis that vibrations exert a direct action on the contractile process by causing an increased rate of detachment of actin-myosin cross-links.  It is suggested that, in vivo, vibrations may affect the diameter of conduit arteries locally in the case of turbulent blood flow as seen in post-stenotic dilation and arterio-venous anastomosis.  Possibly, even the normal pulse pressure oscillations may sometimes tend to inhibit the smooth muscle activity in such arteries and thereby influence their diameters.", "contents": "Vibration-induced inhibition of vascular smooth muscle contraction. Vascular smooth muscle is known to be exposed to an oscillating strain under physiological and patho-physiological conditions as well as in different occupational and environmental situations.  The effect of vibrations of smooth muscle seems to be largly unknown.  In the present experiments on isolated preparations of the rat portal vein and the rabbit thoracic aorta, imposed sinusoidal changes in length were found to cause prompt reduction in active force, the extent of which was dependent on amplitude (1-10% of tissue length, peak to peak, i.e. approximately plus or minus 50-500 mum) and frequency of  vibration (1-400 Hz) as well as on the prevailing level of active and passive forces.  Vibration caused only small and inconsistant reductions of passive force of vascular smooth muscle.  The results are in accordance with the hypothesis that vibrations exert a direct action on the contractile process by causing an increased rate of detachment of actin-myosin cross-links.  It is suggested that, in vivo, vibrations may affect the diameter of conduit arteries locally in the case of turbulent blood flow as seen in post-stenotic dilation and arterio-venous anastomosis.  Possibly, even the normal pulse pressure oscillations may sometimes tend to inhibit the smooth muscle activity in such arteries and thereby influence their diameters.", "PMID": 1120194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6814", "title": "Ajamline-induced changes in mechanical and electrical activity of vascular smooth muscle.", "content": "The effects of ajmaline on vascular smooth muscle were studied using helical aortic strips and portal veins of male rats. This report is based on the results of 104 mechanical experiments. In 30 additional experiments electrical activity was recorded simultaneously at different points of the preparation using extracellular methods (liquid paraffine or pressure electrodes technique). Ajmaline induces relaxation of aortic helical strips (activated by 2.0 mug/l norepinephrine) to 75 percent of initial tension in a dose of 0.6 mg/l, to 50 percent by 2.0 mg/l, and to 25 percent by 4-5 mg/l. The relaxation slope is shifted to the right by increasing the [Ca++]o from 2.0 to 4.0 mM, by increasing the initial norepinephrine concentration to 4.0-10 mug/l, or by KCl depolarization, [K+]o ranging from 15 to 60 mM. The relaxing effect of ajmaline on aortic strips can partly be attributed to a change in electrical activity with a dose-dependent conduction impairment or block and, at high concentrations, also a decrease in the frequency of pacemaker excitations. Experiments on aortic strips in K+ contracture show relaxation independent of changes in phasic electrical events. Ajmaline ranging from 0.2 to 80-100 mg/l causes on the portal vein a marked increase in amplitude and a small decrease in frequency of rhythmical contractions. Integrated isometric force reaches 300 percent of initial values. The increasing amplitude of contractions is related to a prolongation of excitation trains, while the frequency and amplitude of the individual spike are reduced. Our results suggest that the effects of ajmaline on the mechanical and electrical activity of vascular smooth muscle may be partly related to a reduction in Ca++ and probably Na+ conductance.", "contents": "Ajamline-induced changes in mechanical and electrical activity of vascular smooth muscle. The effects of ajmaline on vascular smooth muscle were studied using helical aortic strips and portal veins of male rats. This report is based on the results of 104 mechanical experiments. In 30 additional experiments electrical activity was recorded simultaneously at different points of the preparation using extracellular methods (liquid paraffine or pressure electrodes technique). Ajmaline induces relaxation of aortic helical strips (activated by 2.0 mug/l norepinephrine) to 75 percent of initial tension in a dose of 0.6 mg/l, to 50 percent by 2.0 mg/l, and to 25 percent by 4-5 mg/l. The relaxation slope is shifted to the right by increasing the [Ca++]o from 2.0 to 4.0 mM, by increasing the initial norepinephrine concentration to 4.0-10 mug/l, or by KCl depolarization, [K+]o ranging from 15 to 60 mM. The relaxing effect of ajmaline on aortic strips can partly be attributed to a change in electrical activity with a dose-dependent conduction impairment or block and, at high concentrations, also a decrease in the frequency of pacemaker excitations. Experiments on aortic strips in K+ contracture show relaxation independent of changes in phasic electrical events. Ajmaline ranging from 0.2 to 80-100 mg/l causes on the portal vein a marked increase in amplitude and a small decrease in frequency of rhythmical contractions. Integrated isometric force reaches 300 percent of initial values. The increasing amplitude of contractions is related to a prolongation of excitation trains, while the frequency and amplitude of the individual spike are reduced. Our results suggest that the effects of ajmaline on the mechanical and electrical activity of vascular smooth muscle may be partly related to a reduction in Ca++ and probably Na+ conductance.", "PMID": 1120195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6815", "title": "Hyperglucagonaemia in the surgical patient.", "content": "Twenty-one patients had serial samples of blood taken before, during, and after operation for the measurement of plasma glucagon, plasma insulin, and blood glucose concentrations. A significant rise in plasma glucagon level was noted during the operation. In contrast the plasma insulin concentration fell during the operation and rose in the postoperative period despite hyperglycaemia during and after the operation. These findings show that hyperglucagonaemia is a physiological consequence of a surgical operation and that the relationship of plasms glucagon to plasma insulin is complex.", "contents": "Hyperglucagonaemia in the surgical patient. Twenty-one patients had serial samples of blood taken before, during, and after operation for the measurement of plasma glucagon, plasma insulin, and blood glucose concentrations. A significant rise in plasma glucagon level was noted during the operation. In contrast the plasma insulin concentration fell during the operation and rose in the postoperative period despite hyperglycaemia during and after the operation. These findings show that hyperglucagonaemia is a physiological consequence of a surgical operation and that the relationship of plasms glucagon to plasma insulin is complex.", "PMID": 1120217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6816", "title": "I alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol: a treatment of renal bone disease.", "content": "Three patients with chronic renal failure on maintenance haemodialysis have been treated with 1 alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol (1 alpha-OHCC), a synthetic vitamin D analogue. A daily dose of 2 mug by mouth produced a significant increase in both calcium absorption from the gastrointestinal tract and calcium content of bone. Treatment with 1 alpha-OHCC appears to be effective in cases of metabolic bone disease associated with chronic renal failure.", "contents": "I alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol: a treatment of renal bone disease. Three patients with chronic renal failure on maintenance haemodialysis have been treated with 1 alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol (1 alpha-OHCC), a synthetic vitamin D analogue. A daily dose of 2 mug by mouth produced a significant increase in both calcium absorption from the gastrointestinal tract and calcium content of bone. Treatment with 1 alpha-OHCC appears to be effective in cases of metabolic bone disease associated with chronic renal failure.", "PMID": 1120218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6817", "title": "Prostaglandin E2 tablets compared with intravenous oxytocin in induction of labour.", "content": "Stimulation of uterine activity after amniotomy has been carried out with prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) tablets in two dosage regimens and with intravenous oxytocin. Oxytocin stimulation was the most successful. The difference in success rate was most marked in nulliparous patients and those with low Bishop score.", "contents": "Prostaglandin E2 tablets compared with intravenous oxytocin in induction of labour. Stimulation of uterine activity after amniotomy has been carried out with prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) tablets in two dosage regimens and with intravenous oxytocin. Oxytocin stimulation was the most successful. The difference in success rate was most marked in nulliparous patients and those with low Bishop score.", "PMID": 1120220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6818", "title": "Delay in diagnosis of optic nerve and chiasmal compression presenting with unilateral failing vision.", "content": "Out of 29 patients who presented with failing vision in one eye due to optic nerve or chiasmal compression, compression was initially diagnosed in only five. The errors in diagnosis and lack of ophthalmological follow-up led to delays of up to many years with serious deterioration in acuity before referral for intracranial investigation. The chief causes of error were lack of charting of the visual fields, too ready acceptance of the diagnosis of the neuritis in the absence of essential features, and the infrequent use of skull radiographs.", "contents": "Delay in diagnosis of optic nerve and chiasmal compression presenting with unilateral failing vision. Out of 29 patients who presented with failing vision in one eye due to optic nerve or chiasmal compression, compression was initially diagnosed in only five. The errors in diagnosis and lack of ophthalmological follow-up led to delays of up to many years with serious deterioration in acuity before referral for intracranial investigation. The chief causes of error were lack of charting of the visual fields, too ready acceptance of the diagnosis of the neuritis in the absence of essential features, and the infrequent use of skull radiographs.", "PMID": 1120222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6819", "title": "Thyroid function after subtotal thyroidectomy for hyperthyroidism.", "content": "Among 76 patients who had had a subtotal thyroidectomy for hyperthyroidism from one to seven years previously recurrent hyperthyroidism was found in three and hypothyroidism in 13. The remaining 60 subjects were clinically euthyroid but a raised level of serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH; greater than 5-0 mu U/ml) was found in 39. Analysis of the data showed that their serum thyroxine was significantly lower than in the subjects with a normal TSH. The serum triiodothyronine (T-3) was similar in both groups. It is concluded that subjects with a raised TSH remain clinically euthyroid by maintaining a normal serum T-3 concentration. There was no evidence of any long-term progressive deterioration of thyroid function after subtotal thyroidectomy.", "contents": "Thyroid function after subtotal thyroidectomy for hyperthyroidism. Among 76 patients who had had a subtotal thyroidectomy for hyperthyroidism from one to seven years previously recurrent hyperthyroidism was found in three and hypothyroidism in 13. The remaining 60 subjects were clinically euthyroid but a raised level of serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH; greater than 5-0 mu U/ml) was found in 39. Analysis of the data showed that their serum thyroxine was significantly lower than in the subjects with a normal TSH. The serum triiodothyronine (T-3) was similar in both groups. It is concluded that subjects with a raised TSH remain clinically euthyroid by maintaining a normal serum T-3 concentration. There was no evidence of any long-term progressive deterioration of thyroid function after subtotal thyroidectomy.", "PMID": 1120223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6820", "title": "Use of charcoal haemoperfusion in the management of severely poisoned patients.", "content": "The clinical use of uncoated charcoal haemoperfusion systems, despite their efficacy, has hitherto been prevented by the occurrence of a number of adverse effects including charcoal embolism and marked thrombocytopenia. Charcoal coated with a synthetic hydrogel overcomes many of the disadvantages associated with the use of uncoated material in that there is a much reduced thrombocytopenia and no evidence of charcoal embolism. Six patients, severely poisoned as a result of overdoses of either a barbiturate or glutethimide, were haemoperfused using such a system. Four made complete recoveries, and the two patients who died had both suffered cardiorespiratory arrests before perfusion. In contrast to haemodialysis charcoal haemoperfusion is simple to initiate, less expensive in terms of manpower and equipment, and gives superior clearance data for all barbiturates and glutethimide. We believe that this technique may have a significant role to play in the management of the severely poisoned patient.", "contents": "Use of charcoal haemoperfusion in the management of severely poisoned patients. The clinical use of uncoated charcoal haemoperfusion systems, despite their efficacy, has hitherto been prevented by the occurrence of a number of adverse effects including charcoal embolism and marked thrombocytopenia. Charcoal coated with a synthetic hydrogel overcomes many of the disadvantages associated with the use of uncoated material in that there is a much reduced thrombocytopenia and no evidence of charcoal embolism. Six patients, severely poisoned as a result of overdoses of either a barbiturate or glutethimide, were haemoperfused using such a system. Four made complete recoveries, and the two patients who died had both suffered cardiorespiratory arrests before perfusion. In contrast to haemodialysis charcoal haemoperfusion is simple to initiate, less expensive in terms of manpower and equipment, and gives superior clearance data for all barbiturates and glutethimide. We believe that this technique may have a significant role to play in the management of the severely poisoned patient.", "PMID": 1120248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6821", "title": "Localization of the cockroach optic lobe circadian pacemaker with microlesions.", "content": "Electrolytic microlesions were made at various sites in optic lobes of cockroaches Leucophaea maderae, and animals were assayed for circadian locomotor rhythms. Lesions placed in the lamina or medulla disrupted rhythmicity in only a few animals (3 out of 55). Lesions placed in or near the lobula produced a greater fraction of arrhythmic roaches (18 out of 45). Over half of these lesions either included or were centered in the cell body regions bordering the second optic chiasm and the lobula. The results suggest that the cell bodies and not the neuropile areas of the lobe are the crucial elements of the clock driving the cockroach's circadian activity rhythm.", "contents": "Localization of the cockroach optic lobe circadian pacemaker with microlesions. Electrolytic microlesions were made at various sites in optic lobes of cockroaches Leucophaea maderae, and animals were assayed for circadian locomotor rhythms. Lesions placed in the lamina or medulla disrupted rhythmicity in only a few animals (3 out of 55). Lesions placed in or near the lobula produced a greater fraction of arrhythmic roaches (18 out of 45). Over half of these lesions either included or were centered in the cell body regions bordering the second optic chiasm and the lobula. The results suggest that the cell bodies and not the neuropile areas of the lobe are the crucial elements of the clock driving the cockroach's circadian activity rhythm.", "PMID": 1120252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6822", "title": "The morphometry of the branching pattern in dendrites of the visual cortex pyramidal cells.", "content": "An analysis has been made of the three-dimensional branching structure for the basal and apical dendrites of cortical neurons in an adult rabbit. The real branching angles of basal dendrites and apical oblique branches are in the same range, but differ from those of the apical main shaft. Therefore, several different parts of the apical dendrite have to be distinguished on anatomical grounds, coincident with the presynaptic areas distinguished in the literature. The bifurcations of basal dendrites are essentially symmetrical. The mode of outgrowth, however, is non-symmetrical. Redirection of dendrites will, therefore, occur. This redirection is often not complete, so that a large variability of branching angles results. The possible significance of the observed symmetry is discussed.", "contents": "The morphometry of the branching pattern in dendrites of the visual cortex pyramidal cells. An analysis has been made of the three-dimensional branching structure for the basal and apical dendrites of cortical neurons in an adult rabbit. The real branching angles of basal dendrites and apical oblique branches are in the same range, but differ from those of the apical main shaft. Therefore, several different parts of the apical dendrite have to be distinguished on anatomical grounds, coincident with the presynaptic areas distinguished in the literature. The bifurcations of basal dendrites are essentially symmetrical. The mode of outgrowth, however, is non-symmetrical. Redirection of dendrites will, therefore, occur. This redirection is often not complete, so that a large variability of branching angles results. The possible significance of the observed symmetry is discussed.", "PMID": 1120254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6823", "title": "Synthesis and some biological properties of 1-deamino-4-glu-oxytocin (1-beta-mercaptopropionic acid-4-glutamic acid-oxytocin) and its use in preparing a hormone-agarose complex.", "content": "1-Deamino-4-glu-oxytocin (1-beta-mercaptopropionic acid-4-glutamic acid - oxytocin) was synthesized by sequential reduction by sodium in liquid ammonia and oxidation by hydrogen peroxide of the octapeptide derivative, S-benzyl-beta-mercaptopropionyl-tyrosyl-isoleucyl-gamma-O-benzyl-glutamyl-asparaginyl-S-benzyl-cysteinyl-prolyl-leucyl-glycinamide. The oxidation analogue was isolated and purified by partition chromatography in two different solvent systems followed by exclusion chromatography on Sephadex G-25. It was found to possess approximately 13 I.U. of uterotonic activity, 34 I.U. of milk ejection activity, and 83 I.U. of milk ejection-like activity per milligram, measured on an isolated strip of lactating mouse mammary gland. 1-Deamino-4-Glu-oxytocin was coupled to AH-Sepharose 4B by the way of the free gamma-carboxyl group of its residue of glutamic acid. The water soluble 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride caused the coupling with approximately 70% effectiveness. The resultant peptide-agarose complex had low biological potency in the assay of milk ejection-like activity.", "contents": "Synthesis and some biological properties of 1-deamino-4-glu-oxytocin (1-beta-mercaptopropionic acid-4-glutamic acid-oxytocin) and its use in preparing a hormone-agarose complex. 1-Deamino-4-glu-oxytocin (1-beta-mercaptopropionic acid-4-glutamic acid - oxytocin) was synthesized by sequential reduction by sodium in liquid ammonia and oxidation by hydrogen peroxide of the octapeptide derivative, S-benzyl-beta-mercaptopropionyl-tyrosyl-isoleucyl-gamma-O-benzyl-glutamyl-asparaginyl-S-benzyl-cysteinyl-prolyl-leucyl-glycinamide. The oxidation analogue was isolated and purified by partition chromatography in two different solvent systems followed by exclusion chromatography on Sephadex G-25. It was found to possess approximately 13 I.U. of uterotonic activity, 34 I.U. of milk ejection activity, and 83 I.U. of milk ejection-like activity per milligram, measured on an isolated strip of lactating mouse mammary gland. 1-Deamino-4-Glu-oxytocin was coupled to AH-Sepharose 4B by the way of the free gamma-carboxyl group of its residue of glutamic acid. The water soluble 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride caused the coupling with approximately 70% effectiveness. The resultant peptide-agarose complex had low biological potency in the assay of milk ejection-like activity.", "PMID": 1120287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6824", "title": "Insulin control of hepatic glucose production.", "content": "Insluin injected intravenously caused a rapid, marked decrease in hepatic glucose secretion in the rabbit, as determined by an isotope-dilution procedure. This was associated with a decrease in the concentrations of gluconeogenic intermediates from phosphoenolpyruvate to triose phosphates, inclusive, compatible with inhibition of gluconeogenesis at phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase. The concentration of glucose 6-phosphate was unaltered but that of hepatic glucose was reduced. The specific activities of the hexose phosphates, relative to that of liver glucose, were the same in control and insulin-treated animals. These observations can be explained by a decrease in the activity of glucose-6-phosphatase. It is concluded that this enzyme is a control point for hepatic glucose production and is inhibited by insulin. In the rat, insulin produced a rapid fall in blood sugar. The hepatic glucose output remained normal despite a fall in hepatic glucose 6-phosphate concentration during the initial period of insulin action. This suggests that glucose-6-phosphate returned to normal with no change in the rate of glucose production. The data suggest that in the rat, insulin produces a transient increase in glucose-6-phosphatase activity.", "contents": "Insulin control of hepatic glucose production. Insluin injected intravenously caused a rapid, marked decrease in hepatic glucose secretion in the rabbit, as determined by an isotope-dilution procedure. This was associated with a decrease in the concentrations of gluconeogenic intermediates from phosphoenolpyruvate to triose phosphates, inclusive, compatible with inhibition of gluconeogenesis at phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase. The concentration of glucose 6-phosphate was unaltered but that of hepatic glucose was reduced. The specific activities of the hexose phosphates, relative to that of liver glucose, were the same in control and insulin-treated animals. These observations can be explained by a decrease in the activity of glucose-6-phosphatase. It is concluded that this enzyme is a control point for hepatic glucose production and is inhibited by insulin. In the rat, insulin produced a rapid fall in blood sugar. The hepatic glucose output remained normal despite a fall in hepatic glucose 6-phosphate concentration during the initial period of insulin action. This suggests that glucose-6-phosphate returned to normal with no change in the rate of glucose production. The data suggest that in the rat, insulin produces a transient increase in glucose-6-phosphatase activity.", "PMID": 1120288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6825", "title": "3-Methyl-2-butenal: an enzymatic degradation product of the cytokinin, N-6-(delta-2 isopentenyl)adenine.", "content": "An enzyme preparation from immature corn kernels catalyzed cleavage of N-6-(delta-2-isopentenyl)adenine to give the aldehyde, 3-methyl-2-butenal, as the major side-chain derived product. This product, in the form of the semicarbazone, was identical with an authentic product by several criteria: chromatographic behavior, mass and ultraviolet spectra.", "contents": "3-Methyl-2-butenal: an enzymatic degradation product of the cytokinin, N-6-(delta-2 isopentenyl)adenine. An enzyme preparation from immature corn kernels catalyzed cleavage of N-6-(delta-2-isopentenyl)adenine to give the aldehyde, 3-methyl-2-butenal, as the major side-chain derived product. This product, in the form of the semicarbazone, was identical with an authentic product by several criteria: chromatographic behavior, mass and ultraviolet spectra.", "PMID": 1120289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6826", "title": "Metabolism distribution, and disappearance of injected beta-phenylethylamine in the rat.", "content": "In the absence of a monoamine oxidase inhibitor, the bulk of intravenously injected radioactively labelled beta-phenylethylamine was oxidized to phenylacetic acid. In the presence of pargyline, most of the label in tissues remained as unchanged phenylethylamine; small amounts of labelled phenylethanolamine, tyramine and octopamine were also identified. After intravenous injection of [14-C]phenylalanine, only very small amounts of [14-C] phenylethylamine could be located in urine and faeces. Beta-Phenylethylamine became concentrated in all tissues, including brain, following intravenous introduction both in the presence and absence of pargyline. Its clearance from these tissues and from brain regions was very fast.", "contents": "Metabolism distribution, and disappearance of injected beta-phenylethylamine in the rat. In the absence of a monoamine oxidase inhibitor, the bulk of intravenously injected radioactively labelled beta-phenylethylamine was oxidized to phenylacetic acid. In the presence of pargyline, most of the label in tissues remained as unchanged phenylethylamine; small amounts of labelled phenylethanolamine, tyramine and octopamine were also identified. After intravenous injection of [14-C]phenylalanine, only very small amounts of [14-C] phenylethylamine could be located in urine and faeces. Beta-Phenylethylamine became concentrated in all tissues, including brain, following intravenous introduction both in the presence and absence of pargyline. Its clearance from these tissues and from brain regions was very fast.", "PMID": 1120290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6827", "title": "Changes in metabolism of ethanolamine and its derivatives in liver during fasting.", "content": "The time course of incorporation of radioactivity into liver phosphatidylethanolamine and its precursors was studied following intraportal injection of [1,2-14C]ethanolamine into rats that had been fasted for 24 h and into nonfasted rats. Marked diminution in the labelling of liver phosphatidylethanolamine and CDP-ethanolamine was present in the fasted groups while the radioactivity contained in the ethanolamine and phosphorylethanolamine pools of these livers was increased. The livers of the fasted rats contained significantly higher levels of ethanolamine, phosphorylethanolamine and CDP-ethanolamine while choline and phosphorylcholine were decreased. These changes are identical to those which we have described earlier in the livers of nonfasted rats fed a choline deficient diet. In a further experiment, the duration of the fasting period necessary to bring about these changes was studied. Incorporation of radioactivity into liver phosphatidylethanolamine at 2.5 min following intraportal injection of [1,2-14]ethanolamine declined progressively up to 7.5 h of fasting and did not decrease further after that time. There was a concomitant decrease in labelling of CDP-ethanolamine with retention of radioactivity in ethanolamine and phosphorylethanolamine. These results show that the liver metabolism of ethanolamine is altered quite early in the fasting period and suggest that it may be related in some way to the metabolic response to fasting.", "contents": "Changes in metabolism of ethanolamine and its derivatives in liver during fasting. The time course of incorporation of radioactivity into liver phosphatidylethanolamine and its precursors was studied following intraportal injection of [1,2-14C]ethanolamine into rats that had been fasted for 24 h and into nonfasted rats. Marked diminution in the labelling of liver phosphatidylethanolamine and CDP-ethanolamine was present in the fasted groups while the radioactivity contained in the ethanolamine and phosphorylethanolamine pools of these livers was increased. The livers of the fasted rats contained significantly higher levels of ethanolamine, phosphorylethanolamine and CDP-ethanolamine while choline and phosphorylcholine were decreased. These changes are identical to those which we have described earlier in the livers of nonfasted rats fed a choline deficient diet. In a further experiment, the duration of the fasting period necessary to bring about these changes was studied. Incorporation of radioactivity into liver phosphatidylethanolamine at 2.5 min following intraportal injection of [1,2-14]ethanolamine declined progressively up to 7.5 h of fasting and did not decrease further after that time. There was a concomitant decrease in labelling of CDP-ethanolamine with retention of radioactivity in ethanolamine and phosphorylethanolamine. These results show that the liver metabolism of ethanolamine is altered quite early in the fasting period and suggest that it may be related in some way to the metabolic response to fasting.", "PMID": 1120291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6828", "title": "Identification and distribution of m-tyramine in the rat.", "content": "A procedure for the quantitative evaluation of m-tyramine in mammalian tissues is described. It involves isolation of the amine by ion-exchange chromatography, followed by conversion to the dansyl derivative, chromatographic separation, and quantitation by the mass spectrometric integrated ion current technique using an isotopically labelled internal standard. The concentrations of m-tyramine in some tissues of male Wistar rats were (mean plus or minus S.D., nanograms per gram): brain 0.32 plus or minus 0.03, heart 0.44 plus or minus 0.13, kidney 12.6 plus or minus 3.4, liver 0.27 plus or minus 0.04, lung 0.33 plus or minus 0.11, spleen 0.25 plus or minus 0.07, and blood 0.15 plus or minus 0.04.", "contents": "Identification and distribution of m-tyramine in the rat. A procedure for the quantitative evaluation of m-tyramine in mammalian tissues is described. It involves isolation of the amine by ion-exchange chromatography, followed by conversion to the dansyl derivative, chromatographic separation, and quantitation by the mass spectrometric integrated ion current technique using an isotopically labelled internal standard. The concentrations of m-tyramine in some tissues of male Wistar rats were (mean plus or minus S.D., nanograms per gram): brain 0.32 plus or minus 0.03, heart 0.44 plus or minus 0.13, kidney 12.6 plus or minus 3.4, liver 0.27 plus or minus 0.04, lung 0.33 plus or minus 0.11, spleen 0.25 plus or minus 0.07, and blood 0.15 plus or minus 0.04.", "PMID": 1120292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6829", "title": "RNA polymerase stimulation: effect of aldosterone and other adrenocorticoids on RNA turnover in rat kidney.", "content": "The results of steroid hormone stimulation of aggregate RNA polymerase ?activity in kidney can be interpreted in terms of either template or enzyme alterations. In order to discover the effect of aldosterone on enzyme or DNA template, the RNA polymerases were purified from kidney nuclei of normal, adrenalectomized or adrenalectomized plus aldosterone treated rats and the activity was determined using different sources of DNA. It was found that the DNA from aldosterone treated rats was transcribed more efficiently than from other sources. Aldosterone does not seem to have a direct effect on the RNA polymerase. Fractionation of ([14-C]aldosterone injected) kidney chromatin revealed the presence of radioactivity in the non-histone acidic proteins and DNA, suggesting the possible binding of aldosterone or aldosterone-receptor complex to these chromatin fractions which may result in enhanced template activity. Turnover of RNA was also studied in various subcellular fractions: nuclei, mitochondria, rough endoplasmic reticulum, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, polysomes, ribosomes and sRNA, in normal, adrenalectomized, and adrenalectomized plus adrenocortical hormone treated rat kidney, by following the loss of radioactivity after a single injection of [14-C]-orotic acid. Daily administration of aldosterone or deoxycorticosterone reversed the effects of adrenalectomy. Daily administration of corticosterone was without effect.", "contents": "RNA polymerase stimulation: effect of aldosterone and other adrenocorticoids on RNA turnover in rat kidney. The results of steroid hormone stimulation of aggregate RNA polymerase ?activity in kidney can be interpreted in terms of either template or enzyme alterations. In order to discover the effect of aldosterone on enzyme or DNA template, the RNA polymerases were purified from kidney nuclei of normal, adrenalectomized or adrenalectomized plus aldosterone treated rats and the activity was determined using different sources of DNA. It was found that the DNA from aldosterone treated rats was transcribed more efficiently than from other sources. Aldosterone does not seem to have a direct effect on the RNA polymerase. Fractionation of ([14-C]aldosterone injected) kidney chromatin revealed the presence of radioactivity in the non-histone acidic proteins and DNA, suggesting the possible binding of aldosterone or aldosterone-receptor complex to these chromatin fractions which may result in enhanced template activity. Turnover of RNA was also studied in various subcellular fractions: nuclei, mitochondria, rough endoplasmic reticulum, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, polysomes, ribosomes and sRNA, in normal, adrenalectomized, and adrenalectomized plus adrenocortical hormone treated rat kidney, by following the loss of radioactivity after a single injection of [14-C]-orotic acid. Daily administration of aldosterone or deoxycorticosterone reversed the effects of adrenalectomy. Daily administration of corticosterone was without effect.", "PMID": 1120293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6830", "title": "Isolation and tissue specificity of chromatin-associated proteins in Vicia faba.", "content": "A method is described that permits extraction of one class of non-histones in 8 M urea minus 0.14 M mercaptoethanol prior to acid extraction of histones and a second class in 0.05 M Tris -1% sodium dodecyl sulfate following acid extraction of histones. Comparisons of histones and non-histones extracted by this method with those obtained by other procedures demonstrate two important advantages of the method; (1) histones obtained by this method are not contaminated by acid-soluble non-histones, and (2) non-histones are not subjected to acid or phenol during extraction. Changes in the distributions of chromatin-associated proteins in different tissues suggest that some species represent regulators of gene action.", "contents": "Isolation and tissue specificity of chromatin-associated proteins in Vicia faba. A method is described that permits extraction of one class of non-histones in 8 M urea minus 0.14 M mercaptoethanol prior to acid extraction of histones and a second class in 0.05 M Tris -1% sodium dodecyl sulfate following acid extraction of histones. Comparisons of histones and non-histones extracted by this method with those obtained by other procedures demonstrate two important advantages of the method; (1) histones obtained by this method are not contaminated by acid-soluble non-histones, and (2) non-histones are not subjected to acid or phenol during extraction. Changes in the distributions of chromatin-associated proteins in different tissues suggest that some species represent regulators of gene action.", "PMID": 1120294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6831", "title": "Exploration of the neck for hyperparathyroidism.", "content": "A step-by-step plan for exploration of the neck for hyperparathyroidism has evolved during a 15-year experience with 148 patients at the Toronto General Hospital. Selective catheterization of the veins of the neck with parathormone immunoassay has been a valuable aid in preoperative localization and is particularly helpful in those patients who have had a previous neck dissection. The success of the exploration is based on a practical knowledge of the embryology and anatomy of the parathyroid glands, meticulous dissection and the identification of all glands. The \"angle of identification\", as described, has been helpful in operative localization. The parathyroid gland or glands that are grossly abnormal are excised, and the remaining glands biopsied and examined by an experienced pathologist, expert in quick-section techniques.", "contents": "Exploration of the neck for hyperparathyroidism. A step-by-step plan for exploration of the neck for hyperparathyroidism has evolved during a 15-year experience with 148 patients at the Toronto General Hospital. Selective catheterization of the veins of the neck with parathormone immunoassay has been a valuable aid in preoperative localization and is particularly helpful in those patients who have had a previous neck dissection. The success of the exploration is based on a practical knowledge of the embryology and anatomy of the parathyroid glands, meticulous dissection and the identification of all glands. The \"angle of identification\", as described, has been helpful in operative localization. The parathyroid gland or glands that are grossly abnormal are excised, and the remaining glands biopsied and examined by an experienced pathologist, expert in quick-section techniques.", "PMID": 1120295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6832", "title": "Hyperparathyroidism-an unusual case.", "content": "A case of primary hyperparathyroidism is described that presented unusual features. The patient had been treated previously for squamous cell carcinoma of the lung and therefore it was necessary to exclude ectopic hyperparathyroidism. The results of the tests generally used to distinguish primary from ectopic hyperparathyroidism-the serum chloride level, the serum calcium response to cortisone suppression and the absence of residual or recurrent tumour-suggested that the patient did have the primary form of the disorder. Exploration of the neck revealed no parathyroid tumour or hyperplasia, and the mediastinal parathyroid adenoma was localized only by determination of parathyroid hormone in the venous drainage from the neck and mediastinum.", "contents": "Hyperparathyroidism-an unusual case. A case of primary hyperparathyroidism is described that presented unusual features. The patient had been treated previously for squamous cell carcinoma of the lung and therefore it was necessary to exclude ectopic hyperparathyroidism. The results of the tests generally used to distinguish primary from ectopic hyperparathyroidism-the serum chloride level, the serum calcium response to cortisone suppression and the absence of residual or recurrent tumour-suggested that the patient did have the primary form of the disorder. Exploration of the neck revealed no parathyroid tumour or hyperplasia, and the mediastinal parathyroid adenoma was localized only by determination of parathyroid hormone in the venous drainage from the neck and mediastinum.", "PMID": 1120296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6833", "title": "Comparison of provincial surgical rates in 1968.", "content": "Studies have been made of age- and sex-adjusted 1968 provincial rates for individual surgical procedures. For elective and discretionary operations, such as tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy, hysterectomy, vein stripping and lens extraction, provincial rates varied by approximately 100 percent. Newfoundland, with few surgeons and hospital beds, had the lowest discretionary rates, and Alberta, which ranked hgih both for surgeons and hospital beds, the highest. Interprovincial differences were of smaller magnitude for non-discretionary surgery (radical mastectomy, cesarean section, colectomy., lobectomy, etc.). Ther were statistically significant correlations between numbers of surgeons and elective and discretionary surgical rates and between numbers of hospital beds and bed use in the provinces. The effect of disease prevalence on discretionary surgical rates was minimized because the rates were age- and sex-adjusted. Provincial organization of, and payment for, medical services has been similar. Hence, the ratio of surgical personnel to population in each province is postulated as a major determinant of the differing interprovincial rates.", "contents": "Comparison of provincial surgical rates in 1968. Studies have been made of age- and sex-adjusted 1968 provincial rates for individual surgical procedures. For elective and discretionary operations, such as tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy, hysterectomy, vein stripping and lens extraction, provincial rates varied by approximately 100 percent. Newfoundland, with few surgeons and hospital beds, had the lowest discretionary rates, and Alberta, which ranked hgih both for surgeons and hospital beds, the highest. Interprovincial differences were of smaller magnitude for non-discretionary surgery (radical mastectomy, cesarean section, colectomy., lobectomy, etc.). Ther were statistically significant correlations between numbers of surgeons and elective and discretionary surgical rates and between numbers of hospital beds and bed use in the provinces. The effect of disease prevalence on discretionary surgical rates was minimized because the rates were age- and sex-adjusted. Provincial organization of, and payment for, medical services has been similar. Hence, the ratio of surgical personnel to population in each province is postulated as a major determinant of the differing interprovincial rates.", "PMID": 1120297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6834", "title": "Experimental left gastric vein diversion.", "content": "Six years' laboratory work resulted in devising a satisfactory experimental technique of direct left gastric-left renal diversion for esophagogastric venous decompression. The procedure was accomplished by interposing an autogenous vein graft between the distal transected left gastric and left renal veins, employing mechanical stapling for the venous anastomoses. A refined technique of left gastric caval diversion provided uniform late patency in a suitable animal model.", "contents": "Experimental left gastric vein diversion. Six years' laboratory work resulted in devising a satisfactory experimental technique of direct left gastric-left renal diversion for esophagogastric venous decompression. The procedure was accomplished by interposing an autogenous vein graft between the distal transected left gastric and left renal veins, employing mechanical stapling for the venous anastomoses. A refined technique of left gastric caval diversion provided uniform late patency in a suitable animal model.", "PMID": 1120298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6835", "title": "Effect of intracranial pressure on cavernous sinus flow: a cadaver model.", "content": "Through an artificially created carotid-cavernous fistula, the cavernous sinus of four suitable cadavers was perfused at a constant input pressure of 50 cm H20 at various levels of intracranial pressure. The flow rate fell 25% at an intracranial pressure of 50 mm Hg but could not be totally arrested even at the extremes of intracranial hypertension. The authors conclude that the cavernous sinus in man is not collapsible.", "contents": "Effect of intracranial pressure on cavernous sinus flow: a cadaver model. Through an artificially created carotid-cavernous fistula, the cavernous sinus of four suitable cadavers was perfused at a constant input pressure of 50 cm H20 at various levels of intracranial pressure. The flow rate fell 25% at an intracranial pressure of 50 mm Hg but could not be totally arrested even at the extremes of intracranial hypertension. The authors conclude that the cavernous sinus in man is not collapsible.", "PMID": 1120299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6836", "title": "Repair of radiation damage in Lewis lung carcinoma cells following in situ treatment with fast neutrons and gamma-rays.", "content": "Lewis lung tumor cells were irradiated with 60Co gamma-rays or cyclotron-produced neutrons in situ as solid s.c. tumors or in vitro as single cell suspensions. Cell survival was assayed by colony formation both in vitro in soft agar and in the lungs of isogeneic recipient mice. Survival curve characteristics measured in vitro were: Do = 111 rads, Dq = 342 rads, n = 22 for gamma-rays, and Do = 61 rads, Dq = 46 rads, n = 2 for neutrons. In situ, the hypoxic fraction was 0.36. Irradiation in situ gave, for the hypoxic subpopulation, Do = 315 rads for gamma-rays and Do = 91 rads for neutrons. The oxygen-enhancement ratio for gamma-rays was 2.8 and for neutrons was 1.5. Using the split-dose technique, in which two equal doses were administered, separated by 4 hr chronically hypoxic tumor cells repaired sublethal damage, assayed by leaving tumor cells in situ up to 24 hr posttreatment, could not be detected after neutrons, but after gamma-rays it was observed as a 3- to 6-fold increase in survival. The repair of potentially lethal damage increased the relative biological effectiveness of neutrons from 3.7 at a survival level of 5% when assayed immediately after treatment to 4.7 when assayed 6 to 24 hr after treatment. These observations, primarily limited to the chronically hypoxic subpopulation of tumor cells, suggest that decreased repair of potentially lethal damage as well as sublethal damage may be an important radiobiological difference between the effects of high and low linear energy transfer radiation.", "contents": "Repair of radiation damage in Lewis lung carcinoma cells following in situ treatment with fast neutrons and gamma-rays. Lewis lung tumor cells were irradiated with 60Co gamma-rays or cyclotron-produced neutrons in situ as solid s.c. tumors or in vitro as single cell suspensions. Cell survival was assayed by colony formation both in vitro in soft agar and in the lungs of isogeneic recipient mice. Survival curve characteristics measured in vitro were: Do = 111 rads, Dq = 342 rads, n = 22 for gamma-rays, and Do = 61 rads, Dq = 46 rads, n = 2 for neutrons. In situ, the hypoxic fraction was 0.36. Irradiation in situ gave, for the hypoxic subpopulation, Do = 315 rads for gamma-rays and Do = 91 rads for neutrons. The oxygen-enhancement ratio for gamma-rays was 2.8 and for neutrons was 1.5. Using the split-dose technique, in which two equal doses were administered, separated by 4 hr chronically hypoxic tumor cells repaired sublethal damage, assayed by leaving tumor cells in situ up to 24 hr posttreatment, could not be detected after neutrons, but after gamma-rays it was observed as a 3- to 6-fold increase in survival. The repair of potentially lethal damage increased the relative biological effectiveness of neutrons from 3.7 at a survival level of 5% when assayed immediately after treatment to 4.7 when assayed 6 to 24 hr after treatment. These observations, primarily limited to the chronically hypoxic subpopulation of tumor cells, suggest that decreased repair of potentially lethal damage as well as sublethal damage may be an important radiobiological difference between the effects of high and low linear energy transfer radiation.", "PMID": 1120301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6837", "title": "Funding: grants or contracts? A survey of cancer scientists.", "content": "The members of the American Association for Cancer Research (AACR) were polled for their reactions to the current controversy of funding by research grant versus that by the research contract and to the nature of the scientific review appropriate for the evaluation of both types of applications. About 50% of the members responded; 97% of these felt that additional basic knowledge was absolutely essential or probably essential for the successful pursuit of the goals of the National Cancer Program. Eighty % of the respondents concluded that the funding of such research programs should be derived largely from grants rather than contracts. Most of the participants agreed that there should be a major rather than a minor redistribution of funds toward grants and away from contracts. About 50% of the respondent AACR members currently are being supported by research grants, about 10% receive contracts only, and another 25% of the members have both types of funds at their disposal. The group of contract-supported scientists felt less critical of contracts, but about one-half of that group also wished to see more funds going into the grant rather than into the contract programs for the additional support of basic research. There was considerable agreement among all groups of respondents that the review process for contracts should make much more active use of extramural peer evaluation to eliminate scientific inequities now existing between the two instruments for funding of work in cancer research.", "contents": "Funding: grants or contracts? A survey of cancer scientists. The members of the American Association for Cancer Research (AACR) were polled for their reactions to the current controversy of funding by research grant versus that by the research contract and to the nature of the scientific review appropriate for the evaluation of both types of applications. About 50% of the members responded; 97% of these felt that additional basic knowledge was absolutely essential or probably essential for the successful pursuit of the goals of the National Cancer Program. Eighty % of the respondents concluded that the funding of such research programs should be derived largely from grants rather than contracts. Most of the participants agreed that there should be a major rather than a minor redistribution of funds toward grants and away from contracts. About 50% of the respondent AACR members currently are being supported by research grants, about 10% receive contracts only, and another 25% of the members have both types of funds at their disposal. The group of contract-supported scientists felt less critical of contracts, but about one-half of that group also wished to see more funds going into the grant rather than into the contract programs for the additional support of basic research. There was considerable agreement among all groups of respondents that the review process for contracts should make much more active use of extramural peer evaluation to eliminate scientific inequities now existing between the two instruments for funding of work in cancer research.", "PMID": 1120302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6838", "title": "Pharmacological studies with vinblastine in the dog.", "content": "Tritiated vinblastine was prepared by catalytic exchange and its metabolism was studied in dogs. Plasma levels of drug fell in biphasic mode with initial and secondary phase half-lives of 17 to 38 min and 3 to 5 hr, respectively. Between 28.6 and 79.1% of plasma tritium was precipitable with cold trichloroacetic acid and thus was presumably protein bound. Blood leukocytes had levels of intracellular tritium between 2.4 and 11.8 times those of the coincident plasma samples. Over a 9-day period, urinary excretion accounted for 12.1 to 16.8% and fecal excretion accounted for 30.1 to 36.1% of the administered radioactivity. Ratios of biliary to plasma radioactivity varied between 7.3 and 56.9, with unchanged vinblastine being the mamor component (46.8 to 80.7%) in the bile.", "contents": "Pharmacological studies with vinblastine in the dog. Tritiated vinblastine was prepared by catalytic exchange and its metabolism was studied in dogs. Plasma levels of drug fell in biphasic mode with initial and secondary phase half-lives of 17 to 38 min and 3 to 5 hr, respectively. Between 28.6 and 79.1% of plasma tritium was precipitable with cold trichloroacetic acid and thus was presumably protein bound. Blood leukocytes had levels of intracellular tritium between 2.4 and 11.8 times those of the coincident plasma samples. Over a 9-day period, urinary excretion accounted for 12.1 to 16.8% and fecal excretion accounted for 30.1 to 36.1% of the administered radioactivity. Ratios of biliary to plasma radioactivity varied between 7.3 and 56.9, with unchanged vinblastine being the mamor component (46.8 to 80.7%) in the bile.", "PMID": 1120303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6839", "title": "The response of hypoxic B16 melanoma cells to in vivo treatment with chemotherapeutic agents.", "content": "Survival curves are presented for the treatment of B16 melanomas with a range of single doses of cyclophosphamide (CY), 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU), 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU), or 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)-1-nitro-sourea (MeCCNU). When these four drugs are assessed in terms of the tumor cell kill at the lethal dose to 10% of the mice, MeCCNU is found to be much the most effective, followed by CCNU, and then CY and BCNU together. The superiority of MeCCNU is possibly related to the fact that it seems to be longer lived in the mice than are the other drugs. Combined drug and irradiation experiments have indicated that CY kills both oxygenated and hypoxic cells in the tumor, leaving proportions equal to those in the tumor prior to treatment, whereas BCNU preferentially spares the hypoxic cells. Since hypoxic cells constitute a population of cells that is at a distance from blood vessels, this result suggests that CY treatment of B16 melanomas is not limited by an inability of the drug to diffuse to cells away from blood vessels.", "contents": "The response of hypoxic B16 melanoma cells to in vivo treatment with chemotherapeutic agents. Survival curves are presented for the treatment of B16 melanomas with a range of single doses of cyclophosphamide (CY), 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU), 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU), or 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)-1-nitro-sourea (MeCCNU). When these four drugs are assessed in terms of the tumor cell kill at the lethal dose to 10% of the mice, MeCCNU is found to be much the most effective, followed by CCNU, and then CY and BCNU together. The superiority of MeCCNU is possibly related to the fact that it seems to be longer lived in the mice than are the other drugs. Combined drug and irradiation experiments have indicated that CY kills both oxygenated and hypoxic cells in the tumor, leaving proportions equal to those in the tumor prior to treatment, whereas BCNU preferentially spares the hypoxic cells. Since hypoxic cells constitute a population of cells that is at a distance from blood vessels, this result suggests that CY treatment of B16 melanomas is not limited by an inability of the drug to diffuse to cells away from blood vessels.", "PMID": 1120304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6840", "title": "Uptake of 67Ga in the regenerating rat liver and its relationship to lysosomal enzyme activity.", "content": "The uptake of 67Ga citrate has been studied in the regenerating rat liver over a period up to 72 hr after partial hepatectomy. The concentration of 67Ga was found to be maximal (four times that of controls) 42 hr after hepatectomy. This was shown to be related to lysosomal enzyme activity rather than to specific phases of the cell cycle, there being a highly significant correlation (p smaller than 0.001) with aryl sulfatase activity. In both regenerating and normal rat livers, it was shown that 67Ga uptake is reduced when protein synthesis is inhibited by cycloheximide but is unaffected by inhibition of DNA synthesis by cytosine arabinoside.", "contents": "Uptake of 67Ga in the regenerating rat liver and its relationship to lysosomal enzyme activity. The uptake of 67Ga citrate has been studied in the regenerating rat liver over a period up to 72 hr after partial hepatectomy. The concentration of 67Ga was found to be maximal (four times that of controls) 42 hr after hepatectomy. This was shown to be related to lysosomal enzyme activity rather than to specific phases of the cell cycle, there being a highly significant correlation (p smaller than 0.001) with aryl sulfatase activity. In both regenerating and normal rat livers, it was shown that 67Ga uptake is reduced when protein synthesis is inhibited by cycloheximide but is unaffected by inhibition of DNA synthesis by cytosine arabinoside.", "PMID": 1120305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6841", "title": "Tissue water content and nuclear magnetic resonance in normal and tumor tissues.", "content": "Pulsed proton nuclear magnetic resonance was used to differentiate between normal and malignant tissues. When the tissue water content varied from 80 to 93%, the tumors exhibited spin-lattice relaxation times (T1) from 0.9 to 1.8 sec. We report also the results obtained on 9-day-old embryos and on liver, brain, and heart from 2-day-old rats. A good correlation between the spin-lattice (T1) and spin-spin (T2) relaxation times and the tissue water content was found for all tissues studied. The relaxation times T1 and T2 and water content in Walker 256 carcinoma and its lymph node metastasis were quite similar.", "contents": "Tissue water content and nuclear magnetic resonance in normal and tumor tissues. Pulsed proton nuclear magnetic resonance was used to differentiate between normal and malignant tissues. When the tissue water content varied from 80 to 93%, the tumors exhibited spin-lattice relaxation times (T1) from 0.9 to 1.8 sec. We report also the results obtained on 9-day-old embryos and on liver, brain, and heart from 2-day-old rats. A good correlation between the spin-lattice (T1) and spin-spin (T2) relaxation times and the tissue water content was found for all tissues studied. The relaxation times T1 and T2 and water content in Walker 256 carcinoma and its lymph node metastasis were quite similar.", "PMID": 1120306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6842", "title": "Chemotherapy of the transplantable acute leukemia L5222 in rats.", "content": "This study presents results of single-drug and combination chemotherapy of the transplantable acute leukemia L5222 in BD IX rats. In leukemia L5222 there is a direct relationship between the number of transplanted cells and mean life expectancy. After single-drug therapy with L-asparaginase, 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU), cyclophosphamide, cytosine arabinoside, daunomycin, 6-mercaptopurine, methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone) dihydrochloride, prednisolone, or vincristine, the best therapeutic effect was observed with BCNU and cyclophosphamide. A massive-dose therapy with BCNU repeated twice or a conbination of vincristine with cyclophosphamide or BCNU with cyclophosphamide yielded a high percentage of cures. Morever, leukemia L5222 seems to be suitable for studying the influence of drugs on the proliferation kinetics of leukemia cells.", "contents": "Chemotherapy of the transplantable acute leukemia L5222 in rats. This study presents results of single-drug and combination chemotherapy of the transplantable acute leukemia L5222 in BD IX rats. In leukemia L5222 there is a direct relationship between the number of transplanted cells and mean life expectancy. After single-drug therapy with L-asparaginase, 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU), cyclophosphamide, cytosine arabinoside, daunomycin, 6-mercaptopurine, methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone) dihydrochloride, prednisolone, or vincristine, the best therapeutic effect was observed with BCNU and cyclophosphamide. A massive-dose therapy with BCNU repeated twice or a conbination of vincristine with cyclophosphamide or BCNU with cyclophosphamide yielded a high percentage of cures. Morever, leukemia L5222 seems to be suitable for studying the influence of drugs on the proliferation kinetics of leukemia cells.", "PMID": 1120307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6843", "title": "Combination therapy of mouse leukemia L1210 by 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine and 6-[(4-nitrobenzyl)thio]-9-beta-D-ribofuranosylpurine.", "content": "Nitrobenzylthioinosine (NBMPR), an inhibitor of nucleoside transport, was tested in combination with 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C) for therapeutic activity against mouse leukemia L1210. NBMPR alone had no activity, whereas therapy with NBMPR and ara-C in combination was significantly better than with ara-C alone. The therapeutic potentiation resulting from the combination of NBMPR and ara-C appeared to be host mediated since NBMPR alone was not toxic to cultured L1210 cells. NBMPR treatment of normal mice increased the plasma half-time of ara-C and decreased rates of urinary excretion of ara-C and 2'-deoxycytidine; however, these effects were not large enough to explain the therapeutic potentiation. Because the drug combination appeared to be no more effective than ara-C alone in therapy of mouse leukemia L1210/TG (a thiopurine-resistant L1210 subline lacking hyposanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase), the host-mediated therapeutic potentiation was attributed in in vivo breakdown of NBMPR to 6-mercaptopurine.", "contents": "Combination therapy of mouse leukemia L1210 by 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine and 6-[(4-nitrobenzyl)thio]-9-beta-D-ribofuranosylpurine. Nitrobenzylthioinosine (NBMPR), an inhibitor of nucleoside transport, was tested in combination with 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C) for therapeutic activity against mouse leukemia L1210. NBMPR alone had no activity, whereas therapy with NBMPR and ara-C in combination was significantly better than with ara-C alone. The therapeutic potentiation resulting from the combination of NBMPR and ara-C appeared to be host mediated since NBMPR alone was not toxic to cultured L1210 cells. NBMPR treatment of normal mice increased the plasma half-time of ara-C and decreased rates of urinary excretion of ara-C and 2'-deoxycytidine; however, these effects were not large enough to explain the therapeutic potentiation. Because the drug combination appeared to be no more effective than ara-C alone in therapy of mouse leukemia L1210/TG (a thiopurine-resistant L1210 subline lacking hyposanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase), the host-mediated therapeutic potentiation was attributed in in vivo breakdown of NBMPR to 6-mercaptopurine.", "PMID": 1120308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6844", "title": "Detection of antibody and complement complexed in vivo on membranes of human cancer cells by mixed hemadsorption techniques.", "content": "The mixed hemadsorption (MHA) techniques demonstrated antibody and complement fixed in vivo to the surface of human cancer cells. Tumors from 12 cancer patients and normal tissues from 5 cancer patients and 8 patients with cerebrovascular or cardiac diseases were collected from biopsy and autopsy for in vitro testing. Antiserum to human whole immunoglobulins and antiserum to human C3 were used in the MHA techniques. Positive MHA patterns were demonstrated on the surface of cancer cells by both methods. Positive reactions ranged from 12 to 32% in mixed hemadsorption for anitbody detection and from 10 to 34% in mixed hemadsorption for complement component 3 detection. Normal tissues obtained from cancer patients or from patients who died of causes other than cancer rarely exhibited distinct MHA reactivity. Collectively, the data suggest that most human cancers are antigenic in the autologous host and that tumor-associated antigens of cancer cells react in vivo with their humoral antibody to fix complement.", "contents": "Detection of antibody and complement complexed in vivo on membranes of human cancer cells by mixed hemadsorption techniques. The mixed hemadsorption (MHA) techniques demonstrated antibody and complement fixed in vivo to the surface of human cancer cells. Tumors from 12 cancer patients and normal tissues from 5 cancer patients and 8 patients with cerebrovascular or cardiac diseases were collected from biopsy and autopsy for in vitro testing. Antiserum to human whole immunoglobulins and antiserum to human C3 were used in the MHA techniques. Positive MHA patterns were demonstrated on the surface of cancer cells by both methods. Positive reactions ranged from 12 to 32% in mixed hemadsorption for anitbody detection and from 10 to 34% in mixed hemadsorption for complement component 3 detection. Normal tissues obtained from cancer patients or from patients who died of causes other than cancer rarely exhibited distinct MHA reactivity. Collectively, the data suggest that most human cancers are antigenic in the autologous host and that tumor-associated antigens of cancer cells react in vivo with their humoral antibody to fix complement.", "PMID": 1120309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6845", "title": "Early and late changes in nonhistone chromatin proteins accompanying rat liver regeneration.", "content": "Chromatin was isolated from 0.025 M citric acid nuclei of regenerating rat liver at 1,5,18,24, and 48 hr posthepatectomy. The total protein to DNA ratios did not change significantly during this time period. However, 2-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of nonhistone proteins of \"Chromatin Fraction II\" revealed changes in the amounts of some protein spots. As early as 1 hr after hepatectomy, decreases in size and intensity were detected for protein spots Bp, B24, C18, and CQ, and increases were detected for protein spots CBL and C13. Late changes in size and intensity were found for protein spots BA and CN, which decreased in size and intensity 5 hr after hepatectomy. The spot densities and sizes for most of the nonhistone proteins underwent no significant changes in the course of liver regeneration. The increases and decreases observed in specific protein spots represent an ordered series of changes in a limited number of nonhistone proteins.", "contents": "Early and late changes in nonhistone chromatin proteins accompanying rat liver regeneration. Chromatin was isolated from 0.025 M citric acid nuclei of regenerating rat liver at 1,5,18,24, and 48 hr posthepatectomy. The total protein to DNA ratios did not change significantly during this time period. However, 2-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of nonhistone proteins of \"Chromatin Fraction II\" revealed changes in the amounts of some protein spots. As early as 1 hr after hepatectomy, decreases in size and intensity were detected for protein spots Bp, B24, C18, and CQ, and increases were detected for protein spots CBL and C13. Late changes in size and intensity were found for protein spots BA and CN, which decreased in size and intensity 5 hr after hepatectomy. The spot densities and sizes for most of the nonhistone proteins underwent no significant changes in the course of liver regeneration. The increases and decreases observed in specific protein spots represent an ordered series of changes in a limited number of nonhistone proteins.", "PMID": 1120310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6846", "title": "Thyroid cell proliferation in rats and induction of tumors by X-rays.", "content": "There are very few proliferating cells in the thyroid gland of normal adult rats, as measured by the labeling and mitotic index. One-tenth % 4-methyl-2-thiouracil in drinking water induced an exponential increase of thyroid weight after a lag phase of 2 days; the increase continued for 8 days and was followed by a plateau phase. The following sequence of events was found for the number of dividing follicular and stroma cells as well as for DNA synthesis: no significant changes during the 1st 2 days, a sharp increase between the 2nd and 8th days, a decrease between the 8th and 14th days, and an almost constant flow until the 24th day. Three-hundred rads of X-rays given to a nonproliferating thyroid gland induced tumor growth in 25% of the animals 18 months after irradiation. The same dose of irradiation, applied to a proliferating thyroid gland, increased the tumor incidence to 30% when administered in the lag phase, to 75% when administered at the peak of the proliferating phase, and to 62.5% when administered at the plateau phase. Subsequent treatment of irradiated animals with 4-methyl-2-thiouracil enhanced the number and the size of the thyroid tumors and lead to the occurrence of more carcinomas than appeared in animals treated with X-rays only or 4-methyl-2-thiouracil only.", "contents": "Thyroid cell proliferation in rats and induction of tumors by X-rays. There are very few proliferating cells in the thyroid gland of normal adult rats, as measured by the labeling and mitotic index. One-tenth % 4-methyl-2-thiouracil in drinking water induced an exponential increase of thyroid weight after a lag phase of 2 days; the increase continued for 8 days and was followed by a plateau phase. The following sequence of events was found for the number of dividing follicular and stroma cells as well as for DNA synthesis: no significant changes during the 1st 2 days, a sharp increase between the 2nd and 8th days, a decrease between the 8th and 14th days, and an almost constant flow until the 24th day. Three-hundred rads of X-rays given to a nonproliferating thyroid gland induced tumor growth in 25% of the animals 18 months after irradiation. The same dose of irradiation, applied to a proliferating thyroid gland, increased the tumor incidence to 30% when administered in the lag phase, to 75% when administered at the peak of the proliferating phase, and to 62.5% when administered at the plateau phase. Subsequent treatment of irradiated animals with 4-methyl-2-thiouracil enhanced the number and the size of the thyroid tumors and lead to the occurrence of more carcinomas than appeared in animals treated with X-rays only or 4-methyl-2-thiouracil only.", "PMID": 1120311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6847", "title": "The benzo(alpha)pyrene deoxyribonucleoside products isolated from DNA after metabolism of benzo(alpha)pyrene by rat liver microsomes in the presence of DNA.", "content": "Rat liver microsomes (induced by 3-methylcholanthrene) were used to catalyze the binding of tritium-labeled benzo(alpha)pyrene to DNA. Enzymic degradation of this DNA to deoxyribonucleosides, followed by separation of the products by Sephadex LH20 column chromatography, revealed two major products. One of these was shown to be the same as that obtained from DNA with benzo(alpha)pyrene bound following treatment of mouse embryo cells in culture with the carcinogen. Neither product resembled those obtained from DNA that had been caused to react with benzo(alpha)pyrene 4,5-oxide (K-region eposide). The aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity of the microsome preparations was determined and related to the extent of microsome-catalyzed hydrocarbon binding. Inhibitors of the enzyme epoxide hydrase increased this binding but caused the loss of one of the two major products. On the basis of the results obtained, a model is proposed of the mechanism of benzo(alpha)pyrene metabolism and DNA binding.", "contents": "The benzo(alpha)pyrene deoxyribonucleoside products isolated from DNA after metabolism of benzo(alpha)pyrene by rat liver microsomes in the presence of DNA. Rat liver microsomes (induced by 3-methylcholanthrene) were used to catalyze the binding of tritium-labeled benzo(alpha)pyrene to DNA. Enzymic degradation of this DNA to deoxyribonucleosides, followed by separation of the products by Sephadex LH20 column chromatography, revealed two major products. One of these was shown to be the same as that obtained from DNA with benzo(alpha)pyrene bound following treatment of mouse embryo cells in culture with the carcinogen. Neither product resembled those obtained from DNA that had been caused to react with benzo(alpha)pyrene 4,5-oxide (K-region eposide). The aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity of the microsome preparations was determined and related to the extent of microsome-catalyzed hydrocarbon binding. Inhibitors of the enzyme epoxide hydrase increased this binding but caused the loss of one of the two major products. On the basis of the results obtained, a model is proposed of the mechanism of benzo(alpha)pyrene metabolism and DNA binding.", "PMID": 1120312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6848", "title": "Delayed hypersensitivity to 5-fluorouracil following topical chemotherapy of cutaneous cancers.", "content": "Skin tests to various common antigens, dinitrochlorobenzene, and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) were performed on patients being treated for cutaneous neoplasms with topical 5-FU cream. Eleven of 15 patients tested both before and after therapy converted from skin test negative to positive with respect to 5-FU. This conversion correlated with positive dinitrochlorobenzene skin tests and therapeutic cure. The relation between the induction of delayed hypersensitivity reactions to 5-FU following treatment with topical 5-FU and the cure rate for cutaneous neoplasms showed a trend toward correlation.", "contents": "Delayed hypersensitivity to 5-fluorouracil following topical chemotherapy of cutaneous cancers. Skin tests to various common antigens, dinitrochlorobenzene, and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) were performed on patients being treated for cutaneous neoplasms with topical 5-FU cream. Eleven of 15 patients tested both before and after therapy converted from skin test negative to positive with respect to 5-FU. This conversion correlated with positive dinitrochlorobenzene skin tests and therapeutic cure. The relation between the induction of delayed hypersensitivity reactions to 5-FU following treatment with topical 5-FU and the cure rate for cutaneous neoplasms showed a trend toward correlation.", "PMID": 1120313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6849", "title": "Evaluation of a cooperative group human myeloma protocol using the MOPC 104E myeloma model.", "content": "Data are presented on the response rates, maximum rate of cell kill, and survival rates for individual and groups of mice with MOPC 104E myeloma treated with a variety of chemotherapeutic agents and combination regimens used in clinical human myeloma. The tumor immunoglobulin M measurements are used to evalutae the therapeutic effects of drugs. Prednisolone and mescaline, when given as single drugs, showed no therapeutic action and the animals died of tumor as in the controls. The immunoglobulin M values are very similar and ranged between 8,125 and 13,410 mug/mouse. Prednisolone and melphalan given in combination indicated therapeutic effect. 1,3-Bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea-cyclophosphamide-prednisolone combination caused tumor regression but was toxic as shown by the immunoglobulin M values and percentage of survival. The complications and potential uses of this system, which utilized only 40 animals in 64 days, are discussed.", "contents": "Evaluation of a cooperative group human myeloma protocol using the MOPC 104E myeloma model. Data are presented on the response rates, maximum rate of cell kill, and survival rates for individual and groups of mice with MOPC 104E myeloma treated with a variety of chemotherapeutic agents and combination regimens used in clinical human myeloma. The tumor immunoglobulin M measurements are used to evalutae the therapeutic effects of drugs. Prednisolone and mescaline, when given as single drugs, showed no therapeutic action and the animals died of tumor as in the controls. The immunoglobulin M values are very similar and ranged between 8,125 and 13,410 mug/mouse. Prednisolone and melphalan given in combination indicated therapeutic effect. 1,3-Bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea-cyclophosphamide-prednisolone combination caused tumor regression but was toxic as shown by the immunoglobulin M values and percentage of survival. The complications and potential uses of this system, which utilized only 40 animals in 64 days, are discussed.", "PMID": 1120314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6850", "title": "Metabolism of deoxycytidine, thymine, and deoxythymidine in the hamster.", "content": "The ability of growing and of mature Syrian hamsters to anabolize (to liver DNA) or catabolize (to 14CO2) graded amounts of [2-14C]deoxythymidine (TdR), thymine, or deoxycytidine (CdR) was measured in vivo. Of the three precursors, CdR labeled DNA most efficiently and, as expected, incorporation of all three into DNA was greater in younger animals. The catabolism of [2-14C]CdR to respired 14CO2 was dose dependent and showed no signs whatsoever of saturation, even with the highest dose (greater than 20 mumoles/g liver). In contrast, TdR and thymine were catabolized more slowly and saturation was approached with modest doses. The excretion of CdR in the urine was low and independent of dose, while excretion of TdR and thymine was greater and was dose dependent. Rats tested with an intermediate dose of CdR did not catabolize significant quantities to 14CO2, but did excrete considerably more [C]CdR into the urine than did hamsters. These and other findings suggest that, while the rat and the hamster metabolize thymine (and TdR as well) in a similar fashion, they metabolize CdR quite differently, probably because the hamster has a much higher level of nucleoside aminohydrolase which deaminates CdR and related compounds. Because the human also has a very high level of this enzyme, the hamster appears to be a superior animal model for the study of cytosine-containing compounds intended for human use.", "contents": "Metabolism of deoxycytidine, thymine, and deoxythymidine in the hamster. The ability of growing and of mature Syrian hamsters to anabolize (to liver DNA) or catabolize (to 14CO2) graded amounts of [2-14C]deoxythymidine (TdR), thymine, or deoxycytidine (CdR) was measured in vivo. Of the three precursors, CdR labeled DNA most efficiently and, as expected, incorporation of all three into DNA was greater in younger animals. The catabolism of [2-14C]CdR to respired 14CO2 was dose dependent and showed no signs whatsoever of saturation, even with the highest dose (greater than 20 mumoles/g liver). In contrast, TdR and thymine were catabolized more slowly and saturation was approached with modest doses. The excretion of CdR in the urine was low and independent of dose, while excretion of TdR and thymine was greater and was dose dependent. Rats tested with an intermediate dose of CdR did not catabolize significant quantities to 14CO2, but did excrete considerably more [C]CdR into the urine than did hamsters. These and other findings suggest that, while the rat and the hamster metabolize thymine (and TdR as well) in a similar fashion, they metabolize CdR quite differently, probably because the hamster has a much higher level of nucleoside aminohydrolase which deaminates CdR and related compounds. Because the human also has a very high level of this enzyme, the hamster appears to be a superior animal model for the study of cytosine-containing compounds intended for human use.", "PMID": 1120315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6851", "title": "Physiological disposition of pentobarbital in tumor-bearing mice.", "content": "Pentobarbital depressed macromolecular synthesis in Ehrlich ascites cells in vitro, and this depression was proportional to a decrease in oxygen consumption. However, survival time of animals bearing Ehrlich ascites cells was unaffected by pentobarbital. The acute toxicity of the drug was greatly enhanced by the presence of the tumor. Sleeping time was prolonged in mice carrying the following tumors: Ehrlich ascites, Sarcoma 180 ascites, and Yancy plasma cell solid. Seven-day Ehrlich ascites tumor-bearing animals treated with pentobarbital slept about three times longer than normal mice, but both groups awoke at the same plasma levels of the unbound drug. The plasma half-life of unchanged pentobarbital was about four times as long in tumor-bearing mice as it was in controls. No qualitative difference in catabolism other than rate was detected. Renal excretion of unchanged pentobarbital in tumor-bearing animals was 50% of control animals during the first 4 hr. In tumor-bearing mice the sleeping time of the nonmetabo ble barbiturate, barbital, was identical with that in normal animals. These data suggest that the tumor affected mainly pentobarbital metabolism. Tumor-bearing mice still responded to the pharmacological challenge of phenobarbital with the apparent induction of drug metabolizing enzymes. The prolonged pentobarbital sleeping time in tumor-bearing mice required the development of some type of tumor-host relationship.", "contents": "Physiological disposition of pentobarbital in tumor-bearing mice. Pentobarbital depressed macromolecular synthesis in Ehrlich ascites cells in vitro, and this depression was proportional to a decrease in oxygen consumption. However, survival time of animals bearing Ehrlich ascites cells was unaffected by pentobarbital. The acute toxicity of the drug was greatly enhanced by the presence of the tumor. Sleeping time was prolonged in mice carrying the following tumors: Ehrlich ascites, Sarcoma 180 ascites, and Yancy plasma cell solid. Seven-day Ehrlich ascites tumor-bearing animals treated with pentobarbital slept about three times longer than normal mice, but both groups awoke at the same plasma levels of the unbound drug. The plasma half-life of unchanged pentobarbital was about four times as long in tumor-bearing mice as it was in controls. No qualitative difference in catabolism other than rate was detected. Renal excretion of unchanged pentobarbital in tumor-bearing animals was 50% of control animals during the first 4 hr. In tumor-bearing mice the sleeping time of the nonmetabo ble barbiturate, barbital, was identical with that in normal animals. These data suggest that the tumor affected mainly pentobarbital metabolism. Tumor-bearing mice still responded to the pharmacological challenge of phenobarbital with the apparent induction of drug metabolizing enzymes. The prolonged pentobarbital sleeping time in tumor-bearing mice required the development of some type of tumor-host relationship.", "PMID": 1120316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6852", "title": "Importance of the fecal stream on the induction of colon tumors by azoxymethane in rats.", "content": "The effect of the fecal stream on intestinal carcinogenesis with azoxymethane was studied in male rats. Colostomies were performed approximately 2 cm distal to the cecum in 50 Sprague-Dawley rats to produce a 20-cm segment of nonfunctional large bowel; an additional 50 animals were left intact. Each of these groups was divided equally and was fed a normal diet or a diet containing 2% cholestyramine by weight. All animals were given azoxymethan s.c. At the end of 7 months all rats were sacrificed. The animals with colostomies developed significantly fewer tumors in the defunctionalized bowel than did intact animals in the same bowel segment. Cholestyramine appeared to increase the tumor yield in the large bowel of the intact animals but had no effect on the number of tumors in the defunctionalized bowel. Further, the intact animals on both dietary regimens developed a greater number of large tumors in the distal 20 cm of bowel. The results show that the fecal stream alters the carcinogenic activity of azoxymethane in the large bowel of the rat. It also appears that the carcinogen can reach its target tissue by a route other than the fecal stream.", "contents": "Importance of the fecal stream on the induction of colon tumors by azoxymethane in rats. The effect of the fecal stream on intestinal carcinogenesis with azoxymethane was studied in male rats. Colostomies were performed approximately 2 cm distal to the cecum in 50 Sprague-Dawley rats to produce a 20-cm segment of nonfunctional large bowel; an additional 50 animals were left intact. Each of these groups was divided equally and was fed a normal diet or a diet containing 2% cholestyramine by weight. All animals were given azoxymethan s.c. At the end of 7 months all rats were sacrificed. The animals with colostomies developed significantly fewer tumors in the defunctionalized bowel than did intact animals in the same bowel segment. Cholestyramine appeared to increase the tumor yield in the large bowel of the intact animals but had no effect on the number of tumors in the defunctionalized bowel. Further, the intact animals on both dietary regimens developed a greater number of large tumors in the distal 20 cm of bowel. The results show that the fecal stream alters the carcinogenic activity of azoxymethane in the large bowel of the rat. It also appears that the carcinogen can reach its target tissue by a route other than the fecal stream.", "PMID": 1120317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6853", "title": "Immunocytochemical analysis of cells in the pars tuberalis of the rat hypophysis with antisera to hormones of the pars distalis.", "content": "The objective was to acquire evidence regarding the secretory capacity of cells in the pars tuberalis of the rat pituitary by the application of immunocytochemical staining. For this purpose the conjugated antibody and immunoglobulin-enzyme bridge techniques were utilized with antisera to the following hormones of the pars distalis: human somatotropin, human thyrotropin, human beta-melanotropin, ovine luteinizing hormone (LH), porcine beta17-39-corticotropin, and beta1-24-corticotropin. Only LH-containing cells were demonstrated. They were exceedingly rare in the cephalic pars tuberalis beneath the median eminence. The frequency of LH-cells was greater in the pars tuberalis associated with the infundibulum and increased distally. LH-cells were most common ventrolateral to the infundibular stem and occurred singly and in clusters. These results indicate that following hypophysectomy the portion of the pars tuberalis that remains in situ has the capacity to secrete only LH of all the pars distalis hormones.", "contents": "Immunocytochemical analysis of cells in the pars tuberalis of the rat hypophysis with antisera to hormones of the pars distalis. The objective was to acquire evidence regarding the secretory capacity of cells in the pars tuberalis of the rat pituitary by the application of immunocytochemical staining. For this purpose the conjugated antibody and immunoglobulin-enzyme bridge techniques were utilized with antisera to the following hormones of the pars distalis: human somatotropin, human thyrotropin, human beta-melanotropin, ovine luteinizing hormone (LH), porcine beta17-39-corticotropin, and beta1-24-corticotropin. Only LH-containing cells were demonstrated. They were exceedingly rare in the cephalic pars tuberalis beneath the median eminence. The frequency of LH-cells was greater in the pars tuberalis associated with the infundibulum and increased distally. LH-cells were most common ventrolateral to the infundibular stem and occurred singly and in clusters. These results indicate that following hypophysectomy the portion of the pars tuberalis that remains in situ has the capacity to secrete only LH of all the pars distalis hormones.", "PMID": 1120333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6854", "title": "Aspects of furrow membrane formation in the cleaving Drosophila embryo.", "content": "During blastoderm formation, the Drosophila embryo produces a large area of new membrane to accommodate the simultaneous demands of approximately four thousand newly cleaved cells. The embryo was examined with the electron microscope at various stages during cleavage in order to investigate the high membrane forming capacity of these cells. Embryos were subjected to the histochemical procedure for the demonstration of thiamine pyrophosphatase. The enzyme was present in the cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies and the nuclear envelope. No activity could be demonstrated on the furrow surface or at the furrow tip despite closely adjacent reactive cisternae. It is concluded that the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi bodies are not major contributors to the new surface. Lamellar bodies were frequently observed in the cytoplasm of all stages examined. The bodies showed a lamellar periodicity of approximately 3.5 nm, and were ultrastructurally similar in appearance after a variety of fixation procedures. The distribution of these bodies was markedly related to the stage of blastoderm formation. Before the commencement of cleavage, lamellar bodies were very prominent within a region 4--5 mum below the cell surface. As cleavage progressed, the bodies became sparse or absent from this region but were apparent at the base of the blastoderm cells or in the sub-blastoderm region, where they were not previously present. Lamellar bodies with leaflets closely associated with, or in apparent continuity with, the cleavage furrow membrane were frequently observed. In these regions the lamellar periodicity was the same as the thickness of the membrane laminae. It is suggested that these bodies play a role in the synthesis of new membrane in the furrow. Intercellular contact specializations between the developing membranes of the furrow were restricted to incipient desmosones and point contacts where the intercellular gap was reduced to 3 nm or less.", "contents": "Aspects of furrow membrane formation in the cleaving Drosophila embryo. During blastoderm formation, the Drosophila embryo produces a large area of new membrane to accommodate the simultaneous demands of approximately four thousand newly cleaved cells. The embryo was examined with the electron microscope at various stages during cleavage in order to investigate the high membrane forming capacity of these cells. Embryos were subjected to the histochemical procedure for the demonstration of thiamine pyrophosphatase. The enzyme was present in the cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies and the nuclear envelope. No activity could be demonstrated on the furrow surface or at the furrow tip despite closely adjacent reactive cisternae. It is concluded that the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi bodies are not major contributors to the new surface. Lamellar bodies were frequently observed in the cytoplasm of all stages examined. The bodies showed a lamellar periodicity of approximately 3.5 nm, and were ultrastructurally similar in appearance after a variety of fixation procedures. The distribution of these bodies was markedly related to the stage of blastoderm formation. Before the commencement of cleavage, lamellar bodies were very prominent within a region 4--5 mum below the cell surface. As cleavage progressed, the bodies became sparse or absent from this region but were apparent at the base of the blastoderm cells or in the sub-blastoderm region, where they were not previously present. Lamellar bodies with leaflets closely associated with, or in apparent continuity with, the cleavage furrow membrane were frequently observed. In these regions the lamellar periodicity was the same as the thickness of the membrane laminae. It is suggested that these bodies play a role in the synthesis of new membrane in the furrow. Intercellular contact specializations between the developing membranes of the furrow were restricted to incipient desmosones and point contacts where the intercellular gap was reduced to 3 nm or less.", "PMID": 1120334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6855", "title": "Movement of neurosecretory product through the anatomical compartments of the neural lobe of the pituitary gland. An electron microscopic autoradiographic study.", "content": "Electron-microscope autoradiographs have been prepared from the neural lobes of the pituitary glands of rats which had received intracisternal injections of [35S] cysteine at various times before gland removal. The rate of appearance and disappearance of autoradiographically demonstrable radioactivity in the neural lobe closely paralleled that previously determined, biochemically, for radioactive hormones and neurophysins. Radioactivity was appreciably associated with the undilated parts of neurosecretory axons only during the first few hours after injection of the label. The axonal dilations were subdivided into those in which small vesicles could be seen (\"endings\") and those in which no small vesicles could be seen (\"swellings\"). Radioactivity appeared first in \"endings\" and then in progressively larger and larger profiles of \"swellings\". It appeared that newly arrived granules were found close to the limiting membrane of the nerve swelling and that as time progressed they moved deeper and deeper into the swelling. On the basis of the results, suggestions were made for an anatomical explanation of the readily-releasable pool of hormone which has been demonstrated pharmacologically.", "contents": "Movement of neurosecretory product through the anatomical compartments of the neural lobe of the pituitary gland. An electron microscopic autoradiographic study. Electron-microscope autoradiographs have been prepared from the neural lobes of the pituitary glands of rats which had received intracisternal injections of [35S] cysteine at various times before gland removal. The rate of appearance and disappearance of autoradiographically demonstrable radioactivity in the neural lobe closely paralleled that previously determined, biochemically, for radioactive hormones and neurophysins. Radioactivity was appreciably associated with the undilated parts of neurosecretory axons only during the first few hours after injection of the label. The axonal dilations were subdivided into those in which small vesicles could be seen (\"endings\") and those in which no small vesicles could be seen (\"swellings\"). Radioactivity appeared first in \"endings\" and then in progressively larger and larger profiles of \"swellings\". It appeared that newly arrived granules were found close to the limiting membrane of the nerve swelling and that as time progressed they moved deeper and deeper into the swelling. On the basis of the results, suggestions were made for an anatomical explanation of the readily-releasable pool of hormone which has been demonstrated pharmacologically.", "PMID": 1120335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6856", "title": "Chloride cells of larval Notonecta glauca and Naucoris cimicoides (Hemiptera, Hydrocorisae). Fine structure and cell counts at different salinities.", "content": "The chloride cells of the larval waterbugs, Notonecta glauca L. and Naucoris cimicoides L., ultrastructurally resemble the caviform chloride cells of other aquatic insects as well as those of teleost fish. The predominant features are abundant mitochondria, basolateral plasma membrane infoldings and an apical cavity possessing numerous microvilli. After histochemical precipitation of chloride, dense deposits of silver chloride are present in the apical region. The cuticular area overlying the chloride cells is extremely reduced in thickness and differentiated into a plug-like structure. The 1st instars of Notonecta glauca raised from the eggs at various hypo-osmotic salt concentrations have identical numbers of thoracal chloride cells regardless of the external salinity. The number of cells progressively increases with each moult. However, in corresponding larval stages, there is a significant decrease in the number of thoracal chloride cells relative to increases in the external salinity. These results are consistent with the presumptive involvement of the chloride cells in osmotic hyperregulation.", "contents": "Chloride cells of larval Notonecta glauca and Naucoris cimicoides (Hemiptera, Hydrocorisae). Fine structure and cell counts at different salinities. The chloride cells of the larval waterbugs, Notonecta glauca L. and Naucoris cimicoides L., ultrastructurally resemble the caviform chloride cells of other aquatic insects as well as those of teleost fish. The predominant features are abundant mitochondria, basolateral plasma membrane infoldings and an apical cavity possessing numerous microvilli. After histochemical precipitation of chloride, dense deposits of silver chloride are present in the apical region. The cuticular area overlying the chloride cells is extremely reduced in thickness and differentiated into a plug-like structure. The 1st instars of Notonecta glauca raised from the eggs at various hypo-osmotic salt concentrations have identical numbers of thoracal chloride cells regardless of the external salinity. The number of cells progressively increases with each moult. However, in corresponding larval stages, there is a significant decrease in the number of thoracal chloride cells relative to increases in the external salinity. These results are consistent with the presumptive involvement of the chloride cells in osmotic hyperregulation.", "PMID": 1120337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6857", "title": "Chicken gonadotrophins: their effects on the testes of immature and hypophysectomized japanese quail.", "content": "Five-week old Japanese quail held under short daylengths (8L/16D) were injected daily for two weeks with 20 mug/day of purified chicken luteinizing hormone (LH) or with one of two chicken follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) fractions. Both intact and hypophysectomized birds were used. After killing, the testes were weighed and fixed for light- and electron-microscopy. Following hypophysectomy testicular weights fell significantly below those of saline-injected controls, indicating that short day conditions are not equivalent to \"physiological hypophysectomy\", the pituitary-gonadal axis continuing to function at a low level. Chicken LH stimulated differentiation of the interstitium, producing mature Leydig cells containing the full complement of organelles typical of steroid-secretion. In addition it induced some testicular growth caused by spermatogonial division and partial differentiation of the Sertoli cells. This effect was assumed to be a secondary response to androgen secretion but a direct action of chicken LH on the tubules is not dismissed. LH given to intact quail caused greater testicular growth, presumably due to synergism with endogenous hormones. Both chicken FSH fractions induced testicular growth and development; in intact birds the effects were similar to those observed in intact LH-treated birds. In hypohysectomized quail given FSH the testicular weights were greater than in hypophysectomized LH-treated birds and the seminiferous tubules were larger. Sertoli cells were stimulated and pachytene spermatocytes were numerous. Leydig cell differentiation was minimal in all FSH-treated birds, being less pronounced in hypophysectomized than in intact birds.", "contents": "Chicken gonadotrophins: their effects on the testes of immature and hypophysectomized japanese quail. Five-week old Japanese quail held under short daylengths (8L/16D) were injected daily for two weeks with 20 mug/day of purified chicken luteinizing hormone (LH) or with one of two chicken follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) fractions. Both intact and hypophysectomized birds were used. After killing, the testes were weighed and fixed for light- and electron-microscopy. Following hypophysectomy testicular weights fell significantly below those of saline-injected controls, indicating that short day conditions are not equivalent to \"physiological hypophysectomy\", the pituitary-gonadal axis continuing to function at a low level. Chicken LH stimulated differentiation of the interstitium, producing mature Leydig cells containing the full complement of organelles typical of steroid-secretion. In addition it induced some testicular growth caused by spermatogonial division and partial differentiation of the Sertoli cells. This effect was assumed to be a secondary response to androgen secretion but a direct action of chicken LH on the tubules is not dismissed. LH given to intact quail caused greater testicular growth, presumably due to synergism with endogenous hormones. Both chicken FSH fractions induced testicular growth and development; in intact birds the effects were similar to those observed in intact LH-treated birds. In hypohysectomized quail given FSH the testicular weights were greater than in hypophysectomized LH-treated birds and the seminiferous tubules were larger. Sertoli cells were stimulated and pachytene spermatocytes were numerous. Leydig cell differentiation was minimal in all FSH-treated birds, being less pronounced in hypophysectomized than in intact birds.", "PMID": 1120336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6858", "title": "The effect of oestradiol on the DNA synthesis in neonatal mouse uterus and cervix.", "content": "(3H)-Thymidine autoradiography was used to study the DNA synthesis in the stroma and epithelium in the uterus proper and the uterine cervix of neonatal mice treated with oestradiol. It was found that in the epithelium of the uterus proper the DNA synthesis is stimulated between 6 and 12 h after injection of oestradiol and decreases again at 18 h. In the stroma of the uterus proper the DNA synthesis is increased 18 h after oestradiol injection. In the epithelium and stroma of the uterine cervix the DNA synthesis decreases from 5 h and is strongly depressed 18 h after oestradiol treatment.", "contents": "The effect of oestradiol on the DNA synthesis in neonatal mouse uterus and cervix. (3H)-Thymidine autoradiography was used to study the DNA synthesis in the stroma and epithelium in the uterus proper and the uterine cervix of neonatal mice treated with oestradiol. It was found that in the epithelium of the uterus proper the DNA synthesis is stimulated between 6 and 12 h after injection of oestradiol and decreases again at 18 h. In the stroma of the uterus proper the DNA synthesis is increased 18 h after oestradiol injection. In the epithelium and stroma of the uterine cervix the DNA synthesis decreases from 5 h and is strongly depressed 18 h after oestradiol treatment.", "PMID": 1120338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6859", "title": "[Semi-automated determination of urinary 17-oxosteroids in a continuous flow system (author's transl)].", "content": "A semi-automated determination of 17-oxosteroids in urinary extracts is described using a modified Zimmerman reaction in aqueous phase according to Epstein. In order to eliminate the interfering chromogens a double manifold and a double-beam colorimeter are used in continuous flow. The spectra and the chromogenecity of seven different 17-oxosteroids are presented. The specificity and the reproducibility of this technique are good and the comparison with gas-liquid chromatography and manual Zimmerman reaction shows a good correlation.", "contents": "[Semi-automated determination of urinary 17-oxosteroids in a continuous flow system (author's transl)]. A semi-automated determination of 17-oxosteroids in urinary extracts is described using a modified Zimmerman reaction in aqueous phase according to Epstein. In order to eliminate the interfering chromogens a double manifold and a double-beam colorimeter are used in continuous flow. The spectra and the chromogenecity of seven different 17-oxosteroids are presented. The specificity and the reproducibility of this technique are good and the comparison with gas-liquid chromatography and manual Zimmerman reaction shows a good correlation.", "PMID": 1120358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6860", "title": "An improved benzophenone procedure for the micro-determination of 5,5-diphenylhydantoin in blood.", "content": "A micro-modification of the benzophenone procedure proposed by Wallace for the determination of 5,5-diphenylhydantoin in blood is described which does not require specialised glassware and avoids the interferance caused by chloroform. In the new procedure 5,5-diphenylhydantoin is extracted from blood with 1,2-dichloroethane, returned to alkali, washed with n-heptane, and oxidised with permanganate in small teflon lined screw capped test tubes containing a layer of n-heptane. The absorbance of the oxidation product (benzophenone) is measured spectrophotometrically on an expanded scale using semi micro cuvettes. The method requires 100-200 mul sample and has a detection threshold of less than 0.1 mg/100 ml.", "contents": "An improved benzophenone procedure for the micro-determination of 5,5-diphenylhydantoin in blood. A micro-modification of the benzophenone procedure proposed by Wallace for the determination of 5,5-diphenylhydantoin in blood is described which does not require specialised glassware and avoids the interferance caused by chloroform. In the new procedure 5,5-diphenylhydantoin is extracted from blood with 1,2-dichloroethane, returned to alkali, washed with n-heptane, and oxidised with permanganate in small teflon lined screw capped test tubes containing a layer of n-heptane. The absorbance of the oxidation product (benzophenone) is measured spectrophotometrically on an expanded scale using semi micro cuvettes. The method requires 100-200 mul sample and has a detection threshold of less than 0.1 mg/100 ml.", "PMID": 1120359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6861", "title": "Putrescine, spermidine, N-acetylspermidine and spermine in the urine of patients with leukaemias and tumors.", "content": "1. N-Monoacetylspermidine A and B were isolated from human urine. Structures of the isolated compounds were assigned to monoacetylspermidines by analyses of the products of acid hydrolysis and elementary analyses. The identification was confirmed by comparison of the chromatographic and electrophoretic properties and infrared spectra of the isolated compounds with those of the authentic compounds. 2. The concentrations of urinary polyamines were determined by the combination of ion-exchange chromatography and high-voltage paper electrophoresis. The amount of putrescine fell in the range of 1--6;spermidine, 1--3;spermine, 3--15 and N-acetylspermidines, 2--10 nmoles/mg creatinine for both sexes and different ages. 3. The amounts of urinary polyamines were measured in patients with cancers. The remarkable increase of urinary spermine was observed in blood cancer, while in the other solid cancers the increase of urinary polyamines was not observed.", "contents": "Putrescine, spermidine, N-acetylspermidine and spermine in the urine of patients with leukaemias and tumors. 1. N-Monoacetylspermidine A and B were isolated from human urine. Structures of the isolated compounds were assigned to monoacetylspermidines by analyses of the products of acid hydrolysis and elementary analyses. The identification was confirmed by comparison of the chromatographic and electrophoretic properties and infrared spectra of the isolated compounds with those of the authentic compounds. 2. The concentrations of urinary polyamines were determined by the combination of ion-exchange chromatography and high-voltage paper electrophoresis. The amount of putrescine fell in the range of 1--6;spermidine, 1--3;spermine, 3--15 and N-acetylspermidines, 2--10 nmoles/mg creatinine for both sexes and different ages. 3. The amounts of urinary polyamines were measured in patients with cancers. The remarkable increase of urinary spermine was observed in blood cancer, while in the other solid cancers the increase of urinary polyamines was not observed.", "PMID": 1120360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6862", "title": "Modification of an assay for trypsin and its application for the estimation of enteropeptidase.", "content": "A sensitive method for the estimation of trypsin and enteropeptidase is described. The use of alpha-N-benzoyl-DL-arginine-p-nitroanilide as substrate in combination with the Bratton-Marshall reaction increased the sensitivity of an established method to a degree which permits the determination of enteropeptidase at considerably lower activity levels than heretofore such as those expected in brush border membrane preparations from peroral biopsies of human small intestine.", "contents": "Modification of an assay for trypsin and its application for the estimation of enteropeptidase. A sensitive method for the estimation of trypsin and enteropeptidase is described. The use of alpha-N-benzoyl-DL-arginine-p-nitroanilide as substrate in combination with the Bratton-Marshall reaction increased the sensitivity of an established method to a degree which permits the determination of enteropeptidase at considerably lower activity levels than heretofore such as those expected in brush border membrane preparations from peroral biopsies of human small intestine.", "PMID": 1120361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6863", "title": "A study of the renal handling and intestinal absorption of dibasic amino acids in a patient with genotype +/11 heterozygous cystinuria and idiopathic hypercalcuria.", "content": "A case is reported of a patient with idiopathic hypercalcuria who was referred for investigation of renal calculi. Studies of urinary amino acid excretion in the patient and all living members of his family, as well as studies of endogenous renal clearances of dibasic amino acids and cystine in the patient and his daughter, indicated that the patient had genotype +/11 heterozygous cystinuria. Intestinal perfusion studies showed however that the patient was able to absorb L-lysine, L-arginine normally from the jejunum and ileum. This suggests that a difference exists between renal and intestinal handling of lysine and arginine in cystinuria.", "contents": "A study of the renal handling and intestinal absorption of dibasic amino acids in a patient with genotype +/11 heterozygous cystinuria and idiopathic hypercalcuria. A case is reported of a patient with idiopathic hypercalcuria who was referred for investigation of renal calculi. Studies of urinary amino acid excretion in the patient and all living members of his family, as well as studies of endogenous renal clearances of dibasic amino acids and cystine in the patient and his daughter, indicated that the patient had genotype +/11 heterozygous cystinuria. Intestinal perfusion studies showed however that the patient was able to absorb L-lysine, L-arginine normally from the jejunum and ileum. This suggests that a difference exists between renal and intestinal handling of lysine and arginine in cystinuria.", "PMID": 1120363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6864", "title": "Copper analysis of nail clippings. An attempt to differentiate between normal children and patients suffering from cystic fibrosis.", "content": "From 39 normal children and 36 patients, suffering from cystic fibrosis (C/F), the copper content of finger nail clippings and toe nail clippings were determined. From this study it can be concluded that, although the patients with cystic fibrosis (C/F) have a higher copper content, the determination of copper in nail samples cannot be used in order to differentiate between normal children and patients. Also higher mean copper concentrations were found in finger nail clippings in comparison with toe nails. This difference was significant for patients with cystic fibrosis.", "contents": "Copper analysis of nail clippings. An attempt to differentiate between normal children and patients suffering from cystic fibrosis. From 39 normal children and 36 patients, suffering from cystic fibrosis (C/F), the copper content of finger nail clippings and toe nail clippings were determined. From this study it can be concluded that, although the patients with cystic fibrosis (C/F) have a higher copper content, the determination of copper in nail samples cannot be used in order to differentiate between normal children and patients. Also higher mean copper concentrations were found in finger nail clippings in comparison with toe nails. This difference was significant for patients with cystic fibrosis.", "PMID": 1120367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6865", "title": "The reading Miscue Inventory. A promising approach to diagnosis of the reading-disabled.", "content": "Reading Miscue Inventory--RMI--opens avenues of dealing with the reading process in a scientific and process-oriented fashion which can lead to further refining of the theoretical base upon which reading is founded as well as providing diagnostic information for use by reading specialists. From such information, reading specialists are able to develop remediation on an individualized basis. Appropriate materials, procedures, and practices are developed from the qualitative analysis of miscues rather than from the information provided by standardized achievement or diagnostic reading tests. In sights are gained regarding a child's ability to use the complex process of reading. Remediation of disability, at the appropriate place in the process, is based on assumptions regarding the interrelationship of thought and language. Reading specialists are looking to psycholinguists for theoretical bases upon which to build models of the reading process. Qualitative miscue analysis is based upon recently proposed notions of the psycholinguistic nature of reading. Common concepts and understanding regarding reading and assessment of reading disability may facilitate learning disability teams in their diagnostic and remedial procedures. Until recently, these discussions have occurred mainly in reading-related research and in education circles, but learing disabilities teams are beginning to participate in the refining and clarifying of these notions of assessment and remediation. Regardless of the eventual outcome, the necessity for considering these views is basic to a fuller understanding of ways in which learning-disabled children may be helped.", "contents": "The reading Miscue Inventory. A promising approach to diagnosis of the reading-disabled. Reading Miscue Inventory--RMI--opens avenues of dealing with the reading process in a scientific and process-oriented fashion which can lead to further refining of the theoretical base upon which reading is founded as well as providing diagnostic information for use by reading specialists. From such information, reading specialists are able to develop remediation on an individualized basis. Appropriate materials, procedures, and practices are developed from the qualitative analysis of miscues rather than from the information provided by standardized achievement or diagnostic reading tests. In sights are gained regarding a child's ability to use the complex process of reading. Remediation of disability, at the appropriate place in the process, is based on assumptions regarding the interrelationship of thought and language. Reading specialists are looking to psycholinguists for theoretical bases upon which to build models of the reading process. Qualitative miscue analysis is based upon recently proposed notions of the psycholinguistic nature of reading. Common concepts and understanding regarding reading and assessment of reading disability may facilitate learning disability teams in their diagnostic and remedial procedures. Until recently, these discussions have occurred mainly in reading-related research and in education circles, but learing disabilities teams are beginning to participate in the refining and clarifying of these notions of assessment and remediation. Regardless of the eventual outcome, the necessity for considering these views is basic to a fuller understanding of ways in which learning-disabled children may be helped.", "PMID": 1120377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6866", "title": "Complete heart block mimicking seizure disorder.", "content": "Two patients are described who presented with seizures. Electrocardiogram revealed complete heart block with ventricular asystole lasting four to 10 seconds in each case. These Stokes-Adams episodes were controlled with temporary transvenous pacing. Although there was full clinical recovery in each case, both patients continue to have right bundle branch block (RBBB) and left anterior hemiblock (LAH) 1-1/2 years after their initial presentation.", "contents": "Complete heart block mimicking seizure disorder. Two patients are described who presented with seizures. Electrocardiogram revealed complete heart block with ventricular asystole lasting four to 10 seconds in each case. These Stokes-Adams episodes were controlled with temporary transvenous pacing. Although there was full clinical recovery in each case, both patients continue to have right bundle branch block (RBBB) and left anterior hemiblock (LAH) 1-1/2 years after their initial presentation.", "PMID": 1120378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6867", "title": "Observations on methadone withdrawal in 16 neonates.", "content": "The recent extensive use of methadone for treatment of heroin addiction has taught that, in adults, withdrawal of methadone can produce a withdrawal syndrome similar to heroin. After considerable experience with heroin withdrawal in neonates and in view of controversy and limited studies regarding methadone withdrawal, the study herein reported was undertaken to compare the experiences with both heroin and methadone withdrawal symptoms in newborns. A number of methadone-treated pregnant women deliver their infants at Freedmen's Hospital, affording the opportunity to observe neonates born to methadone-addicted mothers.", "contents": "Observations on methadone withdrawal in 16 neonates. The recent extensive use of methadone for treatment of heroin addiction has taught that, in adults, withdrawal of methadone can produce a withdrawal syndrome similar to heroin. After considerable experience with heroin withdrawal in neonates and in view of controversy and limited studies regarding methadone withdrawal, the study herein reported was undertaken to compare the experiences with both heroin and methadone withdrawal symptoms in newborns. A number of methadone-treated pregnant women deliver their infants at Freedmen's Hospital, affording the opportunity to observe neonates born to methadone-addicted mothers.", "PMID": 1120379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6868", "title": "A view of Danish pediatric care.", "content": "The Danish social system provides competent, accessible, continuous, and coordinated medical care to the pediatric population. The pediatrician does not deal with the routine aspects of well-infant and child care but is rather hospital based and acts on consultant to the generalists in his district. The generalist has the primary role in providing health care to the population in a program where everyone is obliged to participate and no one is excluded or ineligible for any reason. The American obsession with frequent, periodic examinations for infants, children, and young adults does not exist under the Danish pediatric health system. Hospital emergency rooms are used for truly emergent circumstances and not for episodic care.", "contents": "A view of Danish pediatric care. The Danish social system provides competent, accessible, continuous, and coordinated medical care to the pediatric population. The pediatrician does not deal with the routine aspects of well-infant and child care but is rather hospital based and acts on consultant to the generalists in his district. The generalist has the primary role in providing health care to the population in a program where everyone is obliged to participate and no one is excluded or ineligible for any reason. The American obsession with frequent, periodic examinations for infants, children, and young adults does not exist under the Danish pediatric health system. Hospital emergency rooms are used for truly emergent circumstances and not for episodic care.", "PMID": 1120380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6869", "title": "Medical services at outdoor music festivals. Risks and recommendations.", "content": "Those planning provision of medical services should consider the type of music, the anticipated size of the crowd, the locale, the available local resources, the length of the festival, the numbers and types of patients to be treated, and especially the potential criminal and civil liability.", "contents": "Medical services at outdoor music festivals. Risks and recommendations. Those planning provision of medical services should consider the type of music, the anticipated size of the crowd, the locale, the available local resources, the length of the festival, the numbers and types of patients to be treated, and especially the potential criminal and civil liability.", "PMID": 1120383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6870", "title": "Toy safety in hospitals--or beware of parents bearing gifts.", "content": "Toys are an indispensable component of play therapy for hospitalized children. They can also be dangerous and may result in catastrophic accidents. Extreme care should be exercised in the purchase of \"safe toys\" for all infants and children in and out of the hospital. The guidelines of the Bureau of Product Safety of the Federal Drug Administration (FDA) dealing with toy safely can be very helpful for child card professionals as well as parents who purchase toys. An explanation of the additional environmental hazards of toys in hospital settings should be an important part of the total in-service training of all personnel who care for infants and children in hospitals. In addition, it might be well for the Division of Product Safety of the FDA to consider criteria for toy safety in hospitals as a separate category in future Bulletins dealing with this problem.", "contents": "Toy safety in hospitals--or beware of parents bearing gifts. Toys are an indispensable component of play therapy for hospitalized children. They can also be dangerous and may result in catastrophic accidents. Extreme care should be exercised in the purchase of \"safe toys\" for all infants and children in and out of the hospital. The guidelines of the Bureau of Product Safety of the Federal Drug Administration (FDA) dealing with toy safely can be very helpful for child card professionals as well as parents who purchase toys. An explanation of the additional environmental hazards of toys in hospital settings should be an important part of the total in-service training of all personnel who care for infants and children in hospitals. In addition, it might be well for the Division of Product Safety of the FDA to consider criteria for toy safety in hospitals as a separate category in future Bulletins dealing with this problem.", "PMID": 1120384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6871", "title": "Disposition of methadone in methadone maintenance.", "content": "Six detoxified opiate addicts housed in a closed metabolic ward received methadone in stepwise increasing doses of 10, 20, 40, and 80 mg/day during 1 month. Four were given 14C-methadone at the lowest dose and again at the highest dose. Of the subjects receiving radiomethadone, 2 excreted the major part of the radioactivity in urine and 2 about equally in urine and feces. In addition to methadone, 7 metabolites were isolated and identified in urine and 3 metabolites in feces. About 75% of the urinary and fecal radioactive metabolites were unconjugated. Urinary excretion of methadone and its major N-monomethylated metabolite accounted for 17% to 57% of the given dose. The ratio of metabolite to parent drug increased in 5 of 6 subjects, and the urinary recovery of unchanged methadone decreased during the period. The results indicate that enhanced demethylation of methadone may occur during oral administration to man.", "contents": "Disposition of methadone in methadone maintenance. Six detoxified opiate addicts housed in a closed metabolic ward received methadone in stepwise increasing doses of 10, 20, 40, and 80 mg/day during 1 month. Four were given 14C-methadone at the lowest dose and again at the highest dose. Of the subjects receiving radiomethadone, 2 excreted the major part of the radioactivity in urine and 2 about equally in urine and feces. In addition to methadone, 7 metabolites were isolated and identified in urine and 3 metabolites in feces. About 75% of the urinary and fecal radioactive metabolites were unconjugated. Urinary excretion of methadone and its major N-monomethylated metabolite accounted for 17% to 57% of the given dose. The ratio of metabolite to parent drug increased in 5 of 6 subjects, and the urinary recovery of unchanged methadone decreased during the period. The results indicate that enhanced demethylation of methadone may occur during oral administration to man.", "PMID": 1120392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6872", "title": "Etrophine in man. II. Detectability in urine by common screening methods.", "content": "A single highly euphorogenic dose of etorphine, 100 mug, was administered subcutaneously to 7 nontolerant subjects, and all urine samples were collected for 1 day prior to and 3 days following drug administration. Samples were analyzed for the presence of opiates by radioimmunoassay (Abuscreen) and homogeneous enzyme immunoassay (EMIT), with cutoffs for \"ositives\" of 40 and 500 ng/ml, respectively. Samples were analyzed for etorphine by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) with iodoplatinate preceded by XAD-2 resin extraction (sensitivity = 0.2 mug etorphine/ml of urine) and by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) preceded by organic solvent extraction and trimethylsilyl derivatization (sensitivity = 0.1 mug etorphine/ml of urine). The last pre-drug and first two post-drug samples were also analyzed after acid hydrolysis by TLC and after glucuronidase hydrolysis by TLC and GLC. No sample gave a \"positive\" opiate result in either immunoassay, and no etorphine was detected in the TLC and GLC analyses of any urine sample. Thus, it is unlikely that the abuse of etorphine could be diagnosed by urinalysis using the common screening methods of radioimmunoassay, EMIT, TLC preceded by XAD-2 resin extraction, or GLC preceded by organic solvent extraction and trimethylsilyl derivatization.", "contents": "Etrophine in man. II. Detectability in urine by common screening methods. A single highly euphorogenic dose of etorphine, 100 mug, was administered subcutaneously to 7 nontolerant subjects, and all urine samples were collected for 1 day prior to and 3 days following drug administration. Samples were analyzed for the presence of opiates by radioimmunoassay (Abuscreen) and homogeneous enzyme immunoassay (EMIT), with cutoffs for \"ositives\" of 40 and 500 ng/ml, respectively. Samples were analyzed for etorphine by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) with iodoplatinate preceded by XAD-2 resin extraction (sensitivity = 0.2 mug etorphine/ml of urine) and by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) preceded by organic solvent extraction and trimethylsilyl derivatization (sensitivity = 0.1 mug etorphine/ml of urine). The last pre-drug and first two post-drug samples were also analyzed after acid hydrolysis by TLC and after glucuronidase hydrolysis by TLC and GLC. No sample gave a \"positive\" opiate result in either immunoassay, and no etorphine was detected in the TLC and GLC analyses of any urine sample. Thus, it is unlikely that the abuse of etorphine could be diagnosed by urinalysis using the common screening methods of radioimmunoassay, EMIT, TLC preceded by XAD-2 resin extraction, or GLC preceded by organic solvent extraction and trimethylsilyl derivatization.", "PMID": 1120393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6873", "title": "Cardiac rate and rhythm changes with atropine and methscopolamine.", "content": "The effects of methscopolamine bromide (MSB) and atropine were compared in patients prior to elective surgery. After administration of the second dose of MSB (total dose 1.5 mug/kg) all patients exhibited at least 20% increase in heart rate. In contrast, three doses of atropine (total dose 5.3 mug/kg) were required for most patients to attain a 20% increase in heart rate while 2 patients did not attain this heart rate with a dose of 10.6 mug/kg of atropine. Comparison if single injections of MSB and atropine in normal subjects also demonstrated a more reliable dose-response relationship with MSB. Electrocardiographic changes recorded were typical of those reported with anticholinergic agents. Sinus and atrial arrhythmias were more common with atropine and nodal arrhythmias and conduction disturbances were more common with MSB. This study demonstrated that MSB can be reliably substituted for atropine when an anticholinergic drug is needed to increase heart rate. Since MSB has a limited ability to cross the blood-brain barrier, it may be the more desirable drug in patients in whom the central nervous system effects of atropine may be deleterious.", "contents": "Cardiac rate and rhythm changes with atropine and methscopolamine. The effects of methscopolamine bromide (MSB) and atropine were compared in patients prior to elective surgery. After administration of the second dose of MSB (total dose 1.5 mug/kg) all patients exhibited at least 20% increase in heart rate. In contrast, three doses of atropine (total dose 5.3 mug/kg) were required for most patients to attain a 20% increase in heart rate while 2 patients did not attain this heart rate with a dose of 10.6 mug/kg of atropine. Comparison if single injections of MSB and atropine in normal subjects also demonstrated a more reliable dose-response relationship with MSB. Electrocardiographic changes recorded were typical of those reported with anticholinergic agents. Sinus and atrial arrhythmias were more common with atropine and nodal arrhythmias and conduction disturbances were more common with MSB. This study demonstrated that MSB can be reliably substituted for atropine when an anticholinergic drug is needed to increase heart rate. Since MSB has a limited ability to cross the blood-brain barrier, it may be the more desirable drug in patients in whom the central nervous system effects of atropine may be deleterious.", "PMID": 1120394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6874", "title": "Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of digoxin- and  beta-methyl-digoxin-12aplha-3 H in patients with acute hepatitis.", "content": "Pharmocokinetics and metabolism of digoxin and beta-methyldigoxin have been studied in patients with acute hepatits after intravenous administration of both H-labeled glycosides. In contrast to digoxin, the rate of decline of radioactivity after administration of beta-methyldigoxin was significantly retarded in patients with acute hepatitis. The increase in plasma concentration after beta-methyldigoxin to patients with acute hepatitis is probably related to decreased demethylation.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of digoxin- and  beta-methyl-digoxin-12aplha-3 H in patients with acute hepatitis. Pharmocokinetics and metabolism of digoxin and beta-methyldigoxin have been studied in patients with acute hepatits after intravenous administration of both H-labeled glycosides. In contrast to digoxin, the rate of decline of radioactivity after administration of beta-methyldigoxin was significantly retarded in patients with acute hepatitis. The increase in plasma concentration after beta-methyldigoxin to patients with acute hepatitis is probably related to decreased demethylation.", "PMID": 1120395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6875", "title": "Relationship between digoxin concentrations in serum and saliva.", "content": "The concentration of digoxin in serum and saliva was determined in 18 patients receiving digoxin. Unlike serum, it was necessary to extract saliva with chloroform in order to quantitate digoxin levels accurately. An excellent linear correlation (r = +0.988, p less than 0.001) was observed between the saliva and serum digoxin concentrations. This indicates that saliva digoxin concentrations can be used to monitor digoxin therapy, particularly in patients in whom blood sampling is inconvenient or difficult. The saliva/serum ratio for digoxin concentration was 0.78 plus or minus 0.07 (SD). Since the digoxin binding to plasma proteins is 23%, it is the free drug that is in equilibrium between serum and saliva.", "contents": "Relationship between digoxin concentrations in serum and saliva. The concentration of digoxin in serum and saliva was determined in 18 patients receiving digoxin. Unlike serum, it was necessary to extract saliva with chloroform in order to quantitate digoxin levels accurately. An excellent linear correlation (r = +0.988, p less than 0.001) was observed between the saliva and serum digoxin concentrations. This indicates that saliva digoxin concentrations can be used to monitor digoxin therapy, particularly in patients in whom blood sampling is inconvenient or difficult. The saliva/serum ratio for digoxin concentration was 0.78 plus or minus 0.07 (SD). Since the digoxin binding to plasma proteins is 23%, it is the free drug that is in equilibrium between serum and saliva.", "PMID": 1120396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6876", "title": "Studies on digitalis. III. Biliary excretion and enterohepatic circulation of digitoxin and its cardioactive metabolites.", "content": "Simultaneous serum, urine, and bile measurements of digitoxin and its cardioactive metabolites were preformed in 5 cholecystectomized patients with T tube drainage. A 86Rb method was used for serum and urine analysis. The recovery of digitoxin and cardioactive metabolites in two extractions with dichloromethane was 93%; 7% was left in bile. Peak bile concentrations had a mean value of 41.6 ng/ml and were seen after 15 to 60 min. Bile concentration was higher than serum and urine concentration after 24 hr. Mean T/2 of serum elimination was 4.3 days and 8.1 days in 5 control subjects (p less than 0.01). Mean urine concentration T/2 was 10.4 days and 7.2 days in the control subjects (not significant). Mean bile concentration T/2 was 3.5 days. Urinary excretion of digitoxin and cardioactive metabolites was the same in the two groups. The biliary fistula group excreted 22.5% in urine and bile of a dose after 8 days, whereas it was 15.8% in the control subjects. The ratio between the cumulative excretion in urine and bile varied between 1.6 and 2.2. These findings demonstrate that direct interruption of the enterohepatic circulation leads to a marked reduction in serum half-time of digitoxin and cardioactive metabolites, but T/2 is still longer than for other glycosides, indicating that factors other than the enterohepatic circulation are of importance in the slow elimination of digitoxin.", "contents": "Studies on digitalis. III. Biliary excretion and enterohepatic circulation of digitoxin and its cardioactive metabolites. Simultaneous serum, urine, and bile measurements of digitoxin and its cardioactive metabolites were preformed in 5 cholecystectomized patients with T tube drainage. A 86Rb method was used for serum and urine analysis. The recovery of digitoxin and cardioactive metabolites in two extractions with dichloromethane was 93%; 7% was left in bile. Peak bile concentrations had a mean value of 41.6 ng/ml and were seen after 15 to 60 min. Bile concentration was higher than serum and urine concentration after 24 hr. Mean T/2 of serum elimination was 4.3 days and 8.1 days in 5 control subjects (p less than 0.01). Mean urine concentration T/2 was 10.4 days and 7.2 days in the control subjects (not significant). Mean bile concentration T/2 was 3.5 days. Urinary excretion of digitoxin and cardioactive metabolites was the same in the two groups. The biliary fistula group excreted 22.5% in urine and bile of a dose after 8 days, whereas it was 15.8% in the control subjects. The ratio between the cumulative excretion in urine and bile varied between 1.6 and 2.2. These findings demonstrate that direct interruption of the enterohepatic circulation leads to a marked reduction in serum half-time of digitoxin and cardioactive metabolites, but T/2 is still longer than for other glycosides, indicating that factors other than the enterohepatic circulation are of importance in the slow elimination of digitoxin.", "PMID": 1120397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6877", "title": "Elimination of procainamide in end stage renal failure.", "content": "To investigate the effect of end stage renal insufficiency and hemodialysis on the serum half-life of procainamide, 500 mg of procainamide was given orally to control subjects and dialysis patients on interdialysis days. Procainamide was assayed by spectrophotometry and spectrophotofluorometry. Mean half-life in normal subjects was 3.2 hr by spectrophotometry and 3.5 hr by spectrophotofluorometry. Mean half-life in patients was 11.3 hr by spectrophotometry and 16.0 hr by spectrophotofluorometry (p less than 0.001 compared to control subjects). Half-life of procainamide during dialysis in patients given 500 mg of procainamide 1 hr before dialysis was 4.3 hr and 9.6 hr on a nondialysis day (p less than 0.001). Both methods of assay gave higher levels of procainamide when the metabolite, N-acetylprocainamide, was present in serum and the extract allowed to stand in 1 N HCl, but spectrophotometry was less affected. Thus, end stage renal insufficiency greatly prolongs the half-life of procainamide, procainamide is readily dialyzable, and N-acetylprocainamide is hydrolyzed in 1 N HCl to procainamide during routine serum determinations.", "contents": "Elimination of procainamide in end stage renal failure. To investigate the effect of end stage renal insufficiency and hemodialysis on the serum half-life of procainamide, 500 mg of procainamide was given orally to control subjects and dialysis patients on interdialysis days. Procainamide was assayed by spectrophotometry and spectrophotofluorometry. Mean half-life in normal subjects was 3.2 hr by spectrophotometry and 3.5 hr by spectrophotofluorometry. Mean half-life in patients was 11.3 hr by spectrophotometry and 16.0 hr by spectrophotofluorometry (p less than 0.001 compared to control subjects). Half-life of procainamide during dialysis in patients given 500 mg of procainamide 1 hr before dialysis was 4.3 hr and 9.6 hr on a nondialysis day (p less than 0.001). Both methods of assay gave higher levels of procainamide when the metabolite, N-acetylprocainamide, was present in serum and the extract allowed to stand in 1 N HCl, but spectrophotometry was less affected. Thus, end stage renal insufficiency greatly prolongs the half-life of procainamide, procainamide is readily dialyzable, and N-acetylprocainamide is hydrolyzed in 1 N HCl to procainamide during routine serum determinations.", "PMID": 1120398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6878", "title": "Morphology of gastrointestinal effects of aspirin.", "content": "The effect of acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) on the ultrastructure of gastric and jejunal mucosa was investigated in patients undergoing gastric surgery and in guinea pigs. The drug caused various degrees of damage to the surface mucous cells in both species perceptible as general signs of cytolysis in situ or as desquanmation. In patients pretreated with aspirin, an increase of secondary lysosomes was noted in the gastric parietal cells but not in the animals. In the intestinal epithelial cells of both species there was a marked increase of multivesicular bodies and the occurrence of transitional stages between the two organoids suggest a functional interrelationship. Since no specific alteration of any cellular organoid was detected, the drug-induced injury is assumed to occur on a molecular level in the cytoplasm. It is concluded that the intracellular concentrations of aspirin in gastrointestinal mucosal cells mechanims but that high drug concentrations may lead to irreversible cell damage.", "contents": "Morphology of gastrointestinal effects of aspirin. The effect of acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) on the ultrastructure of gastric and jejunal mucosa was investigated in patients undergoing gastric surgery and in guinea pigs. The drug caused various degrees of damage to the surface mucous cells in both species perceptible as general signs of cytolysis in situ or as desquanmation. In patients pretreated with aspirin, an increase of secondary lysosomes was noted in the gastric parietal cells but not in the animals. In the intestinal epithelial cells of both species there was a marked increase of multivesicular bodies and the occurrence of transitional stages between the two organoids suggest a functional interrelationship. Since no specific alteration of any cellular organoid was detected, the drug-induced injury is assumed to occur on a molecular level in the cytoplasm. It is concluded that the intracellular concentrations of aspirin in gastrointestinal mucosal cells mechanims but that high drug concentrations may lead to irreversible cell damage.", "PMID": 1120399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6879", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of sulbenicillin, a new broad-spectrum semisynthetic penicillin.", "content": "In a pharmacolinetic study on a new semisynthetic penicillin, alpha-sulfobenzylpenicillin, sulbenicillin, serum level, serum half-life, apparent distribution volume, renal clearance, urinary excretion, and metabolism were determined after a 4-gm intravenous dose and compared to that of carbenicillin in 5 patients with normal renal function. In the case of sulbenicillin, the mean serum concentration at 1 hr was 157 plus or minus 25 mug/ml, the mean serum half-life was 70 plus or minus 10 min, the renal clearance was 95 plus or minus 25 ml/min, and the total urinary recovery after 24 hr was about 80% of the dose. The only metabolite detected in the urine was the penicilloic acid derivative, in an amount usually less than 5% of the dose. Serum values, serum half-live, renal clearances, and excretion pattern did not differ significantly from that of carbenicillin. In 8 patients with decreased renal function (creatinine clearance less than 50 ml/min) there was an inverse correlation between creatinine clearance and serum half-life.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of sulbenicillin, a new broad-spectrum semisynthetic penicillin. In a pharmacolinetic study on a new semisynthetic penicillin, alpha-sulfobenzylpenicillin, sulbenicillin, serum level, serum half-life, apparent distribution volume, renal clearance, urinary excretion, and metabolism were determined after a 4-gm intravenous dose and compared to that of carbenicillin in 5 patients with normal renal function. In the case of sulbenicillin, the mean serum concentration at 1 hr was 157 plus or minus 25 mug/ml, the mean serum half-life was 70 plus or minus 10 min, the renal clearance was 95 plus or minus 25 ml/min, and the total urinary recovery after 24 hr was about 80% of the dose. The only metabolite detected in the urine was the penicilloic acid derivative, in an amount usually less than 5% of the dose. Serum values, serum half-live, renal clearances, and excretion pattern did not differ significantly from that of carbenicillin. In 8 patients with decreased renal function (creatinine clearance less than 50 ml/min) there was an inverse correlation between creatinine clearance and serum half-life.", "PMID": 1120400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6880", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of bethanidine in hypertensive patients.", "content": "The pharmacolinetics of bethanidine-14C was studied in three hypertensive patients. A 25-MG DOSE OF BETHANIDINE-14 C hemisulfate was administered intravenously. Plasma levels of drug were measured over the first 6 hr. In 3 to 4 days, 89% to 94% of the dose was excreted in the urine. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and isotope dilution analysis of the urine samples indicated that only intact bethanidine was excreted. Plasma level and urinary excretion rate profiles had miltiphasic characteristics. Estimated half-lives of the terminal phase ranged from 7 to 11 hr. Average renal clearance over the initial 6 hr approached renal plasma flow. In 2 of the patients, renal clearance between 2 and 4 hr after administration was reduced to one-helf that observed during the initial 2-hr period. After single oral administration of a 25-mg dose of bethanidine-14C hemisulfate, 48% of 61% was excreted in urine and 15% to 48% in feces. Peak urinary excretion rates were reached 6 hr following administration. The urinary excretion kinetics of bethanidine during and after repetive oral dosing was also studied. A 25-mg dose was dividied into 12 to 16 equal doses and administered avery 6 hr. A larger fraction of the cumulative dose was recovered in the urine (72% to 74%) than after the single dose, suggesting higher availability at the lower dose. Steady-state urinary excretion rates were achieved in 4 to 7 doses. The steady-state urinary excretion levels were consistent with pharmacolinetic predictions based on single oral dose data. When 2 of the patients were given imipramine for 2 days prior to an oral 25-mg dose of bethanidine-14C hemisulfate, the terminal half-lives of the urinary excretion rate profiles were shorter than those in the same patients not given imipramine.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of bethanidine in hypertensive patients. The pharmacolinetics of bethanidine-14C was studied in three hypertensive patients. A 25-MG DOSE OF BETHANIDINE-14 C hemisulfate was administered intravenously. Plasma levels of drug were measured over the first 6 hr. In 3 to 4 days, 89% to 94% of the dose was excreted in the urine. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and isotope dilution analysis of the urine samples indicated that only intact bethanidine was excreted. Plasma level and urinary excretion rate profiles had miltiphasic characteristics. Estimated half-lives of the terminal phase ranged from 7 to 11 hr. Average renal clearance over the initial 6 hr approached renal plasma flow. In 2 of the patients, renal clearance between 2 and 4 hr after administration was reduced to one-helf that observed during the initial 2-hr period. After single oral administration of a 25-mg dose of bethanidine-14C hemisulfate, 48% of 61% was excreted in urine and 15% to 48% in feces. Peak urinary excretion rates were reached 6 hr following administration. The urinary excretion kinetics of bethanidine during and after repetive oral dosing was also studied. A 25-mg dose was dividied into 12 to 16 equal doses and administered avery 6 hr. A larger fraction of the cumulative dose was recovered in the urine (72% to 74%) than after the single dose, suggesting higher availability at the lower dose. Steady-state urinary excretion rates were achieved in 4 to 7 doses. The steady-state urinary excretion levels were consistent with pharmacolinetic predictions based on single oral dose data. When 2 of the patients were given imipramine for 2 days prior to an oral 25-mg dose of bethanidine-14C hemisulfate, the terminal half-lives of the urinary excretion rate profiles were shorter than those in the same patients not given imipramine.", "PMID": 1120401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6881", "title": "[Early gastric carcinoma].", "content": "The early gastric cancer can now be diagnosed more frequently by improved methods of roentgenology and endoscopy. At present 16.7 percent of the gastric resections for cancer in our clinic are for early gastric cancers. Indicative clinical symptoms were demonstrable in 25 of our own 27 cases described here. Infiltration of the gastric wall (mucosa- and submucosatype) and lymph-node metastases are important to the prognosis. Intraoperatively, it is essential to localize the tumor unobjectionably and to perform a sufficiently radical resection (generally subtotal gastrectomy and excision of the lymph-nodes). The 5-year-survival-rate totals 70 to nearly 100 percent. Postoperatively controls are necessary for the diagnosis and eventually the treatment of possible recurrence.", "contents": "[Early gastric carcinoma]. The early gastric cancer can now be diagnosed more frequently by improved methods of roentgenology and endoscopy. At present 16.7 percent of the gastric resections for cancer in our clinic are for early gastric cancers. Indicative clinical symptoms were demonstrable in 25 of our own 27 cases described here. Infiltration of the gastric wall (mucosa- and submucosatype) and lymph-node metastases are important to the prognosis. Intraoperatively, it is essential to localize the tumor unobjectionably and to perform a sufficiently radical resection (generally subtotal gastrectomy and excision of the lymph-nodes). The 5-year-survival-rate totals 70 to nearly 100 percent. Postoperatively controls are necessary for the diagnosis and eventually the treatment of possible recurrence.", "PMID": 1120433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6882", "title": "[Pyloric stenosis caused by gallstone diseases].", "content": "During the 15 year period between 1958 and 1973 the authors operated on 21 cases of pyloric stenosis caused by biliary calculi, occuring in 12 percent of their patients suffering from pyloric stenosis. They call attention to the fact that cholecystectomy made in good time can prevent pyloric stenosis being a complication of neglected cases.", "contents": "[Pyloric stenosis caused by gallstone diseases]. During the 15 year period between 1958 and 1973 the authors operated on 21 cases of pyloric stenosis caused by biliary calculi, occuring in 12 percent of their patients suffering from pyloric stenosis. They call attention to the fact that cholecystectomy made in good time can prevent pyloric stenosis being a complication of neglected cases.", "PMID": 1120434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6883", "title": "[Head endoprostheses in femoral neck fractures].", "content": "By clinical, radiographic and scintigraphic means we attempted to examine, whether the implantation of a simple head-endoprosthesis after fractures of the femoral neck still has to be considered as an appropriate operating method or whether on principle, primary endoprosthesis should be used. The results prove that in suitable cases and with correct technique the head-endoprosthesis still has justification, especially as the \"protrusio acetabuli\", known only as complication of pure head-endoprosthesis, is mostly avoidable. Reference to the choice of cases, operating conditions and appropriate methods of examination are given.", "contents": "[Head endoprostheses in femoral neck fractures]. By clinical, radiographic and scintigraphic means we attempted to examine, whether the implantation of a simple head-endoprosthesis after fractures of the femoral neck still has to be considered as an appropriate operating method or whether on principle, primary endoprosthesis should be used. The results prove that in suitable cases and with correct technique the head-endoprosthesis still has justification, especially as the \"protrusio acetabuli\", known only as complication of pure head-endoprosthesis, is mostly avoidable. Reference to the choice of cases, operating conditions and appropriate methods of examination are given.", "PMID": 1120435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6884", "title": "[Dissecting aneurysm with damage to median nerve].", "content": "A case of iatrogenic dissecting aneurysm in the cubital region causing secondary damage to the median nerve is reported. This aneurysm was caused by an attempted venipuncture, in what can be considered a minor procedure. Such a severe complication is very remarkable, for it has not been observed so far even in much more potentially hazardous procedures as, for instance, in the numerous arterial punctures in the cubital region being daily performed for retrograde angiography of the cerebral vessels. In this case the reduced blood coagulation is discussed as a causing factor of this unusual complication.", "contents": "[Dissecting aneurysm with damage to median nerve]. A case of iatrogenic dissecting aneurysm in the cubital region causing secondary damage to the median nerve is reported. This aneurysm was caused by an attempted venipuncture, in what can be considered a minor procedure. Such a severe complication is very remarkable, for it has not been observed so far even in much more potentially hazardous procedures as, for instance, in the numerous arterial punctures in the cubital region being daily performed for retrograde angiography of the cerebral vessels. In this case the reduced blood coagulation is discussed as a causing factor of this unusual complication.", "PMID": 1120436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6885", "title": "Immunity in colonic tumor patients after operation: determination by leukocyte-migration inhibition.", "content": "Tumor immunity in 31 colonic tumor patients was studied by determining in vitro leukocyte-migration inhibition. In tissue culture 30 per cent inhibition of patient leukocyte migration by tumor antigen could be demonstrated in half of the patients, suggesting that they were immune. This immunity was not related to the clinical or pathologic stage of the disease and varied in different patients. It was transient in some and persistent in others. In addition, a positive response at a fixed time after operation was not found.", "contents": "Immunity in colonic tumor patients after operation: determination by leukocyte-migration inhibition. Tumor immunity in 31 colonic tumor patients was studied by determining in vitro leukocyte-migration inhibition. In tissue culture 30 per cent inhibition of patient leukocyte migration by tumor antigen could be demonstrated in half of the patients, suggesting that they were immune. This immunity was not related to the clinical or pathologic stage of the disease and varied in different patients. It was transient in some and persistent in others. In addition, a positive response at a fixed time after operation was not found.", "PMID": 1120439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6886", "title": "Parenteral iron in treating surgical patients and the importance of routine evaluation of serum iron-binding capacity: report of three cases.", "content": "We have endeavored to show the importance of iron deficiency and to cite a few examples of the systemic effects of such deficiency without anemia. We have shown the need for large-scale screening of patients for iron deficiency and suggest that serum iron and total iron-binding capacity determinations will adequately furnish the vehicle for this purpose. The modes of iron therapy are discussed with the belief that for the surgeon parenteral iron is the best vehicle to replace the deficiency with the least risk.", "contents": "Parenteral iron in treating surgical patients and the importance of routine evaluation of serum iron-binding capacity: report of three cases. We have endeavored to show the importance of iron deficiency and to cite a few examples of the systemic effects of such deficiency without anemia. We have shown the need for large-scale screening of patients for iron deficiency and suggest that serum iron and total iron-binding capacity determinations will adequately furnish the vehicle for this purpose. The modes of iron therapy are discussed with the belief that for the surgeon parenteral iron is the best vehicle to replace the deficiency with the least risk.", "PMID": 1120443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6887", "title": "Effect of thyrocalcitonin on calcium concentration in liver of intact and thyroparathyroidectomized rats.", "content": "Thyrocalcitonin (TCT; 80 MRC mU/100g) administered SC to intact and thyroparathyroidectomized rats, caused a significant decrease in serum calcium, while increasing the liver calcium concentration. The accumulation of calcium in the liver, induced by TCT, was potentiated by the injection of calcium in both intact and thyroparathyroidectomized rats. In thyroparathyroidectomized rats, the administration of imidazole (30 mg/100 g) produced a significant increase in liver calcium and a corresponding fall in serum calcium. The rise in liver calcium produced by TCT was slightly potentiated by prior administration of imidazole, but was not enhanced by prior administration of theophylline (12 mg/100 g) which caused a significant elevation of serum calcium. These results suggest that the action of TCT on liver calcium does not involve cyclic AMP.", "contents": "Effect of thyrocalcitonin on calcium concentration in liver of intact and thyroparathyroidectomized rats. Thyrocalcitonin (TCT; 80 MRC mU/100g) administered SC to intact and thyroparathyroidectomized rats, caused a significant decrease in serum calcium, while increasing the liver calcium concentration. The accumulation of calcium in the liver, induced by TCT, was potentiated by the injection of calcium in both intact and thyroparathyroidectomized rats. In thyroparathyroidectomized rats, the administration of imidazole (30 mg/100 g) produced a significant increase in liver calcium and a corresponding fall in serum calcium. The rise in liver calcium produced by TCT was slightly potentiated by prior administration of imidazole, but was not enhanced by prior administration of theophylline (12 mg/100 g) which caused a significant elevation of serum calcium. These results suggest that the action of TCT on liver calcium does not involve cyclic AMP.", "PMID": 1120467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6888", "title": "Cycloleucine transport in isolated rat thymocytes: in vitro effects of triiodothyronine and thyroxine.", "content": "Thymocytes obtained from suckling or young adult rats were used as a model system to study the action of thyroid hormones in vitro. In this tissue, L-triiodothyronine (T3) increased the uptake of the non-metabolizable amino acids, alpha-aminoisobutyrate and cycloleucine. A detectable effect of T3 on the uptake of cycloleucine was seen at a concentration of 0.1 muM and maximum effects were seen at 20 muM. Thyroxine (T4) also increased cycloleucine uptake with about one-third the potency of T3, and this effect could not be ascribed to conversion of T4 to T3. In contrast, L-monoidotyrosine and L-diiodotyrosine were without effects on transport. Kinetic studies indicated that T3 enhanced uptake by inhibiting amino acid efflux; no effect was seen on influx. The effect of T3 on amino acid uptake was evident within 1 min, and was not inhibited by either prior treatment of the cells with cycloheximide or by lowering the incubation temperature from 37 to 24 C. In other studies, when T3 was injected into rats in vivo at a dose of 20 mug/100 g, the uptake of cycloleucine was enhanced in thymocytes obtained 1 h later. These data suggest that thyroid hormones can directly influence amino acid transport in rat thymocytes. This effect is prompt, is independent of new protein synthesis, and may reflect a direct interaction with specific components of the cell membrane.", "contents": "Cycloleucine transport in isolated rat thymocytes: in vitro effects of triiodothyronine and thyroxine. Thymocytes obtained from suckling or young adult rats were used as a model system to study the action of thyroid hormones in vitro. In this tissue, L-triiodothyronine (T3) increased the uptake of the non-metabolizable amino acids, alpha-aminoisobutyrate and cycloleucine. A detectable effect of T3 on the uptake of cycloleucine was seen at a concentration of 0.1 muM and maximum effects were seen at 20 muM. Thyroxine (T4) also increased cycloleucine uptake with about one-third the potency of T3, and this effect could not be ascribed to conversion of T4 to T3. In contrast, L-monoidotyrosine and L-diiodotyrosine were without effects on transport. Kinetic studies indicated that T3 enhanced uptake by inhibiting amino acid efflux; no effect was seen on influx. The effect of T3 on amino acid uptake was evident within 1 min, and was not inhibited by either prior treatment of the cells with cycloheximide or by lowering the incubation temperature from 37 to 24 C. In other studies, when T3 was injected into rats in vivo at a dose of 20 mug/100 g, the uptake of cycloleucine was enhanced in thymocytes obtained 1 h later. These data suggest that thyroid hormones can directly influence amino acid transport in rat thymocytes. This effect is prompt, is independent of new protein synthesis, and may reflect a direct interaction with specific components of the cell membrane.", "PMID": 1120468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6889", "title": "Arginine vasotocin in the rabbit subcommissural organ.", "content": "Subcommissural organs of young and mature rabbits were analyzed for their content of arginine vasotocin by radioimmunoassay. Younger animals had significantly greater quantities of this peptide. There was no detectable arginine vasopressin or oxytocin in subcommissural organ extracts. It is concluded that the subcommissural organ represents, in addition to the pineal and the fetal neurohypophysis, another significant source of arginine vasotocin in the mammalian central nervous system.", "contents": "Arginine vasotocin in the rabbit subcommissural organ. Subcommissural organs of young and mature rabbits were analyzed for their content of arginine vasotocin by radioimmunoassay. Younger animals had significantly greater quantities of this peptide. There was no detectable arginine vasopressin or oxytocin in subcommissural organ extracts. It is concluded that the subcommissural organ represents, in addition to the pineal and the fetal neurohypophysis, another significant source of arginine vasotocin in the mammalian central nervous system.", "PMID": 1120469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6890", "title": "Thyrocalcitonin injection to rats increases the liver inorganic phosphate.", "content": "The mechanism of the hypophosphatemic effect of thyrocalcitonin (TCT) is uncertain and may involve removal of inorganic phosphate (P1) from the plasma by heretofore unidentified organs. Rats, 192 g. thyroparathyroidectomized 16-24 h earlier, received 100 MRC mU TCT or vehicle (V) SC and 100 muCi 32PO4 iv. One h later plasma and tissue samples were collected. Compared to rats which received V, TCT-treated rats had lower plasma P1 (-0.36 plus or minus 0.08 mumol/ml, P smaller than 0.001) and Ca, higher liver P1 (+0.66 plus or minus 0.19 mumol/g, P smaller than 0.01) and unchanged red blood cell and rectus abdominus P1. TCT had no significant effect on the amount of perchloric acid soluble phosphate in any of the tissues. TCT-treated rats had lower plasma 32P1 (cpm/ml) and higher liver 32P1 (cpm/g) with no significant changes in specific activity (SA). TCT caused a small decrease in muscle 32P1 SA. There were no significant changes in the 32P (cpm/g) or 32P SA of the acid soluble phosphate fraction of any of the tissues. The results suggest that a portion of the hypophosphatemic effect of TCT can be accounted for by the increased P1 level in the liver.", "contents": "Thyrocalcitonin injection to rats increases the liver inorganic phosphate. The mechanism of the hypophosphatemic effect of thyrocalcitonin (TCT) is uncertain and may involve removal of inorganic phosphate (P1) from the plasma by heretofore unidentified organs. Rats, 192 g. thyroparathyroidectomized 16-24 h earlier, received 100 MRC mU TCT or vehicle (V) SC and 100 muCi 32PO4 iv. One h later plasma and tissue samples were collected. Compared to rats which received V, TCT-treated rats had lower plasma P1 (-0.36 plus or minus 0.08 mumol/ml, P smaller than 0.001) and Ca, higher liver P1 (+0.66 plus or minus 0.19 mumol/g, P smaller than 0.01) and unchanged red blood cell and rectus abdominus P1. TCT had no significant effect on the amount of perchloric acid soluble phosphate in any of the tissues. TCT-treated rats had lower plasma 32P1 (cpm/ml) and higher liver 32P1 (cpm/g) with no significant changes in specific activity (SA). TCT caused a small decrease in muscle 32P1 SA. There were no significant changes in the 32P (cpm/g) or 32P SA of the acid soluble phosphate fraction of any of the tissues. The results suggest that a portion of the hypophosphatemic effect of TCT can be accounted for by the increased P1 level in the liver.", "PMID": 1120470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6891", "title": "Catechol estrogen formation in the central nervous system of the rat.", "content": "Conversion of estradiol and estrone to catechol estrogens by rat hypothalamic tissue but not by the cerebral cortex was demonstrated from the incubation of these tissues with estradiol-2-3H and estrone-2-3H and monitoring the incorporation of tritium into water. Direct evidence for this transformation was obtained by isolating the labelled phenazine derivative of 2-hydroxyestrone after hypothalamic incubation with estrone-4-14C.", "contents": "Catechol estrogen formation in the central nervous system of the rat. Conversion of estradiol and estrone to catechol estrogens by rat hypothalamic tissue but not by the cerebral cortex was demonstrated from the incubation of these tissues with estradiol-2-3H and estrone-2-3H and monitoring the incorporation of tritium into water. Direct evidence for this transformation was obtained by isolating the labelled phenazine derivative of 2-hydroxyestrone after hypothalamic incubation with estrone-4-14C.", "PMID": 1120471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6892", "title": "The effect of fetal hypophysectomy on placental biosynthesis of progesterone in rhesus.", "content": "Placental slices from intact rhesus fetuses were incubated without added substrate. The incubated tissue levels of progesterone (P4) differed according to the sex of the fetus. Slices from female placentas contained significantly more P4 than did those of males. The addition of pregnenolone (P5) to the incubation media caused tissue levels of P4 to increase 1.5 to 3 times control tissue levels for both female and male placentas. Moreover, the sex difference in P4 biosynthesis was eliminated by adding P5 to the incubations. Since control incubations of male placental tissue produced less P4 than those of females, the net increase in P4 synthesis with added P5 was greater for male than female placental tissue. These observations indicated that the step(s) in P4 biosynthesis which were affected by the fetal genotype lay between cholestrol and P5. Incubation of placental slices derived from decapitated fetuses secreted significantly less P4 into the incubation medium than those of intact fetuses. Moreover, the sex difference in the media content of P4 was eliminated. However, decapitation did not eliminate the sex difference in the tissue content of P4 during control incubations. When P5 was added to the incubations, media and tissue levels of P4 increased significantly over control levels for placentas from both sexes. However, the addition of P5 to the incubations from decapitated males did not restore P4 production in the tissue or the medium to levels observed for intact males. However, this did occur when P5 was added to incubations from decapitated females. It appears that fetal decapitation decreased cholesterol side chain cleaving activity and delta5-3beta-hydroxy-steroid dehydrogenase content of the placenta. These data indicate that hormones of fetal origin may control P4 production by the placenta.", "contents": "The effect of fetal hypophysectomy on placental biosynthesis of progesterone in rhesus. Placental slices from intact rhesus fetuses were incubated without added substrate. The incubated tissue levels of progesterone (P4) differed according to the sex of the fetus. Slices from female placentas contained significantly more P4 than did those of males. The addition of pregnenolone (P5) to the incubation media caused tissue levels of P4 to increase 1.5 to 3 times control tissue levels for both female and male placentas. Moreover, the sex difference in P4 biosynthesis was eliminated by adding P5 to the incubations. Since control incubations of male placental tissue produced less P4 than those of females, the net increase in P4 synthesis with added P5 was greater for male than female placental tissue. These observations indicated that the step(s) in P4 biosynthesis which were affected by the fetal genotype lay between cholestrol and P5. Incubation of placental slices derived from decapitated fetuses secreted significantly less P4 into the incubation medium than those of intact fetuses. Moreover, the sex difference in the media content of P4 was eliminated. However, decapitation did not eliminate the sex difference in the tissue content of P4 during control incubations. When P5 was added to the incubations, media and tissue levels of P4 increased significantly over control levels for placentas from both sexes. However, the addition of P5 to the incubations from decapitated males did not restore P4 production in the tissue or the medium to levels observed for intact males. However, this did occur when P5 was added to incubations from decapitated females. It appears that fetal decapitation decreased cholesterol side chain cleaving activity and delta5-3beta-hydroxy-steroid dehydrogenase content of the placenta. These data indicate that hormones of fetal origin may control P4 production by the placenta.", "PMID": 1120472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6893", "title": "Regulation of pineal rhythms in chickens: refractory period and nonvisual light perception.", "content": "Pineal serotonin N-acetyltransferase activity and melatonin content exhibit marked daily rhythms in chickens; peak values occur during the period of low locomotor activity which coincides with dark in a 24-h light-dark regime. We studied the regulation of these daily rhythms by measuring pineal serotonin N-acetyltransferase activity, hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase (HIOMT) activity, and melatonin content in experiments in which birds were exposed to light-to-dark and dark-to-light transitions at atypical times. We observed that there is a refractory period for dark-initiation of the increase in pineal N-acetyltransferase activity and melatonin content. We also learned that a dark-to-light transition causes a rapid decrease in dark-elevated pineal N-acetyltransferase activity and melatonin content. The rapid decrease occurs in blinded chickens as well as sighted ones. HIOMT activity did not change consistently in any of the experimental treatments.", "contents": "Regulation of pineal rhythms in chickens: refractory period and nonvisual light perception. Pineal serotonin N-acetyltransferase activity and melatonin content exhibit marked daily rhythms in chickens; peak values occur during the period of low locomotor activity which coincides with dark in a 24-h light-dark regime. We studied the regulation of these daily rhythms by measuring pineal serotonin N-acetyltransferase activity, hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase (HIOMT) activity, and melatonin content in experiments in which birds were exposed to light-to-dark and dark-to-light transitions at atypical times. We observed that there is a refractory period for dark-initiation of the increase in pineal N-acetyltransferase activity and melatonin content. We also learned that a dark-to-light transition causes a rapid decrease in dark-elevated pineal N-acetyltransferase activity and melatonin content. The rapid decrease occurs in blinded chickens as well as sighted ones. HIOMT activity did not change consistently in any of the experimental treatments.", "PMID": 1120473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6894", "title": "The interaction of castration and photoperiod in the regulation of hypophyseal and serum gonadotropin levels in male golden hamsters.", "content": "Luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) were measured in intact and castrate adult male hamsters maintained on photostimulatory (LD 14:10) and non-photostimulatory (LD 6:18) light:dark cycles to assess the interaction of photic stimuli and gonadal hormones on pituitary gonadotropin release. Immunoreactive serum LH and FSH levels increased 1.6- and 8-fold respectively, within 3 days after photostimulated hamsters were castrated. In contrast, castration failed to alter serum LH concentration and had only a slight, if any, effect on FSH concentration in hamsters exposed to nonstimulatory photoperiods that induced testicular atrophy. In a second experiment, male hamsters previously maintained on LD 14:10 were castrated, transferred with intact animals to LD 6:18, and killed periodically over 60 days. In intact animals, pituitary content and serum levels of LH and FSH declined substantially during exposure to the non-stimulatory LD 6:18 cycle. In castrated animals, serum LH and FSH levels which had increased 2- and 8-fold in response to the castration eventually declined to about the levels found in the intact initial control animals. In contrast to serum gonadotropins, the increased hypophyseal content of LH and FSH following castration was not reduced during exposure to LD 6:18. Exposure to nonstimulatory photoperiods does not alter the increased hypophyseal LH and FSH content observed after castration. However, our results indicate that exposure to short days renders the hypothalamic-hypophyseal neuroendocrine system governing gonadotropin release relatively insensitive to gonadal steroid hormone feedback.", "contents": "The interaction of castration and photoperiod in the regulation of hypophyseal and serum gonadotropin levels in male golden hamsters. Luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) were measured in intact and castrate adult male hamsters maintained on photostimulatory (LD 14:10) and non-photostimulatory (LD 6:18) light:dark cycles to assess the interaction of photic stimuli and gonadal hormones on pituitary gonadotropin release. Immunoreactive serum LH and FSH levels increased 1.6- and 8-fold respectively, within 3 days after photostimulated hamsters were castrated. In contrast, castration failed to alter serum LH concentration and had only a slight, if any, effect on FSH concentration in hamsters exposed to nonstimulatory photoperiods that induced testicular atrophy. In a second experiment, male hamsters previously maintained on LD 14:10 were castrated, transferred with intact animals to LD 6:18, and killed periodically over 60 days. In intact animals, pituitary content and serum levels of LH and FSH declined substantially during exposure to the non-stimulatory LD 6:18 cycle. In castrated animals, serum LH and FSH levels which had increased 2- and 8-fold in response to the castration eventually declined to about the levels found in the intact initial control animals. In contrast to serum gonadotropins, the increased hypophyseal content of LH and FSH following castration was not reduced during exposure to LD 6:18. Exposure to nonstimulatory photoperiods does not alter the increased hypophyseal LH and FSH content observed after castration. However, our results indicate that exposure to short days renders the hypothalamic-hypophyseal neuroendocrine system governing gonadotropin release relatively insensitive to gonadal steroid hormone feedback.", "PMID": 1120474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6895", "title": "Differential responses of prelactating and lactating mammary gland to similar tissue concentrations of progesterone.", "content": "Serum and mammary tissue concentrations of progesterone and 20alpha-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20alpha-OHP) were measured by competitive protein-binding assays and gas-liquid chromatography, respectively, in pregnant and lactating rats. The concentration of progesterone in mammary tissue of pregnant rats closely paralleled the serum concentration, particularly when tissue concentration was expressed as ng/mg DNA. The variability in tissue progesterone on the last day of pregnancy was relatively great, but there was a good inverse relation between the appearance of lactose and the progesterone concentration. Serum progesterone levels declined to their lowest values at 1-3 days of lactation (10 plus or minus 1 ng/ml); the tissue concentration declined even more rapidly after parturition. The tissue 20alpha-OHP concentration, which was more closely related to serum progesterone among animals than to serum 20alpha-OHP, remained high after parturition suggesting that the presence of 20alpha-OHP has no effect on lactogenesis and that progesterone is decreased in the tissue by 20alpha-reduction. Following postpartum ovulation, serum progesterone increased to 74 plus or minus 6 ng/ml at 6-9 days of lactation; tissue progesterone also increased to levels found in rats pregnant 14-19 days, yet no change in lactose content of the glands of suckled rats occurred, and the biosynthetic capacity in terms of the RNA/DNA ratio increased. Serum 20alpha-OHP also rose, but the tissue concentration was unchanged, suggesting that saturating levels were present throughout pregnancy and lactation. Since no rapid increase in DNA was associated with lactogenesis, differentiation of nonsecretory parenchymal cells into daughter cells with the secretory capacity must occur earlier in pregnancy. Progesterone, therefore, must inhibit lactogenesis by preventing expression of the genetic potential of daughter cells. Once differentiation has been completed, however, the presence of progesterone in the tissue has no effect on the biosynthesis of milk constituents.", "contents": "Differential responses of prelactating and lactating mammary gland to similar tissue concentrations of progesterone. Serum and mammary tissue concentrations of progesterone and 20alpha-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20alpha-OHP) were measured by competitive protein-binding assays and gas-liquid chromatography, respectively, in pregnant and lactating rats. The concentration of progesterone in mammary tissue of pregnant rats closely paralleled the serum concentration, particularly when tissue concentration was expressed as ng/mg DNA. The variability in tissue progesterone on the last day of pregnancy was relatively great, but there was a good inverse relation between the appearance of lactose and the progesterone concentration. Serum progesterone levels declined to their lowest values at 1-3 days of lactation (10 plus or minus 1 ng/ml); the tissue concentration declined even more rapidly after parturition. The tissue 20alpha-OHP concentration, which was more closely related to serum progesterone among animals than to serum 20alpha-OHP, remained high after parturition suggesting that the presence of 20alpha-OHP has no effect on lactogenesis and that progesterone is decreased in the tissue by 20alpha-reduction. Following postpartum ovulation, serum progesterone increased to 74 plus or minus 6 ng/ml at 6-9 days of lactation; tissue progesterone also increased to levels found in rats pregnant 14-19 days, yet no change in lactose content of the glands of suckled rats occurred, and the biosynthetic capacity in terms of the RNA/DNA ratio increased. Serum 20alpha-OHP also rose, but the tissue concentration was unchanged, suggesting that saturating levels were present throughout pregnancy and lactation. Since no rapid increase in DNA was associated with lactogenesis, differentiation of nonsecretory parenchymal cells into daughter cells with the secretory capacity must occur earlier in pregnancy. Progesterone, therefore, must inhibit lactogenesis by preventing expression of the genetic potential of daughter cells. Once differentiation has been completed, however, the presence of progesterone in the tissue has no effect on the biosynthesis of milk constituents.", "PMID": 1120475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6896", "title": "Time course of the effect of adrenalectomy on transcortin binding characteristics: appraisal of different methods of calculation.", "content": "The time course effect of adrenalectomy on the transcortin-corticosterone association constant (KT), its concentration of binding sites (ST) and the corresponding binding constant (SAKA) of albumin has been investigated by equilibrium dialysis at 37 C on plasma samples collected 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 96 and 144 h after adrenalectomy in male adult rats. The data have been analyzed by 3 different methods: a graphical Scatchard analysis using bound over unbound versus bound as representation axes and 2 least squares minimization methods in which axes were, respectively, bound over total versus mass of corticosterone added and total versus unbound. Confidence regions can be computed in the last two methods allowing the statistical comparison of the different dialysis experiments. Results obtained by the three methods are quite similar and led to the conclusions that following adrenalectomy KT was constant while ST varied. The observed pattern was a decrease until the first 24 h followed by a rise reaching almost twice the control value at 144 h. It would also appear that SAKA decreases slightly within 24 h following adrenalectomy.", "contents": "Time course of the effect of adrenalectomy on transcortin binding characteristics: appraisal of different methods of calculation. The time course effect of adrenalectomy on the transcortin-corticosterone association constant (KT), its concentration of binding sites (ST) and the corresponding binding constant (SAKA) of albumin has been investigated by equilibrium dialysis at 37 C on plasma samples collected 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 96 and 144 h after adrenalectomy in male adult rats. The data have been analyzed by 3 different methods: a graphical Scatchard analysis using bound over unbound versus bound as representation axes and 2 least squares minimization methods in which axes were, respectively, bound over total versus mass of corticosterone added and total versus unbound. Confidence regions can be computed in the last two methods allowing the statistical comparison of the different dialysis experiments. Results obtained by the three methods are quite similar and led to the conclusions that following adrenalectomy KT was constant while ST varied. The observed pattern was a decrease until the first 24 h followed by a rise reaching almost twice the control value at 144 h. It would also appear that SAKA decreases slightly within 24 h following adrenalectomy.", "PMID": 1120476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6897", "title": "Hormonal regulation of isoenzymes of N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase and beta-galactosidase during spermatogenesis in the rat.", "content": "Isoenzymes of beta-galactosidase and of N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase were assayed during development of rat testis and as a function of hormonal treatments. Isoenzyme 1 of beta-galactosidase was highest in specific activity in the 4-day-old testis, at a point when Sertoli cells and gonocytes were the predominant cell type. Beta-galactosidase II, previously shown to be associated with the sperm acrosome, was undetectable through the spermatocyte stage of development, but increased in specific activity during the formation of spermatids. The specific activities of isoenzymes I and II of N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase increased markedly in association with the formation of spermatogonia and spermatocytes, and then declined with the appearance of spermatids. Following hypophysectomy of rats at 26 days of age or in adulthood the specific activities of the lysosomal enzymes beta-galactosidase I and N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase I and II increased markedly, while the acrosomal beta-galactosidase II was undetectable. The normal patterns of isoenzyme distributed were restored completely by administration of LH and FSH or testosterone to hypophysectomized animals. These results thus demonstrate specific patterns of isoenzyme concentration during spermatogenesis. Formation of the acrosome in developing spermatids is associated with the induction of new forms of beta-galactosidase (isoenzyme II) and N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase (sperm isoenzyme). These molecules appear to be specialized forms which may participate in fertilization, and their induction is dependent upon the actions of gonadotropins or testosterone.", "contents": "Hormonal regulation of isoenzymes of N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase and beta-galactosidase during spermatogenesis in the rat. Isoenzymes of beta-galactosidase and of N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase were assayed during development of rat testis and as a function of hormonal treatments. Isoenzyme 1 of beta-galactosidase was highest in specific activity in the 4-day-old testis, at a point when Sertoli cells and gonocytes were the predominant cell type. Beta-galactosidase II, previously shown to be associated with the sperm acrosome, was undetectable through the spermatocyte stage of development, but increased in specific activity during the formation of spermatids. The specific activities of isoenzymes I and II of N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase increased markedly in association with the formation of spermatogonia and spermatocytes, and then declined with the appearance of spermatids. Following hypophysectomy of rats at 26 days of age or in adulthood the specific activities of the lysosomal enzymes beta-galactosidase I and N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase I and II increased markedly, while the acrosomal beta-galactosidase II was undetectable. The normal patterns of isoenzyme distributed were restored completely by administration of LH and FSH or testosterone to hypophysectomized animals. These results thus demonstrate specific patterns of isoenzyme concentration during spermatogenesis. Formation of the acrosome in developing spermatids is associated with the induction of new forms of beta-galactosidase (isoenzyme II) and N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase (sperm isoenzyme). These molecules appear to be specialized forms which may participate in fertilization, and their induction is dependent upon the actions of gonadotropins or testosterone.", "PMID": 1120477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6898", "title": "Cellular localization of 5alpha-reductase and 3alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in the seminiferous tubule of the rat testis.", "content": "Seminiferous tubules isolated from normal adult rats converted (14C) testosterone to (14C) androstanediol and (14C) androstenedione as the major metabolites; (14C) dihydrotestosterone and (14C) androsterone were produced in lesser amounts. Tubules from immature rats (26-28 days of age) converted a higher proportion of (14C) testosterone to 5alpha-reduced products than did tubules from adult rats. Spermatocyte-enriched preparations contain 5alpha-reductase. The lower level of 5alpha-reductase activity in spermatid-spermatocyte preparations indicates that this enzyme is low or absent in spermatids. Sertoli cell-enriched preparations contain 5 alpha-reductase and a high level of 3alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. The results show that spermatocytes and Sertoli cells have the capacity to metabolise (14C) testosterone to 5alpha-reduced products; dihydrotesterone is the major product formed by spermatocytes, whereas in Sertoli cells further metabolism to 5alpha-androstane-3alpha, 17beta-diol occurs.", "contents": "Cellular localization of 5alpha-reductase and 3alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in the seminiferous tubule of the rat testis. Seminiferous tubules isolated from normal adult rats converted (14C) testosterone to (14C) androstanediol and (14C) androstenedione as the major metabolites; (14C) dihydrotestosterone and (14C) androsterone were produced in lesser amounts. Tubules from immature rats (26-28 days of age) converted a higher proportion of (14C) testosterone to 5alpha-reduced products than did tubules from adult rats. Spermatocyte-enriched preparations contain 5alpha-reductase. The lower level of 5alpha-reductase activity in spermatid-spermatocyte preparations indicates that this enzyme is low or absent in spermatids. Sertoli cell-enriched preparations contain 5 alpha-reductase and a high level of 3alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. The results show that spermatocytes and Sertoli cells have the capacity to metabolise (14C) testosterone to 5alpha-reduced products; dihydrotesterone is the major product formed by spermatocytes, whereas in Sertoli cells further metabolism to 5alpha-androstane-3alpha, 17beta-diol occurs.", "PMID": 1120478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6899", "title": "Glucocorticoid inhibition of sulfate incorporation by cartilage of normal rats.", "content": "The effects of dexamethasone, cortisol, and deoxycorticosterone on sulfate incorporation by cartilage of normal rats were determined. In vivo dexamethasone was a more potent inhibitor than cortisol, and deoxycorticosterone in the dose tested was ineffective. In vitro dexamethasone and cortisol were inhibitory in concentrations of 10-8 and 10-7M, respectively, when sulfate incorporation was measured after 24 h of incubation. Dexamethasone was at least 10 times as potent as cortisol. Deoxycorticosterone was inhibitory in a concentration of 10-4M. It is concluded that inhibition of mucopolysaccharide synthesis in cartilage of normal rats by adrenal cortical steroids or their analogs, both in vivo and in vitro, is correlated with glucocorticoid activity.", "contents": "Glucocorticoid inhibition of sulfate incorporation by cartilage of normal rats. The effects of dexamethasone, cortisol, and deoxycorticosterone on sulfate incorporation by cartilage of normal rats were determined. In vivo dexamethasone was a more potent inhibitor than cortisol, and deoxycorticosterone in the dose tested was ineffective. In vitro dexamethasone and cortisol were inhibitory in concentrations of 10-8 and 10-7M, respectively, when sulfate incorporation was measured after 24 h of incubation. Dexamethasone was at least 10 times as potent as cortisol. Deoxycorticosterone was inhibitory in a concentration of 10-4M. It is concluded that inhibition of mucopolysaccharide synthesis in cartilage of normal rats by adrenal cortical steroids or their analogs, both in vivo and in vitro, is correlated with glucocorticoid activity.", "PMID": 1120479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6900", "title": "Microtubules and the intracellular conversion of proparathyroid hormone to parathyroid hormone.", "content": "The effects of several compounds which interfere with cellular microfilaments and microtubules on the conversion of proparathyroid hormone (ProPTH) to parathyroid hormone (PTH) were examined in slices of bovine parathyroid slices incubated in vitro with 3H-leucine. Inhibitors of microtubular function, vinblastine and colchicine, increased the ratio of 3H-labeled ProPTH to PTH in the tissue by 2- to 3-fold. Cytochalasin B, an inhibitor of microfilaments, was without effect. Concentrations of colchicine as low as 10-6M maximally increased the ratio of ProPTH to PTH, whereas lumicolchicine, an analogue of colchicine which does not affect the function of microtubules, had no effect at concentrations as high as 10-4M. The increased ratio of ProPTH to PTH was due partly to a stimulation by vinblastine and colchicine of the incorporation of 3H-leucine into ProPTH but not into general protein. However, after short incubations of parathyroid tissue with 3-H-leucine, the amount of 3H-labeled PTH was less in colchine-treated incubations than in control incubations. In the presence of vinblastine, after a 20-min incubation of parathyroid slices with 3H-leucine and vinblastine, ProPTH was not completely converted to PTH by an additional 90-min \"chase\" incubation with unlabeled leucine while a 20-min \"chase\" incubations is sufficient to convert essentially all the ProPTH to PTH in control incubations. These data suggest that the increased ratio of ProPTH to PTH is also due to a partial inhibition of the conversion ProPTH to PTH by vinblastine and colchicine. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that microtubules facilitate the transport of newly synthesized ProPTH to its intracellular site of cleavage to PTH.", "contents": "Microtubules and the intracellular conversion of proparathyroid hormone to parathyroid hormone. The effects of several compounds which interfere with cellular microfilaments and microtubules on the conversion of proparathyroid hormone (ProPTH) to parathyroid hormone (PTH) were examined in slices of bovine parathyroid slices incubated in vitro with 3H-leucine. Inhibitors of microtubular function, vinblastine and colchicine, increased the ratio of 3H-labeled ProPTH to PTH in the tissue by 2- to 3-fold. Cytochalasin B, an inhibitor of microfilaments, was without effect. Concentrations of colchicine as low as 10-6M maximally increased the ratio of ProPTH to PTH, whereas lumicolchicine, an analogue of colchicine which does not affect the function of microtubules, had no effect at concentrations as high as 10-4M. The increased ratio of ProPTH to PTH was due partly to a stimulation by vinblastine and colchicine of the incorporation of 3H-leucine into ProPTH but not into general protein. However, after short incubations of parathyroid tissue with 3-H-leucine, the amount of 3H-labeled PTH was less in colchine-treated incubations than in control incubations. In the presence of vinblastine, after a 20-min incubation of parathyroid slices with 3H-leucine and vinblastine, ProPTH was not completely converted to PTH by an additional 90-min \"chase\" incubation with unlabeled leucine while a 20-min \"chase\" incubations is sufficient to convert essentially all the ProPTH to PTH in control incubations. These data suggest that the increased ratio of ProPTH to PTH is also due to a partial inhibition of the conversion ProPTH to PTH by vinblastine and colchicine. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that microtubules facilitate the transport of newly synthesized ProPTH to its intracellular site of cleavage to PTH.", "PMID": 1120480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6901", "title": "An inhibitory influence of granulosa cells and follicular fluid upon porcine oocyte meiosis in vitro.", "content": "Isolated oocytes will resume meiosis spontaneously in vitro whereas follicle-enclosed oocytes will remain in the dictyate stage when cultured unless they have been exposed to gonadotropins in vivo or in vitro. To examine the source of the follicular inhibitory influence, porcine oocytes have been cultured alone, with hemisections of follicle wall, granulosa cells, or with follicular fluid. Oocytes isolated from medium-sized (3-5 min) follicles resumed meiosis when cultured; 77.5 plus or minus 3.4 percent matured beyond the dictyate stage. When oocytes were cultured in the presence of follicle wall hemisections of medium and large (6-12 mm) follicles, the percentage of maturing oocytes was significantly reduced. The maturation of oocytes cultured in a medium containing 50 percent follicular fluid from small or large follicles was significantly inhibited. Resumption of meiosis was completely inhibited by co-culture of isolated oocytes with 10-7 granulosa cells from small, medium or large follicles. Addition of serially diminishing amounts of granulosa cells from 10-7 to 10-4 cells reduced the inhibitory influence. It is concluded that the granulosa cells are responsible for the maintenance of the oocytes in the dictyate stage within the follicle. The granulosa cells appear to exert their inhibitory influence upon meiosis by secretion of a chemical message into follicular fluid.", "contents": "An inhibitory influence of granulosa cells and follicular fluid upon porcine oocyte meiosis in vitro. Isolated oocytes will resume meiosis spontaneously in vitro whereas follicle-enclosed oocytes will remain in the dictyate stage when cultured unless they have been exposed to gonadotropins in vivo or in vitro. To examine the source of the follicular inhibitory influence, porcine oocytes have been cultured alone, with hemisections of follicle wall, granulosa cells, or with follicular fluid. Oocytes isolated from medium-sized (3-5 min) follicles resumed meiosis when cultured; 77.5 plus or minus 3.4 percent matured beyond the dictyate stage. When oocytes were cultured in the presence of follicle wall hemisections of medium and large (6-12 mm) follicles, the percentage of maturing oocytes was significantly reduced. The maturation of oocytes cultured in a medium containing 50 percent follicular fluid from small or large follicles was significantly inhibited. Resumption of meiosis was completely inhibited by co-culture of isolated oocytes with 10-7 granulosa cells from small, medium or large follicles. Addition of serially diminishing amounts of granulosa cells from 10-7 to 10-4 cells reduced the inhibitory influence. It is concluded that the granulosa cells are responsible for the maintenance of the oocytes in the dictyate stage within the follicle. The granulosa cells appear to exert their inhibitory influence upon meiosis by secretion of a chemical message into follicular fluid.", "PMID": 1120481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6902", "title": "Hypothalamic 24-hour rhythms in histamine, histidine, decarboxylase and histamine-N-methyltransferase.", "content": "Twenty-four hour rhythms of histamine (H), its biosynthetic enzyme, L-histidine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.22, HD) and its inactivation enzyme, histamine N-methyltransferase (EC 2.1.1.8, HMT) were assayed in the 63-day-old male rat hypothalamus using a modified single isotopeenzyme microassay. H was found to have a 24-h rhythm with a maximum concentration at 11:00 h (lights on 10:00-22:00 h) and a minimum at 23:00 h. In vitro HD and HMT activities were also found to have 24-h rhythms with peak activites in both occurring at 04:00 h. HMT also had a broad secondary peak throughout the day, whereas HD activity during the day was dominated by a mid-light trough at 16:00 h. These rhythms are considered significant for evaluation of the control and physiological role of histamine in the mammalian hypothalamus.", "contents": "Hypothalamic 24-hour rhythms in histamine, histidine, decarboxylase and histamine-N-methyltransferase. Twenty-four hour rhythms of histamine (H), its biosynthetic enzyme, L-histidine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.22, HD) and its inactivation enzyme, histamine N-methyltransferase (EC 2.1.1.8, HMT) were assayed in the 63-day-old male rat hypothalamus using a modified single isotopeenzyme microassay. H was found to have a 24-h rhythm with a maximum concentration at 11:00 h (lights on 10:00-22:00 h) and a minimum at 23:00 h. In vitro HD and HMT activities were also found to have 24-h rhythms with peak activites in both occurring at 04:00 h. HMT also had a broad secondary peak throughout the day, whereas HD activity during the day was dominated by a mid-light trough at 16:00 h. These rhythms are considered significant for evaluation of the control and physiological role of histamine in the mammalian hypothalamus.", "PMID": 1120482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6903", "title": "Steroid hormone-responsive, isolated endometrial cells.", "content": "Addition of estradiol-17beta in vitro to suspensions of isolated endometrial cells resulted in significant effects on glucose, water and electrolyte metabolism. Cells were prepared from uterine tissues of ovariectomized rats. In part, the procedures involved incubation with collagenase in Ca2+-, Mg2+-free, phosphate-buffered mammalian Ringer's solution, followed by restoration of divalent cations before gentle scraping of the endometrium from the underlying smoothmuscle. Cells were then disaggregated, washed, separated from coarse and fine debris, and incubated in an enriched medium for 2 h before the start of all experiments. Cellular integrity was established by measurement of electrolyte contents and by dye exclusion methods. Substantial production of 14CO2 from glucose-U-14C by the cell suspensions provided further evidence of cell viability. Estradiol-17beta, 10-9M, elicited significant increments in sodium and water contents within 2 h. Addition of estradiol-17beta, but not the alpha-epimer, also resulted in a significant increase in the yield of 14CO2 as early as 1.5 h, peaking at 2 h. The responses were dose-dependent between 10-10M through 10-8M. The stimulatory effect of estradiol-17beta at 10-9M was abolished in the presence of 3 times 10-6M cortisol or by cellular homogenization. Epithelial cells isolated from rat urinary bladder responded significantly to 6 times 10-9M aldosterone but not to estradiol-17beta, demonstrating specificity of the target site. These data lend further support to the suggestion that a primary action of estrogen in its target cell involves specific changes in the ionic and biochemical profile of the cytoplasm which may ultimately be communicated to the nucleus.", "contents": "Steroid hormone-responsive, isolated endometrial cells. Addition of estradiol-17beta in vitro to suspensions of isolated endometrial cells resulted in significant effects on glucose, water and electrolyte metabolism. Cells were prepared from uterine tissues of ovariectomized rats. In part, the procedures involved incubation with collagenase in Ca2+-, Mg2+-free, phosphate-buffered mammalian Ringer's solution, followed by restoration of divalent cations before gentle scraping of the endometrium from the underlying smoothmuscle. Cells were then disaggregated, washed, separated from coarse and fine debris, and incubated in an enriched medium for 2 h before the start of all experiments. Cellular integrity was established by measurement of electrolyte contents and by dye exclusion methods. Substantial production of 14CO2 from glucose-U-14C by the cell suspensions provided further evidence of cell viability. Estradiol-17beta, 10-9M, elicited significant increments in sodium and water contents within 2 h. Addition of estradiol-17beta, but not the alpha-epimer, also resulted in a significant increase in the yield of 14CO2 as early as 1.5 h, peaking at 2 h. The responses were dose-dependent between 10-10M through 10-8M. The stimulatory effect of estradiol-17beta at 10-9M was abolished in the presence of 3 times 10-6M cortisol or by cellular homogenization. Epithelial cells isolated from rat urinary bladder responded significantly to 6 times 10-9M aldosterone but not to estradiol-17beta, demonstrating specificity of the target site. These data lend further support to the suggestion that a primary action of estrogen in its target cell involves specific changes in the ionic and biochemical profile of the cytoplasm which may ultimately be communicated to the nucleus.", "PMID": 1120483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6904", "title": "Steroid levels in follicles and the plasma of hens during the ovulatory cycle.", "content": "Laying hens were killed at hourly intervals during the 26-h laying cycle. The 3 largest follicles of the size hierarchy were removed and plasma samples were obtained from the same hens. The follicle walls and the plasma were assayed by RIA for estrogen (E), progesterone (P4), and testosterone (T). The data show that for E and T there is an inverse relationship between follicle size and hormone concentration. There is no such difference for P4. Both E and T show a significant drop immediately after ovulation; P4 does not. Both T and E concentrations rise significantly and synchronously at about 4 and at 8 h after ovulation. The OAAD assay of plasma shows a peak of LH about that time. P4 does not show such a rise in concentration. About 8 to 10 h prior to the next ovulation T concentration in all 3 follicles begins to rise, P4 rises only in the largest follicle and E only in the smallest. All three steroids reach highly significant peaks about 4 to 6 h prior to the next ovulation. Both OAAD and RIA detect plasma LH peaks at about that time. Plasma E and follicle E peak synchronously at 4 to 8 h; T peaks occur at 10 to 12 h after ovulation and are asynchronous with the T follicle peaks. All 3 steroids begin to rise in the plasma about 10 h prior to the next ovulation and all 3 peak together about 4 to 5 h prior to ovulation. The present data do not allow to distinguish between rates of steroid synthesis and their release into the plasma. Whether the steroid peaks occurring in both follicles and plasma shortly before the next ovulation are caused by LH or are the cause of its release remains to be determined.", "contents": "Steroid levels in follicles and the plasma of hens during the ovulatory cycle. Laying hens were killed at hourly intervals during the 26-h laying cycle. The 3 largest follicles of the size hierarchy were removed and plasma samples were obtained from the same hens. The follicle walls and the plasma were assayed by RIA for estrogen (E), progesterone (P4), and testosterone (T). The data show that for E and T there is an inverse relationship between follicle size and hormone concentration. There is no such difference for P4. Both E and T show a significant drop immediately after ovulation; P4 does not. Both T and E concentrations rise significantly and synchronously at about 4 and at 8 h after ovulation. The OAAD assay of plasma shows a peak of LH about that time. P4 does not show such a rise in concentration. About 8 to 10 h prior to the next ovulation T concentration in all 3 follicles begins to rise, P4 rises only in the largest follicle and E only in the smallest. All three steroids reach highly significant peaks about 4 to 6 h prior to the next ovulation. Both OAAD and RIA detect plasma LH peaks at about that time. Plasma E and follicle E peak synchronously at 4 to 8 h; T peaks occur at 10 to 12 h after ovulation and are asynchronous with the T follicle peaks. All 3 steroids begin to rise in the plasma about 10 h prior to the next ovulation and all 3 peak together about 4 to 5 h prior to ovulation. The present data do not allow to distinguish between rates of steroid synthesis and their release into the plasma. Whether the steroid peaks occurring in both follicles and plasma shortly before the next ovulation are caused by LH or are the cause of its release remains to be determined.", "PMID": 1120484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6905", "title": "Effect of LH injection on plasma and follicular steroids in the chicken.", "content": "During the 26-h laying cycle of the hen the three sex steroids, progesterone (P4), estrogen (E), and testosterone (T), show peaks and valleys in both the follicle wall and the peripheral plasma. Furthermore, for E and T (but not for P4) at comparable times, there is an inverse relationship between the size of the follicle and the concentration of these hormones. Shortly before ovulation all three steroids peak in synchrony, at other times only E and T rise and fall together while P4 shows no change. The question arose whether similar changes in steroid synthesis can be produced by exogenous LH. A single injection of 25 mug of ovine LH was given to laying hens at a time of the laying cycle when no natural peaks of the steroids are seen. The hens were killed at 5, 30, or 90 min after injection and the walls of the three largest follicles as well as the plasma of these hens were assayed by RIA for P4, T, and E. Both the follicle walls and the plasma showed highly significant (P smaller than 0.005) increases in T and P4 but not in E, even though E does show significant changes during the normal cycle. The reason for this difference in response of the steroids is being investigated. The 3 largest follicles respond to exogenous LH in the same size order as do untreated hens during the cycle. The conclusion is drawn that peaks of T and P4 normally seen are due to endogenous releases of LH while E seems to be controlled differently.", "contents": "Effect of LH injection on plasma and follicular steroids in the chicken. During the 26-h laying cycle of the hen the three sex steroids, progesterone (P4), estrogen (E), and testosterone (T), show peaks and valleys in both the follicle wall and the peripheral plasma. Furthermore, for E and T (but not for P4) at comparable times, there is an inverse relationship between the size of the follicle and the concentration of these hormones. Shortly before ovulation all three steroids peak in synchrony, at other times only E and T rise and fall together while P4 shows no change. The question arose whether similar changes in steroid synthesis can be produced by exogenous LH. A single injection of 25 mug of ovine LH was given to laying hens at a time of the laying cycle when no natural peaks of the steroids are seen. The hens were killed at 5, 30, or 90 min after injection and the walls of the three largest follicles as well as the plasma of these hens were assayed by RIA for P4, T, and E. Both the follicle walls and the plasma showed highly significant (P smaller than 0.005) increases in T and P4 but not in E, even though E does show significant changes during the normal cycle. The reason for this difference in response of the steroids is being investigated. The 3 largest follicles respond to exogenous LH in the same size order as do untreated hens during the cycle. The conclusion is drawn that peaks of T and P4 normally seen are due to endogenous releases of LH while E seems to be controlled differently.", "PMID": 1120485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6906", "title": "Optimal statistical design of radioimmunoassays and competitive protein-binding assays.", "content": "The statistical analysis of radioimmunoassay and competitive protein binding assay data is complex. Because the response variable (percent counts) is not lineraly related to log dose, a logit transformation of the response variable usually is performed to permit linear regression analysis. This transformation induces marked heterogeneity of variance, so that iterative weighted regression programs have been used to achieve the best standard curve and the most precise dose estimates of unknowns. In this study several parameters of assay design are investigated in order to establish those designs yielding antigen concentration estimates of highest precision as well as estimates of comparable precision by either simple linear regression analysis or by the more complex weighted regression technique. Unknown estimates of highest precision are obtained when 1) the present counts of the standard doses covers a range of approximately 80 percent to 20 percent, 2) the number of standard dose levels is eight or more, 3) the number of replicates at each dose level is two or more, and 4) the percent counts of the unknowns also are within the range 80 percent ot 20 percent. Under these conditions, also, simple linear regression yields unknown estimates of comparable precision to weighted regression and therefore may be safely used.", "contents": "Optimal statistical design of radioimmunoassays and competitive protein-binding assays. The statistical analysis of radioimmunoassay and competitive protein binding assay data is complex. Because the response variable (percent counts) is not lineraly related to log dose, a logit transformation of the response variable usually is performed to permit linear regression analysis. This transformation induces marked heterogeneity of variance, so that iterative weighted regression programs have been used to achieve the best standard curve and the most precise dose estimates of unknowns. In this study several parameters of assay design are investigated in order to establish those designs yielding antigen concentration estimates of highest precision as well as estimates of comparable precision by either simple linear regression analysis or by the more complex weighted regression technique. Unknown estimates of highest precision are obtained when 1) the present counts of the standard doses covers a range of approximately 80 percent to 20 percent, 2) the number of standard dose levels is eight or more, 3) the number of replicates at each dose level is two or more, and 4) the percent counts of the unknowns also are within the range 80 percent ot 20 percent. Under these conditions, also, simple linear regression yields unknown estimates of comparable precision to weighted regression and therefore may be safely used.", "PMID": 1120486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6907", "title": "Polymorphism of centromeric heterochromatin and its relationship to chiasma formation in the paracentromeric regions of murine chromosomes.", "content": "A hypothesis suggesting an evolutionary significance of centromeric heterochromatin polymorphism, which presumed the suppression of genetic crossing-over in the paracentromeric chromosome regions, was experimentally tested. The data obtained do not support the hypothesis; the frequency of paracentromeric chiasmata in two inbred mouse strains (differing in centromeric heterochromatin pattern) is not higher than in their F-1 hybrids. C-bands staining of centromeric heterochromatin allowed the distinction of two types of paracentromeric chiasmata. One of them--pseudochiasmata--is probably the consequence of centromeric heterochromatin affinity rather than the result of the preceding crossing-over.", "contents": "Polymorphism of centromeric heterochromatin and its relationship to chiasma formation in the paracentromeric regions of murine chromosomes. A hypothesis suggesting an evolutionary significance of centromeric heterochromatin polymorphism, which presumed the suppression of genetic crossing-over in the paracentromeric chromosome regions, was experimentally tested. The data obtained do not support the hypothesis; the frequency of paracentromeric chiasmata in two inbred mouse strains (differing in centromeric heterochromatin pattern) is not higher than in their F-1 hybrids. C-bands staining of centromeric heterochromatin allowed the distinction of two types of paracentromeric chiasmata. One of them--pseudochiasmata--is probably the consequence of centromeric heterochromatin affinity rather than the result of the preceding crossing-over.", "PMID": 1120538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6908", "title": "Identification of human male meiotic chromosomes.", "content": "The study is based on examinations of surgical testicular biopsies performed in eleven men aged from 19-79 years (300 cells at leptotent stage, 19 at zygotene, 300 cells at pachytene, 490 spermatocytes at diakinesis/first metaphase and 23 cells at the second metaphase of meiotic division), as well as post-mortem necropsies taken from six men aged from 19-51 years (6,000 cells at the first meiotic prophage). Identification of chromosomes at leptotene and zygotene stages is limited to the determination of X and Y chromosomes enclosed in the sex vesicle. At the pachytene stage, identification of chromosomes can make use of the differences in their length and number of chromomeres, but is feasible only in figures with good chromosome spreading. Identification of chromosomes at diakinesis/first metaphase in preparations stained by classical methods rests on the size and shape of the bivalents. Application of centromeric heterochromatin staining technique enables us to differentiate among bivalents Nos. 1, 2, and 3, to recognize bivalents belonging to the B group, to identify bivalents Nos. 9, 16, 17-18, and to distinguish between bivalent No. 21 and 22. It further permits the modality of pairing of the X and Y chromosomes to be determined by their short arms. Chromosomes of secondary spermatocytes at metaphase show typical morphological characteristics essential for karyotyping, so that it is possible to arrange them into the haploid karyotype, analogous to the karyotype of somatic cells. Male germinal cells undergo very rapid autolytic changes. No spermatocytes at diakinesis/first metaphase stage could be detected in specimens taken as early as 2 hours after death. The morphology of chromosomes of cells at earlier stages of the first meiotic prophase was markedly altered. Post-mortem testicular material was found unsuitable for an analysis of meiotic chromosomes.", "contents": "Identification of human male meiotic chromosomes. The study is based on examinations of surgical testicular biopsies performed in eleven men aged from 19-79 years (300 cells at leptotent stage, 19 at zygotene, 300 cells at pachytene, 490 spermatocytes at diakinesis/first metaphase and 23 cells at the second metaphase of meiotic division), as well as post-mortem necropsies taken from six men aged from 19-51 years (6,000 cells at the first meiotic prophage). Identification of chromosomes at leptotene and zygotene stages is limited to the determination of X and Y chromosomes enclosed in the sex vesicle. At the pachytene stage, identification of chromosomes can make use of the differences in their length and number of chromomeres, but is feasible only in figures with good chromosome spreading. Identification of chromosomes at diakinesis/first metaphase in preparations stained by classical methods rests on the size and shape of the bivalents. Application of centromeric heterochromatin staining technique enables us to differentiate among bivalents Nos. 1, 2, and 3, to recognize bivalents belonging to the B group, to identify bivalents Nos. 9, 16, 17-18, and to distinguish between bivalent No. 21 and 22. It further permits the modality of pairing of the X and Y chromosomes to be determined by their short arms. Chromosomes of secondary spermatocytes at metaphase show typical morphological characteristics essential for karyotyping, so that it is possible to arrange them into the haploid karyotype, analogous to the karyotype of somatic cells. Male germinal cells undergo very rapid autolytic changes. No spermatocytes at diakinesis/first metaphase stage could be detected in specimens taken as early as 2 hours after death. The morphology of chromosomes of cells at earlier stages of the first meiotic prophase was markedly altered. Post-mortem testicular material was found unsuitable for an analysis of meiotic chromosomes.", "PMID": 1120539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6909", "title": "Onset and progression of diabetic glomerulosclerosis; a prospective study based on serial renal biopsies.", "content": "Clinical factors related to the development and progression of renal lesions were studied in twenty-three diabetics by the use of serial renal biopsies or autopsy. The results were as follows: Most of the juvenile and intermediate type diabetics were poorly controlled, with the glomerular lesion progressing rather rapidly. In contrast, many cases of the adult type were able to be maintained under good control and the renal lesion neither developed nor progressed. Two of the adult type diabetics with poor control showed slowly and slightly progressing renal lesions. The progression of glomerular lesions was significantly related to the control of blood glucose, type of diabetes, age at onset, type of treatment, and degree of obesity, but not to the duration of diabetes or the length of the follow-up period. There was a significant correlation between the type of diabetes and the control of blood glucose over the years. Arteriolar lesions developed concurrently with the progression of the glomerular lesion. Retinopathy also had a tendency to develop in proportion to the progress of glomerular lesions although it was not statistically significant. We have discussed the clinical factors responsible for the progression of diabetic glomerulosclerosis and have suggested that the type of diabetes rather than the degree of control of blood glucose might be more important in determining the development and progression of diabetic glomerulosclerosis. Nevertheless, the possibility remains that successful control of blood glucose may prevent or retard the development of diabetic glomerulosclerosis.", "contents": "Onset and progression of diabetic glomerulosclerosis; a prospective study based on serial renal biopsies. Clinical factors related to the development and progression of renal lesions were studied in twenty-three diabetics by the use of serial renal biopsies or autopsy. The results were as follows: Most of the juvenile and intermediate type diabetics were poorly controlled, with the glomerular lesion progressing rather rapidly. In contrast, many cases of the adult type were able to be maintained under good control and the renal lesion neither developed nor progressed. Two of the adult type diabetics with poor control showed slowly and slightly progressing renal lesions. The progression of glomerular lesions was significantly related to the control of blood glucose, type of diabetes, age at onset, type of treatment, and degree of obesity, but not to the duration of diabetes or the length of the follow-up period. There was a significant correlation between the type of diabetes and the control of blood glucose over the years. Arteriolar lesions developed concurrently with the progression of the glomerular lesion. Retinopathy also had a tendency to develop in proportion to the progress of glomerular lesions although it was not statistically significant. We have discussed the clinical factors responsible for the progression of diabetic glomerulosclerosis and have suggested that the type of diabetes rather than the degree of control of blood glucose might be more important in determining the development and progression of diabetic glomerulosclerosis. Nevertheless, the possibility remains that successful control of blood glucose may prevent or retard the development of diabetic glomerulosclerosis.", "PMID": 1120540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6910", "title": "Physiologic mechanisms in the development of starvation ketosis in man.", "content": "The present study was undertaken to determine whether alterations in ketone body utilization and hepatic production, independent of the FFA load, were also involved in the development of fasting ketosis. Plasma Beta-OH butyric acid (Beta-OHB) increased to 2.5-4.5 mM and plasma FFA to 1,000-1,400 muEq/L. in normal weight individuals after five to seven days' starvation and in obese subjects after ten to fourteen days' fasting. Acute elevations fo the plasma FFA greater than 1,500 muEq/L. for sixty minutes in fed normal weight and obese subjects with a fat meal-heparin regimen resulted in peak elevations of plasma Beta-OHB (0.25-0.45mM), only 10 percent of that seen during fasting. When plasma FFA were lowered acutely during fasting with the antilipolytic agent Pyrazole to control levels (400-600 muEq/L.), plasma Beta-OHB decreased 35 plus or minus 5 per cent. Comparable lowering of plasma FFA in normal weight or obese starved subjects given dexamethasone to maintain elevated fasting plasma insulin levels resulted in an 87 plus or minus 3 per cent decrease in plasma Beta-OHB. Similar studies in obese fasted subjects pretreated with an intravenous infusion of insulin (1.0 U/hr. for eight hours) before receiving Pyrazole resulted in a 65 plus or minus 5 per cent decrease in plasma Beta-OHB. Plasma Beta-OHB half-life, determined after injections of 12 gm. Beta-OHB, increased significantly during fasting (110 plus or minus 15 minutes) and was decreased when the fasting subjects were maintained on dexamethasone (65 plus or minus 7 minutes). These studies indicate that accelerated hepatic ketogenesis during starvation is a result of both enhanced activity of the enzymatic system(s) involved in ketone body production as well as an increased FFA load. The increase in plasma Beta-OHB during fasting reflects not only an accelerated rate of hepatic ketogenesis but also an impairment of peripheral utilization, both processes apparently being sensitive to insulin. Diabetes 24:10-16, January, 1975.", "contents": "Physiologic mechanisms in the development of starvation ketosis in man. The present study was undertaken to determine whether alterations in ketone body utilization and hepatic production, independent of the FFA load, were also involved in the development of fasting ketosis. Plasma Beta-OH butyric acid (Beta-OHB) increased to 2.5-4.5 mM and plasma FFA to 1,000-1,400 muEq/L. in normal weight individuals after five to seven days' starvation and in obese subjects after ten to fourteen days' fasting. Acute elevations fo the plasma FFA greater than 1,500 muEq/L. for sixty minutes in fed normal weight and obese subjects with a fat meal-heparin regimen resulted in peak elevations of plasma Beta-OHB (0.25-0.45mM), only 10 percent of that seen during fasting. When plasma FFA were lowered acutely during fasting with the antilipolytic agent Pyrazole to control levels (400-600 muEq/L.), plasma Beta-OHB decreased 35 plus or minus 5 per cent. Comparable lowering of plasma FFA in normal weight or obese starved subjects given dexamethasone to maintain elevated fasting plasma insulin levels resulted in an 87 plus or minus 3 per cent decrease in plasma Beta-OHB. Similar studies in obese fasted subjects pretreated with an intravenous infusion of insulin (1.0 U/hr. for eight hours) before receiving Pyrazole resulted in a 65 plus or minus 5 per cent decrease in plasma Beta-OHB. Plasma Beta-OHB half-life, determined after injections of 12 gm. Beta-OHB, increased significantly during fasting (110 plus or minus 15 minutes) and was decreased when the fasting subjects were maintained on dexamethasone (65 plus or minus 7 minutes). These studies indicate that accelerated hepatic ketogenesis during starvation is a result of both enhanced activity of the enzymatic system(s) involved in ketone body production as well as an increased FFA load. The increase in plasma Beta-OHB during fasting reflects not only an accelerated rate of hepatic ketogenesis but also an impairment of peripheral utilization, both processes apparently being sensitive to insulin. Diabetes 24:10-16, January, 1975.", "PMID": 1120541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6911", "title": "Confirmation of impaired early insulin response to glycemic stimulus in nonobese mild diabetics.", "content": "The initial insulin responses of nonobese normal subjects and mild diabetics were analyzed during and after five-minute and two-minute infusions of 0.5 gm. per kilogram of glucose by vein. It was found that the two-minute injection elicited faster and significantly higher absolute hormonal output in both normals and diabetics, and that on both tests the normal subjects secreted significantly more insulin than did the mild diabetics. Comparison of respective \"insulinogenic indexes\" (net insulin output per unit of glycemic stimulus) showed that the corrected early insulin responses were in fact the same on both the five-minute and two-minute tests in normal subjects, and also in mild diabetics; but that the corrected insulin output was still twice as great in control subjects on both tests. It was also found that obese mild diabetics had significantly greater absolute insulin responses to both the five-minute and two-minute glucose injections than did their nonobese counterparts. These findings reconfirm that the earliest clinically recognizable state of diabetes mellitus is characterized by an impaired initial insulin secretory response to glycemic stimulus. They also indicate that valid interpretations of the influence of mild diabetes per se on the early insulin response can only be drawn from data obtained in nonobese individuals. Diabetes 24:17-24, January, 1975.", "contents": "Confirmation of impaired early insulin response to glycemic stimulus in nonobese mild diabetics. The initial insulin responses of nonobese normal subjects and mild diabetics were analyzed during and after five-minute and two-minute infusions of 0.5 gm. per kilogram of glucose by vein. It was found that the two-minute injection elicited faster and significantly higher absolute hormonal output in both normals and diabetics, and that on both tests the normal subjects secreted significantly more insulin than did the mild diabetics. Comparison of respective \"insulinogenic indexes\" (net insulin output per unit of glycemic stimulus) showed that the corrected early insulin responses were in fact the same on both the five-minute and two-minute tests in normal subjects, and also in mild diabetics; but that the corrected insulin output was still twice as great in control subjects on both tests. It was also found that obese mild diabetics had significantly greater absolute insulin responses to both the five-minute and two-minute glucose injections than did their nonobese counterparts. These findings reconfirm that the earliest clinically recognizable state of diabetes mellitus is characterized by an impaired initial insulin secretory response to glycemic stimulus. They also indicate that valid interpretations of the influence of mild diabetes per se on the early insulin response can only be drawn from data obtained in nonobese individuals. Diabetes 24:17-24, January, 1975.", "PMID": 1120542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6912", "title": "Insulin therapy in phenformin-associated lactic acidosis; a case report, biochemical considerations and review of the literature.", "content": "A patient with phenformin-associated lactic acidosis was treated with insulin and showed marked improvement coincident with the expected onset of action of the insulin administered. Relative insulin deficiency was demonstrated although several phenomena characteristic of phenformin-associated lactic acidosis obscured its reflection in the usual indices. From data presented and a review of the literature the following pathogenesis is proposed for the observed metabolic derangement. A background of relative insulin deficiency would permit enhanced pyruvate (and hence lactate) formation from protein sources. Insulin deficiency would also lead to inhibition of pyruvate dehydrogenase which slows pyruvate removal. Phenformin accumulation (cf impaired renal function) further reduces pyruvate removal by decreasing its conversion to glucose, but in addition alters the redox state. For the lactic acidosis which results, insulin administration may thus constitute specific therapy. Diabetes 24:28-35, January, 1975.", "contents": "Insulin therapy in phenformin-associated lactic acidosis; a case report, biochemical considerations and review of the literature. A patient with phenformin-associated lactic acidosis was treated with insulin and showed marked improvement coincident with the expected onset of action of the insulin administered. Relative insulin deficiency was demonstrated although several phenomena characteristic of phenformin-associated lactic acidosis obscured its reflection in the usual indices. From data presented and a review of the literature the following pathogenesis is proposed for the observed metabolic derangement. A background of relative insulin deficiency would permit enhanced pyruvate (and hence lactate) formation from protein sources. Insulin deficiency would also lead to inhibition of pyruvate dehydrogenase which slows pyruvate removal. Phenformin accumulation (cf impaired renal function) further reduces pyruvate removal by decreasing its conversion to glucose, but in addition alters the redox state. For the lactic acidosis which results, insulin administration may thus constitute specific therapy. Diabetes 24:28-35, January, 1975.", "PMID": 1120543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6913", "title": "Cell-mediated immunity in diabetes mellitus; lymphocyte transformation by insulin and insulin fragments in insulin-treated and newly-diagnosed diabetes.", "content": "Using a radioisotope labeling technic, the ability of bovine and porcine insulin antigens to induce lymphocyte transformation was tested with cells from the peripheral blood of thirty nondiabetic controls, fifty established insulin-dependent diabetics with no evidence of insulin allergy, and ten newly diagnosed diabetics (five untreated, five insulin-treated for less than three weeks). Lymphocytes from twenty-six (42 per cent) of the diabetics showed significant blastogenesis to bovine or porcine insulin, as compared with two (7 per cent) of controls; the phenomenon was shown by both established and newly diagnosed patients including four who had never recieved insulin. The results indicate that cellular hypersensitivity to insulin, as judged by an in vitro test, is relatively common in insulin-treated diabetics without in vivo evidence of allergy, and suggest that hypersensitivity may also be present in untreated diabetics. Lymphocytes from twenty-one of the twenty-six diabetics who responded to intact insulin were further tested using bovine and porcine insulin A chain bovine B chain as antigens. The A chain of either insulin induced significant blastogenesis in only one diabetic but bovine B chain induced significant blastogenesis in fourteen (67 per cent) of the patients tested. These results suggest that B chain is the major antigenic site determining cellular hypersensitivity to insulin. Diabetes 24:36-43, January, 1975.", "contents": "Cell-mediated immunity in diabetes mellitus; lymphocyte transformation by insulin and insulin fragments in insulin-treated and newly-diagnosed diabetes. Using a radioisotope labeling technic, the ability of bovine and porcine insulin antigens to induce lymphocyte transformation was tested with cells from the peripheral blood of thirty nondiabetic controls, fifty established insulin-dependent diabetics with no evidence of insulin allergy, and ten newly diagnosed diabetics (five untreated, five insulin-treated for less than three weeks). Lymphocytes from twenty-six (42 per cent) of the diabetics showed significant blastogenesis to bovine or porcine insulin, as compared with two (7 per cent) of controls; the phenomenon was shown by both established and newly diagnosed patients including four who had never recieved insulin. The results indicate that cellular hypersensitivity to insulin, as judged by an in vitro test, is relatively common in insulin-treated diabetics without in vivo evidence of allergy, and suggest that hypersensitivity may also be present in untreated diabetics. Lymphocytes from twenty-one of the twenty-six diabetics who responded to intact insulin were further tested using bovine and porcine insulin A chain bovine B chain as antigens. The A chain of either insulin induced significant blastogenesis in only one diabetic but bovine B chain induced significant blastogenesis in fourteen (67 per cent) of the patients tested. These results suggest that B chain is the major antigenic site determining cellular hypersensitivity to insulin. Diabetes 24:36-43, January, 1975.", "PMID": 1120544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6914", "title": "An automated ECG-system in a large hospital: coding, storage and retrieval of tracings.", "content": "This paper describes an automated ECG-system as it is used in the 1000-bed University Hospital Utrecht, The Netherlands. The system involves a \"hybride\" approach, combining computer analysis of the ECG by means of the Pipberger program with the reading by a cardiologist via a specially developed coding system. Up until now (since January 1, 1972) 35,000 ECGs have been handled systematically at a rate of approximately 100 ECGs per working day. All the ECGs, together with the ECG-diagnoses and other relevant data of the patient are stored and can be retrieved whenever wanted. The system enables comparison of computer analysis and cardiologist's reading of the ECG. The boundary between reliable computer analysis and the necessity of human reading and verification lies with the normal ECGs. This apparently meagre result of the computer ECG-analysis for hospital use is, however, a great achievement for its use in epidemiological studies.", "contents": "An automated ECG-system in a large hospital: coding, storage and retrieval of tracings. This paper describes an automated ECG-system as it is used in the 1000-bed University Hospital Utrecht, The Netherlands. The system involves a \"hybride\" approach, combining computer analysis of the ECG by means of the Pipberger program with the reading by a cardiologist via a specially developed coding system. Up until now (since January 1, 1972) 35,000 ECGs have been handled systematically at a rate of approximately 100 ECGs per working day. All the ECGs, together with the ECG-diagnoses and other relevant data of the patient are stored and can be retrieved whenever wanted. The system enables comparison of computer analysis and cardiologist's reading of the ECG. The boundary between reliable computer analysis and the necessity of human reading and verification lies with the normal ECGs. This apparently meagre result of the computer ECG-analysis for hospital use is, however, a great achievement for its use in epidemiological studies.", "PMID": 1120546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6915", "title": "[Automatic teleprocessing of ECG problems and prospectives of a service center (author's transl)].", "content": "The different alternative for an ECG's computer interpretative service are described and analyzed. The important factors which can be used as measures of effectiveness for each alternative are identified as: 1) waiting time before sending ECG; 2) waiting time before receiving the report; 3) capability of satisfying emergency calls; 4) cost per ECG. Three major alternatives are compared on the basis of these measures of effectiveness. The utility of a computer center serving more hospitals is evaluated against the utility of having an in-house computer in the hospital, on the basis of cost and convenience of service considerations.", "contents": "[Automatic teleprocessing of ECG problems and prospectives of a service center (author's transl)]. The different alternative for an ECG's computer interpretative service are described and analyzed. The important factors which can be used as measures of effectiveness for each alternative are identified as: 1) waiting time before sending ECG; 2) waiting time before receiving the report; 3) capability of satisfying emergency calls; 4) cost per ECG. Three major alternatives are compared on the basis of these measures of effectiveness. The utility of a computer center serving more hospitals is evaluated against the utility of having an in-house computer in the hospital, on the basis of cost and convenience of service considerations.", "PMID": 1120547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6916", "title": "[Multivalvular replacement: short and long term results in 367 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Early and late results of 273 mitro-aortic, 66 mitro-tricuspid, 28 mitro-aortic-tricuspid valvular replacements performed between 1964-1973, were evaluated. The hospital mortality rate was 17, 5 percent for mitro-aortic, 30, 5 percent for mitro-tricuspid, 10, 7 percent for mitro-aortic-tricuspid replacement. The best results obtained in patients with mitro-aortic replacement, the worse one in patients with mitro-tricuspid replacement, that present also a poor functional rehabilitation. The actuarial curves were calculated: 9 years after operation the probability of survival was of 67 percent for patients operated of mitro-aortic valvular replacement and 47 percent for patients operated of mitro-tricuspid replacement.", "contents": "[Multivalvular replacement: short and long term results in 367 cases (author's transl)]. Early and late results of 273 mitro-aortic, 66 mitro-tricuspid, 28 mitro-aortic-tricuspid valvular replacements performed between 1964-1973, were evaluated. The hospital mortality rate was 17, 5 percent for mitro-aortic, 30, 5 percent for mitro-tricuspid, 10, 7 percent for mitro-aortic-tricuspid replacement. The best results obtained in patients with mitro-aortic replacement, the worse one in patients with mitro-tricuspid replacement, that present also a poor functional rehabilitation. The actuarial curves were calculated: 9 years after operation the probability of survival was of 67 percent for patients operated of mitro-aortic valvular replacement and 47 percent for patients operated of mitro-tricuspid replacement.", "PMID": 1120551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6917", "title": "[The vectorcardiogram in A-V canal in the first three years of life: qualitative and quantitative analysis (author's transl)].", "content": "The electrocardiograms and the vectocardiograms of 26 childrens, up to 3 years of age, affected by A-V canal, were been analyzed. The pattern of QRS loop in the 3 planes, the voltage of right maximum spatial vector (RMSV) and left maximum spatial vector (LMSV), their projection onto the horizontal (azimuth) and frontal plane (elevation) were related to right ventricular systolic pressure. The qualitative and quantitative evaluation of VCG Showed a better correlation with the haemodynamic data than the electrocardiogram. In all but 3 cases, the high frequency of superior orientation and counterclockwise rotation of QRS loop in the frontal plane was found; moreover the good correlation of right ventricular systolic pressure to the rotation of QRS loop on the horizontal plane was also confirmed. In fact, the latter was counterclockwise in the cases with a low pressure, whereas it became clockwise in those with higher pressure. Moreover a good direct correlation of the right ventricular pressure with forward orientation of LMSV on the horizontal plane was found. In differential diagnoses with other congenital heart diseases with superior orientation and anticlockwise rotation on the frontal plane, useful results were obtained by using the calculation of elevation time (the interval between point 0 and intersection of the QRS loop with the axis) which is significantly lower in the A-V canal. Terminal forces directed posteriorly and to the right and with a delay no longer than 0,03 inches do not warrant the diagnosis of left anterior hemiblock with a right bundle branch block associated. On the contrary, on the basis of anatomical and electrophysiologic studies we believe that in this disease there is an asinchrony in the activation i.e. the postero-inferior region, then the left lateral wall and finally the tree high part of right ventricle wall are sequentially activated.", "contents": "[The vectorcardiogram in A-V canal in the first three years of life: qualitative and quantitative analysis (author's transl)]. The electrocardiograms and the vectocardiograms of 26 childrens, up to 3 years of age, affected by A-V canal, were been analyzed. The pattern of QRS loop in the 3 planes, the voltage of right maximum spatial vector (RMSV) and left maximum spatial vector (LMSV), their projection onto the horizontal (azimuth) and frontal plane (elevation) were related to right ventricular systolic pressure. The qualitative and quantitative evaluation of VCG Showed a better correlation with the haemodynamic data than the electrocardiogram. In all but 3 cases, the high frequency of superior orientation and counterclockwise rotation of QRS loop in the frontal plane was found; moreover the good correlation of right ventricular systolic pressure to the rotation of QRS loop on the horizontal plane was also confirmed. In fact, the latter was counterclockwise in the cases with a low pressure, whereas it became clockwise in those with higher pressure. Moreover a good direct correlation of the right ventricular pressure with forward orientation of LMSV on the horizontal plane was found. In differential diagnoses with other congenital heart diseases with superior orientation and anticlockwise rotation on the frontal plane, useful results were obtained by using the calculation of elevation time (the interval between point 0 and intersection of the QRS loop with the axis) which is significantly lower in the A-V canal. Terminal forces directed posteriorly and to the right and with a delay no longer than 0,03 inches do not warrant the diagnosis of left anterior hemiblock with a right bundle branch block associated. On the contrary, on the basis of anatomical and electrophysiologic studies we believe that in this disease there is an asinchrony in the activation i.e. the postero-inferior region, then the left lateral wall and finally the tree high part of right ventricle wall are sequentially activated.", "PMID": 1120552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6918", "title": "[Diagnostic difficulties of isolated left posterior hemiblock(author's transl)].", "content": "Out of 4000 vectorcardiograms, 23 of them showed the most tipical pattern of left posterior hemiblock (BFP). According to the vectorial characteristics, they were divided into 5 groups; only two groups (for a total of 8 cases) showed, according to the Authors' opinion, the characteristics of the isolated BFP. The diagnostic difficulties of such a conduction disturbance are discussed since, it simulates, the vectorial pattern of the vertical heart. Moroever there is an underlining possibility that conduction disturbances in the right heart coexist in many cases of supposed isolated BFP with marked axis rotation to the right. The Authors agree with the hypothesis already expressed by Polu on the vectorial progress of the isolated BFP which should have an AQRS of about 70 degrees; an exact electrocardiographic diagnosis might be therefore impossible.", "contents": "[Diagnostic difficulties of isolated left posterior hemiblock(author's transl)]. Out of 4000 vectorcardiograms, 23 of them showed the most tipical pattern of left posterior hemiblock (BFP). According to the vectorial characteristics, they were divided into 5 groups; only two groups (for a total of 8 cases) showed, according to the Authors' opinion, the characteristics of the isolated BFP. The diagnostic difficulties of such a conduction disturbance are discussed since, it simulates, the vectorial pattern of the vertical heart. Moroever there is an underlining possibility that conduction disturbances in the right heart coexist in many cases of supposed isolated BFP with marked axis rotation to the right. The Authors agree with the hypothesis already expressed by Polu on the vectorial progress of the isolated BFP which should have an AQRS of about 70 degrees; an exact electrocardiographic diagnosis might be therefore impossible.", "PMID": 1120553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6919", "title": "[Junctional bradycardia and junctional non-paroxysmal tachycardia. A study with atrial and His electrogram and influence of neurovegetative system (author's transl)].", "content": "Two cases of unusual A-V nodal rythms, very slow junctional bradycardia and junctional non paroxysmal tachycardia, are described. The Authors emphasize the study of the His bundle electrograms, the atrial electrograms and the time of the intrinsecoid deflection for correct diagnosis of these dysrrhythmias. From the results of the clinical and electrofisiological study and neurovegetative responses some conclusions about the mechanism and clinical significance of these arrhythmias are drawn.", "contents": "[Junctional bradycardia and junctional non-paroxysmal tachycardia. A study with atrial and His electrogram and influence of neurovegetative system (author's transl)]. Two cases of unusual A-V nodal rythms, very slow junctional bradycardia and junctional non paroxysmal tachycardia, are described. The Authors emphasize the study of the His bundle electrograms, the atrial electrograms and the time of the intrinsecoid deflection for correct diagnosis of these dysrrhythmias. From the results of the clinical and electrofisiological study and neurovegetative responses some conclusions about the mechanism and clinical significance of these arrhythmias are drawn.", "PMID": 1120554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6920", "title": "[Transitory transesophageal atrial electric stimulation. Preliminary report on 19 cases and considerations on the method, indications and results (author's transl)].", "content": "Literature provides sufficient evidence that transitory electric stimulation via esophagus (SATE) - after the first positive experimental attempts on dogs - can be applied to man with a simple, rapid and harmless method. The study covers 19 patients subjected to high frequency transesophageal atrial stimulation by way of a bipolar electrode inserted through a nasogastric tube and connected to an external generator capable of producing tension impulses. Said impulses are variable up to 150 volts, lasting 2.5 microsec. with a frequency of up to 450/min. The 19 patients can be divided into 2 groups. The first including 15 patients on which SATE was effected for diagnostic purposes: in coronary deficiency (8 patients), in the disease of sinus node (3 patients), and lastly in the research for the A-V-block latent in 4 patients with acute post-infarctual A-V-block which regressed during the immediate clinical course of the illness. The other group includes 4 patients in which the atrial stimulation indication was the treatment of rapid, paroxysmic atrial rhythms, inaffected by drugs. By using impulses of 25-30 volts, the AA. have obtained a stable stimulation.", "contents": "[Transitory transesophageal atrial electric stimulation. Preliminary report on 19 cases and considerations on the method, indications and results (author's transl)]. Literature provides sufficient evidence that transitory electric stimulation via esophagus (SATE) - after the first positive experimental attempts on dogs - can be applied to man with a simple, rapid and harmless method. The study covers 19 patients subjected to high frequency transesophageal atrial stimulation by way of a bipolar electrode inserted through a nasogastric tube and connected to an external generator capable of producing tension impulses. Said impulses are variable up to 150 volts, lasting 2.5 microsec. with a frequency of up to 450/min. The 19 patients can be divided into 2 groups. The first including 15 patients on which SATE was effected for diagnostic purposes: in coronary deficiency (8 patients), in the disease of sinus node (3 patients), and lastly in the research for the A-V-block latent in 4 patients with acute post-infarctual A-V-block which regressed during the immediate clinical course of the illness. The other group includes 4 patients in which the atrial stimulation indication was the treatment of rapid, paroxysmic atrial rhythms, inaffected by drugs. By using impulses of 25-30 volts, the AA. have obtained a stable stimulation.", "PMID": 1120555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6921", "title": "[Clinical trial by perexiline maleate in treatment of angina pectoris (author's transl)].", "content": "A controlled double blind clinical trial has been conducted in 16 patients with \"angina pectoris\" in order to investigate the effect of Perexiline maleate as compared with prenilamine. Perexiline at the dose of 400 mg/die and prenilamine at the dose of 120 mg/die have been administered over a period of 4 weeks each. Between these periods placebo has been administered for two weeks. The number of attacks of angina and the number of tablets of nitroglycerine used per week by the patient during each period has been used for the evaluation. Furthermore ECG at rest and after exercise has been performed every two weeks. Our results statistically evaluated show a definite antianginal effect of Perexiline. According to our experience Perexiline should be considered the drug of choise in the treatment of angina complicated by bradicardia, left ventricular failure, bronchospasm, and in angina unresponsive to other drugs.", "contents": "[Clinical trial by perexiline maleate in treatment of angina pectoris (author's transl)]. A controlled double blind clinical trial has been conducted in 16 patients with \"angina pectoris\" in order to investigate the effect of Perexiline maleate as compared with prenilamine. Perexiline at the dose of 400 mg/die and prenilamine at the dose of 120 mg/die have been administered over a period of 4 weeks each. Between these periods placebo has been administered for two weeks. The number of attacks of angina and the number of tablets of nitroglycerine used per week by the patient during each period has been used for the evaluation. Furthermore ECG at rest and after exercise has been performed every two weeks. Our results statistically evaluated show a definite antianginal effect of Perexiline. According to our experience Perexiline should be considered the drug of choise in the treatment of angina complicated by bradicardia, left ventricular failure, bronchospasm, and in angina unresponsive to other drugs.", "PMID": 1120556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6922", "title": "Experimental bases for diagnosis of left bifascicular and trifascicular block.", "content": "It seems to be justified to establish the diagnosis of fascicular blocks, in clinical tracings, on the basis of experimental findings. For this, we produced left bifascicular block as well as trifascicular block in the heart of 20 mongrel dogs. Because of left bifascicular block, the activation process is unequally delayed in high lateral and in posterior aspects of the free left ventricular wall. Nevertheless, it begins at normal time in middle left septal mass via intermediate strands of the left bundle. Consequently, left bifascicular block which resembles intermediate degree left truncular block, is recognizable by unequally delayed onset of intrinsicoid deflection in aVL, aVF and V6 and often by the manifestation of the first septal vector. Vectorcardiographic curves are diphasic and show initial and terminal slurrings. Trifascicular block delays the activation process in both ventricles. For this, the asynchronism between the electromotive forces of ventricles is lessened. The said conduction disturbance can be diagnosed by electrocardiographic and vectorcardiographic features suggesting intermediate degree RBBB as well as left bifascicular block.", "contents": "Experimental bases for diagnosis of left bifascicular and trifascicular block. It seems to be justified to establish the diagnosis of fascicular blocks, in clinical tracings, on the basis of experimental findings. For this, we produced left bifascicular block as well as trifascicular block in the heart of 20 mongrel dogs. Because of left bifascicular block, the activation process is unequally delayed in high lateral and in posterior aspects of the free left ventricular wall. Nevertheless, it begins at normal time in middle left septal mass via intermediate strands of the left bundle. Consequently, left bifascicular block which resembles intermediate degree left truncular block, is recognizable by unequally delayed onset of intrinsicoid deflection in aVL, aVF and V6 and often by the manifestation of the first septal vector. Vectorcardiographic curves are diphasic and show initial and terminal slurrings. Trifascicular block delays the activation process in both ventricles. For this, the asynchronism between the electromotive forces of ventricles is lessened. The said conduction disturbance can be diagnosed by electrocardiographic and vectorcardiographic features suggesting intermediate degree RBBB as well as left bifascicular block.", "PMID": 1120557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6923", "title": "[The automated ECG laboratory: equipment and operational problems (author's transl)].", "content": "In the light of recent advances in technology, the basic equipment of an automated ECG laboratory is described. The main features of data acquisition terminals, data receiver/controller units, A/D converters, computers, visual displays and systems for storage and retrieval of tracings, are briefly discussed. Three major alternatives are open for computer-aided ECG interpretation today: 1) complete, dedicated system in the hospital; 2) ECG data collection system with offline analysis by hospital business computer; 3) ECG service center outside of the hospital. Advantages and possible limitations of these methods are discussed. At the Ospedale Civile Regionale of Udine we have choosen the first method. An HP 1530 ECG interpretative system and the 12-lead ECG analysis program developed by Caceres-USPHS are used. Analog tracing and interpretative printout are available in the laboratory and/or at the patient location in about one minute. Our system has been working for less than one year. At present, 150-200 ECG are processed daily. Such an ECG processing system has proven to yield considerable savings in time and manpower. Some operational problems related to shifting from manual to computer work have been gradually overcome and will be discussed.", "contents": "[The automated ECG laboratory: equipment and operational problems (author's transl)]. In the light of recent advances in technology, the basic equipment of an automated ECG laboratory is described. The main features of data acquisition terminals, data receiver/controller units, A/D converters, computers, visual displays and systems for storage and retrieval of tracings, are briefly discussed. Three major alternatives are open for computer-aided ECG interpretation today: 1) complete, dedicated system in the hospital; 2) ECG data collection system with offline analysis by hospital business computer; 3) ECG service center outside of the hospital. Advantages and possible limitations of these methods are discussed. At the Ospedale Civile Regionale of Udine we have choosen the first method. An HP 1530 ECG interpretative system and the 12-lead ECG analysis program developed by Caceres-USPHS are used. Analog tracing and interpretative printout are available in the laboratory and/or at the patient location in about one minute. Our system has been working for less than one year. At present, 150-200 ECG are processed daily. Such an ECG processing system has proven to yield considerable savings in time and manpower. Some operational problems related to shifting from manual to computer work have been gradually overcome and will be discussed.", "PMID": 1120558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6924", "title": "Neural organization of esophageal peristalsis: role of vagus nerve.", "content": "The purpose of this investigation was 2-fold: first, to determine the velocity of peristalsis in the smooth muscle area of opossum esophagus before and after administration of atropine; second, to evaluate the role of the vagus nerves in the control of the propagative nature of esophageal peristalsis. Intraluminal pressures were measured through a pressure transducer recorder system attached to continuously perfused catheters. The velocity of peristalsis in the lower third of the esophagus progressively decreased from 3.25 plus or minus 0.20 (SE) cm per sec at the 70 to 80% level to 2.17 plus or minus 0.14 (SE) at the 80 to 90%level to 1.83 plus or minus 0.10 (SE) at the 90 to 100% level. After administration of intraperitoneal atropine (100 mug per kg), the velocities were 3.1 plus or minus 0.26 (SE) cm per sec, 2.38 plus or minus 0.22 (SE), and 1.74 plus or minus 0.10 (SE), respectively, at the 70 to 80%, 80 to 90%, and 90 to 100% levels. The changes were not statistically significant. Electrical stimulation of the distal cut end of the vagus nerve induced peristaltic contractions. The velocities of peristalsis after electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve were 3.24 plus or minus 0.72 (SE) cm per sec, 2.81 plus or minus 0.64 (SE), and 1.84 plus or minus 0.34 (SE), respectively, at the 70 to 80%, 80 to 90%, and 90 to 100% levels. Results of this study indicate that the velocity of peristalsis in the smooth muscle area of the opossum esophagus has a caudally decreasing gradient. Bilateral cervical vagotomy and stimulation of the distal cut end initiates peristaltic contraction indicating that the propagative nature of peristalsis in the smooth musurrent, does not alter mucosal cyclic AMP. Dibutyryl cyclic AMP decreased net sodium absorption and increased short circuit current; findings which were qualitatively identical to those produced by taurochenodeoxycholic acid. These studies support the proposal that bile salts stimulate colonic electrolyte secretion by increasing mucosal cyclic AMP.", "contents": "Neural organization of esophageal peristalsis: role of vagus nerve. The purpose of this investigation was 2-fold: first, to determine the velocity of peristalsis in the smooth muscle area of opossum esophagus before and after administration of atropine; second, to evaluate the role of the vagus nerves in the control of the propagative nature of esophageal peristalsis. Intraluminal pressures were measured through a pressure transducer recorder system attached to continuously perfused catheters. The velocity of peristalsis in the lower third of the esophagus progressively decreased from 3.25 plus or minus 0.20 (SE) cm per sec at the 70 to 80% level to 2.17 plus or minus 0.14 (SE) at the 80 to 90%level to 1.83 plus or minus 0.10 (SE) at the 90 to 100% level. After administration of intraperitoneal atropine (100 mug per kg), the velocities were 3.1 plus or minus 0.26 (SE) cm per sec, 2.38 plus or minus 0.22 (SE), and 1.74 plus or minus 0.10 (SE), respectively, at the 70 to 80%, 80 to 90%, and 90 to 100% levels. The changes were not statistically significant. Electrical stimulation of the distal cut end of the vagus nerve induced peristaltic contractions. The velocities of peristalsis after electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve were 3.24 plus or minus 0.72 (SE) cm per sec, 2.81 plus or minus 0.64 (SE), and 1.84 plus or minus 0.34 (SE), respectively, at the 70 to 80%, 80 to 90%, and 90 to 100% levels. Results of this study indicate that the velocity of peristalsis in the smooth muscle area of the opossum esophagus has a caudally decreasing gradient. Bilateral cervical vagotomy and stimulation of the distal cut end initiates peristaltic contraction indicating that the propagative nature of peristalsis in the smooth musurrent, does not alter mucosal cyclic AMP. Dibutyryl cyclic AMP decreased net sodium absorption and increased short circuit current; findings which were qualitatively identical to those produced by taurochenodeoxycholic acid. These studies support the proposal that bile salts stimulate colonic electrolyte secretion by increasing mucosal cyclic AMP.", "PMID": 1120563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6925", "title": "Biological characterization of Fusobacterium necrophorum.  Cell fractions in preparation for toxin and immunization studies.", "content": "Fusobacterium necrophorum isolated from bovine liver abscesses was grown in bulk at 37 C for 24 h under a strict anaerobic atmosphere. Harvested washed cells were disrupted ultrasonically and fractionated by differential centrifugation into the intracellular (cytoplasm) and cell wall fractions. Both intact cells and cell fractions induced generalized cytopathic effect on primary pig kidney cultures and caused a variety of signs of illness and/or death of intraperitoneally injected mice. The intact cells, disrupted cells, and cell walls produced necrotic lesions and erythema on intradermally injected guinea pigs and rabbits, whereas the cytoplasm mainly erythema. By contrast, the used culture medium (culture filtrate) of F. necrophorum did not show any detectable toxicity. The toxic component of the cytoplasm appears to be associated with nondialyzable, hemolytic, high-molecular-weight proteins and its toxicity is reduced by trypsin and pronase. Heating at 60 C for 10 min decreased markedly its erythemal and cytotoxic ability, wheras the toxicity of the cell walls appeared to be only slightly affected even when heated at 100 C for 1 h. These results suggest that at leasttwo distinct cell-bound toxic factors are present in F. necrophorum cells.", "contents": "Biological characterization of Fusobacterium necrophorum.  Cell fractions in preparation for toxin and immunization studies. Fusobacterium necrophorum isolated from bovine liver abscesses was grown in bulk at 37 C for 24 h under a strict anaerobic atmosphere. Harvested washed cells were disrupted ultrasonically and fractionated by differential centrifugation into the intracellular (cytoplasm) and cell wall fractions. Both intact cells and cell fractions induced generalized cytopathic effect on primary pig kidney cultures and caused a variety of signs of illness and/or death of intraperitoneally injected mice. The intact cells, disrupted cells, and cell walls produced necrotic lesions and erythema on intradermally injected guinea pigs and rabbits, whereas the cytoplasm mainly erythema. By contrast, the used culture medium (culture filtrate) of F. necrophorum did not show any detectable toxicity. The toxic component of the cytoplasm appears to be associated with nondialyzable, hemolytic, high-molecular-weight proteins and its toxicity is reduced by trypsin and pronase. Heating at 60 C for 10 min decreased markedly its erythemal and cytotoxic ability, wheras the toxicity of the cell walls appeared to be only slightly affected even when heated at 100 C for 1 h. These results suggest that at leasttwo distinct cell-bound toxic factors are present in F. necrophorum cells.", "PMID": 1120608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6926", "title": "Interaction of cultured mammalian cells with [125I] diphtheria toxin.", "content": "The characteristics of cell adsorption and pinocytotic uptake of diphtheria toxin by several mammalian cell types were studied. Purified toxin iodinated by a solid-state lactoperoxidase method provided preparations of high specific activity and unaltered biological activity. Dephtheria toxin-sensitive HEp-2 cells and guinea pig macrophage cultures were compared with resistant mouse L-929 cells. At 37 C the resistant cells in monolayer adsorbed and internalized [125I] toxin to a greater extent than did the HEp-2 cell cultures; no significant differences were observed at 5 C. Ammonium chloride protection levels did not alter uptake of toxin by either L-929 OR HEp-2 cells. Biological activity of the iodinated toxin, however, was negated provided the presence of ammonium chloride was maintained. The ammonium salt appears to maintain toxin in a state amenable to antitoxin neutralization. Guinea pig macrophages internalized iodinated toxin to a level 10 times greater than the established cell lines. In spite of the increased uptake of toxin by the endocytic cells, ammonium chloride prevented expression of toxicity. In an artificial system, toxin adsorbed to polystyrene latex spheres and internalized by guinea pig macrophages during phagocytosis did express biological activity. Ammonium chloride afforded some but not total protection against toxin present in the phagocytic vacuoles. The data suggest that two mechanisms of toxin uptake by susceptible cells may be operative. Toxin taken into the cell by a pinocytotic process probably is not ordinarily of physiological significance since it is usually degraded by lysosomal enzymes before it can reach cytoplasmic constituents on which it acts. When large quantities of toxin are pinocytized, toxicity may be expressed before enzymatic degradation is complete. A more specific uptake involving direct passage of the toxin through the plasma membrane may be the mechanism leading to cell death in the majority of instances.", "contents": "Interaction of cultured mammalian cells with [125I] diphtheria toxin. The characteristics of cell adsorption and pinocytotic uptake of diphtheria toxin by several mammalian cell types were studied. Purified toxin iodinated by a solid-state lactoperoxidase method provided preparations of high specific activity and unaltered biological activity. Dephtheria toxin-sensitive HEp-2 cells and guinea pig macrophage cultures were compared with resistant mouse L-929 cells. At 37 C the resistant cells in monolayer adsorbed and internalized [125I] toxin to a greater extent than did the HEp-2 cell cultures; no significant differences were observed at 5 C. Ammonium chloride protection levels did not alter uptake of toxin by either L-929 OR HEp-2 cells. Biological activity of the iodinated toxin, however, was negated provided the presence of ammonium chloride was maintained. The ammonium salt appears to maintain toxin in a state amenable to antitoxin neutralization. Guinea pig macrophages internalized iodinated toxin to a level 10 times greater than the established cell lines. In spite of the increased uptake of toxin by the endocytic cells, ammonium chloride prevented expression of toxicity. In an artificial system, toxin adsorbed to polystyrene latex spheres and internalized by guinea pig macrophages during phagocytosis did express biological activity. Ammonium chloride afforded some but not total protection against toxin present in the phagocytic vacuoles. The data suggest that two mechanisms of toxin uptake by susceptible cells may be operative. Toxin taken into the cell by a pinocytotic process probably is not ordinarily of physiological significance since it is usually degraded by lysosomal enzymes before it can reach cytoplasmic constituents on which it acts. When large quantities of toxin are pinocytized, toxicity may be expressed before enzymatic degradation is complete. A more specific uptake involving direct passage of the toxin through the plasma membrane may be the mechanism leading to cell death in the majority of instances.", "PMID": 1120609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6927", "title": "Alterations in the metabolism of hamster tracheas in organ culture after infection by virulent Mycoplasma pneumoniae.", "content": "Exposure of hamster tracheal rings in organ culture to virulent Mycoplasma pneumoniae organisms leads to alterations in macromolecular biosynthesis and metabolic activity of the respiratory epithelial cells. Avirulent organisms derived from the same parent strain do not produce these effects. During the course of infection by virulent mycoplasmas, tracheal rings show an initial increase in [14C]galactose uptake followed by a significant decline as infection progresses which is also accompanied by abnormal processing of galactose as evidenced by amounts of 14CO2 released. Parallel decreases in the rate of [3H]orotic acid and [3H]amino acid uptake are observed. Within 24 h after infection of tracheal rings by virulent mycoplasmas, inhibition of host cell ribonucleic acid and protien synthesis is evident. Ribonucleic acid synthesis in infected cells, analyzed by gel electrophoresis, is reduced by 80% at 48 h and is negligible by 96 h. The course of mycoplasma infection can be interrupted or reversed by erythromycin after the initial mycoplasma-host cell interaction since addition of erythromycin 24 h or earlier after infection prevents the onset of abnormal orotic acid uptake. However, 48 h after infection, rescue of host cells by erythromycin cannot occur and cytopathology becomes evident. These data suggest that mediation of host cell injury requires continued protein synthesis by attached mycoplasmas, and the primary effect of mycoplasma infection on tracheal organ culture may be at a transcriptional or translational level.", "contents": "Alterations in the metabolism of hamster tracheas in organ culture after infection by virulent Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Exposure of hamster tracheal rings in organ culture to virulent Mycoplasma pneumoniae organisms leads to alterations in macromolecular biosynthesis and metabolic activity of the respiratory epithelial cells. Avirulent organisms derived from the same parent strain do not produce these effects. During the course of infection by virulent mycoplasmas, tracheal rings show an initial increase in [14C]galactose uptake followed by a significant decline as infection progresses which is also accompanied by abnormal processing of galactose as evidenced by amounts of 14CO2 released. Parallel decreases in the rate of [3H]orotic acid and [3H]amino acid uptake are observed. Within 24 h after infection of tracheal rings by virulent mycoplasmas, inhibition of host cell ribonucleic acid and protien synthesis is evident. Ribonucleic acid synthesis in infected cells, analyzed by gel electrophoresis, is reduced by 80% at 48 h and is negligible by 96 h. The course of mycoplasma infection can be interrupted or reversed by erythromycin after the initial mycoplasma-host cell interaction since addition of erythromycin 24 h or earlier after infection prevents the onset of abnormal orotic acid uptake. However, 48 h after infection, rescue of host cells by erythromycin cannot occur and cytopathology becomes evident. These data suggest that mediation of host cell injury requires continued protein synthesis by attached mycoplasmas, and the primary effect of mycoplasma infection on tracheal organ culture may be at a transcriptional or translational level.", "PMID": 1120610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6928", "title": "Prevalance of antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen in various populations.", "content": "Sera from individuals with different degrees of exposure to the agent of hepatitis B were tested for antibodies to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HB-s) by passive hemagglutination and for hepatitis B surface antigen (HB-s Ag) by radioimmunoassay and immunoelectroosmophoresis. In a plasma fractionation plant, anti-HB-s was detected in 82 percent of workers processing human plasma and 3.3 percent were healthy carriers of the antigen. Fifty-six percent of the workers having only casual contact with plasma processing exhibited anti-HB-s and 24 percent of workers with no contact had anti-HB-s, yet HB-s Ag was not found in either of these two groups of workers. A similar correlation was shown in hospital personnel; 31 percent of employees with direct contact to serum specimens and only 8 percent without direct contact had anti-HB-s. The frequency of HB-s Ag (0.8 percent in patients with disorders not involving the liver; 49.8 percent in patients tentatively diagnosed as viral hepatitis) and anti-HB-s (14.5 percent to 28.5 percent, respectively) in selected groups of hospitalized patients varied greatly. In 508 paid blood donors, anti-HB-s was present in 19.9 percent, whereas it was present in only 6.6 percent of 1,146 volunteer donors. These data demonstrate a correlation between frequency of exposure to human blood or blood products and the prevalence of anti-HB-s.", "contents": "Prevalance of antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen in various populations. Sera from individuals with different degrees of exposure to the agent of hepatitis B were tested for antibodies to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HB-s) by passive hemagglutination and for hepatitis B surface antigen (HB-s Ag) by radioimmunoassay and immunoelectroosmophoresis. In a plasma fractionation plant, anti-HB-s was detected in 82 percent of workers processing human plasma and 3.3 percent were healthy carriers of the antigen. Fifty-six percent of the workers having only casual contact with plasma processing exhibited anti-HB-s and 24 percent of workers with no contact had anti-HB-s, yet HB-s Ag was not found in either of these two groups of workers. A similar correlation was shown in hospital personnel; 31 percent of employees with direct contact to serum specimens and only 8 percent without direct contact had anti-HB-s. The frequency of HB-s Ag (0.8 percent in patients with disorders not involving the liver; 49.8 percent in patients tentatively diagnosed as viral hepatitis) and anti-HB-s (14.5 percent to 28.5 percent, respectively) in selected groups of hospitalized patients varied greatly. In 508 paid blood donors, anti-HB-s was present in 19.9 percent, whereas it was present in only 6.6 percent of 1,146 volunteer donors. These data demonstrate a correlation between frequency of exposure to human blood or blood products and the prevalence of anti-HB-s.", "PMID": 1120611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6929", "title": "Multiple sclerosis-induced reduction in the yield of a mouse cell line.", "content": "Cultures of a mouse cell line (PAM) were treated with 71 multiple sclerosis (MS) and 45 non-MS samples. Of the cultures treated with MS material, 80 percent (58) showed a reduction in cell yield (compared to untreated controls) of at least 20 percent by the third passage after inoculation. The MS samples were from 40 MS cases, and a total of 36 cases yielded at least one positive sample. The agent responsible for the decrease was not limited to nervous tissue, but was also found in serum, cerebrospinal fluid, spleen, kidney, and lymph node of MS patients. Positive samples were present at every stage of the disease. None of the non-MS samples yielded cell counts significantly different from untreated controls. The non-MS category included 12 samples from healthy individuals, 13 assorted non-central nervous system disease samples, and the following central nervous system disease samples: six subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, three Huntington's chorea, two Parkinsonism, six amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, one stroke, one encephalopathy, and one epilepsy. Brain homogenates from mice inoculated with MS tissues elicited the decrease, whereas brain homogenates from mice inoculated with non-MS samples did not.", "contents": "Multiple sclerosis-induced reduction in the yield of a mouse cell line. Cultures of a mouse cell line (PAM) were treated with 71 multiple sclerosis (MS) and 45 non-MS samples. Of the cultures treated with MS material, 80 percent (58) showed a reduction in cell yield (compared to untreated controls) of at least 20 percent by the third passage after inoculation. The MS samples were from 40 MS cases, and a total of 36 cases yielded at least one positive sample. The agent responsible for the decrease was not limited to nervous tissue, but was also found in serum, cerebrospinal fluid, spleen, kidney, and lymph node of MS patients. Positive samples were present at every stage of the disease. None of the non-MS samples yielded cell counts significantly different from untreated controls. The non-MS category included 12 samples from healthy individuals, 13 assorted non-central nervous system disease samples, and the following central nervous system disease samples: six subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, three Huntington's chorea, two Parkinsonism, six amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, one stroke, one encephalopathy, and one epilepsy. Brain homogenates from mice inoculated with MS tissues elicited the decrease, whereas brain homogenates from mice inoculated with non-MS samples did not.", "PMID": 1120612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6930", "title": "Lymphocyte responses to rubella antigen and phytohemagglutinin after administration of the RA 27/3 strain of live attenuated rubella vaccine.", "content": "Lymphocyte phytohemagglutinin (PHA) responsiveness was found suppressed in both rubella sero-negative and sero-positive recipients of RA 27/3 strain of live attenuated rubella vaccine; the suppression was readily demonstrable only when a suboptimal dose of PHA was applied in the test. Lymphocytes from sero-negative vaccinees, which initially showed little or no in vitro response to concentrated rubella virus, became responsive after vaccination by day 21, when the highest sensitization to rubella antigen was seen. In the sero-positive vaccinees. lymphocytes responded to rubella antigen in vitro before vaccination, and in most cases vaccination did not result in significant changes in lymphocyte response. These results suggest that rubella vaccination leads to temporarily increased lymphocyte reactivity to rubella antigen, and the increased lymphocyte response to specific antigen may occur at the time of mild suppression of PHA response.", "contents": "Lymphocyte responses to rubella antigen and phytohemagglutinin after administration of the RA 27/3 strain of live attenuated rubella vaccine. Lymphocyte phytohemagglutinin (PHA) responsiveness was found suppressed in both rubella sero-negative and sero-positive recipients of RA 27/3 strain of live attenuated rubella vaccine; the suppression was readily demonstrable only when a suboptimal dose of PHA was applied in the test. Lymphocytes from sero-negative vaccinees, which initially showed little or no in vitro response to concentrated rubella virus, became responsive after vaccination by day 21, when the highest sensitization to rubella antigen was seen. In the sero-positive vaccinees. lymphocytes responded to rubella antigen in vitro before vaccination, and in most cases vaccination did not result in significant changes in lymphocyte response. These results suggest that rubella vaccination leads to temporarily increased lymphocyte reactivity to rubella antigen, and the increased lymphocyte response to specific antigen may occur at the time of mild suppression of PHA response.", "PMID": 1120613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6931", "title": "Preparation and chemical composition of the cell walls of Streptococcus mutans.", "content": "Purified cell walls from Streptococcus mutans strain BHT were prepared without the use of proteolytic enzymes in order to retain all cell wall constituents for chemical analysis. Of four methods employed, the Ribi cell fractionator produced disrupted cell suspensions which could be most thoroughly purified on sucrose gradients. Results of chemical analyses on purified cell walls prepared in this 8.9% glycerol teichoic acid, 33.6% non-peptidoglycan polysaccharide, and 49.9% peptidoglycan.", "contents": "Preparation and chemical composition of the cell walls of Streptococcus mutans. Purified cell walls from Streptococcus mutans strain BHT were prepared without the use of proteolytic enzymes in order to retain all cell wall constituents for chemical analysis. Of four methods employed, the Ribi cell fractionator produced disrupted cell suspensions which could be most thoroughly purified on sucrose gradients. Results of chemical analyses on purified cell walls prepared in this 8.9% glycerol teichoic acid, 33.6% non-peptidoglycan polysaccharide, and 49.9% peptidoglycan.", "PMID": 1120614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6932", "title": "Interactions between Toxoplasma gondii and its host cells: function of the penetration-enhancing factor of toxoplasma.", "content": "A protein with a molecular weight of 70,000 to 150,000 which was extracted from merozoites of Toxoplasma gondii enhanced the host cell penetration of the merozoites. The optimal pH and temperature for penetration of merozoites coincided with those favoring the action of the penetration-enhancing protein. In addition, a dependence on Ca and Mg existed for penetration of merozoites, either in the presence or absence of this protein. No evidence was found that indicated that the enhancing effect on penetration elicited by the protein was due to increased phagocytic capacity of host cells (HeLa) or improved motility of the merozoites. Electron microscopy demonstrated that the protein, in high concentration, caused disruption of cytoplasmic membranes. In a 100-fold-lower concentration, which still caused a marked enhancement of penetration, no such effect was observed. However, the vacuoles surrounding the penetrated parasites seemed smaller than for merozoites penetrating in cultures to which no penetration-enhancing factor was given, and the membranes limiting the vacuoles demonstrated discontinuities more often. The penetration-enchancing effect of some known enzymes was studies. However, none of these enzymes seemed to correspond to the penetration-enhancing protein of toxoplasma. The mode of entry of toxoplasma merozoites into host cells is discussed. It is concluded that phagocytosis must play a less important role and that merozoites actively penetrate the cytoplasmic membranes of the host cells. The penetration is proposed to be a result of combined mechanical and chemical actions. It is suggested that an enzymatic function of the penetration-enhancing factor released by the merozoites is of importance. The membrane limiting the vacuole of a penetrated merozoite seems to be newly formed in the cell after penetration is completed.", "contents": "Interactions between Toxoplasma gondii and its host cells: function of the penetration-enhancing factor of toxoplasma. A protein with a molecular weight of 70,000 to 150,000 which was extracted from merozoites of Toxoplasma gondii enhanced the host cell penetration of the merozoites. The optimal pH and temperature for penetration of merozoites coincided with those favoring the action of the penetration-enhancing protein. In addition, a dependence on Ca and Mg existed for penetration of merozoites, either in the presence or absence of this protein. No evidence was found that indicated that the enhancing effect on penetration elicited by the protein was due to increased phagocytic capacity of host cells (HeLa) or improved motility of the merozoites. Electron microscopy demonstrated that the protein, in high concentration, caused disruption of cytoplasmic membranes. In a 100-fold-lower concentration, which still caused a marked enhancement of penetration, no such effect was observed. However, the vacuoles surrounding the penetrated parasites seemed smaller than for merozoites penetrating in cultures to which no penetration-enhancing factor was given, and the membranes limiting the vacuoles demonstrated discontinuities more often. The penetration-enchancing effect of some known enzymes was studies. However, none of these enzymes seemed to correspond to the penetration-enhancing protein of toxoplasma. The mode of entry of toxoplasma merozoites into host cells is discussed. It is concluded that phagocytosis must play a less important role and that merozoites actively penetrate the cytoplasmic membranes of the host cells. The penetration is proposed to be a result of combined mechanical and chemical actions. It is suggested that an enzymatic function of the penetration-enhancing factor released by the merozoites is of importance. The membrane limiting the vacuole of a penetrated merozoite seems to be newly formed in the cell after penetration is completed.", "PMID": 1120615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6933", "title": "Immunogenicity of aryl esters of salicylic or acetylsalicylic acid in guinea pigs.", "content": "A variety of derivatives of acetylsalicylic and salicylic acid have been investigated for their immunogenic properties in guinea pigs including salicylsalicylic acid (SSA), acetylsalicylsalicylic acid (ASSA), disalicylide (DI), trisalicylide (TRI), acetylsalicylic acid paracetamol ester (ASPE) and acetylsalicylic acid guajacol ester (ASGE). Contact sensitivity could be elicited by the sensitizing agent, however, with acetylsalicylic acid anhydride (ASAN) a more pronounced contact reaction could consistently be observed. Systemic anaphylactic reactions elicited by intravenous injection of N-salicyloyl bovine serum albumin could only be induced by ASAN, DI, TRI and ASSA, whereas SSA, ASPE and ASGE did not induce an anaphylactic state at a comparable dose level. From these results it is anticipated that all aryl esters of acetylsalicylic or salicylic acid are immunogenic when applied intradermally, leading to a N-salicyloyl specific immune response.", "contents": "Immunogenicity of aryl esters of salicylic or acetylsalicylic acid in guinea pigs. A variety of derivatives of acetylsalicylic and salicylic acid have been investigated for their immunogenic properties in guinea pigs including salicylsalicylic acid (SSA), acetylsalicylsalicylic acid (ASSA), disalicylide (DI), trisalicylide (TRI), acetylsalicylic acid paracetamol ester (ASPE) and acetylsalicylic acid guajacol ester (ASGE). Contact sensitivity could be elicited by the sensitizing agent, however, with acetylsalicylic acid anhydride (ASAN) a more pronounced contact reaction could consistently be observed. Systemic anaphylactic reactions elicited by intravenous injection of N-salicyloyl bovine serum albumin could only be induced by ASAN, DI, TRI and ASSA, whereas SSA, ASPE and ASGE did not induce an anaphylactic state at a comparable dose level. From these results it is anticipated that all aryl esters of acetylsalicylic or salicylic acid are immunogenic when applied intradermally, leading to a N-salicyloyl specific immune response.", "PMID": 1120616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6934", "title": "Effect of substitution on reactivity of B 512 dextran fractions with anti-B 512 dextran in heterologous passive cutaneous anaphylaxis.", "content": "The influence of type and degree of substitution of B 512 dextran fractions on reactivity with rabbit antibodies against unmodified B 512 dextran was studied on heterologous passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in guinea pigs. Low degrees of substitution, i.e. 1 substituent group per 7-30 glucose residues, affected reactivity with anti-dextran only slightly or not at all. This was shown for the following substituents: sulphate, carboxymethyl, phosphate, diethylaminoethyl, hydroxypropyl, butyryl, caprylyl, stearoyl, and fluoresceinoyl groups. With high degress of substitution, i.e. 1-3 substituents per 2 glucose residues, reactivity with anti-B-512-dextran is completely abolished for some substituents, and a new immunological identity conferred on the substituted dextran. Stongly charged groups like sulphate, carboxymethyl and diethylaminoethyl abolish reactivity with anti-B-512-dextran at relatively lower degrees of substitution than more neutral groups like methyl and acetyl. The anti-B-512-dextran represents a specific reagent for alpha-1,6-linked polyglucose, as evidenced by complete cross-reactivity with synthetic linear dextran; its specificity is emphasized by non-reactivity with alpha-1,6-linked synthetic manna, the monomeric residues of the two polymers differing only in position of the C-2 hydroxyl groups.", "contents": "Effect of substitution on reactivity of B 512 dextran fractions with anti-B 512 dextran in heterologous passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. The influence of type and degree of substitution of B 512 dextran fractions on reactivity with rabbit antibodies against unmodified B 512 dextran was studied on heterologous passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in guinea pigs. Low degrees of substitution, i.e. 1 substituent group per 7-30 glucose residues, affected reactivity with anti-dextran only slightly or not at all. This was shown for the following substituents: sulphate, carboxymethyl, phosphate, diethylaminoethyl, hydroxypropyl, butyryl, caprylyl, stearoyl, and fluoresceinoyl groups. With high degress of substitution, i.e. 1-3 substituents per 2 glucose residues, reactivity with anti-B-512-dextran is completely abolished for some substituents, and a new immunological identity conferred on the substituted dextran. Stongly charged groups like sulphate, carboxymethyl and diethylaminoethyl abolish reactivity with anti-B-512-dextran at relatively lower degrees of substitution than more neutral groups like methyl and acetyl. The anti-B-512-dextran represents a specific reagent for alpha-1,6-linked polyglucose, as evidenced by complete cross-reactivity with synthetic linear dextran; its specificity is emphasized by non-reactivity with alpha-1,6-linked synthetic manna, the monomeric residues of the two polymers differing only in position of the C-2 hydroxyl groups.", "PMID": 1120617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6935", "title": "Fluorescamine as a terminating agent in solid phase peptide synthesis.", "content": "Fluorescamine was shown to be an excellent terminating agent for blocking unreacted amino groups during solid phase peptide synthesis. A comparison of the termination efficiency of fluorescamine versus that of acetylation revealed that the former method gave superior products as assessed by peptide analysis, dansyl-amino end group determination and biological assay. In addition, fluorescamine terminated fragments were converted to non-fluorescent spirolactones during the deprotection stage. These spirolactones were stable to subsequent solid phase reaction conditions and were readily removed from the target peptide.", "contents": "Fluorescamine as a terminating agent in solid phase peptide synthesis. Fluorescamine was shown to be an excellent terminating agent for blocking unreacted amino groups during solid phase peptide synthesis. A comparison of the termination efficiency of fluorescamine versus that of acetylation revealed that the former method gave superior products as assessed by peptide analysis, dansyl-amino end group determination and biological assay. In addition, fluorescamine terminated fragments were converted to non-fluorescent spirolactones during the deprotection stage. These spirolactones were stable to subsequent solid phase reaction conditions and were readily removed from the target peptide.", "PMID": 1120631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6936", "title": "Conformational analysis of circular dichroism spectra of insulin, proinsulin and c-peptides by non-linear regression.", "content": "A method of resolving CD spectra in alpha-helix, beta-structure and random coil conformations is described. The residue ellipticites for alpha-helix and beta-structure given by Greenfield & Fasman or by Chen,, Yang & Martinez are used together with CD spectra from at least two similar peptides to determine, by an iterative least-squares method, the number of amino acids in the three reference conformations as well as a set of residue ellipticities characteristic of the random coils of the family of peptides in question, but not necessarily of other peptides. The fits between computed and experimental spectra improve significantly and systematic deviations disappear by allowing the random coil coefficients to vary from one family of proteins to another, a liberty justified by the different types of random coils that have been encountered. The method of analysis showed that 5 M urea did not change the conformations of C-peptides of proinsulin from ox, pig and duck, all being mainly in the random coil conformation and all having 3-4 amino acids in beta-structure. Bovine insulin and proinsulin showed a transfer of amino acids from alpha-helix to beta-structure with increasing concentrations of urea, the latter at a higher concentration, indicating a stabilizing effect of the connecting peptide. The numbers of amino acids found in the alpha-helical conformation in insulin and proinsulin were equal and in agreement with the X-ray crystallographic data for insulin when the Greenfield & Fasman coefficients for alpha-helix and beta-structure were employed, whereas the Chen, Yang & Martinez coefficients yielded too few amino acids in alpha-helix in proinsulin. Both sets of coefficients estimate more beta-structure in proinsulin than in insulin.", "contents": "Conformational analysis of circular dichroism spectra of insulin, proinsulin and c-peptides by non-linear regression. A method of resolving CD spectra in alpha-helix, beta-structure and random coil conformations is described. The residue ellipticites for alpha-helix and beta-structure given by Greenfield & Fasman or by Chen,, Yang & Martinez are used together with CD spectra from at least two similar peptides to determine, by an iterative least-squares method, the number of amino acids in the three reference conformations as well as a set of residue ellipticities characteristic of the random coils of the family of peptides in question, but not necessarily of other peptides. The fits between computed and experimental spectra improve significantly and systematic deviations disappear by allowing the random coil coefficients to vary from one family of proteins to another, a liberty justified by the different types of random coils that have been encountered. The method of analysis showed that 5 M urea did not change the conformations of C-peptides of proinsulin from ox, pig and duck, all being mainly in the random coil conformation and all having 3-4 amino acids in beta-structure. Bovine insulin and proinsulin showed a transfer of amino acids from alpha-helix to beta-structure with increasing concentrations of urea, the latter at a higher concentration, indicating a stabilizing effect of the connecting peptide. The numbers of amino acids found in the alpha-helical conformation in insulin and proinsulin were equal and in agreement with the X-ray crystallographic data for insulin when the Greenfield & Fasman coefficients for alpha-helix and beta-structure were employed, whereas the Chen, Yang & Martinez coefficients yielded too few amino acids in alpha-helix in proinsulin. Both sets of coefficients estimate more beta-structure in proinsulin than in insulin.", "PMID": 1120632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6937", "title": "A general method of purification of adenosine deaminase by affinity chromatography.", "content": "Affinity chromatography has been used to purify adenosine deaminase from various sources: calf spleen, calf intestinal mucosa, chicken duodena and human erythrocytes. For this purpose a specific inhibitor, 9-(p-aminobenzyl) adenine, was synthesized and covalently joined to agarose. Adenosine deaminase is selectively retained by such an inhibitor-resin when highly impure solutions are chromatographed through it. After elution from the resin with guanylurea, a competitive inhibitor, the enzyme is homogeneous and can be recovered in yields of 80 percent or more and the same number of multiple forms of the enzyme is present in the purified preparation and in the crude extract.", "contents": "A general method of purification of adenosine deaminase by affinity chromatography. Affinity chromatography has been used to purify adenosine deaminase from various sources: calf spleen, calf intestinal mucosa, chicken duodena and human erythrocytes. For this purpose a specific inhibitor, 9-(p-aminobenzyl) adenine, was synthesized and covalently joined to agarose. Adenosine deaminase is selectively retained by such an inhibitor-resin when highly impure solutions are chromatographed through it. After elution from the resin with guanylurea, a competitive inhibitor, the enzyme is homogeneous and can be recovered in yields of 80 percent or more and the same number of multiple forms of the enzyme is present in the purified preparation and in the crude extract.", "PMID": 1120633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6938", "title": "Renal stone formation. The inhibitory effect of urine on calcium oxalate precipitation.", "content": "The mechanism of renal stone formation is not fully understood. This report describes an investigation into the effect of urine on the precipitation of calcium oxalate from dilute solution. Over 33 min a 5 per cent solution of urine caused considerable inhibition of precipitation. The degree of this inhibition was related to the concentration of the original urine. An \"artificial urine\" composed of 12 solutes present in normal urine had some inhibitory effect, but less than that of equiosmolar true urines. Inhibition was also related to the percentage of urine present. This inhibitory effect may be important in the prevention of renal stone formation in normal people by delaying crystallization until urine reaches the lower urinary tract.", "contents": "Renal stone formation. The inhibitory effect of urine on calcium oxalate precipitation. The mechanism of renal stone formation is not fully understood. This report describes an investigation into the effect of urine on the precipitation of calcium oxalate from dilute solution. Over 33 min a 5 per cent solution of urine caused considerable inhibition of precipitation. The degree of this inhibition was related to the concentration of the original urine. An \"artificial urine\" composed of 12 solutes present in normal urine had some inhibitory effect, but less than that of equiosmolar true urines. Inhibition was also related to the percentage of urine present. This inhibitory effect may be important in the prevention of renal stone formation in normal people by delaying crystallization until urine reaches the lower urinary tract.", "PMID": 1120635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6939", "title": "Effect of shape on contraction of abdominal stoma.", "content": "We compared the contraction of round, square, and triangular abdominal stomas of isolated ileal segments. Twelve stomas of each of these three different shapes were observed in six dogs for periods ranging from 1 to 4 months. Our observations indicate that the square shaped enterocutaneous stoma is preferable to the more conventional circular one. The square shape provides the longest perimeter for a given surface area with minimum contraction, whereas the circle has the shortest perimeter and results in maximum contraction.", "contents": "Effect of shape on contraction of abdominal stoma. We compared the contraction of round, square, and triangular abdominal stomas of isolated ileal segments. Twelve stomas of each of these three different shapes were observed in six dogs for periods ranging from 1 to 4 months. Our observations indicate that the square shaped enterocutaneous stoma is preferable to the more conventional circular one. The square shape provides the longest perimeter for a given surface area with minimum contraction, whereas the circle has the shortest perimeter and results in maximum contraction.", "PMID": 1120636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6940", "title": "Epsilon-aminocaproic acid in traumatic renal hematuria in the rabbit.", "content": "Epsilon-aminocaproic acid (EACA) was intravenously administered to rabbits subjected to bilateral renal crushing trauma. Posttraumatic hematuria in 10 control rabbits lasted a mean of 5.5 days (range 5 to 7 days). Rabbits treated with 1250 mg 5 min before renal trauma and with repeat EACA injections 1 hr (500 mg) and 24 hr (500 mg) after the injury had significantly less hematuria. Only eight of 20 EACA-treated rabbits had any hematuria, and this bleeding terminated by the 2nd posttrauma day in all. EACA may have an important role in the management of trauma-induced renal bleeding.", "contents": "Epsilon-aminocaproic acid in traumatic renal hematuria in the rabbit. Epsilon-aminocaproic acid (EACA) was intravenously administered to rabbits subjected to bilateral renal crushing trauma. Posttraumatic hematuria in 10 control rabbits lasted a mean of 5.5 days (range 5 to 7 days). Rabbits treated with 1250 mg 5 min before renal trauma and with repeat EACA injections 1 hr (500 mg) and 24 hr (500 mg) after the injury had significantly less hematuria. Only eight of 20 EACA-treated rabbits had any hematuria, and this bleeding terminated by the 2nd posttrauma day in all. EACA may have an important role in the management of trauma-induced renal bleeding.", "PMID": 1120637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6941", "title": "Effects of pressoreceptor stimulation on micturition relfex and urethral pressure profile in rabbits.", "content": "The influence of pressoreceptor stimulation on the micturition reflex and urethral pressure profile was studied. Stimulation of pressoreceptors of the aortic arch and carotid sinus causes an increase of parasympathetic tone and a decrease of sympathetic tone. Striated muscular tone was also decreased. Pressoreceptor stimulation was simulated by electrical stimulation of the depressor nerve in the rabbit. Our studies show that with pressoreceptor stimulation micturition occurred with 24 per cent less bladder filling and 32 per cent less intravesical pressure than before stimulation, and urethral pressure profile showed a 17 per cent decrease of the maximum and mean urethral pressure. The interpretation of the action of parasympathicomimetic and sympathicomimetic drugs on bladder and bladder neck must take into consideration the cardiovascular effects of these drugs and therefore the effect on the pressoreceptors.", "contents": "Effects of pressoreceptor stimulation on micturition relfex and urethral pressure profile in rabbits. The influence of pressoreceptor stimulation on the micturition reflex and urethral pressure profile was studied. Stimulation of pressoreceptors of the aortic arch and carotid sinus causes an increase of parasympathetic tone and a decrease of sympathetic tone. Striated muscular tone was also decreased. Pressoreceptor stimulation was simulated by electrical stimulation of the depressor nerve in the rabbit. Our studies show that with pressoreceptor stimulation micturition occurred with 24 per cent less bladder filling and 32 per cent less intravesical pressure than before stimulation, and urethral pressure profile showed a 17 per cent decrease of the maximum and mean urethral pressure. The interpretation of the action of parasympathicomimetic and sympathicomimetic drugs on bladder and bladder neck must take into consideration the cardiovascular effects of these drugs and therefore the effect on the pressoreceptors.", "PMID": 1120638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6942", "title": "Theory of hydrokinetic clearance of bacteria from the urinary bladder. I. Effect of variations in bacterial growth rate.", "content": "If the bladder is regularly emptied in appropriate circumstances the concentration of bacteria in successively voided samples progressively falls. By making a number of assumptions about conditions of bacterial growth in the bladder the way in which this washout of bacteria will occur can be predicted. Such predictions give a form of washout curve which differs significantly from that commonly encountered in patients. The shape of the predicted washout curve is affected by the form of the bacterial growth curve but this influence is not sufficient to account for the observed difference between patients and predictions.", "contents": "Theory of hydrokinetic clearance of bacteria from the urinary bladder. I. Effect of variations in bacterial growth rate. If the bladder is regularly emptied in appropriate circumstances the concentration of bacteria in successively voided samples progressively falls. By making a number of assumptions about conditions of bacterial growth in the bladder the way in which this washout of bacteria will occur can be predicted. Such predictions give a form of washout curve which differs significantly from that commonly encountered in patients. The shape of the predicted washout curve is affected by the form of the bacterial growth curve but this influence is not sufficient to account for the observed difference between patients and predictions.", "PMID": 1120639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6943", "title": "Theory of hydrokinetic clearance of bacteria from the urinary bladder. II. Effects of \"bound\" organisms and diuresis.", "content": "When patients with urinary infection drink large volumes of water and empty the bladder at frequent regular intervals, the concentration of bacteria in the voided samples commonly falls rapidly at first and then remains almost constant. The present theoretical analysis leads to the conclusion that the rapid initial fall in concentration is a function of diuresis and that the subsequent constant output originates from bacteria bound to multiplication sites on the uroepithelium from which their progeny are shed into the urine.", "contents": "Theory of hydrokinetic clearance of bacteria from the urinary bladder. II. Effects of \"bound\" organisms and diuresis. When patients with urinary infection drink large volumes of water and empty the bladder at frequent regular intervals, the concentration of bacteria in the voided samples commonly falls rapidly at first and then remains almost constant. The present theoretical analysis leads to the conclusion that the rapid initial fall in concentration is a function of diuresis and that the subsequent constant output originates from bacteria bound to multiplication sites on the uroepithelium from which their progeny are shed into the urine.", "PMID": 1120640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6944", "title": "Incorporation of 3H-thymidine into rat ventral prostate in organ culture. Influence of hormone-cytostatic complexes.", "content": "The effects of hormones, hormone-cytostatic complexes, and their derivatives on 3H-thymidine incorporation in explants of rat ventral prostate and rat uterus have been studied. The histologic appearance has also been used as a parameter of investigation and the results were in good agreement with 3H-thymidine incorporation. The results showed that when a nitrogen mustard was linked in position 3 to estradiol-17beta-phosphate (Estracyt), this complex had a profound inhibitory effect on growth of rat ventral prostate explants, far more pronounced than that seen by estradiol-17beta. The active nor-nitrogen mustard (LEO72a) alone also had a profound inhibitory effect, while a complex consisting of the nitrogen mustard linked in position 17 to dihydrotestosterone (DHT-17cyt) showed no inhibition. The possible intracellular mechanisms of action of the hormone-cytostatic complexes are discussed.", "contents": "Incorporation of 3H-thymidine into rat ventral prostate in organ culture. Influence of hormone-cytostatic complexes. The effects of hormones, hormone-cytostatic complexes, and their derivatives on 3H-thymidine incorporation in explants of rat ventral prostate and rat uterus have been studied. The histologic appearance has also been used as a parameter of investigation and the results were in good agreement with 3H-thymidine incorporation. The results showed that when a nitrogen mustard was linked in position 3 to estradiol-17beta-phosphate (Estracyt), this complex had a profound inhibitory effect on growth of rat ventral prostate explants, far more pronounced than that seen by estradiol-17beta. The active nor-nitrogen mustard (LEO72a) alone also had a profound inhibitory effect, while a complex consisting of the nitrogen mustard linked in position 17 to dihydrotestosterone (DHT-17cyt) showed no inhibition. The possible intracellular mechanisms of action of the hormone-cytostatic complexes are discussed.", "PMID": 1120641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6945", "title": "The physical properties of polyglycolic acid sutures (Dexon) in sterile and infected urine.", "content": "In a series of in vitro tests the time-dependent alteration of the resistance to breaking and of the extensibility of catgut and of polyglycolic acid sutures (Dexon) was examined. The threads were incubated in sterile and infected urine up to 10 days at 36 C. In the sterile urine environment Dexon dissolved on the 6th day and in the infected urine on the 3rd day. Catgut did not dissolve at all in the sterile urine and in the infected urine it dissolved only on the 8th day. In view of these results the use of Dexon in the urine environment may cause some concern, especially in an infection exists.", "contents": "The physical properties of polyglycolic acid sutures (Dexon) in sterile and infected urine. In a series of in vitro tests the time-dependent alteration of the resistance to breaking and of the extensibility of catgut and of polyglycolic acid sutures (Dexon) was examined. The threads were incubated in sterile and infected urine up to 10 days at 36 C. In the sterile urine environment Dexon dissolved on the 6th day and in the infected urine on the 3rd day. Catgut did not dissolve at all in the sterile urine and in the infected urine it dissolved only on the 8th day. In view of these results the use of Dexon in the urine environment may cause some concern, especially in an infection exists.", "PMID": 1120642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6946", "title": "The response of smooth muscle cells in the rabbit urinary bladder to outflow obstruction.", "content": "The morphologic response of smooth muscle cells in the urinary bladder to a standardized bladder neck obstruction and the cell changes subsequent to release of that obstruction were studied in both growing and adult rabbits. The bladder reacted first by gross dilation and then by concentric thickening of the wall at the expense of the lumen. Microscopically, thickening of the bladder wall was due to temporary submucosal edema, then to the increased fibrocollagenous connective tissue, and finally to the increased muscle mass which in part replaced the connective tissue. Hypertrophy of the smooth muscle cells and their nuclei was apparent and this preceded cellular hyperplasia, which did not occur until 30 days after the obstruction was induced in the adult rabbits. In contrast, there was early hyperplasia of smooth muscle cells in the growing rabbits, followed by hypertrophy of the cells and their nuclei. In no instance could mitosis of smooth muscle cells be found in either young or adult rabbits. Quantitation showed that the degree of cellular hypertrophy was proportional to the duration of the obstruction. In the adult animal, the muscular thickening was mainly due to an initial 5 fold increase of the muscle cell volume together with a later 3 fold increase of muscle cell number. In the growing rabbits, the muscle cells first doubled in number and then after 8 weeks a 6 fold enlargement of cell volume contributed to the total muscular thickening. Upon release of obstruction in the adult rabbits, both enlarged cell and nuclear sizes regressed to normal values and the cell numbers gradually decreased to near normal values over periods up to 4 months after release.", "contents": "The response of smooth muscle cells in the rabbit urinary bladder to outflow obstruction. The morphologic response of smooth muscle cells in the urinary bladder to a standardized bladder neck obstruction and the cell changes subsequent to release of that obstruction were studied in both growing and adult rabbits. The bladder reacted first by gross dilation and then by concentric thickening of the wall at the expense of the lumen. Microscopically, thickening of the bladder wall was due to temporary submucosal edema, then to the increased fibrocollagenous connective tissue, and finally to the increased muscle mass which in part replaced the connective tissue. Hypertrophy of the smooth muscle cells and their nuclei was apparent and this preceded cellular hyperplasia, which did not occur until 30 days after the obstruction was induced in the adult rabbits. In contrast, there was early hyperplasia of smooth muscle cells in the growing rabbits, followed by hypertrophy of the cells and their nuclei. In no instance could mitosis of smooth muscle cells be found in either young or adult rabbits. Quantitation showed that the degree of cellular hypertrophy was proportional to the duration of the obstruction. In the adult animal, the muscular thickening was mainly due to an initial 5 fold increase of the muscle cell volume together with a later 3 fold increase of muscle cell number. In the growing rabbits, the muscle cells first doubled in number and then after 8 weeks a 6 fold enlargement of cell volume contributed to the total muscular thickening. Upon release of obstruction in the adult rabbits, both enlarged cell and nuclear sizes regressed to normal values and the cell numbers gradually decreased to near normal values over periods up to 4 months after release.", "PMID": 1120643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6947", "title": "A quantitative study of smooth muscle cells in reflux, obstructed, and triad bladders. A preliminary report;.", "content": "This quantitative study has shown that the average size of the vesical smooth muscle cells of humans increases with age, whereas the average nuclear size remains constant. In the bladders of six babies with proven outflow obstruction, the cell size was signigicantly increased. In 23 of 25 bladders of infants and children with vesicoureteral reflux there was no apparent hypertrophy, but in two the cells were larger than normal and the micturition cystourethrograms exhibited features which may signify impairment of outflow. In two autopsy bladder specimens of two newborn, triad syndrome babies, there was no hypertrophy of muscle cells, indicating absence of obstruction in fetal life. Three giant bladders associated with rectovesical fistula deformities (two newborn specimens) and dyskinesia of the small and large bowel showed no hypertrophy of muscle cells, indicating that the enlargement was unlikely to be obstructive and appeared to be developmental in origin. Hypertrophy of muscle cells of the bladder indicated obstruction to the outflow, even when the degree of obstruction was mild. Muscle cell size can be measured on full thickness small surgical biopsy specimens prepared as paraffin sections and hence the method can be useful in clinical practice.", "contents": "A quantitative study of smooth muscle cells in reflux, obstructed, and triad bladders. A preliminary report;. This quantitative study has shown that the average size of the vesical smooth muscle cells of humans increases with age, whereas the average nuclear size remains constant. In the bladders of six babies with proven outflow obstruction, the cell size was signigicantly increased. In 23 of 25 bladders of infants and children with vesicoureteral reflux there was no apparent hypertrophy, but in two the cells were larger than normal and the micturition cystourethrograms exhibited features which may signify impairment of outflow. In two autopsy bladder specimens of two newborn, triad syndrome babies, there was no hypertrophy of muscle cells, indicating absence of obstruction in fetal life. Three giant bladders associated with rectovesical fistula deformities (two newborn specimens) and dyskinesia of the small and large bowel showed no hypertrophy of muscle cells, indicating that the enlargement was unlikely to be obstructive and appeared to be developmental in origin. Hypertrophy of muscle cells of the bladder indicated obstruction to the outflow, even when the degree of obstruction was mild. Muscle cell size can be measured on full thickness small surgical biopsy specimens prepared as paraffin sections and hence the method can be useful in clinical practice.", "PMID": 1120644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6948", "title": "A mucocutaneous disease in the dog, resembling pemphigus vulgaris in man.", "content": "A chronic mucocutaneous disease was diagnosed in 3 dogs. Clinically, the disease was characterized by erosions and ulcerations of the oral mucosa, various mucocutaneous junctions, and the skin. Histologically, there was acantholysis or a separation of the epithelial cells from one another, resulting in the formation of clefts and bullae. Based on clinical and laboratory findings, the disease seemed to be the canine equivalent of pemphigus vulgaris (PV) in man.", "contents": "A mucocutaneous disease in the dog, resembling pemphigus vulgaris in man. A chronic mucocutaneous disease was diagnosed in 3 dogs. Clinically, the disease was characterized by erosions and ulcerations of the oral mucosa, various mucocutaneous junctions, and the skin. Histologically, there was acantholysis or a separation of the epithelial cells from one another, resulting in the formation of clefts and bullae. Based on clinical and laboratory findings, the disease seemed to be the canine equivalent of pemphigus vulgaris (PV) in man.", "PMID": 1120727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6949", "title": "Hydronephrosis secondary to focal papillary hyperplasia of the urinary bladder of cattle.", "content": "Focal papillary hyperplasia in the trigone of the urinary bladder caused partial urethral and ureteral obstruction in 4 Holstein-Friesian cows. Secondary chronic hydronephrosis resulted in clinical and laboratory evidence of chronic renal failure.", "contents": "Hydronephrosis secondary to focal papillary hyperplasia of the urinary bladder of cattle. Focal papillary hyperplasia in the trigone of the urinary bladder caused partial urethral and ureteral obstruction in 4 Holstein-Friesian cows. Secondary chronic hydronephrosis resulted in clinical and laboratory evidence of chronic renal failure.", "PMID": 1120730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6950", "title": "Left displacement of the abomasum in a clinically normal cow.", "content": "A cow with left displacement of the abomasum (lda) was found to be clinically normal for 1 1/2 years. During this period, the cow calved twice and ate and produced milk normally. Auscultation and percussion at approximately weekly intervals revealed the continuing abomasal displacement, which was confirmed at necropsy.", "contents": "Left displacement of the abomasum in a clinically normal cow. A cow with left displacement of the abomasum (lda) was found to be clinically normal for 1 1/2 years. During this period, the cow calved twice and ate and produced milk normally. Auscultation and percussion at approximately weekly intervals revealed the continuing abomasal displacement, which was confirmed at necropsy.", "PMID": 1120731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6951", "title": "Experiences with a veterinary preceptorial program.", "content": "An off-campus, practitioner-supervised training (preceptorial) program for veterinary students at Michigan State University was developed and introduced in the fall of 1972. The program was designed to meet the needs of students concentrating on food animal medicine. It has enabled senior students to receive degeee credit for on-the-job experience with practitioners. Students opting for the program gain experience and knowledge in segments of clinical veterinary medicine that are most available with off-campus practitioners. Exposure of students to the clinical abilities of private practitioners, the case method of study, and diagnostics in a realistic environment are the goals of the program. The program has afforded faculty members and private practitioners meaningful insights into the changing face of veterinary education. Indeed, the consensus of the faculty in the Department of Large Animal Surgery and Medicine at Michigan State University is that an off-campus curriculum. Participating students and practitioners report that the program has been successful and is worthy of expansion and continuation. Both groups rate the program favorably and believe it has been a worthwhile teaching-learning experience.", "contents": "Experiences with a veterinary preceptorial program. An off-campus, practitioner-supervised training (preceptorial) program for veterinary students at Michigan State University was developed and introduced in the fall of 1972. The program was designed to meet the needs of students concentrating on food animal medicine. It has enabled senior students to receive degeee credit for on-the-job experience with practitioners. Students opting for the program gain experience and knowledge in segments of clinical veterinary medicine that are most available with off-campus practitioners. Exposure of students to the clinical abilities of private practitioners, the case method of study, and diagnostics in a realistic environment are the goals of the program. The program has afforded faculty members and private practitioners meaningful insights into the changing face of veterinary education. Indeed, the consensus of the faculty in the Department of Large Animal Surgery and Medicine at Michigan State University is that an off-campus curriculum. Participating students and practitioners report that the program has been successful and is worthy of expansion and continuation. Both groups rate the program favorably and believe it has been a worthwhile teaching-learning experience.", "PMID": 1120732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6952", "title": "Experimentally induced vitamin E-selenium deficiency in the growing dog.", "content": "Eight 5-to 8-week-old Beagle pups were allotted to 4 groups of 2 dogs each. For 55 to 70 days, they were fed either a semisynthetic basal diet (BD) deficient in vitamin E and selenium (Se) (group 1) or the BD supplemented with either 30 IU alpha-tocopherol/kg (group 2), 0.5 ppm Se as selenite (group 3), or 1.0 ppm Se as selenite (group 4). In the dogs fed the BD, clinical signs of vitamin E-Se deficiency developed after 40 to 60 days. These signs were accompanied by increased plasma activity of creatine phosphokinase (CPK) and glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (GOT). The dogs were euthanatized after 10 to 15 days of progressive clinical signs, including muscular weakness, subcutaneous edema, anorexia, depression, dyspnea, and eventual coma. Gross lesions seen at necropsy included ventral subcutaneous edema, generalized skeletal muscular pallor and edema with scattered white longitudinal streaking, prominent brownish yellow discoloration of the intestinal musculature, and a layer of white chalky material at the renal corticomedullary junction. Microscopically, there was evidence of extensive skeletal muscular degeneration and regeneration, focal subendocardial necrosis in the ventricular myocardium, intestinal lipofuscinosis, and renal mineralization. Mean hepatic Se content in the dogs fed the BD was 0.10 ppm (wet weight basis) at necropsy. In the dogs fed the 3 supplemented diets, clinical signs of deficiency did not develop. At necropsy, mild skeletal myopathy was evident histologically in the dogs fed BD and 0.5 ppm Se (group 3) but not in the dogs fed the other supplemented diets. Intestinal lipofuscinosis was found in the dogs fed the 3 supplemented diets but was less severe in the dogs fed the diet supplemented with vitamin E than in those fed diets supplemented with Se.", "contents": "Experimentally induced vitamin E-selenium deficiency in the growing dog. Eight 5-to 8-week-old Beagle pups were allotted to 4 groups of 2 dogs each. For 55 to 70 days, they were fed either a semisynthetic basal diet (BD) deficient in vitamin E and selenium (Se) (group 1) or the BD supplemented with either 30 IU alpha-tocopherol/kg (group 2), 0.5 ppm Se as selenite (group 3), or 1.0 ppm Se as selenite (group 4). In the dogs fed the BD, clinical signs of vitamin E-Se deficiency developed after 40 to 60 days. These signs were accompanied by increased plasma activity of creatine phosphokinase (CPK) and glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (GOT). The dogs were euthanatized after 10 to 15 days of progressive clinical signs, including muscular weakness, subcutaneous edema, anorexia, depression, dyspnea, and eventual coma. Gross lesions seen at necropsy included ventral subcutaneous edema, generalized skeletal muscular pallor and edema with scattered white longitudinal streaking, prominent brownish yellow discoloration of the intestinal musculature, and a layer of white chalky material at the renal corticomedullary junction. Microscopically, there was evidence of extensive skeletal muscular degeneration and regeneration, focal subendocardial necrosis in the ventricular myocardium, intestinal lipofuscinosis, and renal mineralization. Mean hepatic Se content in the dogs fed the BD was 0.10 ppm (wet weight basis) at necropsy. In the dogs fed the 3 supplemented diets, clinical signs of deficiency did not develop. At necropsy, mild skeletal myopathy was evident histologically in the dogs fed BD and 0.5 ppm Se (group 3) but not in the dogs fed the other supplemented diets. Intestinal lipofuscinosis was found in the dogs fed the 3 supplemented diets but was less severe in the dogs fed the diet supplemented with vitamin E than in those fed diets supplemented with Se.", "PMID": 1120735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6953", "title": "Cervical abscess and pharyngeal fistula in a horse.", "content": "A weanling Quarter Horse filly developed ventral swelling of the lower cervical area after difficult passage of a stomach tube for deworming. Intermittent bilateral nasal discharge developed. Radiography revealed fluid and gas density dorsal to the trachea and esophagus. Surgical incision with drainage and debridement of the abscess and fistulous tract, facilitated by use of drains, led to complete recovery. Contrast medium injected after surgery demonstrated a communication between the abscess and the pharyngeal region.", "contents": "Cervical abscess and pharyngeal fistula in a horse. A weanling Quarter Horse filly developed ventral swelling of the lower cervical area after difficult passage of a stomach tube for deworming. Intermittent bilateral nasal discharge developed. Radiography revealed fluid and gas density dorsal to the trachea and esophagus. Surgical incision with drainage and debridement of the abscess and fistulous tract, facilitated by use of drains, led to complete recovery. Contrast medium injected after surgery demonstrated a communication between the abscess and the pharyngeal region.", "PMID": 1120736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6954", "title": "Coagulation studies during experimental hemoglobinemia in humans.", "content": "Infusion of autologous hemolyzed blood in humans has served as a model for various experimental investigations for many years. Numerous studies have shown this model to be unattended by any adverse clinical reactions. In this study evidence of subclinical disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) was sought in normal humans infused with autologous hemolyzed blood. Hemoglobinemia was induced in 10 experiments by a single injection of frozen-thawed blood and in 4 experiments by such an injection of hemolysate followed by a 5-h maintenance infusion. Mean peak plasma hemoglobin following single dose injections was 540 mg/100 ml, while levels during continuous infusion averaged 240 mg/100 ml. The induction of hemoglobinemia was asymptomatic. Coagulation studies showed no significant alteration in prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, thrombin time, clottable fibrinogen, or WBC. Fibrin degradation products were not found. Platelet counts fell slightly in the 5-min postinfusion sample but returned to preinfusion levels within 30 min, suggesting a temporary sequestration of platelets rather than consumption. The induction of moderate brief experimental hemoglobinemia in normal subjects did not result in the development of demonstrable DIC.", "contents": "Coagulation studies during experimental hemoglobinemia in humans. Infusion of autologous hemolyzed blood in humans has served as a model for various experimental investigations for many years. Numerous studies have shown this model to be unattended by any adverse clinical reactions. In this study evidence of subclinical disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) was sought in normal humans infused with autologous hemolyzed blood. Hemoglobinemia was induced in 10 experiments by a single injection of frozen-thawed blood and in 4 experiments by such an injection of hemolysate followed by a 5-h maintenance infusion. Mean peak plasma hemoglobin following single dose injections was 540 mg/100 ml, while levels during continuous infusion averaged 240 mg/100 ml. The induction of hemoglobinemia was asymptomatic. Coagulation studies showed no significant alteration in prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, thrombin time, clottable fibrinogen, or WBC. Fibrin degradation products were not found. Platelet counts fell slightly in the 5-min postinfusion sample but returned to preinfusion levels within 30 min, suggesting a temporary sequestration of platelets rather than consumption. The induction of moderate brief experimental hemoglobinemia in normal subjects did not result in the development of demonstrable DIC.", "PMID": 1120740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6955", "title": "Flow and age dependence of airway closure and dynamic compliance.", "content": "The influence of expiratory flow rate and age on the results of measurement of closing volume (CV) of the lung have been studied by a nitrogen single-breath method in 66 asymptomatic lifetime nonsmoking normal subjects between 20 and 82 yr of age. Normal was defined as having values for spirometric measurements within a 95% tolerance interval of reported predicted normal mean values. For the CV determination, inspiratory flow rate was held constant at 0.51/s and studies were carried out at expiratory flow rates of 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 1/s. Our results show that CV expressed as a percentage of vital capacity (VC) and the slope of the alveolar plateau increases with increasing flow rate and age. Dynamic compliance (Cdyn) at frequencies corresponding to peak flow rates of 0.5 and 1.5 1/s was also measured and correlated well with the CV results. Frequency dependence of compliance with aging was demonstrated. Nine smokers with normal spirometric measurements and abnormal CV %VC were also studied. Since the results of Cdyn measurement differentiated only two-thirds of the smokers from the normal population, we suggest that the CV method is probably more sensitive than the Cdyn method for the detection of small airway obstruction.", "contents": "Flow and age dependence of airway closure and dynamic compliance. The influence of expiratory flow rate and age on the results of measurement of closing volume (CV) of the lung have been studied by a nitrogen single-breath method in 66 asymptomatic lifetime nonsmoking normal subjects between 20 and 82 yr of age. Normal was defined as having values for spirometric measurements within a 95% tolerance interval of reported predicted normal mean values. For the CV determination, inspiratory flow rate was held constant at 0.51/s and studies were carried out at expiratory flow rates of 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 1/s. Our results show that CV expressed as a percentage of vital capacity (VC) and the slope of the alveolar plateau increases with increasing flow rate and age. Dynamic compliance (Cdyn) at frequencies corresponding to peak flow rates of 0.5 and 1.5 1/s was also measured and correlated well with the CV results. Frequency dependence of compliance with aging was demonstrated. Nine smokers with normal spirometric measurements and abnormal CV %VC were also studied. Since the results of Cdyn measurement differentiated only two-thirds of the smokers from the normal population, we suggest that the CV method is probably more sensitive than the Cdyn method for the detection of small airway obstruction.", "PMID": 1120741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6956", "title": "Effect of physical training on the metabolism of thyroid hormones in man.", "content": "The effect of a 6-wk program of physical training (track running) on the peripheral metabolism of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) was evaluated in a group of 11 men. Measurements were made of hormone turnover, urinay and fecal clearances, plasma hormone concentrations, and hormone binding by plasma proteins in all subjects before and after training, After training, metabolic clearance of T3 was increased 8.5% above the pretraining level due to an increased deiodinative clearance of this hormone. No significant change was observed in plasma T3 concentration. The absolute degradation of T3 increased 10.3% after training. In contrast, no significant change in the metabolic clearance of T4 was detected. Significantly decreased plasma concentration of total T4 after 4 and 6 wk of training was apparently not due to decreased hormone binding by plasma protein since no significant alteration in the dialyzable fraction of T4 was detected. The absolute degradation rate of T4 was decreased 8.8% after training. Possible implications of the observed differential impact of training on the degradation of T4 and T3 regarding thyroid hormone economy are discussed.", "contents": "Effect of physical training on the metabolism of thyroid hormones in man. The effect of a 6-wk program of physical training (track running) on the peripheral metabolism of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) was evaluated in a group of 11 men. Measurements were made of hormone turnover, urinay and fecal clearances, plasma hormone concentrations, and hormone binding by plasma proteins in all subjects before and after training, After training, metabolic clearance of T3 was increased 8.5% above the pretraining level due to an increased deiodinative clearance of this hormone. No significant change was observed in plasma T3 concentration. The absolute degradation of T3 increased 10.3% after training. In contrast, no significant change in the metabolic clearance of T4 was detected. Significantly decreased plasma concentration of total T4 after 4 and 6 wk of training was apparently not due to decreased hormone binding by plasma protein since no significant alteration in the dialyzable fraction of T4 was detected. The absolute degradation rate of T4 was decreased 8.8% after training. Possible implications of the observed differential impact of training on the degradation of T4 and T3 regarding thyroid hormone economy are discussed.", "PMID": 1120742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6957", "title": "Assessment of the degradation of thyroid hormones in man during bed rest.", "content": "The effect of bed rest on the absolute turnover rates of thyroid hormones, thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), was evaluated in man. Bed rest resulted in physical deconditioning, measured by a decreased rate of maximal oxygen consumption; physical deconditioning was associated with no significant alterations in the metabolic clearance of T4 and T3. Plasma concentrations of these iodothyronines were not changed as a result of bed rest. Absolute hormone turnover rates were similar in control and bed-rest subjects. The data suggest that the degradation of thyroid hormones is not influenced by physical deconditioning or hypodynamia.", "contents": "Assessment of the degradation of thyroid hormones in man during bed rest. The effect of bed rest on the absolute turnover rates of thyroid hormones, thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), was evaluated in man. Bed rest resulted in physical deconditioning, measured by a decreased rate of maximal oxygen consumption; physical deconditioning was associated with no significant alterations in the metabolic clearance of T4 and T3. Plasma concentrations of these iodothyronines were not changed as a result of bed rest. Absolute hormone turnover rates were similar in control and bed-rest subjects. The data suggest that the degradation of thyroid hormones is not influenced by physical deconditioning or hypodynamia.", "PMID": 1120743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6958", "title": "Inflection point on transpulmonary pressure-volume curves and closing volume.", "content": "In 20 healthy subjects and 18 patients with bronchial obstruction, closing volume (CV) on single-breath nitrogen washout curves and inflection point (IP) on transpulmonary pressure-volume curves were recorded simultaneously during slow expiratory vital capacity maneuvers. IP and CV did not occur at identical lung volumes, IP being systematically larger than CV for small CV values. This discrepancy could not be attributed to an esophageal or mediastinal artifact. It is suggested that, though CV and IP both express \"airway closure,\" their sensitivity to closure may differ: CV underestimates closure because of a dead space effect; the latter may vary individually. On the other hand, IP may not reflect the true beginning of closure, particularly when it occurs at higher lung volumes.", "contents": "Inflection point on transpulmonary pressure-volume curves and closing volume. In 20 healthy subjects and 18 patients with bronchial obstruction, closing volume (CV) on single-breath nitrogen washout curves and inflection point (IP) on transpulmonary pressure-volume curves were recorded simultaneously during slow expiratory vital capacity maneuvers. IP and CV did not occur at identical lung volumes, IP being systematically larger than CV for small CV values. This discrepancy could not be attributed to an esophageal or mediastinal artifact. It is suggested that, though CV and IP both express \"airway closure,\" their sensitivity to closure may differ: CV underestimates closure because of a dead space effect; the latter may vary individually. On the other hand, IP may not reflect the true beginning of closure, particularly when it occurs at higher lung volumes.", "PMID": 1120744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6959", "title": "Glucose metabolism in thyroidectomized and normal dogs during rest and acute cold exposure.", "content": "Uniformly labeled (14C)glucose was infused iv at a constant rate into unanesthetized surgically thyroidectomized (THY) and normal dogs during the basal state at 22 degrees C and during cold exposure at 4-5 degrees C. 02 uptake, CO2 output, and plasma glucose levels were determined; from these rates of glucose turnover and oxidation were calculated. Comparison of THY with normal dogs shows that at a mean plasma glucose level of 103 mg/100 ml, a significantly lower glucose turnover rate was observed in THY dogs on the basis of a kg body weight, body surface area (m-2), but not per cal BMR. The same percentage of glucose turnover was immediately oxidized in THY and normal dogs, accounting for 16 and 15% of the total caloric expenditure, respectively. Acute cold exposure increased energy expenditure in both THY and normal dogs without a change in glucose level or turnover rate. However, the percentage of glucose turnover which was immediately oxidized as well as the amount of glucose oxidized increased significantly and proportionally to the increase in energy expenditure so that the percent of calories derived from plasma glucose oxidation remained the same as that observed during the control period.", "contents": "Glucose metabolism in thyroidectomized and normal dogs during rest and acute cold exposure. Uniformly labeled (14C)glucose was infused iv at a constant rate into unanesthetized surgically thyroidectomized (THY) and normal dogs during the basal state at 22 degrees C and during cold exposure at 4-5 degrees C. 02 uptake, CO2 output, and plasma glucose levels were determined; from these rates of glucose turnover and oxidation were calculated. Comparison of THY with normal dogs shows that at a mean plasma glucose level of 103 mg/100 ml, a significantly lower glucose turnover rate was observed in THY dogs on the basis of a kg body weight, body surface area (m-2), but not per cal BMR. The same percentage of glucose turnover was immediately oxidized in THY and normal dogs, accounting for 16 and 15% of the total caloric expenditure, respectively. Acute cold exposure increased energy expenditure in both THY and normal dogs without a change in glucose level or turnover rate. However, the percentage of glucose turnover which was immediately oxidized as well as the amount of glucose oxidized increased significantly and proportionally to the increase in energy expenditure so that the percent of calories derived from plasma glucose oxidation remained the same as that observed during the control period.", "PMID": 1120745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6960", "title": "A test of time invariance in models of ferrokinetics.", "content": "Application of a particular mathematical property of time-invariant systems to experimental data obtained from injection and infusion of radioactive tracer iron in normal subjects is used to show that the generally applied assumption of time invariance to ferrokinetic systems is unjustified and may lead to substantial errors in analysis.", "contents": "A test of time invariance in models of ferrokinetics. Application of a particular mathematical property of time-invariant systems to experimental data obtained from injection and infusion of radioactive tracer iron in normal subjects is used to show that the generally applied assumption of time invariance to ferrokinetic systems is unjustified and may lead to substantial errors in analysis.", "PMID": 1120746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6961", "title": "Nature of induction of tryptophan pyrrolase in cold exposure.", "content": "The activity of hepatic tryptophan pyrrolase in rats exposed to cold increased rapidly and reached a maximum of three-fold at 8 h. On continued exposure up to 48 h stress, the activity partly decreased but remained at a level higher than the initial. Withdrawal from the cold stress reversed the change. Adrenalectomy or treatment with inhibitors of protein synthesis abolished the increase in the enzyme activity during cold stress indicating a possible involvement of corticosteroids and de novo protein synthesis. Treatment with drugs known to block autonomic nervous system failed to inhibit the cold-mediated increase in enzyme activity. The results suggest that the increase in enzyme activity obtained on cold exposure is mediated by corticosteroids and not by either indoleaklylamines or autonomic nervous system. The changes in the enzyme obtained under cold stress with respect to the overshoot phenomenon, relationship to the degree of stress and reversibility on withdrawal from the stress indicate the \"adaptate\" nature of the response.", "contents": "Nature of induction of tryptophan pyrrolase in cold exposure. The activity of hepatic tryptophan pyrrolase in rats exposed to cold increased rapidly and reached a maximum of three-fold at 8 h. On continued exposure up to 48 h stress, the activity partly decreased but remained at a level higher than the initial. Withdrawal from the cold stress reversed the change. Adrenalectomy or treatment with inhibitors of protein synthesis abolished the increase in the enzyme activity during cold stress indicating a possible involvement of corticosteroids and de novo protein synthesis. Treatment with drugs known to block autonomic nervous system failed to inhibit the cold-mediated increase in enzyme activity. The results suggest that the increase in enzyme activity obtained on cold exposure is mediated by corticosteroids and not by either indoleaklylamines or autonomic nervous system. The changes in the enzyme obtained under cold stress with respect to the overshoot phenomenon, relationship to the degree of stress and reversibility on withdrawal from the stress indicate the \"adaptate\" nature of the response.", "PMID": 1120747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6962", "title": "Sleep metabolism and age.", "content": "Continuous recordings were made of oxygen consumption (VO2) and EEG, EMG, and EOG during two nights of sleep for 20 men who were between 19 and 63 yr. old. There was a linear decrease in overnight oxygen consumption with age, even though the older men slept less and woke more often than the younger ones. On the first night, VO2 was higher, and sleep stages less like normal than on the second. In the second night data, individual oxygen consumptions averaged over the whole night ranged from 138 to 482 ml/min (61-247 ml/m2timesmin). No relationship appeared between stage of sleep and VO2 level, but there was usually a decline in VO2 in the first hour of sleep, and a slow rise in the 2-3 h before awaking. Periodic breathing was observed in the men older than 45 yr.", "contents": "Sleep metabolism and age. Continuous recordings were made of oxygen consumption (VO2) and EEG, EMG, and EOG during two nights of sleep for 20 men who were between 19 and 63 yr. old. There was a linear decrease in overnight oxygen consumption with age, even though the older men slept less and woke more often than the younger ones. On the first night, VO2 was higher, and sleep stages less like normal than on the second. In the second night data, individual oxygen consumptions averaged over the whole night ranged from 138 to 482 ml/min (61-247 ml/m2timesmin). No relationship appeared between stage of sleep and VO2 level, but there was usually a decline in VO2 in the first hour of sleep, and a slow rise in the 2-3 h before awaking. Periodic breathing was observed in the men older than 45 yr.", "PMID": 1120748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6963", "title": "Longitudinal studies of aging in 37 men.", "content": "The physiological adjustments of the men to both aerobic (5.6 km/h, up 9% grade), and maximal treadmill work were first determined when they were healthy college students, ages 18-22 yr. They were restudied at ages 40-44, and again at ages 49-53 yr. In the aerobic walk VO2 increased in proportion to weight gain, but efficiency did not change with age. The men who had gained most weight showed the greatest elevations of heart rate, blood lactate and \"ventilatory equivalent,\" and reductions of the \"O2 pulse\" in the walk. At age 50 mean \"O2 pulse\" in exhausting work had declined 13%, even though mean maximal heart rate had declined 15 beats/min from values observed in youth. At ages 40-44 yr mean VO2 max had declined 25% to values 12% lower than mean values reported in 1938 for men of this age. Eight of the men imporved an average of 11% in VO2 max between ages 40-44 and 49-53 yr; mean VO2 max of the others continued to decline with age. The five men who improved most had increased their participation in vigorous activities (tennis, squash, skiing, jogging, etc.) and had quit or reduced their smoking.", "contents": "Longitudinal studies of aging in 37 men. The physiological adjustments of the men to both aerobic (5.6 km/h, up 9% grade), and maximal treadmill work were first determined when they were healthy college students, ages 18-22 yr. They were restudied at ages 40-44, and again at ages 49-53 yr. In the aerobic walk VO2 increased in proportion to weight gain, but efficiency did not change with age. The men who had gained most weight showed the greatest elevations of heart rate, blood lactate and \"ventilatory equivalent,\" and reductions of the \"O2 pulse\" in the walk. At age 50 mean \"O2 pulse\" in exhausting work had declined 13%, even though mean maximal heart rate had declined 15 beats/min from values observed in youth. At ages 40-44 yr mean VO2 max had declined 25% to values 12% lower than mean values reported in 1938 for men of this age. Eight of the men imporved an average of 11% in VO2 max between ages 40-44 and 49-53 yr; mean VO2 max of the others continued to decline with age. The five men who improved most had increased their participation in vigorous activities (tennis, squash, skiing, jogging, etc.) and had quit or reduced their smoking.", "PMID": 1120749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6964", "title": "Brain temperature during reversible upper respiratory bypass.", "content": "Seven male New Zealand white rabbits were trained to run in an exercise wheel. At least 5 days prior to experimentation, each rabbit had a reversible tracheal bypass canula and a hypothalamic thermocouple guide tube chronically implanted. The reversible tracheal bypass enabled the rabbit to breathe normally (through its upper respiratory pathways) or to be placed on bypass (breathe through its neck). Prior to and following exercise, hypothalamic temperature in rabbits breathing normally was lower than rectal temperature. This difference was greatest following a mild heat stress induced by exercise. When the rabbits breathed through the bypass, there were no differences between hypothalamic and rectal temperature. These data suggest that even in a species such as the rabbit, which lacks a carotid rate, hypothalamic temperature is influenced by upper respiratory cooking of venous blood and that the ensuing transfer of heat from the warmer  internal carotid artery to the cooler venous sinuses can effectively cool the brain.", "contents": "Brain temperature during reversible upper respiratory bypass. Seven male New Zealand white rabbits were trained to run in an exercise wheel. At least 5 days prior to experimentation, each rabbit had a reversible tracheal bypass canula and a hypothalamic thermocouple guide tube chronically implanted. The reversible tracheal bypass enabled the rabbit to breathe normally (through its upper respiratory pathways) or to be placed on bypass (breathe through its neck). Prior to and following exercise, hypothalamic temperature in rabbits breathing normally was lower than rectal temperature. This difference was greatest following a mild heat stress induced by exercise. When the rabbits breathed through the bypass, there were no differences between hypothalamic and rectal temperature. These data suggest that even in a species such as the rabbit, which lacks a carotid rate, hypothalamic temperature is influenced by upper respiratory cooking of venous blood and that the ensuing transfer of heat from the warmer  internal carotid artery to the cooler venous sinuses can effectively cool the brain.", "PMID": 1120750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6965", "title": "Cardiac acceleration in man elicited by a muscle-heart reflex.", "content": "The shortening of the R-R interval in response to voluntary and electrically induced isometric muscle contractions of short duration was investigated in 15 volunteers. In some of those experiments the effect of vagal blockade was also studied. The results show: 1) a lag time between the start of the contraction and the following decrease in R-R interval duration of 550 milliseconds; 2) a similar R-R interval response due to voluntary and electrically induced contractions of the same force; 3) no shortening of the R-R interval when the skin is stimulated without ensuing muscular contraction; 4) a complete disappearance of the response to isometric contractions during vagal blockade. A difference in lag time between the onset of arm contraction and cardiac acceleration could not be demonstrated. Most of the results give strong evidence to the existence of a muscle-heart reflex in man, involved in the instantaneous cardiac acceleration at the onset of exercise, that has its origin in the muscles and the vagal nerves as its efferent pathway.", "contents": "Cardiac acceleration in man elicited by a muscle-heart reflex. The shortening of the R-R interval in response to voluntary and electrically induced isometric muscle contractions of short duration was investigated in 15 volunteers. In some of those experiments the effect of vagal blockade was also studied. The results show: 1) a lag time between the start of the contraction and the following decrease in R-R interval duration of 550 milliseconds; 2) a similar R-R interval response due to voluntary and electrically induced contractions of the same force; 3) no shortening of the R-R interval when the skin is stimulated without ensuing muscular contraction; 4) a complete disappearance of the response to isometric contractions during vagal blockade. A difference in lag time between the onset of arm contraction and cardiac acceleration could not be demonstrated. Most of the results give strong evidence to the existence of a muscle-heart reflex in man, involved in the instantaneous cardiac acceleration at the onset of exercise, that has its origin in the muscles and the vagal nerves as its efferent pathway.", "PMID": 1120751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6966", "title": "Relative susceptibility of altitude-acclimatized mice to acute oxygen toxicity.", "content": "The influence of hypoxic acclimatization at altitudes of 0, 5,000, or 15,000 ft on the relative susceptibility to acute oxygen poisoning was determined in 288 adult female mice. After acclimatization periods of 1, 2, 4, or 8 wk, the mice were exposed to oxygen at high pressures (OHP) of 4, 6, or 9 ATA and the times to convulsion and death recorded. A factorial analysis of variance indicated that altitude and OHP level had inverse, log-linear effects on both parameters. The duration of acclimatization progressively decreased the time to death. The onset of convulsions and death was independent of body weight. There were significant interactions on the measured parameters between various combinations of altitude, OHP level, and duration of acclimatization. While alterations in the metabolism of gamma-aminobutyric acid and high-energy compounds are common to both hypoxia and hyperoxia, the most plausible explanation of the results relates to the decrease in buffer base induced by hypoxic acclimatization which might have caused CO2 potentiation of OHP symptoms.", "contents": "Relative susceptibility of altitude-acclimatized mice to acute oxygen toxicity. The influence of hypoxic acclimatization at altitudes of 0, 5,000, or 15,000 ft on the relative susceptibility to acute oxygen poisoning was determined in 288 adult female mice. After acclimatization periods of 1, 2, 4, or 8 wk, the mice were exposed to oxygen at high pressures (OHP) of 4, 6, or 9 ATA and the times to convulsion and death recorded. A factorial analysis of variance indicated that altitude and OHP level had inverse, log-linear effects on both parameters. The duration of acclimatization progressively decreased the time to death. The onset of convulsions and death was independent of body weight. There were significant interactions on the measured parameters between various combinations of altitude, OHP level, and duration of acclimatization. While alterations in the metabolism of gamma-aminobutyric acid and high-energy compounds are common to both hypoxia and hyperoxia, the most plausible explanation of the results relates to the decrease in buffer base induced by hypoxic acclimatization which might have caused CO2 potentiation of OHP symptoms.", "PMID": 1120752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6967", "title": "Excretion of retained fluoride in man.", "content": "In fluoride studies performed in man the excess fluoride excretions in urine and stool over and above the base-line excretions were determined following the discontinuation of fluoride supplements. The fluoride supplements contained either 9.1 mg fluoride as sodium fluoride, given daily for 32 days, or 7.6 mg fluoride as fish protein concentrate (FPC), given daily for 26 days. Following discontinuation of these fluoride supplements the excess fluoride excretions were low and of short duration, in most cases for 6-12 days. Since the fluoride supplements were given for a known period of time, the fluoride retention could be calculated from the fluoride balances, and the excess fluoride excretion corresponded to 9.1% of the retained fluoride given as NaF and to 14.1% of the retained fluoride given as FPC. The excess fluoride was predominantly excreted via the kidney, i.e., 87% of the total excess fluoride excretion was passed in urine and only 13% in stool.", "contents": "Excretion of retained fluoride in man. In fluoride studies performed in man the excess fluoride excretions in urine and stool over and above the base-line excretions were determined following the discontinuation of fluoride supplements. The fluoride supplements contained either 9.1 mg fluoride as sodium fluoride, given daily for 32 days, or 7.6 mg fluoride as fish protein concentrate (FPC), given daily for 26 days. Following discontinuation of these fluoride supplements the excess fluoride excretions were low and of short duration, in most cases for 6-12 days. Since the fluoride supplements were given for a known period of time, the fluoride retention could be calculated from the fluoride balances, and the excess fluoride excretion corresponded to 9.1% of the retained fluoride given as NaF and to 14.1% of the retained fluoride given as FPC. The excess fluoride was predominantly excreted via the kidney, i.e., 87% of the total excess fluoride excretion was passed in urine and only 13% in stool.", "PMID": 1120753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6968", "title": "Changes of thermal balance induced by passive heating in resting man.", "content": "Heat acclimatization has been induced in 12 resting healthy men by 90-min exposure to 45C dry bulb and 24% relative humidity for 9 successive days. The most significant results ovserved were 1) increased sensitivity of sweating with marked quickening of sweat measured, 2) decreased rate of body heat storage associated with a lower rectal temperature at end of exposure, as follows: 14.07 plus or minus 1.58 Wtimeshtimeskg-1 before and 9.39 plus or minus 1.69 afterward for body heat storage; 37.55 plus or minus 0.15C before and 36.99 plus or minus 0.24C afterward for rectal temperature. In contrast, no significant changes were observed in the final sweat rates, mean skin temperatures, or the heat conductance between the body interior and skin surface. The quickness of the heat dissipation process caused by both increased sensitivity of sweating and lower internal body temperature is the major factor in achieving a thermal balance and a decreased body heat content after acclimatization.", "contents": "Changes of thermal balance induced by passive heating in resting man. Heat acclimatization has been induced in 12 resting healthy men by 90-min exposure to 45C dry bulb and 24% relative humidity for 9 successive days. The most significant results ovserved were 1) increased sensitivity of sweating with marked quickening of sweat measured, 2) decreased rate of body heat storage associated with a lower rectal temperature at end of exposure, as follows: 14.07 plus or minus 1.58 Wtimeshtimeskg-1 before and 9.39 plus or minus 1.69 afterward for body heat storage; 37.55 plus or minus 0.15C before and 36.99 plus or minus 0.24C afterward for rectal temperature. In contrast, no significant changes were observed in the final sweat rates, mean skin temperatures, or the heat conductance between the body interior and skin surface. The quickness of the heat dissipation process caused by both increased sensitivity of sweating and lower internal body temperature is the major factor in achieving a thermal balance and a decreased body heat content after acclimatization.", "PMID": 1120754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6969", "title": "Maximal aerobic capacity at different levels of carboxyhemoglobin.", "content": "Previous studies had indicated that maximum aerobic power (VO2 max) would be seriously impaired when HbCO levels were above 7% but was not altered if HbCO was around 2.7%. The present studies indicated that the critical level at which HbCO influenced VO2 max was approximately 4.3%. This was accompanied as in the above-noted studied with a reduction in total work time to the attainment of VO2 max. Two procedures to raise HbCO to appropriate levels were employed, i.e., a buildup wherin HbCO was incrementally increased by breathing ambient air containing 75 or 100 ppm CO and a bolus plus maintenance procedure. In the latter, HbCO was raised to the level attained in the buildup test by giving a \"bolus\" of CO followed by the continued inhalation of CO at a level to just maintain this level of HbCO regardless of the magnitude of the ventilation. Regardless of the mode of presentation, the decrement in VO2 max occurred at the same level of HbCO. These observations are of considerable significance, since it indicated that even low ambient levels of CO (23.7 ppm) would result in lowering maximum aerobic power if the individual had been previously exposed to CO such that the level was raised to this critical point.", "contents": "Maximal aerobic capacity at different levels of carboxyhemoglobin. Previous studies had indicated that maximum aerobic power (VO2 max) would be seriously impaired when HbCO levels were above 7% but was not altered if HbCO was around 2.7%. The present studies indicated that the critical level at which HbCO influenced VO2 max was approximately 4.3%. This was accompanied as in the above-noted studied with a reduction in total work time to the attainment of VO2 max. Two procedures to raise HbCO to appropriate levels were employed, i.e., a buildup wherin HbCO was incrementally increased by breathing ambient air containing 75 or 100 ppm CO and a bolus plus maintenance procedure. In the latter, HbCO was raised to the level attained in the buildup test by giving a \"bolus\" of CO followed by the continued inhalation of CO at a level to just maintain this level of HbCO regardless of the magnitude of the ventilation. Regardless of the mode of presentation, the decrement in VO2 max occurred at the same level of HbCO. These observations are of considerable significance, since it indicated that even low ambient levels of CO (23.7 ppm) would result in lowering maximum aerobic power if the individual had been previously exposed to CO such that the level was raised to this critical point.", "PMID": 1120755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6970", "title": "Pulmonary venous waterfall and perivenous pressure in the living dog.", "content": "Evidence has been obtained that a waterfall effect occurs in the pulmonary veins of the living dog. Anesthetized open-chest dogs were used. Small catheters were passed from the left atrium retrogradely up the pulmonary veins and venous tributaries until they finally pierced the venous walls. They were then pulled out through the surface of the lung until their bellshaped inner ends wedged in small side branches of the vein. They were used to measure upstream venous pressures via the occluded tributary without occlusion of the vein. The pulmonary lymphatics and bronchial circulation were untouched. Alveolar pressure (transpulmonary pressure, Ptp) was held constant during the periods of measurement. We found that intrapulmonary (upstream) venous pressures did not rise with elevation of left atrial (downstream) pressures at any Ptp until a pressure of at least 7 cmH2O above the base of the lung was exceeded. This left atrial pressure (below which a venous waterfall or flow-limiting segment effect was present) increased with Ptp when Ptp exceeded about 15 cmH2O. The waterfall occurs in the larger veins at the lung surface. Its presence and location suggest that intrapulmonary veins in the living animal are held open by the surrounding lung tissue and that neither the flow through them nor their contained volume is influenced by left atrial pressure when this is low.", "contents": "Pulmonary venous waterfall and perivenous pressure in the living dog. Evidence has been obtained that a waterfall effect occurs in the pulmonary veins of the living dog. Anesthetized open-chest dogs were used. Small catheters were passed from the left atrium retrogradely up the pulmonary veins and venous tributaries until they finally pierced the venous walls. They were then pulled out through the surface of the lung until their bellshaped inner ends wedged in small side branches of the vein. They were used to measure upstream venous pressures via the occluded tributary without occlusion of the vein. The pulmonary lymphatics and bronchial circulation were untouched. Alveolar pressure (transpulmonary pressure, Ptp) was held constant during the periods of measurement. We found that intrapulmonary (upstream) venous pressures did not rise with elevation of left atrial (downstream) pressures at any Ptp until a pressure of at least 7 cmH2O above the base of the lung was exceeded. This left atrial pressure (below which a venous waterfall or flow-limiting segment effect was present) increased with Ptp when Ptp exceeded about 15 cmH2O. The waterfall occurs in the larger veins at the lung surface. Its presence and location suggest that intrapulmonary veins in the living animal are held open by the surrounding lung tissue and that neither the flow through them nor their contained volume is influenced by left atrial pressure when this is low.", "PMID": 1120756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6971", "title": "A new method for the measurement of percent oxyhemoglobin.", "content": "A new method is presented for the spectrophotometric determination of percent oxyhemoglobin (percent saturation) in whole blood. The method is based on a theory of light absorption and scattering by particulate suspensions and requires the measurement of optical densities (D) of blood at three closely spaced wavelengths. The contribution of scattering to the optical density at each wavelength is determined from optical density values at two isosbestic wavelengths (546 and 520 nm) and the optical density at the third wavelength (555 nm) is related to the extent of oxygenation of the hemoglobin. The wavelength independence of the scattering contribution (B) induced by red cells was established from 510 and 575 nm. The optical density of red blood cell suspensions was measured with a spectrophotometer and a linear relationship was found between percent saturation and the corrected optical density ratio, (D555  B)/(D546  B). For a given saturation, this ratio was independent of optical path length (0.1-2 mm) and hematocrit (3-50%).", "contents": "A new method for the measurement of percent oxyhemoglobin. A new method is presented for the spectrophotometric determination of percent oxyhemoglobin (percent saturation) in whole blood. The method is based on a theory of light absorption and scattering by particulate suspensions and requires the measurement of optical densities (D) of blood at three closely spaced wavelengths. The contribution of scattering to the optical density at each wavelength is determined from optical density values at two isosbestic wavelengths (546 and 520 nm) and the optical density at the third wavelength (555 nm) is related to the extent of oxygenation of the hemoglobin. The wavelength independence of the scattering contribution (B) induced by red cells was established from 510 and 575 nm. The optical density of red blood cell suspensions was measured with a spectrophotometer and a linear relationship was found between percent saturation and the corrected optical density ratio, (D555  B)/(D546  B). For a given saturation, this ratio was independent of optical path length (0.1-2 mm) and hematocrit (3-50%).", "PMID": 1120757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6972", "title": "Measurement of percent oxyhemoglobin in the microvasculature.", "content": "A new method is applied to the determination of percent oxyhemoglobin (percent saturation) in whole blood. The method is based on a theoretical treatment of light absorption and scattering by particulate suspensions and requires the measurement of optical densities (D) of blood at three closely spaced wavelengths. The optical density of red blood cell (RBC) suspensions was measured with a video microdensitometer and a linear relationship was found between percent saturation and the corrected optical density ratio, (D555  B)/(D546  B). For a given saturation, this ratio was independent of optical path length (12 mum-2 mm), hematocrit (3-50%), and RBC velocity (1.5-17 mm/s). The applicability to microvascular measurements has been assessed through the use of TV microdensitometry on micropipettes with flowing RBCs and on microvessels in the hamster cheek pouch.", "contents": "Measurement of percent oxyhemoglobin in the microvasculature. A new method is applied to the determination of percent oxyhemoglobin (percent saturation) in whole blood. The method is based on a theoretical treatment of light absorption and scattering by particulate suspensions and requires the measurement of optical densities (D) of blood at three closely spaced wavelengths. The optical density of red blood cell (RBC) suspensions was measured with a video microdensitometer and a linear relationship was found between percent saturation and the corrected optical density ratio, (D555  B)/(D546  B). For a given saturation, this ratio was independent of optical path length (12 mum-2 mm), hematocrit (3-50%), and RBC velocity (1.5-17 mm/s). The applicability to microvascular measurements has been assessed through the use of TV microdensitometry on micropipettes with flowing RBCs and on microvessels in the hamster cheek pouch.", "PMID": 1120758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6973", "title": "Moment analysis of multibreath lung washout.", "content": "A moment analysis of multibreath nitrogen washout has been developed to provide a sensitive, quantitative measure that characterizes the inhomogeneity of pulmonary ventilation. To test the analysis scheme, we studied 5 normal subjects and 16 subjects with obstructive lung disease who performed each washout test at constant tidal volume and frequency. Subjects executed the wahout test 3-4 times at different tidal volumes (0.5-1.5 liters) and frequencies (10-30/min). Plotting washout data as dimensionless end-tidal nitrogen concentration versus the cumulative expired volume normalized by the functional residual capacity (CEV/FRC) renders the washout curves of each individual almost superposab le despite changes in breathing frequency and tidal volume from test to test. The dimensionless washout curve is treated as a distribution from which the normalized first (M1/Mo) and second (M2/Mo) moments are obtained. These parameters clearly display diagnostic clustering for various disease states. With respect to the normal subjects, the magnitude of M1/Mo was 26% greater for asthmatics, 38% greater for bronchitics, and 52% greater for emphysematics. This moment analysis provides an objective, quantitative assessment of the extent of ventilation inhomogeneities without specification of a lung model.", "contents": "Moment analysis of multibreath lung washout. A moment analysis of multibreath nitrogen washout has been developed to provide a sensitive, quantitative measure that characterizes the inhomogeneity of pulmonary ventilation. To test the analysis scheme, we studied 5 normal subjects and 16 subjects with obstructive lung disease who performed each washout test at constant tidal volume and frequency. Subjects executed the wahout test 3-4 times at different tidal volumes (0.5-1.5 liters) and frequencies (10-30/min). Plotting washout data as dimensionless end-tidal nitrogen concentration versus the cumulative expired volume normalized by the functional residual capacity (CEV/FRC) renders the washout curves of each individual almost superposab le despite changes in breathing frequency and tidal volume from test to test. The dimensionless washout curve is treated as a distribution from which the normalized first (M1/Mo) and second (M2/Mo) moments are obtained. These parameters clearly display diagnostic clustering for various disease states. With respect to the normal subjects, the magnitude of M1/Mo was 26% greater for asthmatics, 38% greater for bronchitics, and 52% greater for emphysematics. This moment analysis provides an objective, quantitative assessment of the extent of ventilation inhomogeneities without specification of a lung model.", "PMID": 1120759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6974", "title": "A method for the assessment of phasic vagal influence on tidal volume.", "content": "Vagal influence related to lung volume changes results in reduction in tidal volume during spontaneous breathing due primarily to premature termination of inspiration. The strength of this vagal influence was traditionally assessed by the duration of apnea following lung inflation, a method recently shown to be inadequate and potentially misleading. An alternate method is described utilizing analysis of the volume tracing of spontaneous breaths and the tracheal pressure tracing during the first breath following airway occlusion at FRC. A formula was devised which, on the basis of previous observations, should predict the tidal volume to be obtained in the absence of phasic vagal influence. The formula was tested in four pentobarbital-anesthetized rabbits using a technique of vagal cooling which rapidly eliminated the vagal influence under study. It was found that the tidal volume obtained following vagal block could be accurately predicted provided allowances were made for the vagally mediated terminal inhibition during spontaneous breathing and the relative stiffness of the respiratory system at high lung volumes.", "contents": "A method for the assessment of phasic vagal influence on tidal volume. Vagal influence related to lung volume changes results in reduction in tidal volume during spontaneous breathing due primarily to premature termination of inspiration. The strength of this vagal influence was traditionally assessed by the duration of apnea following lung inflation, a method recently shown to be inadequate and potentially misleading. An alternate method is described utilizing analysis of the volume tracing of spontaneous breaths and the tracheal pressure tracing during the first breath following airway occlusion at FRC. A formula was devised which, on the basis of previous observations, should predict the tidal volume to be obtained in the absence of phasic vagal influence. The formula was tested in four pentobarbital-anesthetized rabbits using a technique of vagal cooling which rapidly eliminated the vagal influence under study. It was found that the tidal volume obtained following vagal block could be accurately predicted provided allowances were made for the vagally mediated terminal inhibition during spontaneous breathing and the relative stiffness of the respiratory system at high lung volumes.", "PMID": 1120760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6975", "title": "A microindentation technique to measure rheological properties of the vascular intima.", "content": "A microindentor was developed to measure the depth of indentation of the intimal surface of arterial tissue loaded by flat-ended, cylindrical probes. The depth of indentation depended on the initial stretch of the tissue which required a rigid support (plaster of Paris) beneath the adventitial surface. Probe tips used ranged from 550-mum down to 65-mum diameter while loads ranged from 800 to 15 mg. The depth of indentation was markedly time dependent; that obtained 30 s after loading (variation of 30) was reproducible and served as a useful parameter of viscoelasticity of the aortic intima and supporting tissues of dog and man. The mean variation of 30 (0.19-mm diam tip, 120-mg load), obtained from longitudinal series of indentations of nine dog aortas, ranged from 40.8 to 68.8 mum while coefficient of variation in these series ranged from 4.8 to 15.9%. Intimal pads were found to have greater resistance to identation than adjacent tissue; likewise the tissue on the dorsal, intimal surface of the aorta had lower variation of 30 values compared with the rest of the intima. Lipid-filled intimal regions were about twice as complaint as macroscopically spared areas. The technique should prove useful in understanding the microrheological response of the blood vascular interface to hydrodynamic stresses.", "contents": "A microindentation technique to measure rheological properties of the vascular intima. A microindentor was developed to measure the depth of indentation of the intimal surface of arterial tissue loaded by flat-ended, cylindrical probes. The depth of indentation depended on the initial stretch of the tissue which required a rigid support (plaster of Paris) beneath the adventitial surface. Probe tips used ranged from 550-mum down to 65-mum diameter while loads ranged from 800 to 15 mg. The depth of indentation was markedly time dependent; that obtained 30 s after loading (variation of 30) was reproducible and served as a useful parameter of viscoelasticity of the aortic intima and supporting tissues of dog and man. The mean variation of 30 (0.19-mm diam tip, 120-mg load), obtained from longitudinal series of indentations of nine dog aortas, ranged from 40.8 to 68.8 mum while coefficient of variation in these series ranged from 4.8 to 15.9%. Intimal pads were found to have greater resistance to identation than adjacent tissue; likewise the tissue on the dorsal, intimal surface of the aorta had lower variation of 30 values compared with the rest of the intima. Lipid-filled intimal regions were about twice as complaint as macroscopically spared areas. The technique should prove useful in understanding the microrheological response of the blood vascular interface to hydrodynamic stresses.", "PMID": 1120761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6976", "title": "A simple relation between performance in running and maximal aerobic power.", "content": "As the cost of running amounts to about 1 cal per m covered and per kg of body weight, when the aerobic power (VO2, ml/min kg) is known and the energy from glycolysis assumed to be about equal to the energy from oxidations in 1 min, the time employed to cover a given distance can be predicted: a nomogram is given to facilitate the calculation. Conversely from the time employed to cover a given distance the aerobic power in VO2, ml/kg times min can be calculated.", "contents": "A simple relation between performance in running and maximal aerobic power. As the cost of running amounts to about 1 cal per m covered and per kg of body weight, when the aerobic power (VO2, ml/min kg) is known and the energy from glycolysis assumed to be about equal to the energy from oxidations in 1 min, the time employed to cover a given distance can be predicted: a nomogram is given to facilitate the calculation. Conversely from the time employed to cover a given distance the aerobic power in VO2, ml/kg times min can be calculated.", "PMID": 1120762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6977", "title": "Apparatus for intracellular electrophysiological measurements at 200 ATA.", "content": "An apparatus has been constructed and tested at pressures to 200 ATA which meets the basic requirements for intracellular microelectrode work. Standard microelectrodes, unaffected by pressure in this range, were used with lobster axon and frog sartorius fibers and action potentials have been recorded at pressure up to 151 ATA. The chamber itself has a simple roll-in door and a modular design that recommends it as a highly convenient multipurpose vessel for work at moderately high pressures.", "contents": "Apparatus for intracellular electrophysiological measurements at 200 ATA. An apparatus has been constructed and tested at pressures to 200 ATA which meets the basic requirements for intracellular microelectrode work. Standard microelectrodes, unaffected by pressure in this range, were used with lobster axon and frog sartorius fibers and action potentials have been recorded at pressure up to 151 ATA. The chamber itself has a simple roll-in door and a modular design that recommends it as a highly convenient multipurpose vessel for work at moderately high pressures.", "PMID": 1120763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6978", "title": "A system to regulate aortic pressure in the rat.", "content": "A servo-controlled aortic clamp has been designed and used for the first time in the anesthetized rat to control femoral arterial pressure. An electrical schematic is given and details of the mechanical clamp used to compress the abdominal aorta are shown. The system has a long-term (30 min) mean pressure control of plus or minus 2 mmHg although some 1-2 s transients of plus or minus 3 mm may occur. It responds to a desired step change in pressure in less than 2 s. The system allows accurate and convenient control of aortic pressure and minimizes the technical difficulties encountered when one attempts similar control by manual means. It therefore facilitates investigation of the effect of transient or steady-state changes in arterial pressure on organ function, e.g., autoregulation of renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate.", "contents": "A system to regulate aortic pressure in the rat. A servo-controlled aortic clamp has been designed and used for the first time in the anesthetized rat to control femoral arterial pressure. An electrical schematic is given and details of the mechanical clamp used to compress the abdominal aorta are shown. The system has a long-term (30 min) mean pressure control of plus or minus 2 mmHg although some 1-2 s transients of plus or minus 3 mm may occur. It responds to a desired step change in pressure in less than 2 s. The system allows accurate and convenient control of aortic pressure and minimizes the technical difficulties encountered when one attempts similar control by manual means. It therefore facilitates investigation of the effect of transient or steady-state changes in arterial pressure on organ function, e.g., autoregulation of renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate.", "PMID": 1120764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6979", "title": "Permanent cannulation of the hepatic portal vein in rats.", "content": "A technique is described for chronic cannulation of the hepatic portal vein in rats. The T-shaped cannula is made in the laboratory from polyethylene tubing. Implantation of the cannula allows injection or blood withdrawal in a small laboratory animal which is unanesthetized and unrestrained. Simultaneous implantation of intracardotid and intraportal cannulas permits comparisons of blood composition in order to study the role of the liver or intestinal absorption.", "contents": "Permanent cannulation of the hepatic portal vein in rats. A technique is described for chronic cannulation of the hepatic portal vein in rats. The T-shaped cannula is made in the laboratory from polyethylene tubing. Implantation of the cannula allows injection or blood withdrawal in a small laboratory animal which is unanesthetized and unrestrained. Simultaneous implantation of intracardotid and intraportal cannulas permits comparisons of blood composition in order to study the role of the liver or intestinal absorption.", "PMID": 1120765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6980", "title": "A bidirectional respiratory flowmeter using the hot-wire principle.", "content": "We have devised a bidirectional respiratory flowmeter using the hot-wire principle. The flow-direction sensor consists of a pair of tungsten wires strung parallel to the platinum hot-wire one on each side of the platinum wire. When the gas stream passes through the transducer, the upstream wire is cooled and the downstream wire is heated by the gas stream producing a temperature difference between the two tungsten wires. The difference in resistance thus produced between them is detected and amplified by a differential amplifier whose output serves as a triggering signal of flow inversion. The switching times of the flow inversion of the present instrument are 3 ms during panting and 10 ms during quiet breathing, when the distances from the platinum wire to the tungsten wires are 1.6 mm. Artifacts produced by the delay in switching are practically negligible. The flowmeter can be adapted for many kinds of respiratory flow measurement, except under the condition when inflammable gases are used.", "contents": "A bidirectional respiratory flowmeter using the hot-wire principle. We have devised a bidirectional respiratory flowmeter using the hot-wire principle. The flow-direction sensor consists of a pair of tungsten wires strung parallel to the platinum hot-wire one on each side of the platinum wire. When the gas stream passes through the transducer, the upstream wire is cooled and the downstream wire is heated by the gas stream producing a temperature difference between the two tungsten wires. The difference in resistance thus produced between them is detected and amplified by a differential amplifier whose output serves as a triggering signal of flow inversion. The switching times of the flow inversion of the present instrument are 3 ms during panting and 10 ms during quiet breathing, when the distances from the platinum wire to the tungsten wires are 1.6 mm. Artifacts produced by the delay in switching are practically negligible. The flowmeter can be adapted for many kinds of respiratory flow measurement, except under the condition when inflammable gases are used.", "PMID": 1120766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6981", "title": "Technique for accurately producing desired carboxyhemoglobin levels during rest and exercise.", "content": "A method is described for accurately adjusting a subject's blood carboxyhemoglobin (HbCO) level and then maintaining this level during either rest or exercise. The data presented describe the constancy with which HbCO levels (between 3 and 5% HbCO)were maintained despite varying the inspired ventilatory volumes from 5 to 120 1/min (BTPS). After an initial bolus inhalation of CO to bring the blood HbCO to a desired level, the concentration of CO in the inspired air to maintain this level of HbCO can be predicted from the following equation: COI (ppm) = desired %HbCO divided by 0.180.", "contents": "Technique for accurately producing desired carboxyhemoglobin levels during rest and exercise. A method is described for accurately adjusting a subject's blood carboxyhemoglobin (HbCO) level and then maintaining this level during either rest or exercise. The data presented describe the constancy with which HbCO levels (between 3 and 5% HbCO)were maintained despite varying the inspired ventilatory volumes from 5 to 120 1/min (BTPS). After an initial bolus inhalation of CO to bring the blood HbCO to a desired level, the concentration of CO in the inspired air to maintain this level of HbCO can be predicted from the following equation: COI (ppm) = desired %HbCO divided by 0.180.", "PMID": 1120767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6982", "title": "Nonrebreathing valve for respiratory measurements in unsedated small mammals.", "content": "A nonrebreathing valve for measuring the respiratory volumes and gas exchange of unsedated, trained small mammals is described. The valve was easily fabricated from Plexiglas and latex flaps cut from a surgical glove. It has a low dead space and airflow restance and can be scaled to fit a variety of small mammal species. Ten hamsters were trained to breathe through the valve while expirate was collected. Respiratory frequency, tidal volume, minute volume, O2 uptake, CO2 output, respiratory exchange ratio, and ventilatory equivalent were measured.", "contents": "Nonrebreathing valve for respiratory measurements in unsedated small mammals. A nonrebreathing valve for measuring the respiratory volumes and gas exchange of unsedated, trained small mammals is described. The valve was easily fabricated from Plexiglas and latex flaps cut from a surgical glove. It has a low dead space and airflow restance and can be scaled to fit a variety of small mammal species. Ten hamsters were trained to breathe through the valve while expirate was collected. Respiratory frequency, tidal volume, minute volume, O2 uptake, CO2 output, respiratory exchange ratio, and ventilatory equivalent were measured.", "PMID": 1120768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6983", "title": "Guanosine triphosphate binding sites in solubilized myocardium. Relation to adenylate cyclase activity.", "content": "Binding of (3H)GTP to solubilized preparations of myocardial adenylate cyclase, partially purified by DEAE-cellulose chromatography, as been studied in an attempt to gain further insight into the mechanisms by which guanine nucleotides regulate adenylate cyclase activity. Although several peaks of (3H)GTP-binding activity were present in crude preparations of solubilized myocardium, one peak was associated with the adenylate cyclase peak. Binding of (3H)GTP to this material was rapid (equilibrium within 3 min at 37 degrees) and reversible and not associated with nucleotide hydrolysis. Scatchard analysis revealed a single class of (3H)GTP binding sites with KA = 3 x 10-6 M-1 and total binding capacity of 50 pmol per mg of protein. The GTP analog Gpp(NH)p competed for the sites with an affinity somewhat lower than GTP, although its ability to activate the adenylate cyclase was far greater. GTP and other guanine nucleotides activated the soluble cyclase only weakly, although they antagonized competitively enzyme stimulation by Gpp(NH)p. Ability of GTP and other nucleotides to compete with (3H)GTP for binding sites and to antagonize competitively adenylate cyclase activation by Gpp(NH)p were directly parallel. The potency series was GTP = GDP = dGTP greater than GMP greater than ITP greater than UTP, CTP. Dissociation constants of nucleotides for the sites determined by inhibition of (3H)GTP binding and inhibition of Gpp(NH)p activation of cyclase agreed closely. Gpp(NH)p dose-response curves for activation of adenylate cyclase and inhibition of (3H)GTP binding were superimposable.", "contents": "Guanosine triphosphate binding sites in solubilized myocardium. Relation to adenylate cyclase activity. Binding of (3H)GTP to solubilized preparations of myocardial adenylate cyclase, partially purified by DEAE-cellulose chromatography, as been studied in an attempt to gain further insight into the mechanisms by which guanine nucleotides regulate adenylate cyclase activity. Although several peaks of (3H)GTP-binding activity were present in crude preparations of solubilized myocardium, one peak was associated with the adenylate cyclase peak. Binding of (3H)GTP to this material was rapid (equilibrium within 3 min at 37 degrees) and reversible and not associated with nucleotide hydrolysis. Scatchard analysis revealed a single class of (3H)GTP binding sites with KA = 3 x 10-6 M-1 and total binding capacity of 50 pmol per mg of protein. The GTP analog Gpp(NH)p competed for the sites with an affinity somewhat lower than GTP, although its ability to activate the adenylate cyclase was far greater. GTP and other guanine nucleotides activated the soluble cyclase only weakly, although they antagonized competitively enzyme stimulation by Gpp(NH)p. Ability of GTP and other nucleotides to compete with (3H)GTP for binding sites and to antagonize competitively adenylate cyclase activation by Gpp(NH)p were directly parallel. The potency series was GTP = GDP = dGTP greater than GMP greater than ITP greater than UTP, CTP. Dissociation constants of nucleotides for the sites determined by inhibition of (3H)GTP binding and inhibition of Gpp(NH)p activation of cyclase agreed closely. Gpp(NH)p dose-response curves for activation of adenylate cyclase and inhibition of (3H)GTP binding were superimposable.", "PMID": 1120774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6984", "title": "Enzyme deletions and essential fatty acid metabolism in cultured cells.", "content": "Conversion of 14C-labeled linoleic acid to dihomo-gamma-linolenic and arachidonic acids, precursors of the PG1 and PG2 series of prostaglandins, was examined in a number of mammalian cell lines in tissue culture. Diploid cells converted linoleate to arachidonate in good yield. Heteroploid or transformed cells did not desaturate linoleic acid but readily converted dihomo-gamma-[14C]linolenate to arachidonate. These observations demonstrate that separate delta6 and delta5 desaturases are involved in the conversion of linoleic to arachidonic acid in mammals. The results indicate that loss or modification of the delta6 desaturase system is a frequent occurrence in transformed cells.", "contents": "Enzyme deletions and essential fatty acid metabolism in cultured cells. Conversion of 14C-labeled linoleic acid to dihomo-gamma-linolenic and arachidonic acids, precursors of the PG1 and PG2 series of prostaglandins, was examined in a number of mammalian cell lines in tissue culture. Diploid cells converted linoleate to arachidonate in good yield. Heteroploid or transformed cells did not desaturate linoleic acid but readily converted dihomo-gamma-[14C]linolenate to arachidonate. These observations demonstrate that separate delta6 and delta5 desaturases are involved in the conversion of linoleic to arachidonic acid in mammals. The results indicate that loss or modification of the delta6 desaturase system is a frequent occurrence in transformed cells.", "PMID": 1120775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6985", "title": "Activation of pigeon erythrocyte membrane adenylate cyclase by guanylnucleotide analogues and separation of a nucleotide binding protein.", "content": "Metabolically stable GTP analogues were 10 to 40 times more potent activators of DL-isoproterenol-stimulated adenylate cyclase (EC 4.6.1.1) from pigeon erythrocyte membranes that GTP. The order of effectiveness was guanosine-5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) (GTP gamma S) greater than guanylyl imidodiphosphate (Gpp(NH)p) greater than guanylyl methylenediphosphonate (Gpp(CH2)p greater than GTP. In contrast to activation with GTP, activation by analogues was independent of ATP concentration. The analogues seem to bind, however, to the same regulatory sites in membrane preparations to which GTP is bound but with higher affinity; Kdiss for (14C)Gpp-(nh)p and (3H)Gpp(CH2)p and membranes was 0.7 and 2.4 x 10-7 M, respectively. DL-Isoproterenol did not increase the amount of guanylnucleotide bound, it merely accelerated and potentiated activation. Bound radioactive GTP analogues were recovered unchanged from the membrane pellet. This and mutual displacement of analogues and GTP ruled out covalent attachment of the whole or of part of the nonphosphorylating GTP analogues. Treatment of the membrane preparation with Gpp(NH)p effectively (greater than 80%) protected DL-isoproterenol-activated adenylate cyclase against the action of Filipin or Lubrol PX. Activation of membrane-bound adenylate cyclase with GTP analogues resulted in a stable enzyme which could be nearly completely resolved from membranes with Lubrol PX and stripped of lipids and detergent without loss of activity. This effect was synergistically amplified by DL-isoproterenol. A protein fraction with an apparent molecular weight of 230,000, containing about 90% of (14C)Gpp(NH)p originally bound to membranes, could be solubilized and separated from adenylate cyclase activity by chromatography on Sepharose 4B. The binding protein was purified about 40- to 80-fold from activated membranes. Removal of the nucleotide binding protein was also achieved by affinity chromatography with GTP gamma S coupled to Sepharose via a spacer. When membranes which were not or only weakly and reversibly activated (with GMP) were used as source of the soluble preparation, removal of the binding protein resulted in 75% loss of Gpp(NH)p activation without change in basal and Mg2+/F-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity. It is assumed that the GTP analogues cause an unphysiological, irreversible activation of membrane-bound adenylate cyclase, because, in contrast to the natural guanylnucleotides whose action they mimic, they are metabolically inert and bound quasi-irreversibly to regulatory sites.", "contents": "Activation of pigeon erythrocyte membrane adenylate cyclase by guanylnucleotide analogues and separation of a nucleotide binding protein. Metabolically stable GTP analogues were 10 to 40 times more potent activators of DL-isoproterenol-stimulated adenylate cyclase (EC 4.6.1.1) from pigeon erythrocyte membranes that GTP. The order of effectiveness was guanosine-5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) (GTP gamma S) greater than guanylyl imidodiphosphate (Gpp(NH)p) greater than guanylyl methylenediphosphonate (Gpp(CH2)p greater than GTP. In contrast to activation with GTP, activation by analogues was independent of ATP concentration. The analogues seem to bind, however, to the same regulatory sites in membrane preparations to which GTP is bound but with higher affinity; Kdiss for (14C)Gpp-(nh)p and (3H)Gpp(CH2)p and membranes was 0.7 and 2.4 x 10-7 M, respectively. DL-Isoproterenol did not increase the amount of guanylnucleotide bound, it merely accelerated and potentiated activation. Bound radioactive GTP analogues were recovered unchanged from the membrane pellet. This and mutual displacement of analogues and GTP ruled out covalent attachment of the whole or of part of the nonphosphorylating GTP analogues. Treatment of the membrane preparation with Gpp(NH)p effectively (greater than 80%) protected DL-isoproterenol-activated adenylate cyclase against the action of Filipin or Lubrol PX. Activation of membrane-bound adenylate cyclase with GTP analogues resulted in a stable enzyme which could be nearly completely resolved from membranes with Lubrol PX and stripped of lipids and detergent without loss of activity. This effect was synergistically amplified by DL-isoproterenol. A protein fraction with an apparent molecular weight of 230,000, containing about 90% of (14C)Gpp(NH)p originally bound to membranes, could be solubilized and separated from adenylate cyclase activity by chromatography on Sepharose 4B. The binding protein was purified about 40- to 80-fold from activated membranes. Removal of the nucleotide binding protein was also achieved by affinity chromatography with GTP gamma S coupled to Sepharose via a spacer. When membranes which were not or only weakly and reversibly activated (with GMP) were used as source of the soluble preparation, removal of the binding protein resulted in 75% loss of Gpp(NH)p activation without change in basal and Mg2+/F-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity. It is assumed that the GTP analogues cause an unphysiological, irreversible activation of membrane-bound adenylate cyclase, because, in contrast to the natural guanylnucleotides whose action they mimic, they are metabolically inert and bound quasi-irreversibly to regulatory sites.", "PMID": 1120776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6986", "title": "Alteration of human erythrocyte membrane properties by complement fixation.", "content": "Erythrocyte survival studies of complement-coated radiolabeled erythrocytes have shown rapid removal of these cells from the peripheral blood with a return of these cells into the circulation within a few hours. We studied complement-coated human erythrocytes and measured surface charge and deformability,  two parameters believed to be important in erythrocyte survival. Erythrocytes were coated with complement by two in vitro techniques: the addition of (a) low ionic strength sucrose, and (b) IgM cold agglutinins. Erythrocytes obtained from three patients with cold agglutinin disease were used as a source of in vivo complement-coated cells. No difference was found in surface charge as measured by electrophoretic mobility between erythrocytes from normal subjects and complement-coated erythrocytes from any of the three sources. When deformability was measured by filtration through 3-mum polycarbonate sieves, marked decreases in deformability were found in complement-coated erythrocytes. The filtration returned toward control levels by incubating the complement-coated erythrocytes in serum for 1 h and correlated with decreases in immune adherence. Using screen filtration pressure as a measure of deformability, a positive correlation between number of C3 molecules per erythrocyte and decreased deformability was found. C3b appeared responsible for the decreased deformability of the erythrocytes, since conversion of C3b to C3d resulted in a return of deformability toward normal. The data suggested that the sequestration of complement-coated human erythrocytes in the microvasculature can be explained in part by decreased deformability and changes in immune adherence.", "contents": "Alteration of human erythrocyte membrane properties by complement fixation. Erythrocyte survival studies of complement-coated radiolabeled erythrocytes have shown rapid removal of these cells from the peripheral blood with a return of these cells into the circulation within a few hours. We studied complement-coated human erythrocytes and measured surface charge and deformability,  two parameters believed to be important in erythrocyte survival. Erythrocytes were coated with complement by two in vitro techniques: the addition of (a) low ionic strength sucrose, and (b) IgM cold agglutinins. Erythrocytes obtained from three patients with cold agglutinin disease were used as a source of in vivo complement-coated cells. No difference was found in surface charge as measured by electrophoretic mobility between erythrocytes from normal subjects and complement-coated erythrocytes from any of the three sources. When deformability was measured by filtration through 3-mum polycarbonate sieves, marked decreases in deformability were found in complement-coated erythrocytes. The filtration returned toward control levels by incubating the complement-coated erythrocytes in serum for 1 h and correlated with decreases in immune adherence. Using screen filtration pressure as a measure of deformability, a positive correlation between number of C3 molecules per erythrocyte and decreased deformability was found. C3b appeared responsible for the decreased deformability of the erythrocytes, since conversion of C3b to C3d resulted in a return of deformability toward normal. The data suggested that the sequestration of complement-coated human erythrocytes in the microvasculature can be explained in part by decreased deformability and changes in immune adherence.", "PMID": 1120777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6987", "title": "Hormonal characteristics of the human menstrual cycle throughout reproductive life.", "content": "The changes in serum levels of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FHS), estradiol, and progesterone that occur both early and late in reproductive life were characterized and compared with findings in young, normal women and in patients with certain menstrual disorders. A total of 50 complete menstrual cycles in 37 were examined. Five distinct patterns of hormonal regulation were found, three of which are reported here: (a) A long follicular phase and delayed follicular maturation in young women with long, unpredictable intermenstrual intervals from menarche; (b) a short follicular phase with increasing age and in short cycles in perimenopausal women; and (c) true anovulatory vaginal bleeding in long cycles in perimenopausal women. The short cycles before and during the menopausal transition were found to have lower E2 levels and high FSH concentrations throughout, while LH remained in the normal range. During long cycles in perimenopausal women, concentrations of LH and FSH were in the menopausal range. However, follicular maturation was observed months after high levels of gonadotropins were attained. These studies permit the characterization of the menstrual history of the normal woman in terms of the hormonal changes that occur and provide a basis for the definition of several disorders of follicular maturation.", "contents": "Hormonal characteristics of the human menstrual cycle throughout reproductive life. The changes in serum levels of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FHS), estradiol, and progesterone that occur both early and late in reproductive life were characterized and compared with findings in young, normal women and in patients with certain menstrual disorders. A total of 50 complete menstrual cycles in 37 were examined. Five distinct patterns of hormonal regulation were found, three of which are reported here: (a) A long follicular phase and delayed follicular maturation in young women with long, unpredictable intermenstrual intervals from menarche; (b) a short follicular phase with increasing age and in short cycles in perimenopausal women; and (c) true anovulatory vaginal bleeding in long cycles in perimenopausal women. The short cycles before and during the menopausal transition were found to have lower E2 levels and high FSH concentrations throughout, while LH remained in the normal range. During long cycles in perimenopausal women, concentrations of LH and FSH were in the menopausal range. However, follicular maturation was observed months after high levels of gonadotropins were attained. These studies permit the characterization of the menstrual history of the normal woman in terms of the hormonal changes that occur and provide a basis for the definition of several disorders of follicular maturation.", "PMID": 1120778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6988", "title": "Evidence for physiological importance of calcitonin in the regulation of plasma calcium in rats.", "content": "To determine the physiological importance of calcitonin in the regulation of plasma calcium, studies were carried out in fasting animals to (a) assess the acute effects of thyroparathyroidectomy (TPTX) and thyroidectomy (TX) on plasma and urinary calcium; (b) investigate whether the changes in plasma calcium produced by removal of the glands were dependent on the presence of the kidney; and (c) determine if the effect of TPTX on plasma calcium is affected by age. Except where otherwise indicated, all studies were carried out on fasting male Wistar rats weighing over 300 g. The following observations were made. (a) TPTX and TX caused an increase in plasma calcium in nephrectomized animals. (b) This increase was not dependent on nephrectomy since in intact animals bearing autoparathyroid transplants TX also caused a significant rise in the mean plasma calcium level (0.37 mg/100 ml at 1 1/2 h). (c) Urinary calcium increased twofold in the 3-h period immediately after TX. (d) In unnephrectomized immature (50-g) rats, TPTX caused a progressive decrease in plasma calcium in contrast to old (360-g) rats, where a significant fall observed at 6 h was preceded by an increase in plasma calcium (0.5 mg/100 ml at 1 1/2 h). From these observations we conclude that: (a) calcitonin must play an important physiological role in the regulation of plasma calcium since the termination of its basal secretion caused an immediate but transient increase in plasma calcium in old unfed rats; (b) the relative importance of calcitonin and parathyroid hormone in the acute regulation of plasma calcium is age-related; and (c) the action of parathyroid hormone on bone may be modified by changes in ambient calcitonin concentration.", "contents": "Evidence for physiological importance of calcitonin in the regulation of plasma calcium in rats. To determine the physiological importance of calcitonin in the regulation of plasma calcium, studies were carried out in fasting animals to (a) assess the acute effects of thyroparathyroidectomy (TPTX) and thyroidectomy (TX) on plasma and urinary calcium; (b) investigate whether the changes in plasma calcium produced by removal of the glands were dependent on the presence of the kidney; and (c) determine if the effect of TPTX on plasma calcium is affected by age. Except where otherwise indicated, all studies were carried out on fasting male Wistar rats weighing over 300 g. The following observations were made. (a) TPTX and TX caused an increase in plasma calcium in nephrectomized animals. (b) This increase was not dependent on nephrectomy since in intact animals bearing autoparathyroid transplants TX also caused a significant rise in the mean plasma calcium level (0.37 mg/100 ml at 1 1/2 h). (c) Urinary calcium increased twofold in the 3-h period immediately after TX. (d) In unnephrectomized immature (50-g) rats, TPTX caused a progressive decrease in plasma calcium in contrast to old (360-g) rats, where a significant fall observed at 6 h was preceded by an increase in plasma calcium (0.5 mg/100 ml at 1 1/2 h). From these observations we conclude that: (a) calcitonin must play an important physiological role in the regulation of plasma calcium since the termination of its basal secretion caused an immediate but transient increase in plasma calcium in old unfed rats; (b) the relative importance of calcitonin and parathyroid hormone in the acute regulation of plasma calcium is age-related; and (c) the action of parathyroid hormone on bone may be modified by changes in ambient calcitonin concentration.", "PMID": 1120779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6989", "title": "Stimulation of active and passive sodium absorption by sugars in the human jejunum.", "content": "The effects of glucose and fructose on water and sodium absorption in the human jejunum were compared to assess the relative contribution of active and passive sugar stimulation of sodium transport. The effect of fructose is assumed to be entirely passive, and the difference between the effects of fructose and glucose is assumed to be a measure of sugar-stimulated, active sodium absorption. Water and sodium movement with mannitol was the base line. Three sets of test solutions with differing sugar concentrations were studied. Fructose stimulated 66-100 per cent as much net sodium and water absorption as glucose. Fructose stimulated potassium absorption, whereas glucose stimulated potassium secretion. Urea absorption was stimulated by both sugars. Glucose and fructose stimulated sodium absorption when chloride was the major anion, but they had relatively little effect on net sodium movement when chloride was replaced by bicarbonate or sulfate. It is concluded that glucose stimulates passive and active sodium transport in the human jejunum. Stimulated active sodium absorption generates an electrical potential across the mucosa that causes sodium (and potassium) secretion and partly or completely nullifies the effect of active sodium transport on net sodium movement. Net sodium absorption sitmulated by glucose is mainly (66-100 per cent) the passive consequence of solvent flow. The accompanying anion determines the degree to which sugars stimulate sodium absorption (C1 greater than SO-4 greater than HCO3). The effects of bicarbonate and sugars on jejunal sodium absorption are not additive.", "contents": "Stimulation of active and passive sodium absorption by sugars in the human jejunum. The effects of glucose and fructose on water and sodium absorption in the human jejunum were compared to assess the relative contribution of active and passive sugar stimulation of sodium transport. The effect of fructose is assumed to be entirely passive, and the difference between the effects of fructose and glucose is assumed to be a measure of sugar-stimulated, active sodium absorption. Water and sodium movement with mannitol was the base line. Three sets of test solutions with differing sugar concentrations were studied. Fructose stimulated 66-100 per cent as much net sodium and water absorption as glucose. Fructose stimulated potassium absorption, whereas glucose stimulated potassium secretion. Urea absorption was stimulated by both sugars. Glucose and fructose stimulated sodium absorption when chloride was the major anion, but they had relatively little effect on net sodium movement when chloride was replaced by bicarbonate or sulfate. It is concluded that glucose stimulates passive and active sodium transport in the human jejunum. Stimulated active sodium absorption generates an electrical potential across the mucosa that causes sodium (and potassium) secretion and partly or completely nullifies the effect of active sodium transport on net sodium movement. Net sodium absorption sitmulated by glucose is mainly (66-100 per cent) the passive consequence of solvent flow. The accompanying anion determines the degree to which sugars stimulate sodium absorption (C1 greater than SO-4 greater than HCO3). The effects of bicarbonate and sugars on jejunal sodium absorption are not additive.", "PMID": 1120780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6990", "title": "Urinary prostaglandins. Identification and origin.", "content": "Human urine was analyzed by mass spectrometry for the presence of prostaglandins. Prostaglandin E2 and F2alpha were detected in urine from females by selected ion monitoring of the prostaglandin E2-methylester-methoxime bis-acetate and the prostaglandin F2alpha-methyl ester-Tris-trimethylsilylether derivative. Additional evidence for the presence of prostaglandin F2alpha was obtained by isolating from female urine an amount of this prostaglandin sufficient to yield a complete mass spectrum. The methods utilized permitted quantitative analysis. The origin of urinary prostaglandin was determined by stimulating renal prostaglandin synthesis by arachidonic acid or angiotensin infusion. Arachidonic acid, the precursor of prostaglandin E2, when infused into one renal artery of a dog led to a significant increase in the excretion rate of this prostaglandin. Similarly, infusion of angiotensin II amide led to a significantly increased ipsilateral excretion rate of prostaglandin E2 and F2a in spite of a simultaneous decrease in the creatinine clearance. In man, i.v. infusion of angiotensin also led to an increased urinary eliminiation of prostaglandin E. These results show that urinary prostaglandins may originate from the kidney, indicating that renally synthesized prostaglandins diffuse or are excreted into the tubule. Thus, urinary prostaglandins are a reflection of renal prostaglandin synthesis and have potential as a tool to delineate renal prostaglandin physiology and pathology.", "contents": "Urinary prostaglandins. Identification and origin. Human urine was analyzed by mass spectrometry for the presence of prostaglandins. Prostaglandin E2 and F2alpha were detected in urine from females by selected ion monitoring of the prostaglandin E2-methylester-methoxime bis-acetate and the prostaglandin F2alpha-methyl ester-Tris-trimethylsilylether derivative. Additional evidence for the presence of prostaglandin F2alpha was obtained by isolating from female urine an amount of this prostaglandin sufficient to yield a complete mass spectrum. The methods utilized permitted quantitative analysis. The origin of urinary prostaglandin was determined by stimulating renal prostaglandin synthesis by arachidonic acid or angiotensin infusion. Arachidonic acid, the precursor of prostaglandin E2, when infused into one renal artery of a dog led to a significant increase in the excretion rate of this prostaglandin. Similarly, infusion of angiotensin II amide led to a significantly increased ipsilateral excretion rate of prostaglandin E2 and F2a in spite of a simultaneous decrease in the creatinine clearance. In man, i.v. infusion of angiotensin also led to an increased urinary eliminiation of prostaglandin E. These results show that urinary prostaglandins may originate from the kidney, indicating that renally synthesized prostaglandins diffuse or are excreted into the tubule. Thus, urinary prostaglandins are a reflection of renal prostaglandin synthesis and have potential as a tool to delineate renal prostaglandin physiology and pathology.", "PMID": 1120781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6991", "title": "Ozone interaction with rodent lung. III. Oxidation of reduced glutathione and formation of mixed disulfides between protein and nonprotein sulfhydryls.", "content": "Nonprotein sulfhydryls (NPSH), a major source of cellular reducing substances, were examined in lung tissue after short-term exposure of rats to O3. While the NPSH level was unaffected by low-level exposures (e.g., 0.8 ppm for up to 24 h or 1.5 ppm for up to 8 h), it was significantly lowered by higher exposure regimens (e.g., 25 per cent after 2 ppm for 8 h and 49 per cent after 4 ppm for 6 h). After exposure to 4 ppm O3 for 6 h the level of reduced glutathione (GSH), which accounted for approximately 90 per cent of NPSH in the lung, decreased 40 per cent but without a rise in the level of oxidized gluathione (GSSG). Treatment of lung homogenate with borohydride led to recovery of NPSH in exposed lungs to control values, suggesting that NPSH or GSH oxidation during in vivo O3 exposure resulted in formation of mixed disulfides with other sulfhydryl (SH) groups of lung tissue. Extracts of borohydride-treated particulate and supernatant fractions of lung homogenate were analyzed for NPSH by paper chromatography. From this analysis GSH appeared to be the only NPSH bound to lung tissue proteins via mixed disulfide linkage. The formation of mixed disulfides appeared to be a transient phenomenon. Immediately after a 4-h exposure to 3 ppm O3 the level of mixed disulfides was small (15 per cent of the total NPSH) but attained a peak (equivalent to 0.6 mumol NPSH/lung) after a recovery for 24 h. However, the level diminished considerably within 48 h of recovery.", "contents": "Ozone interaction with rodent lung. III. Oxidation of reduced glutathione and formation of mixed disulfides between protein and nonprotein sulfhydryls. Nonprotein sulfhydryls (NPSH), a major source of cellular reducing substances, were examined in lung tissue after short-term exposure of rats to O3. While the NPSH level was unaffected by low-level exposures (e.g., 0.8 ppm for up to 24 h or 1.5 ppm for up to 8 h), it was significantly lowered by higher exposure regimens (e.g., 25 per cent after 2 ppm for 8 h and 49 per cent after 4 ppm for 6 h). After exposure to 4 ppm O3 for 6 h the level of reduced glutathione (GSH), which accounted for approximately 90 per cent of NPSH in the lung, decreased 40 per cent but without a rise in the level of oxidized gluathione (GSSG). Treatment of lung homogenate with borohydride led to recovery of NPSH in exposed lungs to control values, suggesting that NPSH or GSH oxidation during in vivo O3 exposure resulted in formation of mixed disulfides with other sulfhydryl (SH) groups of lung tissue. Extracts of borohydride-treated particulate and supernatant fractions of lung homogenate were analyzed for NPSH by paper chromatography. From this analysis GSH appeared to be the only NPSH bound to lung tissue proteins via mixed disulfide linkage. The formation of mixed disulfides appeared to be a transient phenomenon. Immediately after a 4-h exposure to 3 ppm O3 the level of mixed disulfides was small (15 per cent of the total NPSH) but attained a peak (equivalent to 0.6 mumol NPSH/lung) after a recovery for 24 h. However, the level diminished considerably within 48 h of recovery.", "PMID": 1120782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6992", "title": "Intestinal metabolism of plasma free fatty acids. Intracellular compartmentation and mechanisms of control.", "content": "Fatty acid metabolism in intestinal mucosa has been examined primarily in regard to lipid absorption. Since earlier studies suggested intestinal utilization of plasma free fatty acids (FFA), we investigated mucosal metabolism of plasma FFA in rats. Mucosal radioactivity (1 per cent of administered) was maximal 2 min after i.v. [14C]palmitate. Of mucosal 14C, 42 percent was in water-soluble metabolites, including CO2 and ketoacids, 28 percent in phospholipids, and only 16 per cent in triglycerides. The specific activity of mucosal triglyceride fatty acids (TGFA) was 11 times that of serum TGFA, confirming in situ synthesis. Double isotope experiments showed marked differences in the metabolism of fatty acids entering mucosa simultaneously from lumen and plasma. Whereas luminal fatty acids were chiefly esterified to triglyceride, plasma FFA were preferentially oxidized and incorporated into phospholipids. Crypts did not differ from villi, indicating that intestinal metabolism of plasma FFA is related to their site of entry into epithelial cells. Mucosal metabolism of i.v. [14C]palmitate was minimally affected by glucose administration. However, intraduodenal isocaloric ethanol inhibited mucosal oxidation of FFA by 60 per cent, and increased incorporation into triglycerides nearly twofold. During lipid absorption, mucosal uptake of plasma FFA doubled and incorporation into intestinal lymph triglycerides was increased sixfold. These studies demonstrate an intracellular compartmentation of fatty acids in the intestinal epithelium. In contrast to absorbed luminal fatty acids, plasma FFA in the fasting state are both an energy source and a substrate for the synthesis of tissue phospholipid. The fasting contribution of plasma FFA to mucosal and lymph triglyceride is minimal, but it increases during ethanol administration and fat absorption.", "contents": "Intestinal metabolism of plasma free fatty acids. Intracellular compartmentation and mechanisms of control. Fatty acid metabolism in intestinal mucosa has been examined primarily in regard to lipid absorption. Since earlier studies suggested intestinal utilization of plasma free fatty acids (FFA), we investigated mucosal metabolism of plasma FFA in rats. Mucosal radioactivity (1 per cent of administered) was maximal 2 min after i.v. [14C]palmitate. Of mucosal 14C, 42 percent was in water-soluble metabolites, including CO2 and ketoacids, 28 percent in phospholipids, and only 16 per cent in triglycerides. The specific activity of mucosal triglyceride fatty acids (TGFA) was 11 times that of serum TGFA, confirming in situ synthesis. Double isotope experiments showed marked differences in the metabolism of fatty acids entering mucosa simultaneously from lumen and plasma. Whereas luminal fatty acids were chiefly esterified to triglyceride, plasma FFA were preferentially oxidized and incorporated into phospholipids. Crypts did not differ from villi, indicating that intestinal metabolism of plasma FFA is related to their site of entry into epithelial cells. Mucosal metabolism of i.v. [14C]palmitate was minimally affected by glucose administration. However, intraduodenal isocaloric ethanol inhibited mucosal oxidation of FFA by 60 per cent, and increased incorporation into triglycerides nearly twofold. During lipid absorption, mucosal uptake of plasma FFA doubled and incorporation into intestinal lymph triglycerides was increased sixfold. These studies demonstrate an intracellular compartmentation of fatty acids in the intestinal epithelium. In contrast to absorbed luminal fatty acids, plasma FFA in the fasting state are both an energy source and a substrate for the synthesis of tissue phospholipid. The fasting contribution of plasma FFA to mucosal and lymph triglyceride is minimal, but it increases during ethanol administration and fat absorption.", "PMID": 1120783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6993", "title": "Marrow erythroid and neutrophil cellularity in the dog.", "content": "This paper describes a method for determining the number of marrow erythroid and neutrophil cells in which the cellularity of marrow sections was related to that of the total marrow by radioiron dilution. Tissue sections were prepared from methacrylate-embedded dog marrow biopsies, and neutrophils were identified by staining of their primary granules. After correction of direct section counts for multiple counting error, accurate neutrophil-erythroid ratios were established with a coefficient of variation of less than 10 percent when 10-4 cells were examined. An average neutrophil-erythroid ratio of 1.2 was found in six normal dogs. The total number of nucleated red cells in the dog was 5.48 plus or minus 0.78 times 10-9/kg (plus or minus 1 SD), and the corresponding erythron iron turnover was 0.90 plus or minus 0.11 mg Fe/100 ml whole blood/day. The total number of marrow neutrophils, derived from the neutrophil-erythroid ratio, was 6.6 plus or minus 0.59 times 10-9 cells/kg, of which 1.4 were promyelocytes and myelocytes, 2.3 were metamyelocytes and bands, and 3.0 were segmented neutrophils. Leukopheresis studies were carried out in six dogs to confirm the accuracy of these cellular measurements. Marrow counts showed a mean decrease of 22.7 times 10-9 cells or 35 percent of the postmitotic neutrophil pool, and it was calculated that 10.2 times 10-9 additional cells had been taken from already circulating blood. This estimated deficit of 32.9 times 10-9 was almost identical to the 33 times 10-9 cells actually counted in the removed blood.", "contents": "Marrow erythroid and neutrophil cellularity in the dog. This paper describes a method for determining the number of marrow erythroid and neutrophil cells in which the cellularity of marrow sections was related to that of the total marrow by radioiron dilution. Tissue sections were prepared from methacrylate-embedded dog marrow biopsies, and neutrophils were identified by staining of their primary granules. After correction of direct section counts for multiple counting error, accurate neutrophil-erythroid ratios were established with a coefficient of variation of less than 10 percent when 10-4 cells were examined. An average neutrophil-erythroid ratio of 1.2 was found in six normal dogs. The total number of nucleated red cells in the dog was 5.48 plus or minus 0.78 times 10-9/kg (plus or minus 1 SD), and the corresponding erythron iron turnover was 0.90 plus or minus 0.11 mg Fe/100 ml whole blood/day. The total number of marrow neutrophils, derived from the neutrophil-erythroid ratio, was 6.6 plus or minus 0.59 times 10-9 cells/kg, of which 1.4 were promyelocytes and myelocytes, 2.3 were metamyelocytes and bands, and 3.0 were segmented neutrophils. Leukopheresis studies were carried out in six dogs to confirm the accuracy of these cellular measurements. Marrow counts showed a mean decrease of 22.7 times 10-9 cells or 35 percent of the postmitotic neutrophil pool, and it was calculated that 10.2 times 10-9 additional cells had been taken from already circulating blood. This estimated deficit of 32.9 times 10-9 was almost identical to the 33 times 10-9 cells actually counted in the removed blood.", "PMID": 1120784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6994", "title": "Neutrophil kinetics in the dog.", "content": "The production of neutrophils in dogs has been estimated from the number of postmitotic neutrophils in the marrow and the transit time of a [3H]-thymidine pulse. The number of postmitotic neutrophils was derived from the erythron iron turnover measurement of erythroid number and the neutrophil-erythroid ratio in bone marrow sections. The mean value for marrow postmitotic neutrophils in dogs was 5.61 plus or minus 0.56 times 10-9 cells/kg. The mean transit time of these neutrophils was calculated to be 82.1 h. A marrow production of 1.65 times 10-9 neutrophils/kg/day was calculated from these data. The turnover of circulating neutrophils was measured by [3H]thymidine and [32P]diisopropylphospho-fluoridate (DF32P) labeling of blood neutrophils. [3H]-Thymidine labeling gave a calculated recovery of 65 per cent, a t1/2 disappearance time of 6.7 h, and a calculated turnover of 1.66 times 10-9 cells/kg/day. Corresponding results with DF32P tagging were 51 per cent, 5.4 h, and 2.89 times 10-9 cells/kg/day. The discrepancy between these two tags persisted in doubly tagged cells and was considered to be due to elution of DF32P.", "contents": "Neutrophil kinetics in the dog. The production of neutrophils in dogs has been estimated from the number of postmitotic neutrophils in the marrow and the transit time of a [3H]-thymidine pulse. The number of postmitotic neutrophils was derived from the erythron iron turnover measurement of erythroid number and the neutrophil-erythroid ratio in bone marrow sections. The mean value for marrow postmitotic neutrophils in dogs was 5.61 plus or minus 0.56 times 10-9 cells/kg. The mean transit time of these neutrophils was calculated to be 82.1 h. A marrow production of 1.65 times 10-9 neutrophils/kg/day was calculated from these data. The turnover of circulating neutrophils was measured by [3H]thymidine and [32P]diisopropylphospho-fluoridate (DF32P) labeling of blood neutrophils. [3H]-Thymidine labeling gave a calculated recovery of 65 per cent, a t1/2 disappearance time of 6.7 h, and a calculated turnover of 1.66 times 10-9 cells/kg/day. Corresponding results with DF32P tagging were 51 per cent, 5.4 h, and 2.89 times 10-9 cells/kg/day. The discrepancy between these two tags persisted in doubly tagged cells and was considered to be due to elution of DF32P.", "PMID": 1120785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6995", "title": "Hearing in the parakeet (Melopsittacus undulatus): absolute thresholds, critical ratios, frequency difference limens, and vocalizations.", "content": "Avoidance conditioning and the method of limits were used to measure absolute auditory thresholds, masked thresholds, and critical ratios in 4 parakeets. The same procedure was then used to study frequency difference limens in 6 additional animals. The power spectrum and \"constancy of intonation\" of the parakeet call were also measured and related to the absolute and differential frequency sensitivity. The mechanism of frequency analysis in the parakeet ear was considered in relation to the present results and to the anatomical and functional differences between the avian and mammalian auditory systems.", "contents": "Hearing in the parakeet (Melopsittacus undulatus): absolute thresholds, critical ratios, frequency difference limens, and vocalizations. Avoidance conditioning and the method of limits were used to measure absolute auditory thresholds, masked thresholds, and critical ratios in 4 parakeets. The same procedure was then used to study frequency difference limens in 6 additional animals. The power spectrum and \"constancy of intonation\" of the parakeet call were also measured and related to the absolute and differential frequency sensitivity. The mechanism of frequency analysis in the parakeet ear was considered in relation to the present results and to the anatomical and functional differences between the avian and mammalian auditory systems.", "PMID": 1120787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6996", "title": "The effect of insulin on renal handling of sodium, potassium, calcium, and phosphate in man.", "content": "The effects of insulin on the renal handling of sodium, potassium, calcium, and phosphate were studied in man while maintaining the blood glucose concentration at the fasting level by negative feedback servocontrol of a variable glucose infusion. In studies on six water-loaded normal subjects in a steady state of water diuresis, insulin was administered i.v. to raise the plasma insulin concentration to between 98 and 193 muU/ml and infused at a constant rate of 2 mU/kg body weight per min over a total period of 120 min. The blood glucose concentration was not significantly altered, and there was no change in the filtered load of glucose; glomerular filtration rate (CIN) and renal plasma flow (CPAH) were unchanged. Urinary sodium excretion (UNaV) decreased from 401 plus or minus 46 (SEM) to 213 plus or minus 18 mueq/min during insulin administration, the change becoming significant (P smaller than 0.02) within the 30-60 min collection period. Free water clearance (CH2O) increased from 10.6 plus or minus 0.6 to 13 plus or minus 0.5 ml/min (P smaller than 0.025); osmolar clearance decreased and urine flow was unchanged. There was no change in plasma aldosterone concentration, which was low throughout the studies, and a slight reduction was observed in plasma glucagon concentration. Urinary potassium (UKV) and phosphate (UPV) excretion were also both decreased during insulin administration; UKV decreased from 66 plus or minus 9 to 21 plus or minus 1 mueq/min (P smaller than 0.005), and tupv decreased from 504 plus or minus 93 to 230 plus or minus 43 mug/min (P smaller than 0.01). The change in UKV was associated with a significant reduction in plasma potassium concentration. There was also a statistically significant but small reduction in plasma phosphate concentration which was not considered sufficient alone to account for the large reduction in UPV. Urinary calcium excretion (UCaV) increased from 126 plus or minus 24 to 200 plus or minus 17 mug/min (P smaller than 0.01). These studies demonstrate a reduction in UNaV associated with insulin administration that occurs in the absence of changes in the filtered load of glucose, glomerular filtration rate, renal blood flow, and plasma aldosterone concentration. The effect of insulin on CH2O suggests that insulin's effect on sodium excretion is due to enhancement of sodium reabsorption in the diluting segment of the distal nephron.", "contents": "The effect of insulin on renal handling of sodium, potassium, calcium, and phosphate in man. The effects of insulin on the renal handling of sodium, potassium, calcium, and phosphate were studied in man while maintaining the blood glucose concentration at the fasting level by negative feedback servocontrol of a variable glucose infusion. In studies on six water-loaded normal subjects in a steady state of water diuresis, insulin was administered i.v. to raise the plasma insulin concentration to between 98 and 193 muU/ml and infused at a constant rate of 2 mU/kg body weight per min over a total period of 120 min. The blood glucose concentration was not significantly altered, and there was no change in the filtered load of glucose; glomerular filtration rate (CIN) and renal plasma flow (CPAH) were unchanged. Urinary sodium excretion (UNaV) decreased from 401 plus or minus 46 (SEM) to 213 plus or minus 18 mueq/min during insulin administration, the change becoming significant (P smaller than 0.02) within the 30-60 min collection period. Free water clearance (CH2O) increased from 10.6 plus or minus 0.6 to 13 plus or minus 0.5 ml/min (P smaller than 0.025); osmolar clearance decreased and urine flow was unchanged. There was no change in plasma aldosterone concentration, which was low throughout the studies, and a slight reduction was observed in plasma glucagon concentration. Urinary potassium (UKV) and phosphate (UPV) excretion were also both decreased during insulin administration; UKV decreased from 66 plus or minus 9 to 21 plus or minus 1 mueq/min (P smaller than 0.005), and tupv decreased from 504 plus or minus 93 to 230 plus or minus 43 mug/min (P smaller than 0.01). The change in UKV was associated with a significant reduction in plasma potassium concentration. There was also a statistically significant but small reduction in plasma phosphate concentration which was not considered sufficient alone to account for the large reduction in UPV. Urinary calcium excretion (UCaV) increased from 126 plus or minus 24 to 200 plus or minus 17 mug/min (P smaller than 0.01). These studies demonstrate a reduction in UNaV associated with insulin administration that occurs in the absence of changes in the filtered load of glucose, glomerular filtration rate, renal blood flow, and plasma aldosterone concentration. The effect of insulin on CH2O suggests that insulin's effect on sodium excretion is due to enhancement of sodium reabsorption in the diluting segment of the distal nephron.", "PMID": 1120786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6997", "title": "Discriminability and the contrafreeloading phenomenon.", "content": "According to previous reports of the \"contrafreeloading phenomenon,\" animals will work for a reward, and sometimes work quite hard, in the presence of the same reward available freely. With rats as the subjects two experiments are presented which suggest that the contrafreeloading data are explainable with a basic learning principle, discriminability and its accompanying response decrement. For some animals the change in stimulus conditions with introduction of free water was made more highly discriminable by a change in earned reinforcement conditions. The other animals remained on the same earned reinforcement conditions under which all the animals had been trained. The results demonstrated that the discriminability between the conditions of working and freeloading is a most important factor contributing to the continued responding in the presence of free rewards.", "contents": "Discriminability and the contrafreeloading phenomenon. According to previous reports of the \"contrafreeloading phenomenon,\" animals will work for a reward, and sometimes work quite hard, in the presence of the same reward available freely. With rats as the subjects two experiments are presented which suggest that the contrafreeloading data are explainable with a basic learning principle, discriminability and its accompanying response decrement. For some animals the change in stimulus conditions with introduction of free water was made more highly discriminable by a change in earned reinforcement conditions. The other animals remained on the same earned reinforcement conditions under which all the animals had been trained. The results demonstrated that the discriminability between the conditions of working and freeloading is a most important factor contributing to the continued responding in the presence of free rewards.", "PMID": 1120788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6998", "title": "Relative similarity of rotated and reversed figures to the original figures as a function of children's age.", "content": "Four rotated and 2 (left-right and up-down) reversed replicas of 11 random figures and a capital letter, F, were ranked for similarity to the originals by 7 age groups, 5-19 yr. in mean age, each consisting of 23-39 normal boys and girls. For both the random figures and the letter, the left-right reversals were judged as the most similar to the originals at ages 5-7, while the 45 degrees rotations were judged so at ages 12-19. The age of 10 was the boundary between these 2 tendencies. These results indicate that young children have already differentiated spatial orientations and directions to a considerable degree, but differently from older children and adults.", "contents": "Relative similarity of rotated and reversed figures to the original figures as a function of children's age. Four rotated and 2 (left-right and up-down) reversed replicas of 11 random figures and a capital letter, F, were ranked for similarity to the originals by 7 age groups, 5-19 yr. in mean age, each consisting of 23-39 normal boys and girls. For both the random figures and the letter, the left-right reversals were judged as the most similar to the originals at ages 5-7, while the 45 degrees rotations were judged so at ages 12-19. The age of 10 was the boundary between these 2 tendencies. These results indicate that young children have already differentiated spatial orientations and directions to a considerable degree, but differently from older children and adults.", "PMID": 1120789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_6999", "title": "Electrophysiological and behavioral reactivity to photic stimuli following septal lesions and pharmacological treatments in rats.", "content": "Analysis of behavioral reactivity and cortical visual evoked response (VER) to photic stimulation revealed 2 patterns of lesion-induced changes. One pattern of VERs reflected a hypoarousal electrophysiological condition. This pattern, present initially under all conditions, could be simulated with administration of scopolamine. A second pattern of VERs developed gradually and appeared to reflect a hyperaroused electrophysiological condition. This pattern could be simulated with d-amphetamine. While both lesion-induced electrophysiological patterns were associated with augmented behavioral reactivity to flashes, the hyperarousal pattern related to more intense conditions of stimulation and more sustained behavioral reactivity. Scopolamine, as opposed to d-amphetamine, reproduced the heightened behavioral reactivity to the flashes. These results were interpreted in terms of a \"hypoarousal hypothesis\" of sensory hyperreactivity.", "contents": "Electrophysiological and behavioral reactivity to photic stimuli following septal lesions and pharmacological treatments in rats. Analysis of behavioral reactivity and cortical visual evoked response (VER) to photic stimulation revealed 2 patterns of lesion-induced changes. One pattern of VERs reflected a hypoarousal electrophysiological condition. This pattern, present initially under all conditions, could be simulated with administration of scopolamine. A second pattern of VERs developed gradually and appeared to reflect a hyperaroused electrophysiological condition. This pattern could be simulated with d-amphetamine. While both lesion-induced electrophysiological patterns were associated with augmented behavioral reactivity to flashes, the hyperarousal pattern related to more intense conditions of stimulation and more sustained behavioral reactivity. Scopolamine, as opposed to d-amphetamine, reproduced the heightened behavioral reactivity to the flashes. These results were interpreted in terms of a \"hypoarousal hypothesis\" of sensory hyperreactivity.", "PMID": 1120790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7000", "title": "Classical differential and operant conditioning in rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) with septal lesions.", "content": "Normal rabbits and rabbits with septal lesions received classical differential conditioning of the nictitating membrane response (NMR), followed by auditory generalization tests run in extinction. Although rate of acquisition and asymptotic responding to positive conditioned stimuli did not differ, septals responded more than normals to nonreinforced stimuli. Resultant decrements in differential conditioning could not be attributed to changes in auditory or shock thresholds or to increased spontaneous NMRs. Septals also responded at higher rates in both operant conditioning (bar presses reinforced with food pellets on a variable interval schedule) and extinction sessions. No difference in suppression in a passive avoidance task was found. Results are discussed in relation to McCleary's response disinhibition analysis of septal function, and an habituation hypothesis is considered.", "contents": "Classical differential and operant conditioning in rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) with septal lesions. Normal rabbits and rabbits with septal lesions received classical differential conditioning of the nictitating membrane response (NMR), followed by auditory generalization tests run in extinction. Although rate of acquisition and asymptotic responding to positive conditioned stimuli did not differ, septals responded more than normals to nonreinforced stimuli. Resultant decrements in differential conditioning could not be attributed to changes in auditory or shock thresholds or to increased spontaneous NMRs. Septals also responded at higher rates in both operant conditioning (bar presses reinforced with food pellets on a variable interval schedule) and extinction sessions. No difference in suppression in a passive avoidance task was found. Results are discussed in relation to McCleary's response disinhibition analysis of septal function, and an habituation hypothesis is considered.", "PMID": 1120791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7001", "title": "Hypoglycemic conditioned reflex in rats: preliminary study of its mechanism.", "content": "It was found that a nervous mechanism is involved in eliciting a hypoglycemic response in rats. A conditioned reflex was established after a series of reinforcements in which an insulin injection (unconditioned stimulus) was associated with the sound of a bell (conditioning stimulus). The hypoglycemic conditioned response was statistically similar to that of insulin. The latency of the beginning of the hypoglycemic response to insulin was between 4 and 6 min. The latency of the conditioned hypoglycemic response to the conditioning stimulus was about 1 min. Blood extracted from a conditioned rat during the test of conditioning produced a hypoglycemic effect when injected into a nonconditioned receptor rat.", "contents": "Hypoglycemic conditioned reflex in rats: preliminary study of its mechanism. It was found that a nervous mechanism is involved in eliciting a hypoglycemic response in rats. A conditioned reflex was established after a series of reinforcements in which an insulin injection (unconditioned stimulus) was associated with the sound of a bell (conditioning stimulus). The hypoglycemic conditioned response was statistically similar to that of insulin. The latency of the beginning of the hypoglycemic response to insulin was between 4 and 6 min. The latency of the conditioned hypoglycemic response to the conditioning stimulus was about 1 min. Blood extracted from a conditioned rat during the test of conditioning produced a hypoglycemic effect when injected into a nonconditioned receptor rat.", "PMID": 1120792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7002", "title": "Osmosensitive neurons in the rat's preoptic area: medial-lateral comparison.", "content": "For the first time, brain-recording data were brought to bear directly on the question of a critical osmosensitive zone in the lateral preoptic area as specifically delimited in the rat by Blass and Epstein, and in the rabbit by Peck and Novin. Our data clearly showed that this critical zone in the lateral preoptic area of the rat contains cells that are osmosensitive. Simultaneous recording from cell populations (a) inside the critical zone and (b) in a zone medial to it showed that the net acceleratory response to challenge for the former was much greater than it was for the latter. These findings constitute new evidence for the critical importance of the lateral preoptic area in cellular dehydration thirst.", "contents": "Osmosensitive neurons in the rat's preoptic area: medial-lateral comparison. For the first time, brain-recording data were brought to bear directly on the question of a critical osmosensitive zone in the lateral preoptic area as specifically delimited in the rat by Blass and Epstein, and in the rabbit by Peck and Novin. Our data clearly showed that this critical zone in the lateral preoptic area of the rat contains cells that are osmosensitive. Simultaneous recording from cell populations (a) inside the critical zone and (b) in a zone medial to it showed that the net acceleratory response to challenge for the former was much greater than it was for the latter. These findings constitute new evidence for the critical importance of the lateral preoptic area in cellular dehydration thirst.", "PMID": 1120793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7003", "title": "Neurochemical coding for feeding in sheep and steers.", "content": "Feeding responses of sheep and steers were compared following intraventricular injection of alpha-adrenergic agonists and antagonists in 2-hr. tests. In sheep, injection of the alpha-agonist 1-norepinephrine (1-NE) (140-1,120 nmoles) increased feed intakes 288% and 388% compared with intakes following synthetic cerebrospinal fluid. This response was blocked by the alpha-antagonist phenoxybenzamine, whereas the antagonist alone decreased feed intake. The beta-adrenergic antagonist propranolol did not modify the 1-NE response. A purer but weaker alpha-agonist, 1-phenylephrine, also resulted in increased feed intake that was blocked by phenoxybenzamine. In contrast to the feeding responses of sheep, 1-NE caused hypophagia in steers, reducing intakes as much as 58% in 2-hr. tests over doses ranging 42-27,800 nmoles. Phenoxybenzamine blocked the 1-NE-induced hypophagia in steers; when injected alone, it increased feed intakes 181% of control values. Changes in feeding following 1-NE injections are probably not attributable to changes in temperature, fat mobilization, or stupor. The data support the hypothesis of an alpha-adrenergic-coded system for feeding in sheep and for satiety in steers.", "contents": "Neurochemical coding for feeding in sheep and steers. Feeding responses of sheep and steers were compared following intraventricular injection of alpha-adrenergic agonists and antagonists in 2-hr. tests. In sheep, injection of the alpha-agonist 1-norepinephrine (1-NE) (140-1,120 nmoles) increased feed intakes 288% and 388% compared with intakes following synthetic cerebrospinal fluid. This response was blocked by the alpha-antagonist phenoxybenzamine, whereas the antagonist alone decreased feed intake. The beta-adrenergic antagonist propranolol did not modify the 1-NE response. A purer but weaker alpha-agonist, 1-phenylephrine, also resulted in increased feed intake that was blocked by phenoxybenzamine. In contrast to the feeding responses of sheep, 1-NE caused hypophagia in steers, reducing intakes as much as 58% in 2-hr. tests over doses ranging 42-27,800 nmoles. Phenoxybenzamine blocked the 1-NE-induced hypophagia in steers; when injected alone, it increased feed intakes 181% of control values. Changes in feeding following 1-NE injections are probably not attributable to changes in temperature, fat mobilization, or stupor. The data support the hypothesis of an alpha-adrenergic-coded system for feeding in sheep and for satiety in steers.", "PMID": 1120794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7004", "title": "Some effects of ovarian hormones on food intake and body weight in female rats.", "content": "Ovarian steroids affect the food intake and body weight of rats. These effects are probably mediated by estradiol and progesterone, since these 2 hormones are more effective than their principal metabolites (estrone and 5alpha-pregnane-3,20-dione, respectively) in altering the food intake and body weight of ovariectomized rats. Estradiol seems to affect food intake by lowering the set point about which body weight is regulated in a dose-dependent fashion. These actions of estradiol can be attenuated or completely blocked by concurrent injections of progesterone. Estradiol-treated ovariectomized rats are far more responsive to the weight- and appetite-promoting actions of progesterone than are ovariectomized-adrenalectomized rats, suggesting that the principal action of progesterone on energy balance may be to interfere with the effects of estradiol.", "contents": "Some effects of ovarian hormones on food intake and body weight in female rats. Ovarian steroids affect the food intake and body weight of rats. These effects are probably mediated by estradiol and progesterone, since these 2 hormones are more effective than their principal metabolites (estrone and 5alpha-pregnane-3,20-dione, respectively) in altering the food intake and body weight of ovariectomized rats. Estradiol seems to affect food intake by lowering the set point about which body weight is regulated in a dose-dependent fashion. These actions of estradiol can be attenuated or completely blocked by concurrent injections of progesterone. Estradiol-treated ovariectomized rats are far more responsive to the weight- and appetite-promoting actions of progesterone than are ovariectomized-adrenalectomized rats, suggesting that the principal action of progesterone on energy balance may be to interfere with the effects of estradiol.", "PMID": 1120795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7005", "title": "Influence of ovarian hormones on the recovery period following lateral hypothalamic lesions.", "content": "The effects of ovariectomy and its interaction with body weight on the recovery period following lateral hypothalamic lesions were examined. The results of the experiments indicated that body weight set point prior to lesioning, liable to be influenced by hormonal and metabolic factors, is a more important variable in modifying the recovery process after lateral hypothalamic lesions than is absolute body weight, while absolute body weight determines the amount of weight loss that follows lesions of the lateral hypothalamus.", "contents": "Influence of ovarian hormones on the recovery period following lateral hypothalamic lesions. The effects of ovariectomy and its interaction with body weight on the recovery period following lateral hypothalamic lesions were examined. The results of the experiments indicated that body weight set point prior to lesioning, liable to be influenced by hormonal and metabolic factors, is a more important variable in modifying the recovery process after lateral hypothalamic lesions than is absolute body weight, while absolute body weight determines the amount of weight loss that follows lesions of the lateral hypothalamus.", "PMID": 1120796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7006", "title": "Chronically reduced body weight in rats sustaining lesions of the lateral hypothalamus and maintained on palatable diets and drinking solutions.", "content": "Male rats sustaining lateral hypothalamic (LH) lesions regulated their body weight at a reduced level when maintained for 1 mo. postlesion upon a wet mash diet. Thereafter, for a period of 84 days, half of these animals were offered a high fat dies whereas the remaining animals continued to receive wet mash. A series of palatable drinking solutions were also offered. Body weight remained at reduced levels relative to intact control animals regardless of the diet offered, even under conditions of high fluid intake generated by the palatable drinking solutions. These results contradict the interpretation of Mufson and Wampler that the lower body weight observed in LH-lesioned animals is secondary to lesion-produced \"finickiness\" and/or dehydration resulting from hypodipsia. Rather, a primary shift in the set point for body weight appears to underlie the reduced levels of weight maintenance in LH-lesioned animals.", "contents": "Chronically reduced body weight in rats sustaining lesions of the lateral hypothalamus and maintained on palatable diets and drinking solutions. Male rats sustaining lateral hypothalamic (LH) lesions regulated their body weight at a reduced level when maintained for 1 mo. postlesion upon a wet mash diet. Thereafter, for a period of 84 days, half of these animals were offered a high fat dies whereas the remaining animals continued to receive wet mash. A series of palatable drinking solutions were also offered. Body weight remained at reduced levels relative to intact control animals regardless of the diet offered, even under conditions of high fluid intake generated by the palatable drinking solutions. These results contradict the interpretation of Mufson and Wampler that the lower body weight observed in LH-lesioned animals is secondary to lesion-produced \"finickiness\" and/or dehydration resulting from hypodipsia. Rather, a primary shift in the set point for body weight appears to underlie the reduced levels of weight maintenance in LH-lesioned animals.", "PMID": 1120797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7007", "title": "Differential effects of amphetamine and food deprivation of self-stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus and medial frontal cortex.", "content": "Intracranial self-stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus of the rat was markedly increased by d-amphetamine administration and by food deprivation. In contrast, similar self-stimulation response rates obtained in the same animals from the medial frontal cortex were unaffected by food deprivation and only slightly increased by d-amphetamine administration. Furthermore, a large difference between d- vs. l-amphetamine on response rate was obtained for lateral hypothalamic but not for medial frontal cortex self-stimulation. The results of this study were consistent with a noradrenergic self-stimulation system for the lateral hypothalamus. Medial frontal cortex self-stimulation, however, appears to be mediated by a neuroanatomical and neurochemical system different from that of the lateral hypothalamus.", "contents": "Differential effects of amphetamine and food deprivation of self-stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus and medial frontal cortex. Intracranial self-stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus of the rat was markedly increased by d-amphetamine administration and by food deprivation. In contrast, similar self-stimulation response rates obtained in the same animals from the medial frontal cortex were unaffected by food deprivation and only slightly increased by d-amphetamine administration. Furthermore, a large difference between d- vs. l-amphetamine on response rate was obtained for lateral hypothalamic but not for medial frontal cortex self-stimulation. The results of this study were consistent with a noradrenergic self-stimulation system for the lateral hypothalamus. Medial frontal cortex self-stimulation, however, appears to be mediated by a neuroanatomical and neurochemical system different from that of the lateral hypothalamus.", "PMID": 1120798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7008", "title": "Production of satiety with small intraduodenal infusions in the rat.", "content": "Rats equipped with chronic intragastric and intraduodenal catheters received small infusions of various solutions through one catheter during spontaneous meals. Regardless of which compartment or which solution was infused, the animals maintained a constant daily nutrient intake. However, all hypertonic solutions reduced mean meal size and increased the frequency of feeding when injected intraduodenally, while only nutritive solutions reduced mean meal size when infused intragastically. Water ingestion varied with the effective osmotic pressure of the injected solutions, but there were no differences in water ingestion as a function of the compartment infused. These data suggest both the presence of a duodenal satiety mechanism and the validity of interpreting the meal patterns of vagotomized rats eating a liquid diet as resulting from the rapid emptying of the diet into the duodenum.", "contents": "Production of satiety with small intraduodenal infusions in the rat. Rats equipped with chronic intragastric and intraduodenal catheters received small infusions of various solutions through one catheter during spontaneous meals. Regardless of which compartment or which solution was infused, the animals maintained a constant daily nutrient intake. However, all hypertonic solutions reduced mean meal size and increased the frequency of feeding when injected intraduodenally, while only nutritive solutions reduced mean meal size when infused intragastically. Water ingestion varied with the effective osmotic pressure of the injected solutions, but there were no differences in water ingestion as a function of the compartment infused. These data suggest both the presence of a duodenal satiety mechanism and the validity of interpreting the meal patterns of vagotomized rats eating a liquid diet as resulting from the rapid emptying of the diet into the duodenum.", "PMID": 1120799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7009", "title": "Neonatal androstenedione and adult sexual behavior in golden hamsters.", "content": "Male rats castrated and given androstenedione neonatally can show high levels of both masculine and femine copulatory behavior in adulthood. In the present study, intact female and male hamsters castrated at birth were treated for their first 20 days with oil, free testosterone, or androstenedione. All neonatal androgen treatments mimicked the naturally occurring developmental process of the male in that all androgenized groups were capable of high levels of male behavior (males but not females showing ejaculation patterns) as well as moderate levels of lordotic receptivity. There were no significant differences in effect among neonatal androgen treatments. The results were discussed as they relate to species differences, sex differences, hamster \"bisexuality,\" and posthormone copulatory performance.", "contents": "Neonatal androstenedione and adult sexual behavior in golden hamsters. Male rats castrated and given androstenedione neonatally can show high levels of both masculine and femine copulatory behavior in adulthood. In the present study, intact female and male hamsters castrated at birth were treated for their first 20 days with oil, free testosterone, or androstenedione. All neonatal androgen treatments mimicked the naturally occurring developmental process of the male in that all androgenized groups were capable of high levels of male behavior (males but not females showing ejaculation patterns) as well as moderate levels of lordotic receptivity. There were no significant differences in effect among neonatal androgen treatments. The results were discussed as they relate to species differences, sex differences, hamster \"bisexuality,\" and posthormone copulatory performance.", "PMID": 1120800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7010", "title": "Influence of testosterone propionate administered neonatally on puberty and bisexual behavior in female hamsters.", "content": "Female hamsters were treated with oil, 3-mug., 30-mug., or 300-mug. testosterone propionate (TP) as neonates. Neonatal TP treatment delayed the onset of puberty by 4.5 days to an age near that previously reported for the male hamster. In addition, neonatal TP altered genital morphology, induced the capacity for mounting behavior, and at the highest dosage, disrupted the ability to bear and rear young. Vaginal and behavioral estrous cycles, however, were not influenced by neonatal TP. In a second experiment, 600-mug. TP administered neonatally blocked estrous cyclicity, but did not eliminate the capacity to display feminine sexual behavior. These results imply that \"masculinization\" and \"defeminization\" are separate aspects of neurobehavioral sexual differentiation, and the \"defeminization\" includes several independent physiological processes.", "contents": "Influence of testosterone propionate administered neonatally on puberty and bisexual behavior in female hamsters. Female hamsters were treated with oil, 3-mug., 30-mug., or 300-mug. testosterone propionate (TP) as neonates. Neonatal TP treatment delayed the onset of puberty by 4.5 days to an age near that previously reported for the male hamster. In addition, neonatal TP altered genital morphology, induced the capacity for mounting behavior, and at the highest dosage, disrupted the ability to bear and rear young. Vaginal and behavioral estrous cycles, however, were not influenced by neonatal TP. In a second experiment, 600-mug. TP administered neonatally blocked estrous cyclicity, but did not eliminate the capacity to display feminine sexual behavior. These results imply that \"masculinization\" and \"defeminization\" are separate aspects of neurobehavioral sexual differentiation, and the \"defeminization\" includes several independent physiological processes.", "PMID": 1120801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7011", "title": "Estrogen-progesterone regulation of nest-building and incubation behavior in ovariectomized ring doves (Streptopelia risoria).", "content": "The role of ovarian hormones in the induction of nest-building (tucking) and incubation behavior in female doves (Streptopelia risoria) was determined by systemic injections of estrogen, or progesterione, or estrogen combined with progesterone, or oil in reproductively experienced ovariectomized females. Combined estrogen and progesterone treatment was the most effective hormone regimen for eliciting both behavior patterns in females and also facilitated these behaviors in their untreated mates. Differences in role of the gonadal progesterone in male and female doves were discussed.", "contents": "Estrogen-progesterone regulation of nest-building and incubation behavior in ovariectomized ring doves (Streptopelia risoria). The role of ovarian hormones in the induction of nest-building (tucking) and incubation behavior in female doves (Streptopelia risoria) was determined by systemic injections of estrogen, or progesterione, or estrogen combined with progesterone, or oil in reproductively experienced ovariectomized females. Combined estrogen and progesterone treatment was the most effective hormone regimen for eliciting both behavior patterns in females and also facilitated these behaviors in their untreated mates. Differences in role of the gonadal progesterone in male and female doves were discussed.", "PMID": 1120802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7012", "title": "Androgens and the organization of sex differences in active avoidance behavior in the rat.", "content": "A series of experiments was performed to clarify the role of androgens in the development of sex differences in the acquisition of active avoidance behavior. Gonadectomy in adulthood did not affect the performance of either sex regardless of the length of the postoperative recovery interval. Neonatal castration also failed to improve the avoidance performance of males, but prenatal exposure to the antiandrogen cyproterone acetate combined with neonatal gonadectomy produced males whose avoidance acquisition and open field activity scores were indistinguishable from those of control females. Prenatal exposure to endogenous of normal males, but there is no compelling evidence that exposure to androgens during the prenatal period is critical to this effect.", "contents": "Androgens and the organization of sex differences in active avoidance behavior in the rat. A series of experiments was performed to clarify the role of androgens in the development of sex differences in the acquisition of active avoidance behavior. Gonadectomy in adulthood did not affect the performance of either sex regardless of the length of the postoperative recovery interval. Neonatal castration also failed to improve the avoidance performance of males, but prenatal exposure to the antiandrogen cyproterone acetate combined with neonatal gonadectomy produced males whose avoidance acquisition and open field activity scores were indistinguishable from those of control females. Prenatal exposure to endogenous of normal males, but there is no compelling evidence that exposure to androgens during the prenatal period is critical to this effect.", "PMID": 1120803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7013", "title": "Effects of hippocampal microinjections of D-amphetamine and scopolamine on active avoidance behavior in rats.", "content": "Rats received bilateral injections of 20 or 40 mug. of d-amphetamine or scopolamine into the dorsal or ventral hippocampus prior to each of 8 daily training sessions in a discriminated Y-maze active avoidance task. Scopolamine, but not d-amphetamine, facilitated avoidance responding in both sites, with the effect being greatest following administration of 20 mug. into the dorsal hippocampus. On Days 9 and 10, all animals received saline injections and were tested for transfer of responding to the nondrug state. A decrement of performance occurred irrespective of whether the drug had facilitated avoidance responding. The performance changes were greater following termination of scopolamine than d-amphetamine injections, and in no case were so great as those previously reported following peripheral injections of the drugs.", "contents": "Effects of hippocampal microinjections of D-amphetamine and scopolamine on active avoidance behavior in rats. Rats received bilateral injections of 20 or 40 mug. of d-amphetamine or scopolamine into the dorsal or ventral hippocampus prior to each of 8 daily training sessions in a discriminated Y-maze active avoidance task. Scopolamine, but not d-amphetamine, facilitated avoidance responding in both sites, with the effect being greatest following administration of 20 mug. into the dorsal hippocampus. On Days 9 and 10, all animals received saline injections and were tested for transfer of responding to the nondrug state. A decrement of performance occurred irrespective of whether the drug had facilitated avoidance responding. The performance changes were greater following termination of scopolamine than d-amphetamine injections, and in no case were so great as those previously reported following peripheral injections of the drugs.", "PMID": 1120804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7014", "title": "Relationship between hippocampal theta activity and running speed in the rat.", "content": "The frequency of occurrence and amplitude of hippocampal theta waves induced by forced locomotion is proportional to speed of movement on a treadmill. Although induction of hippocampal theta waves is related to the initiation of movement, it is not dependent upon proprioceptive feedback because it persists in the resting animal after a bout of running. It is possible to obtain cortical theta waves in the absence of hippocampal theta activity.", "contents": "Relationship between hippocampal theta activity and running speed in the rat. The frequency of occurrence and amplitude of hippocampal theta waves induced by forced locomotion is proportional to speed of movement on a treadmill. Although induction of hippocampal theta waves is related to the initiation of movement, it is not dependent upon proprioceptive feedback because it persists in the resting animal after a bout of running. It is possible to obtain cortical theta waves in the absence of hippocampal theta activity.", "PMID": 1120805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7015", "title": "Hippocampal ablation prolongs immobility response in rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus).", "content": "The present study was performed to test the hypothesis that damage to the hippocampus reduces tonic immobility in rabbits. Two measures were used: the number of successful inductions of tonic immobility in a test session and the duration of each successful immobilization. Both of these measures were found to increase in rabbits with hippocampal lesions rather than to decrease as expected. It is suggested that the hippocampus may act to suppress any ongoing dominant or prepotent response, whether the response involves movement or cessation of movement.", "contents": "Hippocampal ablation prolongs immobility response in rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). The present study was performed to test the hypothesis that damage to the hippocampus reduces tonic immobility in rabbits. Two measures were used: the number of successful inductions of tonic immobility in a test session and the duration of each successful immobilization. Both of these measures were found to increase in rabbits with hippocampal lesions rather than to decrease as expected. It is suggested that the hippocampus may act to suppress any ongoing dominant or prepotent response, whether the response involves movement or cessation of movement.", "PMID": 1120806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7016", "title": "Attenuation of \"acute\" habituation by scopolamine in the black-tailed prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus).", "content": "The hypothesis after scopolamine attenuates habituation occurring within a training session as well as that occurring between training sessions was tested and confirmed. Scopolamine injections (.5 mg/kg) reduced spontaneous wheel running in the prairie dog. The same dosage did not affect the threshold for wheen running induced by electrical brain stimulation (EBS). Another experiment demonstrated that EBS-induced running declined during a 10-min. stimulation period and indicated that the decline was habituative since the response was repeatedly dishabituated. In a final experiment .5 mg/kg of scopolamine reduced habituation of EBS-induced wheel running during 10-min. sessions.", "contents": "Attenuation of \"acute\" habituation by scopolamine in the black-tailed prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus). The hypothesis after scopolamine attenuates habituation occurring within a training session as well as that occurring between training sessions was tested and confirmed. Scopolamine injections (.5 mg/kg) reduced spontaneous wheel running in the prairie dog. The same dosage did not affect the threshold for wheen running induced by electrical brain stimulation (EBS). Another experiment demonstrated that EBS-induced running declined during a 10-min. stimulation period and indicated that the decline was habituative since the response was repeatedly dishabituated. In a final experiment .5 mg/kg of scopolamine reduced habituation of EBS-induced wheel running during 10-min. sessions.", "PMID": 1120807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7017", "title": "Delayed alternation learning under electrical (blocking) stimulation of the caudate nucleus in the cat.", "content": "Of 9 cats with electrodes implanted in the dorsolateral caudate nucleus, 4 had previously reached criterion on a delayed alternation task. Tested under alternating conditions of stimulation and nonstimulation, these 4 animals showed a significant performance decline with stimulation. When a marker was placed on one response panel, performance under stimulation did not decline. Stimulation did not affect the learning of a visual discrimination. The remaining 5 cats were trained on delayed alternation with alternating stimulation and nonstimulation conditions. Under stimulation, performance remained near chance levels. These animals were tested on position learning and reversal, and under unilateral stimulation. The results support the view that the caudate nucleus and prefrontal cortex mediate separate aspects of delayed response behavior.", "contents": "Delayed alternation learning under electrical (blocking) stimulation of the caudate nucleus in the cat. Of 9 cats with electrodes implanted in the dorsolateral caudate nucleus, 4 had previously reached criterion on a delayed alternation task. Tested under alternating conditions of stimulation and nonstimulation, these 4 animals showed a significant performance decline with stimulation. When a marker was placed on one response panel, performance under stimulation did not decline. Stimulation did not affect the learning of a visual discrimination. The remaining 5 cats were trained on delayed alternation with alternating stimulation and nonstimulation conditions. Under stimulation, performance remained near chance levels. These animals were tested on position learning and reversal, and under unilateral stimulation. The results support the view that the caudate nucleus and prefrontal cortex mediate separate aspects of delayed response behavior.", "PMID": 1120808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7018", "title": "Time-dependent changes in amphetamine self-administration following frontal cortex ablations in rats.", "content": "Rats were trained to intravenously self-administer d-amphetamine (.01 mg/kg/reward infusion) during daily 1-hr. testing sessions. Following removal of frontal cortex, rates of d-amphetamine self-administration were higher at early (3-5 days) postoperative intervals but lower at later (2-4 wk.) postoperative intervals. These and other results indicated that, as a function of time after surgery, frontal rats are first hyposensitive and then become increasingly hypersensitive to the rewarding effect of d-amphetamine.", "contents": "Time-dependent changes in amphetamine self-administration following frontal cortex ablations in rats. Rats were trained to intravenously self-administer d-amphetamine (.01 mg/kg/reward infusion) during daily 1-hr. testing sessions. Following removal of frontal cortex, rates of d-amphetamine self-administration were higher at early (3-5 days) postoperative intervals but lower at later (2-4 wk.) postoperative intervals. These and other results indicated that, as a function of time after surgery, frontal rats are first hyposensitive and then become increasingly hypersensitive to the rewarding effect of d-amphetamine.", "PMID": 1120809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7019", "title": "Emotional behavior in feral cats with ablations of prefrontal cortex and subsequent lesions in amygdala.", "content": "Bilateral ablations of gyrus proreus in 6 feral cats did not significantly alter either the intensity or the pattern of flight behavior during confrontation with a human. The scores for defense behavior were reduced in only 2 animals. Subsequent lesions in the rostral part of the basolateral nuclei of amygdala reduced flight and transiently decreased defense scores in all cats. The prefrontal cortex does not seem necessary for the flight and defense responding observed in feral cats. The role of amygdala in the regulation of these behaviors was confirmed.", "contents": "Emotional behavior in feral cats with ablations of prefrontal cortex and subsequent lesions in amygdala. Bilateral ablations of gyrus proreus in 6 feral cats did not significantly alter either the intensity or the pattern of flight behavior during confrontation with a human. The scores for defense behavior were reduced in only 2 animals. Subsequent lesions in the rostral part of the basolateral nuclei of amygdala reduced flight and transiently decreased defense scores in all cats. The prefrontal cortex does not seem necessary for the flight and defense responding observed in feral cats. The role of amygdala in the regulation of these behaviors was confirmed.", "PMID": 1120810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7020", "title": "Direct contact with enriched environment is required to alter cerebral weights in rats.", "content": "To test the relative effectiveness of direct vs. indirect interaction with an enriched environment, some rats were housed in groups of 12 in large enriched condition (EC) cages while littermate \"observer\" (OC) rats were placed singly in small wire-mesh cages within EC. A third group was housed singly in an impoverished condition (IC) where stimulation was minimal. After 30 days, the animals were killed and the brains dissected. In both experiments the usual pattern of EC-IC differences in brain weights appeared, whereas OC showed no significant differences from IC. On measures of exploratory behavior taken during the last 2 days of the second experiment, IC fell significantly below EC, and OC was somewhat below IC. Thus EC differen from both IC and OC in brain and in behavior. Active contact with an enriched environment appears necessary for development of EC effects.", "contents": "Direct contact with enriched environment is required to alter cerebral weights in rats. To test the relative effectiveness of direct vs. indirect interaction with an enriched environment, some rats were housed in groups of 12 in large enriched condition (EC) cages while littermate \"observer\" (OC) rats were placed singly in small wire-mesh cages within EC. A third group was housed singly in an impoverished condition (IC) where stimulation was minimal. After 30 days, the animals were killed and the brains dissected. In both experiments the usual pattern of EC-IC differences in brain weights appeared, whereas OC showed no significant differences from IC. On measures of exploratory behavior taken during the last 2 days of the second experiment, IC fell significantly below EC, and OC was somewhat below IC. Thus EC differen from both IC and OC in brain and in behavior. Active contact with an enriched environment appears necessary for development of EC effects.", "PMID": 1120811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7021", "title": "Interocular transfer of lateral mirror-image discriminations by cats: evidence of species differences.", "content": "Interocular transfer of mirror-image discriminations has been shown to be paradoxical in split-chiasm monkeys tested in a lighted Wisconsin General Test Apparatus (WGTA) with 3-dimensional forms, but veridical in split-chiasm cats tested in a darkened 2-choice discrimination box with transilluminated patterns. In the present study, 8 split-chiasm cats showed veridical interocular transfer of a mirror-image and a non-mirror-image discrimination in a WGTA or a 2-choice discrimination box. On the basis of the testing parameters used, it is argued that the discrepancy in the literature arises from a species difference (having a behavioral rather than a gross neurological basis), and not from differences in behavioral testing apparatus or mode of stimulus presentation.", "contents": "Interocular transfer of lateral mirror-image discriminations by cats: evidence of species differences. Interocular transfer of mirror-image discriminations has been shown to be paradoxical in split-chiasm monkeys tested in a lighted Wisconsin General Test Apparatus (WGTA) with 3-dimensional forms, but veridical in split-chiasm cats tested in a darkened 2-choice discrimination box with transilluminated patterns. In the present study, 8 split-chiasm cats showed veridical interocular transfer of a mirror-image and a non-mirror-image discrimination in a WGTA or a 2-choice discrimination box. On the basis of the testing parameters used, it is argued that the discrepancy in the literature arises from a species difference (having a behavioral rather than a gross neurological basis), and not from differences in behavioral testing apparatus or mode of stimulus presentation.", "PMID": 1120812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7022", "title": "Color pecking preferences in White Leghorn chicks.", "content": "Studies of color pecking preferences in newly hatched chicks (Gallus domesticus) have shown unimodal preference in the orange region of the spectrum or bimodal preferences at blue and orange. In the present study, dark-harched White Leghorn chicks were tested in darkness with targets illuminated at 1 or 3 radiant intensity levels. Results showed the least amount of pecking at green (541 nm.) and peak preferences in blue-violet and orange-red regions. Findings were similar when other dark-hatched chicks were tested in the light (Experiment 2). Overall, findings suggest unlearned pecking preferences for short and long wavelengths, with minimums at green. Possible evolutionary and photochemical bases for such a bimodal wavelength preference function were discussed. Since bimodality was unaffected by target intensity and background, these variables probably do not account for the unimodal function reported by others.", "contents": "Color pecking preferences in White Leghorn chicks. Studies of color pecking preferences in newly hatched chicks (Gallus domesticus) have shown unimodal preference in the orange region of the spectrum or bimodal preferences at blue and orange. In the present study, dark-harched White Leghorn chicks were tested in darkness with targets illuminated at 1 or 3 radiant intensity levels. Results showed the least amount of pecking at green (541 nm.) and peak preferences in blue-violet and orange-red regions. Findings were similar when other dark-hatched chicks were tested in the light (Experiment 2). Overall, findings suggest unlearned pecking preferences for short and long wavelengths, with minimums at green. Possible evolutionary and photochemical bases for such a bimodal wavelength preference function were discussed. Since bimodality was unaffected by target intensity and background, these variables probably do not account for the unimodal function reported by others.", "PMID": 1120813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7023", "title": "Early experience in domestication.", "content": "Two experiments using domestic and wild rats (Rattus norvegicus) were conducted to assess the ontogenetic as well as phylogenetic influences of early experience on domestication. Experiment 1 was a factorial, reciprocal cross-foster study. Experiment 2 was a factorial assessment of the combined effects of preweaning handling and postweaning enriched environments. These experiments on rat domesticatoin showed that preweaning handling has a strong influence on the ontogenetic development of the rat in terms of reduced emotionality. Handled wild rats became much more like domestic rats in their behavior. This finding for handling contrasted with minimal effects for cross fostering and enriched environments.", "contents": "Early experience in domestication. Two experiments using domestic and wild rats (Rattus norvegicus) were conducted to assess the ontogenetic as well as phylogenetic influences of early experience on domestication. Experiment 1 was a factorial, reciprocal cross-foster study. Experiment 2 was a factorial assessment of the combined effects of preweaning handling and postweaning enriched environments. These experiments on rat domesticatoin showed that preweaning handling has a strong influence on the ontogenetic development of the rat in terms of reduced emotionality. Handled wild rats became much more like domestic rats in their behavior. This finding for handling contrasted with minimal effects for cross fostering and enriched environments.", "PMID": 1120814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7024", "title": "Disinhibition and spontaneous recovery of response decrements produced by free reinforcement in rats.", "content": "Spontaneous recovery and disinhibition were studied in 3 experiments in which, after rats had been trained to bar press on a variable interval schedule of reinforcement, response rates were reduced by the introduction either of extinction or of a response-independent (free) reinforcement schedule. Spontaneous recovery was consistently obtained in extinction, especially when session durations were long. Under free reinforcement conditions there was little sign of spontaneous recovery, even when with high reinforcement rates response reduction was almost as rapid as in extinction. In disinhibition tests the introduction of noise produced increased responding under free reinforcement conditions, but not in extinction. The results are interpreted as demonstrating a dissociation between spontaneous recovery and disinhibition.", "contents": "Disinhibition and spontaneous recovery of response decrements produced by free reinforcement in rats. Spontaneous recovery and disinhibition were studied in 3 experiments in which, after rats had been trained to bar press on a variable interval schedule of reinforcement, response rates were reduced by the introduction either of extinction or of a response-independent (free) reinforcement schedule. Spontaneous recovery was consistently obtained in extinction, especially when session durations were long. Under free reinforcement conditions there was little sign of spontaneous recovery, even when with high reinforcement rates response reduction was almost as rapid as in extinction. In disinhibition tests the introduction of noise produced increased responding under free reinforcement conditions, but not in extinction. The results are interpreted as demonstrating a dissociation between spontaneous recovery and disinhibition.", "PMID": 1120815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7025", "title": "Second-order conditioning with food unconditioned stimulus.", "content": "Three experiments investigating second-order conditioning were conducted with rat subjects. An appetitive Pavlovian conditioning situation was employed in which the response measure was the amount of general activity. Experiment 1 provided a well-controlled demonstration of substantial second-order conditioning. In Experiment 2 extinction of the first-order conditioned stimulus (CS) has no effect upon the response to the second-order CS. Experiment 3 examined the relationship of the second-order conditioning paradigm to that of conditioned inhibition. Both phenomena could be observed simultaneously in the same setting. Implications for second-order conditioning and related conditioning phenomena are discussed.", "contents": "Second-order conditioning with food unconditioned stimulus. Three experiments investigating second-order conditioning were conducted with rat subjects. An appetitive Pavlovian conditioning situation was employed in which the response measure was the amount of general activity. Experiment 1 provided a well-controlled demonstration of substantial second-order conditioning. In Experiment 2 extinction of the first-order conditioned stimulus (CS) has no effect upon the response to the second-order CS. Experiment 3 examined the relationship of the second-order conditioning paradigm to that of conditioned inhibition. Both phenomena could be observed simultaneously in the same setting. Implications for second-order conditioning and related conditioning phenomena are discussed.", "PMID": 1120816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7026", "title": "Functional decortication by cortical spreading depression does not prevent forced extinction of conditioned saccharin aversion in rats.", "content": "Conditioned taste aversion established in rats by association of saccharin drinking with subsequent lithium chloride intoxication decreased saccharin intake to 22% of normal consumption. Force-feeding saccharin to intact and functionally decorticate trained rats returned saccharin consumption on the next day to 62% (n equals 18) and 77% (n equals 19), respectively. Over-trained conditioned saccharin aversion was affected by forced extinction in a similar way (saccharin intake increased from 28% to 50% and 63%, respectively). Intact brain rats refused to swallow saccharin during forced feeding. while functionally decorticate animals showed no signs of aversion; but extinction was almost equal in both cases. Application of lithium chloride after forced feeding of saccharin in functionally decorticate rats neither prevented extinction of conditioned taste aversion nor reestablished the aversion habit extinguished earlier with intact brain. It is concluded that acquisition of the conditioned taste aversion requires cortical input to a short-term memory file, whereas decorticate extinction can be induced by subcortical gustatory processing analogous to the mechanism controlling feeding behavior during the preweaning period.", "contents": "Functional decortication by cortical spreading depression does not prevent forced extinction of conditioned saccharin aversion in rats. Conditioned taste aversion established in rats by association of saccharin drinking with subsequent lithium chloride intoxication decreased saccharin intake to 22% of normal consumption. Force-feeding saccharin to intact and functionally decorticate trained rats returned saccharin consumption on the next day to 62% (n equals 18) and 77% (n equals 19), respectively. Over-trained conditioned saccharin aversion was affected by forced extinction in a similar way (saccharin intake increased from 28% to 50% and 63%, respectively). Intact brain rats refused to swallow saccharin during forced feeding. while functionally decorticate animals showed no signs of aversion; but extinction was almost equal in both cases. Application of lithium chloride after forced feeding of saccharin in functionally decorticate rats neither prevented extinction of conditioned taste aversion nor reestablished the aversion habit extinguished earlier with intact brain. It is concluded that acquisition of the conditioned taste aversion requires cortical input to a short-term memory file, whereas decorticate extinction can be induced by subcortical gustatory processing analogous to the mechanism controlling feeding behavior during the preweaning period.", "PMID": 1120817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7027", "title": "Conditioned drinking as avoidance learning.", "content": "Blocking the robust conditioned drinking response following conditioning eliminates the isotonic procaine conditioned response (CR) but not the hypertonic procaine CR. Rats allowed to drink in the box during conditioning form a larger CR than rats merely injected with hypertonic or isotonic procain who are prevented from drinking in the box: response blocking during extinction eliminated if no experience of drinking water in the box occurs either during baseline or during conditioning. Blocking the drinking response, like blocking shock avoidance, markedly reduces its high resistance to extinction. This suggests that rats overdrink to avoid anticipated illness, and fail to extinguish partially because they are never exposed to the fact that no illness will occur even if no drinking occurs.", "contents": "Conditioned drinking as avoidance learning. Blocking the robust conditioned drinking response following conditioning eliminates the isotonic procaine conditioned response (CR) but not the hypertonic procaine CR. Rats allowed to drink in the box during conditioning form a larger CR than rats merely injected with hypertonic or isotonic procain who are prevented from drinking in the box: response blocking during extinction eliminated if no experience of drinking water in the box occurs either during baseline or during conditioning. Blocking the drinking response, like blocking shock avoidance, markedly reduces its high resistance to extinction. This suggests that rats overdrink to avoid anticipated illness, and fail to extinguish partially because they are never exposed to the fact that no illness will occur even if no drinking occurs.", "PMID": 1120818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7028", "title": "Stimulus control of defensive reactions in the albino rat.", "content": "A series of studies are reported, examining the characteristics of stimuli that produce unconditioned defensive reactions in the rat. These studies show that neither the sound nor the smell of a cat, or the sight or a dead cat, will produce freezing, but either a moving cat or dog, or the abrupt and rapid movement of an inanimate card, will result in freezing and failure to approach the stimulus object. It is suggested that movement is a major factor in the initiation of defensive responses and that movement of a neutral stimulus may enhance the acquistion of defensive responses to that stimulus.", "contents": "Stimulus control of defensive reactions in the albino rat. A series of studies are reported, examining the characteristics of stimuli that produce unconditioned defensive reactions in the rat. These studies show that neither the sound nor the smell of a cat, or the sight or a dead cat, will produce freezing, but either a moving cat or dog, or the abrupt and rapid movement of an inanimate card, will result in freezing and failure to approach the stimulus object. It is suggested that movement is a major factor in the initiation of defensive responses and that movement of a neutral stimulus may enhance the acquistion of defensive responses to that stimulus.", "PMID": 1120819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7029", "title": "Effort as a dimension of spontaneous activity in rats.", "content": "The relationship between effort and voluntary activity was studied in a braked running wheel and a voluntary treadmill. Effort was manipulated by varying the torque required to turn the wheel and by changing the angle of inclination of the treadmill. In both situations distance run was a linear decreasing function of effort, and work accomplished was a nonmonotonic increasing function of effort. These findings are discussed in relation to responsivity and regulatory views of the genesis of spontaneous activity.", "contents": "Effort as a dimension of spontaneous activity in rats. The relationship between effort and voluntary activity was studied in a braked running wheel and a voluntary treadmill. Effort was manipulated by varying the torque required to turn the wheel and by changing the angle of inclination of the treadmill. In both situations distance run was a linear decreasing function of effort, and work accomplished was a nonmonotonic increasing function of effort. These findings are discussed in relation to responsivity and regulatory views of the genesis of spontaneous activity.", "PMID": 1120820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7030", "title": "Methionine hydroxy analog supplementation of low protein calf rations.", "content": "Thirty-six Holstein calves were randomly assigned at 3 days of age to one of three complete calf rations: ration A, B, C containing 0, .25, or .50% methionine hydroxy analog. All three rations were isonitrogenous at 13.5% crude protein (dry basis) and were offered adlibitum until calves were 12 wk of age. Calves were fed 3.64 kg whole milk oncedaily for 4 wk. Average daily gains (kg) and dry matter intakes (kg) from 4 to 12 wk were .88, 2.49; .77, 2.50; and .56, 1.98 for calves fed A, B, and C. Weight gains differed between all rations while intake was higher for A and B than for C. Dry matter intakes (kg per kg gain) from 4 to 12 wk were 2.85, 3.32, and 3.54. Serum amino acids for five calves on each treatment were similar for A and B. Calves fed C had lower serum values for all individual essential amino acids compared to A and B and 28% lower circulating total essential amino acids. Serum cysteine increased as dietary methionine hydroxy analog increased. Anamino acid imbalance or toxicity may have been produced which severely reduced gain, intake, and serum amino acids on ration C but only reduced gain on ration B.", "contents": "Methionine hydroxy analog supplementation of low protein calf rations. Thirty-six Holstein calves were randomly assigned at 3 days of age to one of three complete calf rations: ration A, B, C containing 0, .25, or .50% methionine hydroxy analog. All three rations were isonitrogenous at 13.5% crude protein (dry basis) and were offered adlibitum until calves were 12 wk of age. Calves were fed 3.64 kg whole milk oncedaily for 4 wk. Average daily gains (kg) and dry matter intakes (kg) from 4 to 12 wk were .88, 2.49; .77, 2.50; and .56, 1.98 for calves fed A, B, and C. Weight gains differed between all rations while intake was higher for A and B than for C. Dry matter intakes (kg per kg gain) from 4 to 12 wk were 2.85, 3.32, and 3.54. Serum amino acids for five calves on each treatment were similar for A and B. Calves fed C had lower serum values for all individual essential amino acids compared to A and B and 28% lower circulating total essential amino acids. Serum cysteine increased as dietary methionine hydroxy analog increased. Anamino acid imbalance or toxicity may have been produced which severely reduced gain, intake, and serum amino acids on ration C but only reduced gain on ration B.", "PMID": 1120821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7031", "title": "Intravenous isoproterenol: rationale for bronchial asthma.", "content": "Intravenous isoproterenol was infused into 7 adult asthmatic patients with refractory bronchial obstruction. Over a dose range of 0.0375 to 0.225 mug per kilogram per minute, maximal bronchodilator effect (or reversal of effect) occurred within 2 to 5 minutes of starting (or stopping) the infusion. Obstruction to airflow improved with each increment of dose. Average heart rate reached a maximum at 0.075 mug per kilogram per minute. Over the lower dose range alveolar to arterial oxygen gradients widened and heart rate increased; over the higher dose range, as heart rate plateaued, bronchodilator effect continued and oxygen gradient narrowed. When combined with adequate oxygenation and continual monitoring of cardiac rhythm and blood pressure, intravenous isoproterenol appears safe for asthmatic patients. Major advantages are (1) administration of bronchodilator to airways not reached by inhalation, (2) prompt onset and offset of effects, and (3) reversal of undesirable side effects. The use of intravenous isoproterenol may obviate the need for intubation and  ventilatory assist.", "contents": "Intravenous isoproterenol: rationale for bronchial asthma. Intravenous isoproterenol was infused into 7 adult asthmatic patients with refractory bronchial obstruction. Over a dose range of 0.0375 to 0.225 mug per kilogram per minute, maximal bronchodilator effect (or reversal of effect) occurred within 2 to 5 minutes of starting (or stopping) the infusion. Obstruction to airflow improved with each increment of dose. Average heart rate reached a maximum at 0.075 mug per kilogram per minute. Over the lower dose range alveolar to arterial oxygen gradients widened and heart rate increased; over the higher dose range, as heart rate plateaued, bronchodilator effect continued and oxygen gradient narrowed. When combined with adequate oxygenation and continual monitoring of cardiac rhythm and blood pressure, intravenous isoproterenol appears safe for asthmatic patients. Major advantages are (1) administration of bronchodilator to airways not reached by inhalation, (2) prompt onset and offset of effects, and (3) reversal of undesirable side effects. The use of intravenous isoproterenol may obviate the need for intubation and  ventilatory assist.", "PMID": 1120852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7032", "title": "Measurement of IgE antibodies by the radioallergosorbent test. II. Analyses of quantitative relationships in the test.", "content": "IgE antibodies have been measured by the radioallergosorbent test (RAST) and the relative amounts present in serum determined by comparison with reference standards. In this study we analyzed the quantitative aspects of the binding of IgE antibody to solid-phase ragweed antigens. With the volumes of allergic serum usually tested, IgE antibodies are in excess in the first step of the RAST. The inability of solid-phase antigens to remove IgE antibody appeared to be due to an insufficient quantity of antigen on the particles rather than steric interference with binding of IgE antibody. Dose-response curves with serums from several ragweed-sensitive subjects were not parallel when plotted on a semilog scale. In contrast, log-log plots of dose-response curves with serums from ragweed-sensitive subjects were nearly parallel. Log-log plots of dose-response curves with serums from subjects with ragweed and grass sensitivity and tested with the appropriate solid-phase antigens also were nearly parallel. Because of the latter finding, RAST could be standardized using a reference serum in every assay and plotting the results on a log-log scale. Finally, because IgE antibody is in excess in the RAST as it is usually performed, the final result reflects both the quantity and the affinity of the IgE antibody.", "contents": "Measurement of IgE antibodies by the radioallergosorbent test. II. Analyses of quantitative relationships in the test. IgE antibodies have been measured by the radioallergosorbent test (RAST) and the relative amounts present in serum determined by comparison with reference standards. In this study we analyzed the quantitative aspects of the binding of IgE antibody to solid-phase ragweed antigens. With the volumes of allergic serum usually tested, IgE antibodies are in excess in the first step of the RAST. The inability of solid-phase antigens to remove IgE antibody appeared to be due to an insufficient quantity of antigen on the particles rather than steric interference with binding of IgE antibody. Dose-response curves with serums from several ragweed-sensitive subjects were not parallel when plotted on a semilog scale. In contrast, log-log plots of dose-response curves with serums from ragweed-sensitive subjects were nearly parallel. Log-log plots of dose-response curves with serums from subjects with ragweed and grass sensitivity and tested with the appropriate solid-phase antigens also were nearly parallel. Because of the latter finding, RAST could be standardized using a reference serum in every assay and plotting the results on a log-log scale. Finally, because IgE antibody is in excess in the RAST as it is usually performed, the final result reflects both the quantity and the affinity of the IgE antibody.", "PMID": 1120853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7033", "title": "The administration of radiographic contrast media to patients with a history of a previous reaction.", "content": "Ninety-five patients were seen in consultation for previous reactions which their physicians considered as possible contraindications for the use of radiographic contrast media (RCM). Twenty-seven patients received no further studies because of a lack of sufficient indication to do them. The previous incidents in 26 were such that they were not classified as immediate generalized reactions (IGRs). Two of these patients had IGRs with repeat RCM (7.7%). Forty-two patients had previous reactions considered to be IGRs and medical problems such that repeat administration of RCM appeared essential for diagnosis. After pretreatment with diphenhydramine, 43 repeat procedures were performed in these patients followed by reactions, generally mild, in 7 (16%). Five of these were classified as IGRs (11.8%). The data on 264 similar patients in the literature were also reviewed. There appeared to be a higher incidence of IGRs to RCM in patients with a good history of a previous reaction than in the general population, but no severe reactions or fatalitics occurred in this entire series. The results showed that repeat studies in patients with previous reactions to RCM may be done, provided that there is careful evaluation of the initial reaction, the need for the diagnostic study, and provided appropriate precautions are taken prior to the procedure.", "contents": "The administration of radiographic contrast media to patients with a history of a previous reaction. Ninety-five patients were seen in consultation for previous reactions which their physicians considered as possible contraindications for the use of radiographic contrast media (RCM). Twenty-seven patients received no further studies because of a lack of sufficient indication to do them. The previous incidents in 26 were such that they were not classified as immediate generalized reactions (IGRs). Two of these patients had IGRs with repeat RCM (7.7%). Forty-two patients had previous reactions considered to be IGRs and medical problems such that repeat administration of RCM appeared essential for diagnosis. After pretreatment with diphenhydramine, 43 repeat procedures were performed in these patients followed by reactions, generally mild, in 7 (16%). Five of these were classified as IGRs (11.8%). The data on 264 similar patients in the literature were also reviewed. There appeared to be a higher incidence of IGRs to RCM in patients with a good history of a previous reaction than in the general population, but no severe reactions or fatalitics occurred in this entire series. The results showed that repeat studies in patients with previous reactions to RCM may be done, provided that there is careful evaluation of the initial reaction, the need for the diagnostic study, and provided appropriate precautions are taken prior to the procedure.", "PMID": 1120854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7034", "title": "Life-span and the inheritance of longevity of inbred mice.", "content": "Measures of life-span were obtained for male and female A/J, BALB/cJ, C57BL/6J, and DBA/2J inbred mouse strains and the six possible hybrid combinations (N equals 500, 10 groups, 25 male and 25 female per group). C57BL/6J mice were long lived, while A/J, BALB/cJ and DBA/2J mice were short lived, with the exception of female BALB/cJ mice, which lived as long as C57BL/6J mice. Female BALB/cJ and two female hybrid mouse groups with a BALB/cJ parent lived longer than males, but significant sex differences were not obtained for other groups. In general, the mode of inheritance of longevity was overdominant. For a second study (N equals 400) of the longevity of A/J and C57BL/6J strains and F1 and F2 hybrids it was estimated that one genetic factor was associated with longevity and the coefficient of genetic determination for longevity was estimated as between .48 and .79.", "contents": "Life-span and the inheritance of longevity of inbred mice. Measures of life-span were obtained for male and female A/J, BALB/cJ, C57BL/6J, and DBA/2J inbred mouse strains and the six possible hybrid combinations (N equals 500, 10 groups, 25 male and 25 female per group). C57BL/6J mice were long lived, while A/J, BALB/cJ and DBA/2J mice were short lived, with the exception of female BALB/cJ mice, which lived as long as C57BL/6J mice. Female BALB/cJ and two female hybrid mouse groups with a BALB/cJ parent lived longer than males, but significant sex differences were not obtained for other groups. In general, the mode of inheritance of longevity was overdominant. For a second study (N equals 400) of the longevity of A/J and C57BL/6J strains and F1 and F2 hybrids it was estimated that one genetic factor was associated with longevity and the coefficient of genetic determination for longevity was estimated as between .48 and .79.", "PMID": 1120887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7035", "title": "The effect of estrogen on protein and RNA concentration and on de novo synthesis of RNA in the uterus of aging ovariectomized mice.", "content": "A study was made of RNA concentration and de novo synthesis and protein concentration in the uterus of ovariectomized C57BL/6J mice with and without estrogen treatment. Young adult animals (4 to 7 mo.) were compared with mice during the age period of reproductive decline (11 and 15 mo.). Concentration of RNA was significantly lower in 15-mo.-old  mice than in 4- to 7- and 11-mo.-old animals. De novo RNA synthesis, as indicated by incorporation of 3H-uridine, was also lower in 15-mo.-old mice than in young adults. Estradiol -17beta increased RNA concentration at all ages studied and the percentage increase did not decline with age. De novo synthesis of RNA was also increased in response to estrogen treatment, but the response was less in 15-mo.-old mice. Protein concentration did not change with age, but the concentration decreased in the estrogen treated mice. The biochemical changes in the uterus may be associated with the declining ability of this organ to support pregnancy as it grows older.", "contents": "The effect of estrogen on protein and RNA concentration and on de novo synthesis of RNA in the uterus of aging ovariectomized mice. A study was made of RNA concentration and de novo synthesis and protein concentration in the uterus of ovariectomized C57BL/6J mice with and without estrogen treatment. Young adult animals (4 to 7 mo.) were compared with mice during the age period of reproductive decline (11 and 15 mo.). Concentration of RNA was significantly lower in 15-mo.-old  mice than in 4- to 7- and 11-mo.-old animals. De novo RNA synthesis, as indicated by incorporation of 3H-uridine, was also lower in 15-mo.-old mice than in young adults. Estradiol -17beta increased RNA concentration at all ages studied and the percentage increase did not decline with age. De novo synthesis of RNA was also increased in response to estrogen treatment, but the response was less in 15-mo.-old mice. Protein concentration did not change with age, but the concentration decreased in the estrogen treated mice. The biochemical changes in the uterus may be associated with the declining ability of this organ to support pregnancy as it grows older.", "PMID": 1120888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7036", "title": "Norepinephrine uptake by the mycoardium of the senescent mouse in vitro.", "content": "Age-related delays in the uptake of norepinephrine (NE) by the rat myocardium were observed after subcutaneous injection of NE (Gey, Burkard, and Pletscher, 1965). We report here that in vitro uptake of 3H-NE by myocardial slices from healthy C57BL/6J male mice is not impaired by aging (8-28 mo.) at 0.1 ng/ml, 2.0 ng/ml, 1000 ng/ml of NE. Additionally, no age-related changes of inulin space in myocardial slices were observed. Hence, the delayed uptake observed in vivo by Gey et al. may be attributed to age-related changes in the absorption from the subcutaneous site.", "contents": "Norepinephrine uptake by the mycoardium of the senescent mouse in vitro. Age-related delays in the uptake of norepinephrine (NE) by the rat myocardium were observed after subcutaneous injection of NE (Gey, Burkard, and Pletscher, 1965). We report here that in vitro uptake of 3H-NE by myocardial slices from healthy C57BL/6J male mice is not impaired by aging (8-28 mo.) at 0.1 ng/ml, 2.0 ng/ml, 1000 ng/ml of NE. Additionally, no age-related changes of inulin space in myocardial slices were observed. Hence, the delayed uptake observed in vivo by Gey et al. may be attributed to age-related changes in the absorption from the subcutaneous site.", "PMID": 1120889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7037", "title": "A study of the effect of diet on the life-span of Nasonia vitripennis (Walk.) (Hymenoptera, Pteromalidae).", "content": "The effect of diet on the life-span of female Nasonia vitripennis (Walk.) has been investigated. Life-tables were constructed for these insects fed on dipteran puparia and on 10% sucrose; Further experiments were performed involving the transfer of females from the sucrose diet to puparia at different ages. The converse experiment was also carried out. From this work it was shown that the insect is capable of a greatly extended life if fed sucrose for all, or part of its life-span. However, transfer from puparia to sucrose after 15 days allows an increased survival for only a small percentage of the population. The results are discussed with regard for the age at transfer and to the reproductive physiology of the insect.", "contents": "A study of the effect of diet on the life-span of Nasonia vitripennis (Walk.) (Hymenoptera, Pteromalidae). The effect of diet on the life-span of female Nasonia vitripennis (Walk.) has been investigated. Life-tables were constructed for these insects fed on dipteran puparia and on 10% sucrose; Further experiments were performed involving the transfer of females from the sucrose diet to puparia at different ages. The converse experiment was also carried out. From this work it was shown that the insect is capable of a greatly extended life if fed sucrose for all, or part of its life-span. However, transfer from puparia to sucrose after 15 days allows an increased survival for only a small percentage of the population. The results are discussed with regard for the age at transfer and to the reproductive physiology of the insect.", "PMID": 1120890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7038", "title": "Comparison of speech and swallowing function in patients with tremor disorders and in normal geriatric patients: a cinefluorographic study.", "content": "In a study of vocal tract and esophageal function during speech and swallowing, unmedicated Parkinson patients were found to have specific disorders in oral and esophageal stages of deglutition and a predictable sequence of deterioration in speech. To determine whether these disorders are exclusive to parkinsonism or are typical of all patients with tremor or of geriatric patients in general, a cinefluoroscopic study was initiated to examine the physiology of speech and swallowing in these other patients. Subjects were 10 normal geriatric patients and 10 patients with essential tremor. Results of the studies for these two groups were compared with data from earlier studies on unmedicated Parkinson patients. Parkinson patients showed most severely disordered swallowing and speech function. Patients with essential tremor showed only slight slowing in esophageal transit during swallowing and vocal tremor during speech, but no progressive deterioration. Normal geriatric patients revealed no swallowing or speech disturbances.", "contents": "Comparison of speech and swallowing function in patients with tremor disorders and in normal geriatric patients: a cinefluorographic study. In a study of vocal tract and esophageal function during speech and swallowing, unmedicated Parkinson patients were found to have specific disorders in oral and esophageal stages of deglutition and a predictable sequence of deterioration in speech. To determine whether these disorders are exclusive to parkinsonism or are typical of all patients with tremor or of geriatric patients in general, a cinefluoroscopic study was initiated to examine the physiology of speech and swallowing in these other patients. Subjects were 10 normal geriatric patients and 10 patients with essential tremor. Results of the studies for these two groups were compared with data from earlier studies on unmedicated Parkinson patients. Parkinson patients showed most severely disordered swallowing and speech function. Patients with essential tremor showed only slight slowing in esophageal transit during swallowing and vocal tremor during speech, but no progressive deterioration. Normal geriatric patients revealed no swallowing or speech disturbances.", "PMID": 1120891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7039", "title": "Albumin metabolism in elderly patients.", "content": "Hypoalbuminemia, without any apparent cause, is occasionally seen in elderly patients. Eleven patients (6 with plasma albumin of over 3 gm% and 5 with plasma albumin of 3 gm% or less), who had no evidence of liver disease or nephrosis and whose dietic history suggested that they were taking adequate amounts of protein were investigated, using 131I human serum albumin. None were acutely ill and their age ranged from 70 to 86 years. It was found that elderly subjects with plasma albumin level of 3 gm% or less had significantly reduced albumin pools and an increased fractional catabolic rate. It is suggested that this may be due to an impairment of the control of degradation in these patients. There was no increased gut loss of albumin in 3 hypoalbuminemic patients investigated with 131I-PVP.", "contents": "Albumin metabolism in elderly patients. Hypoalbuminemia, without any apparent cause, is occasionally seen in elderly patients. Eleven patients (6 with plasma albumin of over 3 gm% and 5 with plasma albumin of 3 gm% or less), who had no evidence of liver disease or nephrosis and whose dietic history suggested that they were taking adequate amounts of protein were investigated, using 131I human serum albumin. None were acutely ill and their age ranged from 70 to 86 years. It was found that elderly subjects with plasma albumin level of 3 gm% or less had significantly reduced albumin pools and an increased fractional catabolic rate. It is suggested that this may be due to an impairment of the control of degradation in these patients. There was no increased gut loss of albumin in 3 hypoalbuminemic patients investigated with 131I-PVP.", "PMID": 1120892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7040", "title": "Age differences in backward monoptic visual noise masking.", "content": "An investigation of age differences in backward monoptic visual noise masking was carried out with young and old adult subjects. It was found that the older subjects were susceptible to the backward masking effect over significantly longer delays between the target and masking stimulus. The masking effect seems to be, at least in part, attributable to age changes in the central mechanisms concerned with perceptual processing which limit the rate at which stimuli can be \"cleared\" through the nervous system. Backward masking studies of different types seem to hold considerable promise for assessment of the peripheral and central components of age change in visual perceptual processing.", "contents": "Age differences in backward monoptic visual noise masking. An investigation of age differences in backward monoptic visual noise masking was carried out with young and old adult subjects. It was found that the older subjects were susceptible to the backward masking effect over significantly longer delays between the target and masking stimulus. The masking effect seems to be, at least in part, attributable to age changes in the central mechanisms concerned with perceptual processing which limit the rate at which stimuli can be \"cleared\" through the nervous system. Backward masking studies of different types seem to hold considerable promise for assessment of the peripheral and central components of age change in visual perceptual processing.", "PMID": 1120893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7041", "title": "Age, word imagery, and delay interval: effects on short-term and long-term retention.", "content": "Effects of word imagery and delay interval (0 or 20 sec.) on short-term and long-term retention were explored in subjects 18-27, 65-79, and 80-94 years old. Four high or low imagery words presented visually were recalled after either 0 or 20 sec. delay. Free recall and recognition for all words were also tested after 24 hours. Age group, imagery, and delay were all significant effects on immediate recall, while age group and imagery level affected 24-hour recall and recognition. The proportion of those words recalled in immediate memory which were also recalled by the same subject after 24 hours varied strongly as a function of age. This finding was discussed in relation to age group differences in susceptibility to interference.", "contents": "Age, word imagery, and delay interval: effects on short-term and long-term retention. Effects of word imagery and delay interval (0 or 20 sec.) on short-term and long-term retention were explored in subjects 18-27, 65-79, and 80-94 years old. Four high or low imagery words presented visually were recalled after either 0 or 20 sec. delay. Free recall and recognition for all words were also tested after 24 hours. Age group, imagery, and delay were all significant effects on immediate recall, while age group and imagery level affected 24-hour recall and recognition. The proportion of those words recalled in immediate memory which were also recalled by the same subject after 24 hours varied strongly as a function of age. This finding was discussed in relation to age group differences in susceptibility to interference.", "PMID": 1120894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7042", "title": "Aging and interference with memory.", "content": "Input and output interference in both short-term and long-term memory were measured in three age groups (aged 20-39, 40-59, 60-80 years). A paired-associate probe technique was used, which, by factorially combining the positions of the pairs at presentation and recall, allowed an examination of output interference for all positions in the input list. No differential output interference or input interference due to age was found for items assumed to be recalled from long-term memory. Evidence, however, did indicate that adult aging primarily affects long-term memory, since no differences between groups were found for items assumed to be recalled from short-term memory.", "contents": "Aging and interference with memory. Input and output interference in both short-term and long-term memory were measured in three age groups (aged 20-39, 40-59, 60-80 years). A paired-associate probe technique was used, which, by factorially combining the positions of the pairs at presentation and recall, allowed an examination of output interference for all positions in the input list. No differential output interference or input interference due to age was found for items assumed to be recalled from long-term memory. Evidence, however, did indicate that adult aging primarily affects long-term memory, since no differences between groups were found for items assumed to be recalled from short-term memory.", "PMID": 1120895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7043", "title": "Temporal information processing by young and senior adults and patients with senile dementia.", "content": "Temporal discrimination by healthy young and senior adults and patients with senile dementia was studied using the measure of transmitted information and two psychophysical methods (single-stimulus-ranking and pair-comparison). The patients with senile dementia showed very severe impairment on both methods and performed much less efficiently than the healthy adults of the same age; thus the former revealed a deficit in both memory and discrimination. The healthy seniors showed less alteration of temporal judgment with significant loss only with the single-stimulus method, which reflects memory deficit alone. Temporal cognition is very sensitive to changes in brain function.", "contents": "Temporal information processing by young and senior adults and patients with senile dementia. Temporal discrimination by healthy young and senior adults and patients with senile dementia was studied using the measure of transmitted information and two psychophysical methods (single-stimulus-ranking and pair-comparison). The patients with senile dementia showed very severe impairment on both methods and performed much less efficiently than the healthy adults of the same age; thus the former revealed a deficit in both memory and discrimination. The healthy seniors showed less alteration of temporal judgment with significant loss only with the single-stimulus method, which reflects memory deficit alone. Temporal cognition is very sensitive to changes in brain function.", "PMID": 1120896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7044", "title": "Developing a system for assigning individuals into an appropriate residential setting.", "content": "With the goal of maximizing the most suitable placement of elderly persons into different types of residential settings, a mathematical system is being developed, using discriminant function analysis, for replicating interdisciplinary clinical team judgments concerning case specific appropriateness for (1) an institutional setting; (2) an apartment in sheltered housing (providing at least the major meal of the day plus housekeeping services); and (3) an apartment in more traditional housing for the elderly. Two discriminant function systems are being developed--the first for separating elderly persons into those needing institutionalization and those requiring a less supervised setting and the second for separting persons judged not to be in need of institutionalization into those requiring either sheltered housing or some other more independent residency situation. While the first function is considered more fully developed at this time, the second is nevertheless useful in that is suggests forces (variables) predictive of such judgments.", "contents": "Developing a system for assigning individuals into an appropriate residential setting. With the goal of maximizing the most suitable placement of elderly persons into different types of residential settings, a mathematical system is being developed, using discriminant function analysis, for replicating interdisciplinary clinical team judgments concerning case specific appropriateness for (1) an institutional setting; (2) an apartment in sheltered housing (providing at least the major meal of the day plus housekeeping services); and (3) an apartment in more traditional housing for the elderly. Two discriminant function systems are being developed--the first for separating elderly persons into those needing institutionalization and those requiring a less supervised setting and the second for separting persons judged not to be in need of institutionalization into those requiring either sheltered housing or some other more independent residency situation. While the first function is considered more fully developed at this time, the second is nevertheless useful in that is suggests forces (variables) predictive of such judgments.", "PMID": 1120897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7045", "title": "A multi-dimensional, multiple method analysis of attitudes toward the elderly.", "content": "An attitude questionnaire was employed to assess youths' attitudes toward a \"representative\" 25-year-old and a \"representative\" 70-year-old along various dimensions, which resulted in their rating the elderly in a more negative fashion. A sample of these subjects judged specific target persons on the basis of autobiographical sketches which were equated for social desirability value but differed with respect to age of target (either 25 or 70 years old). On this measure college students judged the 70-year-old more favorably than the 25-year-old. A comparison of prejudicial responding among the various attitude dimensions and across differing measurement methods was made.", "contents": "A multi-dimensional, multiple method analysis of attitudes toward the elderly. An attitude questionnaire was employed to assess youths' attitudes toward a \"representative\" 25-year-old and a \"representative\" 70-year-old along various dimensions, which resulted in their rating the elderly in a more negative fashion. A sample of these subjects judged specific target persons on the basis of autobiographical sketches which were equated for social desirability value but differed with respect to age of target (either 25 or 70 years old). On this measure college students judged the 70-year-old more favorably than the 25-year-old. A comparison of prejudicial responding among the various attitude dimensions and across differing measurement methods was made.", "PMID": 1120898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7046", "title": "Longitudinal study of age and cohort influences on dietary patterns.", "content": "Dietary data from weighed food intake records were obtained from 35 women 29 years old and older during 4 studies from 1948 to 1966. Longitudinal data were analyzed by the use of a multiple linear-regression model with year of birth and age as independent variables. With increasing age, mean intakes declined significantly for fat, saturated fatty acids, and oleic acid, and increased significantly for calcium. After accounting for cohort effects, no significant changes occurred in mean intakes of food energy, carbohydrate, protein, phosphorus, iron, thiamin, riboflavin, preformed niacin, vitamin A, and ascorbic acid. For successive year of birth, mean intakes increased significantly for protein, calcium, phosphorus, riboflavin, preformed niacin, and linoleic acid. The regression model used explained approximately 20% of the variability in intakes of food energy and most nutrients examined.", "contents": "Longitudinal study of age and cohort influences on dietary patterns. Dietary data from weighed food intake records were obtained from 35 women 29 years old and older during 4 studies from 1948 to 1966. Longitudinal data were analyzed by the use of a multiple linear-regression model with year of birth and age as independent variables. With increasing age, mean intakes declined significantly for fat, saturated fatty acids, and oleic acid, and increased significantly for calcium. After accounting for cohort effects, no significant changes occurred in mean intakes of food energy, carbohydrate, protein, phosphorus, iron, thiamin, riboflavin, preformed niacin, vitamin A, and ascorbic acid. For successive year of birth, mean intakes increased significantly for protein, calcium, phosphorus, riboflavin, preformed niacin, and linoleic acid. The regression model used explained approximately 20% of the variability in intakes of food energy and most nutrients examined.", "PMID": 1120899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7047", "title": "Community complexity and knowledge of facilities.", "content": "This research examines the relationships among three sets of variables: the amount of differentiation (or complexity) of a community, individual characteristics of its residents, and residents' knowledge of available facilities. A sample of 144 communities in upstate New York was drawn. Community differentiation was measured by means of the Medical Specialties Scale. A subsample of 32 communities was drawn, and in each of these a random sample of 40 noninstitutionalized men and women was interviewed. Multiple regression analysis was the statistical procedure used to test the hypothesis of the study. The findings uncovered an interaction effect, i.e., the relationship between community complexity and knowledge is different within different categories of communities. There is a negative relationship between community complexity and knowledge of facilities for rural communities, but for large cities the relationship is positive. The findings are interpreted as resulting from different sources of knowledge in different types of communities.", "contents": "Community complexity and knowledge of facilities. This research examines the relationships among three sets of variables: the amount of differentiation (or complexity) of a community, individual characteristics of its residents, and residents' knowledge of available facilities. A sample of 144 communities in upstate New York was drawn. Community differentiation was measured by means of the Medical Specialties Scale. A subsample of 32 communities was drawn, and in each of these a random sample of 40 noninstitutionalized men and women was interviewed. Multiple regression analysis was the statistical procedure used to test the hypothesis of the study. The findings uncovered an interaction effect, i.e., the relationship between community complexity and knowledge is different within different categories of communities. There is a negative relationship between community complexity and knowledge of facilities for rural communities, but for large cities the relationship is positive. The findings are interpreted as resulting from different sources of knowledge in different types of communities.", "PMID": 1120900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7048", "title": "Allergic encephalomyelitis in the reputedly resistant Brown Norway strain of rats.", "content": "Brown Norway (BN) rats are much less susceptible to experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) than Lewis rats. Nevertheless, BN rats developed severe EAE, even paralysis, when immunized with rat spinal cord and carbonyl iron adjuvant. Complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) was much less effective. The use of both CFA and pertussis vaccine with rat cord was moderately, but not consistently, effective. Guinea pig spinal cord was weakly encephalitogenic to BN rats with all adjuvant combinations. We were not able to produce EAE in BN rats with purified myelin basic protein from either rat or guinea pig. Inoculations directly into lymph nodes or into the blood stream proved that the low susceptibility of BN rats was not due to lack of absorption from the site of inoculation, but may be related to peculiarities of processing antigen in draining lymph nodes. The severity of EAE in F1 hybrids was intermediate between the BN and Lewis parental strains when tested with an immunizing procedure of appropriate strength. The fact that F1 hybrids were less reactive than Lewis mandates modification of the theory that susceptibility to EAE is inherited through a single autosomal dominant gene.", "contents": "Allergic encephalomyelitis in the reputedly resistant Brown Norway strain of rats. Brown Norway (BN) rats are much less susceptible to experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) than Lewis rats. Nevertheless, BN rats developed severe EAE, even paralysis, when immunized with rat spinal cord and carbonyl iron adjuvant. Complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) was much less effective. The use of both CFA and pertussis vaccine with rat cord was moderately, but not consistently, effective. Guinea pig spinal cord was weakly encephalitogenic to BN rats with all adjuvant combinations. We were not able to produce EAE in BN rats with purified myelin basic protein from either rat or guinea pig. Inoculations directly into lymph nodes or into the blood stream proved that the low susceptibility of BN rats was not due to lack of absorption from the site of inoculation, but may be related to peculiarities of processing antigen in draining lymph nodes. The severity of EAE in F1 hybrids was intermediate between the BN and Lewis parental strains when tested with an immunizing procedure of appropriate strength. The fact that F1 hybrids were less reactive than Lewis mandates modification of the theory that susceptibility to EAE is inherited through a single autosomal dominant gene.", "PMID": 1120901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7049", "title": "Inhibition of lymphocyte trapping by cell-free ascitic fluids cultivated in syngeneic mice.", "content": "Several cellfree ascitic fluids were tested for their influence on the trapping of lymphocytes in peripheral lymph nodes after subcutaneous antigen administration. Fluid from three ascitic tumors cultivated in syngeneic mice diminished the trapping response significantly. Fluid from one of these ascitic tumors cultivated in allogeneic mice showed no inhibition of trapping. Syngeneic normal mouse serum did not significantly affect the trapping phenomenon. It was concluded that syngeneic ascitic fluids contain a substance capable of inhibiting lymphocyte trapping.", "contents": "Inhibition of lymphocyte trapping by cell-free ascitic fluids cultivated in syngeneic mice. Several cellfree ascitic fluids were tested for their influence on the trapping of lymphocytes in peripheral lymph nodes after subcutaneous antigen administration. Fluid from three ascitic tumors cultivated in syngeneic mice diminished the trapping response significantly. Fluid from one of these ascitic tumors cultivated in allogeneic mice showed no inhibition of trapping. Syngeneic normal mouse serum did not significantly affect the trapping phenomenon. It was concluded that syngeneic ascitic fluids contain a substance capable of inhibiting lymphocyte trapping.", "PMID": 1120902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7050", "title": "Lymphoid cell adenylate cyclase activity after x-irradiation and cortisone treatment.", "content": "Cortisone injection and x-irradiation of normal mice lead to extensive destruction of thymus and spleen lymphocytes. The lymphocytes resistant to these treatments have basal adenylate cyclase activities that are the same as or slightly lower than the cells of untreated animals. On the other hand, the ability of the cyclase of the cortisone-resistant and radioresistant lymphocytes to respond to stimulation by epinephrine is greatly diminished. The results provide an explanation for the previously observed lack of epinephrine sensitivity of the cyclase of lymphoid cells of immunodeficient pituitary dwarf mice and suggest that the depressed lymphoid cell population of the dwarf is the result of an inability to recover from stress-related lymphoid involution. It is also suggested that the more mature population of lymphoid cells of normal mice is less responsive to hormonal influences.", "contents": "Lymphoid cell adenylate cyclase activity after x-irradiation and cortisone treatment. Cortisone injection and x-irradiation of normal mice lead to extensive destruction of thymus and spleen lymphocytes. The lymphocytes resistant to these treatments have basal adenylate cyclase activities that are the same as or slightly lower than the cells of untreated animals. On the other hand, the ability of the cyclase of the cortisone-resistant and radioresistant lymphocytes to respond to stimulation by epinephrine is greatly diminished. The results provide an explanation for the previously observed lack of epinephrine sensitivity of the cyclase of lymphoid cells of immunodeficient pituitary dwarf mice and suggest that the depressed lymphoid cell population of the dwarf is the result of an inability to recover from stress-related lymphoid involution. It is also suggested that the more mature population of lymphoid cells of normal mice is less responsive to hormonal influences.", "PMID": 1120903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7051", "title": "Antibody response by cells cultured on dialysis membrane in disposable plastic vessels.", "content": "Plastic vessels were used to culture mouse spleen cells by the technique of Marbrook (1967) and good primary antibody responses were obtained. These vessels some advantages over glassware, which may allow a wider use of this technique.", "contents": "Antibody response by cells cultured on dialysis membrane in disposable plastic vessels. Plastic vessels were used to culture mouse spleen cells by the technique of Marbrook (1967) and good primary antibody responses were obtained. These vessels some advantages over glassware, which may allow a wider use of this technique.", "PMID": 1120904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7052", "title": "Quantitative immunoautoradiography at the cellular level. I. Design of a microphotometric method to quantitate membrane antigens on single cells using 125I-labeled antibodies.", "content": "Iodine-125 has become a commonly-used radioisotope, especially for immunoautoradiographic investigations. Microphotometry of grain density, a well-established method in autoradiography with tritium and carbon-14, was applied to nucleated cells with 125I-labeled membranes. Geometric and absorption factors of radiation were investigated in order to find suitable conditions for quantitative evaluation. A preparatory device is given and a set-up of appropriate measuring conditions is presented. With these prerequisites the reflected-light bright-field photometry of immunoautoradiographs permits to determine automatically the content of surface antigens of single cells. Measurement examples were demonstrated.", "contents": "Quantitative immunoautoradiography at the cellular level. I. Design of a microphotometric method to quantitate membrane antigens on single cells using 125I-labeled antibodies. Iodine-125 has become a commonly-used radioisotope, especially for immunoautoradiographic investigations. Microphotometry of grain density, a well-established method in autoradiography with tritium and carbon-14, was applied to nucleated cells with 125I-labeled membranes. Geometric and absorption factors of radiation were investigated in order to find suitable conditions for quantitative evaluation. A preparatory device is given and a set-up of appropriate measuring conditions is presented. With these prerequisites the reflected-light bright-field photometry of immunoautoradiographs permits to determine automatically the content of surface antigens of single cells. Measurement examples were demonstrated.", "PMID": 1120905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7053", "title": "Hemoglobin E, an oxidatively unstable mutation.", "content": "When bloods from 3,159 individuals from the United States, Iran, Ethiopia, and South Vietnam were examined for erythrocytic enzyme deficiencies with a new test utilizing the visible reduction of 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol by glutathione, gross turbidity was observed in 81 samples. All were from Southeast Asia and 78 contained hemoglobin E. The precipitation rates of various hemoglogins in hemolysates incubated with dichlorophenolindophenol were: Hb EE greater than Hb AE greater than other hemoglobins (A, S, C, D, A2, F, O-Arabia, Rush). Hemoglobin E is an oxidatively unstable hemoglobin, possibly with weakened alpha 1 beta 1 contact; it may result in increased susceptibility to oxidative hemolysis and can be simply detected and differentiated from both Hb C and Hb O-Arabia.", "contents": "Hemoglobin E, an oxidatively unstable mutation. When bloods from 3,159 individuals from the United States, Iran, Ethiopia, and South Vietnam were examined for erythrocytic enzyme deficiencies with a new test utilizing the visible reduction of 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol by glutathione, gross turbidity was observed in 81 samples. All were from Southeast Asia and 78 contained hemoglobin E. The precipitation rates of various hemoglogins in hemolysates incubated with dichlorophenolindophenol were: Hb EE greater than Hb AE greater than other hemoglobins (A, S, C, D, A2, F, O-Arabia, Rush). Hemoglobin E is an oxidatively unstable hemoglobin, possibly with weakened alpha 1 beta 1 contact; it may result in increased susceptibility to oxidative hemolysis and can be simply detected and differentiated from both Hb C and Hb O-Arabia.", "PMID": 1120926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7054", "title": "Investigation of small bowel transit time in man utilizing pulmonary hydrogen (H2) measurements.", "content": "Pulmonary H2 excretion was used to quantitate the small bowel transit time in man. This technique is based on the observation that H2 is produced when carbohydrate is fermented by colonic bacteria and that this H2 production is reflected by a concomitant increase in breath H2 excretion. The time, therefore, between ingestion of the unabsorbable disaccharide, lactulose, and the rise in breath H2 represents the small intestinal transit time of the head of the lactulose load as it passes through the gut. Following ingestion of a mixture of polyethylene glycol (PEG) and lactulose by 9 subjects, transit time measured by H2 excretion correlated closely with the simultaneously determined time for PEG to reach the distal ileum (r equals 0.97). The ileal appearance of PEG preceded the rise in H2 excretion by a mean of 7.6 minutes. Transit time of 19 Gm. of lactulose in 40 healthy subjects averaged 72 minutes (range 25 to 118). Studies repeated 3 to 5 times in 6 subjects showed good individual reproducibility with subsequent measurements differing from initial by a mean of plus or minus 14 per cent. There was an inverse relation between transit time and dose of lactulose ingested by 9 subjects with 5, 10 and 20 Gm. of lactulose having mean transit times of 128 plus or minus 19, 94 plus or minus 15, and 40 plus or minus 8 (S$M.) minutes, respectively. This technique appears to provide a simple, safe, and noninvasive means of studying small bowel transit time in man.", "contents": "Investigation of small bowel transit time in man utilizing pulmonary hydrogen (H2) measurements. Pulmonary H2 excretion was used to quantitate the small bowel transit time in man. This technique is based on the observation that H2 is produced when carbohydrate is fermented by colonic bacteria and that this H2 production is reflected by a concomitant increase in breath H2 excretion. The time, therefore, between ingestion of the unabsorbable disaccharide, lactulose, and the rise in breath H2 represents the small intestinal transit time of the head of the lactulose load as it passes through the gut. Following ingestion of a mixture of polyethylene glycol (PEG) and lactulose by 9 subjects, transit time measured by H2 excretion correlated closely with the simultaneously determined time for PEG to reach the distal ileum (r equals 0.97). The ileal appearance of PEG preceded the rise in H2 excretion by a mean of 7.6 minutes. Transit time of 19 Gm. of lactulose in 40 healthy subjects averaged 72 minutes (range 25 to 118). Studies repeated 3 to 5 times in 6 subjects showed good individual reproducibility with subsequent measurements differing from initial by a mean of plus or minus 14 per cent. There was an inverse relation between transit time and dose of lactulose ingested by 9 subjects with 5, 10 and 20 Gm. of lactulose having mean transit times of 128 plus or minus 19, 94 plus or minus 15, and 40 plus or minus 8 (S$M.) minutes, respectively. This technique appears to provide a simple, safe, and noninvasive means of studying small bowel transit time in man.", "PMID": 1120927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7055", "title": "Serum dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity in parents and children.", "content": "Dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH), an enxyme catalyzing the final step in the synthesis of norepinephrine, is released with norepinephrine on stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system. In this study an enzymatic colorimetric method was used to assay serum DBH activity in 196 individuals of whom 169 were either the parents or children in 29 families. We examined the association of DBH with age and with hypertension and the faamilial pattern of distribution of serum DBH activity. Serum DBH activity was highest in te groups 10 to 14, 40 to 49, and over 60 years. There was no significant difference in serum DBH activity between normal subjects and individuals with hypertension in any age group. tfurthermore, there was no significant correlation of mean blood pressure with serum DBH activity with or without correction of DBH for age differences; Highly significant correlations of serum DBH activity were found in sibling-sibling pairs and in mean parent-child pairs. No significant correlations were found for father-mother pairs. These observations suggest that the contribution of heredity is more important that shared environment in determining the familial pattern of distribution of serum DBH activity. Serum DBH activity did not have a bimodal distribution in the population. Noevidence was found for a maternal influence or for sex linkage in the transmission of this trait. Our data, derived from this study restricted to families with only two generations, are not adequate to specify with confidence the mode of inheritance of DBH activity in the general population.", "contents": "Serum dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity in parents and children. Dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH), an enxyme catalyzing the final step in the synthesis of norepinephrine, is released with norepinephrine on stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system. In this study an enzymatic colorimetric method was used to assay serum DBH activity in 196 individuals of whom 169 were either the parents or children in 29 families. We examined the association of DBH with age and with hypertension and the faamilial pattern of distribution of serum DBH activity. Serum DBH activity was highest in te groups 10 to 14, 40 to 49, and over 60 years. There was no significant difference in serum DBH activity between normal subjects and individuals with hypertension in any age group. tfurthermore, there was no significant correlation of mean blood pressure with serum DBH activity with or without correction of DBH for age differences; Highly significant correlations of serum DBH activity were found in sibling-sibling pairs and in mean parent-child pairs. No significant correlations were found for father-mother pairs. These observations suggest that the contribution of heredity is more important that shared environment in determining the familial pattern of distribution of serum DBH activity. Serum DBH activity did not have a bimodal distribution in the population. Noevidence was found for a maternal influence or for sex linkage in the transmission of this trait. Our data, derived from this study restricted to families with only two generations, are not adequate to specify with confidence the mode of inheritance of DBH activity in the general population.", "PMID": 1120928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7056", "title": "Defective regulation of chemotaxis in cirrhosis.", "content": "The presence of a severe leukotactic defect in cirrhotic patients has been confirmed. This defect is due to the presence of abnormally high levels of the chemotactic factor inactivator (CFI) in serums of patients with hepatic cirrhosis. This inactivator inhibits each of three different chemotactic factors tested and does so in an irreversible manner. As would be predicted by these results, generation of chemotactic activity in cirrhotic serums by a complement-activating agent is markedly impaired. Physicochemical features of CFI in cirrhotic serum differ slightly from that found in normal human serum. These results indicate the nature of the chemotactic defect in cirrhotic patients and may explain the increased susceptibility of these patients to bacterial infections and some of their reported defected in expression of cellular immunity.", "contents": "Defective regulation of chemotaxis in cirrhosis. The presence of a severe leukotactic defect in cirrhotic patients has been confirmed. This defect is due to the presence of abnormally high levels of the chemotactic factor inactivator (CFI) in serums of patients with hepatic cirrhosis. This inactivator inhibits each of three different chemotactic factors tested and does so in an irreversible manner. As would be predicted by these results, generation of chemotactic activity in cirrhotic serums by a complement-activating agent is markedly impaired. Physicochemical features of CFI in cirrhotic serum differ slightly from that found in normal human serum. These results indicate the nature of the chemotactic defect in cirrhotic patients and may explain the increased susceptibility of these patients to bacterial infections and some of their reported defected in expression of cellular immunity.", "PMID": 1120929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7057", "title": "Studies on crystal-induced chemotactic factor. II. Role of phagocytosis.", "content": "The interaction of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN's) and urate crystal leads to the formation of a chemotactic factor. The purpose of this study was to determine the need for ingestion of crystals by the cells in the generation of the chemotactic factor. Our studies showed that when PMN's were incubated with cytochalasin B, an inhibitor of phagocytosis, and urate crystals, no chemotactic activity appeared in the lysosomal extract of the cells. Likewise, no chemotactic activity was present in the media of PMN's incubated with crystals although lysosomal enzyme activity was increased. These findings indicate that phagocytosis is required for chemotactic activity to appear. Our studies also show that cytochalasin B increases the release of lysosomal enzyme B-glucuronidase but not of cytoplasmic enzyme lactic dehydrogenase from PMN's when the cell encounters urate crystals.", "contents": "Studies on crystal-induced chemotactic factor. II. Role of phagocytosis. The interaction of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN's) and urate crystal leads to the formation of a chemotactic factor. The purpose of this study was to determine the need for ingestion of crystals by the cells in the generation of the chemotactic factor. Our studies showed that when PMN's were incubated with cytochalasin B, an inhibitor of phagocytosis, and urate crystals, no chemotactic activity appeared in the lysosomal extract of the cells. Likewise, no chemotactic activity was present in the media of PMN's incubated with crystals although lysosomal enzyme activity was increased. These findings indicate that phagocytosis is required for chemotactic activity to appear. Our studies also show that cytochalasin B increases the release of lysosomal enzyme B-glucuronidase but not of cytoplasmic enzyme lactic dehydrogenase from PMN's when the cell encounters urate crystals.", "PMID": 1120930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7058", "title": "Control of plasma renin activity in chronic stable renal disease.", "content": "Plasma renin activity (PRA) was determined on 70 subjects in clinical salt and water balance with stable glomerular filtration rate (GFR) ranging from 4 to 189 ml. per minute. Average 24-hour urine sodium excretion was obtained for 3 to 5 days prior to the study. The relationship between PRA and daily sodium excretion present in the low GFR group (GFR less than 80 ml. per minute) was similar to that obtained in the high GFR group (GFR greater than 80 ml. per minute). Hypertensive and normotensive subjects also demonstrated a relationship between PRA and daily sodium excretion although the values for PRA tended to be lower in the hypertensive subjects. In 32 subjects, following water hydration, a hypotonic saline load was administered. PRA values fell in 26 subjects, remained unchanged in 5, and increased in 1 subject. The decrease in PRA was not related to the level of GFR and was similar in the normotensive and hypertensive low GFR group. The level of PRA before or after the saline load did not relate to the level of distal sodium supply as estimated by CH2O/GFR + CNA/GFR. In subjects with chronic stable renal disease PRA responds appropriately to variations in daily salt intake and acute volume expansion with saline. Hypertensive subjects with impaired renal function appear to be able to vary PRA levels as do normotensive subjects with impaired renal function.", "contents": "Control of plasma renin activity in chronic stable renal disease. Plasma renin activity (PRA) was determined on 70 subjects in clinical salt and water balance with stable glomerular filtration rate (GFR) ranging from 4 to 189 ml. per minute. Average 24-hour urine sodium excretion was obtained for 3 to 5 days prior to the study. The relationship between PRA and daily sodium excretion present in the low GFR group (GFR less than 80 ml. per minute) was similar to that obtained in the high GFR group (GFR greater than 80 ml. per minute). Hypertensive and normotensive subjects also demonstrated a relationship between PRA and daily sodium excretion although the values for PRA tended to be lower in the hypertensive subjects. In 32 subjects, following water hydration, a hypotonic saline load was administered. PRA values fell in 26 subjects, remained unchanged in 5, and increased in 1 subject. The decrease in PRA was not related to the level of GFR and was similar in the normotensive and hypertensive low GFR group. The level of PRA before or after the saline load did not relate to the level of distal sodium supply as estimated by CH2O/GFR + CNA/GFR. In subjects with chronic stable renal disease PRA responds appropriately to variations in daily salt intake and acute volume expansion with saline. Hypertensive subjects with impaired renal function appear to be able to vary PRA levels as do normotensive subjects with impaired renal function.", "PMID": 1120931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7059", "title": "Pseudohyperkalemia and extreme leukocytosis.", "content": "Two patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia and pseudolhyperkalemia are described. Both patients had white blood cell counts exceeding 600,000 per cubic millimeter. Routine determinations of serum potassium were elevated while normal values were obtained when plasma and serum were separated within 30 minutes of venipuncture. Incubation of clotted and heparinized specimens for 6 hours was accompanied by a marked increase of potassium levels. This study indicates that extreme leukocytosis alone can give rise to apparent hyperkalemiamtrue values can be obtained if the determinations are performed quickly after venipuncture.", "contents": "Pseudohyperkalemia and extreme leukocytosis. Two patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia and pseudolhyperkalemia are described. Both patients had white blood cell counts exceeding 600,000 per cubic millimeter. Routine determinations of serum potassium were elevated while normal values were obtained when plasma and serum were separated within 30 minutes of venipuncture. Incubation of clotted and heparinized specimens for 6 hours was accompanied by a marked increase of potassium levels. This study indicates that extreme leukocytosis alone can give rise to apparent hyperkalemiamtrue values can be obtained if the determinations are performed quickly after venipuncture.", "PMID": 1120932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7060", "title": "Placental acid hydrolase purification on concanavalin A-sepharose.", "content": "Crude human placental extract was chromatographed on concanavalin A-Sepharose. Using a single procedure, 20- to over 300-fold purification of six acid glycohydrolases was achieved, in most cases with a good yield. Improved yield of individual enzymes could be achieved by modifications of the method of elution. The capacity of concanavalin A-Sepharose to bind glycohydrolases from placenta was very large, and will provice a useful procedure for the large-scale purification of the human enzymes.", "contents": "Placental acid hydrolase purification on concanavalin A-sepharose. Crude human placental extract was chromatographed on concanavalin A-Sepharose. Using a single procedure, 20- to over 300-fold purification of six acid glycohydrolases was achieved, in most cases with a good yield. Improved yield of individual enzymes could be achieved by modifications of the method of elution. The capacity of concanavalin A-Sepharose to bind glycohydrolases from placenta was very large, and will provice a useful procedure for the large-scale purification of the human enzymes.", "PMID": 1120933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7061", "title": "A precise catecholamine assay for small plasma samples.", "content": "The time, temperature, and pH of the trihydroxyindole reaction were controlled to minimize interference between norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (E) so that, in plasma catecholamine assay within normal human physiologic range, NE contributes less than 1 per cent to the fluorescence produced from E, and E contributes only 0.5 to 10 per cent to NE fluorescence; assay and blank measurements show superior stability. Elution from alumina and instrumental factors, such as optical filters, were optimized so that a single 5 ml. plasma sample sufficed for triplicate analyses of both NE and E, with duplicate blanks for each. This triplicate fluorescence assay was combined with duplicate recovery measurements of radioactive catecholamines added in tracer quantities to the plasma so as to make possible reliable estimates of the precision of measurement of each individual sample. The mean levels found for men aged 40 to 60 years from antecubital vein blood drawn during the subject's working hours (but after a brief rest) were, for NE 0.38 ng. per milliliter, range 0.15 to 0.54 ng. per millilter, and for E 0.09 ng./ml, range 0.01 to 0.27 ng. per millilter. The high precision and small amounts of blood required by this method made possible the measurement of basal plasma levels of E and NE in rats under two-stage phenobarbital anesthesia. The mean levels for 13 male and 4 female Long-Evans-stain rats weighing 250 to 350 grams were, for NE 0.26 ng. per millilter, range 0.16 to 0.37 ng. per millilter, and for E 0.36 ng. per millilter, range 0.14 to ng. per millilter. These rat values are called basal because they are only 1/5 to 1/10 as large as values obtained on plasma secured by single-stage pentobarbital anesthesia or from unanesthetized rats. Eight to 11 ml. of whole blood obtained from each rat were sufficient for individual analyses, an improvement over most other reported methods which require blood from a number of animals to be pooled. The average precision of an individual determination of NE was plus or minus 10 per cent in the range of 0.20 to 0.40 ng. per millilter. The average recovery for NE was 65 per cent and for E it was 55 per cent. Major factors influencing recovery were quantitatively investigated and discussed.", "contents": "A precise catecholamine assay for small plasma samples. The time, temperature, and pH of the trihydroxyindole reaction were controlled to minimize interference between norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (E) so that, in plasma catecholamine assay within normal human physiologic range, NE contributes less than 1 per cent to the fluorescence produced from E, and E contributes only 0.5 to 10 per cent to NE fluorescence; assay and blank measurements show superior stability. Elution from alumina and instrumental factors, such as optical filters, were optimized so that a single 5 ml. plasma sample sufficed for triplicate analyses of both NE and E, with duplicate blanks for each. This triplicate fluorescence assay was combined with duplicate recovery measurements of radioactive catecholamines added in tracer quantities to the plasma so as to make possible reliable estimates of the precision of measurement of each individual sample. The mean levels found for men aged 40 to 60 years from antecubital vein blood drawn during the subject's working hours (but after a brief rest) were, for NE 0.38 ng. per milliliter, range 0.15 to 0.54 ng. per millilter, and for E 0.09 ng./ml, range 0.01 to 0.27 ng. per millilter. The high precision and small amounts of blood required by this method made possible the measurement of basal plasma levels of E and NE in rats under two-stage phenobarbital anesthesia. The mean levels for 13 male and 4 female Long-Evans-stain rats weighing 250 to 350 grams were, for NE 0.26 ng. per millilter, range 0.16 to 0.37 ng. per millilter, and for E 0.36 ng. per millilter, range 0.14 to ng. per millilter. These rat values are called basal because they are only 1/5 to 1/10 as large as values obtained on plasma secured by single-stage pentobarbital anesthesia or from unanesthetized rats. Eight to 11 ml. of whole blood obtained from each rat were sufficient for individual analyses, an improvement over most other reported methods which require blood from a number of animals to be pooled. The average precision of an individual determination of NE was plus or minus 10 per cent in the range of 0.20 to 0.40 ng. per millilter. The average recovery for NE was 65 per cent and for E it was 55 per cent. Major factors influencing recovery were quantitatively investigated and discussed.", "PMID": 1120934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7062", "title": "Enzymatic determination of carbamyl phosphate in blood.", "content": "A specific assay for determination of carbamyl phosphate (carbamyl P) in blood has been developed using the enzymatic conversion of carbamyl P to citrulline by ornithine carbamyl transferase (OCT). This assay, for evaluation of bioavailability of carbamyl P, is necessary for study of the in vivo and in vitro effects of carbamyl P as an antisickling agent. The recovery of carbamyl P as citrulline was 88 to 92 per cent. Carbamyl P in whole dog blood in vitro decomposed with first-order kinetics with a t-1/2 of 42 minutes, the same as the t-1/2 reported for decomposition of carbamyl P to cyanate in buffers at physiologic temperature and pH. When carbamyl P (190 mg. per kilogram) was injected intraperitoneally into mice, it appeared in the blood, with a maximum concentration of 0.2 mM observed between 1 and 5 minutes after injection, followed by a rapid decrease within 10 minutes. The clearance of carbamyl P from dog blood after intravenous injection was first-order, with a t-1/2 of approximately 2.2 minutes. The rapid disappearance of carbamyl P in vivo may possibly by explained by the action of tissue acyl phosphatases which have been reported to hydrolyze carbamyl P.", "contents": "Enzymatic determination of carbamyl phosphate in blood. A specific assay for determination of carbamyl phosphate (carbamyl P) in blood has been developed using the enzymatic conversion of carbamyl P to citrulline by ornithine carbamyl transferase (OCT). This assay, for evaluation of bioavailability of carbamyl P, is necessary for study of the in vivo and in vitro effects of carbamyl P as an antisickling agent. The recovery of carbamyl P as citrulline was 88 to 92 per cent. Carbamyl P in whole dog blood in vitro decomposed with first-order kinetics with a t-1/2 of 42 minutes, the same as the t-1/2 reported for decomposition of carbamyl P to cyanate in buffers at physiologic temperature and pH. When carbamyl P (190 mg. per kilogram) was injected intraperitoneally into mice, it appeared in the blood, with a maximum concentration of 0.2 mM observed between 1 and 5 minutes after injection, followed by a rapid decrease within 10 minutes. The clearance of carbamyl P from dog blood after intravenous injection was first-order, with a t-1/2 of approximately 2.2 minutes. The rapid disappearance of carbamyl P in vivo may possibly by explained by the action of tissue acyl phosphatases which have been reported to hydrolyze carbamyl P.", "PMID": 1120935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7063", "title": "An automatic device for the isolated rabbit heart preparation for testing cardioactive drugs.", "content": "An automatic device for the isolated rabbit heart is described. Test solutions are perfused from reservoirs via valves, the sequence and time of opening of which is controlled by a programmable unit. The perfusate was pushed through the heart at a constant flow-rate, with pressure measurement serving as an indicator of preparation stability. The system worked well giving reproducible results without tedious, repetitive manual work. The results obtained with caffeine were in line with those reported in the literature, there being a dose-dependent increase in rate and force of contraction.", "contents": "An automatic device for the isolated rabbit heart preparation for testing cardioactive drugs. An automatic device for the isolated rabbit heart is described. Test solutions are perfused from reservoirs via valves, the sequence and time of opening of which is controlled by a programmable unit. The perfusate was pushed through the heart at a constant flow-rate, with pressure measurement serving as an indicator of preparation stability. The system worked well giving reproducible results without tedious, repetitive manual work. The results obtained with caffeine were in line with those reported in the literature, there being a dose-dependent increase in rate and force of contraction.", "PMID": 1120936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7064", "title": "The uncoating of native and reconstituted TMV by dimethylsulphoxide: the polarity of stripping.", "content": "The effect of increasing concentrations of dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) on the stability of native and reconstituted tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) has been investigated by means of electron microscopy and infectivity assay. The removal of protein subunits from TMV by DMSO was found to be a stepwise process. Subunits are first removed from the 3'OH end of the rod but at about 72% DMSO the site at which uncoating occurs shifts to the 5' end. Studies with reconstituted and partially reconstituted TMV confirm the stepwise nature of the uncoating process. Complete uncoating of reconstituted TMV was found to occur at smaller DMSO concentrations than that of native TMV.", "contents": "The uncoating of native and reconstituted TMV by dimethylsulphoxide: the polarity of stripping. The effect of increasing concentrations of dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) on the stability of native and reconstituted tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) has been investigated by means of electron microscopy and infectivity assay. The removal of protein subunits from TMV by DMSO was found to be a stepwise process. Subunits are first removed from the 3'OH end of the rod but at about 72% DMSO the site at which uncoating occurs shifts to the 5' end. Studies with reconstituted and partially reconstituted TMV confirm the stepwise nature of the uncoating process. Complete uncoating of reconstituted TMV was found to occur at smaller DMSO concentrations than that of native TMV.", "PMID": 1120937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7065", "title": "Radioactive labelling of borme mosaic virus.", "content": "Brome mosaic virus (BMV) can be radioactively labelled by allowing virus synthesis to take place in barley leaves whose cut ends are placed in solutions of radio active precursors of BMV. When barley plants are infected by inoculation of the first emerging leaf, the rate of incorporation of both [14C]-leucine and [32P]-ortho-phosphate into virus particles was found to be maximal in the second leaf, cut and labelled 4 to 5 days after inoculation. The rate of incorporation declined when the labelling or the cutting and labelling were delayed, even though assembly of particles still took place from pre-formed components. An exposure of 72 h to an appropriate amount of 32P yielded highly radioactive BMV RNA for possible sequencing studies. A specific radioactivity (32P) of the order of 1 mCi/mg RNA can be obtained readily.", "contents": "Radioactive labelling of borme mosaic virus. Brome mosaic virus (BMV) can be radioactively labelled by allowing virus synthesis to take place in barley leaves whose cut ends are placed in solutions of radio active precursors of BMV. When barley plants are infected by inoculation of the first emerging leaf, the rate of incorporation of both [14C]-leucine and [32P]-ortho-phosphate into virus particles was found to be maximal in the second leaf, cut and labelled 4 to 5 days after inoculation. The rate of incorporation declined when the labelling or the cutting and labelling were delayed, even though assembly of particles still took place from pre-formed components. An exposure of 72 h to an appropriate amount of 32P yielded highly radioactive BMV RNA for possible sequencing studies. A specific radioactivity (32P) of the order of 1 mCi/mg RNA can be obtained readily.", "PMID": 1120938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7066", "title": "The Tantalus Ration--a scaffolding for some personality-core vectors.", "content": "The two opposing vectors which are the core of our personality theory are \"participation\" and \"separation.\" By participation we mean one's identification of his ego with a person(s), an object, or a symbolic construct outside himself, and his striving to lose his separate identity by fusion with this other object or symbol. Separation, of course, is the opposite vector. We use these opposing vectors of unification--fusion nad separation--isolation as the main axis of our theory in conjunction with three major developmental phages. The first is the process of birth. The second is the crystallization of an individual ego by the molding of the \"ego boundary.\" The third phase of separation is a corollary of socialization when one reaches one's \"ego identity\" (12). The strain to overcome the separating and dividing pressures never leaves the human individual. The striving to partake in a pantheistic whole is ever present and it takes many forms; if one avenue towards its realization is blocked, it surges out from another channel. An illustrative case is the achievement motive which is a participation surrogate. Actual participation is unattainable by definition. The objective impossibility of participation is augmented by the countering separating vectors, both instinctual and interactive. At any given moment of our lives there would be a disjuncture, a gap between our desires for participation and our subjectively defined distance from our participatory aims. We have denoted this gap the Tantalus Ratio which is the relationship between the longed for participatory goal and the distance from it as perceived by ego. The Tantalus Ratio is dependent on, interalia, the strength of the participatory vectors, as determined by the age distances from the developmental stages of birth, ego boundary, and ego identity.", "contents": "The Tantalus Ration--a scaffolding for some personality-core vectors. The two opposing vectors which are the core of our personality theory are \"participation\" and \"separation.\" By participation we mean one's identification of his ego with a person(s), an object, or a symbolic construct outside himself, and his striving to lose his separate identity by fusion with this other object or symbol. Separation, of course, is the opposite vector. We use these opposing vectors of unification--fusion nad separation--isolation as the main axis of our theory in conjunction with three major developmental phages. The first is the process of birth. The second is the crystallization of an individual ego by the molding of the \"ego boundary.\" The third phase of separation is a corollary of socialization when one reaches one's \"ego identity\" (12). The strain to overcome the separating and dividing pressures never leaves the human individual. The striving to partake in a pantheistic whole is ever present and it takes many forms; if one avenue towards its realization is blocked, it surges out from another channel. An illustrative case is the achievement motive which is a participation surrogate. Actual participation is unattainable by definition. The objective impossibility of participation is augmented by the countering separating vectors, both instinctual and interactive. At any given moment of our lives there would be a disjuncture, a gap between our desires for participation and our subjectively defined distance from our participatory aims. We have denoted this gap the Tantalus Ratio which is the relationship between the longed for participatory goal and the distance from it as perceived by ego. The Tantalus Ratio is dependent on, interalia, the strength of the participatory vectors, as determined by the age distances from the developmental stages of birth, ego boundary, and ego identity.", "PMID": 1120939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7067", "title": "Differential transfer in poor and normal readers.", "content": "It has been suggested that children who sustain specific reading disability experience difficulty in abstracting and generalizing the invariant components of words containing redundant elements because of basic dysfunction in categorical processing. This hypothesis was assessed by comparing independent samples of poor and normal readers on transfer of training tasks of two different types: a visual-verbal association task which simulated the reading process, and a visual-visual association task unlike reading. It was predicted that poor readers would perform significantly below normal readers on both initial learning and transfer under the visual-verbal association conditions. In contrast, it was expected that the performance of similar groups of poor and normal readers would be comparable under the visual-visual training and transfer conditions. The results supported these predictions, and it was concluded that the generalization problems observed in poor readers in early word learning are, most likely, attributable to transfer difficulties associated with specific disorder in visual-verbal integration, rather than primary or basic disorder in categorization ability.", "contents": "Differential transfer in poor and normal readers. It has been suggested that children who sustain specific reading disability experience difficulty in abstracting and generalizing the invariant components of words containing redundant elements because of basic dysfunction in categorical processing. This hypothesis was assessed by comparing independent samples of poor and normal readers on transfer of training tasks of two different types: a visual-verbal association task which simulated the reading process, and a visual-visual association task unlike reading. It was predicted that poor readers would perform significantly below normal readers on both initial learning and transfer under the visual-verbal association conditions. In contrast, it was expected that the performance of similar groups of poor and normal readers would be comparable under the visual-visual training and transfer conditions. The results supported these predictions, and it was concluded that the generalization problems observed in poor readers in early word learning are, most likely, attributable to transfer difficulties associated with specific disorder in visual-verbal integration, rather than primary or basic disorder in categorization ability.", "PMID": 1120942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7068", "title": "Children's evaluations of temporally distant outcomes.", "content": "Forty 4th grade boys indicated their perceptions of value and of excitement at the expected receipt, either immediately or a week later, of good- and bad-tasting foods. They also chose between receiving immediately either the food originally expected immediately, or the one expected in a week's time. Delayed bad-tasting foods were judged less aversive and chosen more often than immediately expected ones. Evaluations and choices of good-tasting foods revealed similar, although weaker, trends. These findings are interpreted as reflecting the 10-year-old's confusion of subjective excitement and objective value, which arises from inadequate attention to the effects of delay. The findings are compared with results obtained in a similar study with 7th grade boys.", "contents": "Children's evaluations of temporally distant outcomes. Forty 4th grade boys indicated their perceptions of value and of excitement at the expected receipt, either immediately or a week later, of good- and bad-tasting foods. They also chose between receiving immediately either the food originally expected immediately, or the one expected in a week's time. Delayed bad-tasting foods were judged less aversive and chosen more often than immediately expected ones. Evaluations and choices of good-tasting foods revealed similar, although weaker, trends. These findings are interpreted as reflecting the 10-year-old's confusion of subjective excitement and objective value, which arises from inadequate attention to the effects of delay. The findings are compared with results obtained in a similar study with 7th grade boys.", "PMID": 1120943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7069", "title": "The relation of reflection-impulsivity to field dependence-independence and internal-external control in children.", "content": "First- and third-grade black children were administered Kagan's Matching Familiar Figures Test, Karp and Konstadt's Children's Embedded Figures Test (CEFT), and Shore, Milgram, and Malasky's Locus of Control Interview (LCI). It was hypothesized that  reflective children would be (a) more field-independent and (b) more internal than their impulsive counterparts. The first hypothesis was supported and discussed in terms of the task demands of the CEFT. The failure to find strong support for the second hypothesis was attributed to the generalized nature of the LCI.", "contents": "The relation of reflection-impulsivity to field dependence-independence and internal-external control in children. First- and third-grade black children were administered Kagan's Matching Familiar Figures Test, Karp and Konstadt's Children's Embedded Figures Test (CEFT), and Shore, Milgram, and Malasky's Locus of Control Interview (LCI). It was hypothesized that  reflective children would be (a) more field-independent and (b) more internal than their impulsive counterparts. The first hypothesis was supported and discussed in terms of the task demands of the CEFT. The failure to find strong support for the second hypothesis was attributed to the generalized nature of the LCI.", "PMID": 1120944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7070", "title": "Reflection-impulsivity and locus of conflict in emotionally disturbed children.", "content": "Forty-four emotionally disturbed children were administered the Matching Familiar Figures Test by one examiner, and the 13 most impulsive and 13 most reflective children were chosen. The teachers of these 26 children were asked to fill out a Locus of Conflict Rating Scale by which each child was designated as either an internalizer or externalizer. Impulsive children were found to be externalizers, while reflective children were internalizers. The implications of these results for the etiology and treatment of maladaptive behaviors of emotionally disturbed children were discussed.", "contents": "Reflection-impulsivity and locus of conflict in emotionally disturbed children. Forty-four emotionally disturbed children were administered the Matching Familiar Figures Test by one examiner, and the 13 most impulsive and 13 most reflective children were chosen. The teachers of these 26 children were asked to fill out a Locus of Conflict Rating Scale by which each child was designated as either an internalizer or externalizer. Impulsive children were found to be externalizers, while reflective children were internalizers. The implications of these results for the etiology and treatment of maladaptive behaviors of emotionally disturbed children were discussed.", "PMID": 1120945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7071", "title": "Academic achievement, situational stress, and problem-solving flexibility.", "content": "Academic overachieving (n equals 12) and underachieving (n equals 10) tenth grade boys were randomly assigned, with their parents, to either a success or a failure treatment in a problem solving task to determine the effects of induced stress on problem solving flexibility. For the underachievers, Ss in the success treatment were the most flexible, while for the overachievers, Ss in the failure treatment were the most flexible. A curvilinear proposition, consistent with Hebb's cue-arousal postulate was proposed to explain the results and also to explain the apparent discrepancies in the literature as to whether situational stress increases or decreases flexibility in problem solving. An implication of the proposition is that for persons with feelings of personal inadequacy, increases in situation stress result in decreased problem solving flexibility, but for persons with feelings of personal adequacy such increases enhance their problem solving flexibility.", "contents": "Academic achievement, situational stress, and problem-solving flexibility. Academic overachieving (n equals 12) and underachieving (n equals 10) tenth grade boys were randomly assigned, with their parents, to either a success or a failure treatment in a problem solving task to determine the effects of induced stress on problem solving flexibility. For the underachievers, Ss in the success treatment were the most flexible, while for the overachievers, Ss in the failure treatment were the most flexible. A curvilinear proposition, consistent with Hebb's cue-arousal postulate was proposed to explain the results and also to explain the apparent discrepancies in the literature as to whether situational stress increases or decreases flexibility in problem solving. An implication of the proposition is that for persons with feelings of personal inadequacy, increases in situation stress result in decreased problem solving flexibility, but for persons with feelings of personal adequacy such increases enhance their problem solving flexibility.", "PMID": 1120946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7072", "title": "Catecholamine histofluorescence in the median eminence of female rabbits activated by mating.", "content": "Mating was used in the rabbit as a physiological trigger, easily definable in time, for the activation of gonadotropic hypothalamic structures. Using the histochemical fluorescence technique of Falck and Hillarp, it has been attempted to determine whether, in relation to mating, clearly distinuishable and reproducible changes in histofluorescence occur in the tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic system in combination with hypothalamic hypophysiotropic hormone release. Between 20-30 min post-coitum an increase in DA turnover was noted in the external layer of the median eminence. The characteristics of this reaction were studied by administration of reserpine and alpha-methyl-paratyrosine. Immediately after coitus, a paradoxical fluorescence reactivation was observed in the median eminence in female rabbits in which tyrosine-hydroxylase activity was inhibited for 5 hours.", "contents": "Catecholamine histofluorescence in the median eminence of female rabbits activated by mating. Mating was used in the rabbit as a physiological trigger, easily definable in time, for the activation of gonadotropic hypothalamic structures. Using the histochemical fluorescence technique of Falck and Hillarp, it has been attempted to determine whether, in relation to mating, clearly distinuishable and reproducible changes in histofluorescence occur in the tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic system in combination with hypothalamic hypophysiotropic hormone release. Between 20-30 min post-coitum an increase in DA turnover was noted in the external layer of the median eminence. The characteristics of this reaction were studied by administration of reserpine and alpha-methyl-paratyrosine. Immediately after coitus, a paradoxical fluorescence reactivation was observed in the median eminence in female rabbits in which tyrosine-hydroxylase activity was inhibited for 5 hours.", "PMID": 1120947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7073", "title": "Influence of stress on regional brain serotonin metabolism after progesterone treatment and upon plasma progesterone in the rat.", "content": "The effect of progesterone upon stress altered serotonin (5-HT) metabolism in various regions of the rat brain was investigated with regard to a possible connection with premenstrual and post-partum depression. When electric footshock was administered to ovariectomized rats pretreated with progesterone or its vehicle, there were generally higher 5-HT and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) concentrations after progesterone. 5-HT levels were significantly higher in thalamus, hippocampus, raphe, and frontal cortex, 5-HIAA rose significantly in hippocampus, raphe, and frontal cortex. Whereas after electric footshock alone the septum showed highest increases of 5-HT and 5-HIAA and hippocampus ranged last, after pretreatment with progesterone increases of 5-HT and 5-HIAA were least pronounced in septum but rather high in hippocampus. Electric footshock administered to ovariectomized rats also resulted in an increase of plasma progesterone concentration.", "contents": "Influence of stress on regional brain serotonin metabolism after progesterone treatment and upon plasma progesterone in the rat. The effect of progesterone upon stress altered serotonin (5-HT) metabolism in various regions of the rat brain was investigated with regard to a possible connection with premenstrual and post-partum depression. When electric footshock was administered to ovariectomized rats pretreated with progesterone or its vehicle, there were generally higher 5-HT and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) concentrations after progesterone. 5-HT levels were significantly higher in thalamus, hippocampus, raphe, and frontal cortex, 5-HIAA rose significantly in hippocampus, raphe, and frontal cortex. Whereas after electric footshock alone the septum showed highest increases of 5-HT and 5-HIAA and hippocampus ranged last, after pretreatment with progesterone increases of 5-HT and 5-HIAA were least pronounced in septum but rather high in hippocampus. Electric footshock administered to ovariectomized rats also resulted in an increase of plasma progesterone concentration.", "PMID": 1120948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7074", "title": "Antagonism by haloperidol of the L-DOPA-induced disruption of a successive discrimination in the rat.", "content": "Male rats were trained to perform a conditioned avoidance response combined with a successive discrimination in a shuttle-box. The administration of L-DOPA, 100 mg/kg i.p., after inhibition of peripheral dopa decarboxylase, disrupts the discrimination but not the acoidance behaviour, whereas the administration of the antipsychotic agent haloperidol (HPD), 0.125 mg/kg i.p., disrupts the avoidance behaviour but not the discrimination. The L-DOPA-induced disruption of the successive discrimination was completely antagonized by 0.25 mg/kg of HPD. The present data show that administration of the antipsychotic agent HPD not only inhibits behaviour but also can improve the behaviour in animals with a disturbed function.", "contents": "Antagonism by haloperidol of the L-DOPA-induced disruption of a successive discrimination in the rat. Male rats were trained to perform a conditioned avoidance response combined with a successive discrimination in a shuttle-box. The administration of L-DOPA, 100 mg/kg i.p., after inhibition of peripheral dopa decarboxylase, disrupts the discrimination but not the acoidance behaviour, whereas the administration of the antipsychotic agent haloperidol (HPD), 0.125 mg/kg i.p., disrupts the avoidance behaviour but not the discrimination. The L-DOPA-induced disruption of the successive discrimination was completely antagonized by 0.25 mg/kg of HPD. The present data show that administration of the antipsychotic agent HPD not only inhibits behaviour but also can improve the behaviour in animals with a disturbed function.", "PMID": 1120949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7075", "title": "Hydroxyindole-O-methyl-transferase activity in the pineal gland of the rabbit.", "content": "Rabbit pineal HIOMT activity shows a diurnal rhythm. The highest values are observed at night and the lowest during the daytime. Animals kept in permanent darkness show higher values than those in constant light. Bilateral superior cervical ganglionectomy results in a tenfold decrease in pineal HIOMT activity.", "contents": "Hydroxyindole-O-methyl-transferase activity in the pineal gland of the rabbit. Rabbit pineal HIOMT activity shows a diurnal rhythm. The highest values are observed at night and the lowest during the daytime. Animals kept in permanent darkness show higher values than those in constant light. Bilateral superior cervical ganglionectomy results in a tenfold decrease in pineal HIOMT activity.", "PMID": 1120950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7076", "title": "Separation of pineal extracts by gelfiltration. II. Identification and isolation of two indoles from sheep pineal glands.", "content": "After separation of aqueous extracts of sheep pineal bodies and sheep cerebral cortex on Sephadex G-25, a high fluorescence peak showing an excitation maximum at 305 leads to 310 nm and a fluorescence maximum at 350 leads to 355 nm was observed in pineal extracts, which could not be detected in cerebral cortex extracts. Separation of this pineal fluorescence peak on Sephadix G-10 with water elution, followed by gradient elution of water and NaOH, gave rise to several highly fluorescent peaks. From one of these it was possible to isolate a substance with Rf-values, using thinlayer chromatographic, fluorescence and mass spectra studies, identical with synthetic 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid. From another peak a substance, idential with synthetic 5-methoxyindole-3-acetic acid, could be isolated. The results are compared with those obtained in previous studies.", "contents": "Separation of pineal extracts by gelfiltration. II. Identification and isolation of two indoles from sheep pineal glands. After separation of aqueous extracts of sheep pineal bodies and sheep cerebral cortex on Sephadex G-25, a high fluorescence peak showing an excitation maximum at 305 leads to 310 nm and a fluorescence maximum at 350 leads to 355 nm was observed in pineal extracts, which could not be detected in cerebral cortex extracts. Separation of this pineal fluorescence peak on Sephadix G-10 with water elution, followed by gradient elution of water and NaOH, gave rise to several highly fluorescent peaks. From one of these it was possible to isolate a substance with Rf-values, using thinlayer chromatographic, fluorescence and mass spectra studies, identical with synthetic 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid. From another peak a substance, idential with synthetic 5-methoxyindole-3-acetic acid, could be isolated. The results are compared with those obtained in previous studies.", "PMID": 1120951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7077", "title": "The effect of porphyrin precursors on monosynaptic reflex activity in the isolated hemisected frog spinal cord.", "content": "The porphyrin precursors beta-aminolevulinic acid (beta-ALA) and porphobilinogen (PBG) which accumulate, and are excreted in the urine in increased amounts during acute attacks of porphyria, were tested for their effects on reflex activity in the isolated hemisected spinal cords of Xenopus laevis. The two compounds were found to exert an inhibitory effect on monosynaptic ventral root responses, as well as on dorsal root responses (DRR) and dorsal root potentials (DRP). The latent period for inhibition of the monosynaptic response was longer than that for the DRR and DRP. The sensitivity of the preparations to the effect of the porphyrin precursors was subject to some seasonal variation. BETA-ALA and PBG did not effect conduction in isolated sciatic nerves at a concentration of 1 mg/ml.", "contents": "The effect of porphyrin precursors on monosynaptic reflex activity in the isolated hemisected frog spinal cord. The porphyrin precursors beta-aminolevulinic acid (beta-ALA) and porphobilinogen (PBG) which accumulate, and are excreted in the urine in increased amounts during acute attacks of porphyria, were tested for their effects on reflex activity in the isolated hemisected spinal cords of Xenopus laevis. The two compounds were found to exert an inhibitory effect on monosynaptic ventral root responses, as well as on dorsal root responses (DRR) and dorsal root potentials (DRP). The latent period for inhibition of the monosynaptic response was longer than that for the DRR and DRP. The sensitivity of the preparations to the effect of the porphyrin precursors was subject to some seasonal variation. BETA-ALA and PBG did not effect conduction in isolated sciatic nerves at a concentration of 1 mg/ml.", "PMID": 1120952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7078", "title": "Development of a \"blood-brain barrier\" to methadone in the newborn rat.", "content": "The chronic administration of dl-methadone to female rats during gestation results in the simultaneous administration of the drug to the unborn fetus. The tissue concentration of methadone in fetal brain is several-fold greater than in maternal brain. Methadone concentration in other maternal tissues studied was higher than in their fetal counterpart. Similar brain concentrations of methadone were seen in 19- to 21-day fetal rats, taken from mothers who had been treated with methadone, as was found in 1-day-old pups which were given an i.p. injection of methadone directly. The amount of methadone concentrating in the brain from a single 5 mg/kg dose increased with increasing postnatal age until about day 15 and then decreased to near adult levels by days 30 to 35. The blood concentration of methadone was more or less constant with all age groups and was significantly lower than brain concentrated at all time periods studied prior to day 30. The data presented would suggest that there is no true blood-brain barrier to methadone in either the young or the adult rat. However, there is some process which limits the brain content of methadone in the adult which is absent in the young animal. This process appears to be developed by about 30 to 35 days after birth. The apparent delay in the developmental processes seen in the pups born to and nursed by mothers chronically treated with methadone is not statistically significant.", "contents": "Development of a \"blood-brain barrier\" to methadone in the newborn rat. The chronic administration of dl-methadone to female rats during gestation results in the simultaneous administration of the drug to the unborn fetus. The tissue concentration of methadone in fetal brain is several-fold greater than in maternal brain. Methadone concentration in other maternal tissues studied was higher than in their fetal counterpart. Similar brain concentrations of methadone were seen in 19- to 21-day fetal rats, taken from mothers who had been treated with methadone, as was found in 1-day-old pups which were given an i.p. injection of methadone directly. The amount of methadone concentrating in the brain from a single 5 mg/kg dose increased with increasing postnatal age until about day 15 and then decreased to near adult levels by days 30 to 35. The blood concentration of methadone was more or less constant with all age groups and was significantly lower than brain concentrated at all time periods studied prior to day 30. The data presented would suggest that there is no true blood-brain barrier to methadone in either the young or the adult rat. However, there is some process which limits the brain content of methadone in the adult which is absent in the young animal. This process appears to be developed by about 30 to 35 days after birth. The apparent delay in the developmental processes seen in the pups born to and nursed by mothers chronically treated with methadone is not statistically significant.", "PMID": 1120953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7079", "title": "Uptake into brain proteins of 35S-methionine during morphine tolerance.", "content": "Effect of morphine sulfate on protein synthesis in rat brain was evaluated in tolerant and nontolerant rats. Male Wistar-Lewis rats were randomly distributed to control, tolerant and nontolerant groups. The rats were made tolerant by giving morphine sulfate (25 mg/kg b.i.d.) for either 42 or 84 days. An aqueous solution of 35S-methionine (0.5 muc/g b.w.t.) was administered i.v. Rats from each group were then sacrificed at 20 minutes, 1 hour and 2 hours after 35S-methionine. The 35S-activity in trichloroacetic acid-precipitated proteins and supernatant fractions from cortex, hypothalamus, putamen, corpus callosum, thalamus, cerebellum, kidney and liver was determined. In addition the amounts of label in lipid, saline-soluble and insoluble proteins of whole brain for tolerant and control rats were determined. The 35S-activity in brain proteins of non-tolerant rats did not differ from those of controls. The six brain areas in tolerant rats 1 and 2 hours after injection of 35S-methionine showed a 15 percent, then 30 percent increase in radioactivity (disintegrations per minute per milligram of protein). Proteins from putamen and corpus callosum had w/w 60 percent of the 35S-activity found in hypothalamus and cortex. There was no difference in 35S-activity in kidney and liver between control and tolerant rats. The radioactivity of the brain lipids was 2 percent of that found in proteins in both tolerant and control groups. Protein synthesis in morphine tolerant rat brain is significantly (P smaller than .01) increased as judged by incorporation of 35S-methionine.", "contents": "Uptake into brain proteins of 35S-methionine during morphine tolerance. Effect of morphine sulfate on protein synthesis in rat brain was evaluated in tolerant and nontolerant rats. Male Wistar-Lewis rats were randomly distributed to control, tolerant and nontolerant groups. The rats were made tolerant by giving morphine sulfate (25 mg/kg b.i.d.) for either 42 or 84 days. An aqueous solution of 35S-methionine (0.5 muc/g b.w.t.) was administered i.v. Rats from each group were then sacrificed at 20 minutes, 1 hour and 2 hours after 35S-methionine. The 35S-activity in trichloroacetic acid-precipitated proteins and supernatant fractions from cortex, hypothalamus, putamen, corpus callosum, thalamus, cerebellum, kidney and liver was determined. In addition the amounts of label in lipid, saline-soluble and insoluble proteins of whole brain for tolerant and control rats were determined. The 35S-activity in brain proteins of non-tolerant rats did not differ from those of controls. The six brain areas in tolerant rats 1 and 2 hours after injection of 35S-methionine showed a 15 percent, then 30 percent increase in radioactivity (disintegrations per minute per milligram of protein). Proteins from putamen and corpus callosum had w/w 60 percent of the 35S-activity found in hypothalamus and cortex. There was no difference in 35S-activity in kidney and liver between control and tolerant rats. The radioactivity of the brain lipids was 2 percent of that found in proteins in both tolerant and control groups. Protein synthesis in morphine tolerant rat brain is significantly (P smaller than .01) increased as judged by incorporation of 35S-methionine.", "PMID": 1120954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7080", "title": "Antagonism of the convulsant effects of heroin, d-propoxyphene, meperidine, normeperidine and thebaine by naloxone in mice.", "content": "Naloxone antagonized convulsions produced by tail vein infusions of d-propoxyphene, heroin, meperidine, normeperidine and thebaine in mice in a dose-related manner. Pretreatment with naloxone (60 mg/kg i.p.) produced a 200 percent increase of the dose of d-propoxyphene or heroin needed to produce a seizure. A 40 percent increase in the convulsant dose of meperidine was observed after naloxone pretreatment (30 mg/kg i.p.). Naloxone (15 mg/kg i.p.) produced a 30 percent increase in the convulsant dose of normeperidine; however, larger doses of naloxone did not produce any further increase in the convulsant dose of either normeperidine or meperidine. Larger doses of naloxone were needed to antagonize convulsions produced by thebaine. Heroin, d-propoxyphene and meperidine produced nonlethal clonic seizures, whereas normeperidine and thebaine produced tonic-clonic seizures which were followed by death. These data suggest that there may be two mechanisms by which narcotic analgesics and their congeners produce convulsions.", "contents": "Antagonism of the convulsant effects of heroin, d-propoxyphene, meperidine, normeperidine and thebaine by naloxone in mice. Naloxone antagonized convulsions produced by tail vein infusions of d-propoxyphene, heroin, meperidine, normeperidine and thebaine in mice in a dose-related manner. Pretreatment with naloxone (60 mg/kg i.p.) produced a 200 percent increase of the dose of d-propoxyphene or heroin needed to produce a seizure. A 40 percent increase in the convulsant dose of meperidine was observed after naloxone pretreatment (30 mg/kg i.p.). Naloxone (15 mg/kg i.p.) produced a 30 percent increase in the convulsant dose of normeperidine; however, larger doses of naloxone did not produce any further increase in the convulsant dose of either normeperidine or meperidine. Larger doses of naloxone were needed to antagonize convulsions produced by thebaine. Heroin, d-propoxyphene and meperidine produced nonlethal clonic seizures, whereas normeperidine and thebaine produced tonic-clonic seizures which were followed by death. These data suggest that there may be two mechanisms by which narcotic analgesics and their congeners produce convulsions.", "PMID": 1120955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7081", "title": "Tolerance characteristics produced during the maximally tolerable chronic pentobarbital dosing in the cat.", "content": "The method of \"maximally tolerable\" dosing technique for establishing a reproducible state of barbiturate dependence in cats was used for the study. The development of tolerance in animals treated by this method has been quantitatively assessed. Sodium pentobarbital was administered morning and evening for 35 days via a plastic tube implanted into the stomach through the abdominal wall. A range of neurological signs of intoxication was scored before and after each dose and during the day at certain preset intervals. Based on the scoring of neurological impairment, each cat was given the maximally tolerable anesthetic dose of sodium pentobarbital. All of the animals treated by this method exhibited severe withdrawal signs upon abrupt withdrawal of the drug. For each cat, blood pentobarbital concentrations were determined every day before and 1 to 11/4 hours after the morning dose. Also, a complete blood pentobarbital elimination study was made on days 1, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 of the regimen. These results distinguished between dispositional and functional tolerance. The dispositional tolerance developed maximally within a week and was maintained at that level as long as the treatment was continued. The functional tolerance, on the other hand, developed more gradually and progressed with continued treatment.", "contents": "Tolerance characteristics produced during the maximally tolerable chronic pentobarbital dosing in the cat. The method of \"maximally tolerable\" dosing technique for establishing a reproducible state of barbiturate dependence in cats was used for the study. The development of tolerance in animals treated by this method has been quantitatively assessed. Sodium pentobarbital was administered morning and evening for 35 days via a plastic tube implanted into the stomach through the abdominal wall. A range of neurological signs of intoxication was scored before and after each dose and during the day at certain preset intervals. Based on the scoring of neurological impairment, each cat was given the maximally tolerable anesthetic dose of sodium pentobarbital. All of the animals treated by this method exhibited severe withdrawal signs upon abrupt withdrawal of the drug. For each cat, blood pentobarbital concentrations were determined every day before and 1 to 11/4 hours after the morning dose. Also, a complete blood pentobarbital elimination study was made on days 1, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 of the regimen. These results distinguished between dispositional and functional tolerance. The dispositional tolerance developed maximally within a week and was maintained at that level as long as the treatment was continued. The functional tolerance, on the other hand, developed more gradually and progressed with continued treatment.", "PMID": 1120956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7082", "title": "Effects of chronic ethanol treatment and thyroxine administration on ethanol metabolism and liver oxidative capacity.", "content": "Chronic administration of ethanol to rats leads to an increase in the rate of ethanol metabolism in vivo and in vitro. In vitro studies in liver slices showed that ouabain, an inhibitor of the Na++K+-activated adenosine triphosphatase, can completely block the extra ethanol metabolism in the livers of the treated animals only in the presence of ouabain. Administration of thyroxine led to an increase in the rate of ethanol metabolism when measured both in vitro and in vivo. This effect was biphasic; an activation occurred only with low doses of thyroxine but disappeared after administration of larger doses. Alcohol dehydrogenase activity in the liver of the animals treated with large doses of thyroxine was found to be significantly reduced. With the doses used (50-1000 mug/kg), thyroxine also increased the rate of oxygen consumption as measured in liver slices. However, a biphasic effect did not occur; a near maximum activation on the rate of oxygen consumption occurred with low doses of thyroxine (100 mug/kg). Oxygen consumption was also found to be increased in the liver of animals chronically treated with ethanol. A maximal effect was produced after 18 to 21 days of treatment. For both ethanol and thyroxine-treated animals, an increased rate of oxygen consumption occurred with a concomitant loss of dinitrophenol effect. Mitochondrial alpha-glycerophosphate oxidase was found to be increased in the liver of animals treated with ethanol or with thyroxine. In these two groups, this enzymatic activity appeared to be less affected by the treatment than the dinitrophenol-activated respiration.", "contents": "Effects of chronic ethanol treatment and thyroxine administration on ethanol metabolism and liver oxidative capacity. Chronic administration of ethanol to rats leads to an increase in the rate of ethanol metabolism in vivo and in vitro. In vitro studies in liver slices showed that ouabain, an inhibitor of the Na++K+-activated adenosine triphosphatase, can completely block the extra ethanol metabolism in the livers of the treated animals only in the presence of ouabain. Administration of thyroxine led to an increase in the rate of ethanol metabolism when measured both in vitro and in vivo. This effect was biphasic; an activation occurred only with low doses of thyroxine but disappeared after administration of larger doses. Alcohol dehydrogenase activity in the liver of the animals treated with large doses of thyroxine was found to be significantly reduced. With the doses used (50-1000 mug/kg), thyroxine also increased the rate of oxygen consumption as measured in liver slices. However, a biphasic effect did not occur; a near maximum activation on the rate of oxygen consumption occurred with low doses of thyroxine (100 mug/kg). Oxygen consumption was also found to be increased in the liver of animals chronically treated with ethanol. A maximal effect was produced after 18 to 21 days of treatment. For both ethanol and thyroxine-treated animals, an increased rate of oxygen consumption occurred with a concomitant loss of dinitrophenol effect. Mitochondrial alpha-glycerophosphate oxidase was found to be increased in the liver of animals treated with ethanol or with thyroxine. In these two groups, this enzymatic activity appeared to be less affected by the treatment than the dinitrophenol-activated respiration.", "PMID": 1120957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7083", "title": "Biliary excretion of colchicine.", "content": "After intravenous administration of 3H-colchicine (0.2 mg/kg) to rats, 68 percent was excreted in the feces in 48 hours suggesting bile might be the major route of excretion for colchicine. Rats with cannulated bile ducts excreted 50 percent of a 2 mg/kg dose into the bile within 2 hours; half of this was colchicine, and the rest was desmethylcolchicine and more polar metabolites. Colchicine was excreted into the bile of the rat against a bile/plasma concentration gradient of 800 which resulted from a liver/plasma ratio of 15 and a bile/liver ratio of 60. The biliary excretion of colchicine varied widely among the hamster, dog and rabbit. Of the administered colchicine, 32, 20 and 16 percent were excreted by the hamster, dog and rabbit, respectively, within 2 hours. There was also a species difference in the percentage of the radioactivity present in bile as the parent drug. In the hamster, dog and rabbit, the percentage of radioactivity excreted into the bile as colchicine was 45, 34 and 72 percent, respectively. These species excreted colchicine into the bile against a bile/plasma gradient ranging from 19 to 870. Partition of these gradients between liver/plasma and bile/liver ratios demonstrated that both ratios were greater than one, suggesting that colchicine is excreted by an active process. The liver/bile gradient was always the larger of the two ratios.", "contents": "Biliary excretion of colchicine. After intravenous administration of 3H-colchicine (0.2 mg/kg) to rats, 68 percent was excreted in the feces in 48 hours suggesting bile might be the major route of excretion for colchicine. Rats with cannulated bile ducts excreted 50 percent of a 2 mg/kg dose into the bile within 2 hours; half of this was colchicine, and the rest was desmethylcolchicine and more polar metabolites. Colchicine was excreted into the bile of the rat against a bile/plasma concentration gradient of 800 which resulted from a liver/plasma ratio of 15 and a bile/liver ratio of 60. The biliary excretion of colchicine varied widely among the hamster, dog and rabbit. Of the administered colchicine, 32, 20 and 16 percent were excreted by the hamster, dog and rabbit, respectively, within 2 hours. There was also a species difference in the percentage of the radioactivity present in bile as the parent drug. In the hamster, dog and rabbit, the percentage of radioactivity excreted into the bile as colchicine was 45, 34 and 72 percent, respectively. These species excreted colchicine into the bile against a bile/plasma gradient ranging from 19 to 870. Partition of these gradients between liver/plasma and bile/liver ratios demonstrated that both ratios were greater than one, suggesting that colchicine is excreted by an active process. The liver/bile gradient was always the larger of the two ratios.", "PMID": 1120958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7084", "title": "Effect of biliary stasis and hepatotoxins on the excretion of iopanoate in the rat.", "content": "In rats, hepatic dysfunction was induced with CCl4, SKF 525-A, taurolithocholic acid and alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate and by acute and chronic surgical ligation of the bile duct. Biliary and urinary excretion of 125I-labeled iopanoate was measured after a standard i.v. dose. In the absence of normal biliary excretion, the amount excreted in the urine varied over a wide range (0.25-11.2 percent of the dose), with highest rates of urinary excretion occurring after alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate and chronic stasis. Drug disposition was further determined by tissue analysis of liver and kidney. The results indicate that, for a drug that is normally almost exclusively excreted by the bile, in the presence of hepatic dysfunction the amount excreted by the alternate urinary route depends on the type of the induced hepatic disorder. The intrarenal distribution of 125I-radioactivity is strongly influenced by its plasma concentration rather than just by the rate of excretion in the urine.", "contents": "Effect of biliary stasis and hepatotoxins on the excretion of iopanoate in the rat. In rats, hepatic dysfunction was induced with CCl4, SKF 525-A, taurolithocholic acid and alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate and by acute and chronic surgical ligation of the bile duct. Biliary and urinary excretion of 125I-labeled iopanoate was measured after a standard i.v. dose. In the absence of normal biliary excretion, the amount excreted in the urine varied over a wide range (0.25-11.2 percent of the dose), with highest rates of urinary excretion occurring after alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate and chronic stasis. Drug disposition was further determined by tissue analysis of liver and kidney. The results indicate that, for a drug that is normally almost exclusively excreted by the bile, in the presence of hepatic dysfunction the amount excreted by the alternate urinary route depends on the type of the induced hepatic disorder. The intrarenal distribution of 125I-radioactivity is strongly influenced by its plasma concentration rather than just by the rate of excretion in the urine.", "PMID": 1120959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7085", "title": "Inhibition of chondromucoprotein synthesis: an extraneuronal effect of nerve growth factor.", "content": "Nerve growth factor (NGF) is probably made by many extraneural tissues and some mesenchymal tumors. The present study investigated the effects of NGF on the in vitro synthesis of macromolecules by embryonic chicken cartilage. Cartilage deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid synthesis as estimated by radioactive thymidine and uridine incorporation were unaltered by NGF. Chondromucoprotein synthesis as determined by 35SO4 incorporation into cartilage proteins was significantly inhibited by as little as 2 mug/ml of NGF and markedly inhibited (65-82 percent) by 20 mug/ml. Total cartilage protein synthesis as indicated by the incorporation of radioactive leucine was slightly (14 percent) but significantly inhibited by NGF. Fractionation of cartilage proteins into collagen-rich and chondromucoprotein-rich fractions and further purification by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis demonstrated that all of the inhibition of leucine incorporation was due to the inhibition of chondromucoprotein synthesis. Thus NGF causes a selective and unique inhibition of cartilage chondromucoprotein synthesis.", "contents": "Inhibition of chondromucoprotein synthesis: an extraneuronal effect of nerve growth factor. Nerve growth factor (NGF) is probably made by many extraneural tissues and some mesenchymal tumors. The present study investigated the effects of NGF on the in vitro synthesis of macromolecules by embryonic chicken cartilage. Cartilage deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid synthesis as estimated by radioactive thymidine and uridine incorporation were unaltered by NGF. Chondromucoprotein synthesis as determined by 35SO4 incorporation into cartilage proteins was significantly inhibited by as little as 2 mug/ml of NGF and markedly inhibited (65-82 percent) by 20 mug/ml. Total cartilage protein synthesis as indicated by the incorporation of radioactive leucine was slightly (14 percent) but significantly inhibited by NGF. Fractionation of cartilage proteins into collagen-rich and chondromucoprotein-rich fractions and further purification by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis demonstrated that all of the inhibition of leucine incorporation was due to the inhibition of chondromucoprotein synthesis. Thus NGF causes a selective and unique inhibition of cartilage chondromucoprotein synthesis.", "PMID": 1120960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7086", "title": "The effect of caffeine on barbiturate sleeping time and brain level.", "content": "The effect of caffeine and coffee on the sleeping time induced by barbital was tested in rats. It was found that caffeine pretreatment shortened barbital-induced sleeping time and that coffee had an effect in direct proportion to its caffeine content; decaffeinated coffee was without effect. It was hypothesized that the shortening was due to an interaction at the brain level. This hypothesis was tested using hexobarbital which is metabolized by the liver whereas barbital is only negligibly so metabolized. Pretreatment with caffeine was found to shorten the hexobarbital sleeping time even though the brain concentration of the latter was actually elevated. It was also shown that caffeine pretreatment was much less effective than phenobarbital pretreatment in stimulating the enzyme systems in the liver which metabolize hexobarbital, aminopyrine and ethylmorphine (in vitro). Consequently, it is concluded that caffeine stimulation of liver metabolism is a relatively minor factor in the shortening of barbiturate sleeping time by caffeine in comparison to the brain interaction of these two drugs.", "contents": "The effect of caffeine on barbiturate sleeping time and brain level. The effect of caffeine and coffee on the sleeping time induced by barbital was tested in rats. It was found that caffeine pretreatment shortened barbital-induced sleeping time and that coffee had an effect in direct proportion to its caffeine content; decaffeinated coffee was without effect. It was hypothesized that the shortening was due to an interaction at the brain level. This hypothesis was tested using hexobarbital which is metabolized by the liver whereas barbital is only negligibly so metabolized. Pretreatment with caffeine was found to shorten the hexobarbital sleeping time even though the brain concentration of the latter was actually elevated. It was also shown that caffeine pretreatment was much less effective than phenobarbital pretreatment in stimulating the enzyme systems in the liver which metabolize hexobarbital, aminopyrine and ethylmorphine (in vitro). Consequently, it is concluded that caffeine stimulation of liver metabolism is a relatively minor factor in the shortening of barbiturate sleeping time by caffeine in comparison to the brain interaction of these two drugs.", "PMID": 1120961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7087", "title": "D-amphetamine-induced release of \"newly synthesized\" and \"stored\" dopamine from the caudate nucleus in vivo.", "content": "The lateral and third ventricles of anesthetized cats were perfused continuously with artificial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) containing 3H-tyrosine and the perfusate was analyzed for 3H-catecholamines. The addition of d-amphetamine sulfate to the perfusing CSF for 2 hours, beginning 2 hours after the start of the 3H-tyrosine perfusion, caused an immediate increase in the efflux of 3H-dopamine. The efflux of this amine declined subsequently despite the continued presence of amphetamine in the CSF. The addition of alpha-methyltyrosine to the CSF concurrently with the d-amphetamine did not markedly alter the immediate increase but accelerated the subsequent decline in the efflux of 3H-dopamine. This suggests that ampetamine initially releases dopamine from a \"strong pool,\" but continuous release is dependent upon ongoing amine synthesis. The addition of d-amphetamine to the 3H-tyrosine containing CSF at the start of perfusion immediately increased the efflux of 3H-dopamine. This response was completely blocked by the presence of alpha-methyltyrosine in the CSF. Pretreatment of cats with reserpine effectively depleted the caudate nucleus of endogenous and 3H-dopamine, but did not alter the ability of d-amphetamine to increase the efflux of 3H-dopamine. Indeed, the amount of 3H-dopamine released during each collection period by either intraventricular or intravenous administration of d-amphetamine was higher than the content of the labeled amine remaining in the whole caudate nucleus. These results suggest that damphetamine can release both \"stored\" and \"newly synthesized\" 3H-dopamine from the caudate nucleus, but that the maintenance of the amphetamine-induced release of dopamine is dependent upon the newly synthetized pool.", "contents": "D-amphetamine-induced release of \"newly synthesized\" and \"stored\" dopamine from the caudate nucleus in vivo. The lateral and third ventricles of anesthetized cats were perfused continuously with artificial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) containing 3H-tyrosine and the perfusate was analyzed for 3H-catecholamines. The addition of d-amphetamine sulfate to the perfusing CSF for 2 hours, beginning 2 hours after the start of the 3H-tyrosine perfusion, caused an immediate increase in the efflux of 3H-dopamine. The efflux of this amine declined subsequently despite the continued presence of amphetamine in the CSF. The addition of alpha-methyltyrosine to the CSF concurrently with the d-amphetamine did not markedly alter the immediate increase but accelerated the subsequent decline in the efflux of 3H-dopamine. This suggests that ampetamine initially releases dopamine from a \"strong pool,\" but continuous release is dependent upon ongoing amine synthesis. The addition of d-amphetamine to the 3H-tyrosine containing CSF at the start of perfusion immediately increased the efflux of 3H-dopamine. This response was completely blocked by the presence of alpha-methyltyrosine in the CSF. Pretreatment of cats with reserpine effectively depleted the caudate nucleus of endogenous and 3H-dopamine, but did not alter the ability of d-amphetamine to increase the efflux of 3H-dopamine. Indeed, the amount of 3H-dopamine released during each collection period by either intraventricular or intravenous administration of d-amphetamine was higher than the content of the labeled amine remaining in the whole caudate nucleus. These results suggest that damphetamine can release both \"stored\" and \"newly synthesized\" 3H-dopamine from the caudate nucleus, but that the maintenance of the amphetamine-induced release of dopamine is dependent upon the newly synthetized pool.", "PMID": 1120962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7088", "title": "Central site of the hypertensive action of bradykinin.", "content": "The intraventricular injection of 1 mug of bradykinin (BK) in rats anesthetized with urethane (1.5 g/kg i.p.) caused an increase in mean arterial blood pressure with little or no change in pulse pressure or heart rate. A similar hypertensive response followed the local administration of 0.5 mug of BK at the pars ventralis of the lateral septal area, whereas local application at other subcortical regions, known to be involved in cardiovascular regulation, caused no effect. Injections of 0.5 or 1 mug of synthetic substance P or 1 mug of 9-desarginine-bradykinin at the pars ventralis of the lateral septal area caused no change in blood pressure. In addition, bilateral electrolytical lesions placed in the lateral septal area either markedly reduced or completely blocked the pressor response to intraventricular BK. These results suggest that the pars ventralis of the lateral septal area is involved in the pressor action of BK in the central nervous system. They also indicate that this brain region responds fairly specifically to BK and that local vascular changes are unlikely to be involved in the mediation of the central action of BK.", "contents": "Central site of the hypertensive action of bradykinin. The intraventricular injection of 1 mug of bradykinin (BK) in rats anesthetized with urethane (1.5 g/kg i.p.) caused an increase in mean arterial blood pressure with little or no change in pulse pressure or heart rate. A similar hypertensive response followed the local administration of 0.5 mug of BK at the pars ventralis of the lateral septal area, whereas local application at other subcortical regions, known to be involved in cardiovascular regulation, caused no effect. Injections of 0.5 or 1 mug of synthetic substance P or 1 mug of 9-desarginine-bradykinin at the pars ventralis of the lateral septal area caused no change in blood pressure. In addition, bilateral electrolytical lesions placed in the lateral septal area either markedly reduced or completely blocked the pressor response to intraventricular BK. These results suggest that the pars ventralis of the lateral septal area is involved in the pressor action of BK in the central nervous system. They also indicate that this brain region responds fairly specifically to BK and that local vascular changes are unlikely to be involved in the mediation of the central action of BK.", "PMID": 1120963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7089", "title": "The cardiovascular actions of dopamine and the effects of central and peripheral catecholaminergic receptor blocking drugs.", "content": "The cardiovascular effects of dopamine (DA) were studied in anesthetized dogs with special attention to the susceptibility of these effects to inhibition by catecholaminergic receptor blocking drugs. Dopamine given by rapid i.v. injection at 1 and 3 mug/kg produced depressor responses whereas doses from 9 to 81 mug/kg produced pressor resposes and increases in cardiac contractile force. Propranolol inhibited the increases in cardiac contractility whereas phenoxybenzamine potentiated the depressor effect of low doses of DA and reversed the pressor effect of high doses. Bulbocapnine blocked the depressor effect of DA in both phenoxybenzamine and propranolol-treated dogs. Pimozide, however, had no effect on the depressor response to DA. In hemodynamic studies, DA reduced blood pressure, total peripheral resistance and renal vascular resistance. Cardiac output and renal blood flow were increased. Bulbocapnine, but not pimozide, abolished the effects of DA on blood pressure, vascular resistance and renal blood flow. In conscious dogs, pimozide abolished apomorphine-induced emesis (an effect mediated by DA receptors in the central nervous system) whereas bulbocapnine had no effect. Therefore, the peripheral vascular and central dopamine receptors may be pharmacologically distinct.", "contents": "The cardiovascular actions of dopamine and the effects of central and peripheral catecholaminergic receptor blocking drugs. The cardiovascular effects of dopamine (DA) were studied in anesthetized dogs with special attention to the susceptibility of these effects to inhibition by catecholaminergic receptor blocking drugs. Dopamine given by rapid i.v. injection at 1 and 3 mug/kg produced depressor responses whereas doses from 9 to 81 mug/kg produced pressor resposes and increases in cardiac contractile force. Propranolol inhibited the increases in cardiac contractility whereas phenoxybenzamine potentiated the depressor effect of low doses of DA and reversed the pressor effect of high doses. Bulbocapnine blocked the depressor effect of DA in both phenoxybenzamine and propranolol-treated dogs. Pimozide, however, had no effect on the depressor response to DA. In hemodynamic studies, DA reduced blood pressure, total peripheral resistance and renal vascular resistance. Cardiac output and renal blood flow were increased. Bulbocapnine, but not pimozide, abolished the effects of DA on blood pressure, vascular resistance and renal blood flow. In conscious dogs, pimozide abolished apomorphine-induced emesis (an effect mediated by DA receptors in the central nervous system) whereas bulbocapnine had no effect. Therefore, the peripheral vascular and central dopamine receptors may be pharmacologically distinct.", "PMID": 1120964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7090", "title": "Studies concerning the mechanism of suppression of renin secretion by clonidine.", "content": "Two series of experiments were performed in anesthetized dogs to test the hypothesis that the suppression of renin secretion by clonidine results from a centrally mediated decrease in the activity in the renal sympathetic nerves. In the first series, clonidine (1 mug/kg) was administered directly into the third ventricle of a group of dogs in which renal perfusion pressure was controlled by adjusting an aortic clamp. In these animals, clonidine produced hypotension and bradycardia and suppressed plasma renin activity to 39 percent of the control value. These changes in blood pressure and plasma renin activity were closely correlated. Intraventricular clonidine produced similar alterations in blood pressure and heart rate in another group of dogs in which renal perfusion pressure was not controlled, but failed to suppress plasma renin activity. In the second series of experiments, clonidine was administered intravenously in a dose of 30 mug/kg. Intravenous clonidine produced a transient hypertension followed by hypotension, decreased heart rate and suppressed plasma renin activity to 49 percent of the control value. Renal denervation reduced renin secretion and prevented the suppression of renin secretion produced by intravenous clonidine. Thus, these data are consistent with the hypothesis that the suppression of renin secretion by clonidine results from a centrally mediated decrease in renal sympathetic neural tone. This suppression may be overcome by large falls in renal perfusion pressure.", "contents": "Studies concerning the mechanism of suppression of renin secretion by clonidine. Two series of experiments were performed in anesthetized dogs to test the hypothesis that the suppression of renin secretion by clonidine results from a centrally mediated decrease in the activity in the renal sympathetic nerves. In the first series, clonidine (1 mug/kg) was administered directly into the third ventricle of a group of dogs in which renal perfusion pressure was controlled by adjusting an aortic clamp. In these animals, clonidine produced hypotension and bradycardia and suppressed plasma renin activity to 39 percent of the control value. These changes in blood pressure and plasma renin activity were closely correlated. Intraventricular clonidine produced similar alterations in blood pressure and heart rate in another group of dogs in which renal perfusion pressure was not controlled, but failed to suppress plasma renin activity. In the second series of experiments, clonidine was administered intravenously in a dose of 30 mug/kg. Intravenous clonidine produced a transient hypertension followed by hypotension, decreased heart rate and suppressed plasma renin activity to 49 percent of the control value. Renal denervation reduced renin secretion and prevented the suppression of renin secretion produced by intravenous clonidine. Thus, these data are consistent with the hypothesis that the suppression of renin secretion by clonidine results from a centrally mediated decrease in renal sympathetic neural tone. This suppression may be overcome by large falls in renal perfusion pressure.", "PMID": 1120965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7091", "title": "Distal conformation of thyroid hormones. Crystal and molecular structure of 3,5,3'-triiodo-L-thyronine methyl ester.", "content": "In the crystal structure of 3,5,3'-triiodo-L-thyronine methyl ester, the 3' -iodine is distal, i.e., away from the alanine bearing ring, and the overall conformation is cisoid, that is, the alanine moiety and the outer phenyl ring lie on the same side of the inner phenyl ring plane. This conformation, reported here, for the first time, is in contrast to the transoid conformation previously observed for thyroid hormone structures. The torsional angles between the diphenyl either linkages (theta and theta') are -108 and 33 degrees, respectively, while the C-O-C angle is 117 degrees. The value of chi1, which describes the amino acid backbone conformation, is 308 degrees. The structure crystallizes in the tetragonal space group P41 with a = 8.225 (5) and c = 28.42 (1) A. The final R index is 0.06.", "contents": "Distal conformation of thyroid hormones. Crystal and molecular structure of 3,5,3'-triiodo-L-thyronine methyl ester. In the crystal structure of 3,5,3'-triiodo-L-thyronine methyl ester, the 3' -iodine is distal, i.e., away from the alanine bearing ring, and the overall conformation is cisoid, that is, the alanine moiety and the outer phenyl ring lie on the same side of the inner phenyl ring plane. This conformation, reported here, for the first time, is in contrast to the transoid conformation previously observed for thyroid hormone structures. The torsional angles between the diphenyl either linkages (theta and theta') are -108 and 33 degrees, respectively, while the C-O-C angle is 117 degrees. The value of chi1, which describes the amino acid backbone conformation, is 308 degrees. The structure crystallizes in the tetragonal space group P41 with a = 8.225 (5) and c = 28.42 (1) A. The final R index is 0.06.", "PMID": 1120977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7092", "title": "Synthesis and properties of new bradykinin potentiating peptides.", "content": "In a study of the relationship between structure and activity of bradykinin potentiating peptides (BPP), six analogs and homologs of peptides occurring in the venoms of Bothrops jararaca and Agkistrodon halys blomhoffii were synthesized and assayed in the isolated guinea pig ileum and rat uterus. None of the peptides had bradykinin-like activity and their bradykinin potentiating activity was much greater in the guinea pig ileum than in the uterus. The following observations were made with the guinea pig ileum. The introduction of Gln as the eigth residue in potentiator B (pGlu-Gly-Leu-Pro-Pro-Arg-Pro-Lys-Ile-Pro-Pro) and potentiator C (pGlu-Gly-Leu-Pro-Pro-Gly-Pro-Pro-Ile-Pro-Pro) produced a small increase in their bradykinin potentiating activity. Removal of the two N-terminal residues of [Gln8]-potentiator B and [Gln8]-potentiator C led to alterations in activity that paralleled those described earlier for the parent compounds (potentiators B and C). The peptide with the sequence pGlu-Trp-Pro-Ary-Pro-Lys-Trp-Ala-Pro was seven times as active as BPP5a, while the most potent natural BPP, a nonapeptide from B. jararaca venom, is reported to be only four times as active as BPP5a. An analog of the above-mentioned nonapeptide containing Pro8 instead of Ala8 was only as active as BPPa. For all of the peptides, as well as for potentiatrs B and C and BPP5a, the concentration vs. potentiating activity curves had similar shapes, with a plateau at twofold potentiation and a maximum potentiation of 10- to 11-fold. A direct action on the bradykinin receptors may be responsible for the effects observed at lower BPP concentration while the effects at higher concentrations may be due to kininase inhibition. The potentiating activities of potentiator B and its Gln8 analog persisted after the peptides were removed from the medium. This \"sensitizing activity\" was not observed with any of the other peptides.", "contents": "Synthesis and properties of new bradykinin potentiating peptides. In a study of the relationship between structure and activity of bradykinin potentiating peptides (BPP), six analogs and homologs of peptides occurring in the venoms of Bothrops jararaca and Agkistrodon halys blomhoffii were synthesized and assayed in the isolated guinea pig ileum and rat uterus. None of the peptides had bradykinin-like activity and their bradykinin potentiating activity was much greater in the guinea pig ileum than in the uterus. The following observations were made with the guinea pig ileum. The introduction of Gln as the eigth residue in potentiator B (pGlu-Gly-Leu-Pro-Pro-Arg-Pro-Lys-Ile-Pro-Pro) and potentiator C (pGlu-Gly-Leu-Pro-Pro-Gly-Pro-Pro-Ile-Pro-Pro) produced a small increase in their bradykinin potentiating activity. Removal of the two N-terminal residues of [Gln8]-potentiator B and [Gln8]-potentiator C led to alterations in activity that paralleled those described earlier for the parent compounds (potentiators B and C). The peptide with the sequence pGlu-Trp-Pro-Ary-Pro-Lys-Trp-Ala-Pro was seven times as active as BPP5a, while the most potent natural BPP, a nonapeptide from B. jararaca venom, is reported to be only four times as active as BPP5a. An analog of the above-mentioned nonapeptide containing Pro8 instead of Ala8 was only as active as BPPa. For all of the peptides, as well as for potentiatrs B and C and BPP5a, the concentration vs. potentiating activity curves had similar shapes, with a plateau at twofold potentiation and a maximum potentiation of 10- to 11-fold. A direct action on the bradykinin receptors may be responsible for the effects observed at lower BPP concentration while the effects at higher concentrations may be due to kininase inhibition. The potentiating activities of potentiator B and its Gln8 analog persisted after the peptides were removed from the medium. This \"sensitizing activity\" was not observed with any of the other peptides.", "PMID": 1120978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7093", "title": "Norepinephrine uptake sites in cardiac tissue. Lack of affinity of 6-hydroxynorepinephrine and related compounds.", "content": "The effects of a series of phenethylamines and the corresponding phenethanolamines on (i) rate of uptake of radioactive norepinephrine into cardiac tissue in vivo and (ii) the rate of efflux of radioactive norepinephrine from prelabeled cardiac storage sites have been determined. The results indicate that m- and p-hydroxuphenethylamines and the corresponding phenethanolamines have high affinities for uptake into cytoplasm and storage vesicles of noradrenergic terminals in the heart. o-Hydroxyphenethylamines such as 2-hydroxyphenethylamine and 2,4,5-trihydroxyphenethylamine (6-hydroxydopamine) also have moderate to high activity as inhibitors of norepinephrine uptake and as releasing agents for norepinephrine, but o-hydroxyphenethanolamines such as 2-hydroxyphenethanolamine, 2,5-dihydroxyphenethanolamine, and 2,4,5-trihydroxyphenethanolamine (6-hyproxynorepinephrine) have little or no activity as inhibitors of uptake or as releasing agents. 2,6-Dihydroxyphenethylamines have little or no activity as inhibitors of uptake or as releasing agents. The results are consonant with significant binding of the gauche conformers of 2-hydroxyphenethylamines to uptake sites. Such conformers would be preferred because of stabilization by hydrogen bonding between nitrogen and phenolic oxygen. Apparently a hydrophobic region of the site prevents binding of such stabilized gauche conformers of 2-hydroxyphenethanolamines and 2,6-dihydroxyphenetylamines.", "contents": "Norepinephrine uptake sites in cardiac tissue. Lack of affinity of 6-hydroxynorepinephrine and related compounds. The effects of a series of phenethylamines and the corresponding phenethanolamines on (i) rate of uptake of radioactive norepinephrine into cardiac tissue in vivo and (ii) the rate of efflux of radioactive norepinephrine from prelabeled cardiac storage sites have been determined. The results indicate that m- and p-hydroxuphenethylamines and the corresponding phenethanolamines have high affinities for uptake into cytoplasm and storage vesicles of noradrenergic terminals in the heart. o-Hydroxyphenethylamines such as 2-hydroxyphenethylamine and 2,4,5-trihydroxyphenethylamine (6-hydroxydopamine) also have moderate to high activity as inhibitors of norepinephrine uptake and as releasing agents for norepinephrine, but o-hydroxyphenethanolamines such as 2-hydroxyphenethanolamine, 2,5-dihydroxyphenethanolamine, and 2,4,5-trihydroxyphenethanolamine (6-hyproxynorepinephrine) have little or no activity as inhibitors of uptake or as releasing agents. 2,6-Dihydroxyphenethylamines have little or no activity as inhibitors of uptake or as releasing agents. The results are consonant with significant binding of the gauche conformers of 2-hydroxyphenethylamines to uptake sites. Such conformers would be preferred because of stabilization by hydrogen bonding between nitrogen and phenolic oxygen. Apparently a hydrophobic region of the site prevents binding of such stabilized gauche conformers of 2-hydroxyphenethanolamines and 2,6-dihydroxyphenetylamines.", "PMID": 1120979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7094", "title": "Antiarrhythmic agents. 2-, 3-, And 4-substituted benzylamines.", "content": "The synthesis of a series of 2-, 3-, and 4-substituted benzylamine derivatives is described. These compounds were studied for their effect on experimental cardiac arrhythmias. Many of the derivatives, but in particular 2-(p-methoxyphenylethynyl)benzylamine (3d), alpha,alpha-dimethyl-4y(phenylethynyl)benzylamine (7a), and alpha,alpha-dimethyl-4-phenethylbenzylamine (12g), showed good antiarrhythmic activity.", "contents": "Antiarrhythmic agents. 2-, 3-, And 4-substituted benzylamines. The synthesis of a series of 2-, 3-, and 4-substituted benzylamine derivatives is described. These compounds were studied for their effect on experimental cardiac arrhythmias. Many of the derivatives, but in particular 2-(p-methoxyphenylethynyl)benzylamine (3d), alpha,alpha-dimethyl-4y(phenylethynyl)benzylamine (7a), and alpha,alpha-dimethyl-4-phenethylbenzylamine (12g), showed good antiarrhythmic activity.", "PMID": 1120980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7095", "title": "Catechol O-methyltransferase. 6. Affinity labeling with N-haloacetyl-3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxyphenylalkylamines.", "content": "Several N-acyl-3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxyphenylalkylamines have been synthesized and evaluated for their ability to inactive catechol 9-methyltransferase (COMT). N-iodoacetyl-3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethylamine was found to rapidly and irreversibly inactivate this enzyme. The corresponding N-bromoacetyl derivative also produced inactivation of COMT but at a slower rate than the N-iodoacetyl derivative. The N-acetyl and N-fumaryl derivatives were completely inactive. The inactivation of COMT by these reagents appears to proceed by a unimolecular reaction within a dissociable complex rather than by a nonspecific bimolecular reaction. The proximity of the amino acid residue being modified relative to the site which binds the aromatic portion of these inhibitors was determined using N-iodoacetylphenylakylamines of varying chain length. The number of methylene carbons separating the aromatic ring and the iodoacetamide moiety in these inhibitors did not greatly influence the binding to COMT nor did it affect how rapidly the enzyme was inactivated. From these observations it was concluded that the amino acid moiety being modified by this class of affinity labeling reagents must be relatively close to or part of the site which binds the aromatic region of these inhibitors.", "contents": "Catechol O-methyltransferase. 6. Affinity labeling with N-haloacetyl-3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxyphenylalkylamines. Several N-acyl-3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxyphenylalkylamines have been synthesized and evaluated for their ability to inactive catechol 9-methyltransferase (COMT). N-iodoacetyl-3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethylamine was found to rapidly and irreversibly inactivate this enzyme. The corresponding N-bromoacetyl derivative also produced inactivation of COMT but at a slower rate than the N-iodoacetyl derivative. The N-acetyl and N-fumaryl derivatives were completely inactive. The inactivation of COMT by these reagents appears to proceed by a unimolecular reaction within a dissociable complex rather than by a nonspecific bimolecular reaction. The proximity of the amino acid residue being modified relative to the site which binds the aromatic portion of these inhibitors was determined using N-iodoacetylphenylakylamines of varying chain length. The number of methylene carbons separating the aromatic ring and the iodoacetamide moiety in these inhibitors did not greatly influence the binding to COMT nor did it affect how rapidly the enzyme was inactivated. From these observations it was concluded that the amino acid moiety being modified by this class of affinity labeling reagents must be relatively close to or part of the site which binds the aromatic region of these inhibitors.", "PMID": 1120981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7096", "title": "Synthesis and biological evaluation of xanthine oxidase inhibitors. Pyrazolo(3,4-d)pyrimidines and pyrazolo(3,4-b)pyridines.", "content": "1-, 3-, and 5-substituted pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines and pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridines related to allopurinol were synthesized and evaluated as xanthine oxidase inhibitors. Among these compounds, 4-hydroxypyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine-5-carboxylic acids 12 were found to possess potency in the same order of allopurinol. The influence of the substitutions on the enzyme inhibitory effect and the bulk tolerance of the enzyme-inhibitor complex are discussed.", "contents": "Synthesis and biological evaluation of xanthine oxidase inhibitors. Pyrazolo(3,4-d)pyrimidines and pyrazolo(3,4-b)pyridines. 1-, 3-, and 5-substituted pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines and pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridines related to allopurinol were synthesized and evaluated as xanthine oxidase inhibitors. Among these compounds, 4-hydroxypyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine-5-carboxylic acids 12 were found to possess potency in the same order of allopurinol. The influence of the substitutions on the enzyme inhibitory effect and the bulk tolerance of the enzyme-inhibitor complex are discussed.", "PMID": 1120982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7097", "title": "Synthesis and biological activity of some ethers of testosterone. Implications concerning the biological activity of esters of testosterone.", "content": "The benzyl (2), allyl (4), propyl (10), 3-hydroxypropyl (12), 2,3-dihydroxypropyl (11), 4 pentenyl (7), and pentyl (8) ethers of testosterone were synthesized. Compounds 2, 4, 7, 8, 10, and 12 were found to be almost devoid of anabolic or androgenic activity in a modified Hershberger Assay, but 2,4,10, and 12 were found to be effective inhibitors of testosterone 5alpha-reductase from human skin. These findings suggest that esters of testosterone and of 19-nortestosterone must hydrolyze before interacting with the hormonal receptors, but that the esters may competitively compete with the parent alchohols for interaction with enzymes. The latter effect may shift the distribution of metabolites of the esters relative to the alchohols and thus influence the pharmacological effect of these compounds.", "contents": "Synthesis and biological activity of some ethers of testosterone. Implications concerning the biological activity of esters of testosterone. The benzyl (2), allyl (4), propyl (10), 3-hydroxypropyl (12), 2,3-dihydroxypropyl (11), 4 pentenyl (7), and pentyl (8) ethers of testosterone were synthesized. Compounds 2, 4, 7, 8, 10, and 12 were found to be almost devoid of anabolic or androgenic activity in a modified Hershberger Assay, but 2,4,10, and 12 were found to be effective inhibitors of testosterone 5alpha-reductase from human skin. These findings suggest that esters of testosterone and of 19-nortestosterone must hydrolyze before interacting with the hormonal receptors, but that the esters may competitively compete with the parent alchohols for interaction with enzymes. The latter effect may shift the distribution of metabolites of the esters relative to the alchohols and thus influence the pharmacological effect of these compounds.", "PMID": 1120983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7098", "title": "Substituted pyrazolo corticoids as topical antiinflammatory agents.", "content": "The synthesis of a series of substituted pyrazolo corticoids is described. Of these 11beta,17alpha,21-trihydroxy-6,16alpha-dimethyl-4,6-pregnadieno[3,2-c]-2'-(4-pyridly)pyrazole (21) shows an excellent separation of systemic to local activity in the model animal test. Compound 21 exhibits high vasoconstriction activity in human volunteers and is clinically effective in the treatment of psoriasis.", "contents": "Substituted pyrazolo corticoids as topical antiinflammatory agents. The synthesis of a series of substituted pyrazolo corticoids is described. Of these 11beta,17alpha,21-trihydroxy-6,16alpha-dimethyl-4,6-pregnadieno[3,2-c]-2'-(4-pyridly)pyrazole (21) shows an excellent separation of systemic to local activity in the model animal test. Compound 21 exhibits high vasoconstriction activity in human volunteers and is clinically effective in the treatment of psoriasis.", "PMID": 1120984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7099", "title": "Chemistry and antiinflammatory activities of prodolic-acid and related 1,3,4,9-tetrahydropyrano[3,4-b]indole-1-alkanoic acids. 1.", "content": "The synthesis and antiinflammatory activities of a series of 23 novel 1,3,4,9-tetrahydropyrano[3,4-b]indole-1-alkanoic acids are described and some relationships between structure and activity are discussed. One of these compounds, 1,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1-propylpyrano[3,4-b]indole-1-acetic acid (prodolic acid, USAN), has been selected for further studies.", "contents": "Chemistry and antiinflammatory activities of prodolic-acid and related 1,3,4,9-tetrahydropyrano[3,4-b]indole-1-alkanoic acids. 1. The synthesis and antiinflammatory activities of a series of 23 novel 1,3,4,9-tetrahydropyrano[3,4-b]indole-1-alkanoic acids are described and some relationships between structure and activity are discussed. One of these compounds, 1,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1-propylpyrano[3,4-b]indole-1-acetic acid (prodolic acid, USAN), has been selected for further studies.", "PMID": 1120985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7100", "title": "Synthesis of thieno[2,3-b]azepin-4-ones as potential antineoplastic agents.", "content": "In view of the antitumor activity reported for 7,8-dimethylbenzo[b]azepine-2,5-dione, new isosteric thieno[2,3-b]-azepin-4-ones have been prepared by a Dieckmann ring closure reaction. Substituted 2-amino-3-carbethoxythiophenes were tosylated, or benzoylated, and the corresponding sodium salt was alkylated with ethyl 4-bromobutyrate. The resulting product was cyclized in the presence of sodium hydride, and the azepinones were detosylated with 40% sulfuric acid-acetic acid solution. Preliminary biological data do not indicate any siginificant antineoplastic activity.", "contents": "Synthesis of thieno[2,3-b]azepin-4-ones as potential antineoplastic agents. In view of the antitumor activity reported for 7,8-dimethylbenzo[b]azepine-2,5-dione, new isosteric thieno[2,3-b]-azepin-4-ones have been prepared by a Dieckmann ring closure reaction. Substituted 2-amino-3-carbethoxythiophenes were tosylated, or benzoylated, and the corresponding sodium salt was alkylated with ethyl 4-bromobutyrate. The resulting product was cyclized in the presence of sodium hydride, and the azepinones were detosylated with 40% sulfuric acid-acetic acid solution. Preliminary biological data do not indicate any siginificant antineoplastic activity.", "PMID": 1120986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7101", "title": "Synthfsis of bis(aziridinyl)phosphinyl-N-hydroxyurethane derivatives as antineoplastic agents.", "content": "Several new \"dual antagonists\" were synthesized in which the 2,2-dimethyl (or ring C unsubstituted) aziridine phosphinyl function is linked to N-hydroxyurethane rather than the urethane moiety. Three of the new compounds showed very high activities against leukemia L1210 in mice.", "contents": "Synthfsis of bis(aziridinyl)phosphinyl-N-hydroxyurethane derivatives as antineoplastic agents. Several new \"dual antagonists\" were synthesized in which the 2,2-dimethyl (or ring C unsubstituted) aziridine phosphinyl function is linked to N-hydroxyurethane rather than the urethane moiety. Three of the new compounds showed very high activities against leukemia L1210 in mice.", "PMID": 1120987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7102", "title": "Vulpinic acids as potential antiinflammatory agents. 1. Vulpinic acids with substituents in the aromatic rings.", "content": "The preparation of a series of vulpinic acids, substituted in either or both of the aromatic rings, is described. The compounds were found to be active in the adjuvant arthritis test in rats. High activity combined with an acceptable therapeutic ratio was confined to analogs with electron-withdrawing substituents in the meta positions of the rings.", "contents": "Vulpinic acids as potential antiinflammatory agents. 1. Vulpinic acids with substituents in the aromatic rings. The preparation of a series of vulpinic acids, substituted in either or both of the aromatic rings, is described. The compounds were found to be active in the adjuvant arthritis test in rats. High activity combined with an acceptable therapeutic ratio was confined to analogs with electron-withdrawing substituents in the meta positions of the rings.", "PMID": 1120988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7103", "title": "1,5-ethano-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepines.", "content": "1,5-Ethano-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine, from the LiA1H4 reduction of 2-benzyloxy-1,5-ethano-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine, was converted to N-alkyl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, and alkenyl derivatives which were inactive as morphine type analgetics in mice. The LiA1H4 reduction of 2-benzyloxy-1,5-etheno-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine gave unstable products from which only the skeletally rearranged dihydro- and tetrahydrobenzo[e]isoindolines, were isolated.", "contents": "1,5-ethano-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepines. 1,5-Ethano-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine, from the LiA1H4 reduction of 2-benzyloxy-1,5-ethano-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine, was converted to N-alkyl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, and alkenyl derivatives which were inactive as morphine type analgetics in mice. The LiA1H4 reduction of 2-benzyloxy-1,5-etheno-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine gave unstable products from which only the skeletally rearranged dihydro- and tetrahydrobenzo[e]isoindolines, were isolated.", "PMID": 1120989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7104", "title": "Correlation of psychotomimetic activity of phenethylamines and amphetamines with 1-octanol-water partition coefficients.", "content": "In an attempt to relate the hallucinogenic potencies in man of some biologically important amphetamines and phenethylamines, the 1-octanol-water partition coefficients for 11 amphetamines were determined. Using these values and published Hansch pi constants, the log P for 17 additional amines was estimated. It was found that lipophilicity, as measured by the log of the partition coefficient, may be a significant determinant of the level of hallucinogenic potency. The study also suggests that an ideal log P value for psychotomimetric activity in man may be from 2.89 to 3.72.", "contents": "Correlation of psychotomimetic activity of phenethylamines and amphetamines with 1-octanol-water partition coefficients. In an attempt to relate the hallucinogenic potencies in man of some biologically important amphetamines and phenethylamines, the 1-octanol-water partition coefficients for 11 amphetamines were determined. Using these values and published Hansch pi constants, the log P for 17 additional amines was estimated. It was found that lipophilicity, as measured by the log of the partition coefficient, may be a significant determinant of the level of hallucinogenic potency. The study also suggests that an ideal log P value for psychotomimetric activity in man may be from 2.89 to 3.72.", "PMID": 1120990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7105", "title": "Hashish. Importance of the phenolic hydroxyl group in tetrahydrocannabinols.", "content": "Optically active delta-3- and delta-8-tetrahydrocannabinols (THC's), cannabidiol and racemic delta-9-cis-THC, and their corresponding analogs (1b yields 4b) in which the positions of the phenolic hydroxyl group and the n-C5 side chain have been interchanged are compared in selected pharmacological tests in mice. the results indicate that the phenolic hydroxyl group in the 1 position in THC's is very important for eliciting activity and that cannabidiol and delta-9-cis-THC possess weak CNS depressant properties.", "contents": "Hashish. Importance of the phenolic hydroxyl group in tetrahydrocannabinols. Optically active delta-3- and delta-8-tetrahydrocannabinols (THC's), cannabidiol and racemic delta-9-cis-THC, and their corresponding analogs (1b yields 4b) in which the positions of the phenolic hydroxyl group and the n-C5 side chain have been interchanged are compared in selected pharmacological tests in mice. the results indicate that the phenolic hydroxyl group in the 1 position in THC's is very important for eliciting activity and that cannabidiol and delta-9-cis-THC possess weak CNS depressant properties.", "PMID": 1120991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7106", "title": "Synthesis and biological properties of 17 alpha-furylestradiol and dihydroequilin derivatives.", "content": "A series of 17alpha-furylestradiol and dihydroequilin derivatives was synthesized by reacting the appropriate 3-substituted estrone and equilin with 2- or 3-furyllithium. The oral estrogenic activity of the compounds was compared with that of mestranol. In the Allen-Doisy test, the 17alpha-(3-furyl) analogs were 4-19 times as potent orally as the standard in rats but they were less active in mice. Acetylation of the 17-alcohol or replacement of the 3-furyl by a 2-furyl group produced a decrease in activity. In the mouse uterotrophic assay in mice the compounds were less effective than mestranol and exhibited very shallow dose-response curves.", "contents": "Synthesis and biological properties of 17 alpha-furylestradiol and dihydroequilin derivatives. A series of 17alpha-furylestradiol and dihydroequilin derivatives was synthesized by reacting the appropriate 3-substituted estrone and equilin with 2- or 3-furyllithium. The oral estrogenic activity of the compounds was compared with that of mestranol. In the Allen-Doisy test, the 17alpha-(3-furyl) analogs were 4-19 times as potent orally as the standard in rats but they were less active in mice. Acetylation of the 17-alcohol or replacement of the 3-furyl by a 2-furyl group produced a decrease in activity. In the mouse uterotrophic assay in mice the compounds were less effective than mestranol and exhibited very shallow dose-response curves.", "PMID": 1120993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7107", "title": "Synthesis and estrogenic properties of 7 alpha,8 alpha-epoxy- and 7 alpha, 8 alpha-methyleneestradiols.", "content": "A series of 7alpha,8alpha-expoxyestradiol derivatives with ethynyl, 2- or 3-furyl, or 2-thienyl substituents in the 17alpha position was prepared. The products were highly active orally in the Allen-Doisy test in rats, but most of them were only weakly active in the uterotrophic assay in the mouse. A 7alpha,8alpha-methylene analog and a 7alpha,8alpha-difluormethylene analog were less active than the corresponding epoxides.", "contents": "Synthesis and estrogenic properties of 7 alpha,8 alpha-epoxy- and 7 alpha, 8 alpha-methyleneestradiols. A series of 7alpha,8alpha-expoxyestradiol derivatives with ethynyl, 2- or 3-furyl, or 2-thienyl substituents in the 17alpha position was prepared. The products were highly active orally in the Allen-Doisy test in rats, but most of them were only weakly active in the uterotrophic assay in the mouse. A 7alpha,8alpha-methylene analog and a 7alpha,8alpha-difluormethylene analog were less active than the corresponding epoxides.", "PMID": 1120994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7108", "title": "A radioprotective stereostructure-activity study of cis- and trans-2-mercaptocyclobutylamine analogs and homologs of 2-mercaptoethylamine.", "content": "For purposes of studying stereostructure-activity relationships at the molecular, cellular, and animal levels and probing the mechanism of 2-mercaptoethylamine (MEA) radioprotection we synthesized several conformationally constrained cyclobutyl analogs. The comparative radioprotective properties for MEA, cis- and trans-2-mercaptocyclobutylamine (2), cis- and trans-2-mercaptocyclobutylmethylamine (3), and trans-2-mercaptomethylcyclobutylamine (4) are discussed in terms of their ability to chemically reduce transient free radicals, the formation of single strand breaks in DNA, and protect Chinese hamster cells (in vitro) and mice against the lethal effects of ionizing radiation. The results are interpreted in light of current proposed mechanisms of action for MEA. No correlation exists between ability of these analogs to enhance mice survival times and their ability to protect against the induction of DNA single strand breaks and the inactivation of proliferative capacity of hamster cells growing in vitro. Analysis of two isomers (cis- and trans-3) on the repair of single strand breaks showed both isomers only marginally influenced the rate and did not influence of extent of single strand break rejoining. The results are consistent with a mode of action involving chemical repair of transient radicals and protection against DNA and critical enzymatic sites.", "contents": "A radioprotective stereostructure-activity study of cis- and trans-2-mercaptocyclobutylamine analogs and homologs of 2-mercaptoethylamine. For purposes of studying stereostructure-activity relationships at the molecular, cellular, and animal levels and probing the mechanism of 2-mercaptoethylamine (MEA) radioprotection we synthesized several conformationally constrained cyclobutyl analogs. The comparative radioprotective properties for MEA, cis- and trans-2-mercaptocyclobutylamine (2), cis- and trans-2-mercaptocyclobutylmethylamine (3), and trans-2-mercaptomethylcyclobutylamine (4) are discussed in terms of their ability to chemically reduce transient free radicals, the formation of single strand breaks in DNA, and protect Chinese hamster cells (in vitro) and mice against the lethal effects of ionizing radiation. The results are interpreted in light of current proposed mechanisms of action for MEA. No correlation exists between ability of these analogs to enhance mice survival times and their ability to protect against the induction of DNA single strand breaks and the inactivation of proliferative capacity of hamster cells growing in vitro. Analysis of two isomers (cis- and trans-3) on the repair of single strand breaks showed both isomers only marginally influenced the rate and did not influence of extent of single strand break rejoining. The results are consistent with a mode of action involving chemical repair of transient radicals and protection against DNA and critical enzymatic sites.", "PMID": 1120998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7109", "title": "ara-Cytidine acylates. Use of drug design predictors in structure-activity relationship correlation.", "content": "This manuscript if one of a series of investigations into modifying the pharmacologic properties of the antitumor, antiviral, and immunosuppressive nucleoside ara-cytidine (cytarabine, Cytosar). The present paper summarizes our studies on depot ester derivatives of the nucleoside. We are able to predict with reasonable accuracy the biological activity as measured by increased life span in the L1210 leukemic mouse from a combination of two predictor variables: (1) the solubility of the ester in water and (2) its rate of hydrolysis by the mixed esterase system of animal plasma. We have tried unsuccessfully to correlate enzymatic hydrolysis rates with an alkaline hydrolysis model. Calculated Hansch partition (p) values had a correlation of r equal to 0.86 with water solubility. These p values had no additional predictive value. Based on our results, two esters were selected for clinical trial in cancer and rheumatoid arthritis.", "contents": "ara-Cytidine acylates. Use of drug design predictors in structure-activity relationship correlation. This manuscript if one of a series of investigations into modifying the pharmacologic properties of the antitumor, antiviral, and immunosuppressive nucleoside ara-cytidine (cytarabine, Cytosar). The present paper summarizes our studies on depot ester derivatives of the nucleoside. We are able to predict with reasonable accuracy the biological activity as measured by increased life span in the L1210 leukemic mouse from a combination of two predictor variables: (1) the solubility of the ester in water and (2) its rate of hydrolysis by the mixed esterase system of animal plasma. We have tried unsuccessfully to correlate enzymatic hydrolysis rates with an alkaline hydrolysis model. Calculated Hansch partition (p) values had a correlation of r equal to 0.86 with water solubility. These p values had no additional predictive value. Based on our results, two esters were selected for clinical trial in cancer and rheumatoid arthritis.", "PMID": 1120999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7110", "title": "Linear regression analysis of inhibitory potency of organic disulfides against Histoplasma capsulatum.", "content": "The Free-Wilson equations are derived for the case of symmetrical substitution and are applied, in four modifications, to in vitro inhibitory activity of 77 organic disulfides against Histoplasma capsulatum. Substituent constants are listed to aid in the design of new inhibitory agents against this human pathogen (and perhaps other fungal organisms).", "contents": "Linear regression analysis of inhibitory potency of organic disulfides against Histoplasma capsulatum. The Free-Wilson equations are derived for the case of symmetrical substitution and are applied, in four modifications, to in vitro inhibitory activity of 77 organic disulfides against Histoplasma capsulatum. Substituent constants are listed to aid in the design of new inhibitory agents against this human pathogen (and perhaps other fungal organisms).", "PMID": 1121000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7111", "title": "Prostaglandins and congeners. Synthesis of simplified prostaglandins. Inhibition of gastric acid secretion by 2-(omega-carboxyalkyl)-3-alkylcycloalkanones.", "content": "Simplified prostaglandin analogs were prepared and tested for inhibition of gastric acid secretion. An alkyl moiety of 1-8 carbon atoms was substituted for the C-13 to C-20 chain of the PG's. Analog variations included shortened and lengthened acid side chains, beta-oxidation blockage, beta-ketol, Falpha-hydroxyl, and cyclohexanone substitution. Maximal inhibitory activity was obtained with the shorter alkyl moieties.", "contents": "Prostaglandins and congeners. Synthesis of simplified prostaglandins. Inhibition of gastric acid secretion by 2-(omega-carboxyalkyl)-3-alkylcycloalkanones. Simplified prostaglandin analogs were prepared and tested for inhibition of gastric acid secretion. An alkyl moiety of 1-8 carbon atoms was substituted for the C-13 to C-20 chain of the PG's. Analog variations included shortened and lengthened acid side chains, beta-oxidation blockage, beta-ketol, Falpha-hydroxyl, and cyclohexanone substitution. Maximal inhibitory activity was obtained with the shorter alkyl moieties.", "PMID": 1121001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7112", "title": "Potential antitumor agents. 12. 2-Formyl-4-aminophenylpyridine thiosemicarbazones.", "content": "The antitumor agent 2-formyl-4-(m-amino)phenylpyridine thiosemicarbazone (4-APPT) has been synthesized by a new route to give significantly better overall yields than previously reported. 4-Phenyl-2-picoline was formed by methylation o4-phenylpyridine with CH3Li which upon nitration produced a mixture of o-, m-, and p-nitro-substituted derivatives. These isomers were separated by the solubility differences of their hydrochloride or nitrate salts in 10, 27, and 40% yields, respectively. Identification and confirmation of the structure of these isomers were carried out by mmr. Each isomer was individually subjected to a series of reactions to oxidize the 2-CH3 group to the corresponding carboxaldehyde and to reduce the NO2 function to an amino group. These agents were tested for antineoplastic activity in mice bearing Sarcoma 180 ascites cells; while the o- and p-amino-substituted derivatives were inactive, the m-amino-substituted agent (4-APPT) approved to be an extremely potent antineoplastic agent.", "contents": "Potential antitumor agents. 12. 2-Formyl-4-aminophenylpyridine thiosemicarbazones. The antitumor agent 2-formyl-4-(m-amino)phenylpyridine thiosemicarbazone (4-APPT) has been synthesized by a new route to give significantly better overall yields than previously reported. 4-Phenyl-2-picoline was formed by methylation o4-phenylpyridine with CH3Li which upon nitration produced a mixture of o-, m-, and p-nitro-substituted derivatives. These isomers were separated by the solubility differences of their hydrochloride or nitrate salts in 10, 27, and 40% yields, respectively. Identification and confirmation of the structure of these isomers were carried out by mmr. Each isomer was individually subjected to a series of reactions to oxidize the 2-CH3 group to the corresponding carboxaldehyde and to reduce the NO2 function to an amino group. These agents were tested for antineoplastic activity in mice bearing Sarcoma 180 ascites cells; while the o- and p-amino-substituted derivatives were inactive, the m-amino-substituted agent (4-APPT) approved to be an extremely potent antineoplastic agent.", "PMID": 1121002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7113", "title": "Synthesis and tumor-uptake study of phosphate esters of polyhedral hydroxyboranes.", "content": "The phosphorylations of B12H11OH2-,B12H10(OH)2-2-, and B20H17OH4-with POCl3 and (C6H5O)2POCl were investigated and the following derivatives were isolated: B12H11OPO3H3-,B12H11OPO3H2-2-,B12H11OPO(OC6H5)-2-2 minus, B12H11OPO(OC6H5)OH2 minus, b12h10(op2o6h2)2-4 minus, B12H10(OPO3H2)2-2 minus, B12Br10(OPO3H)2-4 minus, B12H10[O-PO(OC6H5)2]2-2 minus, B20H18OP2O6H2-4 minus, B20H18OPO3H2-3 minus. The B-O-P bonds proved very resistant to hydrolysis and the phosphates were administered in the for of Na+ salts at pH 7.2 to rats bearing subcutaneous glioma. The boron concentrations in tumors and the tumor/blood concentration ratios were compared with those of parent hydroxy derivatives. Except when the POH function was blocked by phenyl groups the phosphorylation invariably resulted in a greatly enhanced uptake of the borane into tumors and improved the tumor/blood boron ratio. The phopshate function appears to be one of the most effective handles for the incorporation of boron into brain tumors and the compounds show considerable promise for use in the neutron capture therapy of brain tumors.", "contents": "Synthesis and tumor-uptake study of phosphate esters of polyhedral hydroxyboranes. The phosphorylations of B12H11OH2-,B12H10(OH)2-2-, and B20H17OH4-with POCl3 and (C6H5O)2POCl were investigated and the following derivatives were isolated: B12H11OPO3H3-,B12H11OPO3H2-2-,B12H11OPO(OC6H5)-2-2 minus, B12H11OPO(OC6H5)OH2 minus, b12h10(op2o6h2)2-4 minus, B12H10(OPO3H2)2-2 minus, B12Br10(OPO3H)2-4 minus, B12H10[O-PO(OC6H5)2]2-2 minus, B20H18OP2O6H2-4 minus, B20H18OPO3H2-3 minus. The B-O-P bonds proved very resistant to hydrolysis and the phosphates were administered in the for of Na+ salts at pH 7.2 to rats bearing subcutaneous glioma. The boron concentrations in tumors and the tumor/blood concentration ratios were compared with those of parent hydroxy derivatives. Except when the POH function was blocked by phenyl groups the phosphorylation invariably resulted in a greatly enhanced uptake of the borane into tumors and improved the tumor/blood boron ratio. The phopshate function appears to be one of the most effective handles for the incorporation of boron into brain tumors and the compounds show considerable promise for use in the neutron capture therapy of brain tumors.", "PMID": 1121003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7114", "title": "Studies on cyclophosphamide metabolites and their related compounds. 2. Preparation of an active species of cyclophosphamide and related compounds.", "content": "A synthetic study was made on the active metabolite of cyclophosphamide. Ozonolysis of O-(3 butenyl)-N,N-bis(2-chloroethyl)phosphorodiamidate, prepared by reaction of POC13 with 3-buten-1-ol followed by treatment with N,N-bis(2-chloroethyl)amine (nor mustard) and NH3, afforded 2-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]-4-hydroperoxytetrahydro-2H-1, 3,2-oxazaphosphorine 2-oxide (4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide). Deoxygenation of 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide by triphenylphosphine yielded 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide in a pure crystalline state. These products exhibited high cytostatic activity in both in vitro and in vivo experiments. The results give confirmatory evidence for the hypothesis that C4-hydroxylation on the 1,3,2-oxazaphosphorinane ring of cyclophosphamide is necessary for its activation.", "contents": "Studies on cyclophosphamide metabolites and their related compounds. 2. Preparation of an active species of cyclophosphamide and related compounds. A synthetic study was made on the active metabolite of cyclophosphamide. Ozonolysis of O-(3 butenyl)-N,N-bis(2-chloroethyl)phosphorodiamidate, prepared by reaction of POC13 with 3-buten-1-ol followed by treatment with N,N-bis(2-chloroethyl)amine (nor mustard) and NH3, afforded 2-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]-4-hydroperoxytetrahydro-2H-1, 3,2-oxazaphosphorine 2-oxide (4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide). Deoxygenation of 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide by triphenylphosphine yielded 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide in a pure crystalline state. These products exhibited high cytostatic activity in both in vitro and in vivo experiments. The results give confirmatory evidence for the hypothesis that C4-hydroxylation on the 1,3,2-oxazaphosphorinane ring of cyclophosphamide is necessary for its activation.", "PMID": 1121004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7115", "title": "Anticonvulsants. 5. Derivatives of 5-ethyl-5-phenylhydantoin and 5,5-diphenylhydantoin.", "content": "Alkoxymethyl, acyloxymethyl, and mixed alkylalkoxymethyl or alkylacyloxymethyl derivatives of 5-ethyl-5-phenylhydantoin exhibit anticonvulsant activity. Also effective are bis(alkoxymethyl) and mixed alkylalkoxymethyl derivatives of 5,5-diphenylhydantoin. Of particular interest are 1,3-bis(methoxymethyl)-5,5-diphenylhydantoin and 3-acetoxymethyl-5-ethyl-5-phenylhydantoin, which show good activity against maximal electroshock seizures, and 3-methoxymethyl-5-ethyl-5-phenylhydantoin, which is effective against both maximal electroshock and pentylenetetrazole. None of the above compounds show greater activity against maximal electroshock seizures than the parent compounds, however.", "contents": "Anticonvulsants. 5. Derivatives of 5-ethyl-5-phenylhydantoin and 5,5-diphenylhydantoin. Alkoxymethyl, acyloxymethyl, and mixed alkylalkoxymethyl or alkylacyloxymethyl derivatives of 5-ethyl-5-phenylhydantoin exhibit anticonvulsant activity. Also effective are bis(alkoxymethyl) and mixed alkylalkoxymethyl derivatives of 5,5-diphenylhydantoin. Of particular interest are 1,3-bis(methoxymethyl)-5,5-diphenylhydantoin and 3-acetoxymethyl-5-ethyl-5-phenylhydantoin, which show good activity against maximal electroshock seizures, and 3-methoxymethyl-5-ethyl-5-phenylhydantoin, which is effective against both maximal electroshock and pentylenetetrazole. None of the above compounds show greater activity against maximal electroshock seizures than the parent compounds, however.", "PMID": 1121005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7116", "title": "Antiinflammatory fluoroalkanesulfonanilides. 3. Other fluoroalkanesulfonamido diaryl systems.", "content": "A series of isosteres of 3-benzoyltrifluoromethanesulfonanilide involving alternatives to the carbonyl linking group was synthesized and screened for antiinflammatory activity in the carrageenan rat paw edema test. The systems examined were of the type m-CF3SO2NH-C6H4-X-C6H5, where X was -CROH-, -CHR-, -CH(OH)CH2-, -COCH2-, -CH2CO-, greater than C equal to CR2, -CR equal to CH, -C identical to C-, -CH2CH2-, CONH-, -NR-, -O-, -S(O)n- (n equal to 0,1,2), and carbon-carbon single bond. Many ortho and para derivatives were also tested. Several of these new trifluoromethanesulfonanilides proved equipotent with phenylbutazone. The effects on the anticarrageenan activity of both the nature and ring position of X are discussed.", "contents": "Antiinflammatory fluoroalkanesulfonanilides. 3. Other fluoroalkanesulfonamido diaryl systems. A series of isosteres of 3-benzoyltrifluoromethanesulfonanilide involving alternatives to the carbonyl linking group was synthesized and screened for antiinflammatory activity in the carrageenan rat paw edema test. The systems examined were of the type m-CF3SO2NH-C6H4-X-C6H5, where X was -CROH-, -CHR-, -CH(OH)CH2-, -COCH2-, -CH2CO-, greater than C equal to CR2, -CR equal to CH, -C identical to C-, -CH2CH2-, CONH-, -NR-, -O-, -S(O)n- (n equal to 0,1,2), and carbon-carbon single bond. Many ortho and para derivatives were also tested. Several of these new trifluoromethanesulfonanilides proved equipotent with phenylbutazone. The effects on the anticarrageenan activity of both the nature and ring position of X are discussed.", "PMID": 1121006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7117", "title": "Antiallergic activity of 4-hydroxy-3-nitrocoumarins.", "content": "Twenty-four substituted 4-hydroxy-3-nitrocoumarins have been prepared for nitration of the corresponding 4-hydroxycoumarins. All were found to possess antiallergic activity as measured by the homocytotropic antibody-antigen induced passive cutaneous anaphylaxis reaction in the rat.", "contents": "Antiallergic activity of 4-hydroxy-3-nitrocoumarins. Twenty-four substituted 4-hydroxy-3-nitrocoumarins have been prepared for nitration of the corresponding 4-hydroxycoumarins. All were found to possess antiallergic activity as measured by the homocytotropic antibody-antigen induced passive cutaneous anaphylaxis reaction in the rat.", "PMID": 1121007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7118", "title": "Cyclopenta[f]isoquinoline derivatives designed to bind specifically to native deoxyribonucleic acid. 1. Synthesis of 3-ethoxy-8-methyl-7(5)H-cyclopenta[f]isoquinoline.", "content": "By the use of space-filling models, a novel compound, 6-carbamylmethyl-8-methyl-7(5)H-cyclopenta[f]isoquinolin-3-(2H)-one was devised which would be expected to hydrogen bond specifically to GC pairs in the major groove of the double helix such that (i) the amino group of the cytosine molecule donates a hydrogen bond to the C-3 carbonyl of the isoquinoline moiety and (ii) the amide proton of the side chain donates a hydrogen bond to the N-7 of guanine. 3-Ethoxy-8-methyl-7(5)H-cyclopenta[f]isoquinoline (4) which constitutes the basic ring system of 1 was synthesized in a multistep procedure starting from m-methyl-N-acetylbenzylamine (5). Friedel-Crafts reaction of 5 led to 2,4-bis(chloromethyl)-5-methyl-N-acetylbenzylamine (6) which on treatment with KCN, hydrolysis of the resultant nitrile, and subsequent esterification afforded 6-carbethoxymethyl-7-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolin-3-one (9). Treatment of 9 with triethyloxonium fluoborate followed by dehydrogenation of the product gave 6-carbethoxy-methyl-3-ethoxy-7-methylisoquinoline (14). Chain extension of 14 followed by cyclization led to 3-ethoxy-8-methyl-5,6-dihydro-7H-cyclopenta[f]isoquinolin-5-one (19) which on reduction and subsequent dehydration yielded 3-ethoxy-8-methyl-7(5)H-cyclopenta[f]isoquinoline (4).", "contents": "Cyclopenta[f]isoquinoline derivatives designed to bind specifically to native deoxyribonucleic acid. 1. Synthesis of 3-ethoxy-8-methyl-7(5)H-cyclopenta[f]isoquinoline. By the use of space-filling models, a novel compound, 6-carbamylmethyl-8-methyl-7(5)H-cyclopenta[f]isoquinolin-3-(2H)-one was devised which would be expected to hydrogen bond specifically to GC pairs in the major groove of the double helix such that (i) the amino group of the cytosine molecule donates a hydrogen bond to the C-3 carbonyl of the isoquinoline moiety and (ii) the amide proton of the side chain donates a hydrogen bond to the N-7 of guanine. 3-Ethoxy-8-methyl-7(5)H-cyclopenta[f]isoquinoline (4) which constitutes the basic ring system of 1 was synthesized in a multistep procedure starting from m-methyl-N-acetylbenzylamine (5). Friedel-Crafts reaction of 5 led to 2,4-bis(chloromethyl)-5-methyl-N-acetylbenzylamine (6) which on treatment with KCN, hydrolysis of the resultant nitrile, and subsequent esterification afforded 6-carbethoxymethyl-7-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolin-3-one (9). Treatment of 9 with triethyloxonium fluoborate followed by dehydrogenation of the product gave 6-carbethoxy-methyl-3-ethoxy-7-methylisoquinoline (14). Chain extension of 14 followed by cyclization led to 3-ethoxy-8-methyl-5,6-dihydro-7H-cyclopenta[f]isoquinolin-5-one (19) which on reduction and subsequent dehydration yielded 3-ethoxy-8-methyl-7(5)H-cyclopenta[f]isoquinoline (4).", "PMID": 1121008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7119", "title": "Electronic structures of cephalosporins and penicillins. 4. Modeling acylation by the beta-lactam ring.", "content": "Molecular orbital calculations by the CNDO/2 method are used to study the molecular and electronic details involved in the initial phases of the opening of the beta-lactam ring of a model cephalosporin structure, 7-amino-3-acetoxymethyl-3-cephem. The effect of a simple nucleophile, OH-, approaching the carbonyl carbon center of the beta-lactam ring is monitored by following the charge redistributions that occur in the bicyclic system and in the 3 side chain. A migration of electron density to the ester oxygen of the CH2OAc group is observed with concomitant weakening of the CH2-OAc bond. The results are discussed in relation to the mechanism of acylation of bacterial cell wall enzymes by beta-lactam antibiotics and in relation to the hydrolysis of these molecules. The results indicate that the ability of the 3' substituent of cephalosporins to stabilize electron density transferred to it, i.e., the leavability of the 3' moiety, can be an important factor in activating the beta-lactam toward nucleophilic attack.", "contents": "Electronic structures of cephalosporins and penicillins. 4. Modeling acylation by the beta-lactam ring. Molecular orbital calculations by the CNDO/2 method are used to study the molecular and electronic details involved in the initial phases of the opening of the beta-lactam ring of a model cephalosporin structure, 7-amino-3-acetoxymethyl-3-cephem. The effect of a simple nucleophile, OH-, approaching the carbonyl carbon center of the beta-lactam ring is monitored by following the charge redistributions that occur in the bicyclic system and in the 3 side chain. A migration of electron density to the ester oxygen of the CH2OAc group is observed with concomitant weakening of the CH2-OAc bond. The results are discussed in relation to the mechanism of acylation of bacterial cell wall enzymes by beta-lactam antibiotics and in relation to the hydrolysis of these molecules. The results indicate that the ability of the 3' substituent of cephalosporins to stabilize electron density transferred to it, i.e., the leavability of the 3' moiety, can be an important factor in activating the beta-lactam toward nucleophilic attack.", "PMID": 1121009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7120", "title": "Isotope effects in enzymatic N-demethylation of tertiary amines.", "content": "The N-demethylation of 1-(N-methyl-N-trideuteriomethylamino)-3-phenylpropane (1) by rodent liver homogenates was studied. The ratio of 1-trideuteriomethylamino-3-phenylpropane (2)/1-methylamino-3-phenylpropane (3) was determined by gc-ms. The ratio of 2/3 in the product of N-demethylation of 1 by liver homogenate from phenobarbital-treated rats was 1.31 and from untreated rats was 1.32, and the differences between the two groups were not statistically significant. The ratio of 2/3 in the product obtained from N-demethylation of 1 by liver homogenates from mice was 1.45. The ratio of 2/3 of greater than unity indicates the presence of a kinetic primary isotopes effect in the enzymatic N-demethylation reaction. This effect is exclusive of the secondary isotope effects on the amino nitrogen. The presence of this primary isotope effect indicates that the cleavage of the C-H bond of the N-methyl group is a rate-limiting step in the N-demethylation of tertiary amines by rodent microsomal enzymes.", "contents": "Isotope effects in enzymatic N-demethylation of tertiary amines. The N-demethylation of 1-(N-methyl-N-trideuteriomethylamino)-3-phenylpropane (1) by rodent liver homogenates was studied. The ratio of 1-trideuteriomethylamino-3-phenylpropane (2)/1-methylamino-3-phenylpropane (3) was determined by gc-ms. The ratio of 2/3 in the product of N-demethylation of 1 by liver homogenate from phenobarbital-treated rats was 1.31 and from untreated rats was 1.32, and the differences between the two groups were not statistically significant. The ratio of 2/3 in the product obtained from N-demethylation of 1 by liver homogenates from mice was 1.45. The ratio of 2/3 of greater than unity indicates the presence of a kinetic primary isotopes effect in the enzymatic N-demethylation reaction. This effect is exclusive of the secondary isotope effects on the amino nitrogen. The presence of this primary isotope effect indicates that the cleavage of the C-H bond of the N-methyl group is a rate-limiting step in the N-demethylation of tertiary amines by rodent microsomal enzymes.", "PMID": 1121010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7121", "title": "Cycloalkanones. 6. Separation of hypocholesterolemic and antifertility activities in derivatives of 2,8-dibenzylcyclooctanone.", "content": "Fluoro and hydroxy derivatives of 2,8-dibenzylcyclooctanone were prepared. Separation of antifertility activity from hypolipidemic and uterotropic effects was achieved with 2,8-bis(4-acetoxybenzyl)cyclooctanone. Some enhancement of the hypolipidemic effect in relation to the uterotropic and antifertility activities was seen in 2,8-bis(4-fluorobenzyl)cyclooctanone. Synthetic methods for the hydroxy compounds are presented.", "contents": "Cycloalkanones. 6. Separation of hypocholesterolemic and antifertility activities in derivatives of 2,8-dibenzylcyclooctanone. Fluoro and hydroxy derivatives of 2,8-dibenzylcyclooctanone were prepared. Separation of antifertility activity from hypolipidemic and uterotropic effects was achieved with 2,8-bis(4-acetoxybenzyl)cyclooctanone. Some enhancement of the hypolipidemic effect in relation to the uterotropic and antifertility activities was seen in 2,8-bis(4-fluorobenzyl)cyclooctanone. Synthetic methods for the hydroxy compounds are presented.", "PMID": 1121011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7122", "title": "Synthesis of 8-(3'-deoxy-alpha-D-threo-pentofuranosyl) adenine and 9-(3'-deoxy-alpha-D-threo-pentofuranosyl) adenine.", "content": "3-Deoxy-2,5-di-O-p-nitrobenzoyl-alpha-D-threo-entofuranosyl bromide (1) reacted with mercuric cyanide to give 2,5-anhydro-4-deoxy-D-lyxo-hexononitrile (2) which upon acid hydrolysis of the CN group gave acid 3. Saponification of the protecting groups gave 2,5-anhydro-4-deoxy-D-lyxo-hexonic acid (4) which reacted with 4,5,6-triaminopyrimidine forming an amide (5) that was pyrolized to give 8-(3'-deoxy-alpha-D-threo-pentofuranosyl) adenine (6). Reaction of bromide 1 with 6-(benzamido) chloromercuriopurine followed by saponification yielded 9-(3'-deoxy-alpha-D-threo-pentofuranosyl)adenine(8). 8-(beta-D-Ribofuranosyl)adenine, 8-(beta-D-arabinofuranosyl)adenine, and 8-(3'-deoxy-beta-D-erythro-pentofuranosyl)adenine, as well as compound 6, showed no antimalarial activity.", "contents": "Synthesis of 8-(3'-deoxy-alpha-D-threo-pentofuranosyl) adenine and 9-(3'-deoxy-alpha-D-threo-pentofuranosyl) adenine. 3-Deoxy-2,5-di-O-p-nitrobenzoyl-alpha-D-threo-entofuranosyl bromide (1) reacted with mercuric cyanide to give 2,5-anhydro-4-deoxy-D-lyxo-hexononitrile (2) which upon acid hydrolysis of the CN group gave acid 3. Saponification of the protecting groups gave 2,5-anhydro-4-deoxy-D-lyxo-hexonic acid (4) which reacted with 4,5,6-triaminopyrimidine forming an amide (5) that was pyrolized to give 8-(3'-deoxy-alpha-D-threo-pentofuranosyl) adenine (6). Reaction of bromide 1 with 6-(benzamido) chloromercuriopurine followed by saponification yielded 9-(3'-deoxy-alpha-D-threo-pentofuranosyl)adenine(8). 8-(beta-D-Ribofuranosyl)adenine, 8-(beta-D-arabinofuranosyl)adenine, and 8-(3'-deoxy-beta-D-erythro-pentofuranosyl)adenine, as well as compound 6, showed no antimalarial activity.", "PMID": 1121012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7123", "title": "Beta-aminocinnamonitriles as potential antiinflammatory agents.", "content": "A number of beta-aminocinnamonitriles have been prepared by the reaction of salts of acetonitrile and propionitrile with benzonitrile. These materials were evaluated in the carrageenan antiinflammatory screen in Royal Hart, Wistar strain rats. Despite good weight gains in the parent molecule, beta-aminocinnamonitrile (1), only marginal activity was found in related compounds and some possible \"metabolites.\"", "contents": "Beta-aminocinnamonitriles as potential antiinflammatory agents. A number of beta-aminocinnamonitriles have been prepared by the reaction of salts of acetonitrile and propionitrile with benzonitrile. These materials were evaluated in the carrageenan antiinflammatory screen in Royal Hart, Wistar strain rats. Despite good weight gains in the parent molecule, beta-aminocinnamonitrile (1), only marginal activity was found in related compounds and some possible \"metabolites.\"", "PMID": 1121013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7124", "title": "Oesophageal atresia in the South West of England.", "content": "A retrospective anatomical and family study was made of 345 patients with oesophageal atresia who were born in the South West of England between 1942 and 1973. There were 186 males and 159 females. Twenty-one cases were stillborn. Eighty-five percent of the patients had a combination of oesophageal atresia with a tracheo-oesophageal fistula to the distal oesophageal segment, and 9 percent had atresia without a fistula. Fifty-five per cent of the patients had other congenital malformations and these tended to be multiple rather than single. Thirty-six per cent of singletons had unequivocal fetal growth retardation, and there is some evidence that nearly all cases have poor fetal growth. There appeared to be a maternal age effect, with an excess of mothers under 20 and over 35, and there was an unexplained excess of fathers employed in the Armed Forces. Ten per cent of the cases were illegitimate. There were 21 twins which is nearly three times the expected number; there were two pairs of twins concordant for oesophageal atresia, one being monozygotic and the other dizygotic. In one case there were two sibs with oesophageal atresia. Five out of 365 sibs had anencephaly. The blood group distributions of the patients and their mothers did not significantly differ from the expected distribution. Oesophageal atresia is aetiologically heterogenous. In this series there were at least five, and probably 10 cases of trisomy 18 and four cases of trisomy 21. Five mothers had overt diabetes, and there is some suggestion from other work that maternal diabetes or its treatment may be aetiologically important. Oesophageal atresia was part of a possibly recessively inherited malformation syndrome in two cases. A sibship with a case of rectal atresia, a case of Hirschprung's disease and a case of oesophageal atresia may represent the action of another recessive gene. It seems likely that oesophageal atresia is a rather non-specific consequence of several teratological processes.", "contents": "Oesophageal atresia in the South West of England. A retrospective anatomical and family study was made of 345 patients with oesophageal atresia who were born in the South West of England between 1942 and 1973. There were 186 males and 159 females. Twenty-one cases were stillborn. Eighty-five percent of the patients had a combination of oesophageal atresia with a tracheo-oesophageal fistula to the distal oesophageal segment, and 9 percent had atresia without a fistula. Fifty-five per cent of the patients had other congenital malformations and these tended to be multiple rather than single. Thirty-six per cent of singletons had unequivocal fetal growth retardation, and there is some evidence that nearly all cases have poor fetal growth. There appeared to be a maternal age effect, with an excess of mothers under 20 and over 35, and there was an unexplained excess of fathers employed in the Armed Forces. Ten per cent of the cases were illegitimate. There were 21 twins which is nearly three times the expected number; there were two pairs of twins concordant for oesophageal atresia, one being monozygotic and the other dizygotic. In one case there were two sibs with oesophageal atresia. Five out of 365 sibs had anencephaly. The blood group distributions of the patients and their mothers did not significantly differ from the expected distribution. Oesophageal atresia is aetiologically heterogenous. In this series there were at least five, and probably 10 cases of trisomy 18 and four cases of trisomy 21. Five mothers had overt diabetes, and there is some suggestion from other work that maternal diabetes or its treatment may be aetiologically important. Oesophageal atresia was part of a possibly recessively inherited malformation syndrome in two cases. A sibship with a case of rectal atresia, a case of Hirschprung's disease and a case of oesophageal atresia may represent the action of another recessive gene. It seems likely that oesophageal atresia is a rather non-specific consequence of several teratological processes.", "PMID": 1121014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7125", "title": "Trisomy 13 and Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome.", "content": "Initial diagnosis of Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome was made in an infant with a prominent nose and broad thumbs and first toes. However, due to the presence of other anomalies such as low-set, malformed ears, anti-mongoloid slant of the eyes, colobomata of the iris, and cleft palate, cytogenetic studies were carried out and the diagnosis of trisomy 13 was confirmed. Since, occasionally, trisomy 13 syndrome may mimic the Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome, cytogenetic studies should be considered in all patients with clinical diagnosis of Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome.", "contents": "Trisomy 13 and Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome. Initial diagnosis of Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome was made in an infant with a prominent nose and broad thumbs and first toes. However, due to the presence of other anomalies such as low-set, malformed ears, anti-mongoloid slant of the eyes, colobomata of the iris, and cleft palate, cytogenetic studies were carried out and the diagnosis of trisomy 13 was confirmed. Since, occasionally, trisomy 13 syndrome may mimic the Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome, cytogenetic studies should be considered in all patients with clinical diagnosis of Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome.", "PMID": 1121015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7126", "title": "Partial 12p deletion: a cause for a mental retardation, multiple congenital abnormality syndrome.", "content": "A severely mentally retarded man displayed the following main symptoms: short stature, microcephaly, antimongoloid slant of palpebral fissures, big ears with hyperplastic helices, imperfect dental enamel, short and webbed neck, short arms, short hands, brachymetaphalangy, short second fingers, broad thumbs, short metatarsal bones, and unusually big first toes. It seems almost certain that the syndrome was caused by a chromosome deletion involving about half of 12p which was present in all of the lymphocytes examined.", "contents": "Partial 12p deletion: a cause for a mental retardation, multiple congenital abnormality syndrome. A severely mentally retarded man displayed the following main symptoms: short stature, microcephaly, antimongoloid slant of palpebral fissures, big ears with hyperplastic helices, imperfect dental enamel, short and webbed neck, short arms, short hands, brachymetaphalangy, short second fingers, broad thumbs, short metatarsal bones, and unusually big first toes. It seems almost certain that the syndrome was caused by a chromosome deletion involving about half of 12p which was present in all of the lymphocytes examined.", "PMID": 1121016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7127", "title": "Neonatal testicular torsion in two brothers.", "content": "Two brothers presenting neonatal testicular torsion are reported. The findings suggest an autosomal or X-linked recessive pattern of inheritance for the anatomical underlying anomaly.", "contents": "Neonatal testicular torsion in two brothers. Two brothers presenting neonatal testicular torsion are reported. The findings suggest an autosomal or X-linked recessive pattern of inheritance for the anatomical underlying anomaly.", "PMID": 1121017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7128", "title": "A genetic study of torsion dystonia.", "content": "A family study of 32 patients with torsion dystonia has shown at least two forms of generalized dystonia with onset in childhood. These two forms, an autosomal dominant and an autosomal recessive, are clinically indistinguishable. There were at least three families and probably about six to eight patients with the autosomal recessive variety. The remaining nine to 11 patients with generalized childhood dystonia are thought, because of a probable paternal age effect, to be examples of new dominant mutations. Since fitness with childhood onset is 1/20 of normal, most childhood dominant cases appear sporadically. Most of the other 15 patients (12 with onset in adult life) appear to have a non-genetic torsion dystonia, although an example of a benign adult-onset dominant form associated with a tremor has been observed. It is concluded that there are at least two forms of genetic torsion dystonia, an autosomal recessive form with onset in childhood, which, on evidence from America, is particularly common in Ashkenazi Jews, and one or more dominant forms, with onset in childhood or adult life. The majority of adult-onset isolated cases of idiopathic torsion dystonia seem to be due to exogenous but unidentified causes.", "contents": "A genetic study of torsion dystonia. A family study of 32 patients with torsion dystonia has shown at least two forms of generalized dystonia with onset in childhood. These two forms, an autosomal dominant and an autosomal recessive, are clinically indistinguishable. There were at least three families and probably about six to eight patients with the autosomal recessive variety. The remaining nine to 11 patients with generalized childhood dystonia are thought, because of a probable paternal age effect, to be examples of new dominant mutations. Since fitness with childhood onset is 1/20 of normal, most childhood dominant cases appear sporadically. Most of the other 15 patients (12 with onset in adult life) appear to have a non-genetic torsion dystonia, although an example of a benign adult-onset dominant form associated with a tremor has been observed. It is concluded that there are at least two forms of genetic torsion dystonia, an autosomal recessive form with onset in childhood, which, on evidence from America, is particularly common in Ashkenazi Jews, and one or more dominant forms, with onset in childhood or adult life. The majority of adult-onset isolated cases of idiopathic torsion dystonia seem to be due to exogenous but unidentified causes.", "PMID": 1121020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7129", "title": "Thalassaemia in northern Liberia. A survey in the Mount Nimba area.", "content": "A population survey in northern Liberia showed an average incidence of 9 percent of beta-thalassaemia trait. There was considerable tribal variation, the highest rates being mainly found in tribes having a low incidence of Hb S. A single example of deltabeta-thalassaemia trait was also found; the incidence of delta-chain variants was 1.8 percent. The effect of malaria on Hb A2 levels was investigated but appeared to be negligible. The problems of beta-thalassaemia and Hb S occurring in the same population are discussed. It is considered that, although made on a local sample, the results of this survey indicate a high incidence of beta-thalassaemia trait elsewhere in Liberia and that this is a suitable are for investigations of linkage at beta- and delta-chain loci. No conclusion is at present possible from the data on the presence of alpha-thalassaemia although 10 percent of neonates were found to have increased levels of Hb Barts.", "contents": "Thalassaemia in northern Liberia. A survey in the Mount Nimba area. A population survey in northern Liberia showed an average incidence of 9 percent of beta-thalassaemia trait. There was considerable tribal variation, the highest rates being mainly found in tribes having a low incidence of Hb S. A single example of deltabeta-thalassaemia trait was also found; the incidence of delta-chain variants was 1.8 percent. The effect of malaria on Hb A2 levels was investigated but appeared to be negligible. The problems of beta-thalassaemia and Hb S occurring in the same population are discussed. It is considered that, although made on a local sample, the results of this survey indicate a high incidence of beta-thalassaemia trait elsewhere in Liberia and that this is a suitable are for investigations of linkage at beta- and delta-chain loci. No conclusion is at present possible from the data on the presence of alpha-thalassaemia although 10 percent of neonates were found to have increased levels of Hb Barts.", "PMID": 1121021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7130", "title": "The occurrence of gonadal dysgenesis in association with monozygotic twinning.", "content": "A case is presented of a monozygotic twin pair, discordant for phenotypic sex, in which the female member showed gonadal dysgenesis and chromosomal mosaicism. Review of the pertinent literature reveals that in monozygotic twin pairs, phenotypic and karyotypic concordance is the usual occurrence for Down's and Klinefelter's syndromes, whereas discordance often accompanies gonadal dysgenesis. Mosaicism is a frequent concomitant of gonadal dysgenesis in monozygotic twins. Our case strengthens the probability of a real association between mosaicism and monozygotic twinning in gonadal dysgenesis.", "contents": "The occurrence of gonadal dysgenesis in association with monozygotic twinning. A case is presented of a monozygotic twin pair, discordant for phenotypic sex, in which the female member showed gonadal dysgenesis and chromosomal mosaicism. Review of the pertinent literature reveals that in monozygotic twin pairs, phenotypic and karyotypic concordance is the usual occurrence for Down's and Klinefelter's syndromes, whereas discordance often accompanies gonadal dysgenesis. Mosaicism is a frequent concomitant of gonadal dysgenesis in monozygotic twins. Our case strengthens the probability of a real association between mosaicism and monozygotic twinning in gonadal dysgenesis.", "PMID": 1121022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7131", "title": "A family study of coeliac disease.", "content": "Thirteen of 141 cases (9 percent) of overt, biopsy proven coeliac disease had a definitely affected relative. The pattern of inheritance in these families is compatible with an incompletely penetrant autosomal dominant gene. There was a female preponderance in the adults and the sporadic cases, but not in the children or the familial cases. The series included a pair of concordant and probably monozygotic twins. The authors believe that coeliac disease, as defined at present, is a heterogeneous condition.", "contents": "A family study of coeliac disease. Thirteen of 141 cases (9 percent) of overt, biopsy proven coeliac disease had a definitely affected relative. The pattern of inheritance in these families is compatible with an incompletely penetrant autosomal dominant gene. There was a female preponderance in the adults and the sporadic cases, but not in the children or the familial cases. The series included a pair of concordant and probably monozygotic twins. The authors believe that coeliac disease, as defined at present, is a heterogeneous condition.", "PMID": 1121023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7132", "title": "Haemoglobin Lepore Boston and elliptocytosis in a family of Indonesian-German ancestry.", "content": "A family is presented in which Hb Lepore Boston was found in six individuals over three generations. The gene must have had its origin either in Java (Indonesia) or in what is now the Federal Republic of Germany. The haemoglobin was characterized by amino-acid analysis of the six tryptic peptides that have a different composition in the beta- and the delta-chain. The ratio of glycine to alanine in position 136 of the fetal haemoglobin, which was somewhat raised in the Hb Lepore carriers, averaged 31:39. In addition an elliptocytosis gene was found, which was inherited independently from Hb Lepore; the simultaneous presence of elliptocytosis in three family members did not seem to aggravate the mild anaemia caused by Hb Lepore.", "contents": "Haemoglobin Lepore Boston and elliptocytosis in a family of Indonesian-German ancestry. A family is presented in which Hb Lepore Boston was found in six individuals over three generations. The gene must have had its origin either in Java (Indonesia) or in what is now the Federal Republic of Germany. The haemoglobin was characterized by amino-acid analysis of the six tryptic peptides that have a different composition in the beta- and the delta-chain. The ratio of glycine to alanine in position 136 of the fetal haemoglobin, which was somewhat raised in the Hb Lepore carriers, averaged 31:39. In addition an elliptocytosis gene was found, which was inherited independently from Hb Lepore; the simultaneous presence of elliptocytosis in three family members did not seem to aggravate the mild anaemia caused by Hb Lepore.", "PMID": 1121024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7133", "title": "Aglossia-adactylia syndrome.", "content": "Aglossia-adactylia is described in two male patients, aged 31 and 21 years old. Including a previous reported case (Nevin, Dodge, and Kernohan, 1970) there are three patients with this syndrome in Northern Ireland. The aetiology is unknown but in spite of the extreme variability of the clinical manifestation, a dominant mutant gene cannot be ruled out.", "contents": "Aglossia-adactylia syndrome. Aglossia-adactylia is described in two male patients, aged 31 and 21 years old. Including a previous reported case (Nevin, Dodge, and Kernohan, 1970) there are three patients with this syndrome in Northern Ireland. The aetiology is unknown but in spite of the extreme variability of the clinical manifestation, a dominant mutant gene cannot be ruled out.", "PMID": 1121025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7134", "title": "Ultraviolet photoalteration of ion channels in voltage-clamped lobster giant axons.", "content": "An analysis of the ultraviolet light-induced changes in ionic conductances of lobster giant axon membranes has been carried out using the double sucrose gap voltage-clamp technique. The predominant effect of monochromatic light from a xenon arc source in the 255 to 305 nm region is an irreversible reduction in the magnitude of sodium conductance, without change in sodium channel activation or inactivation kinetics. A considerably smaller reduction in the magnitude of potassium conductance occurs, with some slowing of potassium channel activation kinetics. Leakage conductance is essentially not altered. The fall in sodium conductance follows an exponential time course toward a zero asymptote. The rate constant for conductance decrease was used as an assay for the wavelength dependence. The sodium conductance was maximally sensitive at 290 nm. It is suggested that individual sodium channels are closed upon absorption of single photons by aromatic amino acid residues in membrane proteins.", "contents": "Ultraviolet photoalteration of ion channels in voltage-clamped lobster giant axons. An analysis of the ultraviolet light-induced changes in ionic conductances of lobster giant axon membranes has been carried out using the double sucrose gap voltage-clamp technique. The predominant effect of monochromatic light from a xenon arc source in the 255 to 305 nm region is an irreversible reduction in the magnitude of sodium conductance, without change in sodium channel activation or inactivation kinetics. A considerably smaller reduction in the magnitude of potassium conductance occurs, with some slowing of potassium channel activation kinetics. Leakage conductance is essentially not altered. The fall in sodium conductance follows an exponential time course toward a zero asymptote. The rate constant for conductance decrease was used as an assay for the wavelength dependence. The sodium conductance was maximally sensitive at 290 nm. It is suggested that individual sodium channels are closed upon absorption of single photons by aromatic amino acid residues in membrane proteins.", "PMID": 1121026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7135", "title": "The density of cholinergic receptors at the endplate postsynaptic membrane: ultrastructural studies in two mammalian species.", "content": "Electron-microscope autoradiography of diaphragm endplates of the American brown bat, labeled to saturation with tritiated alpha-bungarotoxin, has been used as a means to localize and quantitate the acetylcholine receptor there. Analysis of the grain distribution in these autoradiographs reveals that the receptor sites in this endplate are located on the postsynaptic membrane at an average density of 8,800/mu2. The sites are distributed asymmetrically along that membrane, being concentrated at the crests of the postjunctional folds--that portion nearest to the presynaptic membrane. The receptor site density at these regions of the postsynaptic membrane is estimated to be 20,000--25,000/mu2 of membrane surface. A comparison of these membrane site densities with those of endplates of red and white fibers of the mouse reveals a close similarity. On this basis, it is suggested that the receptor site density at the crests of the folds may be a characteristic feature of endplates of vertebrates. In contrast to the acetylcholine receptor sites, cholinesterase sites (determined autoradiographically in 3H-diisopropylfluorophosphate-labeled endplates) are largely distributed in a uniform manner over the postjunctional folds. The function of the secondary folds is, therefore, reassessed. Ultrastructural evidence available from other laboratories on the spatial characteristics of transmitter release and of postsynaptic dense particles is in accord with a model drawn for this molecular architecture at the vertebrate endplate.", "contents": "The density of cholinergic receptors at the endplate postsynaptic membrane: ultrastructural studies in two mammalian species. Electron-microscope autoradiography of diaphragm endplates of the American brown bat, labeled to saturation with tritiated alpha-bungarotoxin, has been used as a means to localize and quantitate the acetylcholine receptor there. Analysis of the grain distribution in these autoradiographs reveals that the receptor sites in this endplate are located on the postsynaptic membrane at an average density of 8,800/mu2. The sites are distributed asymmetrically along that membrane, being concentrated at the crests of the postjunctional folds--that portion nearest to the presynaptic membrane. The receptor site density at these regions of the postsynaptic membrane is estimated to be 20,000--25,000/mu2 of membrane surface. A comparison of these membrane site densities with those of endplates of red and white fibers of the mouse reveals a close similarity. On this basis, it is suggested that the receptor site density at the crests of the folds may be a characteristic feature of endplates of vertebrates. In contrast to the acetylcholine receptor sites, cholinesterase sites (determined autoradiographically in 3H-diisopropylfluorophosphate-labeled endplates) are largely distributed in a uniform manner over the postjunctional folds. The function of the secondary folds is, therefore, reassessed. Ultrastructural evidence available from other laboratories on the spatial characteristics of transmitter release and of postsynaptic dense particles is in accord with a model drawn for this molecular architecture at the vertebrate endplate.", "PMID": 1121027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7136", "title": "Cation permeability and ouabain-insensitive cation flux in the Ehrlich ascites tumor cell.", "content": "The components of Na and K flux across the plasma membrane have been investigated in the Ehrlich ascites tumor cell. At intracellular K levels of approximately 100 mM, unidirectional K influx is composed of a ouabain-sensitive component, a ouabain-insensitive, nondiffusional component and a diffusional component. Unidirectional K efflux is composed of an external K-dependent component and a diffusional component. Upon reduction of intracellular K to approximately 50 mM, the external K-dependent component becomes maximal and diminishes upon further reduction of intracellular K. Unidirectional Na efflux is composed of a ouabain-sensitive component, a diffusional component and a saturable, external Na-dependent, ouabain-insensitive component. Unidirectional Na influx may be accounted for by a diffusional component, based on estimates of membrane permeability to Na, membrane potential and Na distribution. This would suggest that the ouabain-insensitive, external Na-dependent Na efflux is not Na--Na exchange. The origin of the cell membrane potential has not been previously established in the Ehrlich ascites cell. From the diffusional components of Na and K flux determined in these experiments, the membrane permeabilities to Na and K have been estimated. These permeabilities, in conjunction with the Na and K distributions across the plasma membrane, predict a cell membrane potential of - 18mV (inside negative). Passive Cl distributions in these cells predict a cell membrane potential of - 21 mV, which is in agreement with previous microelectrode measurements and dibenzyldimethylammonium distributions. The results are therefore consistent with the conclusion that the magnitude and polarity of the cell membrane potential in the Ehrlich ascites cell is dictated primarily by Na and K.", "contents": "Cation permeability and ouabain-insensitive cation flux in the Ehrlich ascites tumor cell. The components of Na and K flux across the plasma membrane have been investigated in the Ehrlich ascites tumor cell. At intracellular K levels of approximately 100 mM, unidirectional K influx is composed of a ouabain-sensitive component, a ouabain-insensitive, nondiffusional component and a diffusional component. Unidirectional K efflux is composed of an external K-dependent component and a diffusional component. Upon reduction of intracellular K to approximately 50 mM, the external K-dependent component becomes maximal and diminishes upon further reduction of intracellular K. Unidirectional Na efflux is composed of a ouabain-sensitive component, a diffusional component and a saturable, external Na-dependent, ouabain-insensitive component. Unidirectional Na influx may be accounted for by a diffusional component, based on estimates of membrane permeability to Na, membrane potential and Na distribution. This would suggest that the ouabain-insensitive, external Na-dependent Na efflux is not Na--Na exchange. The origin of the cell membrane potential has not been previously established in the Ehrlich ascites cell. From the diffusional components of Na and K flux determined in these experiments, the membrane permeabilities to Na and K have been estimated. These permeabilities, in conjunction with the Na and K distributions across the plasma membrane, predict a cell membrane potential of - 18mV (inside negative). Passive Cl distributions in these cells predict a cell membrane potential of - 21 mV, which is in agreement with previous microelectrode measurements and dibenzyldimethylammonium distributions. The results are therefore consistent with the conclusion that the magnitude and polarity of the cell membrane potential in the Ehrlich ascites cell is dictated primarily by Na and K.", "PMID": 1121028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7137", "title": "Some blood indices in three groups of Nigerians and in very severe but ambulatory cases of anaemia.", "content": "This study determined the haemoglobin concentrations, packed cell volumes and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentrations of healthy students and soldiers as well as \"non-anaemic\" outpatients. The same indices were also determined in small groups of moderately and severely anaemic but fully ambulatory outpatients. On the basis of the haemoglobin values most commonly observed in healthy male subjects it is suggested that the usual or \"normal\" haemoglobin concentration of a healthy male adult averages 14-7 gm. per cent; the packed cell volume averages 44 per cent and the mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration averages 32-6 per cent. It is further suggested that subjects with haemoglobin values less than 11-0 gm. per cent (75 per cent of normal average) should probably be sent for further haematological investigations because such persons are probably anaemic. This study also reports some startlingly low haemoglobin values in fully ambulatory outpatients. There tended to be a compensatory rise in pulse rates as the degree of severity of anaemia increased.", "contents": "Some blood indices in three groups of Nigerians and in very severe but ambulatory cases of anaemia. This study determined the haemoglobin concentrations, packed cell volumes and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentrations of healthy students and soldiers as well as \"non-anaemic\" outpatients. The same indices were also determined in small groups of moderately and severely anaemic but fully ambulatory outpatients. On the basis of the haemoglobin values most commonly observed in healthy male subjects it is suggested that the usual or \"normal\" haemoglobin concentration of a healthy male adult averages 14-7 gm. per cent; the packed cell volume averages 44 per cent and the mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration averages 32-6 per cent. It is further suggested that subjects with haemoglobin values less than 11-0 gm. per cent (75 per cent of normal average) should probably be sent for further haematological investigations because such persons are probably anaemic. This study also reports some startlingly low haemoglobin values in fully ambulatory outpatients. There tended to be a compensatory rise in pulse rates as the degree of severity of anaemia increased.", "PMID": 1121037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7138", "title": "Endemic tropical sprue in Africa.", "content": "Twenty-four patients have been found who appear to have endemic tropical sprue, with malabsorption on biochemical, radiological and histological grounds. Patients with the tropical sprue syndrome responded equally well clinically and biochemically to folate and tetracycline. Jejunal histology responded least well to treatment. It is suggested that as more Gastrointestinal Units are opened, especially in humid sea level areas in Africa, more cases of endemic tropical sprue will be found.", "contents": "Endemic tropical sprue in Africa. Twenty-four patients have been found who appear to have endemic tropical sprue, with malabsorption on biochemical, radiological and histological grounds. Patients with the tropical sprue syndrome responded equally well clinically and biochemically to folate and tetracycline. Jejunal histology responded least well to treatment. It is suggested that as more Gastrointestinal Units are opened, especially in humid sea level areas in Africa, more cases of endemic tropical sprue will be found.", "PMID": 1121038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7139", "title": "A field survey on child health in a rural community in Egypt.", "content": "A field survey in a village was carried out to study child health in a rural area. The vaccination scheme was found to be inadequate and the value of health education is stressed. Parasitic infestation was found to be higher than urban areas but significantly lower than 1959 and the latter is attributed to a safer water supply. Growth and development lagged behing the whole national standards particularly during the 1 - 6 years age period. Health care for the pre-school age, taking advantage of co-operation from medical faculties and local health authorities, is recommended.", "contents": "A field survey on child health in a rural community in Egypt. A field survey in a village was carried out to study child health in a rural area. The vaccination scheme was found to be inadequate and the value of health education is stressed. Parasitic infestation was found to be higher than urban areas but significantly lower than 1959 and the latter is attributed to a safer water supply. Growth and development lagged behing the whole national standards particularly during the 1 - 6 years age period. Health care for the pre-school age, taking advantage of co-operation from medical faculties and local health authorities, is recommended.", "PMID": 1121039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7140", "title": "Attendance at a child health clinic in Malaysia.", "content": "One hundred and ninety-nine children brought by 181 adults to a child health clinic based in a rural health sub-centre in Peninsular Malaysia are studied. It is noted that the families from which they come are relatively poor, with a large number of children, and that they are fairly highly motivated. Forty-four per cent of children attending the clinic at the time of the study are symptomatic indicating the need to organise the child health clinic on a \"preventive-curative\" basis. It is also noted that the young child is initially seen in early infancy but is lost to the clinic when he is older making it judicious to formulate immunization schedules that take this into account.", "contents": "Attendance at a child health clinic in Malaysia. One hundred and ninety-nine children brought by 181 adults to a child health clinic based in a rural health sub-centre in Peninsular Malaysia are studied. It is noted that the families from which they come are relatively poor, with a large number of children, and that they are fairly highly motivated. Forty-four per cent of children attending the clinic at the time of the study are symptomatic indicating the need to organise the child health clinic on a \"preventive-curative\" basis. It is also noted that the young child is initially seen in early infancy but is lost to the clinic when he is older making it judicious to formulate immunization schedules that take this into account.", "PMID": 1121041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7141", "title": "The mean circulatory pressure, reproducibility of its measurements and the effect of phenylephrine with a note on the effect of pentobarbital.", "content": "With 7 repeated measurements of the mean circulatory pressure (MCP) over a course of 35 minutes in one and the same dog, and also with paired measurements of MCP 10 minutes apart in 6 other dogs, the MCP was shown to be stable and reproducible in anesthetized, open-chest and vagus-intact dogs. Administered to 7 dogs with initial mean arterial blood pressure as low as 64 mmHg in dose of 20 mug/kg intravenously, phenylephrine nearly doubled the mean arterial blood pressure, total peripheral resistance and the MCP, indicating a marked vasoconstrictor effect on the resistance and capacitance blood vessels of the systemic circulation. The effect was transient and there were signs of tachyphylaxis. Influence of a cardiotoxic dose of pentobarbital on the peripheal circulation was discussed.", "contents": "The mean circulatory pressure, reproducibility of its measurements and the effect of phenylephrine with a note on the effect of pentobarbital. With 7 repeated measurements of the mean circulatory pressure (MCP) over a course of 35 minutes in one and the same dog, and also with paired measurements of MCP 10 minutes apart in 6 other dogs, the MCP was shown to be stable and reproducible in anesthetized, open-chest and vagus-intact dogs. Administered to 7 dogs with initial mean arterial blood pressure as low as 64 mmHg in dose of 20 mug/kg intravenously, phenylephrine nearly doubled the mean arterial blood pressure, total peripheral resistance and the MCP, indicating a marked vasoconstrictor effect on the resistance and capacitance blood vessels of the systemic circulation. The effect was transient and there were signs of tachyphylaxis. Influence of a cardiotoxic dose of pentobarbital on the peripheal circulation was discussed.", "PMID": 1121054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7142", "title": "The stroke volume in juvenile borderline hypertension.", "content": "Hemodynamic changes in supine and upright position and during exercise were studied in 144 men including 37 normal subjects and 107 patients with borderline hypertension. Borderline hypertensives were classified in 4 groups, according to the basal level of heart rate and stroke index. In the first two groups, stroke index was normal, but heart rate was either decreased (Group I) or elevated (Group II): supine total peripheral resistance was superior (Group I; p less than 0.02) or equal (Group II) to normal values; plasma volume was normal or slightly decreased; hemodynamic response to tilt test closely approximated the normal; impaired adaptation of cardiac index and stroke index to exercise was observed in Group II (p less than 0.001). In the other two groups, stroke index was significantly elevated (p less than 0.0001) but heart rate was either decreased (Group III) or increased (Group IV); supine total peripheral resistance values were decreased (p less than 0.001); plasma volume was equally reduced (p less than 0.001); abnormal percentile increase in diastolic arterial pressure (p less than 0.02; p less than 0.001) and total peripheral resistance during tilt test were observed; during exercise, only the patients of Group IV had an impaired adaptation of cardiac index (p less than 0.001) and total peripheral resistance (p less than 0.02). The study provide evidence that in boderline hypertension i) a high basal level of stroke volume is associated with a reduced plasma volume and an imparied adaptation of total peripheral resistance during tilt, ii) a high basal level of heart rate is associated with an impaired adapatation of cardiac output during exercise, and iii) only patients having an increase in both heart rate and stroke volume exhibited a specific hemodynamic pattern including: reduction of plasma volume, impaired adaptation of cardiac output during exercise, impaired adaptation of total peripheral resistance during tilt and exercise.", "contents": "The stroke volume in juvenile borderline hypertension. Hemodynamic changes in supine and upright position and during exercise were studied in 144 men including 37 normal subjects and 107 patients with borderline hypertension. Borderline hypertensives were classified in 4 groups, according to the basal level of heart rate and stroke index. In the first two groups, stroke index was normal, but heart rate was either decreased (Group I) or elevated (Group II): supine total peripheral resistance was superior (Group I; p less than 0.02) or equal (Group II) to normal values; plasma volume was normal or slightly decreased; hemodynamic response to tilt test closely approximated the normal; impaired adaptation of cardiac index and stroke index to exercise was observed in Group II (p less than 0.001). In the other two groups, stroke index was significantly elevated (p less than 0.0001) but heart rate was either decreased (Group III) or increased (Group IV); supine total peripheral resistance values were decreased (p less than 0.001); plasma volume was equally reduced (p less than 0.001); abnormal percentile increase in diastolic arterial pressure (p less than 0.02; p less than 0.001) and total peripheral resistance during tilt test were observed; during exercise, only the patients of Group IV had an impaired adaptation of cardiac index (p less than 0.001) and total peripheral resistance (p less than 0.02). The study provide evidence that in boderline hypertension i) a high basal level of stroke volume is associated with a reduced plasma volume and an imparied adaptation of total peripheral resistance during tilt, ii) a high basal level of heart rate is associated with an impaired adapatation of cardiac output during exercise, and iii) only patients having an increase in both heart rate and stroke volume exhibited a specific hemodynamic pattern including: reduction of plasma volume, impaired adaptation of cardiac output during exercise, impaired adaptation of total peripheral resistance during tilt and exercise.", "PMID": 1121055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7143", "title": "Regulatory factors on immunocytolysis of cardiac cells and mesenchymal cells.", "content": "The mode and degree of tissue specific immunocytolysis closely depend on the nature of cell-surface antigens and on the competition or balance of humoral and cell-mediated immunity. The modification of cell surface membrane by neuraminidase-treatment induced the higher susceptibility to complement-dependent cytolysis, probably on account of exposure of cryptic sites or aggregation (clustering) of sites which may be tissue specific and/or histocompatibility antigen determinants. Under the existence of large amount of antisera, complement-dependent cytolysis was dominant. On the contrary, under the situation of low dose anti-sera, normal adherent-cell-mediated cytolysis was more effective. This kind of cytolysis was inhibited easily by serum factor(s), which could be IgG, and block Fc receptor of adherent cells in competition with anti-Ig14. Although the role of serum-factor(s) is still unknown, it may act an important role in the process of establishment of autoimmune diseases.", "contents": "Regulatory factors on immunocytolysis of cardiac cells and mesenchymal cells. The mode and degree of tissue specific immunocytolysis closely depend on the nature of cell-surface antigens and on the competition or balance of humoral and cell-mediated immunity. The modification of cell surface membrane by neuraminidase-treatment induced the higher susceptibility to complement-dependent cytolysis, probably on account of exposure of cryptic sites or aggregation (clustering) of sites which may be tissue specific and/or histocompatibility antigen determinants. Under the existence of large amount of antisera, complement-dependent cytolysis was dominant. On the contrary, under the situation of low dose anti-sera, normal adherent-cell-mediated cytolysis was more effective. This kind of cytolysis was inhibited easily by serum factor(s), which could be IgG, and block Fc receptor of adherent cells in competition with anti-Ig14. Although the role of serum-factor(s) is still unknown, it may act an important role in the process of establishment of autoimmune diseases.", "PMID": 1121057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7144", "title": "Immunological aspects of aortitis syndrome.", "content": "1. Anti-aortic antibodies were frequently detected from the sera of patients with aortitis syndrome. 2. Aortic antigens were demonstrated to exist mainly in the media. The antigenicity was inactivated by collagenase, trypsin and pepsin, but not by DNase-I. Analyses of aortic antigens were also made by ultracentrifugation and column chromatography. 3. Experimental arteritis could be produced in animals by isologous active immunization and heterologous passive immunization. 4. From these results, participation of antigen-antibody reaction in the development of the disease has been speculated. Possible role of streptococcal infection as one of the trigger mechanisms in antibody production has been suggested in combination with evidence indicating hypersensitivity of the patients to infections.", "contents": "Immunological aspects of aortitis syndrome. 1. Anti-aortic antibodies were frequently detected from the sera of patients with aortitis syndrome. 2. Aortic antigens were demonstrated to exist mainly in the media. The antigenicity was inactivated by collagenase, trypsin and pepsin, but not by DNase-I. Analyses of aortic antigens were also made by ultracentrifugation and column chromatography. 3. Experimental arteritis could be produced in animals by isologous active immunization and heterologous passive immunization. 4. From these results, participation of antigen-antibody reaction in the development of the disease has been speculated. Possible role of streptococcal infection as one of the trigger mechanisms in antibody production has been suggested in combination with evidence indicating hypersensitivity of the patients to infections.", "PMID": 1121058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7145", "title": "Anti-heart antibodies in patients with chronic cor pulmonale.", "content": "In patients with chronic cor pulmonale caused by pulmonary emphysema, circulating autoantibodies against the heart tissue were investigated by the HA and HI techniques using the myocardium as antigen. Quantitative analysis of serum IgG, IgA and IgM were carried out by use of the radial immunodiffusion method. These results were compared with clinical findings, especially cardiopulmonary hemodynamics and pulmonary function tests and with the prognosis. Circulating anti-heart antibodies were found in 15 of 29 (51.7 per cent) patients with chronic cor pulmonale. The titers of circulating anti-heart antibodies indicated a good correlation with pulmonary hypertension, hypoxia and respiratory impairment. Furthermore, a good correlation was noted between anti-heart antibody titers and the serum IgG level. Five of 15 (33.3 per cent) patients with positive results for anti-heart antibodies died, while one of 13 (7.7 per cent) with negative results died. In this investigation, circulating anti-lung antibodies were also searched in sera from patients with chronic cor pulmonale, but they showed no cross reaction with anti-heart antibodies, of which the specificity was found in the patients. These data could be utilized in evaluation and discussion of the pathophysiological findings of the patients with chronic cor pulmonale.", "contents": "Anti-heart antibodies in patients with chronic cor pulmonale. In patients with chronic cor pulmonale caused by pulmonary emphysema, circulating autoantibodies against the heart tissue were investigated by the HA and HI techniques using the myocardium as antigen. Quantitative analysis of serum IgG, IgA and IgM were carried out by use of the radial immunodiffusion method. These results were compared with clinical findings, especially cardiopulmonary hemodynamics and pulmonary function tests and with the prognosis. Circulating anti-heart antibodies were found in 15 of 29 (51.7 per cent) patients with chronic cor pulmonale. The titers of circulating anti-heart antibodies indicated a good correlation with pulmonary hypertension, hypoxia and respiratory impairment. Furthermore, a good correlation was noted between anti-heart antibody titers and the serum IgG level. Five of 15 (33.3 per cent) patients with positive results for anti-heart antibodies died, while one of 13 (7.7 per cent) with negative results died. In this investigation, circulating anti-lung antibodies were also searched in sera from patients with chronic cor pulmonale, but they showed no cross reaction with anti-heart antibodies, of which the specificity was found in the patients. These data could be utilized in evaluation and discussion of the pathophysiological findings of the patients with chronic cor pulmonale.", "PMID": 1121059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7146", "title": "Sympathetic nervous activity in renal and DOC hypertensive rats.", "content": "The sympathetic tone of the splanchnic nerve was quantified in renal and deoxycorticosterone (DOC) hypertensive rats under pentobarbital anesthesia by measuring equivalent stimulation frequency (ESF). ESF is the frequency of stimulus to the peripheral cut end of the nerve required to restore the preseverance level of arterial pressure. It is assumed to represent the average discharge rate of the nerve before severance. ESF was markedly increased in DOC hypertension 2 weeks after initiation of the DOC-salt treatment. It was relatively decreased after 10 weeks, but was still higher than in the controls. In renal hypertension (clipping of the left renal artery), ESF was decreased considerably 2 weeks and slightly 10 weeks after clipping. When the contralateral kidney had been removed simultaneously with clipping (clip plus uninephrectomy, ESF was not significantly changed. It is suggested that the sympathetic nervous system participates greatly in the pathogenesis of DOC hypertension but not of renal hypertension.", "contents": "Sympathetic nervous activity in renal and DOC hypertensive rats. The sympathetic tone of the splanchnic nerve was quantified in renal and deoxycorticosterone (DOC) hypertensive rats under pentobarbital anesthesia by measuring equivalent stimulation frequency (ESF). ESF is the frequency of stimulus to the peripheral cut end of the nerve required to restore the preseverance level of arterial pressure. It is assumed to represent the average discharge rate of the nerve before severance. ESF was markedly increased in DOC hypertension 2 weeks after initiation of the DOC-salt treatment. It was relatively decreased after 10 weeks, but was still higher than in the controls. In renal hypertension (clipping of the left renal artery), ESF was decreased considerably 2 weeks and slightly 10 weeks after clipping. When the contralateral kidney had been removed simultaneously with clipping (clip plus uninephrectomy, ESF was not significantly changed. It is suggested that the sympathetic nervous system participates greatly in the pathogenesis of DOC hypertension but not of renal hypertension.", "PMID": 1121143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7147", "title": "A case of a traumatic systemic-pulmonary arteriovenous fistula.", "content": "A case of systemic-pulmonary arteriovenous fistula is described. Chest trauma with multiple bone fractures 9 years prior to this admission was the suspected cause. Three years after the trauma, chest X-rays revealed abnormal vessels in the right lung. Eight years after the trauma, the patient developed congestive heart failure. This has been well controlled with digitalis and occasional diuretics.", "contents": "A case of a traumatic systemic-pulmonary arteriovenous fistula. A case of systemic-pulmonary arteriovenous fistula is described. Chest trauma with multiple bone fractures 9 years prior to this admission was the suspected cause. Three years after the trauma, chest X-rays revealed abnormal vessels in the right lung. Eight years after the trauma, the patient developed congestive heart failure. This has been well controlled with digitalis and occasional diuretics.", "PMID": 1121144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7148", "title": "Motorized exercise wheel for exposure of small animals to environmental pollutants.", "content": "For environmental inhalation studies a motorized exercise wheel was designed for small laboratory animals. Mice or hamsters were separated in individual enclosures, and each animal was required to perform the same exercise. The wheel was driven by a common barbecue spit motor, the speed of which may be varied by a standard variable transformer, from 1-6 revolutions per min. This unit can be adapted for a variety of laboratory applications.", "contents": "Motorized exercise wheel for exposure of small animals to environmental pollutants. For environmental inhalation studies a motorized exercise wheel was designed for small laboratory animals. Mice or hamsters were separated in individual enclosures, and each animal was required to perform the same exercise. The wheel was driven by a common barbecue spit motor, the speed of which may be varied by a standard variable transformer, from 1-6 revolutions per min. This unit can be adapted for a variety of laboratory applications.", "PMID": 1121158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7149", "title": "Pericutaneous phlebotomy and intravenous injection in the guinea pig.", "content": "Rapid and repetitious blood collections or intravenous injection were accomplished in the guinea pig via the lateral metatarsal vein. One person could perform the procedure by using an abdominal hold on the animal. There was no morbidity or mortality.", "contents": "Pericutaneous phlebotomy and intravenous injection in the guinea pig. Rapid and repetitious blood collections or intravenous injection were accomplished in the guinea pig via the lateral metatarsal vein. One person could perform the procedure by using an abdominal hold on the animal. There was no morbidity or mortality.", "PMID": 1121159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7150", "title": "Lymphocyte cultures of Macaca mulatta and Macaca fascicularis.", "content": "Lymphocytes of Macaca mulatta and Macaca fascicularis were cultured using a microculture technic. The use of RPMI-1640 with fetal calf serum as a culture medium and an extra dose of phytohemagglutinin produced excellent results. Staining of the chromosomes by the Gemsa banding technic did not reveal any differences between the karyotypes of the Macaca species.", "contents": "Lymphocyte cultures of Macaca mulatta and Macaca fascicularis. Lymphocytes of Macaca mulatta and Macaca fascicularis were cultured using a microculture technic. The use of RPMI-1640 with fetal calf serum as a culture medium and an extra dose of phytohemagglutinin produced excellent results. Staining of the chromosomes by the Gemsa banding technic did not reveal any differences between the karyotypes of the Macaca species.", "PMID": 1121162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7151", "title": "A normobaric hypoxia facility for preparing polycythemic mice for assay of erythropoietin.", "content": "A normobaric hypoxia chamber was designed in which large numbers of mice (up to 250) were made polycythemic, after which they were used in an erythropoietin assay. The hypoxic atmosphere was composed of air diluted with N2 gas generated from liquid N2. Continuous exposure of mice to 8% O2 for 11 da resulted in a polycythemia of sufficient magnitude and duration to provide appropriate erythropoietic conditions for the erythropoietin assay. The chamber, which has been in almost continuous operation for 3 yr, requires little attention and maintenance and has proved to be reliable, safe, and economical.", "contents": "A normobaric hypoxia facility for preparing polycythemic mice for assay of erythropoietin. A normobaric hypoxia chamber was designed in which large numbers of mice (up to 250) were made polycythemic, after which they were used in an erythropoietin assay. The hypoxic atmosphere was composed of air diluted with N2 gas generated from liquid N2. Continuous exposure of mice to 8% O2 for 11 da resulted in a polycythemia of sufficient magnitude and duration to provide appropriate erythropoietic conditions for the erythropoietin assay. The chamber, which has been in almost continuous operation for 3 yr, requires little attention and maintenance and has proved to be reliable, safe, and economical.", "PMID": 1121163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7152", "title": "The collared lemming (Dicrostonyx stevensoni Nelson) in biomedical research.", "content": "The collared lemming, Dicrostonyx stevensoni Nelson, possesses special characteristics which make it a useful animal model for the study of hypercholesteremia, atherosclerosis, breast cancer, kidney disease, and other biomedical research problems. Hematologic values for the lemming were similar to those for the laboratory white mouse except for smaller erythrocytes and fewer leukocytes. Organ weights, when compared as a percent of total body parts, differed only slightly from those of white mice. The basal metabolic rate, measured between 25-30 degrees C, was 40% higher than the standard metabolic rate for a mammal of similar size. Litter size at birth averaged 2.8 in captivity. The mean life span of 254 colony-reared lemmings dying from natural causes was 189 da. Growth rate was rapid during the first 2 mo of life, with moderate increases thereafter to an adult weight of approximately 70 g. Husbandry requirements included the use of shavings as litter and facial tissue as nesting material, all of which was changed weekly. Oats, wheat germ, rabbit pellets, carrots, and lettuse were offered as food.", "contents": "The collared lemming (Dicrostonyx stevensoni Nelson) in biomedical research. The collared lemming, Dicrostonyx stevensoni Nelson, possesses special characteristics which make it a useful animal model for the study of hypercholesteremia, atherosclerosis, breast cancer, kidney disease, and other biomedical research problems. Hematologic values for the lemming were similar to those for the laboratory white mouse except for smaller erythrocytes and fewer leukocytes. Organ weights, when compared as a percent of total body parts, differed only slightly from those of white mice. The basal metabolic rate, measured between 25-30 degrees C, was 40% higher than the standard metabolic rate for a mammal of similar size. Litter size at birth averaged 2.8 in captivity. The mean life span of 254 colony-reared lemmings dying from natural causes was 189 da. Growth rate was rapid during the first 2 mo of life, with moderate increases thereafter to an adult weight of approximately 70 g. Husbandry requirements included the use of shavings as litter and facial tissue as nesting material, all of which was changed weekly. Oats, wheat germ, rabbit pellets, carrots, and lettuse were offered as food.", "PMID": 1121164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7153", "title": "Impairment of metabolic capability in feral house mice by Klossiella muris invection.", "content": "Kidney infection by Klossiella muris in highland house mice from Peru was associated with lowered metabolic capability (57%) and endurance time (25%) at maximum metabolic rate. Administration of coccidiostatic preparations improved the metabolic capability from 7.8 to 10.5 cc 0-2 g hr and the endurance from 2.8 to longer than 10 min. Their colony-reared offspring, which were free from parasites, sustained maximum metabolic rates of 13.8 cc 0-2/g hr also for longer than 10 min. This rate was slightly higher than the values found in both healthy lowland controls: feral house mice from Arkansas and laboratory white mice [lab: HA(ICR)]. Although clinically inapparent under oridinary conditions, the effects of K muris infection were easily demonstrated at high metabolic loads stimulated by cold. Thus emphasizing the importance of such performance tests in assessing the status of experimental subjects.", "contents": "Impairment of metabolic capability in feral house mice by Klossiella muris invection. Kidney infection by Klossiella muris in highland house mice from Peru was associated with lowered metabolic capability (57%) and endurance time (25%) at maximum metabolic rate. Administration of coccidiostatic preparations improved the metabolic capability from 7.8 to 10.5 cc 0-2 g hr and the endurance from 2.8 to longer than 10 min. Their colony-reared offspring, which were free from parasites, sustained maximum metabolic rates of 13.8 cc 0-2/g hr also for longer than 10 min. This rate was slightly higher than the values found in both healthy lowland controls: feral house mice from Arkansas and laboratory white mice [lab: HA(ICR)]. Although clinically inapparent under oridinary conditions, the effects of K muris infection were easily demonstrated at high metabolic loads stimulated by cold. Thus emphasizing the importance of such performance tests in assessing the status of experimental subjects.", "PMID": 1121165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7154", "title": "An epizootic of cerebral nematodiasis in rabbits due to Ascaris columnarus.", "content": "An epizootic of cerebral nematodiasis due to ascaris columnaris occurred in a commercial rabbitry, and 80 diseased rabbits died or were killed. The morbidity was high in groups of recently purchased rabbits and in the offspring of 12 breeder rabbits. The breeder rabbits which had been on the farm for more than a yr survived the outbreaks. Wild animals and birds had access to the facilities, but raccoons and skunks were never observed. A columnaris larvae were found on histopathologic examination. and live larvae were recovered from brains of 2 diseased rabbits.", "contents": "An epizootic of cerebral nematodiasis in rabbits due to Ascaris columnarus. An epizootic of cerebral nematodiasis due to ascaris columnaris occurred in a commercial rabbitry, and 80 diseased rabbits died or were killed. The morbidity was high in groups of recently purchased rabbits and in the offspring of 12 breeder rabbits. The breeder rabbits which had been on the farm for more than a yr survived the outbreaks. Wild animals and birds had access to the facilities, but raccoons and skunks were never observed. A columnaris larvae were found on histopathologic examination. and live larvae were recovered from brains of 2 diseased rabbits.", "PMID": 1121166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7155", "title": "Fatal intussusception associated with intestinal coccidiosis (Eimeria perforans) in a rabbit.", "content": "Fatal intussusception was observed to be the proximate cause of death in a young (14 wk old) pet male New Zealand white rabbit. The intussusception was ileo-ileal, and this region was shown to be extensively parasitized by Eimeria perforans. It was concluded that the intussusception was consequent to hyperperistalsis induced by the coccidial infection of the intestines.", "contents": "Fatal intussusception associated with intestinal coccidiosis (Eimeria perforans) in a rabbit. Fatal intussusception was observed to be the proximate cause of death in a young (14 wk old) pet male New Zealand white rabbit. The intussusception was ileo-ileal, and this region was shown to be extensively parasitized by Eimeria perforans. It was concluded that the intussusception was consequent to hyperperistalsis induced by the coccidial infection of the intestines.", "PMID": 1121167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7156", "title": "An improved technic for thyroidectomy in guinea pigs.", "content": "A technic for thyroidectomy in the guinea pig was presented. After anesthetizing the guinea pig with methoxyflurane, the thyroid was removed by electric cautery. The step-by-step procedure was described. Possible complications such as recurrent laryngeal nerve damage and the stimulation of aberrant thyroid tissue were discussed.", "contents": "An improved technic for thyroidectomy in guinea pigs. A technic for thyroidectomy in the guinea pig was presented. After anesthetizing the guinea pig with methoxyflurane, the thyroid was removed by electric cautery. The step-by-step procedure was described. Possible complications such as recurrent laryngeal nerve damage and the stimulation of aberrant thyroid tissue were discussed.", "PMID": 1121168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7157", "title": "Localized nocardiosis due to Nocardia caviae in a baboon (Papio cynocephalus).", "content": "Nocardia caviae was identified as the causative agent of draining, multinodular swelling of the hand of a 16-yr-old female baboon (Papio cynocephalus). The baboon's general physical condition was poor and menstrual cycles had ceased. The baboon improved after systemic and topical antibiotic therapy, but the lesion recurred after antibiotic treatment was discontinued. Since excision of the mass, the baboon's physical condition has improved to the extent that regular menstrual cycles have resumed and she has been returned to the assigned investigative program. Radiographs of the lungs, hand, and arm failed to disclose evidence of dissemination of the infection.", "contents": "Localized nocardiosis due to Nocardia caviae in a baboon (Papio cynocephalus). Nocardia caviae was identified as the causative agent of draining, multinodular swelling of the hand of a 16-yr-old female baboon (Papio cynocephalus). The baboon's general physical condition was poor and menstrual cycles had ceased. The baboon improved after systemic and topical antibiotic therapy, but the lesion recurred after antibiotic treatment was discontinued. Since excision of the mass, the baboon's physical condition has improved to the extent that regular menstrual cycles have resumed and she has been returned to the assigned investigative program. Radiographs of the lungs, hand, and arm failed to disclose evidence of dissemination of the infection.", "PMID": 1121169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7158", "title": "Task analysis in National Health Service Corps field stations: a methodological evaluation.", "content": "An occupational survey using a task inventory as survey instrument was conducted at four National Health Service Corps clinics providing primary ambulatory care. The prime objective of the study was to determine whether the methodology of task analysis could validly be applied to obtain data of potential value in improving personnel management in clinics. It is concluded that the taskinventory could generate such data. A first level analysis provides some interpretations of task interrelationships and role definition among clinic staff. In the clinics studied, no staff member's role was sufficiently well defined for efficient utilization of his capabilities. In particular, many tasks performed by the physicians and nurses could also be performed by less well-trained personnel. A number of steps are suggested for examining the task profiles of clinic staff and identifying areas of potential task redistribution. Also discussed are ways of improving the presentation of data obtained through task analysis to enhance the data's usefulness to local clinic management.", "contents": "Task analysis in National Health Service Corps field stations: a methodological evaluation. An occupational survey using a task inventory as survey instrument was conducted at four National Health Service Corps clinics providing primary ambulatory care. The prime objective of the study was to determine whether the methodology of task analysis could validly be applied to obtain data of potential value in improving personnel management in clinics. It is concluded that the taskinventory could generate such data. A first level analysis provides some interpretations of task interrelationships and role definition among clinic staff. In the clinics studied, no staff member's role was sufficiently well defined for efficient utilization of his capabilities. In particular, many tasks performed by the physicians and nurses could also be performed by less well-trained personnel. A number of steps are suggested for examining the task profiles of clinic staff and identifying areas of potential task redistribution. Also discussed are ways of improving the presentation of data obtained through task analysis to enhance the data's usefulness to local clinic management.", "PMID": 1121194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7159", "title": "Evaluating an information system for medical care evaluation studies.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to evaluate a computerized information system, the Professional Activity Study-Medical Audit Program (PAS-MAP), when used by the medical staff of a hospital to conduct medical care evaluation studies. PAS-MAP was compared to a manual system for collecting data not contained on the face sheets of medical records. The results indicated that, compared to the manual system, PAS-MAP: was less costly if more than 41 per cent of hospitalized patients were included in medical care evaluation studies; was as timely as the manual system for data it could provide but provided fewer clinical data elements than physicians requested; and was less protective against human error. Three decision makers assigned weights indicating the relative importance of these results. The weights were combined in an additive model to arrive at a score for each system. Based on these scores, the manual system was recommended for implementation.", "contents": "Evaluating an information system for medical care evaluation studies. The purpose of this study was to evaluate a computerized information system, the Professional Activity Study-Medical Audit Program (PAS-MAP), when used by the medical staff of a hospital to conduct medical care evaluation studies. PAS-MAP was compared to a manual system for collecting data not contained on the face sheets of medical records. The results indicated that, compared to the manual system, PAS-MAP: was less costly if more than 41 per cent of hospitalized patients were included in medical care evaluation studies; was as timely as the manual system for data it could provide but provided fewer clinical data elements than physicians requested; and was less protective against human error. Three decision makers assigned weights indicating the relative importance of these results. The weights were combined in an additive model to arrive at a score for each system. Based on these scores, the manual system was recommended for implementation.", "PMID": 1121195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7160", "title": "Antibiotic use and abuse among physicians in private practice in Shiraz, Iran.", "content": "From 120 practicing physicians in Shiraz, Iran, 40 were selected to identify their attitude toward the use of antibiotics. A young, healthy man  who complained of mild fever and cold symptoms was referred to them and 37 of them prescribed inappropriate doses of antibiotics. It is assumed that the behavior of the physicians is based on pressure by the patient to receive more medicine, particularly antibiotics.", "contents": "Antibiotic use and abuse among physicians in private practice in Shiraz, Iran. From 120 practicing physicians in Shiraz, Iran, 40 were selected to identify their attitude toward the use of antibiotics. A young, healthy man  who complained of mild fever and cold symptoms was referred to them and 37 of them prescribed inappropriate doses of antibiotics. It is assumed that the behavior of the physicians is based on pressure by the patient to receive more medicine, particularly antibiotics.", "PMID": 1121196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7161", "title": "A patient and family number assignment and chart filing system for family physicians.", "content": "The Department of Family Medicine and Practice at the University of Wisconsin-Madison has devised and implemented an alpha-numeric system of identifying patient records together with a system of chart filing based on a variation of terminal digit filing. The system provides each patient with a unique identification number. This permanently assigned number is used as part of the medical record (chart) information, as the basis for assigning an account number, as the basis for determining the storage location of the chart in the record room, and as the basis for a family identification number. The number defines the patient's sex and position within the family, and its permanency ensures a capability for conducting both short- and long-term ambulatory care research in the family context.", "contents": "A patient and family number assignment and chart filing system for family physicians. The Department of Family Medicine and Practice at the University of Wisconsin-Madison has devised and implemented an alpha-numeric system of identifying patient records together with a system of chart filing based on a variation of terminal digit filing. The system provides each patient with a unique identification number. This permanently assigned number is used as part of the medical record (chart) information, as the basis for assigning an account number, as the basis for determining the storage location of the chart in the record room, and as the basis for a family identification number. The number defines the patient's sex and position within the family, and its permanency ensures a capability for conducting both short- and long-term ambulatory care research in the family context.", "PMID": 1121197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7162", "title": "Early diagnostic signs and symptoms of laryngeal disease.", "content": "A compilation of late and early symptoms of patients who ultimately were found to have laryngeal disease was carried out. Notation of even minor changes in the indirect laryngoscopic appearance of the same patients was made routinely. Correlation of symptoms with signs has made possible a better understanding of the natural history of certain laryngeal lesions such as contact ulcer, polyps, nodes, dysphonia plica ventricularis as well as some of the pareses, paralyses and fixations. Identical early symptoms and numerous signs have apparently been ignored in subsequently proven cases of cancer of the larynx. The expanded list of symptoms (33 in number) and the detailed list of signs (54 in number) may now assist the Otolaryngologist in earlier diagnosis. Although the reported findings are not specifically diagnostic of cancer of the larynx, they should draw earlier attention to the larynx as the etiological site of such symptoms. Earlier recognition of minor laryngeal changes, as detailed in the text, should lead to earlier biopsy and tissue diagnosis, earlier and more enlightened public awareness, and earlier and, therefore, more effective utilization of present day day modalities in the management of carcinoma of the larynx.", "contents": "Early diagnostic signs and symptoms of laryngeal disease. A compilation of late and early symptoms of patients who ultimately were found to have laryngeal disease was carried out. Notation of even minor changes in the indirect laryngoscopic appearance of the same patients was made routinely. Correlation of symptoms with signs has made possible a better understanding of the natural history of certain laryngeal lesions such as contact ulcer, polyps, nodes, dysphonia plica ventricularis as well as some of the pareses, paralyses and fixations. Identical early symptoms and numerous signs have apparently been ignored in subsequently proven cases of cancer of the larynx. The expanded list of symptoms (33 in number) and the detailed list of signs (54 in number) may now assist the Otolaryngologist in earlier diagnosis. Although the reported findings are not specifically diagnostic of cancer of the larynx, they should draw earlier attention to the larynx as the etiological site of such symptoms. Earlier recognition of minor laryngeal changes, as detailed in the text, should lead to earlier biopsy and tissue diagnosis, earlier and more enlightened public awareness, and earlier and, therefore, more effective utilization of present day day modalities in the management of carcinoma of the larynx.", "PMID": 1121224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7163", "title": "The enigma of post-radiation edema and recurrent or residual carcinoma of the larynx.", "content": "Persistence of significant edema of the larynx beyond six months after completion of radiotherapy presents the laryngologist with a diagnostic dilemma. Review of the results of 43 cases demonstrated a high incidence of residual or recurrent carcinoma. Based upon this experience earlier and frequent laryngeal biopsies are recommended for these cases.", "contents": "The enigma of post-radiation edema and recurrent or residual carcinoma of the larynx. Persistence of significant edema of the larynx beyond six months after completion of radiotherapy presents the laryngologist with a diagnostic dilemma. Review of the results of 43 cases demonstrated a high incidence of residual or recurrent carcinoma. Based upon this experience earlier and frequent laryngeal biopsies are recommended for these cases.", "PMID": 1121225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7164", "title": "The conservative management of the Negro nose.", "content": "The difficulties in obtaining an adequate result in the Negroid nose have been elucidated by other authors. Paucity of lobular cartilage; the flat dorsum; short columella; wide flaring nares; and skin that tends to keloid formation have led many surgeons to attempt radical surgical techniques to obtain rather limited results. To circumvent the complications in the more radical procedures, a more conservative concept of an entirely intranasal operation without external skin incisions is outlined. This technique consists of tip rotation andlobular cartilage trimming; the use of a non-absorbable basal bunching suture, and the placement of a dorsal implant without performing osteotomies. A comparison with other techniques is made, as well as surgical aims, limitations and a discussion of results. Pertinent illustrations and photographs are presented.", "contents": "The conservative management of the Negro nose. The difficulties in obtaining an adequate result in the Negroid nose have been elucidated by other authors. Paucity of lobular cartilage; the flat dorsum; short columella; wide flaring nares; and skin that tends to keloid formation have led many surgeons to attempt radical surgical techniques to obtain rather limited results. To circumvent the complications in the more radical procedures, a more conservative concept of an entirely intranasal operation without external skin incisions is outlined. This technique consists of tip rotation andlobular cartilage trimming; the use of a non-absorbable basal bunching suture, and the placement of a dorsal implant without performing osteotomies. A comparison with other techniques is made, as well as surgical aims, limitations and a discussion of results. Pertinent illustrations and photographs are presented.", "PMID": 1121227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7165", "title": "Description of a team approach to the rehabilitation of the laryngectomized speaker.", "content": "This article describes the multi-disciplinary approach to rehabilitation of the laryngectomee followed by the Michigan Cancer Foundation-Wayne State University Laryngectomee Clinic. The program serves a patient population in excess of 100 each year in a total rehabilitation paradigm. The rehabilitation effort centers around an intensive speech rehabilitation program encompassing as much as 10 hours of speech therapy per week. This effort is supplemented by a professional staff including a psychologist, social work staff, audiologist, public health nurse, vocational rehabilitation specialist, and atrained laryngectomized esophageal speech teacher. The contribution of each member of the team and the benefits of a unified approach are described.", "contents": "Description of a team approach to the rehabilitation of the laryngectomized speaker. This article describes the multi-disciplinary approach to rehabilitation of the laryngectomee followed by the Michigan Cancer Foundation-Wayne State University Laryngectomee Clinic. The program serves a patient population in excess of 100 each year in a total rehabilitation paradigm. The rehabilitation effort centers around an intensive speech rehabilitation program encompassing as much as 10 hours of speech therapy per week. This effort is supplemented by a professional staff including a psychologist, social work staff, audiologist, public health nurse, vocational rehabilitation specialist, and atrained laryngectomized esophageal speech teacher. The contribution of each member of the team and the benefits of a unified approach are described.", "PMID": 1121228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7166", "title": "The Pickwickian syndrome with hypertrophy of tonsils: a re-appraisal.", "content": "Pronounced tonsilar hypertrophy was found in two obese patients suffering from hypersomnolence, periodic attacks of apnea and disturbing snoring at night. Both patients underwent tonsillectomy. Immediately after the operation the hypersomnolence disappeared, the breathing became normal, and the disturbing snoring at night ceased. Follow-up over a period of three years did not reveal any recurrence of these symptoms, even though the patients had not lost any weight during this period.", "contents": "The Pickwickian syndrome with hypertrophy of tonsils: a re-appraisal. Pronounced tonsilar hypertrophy was found in two obese patients suffering from hypersomnolence, periodic attacks of apnea and disturbing snoring at night. Both patients underwent tonsillectomy. Immediately after the operation the hypersomnolence disappeared, the breathing became normal, and the disturbing snoring at night ceased. Follow-up over a period of three years did not reveal any recurrence of these symptoms, even though the patients had not lost any weight during this period.", "PMID": 1121229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7167", "title": "Truamatic ophthalmoplegia: a complication of fractures of the zygomaticomaxillary complex. Review of etiology with report of an unusual case.", "content": "Ocular muscle imbalance is a common complication in fractures of the zygomaticomaxillary complex. Involvement can be direct; caused by entrapment of either the muscle or tendon in the fracture; or indirect, produced by central or peripheral damage to the cranial nerves supplying the muscles, massive orbital edema or hemorrhage. A case of complete paralysis of the extraocular muscles caused by a critical reduction of the size of the orbit as a result of fracture of the zygomaticomaxillary complex is described.", "contents": "Truamatic ophthalmoplegia: a complication of fractures of the zygomaticomaxillary complex. Review of etiology with report of an unusual case. Ocular muscle imbalance is a common complication in fractures of the zygomaticomaxillary complex. Involvement can be direct; caused by entrapment of either the muscle or tendon in the fracture; or indirect, produced by central or peripheral damage to the cranial nerves supplying the muscles, massive orbital edema or hemorrhage. A case of complete paralysis of the extraocular muscles caused by a critical reduction of the size of the orbit as a result of fracture of the zygomaticomaxillary complex is described.", "PMID": 1121230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7168", "title": "Voice following radiotherapy.", "content": "This study was undertaken to provide information on the voice of patients following radiotherapy for glottic cancer. Part I presents findings from questionnaires returned by 227 of 235 patients successfully irradiated for glottic cancer from 1960 through 1971. Part II presents preliminary findings on the speaking fundamental frequencies of 22 irradiated patients. Normal to near-normal voice was reported by 83 percent of the 227 patients; however, 80 percent did indicate persisting vocal difficulties such as fatiguing of voice with much usage, inability to sing, reduced loudness, hoarse voice quality and inability to shout. Amount of talking during treatments appeared to affect length of time for voice to recover following treatments in those cases where it took from nine to 26 weeks; also, with increasing years since treatment, patients rated their voices more favorably. Smoking habits following treatments improved significantly with only 27 percent smoking heavily as compared with 65 percent prior to radiation therapy. No correlation was found between smoking (during or after treatments) and vocal ratings or between smoking and length of time for voice to recover. There was no relationship found between reported vocal ratings and stage of the disease. Data on mean speaking fundamental frequency seem to indicate a trend toward lower frequencies in irradiated patients as compared with normals. A trend was also noted in both irradidated and control groups for lower speaking fundamental frequencies in heavy smokers compared with non-smokers or previous smokers. These trends would indicate some vocal cord thickening or edema in irradiated patients and in heavy smokers. It is suggested that the study of irradiated patients' voices before, during and following treatments by means of audio, aerodynamic and acoustic instrumentation would yield additional information of diagnostic value on recovery of laryngeal function. It is also suggested that the voice pathologist could assist in evaluating and guiding patients in vocal usages during and following treatments.", "contents": "Voice following radiotherapy. This study was undertaken to provide information on the voice of patients following radiotherapy for glottic cancer. Part I presents findings from questionnaires returned by 227 of 235 patients successfully irradiated for glottic cancer from 1960 through 1971. Part II presents preliminary findings on the speaking fundamental frequencies of 22 irradiated patients. Normal to near-normal voice was reported by 83 percent of the 227 patients; however, 80 percent did indicate persisting vocal difficulties such as fatiguing of voice with much usage, inability to sing, reduced loudness, hoarse voice quality and inability to shout. Amount of talking during treatments appeared to affect length of time for voice to recover following treatments in those cases where it took from nine to 26 weeks; also, with increasing years since treatment, patients rated their voices more favorably. Smoking habits following treatments improved significantly with only 27 percent smoking heavily as compared with 65 percent prior to radiation therapy. No correlation was found between smoking (during or after treatments) and vocal ratings or between smoking and length of time for voice to recover. There was no relationship found between reported vocal ratings and stage of the disease. Data on mean speaking fundamental frequency seem to indicate a trend toward lower frequencies in irradiated patients as compared with normals. A trend was also noted in both irradidated and control groups for lower speaking fundamental frequencies in heavy smokers compared with non-smokers or previous smokers. These trends would indicate some vocal cord thickening or edema in irradiated patients and in heavy smokers. It is suggested that the study of irradiated patients' voices before, during and following treatments by means of audio, aerodynamic and acoustic instrumentation would yield additional information of diagnostic value on recovery of laryngeal function. It is also suggested that the voice pathologist could assist in evaluating and guiding patients in vocal usages during and following treatments.", "PMID": 1121231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7169", "title": "Voice problems following limited surgical excision.", "content": "The published literature contains relatively few references to vocal rehabilitation for persons with partial laryngectomy. Articles on various types of surgery indicate that many individuals develop satisfactory voice following limited surgery, particularly supraglottic procedures. An informal questionnaire completed by 10 larngologists who had had substantial experience with sub-total laryngectomy revealed that an average of 25 percent of their patients with laryngeal cancer receive partial laryngectomy. Lesions limited to the epiglottis, supraglottic areas or one vocal cord are regularly treated by limited excision. Half of the questionnaires indicated that partial laryngectomy can be used for bilateral vocal cord lesions under certain circumstances. The questionnaire confirmed the published reports that most of the subsequent voices were satisfactory or good and many recover without special vocal retraining. Non reported employment of partial laryngectomy for sub-glottal cancer. Hemilaryngectomy and cordectomy frequently resulted in some impairment of voice. Speech therapy is often recommended when possible. Therapy applicable to voice following partial laryngectomy combines five emphases: 1. strengthening glottic closure and loudness of the voice; 2. improving the efficiency of breath expenditure; 3. increasing the articulatory skill and intelligibility of speech; 4. recognizing and compensating for hearing loss; and 5. aiding the patient to reduce detrimental environmental influences and to adjust to his environmental requirements.", "contents": "Voice problems following limited surgical excision. The published literature contains relatively few references to vocal rehabilitation for persons with partial laryngectomy. Articles on various types of surgery indicate that many individuals develop satisfactory voice following limited surgery, particularly supraglottic procedures. An informal questionnaire completed by 10 larngologists who had had substantial experience with sub-total laryngectomy revealed that an average of 25 percent of their patients with laryngeal cancer receive partial laryngectomy. Lesions limited to the epiglottis, supraglottic areas or one vocal cord are regularly treated by limited excision. Half of the questionnaires indicated that partial laryngectomy can be used for bilateral vocal cord lesions under certain circumstances. The questionnaire confirmed the published reports that most of the subsequent voices were satisfactory or good and many recover without special vocal retraining. Non reported employment of partial laryngectomy for sub-glottal cancer. Hemilaryngectomy and cordectomy frequently resulted in some impairment of voice. Speech therapy is often recommended when possible. Therapy applicable to voice following partial laryngectomy combines five emphases: 1. strengthening glottic closure and loudness of the voice; 2. improving the efficiency of breath expenditure; 3. increasing the articulatory skill and intelligibility of speech; 4. recognizing and compensating for hearing loss; and 5. aiding the patient to reduce detrimental environmental influences and to adjust to his environmental requirements.", "PMID": 1121232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7170", "title": "Functional evaluation after partial resection in patients with carcinoma of the larynx.", "content": "This paper presents the results of conservative operations on patients with laryngeal carcinoma in the ENT Department of the University Hospital \"Dr. Mladen Stoianovi\u0107,\" Zagreb, Yugoslavia, during the last 20 years. The authors have evaluated the functional results after partial vertical and horizontal surgical interventions on the larynx and after the reconstruction of the larynx following these operations. Functional analysis of the voice was performed by stroboscopic, indirect microlaryngostroboscopic and sonagraphic examinations of the laryngeal function, as well as by the spirometric analysis of the respiratory potential of these patients, especially the degree of obstruction of the upper respiratory tract and changes on the cardiovascular system. Attention has been given likewise to the examination of the act of swallowing, especially after horizontal partial resections of the larynx. Radiography and radiocinematography was used for these examinations. Based on this research the authors have formulated new conceptions and opinions about the voice generator.", "contents": "Functional evaluation after partial resection in patients with carcinoma of the larynx. This paper presents the results of conservative operations on patients with laryngeal carcinoma in the ENT Department of the University Hospital \"Dr. Mladen Stoianovi\u0107,\" Zagreb, Yugoslavia, during the last 20 years. The authors have evaluated the functional results after partial vertical and horizontal surgical interventions on the larynx and after the reconstruction of the larynx following these operations. Functional analysis of the voice was performed by stroboscopic, indirect microlaryngostroboscopic and sonagraphic examinations of the laryngeal function, as well as by the spirometric analysis of the respiratory potential of these patients, especially the degree of obstruction of the upper respiratory tract and changes on the cardiovascular system. Attention has been given likewise to the examination of the act of swallowing, especially after horizontal partial resections of the larynx. Radiography and radiocinematography was used for these examinations. Based on this research the authors have formulated new conceptions and opinions about the voice generator.", "PMID": 1121233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7171", "title": "Some scientific foundations for voice restoration.", "content": "Laryngeal cancer, though not high in incidence, may have a devastating effect on the affected individuals' total adjustment. Esophageal speech, while a desirable form of substitute speech, cannot be learned by all, thus requiring a re-evaluation of the artificial larynx and consideration of such special operations as that of Dr. Ryoso Asai. The acoustical characteristics and deficiencies of all pseudo voices are stated and discussed. The female voice is generally identified as such. Methods for the prognosis of learning speech include a systemic questionnaire for pre-evaluation which was based on behavior patterns of the laryngectomee.", "contents": "Some scientific foundations for voice restoration. Laryngeal cancer, though not high in incidence, may have a devastating effect on the affected individuals' total adjustment. Esophageal speech, while a desirable form of substitute speech, cannot be learned by all, thus requiring a re-evaluation of the artificial larynx and consideration of such special operations as that of Dr. Ryoso Asai. The acoustical characteristics and deficiencies of all pseudo voices are stated and discussed. The female voice is generally identified as such. Methods for the prognosis of learning speech include a systemic questionnaire for pre-evaluation which was based on behavior patterns of the laryngectomee.", "PMID": 1121234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7172", "title": "Restoration of voice after laryngeal surgeries.", "content": "Some aspects of speech deficiency in Japanese-speaking patients who had undergone surgeries for laryngeal malignancy were studied. Surgical procedures included reconstructive surgeries after total laryngectomy and conservation surgeries. A series of listener-judgments and some acoustic analyses of speech were made. The recorded voices of the patients were more or less hoarse. The median speaking pitch varied greatly from patient to patient, and often assumed an unusual value. The average articulation score for five Japanese vowels was computed for each subject. The score varied from patient to patient, and was thought to be useful in quantitatively evaluating speech quality. It was shown that certain glottal consonants such as /h/ can be affected by laryngeal surgeries. It was emphasized that the larynx should be regarded not only as a generator or a vibrator, but also as an articulator which produces consonants. The listening tests also revealed that the intonation pattern of Japanese two-syllable nouns can be influenced by laryngeal surgeries, and that distinction among certain words may become impossible as a result. This type of speech problem may require serious consideration in some language environments.", "contents": "Restoration of voice after laryngeal surgeries. Some aspects of speech deficiency in Japanese-speaking patients who had undergone surgeries for laryngeal malignancy were studied. Surgical procedures included reconstructive surgeries after total laryngectomy and conservation surgeries. A series of listener-judgments and some acoustic analyses of speech were made. The recorded voices of the patients were more or less hoarse. The median speaking pitch varied greatly from patient to patient, and often assumed an unusual value. The average articulation score for five Japanese vowels was computed for each subject. The score varied from patient to patient, and was thought to be useful in quantitatively evaluating speech quality. It was shown that certain glottal consonants such as /h/ can be affected by laryngeal surgeries. It was emphasized that the larynx should be regarded not only as a generator or a vibrator, but also as an articulator which produces consonants. The listening tests also revealed that the intonation pattern of Japanese two-syllable nouns can be influenced by laryngeal surgeries, and that distinction among certain words may become impossible as a result. This type of speech problem may require serious consideration in some language environments.", "PMID": 1121235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7173", "title": "Fiber-optic video study of the post-laryngectomized voice.", "content": "Simultaneous video-fluoroscopy and fiber-optic video laryngoscopy was carried out on a series of eight laryngectomees. Previous concepts supported by an earlier report1 indicated that the folds of the rebuilt cricopharyngeal sphincter were seen to represent the primary source of sound vibration for voice production. Fold vibration was envisioned as an essential for sound production. Present findings present a challenge to the older concept. The fluoroscopic studies showed a considerable variation in the vertical thickness of the sphincteric area--from several millimeters to as many as 10 centimeters. Mucus bubbles in rapid motion were easily visible immediately above the narrowest portion of the reconstructed cervical esophagus. Ingestion of barium only enhanced the visualization of this bubbling. Vibration of a long vertical area of the thin anterior and thicker posterior esophageal walls well above and well below this point was regularly noted. Fiber-optic visualization failed to show actual fold vibration at any time. Momentary opening of the food tract during air injection or intake, immediately prior to the onset of phonation, was seen on many occasions. During phonation, routinely, the anticipated pseudoglottic opening was obscured by bubbles of mucus or barium. These findings suggest that the air, when accumulated below the narrowest spot in the hypopharyngeal-esophageal tract and when forced upward through a narrow opening, sets the accumulated mucus, not the mucous membrane, into vibration; further, that this vibration is of sufficient amplitude to transmit itself to both the anterior wall and the posterior wall of an extensive vertical portion of the neck.", "contents": "Fiber-optic video study of the post-laryngectomized voice. Simultaneous video-fluoroscopy and fiber-optic video laryngoscopy was carried out on a series of eight laryngectomees. Previous concepts supported by an earlier report1 indicated that the folds of the rebuilt cricopharyngeal sphincter were seen to represent the primary source of sound vibration for voice production. Fold vibration was envisioned as an essential for sound production. Present findings present a challenge to the older concept. The fluoroscopic studies showed a considerable variation in the vertical thickness of the sphincteric area--from several millimeters to as many as 10 centimeters. Mucus bubbles in rapid motion were easily visible immediately above the narrowest portion of the reconstructed cervical esophagus. Ingestion of barium only enhanced the visualization of this bubbling. Vibration of a long vertical area of the thin anterior and thicker posterior esophageal walls well above and well below this point was regularly noted. Fiber-optic visualization failed to show actual fold vibration at any time. Momentary opening of the food tract during air injection or intake, immediately prior to the onset of phonation, was seen on many occasions. During phonation, routinely, the anticipated pseudoglottic opening was obscured by bubbles of mucus or barium. These findings suggest that the air, when accumulated below the narrowest spot in the hypopharyngeal-esophageal tract and when forced upward through a narrow opening, sets the accumulated mucus, not the mucous membrane, into vibration; further, that this vibration is of sufficient amplitude to transmit itself to both the anterior wall and the posterior wall of an extensive vertical portion of the neck.", "PMID": 1121236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7174", "title": "Laryngeal microcirculation and pathways of cancer spread.", "content": "The microcirculation of the human larynx was studied in cleared anatomic specimens.  The distribution of the endolaryngeal blood supply was constant enough to permit naming of the subdivisions of the superior and inferior laryngeal arteries. There was a remarkable correlation between arteriolar and capillary distribution and the laryngeal routes of cancer spread within the larynx. Compartmentalization of the larynx was not apparent. The paraglottic space was filled with blood vessels.", "contents": "Laryngeal microcirculation and pathways of cancer spread. The microcirculation of the human larynx was studied in cleared anatomic specimens.  The distribution of the endolaryngeal blood supply was constant enough to permit naming of the subdivisions of the superior and inferior laryngeal arteries. There was a remarkable correlation between arteriolar and capillary distribution and the laryngeal routes of cancer spread within the larynx. Compartmentalization of the larynx was not apparent. The paraglottic space was filled with blood vessels.", "PMID": 1121239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7175", "title": "The vascular supply of the cervical skin with reference to incision planning.", "content": "Wound breakdown, especially following preoperative radiotherapy, is a complication following neck surgery. The anatomy of the blood supply of the neck skin, which is an important factor in neck incision planning, was determined by silicone rubber injection studies. Some of the more common incisions interrupt the cervical blood supply, which descends from the facial and occipital arteries and ascends from the transverse cervical and suprascapular arteries, and this is discussed in relation to wound breakdown.", "contents": "The vascular supply of the cervical skin with reference to incision planning. Wound breakdown, especially following preoperative radiotherapy, is a complication following neck surgery. The anatomy of the blood supply of the neck skin, which is an important factor in neck incision planning, was determined by silicone rubber injection studies. Some of the more common incisions interrupt the cervical blood supply, which descends from the facial and occipital arteries and ascends from the transverse cervical and suprascapular arteries, and this is discussed in relation to wound breakdown.", "PMID": 1121240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7176", "title": "Use of thermography to evaluate the optimum time for surgery after preoperative radiation.", "content": "At the University of Virginia Hospital, patients undergoing preoperative irradiation for carcinoma in the head and neck region are usually scheduled for surgery four to six weeks after completion of therapy. Since preoperative irradiation produces no significant difference in the operative difficulty or postoperative morbidity, it is assumed that the vascularity of the area has returned to the pre-treatemtn level. Thermography is being used to quantitatively gauge the amount of vascularity and thus, help predict the optimum time for surgery. Thermography is obtained at two-week intervals after a pre-treatment baseline and is carried out for eight weeks after completion of therapy. During therapy the vascularity as determined by thermography is noted to increase to a maximum at approximately three to four weeks or 3 to 4,000 rads. Following completion of treatment, the vascularity subsides gradually and returns to the pre-treatment level at four to six weeks after completion of therapy.", "contents": "Use of thermography to evaluate the optimum time for surgery after preoperative radiation. At the University of Virginia Hospital, patients undergoing preoperative irradiation for carcinoma in the head and neck region are usually scheduled for surgery four to six weeks after completion of therapy. Since preoperative irradiation produces no significant difference in the operative difficulty or postoperative morbidity, it is assumed that the vascularity of the area has returned to the pre-treatemtn level. Thermography is being used to quantitatively gauge the amount of vascularity and thus, help predict the optimum time for surgery. Thermography is obtained at two-week intervals after a pre-treatment baseline and is carried out for eight weeks after completion of therapy. During therapy the vascularity as determined by thermography is noted to increase to a maximum at approximately three to four weeks or 3 to 4,000 rads. Following completion of treatment, the vascularity subsides gradually and returns to the pre-treatment level at four to six weeks after completion of therapy.", "PMID": 1121241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7177", "title": "The bifid uvula in ear, nose and throat practice.", "content": "Out of 2,000 consecutive ear, nose and throat patients, 44 were found with bifid uvulas. Five of the cleft uvulas were associated with submucous cleft palate, and eight were associated with short palates; however, dyslalia was evident in only one case. Compensation for the wide palato-pharyngeal space can occur by hyperplasia of the nasopharyngeal tonsil and hypertrophy and increased mobility of the pharyngeal constrictors and Passavant's ridge. On the other hand, otologic manifestations were complained of in 13 cases. The asymptomatic cases were examined under magnification and audiometrically and a further three cases were, then, diagnosed as secretory otitis media. Hypoplasia of the tensor palati is the probable explanation of otologic manifestations in bifid uvula.", "contents": "The bifid uvula in ear, nose and throat practice. Out of 2,000 consecutive ear, nose and throat patients, 44 were found with bifid uvulas. Five of the cleft uvulas were associated with submucous cleft palate, and eight were associated with short palates; however, dyslalia was evident in only one case. Compensation for the wide palato-pharyngeal space can occur by hyperplasia of the nasopharyngeal tonsil and hypertrophy and increased mobility of the pharyngeal constrictors and Passavant's ridge. On the other hand, otologic manifestations were complained of in 13 cases. The asymptomatic cases were examined under magnification and audiometrically and a further three cases were, then, diagnosed as secretory otitis media. Hypoplasia of the tensor palati is the probable explanation of otologic manifestations in bifid uvula.", "PMID": 1121242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7178", "title": "Allergic secretory otitis media: an approach to management.", "content": "An allergic etiology should always be suspected in those children having recurrent secretory otitis media. These children often have a seasonal recurrence of middle ear effusion, a history of allergic disease in infancy or early childhood, and a family history of allergy. An approach to allergic management is presented. Inhalants are tested by the serial dilution titration technique and treated at optimum dose levels. Several food tests are used to detect offending foods. They are used in progressive fashion which utilized each technique to best advantage. Fifty allergic children with recurrent secretory otitis media, despite conventional surgical therapy, were treated for inhalant and food allergy for one year. There was a significant reduction in the recurrence of secretory otitis media and need for myringotomy.", "contents": "Allergic secretory otitis media: an approach to management. An allergic etiology should always be suspected in those children having recurrent secretory otitis media. These children often have a seasonal recurrence of middle ear effusion, a history of allergic disease in infancy or early childhood, and a family history of allergy. An approach to allergic management is presented. Inhalants are tested by the serial dilution titration technique and treated at optimum dose levels. Several food tests are used to detect offending foods. They are used in progressive fashion which utilized each technique to best advantage. Fifty allergic children with recurrent secretory otitis media, despite conventional surgical therapy, were treated for inhalant and food allergy for one year. There was a significant reduction in the recurrence of secretory otitis media and need for myringotomy.", "PMID": 1121243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7179", "title": "[Drug use leading to death (author's transl)].", "content": "23 cases are demonstrated, in which the connection between drug use and sudden death is to be accepted. The victims are only males and juveniles. It is demonstrated by the cases reported, that upon the sudden death of a juvenile increased consideration must also be given to a possible connection between death and drug use. First and foremost the drug used is susceptible of leading to death by way of an intoxication due to too large a dosage or owing to oversensitiveness. Far advanced putrefaction, the combined effects of several drugs including alcohol, the difficulty in furnishing chemical proof of the presence of hashish and LSD in body-fluids and organs can make it nearly impossible to clarify the cause of death. Only what has been related in respect of the manner of living and drug use by members of the family, mates and friends makes the connection between death and drug use appear quite likely. The indirect connection between drug use and the juvenile's death is to be accepted if it comes to the accident under the influence of drugs - be it under the impression of invulnerability or omnipotence or in a state of hallucinations. Depressions under the influence of drugs are also susceptible of resulting in real suicidal actions. In case of inexplicable accidents or entirely unexpected suicide drug effects must, therefore, nowadays be thought of.", "contents": "[Drug use leading to death (author's transl)]. 23 cases are demonstrated, in which the connection between drug use and sudden death is to be accepted. The victims are only males and juveniles. It is demonstrated by the cases reported, that upon the sudden death of a juvenile increased consideration must also be given to a possible connection between death and drug use. First and foremost the drug used is susceptible of leading to death by way of an intoxication due to too large a dosage or owing to oversensitiveness. Far advanced putrefaction, the combined effects of several drugs including alcohol, the difficulty in furnishing chemical proof of the presence of hashish and LSD in body-fluids and organs can make it nearly impossible to clarify the cause of death. Only what has been related in respect of the manner of living and drug use by members of the family, mates and friends makes the connection between death and drug use appear quite likely. The indirect connection between drug use and the juvenile's death is to be accepted if it comes to the accident under the influence of drugs - be it under the impression of invulnerability or omnipotence or in a state of hallucinations. Depressions under the influence of drugs are also susceptible of resulting in real suicidal actions. In case of inexplicable accidents or entirely unexpected suicide drug effects must, therefore, nowadays be thought of.", "PMID": 1121298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7180", "title": "[Syndrome of Touraine, Solente and Gol\u00e9: report of two cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Report of two patients with pachydermia, clubbing of the fingers and hyperostosis. This clinical syndrome corresponds to the pachydermal periostosis. Etiologic factors, clinical and radiologic symptoms, differential diagnosis, histological alterations, prognosis and therapy are discussed.", "contents": "[Syndrome of Touraine, Solente and Gol\u00e9: report of two cases (author's transl)]. Report of two patients with pachydermia, clubbing of the fingers and hyperostosis. This clinical syndrome corresponds to the pachydermal periostosis. Etiologic factors, clinical and radiologic symptoms, differential diagnosis, histological alterations, prognosis and therapy are discussed.", "PMID": 1121299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7181", "title": "[The pycnodysostosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Two own observations of pycnodysostosis initiated our description of this disease. Inherited as an autosomal recessive trait the syndrome is characterized by a medium degree generalized osteosclerosis, open craniial sutures and fontanels until adult lige, hypoplastic mandibles with deficiency of the angle, prominence of the forehead and occiput, hypoplasia of the paranasal sinuses, commonly observed dysproportionate dwarfism, acro-osteolysis and increased bone fragility. Contrary to osteopetrosis the prognosis is good.", "contents": "[The pycnodysostosis (author's transl)]. Two own observations of pycnodysostosis initiated our description of this disease. Inherited as an autosomal recessive trait the syndrome is characterized by a medium degree generalized osteosclerosis, open craniial sutures and fontanels until adult lige, hypoplastic mandibles with deficiency of the angle, prominence of the forehead and occiput, hypoplasia of the paranasal sinuses, commonly observed dysproportionate dwarfism, acro-osteolysis and increased bone fragility. Contrary to osteopetrosis the prognosis is good.", "PMID": 1121304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7182", "title": "[Trichotillomania as a phenomenon of unexplained loss of hair in childhood (author's transl)].", "content": "As a contribution to the differential diagnosis of ambiguoug \"loss of hair\" we forward a report on 24 children and 2 adolescents with trichotillomania. Patients with this pathological habit tear out hair from their own head -- sometimes eyelashes or eyebrows as well -- mostly in unobserved moments. Therefore the diagnosis is frequently delayed for months or even years. Most of these patients have normal intelligence are motorically overactive, and sensitive. They suffer from a lack of selfne assurance, and an inhibition to establish initial social contacts or to give expression to their aggressive tendencies. The manipulation of their own body serves as an outlet for the inner and outer strain resulting form the pressures of a permanent conflict-situation. The calming effect, combined with the apparently highly satisfying physical experience, induced repetition and the development of a fixed habit. In early childhood the factors contributing to the emotional strain are almost always found in a conflicting mother-child relationship, very often against the background of a general deficiency in family interaction. Moreover at school level the symptom occurs most frequently as a result of pressure on the child to achieve more. Trichotillomania has to be considered in children with focal or diffuse alopecia in areas of normal scalp, where almost no hair is lost by combing or gentle pulling. The trichogram gives specific results. Diagnosis must be based on a behaviour analysis and psychodiagnosis of the child. In addition, personal interactions within the family must be investigated. The first goal of therapy is the elimination of the emediate causes through counselling the parents. The improvement of the child's ability to communicate is essential. Depending on the age of the child the approach to the treatment of the social disturbances through psychotherapy or medical pedagogy should be combined with a symptom--centered treatment through behaviour therapeutical techniques with the aim of eliminating this fixed habit.", "contents": "[Trichotillomania as a phenomenon of unexplained loss of hair in childhood (author's transl)]. As a contribution to the differential diagnosis of ambiguoug \"loss of hair\" we forward a report on 24 children and 2 adolescents with trichotillomania. Patients with this pathological habit tear out hair from their own head -- sometimes eyelashes or eyebrows as well -- mostly in unobserved moments. Therefore the diagnosis is frequently delayed for months or even years. Most of these patients have normal intelligence are motorically overactive, and sensitive. They suffer from a lack of selfne assurance, and an inhibition to establish initial social contacts or to give expression to their aggressive tendencies. The manipulation of their own body serves as an outlet for the inner and outer strain resulting form the pressures of a permanent conflict-situation. The calming effect, combined with the apparently highly satisfying physical experience, induced repetition and the development of a fixed habit. In early childhood the factors contributing to the emotional strain are almost always found in a conflicting mother-child relationship, very often against the background of a general deficiency in family interaction. Moreover at school level the symptom occurs most frequently as a result of pressure on the child to achieve more. Trichotillomania has to be considered in children with focal or diffuse alopecia in areas of normal scalp, where almost no hair is lost by combing or gentle pulling. The trichogram gives specific results. Diagnosis must be based on a behaviour analysis and psychodiagnosis of the child. In addition, personal interactions within the family must be investigated. The first goal of therapy is the elimination of the emediate causes through counselling the parents. The improvement of the child's ability to communicate is essential. Depending on the age of the child the approach to the treatment of the social disturbances through psychotherapy or medical pedagogy should be combined with a symptom--centered treatment through behaviour therapeutical techniques with the aim of eliminating this fixed habit.", "PMID": 1121305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7183", "title": "[A further example of chromosome 18q-associated with IgA deficiency in serum and saliva (author's transl)].", "content": "In a 3 1/2 years old boy with congenital malformations, statomotoric and mental retardation and immunological defects the chromosomal aberation 46,XY, 18q- was found. The result of the G-band analysis was 46,XY, del (18) (pter yields q11::q21 leads q ter) or 46,XY, del (18) (pter leads q21). The structural genes for the systems Gm, PGM-1 and HL-A presumably are not localized on the deleted chromosomal segment.", "contents": "[A further example of chromosome 18q-associated with IgA deficiency in serum and saliva (author's transl)]. In a 3 1/2 years old boy with congenital malformations, statomotoric and mental retardation and immunological defects the chromosomal aberation 46,XY, 18q- was found. The result of the G-band analysis was 46,XY, del (18) (pter yields q11::q21 leads q ter) or 46,XY, del (18) (pter leads q21). The structural genes for the systems Gm, PGM-1 and HL-A presumably are not localized on the deleted chromosomal segment.", "PMID": 1121306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7184", "title": "[Minimal brain dysfunction and social class (author's transl)].", "content": "The dependence of early occuring minimal brain dysfunction on the standard of living was tested. 1355 6-15 year old patients with psychosomatic and psychiatric disorders were examined and divided into the 3 groups: \"no brain dysfunction\", \"suspected brain dysfunction\" and \"brain dysfunction\" (diagnosed medically). A highly significant correlation between brain dysfunction and a low socio-economic status--evaluated in terms of living conditions and the fathers occupation--was found. A similar dependence of both, early mortality and morbidity on the living standard of different groups of the population is described in the literature.", "contents": "[Minimal brain dysfunction and social class (author's transl)]. The dependence of early occuring minimal brain dysfunction on the standard of living was tested. 1355 6-15 year old patients with psychosomatic and psychiatric disorders were examined and divided into the 3 groups: \"no brain dysfunction\", \"suspected brain dysfunction\" and \"brain dysfunction\" (diagnosed medically). A highly significant correlation between brain dysfunction and a low socio-economic status--evaluated in terms of living conditions and the fathers occupation--was found. A similar dependence of both, early mortality and morbidity on the living standard of different groups of the population is described in the literature.", "PMID": 1121307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7185", "title": "[Subacute necrotizing encephalomyelopathy (Leigh's disease) (author's transl)].", "content": "The characteristic neuropathological features of subacute necrotizing encephalomyelopathy (Leigh), their histology and distribution are described. Clinical findings are unspecific. Impairment of feeding. vomitus, respiratory abnormality, retardation of psychomotor development, familial incidence and onset in early childhood are prominent symptoms. Atactic and athetoid movements, optic atrophy, oculomotor abnormalities are observed in most cases. An enzyme inhibitor excreted in the urine seems to be related to an inborn error of thiamine dependent metabolism in brain tissue. Treatment with thiamine derivatives may have a beneficial effect on the clinical course.", "contents": "[Subacute necrotizing encephalomyelopathy (Leigh's disease) (author's transl)]. The characteristic neuropathological features of subacute necrotizing encephalomyelopathy (Leigh), their histology and distribution are described. Clinical findings are unspecific. Impairment of feeding. vomitus, respiratory abnormality, retardation of psychomotor development, familial incidence and onset in early childhood are prominent symptoms. Atactic and athetoid movements, optic atrophy, oculomotor abnormalities are observed in most cases. An enzyme inhibitor excreted in the urine seems to be related to an inborn error of thiamine dependent metabolism in brain tissue. Treatment with thiamine derivatives may have a beneficial effect on the clinical course.", "PMID": 1121308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7186", "title": "[Ollier's disease in a dizygotic twin (author's transl)].", "content": "Bone alterations in Ollier's disease are mainly unilateral. The etiology and pathogenesis are still unknown. Hereditary factors probably do not play any rolle in this disease. The authors discribe Ollier's disease in a maly dizygotic twin. Investigations of the family members do not discover any hereditary factors.", "contents": "[Ollier's disease in a dizygotic twin (author's transl)]. Bone alterations in Ollier's disease are mainly unilateral. The etiology and pathogenesis are still unknown. Hereditary factors probably do not play any rolle in this disease. The authors discribe Ollier's disease in a maly dizygotic twin. Investigations of the family members do not discover any hereditary factors.", "PMID": 1121309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7187", "title": "The effect of higher structures of macromolecules on the genetic consequences of the action of mutagens.", "content": "An explanation of some discrepancies between the known chemical data and the genetic consequences of chemical mutagenesis is proposed, based on the functional role of the higher structure of macromolecules. In a single-stranded DNA- or RNA- containing genome, some primary (induced) point mutations, even if not manifested phenotypically, can result in local disturbances of the double-helical regions. Secondary (spontaneous) mutations at the complementary site of a polynucleotide can restore the higher structure. If a certain higher structure is more significant as a selection factor than the base substitution, the secondary, phenotypically detectable, mutants can accumulate during reproduction of a mutangenized phage. The higher structure of some nucleoprotein complexes and proteins could also serve as a selection factor causing accumulation of secondary mutants.", "contents": "The effect of higher structures of macromolecules on the genetic consequences of the action of mutagens. An explanation of some discrepancies between the known chemical data and the genetic consequences of chemical mutagenesis is proposed, based on the functional role of the higher structure of macromolecules. In a single-stranded DNA- or RNA- containing genome, some primary (induced) point mutations, even if not manifested phenotypically, can result in local disturbances of the double-helical regions. Secondary (spontaneous) mutations at the complementary site of a polynucleotide can restore the higher structure. If a certain higher structure is more significant as a selection factor than the base substitution, the secondary, phenotypically detectable, mutants can accumulate during reproduction of a mutangenized phage. The higher structure of some nucleoprotein complexes and proteins could also serve as a selection factor causing accumulation of secondary mutants.", "PMID": 1121310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7188", "title": "Chromosome aberrations in human lymphocytes after irradiation with 15.0-MeV neutrons in vitro. I. Dose-response relation and RBE.", "content": "Human peripheral lymphocytes were irradiated with different doses of 15.0-MeV neutrons. The frequency of different aberration types was determined and the dose-response relation was calculated. The data were fitted by least-squares regression analysis to different models. The dicentric, dicentric plus centric ring, and different acentric data gave the best fit to the linear quadratic model. The RBE of 15.0-MeV neutrons versus 220 kV X-rays decreased significantly with increasing dose.", "contents": "Chromosome aberrations in human lymphocytes after irradiation with 15.0-MeV neutrons in vitro. I. Dose-response relation and RBE. Human peripheral lymphocytes were irradiated with different doses of 15.0-MeV neutrons. The frequency of different aberration types was determined and the dose-response relation was calculated. The data were fitted by least-squares regression analysis to different models. The dicentric, dicentric plus centric ring, and different acentric data gave the best fit to the linear quadratic model. The RBE of 15.0-MeV neutrons versus 220 kV X-rays decreased significantly with increasing dose.", "PMID": 1121311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7189", "title": "Chromosome aberrations in human lymphocytes after irradiation with 15.0-MeV neutrons in vitro. II. Analysis of the number of absorption events and the interaction distance in the formation of dicentric chromosomes.", "content": "The rejoining distance for the formation of dicentric chromosomes in human lymphocytes after irradiation with 15.0-MeV neutrons has been derived on the basis of microdosimetric concepts. For the formation of a dicentric chromosome, primary lesions produced by absorption events can interact within the nucleus over a distance of at least I.8 mum. The mean number of absorption events within this range is lower than for sparsely ionizing radiation. The intercellular distribution of dicentric chromosomes is consistent with a negative binomial distribution.", "contents": "Chromosome aberrations in human lymphocytes after irradiation with 15.0-MeV neutrons in vitro. II. Analysis of the number of absorption events and the interaction distance in the formation of dicentric chromosomes. The rejoining distance for the formation of dicentric chromosomes in human lymphocytes after irradiation with 15.0-MeV neutrons has been derived on the basis of microdosimetric concepts. For the formation of a dicentric chromosome, primary lesions produced by absorption events can interact within the nucleus over a distance of at least I.8 mum. The mean number of absorption events within this range is lower than for sparsely ionizing radiation. The intercellular distribution of dicentric chromosomes is consistent with a negative binomial distribution.", "PMID": 1121312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7190", "title": "Effects of p-fluorophenylalanine on the induction of mutations in bacteriophage T4. II. Nitrous acid mutagenesis.", "content": "The effects of rho-fluorophenyalanine (PFPA), an analogue of phenylalanine (PHE), on the potency and the specificity of nitrous acid (NA) mutagenesis in the gamma system of bacteriophage T4 were measured. (a) Forward mutation. THE frequencies of NA-induced gamma mutants were approximately doubled when mutagenized phage infected E. coli B in the presence of the analogue compared to controls where PHE was substituted for PFPA, or where no amino acid was added. The spontaneous forward mutation frequency was not affected by the analogue, nor was the specificity of the NA mutagenesis. (b) Reverse mutation. The frequency of spontaneous and NA-induced reversion of an gammaII transition mutant was unaffected by PFPA if the phage were plated direct on the restrictive growth in the presence of PFPA the induced reversion frequency was increased about 3-fold compared to the control.", "contents": "Effects of p-fluorophenylalanine on the induction of mutations in bacteriophage T4. II. Nitrous acid mutagenesis. The effects of rho-fluorophenyalanine (PFPA), an analogue of phenylalanine (PHE), on the potency and the specificity of nitrous acid (NA) mutagenesis in the gamma system of bacteriophage T4 were measured. (a) Forward mutation. THE frequencies of NA-induced gamma mutants were approximately doubled when mutagenized phage infected E. coli B in the presence of the analogue compared to controls where PHE was substituted for PFPA, or where no amino acid was added. The spontaneous forward mutation frequency was not affected by the analogue, nor was the specificity of the NA mutagenesis. (b) Reverse mutation. The frequency of spontaneous and NA-induced reversion of an gammaII transition mutant was unaffected by PFPA if the phage were plated direct on the restrictive growth in the presence of PFPA the induced reversion frequency was increased about 3-fold compared to the control.", "PMID": 1121316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7191", "title": "Development of an attenuated strain for Japanese encephalitis live virus vaccine for porcine use.", "content": "To develop Japanese encephalitis live virus vaccine for the prevention of stillbirth in swine, an attempt was made to produce an attenuated virus. Primary bovine kidney cell culture was used to carry out serial passages of a field strain at 30 degrees C for a long time. During these passages cloning was repeated with the character of reproductive capacity at given temperature (rct) and plaque sizes as markers. As a result, an attenuated S- strain was produced successfully. It was rct/37- and rct/40- and formed small-sized plaques. In this strain a marked attenuation was seen in peripheral infectivity to suckling mice and in intracerebral infectivity to adult mice. When inoculated with this strain, newborn piglets manifested no abnormal clinical signs or pathological changes of the brain tissue at all. A minute amount of virus was rarely recovered from some lymph nodes and blood. Little virus was recovered from various organs. No viremia was detected from any piglet more than one month of age inoculated with recovered virus. No infection of the placenta or fetus was recognized in any pregnant sow inoculated with recovered virus. Inoculated sows gave birth to normal young. Furthermore, when mosquitoes of Culex tritaeniorhynchus summorosus were allowed to suck infected blood by the membrane feeding technique, the virus recovered from them showed an infectivity more reduced than the field strain. From these results, it was presumed that the S- strain might be safe enough to be used as live virus vaccine for swine.", "contents": "Development of an attenuated strain for Japanese encephalitis live virus vaccine for porcine use. To develop Japanese encephalitis live virus vaccine for the prevention of stillbirth in swine, an attempt was made to produce an attenuated virus. Primary bovine kidney cell culture was used to carry out serial passages of a field strain at 30 degrees C for a long time. During these passages cloning was repeated with the character of reproductive capacity at given temperature (rct) and plaque sizes as markers. As a result, an attenuated S- strain was produced successfully. It was rct/37- and rct/40- and formed small-sized plaques. In this strain a marked attenuation was seen in peripheral infectivity to suckling mice and in intracerebral infectivity to adult mice. When inoculated with this strain, newborn piglets manifested no abnormal clinical signs or pathological changes of the brain tissue at all. A minute amount of virus was rarely recovered from some lymph nodes and blood. Little virus was recovered from various organs. No viremia was detected from any piglet more than one month of age inoculated with recovered virus. No infection of the placenta or fetus was recognized in any pregnant sow inoculated with recovered virus. Inoculated sows gave birth to normal young. Furthermore, when mosquitoes of Culex tritaeniorhynchus summorosus were allowed to suck infected blood by the membrane feeding technique, the virus recovered from them showed an infectivity more reduced than the field strain. From these results, it was presumed that the S- strain might be safe enough to be used as live virus vaccine for swine.", "PMID": 1121330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7192", "title": "Histopathological changes of the brain in swine fetuses naturally infected with procine parvovirus.", "content": "During a period from 1971 to 1972, some cases of stillbirth and abortion associated with porcine parvovirus infection were recognized in swine herds in Japan. The brain was examined histopathologically in five stillborn piglets and four dead fetuses from which the parvoviruses had been isolated. Similar histological changes were observed in all the piglets and fetuses, except one piglet which was free from recognizable lesions. The brain lesions were considered to belong to the category of meningoencephalitis consisting of perivascular cuffing of proliferating adventitial cells and a few plasma cells. They were localized in the cerebral gray and white matter and leptomeninges, but not in the cerebellum. These histological lesions were thought to be pathognomonic to porcine parvovirus infection. The difference in brain lesions between porcine parvovirus infection and Japanese encephalitis virus infection was discussed.", "contents": "Histopathological changes of the brain in swine fetuses naturally infected with procine parvovirus. During a period from 1971 to 1972, some cases of stillbirth and abortion associated with porcine parvovirus infection were recognized in swine herds in Japan. The brain was examined histopathologically in five stillborn piglets and four dead fetuses from which the parvoviruses had been isolated. Similar histological changes were observed in all the piglets and fetuses, except one piglet which was free from recognizable lesions. The brain lesions were considered to belong to the category of meningoencephalitis consisting of perivascular cuffing of proliferating adventitial cells and a few plasma cells. They were localized in the cerebral gray and white matter and leptomeninges, but not in the cerebellum. These histological lesions were thought to be pathognomonic to porcine parvovirus infection. The difference in brain lesions between porcine parvovirus infection and Japanese encephalitis virus infection was discussed.", "PMID": 1121331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7193", "title": "Effects of diethylstilbestrol and testosterone propionate implanted in the hypothalamus on spermatogenesis in rats.", "content": "Small quantities of diethylstilbestrol and testosterone proprionate were implanted into the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus of male rats of the Wistar-Imamichi strain at 43 days of age. The animals were sacrificed at 64 or 76 days of age. Diethylstilbestrol suppressed the development of all genital organs and disturbed spermatogenesis. The damage was found to have recovered slightly in rats sacrificed at 76 days of age. Testosterone propionate was also effective for the atrophy of some genital organs. Its influence was not so severe as that of diethylstilbestrol. It extinguished almost completely 33 days after implantation. On the contrary, the numbers of spermatogonia and spermatocytes per cross section of the seminiferous tubule were smaller at 76 days than at 64 days of age. The diameter of the seminiferous tubule in the rat implanted with testosterone propionate was longer at 76 days than at 64 days of age. Therefore, the tubular diameter did not always represent the quantity or quality of spermatogenesis. The results also suggested that spermatogenesis might have been disturbed in some of the rats in which androgen was considered to be secreted almost normally.", "contents": "Effects of diethylstilbestrol and testosterone propionate implanted in the hypothalamus on spermatogenesis in rats. Small quantities of diethylstilbestrol and testosterone proprionate were implanted into the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus of male rats of the Wistar-Imamichi strain at 43 days of age. The animals were sacrificed at 64 or 76 days of age. Diethylstilbestrol suppressed the development of all genital organs and disturbed spermatogenesis. The damage was found to have recovered slightly in rats sacrificed at 76 days of age. Testosterone propionate was also effective for the atrophy of some genital organs. Its influence was not so severe as that of diethylstilbestrol. It extinguished almost completely 33 days after implantation. On the contrary, the numbers of spermatogonia and spermatocytes per cross section of the seminiferous tubule were smaller at 76 days than at 64 days of age. The diameter of the seminiferous tubule in the rat implanted with testosterone propionate was longer at 76 days than at 64 days of age. Therefore, the tubular diameter did not always represent the quantity or quality of spermatogenesis. The results also suggested that spermatogenesis might have been disturbed in some of the rats in which androgen was considered to be secreted almost normally.", "PMID": 1121332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7194", "title": "Changes of adrenal hormones in goats with experimentally induced arthritis.", "content": "An experiment was carried out to clarify the mechanism of occurrence of arthritis in goats. In it changes of the adrenal hormones in blood and urine were examined in goats with experimentally induced arthritis. Four groups of goats were used. A goat of group B was inoculated with anaerobic Corynebacterium organisms isolated from a joint of a field case. Group H was treated with hormones (deoxycorticosterone acetate and adrenalin). Group BH was inoculated with those organisms and treated with these hormones. The other group served as an untreated control. Arthirits was induced to three of the four goats of group BH. The blood level of 11-hydroxycorticosteroids and the urine level of 17-hydroxycorticosteroids were higher in group BH than in any other group at the time of appearance of clinical signs. The hypofunction of the adrenal cortex was seen in two of three goats with induced arthritis. Serotonin increased transitorily in group BH around the time of appearance of clinical signs, but there was finally no difference in its level among goats with or without induced arthritis. There was no definite tendency in the fluctuation of level of adrenalin or noadrenalin.", "contents": "Changes of adrenal hormones in goats with experimentally induced arthritis. An experiment was carried out to clarify the mechanism of occurrence of arthritis in goats. In it changes of the adrenal hormones in blood and urine were examined in goats with experimentally induced arthritis. Four groups of goats were used. A goat of group B was inoculated with anaerobic Corynebacterium organisms isolated from a joint of a field case. Group H was treated with hormones (deoxycorticosterone acetate and adrenalin). Group BH was inoculated with those organisms and treated with these hormones. The other group served as an untreated control. Arthirits was induced to three of the four goats of group BH. The blood level of 11-hydroxycorticosteroids and the urine level of 17-hydroxycorticosteroids were higher in group BH than in any other group at the time of appearance of clinical signs. The hypofunction of the adrenal cortex was seen in two of three goats with induced arthritis. Serotonin increased transitorily in group BH around the time of appearance of clinical signs, but there was finally no difference in its level among goats with or without induced arthritis. There was no definite tendency in the fluctuation of level of adrenalin or noadrenalin.", "PMID": 1121333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7195", "title": "[Angiographic patterns erroneously suggesting aneurysm of the anterior part of circulus arteriosus].", "content": "In the light of a material including 600 cerebral angiographies the authors analyse the incidence of diagnostic difficulties in cases of pseudoaneurysms of the brain resulting from superposition of vascular loops and kinks in the anterior portion of the circulus arteriosus. Methods of prevention of diagnostic errors by additional head positions during angiography are discussed.", "contents": "[Angiographic patterns erroneously suggesting aneurysm of the anterior part of circulus arteriosus]. In the light of a material including 600 cerebral angiographies the authors analyse the incidence of diagnostic difficulties in cases of pseudoaneurysms of the brain resulting from superposition of vascular loops and kinks in the anterior portion of the circulus arteriosus. Methods of prevention of diagnostic errors by additional head positions during angiography are discussed.", "PMID": 1121345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7196", "title": "[Serum enzymatic activity in neuromuscular diseases].", "content": "In 200 patients with neuromuscular diseases the author studied malonic dehydrogenase and lactic dehydrogenase activity comparing it with the activity of serum creatine kinase and aldolase. A significant rise in the values of all these enzymes was found only in the Duchenne type of muscular dystrophy, in polymyositis, and less frequently in the limb-girdle type of muscular dystrophy. Raised activity of creatine kinase and sidolase was observed in mothers and sisters of patients with Duchenne type of dystrophy, in patients with non-progressive myopathy, periodic paralysis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and polyneuropathy. With progression of dystrophy the activity of these enzymes decreases.", "contents": "[Serum enzymatic activity in neuromuscular diseases]. In 200 patients with neuromuscular diseases the author studied malonic dehydrogenase and lactic dehydrogenase activity comparing it with the activity of serum creatine kinase and aldolase. A significant rise in the values of all these enzymes was found only in the Duchenne type of muscular dystrophy, in polymyositis, and less frequently in the limb-girdle type of muscular dystrophy. Raised activity of creatine kinase and sidolase was observed in mothers and sisters of patients with Duchenne type of dystrophy, in patients with non-progressive myopathy, periodic paralysis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and polyneuropathy. With progression of dystrophy the activity of these enzymes decreases.", "PMID": 1121344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7197", "title": "[Favorable result of carbamazepine treatment of compulsive drinking].", "content": "A case of refractory compulsive drinking in a 37-year-old female is reported. Administration of carbamazepine in doses of 2 tablets daily resulted in disappearance of excessive thirst and polyuria.", "contents": "[Favorable result of carbamazepine treatment of compulsive drinking]. A case of refractory compulsive drinking in a 37-year-old female is reported. Administration of carbamazepine in doses of 2 tablets daily resulted in disappearance of excessive thirst and polyuria.", "PMID": 1121346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7198", "title": "[Case of postpregnancy diencephalosis with manifestations of psudotumor cerebri].", "content": "The authors report a female patient with postpregnancy diencephalosis in whom in close correlation with premenstrual tension syndrome acute cerebral oedema developed repeatedly with signs of tentorial herniation. Owing to treatment with substitutive cyclopeptide hormones stimulating secondarily the failing hypophysis complete disappearance of these signs was obtained.", "contents": "[Case of postpregnancy diencephalosis with manifestations of psudotumor cerebri]. The authors report a female patient with postpregnancy diencephalosis in whom in close correlation with premenstrual tension syndrome acute cerebral oedema developed repeatedly with signs of tentorial herniation. Owing to treatment with substitutive cyclopeptide hormones stimulating secondarily the failing hypophysis complete disappearance of these signs was obtained.", "PMID": 1121347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7199", "title": "[Effect of trihexphenidyl on the excitability of alpha motor neurons of the foot plantar flexor in chemically induced parkinsoniam rigidity].", "content": "For assessment of the effect of trihexiphenidil on the excitability state of the alpha-motoneurons of the plantar flexor of the foot in patients with drug-induced parkinsonian rigidity curves of the excitability of motoneurons of the soleus muscle were plotted in two variants of experiments: I. with afferent stimulation of the Ia fibres of the soleus muscle as the conditioning and testing stimulus (tibial nerve in the popliteal fossa), II. with afferent stimulation of Ia fibres of the anterior tibial muscle (peroneal nerve behind the fibular capitulum) used as the conditioning stimulus and stimulation of the tibial nerve as the testing stimulus. These investigations were carried out on 12 psychiatric patients who received no drugs at the time of these investigations (control group), 13 similar patients treated with chlorpromazine, 12 treated with phenothiazine compounds with piperazine ring in the side chain. The investigations were repeated 30-50 min. after oral administration of trihexiphenidil 5 mg. In variant I typical excitability curves were obtained and 5 phases could be discerned in them. In patients treated with piperazine-containing phenothiazine derivatives inducting more significant parkinsonian effects phase III - depression - was significantly shortened, and the excitability was raised in phase IV. In variant II phases III and IV were reversed and in phase IV a rise in excitability was observed in place of depression. In variant II in the group of drug-induced parkinsonism as compared with controls the rise in exictability was greater in phase III and depression in phase IV was smaller. The effect of trihexiphenidil in variant I depended on the initial state. In controls and in patients treated with chlorpromazine trihexiphenidil reduced the duration of phase III of depression and decreased its intensity. In atients treated with phenothiazines containing the piperazine ring depression in phase III was weak but increased after trihexiphenidil administration and increased excitability in phase IV was decreased. The curves became similar to those obtained in controls. In variant II in the control group excitability in phase III increased after trihexiphenidil administration.", "contents": "[Effect of trihexphenidyl on the excitability of alpha motor neurons of the foot plantar flexor in chemically induced parkinsoniam rigidity]. For assessment of the effect of trihexiphenidil on the excitability state of the alpha-motoneurons of the plantar flexor of the foot in patients with drug-induced parkinsonian rigidity curves of the excitability of motoneurons of the soleus muscle were plotted in two variants of experiments: I. with afferent stimulation of the Ia fibres of the soleus muscle as the conditioning and testing stimulus (tibial nerve in the popliteal fossa), II. with afferent stimulation of Ia fibres of the anterior tibial muscle (peroneal nerve behind the fibular capitulum) used as the conditioning stimulus and stimulation of the tibial nerve as the testing stimulus. These investigations were carried out on 12 psychiatric patients who received no drugs at the time of these investigations (control group), 13 similar patients treated with chlorpromazine, 12 treated with phenothiazine compounds with piperazine ring in the side chain. The investigations were repeated 30-50 min. after oral administration of trihexiphenidil 5 mg. In variant I typical excitability curves were obtained and 5 phases could be discerned in them. In patients treated with piperazine-containing phenothiazine derivatives inducting more significant parkinsonian effects phase III - depression - was significantly shortened, and the excitability was raised in phase IV. In variant II phases III and IV were reversed and in phase IV a rise in excitability was observed in place of depression. In variant II in the group of drug-induced parkinsonism as compared with controls the rise in exictability was greater in phase III and depression in phase IV was smaller. The effect of trihexiphenidil in variant I depended on the initial state. In controls and in patients treated with chlorpromazine trihexiphenidil reduced the duration of phase III of depression and decreased its intensity. In atients treated with phenothiazines containing the piperazine ring depression in phase III was weak but increased after trihexiphenidil administration and increased excitability in phase IV was decreased. The curves became similar to those obtained in controls. In variant II in the control group excitability in phase III increased after trihexiphenidil administration.", "PMID": 1121350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7200", "title": "[Rare case of left vertebral artery agenesia in man].", "content": "At the post-mortem examination of 74 years old male subject it was found that his left vertebral artery was missing. A circle of Willis was formed by two carotid internal arteries and the right vertebral artery. Both cerebellar inferior posterior arteries as well as posterior spinal arteries were also missing. The vessels network of the medulla oblongata and medulla spinalis was composed of multiple cervical ramifications of the right vertebral artery. The latter one passed into the basal cerebral artery and divided in its distal segment into two posterior cerebral arteries. The other arteries of the circle of Willis were normal. There was no history of any CNS disturbances in the patient during his life.", "contents": "[Rare case of left vertebral artery agenesia in man]. At the post-mortem examination of 74 years old male subject it was found that his left vertebral artery was missing. A circle of Willis was formed by two carotid internal arteries and the right vertebral artery. Both cerebellar inferior posterior arteries as well as posterior spinal arteries were also missing. The vessels network of the medulla oblongata and medulla spinalis was composed of multiple cervical ramifications of the right vertebral artery. The latter one passed into the basal cerebral artery and divided in its distal segment into two posterior cerebral arteries. The other arteries of the circle of Willis were normal. There was no history of any CNS disturbances in the patient during his life.", "PMID": 1121348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7201", "title": "[Carpal tunnel syndrome in a 4-year-old girl with numerous developmental anomalies].", "content": "The authors report carpal tunnel syndrome in a 4-year-old girl with multiple developmental anomalies particularly of the cervical spine. The diagnosis was difficult to establish on the basis of muscle atrophy alone since lesions of cervical nerve roots coexisted.", "contents": "[Carpal tunnel syndrome in a 4-year-old girl with numerous developmental anomalies]. The authors report carpal tunnel syndrome in a 4-year-old girl with multiple developmental anomalies particularly of the cervical spine. The diagnosis was difficult to establish on the basis of muscle atrophy alone since lesions of cervical nerve roots coexisted.", "PMID": 1121349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7202", "title": "[Excitability curve of alpha motor neurons of the foot dorsal flexor in chemically induced parkinsonian rigidity prior to and following ethylbenzatropine administration].", "content": "For evaluation of the state of excitability of motoneurons in the dorsal flexor of the foot in patients with drug-induced muscle rigidity curves of excitability of motoneurons in the anterior tibial muscle were plotted in 10 patients not receiving psychotropic agents (controls) and 10 patients treated with chlorpromazine. Two variants of experiment wase used: in the 1st variant stimulation of the peroneal nerve  behind the fibular capitulum served as the conditioning and testing stimulus, in the 2nd variant stimulation of the tibial nerve in the popliteal fossa was the conditioning stimulus and stimulation of the peroneal nerve in the above way was the testing stimulus. The investigations were carried out before and 30-50 min after intramuscular injection of ethylbenzatropine 5 mg. In the 1st variant the curve of excitability of the motoneurons of the anterior tibial muscle showed the same configuration as the curve of excitability of motoneurons of the soleus muscle in the control group as well as in the treated group. Similarly as in the excitability curve of the soleus muscle five phases could be differentiated in it. Phase III of depression was, however, deeper and phase IV of returning excitability was more evident. In variant II in phase III depression was observed lasting only 40 msec., then in place of return of excitability its decrease was observed. These results were similar to these obtained in the case of conditioning stimulation of afferent fibres of the anterior tibialis muscle, and testing stimulation of the afferent fibres of the soleus muscle. After ethylbenzatropine injection no changes were found in variant I, on the other hand, in variant II a rise of excitability was present in phase III in the control group and in phases III and IV in treated patients. Ethylbenzatropine seemed, thus, to have no effect on the excitability of motoneurons in the dorsal flexor of the foot in the case of conditioning afferent stimulation of the dorsae flexor of the foot.", "contents": "[Excitability curve of alpha motor neurons of the foot dorsal flexor in chemically induced parkinsonian rigidity prior to and following ethylbenzatropine administration]. For evaluation of the state of excitability of motoneurons in the dorsal flexor of the foot in patients with drug-induced muscle rigidity curves of excitability of motoneurons in the anterior tibial muscle were plotted in 10 patients not receiving psychotropic agents (controls) and 10 patients treated with chlorpromazine. Two variants of experiment wase used: in the 1st variant stimulation of the peroneal nerve  behind the fibular capitulum served as the conditioning and testing stimulus, in the 2nd variant stimulation of the tibial nerve in the popliteal fossa was the conditioning stimulus and stimulation of the peroneal nerve in the above way was the testing stimulus. The investigations were carried out before and 30-50 min after intramuscular injection of ethylbenzatropine 5 mg. In the 1st variant the curve of excitability of the motoneurons of the anterior tibial muscle showed the same configuration as the curve of excitability of motoneurons of the soleus muscle in the control group as well as in the treated group. Similarly as in the excitability curve of the soleus muscle five phases could be differentiated in it. Phase III of depression was, however, deeper and phase IV of returning excitability was more evident. In variant II in phase III depression was observed lasting only 40 msec., then in place of return of excitability its decrease was observed. These results were similar to these obtained in the case of conditioning stimulation of afferent fibres of the anterior tibialis muscle, and testing stimulation of the afferent fibres of the soleus muscle. After ethylbenzatropine injection no changes were found in variant I, on the other hand, in variant II a rise of excitability was present in phase III in the control group and in phases III and IV in treated patients. Ethylbenzatropine seemed, thus, to have no effect on the excitability of motoneurons in the dorsal flexor of the foot in the case of conditioning afferent stimulation of the dorsae flexor of the foot.", "PMID": 1121351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7203", "title": "[Neuromuscular excitability and conduction in cases of hypoparathyroidism].", "content": "The patients with hypoparathyroidism were studied carrying out: a) tetanic test (PT) for assessment of the degree of neuromuscular excitability and b) double stimulus test (PBP) for assessment of the efficiency of neuromuscular conduction. In six patients low values of calcium, high values of phosphorus and normal values of magnesium were found. In the remaining patients calcium level was decreased also but the phosphorus level was normal, while that of magnesium was low. In all patients the PT was normal while the PBP showed in the first group reduced efficiency of conduction and in the remaining cases increased neuromuscular conductivility. The possible interpretation of obtained results is discussed.", "contents": "[Neuromuscular excitability and conduction in cases of hypoparathyroidism]. The patients with hypoparathyroidism were studied carrying out: a) tetanic test (PT) for assessment of the degree of neuromuscular excitability and b) double stimulus test (PBP) for assessment of the efficiency of neuromuscular conduction. In six patients low values of calcium, high values of phosphorus and normal values of magnesium were found. In the remaining patients calcium level was decreased also but the phosphorus level was normal, while that of magnesium was low. In all patients the PT was normal while the PBP showed in the first group reduced efficiency of conduction and in the remaining cases increased neuromuscular conductivility. The possible interpretation of obtained results is discussed.", "PMID": 1121353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7204", "title": "The effect of testosterone and other adrenal steroids on PMS-induced ovulation in the immature rat.", "content": "17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone (up to 200 mug/day) and 11 beta-hydroxyandrostenedione (up to 500 mug) had no effect on PMS-induced ovulation in intact immature rats. 10 mug/day of testosterone propoinate (TP) on days 28-30 of life decreased the percent of animals ovulating and the number of ova produced; this effect persisted in adrenalectomized animals with or without corticosterone replacement. Three daily doses of 10 mug TP increased the electrical threshold of the medial preoptic area in pentobarbital-blocked, PMS-stimulated animals. And TP decreased the rate of release and synthesis of FSH during the ovulatory surge, and the storage and rate of release of LH; it also inhibited the response to HCG in the PMS-primed animal, suggesting a direct target-organ effect.", "contents": "The effect of testosterone and other adrenal steroids on PMS-induced ovulation in the immature rat. 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone (up to 200 mug/day) and 11 beta-hydroxyandrostenedione (up to 500 mug) had no effect on PMS-induced ovulation in intact immature rats. 10 mug/day of testosterone propoinate (TP) on days 28-30 of life decreased the percent of animals ovulating and the number of ova produced; this effect persisted in adrenalectomized animals with or without corticosterone replacement. Three daily doses of 10 mug TP increased the electrical threshold of the medial preoptic area in pentobarbital-blocked, PMS-stimulated animals. And TP decreased the rate of release and synthesis of FSH during the ovulatory surge, and the storage and rate of release of LH; it also inhibited the response to HCG in the PMS-primed animal, suggesting a direct target-organ effect.", "PMID": 1121360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7205", "title": "[Electromyographic studies of plantar-mental reflex].", "content": "The authors investigated the electromyographic response to mechanical stimulation of the palmar skin (palmo-mental reflex) and plantar skin (planto-mental reflex) in the mentalis muscle. The palmo-mental reflex was present in EMG in all 22 healthy subjects an in 51 cases of 51 cases of limited cerebral lesions. The planto-mental reflex was absent in healthy subjects, but it was found in 14 out of 31 cases of focal brain injury and in 2 out of 20 cases with diffuse lesions. The planto-mental reflex is a pathological reflex appearing mainly in severe focal cerebral lesions. No description of this reflex was found in the available literature.", "contents": "[Electromyographic studies of plantar-mental reflex]. The authors investigated the electromyographic response to mechanical stimulation of the palmar skin (palmo-mental reflex) and plantar skin (planto-mental reflex) in the mentalis muscle. The palmo-mental reflex was present in EMG in all 22 healthy subjects an in 51 cases of 51 cases of limited cerebral lesions. The planto-mental reflex was absent in healthy subjects, but it was found in 14 out of 31 cases of focal brain injury and in 2 out of 20 cases with diffuse lesions. The planto-mental reflex is a pathological reflex appearing mainly in severe focal cerebral lesions. No description of this reflex was found in the available literature.", "PMID": 1121352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7206", "title": "[Epidemiology of epilepsy in school children at Pruszkow and Ursus].", "content": "The purpose of the study was calculation of the prevalence rate of epilepsy in school-children (7-15 years) in Prusk\u00f3w and Ursus on the basis of cases recorded in specialistic medical sources and determination and description of elementary clinical and social features in the studied group of children. The calculated prevalence rate of epilepsy in the studied population is 6.73/1000. It is higher in boys (7.45) than girls (5.96) and higher in older children - above 10 years (7.52) than in younger children (5.81). Approximate evaluation of the number of epileptic children at school-age on the basis of this rate shows that in the year 1970 there were about 34000 epileptic children registered in medical institutions in Poland. The analysis of all clinical and social data and certain differences in comparison with data in the literature may show that in childhood epilepsy recorded groups of children are formed by the process of selection. Of a significant role in the formation of these groups may be clinical as well as non-clinical factors. It may be expected, thus, that the actual prevalence rate of epilepsy in children population is higher than that calculated from registered cases.", "contents": "[Epidemiology of epilepsy in school children at Pruszkow and Ursus]. The purpose of the study was calculation of the prevalence rate of epilepsy in school-children (7-15 years) in Prusk\u00f3w and Ursus on the basis of cases recorded in specialistic medical sources and determination and description of elementary clinical and social features in the studied group of children. The calculated prevalence rate of epilepsy in the studied population is 6.73/1000. It is higher in boys (7.45) than girls (5.96) and higher in older children - above 10 years (7.52) than in younger children (5.81). Approximate evaluation of the number of epileptic children at school-age on the basis of this rate shows that in the year 1970 there were about 34000 epileptic children registered in medical institutions in Poland. The analysis of all clinical and social data and certain differences in comparison with data in the literature may show that in childhood epilepsy recorded groups of children are formed by the process of selection. Of a significant role in the formation of these groups may be clinical as well as non-clinical factors. It may be expected, thus, that the actual prevalence rate of epilepsy in children population is higher than that calculated from registered cases.", "PMID": 1121355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7207", "title": "[Further studies of the state of knowledge and attitudes of the rural population toward epilepsy].", "content": "Inquiry investigations were carried out covering 657 individuals from two counties: Plock and Nowy Targ. The inquiry contained 21 questions concerning the knowledge of epilepsy and the attitudes of those questioned to epileptics. The responses were correlated with the sex, age, educational level and occupation of the questioned. Statistical significance was assessed at the confidence level 0.05. The fear of epilepsy was in the 5th place after neoplasms, tuberculosis, cardiac diseases and mental diseases. As the most shameful diseases were regarded venereal diseases, tuberculosis and epilepsy ex aequo with mental diseases. About 1/3 of the respondents answered that epilepsy is a hereditary disease; nearly half of them considered that epileptics may marry and have children. 60% of those questioned regard that they would let their children play with epileptic children, they were usually respondents with medium and higher educational level and representatives of non-agricultural workers. Most respondents stressed the significance of sudden fright in the aetiology of epilepsy and thought that observation of an epileptic seizure may cause epilepsy; the observing subject, especially a child, may be frightened. About 50% of respondents knew nothing of the causes of epilepsy. Over 1/3 of respondents regarded that epileptic children can attend normal schools. Nearly 60% of respondents regard that epileptics can work in certain occupations. The latter view is expressed by younger people below 40 years with high school and college education and representatives of non-agricultural occupations.", "contents": "[Further studies of the state of knowledge and attitudes of the rural population toward epilepsy]. Inquiry investigations were carried out covering 657 individuals from two counties: Plock and Nowy Targ. The inquiry contained 21 questions concerning the knowledge of epilepsy and the attitudes of those questioned to epileptics. The responses were correlated with the sex, age, educational level and occupation of the questioned. Statistical significance was assessed at the confidence level 0.05. The fear of epilepsy was in the 5th place after neoplasms, tuberculosis, cardiac diseases and mental diseases. As the most shameful diseases were regarded venereal diseases, tuberculosis and epilepsy ex aequo with mental diseases. About 1/3 of the respondents answered that epilepsy is a hereditary disease; nearly half of them considered that epileptics may marry and have children. 60% of those questioned regard that they would let their children play with epileptic children, they were usually respondents with medium and higher educational level and representatives of non-agricultural workers. Most respondents stressed the significance of sudden fright in the aetiology of epilepsy and thought that observation of an epileptic seizure may cause epilepsy; the observing subject, especially a child, may be frightened. About 50% of respondents knew nothing of the causes of epilepsy. Over 1/3 of respondents regarded that epileptic children can attend normal schools. Nearly 60% of respondents regard that epileptics can work in certain occupations. The latter view is expressed by younger people below 40 years with high school and college education and representatives of non-agricultural occupations.", "PMID": 1121354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7208", "title": "Ultrastructural evidence for adrenergic innervation of the interstitial gland in the guinea pig ovary.", "content": "Fluorescence microscopy has shown that the guinea pig ovary contains not only vasomotor adrenergic nerves but also many nerve terminals running within endocrine structures. Electron microscopy of the interstitial gland confirmed the presence of adrenergic nerves distinguished by administration of the false transmitter, 5-hydroxydropamine. Axon varicosities, denuded of their Schwann cell ensheathing, innervated the endocrine cells in the interstitial gland, with a synaptic distance of approximately 400 A. This suggests that the interstitial gland participates in a neuroendocrine transducer mechanism.", "contents": "Ultrastructural evidence for adrenergic innervation of the interstitial gland in the guinea pig ovary. Fluorescence microscopy has shown that the guinea pig ovary contains not only vasomotor adrenergic nerves but also many nerve terminals running within endocrine structures. Electron microscopy of the interstitial gland confirmed the presence of adrenergic nerves distinguished by administration of the false transmitter, 5-hydroxydropamine. Axon varicosities, denuded of their Schwann cell ensheathing, innervated the endocrine cells in the interstitial gland, with a synaptic distance of approximately 400 A. This suggests that the interstitial gland participates in a neuroendocrine transducer mechanism.", "PMID": 1121361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7209", "title": "Effect of intraventricular neonatal 6-OH dopamine or 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine adminisration on the circadian periodicity of plasma corticosteroid levels in the rat.", "content": "The extent of circadian variation in plasma corticosteroid levels at 30 days of age was normal in rats who received either intraventricular 6-OH dopamine or 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine on day 3 of life. A 4-h advance in the time of peaking was present in this latter group. At the time of study the depletion of 8.00 a.m. and 8.00 p.m. levels of norepinephrine was significant in the cortex (--49%), hypothalamus (--58%), hippocampus (--65%), and amygdala (--44%) of the 6-OH dopamine-treated animals, as was a similar depletion of serotonin in these areas in the 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine-treated animals. There was no difference between 8.00 a.m. and 8.00 p.m. levels of either amine in any of these areas, in contrast to the variation seen in uninjected animals in whom 8.00 a.m. levels of both amines were higher in all areas than 8.00 p.m. levels. The female 6-hydroxydopamine-treated animals had significantly increased adrenal weights. No other significant changes were noted in the adrenals or gonads of either treated group. Body weights were not significantly altered in any of the animals. These data demonstrate that the circadian variation in plasma corticosteroid levels can develop in the presence of either marked norepinephrine or serotonin depletion in CNS areas that have been implicated in the regulation of such periodicity.", "contents": "Effect of intraventricular neonatal 6-OH dopamine or 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine adminisration on the circadian periodicity of plasma corticosteroid levels in the rat. The extent of circadian variation in plasma corticosteroid levels at 30 days of age was normal in rats who received either intraventricular 6-OH dopamine or 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine on day 3 of life. A 4-h advance in the time of peaking was present in this latter group. At the time of study the depletion of 8.00 a.m. and 8.00 p.m. levels of norepinephrine was significant in the cortex (--49%), hypothalamus (--58%), hippocampus (--65%), and amygdala (--44%) of the 6-OH dopamine-treated animals, as was a similar depletion of serotonin in these areas in the 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine-treated animals. There was no difference between 8.00 a.m. and 8.00 p.m. levels of either amine in any of these areas, in contrast to the variation seen in uninjected animals in whom 8.00 a.m. levels of both amines were higher in all areas than 8.00 p.m. levels. The female 6-hydroxydopamine-treated animals had significantly increased adrenal weights. No other significant changes were noted in the adrenals or gonads of either treated group. Body weights were not significantly altered in any of the animals. These data demonstrate that the circadian variation in plasma corticosteroid levels can develop in the presence of either marked norepinephrine or serotonin depletion in CNS areas that have been implicated in the regulation of such periodicity.", "PMID": 1121362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7210", "title": "[Morphological studies of the brain in rats receiving meta-bromophenylsuccinimide].", "content": "Morphological evaluation of changes in the brain of rats receiving orally metabromophenylsuccinimid (4-m) - original Polish antiepileptic drug - 1/20 of DL50 per day during a period of one month, has been performed. The dose of the preparation per one kg of the body weight was approximately nine times higher than the therapeutic dose applied at present in human. Neuropathologic changes were found only occasionally; they were not specific, degenerative in character. Both parenchymal and mesenchymal components of the nervous tissue were involved. In neurones the lesions characteristic of chronic disease could be seen; they were more conspiecuous in the cortex of the cerebral hemispheres and in the cerebellum. The damage of the neurones was accompanied by a marked glial cells reaction, progressive in character. Morphological changes of the vessels with consecutive oedema of the white matter were limited to endothelium. Sporadic and not extensive character of the changes as well as their mild intensity seem to provide an evidence that the neurotoxic effect of the tested preparation m-4 is relatively small.", "contents": "[Morphological studies of the brain in rats receiving meta-bromophenylsuccinimide]. Morphological evaluation of changes in the brain of rats receiving orally metabromophenylsuccinimid (4-m) - original Polish antiepileptic drug - 1/20 of DL50 per day during a period of one month, has been performed. The dose of the preparation per one kg of the body weight was approximately nine times higher than the therapeutic dose applied at present in human. Neuropathologic changes were found only occasionally; they were not specific, degenerative in character. Both parenchymal and mesenchymal components of the nervous tissue were involved. In neurones the lesions characteristic of chronic disease could be seen; they were more conspiecuous in the cortex of the cerebral hemispheres and in the cerebellum. The damage of the neurones was accompanied by a marked glial cells reaction, progressive in character. Morphological changes of the vessels with consecutive oedema of the white matter were limited to endothelium. Sporadic and not extensive character of the changes as well as their mild intensity seem to provide an evidence that the neurotoxic effect of the tested preparation m-4 is relatively small.", "PMID": 1121357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7211", "title": "[Lactic dehydrogenase isoenzymes (LDH) in the serum of patients with progressive muscular dystrophy].", "content": "Using agar-gel electrophoresis a highly statistically significant decrease in the fractions LDH-4 and LDH-5 and a rise in the LDH-1 and LDH-2 fractions were demonstrated in the serum of patients with dystrophy. Analogous shifts in LDH isoenzyme pattern were found in the serum of 80% of mothers confirmed carriers of the dystrophy gene.", "contents": "[Lactic dehydrogenase isoenzymes (LDH) in the serum of patients with progressive muscular dystrophy]. Using agar-gel electrophoresis a highly statistically significant decrease in the fractions LDH-4 and LDH-5 and a rise in the LDH-1 and LDH-2 fractions were demonstrated in the serum of patients with dystrophy. Analogous shifts in LDH isoenzyme pattern were found in the serum of 80% of mothers confirmed carriers of the dystrophy gene.", "PMID": 1121356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7212", "title": "[Hypoxia of high altitudes as a theoretical method of treatment of angina pectoris. Influence on cardiac metabolism].", "content": "The stages of myocardial metabolism under normal conditions and in hypoxia are examined. Reference is made to changes in heart metabolism induced in the experimental animal by hypoxia and to the results of a study of such metabolism in persons living permanently at high altitudes (Moret et al.). Hypoxia in decompression chambers is proposed as a hypothetical means of treating angina, since it is capable of causing changes in myocardial metabolism. Note is taken on the fact that hypobarism is not comparable to other techniques on account of its multiple and complex action; this acts at various levels and primarily influences the cardiovascular apparatus.", "contents": "[Hypoxia of high altitudes as a theoretical method of treatment of angina pectoris. Influence on cardiac metabolism]. The stages of myocardial metabolism under normal conditions and in hypoxia are examined. Reference is made to changes in heart metabolism induced in the experimental animal by hypoxia and to the results of a study of such metabolism in persons living permanently at high altitudes (Moret et al.). Hypoxia in decompression chambers is proposed as a hypothetical means of treating angina, since it is capable of causing changes in myocardial metabolism. Note is taken on the fact that hypobarism is not comparable to other techniques on account of its multiple and complex action; this acts at various levels and primarily influences the cardiovascular apparatus.", "PMID": 1121363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7213", "title": "[Effect of low-molecular dextran on leukergy and thrombergy in cases of cerebral infarct].", "content": "In cases of thrombotic cerebral infarction the leucergic and thrombergic tests were done on the 2nd and 3d days of the disease and after 48 hours from the first dextran loading. Fleck's test tube method was used in the leucergy test. The proportion of agglutinated platelets was calculated from a smear stained by Papanicolau method. The results were processed statistically. An inhibitory effect of dextran on aggregation of white blood cells and platelets was observed in the blood of patients with cerebral infarction. The inhibitory effects of dextran was greater in relation to aggregation of platelets than white blood cells. However, in our investigations the effect of this agent on both processes was transient.", "contents": "[Effect of low-molecular dextran on leukergy and thrombergy in cases of cerebral infarct]. In cases of thrombotic cerebral infarction the leucergic and thrombergic tests were done on the 2nd and 3d days of the disease and after 48 hours from the first dextran loading. Fleck's test tube method was used in the leucergy test. The proportion of agglutinated platelets was calculated from a smear stained by Papanicolau method. The results were processed statistically. An inhibitory effect of dextran on aggregation of white blood cells and platelets was observed in the blood of patients with cerebral infarction. The inhibitory effects of dextran was greater in relation to aggregation of platelets than white blood cells. However, in our investigations the effect of this agent on both processes was transient.", "PMID": 1121358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7214", "title": "[Transport of patients by airlines].", "content": "The problems of transporting patients on normal flights are examined.  The first section describes the conditions of the plan's microclimate which might affect the health of passengers conditions which are obsolute contraindications for flying are also listed.  More detailed analysis is applied to problems regarding the air transport of pregnant women, immature children and heart cases.  The effect of hyperventilation and the anxiety state on flight passengers is then studied.  To conclude, statistics on patients transported on airline flights and on the influence of flying on the course of diseases are reported.", "contents": "[Transport of patients by airlines]. The problems of transporting patients on normal flights are examined.  The first section describes the conditions of the plan's microclimate which might affect the health of passengers conditions which are obsolute contraindications for flying are also listed.  More detailed analysis is applied to problems regarding the air transport of pregnant women, immature children and heart cases.  The effect of hyperventilation and the anxiety state on flight passengers is then studied.  To conclude, statistics on patients transported on airline flights and on the influence of flying on the course of diseases are reported.", "PMID": 1121364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7215", "title": "[Aeromedical problems in cranio-vertebral injuries].", "content": "Impact between the brain and the cristae of the base normally results as a consequence of inertia when an obstacle is hit, followed by contusion, or intra-, sub- or extradural haematoma. The skull itself may be briken (usually at the interpilasters or the weak points of the pilasters) or dented. Denting resulted in the depression of a circular fragments or fragments, with compression of the dura mater or brain; this, in turn, may be contused, lacerated or even crushed. Spinal crash fractures usually involve the lumbar region. Neck fractures are rare. The picture may be one of clinical silence (local pain) or marked neurological involvement. Damage to the cord is expressed in the form of shock, complete flaccid para- or tetraplegia, complete loss of sensation below the lesion, loss of deep and superficial reflexes, urinary retention and rectal incontinence. Treatment is rendered complicated by profuse scalp haemorrhages, respiratory insufficiency requiring orotracheal intubation and assisted respiration, convulsions, which should be handled with care, since ordinary anti-epilepsy products may mask the onset of hypertension and haematoma. Swelling should be reduced with cortisones. Diuretics may be too brusque and lead to intracerebral haematoma. In the case of spinal injuries, particular care should be excercised in shifting the patient and conveying him to hospital. Where high neck lesions are suspected, the possibility of damage to the originating segments of the phrenic nerve must be borne in mind.", "contents": "[Aeromedical problems in cranio-vertebral injuries]. Impact between the brain and the cristae of the base normally results as a consequence of inertia when an obstacle is hit, followed by contusion, or intra-, sub- or extradural haematoma. The skull itself may be briken (usually at the interpilasters or the weak points of the pilasters) or dented. Denting resulted in the depression of a circular fragments or fragments, with compression of the dura mater or brain; this, in turn, may be contused, lacerated or even crushed. Spinal crash fractures usually involve the lumbar region. Neck fractures are rare. The picture may be one of clinical silence (local pain) or marked neurological involvement. Damage to the cord is expressed in the form of shock, complete flaccid para- or tetraplegia, complete loss of sensation below the lesion, loss of deep and superficial reflexes, urinary retention and rectal incontinence. Treatment is rendered complicated by profuse scalp haemorrhages, respiratory insufficiency requiring orotracheal intubation and assisted respiration, convulsions, which should be handled with care, since ordinary anti-epilepsy products may mask the onset of hypertension and haematoma. Swelling should be reduced with cortisones. Diuretics may be too brusque and lead to intracerebral haematoma. In the case of spinal injuries, particular care should be excercised in shifting the patient and conveying him to hospital. Where high neck lesions are suspected, the possibility of damage to the originating segments of the phrenic nerve must be borne in mind.", "PMID": 1121365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7216", "title": "[Medico-social aspects of the post-infarct state. Clinical, functional, psychological and return-to-work studies of 100 patients with myocardial infarct treated in the coronary unit].", "content": "To determine whether intensive care unit are able to improve long term as well as immediate prognosis of acute myocardial infarction, one hundred patients, aged 40 to 60 years, six months to three years after discharge have been studied. All patients were examined with ergometric test, psychological assessment and medico-social survey. Comparison was made with patients treated in general medical wards. Correlations between clinical picture, psychological pattern, functional capacity and return to work prove that treatment in a coronary care unit positively affects the future of these patients. The importance of a rehabilitation program and its principles are also discussed.", "contents": "[Medico-social aspects of the post-infarct state. Clinical, functional, psychological and return-to-work studies of 100 patients with myocardial infarct treated in the coronary unit]. To determine whether intensive care unit are able to improve long term as well as immediate prognosis of acute myocardial infarction, one hundred patients, aged 40 to 60 years, six months to three years after discharge have been studied. All patients were examined with ergometric test, psychological assessment and medico-social survey. Comparison was made with patients treated in general medical wards. Correlations between clinical picture, psychological pattern, functional capacity and return to work prove that treatment in a coronary care unit positively affects the future of these patients. The importance of a rehabilitation program and its principles are also discussed.", "PMID": 1121368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7217", "title": "Treatment of clear cell adenocarcinoma in young females.", "content": "Eight cases of clear cell adenocarcinoma treated at The M. D. Anderson Hospital are reviewed. Six such lesions were primarily vaginal carcinomas and 2 involved the cervix. Five patients with early carcinomas were treated entirely with a transvaginal cone or interstitial irradiation and 4 are living and well, 2 to 8 years after completion of therapy. We believe that this experience justifies further treatment of early clear cell carcinomas with conservative radiation. This form of therapy is particularly important since the DEX-exposed patients represent an identifiable high-risk group which should augment the chances for early diagnosis.", "contents": "Treatment of clear cell adenocarcinoma in young females. Eight cases of clear cell adenocarcinoma treated at The M. D. Anderson Hospital are reviewed. Six such lesions were primarily vaginal carcinomas and 2 involved the cervix. Five patients with early carcinomas were treated entirely with a transvaginal cone or interstitial irradiation and 4 are living and well, 2 to 8 years after completion of therapy. We believe that this experience justifies further treatment of early clear cell carcinomas with conservative radiation. This form of therapy is particularly important since the DEX-exposed patients represent an identifiable high-risk group which should augment the chances for early diagnosis.", "PMID": 1121369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7218", "title": "Cancer metastatic to the ovary: factors influencing survival.", "content": "In the period 1950 through 1966, 357 patients with cancer metastatic to the ovaries were treated at the Mayo Clinic. The majority of primary tumors arose in the gastrointestinal tract. Factors influencing survival included the site of the primary cancer, histologic grade of the neoplasm, menstrual status, and the type of treatment. Patients whose cancers originated in the genital tract had the lowest mean death rate. Although analyses of survival confirm the observation that cancer metastatic to the ovaries has a poor overall prognosis, 21 of the 357 patients were still living at 10 years and 7 of these patients survived for at least 20 years. The continued development of improved technics of radiation therapy and of more effective chemotherapeutic agents should facilitate intensive therapy for patients with metastatic cancer of the ovaries and result in improved survival.", "contents": "Cancer metastatic to the ovary: factors influencing survival. In the period 1950 through 1966, 357 patients with cancer metastatic to the ovaries were treated at the Mayo Clinic. The majority of primary tumors arose in the gastrointestinal tract. Factors influencing survival included the site of the primary cancer, histologic grade of the neoplasm, menstrual status, and the type of treatment. Patients whose cancers originated in the genital tract had the lowest mean death rate. Although analyses of survival confirm the observation that cancer metastatic to the ovaries has a poor overall prognosis, 21 of the 357 patients were still living at 10 years and 7 of these patients survived for at least 20 years. The continued development of improved technics of radiation therapy and of more effective chemotherapeutic agents should facilitate intensive therapy for patients with metastatic cancer of the ovaries and result in improved survival.", "PMID": 1121370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7219", "title": "Appendicitis complicating pregnancy.", "content": "Thirty-four pregnant women with acute appendicitis presented at Parkland Memorial Hospital during a 15-year period. Abdominal pain, usually accompanied by nausea with or without vomiting, was the most common presenting symptom. Anorexia was less constant, and its occurrence decreased with advancing gestation. Physical findings usually included direct abdominal tenderness and, less often, rebound tenderness. Leukocytosis and/or a \"left shift\" were common laboratory findings, and the urinalysis was normal in most cases. Diagnosis was increasingly difficult as gestation progressed. This was reflected both by the increasing severity of the disease process found at surgery and by increasing fetal loss. If the diagnosis of appendicitis is suspected in the gravid patient, immediate surgical intervention is indicated to prevent the catastrophic complications associated with procrastination in diagnosis and treatment.", "contents": "Appendicitis complicating pregnancy. Thirty-four pregnant women with acute appendicitis presented at Parkland Memorial Hospital during a 15-year period. Abdominal pain, usually accompanied by nausea with or without vomiting, was the most common presenting symptom. Anorexia was less constant, and its occurrence decreased with advancing gestation. Physical findings usually included direct abdominal tenderness and, less often, rebound tenderness. Leukocytosis and/or a \"left shift\" were common laboratory findings, and the urinalysis was normal in most cases. Diagnosis was increasingly difficult as gestation progressed. This was reflected both by the increasing severity of the disease process found at surgery and by increasing fetal loss. If the diagnosis of appendicitis is suspected in the gravid patient, immediate surgical intervention is indicated to prevent the catastrophic complications associated with procrastination in diagnosis and treatment.", "PMID": 1121371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7220", "title": "Gestational variation of fatty acid composition of human amniotic fluid lipids.", "content": "The amount of total lipids of the amniotic fluid of normal human subjects increases progressively with gestational age and is found to be maximum in labor at term. The lecithin/sphingomeylin ratio, which invariably increased with gestational age, is 2:1 or greater beyong 34 weeks of pregnancy and becomes maximum at term labor. No definite correlation exists between the palmitic acid content of total lipids and gestational age; but the palmitic acid content of the lecithin fraction increases with gestational age and this increase is markedly accelerated near the 34th week of pregnancy. Also it is observed that the arachidonic acid of cholesterol esters increases with gestational age. Therefore, it is suggested that both the palmitic acid level of lecithin and the arachidonic acid level of cholesterol esters might serve as more reliable indices that current methods being employed for the assessment of fetal lung maturity.", "contents": "Gestational variation of fatty acid composition of human amniotic fluid lipids. The amount of total lipids of the amniotic fluid of normal human subjects increases progressively with gestational age and is found to be maximum in labor at term. The lecithin/sphingomeylin ratio, which invariably increased with gestational age, is 2:1 or greater beyong 34 weeks of pregnancy and becomes maximum at term labor. No definite correlation exists between the palmitic acid content of total lipids and gestational age; but the palmitic acid content of the lecithin fraction increases with gestational age and this increase is markedly accelerated near the 34th week of pregnancy. Also it is observed that the arachidonic acid of cholesterol esters increases with gestational age. Therefore, it is suggested that both the palmitic acid level of lecithin and the arachidonic acid level of cholesterol esters might serve as more reliable indices that current methods being employed for the assessment of fetal lung maturity.", "PMID": 1121372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7221", "title": "Contraction stress test for antepartum fetal evaluation.", "content": "The contraction stress test (CST) was used to attempt determination of fetal reserve prior to labor by evaluating the response of the fetal heart rate to spontaneous or induced uterine contractions. Testing was performed by using an external fetal heart rate monitor and tocograph. The CST was employed 189 times in 120 high-risk patients who either had hypertensive disorder of pregnancy or had completed at least 42 weeks of gestation. Testing was begun as early as 34 weeks' gestation and repeated at weekly intervals; it was not used in the clinical management of the patient. The maximum number of tests performed on one patient was 8. A negative CST appears to be a most reliable guide to the ability of the fetus to tolerate labor if it ensues within 1 week. A positive test suggests that the fetus is at increased risk, but death is not necessarily imminent. Results of the present study warrant use of the CST in controlled studies to determine its effect in improving perinatal outcome.", "contents": "Contraction stress test for antepartum fetal evaluation. The contraction stress test (CST) was used to attempt determination of fetal reserve prior to labor by evaluating the response of the fetal heart rate to spontaneous or induced uterine contractions. Testing was performed by using an external fetal heart rate monitor and tocograph. The CST was employed 189 times in 120 high-risk patients who either had hypertensive disorder of pregnancy or had completed at least 42 weeks of gestation. Testing was begun as early as 34 weeks' gestation and repeated at weekly intervals; it was not used in the clinical management of the patient. The maximum number of tests performed on one patient was 8. A negative CST appears to be a most reliable guide to the ability of the fetus to tolerate labor if it ensues within 1 week. A positive test suggests that the fetus is at increased risk, but death is not necessarily imminent. Results of the present study warrant use of the CST in controlled studies to determine its effect in improving perinatal outcome.", "PMID": 1121373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7222", "title": "Luteinizing hormone, adrenal androgenesis, and polycystic ovarian disease.", "content": "Seven oophorectomized patients were administered a total of 60,000 units of human chorionic gonadotropin over a 3-day period, and plasma testosterone levels were obtained. One of the 7 patients demonstrated a definitive response to the hormone but repeat testing proved to be negative. The potential role of luteinizing hormone in the pathogenesis of polycystic ovarian syndrome is discussed and current evidence linking LH to adrenal androgenesis is reviewed. Modifications that may be employed for future study are suggested.", "contents": "Luteinizing hormone, adrenal androgenesis, and polycystic ovarian disease. Seven oophorectomized patients were administered a total of 60,000 units of human chorionic gonadotropin over a 3-day period, and plasma testosterone levels were obtained. One of the 7 patients demonstrated a definitive response to the hormone but repeat testing proved to be negative. The potential role of luteinizing hormone in the pathogenesis of polycystic ovarian syndrome is discussed and current evidence linking LH to adrenal androgenesis is reviewed. Modifications that may be employed for future study are suggested.", "PMID": 1121374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7223", "title": "Aging and X chromosome loss in the human ovary.", "content": "A study of the incidence of X chromosome loss from the mitotic complement of human ovary has demonstrated a small loss beginning between ages 36 and 45 years and increasing additively to age 75. This was earlier and less than has been shown for blood. In ovarian tissue, autosomal chromosomal loss declined with age while X loss increased. Though no correlation of X loss could be demonstrated with the clinical state of the menstrual cycle, there was a greater loss of all chromosomes in normally cycling subjects than in perimenopausal and postmenopausal subjects. The possibility that the menopause is initiated in the ovary is raised by findings of these correlates of aging.", "contents": "Aging and X chromosome loss in the human ovary. A study of the incidence of X chromosome loss from the mitotic complement of human ovary has demonstrated a small loss beginning between ages 36 and 45 years and increasing additively to age 75. This was earlier and less than has been shown for blood. In ovarian tissue, autosomal chromosomal loss declined with age while X loss increased. Though no correlation of X loss could be demonstrated with the clinical state of the menstrual cycle, there was a greater loss of all chromosomes in normally cycling subjects than in perimenopausal and postmenopausal subjects. The possibility that the menopause is initiated in the ovary is raised by findings of these correlates of aging.", "PMID": 1121375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7224", "title": "Renal carcinoma in pregnancy.", "content": "A gravid patient presented with gross hematuria in the last trimester of pregnancy but did not permit diagnostic measures. After delivery a large abdominal mass, which proved to be renal cell carcinoma, was found. Previously reported cases are reviewed, and the importance of adequate workup of hematuria during pregnancy is emphasized.", "contents": "Renal carcinoma in pregnancy. A gravid patient presented with gross hematuria in the last trimester of pregnancy but did not permit diagnostic measures. After delivery a large abdominal mass, which proved to be renal cell carcinoma, was found. Previously reported cases are reviewed, and the importance of adequate workup of hematuria during pregnancy is emphasized.", "PMID": 1121376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7225", "title": "Intravascular hemolysis: a complication of midtrimester abortion: a report of two cases.", "content": "Intravascular hemolysis occurred twice in a series of 1582 consecutive intraamniotic midtrimester saline abortions. The hemolysis was associated with consumption coagulopathy and acute renal failure. Both patients made a complete recovery after a prolonged hospital stay; one required peritoneal dialysis. The pathogenesis of this serious complication of saline abortion is discussed but no satisfactory explanation has been reached.", "contents": "Intravascular hemolysis: a complication of midtrimester abortion: a report of two cases. Intravascular hemolysis occurred twice in a series of 1582 consecutive intraamniotic midtrimester saline abortions. The hemolysis was associated with consumption coagulopathy and acute renal failure. Both patients made a complete recovery after a prolonged hospital stay; one required peritoneal dialysis. The pathogenesis of this serious complication of saline abortion is discussed but no satisfactory explanation has been reached.", "PMID": 1121377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7226", "title": "Manometric evaluation of labor.", "content": "A practical method of monitoring uterine contractility during labor is described utilizing a water manometer technic. Comparison of manometric measurements of uterine activity with electronic monitor values reveals that the manometric technic provides an accurate assessment of pathologic intrauterine pressures.", "contents": "Manometric evaluation of labor. A practical method of monitoring uterine contractility during labor is described utilizing a water manometer technic. Comparison of manometric measurements of uterine activity with electronic monitor values reveals that the manometric technic provides an accurate assessment of pathologic intrauterine pressures.", "PMID": 1121378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7227", "title": "A safer uterine curette.", "content": "A new uterine curette is described, with features designed to help eliminate some of the instrumentation hazards in the operation of uterine curettage. An analysis of the disadvantages of the traditional curette is presented together with a description of how these have been minimized or eliminated in the new instrument. The fundamental difference in the new instrument is its tip. It has features to minimize the likelihood of perforation, deep gouging, and unnecessary injury to the basilar endometrium. Prototypes of the new instrument have gone through an evolutionary and testing period of 25 years, during which the instrument has been used by many operators. There have been no serious accidents or complications reported, and there has been no need for repeat curettage.", "contents": "A safer uterine curette. A new uterine curette is described, with features designed to help eliminate some of the instrumentation hazards in the operation of uterine curettage. An analysis of the disadvantages of the traditional curette is presented together with a description of how these have been minimized or eliminated in the new instrument. The fundamental difference in the new instrument is its tip. It has features to minimize the likelihood of perforation, deep gouging, and unnecessary injury to the basilar endometrium. Prototypes of the new instrument have gone through an evolutionary and testing period of 25 years, during which the instrument has been used by many operators. There have been no serious accidents or complications reported, and there has been no need for repeat curettage.", "PMID": 1121379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7228", "title": "Medicine and the law.", "content": "1. Public and private benefits offering security for life if the need is of sufficient magnitude inhibits optimum restoration of the patient. 2. The physician frequently does not recognise nor is concerned with the premorbid attitude, goals or life-style of the patient and does not effectively deal with the future temporal needs of the patient, thereby contributing to less than satisfactory levels of restoration. 3. The law and its objectives as practised by the lawyers often develop into an intense adversary posture, threatening the security of the patient and jeopardising a satisfactory level of restoration. 4. Administration of the law by judicial and quasi-judicial judges and juries is manipulated to give the highest award possible, therefore the plaintiff will not be restored to the satisfactory level of which he is capable. 5. There is hostility and little communication between physician and lawyer again contributing to the patient's failure in restoration. 6. The adversary system is accused of creating conditions contributing to unsatisfactory restoration but can be utilised as a motivational force with innovative and creative thinking on the part of the professions to meet the real needs and goals for security of the patient and motivate his restoration. 7. Communication and role-playing exchange between the professions and the patient as his condition will require, promote a successful and acceptable restoration. 8. The counsel involved develop the process for prompt financial disposition without involving the patient in the adversary process or in trial.", "contents": "Medicine and the law. 1. Public and private benefits offering security for life if the need is of sufficient magnitude inhibits optimum restoration of the patient. 2. The physician frequently does not recognise nor is concerned with the premorbid attitude, goals or life-style of the patient and does not effectively deal with the future temporal needs of the patient, thereby contributing to less than satisfactory levels of restoration. 3. The law and its objectives as practised by the lawyers often develop into an intense adversary posture, threatening the security of the patient and jeopardising a satisfactory level of restoration. 4. Administration of the law by judicial and quasi-judicial judges and juries is manipulated to give the highest award possible, therefore the plaintiff will not be restored to the satisfactory level of which he is capable. 5. There is hostility and little communication between physician and lawyer again contributing to the patient's failure in restoration. 6. The adversary system is accused of creating conditions contributing to unsatisfactory restoration but can be utilised as a motivational force with innovative and creative thinking on the part of the professions to meet the real needs and goals for security of the patient and motivate his restoration. 7. Communication and role-playing exchange between the professions and the patient as his condition will require, promote a successful and acceptable restoration. 8. The counsel involved develop the process for prompt financial disposition without involving the patient in the adversary process or in trial.", "PMID": 1121408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7229", "title": "The experimental contusion injury of the spinal cord in sheep.", "content": "The validity of reproduction of the controlled contusion injury to the spinal cord in the experimental animal is questioned. The dynamic pathology involving the microvasculature within the first two hours is illustrated using light microscopy. After 15-30 minutes swelling of axons and disruption of myelin sheaths become evident in most areas of white matter. After four hours microcysts have formed in the columns of white matter and are evidence of irreversible damage. Swelling of the cord following injury results from congestion, extravasation and intracellular swelling of neurones, rather than from any demonstrable increase in extracellular fluid. Oedema was only demonstrated with perfusion fixation. Isotope and contrast myelography were compared in the identification of the degree and extent of spinal cord swelling. Significant improvement in motor power was found in a group of paraplegic sheep treated with alpha-methyl paratyrosine. There was no significant improvement in the degree of recovery of motor power or sensation in those animals treated with intrathecal methyl prednisolone (Depo-Medrol). The histopathology in the crushed spinal cord tissue of the treated and untreated animals at various intervals of time was compared. Some possible explanations for the different patterns of clinical recovery in the treated animals are discussed.", "contents": "The experimental contusion injury of the spinal cord in sheep. The validity of reproduction of the controlled contusion injury to the spinal cord in the experimental animal is questioned. The dynamic pathology involving the microvasculature within the first two hours is illustrated using light microscopy. After 15-30 minutes swelling of axons and disruption of myelin sheaths become evident in most areas of white matter. After four hours microcysts have formed in the columns of white matter and are evidence of irreversible damage. Swelling of the cord following injury results from congestion, extravasation and intracellular swelling of neurones, rather than from any demonstrable increase in extracellular fluid. Oedema was only demonstrated with perfusion fixation. Isotope and contrast myelography were compared in the identification of the degree and extent of spinal cord swelling. Significant improvement in motor power was found in a group of paraplegic sheep treated with alpha-methyl paratyrosine. There was no significant improvement in the degree of recovery of motor power or sensation in those animals treated with intrathecal methyl prednisolone (Depo-Medrol). The histopathology in the crushed spinal cord tissue of the treated and untreated animals at various intervals of time was compared. Some possible explanations for the different patterns of clinical recovery in the treated animals are discussed.", "PMID": 1121415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7230", "title": "Ferritin turnover in plasma: an opportunistic use of blood removed during exchange transfusion.", "content": "The concentration of plasma ferritin was measured in serial samples of blood removed from six preterm neonates undergoing exchange transfusion for hyperbilirubinemia. The average plasma ferritin concentration in the infants was 218 ng/ml compared with 47 ng/ml in the donors. The mean concentration of ferritin decreased an average of 62 ng/ml during the exchange transfusions. The plasma ferritin half-life was computed to be 2.5 and 5.5 min in the two infants weighing 2,000 and 2,500 g compared with a half-life of 4 min in the rat. In four infants weighing between 1,000 and 1,180 g, the half-life ranged from 9.1 to 34 min. These data support the concept of a rapid plasma ferritin turnover and indicate that ferritin may transport a large amount of iron through the plasma compartment in spite of its low concentration.", "contents": "Ferritin turnover in plasma: an opportunistic use of blood removed during exchange transfusion. The concentration of plasma ferritin was measured in serial samples of blood removed from six preterm neonates undergoing exchange transfusion for hyperbilirubinemia. The average plasma ferritin concentration in the infants was 218 ng/ml compared with 47 ng/ml in the donors. The mean concentration of ferritin decreased an average of 62 ng/ml during the exchange transfusions. The plasma ferritin half-life was computed to be 2.5 and 5.5 min in the two infants weighing 2,000 and 2,500 g compared with a half-life of 4 min in the rat. In four infants weighing between 1,000 and 1,180 g, the half-life ranged from 9.1 to 34 min. These data support the concept of a rapid plasma ferritin turnover and indicate that ferritin may transport a large amount of iron through the plasma compartment in spite of its low concentration.", "PMID": 1121417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7231", "title": "In vivo D-glucose absorption in the developing rat small intestine.", "content": "Solutions containing D-glucose (1--20 mg/ml) were perfused in situ through the jejunum + ileum of anesthetized rats 7-8 and 14-15 (suckling), 21-23 (weanling), 35-36, and 70-73 days old. The amounts of glucose absorbed, expressed as percentage of load perfused (normalized for intestinal weight, milligrams per hour per gram wet weight), were greater in the weanling than in the suckling pups. Rate of glucose absorption increased with increase in glucose concentration in the perfused solutions and reached a plateau when concentration exceeded 3 mg/ml in the suckling and 10 mg/ml in the weanling rats. Based on intestinal weight, absorption rates (milligrams per hour per gram wet weight) from solutions containing 10 mg/ml glucose were 2 times greater in the 21-23 than in the 7-8-day-old pups (64 versus 30; P less than 0.01). Glucose absorption rates (milligrams per hour per gram wet weight of the perfused intestine) from the 20 mg/ml solution were similar in the 21-23 (64), 35-36 (60), and 70-73 (58)-day-old rats. The above results suggested that under the experimental conditions in rats the ability of the small intestine to absorp glucose per unit weight about doubles at the time of weaning as compared with the suckling period with no further enhancement thereafter.", "contents": "In vivo D-glucose absorption in the developing rat small intestine. Solutions containing D-glucose (1--20 mg/ml) were perfused in situ through the jejunum + ileum of anesthetized rats 7-8 and 14-15 (suckling), 21-23 (weanling), 35-36, and 70-73 days old. The amounts of glucose absorbed, expressed as percentage of load perfused (normalized for intestinal weight, milligrams per hour per gram wet weight), were greater in the weanling than in the suckling pups. Rate of glucose absorption increased with increase in glucose concentration in the perfused solutions and reached a plateau when concentration exceeded 3 mg/ml in the suckling and 10 mg/ml in the weanling rats. Based on intestinal weight, absorption rates (milligrams per hour per gram wet weight) from solutions containing 10 mg/ml glucose were 2 times greater in the 21-23 than in the 7-8-day-old pups (64 versus 30; P less than 0.01). Glucose absorption rates (milligrams per hour per gram wet weight of the perfused intestine) from the 20 mg/ml solution were similar in the 21-23 (64), 35-36 (60), and 70-73 (58)-day-old rats. The above results suggested that under the experimental conditions in rats the ability of the small intestine to absorp glucose per unit weight about doubles at the time of weaning as compared with the suckling period with no further enhancement thereafter.", "PMID": 1121418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7232", "title": "Production of the features of Reye's syndrome in rats with 4-pentenoic acid.", "content": "4-Pentenoic acid, an analog of hypoglycin which is believed to cause Jamaican vomiting sickness, was administered intraperitoneally to rats in an attempt to produce the features of Reye's syndrome in rats. Mean ammonia levels in plasma were found to be elevated approximately four-fold after injection of 200 mg/kg pentenoic acid in fed rats. Pentenoic acid caused hypoglycemia in fasted rats and hyperglycemia in fed rats. In chronic experiments rats were injected intraperitoneally every 4 hr with 50 mg/kg body weight of pentenoic acid for 10 doses, followed by a single dose of 200 mg/kg. The livers of the treated group were enlarged and yellow and showed extensive fatty degeneration. The blood-urea-nitrogen (BUN) was significantly higher and the free fatty acids (FFA's) significantly lower in these rats. This study shows that pentenoic acid administered to rats produces findings similar to those of Reye's syndrome and Jamaican vomiting sickness.", "contents": "Production of the features of Reye's syndrome in rats with 4-pentenoic acid. 4-Pentenoic acid, an analog of hypoglycin which is believed to cause Jamaican vomiting sickness, was administered intraperitoneally to rats in an attempt to produce the features of Reye's syndrome in rats. Mean ammonia levels in plasma were found to be elevated approximately four-fold after injection of 200 mg/kg pentenoic acid in fed rats. Pentenoic acid caused hypoglycemia in fasted rats and hyperglycemia in fed rats. In chronic experiments rats were injected intraperitoneally every 4 hr with 50 mg/kg body weight of pentenoic acid for 10 doses, followed by a single dose of 200 mg/kg. The livers of the treated group were enlarged and yellow and showed extensive fatty degeneration. The blood-urea-nitrogen (BUN) was significantly higher and the free fatty acids (FFA's) significantly lower in these rats. This study shows that pentenoic acid administered to rats produces findings similar to those of Reye's syndrome and Jamaican vomiting sickness.", "PMID": 1121419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7233", "title": "In vitro studies of effects of light and riboflavin on DNA and HeLa cells.", "content": "The widespread use of phototherapy for neonatal hyperbilirubinemia has caused some concern since substances other than bilirubin may be photoactivated. The toxic properties of these photoactivated substances might prove to be more harmful to the neonatal infant than bilirubin. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of photoactivated riboflavin in low concentration, on purified DNA. The results demonstrate extensive changes in the structure of DNA (see Table 1) manifested by (1) a change in the peak absorbance in the ultraviolet, (2) a decrease in the temperature of the thermal helix-coil transition, (3) a slight decrease in the sedimentation coefficient, and (4) an increase in the buoyant density values (1.704-1.709). These observations are consistent with the interpretation that there has been an alteration of one of the base moieties with minimal cleavage of the phosphodiester linkages. Results with human cells in tissue culture indicate that a similar photodynamic effect of riboflavin on the DNA occurs in living cells.", "contents": "In vitro studies of effects of light and riboflavin on DNA and HeLa cells. The widespread use of phototherapy for neonatal hyperbilirubinemia has caused some concern since substances other than bilirubin may be photoactivated. The toxic properties of these photoactivated substances might prove to be more harmful to the neonatal infant than bilirubin. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of photoactivated riboflavin in low concentration, on purified DNA. The results demonstrate extensive changes in the structure of DNA (see Table 1) manifested by (1) a change in the peak absorbance in the ultraviolet, (2) a decrease in the temperature of the thermal helix-coil transition, (3) a slight decrease in the sedimentation coefficient, and (4) an increase in the buoyant density values (1.704-1.709). These observations are consistent with the interpretation that there has been an alteration of one of the base moieties with minimal cleavage of the phosphodiester linkages. Results with human cells in tissue culture indicate that a similar photodynamic effect of riboflavin on the DNA occurs in living cells.", "PMID": 1121420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7234", "title": "Detection by electron microscopy of photo-induced denaturation in lambda DNA.", "content": "We have used an electron microscope to study localized denatured regions in ultraviolet-irradiated DNA. DNA from bacteriophage lambda was UV-irradiated and then prepared for electron microscopy after fixing in buffered (pH 9.5) formaldehyde solutions at 25 degrees C. The denatured regions observed corresponded to those described by Inman and Schn\u00f6s (1) who used alkaline denaturation to preferentially destroy thymine-adenine base pairing. In UV-irradiated DNA, pairs of neighboring thymine residues are converted into photodimers; hence, loss of hydrogen bonding most likely occurs in thymine-rich regions and denaturation results. Conceivably, photo-induced denaturation may under some circumstances represent a more convenient method than alkaline denaturation for mapping thymine-rich regions in DNA.", "contents": "Detection by electron microscopy of photo-induced denaturation in lambda DNA. We have used an electron microscope to study localized denatured regions in ultraviolet-irradiated DNA. DNA from bacteriophage lambda was UV-irradiated and then prepared for electron microscopy after fixing in buffered (pH 9.5) formaldehyde solutions at 25 degrees C. The denatured regions observed corresponded to those described by Inman and Schn\u00f6s (1) who used alkaline denaturation to preferentially destroy thymine-adenine base pairing. In UV-irradiated DNA, pairs of neighboring thymine residues are converted into photodimers; hence, loss of hydrogen bonding most likely occurs in thymine-rich regions and denaturation results. Conceivably, photo-induced denaturation may under some circumstances represent a more convenient method than alkaline denaturation for mapping thymine-rich regions in DNA.", "PMID": 1121421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7235", "title": "Further characterization of the polynucleotide phosphorylase of Micrococcus luteus.", "content": "The purification of polynucleotide phosphorylase from Micrococcus luteus by chromatography on phosphocellulose colums is described. This procedure offers several advantages over previous procedures. Previously determined molecular weights for Form-I enzyme and Form-T enzyme derived from Form-I by limited tryptic hydrolysis were confirmed as 2.7 and 2.3 times 10-5, respectively. Form-I appears homogeneous in the ultracentrifuge, but multiple active protein species are separable by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The multiple species are probably the result of proteolysis. On polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under denaturing conditions, Form-T yielded a single size of subunit of 71,000 daltons, and Form-I yielded several bands of different molecular sizes. These results differ from earlier determinations. The amino acid compositions of Form-I and Form-T are reported. Form-I contains only between 8 and 10 cysteine residues per molecule and Form-T half that many.", "contents": "Further characterization of the polynucleotide phosphorylase of Micrococcus luteus. The purification of polynucleotide phosphorylase from Micrococcus luteus by chromatography on phosphocellulose colums is described. This procedure offers several advantages over previous procedures. Previously determined molecular weights for Form-I enzyme and Form-T enzyme derived from Form-I by limited tryptic hydrolysis were confirmed as 2.7 and 2.3 times 10-5, respectively. Form-I appears homogeneous in the ultracentrifuge, but multiple active protein species are separable by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The multiple species are probably the result of proteolysis. On polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under denaturing conditions, Form-T yielded a single size of subunit of 71,000 daltons, and Form-I yielded several bands of different molecular sizes. These results differ from earlier determinations. The amino acid compositions of Form-I and Form-T are reported. Form-I contains only between 8 and 10 cysteine residues per molecule and Form-T half that many.", "PMID": 1121422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7236", "title": "Absence of mRNA for casein in free polysomes of lactating ewe mammary gland.", "content": "Total polysomal RNA or poly A- containing RNA extracted from free polysomes of lactating ewe mammary gland was unable to direct a significant synthesis of alpha-s- and beta-casein. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of poly A- containing RNA revealed that the two major peaks of mRNA isolated from membrane-bound polysomes were not observed in mRNA isolated from free polysomes. Purified 125-I anti-alpha-s-casein could bind significantly to membrane-bound polysomes only. These data suggest that casein synthesis occurs almost exclusively on membrane-bound polysomes and that this specificity may be attributed to the presence of casein mRNAs on these polysomes and their absence from free polysomes.", "contents": "Absence of mRNA for casein in free polysomes of lactating ewe mammary gland. Total polysomal RNA or poly A- containing RNA extracted from free polysomes of lactating ewe mammary gland was unable to direct a significant synthesis of alpha-s- and beta-casein. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of poly A- containing RNA revealed that the two major peaks of mRNA isolated from membrane-bound polysomes were not observed in mRNA isolated from free polysomes. Purified 125-I anti-alpha-s-casein could bind significantly to membrane-bound polysomes only. These data suggest that casein synthesis occurs almost exclusively on membrane-bound polysomes and that this specificity may be attributed to the presence of casein mRNAs on these polysomes and their absence from free polysomes.", "PMID": 1121423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7237", "title": "Heterogeneity of mitochondrial DNA from Saccharomyces carlsbergensis. Denaturation mapping by electron microscopy.", "content": "Electronmicroscopic observation of the denaturation pattern of 130 partially denaturated linear mitochondrial DNA molecules from Saccharomyces carlsbergensis was used to investigate the distribution of AT-rich sequences within the mitochondrial genome. The molecules were observed after heating to 43 degrees C in the presence of 12% formaldehyde. These conditions resulted in an average denaturation per molecule of 21%. The average length of the molecules was 10 mum, and a few molecules had a length corresponding to the size of the complete genome. The undenaturated regions varied in length from 0.1 to 5.0 mum with denaturated regions of length 0.02 to 0.1 mum in between. A denaturation map was constructed by use of one of the long molecules (28.7 mum) as a master molecule for positioning of all other molecules. This map shows distinct regions corresponding to the position of easily denaturated sequences in the mitochondrial DNA. These sequences which presumably correspond to the very AT-rich regions, known to exist in the yeast mitochondrial DNA, were found at intervals of about 0.5 - 3 mum on the map.", "contents": "Heterogeneity of mitochondrial DNA from Saccharomyces carlsbergensis. Denaturation mapping by electron microscopy. Electronmicroscopic observation of the denaturation pattern of 130 partially denaturated linear mitochondrial DNA molecules from Saccharomyces carlsbergensis was used to investigate the distribution of AT-rich sequences within the mitochondrial genome. The molecules were observed after heating to 43 degrees C in the presence of 12% formaldehyde. These conditions resulted in an average denaturation per molecule of 21%. The average length of the molecules was 10 mum, and a few molecules had a length corresponding to the size of the complete genome. The undenaturated regions varied in length from 0.1 to 5.0 mum with denaturated regions of length 0.02 to 0.1 mum in between. A denaturation map was constructed by use of one of the long molecules (28.7 mum) as a master molecule for positioning of all other molecules. This map shows distinct regions corresponding to the position of easily denaturated sequences in the mitochondrial DNA. These sequences which presumably correspond to the very AT-rich regions, known to exist in the yeast mitochondrial DNA, were found at intervals of about 0.5 - 3 mum on the map.", "PMID": 1121424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7238", "title": "Correlation of anti-inflammatory activity with inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis activity of nonsteroidal anti-estrogens and estrogens (38532).", "content": "Diethylstilbestrol, clomiphene, ethamoxytriphetol and triparanol were 0.18, 1.0, 0.02 and 0.01 times as potent in the in vitro inhibition of prostaglandin synthetase, respectively as was indomethacin.  In the in vivo carrageenan-induced rat paw edema studies, diethylstilbestrol was more potent as an anti-inflammatory agent than was clomiphene, and ethamoxytriphetol and triparanol were only marginally effective.  The most potent of the compounds tested was indomethacin.  The results reported demonstrate that the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents and the nonsteroidal estrogens and anti-estrogens share the property of inhibition of prostaglandin synthetase.", "contents": "Correlation of anti-inflammatory activity with inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis activity of nonsteroidal anti-estrogens and estrogens (38532). Diethylstilbestrol, clomiphene, ethamoxytriphetol and triparanol were 0.18, 1.0, 0.02 and 0.01 times as potent in the in vitro inhibition of prostaglandin synthetase, respectively as was indomethacin.  In the in vivo carrageenan-induced rat paw edema studies, diethylstilbestrol was more potent as an anti-inflammatory agent than was clomiphene, and ethamoxytriphetol and triparanol were only marginally effective.  The most potent of the compounds tested was indomethacin.  The results reported demonstrate that the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents and the nonsteroidal estrogens and anti-estrogens share the property of inhibition of prostaglandin synthetase.", "PMID": 1121479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7239", "title": "Effects of metyrapone on reproductive organs of house mice (38533).", "content": "The effects of chronic administration of metyrapone, a specific adrenal 11beta-hydroxylase inhibitor, were examined on the reproductive organs of house mice. In one experiment, immature (30 days old) mice of both sexes received daily injections of either metyrapone (100 mg/kg) or saline ip for 30 days. In a second experiment, mature mice (90 days old) were treated in like manner either with metyrapone (100 mg/kg) or saline for 21 days. Twenty-four hours after the last injection, mice were killed, fixed in formalin, and organs were weighed and examined by light microscopy. There was significant impairment of ovarian and uterine development in the young female metyrapone-treated mice with the incidence of corpora lutea being reduced 82%. Seminal vesicle and body weights were significantly reduced in juvenile males. Among mature animals, a 14% decrease in adrenal gland weight from adult females was the only signigicant effect of prolonged treatment with metyrapone. These data support the hypothesis that increases in pituitary-adrenocortical function may impair development of reproductive organs in small rodents.", "contents": "Effects of metyrapone on reproductive organs of house mice (38533). The effects of chronic administration of metyrapone, a specific adrenal 11beta-hydroxylase inhibitor, were examined on the reproductive organs of house mice. In one experiment, immature (30 days old) mice of both sexes received daily injections of either metyrapone (100 mg/kg) or saline ip for 30 days. In a second experiment, mature mice (90 days old) were treated in like manner either with metyrapone (100 mg/kg) or saline for 21 days. Twenty-four hours after the last injection, mice were killed, fixed in formalin, and organs were weighed and examined by light microscopy. There was significant impairment of ovarian and uterine development in the young female metyrapone-treated mice with the incidence of corpora lutea being reduced 82%. Seminal vesicle and body weights were significantly reduced in juvenile males. Among mature animals, a 14% decrease in adrenal gland weight from adult females was the only signigicant effect of prolonged treatment with metyrapone. These data support the hypothesis that increases in pituitary-adrenocortical function may impair development of reproductive organs in small rodents.", "PMID": 1121480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7240", "title": "Effect of pinealectomy on rat brain myelin (38534).", "content": "Analysis of purified myelin from the respective brains of both sexes of 40-day-old rats revealed that neonatal pinealectomy results in decreased myelin formation.", "contents": "Effect of pinealectomy on rat brain myelin (38534). Analysis of purified myelin from the respective brains of both sexes of 40-day-old rats revealed that neonatal pinealectomy results in decreased myelin formation.", "PMID": 1121481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7241", "title": "Ferritin in formed blood elements (38539).", "content": "The ferritin concentration of the formed elements of the blood has been measured. Nearly equal amounts were found in plasma, red cells, granulocytes, and in the mononuclear (monocyte and lymphocyte) cell fraction. Platelets contained a negligible amount. Concentrations of ferritin were greatest in blood leukocytes, amounting to approximately 24 mug/ml. Changes occurring with iron depletion and iron overload were consistent with those expected in body tissues in general. With infection, increased levels of ferritin were observed in the mononuclear cell fraction, consistent with that which occurs in RE cells.", "contents": "Ferritin in formed blood elements (38539). The ferritin concentration of the formed elements of the blood has been measured. Nearly equal amounts were found in plasma, red cells, granulocytes, and in the mononuclear (monocyte and lymphocyte) cell fraction. Platelets contained a negligible amount. Concentrations of ferritin were greatest in blood leukocytes, amounting to approximately 24 mug/ml. Changes occurring with iron depletion and iron overload were consistent with those expected in body tissues in general. With infection, increased levels of ferritin were observed in the mononuclear cell fraction, consistent with that which occurs in RE cells.", "PMID": 1121482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7242", "title": "Host resistance mechanisms to Newcastle disease virus in immunodeficient chickens  (38540).", "content": "In order to assess the mechanisms of host resistance to Newcastle disease virus (NDV), the susceptibility of young adult normal, T cell deficient and agammaglobulinemic chickens to an avirulent live vaccine (Bl) and a mesogenic strain of NDV was studied.  All animals, regardless of immunological status resisted the vaccine strain.  Most normal birds resisted mesogenic NDV, HOWEVER T cell deficient birds were much more susceptible and agammaglobulinemic chickens were extremely susceptible.  There was no difference in the kinetics and levels of hemmagglutination-inhibition activity of plasma between normal, control-irradiated and T cell deficient birds nor between dying and surviving birds.  Agammaglobulinemic chickens could be partially protected against an otherwise lethal challenge following immunization with avirulent NDV, low doses of mesogenic NDV inoculated intranasally or im injection of beta-propriolactone inactivated NDV mixed in complete Freund's adjuvant.  The possible mechanisms for this protection together with the relative roles of humoral, cell mediated and non-specific immunity are discussed.", "contents": "Host resistance mechanisms to Newcastle disease virus in immunodeficient chickens  (38540). In order to assess the mechanisms of host resistance to Newcastle disease virus (NDV), the susceptibility of young adult normal, T cell deficient and agammaglobulinemic chickens to an avirulent live vaccine (Bl) and a mesogenic strain of NDV was studied.  All animals, regardless of immunological status resisted the vaccine strain.  Most normal birds resisted mesogenic NDV, HOWEVER T cell deficient birds were much more susceptible and agammaglobulinemic chickens were extremely susceptible.  There was no difference in the kinetics and levels of hemmagglutination-inhibition activity of plasma between normal, control-irradiated and T cell deficient birds nor between dying and surviving birds.  Agammaglobulinemic chickens could be partially protected against an otherwise lethal challenge following immunization with avirulent NDV, low doses of mesogenic NDV inoculated intranasally or im injection of beta-propriolactone inactivated NDV mixed in complete Freund's adjuvant.  The possible mechanisms for this protection together with the relative roles of humoral, cell mediated and non-specific immunity are discussed.", "PMID": 1121483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7243", "title": "Cirrhosis of choline deficiency in the Rhesus Monkey.  Possible role of dietary cholesterol (38541).", "content": "One of five rhesus monkeys fed a diet deficient in choline and protein for 31 mo developed signs of cirrhosis at 26 mo.  Five other monkeys were fed the same diet for 14 mo, at which time cholesterol comprising 2% of the diet was added.  Three followed a sharp rise in hepatic lipids.  One monkey developed marked hypercholesterolemia and showed signs of cirrhosis 2 mo after cholesterol supplementation. The findings indicate that the rhesus monkey is susceptible to choline-deficiency cirrhosis.  They suggest that cholestrol supplementation accelerates this process.", "contents": "Cirrhosis of choline deficiency in the Rhesus Monkey.  Possible role of dietary cholesterol (38541). One of five rhesus monkeys fed a diet deficient in choline and protein for 31 mo developed signs of cirrhosis at 26 mo.  Five other monkeys were fed the same diet for 14 mo, at which time cholesterol comprising 2% of the diet was added.  Three followed a sharp rise in hepatic lipids.  One monkey developed marked hypercholesterolemia and showed signs of cirrhosis 2 mo after cholesterol supplementation. The findings indicate that the rhesus monkey is susceptible to choline-deficiency cirrhosis.  They suggest that cholestrol supplementation accelerates this process.", "PMID": 1121484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7244", "title": "Experimental manipulation of preleukemic change in whole-body irradiated RFM/Up mice (38542).", "content": "Radiation which induces leukemogenesis in the unirradiated mouse, inhibits leukemogenesis if given again to the previously irradiated, but not yet leukemic mouse. The objective of this experiment was to identiry nonmalignant late radiation in jury in the bone marrow, the modification of which by a second exposure may account for postponement of radiogenic leukemia. To this end, leukemogenically irradiated RFM/Up mice were reirradiated under conditions known to bring about postponement of the leukemias due to the first radiation exposure. Quantitative analysis of the femoral pone marrow of these mice shows that leukemia incidence is positively correlated with the number of immature myeloid cells, and negatively correlated with the percentage of the mature myeloid cells in the entire myeloid series. The implications of this for the understanding of preleukemic change are discussed.", "contents": "Experimental manipulation of preleukemic change in whole-body irradiated RFM/Up mice (38542). Radiation which induces leukemogenesis in the unirradiated mouse, inhibits leukemogenesis if given again to the previously irradiated, but not yet leukemic mouse. The objective of this experiment was to identiry nonmalignant late radiation in jury in the bone marrow, the modification of which by a second exposure may account for postponement of radiogenic leukemia. To this end, leukemogenically irradiated RFM/Up mice were reirradiated under conditions known to bring about postponement of the leukemias due to the first radiation exposure. Quantitative analysis of the femoral pone marrow of these mice shows that leukemia incidence is positively correlated with the number of immature myeloid cells, and negatively correlated with the percentage of the mature myeloid cells in the entire myeloid series. The implications of this for the understanding of preleukemic change are discussed.", "PMID": 1121485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7245", "title": "Effect of cholestyramine on tissue pools of cholesterol a preliminary report.", "content": "Four Type II Hyperlipoproteinemic subjects were investigated before and after treatment with cholestyramine. Plasma cholesterol was significantly reduced (365 plus or minus 23 vs 273 plus or minus 34 mg/100 ml) and triglycerides significantly increased (149 plus or minus 55 vs 181 plus or minus 59 mg/100 ml) on cholestyramine treatment. The daily turnover of cholesterol, as determined by the method of Goodman and Nobel, was nearly doubled by the treatment (0.813 plus or minus 0.11 vs 1.595 plus or minus 0.176 g). Although previous workers have already suggested that cholestyramine does not decrease tissue cholesterol pools, we observed a significant increase in tissue pools in each of the three subjects given cholestyramine alone (10.1 plus or minus 1.4 vs 16.2 plus or minus 6.9 g) for Pool A - EXCLUDING PLASMA; AND 27.2 PLUS OR MINUS 4.6 VS 43.7 PLUS OR MINUS 6.4 G FOR Pool B). Treatment for the fourth subject consisted of a combination of cholestyramine and clofibrate. This combination appeared to prevent increases in the size of Pool B and in the size and production rate of Pool A. These preliminary observations suggest that the hypocholesterolemic effect of cholestyramine may be enhanced and its effects on tissue cholesterol prevented by giving it in combination with other agents such as clofibrate.", "contents": "Effect of cholestyramine on tissue pools of cholesterol a preliminary report. Four Type II Hyperlipoproteinemic subjects were investigated before and after treatment with cholestyramine. Plasma cholesterol was significantly reduced (365 plus or minus 23 vs 273 plus or minus 34 mg/100 ml) and triglycerides significantly increased (149 plus or minus 55 vs 181 plus or minus 59 mg/100 ml) on cholestyramine treatment. The daily turnover of cholesterol, as determined by the method of Goodman and Nobel, was nearly doubled by the treatment (0.813 plus or minus 0.11 vs 1.595 plus or minus 0.176 g). Although previous workers have already suggested that cholestyramine does not decrease tissue cholesterol pools, we observed a significant increase in tissue pools in each of the three subjects given cholestyramine alone (10.1 plus or minus 1.4 vs 16.2 plus or minus 6.9 g) for Pool A - EXCLUDING PLASMA; AND 27.2 PLUS OR MINUS 4.6 VS 43.7 PLUS OR MINUS 6.4 G FOR Pool B). Treatment for the fourth subject consisted of a combination of cholestyramine and clofibrate. This combination appeared to prevent increases in the size of Pool B and in the size and production rate of Pool A. These preliminary observations suggest that the hypocholesterolemic effect of cholestyramine may be enhanced and its effects on tissue cholesterol prevented by giving it in combination with other agents such as clofibrate.", "PMID": 1121487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7246", "title": "Effect of mirex on induced ovulation in immature rats (38550).", "content": "PMS-induced ovulation  was significantly inhibited in 28-day-old immature rats by acute administration of the chlorinated  pesticide Mirex.  Numbers of ova recovered were reduced by 40-80% from controls with dose levels of Mirex ranging from 0.4 to 50 mg per animal.  When injections of Mirex 48 hr after PMS were followed by HCG the inhibitory effect of the insecticide was overcome, suggesting that the ovary is not the primary site of action.  Injections of Mirex at intervals preceding the PMS-induced LH surge resulted in an inhibition of ovulation.  Administration of the insecticide after the expected release of LH was ineffective.  There was no indication of a premature or delayed release of LH due to injection of Mirex.  TPHE DATA SUGGEST THAT Mirex inhibits PMS-induced ovulation by an unknown effect upon neural mechanisms controlling the release of LH.", "contents": "Effect of mirex on induced ovulation in immature rats (38550). PMS-induced ovulation  was significantly inhibited in 28-day-old immature rats by acute administration of the chlorinated  pesticide Mirex.  Numbers of ova recovered were reduced by 40-80% from controls with dose levels of Mirex ranging from 0.4 to 50 mg per animal.  When injections of Mirex 48 hr after PMS were followed by HCG the inhibitory effect of the insecticide was overcome, suggesting that the ovary is not the primary site of action.  Injections of Mirex at intervals preceding the PMS-induced LH surge resulted in an inhibition of ovulation.  Administration of the insecticide after the expected release of LH was ineffective.  There was no indication of a premature or delayed release of LH due to injection of Mirex.  TPHE DATA SUGGEST THAT Mirex inhibits PMS-induced ovulation by an unknown effect upon neural mechanisms controlling the release of LH.", "PMID": 1121488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7247", "title": "Inability of angiotensin to stimulate RNA SYNTHESIS IN ISOLATED RAT ATRIA (38551).", "content": "Contrary to a previous report by other investigators, angiotensin was shown not to increase the incorporation of (3H)uridine into RNA of rat atria in culture.", "contents": "Inability of angiotensin to stimulate RNA SYNTHESIS IN ISOLATED RAT ATRIA (38551). Contrary to a previous report by other investigators, angiotensin was shown not to increase the incorporation of (3H)uridine into RNA of rat atria in culture.", "PMID": 1121489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7248", "title": "The effect of vasectomy and oviduct section on mouse behavior (38554).", "content": "The spontaneous movement of vasectomized adult Swiss Webster male mice was 60% less than sham-operated controls 45 days after the operation. A similar trend was recorded for tubectomized frmales. Exploratory behavior as measured by the open field test was not significantly influenced by either surgical proceedure.", "contents": "The effect of vasectomy and oviduct section on mouse behavior (38554). The spontaneous movement of vasectomized adult Swiss Webster male mice was 60% less than sham-operated controls 45 days after the operation. A similar trend was recorded for tubectomized frmales. Exploratory behavior as measured by the open field test was not significantly influenced by either surgical proceedure.", "PMID": 1121490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7249", "title": "Degradation of particulate lipid by the large-granule fraction of rat liver (38555).", "content": "Radiolabeled particulate lipid administered intravenously was cleared from the circulation and localized primarily with in the liver. The phagocytized 131I-triglyceride was degraded with the subsequent release of free 131I-triglyceride emulsion in vitro with different hepatic subcellular fractions revealed that the lysosome rich large-granule fraction contained the highest specific deiodinative activity. This observation coupled with the findings on latency of activation and an acid findings on latency of activation and an acid pH optimum, support the concept that the lysosomes are critically involved in the degradation of the particulate phagocytized lipid in the liver.", "contents": "Degradation of particulate lipid by the large-granule fraction of rat liver (38555). Radiolabeled particulate lipid administered intravenously was cleared from the circulation and localized primarily with in the liver. The phagocytized 131I-triglyceride was degraded with the subsequent release of free 131I-triglyceride emulsion in vitro with different hepatic subcellular fractions revealed that the lysosome rich large-granule fraction contained the highest specific deiodinative activity. This observation coupled with the findings on latency of activation and an acid findings on latency of activation and an acid pH optimum, support the concept that the lysosomes are critically involved in the degradation of the particulate phagocytized lipid in the liver.", "PMID": 1121491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7250", "title": "Effect of corynebacterium parvum on bone marrow cell cultures (38557).", "content": "The effect of C. parvum on in vitro colony-forming cell was evaluated.  A single ip injection of the vaccine had no effect during the first 4 hr either on colony stimulating factor or on colony-forming cells.  The enhancement of the colony-forming capacity of the bone marrow by C.parvum occurred after two injections of the vaccine within 48 hr.  The stimulation of colony formation by C. parvum was time related function and occured 5 days after the initiation of the cultures.  The results of this study indicate that C. parvum appears to be stimulant of bone marrow cells capable of proliferation and may be used as a valuable adjuvant against myelosuppressive agents.", "contents": "Effect of corynebacterium parvum on bone marrow cell cultures (38557). The effect of C. parvum on in vitro colony-forming cell was evaluated.  A single ip injection of the vaccine had no effect during the first 4 hr either on colony stimulating factor or on colony-forming cells.  The enhancement of the colony-forming capacity of the bone marrow by C.parvum occurred after two injections of the vaccine within 48 hr.  The stimulation of colony formation by C. parvum was time related function and occured 5 days after the initiation of the cultures.  The results of this study indicate that C. parvum appears to be stimulant of bone marrow cells capable of proliferation and may be used as a valuable adjuvant against myelosuppressive agents.", "PMID": 1121493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7251", "title": "Ability of several cations to promote secretion of thyrocalcitonin in the pig-1-2 (38559).", "content": "Various ions were tested to see whether or not at pharmacological plasma levels they affected TCT secretion from the pig thyroid gland in vivo.  Test solutions were infused either systemically (femoral vein) or directly into the thyroid artery for brief (10-12 min) periods.  Infusions of large doses of magnesium, potassium, strontium and barium, as well as calcium, produced increases in TCT in thyroid venous plasma ranging from two- to tenfold.  Blood analyses reveled that levels of these stimulatory cations produced in plasma during the infusions indeed were high.  In contrast, infusions of sodium and phosphate suggested that neither hypernatermia nor hyperhosphatemia directly altered TCT secretion.  The findings are in accord with previous suggstions that although cations other than calcium are capable of increasing TCT secretion, probably only calcium plays an important role in the physical regulation of TCT secretion.  Neverthless, other effective agents, such as those reported here, may consitute useful pharmacological tools for studying the mechanisms involved in secretion of TCT.", "contents": "Ability of several cations to promote secretion of thyrocalcitonin in the pig-1-2 (38559). Various ions were tested to see whether or not at pharmacological plasma levels they affected TCT secretion from the pig thyroid gland in vivo.  Test solutions were infused either systemically (femoral vein) or directly into the thyroid artery for brief (10-12 min) periods.  Infusions of large doses of magnesium, potassium, strontium and barium, as well as calcium, produced increases in TCT in thyroid venous plasma ranging from two- to tenfold.  Blood analyses reveled that levels of these stimulatory cations produced in plasma during the infusions indeed were high.  In contrast, infusions of sodium and phosphate suggested that neither hypernatermia nor hyperhosphatemia directly altered TCT secretion.  The findings are in accord with previous suggstions that although cations other than calcium are capable of increasing TCT secretion, probably only calcium plays an important role in the physical regulation of TCT secretion.  Neverthless, other effective agents, such as those reported here, may consitute useful pharmacological tools for studying the mechanisms involved in secretion of TCT.", "PMID": 1121494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7252", "title": "Effect of diftalone and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents on synthesis of prostaglandins (38560).", "content": "Diftalone and its metabolites 7, 14-Dihydroxyphthalzino  (2,3-b)phthalazine-5, 12 (7H,  14H)-dione, 7-Hydroxyphthalazino (2, 3-b)phthalzine-5,12 (7H, 14H)=DIONE, AND 12 (1(2H)-oxo-2-phthalazinyl)methylbenzoic acid inhibited prostaglandin synthesis in bovine seminal vesicle microsome preparations.  Diftalone was the most active of these compounds but less active than indomethacin although more active than phenylbutazone or asprin.  The magnitude of the concentration of arachidonic acid influenced the velocity of the reaction in the synthesis of prostaglandins; the highest concentrations inhibited the rate of reaction.  The results of the in vitro inhibition of prostaglandin synthetase studies correlated well with those obtained in the in vivo carrageenan edema inhibition studies in the rat.  The relative potencies for Diftalone, indomethacin and phenylbutazone were similar with both experimental procedures.", "contents": "Effect of diftalone and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents on synthesis of prostaglandins (38560). Diftalone and its metabolites 7, 14-Dihydroxyphthalzino  (2,3-b)phthalazine-5, 12 (7H,  14H)-dione, 7-Hydroxyphthalazino (2, 3-b)phthalzine-5,12 (7H, 14H)=DIONE, AND 12 (1(2H)-oxo-2-phthalazinyl)methylbenzoic acid inhibited prostaglandin synthesis in bovine seminal vesicle microsome preparations.  Diftalone was the most active of these compounds but less active than indomethacin although more active than phenylbutazone or asprin.  The magnitude of the concentration of arachidonic acid influenced the velocity of the reaction in the synthesis of prostaglandins; the highest concentrations inhibited the rate of reaction.  The results of the in vitro inhibition of prostaglandin synthetase studies correlated well with those obtained in the in vivo carrageenan edema inhibition studies in the rat.  The relative potencies for Diftalone, indomethacin and phenylbutazone were similar with both experimental procedures.", "PMID": 1121495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7253", "title": "The dependence of the hemoglobin (beta plus gamma)/alpha chain synthetic ratio on the degree of anemia in beta-thalassemia (38561).", "content": "The peripheral blood hemoglobin (beta plus gamma)/alpha chain synthetic ratio in three homozygous beta-thalassemic subjects was shown to increase towards unity as their hematocrits were raised by stepwise transfusion.  The observation that the chain synthetic ratio can vary in a given individual is discussed in relation to current understanding about the regulation of hemoglobin synthesis.", "contents": "The dependence of the hemoglobin (beta plus gamma)/alpha chain synthetic ratio on the degree of anemia in beta-thalassemia (38561). The peripheral blood hemoglobin (beta plus gamma)/alpha chain synthetic ratio in three homozygous beta-thalassemic subjects was shown to increase towards unity as their hematocrits were raised by stepwise transfusion.  The observation that the chain synthetic ratio can vary in a given individual is discussed in relation to current understanding about the regulation of hemoglobin synthesis.", "PMID": 1121496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7254", "title": "Release of cholecystokinin by acid (38562).", "content": "In dogs with pancreatic fistulas, the amount of CCK released by acid in the intestine was estimated by determining how much exogenous CCK had to be fiven to mimic the pancreatic protein response. Duodenal infusion of 16 mmole/hr of HCl with a high background dose of intravenous secretin stimulated pancreatic protein secretion to about the same degree as 0.5 unit/kg-hr of exogenous CCK; the same acid load without secretin background gave a response equivalent to about 0.7 unit/kg-hr of CCK. Expressed as fractions of their respective doses for half maximal response, acid releases almost five times more secretin than CCK.", "contents": "Release of cholecystokinin by acid (38562). In dogs with pancreatic fistulas, the amount of CCK released by acid in the intestine was estimated by determining how much exogenous CCK had to be fiven to mimic the pancreatic protein response. Duodenal infusion of 16 mmole/hr of HCl with a high background dose of intravenous secretin stimulated pancreatic protein secretion to about the same degree as 0.5 unit/kg-hr of exogenous CCK; the same acid load without secretin background gave a response equivalent to about 0.7 unit/kg-hr of CCK. Expressed as fractions of their respective doses for half maximal response, acid releases almost five times more secretin than CCK.", "PMID": 1121497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7255", "title": "Safety assessment of poly I:C in NZB/NZW mice (38565).", "content": "The present report confirms the findings by Steinberg et al. (9) that repeated intraperitoneal injections of poly I:C (3 mug/g, three times per wk, 40-52 doses) enhanced the incidence and severity of glomerular lesions that occur spontaneously in NZG/NZW mice and also increased the development of circulating antibody against nucleic acids. This effect was minimal when only six intraperitoneal doses were given in 1 mug/g amount at weekly intervals. Intranasal administration of poly I:C (0.2 mug/g, three times per wk, 40 doses) or six doses of the drug (1 mug/g weekly) caused no apparent potentiation of glomerular response. ICR/Ha mice, which do not suffer from the spontaneously occurring disease, were uneffected by poly I:C treatment except for occasional development of antibody against poly I:C or DNA.", "contents": "Safety assessment of poly I:C in NZB/NZW mice (38565). The present report confirms the findings by Steinberg et al. (9) that repeated intraperitoneal injections of poly I:C (3 mug/g, three times per wk, 40-52 doses) enhanced the incidence and severity of glomerular lesions that occur spontaneously in NZG/NZW mice and also increased the development of circulating antibody against nucleic acids. This effect was minimal when only six intraperitoneal doses were given in 1 mug/g amount at weekly intervals. Intranasal administration of poly I:C (0.2 mug/g, three times per wk, 40 doses) or six doses of the drug (1 mug/g weekly) caused no apparent potentiation of glomerular response. ICR/Ha mice, which do not suffer from the spontaneously occurring disease, were uneffected by poly I:C treatment except for occasional development of antibody against poly I:C or DNA.", "PMID": 1121498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7256", "title": "Tolerance of isolated cardiac muscle to hypoxia: force-frequency interrelationships (38566).", "content": "The  preformance of isolated left ventricular muscle preparations during 60 min of hypoxia (95 percent N-2, 5% CO-2) and 30 min of reoxygenation (95% O-2, 5% CO2) was examined at differing stimulation rates (1, 12 and 60 stimuli/min).  Since a change in inotropic state accompanies a change in cardiac rate, studies were carried out in two species with different force-frequency relationships over the heart rate range examined the rat and the guinea pig.  Preparations were studied at the apices of their length tension curves while contracting isometrically 12 times a min at 28 degrees.  At increasing stimulation rates, under oxygenated conditions, isometric tension fell in rat ventricular muscle while the reverse is true in the guinea pig.  Despite the differing force-frequency responses, both species demonstrated progressively poor performance during hypoxia at increasing stimulation rates.  This was manifested by a more rapid and greater decline in mechanical activity, more severe contracture during hypoxia and and slower recovery upon reoxygenation.", "contents": "Tolerance of isolated cardiac muscle to hypoxia: force-frequency interrelationships (38566). The  preformance of isolated left ventricular muscle preparations during 60 min of hypoxia (95 percent N-2, 5% CO-2) and 30 min of reoxygenation (95% O-2, 5% CO2) was examined at differing stimulation rates (1, 12 and 60 stimuli/min).  Since a change in inotropic state accompanies a change in cardiac rate, studies were carried out in two species with different force-frequency relationships over the heart rate range examined the rat and the guinea pig.  Preparations were studied at the apices of their length tension curves while contracting isometrically 12 times a min at 28 degrees.  At increasing stimulation rates, under oxygenated conditions, isometric tension fell in rat ventricular muscle while the reverse is true in the guinea pig.  Despite the differing force-frequency responses, both species demonstrated progressively poor performance during hypoxia at increasing stimulation rates.  This was manifested by a more rapid and greater decline in mechanical activity, more severe contracture during hypoxia and and slower recovery upon reoxygenation.", "PMID": 1121499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7257", "title": "Migration of peripheral leukocytes in the presence of carcinoembryonic antigen.  Studies in patients with chronic inflammatory diseases of the intestine and carcinoma of the colon and pancreas (32568).", "content": "The leukocyte migration technique was employed to study in vitro cell-mediated immune responses to purified CEA in patients with Crohn's disease and active ulcerative colitis and in those with colonic and pancreatic carcinoma. No significant inhibition of leukocyte migration was demonstrated by CEA, with the exception of one patient with pancreatic carcinoma.  Thus, with the leukocyte migration technique, no consistent in vitro cell-mediated immunity to CEA was demonstrated supporting the hypothesis that CEA is not the antigen toward which cell-mediated host response phenomena are directed.", "contents": "Migration of peripheral leukocytes in the presence of carcinoembryonic antigen.  Studies in patients with chronic inflammatory diseases of the intestine and carcinoma of the colon and pancreas (32568). The leukocyte migration technique was employed to study in vitro cell-mediated immune responses to purified CEA in patients with Crohn's disease and active ulcerative colitis and in those with colonic and pancreatic carcinoma. No significant inhibition of leukocyte migration was demonstrated by CEA, with the exception of one patient with pancreatic carcinoma.  Thus, with the leukocyte migration technique, no consistent in vitro cell-mediated immunity to CEA was demonstrated supporting the hypothesis that CEA is not the antigen toward which cell-mediated host response phenomena are directed.", "PMID": 1121500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7258", "title": "Efficiency of energy utilization by the Zucker hereditarily obese rat \"fatty\" (38569).", "content": "The hereditarily obese rat \"fatty\", with food intake restricted to approximately normal, laid down excessive fat at the rate of 0.56 g rat per day for up to 74 days on experiment, producing an energy denser, but lighter weight, carcass than the normal control.  The \"fatty\" retained over 20% of the energy supplied, in its carcass, the control less than 10%.", "contents": "Efficiency of energy utilization by the Zucker hereditarily obese rat \"fatty\" (38569). The hereditarily obese rat \"fatty\", with food intake restricted to approximately normal, laid down excessive fat at the rate of 0.56 g rat per day for up to 74 days on experiment, producing an energy denser, but lighter weight, carcass than the normal control.  The \"fatty\" retained over 20% of the energy supplied, in its carcass, the control less than 10%.", "PMID": 1121501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7259", "title": "Failure to demonstrate circulating endotoxin in malaria (38572).", "content": "The possibility that endotoxin or an endotoxin-like substance plays a role in malaria has been suggested by the clinical similarity between human malaria and the febrile reaction to endotoxins, as well as the occurrence of endotoxin tolerance in humans infected with malaria.  However, endotoxin or endotoxin-like activity was not demonstrable, using the Limulus test, in the plasma of humans or monkeys infected with plasmodia.  The data indicate that the febrile paroxysm of malarial infection is not associated with detectable levels of endotoxin in the blood.", "contents": "Failure to demonstrate circulating endotoxin in malaria (38572). The possibility that endotoxin or an endotoxin-like substance plays a role in malaria has been suggested by the clinical similarity between human malaria and the febrile reaction to endotoxins, as well as the occurrence of endotoxin tolerance in humans infected with malaria.  However, endotoxin or endotoxin-like activity was not demonstrable, using the Limulus test, in the plasma of humans or monkeys infected with plasmodia.  The data indicate that the febrile paroxysm of malarial infection is not associated with detectable levels of endotoxin in the blood.", "PMID": 1121502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7260", "title": "Effect of hemoglobin and hematin on plasma clearance of hemopexin, photo-inactivated hemopexin and albumin  (38575).", "content": "The plasma half clearance time (T1/2) of isotope-labeled rabbit hemopexin was 35.5 plus or minus 1.9 hr in rabbits. After intra-and extra-vascular equilibration of 125I-hemopexin and 131I-albumin, injection of either hematin, hemoglobin or methemoglobin (12.5 mg of heme/kg body wt) resulted in the rapid removal of 60-80% of circulating hemopexin (T1/2 = 7.2 plus or minus 0.6 hr) but did not affect albumin catabolism. After selective photo-inactivation of hemopexin, the T1/2 of this hemopexin was comparable to that of the native molecule. However, its plasma disappearance curve was not appreciably affected by administration of hematin. These findings demonstrate that hemopexin is cleared and catabolized at an enhanced rate during states of plasma heme load, and that modification of critical histidine residues of hemopexin eliminates its biological function in plasma heme disposal.", "contents": "Effect of hemoglobin and hematin on plasma clearance of hemopexin, photo-inactivated hemopexin and albumin  (38575). The plasma half clearance time (T1/2) of isotope-labeled rabbit hemopexin was 35.5 plus or minus 1.9 hr in rabbits. After intra-and extra-vascular equilibration of 125I-hemopexin and 131I-albumin, injection of either hematin, hemoglobin or methemoglobin (12.5 mg of heme/kg body wt) resulted in the rapid removal of 60-80% of circulating hemopexin (T1/2 = 7.2 plus or minus 0.6 hr) but did not affect albumin catabolism. After selective photo-inactivation of hemopexin, the T1/2 of this hemopexin was comparable to that of the native molecule. However, its plasma disappearance curve was not appreciably affected by administration of hematin. These findings demonstrate that hemopexin is cleared and catabolized at an enhanced rate during states of plasma heme load, and that modification of critical histidine residues of hemopexin eliminates its biological function in plasma heme disposal.", "PMID": 1121503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7261", "title": "Transplacental passage of methylmercury and its uptake by primate fetal tissues (38576).", "content": "Radioactive methylmercury given to rhesus monkeys in late pregnancy crossed the placenta slowly from mother to fetus.  The maternal-fetal ratio in both plasma and erythrocytes was as low as 10:1 serveral hours after maternal administration.  Transfer from fetus to mother was even slower with the concentration gradient remaining above 25:1. Organic mercury was generally distributed throughout fetal tissues in a similar manner regardless of the routine of administration.  The placenta and blood-brain barrier each appear to represent partial impediments to acute transfer of organic mercury, probably because of extensive erythrocyte binding.  While the hemochorial placenta, by virtue of its limited permeability to organic mercury, appears to afford the fetus some degree of protection of acute mercury poisoning the fact that mercury moves out of the fetel circulation even more slowly than into it probably accounts for the fetal hazard with chronic exposure.", "contents": "Transplacental passage of methylmercury and its uptake by primate fetal tissues (38576). Radioactive methylmercury given to rhesus monkeys in late pregnancy crossed the placenta slowly from mother to fetus.  The maternal-fetal ratio in both plasma and erythrocytes was as low as 10:1 serveral hours after maternal administration.  Transfer from fetus to mother was even slower with the concentration gradient remaining above 25:1. Organic mercury was generally distributed throughout fetal tissues in a similar manner regardless of the routine of administration.  The placenta and blood-brain barrier each appear to represent partial impediments to acute transfer of organic mercury, probably because of extensive erythrocyte binding.  While the hemochorial placenta, by virtue of its limited permeability to organic mercury, appears to afford the fetus some degree of protection of acute mercury poisoning the fact that mercury moves out of the fetel circulation even more slowly than into it probably accounts for the fetal hazard with chronic exposure.", "PMID": 1121504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7262", "title": "In vivo hemolytic potency and binding of chlorpromazine to plasma protein and erythrocytes of rat and dog (38579).", "content": "It was demonstrated by equilibrium dialysis that dog red cells have a greater ability to bind chlorpromazine than rat red cells.  Dog plasma was shown to have a greater ability to bind chlopromazine than rat plasma although this difference was not statistically significant.  In the presence of CPZ (10-3M), the 50% hemolysis time of dog red cells suspended in homologous plasma or in 0.9% buffered NaCl solution was much greater than that of rat red cells treated in the same manner.  The 50% hemolysis time of dog red cells suspended in homologous plasma was considerably shortened when they were suspended in rat plasma.  Conversely, an increase in the 50% hemolysis time was obtained when rat red cells were suspended in dog plasma.  Several possibilities for the slower rate of CPZ-induced hemolysis of dog red cells as compared to rat has been discussed in the present report.", "contents": "In vivo hemolytic potency and binding of chlorpromazine to plasma protein and erythrocytes of rat and dog (38579). It was demonstrated by equilibrium dialysis that dog red cells have a greater ability to bind chlorpromazine than rat red cells.  Dog plasma was shown to have a greater ability to bind chlopromazine than rat plasma although this difference was not statistically significant.  In the presence of CPZ (10-3M), the 50% hemolysis time of dog red cells suspended in homologous plasma or in 0.9% buffered NaCl solution was much greater than that of rat red cells treated in the same manner.  The 50% hemolysis time of dog red cells suspended in homologous plasma was considerably shortened when they were suspended in rat plasma.  Conversely, an increase in the 50% hemolysis time was obtained when rat red cells were suspended in dog plasma.  Several possibilities for the slower rate of CPZ-induced hemolysis of dog red cells as compared to rat has been discussed in the present report.", "PMID": 1121505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7263", "title": "The synthesis of tautine from sulfate VIII. The effect of potassium (38580).", "content": "The in vitro and in vivo influence of K+ on the activity of rat heart and liver PAPS-sulfotransferase (P1) was tested. The P1 activity was optimal with 0.5 mumoles K+ per mug protein. The P1 activity was decreased by mild dialysis and lost by extended dialysis. The enzyme was stable when dialyzed with K+ and tests with other ions indicated K+ specificity. Rats fed purified diets with low, normal or high levels of K+ had significantly different heart taurine concentrations and P1 specific activities. These P1 specific activities became comparable to those from the rats receiving the normal K+ diet by the addition of KCl to the assay mixture.", "contents": "The synthesis of tautine from sulfate VIII. The effect of potassium (38580). The in vitro and in vivo influence of K+ on the activity of rat heart and liver PAPS-sulfotransferase (P1) was tested. The P1 activity was optimal with 0.5 mumoles K+ per mug protein. The P1 activity was decreased by mild dialysis and lost by extended dialysis. The enzyme was stable when dialyzed with K+ and tests with other ions indicated K+ specificity. Rats fed purified diets with low, normal or high levels of K+ had significantly different heart taurine concentrations and P1 specific activities. These P1 specific activities became comparable to those from the rats receiving the normal K+ diet by the addition of KCl to the assay mixture.", "PMID": 1121506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7264", "title": "Acute and chronic effects of sulpride on serum prolactin and gonadotropin levels in castrated male rats (38581).", "content": "The effect of the acute or chronic administration of sulpiride on serum prolactin and gonadotropin levels was studied in castrated male rats. Sulpiride administered in acute intravenous injections induced a quick increase in serum prolactin levels and no significant changes in serum gonadotropins. The peak in serum prolactin was observed 30 min after the injection of sulpiride, with a decrease of serum prolactin levels at 60 and 120 min. The subcutaneous administration of sulpiride for 13 days induced a significant increase in serum prolactin levels at the end of the treatment, and no significant changes in serum FSH and LH levels.", "contents": "Acute and chronic effects of sulpride on serum prolactin and gonadotropin levels in castrated male rats (38581). The effect of the acute or chronic administration of sulpiride on serum prolactin and gonadotropin levels was studied in castrated male rats. Sulpiride administered in acute intravenous injections induced a quick increase in serum prolactin levels and no significant changes in serum gonadotropins. The peak in serum prolactin was observed 30 min after the injection of sulpiride, with a decrease of serum prolactin levels at 60 and 120 min. The subcutaneous administration of sulpiride for 13 days induced a significant increase in serum prolactin levels at the end of the treatment, and no significant changes in serum FSH and LH levels.", "PMID": 1121507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7265", "title": "Direct effects of hypoosmolality on vascular resistance and myocardial contractile force (38587).", "content": "Hemodialysis was used to study the direct effects of acute hypoosmolality upon the resistance to blood flow through the gracilis and coronary vascular beds and upon left ventricular contractile force in the dog. When sodium chloride was removed from the blood perfusing the gracilis vascular bed, resistance increased linearly over the range 300-225 mOsm/kg. A 10% decrease in osmolality produces a 20% increase in resistance. When the removed sodium dhloride was replaced with mannitol such that plasma osmolality did not change, resistance rose slightly but failed to regularly return to the control value. Hypoosmolality also raised coronary vascular resistance and this was associated with an increase in left ventricular force. Thus direct effects of hypoosmolality on peripheral vascular beds and perhaps myocardium may participate in the compensatory mechanisms that tend to stabilize blood pressure during hypoosmotic states such as acute salt depletion.", "contents": "Direct effects of hypoosmolality on vascular resistance and myocardial contractile force (38587). Hemodialysis was used to study the direct effects of acute hypoosmolality upon the resistance to blood flow through the gracilis and coronary vascular beds and upon left ventricular contractile force in the dog. When sodium chloride was removed from the blood perfusing the gracilis vascular bed, resistance increased linearly over the range 300-225 mOsm/kg. A 10% decrease in osmolality produces a 20% increase in resistance. When the removed sodium dhloride was replaced with mannitol such that plasma osmolality did not change, resistance rose slightly but failed to regularly return to the control value. Hypoosmolality also raised coronary vascular resistance and this was associated with an increase in left ventricular force. Thus direct effects of hypoosmolality on peripheral vascular beds and perhaps myocardium may participate in the compensatory mechanisms that tend to stabilize blood pressure during hypoosmotic states such as acute salt depletion.", "PMID": 1121509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7266", "title": "The effects of prostaglandin E on fetal pulmonary vascular resistance (38588).", "content": "The effects of PGE on pulmonary vascular resistance were investigated in fetal goats using an isolated perfusion technique on otherwise intact unventilated lobes.  PGE decreased perfusion pressure in the left pulmonary artery under conditions of monary vascular resistance by vasodilatation of tonically contracted vascular smooth muscle. In our preparation, intrapulmonary PGE infusion did not alter femoral arterial pressure which suggests that PGE is inactivated in the fetal lung.  Implications for PGE in the newborn with respiratory distress and increased pulmonary vascular resistance are discussed.", "contents": "The effects of prostaglandin E on fetal pulmonary vascular resistance (38588). The effects of PGE on pulmonary vascular resistance were investigated in fetal goats using an isolated perfusion technique on otherwise intact unventilated lobes.  PGE decreased perfusion pressure in the left pulmonary artery under conditions of monary vascular resistance by vasodilatation of tonically contracted vascular smooth muscle. In our preparation, intrapulmonary PGE infusion did not alter femoral arterial pressure which suggests that PGE is inactivated in the fetal lung.  Implications for PGE in the newborn with respiratory distress and increased pulmonary vascular resistance are discussed.", "PMID": 1121510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7267", "title": "Erythrocyte 2,3-diphosphoglycerate concentrations in hibernating, hypothermic, and rewarming hamsters (38589).", "content": "Hematocrit, hemoglobin and erythrocyte 2,3-DPG concentrations were examined in normothermic control, hibernating, and helium-cold hypothermic hamsters. Hematocrit was not signigicantly different (P greater than 0.05) between groups, but did reflect alterations reported for hemoglobin. Hemoglobin concentration did not change from control values during 12 hr at Tre 7 degrees; however, approximately a 20% decrease occurred in hibernators (48 hrs) and animals hypothermic (24 hr). 2,3-DPG concentrations declined 39.1 and 33.9% from control values in the hibernating and 24 hr hypothermic groups, respectively. No change was observed in animals hypothermic for 12 hr. Both parameters were studied in the aroused animal. Hemoglobin returns to control values immediately after the animals reached a stable Tre approximately equal to 37 degrees. Although 2,3-DPG levels increased during arousal, they were still 10% lower than control values in both metabolically depressed groups. 2,3-DPG remained approximately 10% less than controls in rewarmed hypothermic animals studied 2 hr after reaching stable Tre approximately equal to 37 degrees. The data are discussed in terms of cold depression of erythrocyte glycolysis.", "contents": "Erythrocyte 2,3-diphosphoglycerate concentrations in hibernating, hypothermic, and rewarming hamsters (38589). Hematocrit, hemoglobin and erythrocyte 2,3-DPG concentrations were examined in normothermic control, hibernating, and helium-cold hypothermic hamsters. Hematocrit was not signigicantly different (P greater than 0.05) between groups, but did reflect alterations reported for hemoglobin. Hemoglobin concentration did not change from control values during 12 hr at Tre 7 degrees; however, approximately a 20% decrease occurred in hibernators (48 hrs) and animals hypothermic (24 hr). 2,3-DPG concentrations declined 39.1 and 33.9% from control values in the hibernating and 24 hr hypothermic groups, respectively. No change was observed in animals hypothermic for 12 hr. Both parameters were studied in the aroused animal. Hemoglobin returns to control values immediately after the animals reached a stable Tre approximately equal to 37 degrees. Although 2,3-DPG levels increased during arousal, they were still 10% lower than control values in both metabolically depressed groups. 2,3-DPG remained approximately 10% less than controls in rewarmed hypothermic animals studied 2 hr after reaching stable Tre approximately equal to 37 degrees. The data are discussed in terms of cold depression of erythrocyte glycolysis.", "PMID": 1121511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7268", "title": "Oxygen consumption in fetal rabbit ductus arteriosus (38590).", "content": "Oxygen consumption in fetal rabbit ductus arteriosus and descending aorta was studied after human umbilical artery tissue was used to standardize the technique. A steady state of oxygen consjmption persisted for 90-100 min after dissection, and a tissue dry weight of greater than 15 mg was necessary to obtain reliable data, necessitating pooling of rabbit fetal tissue from 25.75-26.5 day gestation had an oxygen consumption of 2.05 plus or minus 0.22 (4) mul oxygen/10 mg dry wt/hr, and at 27.5-29.5 it was 5.69 plus or minus 0.28 (7) (P less than 0.001). There was no change with gestational age in the oxygen consumption in the descending aorta (2.15 plus or minus 0.23 mul oxygen/10 mg dry wt/hr).", "contents": "Oxygen consumption in fetal rabbit ductus arteriosus (38590). Oxygen consumption in fetal rabbit ductus arteriosus and descending aorta was studied after human umbilical artery tissue was used to standardize the technique. A steady state of oxygen consjmption persisted for 90-100 min after dissection, and a tissue dry weight of greater than 15 mg was necessary to obtain reliable data, necessitating pooling of rabbit fetal tissue from 25.75-26.5 day gestation had an oxygen consumption of 2.05 plus or minus 0.22 (4) mul oxygen/10 mg dry wt/hr, and at 27.5-29.5 it was 5.69 plus or minus 0.28 (7) (P less than 0.001). There was no change with gestational age in the oxygen consumption in the descending aorta (2.15 plus or minus 0.23 mul oxygen/10 mg dry wt/hr).", "PMID": 1121512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7269", "title": "Blood and urine gold levels during chrysotherapy for rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "In this study the value of undertaking routine blood and urine estimations was assessed in relation to achieving maximum efficacy and safety in chrysotherapy. It was found that a favourable response to gold was forthcoming in approximately two-thirds of patients and occurred irrespective of the patients' disease duration or severity, or the mean serum gold level or the mean urinary gold excretion, estimated immediately before the next gold injection was due. The presence of rheumatoid nodules and the patients' advancing age were associated with a less favourable clinical response to gold. Those patients who derived a marked benefit from chrysotherapy did so significantly earlier in their course than those who derived only moderate benefit. A frequent correlation was seen in individual patients between serum gold levels and urinary gold excretion. This was most marked in those patients showing a favourable response to gold.", "contents": "Blood and urine gold levels during chrysotherapy for rheumatoid arthritis. In this study the value of undertaking routine blood and urine estimations was assessed in relation to achieving maximum efficacy and safety in chrysotherapy. It was found that a favourable response to gold was forthcoming in approximately two-thirds of patients and occurred irrespective of the patients' disease duration or severity, or the mean serum gold level or the mean urinary gold excretion, estimated immediately before the next gold injection was due. The presence of rheumatoid nodules and the patients' advancing age were associated with a less favourable clinical response to gold. Those patients who derived a marked benefit from chrysotherapy did so significantly earlier in their course than those who derived only moderate benefit. A frequent correlation was seen in individual patients between serum gold levels and urinary gold excretion. This was most marked in those patients showing a favourable response to gold.", "PMID": 1121633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7270", "title": "Carcinoembryonic antigen in rheumatic diseases.", "content": "In an earlier study, the mean plasma carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) level of patients with seropositive rheumatoid arthritis (RA) was found to be significantly higher than that of normal, control subjects. Levels of CEA in patients with seronegative RA and ankylosing spondylitis, however, did not differ from normal. In this study it was shown that the mean CEA level of 16 patients with Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome was also significantly higher than normal (P equals 0.001), whereas in a group of 23 children with Still's disease the mean level fell within the normal adult range. Despite the apparent association between rheumatoid factor and raised plasma CEA, no correlation was found between titre of rheumatoid factor and CEA levels. Gel filtration studies indicated that the CEA in rheumatoid arthritis was of a similar molecular weight to that found in cancer of the colon and that there was minimal contribution by the known cross-reacting antigen CCEA2. The mean CEA level in rheumatoid synovial fluids was found to be significantly higher than in osteoarthrotic fluids. A preliminary study has also shown that CEA can be extracted from rheumatoid synovial membranes but was not detected in a normal synovium, further indicating that the source of this antigen in RA may be the inflamed synovium.", "contents": "Carcinoembryonic antigen in rheumatic diseases. In an earlier study, the mean plasma carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) level of patients with seropositive rheumatoid arthritis (RA) was found to be significantly higher than that of normal, control subjects. Levels of CEA in patients with seronegative RA and ankylosing spondylitis, however, did not differ from normal. In this study it was shown that the mean CEA level of 16 patients with Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome was also significantly higher than normal (P equals 0.001), whereas in a group of 23 children with Still's disease the mean level fell within the normal adult range. Despite the apparent association between rheumatoid factor and raised plasma CEA, no correlation was found between titre of rheumatoid factor and CEA levels. Gel filtration studies indicated that the CEA in rheumatoid arthritis was of a similar molecular weight to that found in cancer of the colon and that there was minimal contribution by the known cross-reacting antigen CCEA2. The mean CEA level in rheumatoid synovial fluids was found to be significantly higher than in osteoarthrotic fluids. A preliminary study has also shown that CEA can be extracted from rheumatoid synovial membranes but was not detected in a normal synovium, further indicating that the source of this antigen in RA may be the inflamed synovium.", "PMID": 1121634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7271", "title": "Ankylosing rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "The study concerns the clinical, haematological, serological, radiological and histocompatibility antigenic status of eleven in-patients suffering from long-standing sero-positive rheumatoid arthritis at the Royal Hospital and Home for Incurables in London. The study revealed a striking degree of widespread bony ankylosis affecting the peripheral joints and cervical spine. In large part, this bony ankylosis accounted for the disability but it is considered that the cervical spine ankylosis may protect the spinal cord from damage. The absence of the histocompatability antigen HLA 27 is a useful pointer in the exclusion of Ankylosing Spondylitis. Despite the clinical impression that the disease was inactive, the elevated sedimentation rate (23-66, mean 41 mm) suggests that the rheumatoid process remains active.", "contents": "Ankylosing rheumatoid arthritis. The study concerns the clinical, haematological, serological, radiological and histocompatibility antigenic status of eleven in-patients suffering from long-standing sero-positive rheumatoid arthritis at the Royal Hospital and Home for Incurables in London. The study revealed a striking degree of widespread bony ankylosis affecting the peripheral joints and cervical spine. In large part, this bony ankylosis accounted for the disability but it is considered that the cervical spine ankylosis may protect the spinal cord from damage. The absence of the histocompatability antigen HLA 27 is a useful pointer in the exclusion of Ankylosing Spondylitis. Despite the clinical impression that the disease was inactive, the elevated sedimentation rate (23-66, mean 41 mm) suggests that the rheumatoid process remains active.", "PMID": 1121635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7272", "title": "Vertical atlanto-axial subluxation in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "In a prospective survey of 476 hospital in-patients with rheumatoid arthritis, vertical atlanto-axial subluxation (AAL) was found in 13 patients (3.7 per cent). All were women with severe rheumatoid arthritis. Neurological signs were found in ten patients, and in seven they appeared to be due to vertical AAL. The signs caused by vertical AAL were diminished pain and temperature sensation in the upper divisions of the trigeminal nerve, sensory loss in the areas supplied by C2, nystagmus and pyramidal lesions. Disabling involvement due to vertical AAL was not found although it may occur and the lesion may be fatal. The lower cervical spine was involved in all patients and severe lesions were seen in nine. The most severe neurological lesions appeared to be due to subaxial subluxation. Corticosteroid therapy may have been a contributing factor in four patients.", "contents": "Vertical atlanto-axial subluxation in rheumatoid arthritis. In a prospective survey of 476 hospital in-patients with rheumatoid arthritis, vertical atlanto-axial subluxation (AAL) was found in 13 patients (3.7 per cent). All were women with severe rheumatoid arthritis. Neurological signs were found in ten patients, and in seven they appeared to be due to vertical AAL. The signs caused by vertical AAL were diminished pain and temperature sensation in the upper divisions of the trigeminal nerve, sensory loss in the areas supplied by C2, nystagmus and pyramidal lesions. Disabling involvement due to vertical AAL was not found although it may occur and the lesion may be fatal. The lower cervical spine was involved in all patients and severe lesions were seen in nine. The most severe neurological lesions appeared to be due to subaxial subluxation. Corticosteroid therapy may have been a contributing factor in four patients.", "PMID": 1121636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7273", "title": "Preliminary studies in measuring range of motion in normal and painful stiff shoulders.", "content": "This study has been prompted by the need to provide basic data for prospective studies in the management of the painful stiff shoulder. We have used a hydrogoniometric technique of proven accuracy to measure passive movement at the gleno-humeral joint in a normal population, patients currently attending with a painful stiff shoulder, and a retrospective group. We have shown that there are significant age and sex differences in the range of motion of normal and affected groups. A significant number (42 per cent) of patients had persisting limitation of range of the gleno-humeral joint six years after the onset of the disability. The study indicates the importance of matching patients for age and sex, and the need for long-term follow-up for meaningful results.", "contents": "Preliminary studies in measuring range of motion in normal and painful stiff shoulders. This study has been prompted by the need to provide basic data for prospective studies in the management of the painful stiff shoulder. We have used a hydrogoniometric technique of proven accuracy to measure passive movement at the gleno-humeral joint in a normal population, patients currently attending with a painful stiff shoulder, and a retrospective group. We have shown that there are significant age and sex differences in the range of motion of normal and affected groups. A significant number (42 per cent) of patients had persisting limitation of range of the gleno-humeral joint six years after the onset of the disability. The study indicates the importance of matching patients for age and sex, and the need for long-term follow-up for meaningful results.", "PMID": 1121637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7274", "title": "N-acetyl-beta-d-glucosaminidase activity in synovial fluid.", "content": "N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase activity in the synovial fluid of different articular diseases was studied and statistical investigations were carried out after logarithmic transformation of the data. The enzyme activity in the synovial fluid of rheumatoid arthritis is increased when compared with osteoarthrosis and traumatic effusions. The enzyme activity in traumatic effusions is also increased in comparison with osteoarthrosis. A linear relation was found between the enzyme activity in cell-free fluid and the polymorphonuclear leucocyte (PMN) count in rheumatoid arthritis osteoarthrosis and in miscellaneous synovitis. The activity per PMN cell was determined and found to be relatively constant in the synovial fluid of inflammatory diseases (rheumatoid arthritis, chondrocalcinosis, miscellaneous synovitis). The N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase activity per PMN cell in serum was found to be significantly lower than in synovial fluid.", "contents": "N-acetyl-beta-d-glucosaminidase activity in synovial fluid. N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase activity in the synovial fluid of different articular diseases was studied and statistical investigations were carried out after logarithmic transformation of the data. The enzyme activity in the synovial fluid of rheumatoid arthritis is increased when compared with osteoarthrosis and traumatic effusions. The enzyme activity in traumatic effusions is also increased in comparison with osteoarthrosis. A linear relation was found between the enzyme activity in cell-free fluid and the polymorphonuclear leucocyte (PMN) count in rheumatoid arthritis osteoarthrosis and in miscellaneous synovitis. The activity per PMN cell was determined and found to be relatively constant in the synovial fluid of inflammatory diseases (rheumatoid arthritis, chondrocalcinosis, miscellaneous synovitis). The N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase activity per PMN cell in serum was found to be significantly lower than in synovial fluid.", "PMID": 1121638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7275", "title": "Chromosomal damage after intra-articular injection of different colloids of yttrium 90.", "content": "Chromosomal damage to circulating lymphocytes occurs following injection of intra-articular radio-isotopes. Differences in the degree of chromosomal damage have been shown with various colloidal forms of yttrium 90, and the severity of these changes has been shown to correlate with the degree of leakage of radio-isotope to the draining lymph node rather than with whole-body irradiation. The long-term significance of these changes is not yet known, but it is clearly prudent to use the colloidal form least associated with chromosomal damage.", "contents": "Chromosomal damage after intra-articular injection of different colloids of yttrium 90. Chromosomal damage to circulating lymphocytes occurs following injection of intra-articular radio-isotopes. Differences in the degree of chromosomal damage have been shown with various colloidal forms of yttrium 90, and the severity of these changes has been shown to correlate with the degree of leakage of radio-isotope to the draining lymph node rather than with whole-body irradiation. The long-term significance of these changes is not yet known, but it is clearly prudent to use the colloidal form least associated with chromosomal damage.", "PMID": 1121639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7276", "title": "On the fate of DNA synthesizing lymphoid blood cells in Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "Autotransfusions of the DNA synthesizing blood cells from 2-2.5 liters of blood, labelled in vitro with 3H-thymidine, were performed in 2 patients with Hodgkin's disease. The fate of the labelled lymphoid cells was followed up for 5 min to 60 h in the circulating blood and occasionally in the lymph node tissue. The data indicate that 1) circulating DNA synthesizing large lymphoid cells leave the blood in less than 2 h; 2) they produce by mitosis large and medium sized lymphocytes, which mainly appear in blood and lymph nodes and 3) their generation time, in agreement with other estimates, is about 25 h.", "contents": "On the fate of DNA synthesizing lymphoid blood cells in Hodgkin's disease. Autotransfusions of the DNA synthesizing blood cells from 2-2.5 liters of blood, labelled in vitro with 3H-thymidine, were performed in 2 patients with Hodgkin's disease. The fate of the labelled lymphoid cells was followed up for 5 min to 60 h in the circulating blood and occasionally in the lymph node tissue. The data indicate that 1) circulating DNA synthesizing large lymphoid cells leave the blood in less than 2 h; 2) they produce by mitosis large and medium sized lymphocytes, which mainly appear in blood and lymph nodes and 3) their generation time, in agreement with other estimates, is about 25 h.", "PMID": 1121644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7277", "title": "Heterogeneous nuclear rna from lymphocytes of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: adenylate-rich and double-stranded regions.", "content": "Rapidly labelled high molecular weight nuclear RNA from lymphocytes of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia was analysed for ribonuclease-stable adenylate-rich and double-stranded regions. The polyadenylate content corresponds to 0.4-0.5 percent and the content of double-stranded sequences to 2-4 percent of the total nucleotides. Partial association of polyadenylate segments with double-stranded regions was found by comparative analysis of (3H)-adenosine and (3H)-uridine labelled ribonuclease-stable RNA before and after thermal denaturation. Comparison with normal lymphocytes shows lower proportions of polyadenylate-containing RNA binding to poly(U)-Sepharose in leukaemia cells than in normals. Partial degradation of rapidly labelled high molecular weight RNA was found in leukaemia cases with low white cell counts.", "contents": "Heterogeneous nuclear rna from lymphocytes of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: adenylate-rich and double-stranded regions. Rapidly labelled high molecular weight nuclear RNA from lymphocytes of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia was analysed for ribonuclease-stable adenylate-rich and double-stranded regions. The polyadenylate content corresponds to 0.4-0.5 percent and the content of double-stranded sequences to 2-4 percent of the total nucleotides. Partial association of polyadenylate segments with double-stranded regions was found by comparative analysis of (3H)-adenosine and (3H)-uridine labelled ribonuclease-stable RNA before and after thermal denaturation. Comparison with normal lymphocytes shows lower proportions of polyadenylate-containing RNA binding to poly(U)-Sepharose in leukaemia cells than in normals. Partial degradation of rapidly labelled high molecular weight RNA was found in leukaemia cases with low white cell counts.", "PMID": 1121645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7278", "title": "The effect of adrenaline, noradrenaline, isoprenaline and salbutamol on the resting levels of white blood cells in man.", "content": "Adrenaline, noradrenaline, isoprenaline and salbutamol were infused at the rate of 7 mug/min for 30 min into 5 healthy subjects. Pulse rates showed a marked increase after isoprenaline, a moderate increase after adrenaline and salbutamol, and a consistent decrease after noradrenaline. The total leucocyte counts increased in response to adrenaline and noradrenaline but remained unchanged after isoprenaline and salbutamol. The absolute lymphocyte counts showed significant increases after all the four agonists. Neutrophils increased in response to adrenaline and noradrenaline but remained unchanged after isoprenaline and salbutamol. 'Stress' lymphocyte counts rose in response to adrenaline, isoprenaline and salbutamol but not to noradrenaline. From these and other reported observations it is suggested that both alpha- and beta-receptors are involved in the mobolization of lymphocytes, while neither has any specific role in the mobilization of neutrophils.", "contents": "The effect of adrenaline, noradrenaline, isoprenaline and salbutamol on the resting levels of white blood cells in man. Adrenaline, noradrenaline, isoprenaline and salbutamol were infused at the rate of 7 mug/min for 30 min into 5 healthy subjects. Pulse rates showed a marked increase after isoprenaline, a moderate increase after adrenaline and salbutamol, and a consistent decrease after noradrenaline. The total leucocyte counts increased in response to adrenaline and noradrenaline but remained unchanged after isoprenaline and salbutamol. The absolute lymphocyte counts showed significant increases after all the four agonists. Neutrophils increased in response to adrenaline and noradrenaline but remained unchanged after isoprenaline and salbutamol. 'Stress' lymphocyte counts rose in response to adrenaline, isoprenaline and salbutamol but not to noradrenaline. From these and other reported observations it is suggested that both alpha- and beta-receptors are involved in the mobolization of lymphocytes, while neither has any specific role in the mobilization of neutrophils.", "PMID": 1121646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7279", "title": "Extramedullary plasmacytoma of stomach.", "content": "A single case of gastric plasmacytoma showing unusual clinical and pathological features is described. The patient had gluten sensitive enteropathy, and showed increased circulating IgA levels prior to gastrectomy. Progression of the disease was associated with both K and L light chain proteinuria, hypoalbuminaemia, and vasopressin resistant polyuria. Pathological investigation revealed the coexistence of IgA secreting soft tissue plasmacytoma, with IgG secreting myeloma. The significance of these findings is discussed.", "contents": "Extramedullary plasmacytoma of stomach. A single case of gastric plasmacytoma showing unusual clinical and pathological features is described. The patient had gluten sensitive enteropathy, and showed increased circulating IgA levels prior to gastrectomy. Progression of the disease was associated with both K and L light chain proteinuria, hypoalbuminaemia, and vasopressin resistant polyuria. Pathological investigation revealed the coexistence of IgA secreting soft tissue plasmacytoma, with IgG secreting myeloma. The significance of these findings is discussed.", "PMID": 1121647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7280", "title": "The interaction of the protein and phospholipid components of tissue thromboplastin (factor III) with the factors VII and X.", "content": "The protein and phospholipid components of tissue thromboplastin have been isolated and their interactions with factor VII and factor Xa have been studied by gel filtration, centrifugation and heat inactivation. As expected, the phospholipid fraction bound both factors in the presence of Ca2+. No evidence for an interaction of apoprotein III with factor VII or Xa was obtained.", "contents": "The interaction of the protein and phospholipid components of tissue thromboplastin (factor III) with the factors VII and X. The protein and phospholipid components of tissue thromboplastin have been isolated and their interactions with factor VII and factor Xa have been studied by gel filtration, centrifugation and heat inactivation. As expected, the phospholipid fraction bound both factors in the presence of Ca2+. No evidence for an interaction of apoprotein III with factor VII or Xa was obtained.", "PMID": 1121648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7281", "title": "Folic acid deficiency in sickle cell anaemia.", "content": "Megaloblastic anaemia responding to folic acid has been reported in a number fo patients with sickle cell anaemia. The incidence of reduced serum and erythrocyte folate levels in such patients remains unclear, however. Serum and erythrocyte folate contents were measured microbiologically in patients with sickle cell anaemia as well as in two control groups with sickle cell trait or normal haemoglobin pattern. Low serum and erythrocyte folate values were significantly more common in 61 sickle-cell patients than in each of the two socio-economically-matched control groups including 61 subjects with Hb AS and 69 blacks with Hb AA. There was no correlation between serum folate and haematocrit or reticulocyte count. The erythrocyte folate, measured before and after removal of reticulocytes, remains a reliable indicator of deficiency of folic acid in sickle-cell patients despite variable degrees of reticulocytes. Folate therapy resulted in higher haematocrits in three of four sickle-cell patients with low serum and low erythrocyte folate values, but in only one of 12 patients with low serum folate and normal erythrocyte folate. These findings are consistent with other observations that folate requirement may be increased in chronic haemolytic disorders and suggest that erythrocyte folate values should be obtained in sickle-cell patients suspected of having folate deficiency.", "contents": "Folic acid deficiency in sickle cell anaemia. Megaloblastic anaemia responding to folic acid has been reported in a number fo patients with sickle cell anaemia. The incidence of reduced serum and erythrocyte folate levels in such patients remains unclear, however. Serum and erythrocyte folate contents were measured microbiologically in patients with sickle cell anaemia as well as in two control groups with sickle cell trait or normal haemoglobin pattern. Low serum and erythrocyte folate values were significantly more common in 61 sickle-cell patients than in each of the two socio-economically-matched control groups including 61 subjects with Hb AS and 69 blacks with Hb AA. There was no correlation between serum folate and haematocrit or reticulocyte count. The erythrocyte folate, measured before and after removal of reticulocytes, remains a reliable indicator of deficiency of folic acid in sickle-cell patients despite variable degrees of reticulocytes. Folate therapy resulted in higher haematocrits in three of four sickle-cell patients with low serum and low erythrocyte folate values, but in only one of 12 patients with low serum folate and normal erythrocyte folate. These findings are consistent with other observations that folate requirement may be increased in chronic haemolytic disorders and suggest that erythrocyte folate values should be obtained in sickle-cell patients suspected of having folate deficiency.", "PMID": 1121649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7282", "title": "[Diagnosis of pyloro-duodenal ulcer by means of radiology and endoscopy].", "content": "Study of 100 cases of duodenal ulcer has revealed disagreement between radiologic and endoscopic findings. In 20 percent of cases the disagreement was minor (e.g. deformed duodenum - ulcer, deformed duodenum - scar, etc.). In 5 percent of cases they were major (e.g. normal - ulcer). The percentage of discrepancies, which were to the advantage of endoscopy, was lower than in the reports of JENNI and KAWAI, probably because our heterogeneous radiologic material was reviewed beforehand by two radiologists. The specific merit of endoscopy is that it makes it possible to observe superficial and sub-radiologic lesions of the mucosa, localize the ulcer with greater precision and detect deformation of the pylorus. Radiology affords better evidence of certain deformations.", "contents": "[Diagnosis of pyloro-duodenal ulcer by means of radiology and endoscopy]. Study of 100 cases of duodenal ulcer has revealed disagreement between radiologic and endoscopic findings. In 20 percent of cases the disagreement was minor (e.g. deformed duodenum - ulcer, deformed duodenum - scar, etc.). In 5 percent of cases they were major (e.g. normal - ulcer). The percentage of discrepancies, which were to the advantage of endoscopy, was lower than in the reports of JENNI and KAWAI, probably because our heterogeneous radiologic material was reviewed beforehand by two radiologists. The specific merit of endoscopy is that it makes it possible to observe superficial and sub-radiologic lesions of the mucosa, localize the ulcer with greater precision and detect deformation of the pylorus. Radiology affords better evidence of certain deformations.", "PMID": 1121650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7283", "title": "[Treatment of early syphilis under conditions of penicillin intolerance].", "content": "In the presence of penicillin allergy early syphilis can be treated with tetracyclines, erythromycin and thiamphenicol. Treatment with semisynthetic penicillins or cephalosporins should not be attempted in view of possible cross-sensitivity. From comparison of different antibiotic treatment schedules in the literature a time-dose relationship seems evident: within therapeutic limits, treatment with a high daily dose of antibiotic requires a relatively short duration, and vice versa. Results of various treatment schedules with different antibiotics suggest that preference should be given to doxycycline by oral route, 100 mg twice daily for 12 days.", "contents": "[Treatment of early syphilis under conditions of penicillin intolerance]. In the presence of penicillin allergy early syphilis can be treated with tetracyclines, erythromycin and thiamphenicol. Treatment with semisynthetic penicillins or cephalosporins should not be attempted in view of possible cross-sensitivity. From comparison of different antibiotic treatment schedules in the literature a time-dose relationship seems evident: within therapeutic limits, treatment with a high daily dose of antibiotic requires a relatively short duration, and vice versa. Results of various treatment schedules with different antibiotics suggest that preference should be given to doxycycline by oral route, 100 mg twice daily for 12 days.", "PMID": 1121651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7284", "title": "[Radiology within the framework of general medicine].", "content": "The concept of radiology as an independent basic discipline in medicine has provided a forceful stimulus for the development of this branch of medicine. Due to possible hazards the task of administering ionizing radiation to human subjects should in principle be in the hands of the medical radiologist. Medical radiology must assume the trusteeship for human genetics in the field of ionizing radiation. Although the doubling of the genetically significant dose in Switzerland from 22.3 mr in 1957 to 42.9 mr in 1971 is still within acceptable limits, extreme caution is required. If appropriate precautions are taken,the danger can be controlled without loss of medical effectiveness. The measures involve not only technical aspects; education directed at the thinking of the physicians concerned is also deemed essential. Radiologic procedures will become even more efficient as training is improved and as estensive coordination with other medical disciplines is achieved. Special attention must be paid to the shortage of trained radiologists and technical personnel.", "contents": "[Radiology within the framework of general medicine]. The concept of radiology as an independent basic discipline in medicine has provided a forceful stimulus for the development of this branch of medicine. Due to possible hazards the task of administering ionizing radiation to human subjects should in principle be in the hands of the medical radiologist. Medical radiology must assume the trusteeship for human genetics in the field of ionizing radiation. Although the doubling of the genetically significant dose in Switzerland from 22.3 mr in 1957 to 42.9 mr in 1971 is still within acceptable limits, extreme caution is required. If appropriate precautions are taken,the danger can be controlled without loss of medical effectiveness. The measures involve not only technical aspects; education directed at the thinking of the physicians concerned is also deemed essential. Radiologic procedures will become even more efficient as training is improved and as estensive coordination with other medical disciplines is achieved. Special attention must be paid to the shortage of trained radiologists and technical personnel.", "PMID": 1121652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7285", "title": "[T-infarct in exercise electrocardiography].", "content": "In a study of 60 patients with negative T-waves in the ECG following a first myocardial infarction it was found that during milk to moderate exercise the T-wave vector turned towards normal in 36. It is assumed that during exercise the T-vector points towards the region of maximum ischemia, i.e. the border of the recent infarction. The conclusion is drawn that unexpected transitory normalization of the T-wave after myocardial infarction means \"worse\" not \"better\". It is recommended that follow-up ECGs after myocardial infarction should always be taken at complete rest.", "contents": "[T-infarct in exercise electrocardiography]. In a study of 60 patients with negative T-waves in the ECG following a first myocardial infarction it was found that during milk to moderate exercise the T-wave vector turned towards normal in 36. It is assumed that during exercise the T-vector points towards the region of maximum ischemia, i.e. the border of the recent infarction. The conclusion is drawn that unexpected transitory normalization of the T-wave after myocardial infarction means \"worse\" not \"better\". It is recommended that follow-up ECGs after myocardial infarction should always be taken at complete rest.", "PMID": 1121654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7286", "title": "[Multiple leiomyomatous hamartoma of the lungs].", "content": "Leiomyomatous hamartomas of the lungs are very rare lesions. As far as we know only 14 cases (including ours) have been published so far. In contrast to chondromatous hamartomas, they are exclusively found in women and as a rule are multiple. They are frequently an incidental finding in chest roentgenograms, where they appear as multiple round nodules which are often mistaken for metastases. However, as these lesions remain virtually the same size for long observation periods, differentiation is easily possible. This fact is well shown in our patient, in whom multiple nodules in the lungs were diagnosed at the age of 45 years and observed over a period of 35 years. They were first identified as leiomyomatour hamartomas at autopsy. No therapy is indicated as these lesions have no tendency to become malignant and only rarely and insignificantly interfere with respiratory function. Thoracotomy with biopsy for histological diagnosis is however indicated, since only thus can metastases be definitely ruled out.", "contents": "[Multiple leiomyomatous hamartoma of the lungs]. Leiomyomatous hamartomas of the lungs are very rare lesions. As far as we know only 14 cases (including ours) have been published so far. In contrast to chondromatous hamartomas, they are exclusively found in women and as a rule are multiple. They are frequently an incidental finding in chest roentgenograms, where they appear as multiple round nodules which are often mistaken for metastases. However, as these lesions remain virtually the same size for long observation periods, differentiation is easily possible. This fact is well shown in our patient, in whom multiple nodules in the lungs were diagnosed at the age of 45 years and observed over a period of 35 years. They were first identified as leiomyomatour hamartomas at autopsy. No therapy is indicated as these lesions have no tendency to become malignant and only rarely and insignificantly interfere with respiratory function. Thoracotomy with biopsy for histological diagnosis is however indicated, since only thus can metastases be definitely ruled out.", "PMID": 1121655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7287", "title": "[Measurement of carbohydrate oxidation by means of indirect continuous calorimetry in normal and diabetic subjects].", "content": "The use of continuous indirect calorimetry in the course of a 100 g OGTT in 10 normal subjects has shown that carbohydrate oxidation rises with the secondary fall in blood glucose, suggesting that it could result from glucose stored under the influence of insulin. The experimental increase in FFA by a neutral fat infusion in 8 normal subjects decreased this oxidation in spite of the insulin rise. In a group of 5 non-obese, non-ketotic insulin-deficient diabetics, carbohydrate oxidation was found to be normal and directly correlated with plasma glucose levels. On the other hand, in 7 obese diabetics with high plasma insulin levels carbohydrate oxidation was found to be low, suggesting that carbohydrate intolerance could result from the non-oxidation of glucose. This study shows heterogeneity of diabetes, since glucose intolerance could result from non-oxidation of glucose as well as from insufficient pancreatic secretion.", "contents": "[Measurement of carbohydrate oxidation by means of indirect continuous calorimetry in normal and diabetic subjects]. The use of continuous indirect calorimetry in the course of a 100 g OGTT in 10 normal subjects has shown that carbohydrate oxidation rises with the secondary fall in blood glucose, suggesting that it could result from glucose stored under the influence of insulin. The experimental increase in FFA by a neutral fat infusion in 8 normal subjects decreased this oxidation in spite of the insulin rise. In a group of 5 non-obese, non-ketotic insulin-deficient diabetics, carbohydrate oxidation was found to be normal and directly correlated with plasma glucose levels. On the other hand, in 7 obese diabetics with high plasma insulin levels carbohydrate oxidation was found to be low, suggesting that carbohydrate intolerance could result from the non-oxidation of glucose. This study shows heterogeneity of diabetes, since glucose intolerance could result from non-oxidation of glucose as well as from insufficient pancreatic secretion.", "PMID": 1121656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7288", "title": "[Possibilities and limits of pre-therapeutic neoplasm sensitivity cytostatics tests under short-term conditions].", "content": "The following cytostatic agents were tested for activity in vivo and in vitro inWalker carcinosarcoma 256 of the rat: cyclophosphamide, triaziquon, 5-fluorouracil, methotrexate, adriamycin, dactinomycin, daunorubicin, hydroxyurea, procarbazin and vincritine. With the exception of vincristine, the results of therapy in vivo could be predicted by using a rapid in vitro test system. This involved, for cyclosphosphamide, triaziquon, adriamycin, and daunorubicin, the measurement of 3H-uridine or 3H-thymidine incorporation. The activities of methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil could be determined from 3H-deoxyuridine incorporation and that of dactinomycin from 3H-uridine incorporation. The results of short-term tests (uring adriamycin, daunorubicin, and dactinomycin) in roughly 100 human tumors were compared with data in the literature on therapy with the same cytostatic agents. Good agreement was found between the results of in vitro tests and the literature data on clinical therapy.", "contents": "[Possibilities and limits of pre-therapeutic neoplasm sensitivity cytostatics tests under short-term conditions]. The following cytostatic agents were tested for activity in vivo and in vitro inWalker carcinosarcoma 256 of the rat: cyclophosphamide, triaziquon, 5-fluorouracil, methotrexate, adriamycin, dactinomycin, daunorubicin, hydroxyurea, procarbazin and vincritine. With the exception of vincristine, the results of therapy in vivo could be predicted by using a rapid in vitro test system. This involved, for cyclosphosphamide, triaziquon, adriamycin, and daunorubicin, the measurement of 3H-uridine or 3H-thymidine incorporation. The activities of methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil could be determined from 3H-deoxyuridine incorporation and that of dactinomycin from 3H-uridine incorporation. The results of short-term tests (uring adriamycin, daunorubicin, and dactinomycin) in roughly 100 human tumors were compared with data in the literature on therapy with the same cytostatic agents. Good agreement was found between the results of in vitro tests and the literature data on clinical therapy.", "PMID": 1121657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7289", "title": "[Incidence of medullary thyroid gland carcinoma in unilateral and bilateral pheochromocytoma].", "content": "In the autopsy material of the Departments of Pathology in Z\u00fcrich and Winterthur the frequency of cases with unilateral or bilateral pheochromocytoma and combinations of pheochromocytoma with additional medullary thyroid carcinoma with amyloid has been studied. 56 cases (0.084 percent) of pheochromocytoma, 50 unilateral and 6 bilateral, were found in a material of 66782 autopsies. Three of the 6 patients with bilateral pheochromocytomas had an additional medullary thyroid carcinoma with amyloid deposits, while no patient with unilateral pheochromocytoma exhibited this type of thyroid tumor. In families with Sipple's syndrome, however, combinations of unilateral pheochromocytoma with medullary thyroid carcinoma do occur. No typical coincidence of pheochromocytoma with other malignant tumors could be demonstrated in our material, although this possibility is discussed in the literature.", "contents": "[Incidence of medullary thyroid gland carcinoma in unilateral and bilateral pheochromocytoma]. In the autopsy material of the Departments of Pathology in Z\u00fcrich and Winterthur the frequency of cases with unilateral or bilateral pheochromocytoma and combinations of pheochromocytoma with additional medullary thyroid carcinoma with amyloid has been studied. 56 cases (0.084 percent) of pheochromocytoma, 50 unilateral and 6 bilateral, were found in a material of 66782 autopsies. Three of the 6 patients with bilateral pheochromocytomas had an additional medullary thyroid carcinoma with amyloid deposits, while no patient with unilateral pheochromocytoma exhibited this type of thyroid tumor. In families with Sipple's syndrome, however, combinations of unilateral pheochromocytoma with medullary thyroid carcinoma do occur. No typical coincidence of pheochromocytoma with other malignant tumors could be demonstrated in our material, although this possibility is discussed in the literature.", "PMID": 1121658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7290", "title": "[Procedure to be followed in cases of suspected changes diagnosed by means of mammography].", "content": "As a rule the diagnosis of larger focal lesions of the breast can be easily confirmed by biopsy. Intraoperative localization is more difficult, however, in lesions of below 5 mm diameter as measured by mammography or malignant alterations only indirectly indicated by mammography. Experience to date in 64 patients shows that specimen radiography provides immediate confirmation of large lesions detected by mammography and localizes the area for histologic examination. So far it has been found that precisely those biopsies that are performed as a result of indirect signs of malignancy or of small lesions are the most valuable contributing factor in the early diagnosis of breast cancer.", "contents": "[Procedure to be followed in cases of suspected changes diagnosed by means of mammography]. As a rule the diagnosis of larger focal lesions of the breast can be easily confirmed by biopsy. Intraoperative localization is more difficult, however, in lesions of below 5 mm diameter as measured by mammography or malignant alterations only indirectly indicated by mammography. Experience to date in 64 patients shows that specimen radiography provides immediate confirmation of large lesions detected by mammography and localizes the area for histologic examination. So far it has been found that precisely those biopsies that are performed as a result of indirect signs of malignancy or of small lesions are the most valuable contributing factor in the early diagnosis of breast cancer.", "PMID": 1121659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7291", "title": "[New procedure in the diagnosis of maldigestion. Studies with 3-H palmitic acid and 14-C tripalmitate in normal subjects and patients with chronic pancreatitis].", "content": "3H-palmitic acid and 14C-tripalmitate dissolved in 1.0 g indian corn oil/kg body weight were administered to 29 patients with chronic pancreatitis and 25 control subjects. For the following 8 h 3H and 14C radioactivity in serum lipids and 14CO2 in expired air were measured at 2-hour intervals. Triglyceride absorption was significantly lowered in the pancreatitis group, while the wide dispersion in healthy subjects precluded reliable information on 14C-triglyceride absorption alone in individual cases. When related to palmitic acid absorption, however, reduced triglyceride absorption was much more evident and could be clearly demonstrated in 21 of the 29 patients with chronic pancreatitis. Since none of them had severe pancreatic insufficiency, the new double isotope method presented here appears to offer a very sensitive means of detecting maldigestion or slowed triglyceride hydrolysis. Compared with the 3H-fatty acid absorption, a relatively reduced triglyceride absorption was found in many cases without steatorrhea or otherwise demonstrable pancreatic insufficiency. Additional measurement of 14CO2 appears to be worthless, since in our patients specific activity of 14CO2 in the expired air was not reduced even in cases with mild steatorrhea.", "contents": "[New procedure in the diagnosis of maldigestion. Studies with 3-H palmitic acid and 14-C tripalmitate in normal subjects and patients with chronic pancreatitis]. 3H-palmitic acid and 14C-tripalmitate dissolved in 1.0 g indian corn oil/kg body weight were administered to 29 patients with chronic pancreatitis and 25 control subjects. For the following 8 h 3H and 14C radioactivity in serum lipids and 14CO2 in expired air were measured at 2-hour intervals. Triglyceride absorption was significantly lowered in the pancreatitis group, while the wide dispersion in healthy subjects precluded reliable information on 14C-triglyceride absorption alone in individual cases. When related to palmitic acid absorption, however, reduced triglyceride absorption was much more evident and could be clearly demonstrated in 21 of the 29 patients with chronic pancreatitis. Since none of them had severe pancreatic insufficiency, the new double isotope method presented here appears to offer a very sensitive means of detecting maldigestion or slowed triglyceride hydrolysis. Compared with the 3H-fatty acid absorption, a relatively reduced triglyceride absorption was found in many cases without steatorrhea or otherwise demonstrable pancreatic insufficiency. Additional measurement of 14CO2 appears to be worthless, since in our patients specific activity of 14CO2 in the expired air was not reduced even in cases with mild steatorrhea.", "PMID": 1121660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7292", "title": "[Medical and psychological problems relating to emergency shelters in case of war].", "content": "Modern warfare requires protection of the entire civilian population, and a main feature of Swiss planning is the provision of adequate shelter space for every inhabitant. The medical and psychologic problems of prolonged shelter living are considered, with reference to the literature on experience in other countries. The study centers on description of a shelter occupancy experiment. 25 men with an average age of 37 years spent 7 days in a closed shelter during the hottest part of the year. Floor space was 1.2 m2 and room volume 2.5 m3 per person. The experiment revealed that in-shelter climatic conditions remained tolerable. Initially several members of the group suffered from insomnia and nausea, while sleep disturbances, headache and gastrointestinal symptoms also occurred in the course of the stay. Daily self-rating of condition with appropriate scales showed a positive correlation of \"irritability\" with air humidity and a negative correlation of \"vitality\" with room temperature. Good shelter management and a trained leader are essential prerequisites for prolonged shelter occupancy.", "contents": "[Medical and psychological problems relating to emergency shelters in case of war]. Modern warfare requires protection of the entire civilian population, and a main feature of Swiss planning is the provision of adequate shelter space for every inhabitant. The medical and psychologic problems of prolonged shelter living are considered, with reference to the literature on experience in other countries. The study centers on description of a shelter occupancy experiment. 25 men with an average age of 37 years spent 7 days in a closed shelter during the hottest part of the year. Floor space was 1.2 m2 and room volume 2.5 m3 per person. The experiment revealed that in-shelter climatic conditions remained tolerable. Initially several members of the group suffered from insomnia and nausea, while sleep disturbances, headache and gastrointestinal symptoms also occurred in the course of the stay. Daily self-rating of condition with appropriate scales showed a positive correlation of \"irritability\" with air humidity and a negative correlation of \"vitality\" with room temperature. Good shelter management and a trained leader are essential prerequisites for prolonged shelter occupancy.", "PMID": 1121661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7293", "title": "[Physiopathology of accidental drowning].", "content": "The first phase of accidental drowning begins with asphyxia, due to either laryngospasm (10-15 percent of cases) or water aspiration. The second phase is characterized by water and electrolyte changes in the blood. The physiopathological modifications caused by drowning in fresh water differ from those of drowning in sea water. The hypotonic fresh water quickly diffuses in the bloodstream. The consequences are, in many cases, hypervolemia with pulmonary edema, hemolysis, hyperkalemia with risk of ventricular fibrillation, diminution of hemoglobin, and a relative decrease in plasma concentration of Na, Cl, Ca, and albumin. Further, inactivation and washing out of the anti-atelectasis factor from the alveoli by fresh water facilitate the formation of atelectasis. In cases of accidental drowing in sea water the osmotic gradient is in inverse: the electrolytes of aspirated salt water diffuse in the circulation, whereas the blood serum and the plasma albumin pass into the alveoli. Acute pulmonary edema often follows these pathological changes. Hypovolemia with circulatory collapse, hemoconcentration with rise in hemoglobin, hematocrit, sodium, potassium and albumin, and, finally, an elevated risk of thromboembolism due to increased blood viscosity, represent further complications. On the other hand, ventricular fibrillation is rare, hemolysis is absent and atelectasis usually does not occur.", "contents": "[Physiopathology of accidental drowning]. The first phase of accidental drowning begins with asphyxia, due to either laryngospasm (10-15 percent of cases) or water aspiration. The second phase is characterized by water and electrolyte changes in the blood. The physiopathological modifications caused by drowning in fresh water differ from those of drowning in sea water. The hypotonic fresh water quickly diffuses in the bloodstream. The consequences are, in many cases, hypervolemia with pulmonary edema, hemolysis, hyperkalemia with risk of ventricular fibrillation, diminution of hemoglobin, and a relative decrease in plasma concentration of Na, Cl, Ca, and albumin. Further, inactivation and washing out of the anti-atelectasis factor from the alveoli by fresh water facilitate the formation of atelectasis. In cases of accidental drowing in sea water the osmotic gradient is in inverse: the electrolytes of aspirated salt water diffuse in the circulation, whereas the blood serum and the plasma albumin pass into the alveoli. Acute pulmonary edema often follows these pathological changes. Hypovolemia with circulatory collapse, hemoconcentration with rise in hemoglobin, hematocrit, sodium, potassium and albumin, and, finally, an elevated risk of thromboembolism due to increased blood viscosity, represent further complications. On the other hand, ventricular fibrillation is rare, hemolysis is absent and atelectasis usually does not occur.", "PMID": 1121662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7294", "title": "[Skeletal scintigraphy. Its diagnostic possibilities and indications as compared to x-ray studies].", "content": "The properties of bone-seeking nucleids in current use are reviewed and the diagnostic potentialities of skeletal scintigraphy discussed. Osseous lesions are recognized earlier on bone scans than on roentgenograms. They are more precisely delimited and the possibility of healing can be evaluated. Roentgenographic bone survey should be replaced by whole body scans, but since a positive scintigraphic finding may be caused by different osseous processes, a specific roentgenographic check is necessary. The indication for bone scanning has been widened and depends on the clinical situation or on previous X-ray findings.", "contents": "[Skeletal scintigraphy. Its diagnostic possibilities and indications as compared to x-ray studies]. The properties of bone-seeking nucleids in current use are reviewed and the diagnostic potentialities of skeletal scintigraphy discussed. Osseous lesions are recognized earlier on bone scans than on roentgenograms. They are more precisely delimited and the possibility of healing can be evaluated. Roentgenographic bone survey should be replaced by whole body scans, but since a positive scintigraphic finding may be caused by different osseous processes, a specific roentgenographic check is necessary. The indication for bone scanning has been widened and depends on the clinical situation or on previous X-ray findings.", "PMID": 1121663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7295", "title": "[The consumption of alcohol, drugs and the smoking habits of 4,082 healthy young Swiss men as evidenced by a random study].", "content": "By means of written questionnaires and (with every third or fourth subject, selected at random) standardized interviews, 4082 recruits from various regions of Switzerland were asked about their alcohol and drug consumption and smoking habits in civilian life. To estimate the consumption pattern during military training all recruits still available towards the end of military service (64.3 percent) were questioned again regarding intake of alcohol, tobacco and drugs during military service. The inquiry showed that in civilian life only 10.4 percent were alcohol abstainers, 39.8 percent were non-smokers and 77 percent had no drug experience. 8.6 percent reported a weekly alcohol consumption of more than 350 g alcohol 100 percent (an amount corresponding to 9 1 beer, 41/2 1 wine, 1 1 brandy), 17.4 percent had smoked more than 24 g tobacco per day (corresponding to more than 24 cigarettes daily), and 10.6 percent had taken drugs more than 6 times in their lives. The study was also designed to demonstrate the relations between family or socioeconomic data and intake of alcohol, tobacco and drugs. It was found that French and Italian speaking recruits indicated a higher alcohol consumption, that the lower socioeconomic class was exposed to be greater risk with regard to alcohol and tobacco consumption and the separately interviewed group of pupils to the greatest risk of drug experinece. Sons of divorced or separated parents, of parents married after the subject's birth or of parents who are heavy alcohol, tobacco or medicament consumers represent a higher percentage among the highest consumption class for alcohol, tobacco and drugs than subjects who had grown up in stable families or whose parents had been non-consumers or only moderate consumers of alcohol, tobacco or drugs. Finally, a correlation was also found between use of leisure time and alcohol, tobacco and drug consumption. It was in the groups of recruits who spent their spare time rather passively that the highest percentage of subjects in the upper consumption classes for alcohol, tobacco and drugs was observed. During military training consumption patterns withregard to alcohol and tobacco hardly changed, and only a small number of subjects (7.7 percent of 2587) took drugs during this time.", "contents": "[The consumption of alcohol, drugs and the smoking habits of 4,082 healthy young Swiss men as evidenced by a random study]. By means of written questionnaires and (with every third or fourth subject, selected at random) standardized interviews, 4082 recruits from various regions of Switzerland were asked about their alcohol and drug consumption and smoking habits in civilian life. To estimate the consumption pattern during military training all recruits still available towards the end of military service (64.3 percent) were questioned again regarding intake of alcohol, tobacco and drugs during military service. The inquiry showed that in civilian life only 10.4 percent were alcohol abstainers, 39.8 percent were non-smokers and 77 percent had no drug experience. 8.6 percent reported a weekly alcohol consumption of more than 350 g alcohol 100 percent (an amount corresponding to 9 1 beer, 41/2 1 wine, 1 1 brandy), 17.4 percent had smoked more than 24 g tobacco per day (corresponding to more than 24 cigarettes daily), and 10.6 percent had taken drugs more than 6 times in their lives. The study was also designed to demonstrate the relations between family or socioeconomic data and intake of alcohol, tobacco and drugs. It was found that French and Italian speaking recruits indicated a higher alcohol consumption, that the lower socioeconomic class was exposed to be greater risk with regard to alcohol and tobacco consumption and the separately interviewed group of pupils to the greatest risk of drug experinece. Sons of divorced or separated parents, of parents married after the subject's birth or of parents who are heavy alcohol, tobacco or medicament consumers represent a higher percentage among the highest consumption class for alcohol, tobacco and drugs than subjects who had grown up in stable families or whose parents had been non-consumers or only moderate consumers of alcohol, tobacco or drugs. Finally, a correlation was also found between use of leisure time and alcohol, tobacco and drug consumption. It was in the groups of recruits who spent their spare time rather passively that the highest percentage of subjects in the upper consumption classes for alcohol, tobacco and drugs was observed. During military training consumption patterns withregard to alcohol and tobacco hardly changed, and only a small number of subjects (7.7 percent of 2587) took drugs during this time.", "PMID": 1121664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7296", "title": "[Early diagnosis of lung cancer].", "content": "268 patients with suspected lung cancer were examined over the period 1 January 1972 to 31 May 1974. On the basis of the 735 investigations performed, a 6-8 h workup program has been established including physical and functional examination, standard X-rays and hilar tomography, endoscopy and biopsy for cytologic or histologic study. Several biopsy technics are described and their indications tabulated according to their efficiency in relation to the radiologic aspect of the lesion. The number of cases and the yield for each technic are summarized in Table 2.", "contents": "[Early diagnosis of lung cancer]. 268 patients with suspected lung cancer were examined over the period 1 January 1972 to 31 May 1974. On the basis of the 735 investigations performed, a 6-8 h workup program has been established including physical and functional examination, standard X-rays and hilar tomography, endoscopy and biopsy for cytologic or histologic study. Several biopsy technics are described and their indications tabulated according to their efficiency in relation to the radiologic aspect of the lesion. The number of cases and the yield for each technic are summarized in Table 2.", "PMID": 1121665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7297", "title": "[Behcet's disease and toxic megacolon].", "content": "The gastrointestinal symptoms of Beh\u00e7et's disease are ancillary manifestations of this disorder reflected principally in the form of diarrhea, abdominal pain, meteorism, nausea, and loss of appetite. If radiological changes can be detected they generally appear as dilatation of the small intestine or ulceration at different levels of the digestive tract. In our patient the intestinal symptoms started with dilation of the ileum and then toxic megacolon developed. At later follow-up examinations the radiological picture resembled Crohn's disease and ischemic colitis of the entire organ. It has been repeatedly, and wrongly, stated that there is an association between Beh\u00e7et's disease and Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis. Rather, it should be assumed that the intestinal manifestations of Beh\u00e7et's disease correspond to those of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis without these diseases being actually present. The evolution towards toxic megacolon may be the consequence of a transmural infection across the colonic wall deriving from the mucosal ulcerations of colon and sigmoid, and proves that toxic megacolon is not a pecific complication of ulcerative colitis but may appear in the course of any acute inflammatory ulcerative lesion of the colonic wall.", "contents": "[Behcet's disease and toxic megacolon]. The gastrointestinal symptoms of Beh\u00e7et's disease are ancillary manifestations of this disorder reflected principally in the form of diarrhea, abdominal pain, meteorism, nausea, and loss of appetite. If radiological changes can be detected they generally appear as dilatation of the small intestine or ulceration at different levels of the digestive tract. In our patient the intestinal symptoms started with dilation of the ileum and then toxic megacolon developed. At later follow-up examinations the radiological picture resembled Crohn's disease and ischemic colitis of the entire organ. It has been repeatedly, and wrongly, stated that there is an association between Beh\u00e7et's disease and Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis. Rather, it should be assumed that the intestinal manifestations of Beh\u00e7et's disease correspond to those of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis without these diseases being actually present. The evolution towards toxic megacolon may be the consequence of a transmural infection across the colonic wall deriving from the mucosal ulcerations of colon and sigmoid, and proves that toxic megacolon is not a pecific complication of ulcerative colitis but may appear in the course of any acute inflammatory ulcerative lesion of the colonic wall.", "PMID": 1121666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7298", "title": "[Functional changes in embryonal heart].", "content": "Intracardiac pressure in the developing chick was measured throughout the embryonic and fetal period. Amplitude and heart rate were used to estimate cardiac output and power of the heart. In addition, the cardiac performance per milligram dry weight was calculated. Initially, the cardiac tube displays a peristaltic movement which results in a continuous pressure within the vascular lumen. Switch to rhythmic atrial and ventricular contractions occurs between the 6th and the 9th developmental day. This change is directly correlated with differentiation of the conduction system. The simultaneous formation of the cardiac septa and valves is of only minor importance for this change in function. Between the 4.5th and 5.5th day, functional development is found to halt temporarily. This could be due to the enormous growth of the extra-embryonic vascular network. During this period, the risk of damage to the embryo by endogenous or exogenous factors is highest. In the human embryo, this developmental stage corresponds to the period between the 28th and 34th day. After this change in function the heart is able to build up a reserve of power, since it has less work to perform per unit weight.", "contents": "[Functional changes in embryonal heart]. Intracardiac pressure in the developing chick was measured throughout the embryonic and fetal period. Amplitude and heart rate were used to estimate cardiac output and power of the heart. In addition, the cardiac performance per milligram dry weight was calculated. Initially, the cardiac tube displays a peristaltic movement which results in a continuous pressure within the vascular lumen. Switch to rhythmic atrial and ventricular contractions occurs between the 6th and the 9th developmental day. This change is directly correlated with differentiation of the conduction system. The simultaneous formation of the cardiac septa and valves is of only minor importance for this change in function. Between the 4.5th and 5.5th day, functional development is found to halt temporarily. This could be due to the enormous growth of the extra-embryonic vascular network. During this period, the risk of damage to the embryo by endogenous or exogenous factors is highest. In the human embryo, this developmental stage corresponds to the period between the 28th and 34th day. After this change in function the heart is able to build up a reserve of power, since it has less work to perform per unit weight.", "PMID": 1121667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7299", "title": "[Methylphenidat (Ritalin) as a psychotropic drug in children with minimal brain dysfunction and epilepsy].", "content": "In the USA children with minimal brain dysfunction and with epilepsy have been treated with stimulants for some years now, whereas this type of treatment is not current in Switzerland and western Germany. The problems of treatment with amphetamines in children are discussed on the basis of 2 years' experience with methylphenidate (Ritalin). In children with minimal brain dysfunction methylphenidate acts against excessive motor and affective impulsivity and inability to concentrate. In epileptic children amphetamines act against drowsiness or irritability. There is no danger of addiction in the pediatric age group. No toxic side effects occur, except for growth inhibition when high doses of amphetamines are administered. Drug interaction with anticonvulsants occurs only in the case of hydantoins. Methylphenidate is given in 1-3 daily doses; treatment is commenced with small doses, and after 2-4 days the dosage is increased until behaviour changes. Dosage must be adapted to the individual, the recommended daily dose being 0.3-1.0 mg/kg. Depressive or autistic behaviours are symptoms of overdosage. In childhood treatment with amphetamines should be considered only if other types of treatment have failed. drug therapy should be accompanied by continuous advice to parents on educational and school problems. It should not be attempted if the parents are not wholly reliable.", "contents": "[Methylphenidat (Ritalin) as a psychotropic drug in children with minimal brain dysfunction and epilepsy]. In the USA children with minimal brain dysfunction and with epilepsy have been treated with stimulants for some years now, whereas this type of treatment is not current in Switzerland and western Germany. The problems of treatment with amphetamines in children are discussed on the basis of 2 years' experience with methylphenidate (Ritalin). In children with minimal brain dysfunction methylphenidate acts against excessive motor and affective impulsivity and inability to concentrate. In epileptic children amphetamines act against drowsiness or irritability. There is no danger of addiction in the pediatric age group. No toxic side effects occur, except for growth inhibition when high doses of amphetamines are administered. Drug interaction with anticonvulsants occurs only in the case of hydantoins. Methylphenidate is given in 1-3 daily doses; treatment is commenced with small doses, and after 2-4 days the dosage is increased until behaviour changes. Dosage must be adapted to the individual, the recommended daily dose being 0.3-1.0 mg/kg. Depressive or autistic behaviours are symptoms of overdosage. In childhood treatment with amphetamines should be considered only if other types of treatment have failed. drug therapy should be accompanied by continuous advice to parents on educational and school problems. It should not be attempted if the parents are not wholly reliable.", "PMID": 1121668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7300", "title": "Precision of radioimmunoassay with emphasis on curve-fitting procedures.", "content": "Direct curve-fitting methods using a digital computer have been employed to analyze the calibration curves of commercial kits for the assay of digoxin, digitoxin, insulin, B12, and renin activity (angiotensin). Inconsistencies have been revealed that suggest some improvements in the commercial kits are desirable. It is not suggested that the use of these kits would yield data of uncertain clinical value, but it is suggested that improvements in consistency would enhance the clinical utility.", "contents": "Precision of radioimmunoassay with emphasis on curve-fitting procedures. Direct curve-fitting methods using a digital computer have been employed to analyze the calibration curves of commercial kits for the assay of digoxin, digitoxin, insulin, B12, and renin activity (angiotensin). Inconsistencies have been revealed that suggest some improvements in the commercial kits are desirable. It is not suggested that the use of these kits would yield data of uncertain clinical value, but it is suggested that improvements in consistency would enhance the clinical utility.", "PMID": 1121669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7301", "title": "Radiolabeling of antigens: procedures and assessment of properties.", "content": "The role of labeled tracers in  radioimmunoassay procedures (RIA) and the advantages of the iodine-labeled antigens over 14C or tritium-labeled antigens are discussed. Different methods of labeling with iodine isotopes are presented. The ease with which microgram amounts of hormonal proteins are tagged, achieving high specific activity with the chloramine-T procedure of Hunter and Greenwood, is indicated in a detailed presentation of a typical procedure. More sophisticated methods that present none of the drawbacks of the chemical oxidation methods for iodination would seem to have greater versatility, resulting in labeled antigens with better immunologic properties. These are likely to come into vogue for many inhouse preparations of labeled antigens in the next few years. The iodination procedures developed for haptenic substances have extended the usefulness of the RIA method to many steroidal hormones and have helped to achieve a limit of detectability at picogram levels. Greater specificity has also resulted. The assessment of the properties of the labeled antigens is equally important, and methods to evaluate the parameters of purity, immunoreactivity, specific activity as well as storage, are discussed. This review is intended to serve as an introduction to the radiolabeling of antigens or haptens. A thorough appreciation of the problems and pitfalls in these procedures is essential for the development of a new RIA or adaptation of a well-studied method for routine use.", "contents": "Radiolabeling of antigens: procedures and assessment of properties. The role of labeled tracers in  radioimmunoassay procedures (RIA) and the advantages of the iodine-labeled antigens over 14C or tritium-labeled antigens are discussed. Different methods of labeling with iodine isotopes are presented. The ease with which microgram amounts of hormonal proteins are tagged, achieving high specific activity with the chloramine-T procedure of Hunter and Greenwood, is indicated in a detailed presentation of a typical procedure. More sophisticated methods that present none of the drawbacks of the chemical oxidation methods for iodination would seem to have greater versatility, resulting in labeled antigens with better immunologic properties. These are likely to come into vogue for many inhouse preparations of labeled antigens in the next few years. The iodination procedures developed for haptenic substances have extended the usefulness of the RIA method to many steroidal hormones and have helped to achieve a limit of detectability at picogram levels. Greater specificity has also resulted. The assessment of the properties of the labeled antigens is equally important, and methods to evaluate the parameters of purity, immunoreactivity, specific activity as well as storage, are discussed. This review is intended to serve as an introduction to the radiolabeling of antigens or haptens. A thorough appreciation of the problems and pitfalls in these procedures is essential for the development of a new RIA or adaptation of a well-studied method for routine use.", "PMID": 1121670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7302", "title": "Evaluation of commercial radioimmunoassay kits.", "content": "By means of kits, RIA and competitive binding assays are beginning to fulfill their great clinical potential. The reliability of these kits is still difficult to assess. The great variety of assayable substances and differing methods prevent any standard approach to kit analysis. Nevertheless there are means of evaluating many features of RIA kits. More important even than the necessary reproducibility of assays are the means of testing for (1) tracer-specific activity, maximal bindability, damage, and free iodine; (2) assay sensitivity; (3) antisera stability, cross-reactivity, ability to measure plasma zero values, ability to accurately measure serial plasma dilutions; (4) comparability of standard curve slopes from assay to assay. Separation techniques need proper standardization. Correction for incubation damage is recommended. It is necessary to insist on reasonable precise manufacturer's specifications as to antibody specificity and sensitivity. Knowledge of RIA in general and each assay in particular adds to the usefulness of the results obtained in the laboratory.", "contents": "Evaluation of commercial radioimmunoassay kits. By means of kits, RIA and competitive binding assays are beginning to fulfill their great clinical potential. The reliability of these kits is still difficult to assess. The great variety of assayable substances and differing methods prevent any standard approach to kit analysis. Nevertheless there are means of evaluating many features of RIA kits. More important even than the necessary reproducibility of assays are the means of testing for (1) tracer-specific activity, maximal bindability, damage, and free iodine; (2) assay sensitivity; (3) antisera stability, cross-reactivity, ability to measure plasma zero values, ability to accurately measure serial plasma dilutions; (4) comparability of standard curve slopes from assay to assay. Separation techniques need proper standardization. Correction for incubation damage is recommended. It is necessary to insist on reasonable precise manufacturer's specifications as to antibody specificity and sensitivity. Knowledge of RIA in general and each assay in particular adds to the usefulness of the results obtained in the laboratory.", "PMID": 1121671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7303", "title": "Positive scans in angiographically proved cases of recanalized cerebral infarction.", "content": "In 20 patients with acute major cerebral arterial occlusion, follow-up angiograms were obtained to inspect the occluded artery. These angiograms were compared with brain scans in the fourth week after the stroke. The angiograms revealed that frequent recanalization of the occluded arteries occurred within a week after the onset. On the other hand, brain scans showed the increased uptake of radioisotopes even in the patients with angiographically demonstrated arterial recanalization. The present study clarified that positive scans could be obtained in the patients with and without recanalization, and emphasized the diagnostic value of brain scans in the subacute or chronic stage of cerebral infarction, especially in patients with no arterial occlusion appearing on the angiograms.", "contents": "Positive scans in angiographically proved cases of recanalized cerebral infarction. In 20 patients with acute major cerebral arterial occlusion, follow-up angiograms were obtained to inspect the occluded artery. These angiograms were compared with brain scans in the fourth week after the stroke. The angiograms revealed that frequent recanalization of the occluded arteries occurred within a week after the onset. On the other hand, brain scans showed the increased uptake of radioisotopes even in the patients with angiographically demonstrated arterial recanalization. The present study clarified that positive scans could be obtained in the patients with and without recanalization, and emphasized the diagnostic value of brain scans in the subacute or chronic stage of cerebral infarction, especially in patients with no arterial occlusion appearing on the angiograms.", "PMID": 1121710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7304", "title": "Brain scanning in cerebral vascular disease: a reappraisal.", "content": "The frequency of abnormal brain scans in patients with cerebral vascular disease admitted to a stroke intensive care unit has been evaluated in relation to diagnosis, time after onset of symptoms, effect of delayed imaging and the degree of clinical neurological recovery. In patients with completed thromboembolic infarction, 33% had abnormal scans including 39% of those with hemispheric lesions and 14% with posterior fossa lesions. Completed hemorrhagic infarction occurred in seven patients, and three (43%) had abnormal brain scans. Of 14 patients with either transient ischemic attacks or reversible ischemic neurological deficit, two (14%) had abnormal scans. Twenty-seven percent of brain scans in patients with completed thromboembolic infarction were abnormal in the first two days after infarction, a higher frequency than previously reported. Delayed images confirmed the initial interpretation that the scan was either normal or abnormal in 71% of the cases while in 10% of the cases only the delayed views were abnormal. The frequency of abnormal scans was significantly greater in patients who died or had a large neurological deficit at discharge than in patients with lesser residual deficit.", "contents": "Brain scanning in cerebral vascular disease: a reappraisal. The frequency of abnormal brain scans in patients with cerebral vascular disease admitted to a stroke intensive care unit has been evaluated in relation to diagnosis, time after onset of symptoms, effect of delayed imaging and the degree of clinical neurological recovery. In patients with completed thromboembolic infarction, 33% had abnormal scans including 39% of those with hemispheric lesions and 14% with posterior fossa lesions. Completed hemorrhagic infarction occurred in seven patients, and three (43%) had abnormal brain scans. Of 14 patients with either transient ischemic attacks or reversible ischemic neurological deficit, two (14%) had abnormal scans. Twenty-seven percent of brain scans in patients with completed thromboembolic infarction were abnormal in the first two days after infarction, a higher frequency than previously reported. Delayed images confirmed the initial interpretation that the scan was either normal or abnormal in 71% of the cases while in 10% of the cases only the delayed views were abnormal. The frequency of abnormal scans was significantly greater in patients who died or had a large neurological deficit at discharge than in patients with lesser residual deficit.", "PMID": 1121711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7305", "title": "Estimating total cerebral blood flow from the initial slope of hydrogen washout curves.", "content": "An initial slope index of total cerebral blood flow, measured by the hydrogen clearance technique, shows a high correlation with flows calculated by bicompartmental analysis. In 247 flow measurements done on 41 rhesus monkeys, a linear regression analysis between these two methods of calculating flow shows a correlation coefficient of 0.928 with a standard error about y values of plus or minus 7.63. The initial slope index is not only faster but does not require that a steady state be maintained for ten minutes.", "contents": "Estimating total cerebral blood flow from the initial slope of hydrogen washout curves. An initial slope index of total cerebral blood flow, measured by the hydrogen clearance technique, shows a high correlation with flows calculated by bicompartmental analysis. In 247 flow measurements done on 41 rhesus monkeys, a linear regression analysis between these two methods of calculating flow shows a correlation coefficient of 0.928 with a standard error about y values of plus or minus 7.63. The initial slope index is not only faster but does not require that a steady state be maintained for ten minutes.", "PMID": 1121713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7306", "title": "Regional cerebral blood flow by 133xenon inhalation.", "content": "Repeated measurements of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) were made by the short (ten minutes) 133Xenon inhalation technique and bicompartmental analysis in 11 patients with cerebrovascular disorders, mainly acute cerebral infarction. rCBF was measured 3 to 11 times during one to two weeks. The blood flow of the fast compartment (f1) was calculated as well as the relative weight of this compartment (w1, assumed to correspond to gray matter). In addition a new flow index, the Initial Slope Index (ISI) modified for the inhalation technique, was used. This index of predominantly gray matter flow was calculated from a one-minute epoch of the early part of the clearance curve corrected for recirculation. In three of the patients the f1 and ISI varied in parallel and the w1 showed generally only minor variations from one measurement to the other. However, in the other eight patients fluctuation of the w1 and f1 values were seen which often showed no meaningful relation to the clinical course. The observed w1 changes indicated that some tissues (slowly perfused gray matter and/or rapidly perfused white extracerebral tissues) fluctuate between the fast and the slow compartment. In such cases the f1 values obtained cannot be used for comparison between measurements, since they represent flow rates of varying tissues and do not always represent a true gray matter blood flow. In these patients the ISI, which is independent of such weight changes, showed moderate and clinically likely variations.", "contents": "Regional cerebral blood flow by 133xenon inhalation. Repeated measurements of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) were made by the short (ten minutes) 133Xenon inhalation technique and bicompartmental analysis in 11 patients with cerebrovascular disorders, mainly acute cerebral infarction. rCBF was measured 3 to 11 times during one to two weeks. The blood flow of the fast compartment (f1) was calculated as well as the relative weight of this compartment (w1, assumed to correspond to gray matter). In addition a new flow index, the Initial Slope Index (ISI) modified for the inhalation technique, was used. This index of predominantly gray matter flow was calculated from a one-minute epoch of the early part of the clearance curve corrected for recirculation. In three of the patients the f1 and ISI varied in parallel and the w1 showed generally only minor variations from one measurement to the other. However, in the other eight patients fluctuation of the w1 and f1 values were seen which often showed no meaningful relation to the clinical course. The observed w1 changes indicated that some tissues (slowly perfused gray matter and/or rapidly perfused white extracerebral tissues) fluctuate between the fast and the slow compartment. In such cases the f1 values obtained cannot be used for comparison between measurements, since they represent flow rates of varying tissues and do not always represent a true gray matter blood flow. In these patients the ISI, which is independent of such weight changes, showed moderate and clinically likely variations.", "PMID": 1121712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7307", "title": "The effect of cerebral infarction on the regional cerebral blood flow of the contralateral hemisphere.", "content": "Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) measurements were performed over the contralateral hemisphere by the 133Xe intracarotid injection method in 20 patients with acute cerebral infarction in the territory of the internal carotid artery. The rCBF was found to be reduced, sometimes remarkably, in all of the patients. The mean reduction was 30 percent to 36 percent from the lowest normal value for the mean age of these patients. In the younger age group (40 to 59) the reduction was greater, 40 percent to 47 percent from the lowest normal value for this age. tthe rCBF depression was not related to cerebral dominance, previous hypertension or arterial PCO2 levels. The occurred in both patients who were fully alert and those with disturbances or consciousness, although it tended to be more diminished in the latter. tit can be assumed that the flow reduction in the nonaffected hemisphere is part of a general phenomenon affecting the entire brain and caused by globally reduced cerebral metabolism.", "contents": "The effect of cerebral infarction on the regional cerebral blood flow of the contralateral hemisphere. Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) measurements were performed over the contralateral hemisphere by the 133Xe intracarotid injection method in 20 patients with acute cerebral infarction in the territory of the internal carotid artery. The rCBF was found to be reduced, sometimes remarkably, in all of the patients. The mean reduction was 30 percent to 36 percent from the lowest normal value for the mean age of these patients. In the younger age group (40 to 59) the reduction was greater, 40 percent to 47 percent from the lowest normal value for this age. tthe rCBF depression was not related to cerebral dominance, previous hypertension or arterial PCO2 levels. The occurred in both patients who were fully alert and those with disturbances or consciousness, although it tended to be more diminished in the latter. tit can be assumed that the flow reduction in the nonaffected hemisphere is part of a general phenomenon affecting the entire brain and caused by globally reduced cerebral metabolism.", "PMID": 1121715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7308", "title": "Hindbrain stroke in children caused by extracranial vertebral artery trauma.", "content": "Hindbrain transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) culminating in posterior circulation stroke are described in five children. Atlanto-axial subluxation and angiographical documentation of C1 to C2 level arterial pathology are documented in one patient. Four additional patients with nearly identical clinical presentations, posterior fossa TIAs, stroke and basilar angiographical pathology are reviewed. A mechanical traumatic etiology is suggested. Unexplained transient repeated brain stem and/or cerebellar sympotomatology may be due to extracranial vetebral artery stenosis or occlusion by atlanto-axial instability. After appropriate documentation, stabilization may prevent further TIAs or strokes.", "contents": "Hindbrain stroke in children caused by extracranial vertebral artery trauma. Hindbrain transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) culminating in posterior circulation stroke are described in five children. Atlanto-axial subluxation and angiographical documentation of C1 to C2 level arterial pathology are documented in one patient. Four additional patients with nearly identical clinical presentations, posterior fossa TIAs, stroke and basilar angiographical pathology are reviewed. A mechanical traumatic etiology is suggested. Unexplained transient repeated brain stem and/or cerebellar sympotomatology may be due to extracranial vetebral artery stenosis or occlusion by atlanto-axial instability. After appropriate documentation, stabilization may prevent further TIAs or strokes.", "PMID": 1121714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7309", "title": "Spontaneous thrombosis of deep cerebral veins: a complication of arteriovenous malformation.", "content": "An uncommon type of stroke in children is presented. An intracranial arteriovenous malformation in a 13-year-old boy spontaneously occluded about 22 months after surgical intervention. Precipitating factors, such as bacterial infections, could not be demonstrated in this patient, who had been attending school since the time of the craniotomy. The histological features of venous encephalomalacia in the galenic territory are contrasted with hemorrhagic encephalomalacia as seen after arterial occlusions: in the former, hemorrhages are more widespread and edema is more pronounced.", "contents": "Spontaneous thrombosis of deep cerebral veins: a complication of arteriovenous malformation. An uncommon type of stroke in children is presented. An intracranial arteriovenous malformation in a 13-year-old boy spontaneously occluded about 22 months after surgical intervention. Precipitating factors, such as bacterial infections, could not be demonstrated in this patient, who had been attending school since the time of the craniotomy. The histological features of venous encephalomalacia in the galenic territory are contrasted with hemorrhagic encephalomalacia as seen after arterial occlusions: in the former, hemorrhages are more widespread and edema is more pronounced.", "PMID": 1121716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7310", "title": "Data base for stroke rehabilitation using computerized English text discharge summaries.", "content": "A data processing system programmed in a terminal-oriented language called APL is described. This user-oriented system features the print-out of English text discharges summaries for patients treated in a stroke rehabilitation unit. The variables contained in the summaries are stored in the computer for statistical analysis, allowing continous monitoring of the unit's activities. Seventy-eight percent of patients with moderate to severe hemiparesis were able to return home after an average length of stay of 44 days. The value of the described system is suggested for muliticenter, cooperative studies on stroke.", "contents": "Data base for stroke rehabilitation using computerized English text discharge summaries. A data processing system programmed in a terminal-oriented language called APL is described. This user-oriented system features the print-out of English text discharges summaries for patients treated in a stroke rehabilitation unit. The variables contained in the summaries are stored in the computer for statistical analysis, allowing continous monitoring of the unit's activities. Seventy-eight percent of patients with moderate to severe hemiparesis were able to return home after an average length of stay of 44 days. The value of the described system is suggested for muliticenter, cooperative studies on stroke.", "PMID": 1121717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7311", "title": "Cerebral blood flow in cats after an acute hypertensive insult with damage to the blood-brain barrier.", "content": "Cerebral blood flow was measured with the 133Xenon clearance method in anesthetized cats under controlled ventilation. An acute pressure increase in the carotid system increases the cerebrovascular permeability to Evans blue, indicating damage to the blood-brain barrier. In these conditions the reactivity or cerebral blood vessels toward changes in the acid-base balance is altered: the CO2 reactivity is less pronounced, while the effect of increasing the plasma (HCO-3) is more pronounced than in normal cats. Autoregulatory capacity toward moderate alterations in arterial blood pressure or in intracranial pressure is well maintained in these conditions.", "contents": "Cerebral blood flow in cats after an acute hypertensive insult with damage to the blood-brain barrier. Cerebral blood flow was measured with the 133Xenon clearance method in anesthetized cats under controlled ventilation. An acute pressure increase in the carotid system increases the cerebrovascular permeability to Evans blue, indicating damage to the blood-brain barrier. In these conditions the reactivity or cerebral blood vessels toward changes in the acid-base balance is altered: the CO2 reactivity is less pronounced, while the effect of increasing the plasma (HCO-3) is more pronounced than in normal cats. Autoregulatory capacity toward moderate alterations in arterial blood pressure or in intracranial pressure is well maintained in these conditions.", "PMID": 1121718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7312", "title": "Characterization of malignant gliomas and cerebrovascular disease by cerebral dynamic studies.", "content": "A technique for analysis of dynamic radionuclide studies of the cerebral circulation is described. This technique permits objective classification of observed radionuclide distribution patterns. Variation in the time-to-peak activity, and in the maximum attained activity as determined by region-of-interest analysis of cerebral hemispheric activity, was defined for a normal population. Application of these normal values permits classification of observed hemispheric radionuclide distribution patterns in anaplastic gliomas and in occlusive cerebrovascular disease. Radionuclide activity in gliomas may be normal, decreased, or increased in the region of the tumor. In cerebrovascular occlusion, decreased activity, associated with a delay in time-to-peak activity, is frequently demonstrated in the affected hemisphere.", "contents": "Characterization of malignant gliomas and cerebrovascular disease by cerebral dynamic studies. A technique for analysis of dynamic radionuclide studies of the cerebral circulation is described. This technique permits objective classification of observed radionuclide distribution patterns. Variation in the time-to-peak activity, and in the maximum attained activity as determined by region-of-interest analysis of cerebral hemispheric activity, was defined for a normal population. Application of these normal values permits classification of observed hemispheric radionuclide distribution patterns in anaplastic gliomas and in occlusive cerebrovascular disease. Radionuclide activity in gliomas may be normal, decreased, or increased in the region of the tumor. In cerebrovascular occlusion, decreased activity, associated with a delay in time-to-peak activity, is frequently demonstrated in the affected hemisphere.", "PMID": 1121719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7313", "title": "Assay of alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferases in human sera. Further evidence for several types of Am individuals.", "content": "The study of the alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase in the sera of 19 individuals belonging to the rare Am blood group makes it possible to confirm the heterogeneity of this phenotype established on genetical and immunological criteria. Two groups of subjects, Am and Ay, can be distinguished. For the individuals of the first group, named Am, 15 samples (7 families) have been studied, the phenotype is inherited as an allele at the ABO locus. 14 of these subjects, have an alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase whose kinetic properties were similar to those of A1 subjects. In one family, however, the A transferase detected is of the A1 type. On a quantitative level, the enzyme activities of these sera only reached 30-50 percent of the average value observed for A1 or A2 subjects, respectively. These facts suggest the existence of a genetic inhibitor, possibly linked to the ABO locus, preventing either an A1 or A2 gene from acting at the level of some cellular lines and leading therefore to the recognition of phenotypes named A-m-A1 and A-m-A2. On the contrary, under the experimental conditions used, no alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminyl-transferase activity was detected among the four individuals of the second group, named A-y by Weiner et al. (37), and whose appeareance in siblings results from the action of a recessive modifying y-A gene.", "contents": "Assay of alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferases in human sera. Further evidence for several types of Am individuals. The study of the alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase in the sera of 19 individuals belonging to the rare Am blood group makes it possible to confirm the heterogeneity of this phenotype established on genetical and immunological criteria. Two groups of subjects, Am and Ay, can be distinguished. For the individuals of the first group, named Am, 15 samples (7 families) have been studied, the phenotype is inherited as an allele at the ABO locus. 14 of these subjects, have an alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase whose kinetic properties were similar to those of A1 subjects. In one family, however, the A transferase detected is of the A1 type. On a quantitative level, the enzyme activities of these sera only reached 30-50 percent of the average value observed for A1 or A2 subjects, respectively. These facts suggest the existence of a genetic inhibitor, possibly linked to the ABO locus, preventing either an A1 or A2 gene from acting at the level of some cellular lines and leading therefore to the recognition of phenotypes named A-m-A1 and A-m-A2. On the contrary, under the experimental conditions used, no alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminyl-transferase activity was detected among the four individuals of the second group, named A-y by Weiner et al. (37), and whose appeareance in siblings results from the action of a recessive modifying y-A gene.", "PMID": 1121806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7314", "title": "A correction to the autoanalyzer data for quantitative agglutination measurements.", "content": "The AutoAnalyzer was used for quantitative measurements of antibody agglutinating activity by a Polybrene agglutination technique. Since the continuous flow system introduces an experimental error to the determination of true agglutination percentage, it is necessary to apply a correction factor. The experimental method of correction is described.", "contents": "A correction to the autoanalyzer data for quantitative agglutination measurements. The AutoAnalyzer was used for quantitative measurements of antibody agglutinating activity by a Polybrene agglutination technique. Since the continuous flow system introduces an experimental error to the determination of true agglutination percentage, it is necessary to apply a correction factor. The experimental method of correction is described.", "PMID": 1121807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7315", "title": "Bisalbuminaemia Birmingham - a new variant in an Indian Family. Characterisation and comparative studies with albumin Kashmir.", "content": "Bisalbuminaemia has rarely been reported in races of the Indian subcontinet. The variant described in a native of the Punjab is shown to have a similar electrophoretic mobility to albumin Kashmir but different dye binding properties. The dye binding properties are also different from other albumin variants where such studies have been reported.", "contents": "Bisalbuminaemia Birmingham - a new variant in an Indian Family. Characterisation and comparative studies with albumin Kashmir. Bisalbuminaemia has rarely been reported in races of the Indian subcontinet. The variant described in a native of the Punjab is shown to have a similar electrophoretic mobility to albumin Kashmir but different dye binding properties. The dye binding properties are also different from other albumin variants where such studies have been reported.", "PMID": 1121808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7316", "title": "Influence of free amino and carboxyl groups on the specificity of plant anti-N.", "content": "It is shown that M-active glycoproteins react de novo with anti-N lectins from Vicia graminea and Bauhinia purpurea after blocking of free amino and carboxyl groups. The significance of this phenomenon is briefly discussed.", "contents": "Influence of free amino and carboxyl groups on the specificity of plant anti-N. It is shown that M-active glycoproteins react de novo with anti-N lectins from Vicia graminea and Bauhinia purpurea after blocking of free amino and carboxyl groups. The significance of this phenomenon is briefly discussed.", "PMID": 1121809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7317", "title": "[Properties of influenza virus strains causing the influenza epidemic in Moscow in 1972-3].", "content": "The antigenic and some biological properties of influenza virus strains isolated during 1972-1973 epidemic were studied. Altogether 114 strains were isolated from sick infants of the first months of life beginning from neonatality. The strains under study were found to have high adaptation and elution activity, to be highly sensitive to inhibitors and to produce polymorphous allantoic population in the adaptation period. The hemagglutinating and neuraminidase components were shown to be fairly closely related to those of the membrane of the reference A2/Hong Kong/1/68 strain (H3N2). At the same time, a low neutralizing activity of the antisera for this strain against Moscow strains of 1972-1973 in biological neutralization tests in chick embryos was observed, explaining very high susceptibility of the population to influenza type A infection in the winter of 1972-1973. The strains under study were antigenically homogenous and most closely related to the reference A2/England/42/72 (H3N2) strain.", "contents": "[Properties of influenza virus strains causing the influenza epidemic in Moscow in 1972-3]. The antigenic and some biological properties of influenza virus strains isolated during 1972-1973 epidemic were studied. Altogether 114 strains were isolated from sick infants of the first months of life beginning from neonatality. The strains under study were found to have high adaptation and elution activity, to be highly sensitive to inhibitors and to produce polymorphous allantoic population in the adaptation period. The hemagglutinating and neuraminidase components were shown to be fairly closely related to those of the membrane of the reference A2/Hong Kong/1/68 strain (H3N2). At the same time, a low neutralizing activity of the antisera for this strain against Moscow strains of 1972-1973 in biological neutralization tests in chick embryos was observed, explaining very high susceptibility of the population to influenza type A infection in the winter of 1972-1973. The strains under study were antigenically homogenous and most closely related to the reference A2/England/42/72 (H3N2) strain.", "PMID": 1121850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7318", "title": "[Serological study of the neuraminidase activity of cholera filtrate and influenza virus].", "content": "The capacity of homologous (influenza virus) and heterologous (V. cholerae) anti-neuraminidase antibody to neutralize the neuraminidase activity of influenza virus was studied. The lack of antigenic relationship between the enzyme of V. cholerae and that of influenza virus was established and differences in the antigenic structure of neuraminidase of influenza virus of both different types (A0, A1, A2) and within one type were demonstrated.", "contents": "[Serological study of the neuraminidase activity of cholera filtrate and influenza virus]. The capacity of homologous (influenza virus) and heterologous (V. cholerae) anti-neuraminidase antibody to neutralize the neuraminidase activity of influenza virus was studied. The lack of antigenic relationship between the enzyme of V. cholerae and that of influenza virus was established and differences in the antigenic structure of neuraminidase of influenza virus of both different types (A0, A1, A2) and within one type were demonstrated.", "PMID": 1121851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7319", "title": "[Effect of antibiotics on experimental influenza immunity].", "content": "The influence of antibodies (tetracycline, penicillin, streptomycin) on formation of immunity to influenza was studied experimentally in white mice which were immunized with live influenza A/PR8 virus and were given antibiotics in average therapeutic doses for 10 days. These antibiotics were found to inhibit formation of antiviral immunity.", "contents": "[Effect of antibiotics on experimental influenza immunity]. The influence of antibodies (tetracycline, penicillin, streptomycin) on formation of immunity to influenza was studied experimentally in white mice which were immunized with live influenza A/PR8 virus and were given antibiotics in average therapeutic doses for 10 days. These antibiotics were found to inhibit formation of antiviral immunity.", "PMID": 1121852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7320", "title": "[Immunochemical characteristics of human blood proteins, exhibiting anti-influenza gamma-inhibitor activity].", "content": "The molecular composition of gamma-inhibitors in human serum was found to be heterogenous. In gel filtration of serum gamma-inhibitors were detected in macroglobulin 19S and low molecular 4S fractions. Heating at 100 degrees C for 10 min resulted in a considerable (32--128-fold) increase of the activity of 19S and 4S gamma-inhibitors. A mixture of specific antibody and gamma-inhibitors could be isolated from human serum by means of immunosorbent. The eluate from the immunosorbent was separated into two fractions in gel filtration through Sephadex G-200 column. According to the results of HI tests, both fractions showed the activities of both antibody and gamma-inhibitors. Proteins of the eluate and its fractions were identified by means of disc electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel and immunodiffusion analysis. The function of gamma-inhibitors in human sera was found to be performed by alpha2-macroglobulins and transferrin. Antibody for influenza A2/Singapore/1/57 virus belong to IgG and IgA classes.", "contents": "[Immunochemical characteristics of human blood proteins, exhibiting anti-influenza gamma-inhibitor activity]. The molecular composition of gamma-inhibitors in human serum was found to be heterogenous. In gel filtration of serum gamma-inhibitors were detected in macroglobulin 19S and low molecular 4S fractions. Heating at 100 degrees C for 10 min resulted in a considerable (32--128-fold) increase of the activity of 19S and 4S gamma-inhibitors. A mixture of specific antibody and gamma-inhibitors could be isolated from human serum by means of immunosorbent. The eluate from the immunosorbent was separated into two fractions in gel filtration through Sephadex G-200 column. According to the results of HI tests, both fractions showed the activities of both antibody and gamma-inhibitors. Proteins of the eluate and its fractions were identified by means of disc electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel and immunodiffusion analysis. The function of gamma-inhibitors in human sera was found to be performed by alpha2-macroglobulins and transferrin. Antibody for influenza A2/Singapore/1/57 virus belong to IgG and IgA classes.", "PMID": 1121853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7321", "title": "[Evaluation of the preventive efficacy of bonaphthone in influenza].", "content": "Bonaphthone was tested as a prophylactic drug in 4927 adults during 1973 influenza epidemic caused by influenza A/England/42/72 (H3N2) virus, and shown to exert a protective effect: the index of effectiveness was 1.8-2.9, the protection rate 44.7-66.4%. When given per os in a daily dose of 50 mg for 24 days bonaphthone produced no manifest side effects.", "contents": "[Evaluation of the preventive efficacy of bonaphthone in influenza]. Bonaphthone was tested as a prophylactic drug in 4927 adults during 1973 influenza epidemic caused by influenza A/England/42/72 (H3N2) virus, and shown to exert a protective effect: the index of effectiveness was 1.8-2.9, the protection rate 44.7-66.4%. When given per os in a daily dose of 50 mg for 24 days bonaphthone produced no manifest side effects.", "PMID": 1121854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7322", "title": "[Isolation of Bhanja arbovirus from Boophilus decoloratus ticks in Cameroon].", "content": "A strain of virus designated YaK-10 was isolated from Boophilus decoloratus ticks (10 specimens) collected in March 1971 from cattle pastured in savanna near Garoy (United Cameroun Republic) by the intracerebral inoculation of suckling mice at the Pasteur Institute in Cameroun. The results of investigations of the biological properties of the strain showed it to be pathogenic for 1-3-day-old suckling mice by the intracerebral and intraperitoneal routes, for 3-week-old mice by the intracerebral route and to be nonpathogenic for adult mice. The incubation period was 5-7 days. The virus multiplies in chick embryos producing death of the majority of eggs and in chick embryo fibroblast cultures with a weak cytopathic effect, and it is sensitive to ether and sodium deoxycholate, passes Millipore filters with pore diameter of 220 nm and has no hemagglutinating properties. Studies of the antigenic properties of the virus by CF and neutralization tests showed it to be identical with Dakar D-9540 VIRUS (Bhanja).", "contents": "[Isolation of Bhanja arbovirus from Boophilus decoloratus ticks in Cameroon]. A strain of virus designated YaK-10 was isolated from Boophilus decoloratus ticks (10 specimens) collected in March 1971 from cattle pastured in savanna near Garoy (United Cameroun Republic) by the intracerebral inoculation of suckling mice at the Pasteur Institute in Cameroun. The results of investigations of the biological properties of the strain showed it to be pathogenic for 1-3-day-old suckling mice by the intracerebral and intraperitoneal routes, for 3-week-old mice by the intracerebral route and to be nonpathogenic for adult mice. The incubation period was 5-7 days. The virus multiplies in chick embryos producing death of the majority of eggs and in chick embryo fibroblast cultures with a weak cytopathic effect, and it is sensitive to ether and sodium deoxycholate, passes Millipore filters with pore diameter of 220 nm and has no hemagglutinating properties. Studies of the antigenic properties of the virus by CF and neutralization tests showed it to be identical with Dakar D-9540 VIRUS (Bhanja).", "PMID": 1121855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7323", "title": "[Clone cells obtained from continuous cultures and differing in their sensitivity to tick-borne encephalitis viruses].", "content": "Studies on cloning of continuous HEp-2 and SPEV cell lines were carried out. The sensitivity of the resulting clones to tick-borne encephalitis virus was determined and the clone lines were shown to be heterologous in their sensitivity to TBE virus by means of the immunofluorescence and virological methods. Among 47 clones of HEp-2 line virus reproduction was observed in 30 clones, no reproduction was demonstrated in 17 clones. The maximum number of cells simultaneously synthesizing virus antigen did not exceed 35% of the population which was conformity with the results obtained in the study of the original HEp-2 cell line. Twenty-nine clones derived from the continuous SPEV cell line were examined. Reproduction of the virus was observed in all of them. However, according to the maximum number of cells involved in the process of antigen synthesis, all the clones could be divided into two groups which differed also by the dynamics of cell involvement in antigen synthesis. The results of the study of clones derived from chronically TBE-infected Hep-2-Soph cell line are presented. In 13 out of 15 clones, the infectious virus and antigen synthesis were demonstrated which suggested that the majority of cells of the parental HEp-2-Soph line had been infected with TBE virus.", "contents": "[Clone cells obtained from continuous cultures and differing in their sensitivity to tick-borne encephalitis viruses]. Studies on cloning of continuous HEp-2 and SPEV cell lines were carried out. The sensitivity of the resulting clones to tick-borne encephalitis virus was determined and the clone lines were shown to be heterologous in their sensitivity to TBE virus by means of the immunofluorescence and virological methods. Among 47 clones of HEp-2 line virus reproduction was observed in 30 clones, no reproduction was demonstrated in 17 clones. The maximum number of cells simultaneously synthesizing virus antigen did not exceed 35% of the population which was conformity with the results obtained in the study of the original HEp-2 cell line. Twenty-nine clones derived from the continuous SPEV cell line were examined. Reproduction of the virus was observed in all of them. However, according to the maximum number of cells involved in the process of antigen synthesis, all the clones could be divided into two groups which differed also by the dynamics of cell involvement in antigen synthesis. The results of the study of clones derived from chronically TBE-infected Hep-2-Soph cell line are presented. In 13 out of 15 clones, the infectious virus and antigen synthesis were demonstrated which suggested that the majority of cells of the parental HEp-2-Soph line had been infected with TBE virus.", "PMID": 1121856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7324", "title": "[Conditions affecting renal excretion of silver by humans. Studies on metabolism of trace elements. VIII].", "content": "The renal excretion of silver was investigated in adult experimental persons of both sexes with normal or variously decreased kidney functions. Silver was measured by emission spectrum analysis. With an indifferent urinary flow of 4.71 plus or minus 2.5 (mean value with standard deviation) ml/min, the mean Ag-excretion was 0.653 plus or minus 0.432 ng/min for a standard 1.73 m2 body surface area. An apparent small increase in the Ag-excretion with increased rate of urine flow could not be statistically confirmed. The widely different Ag-excretion between individuals showed no dependence on the state of diuresis, or on kidney haemodynamic factors down to a decreased inulin clearance of less than 40 ml/min, and a decrease of the PAH clearance to values less than 200 ml/min.", "contents": "[Conditions affecting renal excretion of silver by humans. Studies on metabolism of trace elements. VIII]. The renal excretion of silver was investigated in adult experimental persons of both sexes with normal or variously decreased kidney functions. Silver was measured by emission spectrum analysis. With an indifferent urinary flow of 4.71 plus or minus 2.5 (mean value with standard deviation) ml/min, the mean Ag-excretion was 0.653 plus or minus 0.432 ng/min for a standard 1.73 m2 body surface area. An apparent small increase in the Ag-excretion with increased rate of urine flow could not be statistically confirmed. The widely different Ag-excretion between individuals showed no dependence on the state of diuresis, or on kidney haemodynamic factors down to a decreased inulin clearance of less than 40 ml/min, and a decrease of the PAH clearance to values less than 200 ml/min.", "PMID": 1121895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7325", "title": "[Determination of iron with CentrifiChem System].", "content": "The determination of iron was adapted to the CentrifiChem System. The iron bound to transferrin is freed with a detergent, reduced to Fe++ with sodium dithionite, and determined with bathophenanthroline disulphonate. The operation consists of one run for the blank value and one analytical run. Although the actual reaction time is extremely short, a reaction time of 8--10 min is recommended for both the blank value and the analysis. This ensures adequate clearing during centrifugation under the influence of Teepol. 2 times 100 mul serum are required, and 80 determinations per hour are possible.", "contents": "[Determination of iron with CentrifiChem System]. The determination of iron was adapted to the CentrifiChem System. The iron bound to transferrin is freed with a detergent, reduced to Fe++ with sodium dithionite, and determined with bathophenanthroline disulphonate. The operation consists of one run for the blank value and one analytical run. Although the actual reaction time is extremely short, a reaction time of 8--10 min is recommended for both the blank value and the analysis. This ensures adequate clearing during centrifugation under the influence of Teepol. 2 times 100 mul serum are required, and 80 determinations per hour are possible.", "PMID": 1121896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7326", "title": "Induced hypercapnia in experimental hemorrhagic shock.", "content": "The inhalation effect of a 90% oxygen and 10% carbon dioxide mixture was compared with pure oxygen inhalation in the treatment of rabbits, bled to a mean arterial pressure of 25 mmHg. A pronounced respiratory acidosis developed in the O-2-CO-2-treated rabbits. Both groups showed similar changes in the blood concentration of lactate and the base deficit values. In the rabbits inhaling O-2-CO-2, the PvO-2 was significantly higher than in those treated with oxygen. All the relationships were recorded independent of the time of onset of the inhalation treatment regardless of whether it was commenced before or after the bleeding. Our conclusion is that, in spite of the apparent increase in the shunting of oxygenated blood to the venous circulation, the perfusion through the capillaries is unaffected by the carbon dioxide inhaled in hemorrhagic shock.", "contents": "Induced hypercapnia in experimental hemorrhagic shock. The inhalation effect of a 90% oxygen and 10% carbon dioxide mixture was compared with pure oxygen inhalation in the treatment of rabbits, bled to a mean arterial pressure of 25 mmHg. A pronounced respiratory acidosis developed in the O-2-CO-2-treated rabbits. Both groups showed similar changes in the blood concentration of lactate and the base deficit values. In the rabbits inhaling O-2-CO-2, the PvO-2 was significantly higher than in those treated with oxygen. All the relationships were recorded independent of the time of onset of the inhalation treatment regardless of whether it was commenced before or after the bleeding. Our conclusion is that, in spite of the apparent increase in the shunting of oxygenated blood to the venous circulation, the perfusion through the capillaries is unaffected by the carbon dioxide inhaled in hemorrhagic shock.", "PMID": 1121917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7327", "title": "Effects of hyperbaric oxygenation and prolonged hypoxia on the healing of open wounds.", "content": "In a study on rats, long-tern intermittent hyperbaric oxygenation at 2 ATA had no effect on the healing rate of open wounds in which the circulation was left intact. When the wound edges were devascularized, however, hyperbaric oxygen enhanced the wound closure rate in the final stages of healing, thus counteracting the delay caused by disturbed blood supply. During the hyperbaric exposure, tissue pO-2 increased considerably in both normal and devascularized skin, whereas tissue pCO-2 increased only slightly. Combined systemic and local hypoxia--12% oxygen at 1 atm--retarded the closure rate of full-thickness skin wounds. This was noted both in acclimatized and in unacclimatized rats. Thirteen-day adaptation to hypoxia increased the healing rate and subcutaneous tissue pO-2 to normal levels, but when hypoxia was continued, tissue pO-2 and the wound closure rate decreased markedly. This was probably due to a decreased blood flow induced by secondary erythrocytosis and an elevated blood viscosity.", "contents": "Effects of hyperbaric oxygenation and prolonged hypoxia on the healing of open wounds. In a study on rats, long-tern intermittent hyperbaric oxygenation at 2 ATA had no effect on the healing rate of open wounds in which the circulation was left intact. When the wound edges were devascularized, however, hyperbaric oxygen enhanced the wound closure rate in the final stages of healing, thus counteracting the delay caused by disturbed blood supply. During the hyperbaric exposure, tissue pO-2 increased considerably in both normal and devascularized skin, whereas tissue pCO-2 increased only slightly. Combined systemic and local hypoxia--12% oxygen at 1 atm--retarded the closure rate of full-thickness skin wounds. This was noted both in acclimatized and in unacclimatized rats. Thirteen-day adaptation to hypoxia increased the healing rate and subcutaneous tissue pO-2 to normal levels, but when hypoxia was continued, tissue pO-2 and the wound closure rate decreased markedly. This was probably due to a decreased blood flow induced by secondary erythrocytosis and an elevated blood viscosity.", "PMID": 1121918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7328", "title": "Primary hyperplasia of the parathyroids.", "content": "Eight cases of primary hyperplasia of the parathyroid are reported among 322 cases of primary hyperparathyroidism. Preoperatively, all had high serum calcium. Six cases were water-clear, one chief cell, and one mixed hyperplasia. The case of chief cell hyperplasia was misdiagnosed primarily as adenoma. Its exact nature was recognised retrospectively. Identification and biopsy with frozen section of all the parathyroid glands is stressed. This is essential to rule out the presence of multiple adenoma or adenomatous formation in hyperplasia. When hyperplasia was proved, total parathyroidectomy and autotransplantation of parathyroid tissue equivalent to 1/2 or one normal-sized parathyroid gland was done in 7 cases. Although one patient had hyperplastic tissue in situ, the results of this management are considered to be satisfactory. On to six years postoperatively, all surviving patients are without symptoms of hyperparathyroidism and have normal serum calcium. Two patients required a small dose of Vit D-2 to sustain a normal calcium level. Total parathyroidectomy and autotransplantation of parathyroid tissue (PTA) is preferred to subtotal parathyroidectomy in cases of primary hyperplasia. There is a good primary result and reoperation can be easily done if there is recurrence of hyperparathyroidism.", "contents": "Primary hyperplasia of the parathyroids. Eight cases of primary hyperplasia of the parathyroid are reported among 322 cases of primary hyperparathyroidism. Preoperatively, all had high serum calcium. Six cases were water-clear, one chief cell, and one mixed hyperplasia. The case of chief cell hyperplasia was misdiagnosed primarily as adenoma. Its exact nature was recognised retrospectively. Identification and biopsy with frozen section of all the parathyroid glands is stressed. This is essential to rule out the presence of multiple adenoma or adenomatous formation in hyperplasia. When hyperplasia was proved, total parathyroidectomy and autotransplantation of parathyroid tissue equivalent to 1/2 or one normal-sized parathyroid gland was done in 7 cases. Although one patient had hyperplastic tissue in situ, the results of this management are considered to be satisfactory. On to six years postoperatively, all surviving patients are without symptoms of hyperparathyroidism and have normal serum calcium. Two patients required a small dose of Vit D-2 to sustain a normal calcium level. Total parathyroidectomy and autotransplantation of parathyroid tissue (PTA) is preferred to subtotal parathyroidectomy in cases of primary hyperplasia. There is a good primary result and reoperation can be easily done if there is recurrence of hyperparathyroidism.", "PMID": 1121919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7329", "title": "Surgical or conservative treatment of total dislocation of the acromioclavicular joint.", "content": "A follow-up investigation on 41 patients with complete dislocation of the acromioclavicular joint was performed. Nineteen patients had been treated surgically, 22 conservatively. The surgery performed had consisted of repair of the coracoclavicular ligament and fixation of the acromioclavicular joint by means of a Kirschner wire. In the conservatively treated patients, a strapping was applied to maintain reduction of the acromioclavicular joint. A good functional end-result is correlated with a good anatomical result. A good anatomical result was more frequent in the surgically treated group. Better functional results were achieved by operation than by conservative treatment. In general, post-traumatic arthrosis of the acromioclavicular joint was slight and was not correlated with the functional results.", "contents": "Surgical or conservative treatment of total dislocation of the acromioclavicular joint. A follow-up investigation on 41 patients with complete dislocation of the acromioclavicular joint was performed. Nineteen patients had been treated surgically, 22 conservatively. The surgery performed had consisted of repair of the coracoclavicular ligament and fixation of the acromioclavicular joint by means of a Kirschner wire. In the conservatively treated patients, a strapping was applied to maintain reduction of the acromioclavicular joint. A good functional end-result is correlated with a good anatomical result. A good anatomical result was more frequent in the surgically treated group. Better functional results were achieved by operation than by conservative treatment. In general, post-traumatic arthrosis of the acromioclavicular joint was slight and was not correlated with the functional results.", "PMID": 1121920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7330", "title": "Instramedullary supramid pin and plate-screw fixation for fracture of the humerus.", "content": "A method of fixing the humerus is presented. A supramid pin is introduced into the medullary cavity and a plate with screws is attached to the bone surface. The screws are driven through the fracture fragments into the supramid pin. The resulting fixation is firm and suitable for certain complicated cases in which the usual fixation methods have their limitations.", "contents": "Instramedullary supramid pin and plate-screw fixation for fracture of the humerus. A method of fixing the humerus is presented. A supramid pin is introduced into the medullary cavity and a plate with screws is attached to the bone surface. The screws are driven through the fracture fragments into the supramid pin. The resulting fixation is firm and suitable for certain complicated cases in which the usual fixation methods have their limitations.", "PMID": 1121921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7331", "title": "Diagnostic laparocentesis and peritoneal lavage in patients with multiple blunt injuries.", "content": "A series of 53 patients with multiple injuries and suspected abdominal trauma were analysed to determine the accuracy of diagnostic laparocentesis and peritoneal lavage. Thirty-one positive findings resulted in immediate laparotomies. Fifteen patients with an otherwise strong suspicion of intra-abdominal injury were treated conservatively with an uneventful clinical course. All three false-negative findings were in patients who has previously been subjected to laparotomy. These 3 patients were laparotomized on the basis of other diagnostic evidence. Four positive and two false-positive findings resulted in unnecessary operations. Trocar laparocentesis combined with peritoneal lavage is a quick and safe aid in the diagnosis of blunt abdominal trauma. Trauma to the urinary tract, however, should be diagnosed without laparocentesis. The test does not replace other diagnostic methods, but it may shorten the preoperative delay in complicated situations.", "contents": "Diagnostic laparocentesis and peritoneal lavage in patients with multiple blunt injuries. A series of 53 patients with multiple injuries and suspected abdominal trauma were analysed to determine the accuracy of diagnostic laparocentesis and peritoneal lavage. Thirty-one positive findings resulted in immediate laparotomies. Fifteen patients with an otherwise strong suspicion of intra-abdominal injury were treated conservatively with an uneventful clinical course. All three false-negative findings were in patients who has previously been subjected to laparotomy. These 3 patients were laparotomized on the basis of other diagnostic evidence. Four positive and two false-positive findings resulted in unnecessary operations. Trocar laparocentesis combined with peritoneal lavage is a quick and safe aid in the diagnosis of blunt abdominal trauma. Trauma to the urinary tract, however, should be diagnosed without laparocentesis. The test does not replace other diagnostic methods, but it may shorten the preoperative delay in complicated situations.", "PMID": 1121922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7332", "title": "Lissencephaly and Pachygyria: an architectonic and topographical analysis.", "content": "The architectonic features of abnormal cerebral cortex in a brain with lissencephaly and pachygyria suggest that neuronal migration was interrupted by cortical and subcortical laminar necrosis in the fourth fetal month. The severest cortical abnormality lies in the distal perfusion fields of the major cerebral arteries, while the normal areas are located in the proximal perfusion fields. These architectonic and topographic features suggest that intra-uterine hypoxia or perfusion failure may be a pathogenetic mechanism leading to lissencephaly and pachygyria.", "contents": "Lissencephaly and Pachygyria: an architectonic and topographical analysis. The architectonic features of abnormal cerebral cortex in a brain with lissencephaly and pachygyria suggest that neuronal migration was interrupted by cortical and subcortical laminar necrosis in the fourth fetal month. The severest cortical abnormality lies in the distal perfusion fields of the major cerebral arteries, while the normal areas are located in the proximal perfusion fields. These architectonic and topographic features suggest that intra-uterine hypoxia or perfusion failure may be a pathogenetic mechanism leading to lissencephaly and pachygyria.", "PMID": 1121923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7333", "title": "Infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy. An electron microscopic study of a case clinically resembling neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis.", "content": "An unusual case of infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy (INAD) in which seizures were the presenting and predominant clinical feature is described. Although the clinical manifestations were indistinguishable from neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis, the diagnosis was readily established by electron microscopic examination of the brain biopsy specimen. Even after the ultrastructural features were known, the dystrophic axons were not evident by light microscopy. This case broadens the clinical picture of INAD to include seizures as the presenting complaint and suggests that some patients with childhood epilepsy who \"deteriorate\" may have this genetically determined disease.", "contents": "Infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy. An electron microscopic study of a case clinically resembling neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis. An unusual case of infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy (INAD) in which seizures were the presenting and predominant clinical feature is described. Although the clinical manifestations were indistinguishable from neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis, the diagnosis was readily established by electron microscopic examination of the brain biopsy specimen. Even after the ultrastructural features were known, the dystrophic axons were not evident by light microscopy. This case broadens the clinical picture of INAD to include seizures as the presenting complaint and suggests that some patients with childhood epilepsy who \"deteriorate\" may have this genetically determined disease.", "PMID": 1121924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7334", "title": "Ultrastructure of the syndrome of continuous muscle fibre activity.", "content": "The ultrastructure of muscle and the myoneural junction of a man of 60 suffering from the syndrome of continuous muscle fibre activity was studied. This syndrome is manifested by disturbances of walking, muscle weakness, permanent muscle contractions and involuntary movements. The myoneural junction was hypertrophied and showed ramifications of the secondary clefts. The presynaptic nerve ending contained no synaptic vesicles. The relationship of these findings to the disease is discussed.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the syndrome of continuous muscle fibre activity. The ultrastructure of muscle and the myoneural junction of a man of 60 suffering from the syndrome of continuous muscle fibre activity was studied. This syndrome is manifested by disturbances of walking, muscle weakness, permanent muscle contractions and involuntary movements. The myoneural junction was hypertrophied and showed ramifications of the secondary clefts. The presynaptic nerve ending contained no synaptic vesicles. The relationship of these findings to the disease is discussed.", "PMID": 1121925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7335", "title": "Dermatophytes: conidium-ontogeny and classification.", "content": "The ontogeny of the conidia of representative Dermatophyte species has been examined by time-lapse microphotography. The results are summarized in five main conclusions. (i) the genera Microsporum, Trichophyton and Epidermophyton have holoblastic conidium-ontogeny; (ii) the investigated species exhibit polymeristematic development; (iii) delivery of the conidia occurs by means of a special detaching mechanism: consisting in autolysis of a detaching-cell or cells; (iv) the macroconidia have a primary septum; (v)chlamydospores including \"gemmae\" and \"persistent-organs\", strikingly similar to the macro- and microconidia as investigated in aqueous preparations, are also formed. The author classifies the dermatophytes into section III of the system of HUGHES and into the group III/C of TURBAKI's system.", "contents": "Dermatophytes: conidium-ontogeny and classification. The ontogeny of the conidia of representative Dermatophyte species has been examined by time-lapse microphotography. The results are summarized in five main conclusions. (i) the genera Microsporum, Trichophyton and Epidermophyton have holoblastic conidium-ontogeny; (ii) the investigated species exhibit polymeristematic development; (iii) delivery of the conidia occurs by means of a special detaching mechanism: consisting in autolysis of a detaching-cell or cells; (iv) the macroconidia have a primary septum; (v)chlamydospores including \"gemmae\" and \"persistent-organs\", strikingly similar to the macro- and microconidia as investigated in aqueous preparations, are also formed. The author classifies the dermatophytes into section III of the system of HUGHES and into the group III/C of TURBAKI's system.", "PMID": 1121930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7336", "title": "Studies on the sensitivity of anticancer agents of normal human cells in culture.", "content": "Two biopsies of human periosteal tissue have been tested for sensitivity to several antitumoral agents. The tests were performed during the lifespan of the cultured cells in order to reveal possible variations in sensitivity. The results indicate that the age of the donor affects drug sensitivity; cells obtained from the young donor show a higher growth potential, together with a variable sensitivity and morphology during their life in vitro, while cells from the adult donor have a lower growth potential, a constant sensitivity to chemotherapy and a constant morphology.", "contents": "Studies on the sensitivity of anticancer agents of normal human cells in culture. Two biopsies of human periosteal tissue have been tested for sensitivity to several antitumoral agents. The tests were performed during the lifespan of the cultured cells in order to reveal possible variations in sensitivity. The results indicate that the age of the donor affects drug sensitivity; cells obtained from the young donor show a higher growth potential, together with a variable sensitivity and morphology during their life in vitro, while cells from the adult donor have a lower growth potential, a constant sensitivity to chemotherapy and a constant morphology.", "PMID": 1121934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7337", "title": "The effect of hydrocortisone on DNA synthesis and cell division during aging in vitro.", "content": "Hydrocortisone (14 muM) added to cultures of human diploid fibroblast-like cells extends the lifespan of the population. This effect is expressed during a single growth cycle by an increased rate of proliferation and a higher rate of incorporation of 3HdT into DNA. The hormone appears to exert its effect by increasing the fraction of cells in the proliferating pool, and this increase is expressed at all levels of serial subcultivation (population ages). The effect requires a minimum of between 12 and 18 hr exposure of the cells to hydrocortisone. Studies with varying amounts of serum suggest that the hormone affects the cells by amplifying the serum signal which is the primary signal for cell division.", "contents": "The effect of hydrocortisone on DNA synthesis and cell division during aging in vitro. Hydrocortisone (14 muM) added to cultures of human diploid fibroblast-like cells extends the lifespan of the population. This effect is expressed during a single growth cycle by an increased rate of proliferation and a higher rate of incorporation of 3HdT into DNA. The hormone appears to exert its effect by increasing the fraction of cells in the proliferating pool, and this increase is expressed at all levels of serial subcultivation (population ages). The effect requires a minimum of between 12 and 18 hr exposure of the cells to hydrocortisone. Studies with varying amounts of serum suggest that the hormone affects the cells by amplifying the serum signal which is the primary signal for cell division.", "PMID": 1121935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7338", "title": "Pathophysiology of second degree atrioventricular block: a unified hypothesis.", "content": "An in vivo and in vitro correlative study of second degree atrioventricular (A-V) block in the canine proximal His-Purkinje system after ligation of the anterior septal artery is reported. Evidence is presented to suggest that Mobitz type II and the Wenckebach ypte of conduction represent different degrees of the same disorder rather than two distinct electrophysiologic processes. The in vivo study showed that an increment of conduction delay almost always preceded the blocked impulse in second degree A-V block. The increment, as 1 or 2 msec at the early stage of block, often increased gradually up to 180 msec. The in vitro study consistently showed an increment of conduction delay preceding the blocked impulse. The same experiments revealed a greater increment in conduction delay early after excision that, on recovery during superfusion, gradually decreased to a few milliseconds (the reverse order of the in vivo observation). Characteristic changes in duration and configuration of action potentials in the ischemic proximal His-Purkinje system were observed depending on the state of transmission and the temporal relation of the impaled cell to areas of slow propagation and block. The study revealed a remarkable similarity between characteristics of conduction in the ischemic His-Purkinje system and conduction in both the normal A-V doe and Purkinje fibers subjected to various pathophysiologic interventions. It is suggested that in the pathologic situation--exemplified in this study by acute myocardial ischemia--the normal His-Purkinje system may gradually lose the characteristics of the fast response and start showing properties of the slow response. At an early stage of departure from normal, the proximal His-Purkinje system may show second degree A-V block with no perceptible to a few milliseconds' increment of conduction delay (the equivalent of Mobitz type II block). On further departure from normal, the His-Purkinje system resembles the A-V node in showing a significant increment of conduction delay prior to the blocked impulse (the equivalent of Wenckebach periodicity). Both the in vivo and in vitro observations demonstrated a clear propensity of the ischemic proximal His-Purkinje system to develop paroxysmal A-V block during the stage of second degree A-V block when there is no perceptible to a few milliseconds' increment of conduction delay. A new classification of second degree A-V block is presented based on the suggested electrophysiologic mechanism.", "contents": "Pathophysiology of second degree atrioventricular block: a unified hypothesis. An in vivo and in vitro correlative study of second degree atrioventricular (A-V) block in the canine proximal His-Purkinje system after ligation of the anterior septal artery is reported. Evidence is presented to suggest that Mobitz type II and the Wenckebach ypte of conduction represent different degrees of the same disorder rather than two distinct electrophysiologic processes. The in vivo study showed that an increment of conduction delay almost always preceded the blocked impulse in second degree A-V block. The increment, as 1 or 2 msec at the early stage of block, often increased gradually up to 180 msec. The in vitro study consistently showed an increment of conduction delay preceding the blocked impulse. The same experiments revealed a greater increment in conduction delay early after excision that, on recovery during superfusion, gradually decreased to a few milliseconds (the reverse order of the in vivo observation). Characteristic changes in duration and configuration of action potentials in the ischemic proximal His-Purkinje system were observed depending on the state of transmission and the temporal relation of the impaled cell to areas of slow propagation and block. The study revealed a remarkable similarity between characteristics of conduction in the ischemic His-Purkinje system and conduction in both the normal A-V doe and Purkinje fibers subjected to various pathophysiologic interventions. It is suggested that in the pathologic situation--exemplified in this study by acute myocardial ischemia--the normal His-Purkinje system may gradually lose the characteristics of the fast response and start showing properties of the slow response. At an early stage of departure from normal, the proximal His-Purkinje system may show second degree A-V block with no perceptible to a few milliseconds' increment of conduction delay (the equivalent of Mobitz type II block). On further departure from normal, the His-Purkinje system resembles the A-V node in showing a significant increment of conduction delay prior to the blocked impulse (the equivalent of Wenckebach periodicity). Both the in vivo and in vitro observations demonstrated a clear propensity of the ischemic proximal His-Purkinje system to develop paroxysmal A-V block during the stage of second degree A-V block when there is no perceptible to a few milliseconds' increment of conduction delay. A new classification of second degree A-V block is presented based on the suggested electrophysiologic mechanism.", "PMID": 1121954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7339", "title": "A degeneration study of some habenular efferents to the midbrain in a wallaby.", "content": "In this study, specimens of both sexes of a Western Australian wallaby (Steonix brachyurus) had surgical or electrolytic lesions made in the habenular complex unilaterally. Thirty-five-micron sections, cut coronally and parasagittally, were stained by the Nauta-Gygax ('54) or the Fink-Heimer ('67) technique to demonstrate degenerating fibers. Degeneration was seen in the habenular commissure and bilaterally in the habenula and fasciculus retroflexus, but was most extensive ipsilaterally. Habenular fibers destined for the tegmentum and central gray passed caudally into the midbrain in a continuous fan-like array which extended from the central gray dorsally to the interpeduncular nucleus ventrally. In their posterior course some fibers crossed the midline with the decussating cerebellar fibers. The majority of fibers, with those in the fasciculus retroflexus which passed ventral to the decussation of the superior cerebellar peduncle, turned dorsally. They passed mostly just lateral to the midline nuclei and into the central gray where degeneration was seen throughout the entire extent. Terminal degeneration was seen in the interpeduncular nucleus primarily in the dorsal and posterior parts, in the ventral tegmental nucleus and throughout the central gray, but was more densely clustered in the region of the dorsal tegmental nucleus.", "contents": "A degeneration study of some habenular efferents to the midbrain in a wallaby. In this study, specimens of both sexes of a Western Australian wallaby (Steonix brachyurus) had surgical or electrolytic lesions made in the habenular complex unilaterally. Thirty-five-micron sections, cut coronally and parasagittally, were stained by the Nauta-Gygax ('54) or the Fink-Heimer ('67) technique to demonstrate degenerating fibers. Degeneration was seen in the habenular commissure and bilaterally in the habenula and fasciculus retroflexus, but was most extensive ipsilaterally. Habenular fibers destined for the tegmentum and central gray passed caudally into the midbrain in a continuous fan-like array which extended from the central gray dorsally to the interpeduncular nucleus ventrally. In their posterior course some fibers crossed the midline with the decussating cerebellar fibers. The majority of fibers, with those in the fasciculus retroflexus which passed ventral to the decussation of the superior cerebellar peduncle, turned dorsally. They passed mostly just lateral to the midline nuclei and into the central gray where degeneration was seen throughout the entire extent. Terminal degeneration was seen in the interpeduncular nucleus primarily in the dorsal and posterior parts, in the ventral tegmental nucleus and throughout the central gray, but was more densely clustered in the region of the dorsal tegmental nucleus.", "PMID": 1121955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7340", "title": "Ethionine induced degeneration and regeneration in the rat parotid gland: an electron microscope study.", "content": "The object of the present study was to establish a model for the study of parotid gland regeneration. Adult female Spague-Dalley rats were placed for 11 days on a protein-free diet with daily intraperitoneal doses of aqueous DL-ethionine equivalent to 0.5 hg/gm body weight, and returned to a normal diet on day 12. At varying intervals, both during and after intoxication, animals were sacrificed and the parotid glands prepared for study with the transmission electron microscope. Ultrastructural observations indicated that damage was essentially limited to the acinar cells, in which the protein synthetic apparatus was the focus of injury. The rough endoplasmic reticulum displayed atypical configurations, loss of attached ribosomes and membrane fragmentation. In the Golgi region, an atypical structure, a \"crystalloid\" arose during intoxication. Because of the morphology and apparent formation of the \"crystalloid,\" it was assumed to be an abnormal secretion product. Resumption of a normal diet resulted in the rapid restitution of the normal cytoarchitecture. During the first week of recovery, there was prominent mitotic activity in mature acinar cells. It was concluded that the primary effect of ethionine upon the parotid gland is interference with the function of the protein-synthetic apparatus, leading to morphologic alteration of the acinar cells. The mitotic activity observed during recovery indicated that in the adult rat, acinar cells retain the potential for proliferation.", "contents": "Ethionine induced degeneration and regeneration in the rat parotid gland: an electron microscope study. The object of the present study was to establish a model for the study of parotid gland regeneration. Adult female Spague-Dalley rats were placed for 11 days on a protein-free diet with daily intraperitoneal doses of aqueous DL-ethionine equivalent to 0.5 hg/gm body weight, and returned to a normal diet on day 12. At varying intervals, both during and after intoxication, animals were sacrificed and the parotid glands prepared for study with the transmission electron microscope. Ultrastructural observations indicated that damage was essentially limited to the acinar cells, in which the protein synthetic apparatus was the focus of injury. The rough endoplasmic reticulum displayed atypical configurations, loss of attached ribosomes and membrane fragmentation. In the Golgi region, an atypical structure, a \"crystalloid\" arose during intoxication. Because of the morphology and apparent formation of the \"crystalloid,\" it was assumed to be an abnormal secretion product. Resumption of a normal diet resulted in the rapid restitution of the normal cytoarchitecture. During the first week of recovery, there was prominent mitotic activity in mature acinar cells. It was concluded that the primary effect of ethionine upon the parotid gland is interference with the function of the protein-synthetic apparatus, leading to morphologic alteration of the acinar cells. The mitotic activity observed during recovery indicated that in the adult rat, acinar cells retain the potential for proliferation.", "PMID": 1121956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7341", "title": "Development of the endometrium during the estrous cycle in the bitch.", "content": "The endometrium of 40 cycling bitches was studied using cytological, cytochemical, and morphometric techniques. Two principal phases of growth and differentiation can be discerned. Phase one begins at the end of anestrus as serum estrogen levels begin to rise and is completed just prior to estrus. It is characterized by growth of the crypts and differentiation of the glandular epithelial cells into well-developed, mucus-secreting cells. Growth, initially rapid, gradually slows. The second growth phase does not begin until the middle of estrus as serum progestin levels rise and lasts nearly a week. Both hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the glandular epithelium and growth of the basal glands characterize this stage. The gland cells develop many well-defined characteristics of absorptive and secretory cells. Another phase of growth occurs in pregnant animals at the onset of implantation. During the third week of metestrus in non-pregnant bitches, the uterus begins to involute. Acid phosphatase and the number of lysosomes increase dramatically in the epithelial cells particularly in the basal glands. Cells lining the lumen and crypts accumulate numerous large lipid droplets. The data are discussed in relation to the clear separation of two distinct uterine functions: (1) sperm transport and maintenance and (2) production and secretion of nutritive uterine milk. Extended periods of follicular development, breeding, and preimplantation in the bitch probably impose this separation.", "contents": "Development of the endometrium during the estrous cycle in the bitch. The endometrium of 40 cycling bitches was studied using cytological, cytochemical, and morphometric techniques. Two principal phases of growth and differentiation can be discerned. Phase one begins at the end of anestrus as serum estrogen levels begin to rise and is completed just prior to estrus. It is characterized by growth of the crypts and differentiation of the glandular epithelial cells into well-developed, mucus-secreting cells. Growth, initially rapid, gradually slows. The second growth phase does not begin until the middle of estrus as serum progestin levels rise and lasts nearly a week. Both hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the glandular epithelium and growth of the basal glands characterize this stage. The gland cells develop many well-defined characteristics of absorptive and secretory cells. Another phase of growth occurs in pregnant animals at the onset of implantation. During the third week of metestrus in non-pregnant bitches, the uterus begins to involute. Acid phosphatase and the number of lysosomes increase dramatically in the epithelial cells particularly in the basal glands. Cells lining the lumen and crypts accumulate numerous large lipid droplets. The data are discussed in relation to the clear separation of two distinct uterine functions: (1) sperm transport and maintenance and (2) production and secretion of nutritive uterine milk. Extended periods of follicular development, breeding, and preimplantation in the bitch probably impose this separation.", "PMID": 1121957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7342", "title": "Ultrastructural study of mouse olfactory epithelium following destruction by ZnSO4 and its subsequent regeneration.", "content": "Regeneration of olfactory epithelium was studied at the ultrastructural level in two different strains of mice (C57B1/6J and SWR/J) following destructive changes induced by nasal irrigation with 1% aqueous solution of zinc sulfate (ZnSO4). Three epithelial conditions were seen during the first four to 14 days following treatment: a \"surface alteration\" state characterized by changes at the apical ends of olfactory and columnar supporting cells, a \"squamous-metaplastic\" state, and a simple-squamous\" state. In the latter two conditions, thought to represent regenerative states, cells contained inclusions similar to secretion granules in Bowman's glands. This observation supports earlier suggestions that new epithelial cells originate from these glands. Later regenerative changes consist of differentiation of new sensory cells and columnar supporting cells in an initially disorganized epithelium. This epithelium then changes to a normal, pseudostratified organization. Regeneration of the epithelium begins earlier and proceeds more rapidly in the SWR/J strain than C57B1/6J mice. Possibly, a genetic difference exists between strains. After 72 days the epithelium in both strains had regenerated.", "contents": "Ultrastructural study of mouse olfactory epithelium following destruction by ZnSO4 and its subsequent regeneration. Regeneration of olfactory epithelium was studied at the ultrastructural level in two different strains of mice (C57B1/6J and SWR/J) following destructive changes induced by nasal irrigation with 1% aqueous solution of zinc sulfate (ZnSO4). Three epithelial conditions were seen during the first four to 14 days following treatment: a \"surface alteration\" state characterized by changes at the apical ends of olfactory and columnar supporting cells, a \"squamous-metaplastic\" state, and a simple-squamous\" state. In the latter two conditions, thought to represent regenerative states, cells contained inclusions similar to secretion granules in Bowman's glands. This observation supports earlier suggestions that new epithelial cells originate from these glands. Later regenerative changes consist of differentiation of new sensory cells and columnar supporting cells in an initially disorganized epithelium. This epithelium then changes to a normal, pseudostratified organization. Regeneration of the epithelium begins earlier and proceeds more rapidly in the SWR/J strain than C57B1/6J mice. Possibly, a genetic difference exists between strains. After 72 days the epithelium in both strains had regenerated.", "PMID": 1121958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7343", "title": "Rubella and measles serosurvey among a nonurban pediatric population.", "content": "A serologic survey for rubella and measles immunity was conducted to determine the immunity levels among a nonurban, relatively isolated pediatric population. Among 1,273 students in grades kindergarten through 9, the overall susceptibility rate was 24.3% for rubella and 16.3% for measles. There was significant variation in susceptibility rates among the various grades and schools involved. The susceptibility rates were similar to those found for urban populations. The results indicated that vaccination efforts for the population have been partially successful, but additional effort was needed.", "contents": "Rubella and measles serosurvey among a nonurban pediatric population. A serologic survey for rubella and measles immunity was conducted to determine the immunity levels among a nonurban, relatively isolated pediatric population. Among 1,273 students in grades kindergarten through 9, the overall susceptibility rate was 24.3% for rubella and 16.3% for measles. There was significant variation in susceptibility rates among the various grades and schools involved. The susceptibility rates were similar to those found for urban populations. The results indicated that vaccination efforts for the population have been partially successful, but additional effort was needed.", "PMID": 1121960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7344", "title": "Gonadal function in children with nephrosis treated with cyclophosphamide.", "content": "Conadal function was evaluated in 23 boys and 11 girls treated with cyclophosphamide, 2 to 5 mg/kg/day for periods of 1.5 to 6 months. Serum follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and testosterone levels were determined by radioimmunoassay. All 16 boys treated when prepubertal or during early puberty had normal, FSH, LH, and testosterone levels. Testicular biopsy was performed in five of the 16, and was abnormal in four and normal in one. Sperm count was normal in two other patients. The remaining seven boys were treated when pubertal; all have decreased spermatogenesis, and five of them have increased FSH levELS. The LH and testosterone levels were normal. No evidence of gonadal dysfunction was detected in any of the girls. Of four patients treated when postpubertal, three have become pregnant.", "contents": "Gonadal function in children with nephrosis treated with cyclophosphamide. Conadal function was evaluated in 23 boys and 11 girls treated with cyclophosphamide, 2 to 5 mg/kg/day for periods of 1.5 to 6 months. Serum follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and testosterone levels were determined by radioimmunoassay. All 16 boys treated when prepubertal or during early puberty had normal, FSH, LH, and testosterone levels. Testicular biopsy was performed in five of the 16, and was abnormal in four and normal in one. Sperm count was normal in two other patients. The remaining seven boys were treated when pubertal; all have decreased spermatogenesis, and five of them have increased FSH levELS. The LH and testosterone levels were normal. No evidence of gonadal dysfunction was detected in any of the girls. Of four patients treated when postpubertal, three have become pregnant.", "PMID": 1121961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7345", "title": "Coxsackievirus B5 infection and aseptic meningitis in neonates and children.", "content": "In metropolitan Washington, DC, an outbreak of aseptic meningitis in children was recognized in the summer and fall of 1972. Age-specific attack rates were highest in children less than 1 year of age. The incidence of cases showed two peaks: one in July and another in October. Coxsackievirus B5 was associated with cases occurring in July, August, and September, but was not implicated in the October cases. Seventy-six percent of the confirmed coxsackievirus B5 infections in aseptic meningitis patients occurred in infants less than 2 months old. Specific meningeal symptoms were less frequently observed in these young infants, although viral isolations were more common (13 of 15) compared to patients over 2 months of age (four of 19). Analysis of reported coxsackievirus B5 infections in Washington, DC, and the United States as a whole suggests a five- or six-year periodicity.", "contents": "Coxsackievirus B5 infection and aseptic meningitis in neonates and children. In metropolitan Washington, DC, an outbreak of aseptic meningitis in children was recognized in the summer and fall of 1972. Age-specific attack rates were highest in children less than 1 year of age. The incidence of cases showed two peaks: one in July and another in October. Coxsackievirus B5 was associated with cases occurring in July, August, and September, but was not implicated in the October cases. Seventy-six percent of the confirmed coxsackievirus B5 infections in aseptic meningitis patients occurred in infants less than 2 months old. Specific meningeal symptoms were less frequently observed in these young infants, although viral isolations were more common (13 of 15) compared to patients over 2 months of age (four of 19). Analysis of reported coxsackievirus B5 infections in Washington, DC, and the United States as a whole suggests a five- or six-year periodicity.", "PMID": 1121962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7346", "title": "Intussusception in children: hydrostatic reduction.", "content": "The records of 104 patients with the diagnosis of intussusception who were admitted to the Saisei-kai Suita Hospital during the past five years were reviewed. There were no deaths. All patients were treated primarily by barium enema with a successful reduction rate of 82%. Successful reduction requires the use of general anesthesia, repetition of the procedure after a three- or five-minute waiting period, use of a balloon catheter, and manipulation. The most important points are early detection of this disease by the pediatrician and enthusiasm on the part of the surgeon.", "contents": "Intussusception in children: hydrostatic reduction. The records of 104 patients with the diagnosis of intussusception who were admitted to the Saisei-kai Suita Hospital during the past five years were reviewed. There were no deaths. All patients were treated primarily by barium enema with a successful reduction rate of 82%. Successful reduction requires the use of general anesthesia, repetition of the procedure after a three- or five-minute waiting period, use of a balloon catheter, and manipulation. The most important points are early detection of this disease by the pediatrician and enthusiasm on the part of the surgeon.", "PMID": 1121963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7347", "title": "4p- phenotype in an infant with t(4p-;19p or q+)mat translocation.", "content": "Four family members had an apparently balanced t(4p-;19p or q+) translocation indentified by Giemsa banding. One of these individuals, a male infant, has a 4p- phenotype with seizures, large bilateral cleft palate, abnormal anterior fontanel, abnormally shaped ears, hypertelorism, small penis with third-degree hypospadias, and bilateral simian creases. It is theorized that 4p material containing loci essential for normal development was lost in this infant by a simple deletion or \"aneusomy by recombination.\"", "contents": "4p- phenotype in an infant with t(4p-;19p or q+)mat translocation. Four family members had an apparently balanced t(4p-;19p or q+) translocation indentified by Giemsa banding. One of these individuals, a male infant, has a 4p- phenotype with seizures, large bilateral cleft palate, abnormal anterior fontanel, abnormally shaped ears, hypertelorism, small penis with third-degree hypospadias, and bilateral simian creases. It is theorized that 4p material containing loci essential for normal development was lost in this infant by a simple deletion or \"aneusomy by recombination.\"", "PMID": 1121967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7348", "title": "Translocation 4p-- syndrome: a general review.", "content": "The casee presented here may be the first fully identified and verified cas of translocation 4p-- syndrome, a B4/G22 translocation, ie, 45,XX,-4,-22,+t(4q 22q). Thirty-nine other cases of the 4p--syndrome, including one other possible translocation case, have been found in the medical literature. Conventional chromosome studies cannot distinguish between 4p-- (Wolf) syndrome and 5p-- (cri-du-chat) syndrome, and the clinical features, as in our case, may not be sufficiently characteristic to permit differentiation. The newer chromosome banding techniques have made specific identification possible.", "contents": "Translocation 4p-- syndrome: a general review. The casee presented here may be the first fully identified and verified cas of translocation 4p-- syndrome, a B4/G22 translocation, ie, 45,XX,-4,-22,+t(4q 22q). Thirty-nine other cases of the 4p--syndrome, including one other possible translocation case, have been found in the medical literature. Conventional chromosome studies cannot distinguish between 4p-- (Wolf) syndrome and 5p-- (cri-du-chat) syndrome, and the clinical features, as in our case, may not be sufficiently characteristic to permit differentiation. The newer chromosome banding techniques have made specific identification possible.", "PMID": 1121968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7349", "title": "On \"an experimental evaluation of sensorimotor patterning\": a critique.", "content": "A critique was presented of a study by Neman, Roos, McCann, Menolascino, and Heal (1975) in which a sensorimotor training method of treatment for retarded children was evaluated. They presented evidence which they interpreted as support for the effectiveness of this treatment method in benefiting their sample of retarded individuals. Many shortcomings of the Neman et al. study were pointed out in the areas of evaluating the theoretical rationale underlying the treatment, subject selection, procedure, statistical analyses, and interpretation of the findings. In addition, the problems raised by the premature release of the findings to the press were discussed. Special note was made of the potential harmful effects of this publicity on retarded children and their families. The important role and responsibility of the National Association for Retarded Citizens in endorsing and recommending treatment methods for retarded individuals was also discussed.", "contents": "On \"an experimental evaluation of sensorimotor patterning\": a critique. A critique was presented of a study by Neman, Roos, McCann, Menolascino, and Heal (1975) in which a sensorimotor training method of treatment for retarded children was evaluated. They presented evidence which they interpreted as support for the effectiveness of this treatment method in benefiting their sample of retarded individuals. Many shortcomings of the Neman et al. study were pointed out in the areas of evaluating the theoretical rationale underlying the treatment, subject selection, procedure, statistical analyses, and interpretation of the findings. In addition, the problems raised by the premature release of the findings to the press were discussed. Special note was made of the potential harmful effects of this publicity on retarded children and their families. The important role and responsibility of the National Association for Retarded Citizens in endorsing and recommending treatment methods for retarded individuals was also discussed.", "PMID": 1121975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7350", "title": "A reply to Zigler and Seitz.", "content": "The Zigler and Seitz (1975) critique was carefully examined with respect to the conclusions of the Neman et al. (1975) study. Particular attention was given to the following questions: (a) did experimenter bias or commitment account for the results, (b) were unreliable and invalid psychometric instruments used, (c) were the statistical analyses insufficient or incorrect, (d) did the results reflect no more than the operation of chance, and (e) were the results biased by artifactually inflated profile scores. Experimenter bias and commitment were shown to be insufficient to account for the results; a further review of Buros (1972) showed that there was no need for apprehension about the testing instruments; the statistical analyses were shown to exceed prevailing standards for research reporting; the results were shown to reflect valid findings at the .05 probability level; and the Neman et al. (1975) results for the profile measure were equally significant using either \"raw\" neurological scores or \"scales\" neurological age scores. Zigler, Seitz, and I agreed on the needs for (a) using multivariate analyses, where applicable, in studies having more than one dependent variable; (b) defining the population for which sensorimotor training procedures may be appropriately prescribed; and (c) validating the profile measure as a tool to assess neurological disorganization.", "contents": "A reply to Zigler and Seitz. The Zigler and Seitz (1975) critique was carefully examined with respect to the conclusions of the Neman et al. (1975) study. Particular attention was given to the following questions: (a) did experimenter bias or commitment account for the results, (b) were unreliable and invalid psychometric instruments used, (c) were the statistical analyses insufficient or incorrect, (d) did the results reflect no more than the operation of chance, and (e) were the results biased by artifactually inflated profile scores. Experimenter bias and commitment were shown to be insufficient to account for the results; a further review of Buros (1972) showed that there was no need for apprehension about the testing instruments; the statistical analyses were shown to exceed prevailing standards for research reporting; the results were shown to reflect valid findings at the .05 probability level; and the Neman et al. (1975) results for the profile measure were equally significant using either \"raw\" neurological scores or \"scales\" neurological age scores. Zigler, Seitz, and I agreed on the needs for (a) using multivariate analyses, where applicable, in studies having more than one dependent variable; (b) defining the population for which sensorimotor training procedures may be appropriately prescribed; and (c) validating the profile measure as a tool to assess neurological disorganization.", "PMID": 1121976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7351", "title": "Imitation of retarded children by their nonretarded peers.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to determine whether nonretarded children would imitate the behavior of retarded children who were more competent in an experimental task and to determine whether this imitation would generalize to the selection of the retarded children as task partners in another situation. Each nonretarded observer was allowed to imitate the task behavior of an EMR model when the model was either (a) more competent than the observer, (b) equeally competent, or (c) less competent than the observer in the experimental task. Results indicated that (a) nonretarded observers imitated the behavior of the high competent EMR model significantly more often than the moderately competent model, with the latter in turn being imitated more than the noncompetent model and (b) that girls imitated both low and high competent models more than boys, who were most apt to imitate the behavior of moderately competent models. The data further revealed that competent EMR models were more likely to be chosen as partners on a future game task.", "contents": "Imitation of retarded children by their nonretarded peers. The purpose of this study was to determine whether nonretarded children would imitate the behavior of retarded children who were more competent in an experimental task and to determine whether this imitation would generalize to the selection of the retarded children as task partners in another situation. Each nonretarded observer was allowed to imitate the task behavior of an EMR model when the model was either (a) more competent than the observer, (b) equeally competent, or (c) less competent than the observer in the experimental task. Results indicated that (a) nonretarded observers imitated the behavior of the high competent EMR model significantly more often than the moderately competent model, with the latter in turn being imitated more than the noncompetent model and (b) that girls imitated both low and high competent models more than boys, who were most apt to imitate the behavior of moderately competent models. The data further revealed that competent EMR models were more likely to be chosen as partners on a future game task.", "PMID": 1121977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7352", "title": "Long-term effectiveness of imagery instructions with retarded persons.", "content": "The effects of imagery instructions on paired-associate learning efficiency and on the retention of 16 picture pairs were investigated using two groups of EMR individuals with approximate mental ages of 8 and 11 years, respectively. While facilitated list mastery was obtained under imagery instructions, no facilitation was found for 1-week retention performance. However, in learning a new list immediately following the retention task, those individuals who had received imagery instructions during original learning continued to exhibit facilitated learning. These results extend previous work.", "contents": "Long-term effectiveness of imagery instructions with retarded persons. The effects of imagery instructions on paired-associate learning efficiency and on the retention of 16 picture pairs were investigated using two groups of EMR individuals with approximate mental ages of 8 and 11 years, respectively. While facilitated list mastery was obtained under imagery instructions, no facilitation was found for 1-week retention performance. However, in learning a new list immediately following the retention task, those individuals who had received imagery instructions during original learning continued to exhibit facilitated learning. These results extend previous work.", "PMID": 1121978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7353", "title": "Retarded adult's discrete work performance in a sheltered workshop as a function of overall productivity and motivation.", "content": "Production times of high and low retarded adults in a sheltered workshop were analyzed in terms of actual time working as opposed to actual time not working and under conditions of standard and high motivation. Under standard conditions, low productivity was primarily the result of more time spent not working. High motivation attenuated this effect. The results were discussed in terms of cognitive vs. motivational interpretations of individual differences in work performance.", "contents": "Retarded adult's discrete work performance in a sheltered workshop as a function of overall productivity and motivation. Production times of high and low retarded adults in a sheltered workshop were analyzed in terms of actual time working as opposed to actual time not working and under conditions of standard and high motivation. Under standard conditions, low productivity was primarily the result of more time spent not working. High motivation attenuated this effect. The results were discussed in terms of cognitive vs. motivational interpretations of individual differences in work performance.", "PMID": 1121979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7354", "title": "Measurement of social learning and its relationship to cognitive, behavioral, demographic, and diagnostic variables.", "content": "A curriculum-based paper and pencil group-administered test was developed to assess the objectives of the Self Level of the Social Learning Curriculum. The major objective of the study was to determine the extent to which performance on this measure was related to cognitive skills and adaptive behavior. A total of 242 primary level EMR subjects were tested. The results indicated that a reliable assessment procedure which taps cognitive skills and behavioral dimentions is feasible. Both of these factors related to the major assumptions underlying the Social learning curriculum.", "contents": "Measurement of social learning and its relationship to cognitive, behavioral, demographic, and diagnostic variables. A curriculum-based paper and pencil group-administered test was developed to assess the objectives of the Self Level of the Social Learning Curriculum. The major objective of the study was to determine the extent to which performance on this measure was related to cognitive skills and adaptive behavior. A total of 242 primary level EMR subjects were tested. The results indicated that a reliable assessment procedure which taps cognitive skills and behavioral dimentions is feasible. Both of these factors related to the major assumptions underlying the Social learning curriculum.", "PMID": 1121980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7355", "title": "Jeopardy in community placement.", "content": "As part of a broader research effort, a survey of the adaptive behavior of 424 community-placed retarded persons was conducted through small group, tape-recorded interviews with their 109 caretakers. From 1252 incidents of problem behavior cited, 203 were judged to contain jeopardy. Seventy-seven percent of these incidents involved jeopardy to health and/or safety, 4 percent to general welfare, and 18 percent contained legal jeopardy. In 79 percent of incidents, the client jeopardized himself, in 12 percent he jeopardized a fellow client, and in 9 percent he jeopardized a member of the community at large. The evidence exposes need for full examination of this problem and ways to minimize it.", "contents": "Jeopardy in community placement. As part of a broader research effort, a survey of the adaptive behavior of 424 community-placed retarded persons was conducted through small group, tape-recorded interviews with their 109 caretakers. From 1252 incidents of problem behavior cited, 203 were judged to contain jeopardy. Seventy-seven percent of these incidents involved jeopardy to health and/or safety, 4 percent to general welfare, and 18 percent contained legal jeopardy. In 79 percent of incidents, the client jeopardized himself, in 12 percent he jeopardized a fellow client, and in 9 percent he jeopardized a member of the community at large. The evidence exposes need for full examination of this problem and ways to minimize it.", "PMID": 1121981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7356", "title": "Relationship between linguistic performance and memory deficits in retarded children.", "content": "Performance of retarded children was measured on four tests of linguistic ability and two memory tests. Subjects were 50 retarded children: 10 each at mental ages 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7. The relationship between linguistic performance and memory was assessed by correlational analysis. Multiple and partial correlations were computed using a measure of language comprehension and a measure of memory span as predictor variables and three measures of language production as criterion variables. Different patterns of correlation were found with the three production as criterion variables. Different patterns of correlation were found with the three production measures, suggesting that the relative importance of memory span in language production depends on the specific production task.", "contents": "Relationship between linguistic performance and memory deficits in retarded children. Performance of retarded children was measured on four tests of linguistic ability and two memory tests. Subjects were 50 retarded children: 10 each at mental ages 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7. The relationship between linguistic performance and memory was assessed by correlational analysis. Multiple and partial correlations were computed using a measure of language comprehension and a measure of memory span as predictor variables and three measures of language production as criterion variables. Different patterns of correlation were found with the three production as criterion variables. Different patterns of correlation were found with the three production measures, suggesting that the relative importance of memory span in language production depends on the specific production task.", "PMID": 1121982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7357", "title": "Relationship of reaction time to deceleration and variability of heart rate in nonretarded and retarded persons.", "content": "Heart rate was monitored for nonretarded and retarded subjects during a simple reaction time (RT) TASK. Both groups were further divided into those receiving either a 4-second or 12-second preparatory interval (PI). For retarded subjects responding under 4-second PI conditions, it was found that (a) RT performance was poor, (b) heart-rate deceleration did not accompany the response, and (c) reduction in heart variability did not occur during the PI. The remaining groups responded more rapidly, showed heart-rate deceleration and variability reduction. These data were interpreted as supporting the view that retarded subjects cannot reliably make the biological adjustments necessary for rapid RT responding when operating under the constraints of a short PI.", "contents": "Relationship of reaction time to deceleration and variability of heart rate in nonretarded and retarded persons. Heart rate was monitored for nonretarded and retarded subjects during a simple reaction time (RT) TASK. Both groups were further divided into those receiving either a 4-second or 12-second preparatory interval (PI). For retarded subjects responding under 4-second PI conditions, it was found that (a) RT performance was poor, (b) heart-rate deceleration did not accompany the response, and (c) reduction in heart variability did not occur during the PI. The remaining groups responded more rapidly, showed heart-rate deceleration and variability reduction. These data were interpreted as supporting the view that retarded subjects cannot reliably make the biological adjustments necessary for rapid RT responding when operating under the constraints of a short PI.", "PMID": 1121983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7358", "title": "Galvanic skin response orienting response as a measure of tactile discrimination in retarded children.", "content": "The GSR orienting reflex has been successfully applied to the measurements of normal and disordered tactile sensation and perception in nursery-school children, college students, and brain-injured adults. Because the technique eliminates practically all of the cognitive requirements of conventional measurement procedures, it provides a potential approach for measuring somato-perceptual abilities in the younger, language deficient, and more severely retarded child. In the present study the feasibility of the technique was evaluated by applying it to the discrimination of touches to the soles of the feet. In this simple discrimination, the retarded children performed as well as a control group of nonretarded children.", "contents": "Galvanic skin response orienting response as a measure of tactile discrimination in retarded children. The GSR orienting reflex has been successfully applied to the measurements of normal and disordered tactile sensation and perception in nursery-school children, college students, and brain-injured adults. Because the technique eliminates practically all of the cognitive requirements of conventional measurement procedures, it provides a potential approach for measuring somato-perceptual abilities in the younger, language deficient, and more severely retarded child. In the present study the feasibility of the technique was evaluated by applying it to the discrimination of touches to the soles of the feet. In this simple discrimination, the retarded children performed as well as a control group of nonretarded children.", "PMID": 1121984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7359", "title": "Investigating the phenomenon of helplessness in mentally retarded adults.", "content": "Helplessness, or the inability to take effective action in a problem situation, appears to involve both behavioral-motivational and competence factors. As a personality characteristic, it may cause difficulties in community adjustment for mentally retarded persons. Helplessness in a group of mentally retarded adults was investigated through a set of behavioral and questionnaire measures specifically adapted for this population. Similar measures were applied to a CA control group. Both institutionalized and noninstitutionalized retarded subjects exhibited significantly more signs of helplessness than did the nonretarded control subjects. The results support the hypothesis that helplessness is a meaningful personality dimension among retarded persons and can be objectively measured.", "contents": "Investigating the phenomenon of helplessness in mentally retarded adults. Helplessness, or the inability to take effective action in a problem situation, appears to involve both behavioral-motivational and competence factors. As a personality characteristic, it may cause difficulties in community adjustment for mentally retarded persons. Helplessness in a group of mentally retarded adults was investigated through a set of behavioral and questionnaire measures specifically adapted for this population. Similar measures were applied to a CA control group. Both institutionalized and noninstitutionalized retarded subjects exhibited significantly more signs of helplessness than did the nonretarded control subjects. The results support the hypothesis that helplessness is a meaningful personality dimension among retarded persons and can be objectively measured.", "PMID": 1121985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7360", "title": "Effects of treatment programs on the acquisition of basic skills.", "content": "The relative effectiveness of alternative programs in producing changes in ambulation and toilet training among retarded individuals admitted to an institution was evaluated. Little change in ambulation over a 3-year-period was found unless special programming such as sensory-motor training was provided. The impact of such institutional programs was also evident for toilet training. However, about 40 percent of the retarded individuals placed in foster care also improved. In all instances, those individuals in standard care showed the least change. It was concluded that simple answers regarding the \"best\" placement or program are not available.", "contents": "Effects of treatment programs on the acquisition of basic skills. The relative effectiveness of alternative programs in producing changes in ambulation and toilet training among retarded individuals admitted to an institution was evaluated. Little change in ambulation over a 3-year-period was found unless special programming such as sensory-motor training was provided. The impact of such institutional programs was also evident for toilet training. However, about 40 percent of the retarded individuals placed in foster care also improved. In all instances, those individuals in standard care showed the least change. It was concluded that simple answers regarding the \"best\" placement or program are not available.", "PMID": 1121986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7361", "title": "Differences between EMR and nonretarded children in fluency and quality of verbal associations.", "content": "An association task, in which a subject was asked to give up to 25 associations to each of 10 verbal stimuli, was administered to 32 EMR and 32 nonretarded subjects, along with the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test. The associations were scored for quantity and speed of response; they were also categorized by a modification of Flavell's system for response quality. As expected, the two groups differed in vocabularly size. When vocabularly size was controlled, relatively few differences between EMR and nonretarded subjects remained: EMR subjects were slower than nonretarded subjects in their first and continuing responses to the association stimuli, used fewer logical associations, and used fewer responses with vocational connotations. In light of the fact that after adjustment for vocabulary differences, the two groups differed on only 6 of the 24 measures examined, the associative networks of the two groups were surprisingly comparable. The remaining differences demonstrated a specific deficit in logical connections and in speed of access to the associative net.", "contents": "Differences between EMR and nonretarded children in fluency and quality of verbal associations. An association task, in which a subject was asked to give up to 25 associations to each of 10 verbal stimuli, was administered to 32 EMR and 32 nonretarded subjects, along with the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test. The associations were scored for quantity and speed of response; they were also categorized by a modification of Flavell's system for response quality. As expected, the two groups differed in vocabularly size. When vocabularly size was controlled, relatively few differences between EMR and nonretarded subjects remained: EMR subjects were slower than nonretarded subjects in their first and continuing responses to the association stimuli, used fewer logical associations, and used fewer responses with vocational connotations. In light of the fact that after adjustment for vocabulary differences, the two groups differed on only 6 of the 24 measures examined, the associative networks of the two groups were surprisingly comparable. The remaining differences demonstrated a specific deficit in logical connections and in speed of access to the associative net.", "PMID": 1121987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7362", "title": "Application of Premack's generalization of reinforcement to modify occupational behavior in two severely retarded individuals.", "content": "Premack's generalization that a more probable response will reinforce a less probable one was applied to modify occupational behavior of two severly retarded individuals. When opportunity to work on a more preferred activity was made contingent upon spending some time on a less preferred activity, an increase in the amount of time spent on less preferred work occurred. As the reinforcement schedule was gradually reduced in terms of time allowed on more preferred work, time spent on the less preferred activity tended to increase. Behavior did not return to baseline levels on extinction, however. Possible reasons for these findings are outlined, together with the practical advantages of utilizing Premack's generalization as a reinforcement technique for motivating retarded individuals in rehabilitation settings.", "contents": "Application of Premack's generalization of reinforcement to modify occupational behavior in two severely retarded individuals. Premack's generalization that a more probable response will reinforce a less probable one was applied to modify occupational behavior of two severly retarded individuals. When opportunity to work on a more preferred activity was made contingent upon spending some time on a less preferred activity, an increase in the amount of time spent on less preferred work occurred. As the reinforcement schedule was gradually reduced in terms of time allowed on more preferred work, time spent on the less preferred activity tended to increase. Behavior did not return to baseline levels on extinction, however. Possible reasons for these findings are outlined, together with the practical advantages of utilizing Premack's generalization as a reinforcement technique for motivating retarded individuals in rehabilitation settings.", "PMID": 1121988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7363", "title": "Clinical features of idiopathic preretinal macular fibrosis. Schoenberg Lecture.", "content": "Of 150 consecutive cases of preretinal macular fibrosis that occurred predominantly in older subjects, 118 cases involved only one eye while 32 occurred binocularly. The ratio of women to men was 3:2. Visual acuity was usually 20/50 or better, and only four of 178 eyes had acuity below 20/200. The vast majority of lesions involved the macula and few extended outside the macular zone. The characteristic clinical finding on ophthalmoscopy was a glinting reflex probably due to a layer of connective tissue cells lying on the internal limiting membrane. Small white exudates, venous abnormalities, and occasional hemorrhages may also be part of prepretinal macular fibrosis. Amsler grid testing usually demonstrated irregularity and distortion of some part of the grid. Fluorescein angiography revealed a characteristic tortuosity of the small macular vessels. Most eyes had previous posterior vitreous detachments but, except for one possible case, there were no cases where the posterior vitreous body was adherent to either the retinal membrane or the macular region. There was no significant systemic disease related to preretinal macular fibrosis. In most instances, preretinal macular fibrosis either was stationary or slowly progressive. The etiology and treatment of the condition remains obscure.", "contents": "Clinical features of idiopathic preretinal macular fibrosis. Schoenberg Lecture. Of 150 consecutive cases of preretinal macular fibrosis that occurred predominantly in older subjects, 118 cases involved only one eye while 32 occurred binocularly. The ratio of women to men was 3:2. Visual acuity was usually 20/50 or better, and only four of 178 eyes had acuity below 20/200. The vast majority of lesions involved the macula and few extended outside the macular zone. The characteristic clinical finding on ophthalmoscopy was a glinting reflex probably due to a layer of connective tissue cells lying on the internal limiting membrane. Small white exudates, venous abnormalities, and occasional hemorrhages may also be part of prepretinal macular fibrosis. Amsler grid testing usually demonstrated irregularity and distortion of some part of the grid. Fluorescein angiography revealed a characteristic tortuosity of the small macular vessels. Most eyes had previous posterior vitreous detachments but, except for one possible case, there were no cases where the posterior vitreous body was adherent to either the retinal membrane or the macular region. There was no significant systemic disease related to preretinal macular fibrosis. In most instances, preretinal macular fibrosis either was stationary or slowly progressive. The etiology and treatment of the condition remains obscure.", "PMID": 1121990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7364", "title": "Relationship of idiopathic preretinal macular fibrosis to posterior vitreous detachment.", "content": "Of 100 consecutive cases of spontaneous posterior vitreous detachment, 20 patients had bilateral posterior vitreous detachments, and 50 patients experienced light flashes just before, or at the moment, that they noticed a floating opacity. Most patients had no loss of vision at the time. A prominent provoking factor rarely caused the detachment. In five cases there were hemorrhages at the disk where the posterior attachment of the vitreous body was torn from the disk margin. Six peripheral retinal holes were found in patients with posterior vitreous detachments and in four, the holes were fresh and three were associated with fresh blood in the peripheral vitreous body. There was no attachment between the posterior face of the receding vitreous body and the macular region. There were no macular pathologic findings in this study and there was no secondary pathology anywhere near the macula at the posterior pole. Spontaneous preretinal macular fibrosis did develop in two cases after posterior vitreous detachment, but only after more than two years and in the absence of any vitreoretinal adhesion.", "contents": "Relationship of idiopathic preretinal macular fibrosis to posterior vitreous detachment. Of 100 consecutive cases of spontaneous posterior vitreous detachment, 20 patients had bilateral posterior vitreous detachments, and 50 patients experienced light flashes just before, or at the moment, that they noticed a floating opacity. Most patients had no loss of vision at the time. A prominent provoking factor rarely caused the detachment. In five cases there were hemorrhages at the disk where the posterior attachment of the vitreous body was torn from the disk margin. Six peripheral retinal holes were found in patients with posterior vitreous detachments and in four, the holes were fresh and three were associated with fresh blood in the peripheral vitreous body. There was no attachment between the posterior face of the receding vitreous body and the macular region. There were no macular pathologic findings in this study and there was no secondary pathology anywhere near the macula at the posterior pole. Spontaneous preretinal macular fibrosis did develop in two cases after posterior vitreous detachment, but only after more than two years and in the absence of any vitreoretinal adhesion.", "PMID": 1121991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7365", "title": "Congenital preretinal macular fibrosis.", "content": "A 35-year-old woman and a 36-year-old man had asymptomatic, preretinal macular fibrosis involving their left eyes. Both patients were asymptomatic and the lesions were found on routine ocular examination. An opaque gray fibrotic membrane extended toward a lamellar hole in the macular region. Vision, fluorescein angiograms, and Amsler grid testing were normal in both cases. The defect in these two cases possibly arose during early embryonic development and might have been due to a defect produced by adherence of the primary vitreous body to the retina, thus differentiating them from idiopathic preretinal fibrosis,", "contents": "Congenital preretinal macular fibrosis. A 35-year-old woman and a 36-year-old man had asymptomatic, preretinal macular fibrosis involving their left eyes. Both patients were asymptomatic and the lesions were found on routine ocular examination. An opaque gray fibrotic membrane extended toward a lamellar hole in the macular region. Vision, fluorescein angiograms, and Amsler grid testing were normal in both cases. The defect in these two cases possibly arose during early embryonic development and might have been due to a defect produced by adherence of the primary vitreous body to the retina, thus differentiating them from idiopathic preretinal fibrosis,", "PMID": 1121992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7366", "title": "Ultrastructure and clinicopathologic correlation of idiopathic preretinal macular fibrosis.", "content": "Detailed light and electron microscopic examination of early idiopathic preretinal fibrosis lesions showed that the fibrosis consisted of a layer of glial cells on the retinal surface. Two cases supported the clinical observation that a glinting retinal reflex preceded the development of retinal folds and traction lines. In both cases there was a break in the inner limiting lamina through which glial cells migrated and, presumably, proliferated on the retinal surface. There was no evidence for vitreoretinal adhesions. The ultrastructural similarity of the lesion to preretinal glial membranes seen in other disease entities suggested the possibility of a common biochemical stimulus for glial cell migration and proliferation on the retinal surface.", "contents": "Ultrastructure and clinicopathologic correlation of idiopathic preretinal macular fibrosis. Detailed light and electron microscopic examination of early idiopathic preretinal fibrosis lesions showed that the fibrosis consisted of a layer of glial cells on the retinal surface. Two cases supported the clinical observation that a glinting retinal reflex preceded the development of retinal folds and traction lines. In both cases there was a break in the inner limiting lamina through which glial cells migrated and, presumably, proliferated on the retinal surface. There was no evidence for vitreoretinal adhesions. The ultrastructural similarity of the lesion to preretinal glial membranes seen in other disease entities suggested the possibility of a common biochemical stimulus for glial cell migration and proliferation on the retinal surface.", "PMID": 1121993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7367", "title": "Central retinal artery occlusion.", "content": "Data regarding the etiology and subsequent course of 54 patients with an occlusion of the central retinal artery included the following: of 44 patients over 40 years of age at the time of the central retinal artery occlusion, eight (18%) had cerebrovascular accidents, but only two patients (5%) had a stroke clearly related to the vessels involving the affected central retinal artery. Five patients (11%) had occlusive disease of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery; two of these had cerebral involvement later or simultaneously. Ten of the older patients had cardiac valvular disease and presumed embolic occlusion of the central retinal artery. Associated medical disorders were common. Of the ten patients under 40 years of age, six occlusions were secondary to atrial myxoma, mitral insufficiency with Marfan's syndrome, polycythemia, hypercoagluopathy, hypertension, and orbital compression. Four had no apparent etiology at onset and were in good health many years later.", "contents": "Central retinal artery occlusion. Data regarding the etiology and subsequent course of 54 patients with an occlusion of the central retinal artery included the following: of 44 patients over 40 years of age at the time of the central retinal artery occlusion, eight (18%) had cerebrovascular accidents, but only two patients (5%) had a stroke clearly related to the vessels involving the affected central retinal artery. Five patients (11%) had occlusive disease of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery; two of these had cerebral involvement later or simultaneously. Ten of the older patients had cardiac valvular disease and presumed embolic occlusion of the central retinal artery. Associated medical disorders were common. Of the ten patients under 40 years of age, six occlusions were secondary to atrial myxoma, mitral insufficiency with Marfan's syndrome, polycythemia, hypercoagluopathy, hypertension, and orbital compression. Four had no apparent etiology at onset and were in good health many years later.", "PMID": 1121994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7368", "title": "Retinal vascular lesions in two patients with prolapsed mitral valve leaflets.", "content": "Two patients with retinal vascular lesions had mid-late systolic clicks on cardiac auscultation, suggesting the diagnosis of prolapsed mitral valve. The first patient demonstrated an inferonasal arteriolar branch occlusion secondary to embolization; the second patient had a central vein occlusion with multiple hemorrhages, glial proliferative tissue, and retinal neovascularization. This report describes the association between the prolapsed mitral valve syndrome and retinal vascular lesions.", "contents": "Retinal vascular lesions in two patients with prolapsed mitral valve leaflets. Two patients with retinal vascular lesions had mid-late systolic clicks on cardiac auscultation, suggesting the diagnosis of prolapsed mitral valve. The first patient demonstrated an inferonasal arteriolar branch occlusion secondary to embolization; the second patient had a central vein occlusion with multiple hemorrhages, glial proliferative tissue, and retinal neovascularization. This report describes the association between the prolapsed mitral valve syndrome and retinal vascular lesions.", "PMID": 1121995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7369", "title": "Lacquer crack lesions in pathologic myopia.", "content": "In evaluating the anatomic and functional status of 22 eyes of 14 patients demonstrating lacquer cracks, these lesions occurred in the eyes of young adults with posterior staphylomas and markedly increased axial lengths. Decreased visual acuity and altered visual fields were the rule; choroidal hemorrhage and focal chorioretinal atrophy were less frequently associated. Fluorescein angiography revealed early and late pseudofluorescence and late staining of the lesions. These clinical data suggest that lacquer cracks represent healed, mechanical breaks in the pigment epithelium-Bruch's membrane-choriocapillaris complex. The presence of these lesions implies a guarded prognosis for the retention of central vision.", "contents": "Lacquer crack lesions in pathologic myopia. In evaluating the anatomic and functional status of 22 eyes of 14 patients demonstrating lacquer cracks, these lesions occurred in the eyes of young adults with posterior staphylomas and markedly increased axial lengths. Decreased visual acuity and altered visual fields were the rule; choroidal hemorrhage and focal chorioretinal atrophy were less frequently associated. Fluorescein angiography revealed early and late pseudofluorescence and late staining of the lesions. These clinical data suggest that lacquer cracks represent healed, mechanical breaks in the pigment epithelium-Bruch's membrane-choriocapillaris complex. The presence of these lesions implies a guarded prognosis for the retention of central vision.", "PMID": 1121996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7370", "title": "Kaposi's sarcoma of the conjunctiva.", "content": "A 75-year-old man with known Kaposi's sarcoma of three-years' duration developed chronic hemorrhagic thickening of the conjunctiva. Biopsy demonstrated histopathologically that the conjunctiva thickening represented sarcoma involvement. Although surgically untenable, the conjunctival lesion responds satisfactorily to radiotherapy.", "contents": "Kaposi's sarcoma of the conjunctiva. A 75-year-old man with known Kaposi's sarcoma of three-years' duration developed chronic hemorrhagic thickening of the conjunctiva. Biopsy demonstrated histopathologically that the conjunctiva thickening represented sarcoma involvement. Although surgically untenable, the conjunctival lesion responds satisfactorily to radiotherapy.", "PMID": 1121997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7371", "title": "Anterior segment complications of retinal photocoagulation.", "content": "Seven patients had anterior segment complications following xenon arc retinal photocoagulation. Irreversible keratopathy was induced in two cases; all patients showed evidence of iris injury. The absorption of radiation by the iris was considered the main factor in producing overheating of the anterior segment.", "contents": "Anterior segment complications of retinal photocoagulation. Seven patients had anterior segment complications following xenon arc retinal photocoagulation. Irreversible keratopathy was induced in two cases; all patients showed evidence of iris injury. The absorption of radiation by the iris was considered the main factor in producing overheating of the anterior segment.", "PMID": 1121998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7372", "title": "Corneal perforation in nontuberculous (staphylococcal) phlyctenular keratoconjunctivitis.", "content": "An 18-year-old white man with severe staphylococcal blepharokeratoconjunctivitis of several years' duration developed phylctenules intermittently. At age 22 an active corneal phlyctenule caused perforation of the cornea. Seven days after this occurrence, the perforation closed spontaneously but perforated again ten days later. This occurrence may have been caused by an increase in the patient's hypersensitivity to the Staphylococcus as a result of concurrent viral infection, or it may have been due to the patient's failure to return for treatment at the scheduled time. The area of perforation appeared to be healed 10 and one half months later.", "contents": "Corneal perforation in nontuberculous (staphylococcal) phlyctenular keratoconjunctivitis. An 18-year-old white man with severe staphylococcal blepharokeratoconjunctivitis of several years' duration developed phylctenules intermittently. At age 22 an active corneal phlyctenule caused perforation of the cornea. Seven days after this occurrence, the perforation closed spontaneously but perforated again ten days later. This occurrence may have been caused by an increase in the patient's hypersensitivity to the Staphylococcus as a result of concurrent viral infection, or it may have been due to the patient's failure to return for treatment at the scheduled time. The area of perforation appeared to be healed 10 and one half months later.", "PMID": 1121999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7373", "title": "Ocular fireworks injuries.", "content": "A survey in Arkansas of 14 cases of ocular injuries caused by the explosion of Class C fireworks showed significant, and possibly permanent, visual loss in five men. The most common injuries, corneal abrasion and hyphema, occurred in nine male patients with no residual ocular damage.", "contents": "Ocular fireworks injuries. A survey in Arkansas of 14 cases of ocular injuries caused by the explosion of Class C fireworks showed significant, and possibly permanent, visual loss in five men. The most common injuries, corneal abrasion and hyphema, occurred in nine male patients with no residual ocular damage.", "PMID": 1122000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7374", "title": "Ocular changes in epidermolysis bullosa letalis.", "content": "Ocular changes in a rare case of epidermolysis bullosa letalis included edema of the trabecular meshwork, ciliary body, lens, optic nerve, and formation of edema cysts in the iris. The retinal was completely detached and focally necrotic. Foci of necrosis and detachment of the retinal pigment epithelium were also observed with occasional breach in the Bruch's membrane. The choroid showed focal edema and congestion.", "contents": "Ocular changes in epidermolysis bullosa letalis. Ocular changes in a rare case of epidermolysis bullosa letalis included edema of the trabecular meshwork, ciliary body, lens, optic nerve, and formation of edema cysts in the iris. The retinal was completely detached and focally necrotic. Foci of necrosis and detachment of the retinal pigment epithelium were also observed with occasional breach in the Bruch's membrane. The choroid showed focal edema and congestion.", "PMID": 1122001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7375", "title": "Effects of renal lymphatic occlusion and venous constriction on renal function.", "content": "The effects of renal lymphatic occlusion or increased lymph flow due to renal vein constriction on renal function were investigated in rats. In each experiment, the renal lymphatics or vein of the left kidney were occluded or constricted and the right kidney served as a control. Occlusion of renal lymphatics caused renal enlargement, no change in glomerular filtration rate, a marked increase in urine flow and solute excretion without any change in urine osmolality, and enhanced urinary loss of urea, potassium, sodium and ammonium. Urea concentrations in medullary and papillary tissues were significantly elevated. Renal vein constriction caused renal enlargement and a marked drop in glomerular filtration rate, urine volume, urine osmolality and solute excretion. tissue concentrations of urea and potassium were decreased in the medulla and papilla and total tissue solute was significantly decreased in the papilla. The data indicate that in the rat, renal lymphatic occlusion traps urea in the medulla and induces a urea diuresis resulting in a large flow of normally concentrated urine. On the other hand, increased lymph flow secondary to renal vein constriction decreases medullary urea and potassium concentrations and papillary osmolality. These changes and the reduced glomerular filtration rate result in a small flow if dilute urine. Thus both renal lymphatic occlusion and enhanced lymph flow have a significant effect on renal function.", "contents": "Effects of renal lymphatic occlusion and venous constriction on renal function. The effects of renal lymphatic occlusion or increased lymph flow due to renal vein constriction on renal function were investigated in rats. In each experiment, the renal lymphatics or vein of the left kidney were occluded or constricted and the right kidney served as a control. Occlusion of renal lymphatics caused renal enlargement, no change in glomerular filtration rate, a marked increase in urine flow and solute excretion without any change in urine osmolality, and enhanced urinary loss of urea, potassium, sodium and ammonium. Urea concentrations in medullary and papillary tissues were significantly elevated. Renal vein constriction caused renal enlargement and a marked drop in glomerular filtration rate, urine volume, urine osmolality and solute excretion. tissue concentrations of urea and potassium were decreased in the medulla and papilla and total tissue solute was significantly decreased in the papilla. The data indicate that in the rat, renal lymphatic occlusion traps urea in the medulla and induces a urea diuresis resulting in a large flow of normally concentrated urine. On the other hand, increased lymph flow secondary to renal vein constriction decreases medullary urea and potassium concentrations and papillary osmolality. These changes and the reduced glomerular filtration rate result in a small flow if dilute urine. Thus both renal lymphatic occlusion and enhanced lymph flow have a significant effect on renal function.", "PMID": 1122006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7376", "title": "Experimental hypertension. The effects of chemical ablation of the renal papilla on the blood pressure of rats with and without silver-clip hypertension.", "content": "Because of the ease with which ablation of the renal papilla of the rat can be effected by chemical means, a study was carried out to determine the effects of this ablation on the blood pressure. Significant elevation was found, lennding support to the idea of the antihypertensive role of the renal medulla. Constriction of one renal artery of rats with their papillae removed resulted in a more rapid and greater elevation of pressure than the same procedure in rats ith their papillae intact. The rise in pressure approximated the sum of the rises caused by removal of the papilla alone and by renal artery constriction alone, consistent with the idea of two mechanisms being at work in this model.", "contents": "Experimental hypertension. The effects of chemical ablation of the renal papilla on the blood pressure of rats with and without silver-clip hypertension. Because of the ease with which ablation of the renal papilla of the rat can be effected by chemical means, a study was carried out to determine the effects of this ablation on the blood pressure. Significant elevation was found, lennding support to the idea of the antihypertensive role of the renal medulla. Constriction of one renal artery of rats with their papillae removed resulted in a more rapid and greater elevation of pressure than the same procedure in rats ith their papillae intact. The rise in pressure approximated the sum of the rises caused by removal of the papilla alone and by renal artery constriction alone, consistent with the idea of two mechanisms being at work in this model.", "PMID": 1122007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7377", "title": "Cardiopulmonary baroreflexes: effects of staircase, ramp, and square-wave stimulation.", "content": "Anesthetized dogs were pump perfused in a system that held systemic arterial pressure constant. Pulmonary arterial beds were pressurized, and the induced transient falls of systemic vascular resistance (SVR) were measured. An approximately linear relationship between percent fall of SVR and pulmonary artery pressure was obtained. Left atria and pulmonary venous beds were pressurized using square-pulse, staircase, and ramp wave forms, and changes in SVR were measured. The effect of varying the interval between stimuli was appraised. An approximately linear relationship was obtained for responses to square-wave left atrial forcing pressure (Pla). With staircase forcing, the change of SVR per unit change of Pla depended upon prestimulus Pla. With ramp forcing, responses increased approximately linearly with respect to the logarithm of the rate of pressure rise. Responses to square-wave stimulation varied directly with respect to the interstimulus interval. This study shows that left atrial-pulmonary vein baroreflexes are capable of producing substantial short-term falls of SVR, and that the response depends upon stimulus pressure, rate of pressure change, base-line pressure, and pressure history.", "contents": "Cardiopulmonary baroreflexes: effects of staircase, ramp, and square-wave stimulation. Anesthetized dogs were pump perfused in a system that held systemic arterial pressure constant. Pulmonary arterial beds were pressurized, and the induced transient falls of systemic vascular resistance (SVR) were measured. An approximately linear relationship between percent fall of SVR and pulmonary artery pressure was obtained. Left atria and pulmonary venous beds were pressurized using square-pulse, staircase, and ramp wave forms, and changes in SVR were measured. The effect of varying the interval between stimuli was appraised. An approximately linear relationship was obtained for responses to square-wave left atrial forcing pressure (Pla). With staircase forcing, the change of SVR per unit change of Pla depended upon prestimulus Pla. With ramp forcing, responses increased approximately linearly with respect to the logarithm of the rate of pressure rise. Responses to square-wave stimulation varied directly with respect to the interstimulus interval. This study shows that left atrial-pulmonary vein baroreflexes are capable of producing substantial short-term falls of SVR, and that the response depends upon stimulus pressure, rate of pressure change, base-line pressure, and pressure history.", "PMID": 1122008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7378", "title": "Oxidative energy metabolism in germ-free and conventional rat liver mitochondria.", "content": "The ADP:O ratios and State 3 (ADP-stimulated) and State 4 (controlled) rates of succinate, beta-hydroxybutyrate, isocitrate, glutamate, pyruvate + malate, alpha-ketoglutarate, and ascorbate + N,N,N',N'-tetramethylphenylenediamine (TMPD) oxidation were examined in liver mitochondria from germ-free and conventional rats of both Lobund Wistar (100-day-old) and Fisher (120-day-old) strains. The State 3 respiration rates of isolated mitochondria from germ-free and conventional rats were comparable except for the rate of succinate oxidation in the Wistar rats, which was significantly lower (approx. 10%). The State 4 respiration rates were generally lower in mitochondria isolated from germ-free Fisher rats (approx. 8%) and significantly lower (approx. 18%) in germ-free Wistar rats. The ADP:O ratios were similar in germ-free and conventional rats. Serum thyroxine concentrations indicated delayed maturation of thyroid function in young germ-free rats, but adult animals had concentrations similar to those found in conventional rats. The results indicate that, although absence of a microflora results in a 20-30% reduction in metabolic rate, the germ-free state has little influence on the functional respiration or oxidative phosphorylation of mitochondria isolated from the liver of the adult rat.", "contents": "Oxidative energy metabolism in germ-free and conventional rat liver mitochondria. The ADP:O ratios and State 3 (ADP-stimulated) and State 4 (controlled) rates of succinate, beta-hydroxybutyrate, isocitrate, glutamate, pyruvate + malate, alpha-ketoglutarate, and ascorbate + N,N,N',N'-tetramethylphenylenediamine (TMPD) oxidation were examined in liver mitochondria from germ-free and conventional rats of both Lobund Wistar (100-day-old) and Fisher (120-day-old) strains. The State 3 respiration rates of isolated mitochondria from germ-free and conventional rats were comparable except for the rate of succinate oxidation in the Wistar rats, which was significantly lower (approx. 10%). The State 4 respiration rates were generally lower in mitochondria isolated from germ-free Fisher rats (approx. 8%) and significantly lower (approx. 18%) in germ-free Wistar rats. The ADP:O ratios were similar in germ-free and conventional rats. Serum thyroxine concentrations indicated delayed maturation of thyroid function in young germ-free rats, but adult animals had concentrations similar to those found in conventional rats. The results indicate that, although absence of a microflora results in a 20-30% reduction in metabolic rate, the germ-free state has little influence on the functional respiration or oxidative phosphorylation of mitochondria isolated from the liver of the adult rat.", "PMID": 1122009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7379", "title": "[Experimental erysipelas in different species as a model for systemic connective tissue disease. II. The chronic phase with special reference to polyarthritis (author's transl)].", "content": "In part I of this paper (Schulz et al., 1975) it was shown that in the initial phase of experimental erysipelas a transition from the vascular processes to a systemic connective tissue reaction can be demonstrated in different species. It is the purpose of this paper to describe the chronic phase of the disease with special emphasis on polyarthritis. 12 spontaneously diseased and 22 experimentally infected pigs were used in experiments to study the pathogenesis of the disease. In addition, 74 Wistar rats and 148 Sprague-Dawley rats were used in the experiments. All experimental animals were specific-pathogen-free and were parenterally infected with the standardized E. insidiosa serotype B strain T 28. The observation period for the pigs was up to 2 years, for the rats up to 11 months. The methods used for pathohistological and electron microscopical studies are described in part I. Immunihistological studies were carried out on synovial tissue with peroxidase-conjugates of goat-anti-pig-IgG, goat-anti-pig-IgM, pig-collagen, E. insidiosa-homogenate and heat-aggregated-pig-IgG. Furthermore, goat-anti-pig-IgG and rabbit-anti-pig-C3 conjugated with FITC were used. Passive hemagglutination tests and Latex agglutination test (Singer and Plotz) were performed to demonstrate rheumatoid factors and collagen antibodies. Polyarthritis occurred in pigs between the 4th and 10th day p.i. and between the 4th and 8th day p.i. in nearly 100% of the infected rats. Fibrinous exudation, proliferation and destruction with pannus formation are marked in most of the joints examined during the first three months. Fibrosis begins 30 days p.i. in the rats' joints and is most severe in both species between the 5th and 8th month. 3 types of lining cells may be differentiated electron microscopically: A (M) cells, B (F) cells and an intermediate form which is found in both species most frequently. Swelling of the endothelial cells together with constriction of the lumen and thickening of the basal membrane occurs in the capillaries. A comparison of chronic erysipelas polyarthritis in pigs and rats with rheumatoid arthritis of men reveals many morphological and immunological similarities between the two diseases. Systemic connective tissue activation manifests itself in organs predilected for rheumatic changes, such as heart valves, endocardium and joints. The possible prepetuation of the processes by specific or nonspecific immunomechanisms or by deposits of fibrin is discussed. In addition, experimental erysipelas is reproducible in nearly 100% of the animals given one single subcutaneous application of one defined bacteria strain. Therefore too, erysipelas is suited as an animal model for human rheumatic diseases.", "contents": "[Experimental erysipelas in different species as a model for systemic connective tissue disease. II. The chronic phase with special reference to polyarthritis (author's transl)]. In part I of this paper (Schulz et al., 1975) it was shown that in the initial phase of experimental erysipelas a transition from the vascular processes to a systemic connective tissue reaction can be demonstrated in different species. It is the purpose of this paper to describe the chronic phase of the disease with special emphasis on polyarthritis. 12 spontaneously diseased and 22 experimentally infected pigs were used in experiments to study the pathogenesis of the disease. In addition, 74 Wistar rats and 148 Sprague-Dawley rats were used in the experiments. All experimental animals were specific-pathogen-free and were parenterally infected with the standardized E. insidiosa serotype B strain T 28. The observation period for the pigs was up to 2 years, for the rats up to 11 months. The methods used for pathohistological and electron microscopical studies are described in part I. Immunihistological studies were carried out on synovial tissue with peroxidase-conjugates of goat-anti-pig-IgG, goat-anti-pig-IgM, pig-collagen, E. insidiosa-homogenate and heat-aggregated-pig-IgG. Furthermore, goat-anti-pig-IgG and rabbit-anti-pig-C3 conjugated with FITC were used. Passive hemagglutination tests and Latex agglutination test (Singer and Plotz) were performed to demonstrate rheumatoid factors and collagen antibodies. Polyarthritis occurred in pigs between the 4th and 10th day p.i. and between the 4th and 8th day p.i. in nearly 100% of the infected rats. Fibrinous exudation, proliferation and destruction with pannus formation are marked in most of the joints examined during the first three months. Fibrosis begins 30 days p.i. in the rats' joints and is most severe in both species between the 5th and 8th month. 3 types of lining cells may be differentiated electron microscopically: A (M) cells, B (F) cells and an intermediate form which is found in both species most frequently. Swelling of the endothelial cells together with constriction of the lumen and thickening of the basal membrane occurs in the capillaries. A comparison of chronic erysipelas polyarthritis in pigs and rats with rheumatoid arthritis of men reveals many morphological and immunological similarities between the two diseases. Systemic connective tissue activation manifests itself in organs predilected for rheumatic changes, such as heart valves, endocardium and joints. The possible prepetuation of the processes by specific or nonspecific immunomechanisms or by deposits of fibrin is discussed. In addition, experimental erysipelas is reproducible in nearly 100% of the animals given one single subcutaneous application of one defined bacteria strain. Therefore too, erysipelas is suited as an animal model for human rheumatic diseases.", "PMID": 1122010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7380", "title": "Quantitative ultrastructural study of the adrenal cortex: effects of a mammotropic pituitary tumor producing growth hormone and prolactin (MtT-W10), and of injected growth hormone in the rat.", "content": "The ultrastructure of the adrenal cortex has been examined in animals bearing a growth hormone and prolactin secreting mammotropic tumor (MtT-W 10). The large quantities of hormone secreted by the tumor caused a stimulation of zona fasciculata cells. The adrenal weight increased approximately 2-fold in tumor bearing animals. There were increases in the cellular volume of zona fasciculata cells and in the volume of mithchondria and smooth endoplasmic reticulum per cell as determined by quantitative morphometric techniques. The surface area of smooth endoplasmic reticulum and total mitochondrial membranes showed a significant increase in zona fasciculata cells as well. Injections of purified bovine growth hormone caused small but not significant increases in mitochondrial and smooth endoplasmic reticulum volumes. Growth hormone however did induce a significant increase in the surface area of mitochondrial membrane.", "contents": "Quantitative ultrastructural study of the adrenal cortex: effects of a mammotropic pituitary tumor producing growth hormone and prolactin (MtT-W10), and of injected growth hormone in the rat. The ultrastructure of the adrenal cortex has been examined in animals bearing a growth hormone and prolactin secreting mammotropic tumor (MtT-W 10). The large quantities of hormone secreted by the tumor caused a stimulation of zona fasciculata cells. The adrenal weight increased approximately 2-fold in tumor bearing animals. There were increases in the cellular volume of zona fasciculata cells and in the volume of mithchondria and smooth endoplasmic reticulum per cell as determined by quantitative morphometric techniques. The surface area of smooth endoplasmic reticulum and total mitochondrial membranes showed a significant increase in zona fasciculata cells as well. Injections of purified bovine growth hormone caused small but not significant increases in mitochondrial and smooth endoplasmic reticulum volumes. Growth hormone however did induce a significant increase in the surface area of mitochondrial membrane.", "PMID": 1122011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7381", "title": "Methyoxuflurane and serum fluoride concentrations during anaesthesia and postoperative renal function.", "content": "In twenty gynaecological patients scheduled for hysterectomy, arterial blood concentrations of methoxyflurane and fluoride ions were measured during operation. Renal function was assessed by pre and postoperative measurements of BUN, creatinine, osmolality and serum electrolytes. Fluid balances were calculated by the daily intake and output values. During the first five postoperative days, from the 12 hour urine specimens the fluoride concentrations were measured, and from the 24 hour specimens urine electrolytes and creatinine levels were calculated. No clinical or laboratory evidence of renal dysfunction was observed. Fluoride levels were lower than those previously associated with renal toxicity. Methoxyflurane concentrations in arterial blood showed concentrations lower as previously reported.", "contents": "Methyoxuflurane and serum fluoride concentrations during anaesthesia and postoperative renal function. In twenty gynaecological patients scheduled for hysterectomy, arterial blood concentrations of methoxyflurane and fluoride ions were measured during operation. Renal function was assessed by pre and postoperative measurements of BUN, creatinine, osmolality and serum electrolytes. Fluid balances were calculated by the daily intake and output values. During the first five postoperative days, from the 12 hour urine specimens the fluoride concentrations were measured, and from the 24 hour specimens urine electrolytes and creatinine levels were calculated. No clinical or laboratory evidence of renal dysfunction was observed. Fluoride levels were lower than those previously associated with renal toxicity. Methoxyflurane concentrations in arterial blood showed concentrations lower as previously reported.", "PMID": 1122014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7382", "title": "Gas chromatographic determination of methoxyflurane in maternal and foetal blood during anaesthesia for Caesarean sections.", "content": "In 50 cases of Caesarean section for various indication, methoxyflurane was administered to two groups of patients in two different dosages by a Pentec-vaporizer. Blood was sampled simultaneously in the radial artery of the mother and in the umbilical vein. The methoxyflurane concentrations of both samples of blood were measured by gas chromatography. With an inspiratory concentration of 0.2 vol.-% methoxyflurane, the mean concentration was 166 mumol/1(2.75 mg/100 ml) in the maternal blood and 69 mumol/1 (1.14 mg/100 ml) in the umbilical vein. With 0.5 vol.-%, the corresponding values were 345 mumol/1 (5.72 mg/100 ml) and 137 mumol/1 (2.25 mg/100 ml) respectively. The condition of the new-born did not appear to be affected by the given doses of methoxyflurane.", "contents": "Gas chromatographic determination of methoxyflurane in maternal and foetal blood during anaesthesia for Caesarean sections. In 50 cases of Caesarean section for various indication, methoxyflurane was administered to two groups of patients in two different dosages by a Pentec-vaporizer. Blood was sampled simultaneously in the radial artery of the mother and in the umbilical vein. The methoxyflurane concentrations of both samples of blood were measured by gas chromatography. With an inspiratory concentration of 0.2 vol.-% methoxyflurane, the mean concentration was 166 mumol/1(2.75 mg/100 ml) in the maternal blood and 69 mumol/1 (1.14 mg/100 ml) in the umbilical vein. With 0.5 vol.-%, the corresponding values were 345 mumol/1 (5.72 mg/100 ml) and 137 mumol/1 (2.25 mg/100 ml) respectively. The condition of the new-born did not appear to be affected by the given doses of methoxyflurane.", "PMID": 1122015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7383", "title": "Role of thiopentone, nitrous oxide and relaxant anaesthesia in causing the syndrome of post-operative paralysis in man.", "content": "Forty-seven patients undergoing elective/emergency surgery were investigated for the recovery pattern by numerically scoring the state of consciousness, skeletomuscular tone, respiration and blood pressure after the neuromuscular transmission at the level of thenar muscles returned to normalcy. Anaesthesia in them consisted of thiopentone induction and passive ventilation with nitrous oxide and oxygen mixtures (4 1/2:2 1/2 1) with consequent changes in PaCO-2 (22.0 to 90 mm Hg) after using 0.43 to 0.68 mg/kg d-tubocurarine or 2.3 to 3.8 mg/kg gallamine. In this series twelve patients were selected at random and biological assay of cerebrospinal fluid in them for curare/gallamine after 15 min anaesthesia and in the recovery phase was carried out on frog rectus muscle. All the patients recovered satisfactorily and did not present clinical signs of depression of central nervous system, even though all of them showed the presence of curare (ranging from 0.05 to 0.33 mug/ml) and gallamine (from 0.1 to 0.75 mug/ml) in the cerebrospinal fluid. This study therefore indicates that thiopentone, nitrous oxide and relaxant type of anaesthesia does not cause clinical syndrome of post-operative paralysis even when mild to moderate degree of hypocapnia is present and even when such a technique of anaesthesia is administered in poor-risk patients with associated changes in acid-base balance, electrolytes etc. Significant quantities of skeleto-muscular relaxant drug (used during the technique) when found in cerebrospinal fluid after the technique of anaesthesia need not induce post-operative paralysis in man.", "contents": "Role of thiopentone, nitrous oxide and relaxant anaesthesia in causing the syndrome of post-operative paralysis in man. Forty-seven patients undergoing elective/emergency surgery were investigated for the recovery pattern by numerically scoring the state of consciousness, skeletomuscular tone, respiration and blood pressure after the neuromuscular transmission at the level of thenar muscles returned to normalcy. Anaesthesia in them consisted of thiopentone induction and passive ventilation with nitrous oxide and oxygen mixtures (4 1/2:2 1/2 1) with consequent changes in PaCO-2 (22.0 to 90 mm Hg) after using 0.43 to 0.68 mg/kg d-tubocurarine or 2.3 to 3.8 mg/kg gallamine. In this series twelve patients were selected at random and biological assay of cerebrospinal fluid in them for curare/gallamine after 15 min anaesthesia and in the recovery phase was carried out on frog rectus muscle. All the patients recovered satisfactorily and did not present clinical signs of depression of central nervous system, even though all of them showed the presence of curare (ranging from 0.05 to 0.33 mug/ml) and gallamine (from 0.1 to 0.75 mug/ml) in the cerebrospinal fluid. This study therefore indicates that thiopentone, nitrous oxide and relaxant type of anaesthesia does not cause clinical syndrome of post-operative paralysis even when mild to moderate degree of hypocapnia is present and even when such a technique of anaesthesia is administered in poor-risk patients with associated changes in acid-base balance, electrolytes etc. Significant quantities of skeleto-muscular relaxant drug (used during the technique) when found in cerebrospinal fluid after the technique of anaesthesia need not induce post-operative paralysis in man.", "PMID": 1122016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7384", "title": "[Integration of palmitat-1-14-C in lecithine and phospholipid content in normal and micro-embolized rabbit lungs (author's transl)].", "content": "Glass microspheres were used for a diffuse pulmonary microembolisation, as a modell for shock lung. Microembolisation is regarded as an important factor in pathogenesis of shock lung. The capacity of lung for lecithin synthesis was measured with palmitat-1-14-C incorporation. The phospholipid content and the composition of the fatty acids of lecithin were investigated. From the results it was possible, that the surfactant system may alterated by the vascular blocking. The dates supporting the importance of microembolisation in pathogenesis of shock lung.", "contents": "[Integration of palmitat-1-14-C in lecithine and phospholipid content in normal and micro-embolized rabbit lungs (author's transl)]. Glass microspheres were used for a diffuse pulmonary microembolisation, as a modell for shock lung. Microembolisation is regarded as an important factor in pathogenesis of shock lung. The capacity of lung for lecithin synthesis was measured with palmitat-1-14-C incorporation. The phospholipid content and the composition of the fatty acids of lecithin were investigated. From the results it was possible, that the surfactant system may alterated by the vascular blocking. The dates supporting the importance of microembolisation in pathogenesis of shock lung.", "PMID": 1122017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7385", "title": "[Intense therapy in two cases of \"near-drowning\" (author's transl)].", "content": "A short review of the pathophysiological mechanisms in case of 'drowning' or 'near drowning' with or without aspiration of hypo- or hypertonic water is given. In our clinical experience on 22 cases, 17 did not need intensive care and improved without further problems. 3 came dead into the clinic, there being more than 30 min latency between cardiac arrest and the beginning of resuscitation, resuscitation, therefore, being without success. The last 2 cases of 'near-drowning' with fresh water aspiration developed, 100 min and 50 min respectively after the drowning accident, fulminant pulmonary oedema, which could be cured after application of PEEP in Engstro\u00f6m-IPPB in one case. In our opinion PEEP should be applied in all cases of intraalveolar pulmonary oedema in the same way as was advised for interstitial pulmonary oedema, if the individual case requires mechanical ventilation at all. The possibility of pulmonary oedema developing, even hours after the accident and primary resuscitation, should be born in mind in all cases of 'near-drowning'.", "contents": "[Intense therapy in two cases of \"near-drowning\" (author's transl)]. A short review of the pathophysiological mechanisms in case of 'drowning' or 'near drowning' with or without aspiration of hypo- or hypertonic water is given. In our clinical experience on 22 cases, 17 did not need intensive care and improved without further problems. 3 came dead into the clinic, there being more than 30 min latency between cardiac arrest and the beginning of resuscitation, resuscitation, therefore, being without success. The last 2 cases of 'near-drowning' with fresh water aspiration developed, 100 min and 50 min respectively after the drowning accident, fulminant pulmonary oedema, which could be cured after application of PEEP in Engstro\u00f6m-IPPB in one case. In our opinion PEEP should be applied in all cases of intraalveolar pulmonary oedema in the same way as was advised for interstitial pulmonary oedema, if the individual case requires mechanical ventilation at all. The possibility of pulmonary oedema developing, even hours after the accident and primary resuscitation, should be born in mind in all cases of 'near-drowning'.", "PMID": 1122018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7386", "title": "Structure of rat ultimobranchial bodies after birth.", "content": "The evolution of ultimobranchial bodies in Holtzman rats during the first 64 weeks after birth was studied by reconstructing three-dimensional models from serial sections stained by the periodic acid-Schiff technique.Radio-autography with 125I was made to see if ultimobranchial cells and/or follicular cells lining the lumen of mixed follicles were able to iodinate proteins. The term ultimobranchial body designates herein an embryonic vesicular structure (derived from the third pharyngeal pouch) whose wall is made of stratified squamous epithelium. During the first week after birth, the vesicular ultimobranchial body elongates rapidly and becomes a canal or a duct. During the second week, cell desquamation brings about local dilatations in the lumen of these ducts; with further enlargement ultimobranchial follicles will appear. In one-day-old rats, mixed follicles are present. Only the follicular component of mixed follicles iodinates proteins as is shown by radioautography. The reconstructed models enlarge rapidly up to the 56th day after birth at which time their weight has increased nineteenfold. These same models show that the three morphological components of ultimobranchial parenchyma, namely ducts, follicles and mixed follicles, are in continuity within the thyroid parenchyma. The formation of new thyroid follicles after birth and the possiblility that the ultimobranchial parenchyma may function as an endocrine gland of holocrine type are discussed.", "contents": "Structure of rat ultimobranchial bodies after birth. The evolution of ultimobranchial bodies in Holtzman rats during the first 64 weeks after birth was studied by reconstructing three-dimensional models from serial sections stained by the periodic acid-Schiff technique.Radio-autography with 125I was made to see if ultimobranchial cells and/or follicular cells lining the lumen of mixed follicles were able to iodinate proteins. The term ultimobranchial body designates herein an embryonic vesicular structure (derived from the third pharyngeal pouch) whose wall is made of stratified squamous epithelium. During the first week after birth, the vesicular ultimobranchial body elongates rapidly and becomes a canal or a duct. During the second week, cell desquamation brings about local dilatations in the lumen of these ducts; with further enlargement ultimobranchial follicles will appear. In one-day-old rats, mixed follicles are present. Only the follicular component of mixed follicles iodinates proteins as is shown by radioautography. The reconstructed models enlarge rapidly up to the 56th day after birth at which time their weight has increased nineteenfold. These same models show that the three morphological components of ultimobranchial parenchyma, namely ducts, follicles and mixed follicles, are in continuity within the thyroid parenchyma. The formation of new thyroid follicles after birth and the possiblility that the ultimobranchial parenchyma may function as an endocrine gland of holocrine type are discussed.", "PMID": 1122037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7387", "title": "Pathways of clearance in mouse lungs exposed to iron oxide aerosols.", "content": "The history of particle clearance was studied in lungs of mice serially sacrificed at intervals up to 14 months following single exposures to an aerosol of submicronic, particulate, iron oxide used as a similitude for atmospheric dust. Clearance was followed by light microscopy in unstained and Prussian blue stained frozen and plastic embedded sections, as well as by electron microscopy, where iron oxide can be recognized by its form. Related problems were investigated through histochemical demonstration of acid phosphatase activity in pulmonary lysosomes and Prussian blue staining of various tissues after administration of iron compounds by gastrointestinal and vascular routes. The iron particles settle extensively but not uniformly on pulmonary alveolar surfaces. Clearance is centripetal and involves two mechanisms, an extracellular mechanism fed by fluid currents sweeping across the surfcace, and cellular mechanism principally involving alveolar macrophages. In the early post exposure period both actively remove deposited particles predominantly through the pulmonary airways. By 24 hours uncleared residues have become ingested and clearance thereafter results mainly from cellular action. Macrophages enter bronchial passages where they sometimes continue to pursue normal activities. A chronic phase of clearance begins when deposited particles become sequestered in macrophages of pulmonary connective tissues. These cells are reached by several routes, not least by crossing the bronchial epithelium. Particle clearance from these macrophages is very slow, and residue-containg cells eventually congregate in lymphoid tissues surrounding major bronchi. These findings are discussed as they help to develop an overall picture of clearance from the lungs and as they bear on related topics, such as functional roles of alveolar and pulmonary connective tissue macrophages and the pathogenesis of chronic bronchial disease.", "contents": "Pathways of clearance in mouse lungs exposed to iron oxide aerosols. The history of particle clearance was studied in lungs of mice serially sacrificed at intervals up to 14 months following single exposures to an aerosol of submicronic, particulate, iron oxide used as a similitude for atmospheric dust. Clearance was followed by light microscopy in unstained and Prussian blue stained frozen and plastic embedded sections, as well as by electron microscopy, where iron oxide can be recognized by its form. Related problems were investigated through histochemical demonstration of acid phosphatase activity in pulmonary lysosomes and Prussian blue staining of various tissues after administration of iron compounds by gastrointestinal and vascular routes. The iron particles settle extensively but not uniformly on pulmonary alveolar surfaces. Clearance is centripetal and involves two mechanisms, an extracellular mechanism fed by fluid currents sweeping across the surfcace, and cellular mechanism principally involving alveolar macrophages. In the early post exposure period both actively remove deposited particles predominantly through the pulmonary airways. By 24 hours uncleared residues have become ingested and clearance thereafter results mainly from cellular action. Macrophages enter bronchial passages where they sometimes continue to pursue normal activities. A chronic phase of clearance begins when deposited particles become sequestered in macrophages of pulmonary connective tissues. These cells are reached by several routes, not least by crossing the bronchial epithelium. Particle clearance from these macrophages is very slow, and residue-containg cells eventually congregate in lymphoid tissues surrounding major bronchi. These findings are discussed as they help to develop an overall picture of clearance from the lungs and as they bear on related topics, such as functional roles of alveolar and pulmonary connective tissue macrophages and the pathogenesis of chronic bronchial disease.", "PMID": 1122038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7388", "title": "The wall structure of the arteries in the corpora cavernosa penis of rabbits; light and electron microscopy.", "content": "Wall structures of the arteries in the corpora cavernosa penis were observed in rabbits. The deep (central) arteries in the proximal part of the penis have five or more independent ridges of the wall which are formed by the internal layer of the media consisting of almost longitudinal muscle cell layers. Electron microscopy of these regions revealed that the endothelial cells are connected to each other by many maculae and zonulae adherentes, and that smooth muscle cells of the media are separated from one another by a wide intercellular space embedding abundant collagenous fibers. The epithelioid cells constituting the media of the helicine branches of the deep artery vary in their fine structure from close resemblance to muscle cells, to cells with easily identified special features. Frankly epithelioid cells have few scattered cytoplasmic filaments of a single type, 60-90A in diameter, abundant ribosomes, active Golgi, and other features different from the typical smooth muscle cells. There is no suggestion that these epithelioid cells are either degenerative or undifferentiated forms of smooth muscle cells, as postulated by light microscopists. Transitions from muscle to epithelioid cells are consistent with, but not proved by, our data.", "contents": "The wall structure of the arteries in the corpora cavernosa penis of rabbits; light and electron microscopy. Wall structures of the arteries in the corpora cavernosa penis were observed in rabbits. The deep (central) arteries in the proximal part of the penis have five or more independent ridges of the wall which are formed by the internal layer of the media consisting of almost longitudinal muscle cell layers. Electron microscopy of these regions revealed that the endothelial cells are connected to each other by many maculae and zonulae adherentes, and that smooth muscle cells of the media are separated from one another by a wide intercellular space embedding abundant collagenous fibers. The epithelioid cells constituting the media of the helicine branches of the deep artery vary in their fine structure from close resemblance to muscle cells, to cells with easily identified special features. Frankly epithelioid cells have few scattered cytoplasmic filaments of a single type, 60-90A in diameter, abundant ribosomes, active Golgi, and other features different from the typical smooth muscle cells. There is no suggestion that these epithelioid cells are either degenerative or undifferentiated forms of smooth muscle cells, as postulated by light microscopists. Transitions from muscle to epithelioid cells are consistent with, but not proved by, our data.", "PMID": 1122039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7389", "title": "The postanatal development of high-endothelial venules in lymph nodes of mice.", "content": "The postnatal development of high-endothelial venules (HE-venules) in popliteal lymph nodes of normal and athymic mice was studied by light and electron microscopy. In the normal mice, undifferentiated postcapillary HEvenules are already present at birth. During the first four days after birth, ribosomes and mitochondria in the endothelial cells of the venules become more numerous, and the endoplasmic reticulum and in particular the Golgi complexes enlarge. At day four lymphocyte diapedesis through the venules becomes apparent. From the tenth day the HEvenules are structurally mature. However, diapedesis activity still increases till about a month postnatally. In mice with congenital aplasia of the thymus (nude mice) and in neonatally thymectomized mice the development of the HEvenules is similar to that in normal mice. In the athymic mice both lymphocytes and granulocytes migrate through the walls of the HEvenules. However, the blood level of lymphocytes in these mice is far below the value in normal mice. It is concluded that the development of the HEvenules during the first month of life is independent of the blood level of lymphocytes.", "contents": "The postanatal development of high-endothelial venules in lymph nodes of mice. The postnatal development of high-endothelial venules (HE-venules) in popliteal lymph nodes of normal and athymic mice was studied by light and electron microscopy. In the normal mice, undifferentiated postcapillary HEvenules are already present at birth. During the first four days after birth, ribosomes and mitochondria in the endothelial cells of the venules become more numerous, and the endoplasmic reticulum and in particular the Golgi complexes enlarge. At day four lymphocyte diapedesis through the venules becomes apparent. From the tenth day the HEvenules are structurally mature. However, diapedesis activity still increases till about a month postnatally. In mice with congenital aplasia of the thymus (nude mice) and in neonatally thymectomized mice the development of the HEvenules is similar to that in normal mice. In the athymic mice both lymphocytes and granulocytes migrate through the walls of the HEvenules. However, the blood level of lymphocytes in these mice is far below the value in normal mice. It is concluded that the development of the HEvenules during the first month of life is independent of the blood level of lymphocytes.", "PMID": 1122040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7390", "title": "Spatial distribution of rat fungiform papillae.", "content": "The objective of this study was to determine the spatial distribution of fungiform papillae on the rat's tongue. Since each fungiform papilla in the rat has a single taste bud, the  spatial distribution of fungiform papillae is equivalent to the location of taste buds on the anterior tongue. A mean total number of 187 fungiform papillae per tongue were found which were about equally divided between the two lateral halves of the tongue. Over 50% of the total number of fungiform papillae were located on the tongue tip for an average density of 3.4 papillae/mm2,while the dorsal surface of the tongue had an average density of 1.3 papillae/mm2 of tongue surface. Papillae were absent on the dorsal midline, but a paracentral line of papillae running from anterior to posterior was a consistent finding. Though not identical, the distribution of papillae was essentially the same on different tongues. The functional significance of the papilla distribution is not understood, but electrophysiological experiments show evidence of neural interaction of papillae which are clustered together. The distribution of papillae and the distribution of nerve fibers which innervate them must be evaluated together in order to appreciate the significance of the distribution of fungiform papillae and their associated taste buds.", "contents": "Spatial distribution of rat fungiform papillae. The objective of this study was to determine the spatial distribution of fungiform papillae on the rat's tongue. Since each fungiform papilla in the rat has a single taste bud, the  spatial distribution of fungiform papillae is equivalent to the location of taste buds on the anterior tongue. A mean total number of 187 fungiform papillae per tongue were found which were about equally divided between the two lateral halves of the tongue. Over 50% of the total number of fungiform papillae were located on the tongue tip for an average density of 3.4 papillae/mm2,while the dorsal surface of the tongue had an average density of 1.3 papillae/mm2 of tongue surface. Papillae were absent on the dorsal midline, but a paracentral line of papillae running from anterior to posterior was a consistent finding. Though not identical, the distribution of papillae was essentially the same on different tongues. The functional significance of the papilla distribution is not understood, but electrophysiological experiments show evidence of neural interaction of papillae which are clustered together. The distribution of papillae and the distribution of nerve fibers which innervate them must be evaluated together in order to appreciate the significance of the distribution of fungiform papillae and their associated taste buds.", "PMID": 1122041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7391", "title": "Prognostic and therapeutic considerations in pure hypertension vs hypertension and superimposed arteriosclerosis.", "content": "In summary, a prognostic and therapeutic evaluation of 227 patients first seen from 1967 to the end of 1969 with a follow-up of 4-7 years was made. The results are indeed depressing. In spite of close follow-up and systematic treatment with modern antihypertensive agents, the mortality of patients having hypertension with superimposed arteriosclerosis was 27% (15 to 56) for males as contrasted to 3% (2 of 75) for females. Since the last casual blood pressure in both living and deceased patients of the mixed group were similar, the level of blood pressure following treatment could not be incriminated for the deceased patients. An exaggerated systolic and pulse pressure cold pressor response emerged as an important indicator of presence of arteriosclerosis alone. When hypertension and arteriosclerosis coexisted there was also exaggeration in diastolic cold pressor response. A further exaggeration in systolic and diastolic cold pressor response was seen in the decreased as compared to living male patients, a finding which appears to have grave prognostic significance for coronary heart disease and stroke. Thus a marked exaggeration in both systolic and diastolic cold pressor response in males might prove to be the single most important predictor of premature death from atherosclerotic vascular disease. A further analysis of the deceased male patients having hypertension and superimposed arteriosclerosis, indicates that treatment of hypertension may prevent oeath from stroke but not form coronary heart disease. Two-thirds of the deaths occur suddenly and only one-third of the deceased patients reached the hospital befor dying. In view of these distressing findings a plea for early detection and treatment of hypertension, prior to the development of superimposed arteriosclerotic changes, particularly in males, is made.", "contents": "Prognostic and therapeutic considerations in pure hypertension vs hypertension and superimposed arteriosclerosis. In summary, a prognostic and therapeutic evaluation of 227 patients first seen from 1967 to the end of 1969 with a follow-up of 4-7 years was made. The results are indeed depressing. In spite of close follow-up and systematic treatment with modern antihypertensive agents, the mortality of patients having hypertension with superimposed arteriosclerosis was 27% (15 to 56) for males as contrasted to 3% (2 of 75) for females. Since the last casual blood pressure in both living and deceased patients of the mixed group were similar, the level of blood pressure following treatment could not be incriminated for the deceased patients. An exaggerated systolic and pulse pressure cold pressor response emerged as an important indicator of presence of arteriosclerosis alone. When hypertension and arteriosclerosis coexisted there was also exaggeration in diastolic cold pressor response. A further exaggeration in systolic and diastolic cold pressor response was seen in the decreased as compared to living male patients, a finding which appears to have grave prognostic significance for coronary heart disease and stroke. Thus a marked exaggeration in both systolic and diastolic cold pressor response in males might prove to be the single most important predictor of premature death from atherosclerotic vascular disease. A further analysis of the deceased male patients having hypertension and superimposed arteriosclerosis, indicates that treatment of hypertension may prevent oeath from stroke but not form coronary heart disease. Two-thirds of the deaths occur suddenly and only one-third of the deceased patients reached the hospital befor dying. In view of these distressing findings a plea for early detection and treatment of hypertension, prior to the development of superimposed arteriosclerotic changes, particularly in males, is made.", "PMID": 1122046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7392", "title": "Possible hazard with use of fiberglass air filters.", "content": "The proper use of air filtration is of established importance in the environmental treatment of nasal and pulmonary allergies. Unfortunately the use of fiberglass material in central heating and cooling systems has created a possible insult to tissues already sensitized. The alternate use of washable all metal mesh filters is highly recommended.", "contents": "Possible hazard with use of fiberglass air filters. The proper use of air filtration is of established importance in the environmental treatment of nasal and pulmonary allergies. Unfortunately the use of fiberglass material in central heating and cooling systems has created a possible insult to tissues already sensitized. The alternate use of washable all metal mesh filters is highly recommended.", "PMID": 1122047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7393", "title": "Atopic skin test re-evaluated. III. The wheal: flare ratio, the log-dose response curve and the bio-assay of allergen extracts.", "content": "It is demonstrated that the sum of the length and width of the flare is linearly correlated with the logarithm of the sum of the length and width of the wheal; on this basis a valuable \"skin-reaction index\" is proposed. Furthermore, the log-dose response curve of the skin reaction, at least in the medium-sized reactions, proved to be a straight line. These methods permit a bio-assay of allergens extracts giving a maximal dispersion of 100% above and below the exact value. Coefficient of variation: 62%.", "contents": "Atopic skin test re-evaluated. III. The wheal: flare ratio, the log-dose response curve and the bio-assay of allergen extracts. It is demonstrated that the sum of the length and width of the flare is linearly correlated with the logarithm of the sum of the length and width of the wheal; on this basis a valuable \"skin-reaction index\" is proposed. Furthermore, the log-dose response curve of the skin reaction, at least in the medium-sized reactions, proved to be a straight line. These methods permit a bio-assay of allergens extracts giving a maximal dispersion of 100% above and below the exact value. Coefficient of variation: 62%.", "PMID": 1122052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7394", "title": "Passive immunity in transmissible gastroenteritis of swine: intramuscular injection of pregnant swine with a modified live-virus vaccine.", "content": "Nine pregnant swine were intramuscularly injected with a modified live-virus transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE) vaccine at approximately 6 and 2 weeks before parturition. The TGE antibody levels in milk whey rapidly decreased within a few days after parturition, and the antibodies were mainly, if not solely, of the immunoglobulin G (IgG) class. Nursing newborn pigs were challenge exposed with virulent TGE virus when 2 to 4 days old. All pigs in 8 of the 9 litters became affected with typical signs of TGE. Of the pigs nursing vaccinated sows, 55% died, and of the 9 vaccinated sows, 8 became affected after challenge exposure of their litters. Subsequently, the antibody titers in serum and milk markedly increased in all 9 sows, with the antibody in milk being predominantly of the immunoglobulin A (IgA) class. Serum samples of prenursing newborn pigs from vaccinated sows did not contain detectable TGE antibodies. The capability of the vaccinated sows to provide only limited passive immunity to their suckling pigs was considered to be due mainly to the low titer and class (IgG) of TGE antibody existing in the milk of the sows at the time the newborn pigs were challenge exposed.", "contents": "Passive immunity in transmissible gastroenteritis of swine: intramuscular injection of pregnant swine with a modified live-virus vaccine. Nine pregnant swine were intramuscularly injected with a modified live-virus transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE) vaccine at approximately 6 and 2 weeks before parturition. The TGE antibody levels in milk whey rapidly decreased within a few days after parturition, and the antibodies were mainly, if not solely, of the immunoglobulin G (IgG) class. Nursing newborn pigs were challenge exposed with virulent TGE virus when 2 to 4 days old. All pigs in 8 of the 9 litters became affected with typical signs of TGE. Of the pigs nursing vaccinated sows, 55% died, and of the 9 vaccinated sows, 8 became affected after challenge exposure of their litters. Subsequently, the antibody titers in serum and milk markedly increased in all 9 sows, with the antibody in milk being predominantly of the immunoglobulin A (IgA) class. Serum samples of prenursing newborn pigs from vaccinated sows did not contain detectable TGE antibodies. The capability of the vaccinated sows to provide only limited passive immunity to their suckling pigs was considered to be due mainly to the low titer and class (IgG) of TGE antibody existing in the milk of the sows at the time the newborn pigs were challenge exposed.", "PMID": 1122053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7395", "title": "Use of the gallbladder neck in the reconstruction of the bifurcation of the main hepatic ducts.", "content": "A case of successful resection of an adenocarcinoma of the junction of the right, left and common hepatic ducts is reported. The right hepatic duct was anastomosed to the gallbladder neck and the left hepatic to the common hepatic duct in order to restore the continuity of the biliary tract. This unusual technique offered effective decompression. It may prove, in selected patients with a normal gallbladder and a wide cystic duct, to be a useful alternative to other commonly performed internal drainage procedures.", "contents": "Use of the gallbladder neck in the reconstruction of the bifurcation of the main hepatic ducts. A case of successful resection of an adenocarcinoma of the junction of the right, left and common hepatic ducts is reported. The right hepatic duct was anastomosed to the gallbladder neck and the left hepatic to the common hepatic duct in order to restore the continuity of the biliary tract. This unusual technique offered effective decompression. It may prove, in selected patients with a normal gallbladder and a wide cystic duct, to be a useful alternative to other commonly performed internal drainage procedures.", "PMID": 1122058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7396", "title": "Bile duct adenomatosis of the liver: a misleading finding on surgical exploration of the abdomen.", "content": "A patient found to have the unusual condition of bile duct adenomatosis of the liver is discussed. The liver was \"peppered\" with small subcapsular nodules, which microscopically appeared as multilocular cysts, lined with cuboidal cells similar to those of normal bile ducts. This benign condition most likely is developmental in etiology, and may present early in life as polycystic liver disease, or later when discovered as an incidental finding at laparotomy or autopsy. Its differentiation from metastatic disease by the surgeon on gross examination of liver alone may not be possible.", "contents": "Bile duct adenomatosis of the liver: a misleading finding on surgical exploration of the abdomen. A patient found to have the unusual condition of bile duct adenomatosis of the liver is discussed. The liver was \"peppered\" with small subcapsular nodules, which microscopically appeared as multilocular cysts, lined with cuboidal cells similar to those of normal bile ducts. This benign condition most likely is developmental in etiology, and may present early in life as polycystic liver disease, or later when discovered as an incidental finding at laparotomy or autopsy. Its differentiation from metastatic disease by the surgeon on gross examination of liver alone may not be possible.", "PMID": 1122059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7397", "title": "Agenesis of the gallbladder: report of two cases.", "content": "Two cases of agenesis of the gallbladder are presented. In one patient there was a remnant of cystic duct, the other had no cystic duct. A brief review of the literature is included.", "contents": "Agenesis of the gallbladder: report of two cases. Two cases of agenesis of the gallbladder are presented. In one patient there was a remnant of cystic duct, the other had no cystic duct. A brief review of the literature is included.", "PMID": 1122060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7398", "title": "Acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis in the dog. 3. The effect of antidiuretic hormone on pancreatic tissue and body fluids.", "content": "Antidiuretic hormone had a marked effect on the microscopic anatomy of the pancreas and the duodenum subjected to a closed duodenal loop obstruction. In contrast to the acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis usually seen, the pancreas showed only a slight extravasation of red and white blood cells into the connective tissue spaces, some blood vessel engorgement and a slight edema. No tissue disruption of the pancreas was observed. The appearance of the closed loops were also modified by the antidiuretic hormone. These closed loops contained small amounts of fluid with little odor and the duodenal villi showed little or no necrosis. Antidiuretic hormone also reduced the amylase concentration and the fluid volume in the peritoneal cavity and in the closed duodenal loop.", "contents": "Acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis in the dog. 3. The effect of antidiuretic hormone on pancreatic tissue and body fluids. Antidiuretic hormone had a marked effect on the microscopic anatomy of the pancreas and the duodenum subjected to a closed duodenal loop obstruction. In contrast to the acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis usually seen, the pancreas showed only a slight extravasation of red and white blood cells into the connective tissue spaces, some blood vessel engorgement and a slight edema. No tissue disruption of the pancreas was observed. The appearance of the closed loops were also modified by the antidiuretic hormone. These closed loops contained small amounts of fluid with little odor and the duodenal villi showed little or no necrosis. Antidiuretic hormone also reduced the amylase concentration and the fluid volume in the peritoneal cavity and in the closed duodenal loop.", "PMID": 1122061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7399", "title": "A difference between the inheritance of classical juvenile-onset and maturity-onset type diabetes of young people.", "content": "A difference in the inheritance of diabetes has been shown between the families of twenty-six patients with maturity-onset type diabetes of young people (MODY) and families of thirty-five patients with classical juvenile-onset diabetes (JOD). In the families of MODY: 1) twenty-two of twenty-six (85 per cent) propositi had a diabetic parent; 2) 46 per cent of families showed direct vertical transmission of diabetes through three generations; 3) of forty-seven tested siblings twenty-five (53 per cent) had latent diabetes; 4) the diabetic phenotype in the families was consistent, most affected individuals having a noninsulin requiring type of disease. These findings are compatible with autosomal dominant inheritance of MODY, although they do not exclude multifactorial inheritance. In contrast, in the families of JOD: 1) only four (11 per cent) of propositi had a diabetic parent; 2) three generation inheritance was found in only two (6 per cent) of JOD families, and 3) of seventy-four tested siblings eight (11 per cent) were diabetic. This difference provides further evidence of genetic heterogeneity in diabetes mellitus and indicates that there is a need for careful definition of the phenotype of diabetes in populations in which the genetics of diabetes is to be analyzed. Diabetes 24:44-53, January, 1975.", "contents": "A difference between the inheritance of classical juvenile-onset and maturity-onset type diabetes of young people. A difference in the inheritance of diabetes has been shown between the families of twenty-six patients with maturity-onset type diabetes of young people (MODY) and families of thirty-five patients with classical juvenile-onset diabetes (JOD). In the families of MODY: 1) twenty-two of twenty-six (85 per cent) propositi had a diabetic parent; 2) 46 per cent of families showed direct vertical transmission of diabetes through three generations; 3) of forty-seven tested siblings twenty-five (53 per cent) had latent diabetes; 4) the diabetic phenotype in the families was consistent, most affected individuals having a noninsulin requiring type of disease. These findings are compatible with autosomal dominant inheritance of MODY, although they do not exclude multifactorial inheritance. In contrast, in the families of JOD: 1) only four (11 per cent) of propositi had a diabetic parent; 2) three generation inheritance was found in only two (6 per cent) of JOD families, and 3) of seventy-four tested siblings eight (11 per cent) were diabetic. This difference provides further evidence of genetic heterogeneity in diabetes mellitus and indicates that there is a need for careful definition of the phenotype of diabetes in populations in which the genetics of diabetes is to be analyzed. Diabetes 24:44-53, January, 1975.", "PMID": 1122063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7400", "title": "Immediate assessment of vascular operations using segmental plethysmography.", "content": "Segmental plethysmography was used as a monitoring device during 156 direct vessel operations on the abdominal aorta and lower extremity vessels. Patency of distal vessels was assessed continuously and noninvasively before and during wound closure. A pulsatile response at wound closure was indicative of immediate and lasting patency in 94 per cent of extremities monitored. Plethysmographic detection of acute intraoperative occlusive phenomena allowed correction of such problems during the same procedure. The \"chronic nonpulsatile\" plethysmographic response, although not indicative of accidental occlusions in the majority of cases, portended a poor result, primarily on the basis of insufficient collateralization around pre-existing distal occlusive disease. Patients with such responses should be considered for additional efforts at revascularization. Segmental plethysmography is a reliable and objective method of immediate assessment of vascular patency and for prediction of long-term results.", "contents": "Immediate assessment of vascular operations using segmental plethysmography. Segmental plethysmography was used as a monitoring device during 156 direct vessel operations on the abdominal aorta and lower extremity vessels. Patency of distal vessels was assessed continuously and noninvasively before and during wound closure. A pulsatile response at wound closure was indicative of immediate and lasting patency in 94 per cent of extremities monitored. Plethysmographic detection of acute intraoperative occlusive phenomena allowed correction of such problems during the same procedure. The \"chronic nonpulsatile\" plethysmographic response, although not indicative of accidental occlusions in the majority of cases, portended a poor result, primarily on the basis of insufficient collateralization around pre-existing distal occlusive disease. Patients with such responses should be considered for additional efforts at revascularization. Segmental plethysmography is a reliable and objective method of immediate assessment of vascular patency and for prediction of long-term results.", "PMID": 1122064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7401", "title": "Penetrating neck wounds: a review of 218 cases.", "content": "A series of 218 patients with penetrating wounds of the neck is presented. The overall mortality rate was 8 per cent. One hundred seventy-five patients were explored promptly after admission; 60 per cent had structural damage present within the neck. Six of the patients without signs or symptoms to suggest injury beneath the platysma had injury demonstrated at exploration. Of 38 patients who were observed, only one developed a significant late complication. Thirty-four per cent of the patients had associated extracervical injuries; 38 per cent developed one of more complications during their hospitalization. Negative neck explorations were not associated with an increase in morbidity or prolonged hospital stay. In our hospital, early exploration of all wounds that penetrate the platysma appears to be the best approach for management of penetrating neck wounds.", "contents": "Penetrating neck wounds: a review of 218 cases. A series of 218 patients with penetrating wounds of the neck is presented. The overall mortality rate was 8 per cent. One hundred seventy-five patients were explored promptly after admission; 60 per cent had structural damage present within the neck. Six of the patients without signs or symptoms to suggest injury beneath the platysma had injury demonstrated at exploration. Of 38 patients who were observed, only one developed a significant late complication. Thirty-four per cent of the patients had associated extracervical injuries; 38 per cent developed one of more complications during their hospitalization. Negative neck explorations were not associated with an increase in morbidity or prolonged hospital stay. In our hospital, early exploration of all wounds that penetrate the platysma appears to be the best approach for management of penetrating neck wounds.", "PMID": 1122065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7402", "title": "A clinical evaluation of postoperative alkaline reflux gastritis.", "content": "Alkaline reflux gastritis is by far most common following gastric operations, but its true incidence remains to be determined. It is a distinct postgastrectomy disorder with unique features from other postgastrectomy syndromes. Eight patients with the diagnosis of postoperative alkaline reflux gastritis are presented. Five patients had Henley jejunal loop interposition procedures and two had takedown of their gastroenterostomy and pyloroplasty. One patient had a Roux-en-Y jejunojejunostomy after a vagotomy and pyloroplasty. A Henley jejunal loop failed to relieve the symptoms in one patient and a Roux-en-Y jejunojejunostomy brought complete relief of symptoms. Six of the eight patients had esophagitis. The frequent coexistence of alkaline esophagitis and alkaline gastritis must be considered in both treatment.", "contents": "A clinical evaluation of postoperative alkaline reflux gastritis. Alkaline reflux gastritis is by far most common following gastric operations, but its true incidence remains to be determined. It is a distinct postgastrectomy disorder with unique features from other postgastrectomy syndromes. Eight patients with the diagnosis of postoperative alkaline reflux gastritis are presented. Five patients had Henley jejunal loop interposition procedures and two had takedown of their gastroenterostomy and pyloroplasty. One patient had a Roux-en-Y jejunojejunostomy after a vagotomy and pyloroplasty. A Henley jejunal loop failed to relieve the symptoms in one patient and a Roux-en-Y jejunojejunostomy brought complete relief of symptoms. Six of the eight patients had esophagitis. The frequent coexistence of alkaline esophagitis and alkaline gastritis must be considered in both treatment.", "PMID": 1122067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7403", "title": "Surgical management of strictures of the lower thoracic esophagus.", "content": "An obstructing lesion of the lower thoracic esophagus should be evaluated carefully and appropriate surgical therapy planned to correct the abnormal physiology. Gastroesophageal reflux is the most frequent cause of esophageal stricture and usually can be managed effectively by dilatation of the esophagus, restoration of a competent lower esophageal sphincter, and repair of an associated hiatal hernia. Collis gastroplasty and a Belsey herniorrhaphy are useful when the esophagus is excessively shortened. Firm, fixed esophageal strictures may be treated by the Thal procedure accompanied by Nissen's fundoplication or by resection of the stricture and interposition of a colon graft or an achlorhydric tube. The management of other benign strictures secondary to scleroderma, ingestion of caustic substances, or benign neoplasms must be individualized. Most benign strictures may be cared for by dilatation; however, firm, fixed strictures should be resected. Wide surgical resection is indicated for primary malignant lesions of the lower thoracic esophagus that are localized or have limited lymph node metastasis.", "contents": "Surgical management of strictures of the lower thoracic esophagus. An obstructing lesion of the lower thoracic esophagus should be evaluated carefully and appropriate surgical therapy planned to correct the abnormal physiology. Gastroesophageal reflux is the most frequent cause of esophageal stricture and usually can be managed effectively by dilatation of the esophagus, restoration of a competent lower esophageal sphincter, and repair of an associated hiatal hernia. Collis gastroplasty and a Belsey herniorrhaphy are useful when the esophagus is excessively shortened. Firm, fixed esophageal strictures may be treated by the Thal procedure accompanied by Nissen's fundoplication or by resection of the stricture and interposition of a colon graft or an achlorhydric tube. The management of other benign strictures secondary to scleroderma, ingestion of caustic substances, or benign neoplasms must be individualized. Most benign strictures may be cared for by dilatation; however, firm, fixed strictures should be resected. Wide surgical resection is indicated for primary malignant lesions of the lower thoracic esophagus that are localized or have limited lymph node metastasis.", "PMID": 1122068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7404", "title": "Diaphragmatic hernia caused by trauma: experience with 35 cases.", "content": "Traumatic diaphragmatic hernia often is not recognized after the initial injury. Early recognition of this entity is of utmost importance since obstruction, strangulation, hemorrhage, viscus perforation, pleural fistula and empyema may occur at any time following the diaphragmatic disruption. A high index of suspicion, history of previous thoracoabdominal trauma, physical examination of the chest and roentgenographic evidence should aid in early and definitive diagnosis. Right-sided herniation should be considered in the differential diagnosis of masses about the right lower lung or diaphragm. Bilateral ruptures may also be encountered. Operation should be performed as soon as the diagnosis is made. In general, transabdominal route should be used in acute ruptures while chronic herniation should be approached through the chest.", "contents": "Diaphragmatic hernia caused by trauma: experience with 35 cases. Traumatic diaphragmatic hernia often is not recognized after the initial injury. Early recognition of this entity is of utmost importance since obstruction, strangulation, hemorrhage, viscus perforation, pleural fistula and empyema may occur at any time following the diaphragmatic disruption. A high index of suspicion, history of previous thoracoabdominal trauma, physical examination of the chest and roentgenographic evidence should aid in early and definitive diagnosis. Right-sided herniation should be considered in the differential diagnosis of masses about the right lower lung or diaphragm. Bilateral ruptures may also be encountered. Operation should be performed as soon as the diagnosis is made. In general, transabdominal route should be used in acute ruptures while chronic herniation should be approached through the chest.", "PMID": 1122069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7405", "title": "Hemodynamics of experimental portal venous occlusion in dogs.", "content": "The effects of graded occlusion of the portal vein upon hepatic arterial blood flow were studied in anesthetized dogs to evaluate the so-called \"reciprocal relationship\" between portal venous flow and hepatic arterial flow in maintaining oxygenation of the liver. An obstruction that increased portal venous pressure to 20 mm Hg was accompanied by a transient increase in hepatic arterial blood flow without changing the other hemodynamic parameters. Release of portal venous occlusion was accompanied by a transient fall in hepatic arterial blood flow in this group of experiments. Increasing portal venous pressure to 30 mm Hg caused a gradual but progressive fall in arterial pressure accompanied by a significant fall in hepatic arterial blood flow. With complete obstruction of the portal vein there is a reduction in arterial pressure to the same level of portal venous pressure and a significant and sustained diminution in hepatic arterial blood flow. These observations conflict with previously described theories of a relationship between diminution in portal venous flow and increases in hepatic arterial blood flow.", "contents": "Hemodynamics of experimental portal venous occlusion in dogs. The effects of graded occlusion of the portal vein upon hepatic arterial blood flow were studied in anesthetized dogs to evaluate the so-called \"reciprocal relationship\" between portal venous flow and hepatic arterial flow in maintaining oxygenation of the liver. An obstruction that increased portal venous pressure to 20 mm Hg was accompanied by a transient increase in hepatic arterial blood flow without changing the other hemodynamic parameters. Release of portal venous occlusion was accompanied by a transient fall in hepatic arterial blood flow in this group of experiments. Increasing portal venous pressure to 30 mm Hg caused a gradual but progressive fall in arterial pressure accompanied by a significant fall in hepatic arterial blood flow. With complete obstruction of the portal vein there is a reduction in arterial pressure to the same level of portal venous pressure and a significant and sustained diminution in hepatic arterial blood flow. These observations conflict with previously described theories of a relationship between diminution in portal venous flow and increases in hepatic arterial blood flow.", "PMID": 1122071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7406", "title": "Surgical trauma and pericardial fibrinolytic activity.", "content": "Fibrinolytic activator activity was identified in canine pericardium by fibrin slide and fibrin slide and fibrin plate techniques and shown to be sighnificantly decreased following trauma.  Cotton sponge abrasion, heating, drying and use of electrocautery and DC electro-shock significantly decreased pericardial fibrolytic activity.  Operative decreases in pericardial fibrinolytic activator activity may be significant in the etiology of postoperative pericardial adhesions and constrictive pericardial syndromes.", "contents": "Surgical trauma and pericardial fibrinolytic activity. Fibrinolytic activator activity was identified in canine pericardium by fibrin slide and fibrin slide and fibrin plate techniques and shown to be sighnificantly decreased following trauma.  Cotton sponge abrasion, heating, drying and use of electrocautery and DC electro-shock significantly decreased pericardial fibrolytic activity.  Operative decreases in pericardial fibrinolytic activator activity may be significant in the etiology of postoperative pericardial adhesions and constrictive pericardial syndromes.", "PMID": 1122073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7407", "title": "Presacral teratoma in the adult.", "content": "Sacrococcygeal teratomas are unusual tumors in children, and are extremely rare in adults.  A review of the literature has revealed 69 reported cases of presacral teratomas in adults, and an additional two cases are presented, one in association with a meningocoele.  Surgical excision is the treatment of choice.  Malignant changes were noted in 11 per cent of cases.", "contents": "Presacral teratoma in the adult. Sacrococcygeal teratomas are unusual tumors in children, and are extremely rare in adults.  A review of the literature has revealed 69 reported cases of presacral teratomas in adults, and an additional two cases are presented, one in association with a meningocoele.  Surgical excision is the treatment of choice.  Malignant changes were noted in 11 per cent of cases.", "PMID": 1122074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7408", "title": "Carotid endarterectomy under regional anesthesia.", "content": "Regional anesthesia generally has been satisfactory in performing carotid endarterectomy as reviewed in a previous five-year experience from Walter Reed Army Medical Center. The results are comparable to other reported series with no operating room deaths, an overall operative mortality of 2.6 per cent, and an incidence of transient neurological deficits of 3.0 per cent with permanent neurological deficits in 2.2 per cent.", "contents": "Carotid endarterectomy under regional anesthesia. Regional anesthesia generally has been satisfactory in performing carotid endarterectomy as reviewed in a previous five-year experience from Walter Reed Army Medical Center. The results are comparable to other reported series with no operating room deaths, an overall operative mortality of 2.6 per cent, and an incidence of transient neurological deficits of 3.0 per cent with permanent neurological deficits in 2.2 per cent.", "PMID": 1122075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7409", "title": "Chylothorax complicating radical neck dissection.", "content": "The third reported instance of chylothorax occurring after left radical neck dissection is presented and the literature reviewed. The pathogenesis appears to be lymphatic leakage in the neck with accumulation of chyle in the pleural space in spite of the absence of pneumothorax. The means for entry across an intact pleura is uncertain. The condition can be managed by conservative means consisting of adequate neck drainage and thoracentesis or chest tube drainage. A favorable outcome can be expected.", "contents": "Chylothorax complicating radical neck dissection. The third reported instance of chylothorax occurring after left radical neck dissection is presented and the literature reviewed. The pathogenesis appears to be lymphatic leakage in the neck with accumulation of chyle in the pleural space in spite of the absence of pneumothorax. The means for entry across an intact pleura is uncertain. The condition can be managed by conservative means consisting of adequate neck drainage and thoracentesis or chest tube drainage. A favorable outcome can be expected.", "PMID": 1122076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7410", "title": "[Urinary tract infection in early infancy, study of 15 cases].", "content": "Urinary tract infection in the newborn shows peculiar characteristics not found in older children. 15 cases of urinary tract infection in infants aged 7 days to 2 months are presented. There is higher incidence in males (11 m./4 f.). Severe clinical picture diverse and undefined clinical course, incidence of jaundice radiological findings and posterior evolution are specially noted. Early diagnosis and effective management lined in base to evolution and prognosis. Hospital stay varied between 2 and 12 weeks. No deaths were registered.", "contents": "[Urinary tract infection in early infancy, study of 15 cases]. Urinary tract infection in the newborn shows peculiar characteristics not found in older children. 15 cases of urinary tract infection in infants aged 7 days to 2 months are presented. There is higher incidence in males (11 m./4 f.). Severe clinical picture diverse and undefined clinical course, incidence of jaundice radiological findings and posterior evolution are specially noted. Early diagnosis and effective management lined in base to evolution and prognosis. Hospital stay varied between 2 and 12 weeks. No deaths were registered.", "PMID": 1122079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7411", "title": "[Pleural calcifications].", "content": "Pleural fibro-hyaline calcification and plaques were noted in about 1% of chest Xrays carried out as a routine in adults. The etiological diagnosis is often difficult taking into consideration the considerable delay between the discovery of the lesion of the disease responsible. These abnormalities follow inflammatory pleural effusion affecting the visceral layer of the pleura. The autors recall certain possible complications, such as, functional disturbance, secondary infection, fistula formation and malignant change. The calcified plaques of the parietal pleura represent an excellent sign of exposure to asbestos in a population. Their characteristics, significance and mechanisms are discussed.", "contents": "[Pleural calcifications]. Pleural fibro-hyaline calcification and plaques were noted in about 1% of chest Xrays carried out as a routine in adults. The etiological diagnosis is often difficult taking into consideration the considerable delay between the discovery of the lesion of the disease responsible. These abnormalities follow inflammatory pleural effusion affecting the visceral layer of the pleura. The autors recall certain possible complications, such as, functional disturbance, secondary infection, fistula formation and malignant change. The calcified plaques of the parietal pleura represent an excellent sign of exposure to asbestos in a population. Their characteristics, significance and mechanisms are discussed.", "PMID": 1122086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7412", "title": "[HGH release after I.M. glucagon injection].", "content": "Intramuscular injection of glucagon was used to assess HGH release in 31 normal children and 4 hypopituitary dwarfs. The peak response in controls was obtained at 120 min. with values (nanograms) of 12.93 plus or minus 5.18 (p smaller than 0.0005). Values at 60 and 180 min. were equally significant when compared with basal (7.04 plus or minus 9.24, p smaller than 0.025 and 6.74 plus or minus 6.65, p smaller than 0.001). Hypopituitary dwarfs did not respond to glucagon injection.", "contents": "[HGH release after I.M. glucagon injection]. Intramuscular injection of glucagon was used to assess HGH release in 31 normal children and 4 hypopituitary dwarfs. The peak response in controls was obtained at 120 min. with values (nanograms) of 12.93 plus or minus 5.18 (p smaller than 0.0005). Values at 60 and 180 min. were equally significant when compared with basal (7.04 plus or minus 9.24, p smaller than 0.025 and 6.74 plus or minus 6.65, p smaller than 0.001). Hypopituitary dwarfs did not respond to glucagon injection.", "PMID": 1122081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7413", "title": "[Natural history of urinary tract infection in children].", "content": "Urinary tract infection was studied in 61 children whose ages ranged between 6 months and 9 years. History, symptoms, urine cultures and renal function are compared between those with normal radiology and those with pyelonephritis and/or reflux and obstructive lesions. Prognosis was analized in these two groups.", "contents": "[Natural history of urinary tract infection in children]. Urinary tract infection was studied in 61 children whose ages ranged between 6 months and 9 years. History, symptoms, urine cultures and renal function are compared between those with normal radiology and those with pyelonephritis and/or reflux and obstructive lesions. Prognosis was analized in these two groups.", "PMID": 1122080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7414", "title": "[Diaphragmatic hernia in newborn].", "content": "Congenital diaphragmatic hernia is the object of this informative review, directed to the general pediatrician. The needs for urgent diagnosis and immediate surgical treatment are both stressed. Aside its embriological, clinical, and diagnostic aspects other important areas are dealt with, such as associated malformations and surgical treatment. Special points are made regarding pre and postoperative care, including pitfalls in surgical treatment due to crowding of the abdomen under severe pressure.", "contents": "[Diaphragmatic hernia in newborn]. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia is the object of this informative review, directed to the general pediatrician. The needs for urgent diagnosis and immediate surgical treatment are both stressed. Aside its embriological, clinical, and diagnostic aspects other important areas are dealt with, such as associated malformations and surgical treatment. Special points are made regarding pre and postoperative care, including pitfalls in surgical treatment due to crowding of the abdomen under severe pressure.", "PMID": 1122083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7415", "title": "[Generalized lipodistrophy (Berardinelli-Seip syndrome)].", "content": "One case of Berardinelli-Seip syndrome or generalized Lipodistrophy is presented: generalized lack of adipose tissue, hepatosplenomegaly, increased development, hardness and prominence of muscles and phlebomegaly were present. In the presence of hormonal investigation (STH normal, LH and plasma testosterone increased) the possible pathogenesis of the syndrome is exposed. It is also striking the high incidence of this disorder in siblings.", "contents": "[Generalized lipodistrophy (Berardinelli-Seip syndrome)]. One case of Berardinelli-Seip syndrome or generalized Lipodistrophy is presented: generalized lack of adipose tissue, hepatosplenomegaly, increased development, hardness and prominence of muscles and phlebomegaly were present. In the presence of hormonal investigation (STH normal, LH and plasma testosterone increased) the possible pathogenesis of the syndrome is exposed. It is also striking the high incidence of this disorder in siblings.", "PMID": 1122084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7416", "title": "Aging and senile cataracts: an integrated theory. Dedicated to professor Dr. F Hollwich on his 65th birthday.", "content": "Earlier theories of cataract formation have been unsatisfactory and incomplete because they usually assigned a single causative factor to the lenticular changes of cataract. The older theories tended to restrict themselves to consideration of the lens itself, and so were necessarily limited in their premises. The recent rise of interdisciplinary study in medicine has demonstrated the need for a more fundamental and yet broader search for explanations to the disease process. Aging itself is a case in point, and it gives ophthalmologists the framework for an integrated and comprehensive theory of cataract formation, presented here. This new theory considers the alterations in the lens in terms of molecular-level actions that are known to be a part of the aging process-mutation, cross-linkage, and free radical reaction. The further study of these factors, already better understood in other disciplines such as biochemistry and genetics, may lead ophthalmologists to a more precise theory of cataract formation.", "contents": "Aging and senile cataracts: an integrated theory. Dedicated to professor Dr. F Hollwich on his 65th birthday. Earlier theories of cataract formation have been unsatisfactory and incomplete because they usually assigned a single causative factor to the lenticular changes of cataract. The older theories tended to restrict themselves to consideration of the lens itself, and so were necessarily limited in their premises. The recent rise of interdisciplinary study in medicine has demonstrated the need for a more fundamental and yet broader search for explanations to the disease process. Aging itself is a case in point, and it gives ophthalmologists the framework for an integrated and comprehensive theory of cataract formation, presented here. This new theory considers the alterations in the lens in terms of molecular-level actions that are known to be a part of the aging process-mutation, cross-linkage, and free radical reaction. The further study of these factors, already better understood in other disciplines such as biochemistry and genetics, may lead ophthalmologists to a more precise theory of cataract formation.", "PMID": 1122094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7417", "title": "Some biochemical aspects of light effects on transparent eye tissues.", "content": "The usefulness of biochemical studies on effects of light on transparent tissues of the mammalian eye is discussed in relation to the possible role of photobiological phenomena in aging and pathology of the eye. Particular emphasis is on effects of light on interaction between different cellular constituents of the corneal stroma which appear as a factor in regulation of the corneal metabolism. Daylight filtered through the walls of glass vessels was found to depress the incorporation of 14-C glucosamine into keratansulfate fraction of the bovine corneal stroma which appears not to be bound to collagen fibrils as it is extracted by 0.15M NaC1 at 4 degrees C without any morphological change in these fibrils. Since this depression was not found in the absence of the epithelium, secretions by the epithelium of specific substances affecting the keratoyctes are suggested. The possible relation of light effects on the hydration of the cornea is discussed.", "contents": "Some biochemical aspects of light effects on transparent eye tissues. The usefulness of biochemical studies on effects of light on transparent tissues of the mammalian eye is discussed in relation to the possible role of photobiological phenomena in aging and pathology of the eye. Particular emphasis is on effects of light on interaction between different cellular constituents of the corneal stroma which appear as a factor in regulation of the corneal metabolism. Daylight filtered through the walls of glass vessels was found to depress the incorporation of 14-C glucosamine into keratansulfate fraction of the bovine corneal stroma which appears not to be bound to collagen fibrils as it is extracted by 0.15M NaC1 at 4 degrees C without any morphological change in these fibrils. Since this depression was not found in the absence of the epithelium, secretions by the epithelium of specific substances affecting the keratoyctes are suggested. The possible relation of light effects on the hydration of the cornea is discussed.", "PMID": 1122095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7418", "title": "The effect of dexamethasone on borderline ocular hypertension.", "content": "The topical steroid testing with dexamethasone 0.1% (Decadron) of one eye of 36 specially selected borderline ocular hypertensive patients produced a positive response in 25%. Similar testing of the second eye of 4 monocular open angle glaucoma patients produced a positive response in 75%. The test was thought to provide guidance for closer observation of the positive reactors, indications for therapy, and a reduction in patient clinic visits.", "contents": "The effect of dexamethasone on borderline ocular hypertension. The topical steroid testing with dexamethasone 0.1% (Decadron) of one eye of 36 specially selected borderline ocular hypertensive patients produced a positive response in 25%. Similar testing of the second eye of 4 monocular open angle glaucoma patients produced a positive response in 75%. The test was thought to provide guidance for closer observation of the positive reactors, indications for therapy, and a reduction in patient clinic visits.", "PMID": 1122096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7419", "title": "Aniridia and congenital ptosis.", "content": "Congential ptosis associated with aniridia was found in 3 patients from 2 pedigrees. Nonsurgical aphakia, a condition not previously reported in association with aniridia, was also found in one case. The association of aniridia and congenital ptosis is suggested as evidence for the common mesodermal etiology of both anomalies.", "contents": "Aniridia and congenital ptosis. Congential ptosis associated with aniridia was found in 3 patients from 2 pedigrees. Nonsurgical aphakia, a condition not previously reported in association with aniridia, was also found in one case. The association of aniridia and congenital ptosis is suggested as evidence for the common mesodermal etiology of both anomalies.", "PMID": 1122097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7420", "title": "Embolism of a cilioretinal artery following cardiac surgery.", "content": "While embolic phenomena involving the central retinal artery or its branches have been often observed, reports of emboli to the cilioretinal artery are rare. A case is described in which a relatively young patient with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease sustained an embolus to a cilioretinal artery following heart surgery.", "contents": "Embolism of a cilioretinal artery following cardiac surgery. While embolic phenomena involving the central retinal artery or its branches have been often observed, reports of emboli to the cilioretinal artery are rare. A case is described in which a relatively young patient with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease sustained an embolus to a cilioretinal artery following heart surgery.", "PMID": 1122098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7421", "title": "Retinal vascular occlussion induced by oral contraceptives.", "content": "A case of unilateral retinal vascular occlusion secondary to the use of oral contraceptives is presented. The vision was only slightly affected. Fundus examination revealed tortuosity of venules around the macular area and alteration of the pigment epithelium indicating low-grade retinal vein occlusion. Periodic ophthalmologic examination is suggested to women on oral contraceptives to prevent serious thromboembolic complications.", "contents": "Retinal vascular occlussion induced by oral contraceptives. A case of unilateral retinal vascular occlusion secondary to the use of oral contraceptives is presented. The vision was only slightly affected. Fundus examination revealed tortuosity of venules around the macular area and alteration of the pigment epithelium indicating low-grade retinal vein occlusion. Periodic ophthalmologic examination is suggested to women on oral contraceptives to prevent serious thromboembolic complications.", "PMID": 1122099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7422", "title": "Hypertonic saline solution in corneal edema.", "content": "Seventy-five patients (89 eyes) with corneal edema were treated with topical instillations of 5% hypertonic saline in a water soluble polymer solution (Adsorbonac). Ancillary therapy included glaucoma medications, IDU, corticosteroids, antibiotics and hydrophilic bandage lenses. The drops were instilled as frequently as required to maintain clarity, and visual acuity was utilized as the sole parameter of therapeutic efficacy. Primarily because of variations in etiology, concurrent therapy, and environmental factors, the results showed a high degree of individual variability. The therapy was uniformly well tolerated and a majority of patients demonstrated improvement in the visual acuity following use of the medication for a period of 3 months.", "contents": "Hypertonic saline solution in corneal edema. Seventy-five patients (89 eyes) with corneal edema were treated with topical instillations of 5% hypertonic saline in a water soluble polymer solution (Adsorbonac). Ancillary therapy included glaucoma medications, IDU, corticosteroids, antibiotics and hydrophilic bandage lenses. The drops were instilled as frequently as required to maintain clarity, and visual acuity was utilized as the sole parameter of therapeutic efficacy. Primarily because of variations in etiology, concurrent therapy, and environmental factors, the results showed a high degree of individual variability. The therapy was uniformly well tolerated and a majority of patients demonstrated improvement in the visual acuity following use of the medication for a period of 3 months.", "PMID": 1122101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7423", "title": "Statistics of eye collections.", "content": "Our data show cause of death is relatively unimportant as a factor in determining if donor eyes will be used for corneal transplantation. Two factors that are important are age of donor and time of donation (weekday vs weekend). Cultures taken at time of enucleation are positive 50% of the time. Treatment with antibiotics will reduce this to 20% to 30%. Most organisms are considered nonpathogenic and probably not important, but 15% of positive cultures of eyes used for corneal transplantation (about 4% of eyes obtained) had potentially pathogenic organisms present.", "contents": "Statistics of eye collections. Our data show cause of death is relatively unimportant as a factor in determining if donor eyes will be used for corneal transplantation. Two factors that are important are age of donor and time of donation (weekday vs weekend). Cultures taken at time of enucleation are positive 50% of the time. Treatment with antibiotics will reduce this to 20% to 30%. Most organisms are considered nonpathogenic and probably not important, but 15% of positive cultures of eyes used for corneal transplantation (about 4% of eyes obtained) had potentially pathogenic organisms present.", "PMID": 1122100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7424", "title": "Multifocal serous choroidopathy.", "content": "Six percent of young and middle-age adults with idiopathic central serous choroidopathy were found to have bilateral multifocal areas of pigment epithelial detachments and transmissional defects during fluorescein angiography. The usual features of this chronic and recurring disease warrant its classification as a specific syndrome. The maculopathy is generally unresponsive to steroid therapy and may require photocoagulation to effect a cure.", "contents": "Multifocal serous choroidopathy. Six percent of young and middle-age adults with idiopathic central serous choroidopathy were found to have bilateral multifocal areas of pigment epithelial detachments and transmissional defects during fluorescein angiography. The usual features of this chronic and recurring disease warrant its classification as a specific syndrome. The maculopathy is generally unresponsive to steroid therapy and may require photocoagulation to effect a cure.", "PMID": 1122102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7425", "title": "Occlusion of cilioretinal vessels: case report.", "content": "A 38-year-old man with poor vision in the left eye was found to have occlusions of 2 cilioretinal vessels in this eye producing a central scotoma. The incidence of cilioretinal vessels varies from 7% to 20%; yet, the paucity of reports regarding occlusions of cilioretinal vessels is self-evident. The occurrence of occlusion of 2 cilioretinal vessels, in the same eye, must be extremely rare.", "contents": "Occlusion of cilioretinal vessels: case report. A 38-year-old man with poor vision in the left eye was found to have occlusions of 2 cilioretinal vessels in this eye producing a central scotoma. The incidence of cilioretinal vessels varies from 7% to 20%; yet, the paucity of reports regarding occlusions of cilioretinal vessels is self-evident. The occurrence of occlusion of 2 cilioretinal vessels, in the same eye, must be extremely rare.", "PMID": 1122104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7426", "title": "Upper eyelid retraction after glaucoma filtering procedures.", "content": "After glaucoma filtration surgery, 2 patients developed overaction of M\u00fcller's muscle with resultant upper eyelid retraction. We theorize that stimulation of M\u00fcller's muscle is caused by a sympathomimetic chemical in the aqueous that travels from the bleb, under the bulbar and palpebral conjunctiva, to Mu\u00fcller's muscle. In one case excision of Mu\u00fcller's muscle relieved the retraction. In the other case, preventing aqueous from reaching M\u00fcller's muscle reduced the retraction.", "contents": "Upper eyelid retraction after glaucoma filtering procedures. After glaucoma filtration surgery, 2 patients developed overaction of M\u00fcller's muscle with resultant upper eyelid retraction. We theorize that stimulation of M\u00fcller's muscle is caused by a sympathomimetic chemical in the aqueous that travels from the bleb, under the bulbar and palpebral conjunctiva, to Mu\u00fcller's muscle. In one case excision of Mu\u00fcller's muscle relieved the retraction. In the other case, preventing aqueous from reaching M\u00fcller's muscle reduced the retraction.", "PMID": 1122105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7427", "title": "Effects of intravitreal prostaglandins on retinal vasculature.", "content": "One dose of each prostaglandin preparation was injected into the vitreous body of the right eye of 64 rabbits. Doses less than 200mug caused no toxicity. Doses greater than 200mug exhibited the following changes observed by ophthalmoscopic observation, fluorescein angiography, histologic preparation, and electron microscopy: vascular leakage, vascular occlusion, hemorrhage, and retinal detachment. Electron micrographs revealed damaged retinal vascular endothelial cells. These changes were considered secondary toxic phenomena and did not occur at physiologic prostaglandin concentrations.", "contents": "Effects of intravitreal prostaglandins on retinal vasculature. One dose of each prostaglandin preparation was injected into the vitreous body of the right eye of 64 rabbits. Doses less than 200mug caused no toxicity. Doses greater than 200mug exhibited the following changes observed by ophthalmoscopic observation, fluorescein angiography, histologic preparation, and electron microscopy: vascular leakage, vascular occlusion, hemorrhage, and retinal detachment. Electron micrographs revealed damaged retinal vascular endothelial cells. These changes were considered secondary toxic phenomena and did not occur at physiologic prostaglandin concentrations.", "PMID": 1122107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7428", "title": "Prolonged pain after cyclocryotherapy performed with retrobulbar bupivicaine hydrochloride anesthesia.", "content": "Ten patients received retrobulbar bupivicaine (Marcaine) in conjunction with cyclocryotherapy for medically unresponsive postpenetrating keratoplasty glaucoma and were found to experience significantly longer postoperative pain than 20 patients who recieved lidocaine (Xylocaine) anesthesia. The duration of pain was correlated with the need for narcotic analgesis whenever possible. We encourage further investigation into the etiology of the discomfort after cyclocryotherapy employing retrobulbar bupivicaine anesthesia.", "contents": "Prolonged pain after cyclocryotherapy performed with retrobulbar bupivicaine hydrochloride anesthesia. Ten patients received retrobulbar bupivicaine (Marcaine) in conjunction with cyclocryotherapy for medically unresponsive postpenetrating keratoplasty glaucoma and were found to experience significantly longer postoperative pain than 20 patients who recieved lidocaine (Xylocaine) anesthesia. The duration of pain was correlated with the need for narcotic analgesis whenever possible. We encourage further investigation into the etiology of the discomfort after cyclocryotherapy employing retrobulbar bupivicaine anesthesia.", "PMID": 1122108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7429", "title": "[Formation of organic acids by an active strain of Act. rimosus and by an inactive mutant in relation to oxytetracycline biosynthesis].", "content": "Formation of organic acids by an active oxytetracycline-producing strain and an inactive mutant under conditions favourable (starch medium) and unfavourable (glucose medium) for the antibiotic biosynthesis was studied. It was shown that the active strain practically produced no organic acids on the starch medium. Under conditions unfavourable for the antibiotic biosynthesis the decrease in the activity level correlated with accumulation of marked amounts of pyruvic and lactic acids. The mutant possessing no capacity for the antibiotic biosynthesis produced significant amounts of pyruvic, acetic and lactic acids, the amounts of the acids markedly increased on the glucose medium. By the composition of keto acids the active strain and the inactive mutant did not differ.", "contents": "[Formation of organic acids by an active strain of Act. rimosus and by an inactive mutant in relation to oxytetracycline biosynthesis]. Formation of organic acids by an active oxytetracycline-producing strain and an inactive mutant under conditions favourable (starch medium) and unfavourable (glucose medium) for the antibiotic biosynthesis was studied. It was shown that the active strain practically produced no organic acids on the starch medium. Under conditions unfavourable for the antibiotic biosynthesis the decrease in the activity level correlated with accumulation of marked amounts of pyruvic and lactic acids. The mutant possessing no capacity for the antibiotic biosynthesis produced significant amounts of pyruvic, acetic and lactic acids, the amounts of the acids markedly increased on the glucose medium. By the composition of keto acids the active strain and the inactive mutant did not differ.", "PMID": 1122122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7430", "title": "[Study of the population makeup and antibiotic and transamidinase activity of Actinomyces streptomycini 773 stored for a long period in a lyophilized, dried state].", "content": "Studies on variation of the streptomycin-producing organism Act. streptomycini 773 on its storage in lyophilized state showed that prolonged maintenance (for 8 years) resulted in increased percentage of \"oligospore\" (up to 6.9 per cent) and asporogenic (up to 6.0 per cent) variants in the population. The variants had lower transamidinase and antibiotic activity.", "contents": "[Study of the population makeup and antibiotic and transamidinase activity of Actinomyces streptomycini 773 stored for a long period in a lyophilized, dried state]. Studies on variation of the streptomycin-producing organism Act. streptomycini 773 on its storage in lyophilized state showed that prolonged maintenance (for 8 years) resulted in increased percentage of \"oligospore\" (up to 6.9 per cent) and asporogenic (up to 6.0 per cent) variants in the population. The variants had lower transamidinase and antibiotic activity.", "PMID": 1122123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7431", "title": "[Action of antibiotic 1719 from a group of diazo compounds on hematopoiesis in laboratory animals and its pharmacokinetics].", "content": "Antibiotic 1719 administered intravenously to rats in a single dose of 6.0 mg/kg induced a transitory decrease in the number of myelocariocytes on the 2nd-5th day of its use mainly at the account of decreased numbers of lymphoid elements. Simultaneously momentory leucopenia (granulocytopenia) and more stable lymphopenia were observed. When the antibiotic was administered intravenously to dogs in a dose of 0.9 mg/kg 4 times and in a dose of 0.4 mg/kg 40 times, an insignificant decrease in the number of myelocarlocytes was noted. Leucopenia, lymphopenia and thrombocytopenia in the peripheral blood almost completely disappeared after discontinuation of the preparation administration. Leucocytosis (granulocytosis), lymphopenia and thrombocytopenia were registered in the dogs and rabbits treated with the antibiotic in doses of 1.5 and 3.0 mg/kg 3 and 11 times respectively. When the antibiotic was added to the rabbit blood serum in concentrations of 0.5-5 gamma/ml, 70 to 80 per cent of the preparation bound with the blood proteins. After a single intravenous administration of antibiotic 1719 to rabbits in doses of 10 and 15 mg/kg, it was detected in the blood only for 5 to 15 minutes after the administration in concentrations not exceeding 0.3 and 0.5 gamma/ml. The antibiotic penetrated into all organs in small amounts and persisted there for 1.5 to 3 hours after the administration. The antibiotic was excreted with the bile in amounts of 0.3-0.5 per cent of the dose administered for 1 to 2 hours after a single administration. The antibiotic was excreted with the urine for 3-4 hours after the administration in amounts of 3.5 per cent after a single administration and 60-72 per cent after multiple administrations.", "contents": "[Action of antibiotic 1719 from a group of diazo compounds on hematopoiesis in laboratory animals and its pharmacokinetics]. Antibiotic 1719 administered intravenously to rats in a single dose of 6.0 mg/kg induced a transitory decrease in the number of myelocariocytes on the 2nd-5th day of its use mainly at the account of decreased numbers of lymphoid elements. Simultaneously momentory leucopenia (granulocytopenia) and more stable lymphopenia were observed. When the antibiotic was administered intravenously to dogs in a dose of 0.9 mg/kg 4 times and in a dose of 0.4 mg/kg 40 times, an insignificant decrease in the number of myelocarlocytes was noted. Leucopenia, lymphopenia and thrombocytopenia in the peripheral blood almost completely disappeared after discontinuation of the preparation administration. Leucocytosis (granulocytosis), lymphopenia and thrombocytopenia were registered in the dogs and rabbits treated with the antibiotic in doses of 1.5 and 3.0 mg/kg 3 and 11 times respectively. When the antibiotic was added to the rabbit blood serum in concentrations of 0.5-5 gamma/ml, 70 to 80 per cent of the preparation bound with the blood proteins. After a single intravenous administration of antibiotic 1719 to rabbits in doses of 10 and 15 mg/kg, it was detected in the blood only for 5 to 15 minutes after the administration in concentrations not exceeding 0.3 and 0.5 gamma/ml. The antibiotic penetrated into all organs in small amounts and persisted there for 1.5 to 3 hours after the administration. The antibiotic was excreted with the bile in amounts of 0.3-0.5 per cent of the dose administered for 1 to 2 hours after a single administration. The antibiotic was excreted with the urine for 3-4 hours after the administration in amounts of 3.5 per cent after a single administration and 60-72 per cent after multiple administrations.", "PMID": 1122124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7432", "title": "[Use of a 2-part model of i pharmacokinetics of gentaniycin for maintaining a constant blood concentration in infusion intravenous (an experimental study)].", "content": "Maintenance of constant antibiotic blood levels within the required ranges may be accomplished with mathematical modelling of the antibiotic pharmacokinetics. The problem solvation was illustrated on gentamicin. The kinetic analysis of the curves of the drug excretion from the blood after a one-moment intravenous administration of the antibiotic to cats provided estimation of the constants for a two-compartment model of its pharmacokinetics. The constant values were used for calculation of the intravenous infusion rate for gentamicin and the load dose value providing attainance and maintenance of the drug blood levels within the required ranges. The experimental testing of the regiments of gentamicin infusion showed satisfactory correlation of the theoretically supposed and practically found antibiotic blood levels.", "contents": "[Use of a 2-part model of i pharmacokinetics of gentaniycin for maintaining a constant blood concentration in infusion intravenous (an experimental study)]. Maintenance of constant antibiotic blood levels within the required ranges may be accomplished with mathematical modelling of the antibiotic pharmacokinetics. The problem solvation was illustrated on gentamicin. The kinetic analysis of the curves of the drug excretion from the blood after a one-moment intravenous administration of the antibiotic to cats provided estimation of the constants for a two-compartment model of its pharmacokinetics. The constant values were used for calculation of the intravenous infusion rate for gentamicin and the load dose value providing attainance and maintenance of the drug blood levels within the required ranges. The experimental testing of the regiments of gentamicin infusion showed satisfactory correlation of the theoretically supposed and practically found antibiotic blood levels.", "PMID": 1122125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7433", "title": "[Relationship of the reticulo-plasmocytic reaction of the bone marrow and serum hypergammaglobulinemia when tetracycline is administered to rabbits].", "content": "Administration of tetracycline to rabbits in doses of 10 and 40 mg/kg induced hyperplasia of the reticulo-plasmic tissue of the bone marrow correlating with increased levels of gammaglobulins in the blood serum. The pronounced reticulo-plasmocytal reaction of the bone marrow must be considered as manifestation of hyperplasia of the whole reticulo-histiocytal system of the host with impairement of differentiation of the reticular syncytium of the bone marrow.", "contents": "[Relationship of the reticulo-plasmocytic reaction of the bone marrow and serum hypergammaglobulinemia when tetracycline is administered to rabbits]. Administration of tetracycline to rabbits in doses of 10 and 40 mg/kg induced hyperplasia of the reticulo-plasmic tissue of the bone marrow correlating with increased levels of gammaglobulins in the blood serum. The pronounced reticulo-plasmocytal reaction of the bone marrow must be considered as manifestation of hyperplasia of the whole reticulo-histiocytal system of the host with impairement of differentiation of the reticular syncytium of the bone marrow.", "PMID": 1122126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7434", "title": "[Sensitivity of certain strains of pathogenic Leptospira to streptomycin, the nature of resistant variants and the frequency of their occurrence].", "content": "Streptomycin sensitivity of 112 Leptospira strains isolated from domestic and wild animals was studied. Independent of the isolation period and nature the strains proved to be highly sensitive to the antiobiotic (MIC 0.1 to 0.5 gamma/ml). On the example of a clone strain of Leptospira it was shown with a fluctuation test that streptomycin resistance occurred spontaneously. Frequency of the streptomycin resistant mutations was determined for 5 clone strains of L. interrogans. It was 10-9 to 10-7 per a Leptospira.", "contents": "[Sensitivity of certain strains of pathogenic Leptospira to streptomycin, the nature of resistant variants and the frequency of their occurrence]. Streptomycin sensitivity of 112 Leptospira strains isolated from domestic and wild animals was studied. Independent of the isolation period and nature the strains proved to be highly sensitive to the antiobiotic (MIC 0.1 to 0.5 gamma/ml). On the example of a clone strain of Leptospira it was shown with a fluctuation test that streptomycin resistance occurred spontaneously. Frequency of the streptomycin resistant mutations was determined for 5 clone strains of L. interrogans. It was 10-9 to 10-7 per a Leptospira.", "PMID": 1122127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7435", "title": "[Lysozyme content in the blood serum and saliva of carriers of pethogenic staphylococci].", "content": "90 serum and 273 saliva samples from pathogenic staphylococci carriers and healthy persons (control group) were studied. It was found that the state of pathogenic staphylococci carrying on the nose mucosa had no significant effect on the lysozyme levels in the blood serum, while assisted an increase in the content of the substance in the saliva. Increased lysozyme levels in the saliva of the pathogenic staphylococci carriers showed no clear connections with lysozyme production by the pathogens.", "contents": "[Lysozyme content in the blood serum and saliva of carriers of pethogenic staphylococci]. 90 serum and 273 saliva samples from pathogenic staphylococci carriers and healthy persons (control group) were studied. It was found that the state of pathogenic staphylococci carrying on the nose mucosa had no significant effect on the lysozyme levels in the blood serum, while assisted an increase in the content of the substance in the saliva. Increased lysozyme levels in the saliva of the pathogenic staphylococci carriers showed no clear connections with lysozyme production by the pathogens.", "PMID": 1122128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7436", "title": "[Effectiveness of treating chronic cholecystitis by prodigiozain electrophoresis].", "content": "136 patients suffering from chronic cholecystitis were treated in the phase of exacerbation with antibiotics in combination with prodigiosan. It was found that inclusion of prodigiosan into the therapeutic complex had a positive effect on the immediate and late results of the treatment. Since intramuscular administration of prodigiosan was accompanied by a number of side effects, a method of the drug administration by means of electrophoresis on the area of the bile bladder was tested. It was shown that prodigiosan administered by the method of electrophoresis totally preserved its stimulating capacity with respect to the host. As with intramuscular administration of prodigiosan, the general reaction of the host and positive dynamics of the clinical and laboratory indices of the active process were observed and the content of lysozyme in the blood phagocytes reliably increased. The method of prodigiosan administration by means of electrophoresis was better tolerated by the patients and no side effects characteristic of the drug intramuscular administration were noted. When indicated, the use of prodigiosan by means of electrophoresis is recommended.", "contents": "[Effectiveness of treating chronic cholecystitis by prodigiozain electrophoresis]. 136 patients suffering from chronic cholecystitis were treated in the phase of exacerbation with antibiotics in combination with prodigiosan. It was found that inclusion of prodigiosan into the therapeutic complex had a positive effect on the immediate and late results of the treatment. Since intramuscular administration of prodigiosan was accompanied by a number of side effects, a method of the drug administration by means of electrophoresis on the area of the bile bladder was tested. It was shown that prodigiosan administered by the method of electrophoresis totally preserved its stimulating capacity with respect to the host. As with intramuscular administration of prodigiosan, the general reaction of the host and positive dynamics of the clinical and laboratory indices of the active process were observed and the content of lysozyme in the blood phagocytes reliably increased. The method of prodigiosan administration by means of electrophoresis was better tolerated by the patients and no side effects characteristic of the drug intramuscular administration were noted. When indicated, the use of prodigiosan by means of electrophoresis is recommended.", "PMID": 1122129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7437", "title": "Actinic granuloma. An annular connective tissue disorder affecting sun- and heat-damaged (elastotic) skin.", "content": "Ring-shaped inflammatory lesions sometimes develop in the abnormal \"elastotic\" connective tissues of skin damaged by sun and heat. The lesions, which commence as papules and nodules, enlarge very slowly and may persist for years. Microscopical sections show that there is an infiltrate composed mainly of foreign-body giant cells, the cells being engaged in digesting and absorbing the abnormal elastotic fibers. The disorder, which occurs on several continents, should probably be regarded as a phenomenon of repair within damaged connective tissue. The name actinic granuloma indicates its external or environmental origin and distinguishes it from other granulomas with which it is constantly being confused. Actinic granuloma and granuloma annulare appear to be related. In granuloma annulare, a productive and resorptive process also occurs, but its nature remains obscure. Actinic granuloma may be misdiagnosed as \"atypical necrobiosis lipoidica\" or as a sarcoidosis. The subject of actinic damage to blood vessels deserves study.", "contents": "Actinic granuloma. An annular connective tissue disorder affecting sun- and heat-damaged (elastotic) skin. Ring-shaped inflammatory lesions sometimes develop in the abnormal \"elastotic\" connective tissues of skin damaged by sun and heat. The lesions, which commence as papules and nodules, enlarge very slowly and may persist for years. Microscopical sections show that there is an infiltrate composed mainly of foreign-body giant cells, the cells being engaged in digesting and absorbing the abnormal elastotic fibers. The disorder, which occurs on several continents, should probably be regarded as a phenomenon of repair within damaged connective tissue. The name actinic granuloma indicates its external or environmental origin and distinguishes it from other granulomas with which it is constantly being confused. Actinic granuloma and granuloma annulare appear to be related. In granuloma annulare, a productive and resorptive process also occurs, but its nature remains obscure. Actinic granuloma may be misdiagnosed as \"atypical necrobiosis lipoidica\" or as a sarcoidosis. The subject of actinic damage to blood vessels deserves study.", "PMID": 1122146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7438", "title": "Tar photoxicity and phototherapy for psoriasis.", "content": "The photoxicity of coal tars was determined by comparing the ultraviolet light (UVL) energy required to produce erythema at tar treated sites (minimal phototoxic dose [MPD]) with the energy required to produce the same degree of erythema at untreated control sites (minimal erythema dose [MED]). The ratio of MED/MPD is the photoxic index (PI). Tars that were phototoxic had a PI of greater than 1. Using a UVA (320 to 400 nm) and a tuvb (290 to 320 nm) light source, 15 subjects and six tars were tested. All tars were phototoxic to UVA but not to UVB (P smaller than 0.0001). Although tar and UVL is a widely accepted treatment for psoriasis (Goeckerman therapy), the light sources employed at normal exposure times provide insufficient UVA energy to produce a phototoxic reaction to the tars are used. The therapeutic response seen in psoriatic patients treated with tar and UVL should therefore not be attributed to tar phototoxicity.", "contents": "Tar photoxicity and phototherapy for psoriasis. The photoxicity of coal tars was determined by comparing the ultraviolet light (UVL) energy required to produce erythema at tar treated sites (minimal phototoxic dose [MPD]) with the energy required to produce the same degree of erythema at untreated control sites (minimal erythema dose [MED]). The ratio of MED/MPD is the photoxic index (PI). Tars that were phototoxic had a PI of greater than 1. Using a UVA (320 to 400 nm) and a tuvb (290 to 320 nm) light source, 15 subjects and six tars were tested. All tars were phototoxic to UVA but not to UVB (P smaller than 0.0001). Although tar and UVL is a widely accepted treatment for psoriasis (Goeckerman therapy), the light sources employed at normal exposure times provide insufficient UVA energy to produce a phototoxic reaction to the tars are used. The therapeutic response seen in psoriatic patients treated with tar and UVL should therefore not be attributed to tar phototoxicity.", "PMID": 1122147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7439", "title": "Effects of methotrexate esters on normal and psoriatic skin.", "content": "The effect of several lipid-soluble folic acid antagonists on DNA synthesis in psoriatic and normal skin was studied. The skin samples were incubated in vitro with methotrexate, dichloromethotrexate, and their respective dimethyl esters, followed by exposure to deoxyuridine-3H to assay DNA synthesis radioautographically. Psoriatic epidermal cells were found to be selectively inhibited at lower concentrations (2 times 10-7 M) of these drugs than was normal skin. The ester derivatives were more active than the parent compounds, suggesting that increased lipid solubility of the compounds may potentiate their activity.", "contents": "Effects of methotrexate esters on normal and psoriatic skin. The effect of several lipid-soluble folic acid antagonists on DNA synthesis in psoriatic and normal skin was studied. The skin samples were incubated in vitro with methotrexate, dichloromethotrexate, and their respective dimethyl esters, followed by exposure to deoxyuridine-3H to assay DNA synthesis radioautographically. Psoriatic epidermal cells were found to be selectively inhibited at lower concentrations (2 times 10-7 M) of these drugs than was normal skin. The ester derivatives were more active than the parent compounds, suggesting that increased lipid solubility of the compounds may potentiate their activity.", "PMID": 1122148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7440", "title": "Psoriasis--changes in surface microtopography.", "content": "Easily prepared adhesive slides have been used to obtain surface-layer biopsy specimens from psoriasis and other scaly dermatoses that occur on the limbs. Psoriasis obliterates the normal skin pattern, but the change is not specific. However, as psoriasis undergoes spontaneous or treatment-induced resolution, the skin surface pattern reappears and develops through a series of pattern changes that closely correlate with the clinical appearance of the lesion. This method may be used to monitor changes in the stratum corneum.", "contents": "Psoriasis--changes in surface microtopography. Easily prepared adhesive slides have been used to obtain surface-layer biopsy specimens from psoriasis and other scaly dermatoses that occur on the limbs. Psoriasis obliterates the normal skin pattern, but the change is not specific. However, as psoriasis undergoes spontaneous or treatment-induced resolution, the skin surface pattern reappears and develops through a series of pattern changes that closely correlate with the clinical appearance of the lesion. This method may be used to monitor changes in the stratum corneum.", "PMID": 1122149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7441", "title": "Mechlorethamine desensitization in therapy for mycosis fungoides. Topical desensitization to mechlorethamine (nitrogen mustard) contact hypersensitivity.", "content": "Five patients with mycosis fungoides who had developed contact dermatitis to a nitrogen mustard, mechlorethamine hydrochloride, even in low concentrations (1 to 5 mg/100 ml), received daily total-body applications of extremely dilute solutions (0.01 to 0.1 mg/100 ml) of mechlorethamine. The concentrations of the drug were approximately doubled weekly if the patient could tolerate it, or they were raised more slowly if the patient could not. Attempts to desensitize one patient were discontinued since he was unable to tolerate a greater concentration than 1.0 mg/100 ml after trying for one year. Another patient was able to tolerate a concentration of 3 mg/100 ml after three months, at which time his skin had completely cleared and treatment was stopped. Three other patients were desensitized during a period of 8 to 13 months to the point of tolerating the full therapeutic concentration used in our clinic (20 mg/100 ml) without experiencing dermatitis or pruritus.", "contents": "Mechlorethamine desensitization in therapy for mycosis fungoides. Topical desensitization to mechlorethamine (nitrogen mustard) contact hypersensitivity. Five patients with mycosis fungoides who had developed contact dermatitis to a nitrogen mustard, mechlorethamine hydrochloride, even in low concentrations (1 to 5 mg/100 ml), received daily total-body applications of extremely dilute solutions (0.01 to 0.1 mg/100 ml) of mechlorethamine. The concentrations of the drug were approximately doubled weekly if the patient could tolerate it, or they were raised more slowly if the patient could not. Attempts to desensitize one patient were discontinued since he was unable to tolerate a greater concentration than 1.0 mg/100 ml after trying for one year. Another patient was able to tolerate a concentration of 3 mg/100 ml after three months, at which time his skin had completely cleared and treatment was stopped. Three other patients were desensitized during a period of 8 to 13 months to the point of tolerating the full therapeutic concentration used in our clinic (20 mg/100 ml) without experiencing dermatitis or pruritus.", "PMID": 1122150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7442", "title": "Acute, generalized panniculitis with amylase and lipase in skin.", "content": "A patient had an unusual acute, generalized panniculitis. The patient had a five-fold elevation of urinary amylase level and a slightly elevated serum lipase leval without any signs or symptoms of pancreatic disease. A secretin test caused an eightfold elevation in urinary amylase level and some elevation of serum lipase and amylase levels, whereas study of duodenal drainage revealed no abnormalities. Skin specimens from the lesions showed considerable amylase and lipase activity, whereas specimens from controls and from subsequent patients with panniculitis showed no such abnormalities. Autopsy showed a normal pancreas, both grossly and microscopically.", "contents": "Acute, generalized panniculitis with amylase and lipase in skin. A patient had an unusual acute, generalized panniculitis. The patient had a five-fold elevation of urinary amylase level and a slightly elevated serum lipase leval without any signs or symptoms of pancreatic disease. A secretin test caused an eightfold elevation in urinary amylase level and some elevation of serum lipase and amylase levels, whereas study of duodenal drainage revealed no abnormalities. Skin specimens from the lesions showed considerable amylase and lipase activity, whereas specimens from controls and from subsequent patients with panniculitis showed no such abnormalities. Autopsy showed a normal pancreas, both grossly and microscopically.", "PMID": 1122151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7443", "title": "Peutz-Jeghers syndrome with pigmented oral papillomas.", "content": "The association of cutaneous and mucosal pigmentation with gastrointestinal polyposis has been well-described as the Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. A case is described of a patient who has evidence of gastrointestinal polyposis, diffuse and circumscribed macular hyperpigmentation, a nasal polyp, and the additional features of buccal mucosal pigmented papillomas.", "contents": "Peutz-Jeghers syndrome with pigmented oral papillomas. The association of cutaneous and mucosal pigmentation with gastrointestinal polyposis has been well-described as the Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. A case is described of a patient who has evidence of gastrointestinal polyposis, diffuse and circumscribed macular hyperpigmentation, a nasal polyp, and the additional features of buccal mucosal pigmented papillomas.", "PMID": 1122152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7444", "title": "Subcutaneous fat necrosis associated with pancreatic disease.", "content": "Subcutaneous fat necrosis, a type of panniculitis, is a rare entity that is manifested by painless or painful subcutaneous nodules on the legs, buttocks, or trunk and is associated with pancreatitis or carcinoma of the pancreas, either of which may be asymptomatic. The histopathological findings are pathognomonic and consist of subcutaneous focal fat necrosis and \"ghost-like\" cells with thick, shadowy walls and no nuclei. Arthritis, particularly of the ankles, is a commonly associated finding. Distant foci of fat necrosis in pancreatic disease are probably due to the local action of hematogenous-borne trypsin and lipase. Since the underlying pancreatic disease may be asymptomatic, histopathologic study of all cases of panniculitis should be considered.", "contents": "Subcutaneous fat necrosis associated with pancreatic disease. Subcutaneous fat necrosis, a type of panniculitis, is a rare entity that is manifested by painless or painful subcutaneous nodules on the legs, buttocks, or trunk and is associated with pancreatitis or carcinoma of the pancreas, either of which may be asymptomatic. The histopathological findings are pathognomonic and consist of subcutaneous focal fat necrosis and \"ghost-like\" cells with thick, shadowy walls and no nuclei. Arthritis, particularly of the ankles, is a commonly associated finding. Distant foci of fat necrosis in pancreatic disease are probably due to the local action of hematogenous-borne trypsin and lipase. Since the underlying pancreatic disease may be asymptomatic, histopathologic study of all cases of panniculitis should be considered.", "PMID": 1122153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7445", "title": "Life-threatening respiratory distress from mediastinal masses in infants.", "content": "From 1972 through 1974, 5 infants with severe respiratory distress secondary to mediastinal tumors were treated in the Division of Pediatric Surgery of The Johns Hopkins thospital; The mediastinal masses included 2 intramural bronchial cysts, a giant esophageal duplication, a benign teratoma, and a highly malignant neuroblastomamindividualized management was carried out successfully in all: total resection of the bronchial cysts and teratoma; partial resection of the duplication cyst with stripping of the remaining mucosa from the contiguous esophageal wall, thereby preserving esophageal integrity; and excision of involved chest wall and tumor combined with radiotherapy and chemotherapy for the neuroblastoma. This experience emphasizes the potential for lethal respiratory distress from mediastinal tumors in infants and supports the experience reported by others of serious consequences if resection is not performed. Primary physicians and thoracic surgeons must be aware of the lethal potential of such mediastinal tumors among the many other \"surgical\" causes of respiratory distress in neonates and infants.", "contents": "Life-threatening respiratory distress from mediastinal masses in infants. From 1972 through 1974, 5 infants with severe respiratory distress secondary to mediastinal tumors were treated in the Division of Pediatric Surgery of The Johns Hopkins thospital; The mediastinal masses included 2 intramural bronchial cysts, a giant esophageal duplication, a benign teratoma, and a highly malignant neuroblastomamindividualized management was carried out successfully in all: total resection of the bronchial cysts and teratoma; partial resection of the duplication cyst with stripping of the remaining mucosa from the contiguous esophageal wall, thereby preserving esophageal integrity; and excision of involved chest wall and tumor combined with radiotherapy and chemotherapy for the neuroblastoma. This experience emphasizes the potential for lethal respiratory distress from mediastinal tumors in infants and supports the experience reported by others of serious consequences if resection is not performed. Primary physicians and thoracic surgeons must be aware of the lethal potential of such mediastinal tumors among the many other \"surgical\" causes of respiratory distress in neonates and infants.", "PMID": 1122161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7446", "title": "Electrocardiographic changes during surface-induced deep hypothermia. The influence of ether, halothane, carbon dioxide, and perfusion rewarming.", "content": "The influence of halothane, ether, carbon dioxide, and perfusion rewarming on the electrocardiogram was studied in 37 dogs subjected to surface-induced deep hypothermia. Significant anesthetic-related differences in P-R, QRS, Q-T and R-R intervals during cooling were not apparent; however, reduced arterial pressure, ventricular fibrillation, and a greater tendency for bradycardia requiring supportive measures were noted at low temperatures with halothane anesthesia. The use of 95% O2/5% CO2 significantly reduced the QTc at low temperatures; Other phenomena, including the occurrence and significance of J waves, are discussed. The relationship of the electrocardiogram to clinical and pathological results was evaluated and indicates that (1) properly managed resuscitation (manual massage and defibrillation) is not a serious hazard, (2) ether in 100% oxygen is the agent of choice for surface-induced deep hypothermia with prolonged circulatory arrest, and (3) halothane may be used in a procedure combining surface cooling and perfusion rewarming if given in a mixture of oxygen and carbon dioxide.", "contents": "Electrocardiographic changes during surface-induced deep hypothermia. The influence of ether, halothane, carbon dioxide, and perfusion rewarming. The influence of halothane, ether, carbon dioxide, and perfusion rewarming on the electrocardiogram was studied in 37 dogs subjected to surface-induced deep hypothermia. Significant anesthetic-related differences in P-R, QRS, Q-T and R-R intervals during cooling were not apparent; however, reduced arterial pressure, ventricular fibrillation, and a greater tendency for bradycardia requiring supportive measures were noted at low temperatures with halothane anesthesia. The use of 95% O2/5% CO2 significantly reduced the QTc at low temperatures; Other phenomena, including the occurrence and significance of J waves, are discussed. The relationship of the electrocardiogram to clinical and pathological results was evaluated and indicates that (1) properly managed resuscitation (manual massage and defibrillation) is not a serious hazard, (2) ether in 100% oxygen is the agent of choice for surface-induced deep hypothermia with prolonged circulatory arrest, and (3) halothane may be used in a procedure combining surface cooling and perfusion rewarming if given in a mixture of oxygen and carbon dioxide.", "PMID": 1122162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7447", "title": "Biochemical modifications of fascia lata for autologous valve replacement.", "content": "The biochemistry of canine fascia lata was studied to assess the feasibility of tissue modification with a variety of cross-linking reagents and growth inhibitors in order to provide a more suitable material for heart valves. Chemical determinants for maximal reactivity were consequently established for several growth inhibitors, of which the hydrophobic ligands difluorodinitrobenzene, octadecylamine, and oleylamine were the most effective in preventing invasive cellular growth. This enhanced the longevity of atrial grafts in dogs as judged from morphological and histological examination of excised grafts.", "contents": "Biochemical modifications of fascia lata for autologous valve replacement. The biochemistry of canine fascia lata was studied to assess the feasibility of tissue modification with a variety of cross-linking reagents and growth inhibitors in order to provide a more suitable material for heart valves. Chemical determinants for maximal reactivity were consequently established for several growth inhibitors, of which the hydrophobic ligands difluorodinitrobenzene, octadecylamine, and oleylamine were the most effective in preventing invasive cellular growth. This enhanced the longevity of atrial grafts in dogs as judged from morphological and histological examination of excised grafts.", "PMID": 1122163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7448", "title": "Experimental pulmonary venous occlusion.", "content": "Complete interruption of pulmonary venous return from the left lung in rabbits is compatible in some instances with prolonged survival with little systemic effect. The main cause of death less than 48 hours after interruption of pulmonary venous return is pulmonary-pulmonary aspiration and respiratory insufficiency due to spillover of frothy, bloody fluid, after which infection may play a part. Marked anemia after unilateral pulmonary venous ligation attests to the loss of blood into the lung. Death from unilateral pulmonary venous ligation did not occur if the corresponding main bronchus was ligated to prevent pulmonary-pulmonary aspiration; Despite ligation of the pulmonary veins the corresponding pulmonary artery remained patent.", "contents": "Experimental pulmonary venous occlusion. Complete interruption of pulmonary venous return from the left lung in rabbits is compatible in some instances with prolonged survival with little systemic effect. The main cause of death less than 48 hours after interruption of pulmonary venous return is pulmonary-pulmonary aspiration and respiratory insufficiency due to spillover of frothy, bloody fluid, after which infection may play a part. Marked anemia after unilateral pulmonary venous ligation attests to the loss of blood into the lung. Death from unilateral pulmonary venous ligation did not occur if the corresponding main bronchus was ligated to prevent pulmonary-pulmonary aspiration; Despite ligation of the pulmonary veins the corresponding pulmonary artery remained patent.", "PMID": 1122164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7449", "title": "Left ventricular aneurysmectomy in a child. Treatment of anomalous left coronary artery.", "content": "Anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery with development of a massive left ventricular aneurysm in a 23-month-old child is described. Operative treatment included ligation of the anomalous origin, ventricular aneurysmectomy, and a saphenous vein bypass graft to the anterior descending coronary artery. The principles of ventricular aneurysm resection used in adults are applicable to small children with this complication of anomalous coronary artery origin.", "contents": "Left ventricular aneurysmectomy in a child. Treatment of anomalous left coronary artery. Anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery with development of a massive left ventricular aneurysm in a 23-month-old child is described. Operative treatment included ligation of the anomalous origin, ventricular aneurysmectomy, and a saphenous vein bypass graft to the anterior descending coronary artery. The principles of ventricular aneurysm resection used in adults are applicable to small children with this complication of anomalous coronary artery origin.", "PMID": 1122165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7450", "title": "Aberrant right subclavian artery aneurysm.", "content": "Ten patients with aneurysm of an aberrant right subclavian artery have been previously reported. Dysphagia is not commonly part of the initial symptomatology, and the diagnosis is usually established by chest roentgenogram, esophagogram, and aortography. If operative intervention is planned, adequate preparation for bypass and thoracic aortic grafting should be made since the aneurysm may also involve the descending thoracic aorta at the site of origin of the aberrant subclavian artery. Since both ischemia of the involved arm and the subclavian steal syndrome may occur after division of the origin of the subclavian artery, resotration of arterial flow in the distal subclavian artery is preferred. An additional patient is reported in whom right subclavian-to-carotid artery anastomosis was used after the subclavian artery aneurysm was removed.", "contents": "Aberrant right subclavian artery aneurysm. Ten patients with aneurysm of an aberrant right subclavian artery have been previously reported. Dysphagia is not commonly part of the initial symptomatology, and the diagnosis is usually established by chest roentgenogram, esophagogram, and aortography. If operative intervention is planned, adequate preparation for bypass and thoracic aortic grafting should be made since the aneurysm may also involve the descending thoracic aorta at the site of origin of the aberrant subclavian artery. Since both ischemia of the involved arm and the subclavian steal syndrome may occur after division of the origin of the subclavian artery, resotration of arterial flow in the distal subclavian artery is preferred. An additional patient is reported in whom right subclavian-to-carotid artery anastomosis was used after the subclavian artery aneurysm was removed.", "PMID": 1122166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7451", "title": "Free internal mammary artery graft. An improved surgical technique.", "content": "An improved method of free internal mammary artery (IMA)-to-ascending aorta anastomosis for cornoary bypass is described. We interposed a small patch of vein with a suitable side-branch or brancyes in connecting the proximal end of a detached IMA or radial artery. Thirty-four free IMA-to-coronary artery bypasses were performed in 25 patients; 16 right IMA, 14 left IMA, and 4 radial arteries were used. Cornoary angiographic follow-up studies performed in all patients between two weeks and six months after operation proved that all grafts were patent and showing a larger lumen than is usually seen in undetached IMA grafts. Concomitantly marked relief of anginal pain was noted in all patients. Oour experience with this technique is very encouraging. All patients are being followed to evaluate long-term graft patency.", "contents": "Free internal mammary artery graft. An improved surgical technique. An improved method of free internal mammary artery (IMA)-to-ascending aorta anastomosis for cornoary bypass is described. We interposed a small patch of vein with a suitable side-branch or brancyes in connecting the proximal end of a detached IMA or radial artery. Thirty-four free IMA-to-coronary artery bypasses were performed in 25 patients; 16 right IMA, 14 left IMA, and 4 radial arteries were used. Cornoary angiographic follow-up studies performed in all patients between two weeks and six months after operation proved that all grafts were patent and showing a larger lumen than is usually seen in undetached IMA grafts. Concomitantly marked relief of anginal pain was noted in all patients. Oour experience with this technique is very encouraging. All patients are being followed to evaluate long-term graft patency.", "PMID": 1122167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7452", "title": "Follow-up of participants in a drug dependence therapeutic community.", "content": "We interviewed by random sample 20 graduates and 20 dropouts from a drug dependence therapeutic community to identify any differences between groups. Although the two groups were from similar backgrounds at admission, the graduates seemed to do better after treatment. Throughout the follow-up period, the graduated spent proportionately less time addicted or in jail and proportionately more time employed or in school than those who dropped out of the treatment program. At follow-up, more graduates were available for voluntary abstinence and were abstaining from addicting drugs than were the dropouts. Also, at the follow-up interview, more graduates were employed or in school and fewer were legally involved than the dropouts. In the dropout group, abstinence in the follow-up period was correlated with longer length of treatment.", "contents": "Follow-up of participants in a drug dependence therapeutic community. We interviewed by random sample 20 graduates and 20 dropouts from a drug dependence therapeutic community to identify any differences between groups. Although the two groups were from similar backgrounds at admission, the graduates seemed to do better after treatment. Throughout the follow-up period, the graduated spent proportionately less time addicted or in jail and proportionately more time employed or in school than those who dropped out of the treatment program. At follow-up, more graduates were available for voluntary abstinence and were abstaining from addicting drugs than were the dropouts. Also, at the follow-up interview, more graduates were employed or in school and fewer were legally involved than the dropouts. In the dropout group, abstinence in the follow-up period was correlated with longer length of treatment.", "PMID": 1122171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7453", "title": "The oculo-cerebral-renal syndrome of Lowe.", "content": "Clinical, light microscopical, ultrastructural, and biochemical studies were done on nerve and muscle biopsy specimens from five patients with the oculo-cerebral-renal syndrome of Lowe. Four patients were American Indians, a racial group in whom this disease has not previously been recognized. The hypotonia, areflexia, and diffuse atrophy of muscles are associated with slowed motor nerve conduction velocities, and the morphologic changes in sensory nerves are attributed to a \"dying-back\" phenomenon probably resulting from an unknown metabolic derangement.", "contents": "The oculo-cerebral-renal syndrome of Lowe. Clinical, light microscopical, ultrastructural, and biochemical studies were done on nerve and muscle biopsy specimens from five patients with the oculo-cerebral-renal syndrome of Lowe. Four patients were American Indians, a racial group in whom this disease has not previously been recognized. The hypotonia, areflexia, and diffuse atrophy of muscles are associated with slowed motor nerve conduction velocities, and the morphologic changes in sensory nerves are attributed to a \"dying-back\" phenomenon probably resulting from an unknown metabolic derangement.", "PMID": 1122172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7454", "title": "Hereditary mental depression and Parkinsonism with taurine deficiency.", "content": "An unusual neuropsychiatric disorder inherited in autosomal dominant fashion occurred in three successive generations of a family. Symptoms commenced late in the fifth decade in six affected patients and led to death in four to six years. The earliest and most prominent symptom was mental depression not responsive to antidepressant drugs or electroconvulsive therapy. This was accompanied by exhaustion, sleep disturbances, and marked weight loss. Later in the disease, symptoms of parkinsonism appeared, and respiratory failure occured terminally. The most recently affected family member was investigated biochemically late in his illness. Concentrations of taurine were greatly diminished in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid, and at autopsy, all regions of brain examined had a markedly reduced taurine content. Since taurine is a putative inhibitory synaptic transmitter, deficiency of brain taurine may possibly have caused the psychiatric and neurological manifestations of this disorder.", "contents": "Hereditary mental depression and Parkinsonism with taurine deficiency. An unusual neuropsychiatric disorder inherited in autosomal dominant fashion occurred in three successive generations of a family. Symptoms commenced late in the fifth decade in six affected patients and led to death in four to six years. The earliest and most prominent symptom was mental depression not responsive to antidepressant drugs or electroconvulsive therapy. This was accompanied by exhaustion, sleep disturbances, and marked weight loss. Later in the disease, symptoms of parkinsonism appeared, and respiratory failure occured terminally. The most recently affected family member was investigated biochemically late in his illness. Concentrations of taurine were greatly diminished in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid, and at autopsy, all regions of brain examined had a markedly reduced taurine content. Since taurine is a putative inhibitory synaptic transmitter, deficiency of brain taurine may possibly have caused the psychiatric and neurological manifestations of this disorder.", "PMID": 1122173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7455", "title": "Brain peroxidase and catalase in Parkinson disease.", "content": "Peroxidase and catalase activities were determined in various regions of parkinsonian brains and control brains from patients with nonneurological diseases. The highest peroxidase activity was localized in the substantia nigra of the normal brain. In Parkinson disease, the peroxidase activity was decreased in the substantia nigra, caudate and putamen. Catalase activity was also reduced in the substantia nigra and putamen of the parkinsonian brain. These enzyme changes may be causally related to the degeneration and depigmentation of the substantia nigra neurons in Parkinson disease.", "contents": "Brain peroxidase and catalase in Parkinson disease. Peroxidase and catalase activities were determined in various regions of parkinsonian brains and control brains from patients with nonneurological diseases. The highest peroxidase activity was localized in the substantia nigra of the normal brain. In Parkinson disease, the peroxidase activity was decreased in the substantia nigra, caudate and putamen. Catalase activity was also reduced in the substantia nigra and putamen of the parkinsonian brain. These enzyme changes may be causally related to the degeneration and depigmentation of the substantia nigra neurons in Parkinson disease.", "PMID": 1122174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7456", "title": "Contralateral gaze deviation with supratentorial hemorrhage.", "content": "Three patients with spontaneous supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage had contralateral sustained conjugate gaze deviation. The autopsies disclosed large thalamic-basal ganglia hemorrhages whose caudal extension was limited to the midbrain. Current knowledge of oculomotor localization does not adequately explain this \"wrong-side\" gaze deviation, and the mechanism remains obscure. The present cases suggest that thalamic hemorrhage can produce contralateral gaze deviation without involving postdecussation horizontal oculomotor pathways. Contralateral gaze deviation is not a rare occurrence with deep supratentorial hemorrhages, and awareness of this confusing sign should assist in localizing intracerebral hematomas.", "contents": "Contralateral gaze deviation with supratentorial hemorrhage. Three patients with spontaneous supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage had contralateral sustained conjugate gaze deviation. The autopsies disclosed large thalamic-basal ganglia hemorrhages whose caudal extension was limited to the midbrain. Current knowledge of oculomotor localization does not adequately explain this \"wrong-side\" gaze deviation, and the mechanism remains obscure. The present cases suggest that thalamic hemorrhage can produce contralateral gaze deviation without involving postdecussation horizontal oculomotor pathways. Contralateral gaze deviation is not a rare occurrence with deep supratentorial hemorrhages, and awareness of this confusing sign should assist in localizing intracerebral hematomas.", "PMID": 1122175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7457", "title": "Ulnar neuropathy in bicycle riders.", "content": "Three patients, one of whom is described in detail, developed ulnar neuropathy following prolonged bicycle riding, with compression of the ulnar nerve at the level of the ulnar canal at the wrist.", "contents": "Ulnar neuropathy in bicycle riders. Three patients, one of whom is described in detail, developed ulnar neuropathy following prolonged bicycle riding, with compression of the ulnar nerve at the level of the ulnar canal at the wrist.", "PMID": 1122176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7458", "title": "Acute autonomic neuropathy. Its occurrence in infectious mononucleosis.", "content": "A 13-year-old girl with acute onset of symptoms limited to autonomic dysfunction was found to be suffering from infectious mononucleosis. With symptomatic therapy, improvement gradually occurred over a period of seven months. The documentation of this case widens the spectrum of disorders to be considered as a cause of so-called acute pandysautonomia or autonomic neuropathy.", "contents": "Acute autonomic neuropathy. Its occurrence in infectious mononucleosis. A 13-year-old girl with acute onset of symptoms limited to autonomic dysfunction was found to be suffering from infectious mononucleosis. With symptomatic therapy, improvement gradually occurred over a period of seven months. The documentation of this case widens the spectrum of disorders to be considered as a cause of so-called acute pandysautonomia or autonomic neuropathy.", "PMID": 1122177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7459", "title": "Clonidine in Parkinson disease.", "content": "Several theoretical considerations suggest that potentiation of central norepinephrine mechanisms may improve motor performance in patients with Parkinson disease receiving concurrent treatment with levodopa. Clonidine hydrochloride, an antihypertensive drug believed to directly stimulate brain norepinephrine receptors, was administered to a group of patients with relatively mild Parkinson disease and coexisting essential hypertension and to three patients with Parkinson disease manifesting the \"on-off\" response to levodopa. Although a significant antihypertensive effect was achieved, a change in parkinsonian disability could not be demonstrated.", "contents": "Clonidine in Parkinson disease. Several theoretical considerations suggest that potentiation of central norepinephrine mechanisms may improve motor performance in patients with Parkinson disease receiving concurrent treatment with levodopa. Clonidine hydrochloride, an antihypertensive drug believed to directly stimulate brain norepinephrine receptors, was administered to a group of patients with relatively mild Parkinson disease and coexisting essential hypertension and to three patients with Parkinson disease manifesting the \"on-off\" response to levodopa. Although a significant antihypertensive effect was achieved, a change in parkinsonian disability could not be demonstrated.", "PMID": 1122178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7460", "title": "Is the Negri body specific for rabies? A light and electron microscopical study.", "content": "Since first described by Negri in 1903, the Negri body has been regarded as a pathognomonic finding in signifying the presence of rabies encephalitis. Negri bodies (light microscope) were found in the brain of a patient with conclusive evidence against the presence of rabies encephalitis. This case provided the opportunity for a pertinent review of the literature in bringing the subject into a reasoned perspective. A definitive etiologic diagnosis of rabies requires the use of electron microscopical or immunofluorescent methods or both.", "contents": "Is the Negri body specific for rabies? A light and electron microscopical study. Since first described by Negri in 1903, the Negri body has been regarded as a pathognomonic finding in signifying the presence of rabies encephalitis. Negri bodies (light microscope) were found in the brain of a patient with conclusive evidence against the presence of rabies encephalitis. This case provided the opportunity for a pertinent review of the literature in bringing the subject into a reasoned perspective. A definitive etiologic diagnosis of rabies requires the use of electron microscopical or immunofluorescent methods or both.", "PMID": 1122180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7461", "title": "Paramyxovirus-like structures in brains of multiple sclerosis patients.", "content": "Twenty-four plaques obtained at autopsy from the brains of six patients with multiple sclerosis were examined under an electron microscope. Specimens for ultrastructural study were processed from the unfixed brain tissues at the time of autopsies. Intranuclear filaments with a diameter of 150 to 260 Angstroms of possibly two different types were seen in the macrophages and in unidentified mononuclear cells that were infiltrating the perivascular regions of four plaque areas from three patients. Intracytoplasmic reticular filaments with a diameter of 100 to 130 A were seen in the astrocytes and in unidentified cell processes in five plaques from three cases. A possible link between these intranuclear filaments and paramyxovirus is suggested.", "contents": "Paramyxovirus-like structures in brains of multiple sclerosis patients. Twenty-four plaques obtained at autopsy from the brains of six patients with multiple sclerosis were examined under an electron microscope. Specimens for ultrastructural study were processed from the unfixed brain tissues at the time of autopsies. Intranuclear filaments with a diameter of 150 to 260 Angstroms of possibly two different types were seen in the macrophages and in unidentified mononuclear cells that were infiltrating the perivascular regions of four plaque areas from three patients. Intracytoplasmic reticular filaments with a diameter of 100 to 130 A were seen in the astrocytes and in unidentified cell processes in five plaques from three cases. A possible link between these intranuclear filaments and paramyxovirus is suggested.", "PMID": 1122181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7462", "title": "Regional curare test in evaluation of ocular myasthenia.", "content": "In 7 of 14 patients with clinically restricted ocular myasthenia gravis, the regional curare test showed latent peripheral involvement. The test consisted of the intravenous administration of 0.2 mg d-tubocurarine into an ischemic arm followed by repetitive supramaximal percutaneous electrical stimulation of the median or ulnar nerves. This produced a decrease in the amplitude of the initial evoked potential and a decrement of greater than 10% in the amplitude of the succeeding three to five potentials at rates of 3, 5, or 15 stimuli/sec. Three patients underwent transcervical thymectomy with subsequent improvement in both electrical and clinical findings. Evaluation of all patients with ocular myasthenia gravis should include regional curare testing of clinically uninvolved peripheral nerves. Thymectomy should be considered for patients with abnormal results.", "contents": "Regional curare test in evaluation of ocular myasthenia. In 7 of 14 patients with clinically restricted ocular myasthenia gravis, the regional curare test showed latent peripheral involvement. The test consisted of the intravenous administration of 0.2 mg d-tubocurarine into an ischemic arm followed by repetitive supramaximal percutaneous electrical stimulation of the median or ulnar nerves. This produced a decrease in the amplitude of the initial evoked potential and a decrement of greater than 10% in the amplitude of the succeeding three to five potentials at rates of 3, 5, or 15 stimuli/sec. Three patients underwent transcervical thymectomy with subsequent improvement in both electrical and clinical findings. Evaluation of all patients with ocular myasthenia gravis should include regional curare testing of clinically uninvolved peripheral nerves. Thymectomy should be considered for patients with abnormal results.", "PMID": 1122182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7463", "title": "Response of serum creatine phosphokinase to steroid hormone.", "content": "Serum creatine phosphokinase activity increased significantly four or six hours after the administration of prednisolone in patients with muscular dystrophy of various types, whereas it did not increase in other muscular disorders. The extent of the response correlated inversely with the grade of disability. The prednisolone test may help to differentiate muscular dystrophy from polymyositis.", "contents": "Response of serum creatine phosphokinase to steroid hormone. Serum creatine phosphokinase activity increased significantly four or six hours after the administration of prednisolone in patients with muscular dystrophy of various types, whereas it did not increase in other muscular disorders. The extent of the response correlated inversely with the grade of disability. The prednisolone test may help to differentiate muscular dystrophy from polymyositis.", "PMID": 1122183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7464", "title": "[Theory of traction. Determination of the optimal arrangement of metal in the dorsal traction of an olecranon fracture].", "content": "This is the analysis of external forces acting on the elbow joint and their influence on the appearance of bending forces, shearing forces and tensions along the ulna and their alterations with fractures of the olecranon. The influence of flexor muscles on the fracture site is being evaluated too. The fracture of the olecranon is being defined by means of statics. All disadvantages of a dorsal tension band i.e. uncertainty to neutralize all forces acting at the fracture site adequately, irregular interfragmentary compression, creation of unwanted stearing forces and moments, rest on its excentric localisation. The optimal distribution of hard ware is being evaluated.", "contents": "[Theory of traction. Determination of the optimal arrangement of metal in the dorsal traction of an olecranon fracture]. This is the analysis of external forces acting on the elbow joint and their influence on the appearance of bending forces, shearing forces and tensions along the ulna and their alterations with fractures of the olecranon. The influence of flexor muscles on the fracture site is being evaluated too. The fracture of the olecranon is being defined by means of statics. All disadvantages of a dorsal tension band i.e. uncertainty to neutralize all forces acting at the fracture site adequately, irregular interfragmentary compression, creation of unwanted stearing forces and moments, rest on its excentric localisation. The optimal distribution of hard ware is being evaluated.", "PMID": 1122184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7465", "title": "[The lateral tension band. Demonstrated for fractures of the olecranon (author's transl)].", "content": "The lateral tension band generates continuous interfragmentary compression through two wires alongside the ulna. Without loss of compressive forces this procedure can be applied to proximal ulna shaft fractures which until now have been considered among fractures of the olecranon because the flexion forces at the fracture site are neutralized. Fractures of the patella are the second main indication for this procedure. All disadvantages of the \"classical\" dorsal tension band are being avoided by centric compression.", "contents": "[The lateral tension band. Demonstrated for fractures of the olecranon (author's transl)]. The lateral tension band generates continuous interfragmentary compression through two wires alongside the ulna. Without loss of compressive forces this procedure can be applied to proximal ulna shaft fractures which until now have been considered among fractures of the olecranon because the flexion forces at the fracture site are neutralized. Fractures of the patella are the second main indication for this procedure. All disadvantages of the \"classical\" dorsal tension band are being avoided by centric compression.", "PMID": 1122185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7466", "title": "[Measurement of bipolar interfragmentary compression on model bone by variation of the tension band of a fracture of the olecranon (author's transl)].", "content": "Previous experiments with dorsal or lateral tension band have been tested and confirmed on model bone. The lateral tension band is superior to the dorsal because it can neutralize all forces across the fracture site without creation of unwanted adverse forces.", "contents": "[Measurement of bipolar interfragmentary compression on model bone by variation of the tension band of a fracture of the olecranon (author's transl)]. Previous experiments with dorsal or lateral tension band have been tested and confirmed on model bone. The lateral tension band is superior to the dorsal because it can neutralize all forces across the fracture site without creation of unwanted adverse forces.", "PMID": 1122186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7467", "title": "[Better stabilisation of the femoral neck fractures with drawing-screw-osteosynthesis according to AO principle (author's transl)].", "content": "Author drafting the biomechanical problems, which hinders the possissibility of a good fixation of the fractured femoral neck in the old age, reviews a compression-osteosynthesis according to AO drawing-screw principle.", "contents": "[Better stabilisation of the femoral neck fractures with drawing-screw-osteosynthesis according to AO principle (author's transl)]. Author drafting the biomechanical problems, which hinders the possissibility of a good fixation of the fractured femoral neck in the old age, reviews a compression-osteosynthesis according to AO drawing-screw principle.", "PMID": 1122187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7468", "title": "[Can we reduce complications of treatment of femoral neck fractures with better stabilisation of the osteosynthesis? Results of a compression-osteosynthesis (author's transl)].", "content": "The results of a compression-osteosynthesis of the fracture of the femoral neck on the evidence of 172 cases realizing the principle of a drawing-screw-compression of the AO have been reported. The results will be compared with the data of collected statistics of other types of nailing of the femoral neck and it will be established, that the better stabilisation of fractur will be manifest in the results too and will be realised in the decrease of complications (slipping of the nail, redislocation, pseudarthrosis, avascular necrosis of the head).", "contents": "[Can we reduce complications of treatment of femoral neck fractures with better stabilisation of the osteosynthesis? Results of a compression-osteosynthesis (author's transl)]. The results of a compression-osteosynthesis of the fracture of the femoral neck on the evidence of 172 cases realizing the principle of a drawing-screw-compression of the AO have been reported. The results will be compared with the data of collected statistics of other types of nailing of the femoral neck and it will be established, that the better stabilisation of fractur will be manifest in the results too and will be realised in the decrease of complications (slipping of the nail, redislocation, pseudarthrosis, avascular necrosis of the head).", "PMID": 1122188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7469", "title": "[Pulmonary function tests and spiroergometric parameters during rehabilitation of patients with idiopathic scoliosis (fusion of the spine with Harrington rod and training) (author's transl)].", "content": "11 female patients with idiopathic scoliosis underwent spinal fusion surgery after Harrington. Additionally the patients were exercised before and after surgery by a special program. During the period of rehabilitation the usual spirographic measurements were carried out and some spiroergometric parameters were measured at standardized ergometric work loads. The diminished vital capacity and the practically normal forced vital capacity were not changed significantly, but the maximum voluntary ventilation was enhanced distinctly. The resting heart rate, primarily far above normal level, decreased significantly at the end of the exercise period and approached normal range. Maximum heart rate corresponded always to the mean values of normal subjects. Instead of a nearly constant increased minute volume of respiration, respiratory frequency and specific ventilation (respiratory equivalent) the maximum 0-2 uptake and maximum 0-2 puls increased significantly. These changes can be explained by an improvement of the uneven distribution of perfusion and ventilation, due to the combined surgical and exercise treatment.", "contents": "[Pulmonary function tests and spiroergometric parameters during rehabilitation of patients with idiopathic scoliosis (fusion of the spine with Harrington rod and training) (author's transl)]. 11 female patients with idiopathic scoliosis underwent spinal fusion surgery after Harrington. Additionally the patients were exercised before and after surgery by a special program. During the period of rehabilitation the usual spirographic measurements were carried out and some spiroergometric parameters were measured at standardized ergometric work loads. The diminished vital capacity and the practically normal forced vital capacity were not changed significantly, but the maximum voluntary ventilation was enhanced distinctly. The resting heart rate, primarily far above normal level, decreased significantly at the end of the exercise period and approached normal range. Maximum heart rate corresponded always to the mean values of normal subjects. Instead of a nearly constant increased minute volume of respiration, respiratory frequency and specific ventilation (respiratory equivalent) the maximum 0-2 uptake and maximum 0-2 puls increased significantly. These changes can be explained by an improvement of the uneven distribution of perfusion and ventilation, due to the combined surgical and exercise treatment.", "PMID": 1122189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7470", "title": "[Peculiarities in the sterile operating cabin (author's transl)].", "content": "With helium filled bubbles from a bubble generator we could demonstrate dangerous turbulences around the operating area in the sterile operating cabin (Greenhouse). The bubbles follow a pattern corresponding to the direction of the turbulent air-stream. Special reference is made to the effect of objects and the surgeon within the area of down flow laminar airflow.", "contents": "[Peculiarities in the sterile operating cabin (author's transl)]. With helium filled bubbles from a bubble generator we could demonstrate dangerous turbulences around the operating area in the sterile operating cabin (Greenhouse). The bubbles follow a pattern corresponding to the direction of the turbulent air-stream. Special reference is made to the effect of objects and the surgeon within the area of down flow laminar airflow.", "PMID": 1122190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7471", "title": "Rhincerebral phycomycosis and internal carotid artery thrombosis.", "content": "This is a report of a case of internal carotid artery occlusion associated with rhinocerebral phycomycosis. In 18 autopsied similar cases that have been reported previously, hyphae were described in the walls of the internal carotid artery. Four survivors have been reported even though arteriograms demonstrated internal carotid artery occlusion, and a high index of suspicion for this complication should be maintained in all patients with rhinocerebral phycomycosis.", "contents": "Rhincerebral phycomycosis and internal carotid artery thrombosis. This is a report of a case of internal carotid artery occlusion associated with rhinocerebral phycomycosis. In 18 autopsied similar cases that have been reported previously, hyphae were described in the walls of the internal carotid artery. Four survivors have been reported even though arteriograms demonstrated internal carotid artery occlusion, and a high index of suspicion for this complication should be maintained in all patients with rhinocerebral phycomycosis.", "PMID": 1122191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7472", "title": "The modified Tokyo larynx: an improved pneumatic speech aid.", "content": "The Tokyo, or Japanese, artificial larynx is a pneumatic speech aid with superior sound production used in the rehabilitation of laryngectomized patients. Although there are some difficulties with its use, modifications have been developed that eliminate the major problems. Three brief case reports demonstrate the effectiveness of this speech aid when properly prescribed.", "contents": "The modified Tokyo larynx: an improved pneumatic speech aid. The Tokyo, or Japanese, artificial larynx is a pneumatic speech aid with superior sound production used in the rehabilitation of laryngectomized patients. Although there are some difficulties with its use, modifications have been developed that eliminate the major problems. Three brief case reports demonstrate the effectiveness of this speech aid when properly prescribed.", "PMID": 1122192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7473", "title": "Otoadmittance measurements in cases of dual ossicular disorders.", "content": "Audiologic evaluations, including otoadmittance measurements, were obtained on two patients, each of whom had dual, series-connected disorders of ossicular fixation and disarticulation. In one case, the disarticulation was the lateral-most disorder; in the other case the fixation was the lateral-most disorder. In both cases, it was the lateral-most disorder that had the dominant effect on the otoadmittance of the tympanic membrane, due to the fact that the sites of the two disorders were connected in series with the tympanic membrane.", "contents": "Otoadmittance measurements in cases of dual ossicular disorders. Audiologic evaluations, including otoadmittance measurements, were obtained on two patients, each of whom had dual, series-connected disorders of ossicular fixation and disarticulation. In one case, the disarticulation was the lateral-most disorder; in the other case the fixation was the lateral-most disorder. In both cases, it was the lateral-most disorder that had the dominant effect on the otoadmittance of the tympanic membrane, due to the fact that the sites of the two disorders were connected in series with the tympanic membrane.", "PMID": 1122193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7474", "title": "Nonlamellar new bone formation in the anterior attic recess.", "content": "An area of nonlamellar new bone formation was observed in the anterior epitympanic region of 27 randomly chosen human temporal bones. The donors ranged in age from 9 to 80 years and had no evidence of ear disease or systemic skeletal or metabolic abnormalities. The frequency of this finding suggests that it is a normal feather of the human anterior attic recess.", "contents": "Nonlamellar new bone formation in the anterior attic recess. An area of nonlamellar new bone formation was observed in the anterior epitympanic region of 27 randomly chosen human temporal bones. The donors ranged in age from 9 to 80 years and had no evidence of ear disease or systemic skeletal or metabolic abnormalities. The frequency of this finding suggests that it is a normal feather of the human anterior attic recess.", "PMID": 1122194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7475", "title": "Styloid process neuralgia: myth or fact.", "content": "Five cases of enlogated styloid processes sent in a 12-month period prompted a review of this subject and a reevaluation of the condition as it relates to other neuralgias of the head and neck. We review the head and neck pain syndromes and offer diagnostic criteria that will aid in the differential diagnosis and will facilitate appropriate management.", "contents": "Styloid process neuralgia: myth or fact. Five cases of enlogated styloid processes sent in a 12-month period prompted a review of this subject and a reevaluation of the condition as it relates to other neuralgias of the head and neck. We review the head and neck pain syndromes and offer diagnostic criteria that will aid in the differential diagnosis and will facilitate appropriate management.", "PMID": 1122195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7476", "title": "The outset of chronic secretory otitis media: a histopathological study of the earliest stage.", "content": "Histopathological study of the earliest stage of secretory otitis was made in a 3-month-old infant. The entire mucosa was examined by the whole-mount method, with determination of gland count and goblet-cell density, followed by assessment of serial sections. The first changes are inflammatory with lymphocytic infiltration, dilatation, and increase of blood vessels. These again induce metaplasia into pseudostratified, ciliated epithelium, increased in goblet-cell density, and formation of intraepithelial and subepithelial mucous glands. Basal cells divide and grow down into lamina propria, giving rise to a solid cylinder that gets canalized. Cells of this cylinder differentiate into ciliated and mucous cells, so that tubules acquire a lining of typical pseudostratified, ciliated, columnar epithelium. The most important processes in the early stage of secretory otitis are hyperplasia, differentiation of epithelial cells, and gland formation. When glands have completed their development, they produce mucus that accumulates in the middle ear, and the disease enters the secretory stage.", "contents": "The outset of chronic secretory otitis media: a histopathological study of the earliest stage. Histopathological study of the earliest stage of secretory otitis was made in a 3-month-old infant. The entire mucosa was examined by the whole-mount method, with determination of gland count and goblet-cell density, followed by assessment of serial sections. The first changes are inflammatory with lymphocytic infiltration, dilatation, and increase of blood vessels. These again induce metaplasia into pseudostratified, ciliated epithelium, increased in goblet-cell density, and formation of intraepithelial and subepithelial mucous glands. Basal cells divide and grow down into lamina propria, giving rise to a solid cylinder that gets canalized. Cells of this cylinder differentiate into ciliated and mucous cells, so that tubules acquire a lining of typical pseudostratified, ciliated, columnar epithelium. The most important processes in the early stage of secretory otitis are hyperplasia, differentiation of epithelial cells, and gland formation. When glands have completed their development, they produce mucus that accumulates in the middle ear, and the disease enters the secretory stage.", "PMID": 1122196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7477", "title": "Aural abnormalities in partial DiGeorge syndrome.", "content": "DiGeorge syndrome patients frequently have multiple anomalies of the craniofacial, cardiovascular, and visceral structures in addition to thymic and parathyroid hypoplasia. Gross and microscopic aural abnormalities occurring in a patient with partial DiGeorge syndrome are presented and compared with findings from the only other known temporal bone report.", "contents": "Aural abnormalities in partial DiGeorge syndrome. DiGeorge syndrome patients frequently have multiple anomalies of the craniofacial, cardiovascular, and visceral structures in addition to thymic and parathyroid hypoplasia. Gross and microscopic aural abnormalities occurring in a patient with partial DiGeorge syndrome are presented and compared with findings from the only other known temporal bone report.", "PMID": 1122197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7478", "title": "Malignant fibrous xanthoma (xanthofibrosarcoma) of the larynx.", "content": "The xanthofibrosarcoma is a malignant variant of fibrous xanthoma. It is a rare tumor that derives from histiocytes. A case believed to be the first xanthofibrosarcoma reported in the larynx is presented. Differentiation between this tumor and benign lesion was difficult. The tumor proved malignant by metastasizing. Although few fibrous xanthomas become malignant they should raise a high index of suspicion when they are large, have infiltrative margins, and tend to recur locally. Treatment is by wide surgical excision. Close follow-up is mandatory. The prognosis once metastases appear is extremely poor.", "contents": "Malignant fibrous xanthoma (xanthofibrosarcoma) of the larynx. The xanthofibrosarcoma is a malignant variant of fibrous xanthoma. It is a rare tumor that derives from histiocytes. A case believed to be the first xanthofibrosarcoma reported in the larynx is presented. Differentiation between this tumor and benign lesion was difficult. The tumor proved malignant by metastasizing. Although few fibrous xanthomas become malignant they should raise a high index of suspicion when they are large, have infiltrative margins, and tend to recur locally. Treatment is by wide surgical excision. Close follow-up is mandatory. The prognosis once metastases appear is extremely poor.", "PMID": 1122198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7479", "title": "Occult schwannomas of the vestibular nerve.", "content": "Five small occult schwannomas of the vestibular nerve were discovered on routine examination of 893 serially sectioned temporal bones of 517 individuals. Three arose from the superior division, one from the inferior division, and the other had a multicentric origin from both divisions of the nerve. Location and size of these tumors indicate that clinical diagnosis would have been difficult or impossible by any method of study. The finding of vestibular schwannomas in 0.9% of individuals in this series, indicates the high incidence of this tumor in the general population. The much lower incidence of diagnosed symptomatic tumors in the general population can only be explained by the conclusion that this neoplasm exhibits considerable variation in growth characteristics. Usually the tumor enlarges so slowly as to be of no health importance, but occasionally it grows more rapidly to become symptomatic and require surgical removal.", "contents": "Occult schwannomas of the vestibular nerve. Five small occult schwannomas of the vestibular nerve were discovered on routine examination of 893 serially sectioned temporal bones of 517 individuals. Three arose from the superior division, one from the inferior division, and the other had a multicentric origin from both divisions of the nerve. Location and size of these tumors indicate that clinical diagnosis would have been difficult or impossible by any method of study. The finding of vestibular schwannomas in 0.9% of individuals in this series, indicates the high incidence of this tumor in the general population. The much lower incidence of diagnosed symptomatic tumors in the general population can only be explained by the conclusion that this neoplasm exhibits considerable variation in growth characteristics. Usually the tumor enlarges so slowly as to be of no health importance, but occasionally it grows more rapidly to become symptomatic and require surgical removal.", "PMID": 1122200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7480", "title": "Allergic management of Meniere disease.", "content": "Twenty-eight patients with Meniere disease were selected on the basis of a positive allergic history. Factors other than allergy that might produce the signs and symptoms of endolymphatic hydrops were first diagnosed and controlled with appropriate management. Allergic diagnosis and management consisted of testing and treating inhalant allergies according to the methods of Rinkel. Foods were first tested using the Bryant's modification of Black's cytotoxic food test. All positive foods were eliminated except for those considered extremely difficult to avoid. These were managed using the provocative skin food test and neutralization method of Lee et al. All patients in this study were under allergic management for a period of 14 to 29 months. During this time, labyrinthine symptoms were improved in nine cases and in 19, there was no change.", "contents": "Allergic management of Meniere disease. Twenty-eight patients with Meniere disease were selected on the basis of a positive allergic history. Factors other than allergy that might produce the signs and symptoms of endolymphatic hydrops were first diagnosed and controlled with appropriate management. Allergic diagnosis and management consisted of testing and treating inhalant allergies according to the methods of Rinkel. Foods were first tested using the Bryant's modification of Black's cytotoxic food test. All positive foods were eliminated except for those considered extremely difficult to avoid. These were managed using the provocative skin food test and neutralization method of Lee et al. All patients in this study were under allergic management for a period of 14 to 29 months. During this time, labyrinthine symptoms were improved in nine cases and in 19, there was no change.", "PMID": 1122201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7481", "title": "Swimming: stress and training.", "content": "The short term and the training effects of water immersion and swimming on ventilatory and circulatory parameters of the human organism were described using our own results and data from the literature. It is suggested that swimming has not only the common positive effects on the physical efficiency observed in other types of sport but seems to improve the orthostatic regulation of the circulation. Furthermore, the physical effects of water immersion and the special pattern of muscular activity during swimming favour the adaptation of the heart to the circulatory demands. This advantage of swimming might explain its known beneficial effect in preventive and curative medical treatment.", "contents": "Swimming: stress and training. The short term and the training effects of water immersion and swimming on ventilatory and circulatory parameters of the human organism were described using our own results and data from the literature. It is suggested that swimming has not only the common positive effects on the physical efficiency observed in other types of sport but seems to improve the orthostatic regulation of the circulation. Furthermore, the physical effects of water immersion and the special pattern of muscular activity during swimming favour the adaptation of the heart to the circulatory demands. This advantage of swimming might explain its known beneficial effect in preventive and curative medical treatment.", "PMID": 1122214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7482", "title": "Arterial baroreceptor function in differential cardiovascular adjustments induced by central thermal stimulation.", "content": "Dogs were anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital, relaxed with succinyl choline and were kept under artificial ventilation. Both carotid bifurcations were denervated and the Vagus nerves were cut in the neck. Regional blood flow in the skin and the intestine, cardiac output, heart rate and arterial pressure were determined before, during and after spinal cord heating and cooling. Further experiments were performed in which, in addition, sympathetic effects on the heart were excluded by exstirpation of the caudal cervical and stellate ganglia or by beta-receptor blockade. The cardiovascular responses were compared with those obtained in a preceding investigation from dogs with intact baroreceptors and vagus nerves. As in intact dogs, appropiate thermoregulatory adjustments of skin blood flow were induced by thermal stimulation of the spinal cord after baroreceptor denervation and vagotomy. However, blood pressure homeostasis was lost. The pattern of cardiovascular ajustments during heating consisted in cutaneous vasodilatation intestinal vasoconstriction and, due to sympathetic activation an increase of heart rate and cardiac output. This pattern was qualitatively identical with that intact animals. During spinal cord cooling the cardiovascular response pattern consisted in cutaneous vasoconstriction, intestinal vasoconstriction and, depending on cooling intensity, a reduced or unchanged sympathetic influence on the heart. This pattern differed considerably from what in intact animals but basic features were still present as indicated by opposite changes of cardiac and vascular sympathetic tone during cooling. It is concluded that the baroreceptor signals play no primary role in the generation of differential vasomotor responses under the present experimental conditions. This confirms assumptions made on the basis of observations in animals with intact baroreceptor input. However, baroreceptor signals contribute significantly to blood pressure homeostasis which is normally maintained during spinal thermal stimulation.", "contents": "Arterial baroreceptor function in differential cardiovascular adjustments induced by central thermal stimulation. Dogs were anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital, relaxed with succinyl choline and were kept under artificial ventilation. Both carotid bifurcations were denervated and the Vagus nerves were cut in the neck. Regional blood flow in the skin and the intestine, cardiac output, heart rate and arterial pressure were determined before, during and after spinal cord heating and cooling. Further experiments were performed in which, in addition, sympathetic effects on the heart were excluded by exstirpation of the caudal cervical and stellate ganglia or by beta-receptor blockade. The cardiovascular responses were compared with those obtained in a preceding investigation from dogs with intact baroreceptors and vagus nerves. As in intact dogs, appropiate thermoregulatory adjustments of skin blood flow were induced by thermal stimulation of the spinal cord after baroreceptor denervation and vagotomy. However, blood pressure homeostasis was lost. The pattern of cardiovascular ajustments during heating consisted in cutaneous vasodilatation intestinal vasoconstriction and, due to sympathetic activation an increase of heart rate and cardiac output. This pattern was qualitatively identical with that intact animals. During spinal cord cooling the cardiovascular response pattern consisted in cutaneous vasoconstriction, intestinal vasoconstriction and, depending on cooling intensity, a reduced or unchanged sympathetic influence on the heart. This pattern differed considerably from what in intact animals but basic features were still present as indicated by opposite changes of cardiac and vascular sympathetic tone during cooling. It is concluded that the baroreceptor signals play no primary role in the generation of differential vasomotor responses under the present experimental conditions. This confirms assumptions made on the basis of observations in animals with intact baroreceptor input. However, baroreceptor signals contribute significantly to blood pressure homeostasis which is normally maintained during spinal thermal stimulation.", "PMID": 1122215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7483", "title": "[Histogenesis of the immune system of the \"nude\" mouse. II. Postnatal development of the thymus: a light microscopical study (author's transl)].", "content": "The thymus of the homozygous nude mouse embryo is laid down normally. From the 13th day post conceptionem (pc) onwards, however, a maldevelopment takes place (Groscurth und Kistler, 1974). As a result, the anterior mediastinum of the newborn nu/nu mouse contains a rudimentary epithelial organ which resembles parts of an embryonic exocrine gland. In this paper, the light microscopical findings of the postnatal development of the thymus in homo- and heterozygous nude mice are reported. Homo- and heterozygous nude (nu/nu and nu/+) mice with the genetic background BALB/c were kept under specific pathogen-free (spf) conditions. Three nu/nu and three nu/+ female mice were sacrificed at the following developmental stages: newborn animal, 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 6th, 9th as well as 12th week postpartum (pp). The organs were fixed in Bouin's solution and embedded in paraffin wax. Serial sections (5 mu) were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. The bilobed thymus rudiment of the newborn nu/nu mouse consists of branching ducts. From the 2nd week post partum (pp) onwards, their epithelial cells proliferate. At the same time, some of these cells begin to differentiate into serous and mucous cells. In some parts of the rudiment, they also form thyroid-like follicles. The exocrine cells secrete their products into the lumina of the ducts. As there is no connection between the thymus rudiment and either the epidermis or the digestive tract, an accumulation of secretory products takes place, resulting in a dilatation of the whole duct system. Therefore, the thymus rudiment of the 12-week-old nu/nu mouse consists of a number of communicating cysts which are lined by a flattened epithelium. Cysts lined by an epithelium can also be observed within the thymus of the nu/+ mouse. Two types must be distinguished..", "contents": "[Histogenesis of the immune system of the \"nude\" mouse. II. Postnatal development of the thymus: a light microscopical study (author's transl)]. The thymus of the homozygous nude mouse embryo is laid down normally. From the 13th day post conceptionem (pc) onwards, however, a maldevelopment takes place (Groscurth und Kistler, 1974). As a result, the anterior mediastinum of the newborn nu/nu mouse contains a rudimentary epithelial organ which resembles parts of an embryonic exocrine gland. In this paper, the light microscopical findings of the postnatal development of the thymus in homo- and heterozygous nude mice are reported. Homo- and heterozygous nude (nu/nu and nu/+) mice with the genetic background BALB/c were kept under specific pathogen-free (spf) conditions. Three nu/nu and three nu/+ female mice were sacrificed at the following developmental stages: newborn animal, 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 6th, 9th as well as 12th week postpartum (pp). The organs were fixed in Bouin's solution and embedded in paraffin wax. Serial sections (5 mu) were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. The bilobed thymus rudiment of the newborn nu/nu mouse consists of branching ducts. From the 2nd week post partum (pp) onwards, their epithelial cells proliferate. At the same time, some of these cells begin to differentiate into serous and mucous cells. In some parts of the rudiment, they also form thyroid-like follicles. The exocrine cells secrete their products into the lumina of the ducts. As there is no connection between the thymus rudiment and either the epidermis or the digestive tract, an accumulation of secretory products takes place, resulting in a dilatation of the whole duct system. Therefore, the thymus rudiment of the 12-week-old nu/nu mouse consists of a number of communicating cysts which are lined by a flattened epithelium. Cysts lined by an epithelium can also be observed within the thymus of the nu/+ mouse. Two types must be distinguished..", "PMID": 1122223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7484", "title": "The relationship between the latent period and animal age in the development of foreign body sarcomas.", "content": "Either porous polyester-polyurethane cylindrical sponges with a diameter of 12 mm (thickness 6 mm) or rectangular sponges (dimensions 120 times 20 times 5 mm) were implanted paravertebrally in the subcutis of a total of 118 rats of different ages (1-15 1/2 months). It was established that the rate of tumor formation increased with the size of the implant from 12.1% (cylindrical sponges) to 26.6% (rectangular sponges). Furthermore is could be shown that in animal experiments it is the age of the rats that plays the decisive role in sarcogenesis and not the latend period (time from the implantation until development of the tumor), in that young animals first develop malignant mesenchymal tumors after a mean 17.2 months whereas in old rats these had already developed after 6.3 months.", "contents": "The relationship between the latent period and animal age in the development of foreign body sarcomas. Either porous polyester-polyurethane cylindrical sponges with a diameter of 12 mm (thickness 6 mm) or rectangular sponges (dimensions 120 times 20 times 5 mm) were implanted paravertebrally in the subcutis of a total of 118 rats of different ages (1-15 1/2 months). It was established that the rate of tumor formation increased with the size of the implant from 12.1% (cylindrical sponges) to 26.6% (rectangular sponges). Furthermore is could be shown that in animal experiments it is the age of the rats that plays the decisive role in sarcogenesis and not the latend period (time from the implantation until development of the tumor), in that young animals first develop malignant mesenchymal tumors after a mean 17.2 months whereas in old rats these had already developed after 6.3 months.", "PMID": 1122224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7485", "title": "[New functions and variables to characterize and compare vectorcardiograms (author's transl)].", "content": "1. The variability of electrographic data used up to now is too large to discriminate easily between normal and abnormal. 2. This variability is partly caused by errors in the measuring process and its consequences. A sepcial difficulty is found in determining the beginning and the end of QRS, so that instantaneous vector magnitudes related to the starting or ending moment of QRS will have a high variance and therefore a low comparability. Displacements of the heart will play an important role as a source of errors. 3. It therefore seems to be more appropriate to describe structure and changes in time of the vector loop. To this end 3 new functions v, w and u are described, all three invariant towards positional changes of the heart in space. The term v means a time-dependent function describing the first derivative of the length of the instantaneous resulting vector of all electrical sources. The term w indicates the projection of the first derivative of the instantaneous vector into a plane orthogonal to the resulting vector. Therefore, v is dependent on the change of all resulting electrical forces, whereas w is the velocity of the peak of the resulting vector on its way along the vector loop. The interpretation of u is complicated; u is a measure of how much the vector leaves a plane, in which it normally more or less remains; u is therefore a measure for the edgeside view of the vector loop. 4 These data are combined with the well-known vectorial data to form a system of vectorial description. 5 The interpretability of these data in physiological terms is exemplified. The description presented here allows to go back to cardiac processes in the proper sense and to largely elimenate external influences like those of the thoracic shape on the ecg and vcg. 6. This way of describing an ecg is specially adapted to the discrimination of normal and abnormal in preventive tests.", "contents": "[New functions and variables to characterize and compare vectorcardiograms (author's transl)]. 1. The variability of electrographic data used up to now is too large to discriminate easily between normal and abnormal. 2. This variability is partly caused by errors in the measuring process and its consequences. A sepcial difficulty is found in determining the beginning and the end of QRS, so that instantaneous vector magnitudes related to the starting or ending moment of QRS will have a high variance and therefore a low comparability. Displacements of the heart will play an important role as a source of errors. 3. It therefore seems to be more appropriate to describe structure and changes in time of the vector loop. To this end 3 new functions v, w and u are described, all three invariant towards positional changes of the heart in space. The term v means a time-dependent function describing the first derivative of the length of the instantaneous resulting vector of all electrical sources. The term w indicates the projection of the first derivative of the instantaneous vector into a plane orthogonal to the resulting vector. Therefore, v is dependent on the change of all resulting electrical forces, whereas w is the velocity of the peak of the resulting vector on its way along the vector loop. The interpretation of u is complicated; u is a measure of how much the vector leaves a plane, in which it normally more or less remains; u is therefore a measure for the edgeside view of the vector loop. 4 These data are combined with the well-known vectorial data to form a system of vectorial description. 5 The interpretability of these data in physiological terms is exemplified. The description presented here allows to go back to cardiac processes in the proper sense and to largely elimenate external influences like those of the thoracic shape on the ecg and vcg. 6. This way of describing an ecg is specially adapted to the discrimination of normal and abnormal in preventive tests.", "PMID": 1122216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7486", "title": "Electron microscopic autoradiographic localization of carbocromene in the coronary vessel walls and myocardium.", "content": "The ultrastructural distribution of 14-C- and the 3-H-carbocromene in monkeys and rats showed a characteristic pattern in the coronary artery wall and the heart muscle. The radioactivity was found to be located on the coronary vessel wall mainly in the tunica media over the smooth muscle cells and in the myocardium over the contractile elements and the mitochondria.", "contents": "Electron microscopic autoradiographic localization of carbocromene in the coronary vessel walls and myocardium. The ultrastructural distribution of 14-C- and the 3-H-carbocromene in monkeys and rats showed a characteristic pattern in the coronary artery wall and the heart muscle. The radioactivity was found to be located on the coronary vessel wall mainly in the tunica media over the smooth muscle cells and in the myocardium over the contractile elements and the mitochondria.", "PMID": 1122219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7487", "title": "Fine structure and pinocytic activity of the visceral epithelium of the rat yolk sac incubated in a culture medium with or without goat antirat-placenta-IgG.", "content": "The fine structure and pinocytic activity of the rat visceral yolk sac epithelium were examined electron microscopically after incubation in Krebs-Ringer-Phosphate solution containing either 125-I-labeled albumin or goat antirat-placenta-IgG or both compounds simultaneously. Addition of 125-I-albumin to the incubation medium stimulates the pinocytosis, whereas the addition of goat antirat-placenta-IgG, cross-reacting with the yolk sac tissue, causes a diminution of the pinocytic activity of the yolk sac epithelium. Fine structural alterations and lesions are generally noticed. Preincubation of yolk sacs in Krebs-Ringer-Phosphate solution containing goat antirat-placent-IgG and the subsequent postincubation in a new Krebs-Ringer-Phosphate medium with 125-I-albumin does not restore the original pinocytic activity of the visceral epithelial cells.", "contents": "Fine structure and pinocytic activity of the visceral epithelium of the rat yolk sac incubated in a culture medium with or without goat antirat-placenta-IgG. The fine structure and pinocytic activity of the rat visceral yolk sac epithelium were examined electron microscopically after incubation in Krebs-Ringer-Phosphate solution containing either 125-I-labeled albumin or goat antirat-placenta-IgG or both compounds simultaneously. Addition of 125-I-albumin to the incubation medium stimulates the pinocytosis, whereas the addition of goat antirat-placenta-IgG, cross-reacting with the yolk sac tissue, causes a diminution of the pinocytic activity of the yolk sac epithelium. Fine structural alterations and lesions are generally noticed. Preincubation of yolk sacs in Krebs-Ringer-Phosphate solution containing goat antirat-placent-IgG and the subsequent postincubation in a new Krebs-Ringer-Phosphate medium with 125-I-albumin does not restore the original pinocytic activity of the visceral epithelial cells.", "PMID": 1122225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7488", "title": "[The variability of the QRS loop in the orthogonal lead system of frank and schmitt (SVEC III) (author's transl)].", "content": "A method has been previously described, to test the accuracy of lead fields. This method is used here to compare in 7 persons the relative validity of the two orthogonal lead systems of Frank and Schmitt (SVECC III). The variables the variation of which characterizes the validity of the systems, are the spatial position (represented by the spatial angles of the normal of the broadside view) and the variations in shape of the vector loops. The latter are measured by a comparison of the length of vectors in a distance of 5 degrees, starting with the maximal vector and proceeding from here to both sides. The vectors of loops in two different heart positions are compared by means of their correlation coefficients, and one of the loops is rotated in space as long as this correlation coefficient reaches a maximum. The data are handled by a computer. The optimal correlation coefficients, the regression coefficients and the differences in the spatial angles of the planes, in which the loops show their broadside view, are compared. The Frank system has a significantly lower variability of these values, by extreme dislocations of the heart, either by respiratory or by positional dislocations.", "contents": "[The variability of the QRS loop in the orthogonal lead system of frank and schmitt (SVEC III) (author's transl)]. A method has been previously described, to test the accuracy of lead fields. This method is used here to compare in 7 persons the relative validity of the two orthogonal lead systems of Frank and Schmitt (SVECC III). The variables the variation of which characterizes the validity of the systems, are the spatial position (represented by the spatial angles of the normal of the broadside view) and the variations in shape of the vector loops. The latter are measured by a comparison of the length of vectors in a distance of 5 degrees, starting with the maximal vector and proceeding from here to both sides. The vectors of loops in two different heart positions are compared by means of their correlation coefficients, and one of the loops is rotated in space as long as this correlation coefficient reaches a maximum. The data are handled by a computer. The optimal correlation coefficients, the regression coefficients and the differences in the spatial angles of the planes, in which the loops show their broadside view, are compared. The Frank system has a significantly lower variability of these values, by extreme dislocations of the heart, either by respiratory or by positional dislocations.", "PMID": 1122221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7489", "title": "Quantitative evaluation of retrograde arterial flow in chronic experimental arteriovenous fistulas.", "content": "A 2 cm long iliac av. fistula is established in 13 dogs. Flow measurements are performed in the fistula limbs and the adjacent arteries immediately (stage I), as well as 3 months (stage II) and 6 to 12 months (stage III) post-shunt. The following results are obtained: 1) In the acute stage, average flow in the distal fistula artery is very small but directed towards the periphery. In stages II and III a progressively increasing retrograde flow directed towards the fistula is regularly measured in the distal fistula artery. 2) Even in the acute stage a considerable retrograde flow is measured in the distal fistula artery when the proximal artery is clamped. Likewise, in stages II and III, this \"free\" retrograde flow (after occlusion of proximal fistula artery) is 40 to 60% higher than the spontaneous retrograde flow. 3) In chronic av. fistulas, the \"free\" retrograde flow in the distal fistula artery decreases significantly after occlusion of the adjacent tail artery and the contralateral iliac artery. It can thus be calculated that in chronic iliac av. fistulas the tail artery contributes approximately 44% and the contralateral iliac artery 22% to retrograde arterial fistula flow. The remaining 34% of retrograde flow are mainly derived from collaterals connecting side-branches of the abdominal aorta with the distal arterial limb. 4) These extensive collaterals adjacent to a chronic iliac av. fistula are demonstrated angiographically and by post-mortem vascular casts. 5) In all stages, occlusion of the proximal fistula artery simultaneously increases flow in the tail artery and contralateral iliac artery by more than 50%. This stresses the major contribution of these arteries to retrograde arterial fistula flow. 6) Successive occlusion of the tail artery and the contralateral iliac artery in stages II and III results in a nearly identical per cent decrease in \"free\" retrograde flow and in pressure (measured in the distal fistula artery). Even in the pre-fistula control stage, this occlusion experiment induces the same relative pressure-drop in the distal iliac artery. The proportional contribution of the collateral pathways to retrograde arterial fistula-flow and -pressure remains unchanged in the chronic stages post-fistula in spite of the tremendous expansion of collateral vessels within one year. These findings indicate that the three main collateral networks adjacent to the iliac artery all expand proportionally to their pre-fistula status in the months following construction of a large iliac av. fistula. This strongly suggests that the extensive interarterial anastomoses in a chronic av. fistula are all preformed collaterals which have gradually expanded.", "contents": "Quantitative evaluation of retrograde arterial flow in chronic experimental arteriovenous fistulas. A 2 cm long iliac av. fistula is established in 13 dogs. Flow measurements are performed in the fistula limbs and the adjacent arteries immediately (stage I), as well as 3 months (stage II) and 6 to 12 months (stage III) post-shunt. The following results are obtained: 1) In the acute stage, average flow in the distal fistula artery is very small but directed towards the periphery. In stages II and III a progressively increasing retrograde flow directed towards the fistula is regularly measured in the distal fistula artery. 2) Even in the acute stage a considerable retrograde flow is measured in the distal fistula artery when the proximal artery is clamped. Likewise, in stages II and III, this \"free\" retrograde flow (after occlusion of proximal fistula artery) is 40 to 60% higher than the spontaneous retrograde flow. 3) In chronic av. fistulas, the \"free\" retrograde flow in the distal fistula artery decreases significantly after occlusion of the adjacent tail artery and the contralateral iliac artery. It can thus be calculated that in chronic iliac av. fistulas the tail artery contributes approximately 44% and the contralateral iliac artery 22% to retrograde arterial fistula flow. The remaining 34% of retrograde flow are mainly derived from collaterals connecting side-branches of the abdominal aorta with the distal arterial limb. 4) These extensive collaterals adjacent to a chronic iliac av. fistula are demonstrated angiographically and by post-mortem vascular casts. 5) In all stages, occlusion of the proximal fistula artery simultaneously increases flow in the tail artery and contralateral iliac artery by more than 50%. This stresses the major contribution of these arteries to retrograde arterial fistula flow. 6) Successive occlusion of the tail artery and the contralateral iliac artery in stages II and III results in a nearly identical per cent decrease in \"free\" retrograde flow and in pressure (measured in the distal fistula artery). Even in the pre-fistula control stage, this occlusion experiment induces the same relative pressure-drop in the distal iliac artery. The proportional contribution of the collateral pathways to retrograde arterial fistula-flow and -pressure remains unchanged in the chronic stages post-fistula in spite of the tremendous expansion of collateral vessels within one year. These findings indicate that the three main collateral networks adjacent to the iliac artery all expand proportionally to their pre-fistula status in the months following construction of a large iliac av. fistula. This strongly suggests that the extensive interarterial anastomoses in a chronic av. fistula are all preformed collaterals which have gradually expanded.", "PMID": 1122217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7490", "title": "[A longitudinal study of the relationship between the pulse wave velocity in the aorta-iliaca vessel and the blood pressure (author's transl)].", "content": "Temporary hypertensive increases in blood pressure, or variations in blood pressure when there was an already existing hypertension, in which the blood pressure either moved within the limits of hypertensive blood pressure values or temporarily returned to normal, occurred in 129 men ages 23-85, in whom repeated measurements of the blood pressure and pulse wave rate (PWG) were carried out in the aorta and iliac artery in the course of a longitudinal study over years. Both categories--temporary and chronic hypertensives--showed significant differences in the height of the PWG increase per 10 mm Hg (delta-c-p). The delta-c-p value for the chronic hypertensives (n equals 43) was 0.73 plus or minus 0.35 m/sec, that of the temporary hypertensives 0.56 plus or minus 0.24 m/sec (p smaller than or equal to 0.01). The mean value for both groups was 0.62 plus or minus 0.29 m/sec. Delta-c-p increased with age (0.54 m/sec yields 45th year; 0.60 m/sec from 46-55 years; 0.61 m/sec from 55-65 years; 0.67 m/sec at 66 and over). The increase of delta-c-p with age is caused by the increase in chronic hypertension. Delta-c-p was constant over a mean pressure range of 90-190 mm Hg in temporary and chronic hypertensives, irrespective of the amount of the (individual) mean difference in pressure, but it was distinctly greater in chronic than in temporary hypertensives. On lowering pressure, the delta-c-p was also greater in chronic than in temporary hypertensives. When normal pressures were attained, temporary hypertensives showed no differences from the PWG of normotensive of the same age. The differences between temporary and chronic hypertensives are explained by the different relations in the structure of the wall of the aorta, but especially because the function of the muscular layer was better maintained in temporary hypertensives. The raising of the PWG in temporary hypertensives is probably caused by the increased tension in the wall alone. Whether, in addition to the increased incorporation of collagen and a rarification of the smooth muscle, the thickness to radius ratio also increases above that usual for the age group in chronic hypertension is still not clear, but it is not essential for the explanation of the greater increase in the delta-c-p. The longitudinal delta-c-p values obtained in individual subjects confirms the transverse delta-c-p findings, with regard to size and age group, which were obtained by comparisation of cross sections of groups of normotive and hypertensive subjects.", "contents": "[A longitudinal study of the relationship between the pulse wave velocity in the aorta-iliaca vessel and the blood pressure (author's transl)]. Temporary hypertensive increases in blood pressure, or variations in blood pressure when there was an already existing hypertension, in which the blood pressure either moved within the limits of hypertensive blood pressure values or temporarily returned to normal, occurred in 129 men ages 23-85, in whom repeated measurements of the blood pressure and pulse wave rate (PWG) were carried out in the aorta and iliac artery in the course of a longitudinal study over years. Both categories--temporary and chronic hypertensives--showed significant differences in the height of the PWG increase per 10 mm Hg (delta-c-p). The delta-c-p value for the chronic hypertensives (n equals 43) was 0.73 plus or minus 0.35 m/sec, that of the temporary hypertensives 0.56 plus or minus 0.24 m/sec (p smaller than or equal to 0.01). The mean value for both groups was 0.62 plus or minus 0.29 m/sec. Delta-c-p increased with age (0.54 m/sec yields 45th year; 0.60 m/sec from 46-55 years; 0.61 m/sec from 55-65 years; 0.67 m/sec at 66 and over). The increase of delta-c-p with age is caused by the increase in chronic hypertension. Delta-c-p was constant over a mean pressure range of 90-190 mm Hg in temporary and chronic hypertensives, irrespective of the amount of the (individual) mean difference in pressure, but it was distinctly greater in chronic than in temporary hypertensives. On lowering pressure, the delta-c-p was also greater in chronic than in temporary hypertensives. When normal pressures were attained, temporary hypertensives showed no differences from the PWG of normotensive of the same age. The differences between temporary and chronic hypertensives are explained by the different relations in the structure of the wall of the aorta, but especially because the function of the muscular layer was better maintained in temporary hypertensives. The raising of the PWG in temporary hypertensives is probably caused by the increased tension in the wall alone. Whether, in addition to the increased incorporation of collagen and a rarification of the smooth muscle, the thickness to radius ratio also increases above that usual for the age group in chronic hypertension is still not clear, but it is not essential for the explanation of the greater increase in the delta-c-p. The longitudinal delta-c-p values obtained in individual subjects confirms the transverse delta-c-p findings, with regard to size and age group, which were obtained by comparisation of cross sections of groups of normotive and hypertensive subjects.", "PMID": 1122218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7491", "title": "[Theory of methods to compare lead fields in electrocardiography (author's transl)].", "content": "A method is theoretically described to test the accuracy of various lead system of the ecg. The priniciple of this method consists in the following procedure. The heart position is changed maximally in a proband by varying the position of the body and by deep inspiration and exspiration. If the lead field is parallel, the recorded vector loops should by conventible into each other by merely rotating them electronically, because the cardiac determinants of the veg will scarcely be changed by a change in heart position. The deformations of the veg in the edgeside and broadside view are an appropriate measure of the inhomogenities (the \"accuracy\") of the lead field, mostly caused by the configuration of the chest and the inhomogeneous conductivity of the tissues and the resulting lack of parallelity in the lead lines of the field. Criteria to test the form of the vector loop are developed, measuring quantitatively the similarly of the loops recorded in different heart positions. The \"best\" lead is regarded to be that with greatest similarity of the loops in extreme dislocations of the heart.", "contents": "[Theory of methods to compare lead fields in electrocardiography (author's transl)]. A method is theoretically described to test the accuracy of various lead system of the ecg. The priniciple of this method consists in the following procedure. The heart position is changed maximally in a proband by varying the position of the body and by deep inspiration and exspiration. If the lead field is parallel, the recorded vector loops should by conventible into each other by merely rotating them electronically, because the cardiac determinants of the veg will scarcely be changed by a change in heart position. The deformations of the veg in the edgeside and broadside view are an appropriate measure of the inhomogenities (the \"accuracy\") of the lead field, mostly caused by the configuration of the chest and the inhomogeneous conductivity of the tissues and the resulting lack of parallelity in the lead lines of the field. Criteria to test the form of the vector loop are developed, measuring quantitatively the similarly of the loops recorded in different heart positions. The \"best\" lead is regarded to be that with greatest similarity of the loops in extreme dislocations of the heart.", "PMID": 1122220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7492", "title": "Vocalisation via a cuffed tracheostomy tube. A new prinicple.", "content": "A thin catheter mounted on the upper surface of a tracheostomy tube enables a flow of air to reach the vocal cords and makes vocalisation possible during artificial ventilation.", "contents": "Vocalisation via a cuffed tracheostomy tube. A new prinicple. A thin catheter mounted on the upper surface of a tracheostomy tube enables a flow of air to reach the vocal cords and makes vocalisation possible during artificial ventilation.", "PMID": 1122267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7493", "title": "Surgical treatment of ventricular tachycardia after epicardial mapping studies.", "content": "Two patients with intractable life-threatening ventricular tachycardias have been studied using intracardiac electrograms and programmed electrical stimulation of the heart. Both patients have shown to have an underlying re-entry mechanism in the ventricles as the basis for the tachycardias. Both patients underwent epicardial mapping studies at cardiac surgery, and the site of re-entry was established. In one patient the re-entry front was found to start in the posterobasal region of the left ventricle and in the other patient the re-entry front was found in the anterobasal region of the right ventricle. In both patients surgical interruption of the re-entry front was carried out. Both patients are alive and free from tachycardias at the time of writing.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of ventricular tachycardia after epicardial mapping studies. Two patients with intractable life-threatening ventricular tachycardias have been studied using intracardiac electrograms and programmed electrical stimulation of the heart. Both patients have shown to have an underlying re-entry mechanism in the ventricles as the basis for the tachycardias. Both patients underwent epicardial mapping studies at cardiac surgery, and the site of re-entry was established. In one patient the re-entry front was found to start in the posterobasal region of the left ventricle and in the other patient the re-entry front was found in the anterobasal region of the right ventricle. In both patients surgical interruption of the re-entry front was carried out. Both patients are alive and free from tachycardias at the time of writing.", "PMID": 1122269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7494", "title": "Problems concerning assessment of anatomical site of accessory pathway in Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome.", "content": "Twp patients with type B WPW syndrome and reciprocal tachycardias have been studied using intracardiac electrograms and programmed electrical stimulation of the heart. One patient, who had a right-sided accessory pathway giving the surface electrocardiographic appearances of type B WPW syndrome, was shown to have an additional left-sided accessory pathway as occurs in type A WPW syndrome. This concealed left-sided atrioventricular connexion formed the retrograde pathway during reciprocal tachycardia. In the second patient the appearances of type B WPW syndrome were shown to be caused by an accessory pathway between the atrial septum and the right side of the interventricular septum rather than an accessory pathway in the right atrioventricular groove. The significance of these findings when considering surgical interruption of an accessory atrioventricular conduction pathway is discussed.", "contents": "Problems concerning assessment of anatomical site of accessory pathway in Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Twp patients with type B WPW syndrome and reciprocal tachycardias have been studied using intracardiac electrograms and programmed electrical stimulation of the heart. One patient, who had a right-sided accessory pathway giving the surface electrocardiographic appearances of type B WPW syndrome, was shown to have an additional left-sided accessory pathway as occurs in type A WPW syndrome. This concealed left-sided atrioventricular connexion formed the retrograde pathway during reciprocal tachycardia. In the second patient the appearances of type B WPW syndrome were shown to be caused by an accessory pathway between the atrial septum and the right side of the interventricular septum rather than an accessory pathway in the right atrioventricular groove. The significance of these findings when considering surgical interruption of an accessory atrioventricular conduction pathway is discussed.", "PMID": 1122270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7495", "title": "Factors influenceing long-term prognosis in male patients surviving a first coronary attack.", "content": "Three hundred and sixty-four men who survived a first episode of acute coronary insufficiency or myocardial infarction for 28 days were admitted to a coronary heart disease secondary programme between 1 January 1961 and 31 December 1971. Of these, 252 have been followed for at least 4 years. The 4-year mortality was 13.5 per cent (34 patients). The average mortality was 3.4 per cent but an excess of deaths occurred during the first year of follow-up. Of 11 characteristics measured during the acute attack, only severity of the attack was significantly associated with poor 4-year survival. Cigarette consumption after infarction was significantly less among those surviving the 4-year period when compared with decedents. Follow-up systolic and diastolic blood pressure levels were significantly lower among decedents. No significant differences were noted in serum cholesterol levels and in mean weight, The presence of post-infarction angina did not affect the prognosis.", "contents": "Factors influenceing long-term prognosis in male patients surviving a first coronary attack. Three hundred and sixty-four men who survived a first episode of acute coronary insufficiency or myocardial infarction for 28 days were admitted to a coronary heart disease secondary programme between 1 January 1961 and 31 December 1971. Of these, 252 have been followed for at least 4 years. The 4-year mortality was 13.5 per cent (34 patients). The average mortality was 3.4 per cent but an excess of deaths occurred during the first year of follow-up. Of 11 characteristics measured during the acute attack, only severity of the attack was significantly associated with poor 4-year survival. Cigarette consumption after infarction was significantly less among those surviving the 4-year period when compared with decedents. Follow-up systolic and diastolic blood pressure levels were significantly lower among decedents. No significant differences were noted in serum cholesterol levels and in mean weight, The presence of post-infarction angina did not affect the prognosis.", "PMID": 1122271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7496", "title": "Idiopathic giant cell myocarditis--a distinctive clinico-pathological entity.", "content": "Eleven cases of idiopathic giant cell myocarditis are described, The pathological features are unmistakable with serpiginous areas of myocardial necrosis, at the margins of which giant cells can be seen on histological examination. The aetiology of the condition remains obscure but associated pathology suggests that altered immunity may be a factor. The rapid clinical course is, however, highly suggestive of an infective cause though none has been found.", "contents": "Idiopathic giant cell myocarditis--a distinctive clinico-pathological entity. Eleven cases of idiopathic giant cell myocarditis are described, The pathological features are unmistakable with serpiginous areas of myocardial necrosis, at the margins of which giant cells can be seen on histological examination. The aetiology of the condition remains obscure but associated pathology suggests that altered immunity may be a factor. The rapid clinical course is, however, highly suggestive of an infective cause though none has been found.", "PMID": 1122272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7497", "title": "Ejection phase indices of left ventricular performance in infants, children, and adults.", "content": "A validatory study of quantitative single plane left ventricular cineangiography is presented, using human left ventricular casts ranging in size from 1.6 to 135 ml. Good correlation was found between actual and calculated volumes (r=0.967). 62 patient studies were carried out and the value of the usually calculated indices of left ventricular performance were compared to one another. Ejection fraction and mean rate of circumferential fibre shortening (mean Vcf) were found to be the best discriminators of abnormal left ventricular function, and, on the basis of the presented data, it is suggested that mean Vcf is the more sensitive index of left ventricular performance.", "contents": "Ejection phase indices of left ventricular performance in infants, children, and adults. A validatory study of quantitative single plane left ventricular cineangiography is presented, using human left ventricular casts ranging in size from 1.6 to 135 ml. Good correlation was found between actual and calculated volumes (r=0.967). 62 patient studies were carried out and the value of the usually calculated indices of left ventricular performance were compared to one another. Ejection fraction and mean rate of circumferential fibre shortening (mean Vcf) were found to be the best discriminators of abnormal left ventricular function, and, on the basis of the presented data, it is suggested that mean Vcf is the more sensitive index of left ventricular performance.", "PMID": 1122273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7498", "title": "Complete interruption of aortic arch, without persistent ductus arteriosus, in an adult.", "content": "A case of complete interruption of the aortic arch in an adult is presented and the previous 8 reported cases are reviewed. Obliteration of the ductus is a feature of these cases, in contrast to the more common variety found in early childhood. Comments are made on the clinical distinction between the adult type of complete interruption of the aortic arch and coarctation of the aorta.", "contents": "Complete interruption of aortic arch, without persistent ductus arteriosus, in an adult. A case of complete interruption of the aortic arch in an adult is presented and the previous 8 reported cases are reviewed. Obliteration of the ductus is a feature of these cases, in contrast to the more common variety found in early childhood. Comments are made on the clinical distinction between the adult type of complete interruption of the aortic arch and coarctation of the aorta.", "PMID": 1122274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7499", "title": "The role of protein and lipids in stabilizing the activity of bovine heart succinate dehydrogenase.", "content": "When incubated in an air atmosphere, solubilized succinate dehydrogenase (succinate:(acceptor) oxidoreductase, EC 1.3.99.1) quickly loses the capability to recombine with membrane components to catalyze mitochondrial related electron transport activities. At 0 degrees the loss in reconstitution capability is a first-order process; the half-life of the enzyme is 1.6 hr at this temperature. The enzyme is stabilized by recombining it with submitochondrial particles or with a cytochrome b preparation-phospholipid mixture. The presence of the cytochrome b preparation in the succinate dehydrogenase-cytochrome b-phospholipid complex is obligatory, indicating that protein-protein interactions between succinate dehydrogenase and other membrane components are important in stabilizing the capability of the flavoprotein to transfer electrons to other respiratory components. Treatment of this complex with phospholipase C results in loss of most of the succinate-dichlorophenolindophenol reductase activity and almost complete hydrolysis of phospholipid. Succinate dehydrogenase maintains its capability to participate in mitochondrial electron transport for several hours if the phospholipase treated complex is reconstituted with lysolecithin at the time of assay. Phospholipids are therefore not required for the stabilization process, but rather for formation of an active reductase complex. A lipophilic environment, if required for stabilization, can be provided by diglycerides. Diglycerides also can provide an environment conducive to electron transfer from succinate to ubiquinone but do so less efficiently than intact phospholipids.", "contents": "The role of protein and lipids in stabilizing the activity of bovine heart succinate dehydrogenase. When incubated in an air atmosphere, solubilized succinate dehydrogenase (succinate:(acceptor) oxidoreductase, EC 1.3.99.1) quickly loses the capability to recombine with membrane components to catalyze mitochondrial related electron transport activities. At 0 degrees the loss in reconstitution capability is a first-order process; the half-life of the enzyme is 1.6 hr at this temperature. The enzyme is stabilized by recombining it with submitochondrial particles or with a cytochrome b preparation-phospholipid mixture. The presence of the cytochrome b preparation in the succinate dehydrogenase-cytochrome b-phospholipid complex is obligatory, indicating that protein-protein interactions between succinate dehydrogenase and other membrane components are important in stabilizing the capability of the flavoprotein to transfer electrons to other respiratory components. Treatment of this complex with phospholipase C results in loss of most of the succinate-dichlorophenolindophenol reductase activity and almost complete hydrolysis of phospholipid. Succinate dehydrogenase maintains its capability to participate in mitochondrial electron transport for several hours if the phospholipase treated complex is reconstituted with lysolecithin at the time of assay. Phospholipids are therefore not required for the stabilization process, but rather for formation of an active reductase complex. A lipophilic environment, if required for stabilization, can be provided by diglycerides. Diglycerides also can provide an environment conducive to electron transfer from succinate to ubiquinone but do so less efficiently than intact phospholipids.", "PMID": 1122275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7500", "title": "Kinetic and equilibrium studies of the ligand binding reactions of eight electrophoretic components of sperm whale ferrimyoglobin.", "content": "The reactions of eight electrophoretic components of sperm whale ferrimyoglobin with fluoride, azide, and cyanide have been studied. There do not appear to be significant differences in rate constants or equilibrium constants among the various components. We conclude that at pH 7.0 in 0.05 M potassium phosphate these ligand binding kinetics and equilibria are insensitive to the net charge on the protein. The variation of the azide equilibrium constant with ionic strength from mu 0.01 M to 0.11 M is not in accord with the predictions of the Debye-H\u00fcckel theory. On the other hand, azide association kinetic and equilibrium constants are respectively six- and threefold greater for beef ferrimyoglobin than for the isoelectric whale ferrimyoglobin (band V). An examination of the data for whale, horse, and beef myoglobins reveals that large differences in azide (but not CO) association rate constants are associated with amino acid substitutions at residues 45 and 99 in the heme cavity.", "contents": "Kinetic and equilibrium studies of the ligand binding reactions of eight electrophoretic components of sperm whale ferrimyoglobin. The reactions of eight electrophoretic components of sperm whale ferrimyoglobin with fluoride, azide, and cyanide have been studied. There do not appear to be significant differences in rate constants or equilibrium constants among the various components. We conclude that at pH 7.0 in 0.05 M potassium phosphate these ligand binding kinetics and equilibria are insensitive to the net charge on the protein. The variation of the azide equilibrium constant with ionic strength from mu 0.01 M to 0.11 M is not in accord with the predictions of the Debye-H\u00fcckel theory. On the other hand, azide association kinetic and equilibrium constants are respectively six- and threefold greater for beef ferrimyoglobin than for the isoelectric whale ferrimyoglobin (band V). An examination of the data for whale, horse, and beef myoglobins reveals that large differences in azide (but not CO) association rate constants are associated with amino acid substitutions at residues 45 and 99 in the heme cavity.", "PMID": 1122276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7501", "title": "The amino acid sequence of ragweed pollen allergen Ra5.", "content": "The complete amino acid sequence of Ra5, a ragweed pollen allergen, has been determined. Allergen Ra5 is a low molecular weight protein of 45 residues derived from Ambrosia elatior, the short ragweed. It contains no detectable carbohydrate or lipid and has four disulfide bridges. The total structure was determined on 1.4 mumol of material and indicates that structural analysis is increasingly possible on relatively small amounts of highly purified material when a combination of automated and manual sequencing techniques and highly sensitive detection systems is employed. This represents the first complete amino acid sequence of a ragweed allergen and it should provide a basis for many structure-function correlative experiments in the field of immediate hypersensitivity.", "contents": "The amino acid sequence of ragweed pollen allergen Ra5. The complete amino acid sequence of Ra5, a ragweed pollen allergen, has been determined. Allergen Ra5 is a low molecular weight protein of 45 residues derived from Ambrosia elatior, the short ragweed. It contains no detectable carbohydrate or lipid and has four disulfide bridges. The total structure was determined on 1.4 mumol of material and indicates that structural analysis is increasingly possible on relatively small amounts of highly purified material when a combination of automated and manual sequencing techniques and highly sensitive detection systems is employed. This represents the first complete amino acid sequence of a ragweed allergen and it should provide a basis for many structure-function correlative experiments in the field of immediate hypersensitivity.", "PMID": 1122277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7502", "title": "Association of tissue-specific histones with deoxyribonucleic acid. Thermal denaturation of native, partially dehistonized, and reconstituted chromatins.", "content": "First derivative thermal denaturation profiles were compared for chromatin samples prepared from chicken erythrocytes, chicken liver, and sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) sperm. Selective dissociation of various histone fractions, including tissue-specific F2c and gamma histones, was manifested in characteristic changes of the thermal denaturation profiles. It was concluded that the binding of individual histone fractions to the DNA can be identified with paricular temperatures of thermal denaturation. This observation was tested by denaturation experiments on hybrid chromatins. Chicken erythrocyte chromatin devoid of F2c histone and reconstituted with isolated liver F1 histone denatured like chicken liver chromatin. Conversely, chicken liver chromatin devoid of F1 histones and reconstituted with isolated F2c fraction exhibited a thermal denaturation profile characteristic of the chicken erythrocyte chromatin. In other words, the thermal denaturation profile of reconstituted chromatin was determined approximately by the sum of contribution histone fractions. The obvious distinctions recognized among the derivative thermal denaturation profiles of compositionally different nucleoproteins suggest that thermal denaturation sensitively detects variations in histone content and therefore is a valuable tool for the routine characterization of chromatin preparations.", "contents": "Association of tissue-specific histones with deoxyribonucleic acid. Thermal denaturation of native, partially dehistonized, and reconstituted chromatins. First derivative thermal denaturation profiles were compared for chromatin samples prepared from chicken erythrocytes, chicken liver, and sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) sperm. Selective dissociation of various histone fractions, including tissue-specific F2c and gamma histones, was manifested in characteristic changes of the thermal denaturation profiles. It was concluded that the binding of individual histone fractions to the DNA can be identified with paricular temperatures of thermal denaturation. This observation was tested by denaturation experiments on hybrid chromatins. Chicken erythrocyte chromatin devoid of F2c histone and reconstituted with isolated liver F1 histone denatured like chicken liver chromatin. Conversely, chicken liver chromatin devoid of F1 histones and reconstituted with isolated F2c fraction exhibited a thermal denaturation profile characteristic of the chicken erythrocyte chromatin. In other words, the thermal denaturation profile of reconstituted chromatin was determined approximately by the sum of contribution histone fractions. The obvious distinctions recognized among the derivative thermal denaturation profiles of compositionally different nucleoproteins suggest that thermal denaturation sensitively detects variations in histone content and therefore is a valuable tool for the routine characterization of chromatin preparations.", "PMID": 1122278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7503", "title": "Interaction between spin-labeled acyl-coenzyme A and the mitochondrial adenosine diphosphate carrier.", "content": "Spin-labeled long-chain (m,n)acyl-CoA's (general formula: CH3(CH2)mCR(CH2)nCOSCoA, where R is an oxazolidine ring containing a nitroxide) inhibit anion transports through the inner mitochondrial membrane at low concentrations as ordinary long-chain acyl-CoA's do. The inhibition constant relative to the inhibition of the ADP transport in heart mitochondria by spin-labeled palmityl-CoA and stearyl-CoA is of the order of 10-7 M, a value which is similar to that found for natural long-chain acyl-CoA's. A short-chain spin-labeled acyl-CoA (C5) showed no inhibitory effect in the range of concentrations tested (up to 30 muM). (2) (10,3)Acyl-CoA added to heart mitochondria at low concentrations exhibits spectra corresponding to an immobilized probe. The corresponding free fatty acid shows a higher freedom of motion between 0 and 30 degrees. The same differences in spectra of spin-labeled acyl-CoA and spin-labeled free fatty acid were found in inner membrane vesicles from rat liver mitochondria, but not in outer membrane preparations. (3) The selective interaction of spin-labeled acyl-CoA with the ADP carrier is indicated by the release of this interaction by specific ligands of the ADP carrier, such as ADP or ATP, carboxyatractyloside, adn bongkrekic acid. ADP (or ATP) and carboxyatractyloside rendered the spin-labeled (10,3)acyl-CoA nearly as mobile as the (10,3) free fatty acid. No effect was obtained with AMP, GDP, or UDP which are not transported by the ADP carrier. Bongkrekic acid, another specific inhibitor of the ADP carrier, was inactive when added alone; however, it was effective when added together with amounts of ADP which are ineffective per se. (4) The electron spin resonance (esr) spectrum observed at low concentrations of (10,3)acyl-CoA arises from (10,3)acyl-CoA bound to the  ADP carrier. At higher concentrations the (10,3)-acy-CoA is more suggesting that the bulk of the label is also present in the lipid phase of the membrane. Spin-labeled acylCoA's incorporated into a sonicated dispersion of lipids extracted from heart mitochondria exhibited similar mobile spectra. (5) When the oxazolidine ring is moved down the hydrocarbon chain of the acyl-CoA, the binding features tended to disappear. Whereas nitroxide-protein interactions could be easily measured with the (10,3)acyl-CoA and the (7,6)acyl-CoA, much less or even no significant interactions could be detected with the (5,10)acyl-CoA or the (1,14)acyl-CoA. (6) The above results suggest that spin-labeled long-chain acylCoA added to mitochondria binds by its polar moiety to the ADP carrier. The acyl chain interacts with the ADP carrier protein over a length of 10-15 A. The remaining portion of the acyl chain experiences a fluid lipid environment.", "contents": "Interaction between spin-labeled acyl-coenzyme A and the mitochondrial adenosine diphosphate carrier. Spin-labeled long-chain (m,n)acyl-CoA's (general formula: CH3(CH2)mCR(CH2)nCOSCoA, where R is an oxazolidine ring containing a nitroxide) inhibit anion transports through the inner mitochondrial membrane at low concentrations as ordinary long-chain acyl-CoA's do. The inhibition constant relative to the inhibition of the ADP transport in heart mitochondria by spin-labeled palmityl-CoA and stearyl-CoA is of the order of 10-7 M, a value which is similar to that found for natural long-chain acyl-CoA's. A short-chain spin-labeled acyl-CoA (C5) showed no inhibitory effect in the range of concentrations tested (up to 30 muM). (2) (10,3)Acyl-CoA added to heart mitochondria at low concentrations exhibits spectra corresponding to an immobilized probe. The corresponding free fatty acid shows a higher freedom of motion between 0 and 30 degrees. The same differences in spectra of spin-labeled acyl-CoA and spin-labeled free fatty acid were found in inner membrane vesicles from rat liver mitochondria, but not in outer membrane preparations. (3) The selective interaction of spin-labeled acyl-CoA with the ADP carrier is indicated by the release of this interaction by specific ligands of the ADP carrier, such as ADP or ATP, carboxyatractyloside, adn bongkrekic acid. ADP (or ATP) and carboxyatractyloside rendered the spin-labeled (10,3)acyl-CoA nearly as mobile as the (10,3) free fatty acid. No effect was obtained with AMP, GDP, or UDP which are not transported by the ADP carrier. Bongkrekic acid, another specific inhibitor of the ADP carrier, was inactive when added alone; however, it was effective when added together with amounts of ADP which are ineffective per se. (4) The electron spin resonance (esr) spectrum observed at low concentrations of (10,3)acyl-CoA arises from (10,3)acyl-CoA bound to the  ADP carrier. At higher concentrations the (10,3)-acy-CoA is more suggesting that the bulk of the label is also present in the lipid phase of the membrane. Spin-labeled acylCoA's incorporated into a sonicated dispersion of lipids extracted from heart mitochondria exhibited similar mobile spectra. (5) When the oxazolidine ring is moved down the hydrocarbon chain of the acyl-CoA, the binding features tended to disappear. Whereas nitroxide-protein interactions could be easily measured with the (10,3)acyl-CoA and the (7,6)acyl-CoA, much less or even no significant interactions could be detected with the (5,10)acyl-CoA or the (1,14)acyl-CoA. (6) The above results suggest that spin-labeled long-chain acylCoA added to mitochondria binds by its polar moiety to the ADP carrier. The acyl chain interacts with the ADP carrier protein over a length of 10-15 A. The remaining portion of the acyl chain experiences a fluid lipid environment.", "PMID": 1122279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7504", "title": "The amino acid sequence of a carboxypeptidase inhibitor from potatoes.", "content": "The carboxypeptidase inhibitor from Russet Burbank potatoes (C. A. Ryan et al. (1974b), J. Biol. Chem 249, 5495) is a mixture of approximately equal amounts of two polypeptide chains containing 38 and 39 amino acid residues, respectively. The chains differ in their amino terminal sequence only, one beginning with smaller than Glu-His-Ala ... and the other with smaller than Glu-Gln-His-Ala ..... Specific cleavage procedures utilized in determining the complete amino acid sequence of the inhibitor included acid cleavage of the aspartyl-proline bond and tryptic and chymotryptic digestion. Mass spectrometry, automatic Edman degradation, and subtractive Edman degradation were employed in sequencing the resulting peptide fragments.", "contents": "The amino acid sequence of a carboxypeptidase inhibitor from potatoes. The carboxypeptidase inhibitor from Russet Burbank potatoes (C. A. Ryan et al. (1974b), J. Biol. Chem 249, 5495) is a mixture of approximately equal amounts of two polypeptide chains containing 38 and 39 amino acid residues, respectively. The chains differ in their amino terminal sequence only, one beginning with smaller than Glu-His-Ala ... and the other with smaller than Glu-Gln-His-Ala ..... Specific cleavage procedures utilized in determining the complete amino acid sequence of the inhibitor included acid cleavage of the aspartyl-proline bond and tryptic and chymotryptic digestion. Mass spectrometry, automatic Edman degradation, and subtractive Edman degradation were employed in sequencing the resulting peptide fragments.", "PMID": 1122280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7505", "title": "A calorimetric and monolayer investigation of the influence of ions on the thermodynamic properties of phosphatidylcholine.", "content": "The effects of various ions and 2H2O on the thermal properties of phosphatidylcholine dispersions were studied using differential scanning calorimetry and the change in the surface potential of monolayers with temperature. The phosphatidylcholine in 2H2O dispersion exhibits a slightly higher transition temperature and lower enthalpy of melting than a phosphatidylcholine in H2O dispersion. Monovalent (H+, Na+, and Li+) and some divalent cations of chloride salts (Ba2+, Mg2+, and Sr2+) have no effect on the thermal properties of phosphatidylcholine, while halide salts of the di-positive ions Cd2+ and Ca2+ have an effect on both the enthalpy of melting and transition temperature. No effect attributable to the metal ion was observed in non-halide salts of cadmium. The chloride salt of La3+ has no effect on lipid thermal properties whereas that of Fe3+ affects the transition temperature. The enthalpy of melting of phosphatidylcholine in one molar solutions of potassium salts increases in the order: CNS minus greater than acetate greater than I minus. Such large, polarizable anions clearly interact with phosphatidylcholine and must therefore also confer a negative charge on the lipid. The potassium salt of SO4-2 minus has no effect. Possible origins of the observed trends are discussed.", "contents": "A calorimetric and monolayer investigation of the influence of ions on the thermodynamic properties of phosphatidylcholine. The effects of various ions and 2H2O on the thermal properties of phosphatidylcholine dispersions were studied using differential scanning calorimetry and the change in the surface potential of monolayers with temperature. The phosphatidylcholine in 2H2O dispersion exhibits a slightly higher transition temperature and lower enthalpy of melting than a phosphatidylcholine in H2O dispersion. Monovalent (H+, Na+, and Li+) and some divalent cations of chloride salts (Ba2+, Mg2+, and Sr2+) have no effect on the thermal properties of phosphatidylcholine, while halide salts of the di-positive ions Cd2+ and Ca2+ have an effect on both the enthalpy of melting and transition temperature. No effect attributable to the metal ion was observed in non-halide salts of cadmium. The chloride salt of La3+ has no effect on lipid thermal properties whereas that of Fe3+ affects the transition temperature. The enthalpy of melting of phosphatidylcholine in one molar solutions of potassium salts increases in the order: CNS minus greater than acetate greater than I minus. Such large, polarizable anions clearly interact with phosphatidylcholine and must therefore also confer a negative charge on the lipid. The potassium salt of SO4-2 minus has no effect. Possible origins of the observed trends are discussed.", "PMID": 1122281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7506", "title": "Differential solubilization of proteins, phospholipids, free and esterified cholesterol of rat liver cellular membranes by sodium deoxycholate.", "content": "1. Smooth microsomes, Golgi-rich fractions, and light and heavy plasmalemmal subfractions from rat liver were isolated and their purity assessed using enzymic, chemical and morphological criteria. 2. Membranes were prepared by Tris-EDTA washing combined with sonication treatment of the different subcellular fractions. 3. Washed membranes were submitted to differential solubilization with 0.26% sodium deoxycholate. When the deoxycholate/phospholipid molar ratio (R) is raised, all the membranes showed a maximum protein solubilization occurring at R approximately equal TO 2. The higher the membrane neutral lipid to phospholipid molar ratio is, the lower the solubilized protein plateau lies. 4. Phospholipids are solubilized in slightly greater amounts than proteins and their solubilization is complete at R equals 14-16. 5. For R smaller than 2, sterols are solubilized in slightly greater amounts than phospholipids. At maximum protein solubilization, cholesterol and cholesterol esters completely differ in their behaviour. The whole membrane cholesterol goes into solution for R equals 14-16 while the solubilization of esterified cholesterol is never complete. The higher the protein plateau is, the lower the cholesterol esters solubilization curve asymptote lies.", "contents": "Differential solubilization of proteins, phospholipids, free and esterified cholesterol of rat liver cellular membranes by sodium deoxycholate. 1. Smooth microsomes, Golgi-rich fractions, and light and heavy plasmalemmal subfractions from rat liver were isolated and their purity assessed using enzymic, chemical and morphological criteria. 2. Membranes were prepared by Tris-EDTA washing combined with sonication treatment of the different subcellular fractions. 3. Washed membranes were submitted to differential solubilization with 0.26% sodium deoxycholate. When the deoxycholate/phospholipid molar ratio (R) is raised, all the membranes showed a maximum protein solubilization occurring at R approximately equal TO 2. The higher the membrane neutral lipid to phospholipid molar ratio is, the lower the solubilized protein plateau lies. 4. Phospholipids are solubilized in slightly greater amounts than proteins and their solubilization is complete at R equals 14-16. 5. For R smaller than 2, sterols are solubilized in slightly greater amounts than phospholipids. At maximum protein solubilization, cholesterol and cholesterol esters completely differ in their behaviour. The whole membrane cholesterol goes into solution for R equals 14-16 while the solubilization of esterified cholesterol is never complete. The higher the protein plateau is, the lower the cholesterol esters solubilization curve asymptote lies.", "PMID": 1122282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7507", "title": "Interaction of different forms of haemoglobin with artificial lipid membranes.", "content": "The action of different forms of haemoglobin (oxy-, carboxy-and methaemoglobin) and myoglobin on the leakage of Rb+ out of liposomes has been investigated. The results presented will demonstrate that only methaemoglobin is particularly effective in interacting with phospholipid vesicles by changing their permeability and catalyzing a peroxidation of their unsaturated hydrocarbon chains.", "contents": "Interaction of different forms of haemoglobin with artificial lipid membranes. The action of different forms of haemoglobin (oxy-, carboxy-and methaemoglobin) and myoglobin on the leakage of Rb+ out of liposomes has been investigated. The results presented will demonstrate that only methaemoglobin is particularly effective in interacting with phospholipid vesicles by changing their permeability and catalyzing a peroxidation of their unsaturated hydrocarbon chains.", "PMID": 1122283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7508", "title": "Partial purification and characterization of the antidiuretic hormone-inactivating enzyme from renal plasma membranes.", "content": "An antidiuretic hormone-inactivating peptidase located in renal plasma membranes of porcine kidney medulla has been studied. Treatment of antidiuretic hormone (lysine vasopressin) with renal plasma membranes resulted in a progressive loss of biological activity as measured by the rat pressor assay. The reaction of 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid with released amino groups was employed to follow the peptidase-catalyzed hydrolysis of the hormone. An 83-fold purification of the membrane-bound peptidase was achieved by Lubrol PX solubilization of the membranes followed by DEAE-cellulose, hydroxylopatite, and 8% agarose column chromatography. The molecular weight of the peptidase was 442 000 as determined by 8% agarose gel filtration. An analysis of the antidiuretic hormone hydrolysis products by thin-layer chromatography revealed the presence of trinitrophenyl-glycinamide. The release of glycinamide from the hormone as a function of time was demonstrated. Mg2+ had a slight inhibitory effect and Ca2+ had a strong inhibitory effect on the peptidase activity.", "contents": "Partial purification and characterization of the antidiuretic hormone-inactivating enzyme from renal plasma membranes. An antidiuretic hormone-inactivating peptidase located in renal plasma membranes of porcine kidney medulla has been studied. Treatment of antidiuretic hormone (lysine vasopressin) with renal plasma membranes resulted in a progressive loss of biological activity as measured by the rat pressor assay. The reaction of 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid with released amino groups was employed to follow the peptidase-catalyzed hydrolysis of the hormone. An 83-fold purification of the membrane-bound peptidase was achieved by Lubrol PX solubilization of the membranes followed by DEAE-cellulose, hydroxylopatite, and 8% agarose column chromatography. The molecular weight of the peptidase was 442 000 as determined by 8% agarose gel filtration. An analysis of the antidiuretic hormone hydrolysis products by thin-layer chromatography revealed the presence of trinitrophenyl-glycinamide. The release of glycinamide from the hormone as a function of time was demonstrated. Mg2+ had a slight inhibitory effect and Ca2+ had a strong inhibitory effect on the peptidase activity.", "PMID": 1122284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7509", "title": "Guanine aminohydrolase in rat and mouse red cells: a potent inhibitor of guanylation of tRNA.", "content": "1. The red blood cells of mice and rats contained guanine aminohydrolase (EC 3.5.4.3). This enzyme was not present in rabbit, sheep or human red blood cells. 2. The enzyme from rat blood cells was separated into two activities by column chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. Both isozymes were labile but it was possible to show that the more abundant enzyme followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics, had an apparent Km of 4.0-10-6 M and was not activated by GTP nor inhibited by allantoin. 3. We believe, therefore, that guanine aminohydrolase was the protein in rat and mouse red blood cells that inhibited the enzyme (in rabbit reticulocytes) responsible for guanylation of tRNA.", "contents": "Guanine aminohydrolase in rat and mouse red cells: a potent inhibitor of guanylation of tRNA. 1. The red blood cells of mice and rats contained guanine aminohydrolase (EC 3.5.4.3). This enzyme was not present in rabbit, sheep or human red blood cells. 2. The enzyme from rat blood cells was separated into two activities by column chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. Both isozymes were labile but it was possible to show that the more abundant enzyme followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics, had an apparent Km of 4.0-10-6 M and was not activated by GTP nor inhibited by allantoin. 3. We believe, therefore, that guanine aminohydrolase was the protein in rat and mouse red blood cells that inhibited the enzyme (in rabbit reticulocytes) responsible for guanylation of tRNA.", "PMID": 1122285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7510", "title": "Active site directed effectors of allosteric enzymes.", "content": "This communication introduces the concept of an active site directed effector, in terms of the two state model of Monod et al. (Monod, J., Wyman, J. and Changeux, J.-P. (1965) J. Mol. Biol. 12, 88-118), a consideration made necessary by the observation that the activity of a number of enzymes of the control type is modulated by effector molecules whose structure is similar to that of the substrate. We present equations which describe the kinetic responses obtained in its absence; this seemingly paradoxical activation, at low (S), is not tions the v versus (S) plot obtained in the presence of the effector crosses that obtained in its absence; this seemingly paradoxial activation, at low (S), is not explainable by the other frequently used two state models (Monod, J., Wyman, J. and Changeux, J.-P. (1965) J. Mol. Biol. 12, 88-118; Rubin, M.M. and Changeux, J.-P. (1966) J. Mol. Biol. 21, 265-274; Frieden, C. (1967) J. Biol. Chem. 242, 4045-4052; Dalziel, K. (1968) FEBS Lett. 1, 346-348 and Nichol, L.W., O'Dea, K. and Baghurst, P.A. (1972) J. Theor. Biol. 34, 255-263). The model is discussed using examples taken from the literature and successfully used to reanalyse published data on the enzyme deoxythymidine diphosphate D-glucose pyrophosphorylase (Frieden, C. (1967) J. Biol. Chem. 242, 4045-4052).", "contents": "Active site directed effectors of allosteric enzymes. This communication introduces the concept of an active site directed effector, in terms of the two state model of Monod et al. (Monod, J., Wyman, J. and Changeux, J.-P. (1965) J. Mol. Biol. 12, 88-118), a consideration made necessary by the observation that the activity of a number of enzymes of the control type is modulated by effector molecules whose structure is similar to that of the substrate. We present equations which describe the kinetic responses obtained in its absence; this seemingly paradoxical activation, at low (S), is not tions the v versus (S) plot obtained in the presence of the effector crosses that obtained in its absence; this seemingly paradoxial activation, at low (S), is not explainable by the other frequently used two state models (Monod, J., Wyman, J. and Changeux, J.-P. (1965) J. Mol. Biol. 12, 88-118; Rubin, M.M. and Changeux, J.-P. (1966) J. Mol. Biol. 21, 265-274; Frieden, C. (1967) J. Biol. Chem. 242, 4045-4052; Dalziel, K. (1968) FEBS Lett. 1, 346-348 and Nichol, L.W., O'Dea, K. and Baghurst, P.A. (1972) J. Theor. Biol. 34, 255-263). The model is discussed using examples taken from the literature and successfully used to reanalyse published data on the enzyme deoxythymidine diphosphate D-glucose pyrophosphorylase (Frieden, C. (1967) J. Biol. Chem. 242, 4045-4052).", "PMID": 1122286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7511", "title": "Substrate-induced redox change of selenium in glutathione peroxidase studied by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.", "content": "Glutathione peroxidase showed an X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy signal of the Se 3d (3/2, 5/2) electrons at 54.4 eV. After the addition of the acceptor substrate H2O2, a marked shift of this signal to a value of 58.0 eV was observed. Upon subsequent treatment with the donor substrate glutathione, this chemical shift was reversed and the original signal was obtained. These data demonstrate that the enzyme-bound selenium moiety participates in the catalytic process. From the chemical shift obtained it is concluded that the enzyme shuttles between a selenol or selenol derivative in its reduced form and a seleninyl or selenonyl compound in its oxidized form.", "contents": "Substrate-induced redox change of selenium in glutathione peroxidase studied by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Glutathione peroxidase showed an X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy signal of the Se 3d (3/2, 5/2) electrons at 54.4 eV. After the addition of the acceptor substrate H2O2, a marked shift of this signal to a value of 58.0 eV was observed. Upon subsequent treatment with the donor substrate glutathione, this chemical shift was reversed and the original signal was obtained. These data demonstrate that the enzyme-bound selenium moiety participates in the catalytic process. From the chemical shift obtained it is concluded that the enzyme shuttles between a selenol or selenol derivative in its reduced form and a seleninyl or selenonyl compound in its oxidized form.", "PMID": 1122287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7512", "title": "Organophosphate inhibitors: the reactions of bis(p-nitrophenyl) methyl phosphate with liver carboxylesterases and alpha-chymotrypsin.", "content": "Bis(p-nitrophenyl) methyl phosphate (BNMP) has been tested as a spectrophotometric titrant for a group of serine hydrolases. Bis(p-nitrophenyl) methyl phosphate reacts rapidly with liver carboxylesterases from chicken, sheep, and horse, and more slowly with alpha-chymotrypsin, releasing 2 mol of p-nitrophenol per active site titrated, and producing a phosphorylated enzyme very stable to dephosphorylation. However, pig liver carboxylesterase produces 2.2 mol of p-nitrophenol per active site titratedmreaction of pig and chicken liver carboxylesterases with bis(p-nitrophenyl) [3H]methyl [32P]phosphate clarified this differencemone molecule of the chicken enzyme reacts with one molecule of bis(p-nitrophenyl) methyl phosphate, releasing both p-nitrophenol residues, and resulting in an inhibited enzyme with one phosphorus atom and one methyl group covalently bound. Pig enzyme reacts rapidly, forming (presumably) methyl p-nitrophenyl phosphoryl-carboxylesterasemthis further reacts, concurrently producing methyl phosphoryl-carboxylesterase plus p-nitrophenol, or free enzyme plus methyl p-nitrophenyl phosphate, in the ratio of about 5 : 1 at pH 7.55. The free enzyme produced undergoes further reaction with bis(p-nitrophenyl) methyl phosphate until all the carboxylesterase is inhibited.", "contents": "Organophosphate inhibitors: the reactions of bis(p-nitrophenyl) methyl phosphate with liver carboxylesterases and alpha-chymotrypsin. Bis(p-nitrophenyl) methyl phosphate (BNMP) has been tested as a spectrophotometric titrant for a group of serine hydrolases. Bis(p-nitrophenyl) methyl phosphate reacts rapidly with liver carboxylesterases from chicken, sheep, and horse, and more slowly with alpha-chymotrypsin, releasing 2 mol of p-nitrophenol per active site titrated, and producing a phosphorylated enzyme very stable to dephosphorylation. However, pig liver carboxylesterase produces 2.2 mol of p-nitrophenol per active site titratedmreaction of pig and chicken liver carboxylesterases with bis(p-nitrophenyl) [3H]methyl [32P]phosphate clarified this differencemone molecule of the chicken enzyme reacts with one molecule of bis(p-nitrophenyl) methyl phosphate, releasing both p-nitrophenol residues, and resulting in an inhibited enzyme with one phosphorus atom and one methyl group covalently bound. Pig enzyme reacts rapidly, forming (presumably) methyl p-nitrophenyl phosphoryl-carboxylesterasemthis further reacts, concurrently producing methyl phosphoryl-carboxylesterase plus p-nitrophenol, or free enzyme plus methyl p-nitrophenyl phosphate, in the ratio of about 5 : 1 at pH 7.55. The free enzyme produced undergoes further reaction with bis(p-nitrophenyl) methyl phosphate until all the carboxylesterase is inhibited.", "PMID": 1122288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7513", "title": "Chorismate mutase of Chlamydomonas reinhardi. Partial purification and some properties.", "content": "Chorismate mutase (chorismate pyruvatemutase, EC 5.4.99.5) was extracted from Chlamydomonas reinhardi by sonication. Fractionation of crude sonic extracts with (NH4)2SO4 and by DEAE-cellulose and Sephadex gel chromatography indicated a single peak of chorismate mutase activity with molecular weight 61 000. The Michaelis constant for 20-fold purified enzyme was 0.46 mM. Prephenate dehydrogenase (EC 1.3.1.9) and prephenate dehydratase (EC 4.2.1.40) activities were not detected in our crude or partially purified preparations of chorismate mutase. Tyrosine (1.25 mM) inhibited chorismate mutase activity by approx. 85% in crude and partially purified preparations. Phenylalanine (1.25 mM) inhibited 20%. Tryptophan (1.25 mM) by itself had no detectable effect on chorismate mutase activity but it completely reversed inhibition by tyrosine and phenylalanine. No repression of chorismate mutase was observed when the minimal growth medium was supplemented with aromatic end products.", "contents": "Chorismate mutase of Chlamydomonas reinhardi. Partial purification and some properties. Chorismate mutase (chorismate pyruvatemutase, EC 5.4.99.5) was extracted from Chlamydomonas reinhardi by sonication. Fractionation of crude sonic extracts with (NH4)2SO4 and by DEAE-cellulose and Sephadex gel chromatography indicated a single peak of chorismate mutase activity with molecular weight 61 000. The Michaelis constant for 20-fold purified enzyme was 0.46 mM. Prephenate dehydrogenase (EC 1.3.1.9) and prephenate dehydratase (EC 4.2.1.40) activities were not detected in our crude or partially purified preparations of chorismate mutase. Tyrosine (1.25 mM) inhibited chorismate mutase activity by approx. 85% in crude and partially purified preparations. Phenylalanine (1.25 mM) inhibited 20%. Tryptophan (1.25 mM) by itself had no detectable effect on chorismate mutase activity but it completely reversed inhibition by tyrosine and phenylalanine. No repression of chorismate mutase was observed when the minimal growth medium was supplemented with aromatic end products.", "PMID": 1122289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7514", "title": "Naja melanoleuca (forest cobra) venom. Purification and some properties of phospholipases A.", "content": "Three phospholipases A (Fractions DE-I, DE-II and DE-III) were purified from Naja melanoleuca (Forest cobra) venom by a combination of gel filtration on Sephadex G-50 and chromatography on DEAE-cellulosemthe purified phospholipases A were homogeneous by various physicochemical criteria. Whereas Fraction DE-I contains 118 amino acid residues, Fractions DE-II and DE-III comprise 119 residues. The three enzymes are cross-linked by seven disulphide bridges, have asparagine as N-terminal amino acid and the C-terminal is glutamic acid or glutamine. The molecular weights of the three phospholipases A from sedimentation analysis at pH 2.1, also by the sodium dodecylsulphate-gel method and calculated from the amino acid composition, were close to 13 000. Studies of circular dichroism in the spectral region between 195 to 305 nm showed that the three phospholipases A contain similar helical contents but revealed conformational differences between their side-chain chromophores.", "contents": "Naja melanoleuca (forest cobra) venom. Purification and some properties of phospholipases A. Three phospholipases A (Fractions DE-I, DE-II and DE-III) were purified from Naja melanoleuca (Forest cobra) venom by a combination of gel filtration on Sephadex G-50 and chromatography on DEAE-cellulosemthe purified phospholipases A were homogeneous by various physicochemical criteria. Whereas Fraction DE-I contains 118 amino acid residues, Fractions DE-II and DE-III comprise 119 residues. The three enzymes are cross-linked by seven disulphide bridges, have asparagine as N-terminal amino acid and the C-terminal is glutamic acid or glutamine. The molecular weights of the three phospholipases A from sedimentation analysis at pH 2.1, also by the sodium dodecylsulphate-gel method and calculated from the amino acid composition, were close to 13 000. Studies of circular dichroism in the spectral region between 195 to 305 nm showed that the three phospholipases A contain similar helical contents but revealed conformational differences between their side-chain chromophores.", "PMID": 1122290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7515", "title": "Naja melanoleuca (forest cobra) venom. The amino acid sequence of phospholipase A, fraction DE-III.", "content": "Reduced and S-carboxymethylated phospholipase A (Fraction DE-III) from Naja melanoleuca venom was digested with trypsin, chymotrypsin and thermolysin. The resulting peptides were purified by ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, gel filtration on Sephadex G-25 or G-50 and chromatography and electrophoresis on paper. The amino acid sequences of the intact enzyme and the pur peptides were determined by the Edman procedure, either through the use of the automatic sequencer or by manual manipulation. The chymotryptic digest provided the necessary overlapping peptides which allowed the alignment of the tryptic peptides into a single chain of 119 amino acids. The amino acid sequence of N. melanoleuca phospholipase A shows a high degree of homology with phospholipases A from Bitis gabonica and also from porcine pancreas.", "contents": "Naja melanoleuca (forest cobra) venom. The amino acid sequence of phospholipase A, fraction DE-III. Reduced and S-carboxymethylated phospholipase A (Fraction DE-III) from Naja melanoleuca venom was digested with trypsin, chymotrypsin and thermolysin. The resulting peptides were purified by ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, gel filtration on Sephadex G-25 or G-50 and chromatography and electrophoresis on paper. The amino acid sequences of the intact enzyme and the pur peptides were determined by the Edman procedure, either through the use of the automatic sequencer or by manual manipulation. The chymotryptic digest provided the necessary overlapping peptides which allowed the alignment of the tryptic peptides into a single chain of 119 amino acids. The amino acid sequence of N. melanoleuca phospholipase A shows a high degree of homology with phospholipases A from Bitis gabonica and also from porcine pancreas.", "PMID": 1122291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7516", "title": "The amino acid sequence of phospholipase A, fractions DE-I and DE-II.", "content": "The complete amino acid sequences of phospholipase A (Fractions DE-I and DE-II) from Naja melanoleuca (Forest cobra) have been elucidated. The reduced and S-carboxymethylated isoenzyme were digested with trypsin and thermolysin and the peptides were purified by ion-exchange chromatography, gel filtration and chromatography or electrophoresis on paper. The Edman procedure, either through the use of the automatic sequencer or by manual manipulation, was employed to obtain the sequences of the intact isoenzymes and the pure peptidesmthe thermolysin digest provided the necessary overlapping peptides which allowed the alignment of the tryptic peptides of Fraction DE-I. The tryptic peptides of Fraction DE-II were either identical or homologous to the tryptic peptides of Fraction I and Fraction III [12] and were aligned in the same order as that of Fractions DE-I or DE-III. The amino acid sequence of N. melanoleuca phospholipase A, Fraction I, shows a high degree of homology with Fraction DE-II and also with Fraction DE-III, previously reported on [12].", "contents": "The amino acid sequence of phospholipase A, fractions DE-I and DE-II. The complete amino acid sequences of phospholipase A (Fractions DE-I and DE-II) from Naja melanoleuca (Forest cobra) have been elucidated. The reduced and S-carboxymethylated isoenzyme were digested with trypsin and thermolysin and the peptides were purified by ion-exchange chromatography, gel filtration and chromatography or electrophoresis on paper. The Edman procedure, either through the use of the automatic sequencer or by manual manipulation, was employed to obtain the sequences of the intact isoenzymes and the pure peptidesmthe thermolysin digest provided the necessary overlapping peptides which allowed the alignment of the tryptic peptides of Fraction DE-I. The tryptic peptides of Fraction DE-II were either identical or homologous to the tryptic peptides of Fraction I and Fraction III [12] and were aligned in the same order as that of Fractions DE-I or DE-III. The amino acid sequence of N. melanoleuca phospholipase A, Fraction I, shows a high degree of homology with Fraction DE-II and also with Fraction DE-III, previously reported on [12].", "PMID": 1122292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7517", "title": "Platelet antiheparin activity. The isolation and characterisation of platelet factor 4 released from thrombin-aggregated washed human platelets and its dissociation into subunits and the isolation of membrane-bound antiheparin activity.", "content": "Platelet factor 4 was isolated by gel filtration from the soluble release products of thrombin-aggregated washed human platelets as a proteoglycan-platelet factor 4 complex of molecular weight 358 000, Stokes radius (r-s) of 14.0 nm, sedimentation coefficient (s) of 7.1 S and frictional ratio (f/f-o) of 3.04. The complex was dissociated at high ionic strength (I equals 0.75) and the proteoglycan separated from platelet factor 4 by gel filtration. Platelet factor 4 had a molecular weight of 27 100, r-s of 2.52 nm, s of 2.4 S and f/f-o of 1.26, was insoluble under physiological conditions but readily soluble at pH 3. Under these conditions platelet factor 4 dissociated into four subunits with a molecular weight of 6900, r-s of 1.92 nm, s of 0.8 S, and f/f-o of 1.52. Qualitative N-terminal amino acid analysis showed the presence of glutamic acid or glutamine as the major end group. Platelet factor 4 was compared with protamine sulphate, which has similar biological properties, by electrophoresis at pH 2.2, in which both migrated as single bands but with differing mobility, and by amino acid analysis which showed a more normal distribution of residues than occurred in protamine sulphate. Of the basic amino acids platelet factor 4 (molecular weight 27 100) contained 5.97% arginine, 3.18% histidine, and 12.31% lysine compared to protamine sulphate with 64.2% arginine, 0.6% lysine and no histidine. A partial specific volume (v) of 0.747 was calculated for platelet factor 4 from its amino acid analysis. A membrane fraction with antiheparin activity, an isopycnic density of 1.090-1.110 and r-s of 15-35 nm, was also isolated by sucrose density gradient centrifugation from the ultrasonicated insoluble platelet residue remaining after thrombin-induced aggregation of washed human platelets. Trypsin treatment of the membrane fraction neither solubilised nor destroyed the activity.", "contents": "Platelet antiheparin activity. The isolation and characterisation of platelet factor 4 released from thrombin-aggregated washed human platelets and its dissociation into subunits and the isolation of membrane-bound antiheparin activity. Platelet factor 4 was isolated by gel filtration from the soluble release products of thrombin-aggregated washed human platelets as a proteoglycan-platelet factor 4 complex of molecular weight 358 000, Stokes radius (r-s) of 14.0 nm, sedimentation coefficient (s) of 7.1 S and frictional ratio (f/f-o) of 3.04. The complex was dissociated at high ionic strength (I equals 0.75) and the proteoglycan separated from platelet factor 4 by gel filtration. Platelet factor 4 had a molecular weight of 27 100, r-s of 2.52 nm, s of 2.4 S and f/f-o of 1.26, was insoluble under physiological conditions but readily soluble at pH 3. Under these conditions platelet factor 4 dissociated into four subunits with a molecular weight of 6900, r-s of 1.92 nm, s of 0.8 S, and f/f-o of 1.52. Qualitative N-terminal amino acid analysis showed the presence of glutamic acid or glutamine as the major end group. Platelet factor 4 was compared with protamine sulphate, which has similar biological properties, by electrophoresis at pH 2.2, in which both migrated as single bands but with differing mobility, and by amino acid analysis which showed a more normal distribution of residues than occurred in protamine sulphate. Of the basic amino acids platelet factor 4 (molecular weight 27 100) contained 5.97% arginine, 3.18% histidine, and 12.31% lysine compared to protamine sulphate with 64.2% arginine, 0.6% lysine and no histidine. A partial specific volume (v) of 0.747 was calculated for platelet factor 4 from its amino acid analysis. A membrane fraction with antiheparin activity, an isopycnic density of 1.090-1.110 and r-s of 15-35 nm, was also isolated by sucrose density gradient centrifugation from the ultrasonicated insoluble platelet residue remaining after thrombin-induced aggregation of washed human platelets. Trypsin treatment of the membrane fraction neither solubilised nor destroyed the activity.", "PMID": 1122293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7518", "title": "Polynucleotide phosphorylase from Streptomyces aureofaciens: purification and properties.", "content": "1. Polynucleotide phosphorylase from a chlortetracycline-producing strain of Streptomyces aureofaciens was isolated by Polymin P fractionation. Using chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and Sephadex G-150 the enzyme, which appears homogeneous in gel chromatography and sedimentation analysis, was purified 2000-fole giving a final yield of 15%. 2. The sedimentation coefficient (s-o 20, w) of the native enzyme in 0.2 M NaCl is 9.15 S and its molecular weight is 210 000 plus or minus 15 000. Molecular weight estimated by sodium dodecylsulfate gel electrophoresis was about 100 000. 3. We have determined the optimal conditions for nucleoside 5'-diphosphate polymerization, their phosphate exchange and phosphorolysis of polyribonucleotides catalysed by polynucleotide phosphorylase from S. aureofaciens. 4. Chlortetracycline is a competitive inhibitor of S. aureofaciens polynucleotide phosphorylase. 5. Polynucleotide phosphorylase is activated in the polymerization reaction by ionic strength (K+, Na+, NH4+) while polyribonucleotide phosphorolysis is activated only by NH4+.", "contents": "Polynucleotide phosphorylase from Streptomyces aureofaciens: purification and properties. 1. Polynucleotide phosphorylase from a chlortetracycline-producing strain of Streptomyces aureofaciens was isolated by Polymin P fractionation. Using chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and Sephadex G-150 the enzyme, which appears homogeneous in gel chromatography and sedimentation analysis, was purified 2000-fole giving a final yield of 15%. 2. The sedimentation coefficient (s-o 20, w) of the native enzyme in 0.2 M NaCl is 9.15 S and its molecular weight is 210 000 plus or minus 15 000. Molecular weight estimated by sodium dodecylsulfate gel electrophoresis was about 100 000. 3. We have determined the optimal conditions for nucleoside 5'-diphosphate polymerization, their phosphate exchange and phosphorolysis of polyribonucleotides catalysed by polynucleotide phosphorylase from S. aureofaciens. 4. Chlortetracycline is a competitive inhibitor of S. aureofaciens polynucleotide phosphorylase. 5. Polynucleotide phosphorylase is activated in the polymerization reaction by ionic strength (K+, Na+, NH4+) while polyribonucleotide phosphorolysis is activated only by NH4+.", "PMID": 1122294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7519", "title": "The two human chymotrypsinogens. Purification and characterization.", "content": "The two chymotrypsinogens present in human pancreatic juice have been purified and characterized. The zymogens are two immunologically and electrophoretically different proteins. Chymotrypsinogen A, the major chymotryptic component (90% of the total potential N-acetyl-L-tyrosine ethylester activity) is stable in acidic medium. By its molecular weight (approx. 24 000), specific activity (530) and amino acid composition, human chymotrypsinogen A resembles chymotrypsinogens A and B form bovine and porcine pancreas. Chymotrypsinogen B is a minor chymotryptic component (7% of the total potential N-acetyl-L-tyrosine ethylester activity) unstable in acidic medium with a molecular weight slightly higher (approx. 27 000) and a specific activity slightly lower (300) than chymotrypsinogen A. The last 3% of the total potential N-acetyl-L-tyrosine ethylester activity corresponds to a proelastase that we have partially characterized.", "contents": "The two human chymotrypsinogens. Purification and characterization. The two chymotrypsinogens present in human pancreatic juice have been purified and characterized. The zymogens are two immunologically and electrophoretically different proteins. Chymotrypsinogen A, the major chymotryptic component (90% of the total potential N-acetyl-L-tyrosine ethylester activity) is stable in acidic medium. By its molecular weight (approx. 24 000), specific activity (530) and amino acid composition, human chymotrypsinogen A resembles chymotrypsinogens A and B form bovine and porcine pancreas. Chymotrypsinogen B is a minor chymotryptic component (7% of the total potential N-acetyl-L-tyrosine ethylester activity) unstable in acidic medium with a molecular weight slightly higher (approx. 27 000) and a specific activity slightly lower (300) than chymotrypsinogen A. The last 3% of the total potential N-acetyl-L-tyrosine ethylester activity corresponds to a proelastase that we have partially characterized.", "PMID": 1122295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7520", "title": "Isolation of a glycoprotein and proteodermatan sulphate from bovine achilles tendon by affinity chromatography on concanavalin A-Sepharose.", "content": "A fraction was isolated from a 3 M MgCl2 extract of bovine achilles tendon on the basis of its affinity for collagen. Affinity chromatography of this material on concanavalin A-Sepharose yielded a mixture which comprised a glycoprotein of approximate molecular weight 60 000 and two constituents containing hexuronic acid. The existence of a complex between the glycoprotein and material containing hexuronic acid was demonstrated by chromatography on Sephadex G-200 and by equilibrium sedimentation in CsCl density gradients. The complex was completely dissociated in 4 M guanidinium chloride. One of the constituents containing hexuronic acid was identified as a proteodermatan sulphate of low molecular weight and which had an abnormally high protein content (45-50%) and low buoyant density (1.46 g/ml) for a proteoglycan. The denser of the two molecules containing hexuronic acid appeared to be a normal proteoglycan, with a low protein content (11%). Analyses are given for the glycoprotein and the proteodermatan sulphate.", "contents": "Isolation of a glycoprotein and proteodermatan sulphate from bovine achilles tendon by affinity chromatography on concanavalin A-Sepharose. A fraction was isolated from a 3 M MgCl2 extract of bovine achilles tendon on the basis of its affinity for collagen. Affinity chromatography of this material on concanavalin A-Sepharose yielded a mixture which comprised a glycoprotein of approximate molecular weight 60 000 and two constituents containing hexuronic acid. The existence of a complex between the glycoprotein and material containing hexuronic acid was demonstrated by chromatography on Sephadex G-200 and by equilibrium sedimentation in CsCl density gradients. The complex was completely dissociated in 4 M guanidinium chloride. One of the constituents containing hexuronic acid was identified as a proteodermatan sulphate of low molecular weight and which had an abnormally high protein content (45-50%) and low buoyant density (1.46 g/ml) for a proteoglycan. The denser of the two molecules containing hexuronic acid appeared to be a normal proteoglycan, with a low protein content (11%). Analyses are given for the glycoprotein and the proteodermatan sulphate.", "PMID": 1122296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7521", "title": "Carbohydrate binding specificity of the lectin from the pea (Pisum sativum).", "content": "Hapten inhibition measurements on the precipitin reaction between Pisum sativum lectin and Pichia pinus phosphomannan showed the lectin to bind D-mannose, D-glucose, D-fructose and L-sorbose. Unmodified hydroxyl groups at the C-4 and the C-6 positions of the D-glucopyranose ring were essential for binding to the protein. Modification of the C-2 hydroxyl group was allowed in the D-glucopyranose ring but not in the D-mannopyranose configuration. Substitution of the hydroxyl hydrogen atom at the C-3 position of D-glucose increased the binding efficiency. With the exception of gentiobiose, the beta-linked glycobioses tested were not bound to the lectin, whereas the alpha-linked glycobioses were potent inhibitorsmin general, the P. sativum lectin was found to be less sensitive to structural variation of inhibiting carbohydrates than concanavalin A, the lectin from Canavalia ensiformis.", "contents": "Carbohydrate binding specificity of the lectin from the pea (Pisum sativum). Hapten inhibition measurements on the precipitin reaction between Pisum sativum lectin and Pichia pinus phosphomannan showed the lectin to bind D-mannose, D-glucose, D-fructose and L-sorbose. Unmodified hydroxyl groups at the C-4 and the C-6 positions of the D-glucopyranose ring were essential for binding to the protein. Modification of the C-2 hydroxyl group was allowed in the D-glucopyranose ring but not in the D-mannopyranose configuration. Substitution of the hydroxyl hydrogen atom at the C-3 position of D-glucose increased the binding efficiency. With the exception of gentiobiose, the beta-linked glycobioses tested were not bound to the lectin, whereas the alpha-linked glycobioses were potent inhibitorsmin general, the P. sativum lectin was found to be less sensitive to structural variation of inhibiting carbohydrates than concanavalin A, the lectin from Canavalia ensiformis.", "PMID": 1122297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7522", "title": "Improved purification of cathepsin B1 and cathepsin B2.", "content": "An improved purification of the cathepsins B1 and B2 from bovine spleen is described. In addition to the formerly used procedure, chromatography with DEAE-Sephadex or -cellulose and mercurated agarose is used. Both enzymes are obtained in an electrophoretically pure form but consist of two or more isoenzymes. The isolation procedure leads to enzymes with high specific activities in satisfactory yields. Cathepsin B1 is frequently accompanied by small amounts of an arylamidase-like enzyme that hydrolyzes leucine p-nitroanilide. However, very probably, cathepsin B1 itself has a low activity toward this substrate too. Cathepsin B2 has a comparatively high activity with its characteristic though not specific substrate, alpha-N-benzoyl-L-arginineamide, whereas the activity toward haemoglobin is far lower. Both enzymes possess an essential SH group and require EDTA and a mercaptane for full activity, but their stability is markedly impaired by storage at higher thiol concentrations; Some other properties of the enzymes are also discussed.", "contents": "Improved purification of cathepsin B1 and cathepsin B2. An improved purification of the cathepsins B1 and B2 from bovine spleen is described. In addition to the formerly used procedure, chromatography with DEAE-Sephadex or -cellulose and mercurated agarose is used. Both enzymes are obtained in an electrophoretically pure form but consist of two or more isoenzymes. The isolation procedure leads to enzymes with high specific activities in satisfactory yields. Cathepsin B1 is frequently accompanied by small amounts of an arylamidase-like enzyme that hydrolyzes leucine p-nitroanilide. However, very probably, cathepsin B1 itself has a low activity toward this substrate too. Cathepsin B2 has a comparatively high activity with its characteristic though not specific substrate, alpha-N-benzoyl-L-arginineamide, whereas the activity toward haemoglobin is far lower. Both enzymes possess an essential SH group and require EDTA and a mercaptane for full activity, but their stability is markedly impaired by storage at higher thiol concentrations; Some other properties of the enzymes are also discussed.", "PMID": 1122298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7523", "title": "Isolation, composition and functional properties of alpha-lactalbumins from several species.", "content": "1. Galactosyltranferases were isolated from bovine and pig milk and alpha-labtalbumins from milks of cow, pig, dog, rabbit, baboon and chimpanzee. 2. Alpha-Lactalbumins were characterized by gel electrophoresis, amino acid composition, ultraviolet absorbance, and ability to promote synthesis of lactose by the galactosyltransferases. 3. The order of K-m values of the various alpha-lactalbumins was the same with both cow and pig galactosyltransferases and differed from the order predicted from taxonomical classification of the species. 4. A280/A260 abosrbance ratios were correlated with K-m values suggesting involvement of tyrosyl groups in the function of alpha-lactalbumin.", "contents": "Isolation, composition and functional properties of alpha-lactalbumins from several species. 1. Galactosyltranferases were isolated from bovine and pig milk and alpha-labtalbumins from milks of cow, pig, dog, rabbit, baboon and chimpanzee. 2. Alpha-Lactalbumins were characterized by gel electrophoresis, amino acid composition, ultraviolet absorbance, and ability to promote synthesis of lactose by the galactosyltransferases. 3. The order of K-m values of the various alpha-lactalbumins was the same with both cow and pig galactosyltransferases and differed from the order predicted from taxonomical classification of the species. 4. A280/A260 abosrbance ratios were correlated with K-m values suggesting involvement of tyrosyl groups in the function of alpha-lactalbumin.", "PMID": 1122299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7524", "title": "Evaluation of the precision of difference chromatography.", "content": "Difference chromatography, a method of chromatography in which elution volumes are compared directly, has been tested for precision under conditions used for estimating the relative dissociation of human oxyhaemoglobin and methaemoglobin and their hybrid. The test was carried out by first establishing a steady flow of haemoglobin through a column of gel particles, and then interrupting the flow temporarily by injecting a known weight of buffer solution, which thus simulated a small difference in elution volume. The dip in absorbance on the elution record was evaluated by digital methods. Statistical analysis of the results showed that the injected weight was estimated from the elution record with a standard error of plus or minus 0.02 g. Since the elution weight was about 50 g, the precision of difference chromatography must approach that of difference ultracentrifugation, and has obvious potential for the accurate comparison of the molecular weights of polypeptides in strongly dispersing media.", "contents": "Evaluation of the precision of difference chromatography. Difference chromatography, a method of chromatography in which elution volumes are compared directly, has been tested for precision under conditions used for estimating the relative dissociation of human oxyhaemoglobin and methaemoglobin and their hybrid. The test was carried out by first establishing a steady flow of haemoglobin through a column of gel particles, and then interrupting the flow temporarily by injecting a known weight of buffer solution, which thus simulated a small difference in elution volume. The dip in absorbance on the elution record was evaluated by digital methods. Statistical analysis of the results showed that the injected weight was estimated from the elution record with a standard error of plus or minus 0.02 g. Since the elution weight was about 50 g, the precision of difference chromatography must approach that of difference ultracentrifugation, and has obvious potential for the accurate comparison of the molecular weights of polypeptides in strongly dispersing media.", "PMID": 1122300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7525", "title": "The relevance of the structure of lysine bound to Sepharose for the affinity of rabbit plasminogen;.", "content": "The features of the structure of lysine, linked to Sepharose by the alpha-amino group, which are important for affinity chromatography of rabbit plasminogem were studied. Nine lysine and lysine-like conjugates, including epsilon-aminohexanoic acid DL-norleucine, DL-alpha-aminoadipic acid, DL-alpha-epsilon-diaminopimelic acid, cadaverine L-ornithine, L-arginine and D-lysine, were prepared; Using labelled rabbit plasminogen added to plasma, the ability of each conjugate to absorb plasminogen and separate the allomeric forms, type I and type II, during epsilon-aminohexanoic acid gradient elution was compared to Sepharose-L-lysine. Plasminogen had no affinity for Sepharose-epsilon-aminohexanoic acid, and was only weakly attracted by Sepharose-norleucine, Sepharose-cadaverine and others. Sepharose-ornithine held a greater attraction to the protein but the strongest binding was obtained with Sepharose-arginine. The affinity of plasminogen type I was always less than type II for the Sepharose-lysine analogues and the recovery of type II greater than type I from Sepharose-ornithine and Sepharose-arginine. Plasminogen affinity was in the order of Sepharose-arginine greater than Sepharose-lysine greater than Sepharose-ornithine. However, because of the present difficulty in recovering plasminogen from Sepharose-arginine the use of Sepharose-lysine in the affinity chromatography of rabbit plasminogen remains unchallenged. It is concluded that binding of rabbit plasminogen to conjugates of lysine and its analogues is determined by the presence of both a free carboxyl and a free amino group and that the distance between these groups is critical.", "contents": "The relevance of the structure of lysine bound to Sepharose for the affinity of rabbit plasminogen;. The features of the structure of lysine, linked to Sepharose by the alpha-amino group, which are important for affinity chromatography of rabbit plasminogem were studied. Nine lysine and lysine-like conjugates, including epsilon-aminohexanoic acid DL-norleucine, DL-alpha-aminoadipic acid, DL-alpha-epsilon-diaminopimelic acid, cadaverine L-ornithine, L-arginine and D-lysine, were prepared; Using labelled rabbit plasminogen added to plasma, the ability of each conjugate to absorb plasminogen and separate the allomeric forms, type I and type II, during epsilon-aminohexanoic acid gradient elution was compared to Sepharose-L-lysine. Plasminogen had no affinity for Sepharose-epsilon-aminohexanoic acid, and was only weakly attracted by Sepharose-norleucine, Sepharose-cadaverine and others. Sepharose-ornithine held a greater attraction to the protein but the strongest binding was obtained with Sepharose-arginine. The affinity of plasminogen type I was always less than type II for the Sepharose-lysine analogues and the recovery of type II greater than type I from Sepharose-ornithine and Sepharose-arginine. Plasminogen affinity was in the order of Sepharose-arginine greater than Sepharose-lysine greater than Sepharose-ornithine. However, because of the present difficulty in recovering plasminogen from Sepharose-arginine the use of Sepharose-lysine in the affinity chromatography of rabbit plasminogen remains unchallenged. It is concluded that binding of rabbit plasminogen to conjugates of lysine and its analogues is determined by the presence of both a free carboxyl and a free amino group and that the distance between these groups is critical.", "PMID": 1122301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7526", "title": "Vitamin D-dependent calcium-binding protein from rat kidney.", "content": "A calcium-binding protein has been partially purified from rat kidney. It is found in the cortex, but not in the medulla. It is Vitamin D-dependent, as it occurs in normal, but not in Vitamin D-deficient rats. The molecular weight is 28 000, more than twice that of the Vitamin D-dependent calcium-binding proteins from rat intestinal mucosa. The apparent dissociation constant of the partially purified renal calcium-binding protein is approx. 10-5 M.", "contents": "Vitamin D-dependent calcium-binding protein from rat kidney. A calcium-binding protein has been partially purified from rat kidney. It is found in the cortex, but not in the medulla. It is Vitamin D-dependent, as it occurs in normal, but not in Vitamin D-deficient rats. The molecular weight is 28 000, more than twice that of the Vitamin D-dependent calcium-binding proteins from rat intestinal mucosa. The apparent dissociation constant of the partially purified renal calcium-binding protein is approx. 10-5 M.", "PMID": 1122302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7527", "title": "The protein composition of rat parotid saliva and secretory granules.", "content": "Rat parotid saliva was collected by surgical cannulation of the ducts and stimulation with pilocarpine; The secreted salivary proteins were resolved on columns of DEAE-Sephadex into five major Fractions, I-V, which were characterized by polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis, amino acid analyses and enzymatic assay. Rat parotid secretory  granules were isolated by density gradient centrifugation and lysed in hypotonic buffers. Granule content proteins were resolved and examined by the same techniques as for secreted proteins. In both experiments, Fraction I contained RNAase and a major unidentified protein, M1, Fraction II contained the isoenzymes of amylase; DNAase was present in Fraction III and, to a lesser degree, in Fraction IV. The proportions of the enzyme-containing peaks were the same in saliva and granule contents. Fractions IV and V contain proteins of unknown function; Fraction IV contains exceptionally high levels of glutamic acid, glycine and proline in its protein moieties and approx. 6-8% neutral sugars.", "contents": "The protein composition of rat parotid saliva and secretory granules. Rat parotid saliva was collected by surgical cannulation of the ducts and stimulation with pilocarpine; The secreted salivary proteins were resolved on columns of DEAE-Sephadex into five major Fractions, I-V, which were characterized by polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis, amino acid analyses and enzymatic assay. Rat parotid secretory  granules were isolated by density gradient centrifugation and lysed in hypotonic buffers. Granule content proteins were resolved and examined by the same techniques as for secreted proteins. In both experiments, Fraction I contained RNAase and a major unidentified protein, M1, Fraction II contained the isoenzymes of amylase; DNAase was present in Fraction III and, to a lesser degree, in Fraction IV. The proportions of the enzyme-containing peaks were the same in saliva and granule contents. Fractions IV and V contain proteins of unknown function; Fraction IV contains exceptionally high levels of glutamic acid, glycine and proline in its protein moieties and approx. 6-8% neutral sugars.", "PMID": 1122303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7528", "title": "The thermochemistry of reactions between alpha-s1-casein and calcium chloride.", "content": "The enthalpies of reactions between alpha-s1-casein and Ca2+ in solution were measured using a gradient layer calorimeter. The reactions are exothermic between 0 and 4.3 mM CaCl2. In the region of 4.3 mM CaCl2 there is a change to an endothermic reaction corresponding to micellisation. A calcium-binding curve has been obtained under the same conditions as the calorimetry experiments and this shows two sigmoidal binding phases. Turbidity measurements show that there is an association process corresponding to the second sigmoidal phase. A tentative interpretation of the heat curve in the region before micellisation is given in terms of the site binding of Ca2+, conformational changes in the protein and association. The main thermal processes are taken to be exothermic intramolecular hydrogen bonding induced by calcium binding and endothermic hydrophobic bonding.", "contents": "The thermochemistry of reactions between alpha-s1-casein and calcium chloride. The enthalpies of reactions between alpha-s1-casein and Ca2+ in solution were measured using a gradient layer calorimeter. The reactions are exothermic between 0 and 4.3 mM CaCl2. In the region of 4.3 mM CaCl2 there is a change to an endothermic reaction corresponding to micellisation. A calcium-binding curve has been obtained under the same conditions as the calorimetry experiments and this shows two sigmoidal binding phases. Turbidity measurements show that there is an association process corresponding to the second sigmoidal phase. A tentative interpretation of the heat curve in the region before micellisation is given in terms of the site binding of Ca2+, conformational changes in the protein and association. The main thermal processes are taken to be exothermic intramolecular hydrogen bonding induced by calcium binding and endothermic hydrophobic bonding.", "PMID": 1122304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7529", "title": "Metabolism of long-chain isoprenoid alcohols. Incorporation of phytol and dihydrophytol into the lipids of rat brain.", "content": "[U-14-C]Phytol (3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadec-2-en-1-ol) and [U-14-C]dihydrophytol (3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadecanol) were administered intracerebrally to 18-day-old rats and incorporation of radioactivity into brain lipids was determined after 6 and 24 h. Radioactivity from [U-14-C]phytol was found in free phytenic (3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadec-2-enoic), phytanic (3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadecanoic) and pristanic (2,6,10,14-tetramethylpentadecanoic) acids, in phytanic and pristanic acid moieties of neutral and polar lipids, and in esters of phytol. In addition, evidence is presented for the utilization of phytol to form 1-O-phytenyl-2-acyl glycerophosphatides. Radioactivity from [U-14-C]dihydrophytol was found in free phytanic and pristanic acids, the corresponding acyl groups of neutral and polar lipids, esters of dihydrophytol and 1-O-phytanyl-2-acyl glycerophosphatides. Incorporation of either substrate into O-alkylglycerols was very low, and labeled branched-chain alk-1-enylglycerols could not be detected.", "contents": "Metabolism of long-chain isoprenoid alcohols. Incorporation of phytol and dihydrophytol into the lipids of rat brain. [U-14-C]Phytol (3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadec-2-en-1-ol) and [U-14-C]dihydrophytol (3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadecanol) were administered intracerebrally to 18-day-old rats and incorporation of radioactivity into brain lipids was determined after 6 and 24 h. Radioactivity from [U-14-C]phytol was found in free phytenic (3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadec-2-enoic), phytanic (3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadecanoic) and pristanic (2,6,10,14-tetramethylpentadecanoic) acids, in phytanic and pristanic acid moieties of neutral and polar lipids, and in esters of phytol. In addition, evidence is presented for the utilization of phytol to form 1-O-phytenyl-2-acyl glycerophosphatides. Radioactivity from [U-14-C]dihydrophytol was found in free phytanic and pristanic acids, the corresponding acyl groups of neutral and polar lipids, esters of dihydrophytol and 1-O-phytanyl-2-acyl glycerophosphatides. Incorporation of either substrate into O-alkylglycerols was very low, and labeled branched-chain alk-1-enylglycerols could not be detected.", "PMID": 1122306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7530", "title": "The activation of short-chain fatty acids by the soluble fraction of guinea-pig heart and liver mitochondria. The search for a distinct propionyl-CoA synthetase.", "content": "1. The ATP dependent acetyl-, propionyl- and butyryl-CoA synthetase activities were measured in the soluble fraction of both guinea-pig heart and liver mitochondria. 2. When measured in 300 mM Tris-HC1, the V of propionate activation in heart (equals 892 munits/mg protein) is much higher than the V of acetate (equals 637 munits/mg protein) and butyrate activation (equals 143 munits/mg protein. Fatty acid competition experiments, however, clearly show that most of the propionate activation (Km equals 7.94 mM) is caused by the acetyl-CoA synthetase (EC 6.2.1.1) (Km for acetate equals 0.8 mM), while the remaining activity is probably caused by a butyryl-CoA synthetase (Km for butyrate equals 0.83 mM). This indicates that in guinea-pig heart the presence of a distinct propionyl-CoA synthetase is very unlikely. 3. In liver a completely different pattern of short-chain fatty acid activation is found: low acetate activation and moderate propionate and butyrate activation. Substrate competition experiments and kinetics of fatty acid activation indicate that in this tissue a distinct propionyl-CoA synthetase is present with high affinity for propionate (Km equals 0.6 mM) and some affinity towards acetate and butyrate (Km values respectively 11 mM and 5.4 mM).", "contents": "The activation of short-chain fatty acids by the soluble fraction of guinea-pig heart and liver mitochondria. The search for a distinct propionyl-CoA synthetase. 1. The ATP dependent acetyl-, propionyl- and butyryl-CoA synthetase activities were measured in the soluble fraction of both guinea-pig heart and liver mitochondria. 2. When measured in 300 mM Tris-HC1, the V of propionate activation in heart (equals 892 munits/mg protein) is much higher than the V of acetate (equals 637 munits/mg protein) and butyrate activation (equals 143 munits/mg protein. Fatty acid competition experiments, however, clearly show that most of the propionate activation (Km equals 7.94 mM) is caused by the acetyl-CoA synthetase (EC 6.2.1.1) (Km for acetate equals 0.8 mM), while the remaining activity is probably caused by a butyryl-CoA synthetase (Km for butyrate equals 0.83 mM). This indicates that in guinea-pig heart the presence of a distinct propionyl-CoA synthetase is very unlikely. 3. In liver a completely different pattern of short-chain fatty acid activation is found: low acetate activation and moderate propionate and butyrate activation. Substrate competition experiments and kinetics of fatty acid activation indicate that in this tissue a distinct propionyl-CoA synthetase is present with high affinity for propionate (Km equals 0.6 mM) and some affinity towards acetate and butyrate (Km values respectively 11 mM and 5.4 mM).", "PMID": 1122307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7531", "title": "Colchicine-induced inhibition of plasma lipoprotein lipase release in the intact rat.", "content": "The release of plasma lipoprotein lipase by heparin was studied in fed and food-deprived rats pretreated with colchicine and vinblastine. Four hours after the administration of either drug the lipoprotein lipase activity released by heparin was only half of that found in controls. Colchicine affected the release of both protamine-sensitive and protamine-resistant lipoprotein lipase. It is suggested that colchicine and vinblastine interfere with the transport of lipoprotein lipase from the site of its storage to the vascular cell surface.", "contents": "Colchicine-induced inhibition of plasma lipoprotein lipase release in the intact rat. The release of plasma lipoprotein lipase by heparin was studied in fed and food-deprived rats pretreated with colchicine and vinblastine. Four hours after the administration of either drug the lipoprotein lipase activity released by heparin was only half of that found in controls. Colchicine affected the release of both protamine-sensitive and protamine-resistant lipoprotein lipase. It is suggested that colchicine and vinblastine interfere with the transport of lipoprotein lipase from the site of its storage to the vascular cell surface.", "PMID": 1122308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7532", "title": "The biosynthesis and turnover of different molecular species of rat testicular choline phosphoglycerides and triacylglycerols following intratesticular injection with (1(3)-14C)glycerol.", "content": "Rats were sacrificed 1, 4, 8, 24, 48 and 96 h after an intratesticular injection with [1(3)-14-C]glycerol. The choline phosphoglycerides and triacylglycerols were isolated and the choline phosphoglycerides were converted to diacylglycerols by treatment with phospholipase C. These diacylglycerols and the triacylglycerols were fractionated into molecular species using argentation thin-layer chromatography. At early time periods the percent of radioactivity incorporated into the oleate- and linoleate-containing diacylglycerols exceeded the molar contribution of these two fractions. The percent of radioactivity in the linoleate fraction declined rapidly at later time periods while the percent of radioactivity in the oleate fraction also declined but not as rapidly. In contrast the percent of radioactivity in the arachidonate and docosa-4,7,10,13,16-pentaenoate-containing diacylglycerols at early time periods was lower than the molar amounts of these diacylglycerols. At later time periods the percent of radioactivity in these two fractions increased. These findings suggests that oleate- and linoleate-containing choline phosphoglycerides are made largely by total synthesis while a deacylation-acylation pathway plays a major role in the biosynthesis of the highly unsaturated choline phosphoglycerides. The calculated apparent half-lifes for the oleate-, linoleate-, arachidonate- and docosa- 4,7,10,13,16-pentaenoate-containing diacylglycerols were respectively 35, 18, 41 and 46 h. The percent incorporation of [1(3)-14-C]glycerol into the various triacylglycerol fractions did not differ markedly from the molar contribution of the respective molecular fractions suggesting that the various molecular species of rat testicular triacylglycerols are all synthesized and turn over at about the same rate.", "contents": "The biosynthesis and turnover of different molecular species of rat testicular choline phosphoglycerides and triacylglycerols following intratesticular injection with (1(3)-14C)glycerol. Rats were sacrificed 1, 4, 8, 24, 48 and 96 h after an intratesticular injection with [1(3)-14-C]glycerol. The choline phosphoglycerides and triacylglycerols were isolated and the choline phosphoglycerides were converted to diacylglycerols by treatment with phospholipase C. These diacylglycerols and the triacylglycerols were fractionated into molecular species using argentation thin-layer chromatography. At early time periods the percent of radioactivity incorporated into the oleate- and linoleate-containing diacylglycerols exceeded the molar contribution of these two fractions. The percent of radioactivity in the linoleate fraction declined rapidly at later time periods while the percent of radioactivity in the oleate fraction also declined but not as rapidly. In contrast the percent of radioactivity in the arachidonate and docosa-4,7,10,13,16-pentaenoate-containing diacylglycerols at early time periods was lower than the molar amounts of these diacylglycerols. At later time periods the percent of radioactivity in these two fractions increased. These findings suggests that oleate- and linoleate-containing choline phosphoglycerides are made largely by total synthesis while a deacylation-acylation pathway plays a major role in the biosynthesis of the highly unsaturated choline phosphoglycerides. The calculated apparent half-lifes for the oleate-, linoleate-, arachidonate- and docosa- 4,7,10,13,16-pentaenoate-containing diacylglycerols were respectively 35, 18, 41 and 46 h. The percent incorporation of [1(3)-14-C]glycerol into the various triacylglycerol fractions did not differ markedly from the molar contribution of the respective molecular fractions suggesting that the various molecular species of rat testicular triacylglycerols are all synthesized and turn over at about the same rate.", "PMID": 1122309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7533", "title": "The occurrence of dihydrophytyl wax esters in bovine rumen liquor.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to examine the bovine rumen liquor wax esters and compare them with those of the dietary white clover leaf and stem tissues (Body, D.R. (1974) Phytochemistry 13, 1527-1530). The major fatty acid composition of the total bovine rumen liquor wax esters was made up of saturated fatty acids (62.1%) including palmitic (20.4%), stearic (16.2%) and other acids over the n-C19-n-C30 range (20.5%). However, 13.2% phytanic acid was also present. Of the two major fatty alcohol components, dihydrophytol (33.4%) and triacontanol (20.2%) were the principal contributors. Approximately 30% of the total intact rumen liquor wax esters was a series of dihydrophytyl wax esters. These represented 0.6% of the total rumen liquor lipid extract. Individually they were comprised of dihydrophytyl palmitate (0.05%), dihydrophytyl phytanate (0.10%) and dihydrophytyl n-C18 fatty acids (0.45%). The appearance of saturated isoprenoid moieties was the most striking difference between the composition of rumen liquor and dietary white clover wax esters.", "contents": "The occurrence of dihydrophytyl wax esters in bovine rumen liquor. The purpose of this study was to examine the bovine rumen liquor wax esters and compare them with those of the dietary white clover leaf and stem tissues (Body, D.R. (1974) Phytochemistry 13, 1527-1530). The major fatty acid composition of the total bovine rumen liquor wax esters was made up of saturated fatty acids (62.1%) including palmitic (20.4%), stearic (16.2%) and other acids over the n-C19-n-C30 range (20.5%). However, 13.2% phytanic acid was also present. Of the two major fatty alcohol components, dihydrophytol (33.4%) and triacontanol (20.2%) were the principal contributors. Approximately 30% of the total intact rumen liquor wax esters was a series of dihydrophytyl wax esters. These represented 0.6% of the total rumen liquor lipid extract. Individually they were comprised of dihydrophytyl palmitate (0.05%), dihydrophytyl phytanate (0.10%) and dihydrophytyl n-C18 fatty acids (0.45%). The appearance of saturated isoprenoid moieties was the most striking difference between the composition of rumen liquor and dietary white clover wax esters.", "PMID": 1122310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7534", "title": "[Action of microbial flora of the digestive tract on the metabolism of bile acids in the rat (author's transl)].", "content": "An isotopic balance is established in rats receiving a regular feed intake of [4-14-C]cholesterol so that various chemical species of bile acids have the same specific activity. This property is used to study bile acids distribution in the rat liver, digestive tract and fecal excretion. Bile acids are separated by thin-layer chromatography, radioactivity is determined by liquid scintillation, and the mass by 3-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase action. The resulting comparative study made between the germ-free rat (axenic rat) and the rat exposed to microbes (\"holoxenic\" or conventional rat) receiving a semi-synthetetic feed, shows the influence excercised on the metabolism by the microbial flora of the digestive tract. This study confirms that the axenic rat compared to its holoxenic homologue has a higher bile acids pool and a lower fecal excretion. At all levels of the digestive tract (small intestine and the whole caecum and large intestine), probably as well as in the liver, the total amount of bile acids which is observed in the axenic rat is about twice the amount observed in the holoxenic rat, but fecal excretion is decreased by 20%. Values obtained by this method are higher than those previously observed by other authors using gas-liquid chromatography or [14-C]cholic acid isotopic dilution. This study also confirms that cholic and beta-muricholic acids are the main bile acids in the axenic rat and in addition establishes that in this animal bile acids composition is complex and varies from the small intestine to the feces. Besides cholic, alpha- and beta-muricholic, chenodeoxycholic and ursodeoxycholic acids, unidentified chemical species constitute 21% of the whole in the feces. Comparing the compositions observed in axenic and holoxenic rats in this experiment, it could not be determined if the relative activity of the two pathways of bile acid biosynthesis is deeply or only slightly changed by the presence of microbial flora. This is because of a large fraction of unknown composants in the feces of the axenic rat and the extreme complexity in the feces of the holoxenic rat.", "contents": "[Action of microbial flora of the digestive tract on the metabolism of bile acids in the rat (author's transl)]. An isotopic balance is established in rats receiving a regular feed intake of [4-14-C]cholesterol so that various chemical species of bile acids have the same specific activity. This property is used to study bile acids distribution in the rat liver, digestive tract and fecal excretion. Bile acids are separated by thin-layer chromatography, radioactivity is determined by liquid scintillation, and the mass by 3-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase action. The resulting comparative study made between the germ-free rat (axenic rat) and the rat exposed to microbes (\"holoxenic\" or conventional rat) receiving a semi-synthetetic feed, shows the influence excercised on the metabolism by the microbial flora of the digestive tract. This study confirms that the axenic rat compared to its holoxenic homologue has a higher bile acids pool and a lower fecal excretion. At all levels of the digestive tract (small intestine and the whole caecum and large intestine), probably as well as in the liver, the total amount of bile acids which is observed in the axenic rat is about twice the amount observed in the holoxenic rat, but fecal excretion is decreased by 20%. Values obtained by this method are higher than those previously observed by other authors using gas-liquid chromatography or [14-C]cholic acid isotopic dilution. This study also confirms that cholic and beta-muricholic acids are the main bile acids in the axenic rat and in addition establishes that in this animal bile acids composition is complex and varies from the small intestine to the feces. Besides cholic, alpha- and beta-muricholic, chenodeoxycholic and ursodeoxycholic acids, unidentified chemical species constitute 21% of the whole in the feces. Comparing the compositions observed in axenic and holoxenic rats in this experiment, it could not be determined if the relative activity of the two pathways of bile acid biosynthesis is deeply or only slightly changed by the presence of microbial flora. This is because of a large fraction of unknown composants in the feces of the axenic rat and the extreme complexity in the feces of the holoxenic rat.", "PMID": 1122311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7535", "title": "Bile acids. XLIV, quantitation of bile acids from the bile fistula rat given (4-14C) cholesterol.", "content": "The bile acids derived from [4-14-C]cholesterol administered intracardially to rats with cannulated bile ducts were identified and quantitated. Over a period of 28 days about 90% of the administered 14-C was found in bile of which 73% was retained in the biliary acid fraction. [7beta-3-H]cholic acid, alpha-muri[3beta-3-H]cholic acid, beta-muri[3beta-3-H]cholic acid and litho[3beta-3-H]cholic acid were prepared with specific activities of about 30 muCi/mg by reduction of appropriate ketonic precursors with NaB3H4 and were added to the biliary acid fraction. After separation and purification of the bile acids, cholic, chenodeoxycholic, alpha- and beta-muricholic acids accounted for 70, 16, 7.5 and 6.1%, respectively, of the 14-C in the biliary acid fraction. The specific activities of these isolated 14-C-labeled acids were almost identical. Lithocholic acid accounted for a maximum of 0.2% and ursodeoxycholic acid and 7-oxolithocholic acid could account for no more than 2% of the biliary 14-C. Gas-liquid chromatography on 3% OV-17 of the trimethylsilyl ether derivatives of the methyl esters of the common bile acids of rat bile results in their complete separation and provides a convenient means of estimating the relative proportions of these acids in rat bile. By this method, the relative amounts of the four major acids, cholic, chenodeoxycholic, alpha- and beta-muricholic acids were 63, 20, 8 and 6%, respectively.", "contents": "Bile acids. XLIV, quantitation of bile acids from the bile fistula rat given (4-14C) cholesterol. The bile acids derived from [4-14-C]cholesterol administered intracardially to rats with cannulated bile ducts were identified and quantitated. Over a period of 28 days about 90% of the administered 14-C was found in bile of which 73% was retained in the biliary acid fraction. [7beta-3-H]cholic acid, alpha-muri[3beta-3-H]cholic acid, beta-muri[3beta-3-H]cholic acid and litho[3beta-3-H]cholic acid were prepared with specific activities of about 30 muCi/mg by reduction of appropriate ketonic precursors with NaB3H4 and were added to the biliary acid fraction. After separation and purification of the bile acids, cholic, chenodeoxycholic, alpha- and beta-muricholic acids accounted for 70, 16, 7.5 and 6.1%, respectively, of the 14-C in the biliary acid fraction. The specific activities of these isolated 14-C-labeled acids were almost identical. Lithocholic acid accounted for a maximum of 0.2% and ursodeoxycholic acid and 7-oxolithocholic acid could account for no more than 2% of the biliary 14-C. Gas-liquid chromatography on 3% OV-17 of the trimethylsilyl ether derivatives of the methyl esters of the common bile acids of rat bile results in their complete separation and provides a convenient means of estimating the relative proportions of these acids in rat bile. By this method, the relative amounts of the four major acids, cholic, chenodeoxycholic, alpha- and beta-muricholic acids were 63, 20, 8 and 6%, respectively.", "PMID": 1122312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7536", "title": "Inhibition of cholesterol esterification by polyene antibiotics in blood plasma.", "content": "The inhibition of the lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase reaction in human plasma by the polyene antibiotics, levorine and amphotericin B, has been demonstrated by in vitro experiments. It is suggested that the inhibition of the esterification reaction is the result of interaction between polyenes and non-esterified cholesterol.", "contents": "Inhibition of cholesterol esterification by polyene antibiotics in blood plasma. The inhibition of the lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase reaction in human plasma by the polyene antibiotics, levorine and amphotericin B, has been demonstrated by in vitro experiments. It is suggested that the inhibition of the esterification reaction is the result of interaction between polyenes and non-esterified cholesterol.", "PMID": 1122313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7537", "title": "Specific effects of triarimol on sterol biosynthesis in Ustilago maydis.", "content": "1. Triarimol (2 mug/ml) severely inhibited ergosterol synthesis in sporidia of Ustilago maydis. In control cells ergosterol accounted for 70-85% of the total sterols, In sporidia treated 9.5 h with triarimol the total sterol content was not appreciably reduced; however, ergosterol constituted less than 4% of the sterol fraction. In treated cells 95% of this fraction was composed of 24-methylene-dihydrolanosterol, obtusifoliol and 14alpha-methyl-delta-8,24(28)-ergostadienol. These three sterols are proposed as the first intermediates of ergosterol biosynthesis in U. maydis. 2. This study indicates that in U. maydis triarimol inhibits three reactions in ergosterol biosynthesis, all of which involve the D ring and the side chain of the sterol molecule: demethylation at C-14; introduction of the C-22(23) double bond; and reduction of the C-24(28) double bond. The nature of inhibition suggests triarimol may bind to a sterol-sterol carrier protein complex and prevent interaction of the complex with enzymes necessary to carry out reactions in the affected region. 3. Cells treated with triarimol for 9.5 h contained approximately 100 times the quantity of free fatty acids found in control cells. There were qualitative differences in free fatty acids and fatty acids of the di- and triglycerides in control and treated cells.", "contents": "Specific effects of triarimol on sterol biosynthesis in Ustilago maydis. 1. Triarimol (2 mug/ml) severely inhibited ergosterol synthesis in sporidia of Ustilago maydis. In control cells ergosterol accounted for 70-85% of the total sterols, In sporidia treated 9.5 h with triarimol the total sterol content was not appreciably reduced; however, ergosterol constituted less than 4% of the sterol fraction. In treated cells 95% of this fraction was composed of 24-methylene-dihydrolanosterol, obtusifoliol and 14alpha-methyl-delta-8,24(28)-ergostadienol. These three sterols are proposed as the first intermediates of ergosterol biosynthesis in U. maydis. 2. This study indicates that in U. maydis triarimol inhibits three reactions in ergosterol biosynthesis, all of which involve the D ring and the side chain of the sterol molecule: demethylation at C-14; introduction of the C-22(23) double bond; and reduction of the C-24(28) double bond. The nature of inhibition suggests triarimol may bind to a sterol-sterol carrier protein complex and prevent interaction of the complex with enzymes necessary to carry out reactions in the affected region. 3. Cells treated with triarimol for 9.5 h contained approximately 100 times the quantity of free fatty acids found in control cells. There were qualitative differences in free fatty acids and fatty acids of the di- and triglycerides in control and treated cells.", "PMID": 1122314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7538", "title": "Release of lipoprotein lipase from fat cells in vitro.", "content": "Release of lipoprotein lipase from rat fat cells incubated at 20 degrees in medium with albumin, but without glucose proceeded at a constant rate for 30 min. The initial rate of release was increased when serum was present in the medium. Maximal stimulation (100-300%) was produced with 3.8% serum. The maximal increment in release caused by serum was always greater than that produced by heparin and when both were added release was greater than it was with either one alone. The active component(s) of serum, nondialyzable and stable for 30 min at 56 degrees C, was present in sera from humans and rats in the fed or fasted state. Glucose plus insulin (but neither alone) enhanced the rate of lipase release in the presence of serum but not in its absence. The half-life of the lipase in basal medium of 20 degrees C was 90 min. Heparin decreased this to about 50 min and serum markedly prolonged it whether or not heparin was present. Lipoprotein lipase activity in cells and fractions thereof was assayed in extracts of acetone powders. After centrifugation of fat cell homogenates at 600 times g for 15 min, only 50-60% of the activity was recovered in the supernatant. After centrifugation at 100 000 times g for 60 min, the supernatant contained about 10% of the total activity and the sediment 40%. In some experiments, most of the rest was recovered in the floating fat fraction. Total lipoprotein lipase activity of cells plus medium increased steadily during incubation of fat cells for 1h at 30 degrees C. The major increment occurred in the cells and activity in the medium was always less than 15% of the total. Our observations are consistent with the view that activation may be an important determinant of fat cell lipoprotein lipase activity as well as an integral part of the release process.", "contents": "Release of lipoprotein lipase from fat cells in vitro. Release of lipoprotein lipase from rat fat cells incubated at 20 degrees in medium with albumin, but without glucose proceeded at a constant rate for 30 min. The initial rate of release was increased when serum was present in the medium. Maximal stimulation (100-300%) was produced with 3.8% serum. The maximal increment in release caused by serum was always greater than that produced by heparin and when both were added release was greater than it was with either one alone. The active component(s) of serum, nondialyzable and stable for 30 min at 56 degrees C, was present in sera from humans and rats in the fed or fasted state. Glucose plus insulin (but neither alone) enhanced the rate of lipase release in the presence of serum but not in its absence. The half-life of the lipase in basal medium of 20 degrees C was 90 min. Heparin decreased this to about 50 min and serum markedly prolonged it whether or not heparin was present. Lipoprotein lipase activity in cells and fractions thereof was assayed in extracts of acetone powders. After centrifugation of fat cell homogenates at 600 times g for 15 min, only 50-60% of the activity was recovered in the supernatant. After centrifugation at 100 000 times g for 60 min, the supernatant contained about 10% of the total activity and the sediment 40%. In some experiments, most of the rest was recovered in the floating fat fraction. Total lipoprotein lipase activity of cells plus medium increased steadily during incubation of fat cells for 1h at 30 degrees C. The major increment occurred in the cells and activity in the medium was always less than 15% of the total. Our observations are consistent with the view that activation may be an important determinant of fat cell lipoprotein lipase activity as well as an integral part of the release process.", "PMID": 1122315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7539", "title": "Monolayer characteristics of some glycolipids at the air-water interface.", "content": "Surface pressure and surface potential versus molecular area data have been obtained for some galactosyldiglycerides and some galactosphingolipids at the air-water interface. The physical states of galactolipid monolayers (and bilayers) parallel those of the phospholipids. The molecular packing of the monolayers is determined primarily by the interactions between the hydrocarbon chains and chain melting causes the transition from condensed to expanded monolayer. Thus the long saturated chain cerebrosides from myelin have high chain-melting temperatures and form condensed monolayers with the chains in a quasi-crystalline array. The galactosyldiglycerides from chloroplast membranes contain polyunsaturate chains and form liquid-expanded monolayers. The surface potentials of monolayers of neutral galactosyldiglycerides are similar to those of equivalent lecithins; the contributions of the hydrated galactose and phosphorylcholine moieties to the surface potential are approximately equal. The various galactosphingolipid monolayers studied have quite different surface potentials; this indicates that relatively small variations in molecular structure which do not lead to appreciable changes in the average packing density can cause large changes in surface potential.", "contents": "Monolayer characteristics of some glycolipids at the air-water interface. Surface pressure and surface potential versus molecular area data have been obtained for some galactosyldiglycerides and some galactosphingolipids at the air-water interface. The physical states of galactolipid monolayers (and bilayers) parallel those of the phospholipids. The molecular packing of the monolayers is determined primarily by the interactions between the hydrocarbon chains and chain melting causes the transition from condensed to expanded monolayer. Thus the long saturated chain cerebrosides from myelin have high chain-melting temperatures and form condensed monolayers with the chains in a quasi-crystalline array. The galactosyldiglycerides from chloroplast membranes contain polyunsaturate chains and form liquid-expanded monolayers. The surface potentials of monolayers of neutral galactosyldiglycerides are similar to those of equivalent lecithins; the contributions of the hydrated galactose and phosphorylcholine moieties to the surface potential are approximately equal. The various galactosphingolipid monolayers studied have quite different surface potentials; this indicates that relatively small variations in molecular structure which do not lead to appreciable changes in the average packing density can cause large changes in surface potential.", "PMID": 1122316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7540", "title": "The interpretation of proton magnetic resonance linewidths for lecithin dispersions. Effect of particle size and chain packing.", "content": "Two previously reported theoretical treatments of the effect of sonication on the PMR spectrum of phospholipid bilayer membranes have led to divergent conclusions regarding the effects of sonication on the structure of the bilayer membrane. In this report these two theoretical treatments will be critically reviewed, and it will be shown that only the theory of Seiter and Chan (Seiter, C.H.A. and Chan, S.I. (1973) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 95, 7541-7553) yields predictions which are in agreement with experiment. Analysis of available and newly acquired NMR results for sonicated bilayer vesicles of different sizes, both above and below the thermal phase transition, indicates that sonication does disrupt the regular molecular packing of the phospholipid molecules in these systems.", "contents": "The interpretation of proton magnetic resonance linewidths for lecithin dispersions. Effect of particle size and chain packing. Two previously reported theoretical treatments of the effect of sonication on the PMR spectrum of phospholipid bilayer membranes have led to divergent conclusions regarding the effects of sonication on the structure of the bilayer membrane. In this report these two theoretical treatments will be critically reviewed, and it will be shown that only the theory of Seiter and Chan (Seiter, C.H.A. and Chan, S.I. (1973) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 95, 7541-7553) yields predictions which are in agreement with experiment. Analysis of available and newly acquired NMR results for sonicated bilayer vesicles of different sizes, both above and below the thermal phase transition, indicates that sonication does disrupt the regular molecular packing of the phospholipid molecules in these systems.", "PMID": 1122317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7541", "title": "Modification of optical responses associated with the action potential of lobster giant axons.", "content": "The sources of optical retardation changes and light scattering changes occurring during the action potential propagation of lobster giant axons have been investigated. A technique has been developed for resolving the total transmitted-light intensity change into a retardation change component, dI-r, and a forward direction light scattering change, dI-s. Trypsin, pronase, neuraminidase and hyaluronidase all reduce the magnitude of dI-r without diminishing the action potential, probably by cleaving charged saccharides. Dithiothreitol has no effect. This suggests that glycoproteins and hyaluronic acid polymers at the surface of the axon are involved in the optical responses, either by being passively realigned or by contributing to compression and expansion forces as the membrane electric field changes. Large dI-s responses are generated by trypsin and pronase treatment. The modifying effects of these proteases may be due to modification of the membrane or to increases in the refractive index of the medium surrounding the axon, since similar large dI-s, responses are produced by increasing the refractive index with sucrose. Since large reductions in dIr can be produced without concurrent reductions in the action potential, a significant portion of the optical retardation responses cannot be attributable to structural changes that are causally related to membrane ionic permeability changes during the action potential.", "contents": "Modification of optical responses associated with the action potential of lobster giant axons. The sources of optical retardation changes and light scattering changes occurring during the action potential propagation of lobster giant axons have been investigated. A technique has been developed for resolving the total transmitted-light intensity change into a retardation change component, dI-r, and a forward direction light scattering change, dI-s. Trypsin, pronase, neuraminidase and hyaluronidase all reduce the magnitude of dI-r without diminishing the action potential, probably by cleaving charged saccharides. Dithiothreitol has no effect. This suggests that glycoproteins and hyaluronic acid polymers at the surface of the axon are involved in the optical responses, either by being passively realigned or by contributing to compression and expansion forces as the membrane electric field changes. Large dI-s responses are generated by trypsin and pronase treatment. The modifying effects of these proteases may be due to modification of the membrane or to increases in the refractive index of the medium surrounding the axon, since similar large dI-s, responses are produced by increasing the refractive index with sucrose. Since large reductions in dIr can be produced without concurrent reductions in the action potential, a significant portion of the optical retardation responses cannot be attributable to structural changes that are causally related to membrane ionic permeability changes during the action potential.", "PMID": 1122318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7542", "title": "Some chemical characteristics of dimethylsuberimidate and its effect on sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles.", "content": "Sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles treated with dimethylsuberimidate lose the capacity for ATP-promoted Ca2+ accumulation and show other properties indicative of leaky vesicles. As an aid to assessing whether this effect was caused by cross-linking or by hydrolysis products, characteristics of dimethylsuberimidate hydrolysis under incubation conditions used were measured. At pH 7.0, 25 DEGREES C, dimethylsuberimidate is hydrolyzed with an apparent first order rate constant of 0.016 min-1, to give dimethylsuberate as the principal product. The effect on ATP-promoted Ca2+ accululation was shown to be caused by partially and fully hydrolyzed products of the diimido ester, and not to cross-linking of membrane components.", "contents": "Some chemical characteristics of dimethylsuberimidate and its effect on sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles. Sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles treated with dimethylsuberimidate lose the capacity for ATP-promoted Ca2+ accumulation and show other properties indicative of leaky vesicles. As an aid to assessing whether this effect was caused by cross-linking or by hydrolysis products, characteristics of dimethylsuberimidate hydrolysis under incubation conditions used were measured. At pH 7.0, 25 DEGREES C, dimethylsuberimidate is hydrolyzed with an apparent first order rate constant of 0.016 min-1, to give dimethylsuberate as the principal product. The effect on ATP-promoted Ca2+ accululation was shown to be caused by partially and fully hydrolyzed products of the diimido ester, and not to cross-linking of membrane components.", "PMID": 1122319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7543", "title": "Barrier properties of lecithin/lysolecithin mixtures.", "content": "Light scattering, birefringence and X-ray studies showed that liposomes, with lipid molecules orientated in bilayers, are formed from egg licithin/lysolecithin mixtures up to 50 mol percent of lysolecithin; above this concentration much smaller mixed micelles are formed. Permeability studies demonstrated a dramatic increase in the permeability of the liposomes when the lyso concentration exceeds 22.5 mol percent. X-ray studies indicated a significant decrease in bilayer thickness with increasing lysolecithin concentration. It is suggested that decreased interaction energy between the lipid molecules in the bilayer is responsible for the inability of the thin bilayers to act as an effective permeability barrier.", "contents": "Barrier properties of lecithin/lysolecithin mixtures. Light scattering, birefringence and X-ray studies showed that liposomes, with lipid molecules orientated in bilayers, are formed from egg licithin/lysolecithin mixtures up to 50 mol percent of lysolecithin; above this concentration much smaller mixed micelles are formed. Permeability studies demonstrated a dramatic increase in the permeability of the liposomes when the lyso concentration exceeds 22.5 mol percent. X-ray studies indicated a significant decrease in bilayer thickness with increasing lysolecithin concentration. It is suggested that decreased interaction energy between the lipid molecules in the bilayer is responsible for the inability of the thin bilayers to act as an effective permeability barrier.", "PMID": 1122320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7544", "title": "Kinetics of macrotetrolide-induced ion transport across lipid bilayer membranes.", "content": "Ion transport across lipid bilayer membranes in the presence of macrotetrolide antibiotics has been studied by stationary conductance and nonstationary relaxation methods. The results are discussed on the basis of a carrier model which has already been successfully applied to valinomycin induced ion transport. Again a kinetic analysis has been performed from which the single rate constants of the carrier model could be derived. In addition the equilibrium constant of complex formation in the aqueous phase could be determined. Measurements have been made for 4 macrotetrolides, for several ions and for various chain lengths of the lipid molecules composing the membrane.", "contents": "Kinetics of macrotetrolide-induced ion transport across lipid bilayer membranes. Ion transport across lipid bilayer membranes in the presence of macrotetrolide antibiotics has been studied by stationary conductance and nonstationary relaxation methods. The results are discussed on the basis of a carrier model which has already been successfully applied to valinomycin induced ion transport. Again a kinetic analysis has been performed from which the single rate constants of the carrier model could be derived. In addition the equilibrium constant of complex formation in the aqueous phase could be determined. Measurements have been made for 4 macrotetrolides, for several ions and for various chain lengths of the lipid molecules composing the membrane.", "PMID": 1122321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7545", "title": "The effects of the membrane-penetrating polypeptide segment of the human erythrocyte MN-glycoprotein on the permeability of model lipid membranes.", "content": "The insoluble peptide, T(is), prepared by trypsin hydrolysis of the MN-glycoprotein (glycophorin) of the human erythrocyte has been incorporated into phospholipid membranes in the form of liposomes and black lipid membranes. The permeability of liposome membranes to 42K+ and of black lipid membranes to water and ions is increased significantly by the presence of the T(is) peptide. Electrophoresis measurements indicate that these effects are not due to the T(is) peptide carrying a net charge. The results suggest that the peptide causes local disordering of the bilayer membrane structures. This is considered in the light of findings published elsewhere: that the MN-glycoprotein penetrates through the cell membrane via a non-polar segment of its polypeptide chain, which is contained intact within the T(is) peptide; that the T(is) peptide is partially helical when associated with phospholipid and forms multimeric 8.0 nm structures within the hydrophobic plane of phospholipid bilayers.", "contents": "The effects of the membrane-penetrating polypeptide segment of the human erythrocyte MN-glycoprotein on the permeability of model lipid membranes. The insoluble peptide, T(is), prepared by trypsin hydrolysis of the MN-glycoprotein (glycophorin) of the human erythrocyte has been incorporated into phospholipid membranes in the form of liposomes and black lipid membranes. The permeability of liposome membranes to 42K+ and of black lipid membranes to water and ions is increased significantly by the presence of the T(is) peptide. Electrophoresis measurements indicate that these effects are not due to the T(is) peptide carrying a net charge. The results suggest that the peptide causes local disordering of the bilayer membrane structures. This is considered in the light of findings published elsewhere: that the MN-glycoprotein penetrates through the cell membrane via a non-polar segment of its polypeptide chain, which is contained intact within the T(is) peptide; that the T(is) peptide is partially helical when associated with phospholipid and forms multimeric 8.0 nm structures within the hydrophobic plane of phospholipid bilayers.", "PMID": 1122322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7546", "title": "A laser Raman spectroscopic investigation of phospholipid and protein configurations in hemoglobin-free erythrocyte ghosts.", "content": "Configurations of both the protein and lipid components of human red blood cell ghosts are examined by laser Raman spectroscopy. Protein configuration is estimated from bands observed in the Amide III region at 1240-1267 cm-1 in water and the Amide I' region at 1630-1670 cm-1 observed in 2H2O. The protein fraction appears to contain 40-55 percent alpha-helix with little beta-configuration. The hydrophobic side chains of the phospholipid component, as interpreted from the 1060-1130 cm-1 C-C stretching region, are estimated to contain 55-65 percent all-trans rigid configuration. These estimated are within the limits set by other physical techniques.", "contents": "A laser Raman spectroscopic investigation of phospholipid and protein configurations in hemoglobin-free erythrocyte ghosts. Configurations of both the protein and lipid components of human red blood cell ghosts are examined by laser Raman spectroscopy. Protein configuration is estimated from bands observed in the Amide III region at 1240-1267 cm-1 in water and the Amide I' region at 1630-1670 cm-1 observed in 2H2O. The protein fraction appears to contain 40-55 percent alpha-helix with little beta-configuration. The hydrophobic side chains of the phospholipid component, as interpreted from the 1060-1130 cm-1 C-C stretching region, are estimated to contain 55-65 percent all-trans rigid configuration. These estimated are within the limits set by other physical techniques.", "PMID": 1122323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7547", "title": "Postreplication DNA repair in ultraviolet-irradiated Micrococcus luteus.", "content": "Postreplication DNA repair was studies in three strains of Micrococcus luteus having different sensitivity to ultraviolet light: a wild type ATCC 5698, a ultraviolet-sensitive mutant G7, deficient in the incision step of repair and in ultraviolet-resistant transformant obtained from G7 by treatment with DNA of wild type cells, Trf(G7). It is shown that the G7 mutant has a low capacity for repair of postreplication DNA gaps compared with the wild type or Trf(G7). It seems to be that postreplication repari capacity contributes significantly to the ultraviolet resistance of M. luteus in addition to the excision repair. In contrast with G7 the size of the DNA fragments synthesized immediately after ultraviolet irradiation in the wild type (and Trf(G7)) seems to be much higher than that expected if each dimer produces one DNA gap in the daughter strand. Since this cannot only be explained by the excision of dimers from parental DNA we have suggested that a rapid repair of postreplication DNA gap occurs in M. luteus.", "contents": "Postreplication DNA repair in ultraviolet-irradiated Micrococcus luteus. Postreplication DNA repair was studies in three strains of Micrococcus luteus having different sensitivity to ultraviolet light: a wild type ATCC 5698, a ultraviolet-sensitive mutant G7, deficient in the incision step of repair and in ultraviolet-resistant transformant obtained from G7 by treatment with DNA of wild type cells, Trf(G7). It is shown that the G7 mutant has a low capacity for repair of postreplication DNA gaps compared with the wild type or Trf(G7). It seems to be that postreplication repari capacity contributes significantly to the ultraviolet resistance of M. luteus in addition to the excision repair. In contrast with G7 the size of the DNA fragments synthesized immediately after ultraviolet irradiation in the wild type (and Trf(G7)) seems to be much higher than that expected if each dimer produces one DNA gap in the daughter strand. Since this cannot only be explained by the excision of dimers from parental DNA we have suggested that a rapid repair of postreplication DNA gap occurs in M. luteus.", "PMID": 1122324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7548", "title": "Early estrogen action. Stimulation of the synthesis of methylated ribosomal and transfer RNAs.", "content": "The effects of estrogen on the rates of incorporation in vivo of radioactive uridine and Me-methionine, administered together, into RNA in the uterus of the ovariectomized adult rat have been measured. The ratio of incorporation of methionine to uridine during a 45-min labeling period was increased several-fold by hormone treatment. The increased rate of methylation was apparent in the uterus taken from the rat administered estrogen for 1 h, and the effect was more striking following 2 and 3 h of hormone treatment. This stimulation of methylation of RNA occurred in association with an increase in the whole-organ concentration of RNA. Analysis of the doubly-labeled uterine RNA on sucrose gradients revealed that the methylated species were mainly ribosomal and transfer RNA. These results show that very little methylation of RNA occurs in the atrophied uterus of the ovariectomized rat. During the first 3 h following estrogen administration to the ovariectomized animal, an increasing percentage of the newly synthesized RNA formed by the uterus is methylated ribosomal and transfer RNA. This result is discussed in light of recent studies of the efficiency of processing of ribosomal precursor RNA, as well as the synthesis of high-molecular-weight heterogeneous RNA in the early action of estrogen.", "contents": "Early estrogen action. Stimulation of the synthesis of methylated ribosomal and transfer RNAs. The effects of estrogen on the rates of incorporation in vivo of radioactive uridine and Me-methionine, administered together, into RNA in the uterus of the ovariectomized adult rat have been measured. The ratio of incorporation of methionine to uridine during a 45-min labeling period was increased several-fold by hormone treatment. The increased rate of methylation was apparent in the uterus taken from the rat administered estrogen for 1 h, and the effect was more striking following 2 and 3 h of hormone treatment. This stimulation of methylation of RNA occurred in association with an increase in the whole-organ concentration of RNA. Analysis of the doubly-labeled uterine RNA on sucrose gradients revealed that the methylated species were mainly ribosomal and transfer RNA. These results show that very little methylation of RNA occurs in the atrophied uterus of the ovariectomized rat. During the first 3 h following estrogen administration to the ovariectomized animal, an increasing percentage of the newly synthesized RNA formed by the uterus is methylated ribosomal and transfer RNA. This result is discussed in light of recent studies of the efficiency of processing of ribosomal precursor RNA, as well as the synthesis of high-molecular-weight heterogeneous RNA in the early action of estrogen.", "PMID": 1122325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7549", "title": "DNA-dependent RNA polymerases from Acanthamoeba castellanii: properties and levels of activity during encystment.", "content": "Three DNA-dependent RNA polymerases have been isolated and partially purified from trophozoites of Acanthamoeba castellanii. Separated by DEAE-Sephadex chromatography, they have been designated polymerases, I, IIa and IIB according to their alpha-amanitin sensitivity and kinetic properties. I is completely insensitive to alpha-amanitin. IIa and IIb are sensitive to low concentrations (0.1 mug/ml) of alpha-amanitin; however, in order to achieve 100% inhibition much higher concentrations (130 mug/ml) are needed. Both I and II (a or b) have rather broad ionic strength optima (0.06--0.10 M (NH4)2SO4). All three prefer denatured over native DNA (I, 4:1; II, 2:1). Polymerase I utilizes magnesium better than manganese as divalent cation whereas II prefers manganese. When Acanthamoeba is transferred to a medium lacking nutrients, the cells undergo a synchronous differentiation resulting in cyst formation. In general agreement with the decrease in the rate of synthesis of its product (rRNA), the amount of polymerase I decreases relative to the amanitin sensitive polymerase(s). However, the absolute amount of polymerase I does not change. Rather, the levels of the amanitin sensitive enzymes increase during the first 10 h of encystment. Since the overall RNA synthesis rate decreases, these results suggest that the transcription rate is not controlled by specific enzyme levels alone.", "contents": "DNA-dependent RNA polymerases from Acanthamoeba castellanii: properties and levels of activity during encystment. Three DNA-dependent RNA polymerases have been isolated and partially purified from trophozoites of Acanthamoeba castellanii. Separated by DEAE-Sephadex chromatography, they have been designated polymerases, I, IIa and IIB according to their alpha-amanitin sensitivity and kinetic properties. I is completely insensitive to alpha-amanitin. IIa and IIb are sensitive to low concentrations (0.1 mug/ml) of alpha-amanitin; however, in order to achieve 100% inhibition much higher concentrations (130 mug/ml) are needed. Both I and II (a or b) have rather broad ionic strength optima (0.06--0.10 M (NH4)2SO4). All three prefer denatured over native DNA (I, 4:1; II, 2:1). Polymerase I utilizes magnesium better than manganese as divalent cation whereas II prefers manganese. When Acanthamoeba is transferred to a medium lacking nutrients, the cells undergo a synchronous differentiation resulting in cyst formation. In general agreement with the decrease in the rate of synthesis of its product (rRNA), the amount of polymerase I decreases relative to the amanitin sensitive polymerase(s). However, the absolute amount of polymerase I does not change. Rather, the levels of the amanitin sensitive enzymes increase during the first 10 h of encystment. Since the overall RNA synthesis rate decreases, these results suggest that the transcription rate is not controlled by specific enzyme levels alone.", "PMID": 1122326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7550", "title": "Comparison of ribosomal proteins from neoplastic and non-neoplastic cells. Resolution by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis.", "content": "Functionally active mammalian membrane-free ribosomes were prepared from rat forebrain, a solid tumor (mouse neuroblastoma C-1300) and a human tumor cell-line in suspension culture (HeLa). Proteins were extracted from these ribosomes and were resolved by a newly developed. Two dimensional gel electrophoretic procedure. Although the ribosomal protein patterns from the three preparations were generally similar, there were four obvious differences between the forebrain ribosomes and the ribosomes from the two neoplastic cell types.", "contents": "Comparison of ribosomal proteins from neoplastic and non-neoplastic cells. Resolution by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Functionally active mammalian membrane-free ribosomes were prepared from rat forebrain, a solid tumor (mouse neuroblastoma C-1300) and a human tumor cell-line in suspension culture (HeLa). Proteins were extracted from these ribosomes and were resolved by a newly developed. Two dimensional gel electrophoretic procedure. Although the ribosomal protein patterns from the three preparations were generally similar, there were four obvious differences between the forebrain ribosomes and the ribosomes from the two neoplastic cell types.", "PMID": 1122327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7551", "title": "In vitro stimulation of apoferritin synthesis by iron.", "content": "The apparent induction of apoferritin synthesis by iron has been examined in cell-free systems from rat and rabbit liver. Both systems allowed the complete synthesis de novo of apoferritin isolated by chromatographic or immunological means. Addition of iron at levels of 0.2--1 mM specifically stimulated incorporation of radioactive amino acids into apoferritin purified after classical heat extraction. The effect was also observed when iron was added at the end of the incubation period in the absence of continuing protein synthesis. Further, iron addition had no effect on the amount of newly synthesised apoferritin subunits as estimated by direct immunological precipitation from the reaction mixture. These results suggest that iron acts at some stage subsequent to translation in stimulating apoferritin biosynthesis.", "contents": "In vitro stimulation of apoferritin synthesis by iron. The apparent induction of apoferritin synthesis by iron has been examined in cell-free systems from rat and rabbit liver. Both systems allowed the complete synthesis de novo of apoferritin isolated by chromatographic or immunological means. Addition of iron at levels of 0.2--1 mM specifically stimulated incorporation of radioactive amino acids into apoferritin purified after classical heat extraction. The effect was also observed when iron was added at the end of the incubation period in the absence of continuing protein synthesis. Further, iron addition had no effect on the amount of newly synthesised apoferritin subunits as estimated by direct immunological precipitation from the reaction mixture. These results suggest that iron acts at some stage subsequent to translation in stimulating apoferritin biosynthesis.", "PMID": 1122328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7552", "title": "Light scattering from nucleated biological cells.", "content": "The light scattered from nucleated biological cells has been investigated by using four different theoretical models: an opaque disk, a homogeneous sphere, an opaque ring, and a coated sphere. By comparing these four models, diffraction at the edges of the cell and the nucleus has been found to be the predominate scattering mechanism for nucleated biological cells at low angles. The scattering patterns of nucleated cells are found to have a fine lobe (high-frequency) structure dependent on whole cell size, and an envelope lobe (low-frequency) structure dependent on relative nucleus size. The models indicate that the present technique for measuring cell size with a single low-angle light detector is highly dependent on the nucleus to cell diameter ratio. Whole cell size is better estimated by the ratio of the outputs from two low-angle detectors.", "contents": "Light scattering from nucleated biological cells. The light scattered from nucleated biological cells has been investigated by using four different theoretical models: an opaque disk, a homogeneous sphere, an opaque ring, and a coated sphere. By comparing these four models, diffraction at the edges of the cell and the nucleus has been found to be the predominate scattering mechanism for nucleated biological cells at low angles. The scattering patterns of nucleated cells are found to have a fine lobe (high-frequency) structure dependent on whole cell size, and an envelope lobe (low-frequency) structure dependent on relative nucleus size. The models indicate that the present technique for measuring cell size with a single low-angle light detector is highly dependent on the nucleus to cell diameter ratio. Whole cell size is better estimated by the ratio of the outputs from two low-angle detectors.", "PMID": 1122336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7553", "title": "Geometry of the human erythrocyte. I. Effect of albumin on cell geometry.", "content": "The effects of albumin on the geometry of human erythrocytes have been studied. Individual red cells, hanging on edge from coverslips were photographed. Enlarged cell profiles were digitized using a Gradicon digitizer (Instronics Ltd., Stittsville, Ontario). Geometric parameters including diameter, area, volume, minimum cylindrical diameter, sphericity index, swelling index, maximum and minimum cell thickness, were calculated for each cell using a CDC 6400 computer. Maximum effect of human serum albumin was reached at about 1 g/liter. Studies of cell populations showed decreases in mean cell diameter of up to 6%, area 6%, and volume 15%, varying from sample to sample. The thickness of the rim was increased while that at the dimple was decreased. Studies of single cells showed that area and volume changes do not occur equally in all cells. Cells with lower sphericity indices showed larger effects. In the presence of albumin, up to 50% of the cells assumed cup-shapes (stomatocytes). These cells had smaller volumes but the same area as biconcave cells. Mechanical agitation could reversibly induce biconcave cells to assume cup shapes without area or volume changes. Experiments with de-fatted human albumins showed that the presence of bound fatty acids in varying concentrations does not alter the observed effects. Bovine serum albumin has similar effects on human erythrocytes as human serum albumin.", "contents": "Geometry of the human erythrocyte. I. Effect of albumin on cell geometry. The effects of albumin on the geometry of human erythrocytes have been studied. Individual red cells, hanging on edge from coverslips were photographed. Enlarged cell profiles were digitized using a Gradicon digitizer (Instronics Ltd., Stittsville, Ontario). Geometric parameters including diameter, area, volume, minimum cylindrical diameter, sphericity index, swelling index, maximum and minimum cell thickness, were calculated for each cell using a CDC 6400 computer. Maximum effect of human serum albumin was reached at about 1 g/liter. Studies of cell populations showed decreases in mean cell diameter of up to 6%, area 6%, and volume 15%, varying from sample to sample. The thickness of the rim was increased while that at the dimple was decreased. Studies of single cells showed that area and volume changes do not occur equally in all cells. Cells with lower sphericity indices showed larger effects. In the presence of albumin, up to 50% of the cells assumed cup-shapes (stomatocytes). These cells had smaller volumes but the same area as biconcave cells. Mechanical agitation could reversibly induce biconcave cells to assume cup shapes without area or volume changes. Experiments with de-fatted human albumins showed that the presence of bound fatty acids in varying concentrations does not alter the observed effects. Bovine serum albumin has similar effects on human erythrocytes as human serum albumin.", "PMID": 1122337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7554", "title": "Analysis of fluorescence decay curves by means of the Laplace transformation.", "content": "A computational procedure is described for the analysis of fluorescence decay data convolved with a lamp flash of finite width. The computer program calculates the ratio of the Laplace transforms of the decay and the lamp flash for different values of s to give the transforms of the impulse response for each value of s. These are set equal to the analytical Laplace transforms of the decay law involved. Solution of the nonlinear simultaneous equations yields the desired decay parameters. The method can be modified to analyze data that contains a component due to scattered light and can also provide essential information regarding transit time changes of the photomultiplier with changes in emission wavelength. The method was tested by the analysis of real and simulated data. The accuracy of the analysis depends on the degree of correlation among the parameters.", "contents": "Analysis of fluorescence decay curves by means of the Laplace transformation. A computational procedure is described for the analysis of fluorescence decay data convolved with a lamp flash of finite width. The computer program calculates the ratio of the Laplace transforms of the decay and the lamp flash for different values of s to give the transforms of the impulse response for each value of s. These are set equal to the analytical Laplace transforms of the decay law involved. Solution of the nonlinear simultaneous equations yields the desired decay parameters. The method can be modified to analyze data that contains a component due to scattered light and can also provide essential information regarding transit time changes of the photomultiplier with changes in emission wavelength. The method was tested by the analysis of real and simulated data. The accuracy of the analysis depends on the degree of correlation among the parameters.", "PMID": 1122338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7555", "title": "[Influence of ribose on 2,3-diphosphoglycerate concentrations in human erythrocytes].", "content": "The effect of ribose on the 2,3-diphosphoglycerate concentration (2,3-DPG) of human red blood cells was investigated and compared to the effect of inosine. Ribose as well as inosine increases 2,3-DPG. Most impressing effects can be demonstrated on stored blood, which is poor in 2,3-DPG concentration. Physiologic 2,3-DPG-concentrations, however, may be increased too. Generally the effect of inosine is greater than the effect of ribose. When ribose is applicated intravenously a slight increase in 2,3-DPG is found. Both compounds own characteristic side-effects, which diminish their value for therapeutical purposes.", "contents": "[Influence of ribose on 2,3-diphosphoglycerate concentrations in human erythrocytes]. The effect of ribose on the 2,3-diphosphoglycerate concentration (2,3-DPG) of human red blood cells was investigated and compared to the effect of inosine. Ribose as well as inosine increases 2,3-DPG. Most impressing effects can be demonstrated on stored blood, which is poor in 2,3-DPG concentration. Physiologic 2,3-DPG-concentrations, however, may be increased too. Generally the effect of inosine is greater than the effect of ribose. When ribose is applicated intravenously a slight increase in 2,3-DPG is found. Both compounds own characteristic side-effects, which diminish their value for therapeutical purposes.", "PMID": 1122340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7556", "title": "[Autoradiographic demonstration of human basophils].", "content": "A new technique is described which enables a selective tinctorial visualization of human blood basophils in autoradiographic preparations. Consecutive administration of 5-aminoacridine hydrochloride and aldehyde fuchsin rendered a sufficient preservation of basophils preventing leaching of their water soluble granules. Extensive control tests provided sufficient evidence to exclude chemographic artifacts produced by other histochemical precedures. The technique eliminates the obstacles to study the kinetics of human blood basophils and their realtionshp to atopic hypersensitivity reactions applying tritiated thymidine and radioiodine labeled IgE or corresponding antisera.", "contents": "[Autoradiographic demonstration of human basophils]. A new technique is described which enables a selective tinctorial visualization of human blood basophils in autoradiographic preparations. Consecutive administration of 5-aminoacridine hydrochloride and aldehyde fuchsin rendered a sufficient preservation of basophils preventing leaching of their water soluble granules. Extensive control tests provided sufficient evidence to exclude chemographic artifacts produced by other histochemical precedures. The technique eliminates the obstacles to study the kinetics of human blood basophils and their realtionshp to atopic hypersensitivity reactions applying tritiated thymidine and radioiodine labeled IgE or corresponding antisera.", "PMID": 1122341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7557", "title": "[99mTc-sulfur-rhenium colloid and 111In-indium citrate in bone-marrow scintigraphy].", "content": "Bone marrow scinitigraphy using 111In-Indium-citrate and 99mTc-sulfur rhenium colloid was compared with each other in 6 male and 3 female patients. Our results in all patients were in favour of 111In-citrate which caused a better delineation of morphological details than 99mTc-sulfur rhenium colloid did. In the first days after intravenous administration of 111In-citrate, radioindium accumulated markedly in the pudendal region, this finding being more distinct in male patients than in female ones. On account of these results a considerable radiation dose has to be assumed in bone marrow scinitigraphy using 111In-citrate as long as the absorbed dose from 111In has not been estimated under consideration of the radioindium accumulation in the pudendal region. 111In-citrate should be applied in bone marrow scanning only exceptionally and 99mTc-sulfur rhenium colloid be preferred in the routine diagnostics of bone marrow.", "contents": "[99mTc-sulfur-rhenium colloid and 111In-indium citrate in bone-marrow scintigraphy]. Bone marrow scinitigraphy using 111In-Indium-citrate and 99mTc-sulfur rhenium colloid was compared with each other in 6 male and 3 female patients. Our results in all patients were in favour of 111In-citrate which caused a better delineation of morphological details than 99mTc-sulfur rhenium colloid did. In the first days after intravenous administration of 111In-citrate, radioindium accumulated markedly in the pudendal region, this finding being more distinct in male patients than in female ones. On account of these results a considerable radiation dose has to be assumed in bone marrow scinitigraphy using 111In-citrate as long as the absorbed dose from 111In has not been estimated under consideration of the radioindium accumulation in the pudendal region. 111In-citrate should be applied in bone marrow scanning only exceptionally and 99mTc-sulfur rhenium colloid be preferred in the routine diagnostics of bone marrow.", "PMID": 1122342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7558", "title": "Errors in decoding tone of voice during dyadic interaction.", "content": "Predictions derived from evidence on projection, behavioural assimilation and attribution theory suggest differing ways in which one individual may perceive another's tone of voice in dyadic interaction. Pairs of male subjects undertook a competitive or cooperative counting task. One member of each pair was instructed that he could best influence the dyad's performance by the use of an angry or pleased tone of voice. The results indicate that while subjects in the cooperative condition tended to attribute their own tone of voice to their (neutral) partner, competitive subjects attributed a discrepant or neutral tone. The findings are interpreted in terms of attribution theory. Implications for studies of non-verbal communication are discussed.", "contents": "Errors in decoding tone of voice during dyadic interaction. Predictions derived from evidence on projection, behavioural assimilation and attribution theory suggest differing ways in which one individual may perceive another's tone of voice in dyadic interaction. Pairs of male subjects undertook a competitive or cooperative counting task. One member of each pair was instructed that he could best influence the dyad's performance by the use of an angry or pleased tone of voice. The results indicate that while subjects in the cooperative condition tended to attribute their own tone of voice to their (neutral) partner, competitive subjects attributed a discrepant or neutral tone. The findings are interpreted in terms of attribution theory. Implications for studies of non-verbal communication are discussed.", "PMID": 1122343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7559", "title": "The role of gaze in impression formation.", "content": "Three hypotheses about the effects of amount of gaze on the impression created of six confederates were tested, using rating scales and free descriptions. The first hypothesis--that favourableness of impression would be a linear function of amount of gaze--was partly confirmed. The second hypothesis--that favourableness of impression would be a curvilinear function of amount of gaze--was not confirmed, nor was the third hypothesis--that effect of gaze would be a complex function of sex of subject and sex of gazer. The effects of gaze were not as marked as had been predicted. The free descriptions also provided data on the number and type of subjects who commented on the amount of gaze of the confederate. Three possible explanations of the results are discussed.", "contents": "The role of gaze in impression formation. Three hypotheses about the effects of amount of gaze on the impression created of six confederates were tested, using rating scales and free descriptions. The first hypothesis--that favourableness of impression would be a linear function of amount of gaze--was partly confirmed. The second hypothesis--that favourableness of impression would be a curvilinear function of amount of gaze--was not confirmed, nor was the third hypothesis--that effect of gaze would be a complex function of sex of subject and sex of gazer. The effects of gaze were not as marked as had been predicted. The free descriptions also provided data on the number and type of subjects who commented on the amount of gaze of the confederate. Three possible explanations of the results are discussed.", "PMID": 1122344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7560", "title": "Encoding and decoding of ingratiation in modes of smiling and gaze.", "content": "The present research is a first attempt to explore the ingratiation ingredients of non-verbal attractiveness. In particular, the ingratiator's paradox is investigated. This occurs when an increase in attractiveness of A makes B aware of an ingratiation attempt. A first experiment was set up to detect the ways in which ingratiation overtures are displayed in smiling and gaze during task-orientated behaviour. As predicted from empirical research and from Argyle & Dean's (1965) 'intimacy equilibrium' model, a higher percentage of smiling and gaze, together with more frequent smiling and longer gaze, occurred under the ingratiation than control condition. A second experiment investigated if the ingratiation and spontaneity behaviours that were displayed would be differentially evaluated. To this purpose, observers naive to the conditions were confronted with the videotaped behaviours. As predicted from ingratiation and attributional frameworks, ingratiation behaviours were more favourably evaluated, though they were considered as strategic in nature. This discussion highlights the subtlety involved in non-verbal ingratiation.", "contents": "Encoding and decoding of ingratiation in modes of smiling and gaze. The present research is a first attempt to explore the ingratiation ingredients of non-verbal attractiveness. In particular, the ingratiator's paradox is investigated. This occurs when an increase in attractiveness of A makes B aware of an ingratiation attempt. A first experiment was set up to detect the ways in which ingratiation overtures are displayed in smiling and gaze during task-orientated behaviour. As predicted from empirical research and from Argyle & Dean's (1965) 'intimacy equilibrium' model, a higher percentage of smiling and gaze, together with more frequent smiling and longer gaze, occurred under the ingratiation than control condition. A second experiment investigated if the ingratiation and spontaneity behaviours that were displayed would be differentially evaluated. To this purpose, observers naive to the conditions were confronted with the videotaped behaviours. As predicted from ingratiation and attributional frameworks, ingratiation behaviours were more favourably evaluated, though they were considered as strategic in nature. This discussion highlights the subtlety involved in non-verbal ingratiation.", "PMID": 1122345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7561", "title": "Covariation of conflict and mood in depression.", "content": "The proportion of conflict involved in the personal problems of neurotic and depressed inpatients was assessed and correlated with the patients' mood over a period of several months. Mood correlated highly with conflict, i.e. when conflict was high, patients felt more depressed, fatigued and tense. Conflicts in the patients' beliefs about themselves also tended to correlate highly with mood, while conflict connected with their attitudes concerning their problems did not. Individual patients seemed to \"react\" to conflict with different kinds of mood.", "contents": "Covariation of conflict and mood in depression. The proportion of conflict involved in the personal problems of neurotic and depressed inpatients was assessed and correlated with the patients' mood over a period of several months. Mood correlated highly with conflict, i.e. when conflict was high, patients felt more depressed, fatigued and tense. Conflicts in the patients' beliefs about themselves also tended to correlate highly with mood, while conflict connected with their attitudes concerning their problems did not. Individual patients seemed to \"react\" to conflict with different kinds of mood.", "PMID": 1122346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7562", "title": "Recall of medical advice: comprehensibility and specificity.", "content": "Two laboratory experiments are described in which volunteer subjects read advice on how to develop self-control over eating behaviour. Formulating the communications in terms of specific instructions rather than general rules and the use of simple language as determined by a readability formula led to increased recall of the advice. These findings were confirmed in a naturalistic setting in which the same material was presented orally to patients receiving treatment for obesity. The results of these investigations are believed to have implications for improving communications between doctors and their patients and possibly for increasing the degree to which patients comply with medical recommendations.", "contents": "Recall of medical advice: comprehensibility and specificity. Two laboratory experiments are described in which volunteer subjects read advice on how to develop self-control over eating behaviour. Formulating the communications in terms of specific instructions rather than general rules and the use of simple language as determined by a readability formula led to increased recall of the advice. These findings were confirmed in a naturalistic setting in which the same material was presented orally to patients receiving treatment for obesity. The results of these investigations are believed to have implications for improving communications between doctors and their patients and possibly for increasing the degree to which patients comply with medical recommendations.", "PMID": 1122347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7563", "title": "A proposed basis for delusion formation within an information-processing model of paranoid development.", "content": "A developmental model for paranoid behaviour is proposed within a broader theory of schizophrenic development. The model stipulates that given exposure to sustained aversive maternal control and a maternal communication style which is subtle and devious, the child comes to adapt with approach, stratagem-based behaviours and heightened vigilance for evaluative information (i.e. open adaptive style). The model, already supported empirically at several points, postulates that the delusion serves to organize an overextended and disorganized information-processing system for the person and generates its reinforcement from reduction of the anxiety associated with thought disorganization. The present study tested an aspect of this postulate. It was predicted that late-adolescent males who had an open style of adapting to experienced aversive maternal control would find the organization of disorganized evaluative cues uniquely reinforcing. Subjects were presented with an anagrams task made up of scrambled words which they were told came from a poll of mothers asked to evaluate their college-age sons. This task was followed by the individual tachistoscopic and slightly unfocused presentation of a longer series of words, again described as maternal evaluative terms. The longer series comprised the words used in the anagrams task and an equal number which were not. Reinforcement value of proper ordering of disorganized cues was inferred from the subject's heightened ability to detect previously solved anagram terms, indicating stronger learning of these terms upon prior solution. Males identified as open-style adapters were far more cognizant of words which they had previously ordered than other child-rearing groups, as predicted.", "contents": "A proposed basis for delusion formation within an information-processing model of paranoid development. A developmental model for paranoid behaviour is proposed within a broader theory of schizophrenic development. The model stipulates that given exposure to sustained aversive maternal control and a maternal communication style which is subtle and devious, the child comes to adapt with approach, stratagem-based behaviours and heightened vigilance for evaluative information (i.e. open adaptive style). The model, already supported empirically at several points, postulates that the delusion serves to organize an overextended and disorganized information-processing system for the person and generates its reinforcement from reduction of the anxiety associated with thought disorganization. The present study tested an aspect of this postulate. It was predicted that late-adolescent males who had an open style of adapting to experienced aversive maternal control would find the organization of disorganized evaluative cues uniquely reinforcing. Subjects were presented with an anagrams task made up of scrambled words which they were told came from a poll of mothers asked to evaluate their college-age sons. This task was followed by the individual tachistoscopic and slightly unfocused presentation of a longer series of words, again described as maternal evaluative terms. The longer series comprised the words used in the anagrams task and an equal number which were not. Reinforcement value of proper ordering of disorganized cues was inferred from the subject's heightened ability to detect previously solved anagram terms, indicating stronger learning of these terms upon prior solution. Males identified as open-style adapters were far more cognizant of words which they had previously ordered than other child-rearing groups, as predicted.", "PMID": 1122348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7564", "title": "Impaired recall and the memory disturbance in presenile dementia.", "content": "Although subjects with presenile dementia have a very poor ability to retrieve material previously presented for learning under conditions of free recall and the usual type of recognition test, their performance was found to be not significantly different from normal controls when the initial letters of the correct words were provided at the time of recall. This finding raises the possibility that the long-term memory failure in presenile dementia may not be due to an inability to establish new material in the long-term store, as had previously been thought, but to a difficulty in retrieving that information.", "contents": "Impaired recall and the memory disturbance in presenile dementia. Although subjects with presenile dementia have a very poor ability to retrieve material previously presented for learning under conditions of free recall and the usual type of recognition test, their performance was found to be not significantly different from normal controls when the initial letters of the correct words were provided at the time of recall. This finding raises the possibility that the long-term memory failure in presenile dementia may not be due to an inability to establish new material in the long-term store, as had previously been thought, but to a difficulty in retrieving that information.", "PMID": 1122349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7565", "title": "A two-stage model of attention in schizophrenia research.", "content": "This paper attempts to indicate the relevance of Broadbent's recent views on the methods by which the systematic selection of information takes place, for the study of attention deficits in schizophrenia. A two-stage model of attention is briefly described, the distinction between \"filtering\" (stimulus set) and \"pigeon-holing\" (response set) being emphasized. In an attempt to clarify the nature of the schizophrenics attention defect, various experiments are reviewed and interpreted within Broadbent's theoretical framework. Studies indicate inefficiencies in both the \"filtering\" and \"pigeon-holing\" mechanisms. The need for experiments specifically designed to identify the locus of the schizophrenic attention defect, in various subgroups of schizophrenics, is indicated.", "contents": "A two-stage model of attention in schizophrenia research. This paper attempts to indicate the relevance of Broadbent's recent views on the methods by which the systematic selection of information takes place, for the study of attention deficits in schizophrenia. A two-stage model of attention is briefly described, the distinction between \"filtering\" (stimulus set) and \"pigeon-holing\" (response set) being emphasized. In an attempt to clarify the nature of the schizophrenics attention defect, various experiments are reviewed and interpreted within Broadbent's theoretical framework. Studies indicate inefficiencies in both the \"filtering\" and \"pigeon-holing\" mechanisms. The need for experiments specifically designed to identify the locus of the schizophrenic attention defect, in various subgroups of schizophrenics, is indicated.", "PMID": 1122350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7566", "title": "Plasma catecholamines in severely injured patients: a prospective study on 45 patients with multiple injuries.", "content": "Plasma catecholamine levels were studied in 45 severely injured patients for 8 days after the trauma. Sixteen of the patients were classified as critically injured and 29 as seriously injured. The total plasma catecholamine values of the whole group immediately after the injury were almost twice as high as the eighth day reference values and remained significantly higher than these values for 6 hours after the trauma. On admission both the plasma adrenaline and noradrenaline levels were elevated. The plasma adrenaline levels on admission correlated with the blood volume replacement which was required within the first 6 hours. The plasma noradrenaline levels in the critically injured group were significantly higher throughout the observation period than in the seriously injured group. A corresponding difference was observed in the plasma adrenaline concentrations only during the first 12 hours. The results showed that strong stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system occurs in severely injured patients. Factors stimulating the sympathetic nervous system apparently included hypovolaemia, tissue hypoxia, acidosis and the pain produced by the trauma and therapeutic measures.", "contents": "Plasma catecholamines in severely injured patients: a prospective study on 45 patients with multiple injuries. Plasma catecholamine levels were studied in 45 severely injured patients for 8 days after the trauma. Sixteen of the patients were classified as critically injured and 29 as seriously injured. The total plasma catecholamine values of the whole group immediately after the injury were almost twice as high as the eighth day reference values and remained significantly higher than these values for 6 hours after the trauma. On admission both the plasma adrenaline and noradrenaline levels were elevated. The plasma adrenaline levels on admission correlated with the blood volume replacement which was required within the first 6 hours. The plasma noradrenaline levels in the critically injured group were significantly higher throughout the observation period than in the seriously injured group. A corresponding difference was observed in the plasma adrenaline concentrations only during the first 12 hours. The results showed that strong stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system occurs in severely injured patients. Factors stimulating the sympathetic nervous system apparently included hypovolaemia, tissue hypoxia, acidosis and the pain produced by the trauma and therapeutic measures.", "PMID": 1122355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7567", "title": "Postoperative problems and management after hepatic resection for blunt injury to the liver.", "content": "The postoperative problems and management of 8 patients following right hepatic lobectomy for blunt liver injury are discussed. Multiple injury and in particular chest injury are of importance. Respiratory distress may be insidious in onset and must be anticipated. Most patients require at least temporary positive pressure ventilation. Liver regeneration is rapid and histological evidence of regenerative hyperplasia is present within 3 days of injury. Hypoglycaemia of a degree sufficient to threaten life may occur postoperatively, particularly in the first 48 hours. Jaundice may be a worrying postoperative feature, but the use of T-tube drainage after hepatic lobectomy will enable any possible extrahepatic obstruction to be excluded. Hypoproteinaemia and hypo-albuminaemia occur in the immediate postoperative period, and recovery rapidly follows the peak period of regenerative activity of the liver. Normal levels are regained by the fourth to sixth postoperative weeks. Prophylactic antibiotics have no place in the postoperative management of blunt liver injury. Haemorrhagic diathesis is common after hepatic resection and is of a complex nature. Intravascular coagulation may occur and factor V deficiency is common. The mainstay of treatment is transfusion of fresh blood.", "contents": "Postoperative problems and management after hepatic resection for blunt injury to the liver. The postoperative problems and management of 8 patients following right hepatic lobectomy for blunt liver injury are discussed. Multiple injury and in particular chest injury are of importance. Respiratory distress may be insidious in onset and must be anticipated. Most patients require at least temporary positive pressure ventilation. Liver regeneration is rapid and histological evidence of regenerative hyperplasia is present within 3 days of injury. Hypoglycaemia of a degree sufficient to threaten life may occur postoperatively, particularly in the first 48 hours. Jaundice may be a worrying postoperative feature, but the use of T-tube drainage after hepatic lobectomy will enable any possible extrahepatic obstruction to be excluded. Hypoproteinaemia and hypo-albuminaemia occur in the immediate postoperative period, and recovery rapidly follows the peak period of regenerative activity of the liver. Normal levels are regained by the fourth to sixth postoperative weeks. Prophylactic antibiotics have no place in the postoperative management of blunt liver injury. Haemorrhagic diathesis is common after hepatic resection and is of a complex nature. Intravascular coagulation may occur and factor V deficiency is common. The mainstay of treatment is transfusion of fresh blood.", "PMID": 1122357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7568", "title": "The application of the 99Tcm phosphate bone scan to the study of breast cancer.", "content": "Comparison of the gamma camera bone scan and radiological survey in 190 patients with breast cancer has confirmed the superiority of the bone scan in the positive diagnosis of skeletal metastases. In 47 patients with known (X-ray positive) bony metastases the scan was positive in all but 2, and in 24 (50 per cent) the scan showed more lesions than the X-ray had indicated. In 60 patients with a clinical suspicion of bone metastases but negative X-rays, the scan was positive in 29 (48 per cent). Eighty-three patients with primary breast cancer were studied at the time of initial presentation. All had a normal radiographic skeletal survey but 24 (27 per cent) had scan evidence of occult metastases. It is concluded that a bone scan is indicated in all patients with breast cancer where skeletal metastases are suspected. Repeated bone scans may introduce new therapeutic possibilities, by providing an earlier objective index of progression of metastatic disease and also by providing a quantitative method of assessing the response to therapy.", "contents": "The application of the 99Tcm phosphate bone scan to the study of breast cancer. Comparison of the gamma camera bone scan and radiological survey in 190 patients with breast cancer has confirmed the superiority of the bone scan in the positive diagnosis of skeletal metastases. In 47 patients with known (X-ray positive) bony metastases the scan was positive in all but 2, and in 24 (50 per cent) the scan showed more lesions than the X-ray had indicated. In 60 patients with a clinical suspicion of bone metastases but negative X-rays, the scan was positive in 29 (48 per cent). Eighty-three patients with primary breast cancer were studied at the time of initial presentation. All had a normal radiographic skeletal survey but 24 (27 per cent) had scan evidence of occult metastases. It is concluded that a bone scan is indicated in all patients with breast cancer where skeletal metastases are suspected. Repeated bone scans may introduce new therapeutic possibilities, by providing an earlier objective index of progression of metastatic disease and also by providing a quantitative method of assessing the response to therapy.", "PMID": 1122358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7569", "title": "Cystic thyroid nodules.", "content": "Among 300 patients with thyroid nodules subjected to a needle drill biopsy, 62 were found to contain cystic lesions. Analysis of these 62 showed that in 17 the swelling had completely disappeared after the biopsy. The remaining 45 had residual or recurrent swellings. Operative treatment was carried out in 35, which consisted of 28 (80 per cent) nodular goitres, 6 (17-1 per cent) adenomas and 1 (2-9 per cent) carcinoma.", "contents": "Cystic thyroid nodules. Among 300 patients with thyroid nodules subjected to a needle drill biopsy, 62 were found to contain cystic lesions. Analysis of these 62 showed that in 17 the swelling had completely disappeared after the biopsy. The remaining 45 had residual or recurrent swellings. Operative treatment was carried out in 35, which consisted of 28 (80 per cent) nodular goitres, 6 (17-1 per cent) adenomas and 1 (2-9 per cent) carcinoma.", "PMID": 1122359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7570", "title": "Motility changes in the antrum after proximal gastric vagotomy.", "content": "The normal pattern of resting and post-prandial motor activity in the gastric antrum has been established by observations in 6 dogs. There was a gradual increase in the amplitude of contraction during the first 2 hours after eating; this was maintained for 3 hours and then declined. For the first 45 minutes terminal antral contraction occurred, partially retaining and triturating the gastric contents. After 45 minutes the waves became sequential, symmetrical, increased in vigour and actively pumped food into the duodenum. Vagotomy modified the mechanism of the antrum in various ways. Truncal and selective vagotomy reduced the work capability to 20 per cent of its normal value when recorded 1 month after operation. In both groups the waves were disorganized. Proximal gastric vagotomy abolished the braking mechanism and removed the initial inhibitory stimuli to antral motility. Within 1 month of operation the antrum had regained 58 per cent of its normal work capability and the contractions were well organized.", "contents": "Motility changes in the antrum after proximal gastric vagotomy. The normal pattern of resting and post-prandial motor activity in the gastric antrum has been established by observations in 6 dogs. There was a gradual increase in the amplitude of contraction during the first 2 hours after eating; this was maintained for 3 hours and then declined. For the first 45 minutes terminal antral contraction occurred, partially retaining and triturating the gastric contents. After 45 minutes the waves became sequential, symmetrical, increased in vigour and actively pumped food into the duodenum. Vagotomy modified the mechanism of the antrum in various ways. Truncal and selective vagotomy reduced the work capability to 20 per cent of its normal value when recorded 1 month after operation. In both groups the waves were disorganized. Proximal gastric vagotomy abolished the braking mechanism and removed the initial inhibitory stimuli to antral motility. Within 1 month of operation the antrum had regained 58 per cent of its normal work capability and the contractions were well organized.", "PMID": 1122360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7571", "title": "The management of bleeding acute gastric erosions: the role of gastric hypothermia.", "content": "Eighty-eight consecutive patients with bleeding acute gastric erosions were reviewed with the aid of a computer. Of the eroisons, 31-8 per cent were related to the ingestion of ulcerogenic drugs and 40-9 per cent were associated with surgery and sepsis. The overall mortality was 20-5 per cent. Endoscopy was the most effective diagnostic examination. Conservative management was effective in the treatment of bleeding erosions due to the ingestion of ulcerogenic drugs. Gastric cooling successfully arrested haemorrhage from bleeding erosions due to surgery and sepsis.", "contents": "The management of bleeding acute gastric erosions: the role of gastric hypothermia. Eighty-eight consecutive patients with bleeding acute gastric erosions were reviewed with the aid of a computer. Of the eroisons, 31-8 per cent were related to the ingestion of ulcerogenic drugs and 40-9 per cent were associated with surgery and sepsis. The overall mortality was 20-5 per cent. Endoscopy was the most effective diagnostic examination. Conservative management was effective in the treatment of bleeding erosions due to the ingestion of ulcerogenic drugs. Gastric cooling successfully arrested haemorrhage from bleeding erosions due to surgery and sepsis.", "PMID": 1122361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7572", "title": "Flatulent dyspepsia in patients with gallstones undergoing cholecystectomy.", "content": "The incidence of flatulent dyspepsia and its relationship to gallbladder function has been studied in 100 consecutive patients with gallstones undergoing cholecystectomy. Thirty-three per cent of patients suffered significant flatulent dyspepsia of whom 80 per cent were cured or improved by operation. In 15 patients gastric function was studied pre- and postoperatively and it was noted that there was no difference in gastric emptying times between patients with flatulent dyspepsia who were cured by operation and those who remained symptomatic. Bacteriological studies on gallbladder bile from 39 patients suggested that infection within the gallbladder may be a factor in the causation of flatulent dyspepsia.", "contents": "Flatulent dyspepsia in patients with gallstones undergoing cholecystectomy. The incidence of flatulent dyspepsia and its relationship to gallbladder function has been studied in 100 consecutive patients with gallstones undergoing cholecystectomy. Thirty-three per cent of patients suffered significant flatulent dyspepsia of whom 80 per cent were cured or improved by operation. In 15 patients gastric function was studied pre- and postoperatively and it was noted that there was no difference in gastric emptying times between patients with flatulent dyspepsia who were cured by operation and those who remained symptomatic. Bacteriological studies on gallbladder bile from 39 patients suggested that infection within the gallbladder may be a factor in the causation of flatulent dyspepsia.", "PMID": 1122363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7573", "title": "Traumatic haemobilia.", "content": "A case of traumatic haemobilia which was diagnosed preoperatively, is reported. The site of bleeding was demonstrated by operative angiography through the right hepatic artery. The patient was treated by ligation of the common hepatic artery. Re-bleeding required a second operation and ligation of the right hepatic branch without adverse consequences on the hepatic function.", "contents": "Traumatic haemobilia. A case of traumatic haemobilia which was diagnosed preoperatively, is reported. The site of bleeding was demonstrated by operative angiography through the right hepatic artery. The patient was treated by ligation of the common hepatic artery. Re-bleeding required a second operation and ligation of the right hepatic branch without adverse consequences on the hepatic function.", "PMID": 1122364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7574", "title": "Rupture of subcapsular haematoma of the liver in a case of eclampsia.", "content": "A case of rupture of subcapsular haematoma of the liver in a patient suffering from eclampsia is reported in which the patient survived. Peritoneal tap provided important diagnostic information. Surgical intervention with control of the liver haemorrhage provides the only chance of survival.", "contents": "Rupture of subcapsular haematoma of the liver in a case of eclampsia. A case of rupture of subcapsular haematoma of the liver in a patient suffering from eclampsia is reported in which the patient survived. Peritoneal tap provided important diagnostic information. Surgical intervention with control of the liver haemorrhage provides the only chance of survival.", "PMID": 1122366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7575", "title": "Temporary transcaecal ileal diversion in prevention of anastomotic leak in planned colonic surgery (an alternative to proximal colostomy).", "content": "An alternative to proximal colostomy in planned colonic resection is reported in 30 patients. The physiopathological background for this procedure of temporary transcaecal ileal diversion is explained together with details of the operation and the results obtained.", "contents": "Temporary transcaecal ileal diversion in prevention of anastomotic leak in planned colonic surgery (an alternative to proximal colostomy). An alternative to proximal colostomy in planned colonic resection is reported in 30 patients. The physiopathological background for this procedure of temporary transcaecal ileal diversion is explained together with details of the operation and the results obtained.", "PMID": 1122367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7576", "title": "A colostomy/ileostomy construction clamp.", "content": "An atraumatic handleless clamp is described with which it has been found simpler to construct a terminal ileostomy or colostomy than with other forms of clamp in general use.", "contents": "A colostomy/ileostomy construction clamp. An atraumatic handleless clamp is described with which it has been found simpler to construct a terminal ileostomy or colostomy than with other forms of clamp in general use.", "PMID": 1122368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7577", "title": "Ureteric obstruction due to sigmoid diverticulitis.", "content": "Two cases in which the ureter was obstructed by an inflammatory diverticular mass are presented. The difficulties of distinguishing such a mass from a carcinoma both clinically and at operation are emphasized. In order to minimize the risk of ureteric injury and to facilitate planning of the operative procedure, it is recommended that intravenous pyelography should be performed before resection of a suspected diverticular mass.", "contents": "Ureteric obstruction due to sigmoid diverticulitis. Two cases in which the ureter was obstructed by an inflammatory diverticular mass are presented. The difficulties of distinguishing such a mass from a carcinoma both clinically and at operation are emphasized. In order to minimize the risk of ureteric injury and to facilitate planning of the operative procedure, it is recommended that intravenous pyelography should be performed before resection of a suspected diverticular mass.", "PMID": 1122369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7578", "title": "The striatonigral degenerations. Putaminal pigments and nosology.", "content": "Three new cases of striato-nigral degeneration (SND) are presented with particular reference to the identification of putaminal pigments. These were studied by histochemical methods, electron microscopy and elemental analysis. Three interrelated parenchymal perikaryal pigments were identified in the putaminal lesions of all 3 patients: a \"haematin\" pigment, neuromelanin and lipofuscin. The presence of neuromelanin in the putamen may be due to accumulation of dopamine in the synaptic terminals of the nigro-striatal pathway and its polymerization into pigment. This suggests that the putaminal atrophy is the primary lesion in SND which is a true supranigral form of parkinsonism. Clinically this manifests itself in predominance of rigidity over other parkinsonian symptoms and in a poor, or absent, response to treatment with L-dopa and anticholinergic drugs.", "contents": "The striatonigral degenerations. Putaminal pigments and nosology. Three new cases of striato-nigral degeneration (SND) are presented with particular reference to the identification of putaminal pigments. These were studied by histochemical methods, electron microscopy and elemental analysis. Three interrelated parenchymal perikaryal pigments were identified in the putaminal lesions of all 3 patients: a \"haematin\" pigment, neuromelanin and lipofuscin. The presence of neuromelanin in the putamen may be due to accumulation of dopamine in the synaptic terminals of the nigro-striatal pathway and its polymerization into pigment. This suggests that the putaminal atrophy is the primary lesion in SND which is a true supranigral form of parkinsonism. Clinically this manifests itself in predominance of rigidity over other parkinsonian symptoms and in a poor, or absent, response to treatment with L-dopa and anticholinergic drugs.", "PMID": 1122370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7579", "title": "Electrophysiological correlates of pathology and surgical results in temporal lobe epilepsy.", "content": "Routine pre-operative EEG studies as well as direct brain recording and stimulation carried out during operations were analysed for 59 patients subjected to a standard unilateral anterior temporal lobectomy for the treatment of epilepsy. All patients in the present series were 16 years old or older at the time of operation, which was invariably carried out under local scalp analgesia only. Electrophysiological findings was correlated with pathological changes noted in the resected temporal lobes, and with the effects of surgery upon seizure activity. Pre-operative EEG data correlated with each of four pathological categories when sphenoidal electrodes and intravenous barbiturate narcosis were emplyed. Thirty of 31 patients with mesial temporal sclerosis demonstrated medial temporal primary spike foci, frequently with independent contralateral and extratemporal secondary foci. In addition, one-third of these patients demonstrated unilateral focal decreased barbiturate-induced fast activity in the corresponding sphenoidal to ear channels. Twelve patients with other specific medial focal lesions (mostly hamartomas) also had medial temporal primary foci, often with independent contralateral secondaries but never with extratemporal foci. Two patients in this group also demonstrated focal decreased fast activity in the appropriate sphenoidal-ear channel. Both of these groups did very well post-operatively with respect to their epilepsy. Five patients with large temporal convexity cicatrices antedating seizures all demonstrated lateral temporal primary spike foci without independent secondary foci or focal decreased fast activity and did not do as well post-operatively as the first two groups. Eleven patients had only non-specific changes in the resected temporal lobe and in general did not benefit from surgery. Various combinations of primary and independent secondary spike foci were seen. Only this group demonstrated diffuse or bifrontal spikes during initial EEG recording, and basal mid-line spikes with intravenous thiopentone. Pecilar sharp notched spike were also very common in this group, but not unique to it. Focal decreases in barbiturate-induced fast activity were not noted.", "contents": "Electrophysiological correlates of pathology and surgical results in temporal lobe epilepsy. Routine pre-operative EEG studies as well as direct brain recording and stimulation carried out during operations were analysed for 59 patients subjected to a standard unilateral anterior temporal lobectomy for the treatment of epilepsy. All patients in the present series were 16 years old or older at the time of operation, which was invariably carried out under local scalp analgesia only. Electrophysiological findings was correlated with pathological changes noted in the resected temporal lobes, and with the effects of surgery upon seizure activity. Pre-operative EEG data correlated with each of four pathological categories when sphenoidal electrodes and intravenous barbiturate narcosis were emplyed. Thirty of 31 patients with mesial temporal sclerosis demonstrated medial temporal primary spike foci, frequently with independent contralateral and extratemporal secondary foci. In addition, one-third of these patients demonstrated unilateral focal decreased barbiturate-induced fast activity in the corresponding sphenoidal to ear channels. Twelve patients with other specific medial focal lesions (mostly hamartomas) also had medial temporal primary foci, often with independent contralateral secondaries but never with extratemporal foci. Two patients in this group also demonstrated focal decreased fast activity in the appropriate sphenoidal-ear channel. Both of these groups did very well post-operatively with respect to their epilepsy. Five patients with large temporal convexity cicatrices antedating seizures all demonstrated lateral temporal primary spike foci without independent secondary foci or focal decreased fast activity and did not do as well post-operatively as the first two groups. Eleven patients had only non-specific changes in the resected temporal lobe and in general did not benefit from surgery. Various combinations of primary and independent secondary spike foci were seen. Only this group demonstrated diffuse or bifrontal spikes during initial EEG recording, and basal mid-line spikes with intravenous thiopentone. Pecilar sharp notched spike were also very common in this group, but not unique to it. Focal decreases in barbiturate-induced fast activity were not noted.", "PMID": 1122371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7580", "title": "Unmyelinated axons in human ventral roots, a possible explanation for the failure of dorsal rhizotomy to relieve pain.", "content": "Human ventral roots were examined in the light and electron microscopes. The noteworthy finding is that all roots contain large numbers of unmyelinated axons, and that they make up 27 per cent of the total population of ventral root axons. The function of these unmyelinated axons is not known, but for various reasons it is probable that a significant number are sensory. If so these axons might explain the failure of dorsal rhizotomy to relieve pain, and dorsal root gangionectomy, which would remove both dorsal and ventral root afferents, might be the procedure of choice for those patients where rhizotomy is contemplated.", "contents": "Unmyelinated axons in human ventral roots, a possible explanation for the failure of dorsal rhizotomy to relieve pain. Human ventral roots were examined in the light and electron microscopes. The noteworthy finding is that all roots contain large numbers of unmyelinated axons, and that they make up 27 per cent of the total population of ventral root axons. The function of these unmyelinated axons is not known, but for various reasons it is probable that a significant number are sensory. If so these axons might explain the failure of dorsal rhizotomy to relieve pain, and dorsal root gangionectomy, which would remove both dorsal and ventral root afferents, might be the procedure of choice for those patients where rhizotomy is contemplated.", "PMID": 1122372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7581", "title": "The tonic ambulatory foot response. A clinical and electromyographic study.", "content": "Three cases with \"pyramidal\" symptoms in which standing and/or walking evoked a tonic flexion of the toes and sole of the affected foot, have been studied from the clinical and electrophysiological standpoint. The phenomenon, for which the definition of tonic ambulatory foot respone (TAFR) is proposed, appeared to be triggered by cutaneous stimuli travelling along fibres lying in the range of nociceptive afferents, and to depend on a background of complex sensorimotor patterns of standing posture and/or stepping movements against resistance. The relationship of TAFR to other flexor foot responses described in the literature is discussed.", "contents": "The tonic ambulatory foot response. A clinical and electromyographic study. Three cases with \"pyramidal\" symptoms in which standing and/or walking evoked a tonic flexion of the toes and sole of the affected foot, have been studied from the clinical and electrophysiological standpoint. The phenomenon, for which the definition of tonic ambulatory foot respone (TAFR) is proposed, appeared to be triggered by cutaneous stimuli travelling along fibres lying in the range of nociceptive afferents, and to depend on a background of complex sensorimotor patterns of standing posture and/or stepping movements against resistance. The relationship of TAFR to other flexor foot responses described in the literature is discussed.", "PMID": 1122373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7582", "title": "The pathological anatomy of posthemiplegic athetosis.", "content": "Disorders of movement after hemiplegia have been described for more than a century, but their pathological anatomy and physiology have remained poorly understood because of ambiguous terminology and incomplete studies. We examined the brains of 5 patients which had been serially sectioned where there had been well documented pure motor hemiplegia acquired in childhood. In 4 patients handicapped by hemiathetosis the main lesion was partial destruction of the caudate nucleus and putamen. In the fifth case, where non-disabling involuntary movements only appeared in later life, there was gliosis of the caudate nucleus and thalamus. Striatal lesions produce involuntary movement disorders if the corticospinal and other major motor tracts are partly intact. We propose that degeneration of the thalamic nuclei receiving striatal efferents (ventralis anterior, ventralis lateralis and centrum medianum), wheter primary or secondary, appears to remove an essential modulating influence on the corticospinal system which can only become manifest if this system is relatively preserved.", "contents": "The pathological anatomy of posthemiplegic athetosis. Disorders of movement after hemiplegia have been described for more than a century, but their pathological anatomy and physiology have remained poorly understood because of ambiguous terminology and incomplete studies. We examined the brains of 5 patients which had been serially sectioned where there had been well documented pure motor hemiplegia acquired in childhood. In 4 patients handicapped by hemiathetosis the main lesion was partial destruction of the caudate nucleus and putamen. In the fifth case, where non-disabling involuntary movements only appeared in later life, there was gliosis of the caudate nucleus and thalamus. Striatal lesions produce involuntary movement disorders if the corticospinal and other major motor tracts are partly intact. We propose that degeneration of the thalamic nuclei receiving striatal efferents (ventralis anterior, ventralis lateralis and centrum medianum), wheter primary or secondary, appears to remove an essential modulating influence on the corticospinal system which can only become manifest if this system is relatively preserved.", "PMID": 1122374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7583", "title": "Trace element concentration in human brain. Activation analysis of cobalt, iron, rubidium, selenium, zinc, chromium, silver, cesium, antimony and scandium.", "content": "Up to 60 tissue samples were dissected from 13 human brains in defined regions and were analysed by means of neutron activation analysis for trace element concentration of cobalt, iron, rubidium, selesium, zinc, chromium, silver, cesium, antimony and scandium. It was shown that the variation in concentration of the non-essential elements in the different brain regions was greater than the corresponding variations in concentration of the essential elements. The mean values of Fe and Rb concentrations were higher in the basal ganglia than in the cortex areas. With increasing age the Fe concentration in the human brain was found to increase and that of Rb to decrease. Comparison of the trace element concentration in corresponding areas of the right and left hemispheres showed highly significant positive correlations for the essential elements. The concentration of each of the essential elements Fe, Rb and Zn was also found to differ significantly between defined functional regions. The characteristic distribution of essential trace elements in different areas is discussed in the light of known metabolic functions of these elements.", "contents": "Trace element concentration in human brain. Activation analysis of cobalt, iron, rubidium, selenium, zinc, chromium, silver, cesium, antimony and scandium. Up to 60 tissue samples were dissected from 13 human brains in defined regions and were analysed by means of neutron activation analysis for trace element concentration of cobalt, iron, rubidium, selesium, zinc, chromium, silver, cesium, antimony and scandium. It was shown that the variation in concentration of the non-essential elements in the different brain regions was greater than the corresponding variations in concentration of the essential elements. The mean values of Fe and Rb concentrations were higher in the basal ganglia than in the cortex areas. With increasing age the Fe concentration in the human brain was found to increase and that of Rb to decrease. Comparison of the trace element concentration in corresponding areas of the right and left hemispheres showed highly significant positive correlations for the essential elements. The concentration of each of the essential elements Fe, Rb and Zn was also found to differ significantly between defined functional regions. The characteristic distribution of essential trace elements in different areas is discussed in the light of known metabolic functions of these elements.", "PMID": 1122375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7584", "title": "Symptomatic vertebral haemangiomas.", "content": "Eight cases of vertebral haemangioma causing spinal cord or nerve root compression are described, together with one other which was not causing organic signs or symptoms. The compression was due to extradural tumour in 5 cases, bony expansion encroaching on the neural canal in 2 cases, and a combination of bony expansion and extradural tumour in one case. When present the classical radiological appearance of accentuated vertical striation or honeycomb pattern is easily recognized, but atypical features, such as apparent pedicular erosion, paravertebral soft tissue mass and bony expansion, may occur, making diagnosis more diffcult. In 2 cases the correct diagnosis was not made before surgery. In one of these there were no plain film changes and in the other a metastasis was considered the more likely diagnosis. In the asymptomatic case the absence of extra-osseous extension was an important factor in excluding any possible clinical significance of the haemangioma. The great importance of pre-operative spinal angiography is stressed.", "contents": "Symptomatic vertebral haemangiomas. Eight cases of vertebral haemangioma causing spinal cord or nerve root compression are described, together with one other which was not causing organic signs or symptoms. The compression was due to extradural tumour in 5 cases, bony expansion encroaching on the neural canal in 2 cases, and a combination of bony expansion and extradural tumour in one case. When present the classical radiological appearance of accentuated vertical striation or honeycomb pattern is easily recognized, but atypical features, such as apparent pedicular erosion, paravertebral soft tissue mass and bony expansion, may occur, making diagnosis more diffcult. In 2 cases the correct diagnosis was not made before surgery. In one of these there were no plain film changes and in the other a metastasis was considered the more likely diagnosis. In the asymptomatic case the absence of extra-osseous extension was an important factor in excluding any possible clinical significance of the haemangioma. The great importance of pre-operative spinal angiography is stressed.", "PMID": 1122377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7585", "title": "Transfer of radioactive material between electrically coupled neurons of the leech central nervous system.", "content": "Intracellular application of tritiated precursors by means of microiontophoresis was performed on nerve cells in isolated segmental ganglia of the leech ventral nerve cord. Incorporation as well as intra- and interneuronal transport were studied by autoradiography after injection of fucose, glucosamine, glycine, leucine, orotic acid and uridine. With several minutes of intraneuronal injection the precursors were incorporated into macromolecules. Depending upon the tracer used, the radioactive material was distributed in a specific pattern over the cell somata and then released into the nerve processes. After application of orotic acid and uridine a transport of radioactive material, presumably RNA, could be observed in the processes of the injected neurons at a distance of about 200-500 mum. Fucose and glucosamine injection resulted in the most extended labeling of the nerve cell processes, indicating a transport rate of about 11 mm/day. When the radiochemicals were injected into one of the two electrically coupled giant nerve cells -- the so-called Retzius cells (Rc) -- a specific labeling not only of the injected Rc but also of the coupled but not injected Rc was found. Injection of protein or glycoprotein precursors into one Rc produced heavy labeling of both Rcs including their processes; a slight labeling of other ganglion compartments was only found after increasing the dosage of the amino acids glycine and leucine. With orotic acid and uridine this interneuronal transfer was confined to the electrically coupled Rc twin. Intracellular injection of one Rc with puromycin followed by injection of amino acids or fucose into the same Rc or into the coupled Rc resulted in an inhibition of precursor incorporation within the puromycin-injected Rc and an exclusive labeling of the coupled Rc, thus indicating that the precursors themselves were transferred. It is suggested that after microiontophoretic application an interneuronal transfer of relatively low molecular weight material takes place, probably across the low-resistance junction through which the Rcs are electrically coupled.", "contents": "Transfer of radioactive material between electrically coupled neurons of the leech central nervous system. Intracellular application of tritiated precursors by means of microiontophoresis was performed on nerve cells in isolated segmental ganglia of the leech ventral nerve cord. Incorporation as well as intra- and interneuronal transport were studied by autoradiography after injection of fucose, glucosamine, glycine, leucine, orotic acid and uridine. With several minutes of intraneuronal injection the precursors were incorporated into macromolecules. Depending upon the tracer used, the radioactive material was distributed in a specific pattern over the cell somata and then released into the nerve processes. After application of orotic acid and uridine a transport of radioactive material, presumably RNA, could be observed in the processes of the injected neurons at a distance of about 200-500 mum. Fucose and glucosamine injection resulted in the most extended labeling of the nerve cell processes, indicating a transport rate of about 11 mm/day. When the radiochemicals were injected into one of the two electrically coupled giant nerve cells -- the so-called Retzius cells (Rc) -- a specific labeling not only of the injected Rc but also of the coupled but not injected Rc was found. Injection of protein or glycoprotein precursors into one Rc produced heavy labeling of both Rcs including their processes; a slight labeling of other ganglion compartments was only found after increasing the dosage of the amino acids glycine and leucine. With orotic acid and uridine this interneuronal transfer was confined to the electrically coupled Rc twin. Intracellular injection of one Rc with puromycin followed by injection of amino acids or fucose into the same Rc or into the coupled Rc resulted in an inhibition of precursor incorporation within the puromycin-injected Rc and an exclusive labeling of the coupled Rc, thus indicating that the precursors themselves were transferred. It is suggested that after microiontophoretic application an interneuronal transfer of relatively low molecular weight material takes place, probably across the low-resistance junction through which the Rcs are electrically coupled.", "PMID": 1122378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7586", "title": "High affinity uptake of GABA in presumed GABA-ERGIC nerve endings in rat brain.", "content": "After interuption of the striato-nigral pathway uptake of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the substatia nigra decresaed with 7 days to a constant level 30-40% of the normal. Concomitantly glutamate decarbosylase (GAD) was reduced to 10%. Hence about two-thirds of the GABA uptake activity in substantia nigra are localised, to the alleged GABA-ergic nerve elements originating from corpus striatum. The lesion resistant part of the uptake is probably not localised in cell bodies or large processes, since it was the same in tissuse prisms as in whole homogenates and crude nerve ending fractions. It was also not influenced by aminoozyacetic acid, which would argue against a localisation in glia. Whereas GAD was recovered mainly in a \"heavy\" nerve ending fraction, a large proportion of the GABA uptake was situated in a \"light\" fraction. After hemisections, GABA uptake was reduced to a similar extent in both fractions. It is suggested that whereas GAD is concentrated in nerve terminals, a significant proportion of the GABA uptake may be localised in preterminal axon branches in the substantia nigra. GABA uptake in the dorsal part of the lateral vestibular nucleus was not reduced by interruption of the Purkinje axons from the cerebellar vermis whereas GAD was reduced 50%. This indicates that the reuptake mechanism is not concentrated in the Prukinje axon terminals. In the hippocampus neither GABA nor GAD were reduced by lesions of afferent nerve pathoways, in accordance with previous results showing that in this region GABA producing neurones are intrinsic. The order of ratiols of GABA uptake to particulate GAD activity in different regions was: hippocampus greater than cerebellar cortex greater than substantia nigra greater than dorsal part of lateral vestibular necleus approximately equal to nucleus interpositus. The ratio may relfect the degree of specific localisation of the GABA uptake mechanism to the GABA-ergic structures.", "contents": "High affinity uptake of GABA in presumed GABA-ERGIC nerve endings in rat brain. After interuption of the striato-nigral pathway uptake of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the substatia nigra decresaed with 7 days to a constant level 30-40% of the normal. Concomitantly glutamate decarbosylase (GAD) was reduced to 10%. Hence about two-thirds of the GABA uptake activity in substantia nigra are localised, to the alleged GABA-ergic nerve elements originating from corpus striatum. The lesion resistant part of the uptake is probably not localised in cell bodies or large processes, since it was the same in tissuse prisms as in whole homogenates and crude nerve ending fractions. It was also not influenced by aminoozyacetic acid, which would argue against a localisation in glia. Whereas GAD was recovered mainly in a \"heavy\" nerve ending fraction, a large proportion of the GABA uptake was situated in a \"light\" fraction. After hemisections, GABA uptake was reduced to a similar extent in both fractions. It is suggested that whereas GAD is concentrated in nerve terminals, a significant proportion of the GABA uptake may be localised in preterminal axon branches in the substantia nigra. GABA uptake in the dorsal part of the lateral vestibular nucleus was not reduced by interruption of the Purkinje axons from the cerebellar vermis whereas GAD was reduced 50%. This indicates that the reuptake mechanism is not concentrated in the Prukinje axon terminals. In the hippocampus neither GABA nor GAD were reduced by lesions of afferent nerve pathoways, in accordance with previous results showing that in this region GABA producing neurones are intrinsic. The order of ratiols of GABA uptake to particulate GAD activity in different regions was: hippocampus greater than cerebellar cortex greater than substantia nigra greater than dorsal part of lateral vestibular necleus approximately equal to nucleus interpositus. The ratio may relfect the degree of specific localisation of the GABA uptake mechanism to the GABA-ergic structures.", "PMID": 1122379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7587", "title": "Changes in amino acid influx with Na flow in incubated slices of mouse brain.", "content": "The uptake of amino acids into slices of adult and newborn mouse brain was studied in relation to Na+ flow. (1) The level of Na+ and K+ incubated slices of brain depends on the ionic composition of the incubation medium. The intracellular levels of Na+ in adult tissue are below, in fetal tissue above, Na+ levels in the medium used. Rapid net flow into or out of the tissue can be achieved by transferring slices into media of higher or lower Na+ content. (2) Under conditions of net Na+ inflow, the influx of all amino acids tested increased; under conditions of net Na+ outflow, the influx of all amino acids decreased, as compared to slices in ionic equilibrium. The absolute levels of Na+ in the tissue under the experimental conditions had little effect on amino acid uptake. The stimulatory effect of Na+ inflow and the inhibitory effect of Na+ outflow could be observed at all developmental stages--in adult, newborn, and fetal tissue. (3) We conclude that ion movements influence metabolite transport; these effects are smaller in the absence of fully developed ion pumps. The direction of the net ion flow does not seem to be the main determinant: active accumulation occurred both in adult and in fetal brain, although the tissue-to-medium Na+ gradients were in opposite directions; in addition, amino acid inflow occurred in the presence of Na+ outflow.", "contents": "Changes in amino acid influx with Na flow in incubated slices of mouse brain. The uptake of amino acids into slices of adult and newborn mouse brain was studied in relation to Na+ flow. (1) The level of Na+ and K+ incubated slices of brain depends on the ionic composition of the incubation medium. The intracellular levels of Na+ in adult tissue are below, in fetal tissue above, Na+ levels in the medium used. Rapid net flow into or out of the tissue can be achieved by transferring slices into media of higher or lower Na+ content. (2) Under conditions of net Na+ inflow, the influx of all amino acids tested increased; under conditions of net Na+ outflow, the influx of all amino acids decreased, as compared to slices in ionic equilibrium. The absolute levels of Na+ in the tissue under the experimental conditions had little effect on amino acid uptake. The stimulatory effect of Na+ inflow and the inhibitory effect of Na+ outflow could be observed at all developmental stages--in adult, newborn, and fetal tissue. (3) We conclude that ion movements influence metabolite transport; these effects are smaller in the absence of fully developed ion pumps. The direction of the net ion flow does not seem to be the main determinant: active accumulation occurred both in adult and in fetal brain, although the tissue-to-medium Na+ gradients were in opposite directions; in addition, amino acid inflow occurred in the presence of Na+ outflow.", "PMID": 1122380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7588", "title": "Histamine-n-methyltransferase activity of the nervous system of the chick during development.", "content": "The developmental course of histamine-N-methyltransferase activity was determined in the chick pineal gland, thalamus, cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum and sciatic nerve from the 13-day embryo to 1-week post-hatching. In each tissue, low levels of enzyme activities were detectable in the 13-day embryo. Thereafter, to the stage of hatching activity rose rapidly in the pineals, thalamus and peripheral nerve. Enzyme activity in the pineals decreased after hatching and remined at a relatively low pre-hatch level in the 7-day chick. In the sciatic nerve and thalamus activity also dropped slightly after hatching. The increase of enzyme activity in the cerebellum and cerebellum hemispheres was very gradual after the 13th day of embryonic stage and maximum activities were obtained only 2 days after hatching. Highest specific activities of the enzyme were detected in the sciatic nerve, pineals and thalamus at each developmental stage. The Km values for histamine and S-adenosyl-l-methionine and the behavior towards certain drugs of the enzyme in the pineals and sciatic nerve did not change significantly during development.", "contents": "Histamine-n-methyltransferase activity of the nervous system of the chick during development. The developmental course of histamine-N-methyltransferase activity was determined in the chick pineal gland, thalamus, cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum and sciatic nerve from the 13-day embryo to 1-week post-hatching. In each tissue, low levels of enzyme activities were detectable in the 13-day embryo. Thereafter, to the stage of hatching activity rose rapidly in the pineals, thalamus and peripheral nerve. Enzyme activity in the pineals decreased after hatching and remined at a relatively low pre-hatch level in the 7-day chick. In the sciatic nerve and thalamus activity also dropped slightly after hatching. The increase of enzyme activity in the cerebellum and cerebellum hemispheres was very gradual after the 13th day of embryonic stage and maximum activities were obtained only 2 days after hatching. Highest specific activities of the enzyme were detected in the sciatic nerve, pineals and thalamus at each developmental stage. The Km values for histamine and S-adenosyl-l-methionine and the behavior towards certain drugs of the enzyme in the pineals and sciatic nerve did not change significantly during development.", "PMID": 1122381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7589", "title": "Studies on bursting pacemaker potential activity in molluscan neurons. I. Membrane properties and ionic contributions.", "content": "Bursting pacemaker potential (BPP) activity of identified molluscan neurons has been studied using cells from Aplysia and Otala. The results presented in this paper indicate that (1) a potassium conductance mediates the hyperpolarizing phase of the BPP; (2) the BPP amplitude is directly dependent on [Na+]0; (3) BPP activity requires the presence of divalent cations and is prevented by C02+ and La3+, but not D-600; (4) the apparent increase in membrane resistance during the depolarizing phase of the Bd can be accounted for by the movement of the membrane potential along the non-linear portion of the I-V curve; and (5) non-linear I-V relations and a minimal effective membrane resistance are pre-requisite to BPP generation. Coupled with recent observations on the presence of an inward current in these cells, the results suggest that the mechanisms underlying the BPP are similar to those proposed to describe the myocardial pacemaker potential: the hyperpolarizing phase is due to activation of a potassium conductance which slowly inactivates, resulting in a gradula deplorization until a voltage-dependent inward current is activated which then leads to an increasingly rapid deplorization and initiation of the burst of spikes. It would appear that Na+ may play the major role in carrying the inward current, although a secondary role for divalent cations cannot be discounted.", "contents": "Studies on bursting pacemaker potential activity in molluscan neurons. I. Membrane properties and ionic contributions. Bursting pacemaker potential (BPP) activity of identified molluscan neurons has been studied using cells from Aplysia and Otala. The results presented in this paper indicate that (1) a potassium conductance mediates the hyperpolarizing phase of the BPP; (2) the BPP amplitude is directly dependent on [Na+]0; (3) BPP activity requires the presence of divalent cations and is prevented by C02+ and La3+, but not D-600; (4) the apparent increase in membrane resistance during the depolarizing phase of the Bd can be accounted for by the movement of the membrane potential along the non-linear portion of the I-V curve; and (5) non-linear I-V relations and a minimal effective membrane resistance are pre-requisite to BPP generation. Coupled with recent observations on the presence of an inward current in these cells, the results suggest that the mechanisms underlying the BPP are similar to those proposed to describe the myocardial pacemaker potential: the hyperpolarizing phase is due to activation of a potassium conductance which slowly inactivates, resulting in a gradula deplorization until a voltage-dependent inward current is activated which then leads to an increasingly rapid deplorization and initiation of the burst of spikes. It would appear that Na+ may play the major role in carrying the inward current, although a secondary role for divalent cations cannot be discounted.", "PMID": 1122382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7590", "title": "Studies on bursting pacemaker potential activity in molluscan neurons. III. Effects of hormones.", "content": "Vertebrate peptides and hormones have been appled to a number of identified neurosecretory and ono-neurosecretory cells in two molluscan preparations. Active peptide hormones included vasopressin and analogues. Active steriod hormones included aldosterone and hydrocortisone. Peptide effects were present at 10-9 M concentration of peptide, were confined to two neurosecrotory cells and consisted of long lasting changes in the membrane properties of these cells (characterized either by the initiation or potentiation of bursting pacemaker potential activity in these cells). The regulatory changes in membrane properties induced by the peptides were unlike the transient conductance changes produced by conventional neurotransmitters. Steroid effects were observed at 10-6M concentration of steroid and consisted of an increase in membrane potential and conductance which was dependent on the species of divalent cations present. The net effect of peptide activation would be to increase the release of neurosecretory material form the cell terminals, while the net effect of the steroids would be to decrease the release of this material. The results obtained with these invertebrate preparations may serve to describe new forms of cellular communication in the nervous system whereby peptides and steroids modulate electrical activity.", "contents": "Studies on bursting pacemaker potential activity in molluscan neurons. III. Effects of hormones. Vertebrate peptides and hormones have been appled to a number of identified neurosecretory and ono-neurosecretory cells in two molluscan preparations. Active peptide hormones included vasopressin and analogues. Active steriod hormones included aldosterone and hydrocortisone. Peptide effects were present at 10-9 M concentration of peptide, were confined to two neurosecrotory cells and consisted of long lasting changes in the membrane properties of these cells (characterized either by the initiation or potentiation of bursting pacemaker potential activity in these cells). The regulatory changes in membrane properties induced by the peptides were unlike the transient conductance changes produced by conventional neurotransmitters. Steroid effects were observed at 10-6M concentration of steroid and consisted of an increase in membrane potential and conductance which was dependent on the species of divalent cations present. The net effect of peptide activation would be to increase the release of neurosecretory material form the cell terminals, while the net effect of the steroids would be to decrease the release of this material. The results obtained with these invertebrate preparations may serve to describe new forms of cellular communication in the nervous system whereby peptides and steroids modulate electrical activity.", "PMID": 1122383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7591", "title": "Sustained and transient discharges of retinal ganglion cells during spontaneous eye movements of cat.", "content": "Discharges of 223 retinal ganglion cells during spontaneous eye movements (saccades) across a stationary grating pattern were studied in chronically prepared cats. Of these 83 showed sustained responses to local differences in luminance of the grating stripes (S-units); 84 showed transient responses to saccades and did not register local differences in luminance (T-units); and 56 showed mixed responses, i.e., transient responses to saccades and sustained firings in response to local luminance (M-units). When tested with diffuse light, 93.9% of the S-units showed either ON-sustained or OFF-sustained responses; 95.2% of the T-units showed either ON-transient, OFF-transient, or ON-OFF-transient responses; and 50% of the M-units showed ON-OFF responses. In the overall responses properties, most S-units corresponded to the X-cells, most T-units to the Y-cells of retinal ganglion cells previously known from acute experiments. Under normal conditions of active eye movements, the major function of the S-units would be to register the differences in luminance in their receptive fields, and subserve the mechansim of form recognition. The major function of the T-units would be to register information related to quick image motion, induced either by eye or object movements, and subserve the mechanism of detecting the dynamic aspects of visual stimuli. The other important functions of the T-units are their possible participation in the afferent routes for two recently proposed mechanisms; one for goal-directed saccades and the other for saccadic suppression. The M-units would possess the functions of both S- and T-units.", "contents": "Sustained and transient discharges of retinal ganglion cells during spontaneous eye movements of cat. Discharges of 223 retinal ganglion cells during spontaneous eye movements (saccades) across a stationary grating pattern were studied in chronically prepared cats. Of these 83 showed sustained responses to local differences in luminance of the grating stripes (S-units); 84 showed transient responses to saccades and did not register local differences in luminance (T-units); and 56 showed mixed responses, i.e., transient responses to saccades and sustained firings in response to local luminance (M-units). When tested with diffuse light, 93.9% of the S-units showed either ON-sustained or OFF-sustained responses; 95.2% of the T-units showed either ON-transient, OFF-transient, or ON-OFF-transient responses; and 50% of the M-units showed ON-OFF responses. In the overall responses properties, most S-units corresponded to the X-cells, most T-units to the Y-cells of retinal ganglion cells previously known from acute experiments. Under normal conditions of active eye movements, the major function of the S-units would be to register the differences in luminance in their receptive fields, and subserve the mechansim of form recognition. The major function of the T-units would be to register information related to quick image motion, induced either by eye or object movements, and subserve the mechanism of detecting the dynamic aspects of visual stimuli. The other important functions of the T-units are their possible participation in the afferent routes for two recently proposed mechanisms; one for goal-directed saccades and the other for saccadic suppression. The M-units would possess the functions of both S- and T-units.", "PMID": 1122384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7592", "title": "Intracranial self-stimulation effects along the route of the nigro-striatal bundle.", "content": "Recent evidence suggesting a possible dopaminergic nigro-striatal substrate of self-stimulation led  us to map this route for both self-stimulation and stimulus-bound motor effects. The results of 128 electrode placements show that the route of the nigro-striatal projection supports strong self-stimulation effects from the substantia nigra to the ento-peduncular nucleus. Beyond this level, such effects disappear. Our results indicate that the striatum itself is neutral with regard to reinforcement, and suggest that such apparent neutrality cannot be ascribed to motor or other artifacts. These findings require a reappraisal of the hypothesis of a dopaminergic self-stimulation system, although they are not in conflict with the idea that dopaminergic manipulations may affect self-stimulation through some more general regulatory influence on operant responding.", "contents": "Intracranial self-stimulation effects along the route of the nigro-striatal bundle. Recent evidence suggesting a possible dopaminergic nigro-striatal substrate of self-stimulation led  us to map this route for both self-stimulation and stimulus-bound motor effects. The results of 128 electrode placements show that the route of the nigro-striatal projection supports strong self-stimulation effects from the substantia nigra to the ento-peduncular nucleus. Beyond this level, such effects disappear. Our results indicate that the striatum itself is neutral with regard to reinforcement, and suggest that such apparent neutrality cannot be ascribed to motor or other artifacts. These findings require a reappraisal of the hypothesis of a dopaminergic self-stimulation system, although they are not in conflict with the idea that dopaminergic manipulations may affect self-stimulation through some more general regulatory influence on operant responding.", "PMID": 1122385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7593", "title": "Distribution, metabolism and biological activity of deoxycorticosterone in the central nervous system.", "content": "Intravenously injected [1,2-3H]deoxycorticosterone (DOC) readily enters all parts of the central nervous system. In intact and eviscerated rats the highest concentration of radioactive label was recovered from areas corresponding to the reticular formation from the brain stem. In addrenalectomized animals, in addition to high brain stem concentration, there was also a marked increase in the uptake of radioactivity in the septum, hippocampus and pituitary. Data from the eviscerated rat point to a uniform distribution of [1,2-3H]DOC in neural tissues and suggest that the higher levels of radioactivity found in the brain stem may be due to a DOC metabolite with the chromatographic characteristics of allo-tetrahydro-DOC, an anaesthetic-type steroid. A decrease in the amplitude of evoked sciatic potentials in brain stem sites but not in the thalamic relay nucleus was observed in 52% of the cases studied, following the i.v. injection of 100-150 mug DOC.", "contents": "Distribution, metabolism and biological activity of deoxycorticosterone in the central nervous system. Intravenously injected [1,2-3H]deoxycorticosterone (DOC) readily enters all parts of the central nervous system. In intact and eviscerated rats the highest concentration of radioactive label was recovered from areas corresponding to the reticular formation from the brain stem. In addrenalectomized animals, in addition to high brain stem concentration, there was also a marked increase in the uptake of radioactivity in the septum, hippocampus and pituitary. Data from the eviscerated rat point to a uniform distribution of [1,2-3H]DOC in neural tissues and suggest that the higher levels of radioactivity found in the brain stem may be due to a DOC metabolite with the chromatographic characteristics of allo-tetrahydro-DOC, an anaesthetic-type steroid. A decrease in the amplitude of evoked sciatic potentials in brain stem sites but not in the thalamic relay nucleus was observed in 52% of the cases studied, following the i.v. injection of 100-150 mug DOC.", "PMID": 1122387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7594", "title": "Venous stasis retinopathy. A case report.", "content": "A case of bilateral carotid occlusion presenting with bilateral venous-stasis retinopathy is presented. The possibility of mistaking this condition for diabetic retinopathy is pointed out and the differentiating features are outlined.", "contents": "Venous stasis retinopathy. A case report. A case of bilateral carotid occlusion presenting with bilateral venous-stasis retinopathy is presented. The possibility of mistaking this condition for diabetic retinopathy is pointed out and the differentiating features are outlined.", "PMID": 1122411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7595", "title": "Lacrimal pump pressure patterns.", "content": "In most cases the tracings of lacrimal pump pressure patterns may be interpreted, but, should only be used in conjunction with the patient's history and physical examination. A Schirmer and a distraction test should be included. The distraction test is important in order to indicate the magnitude of the lid tension and thereby the integrity of one of the components of the lacrimal pump. A variety of clinical entities were presented and correlation between these entities and their lacrimal pump pressure recordings were made. These pressure patterns evolved from 75 monitored lacrimal drainage problem cases. In rare circumstances the silicone tube could not be inserted where no pathology existed. Stenotic puncta or closed systems cause sharp spikes indicative of high pressure and poor flow. Tightening of the lower lid can significantly increase pressure patterns and increase tear transportation. Tightening of the levator palpebrae superioris may increase pressures in the nasolacrimal system. Monitoring of canalicular and lacrimal pressures is an effective means of determining the patency of a DCR and conjunctival DCR. Nasolacrimal system monitoring is a safe, painless and effective method of evaluating disorders within that system.", "contents": "Lacrimal pump pressure patterns. In most cases the tracings of lacrimal pump pressure patterns may be interpreted, but, should only be used in conjunction with the patient's history and physical examination. A Schirmer and a distraction test should be included. The distraction test is important in order to indicate the magnitude of the lid tension and thereby the integrity of one of the components of the lacrimal pump. A variety of clinical entities were presented and correlation between these entities and their lacrimal pump pressure recordings were made. These pressure patterns evolved from 75 monitored lacrimal drainage problem cases. In rare circumstances the silicone tube could not be inserted where no pathology existed. Stenotic puncta or closed systems cause sharp spikes indicative of high pressure and poor flow. Tightening of the lower lid can significantly increase pressure patterns and increase tear transportation. Tightening of the levator palpebrae superioris may increase pressures in the nasolacrimal system. Monitoring of canalicular and lacrimal pressures is an effective means of determining the patency of a DCR and conjunctival DCR. Nasolacrimal system monitoring is a safe, painless and effective method of evaluating disorders within that system.", "PMID": 1122412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7596", "title": "An analysis of senile changes in the palpebral fissure.", "content": "This work was carried out to determine the changes in conformity and in physiological movements of the eyelids with advancing age. Some conceptions fostered in the literature are false and should be discarded. Others have been corroborated. We conclude that the whole lateral canthus becomes lax and drifts medially with age. Therefore, surgical correction should aim at restoring the fixation of the lateral canthus to its youthful position.", "contents": "An analysis of senile changes in the palpebral fissure. This work was carried out to determine the changes in conformity and in physiological movements of the eyelids with advancing age. Some conceptions fostered in the literature are false and should be discarded. Others have been corroborated. We conclude that the whole lateral canthus becomes lax and drifts medially with age. Therefore, surgical correction should aim at restoring the fixation of the lateral canthus to its youthful position.", "PMID": 1122413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7597", "title": "Neovascular glaucoma in a university clinic.", "content": "A comparative survey of 100 consecutive clinic and private glaucoma patients was made in an attempt to determine the nature of these populations. Secondary glaucoma was found four times more frequently in the clinic group. The most common secondary form was neovascular glaucoma. This discouraging entity was reviewed with regard to etiology, pathogenesis, and management.", "contents": "Neovascular glaucoma in a university clinic. A comparative survey of 100 consecutive clinic and private glaucoma patients was made in an attempt to determine the nature of these populations. Secondary glaucoma was found four times more frequently in the clinic group. The most common secondary form was neovascular glaucoma. This discouraging entity was reviewed with regard to etiology, pathogenesis, and management.", "PMID": 1122415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7598", "title": "Stereoacuity and fusional amplitude in foveal suppression.", "content": "A retrospective study of 100 cases with suppression of one fovea was carried out to discover the relationship between the residual angle of strabismus (if present), the quality of stereopsis and fusional amplitudes. No direct linear relationship was present. However, the following conclusion could be reached. The greatest number of patients with one fovea suppressed who exhibited normal fusional amplitude have a residual esotropia between 5 and 10 prism dioptres. Stereoacuity, as well, tended to be superior in this group. From a practical standpoint, in patients with permanent suppression of one fovea, under binocular conditions, the eradication of any residual tropia, provided it is under 10 prism dioptres, will not improve binocular visual function.", "contents": "Stereoacuity and fusional amplitude in foveal suppression. A retrospective study of 100 cases with suppression of one fovea was carried out to discover the relationship between the residual angle of strabismus (if present), the quality of stereopsis and fusional amplitudes. No direct linear relationship was present. However, the following conclusion could be reached. The greatest number of patients with one fovea suppressed who exhibited normal fusional amplitude have a residual esotropia between 5 and 10 prism dioptres. Stereoacuity, as well, tended to be superior in this group. From a practical standpoint, in patients with permanent suppression of one fovea, under binocular conditions, the eradication of any residual tropia, provided it is under 10 prism dioptres, will not improve binocular visual function.", "PMID": 1122417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7599", "title": "Recurrent T.R.I.C. kerato-conjunctivitis: treatment with tetracycline.", "content": "Trachoma inclusion conjunctivitis agent infections have a spectrum of clinical presentations which in their more chronic forms are often difficult to recognize. Patients with epithelial erosions of the upper cornea, episodic E.K.C. type subepithelial infiltrates, pannus or micropannus, and with or without lid scarring, merit conjunctival scrapings as an aid to diagnosis. Since the agents which produce these infections have a genital reservoir, as the prevalence of venereal diseases increases, the incidence of this type of keratoconjunctivitis will also increase. If the diagnosis is suspected treatment with systemic tetracycline is effective and relatively safe. Simultaneous treatment of sexual consorts of inclusion conjunctivitis patients and families of trachoma patients should decrease recurrences.", "contents": "Recurrent T.R.I.C. kerato-conjunctivitis: treatment with tetracycline. Trachoma inclusion conjunctivitis agent infections have a spectrum of clinical presentations which in their more chronic forms are often difficult to recognize. Patients with epithelial erosions of the upper cornea, episodic E.K.C. type subepithelial infiltrates, pannus or micropannus, and with or without lid scarring, merit conjunctival scrapings as an aid to diagnosis. Since the agents which produce these infections have a genital reservoir, as the prevalence of venereal diseases increases, the incidence of this type of keratoconjunctivitis will also increase. If the diagnosis is suspected treatment with systemic tetracycline is effective and relatively safe. Simultaneous treatment of sexual consorts of inclusion conjunctivitis patients and families of trachoma patients should decrease recurrences.", "PMID": 1122419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7600", "title": "The assessment of near vision.", "content": "There are many variables in the physiology of near vision, the end-point criteria, the types available, and the measurements made. I have suggested a hard criterion of the smallest print at the nearest distance. This controls the physiological variables and provides repeatable data for the evaluation of vision, accommodation, and binocular function.", "contents": "The assessment of near vision. There are many variables in the physiology of near vision, the end-point criteria, the types available, and the measurements made. I have suggested a hard criterion of the smallest print at the nearest distance. This controls the physiological variables and provides repeatable data for the evaluation of vision, accommodation, and binocular function.", "PMID": 1122420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7601", "title": "Energy: a useful criterion in analysis of human visual evoked response.", "content": "Visual evoked responses from a diffuse Xenon flash were studied for seven normal and 14 abnormal subjects. Amplitude and latency measurements of the waveforms were compared with an energy function calculated from the area beneath a curve of the VER voltage squared and summed over the interval from 0 to 125 msec. This energy function proved superior to latency in detecting asymmetrical responses and similar to latency in detecting symmetrically reduced waveforms.", "contents": "Energy: a useful criterion in analysis of human visual evoked response. Visual evoked responses from a diffuse Xenon flash were studied for seven normal and 14 abnormal subjects. Amplitude and latency measurements of the waveforms were compared with an energy function calculated from the area beneath a curve of the VER voltage squared and summed over the interval from 0 to 125 msec. This energy function proved superior to latency in detecting asymmetrical responses and similar to latency in detecting symmetrically reduced waveforms.", "PMID": 1122423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7602", "title": "Melanin deposition in the hyphae of a species of Phomopsis.", "content": "Hyaline hyphae of Phomopsis become pigmented when exposed to short periods of light. Pigment was deposited in the form of melanin granules both within the cell wall and within mucilaginous excrescences that were developed irregularly over the hyphal surface. Analysis of the pigment showed it to have properties similar to that of \"Dopa\" melanin and to pigments previously isolated from fungal cell walls. Lysis of both hyaline and pigmented hyphal walls by means of lytic enzymes was minimal. It is suggested that the major role of melanin in this fungus is the protection of cellular organelles from harmful ionizing radiations.", "contents": "Melanin deposition in the hyphae of a species of Phomopsis. Hyaline hyphae of Phomopsis become pigmented when exposed to short periods of light. Pigment was deposited in the form of melanin granules both within the cell wall and within mucilaginous excrescences that were developed irregularly over the hyphal surface. Analysis of the pigment showed it to have properties similar to that of \"Dopa\" melanin and to pigments previously isolated from fungal cell walls. Lysis of both hyaline and pigmented hyphal walls by means of lytic enzymes was minimal. It is suggested that the major role of melanin in this fungus is the protection of cellular organelles from harmful ionizing radiations.", "PMID": 1122424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7603", "title": "An experimentally pathogenic Bacillus species. II. The pathogenicity of the organism for mice.", "content": "The pathogenic effects produced in mice by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of a Bacillus species (OSU 372) are presented. This organism belongs to group 3 of the genus, and members of this group have not heretofore been shown to be pathogenic for mice even under experimental conditions. However, this organism is capable of producing a fatal involvement in doses which are not considered to be overwhelming. The mean lethal dose (LD50) of the organism for 20-25 g mice by the i.p. route is about 1 times 10-8 bacteria/mouse. A rapid drop in body temperature along with severe dehydration were noted in infected animals, and hematologic studies indicated that leukopenia and hemoconcentration also occurred. Although a transient septicemia developed, the bacteria could not be recovered from the tissues of fatally infected mice after a certain point in time. Results prevented indicate that the animals died of hypovolemic shock. A possible parallel with human bacillary infection is drawn.", "contents": "An experimentally pathogenic Bacillus species. II. The pathogenicity of the organism for mice. The pathogenic effects produced in mice by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of a Bacillus species (OSU 372) are presented. This organism belongs to group 3 of the genus, and members of this group have not heretofore been shown to be pathogenic for mice even under experimental conditions. However, this organism is capable of producing a fatal involvement in doses which are not considered to be overwhelming. The mean lethal dose (LD50) of the organism for 20-25 g mice by the i.p. route is about 1 times 10-8 bacteria/mouse. A rapid drop in body temperature along with severe dehydration were noted in infected animals, and hematologic studies indicated that leukopenia and hemoconcentration also occurred. Although a transient septicemia developed, the bacteria could not be recovered from the tissues of fatally infected mice after a certain point in time. Results prevented indicate that the animals died of hypovolemic shock. A possible parallel with human bacillary infection is drawn.", "PMID": 1122425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7604", "title": "Changes in cutaneous flora after wet occlusion.", "content": "Aerobic flora from wet-occluded forearms of six volunteers was sampled the day before treatment, on the 3rd day when dressings were removed, and daily, when possible, for 8 days thereafter. Erythema was not present. All bacterial colonies appearing on appropriate dilution plates were identified with the aid of a replica-plating technique. Flora of each individual increased to over 10-4 colony-forming units/cm2 as a result of wet-occlusion, but counts rapidly fell by about 10-2 units once dressings were removed. Although similar types of bacteria were found on all subjects, the composition of each individual's flora during the recovery response appeared to be unique. Enterobacteriaceae were found on half the subjects with Enterobacter aerogenes being the most successful colonizer. Besides the expected presence of Baird-Parker Staphylococcus subgroup II, high  numbers of subgroup IV and some colonies of subgroup III were also observed. Almost all cutaneous diphtheroids were lipophilic and lipolytic.", "contents": "Changes in cutaneous flora after wet occlusion. Aerobic flora from wet-occluded forearms of six volunteers was sampled the day before treatment, on the 3rd day when dressings were removed, and daily, when possible, for 8 days thereafter. Erythema was not present. All bacterial colonies appearing on appropriate dilution plates were identified with the aid of a replica-plating technique. Flora of each individual increased to over 10-4 colony-forming units/cm2 as a result of wet-occlusion, but counts rapidly fell by about 10-2 units once dressings were removed. Although similar types of bacteria were found on all subjects, the composition of each individual's flora during the recovery response appeared to be unique. Enterobacteriaceae were found on half the subjects with Enterobacter aerogenes being the most successful colonizer. Besides the expected presence of Baird-Parker Staphylococcus subgroup II, high  numbers of subgroup IV and some colonies of subgroup III were also observed. Almost all cutaneous diphtheroids were lipophilic and lipolytic.", "PMID": 1122426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7605", "title": "Characterization of branched and unsaturated fatty acids in Mycobacterium vaccae strain JOB5.", "content": "After growth of Mycobacterium vaccae strain JOB5 on acetate or propane, the cellular fatty acids were isolated and identified by a combination of gas-chromatographic, mass-spectral, and chemical means. The fatty acids ranged from C12 to C19 and were a mixture of saturated, monounsaturated, and methyl-branched components. The double bond was in the delta9 position in the C15 to C18 unsaturated acids. The single methyl branch was located on the C10 position of Br-C17, Br-C18, and Br-C19 fatty acids. Branched-chain synthesis occurs at the expense of an unsaturated precursor fatty acid; the double bond serves as the site of methylation. Results suggest that S-adenosylmethionine is the methyl donor involved.", "contents": "Characterization of branched and unsaturated fatty acids in Mycobacterium vaccae strain JOB5. After growth of Mycobacterium vaccae strain JOB5 on acetate or propane, the cellular fatty acids were isolated and identified by a combination of gas-chromatographic, mass-spectral, and chemical means. The fatty acids ranged from C12 to C19 and were a mixture of saturated, monounsaturated, and methyl-branched components. The double bond was in the delta9 position in the C15 to C18 unsaturated acids. The single methyl branch was located on the C10 position of Br-C17, Br-C18, and Br-C19 fatty acids. Branched-chain synthesis occurs at the expense of an unsaturated precursor fatty acid; the double bond serves as the site of methylation. Results suggest that S-adenosylmethionine is the methyl donor involved.", "PMID": 1122427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7606", "title": "Fungal fimbriae. II. Their role in conjugation in Ustilago violacea.", "content": "During conjugation in the anther smut fungus Ustilago violacea cells of opposite mating type first pair tightly and then develop a conjugation tube or bridge between them. The cells of both mating types are covered in long fine hairs or fimbriae, some of which appear to end in knobs. Experiments involving enzyme treatments of the cell surface indicate that these fimbriae do not play an essential role in cell pairing, instead pairing seems to be initiated when one or both mating types produce amorphous masses of alpha-amylase-sensitive material. Electron micrographs, enzyme and inhibitor studies, and experiments using restrictive temperatures suggest, however, that fimbriae may be essential for the later stages of conjugation i.e. development of the conjugation tube. If so, it is suggested that they may permit the exchange of macromolecules between the conjugating cells, initiating localized wall-softening and wall-breakdown.", "contents": "Fungal fimbriae. II. Their role in conjugation in Ustilago violacea. During conjugation in the anther smut fungus Ustilago violacea cells of opposite mating type first pair tightly and then develop a conjugation tube or bridge between them. The cells of both mating types are covered in long fine hairs or fimbriae, some of which appear to end in knobs. Experiments involving enzyme treatments of the cell surface indicate that these fimbriae do not play an essential role in cell pairing, instead pairing seems to be initiated when one or both mating types produce amorphous masses of alpha-amylase-sensitive material. Electron micrographs, enzyme and inhibitor studies, and experiments using restrictive temperatures suggest, however, that fimbriae may be essential for the later stages of conjugation i.e. development of the conjugation tube. If so, it is suggested that they may permit the exchange of macromolecules between the conjugating cells, initiating localized wall-softening and wall-breakdown.", "PMID": 1122428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7607", "title": "A large new Streptococcus bacteriophage.", "content": "Phage VD13 possesses a large, elongated head and a long, non-contractile tail. It is active on group D streptococci and contains double-stranded DNA. The phage produces several rare kinds of head malformations, notably polymorphic mottled structures and giant heads which probably contain DNA.", "contents": "A large new Streptococcus bacteriophage. Phage VD13 possesses a large, elongated head and a long, non-contractile tail. It is active on group D streptococci and contains double-stranded DNA. The phage produces several rare kinds of head malformations, notably polymorphic mottled structures and giant heads which probably contain DNA.", "PMID": 1122429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7608", "title": "Hemoglobinopathies in the Hamilton region. II. Thalassemia traits and iron therapy.", "content": "Between July 1973 and July 1974 all adult patients with hypochromic anemia and a mean corpuscular volume of 75 mum3 or less were screened for hemoglobinopathies. Of the 490 patients 105 had beta-thalassemia trait, 11 had alpha1-thalassemia trait, 4 had hemoglobin Lepore trait and 1 had hemoglobin H disease. Of 48 inpatients whose charts were reviewed 19 had been on oral iron therapy and 7 of them had been given iron intramuscularly. Of 27 outpatients interviewed 10 had been on intermittent iron therapy for 18 months or more; 4 had been given at least 1 g of intramuscular iron. Iron deficiency was not documented in any of these patients. Iron deficiency should be diagnosed by means other than the presence of a hypochromic picture in the peripheral blood before iron therapy is instituted, particularly in communities with a large population of Mediterranean or South-East Asian origin.", "contents": "Hemoglobinopathies in the Hamilton region. II. Thalassemia traits and iron therapy. Between July 1973 and July 1974 all adult patients with hypochromic anemia and a mean corpuscular volume of 75 mum3 or less were screened for hemoglobinopathies. Of the 490 patients 105 had beta-thalassemia trait, 11 had alpha1-thalassemia trait, 4 had hemoglobin Lepore trait and 1 had hemoglobin H disease. Of 48 inpatients whose charts were reviewed 19 had been on oral iron therapy and 7 of them had been given iron intramuscularly. Of 27 outpatients interviewed 10 had been on intermittent iron therapy for 18 months or more; 4 had been given at least 1 g of intramuscular iron. Iron deficiency was not documented in any of these patients. Iron deficiency should be diagnosed by means other than the presence of a hypochromic picture in the peripheral blood before iron therapy is instituted, particularly in communities with a large population of Mediterranean or South-East Asian origin.", "PMID": 1122440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7609", "title": "Spontaneous pneumothorax: outpatient management with intercostal tube drainage.", "content": "In a series of 104 episodes of pneumothorax 75 percent of episodes were managed successfully on an outpatient basis by observation (23.1 percent) or by intercostal tube drainage using a flutter valve (51.9 percent). The patients for whom this treatment was not successful were admitted to hospital; 17 of them (16.3 percent of 104) were treated surgically. Bleb suturing with a stapling device and dry sponge abrasion of the pleura was the operation of choice.", "contents": "Spontaneous pneumothorax: outpatient management with intercostal tube drainage. In a series of 104 episodes of pneumothorax 75 percent of episodes were managed successfully on an outpatient basis by observation (23.1 percent) or by intercostal tube drainage using a flutter valve (51.9 percent). The patients for whom this treatment was not successful were admitted to hospital; 17 of them (16.3 percent of 104) were treated surgically. Bleb suturing with a stapling device and dry sponge abrasion of the pleura was the operation of choice.", "PMID": 1122441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7610", "title": "Pulsus paradoxus in asthmatic children.", "content": "Pulsus paradoxus is a useful physical sign in the assessment of the severity of asthma in adults. Whether this is also true for asthmatic children was determined by measuring respiratory fluctuations in systolic blood pressure during attacks of asthma in 24 children. A decrease in systolic pressure during inspiration exceeding 15 mm Hg was found only when the 1-second forced expiratory volume was less tha 60 percent of the predicted value. There was a highly significant (P smaller than 0.001) correlation between the degree of pulsus paradoxus and the severity of airway obstruction. In nonasthmatic children the systolic pressure was found to fluctuate by as much as 7 mm Hg during the respiratory cycle. It is concluded that, as in adults, the presence of pulsus paradoxus (larger than or equal to 15 mm Hg) in children indicates that their asthma is very severe.", "contents": "Pulsus paradoxus in asthmatic children. Pulsus paradoxus is a useful physical sign in the assessment of the severity of asthma in adults. Whether this is also true for asthmatic children was determined by measuring respiratory fluctuations in systolic blood pressure during attacks of asthma in 24 children. A decrease in systolic pressure during inspiration exceeding 15 mm Hg was found only when the 1-second forced expiratory volume was less tha 60 percent of the predicted value. There was a highly significant (P smaller than 0.001) correlation between the degree of pulsus paradoxus and the severity of airway obstruction. In nonasthmatic children the systolic pressure was found to fluctuate by as much as 7 mm Hg during the respiratory cycle. It is concluded that, as in adults, the presence of pulsus paradoxus (larger than or equal to 15 mm Hg) in children indicates that their asthma is very severe.", "PMID": 1122442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7611", "title": "Solitary thyroid metastasis from clear-cell renal carcinoma.", "content": "A 58-year-old woman underwent nephrectomy because of clear-cell renal carcinoma. Seven years later a solitary thyroid metastasis was detected. She is alive and well 17 months after thyroidectomy. The rarity of this manifestation is well known but its explanation is not clear. The long metastasis-free interval, a characteristic shared by other hormonally dependent neoplasms, has been explained in part by the concept of \"dormant cells\", which do not undergo division. The stimulus that provokes these cells into division is at present not known.", "contents": "Solitary thyroid metastasis from clear-cell renal carcinoma. A 58-year-old woman underwent nephrectomy because of clear-cell renal carcinoma. Seven years later a solitary thyroid metastasis was detected. She is alive and well 17 months after thyroidectomy. The rarity of this manifestation is well known but its explanation is not clear. The long metastasis-free interval, a characteristic shared by other hormonally dependent neoplasms, has been explained in part by the concept of \"dormant cells\", which do not undergo division. The stimulus that provokes these cells into division is at present not known.", "PMID": 1122443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7612", "title": "Follicular carcinoma of the thyroid with functioning metastases and clinical hyperthyroidism.", "content": "Hyperthyroidism associated with metastatic follicular carcinoma of the thyroid gland is rare. In one patient the mass of functioning follicular tissue in the primary and metastatic tumour was so great that excessive amounts of thyroxine and triiodothyronine were produced and, as a result, clinical hyperthyroidism developed. This was in spite of the fact that the activity per unit of tissue was not supranormal and may even have been slightly subnormal. The initial response of the metastases to 131I ablative therapy was excellent.", "contents": "Follicular carcinoma of the thyroid with functioning metastases and clinical hyperthyroidism. Hyperthyroidism associated with metastatic follicular carcinoma of the thyroid gland is rare. In one patient the mass of functioning follicular tissue in the primary and metastatic tumour was so great that excessive amounts of thyroxine and triiodothyronine were produced and, as a result, clinical hyperthyroidism developed. This was in spite of the fact that the activity per unit of tissue was not supranormal and may even have been slightly subnormal. The initial response of the metastases to 131I ablative therapy was excellent.", "PMID": 1122444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7613", "title": "A clinical look at the problem of drugs in pregnancy and their effect on the fetus.", "content": "The first annual W. E. Upjohn Lecture concerned itself with the interrelationship between administration of drugs to the pregnant woman and fetal outcome. The epidemiology of drug intake (both prescribed and self-administered drugs) during pregnancy is reviewed, using data derived from several surveys conducted both in the United States and in Scotland. The complexities of establishing a causal relationship between drug intake during pregnancy and effects upon the fetus are considered. Special emphasis is given to the adverse effects of aspirin and cigarette smoking. The shortage of data is critical and the need for further research is stressed.", "contents": "A clinical look at the problem of drugs in pregnancy and their effect on the fetus. The first annual W. E. Upjohn Lecture concerned itself with the interrelationship between administration of drugs to the pregnant woman and fetal outcome. The epidemiology of drug intake (both prescribed and self-administered drugs) during pregnancy is reviewed, using data derived from several surveys conducted both in the United States and in Scotland. The complexities of establishing a causal relationship between drug intake during pregnancy and effects upon the fetus are considered. Special emphasis is given to the adverse effects of aspirin and cigarette smoking. The shortage of data is critical and the need for further research is stressed.", "PMID": 1122445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7614", "title": "Excretion of inhibitors of calcification in urine. Part I. Findings in control subjects and patients with renal stones.", "content": "The total excretion of inhibitors of in vitro calcification was measured (in inhibiting units per day) in 24-hour urine samples of 11 control subjects and 20 patients with renal calculi. A semiquantitative method incorporating the rachitic rat cartilage technique was used. In both groups there was a significant positive correlation between the number of inhibiting units per day and the daily urine volume. The mean number of inhibiting units per day was significantly (P smaller than 0.05) higher in the stone patients than in the controls. However, the stone-formers had significantly larger (P smaller than 0.01) 24-hour urine volumes. When corrections were made for urine volume there was no significant difference between the two groups. These data suggest that the underlying abnormality responsible for renal stone formation is not a persistent decrease in the total concentration of urinary inhibitors of calcification.", "contents": "Excretion of inhibitors of calcification in urine. Part I. Findings in control subjects and patients with renal stones. The total excretion of inhibitors of in vitro calcification was measured (in inhibiting units per day) in 24-hour urine samples of 11 control subjects and 20 patients with renal calculi. A semiquantitative method incorporating the rachitic rat cartilage technique was used. In both groups there was a significant positive correlation between the number of inhibiting units per day and the daily urine volume. The mean number of inhibiting units per day was significantly (P smaller than 0.05) higher in the stone patients than in the controls. However, the stone-formers had significantly larger (P smaller than 0.01) 24-hour urine volumes. When corrections were made for urine volume there was no significant difference between the two groups. These data suggest that the underlying abnormality responsible for renal stone formation is not a persistent decrease in the total concentration of urinary inhibitors of calcification.", "PMID": 1122457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7615", "title": "Diagnostic differences in psychogeriatric patients in Toronto, New York and London, England.", "content": "National statistics on psychiatric illness in the elderly patient from Canada, the United States and the United Kingdom suggest great differences in morbidity in these three centres. The present study shows that these differences stem mainly from different diagnostic habits in the three countries, but also there were more alcoholics in the Canadian sample. In particular, the diagnostic bias of the New York psychiatrists towards diagnosing most elderly patients as senile was not shared by their Toronto colleagues. Some patients were psychiatrically well, in spite of receiving a psychiatric diagnosis, and could have been helped without hospitalization. In addition, some depressed patients were labelled senile. Recommendations include improvement of catchment and treatment facilities for the elderly alcoholic and the provision of psychogeriatric diagnostic centres.", "contents": "Diagnostic differences in psychogeriatric patients in Toronto, New York and London, England. National statistics on psychiatric illness in the elderly patient from Canada, the United States and the United Kingdom suggest great differences in morbidity in these three centres. The present study shows that these differences stem mainly from different diagnostic habits in the three countries, but also there were more alcoholics in the Canadian sample. In particular, the diagnostic bias of the New York psychiatrists towards diagnosing most elderly patients as senile was not shared by their Toronto colleagues. Some patients were psychiatrically well, in spite of receiving a psychiatric diagnosis, and could have been helped without hospitalization. In addition, some depressed patients were labelled senile. Recommendations include improvement of catchment and treatment facilities for the elderly alcoholic and the provision of psychogeriatric diagnostic centres.", "PMID": 1122458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7616", "title": "Esophageal achalasia associated with gastric carcinoma: lack of evidence for widespread plexus destruction.", "content": "Achalasia of the esophagus occurred in association with gastric carcinoma involving the cardia. Except in a limited area subjacent to the squamocolumnar junction, the pathologic findings were unusual in that the myenteric plexus of the body of the esophagus was intact and apparently uninvolved. The hypothesis is advanced that, in this instance, the achalasia could be classified as a tumour-associated funnctional disorder due to distant neural involvement rather than to local invasion with plexus destruction.", "contents": "Esophageal achalasia associated with gastric carcinoma: lack of evidence for widespread plexus destruction. Achalasia of the esophagus occurred in association with gastric carcinoma involving the cardia. Except in a limited area subjacent to the squamocolumnar junction, the pathologic findings were unusual in that the myenteric plexus of the body of the esophagus was intact and apparently uninvolved. The hypothesis is advanced that, in this instance, the achalasia could be classified as a tumour-associated funnctional disorder due to distant neural involvement rather than to local invasion with plexus destruction.", "PMID": 1122459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7617", "title": "Fatal self-poisoning with lithium carbonate.", "content": "In a fatal case of self-poisoning with lithium carbonate there was a progressive increase in serum lithium concentration for 48 hours after ingestion of the overdose. It is suggested that the continuous increase in serum lithium concentration reflects prolonged absorption of lithium from relatively insoluble aggregates of lithium carbonate in the gastrointestinal tract. In this case there was an interval of 45 hours between ingestion of the overdose and the onset of central nervous system depression. Simultaneous peritoneal dialysis and hemodialysis were effective in rapidly reducing the serum lithium concentration but there was little concomitant change in the patient's level of consciousness. The terminal event was a respiratory complication of the comatose state.", "contents": "Fatal self-poisoning with lithium carbonate. In a fatal case of self-poisoning with lithium carbonate there was a progressive increase in serum lithium concentration for 48 hours after ingestion of the overdose. It is suggested that the continuous increase in serum lithium concentration reflects prolonged absorption of lithium from relatively insoluble aggregates of lithium carbonate in the gastrointestinal tract. In this case there was an interval of 45 hours between ingestion of the overdose and the onset of central nervous system depression. Simultaneous peritoneal dialysis and hemodialysis were effective in rapidly reducing the serum lithium concentration but there was little concomitant change in the patient's level of consciousness. The terminal event was a respiratory complication of the comatose state.", "PMID": 1122460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7618", "title": "Iliacus hematoma syndrome.", "content": "In a patient receiving warfarin and heparin in the treatment of pulmonary embolism, a hematoma developed in the iliacus muscle, compressing the overlying femoral nerve. Femoral nerve paralysis ensued, causing inability to walk, pain and loss of sensation in the sensory distribution of the nerve. Surgical intervention and removal of the hematoma relieved the nerve compression and the condition gradually improved.", "contents": "Iliacus hematoma syndrome. In a patient receiving warfarin and heparin in the treatment of pulmonary embolism, a hematoma developed in the iliacus muscle, compressing the overlying femoral nerve. Femoral nerve paralysis ensued, causing inability to walk, pain and loss of sensation in the sensory distribution of the nerve. Surgical intervention and removal of the hematoma relieved the nerve compression and the condition gradually improved.", "PMID": 1122461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7619", "title": "Ultrastructure of two cases of anaplastic giant cell tumor of the human thyroid gland.", "content": "Electron microscopy of two cases of anaplastic giant cell tumor of the thyroid revealed that these neoplasms consisted of pleomorphic cells with large, bizarre-shaped nuclei and relatively little cytoplasm rich in rough endoplasmic reticulum. The presence of various intercellular junctions, the resemblance of tumor cells to non-neoplastic epithelial cells of the thyroid follicles and the observation that follicular remnants were identified in the tumor, support the assumption that these tumors derive from the follicular epithelium and can be regarded as carcinomas. Aggregates of cytoplasmic spherical bodies, ultrastructurally similar to virus particles, were detected in some tumor cells. Further investigation is required to determine the nature of these structures and establish their pathogenetic role. In some tumor cells, tubuloreticular arrays were noted within the dilated cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum; these may represent ultrastructural manifestations of nonspecific injury.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of two cases of anaplastic giant cell tumor of the human thyroid gland. Electron microscopy of two cases of anaplastic giant cell tumor of the thyroid revealed that these neoplasms consisted of pleomorphic cells with large, bizarre-shaped nuclei and relatively little cytoplasm rich in rough endoplasmic reticulum. The presence of various intercellular junctions, the resemblance of tumor cells to non-neoplastic epithelial cells of the thyroid follicles and the observation that follicular remnants were identified in the tumor, support the assumption that these tumors derive from the follicular epithelium and can be regarded as carcinomas. Aggregates of cytoplasmic spherical bodies, ultrastructurally similar to virus particles, were detected in some tumor cells. Further investigation is required to determine the nature of these structures and establish their pathogenetic role. In some tumor cells, tubuloreticular arrays were noted within the dilated cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum; these may represent ultrastructural manifestations of nonspecific injury.", "PMID": 1122478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7620", "title": "Ultrastructure of anaplastic (spindle and giant cell) carcinoma of the thyroid.", "content": "Three anaplastic (spindle and giant cell) carcinomas of the thyroid were studied by light and electron microscopy; two of the tumors also included foci of recognizable follicular carcinoma. The follicular carcinoma cells desplayed prominent mitochondria and rough endoplasmic reticulum, and showed evidence of secretory activity. Desmosomes and complex cellular interdigitations were evident. Basal laminae were present, with conspicuous reduplication in the well-differentiated foci. However, some epithelial clusters were surrounded by basal lamina, showing focal discontinuities through which epithelial cells protruded into the stroma. The pleomorphic spindle and giant cells showed cytoplasmic and nuclear characteristics similar to the better differentiated carcinomatous follicular elements, but showed rare desmosomes and no basal laminae. The basic ultrastructural similarity between follicular and anaplastic tumor cells confirms their common epithelial origin. However, while partially retaining their secretory capability, the anaplastic cells progressively lose their capacity to synthetize basal lamina and develop complex cellular attachments.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of anaplastic (spindle and giant cell) carcinoma of the thyroid. Three anaplastic (spindle and giant cell) carcinomas of the thyroid were studied by light and electron microscopy; two of the tumors also included foci of recognizable follicular carcinoma. The follicular carcinoma cells desplayed prominent mitochondria and rough endoplasmic reticulum, and showed evidence of secretory activity. Desmosomes and complex cellular interdigitations were evident. Basal laminae were present, with conspicuous reduplication in the well-differentiated foci. However, some epithelial clusters were surrounded by basal lamina, showing focal discontinuities through which epithelial cells protruded into the stroma. The pleomorphic spindle and giant cells showed cytoplasmic and nuclear characteristics similar to the better differentiated carcinomatous follicular elements, but showed rare desmosomes and no basal laminae. The basic ultrastructural similarity between follicular and anaplastic tumor cells confirms their common epithelial origin. However, while partially retaining their secretory capability, the anaplastic cells progressively lose their capacity to synthetize basal lamina and develop complex cellular attachments.", "PMID": 1122479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7621", "title": "Anaplastic giant-cell carcinoma of the thyroid. A study of treatment and prognosis.", "content": "In 79 cases of histologically verified anaplastic giant-cell carcinoma, symptoms, treatment, and prognosis were documented. Seventy-eight patients are dead, the mean survival time being 2.5 months. One patient is cured. It was concluded that surgery and/or radiotherapy alone are not sufficient. The results from an additional 8 patients also treated with methotrexate indicate a positive therapeutic effect, the mean survival time being 9.4 months. Disappearance of recurrent tumor or pulmonary metastases was noted in 2 patients.", "contents": "Anaplastic giant-cell carcinoma of the thyroid. A study of treatment and prognosis. In 79 cases of histologically verified anaplastic giant-cell carcinoma, symptoms, treatment, and prognosis were documented. Seventy-eight patients are dead, the mean survival time being 2.5 months. One patient is cured. It was concluded that surgery and/or radiotherapy alone are not sufficient. The results from an additional 8 patients also treated with methotrexate indicate a positive therapeutic effect, the mean survival time being 9.4 months. Disappearance of recurrent tumor or pulmonary metastases was noted in 2 patients.", "PMID": 1122480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7622", "title": "Nonepithelial tumors of the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and nasopharynx: a clinicopathologic study. IV. Smooth muscle tumors (leiomyoma, leiomyosarcoma)", "content": "In a review of nonepithelial tumors involving the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and nasopharynx, 256 lesions, 156 benign and 100 malignant, were identified. Of these, 8 were smooth muscle neoplasms, 2 leiomyomas, and 6 leiomyosarcomas. The clinical findings associated with these smooth muscle tumors are described, their histologic features illustrated, results of therapy presented, and clinicopathologic correlations made. The leiomyomas were small lesions found incidentally within polypectomy specimens, and were successfully treated by polypectomy. Leiomyosarcomas could not be eradicated easily by surgery, recurred frequently, did not respond well to radiotherapy, and carried a poor prognosis.", "contents": "Nonepithelial tumors of the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and nasopharynx: a clinicopathologic study. IV. Smooth muscle tumors (leiomyoma, leiomyosarcoma). In a review of nonepithelial tumors involving the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and nasopharynx, 256 lesions, 156 benign and 100 malignant, were identified. Of these, 8 were smooth muscle neoplasms, 2 leiomyomas, and 6 leiomyosarcomas. The clinical findings associated with these smooth muscle tumors are described, their histologic features illustrated, results of therapy presented, and clinicopathologic correlations made. The leiomyomas were small lesions found incidentally within polypectomy specimens, and were successfully treated by polypectomy. Leiomyosarcomas could not be eradicated easily by surgery, recurred frequently, did not respond well to radiotherapy, and carried a poor prognosis.", "PMID": 1122481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7623", "title": "Dopamine-B-hydroxylase and catecholamines in an olfactory esthesioneuroma.", "content": "In a case of olfactory esthesioneuroma, of which an unfixed specimen and blood sample were available, we demonstrated immunohistochemically and biochemically the presence of dopamine-B-hydroxylase and catecholamines in low concentration. This result indicates that this nasal tumor is probably of sympathetic origin, in whole or in part, and provides a new aid in diagnosis. Furthermore, biochemical assay of dopamine, V.M.A., and H.V.A. excretion in urine could perhaps bring information of diagnostic and prognostic value before and after treatment.", "contents": "Dopamine-B-hydroxylase and catecholamines in an olfactory esthesioneuroma. In a case of olfactory esthesioneuroma, of which an unfixed specimen and blood sample were available, we demonstrated immunohistochemically and biochemically the presence of dopamine-B-hydroxylase and catecholamines in low concentration. This result indicates that this nasal tumor is probably of sympathetic origin, in whole or in part, and provides a new aid in diagnosis. Furthermore, biochemical assay of dopamine, V.M.A., and H.V.A. excretion in urine could perhaps bring information of diagnostic and prognostic value before and after treatment.", "PMID": 1122482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7624", "title": "Elevated IGA in carcinoma of the nasopharynx.", "content": "Fourteen patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma were evaluated immunologically prior to standard radiotion therapy. All had elevations of serum IgA, ranging from 300 mg/100 ml to 1000 mg/100 ml, with a mean value of 549 mg/100 ml. Seven patients demonstrated depression of cell-mediated immunity as measured by delayed hypersensitivity skin tests, total lymphocyte count, in vitro stimulation with PHA, and T-cell rosette formation. Elevation of serum IgA associated with depression of cell mediated immunity may be characteristic of patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma.", "contents": "Elevated IGA in carcinoma of the nasopharynx. Fourteen patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma were evaluated immunologically prior to standard radiotion therapy. All had elevations of serum IgA, ranging from 300 mg/100 ml to 1000 mg/100 ml, with a mean value of 549 mg/100 ml. Seven patients demonstrated depression of cell-mediated immunity as measured by delayed hypersensitivity skin tests, total lymphocyte count, in vitro stimulation with PHA, and T-cell rosette formation. Elevation of serum IgA associated with depression of cell mediated immunity may be characteristic of patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma.", "PMID": 1122483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7625", "title": "Low-dose radiation pneumonitis.", "content": "A case demonstrating fulminant radiation pneumonitis following a course of prophylactic whole lung irradiation at doses below 2000 rads, resulting in death, is presented. The importance of predisposing factors and the suspected \"sensitizing\" factor in this case are discussed.", "contents": "Low-dose radiation pneumonitis. A case demonstrating fulminant radiation pneumonitis following a course of prophylactic whole lung irradiation at doses below 2000 rads, resulting in death, is presented. The importance of predisposing factors and the suspected \"sensitizing\" factor in this case are discussed.", "PMID": 1122484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7626", "title": "Detection of skeletal involvement in Hodgkin's disease: a comparison of radiography, bone scanning and bone marrow biopsy in 38 patients.", "content": "As part of the staging of 38 patients with Hodgkin's disease seen over an 18-month period, we have used radioisotopic scanning of bone, as well as radiography and bone marrow biopsy, in an attempt to assess osseous and bone marrow involvement. Of the 38 patients, 14 were found to have skeletal involvement. In 11 this was histologically proved. In 8 patients, the radioisotopic scan first raised the suspicion of localized bone involvement, which was subsequently proved by bone marrow biopsy or by radiography. We believe that bone marrow involvement may at times be localized when patients with Hodgkin's disease are first staged and may precede local osseous involvement. If this is so, a reasonable approach to the search for bone marrow or osseous involvement would be to start with a bone scan and to follow this with a bone marrow biopsy from the suspicious area or a careful radiography of the same site; the latter is important if the site of increased uptake of the radionuclide is inaccessible to the biopsy needle.", "contents": "Detection of skeletal involvement in Hodgkin's disease: a comparison of radiography, bone scanning and bone marrow biopsy in 38 patients. As part of the staging of 38 patients with Hodgkin's disease seen over an 18-month period, we have used radioisotopic scanning of bone, as well as radiography and bone marrow biopsy, in an attempt to assess osseous and bone marrow involvement. Of the 38 patients, 14 were found to have skeletal involvement. In 11 this was histologically proved. In 8 patients, the radioisotopic scan first raised the suspicion of localized bone involvement, which was subsequently proved by bone marrow biopsy or by radiography. We believe that bone marrow involvement may at times be localized when patients with Hodgkin's disease are first staged and may precede local osseous involvement. If this is so, a reasonable approach to the search for bone marrow or osseous involvement would be to start with a bone scan and to follow this with a bone marrow biopsy from the suspicious area or a careful radiography of the same site; the latter is important if the site of increased uptake of the radionuclide is inaccessible to the biopsy needle.", "PMID": 1122485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7627", "title": "Carcinoembryonic antigen in patients with gynecologic malignancy.", "content": "Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was elevated (greater than 2.5 ng/ml) in 81 of 100 patients with gynecologic malignancy and in 17 of 95 patients with benign gynecologic disease. CEA concentration was, in general, related to the extent of disease, and in early stage cancer often returned to normal following complete surgical excision. Tumors were classified morphologically according to cell type, lymphoplasmacytic infiltration, necrosis, vascular invasion, desmoplasia, and degree of differentiation. The only histologic characteristic associated with elevated CEA levels was the presence of vascular invasion. Further investigation is needed to define the structure, function, and metabolism of CEA in patients with gynecologic malignancy.", "contents": "Carcinoembryonic antigen in patients with gynecologic malignancy. Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was elevated (greater than 2.5 ng/ml) in 81 of 100 patients with gynecologic malignancy and in 17 of 95 patients with benign gynecologic disease. CEA concentration was, in general, related to the extent of disease, and in early stage cancer often returned to normal following complete surgical excision. Tumors were classified morphologically according to cell type, lymphoplasmacytic infiltration, necrosis, vascular invasion, desmoplasia, and degree of differentiation. The only histologic characteristic associated with elevated CEA levels was the presence of vascular invasion. Further investigation is needed to define the structure, function, and metabolism of CEA in patients with gynecologic malignancy.", "PMID": 1122486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7628", "title": "Mesocolic lymph node histology is an important prognostic indicator for patients with carcinoma of the sigmoid colon: an immunomorphologic study.", "content": "Histologic parameters which are thought to reflect either cell-mediated (T cell) or humoral (B cell) immune responses in lymph nodes have been studied in regional lymph nodes draining carcinoma of the sigmoid colon. Patients whose lymph nodes show morphological evidence of cell-mediated immunity, manifested either by an increased number of paracortical immunoblasts or sinus histiocytosis, survive significantly longer than those whose lymph nodes show no such changes. Patients whose lymph nodes show simultaneous paracortical activity and sinus histiocytosis have the best survival of all. Of this latter group, 11/13 (83 percent) are living without signs of recurrent tumor 5 or more years after surgery. Histologic parameters which suggest an antibody-mediated immune response (germinal center activity) were not an important prognostic indicator. The occurrence of favorable lymph node histology does not appear to significantly correlate with the modified Duke's classification. Rather, the favorable changes allow selection of a large proportion of those patients within the various Duke's categories who are destined to become long-term survivors.", "contents": "Mesocolic lymph node histology is an important prognostic indicator for patients with carcinoma of the sigmoid colon: an immunomorphologic study. Histologic parameters which are thought to reflect either cell-mediated (T cell) or humoral (B cell) immune responses in lymph nodes have been studied in regional lymph nodes draining carcinoma of the sigmoid colon. Patients whose lymph nodes show morphological evidence of cell-mediated immunity, manifested either by an increased number of paracortical immunoblasts or sinus histiocytosis, survive significantly longer than those whose lymph nodes show no such changes. Patients whose lymph nodes show simultaneous paracortical activity and sinus histiocytosis have the best survival of all. Of this latter group, 11/13 (83 percent) are living without signs of recurrent tumor 5 or more years after surgery. Histologic parameters which suggest an antibody-mediated immune response (germinal center activity) were not an important prognostic indicator. The occurrence of favorable lymph node histology does not appear to significantly correlate with the modified Duke's classification. Rather, the favorable changes allow selection of a large proportion of those patients within the various Duke's categories who are destined to become long-term survivors.", "PMID": 1122487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7629", "title": "Phase II study of procarbazine, CCNU, and vincristine combination chemotherapy in the treatment of malignant brain tumors.", "content": "Forty-eight patients with primary or metastatic malignant tumors of the central nervous system (CNS) were treated with combination chemotherapy, consisting or procarbazine (100 mg/m2 X 14 days), CCNU (75 mg/m2), and vincristine (1.4 mg/m2 X 2, 1 week apart) (PCV) every 4 weeks. Most patients had undergone initial resection of primary tumors, postoperative radiotherapy, and a post irradiation interval of 3 months or more. Other patients harbored unbiopsied, newly-discovered primary or metastatic tumors. All patients were deteriorating neurologically when treatment began. Overall response rate for PCV combination therapy was 44%, no better than results obtained with single agent procarbazine or BCNU, the most effective drugs used alone in previous brain tumor chemotherapy studies.", "contents": "Phase II study of procarbazine, CCNU, and vincristine combination chemotherapy in the treatment of malignant brain tumors. Forty-eight patients with primary or metastatic malignant tumors of the central nervous system (CNS) were treated with combination chemotherapy, consisting or procarbazine (100 mg/m2 X 14 days), CCNU (75 mg/m2), and vincristine (1.4 mg/m2 X 2, 1 week apart) (PCV) every 4 weeks. Most patients had undergone initial resection of primary tumors, postoperative radiotherapy, and a post irradiation interval of 3 months or more. Other patients harbored unbiopsied, newly-discovered primary or metastatic tumors. All patients were deteriorating neurologically when treatment began. Overall response rate for PCV combination therapy was 44%, no better than results obtained with single agent procarbazine or BCNU, the most effective drugs used alone in previous brain tumor chemotherapy studies.", "PMID": 1122488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7630", "title": "Primary rhabdomyosarcoma of the cerebrum.", "content": "A primary cerebral rhabdomyosarcoma is described in a 48-year-old Negro man. At autopsy two metastatic nodules were present in the liver. A review of the literature indicates that this is a rare and highly malignant tumor with no 5-year survival. The multipotentiality of the mesenchymal tissue in the leptomeninges is considered the histogenetic origin of intracranial rhabdomyosarcomas.", "contents": "Primary rhabdomyosarcoma of the cerebrum. A primary cerebral rhabdomyosarcoma is described in a 48-year-old Negro man. At autopsy two metastatic nodules were present in the liver. A review of the literature indicates that this is a rare and highly malignant tumor with no 5-year survival. The multipotentiality of the mesenchymal tissue in the leptomeninges is considered the histogenetic origin of intracranial rhabdomyosarcomas.", "PMID": 1122489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7631", "title": "The nitroblue tetrazolium test in patients with advanced neoplastic diseases.", "content": "The nitroblue tetrazolium test (NBT) was evaluated in 111 patients with cancer. Patients were placed into control and \"presumed infected\" groups. The mean NBT score for the control group, 6.3, was significantly greater than the mean for a group of normal volunteers, 3.1, but the mean score for the \"presumed infected\" group, 15.6 was significantly higher. Less than 10 percent of the patients with bacterial infection had scores below 10, while 15 percent of the control patients had unexplained high scores. A method for concentrating leukocytes is described which makes the NBT test feasible in patients with granulocytopenia. Morphological changes in granulocytes used as indicators of infection are unreliable markers in cancer patients, in whom such changes occur frequently in the absence of infection. We have found that the NBT test is more useful as an indicator of infection in patients with cancer.", "contents": "The nitroblue tetrazolium test in patients with advanced neoplastic diseases. The nitroblue tetrazolium test (NBT) was evaluated in 111 patients with cancer. Patients were placed into control and \"presumed infected\" groups. The mean NBT score for the control group, 6.3, was significantly greater than the mean for a group of normal volunteers, 3.1, but the mean score for the \"presumed infected\" group, 15.6 was significantly higher. Less than 10 percent of the patients with bacterial infection had scores below 10, while 15 percent of the control patients had unexplained high scores. A method for concentrating leukocytes is described which makes the NBT test feasible in patients with granulocytopenia. Morphological changes in granulocytes used as indicators of infection are unreliable markers in cancer patients, in whom such changes occur frequently in the absence of infection. We have found that the NBT test is more useful as an indicator of infection in patients with cancer.", "PMID": 1122490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7632", "title": "Lymphoma presenting as bone marrow failure.", "content": "In reviewing 550 patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, only 3 percent were found to present with severe leukopenia or thrombocytopenia due to bone marrow infiltration. Patients with well-differentiated lymphoma had a favorable prognosis despite the presence of cytopenia. In contrast, individuals with poorly differentiated lymphoma had a median survival of only 4 months. Thus, the critical factor in survival was the degree of differentiation of the lymphoma. Conventional therapy proved of little value in the poorly differentiated group. Trials of intensive multidrug chemotherapeutic regimens seem warranted, despite the risk of exacerbating the cytopenia.", "contents": "Lymphoma presenting as bone marrow failure. In reviewing 550 patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, only 3 percent were found to present with severe leukopenia or thrombocytopenia due to bone marrow infiltration. Patients with well-differentiated lymphoma had a favorable prognosis despite the presence of cytopenia. In contrast, individuals with poorly differentiated lymphoma had a median survival of only 4 months. Thus, the critical factor in survival was the degree of differentiation of the lymphoma. Conventional therapy proved of little value in the poorly differentiated group. Trials of intensive multidrug chemotherapeutic regimens seem warranted, despite the risk of exacerbating the cytopenia.", "PMID": 1122491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7633", "title": "A melanocytic tumor of the esophagus.", "content": "The author describes a heavily pigmented, encapsulated tumor within the wall of the esophagus of an adult male patient. The differential diagnosis is discussed. It is concluded that the tumor is probably benign and of neurogenic origin.", "contents": "A melanocytic tumor of the esophagus. The author describes a heavily pigmented, encapsulated tumor within the wall of the esophagus of an adult male patient. The differential diagnosis is discussed. It is concluded that the tumor is probably benign and of neurogenic origin.", "PMID": 1122492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7634", "title": "Malignant histiocytosis in a patient presenting with leukocytosis, eosinophilia, and lymph node granuloma.", "content": "A patient with malignant histiocytosis presented with a number of unusual features including fever, leukemoid reaction, and eosinophilia. Other confusing findings included lymph node biopsies which showed reactive changes, noncaseating granuloma, and atypical Reed-Sternberg cells. These features are compared with cases appearing in the literature. The course was rapidly progressive despite combination chemotherapy.", "contents": "Malignant histiocytosis in a patient presenting with leukocytosis, eosinophilia, and lymph node granuloma. A patient with malignant histiocytosis presented with a number of unusual features including fever, leukemoid reaction, and eosinophilia. Other confusing findings included lymph node biopsies which showed reactive changes, noncaseating granuloma, and atypical Reed-Sternberg cells. These features are compared with cases appearing in the literature. The course was rapidly progressive despite combination chemotherapy.", "PMID": 1122493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7635", "title": "Hypersplenism in advanced breast cancer: report of a patient treated with splenectomy.", "content": "A patient with widespread metastatic breast cancer had thrombocytopenia and severe anemia due to splenic hyperfunction, confirmed by chromium51-labeled red cell survival and sequestration studies. Marked splenic enlargement was produced by metastatic tumor. After she failed to respond to steroids, her hematologic status was improved by splenectomy, and has been stable for 16 months. Hypersplenism may be suspected as a cause of severe hemolytic anemia in advanced carcinoma. If the patient's general status is otherwise compatible with long comfortable survival, appropriate diagnostic studies and consideration of splenectomy are warranted.", "contents": "Hypersplenism in advanced breast cancer: report of a patient treated with splenectomy. A patient with widespread metastatic breast cancer had thrombocytopenia and severe anemia due to splenic hyperfunction, confirmed by chromium51-labeled red cell survival and sequestration studies. Marked splenic enlargement was produced by metastatic tumor. After she failed to respond to steroids, her hematologic status was improved by splenectomy, and has been stable for 16 months. Hypersplenism may be suspected as a cause of severe hemolytic anemia in advanced carcinoma. If the patient's general status is otherwise compatible with long comfortable survival, appropriate diagnostic studies and consideration of splenectomy are warranted.", "PMID": 1122494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7636", "title": "Generalized melanosis complicating disseminated malignant melanoma in pregnancy: a case report.", "content": "A case of generalized melanosis complicating disseminated malignant melanoma in pregnancy is described. Four features of this case, unique in combination, are discussed. First, generalized melanosis is a rare complication in macrophages of skin and other areas. Secondly, extensive bone lesions in the absence of roentgenographic changes are an uncommon occurrence. Thirdly, pregnancy probably has little effect on the course of melanoma, as illustrated by this case and a review of the literature. Finally, placental metastases may be more common than generally thought, yet may have little significance to the fetus.", "contents": "Generalized melanosis complicating disseminated malignant melanoma in pregnancy: a case report. A case of generalized melanosis complicating disseminated malignant melanoma in pregnancy is described. Four features of this case, unique in combination, are discussed. First, generalized melanosis is a rare complication in macrophages of skin and other areas. Secondly, extensive bone lesions in the absence of roentgenographic changes are an uncommon occurrence. Thirdly, pregnancy probably has little effect on the course of melanoma, as illustrated by this case and a review of the literature. Finally, placental metastases may be more common than generally thought, yet may have little significance to the fetus.", "PMID": 1122495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7637", "title": "Human thoracic duct cannulation: manipulation of tumor-specific blocking factors in a patient with malignant melanoma.", "content": "Thoracic duct lymph was drained for 28 days from a patient with disseminated malignant melanoma. Lymphocytes were separated from the lymph by centrifugation, and returned to the patient daily. Biochemical and hematologic parameters were monitored in blood and lymph, and were maintained at satisfactory levels throughout the period. Cell-mediated immunity and specific blocking activity directed against melanoma antigens were examined by the leukocyte adherence inhibition test. Blocking factors in drained lymph fell to undetectable levels after 6 days' thoracic duct drainage, whereas it took 9 days for serum blocking factors to fall to similar levels. Peripheral blood leukocytes demonstrated cell-mediated immunity against melanoma antigens before and throughout the period of drainage, except for the immediate postoperative period. Within 24 hours of closure of the thoracic duct fistula, serum blocking activity had returned, and 17 days later the patient died.", "contents": "Human thoracic duct cannulation: manipulation of tumor-specific blocking factors in a patient with malignant melanoma. Thoracic duct lymph was drained for 28 days from a patient with disseminated malignant melanoma. Lymphocytes were separated from the lymph by centrifugation, and returned to the patient daily. Biochemical and hematologic parameters were monitored in blood and lymph, and were maintained at satisfactory levels throughout the period. Cell-mediated immunity and specific blocking activity directed against melanoma antigens were examined by the leukocyte adherence inhibition test. Blocking factors in drained lymph fell to undetectable levels after 6 days' thoracic duct drainage, whereas it took 9 days for serum blocking factors to fall to similar levels. Peripheral blood leukocytes demonstrated cell-mediated immunity against melanoma antigens before and throughout the period of drainage, except for the immediate postoperative period. Within 24 hours of closure of the thoracic duct fistula, serum blocking activity had returned, and 17 days later the patient died.", "PMID": 1122496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7638", "title": "Consecutive primary carcinomas of the breast.", "content": "The incidence of consecutive primary carcinoma of the breast in 1489 women was 1 percent per year and remained constant for 20 years. The age of women with bilateral carcinomas was 6 years younger than those who had single tumors. Survival after the second tumor tended to be better in women less than 50 years. Patients who developed metastases had a shorter interval between the first and second tumors than those who remained free from the disease. Prognosis was the same in those with nonsynchronous carcinomas as in those with single tumors, and the incidence of positive nodes was the same in both groups. The prognosis was poorest in those who developed synchronous tumors. Prophylactic postoperative radiotherapy did not affect the incidence of consecutive breast carcinomas and did not alter prognosis. The results stress the importance of observing carefully the remaining breast, especially in younger women.", "contents": "Consecutive primary carcinomas of the breast. The incidence of consecutive primary carcinoma of the breast in 1489 women was 1 percent per year and remained constant for 20 years. The age of women with bilateral carcinomas was 6 years younger than those who had single tumors. Survival after the second tumor tended to be better in women less than 50 years. Patients who developed metastases had a shorter interval between the first and second tumors than those who remained free from the disease. Prognosis was the same in those with nonsynchronous carcinomas as in those with single tumors, and the incidence of positive nodes was the same in both groups. The prognosis was poorest in those who developed synchronous tumors. Prophylactic postoperative radiotherapy did not affect the incidence of consecutive breast carcinomas and did not alter prognosis. The results stress the importance of observing carefully the remaining breast, especially in younger women.", "PMID": 1122497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7639", "title": "Sarcoma of soft tissue: clinical and histopathologic parameters and response to treatment.", "content": "Radical dose radiation therapy alone or combined with limited surgery has been employed in the management of 100 patients with primary (71) and recurrent (29) sarcoma of soft tissue. Results of this experience show that a combination of conservative surgery and radiation therapy, based upon radical dose levels and sophisticated techniques, is effective: only 13 of 100 patients showed local regrowth during a followup of 2-12 years. This may be compared with an expected congruent to 25 recurrences had treatment been radical surgery (wide resection or amputation). For lesions located on the distal extremities (elbow-hand, knee-foot) there were local failures in only 3 of 59 (5 percent). Further, 75 percent of patients treated by the improved techniques utilized in the recent 8 years retained a useful limb which is free of pain or edema. Histopathologic grade is demonstrated to be an important indicator of prognosis of local recurrence and of disease-free survival. Local recurrence rates were 0/23, 9/53, and 4/24 for Grades 1, 2, and 3. Disease-free survival rates were 19/23 (86 percent), 27/53 (51 percent), and 4/24 (17 percent) for Grades 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Invasion of skin appeared to be a sign of poor prognosis; 8 of 9 such patients developed distant metastases.", "contents": "Sarcoma of soft tissue: clinical and histopathologic parameters and response to treatment. Radical dose radiation therapy alone or combined with limited surgery has been employed in the management of 100 patients with primary (71) and recurrent (29) sarcoma of soft tissue. Results of this experience show that a combination of conservative surgery and radiation therapy, based upon radical dose levels and sophisticated techniques, is effective: only 13 of 100 patients showed local regrowth during a followup of 2-12 years. This may be compared with an expected congruent to 25 recurrences had treatment been radical surgery (wide resection or amputation). For lesions located on the distal extremities (elbow-hand, knee-foot) there were local failures in only 3 of 59 (5 percent). Further, 75 percent of patients treated by the improved techniques utilized in the recent 8 years retained a useful limb which is free of pain or edema. Histopathologic grade is demonstrated to be an important indicator of prognosis of local recurrence and of disease-free survival. Local recurrence rates were 0/23, 9/53, and 4/24 for Grades 1, 2, and 3. Disease-free survival rates were 19/23 (86 percent), 27/53 (51 percent), and 4/24 (17 percent) for Grades 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Invasion of skin appeared to be a sign of poor prognosis; 8 of 9 such patients developed distant metastases.", "PMID": 1122498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7640", "title": "Vascular reactivity to noradrenaline, potassium chloride, and angiotensin II in the rat perfused mesenteric vasculature preparation, during the development of renal hypertension.", "content": "The degree of reactivity to noradrenaline of the perfused mesenteric vasculature and the blood pressure of the renal hypertensive rat were correlated. Early (true) supersensitivity was demonstrated for noradrenaline and angiotensin but not for KCl. Later (apparent) hyperreactivity to all three substances was related to an elevated maximal response. The potentiating actions of endogenous angiotensin could cause the early (true) supersensitivity to noradrenaline.", "contents": "Vascular reactivity to noradrenaline, potassium chloride, and angiotensin II in the rat perfused mesenteric vasculature preparation, during the development of renal hypertension. The degree of reactivity to noradrenaline of the perfused mesenteric vasculature and the blood pressure of the renal hypertensive rat were correlated. Early (true) supersensitivity was demonstrated for noradrenaline and angiotensin but not for KCl. Later (apparent) hyperreactivity to all three substances was related to an elevated maximal response. The potentiating actions of endogenous angiotensin could cause the early (true) supersensitivity to noradrenaline.", "PMID": 1122505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7641", "title": "Relationship of intramyocardial oxygen tension and epicardial ST segment changes following acute coronary artery ligation: effects of coronary perfusion pressure.", "content": "The relationship between the magnitude of epicardial ST-segment elevation and intramyocardial oxygen tension after coronary artery ligation was examined in 11 dogs at various coronary perfusion pressures. The ST map significantly reflected local intramyocardial oxygen tension, and the level of coronary perfusion pressure proved to be an important determinant of both local myocardial oxygen balance and the magnitude of ischaemic injury.", "contents": "Relationship of intramyocardial oxygen tension and epicardial ST segment changes following acute coronary artery ligation: effects of coronary perfusion pressure. The relationship between the magnitude of epicardial ST-segment elevation and intramyocardial oxygen tension after coronary artery ligation was examined in 11 dogs at various coronary perfusion pressures. The ST map significantly reflected local intramyocardial oxygen tension, and the level of coronary perfusion pressure proved to be an important determinant of both local myocardial oxygen balance and the magnitude of ischaemic injury.", "PMID": 1122506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7642", "title": "Chronotropic response to acetylcholine injected into the sinus node artery of the isolated atrium of the dog.", "content": "Injection of a single bolus of acetylcholine into the sinus node artery of the isolated atrium of the dog produces a triphasic response similar to that previously observed after a single stimulus to the  vagus nerves. There is an initial, brief but pronounced, cardiac deceleration followed by a brief, slight acceleration, which is then followed by a more prolonged deceleration which is of lesser magnitude than the initial deceleration. The most likely cause of the intermediate phase of cardiac acceleration is a direct effect of acetylcholine on the pacemaker cells, as it is also with the primary and tertiary phases of cardiac deceleration.", "contents": "Chronotropic response to acetylcholine injected into the sinus node artery of the isolated atrium of the dog. Injection of a single bolus of acetylcholine into the sinus node artery of the isolated atrium of the dog produces a triphasic response similar to that previously observed after a single stimulus to the  vagus nerves. There is an initial, brief but pronounced, cardiac deceleration followed by a brief, slight acceleration, which is then followed by a more prolonged deceleration which is of lesser magnitude than the initial deceleration. The most likely cause of the intermediate phase of cardiac acceleration is a direct effect of acetylcholine on the pacemaker cells, as it is also with the primary and tertiary phases of cardiac deceleration.", "PMID": 1122507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7643", "title": "Design and function of a mechanical assembly for recording echocardiograms during upright exercise.", "content": "It has proved difficult to record satisfactorily echocardiograms during patient motion. This report describes the design and preliminary results obtained with an echo harness with which the transducer can be held stationary or moved rapidly and predictably by remote control. With this apparatus, recordings can be made during tilting, drug intervention, and during bicycle and treadmill exercise.", "contents": "Design and function of a mechanical assembly for recording echocardiograms during upright exercise. It has proved difficult to record satisfactorily echocardiograms during patient motion. This report describes the design and preliminary results obtained with an echo harness with which the transducer can be held stationary or moved rapidly and predictably by remote control. With this apparatus, recordings can be made during tilting, drug intervention, and during bicycle and treadmill exercise.", "PMID": 1122508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7644", "title": "Effects of hypoxia, cyanide, and ischaemia on myocardial contraction: observations in isolated muscle and intact heart.", "content": "Using potassium cyanide (KCN) to stimulate hypoxia, the effects of intracoronary injections of KCN were compared with total occlusions of the same vessel. Imparied contraction as measured by segment length gauges was of equally abrupt onset following both interventions. The magnitude of systolic expansion at one minute was more marked following total occlusion than after KCN administration.", "contents": "Effects of hypoxia, cyanide, and ischaemia on myocardial contraction: observations in isolated muscle and intact heart. Using potassium cyanide (KCN) to stimulate hypoxia, the effects of intracoronary injections of KCN were compared with total occlusions of the same vessel. Imparied contraction as measured by segment length gauges was of equally abrupt onset following both interventions. The magnitude of systolic expansion at one minute was more marked following total occlusion than after KCN administration.", "PMID": 1122509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7645", "title": "Changes in regional coronary blood flow with hypertonic mannitol in conscious dogs.", "content": "Systemic haemodynamics and regional myocardial blood flow responses to hypertonic mannitol were studied in 10 conscious and 23 anaesthetized dogs. Mannitol infusion significantly increased regional myocardial blood flow in the conscious, intact dogs. Mannitol increased total coronary flow 20% in anasethetized animals compared to 80% in the awake ones. In both groups mannitol exerted a significant positive inotropic effect as evidenced by increases in maximal LV dp/dt and dp/dt/p. These studies have also demonstrated that the intact conscious dog that has not received any sedation has an inner:outer wall left ventricular flow ratio greater than 1-0.", "contents": "Changes in regional coronary blood flow with hypertonic mannitol in conscious dogs. Systemic haemodynamics and regional myocardial blood flow responses to hypertonic mannitol were studied in 10 conscious and 23 anaesthetized dogs. Mannitol infusion significantly increased regional myocardial blood flow in the conscious, intact dogs. Mannitol increased total coronary flow 20% in anasethetized animals compared to 80% in the awake ones. In both groups mannitol exerted a significant positive inotropic effect as evidenced by increases in maximal LV dp/dt and dp/dt/p. These studies have also demonstrated that the intact conscious dog that has not received any sedation has an inner:outer wall left ventricular flow ratio greater than 1-0.", "PMID": 1122510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7646", "title": "The influence of age and the level of arterial blood pressure on the changes in forearm blood flow resulting from sudden alterations in local vascular transmural pressure.", "content": "Forearm blood flow was measured by venous occlusion plethysmography in normotensive subjects of various ages and in patients with treated or untreated hypertension. Brief exposure of one forearm to pressures below atmospheric was used to study the transient local changes in arterial inflow which occurred with changes in transmural pressure induced in this way. The increase in initial arterial inflow with such an exposure to suction in a group of young normotensive women was only slightly reduced in two groups of older women. However, a group of subjects with untreated hypertension showed a significantly smaller initial inflow during the suction. There was some indication that adequate treatment of high blood pressure might reverse this effect.", "contents": "The influence of age and the level of arterial blood pressure on the changes in forearm blood flow resulting from sudden alterations in local vascular transmural pressure. Forearm blood flow was measured by venous occlusion plethysmography in normotensive subjects of various ages and in patients with treated or untreated hypertension. Brief exposure of one forearm to pressures below atmospheric was used to study the transient local changes in arterial inflow which occurred with changes in transmural pressure induced in this way. The increase in initial arterial inflow with such an exposure to suction in a group of young normotensive women was only slightly reduced in two groups of older women. However, a group of subjects with untreated hypertension showed a significantly smaller initial inflow during the suction. There was some indication that adequate treatment of high blood pressure might reverse this effect.", "PMID": 1122511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7647", "title": "Contractile and electrophysiological responses to progressive digitalis toxicity.", "content": "Contractile force and intraventricular conduction during progressive ouabain infusion were examined in 15 dogs using a Walton-Brodie strain gauge arch and sequential atrial and bundle of His pacing. This permitted: (1) contractile force determination; (2) overdrive of arrhythmias; (3) maintenance of normal contraction sequences; (4) 'normal' ventricular depolarization; (5) rate control; (6) conduction measurements of the H-V interval (His-Purkinje conduction), QRS (intramyocardial conduction), and H-S interval (total intraventricular conduction). Contractile force increased 21.2 plus or minus 4.3% at the onset of toxicity. After toxicity, there was a significant further increase (P smaller than 0.01) to 50.1  plus or minus 12.4%. However, immediately before ventricular fibrillation, a 43.8 plus or minus 8.2% decrease occurred (P smaller than 0.01). H-V time showed no change (from 30 plus or minus 2.7 to 31.5 plus or minus 2.4 ms) at the onset of toxicity but after toxicity, it lengthened to 40.5 plus or minus 3.1 ms (P smaller than 0.05). QRS did show significant prolongation (69.5% plus or minus 5.3 to 79.5 plus or minus 6.9 ms; P smaller than 0.05) at the onset of toxicity, but this was more marked (79.5 plus or minus 6.9 to 130.5 plus or minus 8.1 ms; Pplus or minus 0.01) after toxicity. H-S time was significantly prolonged (99.5 plus or minus 6.2 to 111.0 plus or minus 8.9 ms) before (P smaller than 0.02) and after (P smaller than 0.01) toxicity (111.0 plus or minus 8.9 to 171.1 plus or minus 10.6 ms). During toxicity there is progressive increase in contractile force with continued ouabain infusion Progressive prolongation of intramyocardial conduction occurs in nontoxic and toxic doses, but His-Purkinje conduction is prolonged only in supratoxic doses.", "contents": "Contractile and electrophysiological responses to progressive digitalis toxicity. Contractile force and intraventricular conduction during progressive ouabain infusion were examined in 15 dogs using a Walton-Brodie strain gauge arch and sequential atrial and bundle of His pacing. This permitted: (1) contractile force determination; (2) overdrive of arrhythmias; (3) maintenance of normal contraction sequences; (4) 'normal' ventricular depolarization; (5) rate control; (6) conduction measurements of the H-V interval (His-Purkinje conduction), QRS (intramyocardial conduction), and H-S interval (total intraventricular conduction). Contractile force increased 21.2 plus or minus 4.3% at the onset of toxicity. After toxicity, there was a significant further increase (P smaller than 0.01) to 50.1  plus or minus 12.4%. However, immediately before ventricular fibrillation, a 43.8 plus or minus 8.2% decrease occurred (P smaller than 0.01). H-V time showed no change (from 30 plus or minus 2.7 to 31.5 plus or minus 2.4 ms) at the onset of toxicity but after toxicity, it lengthened to 40.5 plus or minus 3.1 ms (P smaller than 0.05). QRS did show significant prolongation (69.5% plus or minus 5.3 to 79.5 plus or minus 6.9 ms; P smaller than 0.05) at the onset of toxicity, but this was more marked (79.5 plus or minus 6.9 to 130.5 plus or minus 8.1 ms; Pplus or minus 0.01) after toxicity. H-S time was significantly prolonged (99.5 plus or minus 6.2 to 111.0 plus or minus 8.9 ms) before (P smaller than 0.02) and after (P smaller than 0.01) toxicity (111.0 plus or minus 8.9 to 171.1 plus or minus 10.6 ms). During toxicity there is progressive increase in contractile force with continued ouabain infusion Progressive prolongation of intramyocardial conduction occurs in nontoxic and toxic doses, but His-Purkinje conduction is prolonged only in supratoxic doses.", "PMID": 1122512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7648", "title": "Site of initial excitation and current threshold as a function of electrode radius in heart muscle.", "content": "End-diastolic current thresholds have been measured in 13 open chested dogs as a function of electrode radius by stimulating the left ventricle with epicardial disc electrodes ranging in a radius from 0-3 mm to 9 mm. Thresholds for cathodal rectangular short stimuli as well as specifically for cathodal make stimulation, proved to be proportional to the electrode radius to the power 1-5. This relationship between radius and threshold can be explained theoretically, assuming that electrical stimulation results in a propagated depolarization front if a critical current density is reached somewhere in the myocardium. The current distribution measured over the electrode and the site of initial depolarization in the tissue are in accordance with this theoretical explanation.", "contents": "Site of initial excitation and current threshold as a function of electrode radius in heart muscle. End-diastolic current thresholds have been measured in 13 open chested dogs as a function of electrode radius by stimulating the left ventricle with epicardial disc electrodes ranging in a radius from 0-3 mm to 9 mm. Thresholds for cathodal rectangular short stimuli as well as specifically for cathodal make stimulation, proved to be proportional to the electrode radius to the power 1-5. This relationship between radius and threshold can be explained theoretically, assuming that electrical stimulation results in a propagated depolarization front if a critical current density is reached somewhere in the myocardium. The current distribution measured over the electrode and the site of initial depolarization in the tissue are in accordance with this theoretical explanation.", "PMID": 1122513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7649", "title": "The organization of the nervous system in the crayfish Procambarus clarkii, with emphasis on the blood-brain interface.", "content": "Central neural connectives and peripheral nerves of the crayfish Procambarus clarkii are surrounded by an acellular neural lamella, beneath which lies a layer of specialised glia, the perineurium. Cell process of the connective perineurium interdigitate extensively, and are frequently closely associated with each other by gap junctions. Occasional zonulae occludentes are encountered. Nerve perineurium, however, is much less elaborate, and may be reduced to a single or incomplete cell layer. In both connective and nerve, the perineurium appears involved in the formation of the collagen-like fibrils of the neural lamella. The comparative fine structure of connective and peripheral nerve correlates well with recent experimental studies in crayfish, where it was concluded that the perineurium in connective but not nerve offers some restriction to diffusion of small ions and molecules. Within the connective, deeper glia re either closely associated with axons (Schwann cells) or lie relatively free in the extracellular space. Cytoplasmic process of both cell types possess \"tubular lattice\" systems, which are especially elaborate in the Schwann cells. The extracellular space contains a flocculent material and bundles of collagen, together with layers of basal lamina-like material. The physiological implications of the observations are discussed.", "contents": "The organization of the nervous system in the crayfish Procambarus clarkii, with emphasis on the blood-brain interface. Central neural connectives and peripheral nerves of the crayfish Procambarus clarkii are surrounded by an acellular neural lamella, beneath which lies a layer of specialised glia, the perineurium. Cell process of the connective perineurium interdigitate extensively, and are frequently closely associated with each other by gap junctions. Occasional zonulae occludentes are encountered. Nerve perineurium, however, is much less elaborate, and may be reduced to a single or incomplete cell layer. In both connective and nerve, the perineurium appears involved in the formation of the collagen-like fibrils of the neural lamella. The comparative fine structure of connective and peripheral nerve correlates well with recent experimental studies in crayfish, where it was concluded that the perineurium in connective but not nerve offers some restriction to diffusion of small ions and molecules. Within the connective, deeper glia re either closely associated with axons (Schwann cells) or lie relatively free in the extracellular space. Cytoplasmic process of both cell types possess \"tubular lattice\" systems, which are especially elaborate in the Schwann cells. The extracellular space contains a flocculent material and bundles of collagen, together with layers of basal lamina-like material. The physiological implications of the observations are discussed.", "PMID": 1122514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7650", "title": "Identification of the vasopressin-neurophysin II and the oxytocin-neurophysin I producing neurons in the bovine hypothalamus.", "content": "Immuno-enzyme histochemical investigations on the bovine hypothalamus showed that vasopressin and oxytocin are synthetized in separate neurons. Moreover, it was found that the vasopressin-producing neurons are identical with the neruophysin II-producing neurons, while the oxtocin producing neurons correspond with the neurophysin I-producing neurons. From this result it is concluded that, in the species studied, neurophysin I is the carrier protein of oxytocin and that neurophysin II is the carrier protein of vasopressin. The bovine vasopressin-neurophysin II producing neurons and the oxytocin-neurophysin I producing neurons are both present as well in the suparoptic nuclei as in the paraventricular nuclei. In the supraoptic nuclei, the vasopressin-neurophysin II neurons predominate in number; in the paraventricular nuclei, the oxytocin-neurophysin II neurons predominate. The two kinds of bovine neurosecretory neurons are partly localized in separate areas. Moreover, the vasopressin-neurophysin II neurons and the oxytocin-neurophysin I neurons show distinct morphological differences.", "contents": "Identification of the vasopressin-neurophysin II and the oxytocin-neurophysin I producing neurons in the bovine hypothalamus. Immuno-enzyme histochemical investigations on the bovine hypothalamus showed that vasopressin and oxytocin are synthetized in separate neurons. Moreover, it was found that the vasopressin-producing neurons are identical with the neruophysin II-producing neurons, while the oxtocin producing neurons correspond with the neurophysin I-producing neurons. From this result it is concluded that, in the species studied, neurophysin I is the carrier protein of oxytocin and that neurophysin II is the carrier protein of vasopressin. The bovine vasopressin-neurophysin II producing neurons and the oxytocin-neurophysin I producing neurons are both present as well in the suparoptic nuclei as in the paraventricular nuclei. In the supraoptic nuclei, the vasopressin-neurophysin II neurons predominate in number; in the paraventricular nuclei, the oxytocin-neurophysin II neurons predominate. The two kinds of bovine neurosecretory neurons are partly localized in separate areas. Moreover, the vasopressin-neurophysin II neurons and the oxytocin-neurophysin I neurons show distinct morphological differences.", "PMID": 1122515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7651", "title": "Thick filaments in vertebrate smooth muscle.", "content": "Smooth muscle cells of the mouse vas deferens fixed with 5% glutaraldehyde contained three types of filaments, namely, thin (50-80) A) filaments, intermediate (100 A) filaments and thick (120-180 A) filments. However, in 2 out of 16 experiments, under identical conditions, the cells did not contain thick filaments. With OSO4 fixation, thin filaments were not prominent, the most obvious being thick (120-250 A) and intermediate (100 A) filaments. After soaking in a modified Ringer solution under no applied tension for one hour, thick filaments (120-180 A) appeared prominently in smooth muscle cells of the mouse vas deferens and thin filaments were in ordered bundles. By 4 hours, thick filaments had increased in size and density, with thin filaments distributed randomly around them. After 8 hours in Ringer, thin filaments were diffuse and difficult to discern, while thick filaments were large (up to 300 A) and electron-dense. Intermediate (100 A) filaments were present in association with dark bodies. Physiological experiments indicated that the intracellular components responsible for the development of a mechanical response were still functional at this time. The presence of \"thick filaments\" is also reported in degenerating smooth muscle cells of the guinea-pig vas deferens in tissue culture.", "contents": "Thick filaments in vertebrate smooth muscle. Smooth muscle cells of the mouse vas deferens fixed with 5% glutaraldehyde contained three types of filaments, namely, thin (50-80) A) filaments, intermediate (100 A) filaments and thick (120-180 A) filments. However, in 2 out of 16 experiments, under identical conditions, the cells did not contain thick filaments. With OSO4 fixation, thin filaments were not prominent, the most obvious being thick (120-250 A) and intermediate (100 A) filaments. After soaking in a modified Ringer solution under no applied tension for one hour, thick filaments (120-180 A) appeared prominently in smooth muscle cells of the mouse vas deferens and thin filaments were in ordered bundles. By 4 hours, thick filaments had increased in size and density, with thin filaments distributed randomly around them. After 8 hours in Ringer, thin filaments were diffuse and difficult to discern, while thick filaments were large (up to 300 A) and electron-dense. Intermediate (100 A) filaments were present in association with dark bodies. Physiological experiments indicated that the intracellular components responsible for the development of a mechanical response were still functional at this time. The presence of \"thick filaments\" is also reported in degenerating smooth muscle cells of the guinea-pig vas deferens in tissue culture.", "PMID": 1122516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7652", "title": "A study of 14C-proline and 14C-hydroxyproline incorporation in different homogenate fractions of the hepatopancreas of the snail, Helix pomatia L.", "content": "The fate of 14C in snails given 14C-proline and 14C-hydroxyproline has been examined by radiometric analyses of hepatopancreas homogenates. Free 14C-proline and 14C-hydroxyproline in the structural protein of three different hepatopancreas  homogenate fractions: (a) granules, (b) small calcium spherites, and (c) large calcium sperites. The presence of hydroxyproline in granules and calcium spherites gives reason to believe that a fibrillar protein related to the collagen-type might occur within these structures. The 14C-proline and 14C-hydroxyproline incorporation test measured total radioactivity of each homogenate fraction, expressed as net counts per minute (cpm) per mg of dry weight of each fraction. The radioactivity of the granule and small calcium spherite fractions was about 6-8 times greater than that of the large calcium spherite fraction.", "contents": "A study of 14C-proline and 14C-hydroxyproline incorporation in different homogenate fractions of the hepatopancreas of the snail, Helix pomatia L. The fate of 14C in snails given 14C-proline and 14C-hydroxyproline has been examined by radiometric analyses of hepatopancreas homogenates. Free 14C-proline and 14C-hydroxyproline in the structural protein of three different hepatopancreas  homogenate fractions: (a) granules, (b) small calcium spherites, and (c) large calcium sperites. The presence of hydroxyproline in granules and calcium spherites gives reason to believe that a fibrillar protein related to the collagen-type might occur within these structures. The 14C-proline and 14C-hydroxyproline incorporation test measured total radioactivity of each homogenate fraction, expressed as net counts per minute (cpm) per mg of dry weight of each fraction. The radioactivity of the granule and small calcium spherite fractions was about 6-8 times greater than that of the large calcium spherite fraction.", "PMID": 1122517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7653", "title": "Unusual fine structure of sensory hair triad of the millipede, Polyxenus.", "content": "Three sensory hairs are inserted at right angles to teach other at the temporal region of the head of Polyxenus. They display structural features characteristic of trichobothria and of scolopidia as well. They also manifest several unusual details: 1) The dendritic cilia are enclosed within a capsule formed by enveloping cells. 2)  The dendritic cilia are interconnected by desmosome-like junctions. 3) The 9 X 2+0 organization of the dendritic ciliary microtubules is maintained over the entire length of the cilia. 4) Neither a tubular body nor even so much as an inflation of the dendritic cilia develop. 5) Pores and pore tubules occur in the lower halves of the hairs. This uncommon combination of structural details renders the modality of the adequate stimulus uncertain. Though most features suggest a mechanoreceptor, the hairs could function as chemo-, hygro- and/or thermoreceptors as well.", "contents": "Unusual fine structure of sensory hair triad of the millipede, Polyxenus. Three sensory hairs are inserted at right angles to teach other at the temporal region of the head of Polyxenus. They display structural features characteristic of trichobothria and of scolopidia as well. They also manifest several unusual details: 1) The dendritic cilia are enclosed within a capsule formed by enveloping cells. 2)  The dendritic cilia are interconnected by desmosome-like junctions. 3) The 9 X 2+0 organization of the dendritic ciliary microtubules is maintained over the entire length of the cilia. 4) Neither a tubular body nor even so much as an inflation of the dendritic cilia develop. 5) Pores and pore tubules occur in the lower halves of the hairs. This uncommon combination of structural details renders the modality of the adequate stimulus uncertain. Though most features suggest a mechanoreceptor, the hairs could function as chemo-, hygro- and/or thermoreceptors as well.", "PMID": 1122518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7654", "title": "The fine structure of the olfactory and vomeronasal organs of a lizard (Tiliqua scincoides scincoides).", "content": "Olfactory epithelium in Tiliqua scinoides is of a loosely packed pseudostratified type. It receives secretion from the supporting cells and the underlying glands of Bowman. Its surface bears microvilli and cilia from sensory cells and microvilli from supporting cells. The vomeronasal epithelium is also pseudostratified but higher and more closely packed. Its surface carries  microville from sensory and supporting cells but lacks cilia. Vascular connective tissue penetrates it almost to the epithelial surface but is always outlined by basal cell processes and a basal lamina. There are no secretory cells in or under the sensory epithelium but some cells in the epithelium of the mushroom body contain secretion granules. Sensory cells of both epithelia are bipolar neurons. The perikarya of the vomeronasal cells are more neuronal in character. Axonic processes are similar in both, dendrites are distinctive. Olfactory dendrites end in rounded rods bearing microvilli and cilia of an unusual type. Microville with filamentous cores occur on vomeronasal dendrites. There are no cilia, but 2-6  centrioles appear below the cell surface. Basal cells are structurally similar in both epithelia, but axonic processes of olfactory cells are surrounded by supporting cell processes, while vomeronasal axonic processes are surrounded by basal cells before they leave the epithelium. The presence of cilia and microville on the surface of the sensory cells is discussed in relation to the physical conditions surrounding them.", "contents": "The fine structure of the olfactory and vomeronasal organs of a lizard (Tiliqua scincoides scincoides). Olfactory epithelium in Tiliqua scinoides is of a loosely packed pseudostratified type. It receives secretion from the supporting cells and the underlying glands of Bowman. Its surface bears microvilli and cilia from sensory cells and microvilli from supporting cells. The vomeronasal epithelium is also pseudostratified but higher and more closely packed. Its surface carries  microville from sensory and supporting cells but lacks cilia. Vascular connective tissue penetrates it almost to the epithelial surface but is always outlined by basal cell processes and a basal lamina. There are no secretory cells in or under the sensory epithelium but some cells in the epithelium of the mushroom body contain secretion granules. Sensory cells of both epithelia are bipolar neurons. The perikarya of the vomeronasal cells are more neuronal in character. Axonic processes are similar in both, dendrites are distinctive. Olfactory dendrites end in rounded rods bearing microvilli and cilia of an unusual type. Microville with filamentous cores occur on vomeronasal dendrites. There are no cilia, but 2-6  centrioles appear below the cell surface. Basal cells are structurally similar in both epithelia, but axonic processes of olfactory cells are surrounded by supporting cell processes, while vomeronasal axonic processes are surrounded by basal cells before they leave the epithelium. The presence of cilia and microville on the surface of the sensory cells is discussed in relation to the physical conditions surrounding them.", "PMID": 1122519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7655", "title": "Functional states and fine structure of the contractile apparatus of the penis retractor muscle (PRM) of Helix pomatia L.", "content": "The ultrastructure of the isolated glycerinated penis retractor muscle (PRM) of Helix pomatia was investigated. The diameter distributions of thick myofilaments from birbre cross sections in the relaxed, phasic contracted, tonic contracted, and in the catch state.s show that a characteristic filament spectrum is formed in the catch state and its preceding active state. The significant structural differences are discussed in relation to earlier hypotheses related to the catch state", "contents": "Functional states and fine structure of the contractile apparatus of the penis retractor muscle (PRM) of Helix pomatia L. The ultrastructure of the isolated glycerinated penis retractor muscle (PRM) of Helix pomatia was investigated. The diameter distributions of thick myofilaments from birbre cross sections in the relaxed, phasic contracted, tonic contracted, and in the catch state.s show that a characteristic filament spectrum is formed in the catch state and its preceding active state. The significant structural differences are discussed in relation to earlier hypotheses related to the catch state", "PMID": 1122520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7656", "title": "Electron microscopic studies on the uptake of exogenous marker particles by different cell types in the guinea pig metaphysis.", "content": "Guinea pig metaphyseal bone was exposed to horse spleen ferritin in vitro and to colloidal thorium dioxide in vivo. The cellular uptake and intracellular accumulation of these marker particles were studied ultrastructurally. In vitro, the ferritin molecules were found to spread evely throughout the tissue. After 1-2 hours ferritin was mainly found in plasma membrane invaginations and in endocytic vesicles of varying size. At 4-6 hours a successive accumulation of the marker in secondary lysosomes could be observed. In addition to ferritin, the lysosomes and the large endocytic vesicles often contained other inclusions. In vivo, the pattern of intracellular accumulation of the marker particles was identical to that in vitro. Moreover, the presence within the cells of similar amounts of thorium dioxide after 1 and 4 days suggested that these indigestible molecules are stored intracellularly for a considerable time. In accordance therewith there were no definite signs of extrusion of labeled bodies or secretion of the exogenous marker by exocytosis. Ferritin and thorium dioxide were taken up by all cell types in the metaphysis. Both in vitro and in vivo perivascular cells type B ingested large amounts of marker particles, whereas chondroclasts, endothelial cells. perivascular cells type A and osteoblasts showed a more restricted endocytizing ability. On the basis of these observations, the functional significance of different cell types in the resorption of the epiphyseal cartilage and the formation of bone is discussed.", "contents": "Electron microscopic studies on the uptake of exogenous marker particles by different cell types in the guinea pig metaphysis. Guinea pig metaphyseal bone was exposed to horse spleen ferritin in vitro and to colloidal thorium dioxide in vivo. The cellular uptake and intracellular accumulation of these marker particles were studied ultrastructurally. In vitro, the ferritin molecules were found to spread evely throughout the tissue. After 1-2 hours ferritin was mainly found in plasma membrane invaginations and in endocytic vesicles of varying size. At 4-6 hours a successive accumulation of the marker in secondary lysosomes could be observed. In addition to ferritin, the lysosomes and the large endocytic vesicles often contained other inclusions. In vivo, the pattern of intracellular accumulation of the marker particles was identical to that in vitro. Moreover, the presence within the cells of similar amounts of thorium dioxide after 1 and 4 days suggested that these indigestible molecules are stored intracellularly for a considerable time. In accordance therewith there were no definite signs of extrusion of labeled bodies or secretion of the exogenous marker by exocytosis. Ferritin and thorium dioxide were taken up by all cell types in the metaphysis. Both in vitro and in vivo perivascular cells type B ingested large amounts of marker particles, whereas chondroclasts, endothelial cells. perivascular cells type A and osteoblasts showed a more restricted endocytizing ability. On the basis of these observations, the functional significance of different cell types in the resorption of the epiphyseal cartilage and the formation of bone is discussed.", "PMID": 1122521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7657", "title": "Fine structural and cytochemical observations on lamellar bodies in nerve cells of the medulla oblongata of the rat.", "content": "Stuctures identified as lamellar bodies have observed in neurons of the dorsal sensory nucleus of the vagus of the rat medulla oblongata. They consist of stacks of parallel, regularly spaced cisternae which either run straight or curve forming a whorl. Finely textured, electron-dense fibrils are present between adjacent cisternae which are devoid of ribosomes. Ribosomes are attached only to the outermost surface of outer cisternae which are often continous with rough endoplasmic reticulum. Cytochemical studies reveal that these intercisternal fibrils contain abundant amino and imidazole groups as well as carboxyl groups. It is suggested that lamelar bodies arise by close alignment of parallel rough surfaced cisternae with subsqent loss of ribosomes from their surface. In addition, it is inferred that polar groups of intercisternal fibrils play an important role in the regular arrangement of cisternal membranes and in the dissociation of ribosomes from cisternae.", "contents": "Fine structural and cytochemical observations on lamellar bodies in nerve cells of the medulla oblongata of the rat. Stuctures identified as lamellar bodies have observed in neurons of the dorsal sensory nucleus of the vagus of the rat medulla oblongata. They consist of stacks of parallel, regularly spaced cisternae which either run straight or curve forming a whorl. Finely textured, electron-dense fibrils are present between adjacent cisternae which are devoid of ribosomes. Ribosomes are attached only to the outermost surface of outer cisternae which are often continous with rough endoplasmic reticulum. Cytochemical studies reveal that these intercisternal fibrils contain abundant amino and imidazole groups as well as carboxyl groups. It is suggested that lamelar bodies arise by close alignment of parallel rough surfaced cisternae with subsqent loss of ribosomes from their surface. In addition, it is inferred that polar groups of intercisternal fibrils play an important role in the regular arrangement of cisternal membranes and in the dissociation of ribosomes from cisternae.", "PMID": 1122523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7658", "title": "Organ culture of adult guinea-pig intestine. III. Mitotic-activity and cellular migration.", "content": "The mitotic activity and the cellular migration have been studied in explants of adult guinea pig intestine cultured for 24 hours. The mitotic index after a significant increase in the first hours of culture, decreases steadily thereafter. The DNA synthesis persists in the crypts for 24 hours at least and cell migration can be observed. These results demonstrate that organ culture of adult intestine may be used as a model for the study of intestinal function.", "contents": "Organ culture of adult guinea-pig intestine. III. Mitotic-activity and cellular migration. The mitotic activity and the cellular migration have been studied in explants of adult guinea pig intestine cultured for 24 hours. The mitotic index after a significant increase in the first hours of culture, decreases steadily thereafter. The DNA synthesis persists in the crypts for 24 hours at least and cell migration can be observed. These results demonstrate that organ culture of adult intestine may be used as a model for the study of intestinal function.", "PMID": 1122524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7659", "title": "Identification of the vasopressin-neurophysin producing neurons of the rat suprachiasmatic nuclei.", "content": "Immuno-enzyme histochemical investigations on the hypothalamus of the normal rat showed (1) that the suprachiasmatic nuclei produce vasopressin; (2) that it is highly probable that these nuclei do not produce oxytocin. From the present and previous investigations it may be concluded that the suprachiasmatic neurons produce a vasopressin-neurophysin complex.", "contents": "Identification of the vasopressin-neurophysin producing neurons of the rat suprachiasmatic nuclei. Immuno-enzyme histochemical investigations on the hypothalamus of the normal rat showed (1) that the suprachiasmatic nuclei produce vasopressin; (2) that it is highly probable that these nuclei do not produce oxytocin. From the present and previous investigations it may be concluded that the suprachiasmatic neurons produce a vasopressin-neurophysin complex.", "PMID": 1122525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7660", "title": "On the functions of the pore cells in the connective tissue of terrestrial pulmonate molluscs.", "content": "The fine structure of the pore cells in connective tissue in the kidney of Achatina achatina and the skin of the slug Arion hortensis is described and evidence is presented which shows that these cells, in the latter species, are involved in the synthesis of the respiratory blood pigment, haemocyanin. The involvement of these cells in phagocytosis of colloidal particles, was demonstrated following introduction of ferritin and colloidal gold into the blood. The extracellular coat which surrounds the cells is permeable to ferritin, but is impermeable to colloidal gold. Following penetration of the extracellular coat the ferritin enters the sub-surface cisternae and is taken into the cells where it crystallises within membrane-bound vesicles.", "contents": "On the functions of the pore cells in the connective tissue of terrestrial pulmonate molluscs. The fine structure of the pore cells in connective tissue in the kidney of Achatina achatina and the skin of the slug Arion hortensis is described and evidence is presented which shows that these cells, in the latter species, are involved in the synthesis of the respiratory blood pigment, haemocyanin. The involvement of these cells in phagocytosis of colloidal particles, was demonstrated following introduction of ferritin and colloidal gold into the blood. The extracellular coat which surrounds the cells is permeable to ferritin, but is impermeable to colloidal gold. Following penetration of the extracellular coat the ferritin enters the sub-surface cisternae and is taken into the cells where it crystallises within membrane-bound vesicles.", "PMID": 1122526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7661", "title": "Lymphocyte differentiation and antibody synthesis in the secondary immune response of peroxidase stimulated lymph nodes of rat.", "content": "Lymphocyte differentiation and specific antibody synthesis were studied in the course of the secondary immune response of horseradish-peroxidase immunized rat popliteal lymph nodes by electron microscopic immunocytochemistry. From primary immunization, mature plasma cells containing specific antibody remained as long as 10 months. Antihorseradish peroxidase antibodies were localized in lymphocytic blast cells on Day 3 after restimulation with antigen. In the subsequent days blast cells were still present, and shifting to mature stages occured. During immunocyte differentiation and maturation vesicles and tubules of the Golgi complex became filled with specific antibody suggesting occasional secretion of antibody via the Golgi apparatus. At very mature cell stages, antibody was accumulated in distended cisternae.", "contents": "Lymphocyte differentiation and antibody synthesis in the secondary immune response of peroxidase stimulated lymph nodes of rat. Lymphocyte differentiation and specific antibody synthesis were studied in the course of the secondary immune response of horseradish-peroxidase immunized rat popliteal lymph nodes by electron microscopic immunocytochemistry. From primary immunization, mature plasma cells containing specific antibody remained as long as 10 months. Antihorseradish peroxidase antibodies were localized in lymphocytic blast cells on Day 3 after restimulation with antigen. In the subsequent days blast cells were still present, and shifting to mature stages occured. During immunocyte differentiation and maturation vesicles and tubules of the Golgi complex became filled with specific antibody suggesting occasional secretion of antibody via the Golgi apparatus. At very mature cell stages, antibody was accumulated in distended cisternae.", "PMID": 1122527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7662", "title": "The neurosecretory cells of the optic lobe in Carcinus maenas (L).", "content": "The six types of neurosecretory cell in the optic lobe of Carcinus maenas described by light microscopy are recognised by electron microscopy. They are categorised according to size, distribution of organelles and type of neurosecretory product. The neuro-secretory material,produced as granules by the Golgi bodies, migrates to the cell periphery eventually reaching the sinus gland via the neurosecretory cell axon extension. No change in size occurs in the granules but the density does alter. Each cell type has its own characteristic type of neurosecretory granule based on size and electron density. Multivesicular and lytic bodies in cell types 1,2,3,4 and 6 suggest a cycle for degrading neurosecretory material. Such a cycle is not so evident in cell type 5. Peripheral release of neurosecretory material is suggested for cell type 6 although the fate of the material is unknown.", "contents": "The neurosecretory cells of the optic lobe in Carcinus maenas (L). The six types of neurosecretory cell in the optic lobe of Carcinus maenas described by light microscopy are recognised by electron microscopy. They are categorised according to size, distribution of organelles and type of neurosecretory product. The neuro-secretory material,produced as granules by the Golgi bodies, migrates to the cell periphery eventually reaching the sinus gland via the neurosecretory cell axon extension. No change in size occurs in the granules but the density does alter. Each cell type has its own characteristic type of neurosecretory granule based on size and electron density. Multivesicular and lytic bodies in cell types 1,2,3,4 and 6 suggest a cycle for degrading neurosecretory material. Such a cycle is not so evident in cell type 5. Peripheral release of neurosecretory material is suggested for cell type 6 although the fate of the material is unknown.", "PMID": 1122528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7663", "title": "The differentiation of the acrosome in the spermatid of the budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus).", "content": "The development of the acrosome of the budgerigar spermatid was studied under the electronmicroscope. The acrosome arises from a granule derived from the Golgi apparatus which interacts with the nucleus to form a cone shaped acrosomal cap and a perforatorium. A quanity of cytoplasm and plasma membrane is captured from the cell periphery and incorporated into the substance of the acrosome. The possible significance of the developmental phases and comparative avian spermatology is discussed.", "contents": "The differentiation of the acrosome in the spermatid of the budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus). The development of the acrosome of the budgerigar spermatid was studied under the electronmicroscope. The acrosome arises from a granule derived from the Golgi apparatus which interacts with the nucleus to form a cone shaped acrosomal cap and a perforatorium. A quanity of cytoplasm and plasma membrane is captured from the cell periphery and incorporated into the substance of the acrosome. The possible significance of the developmental phases and comparative avian spermatology is discussed.", "PMID": 1122529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7664", "title": "Distribution and dimension of the T-system in different muscle fiber types in the atlantic hagfish (Myxine glutinosa, L.).", "content": "Triad density relative to sarcomeres, size of T-system tubules, sarcomere length, muscle fiber diameter in native and fixed states, and size of myofibrils were measured in four straited muscle fiber types in Atlantic hagfishes (Myxine glutinosa, L.) of different sizes. Traids occur at A/I-injunctions in all fiber types. The density of traids relative to sarcomeres is higher in \"white\" than in \"red\" muscle fibers. The T-tubules show no sign of branching. The area of the T-system tubules is 3-4 times the surface area in 80 mum \"white\" muscle fibers and 1-2 times that in 60 mum \"red\" fibers. The size of myofibrils is similar in \"white\", \"intermediate\", and \"red\" fibers of m. parietalis, and constant through a large span of animal size. In \"white\" fibers, increase in diameter up to 90 mum is accompanied by an increase in the number of myofibrils, not by an increase in the individual size of the myofibrils. Above 90 mum, \"white\" fibers grow by increasing the amount of intermyofibrillar space. This is reflected by an extensive shrinkage of the thicker \"white\" fibers during the preparative procedure for electron microscopy, a shrinkage that is limited only by complete packing of the myofibrils. \"Red\" fibers shrink much less.", "contents": "Distribution and dimension of the T-system in different muscle fiber types in the atlantic hagfish (Myxine glutinosa, L.). Triad density relative to sarcomeres, size of T-system tubules, sarcomere length, muscle fiber diameter in native and fixed states, and size of myofibrils were measured in four straited muscle fiber types in Atlantic hagfishes (Myxine glutinosa, L.) of different sizes. Traids occur at A/I-injunctions in all fiber types. The density of traids relative to sarcomeres is higher in \"white\" than in \"red\" muscle fibers. The T-tubules show no sign of branching. The area of the T-system tubules is 3-4 times the surface area in 80 mum \"white\" muscle fibers and 1-2 times that in 60 mum \"red\" fibers. The size of myofibrils is similar in \"white\", \"intermediate\", and \"red\" fibers of m. parietalis, and constant through a large span of animal size. In \"white\" fibers, increase in diameter up to 90 mum is accompanied by an increase in the number of myofibrils, not by an increase in the individual size of the myofibrils. Above 90 mum, \"white\" fibers grow by increasing the amount of intermyofibrillar space. This is reflected by an extensive shrinkage of the thicker \"white\" fibers during the preparative procedure for electron microscopy, a shrinkage that is limited only by complete packing of the myofibrils. \"Red\" fibers shrink much less.", "PMID": 1122530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7665", "title": "Presence of neurophysin and vasopressin in the hypothalamic magnocellular nuclei of rats homozygous and heterozygous for diabetes insipidus (Brattleboro strain) as revealed by immunoperoxidase history.", "content": "The 3-layer immunoperoxidase-bridge technique was used to study the distribution of neurophysin and vasopressin in the neurosecretory neurons of rats homozygous and heterozygous for diabetes insipidus (Brattleboro strain). In the homozygous rats there was a marked hypertrophy of the hypothalamic magnocellular structures when stained either for neurosecretory material or neurophysin-like antigens. Neurophysin was present in both the paraventricular (PVN) and supraoptic nuclei (SON) of homozygous and heterozygous animals. Less than half of the cells in the PVN and SON were stained for neurophysin. This observation was less apparent when histochemical stains were used to visualize the distribution of neurosecretory material. Although it is generally considered that the homozygous Brattleboro rat does not synthesize vasopressin, a positive reaction was observed in the PVN and SON when anti-[8-lysine]-vasopressin serum was employed in the immunohistochemical procedure.", "contents": "Presence of neurophysin and vasopressin in the hypothalamic magnocellular nuclei of rats homozygous and heterozygous for diabetes insipidus (Brattleboro strain) as revealed by immunoperoxidase history. The 3-layer immunoperoxidase-bridge technique was used to study the distribution of neurophysin and vasopressin in the neurosecretory neurons of rats homozygous and heterozygous for diabetes insipidus (Brattleboro strain). In the homozygous rats there was a marked hypertrophy of the hypothalamic magnocellular structures when stained either for neurosecretory material or neurophysin-like antigens. Neurophysin was present in both the paraventricular (PVN) and supraoptic nuclei (SON) of homozygous and heterozygous animals. Less than half of the cells in the PVN and SON were stained for neurophysin. This observation was less apparent when histochemical stains were used to visualize the distribution of neurosecretory material. Although it is generally considered that the homozygous Brattleboro rat does not synthesize vasopressin, a positive reaction was observed in the PVN and SON when anti-[8-lysine]-vasopressin serum was employed in the immunohistochemical procedure.", "PMID": 1122531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7666", "title": "Effects of hypoxia on the distribution of calcium in arterial smooth muscle cells of rats and swine.", "content": "Exposure to hypoxia caused an increase in the hematocrit and right heart weight of experimental rats, but did not affect calcium-45 uptake by pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells. However, autoradiographic studies showed that hypoxia apparently caused a shift of 45-Ca from primarily extracellular sites in arteries of control rats to intracellular sites in tissues of hypertensive rats. Cytochemical studies of calcium distributions in pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells support the autoradiographic data and show that in both rats and swine the majority of pyroantimonate granules occur extracellulary in control tissues. In contrast, hypoxic tissues displayed a greatly reduced number of granules in extracellular sites and an increase in the amount of precipitate in intracellular sites. In pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells from hypoxic rats most of the precipitate was associated with the caveolae intracellulares, while in corresponding cells from hypoxic swine in the majority of the pyroantimonate granules were localized to the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Hypoxia may produce pulmonary hypertension by interfering with the ability of the arterial smooth muscle cells to maintain transmembrane ionic gradients, thus producing an effective increase in cytoplasmic calcium levels. The increased calcium may then activate the contractile apparatus to produce a sustained vasoconstriction", "contents": "Effects of hypoxia on the distribution of calcium in arterial smooth muscle cells of rats and swine. Exposure to hypoxia caused an increase in the hematocrit and right heart weight of experimental rats, but did not affect calcium-45 uptake by pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells. However, autoradiographic studies showed that hypoxia apparently caused a shift of 45-Ca from primarily extracellular sites in arteries of control rats to intracellular sites in tissues of hypertensive rats. Cytochemical studies of calcium distributions in pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells support the autoradiographic data and show that in both rats and swine the majority of pyroantimonate granules occur extracellulary in control tissues. In contrast, hypoxic tissues displayed a greatly reduced number of granules in extracellular sites and an increase in the amount of precipitate in intracellular sites. In pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells from hypoxic rats most of the precipitate was associated with the caveolae intracellulares, while in corresponding cells from hypoxic swine in the majority of the pyroantimonate granules were localized to the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Hypoxia may produce pulmonary hypertension by interfering with the ability of the arterial smooth muscle cells to maintain transmembrane ionic gradients, thus producing an effective increase in cytoplasmic calcium levels. The increased calcium may then activate the contractile apparatus to produce a sustained vasoconstriction", "PMID": 1122532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7667", "title": "Catecholamine fluorescence in the pituitary of the eel, Anguilla anguilla, with special reference to its variation during background adaptation.", "content": "In the neuro-intermediate lobe (NIL) of the eel, Anguilla anguilla, a specific formaldehyde-induced fluorescence, indicating a catecholamine (CA) innervation, has been demonstrated in the neural lobe processes. Microspectrofluorimetric analyses and pharmacological treatments indicate noradrenaline or dopamine or both to be responsible for the fluorescence. The fluorescence in the NIL has displayed a definite tendency toward variation during the adaptation to a white and to a black background. The highest amounts of fluorescence were generally found in animals adapted to a black background, especially when adapted for a rather long period, and in animals recently transferred to a white background. The lowest amounts of fluorescence were generally found in animals adapted to a white background. This and the result of injections of CA-depleting drugs suggest that the monoaminergic nerves are active when the animal is on a white background, inhibiting the MSH release directly or indirectly or both, or in co-operation with other factors. Specific green fluorescent structures were also found in other parts of the neural lobe supplying the pars distalis. In some pharmacologically untreated specimens and in animals treated with CA-depleting drugs, the intermedia cells fluoresced. Microspectrofluorimetric analyses indicated that this fluorophore was not a CA.", "contents": "Catecholamine fluorescence in the pituitary of the eel, Anguilla anguilla, with special reference to its variation during background adaptation. In the neuro-intermediate lobe (NIL) of the eel, Anguilla anguilla, a specific formaldehyde-induced fluorescence, indicating a catecholamine (CA) innervation, has been demonstrated in the neural lobe processes. Microspectrofluorimetric analyses and pharmacological treatments indicate noradrenaline or dopamine or both to be responsible for the fluorescence. The fluorescence in the NIL has displayed a definite tendency toward variation during the adaptation to a white and to a black background. The highest amounts of fluorescence were generally found in animals adapted to a black background, especially when adapted for a rather long period, and in animals recently transferred to a white background. The lowest amounts of fluorescence were generally found in animals adapted to a white background. This and the result of injections of CA-depleting drugs suggest that the monoaminergic nerves are active when the animal is on a white background, inhibiting the MSH release directly or indirectly or both, or in co-operation with other factors. Specific green fluorescent structures were also found in other parts of the neural lobe supplying the pars distalis. In some pharmacologically untreated specimens and in animals treated with CA-depleting drugs, the intermedia cells fluoresced. Microspectrofluorimetric analyses indicated that this fluorophore was not a CA.", "PMID": 1122533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7668", "title": "The structure of the tapetum of the eye of the sheep.", "content": "The structure of the tapetum of the sheep's eye has been examined by transmission electron microscopy. It consists of regularly arranged layers of collagen fibrils, estimated from the hydroxyproline content to make up about 60 percent of the dry weight of the tissue. There are several hundred of these layers in the whole depth, a majority being oriented in the same direction. The collagen is associated with strands of microfibrillar material as well as with cells of both fibrocyte and smooth muscle types.", "contents": "The structure of the tapetum of the eye of the sheep. The structure of the tapetum of the sheep's eye has been examined by transmission electron microscopy. It consists of regularly arranged layers of collagen fibrils, estimated from the hydroxyproline content to make up about 60 percent of the dry weight of the tissue. There are several hundred of these layers in the whole depth, a majority being oriented in the same direction. The collagen is associated with strands of microfibrillar material as well as with cells of both fibrocyte and smooth muscle types.", "PMID": 1122534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7669", "title": "An ultrastructural quantitative method for the evaluation of the permeability to horseradish peroxidase of cerebral cortex endothelial cells of the rat.", "content": "A quantitative method for the evaluation of the importance of pinocytotic phenomena in cerebral cortex capillaries is proposed. The method involved the counting of labeled \"caveolae intracellulares\" in endothelia cells with the use of horseradish peroxidase as a tracer molecule. A mean pinocytotic value per capillary is then computed. It is demonstrated that the value obtained after irradiation of the brain is higher than in control animals. This information may provide an ultrastructural quantitative approach to the analysis of the blood brain barrier and of other problems related to vascular permeability of the cerebral cortex.", "contents": "An ultrastructural quantitative method for the evaluation of the permeability to horseradish peroxidase of cerebral cortex endothelial cells of the rat. A quantitative method for the evaluation of the importance of pinocytotic phenomena in cerebral cortex capillaries is proposed. The method involved the counting of labeled \"caveolae intracellulares\" in endothelia cells with the use of horseradish peroxidase as a tracer molecule. A mean pinocytotic value per capillary is then computed. It is demonstrated that the value obtained after irradiation of the brain is higher than in control animals. This information may provide an ultrastructural quantitative approach to the analysis of the blood brain barrier and of other problems related to vascular permeability of the cerebral cortex.", "PMID": 1122535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7670", "title": "Structure and ultrastructure of the pituitary gland in the sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus at different stages in its life cycle.", "content": "The structure and fine structure of the pituitary gland in the sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus L., are described at all major stages in the life cycle. Synthetically active adenohypophysial cells are evident in even the smallest ammocoetes examined (body length 2.5 cm). An attempt is made to correlate changes in the activity of pituitary cell types with biological events. In the neurohypophysis a single fibre type was discriminated in electron micrographs. This contained electron-dense cytoplasmic granules 800 to 1600 A in diameter.", "contents": "Structure and ultrastructure of the pituitary gland in the sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus at different stages in its life cycle. The structure and fine structure of the pituitary gland in the sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus L., are described at all major stages in the life cycle. Synthetically active adenohypophysial cells are evident in even the smallest ammocoetes examined (body length 2.5 cm). An attempt is made to correlate changes in the activity of pituitary cell types with biological events. In the neurohypophysis a single fibre type was discriminated in electron micrographs. This contained electron-dense cytoplasmic granules 800 to 1600 A in diameter.", "PMID": 1122536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7671", "title": "Ultrastructure of pars nervosa and pars intermedia of the Lamprey, Lampetra tridentata.", "content": "The pars intermedia of the adult lamprey is separated by perivascular spaces and a capillary plexus from the pars nervosa. No penetration of nerve fibers into the pars intermedia was found. The pars nervosa, which constitutes the posterior wall of the infundibulum, consists of an ependymal layer and a fuchsinophilic fiber layer; the latter contains at least four different types of axonal endings. The pars intermedia is avascular and is composed of a small proportion of non-secretory cells and a large proportion of secretory cells. The secretory granules in the cells of the pars intermedia seem to be discharged toward the capillaries that separate the pars intermedia from the pars nervosa. Although no direct nervous or vascular connections were found between the pars nervosa and pars intermedia, a mechanism of control of secretory activity in the pars intermedia cells by the central nervous system appears likely.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of pars nervosa and pars intermedia of the Lamprey, Lampetra tridentata. The pars intermedia of the adult lamprey is separated by perivascular spaces and a capillary plexus from the pars nervosa. No penetration of nerve fibers into the pars intermedia was found. The pars nervosa, which constitutes the posterior wall of the infundibulum, consists of an ependymal layer and a fuchsinophilic fiber layer; the latter contains at least four different types of axonal endings. The pars intermedia is avascular and is composed of a small proportion of non-secretory cells and a large proportion of secretory cells. The secretory granules in the cells of the pars intermedia seem to be discharged toward the capillaries that separate the pars intermedia from the pars nervosa. Although no direct nervous or vascular connections were found between the pars nervosa and pars intermedia, a mechanism of control of secretory activity in the pars intermedia cells by the central nervous system appears likely.", "PMID": 1122537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7672", "title": "Ultrastructure of nerve plexus in flatworms. II. Sites of synaptic interactions.", "content": "Synaptic components from the peripheral nervous system of the polyclad flatworm. Notoplana acticola, are described from electron microscopic observations. Quasi-neuropile, defined as clusters of neurites containing synaptic vesicles, occurs as scattered islands among the peripheral nerve cords of the plexus. Some neurite clusters only contain one type of synaptic vesicle but others are mixed. The most usual synaptic configuration consists of a single presynaptic element and a pair of postsynaptic neurites sharing a common synaptic cleft. These synapses are polarized and contain clear, 420 A vesicles. GABA-type synapses are also found. At least two kinds of solid-core vesicles also occur.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of nerve plexus in flatworms. II. Sites of synaptic interactions. Synaptic components from the peripheral nervous system of the polyclad flatworm. Notoplana acticola, are described from electron microscopic observations. Quasi-neuropile, defined as clusters of neurites containing synaptic vesicles, occurs as scattered islands among the peripheral nerve cords of the plexus. Some neurite clusters only contain one type of synaptic vesicle but others are mixed. The most usual synaptic configuration consists of a single presynaptic element and a pair of postsynaptic neurites sharing a common synaptic cleft. These synapses are polarized and contain clear, 420 A vesicles. GABA-type synapses are also found. At least two kinds of solid-core vesicles also occur.", "PMID": 1122538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7673", "title": "Acid phosphatase localization in neurons of Bulla gouldiana (Gastropoda: Opisthobranchia.", "content": "The organization of the ganglia and the ultrastructure of the neurons of Bulla gouldiana are similar to those described for other molluscs. Acid phosphatase positive reactions were found in the large pigmented granules, small dense bodies, multivesicular bodies, and Golgi lamellae and associated vesicles. The small dense bodies and multivesicular bodies may be stages in the formation of the larger pigmented granules which are interpreted as lysosomes. Comparison is made between the pigmented granules in Bulla and the lipofuscin bodies of vertebrate neurons. The possible involvement of these pigmented granules in the hyperpolarization of Bulla and Aplysia neurons to light is discussed.", "contents": "Acid phosphatase localization in neurons of Bulla gouldiana (Gastropoda: Opisthobranchia. The organization of the ganglia and the ultrastructure of the neurons of Bulla gouldiana are similar to those described for other molluscs. Acid phosphatase positive reactions were found in the large pigmented granules, small dense bodies, multivesicular bodies, and Golgi lamellae and associated vesicles. The small dense bodies and multivesicular bodies may be stages in the formation of the larger pigmented granules which are interpreted as lysosomes. Comparison is made between the pigmented granules in Bulla and the lipofuscin bodies of vertebrate neurons. The possible involvement of these pigmented granules in the hyperpolarization of Bulla and Aplysia neurons to light is discussed.", "PMID": 1122539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7674", "title": "The fine structure and innervation of gill lamellae in Anodonta.", "content": "Gill lamellae of a bivalve Anodonta woodiana lauta (v. Martens) were observed by electron microscopy. The Anodonta gill wall consists of a single layer of epithelial cells, its basal lamina and the underlying connective tissue layer. It was confirmed that there is no true endothelium in the vessels and that the connective tissue layer of the vessel wall is therefore in direct contact with the blood. Cells of a specific type referred to as \"trabecular cells\" lie in the blood lacunae. These cells closely resemble the pillar cells of fish gills, but show certain fundamental differences. Characteristic features of the trabecular cells are (1) an elongated cell body which lies across the vascular lumen and attaches to the vessel wall by means of the tips of their long processes, (2) two types of myofilaments (thick and thin) in the cytoplasm, (3) external dense plaques at the cell surface which are associated with the insertion of myofilaments into the cell membrane, (4) direct contact between the cell surface and the blood except at the regions where the cell is covered by external plaques and connective tissue fibrils. These facts suggest that the Anodonta trabecular cell is not analogous with the pillar cell of fish gills but rather with muscle cells which show a specific morphological modification and a peculiar relationship to the vessel wall due to the absence of the endothelium. These cells are assumed to regulate blood flow within the gill vessels. As to the permeability of the wall of Anodonta gill vessels, junctional complex consisting of an intermediate and a septate junction between adjacent gill epithelial cells probably plays the main role as a barrier between the blood and the surrounding water. The basal lamina underlying the gill epithelium is assumed to act as a coarse permeability barrier. Numerous nerve endings of unknown function are observed in the gill epitheliu. It is strongly suggested, however, that they are associated with the additional function of the Anodonta gill lamellae as a food-sorting device.", "contents": "The fine structure and innervation of gill lamellae in Anodonta. Gill lamellae of a bivalve Anodonta woodiana lauta (v. Martens) were observed by electron microscopy. The Anodonta gill wall consists of a single layer of epithelial cells, its basal lamina and the underlying connective tissue layer. It was confirmed that there is no true endothelium in the vessels and that the connective tissue layer of the vessel wall is therefore in direct contact with the blood. Cells of a specific type referred to as \"trabecular cells\" lie in the blood lacunae. These cells closely resemble the pillar cells of fish gills, but show certain fundamental differences. Characteristic features of the trabecular cells are (1) an elongated cell body which lies across the vascular lumen and attaches to the vessel wall by means of the tips of their long processes, (2) two types of myofilaments (thick and thin) in the cytoplasm, (3) external dense plaques at the cell surface which are associated with the insertion of myofilaments into the cell membrane, (4) direct contact between the cell surface and the blood except at the regions where the cell is covered by external plaques and connective tissue fibrils. These facts suggest that the Anodonta trabecular cell is not analogous with the pillar cell of fish gills but rather with muscle cells which show a specific morphological modification and a peculiar relationship to the vessel wall due to the absence of the endothelium. These cells are assumed to regulate blood flow within the gill vessels. As to the permeability of the wall of Anodonta gill vessels, junctional complex consisting of an intermediate and a septate junction between adjacent gill epithelial cells probably plays the main role as a barrier between the blood and the surrounding water. The basal lamina underlying the gill epithelium is assumed to act as a coarse permeability barrier. Numerous nerve endings of unknown function are observed in the gill epitheliu. It is strongly suggested, however, that they are associated with the additional function of the Anodonta gill lamellae as a food-sorting device.", "PMID": 1122540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7675", "title": "Nerve endings in rat carotid body.", "content": "The carotid body of the rat consists of \"glomera\" interspersed by blood vessels and nerve bundles. Each \"glomus\" consists of 2-12 Type I cells, incompletely invested by 1-3 Type II cells. Type I cells are characterised by the presence of numerous dense cored vesicles in their cytoplasm and may exhibit \"synaptic\" -like contacts with each other. Small efferent nerve endings make synaptic contact with one or more Type I cells. Large cup-shaped afferent nerve endings make multiple synaptic contacts of two kinds with one or more Type I cells. A second kind of efferent nerve ending is occasionally seen in synaptic contact with one of these afferent nerve endings. A model for the mode of operation of the glomus as a chemoreceptor is proposed.", "contents": "Nerve endings in rat carotid body. The carotid body of the rat consists of \"glomera\" interspersed by blood vessels and nerve bundles. Each \"glomus\" consists of 2-12 Type I cells, incompletely invested by 1-3 Type II cells. Type I cells are characterised by the presence of numerous dense cored vesicles in their cytoplasm and may exhibit \"synaptic\" -like contacts with each other. Small efferent nerve endings make synaptic contact with one or more Type I cells. Large cup-shaped afferent nerve endings make multiple synaptic contacts of two kinds with one or more Type I cells. A second kind of efferent nerve ending is occasionally seen in synaptic contact with one of these afferent nerve endings. A model for the mode of operation of the glomus as a chemoreceptor is proposed.", "PMID": 1122541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7676", "title": "Pituitary cell activities in gonadectomized rats treated with estrogen.", "content": "The incorporation of 14C-leucine into LTH and STH, the uptake of 3H-estradiol into the pituitary and the appearance of the LTH and LH cells were studied in male and female rats gonadectomized at the age of 30 days and chronically treated with estradiol (E). The biosynthesis of LTH in the pituitary of ovariectomized rats was decreased 15 and 60 days after the operation to the level of intact males. This decrease is followed by the reduction of the number of immunochemically stained LTH producing cells. Chronical administration of estradiol stimulated the LTH synthesis and maximal incorporation of 14C-leucine was obtained in ovariectomized rats. Maximal relative increase of labeled LTH was noticed in the pituitaries of intact male rats treated with E. STH synthesis is inhibited by treatment with E and maximal decrease was obtained in intact males. The luteinizing LH cells were still hypertrophic in the pituitaries of gonadectomized E treated rats, but the number of castration cells was reduced. On the basis of these results we can conclude that the castration of 30-day-old rats of both sexes does not alter the sex difference in the reaction of LTH and STH cells to estradiol.", "contents": "Pituitary cell activities in gonadectomized rats treated with estrogen. The incorporation of 14C-leucine into LTH and STH, the uptake of 3H-estradiol into the pituitary and the appearance of the LTH and LH cells were studied in male and female rats gonadectomized at the age of 30 days and chronically treated with estradiol (E). The biosynthesis of LTH in the pituitary of ovariectomized rats was decreased 15 and 60 days after the operation to the level of intact males. This decrease is followed by the reduction of the number of immunochemically stained LTH producing cells. Chronical administration of estradiol stimulated the LTH synthesis and maximal incorporation of 14C-leucine was obtained in ovariectomized rats. Maximal relative increase of labeled LTH was noticed in the pituitaries of intact male rats treated with E. STH synthesis is inhibited by treatment with E and maximal decrease was obtained in intact males. The luteinizing LH cells were still hypertrophic in the pituitaries of gonadectomized E treated rats, but the number of castration cells was reduced. On the basis of these results we can conclude that the castration of 30-day-old rats of both sexes does not alter the sex difference in the reaction of LTH and STH cells to estradiol.", "PMID": 1122542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7677", "title": "Microbodies of the rat renal proximal tubule: ultrastructural and cytochemical investigations.", "content": "The present study was undertaken to provide a detailed morphological and cytochemical characterization of the microbodies of the rat renal proximal tubule following perfusion fixation. The following observations were made: 1) Two basic types of microbodies (Mb-I and Mb-II) can be identified. Mb-I have both circular and tubular profiles which are located peripherally within the granular matrix of these microbodies. Mb-II have marginal plates and crystalloid inclusion in addition to circular and tubular profiles. 2) Circular and tubular profiles, 100 nm in diameter, described by previous investigators as being infrequent in occurrence, are the most consistent morphological characteristic of rat renal microbodies after perfusion fixation. These profiles have a homogeneous center surrounded by a double or single ring of granules. The uniform size and spacing of these granules within profiles establish a basic 100 A periodicity found in both types of microbodies. 3) Evidence is presented which suggests that both \"nucleoids\" and \"tubular protrusion rods\" as described by other investigators of the rat renal microbodies may result from poor fixation and/or osmotic stress. 4) The density of the matrix of Mb-I is, in contrast to previous reports, greater than the density of adjacent mitochondria. 5) Marginal plates or crystalloid inclusions were demonstrated in some microbodies (Mb-II) of all the rats studied; periodicities of 100, 200, and 300 A were identified within these structures. 6) Both types of microbodies were positive for catalase activity, but were negative for acid phosphatase activity. On the basis of both morphological and cytochemical criteria, it seems plausible that these two populations of renal microbodies (Mb-I and Mb-II) represent a morphological and functional continuum.", "contents": "Microbodies of the rat renal proximal tubule: ultrastructural and cytochemical investigations. The present study was undertaken to provide a detailed morphological and cytochemical characterization of the microbodies of the rat renal proximal tubule following perfusion fixation. The following observations were made: 1) Two basic types of microbodies (Mb-I and Mb-II) can be identified. Mb-I have both circular and tubular profiles which are located peripherally within the granular matrix of these microbodies. Mb-II have marginal plates and crystalloid inclusion in addition to circular and tubular profiles. 2) Circular and tubular profiles, 100 nm in diameter, described by previous investigators as being infrequent in occurrence, are the most consistent morphological characteristic of rat renal microbodies after perfusion fixation. These profiles have a homogeneous center surrounded by a double or single ring of granules. The uniform size and spacing of these granules within profiles establish a basic 100 A periodicity found in both types of microbodies. 3) Evidence is presented which suggests that both \"nucleoids\" and \"tubular protrusion rods\" as described by other investigators of the rat renal microbodies may result from poor fixation and/or osmotic stress. 4) The density of the matrix of Mb-I is, in contrast to previous reports, greater than the density of adjacent mitochondria. 5) Marginal plates or crystalloid inclusions were demonstrated in some microbodies (Mb-II) of all the rats studied; periodicities of 100, 200, and 300 A were identified within these structures. 6) Both types of microbodies were positive for catalase activity, but were negative for acid phosphatase activity. On the basis of both morphological and cytochemical criteria, it seems plausible that these two populations of renal microbodies (Mb-I and Mb-II) represent a morphological and functional continuum.", "PMID": 1122543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7678", "title": "Ciliated sensory neurons in the lip of the squid Lolliguncula brevis Blainville.", "content": "The lip of Lolliguncula brevis is a muscular fold covered by a simple columnar epithelium and overlayed medially and distally by a non-cellular cuticle. Bipolar sensory cells in the epithelium have a shallow pocket with cilia and microvilli at the free end of their dendrite. The cilia project out onto the surface through pores in the cuticle. Cells with intracellular cilia were observed below the epithelium. These cells send a process toward the surface of the lip. These two receptors are compared to the receptors previously described from the lip of Sepia.", "contents": "Ciliated sensory neurons in the lip of the squid Lolliguncula brevis Blainville. The lip of Lolliguncula brevis is a muscular fold covered by a simple columnar epithelium and overlayed medially and distally by a non-cellular cuticle. Bipolar sensory cells in the epithelium have a shallow pocket with cilia and microvilli at the free end of their dendrite. The cilia project out onto the surface through pores in the cuticle. Cells with intracellular cilia were observed below the epithelium. These cells send a process toward the surface of the lip. These two receptors are compared to the receptors previously described from the lip of Sepia.", "PMID": 1122544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7679", "title": "Ciliated sensory cells and associated neurons in the lip of Octopus joubini Robson.", "content": "The lip of Octopus joubini is a fleshy fold around the beak that is subdivided distally into finger-like papillae and overlayed by an uninterrupted noncellular cuticle. The muscular core of the lip has a high proportion of nervous tissue. The simple epithelium contains numerous ciliated sensory cells, especially in the papillae. In many of these cells the cilia lie deep within the cytoplasm and usually appear to extend toward the surface. Receptors with intracellular cilia also lie below the epithelium and send dendrites bearing cilia to the surface. Large unipolar interneurons that may receive synapses from the ciliated receptors lie in the musculature near the papillae. The sensory system of the octopus lip is more advanced than that of the squid, and it is very similar to that of Sepia. The relationship of these findings to the phylogeny and ecology of cephalopods is discussed.", "contents": "Ciliated sensory cells and associated neurons in the lip of Octopus joubini Robson. The lip of Octopus joubini is a fleshy fold around the beak that is subdivided distally into finger-like papillae and overlayed by an uninterrupted noncellular cuticle. The muscular core of the lip has a high proportion of nervous tissue. The simple epithelium contains numerous ciliated sensory cells, especially in the papillae. In many of these cells the cilia lie deep within the cytoplasm and usually appear to extend toward the surface. Receptors with intracellular cilia also lie below the epithelium and send dendrites bearing cilia to the surface. Large unipolar interneurons that may receive synapses from the ciliated receptors lie in the musculature near the papillae. The sensory system of the octopus lip is more advanced than that of the squid, and it is very similar to that of Sepia. The relationship of these findings to the phylogeny and ecology of cephalopods is discussed.", "PMID": 1122545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7680", "title": "Graphic-digitizer analysis of axon spectra in ethmoidal and lingual branches of the trigeminal nerve.", "content": "Sections were removed from the lingual and ethmoidal nerves of cats and histologically prepared, and the fibers were analyzed under the light microscope. Neural dimensions were measured by a new technique, employing a graphic digitizer and computer. The outline of a neural structure was traced with the digitizer pen, and the total number of axons, their cross-sectional areas, shapes, diameter spectra, and locations within the nerve were calculated. Both nerves had unimodal axon spectra with the peak between 2 and 6 mum diameter. Differences in axon composition occurred over the diameter range of 9 to 20 mum; the lingual nerve had many axons in this range, the ethmoidal nerve only a few. The total number of myelinated axons was near 4000 in the lingual nerve, near 1400 in the ethmoidal nerve; only the latter had many large-sized Remak bundles (containing C-fibers). Most myelinated axons were not perfectly circular but exhibited various degrees of distortion.", "contents": "Graphic-digitizer analysis of axon spectra in ethmoidal and lingual branches of the trigeminal nerve. Sections were removed from the lingual and ethmoidal nerves of cats and histologically prepared, and the fibers were analyzed under the light microscope. Neural dimensions were measured by a new technique, employing a graphic digitizer and computer. The outline of a neural structure was traced with the digitizer pen, and the total number of axons, their cross-sectional areas, shapes, diameter spectra, and locations within the nerve were calculated. Both nerves had unimodal axon spectra with the peak between 2 and 6 mum diameter. Differences in axon composition occurred over the diameter range of 9 to 20 mum; the lingual nerve had many axons in this range, the ethmoidal nerve only a few. The total number of myelinated axons was near 4000 in the lingual nerve, near 1400 in the ethmoidal nerve; only the latter had many large-sized Remak bundles (containing C-fibers). Most myelinated axons were not perfectly circular but exhibited various degrees of distortion.", "PMID": 1122546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7681", "title": "On the fine structure of the external glial layer in the isocortex of man.", "content": "The surface of the external glial layer of the isocortex in the human temporal lobe is generally slightly undulated, with a few protrusions and indentations. The surface is formed by an uninterrupted basement membrane which is continuous over the surface no matter how tortuous it becomes. The overall thickness of the glial layer is generally 15 to 25 mum, but diminishes to about 5 mum immediately beneath blood vessels. It consists mainly of a variable number of stacked glial cell processes. Two groups of cell bodies are encountered particularly in the middle and lower levels of the glial layer. Most of the cells are specialized fibrous astrocytes. They are characterized by eccentrically placed, rounded nuclei with homogeneously dispersed chromatin, and electron-lucent cytoplasm rich in filaments. Lipofuscin pigment granules occupy large areas of the perikaryon. The astroglial cells give rise to four types of processes: foot-processes, tangential and radial processes, and processes irregular in outline. The foot-processes ascend towards the cortical surface and terminate as flat expansions spreading out immediately beneath the basement membrane. Contiguous terminal expansions are connected by gap junctions. The individual profiles are irregular in form and fit together like in a jig-saw puzzle. The plasmalemma beneath the basement membrane is underlined by a fuzzy material, which is penetrated by glial filaments. In the terminal expansions individual or groups of mitochondria are abundant. The tangential processes are straight and slender and form a lattice within the middle and deep level of the external glial layer. They contain numerous filaments, evenly distributed or fasciculated. The remainder of the lattice is filled up by a considerable number of processes irregular in outline and varying greatly in size. They contain fewer filaments than the tangential processes, coursing in all directions, and glycogen particles. In both types of processes only a few mitochondria are present. These processes are also connected by gap junctions and desmosomes, too. Large cytoplasmic areas of astroglial cells localized in the deepest portion of the glial layer protrude into the neuropil of the molecular layer, giving rise to several radiate processes, which extend deeper into the cortex. The second, heterogeneous group of cell bodies is characterized by elongated nuclei, ovoid or irregular in outline, which are smaller than those of astroglial cells, and contain blocks of condensed chromatin; a thin cytoplasmic rim generating a few appendages surrounds the nucleus. The first sub-type is characterized by a nucleus with large chromatin blocks bordering the inner nuclear membrane and a medium-dense cytoplasmic matrix. The second sub-type displays smaller chromatin condensations at the inner nuclear membrane and many microtubules are scattered throughout an electron-lucent cytoplasm.", "contents": "On the fine structure of the external glial layer in the isocortex of man. The surface of the external glial layer of the isocortex in the human temporal lobe is generally slightly undulated, with a few protrusions and indentations. The surface is formed by an uninterrupted basement membrane which is continuous over the surface no matter how tortuous it becomes. The overall thickness of the glial layer is generally 15 to 25 mum, but diminishes to about 5 mum immediately beneath blood vessels. It consists mainly of a variable number of stacked glial cell processes. Two groups of cell bodies are encountered particularly in the middle and lower levels of the glial layer. Most of the cells are specialized fibrous astrocytes. They are characterized by eccentrically placed, rounded nuclei with homogeneously dispersed chromatin, and electron-lucent cytoplasm rich in filaments. Lipofuscin pigment granules occupy large areas of the perikaryon. The astroglial cells give rise to four types of processes: foot-processes, tangential and radial processes, and processes irregular in outline. The foot-processes ascend towards the cortical surface and terminate as flat expansions spreading out immediately beneath the basement membrane. Contiguous terminal expansions are connected by gap junctions. The individual profiles are irregular in form and fit together like in a jig-saw puzzle. The plasmalemma beneath the basement membrane is underlined by a fuzzy material, which is penetrated by glial filaments. In the terminal expansions individual or groups of mitochondria are abundant. The tangential processes are straight and slender and form a lattice within the middle and deep level of the external glial layer. They contain numerous filaments, evenly distributed or fasciculated. The remainder of the lattice is filled up by a considerable number of processes irregular in outline and varying greatly in size. They contain fewer filaments than the tangential processes, coursing in all directions, and glycogen particles. In both types of processes only a few mitochondria are present. These processes are also connected by gap junctions and desmosomes, too. Large cytoplasmic areas of astroglial cells localized in the deepest portion of the glial layer protrude into the neuropil of the molecular layer, giving rise to several radiate processes, which extend deeper into the cortex. The second, heterogeneous group of cell bodies is characterized by elongated nuclei, ovoid or irregular in outline, which are smaller than those of astroglial cells, and contain blocks of condensed chromatin; a thin cytoplasmic rim generating a few appendages surrounds the nucleus. The first sub-type is characterized by a nucleus with large chromatin blocks bordering the inner nuclear membrane and a medium-dense cytoplasmic matrix. The second sub-type displays smaller chromatin condensations at the inner nuclear membrane and many microtubules are scattered throughout an electron-lucent cytoplasm.", "PMID": 1122547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7682", "title": "The postnatal development of the sexually dimorphic duct system and of amylase activity in the submandibular glands of mice.", "content": "The submandibular glands of developing and mature Strong A mice were studied by light and electron microscopy. The glands of both sexes show the same cell types during development, but during maturation the glands display a degree of sex-dimorphism. Striated ducts, which differentiate from the larger intralobular ducts present in the neonatal gland, first appear by 5 days of age and reach their mature condition by 20 days of age. Granular convoluted tubule cells, which differentiate from striated duct cells, are first seen at 15 days of age in both sexes. Subsequently, they show a more rapid development in males than in females, and are dimorphically represented by 20 days of age. Intercalated ducts in the neonatal gland contain nongranular and granular cells. With maturation the number of granular cells decreases, apparently due to their conversion into the nongranular type, with their eventual disappearance from the glands of adult males. Their retention in adult females further defines the sexual dimorphism shown by these glands. Amylase activity in gland homogenates is first detectable at 20 days of age in both sexes. During development the male glands show a rapid rise in levels of amylase activity, whereas female glands show a more gradual rise. In mature animals, male glands have higher levels of amylase activity than female glands. The developmental and adult status of amylase activity parallels that of the granular convoluted tubules.", "contents": "The postnatal development of the sexually dimorphic duct system and of amylase activity in the submandibular glands of mice. The submandibular glands of developing and mature Strong A mice were studied by light and electron microscopy. The glands of both sexes show the same cell types during development, but during maturation the glands display a degree of sex-dimorphism. Striated ducts, which differentiate from the larger intralobular ducts present in the neonatal gland, first appear by 5 days of age and reach their mature condition by 20 days of age. Granular convoluted tubule cells, which differentiate from striated duct cells, are first seen at 15 days of age in both sexes. Subsequently, they show a more rapid development in males than in females, and are dimorphically represented by 20 days of age. Intercalated ducts in the neonatal gland contain nongranular and granular cells. With maturation the number of granular cells decreases, apparently due to their conversion into the nongranular type, with their eventual disappearance from the glands of adult males. Their retention in adult females further defines the sexual dimorphism shown by these glands. Amylase activity in gland homogenates is first detectable at 20 days of age in both sexes. During development the male glands show a rapid rise in levels of amylase activity, whereas female glands show a more gradual rise. In mature animals, male glands have higher levels of amylase activity than female glands. The developmental and adult status of amylase activity parallels that of the granular convoluted tubules.", "PMID": 1122548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7683", "title": "The size of fibroin messenger RNA and its polyadenylic acid content.", "content": "The molecular weight of fibroin messenger RNA has been measured by its contour length in the electron microscope and its electrophoretic mobility under conditions of complete denaturation. These methods give values of 5.6 times 10-6 and 6.0 times 10-6 daltons, respectively. The average molecular weight of 5.8 times 10-6 (1.6 times 10-4 base residues) would be expected to code for a protein of 414,000 daltons, a value about 12 percent larger than the most recently published size for fibroin. When the mRNA is prepared carefully to avoid shear breakage, it is as homogeneous in size as ribosomal RNA. Between 43 percent and 81 percent of the mRNA molecules bind to oligo(dT)-cellulose and are presumed to contain a poly(A) sequence. This sequence, isolated after ribonuclease digestion, comprises about 0.6 percent of the molecule, or an estimated 100 nucleotides. The poly(A) has been localized at the end of the molecule by hybridizing with a small poly (dT:dA) piece and subsequent visualization by electron microscopy. This observation, along with the ability of reverse transcriptase to transcribe fibroin mRNA with an oligo(dT) primer, demonstrates that the poly(A) is at the 3' end of the mRNA.", "contents": "The size of fibroin messenger RNA and its polyadenylic acid content. The molecular weight of fibroin messenger RNA has been measured by its contour length in the electron microscope and its electrophoretic mobility under conditions of complete denaturation. These methods give values of 5.6 times 10-6 and 6.0 times 10-6 daltons, respectively. The average molecular weight of 5.8 times 10-6 (1.6 times 10-4 base residues) would be expected to code for a protein of 414,000 daltons, a value about 12 percent larger than the most recently published size for fibroin. When the mRNA is prepared carefully to avoid shear breakage, it is as homogeneous in size as ribosomal RNA. Between 43 percent and 81 percent of the mRNA molecules bind to oligo(dT)-cellulose and are presumed to contain a poly(A) sequence. This sequence, isolated after ribonuclease digestion, comprises about 0.6 percent of the molecule, or an estimated 100 nucleotides. The poly(A) has been localized at the end of the molecule by hybridizing with a small poly (dT:dA) piece and subsequent visualization by electron microscopy. This observation, along with the ability of reverse transcriptase to transcribe fibroin mRNA with an oligo(dT) primer, demonstrates that the poly(A) is at the 3' end of the mRNA.", "PMID": 1122553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7684", "title": "Structural genes adjacent to interspersed repetitive DNA sequences.", "content": "The observation that repetitive and single copy sequences are interspersed in animal DNAs has suggested that repetitive sequences are adjacent to single copy structural gene sequences. To test this concept, single copy DNA sequences contiguous to interspersed repetitive sequences were prepared from sea urchin DNA by hydroxyapatite fractionation (repeat-contiguous DNA fraction). These single copy sequences included about one third of the total nonrepetitive sequence in the genome as determined by the amounts recovered during the hydroxyapatite fractionation and by reassociation kinetics. 3H-labeled mRNA from sea urchin gastrula was prepared by puromycin release from polysomes and used in DNA-driven hybridization reactions. The kinetics of mRNA hybridization reactions with excess whole DNA were carefully measured, and the rate of hybridization was found to be 3-5 times slower than the corresponding single copy DNA driver reassociation rate. The mRNA hybridized with excess repeat-contiguous DNA with similar kinetics relative to the driver DNA. At completion 80 percent of that mRNA hybridizable with whole DNA (approximately 65 percent) had reacted with the repeat-contiguous DNA fraction (50 percent). This result shows that 80-100 percent of the mRNA molecules present in sea urchin embryos are transcribed from single copy DNA sequences adjacent to interspersed repetitive sequences in the genome.", "contents": "Structural genes adjacent to interspersed repetitive DNA sequences. The observation that repetitive and single copy sequences are interspersed in animal DNAs has suggested that repetitive sequences are adjacent to single copy structural gene sequences. To test this concept, single copy DNA sequences contiguous to interspersed repetitive sequences were prepared from sea urchin DNA by hydroxyapatite fractionation (repeat-contiguous DNA fraction). These single copy sequences included about one third of the total nonrepetitive sequence in the genome as determined by the amounts recovered during the hydroxyapatite fractionation and by reassociation kinetics. 3H-labeled mRNA from sea urchin gastrula was prepared by puromycin release from polysomes and used in DNA-driven hybridization reactions. The kinetics of mRNA hybridization reactions with excess whole DNA were carefully measured, and the rate of hybridization was found to be 3-5 times slower than the corresponding single copy DNA driver reassociation rate. The mRNA hybridized with excess repeat-contiguous DNA with similar kinetics relative to the driver DNA. At completion 80 percent of that mRNA hybridizable with whole DNA (approximately 65 percent) had reacted with the repeat-contiguous DNA fraction (50 percent). This result shows that 80-100 percent of the mRNA molecules present in sea urchin embryos are transcribed from single copy DNA sequences adjacent to interspersed repetitive sequences in the genome.", "PMID": 1122554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7685", "title": "Individual histone messenger RNAs: identification by template activity.", "content": "Newly synthesized polysomal messenger RNAs from cleavage stage embryos of the sea urchin Arbacia punctulata and Lytechinus pictus that contain putative histone mRNAs have been fractionated on 6% polyacrylamide slab gels. At least 8 RNA species with unique electrophoretic mobilities have been recognized. The complex of RNAs has been eluted from the gels in three groups, A, B, and C, in increasing order of mobility. The template activity of the three fractions and the unfractionated starting material was examined in the mouse Krebs II ascites tumor cell-free protein synthesizing system. The unfractionated messenger complex programs the synthesis of proteins that co-electrophorese exclusively with sea urchin histones in both sodium dodecyl sulfate and acid urea gel systems. The products of in vitro protein systhesis stimulated by the individual polyacrylamide gel RNA fractions were similarly examined. Each stimulated protein synthesis and was enriched for specific histone templates. We conclude that RNA fraction A is template for histone f1, C is template for histone f2a1, and B serves as template for f2b, f2a2, and f3 histones. A minor degree of contamination of the A and B RNA fractions was obvious from the production of other histones by each template. The co-electrophoresis of specific template activity with specific radiolabeled RNAs supports the concept that most or all of the labeled RNAs are indeed themselves the histone mRNAs.", "contents": "Individual histone messenger RNAs: identification by template activity. Newly synthesized polysomal messenger RNAs from cleavage stage embryos of the sea urchin Arbacia punctulata and Lytechinus pictus that contain putative histone mRNAs have been fractionated on 6% polyacrylamide slab gels. At least 8 RNA species with unique electrophoretic mobilities have been recognized. The complex of RNAs has been eluted from the gels in three groups, A, B, and C, in increasing order of mobility. The template activity of the three fractions and the unfractionated starting material was examined in the mouse Krebs II ascites tumor cell-free protein synthesizing system. The unfractionated messenger complex programs the synthesis of proteins that co-electrophorese exclusively with sea urchin histones in both sodium dodecyl sulfate and acid urea gel systems. The products of in vitro protein systhesis stimulated by the individual polyacrylamide gel RNA fractions were similarly examined. Each stimulated protein synthesis and was enriched for specific histone templates. We conclude that RNA fraction A is template for histone f1, C is template for histone f2a1, and B serves as template for f2b, f2a2, and f3 histones. A minor degree of contamination of the A and B RNA fractions was obvious from the production of other histones by each template. The co-electrophoresis of specific template activity with specific radiolabeled RNAs supports the concept that most or all of the labeled RNAs are indeed themselves the histone mRNAs.", "PMID": 1122555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7686", "title": "Abrin and hurin: two new lymphocyte mitogens.", "content": "Two plant proteins, abrin from the seed of Abrus precatorius and hurin from the seed of Hura crepitans, are potent lymphocyte mitogens. The extent of stimulation of BALB/C AND CBA strain mouse spleens by these factors is significantly greater than that attained with PHA or PWM and requires thymus-derived lymphocytes. Abrin has been purified to electrophoretic homogeneity, physically characterized, and may undergo conversion from a toxic to mitogenic form. Hurin is the best mitogen we have tested.", "contents": "Abrin and hurin: two new lymphocyte mitogens. Two plant proteins, abrin from the seed of Abrus precatorius and hurin from the seed of Hura crepitans, are potent lymphocyte mitogens. The extent of stimulation of BALB/C AND CBA strain mouse spleens by these factors is significantly greater than that attained with PHA or PWM and requires thymus-derived lymphocytes. Abrin has been purified to electrophoretic homogeneity, physically characterized, and may undergo conversion from a toxic to mitogenic form. Hurin is the best mitogen we have tested.", "PMID": 1122556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7687", "title": "Effects of cycloheximide on the \"autocatalytic\" nature of the maturation promoting factor (MPF) in oocytes of Xenopus laevis.", "content": "It is shown that a factor arising during the course of maturation in amphibian oocytes is by itself capable of inducing maturation when injected into recipient oocytes even after a series of 10 transfers. The mechanism of action of this phenomenon is shown to be under translational control. Experiments using cycloheximide suggest that MPF does not need protein synthesis for germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD), but does require a translational step when serially transferred in order to sustain its renewal (\"autocatalytic\") capacity. It is further shown that oocytes of Xenopus laevis lend themselves to an in vitro system, since when matured under the action of some steroids (progesterone or hydrocortisone), they are capable of supporting functional maturation with cleavage and development after having received a transplanted blastula nucleus.", "contents": "Effects of cycloheximide on the \"autocatalytic\" nature of the maturation promoting factor (MPF) in oocytes of Xenopus laevis. It is shown that a factor arising during the course of maturation in amphibian oocytes is by itself capable of inducing maturation when injected into recipient oocytes even after a series of 10 transfers. The mechanism of action of this phenomenon is shown to be under translational control. Experiments using cycloheximide suggest that MPF does not need protein synthesis for germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD), but does require a translational step when serially transferred in order to sustain its renewal (\"autocatalytic\") capacity. It is further shown that oocytes of Xenopus laevis lend themselves to an in vitro system, since when matured under the action of some steroids (progesterone or hydrocortisone), they are capable of supporting functional maturation with cleavage and development after having received a transplanted blastula nucleus.", "PMID": 1122557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7688", "title": "Electron microscopic and biochemical evidence that chromatin structure is a repeating unit.", "content": "Electron microscopic and biochemical studies demonstrate that the fundamental structure of chromatin depleted of lysine-rich histones is composed of a flexible chain of spherical particles (nucleosomes), about 125 A in diameter, connected by DNA filaments. Such a chromatin preparation can be separated by centrifugation into two fractions which differ in the spacing of the nucleosomes; In one fraction almost all of the DNA is condensed in nucleosomes, while the other fraction contains long stretches of free DNA connecting regions where the nucleosomes are closely packed. The isolated nucleosomes contain about 200 base pairs of DNA and the four histones F2alpha1, F2alpha2, and F2b, and F3 in an overall histone/DNA ratio of 0.97; In such a structure the DNA is compacted slightly more than five times from its extended length; The same basic structure can be visualized in chromatin spilling out of lysed nuclei. However, in this latter case the nucleosomes are very closely packed, suggesting that histone F1 is involved in the superpacking of DNA in chromosomes and nuclei. The chromatin fiber appears to be a self-assembling structure, since the nucleosomal arrangement can be reconstituted in vitro from DNA and the four histones F2alpha1, F2alpha2, F2b and F3 only, irrespective of their cellular origin.", "contents": "Electron microscopic and biochemical evidence that chromatin structure is a repeating unit. Electron microscopic and biochemical studies demonstrate that the fundamental structure of chromatin depleted of lysine-rich histones is composed of a flexible chain of spherical particles (nucleosomes), about 125 A in diameter, connected by DNA filaments. Such a chromatin preparation can be separated by centrifugation into two fractions which differ in the spacing of the nucleosomes; In one fraction almost all of the DNA is condensed in nucleosomes, while the other fraction contains long stretches of free DNA connecting regions where the nucleosomes are closely packed. The isolated nucleosomes contain about 200 base pairs of DNA and the four histones F2alpha1, F2alpha2, and F2b, and F3 in an overall histone/DNA ratio of 0.97; In such a structure the DNA is compacted slightly more than five times from its extended length; The same basic structure can be visualized in chromatin spilling out of lysed nuclei. However, in this latter case the nucleosomes are very closely packed, suggesting that histone F1 is involved in the superpacking of DNA in chromosomes and nuclei. The chromatin fiber appears to be a self-assembling structure, since the nucleosomal arrangement can be reconstituted in vitro from DNA and the four histones F2alpha1, F2alpha2, F2b and F3 only, irrespective of their cellular origin.", "PMID": 1122558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7689", "title": "Analysis of drosophila mRNA by in situ hybridization: sequences transcribed in normal and heat shocked cultured cells.", "content": "Messenger RNA transcribed in cultured Drosophila cells adapted for growth under conditions permitting labeling to high specific acitivty has been analyzed by the technique of in situ hybridization. Poly(A)-containing cytoplasmic RNA binds specifically and reproducibly to about 50 bands in the salivary gland polytene chromosomes. In addition heavy labeling of the beta-heterochromatin associated with each of the chromosome arms is observed. The species which are detected probably belong to the more abundant classes of RNA. When the cultured Drosophila cells are subjected to heat shock immediately before labeling with 3H-uridine, there is a drastic alteration in the pattern of gene transcription detected by in situ hybridization. Most of the mRNA synthesis which could be detected in the normal cell is shut off. Newly synthesized RNA hybridizes strongly to seven new sites which do not bind mRNA from control cells. The new loci correspond almost exactly to the regions of Drosophila polytene chromosomes which puff when intact larvae are subjected to an identical heat treatment.", "contents": "Analysis of drosophila mRNA by in situ hybridization: sequences transcribed in normal and heat shocked cultured cells. Messenger RNA transcribed in cultured Drosophila cells adapted for growth under conditions permitting labeling to high specific acitivty has been analyzed by the technique of in situ hybridization. Poly(A)-containing cytoplasmic RNA binds specifically and reproducibly to about 50 bands in the salivary gland polytene chromosomes. In addition heavy labeling of the beta-heterochromatin associated with each of the chromosome arms is observed. The species which are detected probably belong to the more abundant classes of RNA. When the cultured Drosophila cells are subjected to heat shock immediately before labeling with 3H-uridine, there is a drastic alteration in the pattern of gene transcription detected by in situ hybridization. Most of the mRNA synthesis which could be detected in the normal cell is shut off. Newly synthesized RNA hybridizes strongly to seven new sites which do not bind mRNA from control cells. The new loci correspond almost exactly to the regions of Drosophila polytene chromosomes which puff when intact larvae are subjected to an identical heat treatment.", "PMID": 1122559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7690", "title": "The action of arachidonic acid on experimental hypertension in the rat.", "content": "Keeping in mind the vasodilator action of prostaglandins, the control that they exercise over the vascular supply of kidneys and the sympathetic activity, research was conducted in order to establish the effect of arachidonic acid, the precursor of PGE2, on experimental hypertension in the rat. The experimental hypertension was induced by unilateral nephrectomy, followed by the administration of DOCA and the elevated sodium diet. The treatment was short in one group, long in the other, and both groups were compared to a control hypertensive group which received no treatment at all. Arachidonic acid worsened the experimental hypertension by 37% in the long treatment, and by 25% in the short treatment. The administration of lysine-acetylsalicylate diminished this hypertension. A non-saturated acid, oleic acid, which is not involved in prostaglandin synthesis, has no action. The authors would like to emphasize that in one of the previous experiments, L-tyrosine, the precursor of catecholamines, diminished the experimental hypertension in the rat, and also that L-DOPA and IMAO (MAOI) have comparable effects. It seems, therefore, that the depression of the central catecholaminergic activity, which is supposed to be the action of arachidonic acid via an increase in the PGE2 synthesis, appears to increase hypertension. It is noteworthy that the medial forebrain bundle (MFB) is catecholaminergic and that the periventricular system (PVS) is cholinergic. Thus hypertension may represent the peripheral vascular response to anguish which results from the activation of PVS and from the depression of MFB.", "contents": "The action of arachidonic acid on experimental hypertension in the rat. Keeping in mind the vasodilator action of prostaglandins, the control that they exercise over the vascular supply of kidneys and the sympathetic activity, research was conducted in order to establish the effect of arachidonic acid, the precursor of PGE2, on experimental hypertension in the rat. The experimental hypertension was induced by unilateral nephrectomy, followed by the administration of DOCA and the elevated sodium diet. The treatment was short in one group, long in the other, and both groups were compared to a control hypertensive group which received no treatment at all. Arachidonic acid worsened the experimental hypertension by 37% in the long treatment, and by 25% in the short treatment. The administration of lysine-acetylsalicylate diminished this hypertension. A non-saturated acid, oleic acid, which is not involved in prostaglandin synthesis, has no action. The authors would like to emphasize that in one of the previous experiments, L-tyrosine, the precursor of catecholamines, diminished the experimental hypertension in the rat, and also that L-DOPA and IMAO (MAOI) have comparable effects. It seems, therefore, that the depression of the central catecholaminergic activity, which is supposed to be the action of arachidonic acid via an increase in the PGE2 synthesis, appears to increase hypertension. It is noteworthy that the medial forebrain bundle (MFB) is catecholaminergic and that the periventricular system (PVS) is cholinergic. Thus hypertension may represent the peripheral vascular response to anguish which results from the activation of PVS and from the depression of MFB.", "PMID": 1122560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7691", "title": "Induced synthesis of metallothionein by pig kidney cells in vitro in response to cadmium.", "content": "Cells of a line (K7), derived from the cortex of the adult pig kidney, synthesize and accumulate high levels of metallothionein when grown in vitro in the presence of low concentrations (0.5 mug/ml) of Cd2+. This indicates that the accumulation of this protein in the kidneys of animals exposed to cadmium is due at least partly to synthesis in situ, and not solely to uptake by the renal cells of metallothionein produced by the liver. It is suggested that the ability to synthesize large amounts of metallothionein indicates the tubular origin of the cells of this line.", "contents": "Induced synthesis of metallothionein by pig kidney cells in vitro in response to cadmium. Cells of a line (K7), derived from the cortex of the adult pig kidney, synthesize and accumulate high levels of metallothionein when grown in vitro in the presence of low concentrations (0.5 mug/ml) of Cd2+. This indicates that the accumulation of this protein in the kidneys of animals exposed to cadmium is due at least partly to synthesis in situ, and not solely to uptake by the renal cells of metallothionein produced by the liver. It is suggested that the ability to synthesize large amounts of metallothionein indicates the tubular origin of the cells of this line.", "PMID": 1122561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7692", "title": "Urinary enzymes and kidney damage by aspirin and phenacetin.", "content": "Two groups of rats were given aspirin and phenacetin in their food at daily doses similar to those taken by humans suffering from analgesic abuse. Both drugs damaged the kidney proximal tubules although phenacetin affected the kidney more severely than aspirin. At the start of the experiment aspirin increased the urinary excretion of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) while phenacetin raised the excretion of all four enzymes studies (acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), LDH indicating generalised cellular injury. Subsequent samples of urine collected from rats up to seven weeks showed normal urinary enzyme levels. The value of urinary enzyme measurements in detecting renal damage by drugs is discussed.", "contents": "Urinary enzymes and kidney damage by aspirin and phenacetin. Two groups of rats were given aspirin and phenacetin in their food at daily doses similar to those taken by humans suffering from analgesic abuse. Both drugs damaged the kidney proximal tubules although phenacetin affected the kidney more severely than aspirin. At the start of the experiment aspirin increased the urinary excretion of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) while phenacetin raised the excretion of all four enzymes studies (acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), LDH indicating generalised cellular injury. Subsequent samples of urine collected from rats up to seven weeks showed normal urinary enzyme levels. The value of urinary enzyme measurements in detecting renal damage by drugs is discussed.", "PMID": 1122562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7693", "title": "Alterations in hepatic drug metabolism and lipid peroxidation during administration of Baygon, a pesticide.", "content": "Biochemical studies during low- and high-dose administration of Baygon (a pesticide) to young male rats were performed. It was observed that the activities of drug-metabolizing enzymes were decreased even at a low dose of Baygon and the decrease was much more significant during high-dose injections. Lipid peroxidation was increased with a low dose and the increase was much more pronounced with a high dose. Besides these changes the animals showed physical changes such as salivation, fasciculations, etc. The presence of conjugated diene absorption patterns and malonaldehyde formation indicated the in vivo lipid peroxidation dut to Baygon administration. Toxic effects leading to death were noted when the animals were injected with a high dose of the pesticide, Baygon above 25 mg/kg.", "contents": "Alterations in hepatic drug metabolism and lipid peroxidation during administration of Baygon, a pesticide. Biochemical studies during low- and high-dose administration of Baygon (a pesticide) to young male rats were performed. It was observed that the activities of drug-metabolizing enzymes were decreased even at a low dose of Baygon and the decrease was much more significant during high-dose injections. Lipid peroxidation was increased with a low dose and the increase was much more pronounced with a high dose. Besides these changes the animals showed physical changes such as salivation, fasciculations, etc. The presence of conjugated diene absorption patterns and malonaldehyde formation indicated the in vivo lipid peroxidation dut to Baygon administration. Toxic effects leading to death were noted when the animals were injected with a high dose of the pesticide, Baygon above 25 mg/kg.", "PMID": 1122563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7694", "title": "A model of lateral diffusion in phosphatide bilayers and natural membranes.", "content": "Lateral diffusion of phosphatide molecules in liquid crystalline bilayers has been analysed as a case of co-operative lattice diffusion. The potential energy of interaction between two molecules is assumed to arise from Van der Waals interactions of the hydrocarbon chains, and to have the form suggested by Salem [6]. From the observed values of the self-diffusion constant (of the order of 10-8 cm2sec-1) the depth of the potential \"well\" for two molecules at the equilibrium separation was estimated to have a lower limit of 1.95 kcal per mole, and the energy barrier to lateral motion was estimated to have an upper limit of 7.21 kcal per mole.", "contents": "A model of lateral diffusion in phosphatide bilayers and natural membranes. Lateral diffusion of phosphatide molecules in liquid crystalline bilayers has been analysed as a case of co-operative lattice diffusion. The potential energy of interaction between two molecules is assumed to arise from Van der Waals interactions of the hydrocarbon chains, and to have the form suggested by Salem [6]. From the observed values of the self-diffusion constant (of the order of 10-8 cm2sec-1) the depth of the potential \"well\" for two molecules at the equilibrium separation was estimated to have a lower limit of 1.95 kcal per mole, and the energy barrier to lateral motion was estimated to have an upper limit of 7.21 kcal per mole.", "PMID": 1122565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7695", "title": "Lipids in plant tissue cultures. IV. The characteristic patterns of lipid classes in callus cultures and suspension cultures.", "content": "Lipids from callus cultures and suspension cultures of higher plants constitute 5 to 8% of the dry tissue's weight. The predominant lipid classes are the sterols, steryl esters, steryl glycosides and esterified steryl glycosides. Considerable amounts of a variety of sterylglycolipids, whose structures are not completely elucidated, are also present. Triglycerides and phospholipids occur in small proportions, whereas monogalactosyl diglycerides, digalactosyl diglycerides and sulfoquinovosyl diglycerides are present only in traces, if at all. Beta-Sitosterol is the predominant constituent sterol, stigmasterol and campesterol as well as a variety of as yet unidentified sterols occur in smaller proportions. The major constituent fatty acids are palmitic, oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids. Saturated very long-chain fatty acids are found in smaller proportions. Unusual fatty acids, such as epoxy acids, which occur in the seed lipids of certain plants, are not found in tissue cultures derived from these plants. Clucose and traces of galactose are the only sugars obtained by acid hydrolysis of the glycolipids occurring in plant tissue cultures.", "contents": "Lipids in plant tissue cultures. IV. The characteristic patterns of lipid classes in callus cultures and suspension cultures. Lipids from callus cultures and suspension cultures of higher plants constitute 5 to 8% of the dry tissue's weight. The predominant lipid classes are the sterols, steryl esters, steryl glycosides and esterified steryl glycosides. Considerable amounts of a variety of sterylglycolipids, whose structures are not completely elucidated, are also present. Triglycerides and phospholipids occur in small proportions, whereas monogalactosyl diglycerides, digalactosyl diglycerides and sulfoquinovosyl diglycerides are present only in traces, if at all. Beta-Sitosterol is the predominant constituent sterol, stigmasterol and campesterol as well as a variety of as yet unidentified sterols occur in smaller proportions. The major constituent fatty acids are palmitic, oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids. Saturated very long-chain fatty acids are found in smaller proportions. Unusual fatty acids, such as epoxy acids, which occur in the seed lipids of certain plants, are not found in tissue cultures derived from these plants. Clucose and traces of galactose are the only sugars obtained by acid hydrolysis of the glycolipids occurring in plant tissue cultures.", "PMID": 1122566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7696", "title": "Calorimetric and freeze-etch study of the influence of Mg2+ on the thermotropic behaviour of phosphatidylglycerol.", "content": "In the presence of Mg2+ ions phosphatidylglycerol shows supercooling which leads to the formation of a metastable gel phase. This contrasts with the behaviour of this negatively charged phospholipid in the presence of Ca2+ ions (Biochim. Biophys. Acta 39. (1974)432)9 It is demonstrated that the heat content of this phospholipid is dependent on the ionic environment.", "contents": "Calorimetric and freeze-etch study of the influence of Mg2+ on the thermotropic behaviour of phosphatidylglycerol. In the presence of Mg2+ ions phosphatidylglycerol shows supercooling which leads to the formation of a metastable gel phase. This contrasts with the behaviour of this negatively charged phospholipid in the presence of Ca2+ ions (Biochim. Biophys. Acta 39. (1974)432)9 It is demonstrated that the heat content of this phospholipid is dependent on the ionic environment.", "PMID": 1122567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7697", "title": "Intimal ultrastructure of human umbilical arteries. Observations on arteries from newborn children of smoking and nonsmoking mothers.", "content": "The umbilical artery was chosen as a possible model for evaluating the vascular injury provoked by tobacco smoking in humans. Cords from newborn children delivered by 15 nonsmoking and 13 smoking mothers were studied in the transmission and the scanning electron microscope. Pronounced intimal changes were seen in the arteries from smoking mothers; the most important findings were degenerative changes of the endothelium such as swelling, blebbing, contraction, and subsequent opening of the endothelial junctions with formation of subendothelial edema. Other observations included dilation of the endoplasmic reticulum in the endothelium and reparative changes such as a considerable widening of the basement membrane. Since similar changes can be induced in arteries of animals by exposure to carbon monoxide or perfusion with nicotine, we conclude that the present study supports the concept that tobacco smoking is harmful to the vascular endothelium. This study also contributes to an understanding of the mechanism through which vascular injury is provoked in heavy smokers.", "contents": "Intimal ultrastructure of human umbilical arteries. Observations on arteries from newborn children of smoking and nonsmoking mothers. The umbilical artery was chosen as a possible model for evaluating the vascular injury provoked by tobacco smoking in humans. Cords from newborn children delivered by 15 nonsmoking and 13 smoking mothers were studied in the transmission and the scanning electron microscope. Pronounced intimal changes were seen in the arteries from smoking mothers; the most important findings were degenerative changes of the endothelium such as swelling, blebbing, contraction, and subsequent opening of the endothelial junctions with formation of subendothelial edema. Other observations included dilation of the endoplasmic reticulum in the endothelium and reparative changes such as a considerable widening of the basement membrane. Since similar changes can be induced in arteries of animals by exposure to carbon monoxide or perfusion with nicotine, we conclude that the present study supports the concept that tobacco smoking is harmful to the vascular endothelium. This study also contributes to an understanding of the mechanism through which vascular injury is provoked in heavy smokers.", "PMID": 1122569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7698", "title": "Hypertension, transmural pressure, and vascular smooth muscle response in rats.", "content": "The effect of transmural pressure on the responsiveness of vascular smooth muscle was studied using rats with chronic occlusion of one external iliac artery. The arterial pressure in the occluded leg was reduced to approximately half of that in the contralateral unoccluded leg. Helical strips from the low- and high-pressure femoral arteries of spontaneously hypertensive rats and rats with deoxycorticosterone acetate-induced (DOCA) hypertension were compared with corresponding tissues from normotensive controls. The sensitivity of both low- and high-pressure artery strips from the spontaneously hypertensive rat was greater than that of controls when strontium or lanthanum was used as the agonist. The sensitivity of strips from both low- and high-pressure arteries from the DOCA-hypertensive rat was greater than that of controls when potassium, epinephrine, or calcium was the agonist. There was no difference in sensitivity between strips from the low- and high-pressure arteries in any group of rats. Maximum contractile force (contractility) was reduced in femoral artery strips from both legs of all hypertensive rats. The KCl-induced contraction of vascular smooth muscle from both femoral arteries of either form of hypertensive rat was not as readily depressed by high calcium concentrations as was that from the normotensive rat. Changes in sensitivity and contractility associated with hypertension could not be reversed by lowering blood pressure in one leg of a spontaneously hypertensive rat or prevented by protecting one leg from high pressure prior to the induction of DOCA hypertension. The altered sensitivity and contractility of arterial strips in these models of hypertension are not, then, secondary to the increase in wall stress.", "contents": "Hypertension, transmural pressure, and vascular smooth muscle response in rats. The effect of transmural pressure on the responsiveness of vascular smooth muscle was studied using rats with chronic occlusion of one external iliac artery. The arterial pressure in the occluded leg was reduced to approximately half of that in the contralateral unoccluded leg. Helical strips from the low- and high-pressure femoral arteries of spontaneously hypertensive rats and rats with deoxycorticosterone acetate-induced (DOCA) hypertension were compared with corresponding tissues from normotensive controls. The sensitivity of both low- and high-pressure artery strips from the spontaneously hypertensive rat was greater than that of controls when strontium or lanthanum was used as the agonist. The sensitivity of strips from both low- and high-pressure arteries from the DOCA-hypertensive rat was greater than that of controls when potassium, epinephrine, or calcium was the agonist. There was no difference in sensitivity between strips from the low- and high-pressure arteries in any group of rats. Maximum contractile force (contractility) was reduced in femoral artery strips from both legs of all hypertensive rats. The KCl-induced contraction of vascular smooth muscle from both femoral arteries of either form of hypertensive rat was not as readily depressed by high calcium concentrations as was that from the normotensive rat. Changes in sensitivity and contractility associated with hypertension could not be reversed by lowering blood pressure in one leg of a spontaneously hypertensive rat or prevented by protecting one leg from high pressure prior to the induction of DOCA hypertension. The altered sensitivity and contractility of arterial strips in these models of hypertension are not, then, secondary to the increase in wall stress.", "PMID": 1122570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7699", "title": "Local cerebral blood volume determined by three-dimensional reconstruction of radionuclide scan data.", "content": "We developed a method to determine in man absolute values of local cerebral blood volume (LCBV) localized throughout the brain in three dimensions and presented in a cross-sectional picture format. Previously, absolute values of LCBV have been determined in vivo by stimulated X-ray fluorescence, but these determinations have been limited to one point in the brain at a time. All other previous estimates of LCBV by external emission counting have been contaminated by the significant contribution of blood in the overlying scalp and cranium. In our method, a transverse section scan is made after the injection of -99m-Tc-labeled red blood cells into a peripheral vein. Data processing then gives a point-to-point estimate of absolute radionuclide concentration analogous to an autoradiograph. After the concentration of blood activity is determined, counting data are converted to a two-dimensional map of LCBV representing a cross section at a known level of the brain. In a series of five baboons, the following equation was obtained for the regression plane that relates LCBV in the center of the brain to arterial carbon dioxide tension (P-ALPHA-CO2) and mean arterial blood pressure (MABP): LCBV equals 2.88 + 0.049P-ALPHA-CO2 MINUS 0.013MABP. In patients, LCBE values ranged from 2 to 4 ml/100 g depending on location; higher values corresponded to regions of cerebral cortex. Differences in blood volumes of focal brain lesions were also quantified.", "contents": "Local cerebral blood volume determined by three-dimensional reconstruction of radionuclide scan data. We developed a method to determine in man absolute values of local cerebral blood volume (LCBV) localized throughout the brain in three dimensions and presented in a cross-sectional picture format. Previously, absolute values of LCBV have been determined in vivo by stimulated X-ray fluorescence, but these determinations have been limited to one point in the brain at a time. All other previous estimates of LCBV by external emission counting have been contaminated by the significant contribution of blood in the overlying scalp and cranium. In our method, a transverse section scan is made after the injection of -99m-Tc-labeled red blood cells into a peripheral vein. Data processing then gives a point-to-point estimate of absolute radionuclide concentration analogous to an autoradiograph. After the concentration of blood activity is determined, counting data are converted to a two-dimensional map of LCBV representing a cross section at a known level of the brain. In a series of five baboons, the following equation was obtained for the regression plane that relates LCBV in the center of the brain to arterial carbon dioxide tension (P-ALPHA-CO2) and mean arterial blood pressure (MABP): LCBV equals 2.88 + 0.049P-ALPHA-CO2 MINUS 0.013MABP. In patients, LCBE values ranged from 2 to 4 ml/100 g depending on location; higher values corresponded to regions of cerebral cortex. Differences in blood volumes of focal brain lesions were also quantified.", "PMID": 1122571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7700", "title": "Effect of sympathetic nerve stimulation on cerebral and cephalic blood flow in dogs.", "content": "The effect of sympathetic stimulation (stellate ganglion) on dog cerebral and cephalic blood flows was studied via a cervical or a thoracic approach to the stellate ganglion under sodium pentobarbital or chloralose anesthesia. Two different stimulation voltages (3v and 5v) of monophasic pulses were applied for 1 minute. Venous outflow was measured at the confluence of the sagittal, straight and lateral sinuses with the lateral sinuses occluded and with them patent. When the lateral sinuses were occluded, stellate ganglion stimulation resulted in a marked decrease in common carotid blood flow to 38 plus or minus 2.5% (SE) of control and dilation of the ipsilateral pupil, but cerebral blood flow did not change. Similar effects were observed with each of the anatomic approaches, anesthetics, and voltages used and in dogs with low cerebral vascular tone induced by hypercapnia. When the lateral sinuses were kept patent, sympathetic nerve stimulation decreased the venous outflow to 89 plus or minus 2.9% of control and clamping both of the external jugular veins increased venous outflow to 120 plus or minus 2.7% of control. When the lateral sinuses were kept patent and the extracranial venous pressure was increased by clamping both of the external jugular veins, the decrease in venous outflow in response to sympathetic stimulation was even larger: venous outflow was only 65 plus or minus 4.9% of control. We conclude that stimulation of the stellate ganglion has no effect on the cerebral vasculature. Sympathetic stimulation significantly decreases venous blood flow measured at the confluence of the sinuses only when communications between the intracranial and extracranial venous vasculatures are present.", "contents": "Effect of sympathetic nerve stimulation on cerebral and cephalic blood flow in dogs. The effect of sympathetic stimulation (stellate ganglion) on dog cerebral and cephalic blood flows was studied via a cervical or a thoracic approach to the stellate ganglion under sodium pentobarbital or chloralose anesthesia. Two different stimulation voltages (3v and 5v) of monophasic pulses were applied for 1 minute. Venous outflow was measured at the confluence of the sagittal, straight and lateral sinuses with the lateral sinuses occluded and with them patent. When the lateral sinuses were occluded, stellate ganglion stimulation resulted in a marked decrease in common carotid blood flow to 38 plus or minus 2.5% (SE) of control and dilation of the ipsilateral pupil, but cerebral blood flow did not change. Similar effects were observed with each of the anatomic approaches, anesthetics, and voltages used and in dogs with low cerebral vascular tone induced by hypercapnia. When the lateral sinuses were kept patent, sympathetic nerve stimulation decreased the venous outflow to 89 plus or minus 2.9% of control and clamping both of the external jugular veins increased venous outflow to 120 plus or minus 2.7% of control. When the lateral sinuses were kept patent and the extracranial venous pressure was increased by clamping both of the external jugular veins, the decrease in venous outflow in response to sympathetic stimulation was even larger: venous outflow was only 65 plus or minus 4.9% of control. We conclude that stimulation of the stellate ganglion has no effect on the cerebral vasculature. Sympathetic stimulation significantly decreases venous blood flow measured at the confluence of the sinuses only when communications between the intracranial and extracranial venous vasculatures are present.", "PMID": 1122572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7701", "title": "Inherited depression of arterial lipoamide dehydrogenase activity associated with susceptibility to atherosclerosis in pigeons.", "content": "The activity of lipoamide dehydorgenase (E.C.1.6.4.3) was measured in arterial homogenates from very young pigeons (5-8 weeks old) known to differ in their susceptibility to atherosclerosis. The activity of the arterial enzyme was significantly lower in the atherosclerosis-susceptible White Carneau pigeons than it was in the atherosclerosis-resistant Show Racer pigeons. Lipoamide dehydrogenase is a component of the pyruvate dehydrogenase and alpha-ketoglutarate multienzyme complexes. The first complex catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to oxaloacetate via acetyl-CoA, and this reaction represents a crucial link between glycolysis and the Krebs cycle. The second complex is essential for the oxidative breakdown of carbohydrates, fats, and amino acids via the Krebs cycle. Reduced activity of these complexes, resulting from low activity of lipoamide dehydrogenase, favors reduction of pyruvate to lactate and a shift to glycolysis. This situation is in accord with other results obtained in avian and human arteries which appear to indicate a higher rate of glycolysis in atherosclerosis-susceptible and atherosclerotic arteries. It appears that the increased dependence of the White Carneau arteries on glycolysis, suggested by the reduced lipoamide dehydrogenase activity, facilitates the development of atherosclerosis in this pigeon strain.", "contents": "Inherited depression of arterial lipoamide dehydrogenase activity associated with susceptibility to atherosclerosis in pigeons. The activity of lipoamide dehydorgenase (E.C.1.6.4.3) was measured in arterial homogenates from very young pigeons (5-8 weeks old) known to differ in their susceptibility to atherosclerosis. The activity of the arterial enzyme was significantly lower in the atherosclerosis-susceptible White Carneau pigeons than it was in the atherosclerosis-resistant Show Racer pigeons. Lipoamide dehydrogenase is a component of the pyruvate dehydrogenase and alpha-ketoglutarate multienzyme complexes. The first complex catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to oxaloacetate via acetyl-CoA, and this reaction represents a crucial link between glycolysis and the Krebs cycle. The second complex is essential for the oxidative breakdown of carbohydrates, fats, and amino acids via the Krebs cycle. Reduced activity of these complexes, resulting from low activity of lipoamide dehydrogenase, favors reduction of pyruvate to lactate and a shift to glycolysis. This situation is in accord with other results obtained in avian and human arteries which appear to indicate a higher rate of glycolysis in atherosclerosis-susceptible and atherosclerotic arteries. It appears that the increased dependence of the White Carneau arteries on glycolysis, suggested by the reduced lipoamide dehydrogenase activity, facilitates the development of atherosclerosis in this pigeon strain.", "PMID": 1122573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7702", "title": "Histamine potentiation of nerve- and drug-induced responses of a rabbit cerebral artery.", "content": "Rabbit basilar artery rings are normally relatively unresponsive to transmural stimulation of their sympathetic nerve supply. However, in the presence of histamine (0.55 muM), contractile responses to nerve stimulation were markedly increased. Norepinephrine and serotonin concentrations that produce 50% of a maximum contractile response (ED50) were considerably decreased in the presence of histamine; maximum responses to both norepinephrine and serotonin were increased. Although a prejunctional effecto of histamine has not been eliminated, potentiation of responses to transmural nerve stimulation is probably due to an increase in smooth muscle responsiveness to norepinephrine. In rabbit saphenous artery rings, histamine produced a qualitatively similar potentiation of responses to nerve stimulation, norepinephrine, and serotonin except that maximum responses were not increased. Serotonin (0.084 muM) did nog potentiate contractile responses of the basilar artery to transmural nerve stimulation or norepinephrine. Since histamine and serotonin are released from rabbit platelets in response to tissue injury the synergistic effect of these agents on vascular smooth muscle contraction might be advantageous in minimizing hemorrhage. But such a response could also be deleterious if the effects of these vasoconstrictors were prolonged.", "contents": "Histamine potentiation of nerve- and drug-induced responses of a rabbit cerebral artery. Rabbit basilar artery rings are normally relatively unresponsive to transmural stimulation of their sympathetic nerve supply. However, in the presence of histamine (0.55 muM), contractile responses to nerve stimulation were markedly increased. Norepinephrine and serotonin concentrations that produce 50% of a maximum contractile response (ED50) were considerably decreased in the presence of histamine; maximum responses to both norepinephrine and serotonin were increased. Although a prejunctional effecto of histamine has not been eliminated, potentiation of responses to transmural nerve stimulation is probably due to an increase in smooth muscle responsiveness to norepinephrine. In rabbit saphenous artery rings, histamine produced a qualitatively similar potentiation of responses to nerve stimulation, norepinephrine, and serotonin except that maximum responses were not increased. Serotonin (0.084 muM) did nog potentiate contractile responses of the basilar artery to transmural nerve stimulation or norepinephrine. Since histamine and serotonin are released from rabbit platelets in response to tissue injury the synergistic effect of these agents on vascular smooth muscle contraction might be advantageous in minimizing hemorrhage. But such a response could also be deleterious if the effects of these vasoconstrictors were prolonged.", "PMID": 1122574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7703", "title": "Simulation of action potential propagation in an inhomogeneous sheet of coupled excitable cells.", "content": "Cable theory and active equivalent circuits have been used to simulate the propagation of action potentials along a single nerve or muscle fiber by representing the cell as a unidimensional cable composed of isopotential segments. We extended this method to a two-dimensional sheet of cells which in many ways represents the atrium. Our method consisted of solving for the potential profile of a sheet composed of a large number of isopotential membrane patches, each of which was represented by an active equivalent circuit in which the ionic conductances were functions of voltage and time. The patches were arranged in a rectangular array with resistive interconnections that could be varied over the sheet. We used this model to study the effect of various inhomogeneities on conduction velocity and the resulting wave fronts in a sheet of excitable tissue. Some of these inhomogeneities included different effective internal resistances in the x and y directions, preferential pathways, and discrete regions of changing resistive connections. The results showed that very localized changes in membrane properties or cellular interconnections produce changes in the wave front over broad areas. This model provides a method for computing the wave fronts of action potential propagation in any two-dimensional inhomogeneous sheet of coupled excitable cells.", "contents": "Simulation of action potential propagation in an inhomogeneous sheet of coupled excitable cells. Cable theory and active equivalent circuits have been used to simulate the propagation of action potentials along a single nerve or muscle fiber by representing the cell as a unidimensional cable composed of isopotential segments. We extended this method to a two-dimensional sheet of cells which in many ways represents the atrium. Our method consisted of solving for the potential profile of a sheet composed of a large number of isopotential membrane patches, each of which was represented by an active equivalent circuit in which the ionic conductances were functions of voltage and time. The patches were arranged in a rectangular array with resistive interconnections that could be varied over the sheet. We used this model to study the effect of various inhomogeneities on conduction velocity and the resulting wave fronts in a sheet of excitable tissue. Some of these inhomogeneities included different effective internal resistances in the x and y directions, preferential pathways, and discrete regions of changing resistive connections. The results showed that very localized changes in membrane properties or cellular interconnections produce changes in the wave front over broad areas. This model provides a method for computing the wave fronts of action potential propagation in any two-dimensional inhomogeneous sheet of coupled excitable cells.", "PMID": 1122575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7704", "title": "Correlation between the response of the heart to sympathetic stimulation and the release of endogenous catecholamines into the coronary sinus of the dog.", "content": "The relationship between the increase in catecholamine levels of the coronary sinus blood and the amplitude of various cardiac responses to adrenergic nerve stimulation was studied in anesthetized dogs. Plasma catecholamine levels in both coronary sinus and aortic blood were measured by a modification of the radiometric enzymatic assay for tissue catecholamines and were found to be 0.622 plus or minus 0.104 (SE) ng/ml and 0.933 plus or minus 0.116 ng/ml, respectively, under basal conditions. The catecholamine levels in coronary sinus blood increased linearly during right cardioaccelerator nerve stimulation up to a frequency of 10 Hz. At this frequency, maximum values were observed in both coronary sinus blood catecholamine levels and cardiac responses. The correlation between the response in heart rate, mean coronary blood flow, and dP/dt of left ventricular pressure and the increase in endogenous catecholamine levels of coronary sinus blood was significant, but the relationship was nonlinear. The present experimental design may prove to be a reliable means of studying the role of the sympathetic nervous system in the regulation of cardiovascular function in vivo.", "contents": "Correlation between the response of the heart to sympathetic stimulation and the release of endogenous catecholamines into the coronary sinus of the dog. The relationship between the increase in catecholamine levels of the coronary sinus blood and the amplitude of various cardiac responses to adrenergic nerve stimulation was studied in anesthetized dogs. Plasma catecholamine levels in both coronary sinus and aortic blood were measured by a modification of the radiometric enzymatic assay for tissue catecholamines and were found to be 0.622 plus or minus 0.104 (SE) ng/ml and 0.933 plus or minus 0.116 ng/ml, respectively, under basal conditions. The catecholamine levels in coronary sinus blood increased linearly during right cardioaccelerator nerve stimulation up to a frequency of 10 Hz. At this frequency, maximum values were observed in both coronary sinus blood catecholamine levels and cardiac responses. The correlation between the response in heart rate, mean coronary blood flow, and dP/dt of left ventricular pressure and the increase in endogenous catecholamine levels of coronary sinus blood was significant, but the relationship was nonlinear. The present experimental design may prove to be a reliable means of studying the role of the sympathetic nervous system in the regulation of cardiovascular function in vivo.", "PMID": 1122576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7705", "title": "Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. The problem, evaluation, and surgical correction.", "content": "Physiological studies of the type we have described, when performed in patients with the WPW syndrome, can yield diagnostic information regarding the mechanism of arrhythmia, demonstrate functional properties of therapeutic import, facilitate therapeutic decision-making about drug regimens and presumptively localize the site of pre-excitation as a basis for possible surgical intervention. Based on our experience, we feel that in selected patients, surgical correction of the WPW syndrome is entirely feasible, and can be accomplished in the majority of patients in whom free wall A-V connections are present. The continuing challenge of identification and correction of septal accessory pathways directs our present work with the WPW syndrome.", "contents": "Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. The problem, evaluation, and surgical correction. Physiological studies of the type we have described, when performed in patients with the WPW syndrome, can yield diagnostic information regarding the mechanism of arrhythmia, demonstrate functional properties of therapeutic import, facilitate therapeutic decision-making about drug regimens and presumptively localize the site of pre-excitation as a basis for possible surgical intervention. Based on our experience, we feel that in selected patients, surgical correction of the WPW syndrome is entirely feasible, and can be accomplished in the majority of patients in whom free wall A-V connections are present. The continuing challenge of identification and correction of septal accessory pathways directs our present work with the WPW syndrome.", "PMID": 1122580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7706", "title": "Intraventricular conduction in man studied with an endocardial electrode catheter mapping technique. Patients with normal QRS and right bundle branch block.", "content": "The sequence of intraventricular conduction has been studied in a total of 60 patients, 38 of whom had normal QRS morphology and 37 of whom had right bundle branch block (RBBB) either present continuously or produced as functional aberrant RBBB by the introduction of atrial premature depolarizations or by rapid atrial pacing. Activation times were measured by intracardiac electrode catheters positioned at the right ventricular inflow tract (RVIT), right ventricular apex (RVA), right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT), left ventricular apex (LVA) and left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT). The activation after beginning of QRS in milliseconds plus or minus 1 SD and the number of patients studied at each location were: RVIT--normal 23 plus or minus 13 (15 patients); RVIT-RBBB 49 plus or minus 16 (15 patients); RVA--normal 18 plus or minus 9 (28 patients); RVA-RBBB 54 plus or minus 16 (30 patients); RVOT--normal 40 plus or minus 10 (28 patients); RVOT-RBBB 78 plus or minus 21 (30 patients);LVA--normal 9 plus or minus 9 (18 patients); LVA-RBBB 6 plus or minus 10 (10 patients); LVOT--normal 45 plus or minus 13 (10 patients); LVOT-RBBB 32 plus or minus 9 (7 patients). Significant differences observed were: RVA-normal versus RVA-RBBB P smaller than 0.001; RVOT-RBBB P smaller than 0.001; RVA-normal versus LVA-normal P smaller than 0.005; LVA-normal versus LVA-RBBB NS, LVOT-normal versus LVOT-RBBB P smaller than 0.05. The LVOT change was unexpected and suggests changes in left ventricular depolarization may occur when right bundle branch block develops. In patients with RBBB the activation of the RVA (r equals 0.82) and of the RVOT (r equals 0.68) was directly related to the duration of QRS. Changes in activation time when RBBB was induced by rapid atrial pacing or by introduction of atrial premature depolarizations were: RVA (7 patients) 19 plus or minus 11 to 56 plus or minus 16 (P smaller than 0.001); RVOT (9 patients) 41 plus or minus 10 to 77 plus or minus 22 (P SMALLER THAN 0.001); LVA (5 patients) and LVOT (2 patients), small insignigicant changes. These data indicate that endocardial activation changes can be evaluated in the catheterization laboratory, that right ventricular conduction becomes slower in RBBB as a direct function of total QRS and that left ventricular conduction may be affected when RBBB develops.", "contents": "Intraventricular conduction in man studied with an endocardial electrode catheter mapping technique. Patients with normal QRS and right bundle branch block. The sequence of intraventricular conduction has been studied in a total of 60 patients, 38 of whom had normal QRS morphology and 37 of whom had right bundle branch block (RBBB) either present continuously or produced as functional aberrant RBBB by the introduction of atrial premature depolarizations or by rapid atrial pacing. Activation times were measured by intracardiac electrode catheters positioned at the right ventricular inflow tract (RVIT), right ventricular apex (RVA), right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT), left ventricular apex (LVA) and left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT). The activation after beginning of QRS in milliseconds plus or minus 1 SD and the number of patients studied at each location were: RVIT--normal 23 plus or minus 13 (15 patients); RVIT-RBBB 49 plus or minus 16 (15 patients); RVA--normal 18 plus or minus 9 (28 patients); RVA-RBBB 54 plus or minus 16 (30 patients); RVOT--normal 40 plus or minus 10 (28 patients); RVOT-RBBB 78 plus or minus 21 (30 patients);LVA--normal 9 plus or minus 9 (18 patients); LVA-RBBB 6 plus or minus 10 (10 patients); LVOT--normal 45 plus or minus 13 (10 patients); LVOT-RBBB 32 plus or minus 9 (7 patients). Significant differences observed were: RVA-normal versus RVA-RBBB P smaller than 0.001; RVOT-RBBB P smaller than 0.001; RVA-normal versus LVA-normal P smaller than 0.005; LVA-normal versus LVA-RBBB NS, LVOT-normal versus LVOT-RBBB P smaller than 0.05. The LVOT change was unexpected and suggests changes in left ventricular depolarization may occur when right bundle branch block develops. In patients with RBBB the activation of the RVA (r equals 0.82) and of the RVOT (r equals 0.68) was directly related to the duration of QRS. Changes in activation time when RBBB was induced by rapid atrial pacing or by introduction of atrial premature depolarizations were: RVA (7 patients) 19 plus or minus 11 to 56 plus or minus 16 (P smaller than 0.001); RVOT (9 patients) 41 plus or minus 10 to 77 plus or minus 22 (P SMALLER THAN 0.001); LVA (5 patients) and LVOT (2 patients), small insignigicant changes. These data indicate that endocardial activation changes can be evaluated in the catheterization laboratory, that right ventricular conduction becomes slower in RBBB as a direct function of total QRS and that left ventricular conduction may be affected when RBBB develops.", "PMID": 1122581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7707", "title": "Corrected sinus node recovery time. Experimental physiologic and pathologic determinants.", "content": "To determine the factors affecting reproducibility of sinus node recovery time, the effects of basic pacing rate, pacing duration, milliamperage, vagal and beta-adrenergic stimulation, and sinud node injury, as well as its instantaneous and daily reproducibility, were studied in 36 anesthetized dogs. Corrected sinus node recovery time (CSNRT) showed a mean variation of 9.8 plus or minus 0.4 msec at an atrial pacing rate of 200 beats/min and 29.8 plus or minus 8 msec at an atrial pacing rate of 140 beats/min (P smaller than 0.05). CSNRT increased progressively from 55.4 plus or minus 10 msec to 103.7 plus or minus 13 msec with increase in pacing rate from 140 beats/min to 200 beats/min. It was reproducible when atrial pacing was carried out for 1-5 min, although a wide variation (10-30 msec) was seen from 7-60 minutes (P smaller than 0.05). This measurement was reproducible on two consecutive days and was unaffected by changes in milliamperage. Vagal stimulation consistently prolonged the CSNRT while beta-adrenergic stimulation decreased it from 132.9 plus or minus 34.5 msec to 50.0 plus or minus 6.5 msec. Sinus node injury consistently prolonged CSNRT at all paced rates. In summary, CSNRT is reproducible only if the same pacing rate and duration are utilized. Since vagal stimulation and sinus node injury prolong this measurement while beta-adrenergic stimulation shortens it, an \"abnormal\" CSNRT should be assessed in terms of the possible influence of the autonomic nervous system as well as sinus node dysfunction per se.", "contents": "Corrected sinus node recovery time. Experimental physiologic and pathologic determinants. To determine the factors affecting reproducibility of sinus node recovery time, the effects of basic pacing rate, pacing duration, milliamperage, vagal and beta-adrenergic stimulation, and sinud node injury, as well as its instantaneous and daily reproducibility, were studied in 36 anesthetized dogs. Corrected sinus node recovery time (CSNRT) showed a mean variation of 9.8 plus or minus 0.4 msec at an atrial pacing rate of 200 beats/min and 29.8 plus or minus 8 msec at an atrial pacing rate of 140 beats/min (P smaller than 0.05). CSNRT increased progressively from 55.4 plus or minus 10 msec to 103.7 plus or minus 13 msec with increase in pacing rate from 140 beats/min to 200 beats/min. It was reproducible when atrial pacing was carried out for 1-5 min, although a wide variation (10-30 msec) was seen from 7-60 minutes (P smaller than 0.05). This measurement was reproducible on two consecutive days and was unaffected by changes in milliamperage. Vagal stimulation consistently prolonged the CSNRT while beta-adrenergic stimulation decreased it from 132.9 plus or minus 34.5 msec to 50.0 plus or minus 6.5 msec. Sinus node injury consistently prolonged CSNRT at all paced rates. In summary, CSNRT is reproducible only if the same pacing rate and duration are utilized. Since vagal stimulation and sinus node injury prolong this measurement while beta-adrenergic stimulation shortens it, an \"abnormal\" CSNRT should be assessed in terms of the possible influence of the autonomic nervous system as well as sinus node dysfunction per se.", "PMID": 1122582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7708", "title": "Extracardiac recordings of His-Purkinje activity during conduction disorders and junctional rhythms.", "content": "Previous investigations have demonstrated a surface recording technique using signal averaging to detect electrical activity during the \"isoelectric\" P-R segment. Various physiological and pharmacological interventions suggest that the source of these potentials isthe His-Purkinje system (HPS). In order to assess the sensitivity of averaged recordings to changes in HPS activation, i.e., conduction defects in the HPS recordings were made directly from the heart surface using a bipolar, anterior-posterior epicardial lead in 15  dogs which underwent thoractomy. The signal was amplified, filtered and averaged using a digital computer for purposes of signal enhancement. The epicardial averaged lead (EAL) contained activity coincident with HPS depolarization and similar to those recorded by leads on the body surface of intact dogs from previous studies. The standard ECG and His bundle electrogram from an electrode catheter served as references in localizing and assessing several conduction disorders experimentally produced by traumatic and ischemic injury. Among the disorders produced were: 1) atrioventricular (A-V) nodal block which resulted in loss of recorded activity in the EAL following the P wave. 2) First and second degree intra-His bundle block produced by anterior septal artery ligation showed split His potentials in the HBE (1 degree) and 2:1 conduction with block in the His bundle (2 degrees). In the blocked beats the EAL showed a reproducible portion of the activity coincident with proximal His bundle activity of the split His potentials in both cases. 3) In four cases of proximal right bundle branch block produced by anterior septal artery ligation the relatively proximal portions of HPS activity in the EAL showed marked diminution. 4) Two cases of distal His bundle or bilateral bundle branch delay were seen as prolonged H-V time and a normal QRS pattern. The early and late portions of the HPS activity in the EAL were not markedly changed while the middle portion was prolonged and fractionated. 5) Junctional rhythms produced by crushing the SA node resulted in no atrial activity occurring prior to HPS depolarization in the EAL. However, the QRS was preceded by HPS activity whose onset was coincident with the H recorded in the His bundle electrogram. The EAL showed consistent and reproducible morphology and timing of HPS activity at different heart rates during normal conduction and consistent alterations of the HPS activity during abnormal conduction.", "contents": "Extracardiac recordings of His-Purkinje activity during conduction disorders and junctional rhythms. Previous investigations have demonstrated a surface recording technique using signal averaging to detect electrical activity during the \"isoelectric\" P-R segment. Various physiological and pharmacological interventions suggest that the source of these potentials isthe His-Purkinje system (HPS). In order to assess the sensitivity of averaged recordings to changes in HPS activation, i.e., conduction defects in the HPS recordings were made directly from the heart surface using a bipolar, anterior-posterior epicardial lead in 15  dogs which underwent thoractomy. The signal was amplified, filtered and averaged using a digital computer for purposes of signal enhancement. The epicardial averaged lead (EAL) contained activity coincident with HPS depolarization and similar to those recorded by leads on the body surface of intact dogs from previous studies. The standard ECG and His bundle electrogram from an electrode catheter served as references in localizing and assessing several conduction disorders experimentally produced by traumatic and ischemic injury. Among the disorders produced were: 1) atrioventricular (A-V) nodal block which resulted in loss of recorded activity in the EAL following the P wave. 2) First and second degree intra-His bundle block produced by anterior septal artery ligation showed split His potentials in the HBE (1 degree) and 2:1 conduction with block in the His bundle (2 degrees). In the blocked beats the EAL showed a reproducible portion of the activity coincident with proximal His bundle activity of the split His potentials in both cases. 3) In four cases of proximal right bundle branch block produced by anterior septal artery ligation the relatively proximal portions of HPS activity in the EAL showed marked diminution. 4) Two cases of distal His bundle or bilateral bundle branch delay were seen as prolonged H-V time and a normal QRS pattern. The early and late portions of the HPS activity in the EAL were not markedly changed while the middle portion was prolonged and fractionated. 5) Junctional rhythms produced by crushing the SA node resulted in no atrial activity occurring prior to HPS depolarization in the EAL. However, the QRS was preceded by HPS activity whose onset was coincident with the H recorded in the His bundle electrogram. The EAL showed consistent and reproducible morphology and timing of HPS activity at different heart rates during normal conduction and consistent alterations of the HPS activity during abnormal conduction.", "PMID": 1122583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7709", "title": "\"Supernormal conduction\" of a premature impulse utilizing the fast pathway in a patient with dual atrioventricular nodal pathways.", "content": "Electrophysiological studies with atrial extrastimulus technique suggested the presence of dual atrioventricular (A-V) nodal pathways in a patient with hypothyroidism, as evidenced by a sudden increase of H1-H2 intervals at critical A1-A2 coupling intervals. Following the atrial extrastimulus (A2), a third impulse (A3) occurred spontaneously. During slow pathway conduction of A2, and A3, appearing at a critically timed interval allowed fast pathway conduction, resulting in an earlier than expected QRS (a form of supernormal conduction). This demonstration of fast pathway conduction during slow pathway conduction adds strong evidence for the existence of dual A-V nodal pathways.", "contents": "\"Supernormal conduction\" of a premature impulse utilizing the fast pathway in a patient with dual atrioventricular nodal pathways. Electrophysiological studies with atrial extrastimulus technique suggested the presence of dual atrioventricular (A-V) nodal pathways in a patient with hypothyroidism, as evidenced by a sudden increase of H1-H2 intervals at critical A1-A2 coupling intervals. Following the atrial extrastimulus (A2), a third impulse (A3) occurred spontaneously. During slow pathway conduction of A2, and A3, appearing at a critically timed interval allowed fast pathway conduction, resulting in an earlier than expected QRS (a form of supernormal conduction). This demonstration of fast pathway conduction during slow pathway conduction adds strong evidence for the existence of dual A-V nodal pathways.", "PMID": 1122584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7710", "title": "Echocardiographic detection of tricuspid valve prolapse.", "content": "The echocardiographic findings in 12 patients with tricuspid valve prolapse are presented. Eight of these patients had associated mitral valve prolapse. Only one of the above patients had the characteristic physical signs of tricuspid incompetence. Two types of abnormality were noted on the echocardiogram of the tricuspid valve. In eight patients, the systolic segment of the tricuspid valve showed an initial horizontal motion followed by a posterior motion in midsystole. Four patients exhibited posterior motion of the tricuspid valve in early systole, which reached a maximum in midsystole, and this was followed by an anterior motion, thus producing a hammock-like configuration. We conclude that echocardiography is useful in the diagnosis of tricuspid valve prolapse. Since this condition may be associated with clinically significant tricuspid incompetence or bacterial endocarditis, its recognition is of clinical importance.", "contents": "Echocardiographic detection of tricuspid valve prolapse. The echocardiographic findings in 12 patients with tricuspid valve prolapse are presented. Eight of these patients had associated mitral valve prolapse. Only one of the above patients had the characteristic physical signs of tricuspid incompetence. Two types of abnormality were noted on the echocardiogram of the tricuspid valve. In eight patients, the systolic segment of the tricuspid valve showed an initial horizontal motion followed by a posterior motion in midsystole. Four patients exhibited posterior motion of the tricuspid valve in early systole, which reached a maximum in midsystole, and this was followed by an anterior motion, thus producing a hammock-like configuration. We conclude that echocardiography is useful in the diagnosis of tricuspid valve prolapse. Since this condition may be associated with clinically significant tricuspid incompetence or bacterial endocarditis, its recognition is of clinical importance.", "PMID": 1122585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7711", "title": "Measurement of mitral orifice area in patients with mitral valve disease by real-time, two-dimensional echocardiography.", "content": "A quantitative assessment of mitral valve orifice area can be achieved in patients with pure mitral stenosis by cardiac catheterization. In the presence of mitral regurgitation, however, accurate measurement often is impossible because total diastolic flow through the mitral valve frequently is unknow. Using a recently developed real-time, two-dimensional echocardiography system, we are able to obtain cross-sectional images of the mitral valve by scanning the heart perpendicular to its long axis at the level of the tip of the mitral leaflets. Twenty consecutive patients undergoing operation for mitral valve disease were studied during the week prior to operation. In 18 of 20 (90%) the mitral orifice was imaged successfully in early diastole by two-dimensional echocardiography so that mitral valve orifice area could be measured directly in square centimeters. In 14 patients (ten with associated mitral regurgitation), mitral orifice area was measured both by echocardiography and directly at time of operation. In 12 of 14 (86%) patients, mitral orifice area by two-dimensional echocardiography was within 0.3 square centimeters of that measured at operation (correlation coefficient for all 14 patients equals 0.92). We conclude that two-dimensional echocardiography is extremely useful in the evaluation of patients with mitral valve disease because it provides a noninvasive method for directly measuring the mitral valve orifice area that is accurate even in the presence of mitral regurgitation.", "contents": "Measurement of mitral orifice area in patients with mitral valve disease by real-time, two-dimensional echocardiography. A quantitative assessment of mitral valve orifice area can be achieved in patients with pure mitral stenosis by cardiac catheterization. In the presence of mitral regurgitation, however, accurate measurement often is impossible because total diastolic flow through the mitral valve frequently is unknow. Using a recently developed real-time, two-dimensional echocardiography system, we are able to obtain cross-sectional images of the mitral valve by scanning the heart perpendicular to its long axis at the level of the tip of the mitral leaflets. Twenty consecutive patients undergoing operation for mitral valve disease were studied during the week prior to operation. In 18 of 20 (90%) the mitral orifice was imaged successfully in early diastole by two-dimensional echocardiography so that mitral valve orifice area could be measured directly in square centimeters. In 14 patients (ten with associated mitral regurgitation), mitral orifice area was measured both by echocardiography and directly at time of operation. In 12 of 14 (86%) patients, mitral orifice area by two-dimensional echocardiography was within 0.3 square centimeters of that measured at operation (correlation coefficient for all 14 patients equals 0.92). We conclude that two-dimensional echocardiography is extremely useful in the evaluation of patients with mitral valve disease because it provides a noninvasive method for directly measuring the mitral valve orifice area that is accurate even in the presence of mitral regurgitation.", "PMID": 1122586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7712", "title": "Echocardiography manifestations of flail aortic valve leaflets in bacterial endocarditis.", "content": "This report describes the echocardiographic features seen in a case of bacterial endocarditis in which the aortic valve leaflets had been partially destroyed. The endocardiogram demonstrated unusual, disorganized echo patterns in the outflow tract of the left ventricle near the anterior leaflet of the mitral valve in diastole. These were shown to be continuous with similar disorganized echo patterns demonstrated in the aortic root in diastole. These echocardiographic abnormalities were no longer present after aortic valve replacement.", "contents": "Echocardiography manifestations of flail aortic valve leaflets in bacterial endocarditis. This report describes the echocardiographic features seen in a case of bacterial endocarditis in which the aortic valve leaflets had been partially destroyed. The endocardiogram demonstrated unusual, disorganized echo patterns in the outflow tract of the left ventricle near the anterior leaflet of the mitral valve in diastole. These were shown to be continuous with similar disorganized echo patterns demonstrated in the aortic root in diastole. These echocardiographic abnormalities were no longer present after aortic valve replacement.", "PMID": 1122587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7713", "title": "Echocardiographic demonstration of early mitral valve closure in severe aortic insufficiency. Its clinical implications.", "content": "Severe aortic insufficiency may accelerate mitral valve closure. We noted this echocardiographic finding in several patients with the acute onset of severe aortic insufficiency. Accordingly, we examined our total echocardiographic series retrospectively for early closure of the mitral valve (ECMV) in the setting of aortic insufficiency and found it in 11 of 53 patients with confirmed aortic insufficiency. During our study ECMV was fortuitously found in two other patients without aortic insufficiency, ECMV occurred in late diastole following the echocardiographic \"A\" wave, often associated with s suppressed \"A\" wave (type \"B\" ECMV). ECMV presence and subtype, along with other clinical parameters, appeared to be useful in the serial evaluation of the patient with severe aortic insufficiency. Additionally, the analysis of ECMV type helped to clarify the mechanism and significance of the Austin Flint murmur. Analysis of 17 patients with and without ECMV, with severe aortic insufficiency judged clinically (NYHA functional class III or IV) and angiographically (3+), indicated that only ECMV patients had acute aortic insufficiency and demonstrated diminished left ventricular size following successful aortic valve replacement. Although due primarily to aortic insufficiency, ECMV could be influenced by rhythm or conducted abnormalities, co-existent cardiac lesions, and pharmacologic interventions. Exclusive of these factors, ECMV was an excellent sign of acute, torrential aortic insufficiency, and a simple noninvasive indicator of the patient requiring immediate aortic valve replacement.", "contents": "Echocardiographic demonstration of early mitral valve closure in severe aortic insufficiency. Its clinical implications. Severe aortic insufficiency may accelerate mitral valve closure. We noted this echocardiographic finding in several patients with the acute onset of severe aortic insufficiency. Accordingly, we examined our total echocardiographic series retrospectively for early closure of the mitral valve (ECMV) in the setting of aortic insufficiency and found it in 11 of 53 patients with confirmed aortic insufficiency. During our study ECMV was fortuitously found in two other patients without aortic insufficiency, ECMV occurred in late diastole following the echocardiographic \"A\" wave, often associated with s suppressed \"A\" wave (type \"B\" ECMV). ECMV presence and subtype, along with other clinical parameters, appeared to be useful in the serial evaluation of the patient with severe aortic insufficiency. Additionally, the analysis of ECMV type helped to clarify the mechanism and significance of the Austin Flint murmur. Analysis of 17 patients with and without ECMV, with severe aortic insufficiency judged clinically (NYHA functional class III or IV) and angiographically (3+), indicated that only ECMV patients had acute aortic insufficiency and demonstrated diminished left ventricular size following successful aortic valve replacement. Although due primarily to aortic insufficiency, ECMV could be influenced by rhythm or conducted abnormalities, co-existent cardiac lesions, and pharmacologic interventions. Exclusive of these factors, ECMV was an excellent sign of acute, torrential aortic insufficiency, and a simple noninvasive indicator of the patient requiring immediate aortic valve replacement.", "PMID": 1122588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7714", "title": "Variability of echocardiographic discontinuity in double outlet right ventricle and truncus arteriosus.", "content": "The widespread application of echocardiography to the field of congenital heart disease has led to the development of a concept of \"echocardiographic discontinuity\" for the diagnosis of some conditions. Although this is a valuable sign in differentiating such entities as tetralogy of Fallot, truncus arteriosus and double outlet right ventricle, the reported cases illustrate that the echocardiographic recognition of discontinuity may be complicated by technical factors. In addition, the differential diagnosis must include truncus arteriosus with coexistence of anterior and posterior discontinuity.", "contents": "Variability of echocardiographic discontinuity in double outlet right ventricle and truncus arteriosus. The widespread application of echocardiography to the field of congenital heart disease has led to the development of a concept of \"echocardiographic discontinuity\" for the diagnosis of some conditions. Although this is a valuable sign in differentiating such entities as tetralogy of Fallot, truncus arteriosus and double outlet right ventricle, the reported cases illustrate that the echocardiographic recognition of discontinuity may be complicated by technical factors. In addition, the differential diagnosis must include truncus arteriosus with coexistence of anterior and posterior discontinuity.", "PMID": 1122589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7715", "title": "Cardiac specific creatine phosphokinase isoenzyme in the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "The specific and sensitivity of serum creatine phosphokinase cardiac specific isoenzyme (MB) in the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) was evaluated. An ion-exchange chromatographic technique was used to isolate MB. Sera layered on mini-columns of DEAE-Sephadex were eluted with Tris-buffered sodium chloride. Quantification of isolated MB was performed by creatine phosphokinase (CPK) assay (Rosalki method) of column effluents. MB was expressed as a percentage of the simultaneously determined total serum CPK; MB was determined in 100 consecutive admissions to the Coronary Care Unit. Acute myocardial infarction was diagnosed by accepted criteria. In 47 patients with proven AMI, including three with normal total CPK, peak MB was greater than 4% of total CPK. In 49 patients without AMI, including 15 with elevated total CPK (due to trauma, injections, cardioversion), peak MB was less than 2% of total CPK. MB was elevated, but did not peak in four patients without AMI but with chronic atrial fibrillation. Isolation and quantification of MB by this technique is rapidly and easily performed and provides a specific and extremely sensitive tool for the diagnosis of AMI.", "contents": "Cardiac specific creatine phosphokinase isoenzyme in the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. The specific and sensitivity of serum creatine phosphokinase cardiac specific isoenzyme (MB) in the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) was evaluated. An ion-exchange chromatographic technique was used to isolate MB. Sera layered on mini-columns of DEAE-Sephadex were eluted with Tris-buffered sodium chloride. Quantification of isolated MB was performed by creatine phosphokinase (CPK) assay (Rosalki method) of column effluents. MB was expressed as a percentage of the simultaneously determined total serum CPK; MB was determined in 100 consecutive admissions to the Coronary Care Unit. Acute myocardial infarction was diagnosed by accepted criteria. In 47 patients with proven AMI, including three with normal total CPK, peak MB was greater than 4% of total CPK. In 49 patients without AMI, including 15 with elevated total CPK (due to trauma, injections, cardioversion), peak MB was less than 2% of total CPK. MB was elevated, but did not peak in four patients without AMI but with chronic atrial fibrillation. Isolation and quantification of MB by this technique is rapidly and easily performed and provides a specific and extremely sensitive tool for the diagnosis of AMI.", "PMID": 1122590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7716", "title": "Time course and zonal variations of ischemia-induced myocardial cationic electrolyte derangements.", "content": "Myocardial cationic electrolytes were determined at regular time intervals up to 24 hours after coronary artery ligation in the dog. Replicate electrolyte ratios were computed for different areas of the heart at each time interval. For purposes of statistical analysis, ratios from two border areas and four areas remote from the infarct were pooled as values for ZONE B and ZONE N, respectively, and compared with those from the infarct proper, ZONE I. Ischemia-induced tissue Mg++/Ca++ changes paralleled those of K+/Na+ with respect to time course and zonal variations. In ZONE I, both K+/Na+ and Mg++/Ca++ fell precipitously during the first hour, and the falls became more gradual thereafter, approac hing those of extracellular fluid at 24 hours. Changes in ZONE B, which appeared normal histologically, followed a similar downward trend but differed in magnitude from those in ZONE I (P smaller than 0.01). Changes in ZONE N were small but did not always overlap values in sham-operated dogs. It was concluded that lowered tissue K+/Na+ and Mg++/Ca++ were sensitive, but not specific, indices of myocardial ishemia, and multiple samplings of ionic ratios were essential for proper interpretation of ischemia-induced myocardial electrolyte derangements.", "contents": "Time course and zonal variations of ischemia-induced myocardial cationic electrolyte derangements. Myocardial cationic electrolytes were determined at regular time intervals up to 24 hours after coronary artery ligation in the dog. Replicate electrolyte ratios were computed for different areas of the heart at each time interval. For purposes of statistical analysis, ratios from two border areas and four areas remote from the infarct were pooled as values for ZONE B and ZONE N, respectively, and compared with those from the infarct proper, ZONE I. Ischemia-induced tissue Mg++/Ca++ changes paralleled those of K+/Na+ with respect to time course and zonal variations. In ZONE I, both K+/Na+ and Mg++/Ca++ fell precipitously during the first hour, and the falls became more gradual thereafter, approac hing those of extracellular fluid at 24 hours. Changes in ZONE B, which appeared normal histologically, followed a similar downward trend but differed in magnitude from those in ZONE I (P smaller than 0.01). Changes in ZONE N were small but did not always overlap values in sham-operated dogs. It was concluded that lowered tissue K+/Na+ and Mg++/Ca++ were sensitive, but not specific, indices of myocardial ishemia, and multiple samplings of ionic ratios were essential for proper interpretation of ischemia-induced myocardial electrolyte derangements.", "PMID": 1122591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7717", "title": "Early onset of pulmonary vascular obstruction in patients with aortopulmonary transposition and intact ventricular septum.", "content": "Of 29 patients with aortopulmonary transposition with intact ventricular septum who underwent cardiac catheterization as neonates, five subsequently developed increased pulmonary vascular resistance at an early age (7 months to 2 1 2 years). The resistance was high in two patients (11.0 and 12.9 units (U)/m-2), moderate in one (5.5 U/m-2) and mild in two (3.6 and 4.6 U/m-2). The two patients with the highest resistances died as a result of the pulmonary vascular obstruction and it was probably a contributing factor in the death of a third patient. The finding of pulmonary vascular obstruction at an early age in five of 29 patients with transposition of the great arteries with intact septa is noteworthy. It assumes even greater significance as the measurement methods tend to underestimate pulmonary vascular resistance. The possible errors in assessing pulmnary vascular resistance and factors possibly contributing to early development of pulmonary vascular obstruction are discussed.", "contents": "Early onset of pulmonary vascular obstruction in patients with aortopulmonary transposition and intact ventricular septum. Of 29 patients with aortopulmonary transposition with intact ventricular septum who underwent cardiac catheterization as neonates, five subsequently developed increased pulmonary vascular resistance at an early age (7 months to 2 1 2 years). The resistance was high in two patients (11.0 and 12.9 units (U)/m-2), moderate in one (5.5 U/m-2) and mild in two (3.6 and 4.6 U/m-2). The two patients with the highest resistances died as a result of the pulmonary vascular obstruction and it was probably a contributing factor in the death of a third patient. The finding of pulmonary vascular obstruction at an early age in five of 29 patients with transposition of the great arteries with intact septa is noteworthy. It assumes even greater significance as the measurement methods tend to underestimate pulmonary vascular resistance. The possible errors in assessing pulmnary vascular resistance and factors possibly contributing to early development of pulmonary vascular obstruction are discussed.", "PMID": 1122592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7718", "title": "Nontraumatic determination of left ventricular ejection fraction by radionuclide angiocardiography.", "content": "Previous reports have suggested that left ventricular ejection fraction can be assessed by recording the passage of peripherally administered radioactive bolus through the heart. The accuracy and validity of this technique were examined in 20 patients undergoing diagnostic cardiac catheterization. 99m-Tc-human serum albumin was injected via a central venous catheter into the superior vena cava and precordial activity recorded with a gamma scintillation camera interfaced to a small digital computer. A computer program was designed to generate time-activity curves from the left ventricular blood pool and to calculate left ventricular ejection fractions from the cyclic fluctuations of the left ventricular time-activity curve which correspond to left ventricular volume changes during each cardiac cycle. The results correlated well with those obtained by biplane cineangiocardiography (r equals 0.94) and indicated that the technique should allow accurate and reproducible determination of left ventricular ejection fraction. The findings, however, demonstrated that the time-activity curve must be generated from a region-of-interest which fits the left ventricular blood pool precisely and must be corrected for contributions arising from noncardiac background structures. This nontraumatic and potentially noninvasive technique appears particularly useful for serial evaluation of the acutely ill patient and for follow-up studies in nonhospitalized patients.", "contents": "Nontraumatic determination of left ventricular ejection fraction by radionuclide angiocardiography. Previous reports have suggested that left ventricular ejection fraction can be assessed by recording the passage of peripherally administered radioactive bolus through the heart. The accuracy and validity of this technique were examined in 20 patients undergoing diagnostic cardiac catheterization. 99m-Tc-human serum albumin was injected via a central venous catheter into the superior vena cava and precordial activity recorded with a gamma scintillation camera interfaced to a small digital computer. A computer program was designed to generate time-activity curves from the left ventricular blood pool and to calculate left ventricular ejection fractions from the cyclic fluctuations of the left ventricular time-activity curve which correspond to left ventricular volume changes during each cardiac cycle. The results correlated well with those obtained by biplane cineangiocardiography (r equals 0.94) and indicated that the technique should allow accurate and reproducible determination of left ventricular ejection fraction. The findings, however, demonstrated that the time-activity curve must be generated from a region-of-interest which fits the left ventricular blood pool precisely and must be corrected for contributions arising from noncardiac background structures. This nontraumatic and potentially noninvasive technique appears particularly useful for serial evaluation of the acutely ill patient and for follow-up studies in nonhospitalized patients.", "PMID": 1122593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7719", "title": "Alterations in preload and ejection phase indices of left ventricular performance,.", "content": "Ejection phase indices such as mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening (V-cf), ejection fraction (EF), and mean normalized systolic ejection rate (MSER) are thought to reflect the level of left ventricular (LV) inotropic state. Although known to be influenced by changes in afterload, their response to altered preload is less certain. This question was examined in ten normal subjects studied in the supine position and after 10 min of 75 degree head-up tilt. Echo VL diameter (D) and carotid pulse recordings were used to calculate LV ejection time, V-cf, MSER, LV end-diastolic and stroke volumes (EDV and SV, by D3 formula), and ejection fraction. Systemic blood pressure (BP)was measured by cuff, and heart rate (HR) counted from the ECG. Calculated LVEDV decreased with tilt (115 plus or minus 8 to 82 plus or minus 7 ml, P smaller than 0.001), as did SV (81 plus or minus 6 to 54 plus or minus 6 ml, P smaller than 0.001), and ejection time (0.31 plus or minus 0.01 to 0.27 plus or minus 0.00 sec, P smaller than 0.001), but there was no significant change in systolic or diastolic BP or HR. V-cf, EF, and MSER were not singificantly altered by tilt (1.09 plus or minsu 0.04 to 1.12 plus or minus 0.05 circ/sec; 0.70 plus or minus 0.02 to 0.65 plus or minus 0.02; and 2.29 plus or minus 0.07 to 2.43 plus or minus 0.08 end-diastolic volumes/sec, respectively). V-cf, MSER, and EF appearrelatively unaffected by acute alterations in preload. That compensatory sympathetic responses blunted potential changes cannot be excluded, although HR was not found to have increased.", "contents": "Alterations in preload and ejection phase indices of left ventricular performance,. Ejection phase indices such as mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening (V-cf), ejection fraction (EF), and mean normalized systolic ejection rate (MSER) are thought to reflect the level of left ventricular (LV) inotropic state. Although known to be influenced by changes in afterload, their response to altered preload is less certain. This question was examined in ten normal subjects studied in the supine position and after 10 min of 75 degree head-up tilt. Echo VL diameter (D) and carotid pulse recordings were used to calculate LV ejection time, V-cf, MSER, LV end-diastolic and stroke volumes (EDV and SV, by D3 formula), and ejection fraction. Systemic blood pressure (BP)was measured by cuff, and heart rate (HR) counted from the ECG. Calculated LVEDV decreased with tilt (115 plus or minus 8 to 82 plus or minus 7 ml, P smaller than 0.001), as did SV (81 plus or minus 6 to 54 plus or minus 6 ml, P smaller than 0.001), and ejection time (0.31 plus or minus 0.01 to 0.27 plus or minus 0.00 sec, P smaller than 0.001), but there was no significant change in systolic or diastolic BP or HR. V-cf, EF, and MSER were not singificantly altered by tilt (1.09 plus or minsu 0.04 to 1.12 plus or minus 0.05 circ/sec; 0.70 plus or minus 0.02 to 0.65 plus or minus 0.02; and 2.29 plus or minus 0.07 to 2.43 plus or minus 0.08 end-diastolic volumes/sec, respectively). V-cf, MSER, and EF appearrelatively unaffected by acute alterations in preload. That compensatory sympathetic responses blunted potential changes cannot be excluded, although HR was not found to have increased.", "PMID": 1122594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7720", "title": "Plasma dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity in oral contraceptive hypertension.", "content": "A prospective study was undertaken to evaluate the relative contribution of changes in sympathetic nervous system activity, as reflected by changes in dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) activity, to the pathogenesis of oral contraceptive-induced hypertension. Precontraceptive and serial post contraceptive determinations of blood pressure, plasma renin activity (PRA), DBH activity, and changes in body weight were obtained in twelve control patients and forty-one oral contraceptive users. Forty-four percent of oral contraceptive users had increases in blood pressure but remained normotensive and 17% became frankly hypertensive. The precontraceptive and average post contraceptive levels of mean arterial pressure (MAP), PRA and DBH activity in each patient were compared using paired group analysis. Control patients (group I) exhibited no significant changes in these variables, while the patients with contraceptive-induced increases in MAP (groups III and IV) underwent significant, parallel increases in DBH activity. Finally, the linear regression of changes in MAP on the percent change in DBH activity was examined. The positive slopes in groups III and IV differed significantly from the negative slope of the controls (group I). The data have been interpreted to reflect an inappropriate oral contraceptive-induced stimulus to sympathetic nervous system activity, leading to increases in MAP in susceptible individuals.", "contents": "Plasma dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity in oral contraceptive hypertension. A prospective study was undertaken to evaluate the relative contribution of changes in sympathetic nervous system activity, as reflected by changes in dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) activity, to the pathogenesis of oral contraceptive-induced hypertension. Precontraceptive and serial post contraceptive determinations of blood pressure, plasma renin activity (PRA), DBH activity, and changes in body weight were obtained in twelve control patients and forty-one oral contraceptive users. Forty-four percent of oral contraceptive users had increases in blood pressure but remained normotensive and 17% became frankly hypertensive. The precontraceptive and average post contraceptive levels of mean arterial pressure (MAP), PRA and DBH activity in each patient were compared using paired group analysis. Control patients (group I) exhibited no significant changes in these variables, while the patients with contraceptive-induced increases in MAP (groups III and IV) underwent significant, parallel increases in DBH activity. Finally, the linear regression of changes in MAP on the percent change in DBH activity was examined. The positive slopes in groups III and IV differed significantly from the negative slope of the controls (group I). The data have been interpreted to reflect an inappropriate oral contraceptive-induced stimulus to sympathetic nervous system activity, leading to increases in MAP in susceptible individuals.", "PMID": 1122595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7721", "title": "Radioisotopic bolus technique as a test to detect circulatory deficit associated with cerebral death. 142 studies on 80 patients demonstrating the bedside use of an innocuous IV procedure as an adjunct in the diagnosis of cerebral death.", "content": "A portable radioisotopic technique was developed to demonstrate cerebral circulatory deficit, as part of a collaborative study to define and diagnose cerebral death simply and rapidly, in comatose, apneic patients with electrocerebral silence. The method involves an intravenous injection of 2mCi of 99mTcO4, and recording time/activity curves over the cranial cavity and a femoral artery simultaneously, using twin probe radioisotope detector equipment. Eight comatose, apneic patients had 142 studies in conjunction with clinical electroencephalographic and other laboratory evaluations. The results indicate that the absence of a bolus tracing from the head, as contrasted to the usual bolus seen is indicative of significant circulatory deficit to the cerebrum. This test may be used as an adjunct in confirming the diagnosis of cerebral death. A normal bolus tracing should be simultaneously observed over a femoral artery and this is used as a control. The method is safe and simple and offers significant information about the irreversibility of cerebral blood flow. Although further studies are indicated, the method appears to be most promising as a fundamental bedside laboratory test in the diagnosis of cerebral death in conjunction with other clinical and laboratory criteria.", "contents": "Radioisotopic bolus technique as a test to detect circulatory deficit associated with cerebral death. 142 studies on 80 patients demonstrating the bedside use of an innocuous IV procedure as an adjunct in the diagnosis of cerebral death. A portable radioisotopic technique was developed to demonstrate cerebral circulatory deficit, as part of a collaborative study to define and diagnose cerebral death simply and rapidly, in comatose, apneic patients with electrocerebral silence. The method involves an intravenous injection of 2mCi of 99mTcO4, and recording time/activity curves over the cranial cavity and a femoral artery simultaneously, using twin probe radioisotope detector equipment. Eight comatose, apneic patients had 142 studies in conjunction with clinical electroencephalographic and other laboratory evaluations. The results indicate that the absence of a bolus tracing from the head, as contrasted to the usual bolus seen is indicative of significant circulatory deficit to the cerebrum. This test may be used as an adjunct in confirming the diagnosis of cerebral death. A normal bolus tracing should be simultaneously observed over a femoral artery and this is used as a control. The method is safe and simple and offers significant information about the irreversibility of cerebral blood flow. Although further studies are indicated, the method appears to be most promising as a fundamental bedside laboratory test in the diagnosis of cerebral death in conjunction with other clinical and laboratory criteria.", "PMID": 1122596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7722", "title": "Prosthetic aortic valvular endocarditis.", "content": "Infective endocarditis (IE) continues to be one of the most serious complications following cardiovascular surgery, particularly that for replacement of valves. In order to define more clearly the clinical course and the role of surgical therapy, clinical and necropsy data were reviewed in 16 adult patients with prosthetic aortic valvular endocarditis (PAVE) and compared with the experience cited in the literature. Positive blood cultures were obtained in each of the patients with bacterial endocarditis. Gram positive bacteria predominate and the onset of infection is usually later than 25 days postoperatively. In 11 of 16 patients, aortic insufficiency was recognized. Autopsy material demonstrated large perivalvular abscesses which loosened the attachment of the prosthetic valve in each case and which made successful operation unlikely. Aortic insufficiency appears to be of prognostic importance, since patients who developed aortic insufficiency early in the course of PAVE died. Survivors included patients who made an excellent response to medical therapy and who either did not develop aortic insufficiency or developed aortic insufficiency either late in the course or even after cure of PAVE, Poor response to medical therapy and progressive aortic insufficiency even in the absence of left ventricular failure appear to be indications for prompt surgical replacement of the prosthetic aortic valve.", "contents": "Prosthetic aortic valvular endocarditis. Infective endocarditis (IE) continues to be one of the most serious complications following cardiovascular surgery, particularly that for replacement of valves. In order to define more clearly the clinical course and the role of surgical therapy, clinical and necropsy data were reviewed in 16 adult patients with prosthetic aortic valvular endocarditis (PAVE) and compared with the experience cited in the literature. Positive blood cultures were obtained in each of the patients with bacterial endocarditis. Gram positive bacteria predominate and the onset of infection is usually later than 25 days postoperatively. In 11 of 16 patients, aortic insufficiency was recognized. Autopsy material demonstrated large perivalvular abscesses which loosened the attachment of the prosthetic valve in each case and which made successful operation unlikely. Aortic insufficiency appears to be of prognostic importance, since patients who developed aortic insufficiency early in the course of PAVE died. Survivors included patients who made an excellent response to medical therapy and who either did not develop aortic insufficiency or developed aortic insufficiency either late in the course or even after cure of PAVE, Poor response to medical therapy and progressive aortic insufficiency even in the absence of left ventricular failure appear to be indications for prompt surgical replacement of the prosthetic aortic valve.", "PMID": 1122597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7723", "title": "Observations on the heat stability and electrophoretic pattern of alkaline phosphatases extracted from various tissues.", "content": "Various tissues were extracted with either normal saline or heat inactivated serum (HIS) and the heat stability and electrophoretic migration of the alkaline phosphatase enzymes (AP) of the extracts were compared to the heat stability and electrophoretic properties of serum AP. The electrophoretic pattern of HIS extracts of liver and bone differed from that of saline extracts but the pattern was unaffected if HIS was added to the saline extracts. The heat stabilities of the tissue AP also differed depending on whether they were extracted with saline or HIS. However, serum AP heat stability can help differentiate between liver and bone disease. It is concluded that the comparison of serum and tissue AP heat stabilities or the comparison of serum and tissue AP electrophoretic patterns as criteria for identification of the tissue source of the serum enzyme may be misleading since both these parameters vary, depending on the medium used for extracting the tissue and the extract(s) may contain a mixture of enzymes different from that in serum. It is further concluded from the electrophoretic studies on tissue AP that the increased serum AP in patients with hepatobiliary disease was unlikely to be due to regurgitation of bile but due to increased synthesis and release of alpha 1 and alpha 2 AP isoenzymes from liver, bile ducts or gall bladder. In patients with bone disease the increased serum AP is derived from bone. The source of the serum AP of \"normal\" subjects may be either liver or vascular tissue or both.", "contents": "Observations on the heat stability and electrophoretic pattern of alkaline phosphatases extracted from various tissues. Various tissues were extracted with either normal saline or heat inactivated serum (HIS) and the heat stability and electrophoretic migration of the alkaline phosphatase enzymes (AP) of the extracts were compared to the heat stability and electrophoretic properties of serum AP. The electrophoretic pattern of HIS extracts of liver and bone differed from that of saline extracts but the pattern was unaffected if HIS was added to the saline extracts. The heat stabilities of the tissue AP also differed depending on whether they were extracted with saline or HIS. However, serum AP heat stability can help differentiate between liver and bone disease. It is concluded that the comparison of serum and tissue AP heat stabilities or the comparison of serum and tissue AP electrophoretic patterns as criteria for identification of the tissue source of the serum enzyme may be misleading since both these parameters vary, depending on the medium used for extracting the tissue and the extract(s) may contain a mixture of enzymes different from that in serum. It is further concluded from the electrophoretic studies on tissue AP that the increased serum AP in patients with hepatobiliary disease was unlikely to be due to regurgitation of bile but due to increased synthesis and release of alpha 1 and alpha 2 AP isoenzymes from liver, bile ducts or gall bladder. In patients with bone disease the increased serum AP is derived from bone. The source of the serum AP of \"normal\" subjects may be either liver or vascular tissue or both.", "PMID": 1122601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7724", "title": "Effectof dialysis on tissue and serum alkaline phosphatase heat stability.", "content": "Tissue extracts and serum samples were dialyzed against TRIS buffer and the heat stability of the alkaline phosphatase (AP) was examined before and after dialysis for various periods of time. The effect of adding a mixture of ions or heat inactivated polled serum (HIS) to the dialyzed samples was also investigated. Dialysis of tissue extracts or of serum resulted in an increase in the mean AP heat stability. Addition of the ion mixture to dialyzed bone or liver extracts decreased the AP heat stability. Addition of HIS to these extracts decreased the AP heat stability of dialyzed bone extract but had little effect on dialyzed liver extract. These results are discussed.", "contents": "Effectof dialysis on tissue and serum alkaline phosphatase heat stability. Tissue extracts and serum samples were dialyzed against TRIS buffer and the heat stability of the alkaline phosphatase (AP) was examined before and after dialysis for various periods of time. The effect of adding a mixture of ions or heat inactivated polled serum (HIS) to the dialyzed samples was also investigated. Dialysis of tissue extracts or of serum resulted in an increase in the mean AP heat stability. Addition of the ion mixture to dialyzed bone or liver extracts decreased the AP heat stability. Addition of HIS to these extracts decreased the AP heat stability of dialyzed bone extract but had little effect on dialyzed liver extract. These results are discussed.", "PMID": 1122602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7725", "title": "The influence of chronic uremia on hepatic glycogen in the rat.", "content": "Long term maintenance of male Wistar rats following sub-total nephrectomy has been shown to alter carbohydrate metabolism. These rats frequently became hypoglycemic and concurrently demonstrated increased hepatic glycogen stores. Chemical analysis of glycogen revealed a significant increase in branching, with a concomitant decrease in glucose residues per segment. The influence of food intake and glycosuria are discussed. Decreased glycogen autolysis is attributed to increased glycogen branching in the uremic liver.", "contents": "The influence of chronic uremia on hepatic glycogen in the rat. Long term maintenance of male Wistar rats following sub-total nephrectomy has been shown to alter carbohydrate metabolism. These rats frequently became hypoglycemic and concurrently demonstrated increased hepatic glycogen stores. Chemical analysis of glycogen revealed a significant increase in branching, with a concomitant decrease in glucose residues per segment. The influence of food intake and glycosuria are discussed. Decreased glycogen autolysis is attributed to increased glycogen branching in the uremic liver.", "PMID": 1122605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7726", "title": "Semi-automated colorimetric determination of triglycerides.", "content": "1. A semi-automated procedure for the determination of triglycerides based on the manual procedure of Fletcher and the semi-automated procedure of Kessler and Lederer has been developed. 2. Reaction conditions and flow-rates have been optimized to result in a trouble-free procedure which produces 99+ per cent recovery on added recovery tests, and a standard deviation of 4.8 on specimens in the low normal range. 3. An inexpensive scale expansion device is used to increase accuracy by improving chart readability. 4. Analysis of commercial control sera produced results which correlated well with stated values.", "contents": "Semi-automated colorimetric determination of triglycerides. 1. A semi-automated procedure for the determination of triglycerides based on the manual procedure of Fletcher and the semi-automated procedure of Kessler and Lederer has been developed. 2. Reaction conditions and flow-rates have been optimized to result in a trouble-free procedure which produces 99+ per cent recovery on added recovery tests, and a standard deviation of 4.8 on specimens in the low normal range. 3. An inexpensive scale expansion device is used to increase accuracy by improving chart readability. 4. Analysis of commercial control sera produced results which correlated well with stated values.", "PMID": 1122606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7727", "title": "Serum immunoglobulins after surgical operation.", "content": "We measured immunoglobulins in the sera of 33 patients on days 1, 3, 6, 10, and 17 and three to four weeks after surgical operations (mostly hysterectomy or appendectomy) or (six patients) after spinal injury. In the absence of infection or blood transfusion, IgG usually decreased slightly and transiently after hysterectomy or appendectomy, as did IgA or IgM after hysterectomy. IgD concentrations showed no consistent changes, but in one patient after hysterectomy and with minimal infection IgD concentration decreased sharply, which contrasted with significant and early increases in IgG, IgA, and IgM. IgD concentration was not correlated with type of operation, presence of infection, or changes in the other immunoglobulins. IgE concentrations either die not change or, in some patients, increased or decreased initially, after operation. We conclude that immunoglobulin concentrations in serum are subject to multiple, unpredictable influences after trauma.", "contents": "Serum immunoglobulins after surgical operation. We measured immunoglobulins in the sera of 33 patients on days 1, 3, 6, 10, and 17 and three to four weeks after surgical operations (mostly hysterectomy or appendectomy) or (six patients) after spinal injury. In the absence of infection or blood transfusion, IgG usually decreased slightly and transiently after hysterectomy or appendectomy, as did IgA or IgM after hysterectomy. IgD concentrations showed no consistent changes, but in one patient after hysterectomy and with minimal infection IgD concentration decreased sharply, which contrasted with significant and early increases in IgG, IgA, and IgM. IgD concentration was not correlated with type of operation, presence of infection, or changes in the other immunoglobulins. IgE concentrations either die not change or, in some patients, increased or decreased initially, after operation. We conclude that immunoglobulin concentrations in serum are subject to multiple, unpredictable influences after trauma.", "PMID": 1122610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7728", "title": "Comparison of radioimmunoassay with thin-layer chromatographic and gas-liquid chromatographic methods of barbiturate detection in human urine.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay (I) for barbiturates was compared with thin-layer chromatographic (II) and gas-liquid chromatographic (III) methods for barbiturate detection in human urine. Timed urine samples were obtained from volunteers who had ingested 100 mg of a barbiturate. I detected barbiturate in all urines tested up to 76 h after the dose, and III in all up to 52 h and in 90% up to 76 h. II detected barbiturates in 90% of all urine samples for only 30 h, after which is reliability declined. Glutethimide interfered with radioimmunoassay of barbiturate, producing false positives. I is sensitive, reliable, and fast, and lends itself to screening large numbers of urine samples for barbiturates. For routine urine surveillance, however, we found I to be less useful than II, which is still the method of choice. I has, however, proved to be an excellent method for confirming results of II.", "contents": "Comparison of radioimmunoassay with thin-layer chromatographic and gas-liquid chromatographic methods of barbiturate detection in human urine. A radioimmunoassay (I) for barbiturates was compared with thin-layer chromatographic (II) and gas-liquid chromatographic (III) methods for barbiturate detection in human urine. Timed urine samples were obtained from volunteers who had ingested 100 mg of a barbiturate. I detected barbiturate in all urines tested up to 76 h after the dose, and III in all up to 52 h and in 90% up to 76 h. II detected barbiturates in 90% of all urine samples for only 30 h, after which is reliability declined. Glutethimide interfered with radioimmunoassay of barbiturate, producing false positives. I is sensitive, reliable, and fast, and lends itself to screening large numbers of urine samples for barbiturates. For routine urine surveillance, however, we found I to be less useful than II, which is still the method of choice. I has, however, proved to be an excellent method for confirming results of II.", "PMID": 1122611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7729", "title": "Evaluation of the new \"System Olli 3000\" kinetic ultraviolet analyzer for measuring aspartate ana alanine aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase activities in serum.", "content": "A new fast kinetic analyzer, System Olli 3000, is evaluated as an instrument for the routine clinical laboratory measurement of the activities of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and lactate dehydrogenase in serum. The System Olli 3000 consists of dispensers for simultaneous multiple dispensing of sample and reagents, incubators, vortex-type shakers, and a photometer with quartz fibre optics connected to a computer, allowing cycling measurements of 24 cuvets 24 times in 2 min. An unique slope search algorithm is described. The system shows a high degree of precision and a wide linearity range; activities of at least 10-fole the normal upper limit for all three of these enzymes can be measured without diluting the serum sample. As many as 380 analyses per hour (including calibration and blanks) can be carried out by one technician. For comparison, enzyme measurements were also made with an LKB 8600 Reaction Rate Analyzer and a Pye Unicam SP 8005 spectrophotometer coupled on-line to an IBM 1800 computer. Results obtained with the different instruments correlated well, especially in the region of main interest, i.e., above the normal upper limit. We conclude that the new instrument has many potentialities in kinetic analyses of nonenzymatic constituents in biological fluids.", "contents": "Evaluation of the new \"System Olli 3000\" kinetic ultraviolet analyzer for measuring aspartate ana alanine aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase activities in serum. A new fast kinetic analyzer, System Olli 3000, is evaluated as an instrument for the routine clinical laboratory measurement of the activities of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and lactate dehydrogenase in serum. The System Olli 3000 consists of dispensers for simultaneous multiple dispensing of sample and reagents, incubators, vortex-type shakers, and a photometer with quartz fibre optics connected to a computer, allowing cycling measurements of 24 cuvets 24 times in 2 min. An unique slope search algorithm is described. The system shows a high degree of precision and a wide linearity range; activities of at least 10-fole the normal upper limit for all three of these enzymes can be measured without diluting the serum sample. As many as 380 analyses per hour (including calibration and blanks) can be carried out by one technician. For comparison, enzyme measurements were also made with an LKB 8600 Reaction Rate Analyzer and a Pye Unicam SP 8005 spectrophotometer coupled on-line to an IBM 1800 computer. Results obtained with the different instruments correlated well, especially in the region of main interest, i.e., above the normal upper limit. We conclude that the new instrument has many potentialities in kinetic analyses of nonenzymatic constituents in biological fluids.", "PMID": 1122612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7730", "title": "Direct determination of total serum cholesterol by use of double-wavelength spectrophotometry.", "content": "We describe a simple, accurate method for direct determination of total cholesterol in serum. Systematic investigation of a previously described modified Liebermann-Burchard reagent has indicated the necessity of accounting for both bilirubin interference and decreased specificity owing to exothermia. Double-wavelength spectrophotometry was used to optically null out bilirubin as an interfering factor, whereas adding serum to the cold reagent increases its specificity for the cholesterol color reaction. Comparison of 106 cholesterol values with those obtained by the procedure of Abell et al. [J. Biol. Chem. 195, 357 (1952)] yielded a correlation coefficient greater than 0.99; our inter-run coefficient of variation of polled laboratory serum was 1.7%.", "contents": "Direct determination of total serum cholesterol by use of double-wavelength spectrophotometry. We describe a simple, accurate method for direct determination of total cholesterol in serum. Systematic investigation of a previously described modified Liebermann-Burchard reagent has indicated the necessity of accounting for both bilirubin interference and decreased specificity owing to exothermia. Double-wavelength spectrophotometry was used to optically null out bilirubin as an interfering factor, whereas adding serum to the cold reagent increases its specificity for the cholesterol color reaction. Comparison of 106 cholesterol values with those obtained by the procedure of Abell et al. [J. Biol. Chem. 195, 357 (1952)] yielded a correlation coefficient greater than 0.99; our inter-run coefficient of variation of polled laboratory serum was 1.7%.", "PMID": 1122613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7731", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of plasma testosterone, with use of polyethylene glycol to separate antibody-bound and free hormone.", "content": "We have developed a reliable radioimmunoassay for testosterone in plasma, polyethylene glycol (\"Carbowax 6000\") being used to separate antibody-bound and free hormone. Testosteron is separated from interfering steroids, notably dihydrotestosterone, by liquid-liquid partition chromatography on infusorial earth (Celite). The assay is sensitive (9 pg for standards), precise, and accurate. The lowest measurable concentration fo testosterone is 350 ng/liter for plasma from men and 70 ng/liter for plasma from women. Intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation were 6.9% and 9.7%, respectively, for plasma from men, and 9.6% and 11.8%, respectively, for plasma from women. Our method for separating antibody-bound and free hormone is practical and convenient and may be generally applicable to all radioimmunoassays of steroid hormones in plasma.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of plasma testosterone, with use of polyethylene glycol to separate antibody-bound and free hormone. We have developed a reliable radioimmunoassay for testosterone in plasma, polyethylene glycol (\"Carbowax 6000\") being used to separate antibody-bound and free hormone. Testosteron is separated from interfering steroids, notably dihydrotestosterone, by liquid-liquid partition chromatography on infusorial earth (Celite). The assay is sensitive (9 pg for standards), precise, and accurate. The lowest measurable concentration fo testosterone is 350 ng/liter for plasma from men and 70 ng/liter for plasma from women. Intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation were 6.9% and 9.7%, respectively, for plasma from men, and 9.6% and 11.8%, respectively, for plasma from women. Our method for separating antibody-bound and free hormone is practical and convenient and may be generally applicable to all radioimmunoassays of steroid hormones in plasma.", "PMID": 1122614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7732", "title": "Nonchromatographic radioimmunoassay of plasma 11-deoxycortisol, for use in the metyrapone test, with polyethylene glycol as the precipant.", "content": "We have developed a simple, reliable radioimmunoassay for plasma 11-deoxycortisol. The method does not require chromatography but instead makes use of a simple extraction procedure which, in combination with the antibody characteristics, is highly specific for the metyrapone test. Polyethylene glycol was used to separate free and antibody-bound steroid. The smallest amount measurable is 15 pg (2.0 mug/liter of plasma). The method is shown to be precise and accurate. Intraassay precision of the method for two plasma pools was 26.7 plus or minus 2.5 mug/liter (CV equals 9.4%) and 61.2 plus or minus 3.7 mug/liter (CV equals 6.0%). The respective inter-assay precision was 27.0 plus or minus 1.7 mug/liter (CV equals 6.3%) and 59.9 plus or minus 2.3 mug/liter (CV equals 3.8%). The validity of the assay was further verified by evaluating the plasma 11-deoxycortisol response to metyrapone administration. The relative simplicity of the method and the commercial availability of all reagents, including antisera, makes this radioimmunoassay procedure practical for use in clinical laboratories.", "contents": "Nonchromatographic radioimmunoassay of plasma 11-deoxycortisol, for use in the metyrapone test, with polyethylene glycol as the precipant. We have developed a simple, reliable radioimmunoassay for plasma 11-deoxycortisol. The method does not require chromatography but instead makes use of a simple extraction procedure which, in combination with the antibody characteristics, is highly specific for the metyrapone test. Polyethylene glycol was used to separate free and antibody-bound steroid. The smallest amount measurable is 15 pg (2.0 mug/liter of plasma). The method is shown to be precise and accurate. Intraassay precision of the method for two plasma pools was 26.7 plus or minus 2.5 mug/liter (CV equals 9.4%) and 61.2 plus or minus 3.7 mug/liter (CV equals 6.0%). The respective inter-assay precision was 27.0 plus or minus 1.7 mug/liter (CV equals 6.3%) and 59.9 plus or minus 2.3 mug/liter (CV equals 3.8%). The validity of the assay was further verified by evaluating the plasma 11-deoxycortisol response to metyrapone administration. The relative simplicity of the method and the commercial availability of all reagents, including antisera, makes this radioimmunoassay procedure practical for use in clinical laboratories.", "PMID": 1122615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7733", "title": "Above-normal urinary excretion of urinary ceramides in Farber's disease, and characterization of their components by high-performance liquid chromatography.", "content": "We compared the sphingolipid content of urine from a patient with Farber's disease with that of control urine. The ceramides were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. The patient's urine contained 1.2 mug of ceramides per milligram of creatinine, more than 200-fold the normal amount. The urinary ceramides were isolated by high-performance liquid chromatography for further identification. They contained mainly nonhydroxy fatty acids and only a small quantity of those with 2-hydroxy fatty acids. This contrasts with the previously described composition of the patient's renal and cerebellar tissue. The fatty acid and long-chain base compositions of the urinary ceramides containing nonhydroxy fatty acids were nearly identical to those of the patient's kidney.", "contents": "Above-normal urinary excretion of urinary ceramides in Farber's disease, and characterization of their components by high-performance liquid chromatography. We compared the sphingolipid content of urine from a patient with Farber's disease with that of control urine. The ceramides were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. The patient's urine contained 1.2 mug of ceramides per milligram of creatinine, more than 200-fold the normal amount. The urinary ceramides were isolated by high-performance liquid chromatography for further identification. They contained mainly nonhydroxy fatty acids and only a small quantity of those with 2-hydroxy fatty acids. This contrasts with the previously described composition of the patient's renal and cerebellar tissue. The fatty acid and long-chain base compositions of the urinary ceramides containing nonhydroxy fatty acids were nearly identical to those of the patient's kidney.", "PMID": 1122616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7734", "title": "Gas-liquid chromatography of phenylalanine and its metabolites in serum and urine of various hyperphenylalaninemic subjects, their relatives, and controls.", "content": "Phenylalanine and its metabolites were determined in serum and urine of phenylketonuric subjects and in subjects with milder hyperphenylalaninemia in whom blood phenylalanine concentrations were usually less than 200 mg/liter. Metabolite concentrations were related to serum phenylalanine, and in hyperphenylalaninemic subjects were between those for treated and untreated phenylketonuric subjects. Phenyllactic and phenylpyruvic acids were excreted by all of the mild hyperphenylalaninemic subjects except for the youngest (one-year-old twins) and the only subject with a serum phenylalanine of less than 100 mg/liter. Serum and urinary metabolites of heterozygotes of both conditions were similar before and after a phenylalanine load. The similar pattern of metabolites in phenylketonuric and mild hyperphenylalaninemic subjects reinforces the belief that the latter have some phenylalanine hydroxylase activity, and that this is the essential difference between the two groups.", "contents": "Gas-liquid chromatography of phenylalanine and its metabolites in serum and urine of various hyperphenylalaninemic subjects, their relatives, and controls. Phenylalanine and its metabolites were determined in serum and urine of phenylketonuric subjects and in subjects with milder hyperphenylalaninemia in whom blood phenylalanine concentrations were usually less than 200 mg/liter. Metabolite concentrations were related to serum phenylalanine, and in hyperphenylalaninemic subjects were between those for treated and untreated phenylketonuric subjects. Phenyllactic and phenylpyruvic acids were excreted by all of the mild hyperphenylalaninemic subjects except for the youngest (one-year-old twins) and the only subject with a serum phenylalanine of less than 100 mg/liter. Serum and urinary metabolites of heterozygotes of both conditions were similar before and after a phenylalanine load. The similar pattern of metabolites in phenylketonuric and mild hyperphenylalaninemic subjects reinforces the belief that the latter have some phenylalanine hydroxylase activity, and that this is the essential difference between the two groups.", "PMID": 1122617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7735", "title": "Thermochemical determination of glucose in serum, plasma, and whole blood without prior deproteinization.", "content": "Glucose can be determined by phosphorylation in the presence of hexokinase (EC 2.7.1.1) by using Mg2+/(ATP)2- as the phosphorylating agent. A novel instrumental quantitation method is described, direct injection enthalpimetry, whereby the heat of the enzymatically catalyzed reaction was measured. The reaction was allowed to proceed to virtual completion (99.5+%) in an adiabatic Dewar vessel at 25.00 plus or minus 0.01 degrees C (range). Samples were sequentially injected into a reaction mixture consisting of hexokinase, ATP, Mg2+, and a tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane buffer (pH 8). Single analyses required less than 2 min for 0-3 g/liter samples. The linear dynamic range was 0.3-10 g/liter, with zero intercept and a precision and accuracy of 2%. Electrical calibration in situ obviated the need for chemical standards, and because protein and color do not interfere, no sample pretreatment was necessary before analysis.", "contents": "Thermochemical determination of glucose in serum, plasma, and whole blood without prior deproteinization. Glucose can be determined by phosphorylation in the presence of hexokinase (EC 2.7.1.1) by using Mg2+/(ATP)2- as the phosphorylating agent. A novel instrumental quantitation method is described, direct injection enthalpimetry, whereby the heat of the enzymatically catalyzed reaction was measured. The reaction was allowed to proceed to virtual completion (99.5+%) in an adiabatic Dewar vessel at 25.00 plus or minus 0.01 degrees C (range). Samples were sequentially injected into a reaction mixture consisting of hexokinase, ATP, Mg2+, and a tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane buffer (pH 8). Single analyses required less than 2 min for 0-3 g/liter samples. The linear dynamic range was 0.3-10 g/liter, with zero intercept and a precision and accuracy of 2%. Electrical calibration in situ obviated the need for chemical standards, and because protein and color do not interfere, no sample pretreatment was necessary before analysis.", "PMID": 1122618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7736", "title": "Ultramicroscale determination of clinical chemical values for blood during the first four days of postnatal life.", "content": "Ultramicro procedures requiring 5-10 mul of serum or blood per analysis were used in determining blood constituents of healthy full-term newborns during the first four days of life. The resulting values appeared to be influenced by age, sex, and race. Values for total protein, albumin, urea nitrogen, and uric acid in serum decreased with time; serum inorganic phosphorus and whole-blood aldosaccharoses increased. Serum from females had higher values than that from males for total proteins, albumin, and inorganic phosphorus. The values for serum calcium and alkaline phosphatase were consistently higher in Negro than in white infants; values for uric acid were higher in the latter.", "contents": "Ultramicroscale determination of clinical chemical values for blood during the first four days of postnatal life. Ultramicro procedures requiring 5-10 mul of serum or blood per analysis were used in determining blood constituents of healthy full-term newborns during the first four days of life. The resulting values appeared to be influenced by age, sex, and race. Values for total protein, albumin, urea nitrogen, and uric acid in serum decreased with time; serum inorganic phosphorus and whole-blood aldosaccharoses increased. Serum from females had higher values than that from males for total proteins, albumin, and inorganic phosphorus. The values for serum calcium and alkaline phosphatase were consistently higher in Negro than in white infants; values for uric acid were higher in the latter.", "PMID": 1122619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7737", "title": "Flash-heater ethylation of some antiepileptic drugs.", "content": "We describe a modification of the MacGee method [Anal. Chem. 42, 421 (1970)] for rapid determination of phenytoin (diphenylhydantoin) in plasma by gas-liquid chromatography, in which an ethylaing reagent is used instead of the more common methylating reagents. With this modification, several N-methylated antiepileptic drugs can be separated from their demethylated metabolites. Our results agree well with those of Butler and Waddell [Neurology 8, 106 (1958)], who showed that in patients receiving the N-methylated compounds mephenytoin and mephobarbital, the N-demethylated products, 5-ethyl-5-phenylhydantoin and phenobarbital are found in higher concentrations in plasma than are their respective parent drugs. The method is also useful for routine determinations of phenobarbital, primidone, and phenytoin in serum, cerebrospinal fluid, or saliva.", "contents": "Flash-heater ethylation of some antiepileptic drugs. We describe a modification of the MacGee method [Anal. Chem. 42, 421 (1970)] for rapid determination of phenytoin (diphenylhydantoin) in plasma by gas-liquid chromatography, in which an ethylaing reagent is used instead of the more common methylating reagents. With this modification, several N-methylated antiepileptic drugs can be separated from their demethylated metabolites. Our results agree well with those of Butler and Waddell [Neurology 8, 106 (1958)], who showed that in patients receiving the N-methylated compounds mephenytoin and mephobarbital, the N-demethylated products, 5-ethyl-5-phenylhydantoin and phenobarbital are found in higher concentrations in plasma than are their respective parent drugs. The method is also useful for routine determinations of phenobarbital, primidone, and phenytoin in serum, cerebrospinal fluid, or saliva.", "PMID": 1122620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7738", "title": "Automated determination of serum ceruloplasmin activity with o-dianisidine dihydrochloride as substrate.", "content": "An automated method for the enzymatic determination of ceruloplasmin with o-dianisidine dihydrochloride as substrate is described. The method enables the measurement of 30 samples per hour with a coefficient of variation (day-to-day) of 2.8%. Results correlate well (r equals 0.99 with those obtained by the corresponding manual method", "contents": "Automated determination of serum ceruloplasmin activity with o-dianisidine dihydrochloride as substrate. An automated method for the enzymatic determination of ceruloplasmin with o-dianisidine dihydrochloride as substrate is described. The method enables the measurement of 30 samples per hour with a coefficient of variation (day-to-day) of 2.8%. Results correlate well (r equals 0.99 with those obtained by the corresponding manual method", "PMID": 1122621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7739", "title": "Preparation of a modified glucose oxidase reagent for the polarographic determinationof glucose with the Beckman \"glucose analyzer\".", "content": "In this modification, glucose oxidase, 140-180 U/ml, is dissolved in acetate buffer (pH 6):ethanol (96%):glycerol (80:10:10 by vol). Iodine and molybdate are used as catalysts, formaldehyde and mercuric iodide as preservatives, and octanol as an antifoaming agent. The reagent is suitable for use in the Beckman \"Glucose Analyzer\", it is stable at room temperature for at least six months, it is sensitive, it has a lubricating effect, and its cost is less than a fifth as much as the \"Certified\" Beckman reagent. It is not suitable for the measurement of glucose in samples containing maltose, cellobiose, gentiobiose, starch, and glycogen.", "contents": "Preparation of a modified glucose oxidase reagent for the polarographic determinationof glucose with the Beckman \"glucose analyzer\". In this modification, glucose oxidase, 140-180 U/ml, is dissolved in acetate buffer (pH 6):ethanol (96%):glycerol (80:10:10 by vol). Iodine and molybdate are used as catalysts, formaldehyde and mercuric iodide as preservatives, and octanol as an antifoaming agent. The reagent is suitable for use in the Beckman \"Glucose Analyzer\", it is stable at room temperature for at least six months, it is sensitive, it has a lubricating effect, and its cost is less than a fifth as much as the \"Certified\" Beckman reagent. It is not suitable for the measurement of glucose in samples containing maltose, cellobiose, gentiobiose, starch, and glycogen.", "PMID": 1122622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7740", "title": "Simple manual procedure for determination of serum triglycerides.", "content": "We describe a modified method for determining serum triglycerides (triacylglycerols), which is based on the heptane extraction procedure of Gottfried and Rosenberg [Clin. Chem. 19, 1077 (1973)] with the stable saponification, oxidation, and color development reagents of Neri and Frings [Clin. Chem. 19, 1201 (1973)]. This modified method eliminates one heating step, reduces saponification time to 5 min, absorbances are read at room temperature, and the calibration curve is linear to 3.0 g/liter. A sample comparison between the proposed method and the automated Block and Jarrett [Am. J. Med. Technol. 35, 1 (1969)] procedure showed no significant difference (r equals 0.98). The coefficient of variation (47 duplicate samples) for the modified method was 6.3%. Further validation was obtained from analysis of quality-control samples; the proposed method gave equivalent values.", "contents": "Simple manual procedure for determination of serum triglycerides. We describe a modified method for determining serum triglycerides (triacylglycerols), which is based on the heptane extraction procedure of Gottfried and Rosenberg [Clin. Chem. 19, 1077 (1973)] with the stable saponification, oxidation, and color development reagents of Neri and Frings [Clin. Chem. 19, 1201 (1973)]. This modified method eliminates one heating step, reduces saponification time to 5 min, absorbances are read at room temperature, and the calibration curve is linear to 3.0 g/liter. A sample comparison between the proposed method and the automated Block and Jarrett [Am. J. Med. Technol. 35, 1 (1969)] procedure showed no significant difference (r equals 0.98). The coefficient of variation (47 duplicate samples) for the modified method was 6.3%. Further validation was obtained from analysis of quality-control samples; the proposed method gave equivalent values.", "PMID": 1122623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7741", "title": "Improved radioimmunoassay of plasm cortisol.", "content": "We report a simplified radioimmunoassay procedure for determination of plasma cortisol. The method offers the advantage that tracer, antibody, and assay buffer are added in a single step with the use of semi-automated equipment. Thus, critical pipetting procedures are minimized, and assay time is reduced to 4 h. No prior extraction or chromatographic purification of cortisol is required. The procedure is simple, reliable, and accurate. For either between-assay or within-assay determinations, the coefficients of variation are about 6%. Our results compare well with those obtained from a procedure that included extraction and chromatographic purification of cortisol in several plasma samples. Conditions for optimizing the assay are also discussed.", "contents": "Improved radioimmunoassay of plasm cortisol. We report a simplified radioimmunoassay procedure for determination of plasma cortisol. The method offers the advantage that tracer, antibody, and assay buffer are added in a single step with the use of semi-automated equipment. Thus, critical pipetting procedures are minimized, and assay time is reduced to 4 h. No prior extraction or chromatographic purification of cortisol is required. The procedure is simple, reliable, and accurate. For either between-assay or within-assay determinations, the coefficients of variation are about 6%. Our results compare well with those obtained from a procedure that included extraction and chromatographic purification of cortisol in several plasma samples. Conditions for optimizing the assay are also discussed.", "PMID": 1122624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7742", "title": "Procedure for calibrating the Technicon Colorimeter I.", "content": "We describe a rapid method for calibrating the Technicon AutoAnalyzer colorimeter I. Test solutions of bromphenol blue are recommended for the calibration, in preference to solutions of potassium dichromate, based on considerations of the instrument's working range and of the stray light characteristics of the associated filters.", "contents": "Procedure for calibrating the Technicon Colorimeter I. We describe a rapid method for calibrating the Technicon AutoAnalyzer colorimeter I. Test solutions of bromphenol blue are recommended for the calibration, in preference to solutions of potassium dichromate, based on considerations of the instrument's working range and of the stray light characteristics of the associated filters.", "PMID": 1122625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7743", "title": "[Phenylalanine hydroxylase activity in the liver as a parameter for distinguishing various forms of hyperphenylalaninemias (author's transl)].", "content": "The activity of phenylalanine hydroxylase in the liver without the cofactor 2-amino-4-hydroxy-6,7-dimethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropterin is similar in cases of classical PKU (14 cases), mild hyperphenylalaninemias (2 cases), heterozygotes (1 case) and normal controls (18 cases). The addition of cofactor increases the activity 30-40-fold in normal controls and 2-5 fold in mild hyperphenylalaninemias or heterozygotes. In classical PKU the addition of cofactor is without effect or causes even a diminution of activity. Therefore, for classification of the various forms of hyperphenylalaninemias the effect of cofactor on enzyme activity is important. For decisions from this findings to be made as to whether treatment should or should not be used further investigations are needed.", "contents": "[Phenylalanine hydroxylase activity in the liver as a parameter for distinguishing various forms of hyperphenylalaninemias (author's transl)]. The activity of phenylalanine hydroxylase in the liver without the cofactor 2-amino-4-hydroxy-6,7-dimethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropterin is similar in cases of classical PKU (14 cases), mild hyperphenylalaninemias (2 cases), heterozygotes (1 case) and normal controls (18 cases). The addition of cofactor increases the activity 30-40-fold in normal controls and 2-5 fold in mild hyperphenylalaninemias or heterozygotes. In classical PKU the addition of cofactor is without effect or causes even a diminution of activity. Therefore, for classification of the various forms of hyperphenylalaninemias the effect of cofactor on enzyme activity is important. For decisions from this findings to be made as to whether treatment should or should not be used further investigations are needed.", "PMID": 1122629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7744", "title": "In vivo studies on the metabolism of hexanedioic acid.", "content": "1. Using the combined gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry technique it was shown that ketotic patients excreted up to 273 mg of hexanedioic acid daily in their urine, whereas serum samples from these patients contained only trace amounts of this acid. Healthy humans excreted 2-5 mg daily. Hexanedioic acid was not detectable in normal serum. 2. An experiment with the infusion of large amounts of 3-hydroxybutyrate into a dog indicated that the increased urinary hexanedioic acid excretion in ketosis is not due to a competition between 3-hydroxybutyrate and hexanedioic acid for the same renal reabsorption mechanism. 3. [ 1,6-14-C]Hexanedioic acid intravenously injected into a dog was at first distributed in the extracellular space, followed by a partial equilibration with the intracellular space. About 11% of the injected dose was expired as 14-CO2 in 220 min. The maximal 14-CO2 production rate was obtained after about 20 min. In 240 min, 47% of the injected radioactivity was recovered in the urine. The large urinary excretion of labeled hexanedioic acid observed in the presence of only trace amounts in serum, showed that the high excretion by ketotic patients of the dicarboxylic acid may be explained without postulating an exclusive renal synthesis for hexanedioic acid.", "contents": "In vivo studies on the metabolism of hexanedioic acid. 1. Using the combined gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry technique it was shown that ketotic patients excreted up to 273 mg of hexanedioic acid daily in their urine, whereas serum samples from these patients contained only trace amounts of this acid. Healthy humans excreted 2-5 mg daily. Hexanedioic acid was not detectable in normal serum. 2. An experiment with the infusion of large amounts of 3-hydroxybutyrate into a dog indicated that the increased urinary hexanedioic acid excretion in ketosis is not due to a competition between 3-hydroxybutyrate and hexanedioic acid for the same renal reabsorption mechanism. 3. [ 1,6-14-C]Hexanedioic acid intravenously injected into a dog was at first distributed in the extracellular space, followed by a partial equilibration with the intracellular space. About 11% of the injected dose was expired as 14-CO2 in 220 min. The maximal 14-CO2 production rate was obtained after about 20 min. In 240 min, 47% of the injected radioactivity was recovered in the urine. The large urinary excretion of labeled hexanedioic acid observed in the presence of only trace amounts in serum, showed that the high excretion by ketotic patients of the dicarboxylic acid may be explained without postulating an exclusive renal synthesis for hexanedioic acid.", "PMID": 1122631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7745", "title": "Cystathioninuria and homocystinuria.", "content": "Three circumstances prompted us to reexamine the relationship between abnormal cystathionine accumulation and possible homocystinuria resulting from this condition: (a) discovery of an infant girl with apparently alternating massive cystathioninuria and homocystinuria; (b) the presence of homocystinuria in some, but not all, previously reported cases of cystathioninuria probably due to gamma-cystathionine deficiency; and (c) the recent demonstration that mammalian cystathionine beta-synthase can cleave cystathionine to homocysteine. The following conclusions were reached: (a) Homocystine may arise as a result of bacterial contamination of a urine sample initially containing cystathionine, but not homocystine. (b) After a methionine load, a cystathioninuric patient may excrete readily detected amounts of homocystine. (c) However, homocystinuria is not a necessary concomitant of even massive cystathioninuria. These findings and some of their implications are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Cystathioninuria and homocystinuria. Three circumstances prompted us to reexamine the relationship between abnormal cystathionine accumulation and possible homocystinuria resulting from this condition: (a) discovery of an infant girl with apparently alternating massive cystathioninuria and homocystinuria; (b) the presence of homocystinuria in some, but not all, previously reported cases of cystathioninuria probably due to gamma-cystathionine deficiency; and (c) the recent demonstration that mammalian cystathionine beta-synthase can cleave cystathionine to homocysteine. The following conclusions were reached: (a) Homocystine may arise as a result of bacterial contamination of a urine sample initially containing cystathionine, but not homocystine. (b) After a methionine load, a cystathioninuric patient may excrete readily detected amounts of homocystine. (c) However, homocystinuria is not a necessary concomitant of even massive cystathioninuria. These findings and some of their implications are briefly discussed.", "PMID": 1122632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7746", "title": "Urinary total oestrogen values determined by an automated method in normal and abnormal pregnancies.", "content": "Urinary total oestrogen values in late pregnancy have been determined by an automated, fluorimetric method based on the Kober reaction and Ittrich extraction. The normal range was obtained from 360 samples from 56 patients. The mean value at 40 weeks gestation was 52.6 mg/24 h and the 95 per cent probability bounds were 29.1 and 95.3 mg/24 h, obtained after initial calculations on logarithm values. \"Small for dates\" foetuses in good condition at birth were associated with oestrogen values generally below the normal mean. They were usually well discriminated from foetuses that died in the uterus. These were always associated with oestrogen values below or approaching 10 mg/24 h before death except when growth had been normal and death was due to mechanical complications at delivery.", "contents": "Urinary total oestrogen values determined by an automated method in normal and abnormal pregnancies. Urinary total oestrogen values in late pregnancy have been determined by an automated, fluorimetric method based on the Kober reaction and Ittrich extraction. The normal range was obtained from 360 samples from 56 patients. The mean value at 40 weeks gestation was 52.6 mg/24 h and the 95 per cent probability bounds were 29.1 and 95.3 mg/24 h, obtained after initial calculations on logarithm values. \"Small for dates\" foetuses in good condition at birth were associated with oestrogen values generally below the normal mean. They were usually well discriminated from foetuses that died in the uterus. These were always associated with oestrogen values below or approaching 10 mg/24 h before death except when growth had been normal and death was due to mechanical complications at delivery.", "PMID": 1122633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7747", "title": "Serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) in benign and malignant gastrointestinal diseases: evaluation of an immunoenzymatic assay.", "content": "A quantitative immunoenzymatic assay has been developed for alpha-fetoprotein which is sensitive and specific. Seventy-eight percent of United States hepatoma patients have detectable serum alpha-fetoprotein elevations over 50 ng/ml, whereas only 2 of 93 other gastrointestinal tumors were positive. Thirteen percent of patients with acute viral hepatitis, 44% of patients with massive hepatic necrosis, and 23% of patients with chronic active hepatitis had measurable serum alpha-fetoprotein concentrations. However, patients with non-viral acute or chronic liver disease were largely alpha-fetoprotein negative and alpha-fetoprotein was undetectable on multiple postoperative samples from 6 patients after hepatic lobectomy in the rapidly regenerating phase. Therefore, alpha-fetoprotein elevations in nonmalignant liver diseases are not due solely to hepatic regeneration but appear to be related to viral injury. The immunoenzymatic assay does not require purified antigen or radioisotope equipment and can detect and quantitate clinically significant alpha-fetoprotein levels greater than 50 ng/ml.", "contents": "Serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) in benign and malignant gastrointestinal diseases: evaluation of an immunoenzymatic assay. A quantitative immunoenzymatic assay has been developed for alpha-fetoprotein which is sensitive and specific. Seventy-eight percent of United States hepatoma patients have detectable serum alpha-fetoprotein elevations over 50 ng/ml, whereas only 2 of 93 other gastrointestinal tumors were positive. Thirteen percent of patients with acute viral hepatitis, 44% of patients with massive hepatic necrosis, and 23% of patients with chronic active hepatitis had measurable serum alpha-fetoprotein concentrations. However, patients with non-viral acute or chronic liver disease were largely alpha-fetoprotein negative and alpha-fetoprotein was undetectable on multiple postoperative samples from 6 patients after hepatic lobectomy in the rapidly regenerating phase. Therefore, alpha-fetoprotein elevations in nonmalignant liver diseases are not due solely to hepatic regeneration but appear to be related to viral injury. The immunoenzymatic assay does not require purified antigen or radioisotope equipment and can detect and quantitate clinically significant alpha-fetoprotein levels greater than 50 ng/ml.", "PMID": 1122634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7748", "title": "The behaviour of LDH-3 in patients with malignant diseases during therapy with cytostatic drugs and prednisone, studied by LDH-isoenzyme electrophoresis on cellulose acetate.", "content": "A modified method used for the quantitative estimation of LDH-isoenzymes in serum after electrophoresis on cellulose acetate is described. Total LDH-activity and isoenzyme distribution in serum samples of capillary blood are compared to those in samples collected by venipuncture. Total LDH-values and LDH-distributions both in 29 normal children and 14 children with malignant diseases are given. When studying the LDH-distribution in serum samples of children with malignant diseases a significantly decreased LDH-3 was found in many patients. LDH-4 and LDH-5 were also reduced. It was noted that these children all received therapy with prednisone. Possible explanations are discussed.", "contents": "The behaviour of LDH-3 in patients with malignant diseases during therapy with cytostatic drugs and prednisone, studied by LDH-isoenzyme electrophoresis on cellulose acetate. A modified method used for the quantitative estimation of LDH-isoenzymes in serum after electrophoresis on cellulose acetate is described. Total LDH-activity and isoenzyme distribution in serum samples of capillary blood are compared to those in samples collected by venipuncture. Total LDH-values and LDH-distributions both in 29 normal children and 14 children with malignant diseases are given. When studying the LDH-distribution in serum samples of children with malignant diseases a significantly decreased LDH-3 was found in many patients. LDH-4 and LDH-5 were also reduced. It was noted that these children all received therapy with prednisone. Possible explanations are discussed.", "PMID": 1122635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7749", "title": "Lactosuria - a new metabolic feature of severe cerebrocranial trauma.", "content": "Under controlled dietary conditions the urinary excretion of lactose was studied in 15 healthy persons, 15 patients with cerebrocranial trauma and 15 patients with extracranial trauma. Urinary lactose levels were found to be markedly increased in patients with head injury and ranged from 10.3 to 147.7 mg/24 h with a mean 63.4 mg/24 h in contrast to patients with other injuries (3.1 to 17.0 mg/24 h, mean 9.4 mg/24 h; P less than 0.001), and healthy individuals (3.3 to 17.93 mg/24 h, mean 7.6 mg/24h; P less than 0.001). In the head injury group the lowest values were found in drowsy or disoriented patients with cerebral concussion and the highest in comatose subjects. The level of lactosuria decreases after approximately 12 to 16 days to normal levels even when the patient remains unconscious. An earlier return to normal excretion parallels or preceeds the reappearance of consciousness. Unlike alimentary lactosuria, caused by ingestion of milk or other dairy products in large quantities, the elevated lactose levels in head injury patients were not usually accompanied by a comparable rise in galactose excretion, mean 11.45 mg/24 h versus 9.17 mg/24 h in controls; P less than 0.2. The mechanism of enhanced lactose excretion in severe cerebrocranial trauma remains unknown. It is suggested that it may be associated with either an increased catabolism of brain gangliosides or a stimulated lactose synthesis in peripheral tissues probably due to the participation of the lactogenic hormone prolactin.", "contents": "Lactosuria - a new metabolic feature of severe cerebrocranial trauma. Under controlled dietary conditions the urinary excretion of lactose was studied in 15 healthy persons, 15 patients with cerebrocranial trauma and 15 patients with extracranial trauma. Urinary lactose levels were found to be markedly increased in patients with head injury and ranged from 10.3 to 147.7 mg/24 h with a mean 63.4 mg/24 h in contrast to patients with other injuries (3.1 to 17.0 mg/24 h, mean 9.4 mg/24 h; P less than 0.001), and healthy individuals (3.3 to 17.93 mg/24 h, mean 7.6 mg/24h; P less than 0.001). In the head injury group the lowest values were found in drowsy or disoriented patients with cerebral concussion and the highest in comatose subjects. The level of lactosuria decreases after approximately 12 to 16 days to normal levels even when the patient remains unconscious. An earlier return to normal excretion parallels or preceeds the reappearance of consciousness. Unlike alimentary lactosuria, caused by ingestion of milk or other dairy products in large quantities, the elevated lactose levels in head injury patients were not usually accompanied by a comparable rise in galactose excretion, mean 11.45 mg/24 h versus 9.17 mg/24 h in controls; P less than 0.2. The mechanism of enhanced lactose excretion in severe cerebrocranial trauma remains unknown. It is suggested that it may be associated with either an increased catabolism of brain gangliosides or a stimulated lactose synthesis in peripheral tissues probably due to the participation of the lactogenic hormone prolactin.", "PMID": 1122636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7750", "title": "Catecholamines in urine; an evaluation of alumina-trihydroxyindole methods and a description of an improved method.", "content": "A critical assessment of the accuracy and practicability of five alumina-trihydroxyindole methods for the estimation of urinary catecholamines, including our proposed method, was undertaken. The recovery of noradrenaline added to urine obtained by these methods was quantitated against different types of standards, and varied from 22.9 per cent to 104.8 per cent. The major analytical problems (fluorescence suppression and loss of catecholamines during column chromatography) were evaluated and related to the recovery of the respective procedures. The improved method we developed is simple, rapid and reliable. The low fluorescence suppression and column losses of noradrenaline of this method, averaging 2.9 per cent and 5.3 per cent, respectively, resulted in a mean recovery of 92.0 per cent against an external standard. Both the chromatography step and fluorescence development are simple and short, and a batch of ten cases can be completed within 3 hours.", "contents": "Catecholamines in urine; an evaluation of alumina-trihydroxyindole methods and a description of an improved method. A critical assessment of the accuracy and practicability of five alumina-trihydroxyindole methods for the estimation of urinary catecholamines, including our proposed method, was undertaken. The recovery of noradrenaline added to urine obtained by these methods was quantitated against different types of standards, and varied from 22.9 per cent to 104.8 per cent. The major analytical problems (fluorescence suppression and loss of catecholamines during column chromatography) were evaluated and related to the recovery of the respective procedures. The improved method we developed is simple, rapid and reliable. The low fluorescence suppression and column losses of noradrenaline of this method, averaging 2.9 per cent and 5.3 per cent, respectively, resulted in a mean recovery of 92.0 per cent against an external standard. Both the chromatography step and fluorescence development are simple and short, and a batch of ten cases can be completed within 3 hours.", "PMID": 1122637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7751", "title": "The assay of glycogen phosphorylase in human blood serum and its application to the diagnosis of myocardial infarction.", "content": "Methods are described (a) for the estimation of glycogen phosphorylase activity (EC 2.4.1.1) in human blood serum based on the chemical determination of liberated orthophosphate or on the enzymic determination of glucose 1-phosphate in a coupled assay system and (b) for the electrophoretic separation of isophosphorylases I, II, and III in human. Glycogen phosphorylase activities ranging from 1.5 to 18 mU/ml were found in the serum of patients with acute myocardial infarction. In contrast, no glycogen phosphorylase activity was detected in the serum of healthy persons. The enzyme appears in the serum 4 hours after the onset of the infarction and reaches a maximum after 20 to 30 hours. Acrylamide gel electrophoresis of serum after a myocardial infarction revealed only muscle isophosphorylase I, the isoenzyme characteristic of the heart. No phosphorylase activity was detected in serum of patients with angina pectoris, endocarditis, and uncomplicative congestive heart failure. From these findings it appears that the new serum enzyme test may prove to be a valuable addition to presently existing methods for the early differential diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction.", "contents": "The assay of glycogen phosphorylase in human blood serum and its application to the diagnosis of myocardial infarction. Methods are described (a) for the estimation of glycogen phosphorylase activity (EC 2.4.1.1) in human blood serum based on the chemical determination of liberated orthophosphate or on the enzymic determination of glucose 1-phosphate in a coupled assay system and (b) for the electrophoretic separation of isophosphorylases I, II, and III in human. Glycogen phosphorylase activities ranging from 1.5 to 18 mU/ml were found in the serum of patients with acute myocardial infarction. In contrast, no glycogen phosphorylase activity was detected in the serum of healthy persons. The enzyme appears in the serum 4 hours after the onset of the infarction and reaches a maximum after 20 to 30 hours. Acrylamide gel electrophoresis of serum after a myocardial infarction revealed only muscle isophosphorylase I, the isoenzyme characteristic of the heart. No phosphorylase activity was detected in serum of patients with angina pectoris, endocarditis, and uncomplicative congestive heart failure. From these findings it appears that the new serum enzyme test may prove to be a valuable addition to presently existing methods for the early differential diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 1122638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7752", "title": "Diagnostic meaning of the urinary output of Nepsilon-methylated lysines. Investigation of healthy individuals and patients with malignant diseases, myopathies or renal failure.", "content": "In the urine of 36 healthy persons the excretion of the three Nepsilon-methylated lysines and some other basic amino acids was determined. The following average values, related to 1 g creatinine, were found: Lys(Me) 16.2 mumol, Lys(Me2) 31.2 mumol, Lys(Me3) 40.5 mumol. The 24-hour excretion in 6 adults related to 1 kg body weight, had the following average values: Lys(Me) 0.37 mumol, Lys(Me2) 0.88 mumol, Lys(Me3) 0.92 mumol. In patients with degenerative or inflammatory myopathies (6 cases) as well as with generalized tumors (7 cases) urinary output of methyllysines was not significantly altered. In a patient with extremely impaired renal function, it was found that the plasma level and the excretion pattern of the methylated lysines were unequivocally altered. Metabolic stability and renal excretion of 3H-labelled l-Lys(Me3) were investigated in man. During a 24 hour period 65 per cent of Lys(Me3) was excreted into the urine unmetabolized after intravenous injection but not more than 20 per cent after oral administration.", "contents": "Diagnostic meaning of the urinary output of Nepsilon-methylated lysines. Investigation of healthy individuals and patients with malignant diseases, myopathies or renal failure. In the urine of 36 healthy persons the excretion of the three Nepsilon-methylated lysines and some other basic amino acids was determined. The following average values, related to 1 g creatinine, were found: Lys(Me) 16.2 mumol, Lys(Me2) 31.2 mumol, Lys(Me3) 40.5 mumol. The 24-hour excretion in 6 adults related to 1 kg body weight, had the following average values: Lys(Me) 0.37 mumol, Lys(Me2) 0.88 mumol, Lys(Me3) 0.92 mumol. In patients with degenerative or inflammatory myopathies (6 cases) as well as with generalized tumors (7 cases) urinary output of methyllysines was not significantly altered. In a patient with extremely impaired renal function, it was found that the plasma level and the excretion pattern of the methylated lysines were unequivocally altered. Metabolic stability and renal excretion of 3H-labelled l-Lys(Me3) were investigated in man. During a 24 hour period 65 per cent of Lys(Me3) was excreted into the urine unmetabolized after intravenous injection but not more than 20 per cent after oral administration.", "PMID": 1122639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7753", "title": "The raising and characterization of cortisol-binding antiserum.", "content": "Synthesis of a cortisol-albumin compound and the raising of antibodies against cortisol in rabbits are described in detail. The steroid-protein complex is characterized by a number of reactions regarding the amount of cortisol coupled and the ability of the coupled steroid to react as such. The specificity of the harvested antiserum and transcortin towards the coupling of several related steroids are compared; the rabbit antiserum appears to be the more selective binding agent.", "contents": "The raising and characterization of cortisol-binding antiserum. Synthesis of a cortisol-albumin compound and the raising of antibodies against cortisol in rabbits are described in detail. The steroid-protein complex is characterized by a number of reactions regarding the amount of cortisol coupled and the ability of the coupled steroid to react as such. The specificity of the harvested antiserum and transcortin towards the coupling of several related steroids are compared; the rabbit antiserum appears to be the more selective binding agent.", "PMID": 1122640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7754", "title": "Para-O-methylation of the catecholamines in neuroblastoma.", "content": "By means of thin-layer chromatographic methods, iso-homovanillic acid (iso-HVA), iso-vanillactic acid (iso-VLA) and iso-vanilmandelic acid (iso-VMA) were determined in the urine of 10 children with neuroblastoma. The mean excretion of iso-HVA was 10.1% of total HVA excretion. Three patients excreted VLA; in their urine no iso-VLA was detected with certainty. All patients excreted high amounts of VMA; there was no detectable excretion of iso-VMA. Those results suggest that para-O-methylation could be limited to dopamine catabolism.", "contents": "Para-O-methylation of the catecholamines in neuroblastoma. By means of thin-layer chromatographic methods, iso-homovanillic acid (iso-HVA), iso-vanillactic acid (iso-VLA) and iso-vanilmandelic acid (iso-VMA) were determined in the urine of 10 children with neuroblastoma. The mean excretion of iso-HVA was 10.1% of total HVA excretion. Three patients excreted VLA; in their urine no iso-VLA was detected with certainty. All patients excreted high amounts of VMA; there was no detectable excretion of iso-VMA. Those results suggest that para-O-methylation could be limited to dopamine catabolism.", "PMID": 1122641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7755", "title": "Creatine kinase reactivation by thiol compounds.", "content": "It is now commonly accepted that thiol activated creatine kinase (CK) assay systems measure CK activity more accurately and more reproducibly than non-activated systems. However, some differences have arisen in the literature in regards to the nature and course of CK activation. Some thiol compounds have been reported to yield higher enzyme activities than others. Dalal et al. (1) reported that mercaptoethanol at 6.5 mM is suboptimal in the Siegel and Cohen assay (2); whereas, dithiothreitol (DTT) at 4 mM yields maximum activity. Warren has shown that DTT and mercaptoethanol produce significantly greater CK activities than cysteine, dithioerythritol (DTE), glutathione, or mercaptoacetate (3). Bishop et al. (4) and Kar and Pearson (5) reported that CK was equally activated independent of the thiol activator. We report here our findings on the relative effectiveness of mercaptoethanol, cysteine, glutathione, and DTT in the reactivation of serum CK using the Oliver-Rosalki method (6,7) and some characteristics of the reaction process.", "contents": "Creatine kinase reactivation by thiol compounds. It is now commonly accepted that thiol activated creatine kinase (CK) assay systems measure CK activity more accurately and more reproducibly than non-activated systems. However, some differences have arisen in the literature in regards to the nature and course of CK activation. Some thiol compounds have been reported to yield higher enzyme activities than others. Dalal et al. (1) reported that mercaptoethanol at 6.5 mM is suboptimal in the Siegel and Cohen assay (2); whereas, dithiothreitol (DTT) at 4 mM yields maximum activity. Warren has shown that DTT and mercaptoethanol produce significantly greater CK activities than cysteine, dithioerythritol (DTE), glutathione, or mercaptoacetate (3). Bishop et al. (4) and Kar and Pearson (5) reported that CK was equally activated independent of the thiol activator. We report here our findings on the relative effectiveness of mercaptoethanol, cysteine, glutathione, and DTT in the reactivation of serum CK using the Oliver-Rosalki method (6,7) and some characteristics of the reaction process.", "PMID": 1122642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7756", "title": "[Results of a study on the circadian rhythm of catecholamine excretion on normal subjects and those with high excretion levels (author's transl)].", "content": "The circadian rhythm of the excretion of the catecholamines and some main metabolites is investigated in five normal subjects and two patients with a high excretion. In the normal subjects there are remarkable differences in the amplitudes of the variables. At high catecholamine excretions these differences seem to disappear.", "contents": "[Results of a study on the circadian rhythm of catecholamine excretion on normal subjects and those with high excretion levels (author's transl)]. The circadian rhythm of the excretion of the catecholamines and some main metabolites is investigated in five normal subjects and two patients with a high excretion. In the normal subjects there are remarkable differences in the amplitudes of the variables. At high catecholamine excretions these differences seem to disappear.", "PMID": 1122643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7757", "title": "Determination of phosphate in serum and urine by a single step malachite-green method.", "content": "The highly sensitive malachite-green method for the determination of phosphate requires a protective colloid in order to avoid precipitation of the formed dye salt. A polyvinylalcohol proved to be suitable and permit the determination of phosphate in urine and in serum without prior precipitation of the proteins. The present method is suitable for a one-step procedure which allows the analysis of several hundred samples per man-hour and is applicable to microquantities of serum or urine.", "contents": "Determination of phosphate in serum and urine by a single step malachite-green method. The highly sensitive malachite-green method for the determination of phosphate requires a protective colloid in order to avoid precipitation of the formed dye salt. A polyvinylalcohol proved to be suitable and permit the determination of phosphate in urine and in serum without prior precipitation of the proteins. The present method is suitable for a one-step procedure which allows the analysis of several hundred samples per man-hour and is applicable to microquantities of serum or urine.", "PMID": 1122646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7758", "title": "The difference between the glucose concentrations in plasma and whole blood.", "content": "The glucose concentrations in whole blood (WB) and plasma (P), both prediluted with distilled water and saline, and in their protein-free filtrates, were determined with the Hoffman ferricyanide method. In whole blood prediluted with distilled water the glucose concentration appeared to be 13% higher than in whole blood prediluted with saline. In plasma, predilution with distilled water or saline did not result in different glucose values. Plasma glucose is significantly higher than whole blood glucose independent of the method of pretreatment. A direct relationship between the two values exists, which for protein-free filtrates is represented by Glu(P) equals 1.07 Glu(WB) + 0.11. The glucose concentrations in erythrocytes were calculated and also correlated to plasma glucose values. A good correlation was found when protein-free filtrates were used. Apparently, conversion factors from whole blood to plasma glucose may be used only in cases where samples are deproteinized.", "contents": "The difference between the glucose concentrations in plasma and whole blood. The glucose concentrations in whole blood (WB) and plasma (P), both prediluted with distilled water and saline, and in their protein-free filtrates, were determined with the Hoffman ferricyanide method. In whole blood prediluted with distilled water the glucose concentration appeared to be 13% higher than in whole blood prediluted with saline. In plasma, predilution with distilled water or saline did not result in different glucose values. Plasma glucose is significantly higher than whole blood glucose independent of the method of pretreatment. A direct relationship between the two values exists, which for protein-free filtrates is represented by Glu(P) equals 1.07 Glu(WB) + 0.11. The glucose concentrations in erythrocytes were calculated and also correlated to plasma glucose values. A good correlation was found when protein-free filtrates were used. Apparently, conversion factors from whole blood to plasma glucose may be used only in cases where samples are deproteinized.", "PMID": 1122647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7759", "title": "Erythrocyte transketolase activity in adult Ghanaian subjects.", "content": "The erythrocyte transketolase activity, and the effect of thiamin pyrophosphate stimulation (TPP effect) on this enzyme, was determined in 263 adult Ghanaian subjects who included normal males and females, male labourers known to consume a diet high in carbohydrate, diabetics and pregnant women. Using the guideline that a TPP effect of greater than 25% indicates thiamin deficiency, it was found that a significant proportion of apparently healthy subjects (36%-47%) may be regarded as thiamin deficient. The results are discussed in the light of similar studies carried out by other workers.", "contents": "Erythrocyte transketolase activity in adult Ghanaian subjects. The erythrocyte transketolase activity, and the effect of thiamin pyrophosphate stimulation (TPP effect) on this enzyme, was determined in 263 adult Ghanaian subjects who included normal males and females, male labourers known to consume a diet high in carbohydrate, diabetics and pregnant women. Using the guideline that a TPP effect of greater than 25% indicates thiamin deficiency, it was found that a significant proportion of apparently healthy subjects (36%-47%) may be regarded as thiamin deficient. The results are discussed in the light of similar studies carried out by other workers.", "PMID": 1122648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7760", "title": "Serial measurements of vitamin B-12 and vitamin B-12-binding capacity in marasmic kwashiorkor.", "content": "Vitamin B-12 and total vitamin B-12-binding capacity (TBBC) have been determined by a radio-saturation assay in the blood of a large group of patients suffering from marasmic kwashiorkor on admission, and during their whole re-feeding. The results have been compared with values obtained in control children of the same ethnic group and with normal children living in Belgium. Vitamin B-12 levels are high on admission and only normalize during the second month of re-feeding. TBBC is normal on admission but significantly increases during re-feeding.", "contents": "Serial measurements of vitamin B-12 and vitamin B-12-binding capacity in marasmic kwashiorkor. Vitamin B-12 and total vitamin B-12-binding capacity (TBBC) have been determined by a radio-saturation assay in the blood of a large group of patients suffering from marasmic kwashiorkor on admission, and during their whole re-feeding. The results have been compared with values obtained in control children of the same ethnic group and with normal children living in Belgium. Vitamin B-12 levels are high on admission and only normalize during the second month of re-feeding. TBBC is normal on admission but significantly increases during re-feeding.", "PMID": 1122649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7761", "title": "Urinary excretion of free hydroxylysine, peptide-bound hydroxylysine and hydroxylysyl glycosides in physiological conditions.", "content": "The amount of urinary hydroxylysine is an index of collagen metabolism. Of the total hydroxylysine measured in normal urine 80 percent is associated with sugars in two glycosidic compounds, glucosyl-galactosyl-hydroxylysine and galactosyl-hydroxylysine, ten percent is free and unglycosylated and the remainder is bound to urinary peptides. The excretion of hydroxylysyl glycosides follow the same physiological variations as urinary hydroxyproline, but it is not influenced by a collagen-free diet. The urinary excretion of hydroxylysyl glycosides, free hydroxylysine and peptide-bound hydroxylysine increases from 6 months of age to puberty. When corrected for urinary creatinine excretion, the largest amounts are found before one year of age. The glucosyl-galactosyl-hydroxylysine/galactosyl-hydroxylysine ratio is lower in the urine of children. After correction of the values to either the body surface area or to the creatinine excretion, no significant differences can be found  between the sexes. The different forms of hydroxylysine are discussed.", "contents": "Urinary excretion of free hydroxylysine, peptide-bound hydroxylysine and hydroxylysyl glycosides in physiological conditions. The amount of urinary hydroxylysine is an index of collagen metabolism. Of the total hydroxylysine measured in normal urine 80 percent is associated with sugars in two glycosidic compounds, glucosyl-galactosyl-hydroxylysine and galactosyl-hydroxylysine, ten percent is free and unglycosylated and the remainder is bound to urinary peptides. The excretion of hydroxylysyl glycosides follow the same physiological variations as urinary hydroxyproline, but it is not influenced by a collagen-free diet. The urinary excretion of hydroxylysyl glycosides, free hydroxylysine and peptide-bound hydroxylysine increases from 6 months of age to puberty. When corrected for urinary creatinine excretion, the largest amounts are found before one year of age. The glucosyl-galactosyl-hydroxylysine/galactosyl-hydroxylysine ratio is lower in the urine of children. After correction of the values to either the body surface area or to the creatinine excretion, no significant differences can be found  between the sexes. The different forms of hydroxylysine are discussed.", "PMID": 1122650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7762", "title": "The role of prolactin in the restoration of ovarian function during the early post-partum period in the human female. I. A study during physiological lactation.", "content": "Serial plasma levels of prolactin, follicle-stimulating/ml hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), 17beta-oestradiol (E) and progesterone (P) were determined by radio-immunoassay in ten healthy women during late pregnancy and puerperium until the occurrence of the first menstruation, at which moment an endometrial biopsy was taken. Prolactin concentrations, which were high during late pregnancy and the early post-partum period, declined thereafter but remained above 30 ng", "contents": "The role of prolactin in the restoration of ovarian function during the early post-partum period in the human female. I. A study during physiological lactation. Serial plasma levels of prolactin, follicle-stimulating/ml hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), 17beta-oestradiol (E) and progesterone (P) were determined by radio-immunoassay in ten healthy women during late pregnancy and puerperium until the occurrence of the first menstruation, at which moment an endometrial biopsy was taken. Prolactin concentrations, which were high during late pregnancy and the early post-partum period, declined thereafter but remained above 30 ng", "PMID": 1122651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7763", "title": "The role of prolactin in the restoration of ovarian function during the early post-partum period in the human female. II. A study during inhibition of lactation by bromergocryptine.", "content": "Serial plasma levels of prolactin, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), 17beta-oestradiol (E) and progesterone (P) were determined by radioimmunoassay in ten healthy women during late pregnancy and the puerperium during inhibition of lactation by Bromergocryptine. This medication was continued until the occurrence of the first menstruation, at which point an endometrial biopsy was taken. Prolactin was very effectively suppressed by Bromergocryptine in all patients, as was lactation. FSH was nearly undetectable during late pregnancy and the first week post-partum with an increase back to normal levels between day 7 and 12. Thereafter FSH levels were within the normal cyclic range. Following clearance of human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) during the first 2 weeks post-partum, LH was found within the normal cyclic range in all patients. From day 7 E increased in nine of ten patients to reach levels during the fourth week which are seen normally at the moment of the pre-ovulatory E-surge in cycling women. In eight of the ten cases this was concomitant with high levels of LH. The tenth patient showed a high E level at day 36. P was fully excreted within 7 days and remained low until approximately day 20. Thereafter an increase was demonstrated with levels as found during the luteal stage of the menstrual cycle in nine patients within 33 days and within 40 days in all ten patients. The endometrial biopsies showed clear signs of secretory activity. The probable action of prolactin on ovarian function is discussed. It is suggested that during the puerperium the ovaries are the more refractory part of the hypothalamicpituitary\u014dvarian axis, due probably to an influence of prolactin on the ovarian steroid synthesis.", "contents": "The role of prolactin in the restoration of ovarian function during the early post-partum period in the human female. II. A study during inhibition of lactation by bromergocryptine. Serial plasma levels of prolactin, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), 17beta-oestradiol (E) and progesterone (P) were determined by radioimmunoassay in ten healthy women during late pregnancy and the puerperium during inhibition of lactation by Bromergocryptine. This medication was continued until the occurrence of the first menstruation, at which point an endometrial biopsy was taken. Prolactin was very effectively suppressed by Bromergocryptine in all patients, as was lactation. FSH was nearly undetectable during late pregnancy and the first week post-partum with an increase back to normal levels between day 7 and 12. Thereafter FSH levels were within the normal cyclic range. Following clearance of human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) during the first 2 weeks post-partum, LH was found within the normal cyclic range in all patients. From day 7 E increased in nine of ten patients to reach levels during the fourth week which are seen normally at the moment of the pre-ovulatory E-surge in cycling women. In eight of the ten cases this was concomitant with high levels of LH. The tenth patient showed a high E level at day 36. P was fully excreted within 7 days and remained low until approximately day 20. Thereafter an increase was demonstrated with levels as found during the luteal stage of the menstrual cycle in nine patients within 33 days and within 40 days in all ten patients. The endometrial biopsies showed clear signs of secretory activity. The probable action of prolactin on ovarian function is discussed. It is suggested that during the puerperium the ovaries are the more refractory part of the hypothalamicpituitary\u014dvarian axis, due probably to an influence of prolactin on the ovarian steroid synthesis.", "PMID": 1122652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7764", "title": "Assessment of oral glucose tolerance data.", "content": "Characteristics of the 'clinical value index' (Harding et al., 1973) are examined. It is shown that the definition of the index makes it unsuitable for the comparative evaluation of various methods of assessing the results of an oral glucose tolerance test.", "contents": "Assessment of oral glucose tolerance data. Characteristics of the 'clinical value index' (Harding et al., 1973) are examined. It is shown that the definition of the index makes it unsuitable for the comparative evaluation of various methods of assessing the results of an oral glucose tolerance test.", "PMID": 1122654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7765", "title": "Treatment of acromegaly by transsphenoidal hypophysectomy with cryoapplication.", "content": "The therapeutic effect of transsphenoidal hypophysectomy with cryoapplication has been studied in twenty-nine patients with active acromegaly. The mean follow-up time was 15 months (354 months). A significant improvement of symptoms and signs occurred in all but three patients. The level of plasma immunoreactive growth hormone (IRGH) was reduced in all but two patients and a normal level of plasma IRGH was achieved in sixteen patients. Skin thickness, the level of serum inorganic phosphorus and the urinary excretion of hydroxyproline and calcium were significantly decreased in the great majority of the patients. The operation was not accompanied by any visual complications, but cerebrospinal rhinorrhoea, subsiding spontaneously, developed in two and postoperative meningitis in one patient. Hypothyroidism and adrenocortical deficiency developed in eight, gonadotrophin deficiency in thirteen, and persistent diabetes insipidus in one patient. It is concluded that transsphenoidal hypophysectomy with cryapplication is a safe and effective method for the treatment of acromegalic patients.", "contents": "Treatment of acromegaly by transsphenoidal hypophysectomy with cryoapplication. The therapeutic effect of transsphenoidal hypophysectomy with cryoapplication has been studied in twenty-nine patients with active acromegaly. The mean follow-up time was 15 months (354 months). A significant improvement of symptoms and signs occurred in all but three patients. The level of plasma immunoreactive growth hormone (IRGH) was reduced in all but two patients and a normal level of plasma IRGH was achieved in sixteen patients. Skin thickness, the level of serum inorganic phosphorus and the urinary excretion of hydroxyproline and calcium were significantly decreased in the great majority of the patients. The operation was not accompanied by any visual complications, but cerebrospinal rhinorrhoea, subsiding spontaneously, developed in two and postoperative meningitis in one patient. Hypothyroidism and adrenocortical deficiency developed in eight, gonadotrophin deficiency in thirteen, and persistent diabetes insipidus in one patient. It is concluded that transsphenoidal hypophysectomy with cryapplication is a safe and effective method for the treatment of acromegalic patients.", "PMID": 1122655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7766", "title": "Cyproterone acetate: a study involving two volunteers with idiopathic hirsutism.", "content": "Two female volunteers, of menstrual age, with severe idiopathic hirsutism were treated for eight cycles and fifteen cycles respectively with cyproterone acetate 50 mg twice daily on days 5-14 of the cycle. In all but one cycle, ethinyl oestradiol in a dose of 50 mug daily from day 5 to 21 was given in addition. Cyproterone acetate when given alone abolished the mid-cycle LH surge. Combined therapy with cyproterone acetate and ethinyl oestradiol produced a significant improvement in both patients' hirsutism and was accompanied by a marked reduction in the urinary excretion of LH, FSH and androgens and by a fall in plasma testosterone. However, the clinical benefit derived from this drug was due principally to its action as a peripheral antiandrogen.", "contents": "Cyproterone acetate: a study involving two volunteers with idiopathic hirsutism. Two female volunteers, of menstrual age, with severe idiopathic hirsutism were treated for eight cycles and fifteen cycles respectively with cyproterone acetate 50 mg twice daily on days 5-14 of the cycle. In all but one cycle, ethinyl oestradiol in a dose of 50 mug daily from day 5 to 21 was given in addition. Cyproterone acetate when given alone abolished the mid-cycle LH surge. Combined therapy with cyproterone acetate and ethinyl oestradiol produced a significant improvement in both patients' hirsutism and was accompanied by a marked reduction in the urinary excretion of LH, FSH and androgens and by a fall in plasma testosterone. However, the clinical benefit derived from this drug was due principally to its action as a peripheral antiandrogen.", "PMID": 1122656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7767", "title": "Hypogonadism and parathyroid adenoma in congenital poikiloderma (Rothmund-Thomson syndrome).", "content": "In two adult patients with congenital poikiloderma (Rothmund-Thomson syndrome) the following endocrine abnormalities were found: Patient 1, female, with short stature had primary amenorrhoea and did not develop secondary sexual characteristics. Despite lacking an oestrogen effect on the vaginal smear and the low urinary oestrogen excretion, basal LH and FSH and their response to LH-RH were normal. At age 36 a parathyroid adenoma was diagnosed because of increased immunoreactive plasma parathyroid hormone and persistent hypercalcaemia. After removal of the tumour the patient remained normocalcaemic. The result of growth hormone response to insulin in the intermediate range was suggestive of partial deficiency. In patient 2, male, hypergonadotrophic hypogonadism with small testes and high basal LH and FSH levels as well as increased LH and FSH response to LH-RH were found. Plasma testosterone was normal. Endocrine abnormalities in previously published cases are summarized.", "contents": "Hypogonadism and parathyroid adenoma in congenital poikiloderma (Rothmund-Thomson syndrome). In two adult patients with congenital poikiloderma (Rothmund-Thomson syndrome) the following endocrine abnormalities were found: Patient 1, female, with short stature had primary amenorrhoea and did not develop secondary sexual characteristics. Despite lacking an oestrogen effect on the vaginal smear and the low urinary oestrogen excretion, basal LH and FSH and their response to LH-RH were normal. At age 36 a parathyroid adenoma was diagnosed because of increased immunoreactive plasma parathyroid hormone and persistent hypercalcaemia. After removal of the tumour the patient remained normocalcaemic. The result of growth hormone response to insulin in the intermediate range was suggestive of partial deficiency. In patient 2, male, hypergonadotrophic hypogonadism with small testes and high basal LH and FSH levels as well as increased LH and FSH response to LH-RH were found. Plasma testosterone was normal. Endocrine abnormalities in previously published cases are summarized.", "PMID": 1122657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7768", "title": "Plasma free fatty acid turnover in total lipodystrophy.", "content": "Basal free fatty acid (FFA) turnover was found to be elevated or at the upper limit of normal in a patient with total lipodystrophy. The decrease in plasma FFA concentration which occurred after intravenous administration of insulin was shown to be primarily due to a fall in the inflow of FFA into the circulation. These results provide support for the suggestion that adipocytes in total lipodystrophy are able to synthesize triglycercide, but that they are unable to store it because of rapid lipolysis.", "contents": "Plasma free fatty acid turnover in total lipodystrophy. Basal free fatty acid (FFA) turnover was found to be elevated or at the upper limit of normal in a patient with total lipodystrophy. The decrease in plasma FFA concentration which occurred after intravenous administration of insulin was shown to be primarily due to a fall in the inflow of FFA into the circulation. These results provide support for the suggestion that adipocytes in total lipodystrophy are able to synthesize triglycercide, but that they are unable to store it because of rapid lipolysis.", "PMID": 1122658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7769", "title": "Prognosis of chronic glomerulonephritis in adult patients estimated on the basis of the Markov process.", "content": "The prognosis of chronic glomerulonephritis based on renal function was assessed using a statistical technique of the Markov process, where the absorbing state was assumed to be an uremic state, 194 adult patients with different types of disease were subjected to study. The 15 min value obtained in the intravenous PSP excretion test was divided into five states; SI (greater than 34%, normal), SII(25-34), SIII(15-24), SIV(5-14) and SV (greater than 5, uremic). The rates of SV with time were calculated with respect to several clinical characteristics. The prognosis of the patients with hypertension, distinct proteinuria and hematuria, or cellular cylindruria appeared to be relatively poor. The estimated number of years from each state to SV were also calculated. The results were similar to those already reported and gave us more exact information about the prognosis.", "contents": "Prognosis of chronic glomerulonephritis in adult patients estimated on the basis of the Markov process. The prognosis of chronic glomerulonephritis based on renal function was assessed using a statistical technique of the Markov process, where the absorbing state was assumed to be an uremic state, 194 adult patients with different types of disease were subjected to study. The 15 min value obtained in the intravenous PSP excretion test was divided into five states; SI (greater than 34%, normal), SII(25-34), SIII(15-24), SIV(5-14) and SV (greater than 5, uremic). The rates of SV with time were calculated with respect to several clinical characteristics. The prognosis of the patients with hypertension, distinct proteinuria and hematuria, or cellular cylindruria appeared to be relatively poor. The estimated number of years from each state to SV were also calculated. The results were similar to those already reported and gave us more exact information about the prognosis.", "PMID": 1122660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7770", "title": "Hypertension, renal vein thrombosis and renal failure (occurring in a patient on an oral contraceptive agent).", "content": "A case of accelerated hypertension leading to renal failure in a young woman taking an oral contraceptive agent is described. During the course of her disease the left kidney was documented to decrease in size. Renal vein plasma renin activity was found to be elevated on the left in the absence of renal artery stenosis. Left nephrectomy, prompted by continuing poor blood pressure control, resulted in amelioration of the hypertension. Left renal vein thrombosis was found at surgery. It is suggested that renal vein thrombosis was a contributing factor to this patient's accelerated hypertension and may represent an unusual thrombotic complication of oral contraceptives.", "contents": "Hypertension, renal vein thrombosis and renal failure (occurring in a patient on an oral contraceptive agent). A case of accelerated hypertension leading to renal failure in a young woman taking an oral contraceptive agent is described. During the course of her disease the left kidney was documented to decrease in size. Renal vein plasma renin activity was found to be elevated on the left in the absence of renal artery stenosis. Left nephrectomy, prompted by continuing poor blood pressure control, resulted in amelioration of the hypertension. Left renal vein thrombosis was found at surgery. It is suggested that renal vein thrombosis was a contributing factor to this patient's accelerated hypertension and may represent an unusual thrombotic complication of oral contraceptives.", "PMID": 1122661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7771", "title": "Determination of propoxyphene and norpropoxyphene by chemical ionization mass fragmentography.", "content": "The kinetics of propoxyphene and its primary metabolite, norpropoxyphene, have been simultaneously re-evaluated in man by using gas-liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry, deuterium-labeled mass internal standards, and multiple ion monitoring. Plasma concentrations in 4 volunteers determined for as long as 240 hr after single oral doses of 2 propoxyphene salts indicate the overall half-life of propoxyphene to be 11.8 hr and of norpropoxyphene to be 36.6 hr.", "contents": "Determination of propoxyphene and norpropoxyphene by chemical ionization mass fragmentography. The kinetics of propoxyphene and its primary metabolite, norpropoxyphene, have been simultaneously re-evaluated in man by using gas-liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry, deuterium-labeled mass internal standards, and multiple ion monitoring. Plasma concentrations in 4 volunteers determined for as long as 240 hr after single oral doses of 2 propoxyphene salts indicate the overall half-life of propoxyphene to be 11.8 hr and of norpropoxyphene to be 36.6 hr.", "PMID": 1122667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7772", "title": "Blood flow in muscle groups and drug absorption.", "content": "Resting human muscle blood flow (MBF) was determined simultaneously in the usual intramuscular injection sites to resolve whether variance in MBF could account for differences in drug absorption. Three pairs of muscles (gluteus maximus, vastus lateralis, and deltoid) were studied in each of 20 adult subjects. Use of dual, matched linear rate meters allowed two muscles to be studied simultaneously, with the order of injection random within an incomplete block design. MBF was calculated from the 133xenon washout rate using a single exponential that the computer found to best fit the data. Deltoid MBF (11.6 ml/100 gm/min plus or minus 0.5) was significantly (p smaller than 0.05) greater than gluteus MBF (9.6 plus or minus 0.5), with vastus or between right and left sides for each muscle. These data indicate that there are consistent differencies in resting MBF among specific muscle groups of sufficient magnitude (19%) to affect the rate of absorption and peak serum levels following intramuscular administration of drugs.", "contents": "Blood flow in muscle groups and drug absorption. Resting human muscle blood flow (MBF) was determined simultaneously in the usual intramuscular injection sites to resolve whether variance in MBF could account for differences in drug absorption. Three pairs of muscles (gluteus maximus, vastus lateralis, and deltoid) were studied in each of 20 adult subjects. Use of dual, matched linear rate meters allowed two muscles to be studied simultaneously, with the order of injection random within an incomplete block design. MBF was calculated from the 133xenon washout rate using a single exponential that the computer found to best fit the data. Deltoid MBF (11.6 ml/100 gm/min plus or minus 0.5) was significantly (p smaller than 0.05) greater than gluteus MBF (9.6 plus or minus 0.5), with vastus or between right and left sides for each muscle. These data indicate that there are consistent differencies in resting MBF among specific muscle groups of sufficient magnitude (19%) to affect the rate of absorption and peak serum levels following intramuscular administration of drugs.", "PMID": 1122668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7773", "title": "Altered plasma half-lives of antipyrine, propylthiouracil, and methimazole in thyroid dysfunction.", "content": "In normal, nonmedicated volunteers and in patients with thyroid disorders the plasma half-lives of antipyrine, propylthiouracil, and methimazole were determined after single oral doses. The plasma half-liver plus or minus S.D. of antipyrine, propylthiouracil, and methimazole were 11.9 plus or minus 1.4 hr, 6.7 plus or minus 1.0 hr, and 9.3 plus or minus 1.4 hr, respectively, in normal volunteers, but were shortened to 7.7 plus or minus 1.2 hr, 4.3 plus or minus 0.7 hr, and 6.9 plus or minus 0.6 hr, respectively, in hyperthyroid patients. In hypothyroid patients the plasma half-lives of these drugs were prolonged to 26.4 plus or minus 4.0 hr, 24.7 plus or minus 34.5 hr, and 13.6 plus or minus 4.8 hr, respectively. Return to the euthyroid state restored plasma half-lives to or toward normal. Alterations in plasma drug half-lives during thyroid dysfunction appear to result mainly from accelerated hepatic microsomal drug metabolism in hyperthyroidism and retarded drug biotransformation during hypothyroidism.", "contents": "Altered plasma half-lives of antipyrine, propylthiouracil, and methimazole in thyroid dysfunction. In normal, nonmedicated volunteers and in patients with thyroid disorders the plasma half-lives of antipyrine, propylthiouracil, and methimazole were determined after single oral doses. The plasma half-liver plus or minus S.D. of antipyrine, propylthiouracil, and methimazole were 11.9 plus or minus 1.4 hr, 6.7 plus or minus 1.0 hr, and 9.3 plus or minus 1.4 hr, respectively, in normal volunteers, but were shortened to 7.7 plus or minus 1.2 hr, 4.3 plus or minus 0.7 hr, and 6.9 plus or minus 0.6 hr, respectively, in hyperthyroid patients. In hypothyroid patients the plasma half-lives of these drugs were prolonged to 26.4 plus or minus 4.0 hr, 24.7 plus or minus 34.5 hr, and 13.6 plus or minus 4.8 hr, respectively. Return to the euthyroid state restored plasma half-lives to or toward normal. Alterations in plasma drug half-lives during thyroid dysfunction appear to result mainly from accelerated hepatic microsomal drug metabolism in hyperthyroidism and retarded drug biotransformation during hypothyroidism.", "PMID": 1122669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7774", "title": "Hemolysis induced by 6-N-hydroxylaminopurine riboside, an adenosine analogue.", "content": "6-N-Hydroxylaminopurine riboside (HAPR) was studied in man because of its therapeutic activity in several transplanted animal neoplasms. It was not cross-resistant to other antimetabolites useful in the treatment of human neoplasia. HAPR produced marked hemolytic anemia at doses far below those that might have produced any cytotoxic or therapeutic effect. There was evidence of hemolysis at total doses as low as 0.5 mg/kg given intravenously. For man, HAPR is one of the most active hemolytic drugs.", "contents": "Hemolysis induced by 6-N-hydroxylaminopurine riboside, an adenosine analogue. 6-N-Hydroxylaminopurine riboside (HAPR) was studied in man because of its therapeutic activity in several transplanted animal neoplasms. It was not cross-resistant to other antimetabolites useful in the treatment of human neoplasia. HAPR produced marked hemolytic anemia at doses far below those that might have produced any cytotoxic or therapeutic effect. There was evidence of hemolysis at total doses as low as 0.5 mg/kg given intravenously. For man, HAPR is one of the most active hemolytic drugs.", "PMID": 1122670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7775", "title": "Thioridazine: central dopamine turnover and clinical effects of antipsychotic drugs.", "content": "Thioridazine was administered to 14 patients diagnosed as within the \"schizophrenic spectrum\" with the result that substantial improvement in psychotic symptoms was achieved while significant extrapyramidal side effects occurred in only 1 patients. Under these conditions lumbar cerebrospinal fluid homovanillic acid following probenecid was significantly elevated (48%). Cerebrospinal fluid probenecid and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid declined significantly during treatment with thioridazine. Taken in conjunction with the results of other studies, it appears that cerebrospinal fluid homovanillic acid can be moderately elevated in man during successful treatment with antipsychotic drugs when extrapyramidal side effects are virtually absent. Possible interpretations of these results are discussed with regard to the clinical effects of antipsychotic drugs as they relate to central dopaminergic activity.", "contents": "Thioridazine: central dopamine turnover and clinical effects of antipsychotic drugs. Thioridazine was administered to 14 patients diagnosed as within the \"schizophrenic spectrum\" with the result that substantial improvement in psychotic symptoms was achieved while significant extrapyramidal side effects occurred in only 1 patients. Under these conditions lumbar cerebrospinal fluid homovanillic acid following probenecid was significantly elevated (48%). Cerebrospinal fluid probenecid and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid declined significantly during treatment with thioridazine. Taken in conjunction with the results of other studies, it appears that cerebrospinal fluid homovanillic acid can be moderately elevated in man during successful treatment with antipsychotic drugs when extrapyramidal side effects are virtually absent. Possible interpretations of these results are discussed with regard to the clinical effects of antipsychotic drugs as they relate to central dopaminergic activity.", "PMID": 1122671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7776", "title": "Hemodialysis in an infant with propoxyphene intoxication.", "content": "A 10-month-old infant was treated with intensive supportive care and hemodialysis for severe propoxyphene intoxication. Dialysis clearance studies demonstrated that propoxyphene was removed from the serum at approximately 50% of the rate of blood urea nitrogen removal. Possibly because of tissue binding of the drug, the absolute quantity of propoxyphene removed by dialysis was small. The child survived the acute episode of intoxication but died of pulmonary complications several days later. The role of dialysis in propoxyphene intoxication remains to be established.", "contents": "Hemodialysis in an infant with propoxyphene intoxication. A 10-month-old infant was treated with intensive supportive care and hemodialysis for severe propoxyphene intoxication. Dialysis clearance studies demonstrated that propoxyphene was removed from the serum at approximately 50% of the rate of blood urea nitrogen removal. Possibly because of tissue binding of the drug, the absolute quantity of propoxyphene removed by dialysis was small. The child survived the acute episode of intoxication but died of pulmonary complications several days later. The role of dialysis in propoxyphene intoxication remains to be established.", "PMID": 1122672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7777", "title": "Nicotine regulation and cigarette smoking.", "content": "A study was conducted to determine whether there is nicotine regulation in cigarette smoking. Tar levels, which often covary with nicotine manipulations, were controlled for by the use of nicotine in chewing gums. Nicotine in cigarettes was also used for preloading. High nicotine cigarette preloads were followed by longer latencies to the next cigarette than were the low nicotine cigarette preloads. High nicotine gum preloads were followed by less puffing on the subsequent cigarettes than were the low nicotine gum preloads.", "contents": "Nicotine regulation and cigarette smoking. A study was conducted to determine whether there is nicotine regulation in cigarette smoking. Tar levels, which often covary with nicotine manipulations, were controlled for by the use of nicotine in chewing gums. Nicotine in cigarettes was also used for preloading. High nicotine cigarette preloads were followed by longer latencies to the next cigarette than were the low nicotine cigarette preloads. High nicotine gum preloads were followed by less puffing on the subsequent cigarettes than were the low nicotine gum preloads.", "PMID": 1122673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7778", "title": "The effect of pindolol on exercise-induced cardiac acceleration in relation to plasma levels in man.", "content": "The correlation between the beta receptor blocking activity of pindolol and plasma level was studied in 8 subjects after a 10-mg oral dose. Exercise tachycardia was markedly reduced over a period of at least 6 hr. Significant effects were recorded 30 min after the drug. For each individual there was a close correlation between log plasma level and beta blockade. The regression lines were parallel as shown by analysis of covariance; the intercepts, however, were significantly different. It can be concluded that there is a correlation between plasma level and beta adrenergic blockade by pindolol, but the data failed to establish in different individuals the blood levels necessary to achieve effective adrenergic blockade.", "contents": "The effect of pindolol on exercise-induced cardiac acceleration in relation to plasma levels in man. The correlation between the beta receptor blocking activity of pindolol and plasma level was studied in 8 subjects after a 10-mg oral dose. Exercise tachycardia was markedly reduced over a period of at least 6 hr. Significant effects were recorded 30 min after the drug. For each individual there was a close correlation between log plasma level and beta blockade. The regression lines were parallel as shown by analysis of covariance; the intercepts, however, were significantly different. It can be concluded that there is a correlation between plasma level and beta adrenergic blockade by pindolol, but the data failed to establish in different individuals the blood levels necessary to achieve effective adrenergic blockade.", "PMID": 1122674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7779", "title": "Antiarrhythmic potency of N-acetylprocainamide.", "content": "Compared to procainamide in an animal arrhythmic model, the antiarrhythmic potency of the N-acetylated metabolite of procainamide (NAPA) was 92% with respect to dose and 70% with respect to plasma level. The antiarrhythmic effects of combinations of the drugs were additive. Measurements of procainamide and NAPA plasma levels needed to suppress ventricular extrasystoles suggested that both compounds are nearly equipotent in patients as well. The average plasma level required for arrhythmia control in these patients was equivalent to 5.1 mcg/ml procainamide. Since patients on long-term procainamide therapy have plasma concentrations of NAPA that are usually comparable to, and occasionally greater than, their procainamide levels, dose regiments based on procainamide levels alone need revision to include consideration of the levels of this metabolite.", "contents": "Antiarrhythmic potency of N-acetylprocainamide. Compared to procainamide in an animal arrhythmic model, the antiarrhythmic potency of the N-acetylated metabolite of procainamide (NAPA) was 92% with respect to dose and 70% with respect to plasma level. The antiarrhythmic effects of combinations of the drugs were additive. Measurements of procainamide and NAPA plasma levels needed to suppress ventricular extrasystoles suggested that both compounds are nearly equipotent in patients as well. The average plasma level required for arrhythmia control in these patients was equivalent to 5.1 mcg/ml procainamide. Since patients on long-term procainamide therapy have plasma concentrations of NAPA that are usually comparable to, and occasionally greater than, their procainamide levels, dose regiments based on procainamide levels alone need revision to include consideration of the levels of this metabolite.", "PMID": 1122675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7780", "title": "Effect of nortestosterone decanoate on red cell 2,3 diphosphoglycerate and hematocrit in hemodialysis patients.", "content": "The effects of intramuscular 200-mg nortestosterone decanoate (ND) on red cell 2,3 diphosphoglycerate (DPG) concentration and packed cell volumes (PCV) were compared in 9 patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis for renal failure and in 18 control patients undergoing hemodialysis but not receiving ND. Subjects had received the drug 4.3 plus or minus 0.3 (SEM.) months at the time of DPG determinations. DPG was similar in treated patients and in the control subjects: 6.27 plus or minus 0.22 mM/L RBC and 6.16 plus or minus 0.23 mM/L RBC, respectively. The initial PCV was also similar: 21.72% plus or minus 1.36 and 20.13% plus or minus 0.91. Although the mean PCV during treatment was higher for 5 of 9 ND-treated patients (p smaller than 0.01), the final PCV prior to termination of therapy was greater than the initial pretreatment PCV in only 2 of these 5 patients (p greater than 0.05). We conclude that 200 mg ND weekly has no effect on the red cell DPG and a transient unsustained effect in raising the PCV in male chronic hemodialysis patients over a 5-month period of treatment.", "contents": "Effect of nortestosterone decanoate on red cell 2,3 diphosphoglycerate and hematocrit in hemodialysis patients. The effects of intramuscular 200-mg nortestosterone decanoate (ND) on red cell 2,3 diphosphoglycerate (DPG) concentration and packed cell volumes (PCV) were compared in 9 patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis for renal failure and in 18 control patients undergoing hemodialysis but not receiving ND. Subjects had received the drug 4.3 plus or minus 0.3 (SEM.) months at the time of DPG determinations. DPG was similar in treated patients and in the control subjects: 6.27 plus or minus 0.22 mM/L RBC and 6.16 plus or minus 0.23 mM/L RBC, respectively. The initial PCV was also similar: 21.72% plus or minus 1.36 and 20.13% plus or minus 0.91. Although the mean PCV during treatment was higher for 5 of 9 ND-treated patients (p smaller than 0.01), the final PCV prior to termination of therapy was greater than the initial pretreatment PCV in only 2 of these 5 patients (p greater than 0.05). We conclude that 200 mg ND weekly has no effect on the red cell DPG and a transient unsustained effect in raising the PCV in male chronic hemodialysis patients over a 5-month period of treatment.", "PMID": 1122676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7781", "title": "Pharmacological activity, metabolism, and pharmacokinetics of glycinexylidide.", "content": "Glycinexylidide (GX) is a metabolite of lidocaine that is frequently present in mug/ml concentrations in the plasma of patients treated with lidocaine infusions for 24 hr or more. Plasma levels of GX have 26% the antiarrhythmic activity of lidocaine in an animal model, and GX adversely affects the mental performance of normal subjects at plasma concentrations comparable to those found in patients. The total volume of GX distribution in man is similar to that of lidocaine but the plasma clearance is less, so that the 10-hr elimination phase half-life of GX is much longer than the 1 1/2 hr half-life reported in normal subjects for lidocaine. About half of an administered dose of GX is excreted unchanged in urine, roughly 15% appears in urine as conjugates of xylidine and p-OH xylidine, and the fate of the rest is unknown.", "contents": "Pharmacological activity, metabolism, and pharmacokinetics of glycinexylidide. Glycinexylidide (GX) is a metabolite of lidocaine that is frequently present in mug/ml concentrations in the plasma of patients treated with lidocaine infusions for 24 hr or more. Plasma levels of GX have 26% the antiarrhythmic activity of lidocaine in an animal model, and GX adversely affects the mental performance of normal subjects at plasma concentrations comparable to those found in patients. The total volume of GX distribution in man is similar to that of lidocaine but the plasma clearance is less, so that the 10-hr elimination phase half-life of GX is much longer than the 1 1/2 hr half-life reported in normal subjects for lidocaine. About half of an administered dose of GX is excreted unchanged in urine, roughly 15% appears in urine as conjugates of xylidine and p-OH xylidine, and the fate of the rest is unknown.", "PMID": 1122677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7782", "title": "Neurologic and electroencephalographic correlates in glutethimide intoxication.", "content": "Neurologic and electroencephalographic (EEG) examinations were performed every two hours during a case of severe glutethimide intoxication resulting from the acute ingestion of at least 15 grams of glutethimide. Neurologic data were reduced to 10 measurements of brainstem function and plotted as an index that varied cyclically in amplitude during the clinical course. Electroencephalographic data were computer-processed by power spectral methods and related to the brainstem function index. Good positive correlation existed between the frequency and reactivity of EEG activity and the level of brainstem function as reflected in the index. The cyclic and, sometimes, unilateral nature of the clinical findings previously reported in glutethimide coma was confirmed and seen to be reflected in the EEG. The present case also indicates that, in the absence of cerebral ischemia or hypoxemia secondary to cardiopulmonary depression, complete clinical recovery from glutethimide-induced coma is possible no matter how severe the presenting neurologic and EEG signs.", "contents": "Neurologic and electroencephalographic correlates in glutethimide intoxication. Neurologic and electroencephalographic (EEG) examinations were performed every two hours during a case of severe glutethimide intoxication resulting from the acute ingestion of at least 15 grams of glutethimide. Neurologic data were reduced to 10 measurements of brainstem function and plotted as an index that varied cyclically in amplitude during the clinical course. Electroencephalographic data were computer-processed by power spectral methods and related to the brainstem function index. Good positive correlation existed between the frequency and reactivity of EEG activity and the level of brainstem function as reflected in the index. The cyclic and, sometimes, unilateral nature of the clinical findings previously reported in glutethimide coma was confirmed and seen to be reflected in the EEG. The present case also indicates that, in the absence of cerebral ischemia or hypoxemia secondary to cardiopulmonary depression, complete clinical recovery from glutethimide-induced coma is possible no matter how severe the presenting neurologic and EEG signs.", "PMID": 1122678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7783", "title": "Determinants of the renal clearance of digoxin.", "content": "The renal clearances of digoxin, creatinine, and urea nitrogen were determined simultaneously in each of 41 patients receiving digoxin, in most of whom there was prerenal azotemia. Mean plus or minus SD values were: blood urea nitrogen (BUN), 26.1 plus or minus 12.8 mg per 100 ml; creatine, 1.1 + 0.41 mg per 100 ml; creatinine clearance, 78 plus or minus 42 ml/min/1.73 m2; digoxin clearance, 66.6 plus or minus 42.1 ml/min/1.73 m2; urea nitrogen clearance, 27.8 plus or minus 19.2 ml/min/1.73 m2. Correlation analysis revealed that urea clearance is superior to creatinine clearance, and BUN is superior to serum creatinine concentration in the degree of relationship to renal digoxin clearance. Moreover, using partial correlation techniques, it is apparent that in these patinets digoxin clearance was significantly related to urine flow rate. These findings are compatible with the hypothesis that digoxin undergoes some degree of tubular reabsorption as well as filtration and secretion.", "contents": "Determinants of the renal clearance of digoxin. The renal clearances of digoxin, creatinine, and urea nitrogen were determined simultaneously in each of 41 patients receiving digoxin, in most of whom there was prerenal azotemia. Mean plus or minus SD values were: blood urea nitrogen (BUN), 26.1 plus or minus 12.8 mg per 100 ml; creatine, 1.1 + 0.41 mg per 100 ml; creatinine clearance, 78 plus or minus 42 ml/min/1.73 m2; digoxin clearance, 66.6 plus or minus 42.1 ml/min/1.73 m2; urea nitrogen clearance, 27.8 plus or minus 19.2 ml/min/1.73 m2. Correlation analysis revealed that urea clearance is superior to creatinine clearance, and BUN is superior to serum creatinine concentration in the degree of relationship to renal digoxin clearance. Moreover, using partial correlation techniques, it is apparent that in these patinets digoxin clearance was significantly related to urine flow rate. These findings are compatible with the hypothesis that digoxin undergoes some degree of tubular reabsorption as well as filtration and secretion.", "PMID": 1122680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7784", "title": "Acetylation of procainamide in man and its relationship to isonicotinic acid hydrazide acetylation phenotype.", "content": "To assess the extent of the acetylation of procainamide (PA) to N-acetylprocainamide (NAPA) in man, and its relation to isonicotinic acid hydrazide (INH) acetylation phenotype, the following study was done. Fourteen subjects received 500 mg of PA - HCL orally. INH acetylation phenotype was determined by the serum half-life of INH after 4 mg/kg of INH orally. Each urine voided for 96 hr after procainamide was saved and levels of procainamide and NAPA measured by gas-liquid chromatography. The 14 subjects eliminated 52 plus or minus 4 percent of the dose as procainamide and 16 plus or minus 2 percent of the dose as NAPA. Four fast INH acetylators eliminated 23 plus or minus 3 percent of the dose as NAPA compared to 12 plus or minus 1 percent by the slow acetylators (p smaller than 0.05). The amount of unaltered procainamide excreted by the fast and slow INH acetylators was not significantly different, 50 plus or minus 4 percent and 53 plus or minus 4 percent, respectively. Of the total amount of drug recovered in the urine of the fast and slow INH acetylators, NAPA accounted for 32 percent and 19 percent, respectively (p smaller than 0.01). There appears to be a positive correlation between the ability to acetylate INH and the ability to acetylate procainamide.", "contents": "Acetylation of procainamide in man and its relationship to isonicotinic acid hydrazide acetylation phenotype. To assess the extent of the acetylation of procainamide (PA) to N-acetylprocainamide (NAPA) in man, and its relation to isonicotinic acid hydrazide (INH) acetylation phenotype, the following study was done. Fourteen subjects received 500 mg of PA - HCL orally. INH acetylation phenotype was determined by the serum half-life of INH after 4 mg/kg of INH orally. Each urine voided for 96 hr after procainamide was saved and levels of procainamide and NAPA measured by gas-liquid chromatography. The 14 subjects eliminated 52 plus or minus 4 percent of the dose as procainamide and 16 plus or minus 2 percent of the dose as NAPA. Four fast INH acetylators eliminated 23 plus or minus 3 percent of the dose as NAPA compared to 12 plus or minus 1 percent by the slow acetylators (p smaller than 0.05). The amount of unaltered procainamide excreted by the fast and slow INH acetylators was not significantly different, 50 plus or minus 4 percent and 53 plus or minus 4 percent, respectively. Of the total amount of drug recovered in the urine of the fast and slow INH acetylators, NAPA accounted for 32 percent and 19 percent, respectively (p smaller than 0.01). There appears to be a positive correlation between the ability to acetylate INH and the ability to acetylate procainamide.", "PMID": 1122681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7785", "title": "Effect of glucagon on digital circulation.", "content": "The effect of glucagon on the digital circulation was studied in 7 subjects using the digital rheoplethysmograph (RPG). Rheoplethysmograms were continuously recorded while glucagon (0.1 to 2.0 mg) was injected into the brachial artery of the same extremity being studied with the RPG. The injection of glucagon was associated with a \"tingling\" or \"burning\" sensation in 3 subjects. The initial response, which was maximal 8 to 27 sec after the injection of glucagon, was constriction of the arteries, veins, and A-V shunts. The late response consisted of reopening of the arteries and veins. However, in some patients, there was RPG evidence of persistent constriction of the A-V shunts. It is suggested that the late response is similar to that observed in reactive hyperemia and following injection of bradykinin and, therefore, may be related to local release of vasoactive substances by glucagon.", "contents": "Effect of glucagon on digital circulation. The effect of glucagon on the digital circulation was studied in 7 subjects using the digital rheoplethysmograph (RPG). Rheoplethysmograms were continuously recorded while glucagon (0.1 to 2.0 mg) was injected into the brachial artery of the same extremity being studied with the RPG. The injection of glucagon was associated with a \"tingling\" or \"burning\" sensation in 3 subjects. The initial response, which was maximal 8 to 27 sec after the injection of glucagon, was constriction of the arteries, veins, and A-V shunts. The late response consisted of reopening of the arteries and veins. However, in some patients, there was RPG evidence of persistent constriction of the A-V shunts. It is suggested that the late response is similar to that observed in reactive hyperemia and following injection of bradykinin and, therefore, may be related to local release of vasoactive substances by glucagon.", "PMID": 1122682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7786", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of procainamide intravenously and orally as conventional and slow-release tablets.", "content": "Pharmacokinetics of procainamide were studied in healthy volunteers after single doses intravenously and orally as conventional and slow-release tablets and after repeated oral doses to steady state. The initial distribution after intravenous administration was rapid and the overall elimination in the beta-phase corresponded to t1/2 of 2.7 hr. The mean volume of the central compartment was small and only 4 percent of V-d (beta), which was 2.3 l/kg body weight. About 65 percent was excreted unchanged after intravenous administration and about 55 percent after a single oral dose of 500 mg. The recovery of the metabolite N-acetylprocainamide was 12 percent after both routes of administration. Procainamide was completely absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and the first-pass elimination was very limited. The rates of absorption from the tablet compositions were well correlated to the in vitro dissolution properties. Administration of slow-release tablets every 8 hr gave about the same mean plasma level at steady state as ordinary tablets given every 4 hr, and the availability was the same from both preparations. The occasional high plasma concentration peaks after ordinary tablets were not observed after the slow-release tablets. Renal clearance was about 500 ml/min, indicating an active secretion in the tubules.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of procainamide intravenously and orally as conventional and slow-release tablets. Pharmacokinetics of procainamide were studied in healthy volunteers after single doses intravenously and orally as conventional and slow-release tablets and after repeated oral doses to steady state. The initial distribution after intravenous administration was rapid and the overall elimination in the beta-phase corresponded to t1/2 of 2.7 hr. The mean volume of the central compartment was small and only 4 percent of V-d (beta), which was 2.3 l/kg body weight. About 65 percent was excreted unchanged after intravenous administration and about 55 percent after a single oral dose of 500 mg. The recovery of the metabolite N-acetylprocainamide was 12 percent after both routes of administration. Procainamide was completely absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and the first-pass elimination was very limited. The rates of absorption from the tablet compositions were well correlated to the in vitro dissolution properties. Administration of slow-release tablets every 8 hr gave about the same mean plasma level at steady state as ordinary tablets given every 4 hr, and the availability was the same from both preparations. The occasional high plasma concentration peaks after ordinary tablets were not observed after the slow-release tablets. Renal clearance was about 500 ml/min, indicating an active secretion in the tubules.", "PMID": 1122683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7787", "title": "Plasma protein binding of carbamazepine.", "content": "The binding of carbamazepine to the proteins of human plasma has been studied using ultrafiltration techniques. In vitro studies at 37 degrees C showed the relation between concentration of unbound drug and total drug to be linear through the range of total concentration of 5 to 50 mug/ml. The per cent unbound drug increased slightly as concentration increased. There was little difference between the extent of binding at 4 degrees C and 20 degrees C, but more carbamazepine was unbound at 37 degrees C. Under in vitro conditions, 6 other anticonvulsants, and aspirin, were tested individually, each at high therapeutic or toxic concentration, and shown not to displace carbamazepine from plasma proteins to a significant degree. The extent of binding of carbamazepine in vivo was determined in a total of 54 plasma samples collected from treated patients; 26.9 plus or minus SD 9.4 percent of the drug was unbound. In blood samples from 23 of these patients, the red cell concentration of carbamazepine averaged 38.3 plus or minus SD 17.9 percent of the plasma concentration. The effects of hepatic and renal diseases on the carbamazepine binding capacity of plasma proteins were assessed by comparing the binding capacity of plasma from disease persons with that from normal subjects. There was no significant difference in binding capacity between plasma from patients with renal disease and that from normal subjects. However, the plasma from patients with hepatic disease bound a slightly lower percentage of carbamazepine than did normal plasma (p smaller than 0.05). This alteration did not correlate with changes in any of 15 biochemical parameters measured in these patients. The clinical significance of these results is discussed.", "contents": "Plasma protein binding of carbamazepine. The binding of carbamazepine to the proteins of human plasma has been studied using ultrafiltration techniques. In vitro studies at 37 degrees C showed the relation between concentration of unbound drug and total drug to be linear through the range of total concentration of 5 to 50 mug/ml. The per cent unbound drug increased slightly as concentration increased. There was little difference between the extent of binding at 4 degrees C and 20 degrees C, but more carbamazepine was unbound at 37 degrees C. Under in vitro conditions, 6 other anticonvulsants, and aspirin, were tested individually, each at high therapeutic or toxic concentration, and shown not to displace carbamazepine from plasma proteins to a significant degree. The extent of binding of carbamazepine in vivo was determined in a total of 54 plasma samples collected from treated patients; 26.9 plus or minus SD 9.4 percent of the drug was unbound. In blood samples from 23 of these patients, the red cell concentration of carbamazepine averaged 38.3 plus or minus SD 17.9 percent of the plasma concentration. The effects of hepatic and renal diseases on the carbamazepine binding capacity of plasma proteins were assessed by comparing the binding capacity of plasma from disease persons with that from normal subjects. There was no significant difference in binding capacity between plasma from patients with renal disease and that from normal subjects. However, the plasma from patients with hepatic disease bound a slightly lower percentage of carbamazepine than did normal plasma (p smaller than 0.05). This alteration did not correlate with changes in any of 15 biochemical parameters measured in these patients. The clinical significance of these results is discussed.", "PMID": 1122684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7788", "title": "Ticarcillin vs carbenicillin: clinical pharmacokinetics.", "content": "The pharmacokinetic characteristics of ticarcillin, a semisynthetic penicillin more active than carbenicillin against Pseudomonas, were compared to those of carbenicillin in 12 healthy volunteers. Following an intravenous infusion of 2 gm in 5 min, there was a lower average serum level for ticarcillin (218 mug/ml) than for carbenicillin (301 mug/ml), but after 2 hr the differences were not significant. The biologic half-life of ticarcillin was slightly longer than that of carbenicillin (72 and 65 min, P smaller than 0.01) and its volume of distribution was larger (15.7 and 12.3 l, P smaller than 0.01). Eighty-six per cent of the dose of ticarcillin and 99 percent of the dose of carbenicillin was recovered in the urine in 24 hr. Similar but much less marked blood level differences were noted with 2 gm, 30-min infusions. An intravenous infusion of 1 gm/hr gave average steady-state blood levels of about 124 mug/ml for both antibiotics. Probenecid, administered 1 hr before the infusion, caused significant and similar increases in blood levels, half-lives, and volumes of distribution of the 2 antibiotics. Protein binding in 100 percent human serum was 50 percent and 65 percent for carbenicillin and ticarcillin, respectively. These relatively small but definite differences in the pharmacokinetics of ticarcillin and carbenicillin are not likely to be of clinical significance.", "contents": "Ticarcillin vs carbenicillin: clinical pharmacokinetics. The pharmacokinetic characteristics of ticarcillin, a semisynthetic penicillin more active than carbenicillin against Pseudomonas, were compared to those of carbenicillin in 12 healthy volunteers. Following an intravenous infusion of 2 gm in 5 min, there was a lower average serum level for ticarcillin (218 mug/ml) than for carbenicillin (301 mug/ml), but after 2 hr the differences were not significant. The biologic half-life of ticarcillin was slightly longer than that of carbenicillin (72 and 65 min, P smaller than 0.01) and its volume of distribution was larger (15.7 and 12.3 l, P smaller than 0.01). Eighty-six per cent of the dose of ticarcillin and 99 percent of the dose of carbenicillin was recovered in the urine in 24 hr. Similar but much less marked blood level differences were noted with 2 gm, 30-min infusions. An intravenous infusion of 1 gm/hr gave average steady-state blood levels of about 124 mug/ml for both antibiotics. Probenecid, administered 1 hr before the infusion, caused significant and similar increases in blood levels, half-lives, and volumes of distribution of the 2 antibiotics. Protein binding in 100 percent human serum was 50 percent and 65 percent for carbenicillin and ticarcillin, respectively. These relatively small but definite differences in the pharmacokinetics of ticarcillin and carbenicillin are not likely to be of clinical significance.", "PMID": 1122685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7789", "title": "Effects of etiocholanolone-induced fever on plasma antipyrine half-lives and metabolic clearance.", "content": "The plasma half-life and metabolic clearance rate of antipyrine, a drug metabolized by hepatic microsomal enzymes, were determined in 33 normal volunteers during a basal state and during fever induced with a single intramuscular injection of etiocholanolone. Of the 14 normal volunteers who achieved significant fever (fever index greater than 50), in 11 plasma antipyrine  half-life was prolonged after a single oral dose of 10 mg/kg and antipyrine metabolic clearance rate was decreased. There was no significant change of these mean values in 19 normal volunteers who failed to develop significant fever (fever index smaller than 50). Therefore, under the conditions of this study plasma antipyrine half-life was prolonged, probably due to impaired hepatic metabolism, during etiocholanolone-induced fever, although no correlation was observed between the magnitude of fever and the extent to which plasma antipyrine half-life was prolonged. Failure to obtain such a correlation may be attributable to the very small range of temperature elevation, extending from 37.9 degrees C to 39.2 degrees C, in the group of 14 subjects achieving significant etiocholanolone-induced fever (fever index greater than 50). A higher dose of antipyrine (18 mg/kg) suppressed induction of fever by etiocholanolone; antipyrine is the only orally administered drug thus far shown to be effective in repressing etiocholanolone-induced fever.", "contents": "Effects of etiocholanolone-induced fever on plasma antipyrine half-lives and metabolic clearance. The plasma half-life and metabolic clearance rate of antipyrine, a drug metabolized by hepatic microsomal enzymes, were determined in 33 normal volunteers during a basal state and during fever induced with a single intramuscular injection of etiocholanolone. Of the 14 normal volunteers who achieved significant fever (fever index greater than 50), in 11 plasma antipyrine  half-life was prolonged after a single oral dose of 10 mg/kg and antipyrine metabolic clearance rate was decreased. There was no significant change of these mean values in 19 normal volunteers who failed to develop significant fever (fever index smaller than 50). Therefore, under the conditions of this study plasma antipyrine half-life was prolonged, probably due to impaired hepatic metabolism, during etiocholanolone-induced fever, although no correlation was observed between the magnitude of fever and the extent to which plasma antipyrine half-life was prolonged. Failure to obtain such a correlation may be attributable to the very small range of temperature elevation, extending from 37.9 degrees C to 39.2 degrees C, in the group of 14 subjects achieving significant etiocholanolone-induced fever (fever index greater than 50). A higher dose of antipyrine (18 mg/kg) suppressed induction of fever by etiocholanolone; antipyrine is the only orally administered drug thus far shown to be effective in repressing etiocholanolone-induced fever.", "PMID": 1122686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7790", "title": "Pseudoproteinuria in tolmetin-treated patients.", "content": "In a clinical study of the new nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug tolmetin, the urines of 5 patients reacted positively when tested for protein by the standard sulfosalicylic acid method. Pseudoproteinuria, due to the precipitation by acid of the major metabolite of tolmetin, was suspected. The urines were subsequently tested for protein by the following alternate methods: solubility of acid precipitate test, heat coagulation test, Upjohn modification of the sulfosalicylic acid test, biuret test, Albustix, and electrophoresis. All were negative for protein. These results confirmed that the reactions with the sulfosalicylic acid test did not indicate true proteinuria but pseudoproteinuria. It is suggested that patients who receive tolmetin be tested for proteinuria by methods other than those involving acid precipitation.", "contents": "Pseudoproteinuria in tolmetin-treated patients. In a clinical study of the new nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug tolmetin, the urines of 5 patients reacted positively when tested for protein by the standard sulfosalicylic acid method. Pseudoproteinuria, due to the precipitation by acid of the major metabolite of tolmetin, was suspected. The urines were subsequently tested for protein by the following alternate methods: solubility of acid precipitate test, heat coagulation test, Upjohn modification of the sulfosalicylic acid test, biuret test, Albustix, and electrophoresis. All were negative for protein. These results confirmed that the reactions with the sulfosalicylic acid test did not indicate true proteinuria but pseudoproteinuria. It is suggested that patients who receive tolmetin be tested for proteinuria by methods other than those involving acid precipitation.", "PMID": 1122687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7791", "title": "Influence of diet and fluid on bioavailability of theophylline.", "content": "The influence of various test meals, and of fluid volumes, on the bioavailability of theophylline from a solid dosage form has been studied in healthy male volunteers. Absorption of a drug was faster after dosing immediately following a high protein meal than after a high fat or a high carbohydrate meal. Absorption from a solution was faster than from a solid dosage form in all treatments; areas under serum level time curves after dosing were also significantly higher up to 12 hr. Areas up to 12 hr after dosing also tended to be higher after the high protein meal and after dosing with 500 ml water on an empty stomach than after other solid dose treatments.", "contents": "Influence of diet and fluid on bioavailability of theophylline. The influence of various test meals, and of fluid volumes, on the bioavailability of theophylline from a solid dosage form has been studied in healthy male volunteers. Absorption of a drug was faster after dosing immediately following a high protein meal than after a high fat or a high carbohydrate meal. Absorption from a solution was faster than from a solid dosage form in all treatments; areas under serum level time curves after dosing were also significantly higher up to 12 hr. Areas up to 12 hr after dosing also tended to be higher after the high protein meal and after dosing with 500 ml water on an empty stomach than after other solid dose treatments.", "PMID": 1122688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7792", "title": "Diphenylhydantoin elimination kinetics in overdosed children.", "content": "Diphenylhydantoin (DPH) elimination was studied in 4 overdosed children who presented with serum concentrations ranging from 44 to 76 mg/l. Serum was assayed for DPH and urine was assayed for both DPH and 5-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenylhydantoin (HPPH). The serum and urine data were subjected to simultaneous computer nonlinear regression analysis using a one-compartment pharmacokinetic model, which accounts for much of the known disposition kinetics of DPH. Computed values for the apparent in vivo Michaelis-Menten constants, K-M and V max, were compared with values derived from data in the literature for normal adult subjects. A trend toward relatively lower K-M and higher V max/K-M values was seen in children. Patients with higher V max values had greater urinary excretion rates of HPPH which, at high serum levels of DPH, were relatively constant except for an apparent diurnal rhythm. The time of onset of DPH toxicity in the children was related to the magnitude by which the rate of DPH administration exceeded the V max values.", "contents": "Diphenylhydantoin elimination kinetics in overdosed children. Diphenylhydantoin (DPH) elimination was studied in 4 overdosed children who presented with serum concentrations ranging from 44 to 76 mg/l. Serum was assayed for DPH and urine was assayed for both DPH and 5-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenylhydantoin (HPPH). The serum and urine data were subjected to simultaneous computer nonlinear regression analysis using a one-compartment pharmacokinetic model, which accounts for much of the known disposition kinetics of DPH. Computed values for the apparent in vivo Michaelis-Menten constants, K-M and V max, were compared with values derived from data in the literature for normal adult subjects. A trend toward relatively lower K-M and higher V max/K-M values was seen in children. Patients with higher V max values had greater urinary excretion rates of HPPH which, at high serum levels of DPH, were relatively constant except for an apparent diurnal rhythm. The time of onset of DPH toxicity in the children was related to the magnitude by which the rate of DPH administration exceeded the V max values.", "PMID": 1122689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7793", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of ifosfamide.", "content": "A multicompartment pharmacokinetic model for ifosfamide has been employed using a system of first-order differential equations, which includes a term for metabolism according to Michaelis-Menten kinetics in order to describe the distribution and elimination parameters of ifosfamide in man. The model satisfactorily accounts for all the administered drug. The pseudometabolic rate constant for ifosfamide in man is found to be less than 20 percent of that reported for cyclophosphamide in man, in agreement with the more extensive metabolism of cyclophosphamide than ifosfamide. A number of the pharmacokinetic parameters for ifosfamide differ substantially from those reported for cyclophosphamide. The volume of distribution for ifosfamide metabolites was found to be approximately equal to the plasma space volume. The central compartment volume for intact ifosfamide is slightly larger than for cyclophosphamide and includes the easily diffusible extravascular space of the body and suggests lack of protein binding. The renal clearance of ifosfamide is low and about twice that of cyclophosphamide. The model indicates that only a small fraction of the total metabolites distribute into the peripheral compartment and suggests that multiple doses of the drug may be useful.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of ifosfamide. A multicompartment pharmacokinetic model for ifosfamide has been employed using a system of first-order differential equations, which includes a term for metabolism according to Michaelis-Menten kinetics in order to describe the distribution and elimination parameters of ifosfamide in man. The model satisfactorily accounts for all the administered drug. The pseudometabolic rate constant for ifosfamide in man is found to be less than 20 percent of that reported for cyclophosphamide in man, in agreement with the more extensive metabolism of cyclophosphamide than ifosfamide. A number of the pharmacokinetic parameters for ifosfamide differ substantially from those reported for cyclophosphamide. The volume of distribution for ifosfamide metabolites was found to be approximately equal to the plasma space volume. The central compartment volume for intact ifosfamide is slightly larger than for cyclophosphamide and includes the easily diffusible extravascular space of the body and suggests lack of protein binding. The renal clearance of ifosfamide is low and about twice that of cyclophosphamide. The model indicates that only a small fraction of the total metabolites distribute into the peripheral compartment and suggests that multiple doses of the drug may be useful.", "PMID": 1122690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7794", "title": "Clinical and radiological features of aberrant insertion of the common bile duct.", "content": "Five examples of aberrant insertion of the common bile duct into a duodenal diverticulum are reported. One is thought to be the fifth published case diagnosed pre-operatively by simple radiological techniques. The association with biliary and pancreatic disease is emphasised, together with the possibility of surgical relief. The literature is reviewed and the radiological features discussed with a view to increasing the frequency of preoperative diagnosis.", "contents": "Clinical and radiological features of aberrant insertion of the common bile duct. Five examples of aberrant insertion of the common bile duct into a duodenal diverticulum are reported. One is thought to be the fifth published case diagnosed pre-operatively by simple radiological techniques. The association with biliary and pancreatic disease is emphasised, together with the possibility of surgical relief. The literature is reviewed and the radiological features discussed with a view to increasing the frequency of preoperative diagnosis.", "PMID": 1122692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7795", "title": "Primary lymphoreticular tumours in the orbit.", "content": "This paper reviews 46 cases of primary lymphoreticular tumours presenting in the orbit treated at the Christie Hospital between 1932 and 1969. Primary control of the orbital disease was readily achieved with a single exposure of 800 rad of orthovoltage X-rays to a single anterior field of 7 cm diameter and no case recurred in the orbit. The extent of the disease is a more important factor than the exact histological diagnosis in determining the prognosis, but none of five cases of benign lymphoma has developed disease elsewhere in a period of 5-7 years after treatment. The prognosis is good with a crude five-year survival of 54 percent, but if the disease is initially confined to the orbit 70 percent survive five years.", "contents": "Primary lymphoreticular tumours in the orbit. This paper reviews 46 cases of primary lymphoreticular tumours presenting in the orbit treated at the Christie Hospital between 1932 and 1969. Primary control of the orbital disease was readily achieved with a single exposure of 800 rad of orthovoltage X-rays to a single anterior field of 7 cm diameter and no case recurred in the orbit. The extent of the disease is a more important factor than the exact histological diagnosis in determining the prognosis, but none of five cases of benign lymphoma has developed disease elsewhere in a period of 5-7 years after treatment. The prognosis is good with a crude five-year survival of 54 percent, but if the disease is initially confined to the orbit 70 percent survive five years.", "PMID": 1122693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7796", "title": "A comparison of thermography, radioisotope scanning and clinical assessment of the knee joints in haemophilia.", "content": "Thermography, radioactive scanning and clinical assessment of the knee joints of a series of patients with haemophilia or Christmas disease have been performed. A positive correlation was found between the abnormalities of the thermograms, radioactive scans and the clinical signs in acute haemarthrosis, but not in chronic haemophilic joint disease nor in patients without clinical joint disease. No correlation between the thermograms, radioactive scans and the number of previous joint bleeds was shown. Thermography and radionuclide scanning provide rapid means of quantifying changes within the haemophilic joint and may be useful in assessing treatment of haemophilic haemarthrosis.", "contents": "A comparison of thermography, radioisotope scanning and clinical assessment of the knee joints in haemophilia. Thermography, radioactive scanning and clinical assessment of the knee joints of a series of patients with haemophilia or Christmas disease have been performed. A positive correlation was found between the abnormalities of the thermograms, radioactive scans and the clinical signs in acute haemarthrosis, but not in chronic haemophilic joint disease nor in patients without clinical joint disease. No correlation between the thermograms, radioactive scans and the number of previous joint bleeds was shown. Thermography and radionuclide scanning provide rapid means of quantifying changes within the haemophilic joint and may be useful in assessing treatment of haemophilic haemarthrosis.", "PMID": 1122694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7797", "title": "Congenital fusion of bones: radiology, embryology and pathogenesis.", "content": "Congenital fusion of bones of the limbs, a recurrent feature in thalidomide embryopathy, is discussed in terms of embryology. It is deduced that congenital fusion is neither a bone disease nor a cartilage disease, but a disorder of organisation of mesenchyme in the fifth week of life. It is suggested that the organising tissue is the sensory nerve. Hereditary influence is briefly mentioned.", "contents": "Congenital fusion of bones: radiology, embryology and pathogenesis. Congenital fusion of bones of the limbs, a recurrent feature in thalidomide embryopathy, is discussed in terms of embryology. It is deduced that congenital fusion is neither a bone disease nor a cartilage disease, but a disorder of organisation of mesenchyme in the fifth week of life. It is suggested that the organising tissue is the sensory nerve. Hereditary influence is briefly mentioned.", "PMID": 1122695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7798", "title": "Congenital absence of a pedicle in a cervical vertebra.", "content": "The importance of agenesis of a pedicle lies in its resemblance to a destructive lesion of the pedicle or to an expanding lesion in an intervertebral foramen. The correct diagnosis can be made roentgenologically by demonstrating a widened intervertebral foramen at the level of an absent pedicle with posterior displacement of the maldeveloped lateral mass. Two cases of agenesis of a pedicle in a cervical vertebra are presented.", "contents": "Congenital absence of a pedicle in a cervical vertebra. The importance of agenesis of a pedicle lies in its resemblance to a destructive lesion of the pedicle or to an expanding lesion in an intervertebral foramen. The correct diagnosis can be made roentgenologically by demonstrating a widened intervertebral foramen at the level of an absent pedicle with posterior displacement of the maldeveloped lateral mass. Two cases of agenesis of a pedicle in a cervical vertebra are presented.", "PMID": 1122696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7799", "title": "The value of tomography of the sterno-clavicular region.", "content": "Nine patients out of a series of 20 are presented illustrating some of the conditions which may affect the sterno-clavicular region (SCR). The value of tomography as a routine procedure in the study of the SCR is stressed, as in many cases the plain film studies fail to reveal clear-cut evidence of pathological changes. Establishing the exact aetiological nature of the lesion is not always possible by means of radiology alone. However, the radiological demonstration of disease in the SCR is invaluable as a guide to the further management of the patient.", "contents": "The value of tomography of the sterno-clavicular region. Nine patients out of a series of 20 are presented illustrating some of the conditions which may affect the sterno-clavicular region (SCR). The value of tomography as a routine procedure in the study of the SCR is stressed, as in many cases the plain film studies fail to reveal clear-cut evidence of pathological changes. Establishing the exact aetiological nature of the lesion is not always possible by means of radiology alone. However, the radiological demonstration of disease in the SCR is invaluable as a guide to the further management of the patient.", "PMID": 1122697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7800", "title": "Total hip prosthesis: real and apparent dislocation.", "content": "Asymmetry of the femoral head within the acetabular cup shown in an antero-posterior radiograph of the hip is an indication of dislocation of the prosthesis after a Charnley-M\u00fcller procedure. However, this rule does not apply to modifications such as the Aufranc-Turner prosthesis.", "contents": "Total hip prosthesis: real and apparent dislocation. Asymmetry of the femoral head within the acetabular cup shown in an antero-posterior radiograph of the hip is an indication of dislocation of the prosthesis after a Charnley-M\u00fcller procedure. However, this rule does not apply to modifications such as the Aufranc-Turner prosthesis.", "PMID": 1122698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7801", "title": "Cumulative radiation effect. part IV. Normalisation of fractionated and continuous therapy - area and volume correction factors.", "content": "In three previous papers, a scale of accumulated sub-tolerance radiation damage, the Cumulative Radiation Effect (CRE), was described for fractionated treatment regimes and continuous radiation therapy from both long-lived and short-lived sources. This scale provides a means of assessing and comparing the biological effects of various treatments. In this paper, it is intended to further the scope of application of the CRE-system by describing in detail the normalisation between the assessments of fractionated and continuous therapy. To do this, it is necessary to consider area and volume correction factors, whose roles are to modify the values of uncorrected CREs so that a specific biological effect, regardless of the area or volume treated, is described by a unique value of the corrected CRE. The problem arising when the CRE achieved by a treatment regime is not constant over a volume is briefly discussed and a simple hypothesis is proposed which may stimulate interest in this problem. The establishment of a normalisation procedure between fractionated treatment regimes and continuous radiation therapy, which is the primary aim of this paper, serves to integrate the concept of the CRE into a unified system of assessment of biological damage, so that a unique value of the CRE describes a specific level of biological damage regardless of the area or volume treated, or the time course of administration of the radiation employed.", "contents": "Cumulative radiation effect. part IV. Normalisation of fractionated and continuous therapy - area and volume correction factors. In three previous papers, a scale of accumulated sub-tolerance radiation damage, the Cumulative Radiation Effect (CRE), was described for fractionated treatment regimes and continuous radiation therapy from both long-lived and short-lived sources. This scale provides a means of assessing and comparing the biological effects of various treatments. In this paper, it is intended to further the scope of application of the CRE-system by describing in detail the normalisation between the assessments of fractionated and continuous therapy. To do this, it is necessary to consider area and volume correction factors, whose roles are to modify the values of uncorrected CREs so that a specific biological effect, regardless of the area or volume treated, is described by a unique value of the corrected CRE. The problem arising when the CRE achieved by a treatment regime is not constant over a volume is briefly discussed and a simple hypothesis is proposed which may stimulate interest in this problem. The establishment of a normalisation procedure between fractionated treatment regimes and continuous radiation therapy, which is the primary aim of this paper, serves to integrate the concept of the CRE into a unified system of assessment of biological damage, so that a unique value of the CRE describes a specific level of biological damage regardless of the area or volume treated, or the time course of administration of the radiation employed.", "PMID": 1122699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7802", "title": "A review of the role of lymphography in the management of testicular tumours.", "content": "The pedal lymphographic findings in 260 patients with testicular tumours are reviewed: 117 patients had a seminoma, 105 had a teratoma and 38 combined tumours. 26 percent of seminomas were associated with a positive lymphogram, corresponding figures being 42 percent for teratomas and 53 percent for combined tumours. The role of the lymphogram is (1) to stage the case so that the extent and form of the treatment can be logically assessed, (2) to plan accurately radiotherapy treatment fields, (3) to observe the results of treatment on serial follow-up films, (4) to detect the recurrence of tumour using \"re-fill\" lymphography if necessary, (5) to show possible unsuspected metastases involving supraclavicular and mediastinal glands, and (6) to give a prognosis, since a negative lymphogram suggests an excellent chance of survival. Three main types of lymphographic appearances are recognized: nodal, mass replacement and \"pseudo-lymphomatous\". Nodal deposits are most common. Most positive findings are in the para-aortic chain on the same side as the tumour. Iliac involvement is much less common. Seminomas in this series showed a 96 percent crude three-year survival rate. For teratomas and combined tumours the three-year survival rates were 59 percent and 61 percent respectively, but deaths are uncommon in the lymphographically negative Stage I cases. Bone deposits are rare. Only two were found in this series. We do not perform testicular lymphography, but consider there is a useful role for inferior venacavography when there is poor filling of upper para-aortic nodes at lymphography. The importance of taking follow-up films after the initial examination is stressed.", "contents": "A review of the role of lymphography in the management of testicular tumours. The pedal lymphographic findings in 260 patients with testicular tumours are reviewed: 117 patients had a seminoma, 105 had a teratoma and 38 combined tumours. 26 percent of seminomas were associated with a positive lymphogram, corresponding figures being 42 percent for teratomas and 53 percent for combined tumours. The role of the lymphogram is (1) to stage the case so that the extent and form of the treatment can be logically assessed, (2) to plan accurately radiotherapy treatment fields, (3) to observe the results of treatment on serial follow-up films, (4) to detect the recurrence of tumour using \"re-fill\" lymphography if necessary, (5) to show possible unsuspected metastases involving supraclavicular and mediastinal glands, and (6) to give a prognosis, since a negative lymphogram suggests an excellent chance of survival. Three main types of lymphographic appearances are recognized: nodal, mass replacement and \"pseudo-lymphomatous\". Nodal deposits are most common. Most positive findings are in the para-aortic chain on the same side as the tumour. Iliac involvement is much less common. Seminomas in this series showed a 96 percent crude three-year survival rate. For teratomas and combined tumours the three-year survival rates were 59 percent and 61 percent respectively, but deaths are uncommon in the lymphographically negative Stage I cases. Bone deposits are rare. Only two were found in this series. We do not perform testicular lymphography, but consider there is a useful role for inferior venacavography when there is poor filling of upper para-aortic nodes at lymphography. The importance of taking follow-up films after the initial examination is stressed.", "PMID": 1122700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7803", "title": "Histologic type of lung cancer in relation to smoking habits, year of diagnosis and sites of metastases.", "content": "A study was made of histologic type of lung cancer in relation to smoking habit, year of diagnosis, age and sites of metastasis. It comprised 662 autopsies of men during the period from 1955 to 1972. As classified by the WHO system, 35.2 percent were epidermoid carcinoma, 24.6 percent were small cell carcinoma, 25.2 percent were adenocarcinoma and 14.2 percent were large cell undifferentiated carcinoma. The six non-smokers of the series were all found to be in class 3, adenocarcinoma. No clearcut and consistent relationships were observed. Although there was a steady decrease in the incidence of small cell carcinoma during this time period, this observation did not prove to be statistically significant. Small cell carcinomas increased with amount of smoking but not for all age groups. Adenocarcinomas decreased with advancing age but not in all smoking groups. Metastases were found in 96.3 percent of the cases and the sites most frequently involved were regional lymph nodes, liver, brain, distant lymph nodes, adrenals and bone. Small cell carcinomas showed the greatest percentage of involvement for those major sites and for the same sites, epidermoid carcinoma showed the lowest percentage.", "contents": "Histologic type of lung cancer in relation to smoking habits, year of diagnosis and sites of metastases. A study was made of histologic type of lung cancer in relation to smoking habit, year of diagnosis, age and sites of metastasis. It comprised 662 autopsies of men during the period from 1955 to 1972. As classified by the WHO system, 35.2 percent were epidermoid carcinoma, 24.6 percent were small cell carcinoma, 25.2 percent were adenocarcinoma and 14.2 percent were large cell undifferentiated carcinoma. The six non-smokers of the series were all found to be in class 3, adenocarcinoma. No clearcut and consistent relationships were observed. Although there was a steady decrease in the incidence of small cell carcinoma during this time period, this observation did not prove to be statistically significant. Small cell carcinomas increased with amount of smoking but not for all age groups. Adenocarcinomas decreased with advancing age but not in all smoking groups. Metastases were found in 96.3 percent of the cases and the sites most frequently involved were regional lymph nodes, liver, brain, distant lymph nodes, adrenals and bone. Small cell carcinomas showed the greatest percentage of involvement for those major sites and for the same sites, epidermoid carcinoma showed the lowest percentage.", "PMID": 1122765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7804", "title": "Myocardial ischemic effects of isometric, dynamic and combined exercise in coronary artery disease.", "content": "The electrocardiographic effects isometric (handgrip) and combined isometric-dynamic (treadmill-plus-brief-case) exercise were evaluated and compared to a submaximal treadmill stress test in 140 patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease. Only 3 of 90 patients developed ischemic ST changes during handgrip, as opposed to 25 positive treadmill tests (p less than 0.01). Of 19 of 50 patients who were positive during the standard treadmill test, only 17 showed positive findings during the combined treadmill-briefcase test. Analysis of hemodynamic responses showed significant (p less than 0.01) differences between the handgrip and treadmill tests in terms of heart rate response (control 83 plus or minus beats/minute, handgrip 105 plus or minus 4, treadmill 151 plus or minus 6), diastolic blood pressure (control 80 plus or minus 2 mm Hg, isometric 93 plus or minus 3, treadmill 81 plus or minus 3) and heart rate-systolic pressure product (control 9940 plus or minus 564 units, handgrip 15022 plus or minus 779, treadmill 22270 plus or minus 1147). In comparing treadmill and combined treadmill-briefcase tests, significant differences were seen in systolic blood pressure (control 114 plus or minus 2 mm Hg, treadmill 143 plus or minus 3, briefcase 155 plus or minus 3), diastolic blood pressure (control 83 plus or minus 2 mm Hg, treadmill 82 plus or minus 2, briefcase 89 plus or minus 2) and rate-pressure product (control 10134 plus or minus 373, treadmill 19624 plus or minus 777, briefcase 21201 plus or minus 798). Isometric exercise alone is much less likely to produce myocardial ischemia than vigorous dynamic exercise. Higher arterial diastolic (coronary perfusion) pressure may retard the development of myocardial ischemia during isometric or combined isometricdynamic exercise in coronary patients.", "contents": "Myocardial ischemic effects of isometric, dynamic and combined exercise in coronary artery disease. The electrocardiographic effects isometric (handgrip) and combined isometric-dynamic (treadmill-plus-brief-case) exercise were evaluated and compared to a submaximal treadmill stress test in 140 patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease. Only 3 of 90 patients developed ischemic ST changes during handgrip, as opposed to 25 positive treadmill tests (p less than 0.01). Of 19 of 50 patients who were positive during the standard treadmill test, only 17 showed positive findings during the combined treadmill-briefcase test. Analysis of hemodynamic responses showed significant (p less than 0.01) differences between the handgrip and treadmill tests in terms of heart rate response (control 83 plus or minus beats/minute, handgrip 105 plus or minus 4, treadmill 151 plus or minus 6), diastolic blood pressure (control 80 plus or minus 2 mm Hg, isometric 93 plus or minus 3, treadmill 81 plus or minus 3) and heart rate-systolic pressure product (control 9940 plus or minus 564 units, handgrip 15022 plus or minus 779, treadmill 22270 plus or minus 1147). In comparing treadmill and combined treadmill-briefcase tests, significant differences were seen in systolic blood pressure (control 114 plus or minus 2 mm Hg, treadmill 143 plus or minus 3, briefcase 155 plus or minus 3), diastolic blood pressure (control 83 plus or minus 2 mm Hg, treadmill 82 plus or minus 2, briefcase 89 plus or minus 2) and rate-pressure product (control 10134 plus or minus 373, treadmill 19624 plus or minus 777, briefcase 21201 plus or minus 798). Isometric exercise alone is much less likely to produce myocardial ischemia than vigorous dynamic exercise. Higher arterial diastolic (coronary perfusion) pressure may retard the development of myocardial ischemia during isometric or combined isometricdynamic exercise in coronary patients.", "PMID": 1122766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7805", "title": "A prospective study of complications after tracheostomy for assisted ventilation.", "content": "A prospective study of 40 patients having elective tracheostomy for ventilatory assistance used fiberoptic bronchoscopy and radiologic examination to assess tracheal healing after extubation. Ten percent of patients had bleeding complications of tracheostomy and 17.5 percent had tracheostomy management problems. Sixteen percent of survivors had asymptomatic stomal site tracheal narrowing and 8 percent required tracheal resection for symptomatic stomal site tracheal stenosis, 16 percent had asymptomatic tracheal defects at the cuff site. Stomal healing was seen to consist of gradual stomal shrinkage, resolution of tracheitis, and approximation of divided tracheal rings. No statistically significant correlation was demonstrated between various factors operative during ventilatory assistance and subsequent tracheal healing. All patients should have routine endoscopic or radiologic tracheal assessment after-tracheostomy.", "contents": "A prospective study of complications after tracheostomy for assisted ventilation. A prospective study of 40 patients having elective tracheostomy for ventilatory assistance used fiberoptic bronchoscopy and radiologic examination to assess tracheal healing after extubation. Ten percent of patients had bleeding complications of tracheostomy and 17.5 percent had tracheostomy management problems. Sixteen percent of survivors had asymptomatic stomal site tracheal narrowing and 8 percent required tracheal resection for symptomatic stomal site tracheal stenosis, 16 percent had asymptomatic tracheal defects at the cuff site. Stomal healing was seen to consist of gradual stomal shrinkage, resolution of tracheitis, and approximation of divided tracheal rings. No statistically significant correlation was demonstrated between various factors operative during ventilatory assistance and subsequent tracheal healing. All patients should have routine endoscopic or radiologic tracheal assessment after-tracheostomy.", "PMID": 1122767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7806", "title": "Hypersensitivity studies in popple (Aspen tree) peelers.", "content": "In the course of investigation of the relationship between hypersensitivity pneumonitis and the wood industry 45 popple peelers were studied. Four roentgenograms consistent with diffuse lung disease were found. All cases were in examinees who were also dairy farmers. Questionnaires revealed no instance of clinical symptoms of hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Gel immunodiffusion studies were positive to various antigens in eight cases, but no correlation could be made with pulmonary function or chest roentgenogram abnormalities in relation to occupation. Cultures of the wood and the surrounding environment yielded thermophilic fungi as well as other known antigenic material. It is concluded that the occupation of popple peeling does not represent an increased risk of development of hypersensitivity pneumonitis.", "contents": "Hypersensitivity studies in popple (Aspen tree) peelers. In the course of investigation of the relationship between hypersensitivity pneumonitis and the wood industry 45 popple peelers were studied. Four roentgenograms consistent with diffuse lung disease were found. All cases were in examinees who were also dairy farmers. Questionnaires revealed no instance of clinical symptoms of hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Gel immunodiffusion studies were positive to various antigens in eight cases, but no correlation could be made with pulmonary function or chest roentgenogram abnormalities in relation to occupation. Cultures of the wood and the surrounding environment yielded thermophilic fungi as well as other known antigenic material. It is concluded that the occupation of popple peeling does not represent an increased risk of development of hypersensitivity pneumonitis.", "PMID": 1122768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7807", "title": "Mortality from heart disease in coal miners.", "content": "A study of 3,726 Appalachian coal miners was undertaken to determine the standard mortality ratio (SMR) for heart disease and to ascertain the effect of smoking, excess weight, and the level of physical activity on deaths due to this cause, SMR's were calculated for all forms of heart disease and also separately for ischemic heart disease. For heart disease as a whole, SMR's of 73 for working and 104 for nonworking miners were obtained. It was found in both working and nonworking miners that obese smokers had the greatest risk of dying of heart disease (SMR's of 142 and 144, respectively). In the nonsupervisory underground work categories of face, transportation, and maintenance, an increase of SMR was observed, with face having the lowest and maintenance workers having the highest SMR. Use of all men from seven Appalachian states vs all US men as a standard population tended to slightly reduce the calculated SMR's.", "contents": "Mortality from heart disease in coal miners. A study of 3,726 Appalachian coal miners was undertaken to determine the standard mortality ratio (SMR) for heart disease and to ascertain the effect of smoking, excess weight, and the level of physical activity on deaths due to this cause, SMR's were calculated for all forms of heart disease and also separately for ischemic heart disease. For heart disease as a whole, SMR's of 73 for working and 104 for nonworking miners were obtained. It was found in both working and nonworking miners that obese smokers had the greatest risk of dying of heart disease (SMR's of 142 and 144, respectively). In the nonsupervisory underground work categories of face, transportation, and maintenance, an increase of SMR was observed, with face having the lowest and maintenance workers having the highest SMR. Use of all men from seven Appalachian states vs all US men as a standard population tended to slightly reduce the calculated SMR's.", "PMID": 1122769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7808", "title": "Echocardiographic Mimics of aortic root dissection.", "content": "Echocardiograms were recorded in two patients with suspected aortic root dissection. In the first patient with a massive pulmonary embolus, a simultaneous recording of the mitral ring and posterior aortic wall created a pattern similar to true posterior aortic wall dissection; in the second patient with severe generalized atherosclerosis, thickened aortic walls recorded echocardiographically were found at autopsy to be atherosclerotic plaques. These cases emphasize the potential for the false positive ultrasonic diagnosis of aortic root dissection.", "contents": "Echocardiographic Mimics of aortic root dissection. Echocardiograms were recorded in two patients with suspected aortic root dissection. In the first patient with a massive pulmonary embolus, a simultaneous recording of the mitral ring and posterior aortic wall created a pattern similar to true posterior aortic wall dissection; in the second patient with severe generalized atherosclerosis, thickened aortic walls recorded echocardiographically were found at autopsy to be atherosclerotic plaques. These cases emphasize the potential for the false positive ultrasonic diagnosis of aortic root dissection.", "PMID": 1122771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7809", "title": "Electrocardiographic findings in brain death; description and presumed mechanism.", "content": "Electrocardiogram changes and pharmacologic responses were studied in 28 cases of brain death. Cardiac activity in this condition is possibly determined by the dynamic balance between the depressant action of hypothermia and the stimulating action of the sympathetic nervous system (without any vagal or central influence). The electrocardiographic alterations are the results of this dual influence, and are probably characteristic of this condition. In the initial stage of brain death the ECG shows J waves in the terminal part of the QRS, prolongation of the QT interval and the ST-T changes; in the advanced stages, progressive showing of the heart rate and the depolarization and repolarization processes are observed (manifested by gradual accentuation of the findings mentioned above); in the terminal stage dynamic electrocardiographic changes (among them, progressive depression of sinus activity, atrial fibrillation, atrioventricular and intraventricular conduction disturbances and severe ST-T changes) appear. It is possible that additional factors, like metabolic changes and possible myocardial damage in some instances, may have some influence on the electrocardiographic pattern. Final conclusions cannot be drawn from these preliminary observations. The atropine test was found to be an efficient and simple diagnostic aid in cases of brain death.", "contents": "Electrocardiographic findings in brain death; description and presumed mechanism. Electrocardiogram changes and pharmacologic responses were studied in 28 cases of brain death. Cardiac activity in this condition is possibly determined by the dynamic balance between the depressant action of hypothermia and the stimulating action of the sympathetic nervous system (without any vagal or central influence). The electrocardiographic alterations are the results of this dual influence, and are probably characteristic of this condition. In the initial stage of brain death the ECG shows J waves in the terminal part of the QRS, prolongation of the QT interval and the ST-T changes; in the advanced stages, progressive showing of the heart rate and the depolarization and repolarization processes are observed (manifested by gradual accentuation of the findings mentioned above); in the terminal stage dynamic electrocardiographic changes (among them, progressive depression of sinus activity, atrial fibrillation, atrioventricular and intraventricular conduction disturbances and severe ST-T changes) appear. It is possible that additional factors, like metabolic changes and possible myocardial damage in some instances, may have some influence on the electrocardiographic pattern. Final conclusions cannot be drawn from these preliminary observations. The atropine test was found to be an efficient and simple diagnostic aid in cases of brain death.", "PMID": 1122770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7810", "title": "Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome type B with His depolarization occurring after the QRS. Further evidence that WPW-QRS is a fusion beat.", "content": "His bundle electrograms were recorded in a patient with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome (type B) during atrial pacing studies and during the induction of premature atrial depolarization at varying coupling intervals. Early ventricular depolarization (preexcitation) occurred simultaneously with the His depolarization, suggesting that conduction occurred via both the Kent and the normal A-V nodal-His-Purkinje pathway during sinus rhythm. Atrial pacing at increasing rates showed progressive advance of the His spike into the QRS and increasing duration of the delta wave until the appearance of broad bizarre QRS complexes with prolonged P-J intervals, suggesting major, if not total, depolarization of the ventricle by the Kent pathway. PAD's induced at coupling intervals of 360, 330, and 300 msec caused progressive delay of the His bundle depolarization, with the His spike occurring after the QRS at S(1)-H intervals of 230, 265, and 325 msec, respectively, and Q-H intervals of 123, 160 and 220 msec, respectively. These findings suggest that during sinus rhythm the QRS was a fusion beat. With early premature atrial stimulation, conduction occurred solely via the Kent pathway, with conduction via the normal A-V nodal pathway encountering increasing delay. The finding of His depolarization occurring after the QRS suggests retrograde myocardial-His block, and may explain the absence of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardias in this patient.", "contents": "Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome type B with His depolarization occurring after the QRS. Further evidence that WPW-QRS is a fusion beat. His bundle electrograms were recorded in a patient with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome (type B) during atrial pacing studies and during the induction of premature atrial depolarization at varying coupling intervals. Early ventricular depolarization (preexcitation) occurred simultaneously with the His depolarization, suggesting that conduction occurred via both the Kent and the normal A-V nodal-His-Purkinje pathway during sinus rhythm. Atrial pacing at increasing rates showed progressive advance of the His spike into the QRS and increasing duration of the delta wave until the appearance of broad bizarre QRS complexes with prolonged P-J intervals, suggesting major, if not total, depolarization of the ventricle by the Kent pathway. PAD's induced at coupling intervals of 360, 330, and 300 msec caused progressive delay of the His bundle depolarization, with the His spike occurring after the QRS at S(1)-H intervals of 230, 265, and 325 msec, respectively, and Q-H intervals of 123, 160 and 220 msec, respectively. These findings suggest that during sinus rhythm the QRS was a fusion beat. With early premature atrial stimulation, conduction occurred solely via the Kent pathway, with conduction via the normal A-V nodal pathway encountering increasing delay. The finding of His depolarization occurring after the QRS suggests retrograde myocardial-His block, and may explain the absence of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardias in this patient.", "PMID": 1122773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7811", "title": "Electrocardiographic observations in bradycardia and tachycardia-dependent atrioventricular block. Relationship to supernormal phase of intraventricular conduction.", "content": "This report describes the clinical course of a patient with bradycardia and tachycardia-dependent atrioventricular block. Bradycardia dependent A-V block (phase 4 block) was transient and precipitated by spontaneous slowing of the sinus rate, atrial and ventricular extrasystoles; The degree of slowing (critical RP interval) required to induce A-V block increased progressively over a three-day period. Bradycardia-dependent A-V block was terminated mostly by critically times spontaneous or paced ventricular escape beats, but normally conducted atrial impulses also appeared to restore A-V conduction on several occasions. The tachycardia-dependent component was manifested by an unusual fatigue phenomenon in the His-Purkinje system seen only at an atrial pacing rate of 150 per minute. These observations document the presence of both bradycardia and tachycardia-dependent A-V block in the presence of a normal H-V time and also illustrate the dynamic nature of both phase 4 block and the period of \"supernormal\" intraventricular conduction.", "contents": "Electrocardiographic observations in bradycardia and tachycardia-dependent atrioventricular block. Relationship to supernormal phase of intraventricular conduction. This report describes the clinical course of a patient with bradycardia and tachycardia-dependent atrioventricular block. Bradycardia dependent A-V block (phase 4 block) was transient and precipitated by spontaneous slowing of the sinus rate, atrial and ventricular extrasystoles; The degree of slowing (critical RP interval) required to induce A-V block increased progressively over a three-day period. Bradycardia-dependent A-V block was terminated mostly by critically times spontaneous or paced ventricular escape beats, but normally conducted atrial impulses also appeared to restore A-V conduction on several occasions. The tachycardia-dependent component was manifested by an unusual fatigue phenomenon in the His-Purkinje system seen only at an atrial pacing rate of 150 per minute. These observations document the presence of both bradycardia and tachycardia-dependent A-V block in the presence of a normal H-V time and also illustrate the dynamic nature of both phase 4 block and the period of \"supernormal\" intraventricular conduction.", "PMID": 1122774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7812", "title": "Tracheal tube cuffs and tracheal dilatation.", "content": "Although tracheal tube cuffs are well known to injure the trachea, attempts to design safer cuff systems have been only partially successful. In 14 dogs, we compared three models of high residual volume, low pressure cuffs, which are considered to be among the safest. Two were air-filled cuffs -- a maintained pressure cuff and a balloon reservoir cuff -- and the third was foam-filled. Tracheal dilatation was considerably more severe with mechanical ventilation than with spontaneous breathing, but the foam cuff produced significantly less dilatation (P less than .005) than the air-filled cuffs.", "contents": "Tracheal tube cuffs and tracheal dilatation. Although tracheal tube cuffs are well known to injure the trachea, attempts to design safer cuff systems have been only partially successful. In 14 dogs, we compared three models of high residual volume, low pressure cuffs, which are considered to be among the safest. Two were air-filled cuffs -- a maintained pressure cuff and a balloon reservoir cuff -- and the third was foam-filled. Tracheal dilatation was considerably more severe with mechanical ventilation than with spontaneous breathing, but the foam cuff produced significantly less dilatation (P less than .005) than the air-filled cuffs.", "PMID": 1122775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7813", "title": "Remote interpretation of chest roentgenograms.", "content": "A series of 98 chest films was interpreted by two physicians on the basis of monitor display of the transmitted television signal representing the roentgenographic image. The transmission path was 14 miles long, and included one active repeater station. Receiver operating characteristic curves were drawn to compare interpretations rendered on television view of the image with classic, direct view interpretations of the same films. Performance in these two viewing modes was found to be quite similar. When films containing only hazy densities lacking internal structure or sharp margins, were removed from the sample, interpretation of the remaining films was essentially identical via the two modes. Since hazy densities are visible on retrospective examination, interpretation of roentgenograms at a distance via television appears to be a feasible route for delivery of radiologic services.", "contents": "Remote interpretation of chest roentgenograms. A series of 98 chest films was interpreted by two physicians on the basis of monitor display of the transmitted television signal representing the roentgenographic image. The transmission path was 14 miles long, and included one active repeater station. Receiver operating characteristic curves were drawn to compare interpretations rendered on television view of the image with classic, direct view interpretations of the same films. Performance in these two viewing modes was found to be quite similar. When films containing only hazy densities lacking internal structure or sharp margins, were removed from the sample, interpretation of the remaining films was essentially identical via the two modes. Since hazy densities are visible on retrospective examination, interpretation of roentgenograms at a distance via television appears to be a feasible route for delivery of radiologic services.", "PMID": 1122776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7814", "title": "Iatrogenic arteriovenous fistula: a complication of percutaneous subclavian vein puncture.", "content": "A case of iatrogenic subclavian arteriovenous fistula is reported. An intracath had been inserted percutaneously into the left subclavian vein to monitor the central venous pressure during aortic valve surgery. On the second postoperative day a thrill and continuous murmur were detected at the left subclavian region. Left subclavian arteriogram and catheterization studies confirmed the diagnosis of subclavian arteriovenous fistula. The lesion was treated surgically with satisfactory results.", "contents": "Iatrogenic arteriovenous fistula: a complication of percutaneous subclavian vein puncture. A case of iatrogenic subclavian arteriovenous fistula is reported. An intracath had been inserted percutaneously into the left subclavian vein to monitor the central venous pressure during aortic valve surgery. On the second postoperative day a thrill and continuous murmur were detected at the left subclavian region. Left subclavian arteriogram and catheterization studies confirmed the diagnosis of subclavian arteriovenous fistula. The lesion was treated surgically with satisfactory results.", "PMID": 1122779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7815", "title": "Endobronchial tamponade therapy for intractable hemoptysis.", "content": "The management of intractable hemoptysis, short of surgery, is poorly defined. A technique is described utilizing a bronchofiberscope and a Fogarty catheter that not only provides visualization of the source of bleeding, but also furnishes a means of controlling the bleeding. This technique can also be used through a rigid bronchoscope.", "contents": "Endobronchial tamponade therapy for intractable hemoptysis. The management of intractable hemoptysis, short of surgery, is poorly defined. A technique is described utilizing a bronchofiberscope and a Fogarty catheter that not only provides visualization of the source of bleeding, but also furnishes a means of controlling the bleeding. This technique can also be used through a rigid bronchoscope.", "PMID": 1122780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7816", "title": "Right juxtaposition of the atrial appendages.", "content": "We present an infant with right-sided juxtaposition of atrial appendages who had open heart surgery for ventricular septal defect and patent ductus arteriosus. Of 12 cases thus far reported, ventricular d-loop was observed in nine, and normal position of great vessels in four. Contrary to previous views, this condition may not be accompanied by severe conotruncal anomalies.", "contents": "Right juxtaposition of the atrial appendages. We present an infant with right-sided juxtaposition of atrial appendages who had open heart surgery for ventricular septal defect and patent ductus arteriosus. Of 12 cases thus far reported, ventricular d-loop was observed in nine, and normal position of great vessels in four. Contrary to previous views, this condition may not be accompanied by severe conotruncal anomalies.", "PMID": 1122781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7817", "title": "Severe hemolysis with a fabric-worn cloth-covered aortic valve prosthesis.", "content": "A patient developed severe hemolytic anemia one year after insertion of a cloth-covered aortic valve prosthesis (Starr-Edwards No. 2320). The cloth over the three struts was disrupted but showed coverage with mostly organized collagen. Hemolysis stopped after replacement with a porcine heterograft. Fabric wear seems to augment the hemolysis in patients with cloth-covered artificial valves.", "contents": "Severe hemolysis with a fabric-worn cloth-covered aortic valve prosthesis. A patient developed severe hemolytic anemia one year after insertion of a cloth-covered aortic valve prosthesis (Starr-Edwards No. 2320). The cloth over the three struts was disrupted but showed coverage with mostly organized collagen. Hemolysis stopped after replacement with a porcine heterograft. Fabric wear seems to augment the hemolysis in patients with cloth-covered artificial valves.", "PMID": 1122782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7818", "title": "Pulmonary granulomas in a patient with pulmonary veno-occlusive disease.", "content": "A patient with pulmonary veno-occlusive disease is described. Lung biopsy revealed noncaseating granulomas in conjunction with the typical vascular changes of this entity. This concurrence has not been previously described.", "contents": "Pulmonary granulomas in a patient with pulmonary veno-occlusive disease. A patient with pulmonary veno-occlusive disease is described. Lung biopsy revealed noncaseating granulomas in conjunction with the typical vascular changes of this entity. This concurrence has not been previously described.", "PMID": 1122783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7819", "title": "Interaction of rifampin and warfarin.", "content": "A 72-year-old man who had been taking rifampin daily for several months was concurrently administered warfarin daily for ten weeks. During this period, the prothrombin time (PT) rose remarkably little as the dosage of warfarin was increased. With difficulty, satisfactory anticoagulation was achieved by giving warfarin 20 mg daily. On discontinuation of rifampin therapy, the PT increased significantly, and subsequent stabilization of the PT within therapeutic range required treatment with warfarin 7.5 mg daily.", "contents": "Interaction of rifampin and warfarin. A 72-year-old man who had been taking rifampin daily for several months was concurrently administered warfarin daily for ten weeks. During this period, the prothrombin time (PT) rose remarkably little as the dosage of warfarin was increased. With difficulty, satisfactory anticoagulation was achieved by giving warfarin 20 mg daily. On discontinuation of rifampin therapy, the PT increased significantly, and subsequent stabilization of the PT within therapeutic range required treatment with warfarin 7.5 mg daily.", "PMID": 1122784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7820", "title": "Systemic-to-pulmonary artery fistula following actinomycosis.", "content": "We report a case of pleuropulmonary actinomycosis in a child followed by a most unusual complication: the appearance of a systemic-to-pulmonary artery fistula in the area where the abscess was drained. Fifteen months after successful treatment with penicillin and surgical drainage, a continuous murmur was heard over the scar. Aortic angiography showed multiple connections between the intercostal arteries and the left pulmonary artery through an angiomatous lesion in the left lower lobe. This resulted in a considerable left-to-right shunt. Possible pathogenic mechanisms are discussed.", "contents": "Systemic-to-pulmonary artery fistula following actinomycosis. We report a case of pleuropulmonary actinomycosis in a child followed by a most unusual complication: the appearance of a systemic-to-pulmonary artery fistula in the area where the abscess was drained. Fifteen months after successful treatment with penicillin and surgical drainage, a continuous murmur was heard over the scar. Aortic angiography showed multiple connections between the intercostal arteries and the left pulmonary artery through an angiomatous lesion in the left lower lobe. This resulted in a considerable left-to-right shunt. Possible pathogenic mechanisms are discussed.", "PMID": 1122785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7821", "title": "Simulated paraspinal tumor or abscess by rounded atelectasis of the lower lobe.", "content": "Lower lobe atelectasis may simulate paraspinal tumor or abscess when margins of the completely collapsed lobe become rounded laterally and the inferior edge separates from the diaphragm. We believe this unusual appearance relates to (1) influence of the pulmonary ligament and (2) total collapse of the lobe to its minimum possible volume. Three cases of different etiologies are herein presented.", "contents": "Simulated paraspinal tumor or abscess by rounded atelectasis of the lower lobe. Lower lobe atelectasis may simulate paraspinal tumor or abscess when margins of the completely collapsed lobe become rounded laterally and the inferior edge separates from the diaphragm. We believe this unusual appearance relates to (1) influence of the pulmonary ligament and (2) total collapse of the lobe to its minimum possible volume. Three cases of different etiologies are herein presented.", "PMID": 1122786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7822", "title": "[Cine-angiographic determination of ventricular volumes with the help of a computer (author's transl)].", "content": "A computerised method of determining ventricular volumes from cine-angiograms in two planes was developed. The heart is divided into a large number of sections by computer analysis, the volumes being obtained from the corresponding diameters in the two planes. Using a computer markedly facilitates calculations and the results are immediately available. Data for ventricular and stroke volumes agree well with those reported in the literature.", "contents": "[Cine-angiographic determination of ventricular volumes with the help of a computer (author's transl)]. A computerised method of determining ventricular volumes from cine-angiograms in two planes was developed. The heart is divided into a large number of sections by computer analysis, the volumes being obtained from the corresponding diameters in the two planes. Using a computer markedly facilitates calculations and the results are immediately available. Data for ventricular and stroke volumes agree well with those reported in the literature.", "PMID": 1122800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7823", "title": "[Ga-67 citrate scanning in the management of Hodgkin's disease (author's transl)].", "content": "159 potential areas of involvement in 26 patients with histologically proven Hodgkin's disease were examined by Ga-67 scanning. 137 areas (86%) were correctly assessed. An uptake was noted in 29 of 48 areas with active diseases, no uptake in 108 of 111 areas without active disease (97%). Best results were obtained from scans of mediastinum and lungs, particularly for differentiating between active disease and fibrosis. Para-aortic and pelvic regions often gave false-positive results because of the elimination of the tracer substance via the large bowel. Results of Ga-67 scanning in other regions were equivalent to those obtained by other diagnostic tests. Ga-67 citrate scanning thus offers an advantageous means of determining the exact stage of the disease and therefore its treatment.", "contents": "[Ga-67 citrate scanning in the management of Hodgkin's disease (author's transl)]. 159 potential areas of involvement in 26 patients with histologically proven Hodgkin's disease were examined by Ga-67 scanning. 137 areas (86%) were correctly assessed. An uptake was noted in 29 of 48 areas with active diseases, no uptake in 108 of 111 areas without active disease (97%). Best results were obtained from scans of mediastinum and lungs, particularly for differentiating between active disease and fibrosis. Para-aortic and pelvic regions often gave false-positive results because of the elimination of the tracer substance via the large bowel. Results of Ga-67 scanning in other regions were equivalent to those obtained by other diagnostic tests. Ga-67 citrate scanning thus offers an advantageous means of determining the exact stage of the disease and therefore its treatment.", "PMID": 1122801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7824", "title": "[Primary malignant nephrosclerosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Primary malignant nephrosclerosis shows a haemolytic-uraemic symptomatology and can be differentiated from secondary malignant nephrosclerosis on clinical and histological grounds. The disease was observed in 4 patients: a 25-year-old man and 3 women aged 19, 28 and 49 years. The disease is characterized by a fulminating course, malignant hypertension with progressive retinopathy, and development of progressive renal failure with subsequent irreversible anuria. In addition haemolytic anaemia or posthaemolytic states as well as consumption coagulopathy occur. In 2 cases schizozytes and in particular helmet-shaped forms could be demonstrated. On histology an obliterating necrotizing vascular change is seen which is limited to the kidneys as was demonstrated in one case by angiography. Therapeutic attempts included antibiotics, steroids, heparin, streptokinase, antihypertensive drugs, and haemodialysis. The 3 female patients died, the man survived after bilateral nephrectomy.", "contents": "[Primary malignant nephrosclerosis (author's transl)]. Primary malignant nephrosclerosis shows a haemolytic-uraemic symptomatology and can be differentiated from secondary malignant nephrosclerosis on clinical and histological grounds. The disease was observed in 4 patients: a 25-year-old man and 3 women aged 19, 28 and 49 years. The disease is characterized by a fulminating course, malignant hypertension with progressive retinopathy, and development of progressive renal failure with subsequent irreversible anuria. In addition haemolytic anaemia or posthaemolytic states as well as consumption coagulopathy occur. In 2 cases schizozytes and in particular helmet-shaped forms could be demonstrated. On histology an obliterating necrotizing vascular change is seen which is limited to the kidneys as was demonstrated in one case by angiography. Therapeutic attempts included antibiotics, steroids, heparin, streptokinase, antihypertensive drugs, and haemodialysis. The 3 female patients died, the man survived after bilateral nephrectomy.", "PMID": 1122802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7825", "title": "[Thrombotic occlusion of an arteriovenous Cimino shunt in acute pancreatitis (author's transl)].", "content": "An arteriovenous (Cimino) shunt in both right and left forearms clotted during an episode of acute pancreatitis in two patients on chronic haemodialysis. Systemic hypercoagulability (circulating fibrin monomers, shortening of r and k time in the thrombelastogram and shortening of the PTT-time) occurred in association with inhibition of fibrinolysis (prolongation of euglobulin lysis time). Localized thrombosis at the shunt is thought to be due to superimpostition of systemic hyper-coagulability on a local increase in platelet adhesiveness.", "contents": "[Thrombotic occlusion of an arteriovenous Cimino shunt in acute pancreatitis (author's transl)]. An arteriovenous (Cimino) shunt in both right and left forearms clotted during an episode of acute pancreatitis in two patients on chronic haemodialysis. Systemic hypercoagulability (circulating fibrin monomers, shortening of r and k time in the thrombelastogram and shortening of the PTT-time) occurred in association with inhibition of fibrinolysis (prolongation of euglobulin lysis time). Localized thrombosis at the shunt is thought to be due to superimpostition of systemic hyper-coagulability on a local increase in platelet adhesiveness.", "PMID": 1122803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7826", "title": "[Atypical suprarenal aortic stenosis as a cause of hypertension in young people (author's transl)].", "content": "In nine of ten hypertensive patients with \"atypical\" suprarenal aortic stenosis (aged 20 to 51 years, mean 28.5 years), operative treatment of the stenosis reduced blood pressure to normal. In the tenth patient, combined vascular and reno-parenchymal hypertension was effectively treated by drugs, the dosage of which could be reduced after resection. Aorto-aortic bypass was the operative procedure of choice because of its lower risk and better results than other methods. In a review of 346 cases of atypical coarcation reported in the literature, two-thirds were found to be located above or at the level of the renal arteries, causing marked hypertension. Surgical procedures and results in 136 operated cases are tabulated and discussed.", "contents": "[Atypical suprarenal aortic stenosis as a cause of hypertension in young people (author's transl)]. In nine of ten hypertensive patients with \"atypical\" suprarenal aortic stenosis (aged 20 to 51 years, mean 28.5 years), operative treatment of the stenosis reduced blood pressure to normal. In the tenth patient, combined vascular and reno-parenchymal hypertension was effectively treated by drugs, the dosage of which could be reduced after resection. Aorto-aortic bypass was the operative procedure of choice because of its lower risk and better results than other methods. In a review of 346 cases of atypical coarcation reported in the literature, two-thirds were found to be located above or at the level of the renal arteries, causing marked hypertension. Surgical procedures and results in 136 operated cases are tabulated and discussed.", "PMID": 1122811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7827", "title": "[Diagnosis and indications for surgery after blunt abdominal trauma (author's transl)].", "content": "Diagnosis aiming at early operation is the central problem after blunt abdominal trauma. Peritoneal lavage represents an important progress in diagnostic tests but it is fully informative only if the technical details (e.g. infusion of not less than 1,000 ml) are observed. Experience with 129 cases proved it to be a simple procedure with a low complication rate which can be performed also in difficult circumstances and has a high accuracy (more than 95%). It can be used also in smaller clinics with only limited diagnostic facilities.", "contents": "[Diagnosis and indications for surgery after blunt abdominal trauma (author's transl)]. Diagnosis aiming at early operation is the central problem after blunt abdominal trauma. Peritoneal lavage represents an important progress in diagnostic tests but it is fully informative only if the technical details (e.g. infusion of not less than 1,000 ml) are observed. Experience with 129 cases proved it to be a simple procedure with a low complication rate which can be performed also in difficult circumstances and has a high accuracy (more than 95%). It can be used also in smaller clinics with only limited diagnostic facilities.", "PMID": 1122812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7828", "title": "[Transvenous cholangiography in the differential diagnosis of biliary stasis (author's transl)].", "content": "Transvenous cholangiography is an alternative to the direct puncture of the biliary tract. It was successfully performed in 13 of 21 patients of a personal series. The method does not require stand-by facilities for operation and is suitable for differentiating intra- from extrahepatic causes of biliary stasis, as well as for the demonstration of cause and localization of obstructive jaundice. Subcapsular liver haematoma with a rupture into the peritoneal cavity and bilihaemia were the main complications (one case of the former). The procedure is contraindicated in acute cholangitis and after cholangitic episodes.", "contents": "[Transvenous cholangiography in the differential diagnosis of biliary stasis (author's transl)]. Transvenous cholangiography is an alternative to the direct puncture of the biliary tract. It was successfully performed in 13 of 21 patients of a personal series. The method does not require stand-by facilities for operation and is suitable for differentiating intra- from extrahepatic causes of biliary stasis, as well as for the demonstration of cause and localization of obstructive jaundice. Subcapsular liver haematoma with a rupture into the peritoneal cavity and bilihaemia were the main complications (one case of the former). The procedure is contraindicated in acute cholangitis and after cholangitic episodes.", "PMID": 1122813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7829", "title": "[Regional pulmonary blood flow and its regulation in patients with obstructive lung disease (author's transl)].", "content": "Regional blood flow was measured in 47 patients with obstructive lung disease, using iso-intensity zone scanning after injection of 131I macro-aggregates in the supine (27 subjects) or sitting (20 subjects) position. In most of the patients there was a shift of pulmonary blood flow to the upper lung fields. The shift was related to pulmonary artery pressure and pulmonary arteriolar resistance.", "contents": "[Regional pulmonary blood flow and its regulation in patients with obstructive lung disease (author's transl)]. Regional blood flow was measured in 47 patients with obstructive lung disease, using iso-intensity zone scanning after injection of 131I macro-aggregates in the supine (27 subjects) or sitting (20 subjects) position. In most of the patients there was a shift of pulmonary blood flow to the upper lung fields. The shift was related to pulmonary artery pressure and pulmonary arteriolar resistance.", "PMID": 1122814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7830", "title": "[Polychemotherapy of Hodgkin's disease (author's transl)].", "content": "204 patients with Hodgkin's disease not previously treated were given vincristine, chlormethine, procarbazine and prednisone (protocol H2-65) for six months, followed by monthly vinblastine injections. Additional prophylactic radiotherapy was given to 50 non-randomised patients. Three-monthly reinduction treatment was administered to a further 50 patients during the year following the original induction cure, afterwards only every six months, and no treatment after four years. Among 109 patients in stage III complete remission occurred in 53% and partial (incomplete) remission in 36%. Among the 58 patients in stage IV, 21 had complete and one incomplete remission. Among 37 patients in stages I and II, 33 went into remission. The remission curves reached a plateau in the 42nd month in 74 plus or minus 6% of those in complete and 56 plus or minus 8% of those in incomplete remission (P less than 0.03). Increasing age had an unfavourable prognosis: the more progressed the anatomical stage the less favourable the prognosis. Surprisingly, stage IV (lymphocyte-poor) had a better prognosis on polychemotherapy than other histological forms. Signs of clinical activity did not influence prognosis, but biochemical signs of activity are unfavourable for remission duration (P less than 0.01). Patients who also had radiotherapy had longer remissions (P less than 0.01). Exacerbations occurred in 38, never beyond the 42nd month. Recurrence occurred in 21 of them in the dame lymphatic region as was affected at the beginning of the disease, while in the other 17 patients an extralymphatic episode occurred. There was a positive correlation between histological form and type of recurrence.", "contents": "[Polychemotherapy of Hodgkin's disease (author's transl)]. 204 patients with Hodgkin's disease not previously treated were given vincristine, chlormethine, procarbazine and prednisone (protocol H2-65) for six months, followed by monthly vinblastine injections. Additional prophylactic radiotherapy was given to 50 non-randomised patients. Three-monthly reinduction treatment was administered to a further 50 patients during the year following the original induction cure, afterwards only every six months, and no treatment after four years. Among 109 patients in stage III complete remission occurred in 53% and partial (incomplete) remission in 36%. Among the 58 patients in stage IV, 21 had complete and one incomplete remission. Among 37 patients in stages I and II, 33 went into remission. The remission curves reached a plateau in the 42nd month in 74 plus or minus 6% of those in complete and 56 plus or minus 8% of those in incomplete remission (P less than 0.03). Increasing age had an unfavourable prognosis: the more progressed the anatomical stage the less favourable the prognosis. Surprisingly, stage IV (lymphocyte-poor) had a better prognosis on polychemotherapy than other histological forms. Signs of clinical activity did not influence prognosis, but biochemical signs of activity are unfavourable for remission duration (P less than 0.01). Patients who also had radiotherapy had longer remissions (P less than 0.01). Exacerbations occurred in 38, never beyond the 42nd month. Recurrence occurred in 21 of them in the dame lymphatic region as was affected at the beginning of the disease, while in the other 17 patients an extralymphatic episode occurred. There was a positive correlation between histological form and type of recurrence.", "PMID": 1122828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7831", "title": "[Perimembranous glomulonephritis in heapatitis associated with hepatitis B antigen (author's transl)].", "content": "Hepatitis B (HB) antigen was persistently found in two children with perimembranous glomerulonephritis. Soluble immune complexes were demonstrated in both instances. These circulating immune complexes were found only in serum fractions enriched with HB antigen. Immunohistology of sections of kidney demonstrated immune complexes in a granular pattern in the subepithelial regions of the glomerular capillary walls. Fluorescent HB antigen was found in the same region. HB antigen was also detectable in urine. Participation of the complement system in the progress of the disease was demonstrated quantitatively by a decrease in complement factors C1q, C4 and C3 in peripheral blood. Histological, including electromicroscopic, studies in both cases revealed diffuse thickening of the glomerular basement membrane with dense deposits of different extent, and spikes of the basment membrane. These studies strongly suggest an interrelationship between hepatitis with HB antigen and glomerulonephritis.", "contents": "[Perimembranous glomulonephritis in heapatitis associated with hepatitis B antigen (author's transl)]. Hepatitis B (HB) antigen was persistently found in two children with perimembranous glomerulonephritis. Soluble immune complexes were demonstrated in both instances. These circulating immune complexes were found only in serum fractions enriched with HB antigen. Immunohistology of sections of kidney demonstrated immune complexes in a granular pattern in the subepithelial regions of the glomerular capillary walls. Fluorescent HB antigen was found in the same region. HB antigen was also detectable in urine. Participation of the complement system in the progress of the disease was demonstrated quantitatively by a decrease in complement factors C1q, C4 and C3 in peripheral blood. Histological, including electromicroscopic, studies in both cases revealed diffuse thickening of the glomerular basement membrane with dense deposits of different extent, and spikes of the basment membrane. These studies strongly suggest an interrelationship between hepatitis with HB antigen and glomerulonephritis.", "PMID": 1122829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7832", "title": "[Clinical and serological aspects of the pseudo-LE syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "Fifteen women with pseudo-LE syndrome were studied. The dissease is characterized by recurrent attacks of fever, myalgia, arthralgia, visceral manifestations (pericarditis, myocarditis, pleurisy, pleural effusion and lung involvement). A prominent feature was an abnormal liver function with elevated GOT and GPT levels in serum, and impaired bromsuophalein elimination. The incidence of varicosities and thrombophlebitis was markedly increased. There was a correlation between complement-fixing antimitochondrial antibody (AMA) titres and the degree of activity of the disease. A reverse correlation was observed between antimitochondrial antibody titres and the absolute lymphocyte count in peripheral blood. In all instances the antimitochondrial antibodies were of polyclonal origin, belonging mainly to immunoglobulin class IgG and, in a few patients, IgM, IgA, or IgD. AMA titres, lymphocyte counts in peripheral blood, sedimentation rate, serum iron level and alpha1- and alpha2-globulins proved to be valuable in following the course of the disease. Other values (C-reactive protein, alpha1-acid glycoprotein, immunoglobulin and beta1c-globulin in serum) were not helpful.", "contents": "[Clinical and serological aspects of the pseudo-LE syndrome (author's transl)]. Fifteen women with pseudo-LE syndrome were studied. The dissease is characterized by recurrent attacks of fever, myalgia, arthralgia, visceral manifestations (pericarditis, myocarditis, pleurisy, pleural effusion and lung involvement). A prominent feature was an abnormal liver function with elevated GOT and GPT levels in serum, and impaired bromsuophalein elimination. The incidence of varicosities and thrombophlebitis was markedly increased. There was a correlation between complement-fixing antimitochondrial antibody (AMA) titres and the degree of activity of the disease. A reverse correlation was observed between antimitochondrial antibody titres and the absolute lymphocyte count in peripheral blood. In all instances the antimitochondrial antibodies were of polyclonal origin, belonging mainly to immunoglobulin class IgG and, in a few patients, IgM, IgA, or IgD. AMA titres, lymphocyte counts in peripheral blood, sedimentation rate, serum iron level and alpha1- and alpha2-globulins proved to be valuable in following the course of the disease. Other values (C-reactive protein, alpha1-acid glycoprotein, immunoglobulin and beta1c-globulin in serum) were not helpful.", "PMID": 1122830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7833", "title": "[Value of radioimmuno-assay of triiodothyronie and thyrotropic hormone in the diagnosis of thyroid disease (author's transl)].", "content": "Results of a purely in-vitro test were compared with previously available methods in 425 patients. For triiodthyronie, a normal range must be differentiated from the so-called euthyroid range (0.8-2.0 ng/ml) for patients with euthyroid goitre. The accuracy for triiodothyronine is then more than 95% and in hyperthyroidism 97.5%. It is, therefore, superior to other in-vitro measurements. But a disadvantage is that it is easily influenced by thyroid and extrahyroid factors. Similar accuracy is obtained for the TRH function test (thyrotopine-releasing hormone). Noteable is a negative TRH test in 20% of patients with euthroid goitre. The significance of triiodoathyrone determination is decreased in autonormous adenoma, in which the TRH test has an accuracy of 96.5%. In rare diseases of the thyroid all diagnositc possibilities must be taken into account. In ordinary practice stepwise course is suggested. RT-3U, T-4, T-3 and thyroid scan with 99mTc pertechneate are useful as basic tests. PBI is still thought to be important. The second step involves the TRH test rather than 131I function test. Triiocothyronine determination is best for therapeutic and follow-up perposes, a situation in which TRH test is of limited value.", "contents": "[Value of radioimmuno-assay of triiodothyronie and thyrotropic hormone in the diagnosis of thyroid disease (author's transl)]. Results of a purely in-vitro test were compared with previously available methods in 425 patients. For triiodthyronie, a normal range must be differentiated from the so-called euthyroid range (0.8-2.0 ng/ml) for patients with euthyroid goitre. The accuracy for triiodothyronine is then more than 95% and in hyperthyroidism 97.5%. It is, therefore, superior to other in-vitro measurements. But a disadvantage is that it is easily influenced by thyroid and extrahyroid factors. Similar accuracy is obtained for the TRH function test (thyrotopine-releasing hormone). Noteable is a negative TRH test in 20% of patients with euthroid goitre. The significance of triiodoathyrone determination is decreased in autonormous adenoma, in which the TRH test has an accuracy of 96.5%. In rare diseases of the thyroid all diagnositc possibilities must be taken into account. In ordinary practice stepwise course is suggested. RT-3U, T-4, T-3 and thyroid scan with 99mTc pertechneate are useful as basic tests. PBI is still thought to be important. The second step involves the TRH test rather than 131I function test. Triiocothyronine determination is best for therapeutic and follow-up perposes, a situation in which TRH test is of limited value.", "PMID": 1122831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7834", "title": "[ECG changes and serum-digoxin concentration in digitalis toxicity (author's transl)].", "content": "Seventy-six patients with clinical and ECG evidence of digitalis toxicity and serum-digoxin concentrations over 2.5 ng/ml were investigated for possible correlation between certain ECG changes and the level of serum digoxin, but no correlation was found. However, radioimmunological determination of digoxin level proved to be a reliable means of deciding whether abnormalities of impulse formation or conduction were due to digitalis. In only one case (during haemodialysis) was there a fall in potassium level below normal, with signs of digitalis toxicity electrocardiographically. In five other patients with serum digoxin levels above 6 ng/ml high potassium values were found. Caution in the administration of potassium is advised: it should be given only if it is demonstrated to be below normal. Fifty-one of the patients had impaired renal function.", "contents": "[ECG changes and serum-digoxin concentration in digitalis toxicity (author's transl)]. Seventy-six patients with clinical and ECG evidence of digitalis toxicity and serum-digoxin concentrations over 2.5 ng/ml were investigated for possible correlation between certain ECG changes and the level of serum digoxin, but no correlation was found. However, radioimmunological determination of digoxin level proved to be a reliable means of deciding whether abnormalities of impulse formation or conduction were due to digitalis. In only one case (during haemodialysis) was there a fall in potassium level below normal, with signs of digitalis toxicity electrocardiographically. In five other patients with serum digoxin levels above 6 ng/ml high potassium values were found. Caution in the administration of potassium is advised: it should be given only if it is demonstrated to be below normal. Fifty-one of the patients had impaired renal function.", "PMID": 1122832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7835", "title": "[Hepatitis in drug addicts (follow-up study with biopsies) (author's transl)].", "content": "Viral hepatitis, proven by biopsy in 44 patients known to be drug addicts or confirmed drug takers had serial clinical, biochemical and (half of them) biopsy studies between 1971 and 1974. At the time of the first biopsy the period of addicition averaged 28.8 months. 30 of the 44 patients had had jaundice. At the time of the last biopsy, 20 of the 44 had chronic persisting and three had chronic active hepatitis, i.e. more than half had a chronic form. A further 12 patients had \"hippie\" hepatitis, a special form of acute viral hepatitis with piecemeal necrosis, histological evidence of possible change to a chronic state. There was no case of complete healing during the period of observation. The high rate of chronic hepatitis is thought to be due to partially insufficient immune response. The clinical and even biochemical course in most of the patients was remarkably mild. Severe clinical forms are rare and were not observed at all in the described group. It would therefore, seem that the prognosis is generally good, in contrast to chronic hepatitis in non-addicts.", "contents": "[Hepatitis in drug addicts (follow-up study with biopsies) (author's transl)]. Viral hepatitis, proven by biopsy in 44 patients known to be drug addicts or confirmed drug takers had serial clinical, biochemical and (half of them) biopsy studies between 1971 and 1974. At the time of the first biopsy the period of addicition averaged 28.8 months. 30 of the 44 patients had had jaundice. At the time of the last biopsy, 20 of the 44 had chronic persisting and three had chronic active hepatitis, i.e. more than half had a chronic form. A further 12 patients had \"hippie\" hepatitis, a special form of acute viral hepatitis with piecemeal necrosis, histological evidence of possible change to a chronic state. There was no case of complete healing during the period of observation. The high rate of chronic hepatitis is thought to be due to partially insufficient immune response. The clinical and even biochemical course in most of the patients was remarkably mild. Severe clinical forms are rare and were not observed at all in the described group. It would therefore, seem that the prognosis is generally good, in contrast to chronic hepatitis in non-addicts.", "PMID": 1122844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7836", "title": "[Termination of pregnancy on psychiatric grounds (author's transl)].", "content": "303 psychiatric opinions were given between 1947 and 1969 regarding the termination of pregnancy. 45,2 per cent of the applications were supported, 53,4 per cent were rejected. In 10 per cent of the cases neurological disorders were present. 79 per cent of the women had psychiatric disorders among which reactive depressions had a definite majority of 89 per cent. Endogenous psychoses only represented a marginal group. Among the reactive depressive group young unmarried women in their first pregnancy with environmental conflicts and an increased readiness to express suicidal tendencies could be separated from a second group of older married women with one or more children, with fear of the future resulting from the feeling of an imminent in ability to cope, and restraint in the formulation of suicidal thoughts. The frequency of preceding suicidal attempts and the percentage of abnormal personalities were equally high in both groups. The investigated group must clearly be considered to a suicide-endangered high risk group. If abnormal personality traits, preceding suicide attempts, family and social conflicts with existing suicidal tendencies, and a reactivated state of depression occur together a reactive depression must also be considered an important criterium for a supportive attitude.", "contents": "[Termination of pregnancy on psychiatric grounds (author's transl)]. 303 psychiatric opinions were given between 1947 and 1969 regarding the termination of pregnancy. 45,2 per cent of the applications were supported, 53,4 per cent were rejected. In 10 per cent of the cases neurological disorders were present. 79 per cent of the women had psychiatric disorders among which reactive depressions had a definite majority of 89 per cent. Endogenous psychoses only represented a marginal group. Among the reactive depressive group young unmarried women in their first pregnancy with environmental conflicts and an increased readiness to express suicidal tendencies could be separated from a second group of older married women with one or more children, with fear of the future resulting from the feeling of an imminent in ability to cope, and restraint in the formulation of suicidal thoughts. The frequency of preceding suicidal attempts and the percentage of abnormal personalities were equally high in both groups. The investigated group must clearly be considered to a suicide-endangered high risk group. If abnormal personality traits, preceding suicide attempts, family and social conflicts with existing suicidal tendencies, and a reactivated state of depression occur together a reactive depression must also be considered an important criterium for a supportive attitude.", "PMID": 1122845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7837", "title": "[Enzymatic determination of total cholesterol in serum: accuracy and comparison with other methods (author's transl)].", "content": "Cholesterol can be specifically measured without difficulty and without complex reagents by means of a newly developed enzymatic colour test. Intensive technical evaluation confirmed its accuracy. Manual use gave a day-to-day coefficient of variation  of 2-3 per cent; the sensitivity at a cholesterol concentration of 200 mg/dl was E equals 0.153 (gamma equals 405 nm), with a linearity up to 1000 mg/dl. Recovery of added pure cholesterol solution was 100 plus or minus 2 percent. A quantitative study of 53 representative drugs, anti-coagulants and metabolites was performed both in test tube and on patients. Accuracy of the result was unaffected by any of the substances (alpha equals 0.05). Comparison with the multi-step extraction method used at present as a reference (Abell-Kendall) gave a regression equation of y equals 0.99 times plus 1.1 (x axis: extraction method; y axis: enzymatic colour test). The direct chemical method after Liebermann and Burchard gave, in part, markedly differing results because of considerable systematic and accidental errors.", "contents": "[Enzymatic determination of total cholesterol in serum: accuracy and comparison with other methods (author's transl)]. Cholesterol can be specifically measured without difficulty and without complex reagents by means of a newly developed enzymatic colour test. Intensive technical evaluation confirmed its accuracy. Manual use gave a day-to-day coefficient of variation  of 2-3 per cent; the sensitivity at a cholesterol concentration of 200 mg/dl was E equals 0.153 (gamma equals 405 nm), with a linearity up to 1000 mg/dl. Recovery of added pure cholesterol solution was 100 plus or minus 2 percent. A quantitative study of 53 representative drugs, anti-coagulants and metabolites was performed both in test tube and on patients. Accuracy of the result was unaffected by any of the substances (alpha equals 0.05). Comparison with the multi-step extraction method used at present as a reference (Abell-Kendall) gave a regression equation of y equals 0.99 times plus 1.1 (x axis: extraction method; y axis: enzymatic colour test). The direct chemical method after Liebermann and Burchard gave, in part, markedly differing results because of considerable systematic and accidental errors.", "PMID": 1122846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7838", "title": "[Changes in cerebral blood flow and oxidative cerebral metabolism after extensive acute head trauma (author's transl)].", "content": "Total cerebral blood flow and oxidative cerebral metabolism were measured at normal pCO2, hypocapnia and hypercapnia in 15 unconscious patients in the acute phase after head trauma. In the basal position (normal CO2) measurements were within normal limits and did not correspond to the severity of the clinical picture. But on altering arterial pCO2 there were market changes in oxidative cerebral metabolism, which suggests an abnormal cerebral regulatory mechanism. Measurement of the same functions 14 days later indicated, on the one hand, persistence of changes, but, on the other, a return to normal of previously markedly elevated cerebral glucose uptake. Comparing cerebral blood flow and metabolism between patients who survived and those who died in the acute phase after brain damage, there were no significant differences.", "contents": "[Changes in cerebral blood flow and oxidative cerebral metabolism after extensive acute head trauma (author's transl)]. Total cerebral blood flow and oxidative cerebral metabolism were measured at normal pCO2, hypocapnia and hypercapnia in 15 unconscious patients in the acute phase after head trauma. In the basal position (normal CO2) measurements were within normal limits and did not correspond to the severity of the clinical picture. But on altering arterial pCO2 there were market changes in oxidative cerebral metabolism, which suggests an abnormal cerebral regulatory mechanism. Measurement of the same functions 14 days later indicated, on the one hand, persistence of changes, but, on the other, a return to normal of previously markedly elevated cerebral glucose uptake. Comparing cerebral blood flow and metabolism between patients who survived and those who died in the acute phase after brain damage, there were no significant differences.", "PMID": 1122847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7839", "title": "[Tumour-like calcification and metastic calcification in teritary hyperparathyroidism (author's transl)].", "content": "Tertiary hyperparathyroidism in a 47-year-old woman was accompained by metastatic and \"tumour-like\" calcifications. The latter were characterized by tumours of different-sized calcium-containing pseudocyts, surrounded by a cell-rich tissue predominantly containing fibroblasts, histocytes and foreign-body giant cells, which in their cytoplasm contained Cossa-positive particles. Pathogenesis and aetiology of the disease are largely unknown.", "contents": "[Tumour-like calcification and metastic calcification in teritary hyperparathyroidism (author's transl)]. Tertiary hyperparathyroidism in a 47-year-old woman was accompained by metastatic and \"tumour-like\" calcifications. The latter were characterized by tumours of different-sized calcium-containing pseudocyts, surrounded by a cell-rich tissue predominantly containing fibroblasts, histocytes and foreign-body giant cells, which in their cytoplasm contained Cossa-positive particles. Pathogenesis and aetiology of the disease are largely unknown.", "PMID": 1122848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7840", "title": "[Haemodialysis in the treatment of acute boric acid poisoning (author's transl)].", "content": "40 g boric acid was by error given instead of glucose solution to a 62-year-old man during an oral glucose test. During an 18-hour dialysis 8.32 g boric acid was eliminated, 8.6 g by forced diuresis and at least 9 g by gastric lavage. A large amount of the poison was also found in the vomitus. The most important signs of posioning were slight metabolic acidosis, total anuria for 14 hours and normochromic anaemia. There was no residual kidney damage or other effects of the poisoning.", "contents": "[Haemodialysis in the treatment of acute boric acid poisoning (author's transl)]. 40 g boric acid was by error given instead of glucose solution to a 62-year-old man during an oral glucose test. During an 18-hour dialysis 8.32 g boric acid was eliminated, 8.6 g by forced diuresis and at least 9 g by gastric lavage. A large amount of the poison was also found in the vomitus. The most important signs of posioning were slight metabolic acidosis, total anuria for 14 hours and normochromic anaemia. There was no residual kidney damage or other effects of the poisoning.", "PMID": 1122849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7841", "title": "[Carcinogenesis due to mustard gas exposure in man, important sign for therapy with alkylating agents].", "content": "Sulphur-mustard and nitrogen-mustard are known to act as carcinogens in animal experiments. A similar effect in humans was demonstrated in 245 workers previously exposed occupationally to mustard gas and followed for over 20 years. There was a statistically significant increase in malignant tumours, especially bronchial carcinoma, bladder carcinoma and leukaemia. These findings underline the need for using alkylating agents of the mustard type exclusively in the treatment of malignant neoplasms. Immunosuppression with alkylating agents in the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases associated with a long life expectancy is no longer justified.", "contents": "[Carcinogenesis due to mustard gas exposure in man, important sign for therapy with alkylating agents]. Sulphur-mustard and nitrogen-mustard are known to act as carcinogens in animal experiments. A similar effect in humans was demonstrated in 245 workers previously exposed occupationally to mustard gas and followed for over 20 years. There was a statistically significant increase in malignant tumours, especially bronchial carcinoma, bladder carcinoma and leukaemia. These findings underline the need for using alkylating agents of the mustard type exclusively in the treatment of malignant neoplasms. Immunosuppression with alkylating agents in the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases associated with a long life expectancy is no longer justified.", "PMID": 1122860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7842", "title": "[Clinical experimental studies in patients with asympathicotonic hypotension].", "content": "Three patients with postural hypotension (two of the idiopathic type, one possibly due to familial dysautonomia) were found to have not only the pathognomonic postural hypotension, without rise in heart rate, cardiac output and peripheral vascular resistance, but also a similarly abnormal regulatory mechanism on ergometric stress when recumbent. There was a delayed-response to the bloodpressure fall on Valsalva a manoeuvre, and the blood volume was reduced. A combined effect of these factors explains that these patients have a more marked impairment of physical capcity than might be expected merely from the orthostatic hypotension. The actions of noradrenaline, adrenaline, phenylephrine, isoproterenol, angiotensin and tyramine on blood pressure and heart rate were different from normal. Plasma-renin activity was reduced in all three patients and could not be raised. Urinary excretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline was markedly diminished. Reactions to noradrenaline and tyramine, as well as the excretion pattern of the catecholamine metabolites suggest a disorder of active adrenaline liberation. Furthermore, different disorders of catecholamine metabolism underlie idiopathic orthostatic hypotension and familial autonomia. Therapeutic trials with fludrocortisone, beta-receptor blockers and levodopa brought improvement, but long-term results are not yet available.", "contents": "[Clinical experimental studies in patients with asympathicotonic hypotension]. Three patients with postural hypotension (two of the idiopathic type, one possibly due to familial dysautonomia) were found to have not only the pathognomonic postural hypotension, without rise in heart rate, cardiac output and peripheral vascular resistance, but also a similarly abnormal regulatory mechanism on ergometric stress when recumbent. There was a delayed-response to the bloodpressure fall on Valsalva a manoeuvre, and the blood volume was reduced. A combined effect of these factors explains that these patients have a more marked impairment of physical capcity than might be expected merely from the orthostatic hypotension. The actions of noradrenaline, adrenaline, phenylephrine, isoproterenol, angiotensin and tyramine on blood pressure and heart rate were different from normal. Plasma-renin activity was reduced in all three patients and could not be raised. Urinary excretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline was markedly diminished. Reactions to noradrenaline and tyramine, as well as the excretion pattern of the catecholamine metabolites suggest a disorder of active adrenaline liberation. Furthermore, different disorders of catecholamine metabolism underlie idiopathic orthostatic hypotension and familial autonomia. Therapeutic trials with fludrocortisone, beta-receptor blockers and levodopa brought improvement, but long-term results are not yet available.", "PMID": 1122861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7843", "title": "[Ruptured aneurysm of the aortic sinus of Valsalva (author's transl)].", "content": "Three cases of ruptured aneurysm of the aortic sinus of Valsalva  (one each into the right atrium, right ventricle and pulmonary artery) are reported and clinical as well as haemodynamic features described. It is pointed out that the right sinus is most frequently involved, the non-coronary one only rarely, and the left one only quite exceptionally. The clinical findings depend on the size, site and direction of the rupture and its haemodynamic consequences. Rupture occurs most frequently into the right attrium or ventricle, much more rarely into the pulmonary artery or left ventricle. Cardinal clinical signs are retrosternal pain, marked shock with dyspnoea and tachycardia or rapidly progressive cardiac failure. Auscultation reveals either a continuous systolic-diastolic murmur or a holosystolic crescendo-decrescendo murmur followed by a high-frequency diastolic murmur, maximal parasternally in the second to fourth left intercostal spaces. As effective surgical treatment is available, early diagnosis is essential.", "contents": "[Ruptured aneurysm of the aortic sinus of Valsalva (author's transl)]. Three cases of ruptured aneurysm of the aortic sinus of Valsalva  (one each into the right atrium, right ventricle and pulmonary artery) are reported and clinical as well as haemodynamic features described. It is pointed out that the right sinus is most frequently involved, the non-coronary one only rarely, and the left one only quite exceptionally. The clinical findings depend on the size, site and direction of the rupture and its haemodynamic consequences. Rupture occurs most frequently into the right attrium or ventricle, much more rarely into the pulmonary artery or left ventricle. Cardinal clinical signs are retrosternal pain, marked shock with dyspnoea and tachycardia or rapidly progressive cardiac failure. Auscultation reveals either a continuous systolic-diastolic murmur or a holosystolic crescendo-decrescendo murmur followed by a high-frequency diastolic murmur, maximal parasternally in the second to fourth left intercostal spaces. As effective surgical treatment is available, early diagnosis is essential.", "PMID": 1122862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7844", "title": "[Transoral Doppler ultrasound echography under local anaesthesia for the assessment of vertebral artery blood flow (author's transl)].", "content": "Uncalibrated flow in the vertebral arteries was registered with a bidirectional CW Doppler ultrsound apparatus. It was applied to 20 patients, results being compared with aortic arch angiograms in which the extracranial part of all four cerebral vessels was seen. In 14 the vertebral arteries had a symmetrical flow and lumen, a similar symmetrical result being obtained with the Doppler. Hypoplasia of one vertebral artery was present in two patients the distinct asymmetry being recorded by the ultrasound. Three patients with central stenosis in one subclavian artery and subclavian \"steal\" were found to have reverse flow by the Doppler method in the vertebral artery on the side of the stenosis. Endarterectomy was performed on the affected subclavian artery in two of these patients: post-operative vertebral ultrasound recordings demonstrated a return to physiological flow direction in both vertebral arteries.", "contents": "[Transoral Doppler ultrasound echography under local anaesthesia for the assessment of vertebral artery blood flow (author's transl)]. Uncalibrated flow in the vertebral arteries was registered with a bidirectional CW Doppler ultrsound apparatus. It was applied to 20 patients, results being compared with aortic arch angiograms in which the extracranial part of all four cerebral vessels was seen. In 14 the vertebral arteries had a symmetrical flow and lumen, a similar symmetrical result being obtained with the Doppler. Hypoplasia of one vertebral artery was present in two patients the distinct asymmetry being recorded by the ultrasound. Three patients with central stenosis in one subclavian artery and subclavian \"steal\" were found to have reverse flow by the Doppler method in the vertebral artery on the side of the stenosis. Endarterectomy was performed on the affected subclavian artery in two of these patients: post-operative vertebral ultrasound recordings demonstrated a return to physiological flow direction in both vertebral arteries.", "PMID": 1122863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7845", "title": "[Prenatal diagnosis of a case of metachromatic leucodystrophy (author's transl)].", "content": "Metachromatic leucodystrophy was diagnosed from cell-free amniotic fluid (marked deficiency of arylsulphatase A) in the 20th week of pregnancy of a woman whose two previous children also had the disease. The pregnancy was immediately terminated. Subsequent amniotic cell culture also revealed a very low arylsulphatase concentration corresponding to the values found in amniotic fluid. An about four-fold increase of metachromatic material was found in the formalin-fixed brain of the aborted fetus.", "contents": "[Prenatal diagnosis of a case of metachromatic leucodystrophy (author's transl)]. Metachromatic leucodystrophy was diagnosed from cell-free amniotic fluid (marked deficiency of arylsulphatase A) in the 20th week of pregnancy of a woman whose two previous children also had the disease. The pregnancy was immediately terminated. Subsequent amniotic cell culture also revealed a very low arylsulphatase concentration corresponding to the values found in amniotic fluid. An about four-fold increase of metachromatic material was found in the formalin-fixed brain of the aborted fetus.", "PMID": 1122864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7846", "title": "Surgical disconnection of the medial basal hypothalamus and pituitary function in the rhesus monkey. III. Thyroxine secretion.", "content": "The effects of complete and anterior disconnection of the medial basal hypothalamus (MBH( on TSH secretion in the rhesus monkey were assessed by measuring serum thyroxine concentrations. Following complete MBH disconnection, serum thyroxine concentrations declined to 50% of preoperative control levels within 7 days. In 6 of 10 animals, thyroxine levels remained depressed throughout the postoperative observation period of 60 to 150 days. In the remainder, serum thyroxine concentrations returned to control levels after 3 weeks. Anterior disconnection of the MBH had variable effects on thyroid function. In 4 of 7 animals, serum thyroxine concentrations declined for 5 days following the operation but returned to preoperative levels within the next 3 weeks. In 2 others, serum thyroxine levels did not change while in the remaining animal thyroxine concentrations increased transiently to twice preoperative levels before returning to normal values. Thus, in the monkey, as in the rat, anterior MBH disconnection has little consistent effect on thyroid function, while complete isolation of the MBH causes a moderate decline which is most readily attributable to a decrease in thyrotropin secretion. The variations in the effects of anterior and complete MBH disconnection on thyroid function could not be confidently correlated with variations in the placement of the cuts.", "contents": "Surgical disconnection of the medial basal hypothalamus and pituitary function in the rhesus monkey. III. Thyroxine secretion. The effects of complete and anterior disconnection of the medial basal hypothalamus (MBH( on TSH secretion in the rhesus monkey were assessed by measuring serum thyroxine concentrations. Following complete MBH disconnection, serum thyroxine concentrations declined to 50% of preoperative control levels within 7 days. In 6 of 10 animals, thyroxine levels remained depressed throughout the postoperative observation period of 60 to 150 days. In the remainder, serum thyroxine concentrations returned to control levels after 3 weeks. Anterior disconnection of the MBH had variable effects on thyroid function. In 4 of 7 animals, serum thyroxine concentrations declined for 5 days following the operation but returned to preoperative levels within the next 3 weeks. In 2 others, serum thyroxine levels did not change while in the remaining animal thyroxine concentrations increased transiently to twice preoperative levels before returning to normal values. Thus, in the monkey, as in the rat, anterior MBH disconnection has little consistent effect on thyroid function, while complete isolation of the MBH causes a moderate decline which is most readily attributable to a decrease in thyrotropin secretion. The variations in the effects of anterior and complete MBH disconnection on thyroid function could not be confidently correlated with variations in the placement of the cuts.", "PMID": 1122875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7847", "title": "Surgical disconnection of the medial basal hypothalamus and pituitary function in the rhesus monkey. IV. Prolactin secretion.", "content": "The effects of anterior and complete hypothalamic deafferentation on prolactin secretion in the rhesus monkey have been assessed. Complete disconnection ofthe medial basal hypothalamus (MBH) had no apparent effect on serum prolactin concentrations, in either intact or ovariectomized monkeys, nor did it diminish the stimulation of prolactin secretion induced by sodium pentobarbital anesthesia. Anterior disconnection of the MBH in intact females was also without effect on prolactin secretion. When the MBH was inadvertently damaged during the complete disconnection procedure, serum prolactin levels increased approximately 5-fold in otherwise intact animals while remaining unchanged in ovariectomized monkeys, thereby suggesting that ovarian hormones may modulate the secretion of prolactin in response to a reduction of hypothalamic inhibitory influences. In contrast, basal serum prolactin concentrations were not notably influenced by ovariectomy or estrogen administration nor were the patterns of prolactin secretion related to the phases of the menstrual cycle. The results of these studies suggest that the consequences of complete MBH disconnection on prolactin secretion are essentially the same in the rhesus monkey and in the rat, although major differences exist between these species with regard to the influence of estrogen on the production of this hormone.", "contents": "Surgical disconnection of the medial basal hypothalamus and pituitary function in the rhesus monkey. IV. Prolactin secretion. The effects of anterior and complete hypothalamic deafferentation on prolactin secretion in the rhesus monkey have been assessed. Complete disconnection ofthe medial basal hypothalamus (MBH) had no apparent effect on serum prolactin concentrations, in either intact or ovariectomized monkeys, nor did it diminish the stimulation of prolactin secretion induced by sodium pentobarbital anesthesia. Anterior disconnection of the MBH in intact females was also without effect on prolactin secretion. When the MBH was inadvertently damaged during the complete disconnection procedure, serum prolactin levels increased approximately 5-fold in otherwise intact animals while remaining unchanged in ovariectomized monkeys, thereby suggesting that ovarian hormones may modulate the secretion of prolactin in response to a reduction of hypothalamic inhibitory influences. In contrast, basal serum prolactin concentrations were not notably influenced by ovariectomy or estrogen administration nor were the patterns of prolactin secretion related to the phases of the menstrual cycle. The results of these studies suggest that the consequences of complete MBH disconnection on prolactin secretion are essentially the same in the rhesus monkey and in the rat, although major differences exist between these species with regard to the influence of estrogen on the production of this hormone.", "PMID": 1122876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7848", "title": "Development of a radioimmunoassay for porcine relaxin using 125I-labeled polytyrosyl-relaxin.", "content": "Tyrosine was incorporated into highly purified porcine relaxin employing the reagent N-carboxy-L-tyrosine anhydride. The resulting polytyrosyl-relaxin contained 1.67 mol of tyrosine per mol of relaxin, retained its original biological activity, and was readily radioiodinated to specific activities ranging from 80 to 100 muCi per mug. High affinity antibodies applicable in final dilutions ranging from 1:50,000 to 1:200,000 were developed in rabbits against unconjugated highly purified porcine relaxin. A double antibody radioimmunoassay for porcine relaxin sufficiently sensitive to routinely measure from 32 to 1000 pg of pig relaxin was developed. Using this radioimmunoassay, peripheral serum concentrations of porcine relaxin were found to be less than 1 ng/ml during early pregnancy. Serum concentrations of porcine relaxin were high during late pregnancy. The mean concentration of porcine relaxin one day before parturition was 38 ng per ml. Within a day following parturition relaxin concentrations fell to a mean concentration of 2.1 ng per ml.", "contents": "Development of a radioimmunoassay for porcine relaxin using 125I-labeled polytyrosyl-relaxin. Tyrosine was incorporated into highly purified porcine relaxin employing the reagent N-carboxy-L-tyrosine anhydride. The resulting polytyrosyl-relaxin contained 1.67 mol of tyrosine per mol of relaxin, retained its original biological activity, and was readily radioiodinated to specific activities ranging from 80 to 100 muCi per mug. High affinity antibodies applicable in final dilutions ranging from 1:50,000 to 1:200,000 were developed in rabbits against unconjugated highly purified porcine relaxin. A double antibody radioimmunoassay for porcine relaxin sufficiently sensitive to routinely measure from 32 to 1000 pg of pig relaxin was developed. Using this radioimmunoassay, peripheral serum concentrations of porcine relaxin were found to be less than 1 ng/ml during early pregnancy. Serum concentrations of porcine relaxin were high during late pregnancy. The mean concentration of porcine relaxin one day before parturition was 38 ng per ml. Within a day following parturition relaxin concentrations fell to a mean concentration of 2.1 ng per ml.", "PMID": 1122877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7849", "title": "Inhibition of the ovarian augmentation reaction by a chemical antiestrogen.", "content": "Inhibition by antiestradiol serum of ovarian weight gain and follicular growth in hypophysectomized immature rats given FSH and hCG suggested that gonadotrophin induced endogenous estrogen secretion plays a role in the ovarian augmentation reaction. We have studied the effects of a chemical estrogen antagonist, cis-clomiphene, on ovarian weight response to gonadotrophins in hypophysectomized immature female rats. We found that this antiestrogen inhibits the ovarian response to FSH and hCG. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of a direct effect of a chemical antiestrogen on the ovary, a result consistent with a role for intraovarian estrogen in follicular growth.", "contents": "Inhibition of the ovarian augmentation reaction by a chemical antiestrogen. Inhibition by antiestradiol serum of ovarian weight gain and follicular growth in hypophysectomized immature rats given FSH and hCG suggested that gonadotrophin induced endogenous estrogen secretion plays a role in the ovarian augmentation reaction. We have studied the effects of a chemical estrogen antagonist, cis-clomiphene, on ovarian weight response to gonadotrophins in hypophysectomized immature female rats. We found that this antiestrogen inhibits the ovarian response to FSH and hCG. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of a direct effect of a chemical antiestrogen on the ovary, a result consistent with a role for intraovarian estrogen in follicular growth.", "PMID": 1122878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7850", "title": "Interaction of estrogen and gonadotrophins on follicular atresia.", "content": "We have investigated folluclar atresia by giving hypophysectomized immature female rats (HIFR) diethylstibestrol or gonadotrophins with and without the chemical antiestrogen CI-628, making total counts of normal and atretic follicles greater than 125 muM in diameter, and using a simple model to analyze data. Our results show an antiatretic effect of estrogen, independent of its well-documented mitogenic effect on preantral follicles. We have also shown that CI-628 acts as an anti-estrogen to block follicular proliferation, while acting as an estrogen to inhibit atresia. In addition, we have observed an increase in atresia caused by gonadotrophins, in opposition to their estrogen-mediated positive effect on follicular growth.", "contents": "Interaction of estrogen and gonadotrophins on follicular atresia. We have investigated folluclar atresia by giving hypophysectomized immature female rats (HIFR) diethylstibestrol or gonadotrophins with and without the chemical antiestrogen CI-628, making total counts of normal and atretic follicles greater than 125 muM in diameter, and using a simple model to analyze data. Our results show an antiatretic effect of estrogen, independent of its well-documented mitogenic effect on preantral follicles. We have also shown that CI-628 acts as an anti-estrogen to block follicular proliferation, while acting as an estrogen to inhibit atresia. In addition, we have observed an increase in atresia caused by gonadotrophins, in opposition to their estrogen-mediated positive effect on follicular growth.", "PMID": 1122879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7851", "title": "Further studies on the action of prolactin on fluid and ion absorption by the rat jejunum.", "content": "The influence of administration of ovine prolactin in vivo on intestinal fluid and ion transport in vitro was investigated using intact and hypophysectomized male rats. Prolactin administration significantly stimulated fluid, sodium,potassium, calcium, magnesium and chloride transport across everted jejunal sacs. The last two ions were affected less than the others. Hypophysectomy caused a significant decrease in fluid and sodium absorption, but prolactin treatment for 2 days restored normal absorption rates but not uniformly in all sacs. Prolactin action on fluid and sodium absorption showed a dose-dependent tendency, maximal stimulation resulting from administration of 1.0 to 2.0 mg prolactin daily; higher doses failed to elicit significant response. The stimulatory action of prolactin was inhibited by a simultaneous administration of vasopressin which when given alone had no effect on intestinal absorption. In the absence of glucose or in the presence of phlorizin, fluid transport was inhibited, the reduction being more dramatic in the presence of phlorizin. Similarly, either application of ouabain or partial replacement of sodium with isotonic choline chloride reduced fluid transport. Although these in vitro treatments nullified the stimulatory effects of prolactin, only phlorizin and ouabain significantly decreased sodium transport. These results suggest that the effects of prolactin on intestinal transport may be dependent on increased movement of sodium.", "contents": "Further studies on the action of prolactin on fluid and ion absorption by the rat jejunum. The influence of administration of ovine prolactin in vivo on intestinal fluid and ion transport in vitro was investigated using intact and hypophysectomized male rats. Prolactin administration significantly stimulated fluid, sodium,potassium, calcium, magnesium and chloride transport across everted jejunal sacs. The last two ions were affected less than the others. Hypophysectomy caused a significant decrease in fluid and sodium absorption, but prolactin treatment for 2 days restored normal absorption rates but not uniformly in all sacs. Prolactin action on fluid and sodium absorption showed a dose-dependent tendency, maximal stimulation resulting from administration of 1.0 to 2.0 mg prolactin daily; higher doses failed to elicit significant response. The stimulatory action of prolactin was inhibited by a simultaneous administration of vasopressin which when given alone had no effect on intestinal absorption. In the absence of glucose or in the presence of phlorizin, fluid transport was inhibited, the reduction being more dramatic in the presence of phlorizin. Similarly, either application of ouabain or partial replacement of sodium with isotonic choline chloride reduced fluid transport. Although these in vitro treatments nullified the stimulatory effects of prolactin, only phlorizin and ouabain significantly decreased sodium transport. These results suggest that the effects of prolactin on intestinal transport may be dependent on increased movement of sodium.", "PMID": 1122880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7852", "title": "Induction of ovulation by LH and FSH in the presence of antigonadotrophic sera.", "content": "Surges of both LH and FSH are secreted on the day of proestrus in the rat; both surges are blocked by pentobarbital (PB), WHICH ALSO BLOCKS OVULATION. The purposes of the present study were (a) to see if antisera to ovine LH or FSH would prevent ovulation from endogenously secreted rat hormones; (b) to see if exogenous ovine LH or FSH alone can cause ovulation in the presence of antiserum to ovine LH or FSH, when endogenous hormone secretion is suppressed by PB. Antisera were assessed for anti-OAAD or anti-hCG augmentation activity against ovine and/or rat pituitary hormones. (a) With respect to tests against endogenously secreted hormones, antisera to LH block ovulation, but antisera to FSH do not, regardless of their potency against exogenous hormones. (b) Antisera to either ovine LH or FSH can prevent ovulation to either exogenous ovine hormone, in relation to their ability to block LH on OAAD bioassay, but not in relation to their ability to block FSH on the hCG augmentation test. However, one antiserum to FSH, which had very low anti-OAAD activity,was able to prevent ovine FSH, but not ovine LH, from causing ovulation, suggesting that not all of the ability of exogenous FSH to cause ovulation is related to intrinsic or contaminating OAAD activity. These data suggest that LH (as defined by OAAD) is the obligatory ovulating hormone in the rat. Additional data on uteirine intralumenal water in the presence of PB blockade indicate that LH, but not FSH, can induce some estrogen secretion, but that either hormone may cause some progesterone secretion.", "contents": "Induction of ovulation by LH and FSH in the presence of antigonadotrophic sera. Surges of both LH and FSH are secreted on the day of proestrus in the rat; both surges are blocked by pentobarbital (PB), WHICH ALSO BLOCKS OVULATION. The purposes of the present study were (a) to see if antisera to ovine LH or FSH would prevent ovulation from endogenously secreted rat hormones; (b) to see if exogenous ovine LH or FSH alone can cause ovulation in the presence of antiserum to ovine LH or FSH, when endogenous hormone secretion is suppressed by PB. Antisera were assessed for anti-OAAD or anti-hCG augmentation activity against ovine and/or rat pituitary hormones. (a) With respect to tests against endogenously secreted hormones, antisera to LH block ovulation, but antisera to FSH do not, regardless of their potency against exogenous hormones. (b) Antisera to either ovine LH or FSH can prevent ovulation to either exogenous ovine hormone, in relation to their ability to block LH on OAAD bioassay, but not in relation to their ability to block FSH on the hCG augmentation test. However, one antiserum to FSH, which had very low anti-OAAD activity,was able to prevent ovine FSH, but not ovine LH, from causing ovulation, suggesting that not all of the ability of exogenous FSH to cause ovulation is related to intrinsic or contaminating OAAD activity. These data suggest that LH (as defined by OAAD) is the obligatory ovulating hormone in the rat. Additional data on uteirine intralumenal water in the presence of PB blockade indicate that LH, but not FSH, can induce some estrogen secretion, but that either hormone may cause some progesterone secretion.", "PMID": 1122881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7853", "title": "Effects of human chorionic gonadotropin, human interstitial cell stimulating hormone and human follicle-stimulating hormone on ovarian weights in estrogen-primed hypophysectomized immature female rats.", "content": "In connection with systematic studies of steroid and peptide hormone interactions during follicular growth, we have measured ovarian weight responses to graded doses of highly purified human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), human interstitial cell stimulating hormone (hICSH)in hypophysectomized immature female rats (HIFR) treated with diethylstilbestrol in silastic capules (desc) implanted subcutaneously. Our results are consistent with earlier reports of enhancement of ovarian weight responses to hCG and FSH. Contrary to results of similar experiments reported by others, we have found that estrogen treatment of HIFR enhanced ovarian weight response to ICSH. In addition, we report for the first time that small doses of hCG and hICSH inhibit ovarian weight responses to estrogen in HIFR. Our observations on effects of small doses of hCG and hICSH and the long-known fact that ovarian interstitial cells are stimulated in HIFR given similar doses of these hormones lead us to hypothesize that ovarian interstitial cell stimulation is involved in the control of follicular maturation.", "contents": "Effects of human chorionic gonadotropin, human interstitial cell stimulating hormone and human follicle-stimulating hormone on ovarian weights in estrogen-primed hypophysectomized immature female rats. In connection with systematic studies of steroid and peptide hormone interactions during follicular growth, we have measured ovarian weight responses to graded doses of highly purified human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), human interstitial cell stimulating hormone (hICSH)in hypophysectomized immature female rats (HIFR) treated with diethylstilbestrol in silastic capules (desc) implanted subcutaneously. Our results are consistent with earlier reports of enhancement of ovarian weight responses to hCG and FSH. Contrary to results of similar experiments reported by others, we have found that estrogen treatment of HIFR enhanced ovarian weight response to ICSH. In addition, we report for the first time that small doses of hCG and hICSH inhibit ovarian weight responses to estrogen in HIFR. Our observations on effects of small doses of hCG and hICSH and the long-known fact that ovarian interstitial cells are stimulated in HIFR given similar doses of these hormones lead us to hypothesize that ovarian interstitial cell stimulation is involved in the control of follicular maturation.", "PMID": 1122882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7854", "title": "Characterization of rat chorionic mammotropin.", "content": "A placental lactogen or chorionic mammotropin (rCM) has been identified in the serum of pregnant rats by radioreceptor assay (RRA). Two peaks of activity were found, the first between days 11-13 and the second between days 17-21 of pregnancy. Gel filtration of day 12 serum or placental extracts revealed two peaks of lactogenic activity, the first eluting ahead of and the second appearing immediately after 125I-hPRL (human prolactin). On the other hand, when serum or placental extracts from day 17-21 pregnant rats were fractionated in the same manner, only a single peak of lactogenic activity was eluted after 125I-hPROL. The placental concentration of rCM increased from 11 mug/g wet weight at day 12 to 74 mug/g at days 14-15, after which the concentration declined to 29 mug/g on day 21. Electrophoresis of a fraction from G-100 column of a day 12 0r day 20 placental extract or serum with a V-e/V-o ratio of 2.08 revealed a single peak of lactogenic activity by RRA with an Rf equal to 0.43. Large MW rCM (V-e/V-o ratio of 1.35) from serum had an Rf equal to 0.52 whereas the large MW species from placental extracts had a mobility similar to that of small MW fraction. The half-time disappearance rate of serum rCM on day 12 is 19.5 min compared to 1.2 min on days 17-21 of pregnancy.", "contents": "Characterization of rat chorionic mammotropin. A placental lactogen or chorionic mammotropin (rCM) has been identified in the serum of pregnant rats by radioreceptor assay (RRA). Two peaks of activity were found, the first between days 11-13 and the second between days 17-21 of pregnancy. Gel filtration of day 12 serum or placental extracts revealed two peaks of lactogenic activity, the first eluting ahead of and the second appearing immediately after 125I-hPRL (human prolactin). On the other hand, when serum or placental extracts from day 17-21 pregnant rats were fractionated in the same manner, only a single peak of lactogenic activity was eluted after 125I-hPROL. The placental concentration of rCM increased from 11 mug/g wet weight at day 12 to 74 mug/g at days 14-15, after which the concentration declined to 29 mug/g on day 21. Electrophoresis of a fraction from G-100 column of a day 12 0r day 20 placental extract or serum with a V-e/V-o ratio of 2.08 revealed a single peak of lactogenic activity by RRA with an Rf equal to 0.43. Large MW rCM (V-e/V-o ratio of 1.35) from serum had an Rf equal to 0.52 whereas the large MW species from placental extracts had a mobility similar to that of small MW fraction. The half-time disappearance rate of serum rCM on day 12 is 19.5 min compared to 1.2 min on days 17-21 of pregnancy.", "PMID": 1122883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7855", "title": "The importance of the stomach in gastrin-induced hypocalcemia in the rat.", "content": "Hypocalcemia following gastrin administration occurs in thyroparathyroidectomized (TPTX) as well as thyroid intact rats. Hypophosphatemia does not accompany the hypocalcemia induced by gastrin. These data suggest that a mechanism other than release of calcitonin from the thyroid gland may be involved in this response in the rat. Neither adrenalectomy, nephrectomy, nor excision of the pancreas and small and large intestine altered the hypocalcemic response to gastrin. Gastrectomy, however, eliminated all hypocalcemia following administration of this polypeptide in both thyroid intact and TPTX rats. Removal of the antrum of the stomach did not influence the hypocalcemic response to gastrin. Resection of the proximal 75% of the stomach, however, inhibited the hypocalcemic response to gastrin as did total gastrectomy. Thus, in the rat, the proximal stomach appears to play an important role in mediating this response.", "contents": "The importance of the stomach in gastrin-induced hypocalcemia in the rat. Hypocalcemia following gastrin administration occurs in thyroparathyroidectomized (TPTX) as well as thyroid intact rats. Hypophosphatemia does not accompany the hypocalcemia induced by gastrin. These data suggest that a mechanism other than release of calcitonin from the thyroid gland may be involved in this response in the rat. Neither adrenalectomy, nephrectomy, nor excision of the pancreas and small and large intestine altered the hypocalcemic response to gastrin. Gastrectomy, however, eliminated all hypocalcemia following administration of this polypeptide in both thyroid intact and TPTX rats. Removal of the antrum of the stomach did not influence the hypocalcemic response to gastrin. Resection of the proximal 75% of the stomach, however, inhibited the hypocalcemic response to gastrin as did total gastrectomy. Thus, in the rat, the proximal stomach appears to play an important role in mediating this response.", "PMID": 1122884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7856", "title": "Delta5,3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activities in rat trophoblast and ovary during pregnancy.", "content": "Delta5,3beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3beta-HSD) activity has been measured in homogenates of ovary and trophoblast from 9th to 21st day pregnant rats under conditions where there was little or no further metabolism of the progesterone formed from pregnenolone. Trophoblast 3beta-HSD activity is first detectable on the 11th day of gestation; the specific activity peaks on the 13th day, and falls thereafter. The ovary enzyme activity rises gradually to the 19th day and falls on the 21st day. Decidua homogenates contain very low levels of 3beta-HSD activity, while embryo and yolk sac homogenates do not posses significant amounts. Total 3beta-HSD activities were also determined on a per conceptus basis. At no time during pregnancy does the total trophoblast 3beta-HSD activity exceed 40% the activity of the ovary. This may explain why the progesterone-producing capacity of trophoblast in the rat is inadequate to support normal pregnancy following ovariectomy. The temporal patterns of trophoblast and ovary 3beta-HSD activity suggest that the enzymes are not coordinately controlled in the two tissues.", "contents": "Delta5,3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activities in rat trophoblast and ovary during pregnancy. Delta5,3beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3beta-HSD) activity has been measured in homogenates of ovary and trophoblast from 9th to 21st day pregnant rats under conditions where there was little or no further metabolism of the progesterone formed from pregnenolone. Trophoblast 3beta-HSD activity is first detectable on the 11th day of gestation; the specific activity peaks on the 13th day, and falls thereafter. The ovary enzyme activity rises gradually to the 19th day and falls on the 21st day. Decidua homogenates contain very low levels of 3beta-HSD activity, while embryo and yolk sac homogenates do not posses significant amounts. Total 3beta-HSD activities were also determined on a per conceptus basis. At no time during pregnancy does the total trophoblast 3beta-HSD activity exceed 40% the activity of the ovary. This may explain why the progesterone-producing capacity of trophoblast in the rat is inadequate to support normal pregnancy following ovariectomy. The temporal patterns of trophoblast and ovary 3beta-HSD activity suggest that the enzymes are not coordinately controlled in the two tissues.", "PMID": 1122885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7857", "title": "The iodine requirement and influence of iodine intake on iodine metabolism and thyroid function in the adult beagle.", "content": "Various aspects of iodine metabolism were studied in adult beagles maintained at iodine intake levels ranging from 480 to 20 mug/day. On the basis of changes in radioiodine metabolism, the minimum daily iodine requirement of the adult beagle was found to be 140 mug. Although striking changes were observed in radioiodine metabolism when iodine intake was reduced to 90mug/day, serum T4 and T3 levels were unaffected. Marked reductions in serum T4 occurred in dogs restricted to an iodine intake of 50 or 20 mug/day, but even at these low levels of iodine intake there were only slight reductions in serum T3 concentration and a eumetabolic state was maintained. Prolonged iodine deficiency (8-12 months) resulted in variable patterns of thyroid histology, which were related to differences in thyroidal 127I content and in the rate of release of radioiodine from the thyroid. The heterogeneity in thyroid morphology and iodine kinetics did not, however, have a significant effect on serum T4 and T3 levels.", "contents": "The iodine requirement and influence of iodine intake on iodine metabolism and thyroid function in the adult beagle. Various aspects of iodine metabolism were studied in adult beagles maintained at iodine intake levels ranging from 480 to 20 mug/day. On the basis of changes in radioiodine metabolism, the minimum daily iodine requirement of the adult beagle was found to be 140 mug. Although striking changes were observed in radioiodine metabolism when iodine intake was reduced to 90mug/day, serum T4 and T3 levels were unaffected. Marked reductions in serum T4 occurred in dogs restricted to an iodine intake of 50 or 20 mug/day, but even at these low levels of iodine intake there were only slight reductions in serum T3 concentration and a eumetabolic state was maintained. Prolonged iodine deficiency (8-12 months) resulted in variable patterns of thyroid histology, which were related to differences in thyroidal 127I content and in the rate of release of radioiodine from the thyroid. The heterogeneity in thyroid morphology and iodine kinetics did not, however, have a significant effect on serum T4 and T3 levels.", "PMID": 1122886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7858", "title": "Failure of the metopirone (Su4885) suppressed fetal adrenal glands to maintain corticosterone concentration of adrenalectomized pregnant rats.", "content": "Plasma corticosterone concentrations were measured following adrenalectomy of pregnant rats on the last day of gestation. Plasma corticosterone concentrations decreased 40 and 60 min after adrenalectomy by 36 and 32%, respectively, and regained the preoperative concentration 2 h following operation. When the fetuses were injected with an inhibitor of 11beta-steroid hydroxylase (Su4885) plasma corticosterone concentrations decreased 40, 60 and 120 min following adrenalectomy by 63, 67 and 71%, respectively. The results strongly suggest that the fetal adrenal glands are the source of plasma corticosterone in adrenalectomized pregnant rats.", "contents": "Failure of the metopirone (Su4885) suppressed fetal adrenal glands to maintain corticosterone concentration of adrenalectomized pregnant rats. Plasma corticosterone concentrations were measured following adrenalectomy of pregnant rats on the last day of gestation. Plasma corticosterone concentrations decreased 40 and 60 min after adrenalectomy by 36 and 32%, respectively, and regained the preoperative concentration 2 h following operation. When the fetuses were injected with an inhibitor of 11beta-steroid hydroxylase (Su4885) plasma corticosterone concentrations decreased 40, 60 and 120 min following adrenalectomy by 63, 67 and 71%, respectively. The results strongly suggest that the fetal adrenal glands are the source of plasma corticosterone in adrenalectomized pregnant rats.", "PMID": 1122887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7859", "title": "Suppressed plasma renin activity in adrenal regeneration hypertension.", "content": "To clarify the role of the enucleated adrenal in the suppression of plasma renin activity (PRA) in adrenal regeneration hypertension (ARH), PRA response to furosemide administration was compared at the 9th experimental week in three groups of rats, which had been subjected to (a) sham operation (control), (b) unilateral nephrectomy, (c) unilateral nephrectomy plus contralateral adrenal enucleation, and given on tap water or high sodium intakes. Urine volume and sodium, and changes in body weight and hematocrit, determined 90 min after administration of furosemide, did not show any significant differences among any of the experimental groups. The basal PRA was significantly decreased in rats of the other groups as compared to the control rats drinking tap water. A decrease in basal PRA was much more pronounced in the unilaterally nephrectomized rats with or without an enucleated adrenal, drinking saline. After furosemide administration, PRA significantly increased in the control rats drinking saline as well as in the unilaterally nephrectomized rats drinking tap water, with or without an enucleated adrenal, but the PRA values in these three groups were only half those of the control rats drinking tap water. An insignificant increase in PRA was found in unilaterally nephrectomized (plus or minus enucleation) rats drinking saline. These findings suggest that the lack of a PRA response in ARH may be due to the pronounced suppression of the juxtaglomerular cells caused by a high sodium intake and the reduction of the renal mass, independently of the corticosteroid(s) secreted by the enucleated adrenal.", "contents": "Suppressed plasma renin activity in adrenal regeneration hypertension. To clarify the role of the enucleated adrenal in the suppression of plasma renin activity (PRA) in adrenal regeneration hypertension (ARH), PRA response to furosemide administration was compared at the 9th experimental week in three groups of rats, which had been subjected to (a) sham operation (control), (b) unilateral nephrectomy, (c) unilateral nephrectomy plus contralateral adrenal enucleation, and given on tap water or high sodium intakes. Urine volume and sodium, and changes in body weight and hematocrit, determined 90 min after administration of furosemide, did not show any significant differences among any of the experimental groups. The basal PRA was significantly decreased in rats of the other groups as compared to the control rats drinking tap water. A decrease in basal PRA was much more pronounced in the unilaterally nephrectomized rats with or without an enucleated adrenal, drinking saline. After furosemide administration, PRA significantly increased in the control rats drinking saline as well as in the unilaterally nephrectomized rats drinking tap water, with or without an enucleated adrenal, but the PRA values in these three groups were only half those of the control rats drinking tap water. An insignificant increase in PRA was found in unilaterally nephrectomized (plus or minus enucleation) rats drinking saline. These findings suggest that the lack of a PRA response in ARH may be due to the pronounced suppression of the juxtaglomerular cells caused by a high sodium intake and the reduction of the renal mass, independently of the corticosteroid(s) secreted by the enucleated adrenal.", "PMID": 1122888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7860", "title": "Studies in osteoporosis: the long-term effect of oophorectomy and of ammonium chloride ingestion on the bone of mature rats.", "content": "Adult female rats were subjected to a prolonged period of observation after oophorectomy. The oophorectomized animals and their controls were given a regular diet  ad lib and water or ammonium chloride as their drinking fluid. Oophorectomy did not result in reduced bone density, fat free weight, total ash weight, or calcium content of the bone, thus failing to produce the changes of osteoporosis. Ammonium chloride ingestion caused significant decreases in the same parameters equally in normal and oophorectomized rats. Thus, oophorectomy neither leads to changes of osteoporosis, nor increases the sensitivity of the bone to ammonium chloride-induced osteoporosis.", "contents": "Studies in osteoporosis: the long-term effect of oophorectomy and of ammonium chloride ingestion on the bone of mature rats. Adult female rats were subjected to a prolonged period of observation after oophorectomy. The oophorectomized animals and their controls were given a regular diet  ad lib and water or ammonium chloride as their drinking fluid. Oophorectomy did not result in reduced bone density, fat free weight, total ash weight, or calcium content of the bone, thus failing to produce the changes of osteoporosis. Ammonium chloride ingestion caused significant decreases in the same parameters equally in normal and oophorectomized rats. Thus, oophorectomy neither leads to changes of osteoporosis, nor increases the sensitivity of the bone to ammonium chloride-induced osteoporosis.", "PMID": 1122889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7861", "title": "Characteristics of the prolactin stimulation of uridine metabolism in mammary gland explants.", "content": "Experiments were carried out to characterize the prolactin stimulation of labeled uridine uptake into mammary gland explants which were initially preincubated for 2 days in medium containing insulin plus hydrocortisone. Prolactin was found to enhance labeled uridine uptake after 4 h but not after 2 h when uridine concentrations ranging between 0.1 muM and 1 mM were tested. The effect of prolactin on labeled uridine uptake also appears to require ongoing RNA and protein synthesis since incubation with a variety of inhibitors of RNA and protein synthesis abolished the prolactin effect. It was further discovered that prolactin  stimulates the labeling of the cellular pools of the phosphorylated derivatives of uridine while the quantity of label present in the uridine and uracil pools was not affected. It is thus possible that the effect of prolactin on labeled uridine uptake may be caused by the enhanced phosphorylation of the uridine. It was also found that the onset of the effect of prolactin on the  phosphorylation of uridine to UTP was not different from the onset of the effect of this hormone on labeled uridine uptake and its incorporation into RNA. Additional studies were carried out to determine if the effect of prolactin on RNA synthesis could be dissociated from its effect on the uptake of precursor substances. For this purpose the effect of prolactin on the uptake of radiolabeled phosphate and its incorporation into RNA was studied. Prolactin stimulated the incorporation of phosphate into RNA after 4 h  but the uptake of phosphate was not affected by the hormone at that time. Further, the effect of prolactin on phosphate incorporation into RNA was temporally identical to the hormonal effect on the incorporation of 3H-uridine into RNA.", "contents": "Characteristics of the prolactin stimulation of uridine metabolism in mammary gland explants. Experiments were carried out to characterize the prolactin stimulation of labeled uridine uptake into mammary gland explants which were initially preincubated for 2 days in medium containing insulin plus hydrocortisone. Prolactin was found to enhance labeled uridine uptake after 4 h but not after 2 h when uridine concentrations ranging between 0.1 muM and 1 mM were tested. The effect of prolactin on labeled uridine uptake also appears to require ongoing RNA and protein synthesis since incubation with a variety of inhibitors of RNA and protein synthesis abolished the prolactin effect. It was further discovered that prolactin  stimulates the labeling of the cellular pools of the phosphorylated derivatives of uridine while the quantity of label present in the uridine and uracil pools was not affected. It is thus possible that the effect of prolactin on labeled uridine uptake may be caused by the enhanced phosphorylation of the uridine. It was also found that the onset of the effect of prolactin on the  phosphorylation of uridine to UTP was not different from the onset of the effect of this hormone on labeled uridine uptake and its incorporation into RNA. Additional studies were carried out to determine if the effect of prolactin on RNA synthesis could be dissociated from its effect on the uptake of precursor substances. For this purpose the effect of prolactin on the uptake of radiolabeled phosphate and its incorporation into RNA was studied. Prolactin stimulated the incorporation of phosphate into RNA after 4 h  but the uptake of phosphate was not affected by the hormone at that time. Further, the effect of prolactin on phosphate incorporation into RNA was temporally identical to the hormonal effect on the incorporation of 3H-uridine into RNA.", "PMID": 1122890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7862", "title": "Influence of adrenal enucleation of plasma renin substrate concentration in saline loaded and unilaterally nephroadrenalectomized rats.", "content": "The influence of adrenal enucleation on plasma renin substate (PRS) concentration was investigated by comparison with sham operation (control) or adrenalectomy in unilaterally nephroadrenalectomized rats given 1% saline for drinking. Two days after adrenal enculeation or adrenalectomy, a significant increase in plasma renin activity (PRA), with a concomitant decrease in PRS, was observed. Those changes were less pronounced in adrenal enucleated rats than in adrenalectomized ones. Ten days later PRA markedly decreased to the control level in both groups. PRS rose to the control level at 10 days after adrenal enucleation without increasing further, while that in the adrenalectomized rats remained low as before. These results suggest that the fall in PRS occuring immediately after adrenal enucleation may be due both to enhanced PRS consumption resulting from increased PRA and to diminished PRS production caused by corticosteroid deficiency, and that restoration of corticosterone secretion by the enucleated adrenal gland may account for recovery of PRS.", "contents": "Influence of adrenal enucleation of plasma renin substrate concentration in saline loaded and unilaterally nephroadrenalectomized rats. The influence of adrenal enucleation on plasma renin substate (PRS) concentration was investigated by comparison with sham operation (control) or adrenalectomy in unilaterally nephroadrenalectomized rats given 1% saline for drinking. Two days after adrenal enculeation or adrenalectomy, a significant increase in plasma renin activity (PRA), with a concomitant decrease in PRS, was observed. Those changes were less pronounced in adrenal enucleated rats than in adrenalectomized ones. Ten days later PRA markedly decreased to the control level in both groups. PRS rose to the control level at 10 days after adrenal enucleation without increasing further, while that in the adrenalectomized rats remained low as before. These results suggest that the fall in PRS occuring immediately after adrenal enucleation may be due both to enhanced PRS consumption resulting from increased PRA and to diminished PRS production caused by corticosteroid deficiency, and that restoration of corticosterone secretion by the enucleated adrenal gland may account for recovery of PRS.", "PMID": 1122891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7863", "title": "Effects of C21 steroids on sex accessory organs and testes of mature hypophysectomized rats.", "content": "Adult hypophysectomized male rats were treated with 2 mg/day of testosterone propionate, pregnenolone, 17alpha-hydroxypregnenolone, progesterone or 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone. The treatment commenced on the day of surgery and was continued for 4 weeks. In all steroid treated animals, spermatogenesis was qualitatively maintained. Sex accessory organs were maintained only in testosterone propionate treated animals. In C21 steroid-treated rats the sex accessory organs showed atrophy similar to untreated hypophysectomized animals suggesting lack of peripheral conversion to androgens. However, administration of 3H-pregnenolone with the last injection of pregnenolone resulted in the isolation of a considerable amount of 3H-testosterone from testicular tissue of the experimental animals. This finding suggests that maintenance of spermatogenesis in pregnenolone treated animals could have been due to testosterone formed in the testes from the exogenously administered pregnenolone.", "contents": "Effects of C21 steroids on sex accessory organs and testes of mature hypophysectomized rats. Adult hypophysectomized male rats were treated with 2 mg/day of testosterone propionate, pregnenolone, 17alpha-hydroxypregnenolone, progesterone or 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone. The treatment commenced on the day of surgery and was continued for 4 weeks. In all steroid treated animals, spermatogenesis was qualitatively maintained. Sex accessory organs were maintained only in testosterone propionate treated animals. In C21 steroid-treated rats the sex accessory organs showed atrophy similar to untreated hypophysectomized animals suggesting lack of peripheral conversion to androgens. However, administration of 3H-pregnenolone with the last injection of pregnenolone resulted in the isolation of a considerable amount of 3H-testosterone from testicular tissue of the experimental animals. This finding suggests that maintenance of spermatogenesis in pregnenolone treated animals could have been due to testosterone formed in the testes from the exogenously administered pregnenolone.", "PMID": 1122892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7864", "title": "Effect of frequency of administration on the accumulation and metabolism of (35S) propylthiouracil by the rat thyroid.", "content": "Repeated administration (every 8 h) of (35S) Propylthiouracil (PTU) resulted in gradual accumulation of unmetabolised PTU by the thyroid gland until the 9th dose was given. Subsequently a plateau-level was attained which was proportional to dose with the two dose levels used. During repeated administration once daily the intrathyroid concentration of free PTU varied markedly in the course of each 24-h period. Chromatographic analysis showed four compounds: PTU, sulphate and two unidentified compounds as well as origin material. The proportions of these compounds were different in the different dose studies. Thus, the ratio of compound Y/compound X was found to be inversely related to dose. The plasma 35S-radioactivity increased throughout the studies and was proportional to dose.", "contents": "Effect of frequency of administration on the accumulation and metabolism of (35S) propylthiouracil by the rat thyroid. Repeated administration (every 8 h) of (35S) Propylthiouracil (PTU) resulted in gradual accumulation of unmetabolised PTU by the thyroid gland until the 9th dose was given. Subsequently a plateau-level was attained which was proportional to dose with the two dose levels used. During repeated administration once daily the intrathyroid concentration of free PTU varied markedly in the course of each 24-h period. Chromatographic analysis showed four compounds: PTU, sulphate and two unidentified compounds as well as origin material. The proportions of these compounds were different in the different dose studies. Thus, the ratio of compound Y/compound X was found to be inversely related to dose. The plasma 35S-radioactivity increased throughout the studies and was proportional to dose.", "PMID": 1122893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7865", "title": "Blockage of cortical spreading depression by picrotoxin foci of paroxysmal activity.", "content": "1 per cent Picrotoxin placed on cortex of rat caused paroxysmal ECoG discharges with concomitant increase in [Ke\"] from 3 to 6.7 mM with oscillations corresponding to ictal (maximum) and interictal (minimum) spiking. Invasion of the epileptogenic focus by spreading depression was blocked when the amplitude of oscillations of [Ke+] reached 2.6 mM. Epileptogenic activity induced by topical 10 per cent pentazol caused a less marked increase in [Ke+] (4.6 mM) and did not prevent depression from invading the focal area, but did diminish [Ke+] from the normal of 60 to 70 mM to 39 mM. It is concluded that seizure-induced depolarization  of neural elements in deep cortical layers, though inadequate to trigger spreading depression, does prevent it from spreading, in part by activating the sodium pump.", "contents": "Blockage of cortical spreading depression by picrotoxin foci of paroxysmal activity. 1 per cent Picrotoxin placed on cortex of rat caused paroxysmal ECoG discharges with concomitant increase in [Ke\"] from 3 to 6.7 mM with oscillations corresponding to ictal (maximum) and interictal (minimum) spiking. Invasion of the epileptogenic focus by spreading depression was blocked when the amplitude of oscillations of [Ke+] reached 2.6 mM. Epileptogenic activity induced by topical 10 per cent pentazol caused a less marked increase in [Ke+] (4.6 mM) and did not prevent depression from invading the focal area, but did diminish [Ke+] from the normal of 60 to 70 mM to 39 mM. It is concluded that seizure-induced depolarization  of neural elements in deep cortical layers, though inadequate to trigger spreading depression, does prevent it from spreading, in part by activating the sodium pump.", "PMID": 1122895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7866", "title": "The prognostic implications of suppression-burst activity in the EEG in infancy.", "content": "Thirty-nine children, seen between 1960 and 1973, showed suppression-burst activity in their original EEG recordings. Follow-up information was available for 19 girls and 10 boys. Suppression-burst activity was seen at a mean age of 4 months. Most of the children (86 per cent) had infantile spasms, and 96 per cent were severely retarded on presentation. Fifteen died (52 per cent), 9 of them before the age of 2, and all had severe retardation and neurological abnormalities. Of the 14 survivors, only 1 attends a normal school (she was only mildly retarded on presentation), 71 per cent are severely retarded, 71 per cent have neurological abnormalities, and 60 per cent continue to have fits. Although hypsarrhythmia itself is not necessarily associated with a bad prognosis, the finding of suppression-burst activity certainly implies a grave outlook.", "contents": "The prognostic implications of suppression-burst activity in the EEG in infancy. Thirty-nine children, seen between 1960 and 1973, showed suppression-burst activity in their original EEG recordings. Follow-up information was available for 19 girls and 10 boys. Suppression-burst activity was seen at a mean age of 4 months. Most of the children (86 per cent) had infantile spasms, and 96 per cent were severely retarded on presentation. Fifteen died (52 per cent), 9 of them before the age of 2, and all had severe retardation and neurological abnormalities. Of the 14 survivors, only 1 attends a normal school (she was only mildly retarded on presentation), 71 per cent are severely retarded, 71 per cent have neurological abnormalities, and 60 per cent continue to have fits. Although hypsarrhythmia itself is not necessarily associated with a bad prognosis, the finding of suppression-burst activity certainly implies a grave outlook.", "PMID": 1122896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7867", "title": "Benign epilepsy of children with centro-temporal EEG foci. Discharge rate during sleep.", "content": "The discharge rate (the number of spikes/min) was determined in the awake state and during different stages of induced sleep in 17 children with \"benign epilepsy of childhood with centro-temporal EEG foci\". Ten patients had seizures only during sleep. The discharge rate of Rolandic spikes was significantly higher during sleep than during the awake state, and 5 patients had Rolandic discharges only during sleep. For diagnostic purposes, EEG recordings during sleep are indicated when children suspected of having this seizure type have a normal EEG when awake. Brief induced sleep is usually adequate. REM sleep was not studied.", "contents": "Benign epilepsy of children with centro-temporal EEG foci. Discharge rate during sleep. The discharge rate (the number of spikes/min) was determined in the awake state and during different stages of induced sleep in 17 children with \"benign epilepsy of childhood with centro-temporal EEG foci\". Ten patients had seizures only during sleep. The discharge rate of Rolandic spikes was significantly higher during sleep than during the awake state, and 5 patients had Rolandic discharges only during sleep. For diagnostic purposes, EEG recordings during sleep are indicated when children suspected of having this seizure type have a normal EEG when awake. Brief induced sleep is usually adequate. REM sleep was not studied.", "PMID": 1122897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7868", "title": "Idiosyncratic reactions to the antiepileptic drugs.", "content": "Idiosyncratic drug reactions can be defined as those adverse drug effects caused by genetically determined enzymatic abnormalities. For the clinician, however, this definition is too limited, and other rare and unusual adverse reactions to the antiepileptic drugs are discussed, including drug interactions, drug allergies, and organ toxicities, as well as true idiosyncrasies. Responsibility for initial recognition and later diagnosis of these reactions falls heavily upon the clinician. In addition to discussing the more common or serious rare reactions, the epidemiology and general mechanisms underlying the reactions are discussed. Treatment involves drug withdrawal, plus general supportive and specific therapy determined by the type and severity of the individual reaction. If primum non nocere should guide the treatment in general, then secundum non plus nocere should guide the treatment of adverse drug reactions.", "contents": "Idiosyncratic reactions to the antiepileptic drugs. Idiosyncratic drug reactions can be defined as those adverse drug effects caused by genetically determined enzymatic abnormalities. For the clinician, however, this definition is too limited, and other rare and unusual adverse reactions to the antiepileptic drugs are discussed, including drug interactions, drug allergies, and organ toxicities, as well as true idiosyncrasies. Responsibility for initial recognition and later diagnosis of these reactions falls heavily upon the clinician. In addition to discussing the more common or serious rare reactions, the epidemiology and general mechanisms underlying the reactions are discussed. Treatment involves drug withdrawal, plus general supportive and specific therapy determined by the type and severity of the individual reaction. If primum non nocere should guide the treatment in general, then secundum non plus nocere should guide the treatment of adverse drug reactions.", "PMID": 1122898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7869", "title": "The effect of early versus late onset of major motor epilepsy upon cognitive-intellectual performance.", "content": "Performance on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale and Halstead neuropsychological measures were investigated in two groups of adult subjects with major motor epilepsy of early (0 to 5 yr) and later (17 to 50 yr) onset, and in two groups with early and later onset of brain damage without epilepsy. The two groups with early onset earned poorer scores on most tests than did the two groups with later onset. The findings suggest an adverse effect of cerebral dysfunction of early onset, whether accompanied by major motor seizures or not. Subjects with early onset of major motor seizures scored significantly lower on 9 of 14 measures than subjects in any other group, none of which showed significant intergroup differences in the dependent variables employed. The results support the conclusion that early age of onset of major motor seizures is more apt to result in impairment of mental abilities in adult life than is later onset of seizures or early or late onset of brain damage uncomplicated by epilepsy.", "contents": "The effect of early versus late onset of major motor epilepsy upon cognitive-intellectual performance. Performance on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale and Halstead neuropsychological measures were investigated in two groups of adult subjects with major motor epilepsy of early (0 to 5 yr) and later (17 to 50 yr) onset, and in two groups with early and later onset of brain damage without epilepsy. The two groups with early onset earned poorer scores on most tests than did the two groups with later onset. The findings suggest an adverse effect of cerebral dysfunction of early onset, whether accompanied by major motor seizures or not. Subjects with early onset of major motor seizures scored significantly lower on 9 of 14 measures than subjects in any other group, none of which showed significant intergroup differences in the dependent variables employed. The results support the conclusion that early age of onset of major motor seizures is more apt to result in impairment of mental abilities in adult life than is later onset of seizures or early or late onset of brain damage uncomplicated by epilepsy.", "PMID": 1122899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7870", "title": "Dipropylacetic acid (Depakine) in experimental epilepsy in the alert cat.", "content": "The effect od dipropylacetic acid (DPA; Depakine) on the bemegride-induced convulsive threshold was investigated in alert cats. Forty-five min after DPA 200 mg/kg, s.c., no significant effect was obtained; 5 min after the same dose iv., protection from bemegride-induced seizures was pronounced. DPA did not decrease focal discharges in sensorimotor cortex produced by topical cobalt, although spread of epileptogenic activity from the focus was inhibited. DPA antiepileptic protection tested by the same procedure was about the same as that given by phenobarbital and less than that given by diazepam.", "contents": "Dipropylacetic acid (Depakine) in experimental epilepsy in the alert cat. The effect od dipropylacetic acid (DPA; Depakine) on the bemegride-induced convulsive threshold was investigated in alert cats. Forty-five min after DPA 200 mg/kg, s.c., no significant effect was obtained; 5 min after the same dose iv., protection from bemegride-induced seizures was pronounced. DPA did not decrease focal discharges in sensorimotor cortex produced by topical cobalt, although spread of epileptogenic activity from the focus was inhibited. DPA antiepileptic protection tested by the same procedure was about the same as that given by phenobarbital and less than that given by diazepam.", "PMID": 1122900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7871", "title": "Extracellular release of cerebral macromolecules during potassium- and low-calcium-induced seizures.", "content": "Cerebral cortex of cat was incubated with 14C-lysine and 3H-glucosamine. Subsequent superfusion of the surface of the cortex resulted in the release into the superfusate of a variety of 14C- and 3H-labeled compounds including proteins, glycoproteins, and gangliosides. The release of 14C- and 3H-labeled macromolecules could be considerably enhanced by topical addition of 40 mM K+, WHICH INDUCED Epileptiform EEG activity. Peaks in efflux could also be correlated with the onset of seizures induced by superfusion with low (0.75 mM) Ca2+ media. Control experiments in which the cortex was prelabeled with 14C-carboxyl-inulin and 3H2O indicate that the release of macromolecules was not a direct consequence of the altered blood flow that may occur during convulsions.", "contents": "Extracellular release of cerebral macromolecules during potassium- and low-calcium-induced seizures. Cerebral cortex of cat was incubated with 14C-lysine and 3H-glucosamine. Subsequent superfusion of the surface of the cortex resulted in the release into the superfusate of a variety of 14C- and 3H-labeled compounds including proteins, glycoproteins, and gangliosides. The release of 14C- and 3H-labeled macromolecules could be considerably enhanced by topical addition of 40 mM K+, WHICH INDUCED Epileptiform EEG activity. Peaks in efflux could also be correlated with the onset of seizures induced by superfusion with low (0.75 mM) Ca2+ media. Control experiments in which the cortex was prelabeled with 14C-carboxyl-inulin and 3H2O indicate that the release of macromolecules was not a direct consequence of the altered blood flow that may occur during convulsions.", "PMID": 1122901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7872", "title": "Debranching enzyme from rabbit skeletal muscle. Purification, properties and physiological role.", "content": "Debranching enzyme was purified 150-fold from rabbit skeletal muscle by a three-step procedure which utilised ammonium sulphate precipitation, ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and \"hydrophobic\" chromatography on Sepharose-NH(CH2)4NH2. The preparation was completed within three days, and 200 mg enzyme was isolated from 1000 g muscle, which represented an overall yield of 60%. The preparation was homogeneous by the criteria of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and ultracentrifugal analysis. The sedimentation coefficient, s20,w, was 8.1 S. The amino acid composition was determined, and the absorption coefficient, A280 1%, measured refractometrically was 17.5. The subunit molecular weight determined by gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate was 166000 and this value was supported by sedimentation equilibrium in the presence of 6 M guanidinium chloride (1550oo). The molecular weight of the native enzyme measured by high-speed sedimentation equilibrium was 164000, showing that the debranching enzyme is a monomeric protein at the concentrations which exist in muscle (0.7 mg/ml). The results indicate that the two different enzyme activities which are associated with debranching enzyme, 1,4-glucan-4-glycosyltransferase and amylo-1,6-glucosidase, reside on the same polypeptide chain. Protein-glycogen particles isolated from skeletal muscle showed seven major protein-staining components by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, one of which was identified as debranching enzyme. ,our of the other components were the alpha and beta subunits of phosphorylase kinase, glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthetase. A new titrimetric assay for debranching enzyme was developed; it was used to demonstrate that the maximum potential activity of debranching enzyme is only 5--10% that of phosphorylase at the concentrations of the two enzymes in skeletal muscle. Since the activity of debranching enzyme is unaffected by every mechanism which leads to the activation of glycogen phosphorylase and phosphorylase kinase, the evidence suggests that the hormonal control of muscle glycogenolysis by adrenalin might be confined to a stimulation of rate of degradation of the outermost branches of glycogen.", "contents": "Debranching enzyme from rabbit skeletal muscle. Purification, properties and physiological role. Debranching enzyme was purified 150-fold from rabbit skeletal muscle by a three-step procedure which utilised ammonium sulphate precipitation, ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and \"hydrophobic\" chromatography on Sepharose-NH(CH2)4NH2. The preparation was completed within three days, and 200 mg enzyme was isolated from 1000 g muscle, which represented an overall yield of 60%. The preparation was homogeneous by the criteria of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and ultracentrifugal analysis. The sedimentation coefficient, s20,w, was 8.1 S. The amino acid composition was determined, and the absorption coefficient, A280 1%, measured refractometrically was 17.5. The subunit molecular weight determined by gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate was 166000 and this value was supported by sedimentation equilibrium in the presence of 6 M guanidinium chloride (1550oo). The molecular weight of the native enzyme measured by high-speed sedimentation equilibrium was 164000, showing that the debranching enzyme is a monomeric protein at the concentrations which exist in muscle (0.7 mg/ml). The results indicate that the two different enzyme activities which are associated with debranching enzyme, 1,4-glucan-4-glycosyltransferase and amylo-1,6-glucosidase, reside on the same polypeptide chain. Protein-glycogen particles isolated from skeletal muscle showed seven major protein-staining components by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, one of which was identified as debranching enzyme. ,our of the other components were the alpha and beta subunits of phosphorylase kinase, glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthetase. A new titrimetric assay for debranching enzyme was developed; it was used to demonstrate that the maximum potential activity of debranching enzyme is only 5--10% that of phosphorylase at the concentrations of the two enzymes in skeletal muscle. Since the activity of debranching enzyme is unaffected by every mechanism which leads to the activation of glycogen phosphorylase and phosphorylase kinase, the evidence suggests that the hormonal control of muscle glycogenolysis by adrenalin might be confined to a stimulation of rate of degradation of the outermost branches of glycogen.", "PMID": 1122910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7873", "title": "Microsomal 12alpha-hydroxylation of 7alpha-[12alpha, 12beta-2H2]hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one.", "content": "The synthesis of 7alpha-[12alpha, 12beta-2 H2]hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one is described. It was shown with different techniques that this compound was 12alpha-hydroxylated by the microsomal fraction of a rat liver homogenate without marked isotope effect, indicating that cleavage of the C--H bond is not the rate-limiting step in this hydroxylation. The rate of 12alpha-hydroxylation was decreased by about 20% when performed in a medium containing deuterated water. The findings were discussed with reference to the specific properties of the 12alpha-hydroxylating system and to the results of previous studies on rate-limiting step in microsomal hydroxylation of steroids.", "contents": "Microsomal 12alpha-hydroxylation of 7alpha-[12alpha, 12beta-2H2]hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one. The synthesis of 7alpha-[12alpha, 12beta-2 H2]hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one is described. It was shown with different techniques that this compound was 12alpha-hydroxylated by the microsomal fraction of a rat liver homogenate without marked isotope effect, indicating that cleavage of the C--H bond is not the rate-limiting step in this hydroxylation. The rate of 12alpha-hydroxylation was decreased by about 20% when performed in a medium containing deuterated water. The findings were discussed with reference to the specific properties of the 12alpha-hydroxylating system and to the results of previous studies on rate-limiting step in microsomal hydroxylation of steroids.", "PMID": 1122911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7874", "title": "Kinetic studies dealing with an immobilized bienzyme system.", "content": "The binding of enzymes into artificial membranes makes possible a study of the interaction between membrane structure and enzyme kinetics within a simple context. Artificial protein membranes bearing a bienzyme system (xanthine oxidase, uricase) are produced by using a co-crosslinking method. The inhibition of uricase was shown to be dependent not only on the concentration of inhibitor in the bulk solution, but also on the kinetic properties of the membrane-bound enzymes. In the presence of xanthine oxidase inside the structure the uricase inhibition by xanthine is less important than in solution. Under defined conditions the activity was found to be higher in the presence of inhibitor than in its absence. Due to diffusion limitations this specific bienzyme system is more efficient when immobilized inside a membrane than when in solution.", "contents": "Kinetic studies dealing with an immobilized bienzyme system. The binding of enzymes into artificial membranes makes possible a study of the interaction between membrane structure and enzyme kinetics within a simple context. Artificial protein membranes bearing a bienzyme system (xanthine oxidase, uricase) are produced by using a co-crosslinking method. The inhibition of uricase was shown to be dependent not only on the concentration of inhibitor in the bulk solution, but also on the kinetic properties of the membrane-bound enzymes. In the presence of xanthine oxidase inside the structure the uricase inhibition by xanthine is less important than in solution. Under defined conditions the activity was found to be higher in the presence of inhibitor than in its absence. Due to diffusion limitations this specific bienzyme system is more efficient when immobilized inside a membrane than when in solution.", "PMID": 1122912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7875", "title": "Extracellular enzyme system utilized by the fungus Sporotrichum pulverulentum (Chrysosporium lignorum) for the breakdown of cellulose. 2. Activities of the five endo-1,4-beta-glucanases towards carboxymethylcellulose.", "content": "A complementary discussion is given of an earlier presented theory for viscometric determination of enzymic activity towards polymer substrates. Five different, purified endo-1,4-beta-glucanases from the fungus Sporotrichum pulverulentum have been characterised with respect to their molecular activities(Am) and Michaelis-Menten constants (Km). The errors in the Am and Km values are discussed. The Am value seems to be more valuable as a distinguishing parameter than the Km value.", "contents": "Extracellular enzyme system utilized by the fungus Sporotrichum pulverulentum (Chrysosporium lignorum) for the breakdown of cellulose. 2. Activities of the five endo-1,4-beta-glucanases towards carboxymethylcellulose. A complementary discussion is given of an earlier presented theory for viscometric determination of enzymic activity towards polymer substrates. Five different, purified endo-1,4-beta-glucanases from the fungus Sporotrichum pulverulentum have been characterised with respect to their molecular activities(Am) and Michaelis-Menten constants (Km). The errors in the Am and Km values are discussed. The Am value seems to be more valuable as a distinguishing parameter than the Km value.", "PMID": 1122913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7876", "title": "Structure-activity relationship in the urokinase hydrolysis of alpha-N-acetyl-L-lysine anilides.", "content": "The absence of both nonproductive binding and substrate activation and also the good solubility of the substrates make the urokinase-catalysed hydrolysis of specific anilides a very suitable reaction for substrate structure-enzyme activity studies. Derivatives of alpha-N-acetyl-L-lysine anilide with high sigma minus-value substituents in the aniline ring were synthesized. Rate constants kappa-cat. and apparent Michaelis-Menten constants K-m (app.) are presented. From the substituent dependence of kappa-cat. and from the fact that kappa-cat. is 13 to 37 times smaller than the deacylation rate constant it is concluded that the rate-limiting step proceeds prior to deacylation. The catalytic rate constant kappa-cat. obeys a linear free-energy relationship of the Hammett type with Q equals +0.72. Two different mechanisms implied by the results obtained from the model reaction (specific base and general acid-base catalysed hydrolysis of N-acetylglycine anilides under extreme conditions) are proposed in order to account for this positive and low Q-value. In the first mechanism the breakdown of an enzyme tetrahedral intermediate is rate-limiting, while in the second one its formation controls the overall rate. The discrimination between the two mechanisms, however, could not be found.", "contents": "Structure-activity relationship in the urokinase hydrolysis of alpha-N-acetyl-L-lysine anilides. The absence of both nonproductive binding and substrate activation and also the good solubility of the substrates make the urokinase-catalysed hydrolysis of specific anilides a very suitable reaction for substrate structure-enzyme activity studies. Derivatives of alpha-N-acetyl-L-lysine anilide with high sigma minus-value substituents in the aniline ring were synthesized. Rate constants kappa-cat. and apparent Michaelis-Menten constants K-m (app.) are presented. From the substituent dependence of kappa-cat. and from the fact that kappa-cat. is 13 to 37 times smaller than the deacylation rate constant it is concluded that the rate-limiting step proceeds prior to deacylation. The catalytic rate constant kappa-cat. obeys a linear free-energy relationship of the Hammett type with Q equals +0.72. Two different mechanisms implied by the results obtained from the model reaction (specific base and general acid-base catalysed hydrolysis of N-acetylglycine anilides under extreme conditions) are proposed in order to account for this positive and low Q-value. In the first mechanism the breakdown of an enzyme tetrahedral intermediate is rate-limiting, while in the second one its formation controls the overall rate. The discrimination between the two mechanisms, however, could not be found.", "PMID": 1122914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7877", "title": "Translation of mRNA for 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine decarboxylase isolated from epidermis tissue of Calliphora vicina R. -D. in a heterologous system. Dependence of mRNA concentration on the insect steroid hormone ecdysone.", "content": "RNA was isolated from the epidermis of Calliphora vicina larvae by phenol--chloroform extraction. The RN A sedimenting in sucrose gradients between 5 and 18 S was submitted to chromatography on oligo(dT)-cellulose columns. The fraction binding to the oligo(dT) is able to stimulate protein synthesis in a system consisting of mouse liverribosomal subunits, pH-5 factors from rat liver and initiation factors from rabbit reticulocytes. Optimal Mg2+ concentration for the translation of insect mRNA is 3.5 mM, that of K+ 76 MM. Initiation factors prepared from epidermis of Calliphora larvae are less efficient in the translation of insect mRNA than initiation factors isolated from reticulocytes. The pH-5 fraction from epidermis inhibits protein synthesis independent of the source of the mRNA fraction used. One of the proteins synthesized in the reconstituted system under the direction of insect mRNA has been identified as 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) decarboxylase by immunoprecipitation with specific antiserum against DOPA decarboxylase and comigration in dodecylsulphate-acrylamide electrophoresis with pure DOPA decarboxylase. Both mRNA from white prepupae and from 6--7-days-old larvae contain sequences coding for DOPA decarboxylase. However, white prepupae contains 3--4 times more DOPA decarboxylase-mRNA than 6--7-days-old larvae. The content of DOPA decarboxylase mRNA is proportional to the amount of active DOPA decarboxylase molecules present in the animals from which the mRNA was isolated.", "contents": "Translation of mRNA for 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine decarboxylase isolated from epidermis tissue of Calliphora vicina R. -D. in a heterologous system. Dependence of mRNA concentration on the insect steroid hormone ecdysone. RNA was isolated from the epidermis of Calliphora vicina larvae by phenol--chloroform extraction. The RN A sedimenting in sucrose gradients between 5 and 18 S was submitted to chromatography on oligo(dT)-cellulose columns. The fraction binding to the oligo(dT) is able to stimulate protein synthesis in a system consisting of mouse liverribosomal subunits, pH-5 factors from rat liver and initiation factors from rabbit reticulocytes. Optimal Mg2+ concentration for the translation of insect mRNA is 3.5 mM, that of K+ 76 MM. Initiation factors prepared from epidermis of Calliphora larvae are less efficient in the translation of insect mRNA than initiation factors isolated from reticulocytes. The pH-5 fraction from epidermis inhibits protein synthesis independent of the source of the mRNA fraction used. One of the proteins synthesized in the reconstituted system under the direction of insect mRNA has been identified as 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) decarboxylase by immunoprecipitation with specific antiserum against DOPA decarboxylase and comigration in dodecylsulphate-acrylamide electrophoresis with pure DOPA decarboxylase. Both mRNA from white prepupae and from 6--7-days-old larvae contain sequences coding for DOPA decarboxylase. However, white prepupae contains 3--4 times more DOPA decarboxylase-mRNA than 6--7-days-old larvae. The content of DOPA decarboxylase mRNA is proportional to the amount of active DOPA decarboxylase molecules present in the animals from which the mRNA was isolated.", "PMID": 1122915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7878", "title": "The amino-acid sequences of three cystine-free cyanogen-bromide fragments of human serum transferrin.", "content": "The amino acid sequences of three fragments obtained on cyanogen bromide cleavage of human transferrin have been determined. Two of the fragments are small (4 and 7 residues) and had not been isolated in previous studies of the CNBr fragments of transferrin. The sequence of the larger fragment (53 residues) was elucidated by examining peptides isolated from digests of the fragment with trypsin, chymotrypsin or thermolysin. This region of transferrin appears to contain the sites of three previously-reported substitutions in the D1 and D-chi genetic variants.", "contents": "The amino-acid sequences of three cystine-free cyanogen-bromide fragments of human serum transferrin. The amino acid sequences of three fragments obtained on cyanogen bromide cleavage of human transferrin have been determined. Two of the fragments are small (4 and 7 residues) and had not been isolated in previous studies of the CNBr fragments of transferrin. The sequence of the larger fragment (53 residues) was elucidated by examining peptides isolated from digests of the fragment with trypsin, chymotrypsin or thermolysin. This region of transferrin appears to contain the sites of three previously-reported substitutions in the D1 and D-chi genetic variants.", "PMID": 1122916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7879", "title": "Conformational changes in fibrous elastin due to calcium ions.", "content": "A column packed with calcium-free bovine aorta elastin provided good separations of mixtures of bile salts when water was the moving phase. Tritium-labelled cholesterol was applied to the column using dilute solutions of taurodeoxycholate in Tris-NaCl buffers as solvent. The cholesterol was quantitatively eluted as a narrow peak in a rising gradient of taurodeoxycholate. When Na+ in the buffer was replaced by Ca2+ elution of the labelled cholesterol was delayed. Control experiments in which the elastin fibres were replaced as the column packing by an inert stationary phase consisting of n-butanol immobilized by silane-treated Celite showed that the effect of the change from Na+ to Ca2+ on the solvent properties of taurodeoxycholate was small and in the opposite direction. The experiments indicated that the replacement of sodium by calcium as the ionic environment of fibrous elastin produced a configurational change towards increasing hydrophobic character.", "contents": "Conformational changes in fibrous elastin due to calcium ions. A column packed with calcium-free bovine aorta elastin provided good separations of mixtures of bile salts when water was the moving phase. Tritium-labelled cholesterol was applied to the column using dilute solutions of taurodeoxycholate in Tris-NaCl buffers as solvent. The cholesterol was quantitatively eluted as a narrow peak in a rising gradient of taurodeoxycholate. When Na+ in the buffer was replaced by Ca2+ elution of the labelled cholesterol was delayed. Control experiments in which the elastin fibres were replaced as the column packing by an inert stationary phase consisting of n-butanol immobilized by silane-treated Celite showed that the effect of the change from Na+ to Ca2+ on the solvent properties of taurodeoxycholate was small and in the opposite direction. The experiments indicated that the replacement of sodium by calcium as the ionic environment of fibrous elastin produced a configurational change towards increasing hydrophobic character.", "PMID": 1122917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7880", "title": "The hormonal control of activity of skeletal muscle phosphorylase kinase. Phosphorylation of the enzyme at two sites in vivo in response to adrenalin.", "content": "Phosphorylase kinase was activated 5--10-fold in vivo by an intravenous injection of adrenalin. Sodium fluoride an inhibitor of phosphorylase kinase phosphatase, was required to prevent the reversal of this process; the activated and non-activated forms of the enzyme were indistinguishable by dodecylsulphate gel electrophoresis. This suggested that the activation had resulted from a phosphorylation of the enzyme, and that it was not a consequence of the well known activation by proteolytic cleavage that can be demonstrated in vitro. Phosphorylase kinase activated in vivo was purified and digested with trypsin, and the two tryptic peptides which contain the serine residues which are phosphorylated in vitro by the action of cyclic-AMP (adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate) dependent protein kinase, were isolated. It was found that the same nine-amino-acid segment of the beta chain and the same seven-amino-acid segment of the alpha chain had become phosphorylated in vivo in response to adrenalin, as were phosphorylated in vitro. The degree of phosphorylation of each of the two sites was at least 50%. The data provide direct proof that the activation of phosphorylase kinase which occurs in vivo in response to adrenalin results from a phosphorylation of the enzyme. They also indicate that the novel form of regulation associated with the phosphorylation of the alpha subunit, the stimulation of protein dephosphorylation by \"second site phosphorylation\", can now be regarded as a new form of enzyme control mechanism which operates in vivo. The regulation of phosphorylase kinase activity was studied in the protein - glycogen complex from skeletal muscle. The enzyme could be rapidly converted to a phosphorylated form in a cyclic-AMP-stimulated reaction upon addition of magnesium ions and ATP, but the conversion of phosphorylase b to phosphorylase a in the complex still showed an absolute requirement for calcium ions. The implications of these findings and major problems in the hormonal control of skeletal muscle glycogenolysis which are not yet resolved, are discussed.", "contents": "The hormonal control of activity of skeletal muscle phosphorylase kinase. Phosphorylation of the enzyme at two sites in vivo in response to adrenalin. Phosphorylase kinase was activated 5--10-fold in vivo by an intravenous injection of adrenalin. Sodium fluoride an inhibitor of phosphorylase kinase phosphatase, was required to prevent the reversal of this process; the activated and non-activated forms of the enzyme were indistinguishable by dodecylsulphate gel electrophoresis. This suggested that the activation had resulted from a phosphorylation of the enzyme, and that it was not a consequence of the well known activation by proteolytic cleavage that can be demonstrated in vitro. Phosphorylase kinase activated in vivo was purified and digested with trypsin, and the two tryptic peptides which contain the serine residues which are phosphorylated in vitro by the action of cyclic-AMP (adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate) dependent protein kinase, were isolated. It was found that the same nine-amino-acid segment of the beta chain and the same seven-amino-acid segment of the alpha chain had become phosphorylated in vivo in response to adrenalin, as were phosphorylated in vitro. The degree of phosphorylation of each of the two sites was at least 50%. The data provide direct proof that the activation of phosphorylase kinase which occurs in vivo in response to adrenalin results from a phosphorylation of the enzyme. They also indicate that the novel form of regulation associated with the phosphorylation of the alpha subunit, the stimulation of protein dephosphorylation by \"second site phosphorylation\", can now be regarded as a new form of enzyme control mechanism which operates in vivo. The regulation of phosphorylase kinase activity was studied in the protein - glycogen complex from skeletal muscle. The enzyme could be rapidly converted to a phosphorylated form in a cyclic-AMP-stimulated reaction upon addition of magnesium ions and ATP, but the conversion of phosphorylase b to phosphorylase a in the complex still showed an absolute requirement for calcium ions. The implications of these findings and major problems in the hormonal control of skeletal muscle glycogenolysis which are not yet resolved, are discussed.", "PMID": 1122918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7881", "title": "Canalicular bile production in man.", "content": "Bile flow, erythritol clearance (measured after administration of 14-C-erythritol) and bile acid excretion were studied in 8 non-icteric patients operated upon for gallstone disease without biliary obstruction in whom a T-tube had been inserted. Bile flow increased from the 2nd (0.27 plus or minus SEM 0.01 ml/min) to the 7th (0.50 plus or minus SEM 0.05 ml/min) postoperative days and remained stable thereafter. Because the values obtained between the 7th and the 15th postoperative days (average: 0.46 plus or minus SEM 0.02 ml/min) were not lower and were of the same order of magnitude as those previously reported in the literature for quantitative bile collections, it was assumed that bile collection had been complete. Bile-to-plasma concentration ratio of erythritol was 0.77 plus or minus SEM 0.04. The regression line between erythritol clearance and bile flow had a slope of 0.99 (indicating that increments in clearance were followed by equivalent increments of flow) and an intercept for a zero-clearance of 0.11, suggesting a ductular/ductal secretion of 0.11 ml/min. The relationship between erythritol clearance and bile acid excretion suggested that canalicular bile was formed both of a bile acid-dependent flow (11 mul of water being excreted per mumol of bile acid secreted) and a bile acid-independent flow of 0.16 ml/min (or 35 percent of the average bile flow). These findings indicate that erythritol clearance provides a valid estimate of canalicular bile flow in man and that the three bile fractions previously postulated in animals (canalicular bile acid-dependent, canalicular bile acid-independent and ductular/ductal) may also be present in man.", "contents": "Canalicular bile production in man. Bile flow, erythritol clearance (measured after administration of 14-C-erythritol) and bile acid excretion were studied in 8 non-icteric patients operated upon for gallstone disease without biliary obstruction in whom a T-tube had been inserted. Bile flow increased from the 2nd (0.27 plus or minus SEM 0.01 ml/min) to the 7th (0.50 plus or minus SEM 0.05 ml/min) postoperative days and remained stable thereafter. Because the values obtained between the 7th and the 15th postoperative days (average: 0.46 plus or minus SEM 0.02 ml/min) were not lower and were of the same order of magnitude as those previously reported in the literature for quantitative bile collections, it was assumed that bile collection had been complete. Bile-to-plasma concentration ratio of erythritol was 0.77 plus or minus SEM 0.04. The regression line between erythritol clearance and bile flow had a slope of 0.99 (indicating that increments in clearance were followed by equivalent increments of flow) and an intercept for a zero-clearance of 0.11, suggesting a ductular/ductal secretion of 0.11 ml/min. The relationship between erythritol clearance and bile acid excretion suggested that canalicular bile was formed both of a bile acid-dependent flow (11 mul of water being excreted per mumol of bile acid secreted) and a bile acid-independent flow of 0.16 ml/min (or 35 percent of the average bile flow). These findings indicate that erythritol clearance provides a valid estimate of canalicular bile flow in man and that the three bile fractions previously postulated in animals (canalicular bile acid-dependent, canalicular bile acid-independent and ductular/ductal) may also be present in man.", "PMID": 1122919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7882", "title": "Studies on urea cycle enzymes in rat liver during acute uraemia.", "content": "Activities of urea cycle enzymes were measured in the liver of starved rats 12 and 48 h after bilateral nephrectomy. Control experiments (sham-operated, starved rats) revealed that the activities of only two enzymes of the cycle are altered in the uraemic state: argininosuccinic acid synthetase (EC 6.3.4.5.), which is considered to be rate limiting for urea production and carbamyl phosphate synthetase (EC 2.7.2.5.). Alterations in ornithine concentration of the liver, a possible cause of an increased urea production rate, could not be detected previously (21). Our present results do not support the concept that a decrease of the activity of ornithine-delta-amino transferase (EC 2.6.1.13), leading to an increase in the ornithine content of the liver is responsible for the accelerated urea production rate in the liver of acute uraemic rats.", "contents": "Studies on urea cycle enzymes in rat liver during acute uraemia. Activities of urea cycle enzymes were measured in the liver of starved rats 12 and 48 h after bilateral nephrectomy. Control experiments (sham-operated, starved rats) revealed that the activities of only two enzymes of the cycle are altered in the uraemic state: argininosuccinic acid synthetase (EC 6.3.4.5.), which is considered to be rate limiting for urea production and carbamyl phosphate synthetase (EC 2.7.2.5.). Alterations in ornithine concentration of the liver, a possible cause of an increased urea production rate, could not be detected previously (21). Our present results do not support the concept that a decrease of the activity of ornithine-delta-amino transferase (EC 2.6.1.13), leading to an increase in the ornithine content of the liver is responsible for the accelerated urea production rate in the liver of acute uraemic rats.", "PMID": 1122920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7883", "title": "Liver inclusions in erythropoietic protoporphyria.", "content": "Needle-like inclusions have been found, by electron microscopy, in the livers of two unrelated patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria. Since they have not been noted in other hepatic conditions but do occur in the livers of protoporphyric mice it is suggested that they represent markers for protoporphyric liver disease. Paracrystalline inclusions that have been previously described in Wilson's disease and porphyria cutanea tarda were also present in the hepatocytes of one of these patients.", "contents": "Liver inclusions in erythropoietic protoporphyria. Needle-like inclusions have been found, by electron microscopy, in the livers of two unrelated patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria. Since they have not been noted in other hepatic conditions but do occur in the livers of protoporphyric mice it is suggested that they represent markers for protoporphyric liver disease. Paracrystalline inclusions that have been previously described in Wilson's disease and porphyria cutanea tarda were also present in the hepatocytes of one of these patients.", "PMID": 1122921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7884", "title": "Effect of cholesterol feeding on cholesterol biosynthesis in maternal and foetal rat liver.", "content": "Hepatic cholesterol biosynthesis has been studied in rat foetuses whose mothers had been fed on a cholesterol rich diet during the last week of gestation. Foetal liver was found to be capable of synthesizing cholesterol from acetate in vitro. The rate of incorporation of labelled acetate into digitonin precipitable sterols, fatty acids and CO(2) in foetal liver was much higher than that found in maternal liver. Cholesterol feeding reduced the rate of sterol synthesis in maternal liver but it did not have any appreciable effect on foetal liver. In order to investigate whether this lack of feed-back control in foetal liver could be attributable to an obstacle to the placental transfer of dietary cholesterol. 14-C-cholesterol was administered to the pregnant rats and its distribution in maternal and foetal liver and plasma was studied. Our results indicate that placental transfer of cholesterol from mother to foetus occurs very slowly so that only a small proportion of labelled cholesterol is found in foetal plasma over a 48 hour period following the administration of radioactive cholesterol. Cholesterol transferred from the mother into the foetal plasma is efficiently taken up by the foetal liver. These findings would suggest that the low amount of dietary cholesterol transferred from the mother into the foetal plasma is not sufficient to activate the control mechanism of the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway in the foetal liver.", "contents": "Effect of cholesterol feeding on cholesterol biosynthesis in maternal and foetal rat liver. Hepatic cholesterol biosynthesis has been studied in rat foetuses whose mothers had been fed on a cholesterol rich diet during the last week of gestation. Foetal liver was found to be capable of synthesizing cholesterol from acetate in vitro. The rate of incorporation of labelled acetate into digitonin precipitable sterols, fatty acids and CO(2) in foetal liver was much higher than that found in maternal liver. Cholesterol feeding reduced the rate of sterol synthesis in maternal liver but it did not have any appreciable effect on foetal liver. In order to investigate whether this lack of feed-back control in foetal liver could be attributable to an obstacle to the placental transfer of dietary cholesterol. 14-C-cholesterol was administered to the pregnant rats and its distribution in maternal and foetal liver and plasma was studied. Our results indicate that placental transfer of cholesterol from mother to foetus occurs very slowly so that only a small proportion of labelled cholesterol is found in foetal plasma over a 48 hour period following the administration of radioactive cholesterol. Cholesterol transferred from the mother into the foetal plasma is efficiently taken up by the foetal liver. These findings would suggest that the low amount of dietary cholesterol transferred from the mother into the foetal plasma is not sufficient to activate the control mechanism of the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway in the foetal liver.", "PMID": 1122922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7885", "title": "Therapeutic use of transfer factor.", "content": "Transfer Factor (TF) was produced by ultrafiltration of repeatedly frozen and thawed, pooled buffy coats of healthy blood donors. One unit of TF Z\u00fcrich was defined as the cell extract originating from 1 - 2 x 10-9 leucocytes. In collaboration with physicians and immunologists, 409 units TF have been given to 45 patients. Besides local pain and occasional fever no side effects were observed. Immune conversions and beneficial clinical effects were seen in 11 and 10 patients, respectively, out of 12 patients with chronic candidiasis. Immune conversion was also observed in patients with multiple sclerosis, while the clinical effects cannot yet be judged. The series also included patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, HBAg-positive disorders, various immunodeficiency diseases, malignant malanoma and miscellaneous tumours. Immune conversion occurred only occasionally and the clinical effect was either non-existent or not judgeable. In the discussion the results of other investigators using TF therapy are included.", "contents": "Therapeutic use of transfer factor. Transfer Factor (TF) was produced by ultrafiltration of repeatedly frozen and thawed, pooled buffy coats of healthy blood donors. One unit of TF Z\u00fcrich was defined as the cell extract originating from 1 - 2 x 10-9 leucocytes. In collaboration with physicians and immunologists, 409 units TF have been given to 45 patients. Besides local pain and occasional fever no side effects were observed. Immune conversions and beneficial clinical effects were seen in 11 and 10 patients, respectively, out of 12 patients with chronic candidiasis. Immune conversion was also observed in patients with multiple sclerosis, while the clinical effects cannot yet be judged. The series also included patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, HBAg-positive disorders, various immunodeficiency diseases, malignant malanoma and miscellaneous tumours. Immune conversion occurred only occasionally and the clinical effect was either non-existent or not judgeable. In the discussion the results of other investigators using TF therapy are included.", "PMID": 1122923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7886", "title": "Changes in insulin immunoreactivity across the coronary circulation in man during infusions of glucose and a fat emulsion.", "content": "The extraction of immunoreactive insulin by the human heart has been examined using the technique of coronary sinus catheterisation. The subjects were 12 male volunteers. During the study infusions of a fat emulsion and glucose were given in an effort to create a \"steady fed state\". The higher arterial insulin immunoreactivities which were observed during the infusions were associated with greater arterial coronary sinus differences in insulin immunoreactivity. The possibility of insulin degradation by the heart is discussed. During prolonged exercise the process of insulin removal by the heart appeared more active.", "contents": "Changes in insulin immunoreactivity across the coronary circulation in man during infusions of glucose and a fat emulsion. The extraction of immunoreactive insulin by the human heart has been examined using the technique of coronary sinus catheterisation. The subjects were 12 male volunteers. During the study infusions of a fat emulsion and glucose were given in an effort to create a \"steady fed state\". The higher arterial insulin immunoreactivities which were observed during the infusions were associated with greater arterial coronary sinus differences in insulin immunoreactivity. The possibility of insulin degradation by the heart is discussed. During prolonged exercise the process of insulin removal by the heart appeared more active.", "PMID": 1122924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7887", "title": "Collagen biosynthesis in normal human skin, normal and hypertrophic scar and keloid.", "content": "A comparison of the rates of synthesis of collagen in normal skin, normal and hypertrophic scars, and keloids has been made by measuring the rate of incorporation of [14-C]-proline into peptide-bound [14-C]-hydroxyproline by tissue minces in vitro. The rate of synthesis of collagen, as measured by this technique, was significantly higher in skin than in normal scars whether the incorporation of radioactivity into hydroxyproline were expressed in terms of wet weight of tissue, weight of tissue DNA or weight of tissue hydroxyproline. The abnormal scar types exhibited similar rates of collagen synthesis, which were significantly higher than the rate in normal scars. Although the rates in both abnormal scar types appeared to be similar to that in normal skin when expressed in terms of wet weight of tissue, and weight of tissue hydroxyproline, they were seen to be lower than in skin in terms of weight of tissue DNA. The rate of synthesis of proteins generally, as measured by total radioactivity in non-diffusible peptides, was highest in normal skin and hypertrophic scar and lowest in keloid. The ratio of radioactivity in non-diffusible hydroxyproline to total non-diffusible radioactivity was almost twice as high in keloid as in normal scar, with intermediate values being observed in hypertrophic scar and normal skin. This indicated that collagen accounted for a higher proportion of the proteins being synthesised in keloid than in normal scar. The results confirm previous conclusions, from determination of the activity of the enzyme collagen proline hydroxylase, that the excessive accumulation of collagen in hypertrophic scars and keloids may, at least in part, be due to abnormally high rates of collagen synthesis in comparison to normal scars.", "contents": "Collagen biosynthesis in normal human skin, normal and hypertrophic scar and keloid. A comparison of the rates of synthesis of collagen in normal skin, normal and hypertrophic scars, and keloids has been made by measuring the rate of incorporation of [14-C]-proline into peptide-bound [14-C]-hydroxyproline by tissue minces in vitro. The rate of synthesis of collagen, as measured by this technique, was significantly higher in skin than in normal scars whether the incorporation of radioactivity into hydroxyproline were expressed in terms of wet weight of tissue, weight of tissue DNA or weight of tissue hydroxyproline. The abnormal scar types exhibited similar rates of collagen synthesis, which were significantly higher than the rate in normal scars. Although the rates in both abnormal scar types appeared to be similar to that in normal skin when expressed in terms of wet weight of tissue, and weight of tissue hydroxyproline, they were seen to be lower than in skin in terms of weight of tissue DNA. The rate of synthesis of proteins generally, as measured by total radioactivity in non-diffusible peptides, was highest in normal skin and hypertrophic scar and lowest in keloid. The ratio of radioactivity in non-diffusible hydroxyproline to total non-diffusible radioactivity was almost twice as high in keloid as in normal scar, with intermediate values being observed in hypertrophic scar and normal skin. This indicated that collagen accounted for a higher proportion of the proteins being synthesised in keloid than in normal scar. The results confirm previous conclusions, from determination of the activity of the enzyme collagen proline hydroxylase, that the excessive accumulation of collagen in hypertrophic scars and keloids may, at least in part, be due to abnormally high rates of collagen synthesis in comparison to normal scars.", "PMID": 1122925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7888", "title": "Insignificance of gluconeogenesis in human blood platelets.", "content": "Human blood platelets contain no detectable activity of the enzymes fructose diphosphatase (EC 3.1.3.11), phospho-enolpyruvate carboxykinase (EC 4.1.1.32) and pyruvate carboxylase (EC 6.4.1.1.). Glucose-6-phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.9) activity is very low. Phosphofructokinase present in human blood platelets, catalyzes a reaction which can be stimulated by AMP in a platelet homogenate, due to the presence of endogenous ADP and myokinase. These enzymes are responsible for the formation of fructose-6-phosphate from fructose-1, 6-diphosphate. Pyruvate kinase (EC 2.7.1.40) in human blood platelets belongs to the M-type, which is not inhibited by ATP, at least not under the conditions applied. The results obtained indicate that gluconeogenesis in human blood platelets is not present in the way which has been established for liver and kidney.", "contents": "Insignificance of gluconeogenesis in human blood platelets. Human blood platelets contain no detectable activity of the enzymes fructose diphosphatase (EC 3.1.3.11), phospho-enolpyruvate carboxykinase (EC 4.1.1.32) and pyruvate carboxylase (EC 6.4.1.1.). Glucose-6-phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.9) activity is very low. Phosphofructokinase present in human blood platelets, catalyzes a reaction which can be stimulated by AMP in a platelet homogenate, due to the presence of endogenous ADP and myokinase. These enzymes are responsible for the formation of fructose-6-phosphate from fructose-1, 6-diphosphate. Pyruvate kinase (EC 2.7.1.40) in human blood platelets belongs to the M-type, which is not inhibited by ATP, at least not under the conditions applied. The results obtained indicate that gluconeogenesis in human blood platelets is not present in the way which has been established for liver and kidney.", "PMID": 1122926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7889", "title": "Histamine receptors in the synovial microcirculation.", "content": "This study was designed to investigate the respective roles of H(1) and H(2) receptors in the control of the microcirculation by examining the effectiveness of the H(2) receptor antagonist metiamide (Met.) and H(1) receptor antagonist mepyramine is blocking the action of histamine on synovial perfusion. Synovial perfusion was monitored indirectly by calculating the half-life (T1/2 min.) of the clearance rate of 133-Xe from canine diarthrodial joints. The 133-Xe clearance rate, unaffected by metiamide alone, was consistently increased by histamine alone. Metiamide produced a dose related effect on the histamine response with consistent abolition of response at high dose ratios of metiamide to histamine variable response at intermediate and a pronounced histamine response at low dose ratios. Mepyramine produced no such antagonism of the histamine response and in certain doses, by itself caused an increase in 133-Xe clearance rate. This effect of mepyramine was thought to be related to its histamine releasing properties a view supported by the reduction in this vasodilator response following certain doses of metiamide. The response of the 133-Xe clearance rate to histamine returned approximately one hour after treatment with metiamide (500 mug) and metiamide did not antagonise the effects of alpha and beta adrenergic agents on the 133-Xe clearance rate. Thus, this study has provided evidence for the presence of H(2) but not H(1) receptors in the synovial microcirculation.", "contents": "Histamine receptors in the synovial microcirculation. This study was designed to investigate the respective roles of H(1) and H(2) receptors in the control of the microcirculation by examining the effectiveness of the H(2) receptor antagonist metiamide (Met.) and H(1) receptor antagonist mepyramine is blocking the action of histamine on synovial perfusion. Synovial perfusion was monitored indirectly by calculating the half-life (T1/2 min.) of the clearance rate of 133-Xe from canine diarthrodial joints. The 133-Xe clearance rate, unaffected by metiamide alone, was consistently increased by histamine alone. Metiamide produced a dose related effect on the histamine response with consistent abolition of response at high dose ratios of metiamide to histamine variable response at intermediate and a pronounced histamine response at low dose ratios. Mepyramine produced no such antagonism of the histamine response and in certain doses, by itself caused an increase in 133-Xe clearance rate. This effect of mepyramine was thought to be related to its histamine releasing properties a view supported by the reduction in this vasodilator response following certain doses of metiamide. The response of the 133-Xe clearance rate to histamine returned approximately one hour after treatment with metiamide (500 mug) and metiamide did not antagonise the effects of alpha and beta adrenergic agents on the 133-Xe clearance rate. Thus, this study has provided evidence for the presence of H(2) but not H(1) receptors in the synovial microcirculation.", "PMID": 1122927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7890", "title": "Red cell metabolism in transient haemolytic anaemia associated with Zieve's syndrome.", "content": "Reversible haemolytic anaemia associated with decreased red cell half-life and reticulocytosis was studied in 10 patients with Zieve's syndrome. Since the underlying cause of the red cell destruction is as yet unknown, we determined the critical metabolic functions of the red cells in order to define the assumed intracorpuscular defect causing haemolysis. The glucose metabolizing enzymes had normal or raised values. - In view of the diminished ATP and raised 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2.3 DPG) levels - a combination which suggests a pyruvate kinase (PK) deficiency - additional procedures were carried out in order to detect an abnormal activity of the red cell PK. Studies of biochemical properties of PK such as thermostability, Michaelis-Menten constants, and activation and inhibition tests brought results markedly deviating from the norm.-Fractions containing old cells particularly disclosed PK instability. A defective red cell matabolism resulted which was measurable through ATP-instability, altered glucose utilization and lactate production. - Experimental cell aging procedures led to a markedly decreased red cell metabolism. These assays revealed that mutations of PK-control mechanisms might be involved as factor triggering haemolytic anaemia of Zieve's syndrome.", "contents": "Red cell metabolism in transient haemolytic anaemia associated with Zieve's syndrome. Reversible haemolytic anaemia associated with decreased red cell half-life and reticulocytosis was studied in 10 patients with Zieve's syndrome. Since the underlying cause of the red cell destruction is as yet unknown, we determined the critical metabolic functions of the red cells in order to define the assumed intracorpuscular defect causing haemolysis. The glucose metabolizing enzymes had normal or raised values. - In view of the diminished ATP and raised 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2.3 DPG) levels - a combination which suggests a pyruvate kinase (PK) deficiency - additional procedures were carried out in order to detect an abnormal activity of the red cell PK. Studies of biochemical properties of PK such as thermostability, Michaelis-Menten constants, and activation and inhibition tests brought results markedly deviating from the norm.-Fractions containing old cells particularly disclosed PK instability. A defective red cell matabolism resulted which was measurable through ATP-instability, altered glucose utilization and lactate production. - Experimental cell aging procedures led to a markedly decreased red cell metabolism. These assays revealed that mutations of PK-control mechanisms might be involved as factor triggering haemolytic anaemia of Zieve's syndrome.", "PMID": 1122928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7891", "title": "Effects of insulin and of NSILA-S on the perfused rat heart: glucose uptake, lactate production and efflux of 3-0-methyl glucose.", "content": "200 muU of insulin per ml perfusion medium stimulated glucose uptake and lactate production by the isolated perfused rat heart about 5 and 10 fold, respectively. Nonsuppressible insulin-like activity (NSILA-S) extracted from human serum had almost the same maximal effects. Mol per mol the two substances were equally effective and, correspondingly, the dose-response curves were very similar. NSILA-S accelerated the efflux of 3-0-methyl glucose from the heart cells to the same extent as insulin. It can be concluded that NSILA-S acts on heart muscle in a very similar way to that of insulin.", "contents": "Effects of insulin and of NSILA-S on the perfused rat heart: glucose uptake, lactate production and efflux of 3-0-methyl glucose. 200 muU of insulin per ml perfusion medium stimulated glucose uptake and lactate production by the isolated perfused rat heart about 5 and 10 fold, respectively. Nonsuppressible insulin-like activity (NSILA-S) extracted from human serum had almost the same maximal effects. Mol per mol the two substances were equally effective and, correspondingly, the dose-response curves were very similar. NSILA-S accelerated the efflux of 3-0-methyl glucose from the heart cells to the same extent as insulin. It can be concluded that NSILA-S acts on heart muscle in a very similar way to that of insulin.", "PMID": 1122929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7892", "title": "Cardiovascular profile of 5-methyl-2-phenyl-4-imidazole-acetonitrile (MCN-2378), a cerebral vasodilator.", "content": "I.v. administration of McN-2378 appeared to preferentially increase cerebral blood flow as opposed to systemic (femoral) blood flow in two strains of monkeys. This cerebral vasodilation was not affected by theta-adrenergic blockade. In the anesthetized dog, the compound transiently lowered systemic arterial pressure with an associated transient decrease in femoral vascular resistance and increased heart rate. Cardiac output in the anesthetized dog was also transiently elevated. Although the compound contains a nitrile group, there is no evidence to suggest that cyanide release is mediating the cerebral vasodilation.", "contents": "Cardiovascular profile of 5-methyl-2-phenyl-4-imidazole-acetonitrile (MCN-2378), a cerebral vasodilator. I.v. administration of McN-2378 appeared to preferentially increase cerebral blood flow as opposed to systemic (femoral) blood flow in two strains of monkeys. This cerebral vasodilation was not affected by theta-adrenergic blockade. In the anesthetized dog, the compound transiently lowered systemic arterial pressure with an associated transient decrease in femoral vascular resistance and increased heart rate. Cardiac output in the anesthetized dog was also transiently elevated. Although the compound contains a nitrile group, there is no evidence to suggest that cyanide release is mediating the cerebral vasodilation.", "PMID": 1122930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7893", "title": "Effect of prostaglandins E1, E2 and F2alpha and pentagrastin on the gall bladder pressure in dogs.", "content": "The effect of prostaglandins E1, E2 and F2alpha on the gall bladder pressure was studied in anesthetized dogs with and without clamping of the cystic duct. Both PGE1 and PGE2 lowered the gall bladder pressure when the initial pressure was higher than 5 mm Hg, but caused no significant change when the initial pressure was lower than 3 mm Hg. On the other hand, PGF2alpha increased the gall bladder pressure regardless of its initial pressure. When the cystic duct was clamped, PGF2alpha markedly increased the gall bladder pressure while both PGE1 and PGE2 increased it slightly. This observation suggests that the smooth muscle in the gall bladder is markedly stimulated by PGF2alpha and stimulated to a lesser degree by PGE1 or PGE2. Furthermore, PGF2alpha appears to constrict, and PGE1 or PGE2 appears to relax the sphincter of Oddi. Pretreatment with indomethacin did not affect or slightly potentiated the cholecystokinetic effect of the three prostaglandins but abolished that of pentagastrin, suggesting that prostaglandins are possible mediators for the cholecystokinetic action of the gastrointestinal hormones.", "contents": "Effect of prostaglandins E1, E2 and F2alpha and pentagrastin on the gall bladder pressure in dogs. The effect of prostaglandins E1, E2 and F2alpha on the gall bladder pressure was studied in anesthetized dogs with and without clamping of the cystic duct. Both PGE1 and PGE2 lowered the gall bladder pressure when the initial pressure was higher than 5 mm Hg, but caused no significant change when the initial pressure was lower than 3 mm Hg. On the other hand, PGF2alpha increased the gall bladder pressure regardless of its initial pressure. When the cystic duct was clamped, PGF2alpha markedly increased the gall bladder pressure while both PGE1 and PGE2 increased it slightly. This observation suggests that the smooth muscle in the gall bladder is markedly stimulated by PGF2alpha and stimulated to a lesser degree by PGE1 or PGE2. Furthermore, PGF2alpha appears to constrict, and PGE1 or PGE2 appears to relax the sphincter of Oddi. Pretreatment with indomethacin did not affect or slightly potentiated the cholecystokinetic effect of the three prostaglandins but abolished that of pentagastrin, suggesting that prostaglandins are possible mediators for the cholecystokinetic action of the gastrointestinal hormones.", "PMID": 1122931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7894", "title": "Dopamine metabolism in the tuberculum olfactorium.", "content": "The occurrence of the major dopamine metabolites, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA) in the tuberculum olfactorium of the rat was demonstrated by gas chromatography. The ratio of DOPAC to HVA in the tuberculum olfactorium was greater than the ratio of these metabolites in the striatum. The effect of pargyline and probenecid on dopamine metabolite levels was similar for both the tuberculum olfactorium and striatum.", "contents": "Dopamine metabolism in the tuberculum olfactorium. The occurrence of the major dopamine metabolites, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA) in the tuberculum olfactorium of the rat was demonstrated by gas chromatography. The ratio of DOPAC to HVA in the tuberculum olfactorium was greater than the ratio of these metabolites in the striatum. The effect of pargyline and probenecid on dopamine metabolite levels was similar for both the tuberculum olfactorium and striatum.", "PMID": 1122932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7895", "title": "A comparsion of the effects of prazosin and hydrallazine on blood pressure, heart rate and plasma renin activity in conscious renal hypertensive dogs.", "content": "Prazosin, a novel antihypertensive agent, and hydrallazine have been compared in renal hypertensive dogs. I.v. prazosin (0.1 mg/kg) produced greater falls in blood pressure than hydrallazine (1 mg/kg i.v.) but, in contrast to hydrallazine, did not cause any significant alteration in heart rate or plasma renin activity in these animals. When given orally, prazosin (0.1 mg/kg) produced falls in blood pressure equivalent to those observed with i.v. hydrallazine (1 mg/kg) again without significant tachycardia or plasma renin activation.", "contents": "A comparsion of the effects of prazosin and hydrallazine on blood pressure, heart rate and plasma renin activity in conscious renal hypertensive dogs. Prazosin, a novel antihypertensive agent, and hydrallazine have been compared in renal hypertensive dogs. I.v. prazosin (0.1 mg/kg) produced greater falls in blood pressure than hydrallazine (1 mg/kg i.v.) but, in contrast to hydrallazine, did not cause any significant alteration in heart rate or plasma renin activity in these animals. When given orally, prazosin (0.1 mg/kg) produced falls in blood pressure equivalent to those observed with i.v. hydrallazine (1 mg/kg) again without significant tachycardia or plasma renin activation.", "PMID": 1122933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7896", "title": "The effect of harmaline on force of contraction of the rat isolated atrium.", "content": "In rat isolated right atria, beating spontaneously at 30 degrees C, harmaline 8.3 times 10-5 M slowed atrial rate and enhanced force of contraction. The velocity of development of tension (dT/dt) increased and time to peak tension was lengthened. Electrical drive of otherwise quiescent left atria showed that (1) within the range of change of rate induced by harmaline the reduction of frequency of stimulation increased dT/dt and peak tension developed, and (2) at a constant rate of stimulation harmaline produced a prolongation of time to peak tension and an enhancement of peak tension. We concluded that two mechanisms are responsible for the inotropic action of harmaline on rat atrium: (1) an increase in dT/dt due to the lengthening of the interval between beats; (2) a direct action of harmaline on the processes responsible for atrial contraction, which determines a lengthening of time to peak tension.", "contents": "The effect of harmaline on force of contraction of the rat isolated atrium. In rat isolated right atria, beating spontaneously at 30 degrees C, harmaline 8.3 times 10-5 M slowed atrial rate and enhanced force of contraction. The velocity of development of tension (dT/dt) increased and time to peak tension was lengthened. Electrical drive of otherwise quiescent left atria showed that (1) within the range of change of rate induced by harmaline the reduction of frequency of stimulation increased dT/dt and peak tension developed, and (2) at a constant rate of stimulation harmaline produced a prolongation of time to peak tension and an enhancement of peak tension. We concluded that two mechanisms are responsible for the inotropic action of harmaline on rat atrium: (1) an increase in dT/dt due to the lengthening of the interval between beats; (2) a direct action of harmaline on the processes responsible for atrial contraction, which determines a lengthening of time to peak tension.", "PMID": 1122934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7897", "title": "Dual action of chloroquine on frog's skeletal muscle contraction.", "content": "Studies on the effect of chloroquine on frog's rectus abdominis muscle have been performed. Relatively low concentrations of chloroquine, 5 times 10-5 and 2 times 10-4 g/ml inhibited cholinesterase activity and potentiated acetylcholine (ACh)-induced contractions but antagonized carbachol and caffeine contractions, as well as ACh-induced contractions of eserinized muscle. High concentrations (5 times 10-4 and 2 times 10-3 g/ml) non-competitively antagonized contractions to ACh, carbachol, caffeine and potassium. It was suggested that the blocking action of chloroquine was due to its local anaesthetic property and interference with intracellular calcium movements.", "contents": "Dual action of chloroquine on frog's skeletal muscle contraction. Studies on the effect of chloroquine on frog's rectus abdominis muscle have been performed. Relatively low concentrations of chloroquine, 5 times 10-5 and 2 times 10-4 g/ml inhibited cholinesterase activity and potentiated acetylcholine (ACh)-induced contractions but antagonized carbachol and caffeine contractions, as well as ACh-induced contractions of eserinized muscle. High concentrations (5 times 10-4 and 2 times 10-3 g/ml) non-competitively antagonized contractions to ACh, carbachol, caffeine and potassium. It was suggested that the blocking action of chloroquine was due to its local anaesthetic property and interference with intracellular calcium movements.", "PMID": 1122935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7898", "title": "Enterohepatic haemodynamics in calves during acute systemic anaphylaxis.", "content": "This study was designed to investigate the splanchnic congestion and gastrointestinal lesions frequently found in calves during anaphylaxis. Calves were sensitised to horse serum and the following cardiovascular parameters monitored; carotid arterial pressure, mesenteric arterial pressure, mesenteric venous pressure, mesenteric arterial flow, and abdominal venous pressure. Responses to histamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT), bradykinin, dopamine, noradrenaline and horse serum were recorded. Anaphylaxis was characterised by a diphasic arterial hypotension, a parallel rise in mesenteric venous pressure, a fall in mesenteric arterial flow and a threefold rise in mesenteric vascular resistance. It is suggested that during anaphylaxis a rise in hepatic vascular resistance occurs, resulting in pooling of blood in the venous side of the mesenteric vasculature and possibly in the liver itself. This increase in hepatic resistance may be caused by circulating vasoactive agents released by the anaphylactic process, a local Schultz-Dale type reaction, or a reflex triggered by systemic baroreceptors.", "contents": "Enterohepatic haemodynamics in calves during acute systemic anaphylaxis. This study was designed to investigate the splanchnic congestion and gastrointestinal lesions frequently found in calves during anaphylaxis. Calves were sensitised to horse serum and the following cardiovascular parameters monitored; carotid arterial pressure, mesenteric arterial pressure, mesenteric venous pressure, mesenteric arterial flow, and abdominal venous pressure. Responses to histamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT), bradykinin, dopamine, noradrenaline and horse serum were recorded. Anaphylaxis was characterised by a diphasic arterial hypotension, a parallel rise in mesenteric venous pressure, a fall in mesenteric arterial flow and a threefold rise in mesenteric vascular resistance. It is suggested that during anaphylaxis a rise in hepatic vascular resistance occurs, resulting in pooling of blood in the venous side of the mesenteric vasculature and possibly in the liver itself. This increase in hepatic resistance may be caused by circulating vasoactive agents released by the anaphylactic process, a local Schultz-Dale type reaction, or a reflex triggered by systemic baroreceptors.", "PMID": 1122936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7899", "title": "Effects of clonidine on baroreceptor function in anesthetized dogs.", "content": "The effects of clonidine (15-30 mug/kg i.v.) on carotid sinus and other baroreceptors were investigated in anesthetized dogs. In 14 control dogs, right carotid sinus pressure was controlled by retrograde perfusion through the common carotid artery at constant flow with femoral arterial blood. Graded reductions in heart rate and blood pressure induced by graded increases in carotid sinus pressure were prevented, whereas reflex bradycardias associated with norepinephrine pressor activity were potentiated by clonidine. Norepinephrine-induced bradycardia, although reduced, still persisted after chronic bilateral sinusectomy and these responses were also potentiated by clonidine. In contrast, clonidine did not potentiate reflex bradycardia in dogs 20 days after aortic stripping. In intact dogs, clonidine inhibited the response to bilateral carotid artery occlusion and to carotid sinus nerve stimulation. These studies suggest that clonidine can inhibit carotid sinus baroreceptor function and simultaneously potentiate other, presumably aortic, baroreceptor activity.", "contents": "Effects of clonidine on baroreceptor function in anesthetized dogs. The effects of clonidine (15-30 mug/kg i.v.) on carotid sinus and other baroreceptors were investigated in anesthetized dogs. In 14 control dogs, right carotid sinus pressure was controlled by retrograde perfusion through the common carotid artery at constant flow with femoral arterial blood. Graded reductions in heart rate and blood pressure induced by graded increases in carotid sinus pressure were prevented, whereas reflex bradycardias associated with norepinephrine pressor activity were potentiated by clonidine. Norepinephrine-induced bradycardia, although reduced, still persisted after chronic bilateral sinusectomy and these responses were also potentiated by clonidine. In contrast, clonidine did not potentiate reflex bradycardia in dogs 20 days after aortic stripping. In intact dogs, clonidine inhibited the response to bilateral carotid artery occlusion and to carotid sinus nerve stimulation. These studies suggest that clonidine can inhibit carotid sinus baroreceptor function and simultaneously potentiate other, presumably aortic, baroreceptor activity.", "PMID": 1122937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7900", "title": "Motor nerve terminal response to edrophonium in delayed DFP neuropathy.", "content": "A localized peripheral neuropathy was induced in cats with di-isopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP). Soleus nerve-muscle preparations, and the motor nerve terminals in particular, were evaluated for responsiveness to edrophonium (200 mug/kg i.v.). Potentiation of contractile strength was absent 24 hr after DFP, and showed a trend toward recovery 7-14 days post-DFP; it then fell to about 25% of normal 3 weeks following DFP administration. During the ensuing 5 weeks this aspect of edrophonium responsiveness was largely regained. The underlying post-drug repetition which gives rise to the potentiated responses was not demonstrable in either the nerve or muscle 3 weeks after DFP, but was again observed 8 weeks after poisoning. These findings suggest a delayed peripheral neuropathy indicative of a trophic deprivation and further illustrate a motor nerve terminal deficit as the initial function alteration in DFP neuropathy.", "contents": "Motor nerve terminal response to edrophonium in delayed DFP neuropathy. A localized peripheral neuropathy was induced in cats with di-isopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP). Soleus nerve-muscle preparations, and the motor nerve terminals in particular, were evaluated for responsiveness to edrophonium (200 mug/kg i.v.). Potentiation of contractile strength was absent 24 hr after DFP, and showed a trend toward recovery 7-14 days post-DFP; it then fell to about 25% of normal 3 weeks following DFP administration. During the ensuing 5 weeks this aspect of edrophonium responsiveness was largely regained. The underlying post-drug repetition which gives rise to the potentiated responses was not demonstrable in either the nerve or muscle 3 weeks after DFP, but was again observed 8 weeks after poisoning. These findings suggest a delayed peripheral neuropathy indicative of a trophic deprivation and further illustrate a motor nerve terminal deficit as the initial function alteration in DFP neuropathy.", "PMID": 1122938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7901", "title": "[Some compounds correlated to pyracrimycin A].", "content": "Some biological characteristics of pyracrimycin A (I), a metabolic compound isolated from cultures of Streptomyces eridani are examined. Some other compounds related to I, obtained both by chemical reaction from the natural product and by synthesis are described. The in vitro antibacterial activity seems to be due to the presence of the unsaturated moiety --N equals (see article) --CH equals CH-- (see article) equals O.", "contents": "[Some compounds correlated to pyracrimycin A]. Some biological characteristics of pyracrimycin A (I), a metabolic compound isolated from cultures of Streptomyces eridani are examined. Some other compounds related to I, obtained both by chemical reaction from the natural product and by synthesis are described. The in vitro antibacterial activity seems to be due to the presence of the unsaturated moiety --N equals (see article) --CH equals CH-- (see article) equals O.", "PMID": 1123033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7902", "title": "The search for new drugs in the group of xanthine derivatives. XXXVIII - 1,3-dimethyl-8-alkyl-6H,7H,10H-(1,2,4-)-triazepino(4,3-f)purine-2,4-(1H,3H)-diones and their derivatives.", "content": "Condensation of 1-(8'-chlorotheophyllinyl-7')-alkan-3-ones with hydrazine hydrate gave 8-alkyl derivatives of the new heterocyclic ring system: 1,3-dimethyl-6H,7H,10H-(1,2,4)-triazepino [4,3-f] purine-2,4-(1H,3H)-dione (I, II). 10-Acyl (III - VI) and 10-beta-cyanoethyl (VII, VIII) derivatives of compounds (I) and (II) were easy obtained in good yield. With p-nitrophenyl- and isonicotinoylhydrazines only the corresponding hydrazones of 1-(theophyllinyl-7')-alkan-3-ones (IX, X) were formed. In the attempt to obtain 10-aryl, hydroxyalkyl or acyl derivatives of the new tricyclic ring system by the reaction of 1-(8'-chlorotheophyllinyl-7')-butan-3-one with phenyl-, beta-hydroxyethyl- or acetylhydrazines only decomposition of the ketones to 8-chlorotheophylline and vinylketones was observed. The structures of the new compounds were confirmed by U.V. and N.M.R. spectroscopy and partly by mass spectrometry.", "contents": "The search for new drugs in the group of xanthine derivatives. XXXVIII - 1,3-dimethyl-8-alkyl-6H,7H,10H-(1,2,4-)-triazepino(4,3-f)purine-2,4-(1H,3H)-diones and their derivatives. Condensation of 1-(8'-chlorotheophyllinyl-7')-alkan-3-ones with hydrazine hydrate gave 8-alkyl derivatives of the new heterocyclic ring system: 1,3-dimethyl-6H,7H,10H-(1,2,4)-triazepino [4,3-f] purine-2,4-(1H,3H)-dione (I, II). 10-Acyl (III - VI) and 10-beta-cyanoethyl (VII, VIII) derivatives of compounds (I) and (II) were easy obtained in good yield. With p-nitrophenyl- and isonicotinoylhydrazines only the corresponding hydrazones of 1-(theophyllinyl-7')-alkan-3-ones (IX, X) were formed. In the attempt to obtain 10-aryl, hydroxyalkyl or acyl derivatives of the new tricyclic ring system by the reaction of 1-(8'-chlorotheophyllinyl-7')-butan-3-one with phenyl-, beta-hydroxyethyl- or acetylhydrazines only decomposition of the ketones to 8-chlorotheophylline and vinylketones was observed. The structures of the new compounds were confirmed by U.V. and N.M.R. spectroscopy and partly by mass spectrometry.", "PMID": 1123034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7903", "title": "[Isoxazolylpenicillins with cycloaliphatic substituents in the isoxazole ring].", "content": "Some derivatives of oxacillin were prepared containing in place of the phenyl group a cyclohexyl, cyclohexylphenyl, phenylcyclohexyl or diphenylyl moiety. In the same compounds a methylene bridge between the carboxy group and the heterocyclic ring was inserted. The results of in vitro evaluation of antibacterial activity are given.", "contents": "[Isoxazolylpenicillins with cycloaliphatic substituents in the isoxazole ring]. Some derivatives of oxacillin were prepared containing in place of the phenyl group a cyclohexyl, cyclohexylphenyl, phenylcyclohexyl or diphenylyl moiety. In the same compounds a methylene bridge between the carboxy group and the heterocyclic ring was inserted. The results of in vitro evaluation of antibacterial activity are given.", "PMID": 1123035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7904", "title": "Antimicrobial properties of some 3-acyl-4,7-disubstituted indoles.", "content": "In continuation of research on indole derivatives as potential chemotherapeutic agents, the antimicrobial properties of some 4,7-disubstituted 3-acylindoles were studied; the derivatives tested were 4,7-dimethoxy-, 4-hydroxy-7-methoxy-, 4,7-dihydroxyindoles and indole 4,7-quinones. Only the dihydroxy compounds (V a-c) proved active against certain bacterial strains. In order to test whether the action mechanism was analogous to that of mitomycin, a series of experiments was carried out to study the formation of complexes with DNA. It was found that only the substances with antimicrobial activity can form complexes, and it is therefore suggested that the action mechanism involves interference with cellular DNA.", "contents": "Antimicrobial properties of some 3-acyl-4,7-disubstituted indoles. In continuation of research on indole derivatives as potential chemotherapeutic agents, the antimicrobial properties of some 4,7-disubstituted 3-acylindoles were studied; the derivatives tested were 4,7-dimethoxy-, 4-hydroxy-7-methoxy-, 4,7-dihydroxyindoles and indole 4,7-quinones. Only the dihydroxy compounds (V a-c) proved active against certain bacterial strains. In order to test whether the action mechanism was analogous to that of mitomycin, a series of experiments was carried out to study the formation of complexes with DNA. It was found that only the substances with antimicrobial activity can form complexes, and it is therefore suggested that the action mechanism involves interference with cellular DNA.", "PMID": 1123036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7905", "title": "[Transport and mode of action of sennosides].", "content": "Prior to attempting to develop a new laxative, pharmacodynamic studies were conducted on the individual active constituents of senna. Sennoside A, sennoside B and rhein were injected intravenously and were introduced into the isolated stomach, small bowel and large bowel of the anaesthetised pig. Blood, urine and bile, collected over 6 hours, were assayed by a novel fluorometric technique. Recoveries and measured oil water partition coefficients indicate that the sennosides are virtually non-absorbed in the stomach and small bowel. Following administrations outside the large bowel, anthracene derivative concentrations in the lumen and wall of the colon were below the limits of detection. Thus, a transport theory involving absorption and resecretion of sennosides into the large bowel is discounted. The results support a mode of action involving direct transport through the alimentary canal to the large bowel where micro-organism break the sugar-anthracene bonds. Derivatives of the liberated lipophilic aglycones are absorbed into the wall of the colon and stimulate the nerve plexuses thereby leading to defaecation. The \"colon-specific\" mode of action of the natural anthrone glycosides appears to be an ideal method of stimulating bowel action.", "contents": "[Transport and mode of action of sennosides]. Prior to attempting to develop a new laxative, pharmacodynamic studies were conducted on the individual active constituents of senna. Sennoside A, sennoside B and rhein were injected intravenously and were introduced into the isolated stomach, small bowel and large bowel of the anaesthetised pig. Blood, urine and bile, collected over 6 hours, were assayed by a novel fluorometric technique. Recoveries and measured oil water partition coefficients indicate that the sennosides are virtually non-absorbed in the stomach and small bowel. Following administrations outside the large bowel, anthracene derivative concentrations in the lumen and wall of the colon were below the limits of detection. Thus, a transport theory involving absorption and resecretion of sennosides into the large bowel is discounted. The results support a mode of action involving direct transport through the alimentary canal to the large bowel where micro-organism break the sugar-anthracene bonds. Derivatives of the liberated lipophilic aglycones are absorbed into the wall of the colon and stimulate the nerve plexuses thereby leading to defaecation. The \"colon-specific\" mode of action of the natural anthrone glycosides appears to be an ideal method of stimulating bowel action.", "PMID": 1123037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7906", "title": "[Research in antitumoral chemotherapy. X. Cytotoxic and antitumoral activity of beta-nitrostyrenes and of composed nitrovinyl derivatives].", "content": "In previous work the antitumoral cytotoxicity of beta-nitrostyrenes obtained by simplification of the aristolochic acid molecule was demonstrated. The effect of modifying the three characteristic parts of the beta-nitrostyrene molecule has now been investigated. The results obtained in vitro and in vivo allow hypothesis of a mechanism of action for the various beta-nitrostyrene and nitrovinyl compounds studied and definition of the maximum simplification compatible with retention of biological activity.", "contents": "[Research in antitumoral chemotherapy. X. Cytotoxic and antitumoral activity of beta-nitrostyrenes and of composed nitrovinyl derivatives]. In previous work the antitumoral cytotoxicity of beta-nitrostyrenes obtained by simplification of the aristolochic acid molecule was demonstrated. The effect of modifying the three characteristic parts of the beta-nitrostyrene molecule has now been investigated. The results obtained in vitro and in vivo allow hypothesis of a mechanism of action for the various beta-nitrostyrene and nitrovinyl compounds studied and definition of the maximum simplification compatible with retention of biological activity.", "PMID": 1123038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7907", "title": "Solutions of the Hodgkin-Huxley equations modified for potassium accumulation in a periaxonal space.", "content": "Hodgkin and Huxley equations were modified to include the properties of an external diffusion barrier separated from the axolemma by a thin periaxonal space in which potassium ions accumulate as a function of membrane activity. Further modifications in the equations took into account new values for gK and new functions for alphan, betan, alphah, and betah derived from voltage clamp experiments on Loligo pealei giant axons. Equations were solved on a PDP-11 computer using the Gear predictor-corrector numerical method. In comparison with the original Hodgkin and Huxley equations, the modified equations for membrane potentials gave: 1) more accurate representations of the falling and undershoot phases of the membrane action potential, 2) more accurate representation of thresholds and latencies, 3) increases in the periaxonal space potassium ion concentration, Ks, of about 1 mM/impulse, 4) proper predictions of the time course and magnitude of either undershoot decline or periaxonal potassium ion accumulation during trains of membrane action potentials elicited by repetitivie short duration stimuli, and5) a somewhat more accurate representation of adaptation (finite train and nonrepetitive responses) during long duration constant current stimulation.", "contents": "Solutions of the Hodgkin-Huxley equations modified for potassium accumulation in a periaxonal space. Hodgkin and Huxley equations were modified to include the properties of an external diffusion barrier separated from the axolemma by a thin periaxonal space in which potassium ions accumulate as a function of membrane activity. Further modifications in the equations took into account new values for gK and new functions for alphan, betan, alphah, and betah derived from voltage clamp experiments on Loligo pealei giant axons. Equations were solved on a PDP-11 computer using the Gear predictor-corrector numerical method. In comparison with the original Hodgkin and Huxley equations, the modified equations for membrane potentials gave: 1) more accurate representations of the falling and undershoot phases of the membrane action potential, 2) more accurate representation of thresholds and latencies, 3) increases in the periaxonal space potassium ion concentration, Ks, of about 1 mM/impulse, 4) proper predictions of the time course and magnitude of either undershoot decline or periaxonal potassium ion accumulation during trains of membrane action potentials elicited by repetitivie short duration stimuli, and5) a somewhat more accurate representation of adaptation (finite train and nonrepetitive responses) during long duration constant current stimulation.", "PMID": 1123087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7908", "title": "Noise measurements in axon membranes.", "content": "A fluctuation (noise) component, which arises from spontaneous microscopic conductance perturbations, about the mean conduction characteristics of small areas of axon membrane has been measured and appears to relate to voltage-dependent potassium-ion movements. Since the kinetics of relaxing membrane structures which produce ion permeation noise may be deduced from the form of power density spectra of fluctuations, a comparison of measured and theoretical noise spectra may lead to direct tests of conduction of models.", "contents": "Noise measurements in axon membranes. A fluctuation (noise) component, which arises from spontaneous microscopic conductance perturbations, about the mean conduction characteristics of small areas of axon membrane has been measured and appears to relate to voltage-dependent potassium-ion movements. Since the kinetics of relaxing membrane structures which produce ion permeation noise may be deduced from the form of power density spectra of fluctuations, a comparison of measured and theoretical noise spectra may lead to direct tests of conduction of models.", "PMID": 1123088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7909", "title": "Potassium and sodium current noise from squid axon membranes.", "content": "Current noise under voltage clamp has been measured from the giant axon of Loligo vulgaris. Relatively large areas (up to 0.4 cm2) were used for these measurements, under standard space clamped conditions. Current noise spectral densities were studied in the range of 0 to 20 C, -100 to -40 mV and in normal, tetrodotoxin, and tetraethylammonium ion solutions. Three components of current noise were found, l/f-noise, and a K and a Na component.", "contents": "Potassium and sodium current noise from squid axon membranes. Current noise under voltage clamp has been measured from the giant axon of Loligo vulgaris. Relatively large areas (up to 0.4 cm2) were used for these measurements, under standard space clamped conditions. Current noise spectral densities were studied in the range of 0 to 20 C, -100 to -40 mV and in normal, tetrodotoxin, and tetraethylammonium ion solutions. Three components of current noise were found, l/f-noise, and a K and a Na component.", "PMID": 1123089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7910", "title": "Voltage clamp simulation.", "content": "The voltage clamp experiment on the squid giant axon is successful because of the special characteristics of the preparation: cylindrical shape, large diameter, and so on. The method is much more difficult to apply to small cells and to networks of cells because voltage gradients and unwanted stray impedances are not readily eliminated. Simulation of the voltage clamp experiment is proposed as a method for determining when these factors and the characteristics of the clamp electronics affect the experimental results, for evaluating experimental techniques for improving the quality of the clamp, and as a possible method of learning something about the membrane when no experimental improvement is feasible. The numerical methods for including one spatial variable in the analysis are reviewed briefly. Several examples of voltage clamp simulations are discussed: double sucrose gap clamp of axons, clamp of the giant synapse, single sucrose gap clamp of cardiac muscle bundles, point clamp of the end of a fiber bundle, and the steady-state three-microelectrode clamp of a cable with nonlinear membrane. The results indicate that the quality of a clamp cannot be evaluated from the voltage and current records as commonly measured.", "contents": "Voltage clamp simulation. The voltage clamp experiment on the squid giant axon is successful because of the special characteristics of the preparation: cylindrical shape, large diameter, and so on. The method is much more difficult to apply to small cells and to networks of cells because voltage gradients and unwanted stray impedances are not readily eliminated. Simulation of the voltage clamp experiment is proposed as a method for determining when these factors and the characteristics of the clamp electronics affect the experimental results, for evaluating experimental techniques for improving the quality of the clamp, and as a possible method of learning something about the membrane when no experimental improvement is feasible. The numerical methods for including one spatial variable in the analysis are reviewed briefly. Several examples of voltage clamp simulations are discussed: double sucrose gap clamp of axons, clamp of the giant synapse, single sucrose gap clamp of cardiac muscle bundles, point clamp of the end of a fiber bundle, and the steady-state three-microelectrode clamp of a cable with nonlinear membrane. The results indicate that the quality of a clamp cannot be evaluated from the voltage and current records as commonly measured.", "PMID": 1123090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7911", "title": "Propagation of action potentials in inhomogeneous axon regions.", "content": "Described are studies of propagation of action potentials through inhomogenous axon regions through experiments performed on squid giant axons and by computer simulations. The initial speed of propagation of the action potential is dependent upon the stimulus waveform. For a rectangular pulse of current, the action potential travel initally at a high speed that declines over the distance, reaching a constant speed of propagation at about 1-5 resting length constants; this distance depends on the stimulus strength. additional experiments studied the effects of changing the axon diameter and of introducing a temperature step. It was found that the propagated action potential suffers profound modification in shape and velocity as it reaches the region of transition. In both cases, it was possible to obtain reflected action potentials. A region of increased effective diameter was produced experimentally in the squid giant axon by insertion of an axial wire as usually employed in voltage clamps. It was found that the action potential, at the axial wire tip region, undergoes shape changes similar to those obtained tn simulations of a region of increased diameter as in a junction with the axon and soma in motor neurons. It is conducluded that the gaint axon can be used to reproduce simple electrical behaviors in other structures.-Ram\u00f3n, F., R. W. Joyner and J.W. Moore. Propagation of action potentials in inhomogeneous axon regions.", "contents": "Propagation of action potentials in inhomogeneous axon regions. Described are studies of propagation of action potentials through inhomogenous axon regions through experiments performed on squid giant axons and by computer simulations. The initial speed of propagation of the action potential is dependent upon the stimulus waveform. For a rectangular pulse of current, the action potential travel initally at a high speed that declines over the distance, reaching a constant speed of propagation at about 1-5 resting length constants; this distance depends on the stimulus strength. additional experiments studied the effects of changing the axon diameter and of introducing a temperature step. It was found that the propagated action potential suffers profound modification in shape and velocity as it reaches the region of transition. In both cases, it was possible to obtain reflected action potentials. A region of increased effective diameter was produced experimentally in the squid giant axon by insertion of an axial wire as usually employed in voltage clamps. It was found that the action potential, at the axial wire tip region, undergoes shape changes similar to those obtained tn simulations of a region of increased diameter as in a junction with the axon and soma in motor neurons. It is conducluded that the gaint axon can be used to reproduce simple electrical behaviors in other structures.-Ram\u00f3n, F., R. W. Joyner and J.W. Moore. Propagation of action potentials in inhomogeneous axon regions.", "PMID": 1123091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7912", "title": "Principles and applications of fluctuation analysis: a nonmathematical introduction.", "content": "The mechanisms underlying many of the processes studied by membrane biophysicists are inherently probabilistic, and therefore exhibit random fluctuations around the mean of behavior. These fluctuations reflect the underlying probabilistic mechanism and therefore can sometimes provide information, not otherwise available, about these mechanisms. Fluctuations may be characterized by their spectra which are obtained from a Fourier analysis of the experimental records. When a theory for membrane processes is available, it makes predictions about fluctuation spectra and therefore may be tested by examining these spectra. Theories about gating behavior at the frog neuromuscular junction have been tested in this way, and it has been possible, in addition, to estimate the conductance of one open channel, a quantity not susceptible to direct measurements. Various physical pictures are capable of yielding the same macroscopic behavior for axon membranes, that is, the Hodgkin-Huxley equations, but these various mechanisms predict that the current fluctuations around their mean values should have different characteristics. Fluctuation analysis may, then be of value in elucidating the physical basis for axon conductance changes.", "contents": "Principles and applications of fluctuation analysis: a nonmathematical introduction. The mechanisms underlying many of the processes studied by membrane biophysicists are inherently probabilistic, and therefore exhibit random fluctuations around the mean of behavior. These fluctuations reflect the underlying probabilistic mechanism and therefore can sometimes provide information, not otherwise available, about these mechanisms. Fluctuations may be characterized by their spectra which are obtained from a Fourier analysis of the experimental records. When a theory for membrane processes is available, it makes predictions about fluctuation spectra and therefore may be tested by examining these spectra. Theories about gating behavior at the frog neuromuscular junction have been tested in this way, and it has been possible, in addition, to estimate the conductance of one open channel, a quantity not susceptible to direct measurements. Various physical pictures are capable of yielding the same macroscopic behavior for axon membranes, that is, the Hodgkin-Huxley equations, but these various mechanisms predict that the current fluctuations around their mean values should have different characteristics. Fluctuation analysis may, then be of value in elucidating the physical basis for axon conductance changes.", "PMID": 1123092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7913", "title": "Effects of cholinergic compounds on the axon-Schwann cell relationship in the squid nerve fiber.", "content": "The effects of acetylcholine, carbamylcholine, D-tubocurarine, eserine, and alpha-bungarotoxin on the Schwann cell electrical potential of resting and stimulated squid nerve fibers were studied. Acetylcholine (10-7 M) and barbamylcholine (10-6 M) induce a prolonged hyper polarization in the Schwann cells of the unstimulated nerve fiber. In the presence of carbamylcholine (10-6 M) the behavior of the Schwann cell membrane to changes in the external potassium concentration approximates the behavior of an ideal potassium electrode. D-Tubocurarine (10-9 M) blocks the hyperpolarizing effects of nerve impulse trains and carbamylcholine (10-6 M), whereas at the same concentration eserine prolongs the Schwann cell hyperpolarizations induced by axon stimulation or by acetylcholine (10-7 M). alpha-Bungarotoxin (10-9M) also blocks the hyperpolarizing effect of nerve impulse trains and of carbamylcholine. D-Tubocurarine (10-5M) protects the Schwann cells against the irreversible action of alpha-bungarotoxin. These results show the existence of acetylcholine receptors in the Schwann cell membrane. Preliminary measurements of the binding of 125I-alpha bungarotoxin to the plasma membranes isolated from squid nerves also indicate the presence of acetylcholine receptors. These findings support the involvement of cholinergic mechanisms in the axon-Schwann cell relationship previously described.", "contents": "Effects of cholinergic compounds on the axon-Schwann cell relationship in the squid nerve fiber. The effects of acetylcholine, carbamylcholine, D-tubocurarine, eserine, and alpha-bungarotoxin on the Schwann cell electrical potential of resting and stimulated squid nerve fibers were studied. Acetylcholine (10-7 M) and barbamylcholine (10-6 M) induce a prolonged hyper polarization in the Schwann cells of the unstimulated nerve fiber. In the presence of carbamylcholine (10-6 M) the behavior of the Schwann cell membrane to changes in the external potassium concentration approximates the behavior of an ideal potassium electrode. D-Tubocurarine (10-9 M) blocks the hyperpolarizing effects of nerve impulse trains and carbamylcholine (10-6 M), whereas at the same concentration eserine prolongs the Schwann cell hyperpolarizations induced by axon stimulation or by acetylcholine (10-7 M). alpha-Bungarotoxin (10-9M) also blocks the hyperpolarizing effect of nerve impulse trains and of carbamylcholine. D-Tubocurarine (10-5M) protects the Schwann cells against the irreversible action of alpha-bungarotoxin. These results show the existence of acetylcholine receptors in the Schwann cell membrane. Preliminary measurements of the binding of 125I-alpha bungarotoxin to the plasma membranes isolated from squid nerves also indicate the presence of acetylcholine receptors. These findings support the involvement of cholinergic mechanisms in the axon-Schwann cell relationship previously described.", "PMID": 1123093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7914", "title": "Electrical properties of the transverse tubular system.", "content": "The transverse tubular system (T-system) of skeletal muscle links surface membrane action potential and release of activator calcium from sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). The spread of depolarization along this system has been studied in voltage-clamped frog muscle fibers by using the spread of contractile activation in a thin optical cross section through the fiber center as an index. In tetrodotoxin treated fibers as depolarization of the fiber is increased contraction spreads from superficial to axial myofibrils. In tetrodotoxin free fibers the radial gradient of activation is reversed indicating that normally the activating signal is propagated along the T-system. Activation across the SR-T tubule junction does not appear to trigger an all-or-none response from the SR,-Costantin,  L.L. Electrical properties of the transverse tubular system.", "contents": "Electrical properties of the transverse tubular system. The transverse tubular system (T-system) of skeletal muscle links surface membrane action potential and release of activator calcium from sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). The spread of depolarization along this system has been studied in voltage-clamped frog muscle fibers by using the spread of contractile activation in a thin optical cross section through the fiber center as an index. In tetrodotoxin treated fibers as depolarization of the fiber is increased contraction spreads from superficial to axial myofibrils. In tetrodotoxin free fibers the radial gradient of activation is reversed indicating that normally the activating signal is propagated along the T-system. Activation across the SR-T tubule junction does not appear to trigger an all-or-none response from the SR,-Costantin,  L.L. Electrical properties of the transverse tubular system.", "PMID": 1123094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7915", "title": "Axons, dendrites and synapses.", "content": "Classical concepts of neuronal organization have been based on the motoneuron as a model. Recent work on the mitral cell of the olfactory bulb has revealed synaptic connections of dendrites and cell bodies that are not present in the motoneuron. Similar findings in many other parts of the nervous system suggest the need to revise our concept of synaptic relations and functions properties of axons and dendrites.--SHEPHERD, G. M. Axons, dendrites and synapses.", "contents": "Axons, dendrites and synapses. Classical concepts of neuronal organization have been based on the motoneuron as a model. Recent work on the mitral cell of the olfactory bulb has revealed synaptic connections of dendrites and cell bodies that are not present in the motoneuron. Similar findings in many other parts of the nervous system suggest the need to revise our concept of synaptic relations and functions properties of axons and dendrites.--SHEPHERD, G. M. Axons, dendrites and synapses.", "PMID": 1123095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7916", "title": "Naturally labeled 13C-glucose. Metabolic studies in human diabetes and obesity.", "content": "The 13C/12C ratio in most commercial preparations of glucose used in clinical investigation is much higher than that of expired air. Variations in expired air 13C, after glucose load, are indicative of the catabolism of this exogenous glucose. The changes in the 13C/12C ratio of CO2 in expired air after oral administration of glucose were determined by mass spectrometry. Results in eleven healthy volunteers and seven obese subjects with normal oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT) are reported. In all cases, the administration of glucose resulted in a marked rise in the 13C/12C ration of expired CO2, reaching its maximum at the fourth hour and then declining progressively. In seven obese patients with chemical diabetes and in five insulin-dependent diabetics, the 13C/12C ratio of expired CO2 during OGTT was significantly reduced, in comparison with the results obtained from the control groups. This study demonstrates the potential of this procedure using \"naturally labeled\" 13C glucose for the metabolic studies in man as anticipated from previous studies of Duchesne and his coworkers.", "contents": "Naturally labeled 13C-glucose. Metabolic studies in human diabetes and obesity. The 13C/12C ratio in most commercial preparations of glucose used in clinical investigation is much higher than that of expired air. Variations in expired air 13C, after glucose load, are indicative of the catabolism of this exogenous glucose. The changes in the 13C/12C ratio of CO2 in expired air after oral administration of glucose were determined by mass spectrometry. Results in eleven healthy volunteers and seven obese subjects with normal oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT) are reported. In all cases, the administration of glucose resulted in a marked rise in the 13C/12C ration of expired CO2, reaching its maximum at the fourth hour and then declining progressively. In seven obese patients with chemical diabetes and in five insulin-dependent diabetics, the 13C/12C ratio of expired CO2 during OGTT was significantly reduced, in comparison with the results obtained from the control groups. This study demonstrates the potential of this procedure using \"naturally labeled\" 13C glucose for the metabolic studies in man as anticipated from previous studies of Duchesne and his coworkers.", "PMID": 1123106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7917", "title": "Basement membrane thickness in muscle capillaries of normal and spontaneously diabetic Macaca nigra.", "content": "The thickness of the capillary basement membrane of femoral muscle was examined in normal and spontaneously diabetic Macaca nigra. Thickness correlated significangly with the degree and severity of diabetes; greater thickness was associated with decreased glucose tolerance, decreased serum insulin, and increased glucose and triglyceride. In normal monkeys, the average basement membrane thickness was 696 A and in diabetic monkeys, 837 A, The minimum basement membrane thickness was 524 A in normal monkeys and 634 A in diabetics. Normals differed significantly from diabetic monkeys.", "contents": "Basement membrane thickness in muscle capillaries of normal and spontaneously diabetic Macaca nigra. The thickness of the capillary basement membrane of femoral muscle was examined in normal and spontaneously diabetic Macaca nigra. Thickness correlated significangly with the degree and severity of diabetes; greater thickness was associated with decreased glucose tolerance, decreased serum insulin, and increased glucose and triglyceride. In normal monkeys, the average basement membrane thickness was 696 A and in diabetic monkeys, 837 A, The minimum basement membrane thickness was 524 A in normal monkeys and 634 A in diabetics. Normals differed significantly from diabetic monkeys.", "PMID": 1123107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7918", "title": "Hyperinsulinemia and enlarged adipocytes in patients with endogenous hyperlipoproteinemia without obesity or diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Studies of adipocyte metabolism were performed in twelve male subjects with normal plasma lipids and eleven male patients with Type IV or Type V hyperlipoproteinemia. Patients with obesity or diabetes mellitus were excluded from the study. Although all patients had normal glucose tolerance tests, the blood glucose levels during these tests were higher in the hyperlipoproteinemic patients than in the normal control subjects and the plasma insulin responses were even more strikingly elevated in the hyperlipemic group. Adipocytes isolated from hypertriglyceridemic subjects were larger than those obtained from normal individuals and exhibited increased activities of both Type I and Type II hexokinase and increased rates of glucose oxidation and lipogenesis from glucose. Cell size, hexokinase isoenzyme activities and rates of lipogenesis from glucose were all strongly correlated with each other, but none of these measurements were correlated with glucose oxidation. It is not known how the adipocyte abnormalities are related to the lipid transport disorder.", "contents": "Hyperinsulinemia and enlarged adipocytes in patients with endogenous hyperlipoproteinemia without obesity or diabetes mellitus. Studies of adipocyte metabolism were performed in twelve male subjects with normal plasma lipids and eleven male patients with Type IV or Type V hyperlipoproteinemia. Patients with obesity or diabetes mellitus were excluded from the study. Although all patients had normal glucose tolerance tests, the blood glucose levels during these tests were higher in the hyperlipoproteinemic patients than in the normal control subjects and the plasma insulin responses were even more strikingly elevated in the hyperlipemic group. Adipocytes isolated from hypertriglyceridemic subjects were larger than those obtained from normal individuals and exhibited increased activities of both Type I and Type II hexokinase and increased rates of glucose oxidation and lipogenesis from glucose. Cell size, hexokinase isoenzyme activities and rates of lipogenesis from glucose were all strongly correlated with each other, but none of these measurements were correlated with glucose oxidation. It is not known how the adipocyte abnormalities are related to the lipid transport disorder.", "PMID": 1123108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7919", "title": "Inordinately high levels of serum immunoreactive insulin in monoclonal immunoglobulinemia (on the problem of \"big, big insulin\").", "content": "1. A patient with occasional attacks of hypoglycemia had levels of serum immunoreactive insulin persistently fifty to one-hundred times the normal value. Immunoelectrophoresis revealed presence of monoclonal IgG in his serum. The patient's diagnosis was established as paraproteinemic lymphoid and plasmocytic reticulosis proximate to multiple myeloma; insuloma was not found. 2. On gel filtration of native serum, only part of the total immunoreactivity was found in the elution position of crystalline insulin; the major part emerged in the early fractions together with the large proteins. After acidification of the serum, however, practically the entire immunoreactivity was recovered in ethanol extracts and proved to be \"little insulin\" on gel filtration. Only, \"little insulin\" was also detected after gel filtration of serum incubated with urea. 3. It is suggested that the large component with insulin immunoreactivity obtained in gel filtration of native serum is an insulin-protein complex. The nature of the presumed complex is not clear. It is not a complex of the antigen-antibody type. Insulin \"trapping\" by monoclonal gamma globulin is considered.", "contents": "Inordinately high levels of serum immunoreactive insulin in monoclonal immunoglobulinemia (on the problem of \"big, big insulin\"). 1. A patient with occasional attacks of hypoglycemia had levels of serum immunoreactive insulin persistently fifty to one-hundred times the normal value. Immunoelectrophoresis revealed presence of monoclonal IgG in his serum. The patient's diagnosis was established as paraproteinemic lymphoid and plasmocytic reticulosis proximate to multiple myeloma; insuloma was not found. 2. On gel filtration of native serum, only part of the total immunoreactivity was found in the elution position of crystalline insulin; the major part emerged in the early fractions together with the large proteins. After acidification of the serum, however, practically the entire immunoreactivity was recovered in ethanol extracts and proved to be \"little insulin\" on gel filtration. Only, \"little insulin\" was also detected after gel filtration of serum incubated with urea. 3. It is suggested that the large component with insulin immunoreactivity obtained in gel filtration of native serum is an insulin-protein complex. The nature of the presumed complex is not clear. It is not a complex of the antigen-antibody type. Insulin \"trapping\" by monoclonal gamma globulin is considered.", "PMID": 1123109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7920", "title": "Insulin sensitivity of isolated perfused rat liver.", "content": "The responsiveness of the isolated perfused rat liver to different metabolic effects of insulin was investigated during recycling perfusion. Infusion of porcine insulin at rates of 6, 9, 16 and 33 mU/hr. resulted in stable perfusate insulin levels averaging 41, 72, 120 and 229 muU/ml., respectively. Since the portal vein insulin concentration in the intact rat averaged 48 muU/ml. after a twenty-six-hour fast and 125 muU/ml. two hours after removal of food, the studies were conducted at insulin levels within the physiological range. The effect of each insulin concentration on the net accumulation of K+, AMINO ACID NITROGEN, UREA NITROGEN AND GLUCOSE IN The perfusing medium was assessed against the net accumulation of perfusate constituents during perfusion of control livers and livers perfused with perfusate insulin levels greater than 500 muU/ml. The results indicate that essentially maximal suppression of amino acid nitrogen outflow and retention of K+ OCCURRED AT INSULIN CONCENTRAtions of 72 muU/ml., with lesser effects being noted at 41 muU/ml. Inhibition of ureogenesis was demonstrated at insulin levels above 120 muU/ml. However, significant effects of insulin on suppressing net glucose outflow was not observed until insulin levels had reached 500 muU/ml. due presumably to the absence of a sustained rate of glycogenolysis by control livers. The observation that perfused livers from normal rats are extremely sensitive to several metabolic effects of insulin at physiological concentrations suggests that this experimental approach can provide useful information as to the role of the liver in the pathogenesis of various insulin resistant states.", "contents": "Insulin sensitivity of isolated perfused rat liver. The responsiveness of the isolated perfused rat liver to different metabolic effects of insulin was investigated during recycling perfusion. Infusion of porcine insulin at rates of 6, 9, 16 and 33 mU/hr. resulted in stable perfusate insulin levels averaging 41, 72, 120 and 229 muU/ml., respectively. Since the portal vein insulin concentration in the intact rat averaged 48 muU/ml. after a twenty-six-hour fast and 125 muU/ml. two hours after removal of food, the studies were conducted at insulin levels within the physiological range. The effect of each insulin concentration on the net accumulation of K+, AMINO ACID NITROGEN, UREA NITROGEN AND GLUCOSE IN The perfusing medium was assessed against the net accumulation of perfusate constituents during perfusion of control livers and livers perfused with perfusate insulin levels greater than 500 muU/ml. The results indicate that essentially maximal suppression of amino acid nitrogen outflow and retention of K+ OCCURRED AT INSULIN CONCENTRAtions of 72 muU/ml., with lesser effects being noted at 41 muU/ml. Inhibition of ureogenesis was demonstrated at insulin levels above 120 muU/ml. However, significant effects of insulin on suppressing net glucose outflow was not observed until insulin levels had reached 500 muU/ml. due presumably to the absence of a sustained rate of glycogenolysis by control livers. The observation that perfused livers from normal rats are extremely sensitive to several metabolic effects of insulin at physiological concentrations suggests that this experimental approach can provide useful information as to the role of the liver in the pathogenesis of various insulin resistant states.", "PMID": 1123110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7921", "title": "Comparison of the lipolytic effects of insulin and proinsulin on isolated fat cells.", "content": "Proinsulin, like insulin, has a biphasic effect on the lipolysis of isolated fat cells. Low concentrations of the peptides inhibit the response to submaximal doses of epinephrine, while higher concentrations of the peptides enhance the effect of supramaximal doses of epinephrine. Half-maximal doses are: (a) inhibition of lipolysis: insulin, 2.3 times 10- minus 11M; proinsulin, 6.9 times 10- minus 10M; (b) enhancement of lipolysis: insulin, 3.1 times 10- minus 9M; proinsulin, 8.1 times 10- minus 8M. The ratios of the potencies of the peptides are the same for both effects. These results suggest that both the inhibitory and the lipolytic effects of insulin are not caused by contaminants, and are mediated by similar receptors.", "contents": "Comparison of the lipolytic effects of insulin and proinsulin on isolated fat cells. Proinsulin, like insulin, has a biphasic effect on the lipolysis of isolated fat cells. Low concentrations of the peptides inhibit the response to submaximal doses of epinephrine, while higher concentrations of the peptides enhance the effect of supramaximal doses of epinephrine. Half-maximal doses are: (a) inhibition of lipolysis: insulin, 2.3 times 10- minus 11M; proinsulin, 6.9 times 10- minus 10M; (b) enhancement of lipolysis: insulin, 3.1 times 10- minus 9M; proinsulin, 8.1 times 10- minus 8M. The ratios of the potencies of the peptides are the same for both effects. These results suggest that both the inhibitory and the lipolytic effects of insulin are not caused by contaminants, and are mediated by similar receptors.", "PMID": 1123111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7922", "title": "Spinal-cord injuries during birth.", "content": "The subject of perinatal injury to the spinal cord is briefly reviewed. Recognized causative factors are traction on the infant's trunk during breech delivery, rotational stresses applied to the spinal axis, traction on the cord via the brachial plexus in shoulder dystocia, and hyperextension of the fetal head in breech delivery or transverse presentation. Recognition of these factors is the basis for prevention of this terrible accident. Diagnostic criteria at various period of life are mentioned and the importance of the recognition of anaesthesia and reflex movements is emphasized. Treatment is mainly supportive. The development of an automatic reflex bladder evacuation is discussed. Follwup examinations and resourceful orthopedic care are essential. A few affected children learn to live with their disability and a very few who are apparently transected at birth recover surprisingly well.", "contents": "Spinal-cord injuries during birth. The subject of perinatal injury to the spinal cord is briefly reviewed. Recognized causative factors are traction on the infant's trunk during breech delivery, rotational stresses applied to the spinal axis, traction on the cord via the brachial plexus in shoulder dystocia, and hyperextension of the fetal head in breech delivery or transverse presentation. Recognition of these factors is the basis for prevention of this terrible accident. Diagnostic criteria at various period of life are mentioned and the importance of the recognition of anaesthesia and reflex movements is emphasized. Treatment is mainly supportive. The development of an automatic reflex bladder evacuation is discussed. Follwup examinations and resourceful orthopedic care are essential. A few affected children learn to live with their disability and a very few who are apparently transected at birth recover surprisingly well.", "PMID": 1123112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7923", "title": "Locomotor prognosis in cerebral palsy.", "content": "A study of the prognosis for walking of 73 pre-school children who had cerebral palsy or delayed motor development is reported. The importance of prognostic signs, based upon the presence or absence of postural reflex activity, was confirmed. The prognosis was accurate in 94-5 per cent of the 73 children studied. The method of scoring a child's reflex responses and relating this to the prognosis seems to be a simple procedure, easy to understand and to apply. It is suggested that the assessment of treatment methods should include an analysis of the child's walking potential, based upon the methods delineated in this study, before treatment is started.", "contents": "Locomotor prognosis in cerebral palsy. A study of the prognosis for walking of 73 pre-school children who had cerebral palsy or delayed motor development is reported. The importance of prognostic signs, based upon the presence or absence of postural reflex activity, was confirmed. The prognosis was accurate in 94-5 per cent of the 73 children studied. The method of scoring a child's reflex responses and relating this to the prognosis seems to be a simple procedure, easy to understand and to apply. It is suggested that the assessment of treatment methods should include an analysis of the child's walking potential, based upon the methods delineated in this study, before treatment is started.", "PMID": 1123119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7924", "title": "Rectus femoris release in selected patients with cerebral palsy: a preliminary report.", "content": "Two theories concerning the effects of surgical release of the proximal origins of the rectus femoris in spastic patients are (1) that release reduces hip flexion contracture and lumbar lordosis and diminishes crouch, and (2) that release primarily enhances early swing-phase knee flexion. A series of eight patients with pre-operative electromyography and pre- and post-operative dynamic knee measurements are reviewed. In these patients, back-knee thrust did not improve because it was not caused by rectus contracture. The effect upon hip was also variable: two patients had increased hip flexion and a third had diminished hip flexion after release. In six of the eight patients knee flexion was improved in early swing phase. Improvement from surgery can be expected when rectus spasticity is sufficient (1) to interfere with the initiation of swing phase, and (2) to decrease the amplitude of knee flexion. Little change occurred in the patients who did not have these functional deficits. A review of the cases supports the primary knee effect theory of Silfvenski\u00f6ld; however, insufficient information was obtained from this series to rule out hip and pelvic changes.", "contents": "Rectus femoris release in selected patients with cerebral palsy: a preliminary report. Two theories concerning the effects of surgical release of the proximal origins of the rectus femoris in spastic patients are (1) that release reduces hip flexion contracture and lumbar lordosis and diminishes crouch, and (2) that release primarily enhances early swing-phase knee flexion. A series of eight patients with pre-operative electromyography and pre- and post-operative dynamic knee measurements are reviewed. In these patients, back-knee thrust did not improve because it was not caused by rectus contracture. The effect upon hip was also variable: two patients had increased hip flexion and a third had diminished hip flexion after release. In six of the eight patients knee flexion was improved in early swing phase. Improvement from surgery can be expected when rectus spasticity is sufficient (1) to interfere with the initiation of swing phase, and (2) to decrease the amplitude of knee flexion. Little change occurred in the patients who did not have these functional deficits. A review of the cases supports the primary knee effect theory of Silfvenski\u00f6ld; however, insufficient information was obtained from this series to rule out hip and pelvic changes.", "PMID": 1123120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7925", "title": "Very low birthweight and subsequent neurological defect (with special reference to spastic diplegia).", "content": "Of a total of 170 children who weighed 1500g or less at birth and who were born in or admitted shortly after birth to Hammersmith Hospital, London, between the years 1961-70 inclusive, 165 have been followed to ascertain the incidence of neurological handicap, with particular reference to spastic diplegia. This condition occurred in six children (3-6 per cent), all of whom were born during the 1961-64 period, an incidence in those years of 10-3 per cent, compared with 0-0 per cent in the period 1965-70 (times 2 equal to 8-72, p equal to 0-0032). These findings are considered in the context of perinatal illness and care. The one statistically significant difference found between the children with and without spastic diplegia in the earlier period was a somewhat lower mean minimum rectal temperature on the first day of life only.", "contents": "Very low birthweight and subsequent neurological defect (with special reference to spastic diplegia). Of a total of 170 children who weighed 1500g or less at birth and who were born in or admitted shortly after birth to Hammersmith Hospital, London, between the years 1961-70 inclusive, 165 have been followed to ascertain the incidence of neurological handicap, with particular reference to spastic diplegia. This condition occurred in six children (3-6 per cent), all of whom were born during the 1961-64 period, an incidence in those years of 10-3 per cent, compared with 0-0 per cent in the period 1965-70 (times 2 equal to 8-72, p equal to 0-0032). These findings are considered in the context of perinatal illness and care. The one statistically significant difference found between the children with and without spastic diplegia in the earlier period was a somewhat lower mean minimum rectal temperature on the first day of life only.", "PMID": 1123121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7926", "title": "Motor development in Yucatecan infants.", "content": "Infant motor development was studied in three socio-cultural groups inYucatan, Mexico, using the Denver Developmental Screening Test f9DDSTF0 AND THEBayley Infant Motor Scale. Eight infants f9four boys and four girlsf0 at each monthof age from two weeks to one year and two weeks were examined in each group, a total of 288infants f996 in each groupf0. There were no significant differences in motor developmentamong the groups or between boys and girls. There was an increase in abilities with age. Compared with the Bayley norms for the USA, fine motor co-ordination was advanced inthese children but there was a delay in walking. The DDST was unable to detect childrenmore than one standard deviation below the mean on the Bayley Infant Motor Scale.", "contents": "Motor development in Yucatecan infants. Infant motor development was studied in three socio-cultural groups inYucatan, Mexico, using the Denver Developmental Screening Test f9DDSTF0 AND THEBayley Infant Motor Scale. Eight infants f9four boys and four girlsf0 at each monthof age from two weeks to one year and two weeks were examined in each group, a total of 288infants f996 in each groupf0. There were no significant differences in motor developmentamong the groups or between boys and girls. There was an increase in abilities with age. Compared with the Bayley norms for the USA, fine motor co-ordination was advanced inthese children but there was a delay in walking. The DDST was unable to detect childrenmore than one standard deviation below the mean on the Bayley Infant Motor Scale.", "PMID": 1123122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7927", "title": "A special neurological examination of children with learning disabilities.", "content": "Children with \"minimal brain dysfunction\" and learning disabilities were found to have significantly more minor neurological signs than control children. Many of these signs become less obvious or disappear by the age of 11 years; therefore older cases are more similar to controls, whereas younger cases show lags or deficits at the highest levels of central nervous system functioning-language, fine motor co-ordination and cross-modality integrations.", "contents": "A special neurological examination of children with learning disabilities. Children with \"minimal brain dysfunction\" and learning disabilities were found to have significantly more minor neurological signs than control children. Many of these signs become less obvious or disappear by the age of 11 years; therefore older cases are more similar to controls, whereas younger cases show lags or deficits at the highest levels of central nervous system functioning-language, fine motor co-ordination and cross-modality integrations.", "PMID": 1123123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7928", "title": "Unilateral nerve deafness in childhood: a possible vascular etiology.", "content": "Unilateral sensorineural hearing loss in an eight-year-old girl, with radiographic evidence suggesting occlusion of the anterior inferior cerebellar artery, is reported. Previous to the present report, a vascular etiology of this disorder has not been demonstrated.", "contents": "Unilateral nerve deafness in childhood: a possible vascular etiology. Unilateral sensorineural hearing loss in an eight-year-old girl, with radiographic evidence suggesting occlusion of the anterior inferior cerebellar artery, is reported. Previous to the present report, a vascular etiology of this disorder has not been demonstrated.", "PMID": 1123124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7929", "title": "The attainment of formal operations: a comparison of probability concepts in deaf and hearing adolescents.", "content": "In a series of six experiments deaf and hearing adolescents were compared on attainment of formal operations in Piaget's theory as represented by performance on probability problems. Performance of deaf subjects provided a desirable control comparison, since their knowledge of probability concepts was most likely acquired outside school classrooms. The probability problems were usually binary choice situations that required no verbalizations and were designed to illuminate strategies, as well as to indicate conceptual stage. Two experiments, one a long-term training study of over two years' duration, used supplementary preadolescent subject groups. Most of the hearing adolescents and many of the deaf adolescents attained the formal operatory level for probability concepts according to the criteria described by Piaget and Inheldermtheir criteria can be criticized, however, as insufficiently demanding, although they do point up the difficulty of defining the place of computational abilities in formal operationsmresults from several experiments suggested a second and higher level of formal operatory attainment around the ages of 14 to 15. Further theoretical insights were obtained regarding the implicit rules that frequently appeared to guide subjects' choices; a surprising variety of strategies were reported. Analysis of choice tendendies showed consistent avoidance of calculations and selection of the choice with the greatest absolute rather than relative frequency (or area) even when these strategies produced systematic errors. Subjects were generally unable to combine probability information from two different sources. In the long-term training experiment spontaneous improvement was shown by children at formal operatory ages even without training, but not by younger children. Deaf adolescents performed as well as hearing adolescents on easy problems, but they made more errors on several types of more difficult problems; Deaf adolescents were also less consistent than the hearing in use of rules, and in several experiments they showed a two- to three-year performance lag.", "contents": "The attainment of formal operations: a comparison of probability concepts in deaf and hearing adolescents. In a series of six experiments deaf and hearing adolescents were compared on attainment of formal operations in Piaget's theory as represented by performance on probability problems. Performance of deaf subjects provided a desirable control comparison, since their knowledge of probability concepts was most likely acquired outside school classrooms. The probability problems were usually binary choice situations that required no verbalizations and were designed to illuminate strategies, as well as to indicate conceptual stage. Two experiments, one a long-term training study of over two years' duration, used supplementary preadolescent subject groups. Most of the hearing adolescents and many of the deaf adolescents attained the formal operatory level for probability concepts according to the criteria described by Piaget and Inheldermtheir criteria can be criticized, however, as insufficiently demanding, although they do point up the difficulty of defining the place of computational abilities in formal operationsmresults from several experiments suggested a second and higher level of formal operatory attainment around the ages of 14 to 15. Further theoretical insights were obtained regarding the implicit rules that frequently appeared to guide subjects' choices; a surprising variety of strategies were reported. Analysis of choice tendendies showed consistent avoidance of calculations and selection of the choice with the greatest absolute rather than relative frequency (or area) even when these strategies produced systematic errors. Subjects were generally unable to combine probability information from two different sources. In the long-term training experiment spontaneous improvement was shown by children at formal operatory ages even without training, but not by younger children. Deaf adolescents performed as well as hearing adolescents on easy problems, but they made more errors on several types of more difficult problems; Deaf adolescents were also less consistent than the hearing in use of rules, and in several experiments they showed a two- to three-year performance lag.", "PMID": 1123147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7930", "title": "The immediate and delayed effects of different types of vagotomy on human gastric myoelectrical activity.", "content": "The immediate and delayed effects of different types of vagotomy on the antral myoelectrical activity have been studied in 52 patients who had previously undergone either highly selective vagotomy (HSV) or truncal vagotomy and pyloroplasty (TV + P) for the treatment of chronic duodenal ulceration up to eight years previously. The frequency of the electrical activity was not statistically different between the two types of operation. After HSV the triphasic waveshape of the antral myoelectrical activity was retained; it was recorded more frequently in the delayed tests (98.0 plus or minus 1-7%) of the recording period than in immediate tests (74-7 plus or minus 6-5%) whereas mean amplitude in the immediate tests (1-59 plus or minus 0-13 mV) was not significantly changed in the delayed tests (1-49 plus or minus 0-08mV). After TV + P the waveform was more sinusoidal in shape, being recorded more often in the delayed tests (91-7 plus or minus 2-7%) than in the immediate tests (41-4 plus or minus 8-9%) although the mean amplitude between the immediate (0-090 plus or minus 0-06 mV) and delayed tests (0-94 plus or minus 0-07 mV) was not significantly different. The only significant change in the myoelectrical activity with the passage of time after vagotomy was an increase in the percentage activity.", "contents": "The immediate and delayed effects of different types of vagotomy on human gastric myoelectrical activity. The immediate and delayed effects of different types of vagotomy on the antral myoelectrical activity have been studied in 52 patients who had previously undergone either highly selective vagotomy (HSV) or truncal vagotomy and pyloroplasty (TV + P) for the treatment of chronic duodenal ulceration up to eight years previously. The frequency of the electrical activity was not statistically different between the two types of operation. After HSV the triphasic waveshape of the antral myoelectrical activity was retained; it was recorded more frequently in the delayed tests (98.0 plus or minus 1-7%) of the recording period than in immediate tests (74-7 plus or minus 6-5%) whereas mean amplitude in the immediate tests (1-59 plus or minus 0-13 mV) was not significantly changed in the delayed tests (1-49 plus or minus 0-08mV). After TV + P the waveform was more sinusoidal in shape, being recorded more often in the delayed tests (91-7 plus or minus 2-7%) than in the immediate tests (41-4 plus or minus 8-9%) although the mean amplitude between the immediate (0-090 plus or minus 0-06 mV) and delayed tests (0-94 plus or minus 0-07 mV) was not significantly different. The only significant change in the myoelectrical activity with the passage of time after vagotomy was an increase in the percentage activity.", "PMID": 1123171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7931", "title": "An assessment of the reproducibility and safety of 2-deoxy-D-glucose as a gastric acid stimulant in duodenal ulcer patients.", "content": "In studying the effects of 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) on the vagus nerve in preoperative patients with duodenal ulcer we have concluded that (1) in initiating gastric acid secretion 2-DG produces a response that is reproducible after 30 days; (2) 2-DG when given in a dose of 40 mg/kg intravenously produces a glucopenic state that appears safe in an otherwise healthy patient. We consider that 2-DG is a worthwhile agent in the investigation of the duodenal ulcer patient.", "contents": "An assessment of the reproducibility and safety of 2-deoxy-D-glucose as a gastric acid stimulant in duodenal ulcer patients. In studying the effects of 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) on the vagus nerve in preoperative patients with duodenal ulcer we have concluded that (1) in initiating gastric acid secretion 2-DG produces a response that is reproducible after 30 days; (2) 2-DG when given in a dose of 40 mg/kg intravenously produces a glucopenic state that appears safe in an otherwise healthy patient. We consider that 2-DG is a worthwhile agent in the investigation of the duodenal ulcer patient.", "PMID": 1123172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7932", "title": "The effect of histamine H2-receptor blockade with metiamide on serum gastrin levels in man.", "content": "Metiamide, an histamine H2-receptor antagonist which inhibits gastric acid secretion, does not lower basal serum gastrin concentration in man. Serum gastrin responses after stimulation by food were marginally higher when the stimulus of food was preceded by metiamide.", "contents": "The effect of histamine H2-receptor blockade with metiamide on serum gastrin levels in man. Metiamide, an histamine H2-receptor antagonist which inhibits gastric acid secretion, does not lower basal serum gastrin concentration in man. Serum gastrin responses after stimulation by food were marginally higher when the stimulus of food was preceded by metiamide.", "PMID": 1123173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7933", "title": "Changes in the bidirectional sodium flux across the intestinal mucosa in Crohn's disease.", "content": "Bidirectional sodium flux across the intestinal mucosa was measured in a group of 10 patients with Crohn's disease treated in the past by panproctocolectomy with ileostomy and compared with a similarly treated group of 11 patients with ulcerative colitis. All of them were in good health at the time of the study and a recent radiological examination of the small intestine was normal. A significant reduction in bidirectional sodium flux was found in those patients with Crohn's disease and suggests that the intestinal mucosa is involved to a greater extent than can be judged by radiological appearances alone. This adds weight to the concept that Crohn's diseases is a diffuse rather than a focal lesion of the gastrointestinal tract.", "contents": "Changes in the bidirectional sodium flux across the intestinal mucosa in Crohn's disease. Bidirectional sodium flux across the intestinal mucosa was measured in a group of 10 patients with Crohn's disease treated in the past by panproctocolectomy with ileostomy and compared with a similarly treated group of 11 patients with ulcerative colitis. All of them were in good health at the time of the study and a recent radiological examination of the small intestine was normal. A significant reduction in bidirectional sodium flux was found in those patients with Crohn's disease and suggests that the intestinal mucosa is involved to a greater extent than can be judged by radiological appearances alone. This adds weight to the concept that Crohn's diseases is a diffuse rather than a focal lesion of the gastrointestinal tract.", "PMID": 1123174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7934", "title": "A study of the cellular infiltrate of the proximal jejunal mucosa in ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease.", "content": "The cellular infiltrate of the proximal jejunum has been compared between 20 subjects without gastrointestinal disease, 20 subjects with ulcerative colitis, and 26 subjects with Crohn's disease. A significant increase (P smaller than 0.001) in the plasma cell infiltrate was noted in subjects with ulcerative colitis and a more marked increase in subjects with Crohn's disease (P smaller than 0.001). Such increases may be relevant to raised serum IgA levels following panproctocolectomy for ulcerative colitis or recurrence in the small intestine in Crohn's disease.", "contents": "A study of the cellular infiltrate of the proximal jejunal mucosa in ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. The cellular infiltrate of the proximal jejunum has been compared between 20 subjects without gastrointestinal disease, 20 subjects with ulcerative colitis, and 26 subjects with Crohn's disease. A significant increase (P smaller than 0.001) in the plasma cell infiltrate was noted in subjects with ulcerative colitis and a more marked increase in subjects with Crohn's disease (P smaller than 0.001). Such increases may be relevant to raised serum IgA levels following panproctocolectomy for ulcerative colitis or recurrence in the small intestine in Crohn's disease.", "PMID": 1123175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7935", "title": "Influence of azathioprine on hepatic reserve in chronic active liver disease.", "content": "The kinetics of hepatic indocyanine green (ICG) uptake have been analysed in 14 patients with chronic active liver disease. The removal of incremental, submaximal ICG doses were compatible with Michaelis-Menten kinetics in approximately 80% of studies in patients allowing the calculation of the maximal rate of removal (Rmax) and the Michaelis constant (Km). Neither of these variables correlated with other laboratory indices of liver function. Although determinations of Rmax before and after a two-weeks trial of azathioprine therapy were not significantly different, in two patients Rmax was markedly reduced by treatment. It is concluded that azathioprine over the short term does not improve the liver's reserve for ICG removal; in fact, in isolated cases this drug may be detrimental.", "contents": "Influence of azathioprine on hepatic reserve in chronic active liver disease. The kinetics of hepatic indocyanine green (ICG) uptake have been analysed in 14 patients with chronic active liver disease. The removal of incremental, submaximal ICG doses were compatible with Michaelis-Menten kinetics in approximately 80% of studies in patients allowing the calculation of the maximal rate of removal (Rmax) and the Michaelis constant (Km). Neither of these variables correlated with other laboratory indices of liver function. Although determinations of Rmax before and after a two-weeks trial of azathioprine therapy were not significantly different, in two patients Rmax was markedly reduced by treatment. It is concluded that azathioprine over the short term does not improve the liver's reserve for ICG removal; in fact, in isolated cases this drug may be detrimental.", "PMID": 1123176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7936", "title": "Liver ultrastructure in Gilbert's syndrome.", "content": "Electron microscopy of hepatic tissue obtained by percutaneous needle  biopsy from nine patients with Gilbert's syndrome has revealed in every case gross hypertrophy of hepatocyte agranular endoplasmic reticulum but no other important abnormality. While this may have relevance to impairment of microsomal enzyme activity controlling bilirubin conjugation within liver cells, the serum bilirubin levels in all nine patients were below that normally associated with demonstrable UDP-glucuronyl transferase deficiency. Gross hypertrophy of agranular endoplasmic reticulum may be, therefore, a constant feature of this form of Gilbert's syndrome and may have some diagnostic value in the investigation of unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia.", "contents": "Liver ultrastructure in Gilbert's syndrome. Electron microscopy of hepatic tissue obtained by percutaneous needle  biopsy from nine patients with Gilbert's syndrome has revealed in every case gross hypertrophy of hepatocyte agranular endoplasmic reticulum but no other important abnormality. While this may have relevance to impairment of microsomal enzyme activity controlling bilirubin conjugation within liver cells, the serum bilirubin levels in all nine patients were below that normally associated with demonstrable UDP-glucuronyl transferase deficiency. Gross hypertrophy of agranular endoplasmic reticulum may be, therefore, a constant feature of this form of Gilbert's syndrome and may have some diagnostic value in the investigation of unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia.", "PMID": 1123177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7937", "title": "Lipodystrophy, pancreatitis, and eosinophilia.", "content": "Two patients suffering from partial lipodystrophy, pancreatitis, and recurrent eosinophilia are described. In one patient the duodenum and the terminal ileum were narrowed, the appearances suggesting eosinophilic gastroenteritis: bilateral hydronephrosis was also present without ureteric obstruction. An association between lipodystrophy and renal disease is recognized; it is possible that there is also an association between lipodystrophy and pancreatitis, and eosinophilia with or without an intestinal lesion may be a further association.", "contents": "Lipodystrophy, pancreatitis, and eosinophilia. Two patients suffering from partial lipodystrophy, pancreatitis, and recurrent eosinophilia are described. In one patient the duodenum and the terminal ileum were narrowed, the appearances suggesting eosinophilic gastroenteritis: bilateral hydronephrosis was also present without ureteric obstruction. An association between lipodystrophy and renal disease is recognized; it is possible that there is also an association between lipodystrophy and pancreatitis, and eosinophilia with or without an intestinal lesion may be a further association.", "PMID": 1123178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7938", "title": "Stereotyping and role conflicts between medical students and psychiatric nurses.", "content": "Role stereotyping can cause conflicts between medical students and nurses on a psychiatric ward when students, expecting traditionally subservient hand-maidens, find instead independent, capable nurses with their own views about patient care. The authors describe a study of interactions between nurses, medical students, and psychiatric residents on two psychiatric wards when medical students became primary therapists under residents' supervision, and they discuss how the conflicts were minimized.", "contents": "Stereotyping and role conflicts between medical students and psychiatric nurses. Role stereotyping can cause conflicts between medical students and nurses on a psychiatric ward when students, expecting traditionally subservient hand-maidens, find instead independent, capable nurses with their own views about patient care. The authors describe a study of interactions between nurses, medical students, and psychiatric residents on two psychiatric wards when medical students became primary therapists under residents' supervision, and they discuss how the conflicts were minimized.", "PMID": 1123211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7939", "title": "The Tuesday Evening Club: using community resources to treat chronically iii patients.", "content": "In cooperation with a rehabilitation agency, the adult outpatient department of a community mental health center has developed a group treatment program for chronically ill patients in the community. Conducted in the framework of an activity program, the Tuesday Evening Club is based on a structured network of concrete community experiences. The techniques used include promoting socialization, encouraging members to verbalize their feelings, helping them  learn from negative interactions, and, for some, structured group psychotherapy. Patients who achieve certain successes graduate to a separate therapeutic program established at the YMCA.", "contents": "The Tuesday Evening Club: using community resources to treat chronically iii patients. In cooperation with a rehabilitation agency, the adult outpatient department of a community mental health center has developed a group treatment program for chronically ill patients in the community. Conducted in the framework of an activity program, the Tuesday Evening Club is based on a structured network of concrete community experiences. The techniques used include promoting socialization, encouraging members to verbalize their feelings, helping them  learn from negative interactions, and, for some, structured group psychotherapy. Patients who achieve certain successes graduate to a separate therapeutic program established at the YMCA.", "PMID": 1123214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7940", "title": "Attitudes of mental health center staff toward community organization.", "content": "The authors report on the differences in attitudes and perceptions that clinical and community organization staff have about the role of community organizers in a mental health center and about the center's priorities. Community organizers defined their role as one enabling the community to act on social-welfare problems, while clinical staff defined it as a liaison role connecting community residents and clinical services. Community organizers placed less value on traditional services, and felt greater dissatisfaction with center priorities.", "contents": "Attitudes of mental health center staff toward community organization. The authors report on the differences in attitudes and perceptions that clinical and community organization staff have about the role of community organizers in a mental health center and about the center's priorities. Community organizers defined their role as one enabling the community to act on social-welfare problems, while clinical staff defined it as a liaison role connecting community residents and clinical services. Community organizers placed less value on traditional services, and felt greater dissatisfaction with center priorities.", "PMID": 1123215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7941", "title": "Independent movement of surface immunoglobulin from Fc receptors on lymphocyte membranes.", "content": "The majority of surface immunoglobulin-positive lymph node cells possess Fc receptors detectable by a rosette technique. The movement of surface immunoglobulin to form caps does not alter the distribution of Fc receptors, although Fc rosette-forming indicator cells collect over the immunoglobulin cap under capping conditions.", "contents": "Independent movement of surface immunoglobulin from Fc receptors on lymphocyte membranes. The majority of surface immunoglobulin-positive lymph node cells possess Fc receptors detectable by a rosette technique. The movement of surface immunoglobulin to form caps does not alter the distribution of Fc receptors, although Fc rosette-forming indicator cells collect over the immunoglobulin cap under capping conditions.", "PMID": 1123249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7942", "title": "Suppression of tuberculin skin reactivity by prior tuberculin skin testing.", "content": "In two consecutive studies, eighteen and forty-one normal subjects were given a standard tuberculin skin test of 1 tuberculin unit (0.02 mug of PPD). Two days later another skin test was given. Readings of the skin reactions showed that subjects exhibiting strongly positive skin reactions in their primary skin tests showed a significantly smaller indurations in their primary skin tests tended to have equal or larger areas of induration after the secondary skin tests. These observations are discussed in relation to the possible existence of regulatory mechanisms of cell-mediated immune reactions.", "contents": "Suppression of tuberculin skin reactivity by prior tuberculin skin testing. In two consecutive studies, eighteen and forty-one normal subjects were given a standard tuberculin skin test of 1 tuberculin unit (0.02 mug of PPD). Two days later another skin test was given. Readings of the skin reactions showed that subjects exhibiting strongly positive skin reactions in their primary skin tests showed a significantly smaller indurations in their primary skin tests tended to have equal or larger areas of induration after the secondary skin tests. These observations are discussed in relation to the possible existence of regulatory mechanisms of cell-mediated immune reactions.", "PMID": 1123250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7943", "title": "Induction of immunity to feline caliciviral disease.", "content": "Six specific-pathogen-free cats were exposed by aerosol to a feline calicivirus of low virulence (F-9 virus). Homotypic (anti-F-9) seroconversion occurred in all cats by postexposure day 14. The serum of one cat on postexposure day 14 and four of six cats on postexposure day 35 neutralized feline picornavirus isolate no. 225 (FPV-255), a virulent feline calicivirus. Homologous antiviral activity was detected before the appearance of heterologous (anti-FPV-255) activity and always was present in higher titer. Protective immunity was evaluated on postexposure day 35 by aerosol challenge with FPV-255. The pyrexia, depression, dyspnea, oral ulcers, and severe pneumonia produced in two susceptible specific-pathogen-free cats by exposure to FPV-255 did not occur in the cats that had been infected previously with F-9 vir. The study demonstrates that heterotypic protective immunity to feline calicivirus disease can be induced by prior infection with feline calicivirus of low virulence.", "contents": "Induction of immunity to feline caliciviral disease. Six specific-pathogen-free cats were exposed by aerosol to a feline calicivirus of low virulence (F-9 virus). Homotypic (anti-F-9) seroconversion occurred in all cats by postexposure day 14. The serum of one cat on postexposure day 14 and four of six cats on postexposure day 35 neutralized feline picornavirus isolate no. 225 (FPV-255), a virulent feline calicivirus. Homologous antiviral activity was detected before the appearance of heterologous (anti-FPV-255) activity and always was present in higher titer. Protective immunity was evaluated on postexposure day 35 by aerosol challenge with FPV-255. The pyrexia, depression, dyspnea, oral ulcers, and severe pneumonia produced in two susceptible specific-pathogen-free cats by exposure to FPV-255 did not occur in the cats that had been infected previously with F-9 vir. The study demonstrates that heterotypic protective immunity to feline calicivirus disease can be induced by prior infection with feline calicivirus of low virulence.", "PMID": 1123251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7944", "title": "Immunodepression by Rowson-Parr virus in mice: effect of Rowson-Parr virus and Friend leukemia complex infections on contact sensitivity in susceptible and resistant mice.", "content": "Contact sensitivity to 2-phenyl-4-ethoxymethilene oxazolone, as a probe for cell-mediated immunity, was investigated in susceptible BALB/c and resistant C57BL/6 mice after infection with Friend leukemia complex (FLC) or with Rowson-Parr virus (RPV). In BALB/c mice, FLC depressed contact sensitivity when given before primary sensitization but had no effect on established contact sensitivity nor on the response elicited by a booster application of the sensitizer. These findings, together with the failure to alter reactivity to an aspecific inflammatory stimulus, indicate that FLC impairs the afferent limb of the response. In the same strain of mice RPV infection did not significantly depress contact sensitivity, as judged by the extent of the reaction 24 h after challenge, but slightly inhibited the early antibody-mediated phase of this reaction. In C57BL/6 mice neither viral preparation affected contact sensitivity.", "contents": "Immunodepression by Rowson-Parr virus in mice: effect of Rowson-Parr virus and Friend leukemia complex infections on contact sensitivity in susceptible and resistant mice. Contact sensitivity to 2-phenyl-4-ethoxymethilene oxazolone, as a probe for cell-mediated immunity, was investigated in susceptible BALB/c and resistant C57BL/6 mice after infection with Friend leukemia complex (FLC) or with Rowson-Parr virus (RPV). In BALB/c mice, FLC depressed contact sensitivity when given before primary sensitization but had no effect on established contact sensitivity nor on the response elicited by a booster application of the sensitizer. These findings, together with the failure to alter reactivity to an aspecific inflammatory stimulus, indicate that FLC impairs the afferent limb of the response. In the same strain of mice RPV infection did not significantly depress contact sensitivity, as judged by the extent of the reaction 24 h after challenge, but slightly inhibited the early antibody-mediated phase of this reaction. In C57BL/6 mice neither viral preparation affected contact sensitivity.", "PMID": 1123252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7945", "title": "Growth and immunogenicity of photochromogenic strains of mycobacteria in the footpads of normal mice.", "content": "Specific pathogen-free CD-1 mice were infected subcutaneously in the footpad with mycobacterium kansasii, three strains of M. marinum, and two strains of M. simiae-habana, and the growth of the organisms in the footpad, the draining popliteal lymph node, and the lung and spleen was followed quantitatively for up to 60 days. The ability of a footpad inoculum of M. marinum to spread to the lungs and spleen correlated with the ability of the organism to survive and multiple at 37 C in vitro cultures. The amount of footpad swelling which developed in the M. kansasii- and M. marinum-infected mice varied depending upon the strain of organism and the size of the original footpad inoculum. Injection of dead M. marinum into the footpad also induced an extensive amount of swelling which varied with the strain used, as well as being dose dependent. M. marinum- and BCG-vaccinated mice were protected against a later footpad challenge with M. marinum or the highly mouse virulent M. tuberculosis strain ERDMAN. The significance of this finding is discussed in relation to cross-protection studies using a variety of mycobacteria in the footpad infection model.", "contents": "Growth and immunogenicity of photochromogenic strains of mycobacteria in the footpads of normal mice. Specific pathogen-free CD-1 mice were infected subcutaneously in the footpad with mycobacterium kansasii, three strains of M. marinum, and two strains of M. simiae-habana, and the growth of the organisms in the footpad, the draining popliteal lymph node, and the lung and spleen was followed quantitatively for up to 60 days. The ability of a footpad inoculum of M. marinum to spread to the lungs and spleen correlated with the ability of the organism to survive and multiple at 37 C in vitro cultures. The amount of footpad swelling which developed in the M. kansasii- and M. marinum-infected mice varied depending upon the strain of organism and the size of the original footpad inoculum. Injection of dead M. marinum into the footpad also induced an extensive amount of swelling which varied with the strain used, as well as being dose dependent. M. marinum- and BCG-vaccinated mice were protected against a later footpad challenge with M. marinum or the highly mouse virulent M. tuberculosis strain ERDMAN. The significance of this finding is discussed in relation to cross-protection studies using a variety of mycobacteria in the footpad infection model.", "PMID": 1123253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7946", "title": "Chronic proliferative arthritis of mice induced by Mycoplasma arthritidis: demonstration of a cell-mediated immune response to mycoplasma antigens in vitro.", "content": "Lymphocytes taken from mice chronically infected with Mycoplasma arthritidis exhibited a significant blastogenic response as measured by (3H)thymidine uptake when exposed in vitro to M. arthritidis antigens. The lymphocytes taken from 9 of 12 control mice of similar age exhibited an inhibition of (3H)thymidine uptake when exposed to M. arthritidis antigens.", "contents": "Chronic proliferative arthritis of mice induced by Mycoplasma arthritidis: demonstration of a cell-mediated immune response to mycoplasma antigens in vitro. Lymphocytes taken from mice chronically infected with Mycoplasma arthritidis exhibited a significant blastogenic response as measured by (3H)thymidine uptake when exposed in vitro to M. arthritidis antigens. The lymphocytes taken from 9 of 12 control mice of similar age exhibited an inhibition of (3H)thymidine uptake when exposed to M. arthritidis antigens.", "PMID": 1123254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7947", "title": "Paramyxovirus-avian cell relationship: discrepant impact of 6-azauridine on virus production by susceptible and less susceptible cells.", "content": "The replication of mumps virus in susceptible chicken embryonic heart cells was escalated by daily treatment of cultures with 6-azauridine (6-AU). On the other hand, virus production by less susceptible liver cells was depressed by 6-AU. The population of infected susceptible cells was not increased, but the release of virus by infected susceptible cells was enhanced 20-fold by 10 mug of 6-AU per ml. Less susceptible cells, which incorporated less ribonucleic acid and protein precursor than susceptible cells, sustained a constant level of viral release during 6-AU treatment; however, the number of infected less susceptible cells underwent substantial decline.", "contents": "Paramyxovirus-avian cell relationship: discrepant impact of 6-azauridine on virus production by susceptible and less susceptible cells. The replication of mumps virus in susceptible chicken embryonic heart cells was escalated by daily treatment of cultures with 6-azauridine (6-AU). On the other hand, virus production by less susceptible liver cells was depressed by 6-AU. The population of infected susceptible cells was not increased, but the release of virus by infected susceptible cells was enhanced 20-fold by 10 mug of 6-AU per ml. Less susceptible cells, which incorporated less ribonucleic acid and protein precursor than susceptible cells, sustained a constant level of viral release during 6-AU treatment; however, the number of infected less susceptible cells underwent substantial decline.", "PMID": 1123255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7948", "title": "Characterization of group N streptococcus lipoteichoic acid.", "content": "Lipoteichoic acid was extracted from the group N organism Streptococcus lactis ATCC 9936 with hot aqueous phenol and purified by gel chromatography followed by affinity chromatography using Ricinus communis lectin as the specific absorbent. The teichoic acid moiety of the lipoteichoic acid was calculated to contain 16 to 17 glycerol phosphate units, approximately half of which were substituted with alpha-D-galactosyl residues; the glycolipid moiety contained O-alpha-D-glucosyl-1 yields 2-O-alpha-D-glucosyl-1 yields 1-glycerol. The finding of 2-O-alpha-D-galactosyl glycerol in the lipid fraction of hydrofluoric acid hydrolysates suggests that fatty acids also occur as substituents on the main chain of the lipoteichoic acid. The reactivity of the lipoteichoic acid with R. communis lectin was studied by the quantitative precipitin method and compared with the reactivity of Lactobacillus fermenti lipoteichoic acid, which has a lower degree of alpha-D-galactosyl substitution. Group N antiserum reacted strongly with the S. lactis lipoteichoic acid and cross-reacted with L. fermenti lipoteichoic acid. From inhibition studies it is concluded that the antibodies are specific for alpha-D-galactosyl substituents. In addition to lipoteichoic acid, a fraction was obtained by gel chromatography which contained galactose and reacted with group N antiserum but could be distinguished from the lipoteichoic acid by immunoelectrophoresis.", "contents": "Characterization of group N streptococcus lipoteichoic acid. Lipoteichoic acid was extracted from the group N organism Streptococcus lactis ATCC 9936 with hot aqueous phenol and purified by gel chromatography followed by affinity chromatography using Ricinus communis lectin as the specific absorbent. The teichoic acid moiety of the lipoteichoic acid was calculated to contain 16 to 17 glycerol phosphate units, approximately half of which were substituted with alpha-D-galactosyl residues; the glycolipid moiety contained O-alpha-D-glucosyl-1 yields 2-O-alpha-D-glucosyl-1 yields 1-glycerol. The finding of 2-O-alpha-D-galactosyl glycerol in the lipid fraction of hydrofluoric acid hydrolysates suggests that fatty acids also occur as substituents on the main chain of the lipoteichoic acid. The reactivity of the lipoteichoic acid with R. communis lectin was studied by the quantitative precipitin method and compared with the reactivity of Lactobacillus fermenti lipoteichoic acid, which has a lower degree of alpha-D-galactosyl substitution. Group N antiserum reacted strongly with the S. lactis lipoteichoic acid and cross-reacted with L. fermenti lipoteichoic acid. From inhibition studies it is concluded that the antibodies are specific for alpha-D-galactosyl substituents. In addition to lipoteichoic acid, a fraction was obtained by gel chromatography which contained galactose and reacted with group N antiserum but could be distinguished from the lipoteichoic acid by immunoelectrophoresis.", "PMID": 1123256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7949", "title": "Diffuse dermographic mastocytosis without visible skin lesions.", "content": "The case is presented of a 3-year-old girl with urticaria and pressure dermographism. The condition began the age of one year. A skin biopsy confirmed the suspected diagnosis of diffuse mastocytosis. The identification of the form of mastocytosis without skin lesions and with dermographism and pressure urticaria as its only signs is important. It should be considered in any chronic urticaria appearing at birth or in an early age which is unresponsive to the usual symptomatic medication.", "contents": "Diffuse dermographic mastocytosis without visible skin lesions. The case is presented of a 3-year-old girl with urticaria and pressure dermographism. The condition began the age of one year. A skin biopsy confirmed the suspected diagnosis of diffuse mastocytosis. The identification of the form of mastocytosis without skin lesions and with dermographism and pressure urticaria as its only signs is important. It should be considered in any chronic urticaria appearing at birth or in an early age which is unresponsive to the usual symptomatic medication.", "PMID": 1123258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7950", "title": "Microbial flora of nurses' hands. III. The relationship between staphylococcal skin populations and persistence of carriage.", "content": "The hands of 50 nurses and 50 controls were tested for coagulase-positive staphylococcus. Twenty-eight percent of both groups were carriers. The mean staphylococcal count on the palm of the hand was 13.7 per 16 cm-2 in nurses as compared to 442.7 per 16 cm-2 in the control group. The number of persistent carriers was the same for each group, but 25 percent of all cultures from nurses were positive for Staphylococcus aureus as compared to 14.2 percent of the cultures from the control group. It was concluded that there was no direct correlation between high staphylococcal counts and persistence of carriage. The skin as a site of carriage of Staphylococcus aureus was found to be of greater importance in nurses than in control subjects.", "contents": "Microbial flora of nurses' hands. III. The relationship between staphylococcal skin populations and persistence of carriage. The hands of 50 nurses and 50 controls were tested for coagulase-positive staphylococcus. Twenty-eight percent of both groups were carriers. The mean staphylococcal count on the palm of the hand was 13.7 per 16 cm-2 in nurses as compared to 442.7 per 16 cm-2 in the control group. The number of persistent carriers was the same for each group, but 25 percent of all cultures from nurses were positive for Staphylococcus aureus as compared to 14.2 percent of the cultures from the control group. It was concluded that there was no direct correlation between high staphylococcal counts and persistence of carriage. The skin as a site of carriage of Staphylococcus aureus was found to be of greater importance in nurses than in control subjects.", "PMID": 1123259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7951", "title": "Vaccinations in the presence of skin diseases.", "content": "The authors collected data from the literature and from experts on the subject of vaccination of patients with dermatologic disorders. They assembled these data into categories of specific skin conditions and vaccinations. These data may be used in deciding whether or not to vaccinate, and at which stage of the dermatologic condition.", "contents": "Vaccinations in the presence of skin diseases. The authors collected data from the literature and from experts on the subject of vaccination of patients with dermatologic disorders. They assembled these data into categories of specific skin conditions and vaccinations. These data may be used in deciding whether or not to vaccinate, and at which stage of the dermatologic condition.", "PMID": 1123260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7952", "title": "In vitro sensitivity to 5-fluorocytosine of strains isolated from patients under treatment for chromomycosis.", "content": "In vitro 5-fluorocytosine sensitivity tests of strains were isolated from chromomycosis patients undergoing therapy. Tests were rountinely performed for 0.1, 1.0, 5.0 and 10.0 mug/ml 5-fluorocytosine concentrations. In two cases resistance could be demonstrated up to 60.0 and 100.0 mug/ml. Fungistatic activity of 5-fluorocytosine against the agents of chromomycosis was confirmed. Sensitivity tests are useful to detect resistance which may occur during treatment. They are also helpful for guiding the clinician in the establishment of new therapeutic schedules.", "contents": "In vitro sensitivity to 5-fluorocytosine of strains isolated from patients under treatment for chromomycosis. In vitro 5-fluorocytosine sensitivity tests of strains were isolated from chromomycosis patients undergoing therapy. Tests were rountinely performed for 0.1, 1.0, 5.0 and 10.0 mug/ml 5-fluorocytosine concentrations. In two cases resistance could be demonstrated up to 60.0 and 100.0 mug/ml. Fungistatic activity of 5-fluorocytosine against the agents of chromomycosis was confirmed. Sensitivity tests are useful to detect resistance which may occur during treatment. They are also helpful for guiding the clinician in the establishment of new therapeutic schedules.", "PMID": 1123261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7953", "title": "The E-G junction. Two Sphincters.", "content": "I studied the esophagogastric junction in fresh and preserved cadaveric specimens in the infant, adolescent and adult as well as by reverse gastroesophagoscopy, both intraoperatively and postoperatively, on unanesthetized patients. Cut sections of fresh specimens of the lower esophagus consistently showed an increased thickness of the lower 2-3 cm of the inner circular muscle layer of the esophagus. The layers are more firmly fused at this level and a color change is evident. From the serosal surface, a slight whitish indenture marks this area. From the mucosal surface, this area is the level of the transition zone. This is the lower esophageal sphincter. Reverse gastroscopy performed via a mature gastrostomy enabled me to identify and photograph a diaphragmatic sphincter and a lower esophageal sphincter.", "contents": "The E-G junction. Two Sphincters. I studied the esophagogastric junction in fresh and preserved cadaveric specimens in the infant, adolescent and adult as well as by reverse gastroesophagoscopy, both intraoperatively and postoperatively, on unanesthetized patients. Cut sections of fresh specimens of the lower esophagus consistently showed an increased thickness of the lower 2-3 cm of the inner circular muscle layer of the esophagus. The layers are more firmly fused at this level and a color change is evident. From the serosal surface, a slight whitish indenture marks this area. From the mucosal surface, this area is the level of the transition zone. This is the lower esophageal sphincter. Reverse gastroscopy performed via a mature gastrostomy enabled me to identify and photograph a diaphragmatic sphincter and a lower esophageal sphincter.", "PMID": 1123264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7954", "title": "Removal of intrahepatic bile duct stones.", "content": "To keep this study homogeneous, we have limited ourselves to intrahepatic lithiases of the bile ducts above the hilus, usually linked with extrahepatic lithiases. While operating, all technical resources must be utilized in order to remove as many stones as possible. To gain access to the hepatic duct, it is sometimes necessary to excise the hilar plane; scissurotomy is the most efficient way to free the intrahepatic ducts when they are full of stones. In rare cases of localized lithiases, one may perform hepatic resection. We have perfected a technic using a special malleable catheter, guided by television, combined with suction of the stones for intrahepatic blocked stones. Forty-four interventions are presented. We have grouped them according to whether they involved an accumulation of stones from the extrahepatic ducts or stones blocked in a bile duct. There were three cases of dispersed intrahepatic lithiasis and one peripheral localization. Following extraction of the stones, we ended the intervention by 19 Kehr drainages, seven choledochotomies, five sphincterotomies, 11 biliodigestive anastomoses, one hepatectomy and one hepatotomy. We deliberately left some stones undisturbed in seven cases: the results even after some years remain satisfactory except for one case of dispersed lithiasis.", "contents": "Removal of intrahepatic bile duct stones. To keep this study homogeneous, we have limited ourselves to intrahepatic lithiases of the bile ducts above the hilus, usually linked with extrahepatic lithiases. While operating, all technical resources must be utilized in order to remove as many stones as possible. To gain access to the hepatic duct, it is sometimes necessary to excise the hilar plane; scissurotomy is the most efficient way to free the intrahepatic ducts when they are full of stones. In rare cases of localized lithiases, one may perform hepatic resection. We have perfected a technic using a special malleable catheter, guided by television, combined with suction of the stones for intrahepatic blocked stones. Forty-four interventions are presented. We have grouped them according to whether they involved an accumulation of stones from the extrahepatic ducts or stones blocked in a bile duct. There were three cases of dispersed intrahepatic lithiasis and one peripheral localization. Following extraction of the stones, we ended the intervention by 19 Kehr drainages, seven choledochotomies, five sphincterotomies, 11 biliodigestive anastomoses, one hepatectomy and one hepatotomy. We deliberately left some stones undisturbed in seven cases: the results even after some years remain satisfactory except for one case of dispersed lithiasis.", "PMID": 1123265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7955", "title": "Clinical study of Volkmann's ischemic contracture of the upper limb.", "content": "A clinical study of Volkmann's ischemic contracture of the forearm has been presented. The total incidence was 0.105 percent of all orthopedic cases. Mostly it occurred in males (77.5 percent), mostly in the second or third decade of life. Most patients lived in rural areas, reflecting prevailing socioeconomic conditions.", "contents": "Clinical study of Volkmann's ischemic contracture of the upper limb. A clinical study of Volkmann's ischemic contracture of the forearm has been presented. The total incidence was 0.105 percent of all orthopedic cases. Mostly it occurred in males (77.5 percent), mostly in the second or third decade of life. Most patients lived in rural areas, reflecting prevailing socioeconomic conditions.", "PMID": 1123268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7956", "title": "Arteriovenous intestinal communications in shock. Experimental study using tagged microspheres.", "content": "Microspheres 25 plus or minus 5 microns in diameter labeled with Ce141 and Sr85 were used to study the influence of oligemic shock on any arteriovenous anastomoses of the small intestine mucosa of dogs and rabbits. We found no open AVA's larger than 20 microns in diameter either before or during oligemic shock.", "contents": "Arteriovenous intestinal communications in shock. Experimental study using tagged microspheres. Microspheres 25 plus or minus 5 microns in diameter labeled with Ce141 and Sr85 were used to study the influence of oligemic shock on any arteriovenous anastomoses of the small intestine mucosa of dogs and rabbits. We found no open AVA's larger than 20 microns in diameter either before or during oligemic shock.", "PMID": 1123271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7957", "title": "Constrictive pericarditis and its surgical management.", "content": "The surgical management of 66 cases of constrictive pericarditis has been presented. Tuberculosis was the most common etiologic factor in this series. The importance of optimal myocardial function has been emphasized. Pericardiectomy was limited to release of the ventricles in order to correct the hemodynamic anomaly. The vast majority of patients claimed to have benefited from surgery.", "contents": "Constrictive pericarditis and its surgical management. The surgical management of 66 cases of constrictive pericarditis has been presented. Tuberculosis was the most common etiologic factor in this series. The importance of optimal myocardial function has been emphasized. Pericardiectomy was limited to release of the ventricles in order to correct the hemodynamic anomaly. The vast majority of patients claimed to have benefited from surgery.", "PMID": 1123272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7958", "title": "Lateral subcutaneous internal sphincterotomy for anal fissure. Technic and experience with 22 cases in children.", "content": "Lateral sphincterotomy is probably the operation of choice for most cases of intractable anal fissure in children. The lower half of the sphincter is divided in the left or right lateral position through a small external incision at the anal verge. An incision in the anal canal itself is avoided, postoperative pain is minimal and the risk of secondary hemorrhage is eliminated. The operation can be done as an outpatient procedure. Only one patient developed minor anal incontinence.", "contents": "Lateral subcutaneous internal sphincterotomy for anal fissure. Technic and experience with 22 cases in children. Lateral sphincterotomy is probably the operation of choice for most cases of intractable anal fissure in children. The lower half of the sphincter is divided in the left or right lateral position through a small external incision at the anal verge. An incision in the anal canal itself is avoided, postoperative pain is minimal and the risk of secondary hemorrhage is eliminated. The operation can be done as an outpatient procedure. Only one patient developed minor anal incontinence.", "PMID": 1123273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7959", "title": "External osteosynthesis of distal fractures of the phalanges by reposition-fixation of the fingernail.", "content": "Fractures of the distal phalanges of the fingers rarely justify immediate amputation. Integral repair is necessary if severe sequellae are to be avoided. Management always requires surgery and we advocate external osteosynthesis by reposition-fixation of the fingernail. The principles and the technic for its use are outlined. For me, this method is the only guarantee for a quick, stable, economical and satisfactory cure of this common hand injury.", "contents": "External osteosynthesis of distal fractures of the phalanges by reposition-fixation of the fingernail. Fractures of the distal phalanges of the fingers rarely justify immediate amputation. Integral repair is necessary if severe sequellae are to be avoided. Management always requires surgery and we advocate external osteosynthesis by reposition-fixation of the fingernail. The principles and the technic for its use are outlined. For me, this method is the only guarantee for a quick, stable, economical and satisfactory cure of this common hand injury.", "PMID": 1123275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7960", "title": "Emergency vagotomy with a drainage procedure for perforated gastric and duodenal ulcer. Study of 73 cases.", "content": "Sixty-nine cases of duodenal ulcer perforation and four cases of stomach ulcer perforation are described. One half of the patients underwent vagotomy plus a drainage procedure and the other half had suture of the perforated ulcer. No death occurred in the first group, and hospitalization time was less than was less than that of the second group. Five deaths occurred in the second group.", "contents": "Emergency vagotomy with a drainage procedure for perforated gastric and duodenal ulcer. Study of 73 cases. Sixty-nine cases of duodenal ulcer perforation and four cases of stomach ulcer perforation are described. One half of the patients underwent vagotomy plus a drainage procedure and the other half had suture of the perforated ulcer. No death occurred in the first group, and hospitalization time was less than was less than that of the second group. Five deaths occurred in the second group.", "PMID": 1123276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7961", "title": "Modification by imidazoles of ocular inflammatory and pressure responses.", "content": "Imidazole, given intraperitoneally to rabbits, inhibited the prostaglandin E1-induced (PGE1) elevation of intraocular pressure. The maximum imidaz-le effect occurred at three to six hours after intraperitoneal infection. The prostaglandin E1-induced aqueous humor protein elevation was reduced markedly in the imidazole-pretreated rabbits. Intravenous administration of imidazole also was effective in reducing the intraocular pressure elevation produced by prostaglandin E1. Imidazole pretreatment by subconjunctival, subdermal, or topical routes had no such effect. Imidazole derivatives, 1-methylimidazole and 2-methylimidazole, given intraperitoneally, blocked the effect of PGE1 on intraocular pressure and aqueous humor protein. Imidazole pretreatment also inhibited the elevation of intraocular pressure produced by topical nitrogen mustard, 1 per cent.", "contents": "Modification by imidazoles of ocular inflammatory and pressure responses. Imidazole, given intraperitoneally to rabbits, inhibited the prostaglandin E1-induced (PGE1) elevation of intraocular pressure. The maximum imidaz-le effect occurred at three to six hours after intraperitoneal infection. The prostaglandin E1-induced aqueous humor protein elevation was reduced markedly in the imidazole-pretreated rabbits. Intravenous administration of imidazole also was effective in reducing the intraocular pressure elevation produced by prostaglandin E1. Imidazole pretreatment by subconjunctival, subdermal, or topical routes had no such effect. Imidazole derivatives, 1-methylimidazole and 2-methylimidazole, given intraperitoneally, blocked the effect of PGE1 on intraocular pressure and aqueous humor protein. Imidazole pretreatment also inhibited the elevation of intraocular pressure produced by topical nitrogen mustard, 1 per cent.", "PMID": 1123283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7962", "title": "The effect of intraocular pressure on conventional outflow resistance in the enucleated human eye.", "content": "A technique for measuring resistance to outflow in enucleated eyes is described.  The technique minimizes the artifactual effects of ocular stretching and anterior chamber deepening.  Using this perfusion technique, it was found that the resistance to outflow in normal, enucleated human eyes increases directly and linearly with intraocular pressure.  This phenomenon, termed the outflow obstruction effect, was defined as the fractional increase in baseline outflow resistance (outflow resistance at an outflow pressure of zero) per millimeter of Hg intraocular pressure rise above baseline and was designated by the letter Q.  The value of Q was found to be 0.012 mm. Hg-1 plus or minus 0.0014 indicating that the outflow resistance rise above its baseline value approximately 1 per cent per millimeter of Hg rise in intraocular pressure.  Estimates of Q, calculated from data published by other investigators over the past two decades, are also included.", "contents": "The effect of intraocular pressure on conventional outflow resistance in the enucleated human eye. A technique for measuring resistance to outflow in enucleated eyes is described.  The technique minimizes the artifactual effects of ocular stretching and anterior chamber deepening.  Using this perfusion technique, it was found that the resistance to outflow in normal, enucleated human eyes increases directly and linearly with intraocular pressure.  This phenomenon, termed the outflow obstruction effect, was defined as the fractional increase in baseline outflow resistance (outflow resistance at an outflow pressure of zero) per millimeter of Hg intraocular pressure rise above baseline and was designated by the letter Q.  The value of Q was found to be 0.012 mm. Hg-1 plus or minus 0.0014 indicating that the outflow resistance rise above its baseline value approximately 1 per cent per millimeter of Hg rise in intraocular pressure.  Estimates of Q, calculated from data published by other investigators over the past two decades, are also included.", "PMID": 1123284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7963", "title": "Conjunctival goblet cell density in normal subjects and in dry eye syndromes.", "content": "Serial sections prepared from biopsies of the deep tarsal portion of the inferior nasal conjunctival fornix in normal subjects and in patients with various dry eye syndromes were analyzed with respect to the goblet cell densities. When compared to normal subjects, individuals with keratitis sicca, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, ocular pemphigoid, and acute alkali burn all demonstrated progressively lower goblet cell densities per millimeter of epithelial surface. These disease entities can, therefore, be considered goblet cell-deficient syndromes.", "contents": "Conjunctival goblet cell density in normal subjects and in dry eye syndromes. Serial sections prepared from biopsies of the deep tarsal portion of the inferior nasal conjunctival fornix in normal subjects and in patients with various dry eye syndromes were analyzed with respect to the goblet cell densities. When compared to normal subjects, individuals with keratitis sicca, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, ocular pemphigoid, and acute alkali burn all demonstrated progressively lower goblet cell densities per millimeter of epithelial surface. These disease entities can, therefore, be considered goblet cell-deficient syndromes.", "PMID": 1123285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7964", "title": "Subsensitivity to pilocarpine in primate ciliary muscle following topical anticholinesterase treatment.", "content": "Accommodative responses to intramuscular pilocarpine were determined in four surgically aniridic vervet monkeys, before and after eight weeks of daily unilateral topical treatment with echothiophate iodide.  The echothiophate-treated eyes maintained maximum myopia during the treatment course. However, after echotiophate treatment was stopped and the refraction had returned to baseline, a subsensitivity of the accommodative mechanism to pilocarpine became apparent.  Normal sensitivity to pilocarpine did not return until four to five months after echothiophate treatment had been stopped.", "contents": "Subsensitivity to pilocarpine in primate ciliary muscle following topical anticholinesterase treatment. Accommodative responses to intramuscular pilocarpine were determined in four surgically aniridic vervet monkeys, before and after eight weeks of daily unilateral topical treatment with echothiophate iodide.  The echothiophate-treated eyes maintained maximum myopia during the treatment course. However, after echotiophate treatment was stopped and the refraction had returned to baseline, a subsensitivity of the accommodative mechanism to pilocarpine became apparent.  Normal sensitivity to pilocarpine did not return until four to five months after echothiophate treatment had been stopped.", "PMID": 1123286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7965", "title": "Lysosomes and melanin granules of the retinal pigment epithelium in a mouse model of the Chediak-Higashi syndrome.", "content": "The origin of giant granules in the retinal pigment epithelium of the beige mouse was investigated with electron microscopy and ultrastructural histochemistry. These granules were found to contain melanin and acid phosphatase. Apparently they arise from fusions of primary lysosomes with melanin granules which are already enlarged from multiple fusions among melanosomes. Therefore, the giant granules are not primary lysosomes, nor are they simply enlarged melanin granules as suspected from light microscopic studies. A deficiency of primary lysosomes in the pigment epithelium results, suggesting a defect in intracellular digestion similar to that found in the leukocytes of Chediak-Higashi patients and several animal models. Affected humans probably have defective digestion in their retinal pigment epithelium also; which could impair the renewal process for rod outer segments. Thus, Chediak-Higashi patients may show an increased susceptibility to light damage due not only to hypopigmentation, but to defective intracellular digestion, as well.", "contents": "Lysosomes and melanin granules of the retinal pigment epithelium in a mouse model of the Chediak-Higashi syndrome. The origin of giant granules in the retinal pigment epithelium of the beige mouse was investigated with electron microscopy and ultrastructural histochemistry. These granules were found to contain melanin and acid phosphatase. Apparently they arise from fusions of primary lysosomes with melanin granules which are already enlarged from multiple fusions among melanosomes. Therefore, the giant granules are not primary lysosomes, nor are they simply enlarged melanin granules as suspected from light microscopic studies. A deficiency of primary lysosomes in the pigment epithelium results, suggesting a defect in intracellular digestion similar to that found in the leukocytes of Chediak-Higashi patients and several animal models. Affected humans probably have defective digestion in their retinal pigment epithelium also; which could impair the renewal process for rod outer segments. Thus, Chediak-Higashi patients may show an increased susceptibility to light damage due not only to hypopigmentation, but to defective intracellular digestion, as well.", "PMID": 1123287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7966", "title": "Closely spaced saccades.", "content": "The relationships between saccadic velocity, duration, and magnitude have been used to prove the normalcy of saccades with intersaccadic intervals of less than 200 ms. Pairs of normal saccades with small intersaccadic intervals will have the second saccade larger or smaller and going in the same or the opposite direction than the first saccade. These normal saccades may be horizontal, vertical, or oblique.", "contents": "Closely spaced saccades. The relationships between saccadic velocity, duration, and magnitude have been used to prove the normalcy of saccades with intersaccadic intervals of less than 200 ms. Pairs of normal saccades with small intersaccadic intervals will have the second saccade larger or smaller and going in the same or the opposite direction than the first saccade. These normal saccades may be horizontal, vertical, or oblique.", "PMID": 1123288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7967", "title": "Total retinal degeneration in apparent anophthalmos of the Syrian hamster.", "content": "Anophthalmia in the Syrian hamster was found to result from an extensive degeneration of retinal tissue and tissues derived from the retina. Eyes of affected animals were normal at the twelfth day of gestation (the average gestation period in the Syrian hamster is 16 days). However, the retina of these eyes showed rapid and extensive degeneration during the first two weeks after birth. In adults, the sclera-choroid complex was the only prominent structure of the original eye, with an occasional remnant of deteriorated lens.", "contents": "Total retinal degeneration in apparent anophthalmos of the Syrian hamster. Anophthalmia in the Syrian hamster was found to result from an extensive degeneration of retinal tissue and tissues derived from the retina. Eyes of affected animals were normal at the twelfth day of gestation (the average gestation period in the Syrian hamster is 16 days). However, the retina of these eyes showed rapid and extensive degeneration during the first two weeks after birth. In adults, the sclera-choroid complex was the only prominent structure of the original eye, with an occasional remnant of deteriorated lens.", "PMID": 1123289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7968", "title": "Ocular effects of diacetyl morphine and lysergic acid diethylamide in rabbit.", "content": "Intravenous lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) given to rabbits in doses from 1 to 100 mug per kilogram of body weight produced a dose-related increase in intraocular pressure and outflow facility. Minor changes in systemic blood pressure were observed, but respiration rate was accelerated, and mydriasis became pronounced at higher doses. Diacetyl morphine (heroin) was given intravenously in doses from 0.1 to 2 mg. per kilogram of body weight. A dose-related decrease in intraocular pressure and an increase in outflow facility was found. A dose-related miosis was observed and at higher doses respiration became markedly depressed. Neither drug alters the permeability of the isolated ciliary epithelium. Both drugs appear to increase capillary blood pressure and, hence, aqueous humor inflow to cause the intraocular pressure to be maintained at approximately normal levels in face of increases in outflow facility of 50 per cent.", "contents": "Ocular effects of diacetyl morphine and lysergic acid diethylamide in rabbit. Intravenous lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) given to rabbits in doses from 1 to 100 mug per kilogram of body weight produced a dose-related increase in intraocular pressure and outflow facility. Minor changes in systemic blood pressure were observed, but respiration rate was accelerated, and mydriasis became pronounced at higher doses. Diacetyl morphine (heroin) was given intravenously in doses from 0.1 to 2 mg. per kilogram of body weight. A dose-related decrease in intraocular pressure and an increase in outflow facility was found. A dose-related miosis was observed and at higher doses respiration became markedly depressed. Neither drug alters the permeability of the isolated ciliary epithelium. Both drugs appear to increase capillary blood pressure and, hence, aqueous humor inflow to cause the intraocular pressure to be maintained at approximately normal levels in face of increases in outflow facility of 50 per cent.", "PMID": 1123290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7969", "title": "An objective focusing method for fundus photography.", "content": "A method is described which enables the fundus camera to be focused objectively. This method eliminates the focus errors arising from the subjective focusing method currently used and permits the consistent attainment of high resolution fundus photographs.  The objective focusing method has been evaluated on test targets and anesthetized animals and is applicable for use on unanesthetized human subjects.", "contents": "An objective focusing method for fundus photography. A method is described which enables the fundus camera to be focused objectively. This method eliminates the focus errors arising from the subjective focusing method currently used and permits the consistent attainment of high resolution fundus photographs.  The objective focusing method has been evaluated on test targets and anesthetized animals and is applicable for use on unanesthetized human subjects.", "PMID": 1123291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7970", "title": "Pathways for the degradation of m-cresol and p-cresol by Pseudomonas putida.", "content": "A comparison of the oxidation rates of various compounds by whole cells of Pseudomonas putida 3, 5 indicated that m-cresol is metabolized by oxidation to 3-hydroxybenzoate followed by hydroxylation to gentisate, the ring-fission substrate, when grown with 3, 5-xylenol. However, when m-cresol was the growth substrate, similar experiments suggested a different pathway involving a methyl-substituted catechol, and ring-fission by meta cleavage. Assays of ring-fission enzymes in cell-free extracts confirmed that different pathways are induced by the two growth substrates. 3, 5-Xylenol-grown cells contained high levels of gentisate oxygenase and only very small amounts of catechol oxygenase, whereas gentisate ocygenase could not be detected in m-cresol-grown cells, but levels of catechol oxygenase were greatly increased. Extracts of m-cresol-grown cells also contained 2-hydroxymuconic semialdehyde dehydrogenase and hydrolase, whose specificities enable them to metabolize the ring-fission products from catechol, 3-methylcatechol, and 4-methylcatechol. This catechol pathway is also used by m-cresol-grown cells for p-cresol metabolism. In contrast, the results for cells grown with p-cresol point to an alternative pathway involving oxidation to 4-hydroxybenzoate and hydrosylation to protocatechuate as ring-fission substrate. Extracts of these cells contained high levels of protocatechuate oxygenase and only small amounts of catechol oxygenase.", "contents": "Pathways for the degradation of m-cresol and p-cresol by Pseudomonas putida. A comparison of the oxidation rates of various compounds by whole cells of Pseudomonas putida 3, 5 indicated that m-cresol is metabolized by oxidation to 3-hydroxybenzoate followed by hydroxylation to gentisate, the ring-fission substrate, when grown with 3, 5-xylenol. However, when m-cresol was the growth substrate, similar experiments suggested a different pathway involving a methyl-substituted catechol, and ring-fission by meta cleavage. Assays of ring-fission enzymes in cell-free extracts confirmed that different pathways are induced by the two growth substrates. 3, 5-Xylenol-grown cells contained high levels of gentisate oxygenase and only very small amounts of catechol oxygenase, whereas gentisate ocygenase could not be detected in m-cresol-grown cells, but levels of catechol oxygenase were greatly increased. Extracts of m-cresol-grown cells also contained 2-hydroxymuconic semialdehyde dehydrogenase and hydrolase, whose specificities enable them to metabolize the ring-fission products from catechol, 3-methylcatechol, and 4-methylcatechol. This catechol pathway is also used by m-cresol-grown cells for p-cresol metabolism. In contrast, the results for cells grown with p-cresol point to an alternative pathway involving oxidation to 4-hydroxybenzoate and hydrosylation to protocatechuate as ring-fission substrate. Extracts of these cells contained high levels of protocatechuate oxygenase and only small amounts of catechol oxygenase.", "PMID": 1123316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7971", "title": "Regulation of the tricarboxylic acid cycle in gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic bacilli.", "content": "The facultative anaerobes Bacillus polymyxa Hino G, B. polymyxa Hino J, and B.macerans were observed to have imcomplete tricarboxylic acid cycles. They were devoid of malate dehydrogenase and all had very low levels of alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase. B. polymyxa Hino J was devoid of alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase when grown aerobically and anerobically. Citrate synthase from B. polymyxa was inhibited by adenosine triphosphate but not reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and resembled enzymes from other gram-positive bacteria in this respect. Like the citrate synthases from gram-negative, facultative anaerobes and chemolithotrophs, the enzyme from B. polymyxa was inhibited by alpha-ketoglutarate. Inhibition by adenosine triphosphate was shown to be competitive with acetyl-coenzyme A and alpha-ketoglutarate  inhibition was competitive with oxaloacetate.", "contents": "Regulation of the tricarboxylic acid cycle in gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic bacilli. The facultative anaerobes Bacillus polymyxa Hino G, B. polymyxa Hino J, and B.macerans were observed to have imcomplete tricarboxylic acid cycles. They were devoid of malate dehydrogenase and all had very low levels of alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase. B. polymyxa Hino J was devoid of alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase when grown aerobically and anerobically. Citrate synthase from B. polymyxa was inhibited by adenosine triphosphate but not reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and resembled enzymes from other gram-positive bacteria in this respect. Like the citrate synthases from gram-negative, facultative anaerobes and chemolithotrophs, the enzyme from B. polymyxa was inhibited by alpha-ketoglutarate. Inhibition by adenosine triphosphate was shown to be competitive with acetyl-coenzyme A and alpha-ketoglutarate  inhibition was competitive with oxaloacetate.", "PMID": 1123317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7972", "title": "Sexal reproductive cycle of Monascus in submerged shaken culture.", "content": "A strain of Monascus was grown in submerged, shaken culture using a glucose-salts mediumn. The formation of ascospores was studied by microscopic examination of samples taken at regular intervals for 6 days. All the stages of sexual reproduction previously described for Monascus were observed. The unusual feature of the strain studied was that it produced sexual structures and cliestothecia of greatly varying sizes.", "contents": "Sexal reproductive cycle of Monascus in submerged shaken culture. A strain of Monascus was grown in submerged, shaken culture using a glucose-salts mediumn. The formation of ascospores was studied by microscopic examination of samples taken at regular intervals for 6 days. All the stages of sexual reproduction previously described for Monascus were observed. The unusual feature of the strain studied was that it produced sexual structures and cliestothecia of greatly varying sizes.", "PMID": 1123318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7973", "title": "Purification of a protein kinase and two phosphate acceptor proteins from vaccinia virions.", "content": "A novel protein kinase that requires protamine as an activator to catalyze the phosphorylation of viral acceptor proteins was extracted from vaccinia virus cores with deoxycholate and purified 250-fold by DNA-cellulose and DEAE-cellulose column chromatography. The enzyme has a molecular weight of 62,000 as determined by sucrose gradient sedimentation. Two heat-stable phosphate acceptor proteins were extracted from virus particles with a nonionic detergent and purified by heat treatment, precipitation with organic solvents, and CM-cellulose chromatography. The molecular weights of the phosphate acceptor proteins, determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, are 38,500 and 11,700.", "contents": "Purification of a protein kinase and two phosphate acceptor proteins from vaccinia virions. A novel protein kinase that requires protamine as an activator to catalyze the phosphorylation of viral acceptor proteins was extracted from vaccinia virus cores with deoxycholate and purified 250-fold by DNA-cellulose and DEAE-cellulose column chromatography. The enzyme has a molecular weight of 62,000 as determined by sucrose gradient sedimentation. Two heat-stable phosphate acceptor proteins were extracted from virus particles with a nonionic detergent and purified by heat treatment, precipitation with organic solvents, and CM-cellulose chromatography. The molecular weights of the phosphate acceptor proteins, determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, are 38,500 and 11,700.", "PMID": 1123320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7974", "title": "Presence of cytochrome and menaquinone in Clostridium formicoaceticum and Clostridium thermoaceticum.", "content": "Cytochrome b and menaquinone have been demonstrated in the homoacetate-fermenting Clostridium formicoaceticum and Clostridium thermoaceticum.", "contents": "Presence of cytochrome and menaquinone in Clostridium formicoaceticum and Clostridium thermoaceticum. Cytochrome b and menaquinone have been demonstrated in the homoacetate-fermenting Clostridium formicoaceticum and Clostridium thermoaceticum.", "PMID": 1123319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7975", "title": "Studies on the common active site of growth hormone. Revision of the amino acid sequence of an active fragment of bovine growth hormone.", "content": "A fragment, A-II, isolated from a component of a tryptic digest of bovine growth hormone has growth-promoting activity in rats and metabolic activity in humans similar to human growth hormone. The amino acid sequence of this peptide has been reinvestigated and revised. The 38-amino acid peptide was cleaved with cyanogen bromide, chymotrypsin, and trypsin. The amino acid sequences were then established by Edman degradation as well as with overlapping peptides; Homology in the sequence was good between this bovine growth hormone fragment and peptides occurring in ovine growth hormone, human growth hormone, and human chorionic somatomammotropin.", "contents": "Studies on the common active site of growth hormone. Revision of the amino acid sequence of an active fragment of bovine growth hormone. A fragment, A-II, isolated from a component of a tryptic digest of bovine growth hormone has growth-promoting activity in rats and metabolic activity in humans similar to human growth hormone. The amino acid sequence of this peptide has been reinvestigated and revised. The 38-amino acid peptide was cleaved with cyanogen bromide, chymotrypsin, and trypsin. The amino acid sequences were then established by Edman degradation as well as with overlapping peptides; Homology in the sequence was good between this bovine growth hormone fragment and peptides occurring in ovine growth hormone, human growth hormone, and human chorionic somatomammotropin.", "PMID": 1123321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7976", "title": "Biological, biochemical, and physicochemical evidence for the existence of the polyadenylic-polyuridylic-polyinosinic acid triplex.", "content": "When primary rabbit kidney cell cultures are treated with either polyadenylic acid-polyuridylic acid or polyadenylic acid-polyribothymidylic acid (poly(rT)) and then judiciously exposed to actinomycin D and cycloheximide, high titers of interferon are found in the extracellular medium (\"superinduction\") (Vilcek, J. (1970) Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 173, 390-403; Tan, Y. H., Armstrong, J. A., Ke, Y. H., and Ho, M. (1970) Proc. Natl. Acad.  Sci. U. S. A. 67, 464-471). If polyinosinic acid is added 1 hour prior to, simultaneously with, or 1 hour after the active interferon inducers, dramatic reductions in interferon production from the \"superinduced\" cells result. Based on experiments involving sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation, pancreatic ribonuclease A resistance, ultraviolet mixing curves, and ultraviolet absorbance-temperature profiles, the explanation for this phenomenon was determined to be the formation of polynucleotide triplexes in the following way: poly(A)-poly(U) + poly(I) yields poly(A)-poly(U)-poly(I)poly(A)-poly(rT) + poly(I) yields poly(A)-poly(rT)-poly(I). In addition, based on similar methodology, the following reactions involving these triplexes were demonstrated: poly(A)-2 poly(I) + poly(U) yields poly(A)-poly(U)-poly(I) + poly(I)poly(A)-2 poly(I) + poly(rT) yields poly(A)-poly(rT)-poly(I) + poly(I)POLY(A)-2 poly(I) + 2 poly(U) yields poly(A)-2 poly(U) + 2 poly(I) and POLY(A)-poly(U)-poly(I) + poly (U) yields poly(A)-2 poly(U) + poly(I).", "contents": "Biological, biochemical, and physicochemical evidence for the existence of the polyadenylic-polyuridylic-polyinosinic acid triplex. When primary rabbit kidney cell cultures are treated with either polyadenylic acid-polyuridylic acid or polyadenylic acid-polyribothymidylic acid (poly(rT)) and then judiciously exposed to actinomycin D and cycloheximide, high titers of interferon are found in the extracellular medium (\"superinduction\") (Vilcek, J. (1970) Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 173, 390-403; Tan, Y. H., Armstrong, J. A., Ke, Y. H., and Ho, M. (1970) Proc. Natl. Acad.  Sci. U. S. A. 67, 464-471). If polyinosinic acid is added 1 hour prior to, simultaneously with, or 1 hour after the active interferon inducers, dramatic reductions in interferon production from the \"superinduced\" cells result. Based on experiments involving sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation, pancreatic ribonuclease A resistance, ultraviolet mixing curves, and ultraviolet absorbance-temperature profiles, the explanation for this phenomenon was determined to be the formation of polynucleotide triplexes in the following way: poly(A)-poly(U) + poly(I) yields poly(A)-poly(U)-poly(I)poly(A)-poly(rT) + poly(I) yields poly(A)-poly(rT)-poly(I). In addition, based on similar methodology, the following reactions involving these triplexes were demonstrated: poly(A)-2 poly(I) + poly(U) yields poly(A)-poly(U)-poly(I) + poly(I)poly(A)-2 poly(I) + poly(rT) yields poly(A)-poly(rT)-poly(I) + poly(I)POLY(A)-2 poly(I) + 2 poly(U) yields poly(A)-2 poly(U) + 2 poly(I) and POLY(A)-poly(U)-poly(I) + poly (U) yields poly(A)-2 poly(U) + poly(I).", "PMID": 1123322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7977", "title": "Isolation and characterization of sulfhydryl oxidase from bovine milk.", "content": "A method is described for purification of sulfhydryl oxidase from bovine milk which consistently yields preparations with greater than 3000-fold purification over skim milk. A concentration-dependent association-dissociation of the enzyme was adapted to the development of an isolation procedure. Purified preparations exhibited two zones, both of which displayed activity, upon polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis, but only one zone following disc gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate. Its mobility indicated a subunit weight of 89,000. Several lines of evidence suggest that iron is an integral part of the enzyme. Treatment of the enzyme with EDTA resulted in complete loss of activity which could be subsequently restored by dialysis against 1 muM ferrous sulfate. Furthermore, atomic absorption analysis and neutron activation analysis of separate enzyme preparations each indicated 0.5 atom of iron per subunit. Chemical analyses of sulfhydryl oxidase accounted for 97% of the sample weight, of which 89% could be attributed to amino acid residues and 11% to carbohydrate residues. Five half-cystine residues per subunit were indicated by cysteic acid analysis and by sulfhydryl group determination following reaction with sodium borohydride. Comparison of this value to the total sulfhydryl groups without reduction tentatively suggests the presence of one disulfide bond. Sulfhydryl oxidase was found to catalyze the oxidation of sulfhydryl groups in both small compounds and proteins, using O2 as oxidant and producing, in equimolar quantities, H2O2 and the corresponding disulfide. A Michaelis constant of 90 muM was obtained using reduced glutathione as substrate, under conditions of optimal pH and temperature, viz., pH 7.0 and 35 degrees. Substrate inhibition was apparent at GSH concentrations above 0.8 mM. In the presence of sulfhydryl oxidase, reductively denatured RNase was reoxidized and fully reactivated within 1 hour, whereas in the absence of the oxidase under otherwise identical conditions, full recovery of RNase activity required 24 hours. The presence of reducing agent was not required for this activity, nor was prior reduction of the sulfhydryl oxidase. Based on the observed activity, it appears that the enzyme could be involved in the biosynthesis of disulfide bonds in certain proteins.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of sulfhydryl oxidase from bovine milk. A method is described for purification of sulfhydryl oxidase from bovine milk which consistently yields preparations with greater than 3000-fold purification over skim milk. A concentration-dependent association-dissociation of the enzyme was adapted to the development of an isolation procedure. Purified preparations exhibited two zones, both of which displayed activity, upon polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis, but only one zone following disc gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate. Its mobility indicated a subunit weight of 89,000. Several lines of evidence suggest that iron is an integral part of the enzyme. Treatment of the enzyme with EDTA resulted in complete loss of activity which could be subsequently restored by dialysis against 1 muM ferrous sulfate. Furthermore, atomic absorption analysis and neutron activation analysis of separate enzyme preparations each indicated 0.5 atom of iron per subunit. Chemical analyses of sulfhydryl oxidase accounted for 97% of the sample weight, of which 89% could be attributed to amino acid residues and 11% to carbohydrate residues. Five half-cystine residues per subunit were indicated by cysteic acid analysis and by sulfhydryl group determination following reaction with sodium borohydride. Comparison of this value to the total sulfhydryl groups without reduction tentatively suggests the presence of one disulfide bond. Sulfhydryl oxidase was found to catalyze the oxidation of sulfhydryl groups in both small compounds and proteins, using O2 as oxidant and producing, in equimolar quantities, H2O2 and the corresponding disulfide. A Michaelis constant of 90 muM was obtained using reduced glutathione as substrate, under conditions of optimal pH and temperature, viz., pH 7.0 and 35 degrees. Substrate inhibition was apparent at GSH concentrations above 0.8 mM. In the presence of sulfhydryl oxidase, reductively denatured RNase was reoxidized and fully reactivated within 1 hour, whereas in the absence of the oxidase under otherwise identical conditions, full recovery of RNase activity required 24 hours. The presence of reducing agent was not required for this activity, nor was prior reduction of the sulfhydryl oxidase. Based on the observed activity, it appears that the enzyme could be involved in the biosynthesis of disulfide bonds in certain proteins.", "PMID": 1123323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7978", "title": "Interaction of immunoglobulin glycopeptides with concanavalin A.", "content": "A number of intact and partially degraded immunoglobulin glycopeptides have been tested for their ability to interact with concanavalin A. The degraded glycopeptides were prepared by using purified glycosidases to remove sugar residues from the nonreducing ends of the oligosaccharide chains of intact glycopeptides. A quantitative and sensitive assay was devised to measure the potency of the glycopeptides as haptene inhibitors of 125I-concanavalin A binding to guinea pig erythrocytes. The most potent haptene, derived from an immunoglobulin G glycopeptide, had a branched chain oligosaccharide with two GlcNAc (see article) Man (see article) nonreducing termini linked to a mannose residue in the core. The other very potent glycopeptide was an immunoglobulin E high mannose glycopeptide which contained 3 terminal alpha-mannose residues and 1 internal 2-O-mannose residue. Removal of terminal beta-N-acetylglucosamine residues or alpha-mannose residues reduced the activity of these and other glycopeptides as inhibitors of 125I-concanavalin A binding. It was concluded that the ability of these glycopeptides to interact with concanavalin A is dependent on their content of terminal beta-N-acetylglucosamine residues, terminal alpha-mannose residues, and also internal mannose residues substituted on the C-2 hydroxyl group, and that the saccharide combining site of concanavalin A must be able to bind several sugar residues.", "contents": "Interaction of immunoglobulin glycopeptides with concanavalin A. A number of intact and partially degraded immunoglobulin glycopeptides have been tested for their ability to interact with concanavalin A. The degraded glycopeptides were prepared by using purified glycosidases to remove sugar residues from the nonreducing ends of the oligosaccharide chains of intact glycopeptides. A quantitative and sensitive assay was devised to measure the potency of the glycopeptides as haptene inhibitors of 125I-concanavalin A binding to guinea pig erythrocytes. The most potent haptene, derived from an immunoglobulin G glycopeptide, had a branched chain oligosaccharide with two GlcNAc (see article) Man (see article) nonreducing termini linked to a mannose residue in the core. The other very potent glycopeptide was an immunoglobulin E high mannose glycopeptide which contained 3 terminal alpha-mannose residues and 1 internal 2-O-mannose residue. Removal of terminal beta-N-acetylglucosamine residues or alpha-mannose residues reduced the activity of these and other glycopeptides as inhibitors of 125I-concanavalin A binding. It was concluded that the ability of these glycopeptides to interact with concanavalin A is dependent on their content of terminal beta-N-acetylglucosamine residues, terminal alpha-mannose residues, and also internal mannose residues substituted on the C-2 hydroxyl group, and that the saccharide combining site of concanavalin A must be able to bind several sugar residues.", "PMID": 1123324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7979", "title": "Studies on the guinea pig pancreas. Parallel discharge of exocrine enzyme activities.", "content": "An in vitro system of guinea pig pancreatic lobules convenient for the study of secretory processes is described in this paper. In this system: (a) the over-all glandular architecture of the tissue is preserved: lobules remain morphologically intact through 5 hours; (b) amylase discharge from unstimulated lobules is low (similar to 4%/hour) and linear over the 5 hours tested; (c) response to carbamylcholine chloride (10-5 M) is energy-dependent, rapid, and extensive (92% discharge of amylase by 5 hours); (d) initial rates of discharge remain stable over the first 3 hours; and (e) no autoactivation of zymogens occurs in incubation medium or tissue. The activation of four zymogens, i.e. chymotrypsinogen, trypsinogen, and procarboxypeptidases A and B, was studied using the following criteria for optimal activation: (a) maximal activation attainable under experimental conditions; (b) stability at the level of maximal activation; and (c) linear relationship between amounts of protein activated and enzyme activity elicited by activation. The concentration of activators (trypsin or enterokinase) and secretory protein, the presence or agents (bovine plasma albumin or Triton X-100) which minimize adsorptive losses of secretory protein on glass or plastic surfaces, and the temperature at which activation is carried out were found to be critical and different for each of the zymogens tested. The kinetics of the appearance of three enzyme activities (amylase, lipase, and ribonuclease) and four potential proteolytic activities (chymotrypsinogen, trypsinogen, and procarboxypeptidases A and B) into the incubation medium was studied under different conditions; i.e. rest and stimulation with various secretogogues (carbamylcholine chloride, caerulein, and pancreozymin). All seven activities estimated to represent similar to 75% of the secretory protein output of the exocrine pancreas were discharged in synchrony and in constant proportions and were released from the tissue to the same extent under each experimental condition investigated.", "contents": "Studies on the guinea pig pancreas. Parallel discharge of exocrine enzyme activities. An in vitro system of guinea pig pancreatic lobules convenient for the study of secretory processes is described in this paper. In this system: (a) the over-all glandular architecture of the tissue is preserved: lobules remain morphologically intact through 5 hours; (b) amylase discharge from unstimulated lobules is low (similar to 4%/hour) and linear over the 5 hours tested; (c) response to carbamylcholine chloride (10-5 M) is energy-dependent, rapid, and extensive (92% discharge of amylase by 5 hours); (d) initial rates of discharge remain stable over the first 3 hours; and (e) no autoactivation of zymogens occurs in incubation medium or tissue. The activation of four zymogens, i.e. chymotrypsinogen, trypsinogen, and procarboxypeptidases A and B, was studied using the following criteria for optimal activation: (a) maximal activation attainable under experimental conditions; (b) stability at the level of maximal activation; and (c) linear relationship between amounts of protein activated and enzyme activity elicited by activation. The concentration of activators (trypsin or enterokinase) and secretory protein, the presence or agents (bovine plasma albumin or Triton X-100) which minimize adsorptive losses of secretory protein on glass or plastic surfaces, and the temperature at which activation is carried out were found to be critical and different for each of the zymogens tested. The kinetics of the appearance of three enzyme activities (amylase, lipase, and ribonuclease) and four potential proteolytic activities (chymotrypsinogen, trypsinogen, and procarboxypeptidases A and B) into the incubation medium was studied under different conditions; i.e. rest and stimulation with various secretogogues (carbamylcholine chloride, caerulein, and pancreozymin). All seven activities estimated to represent similar to 75% of the secretory protein output of the exocrine pancreas were discharged in synchrony and in constant proportions and were released from the tissue to the same extent under each experimental condition investigated.", "PMID": 1123325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7980", "title": "Studies on the pancreas of the guinea pig. Parallel processing and discharge of exocrine proteins.", "content": "The discharge and the intracellular transport of the exocrine proteins produced by the guinea pig pancreas have been investigated in the in vitro lobule system described by SCHEELE, G. A., AND PALADE, G. E. (1975) J. Biol. Chem. 250, 2660-2670. The inquiry was carried out on a protein-specific basis by using the sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic procedures worked out by TARTAKOFF, A. M., GREENE, L. J., AND PALADE, G. E. (1974) J. Biol; Chem. 249, 7420-7431. The results show that the same protein mixture is discharged by the lobules regardless of whether stimulation is by carbamylcholine (which mimics the action of acetylcholine), caerulein (which mimics the action of pancreozymin), or by 75 mM KCl. When no stimulant is present, the small quantity of discharged protein (resting secretion) also has the same composition. Analysis of successive secretion aliquots collected over a period of 2 hours of continuous timulation by carbamylcholine showed that the composition of the secretory output remains quasi-constant with time; therefore, the exocrine proteins appear to be discharged in parallel and in constant proportions, irrespective of stimulant and time under stimulation (for carbamylcholine). The analysis of a series of zymogen granule fractions prepared from lobules pulse-labeled with radioactive amino acids and chased for periods of 15 to 155 min shows that all major secretory proteins enter the condensing vacuoles of the Golgi complex and appear in zymogen granules in apparent synchrony.", "contents": "Studies on the pancreas of the guinea pig. Parallel processing and discharge of exocrine proteins. The discharge and the intracellular transport of the exocrine proteins produced by the guinea pig pancreas have been investigated in the in vitro lobule system described by SCHEELE, G. A., AND PALADE, G. E. (1975) J. Biol. Chem. 250, 2660-2670. The inquiry was carried out on a protein-specific basis by using the sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic procedures worked out by TARTAKOFF, A. M., GREENE, L. J., AND PALADE, G. E. (1974) J. Biol; Chem. 249, 7420-7431. The results show that the same protein mixture is discharged by the lobules regardless of whether stimulation is by carbamylcholine (which mimics the action of acetylcholine), caerulein (which mimics the action of pancreozymin), or by 75 mM KCl. When no stimulant is present, the small quantity of discharged protein (resting secretion) also has the same composition. Analysis of successive secretion aliquots collected over a period of 2 hours of continuous timulation by carbamylcholine showed that the composition of the secretory output remains quasi-constant with time; therefore, the exocrine proteins appear to be discharged in parallel and in constant proportions, irrespective of stimulant and time under stimulation (for carbamylcholine). The analysis of a series of zymogen granule fractions prepared from lobules pulse-labeled with radioactive amino acids and chased for periods of 15 to 155 min shows that all major secretory proteins enter the condensing vacuoles of the Golgi complex and appear in zymogen granules in apparent synchrony.", "PMID": 1123326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7981", "title": "Induction of delta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase in isolated rat liver cells by steroids.", "content": "The role of steroids in regulation of delta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase has been studied in isolated rat liver cell suspensions under conditions previously shown to support inducation of the enzyme by drugs. Addition of a variety of C-19 and C-21 steroids to cell suspensions resulted, after 4 to 6 hours of incubation, in 2- to 5-fold increase in the activity of delta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase as measured in liver cell homogenates. The increase was prevented by cycloheximide. The most active steroid inducers tested were pregnene or pregnane derivatives with keto or hydroxyl groups at C-3 and C-20; in particular a beta-hydroxyl group at C-20 enhanced activity. These C-21 steroids at optimal initial concentrations caused 3- to 5-fold induction over 4 hours. A number of C-19 androstene and androstane compounds caused 2- to 3-fold inducation over the same period. Hydrocortisone had no effect. For a variety of androstane and pregnane derivatives, inducation by 5alphaH steroids was as great as or greater than that by 5betaH compounds, in contrast to previous findings in chick embryo liver. Induction of delta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase by steroids in isolated liver cells was shown to be subject to feedback repression by hemin.", "contents": "Induction of delta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase in isolated rat liver cells by steroids. The role of steroids in regulation of delta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase has been studied in isolated rat liver cell suspensions under conditions previously shown to support inducation of the enzyme by drugs. Addition of a variety of C-19 and C-21 steroids to cell suspensions resulted, after 4 to 6 hours of incubation, in 2- to 5-fold increase in the activity of delta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase as measured in liver cell homogenates. The increase was prevented by cycloheximide. The most active steroid inducers tested were pregnene or pregnane derivatives with keto or hydroxyl groups at C-3 and C-20; in particular a beta-hydroxyl group at C-20 enhanced activity. These C-21 steroids at optimal initial concentrations caused 3- to 5-fold induction over 4 hours. A number of C-19 androstene and androstane compounds caused 2- to 3-fold inducation over the same period. Hydrocortisone had no effect. For a variety of androstane and pregnane derivatives, inducation by 5alphaH steroids was as great as or greater than that by 5betaH compounds, in contrast to previous findings in chick embryo liver. Induction of delta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase by steroids in isolated liver cells was shown to be subject to feedback repression by hemin.", "PMID": 1123327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7982", "title": "Activity profiles of prostaglandin 15- and 9-hydroxydehydrogenase and 13-reductase in the developing rat kidney.", "content": "Three prostaglandin F2alpha-catabolizing enzyme activities have been demonstrated in kidneys from adult rats. Activity of each of the enzymes varied with animal age. Whereas 15-hydroxydehydrogenase and delta13-reductase appeared important to the early developing kidney (prior to 4 weeks of age), 9-hydroxydehydrogenase appeared to be characteristic of the adult kidney. Prostaglandin 15-hydroxydehydrogenase rose sharply after birth to a maximal value at 19 days (59-fold relative to the adult) decreasing to adult values by Day 40. Prostaglandin delta13-reductase followed a similar pattern rising about 20-fold at Day 19. Prostaglandin 9-hydroxydehydrogenase, on the other hand, was undetectable up to Day 19, rising gradually to adult values by Day 50. Prostaglandin biosynthesis in whole kidney and renal papilla at the peak period of 15-hydroxydehydrogenase activity, i.e. 19, 22, and 24 days, did not vary significally from adult values. The dramatic rise in 15-hydroxydehydrogenase activity, reflecting an important requirement for prostaglandin inactivation during the first 3 weeks after birth, appears to correlate well with the increase during this period in the number of glomeruli, cortical tubules, and redistribution of blood flow to the cortex. These results suggest for the first time an important relationship between prostaglandin catabolizing activites and nephrogenesis.", "contents": "Activity profiles of prostaglandin 15- and 9-hydroxydehydrogenase and 13-reductase in the developing rat kidney. Three prostaglandin F2alpha-catabolizing enzyme activities have been demonstrated in kidneys from adult rats. Activity of each of the enzymes varied with animal age. Whereas 15-hydroxydehydrogenase and delta13-reductase appeared important to the early developing kidney (prior to 4 weeks of age), 9-hydroxydehydrogenase appeared to be characteristic of the adult kidney. Prostaglandin 15-hydroxydehydrogenase rose sharply after birth to a maximal value at 19 days (59-fold relative to the adult) decreasing to adult values by Day 40. Prostaglandin delta13-reductase followed a similar pattern rising about 20-fold at Day 19. Prostaglandin 9-hydroxydehydrogenase, on the other hand, was undetectable up to Day 19, rising gradually to adult values by Day 50. Prostaglandin biosynthesis in whole kidney and renal papilla at the peak period of 15-hydroxydehydrogenase activity, i.e. 19, 22, and 24 days, did not vary significally from adult values. The dramatic rise in 15-hydroxydehydrogenase activity, reflecting an important requirement for prostaglandin inactivation during the first 3 weeks after birth, appears to correlate well with the increase during this period in the number of glomeruli, cortical tubules, and redistribution of blood flow to the cortex. These results suggest for the first time an important relationship between prostaglandin catabolizing activites and nephrogenesis.", "PMID": 1123328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7983", "title": "The determination of prostaglandin metabolites in human urine.", "content": "A method has been developed in which the human urinary prostaglandin metabolites are converted into stable prostanoic and prostanediotic acid homologues. The urine is reduced with sodium borohydride and the organic compounds, isolated with an Amberlite XAD-2 column, are treated with fuming hydrogen iodide, followed by treatment with zinc in methanolic hydrogen chloride, to yield dimethyl tetranorprostanedioate as the major product of human prostaglandin metabolism. This compound is determined by gas chromatography, after a single purification by thin layer chromatography. The excretion of total tetranorprostanedioic acid derivatives in healthy subjects was found to be 0.21 plus and minus 0.08 mg per g of creatinine or 0.3 plus and minus 0.01 mg per 24 hours.", "contents": "The determination of prostaglandin metabolites in human urine. A method has been developed in which the human urinary prostaglandin metabolites are converted into stable prostanoic and prostanediotic acid homologues. The urine is reduced with sodium borohydride and the organic compounds, isolated with an Amberlite XAD-2 column, are treated with fuming hydrogen iodide, followed by treatment with zinc in methanolic hydrogen chloride, to yield dimethyl tetranorprostanedioate as the major product of human prostaglandin metabolism. This compound is determined by gas chromatography, after a single purification by thin layer chromatography. The excretion of total tetranorprostanedioic acid derivatives in healthy subjects was found to be 0.21 plus and minus 0.08 mg per g of creatinine or 0.3 plus and minus 0.01 mg per 24 hours.", "PMID": 1123329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7984", "title": "Studies on the product binding sites of the Azotobacter vinelandii ribonucleic acid polymerase.", "content": "During chain elongation RNA polymerase exists as a ternary DNA-enzyme-RNA complex in which a discrete length of the nascent RNA chain proximal to the 3'-OH terminus will be bound to the product binding site (Krakow, J. S., and Fronk, E. (1969) J. Biol. Chem. 244, 5988). We have utilized the poly[d(A-T)]-directed reaction to determine the length of the nascent poly[r(A-U)] protected from attack by pancreatic ribonuclease. Following release of the ribonuclease resistant oligo[r(A-U)] from the ternary complex, its size was determined by ion exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, gel filtration on Bio-Gel P-10, and the ratio of 3'-terminal uridine to internal 2':3'-UMP following alkaline hydrolysis. The results indicate that the length of the nascent protected fragment is approximately 12 residues.", "contents": "Studies on the product binding sites of the Azotobacter vinelandii ribonucleic acid polymerase. During chain elongation RNA polymerase exists as a ternary DNA-enzyme-RNA complex in which a discrete length of the nascent RNA chain proximal to the 3'-OH terminus will be bound to the product binding site (Krakow, J. S., and Fronk, E. (1969) J. Biol. Chem. 244, 5988). We have utilized the poly[d(A-T)]-directed reaction to determine the length of the nascent poly[r(A-U)] protected from attack by pancreatic ribonuclease. Following release of the ribonuclease resistant oligo[r(A-U)] from the ternary complex, its size was determined by ion exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, gel filtration on Bio-Gel P-10, and the ratio of 3'-terminal uridine to internal 2':3'-UMP following alkaline hydrolysis. The results indicate that the length of the nascent protected fragment is approximately 12 residues.", "PMID": 1123330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7985", "title": "Myoinosose-2 1-phosphate: an intermediate in the myoinositol 1-phosphate synthase reaction.", "content": "Partially purified testicular myoinositol 1-phosphate synthase was incubated with glucose 6-phosphate and NAD+. After 2 min the reaction was stopped by the addition of NaB3H4. Phosphorylated reduced sugars were isolated by ion exchange and dephosphorylated enzymatically. Scylloinositol and myoinositol, added as carriers, were re-isolated and purified to constant specific radioactivity. Since scylloinositol phosphate is uniquely related to myoinosose-2 1-phosphate, the finding of labeled scylloinositol and myoinositol is considered strong evidence for the presence of myoinosose-2 1-phosphate, an intermediate which has been postulated in the synthase-catalyzed isomerization of glucose 6-phosphate to myoinositol 1-phosphate. About one-half the amount of intermediate was demonstrable with boiled synthase, indicating firm binding of myoinosose-2 phosphate to the enzyme.", "contents": "Myoinosose-2 1-phosphate: an intermediate in the myoinositol 1-phosphate synthase reaction. Partially purified testicular myoinositol 1-phosphate synthase was incubated with glucose 6-phosphate and NAD+. After 2 min the reaction was stopped by the addition of NaB3H4. Phosphorylated reduced sugars were isolated by ion exchange and dephosphorylated enzymatically. Scylloinositol and myoinositol, added as carriers, were re-isolated and purified to constant specific radioactivity. Since scylloinositol phosphate is uniquely related to myoinosose-2 1-phosphate, the finding of labeled scylloinositol and myoinositol is considered strong evidence for the presence of myoinosose-2 1-phosphate, an intermediate which has been postulated in the synthase-catalyzed isomerization of glucose 6-phosphate to myoinositol 1-phosphate. About one-half the amount of intermediate was demonstrable with boiled synthase, indicating firm binding of myoinosose-2 phosphate to the enzyme.", "PMID": 1123331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7986", "title": "[3H]diborane reduction of vitamin K-dependent calcium-binding proteins. Identification of a unique amino acid.", "content": "gamma-Carboxyglutamic acid has recently been identified as a component of the vitamin K-dependent region of bovine prothrombin (Nelsestuen, G. L., Zytkovicz, T. H., and Howard J. B. (1974) J. Biol Chem. 249, 6347-6350). The presence of this amino acid has been substantiated here by the reduction of vitamin K-dependent proteins with [3H]-DIBORANE. The reduction product of gamma-carboxyglutamic acid, 5,5'-[3H]dihydroxyleucine, was shown to be present in hydrolysates of reduced rat prothrombin, bovine prothrombin, and bovine factor X. The results are consistent with a minimum of 10 gamma-carboxyglutamic acid residues in the nonthrombin-generating region of bovine prothrombin but no such residues in the thrombin precursor portion of prothrombin. It is concluded that amino acid analyses of [3H]diborane-reduced proteins provides a sensitive, qualitative method for the identification of proteins which contain gamma-carboxyglutamic acid and are vitamin K-dependent.", "contents": "[3H]diborane reduction of vitamin K-dependent calcium-binding proteins. Identification of a unique amino acid. gamma-Carboxyglutamic acid has recently been identified as a component of the vitamin K-dependent region of bovine prothrombin (Nelsestuen, G. L., Zytkovicz, T. H., and Howard J. B. (1974) J. Biol Chem. 249, 6347-6350). The presence of this amino acid has been substantiated here by the reduction of vitamin K-dependent proteins with [3H]-DIBORANE. The reduction product of gamma-carboxyglutamic acid, 5,5'-[3H]dihydroxyleucine, was shown to be present in hydrolysates of reduced rat prothrombin, bovine prothrombin, and bovine factor X. The results are consistent with a minimum of 10 gamma-carboxyglutamic acid residues in the nonthrombin-generating region of bovine prothrombin but no such residues in the thrombin precursor portion of prothrombin. It is concluded that amino acid analyses of [3H]diborane-reduced proteins provides a sensitive, qualitative method for the identification of proteins which contain gamma-carboxyglutamic acid and are vitamin K-dependent.", "PMID": 1123332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7987", "title": "Protein interactions with small molecules. Relationships between stoichiometric binding constants, site binding constants, and empirical binding parameters.", "content": "The multiple equilibria for the binding of a ligand A by a macromolecule P with n binding sites may be formulated in terms of a stoichiometric analysis or on the basis of a site-oriented scrutiny. The dependence of binding on ligand concentration can always be correlated in terms of n stoichiometric binding constants,Ki, even if there are interactions between sites that accentuate or attenuate binding affinities. A corresponding correlation in terms of site binding constants, kj, under the most general circumstances depends on the definition of n2n-1 different constants of which 2n-1 are independent. If experimental data are correlated in terms of n parameters kalpha, kbeta ... klambda in an equation of the site-binding form, (see article for formular) then there is no guarantee that the values of ka, kb, etc., have any unique relationships to site binging constants. Examples are given to illustrate this point. Equation are derived for relating stoichiometric binding constants to site binding constants, for the general case and for various special circumstances. These equations make it possible to define and analyze binding insystems with interactions and conformational accommodations. Accordingly, a graphical procedure is described (in which iKi is plotted against i, the stoichiometric binding step) that provides an affinity profile for concise representation of magnitudes of binding constants and for detecting interactions that accentuate or attenuate site binding affinities.", "contents": "Protein interactions with small molecules. Relationships between stoichiometric binding constants, site binding constants, and empirical binding parameters. The multiple equilibria for the binding of a ligand A by a macromolecule P with n binding sites may be formulated in terms of a stoichiometric analysis or on the basis of a site-oriented scrutiny. The dependence of binding on ligand concentration can always be correlated in terms of n stoichiometric binding constants,Ki, even if there are interactions between sites that accentuate or attenuate binding affinities. A corresponding correlation in terms of site binding constants, kj, under the most general circumstances depends on the definition of n2n-1 different constants of which 2n-1 are independent. If experimental data are correlated in terms of n parameters kalpha, kbeta ... klambda in an equation of the site-binding form, (see article for formular) then there is no guarantee that the values of ka, kb, etc., have any unique relationships to site binging constants. Examples are given to illustrate this point. Equation are derived for relating stoichiometric binding constants to site binding constants, for the general case and for various special circumstances. These equations make it possible to define and analyze binding insystems with interactions and conformational accommodations. Accordingly, a graphical procedure is described (in which iKi is plotted against i, the stoichiometric binding step) that provides an affinity profile for concise representation of magnitudes of binding constants and for detecting interactions that accentuate or attenuate site binding affinities.", "PMID": 1123333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7988", "title": "Carnitine palymityltransferase in neonatal and adult heart and liver mitochondria. Effect of phospholipase C treatment.", "content": "Carnitine palmityltransferase was measured in neonatal and adult rat heart and liver mitochondria. When compared to the adult, no developmental differences in liver mitochondrial carnitine palmityltransferase were seen 24 hours postpartum. In neonatal heart, enzyme activity was initially low, reaching adult levels by 20 days. Polarographic measurements of oxygen consumption revealed normal levels of palmityl coenzyme A oxidation in the presence of carnitine and of palmitylcarnitine oxidation in both neonatal heart and liver. Phospholipase C treatment produced higher specific activities of carnitine palmityltransferase in neonatal and activities of carnitine palmityltransferase in neonatal and adult liver, probably due to decreases in total mitochondrial protein. Phospholipase C treatment had no effect on adult rat heart carnitine palmityltransferase but increased neonatal heart enzyme activity to adult levels. Low levels of measured enzyme activity were proposed to be due to \"masking\" of enzyme expression in intact mitochondrial preparations.", "contents": "Carnitine palymityltransferase in neonatal and adult heart and liver mitochondria. Effect of phospholipase C treatment. Carnitine palmityltransferase was measured in neonatal and adult rat heart and liver mitochondria. When compared to the adult, no developmental differences in liver mitochondrial carnitine palmityltransferase were seen 24 hours postpartum. In neonatal heart, enzyme activity was initially low, reaching adult levels by 20 days. Polarographic measurements of oxygen consumption revealed normal levels of palmityl coenzyme A oxidation in the presence of carnitine and of palmitylcarnitine oxidation in both neonatal heart and liver. Phospholipase C treatment produced higher specific activities of carnitine palmityltransferase in neonatal and activities of carnitine palmityltransferase in neonatal and adult liver, probably due to decreases in total mitochondrial protein. Phospholipase C treatment had no effect on adult rat heart carnitine palmityltransferase but increased neonatal heart enzyme activity to adult levels. Low levels of measured enzyme activity were proposed to be due to \"masking\" of enzyme expression in intact mitochondrial preparations.", "PMID": 1123334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7989", "title": "Effect of amidination of lysyl residues on the oxygen affinity of human hemoglobin. Specificity of methyl acetimidate for lysine C5(40)alpha.", "content": "Treatment of human oxyhemoglobin with methylacetimidate results in selective amidination of the epfilon-amino group of lysin C5(40)alpha. The modified hemoglobin exhibits increased oxygen affinity, high cooperatively, and normal Bohr effect. Hybrid molecules containing amidinated beta chains and normal alpha chains have normal ligand-binding properties, whereas hybrid molecules containing amidinated alpha chains have ligand-binding properties identical with fully amidinated hemoglobin. Amidination of deoxyhemoglobin produces only minimal changes in ligand-binding properties. We propose that amidination of lysine C5(40)alpha prevents its participation in the salt bond with histidine HC3(146)beta in deoxyhemoglobin, thus shifting the allosteric equilibrium in favor of the high affinity oxy conformation.", "contents": "Effect of amidination of lysyl residues on the oxygen affinity of human hemoglobin. Specificity of methyl acetimidate for lysine C5(40)alpha. Treatment of human oxyhemoglobin with methylacetimidate results in selective amidination of the epfilon-amino group of lysin C5(40)alpha. The modified hemoglobin exhibits increased oxygen affinity, high cooperatively, and normal Bohr effect. Hybrid molecules containing amidinated beta chains and normal alpha chains have normal ligand-binding properties, whereas hybrid molecules containing amidinated alpha chains have ligand-binding properties identical with fully amidinated hemoglobin. Amidination of deoxyhemoglobin produces only minimal changes in ligand-binding properties. We propose that amidination of lysine C5(40)alpha prevents its participation in the salt bond with histidine HC3(146)beta in deoxyhemoglobin, thus shifting the allosteric equilibrium in favor of the high affinity oxy conformation.", "PMID": 1123335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7990", "title": "Pyruvate-uridine diphospho-N-acetylglucosamine transferase. Purification to homogeneity and feedback inhibition.", "content": "Phosphoenolpyruvate:uridine-5'-diphospho-N-acetyl-2-amino-2-deoxyglucose-3-enolpyruvyltranferase catalyzes the transfer of enolpyruvate from phosphoenolpyruvate to uridine diphospho-N-acetylglucosamine with the liberation of inorganic orthophosphate. It was purified to homogeneity from Enterobacter cloacae with the use of UDP-N-acetylmuramyl-L-Ala-D-Glu-meso-Dap, a feedback inihibitor, as a ligand covalenty bound to Sepharose 4B. The evidence suggests that the enzyme is a single polypeptide with a molecular weight of 41,000. The enzyme catalyzes the first committed step in the biosynthesis of bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan. The cytoplasmic end product of this pathway is UDP-N-acetylmuramyl-L-Ala-D-Glu-meso-Dap-D-Ala-D-Ala (see article). UDP-MurNAc-pentapeptide and its precursor, UDP-MurNAc-tripeptide, were found to be effective inhibitiors of the enzyme. The kinetic data suggest a binding site for these inhibitors distinct from the active site. This is consistent with the proposed role for UDP-MurNAc-tripeptide and pentapeptide as negative modulators of the enzyme.", "contents": "Pyruvate-uridine diphospho-N-acetylglucosamine transferase. Purification to homogeneity and feedback inhibition. Phosphoenolpyruvate:uridine-5'-diphospho-N-acetyl-2-amino-2-deoxyglucose-3-enolpyruvyltranferase catalyzes the transfer of enolpyruvate from phosphoenolpyruvate to uridine diphospho-N-acetylglucosamine with the liberation of inorganic orthophosphate. It was purified to homogeneity from Enterobacter cloacae with the use of UDP-N-acetylmuramyl-L-Ala-D-Glu-meso-Dap, a feedback inihibitor, as a ligand covalenty bound to Sepharose 4B. The evidence suggests that the enzyme is a single polypeptide with a molecular weight of 41,000. The enzyme catalyzes the first committed step in the biosynthesis of bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan. The cytoplasmic end product of this pathway is UDP-N-acetylmuramyl-L-Ala-D-Glu-meso-Dap-D-Ala-D-Ala (see article). UDP-MurNAc-pentapeptide and its precursor, UDP-MurNAc-tripeptide, were found to be effective inhibitiors of the enzyme. The kinetic data suggest a binding site for these inhibitors distinct from the active site. This is consistent with the proposed role for UDP-MurNAc-tripeptide and pentapeptide as negative modulators of the enzyme.", "PMID": 1123336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7991", "title": "alpha-and beta-Globin complementary deoxyribonucleic acids of human and rabbit. Specificity of hybridization.", "content": "The specificity of hybridization was compared between the human and rabbit alpha and beta-globin complementary DNAs (cDNAs) and the corresponding alpha and beta-globin messenger RNAs (mRNAs). The globin chain-specific mRNAs of rabbit were prepared from polysomes incubated with O-methylthreonine (alpha and beta) or from postribosomal supernatant (alpha). Enrichment for either the alpha- or beta-globin mRNA was demonstrated by cell-free protein synthesis and by RNA-cDNA hybridization. Human mRNAs, active as templates for RNA-directed DNA polymerase, were prepared from reticulocytes of patients with hemolytic anemia, alpha-thalassemia (hemoglobin H disease), and beta-thalassemia. Because there was partial cross-hybridization between human mRNA and rabbit cDNA, the rabbit alpha- and beta-globin cDNAs could be used to demonstrate that the beta-thalassemia mRNA was enriched in human alpha-globin mRNA sequences and that the alpha-thalassemia mRNA was enriched in human beta-globin mRNA sequences. These results were confirmed by preparation of thalassemia globin cDNAs and subsequent hybridization to their template mRNAs. The amount of cross-hybridization between the human and rabbit alpha-globin mRNA and the two alpha-globin cDNAs was comparable to the cross-hybridization between the two beta-globin mRNAs and the two beta-globin cDNAs, indicating a similar degree of evolutionary divergence in the nucleotide sequences of the two globin genes.", "contents": "alpha-and beta-Globin complementary deoxyribonucleic acids of human and rabbit. Specificity of hybridization. The specificity of hybridization was compared between the human and rabbit alpha and beta-globin complementary DNAs (cDNAs) and the corresponding alpha and beta-globin messenger RNAs (mRNAs). The globin chain-specific mRNAs of rabbit were prepared from polysomes incubated with O-methylthreonine (alpha and beta) or from postribosomal supernatant (alpha). Enrichment for either the alpha- or beta-globin mRNA was demonstrated by cell-free protein synthesis and by RNA-cDNA hybridization. Human mRNAs, active as templates for RNA-directed DNA polymerase, were prepared from reticulocytes of patients with hemolytic anemia, alpha-thalassemia (hemoglobin H disease), and beta-thalassemia. Because there was partial cross-hybridization between human mRNA and rabbit cDNA, the rabbit alpha- and beta-globin cDNAs could be used to demonstrate that the beta-thalassemia mRNA was enriched in human alpha-globin mRNA sequences and that the alpha-thalassemia mRNA was enriched in human beta-globin mRNA sequences. These results were confirmed by preparation of thalassemia globin cDNAs and subsequent hybridization to their template mRNAs. The amount of cross-hybridization between the human and rabbit alpha-globin mRNA and the two alpha-globin cDNAs was comparable to the cross-hybridization between the two beta-globin mRNAs and the two beta-globin cDNAs, indicating a similar degree of evolutionary divergence in the nucleotide sequences of the two globin genes.", "PMID": 1123337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7992", "title": "Membrane penicillinase of Bacillus licheniformis 749/C, a phospholipoprotein.", "content": "The hydrophobic membrane penicillinase of Bacillus licheniformis 749/C has been characterized in view of its possible role in secretion of the hydrophilic exoenzyme. It differs from exoenzyme in carrying an additional phospholipopeptide chain of 25 amino acids that contains only Asx, Glx, Gly, and Ser residues. The NH2-terminal residues is phosphatidylserine. since the extra peptide chain is probably relatively polar, the phospholipid group may well be directly responsible for the hydrophobic properties of the membrane enzyme.", "contents": "Membrane penicillinase of Bacillus licheniformis 749/C, a phospholipoprotein. The hydrophobic membrane penicillinase of Bacillus licheniformis 749/C has been characterized in view of its possible role in secretion of the hydrophilic exoenzyme. It differs from exoenzyme in carrying an additional phospholipopeptide chain of 25 amino acids that contains only Asx, Glx, Gly, and Ser residues. The NH2-terminal residues is phosphatidylserine. since the extra peptide chain is probably relatively polar, the phospholipid group may well be directly responsible for the hydrophobic properties of the membrane enzyme.", "PMID": 1123338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7993", "title": "Glucose transport carrier in human erythrocyte membranes. Dinitrophenylation of a membrane component modified by D-glucose.", "content": "The effect of D-glucose on dinitrophenylation of membrane proteins of human erythrocyte ghosts by 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene was studied in the absence and in the presence of D-glucose. A double isotopic, differential labeling technique followed by gel electrophoresis of extracts in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate revealed the presence of a polypeptide, or polypeptides, in human erythrocyte membranes, the reactivity of which to 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene was significantly enhanced in the presence of D-glucose. Molecular weights of the peptides were estimated to be approximately 180,000. The effective differential labeling of the peptides required specific conditions identical with the ones which maximize the differential between inactivation of the carrier by 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene and the dinitrophenylation of bulk membrane (Jung, C. Y. (1974) J. Biol. Chem. 249, 3568). A differential labeling was also demonstrated as a single peak by LH-20 column chromatography of chloroform-methanol-extractable membrane components. The peak contained both protein and phospholipids, indicating its proteolipid-like nature. A possible relationship of the differentially labeled polypeptides to the glucose carrier is discussed.", "contents": "Glucose transport carrier in human erythrocyte membranes. Dinitrophenylation of a membrane component modified by D-glucose. The effect of D-glucose on dinitrophenylation of membrane proteins of human erythrocyte ghosts by 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene was studied in the absence and in the presence of D-glucose. A double isotopic, differential labeling technique followed by gel electrophoresis of extracts in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate revealed the presence of a polypeptide, or polypeptides, in human erythrocyte membranes, the reactivity of which to 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene was significantly enhanced in the presence of D-glucose. Molecular weights of the peptides were estimated to be approximately 180,000. The effective differential labeling of the peptides required specific conditions identical with the ones which maximize the differential between inactivation of the carrier by 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene and the dinitrophenylation of bulk membrane (Jung, C. Y. (1974) J. Biol. Chem. 249, 3568). A differential labeling was also demonstrated as a single peak by LH-20 column chromatography of chloroform-methanol-extractable membrane components. The peak contained both protein and phospholipids, indicating its proteolipid-like nature. A possible relationship of the differentially labeled polypeptides to the glucose carrier is discussed.", "PMID": 1123339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7994", "title": "On the molecular weights of the three nonidentical subunits of citrate lyase from Klebsiella aerogenes.", "content": "The molecular weights of the three nonidentical subunits of citrate lyase of Klebsiella aerogenes have been determined by three methods: sedimentation equilibrium in 6 M guanidinium chloride, sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis, and gel filtration on 6 percent agarose column in 6 M guanidinium chloride. The molecular weights of the subunits, names I, II, and III (or acyl carrier protein) in order of elution from the agarose column, were 54,500, 32,000, and 11,000, respectively. The agarose-guanidine column provided a nearly complete separation of the three subunits. The molecular weight of the native enzyme was found by sedimentation equilibrium to be 520,000 plus or minus 10,000. The uncertainties in the molecular weights of the enzyme and its subunits did not permit a valid postulation of the subunit composition.", "contents": "On the molecular weights of the three nonidentical subunits of citrate lyase from Klebsiella aerogenes. The molecular weights of the three nonidentical subunits of citrate lyase of Klebsiella aerogenes have been determined by three methods: sedimentation equilibrium in 6 M guanidinium chloride, sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis, and gel filtration on 6 percent agarose column in 6 M guanidinium chloride. The molecular weights of the subunits, names I, II, and III (or acyl carrier protein) in order of elution from the agarose column, were 54,500, 32,000, and 11,000, respectively. The agarose-guanidine column provided a nearly complete separation of the three subunits. The molecular weight of the native enzyme was found by sedimentation equilibrium to be 520,000 plus or minus 10,000. The uncertainties in the molecular weights of the enzyme and its subunits did not permit a valid postulation of the subunit composition.", "PMID": 1123340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7995", "title": "In vitro synthesis of a thyroglobulin precursor by porcine thyroid membrane-bound ribosomes in a heterologous cell-free system.", "content": "The synthesis of a thyroglobulin precursor directed by endogenous messenger RNA has been achieved in a heterologous cell-free system containing porcine thyroid membrane-bound ribosomes and rat brain cortex cell sap. The main features of the system, such as ion and nucleotide requirements, temperature, dependence, inhibitors sensitivity, and ability to reinitiate, were studied. The nature of the product has been determined by specific immunoprecipitation and its size has been estimated by sucrose density gradient and sodium dodecyl sulfate acrylamide gel electrophoresis. Under our conditions, the thyroglobulin precursor was mainly synthesized by membrane-bound ribosomes.", "contents": "In vitro synthesis of a thyroglobulin precursor by porcine thyroid membrane-bound ribosomes in a heterologous cell-free system. The synthesis of a thyroglobulin precursor directed by endogenous messenger RNA has been achieved in a heterologous cell-free system containing porcine thyroid membrane-bound ribosomes and rat brain cortex cell sap. The main features of the system, such as ion and nucleotide requirements, temperature, dependence, inhibitors sensitivity, and ability to reinitiate, were studied. The nature of the product has been determined by specific immunoprecipitation and its size has been estimated by sucrose density gradient and sodium dodecyl sulfate acrylamide gel electrophoresis. Under our conditions, the thyroglobulin precursor was mainly synthesized by membrane-bound ribosomes.", "PMID": 1123341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7996", "title": "Biosynthesis of bis(monoacylglyceryl)phosphate and acylphosphatidylglycerol in rat liver mitochondrial.", "content": "Bis(monoacylglyceryl)phosphate is present in trace quantities in normal liver where it represents smaller than 1 percent of total liver phospholipids. This compound is of considerable interest since its level can be greatly increased in certain lipidoses, either of a genetic nature or caused by drugs. Biosynthesis of bis(monoacylglyceryl)P in vitro has not previously been demonstrated. This paper reports the enzymatic formation of bis(monoacylglyceryl)P and acylphosphatidylglycerol as minor products from cytidine diphosphate diglyceride and radioactive sn-glycerol-3-P using a crude mitochondrial fraction from normal rat liver; phosphatidylglycerol was the principal product. Evidence is also presented which shows the enzymatic formation of acylphosphatidylglycerol and bis(monoacylglyceryl)P from [1',3'-14C]phosphatidylglycerol by a crude rat liver mitochondrial preparation in vitro. The structures of the radioactive bis(monoacylglyceryl)P and acylphosphatidylglycerol were tentatively established by thin layer chromatography, and chromatography of the products of mild alkaline hydrolysis and acetolysis. Radioactive acylphosphatidylglycerol was stoichiometrically converted to bis(monoacylglyceryl)P by treatment with bee venom phospholipase A, providing additional evidence for the structure of acylphosphatidylglycerol and bis(monoacylglyceryl)P.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of bis(monoacylglyceryl)phosphate and acylphosphatidylglycerol in rat liver mitochondrial. Bis(monoacylglyceryl)phosphate is present in trace quantities in normal liver where it represents smaller than 1 percent of total liver phospholipids. This compound is of considerable interest since its level can be greatly increased in certain lipidoses, either of a genetic nature or caused by drugs. Biosynthesis of bis(monoacylglyceryl)P in vitro has not previously been demonstrated. This paper reports the enzymatic formation of bis(monoacylglyceryl)P and acylphosphatidylglycerol as minor products from cytidine diphosphate diglyceride and radioactive sn-glycerol-3-P using a crude mitochondrial fraction from normal rat liver; phosphatidylglycerol was the principal product. Evidence is also presented which shows the enzymatic formation of acylphosphatidylglycerol and bis(monoacylglyceryl)P from [1',3'-14C]phosphatidylglycerol by a crude rat liver mitochondrial preparation in vitro. The structures of the radioactive bis(monoacylglyceryl)P and acylphosphatidylglycerol were tentatively established by thin layer chromatography, and chromatography of the products of mild alkaline hydrolysis and acetolysis. Radioactive acylphosphatidylglycerol was stoichiometrically converted to bis(monoacylglyceryl)P by treatment with bee venom phospholipase A, providing additional evidence for the structure of acylphosphatidylglycerol and bis(monoacylglyceryl)P.", "PMID": 1123342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7997", "title": "Cryptococcus laurentii cell envelope glycoprotein. Evidence for separate oligosaccharide side chains of different composition and structure.", "content": "Particulate enzyme preparations of the fungus imperfectus Cryptococcus laurentii catalyze transfer of mannosyl and galactosyl residues from GDP-[14C]mannose and UDP-[3H]-galactose to the same endogenous acceptor. After solubilization with pronase, the major portion of both labels is retarded on Sepharose columns and forms a symmetrical peak, in which 14C and 3H coincide. Label also coincides with endogenous protein and carbohydrate. Both labels bind to Sepharose-Concanavalin A (Con A) and are eluted with alpha-methylglucoside. After beta elimination with NaOH-NaBH4 only 14C label retains binding to Sepharose-Con A; 3H label representing (6-O-alpha-galactosyl)10-O-beta-galactosyl-O-mannitol as previously reported (Raizada, M. K., Kloepfer, H. G., Schutzbach, J. S., and Ankel, H. (1974) J. Biol. Chem. 249, 6080-6086) no longer binds. The [14C]mannose-containing material after beta elimination yields a pentasaccharide and a trisaccharide. Similar penta- and trisaccharides can be isolated following beta elimination of particulate preparations of the organism after pronase treatment. Analytical data suggest that the structure of the isolated pentasaccharides corresponds to that of a pentasaccharide previously synthesized de novo using cell-free enzyme preparations of the organism: 2-O-alpha-mannosyl-6-O-alpha-mannosyl-3-O-alpha-mannosyl-(2-O-beta-xylosyl)-O-mannose (Schutzbach, J. S., Raizada, M. K., and Ankel, H. (1974) J. Biol. Chem. 249, 2953-2958). The trisaccharide has the structure 2-O-alpha-mannosyl-2-O-alpha-mannosyl-O-mannitol. The data are consistent with a glycoprotein structure in which these three types of oligosaccharides are bound to a common polypeptide core through O-glycosidic linkages to threonyl and seryl residues.", "contents": "Cryptococcus laurentii cell envelope glycoprotein. Evidence for separate oligosaccharide side chains of different composition and structure. Particulate enzyme preparations of the fungus imperfectus Cryptococcus laurentii catalyze transfer of mannosyl and galactosyl residues from GDP-[14C]mannose and UDP-[3H]-galactose to the same endogenous acceptor. After solubilization with pronase, the major portion of both labels is retarded on Sepharose columns and forms a symmetrical peak, in which 14C and 3H coincide. Label also coincides with endogenous protein and carbohydrate. Both labels bind to Sepharose-Concanavalin A (Con A) and are eluted with alpha-methylglucoside. After beta elimination with NaOH-NaBH4 only 14C label retains binding to Sepharose-Con A; 3H label representing (6-O-alpha-galactosyl)10-O-beta-galactosyl-O-mannitol as previously reported (Raizada, M. K., Kloepfer, H. G., Schutzbach, J. S., and Ankel, H. (1974) J. Biol. Chem. 249, 6080-6086) no longer binds. The [14C]mannose-containing material after beta elimination yields a pentasaccharide and a trisaccharide. Similar penta- and trisaccharides can be isolated following beta elimination of particulate preparations of the organism after pronase treatment. Analytical data suggest that the structure of the isolated pentasaccharides corresponds to that of a pentasaccharide previously synthesized de novo using cell-free enzyme preparations of the organism: 2-O-alpha-mannosyl-6-O-alpha-mannosyl-3-O-alpha-mannosyl-(2-O-beta-xylosyl)-O-mannose (Schutzbach, J. S., Raizada, M. K., and Ankel, H. (1974) J. Biol. Chem. 249, 2953-2958). The trisaccharide has the structure 2-O-alpha-mannosyl-2-O-alpha-mannosyl-O-mannitol. The data are consistent with a glycoprotein structure in which these three types of oligosaccharides are bound to a common polypeptide core through O-glycosidic linkages to threonyl and seryl residues.", "PMID": 1123343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7998", "title": "Reversible inhibition of the fatty acid synthetase complex from Mycobacterium smegmatis by palmitoyl-coenzyme A.", "content": "Palmitoyl-CoA dissociates the fatty acid synthetase complex from Mycobacterium smegmatis into inactive subunits of molecular weight 250,000 as determined by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. Palmitoyl-CoA binds to the subunits but the binding can be prevented and reversed by the mycobacterial 3-O-methylmannose-containing polysaccharide. When the palmitoyl-CoA containing inactive subunits were isolated by gel filtration on Sepharose 6B, and then concentrated and dialyzed against 0.5 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.0, containing 3 mM of the complexing agent heptakis-(2,6-di-O-methyl)-beta-cyclodextrin, activity was regenerated to the level of 40 percent of a control sample. The reversibility of the dissociation and inactivation of the synthetase by palmitoyl-CoA suggests that this end product might play a regulatory role by acting as a feedback inhibitor.", "contents": "Reversible inhibition of the fatty acid synthetase complex from Mycobacterium smegmatis by palmitoyl-coenzyme A. Palmitoyl-CoA dissociates the fatty acid synthetase complex from Mycobacterium smegmatis into inactive subunits of molecular weight 250,000 as determined by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. Palmitoyl-CoA binds to the subunits but the binding can be prevented and reversed by the mycobacterial 3-O-methylmannose-containing polysaccharide. When the palmitoyl-CoA containing inactive subunits were isolated by gel filtration on Sepharose 6B, and then concentrated and dialyzed against 0.5 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.0, containing 3 mM of the complexing agent heptakis-(2,6-di-O-methyl)-beta-cyclodextrin, activity was regenerated to the level of 40 percent of a control sample. The reversibility of the dissociation and inactivation of the synthetase by palmitoyl-CoA suggests that this end product might play a regulatory role by acting as a feedback inhibitor.", "PMID": 1123344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_7999", "title": "Regulation of phospholipid biosynthesis in isolated rat hepatocytes. Effect of different substrates.", "content": "The effects of choline, ethanolamine and its N-methyl analogs, different fatty acids, and L-methionine on phospholipid biosynthesis via the CDP-ester pathways and the methylation pathway were studied in rat hepatocytes. Phosphatidylethanolamine synthesis was stimulated severalfold by 0.02 to 0.1 mM ethanolamine, especially in the presence of long chain unsaturated fatty acids. At higher concentrations of ethanolamine, phosphorylethanolamine accumulated but the level of CDP-ethanolamine and the rate of phosphatidylethanolamine synthesis did not increase further. The rate of phosphatidylcholine synthesis via the CDP-ester pathway responded in a way analogous to that of phosphatidylethanolamine synthesis upon the addition of choline and fatty acid, except that a 10- to 20-fold higher concentration of choline was required for maximal stimulation, probably due to the rapid oxidation of choline to betaine. Phospholipids containing N-monomethyl- or N,N-dimethylethanolamine were efficiently formed from the corresponding free bases in the absence of ethanolamine and choline. Ethanolamine, but not other bases, inhibited completely phospholipid formation from N-monomethylethanolamine, probably as a result of competition at the level of CDP-ester formation. The data indicate that the cytidylytransferase reactions are rate-limiting steps in the synthesis of phosphatidylethanolamine and probably also phosphatidylcholine. In addition, the availability of diacylglycerol and its fatty acid composition may significantly affect the rate of phospholipid synthesis. The rate of phosphatidylcholine formation via phospholipid N-methylation approximately doubled when L-methionine was added at concentrations similar to that in rat plasma. Under these conditions the rate of phosphatidylcholine synthesis via this pathway was 20 to 40 percent of that via diacylglycerols and CDP-choline. The methylation of phosphatidylethanolamine to phosphatidylcholine remained essentially constant when the rate of phosphatidylethanolamine synthesis was varied 8-fold, but was significantly reduced when the formation of N-monomethyl- or N,N-dimethylphospholipid was stimulated by addition of the corresponding base. These phospholipids not only replaced phosphatidylethanolamine as the substrate for methylation but also increased the rate of phosphatidylcholine formation via this pathway. A method for the determination of nanomole amounts of different ethanolamine compounds is described.", "contents": "Regulation of phospholipid biosynthesis in isolated rat hepatocytes. Effect of different substrates. The effects of choline, ethanolamine and its N-methyl analogs, different fatty acids, and L-methionine on phospholipid biosynthesis via the CDP-ester pathways and the methylation pathway were studied in rat hepatocytes. Phosphatidylethanolamine synthesis was stimulated severalfold by 0.02 to 0.1 mM ethanolamine, especially in the presence of long chain unsaturated fatty acids. At higher concentrations of ethanolamine, phosphorylethanolamine accumulated but the level of CDP-ethanolamine and the rate of phosphatidylethanolamine synthesis did not increase further. The rate of phosphatidylcholine synthesis via the CDP-ester pathway responded in a way analogous to that of phosphatidylethanolamine synthesis upon the addition of choline and fatty acid, except that a 10- to 20-fold higher concentration of choline was required for maximal stimulation, probably due to the rapid oxidation of choline to betaine. Phospholipids containing N-monomethyl- or N,N-dimethylethanolamine were efficiently formed from the corresponding free bases in the absence of ethanolamine and choline. Ethanolamine, but not other bases, inhibited completely phospholipid formation from N-monomethylethanolamine, probably as a result of competition at the level of CDP-ester formation. The data indicate that the cytidylytransferase reactions are rate-limiting steps in the synthesis of phosphatidylethanolamine and probably also phosphatidylcholine. In addition, the availability of diacylglycerol and its fatty acid composition may significantly affect the rate of phospholipid synthesis. The rate of phosphatidylcholine formation via phospholipid N-methylation approximately doubled when L-methionine was added at concentrations similar to that in rat plasma. Under these conditions the rate of phosphatidylcholine synthesis via this pathway was 20 to 40 percent of that via diacylglycerols and CDP-choline. The methylation of phosphatidylethanolamine to phosphatidylcholine remained essentially constant when the rate of phosphatidylethanolamine synthesis was varied 8-fold, but was significantly reduced when the formation of N-monomethyl- or N,N-dimethylphospholipid was stimulated by addition of the corresponding base. These phospholipids not only replaced phosphatidylethanolamine as the substrate for methylation but also increased the rate of phosphatidylcholine formation via this pathway. A method for the determination of nanomole amounts of different ethanolamine compounds is described.", "PMID": 1123345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8000", "title": "Chromatin changes during the cell cycle of HeHa cells.", "content": "HeLa S3 cells were synchronized by selective mitotic detachment and chromatin was isolated from synchronized populations at various times during the cell cycle. The isolated chromatins were studied by circular dichroism and for their ability to bind the intercalating dye, ethidium bromide. Chromatin from cells in the middle of the S phase showed an increase in maximum ellipticity in the 250- to 300-nm region of circular dichroism spectra and an increased ability to bind ethidium bromide, when compared to chromatin isolated from mitotic cells. Chromatin from G1 cells had values intermediate between mitotic and mid-S chromatins.", "contents": "Chromatin changes during the cell cycle of HeHa cells. HeLa S3 cells were synchronized by selective mitotic detachment and chromatin was isolated from synchronized populations at various times during the cell cycle. The isolated chromatins were studied by circular dichroism and for their ability to bind the intercalating dye, ethidium bromide. Chromatin from cells in the middle of the S phase showed an increase in maximum ellipticity in the 250- to 300-nm region of circular dichroism spectra and an increased ability to bind ethidium bromide, when compared to chromatin isolated from mitotic cells. Chromatin from G1 cells had values intermediate between mitotic and mid-S chromatins.", "PMID": 1123346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8001", "title": "The structure of rat proalbumin.", "content": "The structure of rat proalbumin, a liver precursor to rat serum albumin, has been determined to consist of the hexapeptide Arg-Gly-Val-Phe-Arg-Arg attached to the NH2 terminus of the polypeptide chain of rat serum albumin. Edman degradation of a proalbumin preparation for 14 rounds gave the major sequence Arg-Gly-Val-Phe-Arg-Arg-Glu-Ala-His-Lys-Ser-Glu-Ile-Ala. A comparison of cyanogen bromide fragments suggests that these two proteins differ only in this respect. On treatment with cyanogen bromide, these proteins gave three classes of peptides with molecular weights of 30,000, 10,000, and smaller than or equal to 5,000. A combination of gel filtration, electrofocusing, and ion exchange established that these peptides were indistinguishable, with exception of those of 10,000 molecular weight. By amino acid and sequence analyses this fraction from rat serum albumin was found to be the NH2-terminal fragment. Radiochemical amino acid and sequence analyses show that the NH2-terminal hexapeptide is the major fragment released from proalbumin by limited tryptic hydrolysis. The protein that remains cannot be distinguished from rat serum albumin.", "contents": "The structure of rat proalbumin. The structure of rat proalbumin, a liver precursor to rat serum albumin, has been determined to consist of the hexapeptide Arg-Gly-Val-Phe-Arg-Arg attached to the NH2 terminus of the polypeptide chain of rat serum albumin. Edman degradation of a proalbumin preparation for 14 rounds gave the major sequence Arg-Gly-Val-Phe-Arg-Arg-Glu-Ala-His-Lys-Ser-Glu-Ile-Ala. A comparison of cyanogen bromide fragments suggests that these two proteins differ only in this respect. On treatment with cyanogen bromide, these proteins gave three classes of peptides with molecular weights of 30,000, 10,000, and smaller than or equal to 5,000. A combination of gel filtration, electrofocusing, and ion exchange established that these peptides were indistinguishable, with exception of those of 10,000 molecular weight. By amino acid and sequence analyses this fraction from rat serum albumin was found to be the NH2-terminal fragment. Radiochemical amino acid and sequence analyses show that the NH2-terminal hexapeptide is the major fragment released from proalbumin by limited tryptic hydrolysis. The protein that remains cannot be distinguished from rat serum albumin.", "PMID": 1123347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8002", "title": "Biosynthesis of dermatan sulfate. I. Formation of L-iduronic acid residues.", "content": "L-[14C]Iduronic acid-containing sulfated galactosaminoglycans were formed by incubation of a fibroblast particulate fraction with UDP-D[14C]glucuronic acid, UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine, and sulfate donor (3'-phosphoadenylylsulfate). The formation of L-iduronic acid was strongly promoted by concomitant sulfation of the polymer. In the absence of sulfate donor 5 to 10% of the [14C]uronic acid residues were L-iduronic acid. However, when 3'-phosphoadenylylsulfate was included in the incubation mixture the amount of L-iduronic acid in the product increased 3 to 5-fold. Furthermore, approximately the same quantity of L-[14C]iduronic acid was recovered from the product formed in a pulse-chase experiment where incorporation of 14C-isotope preceded sulfation. It was therefore concluded that C-5 inversion of D-glucuronic acid to L-iduronic acid occurred on the polymer level as shown previously for the biosynthesis of heparin (Hook, M., Lindahl, U., Backstrom, G., Malmstrom, A., AND Fransson, L-A., J. Biol. Chem. (1974) 249, 3908). This conclusion was supported by the finding that no L[14C]iduronic acid could be detected in the UDP-hexuronic acid pool during this experiment. Nonsulfated and sulfated [14C]galactosaminoglycan products were degraded separately with chondroitinase-AC. The non-sulfated products afforded primarily disaccharide and a small amount of tetrasaccharide, while the sulfated products yielded, in addition, a considerable amount of larger oligosaccharides. Tetrasaccharides from nonsulfated products contained L-iduronic acid indicating that C-5 inversion at solitary sites can occur in the absence of sulfation of adjacent hexosamine moieties. The larger oligosaccharides obtained after chondroitinase-AC digestion of sulfated products yielded L-iduronic acid upon acid hydrolysis and were susceptible to chondroitinase-ABC digestion. The split products were almost exclusively 4-sulfated disaccharides. These results demonstrate that formation of blocks of L-iduronic acid-containing repeat periods is associated with 4-sulfation of adjacent hexosamine moieties.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of dermatan sulfate. I. Formation of L-iduronic acid residues. L-[14C]Iduronic acid-containing sulfated galactosaminoglycans were formed by incubation of a fibroblast particulate fraction with UDP-D[14C]glucuronic acid, UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine, and sulfate donor (3'-phosphoadenylylsulfate). The formation of L-iduronic acid was strongly promoted by concomitant sulfation of the polymer. In the absence of sulfate donor 5 to 10% of the [14C]uronic acid residues were L-iduronic acid. However, when 3'-phosphoadenylylsulfate was included in the incubation mixture the amount of L-iduronic acid in the product increased 3 to 5-fold. Furthermore, approximately the same quantity of L-[14C]iduronic acid was recovered from the product formed in a pulse-chase experiment where incorporation of 14C-isotope preceded sulfation. It was therefore concluded that C-5 inversion of D-glucuronic acid to L-iduronic acid occurred on the polymer level as shown previously for the biosynthesis of heparin (Hook, M., Lindahl, U., Backstrom, G., Malmstrom, A., AND Fransson, L-A., J. Biol. Chem. (1974) 249, 3908). This conclusion was supported by the finding that no L[14C]iduronic acid could be detected in the UDP-hexuronic acid pool during this experiment. Nonsulfated and sulfated [14C]galactosaminoglycan products were degraded separately with chondroitinase-AC. The non-sulfated products afforded primarily disaccharide and a small amount of tetrasaccharide, while the sulfated products yielded, in addition, a considerable amount of larger oligosaccharides. Tetrasaccharides from nonsulfated products contained L-iduronic acid indicating that C-5 inversion at solitary sites can occur in the absence of sulfation of adjacent hexosamine moieties. The larger oligosaccharides obtained after chondroitinase-AC digestion of sulfated products yielded L-iduronic acid upon acid hydrolysis and were susceptible to chondroitinase-ABC digestion. The split products were almost exclusively 4-sulfated disaccharides. These results demonstrate that formation of blocks of L-iduronic acid-containing repeat periods is associated with 4-sulfation of adjacent hexosamine moieties.", "PMID": 1123348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8003", "title": "Regulation and substrate specificity of a steroid sulfate-specific hydroxylase system in female rat liver microsomes.", "content": "The sulfate-specific hydroxylase system in liver microsomes from rats has been investigated with respect to its substrate specificity. Eighteen different C18, C19, C21, and C27 steroid sulfates and the coresponding free steroids have been incubated with microsomal preparations from male and female rats. The sulfate-specific system was only present in preparations from female rats and primarily catalyzed hydroxylation in position 15beta but also in position 7beta. In contrast to this, male liver microsomes were more efficient than female liver microsomes in hydroxylating free steroids; these were hydroxylated in positions 2alpha,2beta,6alpha,6beta,7alpha,7beta,16alpha, and 18. The sulfate-specific hydroxylase system in female liver microsomes was found to have rigid requirements c concerning the structure of ring D in the substrate molecule; only 17beta-sulfates (C18 and C19 steroids) and 21-sulfates (C21 steroids) were hydroxylated. Less rigid criteria, however, exist concerning the structure of ring A. The following K-m values were determined for microsomal 15beta-hydroxylation: 5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol disulfate, 17.2 muM; 5beta-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol disulfate, 16muM;5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol 17-sulfate, 26 muM; and estradiol 17-sulfate, 181 muM. Some of the regulatory mechanism controlling the activity of the sex-specific 15beta-hydroxylase system also have been studied and compared to the mechanism controlling the activities of the less specific 2alpha-, 7alpha-, and 18-hydroxylase systems active on 5alpha-[4-14C]androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol. Biliary drainage did not affect the 15beta-hydroxylase activity, whereas the 2alpha- and 7alpha-hydroxylase activities decreased..", "contents": "Regulation and substrate specificity of a steroid sulfate-specific hydroxylase system in female rat liver microsomes. The sulfate-specific hydroxylase system in liver microsomes from rats has been investigated with respect to its substrate specificity. Eighteen different C18, C19, C21, and C27 steroid sulfates and the coresponding free steroids have been incubated with microsomal preparations from male and female rats. The sulfate-specific system was only present in preparations from female rats and primarily catalyzed hydroxylation in position 15beta but also in position 7beta. In contrast to this, male liver microsomes were more efficient than female liver microsomes in hydroxylating free steroids; these were hydroxylated in positions 2alpha,2beta,6alpha,6beta,7alpha,7beta,16alpha, and 18. The sulfate-specific hydroxylase system in female liver microsomes was found to have rigid requirements c concerning the structure of ring D in the substrate molecule; only 17beta-sulfates (C18 and C19 steroids) and 21-sulfates (C21 steroids) were hydroxylated. Less rigid criteria, however, exist concerning the structure of ring A. The following K-m values were determined for microsomal 15beta-hydroxylation: 5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol disulfate, 17.2 muM; 5beta-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol disulfate, 16muM;5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol 17-sulfate, 26 muM; and estradiol 17-sulfate, 181 muM. Some of the regulatory mechanism controlling the activity of the sex-specific 15beta-hydroxylase system also have been studied and compared to the mechanism controlling the activities of the less specific 2alpha-, 7alpha-, and 18-hydroxylase systems active on 5alpha-[4-14C]androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol. Biliary drainage did not affect the 15beta-hydroxylase activity, whereas the 2alpha- and 7alpha-hydroxylase activities decreased..", "PMID": 1123349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8004", "title": "Dihydrotestosterone formation in cultured human fibroblasts. Comparison of cells from normal subjects and patients with familial incomplete male pseudohermaphroditism, Type 2.", "content": "The conversion of [1,2-3H]testosterone to [3H]dihydrotestosterone has been assessed in fibroblast monolayers grown from skin biopsies of foreskin, scrotum, and various nongential skins from 31 control men who varied in age from newborn to 25 years and three 46,XY subjects with hereditary male pseudohermaphroditism. Under the standardized conditions utilized in this study, the rate of dihydrotestosterone formation was greater in fibroblasts grown from genital skin (foreskin and scrotum) passages exhibit the same differentiation in dihydrotestosterone formation as the skin from which the fibroblasts were grown. Furthermore, 5alpha-reductase, the enzyme that converts testosterone to dihydrotestosterone, exhibits apparent similar substrate specificity in control foreskin fibroblasts and in the foreskin itself. Fibroblasts grown from the foreskin of two patients with familial incomplete male pseudohermaphroditism, type 2, an autosomal recessive disorder of phenotypic sexual differentiation, showed a marked deficiency in the capacity to form dihydrotestosterone. In contrast, fibroblasts grown from the scrotum of one 46,XY male with familial incomplete male pseudohermaphroditism, type 1, an apparent X-linked disorder of phenotypic sexual differentiation, formed dihydrotestosterone at a normal rate.", "contents": "Dihydrotestosterone formation in cultured human fibroblasts. Comparison of cells from normal subjects and patients with familial incomplete male pseudohermaphroditism, Type 2. The conversion of [1,2-3H]testosterone to [3H]dihydrotestosterone has been assessed in fibroblast monolayers grown from skin biopsies of foreskin, scrotum, and various nongential skins from 31 control men who varied in age from newborn to 25 years and three 46,XY subjects with hereditary male pseudohermaphroditism. Under the standardized conditions utilized in this study, the rate of dihydrotestosterone formation was greater in fibroblasts grown from genital skin (foreskin and scrotum) passages exhibit the same differentiation in dihydrotestosterone formation as the skin from which the fibroblasts were grown. Furthermore, 5alpha-reductase, the enzyme that converts testosterone to dihydrotestosterone, exhibits apparent similar substrate specificity in control foreskin fibroblasts and in the foreskin itself. Fibroblasts grown from the foreskin of two patients with familial incomplete male pseudohermaphroditism, type 2, an autosomal recessive disorder of phenotypic sexual differentiation, showed a marked deficiency in the capacity to form dihydrotestosterone. In contrast, fibroblasts grown from the scrotum of one 46,XY male with familial incomplete male pseudohermaphroditism, type 1, an apparent X-linked disorder of phenotypic sexual differentiation, formed dihydrotestosterone at a normal rate.", "PMID": 1123350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8005", "title": "Characterization of the phosphoenolpyruvate inhibition of mitochondrial protein synthesis.", "content": "The interaction of phosphoenolypyruvate with isolated rat liver mitochondria has been further investigated. The uptake of P-enolpyruvate is accompanied by the stoichiometric release of intramitochondrial adenine nucleotides resulting in the inhibition of mitochondrial protein synthesis. Addition of specific inhibitors of either the adenine nucleotide carrier or the tricarboylic acid carrier blocks the P-enolpyruvate-stimulated loss of adenine nucleotides and thereby prevents the resultant inhibition of mitochondrial protein synthesis. These data suggest that there is a specific interaction between the mitochondrial adenine nucleotide translocase and the tricarboxylic acid carrier resulting in the control of intramitochondrial adenine nucleotide levels of phosphoenolpyruvate.", "contents": "Characterization of the phosphoenolpyruvate inhibition of mitochondrial protein synthesis. The interaction of phosphoenolypyruvate with isolated rat liver mitochondria has been further investigated. The uptake of P-enolpyruvate is accompanied by the stoichiometric release of intramitochondrial adenine nucleotides resulting in the inhibition of mitochondrial protein synthesis. Addition of specific inhibitors of either the adenine nucleotide carrier or the tricarboylic acid carrier blocks the P-enolpyruvate-stimulated loss of adenine nucleotides and thereby prevents the resultant inhibition of mitochondrial protein synthesis. These data suggest that there is a specific interaction between the mitochondrial adenine nucleotide translocase and the tricarboxylic acid carrier resulting in the control of intramitochondrial adenine nucleotide levels of phosphoenolpyruvate.", "PMID": 1123351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8006", "title": "Phosphate transport in rat liver mitochondria. Membrane components labeled by N-ethylmaleimide during inhibition of transport.", "content": "N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) inhibits the transport of phosphate in mitochondria but is without effect on permeation of other metabolities. In spite of its specificity for inhibition of phosphate transport, NEM reacts in an unspecific manner with inner membrane proteins in general. Treatment of mitochondria with [3H]NEM just sufficient to produce inhibition of phosphate transport results in labeling of at least 10 polypeptide components of the inner membrane. A marked increase in the specificity of reaction of NEM for components of the phosphate transport system is attained by first protecting the transport system with p-mercuribenzoate (p-MB) and then by irreversibly blocking reactive sulfhydryl groups unassociated with transport by the addition of unlabeled NEM. Subsequent addition of dithiothreitol removes p-MB and restores 65 to 75 percent of the original phosphate transport activity. Reinhibition of transport with [3H]NEM results in both a 6-fold decrease in the amount of [3H]NEM bound by purified inner membrane vesicles and a substantial reduction in the number of labeled polypeptide components. Five distinct labeled species are detected by this method, one of which is a 32,000 molecular weight protein containing 40 percent of the bound radioactivity, or approximately 160 pmol/mg of inner membrane protein. Correlation of binding of [3H]NEM by inner membrane proteins with inhibition of phosphate transport suggests that the maximum concentration of the NEM-sensitive component of the phosphate transport system is 60 pmol/mg of mitochondrial protein. This value, when combined with V-max of NEM-sensitive transport of 205 nmol times min-1 times mg-1 at O degrees (Coty, W. A., and Pedersen, P. L. (1974) J. Biol. Chem. 249, 2593) yields an approximate minimum turnover for this process of 3500 min-1 at 0 degrees. This turnover number is at least 20-fold greater than similarly calculated values for adenine nucleotide transport and succinate oxidation in rat liver mitochondria at this temperature. Taken together these results suggest that the NEM-sensitive phosphate transport system in rat liver mitochondria has an unusually high catalytic activity compared to other mitochondrial processes, and that at least one of the five NEM-binding proteins is likely to be an essential component of this transport system.", "contents": "Phosphate transport in rat liver mitochondria. Membrane components labeled by N-ethylmaleimide during inhibition of transport. N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) inhibits the transport of phosphate in mitochondria but is without effect on permeation of other metabolities. In spite of its specificity for inhibition of phosphate transport, NEM reacts in an unspecific manner with inner membrane proteins in general. Treatment of mitochondria with [3H]NEM just sufficient to produce inhibition of phosphate transport results in labeling of at least 10 polypeptide components of the inner membrane. A marked increase in the specificity of reaction of NEM for components of the phosphate transport system is attained by first protecting the transport system with p-mercuribenzoate (p-MB) and then by irreversibly blocking reactive sulfhydryl groups unassociated with transport by the addition of unlabeled NEM. Subsequent addition of dithiothreitol removes p-MB and restores 65 to 75 percent of the original phosphate transport activity. Reinhibition of transport with [3H]NEM results in both a 6-fold decrease in the amount of [3H]NEM bound by purified inner membrane vesicles and a substantial reduction in the number of labeled polypeptide components. Five distinct labeled species are detected by this method, one of which is a 32,000 molecular weight protein containing 40 percent of the bound radioactivity, or approximately 160 pmol/mg of inner membrane protein. Correlation of binding of [3H]NEM by inner membrane proteins with inhibition of phosphate transport suggests that the maximum concentration of the NEM-sensitive component of the phosphate transport system is 60 pmol/mg of mitochondrial protein. This value, when combined with V-max of NEM-sensitive transport of 205 nmol times min-1 times mg-1 at O degrees (Coty, W. A., and Pedersen, P. L. (1974) J. Biol. Chem. 249, 2593) yields an approximate minimum turnover for this process of 3500 min-1 at 0 degrees. This turnover number is at least 20-fold greater than similarly calculated values for adenine nucleotide transport and succinate oxidation in rat liver mitochondria at this temperature. Taken together these results suggest that the NEM-sensitive phosphate transport system in rat liver mitochondria has an unusually high catalytic activity compared to other mitochondrial processes, and that at least one of the five NEM-binding proteins is likely to be an essential component of this transport system.", "PMID": 1123352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8007", "title": "Purified liver microsomal cytochrome P-450. Separation and characterization of multiple forms.", "content": "During the purification of rabbit liver microsomal cytochrome P-450 (P-450LM), evidence was obtained for the occurrence of at least four distinct forms. These were distinguished by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis after treatment with sodium dodecyl sulfate in the presence or absence of mercaptoethanol and were shown to have characteristic spectra as the reduced carbon monoxide complexes. They are designated by their relative electrophoretic mobilities. P-450LM2, which was purified to apparent homogeneity, is induced by phenobarbital and has a subunit molecular weight of 50,000. P-450LM4, which was also extensively purified, is induced by beta-naphthoflavone and has a molecular weight of 54,000. P-450LM1,7, which is induced neither by phenobarbital nor beta-naphthoflavone, is a mixtureMIXTURE OF ABOUT EQUAL AMOUNTS OF TWO FORMS WITH MOLECULAR WEIGHTS OF 47,000 AND 60,000 RESPECTIVELY. Some preparations were obtained containing primarily P-450LM1 or P-450LM7. Benzphetamine, ethylmorphine, and p-nitroanisole are hydroxylated preferentially by P-450LM2, and benzpyrene by P-450LM1,7. Biphenyl is hydroxylated in both positions 2 and 4 by all of the preparations, but the latter position is strongly favored by the action of P-450LM2. Testosterone is hydroxylated primarily in position 16alpha by P-450LM2 and in position 6beta by P-450LM1,7. Although the occurrence of additional forms of the cytochrome with highly similar electrophoretic behavior is not ruled out, it appears that the presence of these forms differing in subunit molecular weight may account for the variety of catalytic activities attributed to this pigment of liver microsomes.", "contents": "Purified liver microsomal cytochrome P-450. Separation and characterization of multiple forms. During the purification of rabbit liver microsomal cytochrome P-450 (P-450LM), evidence was obtained for the occurrence of at least four distinct forms. These were distinguished by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis after treatment with sodium dodecyl sulfate in the presence or absence of mercaptoethanol and were shown to have characteristic spectra as the reduced carbon monoxide complexes. They are designated by their relative electrophoretic mobilities. P-450LM2, which was purified to apparent homogeneity, is induced by phenobarbital and has a subunit molecular weight of 50,000. P-450LM4, which was also extensively purified, is induced by beta-naphthoflavone and has a molecular weight of 54,000. P-450LM1,7, which is induced neither by phenobarbital nor beta-naphthoflavone, is a mixtureMIXTURE OF ABOUT EQUAL AMOUNTS OF TWO FORMS WITH MOLECULAR WEIGHTS OF 47,000 AND 60,000 RESPECTIVELY. Some preparations were obtained containing primarily P-450LM1 or P-450LM7. Benzphetamine, ethylmorphine, and p-nitroanisole are hydroxylated preferentially by P-450LM2, and benzpyrene by P-450LM1,7. Biphenyl is hydroxylated in both positions 2 and 4 by all of the preparations, but the latter position is strongly favored by the action of P-450LM2. Testosterone is hydroxylated primarily in position 16alpha by P-450LM2 and in position 6beta by P-450LM1,7. Although the occurrence of additional forms of the cytochrome with highly similar electrophoretic behavior is not ruled out, it appears that the presence of these forms differing in subunit molecular weight may account for the variety of catalytic activities attributed to this pigment of liver microsomes.", "PMID": 1123353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8008", "title": "Benign osteoblastoma: range of manifestations.", "content": "A study of twenty-five new cases of osteoblastoma and a review of 172 previously reported cases demonstrated the wide spectrum of manifestations of the lesion. The ratio of males to females was 2:1, with 80 per cent of the patients being under thirty years of age. The duration of complaints prior to diagnosis averaged seventeen months. The majority of the lesions were found in the spine or major long bones of the lower extremity. When complete excision of the tumor was done a cure always was the result, but incomplete curettage also affected a cure in some cases. Three cases presented in detail emphasize the wide variation in biological behavior which this lesion may exhibit. Histological characteristics of aneurysmal bone cyst may frequently appear in the tumor tissue. Radiotherapy does not alter the course of the disease and appears to be contraindicated.", "contents": "Benign osteoblastoma: range of manifestations. A study of twenty-five new cases of osteoblastoma and a review of 172 previously reported cases demonstrated the wide spectrum of manifestations of the lesion. The ratio of males to females was 2:1, with 80 per cent of the patients being under thirty years of age. The duration of complaints prior to diagnosis averaged seventeen months. The majority of the lesions were found in the spine or major long bones of the lower extremity. When complete excision of the tumor was done a cure always was the result, but incomplete curettage also affected a cure in some cases. Three cases presented in detail emphasize the wide variation in biological behavior which this lesion may exhibit. Histological characteristics of aneurysmal bone cyst may frequently appear in the tumor tissue. Radiotherapy does not alter the course of the disease and appears to be contraindicated.", "PMID": 1123354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8009", "title": "Ewing's sarcoma. A clinicopathological and statistical analysis of patients surviving five years or longer.", "content": "Of 229 patients with primary Ewing's sarcoma of bone, thirty-seven survived five years or longer. When the patients who survived five years or longer were compared with the 192 who did not, two factors associated with longer survival were identified in this retrospective study: location of the primary tumor within an extremity and inclusion of surgery as part of the initial treatment. The probability of five-year survival for all 229 patients with primary Ewing's sarcoma was 16 per cent. For those seen since 1950, this probability was 18 per cent, and for patients without metastasis, it was 22 per cent.", "contents": "Ewing's sarcoma. A clinicopathological and statistical analysis of patients surviving five years or longer. Of 229 patients with primary Ewing's sarcoma of bone, thirty-seven survived five years or longer. When the patients who survived five years or longer were compared with the 192 who did not, two factors associated with longer survival were identified in this retrospective study: location of the primary tumor within an extremity and inclusion of surgery as part of the initial treatment. The probability of five-year survival for all 229 patients with primary Ewing's sarcoma was 16 per cent. For those seen since 1950, this probability was 18 per cent, and for patients without metastasis, it was 22 per cent.", "PMID": 1123355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8010", "title": "Performance analysis of an ex vivo geometric total knee prosthesis.", "content": "Studies were made of a well functioning geometric total knee prosthesis, removed at autopsy from a sixty-one-year-old man, which had been used for eight months. The components were firmly embedded in bone with no evidence of loosening. There was significant deformation of the polyethylene tibial component, but no significant wear on the metallic component. Thin layers of fibrous tissue were found in some areas of the bone-cement interfaces.", "contents": "Performance analysis of an ex vivo geometric total knee prosthesis. Studies were made of a well functioning geometric total knee prosthesis, removed at autopsy from a sixty-one-year-old man, which had been used for eight months. The components were firmly embedded in bone with no evidence of loosening. There was significant deformation of the polyethylene tibial component, but no significant wear on the metallic component. Thin layers of fibrous tissue were found in some areas of the bone-cement interfaces.", "PMID": 1123356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8011", "title": "Restoration of strong opposition after median-nerve or brachial plexus paralysis.", "content": "In hands in which the superficial flexors of the fingers and thenar muscles of opposition are denervated, usually as the result of high median-nerve or brachial plexus injury, thumb opposition can be restored by transfer of the superficial flexor of the ring finger to the thumb through a dynamic pulley made from the distal segment of flexor carpi ulnaris which is attached to the proximal segment of flexor carpi ulnaris to the transferred paralyzed superficial ring-finger flexor tendon. Of sixteen patients treated by this method, twelve had good or satisfactory results; one had a poor result; and three were lost to follow-up.", "contents": "Restoration of strong opposition after median-nerve or brachial plexus paralysis. In hands in which the superficial flexors of the fingers and thenar muscles of opposition are denervated, usually as the result of high median-nerve or brachial plexus injury, thumb opposition can be restored by transfer of the superficial flexor of the ring finger to the thumb through a dynamic pulley made from the distal segment of flexor carpi ulnaris which is attached to the proximal segment of flexor carpi ulnaris to the transferred paralyzed superficial ring-finger flexor tendon. Of sixteen patients treated by this method, twelve had good or satisfactory results; one had a poor result; and three were lost to follow-up.", "PMID": 1123357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8012", "title": "Gangrene of the newborn. A case report.", "content": "Gangrene of the newborn is an uncommon condition usually resulting from decreased perfusion of a part, usually an extremity. There are a variety of situations which can result in this condition. Knowledge of the exact sequence of events which lead to the insult and the conditions surrounding it is helpful in determining the etiology and as a consequence the treatment of the lesion. In the patient described, direct pressure from the maternal pelvis was probably the contributing factor which led to venous occlusion of the extremity. Arterial thrombosis, emboli, trauma, congenital heart disease, sepsis, dehydration, coagulopathies, and venipuncture are other possible causes which should be considered. The treatment is in general supportive, allowing the ischemic area to demarcate and slough. Range-of-motion exercises and splinting to avoid contracture are helpful in the rehabilitative phase.", "contents": "Gangrene of the newborn. A case report. Gangrene of the newborn is an uncommon condition usually resulting from decreased perfusion of a part, usually an extremity. There are a variety of situations which can result in this condition. Knowledge of the exact sequence of events which lead to the insult and the conditions surrounding it is helpful in determining the etiology and as a consequence the treatment of the lesion. In the patient described, direct pressure from the maternal pelvis was probably the contributing factor which led to venous occlusion of the extremity. Arterial thrombosis, emboli, trauma, congenital heart disease, sepsis, dehydration, coagulopathies, and venipuncture are other possible causes which should be considered. The treatment is in general supportive, allowing the ischemic area to demarcate and slough. Range-of-motion exercises and splinting to avoid contracture are helpful in the rehabilitative phase.", "PMID": 1123362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8013", "title": "Fatigue fracture: the basic lesion is inthmic spondylolisthesis.", "content": "The defect in the pars interarticularis in spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis is most often the result of repeated trauma, stress, and factors other than acute fracture. These fatigue fractures develop early in life, may have a strong hereditary basis, and most often represent incidental roentgenographic findings. Attention should be given to the youngster or adolescent with low-back pain and paraspinal muscle spasm. If these patients are followed closely, the incidence of pars interarticularis defect is higher than appreciated. The lesion in some of these individuals may progress to significant vertebral slipping. If the developing defect is recognized early, treatment can be quite satisfactory.", "contents": "Fatigue fracture: the basic lesion is inthmic spondylolisthesis. The defect in the pars interarticularis in spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis is most often the result of repeated trauma, stress, and factors other than acute fracture. These fatigue fractures develop early in life, may have a strong hereditary basis, and most often represent incidental roentgenographic findings. Attention should be given to the youngster or adolescent with low-back pain and paraspinal muscle spasm. If these patients are followed closely, the incidence of pars interarticularis defect is higher than appreciated. The lesion in some of these individuals may progress to significant vertebral slipping. If the developing defect is recognized early, treatment can be quite satisfactory.", "PMID": 1123367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8014", "title": "The treatment of trochanteric hip fractures using a compression screw.", "content": "One hundred and four consecutive intertrochanteric hip fractures treated with a compression screw were reviewed. Despite death and lack of follow-up, the late results in sixty-two cases of fracture were analyzed. Three non-unions and one malunion gave the technique a failure rate of only 6.4 per cent. Twenty-two patients with both stable and unstable fractures were allowed to bear weight as early as tolerated, in an average of fourteen days. Early weight-bearing did not appear to compromise the end result.", "contents": "The treatment of trochanteric hip fractures using a compression screw. One hundred and four consecutive intertrochanteric hip fractures treated with a compression screw were reviewed. Despite death and lack of follow-up, the late results in sixty-two cases of fracture were analyzed. Three non-unions and one malunion gave the technique a failure rate of only 6.4 per cent. Twenty-two patients with both stable and unstable fractures were allowed to bear weight as early as tolerated, in an average of fourteen days. Early weight-bearing did not appear to compromise the end result.", "PMID": 1123368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8015", "title": "The deep posterior compartmental syndrome of the leg.", "content": "Fourteen cases of deep posterior compartmental syndrome of the leg complicating lower-extremity trauma were analyzed. Caused by increased pressure within the deep posterior compartment, the syndrome was characterized by pain, plantar hypesthesia, weakness of toe flexion, pain on passive toe extension, and tenseness of the fascia between the tibia and the triceps surae in the distal medial part of the leg. Decompression of the compartment within twelve hours of the onset of the syndrome prevented permanent sequelae.", "contents": "The deep posterior compartmental syndrome of the leg. Fourteen cases of deep posterior compartmental syndrome of the leg complicating lower-extremity trauma were analyzed. Caused by increased pressure within the deep posterior compartment, the syndrome was characterized by pain, plantar hypesthesia, weakness of toe flexion, pain on passive toe extension, and tenseness of the fascia between the tibia and the triceps surae in the distal medial part of the leg. Decompression of the compartment within twelve hours of the onset of the syndrome prevented permanent sequelae.", "PMID": 1123369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8016", "title": "Knee joint infections with Staphylococcus aureus and Micrococcus species.", "content": "In rabbit knees 600 Staphylococcus aureus organisms produced progressive infection in 50 per cent of the knees injected, whereas 5.3 times 10-7 Micrococcus species caused only transient colonization of the joints. Methicillin, cephacetrile, and clindamycin administered before injection of the staphylococci gave protection. Stainless-steel particles in the knee did not increase susceptibility to infection from injected micrococci but did make established micrococcal infections more persistent. Knees containing steel debris failed to become infected during prolonged staphylococcal bacteremia. Injected autologous blood, either fresh or three days old, did not increase susceptibility to infection. Large doses of steroids, given systemically or intraarticularly, decreased resistance to micrococcal infection and increased the destruction caused by infection due to this organism.", "contents": "Knee joint infections with Staphylococcus aureus and Micrococcus species. In rabbit knees 600 Staphylococcus aureus organisms produced progressive infection in 50 per cent of the knees injected, whereas 5.3 times 10-7 Micrococcus species caused only transient colonization of the joints. Methicillin, cephacetrile, and clindamycin administered before injection of the staphylococci gave protection. Stainless-steel particles in the knee did not increase susceptibility to infection from injected micrococci but did make established micrococcal infections more persistent. Knees containing steel debris failed to become infected during prolonged staphylococcal bacteremia. Injected autologous blood, either fresh or three days old, did not increase susceptibility to infection. Large doses of steroids, given systemically or intraarticularly, decreased resistance to micrococcal infection and increased the destruction caused by infection due to this organism.", "PMID": 1123370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8017", "title": "Some physiological aspects of bone marrow pressure.", "content": "An investigation was made into some of the hemodynamic properties of bone. The parameters studied were bone marrow and medullary venous pressures. The resting level and changes in the two pressures were measured under autoperfusion and constant-flow perfusion conditions. Changes were induced either by drugs or by alteration in blood flow. Marrow pressure was measured with a new tonometric technique. A specially constructed miniature pressure transducer was utilized as the tonometer. Trauma-induced hemorrhage of the marrow was avoided. The marrow pressure was measured across an intact endosteal membrane. The pressure of the normal bone marrow and the medullary venous pressure in the anesthetized dog were nearly equal, approximately twenty millimeters of mercury and about 17 per cent of systemic blood pressure. These values were found whether measured simultaneously or separately in comparable groups of dogs under a variety of conditions. Induced changes in the two pressures produced either by changes in perfusion rate or by drugs were also nearly equal and in the same direction.", "contents": "Some physiological aspects of bone marrow pressure. An investigation was made into some of the hemodynamic properties of bone. The parameters studied were bone marrow and medullary venous pressures. The resting level and changes in the two pressures were measured under autoperfusion and constant-flow perfusion conditions. Changes were induced either by drugs or by alteration in blood flow. Marrow pressure was measured with a new tonometric technique. A specially constructed miniature pressure transducer was utilized as the tonometer. Trauma-induced hemorrhage of the marrow was avoided. The marrow pressure was measured across an intact endosteal membrane. The pressure of the normal bone marrow and the medullary venous pressure in the anesthetized dog were nearly equal, approximately twenty millimeters of mercury and about 17 per cent of systemic blood pressure. These values were found whether measured simultaneously or separately in comparable groups of dogs under a variety of conditions. Induced changes in the two pressures produced either by changes in perfusion rate or by drugs were also nearly equal and in the same direction.", "PMID": 1123371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8018", "title": "The relative safety of polymethylmethacrylate. A controlled clinical study of randomly selected patients treated with Charnley and ring total hip replacements.", "content": "Forty patients from a group of seventy elected to participate in a prospective randomized clinical study designed to evaluate the systemic effects of polymethylmethacrylate implanted with a Charnley total hip replacement, utilizing patients treated with a Ring total hip prosthesis ad controls. Intraoperative alterations in cardiovascular function were related to use of methylmethacrylate, but postoperative changes in pulmonary function, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, serum lactic acid dehydrogenase, serum glutamicoxalacetic transaminase, and alkaline phosphatase were not. Charnley total hip replacements were associated with more ectopic-bone formation twelve months postoperatively. The two \"latent\" infections recognized during the thirty-four months of the study were in hips without acrylic fixation.", "contents": "The relative safety of polymethylmethacrylate. A controlled clinical study of randomly selected patients treated with Charnley and ring total hip replacements. Forty patients from a group of seventy elected to participate in a prospective randomized clinical study designed to evaluate the systemic effects of polymethylmethacrylate implanted with a Charnley total hip replacement, utilizing patients treated with a Ring total hip prosthesis ad controls. Intraoperative alterations in cardiovascular function were related to use of methylmethacrylate, but postoperative changes in pulmonary function, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, serum lactic acid dehydrogenase, serum glutamicoxalacetic transaminase, and alkaline phosphatase were not. Charnley total hip replacements were associated with more ectopic-bone formation twelve months postoperatively. The two \"latent\" infections recognized during the thirty-four months of the study were in hips without acrylic fixation.", "PMID": 1123372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8019", "title": "Transplantation of preserved composite tendon allografts.", "content": "Composite flexor-tendon grafts (both tendons with sheath and pulleys intact) were performed in adult chickens comparing fresh autografts with allografts stored in 1:5,000 merthiolate under refrigeration for two months. The gross and microscopic findings were assessed one week to one year after transfer. The allografts were somewhat slower to heal but otherwise differed little from the autografts, and were readily accepted eventually with only minor adhesions between the grafted tendon and the sheath.", "contents": "Transplantation of preserved composite tendon allografts. Composite flexor-tendon grafts (both tendons with sheath and pulleys intact) were performed in adult chickens comparing fresh autografts with allografts stored in 1:5,000 merthiolate under refrigeration for two months. The gross and microscopic findings were assessed one week to one year after transfer. The allografts were somewhat slower to heal but otherwise differed little from the autografts, and were readily accepted eventually with only minor adhesions between the grafted tendon and the sheath.", "PMID": 1123373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8020", "title": "Alterations of rabbit articular cartilage by intra-articular injections of glucocorticoids.", "content": "The destruction of rabbit articular cartilage after intra-articular injections of hydrocortisone acetate was investigated using histological, biochemical, and tracer methods. Fissures and cysts increased in number as increasing amounts of hydrocortisone were given. A linear decrease of hexosamine to less than 50 per cent after twelve injections was accompanied by insigificant changes in deoxyribonucleic acid and hydroxyproline content. The synthesis of proteoglycans and proteins was reduced to one-third, while the production of collagen dropped to less than one-fifth. The changes in thymidine incorporation were not significant. Based on these data, a model indicating the sequence of events which leads to joint destruction after intra-articular injections of glucocorticoid is proposed.", "contents": "Alterations of rabbit articular cartilage by intra-articular injections of glucocorticoids. The destruction of rabbit articular cartilage after intra-articular injections of hydrocortisone acetate was investigated using histological, biochemical, and tracer methods. Fissures and cysts increased in number as increasing amounts of hydrocortisone were given. A linear decrease of hexosamine to less than 50 per cent after twelve injections was accompanied by insigificant changes in deoxyribonucleic acid and hydroxyproline content. The synthesis of proteoglycans and proteins was reduced to one-third, while the production of collagen dropped to less than one-fifth. The changes in thymidine incorporation were not significant. Based on these data, a model indicating the sequence of events which leads to joint destruction after intra-articular injections of glucocorticoid is proposed.", "PMID": 1123374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8021", "title": "Water content and binding in normal and osteoarthritic human cartilage.", "content": "Water binding in normal and osteoarthritic cartilage slices from human femoral heads was studied using tritiated water to measure the water binding after short exposure, total water content, and avidity with which water is held. In osteoarthritic cartilage, compared with normal cartilage, there was no increase in water binding but water content increased by 9 per cent and the avidity with which the newly bound water was held also increased. These findings were almost exactly duplicated by partial extraction of the proteoglycan from normal tissues with 4 molar guanidinium hydrochloride.", "contents": "Water content and binding in normal and osteoarthritic human cartilage. Water binding in normal and osteoarthritic cartilage slices from human femoral heads was studied using tritiated water to measure the water binding after short exposure, total water content, and avidity with which water is held. In osteoarthritic cartilage, compared with normal cartilage, there was no increase in water binding but water content increased by 9 per cent and the avidity with which the newly bound water was held also increased. These findings were almost exactly duplicated by partial extraction of the proteoglycan from normal tissues with 4 molar guanidinium hydrochloride.", "PMID": 1123375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8022", "title": "The effect of operating-room environment on the infection rate after Charnley low-friction total hip replacement.", "content": "After 300 Charnley low-friction arthroplasties done in two hospitals by two surgical teams using clean-air enclosures but no preoperative, operative, or postoperative antibiotics, there were three deep wound infections, two caused by Staphylococcus albus, coagulase negative, and one by Klebsiella. Two of these infections occurred in hips previously operated on and one was in a hip with no previous surgery. These findings suggest that two operating-room environments using the same basic principles without antibiotics can achieve a 1 per cent rate of deep wound infection with no early deep wound infections after total hip replacement, a rate comparable to that reported in other series in which antibiotics were used. However, this study did not answer the questions: Is the environment the primary reason for the low infection rate or is it the discipline required by the environment? Will the rate of late (four to five years) wound infection after operations done in a clean-air enclosure be lower than that after procedures done in a \"normal\" operating-room environment using preoperative, operative, and postoperative antibiotics?", "contents": "The effect of operating-room environment on the infection rate after Charnley low-friction total hip replacement. After 300 Charnley low-friction arthroplasties done in two hospitals by two surgical teams using clean-air enclosures but no preoperative, operative, or postoperative antibiotics, there were three deep wound infections, two caused by Staphylococcus albus, coagulase negative, and one by Klebsiella. Two of these infections occurred in hips previously operated on and one was in a hip with no previous surgery. These findings suggest that two operating-room environments using the same basic principles without antibiotics can achieve a 1 per cent rate of deep wound infection with no early deep wound infections after total hip replacement, a rate comparable to that reported in other series in which antibiotics were used. However, this study did not answer the questions: Is the environment the primary reason for the low infection rate or is it the discipline required by the environment? Will the rate of late (four to five years) wound infection after operations done in a clean-air enclosure be lower than that after procedures done in a \"normal\" operating-room environment using preoperative, operative, and postoperative antibiotics?", "PMID": 1123376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8023", "title": "Malignant hemangioendothelioma of bone.", "content": "The clinical and histopathological characteristics are described in seven cases of malignant hemangioendothelioma of bone. This rare neoplasm affects all age groups and almost any bone. Metastases appear in the skeleton even before such lesions are seen on pulmonary roentgenograms. Prognosis is poor, with a five-year survival for only two of the six patients in this series. One patient is still alive and free of symptoms more than twelve years after diagnosis of widespread tumor destruction of the frontal skull bones, which was successfully controlled by radiation therapy. In addition, a recently diagnosed case of this tumor arising in a chronic non-fistulous osteomyelitic bone is described.", "contents": "Malignant hemangioendothelioma of bone. The clinical and histopathological characteristics are described in seven cases of malignant hemangioendothelioma of bone. This rare neoplasm affects all age groups and almost any bone. Metastases appear in the skeleton even before such lesions are seen on pulmonary roentgenograms. Prognosis is poor, with a five-year survival for only two of the six patients in this series. One patient is still alive and free of symptoms more than twelve years after diagnosis of widespread tumor destruction of the frontal skull bones, which was successfully controlled by radiation therapy. In addition, a recently diagnosed case of this tumor arising in a chronic non-fistulous osteomyelitic bone is described.", "PMID": 1123377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8024", "title": "Factitious lymphedema of the hand.", "content": "Twenty-two patients with factitious lymphedema of the hand were reviewed. Thirteen were female, with a median age of sixteen years at the onset of symptoms. Of the nine males, the median age at onset of symptoms was thirty-two years. The dominant hand was affected more frequently than the non-dominant hand. Edema was usually caused by a tourniquet, irritation of the skin, or blows to the back of the hand. Neurosis, psychosis, or suicidal tendency was diagnosed in twelve of these patients. Characteristically, the edema was not particularly painful; it frequently ended proximally in a circumferential discolored constriction ring; and it occasionally displayed characteristic lymphangiographic findings of normal or dilated lymphatic channels with increased collateral circulation and multiple blowouts. Although ten of the patients received Workmen's Compensation benefits, the course and psychiatric diagnosis indicated that malingering for secondary financial gain was not a primary goal. Hospitalization is usually required to confirm the diagnosis. Psychotherapy is indicated once the diagnosis is made.", "contents": "Factitious lymphedema of the hand. Twenty-two patients with factitious lymphedema of the hand were reviewed. Thirteen were female, with a median age of sixteen years at the onset of symptoms. Of the nine males, the median age at onset of symptoms was thirty-two years. The dominant hand was affected more frequently than the non-dominant hand. Edema was usually caused by a tourniquet, irritation of the skin, or blows to the back of the hand. Neurosis, psychosis, or suicidal tendency was diagnosed in twelve of these patients. Characteristically, the edema was not particularly painful; it frequently ended proximally in a circumferential discolored constriction ring; and it occasionally displayed characteristic lymphangiographic findings of normal or dilated lymphatic channels with increased collateral circulation and multiple blowouts. Although ten of the patients received Workmen's Compensation benefits, the course and psychiatric diagnosis indicated that malingering for secondary financial gain was not a primary goal. Hospitalization is usually required to confirm the diagnosis. Psychotherapy is indicated once the diagnosis is made.", "PMID": 1123378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8025", "title": "Synovectomy for rheumatoid arthritis of the knee.", "content": "Synovectomy of the knee results in a satisfactory degree of pain relief in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis. Pain relief was equally good in our series in knees with clinically active synovitis, regardless of the amount of joint destruction, provided no gross malalignment, instability, or degeneration of joint surfaces was present. In 64 per cent of the knees there was some loss of range of motion; in 13 per cent, a gain in range of motion; and in 23 per cent, no change in the total range of motion. Only two knees in the entire series underwent fibrous ankylosis. The patients' estimates of their disease activity after surgery correlated very closely with the pain relief obtained. Most of those who estimated their activity to be very low had good pain relief, while those who had more active disease had less likelihood of a satisfactory result. Although long-term satisfactory results seemed to indicate that synovitis had been effectively suppressed by surgical synovectomy, the data in this series do not prove that synovectomy prevents destruction in the rheumatoid knee.", "contents": "Synovectomy for rheumatoid arthritis of the knee. Synovectomy of the knee results in a satisfactory degree of pain relief in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis. Pain relief was equally good in our series in knees with clinically active synovitis, regardless of the amount of joint destruction, provided no gross malalignment, instability, or degeneration of joint surfaces was present. In 64 per cent of the knees there was some loss of range of motion; in 13 per cent, a gain in range of motion; and in 23 per cent, no change in the total range of motion. Only two knees in the entire series underwent fibrous ankylosis. The patients' estimates of their disease activity after surgery correlated very closely with the pain relief obtained. Most of those who estimated their activity to be very low had good pain relief, while those who had more active disease had less likelihood of a satisfactory result. Although long-term satisfactory results seemed to indicate that synovitis had been effectively suppressed by surgical synovectomy, the data in this series do not prove that synovectomy prevents destruction in the rheumatoid knee.", "PMID": 1123379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8026", "title": "Forearm fractures. Early functional bracing - A preliminary report.", "content": "Forty-five fractures of the forearm in forty-three patients were treated with a functional below-the-elbow brace applied three to forty-two days after injury, at a median time of fifteen days. The brace permitted flexion and extension of the wrist and elbow while limiting pronation and supination of the forearm during the fracture's reparative period. The results were rewarding, with only one non-union and minimum impairment of function in the overwhelming majority of cases.", "contents": "Forearm fractures. Early functional bracing - A preliminary report. Forty-five fractures of the forearm in forty-three patients were treated with a functional below-the-elbow brace applied three to forty-two days after injury, at a median time of fifteen days. The brace permitted flexion and extension of the wrist and elbow while limiting pronation and supination of the forearm during the fracture's reparative period. The results were rewarding, with only one non-union and minimum impairment of function in the overwhelming majority of cases.", "PMID": 1123380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8027", "title": "Pins and plaster treatment of comminuted fractures of the distal end of the radius.", "content": "The technique used in the treatment of seventy-five patients with severely comminuted, often intra-articular fractures near the wrist was as follows- Pins were inserted through the metacarpals and proximal part of the ulna, reduction was done, and the pins were incorporated in a cast from elbow to knuckles. This allowed movement of the fingers and the elbow. The main complications - loss of radial length and pintract infection - are avoided by attention to technical details. Of the patients with adequate follow-up, 86 per cent had good or excellent results.", "contents": "Pins and plaster treatment of comminuted fractures of the distal end of the radius. The technique used in the treatment of seventy-five patients with severely comminuted, often intra-articular fractures near the wrist was as follows- Pins were inserted through the metacarpals and proximal part of the ulna, reduction was done, and the pins were incorporated in a cast from elbow to knuckles. This allowed movement of the fingers and the elbow. The main complications - loss of radial length and pintract infection - are avoided by attention to technical details. Of the patients with adequate follow-up, 86 per cent had good or excellent results.", "PMID": 1123381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8028", "title": "Colles' fractures. Functional bracing in supination.", "content": "The classic position of immobilization of Colles' fractures with the elbow in flexion, the forearm in pronation, and the wrist in volar flexion and ulnar deviation is probably the main reason for the common and rapid recurrence of the original deformity. Such a position places the brachioradialis muscle, a strong flexor of the elbow and the only muscle attached to the distal fracture fragment, in an ideal physiological position to exert a deforming force on the fracture fragments. Based on this assumption, further supported by electromyographic studies, a method of treatment was developed which calls for the initial immobilization of the arm in an above-the-elbow cast with the elbow in flexion, the forearm in supination, and the wrist inmoderate ulnar and volar flexion. This cast is changed a few days after application for an Orthoplast brace that permits motion of the elbow and volar flexion of the wrist while preventing pronation and supination of the forearm and dorsiflexion of the wrist. The proposed method did not prevent collapse of the fragments in all instances. However, the degree of collapse was minimum. The position of supination of the forearm and the freedom of motion of all joints seemed to reduce the swelling, stiffness, and incapacitation frequently found during active treatment of these fractures.", "contents": "Colles' fractures. Functional bracing in supination. The classic position of immobilization of Colles' fractures with the elbow in flexion, the forearm in pronation, and the wrist in volar flexion and ulnar deviation is probably the main reason for the common and rapid recurrence of the original deformity. Such a position places the brachioradialis muscle, a strong flexor of the elbow and the only muscle attached to the distal fracture fragment, in an ideal physiological position to exert a deforming force on the fracture fragments. Based on this assumption, further supported by electromyographic studies, a method of treatment was developed which calls for the initial immobilization of the arm in an above-the-elbow cast with the elbow in flexion, the forearm in supination, and the wrist inmoderate ulnar and volar flexion. This cast is changed a few days after application for an Orthoplast brace that permits motion of the elbow and volar flexion of the wrist while preventing pronation and supination of the forearm and dorsiflexion of the wrist. The proposed method did not prevent collapse of the fragments in all instances. However, the degree of collapse was minimum. The position of supination of the forearm and the freedom of motion of all joints seemed to reduce the swelling, stiffness, and incapacitation frequently found during active treatment of these fractures.", "PMID": 1123382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8029", "title": "Experimental fixation of fractures of the femur with methylmethacrylate.", "content": "Use of a simple method for injection of cooled methylmethacrylate into the distal part of the femur through the canal of a K\u00fcntscher rod to stabilize distal femoral-shaft fractures proved experimentally to greatly increase the torsional stability at the fracture site. This method may allow rapid ambulation of debilitated patients and prevent the complications of extended bed rest.", "contents": "Experimental fixation of fractures of the femur with methylmethacrylate. Use of a simple method for injection of cooled methylmethacrylate into the distal part of the femur through the canal of a K\u00fcntscher rod to stabilize distal femoral-shaft fractures proved experimentally to greatly increase the torsional stability at the fracture site. This method may allow rapid ambulation of debilitated patients and prevent the complications of extended bed rest.", "PMID": 1123383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8030", "title": "Fractures of the tibial shaft after skiing and other accidents.", "content": "Fractures of the tibial shaft from skiing accidents were compared with fractures of other etiology. Skiing fractures more often affected the lower third of the tibia and they seldom were open. Many were comminuted or transverse but displacement tended to be slight. The incidence of complications was low and the periods of hospitalization, of healing, and of inability to work were shorter than for the other fractures. The highly favorable prognosis was evident whatever the method used for treatment. Methods of treatment of tibial fractures should not be compared on the basis of experience with skiing fractures, because of the exceedingly favorable prognosis of the latter.", "contents": "Fractures of the tibial shaft after skiing and other accidents. Fractures of the tibial shaft from skiing accidents were compared with fractures of other etiology. Skiing fractures more often affected the lower third of the tibia and they seldom were open. Many were comminuted or transverse but displacement tended to be slight. The incidence of complications was low and the periods of hospitalization, of healing, and of inability to work were shorter than for the other fractures. The highly favorable prognosis was evident whatever the method used for treatment. Methods of treatment of tibial fractures should not be compared on the basis of experience with skiing fractures, because of the exceedingly favorable prognosis of the latter.", "PMID": 1123384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8031", "title": "Acute, complete acromioclavicular separation.", "content": "Twenty-three patients with acute, complete acromioclavicular separation were studied prospectively. Twelve patients were treated non-operatively and eleven were treated operatively. A twelve-month minimum follow-up, using a point system to evaluate clinical results, demonstrated comparable results with and without surgery. Roentgenographic findings did not correlate with the clinical results. Minimum immobilization and early rehabilitation of the shoulder was the recommended treatment of choice.", "contents": "Acute, complete acromioclavicular separation. Twenty-three patients with acute, complete acromioclavicular separation were studied prospectively. Twelve patients were treated non-operatively and eleven were treated operatively. A twelve-month minimum follow-up, using a point system to evaluate clinical results, demonstrated comparable results with and without surgery. Roentgenographic findings did not correlate with the clinical results. Minimum immobilization and early rehabilitation of the shoulder was the recommended treatment of choice.", "PMID": 1123385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8032", "title": "Avascular necrosis of the proximal end of the dens. A complication of halo-pelvic distraction.", "content": "Roentgenographic evidence of avascular necrosis of the upper part of the dens was observed in thirteen of ninety-four patients treated for tuberculous kyphosis or non-tuberculous scoliosis using halo-pelvic distraction. Four patients had some residual loss of motion. A significant relationship was demonstrated between avascular necrosis and the amount of distraction visible on roentgenograms.", "contents": "Avascular necrosis of the proximal end of the dens. A complication of halo-pelvic distraction. Roentgenographic evidence of avascular necrosis of the upper part of the dens was observed in thirteen of ninety-four patients treated for tuberculous kyphosis or non-tuberculous scoliosis using halo-pelvic distraction. Four patients had some residual loss of motion. A significant relationship was demonstrated between avascular necrosis and the amount of distraction visible on roentgenograms.", "PMID": 1123386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8033", "title": "Kinesiology after McKee-Farrar total hip replacement. A two-year follow-up of one hundred cases.", "content": "Measurements of functional performance were made before and at six and twenty-four months after 100 McKee-Farrar total hip replacements in eighty-three patients. The measurements included: range of motion of the hip, hip-muscle torque, weight-bearing activity during standing, forces applied to canes or crutches, and multiple components of walking performance. In the absence of serious complications, most patients had improvement in most components of function, with greater gains occurring during the first six months and lesser but continued gains between the sixth and twenty-fourth postoperative months. Patients with serious operative complications, postoperative infections, or component loosening showed declines in almost every component of function tested.", "contents": "Kinesiology after McKee-Farrar total hip replacement. A two-year follow-up of one hundred cases. Measurements of functional performance were made before and at six and twenty-four months after 100 McKee-Farrar total hip replacements in eighty-three patients. The measurements included: range of motion of the hip, hip-muscle torque, weight-bearing activity during standing, forces applied to canes or crutches, and multiple components of walking performance. In the absence of serious complications, most patients had improvement in most components of function, with greater gains occurring during the first six months and lesser but continued gains between the sixth and twenty-fourth postoperative months. Patients with serious operative complications, postoperative infections, or component loosening showed declines in almost every component of function tested.", "PMID": 1123387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8034", "title": "Chondromalacia of the patella in Chinese. A postmortem study.", "content": "Two hundred knees of 100 Chinese cadavera were studied with reference to factors which have been implicated in the etiology of chondromalacia of the patella. The findings were as follows: chondromalacia of the patella was less common in Chinese than in Europeans, did not always start in the medial patellar facet, and showed no relationship to the presence of abnormal menisci or to the anatomical characteristics of the medial femoral condyle which have been suggested as causative factors.", "contents": "Chondromalacia of the patella in Chinese. A postmortem study. Two hundred knees of 100 Chinese cadavera were studied with reference to factors which have been implicated in the etiology of chondromalacia of the patella. The findings were as follows: chondromalacia of the patella was less common in Chinese than in Europeans, did not always start in the medial patellar facet, and showed no relationship to the presence of abnormal menisci or to the anatomical characteristics of the medial femoral condyle which have been suggested as causative factors.", "PMID": 1123388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8035", "title": "Syme's amputation. Follow-up study of weight-bearing in sixty-eight patients.", "content": "Sixty-eight patients with Syme amputations resulting from industrial injuries were reviewed. The amount of end-weight-bearing was measured with a capacitance transducer. The majority of patients required fitting with a prosthesis designed to relieve end-weight-bearing. The old-fashioned prosthesis with a leather corset was the most effective in achieving reduction of end-weight-bearing.", "contents": "Syme's amputation. Follow-up study of weight-bearing in sixty-eight patients. Sixty-eight patients with Syme amputations resulting from industrial injuries were reviewed. The amount of end-weight-bearing was measured with a capacitance transducer. The majority of patients required fitting with a prosthesis designed to relieve end-weight-bearing. The old-fashioned prosthesis with a leather corset was the most effective in achieving reduction of end-weight-bearing.", "PMID": 1123389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8036", "title": "Scoliosis in Marfan's syndrome. Its characteristics and results of treatment in thirty-five patients.", "content": "Of sixty-four patients with Marfan's syndrome, thirty-five had scoliosis, which in 44 per cent began in the infantile and juvenile age periods. The curve patterns were double major right thoracic-left lumbar in 48 per cent and single right thoracic in 33 per cent. At the start of treatment the curves were severe (average, 72 degrees) and quite structural (average bending correction, 36 per cent). Seventy-four per cent of the thirty-five patients had back pain. Inadequately treated and untreated curves usually progressed to severe and painful deformity. Milwaukee brace treatment was generally unsuccessful because of the severity and rigidity of the curves or the poor maintenance of correction obtained. Spine fusion combined with Harrington rod instrumentation (fourteen patients) gave an average correction of 41 per cent with an average loss of 7 degrees (average follow-up, 2.3 years). Operative treatment of scoliosis is indicated in most patients with Marfan's syndrome.", "contents": "Scoliosis in Marfan's syndrome. Its characteristics and results of treatment in thirty-five patients. Of sixty-four patients with Marfan's syndrome, thirty-five had scoliosis, which in 44 per cent began in the infantile and juvenile age periods. The curve patterns were double major right thoracic-left lumbar in 48 per cent and single right thoracic in 33 per cent. At the start of treatment the curves were severe (average, 72 degrees) and quite structural (average bending correction, 36 per cent). Seventy-four per cent of the thirty-five patients had back pain. Inadequately treated and untreated curves usually progressed to severe and painful deformity. Milwaukee brace treatment was generally unsuccessful because of the severity and rigidity of the curves or the poor maintenance of correction obtained. Spine fusion combined with Harrington rod instrumentation (fourteen patients) gave an average correction of 41 per cent with an average loss of 7 degrees (average follow-up, 2.3 years). Operative treatment of scoliosis is indicated in most patients with Marfan's syndrome.", "PMID": 1123390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8037", "title": "Healing of electrosurgical and scalpel wounds in rabbits.", "content": "Skin wounds in rabbits were tested after healing periods of up to three weeks to determine if scalpel wounds differed from those made electrosurgically. Tensile tests showed that the electrosurgical wounds were initially stronger, but at four days there was no difference. Thereafter the scalpel wounds were stronger and their healing progressed much faster. Histological preparations showed more extensive inflammation and necrosis in the electrosurgical wounds.", "contents": "Healing of electrosurgical and scalpel wounds in rabbits. Skin wounds in rabbits were tested after healing periods of up to three weeks to determine if scalpel wounds differed from those made electrosurgically. Tensile tests showed that the electrosurgical wounds were initially stronger, but at four days there was no difference. Thereafter the scalpel wounds were stronger and their healing progressed much faster. Histological preparations showed more extensive inflammation and necrosis in the electrosurgical wounds.", "PMID": 1123391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8038", "title": "A characterization of polymethylmethacrylate bone cement.", "content": "Polymethylmethacrylate cement is characterized in terms of chemical composition, handling characteristics, and physical properties; the dough time, setting time, handling time, and temperature rise were found to be most affected by environmental temperature and kneading of the dough mass. As the set material ages, the residual monomer content gradually decreases and the strength increases. A volume shrinkage of up to 5 per cent was observed. The porosity, which is increased by rapid mixing, may reach 10 per cent. The mechanical properties of the cement approximate those of polymethylmethacrylate denture base material. Some variability encountered in the handling qualities of the cement could be attributed only to the variability of different batches.", "contents": "A characterization of polymethylmethacrylate bone cement. Polymethylmethacrylate cement is characterized in terms of chemical composition, handling characteristics, and physical properties; the dough time, setting time, handling time, and temperature rise were found to be most affected by environmental temperature and kneading of the dough mass. As the set material ages, the residual monomer content gradually decreases and the strength increases. A volume shrinkage of up to 5 per cent was observed. The porosity, which is increased by rapid mixing, may reach 10 per cent. The mechanical properties of the cement approximate those of polymethylmethacrylate denture base material. Some variability encountered in the handling qualities of the cement could be attributed only to the variability of different batches.", "PMID": 1123392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8039", "title": "Biochemical confirmation of an experimental osteoarthritis model.", "content": "Section of the medial collateral and both cruciate ligaments combined with resection of the medial meniscus in rabbit knees caused instability and during the ensuing six months these knees showed progressive histological changes similar to those of human osteoarthritis. Biochemical analysis of the cartilage from such knee joints demonstrated a decrease in proteoglycan, an increase in acid phosphatase, and increases in the rates of synthesis of protein and glycosaminoglycan. These findings, which are quite consistent with those in human osteoarthritis, suggest that this animal model may be of value in the study of the pathogenesis and treatment of human disease.", "contents": "Biochemical confirmation of an experimental osteoarthritis model. Section of the medial collateral and both cruciate ligaments combined with resection of the medial meniscus in rabbit knees caused instability and during the ensuing six months these knees showed progressive histological changes similar to those of human osteoarthritis. Biochemical analysis of the cartilage from such knee joints demonstrated a decrease in proteoglycan, an increase in acid phosphatase, and increases in the rates of synthesis of protein and glycosaminoglycan. These findings, which are quite consistent with those in human osteoarthritis, suggest that this animal model may be of value in the study of the pathogenesis and treatment of human disease.", "PMID": 1123393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8040", "title": "Acute neurological complications in the treatment of scoliosis. A report of the Scoliosis Research Society.", "content": "A survey conducted by the Scoliosis Research Society found eighty-seven patients with acute neurological complications resulting from the treatment of scoliosis. The incidence of these complications was determined to be 0.72 per cent. Seventy-four major complications involving the spinal cord were reported, half of them complete paraplegia and half partial paraplegia. Thirty-six per cent recovered completely, 32 per cent had partial recovery, and 32 per cent had no return of function. Thirteen minor complications involving cranial and peripheral nerves were reported. Major complications occurred in forty-two cases of posterior spine fusion with Harrington instrumentation and in twenty cases of posterior spine fusion without instrumentation. Six patients became paraplegic following skeletal traction alone.", "contents": "Acute neurological complications in the treatment of scoliosis. A report of the Scoliosis Research Society. A survey conducted by the Scoliosis Research Society found eighty-seven patients with acute neurological complications resulting from the treatment of scoliosis. The incidence of these complications was determined to be 0.72 per cent. Seventy-four major complications involving the spinal cord were reported, half of them complete paraplegia and half partial paraplegia. Thirty-six per cent recovered completely, 32 per cent had partial recovery, and 32 per cent had no return of function. Thirteen minor complications involving cranial and peripheral nerves were reported. Major complications occurred in forty-two cases of posterior spine fusion with Harrington instrumentation and in twenty cases of posterior spine fusion without instrumentation. Six patients became paraplegic following skeletal traction alone.", "PMID": 1123394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8041", "title": "Traumatic dislocation of the knee joint.", "content": "The results in thirty-three of fifty-three traumatic dislocations of the knee followed for more than one year confirmed our conclusion, made in 1971, that early repair of all torn ligaments gives the best results, and that the vascular status following this injury must be observed carefully since vascular repair or thrombectomy within eight hours of injury gives the best chance of preventing gangrene of the leg. The twenty associated fractures in these thirty-three patients were treated successfully with conventional methods, except for three displaced fractures of the medial tibial plateau in which closed reduction failed and internal fixation was required.", "contents": "Traumatic dislocation of the knee joint. The results in thirty-three of fifty-three traumatic dislocations of the knee followed for more than one year confirmed our conclusion, made in 1971, that early repair of all torn ligaments gives the best results, and that the vascular status following this injury must be observed carefully since vascular repair or thrombectomy within eight hours of injury gives the best chance of preventing gangrene of the leg. The twenty associated fractures in these thirty-three patients were treated successfully with conventional methods, except for three displaced fractures of the medial tibial plateau in which closed reduction failed and internal fixation was required.", "PMID": 1123405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8042", "title": "Exposure of an arginine-rich protein at surface of cells in S, G2, and M phases of the cell cycle.", "content": "Phenylglyoxal (PG) is shown to be a cell surface probe specific for arginine moieties in protein: (1) It does not enter the cell as evidenced by lack of PG in the cytoplasm. (2) It does not cause excessive cell leakage as measured by release of 51Cr. (3) It reacts with positively-charged groups in proteins at the cell surface but not with those of phospholipids at the surface; since pronase removes PG from the surface, but phospholipase C does not. (4) Under the conditions used in these experiments, it reacts virtually exclusively with arginine moieties in protein (Freedman et al., '68; Takahashi, '68; Werber and Sokolovsky, '72). Synchronized cells were exposed to radioactive PG to assess quantity of arginine moieties in protein at the surface. There is a sharp decrease in arginine at the cell surface at entry into G1 phase from M and a 24-fold increase upon entry into S phase. There is a slight drop in exposed arginine in late S phase followed by an increase to 26 times the G1 level immediately prior to mitosis. Lactoperoxidase-catalyzed iodination of tyrosine moieties in protein at the surface of synchronized cells shows a very gradual increase in protein as the cells move through the cycle and increase in size. Since the increase in arginine moieties in protein at the surface does not reflect a similar increase in total protein at the surface, an arginine-rich protein appears to be exposed at the cell surface during the division-related phases of the cell cycle.", "contents": "Exposure of an arginine-rich protein at surface of cells in S, G2, and M phases of the cell cycle. Phenylglyoxal (PG) is shown to be a cell surface probe specific for arginine moieties in protein: (1) It does not enter the cell as evidenced by lack of PG in the cytoplasm. (2) It does not cause excessive cell leakage as measured by release of 51Cr. (3) It reacts with positively-charged groups in proteins at the cell surface but not with those of phospholipids at the surface; since pronase removes PG from the surface, but phospholipase C does not. (4) Under the conditions used in these experiments, it reacts virtually exclusively with arginine moieties in protein (Freedman et al., '68; Takahashi, '68; Werber and Sokolovsky, '72). Synchronized cells were exposed to radioactive PG to assess quantity of arginine moieties in protein at the surface. There is a sharp decrease in arginine at the cell surface at entry into G1 phase from M and a 24-fold increase upon entry into S phase. There is a slight drop in exposed arginine in late S phase followed by an increase to 26 times the G1 level immediately prior to mitosis. Lactoperoxidase-catalyzed iodination of tyrosine moieties in protein at the surface of synchronized cells shows a very gradual increase in protein as the cells move through the cycle and increase in size. Since the increase in arginine moieties in protein at the surface does not reflect a similar increase in total protein at the surface, an arginine-rich protein appears to be exposed at the cell surface during the division-related phases of the cell cycle.", "PMID": 1123407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8043", "title": "Conditionally lethal mutations in chinese hamster cells. Characterization of a cell line with a possible defect in the Krebs cycle.", "content": "A variant Chinese hamster cell line has been isolated from a mutagenized population that has a markedly reduced ability to oxidize a variety of substrates via the Krebs cycle. The production of 14CO2 from 14C-labeled compounds was measured using pyruvate, acetate, beta-hydroxybutyrate, palmitate and glutamate, and in all cases it was neglibible in the mutant. In contrast to this, significant amounts of 14CO2 were produced from 14C-aspartate and 14C-succinate which suggest that some reactions of the Krebs cycle can take place and this conclusion is supported by tracer experiments with labeled compounds. The rate of respiration measured with a Clark oxygen electrode in the mutant was compared to several normal Chinese hamster cell lines and was found to be only 8%. Mitochondria appear to be present in normal numbers and with only minor differences in morphology. The measurement of difference spectra between oxidized and reduced states permits us to conclude that the cytochromes are all present and functional. These results lead us to believe that there may be a defect in the Krebs cycle between alpha-ketoglutarate and succinate. Alternatively a defect in a structural component of the mitochondria or in the electron-transport chain itself may be causing pleiotropic effects in the Krebs cycle and respiration.", "contents": "Conditionally lethal mutations in chinese hamster cells. Characterization of a cell line with a possible defect in the Krebs cycle. A variant Chinese hamster cell line has been isolated from a mutagenized population that has a markedly reduced ability to oxidize a variety of substrates via the Krebs cycle. The production of 14CO2 from 14C-labeled compounds was measured using pyruvate, acetate, beta-hydroxybutyrate, palmitate and glutamate, and in all cases it was neglibible in the mutant. In contrast to this, significant amounts of 14CO2 were produced from 14C-aspartate and 14C-succinate which suggest that some reactions of the Krebs cycle can take place and this conclusion is supported by tracer experiments with labeled compounds. The rate of respiration measured with a Clark oxygen electrode in the mutant was compared to several normal Chinese hamster cell lines and was found to be only 8%. Mitochondria appear to be present in normal numbers and with only minor differences in morphology. The measurement of difference spectra between oxidized and reduced states permits us to conclude that the cytochromes are all present and functional. These results lead us to believe that there may be a defect in the Krebs cycle between alpha-ketoglutarate and succinate. Alternatively a defect in a structural component of the mitochondria or in the electron-transport chain itself may be causing pleiotropic effects in the Krebs cycle and respiration.", "PMID": 1123408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8044", "title": "Steroid hormone regulation of specific messenger RNA and protein synthesis in eucaryotic cells.", "content": "Evidence is presented that the induction of specific proteins in the chick oviduct by the steroid hormones estrogen and progesterone, involves a primary effect at the level of gene transcription. The intracellular levels of mRNA's which code for the synthesis of the egg-white proteins, ovalbumin and avidin, have been quantitated in a heterologous protein synthesizing system. It is demonstrated that these levels are directly dependent upon the inducing steroid, estrogen or progesterone, respectively. Ovalbumin mRNA has been purified to apparent homogeneity. This ovalbumin mRNA was then used as a template for the synthesis of a complementary DNA copy catalyzed by the enzyme reverse transcriptase which was isolated from avian myeloblastosis virus. This radioactively labeled complementary DNA was used to demonstrate, by means of DNA excess hybridization, that the ovalbumin gene is represented only once in each haploid genome of the chick cell. Next the complementary DNA copy of the ovalbumin mRNA was used as a genetic probe to determine the precise number of sequences of ovalbumin mRNA present at any one time after the administration of estrogen. It was demonstrated that the unstimulated chick contained no sequences of ovalbumin mRNA. Within a very short period of time after estrogen is administered the ovalbumin sequences begin to appear and reach a steady state level of 140,000 molecules per tubular gland cell. It could also be calculated that each ovalbumin molecule is probably translated some 50,000 times during its life which explains why ovalbumin comprises some 60% of the total protein in the oviduct cell. Following withdrawal of the oviduct from estrogen treatment, ovalbumin mRNA sequences again drop to undetectable levels. However, following a single injection of estrogen to these withdrawn animals, new ovalbumin mRNA sequences could be detected within 30 minutes. These data suggest that estrogen controls the activity of the ovalbumin gene via a pure transcriptional control mechanism. It is also demonstrated that the efficiency of the complementary DNA as a means of quantitating specific mRNA sequences is some 1,000 times more sensitive than the best available in vitro translation system. Finally, the efficacy of four popular translation systems is compared. It is suggested that for initial studies involving hormonal control of mRNA levels, the translation system derived from wheat germ is the simplest and most sensitive.", "contents": "Steroid hormone regulation of specific messenger RNA and protein synthesis in eucaryotic cells. Evidence is presented that the induction of specific proteins in the chick oviduct by the steroid hormones estrogen and progesterone, involves a primary effect at the level of gene transcription. The intracellular levels of mRNA's which code for the synthesis of the egg-white proteins, ovalbumin and avidin, have been quantitated in a heterologous protein synthesizing system. It is demonstrated that these levels are directly dependent upon the inducing steroid, estrogen or progesterone, respectively. Ovalbumin mRNA has been purified to apparent homogeneity. This ovalbumin mRNA was then used as a template for the synthesis of a complementary DNA copy catalyzed by the enzyme reverse transcriptase which was isolated from avian myeloblastosis virus. This radioactively labeled complementary DNA was used to demonstrate, by means of DNA excess hybridization, that the ovalbumin gene is represented only once in each haploid genome of the chick cell. Next the complementary DNA copy of the ovalbumin mRNA was used as a genetic probe to determine the precise number of sequences of ovalbumin mRNA present at any one time after the administration of estrogen. It was demonstrated that the unstimulated chick contained no sequences of ovalbumin mRNA. Within a very short period of time after estrogen is administered the ovalbumin sequences begin to appear and reach a steady state level of 140,000 molecules per tubular gland cell. It could also be calculated that each ovalbumin molecule is probably translated some 50,000 times during its life which explains why ovalbumin comprises some 60% of the total protein in the oviduct cell. Following withdrawal of the oviduct from estrogen treatment, ovalbumin mRNA sequences again drop to undetectable levels. However, following a single injection of estrogen to these withdrawn animals, new ovalbumin mRNA sequences could be detected within 30 minutes. These data suggest that estrogen controls the activity of the ovalbumin gene via a pure transcriptional control mechanism. It is also demonstrated that the efficiency of the complementary DNA as a means of quantitating specific mRNA sequences is some 1,000 times more sensitive than the best available in vitro translation system. Finally, the efficacy of four popular translation systems is compared. It is suggested that for initial studies involving hormonal control of mRNA levels, the translation system derived from wheat germ is the simplest and most sensitive.", "PMID": 1123409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8045", "title": "The molecular genetics of mammalian glucuronidase.", "content": "The genetic factors known to be involved in the final realization of beta-glucuronidase activity in mice are considered from the standpoint of structural genes determining the catalytic activity of enzyme molecules as well as the recognition features of enzyme molecules that identify them for subsequent processing by the cell; processing genes determining the cellular apparatus involved with the conjugation, intracellular localization and eventual degradation of enzyme molecules; regulatory genes determining rates of enzyme synthesis, especially in response to physiological signals such as hormones; and temporal genes determining the developmental programs for expression of these classes during growth and differentiation. The properties of genetic variants of beta-glucuronidase falling into each of these classes are described. When those results are considered in concert with the properties of genetic variants known for other mammalian enzymes several generalizations emerge. Structural genes of enzymes are not usually linked to the processing genes determining the post-assembly events in the life of that enzyme. In contrast, all of the regulatory and temporal gene sites so far identified are in close proximity to the structural genes they modulate. Regulatory and temporal sites appear to act in a cis fashion to control the amount of enzyme synthesized from the adjacent structural allele on the same chromosome.", "contents": "The molecular genetics of mammalian glucuronidase. The genetic factors known to be involved in the final realization of beta-glucuronidase activity in mice are considered from the standpoint of structural genes determining the catalytic activity of enzyme molecules as well as the recognition features of enzyme molecules that identify them for subsequent processing by the cell; processing genes determining the cellular apparatus involved with the conjugation, intracellular localization and eventual degradation of enzyme molecules; regulatory genes determining rates of enzyme synthesis, especially in response to physiological signals such as hormones; and temporal genes determining the developmental programs for expression of these classes during growth and differentiation. The properties of genetic variants of beta-glucuronidase falling into each of these classes are described. When those results are considered in concert with the properties of genetic variants known for other mammalian enzymes several generalizations emerge. Structural genes of enzymes are not usually linked to the processing genes determining the post-assembly events in the life of that enzyme. In contrast, all of the regulatory and temporal gene sites so far identified are in close proximity to the structural genes they modulate. Regulatory and temporal sites appear to act in a cis fashion to control the amount of enzyme synthesized from the adjacent structural allele on the same chromosome.", "PMID": 1123410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8046", "title": "The genetics and developmental regulation of L-glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase.", "content": "In addition to reviewing the genetic regulation of L-glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase during development in the mouse, new evidence is presented that the electrophoretic properties of L-glucerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase in Mus castaneus are determined by an allele (d) at the Gdc-1 locus. Accordingly there are three alleles at the Gdc-1 locus; the b allele in C57BL/6J mice differs from the d allele in electrophoretic properties and the c allele in BALB/cJ mice differs from the d allele with respect to both heat denaturation and electrophoretic properties. Identical segregation patterns of the L-glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase phenotypes in liver, kidney, and skeletal muscle from offspring of an F2 generation produced from parents with the c/d genotype suggest that the Gdc-1 locus is the major structural locus for L-glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase in these tissues. Heart muscle was pooled from mice of the F2 generation with either c/c or d/d genotypes at the Gdc-1 locus as determined by analysis of liver L-glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase. The chromatographic properties of L-glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase from the heart muscle was determined on DEAE-cellulose ion exchange columns. The elusion profile of the L-glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase indicates that the Gdc-1 locus is also the major structural locus in heart muscle.", "contents": "The genetics and developmental regulation of L-glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase. In addition to reviewing the genetic regulation of L-glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase during development in the mouse, new evidence is presented that the electrophoretic properties of L-glucerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase in Mus castaneus are determined by an allele (d) at the Gdc-1 locus. Accordingly there are three alleles at the Gdc-1 locus; the b allele in C57BL/6J mice differs from the d allele in electrophoretic properties and the c allele in BALB/cJ mice differs from the d allele with respect to both heat denaturation and electrophoretic properties. Identical segregation patterns of the L-glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase phenotypes in liver, kidney, and skeletal muscle from offspring of an F2 generation produced from parents with the c/d genotype suggest that the Gdc-1 locus is the major structural locus for L-glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase in these tissues. Heart muscle was pooled from mice of the F2 generation with either c/c or d/d genotypes at the Gdc-1 locus as determined by analysis of liver L-glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase. The chromatographic properties of L-glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase from the heart muscle was determined on DEAE-cellulose ion exchange columns. The elusion profile of the L-glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase indicates that the Gdc-1 locus is also the major structural locus in heart muscle.", "PMID": 1123411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8047", "title": "Gene activation during spermatogenesis.", "content": "Cell differentiation during spermatogenesis in the rat has been analyzed in terms of the formation of specific \"marker\" enzymes. Hyaluronidase and other acrosomal enzymes are formed in spermatids according to a highly predictable time schedule which may be termed a \"molecular biological clock\". The acrosomal enzymes beta-galactosidase and N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase exist as isoenzyme forms distinct from enzymes with similar substrate specificities in the lysosomes of precursor cells. Differentiation of spermatids thus involves the loss of gene expression for lysosomal enzymes and the activation of genes for acrosomal isoenzymes. Spermatogenesis is characterized by the sequential loss of expression of many genes, as evidenced by the loss of beta-glucuronidase in the differentiation of spermatogonia to spermatocytes, and the loss of uridine diphosphatase activity in the differentiation of spermatocytes to spermatids. The apparent absence of ornithine decarboxylase activity from spermatids suggests a dependence of these cells upon Sertoli cells for the provision of putrescine and/or spermidine. Such biochemical cooperativity among germinal cells may be necessary as the genes of spermatids are repressed and late spermatids become metabolically inactive. Spermatogenesis is also characterized by changes in the cellular content and rates of synthesis and phosphorylation of specific acidic chromatin proteins. It is hypothesized that these proteins may participate in the activation or repression of genes during spermatogenesis.", "contents": "Gene activation during spermatogenesis. Cell differentiation during spermatogenesis in the rat has been analyzed in terms of the formation of specific \"marker\" enzymes. Hyaluronidase and other acrosomal enzymes are formed in spermatids according to a highly predictable time schedule which may be termed a \"molecular biological clock\". The acrosomal enzymes beta-galactosidase and N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase exist as isoenzyme forms distinct from enzymes with similar substrate specificities in the lysosomes of precursor cells. Differentiation of spermatids thus involves the loss of gene expression for lysosomal enzymes and the activation of genes for acrosomal isoenzymes. Spermatogenesis is characterized by the sequential loss of expression of many genes, as evidenced by the loss of beta-glucuronidase in the differentiation of spermatogonia to spermatocytes, and the loss of uridine diphosphatase activity in the differentiation of spermatocytes to spermatids. The apparent absence of ornithine decarboxylase activity from spermatids suggests a dependence of these cells upon Sertoli cells for the provision of putrescine and/or spermidine. Such biochemical cooperativity among germinal cells may be necessary as the genes of spermatids are repressed and late spermatids become metabolically inactive. Spermatogenesis is also characterized by changes in the cellular content and rates of synthesis and phosphorylation of specific acidic chromatin proteins. It is hypothesized that these proteins may participate in the activation or repression of genes during spermatogenesis.", "PMID": 1123412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8048", "title": "Homocystinuria due to cystathionine synthase deficiency. Studies of nitrogen balance and sulfur excretion.", "content": "Apparent nitrogen balances and urinary sulfur excretions were determined for normal subjects, seven cystathionine synthase-deficient patients, and a single cystathioninuric patient on semisynthetic diets containing low-adequate amounts of methionine and very low amounts of methionine and very low amounts (12 mg daily, or less) of cystine. The amounts of supplemental cystine required to prevent abnormally high nitrogen or sulfur losses were determined. The five cystathionine synthase-deficient patients who had low residual activities of this enzyme detected in fibroblast and/or liver extracts did not lose more nitrogen or sulfur on diets virtually devoid of cystine than did the normal subjects. These results suggest that the widely expressed opinion that cystine is an essential amino acid for cystathionine syntase-deficient patients requires modification. Residual enzyme activity of only a few percent of normal may obviate such a cystine requirement. These results are compatible with, and lend support to, the working hypothesis which states that the pyridoxine response in cystathionine synthase-deficient patients is mediated by an increase in the residual activity of the affected enzyme.", "contents": "Homocystinuria due to cystathionine synthase deficiency. Studies of nitrogen balance and sulfur excretion. Apparent nitrogen balances and urinary sulfur excretions were determined for normal subjects, seven cystathionine synthase-deficient patients, and a single cystathioninuric patient on semisynthetic diets containing low-adequate amounts of methionine and very low amounts of methionine and very low amounts (12 mg daily, or less) of cystine. The amounts of supplemental cystine required to prevent abnormally high nitrogen or sulfur losses were determined. The five cystathionine synthase-deficient patients who had low residual activities of this enzyme detected in fibroblast and/or liver extracts did not lose more nitrogen or sulfur on diets virtually devoid of cystine than did the normal subjects. These results suggest that the widely expressed opinion that cystine is an essential amino acid for cystathionine syntase-deficient patients requires modification. Residual enzyme activity of only a few percent of normal may obviate such a cystine requirement. These results are compatible with, and lend support to, the working hypothesis which states that the pyridoxine response in cystathionine synthase-deficient patients is mediated by an increase in the residual activity of the affected enzyme.", "PMID": 1123424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8049", "title": "The effect of estrogen on the lipoprotein lipase activity of rat adipose tissue.", "content": "The effect of 17beta-estradiol or progesterone administration on adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase activity was studied in male and ovariectomized female rats. Lipoprotein lipase activity was measured in acetone-ether-extracted preparations of adipose tissue with doubly labeled (14C-fatty acid, 3H-glyceryl) chylomicron triglyceride as substrate. Administration of 17beta-estradiol to male rats lowered adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase activity from 8.22 plus or minus 1.8 U/g (1 U = 1 mumol triglyceride hydrolyzed per h) to 4.96 plus or minus 0.5 U/g in the treated group. Ovariectomy increased adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase activity from 10.4 plus or minus 1.8 U/g in controls to 22.7 plus or minus 4.3 U/g. 17beta-Estradiol administration to ovariectomized rats cuased a marked fall in adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase activity: 17beta-estradiol (2.5 mug/day) lowered the enzyme activity to 9.00 plus or minus 1.2 U/g, whereas 25 mug/day further decreased lipoprotein lipase activity to 3.2 plus or minus 0.6 U/g. Blood triglyceride levels increased from 0.8 plus or minus 0.05 mumol/ml in ovariectomized rats to 1.4 plus or minus 0.09 mumol/ml in 25 mug/day 17beta-estradiol-treated rats. Progesterone administration did not affect adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase activity in either male or ovariectomized rats. Heart and lung lipoprotein lipase activity was unaffected by hormone treatment. We suggest that the rise in blood triglyceride concentrations, which accompanies high palsma estrogen levels, could be due to the marked inhibition of adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase activity.", "contents": "The effect of estrogen on the lipoprotein lipase activity of rat adipose tissue. The effect of 17beta-estradiol or progesterone administration on adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase activity was studied in male and ovariectomized female rats. Lipoprotein lipase activity was measured in acetone-ether-extracted preparations of adipose tissue with doubly labeled (14C-fatty acid, 3H-glyceryl) chylomicron triglyceride as substrate. Administration of 17beta-estradiol to male rats lowered adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase activity from 8.22 plus or minus 1.8 U/g (1 U = 1 mumol triglyceride hydrolyzed per h) to 4.96 plus or minus 0.5 U/g in the treated group. Ovariectomy increased adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase activity from 10.4 plus or minus 1.8 U/g in controls to 22.7 plus or minus 4.3 U/g. 17beta-Estradiol administration to ovariectomized rats cuased a marked fall in adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase activity: 17beta-estradiol (2.5 mug/day) lowered the enzyme activity to 9.00 plus or minus 1.2 U/g, whereas 25 mug/day further decreased lipoprotein lipase activity to 3.2 plus or minus 0.6 U/g. Blood triglyceride levels increased from 0.8 plus or minus 0.05 mumol/ml in ovariectomized rats to 1.4 plus or minus 0.09 mumol/ml in 25 mug/day 17beta-estradiol-treated rats. Progesterone administration did not affect adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase activity in either male or ovariectomized rats. Heart and lung lipoprotein lipase activity was unaffected by hormone treatment. We suggest that the rise in blood triglyceride concentrations, which accompanies high palsma estrogen levels, could be due to the marked inhibition of adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase activity.", "PMID": 1123425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8050", "title": "Evidence that histidine is an essential amino acid in normal and chronically uremic man.", "content": "The requirement for dietary histidine was investigated in four normal and three chronically uremic men. Subjects lived in a metabolic unit where they were fed three isonitrogenous diets in the following order: a 40-g protein diet (28 plus or minus SD 8 days), a semi-synthetic amino acid diet deficient in histidine (35 plus or minus 2 days), and an amino acid diet which contained histidine (31 plus or minus 5 days). With ingestion of the histidine-deficient diet, nitrogen balance gradually became negative, and serum albumin decreased in six subjects. Plasma histidine fell by 82 plus or minus 6 per cent; muscle histidine decreased by 62 plus or minus 19 per cent; the hematocrit fell by 25 plus or minus 9 per cent; and serum iron rose. Subjects felt unwell, and in five cases a skin lesion consisting of fine scales, dry skin, and mild erythema developed. After administration of the histidine-repletion diet, nitrogen balance became positive in  six subjects; serum albumin increased in five cases; plasma and muscle histidine rose; serum iron fell abruptly; a reticulocytosis ensued; and the hematocrit rose. The clinical symptoms and skin lesions disappeared. These observations indicate that histidine is an essential amino acid in normal and chronically uremic man. The absence of dietary histidine is associated with failure of normal erythropoiesis.", "contents": "Evidence that histidine is an essential amino acid in normal and chronically uremic man. The requirement for dietary histidine was investigated in four normal and three chronically uremic men. Subjects lived in a metabolic unit where they were fed three isonitrogenous diets in the following order: a 40-g protein diet (28 plus or minus SD 8 days), a semi-synthetic amino acid diet deficient in histidine (35 plus or minus 2 days), and an amino acid diet which contained histidine (31 plus or minus 5 days). With ingestion of the histidine-deficient diet, nitrogen balance gradually became negative, and serum albumin decreased in six subjects. Plasma histidine fell by 82 plus or minus 6 per cent; muscle histidine decreased by 62 plus or minus 19 per cent; the hematocrit fell by 25 plus or minus 9 per cent; and serum iron rose. Subjects felt unwell, and in five cases a skin lesion consisting of fine scales, dry skin, and mild erythema developed. After administration of the histidine-repletion diet, nitrogen balance became positive in  six subjects; serum albumin increased in five cases; plasma and muscle histidine rose; serum iron fell abruptly; a reticulocytosis ensued; and the hematocrit rose. The clinical symptoms and skin lesions disappeared. These observations indicate that histidine is an essential amino acid in normal and chronically uremic man. The absence of dietary histidine is associated with failure of normal erythropoiesis.", "PMID": 1123426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8051", "title": "The influence of hypertonic mannitol on regional myocardial blood flow during acute and chronic myocardial ischemia in anesthetized and awake intact dogs.", "content": "The influence of hypertonic mannitol on regional myocardial blood flow and ventricular performance was studied during acute myocardial ischemia in awake, unsedated and in anesthesized dogs and after myocardial infarction in awake unsedated dogs. Regional myocardial blood flow was measured with radioactive microspheres. Generalized increases in regional myocardial blood flow occurred after mannitol in all of the different animal models studied. The increases in coronary blood flow after mannitol were just as impressive in the nonischemic regions as in the ischemic portion of the left ventricle in all of the different models that were examined in this study. Improvement in regional myocardial blood flow to the ischemic area of the left ventricle after mannitol was associated with a reduction in ST segment elevation during acute myocardial ischemia in anesthetized dogs. The increases in regional myocardial flow after mannitol were also associated with increases in contractility, but the increases in flow appeared to be more impressive than the changes in contractility. The data obtained demonstrate that mannitol increases regional coronary blood flow to both ischemic and nonischemic myocardium in both anesthetized and awake, unsedated, intact dogs with acute and chronic myocardial ischemia and that mannitol reduces ST segment elevation during acute myocardial ischemia in anesthetized dogs. Thus the results suggest that under these circumstances the increases in regional myocardial blood flow after mannitol are of physiological importance in reducing the extent of myocardial injury. Since coronary blood flow increased to nonischemic regions the increases in regional myocardial flow demonstrated in this study after mannitol cannot be entirely explained by the mechanism of reduction in ischemic cell swelling.", "contents": "The influence of hypertonic mannitol on regional myocardial blood flow during acute and chronic myocardial ischemia in anesthetized and awake intact dogs. The influence of hypertonic mannitol on regional myocardial blood flow and ventricular performance was studied during acute myocardial ischemia in awake, unsedated and in anesthesized dogs and after myocardial infarction in awake unsedated dogs. Regional myocardial blood flow was measured with radioactive microspheres. Generalized increases in regional myocardial blood flow occurred after mannitol in all of the different animal models studied. The increases in coronary blood flow after mannitol were just as impressive in the nonischemic regions as in the ischemic portion of the left ventricle in all of the different models that were examined in this study. Improvement in regional myocardial blood flow to the ischemic area of the left ventricle after mannitol was associated with a reduction in ST segment elevation during acute myocardial ischemia in anesthetized dogs. The increases in regional myocardial flow after mannitol were also associated with increases in contractility, but the increases in flow appeared to be more impressive than the changes in contractility. The data obtained demonstrate that mannitol increases regional coronary blood flow to both ischemic and nonischemic myocardium in both anesthetized and awake, unsedated, intact dogs with acute and chronic myocardial ischemia and that mannitol reduces ST segment elevation during acute myocardial ischemia in anesthetized dogs. Thus the results suggest that under these circumstances the increases in regional myocardial blood flow after mannitol are of physiological importance in reducing the extent of myocardial injury. Since coronary blood flow increased to nonischemic regions the increases in regional myocardial flow demonstrated in this study after mannitol cannot be entirely explained by the mechanism of reduction in ischemic cell swelling.", "PMID": 1123427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8052", "title": "Isolation and characterization of two hydroxyproline-containing glycoproteins from normal animal lung lavage and lamellar bodies.", "content": "Two glycopeptides, present in particulate material obtained by pulmonary lavage from normal rabbits, were isolated and characterized. The same two glycopeptides were present in preparations of lamellar bodies from rabbit lung. The estimated molecular weights of the two glycopeptides by sodium dodecyl sulfate-acrylamide gel electrophoresis were found to be 62,000 and 36,000 and both were found to contain hydroxyproline and relatively high amount of glycine (11 and 15 per cent, respectively). Carbohydrate analysis of the two glycopeptides demonstrated the presence of glucosamine, sialic acid, mannose, Fucose, and galactose. Similar glycopeptides of the same molecular weights, and amino acid and carbohydrate compositions have been found in layage mateial isolated from lungs of patients with alveolar proteinosis. The data indicate that thses two collagen-like glycopeptides are major intra-alveolar proteins in many mammals, including humans.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of two hydroxyproline-containing glycoproteins from normal animal lung lavage and lamellar bodies. Two glycopeptides, present in particulate material obtained by pulmonary lavage from normal rabbits, were isolated and characterized. The same two glycopeptides were present in preparations of lamellar bodies from rabbit lung. The estimated molecular weights of the two glycopeptides by sodium dodecyl sulfate-acrylamide gel electrophoresis were found to be 62,000 and 36,000 and both were found to contain hydroxyproline and relatively high amount of glycine (11 and 15 per cent, respectively). Carbohydrate analysis of the two glycopeptides demonstrated the presence of glucosamine, sialic acid, mannose, Fucose, and galactose. Similar glycopeptides of the same molecular weights, and amino acid and carbohydrate compositions have been found in layage mateial isolated from lungs of patients with alveolar proteinosis. The data indicate that thses two collagen-like glycopeptides are major intra-alveolar proteins in many mammals, including humans.", "PMID": 1123428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8053", "title": "The pathogenesis of arthritis associated with acute hepatitis-B surface antigen-positive hepatitis. Complement activation and characterization of circulating immune complexes.", "content": "Circulating immune complexes were identified in cryoproteins isolated from serial samples of serum from six patients with acute viral hepatitis with and without arthritic symptoms. Cryoprecipitates were analyzed for the presence of hepatitis-B surface antigen (HBsAg) and hepatitis-B surface antibody (anti-HBs) by hemagglutination inhibition and hemagglutination. Complement components were detected by counter electrophoresis, and immunoglobulins were detected by gel diffusion. HBsAg, IgG, and IgM were identified in cryoprecipitates from all hepatitis patients, but were higher in concentration in patients with arthritis. Only cryoprecipitates from hepatitis patients with arthritis contained IgA and complement components C3, C4, and C5 as well as IgG and IgM, which disappear with resolution of the arthritis. The subtypes of IgG in these cryoprecipitates were predominantly the complement-fixing IgG1 and IgG3, HBsAg and anti-HBs were concentrated several-fold in the cryoprecipitates when compared to the serum concentration. Sequential studies in two patients demonstrated that the initial appearance of anti-HBs in the cryoprotein complex was associated with the detection in the complex of IgM suggesting a primary immune response to HBsAg. The C3 activator fragment (C3A) of the properdin complex was found in fresh serum obtained from three hepatitis patients with arthritis and not in uncomplicated hepatitis. The cryoprecipitable immune complexes from patients with arthritis converted C3PA in fresh normal sera to C3A in vitro whereas cryoprotein isolated from patients with uncomplicated hepatitis had no such effect. Thus, the transient appearance of circulating complement-fixing immune complexes in patients with the arthritis of acute hepatitis is associated with activation of both classical and alternate complement pathways and suggests that they play an important role in the pathogenesis of these serum sickness-like extrahepatic symptoms.", "contents": "The pathogenesis of arthritis associated with acute hepatitis-B surface antigen-positive hepatitis. Complement activation and characterization of circulating immune complexes. Circulating immune complexes were identified in cryoproteins isolated from serial samples of serum from six patients with acute viral hepatitis with and without arthritic symptoms. Cryoprecipitates were analyzed for the presence of hepatitis-B surface antigen (HBsAg) and hepatitis-B surface antibody (anti-HBs) by hemagglutination inhibition and hemagglutination. Complement components were detected by counter electrophoresis, and immunoglobulins were detected by gel diffusion. HBsAg, IgG, and IgM were identified in cryoprecipitates from all hepatitis patients, but were higher in concentration in patients with arthritis. Only cryoprecipitates from hepatitis patients with arthritis contained IgA and complement components C3, C4, and C5 as well as IgG and IgM, which disappear with resolution of the arthritis. The subtypes of IgG in these cryoprecipitates were predominantly the complement-fixing IgG1 and IgG3, HBsAg and anti-HBs were concentrated several-fold in the cryoprecipitates when compared to the serum concentration. Sequential studies in two patients demonstrated that the initial appearance of anti-HBs in the cryoprotein complex was associated with the detection in the complex of IgM suggesting a primary immune response to HBsAg. The C3 activator fragment (C3A) of the properdin complex was found in fresh serum obtained from three hepatitis patients with arthritis and not in uncomplicated hepatitis. The cryoprecipitable immune complexes from patients with arthritis converted C3PA in fresh normal sera to C3A in vitro whereas cryoprotein isolated from patients with uncomplicated hepatitis had no such effect. Thus, the transient appearance of circulating complement-fixing immune complexes in patients with the arthritis of acute hepatitis is associated with activation of both classical and alternate complement pathways and suggests that they play an important role in the pathogenesis of these serum sickness-like extrahepatic symptoms.", "PMID": 1123429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8054", "title": "Effects of the 15-methyl analogs of prostaglandins E2 and F2alpha on the pulmonary circulation in the intact dog.", "content": "The effects of the 15-methul analogs of prostaglandins E2 (PGE2) and F2alpha (PGF2alpha) on the pulmonary circulation were studied in the intact dog under conditions of controlled blood flow. Infusions of either analog into the lobar artery increased lobar arterial pressure by more than 100 per cent. The rise in lobar arterial pressure was accompanied by a rise in lobar venous pressure and in pressure gradient from lobar artery to small vein but no change in pressure in the left atrium. The methyl analogs were about 10 times more potent than PGE2 and PGF2alpha in elevating pulmonary vascular resistance in the dog. The effects of the analogs on the pulmonary vascular bed were similar in experiments in which the lung was perfused with dextran or with blood. Both analogs contracted isolated helical segments of canine intrapulmonary artery and vein in a dose-related manner. In other experiments the effects of passive increases in venous pressure produced by distension of a balloon catheter in the lobar vein were contrasted with the action of the analogs on the pulmonary vascular bed. Balloon distension increased pressure in the lobar artery and small vein but had no effect on pressure in the left atrium. However, in contrast to the increase in gradient with the analogs, balloon distension decreased the pressure gradient from lobar artery to small vein. Results of the present study indicate that the prostaglandin analogs increase pulmonary vascular resistance by actively contricting pulmonary veins and vessels upstream to small veins, presumed to be small arteries. It is concluded that the analogs are potent pressor substances in the pulmonary circulation.", "contents": "Effects of the 15-methyl analogs of prostaglandins E2 and F2alpha on the pulmonary circulation in the intact dog. The effects of the 15-methul analogs of prostaglandins E2 (PGE2) and F2alpha (PGF2alpha) on the pulmonary circulation were studied in the intact dog under conditions of controlled blood flow. Infusions of either analog into the lobar artery increased lobar arterial pressure by more than 100 per cent. The rise in lobar arterial pressure was accompanied by a rise in lobar venous pressure and in pressure gradient from lobar artery to small vein but no change in pressure in the left atrium. The methyl analogs were about 10 times more potent than PGE2 and PGF2alpha in elevating pulmonary vascular resistance in the dog. The effects of the analogs on the pulmonary vascular bed were similar in experiments in which the lung was perfused with dextran or with blood. Both analogs contracted isolated helical segments of canine intrapulmonary artery and vein in a dose-related manner. In other experiments the effects of passive increases in venous pressure produced by distension of a balloon catheter in the lobar vein were contrasted with the action of the analogs on the pulmonary vascular bed. Balloon distension increased pressure in the lobar artery and small vein but had no effect on pressure in the left atrium. However, in contrast to the increase in gradient with the analogs, balloon distension decreased the pressure gradient from lobar artery to small vein. Results of the present study indicate that the prostaglandin analogs increase pulmonary vascular resistance by actively contricting pulmonary veins and vessels upstream to small veins, presumed to be small arteries. It is concluded that the analogs are potent pressor substances in the pulmonary circulation.", "PMID": 1123430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8055", "title": "H2O2 release from human granulocytes during phagocytosis. I. Documentation, quantitation, and some regulating factors.", "content": "The extinction of fluorescence of scopoletin during its oxidation by horseradish peroxidase (HPO) provides a highly sensitive and specific assay for small quantities of peroxide in solution. With this assay, the release of free H2O2 into the extracellular medium by phagocytizing human granulocytes has been documented and quantitated, and some of the regulating factors have been determined. Under basal conditions granulocytes released less than 0.01 nmol/ml of H2O2 (2.5 X 10-6 polymorphonuclear leukocytes/ml). Upon the addition of phagocyte particles (latex, opsonized yeast, or staphylococci), an abrupt increase in extracellular peroxide concentration was observed (greater than 50-fold above basal levels) after latencies as short as 10 s. Release reflected increased intracellular H2O2 production during phagocytosis in that it paralleled the respiratory burst and was absent when phagocytosis was prevented or when cells from patients with chronic granulomatous disease were utilized. Evidence that scpoletin oxidation occurred predominantly in the extracellular medium was obtained by demonstrating a marked inhibition when HPO was omitted from the reaction mixture or when exogenous catalase was added. Similarly, it was found that exogenous serum also inhibited scopoletin oxidation, apparently because of the presence of competing hydrogen donors. H2O2 formation  and release were observed at rates which closely paralleled those of phagocytosis. With O2 consumption as an approximate index of H2O2 formation, the fractions released during maximal rates of particle uptake were calculated as follows: for latex, 15.7%; for staphylococci, 10.3%; and for yeast, 4.9%. It is postulated that release is due to diffusion of free H2O2 from an expanded intracellular pool of this substance that develops during phagocytosis. This poos represents tha net of increased synthesis versus catabolism by various enxymatic pathways for H2O2 disposal within the cells. The close relationship between rates of H2O2 formation and rates of phagocytosis by human granulocytes suggests a role for specialized areas of the cell membrane, involved in particle ingestion, in the trigger mechanism for H2O2 synthesis. The consequences of H2O2 release to other cells or organisms in the immediate environment of phagocytizing granulocytes remain to be determined.", "contents": "H2O2 release from human granulocytes during phagocytosis. I. Documentation, quantitation, and some regulating factors. The extinction of fluorescence of scopoletin during its oxidation by horseradish peroxidase (HPO) provides a highly sensitive and specific assay for small quantities of peroxide in solution. With this assay, the release of free H2O2 into the extracellular medium by phagocytizing human granulocytes has been documented and quantitated, and some of the regulating factors have been determined. Under basal conditions granulocytes released less than 0.01 nmol/ml of H2O2 (2.5 X 10-6 polymorphonuclear leukocytes/ml). Upon the addition of phagocyte particles (latex, opsonized yeast, or staphylococci), an abrupt increase in extracellular peroxide concentration was observed (greater than 50-fold above basal levels) after latencies as short as 10 s. Release reflected increased intracellular H2O2 production during phagocytosis in that it paralleled the respiratory burst and was absent when phagocytosis was prevented or when cells from patients with chronic granulomatous disease were utilized. Evidence that scpoletin oxidation occurred predominantly in the extracellular medium was obtained by demonstrating a marked inhibition when HPO was omitted from the reaction mixture or when exogenous catalase was added. Similarly, it was found that exogenous serum also inhibited scopoletin oxidation, apparently because of the presence of competing hydrogen donors. H2O2 formation  and release were observed at rates which closely paralleled those of phagocytosis. With O2 consumption as an approximate index of H2O2 formation, the fractions released during maximal rates of particle uptake were calculated as follows: for latex, 15.7%; for staphylococci, 10.3%; and for yeast, 4.9%. It is postulated that release is due to diffusion of free H2O2 from an expanded intracellular pool of this substance that develops during phagocytosis. This poos represents tha net of increased synthesis versus catabolism by various enxymatic pathways for H2O2 disposal within the cells. The close relationship between rates of H2O2 formation and rates of phagocytosis by human granulocytes suggests a role for specialized areas of the cell membrane, involved in particle ingestion, in the trigger mechanism for H2O2 synthesis. The consequences of H2O2 release to other cells or organisms in the immediate environment of phagocytizing granulocytes remain to be determined.", "PMID": 1123431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8056", "title": "Interaction of leukocyte chemotactic factors with the cell surface. I. Chemotactic factor-induced changes in human granulocyte surface charge.", "content": "The negative surface charge of human granulocytes was diminished after incubation with the chemotactic factors C5a, dialyzable transfer factor, and the enzymes kallikrein and plasminogen activator. No such change was observed after incubation with human IgG, albumin, horeseradish peroxidase, or a mixture of prekallikrein and plaminogen proactivator. Hydrocortisone inhibited the effect of C5a upon granulocyte surface charge and inhibited its chemotactic activity, suggesting that steroids act at the cell surface. The chemotactic inhibitors cholchicine and cytochalsin B had no effect upon granulocyte surface charge, consistent with their presumed effect upon microtubules and microfilaments, respectively. The data suggest that the decrease in cell surface charge may be a preerequiste for normal cell movement.", "contents": "Interaction of leukocyte chemotactic factors with the cell surface. I. Chemotactic factor-induced changes in human granulocyte surface charge. The negative surface charge of human granulocytes was diminished after incubation with the chemotactic factors C5a, dialyzable transfer factor, and the enzymes kallikrein and plasminogen activator. No such change was observed after incubation with human IgG, albumin, horeseradish peroxidase, or a mixture of prekallikrein and plaminogen proactivator. Hydrocortisone inhibited the effect of C5a upon granulocyte surface charge and inhibited its chemotactic activity, suggesting that steroids act at the cell surface. The chemotactic inhibitors cholchicine and cytochalsin B had no effect upon granulocyte surface charge, consistent with their presumed effect upon microtubules and microfilaments, respectively. The data suggest that the decrease in cell surface charge may be a preerequiste for normal cell movement.", "PMID": 1123432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8057", "title": "Human adipocyte cholesterol. Concentration, localization, synthesis, and turnover.", "content": "By analysis of 124 specimens in 16 different patients, isolated human adipocyte cholesterol concentration is highly correlated with fat cell size but not with plasma cholesterol concentration. Less than 6 percent of total cholesterol is esterified; after subcellular fractionation, 88 percent of the cholesterol is recovered in the triglyceride-rich supernatant oil. This latter finding supports the observation that fat cell cholesterol is determined by triglyceride content, and hence by fat cell size. After intravenous administrtion of radioactive cholesterol, the sum of a three-exponential equation was fit simultaneously to both the plasma and adipocyte specific activity time curves in six patients. In five of the six, a slowly turning over pool (pool 3) closely fit the adipocyte data. Two model structures, mammillary and catenary, were fitted to the data. There was no synthesis in pool 3 using a mammillary model but a mean 5.3 percent of the total body production rate was found in compartment 3 if a catenary model was assumed. Although a catenary model is biologically unlikely, it could not be excluded. Obesity is associated with an increased cholesterol synthetic rate equal to 20 mg/day for each kilogram of body fat. To test (by an independent method) if this synthesis might be occurring in adipose tissue, human fat cells were obtained under a wide variety of dietary conditions and incubated in vitro with radioactive glucose or acetate. Incorportation of these precursors into sterol could account for no more than 1 mg cholesterol synthesis/kg fat per day. These in vitro data taken together with the in vivo mammillary compartmental analysis data are compatible with the possiblity that the excess cholesterol synthesis of obesity occurs in pool 1, most likely from hepatic or intestinal sites.", "contents": "Human adipocyte cholesterol. Concentration, localization, synthesis, and turnover. By analysis of 124 specimens in 16 different patients, isolated human adipocyte cholesterol concentration is highly correlated with fat cell size but not with plasma cholesterol concentration. Less than 6 percent of total cholesterol is esterified; after subcellular fractionation, 88 percent of the cholesterol is recovered in the triglyceride-rich supernatant oil. This latter finding supports the observation that fat cell cholesterol is determined by triglyceride content, and hence by fat cell size. After intravenous administrtion of radioactive cholesterol, the sum of a three-exponential equation was fit simultaneously to both the plasma and adipocyte specific activity time curves in six patients. In five of the six, a slowly turning over pool (pool 3) closely fit the adipocyte data. Two model structures, mammillary and catenary, were fitted to the data. There was no synthesis in pool 3 using a mammillary model but a mean 5.3 percent of the total body production rate was found in compartment 3 if a catenary model was assumed. Although a catenary model is biologically unlikely, it could not be excluded. Obesity is associated with an increased cholesterol synthetic rate equal to 20 mg/day for each kilogram of body fat. To test (by an independent method) if this synthesis might be occurring in adipose tissue, human fat cells were obtained under a wide variety of dietary conditions and incubated in vitro with radioactive glucose or acetate. Incorportation of these precursors into sterol could account for no more than 1 mg cholesterol synthesis/kg fat per day. These in vitro data taken together with the in vivo mammillary compartmental analysis data are compatible with the possiblity that the excess cholesterol synthesis of obesity occurs in pool 1, most likely from hepatic or intestinal sites.", "PMID": 1123433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8058", "title": "A micropuncture study of renal salt and water retention in chronic bile duct obstruction.", "content": "The mechanism of sodium retention by the kidney in rats with ligation of the common bile duct was studied with micropuncture techniques. 10-14 days after bile duct ligation, rats showed positive sodium balance and ascites formation. Measurements of renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate yielded values that were not different from those in normal control animals. Likewise, single nephron filtration rte of surface nephrons was the same in the experimental rats as in the controls. Sodium reabsorption, however, was markedly increased in the proximal convoluted tubule, as well as in segments beyond the proximal convolutions. Single nephron filtration fraction, calculated from measurements of efferent arteriolar and arterial hematocrits, was significantly elevated in the cortical nephrons, even though whole kidney filtration fraction was the same as in normal rats. The calculated protein concentration of cortical peritubular blood was higher in the bile duct-ligated rats than in the normal controls. The observations are consistent with the view that sodium retention is the result of enhanced reabsorption primarily by cortical nephrons. The enhanced reabsorption can be accounted for by relative cortical ischemia due to efferent arteriolar vasoconstriction with the consequent elevation of peritubular colloid oncotic pressure.", "contents": "A micropuncture study of renal salt and water retention in chronic bile duct obstruction. The mechanism of sodium retention by the kidney in rats with ligation of the common bile duct was studied with micropuncture techniques. 10-14 days after bile duct ligation, rats showed positive sodium balance and ascites formation. Measurements of renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate yielded values that were not different from those in normal control animals. Likewise, single nephron filtration rte of surface nephrons was the same in the experimental rats as in the controls. Sodium reabsorption, however, was markedly increased in the proximal convoluted tubule, as well as in segments beyond the proximal convolutions. Single nephron filtration fraction, calculated from measurements of efferent arteriolar and arterial hematocrits, was significantly elevated in the cortical nephrons, even though whole kidney filtration fraction was the same as in normal rats. The calculated protein concentration of cortical peritubular blood was higher in the bile duct-ligated rats than in the normal controls. The observations are consistent with the view that sodium retention is the result of enhanced reabsorption primarily by cortical nephrons. The enhanced reabsorption can be accounted for by relative cortical ischemia due to efferent arteriolar vasoconstriction with the consequent elevation of peritubular colloid oncotic pressure.", "PMID": 1123434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8059", "title": "A sensitive technique by differential scanning for detecting haemoglobins of fetal origin.", "content": "A simple modification is made to the ultraviolet scanning technique for the detection of the tryptophan notch which is characteristic of haemoglobins of fetal origin. This involves a differential scan using Hb A solution in the reference compartment. This technique has all the advantages of the standard scan method but extends the scope of it by being much more sensitive and decisive.", "contents": "A sensitive technique by differential scanning for detecting haemoglobins of fetal origin. A simple modification is made to the ultraviolet scanning technique for the detection of the tryptophan notch which is characteristic of haemoglobins of fetal origin. This involves a differential scan using Hb A solution in the reference compartment. This technique has all the advantages of the standard scan method but extends the scope of it by being much more sensitive and decisive.", "PMID": 1123435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8060", "title": "The flora of renal haemodialysis shunt sites.", "content": "During investigations of the microbial flora of the skin over haemodialysis shunt sites it has not proved possible to predict clinical infection by a preceding colonization of the shunt site with a pathogenic organism. The normal non-pathogenic flora of the sites is not specifically related to the flora of other sites on the body though Staphylococcus aureus on a shunt site appeared to be acquired principally from the nose when the shunt was in the arm or from the perineum when the shunt was in the leg. Cimino shunt sites had a greater density of organisms than did Scribner shunt sites; this may be related to the disinfection procedures.", "contents": "The flora of renal haemodialysis shunt sites. During investigations of the microbial flora of the skin over haemodialysis shunt sites it has not proved possible to predict clinical infection by a preceding colonization of the shunt site with a pathogenic organism. The normal non-pathogenic flora of the sites is not specifically related to the flora of other sites on the body though Staphylococcus aureus on a shunt site appeared to be acquired principally from the nose when the shunt was in the arm or from the perineum when the shunt was in the leg. Cimino shunt sites had a greater density of organisms than did Scribner shunt sites; this may be related to the disinfection procedures.", "PMID": 1123436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8061", "title": "Intact and fragmented intracellular immunoglobulin in a case of non-secretory myeloma.", "content": "A patient is described with myeloma without paraproteinaemia or Bence Jones proteinuria in whom the tumour cells have been shown to contain monoclonal immunoglobulin. The use of immunoelectrophoresis and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis has established, apparently for the first time, that the immunoglobulin components are present in the form of intact molecules and free light chains.", "contents": "Intact and fragmented intracellular immunoglobulin in a case of non-secretory myeloma. A patient is described with myeloma without paraproteinaemia or Bence Jones proteinuria in whom the tumour cells have been shown to contain monoclonal immunoglobulin. The use of immunoelectrophoresis and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis has established, apparently for the first time, that the immunoglobulin components are present in the form of intact molecules and free light chains.", "PMID": 1123437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8062", "title": "Indexing and filing of pathological illustrations.", "content": "An inexpensive feature card retrieval system has been combined with the Systematised Nomenclature of Pathology (SNOP) to provide simple but efficient means of indexing and filing 2 in. x 2 in. transparencies within a department of pathology. Using this system 2400 transparencies and the associated index cards can be conveniently stored in one drawer of a standard filing cabinet.", "contents": "Indexing and filing of pathological illustrations. An inexpensive feature card retrieval system has been combined with the Systematised Nomenclature of Pathology (SNOP) to provide simple but efficient means of indexing and filing 2 in. x 2 in. transparencies within a department of pathology. Using this system 2400 transparencies and the associated index cards can be conveniently stored in one drawer of a standard filing cabinet.", "PMID": 1123438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8063", "title": "Haematological changes in active chronic hepatitis with reference to the role of the spleen.", "content": "The haematological role of the spleen has been investigated in a series of 22 patients with active chronic hepatitis. Severe pancytopenia occurred in one patient after three years of steroid therapy and this episode was associated with an increase in spleen size and a high splenic index of red cell destruction. Although the spleen was usually enlarged in the remainder of treated and untreated patients no others showed increased splenic haemolysis. The red cell survival was slightly reduced in most patients but splenic pooling of red cells and expansion of the plasma volume did not significantly reduce the haematocrit level. No consistent haematological differences were detected between the untreated and the treated patients.", "contents": "Haematological changes in active chronic hepatitis with reference to the role of the spleen. The haematological role of the spleen has been investigated in a series of 22 patients with active chronic hepatitis. Severe pancytopenia occurred in one patient after three years of steroid therapy and this episode was associated with an increase in spleen size and a high splenic index of red cell destruction. Although the spleen was usually enlarged in the remainder of treated and untreated patients no others showed increased splenic haemolysis. The red cell survival was slightly reduced in most patients but splenic pooling of red cells and expansion of the plasma volume did not significantly reduce the haematocrit level. No consistent haematological differences were detected between the untreated and the treated patients.", "PMID": 1123439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8064", "title": "Segmental glomerulonephritis.", "content": "The renal biopsy findings in 40 patients with segmental glomerulonephritis are reported. The term is used to describe a condition in which one or more segments of the glomerular tuft is involved by disease when other segments appear unaffected on light microscopy. The word 'focal' is not used as it may be taken to imply that the changes affect some glomeruli but not others and the evidence for this is not convincing. Segmental glomerulonephritis was a relatively common finding in cases of proteinuria with or without the nephrotic syndrome. The severity of the glomerular changes did not correlate with the ultimate prognosis. On the other hand the tubular and interstitial changes, as assessed by a grading procedure and by point counting, were significantly less severe in those patients who showed clinical recovery than in those who did not.", "contents": "Segmental glomerulonephritis. The renal biopsy findings in 40 patients with segmental glomerulonephritis are reported. The term is used to describe a condition in which one or more segments of the glomerular tuft is involved by disease when other segments appear unaffected on light microscopy. The word 'focal' is not used as it may be taken to imply that the changes affect some glomeruli but not others and the evidence for this is not convincing. Segmental glomerulonephritis was a relatively common finding in cases of proteinuria with or without the nephrotic syndrome. The severity of the glomerular changes did not correlate with the ultimate prognosis. On the other hand the tubular and interstitial changes, as assessed by a grading procedure and by point counting, were significantly less severe in those patients who showed clinical recovery than in those who did not.", "PMID": 1123443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8065", "title": "An ultrastructural study of the urinary bladder in children correlated with histological, bacteriological, and clinical findings.", "content": "Bladder biopsies from six boys without a history of urinary tract infection were taken during hypospadias repair operations and examined by electron microscopy. The ultrastructure of the epithelium, which was presumed to represent the normal, is described in detail and compared with the reported findings in other mammalian species. The appearances are generally similar although in our material the luminal membrane of the superficial cells was thicker than that surrounding the other epithelial cells but not asymmetrical. We observed membrane-coating granules which have not been reported before in bladder epithelium. The appearances of the normal bladder are compared to those seen in 24 children with urinary infection. In the presence of acute infection in large heterogeneous secondary lysosomes which are present in the intermediate and superficial cells of the normal bladder are reduced in number and the amount of rough endoplasmic reticulum is increased.", "contents": "An ultrastructural study of the urinary bladder in children correlated with histological, bacteriological, and clinical findings. Bladder biopsies from six boys without a history of urinary tract infection were taken during hypospadias repair operations and examined by electron microscopy. The ultrastructure of the epithelium, which was presumed to represent the normal, is described in detail and compared with the reported findings in other mammalian species. The appearances are generally similar although in our material the luminal membrane of the superficial cells was thicker than that surrounding the other epithelial cells but not asymmetrical. We observed membrane-coating granules which have not been reported before in bladder epithelium. The appearances of the normal bladder are compared to those seen in 24 children with urinary infection. In the presence of acute infection in large heterogeneous secondary lysosomes which are present in the intermediate and superficial cells of the normal bladder are reduced in number and the amount of rough endoplasmic reticulum is increased.", "PMID": 1123444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8066", "title": "Herniation of mucosal epithelium into the submucosa in chronic ulcerative colitis.", "content": "Herniation of the glandular epithelium into the submucosa has been observed in 11 out of 27 cases of chronic ulcerative colitis. Glandular herniation was associated with thickening of the muscularis mucosae, with interruption of the muscularis mucosae by lymphoid follicles, and, in five of the 11 cases, with significant crowding of the glands of the mucosa. This study strongly suggests that sustained contraction of the muscularis mucosae, which has been shown by others to be a major feature of chronic ulcerative colitis, is the prime factor in the formation of downgrowths or herniations of the glandular epithelium into the submucosa. Comparison of the cases in which cancer developed with those where there was glandular herniation led to the conclusion that they are independent associations of chronic ulcerative colitis, and that glandular herniation plays no part in the development of dysplasia or cancer.", "contents": "Herniation of mucosal epithelium into the submucosa in chronic ulcerative colitis. Herniation of the glandular epithelium into the submucosa has been observed in 11 out of 27 cases of chronic ulcerative colitis. Glandular herniation was associated with thickening of the muscularis mucosae, with interruption of the muscularis mucosae by lymphoid follicles, and, in five of the 11 cases, with significant crowding of the glands of the mucosa. This study strongly suggests that sustained contraction of the muscularis mucosae, which has been shown by others to be a major feature of chronic ulcerative colitis, is the prime factor in the formation of downgrowths or herniations of the glandular epithelium into the submucosa. Comparison of the cases in which cancer developed with those where there was glandular herniation led to the conclusion that they are independent associations of chronic ulcerative colitis, and that glandular herniation plays no part in the development of dysplasia or cancer.", "PMID": 1123445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8067", "title": "Detection of tetracycline resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae.", "content": "Bacteriological details are given of a patient with chronic purulent bronchitis, who was being followed up during a survey of relapse in chronic bronchitis. A strain of Streptococcus pneumoniae, serotype 10, was isolated from the sputum over a period of six months, followed by a type 47A strain and later a type 28 strain. The patient was receiving prophylactic treatment with tetracycline throughout. The type 10 strain was sensitive to tetracycline in vitro by both the disc diffusion and doubling dilution sensitivity tests and mice infected with this strain were protected by tetracycline. In contrast, both the type 47A and type 28 strains were sensitive by the disc diffusion technique, but showed a low degree of tetracycline resistance by the doubling dilution method; mice infected with both these strains were not protected by tetracycline.", "contents": "Detection of tetracycline resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae. Bacteriological details are given of a patient with chronic purulent bronchitis, who was being followed up during a survey of relapse in chronic bronchitis. A strain of Streptococcus pneumoniae, serotype 10, was isolated from the sputum over a period of six months, followed by a type 47A strain and later a type 28 strain. The patient was receiving prophylactic treatment with tetracycline throughout. The type 10 strain was sensitive to tetracycline in vitro by both the disc diffusion and doubling dilution sensitivity tests and mice infected with this strain were protected by tetracycline. In contrast, both the type 47A and type 28 strains were sensitive by the disc diffusion technique, but showed a low degree of tetracycline resistance by the doubling dilution method; mice infected with both these strains were not protected by tetracycline.", "PMID": 1123446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8068", "title": "The efficacy of long-term oral anticoagulant therapy and its laboratory assessment.", "content": "The activated partial thromboplastin time is compared with the corresponding prothrombin ratio in 6378 samples of platelet-poor plasma from 446 patients treated for a total of more than 4500 patient/months with oral anticoagulatnts. A relative decrease in the activated partial thromboplastin time following deep vein thrombosis is described, which tends to become less obvious during the first year of treatment and is greater in older patients. Although this relative decrease is also found in patients treated after cerebrovascular accidents, it is not found in patients treated after myocardial infarction or in patients with mitral valve disease treated prophylactically with long-term oral anticoagulants. It is though possible that these changes following deep vein thrombosis might be useful in helping to determine the duration of oral anticoagulant treatment.", "contents": "The efficacy of long-term oral anticoagulant therapy and its laboratory assessment. The activated partial thromboplastin time is compared with the corresponding prothrombin ratio in 6378 samples of platelet-poor plasma from 446 patients treated for a total of more than 4500 patient/months with oral anticoagulatnts. A relative decrease in the activated partial thromboplastin time following deep vein thrombosis is described, which tends to become less obvious during the first year of treatment and is greater in older patients. Although this relative decrease is also found in patients treated after cerebrovascular accidents, it is not found in patients treated after myocardial infarction or in patients with mitral valve disease treated prophylactically with long-term oral anticoagulants. It is though possible that these changes following deep vein thrombosis might be useful in helping to determine the duration of oral anticoagulant treatment.", "PMID": 1123447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8069", "title": "Cardiovascular drug interactions.", "content": "Drug interactions may be responsible for certain changes in therapeutic response and toxicity of cardiac drugs. Interactions occur at the sites of drug absorption and elimination as well as at the receptor sites in the pacemaker cells, specialized conducting tissue, and myocardium. Studies of the kinetics of cardiac drugs are being applied clinically in an effort to reduce the danger of adverse drug interactions in heart patients.", "contents": "Cardiovascular drug interactions. Drug interactions may be responsible for certain changes in therapeutic response and toxicity of cardiac drugs. Interactions occur at the sites of drug absorption and elimination as well as at the receptor sites in the pacemaker cells, specialized conducting tissue, and myocardium. Studies of the kinetics of cardiac drugs are being applied clinically in an effort to reduce the danger of adverse drug interactions in heart patients.", "PMID": 1123453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8070", "title": "Rheoencephalographic and other studies of betahistine in humans: I. The cerebral and peripheral circulatory effects of single doses in normal subjects.", "content": "Two groups of six young normal male subjects were studied by an improved form of rheoencephalography (intracranial rheoncephalography), by photoplethysmography, and by impedance plethysmography to investigate the possible effects of single doses of betahistine hydrochloride (SERC) and placebo on the normal human cranial, cerebral, scalp, and calf circulations. Two subjects participated in both groups. The results of the two studies were similar and were combined for this presentation. One subject reported slight transient faintness and visual blurring after 20 mg of the drug. No other adverse or side effects were encountered. The results show that the drug causes definite, strong, reproducible, and dose-related responses in the studied circulations, typically those of decreases in their waveform amplitudes and pulse propagation times. Betahistine hydrochloride thus acts as a potent cerebral and peripheral microcirculatory vasodilator in normal humans when given orally. Split-dose studies indicate that responses followed each dose and that the second response was superimposed on the first. The value of using betahistine hydrochloride in overlapping doses is suggested. Atypical cranial, cerebral, scalp, and calf amplitude increases were found in some high-dosage (16-mg) trials. These increases may indicate that betahistine hydrochloride can also act as an arterial vasodilator in sufficiently high dosage, but they equally may indicate that sufficiently profound microcirculatory vasodilatation can elicit secondary arterial circulatory increases.", "contents": "Rheoencephalographic and other studies of betahistine in humans: I. The cerebral and peripheral circulatory effects of single doses in normal subjects. Two groups of six young normal male subjects were studied by an improved form of rheoencephalography (intracranial rheoncephalography), by photoplethysmography, and by impedance plethysmography to investigate the possible effects of single doses of betahistine hydrochloride (SERC) and placebo on the normal human cranial, cerebral, scalp, and calf circulations. Two subjects participated in both groups. The results of the two studies were similar and were combined for this presentation. One subject reported slight transient faintness and visual blurring after 20 mg of the drug. No other adverse or side effects were encountered. The results show that the drug causes definite, strong, reproducible, and dose-related responses in the studied circulations, typically those of decreases in their waveform amplitudes and pulse propagation times. Betahistine hydrochloride thus acts as a potent cerebral and peripheral microcirculatory vasodilator in normal humans when given orally. Split-dose studies indicate that responses followed each dose and that the second response was superimposed on the first. The value of using betahistine hydrochloride in overlapping doses is suggested. Atypical cranial, cerebral, scalp, and calf amplitude increases were found in some high-dosage (16-mg) trials. These increases may indicate that betahistine hydrochloride can also act as an arterial vasodilator in sufficiently high dosage, but they equally may indicate that sufficiently profound microcirculatory vasodilatation can elicit secondary arterial circulatory increases.", "PMID": 1123455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8071", "title": "Cytoarchitecture of the optic tectum in the nurse shark.", "content": "The cytoarchitecture of the optic tectum of the nurse shark is described and related to the arrangements of afferents from retina, telencephalon and contralateral tectum. Its lamination is not pronounced when compared to tecta of most other non-mammalian species but more comparable to those of mammals. The absence of highly differentiated cells such as pyramidal and true horizontal cells is perhaps correlated with the poor differentiation in general, including the apparent partial overlap of inputs. Some neurons near the midline were found to possess dendrites extending into the contralateral tectum.", "contents": "Cytoarchitecture of the optic tectum in the nurse shark. The cytoarchitecture of the optic tectum of the nurse shark is described and related to the arrangements of afferents from retina, telencephalon and contralateral tectum. Its lamination is not pronounced when compared to tecta of most other non-mammalian species but more comparable to those of mammals. The absence of highly differentiated cells such as pyramidal and true horizontal cells is perhaps correlated with the poor differentiation in general, including the apparent partial overlap of inputs. Some neurons near the midline were found to possess dendrites extending into the contralateral tectum.", "PMID": 1123462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8072", "title": "Quantitative relationships between nerve and satellite cells in spinal ganglia: an electron microscopical study. II. Reptiles.", "content": "In the spinal ganglia of two species of reptiles (gecko and lizard) the volume of the perikaryal satellite cell sheath was found directly proportional both to the volume and surface area of the related neuronal body. This result agrees with that obtained in a previous research on two species of mammals (cat and rabbit). A quantitative balance between neuronal bodies and their associated glial tissue therefore exists also in the spinal ganglia of zoological species phylogenetically quite distant from mammals. The quantitative relationship between glial and nerve tissue was found to be lower in the gecko and lizard than in the cat and rabbit. This difference could have a phylogenetic significance, and/or it could be explained by the lower metabolic rate in the nervous system of the poikilotherms in respect to mammals.", "contents": "Quantitative relationships between nerve and satellite cells in spinal ganglia: an electron microscopical study. II. Reptiles. In the spinal ganglia of two species of reptiles (gecko and lizard) the volume of the perikaryal satellite cell sheath was found directly proportional both to the volume and surface area of the related neuronal body. This result agrees with that obtained in a previous research on two species of mammals (cat and rabbit). A quantitative balance between neuronal bodies and their associated glial tissue therefore exists also in the spinal ganglia of zoological species phylogenetically quite distant from mammals. The quantitative relationship between glial and nerve tissue was found to be lower in the gecko and lizard than in the cat and rabbit. This difference could have a phylogenetic significance, and/or it could be explained by the lower metabolic rate in the nervous system of the poikilotherms in respect to mammals.", "PMID": 1123463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8073", "title": "A brief self-assessing depression scale.", "content": "The Wang-Self-Assessing Depression Scale (SADS) was devised to provide a brief self-rating form for measuring depressive symptomatology. The present study compares the SADS with the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS) to assess reliability and relative ease of completion. Ninety-three ratings on each scale were obtained from a subject group that included normal volunteers and patients with differing degrees of depression. The paired t-test showed no significant difference between mean SDS scores and mean SADS scores for normal volunteers or subjects rated at any of the four depression levels. Positive correlation was demonstrated between tsds scores and SADS scores for depressed and normal subjects. The period of time required to complete the Wang SADS was found to be significantly shorter than for the Zung SDS, while the number of errors and requests for additional assistance were significantly lower. It was felt that these differences would constitute an advantage in the clinical use of the Wang SADS for diagnosing, evaluating, and monitoring the progress of depressed inpatients and outpatients.", "contents": "A brief self-assessing depression scale. The Wang-Self-Assessing Depression Scale (SADS) was devised to provide a brief self-rating form for measuring depressive symptomatology. The present study compares the SADS with the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS) to assess reliability and relative ease of completion. Ninety-three ratings on each scale were obtained from a subject group that included normal volunteers and patients with differing degrees of depression. The paired t-test showed no significant difference between mean SDS scores and mean SADS scores for normal volunteers or subjects rated at any of the four depression levels. Positive correlation was demonstrated between tsds scores and SADS scores for depressed and normal subjects. The period of time required to complete the Wang SADS was found to be significantly shorter than for the Zung SDS, while the number of errors and requests for additional assistance were significantly lower. It was felt that these differences would constitute an advantage in the clinical use of the Wang SADS for diagnosing, evaluating, and monitoring the progress of depressed inpatients and outpatients.", "PMID": 1123457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8074", "title": "Plasma levels of a new pelletized form of amitriptyline for maintenance therapy.", "content": "Plasma levels of amitriptyline and nortriptyline were measured in volunteers after one week of daily dosage with either 25 mg t.i.d. of standard amitriptyline tablets or a single 75-mg capsule of a new pelletized form of amitriptyline. Concentrations of both compounds were essentially equal at the end of one week's dosage with either dosage form but were somewhat higher throughout the dosing time interval for the pelletized drug.", "contents": "Plasma levels of a new pelletized form of amitriptyline for maintenance therapy. Plasma levels of amitriptyline and nortriptyline were measured in volunteers after one week of daily dosage with either 25 mg t.i.d. of standard amitriptyline tablets or a single 75-mg capsule of a new pelletized form of amitriptyline. Concentrations of both compounds were essentially equal at the end of one week's dosage with either dosage form but were somewhat higher throughout the dosing time interval for the pelletized drug.", "PMID": 1123458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8075", "title": "Autoradiographic investigations of glial proliferation in the brain of adult mice. II. Cycle time and mode of proliferation of neuroglia and endothelial cells.", "content": "The cycle time of the proliferating glial cells outside the subependymal layer of the lateral ventricle as well as that of endothelial cells was studied autoradiographically in the brains of adult and untreated mice. To determine the mean cycle time two independent methods were used. A mean cycle time of about 20 hours was obtained for glial and endothelial cells from the decrease of the mean grain number/nucleus as a function of time after tritiated thymidine (3H-TdR) injection. Another group of experiments utilized the \"method of labeled S phases\". With this method the passage of labeled cells through successive S phases is observed. Passing through S phase following 3H-TdR injection the 3H-labeled cells are double labeled by an additional 14C-TdR injection. This method again resulted in a cycle time of 20 hours for glial and endothelial cells. From the present work and a former study (Korr et al., '73) the following cell cycle parameters were derived: Cycle time 20 hours; S phase 9.4 hours; G2 less than three hours; (G2+M) five hours; G1 five hours. The growth fraction of glial cells related to all glial cells is only 0.004. Furthermore, the present experiments show that in the case of glial cells 17% of the daughter cells after mitosis become pyknotic and are eliminated from the glial cell population. Apart from this cell loss, after mitosis about one-fourth of the daughter cells do not enter the next S phase. These cells leave the growth fraction and are replaced by a corresponding number of non-proliferating glial cells. There is a relatively extensive permanent exchange of cells between the growth fraction and non-growth fraction of glial cell.", "contents": "Autoradiographic investigations of glial proliferation in the brain of adult mice. II. Cycle time and mode of proliferation of neuroglia and endothelial cells. The cycle time of the proliferating glial cells outside the subependymal layer of the lateral ventricle as well as that of endothelial cells was studied autoradiographically in the brains of adult and untreated mice. To determine the mean cycle time two independent methods were used. A mean cycle time of about 20 hours was obtained for glial and endothelial cells from the decrease of the mean grain number/nucleus as a function of time after tritiated thymidine (3H-TdR) injection. Another group of experiments utilized the \"method of labeled S phases\". With this method the passage of labeled cells through successive S phases is observed. Passing through S phase following 3H-TdR injection the 3H-labeled cells are double labeled by an additional 14C-TdR injection. This method again resulted in a cycle time of 20 hours for glial and endothelial cells. From the present work and a former study (Korr et al., '73) the following cell cycle parameters were derived: Cycle time 20 hours; S phase 9.4 hours; G2 less than three hours; (G2+M) five hours; G1 five hours. The growth fraction of glial cells related to all glial cells is only 0.004. Furthermore, the present experiments show that in the case of glial cells 17% of the daughter cells after mitosis become pyknotic and are eliminated from the glial cell population. Apart from this cell loss, after mitosis about one-fourth of the daughter cells do not enter the next S phase. These cells leave the growth fraction and are replaced by a corresponding number of non-proliferating glial cells. There is a relatively extensive permanent exchange of cells between the growth fraction and non-growth fraction of glial cell.", "PMID": 1123464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8076", "title": "Kinetics of salicylates in blood and joint fluid.", "content": "Samples of blood and joint fluid from 30 patients who had taken acetylsalicylic acid were examined for concentrations of total salicylates. The data were arranged in groups according to diagnosis of the joint disease. Analysis of the data did not show significant differences in the kinetics of total salicylates into blood. In groups, the time to first appearance of 0.3 mg/liter averaged 6 minutes, and levels \"close to maximum\" concentration averaged about 23.0 mg/liter. Time to first appearance of 0.3 mg/liter of total salicylates in joint lfuid ranged from 10 to 31 minutes. The average level of maximum concentration of total salicylates in joint fluid was 14.8 mg/liter. Transport of total salicylates from blood to joint fluid showed a pattern consistent with the type of joint disease. Support was found for the hypothesis that diffusion was the major factor in the process of movement of total salicylates from blood to joint fluid. The histopathologic changes in different types of synovitis influenced the biophysical properties of the inner part of the joint capsule.", "contents": "Kinetics of salicylates in blood and joint fluid. Samples of blood and joint fluid from 30 patients who had taken acetylsalicylic acid were examined for concentrations of total salicylates. The data were arranged in groups according to diagnosis of the joint disease. Analysis of the data did not show significant differences in the kinetics of total salicylates into blood. In groups, the time to first appearance of 0.3 mg/liter averaged 6 minutes, and levels \"close to maximum\" concentration averaged about 23.0 mg/liter. Time to first appearance of 0.3 mg/liter of total salicylates in joint lfuid ranged from 10 to 31 minutes. The average level of maximum concentration of total salicylates in joint fluid was 14.8 mg/liter. Transport of total salicylates from blood to joint fluid showed a pattern consistent with the type of joint disease. Support was found for the hypothesis that diffusion was the major factor in the process of movement of total salicylates from blood to joint fluid. The histopathologic changes in different types of synovitis influenced the biophysical properties of the inner part of the joint capsule.", "PMID": 1123459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8077", "title": "The inferior olivary nucleus of the opossum (Didelphis marsupialis virginiana), its organization and connections.", "content": "Although the inferior olivary nucleus of the opossum is small, sections stained either for Nissl substance, normal axons or cholinesterase activity reveal distinct medial, dorsal and principal nuclei. The medial nucleus contains three major subdivisions (labelled a, b, c after Bowman and Sladek, '73) and a group of neurons which is comparable to the cap of Kooy. In contrast to the cat and monkey, the major portion of the \"medial\" nucleus (subgroup a) lies lateral to the principal nucleus in rostral sections. The dorsal nucleus can also be subdivided, as can the principal nucleus which contains distinct dorsal and ventral lamellae. A small area is identified which based on position and connections may conform to the dorsal medial cell group. The experimental portion of the study provides evidence for an olivary projection from the motor-sensory cortex and a massive input from the midbrain (red nucleus, pretectum, midbrain tegmentum). In addition, the opossum inferior olive receives fibers from the deep cerebellar nuclei (cerebellar feedback loops), the spinal cord and the dorsal column nuclei. Of particular interest is the finding that fibers from the nucleus cuneatus and nucleus gracilis have distinctly different olivary targets and that those from the nucleus gracilis, but not the cuneate nucleus, overlap (in part, at least) with the direct spinal fibers. Other examples of overlapping fields of terminal degeneration are present and are discussed. In general our results reveal that although certain relationships between the nuclear divisions are different, the opossum olive conforms well to that of placental mammals and provides a basic mammalian model for future experimental electron microscopic and physiological studies.", "contents": "The inferior olivary nucleus of the opossum (Didelphis marsupialis virginiana), its organization and connections. Although the inferior olivary nucleus of the opossum is small, sections stained either for Nissl substance, normal axons or cholinesterase activity reveal distinct medial, dorsal and principal nuclei. The medial nucleus contains three major subdivisions (labelled a, b, c after Bowman and Sladek, '73) and a group of neurons which is comparable to the cap of Kooy. In contrast to the cat and monkey, the major portion of the \"medial\" nucleus (subgroup a) lies lateral to the principal nucleus in rostral sections. The dorsal nucleus can also be subdivided, as can the principal nucleus which contains distinct dorsal and ventral lamellae. A small area is identified which based on position and connections may conform to the dorsal medial cell group. The experimental portion of the study provides evidence for an olivary projection from the motor-sensory cortex and a massive input from the midbrain (red nucleus, pretectum, midbrain tegmentum). In addition, the opossum inferior olive receives fibers from the deep cerebellar nuclei (cerebellar feedback loops), the spinal cord and the dorsal column nuclei. Of particular interest is the finding that fibers from the nucleus cuneatus and nucleus gracilis have distinctly different olivary targets and that those from the nucleus gracilis, but not the cuneate nucleus, overlap (in part, at least) with the direct spinal fibers. Other examples of overlapping fields of terminal degeneration are present and are discussed. In general our results reveal that although certain relationships between the nuclear divisions are different, the opossum olive conforms well to that of placental mammals and provides a basic mammalian model for future experimental electron microscopic and physiological studies.", "PMID": 1123465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8078", "title": "Clinical effects of pentazocine in hospitalized medical patients.", "content": "Of 17,068 hospitalized medical patients monitored in a drug surveillance program, 616 (3.6 per cent) received pentazocine hydrochloride orally and 816 (4.8 per cent) received pentazocine lactate parenterally during one or more admissions. Unsatisfactory analgesic efficacy as judged by each patient's physician was nearly twice as frequent among recipients of pentazocine lactate as among recipients of parenteral morphine or meperidine. Adverse reactions were attributed to pentazocine hydrochloride in 18 recipients (2.9 per cent) and to pentazocine lactate in 37 recipients (4.5 per cent). Neuropsychiatric effects were the most common; they included hallucinations, bizarre feelings, disorientation, and agitation. These effects were dose dependent and frequently serious in nature. Minor gastro-intestinal effects were the second most common adverse reactions.", "contents": "Clinical effects of pentazocine in hospitalized medical patients. Of 17,068 hospitalized medical patients monitored in a drug surveillance program, 616 (3.6 per cent) received pentazocine hydrochloride orally and 816 (4.8 per cent) received pentazocine lactate parenterally during one or more admissions. Unsatisfactory analgesic efficacy as judged by each patient's physician was nearly twice as frequent among recipients of pentazocine lactate as among recipients of parenteral morphine or meperidine. Adverse reactions were attributed to pentazocine hydrochloride in 18 recipients (2.9 per cent) and to pentazocine lactate in 37 recipients (4.5 per cent). Neuropsychiatric effects were the most common; they included hallucinations, bizarre feelings, disorientation, and agitation. These effects were dose dependent and frequently serious in nature. Minor gastro-intestinal effects were the second most common adverse reactions.", "PMID": 1123460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8079", "title": "Cell death in the development of the lateral motor column of the chick embryo.", "content": "Cell counts were made in the lumbar lateral motor column (l.m.c.) of chick embryos of 5.5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 12, 18 days of incubation and five days posthatching (n equal 68). Only nuclei with nucleoli were counted and corrections were made for double counting (Abercrombie, '46). The population attains a peak value of over 20,000 cells (corrected figure: over 17,000) at 5.5-6.5 days equal stages 28 and 29 (Hamburger and Hamilton, '51). The l.m.c. loses between 7,000 and 8,000 cells between days 6.5 and 9.5, (between stages 29 and 36). In other words, 60% of the population survive. A plateau of approximately 12,300 cells (corrected figure: 10,300) is maintained through five days posthatching. Massive cell degeneration was observed in 7- and 8-day embryos. Counts of distinctly pyknotic cells indicate that at least 5-6% of the total population is in the process of degeneration at any particular time. This figure is probably an underestimation; hence it is virtually certain that the depletion of the l.m.c. is due entirely to cell death. Arguments are preue to the failure of their axons to survive in a competition process at the periphery. Observations of the time pattern of muscle differentiation and their neurotization in the leg further endorse this hypothesis. However, it is not clear whether the axons compete for contact sites on muscle fibers or for a \"trophic\" agent.", "contents": "Cell death in the development of the lateral motor column of the chick embryo. Cell counts were made in the lumbar lateral motor column (l.m.c.) of chick embryos of 5.5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 12, 18 days of incubation and five days posthatching (n equal 68). Only nuclei with nucleoli were counted and corrections were made for double counting (Abercrombie, '46). The population attains a peak value of over 20,000 cells (corrected figure: over 17,000) at 5.5-6.5 days equal stages 28 and 29 (Hamburger and Hamilton, '51). The l.m.c. loses between 7,000 and 8,000 cells between days 6.5 and 9.5, (between stages 29 and 36). In other words, 60% of the population survive. A plateau of approximately 12,300 cells (corrected figure: 10,300) is maintained through five days posthatching. Massive cell degeneration was observed in 7- and 8-day embryos. Counts of distinctly pyknotic cells indicate that at least 5-6% of the total population is in the process of degeneration at any particular time. This figure is probably an underestimation; hence it is virtually certain that the depletion of the l.m.c. is due entirely to cell death. Arguments are preue to the failure of their axons to survive in a competition process at the periphery. Observations of the time pattern of muscle differentiation and their neurotization in the leg further endorse this hypothesis. However, it is not clear whether the axons compete for contact sites on muscle fibers or for a \"trophic\" agent.", "PMID": 1123466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8080", "title": "Interspecies study on the effect of perphenazine on milk yield and composition.", "content": "The effects on lactation of perphenazine, a tranquillizer which increases the level of prolactin in the blood, have been studied in cows, goats, guinea-pigs and rabbits. The drug caused a significant depression of milk yield in cows, goats and rabbits, but was without effect on the milk yield of guinea-pigs. It seems probable that the inhibitory effects on lactation were due to the actions of the drug on appetite and behaviour. It is concluded that perphenazine, because of its other actions, is not a suitable agent for studying the physiological effects of increased levels of endogenous prolactin.", "contents": "Interspecies study on the effect of perphenazine on milk yield and composition. The effects on lactation of perphenazine, a tranquillizer which increases the level of prolactin in the blood, have been studied in cows, goats, guinea-pigs and rabbits. The drug caused a significant depression of milk yield in cows, goats and rabbits, but was without effect on the milk yield of guinea-pigs. It seems probable that the inhibitory effects on lactation were due to the actions of the drug on appetite and behaviour. It is concluded that perphenazine, because of its other actions, is not a suitable agent for studying the physiological effects of increased levels of endogenous prolactin.", "PMID": 1123467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8081", "title": "Influence of sympathomimetic drugs on the motility of bovine teat muscles.", "content": "Spontaneous rhythmical contractions of the teats of living cows were recorded by a plethysmographical method. These contractions were inhibited by isoproterenol, adrenaline, isoxsuprine and phentolamine, but were activated by phenylephrine. Noradrenaline induced activation which was often followed by inhibition. These results obtained in vivo were in agreement with responses obtained in vitro. Apparently beta sympathomimetic effects are evoked easily under in vivo conditions.", "contents": "Influence of sympathomimetic drugs on the motility of bovine teat muscles. Spontaneous rhythmical contractions of the teats of living cows were recorded by a plethysmographical method. These contractions were inhibited by isoproterenol, adrenaline, isoxsuprine and phentolamine, but were activated by phenylephrine. Noradrenaline induced activation which was often followed by inhibition. These results obtained in vivo were in agreement with responses obtained in vitro. Apparently beta sympathomimetic effects are evoked easily under in vivo conditions.", "PMID": 1123468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8082", "title": "Preparation and properties of alpha S-casein from buffalo's milk.", "content": "Buffalo alpha S-casein (alpha-sb) was found to be heterogenous; on starch gel-urea electrophoresis 4 electrophoretic components were detected. The alpha-sb-fraction was isolated by urea and alcohol fractionation. A preparation containing only the 2 main components was obtained by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. Its amino acid pattern was different from that of cow alpha s1-casein. The fraction was also free of carbohydrate, cystine and cysteine. Buffalo alpha-sb-casein was less stable than cow alpha s-casein in solutions containing Ca, and the maximum stability of the alpha s-/k-casein complex occurred at a lower Ca concentration.", "contents": "Preparation and properties of alpha S-casein from buffalo's milk. Buffalo alpha S-casein (alpha-sb) was found to be heterogenous; on starch gel-urea electrophoresis 4 electrophoretic components were detected. The alpha-sb-fraction was isolated by urea and alcohol fractionation. A preparation containing only the 2 main components was obtained by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. Its amino acid pattern was different from that of cow alpha s1-casein. The fraction was also free of carbohydrate, cystine and cysteine. Buffalo alpha-sb-casein was less stable than cow alpha s-casein in solutions containing Ca, and the maximum stability of the alpha s-/k-casein complex occurred at a lower Ca concentration.", "PMID": 1123469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8083", "title": "Autoxidation in milk rich in linoleic acid. I. An objective method of measuring autoxidation and evaluating antioxidants.", "content": "Autoxidation was studied in milk obtained from cows fed on formaldehyde-treated casein-safflower oil supplement. The fat of this milk contained high levels of linoleic acid. A rapid disappearance of dissolved oxygen (DO), measured by using a oxygen electrode, from milk samples stored at 0 degrees C in tubes without head-space, coincided with the development of oxidized flavours detected organoleptically. A correlation coefficient of 0.9 with 69 degrees of freedom (P smaller than 0.001) was obtained  between the amount of DO disappearing and the taste panel scores for oxidized flavours. Butylated hydroxyanisole, sesamol, nordihydroguaiaretic acid, ethoxyquin, or butylated hydroxyanisole with propylgallate or tocopherols, when added in emulsified form to the milk at the rate of 10-15 mg/l milk checked the development of oxidized flavours and the rapid disappearance of DO. Other antioxidants tested were either ineffective or imparted off-flavours to milk. Samples of mare's milk neither developed oxidized flavours nor showed rapid disappearance of DO over a test period of 8 d. The oxygen electrode provides a convenient and sensitive method for studying autoxidation and evaluating antioxidants in milk.", "contents": "Autoxidation in milk rich in linoleic acid. I. An objective method of measuring autoxidation and evaluating antioxidants. Autoxidation was studied in milk obtained from cows fed on formaldehyde-treated casein-safflower oil supplement. The fat of this milk contained high levels of linoleic acid. A rapid disappearance of dissolved oxygen (DO), measured by using a oxygen electrode, from milk samples stored at 0 degrees C in tubes without head-space, coincided with the development of oxidized flavours detected organoleptically. A correlation coefficient of 0.9 with 69 degrees of freedom (P smaller than 0.001) was obtained  between the amount of DO disappearing and the taste panel scores for oxidized flavours. Butylated hydroxyanisole, sesamol, nordihydroguaiaretic acid, ethoxyquin, or butylated hydroxyanisole with propylgallate or tocopherols, when added in emulsified form to the milk at the rate of 10-15 mg/l milk checked the development of oxidized flavours and the rapid disappearance of DO. Other antioxidants tested were either ineffective or imparted off-flavours to milk. Samples of mare's milk neither developed oxidized flavours nor showed rapid disappearance of DO over a test period of 8 d. The oxygen electrode provides a convenient and sensitive method for studying autoxidation and evaluating antioxidants in milk.", "PMID": 1123470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8084", "title": "Nasal mucosal hyperpermeability to macromolecules in atopic rhinitis and extrinsic asthma.", "content": "This study was designed to test the hypothesis that patients with atopic rhinitis and extrinsic asthma have a nasal mucous membrane defect that allows inhaled macromolecules access to immunocompetent cells. Three groups were studied: normal subjects, patients with extrinsic asthma, and patients with atopic rhinitis. Albumin 125I(20 muc) was applied to the nasal mucosa and venous blood samples were drawn at set intervals up to 4 hours. Thirty-two minutes after administration, a significantly greater percentage of the dose was found in the plasma of patients with atopic rhinitis than in that of normal subjects (p smaller than 0.001). Transport of intact albumin across the nasal mucosa was demonstrated by dialysis, gel filtration, and immunopercipitation experiments in 3/9 normal subjects, 1/9 patients with asthma, and 9/10 patients with rhinitis (p smaller than 0.02). These studies suggest that large, potentially antigenic molecules pass more readily across the nasal mucous membrane of patients with allergic rhinitis than that of normal subjects. No increase in nasal transport was seen in patients with extrinsic asthma. It has not been determined whether this defect is a cause or an effect of atopic rhinitis.", "contents": "Nasal mucosal hyperpermeability to macromolecules in atopic rhinitis and extrinsic asthma. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that patients with atopic rhinitis and extrinsic asthma have a nasal mucous membrane defect that allows inhaled macromolecules access to immunocompetent cells. Three groups were studied: normal subjects, patients with extrinsic asthma, and patients with atopic rhinitis. Albumin 125I(20 muc) was applied to the nasal mucosa and venous blood samples were drawn at set intervals up to 4 hours. Thirty-two minutes after administration, a significantly greater percentage of the dose was found in the plasma of patients with atopic rhinitis than in that of normal subjects (p smaller than 0.001). Transport of intact albumin across the nasal mucosa was demonstrated by dialysis, gel filtration, and immunopercipitation experiments in 3/9 normal subjects, 1/9 patients with asthma, and 9/10 patients with rhinitis (p smaller than 0.02). These studies suggest that large, potentially antigenic molecules pass more readily across the nasal mucous membrane of patients with allergic rhinitis than that of normal subjects. No increase in nasal transport was seen in patients with extrinsic asthma. It has not been determined whether this defect is a cause or an effect of atopic rhinitis.", "PMID": 1123493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8085", "title": "Growth of asthmatic children during treatment with alternate-day steriods.", "content": "The effects of specific doses of alternate-day treatment with prednisone on linear growth were evaluated in children with severe asthma. It was found that even the control patients who did not receive steroid therapy had heights that were significantly lower than those of normal children of the same age and sex. The average severity of growth suppression in children who received alternate-day or intermittent treatment with steriods did not differ from that of asthmatic control patients. However, evaluation of individual patterns of growth during the follow-up period revealed that children who received small doses of alternate-day treatment (mean dose of prednisone, 9 mg.  q.o.d.; range, 2.5 to 14 mg.) had acceleration of growth, whereas children who received larger treatment doses (mean dose of prednisone, 30 mg. q.o.d.; range, 18 to 58 mg.) had further suppression of growth during the period of study. Additionally, patients who had previously been treated with daily corticosteroids failed to demonstrate \"catch-up\" growth after introduction of an alternate-day program (mean dose of prednisone, 17 mg. q.o.d.).", "contents": "Growth of asthmatic children during treatment with alternate-day steriods. The effects of specific doses of alternate-day treatment with prednisone on linear growth were evaluated in children with severe asthma. It was found that even the control patients who did not receive steroid therapy had heights that were significantly lower than those of normal children of the same age and sex. The average severity of growth suppression in children who received alternate-day or intermittent treatment with steriods did not differ from that of asthmatic control patients. However, evaluation of individual patterns of growth during the follow-up period revealed that children who received small doses of alternate-day treatment (mean dose of prednisone, 9 mg.  q.o.d.; range, 2.5 to 14 mg.) had acceleration of growth, whereas children who received larger treatment doses (mean dose of prednisone, 30 mg. q.o.d.; range, 18 to 58 mg.) had further suppression of growth during the period of study. Additionally, patients who had previously been treated with daily corticosteroids failed to demonstrate \"catch-up\" growth after introduction of an alternate-day program (mean dose of prednisone, 17 mg. q.o.d.).", "PMID": 1123495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8086", "title": "Measurement of the prevalence of respiratory allergies by interview questionnaire.", "content": "A recent publication of the National Center for Health Statistics estimated the prevalence of asthma in 1970 to be 30.2 per 1,000 noninstitutionalized population, and of hay fever (without asthma) as 54.2 per 1,000. These and other data on chronic respiratory conditions were obtained by means of a household survey employing lay interviewers and a standardized questionnaire. There may be a gap between the intended meaning of the key question-did the individual have a chronic condition during the past 12 months-and the respondent's understanding of it. As a consequence, some of those who have been asymptomatic in the recent past may have excluded themselves. Even among people with the chronic condition who have seen a physician about it during the prior year, significant numbers fail to report it to the interviewer, according to validation studies. A method is suggested for making rough adjustments for these undercounts. It results in raising the estimated prevalence to 43.0 for asthma and 71.1 for hay fever. These revisions are dependent on necessarily subjective assumptions about the magnitude of the biases involved.", "contents": "Measurement of the prevalence of respiratory allergies by interview questionnaire. A recent publication of the National Center for Health Statistics estimated the prevalence of asthma in 1970 to be 30.2 per 1,000 noninstitutionalized population, and of hay fever (without asthma) as 54.2 per 1,000. These and other data on chronic respiratory conditions were obtained by means of a household survey employing lay interviewers and a standardized questionnaire. There may be a gap between the intended meaning of the key question-did the individual have a chronic condition during the past 12 months-and the respondent's understanding of it. As a consequence, some of those who have been asymptomatic in the recent past may have excluded themselves. Even among people with the chronic condition who have seen a physician about it during the prior year, significant numbers fail to report it to the interviewer, according to validation studies. A method is suggested for making rough adjustments for these undercounts. It results in raising the estimated prevalence to 43.0 for asthma and 71.1 for hay fever. These revisions are dependent on necessarily subjective assumptions about the magnitude of the biases involved.", "PMID": 1123496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8087", "title": "The dietetic paraprofessional and the external degree. Report on work in progress.", "content": "The \"University without Walls\", i.e., the external degree earned by work off-campus, is a relatively new but increasingly important development in higher education. At Pennsylvania State University, such a program leading to an associate degree is being developed for the dietetic technician. Through correspondence study for credit and other avenues, dietetic paraprofessionals can prepare themselves for upgrading to supervisory roles calling for academic preparation. The need is particularly apparent in view of recently issued requirements that supervisory foodservice personnel in extended care facilities have 90 clock hours of instruction. The projected curriculum will permit the earning of credits by correspondence; through courses taught by multi-media; by transferring courses from other institutions; or by examination. Elements of the curriculum planning are detailed.", "contents": "The dietetic paraprofessional and the external degree. Report on work in progress. The \"University without Walls\", i.e., the external degree earned by work off-campus, is a relatively new but increasingly important development in higher education. At Pennsylvania State University, such a program leading to an associate degree is being developed for the dietetic technician. Through correspondence study for credit and other avenues, dietetic paraprofessionals can prepare themselves for upgrading to supervisory roles calling for academic preparation. The need is particularly apparent in view of recently issued requirements that supervisory foodservice personnel in extended care facilities have 90 clock hours of instruction. The projected curriculum will permit the earning of credits by correspondence; through courses taught by multi-media; by transferring courses from other institutions; or by examination. Elements of the curriculum planning are detailed.", "PMID": 1123498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8088", "title": "Comparison of Type A and nutrient standard menus for school lunch. I. Development of the nutrient standard method (NSM).", "content": "Methodology was developed for planning school lunch menus which meet a specific nutrient standard. The method considered nine indicator nutrients plus calories and percentage of calories coming from fat. The nutrient composition of approximately 625 school lunch menu items were calculated using Agriculture Handbook No. 8 data. All nutrient data were converted to bead units which were summed on an abacus until the meal requirements were met. Preliminary testing of the method showed it to be usable by school lunch menu planners and provided menus meeting certain minimal nutrient constraints. After the test, suggested modifications were incorporated into the method to enhance its use. The method is described and a sample week's given.", "contents": "Comparison of Type A and nutrient standard menus for school lunch. I. Development of the nutrient standard method (NSM). Methodology was developed for planning school lunch menus which meet a specific nutrient standard. The method considered nine indicator nutrients plus calories and percentage of calories coming from fat. The nutrient composition of approximately 625 school lunch menu items were calculated using Agriculture Handbook No. 8 data. All nutrient data were converted to bead units which were summed on an abacus until the meal requirements were met. Preliminary testing of the method showed it to be usable by school lunch menu planners and provided menus meeting certain minimal nutrient constraints. After the test, suggested modifications were incorporated into the method to enhance its use. The method is described and a sample week's given.", "PMID": 1123499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8089", "title": "Comparison of Type A and nutrient standard menus for school lunch. II. Management aspects.", "content": "An extensive study compared school lunches planned to meet a specific nutrient standard (NSM) with those planned according to the Type A pattern. Average daily participation, food and labor costs, accuracy of the menus, and differences in the four-week menus between the two methods are reported. Twenty-nine menu planners representing a variety of living environments quickly learned the NSM method and enthusiastically planned and served the Type A and NSM test menus to fifth and tenth grade students. Type A data were collected in the fall and NSM data in the spring of the 1972-73 academic year. Changing from Type A to NSM menu planning resulted in no significant change in lunch participation or food and labor costs. Work functions also did not vary significantly when the menu planning method was changed. Menu planners of varying education and experience successfully planned accurate NSM menus and endorsed the method as an exciting and viable alternative to the Type A pattern. Sixty per cent preferred NSM due to its nutrient assurance, flexibility, and potential for nutrition education.", "contents": "Comparison of Type A and nutrient standard menus for school lunch. II. Management aspects. An extensive study compared school lunches planned to meet a specific nutrient standard (NSM) with those planned according to the Type A pattern. Average daily participation, food and labor costs, accuracy of the menus, and differences in the four-week menus between the two methods are reported. Twenty-nine menu planners representing a variety of living environments quickly learned the NSM method and enthusiastically planned and served the Type A and NSM test menus to fifth and tenth grade students. Type A data were collected in the fall and NSM data in the spring of the 1972-73 academic year. Changing from Type A to NSM menu planning resulted in no significant change in lunch participation or food and labor costs. Work functions also did not vary significantly when the menu planning method was changed. Menu planners of varying education and experience successfully planned accurate NSM menus and endorsed the method as an exciting and viable alternative to the Type A pattern. Sixty per cent preferred NSM due to its nutrient assurance, flexibility, and potential for nutrition education.", "PMID": 1123500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8090", "title": "Comparison of Type A and nutrient standard menus for school lunch. III. Nutritive content of menus and acceptability.", "content": "The caclulated nutritional value of school lunches for fifth and tenth grade students planned according to the Type A pattern and a nutrient standard (NSM) WEre compared on the basis of meals as planned, served, and eaten. On an \"as eaten\" basis, menus planned by both methods were low in calories, iron, and thiamin. Although the differences were small, the NSM menus were consistently higher in nutrients, including calories, iron, and thiamin, and lower in percentage of calories coming from fat. The number of schools where the lunches, on the average, furnished less than 60 per cent of the standard for calories, iron, and thiamin was significantly less for NSM than for Type A. Animportant reason for the higher level of nutrients in NSM menus was that a higher ratio of food planned was actually served. In addition, in the case of iron, a higher nutrient: calorie ratio was observed. Food ratings, as determined in the classroom before the meal, correlated positively with food consumption as determined by plate waste analyses. Milk beverages had the highest ratings and consumption, followed by starches, baked goods, sandwiches, and entr\u00e9es. Salads and vegetables were rated low and consumed least.", "contents": "Comparison of Type A and nutrient standard menus for school lunch. III. Nutritive content of menus and acceptability. The caclulated nutritional value of school lunches for fifth and tenth grade students planned according to the Type A pattern and a nutrient standard (NSM) WEre compared on the basis of meals as planned, served, and eaten. On an \"as eaten\" basis, menus planned by both methods were low in calories, iron, and thiamin. Although the differences were small, the NSM menus were consistently higher in nutrients, including calories, iron, and thiamin, and lower in percentage of calories coming from fat. The number of schools where the lunches, on the average, furnished less than 60 per cent of the standard for calories, iron, and thiamin was significantly less for NSM than for Type A. Animportant reason for the higher level of nutrients in NSM menus was that a higher ratio of food planned was actually served. In addition, in the case of iron, a higher nutrient: calorie ratio was observed. Food ratings, as determined in the classroom before the meal, correlated positively with food consumption as determined by plate waste analyses. Milk beverages had the highest ratings and consumption, followed by starches, baked goods, sandwiches, and entr\u00e9es. Salads and vegetables were rated low and consumed least.", "PMID": 1123501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8091", "title": "Entry-level clinical dietetic practice as viewed by clients and allied professionals. A pilot study.", "content": "This study was carried out to ascertain whether nutritional care clients and the professionals who serve them hold similar views related to clinical activities performed by entry-level clinical dietitians. Questionnaires were sent to clinical dietitians, their clients, educators, and employers. Clients were asked to state how dietitians had helped them. Dietitians, educators, and employers were asked to rate client-identified activities and other selected activities of dietitians according to their importance to the delivery of nutritional care. Dietitians were also asked to rate these same activities according to the relative time spent in performing them. There was significant agreement among all participating groups on the relative importance attached to client-identified activities, and also among dietitians, educators, and employers as to the relative importance attached to all activities under investigation. The data also imply that the importance dietitians place on an activity will affect the time spent in that activity. It is hoped that this study can be replicated periodically, to provide a dynamic research base for the development of educational objectives based on changing performance requirements which reflect changing client needs.", "contents": "Entry-level clinical dietetic practice as viewed by clients and allied professionals. A pilot study. This study was carried out to ascertain whether nutritional care clients and the professionals who serve them hold similar views related to clinical activities performed by entry-level clinical dietitians. Questionnaires were sent to clinical dietitians, their clients, educators, and employers. Clients were asked to state how dietitians had helped them. Dietitians, educators, and employers were asked to rate client-identified activities and other selected activities of dietitians according to their importance to the delivery of nutritional care. Dietitians were also asked to rate these same activities according to the relative time spent in performing them. There was significant agreement among all participating groups on the relative importance attached to client-identified activities, and also among dietitians, educators, and employers as to the relative importance attached to all activities under investigation. The data also imply that the importance dietitians place on an activity will affect the time spent in that activity. It is hoped that this study can be replicated periodically, to provide a dynamic research base for the development of educational objectives based on changing performance requirements which reflect changing client needs.", "PMID": 1123502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8092", "title": "Eating habits and opinions of teen-agers on nutrition and obesity.", "content": "Opinions about good nutrition, causes of obesity and its prevention, as well as certain eating habits, were studied in 482 Israeli children (251 boys and 231 girls), thirteen to fourteen years old. Height, weight, and triceps skinfolds were measured. Mean relative weight and relative logarithmic skinfold thickness were close to standard, although 8 per cent of the boys and 9 per cent of the girls weighed more than 120 per cent of standard weight for their age and sex. Weight was closely associated with skinfold thickness. Over two-thirds of both boys and girls believed that daily consumption of milk, bread, fruits, eggs, cheese, meat, and tomatoes is desirable, and about two-thirds stated that overeating is a cause of obesity. More overweight than thin and normal-weight children indicated that, to prevent obesity, all kinds of food are permissible, but only in limited amounts. Most children believed in the fattening value of cakes, sweets, fried and fatty food, potatoes, bread, and nuts. The belief in the fattening value of potatoes, bread, and nuts was shared by a higher percentage of overweight than of under- and normal-weight children. Overweight children, particularly girls, reported eating less bread, cake, and cream, adding less sugar to beverages, and eating sweets and ice cream less frequently than thin and normal-weight children. A higher percentage of the obese group reported skipping one meal and eating no snack at school. Overweight teen-agers appear to be more conscious of their food intake than under- and normal-weight children.", "contents": "Eating habits and opinions of teen-agers on nutrition and obesity. Opinions about good nutrition, causes of obesity and its prevention, as well as certain eating habits, were studied in 482 Israeli children (251 boys and 231 girls), thirteen to fourteen years old. Height, weight, and triceps skinfolds were measured. Mean relative weight and relative logarithmic skinfold thickness were close to standard, although 8 per cent of the boys and 9 per cent of the girls weighed more than 120 per cent of standard weight for their age and sex. Weight was closely associated with skinfold thickness. Over two-thirds of both boys and girls believed that daily consumption of milk, bread, fruits, eggs, cheese, meat, and tomatoes is desirable, and about two-thirds stated that overeating is a cause of obesity. More overweight than thin and normal-weight children indicated that, to prevent obesity, all kinds of food are permissible, but only in limited amounts. Most children believed in the fattening value of cakes, sweets, fried and fatty food, potatoes, bread, and nuts. The belief in the fattening value of potatoes, bread, and nuts was shared by a higher percentage of overweight than of under- and normal-weight children. Overweight children, particularly girls, reported eating less bread, cake, and cream, adding less sugar to beverages, and eating sweets and ice cream less frequently than thin and normal-weight children. A higher percentage of the obese group reported skipping one meal and eating no snack at school. Overweight teen-agers appear to be more conscious of their food intake than under- and normal-weight children.", "PMID": 1123503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8093", "title": "Calcium and phosphorus in diet therapy of uremia.", "content": "Significant advances have been made in understanding the pathogenesis of renal osteodystrophy. Several factors play a role in the development of uremic bone disease, such as secondary hyperparathyroidism, PTH resistance at the level of bone, abnormalities in vitamin D metabolism, and factors contributing to extraosseous calcification. Through a better understanding of the pathogenetic mechanisms, a more rational approach to the dietary management of patients with chronic renal failure has been possible. In view of present knowledge, the following preventive and therapeutic interventions can be recommended: provision of liberal calcium intake in the diet, appropriate restriction of phosphorus intake, provision of potent vitamin D analogs, and close attention to the calcium-phosphorus product. With careful attention to these recommendations, the bone lesions of secondary hyperparathyroidism and osteomalacia may be minimized and even prevented.", "contents": "Calcium and phosphorus in diet therapy of uremia. Significant advances have been made in understanding the pathogenesis of renal osteodystrophy. Several factors play a role in the development of uremic bone disease, such as secondary hyperparathyroidism, PTH resistance at the level of bone, abnormalities in vitamin D metabolism, and factors contributing to extraosseous calcification. Through a better understanding of the pathogenetic mechanisms, a more rational approach to the dietary management of patients with chronic renal failure has been possible. In view of present knowledge, the following preventive and therapeutic interventions can be recommended: provision of liberal calcium intake in the diet, appropriate restriction of phosphorus intake, provision of potent vitamin D analogs, and close attention to the calcium-phosphorus product. With careful attention to these recommendations, the bone lesions of secondary hyperparathyroidism and osteomalacia may be minimized and even prevented.", "PMID": 1123506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8094", "title": "Composition of diets containing 25 and 35 per cent calories from fat. Analyzed vs. calculated values.", "content": "In a dietary study conducted to evaluate the effects of low-fat, low-cholesterol diets on the reduction of blood lipids in man, meals were analyzed for proximate composition, ten vitamins, fourteen minerals and trace minerals, fatty acids, tocopherols, and cholesterol; Validity of the calculated nutrient composition of the diets was assessed by comparing calculated with determined values. Comparisons were also made of the determined values with 1974 Recommended Dietary Allowances. Analyzed values and those calculated from Agriculture Handbood No. 8 were exceptionally close, except for calcium; By analysis, on a per-kilogram basis, the 35-per-cent-fat-calorie diet more nearly met the Recommended Dietary Allowances for most of the nutrients than did the 25-per-cent-fat-calorie diet. However, on a per-1,000-kcal basis, there were few differences between nutrients in diets with the two levels of fat calories.", "contents": "Composition of diets containing 25 and 35 per cent calories from fat. Analyzed vs. calculated values. In a dietary study conducted to evaluate the effects of low-fat, low-cholesterol diets on the reduction of blood lipids in man, meals were analyzed for proximate composition, ten vitamins, fourteen minerals and trace minerals, fatty acids, tocopherols, and cholesterol; Validity of the calculated nutrient composition of the diets was assessed by comparing calculated with determined values. Comparisons were also made of the determined values with 1974 Recommended Dietary Allowances. Analyzed values and those calculated from Agriculture Handbood No. 8 were exceptionally close, except for calcium; By analysis, on a per-kilogram basis, the 35-per-cent-fat-calorie diet more nearly met the Recommended Dietary Allowances for most of the nutrients than did the 25-per-cent-fat-calorie diet. However, on a per-1,000-kcal basis, there were few differences between nutrients in diets with the two levels of fat calories.", "PMID": 1123507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8095", "title": "Comprehensive evaluation of fatty acids in foods. I. Dairy products.", "content": "A thorough search of the post-1960 world's literature has produced a voluminous amount of information of the fatty acid content of milk fat. The composition and quantity of fat in cow's milk are affected by many variables, including breed, nutrition, stage of lactation, and season. Seasonal fluctuation in fatty acid content was considered in compiling data. Data were evaluated with reference to adequacy of esterification procedure and gas chromatographic analysis. Techniques for converting methyl ester data to a form suitable for food table use are illustrated. The detailed fatty acid profile of milk fat derived through the current study is presented. Reliable and up-to-date tables of fatty acids in dairy and selected non-milk fat products are provided for the use of dieticians, nutritionists, and workers in food technology and related fields.", "contents": "Comprehensive evaluation of fatty acids in foods. I. Dairy products. A thorough search of the post-1960 world's literature has produced a voluminous amount of information of the fatty acid content of milk fat. The composition and quantity of fat in cow's milk are affected by many variables, including breed, nutrition, stage of lactation, and season. Seasonal fluctuation in fatty acid content was considered in compiling data. Data were evaluated with reference to adequacy of esterification procedure and gas chromatographic analysis. Techniques for converting methyl ester data to a form suitable for food table use are illustrated. The detailed fatty acid profile of milk fat derived through the current study is presented. Reliable and up-to-date tables of fatty acids in dairy and selected non-milk fat products are provided for the use of dieticians, nutritionists, and workers in food technology and related fields.", "PMID": 1123508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8096", "title": "Nutritional status of black preschool children in Mississippi. Assessment by food frequency scale.", "content": "Food frequency data were studied in relation to the nutritional status of 372 black preschool children in three Mississippi counties. The following data were utilized: quantitative dietary intakes for four or seven days, from which intakes of eight nutrients and energy were calculated and frequency of consumption of all individual foods was obtained; and anthropometric (height) and biochemical (hemoglobin) meausres. Six Guttman scales of food consumption frequencies were constructed: in four scales, all foods consumed in four or seven days were assigned to one of nine food groups which formed scale steps; two scales represented foods from single food groups--breads and milk and milk products. The wide range of individual consumption frequencies required special handling of the data, using a method devised by TenHouten in his work on scale gradient analysis. Kendall's tau correlation coefficients were calculated for relationships between all scales and commonly used indicators of nutritional status, including calculated intakes of eight nutrients and energy, height percentiles, and hemoglobin values. Two total food consumption scales based on seven-day dietary intakes were valid indicators of nutritional status, i.e., the scales were significantly correlated with all three indicators of nutritional status. The milk scale was significantly correlated woth two total food consumption scales, height percentiles, and nine calculated intakes; this finding suggests that a milk scale warrants further investigation. This research focused on relationships between the food scales and nutritional status indicators as an initial step in a study of overall family development. According to the family development model, the food scales and scales dealing with other areas of home and family life are all measuring the capacity of the family to process information. The food scale alone, which has meaning for both the nutritionist and the sociologist, has implications for nutrition education in determining what to teach, selecting teachers, and evaluating change in food practices.", "contents": "Nutritional status of black preschool children in Mississippi. Assessment by food frequency scale. Food frequency data were studied in relation to the nutritional status of 372 black preschool children in three Mississippi counties. The following data were utilized: quantitative dietary intakes for four or seven days, from which intakes of eight nutrients and energy were calculated and frequency of consumption of all individual foods was obtained; and anthropometric (height) and biochemical (hemoglobin) meausres. Six Guttman scales of food consumption frequencies were constructed: in four scales, all foods consumed in four or seven days were assigned to one of nine food groups which formed scale steps; two scales represented foods from single food groups--breads and milk and milk products. The wide range of individual consumption frequencies required special handling of the data, using a method devised by TenHouten in his work on scale gradient analysis. Kendall's tau correlation coefficients were calculated for relationships between all scales and commonly used indicators of nutritional status, including calculated intakes of eight nutrients and energy, height percentiles, and hemoglobin values. Two total food consumption scales based on seven-day dietary intakes were valid indicators of nutritional status, i.e., the scales were significantly correlated with all three indicators of nutritional status. The milk scale was significantly correlated woth two total food consumption scales, height percentiles, and nine calculated intakes; this finding suggests that a milk scale warrants further investigation. This research focused on relationships between the food scales and nutritional status indicators as an initial step in a study of overall family development. According to the family development model, the food scales and scales dealing with other areas of home and family life are all measuring the capacity of the family to process information. The food scale alone, which has meaning for both the nutritionist and the sociologist, has implications for nutrition education in determining what to teach, selecting teachers, and evaluating change in food practices.", "PMID": 1123509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8097", "title": "Primordial follicles with normal oocytes in the ovaries of postmenopausal women.", "content": "In ultrastructural studies, the ovaries of postmenopausal women were compared with those of pre- and perimenopausal women. Primordial follicles containing apparently normal oocytes were found in all postmenopausal ovary samples. Differentiating follicles were often found in these samples, but they were in various states of atresia. The findings suggest that the menopause does not result exclusively from exhausation of the primordial follicles.", "contents": "Primordial follicles with normal oocytes in the ovaries of postmenopausal women. In ultrastructural studies, the ovaries of postmenopausal women were compared with those of pre- and perimenopausal women. Primordial follicles containing apparently normal oocytes were found in all postmenopausal ovary samples. Differentiating follicles were often found in these samples, but they were in various states of atresia. The findings suggest that the menopause does not result exclusively from exhausation of the primordial follicles.", "PMID": 1123512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8098", "title": "Medical planners and the geriatric imperative.", "content": "The health needs of old people demand a change in the attitudes of physicians and social planners. There is a great gap between complicated models for health care and the delivery of that care to the ill elderly. Physicians should have better training in geriatrics in better and more coordinated facilities. Home health services are important. However, it is essential to avoid false starts and to adhere to sound principles. This is the job of the planners rather than the prophets; it is the geriatric imperative.", "contents": "Medical planners and the geriatric imperative. The health needs of old people demand a change in the attitudes of physicians and social planners. There is a great gap between complicated models for health care and the delivery of that care to the ill elderly. Physicians should have better training in geriatrics in better and more coordinated facilities. Home health services are important. However, it is essential to avoid false starts and to adhere to sound principles. This is the job of the planners rather than the prophets; it is the geriatric imperative.", "PMID": 1123513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8099", "title": "The longevity of gerontologists.", "content": "The forces of mortality are the prime determinants of longevity. Longevity is a basic consideration of gerontology and includes the life expectancy of the species, the average expectancy of survival at birth, and the average of lifespan. In the history of the study of old age, for which the modern period began about 1930, there are no reports of the average lifespan for the students of aging. A survey revealed that the average lifespan of 28 special groups (15,000 individuals) was 68 years; this included an average of 68.01 years for 394 gerontologists during the same eras. These figures are comparable because the attainment of a particular status in a profession or vocation is evidence of survival to maturity. Comparison could not be made with data for the general population whose vital statistics begin at birth. The average duration of life for men whose work in part or in whole prior to the 20th century was in gerontology falls midway between the high level of 77 years for classical Greek authors and the low level of 51 years for revolutionary statesmen, and exactly between the levels of life duration for eunuchs and physical and medical scientists.", "contents": "The longevity of gerontologists. The forces of mortality are the prime determinants of longevity. Longevity is a basic consideration of gerontology and includes the life expectancy of the species, the average expectancy of survival at birth, and the average of lifespan. In the history of the study of old age, for which the modern period began about 1930, there are no reports of the average lifespan for the students of aging. A survey revealed that the average lifespan of 28 special groups (15,000 individuals) was 68 years; this included an average of 68.01 years for 394 gerontologists during the same eras. These figures are comparable because the attainment of a particular status in a profession or vocation is evidence of survival to maturity. Comparison could not be made with data for the general population whose vital statistics begin at birth. The average duration of life for men whose work in part or in whole prior to the 20th century was in gerontology falls midway between the high level of 77 years for classical Greek authors and the low level of 51 years for revolutionary statesmen, and exactly between the levels of life duration for eunuchs and physical and medical scientists.", "PMID": 1123514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8100", "title": "Correlates of the echocardiographic waves of the mitral valve in normal subjects of various ages.", "content": "A cardiographic study was performed on 71 subjects including 14 children, 42 young and middle-aged adults, and 15 old persons without evidence of heart disease. The echocardiogram of the mitral valve was recorded in the A mode by an analog method and was compared with the electrocardiogram, phonocardiogram, apex cardiogram, and carotid and jugular tracings, simultaneously obtained. The intervals between the various waves recorded by these methods were measured and the results were compared with those reported in the literature. A comparison of the duration of the intervals in the various age groups showed statistically significant differences. In particular, the intervals between the second heart sound and the peak of the E-wave and the E-F intervals in the echogram were longer in adults than in children and also longer in old persons than in younger adults. This important age difference should always be taken into account before attributing any echocardiographic deviations to disease.", "contents": "Correlates of the echocardiographic waves of the mitral valve in normal subjects of various ages. A cardiographic study was performed on 71 subjects including 14 children, 42 young and middle-aged adults, and 15 old persons without evidence of heart disease. The echocardiogram of the mitral valve was recorded in the A mode by an analog method and was compared with the electrocardiogram, phonocardiogram, apex cardiogram, and carotid and jugular tracings, simultaneously obtained. The intervals between the various waves recorded by these methods were measured and the results were compared with those reported in the literature. A comparison of the duration of the intervals in the various age groups showed statistically significant differences. In particular, the intervals between the second heart sound and the peak of the E-wave and the E-F intervals in the echogram were longer in adults than in children and also longer in old persons than in younger adults. This important age difference should always be taken into account before attributing any echocardiographic deviations to disease.", "PMID": 1123515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8101", "title": "Some differences between elderly people who use community resources and those who do not.", "content": "This study initially involved 120 subjects in four groups of 30 members each. It was designed to compare institutional aged persons (Jewish Home for the Aged, or JHAs) with ambulatory persons who used community resources (Jewish Community Center, JCCs). Controls were selected from a stratified sample in a community-wide study of the Detroit Jewish population; half of the control subjects lived alone (LAs) and half lived with their families (LWFs); none of them used community resources. All 120 subjects were at least 60 years old. The female:male ratio was 71:49. They were asked to fill in a 442-item questionnaire which yields data about personal and family background, current status, attitudes, interests and self-evaluation. The 30 JHAs were significantly older than the 30 JCCs, but otherwise there were few differeneces. Therefore the focus of the study was shifted to a comparison of the 30 JCCs, who used community facilities, with the 30 LAs and 30 LWFs, who did not. The JCCs were not well educated and were of low economic status. They obtained social gratification through group activities. They had many acquaintances but few close friends whose loss could be a threat. As a group, they seemed content. The LA and LWF groups were better educated, more successful financially, and more likely to derive personal satisfaction from their work. They formed closer family attachments and were more object-oriented, so they were more vulnerable to lossof home and family. Setting high value on individual capacities, they were more likely to be threatened by illness. Any attempt to extend a helping hand to elderly citizens who do not avail themselves of community resources will have to take into account the prevalence of these distinctly different life styles.", "contents": "Some differences between elderly people who use community resources and those who do not. This study initially involved 120 subjects in four groups of 30 members each. It was designed to compare institutional aged persons (Jewish Home for the Aged, or JHAs) with ambulatory persons who used community resources (Jewish Community Center, JCCs). Controls were selected from a stratified sample in a community-wide study of the Detroit Jewish population; half of the control subjects lived alone (LAs) and half lived with their families (LWFs); none of them used community resources. All 120 subjects were at least 60 years old. The female:male ratio was 71:49. They were asked to fill in a 442-item questionnaire which yields data about personal and family background, current status, attitudes, interests and self-evaluation. The 30 JHAs were significantly older than the 30 JCCs, but otherwise there were few differeneces. Therefore the focus of the study was shifted to a comparison of the 30 JCCs, who used community facilities, with the 30 LAs and 30 LWFs, who did not. The JCCs were not well educated and were of low economic status. They obtained social gratification through group activities. They had many acquaintances but few close friends whose loss could be a threat. As a group, they seemed content. The LA and LWF groups were better educated, more successful financially, and more likely to derive personal satisfaction from their work. They formed closer family attachments and were more object-oriented, so they were more vulnerable to lossof home and family. Setting high value on individual capacities, they were more likely to be threatened by illness. Any attempt to extend a helping hand to elderly citizens who do not avail themselves of community resources will have to take into account the prevalence of these distinctly different life styles.", "PMID": 1123516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8102", "title": "Mid-life temperature-transfer effects on life-span of annual fish.", "content": "When annual fish are transferred from 20 C. to 15 C. at slightly less than the midpoint of lifespan of those kept throughout life at 20 C., the survival of the transferees exceeds theoretical expectations. They live longer than those maintained throughout life at 15 C., which had previously manifested the longest survival. These results indicate that the influence of temperature on life-span is not uniform throughout the life of a poikilothermic vertebrate. The phenomenon of partial temperature-independency had been previously demonstrated in invertebrates.", "contents": "Mid-life temperature-transfer effects on life-span of annual fish. When annual fish are transferred from 20 C. to 15 C. at slightly less than the midpoint of lifespan of those kept throughout life at 20 C., the survival of the transferees exceeds theoretical expectations. They live longer than those maintained throughout life at 15 C., which had previously manifested the longest survival. These results indicate that the influence of temperature on life-span is not uniform throughout the life of a poikilothermic vertebrate. The phenomenon of partial temperature-independency had been previously demonstrated in invertebrates.", "PMID": 1123529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8103", "title": "Incorporation of (14C) leucine into protein and tubulin by brain slices from young and old mice.", "content": "Tubulin, the protein of neurotubules, aids in the movement of other proteins and organelles within axons and may be involved in the pathogenesis of senile dementia in man. This led us to investigate the effect of age on the synthesis of tubulin and of total brain protein of mice. Brain slices from 5-, 12-, 18-, and 25 mo.-old mice were incubated with [14C] leucine. The slices were then homogenized and tubulin was precipitated from the 100,000g supernate by vinblastine. Protein synthesis was measured by [14C] leucine incorporation into hot trichloroacetic acid-insoluble protein and tubulin was quantitated by [3H] colchicine binding. The 4 age groups did not differ significantly in the relative specific activities of their total protein or of their tubulin. The content of the colchicine-binding protein (tubulin) also was not affected by age. These findings suggest that, at least in mice, aging does not significantly affect the rate of synthesis of brain protein or tubulin.", "contents": "Incorporation of (14C) leucine into protein and tubulin by brain slices from young and old mice. Tubulin, the protein of neurotubules, aids in the movement of other proteins and organelles within axons and may be involved in the pathogenesis of senile dementia in man. This led us to investigate the effect of age on the synthesis of tubulin and of total brain protein of mice. Brain slices from 5-, 12-, 18-, and 25 mo.-old mice were incubated with [14C] leucine. The slices were then homogenized and tubulin was precipitated from the 100,000g supernate by vinblastine. Protein synthesis was measured by [14C] leucine incorporation into hot trichloroacetic acid-insoluble protein and tubulin was quantitated by [3H] colchicine binding. The 4 age groups did not differ significantly in the relative specific activities of their total protein or of their tubulin. The content of the colchicine-binding protein (tubulin) also was not affected by age. These findings suggest that, at least in mice, aging does not significantly affect the rate of synthesis of brain protein or tubulin.", "PMID": 1123530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8104", "title": "Effect of age upon the thyroid gland and pituitary thyrotrophs of the rat.", "content": "Male and female rats ranging in age from birth to 26 months, were used to study age changes in the rat thyroid and pituitary thyrotrophs. The thyroid follicular cells were cuboidal in shape until 10 mo. of age. Between 10-15 mo. the follicular cells became columnar in shape and contained intracellular colloid droplets. After 15 mo. the gland appeared mixed and consisted of both dilated follicles lined with flattened epithelium and hyperplastic follicles. The pituitary thyrotrophs were not demonstrable at birth but were visible at weaning. The size of the thyrotrophs correlated with the morphological status of the thyroid. Cytoplasmic vacuoles were first evident at 10 mo. and became more prominent as age progressed. The presence of large vacuolated thyrotrophs appeared to be related to the senile hyperplastic thyroid. No sex differences were noted.", "contents": "Effect of age upon the thyroid gland and pituitary thyrotrophs of the rat. Male and female rats ranging in age from birth to 26 months, were used to study age changes in the rat thyroid and pituitary thyrotrophs. The thyroid follicular cells were cuboidal in shape until 10 mo. of age. Between 10-15 mo. the follicular cells became columnar in shape and contained intracellular colloid droplets. After 15 mo. the gland appeared mixed and consisted of both dilated follicles lined with flattened epithelium and hyperplastic follicles. The pituitary thyrotrophs were not demonstrable at birth but were visible at weaning. The size of the thyrotrophs correlated with the morphological status of the thyroid. Cytoplasmic vacuoles were first evident at 10 mo. and became more prominent as age progressed. The presence of large vacuolated thyrotrophs appeared to be related to the senile hyperplastic thyroid. No sex differences were noted.", "PMID": 1123531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8105", "title": "An apparently paradoxical action of aging: decrease of acute hypoxic mortality in male aged rats.", "content": "Mortality of SPF male rats due to hypoxic challenge is less in old than in young rats. This apparent antinomy may be related to a decrease in oxygen consumption because of the relation of volume-surface and, in very old rats (590-700 days old), to a selection process wherby only the hypoxiaresistant rats reach old age.", "contents": "An apparently paradoxical action of aging: decrease of acute hypoxic mortality in male aged rats. Mortality of SPF male rats due to hypoxic challenge is less in old than in young rats. This apparent antinomy may be related to a decrease in oxygen consumption because of the relation of volume-surface and, in very old rats (590-700 days old), to a selection process wherby only the hypoxiaresistant rats reach old age.", "PMID": 1123532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8106", "title": "Gerontological data of C57BL/6J mice. I. Sex differences in survival curves.", "content": "A group of 1,052 C57BL/6J mice (296 males and 756 females) was kept under well-defined, clean laboratory conditions from the age of 6 weeks until natural death. The survival curves of males and females (computer-produced 3, 4, and 5 parameter curves, Gompertz curve histogram) were established and shown to follow a logistic function. The average life-span amounted to 878 plus or minus 10 days for males and 794 plus or minus 6 days for females. These values distinctly exceed comparable values given in the literature. They are attributed to favorable conditions of animal care and to supposed alterations in genetic background. A genetic drift in sex-dependent mean survival time occurred in the genetically unstable C57BL/6J strain between 1966 and 1970. Before this drift, the males died sooner; after it, they lived longer.", "contents": "Gerontological data of C57BL/6J mice. I. Sex differences in survival curves. A group of 1,052 C57BL/6J mice (296 males and 756 females) was kept under well-defined, clean laboratory conditions from the age of 6 weeks until natural death. The survival curves of males and females (computer-produced 3, 4, and 5 parameter curves, Gompertz curve histogram) were established and shown to follow a logistic function. The average life-span amounted to 878 plus or minus 10 days for males and 794 plus or minus 6 days for females. These values distinctly exceed comparable values given in the literature. They are attributed to favorable conditions of animal care and to supposed alterations in genetic background. A genetic drift in sex-dependent mean survival time occurred in the genetically unstable C57BL/6J strain between 1966 and 1970. Before this drift, the males died sooner; after it, they lived longer.", "PMID": 1123533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8107", "title": "Scale-checking styles on the semantic differential among older people.", "content": "Two groups of older (60 plus) respondents, matched on age but differing in educational level, and a group of young university undergraduates were compared for scale-checking styles on the Semantic Differential. Subjects rated six concepts pertaining to stages of life on 27 pairs of bipolar adjectives. Although the three groups did not differ in frequency of endorsing extreme scale positions, the less well-educated older group showed a greater tendency to use fewer intermediate scale positions and more neutral midpoint positions than either the undergraduates or the group of retired professors emeriti. Data were interpreted as a propensity for older people to emphasize concrete, well-anchored scale positions in making ambiguous multiple-point scale discriminations, a tendency related to educational background but not to age per se.", "contents": "Scale-checking styles on the semantic differential among older people. Two groups of older (60 plus) respondents, matched on age but differing in educational level, and a group of young university undergraduates were compared for scale-checking styles on the Semantic Differential. Subjects rated six concepts pertaining to stages of life on 27 pairs of bipolar adjectives. Although the three groups did not differ in frequency of endorsing extreme scale positions, the less well-educated older group showed a greater tendency to use fewer intermediate scale positions and more neutral midpoint positions than either the undergraduates or the group of retired professors emeriti. Data were interpreted as a propensity for older people to emphasize concrete, well-anchored scale positions in making ambiguous multiple-point scale discriminations, a tendency related to educational background but not to age per se.", "PMID": 1123534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8108", "title": "Retrieval from semantic memory as a function of age.", "content": "Twenty-four subjects, 12 of whom were in the age range 18-30 years and 12 of whom were between 55-65 years, performed two semantic memory tasks. One task involved the recall of an instance from a designated category starting with a specified letter, and the second task required subjects  to indicate whether a given work was or was not a member of a designated category (the recognition task). There was a differential effect of age on recall and recognition, the older subjects responding more slowly on the recognition task, but not on the recall task. The response times of the older subjects were less affected by the dominance of the to-be-retrieved information than were the younger subjects. These results suggested that subjects in the older age group may have retrieved information faster than the young subjects, but that they required longer to decide upon response.", "contents": "Retrieval from semantic memory as a function of age. Twenty-four subjects, 12 of whom were in the age range 18-30 years and 12 of whom were between 55-65 years, performed two semantic memory tasks. One task involved the recall of an instance from a designated category starting with a specified letter, and the second task required subjects  to indicate whether a given work was or was not a member of a designated category (the recognition task). There was a differential effect of age on recall and recognition, the older subjects responding more slowly on the recognition task, but not on the recall task. The response times of the older subjects were less affected by the dominance of the to-be-retrieved information than were the younger subjects. These results suggested that subjects in the older age group may have retrieved information faster than the young subjects, but that they required longer to decide upon response.", "PMID": 1123535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8109", "title": "Behavioral rigidity as a mechanism for facilitation of problem solving for aged rats.", "content": "Mature-young 5-mo.-old and aged 25-mo.-old rats (N=28 of each age group) at the same level of motivation were given forced-correct-response training trials on a 14 unit T-maze by blocking off all wrong turns. During later test trials in the maze, when the 14 culs-de-sac were open, aged rats made significantly fewer errors than mature-young rats. The effect of distribution of test trials were relatively minor, but comparison of distributed practice groups with control groups not given forced-correct-response training also indicated a strong differential age effect of training procedure on the reduction of errors during test trials. The deleterious effect of age on learning and problem solving is not immutable.", "contents": "Behavioral rigidity as a mechanism for facilitation of problem solving for aged rats. Mature-young 5-mo.-old and aged 25-mo.-old rats (N=28 of each age group) at the same level of motivation were given forced-correct-response training trials on a 14 unit T-maze by blocking off all wrong turns. During later test trials in the maze, when the 14 culs-de-sac were open, aged rats made significantly fewer errors than mature-young rats. The effect of distribution of test trials were relatively minor, but comparison of distributed practice groups with control groups not given forced-correct-response training also indicated a strong differential age effect of training procedure on the reduction of errors during test trials. The deleterious effect of age on learning and problem solving is not immutable.", "PMID": 1123536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8110", "title": "Studies of mortality and morbidity data. II. Mortality from all causes in Ontario Counties during 1964-1968.", "content": "Age-adjusted mortality rates, for all causes of death, are tabulated for all ages by sex for the 55 Ontario counties and districts. The rates are based on all deaths of Ontario residents during 1964-1968 and 1966 census populations. The consistent trends in rates, both for the two sexes and for various 10- and 20-year age groups, indicate that there is a region of about eight adjoining counties, across the center of the province, which has abnormally high mortality, and two regions to the east and west of York, each consisting of three adjoining counties which have abnormally low mortality. The relevance of these findings to aging studies is indicated, and possible further investigations of them are discussed.", "contents": "Studies of mortality and morbidity data. II. Mortality from all causes in Ontario Counties during 1964-1968. Age-adjusted mortality rates, for all causes of death, are tabulated for all ages by sex for the 55 Ontario counties and districts. The rates are based on all deaths of Ontario residents during 1964-1968 and 1966 census populations. The consistent trends in rates, both for the two sexes and for various 10- and 20-year age groups, indicate that there is a region of about eight adjoining counties, across the center of the province, which has abnormally high mortality, and two regions to the east and west of York, each consisting of three adjoining counties which have abnormally low mortality. The relevance of these findings to aging studies is indicated, and possible further investigations of them are discussed.", "PMID": 1123537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8111", "title": "Work and retirement: a test of attitudinal relationships.", "content": "Recent studies report contradictory findings on the hypothesis of an inverse relationship between work satisfaction and retirement attitude. In an effort to clarify the situation, it has been suggested that only in instances where work acts as a key organizing factor in the workers' lives should the inverse relationship be observed. Data testing these hypotheses were analyzed from a study of employed males aged 50 years of age and older (N=1,922) residing in a midwestern state. Results of this study offer only marginal support for the hypothesis. A work  satisfaction-retirement attitude typology based on combinations of the two attitudinal areas is discussed.", "contents": "Work and retirement: a test of attitudinal relationships. Recent studies report contradictory findings on the hypothesis of an inverse relationship between work satisfaction and retirement attitude. In an effort to clarify the situation, it has been suggested that only in instances where work acts as a key organizing factor in the workers' lives should the inverse relationship be observed. Data testing these hypotheses were analyzed from a study of employed males aged 50 years of age and older (N=1,922) residing in a midwestern state. Results of this study offer only marginal support for the hypothesis. A work  satisfaction-retirement attitude typology based on combinations of the two attitudinal areas is discussed.", "PMID": 1123538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8112", "title": "The status and integration of the aged in Japanese society.", "content": "Japan is an exception to the general rule that modernization causes a sharp decline in status and integration of the aged. Most of the Japanese elders continue to live with their children and perform important functions in the householf. The majority of men over 65 continue to be in the labor force. The elders are also well integrated into their communities through clubs and visits with neighbors. The high status of the elders is reflected in many private and public practices which give precedence to older persons. Thus, even in modern societies, a culture which promotes respect for the aged can maintain high levels of status and integration for its older citizens.", "contents": "The status and integration of the aged in Japanese society. Japan is an exception to the general rule that modernization causes a sharp decline in status and integration of the aged. Most of the Japanese elders continue to live with their children and perform important functions in the householf. The majority of men over 65 continue to be in the labor force. The elders are also well integrated into their communities through clubs and visits with neighbors. The high status of the elders is reflected in many private and public practices which give precedence to older persons. Thus, even in modern societies, a culture which promotes respect for the aged can maintain high levels of status and integration for its older citizens.", "PMID": 1123539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8113", "title": "Common themes among morale and depression scales.", "content": "This paper reports on the intra- and interbattery scaling of three morale and depression batteries comprised of self-reported items: PGC, G-H, and ZUNG. Responses to the three scales were sought from a sample of long-term residents of a state mental hospital. First, the batteries were factor analyzed separately to identify the intrabattery scales; then the resultant scales were compared using canonical correlation and super matrix factor analysis to identify the interbattery themes. These analyses resulted in the identification of a Clinical Depression domain across all three batteries and single independent themes in both the Zung and PGC batteries.", "contents": "Common themes among morale and depression scales. This paper reports on the intra- and interbattery scaling of three morale and depression batteries comprised of self-reported items: PGC, G-H, and ZUNG. Responses to the three scales were sought from a sample of long-term residents of a state mental hospital. First, the batteries were factor analyzed separately to identify the intrabattery scales; then the resultant scales were compared using canonical correlation and super matrix factor analysis to identify the interbattery themes. These analyses resulted in the identification of a Clinical Depression domain across all three batteries and single independent themes in both the Zung and PGC batteries.", "PMID": 1123540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8114", "title": "Mood as an indicant of happiness: ags, sex,social class, and situational differences.", "content": "Does mood vary as a function of age, sec, or situation? In four investigations, 6,452 persons aged 4 to 99 were interrupted at leisure, at home, at school, and at work and asked to assess their mood as being happy, neutral, or unhappy. Moods of happiness and neutrality were each reported about 45% and unhappiness about 10% of the time. Females more frequently reported moods of happiness or unhappiness than males, while mood did not vary as a function of age. Persons at leisure reported more affectively pleasant moods than those at work, at home, or at school. Persons of higher socioeconomic status reported more happy moods than those of lower status. In another study, a class of 255 students was administered various personality scales and then interrupted 21 times over the course of the quarter and their mood indexed. Tested religiosity negatively correlated with frequency of pleasant moods, the Barron Ego-Strength Scale was uncorrelated with frequency of kind of mood, and the Eysenck Neuroticism Scale correlated with frequency of unpleasant moods.", "contents": "Mood as an indicant of happiness: ags, sex,social class, and situational differences. Does mood vary as a function of age, sec, or situation? In four investigations, 6,452 persons aged 4 to 99 were interrupted at leisure, at home, at school, and at work and asked to assess their mood as being happy, neutral, or unhappy. Moods of happiness and neutrality were each reported about 45% and unhappiness about 10% of the time. Females more frequently reported moods of happiness or unhappiness than males, while mood did not vary as a function of age. Persons at leisure reported more affectively pleasant moods than those at work, at home, or at school. Persons of higher socioeconomic status reported more happy moods than those of lower status. In another study, a class of 255 students was administered various personality scales and then interrupted 21 times over the course of the quarter and their mood indexed. Tested religiosity negatively correlated with frequency of pleasant moods, the Barron Ego-Strength Scale was uncorrelated with frequency of kind of mood, and the Eysenck Neuroticism Scale correlated with frequency of unpleasant moods.", "PMID": 1123541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8115", "title": "Anticipatory grief and aged widows and widowers.", "content": "The purpose of this investigation was to explore the preventive value of anticipatory grief on the medical adjustment of the aged bereaved. Data were collected for 81 surviving widows and widowers 6 mo. after their loss. Sixteen of the bereaved had spouses who died of a chronic illness. These two groups were compared on three criteria of medical adjustment: physician office visits, feeling ill without contacting a physician, and use of psychotropic medications. The data indicated that the aged bereaved of a lengthy chronic fatal illness did worse than the bereaved of a shorter chronic illness death. By sex, no significant differences were found between widows and widowers of a short-term illness death. However, differences were noted for the chronic illness category, and within this category for length of chronicity. In both cases widowers showed more medical problems than widows.", "contents": "Anticipatory grief and aged widows and widowers. The purpose of this investigation was to explore the preventive value of anticipatory grief on the medical adjustment of the aged bereaved. Data were collected for 81 surviving widows and widowers 6 mo. after their loss. Sixteen of the bereaved had spouses who died of a chronic illness. These two groups were compared on three criteria of medical adjustment: physician office visits, feeling ill without contacting a physician, and use of psychotropic medications. The data indicated that the aged bereaved of a lengthy chronic fatal illness did worse than the bereaved of a shorter chronic illness death. By sex, no significant differences were found between widows and widowers of a short-term illness death. However, differences were noted for the chronic illness category, and within this category for length of chronicity. In both cases widowers showed more medical problems than widows.", "PMID": 1123542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8116", "title": "Society of the alone: Freedom, Privacy and Utilitarianism as dominant norms in the SRO.", "content": "The social world of the aged SRO tenant is described and analyzed. Charteristic features include an impoverishment of social roles and relationships which result in a \"world of strangers\". Dominant norms of SRO life which preclude the establishment of intimacy are examined; these include prescriptive norms of privacy, freedom, and utilitarianism", "contents": "Society of the alone: Freedom, Privacy and Utilitarianism as dominant norms in the SRO. The social world of the aged SRO tenant is described and analyzed. Charteristic features include an impoverishment of social roles and relationships which result in a \"world of strangers\". Dominant norms of SRO life which preclude the establishment of intimacy are examined; these include prescriptive norms of privacy, freedom, and utilitarianism", "PMID": 1123543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8117", "title": "Splenic regulation of the clinical appearance of small tumors.", "content": "The Cloudman (S91) melanoma elicits an immune response in syngeneic DBA/2 mice which prolongs the time before the tumor becomes detectable but does not signigicantly alter the growth rate subsequent to its appearance. The spleen can either enhance the immune response and prolong the lag phase when stimulated with high doses of tumor cells or suppress it and shorten the duration at lower doses. This bidirectional effect of the spleen is similar to previously reported activity of regulatory T cells which reside in the spleen. This observation is discussed in contrast to the role of the spleen in animals bearing tumors which elicit concomitant immunity.", "contents": "Splenic regulation of the clinical appearance of small tumors. The Cloudman (S91) melanoma elicits an immune response in syngeneic DBA/2 mice which prolongs the time before the tumor becomes detectable but does not signigicantly alter the growth rate subsequent to its appearance. The spleen can either enhance the immune response and prolong the lag phase when stimulated with high doses of tumor cells or suppress it and shorten the duration at lower doses. This bidirectional effect of the spleen is similar to previously reported activity of regulatory T cells which reside in the spleen. This observation is discussed in contrast to the role of the spleen in animals bearing tumors which elicit concomitant immunity.", "PMID": 1123544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8118", "title": "Regulation of the release of colony-stimulating activity from mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes.", "content": "Lymphocytes stimulated by Concanavalin A (Con A) as well as other mitogens release colony stimulating activity (CSA) which stimulated granulocyte and mononuclear cell formation from hematopoietic progenitor cells in vitro. Removal of Con A from lymphocyte cultures by the competitive inhibitor, alpha methyl mannoside, resulted in the cessation of CSA release regardless of the time the inhibitor was added to the culture. However, removal of Con A after 6 hr of incubation had no effect on cellular DNA synthesis and lymphocyte transformation. In addition, vinblastine and cytosine arabinoside completely inhibited DNA synthesis but had no effect on CSA release. CSA release is dependent on an active energy process since it was completely and reversibly inhibited by the inhibitors of protein synthesis puromycin and cycloheximide. These results suggest that CSA release from stimulated lymphocytes requires continuous binding of mitogen and active protein synthesis but is not dependent on DNA synthesis and cell proliferation.", "contents": "Regulation of the release of colony-stimulating activity from mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes. Lymphocytes stimulated by Concanavalin A (Con A) as well as other mitogens release colony stimulating activity (CSA) which stimulated granulocyte and mononuclear cell formation from hematopoietic progenitor cells in vitro. Removal of Con A from lymphocyte cultures by the competitive inhibitor, alpha methyl mannoside, resulted in the cessation of CSA release regardless of the time the inhibitor was added to the culture. However, removal of Con A after 6 hr of incubation had no effect on cellular DNA synthesis and lymphocyte transformation. In addition, vinblastine and cytosine arabinoside completely inhibited DNA synthesis but had no effect on CSA release. CSA release is dependent on an active energy process since it was completely and reversibly inhibited by the inhibitors of protein synthesis puromycin and cycloheximide. These results suggest that CSA release from stimulated lymphocytes requires continuous binding of mitogen and active protein synthesis but is not dependent on DNA synthesis and cell proliferation.", "PMID": 1123545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8119", "title": "Properties of conjugated protein immunogens which selectively stimulate delayed-type hypersensitivity.", "content": "If bovine serum albumin (BSA) is covalently conjugated with dodecanoic acid, its ability to stimulate delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) is enhanced whereas its ability to stimulate antibody production is suppressed. Conjugates of BSA prepared with negatively charged succinyl groups and positively charged amidine groups were unable to stimulate any detectable DTH to BSA even though their ability to bind anti-BSA antibody in a radioimmunoassay was similar to that of dodecanoyl-BSA which stimulated strong, sustained DTH. By analyzing a series of conjugates of BSA with fatty acids of varying chain length, we found that enhancement of the ability of a preparation to stimulate DTH to BSA could be separated from the suppression of its ability to stimulate antibody formation. The ability of a preparation to stimulate DTH correlated with the covalent conjugation of a large number of hydrophobic groups whereas the suppression of the ability to stimulate antibody formation correlated with covering of antibody-combining sites as measured in a radioimmunoassay.", "contents": "Properties of conjugated protein immunogens which selectively stimulate delayed-type hypersensitivity. If bovine serum albumin (BSA) is covalently conjugated with dodecanoic acid, its ability to stimulate delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) is enhanced whereas its ability to stimulate antibody production is suppressed. Conjugates of BSA prepared with negatively charged succinyl groups and positively charged amidine groups were unable to stimulate any detectable DTH to BSA even though their ability to bind anti-BSA antibody in a radioimmunoassay was similar to that of dodecanoyl-BSA which stimulated strong, sustained DTH. By analyzing a series of conjugates of BSA with fatty acids of varying chain length, we found that enhancement of the ability of a preparation to stimulate DTH to BSA could be separated from the suppression of its ability to stimulate antibody formation. The ability of a preparation to stimulate DTH correlated with the covalent conjugation of a large number of hydrophobic groups whereas the suppression of the ability to stimulate antibody formation correlated with covering of antibody-combining sites as measured in a radioimmunoassay.", "PMID": 1123546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8120", "title": "Evidence for macrophage C3d-receptor active in phagocytosis.", "content": "Evidence is presented that guinea pig peritoneal macrophages possess membrane receptors able to recognize the C3b inactivator-cleaved third component of complement. This conclusion is based on the finding that rosette formation and phagocytosis by macrophages of EA-IgM-C1423 were equal regardless of whether EA-IgM-C1423 had been pretreated with C3b inactivator or not.", "contents": "Evidence for macrophage C3d-receptor active in phagocytosis. Evidence is presented that guinea pig peritoneal macrophages possess membrane receptors able to recognize the C3b inactivator-cleaved third component of complement. This conclusion is based on the finding that rosette formation and phagocytosis by macrophages of EA-IgM-C1423 were equal regardless of whether EA-IgM-C1423 had been pretreated with C3b inactivator or not.", "PMID": 1123547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8121", "title": "Studies on the contact sensitization of man with simple chemicals. III. Quantitative relationships between specific lymphocyte transformation, skin sensitivity, and lymphokine activity in response to dinitrochlorobenzene.", "content": "Dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) coupled to peripheral blood erythrocytes or leukocytes forms a particulate complex, DNCB-antigen. The addition of DNCB-antigen induced blastogenesis and DNA synthesis in leukocyte cultures from DNCB-sensitized human subjects and not in leukocyte cultures from nonsensitized controls. In general, sensitized subjects who displayed a higher degree of cutaneous reactivity to DNCB, as manifested by duration and intensity of dermatitis, also showed a greater blastogenic response to DNCB-antigen in vitro. This quantitative correlation, however, was not invariant. Certain soluble factor(s), or lymphokines are released following the addition of DNCB-antigen to leukocyte cultures prepared from some sensitive subjects who were rechallenged one or more times with DNCB. These lymphokines induce blastogenesis in secondary target leukocyte populations from nonsensitized subjects. Extended studies are presented which slow little or no lymphokine activity in peripheral blood leukocyte cultures during a primary immune response, despite high degrees of blastogenic activity in response to DNCB-antigen. Significant lymphokine activity was observed only following additional rechallenge with DNCB. Blastogenesis and skin reactivity specific for DNCB have been shown to develop at about the same time during a primary immune response. This, along with the quantitative correlation shown in this communication, suggests that both processes probably reflect thymic-dependent cellular immunity. The appearance of lymphokine activity following rechallenge with DNCB suggests that DNCB-induced lymphokines may represent an amplifying mechanism of the cellular immune response that involves recruitment of previously uncommitted lymphocytes.", "contents": "Studies on the contact sensitization of man with simple chemicals. III. Quantitative relationships between specific lymphocyte transformation, skin sensitivity, and lymphokine activity in response to dinitrochlorobenzene. Dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) coupled to peripheral blood erythrocytes or leukocytes forms a particulate complex, DNCB-antigen. The addition of DNCB-antigen induced blastogenesis and DNA synthesis in leukocyte cultures from DNCB-sensitized human subjects and not in leukocyte cultures from nonsensitized controls. In general, sensitized subjects who displayed a higher degree of cutaneous reactivity to DNCB, as manifested by duration and intensity of dermatitis, also showed a greater blastogenic response to DNCB-antigen in vitro. This quantitative correlation, however, was not invariant. Certain soluble factor(s), or lymphokines are released following the addition of DNCB-antigen to leukocyte cultures prepared from some sensitive subjects who were rechallenged one or more times with DNCB. These lymphokines induce blastogenesis in secondary target leukocyte populations from nonsensitized subjects. Extended studies are presented which slow little or no lymphokine activity in peripheral blood leukocyte cultures during a primary immune response, despite high degrees of blastogenic activity in response to DNCB-antigen. Significant lymphokine activity was observed only following additional rechallenge with DNCB. Blastogenesis and skin reactivity specific for DNCB have been shown to develop at about the same time during a primary immune response. This, along with the quantitative correlation shown in this communication, suggests that both processes probably reflect thymic-dependent cellular immunity. The appearance of lymphokine activity following rechallenge with DNCB suggests that DNCB-induced lymphokines may represent an amplifying mechanism of the cellular immune response that involves recruitment of previously uncommitted lymphocytes.", "PMID": 1123552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8122", "title": "Assay of therapeutic doses of methotrexate in body fluids of patients with psoriasis.", "content": "A microbiologic technique for the assay of methotrexate (MTX) in urine, serum, erythrocytes, feces, and skin is described. The accuracy of the method equals that of routine microbiologic assays of folic acid. Important differences in serum MTX levels in psoriatic patients during the 24 hours after standardized intravenous and intramuscular administration were demonstrated. Repeated intravenous doses tended to be cleared from the blood univormly. After oral doses many patients achieved peak serum levels within 2 hr. with fall of level by 4 hr. Others achieved lower levels and responded less well clinically. Persistence of high serum levels at 24 and 48 hr did not confer obvious clinical benefit or necessarily give rise to by renal function when the creatinine clearance was greater than 50 ml/min. However, impaired renal function was clearly correlated with slow clearance. Routine measurement of MTX blood levels is of value in patients with suspected malabsorption or partial renal failure.", "contents": "Assay of therapeutic doses of methotrexate in body fluids of patients with psoriasis. A microbiologic technique for the assay of methotrexate (MTX) in urine, serum, erythrocytes, feces, and skin is described. The accuracy of the method equals that of routine microbiologic assays of folic acid. Important differences in serum MTX levels in psoriatic patients during the 24 hours after standardized intravenous and intramuscular administration were demonstrated. Repeated intravenous doses tended to be cleared from the blood univormly. After oral doses many patients achieved peak serum levels within 2 hr. with fall of level by 4 hr. Others achieved lower levels and responded less well clinically. Persistence of high serum levels at 24 and 48 hr did not confer obvious clinical benefit or necessarily give rise to by renal function when the creatinine clearance was greater than 50 ml/min. However, impaired renal function was clearly correlated with slow clearance. Routine measurement of MTX blood levels is of value in patients with suspected malabsorption or partial renal failure.", "PMID": 1123553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8123", "title": "Organ culture of human skin in chemically defined medium.", "content": "Explants of adult human skin were grown in vitro in a chemically defined medium without serum. Under these conditions the epidermis was well maintained for up to 7 days, during which time new stratum corneum formation was observed. Most often the stratum corneum was orthokeratotic and associated with a prominent granular layer. Parakeratotic regions were also evident and these were not associated with a granular layer. During the first 5 days in culture there was a signficant increase in DNA synthesis (as measured radioautographically) and mitosis.", "contents": "Organ culture of human skin in chemically defined medium. Explants of adult human skin were grown in vitro in a chemically defined medium without serum. Under these conditions the epidermis was well maintained for up to 7 days, during which time new stratum corneum formation was observed. Most often the stratum corneum was orthokeratotic and associated with a prominent granular layer. Parakeratotic regions were also evident and these were not associated with a granular layer. During the first 5 days in culture there was a signficant increase in DNA synthesis (as measured radioautographically) and mitosis.", "PMID": 1123554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8124", "title": "A comparison of His bundle electrograms recorded from the aortic root and from a plaque sutured near the His bundle.", "content": "For careful analysis of His bundle electrograms in the dog it is useful to have a stable rather than moving recording site. In this study we have compared the characteristics of His bundle electrograms recorded by two methods in each of ten anesthetized dogs. Records obtained with a Hoffman-type plaque electrode sutured in the vicinity of the His bundlewere not significantly different from ones obtained with a recording catheter wedged in the aortic root. In addition to measurements made during the resting state, comparisons also included those during selectively  produced acute but transietn complete A-V block, sinus bradycardia, A-V junctional tachycardia, A-V junctional bradycardia, and various degrees of incomplete A-V block. A stable and accurate His bundle electrogram can be obtained from the aortic root and has the experimental advantage of not having to open the right atrium or place sutures near the A-V node of His bundle.", "contents": "A comparison of His bundle electrograms recorded from the aortic root and from a plaque sutured near the His bundle. For careful analysis of His bundle electrograms in the dog it is useful to have a stable rather than moving recording site. In this study we have compared the characteristics of His bundle electrograms recorded by two methods in each of ten anesthetized dogs. Records obtained with a Hoffman-type plaque electrode sutured in the vicinity of the His bundlewere not significantly different from ones obtained with a recording catheter wedged in the aortic root. In addition to measurements made during the resting state, comparisons also included those during selectively  produced acute but transietn complete A-V block, sinus bradycardia, A-V junctional tachycardia, A-V junctional bradycardia, and various degrees of incomplete A-V block. A stable and accurate His bundle electrogram can be obtained from the aortic root and has the experimental advantage of not having to open the right atrium or place sutures near the A-V node of His bundle.", "PMID": 1123556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8125", "title": "In vivo evidence for the functional heterogeneity of transferrin-bound iron. I. Studies in normal rats.", "content": "Functional heterogeneity of iron atoms bound to transferrin as postulated by Fletcher and Huehns was demonstrated by in vivo studies in rats. Serum transferrin was selectively double-labeled by adding 59Fe to 90 per cent saturation of iron binding capacity, incubation with rat reticulocytes to reduce the saturation to 50 per cent or less, and then adding back 55Fe. Rats were killed at various times after intravenous injection of this double-labeled transferrin, and the ratios of 55Fe to 59Fe were measured in plasma, circulating erythrocytes, bone marrow and spleen heme, whole liver and isolated hepatic Kupffer and parenchymal cells, and in small intestinal segments. Selective uptake of erythroblast-oriented 55Fe was observed in red cells and heme from marrow and spleen; storage-oriented 59Fe was selectively removed by liver cells and small intestine. Greater polarization was achieved by using Fe3+-nitrilotriacetic acid instead of ferrous ammonium sulfate and by injecting transferrin selectively double-labeled at less than 50 per cent saturation. These studies confirm the hypothesis of Fletcher and Huehns that the iron atoms of transferrin are functionally different and support the concept that transferrin plays a selective role in the distribution of iron to tissues in the rat.", "contents": "In vivo evidence for the functional heterogeneity of transferrin-bound iron. I. Studies in normal rats. Functional heterogeneity of iron atoms bound to transferrin as postulated by Fletcher and Huehns was demonstrated by in vivo studies in rats. Serum transferrin was selectively double-labeled by adding 59Fe to 90 per cent saturation of iron binding capacity, incubation with rat reticulocytes to reduce the saturation to 50 per cent or less, and then adding back 55Fe. Rats were killed at various times after intravenous injection of this double-labeled transferrin, and the ratios of 55Fe to 59Fe were measured in plasma, circulating erythrocytes, bone marrow and spleen heme, whole liver and isolated hepatic Kupffer and parenchymal cells, and in small intestinal segments. Selective uptake of erythroblast-oriented 55Fe was observed in red cells and heme from marrow and spleen; storage-oriented 59Fe was selectively removed by liver cells and small intestine. Greater polarization was achieved by using Fe3+-nitrilotriacetic acid instead of ferrous ammonium sulfate and by injecting transferrin selectively double-labeled at less than 50 per cent saturation. These studies confirm the hypothesis of Fletcher and Huehns that the iron atoms of transferrin are functionally different and support the concept that transferrin plays a selective role in the distribution of iron to tissues in the rat.", "PMID": 1123558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8126", "title": "In vivo evidence for the functional heterogeneity of transferrin-bound iron. II. Studies in pregnant rats.", "content": "Iron atoms from the two iron-binding sites of transferrin in the maternal plasma were selectively transferred to fetal tissues across the placenta of the pregnant rat. Rat serum transferrin was selectively double-labeled with 55Fe bound to the A-site and 59Fe bound to the B-site and injected intravenously into pregnant rats at 11 to 20 days gestation. Ratios of 55Fe to 59Fe were measured in various maternal and fetal tissues sampled from 30 to 120 minutes after injection. In the maternal tissues preponderance of A-site 55Fe was observed in circulating red blood cells and in heme extracted from bone marrow and spleen; B-site 59Fe predominated in the liver parenchymal cells and proximal small intestine. As predicted by the Fletcher-Huehns hypothesis, placental transfer of radioiron resulted in a selective concentration of A-site 55Fe in all the fetal tissues including the fetal placenta, yolk sac, whole fetus, and in the separately analyzed liver heme and ferritin and in fetal blood. When the placenta was bypassed by direct injection of the selectively double-labeled transferrin into the umbilical vein, a reversal of the 55Fe/59Fe ratios of heme extracted from the fetal liver was observed. These studies confirm the concept of functional heterogeneity of iron atoms bound to transferrin and indicate that the placenta of rats between the eleventh and twentieth day of pregnancy selectively removes erythroblast-oriented iron from transferrin and diverts it to fetal tissues.", "contents": "In vivo evidence for the functional heterogeneity of transferrin-bound iron. II. Studies in pregnant rats. Iron atoms from the two iron-binding sites of transferrin in the maternal plasma were selectively transferred to fetal tissues across the placenta of the pregnant rat. Rat serum transferrin was selectively double-labeled with 55Fe bound to the A-site and 59Fe bound to the B-site and injected intravenously into pregnant rats at 11 to 20 days gestation. Ratios of 55Fe to 59Fe were measured in various maternal and fetal tissues sampled from 30 to 120 minutes after injection. In the maternal tissues preponderance of A-site 55Fe was observed in circulating red blood cells and in heme extracted from bone marrow and spleen; B-site 59Fe predominated in the liver parenchymal cells and proximal small intestine. As predicted by the Fletcher-Huehns hypothesis, placental transfer of radioiron resulted in a selective concentration of A-site 55Fe in all the fetal tissues including the fetal placenta, yolk sac, whole fetus, and in the separately analyzed liver heme and ferritin and in fetal blood. When the placenta was bypassed by direct injection of the selectively double-labeled transferrin into the umbilical vein, a reversal of the 55Fe/59Fe ratios of heme extracted from the fetal liver was observed. These studies confirm the concept of functional heterogeneity of iron atoms bound to transferrin and indicate that the placenta of rats between the eleventh and twentieth day of pregnancy selectively removes erythroblast-oriented iron from transferrin and diverts it to fetal tissues.", "PMID": 1123559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8127", "title": "One-stage assay of heparin.", "content": "A simple and rapid one-stage plasma heparin assay based on the heparin-dependent neutralization of activated factor X (Xa) is described. Factor Xa is prepared in a concentration adjusted to produce a clotting time of 18 to 20 seconds when heparin-free plasma is tested in the system. The assay incubation mixture contains \"standard human plasma\", the heparinized test plasma, cephalin, and factor Xa. Clotting times are measured automatically after incugation and calcium addition. A linear relationship was found between the log of the clotting time and the heparin concentration for the standard curve from which the heparin level is determined. The lower limit of sensitivity is about 0.05 unit heparin per milliliter. Dilution of test plasma is required to bring the heparin level to between 0.05 and 0.2 unit per milliliter. The standard curve is reproducible with a coefficient of variation of 2 to 4 per cent. Ten different, nonheparinized samples had clotting times of 18.9 plus or minus 1.0 (plus or minus 2 S.D.) seconds. Theoretically calculated and experimentally determined heparin levels after pulse injection of heparin agreed well in 5 volunteer subjects with r values between 0.93 and 0.99. This assay is not affected by normal variation in the plasma levels of fibrinogen, prothrombin, and factor V or by the plasma defects induced by coumadin.", "contents": "One-stage assay of heparin. A simple and rapid one-stage plasma heparin assay based on the heparin-dependent neutralization of activated factor X (Xa) is described. Factor Xa is prepared in a concentration adjusted to produce a clotting time of 18 to 20 seconds when heparin-free plasma is tested in the system. The assay incubation mixture contains \"standard human plasma\", the heparinized test plasma, cephalin, and factor Xa. Clotting times are measured automatically after incugation and calcium addition. A linear relationship was found between the log of the clotting time and the heparin concentration for the standard curve from which the heparin level is determined. The lower limit of sensitivity is about 0.05 unit heparin per milliliter. Dilution of test plasma is required to bring the heparin level to between 0.05 and 0.2 unit per milliliter. The standard curve is reproducible with a coefficient of variation of 2 to 4 per cent. Ten different, nonheparinized samples had clotting times of 18.9 plus or minus 1.0 (plus or minus 2 S.D.) seconds. Theoretically calculated and experimentally determined heparin levels after pulse injection of heparin agreed well in 5 volunteer subjects with r values between 0.93 and 0.99. This assay is not affected by normal variation in the plasma levels of fibrinogen, prothrombin, and factor V or by the plasma defects induced by coumadin.", "PMID": 1123560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8128", "title": "Coil planet centrifugation and its application to the observation of altered membrane properties of erythrocytes in hepatobiliary disorders.", "content": "A coil planet centrifuge (CPC) is an apparatus aiming to obtain a centrifugal force exerting on particles suspended in a fluid in a coiled polyethylene tube (coil) which makes self-rotation around its axis and revolution around the principal axis simultaneously. If a linear osmotic gradient is prepared in the coil and a small amount of blood is applied to it and subjected to centrifugation, one is able to observe the membrane properties of erythrocytes in terms of the shift of hemolysis band appearing in the coil with high accuracy and precision. Coil planet centrifugation was applied to the observation of altered membrane properties of erythrocytes in hepatobiliary diseases. Remarkable shifts of end-point of the hemolysis band going in parallel with the severity of damage were visualized. Study as to its cause revealed that increased free cholesterol content of erythrocyte membrane which was the result of plasma cholesterol Esterst\u00fcrz due to inhibition of lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase by stagnant bile acids was responsible for this phenomenon. Elevation of serum bile acid concentration and increased serum leucine-aminopeptidase were closely correlated to the shift of hemolysis end-point toward the low osmolal side. CPC may be useful for detection and chasing the clinical course of patients with hepatobiliary disorders.", "contents": "Coil planet centrifugation and its application to the observation of altered membrane properties of erythrocytes in hepatobiliary disorders. A coil planet centrifuge (CPC) is an apparatus aiming to obtain a centrifugal force exerting on particles suspended in a fluid in a coiled polyethylene tube (coil) which makes self-rotation around its axis and revolution around the principal axis simultaneously. If a linear osmotic gradient is prepared in the coil and a small amount of blood is applied to it and subjected to centrifugation, one is able to observe the membrane properties of erythrocytes in terms of the shift of hemolysis band appearing in the coil with high accuracy and precision. Coil planet centrifugation was applied to the observation of altered membrane properties of erythrocytes in hepatobiliary diseases. Remarkable shifts of end-point of the hemolysis band going in parallel with the severity of damage were visualized. Study as to its cause revealed that increased free cholesterol content of erythrocyte membrane which was the result of plasma cholesterol Esterst\u00fcrz due to inhibition of lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase by stagnant bile acids was responsible for this phenomenon. Elevation of serum bile acid concentration and increased serum leucine-aminopeptidase were closely correlated to the shift of hemolysis end-point toward the low osmolal side. CPC may be useful for detection and chasing the clinical course of patients with hepatobiliary disorders.", "PMID": 1123561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8129", "title": "Structural analysis of compartmental models for the hepatic kinetics of drugs.", "content": "The structure of some compartmental models for the analysis of the hepatobiliary kinetics of bromosulphalein (BSP) was studied in order to evaluate their adequacy in the estimation of the processes involved in the hepatic metabolism of drugs, namely uptake, conugation, and biliary excretion. Biological measurements were obtained from 4 cholecystectomized patients with a biliary T-tube. Blood and bile specimens were taken at various intervals after the administration of a single intravenous dose of BSP and analyzed for both direct BSP quantitation and chromatographic separation and estimation of BSP metabolic fractions. The structural analysis was carried out by using a mathematical model that described the kinetics of BSP. By means of computer simulations different measurement situations were analyzed, showing for each experimental condition the available information and the degree of accuracy of each estimated parameter. The obtained results show that the use of compartmental models can provide a useful theoretical framework by which the experimental data can be interpreted for the evaluation of the hepatobiliary metabolism and for a discriminant analysis between different physiopathological conditions.", "contents": "Structural analysis of compartmental models for the hepatic kinetics of drugs. The structure of some compartmental models for the analysis of the hepatobiliary kinetics of bromosulphalein (BSP) was studied in order to evaluate their adequacy in the estimation of the processes involved in the hepatic metabolism of drugs, namely uptake, conugation, and biliary excretion. Biological measurements were obtained from 4 cholecystectomized patients with a biliary T-tube. Blood and bile specimens were taken at various intervals after the administration of a single intravenous dose of BSP and analyzed for both direct BSP quantitation and chromatographic separation and estimation of BSP metabolic fractions. The structural analysis was carried out by using a mathematical model that described the kinetics of BSP. By means of computer simulations different measurement situations were analyzed, showing for each experimental condition the available information and the degree of accuracy of each estimated parameter. The obtained results show that the use of compartmental models can provide a useful theoretical framework by which the experimental data can be interpreted for the evaluation of the hepatobiliary metabolism and for a discriminant analysis between different physiopathological conditions.", "PMID": 1123562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8130", "title": "Conditioned suppression of behavior maintained by intracranial stimulation as a function of stimulation intensity.", "content": "Conditioned suppression was demonstrated in two experiments with rats lever pressing on a fixed-ration 1 schedule for lateral hypothalamic intracranaial stimulation (ICS)'n Experiment I, conditioned suppression of responding for low-intensity ICS was obtained with a moderate intensity of foot shock, In Experiment II, low and high intensities of ICS were alternated within the same session and the same animal The suppression that was exhibited with low intensity ICS was minimal or absent with high-intensity stimulation, despite the pairing of foot shock with each warning stimulus. Conditioned suppression was a function of ICS intensity, and was independent of response rates. The inverse relationship between ICS intensity and degree os suppression is consistent with a motivational analysis of conditioned suppression. Previous reports of resistance to suppression of behaviors maintained by ICS may now be attributed to the use of high-intensity stimulation.", "contents": "Conditioned suppression of behavior maintained by intracranial stimulation as a function of stimulation intensity. Conditioned suppression was demonstrated in two experiments with rats lever pressing on a fixed-ration 1 schedule for lateral hypothalamic intracranaial stimulation (ICS)'n Experiment I, conditioned suppression of responding for low-intensity ICS was obtained with a moderate intensity of foot shock, In Experiment II, low and high intensities of ICS were alternated within the same session and the same animal The suppression that was exhibited with low intensity ICS was minimal or absent with high-intensity stimulation, despite the pairing of foot shock with each warning stimulus. Conditioned suppression was a function of ICS intensity, and was independent of response rates. The inverse relationship between ICS intensity and degree os suppression is consistent with a motivational analysis of conditioned suppression. Previous reports of resistance to suppression of behaviors maintained by ICS may now be attributed to the use of high-intensity stimulation.", "PMID": 1123580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8131", "title": "A photoluminescence technique for detection of gunshot residue.", "content": "Rapid, convenient detection of gunshot residue on the hands of a suspect, following a shooting, can be accomplished by the photoluminescence determination of the presence of lead (Pb) and antimony (Sb), which originate in the cartiridge primer. Following the firing of a gun, the backs of both hands are washed in a stream of distilled water. Each hand washing is filtered, and the residue collected on a membrane filter is dissolved in hydrochloric acid. Lead(II)and Sb(III) form chloride ion complexes with the acid, which luminesce strongly upon selective ultraviolet excitation at low temperature. Upon excitation, the Pb and Sb complexes emit light with maxima at wavelengths characteristic for the two metallic elements. By the use of this procedure, it is possible to detect as little as 1.0 ng of Pb and 10 ng of Sb. The total time for sample collection and analysis is less than 30 min.", "contents": "A photoluminescence technique for detection of gunshot residue. Rapid, convenient detection of gunshot residue on the hands of a suspect, following a shooting, can be accomplished by the photoluminescence determination of the presence of lead (Pb) and antimony (Sb), which originate in the cartiridge primer. Following the firing of a gun, the backs of both hands are washed in a stream of distilled water. Each hand washing is filtered, and the residue collected on a membrane filter is dissolved in hydrochloric acid. Lead(II)and Sb(III) form chloride ion complexes with the acid, which luminesce strongly upon selective ultraviolet excitation at low temperature. Upon excitation, the Pb and Sb complexes emit light with maxima at wavelengths characteristic for the two metallic elements. By the use of this procedure, it is possible to detect as little as 1.0 ng of Pb and 10 ng of Sb. The total time for sample collection and analysis is less than 30 min.", "PMID": 1123593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8132", "title": "Ballistic studies and lethal potential of tear gas pen guns firing fixed metallic ammunition.", "content": "Illegal older model and foreign-made tear gas pen guns as well as illicitly manufactured pen guns were used to fire revolver or pistol cartridges of calibers .22, .25, .32, .38, .44 Special, and .44 magnum, as well as rifle cartridges of caliber .270. Velocity, range of accuracy, impact kinetic energy, and gelatin block penetrability of bullets fired from the various cartridges are presented. The characteristics of recovered bullets, cartridge casings, and firing pin impressions are described, and the hazards of these weapons to users and potential victims are discussed.", "contents": "Ballistic studies and lethal potential of tear gas pen guns firing fixed metallic ammunition. Illegal older model and foreign-made tear gas pen guns as well as illicitly manufactured pen guns were used to fire revolver or pistol cartridges of calibers .22, .25, .32, .38, .44 Special, and .44 magnum, as well as rifle cartridges of caliber .270. Velocity, range of accuracy, impact kinetic energy, and gelatin block penetrability of bullets fired from the various cartridges are presented. The characteristics of recovered bullets, cartridge casings, and firing pin impressions are described, and the hazards of these weapons to users and potential victims are discussed.", "PMID": 1123596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8133", "title": "The interpretation of impact fractures in glassy polymers.", "content": "While this study was not exhaustive of the area of impact fractures in glassy polymers, it does demonstrate that there are some significant differences between fractures in polymers and those encountered with glass. Those differences can be summarized as follows: (1) the occurrence of pronounced, highly curved hackle marks, which could in many instances be mistaken for conchoidal marks;(2)the appearance of the beveled edges bordering the cratering on the side opposite origin of force; and (3) a more apparent tendency toward an inverse relationship of muzzle velocity and energy to radial fracture length and degree of curving along crater boundaries. The physical laws applicable to the fracture of glass are identical to those extant in the fracture of glassy polymers; no new forces are at play. All of the differences are capable of being explained in terms of the differences in flexibility and flow between glass and polymers, and the resulting differences in tension development and fracture propagation.", "contents": "The interpretation of impact fractures in glassy polymers. While this study was not exhaustive of the area of impact fractures in glassy polymers, it does demonstrate that there are some significant differences between fractures in polymers and those encountered with glass. Those differences can be summarized as follows: (1) the occurrence of pronounced, highly curved hackle marks, which could in many instances be mistaken for conchoidal marks;(2)the appearance of the beveled edges bordering the cratering on the side opposite origin of force; and (3) a more apparent tendency toward an inverse relationship of muzzle velocity and energy to radial fracture length and degree of curving along crater boundaries. The physical laws applicable to the fracture of glass are identical to those extant in the fracture of glassy polymers; no new forces are at play. All of the differences are capable of being explained in terms of the differences in flexibility and flow between glass and polymers, and the resulting differences in tension development and fracture propagation.", "PMID": 1123597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8134", "title": "Automotive body primers: Their application in vehicle identification.", "content": "An approach to vehicle identification based on the varied primer color combinations used by the automobile manufacturers is outlined. A description is given of the primer color combinations found on a number of domestic and foreign cars. The expediency of this system of vehicle identification by successive elimation is discussed.", "contents": "Automotive body primers: Their application in vehicle identification. An approach to vehicle identification based on the varied primer color combinations used by the automobile manufacturers is outlined. A description is given of the primer color combinations found on a number of domestic and foreign cars. The expediency of this system of vehicle identification by successive elimation is discussed.", "PMID": 1123598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8135", "title": "Multiple animal bite wounds: A case report.", "content": "A case of multiple animal bite wounds is presented along with the techniques used to apprehend the culprits. The victim was a 13 month-old black female who had in excess of 80 puncture wounds. Initially the wounds were thought to be caused by a mechanical instrument but, after an autopsy, were determined to be caused by a large animal. Two German shepherd dogs were apprehended and impressions of their teeth compared favorably with the wounds from both the casts made from the body and the body itself. The etiology of the wounds was further substantiated by microscopic examination of one of the wound sites. The identification of bite wounds and the techniques used to confirm the identity of the culprit are discussed.", "contents": "Multiple animal bite wounds: A case report. A case of multiple animal bite wounds is presented along with the techniques used to apprehend the culprits. The victim was a 13 month-old black female who had in excess of 80 puncture wounds. Initially the wounds were thought to be caused by a mechanical instrument but, after an autopsy, were determined to be caused by a large animal. Two German shepherd dogs were apprehended and impressions of their teeth compared favorably with the wounds from both the casts made from the body and the body itself. The etiology of the wounds was further substantiated by microscopic examination of one of the wound sites. The identification of bite wounds and the techniques used to confirm the identity of the culprit are discussed.", "PMID": 1123600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8136", "title": "Tool marks in bones and cartilage.", "content": "The identification of the implement used is an important factor in the explantion of the causes of violent deaths. Hitherto existing knowledge has been almost exclusively confined to the damages to skull bones. This paper draws attention to tool marks in the area of pierced rib cartilage and considers the possibilities of their analysis. The evaluation of saw marks is further discussed on the basis of sawing experiments. Also, there are features and peculiarities which can help to solve the problems posed by criminal dismemberment.", "contents": "Tool marks in bones and cartilage. The identification of the implement used is an important factor in the explantion of the causes of violent deaths. Hitherto existing knowledge has been almost exclusively confined to the damages to skull bones. This paper draws attention to tool marks in the area of pierced rib cartilage and considers the possibilities of their analysis. The evaluation of saw marks is further discussed on the basis of sawing experiments. Also, there are features and peculiarities which can help to solve the problems posed by criminal dismemberment.", "PMID": 1123601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8137", "title": "Fatal anaphylaxis after intravenous iron dextran.", "content": "This report records the first reported case of a fatal anaphylactic reaction to an intravenous infusion of iron dextran. An elderly woman was given an infusion of iron dextran in 5% dextrose. Shortly after the infusion started, she developed laryngeal stridor, shock, respiratory arrest, and died despite attempts at resuscitation. Necropsy findings are described and are consistent with death due to anaphylaxis. With the increased parenteral use of dextran and iron dextran complexes it is important for the clinician to be aware of the hazards of anaphylactic reactions. Since the reactions generally occur shortly after the administration has begun, a physician should be in attendance during the infusion of the first 25 cm3 (5 to 10 min). He should be able to promptly recognize and treat the asphyxia and hypotension should it occur. It is also important for the pathologist to be aware of the occurrence of anaphylaxis after the use of these drugs. However, the cause of death should not be based solely on the presence of classic clinical features of fatal anaphylaxis. Specific features of anaphylaxis should be searched for at autopsy and other causes of sudden death must be ruled out.", "contents": "Fatal anaphylaxis after intravenous iron dextran. This report records the first reported case of a fatal anaphylactic reaction to an intravenous infusion of iron dextran. An elderly woman was given an infusion of iron dextran in 5% dextrose. Shortly after the infusion started, she developed laryngeal stridor, shock, respiratory arrest, and died despite attempts at resuscitation. Necropsy findings are described and are consistent with death due to anaphylaxis. With the increased parenteral use of dextran and iron dextran complexes it is important for the clinician to be aware of the hazards of anaphylactic reactions. Since the reactions generally occur shortly after the administration has begun, a physician should be in attendance during the infusion of the first 25 cm3 (5 to 10 min). He should be able to promptly recognize and treat the asphyxia and hypotension should it occur. It is also important for the pathologist to be aware of the occurrence of anaphylaxis after the use of these drugs. However, the cause of death should not be based solely on the presence of classic clinical features of fatal anaphylaxis. Specific features of anaphylaxis should be searched for at autopsy and other causes of sudden death must be ruled out.", "PMID": 1123602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8138", "title": "Dissecting aneurysm of coronary artery associated with drug abuse and pulmonary lesions.", "content": "A dissecting aneurysm of the coronary artery (DACA) associated with cystic medial necrosis was discovered during the necropsy of a 32-year-0ld black man with evidence of intravenous drug abuse. Microscopic examination of the lungs revealed striking angiomatoid conversion of pulmonary arterioles. The cause of death and the possible relationship between the pulmonary vascular lesions and the DACA are discussed.", "contents": "Dissecting aneurysm of coronary artery associated with drug abuse and pulmonary lesions. A dissecting aneurysm of the coronary artery (DACA) associated with cystic medial necrosis was discovered during the necropsy of a 32-year-0ld black man with evidence of intravenous drug abuse. Microscopic examination of the lungs revealed striking angiomatoid conversion of pulmonary arterioles. The cause of death and the possible relationship between the pulmonary vascular lesions and the DACA are discussed.", "PMID": 1123603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8139", "title": "The screening of blood by gas chromatography for basic and neutra drugs.", "content": "A GC procedure is described for the screening of biological fluids for the presence of basic and neutral drugs. Extracts are chromatographed simultaneously on a two-column system designed so that a wide range of drugs can be detected. A majority of the drugs is readily detectable in blood in concentrations of 0.1 mg per 100 ml. The procedure is illustrated with examples of casework as well as examples of \"spiked\" blood samples.", "contents": "The screening of blood by gas chromatography for basic and neutra drugs. A GC procedure is described for the screening of biological fluids for the presence of basic and neutral drugs. Extracts are chromatographed simultaneously on a two-column system designed so that a wide range of drugs can be detected. A majority of the drugs is readily detectable in blood in concentrations of 0.1 mg per 100 ml. The procedure is illustrated with examples of casework as well as examples of \"spiked\" blood samples.", "PMID": 1123606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8140", "title": "Shock therapy and psychiatric malpractice: the legal accommodation to a controversial treatment.", "content": "Shock therapy has developed over the years into an accepted form.of psychiatric treatment for relieving the symptoms of certain mental illnesses. The development of shock therapy did and still does take place in a legal environment which leaves the reasonable psychiatrist free to experiment. The discovery of muscle-relaxing drugs and their introduction into the treatment procedure were undoubtedly encouraged by the possibility of malpractice suits arising from bone fracture caused by rapidly contracting muscles. Today the incidence of malpractie suits involving shock therapy has been reduced, and a reasonable psychiatrist exercising care remains free to treat without concern over the possibility of a successful malpractice action.", "contents": "Shock therapy and psychiatric malpractice: the legal accommodation to a controversial treatment. Shock therapy has developed over the years into an accepted form.of psychiatric treatment for relieving the symptoms of certain mental illnesses. The development of shock therapy did and still does take place in a legal environment which leaves the reasonable psychiatrist free to experiment. The discovery of muscle-relaxing drugs and their introduction into the treatment procedure were undoubtedly encouraged by the possibility of malpractice suits arising from bone fracture caused by rapidly contracting muscles. Today the incidence of malpractie suits involving shock therapy has been reduced, and a reasonable psychiatrist exercising care remains free to treat without concern over the possibility of a successful malpractice action.", "PMID": 1123608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8141", "title": "Characterization of different plaque-forming and defective temperate phages in Agrobacterium.", "content": "Four Agrobacterium tumefaciens temperate phages (PB2A, PB6(omega), PV-1(LV-1) and PS8), were shown to have the same genome size. Moreover hybridization experiments by the heteroduplex method and electron microscopy showed a 100% homology between these four phage genomes. Indications for lysogeny were found by direct means for the Agrobacterum timefaciens strain 396, Agrobacterium radiobacter strain 8149 and Agrobacterium species 0362 and by the electron  microscope negative staining technique for the A.tumefaciens strains b6-806,b6-6,b6s3,b2as,cv-1,4452,11156,11158,396, and 925; for A.radiobacter strains tr-1 and 8149, the latter being bi-lysogenic, and for the A. species 0362. These isolated phage particles, most of which appear to be defective, could be grouped into different classes. No particles could be detected in the lysates of A. tumefaciens RV3, A. radiobacter strains 4718 and S1005, and A. species 0363. Further characterization by genome size was carried out for the defective temperate phages PB6-806, P4452,P8149 and P0362. No evidence for homology between PB6-806 and PB6 omega could be found. The defective phages PB6-806 and P4452 showed the same morphology but a different genome size, whereas the two phages P0362 and P8149 had a very different morphology and genome size.", "contents": "Characterization of different plaque-forming and defective temperate phages in Agrobacterium. Four Agrobacterium tumefaciens temperate phages (PB2A, PB6(omega), PV-1(LV-1) and PS8), were shown to have the same genome size. Moreover hybridization experiments by the heteroduplex method and electron microscopy showed a 100% homology between these four phage genomes. Indications for lysogeny were found by direct means for the Agrobacterum timefaciens strain 396, Agrobacterium radiobacter strain 8149 and Agrobacterium species 0362 and by the electron  microscope negative staining technique for the A.tumefaciens strains b6-806,b6-6,b6s3,b2as,cv-1,4452,11156,11158,396, and 925; for A.radiobacter strains tr-1 and 8149, the latter being bi-lysogenic, and for the A. species 0362. These isolated phage particles, most of which appear to be defective, could be grouped into different classes. No particles could be detected in the lysates of A. tumefaciens RV3, A. radiobacter strains 4718 and S1005, and A. species 0363. Further characterization by genome size was carried out for the defective temperate phages PB6-806, P4452,P8149 and P0362. No evidence for homology between PB6-806 and PB6 omega could be found. The defective phages PB6-806 and P4452 showed the same morphology but a different genome size, whereas the two phages P0362 and P8149 had a very different morphology and genome size.", "PMID": 1123610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8142", "title": "Miniphage-a class of satellite phage to M13.", "content": "Satellite or defective bacteriophage particles can appear in extensively recycled stocks of coliphage M13. These particles, herein known as miniphage, replicate using the wild type bacteriophage as a helper. Their physical properties (u.v. spectra, sedimentation of DNA and bacterophage, electrophoretic moblitiy) are described and a method for the isolation of specific satellite bacteriophage is presented.", "contents": "Miniphage-a class of satellite phage to M13. Satellite or defective bacteriophage particles can appear in extensively recycled stocks of coliphage M13. These particles, herein known as miniphage, replicate using the wild type bacteriophage as a helper. Their physical properties (u.v. spectra, sedimentation of DNA and bacterophage, electrophoretic moblitiy) are described and a method for the isolation of specific satellite bacteriophage is presented.", "PMID": 1123611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8143", "title": "Tubular particles in a case of recurrent lymphocytic meningitis followed by amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.", "content": "A patient suffered recurrent episodes of aseptic lymphocytic meningitis for many years and then developed amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Immune-complexes were deposited in the renal glomerular basement membrane and mesangia. The necropsy study revealed both lymphocytic meningitis and ALS. Study of the motor neurons with the electron microscope revealed proliferation of endoplasmic reticulum, small cytoplasmolytic areas and focal neurofibrillar accumulations in axons. Interwoven, serpentine 10-15 nm. tubules first appeared with ER proliferation and, presumably at a later stage, were sometimes present in large masses. These tubules might be virus material but virus cultures, including tissue culture, and animal inoculations have thus far been negative.", "contents": "Tubular particles in a case of recurrent lymphocytic meningitis followed by amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. A patient suffered recurrent episodes of aseptic lymphocytic meningitis for many years and then developed amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Immune-complexes were deposited in the renal glomerular basement membrane and mesangia. The necropsy study revealed both lymphocytic meningitis and ALS. Study of the motor neurons with the electron microscope revealed proliferation of endoplasmic reticulum, small cytoplasmolytic areas and focal neurofibrillar accumulations in axons. Interwoven, serpentine 10-15 nm. tubules first appeared with ER proliferation and, presumably at a later stage, were sometimes present in large masses. These tubules might be virus material but virus cultures, including tissue culture, and animal inoculations have thus far been negative.", "PMID": 1123648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8144", "title": "The effect of neonatal thymectomy on Tamiami virus-induced central nervous system disease.", "content": "Tamiami virus, a member of the arenavirus group, produces an acute CNS disease in suckling mice manifested primarily by cerebellar ataxia, paralysis, convulsions, and death. Animals that survive are left with an asymptomatic cerebellar heterotopia. Neonatal thymectomy prevents both acute CNS disease and the resultant cerebellar heterotopia despite equivalent titers of virus and concentrations of viral antigen in the brains of both thymectomized and nonthymectomized infected mice. Inflammatory CNS disease and cerebellar germinal cell necrosis do not develop in thymectomized mice examined more than three months after infection. Viremia and complement-fixing antibody occur in both groups of mice with slightly higher antibody titers in nonthymectomized mice. Tamiami virus-induced cerebellar heterotopia appears to be immunologically-mediated, but the immunopathologic cerebellar lesion differs from the frank necrosis of the brain produced by both Tacaribe and LCM virus in newborn mice.", "contents": "The effect of neonatal thymectomy on Tamiami virus-induced central nervous system disease. Tamiami virus, a member of the arenavirus group, produces an acute CNS disease in suckling mice manifested primarily by cerebellar ataxia, paralysis, convulsions, and death. Animals that survive are left with an asymptomatic cerebellar heterotopia. Neonatal thymectomy prevents both acute CNS disease and the resultant cerebellar heterotopia despite equivalent titers of virus and concentrations of viral antigen in the brains of both thymectomized and nonthymectomized infected mice. Inflammatory CNS disease and cerebellar germinal cell necrosis do not develop in thymectomized mice examined more than three months after infection. Viremia and complement-fixing antibody occur in both groups of mice with slightly higher antibody titers in nonthymectomized mice. Tamiami virus-induced cerebellar heterotopia appears to be immunologically-mediated, but the immunopathologic cerebellar lesion differs from the frank necrosis of the brain produced by both Tacaribe and LCM virus in newborn mice.", "PMID": 1123649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8145", "title": "Cysteine-S-sulfate: brain damaging metabolite in sulfite oxidase deficiency.", "content": "Cysteine-S-sulfate is an abnormal metabolite discovered in the urine and blood of a patient with cysteine oxidase deficiency, a rare disorder of sulfur amino acid metabolism associated with brain damage and mental retardation. The molecular structure of cysteine-S-sulfate closely resembles that of glutamate and related acidic amino acids which have both neuroexcitatory and neurotoxic properties (excitotoxic amino acids). Here we demonstrate that cysteine-S-sulfate induces the glutamate type of neuropathology in the rat central nervous system when administered subcutaneously to infants or intracerebrally to adults. It is postulated that cysteine-S-sulfate may be the neurotoxic agent responsible for brain damage in sulfite oxidase deficiency. The possibility that other excitotoxic amino acids could play occult roles in other unexplained neuropathologic conditions is discussed.", "contents": "Cysteine-S-sulfate: brain damaging metabolite in sulfite oxidase deficiency. Cysteine-S-sulfate is an abnormal metabolite discovered in the urine and blood of a patient with cysteine oxidase deficiency, a rare disorder of sulfur amino acid metabolism associated with brain damage and mental retardation. The molecular structure of cysteine-S-sulfate closely resembles that of glutamate and related acidic amino acids which have both neuroexcitatory and neurotoxic properties (excitotoxic amino acids). Here we demonstrate that cysteine-S-sulfate induces the glutamate type of neuropathology in the rat central nervous system when administered subcutaneously to infants or intracerebrally to adults. It is postulated that cysteine-S-sulfate may be the neurotoxic agent responsible for brain damage in sulfite oxidase deficiency. The possibility that other excitotoxic amino acids could play occult roles in other unexplained neuropathologic conditions is discussed.", "PMID": 1123650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8146", "title": "A presynaptic complex in the giant synapse of the squid.", "content": "A presynaptic complex consisting of thin lamellae associated with vesicles was found frequently in presynaptic terminals of the squid giant synapse. The lamellae, made of osmiophilic material, had an average length and width of about 10 mum and a thickness of 30 nm; they were of rectangular shape. While most frequent in the axoplasm of the most distal, and largest, terminal of the presynaptic giant axon, the lamellae were found also in smaller terminal branches of this fibre; They have not been observed in the proximal parts of the presynaptic or postsynaptic giant axons. Vesicles the size of synaptic vesicles surrounded the sides of the lamellae. The presynaptic complex resembles the synaptic ribbons in sensory cells.", "contents": "A presynaptic complex in the giant synapse of the squid. A presynaptic complex consisting of thin lamellae associated with vesicles was found frequently in presynaptic terminals of the squid giant synapse. The lamellae, made of osmiophilic material, had an average length and width of about 10 mum and a thickness of 30 nm; they were of rectangular shape. While most frequent in the axoplasm of the most distal, and largest, terminal of the presynaptic giant axon, the lamellae were found also in smaller terminal branches of this fibre; They have not been observed in the proximal parts of the presynaptic or postsynaptic giant axons. Vesicles the size of synaptic vesicles surrounded the sides of the lamellae. The presynaptic complex resembles the synaptic ribbons in sensory cells.", "PMID": 1123651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8147", "title": "Zonulae occludentes of the myelin lamellae in the nerve fibre layer of the retina and in the optic nerve of the rabbit: a demonstration by the freeze-fracture method.", "content": "Ridges and grooves composing extensive zonulae occludentes are revealed by the freeze-fracture method on split myelin lamellae in the nerve fibre layer of the retina and in the optic nerve of the rabbit. The junctions are located immediately internal to the outer loop of the myelin sheath and in corresponding areas of deeper myelin layers. They follow a straight or gently undulating course along the axis of the fibres. Only at the paranodal region of nodes of Ranvier do they deviate and assume a transverse course, The strands of these zonulae occludentes probably represent the radial thickenings of the intraperiod line described in thin sections.", "contents": "Zonulae occludentes of the myelin lamellae in the nerve fibre layer of the retina and in the optic nerve of the rabbit: a demonstration by the freeze-fracture method. Ridges and grooves composing extensive zonulae occludentes are revealed by the freeze-fracture method on split myelin lamellae in the nerve fibre layer of the retina and in the optic nerve of the rabbit. The junctions are located immediately internal to the outer loop of the myelin sheath and in corresponding areas of deeper myelin layers. They follow a straight or gently undulating course along the axis of the fibres. Only at the paranodal region of nodes of Ranvier do they deviate and assume a transverse course, The strands of these zonulae occludentes probably represent the radial thickenings of the intraperiod line described in thin sections.", "PMID": 1123652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8148", "title": "Ultrastructure of motor end-plates during pharmacologically-induced degeneration and subsequent regeneration of skeletal muscle.", "content": "A local anesthetic, methyl-bupivacaine was injected into the planta of adult mice, and the ultrastruct of motor end-plates was studied during the degenerative and regenerative cycle induced in lumbrical muscles. Muscle degeneration took place during the first day after drug administration. The postsynaptic part of the neuromuscular junction completely degenerated as did the whole injured muscle fibre. Nerve terminals, however, remained unaffected. By the second day after muscle injury, axon terminals were enclosed within Schwann cell cytoplasm and thus became separated from the residual sarcolemmal tube. One to three days later, when myotubes were formed by fusion of the surviving myoblasts, the layer of Schwann cell cytoplasm on nerve terminals was discontinuous. Subsequently nerve terminals approached the regenerating muscle cell and the subneural apparatus began to differentiate. Slight depressions and furrows appeared on the myotube surface below the nerve ending and the myotube membrane, covered with basement membrane, became undercoated by dense material in this region. Where the distance between nerve ending and myotube was reduced to that found in the normal neuromuscular junction, i.e. to about 500 A, junctional folds were formed. Fourteen days after drug administration, newly formed end-plates were indistinguishable from those in normal control lumbrical muscles.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of motor end-plates during pharmacologically-induced degeneration and subsequent regeneration of skeletal muscle. A local anesthetic, methyl-bupivacaine was injected into the planta of adult mice, and the ultrastruct of motor end-plates was studied during the degenerative and regenerative cycle induced in lumbrical muscles. Muscle degeneration took place during the first day after drug administration. The postsynaptic part of the neuromuscular junction completely degenerated as did the whole injured muscle fibre. Nerve terminals, however, remained unaffected. By the second day after muscle injury, axon terminals were enclosed within Schwann cell cytoplasm and thus became separated from the residual sarcolemmal tube. One to three days later, when myotubes were formed by fusion of the surviving myoblasts, the layer of Schwann cell cytoplasm on nerve terminals was discontinuous. Subsequently nerve terminals approached the regenerating muscle cell and the subneural apparatus began to differentiate. Slight depressions and furrows appeared on the myotube surface below the nerve ending and the myotube membrane, covered with basement membrane, became undercoated by dense material in this region. Where the distance between nerve ending and myotube was reduced to that found in the normal neuromuscular junction, i.e. to about 500 A, junctional folds were formed. Fourteen days after drug administration, newly formed end-plates were indistinguishable from those in normal control lumbrical muscles.", "PMID": 1123653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8149", "title": "Degeneration and regeneration of adrenergic nerves in mesenteric blood vessels, iris and atrium of the rat after 6-hydroxydopamine injection.", "content": "Degeneration of adrenergic axons after 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OH-DA), 2 times 68 mg kg-1 i.v. within 6h, and the subsequent regeneration process over the following 205 days were studied in rat mesenteric vessels, wight atria and irides, using the histochemical fluorescence method of Falck and Hillarp. The objective of the study was to determine why noradrenaline is less depleted and recovers much more rapidly in the mesentery than in other tissues after 6-OH-DA (Finch et al., 1973). The mesentery was further studied by electron microscopy and noradrenaline content analyses, until day 29 after 6-OH-DA treatment. Virtually all adrenergic terminal axons in these tissues were destroyed one day after 6-OH-DA. The large nonterminal axon bundles which occur along the mesenteric vessels and rarely in the heart survived and revealed an intensified catecholamine fluorescence; correspondingly, the mesenteric noradrenaline content was only reduced to 29% of control values. In contrast, such large nonterminal axon bundles were not observed in control iris preparations, and no adrenergic fibres survived in the irides, as suggested by fluorescence microscopy. Regenerating axons were observed in all organs after 3-8 days. The number of nerve terminals along the circumference of the external elastic lamina, as observed in ultrathin cross sections of mesenteric vessels, appeared virtually normal 4 weeks after treatment. Meanwhile, the noradrenaline content of the mesentery returned to approximately 85% of control values. As suggested by fluorescence microscopy, complete adrenergic regeneration occurred in mesenteric vessels between days 46 and 105, while regeneration in atrium and iris was incomplete even at day 205; The density of adrenergic axons in the iris, morphometrically determined, was only 76% and 88% of controls on days 160 and 205, respectively. The survival of the many large nonterminal axon bundles in the mesentery with increased NA content explains the relatively small NA depletion of the mesentery; The rapid recovery of the mesenteric NA content is due to faster regeneration of adrenergic terminal axons in the mesentery as compared with iris and atrium. This is tentatively explained in terms of sprouting from the large axon bundles surviving close to the destroyed terminal axons of the mesenteric vessels, whereas in the other tissues no (iris) or only a few (atrium) large nonterminal axon bundles occur and persist to act as a source of quickly regenerated terminal axons.", "contents": "Degeneration and regeneration of adrenergic nerves in mesenteric blood vessels, iris and atrium of the rat after 6-hydroxydopamine injection. Degeneration of adrenergic axons after 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OH-DA), 2 times 68 mg kg-1 i.v. within 6h, and the subsequent regeneration process over the following 205 days were studied in rat mesenteric vessels, wight atria and irides, using the histochemical fluorescence method of Falck and Hillarp. The objective of the study was to determine why noradrenaline is less depleted and recovers much more rapidly in the mesentery than in other tissues after 6-OH-DA (Finch et al., 1973). The mesentery was further studied by electron microscopy and noradrenaline content analyses, until day 29 after 6-OH-DA treatment. Virtually all adrenergic terminal axons in these tissues were destroyed one day after 6-OH-DA. The large nonterminal axon bundles which occur along the mesenteric vessels and rarely in the heart survived and revealed an intensified catecholamine fluorescence; correspondingly, the mesenteric noradrenaline content was only reduced to 29% of control values. In contrast, such large nonterminal axon bundles were not observed in control iris preparations, and no adrenergic fibres survived in the irides, as suggested by fluorescence microscopy. Regenerating axons were observed in all organs after 3-8 days. The number of nerve terminals along the circumference of the external elastic lamina, as observed in ultrathin cross sections of mesenteric vessels, appeared virtually normal 4 weeks after treatment. Meanwhile, the noradrenaline content of the mesentery returned to approximately 85% of control values. As suggested by fluorescence microscopy, complete adrenergic regeneration occurred in mesenteric vessels between days 46 and 105, while regeneration in atrium and iris was incomplete even at day 205; The density of adrenergic axons in the iris, morphometrically determined, was only 76% and 88% of controls on days 160 and 205, respectively. The survival of the many large nonterminal axon bundles in the mesentery with increased NA content explains the relatively small NA depletion of the mesentery; The rapid recovery of the mesenteric NA content is due to faster regeneration of adrenergic terminal axons in the mesentery as compared with iris and atrium. This is tentatively explained in terms of sprouting from the large axon bundles surviving close to the destroyed terminal axons of the mesenteric vessels, whereas in the other tissues no (iris) or only a few (atrium) large nonterminal axon bundles occur and persist to act as a source of quickly regenerated terminal axons.", "PMID": 1123654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8150", "title": "Morphological changes associated with stretch in a mechano-receptor.", "content": "The S neurons of decapod crustacean coxal receptors respond to a constant stimulus with a steady-state response lasting for at least 20 min. This property makes it possible to fix neurons in the stretched or relaxed condition by rotating and pinning the coxa up or down respectively. In specimens perfused with 5 mM lanthanum chloride before fixation, it was found that the extracellular space around the nerve terminals, particularly the naked tubular endings, is open to ions. The cross-sections of the tubular processes (dendritic fingers) are about 25% smaller in stretched specimens, and the secondary dendritic branches connecting the fingers with the remainder of the dendrite appear shorter and thicker. The presence of mitochondria at the periphery of the main part of the dendrite and in the secondary branches, but not in the fingers, is interpreted as evidence for an electrical model similar to that proposed for vertebrate photoreceptors. The observed morphological effects of stretch are discussed in terms of this model.", "contents": "Morphological changes associated with stretch in a mechano-receptor. The S neurons of decapod crustacean coxal receptors respond to a constant stimulus with a steady-state response lasting for at least 20 min. This property makes it possible to fix neurons in the stretched or relaxed condition by rotating and pinning the coxa up or down respectively. In specimens perfused with 5 mM lanthanum chloride before fixation, it was found that the extracellular space around the nerve terminals, particularly the naked tubular endings, is open to ions. The cross-sections of the tubular processes (dendritic fingers) are about 25% smaller in stretched specimens, and the secondary dendritic branches connecting the fingers with the remainder of the dendrite appear shorter and thicker. The presence of mitochondria at the periphery of the main part of the dendrite and in the secondary branches, but not in the fingers, is interpreted as evidence for an electrical model similar to that proposed for vertebrate photoreceptors. The observed morphological effects of stretch are discussed in terms of this model.", "PMID": 1123655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8151", "title": "Injection of cymopapain into intervertebral discs. Preliminary report on 72 patients with symptoms of disc disease.", "content": "The author presents an evaluation of 72 patients given intradiscal chymopapain as the treatment for symptoms related to ruptured intervertebral disc. The rationale, criteria for patient selection, risks, and results are described. The author believes thatt this early follow-up suggests tha chymopapain may have a place in the treatment of symptomatic disc protrusions and extrusions.", "contents": "Injection of cymopapain into intervertebral discs. Preliminary report on 72 patients with symptoms of disc disease. The author presents an evaluation of 72 patients given intradiscal chymopapain as the treatment for symptoms related to ruptured intervertebral disc. The rationale, criteria for patient selection, risks, and results are described. The author believes thatt this early follow-up suggests tha chymopapain may have a place in the treatment of symptomatic disc protrusions and extrusions.", "PMID": 1123656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8152", "title": "Comparison of intervertebral disc disease treatment by chymopapain injection and open surgery.", "content": "Chymopapain chemonucleolysis was performed on 100 patients with primary lumbar intervertebral disc disease. The results were compared with those of 174 patients who underwent laminotomy, foraminotomy, and discectomy. Primary lumbar intervertebral disc disease was arbitrarily divided into degenerative, complex, previous surgical, and simple disc syndromes. No difference was seen between chemonucleolysis and surgery in the first three divisions; between 55 percent and 60 per cent of patients responded successfully to treatment. In the simple disc division 89 per cent of the surgical and 60 per cent of the chemonucleolysis patients had successful results.", "contents": "Comparison of intervertebral disc disease treatment by chymopapain injection and open surgery. Chymopapain chemonucleolysis was performed on 100 patients with primary lumbar intervertebral disc disease. The results were compared with those of 174 patients who underwent laminotomy, foraminotomy, and discectomy. Primary lumbar intervertebral disc disease was arbitrarily divided into degenerative, complex, previous surgical, and simple disc syndromes. No difference was seen between chemonucleolysis and surgery in the first three divisions; between 55 percent and 60 per cent of patients responded successfully to treatment. In the simple disc division 89 per cent of the surgical and 60 per cent of the chemonucleolysis patients had successful results.", "PMID": 1123657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8153", "title": "Transverse axial tomography of the spine. Part 1: axial anatomy of the normal lumbar spine.", "content": "The authors describe the technique of transverse axial tomography of the spine and give a detailed description of the axial anatomy of the normal lumbar spine from L-4 to the sacrum. They demonstrate a specific repetitive pattern of intraosseous and articular segments, and stress the importance of the articular processes in shaping the vertebral canal and the intervertebral foramina. The authors believe axial tomography to be a simple, noninvasive radiological technique that allows cross-sectional visualization of the vertebral canal and articular processes in the living patient.", "contents": "Transverse axial tomography of the spine. Part 1: axial anatomy of the normal lumbar spine. The authors describe the technique of transverse axial tomography of the spine and give a detailed description of the axial anatomy of the normal lumbar spine from L-4 to the sacrum. They demonstrate a specific repetitive pattern of intraosseous and articular segments, and stress the importance of the articular processes in shaping the vertebral canal and the intervertebral foramina. The authors believe axial tomography to be a simple, noninvasive radiological technique that allows cross-sectional visualization of the vertebral canal and articular processes in the living patient.", "PMID": 1123658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8154", "title": "Experimental cerebral vasospasm. Part 2: effects of vasoactive drugs and sympathectomy on early and late spasm.", "content": "The authors report the effects of vasoactive drugs and sympathectomy on experimental spasm using vertebral angiography. Papaverine and isoxsuprine injections into the vertebral artery released both early and late spasm. The antiserotonin agent, methysergide, adn the alpha adrenergic blocking agent, phentolamine, released early but not late spasm. In sympathathectomized dogs, early spasm was milder than in untreated dogs; however, late spasm was the same as in untreated dogs. The authors discuss an etiological difference between early and late spasm.", "contents": "Experimental cerebral vasospasm. Part 2: effects of vasoactive drugs and sympathectomy on early and late spasm. The authors report the effects of vasoactive drugs and sympathectomy on experimental spasm using vertebral angiography. Papaverine and isoxsuprine injections into the vertebral artery released both early and late spasm. The antiserotonin agent, methysergide, adn the alpha adrenergic blocking agent, phentolamine, released early but not late spasm. In sympathathectomized dogs, early spasm was milder than in untreated dogs; however, late spasm was the same as in untreated dogs. The authors discuss an etiological difference between early and late spasm.", "PMID": 1123659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8155", "title": "Bifrontal decompressive craniectomy in the management of head trauma.", "content": "Retrospective analysis of 13 patients who had bifrontal decompressive craniectomy for the management of posttraumatic cerebral edema shows a significant decrease in expected mortality, but severe morbidity in the survivors. Only one patient returned to the pretrauma level of neurological function. No correlation could be found between the quality of survival and the neurological or operative findings. The need for more accurate prognostic criteria in the evaluation of severely head-injured patients is discussed.", "contents": "Bifrontal decompressive craniectomy in the management of head trauma. Retrospective analysis of 13 patients who had bifrontal decompressive craniectomy for the management of posttraumatic cerebral edema shows a significant decrease in expected mortality, but severe morbidity in the survivors. Only one patient returned to the pretrauma level of neurological function. No correlation could be found between the quality of survival and the neurological or operative findings. The need for more accurate prognostic criteria in the evaluation of severely head-injured patients is discussed.", "PMID": 1123660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8156", "title": "Management of carotid-ophthalmic aneurysms.", "content": "The authors present 26 cases of carotid-ophthalmic aneurysms that were surgically treated. Contrary to the opinion that these aneurysms, which often are of giant size, must be treated conservatively or by common carotid ligation, the authors favor radical surgery, believing that carotid ligation does not provide assurance against the risk of rebleeding, and frequently is associated with failure to restore useful vision. Often these aneurysms have a neck more suitable for ligation than shown by angiography, since a giant aneurysm may overlap the carotid artery in the angiogram. Preoperative criteria and some details of radical treatment are discussed.", "contents": "Management of carotid-ophthalmic aneurysms. The authors present 26 cases of carotid-ophthalmic aneurysms that were surgically treated. Contrary to the opinion that these aneurysms, which often are of giant size, must be treated conservatively or by common carotid ligation, the authors favor radical surgery, believing that carotid ligation does not provide assurance against the risk of rebleeding, and frequently is associated with failure to restore useful vision. Often these aneurysms have a neck more suitable for ligation than shown by angiography, since a giant aneurysm may overlap the carotid artery in the angiogram. Preoperative criteria and some details of radical treatment are discussed.", "PMID": 1123662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8157", "title": "Surgical embolization of cerebral arteriovenous malformations through internal carotid and vertebral arteries. Long-term results.", "content": "The authors describe the clinical results of surgical embolization in 55 patients with large cerebral arteriovenous malformations. Follow-up intervals ranged from 2 months to 14 years, averaging 4 1/2 years. The authors believe the procedure is safe in properly selected patients and is useful as a preliminary to direct surgical excision. It relieves associated headaches, and usually reverses or stabilizes a progressive neurological deficit. The potential for seizures probably is not altered. The incidence of hemorrhage following embolization is low for patients with no previous history of hemorrhage; however, the procedure does not reduce the likelihood of recurrence in patients with a prior history of hemorrhage.", "contents": "Surgical embolization of cerebral arteriovenous malformations through internal carotid and vertebral arteries. Long-term results. The authors describe the clinical results of surgical embolization in 55 patients with large cerebral arteriovenous malformations. Follow-up intervals ranged from 2 months to 14 years, averaging 4 1/2 years. The authors believe the procedure is safe in properly selected patients and is useful as a preliminary to direct surgical excision. It relieves associated headaches, and usually reverses or stabilizes a progressive neurological deficit. The potential for seizures probably is not altered. The incidence of hemorrhage following embolization is low for patients with no previous history of hemorrhage; however, the procedure does not reduce the likelihood of recurrence in patients with a prior history of hemorrhage.", "PMID": 1123663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8158", "title": "Psychological improvement following arteriovenous malformation excision. Case report.", "content": "A patient with a right frontal lobe arteriovenous malformation demonstrated progressive intellectual deterioration on neuropsychological tests. Following complete excision of the arteriovenous malformation, the patient's visuomotor function and visual recall were greatly improved, probably the result of elimination of arteriovenous shunts that were taking blood away from functional tissue.", "contents": "Psychological improvement following arteriovenous malformation excision. Case report. A patient with a right frontal lobe arteriovenous malformation demonstrated progressive intellectual deterioration on neuropsychological tests. Following complete excision of the arteriovenous malformation, the patient's visuomotor function and visual recall were greatly improved, probably the result of elimination of arteriovenous shunts that were taking blood away from functional tissue.", "PMID": 1123664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8159", "title": "Angiographic demonstration of congenital absence of both internal carotid arteries. Case report.", "content": "The authors present angiographic demonstration of bilateral, congenital, total absence of the internal carotid arteries in a patient with subarachnoid hemorrhage. Angiography demonstrated complete absence of both internal carotid arteries. The intracranial blood supply had been provided by communication between a hypertrophied basilar artery and the circle of Willis through the posterior communicating arteries. An aneurysm, believed to be the site of the subarachnoid hemorrhage, arose from the basilar artery. Absence of the carotid canals substantiated the congenital nature of the anomaly. The related embryology is reviewed.", "contents": "Angiographic demonstration of congenital absence of both internal carotid arteries. Case report. The authors present angiographic demonstration of bilateral, congenital, total absence of the internal carotid arteries in a patient with subarachnoid hemorrhage. Angiography demonstrated complete absence of both internal carotid arteries. The intracranial blood supply had been provided by communication between a hypertrophied basilar artery and the circle of Willis through the posterior communicating arteries. An aneurysm, believed to be the site of the subarachnoid hemorrhage, arose from the basilar artery. Absence of the carotid canals substantiated the congenital nature of the anomaly. The related embryology is reviewed.", "PMID": 1123670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8160", "title": "Experience of tumors in a British plant handling 3 3' dichlorobenzidine.", "content": "Dichlorobenzidine has been handled at a plant in Britain over the past thirty years. No case of cancer of the bladder has been found in the exposed population. The population of two hundred and 25 is not large enough to prove DCB will not cause tumors, but a negative incidence, taken with American experience and European figures, (unpublished) suggest that the measures advocated by Scott and Williams and at present adopted provide a satisfactory code of practice.", "contents": "Experience of tumors in a British plant handling 3 3' dichlorobenzidine. Dichlorobenzidine has been handled at a plant in Britain over the past thirty years. No case of cancer of the bladder has been found in the exposed population. The population of two hundred and 25 is not large enough to prove DCB will not cause tumors, but a negative incidence, taken with American experience and European figures, (unpublished) suggest that the measures advocated by Scott and Williams and at present adopted provide a satisfactory code of practice.", "PMID": 1123675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8161", "title": "Development of physical profiles for specific jobs.", "content": "Inherent risk of injury associated with heavy physical work tasks frequently obviates direct job analysis -- content validity -- for predictive or diagnostic purposes. A common alternative is an appraisal of the physical attributes manifest by the job requirements and the selection of tests of related physical factors. 241 job applicants were given a test battery composed of 40-items at the University of California Medical Center, Sacramento, California. A factor analysis reduced the initial 40-item test battery to an unweighted 6-item field test battery FTB. Standards scales were established for the FTB and applied to evaluate without prejudice a second group of 300 applicants. Since the present criterion for adequate job performance is simply the successful completion of climbing school, means for each test item of the FTB were evaluated for their predictive value. The mean scores for the step test and balance were found to be significantly different, smaller than .05 between the successful and unsuccessful applicants, whether male or female. Percent fat differed significantly only in the males and two strength tests and reaction times were not significant. Additional studies were conducted on two groups of young adults with known fitness levels to better characterize the strength factors which are considered essential to acceptable pole climb performance. Significant differences were found for both static and dynamic strengths, p equals smaller than .05. In summary, a FTB of simple, objective, job related test items can be identified and validated for predictive and diagnostic purposes. Probabilities for success can be established through a preliminary self-screening test program and administered by the employment office. The test items which comprise the FTB can be figuratively presented as a profile analysis and incorporated in the employee's medical file for longitudinalappraisal. If meaningful standards can be established for use in preemployment or job transfer screening, substantial financial benefits can accrue to the company in terms of reduced administrative and training costs and a reduction in \"sick leave\" and liability resulting from industrial accidents.", "contents": "Development of physical profiles for specific jobs. Inherent risk of injury associated with heavy physical work tasks frequently obviates direct job analysis -- content validity -- for predictive or diagnostic purposes. A common alternative is an appraisal of the physical attributes manifest by the job requirements and the selection of tests of related physical factors. 241 job applicants were given a test battery composed of 40-items at the University of California Medical Center, Sacramento, California. A factor analysis reduced the initial 40-item test battery to an unweighted 6-item field test battery FTB. Standards scales were established for the FTB and applied to evaluate without prejudice a second group of 300 applicants. Since the present criterion for adequate job performance is simply the successful completion of climbing school, means for each test item of the FTB were evaluated for their predictive value. The mean scores for the step test and balance were found to be significantly different, smaller than .05 between the successful and unsuccessful applicants, whether male or female. Percent fat differed significantly only in the males and two strength tests and reaction times were not significant. Additional studies were conducted on two groups of young adults with known fitness levels to better characterize the strength factors which are considered essential to acceptable pole climb performance. Significant differences were found for both static and dynamic strengths, p equals smaller than .05. In summary, a FTB of simple, objective, job related test items can be identified and validated for predictive and diagnostic purposes. Probabilities for success can be established through a preliminary self-screening test program and administered by the employment office. The test items which comprise the FTB can be figuratively presented as a profile analysis and incorporated in the employee's medical file for longitudinalappraisal. If meaningful standards can be established for use in preemployment or job transfer screening, substantial financial benefits can accrue to the company in terms of reduced administrative and training costs and a reduction in \"sick leave\" and liability resulting from industrial accidents.", "PMID": 1123676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8162", "title": "Long-term mortality experience of steelworkers. VIII. Mortality patterns of open hearth steelworkers (a preliminary report).", "content": "The findings in this report of a deficit in mortality from cardiovascular diseases and an excess in diseases of the digestive system among open hearth workers indicate the need for further study of men working in hot environments. In future reports we hope to refine the comparisons by obtaining data which will enable classification of workers more precisely by intensity and duration of exposure within the open hearth. Of particular importance in future work are the evaluation of possible relationships between the actual levels of heat exposure and subsequent morbidity and mortality, as well as possible interactions between heat stress and physical exertion in terms of the incidence of heart disease and other select diseases.", "contents": "Long-term mortality experience of steelworkers. VIII. Mortality patterns of open hearth steelworkers (a preliminary report). The findings in this report of a deficit in mortality from cardiovascular diseases and an excess in diseases of the digestive system among open hearth workers indicate the need for further study of men working in hot environments. In future reports we hope to refine the comparisons by obtaining data which will enable classification of workers more precisely by intensity and duration of exposure within the open hearth. Of particular importance in future work are the evaluation of possible relationships between the actual levels of heat exposure and subsequent morbidity and mortality, as well as possible interactions between heat stress and physical exertion in terms of the incidence of heart disease and other select diseases.", "PMID": 1123679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8163", "title": "An investigation of the chemical contact lens problem.", "content": "An evaluation of the \"chemical trapping premise\" was made to determine if, in fact, chemicals do accumulate behind a contact lens if a wearer encounters chemical splash. Photographs were taken to document the effect of chemical splashes. A photograph of a normal eye, Fig 7, taken prior to the insertion of a contact lens is included for purposes of comparison. Under the conditions investigated, it was demonstrated that, for liquid irritant exposures, eyes are afforded more protection when wearing contact lenses than when not. Test results suggest the contact lens acts as a barrier to the irritant on the cornea. The investigators postulate that lid spasm occurs, causing the lens to tighten against the cornea, thereby effectively sealing off the area under the lens. Since the \"barrier\" effect appears to be a function of time, more testing of this variable is warranted. Moreover, further investigation is indicated using a broader spectrum of irritants and an extended environmental exposure to dust and vapors.", "contents": "An investigation of the chemical contact lens problem. An evaluation of the \"chemical trapping premise\" was made to determine if, in fact, chemicals do accumulate behind a contact lens if a wearer encounters chemical splash. Photographs were taken to document the effect of chemical splashes. A photograph of a normal eye, Fig 7, taken prior to the insertion of a contact lens is included for purposes of comparison. Under the conditions investigated, it was demonstrated that, for liquid irritant exposures, eyes are afforded more protection when wearing contact lenses than when not. Test results suggest the contact lens acts as a barrier to the irritant on the cornea. The investigators postulate that lid spasm occurs, causing the lens to tighten against the cornea, thereby effectively sealing off the area under the lens. Since the \"barrier\" effect appears to be a function of time, more testing of this variable is warranted. Moreover, further investigation is indicated using a broader spectrum of irritants and an extended environmental exposure to dust and vapors.", "PMID": 1123685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8164", "title": "Hypertension in Oregon pesticide-formulating workers.", "content": "In a statewide survey of hypertension prevalence among pesticideformulating workers and controls in Oregon, we found no difference in mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure values but a modest excess of hypertension prevalence among chlorophenoxy herbicide workers which was largely explained by a greater constitutional predisposition to hypertension as estimated by positive family histories. Neither our study nor other published to date are adequate to allay the suspicion that chronic pesticide exposure may increase the risk of hypertension manifestation.", "contents": "Hypertension in Oregon pesticide-formulating workers. In a statewide survey of hypertension prevalence among pesticideformulating workers and controls in Oregon, we found no difference in mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure values but a modest excess of hypertension prevalence among chlorophenoxy herbicide workers which was largely explained by a greater constitutional predisposition to hypertension as estimated by positive family histories. Neither our study nor other published to date are adequate to allay the suspicion that chronic pesticide exposure may increase the risk of hypertension manifestation.", "PMID": 1123687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8165", "title": "Photopic spectral sensitivity of the peripheral retina.", "content": "Photopic spectral sensitivity was determined in the mid- and far-peripheral retina by two methods. The first consisted of measuring increment thresholds on a background similar in spectral composition to CIE Source A. The resulting spectral-sensitivity functions displayed maxima at about 440 nm, in agreement with previous work. The second method consisted of measuring dark-adaptation curves following termination of the background. From these curves, spectral-sensitivity functions were derived for various times in the dark. The results showed that the 440 nm maximum quickly diminished. When photopic thresholds were estimated from the cone plateau of the dark-adaptation curves, the spectral-sensitivity functions peaked at about 550 nm and had much the same shape from the parafovea to the far periphery. We suggest that previous findings of maximum photopic sensitivity in the short-wave region of the spectrum resulted from chromatic adaptation induced by backgrounds (such as Source A) that were weighted towards middle and long waves.", "contents": "Photopic spectral sensitivity of the peripheral retina. Photopic spectral sensitivity was determined in the mid- and far-peripheral retina by two methods. The first consisted of measuring increment thresholds on a background similar in spectral composition to CIE Source A. The resulting spectral-sensitivity functions displayed maxima at about 440 nm, in agreement with previous work. The second method consisted of measuring dark-adaptation curves following termination of the background. From these curves, spectral-sensitivity functions were derived for various times in the dark. The results showed that the 440 nm maximum quickly diminished. When photopic thresholds were estimated from the cone plateau of the dark-adaptation curves, the spectral-sensitivity functions peaked at about 550 nm and had much the same shape from the parafovea to the far periphery. We suggest that previous findings of maximum photopic sensitivity in the short-wave region of the spectrum resulted from chromatic adaptation induced by backgrounds (such as Source A) that were weighted towards middle and long waves.", "PMID": 1123689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8166", "title": "Visibility of low-spatial-frequency sine-wave targets: Dependence on number of cycles.", "content": "The number of cycles in a low-frequency sinusoidal display is a crucial variable in determining the visibility of the display. In particular, the threshold contrast is essentially independent of spatial frequency for these displays. We have extended the above experiments, using more cycles and a variety of targets and observer tasks. The results confirm previous findings; they also show that the type of target or task has little influence. For low-frequency sinusoids that contain up to about 3 cycles, the threshold contrast is determined by the number of cycles. For high-number-of-cycles targets with spatial frequencies above 6-10 cycles per degree, visibility is predominantly dependent on the spatial frequency. The results suggest that the low-frequency decrease in reported MTF's is due to the decrease of the number of cycles used in determining them.", "contents": "Visibility of low-spatial-frequency sine-wave targets: Dependence on number of cycles. The number of cycles in a low-frequency sinusoidal display is a crucial variable in determining the visibility of the display. In particular, the threshold contrast is essentially independent of spatial frequency for these displays. We have extended the above experiments, using more cycles and a variety of targets and observer tasks. The results confirm previous findings; they also show that the type of target or task has little influence. For low-frequency sinusoids that contain up to about 3 cycles, the threshold contrast is determined by the number of cycles. For high-number-of-cycles targets with spatial frequencies above 6-10 cycles per degree, visibility is predominantly dependent on the spatial frequency. The results suggest that the low-frequency decrease in reported MTF's is due to the decrease of the number of cycles used in determining them.", "PMID": 1123690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8167", "title": "Follow-up studies of long term survivors after hepatic portoenterostomy for \"noncorrectible\" biliary atresia.", "content": "Fourteen patients with \"noncorrectable\" biliary atresia are living without jaundice for more than 2 yr after hepatic portoenterostomy or its modification. Retardation of physical growth was observed in one of them, and mental retardation in another, both of which seemed irrelevant to biliary atresia. Serial tests for liver function after operation revealed early recovery of serum bilirubin, transminase, and turbidity, and delayed improvement of alkaline phosphatase. Postoperative needle biopsy of the liver disclosed that changes in hepatic parenchyma and ductular proliferation were rapidly improved after successful operation. Improvement of fibrosis of the liver was delayed, and it was not satisfactory in patients whose preoperative changes in the liver were severe or in whom ascending cholangitis had been a frequent complication. Histologic features of hepatic cirrhosis were observed in the liver in three cases, in two of which there had been frequent episodes of cholangitis. Only one of these showed clinical signs of portal hypertension. Functional and morphologic cure can be achieved in \"noncorrectable\" biliary atresia by hepatic portoenterostomy or its modifications, although varying degree of hepatic fibrosis may remain according to severity of preoperative changes of the liver and postoperative complication of ascending cholangitis.", "contents": "Follow-up studies of long term survivors after hepatic portoenterostomy for \"noncorrectible\" biliary atresia. Fourteen patients with \"noncorrectable\" biliary atresia are living without jaundice for more than 2 yr after hepatic portoenterostomy or its modification. Retardation of physical growth was observed in one of them, and mental retardation in another, both of which seemed irrelevant to biliary atresia. Serial tests for liver function after operation revealed early recovery of serum bilirubin, transminase, and turbidity, and delayed improvement of alkaline phosphatase. Postoperative needle biopsy of the liver disclosed that changes in hepatic parenchyma and ductular proliferation were rapidly improved after successful operation. Improvement of fibrosis of the liver was delayed, and it was not satisfactory in patients whose preoperative changes in the liver were severe or in whom ascending cholangitis had been a frequent complication. Histologic features of hepatic cirrhosis were observed in the liver in three cases, in two of which there had been frequent episodes of cholangitis. Only one of these showed clinical signs of portal hypertension. Functional and morphologic cure can be achieved in \"noncorrectable\" biliary atresia by hepatic portoenterostomy or its modifications, although varying degree of hepatic fibrosis may remain according to severity of preoperative changes of the liver and postoperative complication of ascending cholangitis.", "PMID": 1123698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8168", "title": "Sacrococcygeal teratoma: a 33-year experience.", "content": "During the years 1941 through 1973, 48 patients, 16 males and 32 females, with sacrococcygeal teratoma were seen at the Childrens Hospital of Los Angeles. Forty-four patients have been followed, three are lost to follow-up, and one patient died 2 wk after excision of teratoma. Of the 44 patients with follow-up, 26 had teratoma with mature tissues only, all these patients are living. Six patients had tumor containing mature and embryonic tissues. Of these, five are living and one died with metastases of malignant teratoma 1 yr after excision of the primary tumor. Of the remaining 12 patients, 11 have died during the first 4 yr of life due to malignant teratoma and only one is living without recurrence 15 yr after excision of teratoma containing frankly neoplastic tissues. Recurrence  and/or metastasis of malignant sacrococcygeal teratoma was lethal in all instances.", "contents": "Sacrococcygeal teratoma: a 33-year experience. During the years 1941 through 1973, 48 patients, 16 males and 32 females, with sacrococcygeal teratoma were seen at the Childrens Hospital of Los Angeles. Forty-four patients have been followed, three are lost to follow-up, and one patient died 2 wk after excision of teratoma. Of the 44 patients with follow-up, 26 had teratoma with mature tissues only, all these patients are living. Six patients had tumor containing mature and embryonic tissues. Of these, five are living and one died with metastases of malignant teratoma 1 yr after excision of the primary tumor. Of the remaining 12 patients, 11 have died during the first 4 yr of life due to malignant teratoma and only one is living without recurrence 15 yr after excision of teratoma containing frankly neoplastic tissues. Recurrence  and/or metastasis of malignant sacrococcygeal teratoma was lethal in all instances.", "PMID": 1123699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8169", "title": "Perforation of Meckel's diverticulum in infancy.", "content": "Nine infants underwent operations for perforation of a Meckel's diverticulum over a 21-yr period. All of the infants were acutely ill when initially seen by the surgical service. Lethargy, irritability, anorexia, fever, abdominal tenderness, and passage of blood in the stools were common clinical manifestations. The preoperative diagnosis of perforated Meckel's diverticulum was not made in any of the cases. Skilled preoperative and postoperative management is important for the survival of these infants. There was no mortality and minimal morbidity. In retrospect, the peptic etiology of perforation in this age group is a key to early recognition. The past history of most of the patients includes previous episodes of blood in the stools and episodic abdominal complaints.", "contents": "Perforation of Meckel's diverticulum in infancy. Nine infants underwent operations for perforation of a Meckel's diverticulum over a 21-yr period. All of the infants were acutely ill when initially seen by the surgical service. Lethargy, irritability, anorexia, fever, abdominal tenderness, and passage of blood in the stools were common clinical manifestations. The preoperative diagnosis of perforated Meckel's diverticulum was not made in any of the cases. Skilled preoperative and postoperative management is important for the survival of these infants. There was no mortality and minimal morbidity. In retrospect, the peptic etiology of perforation in this age group is a key to early recognition. The past history of most of the patients includes previous episodes of blood in the stools and episodic abdominal complaints.", "PMID": 1123700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8170", "title": "Major hepatic resections in children.", "content": "Twenty-three major hepatic resections in children are presented. An unusually low number of associated injuries is noted in the trauma group. There was one operative death and complications were limited to five patients. Biliary decompression was not employed. Complications did not include respiratory, renal, or hepatic failure. Gastrointestinal bleeding was not seen. Although debridement seems adequate for subsegmental injuries, anatomic lobectomy must be considered for more severe injuries involving multiple segments of a single lobe.", "contents": "Major hepatic resections in children. Twenty-three major hepatic resections in children are presented. An unusually low number of associated injuries is noted in the trauma group. There was one operative death and complications were limited to five patients. Biliary decompression was not employed. Complications did not include respiratory, renal, or hepatic failure. Gastrointestinal bleeding was not seen. Although debridement seems adequate for subsegmental injuries, anatomic lobectomy must be considered for more severe injuries involving multiple segments of a single lobe.", "PMID": 1123701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8171", "title": "Nasotracheal intubation in diphtheria.", "content": "Nasotracheal intubation can be used effectively for the relief of upper airway obstruction in diphtheria. It has many advantages over tracheostomy; it avoids an operation and it eases anxiety of the parents. Of 57 patients so treated, 50 recovered without injury to the larynx in any patient.", "contents": "Nasotracheal intubation in diphtheria. Nasotracheal intubation can be used effectively for the relief of upper airway obstruction in diphtheria. It has many advantages over tracheostomy; it avoids an operation and it eases anxiety of the parents. Of 57 patients so treated, 50 recovered without injury to the larynx in any patient.", "PMID": 1123702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8172", "title": "Bacteroides: a cause of residual abscess?", "content": "Bacteroides fragilis as a cause of residual abscess has not been previously demonstrated. This clinical and bacteriologic study of 54 consecutive cases of appendectomy in children suggests that if B. fragilis is found in the peritoneal fluid at the time of operation there is a strong possibility of residual abscess development. Special collection and culture methods are necessary to obtain positive cultures of this strictly anaerobic organism.", "contents": "Bacteroides: a cause of residual abscess? Bacteroides fragilis as a cause of residual abscess has not been previously demonstrated. This clinical and bacteriologic study of 54 consecutive cases of appendectomy in children suggests that if B. fragilis is found in the peritoneal fluid at the time of operation there is a strong possibility of residual abscess development. Special collection and culture methods are necessary to obtain positive cultures of this strictly anaerobic organism.", "PMID": 1123703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8173", "title": "The relationship of intestinal adhesions to infrared heating lamp exposure.", "content": "The incidence of postoperative intestinal adhesions and microscopic intestinal injury resulting from the use of overhead infrared heating lamps was studied in 45 rabbits. Exposure of intestine to infrared light for 2 hr or longer at a distance of 1-1/2 ft produced adhesions in 87% of the rabbits, whereas exposure to heat under the same conditions but at a distance of 3 ft resulted in adhesions in 37% of rabbits. The incidence and severity of adhesions correlated directly with the period of intestinal exposure to infrared heat. No histologic evidence of intestinal injury was apparent in intestine exposed to infrared heat under the conditions of this study.", "contents": "The relationship of intestinal adhesions to infrared heating lamp exposure. The incidence of postoperative intestinal adhesions and microscopic intestinal injury resulting from the use of overhead infrared heating lamps was studied in 45 rabbits. Exposure of intestine to infrared light for 2 hr or longer at a distance of 1-1/2 ft produced adhesions in 87% of the rabbits, whereas exposure to heat under the same conditions but at a distance of 3 ft resulted in adhesions in 37% of rabbits. The incidence and severity of adhesions correlated directly with the period of intestinal exposure to infrared heat. No histologic evidence of intestinal injury was apparent in intestine exposed to infrared heat under the conditions of this study.", "PMID": 1123705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8174", "title": "Agenesis of the dorsal mesentery without jejunoilial atresia (\"apple peel small bowel\").", "content": "Agenesis of the dorsal mesentery with apple peel or Christmas tree deformity but without small-bowel atresia can occur beyond the neonatal period. The recognition of this entity is imperative as it is also associated with a marginal artery which may be the only blood supply to the majority of small bowel. Preservation of this vessel is necessary to avoid catastrophic bowel death.", "contents": "Agenesis of the dorsal mesentery without jejunoilial atresia (\"apple peel small bowel\"). Agenesis of the dorsal mesentery with apple peel or Christmas tree deformity but without small-bowel atresia can occur beyond the neonatal period. The recognition of this entity is imperative as it is also associated with a marginal artery which may be the only blood supply to the majority of small bowel. Preservation of this vessel is necessary to avoid catastrophic bowel death.", "PMID": 1123708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8175", "title": "Moral judgment in sociopathic and normal children.", "content": "Mental age- and IQ-matched normal and sociopathic children were administered Kohlberg's moral development interview and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children. The results revealed that level of moral reasoning was higher for normal than for sociopathic children at both mental age levels. Within each group, high-mental-age children tended to have higher moral judgment scores than low-mental-age children, suggesting the presence of a general cognitive factor underlying moral development. The poorer performance of the sociopathic children was interpreted as supporting the formulation that sociopathy is related to an arrest in moral development. Discussion focused on the relative lack of opportunities for role-taking and identification in the families of sociopathic children.", "contents": "Moral judgment in sociopathic and normal children. Mental age- and IQ-matched normal and sociopathic children were administered Kohlberg's moral development interview and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children. The results revealed that level of moral reasoning was higher for normal than for sociopathic children at both mental age levels. Within each group, high-mental-age children tended to have higher moral judgment scores than low-mental-age children, suggesting the presence of a general cognitive factor underlying moral development. The poorer performance of the sociopathic children was interpreted as supporting the formulation that sociopathy is related to an arrest in moral development. Discussion focused on the relative lack of opportunities for role-taking and identification in the families of sociopathic children.", "PMID": 1123711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8176", "title": "Endorsement of formal leaders: an integrative model.", "content": "This experiment develops an integrative, path-analytic model for the endorsement accorded formal leaders. The model contains four independent variables reflecting aspects of group structure (i.e., group success-failure, the payoff distribution, the degree of support by others members for the leader, and the vulnerability of the leader). Also included are two intervening variables reflecting perceptual processes (attributed competence and attributed fairness), and one dependent variable endorsement). The results indicate that endorsement is greater when the group's success is high, when the payoff distribution is flat rather than hierarchial, and when the leader is not vulnerable to removal from office. Other support had no significant impact on endorsement. Analyses further demonstrate that the effect of success-failure on endorsement is mediated by attributed competence, while the effect of the payoff distributed is mediated by attributed fairness. These results suggest that moral and task evaluations are distinct bases of endorsement.", "contents": "Endorsement of formal leaders: an integrative model. This experiment develops an integrative, path-analytic model for the endorsement accorded formal leaders. The model contains four independent variables reflecting aspects of group structure (i.e., group success-failure, the payoff distribution, the degree of support by others members for the leader, and the vulnerability of the leader). Also included are two intervening variables reflecting perceptual processes (attributed competence and attributed fairness), and one dependent variable endorsement). The results indicate that endorsement is greater when the group's success is high, when the payoff distribution is flat rather than hierarchial, and when the leader is not vulnerable to removal from office. Other support had no significant impact on endorsement. Analyses further demonstrate that the effect of success-failure on endorsement is mediated by attributed competence, while the effect of the payoff distributed is mediated by attributed fairness. These results suggest that moral and task evaluations are distinct bases of endorsement.", "PMID": 1123712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8177", "title": "Physical attractiveness, social relations, and personality style.", "content": "The relationship between physical attractiveness, social contact with members of the same and opposite sex, and personality factors was determined. Sixty male and 60 female university freshmen who were rejected, accepted, or unknown to their same-sex peers served as subjects. A reliable rating of physical attractiveness by independent judges showed that rejected subjects were most attractive, accepted subjects were next most attractive and unknown subjects were least attractive. There was a positive relationship between physical attractiveness and dating for females, but not for males. A factor analysis of subjects' personality inventory scores and subsequent analyses of variance of personality factors by sociometric groups showed that rejected subjects of both sexes were independent, achieving, and ambitious; accepted subjects were affiliative and affectionate; and isolated subjects were emotionally constricted, defensive, and withdrawn.", "contents": "Physical attractiveness, social relations, and personality style. The relationship between physical attractiveness, social contact with members of the same and opposite sex, and personality factors was determined. Sixty male and 60 female university freshmen who were rejected, accepted, or unknown to their same-sex peers served as subjects. A reliable rating of physical attractiveness by independent judges showed that rejected subjects were most attractive, accepted subjects were next most attractive and unknown subjects were least attractive. There was a positive relationship between physical attractiveness and dating for females, but not for males. A factor analysis of subjects' personality inventory scores and subsequent analyses of variance of personality factors by sociometric groups showed that rejected subjects of both sexes were independent, achieving, and ambitious; accepted subjects were affiliative and affectionate; and isolated subjects were emotionally constricted, defensive, and withdrawn.", "PMID": 1123713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8178", "title": "Comparison of social judgments of creativity and intelligence.", "content": "Social judgment of creativity and intelligence was investigated by having subjects give trait ratings for stimulus profiles of actual art students based on abilities information alone, based on personality information alone, based on biographical information alone, and finally, based on the total set of all three types of cue information. Regression equations differed depending upon whether intelligence or creativity judgments were being predicted. For all types of information, there was a significant amount of variation unique to creativity judgments which could not be accounted for by intelligence judgments, and vice versa. However, the proposition of variation unique to each type of trait judgment was smallest when subjects had only abilities information available and was approximately four times larger when judgments were based on the total set of three types of cue information. Implications of this finding for the study of creativity are discussed.", "contents": "Comparison of social judgments of creativity and intelligence. Social judgment of creativity and intelligence was investigated by having subjects give trait ratings for stimulus profiles of actual art students based on abilities information alone, based on personality information alone, based on biographical information alone, and finally, based on the total set of all three types of cue information. Regression equations differed depending upon whether intelligence or creativity judgments were being predicted. For all types of information, there was a significant amount of variation unique to creativity judgments which could not be accounted for by intelligence judgments, and vice versa. However, the proposition of variation unique to each type of trait judgment was smallest when subjects had only abilities information available and was approximately four times larger when judgments were based on the total set of three types of cue information. Implications of this finding for the study of creativity are discussed.", "PMID": 1123714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8179", "title": "Do people have inflated views of their own ability.", "content": "An experiment tested a need-for-self-esteem notion that people inflate self-appraisals of ability, deny criticism, and overrespond to praise. Actors and bystanders rated actors' performances on a nonobjective task after hearing the performance praised or criticized or before hearing it evaluated. No evidence of self-enhancement was found; to the contrary, actors compared to bystanders rated themselves harshly, lowered their ratings after criticism equally, and showed relief after praise. A second experiment compared actor and bystander ratings of actors who expected evaluation of their performances or who expected no evaluation. Results suggested self-derogation by actors as a defense against possible loss of self-esteem.", "contents": "Do people have inflated views of their own ability. An experiment tested a need-for-self-esteem notion that people inflate self-appraisals of ability, deny criticism, and overrespond to praise. Actors and bystanders rated actors' performances on a nonobjective task after hearing the performance praised or criticized or before hearing it evaluated. No evidence of self-enhancement was found; to the contrary, actors compared to bystanders rated themselves harshly, lowered their ratings after criticism equally, and showed relief after praise. A second experiment compared actor and bystander ratings of actors who expected evaluation of their performances or who expected no evaluation. Results suggested self-derogation by actors as a defense against possible loss of self-esteem.", "PMID": 1123715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8180", "title": "Effects of altered responsibility, congnitive set, and modeling on physical aggression and deindividuation.", "content": "This laboratory investigation using 64 college students as subjects assessed the role of three disinhibiting variables in producing both physical aggression and an internal state of deindividuation. Altered responsibility, congnitive set, and modeling were manipulated in a factorial design, and all three variables significantly increased physical aggression. No interaction produced significant results. The increase due to altered responsibility and varying cognitions supports Zimbardo's theory of deindividuation which relates certain input variables to wild, impulsive behavior. Questionnaire data indicated that the increase in aggression was not accompanied by internal mediational factors such as reduced self-awareness. It appears that disinhibiting forces may produce increases in antisocial behavior without necessarily producing a deindividuated internal state.", "contents": "Effects of altered responsibility, congnitive set, and modeling on physical aggression and deindividuation. This laboratory investigation using 64 college students as subjects assessed the role of three disinhibiting variables in producing both physical aggression and an internal state of deindividuation. Altered responsibility, congnitive set, and modeling were manipulated in a factorial design, and all three variables significantly increased physical aggression. No interaction produced significant results. The increase due to altered responsibility and varying cognitions supports Zimbardo's theory of deindividuation which relates certain input variables to wild, impulsive behavior. Questionnaire data indicated that the increase in aggression was not accompanied by internal mediational factors such as reduced self-awareness. It appears that disinhibiting forces may produce increases in antisocial behavior without necessarily producing a deindividuated internal state.", "PMID": 1123716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8181", "title": "Leader effectiveness and leadership conferral as determinants of helping in a medical emergency.", "content": "This study investigated the contribution of an individual's qualification for discussion group leadership (LGD) and the method of leadership conferral, election versus appointment, upon his group's response to a medical emergency. Five-person, face-to-face groups with high LGD leaders responded more frequently and more rapidly to a confederate member's diabetic reaction than did groups with low LGD leaders. Low LGD leaders were frequently overthrown, while groups with high LGD leaders experienced continuity of leadership. Conferral process had no discernible effect on helping or overthrows. It was concluded that a victim is the more fortunate if his group's leader is assertive.", "contents": "Leader effectiveness and leadership conferral as determinants of helping in a medical emergency. This study investigated the contribution of an individual's qualification for discussion group leadership (LGD) and the method of leadership conferral, election versus appointment, upon his group's response to a medical emergency. Five-person, face-to-face groups with high LGD leaders responded more frequently and more rapidly to a confederate member's diabetic reaction than did groups with low LGD leaders. Low LGD leaders were frequently overthrown, while groups with high LGD leaders experienced continuity of leadership. Conferral process had no discernible effect on helping or overthrows. It was concluded that a victim is the more fortunate if his group's leader is assertive.", "PMID": 1123717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8182", "title": "The antiarrhythmic and antifibrillatory actions of bretylium and its o-iodobenzyl trimethylammonium analog, UM-360.", "content": "The antiarrhythmic, adrenergic-stimulating and blocking properties of bretylium and a structural analog UM-360, o-iodobenzyl trimethylammonium chloride, were studied in the anesthetized dog. Bretylium produced an initial sympathomimetic effect with a subsequent blockade of cardiac responses to sympathetic nerve stimulation. Bretylium was observed to produce an antifibrillatory effect when the vulnerability to fibrillation was measured as the current required to evoke ventricular fibrillation (ventricular fibrillation threshold) or the spontaneous development of ventricular fibrillation in response to a one-stage occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery for 20 minutes followed by release. In animals intoxicated with ouabain, however, bretylium was not effective in reversing the ventricular tachycardia. UM-360, in contrast to bretylium, did not produce adrenergic stimulation or blockade of sympathetic neuronal activity. UM-360, however, produced a marked antifibrillatory effect by increasing the electrical threshold to ventricular fibrillation and reducing the incidence of ventricular fibrillation in response to coronary artery occlusion. The results of this study suggest that the quaternary ammonium structure, as possessed by bretylium and UM-360, may be of significance with respect to the antiarrhythmic and antifibrillatory effects of these agents.", "contents": "The antiarrhythmic and antifibrillatory actions of bretylium and its o-iodobenzyl trimethylammonium analog, UM-360. The antiarrhythmic, adrenergic-stimulating and blocking properties of bretylium and a structural analog UM-360, o-iodobenzyl trimethylammonium chloride, were studied in the anesthetized dog. Bretylium produced an initial sympathomimetic effect with a subsequent blockade of cardiac responses to sympathetic nerve stimulation. Bretylium was observed to produce an antifibrillatory effect when the vulnerability to fibrillation was measured as the current required to evoke ventricular fibrillation (ventricular fibrillation threshold) or the spontaneous development of ventricular fibrillation in response to a one-stage occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery for 20 minutes followed by release. In animals intoxicated with ouabain, however, bretylium was not effective in reversing the ventricular tachycardia. UM-360, in contrast to bretylium, did not produce adrenergic stimulation or blockade of sympathetic neuronal activity. UM-360, however, produced a marked antifibrillatory effect by increasing the electrical threshold to ventricular fibrillation and reducing the incidence of ventricular fibrillation in response to coronary artery occlusion. The results of this study suggest that the quaternary ammonium structure, as possessed by bretylium and UM-360, may be of significance with respect to the antiarrhythmic and antifibrillatory effects of these agents.", "PMID": 1123718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8183", "title": "The correlation between spontaneous contractions and postjunctional supersensitivity of the smooth muscle of the rat vas deferens.", "content": "Chronic postganglionic denervation of the rate vas deferens produces an increase in the sensitivity of the in vitro smooth muscle to norepinephrine, methoxamine, acetylcholine, potassium and electrical stimulation. The maximal contractile response to norepinephrine and acetylcholine is increased but the maximal response to potassium or electrical stimulation is not affected. In addition, the vas deferens becomes spontaneously active after denervation. The spontaneous contractions are not prevented by tetrodotoxin, phentolamine or atropine. The appearance and magnitude of the spontaneous contractions are temporally correlated with the development of postjunctional supersensitivity. At a given time after denervation there is a significant correlation between the magnitude of the spontaneous contractions and the sensitivity to norepinephrine, i.e., the sensitivity to norepinephrine being greatest in those tissues with the largest spontaneous contractions. There is an inverse relationship between the magnitude of the spontaneous contractions and the endogenous norepinephrine concentration. Pretreatment of rats with reserpine (1. 0 mg/kg/day for 5-7 days) results in supersensitivity of the vas deferens ,o norepinephrine and acetylcholine. Those tissues obtained from reserpine-pretreated rats which are supersensitive are also spontaneously active. It is concluded that the -ppearance of spontaneous contractions in the rat vas deferens is an index of postjunctional supersensitivity.", "contents": "The correlation between spontaneous contractions and postjunctional supersensitivity of the smooth muscle of the rat vas deferens. Chronic postganglionic denervation of the rate vas deferens produces an increase in the sensitivity of the in vitro smooth muscle to norepinephrine, methoxamine, acetylcholine, potassium and electrical stimulation. The maximal contractile response to norepinephrine and acetylcholine is increased but the maximal response to potassium or electrical stimulation is not affected. In addition, the vas deferens becomes spontaneously active after denervation. The spontaneous contractions are not prevented by tetrodotoxin, phentolamine or atropine. The appearance and magnitude of the spontaneous contractions are temporally correlated with the development of postjunctional supersensitivity. At a given time after denervation there is a significant correlation between the magnitude of the spontaneous contractions and the sensitivity to norepinephrine, i.e., the sensitivity to norepinephrine being greatest in those tissues with the largest spontaneous contractions. There is an inverse relationship between the magnitude of the spontaneous contractions and the endogenous norepinephrine concentration. Pretreatment of rats with reserpine (1. 0 mg/kg/day for 5-7 days) results in supersensitivity of the vas deferens ,o norepinephrine and acetylcholine. Those tissues obtained from reserpine-pretreated rats which are supersensitive are also spontaneously active. It is concluded that the -ppearance of spontaneous contractions in the rat vas deferens is an index of postjunctional supersensitivity.", "PMID": 1123719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8184", "title": "Inhibition of brain catecholamine synthesis and release of prolactin and luteinizing hormone in the ovariectomized rat.", "content": "The effects of alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine (alpha-MT) on brain catecholamine synthesis and plasma prolactin and luteinizing hormone levels were determined in ovariectomized rats to ascertain whether the release of either hormone from the anterior pituitary is dependent on the release of newly synthesized dopamine and norepinephrine. Doses of alpha-MT ranging from 3.15 to 25 mg/kg were administered via a carotid cannula to unrestrained ovariectomized rats. Within 10 minutes, alpha-MT caused a significant dose-related increase in plasma concentrations of prolactin which became maximal 20 to 25 minutes after the injection. Plasma levels of luteinizing hormone were not affected. Alpha-MT caused a dose-related decrease in the accumulation of 3-H-norepinephrine and 3-H-dopamine in the brain after the administration of 3-H-tyrosine. The time course of the inhibition of catecholamine synthesis closely paralleled the increase in plasma prolactin concentration. Alpha-MT had no effect on endogenous catecholamines. The results suggest that catecholamine-containing neurons exert a tonic inhibitory influence on the release of prolactin in ovariectomized rats.", "contents": "Inhibition of brain catecholamine synthesis and release of prolactin and luteinizing hormone in the ovariectomized rat. The effects of alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine (alpha-MT) on brain catecholamine synthesis and plasma prolactin and luteinizing hormone levels were determined in ovariectomized rats to ascertain whether the release of either hormone from the anterior pituitary is dependent on the release of newly synthesized dopamine and norepinephrine. Doses of alpha-MT ranging from 3.15 to 25 mg/kg were administered via a carotid cannula to unrestrained ovariectomized rats. Within 10 minutes, alpha-MT caused a significant dose-related increase in plasma concentrations of prolactin which became maximal 20 to 25 minutes after the injection. Plasma levels of luteinizing hormone were not affected. Alpha-MT caused a dose-related decrease in the accumulation of 3-H-norepinephrine and 3-H-dopamine in the brain after the administration of 3-H-tyrosine. The time course of the inhibition of catecholamine synthesis closely paralleled the increase in plasma prolactin concentration. Alpha-MT had no effect on endogenous catecholamines. The results suggest that catecholamine-containing neurons exert a tonic inhibitory influence on the release of prolactin in ovariectomized rats.", "PMID": 1123720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8185", "title": "A sensitive method for the comparative bioassay of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory compounds in adjuvant-induced primary inflammation in the rat.", "content": "A method for the comparative bioassay of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents is presented which exploits the early inflammation induced by injection of adjuvant into the plantar surface of a hind paw of the rat. The inflammation reaches a peak on the 4th postinjection day. Daily treatment with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents reduces paw volumes and the associated impairment of body growth with optimal improvement on the 4th postinjection day. In this model, phenylbutazone has shown significant activity at doses as low at 1.33 mg/kg/day. Statistically valid comparative assays conducted at dose levels equivalent to or below those used in human therapy yield potency ratios with relatively narrow confidence limits. Potencies relative to phenylbutazone for inhibiting primary adjuvant-induced inflammation are: aminopyrine, 0.066 (0.36-0.11)95%; aspirin, 0.087 (0.039-0.19)95%; mefenamic acid, 0.98 (0.64-1.6)95%; flufenamic acid, 13 (7.4-26)95%; meclofenamic acid, 23(16-33)95%; and indomethacin, 53 (35-82) 95%. Ancillary and sometimes quantitative information is also provided by the improvement in well being of the animals as reflected in body weight changes with treatment.", "contents": "A sensitive method for the comparative bioassay of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory compounds in adjuvant-induced primary inflammation in the rat. A method for the comparative bioassay of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents is presented which exploits the early inflammation induced by injection of adjuvant into the plantar surface of a hind paw of the rat. The inflammation reaches a peak on the 4th postinjection day. Daily treatment with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents reduces paw volumes and the associated impairment of body growth with optimal improvement on the 4th postinjection day. In this model, phenylbutazone has shown significant activity at doses as low at 1.33 mg/kg/day. Statistically valid comparative assays conducted at dose levels equivalent to or below those used in human therapy yield potency ratios with relatively narrow confidence limits. Potencies relative to phenylbutazone for inhibiting primary adjuvant-induced inflammation are: aminopyrine, 0.066 (0.36-0.11)95%; aspirin, 0.087 (0.039-0.19)95%; mefenamic acid, 0.98 (0.64-1.6)95%; flufenamic acid, 13 (7.4-26)95%; meclofenamic acid, 23(16-33)95%; and indomethacin, 53 (35-82) 95%. Ancillary and sometimes quantitative information is also provided by the improvement in well being of the animals as reflected in body weight changes with treatment.", "PMID": 1123721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8186", "title": "Comparative activities, tolerances and safety of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents in rats.", "content": "Relative anti-inflammatory potencies of aspirin, phenylbutazone, indomethacin, three fenamates and several other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents were obtained in several laboratory models of acute and chronic inflammation. Relative toxicities and ulcerogenicities were determined in rats of the same source, strain and sex. The acute ulcerogenic assay measures the minimal irritation potential of these agents and leads to a sensitive index of the safety of such compounds when compared with their therapeutic potencies. By these criteria, meclofenamic acid is a highly potent, acceptably safe and exceptionally well tolerated anti-inflammatory-antipyretic agent in rats when compared with other such drugs.", "contents": "Comparative activities, tolerances and safety of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents in rats. Relative anti-inflammatory potencies of aspirin, phenylbutazone, indomethacin, three fenamates and several other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents were obtained in several laboratory models of acute and chronic inflammation. Relative toxicities and ulcerogenicities were determined in rats of the same source, strain and sex. The acute ulcerogenic assay measures the minimal irritation potential of these agents and leads to a sensitive index of the safety of such compounds when compared with their therapeutic potencies. By these criteria, meclofenamic acid is a highly potent, acceptably safe and exceptionally well tolerated anti-inflammatory-antipyretic agent in rats when compared with other such drugs.", "PMID": 1123722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8187", "title": "Thiol adducts of ethacrynic acid: a correlation of the rate of liberation of ethacrynic acid with the onset and magnitude of the diuretic response.", "content": "It is thought that a derivative of ethacrynic acid (EA) must possess an intact alpha, beta-unsaturated ketone group in order to be capable of eliciting a diuretic response. The 2,3-dimercapto-1-propanol and the cysteine adducts of ethacrynic acid lack such a functional group and still have diuretic activity, especially the cysteine adduct. An in vitro study showed that various thiol adducts of EA liberate EA and the accompanying thiol at a rate that is primarily dependent on the nature of the functional groups present in the thiol portion of the adduct. When the thiol adducts of EA were injected into dogs, the cysteine and mercaptoethylamine hydrochloride adducts which rapidly release EA under specific in vitro conditions were as effective as EA in producing a diuretic response. The onset of action was also similar to that of EA. The thiosalicylic acid adduct of EA releases the accompanying thiol at an intermediate rate in vitro and was less effective than EA in a small dose (3.3 mumol/kg) and the peak response to it was slower to develop. Other adducts that release EA and the accompanying thiol slowly in vitro either produce a very weak response which takes considerable time to develop or are completely devoid of diuretic activity. Thus, the onset and magnitude of the diuretic response produced by various thiol adducts of EA (with the possible exception of the cysteine adduct) are governed primarily by the rate of in vivo release of EA.", "contents": "Thiol adducts of ethacrynic acid: a correlation of the rate of liberation of ethacrynic acid with the onset and magnitude of the diuretic response. It is thought that a derivative of ethacrynic acid (EA) must possess an intact alpha, beta-unsaturated ketone group in order to be capable of eliciting a diuretic response. The 2,3-dimercapto-1-propanol and the cysteine adducts of ethacrynic acid lack such a functional group and still have diuretic activity, especially the cysteine adduct. An in vitro study showed that various thiol adducts of EA liberate EA and the accompanying thiol at a rate that is primarily dependent on the nature of the functional groups present in the thiol portion of the adduct. When the thiol adducts of EA were injected into dogs, the cysteine and mercaptoethylamine hydrochloride adducts which rapidly release EA under specific in vitro conditions were as effective as EA in producing a diuretic response. The onset of action was also similar to that of EA. The thiosalicylic acid adduct of EA releases the accompanying thiol at an intermediate rate in vitro and was less effective than EA in a small dose (3.3 mumol/kg) and the peak response to it was slower to develop. Other adducts that release EA and the accompanying thiol slowly in vitro either produce a very weak response which takes considerable time to develop or are completely devoid of diuretic activity. Thus, the onset and magnitude of the diuretic response produced by various thiol adducts of EA (with the possible exception of the cysteine adduct) are governed primarily by the rate of in vivo release of EA.", "PMID": 1123723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8188", "title": "Plasma testosterone levels in heroin addiction and during methadone maintenance.", "content": "Heroin use was consistently associated with low plasma testosterone levels in narcotic addicts. Heroin addicts maintained on high dosage methadone (80-150 mg/day) also had depressed testosterone levels. Patients on low dosage methadone maintenance (10-60 mg/day) had testosterone levels which were not significant;y different from normal adult male controls. An inverse relationship between methadone dosage and plasma testosterone occurred during methadone detoxification. These findings indicate that heroin and methadone alter male androgen levels with possible derivative effects upon sexual and aggressive behaviors.", "contents": "Plasma testosterone levels in heroin addiction and during methadone maintenance. Heroin use was consistently associated with low plasma testosterone levels in narcotic addicts. Heroin addicts maintained on high dosage methadone (80-150 mg/day) also had depressed testosterone levels. Patients on low dosage methadone maintenance (10-60 mg/day) had testosterone levels which were not significant;y different from normal adult male controls. An inverse relationship between methadone dosage and plasma testosterone occurred during methadone detoxification. These findings indicate that heroin and methadone alter male androgen levels with possible derivative effects upon sexual and aggressive behaviors.", "PMID": 1123724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8189", "title": "Pentaerythritol tetranitrate and metabolites in rat plasma.", "content": "Intact pentaerythritol (PE) tetranitrate and all seven of its metabolites were present in blood withdrawn from the hearts of rats dosed by gavage with 14-C-PE tetranitrate (10 mg/kg). The plasma half-life (T 1/2) of PE tetranitrate was 2 hours which is far longer than the rat T 1/2 values of all other organic nitrates in clinical use. PE trinitrate, the obligatory metabolite of PE tetranitrate now in clinical trial, establishes much higher plasma levels and has a longer T 1/2 (3 hours) than its parent drug. PE trinitrate glucuronide acts as a reservoir for its aglycone and remains in blood for 48 hours after PE tetranitrate administration.", "contents": "Pentaerythritol tetranitrate and metabolites in rat plasma. Intact pentaerythritol (PE) tetranitrate and all seven of its metabolites were present in blood withdrawn from the hearts of rats dosed by gavage with 14-C-PE tetranitrate (10 mg/kg). The plasma half-life (T 1/2) of PE tetranitrate was 2 hours which is far longer than the rat T 1/2 values of all other organic nitrates in clinical use. PE trinitrate, the obligatory metabolite of PE tetranitrate now in clinical trial, establishes much higher plasma levels and has a longer T 1/2 (3 hours) than its parent drug. PE trinitrate glucuronide acts as a reservoir for its aglycone and remains in blood for 48 hours after PE tetranitrate administration.", "PMID": 1123725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8190", "title": "Long-term effects of p-chloroamphetamine and related drugs on central serotonergic mechanisms.", "content": "Earlier studies from our laboratory have demonstrated a marked reduction in the brain level of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and in the activity of tryptophan hydroxylase which persists for several weeks after a single dose of 10 mg/kg of p-chloroamphetamine (PCA). In the present study, equally long-lasting decreases were found after the administration of 5 mg/kg of PCA. p-Chloromethamphetamine also caused long-lasting reductions in the level of 5-HT and the activity of tryptophan hydroxylase in brain, whereas the effects of fenfluramine had disappeared 2 weeks after injection. The ability of brain synaptosomes to take up 5-HT was markedly reduced following doses of 2, 5 and 10 mg/kg of PCA. The in vitro addition of PCA to synaptosomal fractions markedly reduced the uptake of dopamine and norepinephrine; however, only a 30% reduction in the uptake of these amines was found in synaptosomes prepared from brains of rats treated with PCA. The effects on catecholamine uptake disappeared within 1 day after injection. In contrast, the time course of recovery of the synaptosomal uptake capacity for 5-HT followed a pattern similar to that found for the recovery of the level of 5-HT and the activity of tryptophan hydroxylase, with a 50% reduction still present 3 months after the injection of 10 mg/kg of PCA. The greatest reductions of 5-HT, tryptophan hydroxylase activity and synaptosomal uptake were found in the midbrain, hippocampus and striatum with less pronounced effects in the hypothalamus, medulla-pons and spinal cord. At both 1 and 14 days after injection of 5 and 7.5 mg/kg of PCA, tryptophan hydroxylase activity in whole brain was reduced by 50% or more; however, 4 days after treatment the activity of the enzyme was reduced only slightly or not at all. The results indicate that different independent mechanisms are responsible for the initial, reversible and the prolonged, irreversible effects of PCA on serotonergic neurons.", "contents": "Long-term effects of p-chloroamphetamine and related drugs on central serotonergic mechanisms. Earlier studies from our laboratory have demonstrated a marked reduction in the brain level of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and in the activity of tryptophan hydroxylase which persists for several weeks after a single dose of 10 mg/kg of p-chloroamphetamine (PCA). In the present study, equally long-lasting decreases were found after the administration of 5 mg/kg of PCA. p-Chloromethamphetamine also caused long-lasting reductions in the level of 5-HT and the activity of tryptophan hydroxylase in brain, whereas the effects of fenfluramine had disappeared 2 weeks after injection. The ability of brain synaptosomes to take up 5-HT was markedly reduced following doses of 2, 5 and 10 mg/kg of PCA. The in vitro addition of PCA to synaptosomal fractions markedly reduced the uptake of dopamine and norepinephrine; however, only a 30% reduction in the uptake of these amines was found in synaptosomes prepared from brains of rats treated with PCA. The effects on catecholamine uptake disappeared within 1 day after injection. In contrast, the time course of recovery of the synaptosomal uptake capacity for 5-HT followed a pattern similar to that found for the recovery of the level of 5-HT and the activity of tryptophan hydroxylase, with a 50% reduction still present 3 months after the injection of 10 mg/kg of PCA. The greatest reductions of 5-HT, tryptophan hydroxylase activity and synaptosomal uptake were found in the midbrain, hippocampus and striatum with less pronounced effects in the hypothalamus, medulla-pons and spinal cord. At both 1 and 14 days after injection of 5 and 7.5 mg/kg of PCA, tryptophan hydroxylase activity in whole brain was reduced by 50% or more; however, 4 days after treatment the activity of the enzyme was reduced only slightly or not at all. The results indicate that different independent mechanisms are responsible for the initial, reversible and the prolonged, irreversible effects of PCA on serotonergic neurons.", "PMID": 1123726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8191", "title": "Comparative studies of substrates and inhibitors of choline transport and choline acetyltransferase.", "content": "Analogs of choline and three hemicholinium derivatives were studied as substrates for choline acetyltransferase (ChAc) and as substrates or inhibitors of the high-affinity choline transport system in rat brain synaptosomes. Hemicholiniums-3 and -15, but not terphenylhemicholinium-3, were substrates of ChAc. All three inhibit the high-affinity choline transport system, with I50 values of 0.08, 8.0 and 0.08 muM, respectively. Simple choline analogs with substituents on the beta-carbon atom were found to be very poor substrates for ChAc. N-alkyl analogs, mono-, di- and triethyl choline and N-hydroxyethyl pyrrolidinium methiodide (pyrrolcholine), and DL-alpha-methyl choline are substrates for ChAc and also inhibit choline transport, with I50 values between 2 to 6 muM.[3-H] choline, [3-H] monoethycholine and [3-H] pyrrolcholine were transported into synaptosomes by the choline high affinity system and metabolized to acetyl derivatives. The results indicated that choline transport is the rate-limiting step in the biosynthesis of acetylcholine and provide the basis for the development of a group of cholinergic false transmitters.", "contents": "Comparative studies of substrates and inhibitors of choline transport and choline acetyltransferase. Analogs of choline and three hemicholinium derivatives were studied as substrates for choline acetyltransferase (ChAc) and as substrates or inhibitors of the high-affinity choline transport system in rat brain synaptosomes. Hemicholiniums-3 and -15, but not terphenylhemicholinium-3, were substrates of ChAc. All three inhibit the high-affinity choline transport system, with I50 values of 0.08, 8.0 and 0.08 muM, respectively. Simple choline analogs with substituents on the beta-carbon atom were found to be very poor substrates for ChAc. N-alkyl analogs, mono-, di- and triethyl choline and N-hydroxyethyl pyrrolidinium methiodide (pyrrolcholine), and DL-alpha-methyl choline are substrates for ChAc and also inhibit choline transport, with I50 values between 2 to 6 muM.[3-H] choline, [3-H] monoethycholine and [3-H] pyrrolcholine were transported into synaptosomes by the choline high affinity system and metabolized to acetyl derivatives. The results indicated that choline transport is the rate-limiting step in the biosynthesis of acetylcholine and provide the basis for the development of a group of cholinergic false transmitters.", "PMID": 1123727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8192", "title": "Histamine-stimulated hydrogen ion secretion by in vitro piglet gastric mucosa.", "content": "1. A new preparation of gastric mucosa isolated from new-born piglets is described. The piglet gastric mucosa was easily separated from the serosal muscle layers by a \"blistering\" technique which appeared to cause minimal trauma to the tissue and which allowed extended study in vitro in a suitable chamber. Normal resting p.d. was approximately minus 30 mV (mucosal side negative with respect to serosal side), resistance about 100 omega. cm-2 and H+ secretion was absent or occurred at very low rates (0-1mu-equiv/cm-2. hr). 2. Maximally stimulating doses of histamine (1-6 times 10-5 M) caused H+ secretion to increase (up to 15 muequiv/cm-2. hr), p.d. to increase and resistance to decrease. A close correlation was observed between the increase in H+ secretion and decrease in transmucosal resistance. The threshold dose of histamine appeared to be 10-8 M; concentrations 10-4 M and higher reduced H+ secretion somewhat. 3. Pentagastrin ( 10-9-10-7 M) and acetylcholine (10-7-10-5 M) did not significantly stimulate the piglet gastric mucosa. Pentagastrin concentrations above 4 times 10-6 M reversibly inhibited H+ secretion of histamine-stimulated mucosa. High concentrations of acetylcholine (above 4 times 10-4 M) did not affect histamine-stimulated H+ secretion, but a significant reduction in p.d. was observed. 4. This investigation demonstrates the utility of the piglet gastric mucosa for in vitro studies of the mechanism H+ secretion and the action of secretagogues. From a consideration of such factors as the thinness of tissue and ease of preparation it is suggested that neonatal animals may represent a good source of in vitro mammalian gastric tissue.", "contents": "Histamine-stimulated hydrogen ion secretion by in vitro piglet gastric mucosa. 1. A new preparation of gastric mucosa isolated from new-born piglets is described. The piglet gastric mucosa was easily separated from the serosal muscle layers by a \"blistering\" technique which appeared to cause minimal trauma to the tissue and which allowed extended study in vitro in a suitable chamber. Normal resting p.d. was approximately minus 30 mV (mucosal side negative with respect to serosal side), resistance about 100 omega. cm-2 and H+ secretion was absent or occurred at very low rates (0-1mu-equiv/cm-2. hr). 2. Maximally stimulating doses of histamine (1-6 times 10-5 M) caused H+ secretion to increase (up to 15 muequiv/cm-2. hr), p.d. to increase and resistance to decrease. A close correlation was observed between the increase in H+ secretion and decrease in transmucosal resistance. The threshold dose of histamine appeared to be 10-8 M; concentrations 10-4 M and higher reduced H+ secretion somewhat. 3. Pentagastrin ( 10-9-10-7 M) and acetylcholine (10-7-10-5 M) did not significantly stimulate the piglet gastric mucosa. Pentagastrin concentrations above 4 times 10-6 M reversibly inhibited H+ secretion of histamine-stimulated mucosa. High concentrations of acetylcholine (above 4 times 10-4 M) did not affect histamine-stimulated H+ secretion, but a significant reduction in p.d. was observed. 4. This investigation demonstrates the utility of the piglet gastric mucosa for in vitro studies of the mechanism H+ secretion and the action of secretagogues. From a consideration of such factors as the thinness of tissue and ease of preparation it is suggested that neonatal animals may represent a good source of in vitro mammalian gastric tissue.", "PMID": 1123738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8193", "title": "Changes in non-electrolyte permeability of alveoli and the absorption of lung liquid at the start of breathing in the lamb.", "content": "1. Experiments were done on mature foetal lambs, 135-145 days in gestation, exteriorized at Caesarean section, and on new-born lambs aged 12-60 hr. In the foetal lambs, test substances were added to lung liquid and then spontaneous ventilation was induced or the lungs were statically inflated with gas or saline. In the new-born lambs, the left lung was ventilated in order to maintain respiratory gas-exchange, while foetal lung liquid, taken from previous experiments and containing test substances, was introduced into the right lung, which was then inflated with gas and used for permeability measurements. In both foetuses and new-borns, the gas used was O2 or N2O and, at 20 min intervals, ventilation or static inflation was interrupted, the gas in the lungs absorbed into the circulation and the remaining liquid sampled through the trachea. The following test substances were used in various combinations: [14C]-erythritol, [3H]sucrose, [14C]inulin, [131I]albumin, and the polymer [131I]-PVP. The last of these was separated, after the experiments, by gel filtration with Sephadex G200 or G50, into fractions of defined molecular radius. [131I]albumin, or a large molecule fraction of [131I]PVP, was used as a volume marker. 2. Spontaneous ventilation was associated with the absorption of liquid and with an alteration in the foetal pattern of non-electrolyte permeability that could be characterized by postulating an opening up of water-filled cylindrical pores to 34-56 A in radium. In the new-born lambs, the results suggested pores 7-14 A in radius. 3. Static inflation of the foetal lungs with gas, to pressures of 25-35 cmH2O, gave permeabilities appropriate for pores 5-5-12 A in radius. Static inflation with gas, to pressures of 41-49 cmH2O, produced changes appropriate for much larger channels, more than 125 A in radius and possibly much larger. With one exception, expansion with saline produced changes similar to those obtained by gas inflation to 25-35 cmH20. 4. It was concluded that in the initial stages of pulmonary ventilation a change takes place in alveolar epithelial cells. The increase in size would be sufficient to allow for rapid liquid absorption, but is not so great as to permit significant penetration by plasma albumin. The results obtained in the lung of the new-born lamb statically inflated to 25-32 cmH2O suggest that, following the initial adaptation, alveolar permeability returns towards the foetal pattern, although the pores remain larger than in the foetus. The change in permeability pattern at birth appears to depend on the degree of lung expansion with gas.", "contents": "Changes in non-electrolyte permeability of alveoli and the absorption of lung liquid at the start of breathing in the lamb. 1. Experiments were done on mature foetal lambs, 135-145 days in gestation, exteriorized at Caesarean section, and on new-born lambs aged 12-60 hr. In the foetal lambs, test substances were added to lung liquid and then spontaneous ventilation was induced or the lungs were statically inflated with gas or saline. In the new-born lambs, the left lung was ventilated in order to maintain respiratory gas-exchange, while foetal lung liquid, taken from previous experiments and containing test substances, was introduced into the right lung, which was then inflated with gas and used for permeability measurements. In both foetuses and new-borns, the gas used was O2 or N2O and, at 20 min intervals, ventilation or static inflation was interrupted, the gas in the lungs absorbed into the circulation and the remaining liquid sampled through the trachea. The following test substances were used in various combinations: [14C]-erythritol, [3H]sucrose, [14C]inulin, [131I]albumin, and the polymer [131I]-PVP. The last of these was separated, after the experiments, by gel filtration with Sephadex G200 or G50, into fractions of defined molecular radius. [131I]albumin, or a large molecule fraction of [131I]PVP, was used as a volume marker. 2. Spontaneous ventilation was associated with the absorption of liquid and with an alteration in the foetal pattern of non-electrolyte permeability that could be characterized by postulating an opening up of water-filled cylindrical pores to 34-56 A in radium. In the new-born lambs, the results suggested pores 7-14 A in radius. 3. Static inflation of the foetal lungs with gas, to pressures of 25-35 cmH2O, gave permeabilities appropriate for pores 5-5-12 A in radius. Static inflation with gas, to pressures of 41-49 cmH2O, produced changes appropriate for much larger channels, more than 125 A in radius and possibly much larger. With one exception, expansion with saline produced changes similar to those obtained by gas inflation to 25-35 cmH20. 4. It was concluded that in the initial stages of pulmonary ventilation a change takes place in alveolar epithelial cells. The increase in size would be sufficient to allow for rapid liquid absorption, but is not so great as to permit significant penetration by plasma albumin. The results obtained in the lung of the new-born lamb statically inflated to 25-32 cmH2O suggest that, following the initial adaptation, alveolar permeability returns towards the foetal pattern, although the pores remain larger than in the foetus. The change in permeability pattern at birth appears to depend on the degree of lung expansion with gas.", "PMID": 1123740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8194", "title": "Monosynaptic connexions among Aplysia neurones examined by the intracellular application of tea.", "content": "1. Several assumptions underlying the use of intracellularly applied tetraethylammonium (TEA) for assessing monosynaptic connexions were evaluated in identified neurones of Aplysia. 2. In the R2 neurons, intrasomatic TEA application prolongs the duration of the intrasomatically recorded action potential. Subsequently, the action potential in the axon of R2, recorded extracellularly 4-7 mm from the soma, was also prolonged. 3. Intracellular application of TEA into the somata of the multi-action interneurone L10 enhances the duration of the L10 AP and results in larger and more prolonged post-synaptic potentials (p.s.p.s) recorded from neurones believed to be connected monosynaptically with L10. The action potential duration and wave form of p.s.p.s elicited by nerve stimulation in these same post-synaptic neurones were unaffected during the time L10-mediated p.s.p.s were potentiated. 4. Following TEA injection into L10 the p.s.p. recorded in neurone L7 changes wave form in a manner similar to that observed when L10 is tetanized. 5. It is concluded that TEA migrates from its intracellular site of application, does not leave the injected neurone in significant quantities, and alters the wave form of the p.s.p in only those neurones connected monosynaptically to the injected neurone.", "contents": "Monosynaptic connexions among Aplysia neurones examined by the intracellular application of tea. 1. Several assumptions underlying the use of intracellularly applied tetraethylammonium (TEA) for assessing monosynaptic connexions were evaluated in identified neurones of Aplysia. 2. In the R2 neurons, intrasomatic TEA application prolongs the duration of the intrasomatically recorded action potential. Subsequently, the action potential in the axon of R2, recorded extracellularly 4-7 mm from the soma, was also prolonged. 3. Intracellular application of TEA into the somata of the multi-action interneurone L10 enhances the duration of the L10 AP and results in larger and more prolonged post-synaptic potentials (p.s.p.s) recorded from neurones believed to be connected monosynaptically with L10. The action potential duration and wave form of p.s.p.s elicited by nerve stimulation in these same post-synaptic neurones were unaffected during the time L10-mediated p.s.p.s were potentiated. 4. Following TEA injection into L10 the p.s.p. recorded in neurone L7 changes wave form in a manner similar to that observed when L10 is tetanized. 5. It is concluded that TEA migrates from its intracellular site of application, does not leave the injected neurone in significant quantities, and alters the wave form of the p.s.p in only those neurones connected monosynaptically to the injected neurone.", "PMID": 1123743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8195", "title": "Brown adipose tissue in the new-born calf (Bos taurus).", "content": "1. Electron microscopic examinations revealed that most of the adipose tissue of new-born calves had the cellular morphology of brown adipose tissue; only subcutaneous tissue had the cellular morphology of white adipose tissue. 2. The cellular morphology of the brown adipose tissue changed progressively to that of white adipose tissue as the age of the calves increased. 3. Infusion of noradrenaline (I.V.) at rates of 1 and 5 mug/kg.min into new-born calves exposed to a thermoneutral environment increased metabolic rate two- to threefold, and also increased rectal temperature and respiration rate. The responses declined as age of calf increased. 4. Approximately 2% of the body weight of new-born calves appears to be brown adipose tissue.", "contents": "Brown adipose tissue in the new-born calf (Bos taurus). 1. Electron microscopic examinations revealed that most of the adipose tissue of new-born calves had the cellular morphology of brown adipose tissue; only subcutaneous tissue had the cellular morphology of white adipose tissue. 2. The cellular morphology of the brown adipose tissue changed progressively to that of white adipose tissue as the age of the calves increased. 3. Infusion of noradrenaline (I.V.) at rates of 1 and 5 mug/kg.min into new-born calves exposed to a thermoneutral environment increased metabolic rate two- to threefold, and also increased rectal temperature and respiration rate. The responses declined as age of calf increased. 4. Approximately 2% of the body weight of new-born calves appears to be brown adipose tissue.", "PMID": 1123748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8196", "title": "Transport and electrical phenomena in resting and secreting piglet gastric mucosa.", "content": "1. Gastric mucosae were isolated from piglets (0-5 days old) and mounted in a chamber where electrical properties and secretory function could be measured. Unlike many previously reported mammalian in vitro preparations, pig gastric mucosae were stable and physiologically responsive for many hours after isolation. 2. With similar Ringer solutions bathing both surfaces, the isolated piglet gastric mucosa maintained a p.d. with the mucosal surface 30-35 mV negative with respect to the serosal surface. Limitation of access of Na+ from the mucosal bathing solution to the tissue (e.g. replacement of Na+ on mucosal side with choline or treatment with 10- minus 5 M amiloride) produced a decrease in p.d. and increase in mucosal resistance consistent with an hypothesis of Na+ transport from mucosa to serosa. 3. Isotopic flux measurements (36Cl and 24Na) and net H+ secretory rate were performed during open and short-circuit conditions, while the tissue was at rest and after stimulation of HCl secretion by 6 times 10- minus 5 M histamine. Up to 90% of the respective short-circuit current for resting or secreting mucosae was accounted for as the algebraic sum of Cl minus, H+ or Na+ fluxes. 4. The net transport of Na+ which occurred from mucosa to serosa during rest (ca. 4-7 muequiv/cm2.hr) was somewhat reduced during HCl secretion (ca. 2-7 muequiv/cm2.hr). This active transport of Na+ was more resistant to anaerobiosis than was H+ or Cl minus transport. 5. An active transport component of Cl minus from serosa to mucosa was clearly demonstrable in the non-secreting preparations (ca. 3-9 muequiv/cm2.hr). Active Cl minus transport was stimulated three- to fourfold after H+ secretion was stimulated by histamine. Anaerobiosis promptly reduced Cl minus and H+ transport. An exchange diffusion component was demonstrated for Cl minus which appeared to be prominent during H+ secretory activity and was considerably diminished in resting mucosae. 6. Large changes in mucosal resistance were associated with conditions of rest, histamine stimulation and anaerobic conditions; mean values were 113, 74 and 197 omega.cm2, respectively. Electrical conductance of the isolated gastric mucosa was due primarily to partial ionic conductance of Cl minus (60-65%) and Na+ (10-15%). The partial conductance of H+ was extremely low. The observed increase in tissue conductance associated with H+ secretory activity and the changes in the long-time constant p.d. transient to a current pulse are discussed in terms of the relative contribution of the serosal and mucosal plasma membrane surfaces.", "contents": "Transport and electrical phenomena in resting and secreting piglet gastric mucosa. 1. Gastric mucosae were isolated from piglets (0-5 days old) and mounted in a chamber where electrical properties and secretory function could be measured. Unlike many previously reported mammalian in vitro preparations, pig gastric mucosae were stable and physiologically responsive for many hours after isolation. 2. With similar Ringer solutions bathing both surfaces, the isolated piglet gastric mucosa maintained a p.d. with the mucosal surface 30-35 mV negative with respect to the serosal surface. Limitation of access of Na+ from the mucosal bathing solution to the tissue (e.g. replacement of Na+ on mucosal side with choline or treatment with 10- minus 5 M amiloride) produced a decrease in p.d. and increase in mucosal resistance consistent with an hypothesis of Na+ transport from mucosa to serosa. 3. Isotopic flux measurements (36Cl and 24Na) and net H+ secretory rate were performed during open and short-circuit conditions, while the tissue was at rest and after stimulation of HCl secretion by 6 times 10- minus 5 M histamine. Up to 90% of the respective short-circuit current for resting or secreting mucosae was accounted for as the algebraic sum of Cl minus, H+ or Na+ fluxes. 4. The net transport of Na+ which occurred from mucosa to serosa during rest (ca. 4-7 muequiv/cm2.hr) was somewhat reduced during HCl secretion (ca. 2-7 muequiv/cm2.hr). This active transport of Na+ was more resistant to anaerobiosis than was H+ or Cl minus transport. 5. An active transport component of Cl minus from serosa to mucosa was clearly demonstrable in the non-secreting preparations (ca. 3-9 muequiv/cm2.hr). Active Cl minus transport was stimulated three- to fourfold after H+ secretion was stimulated by histamine. Anaerobiosis promptly reduced Cl minus and H+ transport. An exchange diffusion component was demonstrated for Cl minus which appeared to be prominent during H+ secretory activity and was considerably diminished in resting mucosae. 6. Large changes in mucosal resistance were associated with conditions of rest, histamine stimulation and anaerobic conditions; mean values were 113, 74 and 197 omega.cm2, respectively. Electrical conductance of the isolated gastric mucosa was due primarily to partial ionic conductance of Cl minus (60-65%) and Na+ (10-15%). The partial conductance of H+ was extremely low. The observed increase in tissue conductance associated with H+ secretory activity and the changes in the long-time constant p.d. transient to a current pulse are discussed in terms of the relative contribution of the serosal and mucosal plasma membrane surfaces.", "PMID": 1123757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8197", "title": "Regenerative hyperpolarization in rods.", "content": "1. The electrical properties of the rods in Necturus maculosus were studied at the cell body and the outer segments in dark and light under current and voltage clamp with a pair of intracellular electrodes separated by about 1 mum. 2. The membrane resistance in the dark was voltage- and time-dependent both for the cell body and the outer segment. Slight depolarizations in the cell body reduced the slope resistance from 60 to 10 M omega with a time constant of about 1 sec. Polarization in either direction, at the outer segment, when greater than about 20 mV, reduced the slope resistance from 60 to 30 M omega. The dark potential in the cell body was typically -30 to -35 m V; at the outer segment it was typically only -10 to -15 mV. 3. The light-elicited voltage response in both the cell body and the outer segment was largest with the membrane near the dark potential level. In both regions, the response was reduced when the membrane was polarized in either direction. 4. Under voltage-clamp conditions, a reversal potential for the light response near + 10 mV was measured at the outer segment. At the cell body no reversal potential for the light response was measured; there the clamping current required during the light response was almost of the same magnitude at all potential levels. 5. When the membrane at the cell body was hyperpolarized in the dark under voltage clamp, a transient outward current, typically about one-half the magnitude of the initial inward clamping current was required to maintain the membrane at the clamped potential level. This outward current transient was associated with a decrease in membrane resistance with similar time course. The transient outward current reversed and became inward when the membrane was clamped to potentials more negative than -80 mV. Thus, the transient outward current appears to involve a transient activation initiated by hyperpolarization. I is regenerative in that it is initiated by hyperpolarization and tends to further hyperpolarize the membrane. 6. The reversal potential for the light response was measured at the outer segment but not at the cell body. The regenerative hyperpolarization was measured at the cell body but not at the outer segment. Thus, the outer segment and cell body appear to have different electrical properties: a light-elicited resistance increase at the outer segment causes a potential-dependent transient decrease at the inner rod. 7. An electrical model of the rod, based upon estimates of the membrane resistances and membrane e.m.f.s. in the dark, was derived from the data. This model predicts the appropriate response potentials at outer segment and cell body when perturbed by the measured light-elicited resistance increase at the outer segment. An estimate of membrane current in dark, of 0-2 mA, is also derived from the model.", "contents": "Regenerative hyperpolarization in rods. 1. The electrical properties of the rods in Necturus maculosus were studied at the cell body and the outer segments in dark and light under current and voltage clamp with a pair of intracellular electrodes separated by about 1 mum. 2. The membrane resistance in the dark was voltage- and time-dependent both for the cell body and the outer segment. Slight depolarizations in the cell body reduced the slope resistance from 60 to 10 M omega with a time constant of about 1 sec. Polarization in either direction, at the outer segment, when greater than about 20 mV, reduced the slope resistance from 60 to 30 M omega. The dark potential in the cell body was typically -30 to -35 m V; at the outer segment it was typically only -10 to -15 mV. 3. The light-elicited voltage response in both the cell body and the outer segment was largest with the membrane near the dark potential level. In both regions, the response was reduced when the membrane was polarized in either direction. 4. Under voltage-clamp conditions, a reversal potential for the light response near + 10 mV was measured at the outer segment. At the cell body no reversal potential for the light response was measured; there the clamping current required during the light response was almost of the same magnitude at all potential levels. 5. When the membrane at the cell body was hyperpolarized in the dark under voltage clamp, a transient outward current, typically about one-half the magnitude of the initial inward clamping current was required to maintain the membrane at the clamped potential level. This outward current transient was associated with a decrease in membrane resistance with similar time course. The transient outward current reversed and became inward when the membrane was clamped to potentials more negative than -80 mV. Thus, the transient outward current appears to involve a transient activation initiated by hyperpolarization. I is regenerative in that it is initiated by hyperpolarization and tends to further hyperpolarize the membrane. 6. The reversal potential for the light response was measured at the outer segment but not at the cell body. The regenerative hyperpolarization was measured at the cell body but not at the outer segment. Thus, the outer segment and cell body appear to have different electrical properties: a light-elicited resistance increase at the outer segment causes a potential-dependent transient decrease at the inner rod. 7. An electrical model of the rod, based upon estimates of the membrane resistances and membrane e.m.f.s. in the dark, was derived from the data. This model predicts the appropriate response potentials at outer segment and cell body when perturbed by the measured light-elicited resistance increase at the outer segment. An estimate of membrane current in dark, of 0-2 mA, is also derived from the model.", "PMID": 1123772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8198", "title": "A further test of the inverted-U hypothesis relating achievement anxiety and academic test performance.", "content": "The assumption that the inverted-U hypothesis, which shows performance as a function of activation level, mediates the relationship between achievement anxiety and academic test performance was tested by comparing Achievement Anxiety Test scores of 75 male and female college students with a self-report measure of activation taken prior to a classroom examination. Results supported the predicted relationship between achievement anxiety reaction type and academic performance (rho less than .05), but only partially supported the inverted-U hypothesis posited to account for this relationship. Results were further interpreted as suggesting that examinees experience two general types of arousal in the testing situation\u014dne type that enhances performance and one that impedes performance. Further implications of the results were discussed.", "contents": "A further test of the inverted-U hypothesis relating achievement anxiety and academic test performance. The assumption that the inverted-U hypothesis, which shows performance as a function of activation level, mediates the relationship between achievement anxiety and academic test performance was tested by comparing Achievement Anxiety Test scores of 75 male and female college students with a self-report measure of activation taken prior to a classroom examination. Results supported the predicted relationship between achievement anxiety reaction type and academic performance (rho less than .05), but only partially supported the inverted-U hypothesis posited to account for this relationship. Results were further interpreted as suggesting that examinees experience two general types of arousal in the testing situation\u014dne type that enhances performance and one that impedes performance. Further implications of the results were discussed.", "PMID": 1123805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8199", "title": "TAT need achievement and need affiliation in minimally brain-injured and normal children an their parents.", "content": "The families of 16 minimally brain-injured children were compared in need for achievement and need for affiliation with 16 families of normal children. The families were matched on age, sex, and birth order of the children, and on education of the fathers. Needs were measured by means of TAT type cards for both parents and children. The data indicated that the minimally brain-injured children and their mothers were lower in achievement motivation than the normal children and their mothers (rho less than .05). Results on the fathers were in the same direction, but were not significant. In addition, parents of minimally brain-injured children seemed to have a different pattern of influence on their offspring than parents of normal children. The achievement needs of the mothers in the former group were positively related to their children's behavior (rho less than .05), and the achievement needs of the fathers in the latter group were negatively related to their children's behavior (rho less than .05). Finally, there were no differences or relationships found for affiliation motivation.", "contents": "TAT need achievement and need affiliation in minimally brain-injured and normal children an their parents. The families of 16 minimally brain-injured children were compared in need for achievement and need for affiliation with 16 families of normal children. The families were matched on age, sex, and birth order of the children, and on education of the fathers. Needs were measured by means of TAT type cards for both parents and children. The data indicated that the minimally brain-injured children and their mothers were lower in achievement motivation than the normal children and their mothers (rho less than .05). Results on the fathers were in the same direction, but were not significant. In addition, parents of minimally brain-injured children seemed to have a different pattern of influence on their offspring than parents of normal children. The achievement needs of the mothers in the former group were positively related to their children's behavior (rho less than .05), and the achievement needs of the fathers in the latter group were negatively related to their children's behavior (rho less than .05). Finally, there were no differences or relationships found for affiliation motivation.", "PMID": 1123806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8200", "title": "Habit lag: when \"automatization\" is dysfunctional.", "content": "La Fave's habit lag construct, which specifies conditions under which previously automatized motor responses become disruptive of subsequent performance, was tested. Performance under stress was also examined as a possible factor in the occurrence of habit lag. Following a visual discrimination task, 48 women performed motor responses simultaneously: (a) repeating an invariant lever movement and (b) pushing one of two keys. The habit lag construct was supported, as Ss who had automatized responses produced more errors than nonautomatized Ss. Performance under stress, by calling attention to the risk of habit lag, reduced errors. Habit lag accounts for an intrusive type of error often found in motor performance where negative transfer fails to do so.", "contents": "Habit lag: when \"automatization\" is dysfunctional. La Fave's habit lag construct, which specifies conditions under which previously automatized motor responses become disruptive of subsequent performance, was tested. Performance under stress was also examined as a possible factor in the occurrence of habit lag. Following a visual discrimination task, 48 women performed motor responses simultaneously: (a) repeating an invariant lever movement and (b) pushing one of two keys. The habit lag construct was supported, as Ss who had automatized responses produced more errors than nonautomatized Ss. Performance under stress, by calling attention to the risk of habit lag, reduced errors. Habit lag accounts for an intrusive type of error often found in motor performance where negative transfer fails to do so.", "PMID": 1123807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8201", "title": "The effects of self-concept, trust, and imagined positive or negative self-disclosures on psychological space.", "content": "This study focused on some of the determinants of schematic interactional distance based on an analysis of social learning processes. It was hypothesized that closer interpersonal constructions would be associated with a more positive rather than negative self-concept, a greater rather than lesser degree of trust, and a covert positive rather than negative self-disclosure to a significant other. One hundred fifty-nine male and female undergraduate students were administered the Tennessee Self Concept Scale and Jourard's Self-Disclosure Questionnaire. Of these Ss, 82 were also given either positive or negative covert self-disclosure conditions. Interactional distances consisted of \"Self\" placements in relation to several key social target representations. The results supported the hypothesis regarding the relationship between self-concept and psychological distance, but only for females. There was also a tendency for more trusting females to produce closer distances than less trusting females. These results, as well as the obtained significant sex differences in distancing responses and in renditions of vertical displacements, were discussed within the context of culturally determined sex role differences.", "contents": "The effects of self-concept, trust, and imagined positive or negative self-disclosures on psychological space. This study focused on some of the determinants of schematic interactional distance based on an analysis of social learning processes. It was hypothesized that closer interpersonal constructions would be associated with a more positive rather than negative self-concept, a greater rather than lesser degree of trust, and a covert positive rather than negative self-disclosure to a significant other. One hundred fifty-nine male and female undergraduate students were administered the Tennessee Self Concept Scale and Jourard's Self-Disclosure Questionnaire. Of these Ss, 82 were also given either positive or negative covert self-disclosure conditions. Interactional distances consisted of \"Self\" placements in relation to several key social target representations. The results supported the hypothesis regarding the relationship between self-concept and psychological distance, but only for females. There was also a tendency for more trusting females to produce closer distances than less trusting females. These results, as well as the obtained significant sex differences in distancing responses and in renditions of vertical displacements, were discussed within the context of culturally determined sex role differences.", "PMID": 1123808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8202", "title": "Azoospermia in bilharziasis and the presence of sperm antibodies.", "content": "Sperm agglutinating, haemagglutinating and immobilizing antibodies were detected more frequently and in higher titres in the sera of azoospermic patients with urinogenital bilharziasis than in the sera of unaffected males. There is evidence that bilharziasis enhances the autoimmune response of the individual.", "contents": "Azoospermia in bilharziasis and the presence of sperm antibodies. Sperm agglutinating, haemagglutinating and immobilizing antibodies were detected more frequently and in higher titres in the sera of azoospermic patients with urinogenital bilharziasis than in the sera of unaffected males. There is evidence that bilharziasis enhances the autoimmune response of the individual.", "PMID": 1123809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8203", "title": "Plasma progesterone concentrations in prairie deermice (Peromyscus maniculatus bairdii) from experimental laboratory populations.", "content": "Body weights, ovary weights, plasma progesterone concentrations and ovarian histology were studied in females from asymptotic laboratory populations in which reproduction was inhibited and throughout the oestrous cycle of control nulliparous prairie deermice. Body and ovary weights of population animals were significantly lighter and plasma progesterone concentrations were not significantly different from those of the control females. The control females exhibited cyclic changes in plasma progesterone concentration that were related to the oestrous cycle. The mean plasma progesterone concentration for the nulliparous 'population' females was significantly above the pro-oestrous, and below the metoestrous values of 'control' females, but was not significantly different from values observed at oestrus or dioestrus. The ovaries of 'control' females had significantly larger numbers of follicles and corpora lutea than nulliparous 'population' females but the latter had significantly more atretic follicles.", "contents": "Plasma progesterone concentrations in prairie deermice (Peromyscus maniculatus bairdii) from experimental laboratory populations. Body weights, ovary weights, plasma progesterone concentrations and ovarian histology were studied in females from asymptotic laboratory populations in which reproduction was inhibited and throughout the oestrous cycle of control nulliparous prairie deermice. Body and ovary weights of population animals were significantly lighter and plasma progesterone concentrations were not significantly different from those of the control females. The control females exhibited cyclic changes in plasma progesterone concentration that were related to the oestrous cycle. The mean plasma progesterone concentration for the nulliparous 'population' females was significantly above the pro-oestrous, and below the metoestrous values of 'control' females, but was not significantly different from values observed at oestrus or dioestrus. The ovaries of 'control' females had significantly larger numbers of follicles and corpora lutea than nulliparous 'population' females but the latter had significantly more atretic follicles.", "PMID": 1123810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8204", "title": "Ovarian support of pregnancy in ageing inbred mice.", "content": "The principal cause of reduced fertility in 10- to 12-month-old female CBA/H-T6 and CBA mice was found to be loss of embryos at the time of, or soon after, implantation. Treatment with exogenous progesterone, but not with oestradiol benzoate, increased the number of old females having implantation sites but did not increase either the average number of implantations/female or postimplantation survival to Day 10. When bovine prolactin or HCG was administered to pregnant old mice, the implantation rate was not increased. It was concluded that the function of the CL of pregnancy in old mice may have been impaired because the lutein cells were failing to respond adequately to the luteotrophic stimulus.", "contents": "Ovarian support of pregnancy in ageing inbred mice. The principal cause of reduced fertility in 10- to 12-month-old female CBA/H-T6 and CBA mice was found to be loss of embryos at the time of, or soon after, implantation. Treatment with exogenous progesterone, but not with oestradiol benzoate, increased the number of old females having implantation sites but did not increase either the average number of implantations/female or postimplantation survival to Day 10. When bovine prolactin or HCG was administered to pregnant old mice, the implantation rate was not increased. It was concluded that the function of the CL of pregnancy in old mice may have been impaired because the lutein cells were failing to respond adequately to the luteotrophic stimulus.", "PMID": 1123811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8205", "title": "The effect of oestrogen and progesterone on the incorporation of tritiated thymidine in mouse uteri in vitro.", "content": "The incorporation of tritiated thymidine into the uteri of immature mice in organ culture was assessed by autoradiography and liquid scintillation spectrometry. Oestrogenand progesterone, alone or combined, stimulated an increase in the incorporation of tritiated thymidine, indicating that DNA synthesis is occurring in vitro. Progesterone alone stimulated incorporation of label into stromal and epithelial cells, but the combination of progesterone and oestrogen stimulated the labelling of epithelial cells more than of stromal cells.", "contents": "The effect of oestrogen and progesterone on the incorporation of tritiated thymidine in mouse uteri in vitro. The incorporation of tritiated thymidine into the uteri of immature mice in organ culture was assessed by autoradiography and liquid scintillation spectrometry. Oestrogenand progesterone, alone or combined, stimulated an increase in the incorporation of tritiated thymidine, indicating that DNA synthesis is occurring in vitro. Progesterone alone stimulated incorporation of label into stromal and epithelial cells, but the combination of progesterone and oestrogen stimulated the labelling of epithelial cells more than of stromal cells.", "PMID": 1123812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8206", "title": "Effect of a copper IUD on the incorporation of (3H)thymidine and (5-3H)uridine into the endometrium of the rabbit during early pregnancy.", "content": "The influence of a copper IUD on the incorporation of [3H]thymidine and [5-3H]uridine into the endometrium of the rabbit was studied during early pregnancy. The effect of the copper device was compared with those of polyethylene and platinum IUDs. The comparison showed that the presence of a copper IUD resulted in a significantly lower incorporation of [3H]thymidine on the 3rd day of pregnancy and in a higher incorporation of [3H]thymidine and [5-3H]uridine on the 5th day of pregnancy. The increase in the total amount of DNA in the endometrium in early pregnancy was markedly reduced in the copper IUD-containing horn, and autoradiography showed that the labelling frequency of epithelial cells in the endometrium was significantly reduced. A possible effect of the copper IUD on the stromal cells is discussed. These effects of copper could be due either to an altered hormonal responsiveness of the endometrium in the presence of copper or to a 'direct' effect of copper on nucleic acid metabolism.", "contents": "Effect of a copper IUD on the incorporation of (3H)thymidine and (5-3H)uridine into the endometrium of the rabbit during early pregnancy. The influence of a copper IUD on the incorporation of [3H]thymidine and [5-3H]uridine into the endometrium of the rabbit was studied during early pregnancy. The effect of the copper device was compared with those of polyethylene and platinum IUDs. The comparison showed that the presence of a copper IUD resulted in a significantly lower incorporation of [3H]thymidine on the 3rd day of pregnancy and in a higher incorporation of [3H]thymidine and [5-3H]uridine on the 5th day of pregnancy. The increase in the total amount of DNA in the endometrium in early pregnancy was markedly reduced in the copper IUD-containing horn, and autoradiography showed that the labelling frequency of epithelial cells in the endometrium was significantly reduced. A possible effect of the copper IUD on the stromal cells is discussed. These effects of copper could be due either to an altered hormonal responsiveness of the endometrium in the presence of copper or to a 'direct' effect of copper on nucleic acid metabolism.", "PMID": 1123813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8207", "title": "Inhibition of L-methionine uptake and incorporation by chlorpromazine in preimplantation mouse embryos.", "content": "These studies indicate that chlorpromazine causes a rapid inhibition of the uptake and incorporation of L-[Me-3H]methionine in preimplantation mouse embryos in vitro. Concentrations of chlorpromazine from 10-5 M to 10-4 M inhibit L-[Me-3H]methionine uptake and incorporation in late four-cell embryos in 15 min. Concentrations of chlorpromazine from 2 times 10-5 M to 10-4 M inhibit uptake and incorporation in early blastocysts in 15 min to comparable degrees, suggesting that the effect of chlorpromazine on the early blastocyst is primarily on methionine transport, and not on protein synthesis. Lineweaver-Burk plots constructed from 15-min uptake values of methionine in the presence of various concentrations of chlorpromazine indicate that 5 times 10-5 M-chlorpromazine competitively inhibits methionine uptake in blastocysts, while 10-4 M-chlorpromazine non-competitively inhibits transport. Efflux experiments support the idea that chlorpromazine acts as an inhibitor of the active methionine influx processes, and not through acceleration of efflux. It is suggested that chlorpromazine may produce delayed implantation by directly affecting the preimplantation embryo, as well as through its known inhibitory effects on the hormonal functions of the maternal organism.", "contents": "Inhibition of L-methionine uptake and incorporation by chlorpromazine in preimplantation mouse embryos. These studies indicate that chlorpromazine causes a rapid inhibition of the uptake and incorporation of L-[Me-3H]methionine in preimplantation mouse embryos in vitro. Concentrations of chlorpromazine from 10-5 M to 10-4 M inhibit L-[Me-3H]methionine uptake and incorporation in late four-cell embryos in 15 min. Concentrations of chlorpromazine from 2 times 10-5 M to 10-4 M inhibit uptake and incorporation in early blastocysts in 15 min to comparable degrees, suggesting that the effect of chlorpromazine on the early blastocyst is primarily on methionine transport, and not on protein synthesis. Lineweaver-Burk plots constructed from 15-min uptake values of methionine in the presence of various concentrations of chlorpromazine indicate that 5 times 10-5 M-chlorpromazine competitively inhibits methionine uptake in blastocysts, while 10-4 M-chlorpromazine non-competitively inhibits transport. Efflux experiments support the idea that chlorpromazine acts as an inhibitor of the active methionine influx processes, and not through acceleration of efflux. It is suggested that chlorpromazine may produce delayed implantation by directly affecting the preimplantation embryo, as well as through its known inhibitory effects on the hormonal functions of the maternal organism.", "PMID": 1123814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8208", "title": "Fetal wastage as a consequence of Mycoplasma pulmonis infection in mice.", "content": "The effect of Mycoplasma pulmonis, strain JB, on the outcome of pregnancy in TO mice was studied. The mice were infected intravenously before or after mating and the fetuses were examined at autopsy just before parturition. An increase in the number of abnormal pregnancies was noted in mice infected about 2 weeks before mating, and there was a significant increase in the number of fetuses which died mid-way through pregnancy. Mycoplasmas were not isolated from any of the fetuses although the organisms reached the joints of the pregnant mice and caused arthritis. It is possible, therefore, that maternal upset was a factor in these abnormal pregnancies. In mice infected at various times after mating, abnormal pregnancies were most frequently seen in those infected 9 days after mating. There was an increase in the number of both mid- and late-stage fetal deaths in these mice and also an increase in the number of late-stage fetal deaths in mice infected 5 days after mating. Mycoplasmas were isolated not only from most of the dead fetuses but also from living ones which suggests that in most instances death was probably due to maternal infection and disturbance rather than fetal infection per se. The possibility of modifying this mouse model by establishing a chronic genital tract infection is discussed as a means of investigating the role of mycoplasmas in human abortion.", "contents": "Fetal wastage as a consequence of Mycoplasma pulmonis infection in mice. The effect of Mycoplasma pulmonis, strain JB, on the outcome of pregnancy in TO mice was studied. The mice were infected intravenously before or after mating and the fetuses were examined at autopsy just before parturition. An increase in the number of abnormal pregnancies was noted in mice infected about 2 weeks before mating, and there was a significant increase in the number of fetuses which died mid-way through pregnancy. Mycoplasmas were not isolated from any of the fetuses although the organisms reached the joints of the pregnant mice and caused arthritis. It is possible, therefore, that maternal upset was a factor in these abnormal pregnancies. In mice infected at various times after mating, abnormal pregnancies were most frequently seen in those infected 9 days after mating. There was an increase in the number of both mid- and late-stage fetal deaths in these mice and also an increase in the number of late-stage fetal deaths in mice infected 5 days after mating. Mycoplasmas were isolated not only from most of the dead fetuses but also from living ones which suggests that in most instances death was probably due to maternal infection and disturbance rather than fetal infection per se. The possibility of modifying this mouse model by establishing a chronic genital tract infection is discussed as a means of investigating the role of mycoplasmas in human abortion.", "PMID": 1123815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8209", "title": "The venous drainage of the accessory reproductive organs of the rat with special reference to prostatic metabolism.", "content": "The venous drainage of the testis, epididymis, prostate and bladder was studied in live and recently dead rats. New evidence for a previously suggested direct venous connection between the epididymis and the prostate is presented, and a mechanism for blood flow from the deferential vein into the prostatic venous plexus under conditions of raised central venous pressure is described. The studies have also revealed discrepancies among previous reports which might be resolved by a simplified nomenclature.", "contents": "The venous drainage of the accessory reproductive organs of the rat with special reference to prostatic metabolism. The venous drainage of the testis, epididymis, prostate and bladder was studied in live and recently dead rats. New evidence for a previously suggested direct venous connection between the epididymis and the prostate is presented, and a mechanism for blood flow from the deferential vein into the prostatic venous plexus under conditions of raised central venous pressure is described. The studies have also revealed discrepancies among previous reports which might be resolved by a simplified nomenclature.", "PMID": 1123816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8210", "title": "Histochemical studies on three gonadotrophin-responsive enzymes in the infantile mouse ovary.", "content": "The activities of alkaline phosphatase, NAD diaphorase and NADP diaphorase increased in infantile mouse ovaries in response to injected gonadotrophins. The distribution and activity of these enzymes were studied in detail in the ovaries of normal mice from 1 to 41 days after birth and in mice injected at various ages with FSH, LH and HCG. Granulosa cells contained NAD and NADP diaphorases. Thecal cells contained NADP diaphorase and alkaline phosphatase with NAD diaphorase first appearing in the thecae of larger follicles 11 days after birth. All three enzymes occurred in interstitial tissue, in the interfollicular stroma and in groups of gonadotrophin-responsive cells in the medulla. These medullary cells and the interstitial tissue were stimulated by exogenous LH and HCG but not by FSH. Granulosa, theca and interfollicular tissue were stimulated at some stage by each of the three injected hormones. The normal pattern of development is discussed in relation to the changing serum levels of endogenous gonadotrophin found in similar mice. It is concluded that the enzyme changes were closely and reciprocally related to endogenous hormone concentrations.", "contents": "Histochemical studies on three gonadotrophin-responsive enzymes in the infantile mouse ovary. The activities of alkaline phosphatase, NAD diaphorase and NADP diaphorase increased in infantile mouse ovaries in response to injected gonadotrophins. The distribution and activity of these enzymes were studied in detail in the ovaries of normal mice from 1 to 41 days after birth and in mice injected at various ages with FSH, LH and HCG. Granulosa cells contained NAD and NADP diaphorases. Thecal cells contained NADP diaphorase and alkaline phosphatase with NAD diaphorase first appearing in the thecae of larger follicles 11 days after birth. All three enzymes occurred in interstitial tissue, in the interfollicular stroma and in groups of gonadotrophin-responsive cells in the medulla. These medullary cells and the interstitial tissue were stimulated by exogenous LH and HCG but not by FSH. Granulosa, theca and interfollicular tissue were stimulated at some stage by each of the three injected hormones. The normal pattern of development is discussed in relation to the changing serum levels of endogenous gonadotrophin found in similar mice. It is concluded that the enzyme changes were closely and reciprocally related to endogenous hormone concentrations.", "PMID": 1123817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8211", "title": "The split ejaculate of the boar: contributions of the epididymides and seminal vesicles.", "content": "The epididymal and seminal vesicular contributions to split-ejaculate fractions from boars were analysed for sperm concentration, glycerylphosphorylcholine (GPC), total-N, ethanol-soluble and insoluble N, citrate, zinc and haemagglutinin. The same components were also determined in epididymal plasma (EP), vesicular secretion (VS) and whole seminal plasma (SP). Isoelectric focusing of protein patterns was studied in the fractions. With the exception of haemagglutinin, the components were present to a major extent in either VS or EP and in lower concentrations in the other secretion. The parameters in VS or EP were positively correlated among themselves and negatively correlated with most of the parameters of the other fluid. The correlation coefficients were not significant in all cases for individual animals, but the degree of significance was greater for the over-all correlations. The EP components were mainly secreted in the first three or four fractions, but occasionally from fraction four onwards. Those of VS were emitted during the entire ejaculation, the maximum occurring in the sperm-rich fraction or the immediately succeeding fraction. The first fractions were devoid of VS components in only one case. The majority of the EP proteins could be identified electrophoretically in the sperm-rich fractions, but the protein patterns in the other fractions were similar to those of VS. The results are discussed and compared with previous findings.", "contents": "The split ejaculate of the boar: contributions of the epididymides and seminal vesicles. The epididymal and seminal vesicular contributions to split-ejaculate fractions from boars were analysed for sperm concentration, glycerylphosphorylcholine (GPC), total-N, ethanol-soluble and insoluble N, citrate, zinc and haemagglutinin. The same components were also determined in epididymal plasma (EP), vesicular secretion (VS) and whole seminal plasma (SP). Isoelectric focusing of protein patterns was studied in the fractions. With the exception of haemagglutinin, the components were present to a major extent in either VS or EP and in lower concentrations in the other secretion. The parameters in VS or EP were positively correlated among themselves and negatively correlated with most of the parameters of the other fluid. The correlation coefficients were not significant in all cases for individual animals, but the degree of significance was greater for the over-all correlations. The EP components were mainly secreted in the first three or four fractions, but occasionally from fraction four onwards. Those of VS were emitted during the entire ejaculation, the maximum occurring in the sperm-rich fraction or the immediately succeeding fraction. The first fractions were devoid of VS components in only one case. The majority of the EP proteins could be identified electrophoretically in the sperm-rich fractions, but the protein patterns in the other fractions were similar to those of VS. The results are discussed and compared with previous findings.", "PMID": 1123818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8212", "title": "Growth and development of infant M. arctoides fed a standardized diet.", "content": "Infant Macaca arctoides were reared under standard conditions. Changes in body weight, body length, head circumference, hematologic status and serum proteins during the first year of life were defined in relation to the ad libitum consumption of a standardized milk diet, and compared to those derived from infant M. mulatta. Both sexes consumed a comparable volume of diet per kilogram body weight, but male M. arctoides infants were significantly larger than females in all body dimensions: this finding was not noted in infant M. mulatta. The body weight and head circumference of infant M. arctoides were greater and their body length was less than that of M. mulatta.", "contents": "Growth and development of infant M. arctoides fed a standardized diet. Infant Macaca arctoides were reared under standard conditions. Changes in body weight, body length, head circumference, hematologic status and serum proteins during the first year of life were defined in relation to the ad libitum consumption of a standardized milk diet, and compared to those derived from infant M. mulatta. Both sexes consumed a comparable volume of diet per kilogram body weight, but male M. arctoides infants were significantly larger than females in all body dimensions: this finding was not noted in infant M. mulatta. The body weight and head circumference of infant M. arctoides were greater and their body length was less than that of M. mulatta.", "PMID": 1123838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8213", "title": "Infant mortality in Macaca mulatta: neonatal and post-neonatal mortality at the California Primate Research Center, 1968-1972. A retrospective study.", "content": "Seven hundred forty-two Macaca mulatta births were recorded at the California Primate Research Center, 1968-1972. The neonatal mortality rate (deaths smaller than or equal to 30 days of age) was 10.8%, and the post-neonatal mortality rate (deaths at 31-183 days) was 6.9%. The neonatal mortality rate was higher in outdoor group cages than in indoor individual cages (24.8 vs. 8.0%). The post-neonatal mortality rate was also higher outdoors than indoors (15.9 vs. 5.9%). Outdoor mortality showed apparent seasonal variation, while indoor mortality did not.", "contents": "Infant mortality in Macaca mulatta: neonatal and post-neonatal mortality at the California Primate Research Center, 1968-1972. A retrospective study. Seven hundred forty-two Macaca mulatta births were recorded at the California Primate Research Center, 1968-1972. The neonatal mortality rate (deaths smaller than or equal to 30 days of age) was 10.8%, and the post-neonatal mortality rate (deaths at 31-183 days) was 6.9%. The neonatal mortality rate was higher in outdoor group cages than in indoor individual cages (24.8 vs. 8.0%). The post-neonatal mortality rate was also higher outdoors than indoors (15.9 vs. 5.9%). Outdoor mortality showed apparent seasonal variation, while indoor mortality did not.", "PMID": 1123839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8214", "title": "Family studies on the simian-type blood groups of chimpanzees.", "content": "Family studies were carried out the investigate the genetics of the chimpanzee simian type blood group systems V-A-B-D and C-E-F. In addition to providing new data, the studies confirm the validity of earlier results obtained by population genetics methodology for deducing genetic mechanisms in primate animals where family material cannot be obtained.", "contents": "Family studies on the simian-type blood groups of chimpanzees. Family studies were carried out the investigate the genetics of the chimpanzee simian type blood group systems V-A-B-D and C-E-F. In addition to providing new data, the studies confirm the validity of earlier results obtained by population genetics methodology for deducing genetic mechanisms in primate animals where family material cannot be obtained.", "PMID": 1123840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8215", "title": "Olfactory neuroepithelioma in a cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis).", "content": "This is a report of an olfactory neuroepithelioma occurring in a male cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis). It is not possible to state whether this tumor was spontaneous or related to the experimental procedures carried out in this animal.", "contents": "Olfactory neuroepithelioma in a cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis). This is a report of an olfactory neuroepithelioma occurring in a male cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis). It is not possible to state whether this tumor was spontaneous or related to the experimental procedures carried out in this animal.", "PMID": 1123841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8216", "title": "Renal adenocarcinoma in an owl monkey (Aotus trivirgatus).", "content": "A renal adenocarcinoma in the right kidney of a 5-year-old female owl monkey is reported.", "contents": "Renal adenocarcinoma in an owl monkey (Aotus trivirgatus). A renal adenocarcinoma in the right kidney of a 5-year-old female owl monkey is reported.", "PMID": 1123842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8217", "title": "A-B-O blood groups of two subspecies of chacma baboon (Papio ursinus) in South Africa.", "content": "A study was made of the distribution of the A-B-O blood groups in two subspecies of baboons, Papio ursinus orientalis and P.u. occidentalis. The former had a significantly higher frequency of the A gene. Although there was no baboon of group O in either sample, the results for P.u. orientalis were consistent with the postulate that there was an amorphic O gene of low frequency as well as the genes A and B. For P.u. occidentalis the results suggested the presence of only two genes A and B.", "contents": "A-B-O blood groups of two subspecies of chacma baboon (Papio ursinus) in South Africa. A study was made of the distribution of the A-B-O blood groups in two subspecies of baboons, Papio ursinus orientalis and P.u. occidentalis. The former had a significantly higher frequency of the A gene. Although there was no baboon of group O in either sample, the results for P.u. orientalis were consistent with the postulate that there was an amorphic O gene of low frequency as well as the genes A and B. For P.u. occidentalis the results suggested the presence of only two genes A and B.", "PMID": 1123843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8218", "title": "Positive contrast peritoneography and herniography in primate animals. With special referENCE TO INDIRECT INQUINAL HERNIAS.", "content": "In a number of primate animals contrast medium was injected intraperitoneally to diagnose hernias as well as evaluate the normal anatomical relationships. The technical considerations are discussed. Contrast herniography and peritoneography appear useful under certain clinical circumstances.", "contents": "Positive contrast peritoneography and herniography in primate animals. With special referENCE TO INDIRECT INQUINAL HERNIAS. In a number of primate animals contrast medium was injected intraperitoneally to diagnose hernias as well as evaluate the normal anatomical relationships. The technical considerations are discussed. Contrast herniography and peritoneography appear useful under certain clinical circumstances.", "PMID": 1123844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8219", "title": "Fibrous plaques in the aortas of adult female rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta).", "content": "Lesions in the abdominal aorta were found in 36 of 40 mature female rhesus monkeys given various oral contraceptive steroids and in 8 of 10 monkeys of a non-treated control group. The lesions consisted of proliferation of subendothelial smooth muscle cells and collagen, often with fragmentation of the internal elastic lamina, forming a plaque. These occurred also, in order of descending frequency, in thoracic aorta, aortic arch, femoral and iliac arteries, and the carotid and pulmonary arteries. They appear statistically unrelated to steroid treatment and lack correlation with body weight and blood cholesterol levels.", "contents": "Fibrous plaques in the aortas of adult female rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Lesions in the abdominal aorta were found in 36 of 40 mature female rhesus monkeys given various oral contraceptive steroids and in 8 of 10 monkeys of a non-treated control group. The lesions consisted of proliferation of subendothelial smooth muscle cells and collagen, often with fragmentation of the internal elastic lamina, forming a plaque. These occurred also, in order of descending frequency, in thoracic aorta, aortic arch, femoral and iliac arteries, and the carotid and pulmonary arteries. They appear statistically unrelated to steroid treatment and lack correlation with body weight and blood cholesterol levels.", "PMID": 1123845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8220", "title": "Immunologic pregnancy test in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta).", "content": "In a rhesus monkey population, 90 matings were performed. Chorionic gonadotropin was extracted from the urine using a modified kaoline-acetone procedure. To diagnose pregnancy, a commercial human immunologic pregnancy test was used. The test method seems to give both a false positive and a false negative rate of zero percent.", "contents": "Immunologic pregnancy test in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta). In a rhesus monkey population, 90 matings were performed. Chorionic gonadotropin was extracted from the urine using a modified kaoline-acetone procedure. To diagnose pregnancy, a commercial human immunologic pregnancy test was used. The test method seems to give both a false positive and a false negative rate of zero percent.", "PMID": 1123846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8221", "title": "Pathology of pulmonary acariasis in Baboons (Papio sp.).", "content": "Pulmonary acariasis is one of the important and more frequently observed spontaneously occurring diseases in African baboons (Papio sp.). It has been found more frequently in baboons in their native habitat than in those in captivity. Prevalence also varies with the sites of captivity. Histopathologic changes occurring in the lungs due to infection with Pneumonyssus santos diasi and P. mossambicensis are described.", "contents": "Pathology of pulmonary acariasis in Baboons (Papio sp.). Pulmonary acariasis is one of the important and more frequently observed spontaneously occurring diseases in African baboons (Papio sp.). It has been found more frequently in baboons in their native habitat than in those in captivity. Prevalence also varies with the sites of captivity. Histopathologic changes occurring in the lungs due to infection with Pneumonyssus santos diasi and P. mossambicensis are described.", "PMID": 1123847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8222", "title": "Macrophage-mediated destruction of human malignant cells in vivo.", "content": "Macrophages require a plasma component, designated \"recognition factor\" (RF), for the expression of optimal function. The RF activity was profoundly depleted in plasma from patients with malignant disease, and the degree of depletion and the severity of the malignant state seemed to be related. Since experiments demonstrated that an active RF significantly inhibited tumor growth, clinical studies were initiated to investigate the influence of intratumor administration of an active RF fraction. Glucan, a potent macrophage activator, was also employed alone or combined with RF. These studies were undertaken to enhance the recognition of malignant cells by macrophages and to mobilize and activate macrophages intralesionally. The initial 9 patients studied had malignant melanoma, adenosquamous carcinoma of the lung, or carcinoma of the breast. Control and experimental lesions were injected; subsequently biopsies were performed at varying intervals for histologic evaluation. Always when glucan or glucan and RF fraction were administered intralesionally, the size of the lesion was strikingly reduced in as short a period as 5 days. This reduction was associated with necrosis of the tumor and a monocytic infiltrate. In small lesions, resolution was complete, whereas in large lesions, resolution was partial. The amount of glucan injected and the quantity of residual tumor appeared to be related. The induced necrosis of the tumor nodule was associated with an increase in plasma levels of circulating RF activity.", "contents": "Macrophage-mediated destruction of human malignant cells in vivo. Macrophages require a plasma component, designated \"recognition factor\" (RF), for the expression of optimal function. The RF activity was profoundly depleted in plasma from patients with malignant disease, and the degree of depletion and the severity of the malignant state seemed to be related. Since experiments demonstrated that an active RF significantly inhibited tumor growth, clinical studies were initiated to investigate the influence of intratumor administration of an active RF fraction. Glucan, a potent macrophage activator, was also employed alone or combined with RF. These studies were undertaken to enhance the recognition of malignant cells by macrophages and to mobilize and activate macrophages intralesionally. The initial 9 patients studied had malignant melanoma, adenosquamous carcinoma of the lung, or carcinoma of the breast. Control and experimental lesions were injected; subsequently biopsies were performed at varying intervals for histologic evaluation. Always when glucan or glucan and RF fraction were administered intralesionally, the size of the lesion was strikingly reduced in as short a period as 5 days. This reduction was associated with necrosis of the tumor and a monocytic infiltrate. In small lesions, resolution was complete, whereas in large lesions, resolution was partial. The amount of glucan injected and the quantity of residual tumor appeared to be related. The induced necrosis of the tumor nodule was associated with an increase in plasma levels of circulating RF activity.", "PMID": 1123850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8223", "title": "Coffee drinking and cancer of the lower urinary tract.", "content": "The relationship between coffee drinking and cancer of the lower urinary tract (LUT) was investigated by a case-control study of white women identified from hospitals in urban areas of Massachusetts and Rhode Island. Data on coffee drinking, tea drinking, use of coffee additives, and cigarette smoking were obtained by mail questionnaire. Information was available for 135 women with LUT cancer and 390 controls. For women who usually drank 1+ cups of coffee per day, the risk ratio of having LUT cancer was 2.1 (95 percent confidence limits, 1.1-4.3), compared to a risk of 1 for women who drank less or not at all. However, no dose-response relationship was demonstrated between LUT cancer and usual daily coffee consumption or \"cup-years\" of coffee drinking. The association of coffee with disease was no different, whether decaffeinated, nondecaffeinated, regular, or instant coffee had been drunk, or whether the coffee was brewed strong or weak. Use of nondairy creamers, saccharin, or cyclamates was not associated with increased risk of disease. The risk of LUT cancer for cigarette smokers relative to nonsmokers was 1.6 (1.0-2.4). The attendant dose-response relationship was statistically significant. The absence of a dose-response relationship between coffee drinking and LUT cancer suggested that the association observed was noncasual.", "contents": "Coffee drinking and cancer of the lower urinary tract. The relationship between coffee drinking and cancer of the lower urinary tract (LUT) was investigated by a case-control study of white women identified from hospitals in urban areas of Massachusetts and Rhode Island. Data on coffee drinking, tea drinking, use of coffee additives, and cigarette smoking were obtained by mail questionnaire. Information was available for 135 women with LUT cancer and 390 controls. For women who usually drank 1+ cups of coffee per day, the risk ratio of having LUT cancer was 2.1 (95 percent confidence limits, 1.1-4.3), compared to a risk of 1 for women who drank less or not at all. However, no dose-response relationship was demonstrated between LUT cancer and usual daily coffee consumption or \"cup-years\" of coffee drinking. The association of coffee with disease was no different, whether decaffeinated, nondecaffeinated, regular, or instant coffee had been drunk, or whether the coffee was brewed strong or weak. Use of nondairy creamers, saccharin, or cyclamates was not associated with increased risk of disease. The risk of LUT cancer for cigarette smokers relative to nonsmokers was 1.6 (1.0-2.4). The attendant dose-response relationship was statistically significant. The absence of a dose-response relationship between coffee drinking and LUT cancer suggested that the association observed was noncasual.", "PMID": 1123851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8224", "title": "Transplantable metastasizing prostate adenocarcinomas in rats.", "content": "Three spontaneous prostate adenocarcinomas from aged, randombred, germfree Lobund Wistar rats were transplanted, without change, through several series of conventional Lobund Wistar rats. One tumor type differed histologically from the other two tumor types. Rats with subcutaneously transplanted tumors developed metastatic tumors in the lymph nodes and lungs. No microbial agent was detected in the tumor cells.", "contents": "Transplantable metastasizing prostate adenocarcinomas in rats. Three spontaneous prostate adenocarcinomas from aged, randombred, germfree Lobund Wistar rats were transplanted, without change, through several series of conventional Lobund Wistar rats. One tumor type differed histologically from the other two tumor types. Rats with subcutaneously transplanted tumors developed metastatic tumors in the lymph nodes and lungs. No microbial agent was detected in the tumor cells.", "PMID": 1123852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8225", "title": "Djungarian hamster-a suitable tool for cancer research and cytogenetic studies.", "content": "The Djungarian hamster, bred under usual laboratory conditions, developed different spontaneous neoplasms, most often mammary and skin cancers. Some mammary tumors were serially transplanted to noninbred animals. This hamster was susceptible to some chemical carcinogens and oncogenic viruses but resistant to others. It had comparatively few chromosomes (2n equal to 28), most of which could be recognized even in conventionally stained preparations. The chromosome-breaking effect of gamma-rays, chemical carcinogens, and viruses was studied with primary cultures of cells. Several transformed cell lines were developed. Karyotype abnormalities were generally not seen in primary and induced neoplasms. This hamster is a new suitable tool for cancer research and cytogenetic studies.", "contents": "Djungarian hamster-a suitable tool for cancer research and cytogenetic studies. The Djungarian hamster, bred under usual laboratory conditions, developed different spontaneous neoplasms, most often mammary and skin cancers. Some mammary tumors were serially transplanted to noninbred animals. This hamster was susceptible to some chemical carcinogens and oncogenic viruses but resistant to others. It had comparatively few chromosomes (2n equal to 28), most of which could be recognized even in conventionally stained preparations. The chromosome-breaking effect of gamma-rays, chemical carcinogens, and viruses was studied with primary cultures of cells. Several transformed cell lines were developed. Karyotype abnormalities were generally not seen in primary and induced neoplasms. This hamster is a new suitable tool for cancer research and cytogenetic studies.", "PMID": 1123853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8226", "title": "Fine structure of dividing cells and of nondividing, differentiating cells of nickel sulfide-induced rhabdomyosarcomas.", "content": "Cells of nickel sulfide-induced rhabdomyosarcomas were studied with the electron microscope. Cells in the proliferative compartment were mononucleate and exhibited neither myofilaments nor other features of normal muscle cell differentiation. Cells in the nonproliferative compartment had myofilaments and differentiated similarly to the normal fetal and early postnatal muscle cells. The tumor cells did not differentiate beyond the initial stage of formation of triads and of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Transitional forms between undifferentiated and differentiated tumor cells were observed. Only a fraction of the progeny of the dividing cells seemed to differentiate; the remaining fraction did not and remained in the proliferative cell compartment as stem cells. The ratio between these cells and the descendants of the dividing cells that, by differentiation, became part of the nonproliferative cell compartment was a factor in the growth of the rhabdomyosarcomas. The pattern of fetal differentiation of the rhabdomyosarcomas was analogous to that of diethylnitrosamine-induced hepatomas studied previously in this laboratory.", "contents": "Fine structure of dividing cells and of nondividing, differentiating cells of nickel sulfide-induced rhabdomyosarcomas. Cells of nickel sulfide-induced rhabdomyosarcomas were studied with the electron microscope. Cells in the proliferative compartment were mononucleate and exhibited neither myofilaments nor other features of normal muscle cell differentiation. Cells in the nonproliferative compartment had myofilaments and differentiated similarly to the normal fetal and early postnatal muscle cells. The tumor cells did not differentiate beyond the initial stage of formation of triads and of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Transitional forms between undifferentiated and differentiated tumor cells were observed. Only a fraction of the progeny of the dividing cells seemed to differentiate; the remaining fraction did not and remained in the proliferative cell compartment as stem cells. The ratio between these cells and the descendants of the dividing cells that, by differentiation, became part of the nonproliferative cell compartment was a factor in the growth of the rhabdomyosarcomas. The pattern of fetal differentiation of the rhabdomyosarcomas was analogous to that of diethylnitrosamine-induced hepatomas studied previously in this laboratory.", "PMID": 1123854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8227", "title": "Immunotherapy of lethal metastases by lymphocytes sensitized against tumor cells in vitro.", "content": "To learn whether tumor metastases can be prevented by the immune system, we developed a model for the treatment of mice with syngeneic lymphocytes sensitized against tumor cells in vitro. Mice were given subcutaneously tumor cells that spontaneously metastasized to the lungs. The tumors developing locally were surgically removed and the mice were inoculated with sensitized lymphocytes 1 day later. Prevention of death by lung metastases was the measure of immunotherapy. Only approximately equal to 30-40 percent of mice receiving control treatment survived, whereas approximately equal to 70 percent survived that received lymphocytes sensitized in vitro against the tumor cells. Hence sensitization of syngeneic lymphocytes against tumor cells in vitro and injection of the lymphocytes into the host after removal of a local tumor prevented the development of lethal metastases.", "contents": "Immunotherapy of lethal metastases by lymphocytes sensitized against tumor cells in vitro. To learn whether tumor metastases can be prevented by the immune system, we developed a model for the treatment of mice with syngeneic lymphocytes sensitized against tumor cells in vitro. Mice were given subcutaneously tumor cells that spontaneously metastasized to the lungs. The tumors developing locally were surgically removed and the mice were inoculated with sensitized lymphocytes 1 day later. Prevention of death by lung metastases was the measure of immunotherapy. Only approximately equal to 30-40 percent of mice receiving control treatment survived, whereas approximately equal to 70 percent survived that received lymphocytes sensitized in vitro against the tumor cells. Hence sensitization of syngeneic lymphocytes against tumor cells in vitro and injection of the lymphocytes into the host after removal of a local tumor prevented the development of lethal metastases.", "PMID": 1123855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8228", "title": "Induction of carcinoma of the large intestine in guinea pigs by intratectal instillation of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea.", "content": "Intrarectal administration of 0.5 ml of a 0.25 percent solution of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea twice seekly for 42 weeks to female inbred strain-2 guinea pigs induced large-bowel adenocarcinomas in 9 of 10 animals in 38-56 weeks. Controls did not show cancer. The lesions were infiltrative or constrictive, which distinguished them from chemically induced large-bowel cancers of rats and mice.", "contents": "Induction of carcinoma of the large intestine in guinea pigs by intratectal instillation of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea. Intrarectal administration of 0.5 ml of a 0.25 percent solution of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea twice seekly for 42 weeks to female inbred strain-2 guinea pigs induced large-bowel adenocarcinomas in 9 of 10 animals in 38-56 weeks. Controls did not show cancer. The lesions were infiltrative or constrictive, which distinguished them from chemically induced large-bowel cancers of rats and mice.", "PMID": 1123856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8229", "title": "Marital and reproductive experience in a community-wide epidemiological study of breast cancer.", "content": "The relationship of marital and reproductive experience to human breast cancer was studied using data collected during 1956-1962 by the Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology at the Roswell Park Memorial Institute in Buffalo, New York. Information of epidemiological interest was obtained from all women with cancers of the reporductive organs in Buffalo, New York, and the adjoining township of Kenmore. For comparison, a probability sample of the same population was selected. During 1965-1967, an International Collaborative Study with similar objectives found a striking positive relationship between age at first birth and breast cancer risk. This finding can be interpreted as either indicating that an event associated with first birth at an early age protects against the development of breast cancer or that the hormonal status of a women both produces a delay in a woman becoming pregnant and increases the risk of developing breast cancer. The analysis of marital and reproductive histories in the Buffalo population study confirms previous reports of an increasing risk of breast cancer with increasing age at first birth. Attempts to distinguish the two interpretations mentioned by analyzing the interval between first marriage and time of birth in addition to age at first birth were not conclusive. This necessitated a similar analysis of data available in a larger series of 1164 breast cancer patients and 1200 non-neoplastic controls hospitalized at the Roswell Park Memorial Institute during 1957-1965. The results do not show an influence of interval between first marriage and first birth but do show an increased risk of breast cancer with increasing age at first birth. The results are thus consistent with a protective effect of an earyl age at first birth. These findings also have a bearing on recent suggestions that ovulatory failure predisposes to development of breast cancer.", "contents": "Marital and reproductive experience in a community-wide epidemiological study of breast cancer. The relationship of marital and reproductive experience to human breast cancer was studied using data collected during 1956-1962 by the Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology at the Roswell Park Memorial Institute in Buffalo, New York. Information of epidemiological interest was obtained from all women with cancers of the reporductive organs in Buffalo, New York, and the adjoining township of Kenmore. For comparison, a probability sample of the same population was selected. During 1965-1967, an International Collaborative Study with similar objectives found a striking positive relationship between age at first birth and breast cancer risk. This finding can be interpreted as either indicating that an event associated with first birth at an early age protects against the development of breast cancer or that the hormonal status of a women both produces a delay in a woman becoming pregnant and increases the risk of developing breast cancer. The analysis of marital and reproductive histories in the Buffalo population study confirms previous reports of an increasing risk of breast cancer with increasing age at first birth. Attempts to distinguish the two interpretations mentioned by analyzing the interval between first marriage and time of birth in addition to age at first birth were not conclusive. This necessitated a similar analysis of data available in a larger series of 1164 breast cancer patients and 1200 non-neoplastic controls hospitalized at the Roswell Park Memorial Institute during 1957-1965. The results do not show an influence of interval between first marriage and first birth but do show an increased risk of breast cancer with increasing age at first birth. The results are thus consistent with a protective effect of an earyl age at first birth. These findings also have a bearing on recent suggestions that ovulatory failure predisposes to development of breast cancer.", "PMID": 1123861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8230", "title": "Acute codeine overdose:  correspondence between clinical course and codeine metabolism.", "content": "A patient presented with clinical features of drug overdose.  Although heroin was suspected, codeine was identified by drug analysis.  The clinical course was complicated by shock, respiratory arrest and laboratory evidence of acute hepatic insufficiency.  An inital slow rate of codeine metaboism, possibly related to the hepatic damage, corresponded to prolonged respiratory depression.", "contents": "Acute codeine overdose:  correspondence between clinical course and codeine metabolism. A patient presented with clinical features of drug overdose.  Although heroin was suspected, codeine was identified by drug analysis.  The clinical course was complicated by shock, respiratory arrest and laboratory evidence of acute hepatic insufficiency.  An inital slow rate of codeine metaboism, possibly related to the hepatic damage, corresponded to prolonged respiratory depression.", "PMID": 1123862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8231", "title": "[Characteristics of the clinical course of post-infarct cardiac insufficiency].", "content": "Subsequent to an examination of 133 patients, made several years after transmural myocardial infarction sustained by them, features specific for the clinical course of post-infarction cardiac insufficiency are analyzed. The examination included studies of the hemodynamics, veloergometry, measurements of the end diastolic pressure in the left ventricle, ventriculography and selective coronaroangiography. A considerable proportion of patients with extensive infarction in their history were found to suffer from chronic left ventricle incompetence with recurrent attacks of cardiac asthma. In the development of congestive cardiac insufficiency along the larger circulation an important role plays a sharply diminished contractility of the left ventricle due to the presence of extensive areas of akinesia and, in individual cases, also because of mitralism of the heart.", "contents": "[Characteristics of the clinical course of post-infarct cardiac insufficiency]. Subsequent to an examination of 133 patients, made several years after transmural myocardial infarction sustained by them, features specific for the clinical course of post-infarction cardiac insufficiency are analyzed. The examination included studies of the hemodynamics, veloergometry, measurements of the end diastolic pressure in the left ventricle, ventriculography and selective coronaroangiography. A considerable proportion of patients with extensive infarction in their history were found to suffer from chronic left ventricle incompetence with recurrent attacks of cardiac asthma. In the development of congestive cardiac insufficiency along the larger circulation an important role plays a sharply diminished contractility of the left ventricle due to the presence of extensive areas of akinesia and, in individual cases, also because of mitralism of the heart.", "PMID": 1123865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8232", "title": "[Phase structure of cardiac activity and the function of renal vessels in nephrogenic hypertension].", "content": "A total of 25 patients with renal affections, in whom an elevated arterial pressure had been ascertained clinically, were examined for the phasic structure of the cardiac action and for the functional state of the renal vessels by employing rheography. Of these patients 8 had urolithiasis, 6-tuberculosis, 7-polycystosis and 4-renal tumours. Their systolic pressure averaged 160-220 mm and diastolic-80-110 mm. In patients with nephrogenic hypertension the tone of systemic vessels and the peripheral resistance are shown to go up. The changes are accompanied by a phasic syndrome of a high diastolic pressure. A complex investigation into the phasic structure of the cardiac activity and the functional condition of the renal vessels by employing rheography makes it possible to disclose the sequential lesion of the vessels in patients suffering from nephrogenic hypertension.", "contents": "[Phase structure of cardiac activity and the function of renal vessels in nephrogenic hypertension]. A total of 25 patients with renal affections, in whom an elevated arterial pressure had been ascertained clinically, were examined for the phasic structure of the cardiac action and for the functional state of the renal vessels by employing rheography. Of these patients 8 had urolithiasis, 6-tuberculosis, 7-polycystosis and 4-renal tumours. Their systolic pressure averaged 160-220 mm and diastolic-80-110 mm. In patients with nephrogenic hypertension the tone of systemic vessels and the peripheral resistance are shown to go up. The changes are accompanied by a phasic syndrome of a high diastolic pressure. A complex investigation into the phasic structure of the cardiac activity and the functional condition of the renal vessels by employing rheography makes it possible to disclose the sequential lesion of the vessels in patients suffering from nephrogenic hypertension.", "PMID": 1123866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8233", "title": "[Effect of heparin on certain indicators of oxidating and energetic processes in experimental endomyocarditis].", "content": "The influence of therapeutic dosage of heparin on the content of underoxidized substanses of blood, quantity of ATP, ADP, AMP, creatininphosphate, CPK, and lactatedehydrogenase activity of the heart, liver and kidney tissues was studied in 55 rabbits during horse serum and complex antigen sensitization. Changes in oxidizing and energy processes in experimental endomyocarditis were more prominent in these organs tissues than in blood. Heparin administration increased lactate acid in blood and lactatedehydrogenase activity in the cardiac tissue. Heparin also normalized the increased pyruvic acid level in blood and preserved higher ATP content in tissues. Adenyl system components were balanced in heparinized animals. Heparin influence on oxydizing and energy processes depended upon the basic status of the organism.", "contents": "[Effect of heparin on certain indicators of oxidating and energetic processes in experimental endomyocarditis]. The influence of therapeutic dosage of heparin on the content of underoxidized substanses of blood, quantity of ATP, ADP, AMP, creatininphosphate, CPK, and lactatedehydrogenase activity of the heart, liver and kidney tissues was studied in 55 rabbits during horse serum and complex antigen sensitization. Changes in oxidizing and energy processes in experimental endomyocarditis were more prominent in these organs tissues than in blood. Heparin administration increased lactate acid in blood and lactatedehydrogenase activity in the cardiac tissue. Heparin also normalized the increased pyruvic acid level in blood and preserved higher ATP content in tissues. Adenyl system components were balanced in heparinized animals. Heparin influence on oxydizing and energy processes depended upon the basic status of the organism.", "PMID": 1123867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8234", "title": "[Changes in the protein and energy metabolism and their correction in patients with circulatory insufficiency].", "content": "Chronic hypoxia arising in cases of circulatory insufficiency brings on changes in all kinds of metabolism, including that of energy and protein. Patients suffering from circulatory insufficiency should be treated with due regard for metabolic shifts occurring in cases of cardiac incompetence. A total of 180 patients with circulatory insufficiency of the I-IIIstage were examined by employing up-to-date methods in studying the state of the energy, carbohydrate, protein, amino acids metabolism and the hepatic function. The patients underwent medication with drugs influencing the metabolic processes and with combinations of such drugs and the clinical effect of such a type of the treatment is assessed.", "contents": "[Changes in the protein and energy metabolism and their correction in patients with circulatory insufficiency]. Chronic hypoxia arising in cases of circulatory insufficiency brings on changes in all kinds of metabolism, including that of energy and protein. Patients suffering from circulatory insufficiency should be treated with due regard for metabolic shifts occurring in cases of cardiac incompetence. A total of 180 patients with circulatory insufficiency of the I-IIIstage were examined by employing up-to-date methods in studying the state of the energy, carbohydrate, protein, amino acids metabolism and the hepatic function. The patients underwent medication with drugs influencing the metabolic processes and with combinations of such drugs and the clinical effect of such a type of the treatment is assessed.", "PMID": 1123871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8235", "title": "[Pathogenesis of cachexia in cardiac insufficiency].", "content": "In 81 patients with circulatory insufficiency of the IIB-III stage some in dices of the lipids and protein metabolism along with the blood sugar level were studied. Changes in the lipids metabolism values are more pronounced in patients with mitral defects than in those with atherosclerotic cardiosclerosis. The authors attach definite importance to these derangements in the pathogenesis of cardiac cachexia secondary to the developing circulatory insufficiency.", "contents": "[Pathogenesis of cachexia in cardiac insufficiency]. In 81 patients with circulatory insufficiency of the IIB-III stage some in dices of the lipids and protein metabolism along with the blood sugar level were studied. Changes in the lipids metabolism values are more pronounced in patients with mitral defects than in those with atherosclerotic cardiosclerosis. The authors attach definite importance to these derangements in the pathogenesis of cardiac cachexia secondary to the developing circulatory insufficiency.", "PMID": 1123872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8236", "title": "[Content and distribution of water and potassium in the body of patients with chronic circulatory insufficiency].", "content": "The total water content (after antipyrine and tritium oxide), that of extracellular water (after sodium thiosulphate) and of overall metabolic potassium (with reference to K42) were studied concurrently in 34 patients with chronic circulatory insufficiency. Twenty normal subjects served as controls. In the sick the disturbances of the water metabolism made themselves felt not only in the accumulation of surplus water in the body, but also in its re-distribution. In the presence of marked edemas the total water level rises both at the expense of extra- and intracellular water. With the normal level of total water the extracellular water fraction is up and the intracellular one is down. An early and consistent sign of circulatory insufficiency is a drop in the amount of overall metabolic potassium in the body. The potassium deficit increases parallel with progressing circulatory insufficiency, being contingent not only upon the reduction of the cellular mass, but also on the lower intracellular concentration of potassium. The concentration of potassium in the plasma does not reflect the overall content of it in the body.", "contents": "[Content and distribution of water and potassium in the body of patients with chronic circulatory insufficiency]. The total water content (after antipyrine and tritium oxide), that of extracellular water (after sodium thiosulphate) and of overall metabolic potassium (with reference to K42) were studied concurrently in 34 patients with chronic circulatory insufficiency. Twenty normal subjects served as controls. In the sick the disturbances of the water metabolism made themselves felt not only in the accumulation of surplus water in the body, but also in its re-distribution. In the presence of marked edemas the total water level rises both at the expense of extra- and intracellular water. With the normal level of total water the extracellular water fraction is up and the intracellular one is down. An early and consistent sign of circulatory insufficiency is a drop in the amount of overall metabolic potassium in the body. The potassium deficit increases parallel with progressing circulatory insufficiency, being contingent not only upon the reduction of the cellular mass, but also on the lower intracellular concentration of potassium. The concentration of potassium in the plasma does not reflect the overall content of it in the body.", "PMID": 1123873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8237", "title": "[Antidiuretic hormone content in the blood plasma of patients with chronic circulatory insufficiency].", "content": "The antidiuretic hormone (ADH) content in the blood plasma in comparison with its osmosis, the mass of circulating blood and the Na/K ratio in the urine was studied in 59 patients with rheumatic heart disease, atherosclerotic cardiosclerosis and chronic nonspecific affections of the lungs with and without circulatory insufficiency. The blood plasma ADH level is shown to increase significantly only with circulatory insufficiency of the IIB-III stage, whereas the plasma osmosis first has a tendency to rise and then gradually declines. This may suggest a deranged regulation of the ADH secretion with a higher osmosis of the plasma. No clear-cut parallelism between changes in the ADH level, the mass of circulating blood and plasma, the Na/K ratio in the urine and diurnal urinary output could be noted.", "contents": "[Antidiuretic hormone content in the blood plasma of patients with chronic circulatory insufficiency]. The antidiuretic hormone (ADH) content in the blood plasma in comparison with its osmosis, the mass of circulating blood and the Na/K ratio in the urine was studied in 59 patients with rheumatic heart disease, atherosclerotic cardiosclerosis and chronic nonspecific affections of the lungs with and without circulatory insufficiency. The blood plasma ADH level is shown to increase significantly only with circulatory insufficiency of the IIB-III stage, whereas the plasma osmosis first has a tendency to rise and then gradually declines. This may suggest a deranged regulation of the ADH secretion with a higher osmosis of the plasma. No clear-cut parallelism between changes in the ADH level, the mass of circulating blood and plasma, the Na/K ratio in the urine and diurnal urinary output could be noted.", "PMID": 1123874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8238", "title": "[Liver biopsy and blood serum enzyme content in patients with rheumatic heart disease with circulatory insufficiency].", "content": "Puncture biopsy of the liver and a comparison of the blood serum enzymes-lactate-dehydrogenase and fructose-1-phosphate-aldolase-with the nature of histomorphological alterations were effected in 18 patients with rheumatic heart diseases, circulatory insufficiency of the II-III degree and rheumatism in the I-II stage of activity. Morphological changes in the liver were not specific, being characterized largely by congestive manifestations and deranged intrahepatic circulation. With a declining level of glycogen and nucleoproteins in the hepatocytes the blood serum of such patients showed an increased content of fructose-1-phosphate-aldolase and lactate-dehydrogenase. Histomorphological analysis of the puncture material facilitate the evaluation of the nature of intravital changes in the liver of patients with different degrees of circulatory insufficiency.", "contents": "[Liver biopsy and blood serum enzyme content in patients with rheumatic heart disease with circulatory insufficiency]. Puncture biopsy of the liver and a comparison of the blood serum enzymes-lactate-dehydrogenase and fructose-1-phosphate-aldolase-with the nature of histomorphological alterations were effected in 18 patients with rheumatic heart diseases, circulatory insufficiency of the II-III degree and rheumatism in the I-II stage of activity. Morphological changes in the liver were not specific, being characterized largely by congestive manifestations and deranged intrahepatic circulation. With a declining level of glycogen and nucleoproteins in the hepatocytes the blood serum of such patients showed an increased content of fructose-1-phosphate-aldolase and lactate-dehydrogenase. Histomorphological analysis of the puncture material facilitate the evaluation of the nature of intravital changes in the liver of patients with different degrees of circulatory insufficiency.", "PMID": 1123876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8239", "title": "[Effect of large doses of nicotinic acid on certain metabolic processes and contractile function of an intact heart].", "content": "Peroral administration of nicotinic acid to rabbits in amounts of 500 mg, twice a day for 7 days was attended by a reduced contractility of the myocardium, an increased content of catecholamines in the heart and deranged lipids metabolism in the heart muscle. It is assumed that the contractility of the heart is largely determined by the state of the lipids metabolism and their utilization in the generation of energy.", "contents": "[Effect of large doses of nicotinic acid on certain metabolic processes and contractile function of an intact heart]. Peroral administration of nicotinic acid to rabbits in amounts of 500 mg, twice a day for 7 days was attended by a reduced contractility of the myocardium, an increased content of catecholamines in the heart and deranged lipids metabolism in the heart muscle. It is assumed that the contractility of the heart is largely determined by the state of the lipids metabolism and their utilization in the generation of energy.", "PMID": 1123877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8240", "title": "[Diuretics as factors regulating electrolyte transport through the wall of the kidney tubule].", "content": "The effects of furosemide, hydrochlorthiazide, triamteren and mannitol on the intratubular potential, electric resistance of the wall of the proximal and distal renal tubule and also changes in the magnitude of the short-circuited current that give an idea as to the tubular transport of sodium in the proximal section of nephron were explored electrophysiologically on a renal nephron of the rat. Furosemide and hydrochlorthiazide depressed the magnitude of the short-circuited current in the proximal end of nephron and raised the transtubular potential. Hydrochlorthiazide also tended to increase the electric resistance of the renal tubule wall. Triamteren forced down the potential in the proximal end of nephron, as well as the magnitude of the short-circuited current, but did not change the tubular wall resistance. Mannitol drastically reduced the tubular wall resistance and the intratubular potential, without affecting the short-circuited current. A classification of diuretics by the mode of their action on the electric parameters of the nephron is given.", "contents": "[Diuretics as factors regulating electrolyte transport through the wall of the kidney tubule]. The effects of furosemide, hydrochlorthiazide, triamteren and mannitol on the intratubular potential, electric resistance of the wall of the proximal and distal renal tubule and also changes in the magnitude of the short-circuited current that give an idea as to the tubular transport of sodium in the proximal section of nephron were explored electrophysiologically on a renal nephron of the rat. Furosemide and hydrochlorthiazide depressed the magnitude of the short-circuited current in the proximal end of nephron and raised the transtubular potential. Hydrochlorthiazide also tended to increase the electric resistance of the renal tubule wall. Triamteren forced down the potential in the proximal end of nephron, as well as the magnitude of the short-circuited current, but did not change the tubular wall resistance. Mannitol drastically reduced the tubular wall resistance and the intratubular potential, without affecting the short-circuited current. A classification of diuretics by the mode of their action on the electric parameters of the nephron is given.", "PMID": 1123879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8241", "title": "[Electrical activity of the myocardium and hemodynamics in patients with myocardial infarct].", "content": "A total of 53 patients with myocardial infarction were examined on the 1st, 21st and 45th day of the disease. The electric activity of the myocardium was studied by the method of spatial quantitative vectorocardiography. An investigation into the basic hemodynamic indices was made by employing the dilution method (Evans blue) A correlation-statistical model was constructed to elicit the relationship between vectorocardiographic changes and hemodynamic indices. It was found that in cases of myocardial infarction with and without symptoms of circulatory insufficiency there exists between the electric activity of the ventricular myocardium and cardiac ejection a differently marked interrelation on the ground of which one can form a certain judgement as to the functional condition of the intact segments of the left and the myocardium of the right ventricle.", "contents": "[Electrical activity of the myocardium and hemodynamics in patients with myocardial infarct]. A total of 53 patients with myocardial infarction were examined on the 1st, 21st and 45th day of the disease. The electric activity of the myocardium was studied by the method of spatial quantitative vectorocardiography. An investigation into the basic hemodynamic indices was made by employing the dilution method (Evans blue) A correlation-statistical model was constructed to elicit the relationship between vectorocardiographic changes and hemodynamic indices. It was found that in cases of myocardial infarction with and without symptoms of circulatory insufficiency there exists between the electric activity of the ventricular myocardium and cardiac ejection a differently marked interrelation on the ground of which one can form a certain judgement as to the functional condition of the intact segments of the left and the myocardium of the right ventricle.", "PMID": 1123880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8242", "title": "[Changes of the volume of body fluids in cardiac insufficiency of patients with congenital heart defects].", "content": "Results consequent upon investigations into variations of the water metabolism, central and intracardiac hemodynamics and myocardial contractility in 42 patients with congenital heart defects are reported. It is established that an increase in the content of total water in the body and of the intracellular liquid may be considered to be a significant sign pointing to circulatory insufficiency, even in the absence of any clinical manifestations of this condition.", "contents": "[Changes of the volume of body fluids in cardiac insufficiency of patients with congenital heart defects]. Results consequent upon investigations into variations of the water metabolism, central and intracardiac hemodynamics and myocardial contractility in 42 patients with congenital heart defects are reported. It is established that an increase in the content of total water in the body and of the intracellular liquid may be considered to be a significant sign pointing to circulatory insufficiency, even in the absence of any clinical manifestations of this condition.", "PMID": 1123881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8243", "title": "[\"Spontaneous\" dynamics of mental condition of patients with myocardial infarct according to MMPI data].", "content": "Dynamics of psychic status of patients with myocardial infarction was analysed on the basis of MMPI data on 587 investigations and clinical observations of 250 patients. There were observed acute stress reactions of first weeks of the disease, \"joy of recovering\" at the end of the 1st month of the disease; the period of some worsening of psychical status 3-11 months after the onset of myocardial infarction reflecting the difficulties of adaptation, the period of further psychical stabilization as a final stage of psychological readaptation. Comparing MMPI data of normal and pathological psychical reactions in patients with myocardial infarction the author has distinguished some differential diagnostic signs.", "contents": "[\"Spontaneous\" dynamics of mental condition of patients with myocardial infarct according to MMPI data]. Dynamics of psychic status of patients with myocardial infarction was analysed on the basis of MMPI data on 587 investigations and clinical observations of 250 patients. There were observed acute stress reactions of first weeks of the disease, \"joy of recovering\" at the end of the 1st month of the disease; the period of some worsening of psychical status 3-11 months after the onset of myocardial infarction reflecting the difficulties of adaptation, the period of further psychical stabilization as a final stage of psychological readaptation. Comparing MMPI data of normal and pathological psychical reactions in patients with myocardial infarction the author has distinguished some differential diagnostic signs.", "PMID": 1123882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8244", "title": "[Veloergometric indicators in patients with acute myocardial infarct during the period of their activation].", "content": "Veloergometry was practised in 35 patients with acute myocardial infarction at the time of their activiation (mainly on the 45-50th day of the disease or 7-8 days after they have been put on the feet). The investigation was aimed at detecting some signs of coronary insufficiency and cardiac incompetence, as well as of the limit of physical activity of such patients at the time of stimulated physical performance. The patients under examination demonstrated a significantly reduced amount of the work performed, which averaged 327 kgm. Among the patients complaints that led to discontinuance of the exercises were general fatigue and that of the feet in particular, dyspnoea and sensation of air deficiency, anginal attacks and deranged cardiac rhythm. In 28 cases changes in the terminal part of the ventricular ECG complex were recorded. The T-V1 greater than T-V6 syndrome was also analyzed before and after veloergometry. Of interest are the ECG changes in 2 groups of the patients, viz. the 1st without any ECG indications of transmural infarction and the 2nd one presenting such signs. Changes in the terminal part of the ventricular complex recorded in patients of the 2nd group, combined with dyspnoea, asphyxia and marked tachycardia during veloergometry suggest the presence in them not only of the coronary, but also of the left ventricular insufficiency.", "contents": "[Veloergometric indicators in patients with acute myocardial infarct during the period of their activation]. Veloergometry was practised in 35 patients with acute myocardial infarction at the time of their activiation (mainly on the 45-50th day of the disease or 7-8 days after they have been put on the feet). The investigation was aimed at detecting some signs of coronary insufficiency and cardiac incompetence, as well as of the limit of physical activity of such patients at the time of stimulated physical performance. The patients under examination demonstrated a significantly reduced amount of the work performed, which averaged 327 kgm. Among the patients complaints that led to discontinuance of the exercises were general fatigue and that of the feet in particular, dyspnoea and sensation of air deficiency, anginal attacks and deranged cardiac rhythm. In 28 cases changes in the terminal part of the ventricular ECG complex were recorded. The T-V1 greater than T-V6 syndrome was also analyzed before and after veloergometry. Of interest are the ECG changes in 2 groups of the patients, viz. the 1st without any ECG indications of transmural infarction and the 2nd one presenting such signs. Changes in the terminal part of the ventricular complex recorded in patients of the 2nd group, combined with dyspnoea, asphyxia and marked tachycardia during veloergometry suggest the presence in them not only of the coronary, but also of the left ventricular insufficiency.", "PMID": 1123883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8245", "title": "[Diurnal fluctuations of blood lipids and sugar level in healthy persons and in patients with ischemic heart diseases].", "content": "Diurnal fluctuations in the level of cholesterol, phospholipids, triglycerides, NEFA and sugar in the blood of practically healthy subjects and in patients with ischemic heart disease, attended by hyperlipoproteinemia of the II and IV types, were studied. Investigations were made at 9 a.m., 3 and 9 p.m. The variations of the lipid fractions and sugar in the blood of practically healthy individuals and of patients with hyperlipoproteinemia showed no essential differences. There were minimal diurnal changes in the cholesterol level, a tendency towards an increase in the level of phospholipids, a statistically significant rise in the content of triglycerides and sugar in the blood and large fluctuations in the level of the NEFA, both upwards and downwards. In patients with hyperlipoproteinemia of the II type variations in the blood cholesterol and phospholipids levels occurring in the course of the day proved to be of the same nature as in the case of normal lipoproteinemia, with no diurnal rise of the sugar level, while the NEFA content showed a distinct upward tendency. In patients it was only the blood cholesterol and triglycerides level that remained at a statistically significant higher level throughout the day.", "contents": "[Diurnal fluctuations of blood lipids and sugar level in healthy persons and in patients with ischemic heart diseases]. Diurnal fluctuations in the level of cholesterol, phospholipids, triglycerides, NEFA and sugar in the blood of practically healthy subjects and in patients with ischemic heart disease, attended by hyperlipoproteinemia of the II and IV types, were studied. Investigations were made at 9 a.m., 3 and 9 p.m. The variations of the lipid fractions and sugar in the blood of practically healthy individuals and of patients with hyperlipoproteinemia showed no essential differences. There were minimal diurnal changes in the cholesterol level, a tendency towards an increase in the level of phospholipids, a statistically significant rise in the content of triglycerides and sugar in the blood and large fluctuations in the level of the NEFA, both upwards and downwards. In patients with hyperlipoproteinemia of the II type variations in the blood cholesterol and phospholipids levels occurring in the course of the day proved to be of the same nature as in the case of normal lipoproteinemia, with no diurnal rise of the sugar level, while the NEFA content showed a distinct upward tendency. In patients it was only the blood cholesterol and triglycerides level that remained at a statistically significant higher level throughout the day.", "PMID": 1123884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8246", "title": "[Activity of certain blood enzymes in patients with myocardial infarct complicated by shock].", "content": "The activity of glutamino-oxaloacetic transaminase was studied in 85 and that of creatinophosphokinase, total lactate-dehydrogenase and its isoenzymes in 58 patients with macrofocal myocardial infarction complicated by a shock. The maximal transaminase activity in patients with myocardial infarction attended by a shock was on the average greater than in similar patients without any shock. In patients with myocardial infarction attended by a shock who presented, at the same time, congestive manifestations in the systemic ciruclation demonstrated a higher transaminase activity and its normalization at a later date than this was in the case of patients with a shock, but without congestion in the systemic circulation. In patients suffering from myocardial infarction with a shock the activity of creatinophosphokinase and total lactate-dehydrogenase averaged higher than in those without shock. In the blood serum of such patients the proportions of the lactate-dehydrogenase isoenzymes were found to undergo substantial changes, which consisted in an increased activity of the LDH1 and LDH5 fractions. The main factor responsible for a considerable rise in the activity of the blood serum transaminase, creatinophosphokinase, total lactate-dehydrogenase and the LDH1 fraction occurring in patients with myocardial infarction attended by a shock is the great extent of the necrotic focus in the myocardium.", "contents": "[Activity of certain blood enzymes in patients with myocardial infarct complicated by shock]. The activity of glutamino-oxaloacetic transaminase was studied in 85 and that of creatinophosphokinase, total lactate-dehydrogenase and its isoenzymes in 58 patients with macrofocal myocardial infarction complicated by a shock. The maximal transaminase activity in patients with myocardial infarction attended by a shock was on the average greater than in similar patients without any shock. In patients with myocardial infarction attended by a shock who presented, at the same time, congestive manifestations in the systemic ciruclation demonstrated a higher transaminase activity and its normalization at a later date than this was in the case of patients with a shock, but without congestion in the systemic circulation. In patients suffering from myocardial infarction with a shock the activity of creatinophosphokinase and total lactate-dehydrogenase averaged higher than in those without shock. In the blood serum of such patients the proportions of the lactate-dehydrogenase isoenzymes were found to undergo substantial changes, which consisted in an increased activity of the LDH1 and LDH5 fractions. The main factor responsible for a considerable rise in the activity of the blood serum transaminase, creatinophosphokinase, total lactate-dehydrogenase and the LDH1 fraction occurring in patients with myocardial infarction attended by a shock is the great extent of the necrotic focus in the myocardium.", "PMID": 1123885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8247", "title": "[Alveolar ventilation and oxygen diffusion in the lungs of patients with mitral valve defects].", "content": "Evidence has been obtained that in patients with mitral defects of the heart and circulatory insufficiency at rest there is observed total and alveolar hyperventilation accompanied by a falling efficiency of the alveolar ventilation. In patients with mitral stenosis there is noted a progressive deterioration of the oxygen diffusion in the lungs, which depends upon the stage of the circulatory insufficiency. In patients where incompetence of the mitral valve prevails the diffusion disorders become manifest only in cases of a sharply pronounced circulatory insufficiency.", "contents": "[Alveolar ventilation and oxygen diffusion in the lungs of patients with mitral valve defects]. Evidence has been obtained that in patients with mitral defects of the heart and circulatory insufficiency at rest there is observed total and alveolar hyperventilation accompanied by a falling efficiency of the alveolar ventilation. In patients with mitral stenosis there is noted a progressive deterioration of the oxygen diffusion in the lungs, which depends upon the stage of the circulatory insufficiency. In patients where incompetence of the mitral valve prevails the diffusion disorders become manifest only in cases of a sharply pronounced circulatory insufficiency.", "PMID": 1123886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8248", "title": "[Changes of certain immunological indicators in patients in the early periods after operations performed under condition of artificial circulation].", "content": "In 43 patients with acquired and congenital cardiac defects and in 4 others with ischemic heart disease some indices of immunological reactivity were studied before and after operations performed under extracorporeal circulation. In patients with cardiac defects and ischemic heart disease, in whom circulatory disorders were being observed for a long time and the cellular and humoral factors of the immunological reactivity of the organism were at a low level, a reduced capability of the segmentonuclear neutrophils in the peripheral blood to undergo phagocytos is along with the bactericidal properties of the serum and skin were demonstrable. With the post-operative period not complicated by an infection the normalization of these indices occur in a week's time. A moderately increased phagocytosis or, conversely, the lack of any tendency towards normalization during the 1st post-operative week is an unfavourable sign and, as a rule, is indicative of a developing infection-induced complication.", "contents": "[Changes of certain immunological indicators in patients in the early periods after operations performed under condition of artificial circulation]. In 43 patients with acquired and congenital cardiac defects and in 4 others with ischemic heart disease some indices of immunological reactivity were studied before and after operations performed under extracorporeal circulation. In patients with cardiac defects and ischemic heart disease, in whom circulatory disorders were being observed for a long time and the cellular and humoral factors of the immunological reactivity of the organism were at a low level, a reduced capability of the segmentonuclear neutrophils in the peripheral blood to undergo phagocytos is along with the bactericidal properties of the serum and skin were demonstrable. With the post-operative period not complicated by an infection the normalization of these indices occur in a week's time. A moderately increased phagocytosis or, conversely, the lack of any tendency towards normalization during the 1st post-operative week is an unfavourable sign and, as a rule, is indicative of a developing infection-induced complication.", "PMID": 1123887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8249", "title": "Metabolism of blood glucose by the intact functioning kidney of the dog.", "content": "The CO2 produced in the metabolism of blood glucose by the kidney has been measured by the i.v. infusion 14C-UL-D-glucose as a tracer. A small fraction of circulating 14C-glucose is converted to labeled lactate in extrarenal tissues, returned to, extracted by and metabolized to CO2 in the kidney. Correcting the apparent 14CO2 produced in the kidney from glucose for the 14CO2 produced from lactate yields that produced directly from glucose. Differences in production of CO2 from glucose in chronic metabolic acidosis and alkalosis are small and probably are not significant. If so, somewhat less than one-quarter of the total metabolism of the intact functioning kidney is supported by blood glucose. These measurements have been made at normal endogenous blood concentrations of glucose.", "contents": "Metabolism of blood glucose by the intact functioning kidney of the dog. The CO2 produced in the metabolism of blood glucose by the kidney has been measured by the i.v. infusion 14C-UL-D-glucose as a tracer. A small fraction of circulating 14C-glucose is converted to labeled lactate in extrarenal tissues, returned to, extracted by and metabolized to CO2 in the kidney. Correcting the apparent 14CO2 produced in the kidney from glucose for the 14CO2 produced from lactate yields that produced directly from glucose. Differences in production of CO2 from glucose in chronic metabolic acidosis and alkalosis are small and probably are not significant. If so, somewhat less than one-quarter of the total metabolism of the intact functioning kidney is supported by blood glucose. These measurements have been made at normal endogenous blood concentrations of glucose.", "PMID": 1123889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8250", "title": "Ultrastructure of a specialized neck region in the rabbit nephron.", "content": "The transition between the glomerulus and the proximal tubule was studied by light and electron microscopy in perfusion-fixed rabbit kidneys. In most nephrons a transitional segment of tubule occurred between the Bowman's capsule and the proximal tubule proper. This initial part of the tubule was lined by flattened cells and formed a cytologically distinct neck segment. The nephron population was heterogeneous with respect to the length of this neck segment regardless of the level of the cortex. The neck cells contained an abundance of thin filaments often oriented at right angles to the long axis of the tubule and comparable in thickness to actin filaments. The presence of actin-like filaments suggests that neck cells may effect changes in the diameter of the neck segment and, thus, influence single nephron glomerular filtration rate.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of a specialized neck region in the rabbit nephron. The transition between the glomerulus and the proximal tubule was studied by light and electron microscopy in perfusion-fixed rabbit kidneys. In most nephrons a transitional segment of tubule occurred between the Bowman's capsule and the proximal tubule proper. This initial part of the tubule was lined by flattened cells and formed a cytologically distinct neck segment. The nephron population was heterogeneous with respect to the length of this neck segment regardless of the level of the cortex. The neck cells contained an abundance of thin filaments often oriented at right angles to the long axis of the tubule and comparable in thickness to actin filaments. The presence of actin-like filaments suggests that neck cells may effect changes in the diameter of the neck segment and, thus, influence single nephron glomerular filtration rate.", "PMID": 1123890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8251", "title": "Indomethacin enhancement of glycerol-induced acute renal failure in rabbits.", "content": "Seventy-three rabbits (2 to 3 kg in weight) were studied during a control period and after receiving 50% glycerol (G) or mercuric chloride (M) with or without indomethacin (I) (controls received the diluent used for I). Plasma creatinine, plasma renin activity, blood pressure, sodium and potassium concentrations, hematocrit value, urinary output, body wt and histologic appearance of the kidney were determined. I enhanced the incidence and severity of the acute renal failure produced by G but failed to aggravate that produced by M. Because the dose of I used in this study blocked the synthesis of renal prostaglandins in the rabbit, we suggest that renal prostaglandins protect against the development of G-induced acute renal failure (a circulatory type of renal failure) in this animal model. Furthermore, the failure of I to aggravate M-induced acute renal failure indicates that it is unlikely that I aggravates G-induced acute renal failure by a direct nephrotoxic effect. No evidence was found for other possible side actions of I being responsible for the observed aggravation.", "contents": "Indomethacin enhancement of glycerol-induced acute renal failure in rabbits. Seventy-three rabbits (2 to 3 kg in weight) were studied during a control period and after receiving 50% glycerol (G) or mercuric chloride (M) with or without indomethacin (I) (controls received the diluent used for I). Plasma creatinine, plasma renin activity, blood pressure, sodium and potassium concentrations, hematocrit value, urinary output, body wt and histologic appearance of the kidney were determined. I enhanced the incidence and severity of the acute renal failure produced by G but failed to aggravate that produced by M. Because the dose of I used in this study blocked the synthesis of renal prostaglandins in the rabbit, we suggest that renal prostaglandins protect against the development of G-induced acute renal failure (a circulatory type of renal failure) in this animal model. Furthermore, the failure of I to aggravate M-induced acute renal failure indicates that it is unlikely that I aggravates G-induced acute renal failure by a direct nephrotoxic effect. No evidence was found for other possible side actions of I being responsible for the observed aggravation.", "PMID": 1123891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8252", "title": "[Effect of hemodialysis on plasma aldosterone in anephric patients (author's transl)].", "content": "Plasma aldosterone, plasma cortisol and the serum concentrations of sodium and potassium were determined in 5 anephric patients before and at short time intervals up to 180 minutes after hemodialysis. Plasma aldosterone increased in 4 of 5 patients during hemodialysis while in all patients plasma cortisol, sodium and potassium decreased. Only one patient showed a fall in aldosterone during hemodialysis. After hemodialysis plasma aldosterone gradually decreased over a period of 3 hours in 3 of 5 patients, whereas the remaining two patients showed typical secretory episodes of aldosterone. In each patient serum potassium rapidly increased while serum sodium showed only minor variations. Plasma cortisol followed the normal circadian rhythm. We suggest that a still unkown factor had caused the observed increases in plasma aldosterone during hemodialysis. There are reasons to believe that over the period observed after hemodialysis the intracellular potassium concentration and not serum potassium levels has influenced adrenal aldosterone release. This would explain the paradoxical decrease in plasma aldosterone in 3 of the 5 patients while serum potassium increased.", "contents": "[Effect of hemodialysis on plasma aldosterone in anephric patients (author's transl)]. Plasma aldosterone, plasma cortisol and the serum concentrations of sodium and potassium were determined in 5 anephric patients before and at short time intervals up to 180 minutes after hemodialysis. Plasma aldosterone increased in 4 of 5 patients during hemodialysis while in all patients plasma cortisol, sodium and potassium decreased. Only one patient showed a fall in aldosterone during hemodialysis. After hemodialysis plasma aldosterone gradually decreased over a period of 3 hours in 3 of 5 patients, whereas the remaining two patients showed typical secretory episodes of aldosterone. In each patient serum potassium rapidly increased while serum sodium showed only minor variations. Plasma cortisol followed the normal circadian rhythm. We suggest that a still unkown factor had caused the observed increases in plasma aldosterone during hemodialysis. There are reasons to believe that over the period observed after hemodialysis the intracellular potassium concentration and not serum potassium levels has influenced adrenal aldosterone release. This would explain the paradoxical decrease in plasma aldosterone in 3 of the 5 patients while serum potassium increased.", "PMID": 1123892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8253", "title": "[Spontaneous lymphocyte transformation in chronic renal insufficiency (author's transl)].", "content": "3H-thymidine uptake of lymphocytes cultured from patients with regular dialysis treatment was determined at the time of maximal transformation, which was ascertained in previous investigations to be 5 days after the beginning of incubation. Spontaneous DNS synthesis was found to be significantly depressed: 1137 plus or minus 1122 c.p.m./culture; controls: 9783 plus or minus 7499 c.p.m./culture, whereas LDH activity in the supernatant culture medium measured as a parameter of continuous cell destruction showed no alteration. After stimulation with 400 mug PHA DNS synthesis in 7 patients was also decreased, but elevated  in 5 patients with previous infections. After incubation with added serum from 11 chronic uremic patients, spontaneous lymphocyte transformation in cultures sampled from 2 healthy subjects was also found to be depressed with positive correlation to the hemoglobin and hematocrit levels in the corresponding blood. The significantly increased LDH activity values in the medium as the consequence of impaired cll viability showed also positive correlation with 3-H-thymidine uptake levels; therefore depressed DNS synthesis cannot be due alone to accelerated cell destruction. In analogy to the erythrocytes, two stimultaneous effects of uremic toxins in serum are assumed to be exerted on the lymphocytes: metabolic inhibition of DNS synthesis and impaired cell viability.", "contents": "[Spontaneous lymphocyte transformation in chronic renal insufficiency (author's transl)]. 3H-thymidine uptake of lymphocytes cultured from patients with regular dialysis treatment was determined at the time of maximal transformation, which was ascertained in previous investigations to be 5 days after the beginning of incubation. Spontaneous DNS synthesis was found to be significantly depressed: 1137 plus or minus 1122 c.p.m./culture; controls: 9783 plus or minus 7499 c.p.m./culture, whereas LDH activity in the supernatant culture medium measured as a parameter of continuous cell destruction showed no alteration. After stimulation with 400 mug PHA DNS synthesis in 7 patients was also decreased, but elevated  in 5 patients with previous infections. After incubation with added serum from 11 chronic uremic patients, spontaneous lymphocyte transformation in cultures sampled from 2 healthy subjects was also found to be depressed with positive correlation to the hemoglobin and hematocrit levels in the corresponding blood. The significantly increased LDH activity values in the medium as the consequence of impaired cll viability showed also positive correlation with 3-H-thymidine uptake levels; therefore depressed DNS synthesis cannot be due alone to accelerated cell destruction. In analogy to the erythrocytes, two stimultaneous effects of uremic toxins in serum are assumed to be exerted on the lymphocytes: metabolic inhibition of DNS synthesis and impaired cell viability.", "PMID": 1123893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8254", "title": "[Atrial standstill (author's transl)].", "content": "A patient with a persistent form of atrial standstill is presented. The rarity of this arrhythmia is emphasized and the possible mechanisms involved and the diagnostic criteria are discussed.", "contents": "[Atrial standstill (author's transl)]. A patient with a persistent form of atrial standstill is presented. The rarity of this arrhythmia is emphasized and the possible mechanisms involved and the diagnostic criteria are discussed.", "PMID": 1123895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8255", "title": "[Serum iron in hemolytic anemia (author's transl)].", "content": "Serum iron, hemoglobin, and reticulocytes were determined in 134 patients with hemolytic anemia (hereditary spherocytosis, pyruvate kinase- or glucose-phosphate isomerase deficiency, hemolytic anemia due to warm auto antibodies, cold agglutinin disease, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglubinuria, hemolytic uremic syndrome). No correlation was found between iron concentration and degree of hemolysis. Only a few patients show a marked increase of serum iron.", "contents": "[Serum iron in hemolytic anemia (author's transl)]. Serum iron, hemoglobin, and reticulocytes were determined in 134 patients with hemolytic anemia (hereditary spherocytosis, pyruvate kinase- or glucose-phosphate isomerase deficiency, hemolytic anemia due to warm auto antibodies, cold agglutinin disease, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglubinuria, hemolytic uremic syndrome). No correlation was found between iron concentration and degree of hemolysis. Only a few patients show a marked increase of serum iron.", "PMID": 1123896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8256", "title": "[Serum lipoproteids and ketone bodies after constant infusion of sorbitol i.v. (author's transl)].", "content": "20 patients of a metabolic ward received a six-hour infusion of sorbitol at a dosis of 0.125 g/kg/h(n equal to 10) and 0.25 g/kg/h(n equal to 10) body weight. Cholesterol levels showed a significant fall in both groups (p smaller than 0.05) and triglycerides rose significantly (p smaller than 0.05). The concentrations of acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate were lowered irrespective of the dosis. The cholesterol-reducing effect can be explained by the antiketogenic action, whereas the increase in triglycerides possibly could be the result of raised alpha-glycerophosphate.", "contents": "[Serum lipoproteids and ketone bodies after constant infusion of sorbitol i.v. (author's transl)]. 20 patients of a metabolic ward received a six-hour infusion of sorbitol at a dosis of 0.125 g/kg/h(n equal to 10) and 0.25 g/kg/h(n equal to 10) body weight. Cholesterol levels showed a significant fall in both groups (p smaller than 0.05) and triglycerides rose significantly (p smaller than 0.05). The concentrations of acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate were lowered irrespective of the dosis. The cholesterol-reducing effect can be explained by the antiketogenic action, whereas the increase in triglycerides possibly could be the result of raised alpha-glycerophosphate.", "PMID": 1123897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8257", "title": "[Ammonia, glutamine and glutamic acid content of rat tissues during and after hyperoxia].", "content": "The content of ammonia, glutamine, glutamic acid was measured in the brain, liver, heart, spleen, kidneys, skeletal muscles and blood rats exposed to a 4 atm oxygen atmosphere and during aftereffects. The  hyperoxic atmosphere resulted in an increase of ammonia and glutamic acid and in a decrease of glutamine in the tissues. The return to the norm of the compounds occurred slowly and nonuniformly, lasting for 40 to 60 posthyperoxic days.", "contents": "[Ammonia, glutamine and glutamic acid content of rat tissues during and after hyperoxia]. The content of ammonia, glutamine, glutamic acid was measured in the brain, liver, heart, spleen, kidneys, skeletal muscles and blood rats exposed to a 4 atm oxygen atmosphere and during aftereffects. The  hyperoxic atmosphere resulted in an increase of ammonia and glutamic acid and in a decrease of glutamine in the tissues. The return to the norm of the compounds occurred slowly and nonuniformly, lasting for 40 to 60 posthyperoxic days.", "PMID": 1123898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8258", "title": "[Respiratory function and gravitation].", "content": "Changes in the respiratory function following alteration in the spatial position of the body can be considered as a specific manifestation of the general mechanism of the antigravity function of the organism. These changes are to make up for the primary mechanical effects of gravity and to meet elevated energy requirements of the body when standing. The mechanism of increased respiration acting via the somatic component of the antigravity function of the body is of great importance.", "contents": "[Respiratory function and gravitation]. Changes in the respiratory function following alteration in the spatial position of the body can be considered as a specific manifestation of the general mechanism of the antigravity function of the organism. These changes are to make up for the primary mechanical effects of gravity and to meet elevated energy requirements of the body when standing. The mechanism of increased respiration acting via the somatic component of the antigravity function of the body is of great importance.", "PMID": 1123900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8259", "title": "[Medical studies during flights of \"Soiuz-12\", \"Soiuz-13\", \"Soiuz-14\" space ships and \"Saliut-3\" orbital station].", "content": "Medical results obtained during missions of the Soyuz-12, Soyuz-13, Soyuz-14 spacecraft and the Salyut-3 orbital station are presented. The subjective feelings of the crewmembers (blood rush to the head, chest congestion, vegetative disturbances, etc), data of the inflight medical control and medical experiments as well as countermeasures used are described in detail. Results of postflight medical examinations at rest and using functional tests are also summarized. It is concluded that no abnormalities in the vital physiological functions of the crews developed inflight. The symptoms typical of the acute period of adaptation to weightlessness disappeared completely after the first flight days.", "contents": "[Medical studies during flights of \"Soiuz-12\", \"Soiuz-13\", \"Soiuz-14\" space ships and \"Saliut-3\" orbital station]. Medical results obtained during missions of the Soyuz-12, Soyuz-13, Soyuz-14 spacecraft and the Salyut-3 orbital station are presented. The subjective feelings of the crewmembers (blood rush to the head, chest congestion, vegetative disturbances, etc), data of the inflight medical control and medical experiments as well as countermeasures used are described in detail. Results of postflight medical examinations at rest and using functional tests are also summarized. It is concluded that no abnormalities in the vital physiological functions of the crews developed inflight. The symptoms typical of the acute period of adaptation to weightlessness disappeared completely after the first flight days.", "PMID": 1123902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8260", "title": "[Radiation safety in flights of high-altitude aircraft].", "content": "The major sources of radiation hazard for flights of supersonic high altitude aircraft--galactic and solar radiation--are described. Estimates of an equivalent dose rate at different distances from these sources are given. The estimates are compared with the radiation dosages allowed for the average population and special personnel. It is concluded that specific measures are needed to provide radiation safety of the crews and passengers aboard supersonic aircraft.", "contents": "[Radiation safety in flights of high-altitude aircraft]. The major sources of radiation hazard for flights of supersonic high altitude aircraft--galactic and solar radiation--are described. Estimates of an equivalent dose rate at different distances from these sources are given. The estimates are compared with the radiation dosages allowed for the average population and special personnel. It is concluded that specific measures are needed to provide radiation safety of the crews and passengers aboard supersonic aircraft.", "PMID": 1123903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8261", "title": "[Energy metabolism in the central nervous system during the combined action of vibration and radiation].", "content": "Vibrations (70 Hz, 0.4 mm) have been shown to bring about cyclic changes in the function of the respiratory chain of the brain tissue. A short-term (5 min) excitation may stimulate the respiratory function, whereas a longer (15 min) exposure may weaken the energy control. Oxidative processes in the central nervous system and postvibration inhibition of higher cerebral compartments have been found to determine the development of radiation sickness in response to a combined effect of vibration and radiation.", "contents": "[Energy metabolism in the central nervous system during the combined action of vibration and radiation]. Vibrations (70 Hz, 0.4 mm) have been shown to bring about cyclic changes in the function of the respiratory chain of the brain tissue. A short-term (5 min) excitation may stimulate the respiratory function, whereas a longer (15 min) exposure may weaken the energy control. Oxidative processes in the central nervous system and postvibration inhibition of higher cerebral compartments have been found to determine the development of radiation sickness in response to a combined effect of vibration and radiation.", "PMID": 1123901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8262", "title": "Lupus Nephritis. Correlations between the clinical course and presence of electron-dense deposits.", "content": "Twenty renal biopsies from 13 patients with systemic lupus erythrematosus were examined in detail to assess the amount and distribution of electron-dense deposits. Results were correlated with clinical and histologic findings. Mesangial deposits were present when there were deposits in other areas. Subepithelial deposits were not associated with severe renal disease and tended to persist unchanged with time. Subendothelial deposits were not invariably associated with severe renal disease, but, when severe disease existed, large subendothelial deposits were found. These deposits disappeared with treatment and clinical improvement.", "contents": "Lupus Nephritis. Correlations between the clinical course and presence of electron-dense deposits. Twenty renal biopsies from 13 patients with systemic lupus erythrematosus were examined in detail to assess the amount and distribution of electron-dense deposits. Results were correlated with clinical and histologic findings. Mesangial deposits were present when there were deposits in other areas. Subepithelial deposits were not associated with severe renal disease and tended to persist unchanged with time. Subendothelial deposits were not invariably associated with severe renal disease, but, when severe disease existed, large subendothelial deposits were found. These deposits disappeared with treatment and clinical improvement.", "PMID": 1123909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8263", "title": "[Activation of external respiration and level of alveolar PCO2 in pilots in flight].", "content": "The paper discusses the emergence of spontaneous hypocapnia in real aircraft flights. The flying personnel were taken under study. The hypocapnic state was diagnosed on the basis of the CO2 concentration in the alveolar air measured by a special device. In flight the CO2 concentration in the alveolar  air decreased insignificantly (by 5 min Hg on the average). In emergency situations the external respiration was activated to a greater extent. It is suggested that the alveolar Pco2 level is indicative of the emotional stress.", "contents": "[Activation of external respiration and level of alveolar PCO2 in pilots in flight]. The paper discusses the emergence of spontaneous hypocapnia in real aircraft flights. The flying personnel were taken under study. The hypocapnic state was diagnosed on the basis of the CO2 concentration in the alveolar air measured by a special device. In flight the CO2 concentration in the alveolar  air decreased insignificantly (by 5 min Hg on the average). In emergency situations the external respiration was activated to a greater extent. It is suggested that the alveolar Pco2 level is indicative of the emotional stress.", "PMID": 1123904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8264", "title": "Disseminated intravascular coagulation induced by liquoid in the rat. I. Correlation of hematologic and complement abnormalities with renal lesions studied by light, fluorescence, and electron microscopy.", "content": "Under the proper experimental conditions, disseminated intravascular coagulation,\"an intermediary mechanism of disease,\" results in the classic endotoxin-induced generalized Shwartzman reaction. Other substances, such as liquoid, a highly negatively charged anticoagulant, trigger a generalized Shwartzman reaction-like phenomenon in rabbits. We studied the effects of a single high intravenous dose of liquoid (12.5 mg.) upon the rat's coagulation and complement systems and their correlation with the kidney morphology by light, fluorescence, and electron microscopy. Thrombin time was prolonged; fibrinogen, plasminogen, and factors VIII and XII concentrations were markedly decreased, whereas fibrin degradation products were increased in the experimental animals when compared with the saline-injected controls (p greater than 0.001). Total hemolytic complement, hemolytic activity of terminal components (C3 to C9), and C3 protein concentration were significantly reduced (p greater than 0.001). The liquoid-injected rats developed cortical necrosis and manifested oliguria and anuria, with elevated blood urea nitrogen levels, when survival was longer than 3 hours. Histologically, thrombi of fibrin-like material filled the glomerular capillaries. Deposits of fibrin, and also of immunoglobulin G and C3, were readily identifiable by specific immunofluorescence, Linear or granular fluorescent deposits (or both) along the glomerular basement membranes and in the mesangium were observed. Electron microscopy demonstrated necrosis of glomeruli and abundant thrombi of fluffy, compact granular, or fibrillar electron-dense material. No typical fibrin periodicity was detected. These experiments support the concept of activation of the coagulation and the complement systems. We postulate that liquoid produced not only a consumptive coagulopathy in the rat but also a direct or perhaps anindirect activation of complement. Whether this latter has occurred through the classic or an alternate pathway remains to be elucidated.", "contents": "Disseminated intravascular coagulation induced by liquoid in the rat. I. Correlation of hematologic and complement abnormalities with renal lesions studied by light, fluorescence, and electron microscopy. Under the proper experimental conditions, disseminated intravascular coagulation,\"an intermediary mechanism of disease,\" results in the classic endotoxin-induced generalized Shwartzman reaction. Other substances, such as liquoid, a highly negatively charged anticoagulant, trigger a generalized Shwartzman reaction-like phenomenon in rabbits. We studied the effects of a single high intravenous dose of liquoid (12.5 mg.) upon the rat's coagulation and complement systems and their correlation with the kidney morphology by light, fluorescence, and electron microscopy. Thrombin time was prolonged; fibrinogen, plasminogen, and factors VIII and XII concentrations were markedly decreased, whereas fibrin degradation products were increased in the experimental animals when compared with the saline-injected controls (p greater than 0.001). Total hemolytic complement, hemolytic activity of terminal components (C3 to C9), and C3 protein concentration were significantly reduced (p greater than 0.001). The liquoid-injected rats developed cortical necrosis and manifested oliguria and anuria, with elevated blood urea nitrogen levels, when survival was longer than 3 hours. Histologically, thrombi of fibrin-like material filled the glomerular capillaries. Deposits of fibrin, and also of immunoglobulin G and C3, were readily identifiable by specific immunofluorescence, Linear or granular fluorescent deposits (or both) along the glomerular basement membranes and in the mesangium were observed. Electron microscopy demonstrated necrosis of glomeruli and abundant thrombi of fluffy, compact granular, or fibrillar electron-dense material. No typical fibrin periodicity was detected. These experiments support the concept of activation of the coagulation and the complement systems. We postulate that liquoid produced not only a consumptive coagulopathy in the rat but also a direct or perhaps anindirect activation of complement. Whether this latter has occurred through the classic or an alternate pathway remains to be elucidated.", "PMID": 1123910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8265", "title": "[Blood acid-base equilibrium during breathing of hypercapnic gas mixtures].", "content": "By the method of Astrup-Zigaard-Andersen the acid-base balance in the blood of men and dogs exposed to hypercapnic atmospheres with a normal, increased and decreased oxygen content was investigated in 164 experiments. Variations in the acid-base equilibrium were compared with changes of physiological functions. The relationship between the acid-base balance and the carbon dioxide concentration as well as the oxygen concentration in the breathing air was established. The toxic effects of sharp hypercapnia and hyperoxia were shown to cumulate. The positive effect of moderate hypercapnia on the tolerance to normobaric hypoxia in long-term experiments was noted.", "contents": "[Blood acid-base equilibrium during breathing of hypercapnic gas mixtures]. By the method of Astrup-Zigaard-Andersen the acid-base balance in the blood of men and dogs exposed to hypercapnic atmospheres with a normal, increased and decreased oxygen content was investigated in 164 experiments. Variations in the acid-base equilibrium were compared with changes of physiological functions. The relationship between the acid-base balance and the carbon dioxide concentration as well as the oxygen concentration in the breathing air was established. The toxic effects of sharp hypercapnia and hyperoxia were shown to cumulate. The positive effect of moderate hypercapnia on the tolerance to normobaric hypoxia in long-term experiments was noted.", "PMID": 1123899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8266", "title": "Early events in various forms of experimental acute tubular necrosis in rats.", "content": "Metabolic and morphologic changes occurred in the kidneys of rats within 3 hours after inciting acute tubular necrosis by completely clamping the renal blood supply, by intramuscular injections of glycerol, and by subcutaneous injections of HgC12. Although the initial trend was for p-aminohippurate and tetraethylammonium transport to decrease and for oxygen consumption, ammonia production, and gluconeogenesis to increase after glycerol, all of these parameters changed in opposite directions after renal pedicle clamping and after subcutaneous HgC12 (4.7 mg. per kg;). In addition, early morphologic changes in glycerol-injected rats differed from those seen with pedicle clamping and low dose HgC12. With high dose HgC12 (25 mg. per kg.), the metabolic and morphologic changes were somewhere in between those seen with the other insults. Coinciding with early metabolic and morphologic changes, cardiac output and renal blood flow decreased soon after the glycerol was given. On the basis of our findings, we cannot ascribe all of the early metabolic and morphologic changes in the glycerol model to ischemia, and we postulate that the circulating heme proteins may be nephrotoxic to ischemic renal tissue.", "contents": "Early events in various forms of experimental acute tubular necrosis in rats. Metabolic and morphologic changes occurred in the kidneys of rats within 3 hours after inciting acute tubular necrosis by completely clamping the renal blood supply, by intramuscular injections of glycerol, and by subcutaneous injections of HgC12. Although the initial trend was for p-aminohippurate and tetraethylammonium transport to decrease and for oxygen consumption, ammonia production, and gluconeogenesis to increase after glycerol, all of these parameters changed in opposite directions after renal pedicle clamping and after subcutaneous HgC12 (4.7 mg. per kg;). In addition, early morphologic changes in glycerol-injected rats differed from those seen with pedicle clamping and low dose HgC12. With high dose HgC12 (25 mg. per kg.), the metabolic and morphologic changes were somewhere in between those seen with the other insults. Coinciding with early metabolic and morphologic changes, cardiac output and renal blood flow decreased soon after the glycerol was given. On the basis of our findings, we cannot ascribe all of the early metabolic and morphologic changes in the glycerol model to ischemia, and we postulate that the circulating heme proteins may be nephrotoxic to ischemic renal tissue.", "PMID": 1123911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8267", "title": "The effects of chronic oral methyl mercury exposure on the lysosome system of rat kidney. Morphometric and biochemical studies.", "content": "This report describes morphometric and biochemical changes in the renal lysosome system of rats exposed to 3, 5, or 10 p.p.m. concentrations of methyl mercury hydroxide in their drinking water for 4 weeks. Increased numbers of dense, granular lysosomes, previously found to contain mercury, were observed in tubule cells of rats receiving the 3 and 5 p.p.m. dose levels but not those of the 10 p.p.m. group. Tubule cells from animals given the 10 p.p;m. dose level displayed proteinaceous vacuoles with dense crystalloid structures, apical cytoplasmic extrusion, and cellular degeneration; Mitochondrial swelling within tubule cells of treated animals showed a marked dose-response relationship. Renal microsomal activity levels of ss-glucuronidase were strongly inhibited by methyl mercury hydroxide exposure at all dose levels, whereas the activity levels of acid phosphatase were unchanged. Lysosomal beta-glucuronidase was also inhibited by methyl mercury hydroxide exposure, whereas lysosomal acid phosphatase showed approximately a 2-fold increase in activity. The results are discussed in relation to the role of lysosomes in mediating the nephrotoxic effects of methyl mercury and other toxic trace metals.", "contents": "The effects of chronic oral methyl mercury exposure on the lysosome system of rat kidney. Morphometric and biochemical studies. This report describes morphometric and biochemical changes in the renal lysosome system of rats exposed to 3, 5, or 10 p.p.m. concentrations of methyl mercury hydroxide in their drinking water for 4 weeks. Increased numbers of dense, granular lysosomes, previously found to contain mercury, were observed in tubule cells of rats receiving the 3 and 5 p.p.m. dose levels but not those of the 10 p.p.m. group. Tubule cells from animals given the 10 p.p;m. dose level displayed proteinaceous vacuoles with dense crystalloid structures, apical cytoplasmic extrusion, and cellular degeneration; Mitochondrial swelling within tubule cells of treated animals showed a marked dose-response relationship. Renal microsomal activity levels of ss-glucuronidase were strongly inhibited by methyl mercury hydroxide exposure at all dose levels, whereas the activity levels of acid phosphatase were unchanged. Lysosomal beta-glucuronidase was also inhibited by methyl mercury hydroxide exposure, whereas lysosomal acid phosphatase showed approximately a 2-fold increase in activity. The results are discussed in relation to the role of lysosomes in mediating the nephrotoxic effects of methyl mercury and other toxic trace metals.", "PMID": 1123912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8268", "title": "Endothelial regeneration in the rat carotid artery and the significance of endothelial denudation in the pathogenesis of myointimal thickening.", "content": "A new model was developed to study endothelial regeneration and the effects of endothelial denudation in large arteries. Complete endothelial loss was produced in a sharply defined, unbranched segment of the rat common carotid artery by brief drying with a gentle stream of air along the lumen of the vessel. Platelets became attached to the denuded surface, but no polymorphonuclear or mononuclear leukocytic adherence or infiltration was observed. Regeneration occurred by the ingrowth, from each end of the denuded segment, of sheets of rapidly dividing endothelial cells. Endothelial replacement was complete by 7 to 10 days after drying. It was also noted that, by 14 days after drying, a striking myointimal thickening developed in the central region of the denuded segment. This central region was the last area to be covered with new endothelium; while still denuded, the region showed edema and signs of cellular proliferation in the innermost medial layer. The myointimal thickening consisted of smooth muscle-like cells in a fibroelastic stroma in the deeper zones, and a layer of rounded, relatively undifferentiated cells in the superficial zones. Progressive regression and condensation of the thickening was observed between 14 days and 3 months. In this model, the clear demarcation and completeness of endothelial denudation in the arterial segment allow study of the over-all process of endothelial replacement, avoiding the confusion imposed by islands of residual endothelium or contributions from branch vessels. The results suggest that the new endothelium in this situation is derived from each end of the segment. In addition, because the method of inducing denudation does not cause significant damage to the underlying media (as shown by the absence of inflammatory cell attachment or infiltration), the model offers a unique opportunity to study the relationship between endothelial loss and changes in the vessel wall. The correlation between the duration of endothelial denudation and the extent of myointimal thickening suggests that sustained insudation of certain, as yet undefined, factors from the lumen may provoke cellular proliferation in the arterial wall. Further investigation of this model should provide information relevant to the pathogenesis of the fibromuscular thickenings of human atherosclerosis.", "contents": "Endothelial regeneration in the rat carotid artery and the significance of endothelial denudation in the pathogenesis of myointimal thickening. A new model was developed to study endothelial regeneration and the effects of endothelial denudation in large arteries. Complete endothelial loss was produced in a sharply defined, unbranched segment of the rat common carotid artery by brief drying with a gentle stream of air along the lumen of the vessel. Platelets became attached to the denuded surface, but no polymorphonuclear or mononuclear leukocytic adherence or infiltration was observed. Regeneration occurred by the ingrowth, from each end of the denuded segment, of sheets of rapidly dividing endothelial cells. Endothelial replacement was complete by 7 to 10 days after drying. It was also noted that, by 14 days after drying, a striking myointimal thickening developed in the central region of the denuded segment. This central region was the last area to be covered with new endothelium; while still denuded, the region showed edema and signs of cellular proliferation in the innermost medial layer. The myointimal thickening consisted of smooth muscle-like cells in a fibroelastic stroma in the deeper zones, and a layer of rounded, relatively undifferentiated cells in the superficial zones. Progressive regression and condensation of the thickening was observed between 14 days and 3 months. In this model, the clear demarcation and completeness of endothelial denudation in the arterial segment allow study of the over-all process of endothelial replacement, avoiding the confusion imposed by islands of residual endothelium or contributions from branch vessels. The results suggest that the new endothelium in this situation is derived from each end of the segment. In addition, because the method of inducing denudation does not cause significant damage to the underlying media (as shown by the absence of inflammatory cell attachment or infiltration), the model offers a unique opportunity to study the relationship between endothelial loss and changes in the vessel wall. The correlation between the duration of endothelial denudation and the extent of myointimal thickening suggests that sustained insudation of certain, as yet undefined, factors from the lumen may provoke cellular proliferation in the arterial wall. Further investigation of this model should provide information relevant to the pathogenesis of the fibromuscular thickenings of human atherosclerosis.", "PMID": 1123913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8269", "title": "[\"hypoxic\" hypothermia in phospholipid metabolism of rat endocrine organs during acute hypoxia].", "content": "The effect of \"hypoxic\" hypothermia on the metabolism of phsopholidpds of the endocrine organia that occurs during acute hypoxia produces no inhibitory effect on the phospholid metabolism in the thyroid, adrenal and testicular glands of the test animals. As a result of distrubed heat release the content of phsopholipids in the thyroid and adrenal glands increases. The rate of the label (P32) incorporation into phospholipids of every gland (especially thyroid and testicular glands) elevates noticeably. This indicates an important compensatory role played by \"hypoxic\" hypothermia in the phsopholidip metabolism. The mechanimss of these phenomena are discussed.", "contents": "[\"hypoxic\" hypothermia in phospholipid metabolism of rat endocrine organs during acute hypoxia]. The effect of \"hypoxic\" hypothermia on the metabolism of phsopholidpds of the endocrine organia that occurs during acute hypoxia produces no inhibitory effect on the phospholid metabolism in the thyroid, adrenal and testicular glands of the test animals. As a result of distrubed heat release the content of phsopholipids in the thyroid and adrenal glands increases. The rate of the label (P32) incorporation into phospholipids of every gland (especially thyroid and testicular glands) elevates noticeably. This indicates an important compensatory role played by \"hypoxic\" hypothermia in the phsopholidip metabolism. The mechanimss of these phenomena are discussed.", "PMID": 1123908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8270", "title": "Conditions influencing platelet lysis.", "content": "When platelets take part in the formation of hemostatic plugs and thrombi in vivo, electron microscopic evidence indicates that some of the platelets not only release their granule contents but also undergo lysis. In the present study we have examined, in vitro, the relation between the release reaction of platelets and platelet lysis in response to the release-inducing agents thrombin and collagen. Release was measured by determining the amounts of 14C-serotonin and adenine nucleotides that appeared in the ambient fluid of prelabeled platelets. Lysis was measured by determining the amount of either lactate dehydrogenase or 14C-labeled cytoplasmic ATP from platelets incubated with -14C-adenosine. Washed platelets prepared from rabbit, pig, or human blood lost some lactate dehydrogenase and 14C-ATP upon exposure to thrombin, but the amounts of lactate dehydrogenase and 14C-ATP lost from rabbit platelets were much greater than from pig or human platelets. The reason for this species difference is not aparent. The platelet release reaction appeared to be necessary for lysis to occur. Reduction of the extent of the release reaction by preincubation of rabbit platelets with metabolic inhibitors to deplete metabolic ATP reduced the extent of lysis. In addition, it was apparent that the fall in platelet metabolic pool ATP caused by thrombin was not responsible for platelet lysis. Lack of calcium, addition of prostaglandin E(1), OR Increasing the albumin concentration of the suspending medium of rabbit platelets inhibited platelet lysis. These conditions may prevent the loss of material that causes lysis, inhibit the action of this lost material, or inhibit the lytic reaction. Release and lysis may occur together and release can occur without detectable lysis, but lysis in response to a release-inducing agent does not take place unless the release reaction occurs.", "contents": "Conditions influencing platelet lysis. When platelets take part in the formation of hemostatic plugs and thrombi in vivo, electron microscopic evidence indicates that some of the platelets not only release their granule contents but also undergo lysis. In the present study we have examined, in vitro, the relation between the release reaction of platelets and platelet lysis in response to the release-inducing agents thrombin and collagen. Release was measured by determining the amounts of 14C-serotonin and adenine nucleotides that appeared in the ambient fluid of prelabeled platelets. Lysis was measured by determining the amount of either lactate dehydrogenase or 14C-labeled cytoplasmic ATP from platelets incubated with -14C-adenosine. Washed platelets prepared from rabbit, pig, or human blood lost some lactate dehydrogenase and 14C-ATP upon exposure to thrombin, but the amounts of lactate dehydrogenase and 14C-ATP lost from rabbit platelets were much greater than from pig or human platelets. The reason for this species difference is not aparent. The platelet release reaction appeared to be necessary for lysis to occur. Reduction of the extent of the release reaction by preincubation of rabbit platelets with metabolic inhibitors to deplete metabolic ATP reduced the extent of lysis. In addition, it was apparent that the fall in platelet metabolic pool ATP caused by thrombin was not responsible for platelet lysis. Lack of calcium, addition of prostaglandin E(1), OR Increasing the albumin concentration of the suspending medium of rabbit platelets inhibited platelet lysis. These conditions may prevent the loss of material that causes lysis, inhibit the action of this lost material, or inhibit the lytic reaction. Release and lysis may occur together and release can occur without detectable lysis, but lysis in response to a release-inducing agent does not take place unless the release reaction occurs.", "PMID": 1123914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8271", "title": "A freeze-fracture study of the junctions between glomerular epithelial cells in aminonucleoside nephrosis.", "content": "In rats with aminonucleoside nephrosis, glomerular slit pores are mostly replaced by sites of close apposition between adjacent epithelial cell membranes. In replicas of freeze-fractured glomeruli, such junctions showed incomplete fibrils or grooves typical of \"leaky\" zonulae occludentes.", "contents": "A freeze-fracture study of the junctions between glomerular epithelial cells in aminonucleoside nephrosis. In rats with aminonucleoside nephrosis, glomerular slit pores are mostly replaced by sites of close apposition between adjacent epithelial cell membranes. In replicas of freeze-fractured glomeruli, such junctions showed incomplete fibrils or grooves typical of \"leaky\" zonulae occludentes.", "PMID": 1123915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8272", "title": "Repeated endothelial injury and induction of atherosclerosis in normolipemic rabbits by human serum.", "content": "Since Duguid suggested that atherosclerosis represents essentially the organization of mural thrombi, there have been many attempts to produce the disease experimentally by damaging the arterial wall. A single injury to the inner lining of an artery causes lipid-free lesions, composed of smooth muscle cells and collagen, covered by endothelium. Previously, we reported the development of atherosclerotic lesions in normolipemic rabbits as a result of repeated or continuous intimal injury by an indwelling aortic polyethylene catheter. However, it was difficult to control the location or duration of the intimal injury. The present investigation was designed to produce repeated endothelial injury in a defined segment of rabbit carotid artery. Sixty-two rabbits received injections of either lymphocytotoxic-positive (LP) or lymphocytotoxic-negative (LN) human serum into a segment of left carotid artery. Autologous rabbit serum was injected into the right carotid artery as a control. Eight rabbits received a single injection of LP and were killed 4 weeks latermforty-two rabbits received injections of human serum at weekly intervals, for a maximum of four injections, and were killed 1 week after the last injectionmthirty-two of 42 rabbits received repeated injections of LP; 10 received repeated injections of LN. Raised, lipid-containing lesions were present in 21 of 26 rabbits receiving four repeated injections of LP. No, or very minimal (fewer than three cells thick), intimal thickening was found in the 10 LN rabbits and in all control right carotid arteries. In eight rabbits receiving one injection of LP, fibrous intimal thickening without lipid accumulation, fatty streaks, and edematous plaques were found. Electron microscopy of arteries from 12 rabbits sampled at 1,5, and 60 minutes after exposure to LP indicated that the initial damage was loss of endotheliummthe results consistently showed lipid in raised, thrombus-covered (non-reendothelialized) lesions. Nonraised, endothelialized lesions did not show lipid. These findings support the belief that atherosclerosis occurs in response to repeated endothelial injury.", "contents": "Repeated endothelial injury and induction of atherosclerosis in normolipemic rabbits by human serum. Since Duguid suggested that atherosclerosis represents essentially the organization of mural thrombi, there have been many attempts to produce the disease experimentally by damaging the arterial wall. A single injury to the inner lining of an artery causes lipid-free lesions, composed of smooth muscle cells and collagen, covered by endothelium. Previously, we reported the development of atherosclerotic lesions in normolipemic rabbits as a result of repeated or continuous intimal injury by an indwelling aortic polyethylene catheter. However, it was difficult to control the location or duration of the intimal injury. The present investigation was designed to produce repeated endothelial injury in a defined segment of rabbit carotid artery. Sixty-two rabbits received injections of either lymphocytotoxic-positive (LP) or lymphocytotoxic-negative (LN) human serum into a segment of left carotid artery. Autologous rabbit serum was injected into the right carotid artery as a control. Eight rabbits received a single injection of LP and were killed 4 weeks latermforty-two rabbits received injections of human serum at weekly intervals, for a maximum of four injections, and were killed 1 week after the last injectionmthirty-two of 42 rabbits received repeated injections of LP; 10 received repeated injections of LN. Raised, lipid-containing lesions were present in 21 of 26 rabbits receiving four repeated injections of LP. No, or very minimal (fewer than three cells thick), intimal thickening was found in the 10 LN rabbits and in all control right carotid arteries. In eight rabbits receiving one injection of LP, fibrous intimal thickening without lipid accumulation, fatty streaks, and edematous plaques were found. Electron microscopy of arteries from 12 rabbits sampled at 1,5, and 60 minutes after exposure to LP indicated that the initial damage was loss of endotheliummthe results consistently showed lipid in raised, thrombus-covered (non-reendothelialized) lesions. Nonraised, endothelialized lesions did not show lipid. These findings support the belief that atherosclerosis occurs in response to repeated endothelial injury.", "PMID": 1123916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8273", "title": "Nasal emission as a component of the misarticulation of sibilants and affricates.", "content": "Nasal emission confined solely to the sibilants or sibilants and affricates may be encountered as an articulatory phenomenon in speakers who do not demonstrate velopharyngeal incompetency. This phenomenon may occur both in patients who previously had an incompetent mechanism and in patients in whom such incompetency has never been documented. In the latter case, the patient may be referred to a cleft palate clinic on suspicion of a submucous cleft or other form of palatopharyngeal incompetency. Typically the nasal emission is combined with incorrect tongue placement. The persistent oral-nasal misarticulation may be viewed simplistically as a residual of earlier velopharyngeal incompetency, documented or undocumented. The speaker's own acoustic target for these consonants is grossly deviant, perhaps owing to such factors as malocclusion and earlier compensatory articulation gestures. Many such cases prove impervious to extensive articulation therapy, yet physical management may constitute \"over-correction\" with undesirable sequelae. Inventive approaches to articulation therapy may be required in these cases, since correction of the combined oral-nasal distortion requires the speaker to make many simultaneous changes in articulator placement without benefit of visual cues.", "contents": "Nasal emission as a component of the misarticulation of sibilants and affricates. Nasal emission confined solely to the sibilants or sibilants and affricates may be encountered as an articulatory phenomenon in speakers who do not demonstrate velopharyngeal incompetency. This phenomenon may occur both in patients who previously had an incompetent mechanism and in patients in whom such incompetency has never been documented. In the latter case, the patient may be referred to a cleft palate clinic on suspicion of a submucous cleft or other form of palatopharyngeal incompetency. Typically the nasal emission is combined with incorrect tongue placement. The persistent oral-nasal misarticulation may be viewed simplistically as a residual of earlier velopharyngeal incompetency, documented or undocumented. The speaker's own acoustic target for these consonants is grossly deviant, perhaps owing to such factors as malocclusion and earlier compensatory articulation gestures. Many such cases prove impervious to extensive articulation therapy, yet physical management may constitute \"over-correction\" with undesirable sequelae. Inventive approaches to articulation therapy may be required in these cases, since correction of the combined oral-nasal distortion requires the speaker to make many simultaneous changes in articulator placement without benefit of visual cues.", "PMID": 1123917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8274", "title": "A case study of an ataxic dysarthric: cineradiographic and spectrographic observations.", "content": "Cineradiographic and spectrographic analyses were performed to study the speech production of a subject who presented the classical neurologic signs of cerebellar lesion and who had speech characteristics like those that have been reported for ataxic dysarthria. These analyses were conducted with special attention to the deviant perceptual dimensions that have been described for ataxic speech. Examination of the cineradiographic and spectrographic records revealed conspicuous abnormalities in speaking rate, stress patterns, articulatory placements for both vowels and consonants, velocities of articulator movements, and fundamental frequency contours. In general, our physiological and acoustic observations of ataxic dysarthria were compatible with existing perceptual descriptions of this condition. The data for the subject are discussed in the light of current hypotheses concerning cerebellar participation in the regulation of skilled movement. Particular suggestions are made concerning the nature of the neuromuscular abnormalities that may underlie the aberrant motorics of ataxic dysarthria.", "contents": "A case study of an ataxic dysarthric: cineradiographic and spectrographic observations. Cineradiographic and spectrographic analyses were performed to study the speech production of a subject who presented the classical neurologic signs of cerebellar lesion and who had speech characteristics like those that have been reported for ataxic dysarthria. These analyses were conducted with special attention to the deviant perceptual dimensions that have been described for ataxic speech. Examination of the cineradiographic and spectrographic records revealed conspicuous abnormalities in speaking rate, stress patterns, articulatory placements for both vowels and consonants, velocities of articulator movements, and fundamental frequency contours. In general, our physiological and acoustic observations of ataxic dysarthria were compatible with existing perceptual descriptions of this condition. The data for the subject are discussed in the light of current hypotheses concerning cerebellar participation in the regulation of skilled movement. Particular suggestions are made concerning the nature of the neuromuscular abnormalities that may underlie the aberrant motorics of ataxic dysarthria.", "PMID": 1123918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8275", "title": "Acoustic impedance measurements in cleft-palate children.", "content": "Clinical acoustic impedance findings in a group of 40 children with cleft lip or palate and a group of 20 noncleft children are presented. The cleft subjects exhibited a high incidence of hearing loss and aural pathology. The data suggest that impedance measurements lend pertinent supportive information to routine puretone audiometric testing in the detection and management of middle-ear disease in the cleft-palate population.", "contents": "Acoustic impedance measurements in cleft-palate children. Clinical acoustic impedance findings in a group of 40 children with cleft lip or palate and a group of 20 noncleft children are presented. The cleft subjects exhibited a high incidence of hearing loss and aural pathology. The data suggest that impedance measurements lend pertinent supportive information to routine puretone audiometric testing in the detection and management of middle-ear disease in the cleft-palate population.", "PMID": 1123919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8276", "title": "A modification of the Tillman-Olsen method for obtaining the speech reception threshold.", "content": "Twenty normal-hearing subjects were tested to determine their speech reception thresholds (SRTs) using the Tillman-Olsen method and a modification of their method requiring no knowledge of the pure-tone audiogram from which to estimate the SRT. Varying amounts of attenuation were added to the line leading to the test earphone to minimize experimenter bias. The data revealed no significant differences between the two methods in either the SRTs themselves or the amount of time required to obtain them. A procedure is therefore advanced for clinicians wishing to measure SRTs without prior knowledge of pure-tone thresholds.", "contents": "A modification of the Tillman-Olsen method for obtaining the speech reception threshold. Twenty normal-hearing subjects were tested to determine their speech reception thresholds (SRTs) using the Tillman-Olsen method and a modification of their method requiring no knowledge of the pure-tone audiogram from which to estimate the SRT. Varying amounts of attenuation were added to the line leading to the test earphone to minimize experimenter bias. The data revealed no significant differences between the two methods in either the SRTs themselves or the amount of time required to obtain them. A procedure is therefore advanced for clinicians wishing to measure SRTs without prior knowledge of pure-tone thresholds.", "PMID": 1123924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8277", "title": "Auditory localization of infants as a function of reinforcement conditions.", "content": "The influence of four reinforcement conditions on the auditory localization behavior of normal infants was studied. Forty-eight infants 12 to 18 months of age were assigned to one of four groups of 12 subjects each. All received 30 presentations of complex noise at suprathreshold level. After each response to the stimulus, Group 1 received no reinforcement, Group 2 received social reinforcement, Group 3 received \"simple\" visual reinforcement (a blinking light), and Group 4 received \"complex\" visual reinforcement (an animated toy animal). The two visual reinforcement conditions produced the most localization responses, followed in order by the social reinforcement and no reinforcement conditions. These results indicate that auditory localization behavior of infants is influenced by reinforcement and that the extent of this effect is related to the type of reinforcement employed.", "contents": "Auditory localization of infants as a function of reinforcement conditions. The influence of four reinforcement conditions on the auditory localization behavior of normal infants was studied. Forty-eight infants 12 to 18 months of age were assigned to one of four groups of 12 subjects each. All received 30 presentations of complex noise at suprathreshold level. After each response to the stimulus, Group 1 received no reinforcement, Group 2 received social reinforcement, Group 3 received \"simple\" visual reinforcement (a blinking light), and Group 4 received \"complex\" visual reinforcement (an animated toy animal). The two visual reinforcement conditions produced the most localization responses, followed in order by the social reinforcement and no reinforcement conditions. These results indicate that auditory localization behavior of infants is influenced by reinforcement and that the extent of this effect is related to the type of reinforcement employed.", "PMID": 1123925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8278", "title": "The conditioning of language in a nonverbal child conducted in a special education classroom.", "content": "The purpose of this study was twofold: first, to assess the feasibility of conducting speech conditioning sessions within a preschool classroom, and second, to examine the process of transfer of learned verbalizations from those sessions to classroom free time. The results indicated that the former was not only feasible but effective. A nonverbal boy, enrolled in a special education preschool, was taught to imitate reliably six words in 46 15-minute sessions. Furthermore, the child's use of spontaneous whole words during the rest of the classroom day seemed to be responsive to the contingencies of the speech sessions.", "contents": "The conditioning of language in a nonverbal child conducted in a special education classroom. The purpose of this study was twofold: first, to assess the feasibility of conducting speech conditioning sessions within a preschool classroom, and second, to examine the process of transfer of learned verbalizations from those sessions to classroom free time. The results indicated that the former was not only feasible but effective. A nonverbal boy, enrolled in a special education preschool, was taught to imitate reliably six words in 46 15-minute sessions. Furthermore, the child's use of spontaneous whole words during the rest of the classroom day seemed to be responsive to the contingencies of the speech sessions.", "PMID": 1123926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8279", "title": "Experimental modification of the Western Electric No. 5 electrolarynx to a mouth-type instrument.", "content": "A modification of the Western Electric No; 5A electrolarynx is described and evaluated. The modification involved insertion of a bypass plug into the circuitry of this necktype instrument thus converting it to a mouth-type electrolarynx. Intensity readings at the one-third octaves and intelligibility data were obtained with the modified instrument and with a Cooper-Rand electrolarynx. The instruments were judged to be equal in overall performance.", "contents": "Experimental modification of the Western Electric No. 5 electrolarynx to a mouth-type instrument. A modification of the Western Electric No; 5A electrolarynx is described and evaluated. The modification involved insertion of a bypass plug into the circuitry of this necktype instrument thus converting it to a mouth-type electrolarynx. Intensity readings at the one-third octaves and intelligibility data were obtained with the modified instrument and with a Cooper-Rand electrolarynx. The instruments were judged to be equal in overall performance.", "PMID": 1123927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8280", "title": "Onset, prevalence, and recovery from stuttering.", "content": "A critical review of research and opinion concerning age of onset, prevalence, and recovery from stuttering indicates some inconsistency among findings: the reported recovery rates may be too high, although all data sources had limitations.", "contents": "Onset, prevalence, and recovery from stuttering. A critical review of research and opinion concerning age of onset, prevalence, and recovery from stuttering indicates some inconsistency among findings: the reported recovery rates may be too high, although all data sources had limitations.", "PMID": 1123928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8281", "title": "Internal consistency of the Northwestern Syntax Screening Test.", "content": "This study was designed to evaluate the usefulness of the 40 receptive and 40 expressive items of the Northwestern Syntax Screening Test. Twenty preschoolers with normal language development, 20 preschoolers functioning within the range of normal intelligence diagnosed as language impaired, and 20 mentally retarded children comprised the three subject groups. The subjects were equated for mental age. Stable Hoyt's reliability coefficients indicated that the Northwestern Syntax Screening Test assessed consistently the syntax and morphology used by children with atypical language development. Detailed item analysis revealed the strengths and weaknesses of both receptive and expressive items.", "contents": "Internal consistency of the Northwestern Syntax Screening Test. This study was designed to evaluate the usefulness of the 40 receptive and 40 expressive items of the Northwestern Syntax Screening Test. Twenty preschoolers with normal language development, 20 preschoolers functioning within the range of normal intelligence diagnosed as language impaired, and 20 mentally retarded children comprised the three subject groups. The subjects were equated for mental age. Stable Hoyt's reliability coefficients indicated that the Northwestern Syntax Screening Test assessed consistently the syntax and morphology used by children with atypical language development. Detailed item analysis revealed the strengths and weaknesses of both receptive and expressive items.", "PMID": 1123929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8282", "title": "A new therapeutic technique for the treatment of velopharyngeal incompetence.", "content": "A new therapeutic technique for the treatment of velopharyngeal incompetence during speech was administered to four subjects ranging in age from four to 19 years. The technique is an operant procedure designed to utilize successive approximation to competent speech via competent blowing or whistling closure mechanisms. The technique is based on cinefluoroscopic observations of normals utilizing the same closure mechanism for speech, blowing and whistling plus videofluoroscopic observations of cleft-palate subjects who were capable of attaining normal closure patterns for blowing and whistling, but not for speech. It is speculated that speech incompetence in individuals who can achieve closure during blowing and whistling is a result of an error in learning.", "contents": "A new therapeutic technique for the treatment of velopharyngeal incompetence. A new therapeutic technique for the treatment of velopharyngeal incompetence during speech was administered to four subjects ranging in age from four to 19 years. The technique is an operant procedure designed to utilize successive approximation to competent speech via competent blowing or whistling closure mechanisms. The technique is based on cinefluoroscopic observations of normals utilizing the same closure mechanism for speech, blowing and whistling plus videofluoroscopic observations of cleft-palate subjects who were capable of attaining normal closure patterns for blowing and whistling, but not for speech. It is speculated that speech incompetence in individuals who can achieve closure during blowing and whistling is a result of an error in learning.", "PMID": 1123930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8283", "title": "Relative intelligibility of the CID spondees as presented via monitored live voice.", "content": "Using three speakers and 75 subjects, a 7.90dB range in the relative intelligibility of the Central Institute for the Deaf (CID) spondees was found when they were presented via monitored live voice. This range is consistent with previous research and is considered unnecessarily large and detrimental to the efficiency and precision of the speech reception threshold (SRT) test. The exclusive use of 18 words that have a mean range of 1.5 dB is suggested. The slope of the 3l-item spondee articulation function is 12 percent per decibel and is slightly steeper than previous research using the CID W-1 recorded spondees. The slope for the suggested 18-item test is also about 12 percent per decibel. For the 36-item test the mean speech detection threshold (SDT) was 6.6 dB sound pressure level (SPL) and the mean SRT was 14.2 db SPL. The 7.6-dB difference between the two speech measures is consistent with previous research but the SRT is about 6 dB better than the 20 dB SPL recommended by ANSI 1969. For the suggested 18-item test, the mean SRT was 14.5 dB SPL, which was 7.9 dB above SDT. When the 18-item test is used, average normal hearing can be expected to be about 5.5 dB better than specified by ANSI 1969.", "contents": "Relative intelligibility of the CID spondees as presented via monitored live voice. Using three speakers and 75 subjects, a 7.90dB range in the relative intelligibility of the Central Institute for the Deaf (CID) spondees was found when they were presented via monitored live voice. This range is consistent with previous research and is considered unnecessarily large and detrimental to the efficiency and precision of the speech reception threshold (SRT) test. The exclusive use of 18 words that have a mean range of 1.5 dB is suggested. The slope of the 3l-item spondee articulation function is 12 percent per decibel and is slightly steeper than previous research using the CID W-1 recorded spondees. The slope for the suggested 18-item test is also about 12 percent per decibel. For the 36-item test the mean speech detection threshold (SDT) was 6.6 dB sound pressure level (SPL) and the mean SRT was 14.2 db SPL. The 7.6-dB difference between the two speech measures is consistent with previous research but the SRT is about 6 dB better than the 20 dB SPL recommended by ANSI 1969. For the suggested 18-item test, the mean SRT was 14.5 dB SPL, which was 7.9 dB above SDT. When the 18-item test is used, average normal hearing can be expected to be about 5.5 dB better than specified by ANSI 1969.", "PMID": 1123931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8284", "title": "A response evocation program for /retroflex/.", "content": "A response evocation program, some principles underlying its development and administration, and a review of some clinical experiences with the program are presented. Sixty-five children with developmental articulation errors of the /retroflex/ phoneme were administered the program by one of 19 clinicians. Approximately 70 percent of program administrations resulted in a child emitting a good /retroflex/ within six minutes. Approximately 10 percent of children who were given additional training on program step failures emitted good /retroflex/'s in subsequent sessions. These preliminary observations are discussed in relation to the role of task analysis and motor skills learning principles in response evocation, clinician influences in program outcomes, and professional issues in service delivery to children with developmental articulation errors.", "contents": "A response evocation program for /retroflex/. A response evocation program, some principles underlying its development and administration, and a review of some clinical experiences with the program are presented. Sixty-five children with developmental articulation errors of the /retroflex/ phoneme were administered the program by one of 19 clinicians. Approximately 70 percent of program administrations resulted in a child emitting a good /retroflex/ within six minutes. Approximately 10 percent of children who were given additional training on program step failures emitted good /retroflex/'s in subsequent sessions. These preliminary observations are discussed in relation to the role of task analysis and motor skills learning principles in response evocation, clinician influences in program outcomes, and professional issues in service delivery to children with developmental articulation errors.", "PMID": 1123932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8285", "title": "Echocardiographic contrast studies: initial experience.", "content": "Echocardiograms were obtained simultaneously with the standard indocyanine green injections performed during cardiac catheterization. When injected into cardiac chambers, indocyanine green produced a cloud of echoes that enabled us to visualize characteristic flow patterns in the presence of normal and abnormal cardiac hemodynamics. More than 300 echocardiographic contrast studies have been recorded in patients with various congenital and acquired cardiac defects. The patterns obtained were reproducible, sensitive, and specific.", "contents": "Echocardiographic contrast studies: initial experience. Echocardiograms were obtained simultaneously with the standard indocyanine green injections performed during cardiac catheterization. When injected into cardiac chambers, indocyanine green produced a cloud of echoes that enabled us to visualize characteristic flow patterns in the presence of normal and abnormal cardiac hemodynamics. More than 300 echocardiographic contrast studies have been recorded in patients with various congenital and acquired cardiac defects. The patterns obtained were reproducible, sensitive, and specific.", "PMID": 1123933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8286", "title": "Ultrastructural morphometry of the diffusion surface in a case of pulmonary asbestosis.", "content": "A combination of electron microscopy and stereologic principles has allowed an evaluation of the contribution of structures in the blood-air barrier to gas exchange across it. In the present study this method was applied to biopsy material from the lungs of a patient with asbestosis. Within the limits of the sampling method, the results of the study are interpreted to indicate that measurable diffusion abnormalities were principally due to changes other than an increase in membrane thickness.", "contents": "Ultrastructural morphometry of the diffusion surface in a case of pulmonary asbestosis. A combination of electron microscopy and stereologic principles has allowed an evaluation of the contribution of structures in the blood-air barrier to gas exchange across it. In the present study this method was applied to biopsy material from the lungs of a patient with asbestosis. Within the limits of the sampling method, the results of the study are interpreted to indicate that measurable diffusion abnormalities were principally due to changes other than an increase in membrane thickness.", "PMID": 1123934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8287", "title": "The role of surgery in the management of endometriosis.", "content": "Surgery has a specific and realistic place in the management of endometriosis. In the presence of an ovarian mass, diagnosis to rule out neoplasm is mandatory. Therapeutic surgery is carried out for the relief of pain when there is known symptomatic endometriosis or to provide improved chances of a successful gestation when there is infertility. The use of hormones preoperatively has not been routine but seems to be logical when there is extensive and significant scarring. It would seem appropriate to attempt to preserve childbearing function in those patients who are young and desirous of this. In older patients or those in whom the childbearing is complete, it seems unwise to leave behind diseased tissue that can require a subsequent operation. Conservative surgical treatment for infertility related to endometriosis has about a 40 percent chance of successful pregnancy; such conservative treatment carries a 10 to 12 percent risk of subsequent reoperation. The rate of malignancy in endometriosis is low. Intestinal tract endometriosis is uncommon. Bowel preparation is recommended if bowel surgery is anticipated because of the endometriosis. Urinary tract endometriosis is even more uncommon with the exception of the extrinsic pressure and scarring secondary to extensive pelvic endometriosis. tsurgical treatment seems to be of more value than hormone therapy when other organs are involved.", "contents": "The role of surgery in the management of endometriosis. Surgery has a specific and realistic place in the management of endometriosis. In the presence of an ovarian mass, diagnosis to rule out neoplasm is mandatory. Therapeutic surgery is carried out for the relief of pain when there is known symptomatic endometriosis or to provide improved chances of a successful gestation when there is infertility. The use of hormones preoperatively has not been routine but seems to be logical when there is extensive and significant scarring. It would seem appropriate to attempt to preserve childbearing function in those patients who are young and desirous of this. In older patients or those in whom the childbearing is complete, it seems unwise to leave behind diseased tissue that can require a subsequent operation. Conservative surgical treatment for infertility related to endometriosis has about a 40 percent chance of successful pregnancy; such conservative treatment carries a 10 to 12 percent risk of subsequent reoperation. The rate of malignancy in endometriosis is low. Intestinal tract endometriosis is uncommon. Bowel preparation is recommended if bowel surgery is anticipated because of the endometriosis. Urinary tract endometriosis is even more uncommon with the exception of the extrinsic pressure and scarring secondary to extensive pelvic endometriosis. tsurgical treatment seems to be of more value than hormone therapy when other organs are involved.", "PMID": 1123935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8288", "title": "The use of a self-administered alcoholism screening test (SAAST) in a medical center.", "content": "A self-administered alcoholism screening questionnaire was given routinely to 100 patients admitted to an alcoholism treatment unit as well as to 100 randomly selected patients in a medical population. The questionnaire differentiated the alcoholic group from the general medical group of patients. It was also successful in identifying the \"hidden alcoholic\" in the general medical population. It is concluded that this device would be a valuable part of a general medical screening questionnaire to detect the presence of alcoholism in the general medical-surgical patients.", "contents": "The use of a self-administered alcoholism screening test (SAAST) in a medical center. A self-administered alcoholism screening questionnaire was given routinely to 100 patients admitted to an alcoholism treatment unit as well as to 100 randomly selected patients in a medical population. The questionnaire differentiated the alcoholic group from the general medical group of patients. It was also successful in identifying the \"hidden alcoholic\" in the general medical population. It is concluded that this device would be a valuable part of a general medical screening questionnaire to detect the presence of alcoholism in the general medical-surgical patients.", "PMID": 1123936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8289", "title": "Composition of uropygial gland secretions of birds of prey.", "content": "The chemical composition of the uropygial gland secretion of five species of birds of prey was investigated by gas liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy technique, and the results are discussed from the chemotaxonomical point of view. The secretion is a complex mixture of monoester waxes, the fatty acids of which are mainly dimethyl-branched, with the first substituent in 2 position and the other near the methyl end of the molecule. Mono-, trimethyl-, and unbrached fatty acids also are observed. The wax alcohols are mainly mono- and dimethyl-substituted. Unbranched alcohols and traces of trimethyl-substituted alcohols also were detected. Chemotaxonomically, the birds of prey differ from all orders hitherto investigated. The degree of substitution increases from the Falconidae to the Accipitridae.", "contents": "Composition of uropygial gland secretions of birds of prey. The chemical composition of the uropygial gland secretion of five species of birds of prey was investigated by gas liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy technique, and the results are discussed from the chemotaxonomical point of view. The secretion is a complex mixture of monoester waxes, the fatty acids of which are mainly dimethyl-branched, with the first substituent in 2 position and the other near the methyl end of the molecule. Mono-, trimethyl-, and unbrached fatty acids also are observed. The wax alcohols are mainly mono- and dimethyl-substituted. Unbranched alcohols and traces of trimethyl-substituted alcohols also were detected. Chemotaxonomically, the birds of prey differ from all orders hitherto investigated. The degree of substitution increases from the Falconidae to the Accipitridae.", "PMID": 1123971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8290", "title": "Occurrence and chemical structure of nonmethylene-interrupted dienoic fatty acids in American oyster Crassostrea virginica.", "content": "The American oyster, Crassostrea virginica, was found to contain structurally homologous nonmethylene-interrupted dienoic (NMID) fatty acids. The major C20 and C22 nonmethylene-interrupted dienoic fatty acid isomers were shown to occur as two pairs of homologues 5,13-20:2 with 7,15-22:2 and 5,11-20:2 with 7,13-22:2. A combination of analytical procedures was required for conclusive structure determination.", "contents": "Occurrence and chemical structure of nonmethylene-interrupted dienoic fatty acids in American oyster Crassostrea virginica. The American oyster, Crassostrea virginica, was found to contain structurally homologous nonmethylene-interrupted dienoic (NMID) fatty acids. The major C20 and C22 nonmethylene-interrupted dienoic fatty acid isomers were shown to occur as two pairs of homologues 5,13-20:2 with 7,15-22:2 and 5,11-20:2 with 7,13-22:2. A combination of analytical procedures was required for conclusive structure determination.", "PMID": 1123972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8291", "title": "Presence of phytosphingosine combined with 2-hydroxy fatty acids in sphingomyelins of bovine kidney and intestinal mucosa.", "content": "A minor part of sphingomyelins of bovine kidney and small intestine has been shown by mass spectrometry to contain phytosphinogsine in the earlier unknown combination with 2-hydroxy fatty acids.", "contents": "Presence of phytosphingosine combined with 2-hydroxy fatty acids in sphingomyelins of bovine kidney and intestinal mucosa. A minor part of sphingomyelins of bovine kidney and small intestine has been shown by mass spectrometry to contain phytosphinogsine in the earlier unknown combination with 2-hydroxy fatty acids.", "PMID": 1123973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8292", "title": "Triglyceride composition of Sapindus mukorossi seed oil.", "content": "The fatty acid composition of Sapindus mukorossi seed oil was determined by spectrophotometry, urea complexation, and gas liquid chromatography (GLC). The percentages of individual acids were found to be: palmitic, 4.0; stearic, 0.2; arachidic, 4.4; oleic 62.8; linoleic, 4.6; linolenic, 1.6; and eicosenoic, 22.4. Triglyceride composition was calculated from the fatty acid compositions of the native oil and of the monoglycerides produced from it by pancreatic lipase hydrolysis. The oil is composed of 0.1, 2.1, 22.0, and 75.8% trisaturated, monounsaturated disaturatd, diunsaturated monosaturated, and triunsaturated glycerides, respectively. The special characteristic of the Sapindus mukorossi seed oil is its content of 26.3 and 26.7% triolein and eicoseno-di-oleins, respectively.", "contents": "Triglyceride composition of Sapindus mukorossi seed oil. The fatty acid composition of Sapindus mukorossi seed oil was determined by spectrophotometry, urea complexation, and gas liquid chromatography (GLC). The percentages of individual acids were found to be: palmitic, 4.0; stearic, 0.2; arachidic, 4.4; oleic 62.8; linoleic, 4.6; linolenic, 1.6; and eicosenoic, 22.4. Triglyceride composition was calculated from the fatty acid compositions of the native oil and of the monoglycerides produced from it by pancreatic lipase hydrolysis. The oil is composed of 0.1, 2.1, 22.0, and 75.8% trisaturated, monounsaturated disaturatd, diunsaturated monosaturated, and triunsaturated glycerides, respectively. The special characteristic of the Sapindus mukorossi seed oil is its content of 26.3 and 26.7% triolein and eicoseno-di-oleins, respectively.", "PMID": 1123974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8293", "title": "Lipids of freshwater Dolphin Sotalia fluviatilis: comparison of odontocete bioacoustic lipids and habitat.", "content": "The melon and jaw lipids of the freshwater dolphin Sotalia fluviatilis are composed mainly of isovaleroyl wax esters and diisovaleroyl triglycerides. The blubber fat contains only a trace of wax ester and is mostly tri-(long chain) and monoisovaleroyl triglycerides. Detailed gas liquid chromatographic analyses of the intact wax esters and triglycerides and of the derived fatty acids and fatty alcohols indicate common compositional patterns in the wax esters and triglycerides of the respective head lipids. Both odd and even long chain (C12-C16) isostructures are prominent in the melon and jaw lipids, but only higher odd chain length iso-acids are major components in the blubber. Sotalia fluviatilis (family Delphinidae) and Inia geoffrensis (family Platanistidae) share the same freshwater habitat in the upper Amazon River, and both utilize echolocation to navigate and to find food. Comparison of their respective bioacoustical lipid compositions show distinctive types of head fats, Sotalia being rich in iso-5:0 and Inia lacking iso-5:0. This indicates that iso-valeric acid per se has no obligatory role in dolphin echolocation.", "contents": "Lipids of freshwater Dolphin Sotalia fluviatilis: comparison of odontocete bioacoustic lipids and habitat. The melon and jaw lipids of the freshwater dolphin Sotalia fluviatilis are composed mainly of isovaleroyl wax esters and diisovaleroyl triglycerides. The blubber fat contains only a trace of wax ester and is mostly tri-(long chain) and monoisovaleroyl triglycerides. Detailed gas liquid chromatographic analyses of the intact wax esters and triglycerides and of the derived fatty acids and fatty alcohols indicate common compositional patterns in the wax esters and triglycerides of the respective head lipids. Both odd and even long chain (C12-C16) isostructures are prominent in the melon and jaw lipids, but only higher odd chain length iso-acids are major components in the blubber. Sotalia fluviatilis (family Delphinidae) and Inia geoffrensis (family Platanistidae) share the same freshwater habitat in the upper Amazon River, and both utilize echolocation to navigate and to find food. Comparison of their respective bioacoustical lipid compositions show distinctive types of head fats, Sotalia being rich in iso-5:0 and Inia lacking iso-5:0. This indicates that iso-valeric acid per se has no obligatory role in dolphin echolocation.", "PMID": 1123975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8294", "title": "Synthesis of prostaglandins in platelets of hypercholesterolemic rabbits.", "content": "As a continuation of previous studies on the synthesis of prostaglandins in platelets of human venous blood, the present communication describes the synthesis of prostaglandins in experimental hypercholesterolemia induced in rabbits by dietary means. In such a condition, high serum level of cholesterol did not change the rate of prostaglandin synthesis.", "contents": "Synthesis of prostaglandins in platelets of hypercholesterolemic rabbits. As a continuation of previous studies on the synthesis of prostaglandins in platelets of human venous blood, the present communication describes the synthesis of prostaglandins in experimental hypercholesterolemia induced in rabbits by dietary means. In such a condition, high serum level of cholesterol did not change the rate of prostaglandin synthesis.", "PMID": 1123976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8295", "title": "Inhibition of enzymatic reduction of delta 14-double bond of 5 alpha-cholesta-8,14-dien-3 beta-ol and 5 alpha-cholesta-7,14-dien-3 beta-ol by AY-9944.", "content": "AY-994 (trans-1,4-bis-(2-chlorobenzyl-aminomethyl) cyclohexane dihydrochloride), a potent inhibitor of the enzymatic reduction of the delta 7-double bond of delta 5,7-sterols, has been shown to inhibit, at higher concentrations (10-4 M), the enzymatic reduction of the delta 14-double bond of cholesta-8,14-dien-3 beta-ol and cholesta-7,14-dien-3 beta-ol.", "contents": "Inhibition of enzymatic reduction of delta 14-double bond of 5 alpha-cholesta-8,14-dien-3 beta-ol and 5 alpha-cholesta-7,14-dien-3 beta-ol by AY-9944. AY-994 (trans-1,4-bis-(2-chlorobenzyl-aminomethyl) cyclohexane dihydrochloride), a potent inhibitor of the enzymatic reduction of the delta 7-double bond of delta 5,7-sterols, has been shown to inhibit, at higher concentrations (10-4 M), the enzymatic reduction of the delta 14-double bond of cholesta-8,14-dien-3 beta-ol and cholesta-7,14-dien-3 beta-ol.", "PMID": 1123977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8296", "title": "Oxprenolol and hydrallazine in the treatment of hypertension.", "content": "Oxprenolol and hydrallazine in combination were found to be as effective as methyldopa in a trial in hypertensive patients. The drugs could be given in a twice-daily dosage and had a much higher degree of patient acceptance. The side effects of this drug combination were usually due to hydrallazine and were mild and short-lived, but did require the withdrawal of one patient from the trial. Hydrallazine should be used with caution in the treatment of patients with a history of myocardial lschaemia.", "contents": "Oxprenolol and hydrallazine in the treatment of hypertension. Oxprenolol and hydrallazine in combination were found to be as effective as methyldopa in a trial in hypertensive patients. The drugs could be given in a twice-daily dosage and had a much higher degree of patient acceptance. The side effects of this drug combination were usually due to hydrallazine and were mild and short-lived, but did require the withdrawal of one patient from the trial. Hydrallazine should be used with caution in the treatment of patients with a history of myocardial lschaemia.", "PMID": 1124019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8297", "title": "Diuretics, beta blockers and vasodilators. Dosage in mild and moderate hypertension.", "content": "This paper presents experience with the treatment of mild to moderate hypertension by means of a thiazide diuretic (cyclopenthiazide), a small dose of a beta adrenergic blocking agent (oxprenolol) and progressively increasing doses of a vasodilator (hydrallazine). Satisfactory control of blood pressure was achieved in 38 of 41 cases without the production of distressing effects. This treatment regime was acceptable to patients and appears more promising than other currently available methods for blood pressure control.", "contents": "Diuretics, beta blockers and vasodilators. Dosage in mild and moderate hypertension. This paper presents experience with the treatment of mild to moderate hypertension by means of a thiazide diuretic (cyclopenthiazide), a small dose of a beta adrenergic blocking agent (oxprenolol) and progressively increasing doses of a vasodilator (hydrallazine). Satisfactory control of blood pressure was achieved in 38 of 41 cases without the production of distressing effects. This treatment regime was acceptable to patients and appears more promising than other currently available methods for blood pressure control.", "PMID": 1124020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8298", "title": "[Delusion and understanding (author's transl)].", "content": "This paper presents the psychodynamic investigation of a case of schizophrenia, which developed on the basis of a LSD-psychosis. It is a contribution to a treatment of schizophrenia, in which the coexistence of biological and psychological factors is taken into consideration. Biological premises do not invalidate the psychological understanding of many symptoms. Psychodynamic experience permits the psychiatrist to encounter the patient adaquately, even if the possibility for a long psychotherapeutic treatment is absent.", "contents": "[Delusion and understanding (author's transl)]. This paper presents the psychodynamic investigation of a case of schizophrenia, which developed on the basis of a LSD-psychosis. It is a contribution to a treatment of schizophrenia, in which the coexistence of biological and psychological factors is taken into consideration. Biological premises do not invalidate the psychological understanding of many symptoms. Psychodynamic experience permits the psychiatrist to encounter the patient adaquately, even if the possibility for a long psychotherapeutic treatment is absent.", "PMID": 1124026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8299", "title": "[Blood pressure in the beginning alcohol withdrawal state (author's transl)].", "content": "Blood pressure elevation was found to be a frequent cardiovascular symptom of the prodromal phase of alcohol withdrawal state: 21 of 25 patients (mean age 38 years) had hypertension (mean value 171/107 mm Hg) during the first two days of hospitalization, which returned to normal with the disappearance of the other withdrawal symptoms. Augmented activity of the sympathetic nervous systems is thought to be the most probable cause of blood pressure elevation in alcohol withdrawal state.", "contents": "[Blood pressure in the beginning alcohol withdrawal state (author's transl)]. Blood pressure elevation was found to be a frequent cardiovascular symptom of the prodromal phase of alcohol withdrawal state: 21 of 25 patients (mean age 38 years) had hypertension (mean value 171/107 mm Hg) during the first two days of hospitalization, which returned to normal with the disappearance of the other withdrawal symptoms. Augmented activity of the sympathetic nervous systems is thought to be the most probable cause of blood pressure elevation in alcohol withdrawal state.", "PMID": 1124027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8300", "title": "[Use of the adsorption method for regeneration of dialysate in hemodialysis (Redy-system) (author's transl)].", "content": "The adsorption method for regeneration of dialysate was introduced as a new principle in hemodialysis. To compare the efficacy of the Redy-system (regenerative dialysis supply system) which utilizes a sorbent cartridge, with the common single-pass systems, 2 patients were dialyzed weekly twice or three times 6 hours over a period of 3 months. Three different types of dialyzers were used: Cordis hollow-fiber, plate dialyzer Lundia Nova 17,0 mu and coil dialyzer Travenol Ultraflo II. Monitoring of serum nitrogen constituents (urea, creatinine, uric acid) showed that the efficacy especially of the hollow-fiber dialyzer was comparable with the single-pass-system. Serial measurements of electrolytes in dialysate and serum, as well as dialysate osmolarity and ammonia indicated that the adsorption method is a safe technique. The advantage of the Redy-system is its independency of a fixed and treated water supply system, since it is able to operate with 5.5 1 tap water, an electrolyte concentrate being added in the recirculation system. Therefore this dialysis device can be installed everywhere, giving the dialysis patient more independency.", "contents": "[Use of the adsorption method for regeneration of dialysate in hemodialysis (Redy-system) (author's transl)]. The adsorption method for regeneration of dialysate was introduced as a new principle in hemodialysis. To compare the efficacy of the Redy-system (regenerative dialysis supply system) which utilizes a sorbent cartridge, with the common single-pass systems, 2 patients were dialyzed weekly twice or three times 6 hours over a period of 3 months. Three different types of dialyzers were used: Cordis hollow-fiber, plate dialyzer Lundia Nova 17,0 mu and coil dialyzer Travenol Ultraflo II. Monitoring of serum nitrogen constituents (urea, creatinine, uric acid) showed that the efficacy especially of the hollow-fiber dialyzer was comparable with the single-pass-system. Serial measurements of electrolytes in dialysate and serum, as well as dialysate osmolarity and ammonia indicated that the adsorption method is a safe technique. The advantage of the Redy-system is its independency of a fixed and treated water supply system, since it is able to operate with 5.5 1 tap water, an electrolyte concentrate being added in the recirculation system. Therefore this dialysis device can be installed everywhere, giving the dialysis patient more independency.", "PMID": 1124044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8301", "title": "[Sarcoidosis of the kidney (author's transl)].", "content": "The sarcoidosis of the kidney frequently shows little symptoms, but leads in more progredient stages to heaviest functional deficits and uremia. Beside this genuine sarcoidosis of the kidney a nephrocalcinosis caused by the often higher blood calcium level in sarcoidosis patients can occur. Its cardinal manifestation is a nephrolithiasis. Seldom in sarcoidosis patients a glomerulonephritis following to humoral immune reactions is appearing. A case of genuine sarcoidosis of the kidney with typical course and extended functional deficit, improved by intensive therapy with corticosteroids and immunosuppressiva is reported.", "contents": "[Sarcoidosis of the kidney (author's transl)]. The sarcoidosis of the kidney frequently shows little symptoms, but leads in more progredient stages to heaviest functional deficits and uremia. Beside this genuine sarcoidosis of the kidney a nephrocalcinosis caused by the often higher blood calcium level in sarcoidosis patients can occur. Its cardinal manifestation is a nephrolithiasis. Seldom in sarcoidosis patients a glomerulonephritis following to humoral immune reactions is appearing. A case of genuine sarcoidosis of the kidney with typical course and extended functional deficit, improved by intensive therapy with corticosteroids and immunosuppressiva is reported.", "PMID": 1124045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8302", "title": "[Nephropathy and deafness (Alport syndrome) without positive family history (author's transl)].", "content": "This is a report of a 22-year-old man affected with hereditary nephropathy and deafness (Alport syndrome) without positive family history. The diagnosis is based on the typical clinical history, presence of symmetrical neural deafness, and terminal stage of renal insufficiency, that could not be classified otherwise following renal biopsy. The differential diagnosis and genetics are discussed.", "contents": "[Nephropathy and deafness (Alport syndrome) without positive family history (author's transl)]. This is a report of a 22-year-old man affected with hereditary nephropathy and deafness (Alport syndrome) without positive family history. The diagnosis is based on the typical clinical history, presence of symmetrical neural deafness, and terminal stage of renal insufficiency, that could not be classified otherwise following renal biopsy. The differential diagnosis and genetics are discussed.", "PMID": 1124046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8303", "title": "[Breath rate as a function of parameters of pulmonary function in body plethysmography (author's transl)].", "content": "Parameters of pulmonary function were measured at resting breathing rates (mean 15-17/min) and at breathing rates of 20-40/min in 238 subjects (79 normals, 44 patients with normal pulmonary function in spite of lung disease, and 115 patients, most of whom had obstructive-emphysematous lesions) in a constantvolume body plethysmograph with a respiratory bag. In the subjects with normal pulmonary function the resistance increased significantly by 25 and 45 percent, resp., with more rapid respiration (p smaller than 0,01). Nevertheless it is assumed that this rarely accounts for false interpretations in everyday routine practice. No relationship of breathing rate to respiratory passage resistance was observed in patients with increased total resistance. By way of contrast, ventilation work of breathing (pV diagram) and the index of ventilation work of breathing (defined Vp ratio) showed a close correlation to breathing rate in all 3 groups. This leads us to conclude that these parameters provide more exact information on the breathing mechanism than does total resistance. Studies on ventilation work of breathing must be conducted under clearly defined breathing rates and consideration of the respiratory volume. intrathoracic gas volume was not correlated to the breath rate.", "contents": "[Breath rate as a function of parameters of pulmonary function in body plethysmography (author's transl)]. Parameters of pulmonary function were measured at resting breathing rates (mean 15-17/min) and at breathing rates of 20-40/min in 238 subjects (79 normals, 44 patients with normal pulmonary function in spite of lung disease, and 115 patients, most of whom had obstructive-emphysematous lesions) in a constantvolume body plethysmograph with a respiratory bag. In the subjects with normal pulmonary function the resistance increased significantly by 25 and 45 percent, resp., with more rapid respiration (p smaller than 0,01). Nevertheless it is assumed that this rarely accounts for false interpretations in everyday routine practice. No relationship of breathing rate to respiratory passage resistance was observed in patients with increased total resistance. By way of contrast, ventilation work of breathing (pV diagram) and the index of ventilation work of breathing (defined Vp ratio) showed a close correlation to breathing rate in all 3 groups. This leads us to conclude that these parameters provide more exact information on the breathing mechanism than does total resistance. Studies on ventilation work of breathing must be conducted under clearly defined breathing rates and consideration of the respiratory volume. intrathoracic gas volume was not correlated to the breath rate.", "PMID": 1124049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8304", "title": "[Radiation late damage of the thoracic marrow after irradiation in the thoracic region (author's transl)].", "content": "A report is given about radiation late damage on the thoracic marrow, basing on the case histories of 100 patients irradiated in the mediastinal region with telegamma from a 60 Cobalt or 137 Caesium source between 1959, January 1st and 1972, december 31st. 77 patients were followed up during 18 months after the radiotherapy was ended; in 3 of them (equal to 4 p.c.) a radiation-induced myelopathy was found. These 3 cases were suffering from Hodgkin's disease, whereas in none of the patients with bronchial carcinoma--in spite of markedly higher radiation doses--any late damage was observed. Therefore, in irradiation of the mediastinal region, the exposure of the spinal marrow should be reduced, although the dose alone is not decisive for the development of a radiation myelopathy.", "contents": "[Radiation late damage of the thoracic marrow after irradiation in the thoracic region (author's transl)]. A report is given about radiation late damage on the thoracic marrow, basing on the case histories of 100 patients irradiated in the mediastinal region with telegamma from a 60 Cobalt or 137 Caesium source between 1959, January 1st and 1972, december 31st. 77 patients were followed up during 18 months after the radiotherapy was ended; in 3 of them (equal to 4 p.c.) a radiation-induced myelopathy was found. These 3 cases were suffering from Hodgkin's disease, whereas in none of the patients with bronchial carcinoma--in spite of markedly higher radiation doses--any late damage was observed. Therefore, in irradiation of the mediastinal region, the exposure of the spinal marrow should be reduced, although the dose alone is not decisive for the development of a radiation myelopathy.", "PMID": 1124051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8305", "title": "[The effect of Tropaacidester Sch 1000 on respiratory resistance (author's transl)].", "content": "The effect of Tropaacidester Sch 1000 on respiratory resistance, intrathoracical volume, peripheral blood pressure, and heart frequency over a period of 24 hours were examined in ten patients suffering from obstructive respiratory diseases. Compared with placebo 2 puffs of Sch 1000 administered 6 times significantly decreased respiratory resistance. The bronchodilatatory effects of Sch 1000 and Orciprenalin seemed to be almost identical. Side effects after application of Sch 1000 have not been observed.", "contents": "[The effect of Tropaacidester Sch 1000 on respiratory resistance (author's transl)]. The effect of Tropaacidester Sch 1000 on respiratory resistance, intrathoracical volume, peripheral blood pressure, and heart frequency over a period of 24 hours were examined in ten patients suffering from obstructive respiratory diseases. Compared with placebo 2 puffs of Sch 1000 administered 6 times significantly decreased respiratory resistance. The bronchodilatatory effects of Sch 1000 and Orciprenalin seemed to be almost identical. Side effects after application of Sch 1000 have not been observed.", "PMID": 1124050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8306", "title": "Stray animals: their impact on a community.", "content": "The statistical import of the study not-withstanding, we found the most serious problem to be the lack of understanding of the pet population crisis and compassion toward animals on the part of pet owners, as evident in the pet columns of the classified ads. Our study leads us to believe that pet owners are allowing the reproduction of kittens and puppies in such numbers that they often have no cash value and, in fact, the owners will spend money, in the form of advertising, to facilitate their disposal. The street observations indicated that relatively few animals (lessthan 1%) actually are allowed to run free. Dog bites occur at a ratio of 1:20 for the dog population. In the area under study, free roaming dogs and cats present a mild to moderate problem, originating from a small percentage of pet owners. Only a small amount of pet animal suffering occurs by death from environmental hazards (ie, automobiles), and there is just a moderate amount of intentional killing of nondersirable pet animals. We fell the method used in this study and the results obtained from it have importance elsewhere. It should be coupled with a broader based survey questionnaire to better establish the ratio of pet ownership to the general population and the reasons and benefits of pet ownership. We could then have the \"facts\" about the pet overpopulation problem, as well as better understand the community values toward pet animals. A complete report with additional accompanying tables is available from the senior author at Rural Route One, Urbana, Illinois 61801.", "contents": "Stray animals: their impact on a community. The statistical import of the study not-withstanding, we found the most serious problem to be the lack of understanding of the pet population crisis and compassion toward animals on the part of pet owners, as evident in the pet columns of the classified ads. Our study leads us to believe that pet owners are allowing the reproduction of kittens and puppies in such numbers that they often have no cash value and, in fact, the owners will spend money, in the form of advertising, to facilitate their disposal. The street observations indicated that relatively few animals (lessthan 1%) actually are allowed to run free. Dog bites occur at a ratio of 1:20 for the dog population. In the area under study, free roaming dogs and cats present a mild to moderate problem, originating from a small percentage of pet owners. Only a small amount of pet animal suffering occurs by death from environmental hazards (ie, automobiles), and there is just a moderate amount of intentional killing of nondersirable pet animals. We fell the method used in this study and the results obtained from it have importance elsewhere. It should be coupled with a broader based survey questionnaire to better establish the ratio of pet ownership to the general population and the reasons and benefits of pet ownership. We could then have the \"facts\" about the pet overpopulation problem, as well as better understand the community values toward pet animals. A complete report with additional accompanying tables is available from the senior author at Rural Route One, Urbana, Illinois 61801.", "PMID": 1124070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8307", "title": "Problem behavior in dogs. Understanding the shy dog.", "content": "The term \"shy dog\" should be qualified by examination of the dog's actual behavior and those things that stimulate the shyness. Dogs that display submissive behavior may suffer from a punishment syndrome created by overly harsh treatment. Others may suffer from kennelosis or other improper socialization during early critical periods. In all cases the dog's level of confidence must be increased vis a vis people. Rehabilitation requires avoidance of physical manipulation, gradual socialization, and demonstrative teaching for command responses.", "contents": "Problem behavior in dogs. Understanding the shy dog. The term \"shy dog\" should be qualified by examination of the dog's actual behavior and those things that stimulate the shyness. Dogs that display submissive behavior may suffer from a punishment syndrome created by overly harsh treatment. Others may suffer from kennelosis or other improper socialization during early critical periods. In all cases the dog's level of confidence must be increased vis a vis people. Rehabilitation requires avoidance of physical manipulation, gradual socialization, and demonstrative teaching for command responses.", "PMID": 1124074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8308", "title": "Letters to the editor: On the transfer of nuclear RNA into isolated mitochondria. Further evidence for template properties of nuclear RNA taken up by isolated mitochondria.", "content": "Some properties of nuclear RNA taken up by isolated mitochondria during aerobic incubation were studied. Nuclear RNA fraction re-isolated from incubated mitochondria was characterized by homogeneous sedimentation distribution in sucrose gradient (7-9S) and by absence of extended secondary structure. In this respect the RNA fraction differed from the nuclear RNA added to mitochondria and was similar to in vivo rapidly labelled mitochondrial RNA. The hybridization pattern of re-isolated RNA with nuclear DNA is consistent with the presence of transcripts from unique DNA sequences in this RNA fraction.", "contents": "Letters to the editor: On the transfer of nuclear RNA into isolated mitochondria. Further evidence for template properties of nuclear RNA taken up by isolated mitochondria. Some properties of nuclear RNA taken up by isolated mitochondria during aerobic incubation were studied. Nuclear RNA fraction re-isolated from incubated mitochondria was characterized by homogeneous sedimentation distribution in sucrose gradient (7-9S) and by absence of extended secondary structure. In this respect the RNA fraction differed from the nuclear RNA added to mitochondria and was similar to in vivo rapidly labelled mitochondrial RNA. The hybridization pattern of re-isolated RNA with nuclear DNA is consistent with the presence of transcripts from unique DNA sequences in this RNA fraction.", "PMID": 1124083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8309", "title": "A proposed pathway of plasma glycoprotein synthesis.", "content": "Plasma glycoprotein synthesis in the liver occurs in a stepwise fashion. The first sugar, N-acetyl-glucosamine, is attached to the protein during the growth of the polypeptide chain on the membrane-bound ribosomes. Subsequent carbohydrates are incorporated after the completion of the protein in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. The reactions are carried out by enzymes strongly bound to the membranes. Because the glycosylation reaction occurs in the interior of the cytoplasmic tubules a permeability problem for the nucleotide sugar exists. Recent studies indicate that sugar-lipids are formed on the cytoplasmic site of the membrane and these complexes transfer the sugars across the membrane. Experimental evidence for this pathway is presented in this article.", "contents": "A proposed pathway of plasma glycoprotein synthesis. Plasma glycoprotein synthesis in the liver occurs in a stepwise fashion. The first sugar, N-acetyl-glucosamine, is attached to the protein during the growth of the polypeptide chain on the membrane-bound ribosomes. Subsequent carbohydrates are incorporated after the completion of the protein in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. The reactions are carried out by enzymes strongly bound to the membranes. Because the glycosylation reaction occurs in the interior of the cytoplasmic tubules a permeability problem for the nucleotide sugar exists. Recent studies indicate that sugar-lipids are formed on the cytoplasmic site of the membrane and these complexes transfer the sugars across the membrane. Experimental evidence for this pathway is presented in this article.", "PMID": 1124082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8310", "title": "Water vapor sorption of keratan sulfate.", "content": "Keratan sulfate was isolated from bovine cornea. The water vapor sorption isotherms were obtained on both sodium and calcium salts of keratan sulfate at different temperatures. Deuterated water sorption isotherms were obtained on sodium keratan sulfates. The infrared spectra of the keratan-sulfate was monitored as a function of water and D2O uptake. The results are discussed in terms of an open polymer matrix that exists in the solid state of keratan sulfate.", "contents": "Water vapor sorption of keratan sulfate. Keratan sulfate was isolated from bovine cornea. The water vapor sorption isotherms were obtained on both sodium and calcium salts of keratan sulfate at different temperatures. Deuterated water sorption isotherms were obtained on sodium keratan sulfates. The infrared spectra of the keratan-sulfate was monitored as a function of water and D2O uptake. The results are discussed in terms of an open polymer matrix that exists in the solid state of keratan sulfate.", "PMID": 1124084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8311", "title": "Suppression of delayed hypersensitivity in schistosome-infected patients by niridazole.", "content": "Niridazole, an anti-parasitic drug, suppresses manifestations of delayed hypersensitivity and retards allograft rejection in laboratory animals. We investigated the immunosuppressive effects of the standard antihelminthic regimen of niridazole (25 mg/kg/day for seven days) in five patients with schistosomiasis. Although 15-minute skin reactions to schistosomal antigens remained unchanged, niridazole reduced or ablated positive 48-hour skin reactions to tuberculin (PPD), mumps and schistosome antigens in all patients tested six and 15 days after therapy began. Complete recovery of delayed dermal hypersensitivity was observed by 114 days. PPD-induced lymphocyte transformation was severely depressed in three and partially depressed in two of the five patients. Suppression was observed at either six or 15 days (or both) after beginning of treatment, and complete recovery at 114 days. It is concluded that therapeutic doses of niridazole suppress delayed hypersensitivity and antigen-induced lymphocyte transformation in man.", "contents": "Suppression of delayed hypersensitivity in schistosome-infected patients by niridazole. Niridazole, an anti-parasitic drug, suppresses manifestations of delayed hypersensitivity and retards allograft rejection in laboratory animals. We investigated the immunosuppressive effects of the standard antihelminthic regimen of niridazole (25 mg/kg/day for seven days) in five patients with schistosomiasis. Although 15-minute skin reactions to schistosomal antigens remained unchanged, niridazole reduced or ablated positive 48-hour skin reactions to tuberculin (PPD), mumps and schistosome antigens in all patients tested six and 15 days after therapy began. Complete recovery of delayed dermal hypersensitivity was observed by 114 days. PPD-induced lymphocyte transformation was severely depressed in three and partially depressed in two of the five patients. Suppression was observed at either six or 15 days (or both) after beginning of treatment, and complete recovery at 114 days. It is concluded that therapeutic doses of niridazole suppress delayed hypersensitivity and antigen-induced lymphocyte transformation in man.", "PMID": 1124104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8312", "title": "Total eosinophil counts in the management of bronchial asthma.", "content": "Total eosinophil counts were investigated in asthmatic patients to determine their usefulness in the diagnosis and management of steroid-dependent asthma. Counts averaged 122 plus or minus 74 (S.D.) per mm-3 (65 untreated normal subjects) and 43 plus or minus 22 per mm-3 (six prednisone-treated normal subjects). Fifty-two patients with active bronchial asthma showed significant eosinophilia (greater than 350/mm-3 off and greater than 85/mm-3 on steroids), suggesting that eosinophilia is an important diagnostic feature of bronchial asthma. In 14 patients (60 observations), the counts showed significant inverse correlation with specific airway conductance--r equals 0.74, p less than 0.001--and with a variety of other measurements of bronchial dynamics and lung volumes, suggesting that the total eosinophil count reflects asthmatic activity and is useful for regulating steroid dosage and for early detection of exacerbations.", "contents": "Total eosinophil counts in the management of bronchial asthma. Total eosinophil counts were investigated in asthmatic patients to determine their usefulness in the diagnosis and management of steroid-dependent asthma. Counts averaged 122 plus or minus 74 (S.D.) per mm-3 (65 untreated normal subjects) and 43 plus or minus 22 per mm-3 (six prednisone-treated normal subjects). Fifty-two patients with active bronchial asthma showed significant eosinophilia (greater than 350/mm-3 off and greater than 85/mm-3 on steroids), suggesting that eosinophilia is an important diagnostic feature of bronchial asthma. In 14 patients (60 observations), the counts showed significant inverse correlation with specific airway conductance--r equals 0.74, p less than 0.001--and with a variety of other measurements of bronchial dynamics and lung volumes, suggesting that the total eosinophil count reflects asthmatic activity and is useful for regulating steroid dosage and for early detection of exacerbations.", "PMID": 1124105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8313", "title": "Renal urate excretion in normal man.", "content": "The development of our knowledge of the intrarenal process involved in the control of urate excretion in normal man is summarized. Although there are many gaps in our current knowledge, and different interpretations may be given to the available data, current evidence seems to favor the existence of extensive tubular reabsorption of urate following its glomerular filtration. Subsequently, tubular secretion of urate and the reabsorption of an unknown amount of the secreted urate probably take place. For reasons discussed, it seems most likely that the regulation and control of urate excretion are accomplished through modulations in tubular secretion, post-secretory reabsorption, or both.", "contents": "Renal urate excretion in normal man. The development of our knowledge of the intrarenal process involved in the control of urate excretion in normal man is summarized. Although there are many gaps in our current knowledge, and different interpretations may be given to the available data, current evidence seems to favor the existence of extensive tubular reabsorption of urate following its glomerular filtration. Subsequently, tubular secretion of urate and the reabsorption of an unknown amount of the secreted urate probably take place. For reasons discussed, it seems most likely that the regulation and control of urate excretion are accomplished through modulations in tubular secretion, post-secretory reabsorption, or both.", "PMID": 1124136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8314", "title": "Origin and extrarenal elimination of uric acid in man.", "content": "The origin of uric acid, metabolic pathways of purine metabolism and the disposition of uric acid in normal man are reviewed. Two thirds of the uric acid is normally excreted through the kidney while one third gains entrance to the gut where it undergoes uricolysis. The pathogenesis of hyperuricemia in primary and secondary gout is discussed. Increased production or decreased excretion of uric acid are the two principal mechanisms of hyperuricemia. The known biochemical defects associated with primary overproduction gout are outlined. Extrarenal uricolysis assumes a greater role when the renal excretion of uric acid is compromised.", "contents": "Origin and extrarenal elimination of uric acid in man. The origin of uric acid, metabolic pathways of purine metabolism and the disposition of uric acid in normal man are reviewed. Two thirds of the uric acid is normally excreted through the kidney while one third gains entrance to the gut where it undergoes uricolysis. The pathogenesis of hyperuricemia in primary and secondary gout is discussed. Increased production or decreased excretion of uric acid are the two principal mechanisms of hyperuricemia. The known biochemical defects associated with primary overproduction gout are outlined. Extrarenal uricolysis assumes a greater role when the renal excretion of uric acid is compromised.", "PMID": 1124137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8315", "title": "Intrinsic renal disease leading to abnormal urate excretion.", "content": "Since approximately two thirds of daily urate production is normally excreted by the kidney, intrinsic renal disease resulting in abnormalities of urate excretion may have a profound effect upon urate homeostasis. Alterations in the pattern of urate excretion encountered in chronic renal failure are reviewed in depth, with a description of adaptive mechanisms for urate excretion which develop in residual nephrons, as exemplified by the remaining normal kidney of transplant donors. In addition, abnormalities in urate excretion in the presence of a normal complement of nephrons are described. Diminished urate excretion per nephron appears to be responsible for hyperuricemia in some patients with gout, while a variety of tubular defects resulting in excessive renal urate excretion have been  documented as the basis for some cases of hypouricemia.", "contents": "Intrinsic renal disease leading to abnormal urate excretion. Since approximately two thirds of daily urate production is normally excreted by the kidney, intrinsic renal disease resulting in abnormalities of urate excretion may have a profound effect upon urate homeostasis. Alterations in the pattern of urate excretion encountered in chronic renal failure are reviewed in depth, with a description of adaptive mechanisms for urate excretion which develop in residual nephrons, as exemplified by the remaining normal kidney of transplant donors. In addition, abnormalities in urate excretion in the presence of a normal complement of nephrons are described. Diminished urate excretion per nephron appears to be responsible for hyperuricemia in some patients with gout, while a variety of tubular defects resulting in excessive renal urate excretion have been  documented as the basis for some cases of hypouricemia.", "PMID": 1124138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8316", "title": "[Complications of anterior cervical fusion operations].", "content": "The authors describe the technique of operation and then report about 15 intra- and post-operative complications in 360 anterior cervical fusions in 307 patients who suffered from cervical disc lesions. The complication rate was 4.16%. Apart from one case of complete but clinically reasonably well compensated recurrent paresis, all complications healed without permanent deficit. The differential diagnosis, prophylaxis and therapy of these specific operative complications are discussed.", "contents": "[Complications of anterior cervical fusion operations]. The authors describe the technique of operation and then report about 15 intra- and post-operative complications in 360 anterior cervical fusions in 307 patients who suffered from cervical disc lesions. The complication rate was 4.16%. Apart from one case of complete but clinically reasonably well compensated recurrent paresis, all complications healed without permanent deficit. The differential diagnosis, prophylaxis and therapy of these specific operative complications are discussed.", "PMID": 1124139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8317", "title": "Demonstration of cervical spinal canal before and after fusion operation.", "content": "With the help of myelography using \"oil soluble\" positive contrast media, it is possible with a horizontal beam and a prone patient to outline the dorsal limit of the vertebrae and to estimate the degree of disc protrusion in the cervical region. In order to demonstrate the effect of anterior \"ventral\" fusion and especially the removal of the disc protrusion a large number of patients were again subjected to myelography following operation. It was; therefore, desirable that the contrast medium instilled pre-operatively should be mobilized in order to achieve such a demonstration in the cervical region. The method of operative myelography are described and illustrated by photographs.", "contents": "Demonstration of cervical spinal canal before and after fusion operation. With the help of myelography using \"oil soluble\" positive contrast media, it is possible with a horizontal beam and a prone patient to outline the dorsal limit of the vertebrae and to estimate the degree of disc protrusion in the cervical region. In order to demonstrate the effect of anterior \"ventral\" fusion and especially the removal of the disc protrusion a large number of patients were again subjected to myelography following operation. It was; therefore, desirable that the contrast medium instilled pre-operatively should be mobilized in order to achieve such a demonstration in the cervical region. The method of operative myelography are described and illustrated by photographs.", "PMID": 1124140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8318", "title": "Carpal tunnel syndrome caused by the persistence of the median artery.", "content": "As another cause for a symptomatic carpal tunnel syndrome the persistence of the median artery is postulated. This was observed by the authors in three cases all of whom presented a typical carpal tunnel syndrome. As the only cause in all three cases a persistent median artery was observed. The embryological facts and the possible pathogenetic causes discussed.", "contents": "Carpal tunnel syndrome caused by the persistence of the median artery. As another cause for a symptomatic carpal tunnel syndrome the persistence of the median artery is postulated. This was observed by the authors in three cases all of whom presented a typical carpal tunnel syndrome. As the only cause in all three cases a persistent median artery was observed. The embryological facts and the possible pathogenetic causes discussed.", "PMID": 1124141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8319", "title": "New possibilities of controlled hypotension in neurosurgery.", "content": "The position of controlled hypotension in neurosurgery is reviewed including both the new and old techniques and the drugs used. A special emphasis is placed on our use of sodium Nitroprusside which allows short lived, but very significant lowering of the blood pressure. Using this technique it was possbile in three cases where rebleeding of the aneurysm occurred at operation and in a further six cases of considerable arterial haemorrhage, to, \"dry\" the field of operation i.e. reduce the bleeding to such an extent that satisfactory orientation and quick and accurate handling of the emergency could be achieved.", "contents": "New possibilities of controlled hypotension in neurosurgery. The position of controlled hypotension in neurosurgery is reviewed including both the new and old techniques and the drugs used. A special emphasis is placed on our use of sodium Nitroprusside which allows short lived, but very significant lowering of the blood pressure. Using this technique it was possbile in three cases where rebleeding of the aneurysm occurred at operation and in a further six cases of considerable arterial haemorrhage, to, \"dry\" the field of operation i.e. reduce the bleeding to such an extent that satisfactory orientation and quick and accurate handling of the emergency could be achieved.", "PMID": 1124142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8320", "title": "Intraspinal intramedullary epidermoid tumor.", "content": "A case of an intraspinal intramedullary epidermoid tumor at the level of D 2-4 is reported on. The case history, diagnosis, causes, frequency, and age of onset of these tumors are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Intraspinal intramedullary epidermoid tumor. A case of an intraspinal intramedullary epidermoid tumor at the level of D 2-4 is reported on. The case history, diagnosis, causes, frequency, and age of onset of these tumors are briefly discussed.", "PMID": 1124143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8321", "title": "[Clinical experiences with monocomponent insulins].", "content": "The immunogenicity of conventional therapeutical insulin is discussed according to the concepts of Schlichtkrull: the formation of insulin antibodies is not attributable to the pure Sanger's insulin molecule, but to related protein impurities, present in all crystallized pig and ox insulin preparations. The terms of monocomponent insulin, highly purified insulin, and single peak insulin in defined and personal clinical results obtained with Novo Monocomponent Lente Insulin over a period of 3 years are presented. The Hein Christiansen's radioimmunoelectrophoretic method fo estimation of 125I-insulin IgG binding was used to determine insulin antibody levels. It was found that: 1) Newly detected insulin-dependent diabetics, never previously treated with insulin, do not produce insulin antibodies at a significant level; 2) Long-term insulin treated diabetics, transferred to monocomponent treatment, tend to reduce their antibody levels, if initially high, altough with transient recurrent peaks; 3) Stimulation of the immunocompetent system by intercurrent infection does not generally modify the immunological situation. Apart from immunological changes, satisfactory clinical results were observed in cases of high insulin requirement, insulin allergy, insulin lipoatrophy. Present practical indications for monocomponent insulin therapy (Actrapid-Lenta) are proposed.", "contents": "[Clinical experiences with monocomponent insulins]. The immunogenicity of conventional therapeutical insulin is discussed according to the concepts of Schlichtkrull: the formation of insulin antibodies is not attributable to the pure Sanger's insulin molecule, but to related protein impurities, present in all crystallized pig and ox insulin preparations. The terms of monocomponent insulin, highly purified insulin, and single peak insulin in defined and personal clinical results obtained with Novo Monocomponent Lente Insulin over a period of 3 years are presented. The Hein Christiansen's radioimmunoelectrophoretic method fo estimation of 125I-insulin IgG binding was used to determine insulin antibody levels. It was found that: 1) Newly detected insulin-dependent diabetics, never previously treated with insulin, do not produce insulin antibodies at a significant level; 2) Long-term insulin treated diabetics, transferred to monocomponent treatment, tend to reduce their antibody levels, if initially high, altough with transient recurrent peaks; 3) Stimulation of the immunocompetent system by intercurrent infection does not generally modify the immunological situation. Apart from immunological changes, satisfactory clinical results were observed in cases of high insulin requirement, insulin allergy, insulin lipoatrophy. Present practical indications for monocomponent insulin therapy (Actrapid-Lenta) are proposed.", "PMID": 1124144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8322", "title": "[Effects of propranolol on some metabolic changes induced with insulin].", "content": "The effect of propranolol on certain insulin-induced metabolic changes in man. The effects of 0.2 mg/kg/body weight propranolol perfused in 10' on insulin-induced (0.15 I.U./Kg i.v.)changes in blood glucose, pyruvate, lactic acid, phosphorus, and potassium levels were examined in 12 normal volunteers. The blood glucose curve was substantially unaffected. Insulin-induced increases in lactate and pyruvate were inhibited to a varying degree, namely 78% (61-93%) and 44% (0.94%) respectively. The fall in phosphorus was reduced in a more constant manner (mean 48; range 37-57%) in all subjects, while that of potassium was not altered. The data indicate that these insulin-induced changes are significantly, though variably, attributable to beta-adrenergic activity on the part of endogenous catecholamines released during insulin-induced hypoglycaemia.", "contents": "[Effects of propranolol on some metabolic changes induced with insulin]. The effect of propranolol on certain insulin-induced metabolic changes in man. The effects of 0.2 mg/kg/body weight propranolol perfused in 10' on insulin-induced (0.15 I.U./Kg i.v.)changes in blood glucose, pyruvate, lactic acid, phosphorus, and potassium levels were examined in 12 normal volunteers. The blood glucose curve was substantially unaffected. Insulin-induced increases in lactate and pyruvate were inhibited to a varying degree, namely 78% (61-93%) and 44% (0.94%) respectively. The fall in phosphorus was reduced in a more constant manner (mean 48; range 37-57%) in all subjects, while that of potassium was not altered. The data indicate that these insulin-induced changes are significantly, though variably, attributable to beta-adrenergic activity on the part of endogenous catecholamines released during insulin-induced hypoglycaemia.", "PMID": 1124146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8323", "title": "[Trial treatment of diabetic retinopathy by inhibition of pituitary somatotropin secretion with MAP].", "content": "The recent literature relating to the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy, with or without nephropaty, is critically reviewed. Particular attention is given to the Growth Hormone (GH) hypothesis. The various procedures of hypophysectomy are discussed, including the possible ways of suppressing growth hormone production or overproduction by drugs, and expecially by medroxyprogesterone acetate (MAP). Personal results obtained with long-term administration of MAP in deposit form on alternate days in 10 patients with advanced retinopathy are described. An icostant and  rely significant suppression of the GH response to insulin-induced hypoglicemia was noted in 6 cases, showing that a complete pituitary inactivation had been achieved. Therefore, the modifications observed in the fundus picture (studied with retinal photographs according to the Hammersmith Hospital Standards) seem to have no relationship with such a condition. The features involved were Microaneurysms and Haemorrhages (HAEMS) and Exudates (EX);New Vessels (NV) and Retinitis Proliferans (RP) were unaffected. Subjective improvement is visual acuity appeared to be more frequent, with various possible explanations. MAP was without appreciable effect on the clinical and metabolic course of the diabetes, or on renal function in cases of concomitant nephropathy. In the light of these preliminary results, further investigations might seem to be justified.", "contents": "[Trial treatment of diabetic retinopathy by inhibition of pituitary somatotropin secretion with MAP]. The recent literature relating to the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy, with or without nephropaty, is critically reviewed. Particular attention is given to the Growth Hormone (GH) hypothesis. The various procedures of hypophysectomy are discussed, including the possible ways of suppressing growth hormone production or overproduction by drugs, and expecially by medroxyprogesterone acetate (MAP). Personal results obtained with long-term administration of MAP in deposit form on alternate days in 10 patients with advanced retinopathy are described. An icostant and  rely significant suppression of the GH response to insulin-induced hypoglicemia was noted in 6 cases, showing that a complete pituitary inactivation had been achieved. Therefore, the modifications observed in the fundus picture (studied with retinal photographs according to the Hammersmith Hospital Standards) seem to have no relationship with such a condition. The features involved were Microaneurysms and Haemorrhages (HAEMS) and Exudates (EX);New Vessels (NV) and Retinitis Proliferans (RP) were unaffected. Subjective improvement is visual acuity appeared to be more frequent, with various possible explanations. MAP was without appreciable effect on the clinical and metabolic course of the diabetes, or on renal function in cases of concomitant nephropathy. In the light of these preliminary results, further investigations might seem to be justified.", "PMID": 1124148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8324", "title": "[Chronic bronchopneumopathies in chest x-ray findings at the Centro di Medicina Preventiva e Sociale].", "content": "Screening of secundary school children and the general opulation of the V. Monaldi Hospital Preventive and Social Medicine Centre,Naples showed a by no means negligible incidence of chronic bronchopneumopathy, particulary in infants. It is felt that, if untreated, these forms may be responsible for chronic respiratory insufficency in adulthood. Marker success in this respect has been obtained with anti-inflammatory and anti-bronchospastic substances, particularly a diethyl-aminoethoxyethylic ester of alpha-phenylbutyric acid. Preventive and social management is thus primarily directed at infants and the aged.", "contents": "[Chronic bronchopneumopathies in chest x-ray findings at the Centro di Medicina Preventiva e Sociale]. Screening of secundary school children and the general opulation of the V. Monaldi Hospital Preventive and Social Medicine Centre,Naples showed a by no means negligible incidence of chronic bronchopneumopathy, particulary in infants. It is felt that, if untreated, these forms may be responsible for chronic respiratory insufficency in adulthood. Marker success in this respect has been obtained with anti-inflammatory and anti-bronchospastic substances, particularly a diethyl-aminoethoxyethylic ester of alpha-phenylbutyric acid. Preventive and social management is thus primarily directed at infants and the aged.", "PMID": 1124150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8325", "title": "[Clinico-prognostic significance of plasma cortisol half-life(after intravenous administration ) during acute and chronic hepatic diseases].", "content": "Plasma cortisol half-times following an i.v. pharmacological dose were determined in subjects with variously serious forms of liver disease in a search for data indicating the course and prognosis. Determinations were made by means of the competitive protein binding technique. In the normal subject, values remain within the range 49 to 95 min. In acute and chronic liver disease, it was found that values in subsequent controls varied in function of the course. Cases with clinically cured acute hepatitis presented values within normal limits, while stationary or aggravescent forms were always accompanied by values of over 95'. It is suggested, therefore, that this test will give useful information concerning the course and prognosis of both acute and chronic liver disease.", "contents": "[Clinico-prognostic significance of plasma cortisol half-life(after intravenous administration ) during acute and chronic hepatic diseases]. Plasma cortisol half-times following an i.v. pharmacological dose were determined in subjects with variously serious forms of liver disease in a search for data indicating the course and prognosis. Determinations were made by means of the competitive protein binding technique. In the normal subject, values remain within the range 49 to 95 min. In acute and chronic liver disease, it was found that values in subsequent controls varied in function of the course. Cases with clinically cured acute hepatitis presented values within normal limits, while stationary or aggravescent forms were always accompanied by values of over 95'. It is suggested, therefore, that this test will give useful information concerning the course and prognosis of both acute and chronic liver disease.", "PMID": 1124151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8326", "title": "Maternal assessment of fetal activity in small-for-dates infants.", "content": "Fifty consecutive obstetric cases have been analyzed in which there was a clear history of either vigorous or reduced fetal activity during the week preceding delivery resulting in the birth of an infant weighing 2.5 kg or less after the 37th week. Especially in such hypertensive pregnancies, a maternal history of reduced overall fetal activity is very suggestive of impending fetal death, while a history of vigorous fetal activity tends to denote that the fetus is in no immediate danger. A plea is made for a greater awareness of this econimical \"test\" of fetal well-being. It is suggested that in some circumstances both impaired fetal growth and reduced fetal activity may be teleologic adaptations to the threat of a negative energy balance.", "contents": "Maternal assessment of fetal activity in small-for-dates infants. Fifty consecutive obstetric cases have been analyzed in which there was a clear history of either vigorous or reduced fetal activity during the week preceding delivery resulting in the birth of an infant weighing 2.5 kg or less after the 37th week. Especially in such hypertensive pregnancies, a maternal history of reduced overall fetal activity is very suggestive of impending fetal death, while a history of vigorous fetal activity tends to denote that the fetus is in no immediate danger. A plea is made for a greater awareness of this econimical \"test\" of fetal well-being. It is suggested that in some circumstances both impaired fetal growth and reduced fetal activity may be teleologic adaptations to the threat of a negative energy balance.", "PMID": 1124163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8327", "title": "A new method of fetal heart rate monitoring.", "content": "A new method of continuous fetal heart rate monitoring, employing for cardiotachometry the fetal electrocardiogram obtained from electrodes placed on the maternal abdomen, was evaluated over a period of 26 months at the Lying-in Division of the Boston Hospital for Women. A total of 2460 hours of intrapartum monitoring were analyzed. This \"noninvasive\" method of fetal ECG-based monitoring was shown to be as accurate as the direct scalp electrode method and more reliable than indirect ultrasound. Useful fetal monitoring, from very early labor up to the time of delivery, was possible in 91% of 507 patients, using maternal skin electrodes alone. Beat-to-beat variability determinations, possibly of significance in evaluating fetoplacental function in the antepartum period, were precise and without the artifactuality of ultrasonic or phonocardiographic methods.", "contents": "A new method of fetal heart rate monitoring. A new method of continuous fetal heart rate monitoring, employing for cardiotachometry the fetal electrocardiogram obtained from electrodes placed on the maternal abdomen, was evaluated over a period of 26 months at the Lying-in Division of the Boston Hospital for Women. A total of 2460 hours of intrapartum monitoring were analyzed. This \"noninvasive\" method of fetal ECG-based monitoring was shown to be as accurate as the direct scalp electrode method and more reliable than indirect ultrasound. Useful fetal monitoring, from very early labor up to the time of delivery, was possible in 91% of 507 patients, using maternal skin electrodes alone. Beat-to-beat variability determinations, possibly of significance in evaluating fetoplacental function in the antepartum period, were precise and without the artifactuality of ultrasonic or phonocardiographic methods.", "PMID": 1124164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8328", "title": "Changes in total body composition during normal and diabetic pregnancy. Relation to oxygen consumption.", "content": "Serial changes in body composition during pregnancy have been measured in 5 normal and 2 diabetic women on controlled diets to compare with simultaneous measurements of oxygen consumption (V-O2). Total body water (TBW) was measured by D2O dilution, total body fat (TBF) calculated as 100-%TBW/0.732 and body cell mass (BCM) derived from total body 40K count by Moore's formula, BCM equals K-e times 8.33. Two normal subjects in caloric equilibrium lost 1.2 kg TBF, gained 5.5 kg TBW and 4.1 kg BCM. Two obese subjects in negative caloric balance lost 4.7 kg TBF, gained 7.3 kg TBW and 4.3 kg BCM. One subject on ad lib diet gained 7.7 kg TBF, 0.6 kg TBW, and 2.6 kg BCM. She continued to gain fat postpartum. Two diabetic subjects gained fat up to 28 weeks, lost it thereafter, and showed no net gain in BCM. Basal V-O2 correlated with BCM, while 24-hour resting V-O2 related to total body weight. It is concluded that fat storage in human pregnancy depends on food intake, as in the nonpregnant. BCM accumulation is independent of food intake, except protein, and depends on normal physiologic adjustments of pregnancy, which are upset by insulin lack in diabetes. The extra basal energy needs of gestation are determined by BCM acquisition, not total body weight.", "contents": "Changes in total body composition during normal and diabetic pregnancy. Relation to oxygen consumption. Serial changes in body composition during pregnancy have been measured in 5 normal and 2 diabetic women on controlled diets to compare with simultaneous measurements of oxygen consumption (V-O2). Total body water (TBW) was measured by D2O dilution, total body fat (TBF) calculated as 100-%TBW/0.732 and body cell mass (BCM) derived from total body 40K count by Moore's formula, BCM equals K-e times 8.33. Two normal subjects in caloric equilibrium lost 1.2 kg TBF, gained 5.5 kg TBW and 4.1 kg BCM. Two obese subjects in negative caloric balance lost 4.7 kg TBF, gained 7.3 kg TBW and 4.3 kg BCM. One subject on ad lib diet gained 7.7 kg TBF, 0.6 kg TBW, and 2.6 kg BCM. She continued to gain fat postpartum. Two diabetic subjects gained fat up to 28 weeks, lost it thereafter, and showed no net gain in BCM. Basal V-O2 correlated with BCM, while 24-hour resting V-O2 related to total body weight. It is concluded that fat storage in human pregnancy depends on food intake, as in the nonpregnant. BCM accumulation is independent of food intake, except protein, and depends on normal physiologic adjustments of pregnancy, which are upset by insulin lack in diabetes. The extra basal energy needs of gestation are determined by BCM acquisition, not total body weight.", "PMID": 1124165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8329", "title": "Pregnancy complicated by heroin addiction.", "content": "During a 5-year time span, 118 addicted women gave birth to viable infants. These patients were subject to an increased incidence of complicating medical problems as well as many obstetric problems leading to maternal or fetal risk. The obstetrician should be aware of the possibility of addiction and its effects on pregnancy, and when possible, appropriate management should be initiated. Intensive care of the neonate must be begun as soon as possible.", "contents": "Pregnancy complicated by heroin addiction. During a 5-year time span, 118 addicted women gave birth to viable infants. These patients were subject to an increased incidence of complicating medical problems as well as many obstetric problems leading to maternal or fetal risk. The obstetrician should be aware of the possibility of addiction and its effects on pregnancy, and when possible, appropriate management should be initiated. Intensive care of the neonate must be begun as soon as possible.", "PMID": 1124166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8330", "title": "Progesterone in molar vesicle fluid and theca lutein cyst fluid.", "content": "Serum progesterone was estimated by a competitive protein-binding method in the peripheral venous blood in 12 cases of normal pregnancy at the time of delivery and in maternal venous blood, umbilical venoms, and umbilical arterial blood in another 5 cases. Progesterone concentration in the peripheral blood and in the serous fluid of molar vesicles was measured in 18 cases of hydatidiform mole. The theca lutein cyst fluid from 3 patients with hydatidiform mole was also assayed for progesterone. Umbilical cord venous blood and umbilical arterial blood showed a variable concentration of progesterone with a mean fetal-maternal progesterone ratio of 4.7 plus or minus 0.6 and a mean umbilical vein-artery progesterone ratio of 5.7 plus or minus 0.4. Serum progesterone concentration in hydatidiform mole was from 25.0 to 263.2 ng/ml with a mean plus or minus standard error of 101.7 plus or minus 15.2 ng/ml, while the corresponding mole vesicle fluid progesterone concentration ranged from 260.5 to 1842.0 ng/ml with a mean plus or minus SE of 770.9 plus or minus 87.4 ng/ml. The ratio of progesterone in vesicle fluid and in the serum was 4.0 to 52.8 (mean, 7.6). Progesterone concentrations in the theca lutein cyst fluid from 3 patients with hydatidiform mole were 25,428 ng/ml; 7,635 ng/ml; and 4,686 ng/ml. The high fetal-maternal progesterone ratio and umbilical vein-artery progesterone ratio reflect preferential progesterone transfer to the fetus and utilization by the latter. The finding in hydatidiform mole is due to the absence of the fetus and indicates that the molar trophoblast produced progesterone in significant amounts and that theca lutein cysts have a very high but variable concentration of progesterone in their fluid.", "contents": "Progesterone in molar vesicle fluid and theca lutein cyst fluid. Serum progesterone was estimated by a competitive protein-binding method in the peripheral venous blood in 12 cases of normal pregnancy at the time of delivery and in maternal venous blood, umbilical venoms, and umbilical arterial blood in another 5 cases. Progesterone concentration in the peripheral blood and in the serous fluid of molar vesicles was measured in 18 cases of hydatidiform mole. The theca lutein cyst fluid from 3 patients with hydatidiform mole was also assayed for progesterone. Umbilical cord venous blood and umbilical arterial blood showed a variable concentration of progesterone with a mean fetal-maternal progesterone ratio of 4.7 plus or minus 0.6 and a mean umbilical vein-artery progesterone ratio of 5.7 plus or minus 0.4. Serum progesterone concentration in hydatidiform mole was from 25.0 to 263.2 ng/ml with a mean plus or minus standard error of 101.7 plus or minus 15.2 ng/ml, while the corresponding mole vesicle fluid progesterone concentration ranged from 260.5 to 1842.0 ng/ml with a mean plus or minus SE of 770.9 plus or minus 87.4 ng/ml. The ratio of progesterone in vesicle fluid and in the serum was 4.0 to 52.8 (mean, 7.6). Progesterone concentrations in the theca lutein cyst fluid from 3 patients with hydatidiform mole were 25,428 ng/ml; 7,635 ng/ml; and 4,686 ng/ml. The high fetal-maternal progesterone ratio and umbilical vein-artery progesterone ratio reflect preferential progesterone transfer to the fetus and utilization by the latter. The finding in hydatidiform mole is due to the absence of the fetus and indicates that the molar trophoblast produced progesterone in significant amounts and that theca lutein cysts have a very high but variable concentration of progesterone in their fluid.", "PMID": 1124167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8331", "title": "Prehysterectomy curettage.", "content": "The efficacy of prehysterectomy curettage in ruling out an endometrial cancer was evaluated in three ways. First, by an evaluation of the extent of routine prehysterectomy curettage; second, by the assessment of the clinicians' ability to recognize endometrial cancer on the basis of curettings; and third, by evaluating the presence of a gross endometrial lesion in those uteri removed without a preoperative diagnosis of an endometrial malignancy. It was concluded that the examination of the opened excised uterus was more valuable than prehysterectomy curettage for the operative diagnosis of an endometrial malignancy.", "contents": "Prehysterectomy curettage. The efficacy of prehysterectomy curettage in ruling out an endometrial cancer was evaluated in three ways. First, by an evaluation of the extent of routine prehysterectomy curettage; second, by the assessment of the clinicians' ability to recognize endometrial cancer on the basis of curettings; and third, by evaluating the presence of a gross endometrial lesion in those uteri removed without a preoperative diagnosis of an endometrial malignancy. It was concluded that the examination of the opened excised uterus was more valuable than prehysterectomy curettage for the operative diagnosis of an endometrial malignancy.", "PMID": 1124168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8332", "title": "Repeat ectopic pregnancy: a 16-year clinical survey.", "content": "This study includes 347 cases of ectopic pregnancy. A comparison was made between patients having one ectopic pregnancy, those having a repeat ectopic pregnancy, and those whose first pregnancy was an ectopic one. Emphasis was placed on obstetric history and the reproductive future of these patients. Obstetric performance was poor for all groups of patients studied. In the patient whose first pregnancy was ectopic, total reproductive performance was complicated by an increased risk of a repeat ectopic pregnancy. The incidence of repeat ectopic pregnancy was 11.2%. The average interval between ectopic pregnancies was 2.83 years; 80% of the repeat pregnancies occurred within 4 years of the first ectopic episode. Obstetric outcome was likely to be poor after the second ectopic pregnancy.", "contents": "Repeat ectopic pregnancy: a 16-year clinical survey. This study includes 347 cases of ectopic pregnancy. A comparison was made between patients having one ectopic pregnancy, those having a repeat ectopic pregnancy, and those whose first pregnancy was an ectopic one. Emphasis was placed on obstetric history and the reproductive future of these patients. Obstetric performance was poor for all groups of patients studied. In the patient whose first pregnancy was ectopic, total reproductive performance was complicated by an increased risk of a repeat ectopic pregnancy. The incidence of repeat ectopic pregnancy was 11.2%. The average interval between ectopic pregnancies was 2.83 years; 80% of the repeat pregnancies occurred within 4 years of the first ectopic episode. Obstetric outcome was likely to be poor after the second ectopic pregnancy.", "PMID": 1124169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8333", "title": "Recent advances in the cytogenetic study of human spontaneous abortions.", "content": "A cytogenetic study of 27 spontaneous abortions was carried out using the Q-banding technic. The specimens were selected for study in order to increase the likelihood of finding a chromosome anomaly. Sixteen of 27 specimens (59%) showed a chromosome abnormality. Trisomy was found in 9 of the specimens, and the chromosomes involved were Nos. 2, 8, 14, 16, and 22. There were 5 triploids and 2 tetraploids. Using marker chromosomes, it was found that the extra haploid set was paternally derived in two of the triploids which were favorable for study. The Q-banding technic provides accurate identification of the extra chromosomes in trisomy. When favorable markers are present in the parents, the source of the extra haploid set can be identified in triploid abortuses.", "contents": "Recent advances in the cytogenetic study of human spontaneous abortions. A cytogenetic study of 27 spontaneous abortions was carried out using the Q-banding technic. The specimens were selected for study in order to increase the likelihood of finding a chromosome anomaly. Sixteen of 27 specimens (59%) showed a chromosome abnormality. Trisomy was found in 9 of the specimens, and the chromosomes involved were Nos. 2, 8, 14, 16, and 22. There were 5 triploids and 2 tetraploids. Using marker chromosomes, it was found that the extra haploid set was paternally derived in two of the triploids which were favorable for study. The Q-banding technic provides accurate identification of the extra chromosomes in trisomy. When favorable markers are present in the parents, the source of the extra haploid set can be identified in triploid abortuses.", "PMID": 1124170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8334", "title": "Malignant teratoma of the uterine tube.", "content": "A primary malignant teratoma of the uterine tube, encountered in a 22-year-old female, is described. Forty-four cases of benign \"teratomas\" of the oviduct have previously been reported. This appears to be the first reported malignant teratoma of the uterine tube.", "contents": "Malignant teratoma of the uterine tube. A primary malignant teratoma of the uterine tube, encountered in a 22-year-old female, is described. Forty-four cases of benign \"teratomas\" of the oviduct have previously been reported. This appears to be the first reported malignant teratoma of the uterine tube.", "PMID": 1124171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8335", "title": "Effects of electrical stimulation on human ovarian contractility.", "content": "Electrical stimulation was applied to the follicular walls, capsules of corpora lutea, and pieces of atrophic ovaries obtained from 29 human ovaries. The quantitative analysis of contractile capacity in these ovarian strips was performed on the basis of stimulation-response relationships. Only with follicular walls and capsules of corpora lutea was the step linear dose-response relationship similar to that shown by the uterine rube obtained by alternating current stimulation. The basal portions of mature follicular walls showed much more distinct responses to AC-stimulation than the apical portions. This difference further indicates a possible role of contractions by basal follicular walls in the process of follicular rupture at the apex in the human ovulation. The contractile elements of these ovarian strips were electronmicroscopically investigated with the strips which had shown contractions and confirmed to be smooth muscle cells in the ovary.", "contents": "Effects of electrical stimulation on human ovarian contractility. Electrical stimulation was applied to the follicular walls, capsules of corpora lutea, and pieces of atrophic ovaries obtained from 29 human ovaries. The quantitative analysis of contractile capacity in these ovarian strips was performed on the basis of stimulation-response relationships. Only with follicular walls and capsules of corpora lutea was the step linear dose-response relationship similar to that shown by the uterine rube obtained by alternating current stimulation. The basal portions of mature follicular walls showed much more distinct responses to AC-stimulation than the apical portions. This difference further indicates a possible role of contractions by basal follicular walls in the process of follicular rupture at the apex in the human ovulation. The contractile elements of these ovarian strips were electronmicroscopically investigated with the strips which had shown contractions and confirmed to be smooth muscle cells in the ovary.", "PMID": 1124172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8336", "title": "Amebic abscess of the liver and spleen in pregnancy and the puerperium.", "content": "Two patients who developed hepatic and splenic amebic abscesses during pregnancy are reported. The frequency of incorrect diagnosis in patients with these conditions is stressed. Factors that influence the course and outcome of amebiasis in pregnancy are discussed.", "contents": "Amebic abscess of the liver and spleen in pregnancy and the puerperium. Two patients who developed hepatic and splenic amebic abscesses during pregnancy are reported. The frequency of incorrect diagnosis in patients with these conditions is stressed. Factors that influence the course and outcome of amebiasis in pregnancy are discussed.", "PMID": 1124173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8337", "title": "Rapid hCG-specific radioimmunoassay for menstrual aspiration.", "content": "Fifty-one women with missed periods ranging from 5 to 14 days who suspected a pregnancy underwent an aspiration curettage with a flexible soft-tipped cannula attached to a Karman-type syringe. Sera from these women were measured for human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) by a rapid 2-hour solid phase radioimmunoassay using an antibody with a specificity for the beta subunit of hCG. The sensitivity and specificity of this assay insured detection of bCG with 100% accuracy at the time of the missed period. Of the 51 women, 33 (64.7%) were found to have hCG in their serum, and 29 (56.8%) had histologic evidence diagnostic of pregnancy.", "contents": "Rapid hCG-specific radioimmunoassay for menstrual aspiration. Fifty-one women with missed periods ranging from 5 to 14 days who suspected a pregnancy underwent an aspiration curettage with a flexible soft-tipped cannula attached to a Karman-type syringe. Sera from these women were measured for human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) by a rapid 2-hour solid phase radioimmunoassay using an antibody with a specificity for the beta subunit of hCG. The sensitivity and specificity of this assay insured detection of bCG with 100% accuracy at the time of the missed period. Of the 51 women, 33 (64.7%) were found to have hCG in their serum, and 29 (56.8%) had histologic evidence diagnostic of pregnancy.", "PMID": 1124174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8338", "title": "Randomized comparative study of the copper T 300, Dalkon shield, and Shell Loop in parous women.", "content": "A randomized comparative study of the Copper T 300, the standard Dalkon Shield and the Silicone Shell Loop D was conducted on 776 parous women. Net cumulative first event rates at 1 year and at 18 months, calculated by life-table analysis, were as follows: Copper T 300--pregnancy 1.2/1.9, expulsion 6.4/7.0, removal for pain or bleeding 7.4/10.8; Dalkon Shield--pregnancy 2.7/4.5, expulsion 5.8/5.8, removal for pain or bleeding 7.7/14.7; Shell Loop--pregnancy 3.8/4.9, expulsion 0.5/0.5, removal for pain or bleeding 9.1/13.1. None of the differences in event rates, except the lower expulsion rate of the Shell Loop, were significant. The continuation rates for the three devices at both 12 and 18 months were similar, indicating that there was little difference in their performance. As the results of this study showed a similarity of the incidence of events among very differently disigned IUD's, previously reported differences in performance of these and possibly other types of IUD's may very likely be more related to differences among clinics than to differences among the devices themselves.", "contents": "Randomized comparative study of the copper T 300, Dalkon shield, and Shell Loop in parous women. A randomized comparative study of the Copper T 300, the standard Dalkon Shield and the Silicone Shell Loop D was conducted on 776 parous women. Net cumulative first event rates at 1 year and at 18 months, calculated by life-table analysis, were as follows: Copper T 300--pregnancy 1.2/1.9, expulsion 6.4/7.0, removal for pain or bleeding 7.4/10.8; Dalkon Shield--pregnancy 2.7/4.5, expulsion 5.8/5.8, removal for pain or bleeding 7.7/14.7; Shell Loop--pregnancy 3.8/4.9, expulsion 0.5/0.5, removal for pain or bleeding 9.1/13.1. None of the differences in event rates, except the lower expulsion rate of the Shell Loop, were significant. The continuation rates for the three devices at both 12 and 18 months were similar, indicating that there was little difference in their performance. As the results of this study showed a similarity of the incidence of events among very differently disigned IUD's, previously reported differences in performance of these and possibly other types of IUD's may very likely be more related to differences among clinics than to differences among the devices themselves.", "PMID": 1124175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8339", "title": "Prophylactic use of tetracycline for first trimester abortions.", "content": "Because the efficacy of prophylactic antibiotic therapy has yet to be established and because numerous variables often hamper studies of such therapy, the results of prophylactic antibiotic therapy were studied in a homogeneous gynecologic population. The patients were 4000 women undergoing first trimester abortions. The surgical procedure, the gynecologists' skill, and the hospital environment were relatively uniform, as was the patient age range. Two groups of 1000 patients each received tetracycline; the other 2000 patients served as controls. The complications associated with abortion were then analyzed in those receiving tetracycline and in the 2000 controls. Complications were less frequent among patients receiving tetracycline. This finding supports the argument of those who favor the prophylactic use of antibiotics in the management of various high-risk surgical problems.", "contents": "Prophylactic use of tetracycline for first trimester abortions. Because the efficacy of prophylactic antibiotic therapy has yet to be established and because numerous variables often hamper studies of such therapy, the results of prophylactic antibiotic therapy were studied in a homogeneous gynecologic population. The patients were 4000 women undergoing first trimester abortions. The surgical procedure, the gynecologists' skill, and the hospital environment were relatively uniform, as was the patient age range. Two groups of 1000 patients each received tetracycline; the other 2000 patients served as controls. The complications associated with abortion were then analyzed in those receiving tetracycline and in the 2000 controls. Complications were less frequent among patients receiving tetracycline. This finding supports the argument of those who favor the prophylactic use of antibiotics in the management of various high-risk surgical problems.", "PMID": 1124176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8340", "title": "Prolonged end stage fetal heart rate deceleration.", "content": "With the use of routine monitoring of all patients in labor, a number of confusing, seemingly ominous fetal heart rate tracings in otherwise normal, healthy patients have been observed. This report described one such type of pattern called prolonged end stage deceleration.", "contents": "Prolonged end stage fetal heart rate deceleration. With the use of routine monitoring of all patients in labor, a number of confusing, seemingly ominous fetal heart rate tracings in otherwise normal, healthy patients have been observed. This report described one such type of pattern called prolonged end stage deceleration.", "PMID": 1124177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8341", "title": "Cerebral metastatic choriocarcinoma: a postpartum cause of \"stroke\".", "content": "This case presentation is that of a 23-year-old woman who developed a \"stroke\" shortly after delivering a normal full-term infant. Evacuation of an intracerebral hematoma was required and an underlying nidus of choriocarcinoma was discovered. The patient responded dramatically to chemotherapy and irradiation. Because this metastatic tumor is potentially curable, we emphasize the importance of considering this diagnosis in young women who present with \"stroke\" symptoms, and we outline the appropriate laboratory and radiographic investigations.", "contents": "Cerebral metastatic choriocarcinoma: a postpartum cause of \"stroke\". This case presentation is that of a 23-year-old woman who developed a \"stroke\" shortly after delivering a normal full-term infant. Evacuation of an intracerebral hematoma was required and an underlying nidus of choriocarcinoma was discovered. The patient responded dramatically to chemotherapy and irradiation. Because this metastatic tumor is potentially curable, we emphasize the importance of considering this diagnosis in young women who present with \"stroke\" symptoms, and we outline the appropriate laboratory and radiographic investigations.", "PMID": 1124178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8342", "title": "Pancreatic pseudocyst complicating pregnancy.", "content": "A case of successful conservative surgical and obstetric management of chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic pseudocyst in a pregnant Pima Indian is presented. In addition, the correlated studies of maternal serum and amniotic fluid amylase values and their relation to fetal maturity are discussed.", "contents": "Pancreatic pseudocyst complicating pregnancy. A case of successful conservative surgical and obstetric management of chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic pseudocyst in a pregnant Pima Indian is presented. In addition, the correlated studies of maternal serum and amniotic fluid amylase values and their relation to fetal maturity are discussed.", "PMID": 1124179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8343", "title": "Quintuplet pregnancy.", "content": "A quintuplet gestation after ovulation induction with clomiphene and HCG is described. This is the first quintuplet birth reported in Israel. The pregnancy was associated with ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, toxemia of pregnancy, and pruritus gravidarum. Diagnosis and management of these cases pose a special problem for the obstetrician and neonatologist. The problem of multiple pregnancies and their control in the treatment of infertility with ovulation-inducing drugs is discussed.", "contents": "Quintuplet pregnancy. A quintuplet gestation after ovulation induction with clomiphene and HCG is described. This is the first quintuplet birth reported in Israel. The pregnancy was associated with ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, toxemia of pregnancy, and pruritus gravidarum. Diagnosis and management of these cases pose a special problem for the obstetrician and neonatologist. The problem of multiple pregnancies and their control in the treatment of infertility with ovulation-inducing drugs is discussed.", "PMID": 1124180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8344", "title": "Pregnancy and childbirth in a true hermaphrodite.", "content": "A rare case of pregnancy and parturition in a true hermaphrodite is reported. This patient, who was 25 years of age when first seen, had an ovotestis on the left and an ovary on the right gonad, with a karyotype of 46,XX. Following removal of the left ovotestis and surgical correction of the external genitalia, she married at the age of 31 and subsequently delivered a normal male child, karyotype 45,XY, by cesarean section.", "contents": "Pregnancy and childbirth in a true hermaphrodite. A rare case of pregnancy and parturition in a true hermaphrodite is reported. This patient, who was 25 years of age when first seen, had an ovotestis on the left and an ovary on the right gonad, with a karyotype of 46,XX. Following removal of the left ovotestis and surgical correction of the external genitalia, she married at the age of 31 and subsequently delivered a normal male child, karyotype 45,XY, by cesarean section.", "PMID": 1124181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8345", "title": "Unilateral hyperlucent lung with decreased vascular markings (Swyer-James syndrome).", "content": "When diagnosing unilateral hyperlucency on a X-ray picture one of the possible underlying conditions is the Swyer-James Syndrome. It consists principally of hyperlucency, diminished size, deficient blood supply, decreased ventilation, and bronchiectasis of the affected lung. Frequently a preceding pneumonia, caused by adenovirus, seems to be of aetiological importance. A yound patient, in whom the Swyer-James Syndrome was diagnosed on clinical, radiological, angiographical and ventilatory symptoms, suffered from pneumonia shortly before. This pneumonia was probably caused by adenovirus type 7, as appears from this virus being isolated from the faeces at that time. Treatment of this condition consists of antibiotics, mucolytics, bronch-spasmolytis, and physiotherapy. Surgery is rarely indicated.", "contents": "Unilateral hyperlucent lung with decreased vascular markings (Swyer-James syndrome). When diagnosing unilateral hyperlucency on a X-ray picture one of the possible underlying conditions is the Swyer-James Syndrome. It consists principally of hyperlucency, diminished size, deficient blood supply, decreased ventilation, and bronchiectasis of the affected lung. Frequently a preceding pneumonia, caused by adenovirus, seems to be of aetiological importance. A yound patient, in whom the Swyer-James Syndrome was diagnosed on clinical, radiological, angiographical and ventilatory symptoms, suffered from pneumonia shortly before. This pneumonia was probably caused by adenovirus type 7, as appears from this virus being isolated from the faeces at that time. Treatment of this condition consists of antibiotics, mucolytics, bronch-spasmolytis, and physiotherapy. Surgery is rarely indicated.", "PMID": 1124208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8346", "title": "[Empirical Analysis of the Behaviour of the Nursing Staff of a Children's Hospital (author's transl)].", "content": "Using the method of systematic behavioural observation, an empirical analysis of the behaviour of the nursing staff was carried out. Nine observational categories of behavioural forms were elaborated. These were: administrative work; nursing; strength of contact in relation to nursing duties, i. e. contact of a positive or negative nature; spontaneous contact of a positive or negative nature; supervision; leisure; and absence f ;rom the ward. These points were evaluated for 12 nurses over a three-month period of observation. It was demonstrated that administrative and ward work constituted the greater part of the activities studied, contact on the other hand being only seldom observed. As a control on the external observation a questionnaire was elaborated to obtain the subjective value of the various work operations. The personal evaluations confirmed the observed findings: contact with the child ranked last in all questions.However, positive contact occurred more frequently than did negative contact. Considerable variation in the evaluation of the individual nurses was observed, which could be partly explained in the categories \"administrative work\" and \"child-oriented activities\" by the relative status of the nurses. The data can be interpreted as demonstrating that the nursing staff is overburdened with administrative work. They are also the result of an unsufficiently child-oriented attitude, which requires modification through explanation of the psychological significance of this aspect.", "contents": "[Empirical Analysis of the Behaviour of the Nursing Staff of a Children's Hospital (author's transl)]. Using the method of systematic behavioural observation, an empirical analysis of the behaviour of the nursing staff was carried out. Nine observational categories of behavioural forms were elaborated. These were: administrative work; nursing; strength of contact in relation to nursing duties, i. e. contact of a positive or negative nature; spontaneous contact of a positive or negative nature; supervision; leisure; and absence f ;rom the ward. These points were evaluated for 12 nurses over a three-month period of observation. It was demonstrated that administrative and ward work constituted the greater part of the activities studied, contact on the other hand being only seldom observed. As a control on the external observation a questionnaire was elaborated to obtain the subjective value of the various work operations. The personal evaluations confirmed the observed findings: contact with the child ranked last in all questions.However, positive contact occurred more frequently than did negative contact. Considerable variation in the evaluation of the individual nurses was observed, which could be partly explained in the categories \"administrative work\" and \"child-oriented activities\" by the relative status of the nurses. The data can be interpreted as demonstrating that the nursing staff is overburdened with administrative work. They are also the result of an unsufficiently child-oriented attitude, which requires modification through explanation of the psychological significance of this aspect.", "PMID": 1124210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8347", "title": "[Disturbance of the Histidine Reabsorption of the Renal Tubes in Patient with Cystine Lysinuria in Conjunction with Severe Cerebral Damage (author's transl)].", "content": "The case of a 12-year-old boy with cystine lysinuria is reported. Unusual in this case was the combination of severe mental retardation, cerebral attacks and temporary Parkinson-like neurological symptoms. Biochemically, a disturbance of the histidine reabsorption of the renal tubes was also apparent. Further examination that the renal amino acid reabsorption could not be influenced by treatment with tryptophan. The possible biochemical relationships are discussed.", "contents": "[Disturbance of the Histidine Reabsorption of the Renal Tubes in Patient with Cystine Lysinuria in Conjunction with Severe Cerebral Damage (author's transl)]. The case of a 12-year-old boy with cystine lysinuria is reported. Unusual in this case was the combination of severe mental retardation, cerebral attacks and temporary Parkinson-like neurological symptoms. Biochemically, a disturbance of the histidine reabsorption of the renal tubes was also apparent. Further examination that the renal amino acid reabsorption could not be influenced by treatment with tryptophan. The possible biochemical relationships are discussed.", "PMID": 1124211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8348", "title": "[Congenital abnormalities of the foot (author's transl)].", "content": "As with cases of hip-joint dysplasia, the sooner treatment of congenital abnormalities of the foot (hook feet, flat feet, sickle feet, club feet) is begun the better. In most cases the initial impulse will come from the doctor who has treated the child in the first days of life, i.e. the obstetrician or paediatrician. The paper recalls diagnostic criteria, in particular in distinguishing between slight cases and harmless temporary malpositions and describes the therapeutic possibilities. In case of contractions manual correction is usually sufficient, naturally under strict abservation and control, but whenever there is any restriction of the limit of movement in the contrary direction orthopaedic measures (correction and intermediate cast) will be necessary. Treatment, especially of club-footedness, demands considerable skill and patience both from the doctor and from the parents, the latter being ofter the greater problem. The necessity of long periods of treatment and even longer periods of observation cannot be sufficiently emphasized or repeated too often. Paediatricians can be of decisive influence because of their much more intensive cantact with the family.", "contents": "[Congenital abnormalities of the foot (author's transl)]. As with cases of hip-joint dysplasia, the sooner treatment of congenital abnormalities of the foot (hook feet, flat feet, sickle feet, club feet) is begun the better. In most cases the initial impulse will come from the doctor who has treated the child in the first days of life, i.e. the obstetrician or paediatrician. The paper recalls diagnostic criteria, in particular in distinguishing between slight cases and harmless temporary malpositions and describes the therapeutic possibilities. In case of contractions manual correction is usually sufficient, naturally under strict abservation and control, but whenever there is any restriction of the limit of movement in the contrary direction orthopaedic measures (correction and intermediate cast) will be necessary. Treatment, especially of club-footedness, demands considerable skill and patience both from the doctor and from the parents, the latter being ofter the greater problem. The necessity of long periods of treatment and even longer periods of observation cannot be sufficiently emphasized or repeated too often. Paediatricians can be of decisive influence because of their much more intensive cantact with the family.", "PMID": 1124212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8349", "title": "[Hypothyroidism : diagnostic error and sequenlae. Report of a case].", "content": "Case report of an 8 year old, untreated, hypothyroid boy from the size and weight of a baby. The delayed maturation of the skeleton caused by the severly retarded metabolism is demonstrated. Typical X-ray signs of the untreated hypothyroid skeleton, sclerosis of the base of the skull and the significant deformity of the anterior portion of the second lumbar body (Swoboda sign) are discussed. The severe retardation of brain development can be demonstrated by the slow and low voltage EEG.", "contents": "[Hypothyroidism : diagnostic error and sequenlae. Report of a case]. Case report of an 8 year old, untreated, hypothyroid boy from the size and weight of a baby. The delayed maturation of the skeleton caused by the severly retarded metabolism is demonstrated. Typical X-ray signs of the untreated hypothyroid skeleton, sclerosis of the base of the skull and the significant deformity of the anterior portion of the second lumbar body (Swoboda sign) are discussed. The severe retardation of brain development can be demonstrated by the slow and low voltage EEG.", "PMID": 1124213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8350", "title": "[A new method of treating obesity in children--experience from two therapy camps (author's transl)].", "content": "A report is given on a new method of treating obesity in children. In the summer of 1973 two \"therapy camps\" were held by the Vienna Univeristy Children's Clinic in co-operation with the Salzburg section of the Osterreichisches Jugendferienwerk (Holidays for Young People) in a particularly beautiful area of the Austrian countryside. For the duration of the camps the children were served with a diet containing very little easily digestible carbohydrate (simple sugar) but unlimited calories, and at the same time given physical training and encouraged to spontaneous activity. In addition to a satisfactory loss of weight, the children's habits were considerably altered. The changes in attitude necessary to maintaining the diet and the required level of physical activity were retained in a high percentage of cases over the six months' follow-up period of observation. Medically the therapy camps correspond approximately to stationary hospitalized reducing therapy but have the advantages of being more attractive  to the child and considerably preferable for physiological and paedagogical reasons since they offer an effective means of providing the child with a better motivation for achieving a normal weight. In addition, therapy camps are much more economic and can be held on a much broader baiss without blocking hospital beds that are needed for other cases. For these reasons the above-mentioned groups intent to hold therapy camps throughout the next years.", "contents": "[A new method of treating obesity in children--experience from two therapy camps (author's transl)]. A report is given on a new method of treating obesity in children. In the summer of 1973 two \"therapy camps\" were held by the Vienna Univeristy Children's Clinic in co-operation with the Salzburg section of the Osterreichisches Jugendferienwerk (Holidays for Young People) in a particularly beautiful area of the Austrian countryside. For the duration of the camps the children were served with a diet containing very little easily digestible carbohydrate (simple sugar) but unlimited calories, and at the same time given physical training and encouraged to spontaneous activity. In addition to a satisfactory loss of weight, the children's habits were considerably altered. The changes in attitude necessary to maintaining the diet and the required level of physical activity were retained in a high percentage of cases over the six months' follow-up period of observation. Medically the therapy camps correspond approximately to stationary hospitalized reducing therapy but have the advantages of being more attractive  to the child and considerably preferable for physiological and paedagogical reasons since they offer an effective means of providing the child with a better motivation for achieving a normal weight. In addition, therapy camps are much more economic and can be held on a much broader baiss without blocking hospital beds that are needed for other cases. For these reasons the above-mentioned groups intent to hold therapy camps throughout the next years.", "PMID": 1124214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8351", "title": "Child abuse and neglect. A priority problem for the private physician.", "content": "Child abuse and neglect is a complex, multi-dimensional entity that should be clearly understood by any physician (pediatrician, surgeon, etc.) who is consistently functioning as a primary care physician. We have many of the tools and enough understanding to significantly ameliorate this preventable tragedy.", "contents": "Child abuse and neglect. A priority problem for the private physician. Child abuse and neglect is a complex, multi-dimensional entity that should be clearly understood by any physician (pediatrician, surgeon, etc.) who is consistently functioning as a primary care physician. We have many of the tools and enough understanding to significantly ameliorate this preventable tragedy.", "PMID": 1124217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8352", "title": "Pancreatic and gastrointestinal trauma in children.", "content": "Injuries to the pancreas and gastrointestinal tract following blunt abdominal trauma continue to be a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in the pediatric age group. Optimal treatment of these injuries is frequently hampered by considerable delays in diagnosis. Factors contributing to these delays include the location of much of the duodenum and the pancreas in the retroperitoneum resulting in an absence of initial symptoms and signs, the often trivial nature of some of the responsible blunt traumatic accidents, inappropriate child-parent or child-physician communication, failure to achieve a meaningful physical examination in uncooperative or unconscious patients, and false negative paracentesis. Eighty per cent of these injuries occurred in boys. Eleven of 16 patients with pancreatic trauma had pseudocysts. A persistently elevated serum amylase level was invariably noted and epigastric mass was palpable in eight patients. Significant delays in diagnosis were prevalent and pseudocysts was misdiagnosed as appendicitis in three cases. Internal drainage by cystgastrostomy or cystjejunostomy was effective operative treatment. In instances of acute pancreatic injuries, sump drains, gastrostomy, cholecystostomy, and total parenteral hyperalimentation were useful therapeutic adjuncts. There was one death for a 6.2 per cent mortality rate. Forty patients had gastrointestinal injuries involving the duodenum in 17, jejunum in 14, ileum in seven, and stomach in two. Perforations occured in 65 per cent of cases, obstructing hematomas in 30 per cent, and mesenteric avulsions in 5 per cent. Associated injuries were observed in 15 patients (37.5 per cent). Pain and tenderness were the only consistent findings. Upper gastrointestinal contrast studies were diagnostic of duodenal hematomas. Eighty per cent of perforations were managed by simple closures and 20 per cent by resection and anastomosis. Obstructing hematomas unassociated with other injuries may be expected to resolve without requiring operation in 50 per cent of patients managed conservatively. Complications occurred in 35 per cent of patients and the mortality rate was 12.5 per cent (five deaths).", "contents": "Pancreatic and gastrointestinal trauma in children. Injuries to the pancreas and gastrointestinal tract following blunt abdominal trauma continue to be a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in the pediatric age group. Optimal treatment of these injuries is frequently hampered by considerable delays in diagnosis. Factors contributing to these delays include the location of much of the duodenum and the pancreas in the retroperitoneum resulting in an absence of initial symptoms and signs, the often trivial nature of some of the responsible blunt traumatic accidents, inappropriate child-parent or child-physician communication, failure to achieve a meaningful physical examination in uncooperative or unconscious patients, and false negative paracentesis. Eighty per cent of these injuries occurred in boys. Eleven of 16 patients with pancreatic trauma had pseudocysts. A persistently elevated serum amylase level was invariably noted and epigastric mass was palpable in eight patients. Significant delays in diagnosis were prevalent and pseudocysts was misdiagnosed as appendicitis in three cases. Internal drainage by cystgastrostomy or cystjejunostomy was effective operative treatment. In instances of acute pancreatic injuries, sump drains, gastrostomy, cholecystostomy, and total parenteral hyperalimentation were useful therapeutic adjuncts. There was one death for a 6.2 per cent mortality rate. Forty patients had gastrointestinal injuries involving the duodenum in 17, jejunum in 14, ileum in seven, and stomach in two. Perforations occured in 65 per cent of cases, obstructing hematomas in 30 per cent, and mesenteric avulsions in 5 per cent. Associated injuries were observed in 15 patients (37.5 per cent). Pain and tenderness were the only consistent findings. Upper gastrointestinal contrast studies were diagnostic of duodenal hematomas. Eighty per cent of perforations were managed by simple closures and 20 per cent by resection and anastomosis. Obstructing hematomas unassociated with other injuries may be expected to resolve without requiring operation in 50 per cent of patients managed conservatively. Complications occurred in 35 per cent of patients and the mortality rate was 12.5 per cent (five deaths).", "PMID": 1124220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8353", "title": "Renal injuries.", "content": "Renal injuries due to nonpenetrating trauma are common in children. Pre-existing renal abnormalities are found in 10 per cent of children who sustain kidney injuries. Associated injuries are found in approximately 40 per cent of childhood cases. The most common serious injuries are those to the brain and the spleen. A renal injury should be suspected in every child with flank tenderness and red blood cells in the urine. If the child is unconscious, gross or microscopic hematuria may be the only clue. The amount of blood in the urine does not correlate with the severity of the injury. Plain roentgenograms and an infusion pyelogram using 2 ml of 25 per cent Hypaque per pound of body weight should be obtained as soon after injury as possible. Bilateral visualization of contrast material implies intact renal vessels. Reduction of the amount of contrast seen on the injured side with compression of the collecting system and without extravasation is characteristic of renal contusion. Evidence of a coexistent flank mass implies disruption of the renal capsule. These injuries heal without either operation or prolonged bed rest. Extravasation of contrast material beyond the renal capsule signifies disruption of the collecting system, the parenchyma, and the renal capsule. Early elective debridement, repair, and drainage results in salvage of a useful kidney in about 90 per cent of cases. Nephrectomy is seldom necessary. Failure to demonstrate any contrast material on the injured side is an indication for immediate further study by renal scanning, retrograde pyelography, or aortography. If recognized and treated promptly, some kidneys deprived of blood supply by gradual arterial occlusion secondary to an intimal tear may be salvaged, whereas delay invariably results in death of the devascularized kidney.", "contents": "Renal injuries. Renal injuries due to nonpenetrating trauma are common in children. Pre-existing renal abnormalities are found in 10 per cent of children who sustain kidney injuries. Associated injuries are found in approximately 40 per cent of childhood cases. The most common serious injuries are those to the brain and the spleen. A renal injury should be suspected in every child with flank tenderness and red blood cells in the urine. If the child is unconscious, gross or microscopic hematuria may be the only clue. The amount of blood in the urine does not correlate with the severity of the injury. Plain roentgenograms and an infusion pyelogram using 2 ml of 25 per cent Hypaque per pound of body weight should be obtained as soon after injury as possible. Bilateral visualization of contrast material implies intact renal vessels. Reduction of the amount of contrast seen on the injured side with compression of the collecting system and without extravasation is characteristic of renal contusion. Evidence of a coexistent flank mass implies disruption of the renal capsule. These injuries heal without either operation or prolonged bed rest. Extravasation of contrast material beyond the renal capsule signifies disruption of the collecting system, the parenchyma, and the renal capsule. Early elective debridement, repair, and drainage results in salvage of a useful kidney in about 90 per cent of cases. Nephrectomy is seldom necessary. Failure to demonstrate any contrast material on the injured side is an indication for immediate further study by renal scanning, retrograde pyelography, or aortography. If recognized and treated promptly, some kidneys deprived of blood supply by gradual arterial occlusion secondary to an intimal tear may be salvaged, whereas delay invariably results in death of the devascularized kidney.", "PMID": 1124221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8354", "title": "Trauma of the central nervous system in children.", "content": "In summary, the care of the patient with head trauma is not dissimilar to any other acutely ill individuals. Careful, systematic observation and recording of changing factors and physical signs is necessary. Proper application and appropriate treatment in response to dynamic changes will provide a satisfactory result as in any other form of illness or trauma. The patient with multiple injuries may call for compromise in treatment, however with the exception of gross hemorrhage, the head injury should take precedence in the early period following injury for there are other factors that may prove fatal. Do not accept unnecessary delay in the treatment of other injuries on the grounds that the patient has had a head injury. The orthopedic surgeon can treat the fractured femur, the plastic surgeon-the face, and the general surgeon-the abdomen, without jeopardizing brain recovery. The treatment of the patient with head trauma, as treatment of any other individual in present day medical practice, has become more of a team effort, not only involving the neurosurgeon, but the pediatrician, the specialist in pulmonary physiology, and other expert groups.", "contents": "Trauma of the central nervous system in children. In summary, the care of the patient with head trauma is not dissimilar to any other acutely ill individuals. Careful, systematic observation and recording of changing factors and physical signs is necessary. Proper application and appropriate treatment in response to dynamic changes will provide a satisfactory result as in any other form of illness or trauma. The patient with multiple injuries may call for compromise in treatment, however with the exception of gross hemorrhage, the head injury should take precedence in the early period following injury for there are other factors that may prove fatal. Do not accept unnecessary delay in the treatment of other injuries on the grounds that the patient has had a head injury. The orthopedic surgeon can treat the fractured femur, the plastic surgeon-the face, and the general surgeon-the abdomen, without jeopardizing brain recovery. The treatment of the patient with head trauma, as treatment of any other individual in present day medical practice, has become more of a team effort, not only involving the neurosurgeon, but the pediatrician, the specialist in pulmonary physiology, and other expert groups.", "PMID": 1124224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8355", "title": "Spinal injuries in children.", "content": "Spinal injuries with neurologic sequelae are a rare but catastrophic injury. Many of these injuries might be preventable through proper parent and child education, particularly in water sports and vehicles accidents. A significant number of neurologic injuries are incomplete at the time of injury and proper rescue and initial care may make the difference between life as a quadriplegic and life as a normal individual. Because of the complexity of the management of the child with spinal injuries and their relative rarity, the definitive care is best undertaken at hospitals which specialize in the care of spinal injuries. Progressive deformity of the spine, a problem unique to childhood and adolescent paralysis, is often preventable with prolonged immobilization and protection of the spine. Progressive deformities which interfere with function or result in neurologic deterioration require an aggressive surgical approach.", "contents": "Spinal injuries in children. Spinal injuries with neurologic sequelae are a rare but catastrophic injury. Many of these injuries might be preventable through proper parent and child education, particularly in water sports and vehicles accidents. A significant number of neurologic injuries are incomplete at the time of injury and proper rescue and initial care may make the difference between life as a quadriplegic and life as a normal individual. Because of the complexity of the management of the child with spinal injuries and their relative rarity, the definitive care is best undertaken at hospitals which specialize in the care of spinal injuries. Progressive deformity of the spine, a problem unique to childhood and adolescent paralysis, is often preventable with prolonged immobilization and protection of the spine. Progressive deformities which interfere with function or result in neurologic deterioration require an aggressive surgical approach.", "PMID": 1124228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8356", "title": "Eye trauma in childhood.", "content": "In summary, the following program should be useful for the physician who encounters a child with a suspected eye injury: 1. Obtain a history. What was the child doing when he hurt his eye? 2. Examine the child by first inspecting the lids. Evert the lids with a cotton tipped applicator if necessary and if the globe is intact. Look at the canalicular area and decide whether the lacrimal drainage system is disrupted. Is a lid laceration deep enough to affect the levator? Could the orbital rim or any bony structures be involved? Should an x-ray film for fracture or foreign body be obtained? Is the anterior segment of the globe intact? What is the condition of the conjunctiva and cornea? Should fluorescein stain be applied to the cornea in an attempt to determine the presence of corneal abrasion? Put proparacaine hydrochloride 0.5 per cent drops in the eye if it is too sensitive or photophobic to allow opening of the lids. Is there blood in the anterior chamber? Does the lens look opaque? Is the cornea lacerated, is the globe ruptured? Does the patient have double vision? Is the eye obviously displaced relative to the other eye? 3. Check visual acuity-! Visual acuity may be checked initially or after examination of the eye, but some recording of the visual acuity should always be made. An elegent chart is not necessary. The child may be asked to identify letters on a prescription pad or merely record the presence of light, count fingers, etc., whichever is nearest maximal visual potential. 4. A decision should be made with regard to further diagnostic techniques including the decision, should an ophthalmologist be consulted? 5. Treat minimal anterior segment or adnexal injuries with or without consultation with an ophthalmologist. 6. If the injury is extensive, resist the urge to do something immediately; merely patch the eye and put the child in the hands of an ophthalmologist.", "contents": "Eye trauma in childhood. In summary, the following program should be useful for the physician who encounters a child with a suspected eye injury: 1. Obtain a history. What was the child doing when he hurt his eye? 2. Examine the child by first inspecting the lids. Evert the lids with a cotton tipped applicator if necessary and if the globe is intact. Look at the canalicular area and decide whether the lacrimal drainage system is disrupted. Is a lid laceration deep enough to affect the levator? Could the orbital rim or any bony structures be involved? Should an x-ray film for fracture or foreign body be obtained? Is the anterior segment of the globe intact? What is the condition of the conjunctiva and cornea? Should fluorescein stain be applied to the cornea in an attempt to determine the presence of corneal abrasion? Put proparacaine hydrochloride 0.5 per cent drops in the eye if it is too sensitive or photophobic to allow opening of the lids. Is there blood in the anterior chamber? Does the lens look opaque? Is the cornea lacerated, is the globe ruptured? Does the patient have double vision? Is the eye obviously displaced relative to the other eye? 3. Check visual acuity-! Visual acuity may be checked initially or after examination of the eye, but some recording of the visual acuity should always be made. An elegent chart is not necessary. The child may be asked to identify letters on a prescription pad or merely record the presence of light, count fingers, etc., whichever is nearest maximal visual potential. 4. A decision should be made with regard to further diagnostic techniques including the decision, should an ophthalmologist be consulted? 5. Treat minimal anterior segment or adnexal injuries with or without consultation with an ophthalmologist. 6. If the injury is extensive, resist the urge to do something immediately; merely patch the eye and put the child in the hands of an ophthalmologist.", "PMID": 1124229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8357", "title": "Antacids and anticholinergics. Thoughts on how and when to use them.", "content": "The antacids and anticholinergics should be considered potent pharmacologic agents with potentially serious side effects. When the conditions constituting major contraindications to these forms of therapy have been considered and their presence has been ruled out, the antacids and anticholinergics are useful in managing the symptoms and course of disease due to the effects of acid and pepsin. Antacid given an hour or so after meals and at bedtime and anticholinergic given at bedtime to selected patients are especially useful in management of peptic ulcer disease. More or less extensive schedules may be indicated, depending on the severity of disease and symptoms.", "contents": "Antacids and anticholinergics. Thoughts on how and when to use them. The antacids and anticholinergics should be considered potent pharmacologic agents with potentially serious side effects. When the conditions constituting major contraindications to these forms of therapy have been considered and their presence has been ruled out, the antacids and anticholinergics are useful in managing the symptoms and course of disease due to the effects of acid and pepsin. Antacid given an hour or so after meals and at bedtime and anticholinergic given at bedtime to selected patients are especially useful in management of peptic ulcer disease. More or less extensive schedules may be indicated, depending on the severity of disease and symptoms.", "PMID": 1124241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8358", "title": "Raised intracranial pressure. Diagnosis and management.", "content": "The complications resulting from increased intracranial pressure are serious and include visual impairment, compromise of venous and arterial circulation, and brain herniation. Thus, early diagnosis of increased pressure is essential. The presence of papilledema is important in making the diagnosis; however, important exceptions exist. Diagnostic lumbar puncture is not usually a recommended procedure. The choice of therapeutic agents depends mainly on the urgency of the clinical situation and the clinician's experience. The hypertonic osmotic diuretics rapidly reduce elevated intracranial pressure but, with the exception of glycerol, must be restricted to urgent situations because of complications associated with their use.", "contents": "Raised intracranial pressure. Diagnosis and management. The complications resulting from increased intracranial pressure are serious and include visual impairment, compromise of venous and arterial circulation, and brain herniation. Thus, early diagnosis of increased pressure is essential. The presence of papilledema is important in making the diagnosis; however, important exceptions exist. Diagnostic lumbar puncture is not usually a recommended procedure. The choice of therapeutic agents depends mainly on the urgency of the clinical situation and the clinician's experience. The hypertonic osmotic diuretics rapidly reduce elevated intracranial pressure but, with the exception of glycerol, must be restricted to urgent situations because of complications associated with their use.", "PMID": 1124246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8359", "title": "Symposium. ENT for nonspecialists. The nose: structure and function.", "content": "The structural relationships of the upper lateral cartilage and the septum form an important anatomic area called the liminal valve, one of three known paired valves of the nose. A small deformity in the region of the liminal valve may cause significant airway obstruction that usually can be relieved by surgery. Eighty percent of the population has alternating congestion and decongestion of the nasal turbinates, a phenomenon know as the nasal cycle. The exact function of this cycle is unknown, although it probably allows the two nasal chambers to act in unison and function as one nose. It is important to recognize the cycle as a normal phenomenon and to differentiate it from pathologic causes of nasal obstruction.", "contents": "Symposium. ENT for nonspecialists. The nose: structure and function. The structural relationships of the upper lateral cartilage and the septum form an important anatomic area called the liminal valve, one of three known paired valves of the nose. A small deformity in the region of the liminal valve may cause significant airway obstruction that usually can be relieved by surgery. Eighty percent of the population has alternating congestion and decongestion of the nasal turbinates, a phenomenon know as the nasal cycle. The exact function of this cycle is unknown, although it probably allows the two nasal chambers to act in unison and function as one nose. It is important to recognize the cycle as a normal phenomenon and to differentiate it from pathologic causes of nasal obstruction.", "PMID": 1124247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8360", "title": "Symposium. ENT for nonspecialists. Problems of the septal areas.", "content": "The problems of the nasal septum can be best discussed by dividing the septum into five areas. Each area of the septum has common causes of nasal obstruction that are specifically pertinent. The principles of conservative septal pyramid surgery are also important considerations within each area.", "contents": "Symposium. ENT for nonspecialists. Problems of the septal areas. The problems of the nasal septum can be best discussed by dividing the septum into five areas. Each area of the septum has common causes of nasal obstruction that are specifically pertinent. The principles of conservative septal pyramid surgery are also important considerations within each area.", "PMID": 1124248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8361", "title": "Symposium. ENT for nonspecialists. Management of nasal injury.", "content": "Nasal injuries frequently occur and may result in immediate or delayed disturbances in both function and appearance. Early evaluation and management are beneficial in lessening the complications and disturbances in nasal function. A thorough intranasal examination is necessary to evaluate the injury, and examination may require local or general anesthesia to assess the injury properly. Specific management depends on the extent of injury. Minimal nasal injuries in children may result in a major disturbance of nasal function.", "contents": "Symposium. ENT for nonspecialists. Management of nasal injury. Nasal injuries frequently occur and may result in immediate or delayed disturbances in both function and appearance. Early evaluation and management are beneficial in lessening the complications and disturbances in nasal function. A thorough intranasal examination is necessary to evaluate the injury, and examination may require local or general anesthesia to assess the injury properly. Specific management depends on the extent of injury. Minimal nasal injuries in children may result in a major disturbance of nasal function.", "PMID": 1124249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8362", "title": "Symposium. ENT for nonspecialists. The patient has a lump in the neck.", "content": "When a patient presents with a hard, painless lump in the neck, one should assume that it is a cancer and that it is metastatic from a primary lesion located above the clavicle. A careful physical examination with the appropriate instruments most often will determine the site of the primary lesion. Laryngograms or lateral soft-tissue roentgenograms should not be used as a substitute for visual inspection and careful examination. Examination with the patient under anesthesia is not needed unless the office examination cannot be done or a specimen from the suspected region cannot be obtained and examined microscopically in the office. Taking blind biopsies from normal-appearing mucosa is seldom worthwhile. Excisional biopsy is usually done with the patient under general anesthesia; needle biopsy is seldom used. Pathologic diagnosis by examination of frozen section is mandatory. Definitive treatment depends on the surgical and pathologic findings.", "contents": "Symposium. ENT for nonspecialists. The patient has a lump in the neck. When a patient presents with a hard, painless lump in the neck, one should assume that it is a cancer and that it is metastatic from a primary lesion located above the clavicle. A careful physical examination with the appropriate instruments most often will determine the site of the primary lesion. Laryngograms or lateral soft-tissue roentgenograms should not be used as a substitute for visual inspection and careful examination. Examination with the patient under anesthesia is not needed unless the office examination cannot be done or a specimen from the suspected region cannot be obtained and examined microscopically in the office. Taking blind biopsies from normal-appearing mucosa is seldom worthwhile. Excisional biopsy is usually done with the patient under general anesthesia; needle biopsy is seldom used. Pathologic diagnosis by examination of frozen section is mandatory. Definitive treatment depends on the surgical and pathologic findings.", "PMID": 1124250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8363", "title": "Symposium. ENT for nonspecialists. Supraglottic.", "content": "Because supraglottic cancer usually is diagnosed late and metastasizes early, the cure rate is poorer than for glottic cancer. Supraglottic lesions can spread in any direction. The main method of diagnosis is either indirect or direct laryngoscopy, and the main symptoms are vague throat pain, otalgia, hemoptysis, hoarseness, and enlarged cervical lymph nodes. Roentgenographic examination is useful only as a supplement to other diagnostic measures. Staging of the disease is important in determining the most effective therapy and in predicting the results of treatment. Treatment should be individualized for each patient and should be selected on the basis of lesion size and site, the presence or absence of regional metastasis, the general health of the patient, and the likelihood of faithful follow-up.", "contents": "Symposium. ENT for nonspecialists. Supraglottic. Because supraglottic cancer usually is diagnosed late and metastasizes early, the cure rate is poorer than for glottic cancer. Supraglottic lesions can spread in any direction. The main method of diagnosis is either indirect or direct laryngoscopy, and the main symptoms are vague throat pain, otalgia, hemoptysis, hoarseness, and enlarged cervical lymph nodes. Roentgenographic examination is useful only as a supplement to other diagnostic measures. Staging of the disease is important in determining the most effective therapy and in predicting the results of treatment. Treatment should be individualized for each patient and should be selected on the basis of lesion size and site, the presence or absence of regional metastasis, the general health of the patient, and the likelihood of faithful follow-up.", "PMID": 1124251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8364", "title": "Obstetrics and gynecology: psychologic management of infertile women.", "content": "The psychologic difficulties associated with treatment of infertility can be minimized by limiting the length of treatment and refraining from suggesting a psychologic cause unless a specific one can be adduced. If treatment is unsuccessful, referral for supportive therapy may be indicated.", "contents": "Obstetrics and gynecology: psychologic management of infertile women. The psychologic difficulties associated with treatment of infertility can be minimized by limiting the length of treatment and refraining from suggesting a psychologic cause unless a specific one can be adduced. If treatment is unsuccessful, referral for supportive therapy may be indicated.", "PMID": 1124252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8365", "title": "Eye disorders: fluorescein angiography.", "content": "Fluorescein angiography of the ocular fundus has become a primary diagnostic tool in ophthalmology. It can be of great value in patients with visual loss without ophthalmoscopic abnormality.", "contents": "Eye disorders: fluorescein angiography. Fluorescein angiography of the ocular fundus has become a primary diagnostic tool in ophthalmology. It can be of great value in patients with visual loss without ophthalmoscopic abnormality.", "PMID": 1124253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8366", "title": "Symposium. ENT for nonspecialists. The ear: structure and function.", "content": "Every component of the ear is vital for this system to accomplish its demanding role as the sensor of hearing and balance. In the ear, as elsewhere in the body, structure reflects function.", "contents": "Symposium. ENT for nonspecialists. The ear: structure and function. Every component of the ear is vital for this system to accomplish its demanding role as the sensor of hearing and balance. In the ear, as elsewhere in the body, structure reflects function.", "PMID": 1124255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8367", "title": "Symposium. ENT for nonspecialists. The dizzy patient.", "content": "Dizziness or vertigo may be a perplexing situation to both the patient and the physician, The most important diagnostic factor is a careful history; a dizziness questionaire may be helpful. An otorhinolaryngologic and neurologic evaluation is necessary, and additional consultations may be in order, including vestibular testing and other laboratory studies, The etiology still may not be apparent, and the patient may need to be treated symptomatically and reevaluated periodically.", "contents": "Symposium. ENT for nonspecialists. The dizzy patient. Dizziness or vertigo may be a perplexing situation to both the patient and the physician, The most important diagnostic factor is a careful history; a dizziness questionaire may be helpful. An otorhinolaryngologic and neurologic evaluation is necessary, and additional consultations may be in order, including vestibular testing and other laboratory studies, The etiology still may not be apparent, and the patient may need to be treated symptomatically and reevaluated periodically.", "PMID": 1124258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8368", "title": "Foreign bodies in the ear, nose, and throat.", "content": "Foreign bodies of the ear should be removed by irrigation, suction, or forceps. General anesthesia may be necessary. Foreign bodies of the nose should be removed with suction or forceps, and sometimes intubation may be necessary. Most foreign bodies in the throat can be removed by use of a mirror and a long hemostat.", "contents": "Foreign bodies in the ear, nose, and throat. Foreign bodies of the ear should be removed by irrigation, suction, or forceps. General anesthesia may be necessary. Foreign bodies of the nose should be removed with suction or forceps, and sometimes intubation may be necessary. Most foreign bodies in the throat can be removed by use of a mirror and a long hemostat.", "PMID": 1124259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8369", "title": "Effects of cigarette smoking on learning and retention.", "content": "Verbal rote learning was studied on 10 habitual smokers in a smoking and non-smoking session. Smoking induced a significant decrease in the number of correct responses on the learning task as compared to non-smoking values. The imparied learning coincided in time by an increased arousal as measured by heart rate. A test of recall 45 min after the end of the learning period, when the pre-smoking arousal level had been restored, showed that retention was better in the smoking condition than in the non-smoking condition. The results were interpreted in terms of Walker's theory (1958) postulating a relationship between arousal level and consolidation of memory.", "contents": "Effects of cigarette smoking on learning and retention. Verbal rote learning was studied on 10 habitual smokers in a smoking and non-smoking session. Smoking induced a significant decrease in the number of correct responses on the learning task as compared to non-smoking values. The imparied learning coincided in time by an increased arousal as measured by heart rate. A test of recall 45 min after the end of the learning period, when the pre-smoking arousal level had been restored, showed that retention was better in the smoking condition than in the non-smoking condition. The results were interpreted in terms of Walker's theory (1958) postulating a relationship between arousal level and consolidation of memory.", "PMID": 1124266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8370", "title": "EEG correlates of impaired attention performance under secobarbital and chlorpromazine in the monkey.", "content": "The effects of secobarbital and chlropromazine upon behavior in a continuous, rapidly presented successive (go-no go) discrimination (\"attention\") task were evaluated in six Macaca mulatta monkeys. Simultaneous monitoring of EEG activity from epidural and subcortical electrodes permitted an evaluation of the nature of altered central nervous system events during erroneous performance (errors of omission) on this task. The computer-assisted analysis of pre-stimulus and post-stimulus EEG frequency activity (baseline crossings) suggests that the best measure of attentive behavior from the pre-stimulus EEG is percentage of beta 2 (25-40 cps) activity. No difference could be observed between drugs or among cerebral placements in this regard. This was determined by comparing measures of EEG frequency, pooled for a given test period, with performance from the same test period. On a trail-by-trail basis. however, the beta 2 measure in the pre-stimulus epoch failed to ditinguish correct responses from errors of omission. Separation between correct responses and errors of omission is possible if comparisons are made between the changes in percentage of beta 2 activity in the pre-stimulus vs. post-stimulus occurs with correct positive trials and the smallest change with correct negative trials. For secobarbital, no difference could be detected between correct and incorrect positive trials. For chlorpromazine, however, there was significantly less change in beta 2 for incorrect positive than for correct positive trials. The results were interpreted in terms of the hypothesis that secobarbital produces errors by depression of the general level of activation whereas chlorpromazine acts by reducing the sensory input which is necessary for correct discrimination performance.", "contents": "EEG correlates of impaired attention performance under secobarbital and chlorpromazine in the monkey. The effects of secobarbital and chlropromazine upon behavior in a continuous, rapidly presented successive (go-no go) discrimination (\"attention\") task were evaluated in six Macaca mulatta monkeys. Simultaneous monitoring of EEG activity from epidural and subcortical electrodes permitted an evaluation of the nature of altered central nervous system events during erroneous performance (errors of omission) on this task. The computer-assisted analysis of pre-stimulus and post-stimulus EEG frequency activity (baseline crossings) suggests that the best measure of attentive behavior from the pre-stimulus EEG is percentage of beta 2 (25-40 cps) activity. No difference could be observed between drugs or among cerebral placements in this regard. This was determined by comparing measures of EEG frequency, pooled for a given test period, with performance from the same test period. On a trail-by-trail basis. however, the beta 2 measure in the pre-stimulus epoch failed to ditinguish correct responses from errors of omission. Separation between correct responses and errors of omission is possible if comparisons are made between the changes in percentage of beta 2 activity in the pre-stimulus vs. post-stimulus occurs with correct positive trials and the smallest change with correct negative trials. For secobarbital, no difference could be detected between correct and incorrect positive trials. For chlorpromazine, however, there was significantly less change in beta 2 for incorrect positive than for correct positive trials. The results were interpreted in terms of the hypothesis that secobarbital produces errors by depression of the general level of activation whereas chlorpromazine acts by reducing the sensory input which is necessary for correct discrimination performance.", "PMID": 1124267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8371", "title": "Acute tolerance to ethanol in the rat.", "content": "Male Wistar rats were examined on the moving belt test at approximately 10, 30 and 60 min after administration of ethanol in doses ranging from 1.0-2.8 g/kg. Immediately after the test, each animal was sacrificed and ethanol concentrations were measured. The regression line of impairment as a function of brain alcohol concentration showed a progressive shift toward higher brain levels with increasing time after alcohol administration. The results confirm the existence of acute tolerance to ethanol, as defined by reduced impairment of function for a given blood level on the falling versus the rising arm of the blood alcohol curve. Confusion of interpretation due to arterio-venous differences in alcohol concentration was ruled out by simultaneous measurements in arterial blood and brain. Practice effects were ruled out by testing each animal only once.", "contents": "Acute tolerance to ethanol in the rat. Male Wistar rats were examined on the moving belt test at approximately 10, 30 and 60 min after administration of ethanol in doses ranging from 1.0-2.8 g/kg. Immediately after the test, each animal was sacrificed and ethanol concentrations were measured. The regression line of impairment as a function of brain alcohol concentration showed a progressive shift toward higher brain levels with increasing time after alcohol administration. The results confirm the existence of acute tolerance to ethanol, as defined by reduced impairment of function for a given blood level on the falling versus the rising arm of the blood alcohol curve. Confusion of interpretation due to arterio-venous differences in alcohol concentration was ruled out by simultaneous measurements in arterial blood and brain. Practice effects were ruled out by testing each animal only once.", "PMID": 1124268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8372", "title": "The effects of mevinphos on appetitive operant behavior in the gerbil.", "content": "The need for study of the effects on performance of non-lethal organophosphate insecticide exposure is founded on many reports of behavioral difficulties in aerial applicators following exposure. In this study, a different pair of gerbils served in each of the following schedules of reinforcement: FR 25, FR 75, DRL 12-sec, DRL 20-sec, and VI 1-min. Baseline performance in these tasks tended to be comparable to that of more common laboratory species, but was more variable in the case of the VI 1-min task. Mevinphos doses of 0.20 mg/kg and above produced observable somatic signs of poisoning and also produced dose-related decrements in performance in FR and VI tasks. Performance in the DRL schedule was affected only at a dose of 0.30 mg/kg. No performance deficits or overt somatic signs of poisoning were present at mevinphos doses of 0.10 mg/kg or lower. These results do not agree with those of an earlier study which decrements in VI performance of pigeons and squirrel monkeys appeared at low mevinphos doses which did not produce overt somatic signs of poisoning. The possibility of variations in mevinphos effect as a function of species and task was discussed.", "contents": "The effects of mevinphos on appetitive operant behavior in the gerbil. The need for study of the effects on performance of non-lethal organophosphate insecticide exposure is founded on many reports of behavioral difficulties in aerial applicators following exposure. In this study, a different pair of gerbils served in each of the following schedules of reinforcement: FR 25, FR 75, DRL 12-sec, DRL 20-sec, and VI 1-min. Baseline performance in these tasks tended to be comparable to that of more common laboratory species, but was more variable in the case of the VI 1-min task. Mevinphos doses of 0.20 mg/kg and above produced observable somatic signs of poisoning and also produced dose-related decrements in performance in FR and VI tasks. Performance in the DRL schedule was affected only at a dose of 0.30 mg/kg. No performance deficits or overt somatic signs of poisoning were present at mevinphos doses of 0.10 mg/kg or lower. These results do not agree with those of an earlier study which decrements in VI performance of pigeons and squirrel monkeys appeared at low mevinphos doses which did not produce overt somatic signs of poisoning. The possibility of variations in mevinphos effect as a function of species and task was discussed.", "PMID": 1124269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8373", "title": "Human circulating dopamine-beta-hydroxylase and epilepsy.", "content": "The activity of circulatory dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) in humans is shown to be lower in some epileptic subjects than in normal subjects. The activity of the enzymes was found to be dramatically low in subjects who experienced an epileptic seizure 24 hrs before DBH activity was determined. The activity varied through the course of epileptic seizures induced by a convulsant drugs and these variations might be due to the \"en masse\" changes of the sympathetic nervous system.", "contents": "Human circulating dopamine-beta-hydroxylase and epilepsy. The activity of circulatory dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) in humans is shown to be lower in some epileptic subjects than in normal subjects. The activity of the enzymes was found to be dramatically low in subjects who experienced an epileptic seizure 24 hrs before DBH activity was determined. The activity varied through the course of epileptic seizures induced by a convulsant drugs and these variations might be due to the \"en masse\" changes of the sympathetic nervous system.", "PMID": 1124270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8374", "title": "Psychogenic purpura in a man.", "content": "A 53-year-old man with chronic back and leg pain developed recurrent painful ecchymoses after lumbar laminectomy. No hematologic abnormality could be detected, but an ecchymosis developed after subcutaneous injection of his blood into the region of pain. A detailed study of the psychological setting of the illness and his personality revealed this to be an example of psychogenic purpura. This is the third report of the syndrome in a male.", "contents": "Psychogenic purpura in a man. A 53-year-old man with chronic back and leg pain developed recurrent painful ecchymoses after lumbar laminectomy. No hematologic abnormality could be detected, but an ecchymosis developed after subcutaneous injection of his blood into the region of pain. A detailed study of the psychological setting of the illness and his personality revealed this to be an example of psychogenic purpura. This is the third report of the syndrome in a male.", "PMID": 1124272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8375", "title": "The use of psychological test data to predict open-heart surgery outcome: a prospective study.", "content": "In an attempt to predict survival of open-heart surgery, particularly among high risk subjects who undergo extra-corporeal circulation [ECG] using pump oxygenation perfusion, a preoperative battery including intellectual, personality and neuropsychological instruments and also ratings of cardiac impairment, was administered to 15 control [cardiac surgery without ECG] and 72 experimental [ECG] subjects. Subjects were divided into survivor [S] and fatality [F] groups, and preoperative test data were analyzed using multivariate stepwise discrimination techniques. In a variety of analyses, at least 86% and as high as 100% of subjects were correctly classified as survivors or fatalities on the basis of variables sampled, indicating the outcome of cardiac surgery may be predicted preoperatively with a high degree of accuracy.", "contents": "The use of psychological test data to predict open-heart surgery outcome: a prospective study. In an attempt to predict survival of open-heart surgery, particularly among high risk subjects who undergo extra-corporeal circulation [ECG] using pump oxygenation perfusion, a preoperative battery including intellectual, personality and neuropsychological instruments and also ratings of cardiac impairment, was administered to 15 control [cardiac surgery without ECG] and 72 experimental [ECG] subjects. Subjects were divided into survivor [S] and fatality [F] groups, and preoperative test data were analyzed using multivariate stepwise discrimination techniques. In a variety of analyses, at least 86% and as high as 100% of subjects were correctly classified as survivors or fatalities on the basis of variables sampled, indicating the outcome of cardiac surgery may be predicted preoperatively with a high degree of accuracy.", "PMID": 1124273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8376", "title": "Radiological visualization of Gartner's duct cyst.", "content": "During hystero-salpingography a sharply outlined collection of contrast medium was observed near the cervical canal of the uterus and interpreted as filling of a Gartner's duct cyst, an observation that- to the best of our knowledge-has not yet been reported as a radiological finding.", "contents": "Radiological visualization of Gartner's duct cyst. During hystero-salpingography a sharply outlined collection of contrast medium was observed near the cervical canal of the uterus and interpreted as filling of a Gartner's duct cyst, an observation that- to the best of our knowledge-has not yet been reported as a radiological finding.", "PMID": 1124285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8377", "title": "Tarsoid and Gonoid malformations of upper limbs.", "content": "A bizarre and apparently hiherto unknown malformation complex mainly affecting the upper limbs was observed in a boy who underwent radiologic examination at 6 and 15 years of age. The most conspicuous abnormalities are represented by knee-like elbows and carpal elements resembling tarsals, additionally there was also marked overgrowth of the tarsal bones. The combination of these virtually unique malformations might suggest the existence of some early morphogenetic factor responsible for differentiation of the lower limbs and capable create ectopic elements of the lower limbs by conversion of the homologous parts of the upper limbs.", "contents": "Tarsoid and Gonoid malformations of upper limbs. A bizarre and apparently hiherto unknown malformation complex mainly affecting the upper limbs was observed in a boy who underwent radiologic examination at 6 and 15 years of age. The most conspicuous abnormalities are represented by knee-like elbows and carpal elements resembling tarsals, additionally there was also marked overgrowth of the tarsal bones. The combination of these virtually unique malformations might suggest the existence of some early morphogenetic factor responsible for differentiation of the lower limbs and capable create ectopic elements of the lower limbs by conversion of the homologous parts of the upper limbs.", "PMID": 1124288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8378", "title": "[Osteomas of the paranasal sinuses].", "content": "Within a period of 16 months, 25 osteomas of the paranasal sinuses were observed. Symptomatology, sex and age distribution, localisation, size at the time of discovery, and rate of growth are reported. An individual radiological technique is indicated, especially concerning the localisation and origin of the paranasal osteomas. This is important in order to plan the course of treatment and the type of surgical procedure.", "contents": "[Osteomas of the paranasal sinuses]. Within a period of 16 months, 25 osteomas of the paranasal sinuses were observed. Symptomatology, sex and age distribution, localisation, size at the time of discovery, and rate of growth are reported. An individual radiological technique is indicated, especially concerning the localisation and origin of the paranasal osteomas. This is important in order to plan the course of treatment and the type of surgical procedure.", "PMID": 1124289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8379", "title": "[Malignant tumors of the phalanges].", "content": "It is reported about two cases with squamous cell carcinoma originating from the nail bed. There are roentgenographic signs of expansive displacing lesions. In opposite there are signs of destructive lesions within the finger in metastatic bronchial carcinoma. A case of spina ventosa withe malignant degeneration and a case of rapidly growing melanosarcoma causing bone displacement are described also.", "contents": "[Malignant tumors of the phalanges]. It is reported about two cases with squamous cell carcinoma originating from the nail bed. There are roentgenographic signs of expansive displacing lesions. In opposite there are signs of destructive lesions within the finger in metastatic bronchial carcinoma. A case of spina ventosa withe malignant degeneration and a case of rapidly growing melanosarcoma causing bone displacement are described also.", "PMID": 1124290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8380", "title": "[Fibro-Adeno-Lipoma of the   BREAST].", "content": "The Fibor-Adeno-Lipoma is a rarely seen benign lesion of the breast. The encapsulated tumor is smoothly outlined. The capsule can be well visualized by mammography. The lesion contains different amount of fibroglandular tissue. In that way the mammographic appearance is characteristic and diagnosis becomes easy. The authors discuss the clinical and radiological appearance of the Fibro-Adeno-Lipoma on the basis of 7 cases.", "contents": "[Fibro-Adeno-Lipoma of the   BREAST]. The Fibor-Adeno-Lipoma is a rarely seen benign lesion of the breast. The encapsulated tumor is smoothly outlined. The capsule can be well visualized by mammography. The lesion contains different amount of fibroglandular tissue. In that way the mammographic appearance is characteristic and diagnosis becomes easy. The authors discuss the clinical and radiological appearance of the Fibro-Adeno-Lipoma on the basis of 7 cases.", "PMID": 1124291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8381", "title": "Irreversible binding of carbon tetrachloride to microsomal phospholipids. Free radical nature of the reactive specie and alterations in the physico-chemical properties of the target fatty acids.", "content": "Thin layer and gas liquid chromatographic analysis of the fatty acid methyl esters derived from liver microsomal phosphatidylcholine from animals treated with 14CC1-4 revealed a very similar composition to that observed during the analysis of the reaction products arised by the in vitro benzoyl peroxide initiated CC1-4 chemical addition to double bonds of fatty acid methyl esters or to fatty acids in phospholipids later transformed to methyl esters. The well known CC1-3 free radical nature of this in vitro chemical reaction gives support to the possibility for a CC1-3 free radical formation in vivo.", "contents": "Irreversible binding of carbon tetrachloride to microsomal phospholipids. Free radical nature of the reactive specie and alterations in the physico-chemical properties of the target fatty acids. Thin layer and gas liquid chromatographic analysis of the fatty acid methyl esters derived from liver microsomal phosphatidylcholine from animals treated with 14CC1-4 revealed a very similar composition to that observed during the analysis of the reaction products arised by the in vitro benzoyl peroxide initiated CC1-4 chemical addition to double bonds of fatty acid methyl esters or to fatty acids in phospholipids later transformed to methyl esters. The well known CC1-3 free radical nature of this in vitro chemical reaction gives support to the possibility for a CC1-3 free radical formation in vivo.", "PMID": 1124312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8382", "title": "Structure-activity relationships for antimicrobial cephalosporins.", "content": "The antimicrobial activity of a series of 7-mandelamido-3-cephem-4-carboxylic acids was studied using the Free-Wilson method. Electron-withdrawing and lipophilic properties of the substituents are shown to play an important role in the activity.", "contents": "Structure-activity relationships for antimicrobial cephalosporins. The antimicrobial activity of a series of 7-mandelamido-3-cephem-4-carboxylic acids was studied using the Free-Wilson method. Electron-withdrawing and lipophilic properties of the substituents are shown to play an important role in the activity.", "PMID": 1124313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8383", "title": "Rapid photolysis of cholesterol.", "content": "Studies of cholesterol photolysis demonstrated that over 50% of this sterol was converted to more polar photoproducts after 10 minutes exposure to broad spectrum radiation from a mercury arc lamp. Light of 254 and 265 nm wavelengths was most effective in alteration of the sterol. The major polar photoproducts formed were tentatively identified.", "contents": "Rapid photolysis of cholesterol. Studies of cholesterol photolysis demonstrated that over 50% of this sterol was converted to more polar photoproducts after 10 minutes exposure to broad spectrum radiation from a mercury arc lamp. Light of 254 and 265 nm wavelengths was most effective in alteration of the sterol. The major polar photoproducts formed were tentatively identified.", "PMID": 1124314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8384", "title": "Cholesterol balance in atherosclerosis-susceptible atherosclerosis-resistant pigeons.", "content": "On cholesterol-free diets, the total fecal steroid excretion was significantly lower in atherosclerosis-susceptible Whit Carneau pigeons than in atherosclerosis-resistant Show Racer pigeons, with major differences in the neutral sterol fraction.", "contents": "Cholesterol balance in atherosclerosis-susceptible atherosclerosis-resistant pigeons. On cholesterol-free diets, the total fecal steroid excretion was significantly lower in atherosclerosis-susceptible Whit Carneau pigeons than in atherosclerosis-resistant Show Racer pigeons, with major differences in the neutral sterol fraction.", "PMID": 1124315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8385", "title": "Nonspecificity in the divalent cation antagonism of dihydrostreptomycin action on Mycobacterium smegmatis.", "content": "A divalent cation-dependent antagonism of dihydrostreptomycin action on Mycobacterium smegmatis was demonstrated. However, the nutritionally nonessential cations Sr++ and Ba++ inhibited drug action as effectively as the essential ions Mg++ and Ca++, indicating a high degree of nonspecificity.", "contents": "Nonspecificity in the divalent cation antagonism of dihydrostreptomycin action on Mycobacterium smegmatis. A divalent cation-dependent antagonism of dihydrostreptomycin action on Mycobacterium smegmatis was demonstrated. However, the nutritionally nonessential cations Sr++ and Ba++ inhibited drug action as effectively as the essential ions Mg++ and Ca++, indicating a high degree of nonspecificity.", "PMID": 1124316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8386", "title": "Digoxin concentrations in serum and saliva.", "content": "Serum and mixed saliva concentrations of digoxin were measured in 34 hospitalized patients. The mean saliva:serum concentration ratio of digoxin was 1.14 (plus or minus 0.48). Of 20 patients with saliva digoxin concentrations in the range of 0.7 to 1.5 ng/ml, 18 patients had serum concentrations which were within the same range. Saliva offers a convenient and noninvasive means of monitoring the digoxin status of patients.", "contents": "Digoxin concentrations in serum and saliva. Serum and mixed saliva concentrations of digoxin were measured in 34 hospitalized patients. The mean saliva:serum concentration ratio of digoxin was 1.14 (plus or minus 0.48). Of 20 patients with saliva digoxin concentrations in the range of 0.7 to 1.5 ng/ml, 18 patients had serum concentrations which were within the same range. Saliva offers a convenient and noninvasive means of monitoring the digoxin status of patients.", "PMID": 1124317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8387", "title": "Thromboembolic complications of oral contraceptive therapy.", "content": "During a ten-year period, 348 women were studied for a total of 5877 patient months for changes in hematologic parameters induced by oral contraceptives. Significant increases were observed in Factors I, II, VII, VIII, IX, X and plasminogen. Severe complications developed in four patients. All four had an abnormal blood coagulation profile, suggesting \"hypercoagulability\" before initiation of therapy. All four patients were of A or AB blood group. It appears from these data that hematologic workups may be useful in women who are about to embark on long-term oral contraceptive therapy.", "contents": "Thromboembolic complications of oral contraceptive therapy. During a ten-year period, 348 women were studied for a total of 5877 patient months for changes in hematologic parameters induced by oral contraceptives. Significant increases were observed in Factors I, II, VII, VIII, IX, X and plasminogen. Severe complications developed in four patients. All four had an abnormal blood coagulation profile, suggesting \"hypercoagulability\" before initiation of therapy. All four patients were of A or AB blood group. It appears from these data that hematologic workups may be useful in women who are about to embark on long-term oral contraceptive therapy.", "PMID": 1124318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8388", "title": "Quantitation of continine in sera of smokers.", "content": "Sensitive and specific radioimmunoassays were used to determine the levels of cotinine, the major metabolite of nicotine catabolism, in the sera of 22 typical smokers and of two individuals who smoked cigarettes of known nicotine content under controlled conditions. In samples from the random population, cotinine was detected in concentrations ranging up to 600 ng/ml. There was poor correlation between cotinine levels and the nicotine contained in the cigarettes smoked daily by the individuals. Whether this reflects differences in smoking habits, genetic factors, and/or represents the results of enzyme induction or adaptation is unknown at present. However, since nicotine has a short plasma half-life, it may be advantageous to assay for the longer lived and more abundant metabolite in studies designed to relate the effects of smoking to health. The radioimmunoassay method for cotinine is practical for epidemiological studies and offers distinct advantages over available chromatographic techniques.", "contents": "Quantitation of continine in sera of smokers. Sensitive and specific radioimmunoassays were used to determine the levels of cotinine, the major metabolite of nicotine catabolism, in the sera of 22 typical smokers and of two individuals who smoked cigarettes of known nicotine content under controlled conditions. In samples from the random population, cotinine was detected in concentrations ranging up to 600 ng/ml. There was poor correlation between cotinine levels and the nicotine contained in the cigarettes smoked daily by the individuals. Whether this reflects differences in smoking habits, genetic factors, and/or represents the results of enzyme induction or adaptation is unknown at present. However, since nicotine has a short plasma half-life, it may be advantageous to assay for the longer lived and more abundant metabolite in studies designed to relate the effects of smoking to health. The radioimmunoassay method for cotinine is practical for epidemiological studies and offers distinct advantages over available chromatographic techniques.", "PMID": 1124319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8389", "title": "Thyroid hormone control of serotonin in developing rat brain.", "content": "The influence of thyroid hormone on serotonin was studied in different regions of the rat brain. Surgical thyroidectomy of adult male rats led to significant increases in the level of serotonin in the hypothalamus but had no effect on this biogenic amine in the brain stem and basal ganglia. Experimental cretinism, induced by daily propylthiouracil treatment starting at birth, caused increased serotonin levels in all brain regions studied. In contrast. neonatal hyperthyroidism, produced by daily administration of L-triiodothyronine from birth, had no effect on the ontogenic patterns of serotonin. The turnover of serotonin, estimated by determining the rate of increase of the amine following administration of the monoamine oxidase inhibitor, pargyline, was decreased in the brains of 30-day-old cretinous rats when compared to their control littermates. The data suggest that thyroid hormone may exert an important regulatory influence on serotonin metabolism in the developing brain.", "contents": "Thyroid hormone control of serotonin in developing rat brain. The influence of thyroid hormone on serotonin was studied in different regions of the rat brain. Surgical thyroidectomy of adult male rats led to significant increases in the level of serotonin in the hypothalamus but had no effect on this biogenic amine in the brain stem and basal ganglia. Experimental cretinism, induced by daily propylthiouracil treatment starting at birth, caused increased serotonin levels in all brain regions studied. In contrast. neonatal hyperthyroidism, produced by daily administration of L-triiodothyronine from birth, had no effect on the ontogenic patterns of serotonin. The turnover of serotonin, estimated by determining the rate of increase of the amine following administration of the monoamine oxidase inhibitor, pargyline, was decreased in the brains of 30-day-old cretinous rats when compared to their control littermates. The data suggest that thyroid hormone may exert an important regulatory influence on serotonin metabolism in the developing brain.", "PMID": 1124320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8390", "title": "DNA breaks in P288 tumor cells in mice after treatment with daunorubicin and adriamycin.", "content": "Extensive DNA damage was found in tumor cells after therapeutic doses of daunorubicin and adriamycin (2.5 - 10 mg/kg) were administered to mice bearing lymphocytic leukemia (P-288). After low doses (0.6 mg/kg), DNA breaks were evident as early as 1-3 hr after daunorubicin and as determined with adriamycin the damage lasted as long as 72 hr. In a comparison, actinomycin D produced smaller amounts of damage by 3 hr after the administration of maximally tolerated doses (0.8 mg/kg) and even less after 0.4 mg/kg. These experiments indicate that the antitumor activity of daunorubicin and adriamycin in treated mice may result from damage to the cellular DNA.", "contents": "DNA breaks in P288 tumor cells in mice after treatment with daunorubicin and adriamycin. Extensive DNA damage was found in tumor cells after therapeutic doses of daunorubicin and adriamycin (2.5 - 10 mg/kg) were administered to mice bearing lymphocytic leukemia (P-288). After low doses (0.6 mg/kg), DNA breaks were evident as early as 1-3 hr after daunorubicin and as determined with adriamycin the damage lasted as long as 72 hr. In a comparison, actinomycin D produced smaller amounts of damage by 3 hr after the administration of maximally tolerated doses (0.8 mg/kg) and even less after 0.4 mg/kg. These experiments indicate that the antitumor activity of daunorubicin and adriamycin in treated mice may result from damage to the cellular DNA.", "PMID": 1124321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8391", "title": "Radiation modifying effects of meso-tetraphenyl porphyrins.", "content": "The radiation modifying effects of a series of the metal chelates of meso-tetra(p-carboxyphenyl) porphine has been investigated using a human lymphoid cell line, RPMI 1788. These studies revealed that Ni and Zn porphyrins were effective radiation sensitizers at concentrations as low as 10-9M. Further studies with Zn porphyrin showed it to be almost equally effective when added immediately after irradiation and partially effective when added up to 90 minutes post irradiation, suggesting that it may be acting by interfering with a repair mechanism.", "contents": "Radiation modifying effects of meso-tetraphenyl porphyrins. The radiation modifying effects of a series of the metal chelates of meso-tetra(p-carboxyphenyl) porphine has been investigated using a human lymphoid cell line, RPMI 1788. These studies revealed that Ni and Zn porphyrins were effective radiation sensitizers at concentrations as low as 10-9M. Further studies with Zn porphyrin showed it to be almost equally effective when added immediately after irradiation and partially effective when added up to 90 minutes post irradiation, suggesting that it may be acting by interfering with a repair mechanism.", "PMID": 1124322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8392", "title": "High pressure liquid chromatography of cannabinoids as their fluorescent dansyl derivatives.", "content": "Four different cannabinoids were converted to their 1-dimethyl-aminonaphthalene-5-sulfonate (dansyl) derivatives. Standards mixtures were separated by high pressure liquid chromatography and detected with an experimental filter fluorometer with sub-nanogram sensitivity. The effect of solvent properties on fluorescence spectra and quantum yields was also studied.", "contents": "High pressure liquid chromatography of cannabinoids as their fluorescent dansyl derivatives. Four different cannabinoids were converted to their 1-dimethyl-aminonaphthalene-5-sulfonate (dansyl) derivatives. Standards mixtures were separated by high pressure liquid chromatography and detected with an experimental filter fluorometer with sub-nanogram sensitivity. The effect of solvent properties on fluorescence spectra and quantum yields was also studied.", "PMID": 1124323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8393", "title": "Carbon tetrachloride induced polysome breakdown. Relative importance of lipid peroxidation and of binding to ribosomal components in the process.", "content": "In vivo, CC1-4 causes an intense polysome breakdown; CHC1-3 effect is much less intense and CH2C1-2 effect is negligible. Previous administration of either diphenyl-p-phenyelnediamine or alpha-tocopherol to the rats does not prevent CC1-4-induced polysome breakdown. Promethazine and cystamine were able to prevent to a good extent the CC1-4 induced polysome breakdown process. 14CC1-4 irreversibly binds to ribosomal proteins but not to ribosomal RNA. Several hepatocarcinogens which are effective alkylating agents and cause in vivo polysome breakdown do not induce a lipid peroxidation process.", "contents": "Carbon tetrachloride induced polysome breakdown. Relative importance of lipid peroxidation and of binding to ribosomal components in the process. In vivo, CC1-4 causes an intense polysome breakdown; CHC1-3 effect is much less intense and CH2C1-2 effect is negligible. Previous administration of either diphenyl-p-phenyelnediamine or alpha-tocopherol to the rats does not prevent CC1-4-induced polysome breakdown. Promethazine and cystamine were able to prevent to a good extent the CC1-4 induced polysome breakdown process. 14CC1-4 irreversibly binds to ribosomal proteins but not to ribosomal RNA. Several hepatocarcinogens which are effective alkylating agents and cause in vivo polysome breakdown do not induce a lipid peroxidation process.", "PMID": 1124324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8394", "title": "Effect of diazepam on unstimulated and on stimulated gastric secretion.", "content": "The effect of intravenous diazepam on unstimulated and on pentagastrin-stimulated gastric secretion has been studied in normal subjects. No significant effect of diazapam was found on pentagastrin-stimulated gastric secretion. Unstimulated secretion was reduced by diazepam. This action of diazepam may be useful in peptic ulcer therapy.", "contents": "Effect of diazepam on unstimulated and on stimulated gastric secretion. The effect of intravenous diazepam on unstimulated and on pentagastrin-stimulated gastric secretion has been studied in normal subjects. No significant effect of diazapam was found on pentagastrin-stimulated gastric secretion. Unstimulated secretion was reduced by diazepam. This action of diazepam may be useful in peptic ulcer therapy.", "PMID": 1124338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8395", "title": "Clostridium septicemia following biliary surgery in a gastrectomized patient.", "content": "A 75-year-old woman was subjected to biliary surgery 38 years after partial gastrectomy for ulcer. There was a history of gallstones of 10 years duration, pentagastrin-resistant achylia, cholecystolithiasis and choledocholithiasis complicated by stenosis of papilla of vater, cholecystitis and pancreatitis. Peroperative cholangiography and biliary tract surgery were performed. On the third postoperative day heavy jaundice and hemolysis developed, leading to death of the patient. Culture of bile taken at operation revealed strains of Clostridium perfringens and Escherichia coli. Autopsy showed a picture of gas gangraena of the liver and Clostridium septicemia. The role of achylia, blind loop, and biliary obstruction in bile surgery is stressed.", "contents": "Clostridium septicemia following biliary surgery in a gastrectomized patient. A 75-year-old woman was subjected to biliary surgery 38 years after partial gastrectomy for ulcer. There was a history of gallstones of 10 years duration, pentagastrin-resistant achylia, cholecystolithiasis and choledocholithiasis complicated by stenosis of papilla of vater, cholecystitis and pancreatitis. Peroperative cholangiography and biliary tract surgery were performed. On the third postoperative day heavy jaundice and hemolysis developed, leading to death of the patient. Culture of bile taken at operation revealed strains of Clostridium perfringens and Escherichia coli. Autopsy showed a picture of gas gangraena of the liver and Clostridium septicemia. The role of achylia, blind loop, and biliary obstruction in bile surgery is stressed.", "PMID": 1124339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8396", "title": "Plasma concentration of lipoprotein-X (LP-X) in experimental bile duct obstruction.", "content": "Sequential quantitative determinations of lipoprotein-X (LP-X), measurements of plasma lipids, initial rate of cholesterol esterification, and liver function tests were performed after experimental cholestasis in 6 dogs. In 3 animals ligation and transsection of the common bile duct were combined with cholecystectomy. In 2 other dogs a similar operation, but without removal of the gallbladder, was carried out. In the bile-duct-obstructed and cholecystectomized dogs, LP-X appeared 11-21 hours after operation, and in dogs with preserved gallbladder 32 hours after operation. During the observation periods (6-41 days), the LP-X levels were much higher in the cholecystectomized dogs than in the ones with preserved gallbladders. In most of the bile-duct-obstructed dogs the curves of LP-X concentrations in plasma were bi-phasic. The first peak after 1 to 5 days was followed by a fall, and 10 to 14 days after operation another rise was observed. Concomitant with the changes in the level of LP-X, fluctuations in the levels of phospholipids and free cholesterol occurred. An inverse relationship between LP-X and the activity of lechithin: cholesterol acyltransferase was found.", "contents": "Plasma concentration of lipoprotein-X (LP-X) in experimental bile duct obstruction. Sequential quantitative determinations of lipoprotein-X (LP-X), measurements of plasma lipids, initial rate of cholesterol esterification, and liver function tests were performed after experimental cholestasis in 6 dogs. In 3 animals ligation and transsection of the common bile duct were combined with cholecystectomy. In 2 other dogs a similar operation, but without removal of the gallbladder, was carried out. In the bile-duct-obstructed and cholecystectomized dogs, LP-X appeared 11-21 hours after operation, and in dogs with preserved gallbladder 32 hours after operation. During the observation periods (6-41 days), the LP-X levels were much higher in the cholecystectomized dogs than in the ones with preserved gallbladders. In most of the bile-duct-obstructed dogs the curves of LP-X concentrations in plasma were bi-phasic. The first peak after 1 to 5 days was followed by a fall, and 10 to 14 days after operation another rise was observed. Concomitant with the changes in the level of LP-X, fluctuations in the levels of phospholipids and free cholesterol occurred. An inverse relationship between LP-X and the activity of lechithin: cholesterol acyltransferase was found.", "PMID": 1124340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8397", "title": "The motor-stimulating effect of metoclopramide and pyridostigemine bromide in normal man and laparotomized patients. A combined study of duodenal electric and motor activity.", "content": "The effect of metoclopramide on duodenal motility was compared to that of pyridostigmine bromide by means of stimulaneous recordings of electrical action potentials (spike potentials) and intraluminal pressure variations in 40 normal young volunteers and 8 patients after intraperitoneal operations. Quantitative calculations according to a previously described system showed a significant increase in activity in the normal material after both drugs. The increase was greatest after metoclopramide and appeared more rapidly. Compared with the normal individuals, patients in the postoperative phase showed a moderately decreased activity before drug administration. No significant increase in activity could be demonstrated after either of the drugs.", "contents": "The motor-stimulating effect of metoclopramide and pyridostigemine bromide in normal man and laparotomized patients. A combined study of duodenal electric and motor activity. The effect of metoclopramide on duodenal motility was compared to that of pyridostigmine bromide by means of stimulaneous recordings of electrical action potentials (spike potentials) and intraluminal pressure variations in 40 normal young volunteers and 8 patients after intraperitoneal operations. Quantitative calculations according to a previously described system showed a significant increase in activity in the normal material after both drugs. The increase was greatest after metoclopramide and appeared more rapidly. Compared with the normal individuals, patients in the postoperative phase showed a moderately decreased activity before drug administration. No significant increase in activity could be demonstrated after either of the drugs.", "PMID": 1124341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8398", "title": "Inhibition of gastrin-stimulated canine acid secretion by sham-feeding.", "content": "In dogs with a Heidenhain pouch and oesophageal and gastric fistulae, sham feeding inhibited pentagastrin-stimulated Heidenhain pouch acid output. When secretion was stimulated with a combination of pentagastrin and betanechol chloride, the inhibitory effect of sham feeding was less pronounced. Histamine-stimulated secretion was not inhibited by sham feeding. The inhibitory effect was not affected by extragastric abdominal vagotomy but was reduced or abolished by truncal vagotomy. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that vagal activity releases a hormone which has an inhibitory action on gastric acid secretion.", "contents": "Inhibition of gastrin-stimulated canine acid secretion by sham-feeding. In dogs with a Heidenhain pouch and oesophageal and gastric fistulae, sham feeding inhibited pentagastrin-stimulated Heidenhain pouch acid output. When secretion was stimulated with a combination of pentagastrin and betanechol chloride, the inhibitory effect of sham feeding was less pronounced. Histamine-stimulated secretion was not inhibited by sham feeding. The inhibitory effect was not affected by extragastric abdominal vagotomy but was reduced or abolished by truncal vagotomy. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that vagal activity releases a hormone which has an inhibitory action on gastric acid secretion.", "PMID": 1124342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8399", "title": "Extraperitoneal perforation of the rectum during barium enema.", "content": "During barium enema, barium pentrated the rectum to the perirectal extraperitoneal tissue in six patients. Four of these died, and the two survivors have permanent colostomies. The incidence of this rare complication may be further reduced if barium enema is postponed after instrumentation of the rectum, the enema can not lifted more than one meter, the balloon not distended too much, the tip of the balloon catheter made very short, and the personnel in the radiological department made aware of the complication. The complication is probably best treated by prompt diverting colostomy, drainage of perirectal tissue, and antibiotics.", "contents": "Extraperitoneal perforation of the rectum during barium enema. During barium enema, barium pentrated the rectum to the perirectal extraperitoneal tissue in six patients. Four of these died, and the two survivors have permanent colostomies. The incidence of this rare complication may be further reduced if barium enema is postponed after instrumentation of the rectum, the enema can not lifted more than one meter, the balloon not distended too much, the tip of the balloon catheter made very short, and the personnel in the radiological department made aware of the complication. The complication is probably best treated by prompt diverting colostomy, drainage of perirectal tissue, and antibiotics.", "PMID": 1124343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8400", "title": "Effect of two methylated prostaglandin E2 analogs on gastroduodenal pressure in man.", "content": "The effect of two methylated analogs of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), namely 16, 16-dimethyl PGE2 and 15 (S)-15-methyl PGE2 methyl ester, on gastroduodenal motility has been studied in healthy male volunteers. Oral administration of 140 mug of the 16-alkylated analog produced a significant decrease in motor activity in both the gastric antrum and the duodenum. 80 mug had no detectable effect on pressure. However, 80 mug of the 15-methylated analog administered directly into the duodenum caused an almost immidiated inhibition of the duodenal motor activity. In view of previous findings on the inhibitory action of these two analogs on gastric acid secretion, it seems as if the gastrointestinal smooth muscles are less sensitive to the action of the analogs than are the oxyntic glands.", "contents": "Effect of two methylated prostaglandin E2 analogs on gastroduodenal pressure in man. The effect of two methylated analogs of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), namely 16, 16-dimethyl PGE2 and 15 (S)-15-methyl PGE2 methyl ester, on gastroduodenal motility has been studied in healthy male volunteers. Oral administration of 140 mug of the 16-alkylated analog produced a significant decrease in motor activity in both the gastric antrum and the duodenum. 80 mug had no detectable effect on pressure. However, 80 mug of the 15-methylated analog administered directly into the duodenum caused an almost immidiated inhibition of the duodenal motor activity. In view of previous findings on the inhibitory action of these two analogs on gastric acid secretion, it seems as if the gastrointestinal smooth muscles are less sensitive to the action of the analogs than are the oxyntic glands.", "PMID": 1124344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8401", "title": "Stimuli for heptadecapeptide gastrin release: a comparison of oral and intravenous arginiine-monochloride and oxo in normal, vagotomized and antrectomized patients.", "content": "Arginine, administered intravenously, was a more potent stimulus to gastrin release than oral Oxo-feeding, while oral arginine failed to elicit a response in normal subjects. Intravenous arginine stimulated a rise in serum gastrin only in normal subjects but not in antrectomized or vagotomized patients. The gastric antrum appears to be the major site of production of heptadecapeptide gastrin and 'mini' gastrin, as measured by the anti-serum used in our radio-immunoassay.", "contents": "Stimuli for heptadecapeptide gastrin release: a comparison of oral and intravenous arginiine-monochloride and oxo in normal, vagotomized and antrectomized patients. Arginine, administered intravenously, was a more potent stimulus to gastrin release than oral Oxo-feeding, while oral arginine failed to elicit a response in normal subjects. Intravenous arginine stimulated a rise in serum gastrin only in normal subjects but not in antrectomized or vagotomized patients. The gastric antrum appears to be the major site of production of heptadecapeptide gastrin and 'mini' gastrin, as measured by the anti-serum used in our radio-immunoassay.", "PMID": 1124345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8402", "title": "Intragastric pressure/volume relationship in the normal human stomach.", "content": "Intragastric pressure/volume relationship was studied twice in 8 healthy volunteers. Basal pressure and rhythmic contractile activity in response to defined volume loads were recorded. Reproducibility and precision of the parameters were evaluated. It is concluded that recording of the intragastric pressure/volume relationship is a valuable method for the evaluation of gastric motility, and it is well suited for clinical application. It is harmless and easy to perfrom. The reproducibility of the method and the precision of the parameters used are satisfactory.", "contents": "Intragastric pressure/volume relationship in the normal human stomach. Intragastric pressure/volume relationship was studied twice in 8 healthy volunteers. Basal pressure and rhythmic contractile activity in response to defined volume loads were recorded. Reproducibility and precision of the parameters were evaluated. It is concluded that recording of the intragastric pressure/volume relationship is a valuable method for the evaluation of gastric motility, and it is well suited for clinical application. It is harmless and easy to perfrom. The reproducibility of the method and the precision of the parameters used are satisfactory.", "PMID": 1124346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8403", "title": "Vitamin B12 absorption in patients with continent ileostomy.", "content": "Vitamin B12 absorption was studied in 34 patients, 10 months to 6 years after construction of a continent ileostomy. Normal Schilling test values (greater than 10 percent) were obtained in 21 of the cases after a single determination. Repeated tests showed a normal B12 absorption in 8 of the 13 patients who had revealed a Schilling test value below 10 percent at the first determination. In the remaining 5 patients, repeated Schilling tests showed borderline values (5-10 percent) in 4 cases and a low value (mean 4.5 percent) in one case. One of the patients with borderline values had previously undergone resection of 80 cm of the terminal ileum. When vitamin B12-intrinsic factor complex was instilled directly into the reservoir in 3 patients, it was found that the vitamin was absorbed by the mucous membrane of the reservoir. The construction of a continent ileostomy reservoir thus does not appear to expose the patient to an increased risk of developing vitamin B12 malabsorption.", "contents": "Vitamin B12 absorption in patients with continent ileostomy. Vitamin B12 absorption was studied in 34 patients, 10 months to 6 years after construction of a continent ileostomy. Normal Schilling test values (greater than 10 percent) were obtained in 21 of the cases after a single determination. Repeated tests showed a normal B12 absorption in 8 of the 13 patients who had revealed a Schilling test value below 10 percent at the first determination. In the remaining 5 patients, repeated Schilling tests showed borderline values (5-10 percent) in 4 cases and a low value (mean 4.5 percent) in one case. One of the patients with borderline values had previously undergone resection of 80 cm of the terminal ileum. When vitamin B12-intrinsic factor complex was instilled directly into the reservoir in 3 patients, it was found that the vitamin was absorbed by the mucous membrane of the reservoir. The construction of a continent ileostomy reservoir thus does not appear to expose the patient to an increased risk of developing vitamin B12 malabsorption.", "PMID": 1124347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8404", "title": "Mucosal morphology, bacteriology, and absorption in intra-abdominal ileostomy reservoir.", "content": "Six patients who had undergone proctocolectomy and been provided with intra-abdominal ileostomy reservoirs were studied in intervals during the 24 postoperative months. The studies included the mucosal morphology, bacteriology, and the local absorption in the reservoir. The results showed that the mucous membrane of the terminal ileal segment used for construction of the reservoir underwent morphological changes characterized by an increased cell turnover and a shortening of the villi. These changes in morphological structure took place rather promptly after construction of the reservoir. No indications for a continuously progressing process could be found. The brushborder was intact and no cellular lesions were discovered. Soon after construction the reservoir was inhabited by a microbial flora which held an intermediate position between the flora of effluent from conventional ileostomies and normal faeces. The flora remained rather stable in the reservoir. In spite of the new microbial ecology and the morphological changes, the reservoir mucous membrane did retain absorptive capacity for D-xylose and phenylalanine.", "contents": "Mucosal morphology, bacteriology, and absorption in intra-abdominal ileostomy reservoir. Six patients who had undergone proctocolectomy and been provided with intra-abdominal ileostomy reservoirs were studied in intervals during the 24 postoperative months. The studies included the mucosal morphology, bacteriology, and the local absorption in the reservoir. The results showed that the mucous membrane of the terminal ileal segment used for construction of the reservoir underwent morphological changes characterized by an increased cell turnover and a shortening of the villi. These changes in morphological structure took place rather promptly after construction of the reservoir. No indications for a continuously progressing process could be found. The brushborder was intact and no cellular lesions were discovered. Soon after construction the reservoir was inhabited by a microbial flora which held an intermediate position between the flora of effluent from conventional ileostomies and normal faeces. The flora remained rather stable in the reservoir. In spite of the new microbial ecology and the morphological changes, the reservoir mucous membrane did retain absorptive capacity for D-xylose and phenylalanine.", "PMID": 1124348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8405", "title": "Effects of carbenoxolone sodium and of aspirin on gastric mucosal potential difference in normal subjects.", "content": "The fall in potential difference (p.d.) across the gastric mucosa induced by aspirin has been studied before and after administration of carbenoxolone sodium in normal subjects. The subjects received 300 mg of carbenoxolone sodium daily for 14 days. The mean percentage fall in p.d. measured 10 cm distal to the cardia was unchanged.", "contents": "Effects of carbenoxolone sodium and of aspirin on gastric mucosal potential difference in normal subjects. The fall in potential difference (p.d.) across the gastric mucosa induced by aspirin has been studied before and after administration of carbenoxolone sodium in normal subjects. The subjects received 300 mg of carbenoxolone sodium daily for 14 days. The mean percentage fall in p.d. measured 10 cm distal to the cardia was unchanged.", "PMID": 1124349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8406", "title": "Bone mineral after partial gastrectomy II.", "content": "The bone mineral content estimated by gamma ray attenuation method, serum calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase, and protein was examined in three types of patients with peptic ulcer. The bone mineral content in ulcer patients before surgery did not differ from that of the control series. In patients subjected to 1/3 gastric resection and Billroth I reconstruction with or without selective vagotomy 3.3-8.5 years previously, and in patients subjected to 2/3 gastric resection with Billroth II reconstruction 15-18 years earlier, the mineral density of bone was found to be lower than in a control series of matched age and sex. The mineral loss developed sooner in women than in men. Low serum calcium values were met most often in patients examined 3.3 to 8.5 years after surgery. The serum alkaline phosphatase level increased after surgery. However, there was no difference in bone mineral density in patient groups with low calcium or high alkaline phosphatase, compared with patients with normal values. In conclusion, gastric resection of 1/3 or 2/3 of the stomach, with or without vagotomy, using gastroduodenostomy or gastroenterostomy as the reconstruction, results in a lowering of bone mineral density. This decrease, however, was not found to have caused symptoms injurious to the health of patients examined in this study.", "contents": "Bone mineral after partial gastrectomy II. The bone mineral content estimated by gamma ray attenuation method, serum calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase, and protein was examined in three types of patients with peptic ulcer. The bone mineral content in ulcer patients before surgery did not differ from that of the control series. In patients subjected to 1/3 gastric resection and Billroth I reconstruction with or without selective vagotomy 3.3-8.5 years previously, and in patients subjected to 2/3 gastric resection with Billroth II reconstruction 15-18 years earlier, the mineral density of bone was found to be lower than in a control series of matched age and sex. The mineral loss developed sooner in women than in men. Low serum calcium values were met most often in patients examined 3.3 to 8.5 years after surgery. The serum alkaline phosphatase level increased after surgery. However, there was no difference in bone mineral density in patient groups with low calcium or high alkaline phosphatase, compared with patients with normal values. In conclusion, gastric resection of 1/3 or 2/3 of the stomach, with or without vagotomy, using gastroduodenostomy or gastroenterostomy as the reconstruction, results in a lowering of bone mineral density. This decrease, however, was not found to have caused symptoms injurious to the health of patients examined in this study.", "PMID": 1124350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8407", "title": "The trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen contents of the pancreas during acute experimental pancreatitis of the rat.", "content": "The trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen contents of the pancreas were examined during acute experimental pacreatitiis of the rat. The proenzymes were activated with enterokinase and the amounts of active proteases were estimated with BAPNA (N-alfa-benzoyl-DL-arginin-4-nitroanilid hydrochlorid, Fluka AG) and SUPHEPA (succinyl-L-phenylalanine-p-nitroanilide, Schwarz/Mann, Division of Becton) as the substrates. The activation of chymotrypsinogen was more rapid than the activation of trypsinogen; maximal activation occurred in 3 hours. Under similar circumstances the activation of trypsinogen required 17 hours. Both trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen content decreased significantly during the inflammation. In 8 hours the decline of trypsinogen content was 28.4 percent and that of chymotrypsinogen content 44.9 percent from the proenzyme content of the normal resting rat pancreas. This indicates that proenzymes and/or active proteases are liberated during the course of pancreatitis. No correlation was found between the trypsinogen and the chymotrypsinogen content of the normal pancreas, but during pancreatitis the proenzyme contents correlated clearly. The correlation during inflammation possibly reflects the amount of the viable pancreatic tissue and the rate of synthesis.", "contents": "The trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen contents of the pancreas during acute experimental pancreatitis of the rat. The trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen contents of the pancreas were examined during acute experimental pacreatitiis of the rat. The proenzymes were activated with enterokinase and the amounts of active proteases were estimated with BAPNA (N-alfa-benzoyl-DL-arginin-4-nitroanilid hydrochlorid, Fluka AG) and SUPHEPA (succinyl-L-phenylalanine-p-nitroanilide, Schwarz/Mann, Division of Becton) as the substrates. The activation of chymotrypsinogen was more rapid than the activation of trypsinogen; maximal activation occurred in 3 hours. Under similar circumstances the activation of trypsinogen required 17 hours. Both trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen content decreased significantly during the inflammation. In 8 hours the decline of trypsinogen content was 28.4 percent and that of chymotrypsinogen content 44.9 percent from the proenzyme content of the normal resting rat pancreas. This indicates that proenzymes and/or active proteases are liberated during the course of pancreatitis. No correlation was found between the trypsinogen and the chymotrypsinogen content of the normal pancreas, but during pancreatitis the proenzyme contents correlated clearly. The correlation during inflammation possibly reflects the amount of the viable pancreatic tissue and the rate of synthesis.", "PMID": 1124351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8408", "title": "A histological study of gastric mucosa before and after proximal gastric vagotomy in duodenal ulcer patients.", "content": "In 29 patients with duodenal ulcer, suction biopsies were obtained from the body of the stomach within 2 weeks before and 3 and 12 months after proximal gastric vagotomy (PGV). Only those with a negative insulin test were included in the study. Three months after PGV basal and pentagastrin-stimulated acid secretion was reduced by 82 and 64 percent of preoperative values, respectively. Twelve months after the operation the corresponding figures were 63 and 56 percent. There was a similar acid reduction in patients with or without gastritis. The number of patients with atrophic gastritis increased from 3 before the operation to 11 3 months after PGV (p smaller than 0.01). There was no further increase from 3 to 12 months postoperatively. The average thickness of gastric mucosa and the mean number of parietal cells per unit area before PGV did not show any significant change 3 months and 1 year after the operation. There was a significant correlation between the number of parietal cells per unit area and maximal acid output before (p smaller than0.01) but not after PGV. Acid output per parietal cell was higher before PGV, suggesting that the decrease in gastric secretion after PGV cannot be attributed to the development of gastritis or reduction of parietal cell number.", "contents": "A histological study of gastric mucosa before and after proximal gastric vagotomy in duodenal ulcer patients. In 29 patients with duodenal ulcer, suction biopsies were obtained from the body of the stomach within 2 weeks before and 3 and 12 months after proximal gastric vagotomy (PGV). Only those with a negative insulin test were included in the study. Three months after PGV basal and pentagastrin-stimulated acid secretion was reduced by 82 and 64 percent of preoperative values, respectively. Twelve months after the operation the corresponding figures were 63 and 56 percent. There was a similar acid reduction in patients with or without gastritis. The number of patients with atrophic gastritis increased from 3 before the operation to 11 3 months after PGV (p smaller than 0.01). There was no further increase from 3 to 12 months postoperatively. The average thickness of gastric mucosa and the mean number of parietal cells per unit area before PGV did not show any significant change 3 months and 1 year after the operation. There was a significant correlation between the number of parietal cells per unit area and maximal acid output before (p smaller than0.01) but not after PGV. Acid output per parietal cell was higher before PGV, suggesting that the decrease in gastric secretion after PGV cannot be attributed to the development of gastritis or reduction of parietal cell number.", "PMID": 1124352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8409", "title": "Serum gastrin response to food stimulation and gastric acid secretion in male patients with duodenal ulcer.", "content": "A test meal was given to 9 male controls and 9 male patients with duodenal ulcer. The serum gastrin concentrations were determined by radioimmunoassay, and gastric secretion of acid was determined before and after stimulation with 6 mug pentagastrin per kg body weight given subcutaneously. The pattern of gastrin response was found to be biphasic, with an early maximum of the first peak in the patients versus a monophasic response with a maximum in the second hour in the controls. Fasting serum gastrin levels were positively correlated to the basal acid outputs (BAO) in the patients but not in the controls. The mean quotient BAO/Fasting serum gastrin concentration was highest in the patient group, but the quotient of \"maximal\" acid output (MAO)-BAO/\"integrated gastrin response\" was equal in the two groups.", "contents": "Serum gastrin response to food stimulation and gastric acid secretion in male patients with duodenal ulcer. A test meal was given to 9 male controls and 9 male patients with duodenal ulcer. The serum gastrin concentrations were determined by radioimmunoassay, and gastric secretion of acid was determined before and after stimulation with 6 mug pentagastrin per kg body weight given subcutaneously. The pattern of gastrin response was found to be biphasic, with an early maximum of the first peak in the patients versus a monophasic response with a maximum in the second hour in the controls. Fasting serum gastrin levels were positively correlated to the basal acid outputs (BAO) in the patients but not in the controls. The mean quotient BAO/Fasting serum gastrin concentration was highest in the patient group, but the quotient of \"maximal\" acid output (MAO)-BAO/\"integrated gastrin response\" was equal in the two groups.", "PMID": 1124353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8410", "title": "Gastroscopy with directed biopsy and routine x-ray examination in the diagnosis of malignancies of the stomach. A retrospective study.", "content": "The examinations were performed in 418 patients with malignancy or an ulcer of the stomach. In all cases the Cancer Registry of Norway was asked for the final diagnosis and date of death. The diagnosis of malignancy was based on histology on operated or autopsy specimens, and the surviving cases were re-examined by answering a questionnaire. At the time of the primary examination a total of 103 cases of malignancies were found, of whom 41 were women. 84 patients had not been operated on previously. Among these 7 cases of early carcinoma were found. In 19 patients a partial gastrectomy had been performed. A false diagnosis of benign lesion was given on biopsy in 2 per cent, by gastroscopy in 8, and by X-ray examination in 31 per cent. A definite diagnosis of malignancy was made correctly by the same procedures in 95, 53 and 16 per cent, respectively. After 30 months of observation 16 cases of malignant lesions were reported among the patients (315) who had an ulcer of the stomach with benign histology on directed biopsy at the primary examination. A false benign diagnosis had been made in 33 per cent of 119 with malignancy by X-ray examination, in 10 per cent by gastroscopy, and in 15 per cent by histology on biopsy. The corresponding percentages in the total material of cases with benign and malignant lesions were 10.2, 2.9, and 4.3, respectively. In cases with previous partial gastrectomy, and in those with early cancers much higher rates of false negative diagnosis of malignancy has so far been suggested in 12 per cent of cases with benign ulcers, a gastroscopical diagnosis has been suggested in 22 per cent, and a bioptical in none. A combination of diagnostic procedures provided a correct diagnosis of malignancy in 118 out of 119 patients.", "contents": "Gastroscopy with directed biopsy and routine x-ray examination in the diagnosis of malignancies of the stomach. A retrospective study. The examinations were performed in 418 patients with malignancy or an ulcer of the stomach. In all cases the Cancer Registry of Norway was asked for the final diagnosis and date of death. The diagnosis of malignancy was based on histology on operated or autopsy specimens, and the surviving cases were re-examined by answering a questionnaire. At the time of the primary examination a total of 103 cases of malignancies were found, of whom 41 were women. 84 patients had not been operated on previously. Among these 7 cases of early carcinoma were found. In 19 patients a partial gastrectomy had been performed. A false diagnosis of benign lesion was given on biopsy in 2 per cent, by gastroscopy in 8, and by X-ray examination in 31 per cent. A definite diagnosis of malignancy was made correctly by the same procedures in 95, 53 and 16 per cent, respectively. After 30 months of observation 16 cases of malignant lesions were reported among the patients (315) who had an ulcer of the stomach with benign histology on directed biopsy at the primary examination. A false benign diagnosis had been made in 33 per cent of 119 with malignancy by X-ray examination, in 10 per cent by gastroscopy, and in 15 per cent by histology on biopsy. The corresponding percentages in the total material of cases with benign and malignant lesions were 10.2, 2.9, and 4.3, respectively. In cases with previous partial gastrectomy, and in those with early cancers much higher rates of false negative diagnosis of malignancy has so far been suggested in 12 per cent of cases with benign ulcers, a gastroscopical diagnosis has been suggested in 22 per cent, and a bioptical in none. A combination of diagnostic procedures provided a correct diagnosis of malignancy in 118 out of 119 patients.", "PMID": 1124354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8411", "title": "The combined effect of pentagastrin and magnesium on gastric acid secretion in man.", "content": "The mechanism by which magnesium acts on gastric acid secretion is obscure. It has been demonstrated that magnesium inhibits basal as well as hypercalcemic-induced acid secretion. It has furthermore been shown that magnesium does not interfere with gastrin release. It is not, however, known if magnesium acts as an antagonist to gastrin. To elucidate this the combined effect of pentagastrin (0.5 mug/kg-hr) and magnesium sulphate (0.4 meq Mg++/kg-hr) was studied in 10 healthy subjects. The secretory plateau obtained during pentagastrin infusion was unchanged during the combined infusion of pentagastrin and magnesium. This applies to volume secretion, acidity as well as acid output.", "contents": "The combined effect of pentagastrin and magnesium on gastric acid secretion in man. The mechanism by which magnesium acts on gastric acid secretion is obscure. It has been demonstrated that magnesium inhibits basal as well as hypercalcemic-induced acid secretion. It has furthermore been shown that magnesium does not interfere with gastrin release. It is not, however, known if magnesium acts as an antagonist to gastrin. To elucidate this the combined effect of pentagastrin (0.5 mug/kg-hr) and magnesium sulphate (0.4 meq Mg++/kg-hr) was studied in 10 healthy subjects. The secretory plateau obtained during pentagastrin infusion was unchanged during the combined infusion of pentagastrin and magnesium. This applies to volume secretion, acidity as well as acid output.", "PMID": 1124355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8412", "title": "A modified fecal excretion test for assaying intestinal absorption of 3H-folic acid.", "content": "A method for determination of the intestinal absorption of folic acid is described. It is based on the principle of double tracer technique in assay of fecal samples using gas proportional counting for 3H determinations. As the procedure is simple, reliable, and inexpensive, it is considered to be of value for laboratories without advanced equipment for radiochemical assay.", "contents": "A modified fecal excretion test for assaying intestinal absorption of 3H-folic acid. A method for determination of the intestinal absorption of folic acid is described. It is based on the principle of double tracer technique in assay of fecal samples using gas proportional counting for 3H determinations. As the procedure is simple, reliable, and inexpensive, it is considered to be of value for laboratories without advanced equipment for radiochemical assay.", "PMID": 1124356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8413", "title": "The small intestinal disaccharidase activity in ulcerative colitis.", "content": "In 12 patients suffering from ulcerative colitis the small-intestinal disaccharidase activity has been determined during an acute exacerbation of the disease as well as after remission. The lactase activity was significantly lower during the acute stage. No case of transitoric lactose malabsorption was found.", "contents": "The small intestinal disaccharidase activity in ulcerative colitis. In 12 patients suffering from ulcerative colitis the small-intestinal disaccharidase activity has been determined during an acute exacerbation of the disease as well as after remission. The lactase activity was significantly lower during the acute stage. No case of transitoric lactose malabsorption was found.", "PMID": 1124357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8414", "title": "Survival of patients with untreated liver metastases from colorectal cancer.", "content": "In 105 patients with colorectal cancer, liver metastases were found at extirpation of the primary tumor. The spontaneous survival was a median of 10 months. The intraoperative clinical diagnosis of liver metastases was subsequently confirmed by autopsy in 77 patients, was uncertain in 26, and was proved wrong in two at subsequent celiotomy. The accumulative experience shows that the median survivals range from 6 to 12 months, which is considerably better than in unselected series of liver metastases.", "contents": "Survival of patients with untreated liver metastases from colorectal cancer. In 105 patients with colorectal cancer, liver metastases were found at extirpation of the primary tumor. The spontaneous survival was a median of 10 months. The intraoperative clinical diagnosis of liver metastases was subsequently confirmed by autopsy in 77 patients, was uncertain in 26, and was proved wrong in two at subsequent celiotomy. The accumulative experience shows that the median survivals range from 6 to 12 months, which is considerably better than in unselected series of liver metastases.", "PMID": 1124358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8415", "title": "[Single-needle hemodialysis].", "content": "In 10 patients on chronic dialysis a new hemodialysis technique, in which the extracorporeal and patient circulations are connected by controlled bloodflow reversal using a single cannula, has been compared with the conventional two-needle method. For two control periods (two-needle dialysis) and an intermediate test period (one-needle dialysis) involving 12 hemodialyses in each case, clinical, biochemical and hematolgic values and extracorporeal hemodynamic findings were studied. During the one-needle dialysis period the incidence of dialyzer membrane ruptures or muscular cramps, body weight, blood pressure, neurologic status, serum electrolytes and uric acid, and hemolysis rates, remained unchanged. There was however a diminution of dialysis effectiveness due to a significant bloodflow reduction of 26 percent (p less than 0.001) and extracorporeal blood recirculation of 6-54 percent. Correspondingly, there was a slight rise in the pre- and post-dialysis values for serum creatinine and urea nitrogen (p less than 0.0125). The observed reduction in effectiveness with one-needle dialysis can presumably be compensated by the use of systems with low recirculation and a correspondingly longer dialysis time. If these conditions are fulfilled, one-needle dialysis is a technically acceptable procedure which is comparatively easy to carry out and involves markedly less discomfort for the patient than the conventional two-needle method.", "contents": "[Single-needle hemodialysis]. In 10 patients on chronic dialysis a new hemodialysis technique, in which the extracorporeal and patient circulations are connected by controlled bloodflow reversal using a single cannula, has been compared with the conventional two-needle method. For two control periods (two-needle dialysis) and an intermediate test period (one-needle dialysis) involving 12 hemodialyses in each case, clinical, biochemical and hematolgic values and extracorporeal hemodynamic findings were studied. During the one-needle dialysis period the incidence of dialyzer membrane ruptures or muscular cramps, body weight, blood pressure, neurologic status, serum electrolytes and uric acid, and hemolysis rates, remained unchanged. There was however a diminution of dialysis effectiveness due to a significant bloodflow reduction of 26 percent (p less than 0.001) and extracorporeal blood recirculation of 6-54 percent. Correspondingly, there was a slight rise in the pre- and post-dialysis values for serum creatinine and urea nitrogen (p less than 0.0125). The observed reduction in effectiveness with one-needle dialysis can presumably be compensated by the use of systems with low recirculation and a correspondingly longer dialysis time. If these conditions are fulfilled, one-needle dialysis is a technically acceptable procedure which is comparatively easy to carry out and involves markedly less discomfort for the patient than the conventional two-needle method.", "PMID": 1124359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8416", "title": "[Factors of arterial and renal complications in diabetes].", "content": "In a population of 744 diabetics composed mainly of elderly female patients, 172 developed hypertension after the onset of diabetes. Compared to normotensive diabetics, they had an increased prevalence of diabetic retinopathy (p less than 0.001), cerebral accidents, ischemic disorders of the lower limbs and a decreased glomerular filtration rate (p less than 0.05); they are frequently insulin-dependent and difficult to manage. In 173 other indivuals the diabetes emerged several years after the hypertension. This group was characterized by relatively easily controlled blood sugar and increased prevalence of angina and myocardial infarction (p less than 0.001). The association of hypercholesteremia with hypertension increases the risk of coronary disease (p less than 0.02) and, to a lesser degree, of glomerular insufficiency. The prevalence of coronary symptoms increases with obesity (p less than 0.05) while retinopathy increases with insulin dependence (p less than 0.001). From this information it may be concluded that the importance of various risk factors in the diabetic chiefly varies according to the vascular territory involved: cerebral vascular accidents occur mainly in hypertensives, while the presence of retinopathies, proteinuria and peripheral ischemia is directly related to the diabetes and particularly to insulin dependence. The risk of coronary lesions increases considerably when hypertension is added to the diabetes, with an even greater risk in the case of a diabetic, hypertensive, hypercholesterolemic nexus.", "contents": "[Factors of arterial and renal complications in diabetes]. In a population of 744 diabetics composed mainly of elderly female patients, 172 developed hypertension after the onset of diabetes. Compared to normotensive diabetics, they had an increased prevalence of diabetic retinopathy (p less than 0.001), cerebral accidents, ischemic disorders of the lower limbs and a decreased glomerular filtration rate (p less than 0.05); they are frequently insulin-dependent and difficult to manage. In 173 other indivuals the diabetes emerged several years after the hypertension. This group was characterized by relatively easily controlled blood sugar and increased prevalence of angina and myocardial infarction (p less than 0.001). The association of hypercholesteremia with hypertension increases the risk of coronary disease (p less than 0.02) and, to a lesser degree, of glomerular insufficiency. The prevalence of coronary symptoms increases with obesity (p less than 0.05) while retinopathy increases with insulin dependence (p less than 0.001). From this information it may be concluded that the importance of various risk factors in the diabetic chiefly varies according to the vascular territory involved: cerebral vascular accidents occur mainly in hypertensives, while the presence of retinopathies, proteinuria and peripheral ischemia is directly related to the diabetes and particularly to insulin dependence. The risk of coronary lesions increases considerably when hypertension is added to the diabetes, with an even greater risk in the case of a diabetic, hypertensive, hypercholesterolemic nexus.", "PMID": 1124360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8417", "title": "[Detection of thyreogenic osteopathy with the aid of the modern photon absorption technic].", "content": "163 male and female patients with confirmed metabolic status of the thyroid have been investigated with the aid of the 125-J photon absorption technique (\"Bone Analyzer\"). In the normothyroid group pathologically low values were found in 14.6 percent of cases. Findings which fell below a standard deviation of the normal range were regarded as pathologic. In 42 male and female patients with confirmed thyroid hyperfunction and decompensated autonomous adenomas, mineral content measurements in the radius revealed pathological values in 28.5 percent.", "contents": "[Detection of thyreogenic osteopathy with the aid of the modern photon absorption technic]. 163 male and female patients with confirmed metabolic status of the thyroid have been investigated with the aid of the 125-J photon absorption technique (\"Bone Analyzer\"). In the normothyroid group pathologically low values were found in 14.6 percent of cases. Findings which fell below a standard deviation of the normal range were regarded as pathologic. In 42 male and female patients with confirmed thyroid hyperfunction and decompensated autonomous adenomas, mineral content measurements in the radius revealed pathological values in 28.5 percent.", "PMID": 1124361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8418", "title": "[Abnormal absence of displacement of the cerebral median line].", "content": "The angiographic cerebral midline is described. It is pointed out that the midline may be abnormally undisplaced despite the presence of a unilateral or bilateral expansive lesion. The causes of such abnormal non-displacement of the midline are reviewed in the light of examples, and the importance is stressed of bilateral carotid angiograms, sometimes with oblique series, in the case of head injuries and certain tumors.", "contents": "[Abnormal absence of displacement of the cerebral median line]. The angiographic cerebral midline is described. It is pointed out that the midline may be abnormally undisplaced despite the presence of a unilateral or bilateral expansive lesion. The causes of such abnormal non-displacement of the midline are reviewed in the light of examples, and the importance is stressed of bilateral carotid angiograms, sometimes with oblique series, in the case of head injuries and certain tumors.", "PMID": 1124362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8419", "title": "[Pulmonary echinococcus cysticus].", "content": "A 23-year-old Spanish male presenting with hemoptysis, fever and radiologic signs of lung tumor was found to have hydatid disease of the lung with rupture into the bronchial system. Diagnosis was possible only by demonstration of scoleces in the sputum. The cyst was totally enucleated by surgery. The epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment of this quite rare disease are briefly reviewed with special reference to immunology, radiology and cytology.", "contents": "[Pulmonary echinococcus cysticus]. A 23-year-old Spanish male presenting with hemoptysis, fever and radiologic signs of lung tumor was found to have hydatid disease of the lung with rupture into the bronchial system. Diagnosis was possible only by demonstration of scoleces in the sputum. The cyst was totally enucleated by surgery. The epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment of this quite rare disease are briefly reviewed with special reference to immunology, radiology and cytology.", "PMID": 1124363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8420", "title": "[The radiofibrinogen test in differential diagnosis of fresh deep venous thrombosis].", "content": "The radio-fibrinogen test is a simple and sensitive method for diagnosing deep vein thrombosis. Intravenously administered radioactive labelled fibrinogen is incorporated as radioactive fibrin in freshly developing thrombi, and such labelled thrombi may be detected on the body surface with nuclear medical equipment. Homologous iodine 125 labelled fibrinogen is chiefly used since it is known not to transmit viral hepatitis. The weak gamma emittor 125-I allows the use of a portable scintillation detector rate meter with an easily moved measuring device. This bedside method does not involve discomfort for the patient. The correlation between ascending phlebography and the radioactive fibrinogen test is more than 90 percent. The radiofibrinogen test may be used to study thromboembolic diseases, to evaluate drugs for prevention of thromboembolic complications and to confirm clinically suspected fresh deep vein thrombi. Details of the method as used in several thousand measurements are given.", "contents": "[The radiofibrinogen test in differential diagnosis of fresh deep venous thrombosis]. The radio-fibrinogen test is a simple and sensitive method for diagnosing deep vein thrombosis. Intravenously administered radioactive labelled fibrinogen is incorporated as radioactive fibrin in freshly developing thrombi, and such labelled thrombi may be detected on the body surface with nuclear medical equipment. Homologous iodine 125 labelled fibrinogen is chiefly used since it is known not to transmit viral hepatitis. The weak gamma emittor 125-I allows the use of a portable scintillation detector rate meter with an easily moved measuring device. This bedside method does not involve discomfort for the patient. The correlation between ascending phlebography and the radioactive fibrinogen test is more than 90 percent. The radiofibrinogen test may be used to study thromboembolic diseases, to evaluate drugs for prevention of thromboembolic complications and to confirm clinically suspected fresh deep vein thrombi. Details of the method as used in several thousand measurements are given.", "PMID": 1124365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8421", "title": "[Renal venous thrombosis in the adult].", "content": "Eleven cases of renal vein thrombosis (RVT) are reported, 9 of which presented with nephrotic syndrome (NS) and 2 with acute renal failure (ARF). Hematuria, enlarged kidneys, assymetric peripheral edema and collateral vein dilatations were the classic symptoms. Phlebography was employed in 101 suspected cases and permitted definitive diagnosis in 11 percent. Phlebography was performed in 13 percent of the NS cases and 11 percent of the ARF cases, but in none of the other cases. Fifteen kidney biopsies (KB) were performed in 8 patients, 6 with NS and 2 with ARF. In the 6 cases of NS, 4 presented a pattern of membranous glomerulonephritis and 2 had mild thickening of the basement membrane. This was confirmed by electromicroscopy in 5. In the 2 with ARF capillary dilatations, polynuclear infiltrates and interstitial edema was found. Repetitive KB, performed in 3 cases, revealed the same histological pattern in 2, while in the other case granular membranous deposits were found on the second biopsy that were not apparent in the first. This last patient was free from clinical manifestations at the time of this last biopsy. Immunofluorescent studies (iF) were performed on 7 KB of 5 patients, 4 with NS and 1 with ARF. Three of the 4 with NS presented a pattern of membranous deposits. On i.F one patient was found to have IgG and C3 deposits, one IgG and fibrinogen and one no detectable IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, C3 or fibrinogen. The fourth with minimal histological changes was also negative for i.F, as was the case of ARF. Sequential treatment by heparin and antivitamin K was administered in 8 patients. Recovery occurred in 3 and stabilization in 4, while in 1 case this treatment was without effect.", "contents": "[Renal venous thrombosis in the adult]. Eleven cases of renal vein thrombosis (RVT) are reported, 9 of which presented with nephrotic syndrome (NS) and 2 with acute renal failure (ARF). Hematuria, enlarged kidneys, assymetric peripheral edema and collateral vein dilatations were the classic symptoms. Phlebography was employed in 101 suspected cases and permitted definitive diagnosis in 11 percent. Phlebography was performed in 13 percent of the NS cases and 11 percent of the ARF cases, but in none of the other cases. Fifteen kidney biopsies (KB) were performed in 8 patients, 6 with NS and 2 with ARF. In the 6 cases of NS, 4 presented a pattern of membranous glomerulonephritis and 2 had mild thickening of the basement membrane. This was confirmed by electromicroscopy in 5. In the 2 with ARF capillary dilatations, polynuclear infiltrates and interstitial edema was found. Repetitive KB, performed in 3 cases, revealed the same histological pattern in 2, while in the other case granular membranous deposits were found on the second biopsy that were not apparent in the first. This last patient was free from clinical manifestations at the time of this last biopsy. Immunofluorescent studies (iF) were performed on 7 KB of 5 patients, 4 with NS and 1 with ARF. Three of the 4 with NS presented a pattern of membranous deposits. On i.F one patient was found to have IgG and C3 deposits, one IgG and fibrinogen and one no detectable IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, C3 or fibrinogen. The fourth with minimal histological changes was also negative for i.F, as was the case of ARF. Sequential treatment by heparin and antivitamin K was administered in 8 patients. Recovery occurred in 3 and stabilization in 4, while in 1 case this treatment was without effect.", "PMID": 1124366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8422", "title": "[Renal insufficiency in tuberous sclerosis (Bourneville disease)].", "content": "A case of tuberous sclerosis in a 29-year-old female is reported. Over a period of 7 years renal failure had developed, with recurrent renal bleeding. The patient had therefore to be nephrectomized and is awaiting kidney transplant. The involvement of other organs and the longterm course of the disease are discussed in the light of the literature. The question whether kidney transplantation should be performed is considered.", "contents": "[Renal insufficiency in tuberous sclerosis (Bourneville disease)]. A case of tuberous sclerosis in a 29-year-old female is reported. Over a period of 7 years renal failure had developed, with recurrent renal bleeding. The patient had therefore to be nephrectomized and is awaiting kidney transplant. The involvement of other organs and the longterm course of the disease are discussed in the light of the literature. The question whether kidney transplantation should be performed is considered.", "PMID": 1124367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8423", "title": "[Conjugation of chenodeoxycholic acid and cholic acid during passage through liver].", "content": "Both chenodeoxycholic acid, in the dosage administered for dissolution of gallstones, and cholic acid are completely conjugated during one passage through the liver. The glycine:taurine ratio increases with the cumulative amount of exogenous bile acids secreted, which suggests consumption of available taurine. Since conjugation with glycine compensates for deficiency of the taurine conjugating system, it can be assumed that in the normal liver and with doses not exceeding 2.5 mmoles, chenodeoxycholic acid is efficiently and completely transformed into its \"physiologic\" conjugated form.", "contents": "[Conjugation of chenodeoxycholic acid and cholic acid during passage through liver]. Both chenodeoxycholic acid, in the dosage administered for dissolution of gallstones, and cholic acid are completely conjugated during one passage through the liver. The glycine:taurine ratio increases with the cumulative amount of exogenous bile acids secreted, which suggests consumption of available taurine. Since conjugation with glycine compensates for deficiency of the taurine conjugating system, it can be assumed that in the normal liver and with doses not exceeding 2.5 mmoles, chenodeoxycholic acid is efficiently and completely transformed into its \"physiologic\" conjugated form.", "PMID": 1124368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8424", "title": "[Physiological proteinuria. Data of acrylamide-SDS gel electrophoresis and other methods of qualitative and quantitative analysis].", "content": "Since detection of the first stage of nephropathies requires an exact definition of physiological proteinuria, this has been sought in 97 healthy individuals. Measured by a modification of the biuret reaction, physiological proteinuria did not exceed 100 mug/min in the recumbent position (average of 24.5 mug/min) and 150 mg/24 h (average of 51 mg/24 h). No significant differences were seen with respect to age or sex. Qualitative analysis of urinary proteins was done by cellulose acetate electrophoresis, immunoelectrophoresis and polyacrylamide-SDS electrophoresis. This latter method has the great advantage of classifying the proteins according to their molecular weight, wtihout electrostatic interference. Its graphic representation delineates a normal zone allowing an objective distinction between physiological and pathological proteinurias. In the majority of cases, the proportion of albumin is between 25 and 55%. The orthostatic position increases proteinuria (average of 41 mug/min) with a tendency to a distribution which erroneously suggests a glomerulopathy. Accordingly, investigation for small changes in proteinuria should always be carried out on urine formed in the recumbent position.", "contents": "[Physiological proteinuria. Data of acrylamide-SDS gel electrophoresis and other methods of qualitative and quantitative analysis]. Since detection of the first stage of nephropathies requires an exact definition of physiological proteinuria, this has been sought in 97 healthy individuals. Measured by a modification of the biuret reaction, physiological proteinuria did not exceed 100 mug/min in the recumbent position (average of 24.5 mug/min) and 150 mg/24 h (average of 51 mg/24 h). No significant differences were seen with respect to age or sex. Qualitative analysis of urinary proteins was done by cellulose acetate electrophoresis, immunoelectrophoresis and polyacrylamide-SDS electrophoresis. This latter method has the great advantage of classifying the proteins according to their molecular weight, wtihout electrostatic interference. Its graphic representation delineates a normal zone allowing an objective distinction between physiological and pathological proteinurias. In the majority of cases, the proportion of albumin is between 25 and 55%. The orthostatic position increases proteinuria (average of 41 mug/min) with a tendency to a distribution which erroneously suggests a glomerulopathy. Accordingly, investigation for small changes in proteinuria should always be carried out on urine formed in the recumbent position.", "PMID": 1124369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8425", "title": "[The Hollander test: an unsuitable method aimed at judging success following selective proximal vagotomy].", "content": "In a prospective, randomized study, proximal selective vagotomy with or without pyloroplasty was used as the exclusive procedure for elective treatment of duodenal ulcer without pyloric stenosis in man. Three months postoperatively 32 out of the first 35 patients exhibited incomplete vagotomy assessed by the 2-deoxy-D-glucose test. This incomplete vagal denervation of the parietal cell mass is due mainly to the principle of proximal selective vagotomy. In order to maintain the motility of the gastric antrum the denervation should be halted at a distance of 7 cm from the pylorus.", "contents": "[The Hollander test: an unsuitable method aimed at judging success following selective proximal vagotomy]. In a prospective, randomized study, proximal selective vagotomy with or without pyloroplasty was used as the exclusive procedure for elective treatment of duodenal ulcer without pyloric stenosis in man. Three months postoperatively 32 out of the first 35 patients exhibited incomplete vagotomy assessed by the 2-deoxy-D-glucose test. This incomplete vagal denervation of the parietal cell mass is due mainly to the principle of proximal selective vagotomy. In order to maintain the motility of the gastric antrum the denervation should be halted at a distance of 7 cm from the pylorus.", "PMID": 1124370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8426", "title": "[Study of endemic nephropathies].", "content": "Clinical and microscopic investigations in the kidneys of patients with endemic nephropathy have revealed alterations in the epithelial cells of glomeruli and in the epthelium of nephron segments, and thickening of the basal membranes. These changes have been studied from the viewpoint of distrubances in filtration and reabsorption, and indicate that the primary alterations occur in the glomeruli, i.e. the nephrons, of the patients observed.", "contents": "[Study of endemic nephropathies]. Clinical and microscopic investigations in the kidneys of patients with endemic nephropathy have revealed alterations in the epithelial cells of glomeruli and in the epthelium of nephron segments, and thickening of the basal membranes. These changes have been studied from the viewpoint of distrubances in filtration and reabsorption, and indicate that the primary alterations occur in the glomeruli, i.e. the nephrons, of the patients observed.", "PMID": 1124371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8427", "title": "[Psychodiagnostic factors of indication for abortion].", "content": "The psychodiagnostic indication for abortion was investigated by means of the MMPI in 251 women with unwanted pregnancy. The results showed: 1. that, independently of the MMPI, positive indications exhibited more obvious psychopathological distrubance than the negative indications; 2. that women with negative indications where in some ways psychologically different from women with wanted pregnancy; 3. that after abortion women with positive indication no longer differed from a group of women with wanted pregnancy, so that the former could be identified as psychologically well adjusted; and 4. comparison between women with unwanted pregnancy and a group of neurotic women showed that both groups are phenomenologically very similar although women with unwanted pregnancy should be diagnosed as \"reactive\". The results are presented without comment as a basis for the medical and political debate now in progress.", "contents": "[Psychodiagnostic factors of indication for abortion]. The psychodiagnostic indication for abortion was investigated by means of the MMPI in 251 women with unwanted pregnancy. The results showed: 1. that, independently of the MMPI, positive indications exhibited more obvious psychopathological distrubance than the negative indications; 2. that women with negative indications where in some ways psychologically different from women with wanted pregnancy; 3. that after abortion women with positive indication no longer differed from a group of women with wanted pregnancy, so that the former could be identified as psychologically well adjusted; and 4. comparison between women with unwanted pregnancy and a group of neurotic women showed that both groups are phenomenologically very similar although women with unwanted pregnancy should be diagnosed as \"reactive\". The results are presented without comment as a basis for the medical and political debate now in progress.", "PMID": 1124372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8428", "title": "[Mode of action and indication for appetite depressants in the treatment of obesity].", "content": "After a brief introductory discussion of methods generally used in the treatment of overweight (dieting; fasting; behavioral therapy; physical activity), the pharmacology of anorexigenic drugs and the considerations governing their clinical use and indications are discussed. All currently available anorexigens exert their action through nor-adrenergic stimulation at receptor sites located in the hypothalamus (amphetamine and ephedrine derivatives) or in the limbic system (Mazindol). In view of the CNS-stimulatory effect of these agents, drug addiction must be considered a potential hazard of their prolonged use. Since any drug treatment of obesity interferes with the patient's motivation to subject himself to the prolonged and possibly life-long changes in his eating habits and exertional behavior which are mandatory for the achievement of long-term therapeutic success, the use of drugs is rarely indicated in the treatment of obesity and should remain the exception. In view of their additional potential to induce drug addiction, this is particularly true of appetite suppressants.", "contents": "[Mode of action and indication for appetite depressants in the treatment of obesity]. After a brief introductory discussion of methods generally used in the treatment of overweight (dieting; fasting; behavioral therapy; physical activity), the pharmacology of anorexigenic drugs and the considerations governing their clinical use and indications are discussed. All currently available anorexigens exert their action through nor-adrenergic stimulation at receptor sites located in the hypothalamus (amphetamine and ephedrine derivatives) or in the limbic system (Mazindol). In view of the CNS-stimulatory effect of these agents, drug addiction must be considered a potential hazard of their prolonged use. Since any drug treatment of obesity interferes with the patient's motivation to subject himself to the prolonged and possibly life-long changes in his eating habits and exertional behavior which are mandatory for the achievement of long-term therapeutic success, the use of drugs is rarely indicated in the treatment of obesity and should remain the exception. In view of their additional potential to induce drug addiction, this is particularly true of appetite suppressants.", "PMID": 1124373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8429", "title": "[Osteoporosis and osteomalacia].", "content": "The pathogenesis, clinical course and treatment of senile-postmenopausal osteoporosis are reviewed. It is likely that several factors, including genetic and racial determinants as well as nutritional calcium and/or vitamin D deficiency in the elderly play a pathogenic role. Available data are consistent with the possibility that the primary alteration of bone metabolism in senile-postmenopausal osteoporosis may be a decrease in de-novo bone formation below the level necessary to compensate for age-related bone loss. The second part of the study deals with the osteomalacia syndrome. The most common known causes of osteomalacia are vitamin D deficiency, especially secondary to malabsorption, and a defective vitamin D metabolism associated with chronic renal insufficiency or prolonged anticonvulsant therapy. The hypophosphatemic forms of osteomalacia may be induced by renal tubular dysfunction or by phosphate deficiency of other origin; in these disorders a pathogenic role of altered vitamin D metabolism has not yet been established.", "contents": "[Osteoporosis and osteomalacia]. The pathogenesis, clinical course and treatment of senile-postmenopausal osteoporosis are reviewed. It is likely that several factors, including genetic and racial determinants as well as nutritional calcium and/or vitamin D deficiency in the elderly play a pathogenic role. Available data are consistent with the possibility that the primary alteration of bone metabolism in senile-postmenopausal osteoporosis may be a decrease in de-novo bone formation below the level necessary to compensate for age-related bone loss. The second part of the study deals with the osteomalacia syndrome. The most common known causes of osteomalacia are vitamin D deficiency, especially secondary to malabsorption, and a defective vitamin D metabolism associated with chronic renal insufficiency or prolonged anticonvulsant therapy. The hypophosphatemic forms of osteomalacia may be induced by renal tubular dysfunction or by phosphate deficiency of other origin; in these disorders a pathogenic role of altered vitamin D metabolism has not yet been established.", "PMID": 1124374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8430", "title": "[The diagnosis of hyperparathyroidism and hypoparathyroidism].", "content": "Some recent pathophysiologic, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of hyper- and hypoparathyroidism are reviewed. Three clinical forms of hyperparathyroidism can be distinguished: one with symptoms essentially affecting the skeleton, a second with renal symptoms and a third with scant and sometimes atypical symptoms. The most reliable laboratory criteria for diagnosis of hyperparathyroidism are serum levels of calcium and immunoreactive parathormone. Some authors believe that with a combination of these two parameters a diagnosis is possible in almost all cases. Other determinations such as serum phosphorus and 24-h urinary calcium, and most special tests, are less reliable. A new method for preoperative localization of adenoma, involving catheterization of the thyroid veins, should make future operative procedures easier. With regard to pseudohypoparathyroidism, recent work has contributed to a greater understanding of the pathophysiologic mechanism. On the basis of normal or elevated parathormone in these cases and in other investigations, Albright's hypothesis, which assumes resistance of the renal tubules to parathormone is considered to be proven. Hypoparathyroidism is usually fairly easy to treat with vitamin D or AT 10 and calcium supplements, provided that frequent and careful checks on serum calcium levels are made.", "contents": "[The diagnosis of hyperparathyroidism and hypoparathyroidism]. Some recent pathophysiologic, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of hyper- and hypoparathyroidism are reviewed. Three clinical forms of hyperparathyroidism can be distinguished: one with symptoms essentially affecting the skeleton, a second with renal symptoms and a third with scant and sometimes atypical symptoms. The most reliable laboratory criteria for diagnosis of hyperparathyroidism are serum levels of calcium and immunoreactive parathormone. Some authors believe that with a combination of these two parameters a diagnosis is possible in almost all cases. Other determinations such as serum phosphorus and 24-h urinary calcium, and most special tests, are less reliable. A new method for preoperative localization of adenoma, involving catheterization of the thyroid veins, should make future operative procedures easier. With regard to pseudohypoparathyroidism, recent work has contributed to a greater understanding of the pathophysiologic mechanism. On the basis of normal or elevated parathormone in these cases and in other investigations, Albright's hypothesis, which assumes resistance of the renal tubules to parathormone is considered to be proven. Hypoparathyroidism is usually fairly easy to treat with vitamin D or AT 10 and calcium supplements, provided that frequent and careful checks on serum calcium levels are made.", "PMID": 1124375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8431", "title": "[Indications for and effectiveness of retrograde cholangiopancreatography].", "content": "The practical value of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) has been evaluated on the basis of experience in 159 own examinations. The cannulation rate as an important index of the success rate rose with experience, and was 85 percent in the last 110 cases. Diagnostic information was however obtained only in 65 percent, as it was not always possible to cannulate the appropriate ductule system and differentiation between chronic inflammatory and neoplastic pancreatic disease was often difficult. The greatest reliability was found in bilary duct disease, though the difference as compared with pancreatic disease was not significant. With strict limitation of the indication and a few important precautions (avoiding parenchymography of the pancreas and prompt surgical drainage of an obstructed biliary duct or pancreatic pseudocysts) no severe complications were observed throughout this series. The morbidity was thus limited to 4 cases of pancreatitis of moderate severity. In spite of the limitations of ERCP in differentiating malignant from chronic inflammatory pancreatic disease, the method was valuable for establishing the indication for, and planning, surgery. Furthermore, the diagnostic reliability was improved by combining ERCP with selective pancreatic angiography.", "contents": "[Indications for and effectiveness of retrograde cholangiopancreatography]. The practical value of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) has been evaluated on the basis of experience in 159 own examinations. The cannulation rate as an important index of the success rate rose with experience, and was 85 percent in the last 110 cases. Diagnostic information was however obtained only in 65 percent, as it was not always possible to cannulate the appropriate ductule system and differentiation between chronic inflammatory and neoplastic pancreatic disease was often difficult. The greatest reliability was found in bilary duct disease, though the difference as compared with pancreatic disease was not significant. With strict limitation of the indication and a few important precautions (avoiding parenchymography of the pancreas and prompt surgical drainage of an obstructed biliary duct or pancreatic pseudocysts) no severe complications were observed throughout this series. The morbidity was thus limited to 4 cases of pancreatitis of moderate severity. In spite of the limitations of ERCP in differentiating malignant from chronic inflammatory pancreatic disease, the method was valuable for establishing the indication for, and planning, surgery. Furthermore, the diagnostic reliability was improved by combining ERCP with selective pancreatic angiography.", "PMID": 1124376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8432", "title": "[Incidence of thalassemia in Switzerland].", "content": "A total of 2672 cases with thalassemia syndromes observed in the period from 1 January 1968 to 30 April 1974 are classified according to type of thalassemia and the patient's country of origin. During the past 15 years some 10 patients annually with classical heterozygous beta-thalassaemia have been found to be of purely Swiss origin. Due to increased immigration from Mediterranean countries the Swiss patients represent only 2.6 percent of all cases at the present time, a marked decrease from the earlier 30 percent. Since 1968 2260 cases of thalassemia syndrome have been found in Italian patients. Smaller groups of patients originate from Greece, Spain and Turkey. Homozygous beta-thalassemia was observed in 56 cases. Ranking third among thalassemia syndromes is the Hb Lepore trait found in 16 cases. The increase in thalassemia syndromes due to population migration over the past 10 years has resulted in the finding of rare types in Switzerland: 8 patients with HbS-beta-thalassemia, 2 with HbC-beta-thalassemia, 3 cases of HbH-alpha-thalassemia and 2 cases of Hb Bart's-alpha-thalassemia are reported. The difficulty of diagnosing deltabeta-thalassemia and alpha-thalassemia is emphasized.", "contents": "[Incidence of thalassemia in Switzerland]. A total of 2672 cases with thalassemia syndromes observed in the period from 1 January 1968 to 30 April 1974 are classified according to type of thalassemia and the patient's country of origin. During the past 15 years some 10 patients annually with classical heterozygous beta-thalassaemia have been found to be of purely Swiss origin. Due to increased immigration from Mediterranean countries the Swiss patients represent only 2.6 percent of all cases at the present time, a marked decrease from the earlier 30 percent. Since 1968 2260 cases of thalassemia syndrome have been found in Italian patients. Smaller groups of patients originate from Greece, Spain and Turkey. Homozygous beta-thalassemia was observed in 56 cases. Ranking third among thalassemia syndromes is the Hb Lepore trait found in 16 cases. The increase in thalassemia syndromes due to population migration over the past 10 years has resulted in the finding of rare types in Switzerland: 8 patients with HbS-beta-thalassemia, 2 with HbC-beta-thalassemia, 3 cases of HbH-alpha-thalassemia and 2 cases of Hb Bart's-alpha-thalassemia are reported. The difficulty of diagnosing deltabeta-thalassemia and alpha-thalassemia is emphasized.", "PMID": 1124377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8433", "title": "[Contraction disorders of the left ventricle in ischemic heart disease. Studies using atrial stimulation].", "content": "Sixty-one patients with suspected ischemic heart disease (IHD) have been investigated by atrial stimulation (AST). Group A patients had normal coronarograms and served as controls. Group B patients had pathological conronarograms (at least 50% stenosis in one of the 3 vessels) and normal ventriculograms. Group C patients had pathological coronarograms and ventricular aneurysms. During AST, group C patients exhibited lower dp/dt max and dp/dt min as well as higher left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) and/or mean pulmonary artery pressure (MPAP) than groups A and B. Group B differed from group A only by increased MPAP during AST. When compared to controls, contractility in group C was reduced even at rest. AST offers an excellent means of diagnosing IHD if heart rates of 140/min and above are used. An abnormal increase in MPAP serves as the simplest parameter for IHD. Elevated MPAP at rest prompts suspicion of ventricular aneurysm. It is possible to deduce a quanitative estimate of contracitility by correlating dp/dt max to LVEDP. A hyperbolic relation results.", "contents": "[Contraction disorders of the left ventricle in ischemic heart disease. Studies using atrial stimulation]. Sixty-one patients with suspected ischemic heart disease (IHD) have been investigated by atrial stimulation (AST). Group A patients had normal coronarograms and served as controls. Group B patients had pathological conronarograms (at least 50% stenosis in one of the 3 vessels) and normal ventriculograms. Group C patients had pathological coronarograms and ventricular aneurysms. During AST, group C patients exhibited lower dp/dt max and dp/dt min as well as higher left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) and/or mean pulmonary artery pressure (MPAP) than groups A and B. Group B differed from group A only by increased MPAP during AST. When compared to controls, contractility in group C was reduced even at rest. AST offers an excellent means of diagnosing IHD if heart rates of 140/min and above are used. An abnormal increase in MPAP serves as the simplest parameter for IHD. Elevated MPAP at rest prompts suspicion of ventricular aneurysm. It is possible to deduce a quanitative estimate of contracitility by correlating dp/dt max to LVEDP. A hyperbolic relation results.", "PMID": 1124378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8434", "title": "[Abnormal movements induced by L-dopa. New therapeutic possibilities].", "content": "One of the major difficulties in the treatment of Parkinson's disease with L-Dopa alone or associated with a decarboxylase inhibitor lies in the frequent occurrence of involuntary movements. In some cases these movements can be prevented (eliminated) by increasing the plasma DCI concentration or by associating 3-oxy-methyl-dopa. In resistant cases the authors have conducted a trial with EP 19-088, which belongs to a new class of tricyclic derivatives of indenopyridine. The trial population comprised 42 patients. In 12 of these there was complete cessation of symptoms. In 9 patients a marked improvement was noted, while in 10 others the improvement was slight but definite. The treatment was discontinued in 2 cases due to episodes of increased confusion. In the other 9 patients the experimental treatment had no effect. No side effects were observed in 24 of the 42 patients tested. In addition to symptoms such as nausea or transient heartburn, the remaining patients reported either a slight worsening of their parkinsonian symptoms or an increase in diurnal fatigability.", "contents": "[Abnormal movements induced by L-dopa. New therapeutic possibilities]. One of the major difficulties in the treatment of Parkinson's disease with L-Dopa alone or associated with a decarboxylase inhibitor lies in the frequent occurrence of involuntary movements. In some cases these movements can be prevented (eliminated) by increasing the plasma DCI concentration or by associating 3-oxy-methyl-dopa. In resistant cases the authors have conducted a trial with EP 19-088, which belongs to a new class of tricyclic derivatives of indenopyridine. The trial population comprised 42 patients. In 12 of these there was complete cessation of symptoms. In 9 patients a marked improvement was noted, while in 10 others the improvement was slight but definite. The treatment was discontinued in 2 cases due to episodes of increased confusion. In the other 9 patients the experimental treatment had no effect. No side effects were observed in 24 of the 42 patients tested. In addition to symptoms such as nausea or transient heartburn, the remaining patients reported either a slight worsening of their parkinsonian symptoms or an increase in diurnal fatigability.", "PMID": 1124379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8435", "title": "[The problem of masked depression].", "content": "The term \"masked depression\" appears to be increasingly used as a diagnostic label, but underlying the label are a multitude of problems. Questions of definition, diagnosis, nosologic classification and differential diagnosis are discussed in detail.", "contents": "[The problem of masked depression]. The term \"masked depression\" appears to be increasingly used as a diagnostic label, but underlying the label are a multitude of problems. Questions of definition, diagnosis, nosologic classification and differential diagnosis are discussed in detail.", "PMID": 1124380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8436", "title": "[Incidence of extra-arachnoid discharge following lumbar puncture].", "content": "Dimer-X is considered a good contrast medium for lumbar myelography. Its physical properties guarantee a homogeneous mixture with cerebrospinal fluid, with the result that postpunctural fluid leakage is easy to detect. One hundred Dimer-X lumbar myelographies were performed with two different spinal needles, a short beveled needle of 1.2 mm outer diameter and a special beveled \"Quincke\" needle of 0.7 mm outer diameter. Postpunctural fluid leakage is observed in 32% of the cases with the former and in only 12% with the latter. False-route injections occurred in 5% of the cases. Epidural leakage is the most frequent and can be detected by its \"Christmas tree\" appearance on antero-posterior X-ray. Subdural leakage is represented by a \"railroad track\" appearance on a lateral view. The leakage is observed more frequently in patients with normal myelogram (28%) than in patients with a herniated lumbar disc (18%).", "contents": "[Incidence of extra-arachnoid discharge following lumbar puncture]. Dimer-X is considered a good contrast medium for lumbar myelography. Its physical properties guarantee a homogeneous mixture with cerebrospinal fluid, with the result that postpunctural fluid leakage is easy to detect. One hundred Dimer-X lumbar myelographies were performed with two different spinal needles, a short beveled needle of 1.2 mm outer diameter and a special beveled \"Quincke\" needle of 0.7 mm outer diameter. Postpunctural fluid leakage is observed in 32% of the cases with the former and in only 12% with the latter. False-route injections occurred in 5% of the cases. Epidural leakage is the most frequent and can be detected by its \"Christmas tree\" appearance on antero-posterior X-ray. Subdural leakage is represented by a \"railroad track\" appearance on a lateral view. The leakage is observed more frequently in patients with normal myelogram (28%) than in patients with a herniated lumbar disc (18%).", "PMID": 1124381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8437", "title": "[New aspects of tuberculosis therapy].", "content": "The introduction of ethambutol and rifampicin has modified the therapy of tuberculosis. Therapy in hospitals or sanatoria can be shortened, and intermittent regimens (once or twice weekly under supervision) are possible. Better knowledge of the side effects of particular drugs, particularly rifampicin, (such as allergic reactions in intermittent administration and reduced effect of oral contraceptives) has been gained. Instead of mere supervision, preventive chemotherapy is given in many cases such as in recently discovered fibrotic lesions and in high risk cases (silicosis, treatment with corticosteroids and immunosuppressive agents)minadequate treatment may lead to functional impairment such as fibrosis and cor pulmonale. These aspects are discussed and the resultant guidelines for the treatment of tuberculosis are presented.", "contents": "[New aspects of tuberculosis therapy]. The introduction of ethambutol and rifampicin has modified the therapy of tuberculosis. Therapy in hospitals or sanatoria can be shortened, and intermittent regimens (once or twice weekly under supervision) are possible. Better knowledge of the side effects of particular drugs, particularly rifampicin, (such as allergic reactions in intermittent administration and reduced effect of oral contraceptives) has been gained. Instead of mere supervision, preventive chemotherapy is given in many cases such as in recently discovered fibrotic lesions and in high risk cases (silicosis, treatment with corticosteroids and immunosuppressive agents)minadequate treatment may lead to functional impairment such as fibrosis and cor pulmonale. These aspects are discussed and the resultant guidelines for the treatment of tuberculosis are presented.", "PMID": 1124382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8438", "title": "[Antiinfectious chemotherapy in pregnancy].", "content": "Antibiotic therapy during pregnancy is generally given to treat infectious diseases of the mother rather than of the fetus. Despite her altered physiology the pregnant woman poses few specific pharmacokinetic problems. The main concern is possible damage to the fetus, depending on its developmental stage at the time of administering the drug. Largely on an empirical basis, antibiotics which can be administered without hazard throughout pregnancy are distinguished from those which should be completely avoided during pregnancy and from others which must be omitted during certain phases of pregnancy. Similar considerations apply in the case of drugs used for the treatment of tuberculosis and mycoses.", "contents": "[Antiinfectious chemotherapy in pregnancy]. Antibiotic therapy during pregnancy is generally given to treat infectious diseases of the mother rather than of the fetus. Despite her altered physiology the pregnant woman poses few specific pharmacokinetic problems. The main concern is possible damage to the fetus, depending on its developmental stage at the time of administering the drug. Largely on an empirical basis, antibiotics which can be administered without hazard throughout pregnancy are distinguished from those which should be completely avoided during pregnancy and from others which must be omitted during certain phases of pregnancy. Similar considerations apply in the case of drugs used for the treatment of tuberculosis and mycoses.", "PMID": 1124383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8439", "title": "[Chemotherapy treatment of infectious diseases in infancy and early childhood].", "content": "Some specific pediatric aspects of therapy with antibiotics and other chemotherapeutic agents (dosage based on age, body weight and body surface area) are discussed. In early infancy problems such as the \"immaturity\" of enzyme systems and excretion mechanisms must be considered. Tetracycline staining is discussed as an example of age-dependent vulnerability of organs. A selection of antibiotics suitable for use in ambulatory pediatrics is proposed.", "contents": "[Chemotherapy treatment of infectious diseases in infancy and early childhood]. Some specific pediatric aspects of therapy with antibiotics and other chemotherapeutic agents (dosage based on age, body weight and body surface area) are discussed. In early infancy problems such as the \"immaturity\" of enzyme systems and excretion mechanisms must be considered. Tetracycline staining is discussed as an example of age-dependent vulnerability of organs. A selection of antibiotics suitable for use in ambulatory pediatrics is proposed.", "PMID": 1124384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8440", "title": "[Antiinfectious chemotherapy in renal insufficiency].", "content": "In patients with renal failure the administration of antiinfectious chemotherapeutic agents (antibiotics) raises two main problems. Antibiotics which are effective only by virtue of their high urinary concentration may lose their effect with reduced renal function (plasma creatinine above 1.5-1.7 mg%). This is true of nitrofurantoin, nalidixic acid, colistin and, to a lesser extent, sulfonamides. Decreased renal elimination of antibiotics may ultimately lead to accumulation and toxic side effects, and the dose of a given antibiotic should therefore be adapted to renal function. Simple dose-adaptation rules are proposed on the basis of plasma creatinine concentration as an index of renal function, a table listing the elimination constants of several antibiotics, and a nomogram which serves to determine graphically the appropriate global elimination constant for the individual patient and a given antibiotic.", "contents": "[Antiinfectious chemotherapy in renal insufficiency]. In patients with renal failure the administration of antiinfectious chemotherapeutic agents (antibiotics) raises two main problems. Antibiotics which are effective only by virtue of their high urinary concentration may lose their effect with reduced renal function (plasma creatinine above 1.5-1.7 mg%). This is true of nitrofurantoin, nalidixic acid, colistin and, to a lesser extent, sulfonamides. Decreased renal elimination of antibiotics may ultimately lead to accumulation and toxic side effects, and the dose of a given antibiotic should therefore be adapted to renal function. Simple dose-adaptation rules are proposed on the basis of plasma creatinine concentration as an index of renal function, a table listing the elimination constants of several antibiotics, and a nomogram which serves to determine graphically the appropriate global elimination constant for the individual patient and a given antibiotic.", "PMID": 1124385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8441", "title": "[Selection of drugs in chemotherapy].", "content": "An attempt has been made to classify the wide range of available antimicrobial chemotherapeutic agents from the practical viewpoint. A group of drugs with selective indications and a series of alternative chemotherapeutic agents are distinguished from chemotherapeutic agents for everyday medical routine (penicillin G and analogs, ampicillin, tetracyclines, sulfonamides). The indications for the main drugs and some practical guidelines for chemotherapy are summarized. The excessive commercial supply of ampicillin derivatives and cephalosporins comes in for special comment. It is emphasized that some valuable antibiotics (cephalosporins, carbenicillin, gentamycin, kanamycin) should be kept in reserve.", "contents": "[Selection of drugs in chemotherapy]. An attempt has been made to classify the wide range of available antimicrobial chemotherapeutic agents from the practical viewpoint. A group of drugs with selective indications and a series of alternative chemotherapeutic agents are distinguished from chemotherapeutic agents for everyday medical routine (penicillin G and analogs, ampicillin, tetracyclines, sulfonamides). The indications for the main drugs and some practical guidelines for chemotherapy are summarized. The excessive commercial supply of ampicillin derivatives and cephalosporins comes in for special comment. It is emphasized that some valuable antibiotics (cephalosporins, carbenicillin, gentamycin, kanamycin) should be kept in reserve.", "PMID": 1124387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8442", "title": "[Antibiotic combination therapy and chemotherapeutic prophylaxis].", "content": "Despite the large number of available chemotherapeutic agents and antibiotics, monotherapy is not always possible. The practical indications for antibiotic combinations are discussed and the controversial topic of chemotherapeutic prophylaxis in different clinical situations is raised.", "contents": "[Antibiotic combination therapy and chemotherapeutic prophylaxis]. Despite the large number of available chemotherapeutic agents and antibiotics, monotherapy is not always possible. The practical indications for antibiotic combinations are discussed and the controversial topic of chemotherapeutic prophylaxis in different clinical situations is raised.", "PMID": 1124386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8443", "title": "Septicaemia.", "content": "Septicaemia still presents a major diagnostic and therapeutic challenge to the clinician. Most cases are hospital-acquiredand the reasons for their increasing prevalence are discussed, with reference to predisposing factors and opportunistic infections. The pathology and bacteriology of proven cases (positive blood cultures) in 1974 in a modern children's and maternity hospital complex are presented. Gram-positive and Gram-negative varieties are compared and the molecular biology and mechansims of endo- and exotoxaemia described. Successful therapy demands correct choice of antibiotic and the development of shock requires skilled supportive measures. For the former a rational scheme is outlined and a plea is made for collection of data for this purpose. Polypharmacy is deprecated and either an aminoglycoside or a cephalosporin forms the mainstay of therapy. The emergence of Bacteroids sp. in cases of abdominal and puerperal sepsis necessitates addition of a lincomycin or metronidazole. Superinfection with systemic candidiasis requires 5-fluorocytosine.", "contents": "Septicaemia. Septicaemia still presents a major diagnostic and therapeutic challenge to the clinician. Most cases are hospital-acquiredand the reasons for their increasing prevalence are discussed, with reference to predisposing factors and opportunistic infections. The pathology and bacteriology of proven cases (positive blood cultures) in 1974 in a modern children's and maternity hospital complex are presented. Gram-positive and Gram-negative varieties are compared and the molecular biology and mechansims of endo- and exotoxaemia described. Successful therapy demands correct choice of antibiotic and the development of shock requires skilled supportive measures. For the former a rational scheme is outlined and a plea is made for collection of data for this purpose. Polypharmacy is deprecated and either an aminoglycoside or a cephalosporin forms the mainstay of therapy. The emergence of Bacteroids sp. in cases of abdominal and puerperal sepsis necessitates addition of a lincomycin or metronidazole. Superinfection with systemic candidiasis requires 5-fluorocytosine.", "PMID": 1124391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8444", "title": "Uniflagellate spermatozoa in Nemertoderma (Turbellaria) and their phylogenetic significance.", "content": "An ultrastructural study of Nemertoderma (Turbellaria, Nemertodermatida) has revealed that its spermatozoa have only a single falgellum. This is the first uniflagellate spermatozoon known in the Turbellaria; it is indicative of the primitiveness of Nemertoderma and is evidence in support of the view that the Turbellaria as a whole are among the most primitive living Bilateria.", "contents": "Uniflagellate spermatozoa in Nemertoderma (Turbellaria) and their phylogenetic significance. An ultrastructural study of Nemertoderma (Turbellaria, Nemertodermatida) has revealed that its spermatozoa have only a single falgellum. This is the first uniflagellate spermatozoon known in the Turbellaria; it is indicative of the primitiveness of Nemertoderma and is evidence in support of the view that the Turbellaria as a whole are among the most primitive living Bilateria.", "PMID": 1124394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8445", "title": "Polyzonimine: A novel terpenoid insect repellent produced by a milliped.", "content": "A nitrogen-containing terpene 6,6-dimethyl-2-azaspiro[4.4]non-1-ene (polyzonimine) was isolated from the defensive secretion of the milliped Polyzonium rosalbum. Polyzonimine, which is repellent to such natural enemies of the milliped as ants, acts as a topical irritant to insects (10-4 M induces scratching in cockroaches). Its structure was confirmed by a five-step synthesis starting from 2,2-dimethyl-7-oxabicyclo[4.1.0]heptane.", "contents": "Polyzonimine: A novel terpenoid insect repellent produced by a milliped. A nitrogen-containing terpene 6,6-dimethyl-2-azaspiro[4.4]non-1-ene (polyzonimine) was isolated from the defensive secretion of the milliped Polyzonium rosalbum. Polyzonimine, which is repellent to such natural enemies of the milliped as ants, acts as a topical irritant to insects (10-4 M induces scratching in cockroaches). Its structure was confirmed by a five-step synthesis starting from 2,2-dimethyl-7-oxabicyclo[4.1.0]heptane.", "PMID": 1124395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8446", "title": "Lung cancer induced in hamsters by low doses of alpha radiation from polonium-210.", "content": "Lung cancers have been induced in 9 to 53 percent of hamsters given multiple intratracheal instillations of polonium-210 in amounts yielding lifetime exposures of 15 to 300 rads to the lungs.  Cigarette smokers have previously been estimated to receive 20 rads to areas of the bronchial epithelium from deposited polonium-210.  This finding thus supports the hypothesis that alpha radiation resulting from the polonium-210 or lead-210 present in cigarette smoke may be a significant causative factor in human lung cancer.", "contents": "Lung cancer induced in hamsters by low doses of alpha radiation from polonium-210. Lung cancers have been induced in 9 to 53 percent of hamsters given multiple intratracheal instillations of polonium-210 in amounts yielding lifetime exposures of 15 to 300 rads to the lungs.  Cigarette smokers have previously been estimated to receive 20 rads to areas of the bronchial epithelium from deposited polonium-210.  This finding thus supports the hypothesis that alpha radiation resulting from the polonium-210 or lead-210 present in cigarette smoke may be a significant causative factor in human lung cancer.", "PMID": 1124396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8447", "title": "Mechanism of insulin-induced paralysis of muscles from potassium-depleted rats.", "content": "Zinc-free insulin elicited a reduction in the potassium conductance of muscle fibers from potassium-depleted muscle, which led to depolarization, blockage of action-poteintial mechanism, and paralysis.  These changes are proposed as the mechanism of insulin-induced paralysis in patients with hypokalemic periodic paralysis.  A similar effect by concanavalin a suggests that the effect may be mediated through the insulin receptors.", "contents": "Mechanism of insulin-induced paralysis of muscles from potassium-depleted rats. Zinc-free insulin elicited a reduction in the potassium conductance of muscle fibers from potassium-depleted muscle, which led to depolarization, blockage of action-poteintial mechanism, and paralysis.  These changes are proposed as the mechanism of insulin-induced paralysis in patients with hypokalemic periodic paralysis.  A similar effect by concanavalin a suggests that the effect may be mediated through the insulin receptors.", "PMID": 1124397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8448", "title": "Gouty arthritis in the black race.", "content": "This review of 65 black-black patients with gout, in contrast to tan or tinted, is presented to emphasize the universal nature of the disease, irrespective of race or geographic region. One case of a female who delivered a living child 4 yr after her initial attack of gout is reported. No case of gout secondary to chronic renal disease, or to a blood dyscrasia, including sickle cell disease, was discovered. Except for the race, aberrant sex distribution and low incidence of urate stones, this series is not unlike a series of white gout patients.", "contents": "Gouty arthritis in the black race. This review of 65 black-black patients with gout, in contrast to tan or tinted, is presented to emphasize the universal nature of the disease, irrespective of race or geographic region. One case of a female who delivered a living child 4 yr after her initial attack of gout is reported. No case of gout secondary to chronic renal disease, or to a blood dyscrasia, including sickle cell disease, was discovered. Except for the race, aberrant sex distribution and low incidence of urate stones, this series is not unlike a series of white gout patients.", "PMID": 1124398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8449", "title": "Orthopedic infections: A prospective study of 378 clean procedures.", "content": "Six hundred twenty orthopedic surgery patients were evaluated in a prospective study of postoperative infection. The wound infection rate among the 378 elective clean procedures was 5.8 per cent (3.2 per cent major plus 2.6 per cent minor infections). Staphylococcus aureus was the single most common pathogen recovered in both major and minor infections. Gram-negative rods predominated in major infections, but were rarely found in minor infections. In the clean procedure group, infection rates increased with age and duration of operation. Preoperative consideration should be given to all A \"profile sheet\" or checklist of several such factors is presented for this purpose.", "contents": "Orthopedic infections: A prospective study of 378 clean procedures. Six hundred twenty orthopedic surgery patients were evaluated in a prospective study of postoperative infection. The wound infection rate among the 378 elective clean procedures was 5.8 per cent (3.2 per cent major plus 2.6 per cent minor infections). Staphylococcus aureus was the single most common pathogen recovered in both major and minor infections. Gram-negative rods predominated in major infections, but were rarely found in minor infections. In the clean procedure group, infection rates increased with age and duration of operation. Preoperative consideration should be given to all A \"profile sheet\" or checklist of several such factors is presented for this purpose.", "PMID": 1124402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8450", "title": "Single image pericardial effusion evaluation with technetium compounds.", "content": "Three cases of suspected pericardial effusion were evaluated with rapid, noninvasive procedure, combined use of macroaggregated albumin technetium 99m and human serum albumin technetium 99m to produce a single radiography showing the heart, liver, and lung perfusion simultaneously. This technic confirmed the diagnosis of pericardial effusion in two cases and ruled out this possibility in the third case.", "contents": "Single image pericardial effusion evaluation with technetium compounds. Three cases of suspected pericardial effusion were evaluated with rapid, noninvasive procedure, combined use of macroaggregated albumin technetium 99m and human serum albumin technetium 99m to produce a single radiography showing the heart, liver, and lung perfusion simultaneously. This technic confirmed the diagnosis of pericardial effusion in two cases and ruled out this possibility in the third case.", "PMID": 1124403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8451", "title": "An educational strategy for teaching psychosocial pediatrics.", "content": "The functions and operation of two outpatient clinics, the Pediatric Family Clinic and the Child Psychiatric Consultative Service, are described to illustrate an approach to teaching residents and medical students how to diagnose and deal with the psychosocial problems frequently encountered in children. Learning experiences in this busy ambulatory setting are pediatric and family practice.", "contents": "An educational strategy for teaching psychosocial pediatrics. The functions and operation of two outpatient clinics, the Pediatric Family Clinic and the Child Psychiatric Consultative Service, are described to illustrate an approach to teaching residents and medical students how to diagnose and deal with the psychosocial problems frequently encountered in children. Learning experiences in this busy ambulatory setting are pediatric and family practice.", "PMID": 1124404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8452", "title": "Cardiorespiratory changes associated with intracranial pressure waves: Evaluation of these changes in 27 patients with head injuries.", "content": "Alteration in heart rate and respiratory rate and depth occurred in association with intracranial pressure (ICP) waves in 27 patients with head injuries. Usually the ICP wave was preceded by a transient increase in end-alveolar CO2 levels. Thereafter, the ICP gradually increased and was accompanied by simultaneous decreases in heart rate and respiratory rate and depth. Immediately before the termination of the ICP wave, there was an abrupt increase in heart rate and respiratory rate and depth. After the ICP fell to base line level, heart rate and respiratory returned to control values. It is suggested that the transient alterations in the CO2 level at the beginning and during the ICP wave probably initiate these abnormal waves. While the heart rate changes are striking, their role in the formation and termination of ICP pressure waves is uncertain.", "contents": "Cardiorespiratory changes associated with intracranial pressure waves: Evaluation of these changes in 27 patients with head injuries. Alteration in heart rate and respiratory rate and depth occurred in association with intracranial pressure (ICP) waves in 27 patients with head injuries. Usually the ICP wave was preceded by a transient increase in end-alveolar CO2 levels. Thereafter, the ICP gradually increased and was accompanied by simultaneous decreases in heart rate and respiratory rate and depth. Immediately before the termination of the ICP wave, there was an abrupt increase in heart rate and respiratory rate and depth. After the ICP fell to base line level, heart rate and respiratory returned to control values. It is suggested that the transient alterations in the CO2 level at the beginning and during the ICP wave probably initiate these abnormal waves. While the heart rate changes are striking, their role in the formation and termination of ICP pressure waves is uncertain.", "PMID": 1124405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8453", "title": "Sexual function after abdominoperineal resection.", "content": "A survey of the sexual changes in patients having abdominoperineal resection for ulcerative colitis was made at the Medical College of Georgia. The incidence of impotence in our series is zero. Only one of our female patients had a successful pregnancy. The other women seemed to be hampered by anatomic derangements relating to strictures, adhesions, or dislocation of the uterus, although the precise causes of infertility have not been elucidated. We suggest that in young men, fear of infertility have not been elucidated. We suggest that in young men, fear of injuring sexuality should not impede selection of appropriate surgical modality. However, we also suggest that the woman's risk of post-operative impairment of sexual function is greater than the man's.", "contents": "Sexual function after abdominoperineal resection. A survey of the sexual changes in patients having abdominoperineal resection for ulcerative colitis was made at the Medical College of Georgia. The incidence of impotence in our series is zero. Only one of our female patients had a successful pregnancy. The other women seemed to be hampered by anatomic derangements relating to strictures, adhesions, or dislocation of the uterus, although the precise causes of infertility have not been elucidated. We suggest that in young men, fear of infertility have not been elucidated. We suggest that in young men, fear of injuring sexuality should not impede selection of appropriate surgical modality. However, we also suggest that the woman's risk of post-operative impairment of sexual function is greater than the man's.", "PMID": 1124406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8454", "title": "Prestenotic enteritis and enterocolitis in children: Description of a syndrome and review of five cases.", "content": "A clinical syndrome of prestenotic enteritis and enterocolitis consisting of abdominal distention and pain, intermittent diarrhea and constipation, failure to thrive, fever and in some patients, extreme prostration and death is described. The pathogenesis of this enteritis and enterocolitis apparently is related to partial mechanical obstruction of the bowel with proximal dilatation, stagnation, and capillary stasis. Acute relief from the enteritis and enterocolitis may be obtained by stomal dilatation and colonic irrigation; however, all patients in our series required surgical intervention. because mortality in this disease is significant and the results with early surgical intervention are favorable, surgical intervention is encouraged at the first sign of prestenotic enteritis or enterocolitis in children. Surgical correction of the distal stenosis produced a growth spurt in the two successfully treated patients without other growth-limiting disease.", "contents": "Prestenotic enteritis and enterocolitis in children: Description of a syndrome and review of five cases. A clinical syndrome of prestenotic enteritis and enterocolitis consisting of abdominal distention and pain, intermittent diarrhea and constipation, failure to thrive, fever and in some patients, extreme prostration and death is described. The pathogenesis of this enteritis and enterocolitis apparently is related to partial mechanical obstruction of the bowel with proximal dilatation, stagnation, and capillary stasis. Acute relief from the enteritis and enterocolitis may be obtained by stomal dilatation and colonic irrigation; however, all patients in our series required surgical intervention. because mortality in this disease is significant and the results with early surgical intervention are favorable, surgical intervention is encouraged at the first sign of prestenotic enteritis or enterocolitis in children. Surgical correction of the distal stenosis produced a growth spurt in the two successfully treated patients without other growth-limiting disease.", "PMID": 1124407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8455", "title": "Aggression in adolescents: Use of the Buss-Durkee Inventory.", "content": "The Buss-Durkee Inventory (BDI) is a 75-item true-false design to measure hostility and aggression. Norms have been established for adult populations, and data are available for adult psychiatric populations. Adolescent norms have not been established, nor are data available for adolescent psychiatric populations. This study provides BDI data on 438 high school students, giving breakdown by age, sex, and race. In addition, BDI scores for 100 patients admitted consecutively to an adolescent inpatient unit are presented. Scores on the BDI were higher in the younger high school age groups. Female patients had higher scores than girls in the high school control group; male patients scored lower than their male controls. Female patients surprisingly scored higher than male patients.", "contents": "Aggression in adolescents: Use of the Buss-Durkee Inventory. The Buss-Durkee Inventory (BDI) is a 75-item true-false design to measure hostility and aggression. Norms have been established for adult populations, and data are available for adult psychiatric populations. Adolescent norms have not been established, nor are data available for adolescent psychiatric populations. This study provides BDI data on 438 high school students, giving breakdown by age, sex, and race. In addition, BDI scores for 100 patients admitted consecutively to an adolescent inpatient unit are presented. Scores on the BDI were higher in the younger high school age groups. Female patients had higher scores than girls in the high school control group; male patients scored lower than their male controls. Female patients surprisingly scored higher than male patients.", "PMID": 1124408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8456", "title": "Upper extremity arteriovenous fistulas for hemodialysis and administration of chemotherapeutic agents.", "content": "The arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is the choice made of access to the circulation in patients having chronic hemodialysis. AVFs are also used in patients having repeated courses of intravenous chemotherapy. This relatively simple operation can result in considerable morbidity if improperly done. The technics used in our center, which result in a high patency rate, are described. Maneuvers designed to reduce the resistance to flow and increase the minute flow through the fistulas are stressed.", "contents": "Upper extremity arteriovenous fistulas for hemodialysis and administration of chemotherapeutic agents. The arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is the choice made of access to the circulation in patients having chronic hemodialysis. AVFs are also used in patients having repeated courses of intravenous chemotherapy. This relatively simple operation can result in considerable morbidity if improperly done. The technics used in our center, which result in a high patency rate, are described. Maneuvers designed to reduce the resistance to flow and increase the minute flow through the fistulas are stressed.", "PMID": 1124409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8457", "title": "Gender identification and the female impersonator.", "content": "This case study supports the plea by a number of psychiatrists for thorough psychiatric and psychologic screening of all persons seeking sexual reassignment surgery. The patient, a female impersonator taking estrogen, was seriously considering such an operation in order to cope with identity problems and an inability to achieve gratification in life. His psychiatric and psychologic evaluations indicated that his profession and desire for anatomic change were more a reflection of a borderline personality than true feminine gender identity.", "contents": "Gender identification and the female impersonator. This case study supports the plea by a number of psychiatrists for thorough psychiatric and psychologic screening of all persons seeking sexual reassignment surgery. The patient, a female impersonator taking estrogen, was seriously considering such an operation in order to cope with identity problems and an inability to achieve gratification in life. His psychiatric and psychologic evaluations indicated that his profession and desire for anatomic change were more a reflection of a borderline personality than true feminine gender identity.", "PMID": 1124410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8458", "title": "Rupture fo the intestine in patients with hernia.", "content": "Two cases of perforation of the small intestine associated with minor abdominal trauma and right inguinal hernia are presented along with a review of 104 cases in the literature, The condition is treacherous because this minimal injury can produce catastrophic intraabdominal perforation. The most reliable signs and symptoms are abdominal pain associated with guarding and rigidity. Laboratory data may only show leukocytosis and signs of dehydration. Early operation, using a formal laparotomy, is imperative. Systemic antibiotics are recommended.", "contents": "Rupture fo the intestine in patients with hernia. Two cases of perforation of the small intestine associated with minor abdominal trauma and right inguinal hernia are presented along with a review of 104 cases in the literature, The condition is treacherous because this minimal injury can produce catastrophic intraabdominal perforation. The most reliable signs and symptoms are abdominal pain associated with guarding and rigidity. Laboratory data may only show leukocytosis and signs of dehydration. Early operation, using a formal laparotomy, is imperative. Systemic antibiotics are recommended.", "PMID": 1124411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8459", "title": "Depression in elderly patients.", "content": "Depression is a common reaction to the vicissitudes of life among elderly people. Aged persons are physiologically and psychologically less able to adapt, yet they are required to change their life styles because of retirement, lowered financial resources, death of family and friends, and illness. Although many mental health professionals are reluctant to treat geropsychiatric patients, the prognosis for depressed patients can be good. Drug therapy is usually the most effective, although psychotherapy and other behavioral therapies may be used adjunctively. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) may be indicated for severely depressed patients. The beginning dosage of medication should be lower than for younger patients, and elderly patients must be monitored carefully for side effects. Adverse reactions due to multiple drug interactions are also possible. When aged persons become severely depressed, they are at high risk of suicide; almost all suicide attempts by elderly people are successfl. Depression in later life is treatable, and the pessimism that often surrounds the prognosis for geropsychiatric patients is unwarranted.", "contents": "Depression in elderly patients. Depression is a common reaction to the vicissitudes of life among elderly people. Aged persons are physiologically and psychologically less able to adapt, yet they are required to change their life styles because of retirement, lowered financial resources, death of family and friends, and illness. Although many mental health professionals are reluctant to treat geropsychiatric patients, the prognosis for depressed patients can be good. Drug therapy is usually the most effective, although psychotherapy and other behavioral therapies may be used adjunctively. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) may be indicated for severely depressed patients. The beginning dosage of medication should be lower than for younger patients, and elderly patients must be monitored carefully for side effects. Adverse reactions due to multiple drug interactions are also possible. When aged persons become severely depressed, they are at high risk of suicide; almost all suicide attempts by elderly people are successfl. Depression in later life is treatable, and the pessimism that often surrounds the prognosis for geropsychiatric patients is unwarranted.", "PMID": 1124412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8460", "title": "In-hospital mortality after acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "In order to determine if the risk factors contributing to mortality from acute myocardial infarction (MI) during the period of coronary care unit (CCU) observation are different from those in patients dying in the hospital after CCU discharge, the hospital records of 172 acute MI patients seen over an 18-month period were reviewed. Of the 32 deaths from acute MI, 25 per cent occurred suddenly outside the CCU. The risk factors identified in the 32 deaths were (1) anterior MI (2) Previous MI, (3) cardiac failure, (4) significant ventricular arrhythmia, (5) intraventricular conduction defects, and (6) murmur suggestive of papillary muscle dysfunction. These same risk factors were found to be far more frequent in the patients dying suddenly outside the CCU.", "contents": "In-hospital mortality after acute myocardial infarction. In order to determine if the risk factors contributing to mortality from acute myocardial infarction (MI) during the period of coronary care unit (CCU) observation are different from those in patients dying in the hospital after CCU discharge, the hospital records of 172 acute MI patients seen over an 18-month period were reviewed. Of the 32 deaths from acute MI, 25 per cent occurred suddenly outside the CCU. The risk factors identified in the 32 deaths were (1) anterior MI (2) Previous MI, (3) cardiac failure, (4) significant ventricular arrhythmia, (5) intraventricular conduction defects, and (6) murmur suggestive of papillary muscle dysfunction. These same risk factors were found to be far more frequent in the patients dying suddenly outside the CCU.", "PMID": 1124413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8461", "title": "Monilial esophagitis.", "content": "A case of monilial esophagitis, developing in a diabetic patient treated with gentamicin for Escherichia coli septicemia, is described. The esophagogram was normal and the diagnosis was confirmed by fiberoptic esophagoscopy and biopsy examination. The patient responded to oral nystatin. The literature on esophageal moniliasis is reviewed.", "contents": "Monilial esophagitis. A case of monilial esophagitis, developing in a diabetic patient treated with gentamicin for Escherichia coli septicemia, is described. The esophagogram was normal and the diagnosis was confirmed by fiberoptic esophagoscopy and biopsy examination. The patient responded to oral nystatin. The literature on esophageal moniliasis is reviewed.", "PMID": 1124414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8462", "title": "Immunotherapy for human malignant melanoma.", "content": "The status of immunotherapy up to 1972 for malignant melanoma in man is reviewed. The immunotherapeutic approaches used are based on the demonstration that man reacts to malignant melanoma antigens with both humoral and cell-mediated immunologic responses. Immunotherapy for human melanoma includes both specific and nonspecific approaches. In the former, tumor antigen, committed antimelanoma lymphocytes, or cytotoxic antimelanoma antibody are used. In nonspecific immunotherapy, an unrelated antigen (eg, BCG or smallpox vaccine) is used to provoke an immunologic response that results in tumor destruction. Although several promising approaches and mounting testimonials suggest that immunotherapy for human melanoma is feasible, the results to date are far from being uniformly successful. Nonetheless, the results are encouraging enough to warrant mounting a immunotherapeutic approach to this dreaded form of cancer.", "contents": "Immunotherapy for human malignant melanoma. The status of immunotherapy up to 1972 for malignant melanoma in man is reviewed. The immunotherapeutic approaches used are based on the demonstration that man reacts to malignant melanoma antigens with both humoral and cell-mediated immunologic responses. Immunotherapy for human melanoma includes both specific and nonspecific approaches. In the former, tumor antigen, committed antimelanoma lymphocytes, or cytotoxic antimelanoma antibody are used. In nonspecific immunotherapy, an unrelated antigen (eg, BCG or smallpox vaccine) is used to provoke an immunologic response that results in tumor destruction. Although several promising approaches and mounting testimonials suggest that immunotherapy for human melanoma is feasible, the results to date are far from being uniformly successful. Nonetheless, the results are encouraging enough to warrant mounting a immunotherapeutic approach to this dreaded form of cancer.", "PMID": 1124416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8463", "title": "Renal failure associated with acetazolamide therapy for glaucoma.", "content": "Presented is a case of acute renal failure induced by acetazolamide therapy for glaucoma. The 69-year-old patients recovered rapidly after oral administration of fluids and sodium bicarbonate. This sulfonamide like nephropathy should be differentiated from acetazolamide-related calcium phosphate nephrolithiasis.", "contents": "Renal failure associated with acetazolamide therapy for glaucoma. Presented is a case of acute renal failure induced by acetazolamide therapy for glaucoma. The 69-year-old patients recovered rapidly after oral administration of fluids and sodium bicarbonate. This sulfonamide like nephropathy should be differentiated from acetazolamide-related calcium phosphate nephrolithiasis.", "PMID": 1124417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8464", "title": "A mathematical model of phytochrome - the receptor of photomorphogenetic processes in plants.", "content": "A mathematical model of the phytochrome pigment system is considered, the parameters of which are determined by solving the problem of identification on the basis of the dynamic characteristics of the photoreceptor obtained experimentally. The model is based on two photochemical and four dark reactions occurring in the phytochrome system. A study of the model permitted establishing the dynamics of processes in the photoreceptor and determining the relation between the behavior of the active form of phytochrome and the intensity and spectral distribution of light. The results of the investigation allows explaining of the high-energy reaction of photomorphogenesis as a consequence of the dynamics of phytochrome processes.", "contents": "A mathematical model of phytochrome - the receptor of photomorphogenetic processes in plants. A mathematical model of the phytochrome pigment system is considered, the parameters of which are determined by solving the problem of identification on the basis of the dynamic characteristics of the photoreceptor obtained experimentally. The model is based on two photochemical and four dark reactions occurring in the phytochrome system. A study of the model permitted establishing the dynamics of processes in the photoreceptor and determining the relation between the behavior of the active form of phytochrome and the intensity and spectral distribution of light. The results of the investigation allows explaining of the high-energy reaction of photomorphogenesis as a consequence of the dynamics of phytochrome processes.", "PMID": 1124418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8465", "title": "The effect of analogs of juvenile hormone on the morphogenesis of the flight apparatus of the house cricket.", "content": "The morphogenetic action of juvenile hormone (JH) on the development of the flight apparatus was studied on the house cricket (Acheta domestica L.). Simulation of an excess of JH, created by treatment of nymphs of the last instar with analogs of JH, led to the formation of adultoids with various degrees of expression of the imaginal characteristics in the structure of the elytrons and wings. An analysis of the state of the wings, wing base, and wing muscles in the adultoids shows that the flight apparatus develops as an integral functioning system, and not as a result of independent imagination of its individual constituents. The great importance of inversion of the wings was demonstrated: imaginal characteristics absent before inversion were expressed to one degree or another in all parts of the flight apparatus after inversions. The imaginization of the wing musculature is associated primarily with the degree of formation of the wing base, determining the degree of mobility of the wings. It was proposed that the morphogenetic action of JH and its analogs be evaluated on the basis not so much of the length of the wings as the degree of formation of the flight apparatus, which is most simply judged according to the mobility of the wings. It was proposed that the morphogenetic action of JH and its analogs be evaluated on the basis not so much of the length of the wings as the degree of formation of the flight apparatus, which is most simply judged according to the mobility of the wings and their position at rest.", "contents": "The effect of analogs of juvenile hormone on the morphogenesis of the flight apparatus of the house cricket. The morphogenetic action of juvenile hormone (JH) on the development of the flight apparatus was studied on the house cricket (Acheta domestica L.). Simulation of an excess of JH, created by treatment of nymphs of the last instar with analogs of JH, led to the formation of adultoids with various degrees of expression of the imaginal characteristics in the structure of the elytrons and wings. An analysis of the state of the wings, wing base, and wing muscles in the adultoids shows that the flight apparatus develops as an integral functioning system, and not as a result of independent imagination of its individual constituents. The great importance of inversion of the wings was demonstrated: imaginal characteristics absent before inversion were expressed to one degree or another in all parts of the flight apparatus after inversions. The imaginization of the wing musculature is associated primarily with the degree of formation of the wing base, determining the degree of mobility of the wings. It was proposed that the morphogenetic action of JH and its analogs be evaluated on the basis not so much of the length of the wings as the degree of formation of the flight apparatus, which is most simply judged according to the mobility of the wings. It was proposed that the morphogenetic action of JH and its analogs be evaluated on the basis not so much of the length of the wings as the degree of formation of the flight apparatus, which is most simply judged according to the mobility of the wings and their position at rest.", "PMID": 1124419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8466", "title": "Effect of retinal factors on the chick-embryo lens in vivo.", "content": "The effect of water-soluble retinal factors on lens differentiation in 11-day chick embryos was studies in vivo. Retinal extract accelerated cell transfer from zone to zone, promoted lens-fiber formation, and reduced total protein in the lens. Acrylamide-gel electrophoresis detected four basic protein fractions in the lens. Retinal factors caused a fraction identified as gamma-crystallin to disappear and lowered the peak of delta-crystallin. The data obtained are evidence that retinal factors participate in the regulation of cell differentiation and protein turnover in the lens.", "contents": "Effect of retinal factors on the chick-embryo lens in vivo. The effect of water-soluble retinal factors on lens differentiation in 11-day chick embryos was studies in vivo. Retinal extract accelerated cell transfer from zone to zone, promoted lens-fiber formation, and reduced total protein in the lens. Acrylamide-gel electrophoresis detected four basic protein fractions in the lens. Retinal factors caused a fraction identified as gamma-crystallin to disappear and lowered the peak of delta-crystallin. The data obtained are evidence that retinal factors participate in the regulation of cell differentiation and protein turnover in the lens.", "PMID": 1124420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8467", "title": "Methods of regeneration.", "content": "This paper is concerned with methods of regeneration: morphallaxis, epimorphosis, and regeneration by induction. The last method was demonstrated by investigations to study the restoration of lost regenerative power of the cranial bones in adult dogs and in some other cases. During regeneration by induction an inducing agent, reactive or competent material, and the right conditions for induction must be present. It is emphasized that the method and mechanism of regeneration are one and the same thing. The methods of regeneration specified above differ not only in their formal and secondary features, but also in the essence of their fundamental processes: true reorganization, growth, and induction. Each method of regeneration can be found not only in the pure form, but also in combinations of varying degree and type. Besides regeneration, hypertrophy is also very important for the restoration of parenchymatous internal organs in mammals, but it is not identical with regenerations.", "contents": "Methods of regeneration. This paper is concerned with methods of regeneration: morphallaxis, epimorphosis, and regeneration by induction. The last method was demonstrated by investigations to study the restoration of lost regenerative power of the cranial bones in adult dogs and in some other cases. During regeneration by induction an inducing agent, reactive or competent material, and the right conditions for induction must be present. It is emphasized that the method and mechanism of regeneration are one and the same thing. The methods of regeneration specified above differ not only in their formal and secondary features, but also in the essence of their fundamental processes: true reorganization, growth, and induction. Each method of regeneration can be found not only in the pure form, but also in combinations of varying degree and type. Besides regeneration, hypertrophy is also very important for the restoration of parenchymatous internal organs in mammals, but it is not identical with regenerations.", "PMID": 1124421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8468", "title": "Radioautographic and cytometric analysis of myocyte growth and myocardial regeneration in rats.", "content": "During postnatal histogenesis of the rat myocardium DNA synthesis and myocyte proliferation are essentially completed by the 20th-25th day of development, while growth of the muscle cells continues after the 30th day. On the first days following injury of the myocardium of newborn and four-day-old rats the index of labelled nuclei and the mitotic index decrease considerably. Later in myocardial regions adjacent to and remote from the focus of the injury the changes in both indices were identical. No such phenomena were observed in 14-day-old, 30-day-old, and adult rats. After injury in all stages of development a scar formed in the myocardium. It is concluded that regeneration (secondary morphogenesis) does not occur in the myocardium, as assumed earlier, but the process of natural development which had been disturbed by the trauma continues. In the myocardial region remote from the site of the trauma this process, especially in four-day-old rats, is of a compensatory nature. The trauma briefly stimulates myocyte proliferation of the stumps of 14-day-old rats. In the center of the focus of the injury even after the repeated injection of H3-thymidine labelled nuclei were not found in the muscle fibers. This raises doubt as to the possibility of proliferative morphogenesis of muscle fibers located in this region.", "contents": "Radioautographic and cytometric analysis of myocyte growth and myocardial regeneration in rats. During postnatal histogenesis of the rat myocardium DNA synthesis and myocyte proliferation are essentially completed by the 20th-25th day of development, while growth of the muscle cells continues after the 30th day. On the first days following injury of the myocardium of newborn and four-day-old rats the index of labelled nuclei and the mitotic index decrease considerably. Later in myocardial regions adjacent to and remote from the focus of the injury the changes in both indices were identical. No such phenomena were observed in 14-day-old, 30-day-old, and adult rats. After injury in all stages of development a scar formed in the myocardium. It is concluded that regeneration (secondary morphogenesis) does not occur in the myocardium, as assumed earlier, but the process of natural development which had been disturbed by the trauma continues. In the myocardial region remote from the site of the trauma this process, especially in four-day-old rats, is of a compensatory nature. The trauma briefly stimulates myocyte proliferation of the stumps of 14-day-old rats. In the center of the focus of the injury even after the repeated injection of H3-thymidine labelled nuclei were not found in the muscle fibers. This raises doubt as to the possibility of proliferative morphogenesis of muscle fibers located in this region.", "PMID": 1124422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8469", "title": "Ultrastructure of neurosecretory cells at different stages of differentiation in the preoptic nucleus of immature sterlet.", "content": "Ultrastructure of neurosecretory cells of the preoptic nucleus in immature sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus L.) was studies for the first time. The dorsal zone of the preoptic nucleus houses light, dark, and pycnomorphic neurosecretory cells, which contain varying numbers of elementary secretory granules measuring 1995 plus or minus 32 A in diameter. Light cells containing numerous secretory granules with a diameter of 1707 plus or minus 27 A are predominant in the middle zone. Pycnomorphic cells are absent in this zone. The ventral zone contains only poorly differentiated cells with solitary elementary granules measuring 1100-1300 A in diameter. The neurosecretory cells also differ with respect to the number and structural characteristics of their organoids. Thus, neurosecretory cells in the preoptic nucleus are found in different morphofunctional states, a circumstance that reflects the sequence of their development in ontogenesis and different phases of the secretory cycle.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of neurosecretory cells at different stages of differentiation in the preoptic nucleus of immature sterlet. Ultrastructure of neurosecretory cells of the preoptic nucleus in immature sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus L.) was studies for the first time. The dorsal zone of the preoptic nucleus houses light, dark, and pycnomorphic neurosecretory cells, which contain varying numbers of elementary secretory granules measuring 1995 plus or minus 32 A in diameter. Light cells containing numerous secretory granules with a diameter of 1707 plus or minus 27 A are predominant in the middle zone. Pycnomorphic cells are absent in this zone. The ventral zone contains only poorly differentiated cells with solitary elementary granules measuring 1100-1300 A in diameter. The neurosecretory cells also differ with respect to the number and structural characteristics of their organoids. Thus, neurosecretory cells in the preoptic nucleus are found in different morphofunctional states, a circumstance that reflects the sequence of their development in ontogenesis and different phases of the secretory cycle.", "PMID": 1124423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8470", "title": "Investigation of the ultrastructure of DNA-synthesizing cells of a focus of aseptic inflammation.", "content": "The ultrastructure of cells of a focus of aseptic inflammation, synthesizing DNA (incorporating H3-thymidine) was studied with the aid of a combination of methods of light autoradiography and plane-parallel embedding. It was shown that these cells have the ultrastructure specific for collagen-synthesizing cells (fibroblasts): a well-developed granular endoplasmic reticulum with a large number of polyribosomes, an extensive Golgi complex, a characteristic structure of the mitochondria, and a large number of cytoplasmic microfibers. Collagen fibers are detected on the surface of the cells.", "contents": "Investigation of the ultrastructure of DNA-synthesizing cells of a focus of aseptic inflammation. The ultrastructure of cells of a focus of aseptic inflammation, synthesizing DNA (incorporating H3-thymidine) was studied with the aid of a combination of methods of light autoradiography and plane-parallel embedding. It was shown that these cells have the ultrastructure specific for collagen-synthesizing cells (fibroblasts): a well-developed granular endoplasmic reticulum with a large number of polyribosomes, an extensive Golgi complex, a characteristic structure of the mitochondria, and a large number of cytoplasmic microfibers. Collagen fibers are detected on the surface of the cells.", "PMID": 1124424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8471", "title": "The role of mitosis in the formation of binuclear cells with a pigmented epithelium of the retina and in the rat liver.", "content": "The formation of binuclear tetraploid cells in the pigmented epithelium of the retina and the rat liver was investigated by the method of autoradiography using H3-thymidine. It was shown that binuclear cells are formed in these tissues as a result of incomplete mitosis. Only mononuclear diploid cells participate in the formation of these cells in the livers of 24-day-old animals, while in the pigmented epithelium of the retina of four-day-old animals, in addition binuclear tetraploid cells also participate. The duration of the phases of the mitotic cycle of cells of the pigmented epithelium of the rat retina and liver was determined.", "contents": "The role of mitosis in the formation of binuclear cells with a pigmented epithelium of the retina and in the rat liver. The formation of binuclear tetraploid cells in the pigmented epithelium of the retina and the rat liver was investigated by the method of autoradiography using H3-thymidine. It was shown that binuclear cells are formed in these tissues as a result of incomplete mitosis. Only mononuclear diploid cells participate in the formation of these cells in the livers of 24-day-old animals, while in the pigmented epithelium of the retina of four-day-old animals, in addition binuclear tetraploid cells also participate. The duration of the phases of the mitotic cycle of cells of the pigmented epithelium of the rat retina and liver was determined.", "PMID": 1124425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8472", "title": "Study of the specificity of the action of adhesive factors isolated from the liver and lungs of adult mice and rats.", "content": "Adhesive factors (AF), enhancing the cohesion of cells in liver and lung tissues, were isolated from the liquid obtained in the incubation of pieces of liver and lung of adult mice and rats in calcium-free salt solution. The action of AF was evaluated according to their influence on the strength of cohesion of the cells in the lung and liver, measured with a micromanipulator, and according to the number of cells isolated from the liver by dispersion. The presence of tissue specificity and the absence of species specificity of the action of AF on the tissues of adult animals was demonstrated.", "contents": "Study of the specificity of the action of adhesive factors isolated from the liver and lungs of adult mice and rats. Adhesive factors (AF), enhancing the cohesion of cells in liver and lung tissues, were isolated from the liquid obtained in the incubation of pieces of liver and lung of adult mice and rats in calcium-free salt solution. The action of AF was evaluated according to their influence on the strength of cohesion of the cells in the lung and liver, measured with a micromanipulator, and according to the number of cells isolated from the liver by dispersion. The presence of tissue specificity and the absence of species specificity of the action of AF on the tissues of adult animals was demonstrated.", "PMID": 1124426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8473", "title": "Some peculiarities of the expression of exterases in larvae and adult individuals of Drosophila virilis.", "content": "It was discovered that certain isoenzymes of esterases in Drosophila virilis are represented by fast and slow subfractions. In various inbred lines, pecularities are observed in the distribution of activity between these subfractions, so that in adult individuals of some lines, the fast subfraction is the most active, and in others the slow subfraction. During the process of ontogenesis, a redistribution of activity between the two subfractions is observed.", "contents": "Some peculiarities of the expression of exterases in larvae and adult individuals of Drosophila virilis. It was discovered that certain isoenzymes of esterases in Drosophila virilis are represented by fast and slow subfractions. In various inbred lines, pecularities are observed in the distribution of activity between these subfractions, so that in adult individuals of some lines, the fast subfraction is the most active, and in others the slow subfraction. During the process of ontogenesis, a redistribution of activity between the two subfractions is observed.", "PMID": 1124427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8474", "title": "Redistribution of newly synthesized RNA between nucleus and cytoplasm in sea urchin embryos.", "content": "The kinetics of the release of newly synthesized RNA from the nucleus into the cytoplasm in embryos of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus nudus was investigated. Preliminary data indicate that some of the newly synthesized RNA may return from the cytoplasm to the nucleus.", "contents": "Redistribution of newly synthesized RNA between nucleus and cytoplasm in sea urchin embryos. The kinetics of the release of newly synthesized RNA from the nucleus into the cytoplasm in embryos of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus nudus was investigated. Preliminary data indicate that some of the newly synthesized RNA may return from the cytoplasm to the nucleus.", "PMID": 1124428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8475", "title": "Expression of aldolase-controlling genes in hybrid fish embryos. Use of thermostability as a genetic marker.", "content": "A new method based on differences in protein thermostability has been proposed for studying genetic control of protein synthesis during development. The effectiveness of this method was checked for aldolase, whose thermostability was established from the temperature required for 50% inactivation after heating for 30 min (T50%). Eggs from a relatively cryophilic species, the loach, were fertilized with sperm from warm-water aquarium fish: the danio, barb, rasbora, and goldfish. The T50% for aldolase from the hybrid embryos and fry was 1-4 degrees higher than for aldolase from the loach. The increase in T50% in the loach times danio and loach times rasbora hybrids was shown to be caused by functioning of the paternal aldolase-controlling genes, which began at the somite-formation stage and coincided with the increase in enzyme activity in the embryo. The value of T50% was increased to a greater extent and reached its maximum more rapidly in the somite tissues than in the cephalic tissues. A decrease in aldolase thermostability occurred in reciprocal danio times loach hybrids during the same developmental stages.", "contents": "Expression of aldolase-controlling genes in hybrid fish embryos. Use of thermostability as a genetic marker. A new method based on differences in protein thermostability has been proposed for studying genetic control of protein synthesis during development. The effectiveness of this method was checked for aldolase, whose thermostability was established from the temperature required for 50% inactivation after heating for 30 min (T50%). Eggs from a relatively cryophilic species, the loach, were fertilized with sperm from warm-water aquarium fish: the danio, barb, rasbora, and goldfish. The T50% for aldolase from the hybrid embryos and fry was 1-4 degrees higher than for aldolase from the loach. The increase in T50% in the loach times danio and loach times rasbora hybrids was shown to be caused by functioning of the paternal aldolase-controlling genes, which began at the somite-formation stage and coincided with the increase in enzyme activity in the embryo. The value of T50% was increased to a greater extent and reached its maximum more rapidly in the somite tissues than in the cephalic tissues. A decrease in aldolase thermostability occurred in reciprocal danio times loach hybrids during the same developmental stages.", "PMID": 1124430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8476", "title": "Variation patterns in the respiration of avian embryos.", "content": "Our own data and those in the literature show that the increase in body weight and respiration rate in avian embryos is divided into three periods. Equations are given that describe the increase in weight and oxygen-consumption rate during individual periods and throughout embryogenesis. The meaning of the coefficients in the equation relating body weight to respiration rate is clarified. It is hypothesized that the analytic expression representing respiration rate as a function of embryo weight can aid in finding relationships between respiration and other parameters of the developing organism.", "contents": "Variation patterns in the respiration of avian embryos. Our own data and those in the literature show that the increase in body weight and respiration rate in avian embryos is divided into three periods. Equations are given that describe the increase in weight and oxygen-consumption rate during individual periods and throughout embryogenesis. The meaning of the coefficients in the equation relating body weight to respiration rate is clarified. It is hypothesized that the analytic expression representing respiration rate as a function of embryo weight can aid in finding relationships between respiration and other parameters of the developing organism.", "PMID": 1124431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8477", "title": "Use of plastome and nuclear mutants of higher plants to study the genetic control of plastid formation and function.", "content": "We conducted comparative biochemical and electron-microscopic studies of several types of plastome and nuclear mutants of Antirrhinum majus and Pelargonium zonale. It was shown that specific blocking of the photosynthetic reaction occurs in plastome mutants of A. majus; Photosystem II was found to be damaged in the en:alba-1 mutant and photo-system I was affected in the en:viridis-1 mutant. The plastid mutations in these mutants caused loss of certain soluble lamellar proteins and pigment--protein complexes or a reduction in their content, which led to disappearance of photosynthetic activity. When the content of high-molecular ribosomal RNA in the leaves of normal and mutant P. zonale plants was compared, the normal plants were found to have four types of RNA: two types of cytoplasmic-ribosome RNA and two types of plastid-ribosome RNA. No plastid-ribosome RNA was detected in the mutant. These results were confirmed by electron-microscopic examination: no ribosomes were detected in the mutant plastids. Thus, use of plastome mutants made it possible to establish that the genetic information concentrated in the plastid DNA controls formation of ribosomes and lamellae in the chloroplasts and thus affects chloroplast photosynthetic function.", "contents": "Use of plastome and nuclear mutants of higher plants to study the genetic control of plastid formation and function. We conducted comparative biochemical and electron-microscopic studies of several types of plastome and nuclear mutants of Antirrhinum majus and Pelargonium zonale. It was shown that specific blocking of the photosynthetic reaction occurs in plastome mutants of A. majus; Photosystem II was found to be damaged in the en:alba-1 mutant and photo-system I was affected in the en:viridis-1 mutant. The plastid mutations in these mutants caused loss of certain soluble lamellar proteins and pigment--protein complexes or a reduction in their content, which led to disappearance of photosynthetic activity. When the content of high-molecular ribosomal RNA in the leaves of normal and mutant P. zonale plants was compared, the normal plants were found to have four types of RNA: two types of cytoplasmic-ribosome RNA and two types of plastid-ribosome RNA. No plastid-ribosome RNA was detected in the mutant. These results were confirmed by electron-microscopic examination: no ribosomes were detected in the mutant plastids. Thus, use of plastome mutants made it possible to establish that the genetic information concentrated in the plastid DNA controls formation of ribosomes and lamellae in the chloroplasts and thus affects chloroplast photosynthetic function.", "PMID": 1124432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8478", "title": "A modified Robertson's equation of animal growth.", "content": "A growth equation is presented, differing from Robertson's equation only in its constnats. It is shown that this equation satisfactorily describes the growth of birds and mammals.", "contents": "A modified Robertson's equation of animal growth. A growth equation is presented, differing from Robertson's equation only in its constnats. It is shown that this equation satisfactorily describes the growth of birds and mammals.", "PMID": 1124433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8479", "title": "Cell cycles in the early development of axolotl.", "content": "In axolotl embryos, during the course of development, the generation time increases, chiefly on account of a lengthening of the phase of DNA synthesis, the longest in the cell cycle. At the stages of the middle blastula and early gastrula, the G1 phase is shorter than in the G2 phase, while at the neurula stage, the G1 phase is far longer than the G2 phase. Cells of the chordamesoderm pass through the cycle nonuniformly during gastrulation: a period with a very low index of labeled nuclei and slow entry of cells into the S phase gives way to a period of their intensive entry into the S-phase.", "contents": "Cell cycles in the early development of axolotl. In axolotl embryos, during the course of development, the generation time increases, chiefly on account of a lengthening of the phase of DNA synthesis, the longest in the cell cycle. At the stages of the middle blastula and early gastrula, the G1 phase is shorter than in the G2 phase, while at the neurula stage, the G1 phase is far longer than the G2 phase. Cells of the chordamesoderm pass through the cycle nonuniformly during gastrulation: a period with a very low index of labeled nuclei and slow entry of cells into the S phase gives way to a period of their intensive entry into the S-phase.", "PMID": 1124434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8480", "title": "Transplantation of nuclei from growing oocytes into fully grown enucleated sturgeon oocytes.", "content": "Experiments involving enucleation of oocytes and transplantation of germinal vesicles showed that, at the start of the period of greatest growth, the oocyte caryoplasm already contains the substances necessary to make the cytoplasm capable of cytotomy.", "contents": "Transplantation of nuclei from growing oocytes into fully grown enucleated sturgeon oocytes. Experiments involving enucleation of oocytes and transplantation of germinal vesicles showed that, at the start of the period of greatest growth, the oocyte caryoplasm already contains the substances necessary to make the cytoplasm capable of cytotomy.", "PMID": 1124435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8481", "title": "Biosynthesis of mitochondrial proteins in oocytes of the loach Misgurnus fossilis L.", "content": "The incorporation of C14-valine into the mitochondrial proteins of loach oocytes in vivo is seven times greater during the period of slow growth and the early phase of the period of greatest growth than the incorporation of this amino acid into mitochondrial proteins at the end of the period of greatest growth. Incorporation of the tagged amino acid into the mitochondrial proteins is inhibited by chloramphenicol. Cycloheximide inhibits tagged-precursor incorporation into the proteins of the nucleus and 14, 000-g supernatant and into the mitochondrial proteins.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of mitochondrial proteins in oocytes of the loach Misgurnus fossilis L. The incorporation of C14-valine into the mitochondrial proteins of loach oocytes in vivo is seven times greater during the period of slow growth and the early phase of the period of greatest growth than the incorporation of this amino acid into mitochondrial proteins at the end of the period of greatest growth. Incorporation of the tagged amino acid into the mitochondrial proteins is inhibited by chloramphenicol. Cycloheximide inhibits tagged-precursor incorporation into the proteins of the nucleus and 14, 000-g supernatant and into the mitochondrial proteins.", "PMID": 1124436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8482", "title": "Change in the maternal effect in Drosophila hybrids at low temperatures.", "content": "Interspecies Drosophila hybrids of the virilis group were used to study the maternal effect (expression of the recessive glossy mutation when females of D. virilis strains carrying this mutation are crossed with D. littoralis males of the wild type) at low temperatures. The maternal effect was found to be intensified by a factor of four at 17 degrees and there was also an increase in the incidence of haplo-6 individuals (95%, as against 26% at 25 degrees), apparently as a result of the increased frequency of elimination of the 6th D. littoralis chromosome during cleavage division I.", "contents": "Change in the maternal effect in Drosophila hybrids at low temperatures. Interspecies Drosophila hybrids of the virilis group were used to study the maternal effect (expression of the recessive glossy mutation when females of D. virilis strains carrying this mutation are crossed with D. littoralis males of the wild type) at low temperatures. The maternal effect was found to be intensified by a factor of four at 17 degrees and there was also an increase in the incidence of haplo-6 individuals (95%, as against 26% at 25 degrees), apparently as a result of the increased frequency of elimination of the 6th D. littoralis chromosome during cleavage division I.", "PMID": 1124437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8483", "title": "Changes in the pool of deoxyuridine monophosphate in the normal embryogenesis of rats and under the influence of the folic acid antagonist chloridin.", "content": "Using the methods of ion exchange and paper chromatography, the content of d-UMP, AMP, GMP, and UMP was measured in 13-15 day rat embryos, and the changes in the pools of these nucleotides under the action of chloridin, one of the inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase, were also determined. Only the concentration of d-UMP changed appreciably: it increased in the case of normal development from the 13th to the 14th day, apralleling a decrease in the specific activity of TMS, and especially sharply under the action of chloridin, which, inhibiting dihydrofolate reductase, evidently created a deficiency of FA-H4 and thereby blocked the TMS reaction.", "contents": "Changes in the pool of deoxyuridine monophosphate in the normal embryogenesis of rats and under the influence of the folic acid antagonist chloridin. Using the methods of ion exchange and paper chromatography, the content of d-UMP, AMP, GMP, and UMP was measured in 13-15 day rat embryos, and the changes in the pools of these nucleotides under the action of chloridin, one of the inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase, were also determined. Only the concentration of d-UMP changed appreciably: it increased in the case of normal development from the 13th to the 14th day, apralleling a decrease in the specific activity of TMS, and especially sharply under the action of chloridin, which, inhibiting dihydrofolate reductase, evidently created a deficiency of FA-H4 and thereby blocked the TMS reaction.", "PMID": 1124438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8484", "title": "The temporal and spatial separation of specific syntheses in the process of chondrogenesis (electron microscopic investigation).", "content": "The ultrastructural of the chondroblasts was investigated in vitro by the methods of light and electron microscopy, determining the degree of differentiation of the individual cells. It was found that in the process of differentiation, the surface area of the membranes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum undergoes a five-fold increase, while the concentration of free ribosomes in the cytoplasm decreases. The total concentration of free ribosomes and those attached to the membranes per unit volume is unchanged and is approximately 5500 ribosomes per mu3. The use of H3-proline showed that collagen is synthesized on free polyribosomes in the cytoplasm, and not on the rough endoplasmic reticulum. A hypothesis was advanced on the temporal and spatial separation of specific syntheses in the cartilage, playing an important role in the differentiation of the chondroblasts.", "contents": "The temporal and spatial separation of specific syntheses in the process of chondrogenesis (electron microscopic investigation). The ultrastructural of the chondroblasts was investigated in vitro by the methods of light and electron microscopy, determining the degree of differentiation of the individual cells. It was found that in the process of differentiation, the surface area of the membranes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum undergoes a five-fold increase, while the concentration of free ribosomes in the cytoplasm decreases. The total concentration of free ribosomes and those attached to the membranes per unit volume is unchanged and is approximately 5500 ribosomes per mu3. The use of H3-proline showed that collagen is synthesized on free polyribosomes in the cytoplasm, and not on the rough endoplasmic reticulum. A hypothesis was advanced on the temporal and spatial separation of specific syntheses in the cartilage, playing an important role in the differentiation of the chondroblasts.", "PMID": 1124439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8485", "title": "Metabolic acidosis in the acute abdomen.", "content": "Acid-base balance in 13 patients with acute abdominal conditions has been studied. Superior mesenteric arterial occlusion in 3 patients  produced a base excess of less then-12. Other acute abdominal emergencies did not produce as profound a metabolic acidosis. The limitations of using severe metabolic acidosis as a diagnostic criterion in superior mesentric arterial occlusion are discussed.", "contents": "Metabolic acidosis in the acute abdomen. Acid-base balance in 13 patients with acute abdominal conditions has been studied. Superior mesenteric arterial occlusion in 3 patients  produced a base excess of less then-12. Other acute abdominal emergencies did not produce as profound a metabolic acidosis. The limitations of using severe metabolic acidosis as a diagnostic criterion in superior mesentric arterial occlusion are discussed.", "PMID": 1124441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8486", "title": "Education for appropriate psychiatry.", "content": "Appropriate psychiatry depends on the careful delineation of educational objectives in terms of the knowledge, skills and attitudes that doctors can be expected to use, the development of suitable learning experiences and methods of evaluation to test whether the objective have been attained.  A method for the analysis of objectives is described, as well as techniques to facilitate learning. Clinical skills are not enough in planning postgraduate training in the south african context. Managerial and educational skills should also be fostered,  as well as the personal growth and development of the trainee. Special attention should be given to preparing the psychiatrist to meet the needs of different cultural groups. A case is put forward for the development and acceptance of a single basic qualification of clinical competence for psychiatrists in South Africa and it is proposed that the F.F. Psych. should fill this gap.", "contents": "Education for appropriate psychiatry. Appropriate psychiatry depends on the careful delineation of educational objectives in terms of the knowledge, skills and attitudes that doctors can be expected to use, the development of suitable learning experiences and methods of evaluation to test whether the objective have been attained.  A method for the analysis of objectives is described, as well as techniques to facilitate learning. Clinical skills are not enough in planning postgraduate training in the south african context. Managerial and educational skills should also be fostered,  as well as the personal growth and development of the trainee. Special attention should be given to preparing the psychiatrist to meet the needs of different cultural groups. A case is put forward for the development and acceptance of a single basic qualification of clinical competence for psychiatrists in South Africa and it is proposed that the F.F. Psych. should fill this gap.", "PMID": 1124442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8487", "title": "Isotopic method using xenon-133 for assessing placental blood flow and for detecting light-for-dates babies.", "content": "A method for measuring uteroplacental blood flow is described and applied to mothers with light-for-dates and normally-grown fetuses. The two groups of fetuses showed a significant difference in their clearance rates, the inportance of which is discussed in terms of diagnosis and management.", "contents": "Isotopic method using xenon-133 for assessing placental blood flow and for detecting light-for-dates babies. A method for measuring uteroplacental blood flow is described and applied to mothers with light-for-dates and normally-grown fetuses. The two groups of fetuses showed a significant difference in their clearance rates, the inportance of which is discussed in terms of diagnosis and management.", "PMID": 1124443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8488", "title": "A case of recurrent subacute disseminated intravascular coagulation associated with malarial prophylaxis.", "content": "An adult male who twice presented with a sudden haemolytic anaemia and disseminated intravascular coagulation of uncertain aetiology is described. A possible causative agent common to both episodes is the breakdown product of pyrimethamine (Daraprim) and chlorguanide (Paludring). A very similar case has been attributed to penicillin sensitivety. The usefulness of high dosage heparin in the treatment of the subacute form of disseminated intravascualr coagulation is illustrated in the first admission.", "contents": "A case of recurrent subacute disseminated intravascular coagulation associated with malarial prophylaxis. An adult male who twice presented with a sudden haemolytic anaemia and disseminated intravascular coagulation of uncertain aetiology is described. A possible causative agent common to both episodes is the breakdown product of pyrimethamine (Daraprim) and chlorguanide (Paludring). A very similar case has been attributed to penicillin sensitivety. The usefulness of high dosage heparin in the treatment of the subacute form of disseminated intravascualr coagulation is illustrated in the first admission.", "PMID": 1124444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8489", "title": "An evaluation of tilidine hydrochloride in the treatment of pain requiring immediate analgesia.", "content": "Problems relating to analgesia in various situations are briefly discussed. A simple working classification for analgesic administration is given. The results of a trial, in which 50 mg of a new analgesic, tilidine, was given sublingually, are presented. The drug was evaluated in cases where immediate analgesia was indicated. The majority of patients had injuries to the hand or head. It was found that tilidine provided a marked analgesic effect in 27 of the 30 patients. The onset of action was rapid, 25 of the 30 patients obtaining complete relief within 6 minutes. It is concluded that tilidine is a powerful analgesic, with a rapid onset of action when it is give in the sublingual drop form. Moreover, it is a drug of choice, in this form, for acute, moderately severe situations (those which require immediate analgesia, but where opinates are not thought to be necessary).", "contents": "An evaluation of tilidine hydrochloride in the treatment of pain requiring immediate analgesia. Problems relating to analgesia in various situations are briefly discussed. A simple working classification for analgesic administration is given. The results of a trial, in which 50 mg of a new analgesic, tilidine, was given sublingually, are presented. The drug was evaluated in cases where immediate analgesia was indicated. The majority of patients had injuries to the hand or head. It was found that tilidine provided a marked analgesic effect in 27 of the 30 patients. The onset of action was rapid, 25 of the 30 patients obtaining complete relief within 6 minutes. It is concluded that tilidine is a powerful analgesic, with a rapid onset of action when it is give in the sublingual drop form. Moreover, it is a drug of choice, in this form, for acute, moderately severe situations (those which require immediate analgesia, but where opinates are not thought to be necessary).", "PMID": 1124449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8490", "title": "Cavitation of pulmonary metastases.", "content": "Although cavitation of pulmonary metastases is not as frequent as that of primary involvement, it should always be considered in the differential diagnosis of multiple cavitary lesions. The most frequent cause is squamous cell carcinoma, but it is by no means confined to this type of pathology.", "contents": "Cavitation of pulmonary metastases. Although cavitation of pulmonary metastases is not as frequent as that of primary involvement, it should always be considered in the differential diagnosis of multiple cavitary lesions. The most frequent cause is squamous cell carcinoma, but it is by no means confined to this type of pathology.", "PMID": 1124450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8491", "title": "The quality of perinatal care received by patients in the Greater Harare area during 1973.", "content": "The perinatal deaths which occurred during 1973 in the Harare perinatal service were analysed in relation to their obstetric associations. Seventy-one per cent of all the deaths were associated with just five obstetric complications, namely asphyxia in laubour, preterm delivery, minor antepartum haemorrhage, unexplained intra-uterine death and disproportion. It is suggested that asphyxial deaths occurring labour will only be eliminated when continous cardiotocographic monitoring becomes standard practice for all patients. Until then, selected cardiotocography will remain as the main diagnostic aid. Its value will be improved by reviewing the principles of selection. The potential exists to eliminate preterm delivery by the use of beta-adrenergic stimulant drugs. It is suggested that the rational application of this potential would reduce perinatal mortality from preterm delivery. The unexplained intra-uterine deaths and those associated with a minor antepartum haemorrhage presented major problems of understanding and therefore management. These are discussed. Deaths associated with disproportion occurred in 0,10% of booked patients and 3,22% of unbooked patients. The management of the booked patient is satisfactory, and improvement in perinatal mortality will only be achieved by decreasing the number of unbooked patients.", "contents": "The quality of perinatal care received by patients in the Greater Harare area during 1973. The perinatal deaths which occurred during 1973 in the Harare perinatal service were analysed in relation to their obstetric associations. Seventy-one per cent of all the deaths were associated with just five obstetric complications, namely asphyxia in laubour, preterm delivery, minor antepartum haemorrhage, unexplained intra-uterine death and disproportion. It is suggested that asphyxial deaths occurring labour will only be eliminated when continous cardiotocographic monitoring becomes standard practice for all patients. Until then, selected cardiotocography will remain as the main diagnostic aid. Its value will be improved by reviewing the principles of selection. The potential exists to eliminate preterm delivery by the use of beta-adrenergic stimulant drugs. It is suggested that the rational application of this potential would reduce perinatal mortality from preterm delivery. The unexplained intra-uterine deaths and those associated with a minor antepartum haemorrhage presented major problems of understanding and therefore management. These are discussed. Deaths associated with disproportion occurred in 0,10% of booked patients and 3,22% of unbooked patients. The management of the booked patient is satisfactory, and improvement in perinatal mortality will only be achieved by decreasing the number of unbooked patients.", "PMID": 1124451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8492", "title": "Carcinoma of the urinary bladder in the Western Cape.", "content": "The histology of the initial biopsy specimens of 473 patients with tumours of the urinary bladder has been reviewed and the tumours categorised. The patients selected were normally resident in the Western Cape. The findings show that there is a low percentage of squamous carcinomas in the series when compared with similar published series from other parts of the African continent. These findings suggest that whatever aetiological or modifying agents are operative in the remainder of Africa, these are not present in the Western Cape.", "contents": "Carcinoma of the urinary bladder in the Western Cape. The histology of the initial biopsy specimens of 473 patients with tumours of the urinary bladder has been reviewed and the tumours categorised. The patients selected were normally resident in the Western Cape. The findings show that there is a low percentage of squamous carcinomas in the series when compared with similar published series from other parts of the African continent. These findings suggest that whatever aetiological or modifying agents are operative in the remainder of Africa, these are not present in the Western Cape.", "PMID": 1124457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8493", "title": "Haemangiopericytoma of the thigh.", "content": "Haemangiopericytoma is a very vascular tumour which is slow growing and often painless. It is important to realise the malignant potential of these tumours and to treat them by wide surgical excision. Angiography was helpful in this case because it gave warning of probable malignancy.", "contents": "Haemangiopericytoma of the thigh. Haemangiopericytoma is a very vascular tumour which is slow growing and often painless. It is important to realise the malignant potential of these tumours and to treat them by wide surgical excision. Angiography was helpful in this case because it gave warning of probable malignancy.", "PMID": 1124459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8494", "title": "Canine ringworm caused by Trichophyton rubrum; probable transmission from man to animal.", "content": "A case of ringworm in a 2-year-old male Dachshund caused by Trichophyton rubrum is described. The owner of this dog had tinea pedis probably caused by the same fungus. The authors believe that this is the first authenticated case of T. rubrum infection in a dog recorded in Japan, the infection probably having been acquired from man.", "contents": "Canine ringworm caused by Trichophyton rubrum; probable transmission from man to animal. A case of ringworm in a 2-year-old male Dachshund caused by Trichophyton rubrum is described. The owner of this dog had tinea pedis probably caused by the same fungus. The authors believe that this is the first authenticated case of T. rubrum infection in a dog recorded in Japan, the infection probably having been acquired from man.", "PMID": 1124460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8495", "title": "Emmonsia parva as causal agent of adiaspiromycosis in a fox.", "content": "The authors report on adiaspiromycosis of a fox (Vulpes vulpes) caused by Emmonsia parva. Species diagnosis was made on the basis of dimensions of the fungus found in the lungs of the animal, the histopathological picture of tissue changes and the properties of the isolated culture. The identification of the fungus was also confirmed by experimental infection. The differential diagnosis of the agent of adiaspiromycosis is discussed by experimental infection. The differential diagnosed of the agent of adiaspiromycosis is discussed and attention is called to confusion of the species. E. crescens and E. parva in the past. The finding represents the first case of adiaspiromycosis due to E. parva in Europe.", "contents": "Emmonsia parva as causal agent of adiaspiromycosis in a fox. The authors report on adiaspiromycosis of a fox (Vulpes vulpes) caused by Emmonsia parva. Species diagnosis was made on the basis of dimensions of the fungus found in the lungs of the animal, the histopathological picture of tissue changes and the properties of the isolated culture. The identification of the fungus was also confirmed by experimental infection. The differential diagnosis of the agent of adiaspiromycosis is discussed by experimental infection. The differential diagnosed of the agent of adiaspiromycosis is discussed and attention is called to confusion of the species. E. crescens and E. parva in the past. The finding represents the first case of adiaspiromycosis due to E. parva in Europe.", "PMID": 1124461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8496", "title": "[Balck piedra in chimpanzees from Zaire].", "content": "Black piedra was present in 21 of 72 museum pelts of chimpanzees (Pan paniscus and Pan satyrus) from Za\u00efre. In the absence of culture, the mycological characteristics observed in vivo, although insufficient to allow a definite identification of the Piedraia species involved, are almost identical with those of Piedraia quintanilhae Van Uden, De Barros-Machado & Castelo-Branco, 1963.", "contents": "[Balck piedra in chimpanzees from Zaire]. Black piedra was present in 21 of 72 museum pelts of chimpanzees (Pan paniscus and Pan satyrus) from Za\u00efre. In the absence of culture, the mycological characteristics observed in vivo, although insufficient to allow a definite identification of the Piedraia species involved, are almost identical with those of Piedraia quintanilhae Van Uden, De Barros-Machado & Castelo-Branco, 1963.", "PMID": 1124462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8497", "title": "Classification of some Gymnoascaceae by pyrolysis-gas-liquid chromatography using added marker compounds.", "content": "Methyl esters of fatty acids were added to samples before pyrolysis to superimpose peaks of known retention time on the pyrochromatograms. These peaks were useful in calibrating the retention time scales so that peaks on different chromatograms could be appropriately homologized. The study included 3 species of Nannizzia, 3 strains of Trichophyton rubrum and 1 strain each of Gymnoascus uncinatus, G. reesii, Arachniotus hyalinosporus, Chrysosporium pannorum and Gliocladium viride. Pyrograms of the 3 T. rubrum strains were not as similar to each other as the pyrograms of some of the supposedly distantly related species. Unless our identification of 1 or more of the T. rubrum strains is incorrect, these results cast doubt on the usefulness of pyrochromatograms as indicators of genetic similarity.", "contents": "Classification of some Gymnoascaceae by pyrolysis-gas-liquid chromatography using added marker compounds. Methyl esters of fatty acids were added to samples before pyrolysis to superimpose peaks of known retention time on the pyrochromatograms. These peaks were useful in calibrating the retention time scales so that peaks on different chromatograms could be appropriately homologized. The study included 3 species of Nannizzia, 3 strains of Trichophyton rubrum and 1 strain each of Gymnoascus uncinatus, G. reesii, Arachniotus hyalinosporus, Chrysosporium pannorum and Gliocladium viride. Pyrograms of the 3 T. rubrum strains were not as similar to each other as the pyrograms of some of the supposedly distantly related species. Unless our identification of 1 or more of the T. rubrum strains is incorrect, these results cast doubt on the usefulness of pyrochromatograms as indicators of genetic similarity.", "PMID": 1124463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8498", "title": "Antigenic analysis of yeast cell-walls.", "content": "Agglutination and complement fixation tests with yeast cell-walls revealed an extensive and complex pattern of cross-reactions amongst 26 species of 20 genera of yeasts. Common antigens were found in all yeast cell-walls. Ascosporogenous yeasts possessed antigens not found in the asporogenous yeasts and vice versa. Nuberical analyses of serological properties confirmed this distinction and also that little differentiation could be achieved at generic level with respect to Saccharomyces and Candida spp.", "contents": "Antigenic analysis of yeast cell-walls. Agglutination and complement fixation tests with yeast cell-walls revealed an extensive and complex pattern of cross-reactions amongst 26 species of 20 genera of yeasts. Common antigens were found in all yeast cell-walls. Ascosporogenous yeasts possessed antigens not found in the asporogenous yeasts and vice versa. Nuberical analyses of serological properties confirmed this distinction and also that little differentiation could be achieved at generic level with respect to Saccharomyces and Candida spp.", "PMID": 1124464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8499", "title": "The cause of post-traumatic pulmonary insufficiency in man.", "content": "Respiratory failure in man most frequently follows sepsis. A sign of occult sepsis may be pulmonary failure. Shock and its necessary fluid therapy may predispose to a brief requirement for ventilatory assistance. Shock and multiple injury predispase to sepsis. Mechanical ventilation with intubation has adverse effects upon the lung as well as beneficial effects of the patient. The most important adverse effect is pneumonia.", "contents": "The cause of post-traumatic pulmonary insufficiency in man. Respiratory failure in man most frequently follows sepsis. A sign of occult sepsis may be pulmonary failure. Shock and its necessary fluid therapy may predispose to a brief requirement for ventilatory assistance. Shock and multiple injury predispase to sepsis. Mechanical ventilation with intubation has adverse effects upon the lung as well as beneficial effects of the patient. The most important adverse effect is pneumonia.", "PMID": 1124471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8500", "title": "Factors influencing mortality in the treatment of pyogenic hepatic abscess.", "content": "This analysis of 80 patients with pyogenic hepatic abscess seen at this hospital demonstrated that there was no significant change in the incidence, age, sex, race, location or number of abscesses, symptoms, physical findings, labrotory data, routine roentgenograms, or complications over a 21 year period. However, there were relatively more women, the patients were older, and the incidence of appendicitis as an etiologic factor was much lower in this series than in the preantibiotic era. Ascending cholangitis was the most common etiologic factor throught this series, although malignant extrahepatic obstruction has become more prevalent in recent years. Escherichia coli remains the most commonly isolated organism, and gram-negative organisms are found in 72 per cent of the cultures. More than one organism was isolated in 65 per cent of the patients and there has been a significant increase in the number of anaerobic organisms isolated in recent years. Furthermore, a majority of anaerobic abscesses were solitary, and therefore, they had a better prognosis. The factors associated with a poor prognosis were age greater than 70 years, multiple abscesses, a biliary cause, an associated malignant condition, jaundice, an elevated serum glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase level, hypoalbuminemia, polymorphonucleocytosis, bactermia especially with multiple organisms, aerobic infection, and pulmonary, peritoneal, or other significant complication.", "contents": "Factors influencing mortality in the treatment of pyogenic hepatic abscess. This analysis of 80 patients with pyogenic hepatic abscess seen at this hospital demonstrated that there was no significant change in the incidence, age, sex, race, location or number of abscesses, symptoms, physical findings, labrotory data, routine roentgenograms, or complications over a 21 year period. However, there were relatively more women, the patients were older, and the incidence of appendicitis as an etiologic factor was much lower in this series than in the preantibiotic era. Ascending cholangitis was the most common etiologic factor throught this series, although malignant extrahepatic obstruction has become more prevalent in recent years. Escherichia coli remains the most commonly isolated organism, and gram-negative organisms are found in 72 per cent of the cultures. More than one organism was isolated in 65 per cent of the patients and there has been a significant increase in the number of anaerobic organisms isolated in recent years. Furthermore, a majority of anaerobic abscesses were solitary, and therefore, they had a better prognosis. The factors associated with a poor prognosis were age greater than 70 years, multiple abscesses, a biliary cause, an associated malignant condition, jaundice, an elevated serum glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase level, hypoalbuminemia, polymorphonucleocytosis, bactermia especially with multiple organisms, aerobic infection, and pulmonary, peritoneal, or other significant complication.", "PMID": 1124472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8501", "title": "Comparison of sterilization by tubal ligation and hysterectomy.", "content": "A comparison was made between sterilization by hysterectomy and by tubal ligation at the time of cesarean section and as an interval procedure. All operations were done at one institution and, essentially, by the same physician population, allowing for promotion within the residency program. The major deterrent to hysterectomy was the associated high incidence of necessary blood transfusion. However, a hysterectomy does offer the benefits of a permanent and completely effective procedure and the removal of an organ which ultimately may be the source of other problems. If another pathologic condition exists, making ultimate hysterectomy likely, it is the procedure of choice for sterilization, avoiding risks, costs, and the inconvenience of another operation. Methods of elective sterilization must be individualized. If the patient is appraised of the increased risk of hysterectomy and desires this more definitive procedure on the basis of informed consent, the incidence of complications is not prohibitive. These should not deter the well trained surgeon but should mandate use of all available skills, intensive evaluation of the patient, and concerned recognition of the potential adverse consequences.", "contents": "Comparison of sterilization by tubal ligation and hysterectomy. A comparison was made between sterilization by hysterectomy and by tubal ligation at the time of cesarean section and as an interval procedure. All operations were done at one institution and, essentially, by the same physician population, allowing for promotion within the residency program. The major deterrent to hysterectomy was the associated high incidence of necessary blood transfusion. However, a hysterectomy does offer the benefits of a permanent and completely effective procedure and the removal of an organ which ultimately may be the source of other problems. If another pathologic condition exists, making ultimate hysterectomy likely, it is the procedure of choice for sterilization, avoiding risks, costs, and the inconvenience of another operation. Methods of elective sterilization must be individualized. If the patient is appraised of the increased risk of hysterectomy and desires this more definitive procedure on the basis of informed consent, the incidence of complications is not prohibitive. These should not deter the well trained surgeon but should mandate use of all available skills, intensive evaluation of the patient, and concerned recognition of the potential adverse consequences.", "PMID": 1124473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8502", "title": "The diagnostic value of protein bound serum fucose in cancer of the breast.", "content": "Protein bound serum fucose levels were measured in women with cancer of the breast and in normal women serving as controls. Thirteen healthy women gave a mean value of 13.9 plus or minus 2.4 milligrams per cent, which was not significantly different from the figure of 15.0 plus or minus 3.1 milligrams per cent obtained from 11 patients with operable cancer of the breast, Stage I and II. Only the serums from nine patients with disseminated cancer of the breast showed a significantly elevated fucose concentration of 18.8 plus or minus 3.6 milligrams per cent. It is concluded that serum fucose determination is of no diagnostic value in the early stages of cancer of the breast.", "contents": "The diagnostic value of protein bound serum fucose in cancer of the breast. Protein bound serum fucose levels were measured in women with cancer of the breast and in normal women serving as controls. Thirteen healthy women gave a mean value of 13.9 plus or minus 2.4 milligrams per cent, which was not significantly different from the figure of 15.0 plus or minus 3.1 milligrams per cent obtained from 11 patients with operable cancer of the breast, Stage I and II. Only the serums from nine patients with disseminated cancer of the breast showed a significantly elevated fucose concentration of 18.8 plus or minus 3.6 milligrams per cent. It is concluded that serum fucose determination is of no diagnostic value in the early stages of cancer of the breast.", "PMID": 1124474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8503", "title": "The effect of an intraduodenal elemental diet on pancreatic secretion.", "content": "The effect of an elemental diet on canine exocrine pancreatic secretion was evaluated by infusing an elemental diet into the duodenum of dogs and monitoring the output of the pancreas. The stimulatory properties of the elemental diet were compared with a nearly equimolar dose of an L-form neutral amino acid, 0.16 normal hydrochloric acid, and 2 units per kilogram per hour of exogenous cholecystokinin. Intraduodenal infusion of elemental diet produced significant increases in pancreatic volume and protein output. These changes were similar to those produced by the amino acid solution and suggest that the stimulatory properties of the elemental diet are primarily due to the amino acid content. The results of the this study suggest that elemental diets stimulate the duodental mucosa to secrete cholecystokinin which stimulates the exocrine pancreas. Elemental diets administered in such a manner that the substance passes through the duodenum would not theoretically be a satisfactory method of providing calories to patients with acute pancreatitis.", "contents": "The effect of an intraduodenal elemental diet on pancreatic secretion. The effect of an elemental diet on canine exocrine pancreatic secretion was evaluated by infusing an elemental diet into the duodenum of dogs and monitoring the output of the pancreas. The stimulatory properties of the elemental diet were compared with a nearly equimolar dose of an L-form neutral amino acid, 0.16 normal hydrochloric acid, and 2 units per kilogram per hour of exogenous cholecystokinin. Intraduodenal infusion of elemental diet produced significant increases in pancreatic volume and protein output. These changes were similar to those produced by the amino acid solution and suggest that the stimulatory properties of the elemental diet are primarily due to the amino acid content. The results of the this study suggest that elemental diets stimulate the duodental mucosa to secrete cholecystokinin which stimulates the exocrine pancreas. Elemental diets administered in such a manner that the substance passes through the duodenum would not theoretically be a satisfactory method of providing calories to patients with acute pancreatitis.", "PMID": 1124475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8504", "title": "Pulmonary embolism after amputation of the lower extremity.", "content": "Patients requiring amputation of the lower extremity for arteriosclerosis are at high risk for the development of venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Inapparent venous thrombosis was discovered in the amputated leg at operation in eight patients. Pulmonary embolism was documented by angiogram or at autopsy in ten patients. The majority of emboli discovered in this study was not suspected by the physician responsible for the care of the patient. The perfusion lung scan in this elderly group of patients had a false-positive rate of 60 per cent, while a normal lung scan was strong evidence against pulmonary embolsim. Although imperfectly randomized, the prophylactic use of low molecular weight dextran in this study did not decrease the incidence of pulmonary embolism. The pulmonary arteriogram proved a safe procedure in the elderly and should be used before therapy is initiated for suspected pulmonary embolism.", "contents": "Pulmonary embolism after amputation of the lower extremity. Patients requiring amputation of the lower extremity for arteriosclerosis are at high risk for the development of venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Inapparent venous thrombosis was discovered in the amputated leg at operation in eight patients. Pulmonary embolism was documented by angiogram or at autopsy in ten patients. The majority of emboli discovered in this study was not suspected by the physician responsible for the care of the patient. The perfusion lung scan in this elderly group of patients had a false-positive rate of 60 per cent, while a normal lung scan was strong evidence against pulmonary embolsim. Although imperfectly randomized, the prophylactic use of low molecular weight dextran in this study did not decrease the incidence of pulmonary embolism. The pulmonary arteriogram proved a safe procedure in the elderly and should be used before therapy is initiated for suspected pulmonary embolism.", "PMID": 1124476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8505", "title": "Systolic slope and other pressure measurements in patients with peripheral vascular disease.", "content": "Measurements of systolic blood pressure at the ankle are of proved value for quantitating the severity of peripheral arterial disease. Preliminary results indicate that the measurements of the rate of rise of arterial pressure at the ankle divided by the pulse pressure in the arm is a much more sensitive measurement and is capable of detecting minor degrees of arterial stenosis.", "contents": "Systolic slope and other pressure measurements in patients with peripheral vascular disease. Measurements of systolic blood pressure at the ankle are of proved value for quantitating the severity of peripheral arterial disease. Preliminary results indicate that the measurements of the rate of rise of arterial pressure at the ankle divided by the pulse pressure in the arm is a much more sensitive measurement and is capable of detecting minor degrees of arterial stenosis.", "PMID": 1124477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8506", "title": "The results of cholecystostomy for the treatment of acute cholecystitis.", "content": "Six of 22 patients with acute cholecystitis who had a cholecystosomy died. All six deaths were attributed to cholangitis, none of the patients had undergone common bile duct decompression at the time of cholecystosomy. Cholecystostomy must be accompanied by choledochotomy in the treatment of acute suppurative cholangitis. Cholecystostomy is a safe procedure, can be performed rapidly, and is recommended in a select group of patients with acute cholangitis without jaundice or for clinical signs of cholangitis.", "contents": "The results of cholecystostomy for the treatment of acute cholecystitis. Six of 22 patients with acute cholecystitis who had a cholecystosomy died. All six deaths were attributed to cholangitis, none of the patients had undergone common bile duct decompression at the time of cholecystosomy. Cholecystostomy must be accompanied by choledochotomy in the treatment of acute suppurative cholangitis. Cholecystostomy is a safe procedure, can be performed rapidly, and is recommended in a select group of patients with acute cholangitis without jaundice or for clinical signs of cholangitis.", "PMID": 1124478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8507", "title": "Highly selective vagotomy with intraoperative acid secretive test of completeness of vagal section.", "content": "This technique of highly selective vagotomy with an intraoperative acid secretion test to determine completeness of vagal section is designed to demonstrate, on one hand, the vagal fibers which escaped section and, on the other hand, the exact lower limit of the acid-secreting parietal cell mass.", "contents": "Highly selective vagotomy with intraoperative acid secretive test of completeness of vagal section. This technique of highly selective vagotomy with an intraoperative acid secretion test to determine completeness of vagal section is designed to demonstrate, on one hand, the vagal fibers which escaped section and, on the other hand, the exact lower limit of the acid-secreting parietal cell mass.", "PMID": 1124480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8508", "title": "A simple aid in greater saphenous phlebography.", "content": "During the last 32 months, we have used isometric contraction of the muscles of the lower extremities during saphenous phlebography for the purpose of improving the degree of opacification of the greater saphenous vein. Using this technique, acceptable visualization of the greater saphenous system may be obtained with minimal risk in over 90 per cent of the patients.", "contents": "A simple aid in greater saphenous phlebography. During the last 32 months, we have used isometric contraction of the muscles of the lower extremities during saphenous phlebography for the purpose of improving the degree of opacification of the greater saphenous vein. Using this technique, acceptable visualization of the greater saphenous system may be obtained with minimal risk in over 90 per cent of the patients.", "PMID": 1124481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8509", "title": "Alterations in nerve cells and myelinated fibers in spinal cord injury.", "content": "The morphological alterations occurring in the primate spinal cord following acute nondisruptive trauma resulting in paraplegia were studied by light microscopy at intervals up to three months. Specimens were stained specifically for nerve cells, axon cylinders, myelin sheaths, and free fat. Hypoxic degenerative changes were observed in nerve cells. Initially these consisted of cytoplasmic vacuolation and dispersion of the Nissl substance followed by a progressive decrease in the size and the number of nerve cells seen. Simultaneously in the white matter traumatic degenerative changes were noted. At four and eight hours after injury, structures indicating the severance of axon cylinders and of myelin sheaths were observed. Although shearing of myelinated fibers by the mechanical impact of the injury is suggested, it is not possible in this study clearly to separate the development of alterations in the white matter from the changes occurring in the gray matter.", "contents": "Alterations in nerve cells and myelinated fibers in spinal cord injury. The morphological alterations occurring in the primate spinal cord following acute nondisruptive trauma resulting in paraplegia were studied by light microscopy at intervals up to three months. Specimens were stained specifically for nerve cells, axon cylinders, myelin sheaths, and free fat. Hypoxic degenerative changes were observed in nerve cells. Initially these consisted of cytoplasmic vacuolation and dispersion of the Nissl substance followed by a progressive decrease in the size and the number of nerve cells seen. Simultaneously in the white matter traumatic degenerative changes were noted. At four and eight hours after injury, structures indicating the severance of axon cylinders and of myelin sheaths were observed. Although shearing of myelinated fibers by the mechanical impact of the injury is suggested, it is not possible in this study clearly to separate the development of alterations in the white matter from the changes occurring in the gray matter.", "PMID": 1124482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8510", "title": "Sinus pericranii with aneurysmal malformation of the internal cerebral vein.", "content": "A case of sinus pericranii is reported because of a previously unobserved clinical feature. There were associated anomalous dilated deep crebral veins and an aneurysmal venous malformation. Six years after the surgical occlusion of the sinus pericranii the aneurysmal malformation became thrombosed.", "contents": "Sinus pericranii with aneurysmal malformation of the internal cerebral vein. A case of sinus pericranii is reported because of a previously unobserved clinical feature. There were associated anomalous dilated deep crebral veins and an aneurysmal venous malformation. Six years after the surgical occlusion of the sinus pericranii the aneurysmal malformation became thrombosed.", "PMID": 1124483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8511", "title": "The familial occurrence of glioma.", "content": "In a family with four children, an intracranial neoplasm developed in three of the siblings at or before the age of 12 years. Two of the tumors were hitologically verified gliomas and the third was diagnosed on ventriculography but did not have microscopic confirmation. One of the three siblings also had a presacral lipoma, and the fourth sibling developed a mediastinal cystic hydroma. There was no known history of brain tumors in any other family members, nor was there any evidence suggestive of neurofibromatosis. A careful examination of this family and an extensive review of other published cases of similar familial constellations of brain tumors reveal no definite pattern which would suggest a specific mode of inheritance. Careful documentation of familial aggregation of brain tumors is important in order to explore the genetic, environmental, demographic, and clinical features (such as associated extracranial tumors) that could serve to identify groups at high risk for the familial occurrence of brain tumors.", "contents": "The familial occurrence of glioma. In a family with four children, an intracranial neoplasm developed in three of the siblings at or before the age of 12 years. Two of the tumors were hitologically verified gliomas and the third was diagnosed on ventriculography but did not have microscopic confirmation. One of the three siblings also had a presacral lipoma, and the fourth sibling developed a mediastinal cystic hydroma. There was no known history of brain tumors in any other family members, nor was there any evidence suggestive of neurofibromatosis. A careful examination of this family and an extensive review of other published cases of similar familial constellations of brain tumors reveal no definite pattern which would suggest a specific mode of inheritance. Careful documentation of familial aggregation of brain tumors is important in order to explore the genetic, environmental, demographic, and clinical features (such as associated extracranial tumors) that could serve to identify groups at high risk for the familial occurrence of brain tumors.", "PMID": 1124484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8512", "title": "Brain stem abscess treated surgically. Wtih special note upon the employment of thorium dioxide.", "content": "A 10-year-old girl, with congenital heart disease, harboring a brain stem abscess, was recently treated at the UCLA Hospital. Needle aspirations of the abscess was performed through a posterior occipital craniectomy, and thorium dioxide (Thorotrast) was placed within the abscess cavity as a marker. Postoperatively, the patient improved temporarily but died 18 days later. Autopsy examination included radioactive analysis of brain and liver tissue. Radioautographs were superimposed on H&E preparations of the abscess wall to localize the extent of activity of the thorium dioxide. The unusual occurrence of this abscess in a young patient, clinically diagnosed and treated by operation, provided a rare opportunity to assess the problem of the surgical accessibility of brain stem abscess as well as to reevaluate a role for thorium dioxide as a marker for intracranial purulent collections.", "contents": "Brain stem abscess treated surgically. Wtih special note upon the employment of thorium dioxide. A 10-year-old girl, with congenital heart disease, harboring a brain stem abscess, was recently treated at the UCLA Hospital. Needle aspirations of the abscess was performed through a posterior occipital craniectomy, and thorium dioxide (Thorotrast) was placed within the abscess cavity as a marker. Postoperatively, the patient improved temporarily but died 18 days later. Autopsy examination included radioactive analysis of brain and liver tissue. Radioautographs were superimposed on H&E preparations of the abscess wall to localize the extent of activity of the thorium dioxide. The unusual occurrence of this abscess in a young patient, clinically diagnosed and treated by operation, provided a rare opportunity to assess the problem of the surgical accessibility of brain stem abscess as well as to reevaluate a role for thorium dioxide as a marker for intracranial purulent collections.", "PMID": 1124486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8513", "title": "Effect of histamine on immunoreactive gastrin in gastric juice and in serum.", "content": "Due to recent reports claiming that gastrin is present in the gastric juice, the method for gastrin determination has been evaluated. Separate experiments showed that gastrin added to gastric juice disappears rapidly if the juice is not boiled or neutralized. A total of 82 patients with various abdominal disorders were examined. No or only a trace amount of gastrin was found in untreated, boiled, or boiled and neutralized gastric juice in every patient, including three patients with achlorhydria. Histamine injection (0.04 mg. per kilogram, subcutaneously) did not influence this and was without effect upon serum gastrin concentrations of nine duodenal ulcer patients. Because gastrin apparently is degraded rapidly by gastric juice, this study does not necessarily disprove that gastrin is secreted into the stomach. However, the virtual absence of gastrin in all specimens examined, including some collected directly upon boiling water bath during continuous gastric aspiration lends no support to this speculation. Because gastrin does not survive even a short exposure to gastric juice without degradation, we suggest that earlier reports on the presence of gastrin within the stomach are questionable.", "contents": "Effect of histamine on immunoreactive gastrin in gastric juice and in serum. Due to recent reports claiming that gastrin is present in the gastric juice, the method for gastrin determination has been evaluated. Separate experiments showed that gastrin added to gastric juice disappears rapidly if the juice is not boiled or neutralized. A total of 82 patients with various abdominal disorders were examined. No or only a trace amount of gastrin was found in untreated, boiled, or boiled and neutralized gastric juice in every patient, including three patients with achlorhydria. Histamine injection (0.04 mg. per kilogram, subcutaneously) did not influence this and was without effect upon serum gastrin concentrations of nine duodenal ulcer patients. Because gastrin apparently is degraded rapidly by gastric juice, this study does not necessarily disprove that gastrin is secreted into the stomach. However, the virtual absence of gastrin in all specimens examined, including some collected directly upon boiling water bath during continuous gastric aspiration lends no support to this speculation. Because gastrin does not survive even a short exposure to gastric juice without degradation, we suggest that earlier reports on the presence of gastrin within the stomach are questionable.", "PMID": 1124491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8514", "title": "Observations by a James IV traveler on British surgical centers.", "content": "In Great Britain and Ireland there were many well-trained, technically excellent, clinical surgeons practicing the art of surgery in a system that guarantees an equitable and even distribution of quality care. University departments tended to be small but were very effective and stimulating units without the administrative and clinical burdens of a large teaching hospital. Surgical training programs were superb, but long, and continued to be molded by service requirements. Clinical research protocols were everywhere in evidence and were patient oriented, well controlled, and of the highest quality. Although there are several new impressive clinical plants, hospitals tended to be old and facilities somewhat dated. There are fewer intensive- and critical-care units than we have become accustomed to. As hosts, the British and Irish are unsurpassed as the most gracious, interesting, and educated people I know.", "contents": "Observations by a James IV traveler on British surgical centers. In Great Britain and Ireland there were many well-trained, technically excellent, clinical surgeons practicing the art of surgery in a system that guarantees an equitable and even distribution of quality care. University departments tended to be small but were very effective and stimulating units without the administrative and clinical burdens of a large teaching hospital. Surgical training programs were superb, but long, and continued to be molded by service requirements. Clinical research protocols were everywhere in evidence and were patient oriented, well controlled, and of the highest quality. Although there are several new impressive clinical plants, hospitals tended to be old and facilities somewhat dated. There are fewer intensive- and critical-care units than we have become accustomed to. As hosts, the British and Irish are unsurpassed as the most gracious, interesting, and educated people I know.", "PMID": 1124492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8515", "title": "Time utilization of a population of general surgeons in community practice.", "content": "A time-motion study was performed on a population of general surgeons in suburban community practice whose median weekly operative work load had been previously determined to be 3.1 hernia equivalents (HE). The mean observed 6 day working week of this population of general surgeons was found to be 34.5 hours, of which 28.7 hours were devoted to professional activities for the total work week of 44.3 hours. Thirty-five percent of the mean observed working week was spent in office activities and 50 percent spent in hospital activities. During the mean observed week, 18.5 hours (54 percent) were devoted to patient care, of which 16.5 hours were judged to be devoted to surgical care. Surgeons with above-median operative work loads in the previous study devoted 67 percent more time to professional activities and twice as much time to surgical activities as surgeons with below-median work loads. The findings support the hypothesis that there appears to be an underutilization of costly and highly specialized medical skills in the particular community and suggest that the HE methodology is a valid measure not only of the operative work of surgeons in community practice but of total time devoted to surgical care.", "contents": "Time utilization of a population of general surgeons in community practice. A time-motion study was performed on a population of general surgeons in suburban community practice whose median weekly operative work load had been previously determined to be 3.1 hernia equivalents (HE). The mean observed 6 day working week of this population of general surgeons was found to be 34.5 hours, of which 28.7 hours were devoted to professional activities for the total work week of 44.3 hours. Thirty-five percent of the mean observed working week was spent in office activities and 50 percent spent in hospital activities. During the mean observed week, 18.5 hours (54 percent) were devoted to patient care, of which 16.5 hours were judged to be devoted to surgical care. Surgeons with above-median operative work loads in the previous study devoted 67 percent more time to professional activities and twice as much time to surgical activities as surgeons with below-median work loads. The findings support the hypothesis that there appears to be an underutilization of costly and highly specialized medical skills in the particular community and suggest that the HE methodology is a valid measure not only of the operative work of surgeons in community practice but of total time devoted to surgical care.", "PMID": 1124493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8516", "title": "Bile lakes in congenital biliary atresia.", "content": "During an 18 year period intrahepatic bile \"lakes\" were identified at postmortem examination in the hepatic parenchyma of six infants with intrahepatic biliary atresia and four infants with type C extrahepatic atresia. The bile lakes were located in the central portion of the liver and were not identified in any patients under 6 months of age. The lakes did not communicate with identifiable intrahepatic ducts in any of the six patients with intrahepatic atresia. Each of the four patients with type C extrahepatic atresia had a few ductal communications with the peripheral hepatic parenchyma. Bile lakes most likely represent dilated ductal remnants that contain inspissated secretions and cellular debris. They do not characterize potentially curable patients if the condition is associated with intrahepatic atresia. Bile lakes occur late in the course of the disease, beyond the age of 3 months, when irreversible hepatic damage occurs. Nonetheless all infants with biliary atresia should have a hepatic portoenterostomy or biliary-enteric anastomosis regarding the long-term prognosis after such operations.", "contents": "Bile lakes in congenital biliary atresia. During an 18 year period intrahepatic bile \"lakes\" were identified at postmortem examination in the hepatic parenchyma of six infants with intrahepatic biliary atresia and four infants with type C extrahepatic atresia. The bile lakes were located in the central portion of the liver and were not identified in any patients under 6 months of age. The lakes did not communicate with identifiable intrahepatic ducts in any of the six patients with intrahepatic atresia. Each of the four patients with type C extrahepatic atresia had a few ductal communications with the peripheral hepatic parenchyma. Bile lakes most likely represent dilated ductal remnants that contain inspissated secretions and cellular debris. They do not characterize potentially curable patients if the condition is associated with intrahepatic atresia. Bile lakes occur late in the course of the disease, beyond the age of 3 months, when irreversible hepatic damage occurs. Nonetheless all infants with biliary atresia should have a hepatic portoenterostomy or biliary-enteric anastomosis regarding the long-term prognosis after such operations.", "PMID": 1124494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8517", "title": "A simplified system for surgical operations: The economics of treating hernia.", "content": "This paper presents a cost analysis for herniorrhaphies as they are currently performed, as compared with a new plan. The current system utilizes hospital postoperative care. The new plan involves a different utilization of hospital facilities, personnel, drugs, supplies, and postoperative home care. Costs are considerably reduced under this new proposal. Projections reveal that implementation of the new plan with the same level of present expenditures could eliminate 75 percent of the present backlog of hernias over a 10 year time period. Although the cost and disease estimates derive from an experimental study conducted at the Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia, this model can help meet population health care needs in any country or geographic region by basing the system of services and facilities on epidemiologically derived disease prevalence and incidence rates.", "contents": "A simplified system for surgical operations: The economics of treating hernia. This paper presents a cost analysis for herniorrhaphies as they are currently performed, as compared with a new plan. The current system utilizes hospital postoperative care. The new plan involves a different utilization of hospital facilities, personnel, drugs, supplies, and postoperative home care. Costs are considerably reduced under this new proposal. Projections reveal that implementation of the new plan with the same level of present expenditures could eliminate 75 percent of the present backlog of hernias over a 10 year time period. Although the cost and disease estimates derive from an experimental study conducted at the Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia, this model can help meet population health care needs in any country or geographic region by basing the system of services and facilities on epidemiologically derived disease prevalence and incidence rates.", "PMID": 1124495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8518", "title": "Na+ minus K+ transport and adenosine nucleotides in the lung in hemorrhagic shock.", "content": "This study was undertaken to determine the effects of hemorrhagic shock on cellular energy production and utilization in the lung. Energy-dependent Na+ minus K+ transport was measured by quantitating tissue cation changes during a cold (0.5 degrees C.) and a subsequent warm (37 degrees C.) incubation of lung slices from rats in late hemorrhagic shock and from unbled control rats. Active Na+ extrusion and K+ reaccumulation by the tissue were observed upon rewarming of lung slices from shock animals. Whereas K+ reaccumulation was not altered with shock, the rate of Na+ extrusion was approximately 40 percent higher. The measurement of the intracellular water content with cold and warm incubations showed no alterations with shock. Extracellular water increased with chilling in shock tissue but not in normal tissue. Lung tissue contents of adenosine triphosphate, adenosine disphosphate, or adenosine monophosphate were likewise unaltered. Thus cellular energy utilization or production in the lung was not damaged by hemorrhagic shock but a tendency toward increased interstitial water seemed to be present.", "contents": "Na+ minus K+ transport and adenosine nucleotides in the lung in hemorrhagic shock. This study was undertaken to determine the effects of hemorrhagic shock on cellular energy production and utilization in the lung. Energy-dependent Na+ minus K+ transport was measured by quantitating tissue cation changes during a cold (0.5 degrees C.) and a subsequent warm (37 degrees C.) incubation of lung slices from rats in late hemorrhagic shock and from unbled control rats. Active Na+ extrusion and K+ reaccumulation by the tissue were observed upon rewarming of lung slices from shock animals. Whereas K+ reaccumulation was not altered with shock, the rate of Na+ extrusion was approximately 40 percent higher. The measurement of the intracellular water content with cold and warm incubations showed no alterations with shock. Extracellular water increased with chilling in shock tissue but not in normal tissue. Lung tissue contents of adenosine triphosphate, adenosine disphosphate, or adenosine monophosphate were likewise unaltered. Thus cellular energy utilization or production in the lung was not damaged by hemorrhagic shock but a tendency toward increased interstitial water seemed to be present.", "PMID": 1124496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8519", "title": "Hepatic regeneration in the absence of portal viscera.", "content": "In an effort to investigate the influence of portal factors on hepatic regeneration in the rat and to clarify glucagon's apparent regulatory role, a rat preparation was developed which was totally devoid of portal viscera and thus deficient in all possible hepatotrophic substances of portal origin. It was found that, following partial hepatectomy, such an eviscerate rat was able to undergo hepatic deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis, but the peak DNA synthetic response was significantly delayed by such portal deprivation. As demonstrated by a group of rats with intact portal viscera, but with a portacaval shunt, reduction of blood supply to the hepatic remnant by diversion of portal flow accounted for only a portion of the delay. The remainder of the delay encountered in the eviscerate group was attributed to the deprivation of specific portal substances. Since glucagon supplementation administered to the deficient eviscerate animal restored peak DNA synthesis to the time of its appropriate shunted control, this hepatotrophic substance is a major portal factor modifying the response to partial hepatectomy. Evidence is cited which suggests that glucagon's influence on DNA synthesis is mediated through the formation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and subsequent histone phosphorylation.", "contents": "Hepatic regeneration in the absence of portal viscera. In an effort to investigate the influence of portal factors on hepatic regeneration in the rat and to clarify glucagon's apparent regulatory role, a rat preparation was developed which was totally devoid of portal viscera and thus deficient in all possible hepatotrophic substances of portal origin. It was found that, following partial hepatectomy, such an eviscerate rat was able to undergo hepatic deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis, but the peak DNA synthetic response was significantly delayed by such portal deprivation. As demonstrated by a group of rats with intact portal viscera, but with a portacaval shunt, reduction of blood supply to the hepatic remnant by diversion of portal flow accounted for only a portion of the delay. The remainder of the delay encountered in the eviscerate group was attributed to the deprivation of specific portal substances. Since glucagon supplementation administered to the deficient eviscerate animal restored peak DNA synthesis to the time of its appropriate shunted control, this hepatotrophic substance is a major portal factor modifying the response to partial hepatectomy. Evidence is cited which suggests that glucagon's influence on DNA synthesis is mediated through the formation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and subsequent histone phosphorylation.", "PMID": 1124497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8520", "title": "Depression of human myocardial contractility with \"respiratory\" and \"metabolic\" acidosis.", "content": "The effect of a similar degree of \"respiratory\" and \"metabolic\" acidosis was studied in seven isolated in vitro human pectinate muscles and eight ventricular muscle bundles. Either \"respiratory\" or \"metabolic\" acidosis (from 7.36 plus or minus 0.03 to 7.01 plus or minus 0.02 and 6.98 plus or minus 0.03, respectively) depressed in vitro contractility in human atrial or ventricular muscle to a similar extent. Previous contradictory responses of myocardial tissue to alterations in pH appear to be the result of species differences.", "contents": "Depression of human myocardial contractility with \"respiratory\" and \"metabolic\" acidosis. The effect of a similar degree of \"respiratory\" and \"metabolic\" acidosis was studied in seven isolated in vitro human pectinate muscles and eight ventricular muscle bundles. Either \"respiratory\" or \"metabolic\" acidosis (from 7.36 plus or minus 0.03 to 7.01 plus or minus 0.02 and 6.98 plus or minus 0.03, respectively) depressed in vitro contractility in human atrial or ventricular muscle to a similar extent. Previous contradictory responses of myocardial tissue to alterations in pH appear to be the result of species differences.", "PMID": 1124498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8521", "title": "In vitro demonstration of cryosurgical augmentation of tumor immunity.", "content": "C57B1 mice bearing methylcholanthrene-induced fibrosarcomas (MCA-10) and receiving a single cryosurgical treatment to those tumors showed significantly greater humoral and lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity to MCA-10 target cells than did untreated tumor-bearing animals or mice which had undergone tumor amputation. Sera and lymphocytes from normal animals receiving crycosurgery demonstrated no immunity to the MCA-10 target cells. Specific immunity to the MCA-10 line following tumor cryosurgery was demonstrated since lymphocytes and sera from cryosurgically treated tumor-bearing mice were not cytotoxic to a different methylcholanthrene-induced sarcoma (MCAP) in C57 mice or a malignant melanoma (S91) being transferred in Balb/C mice. It can be concluded that cryosurgical treatment of the MCA-10 sarcoma does not produce heightened immunity to H-2 transplantation antigens, nor does it nonspecifically stimulate the immune system. Instead, the result of tumor cryosurgery appears to be a boosting of the immune response to the tumor-specific antigens of the sarcoma.", "contents": "In vitro demonstration of cryosurgical augmentation of tumor immunity. C57B1 mice bearing methylcholanthrene-induced fibrosarcomas (MCA-10) and receiving a single cryosurgical treatment to those tumors showed significantly greater humoral and lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity to MCA-10 target cells than did untreated tumor-bearing animals or mice which had undergone tumor amputation. Sera and lymphocytes from normal animals receiving crycosurgery demonstrated no immunity to the MCA-10 target cells. Specific immunity to the MCA-10 line following tumor cryosurgery was demonstrated since lymphocytes and sera from cryosurgically treated tumor-bearing mice were not cytotoxic to a different methylcholanthrene-induced sarcoma (MCAP) in C57 mice or a malignant melanoma (S91) being transferred in Balb/C mice. It can be concluded that cryosurgical treatment of the MCA-10 sarcoma does not produce heightened immunity to H-2 transplantation antigens, nor does it nonspecifically stimulate the immune system. Instead, the result of tumor cryosurgery appears to be a boosting of the immune response to the tumor-specific antigens of the sarcoma.", "PMID": 1124499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8522", "title": "Hemodynamics within a canine femoral arteriovenous fistula.", "content": "Blood flow and pressures around a canine femoral arteriovenous fistula, constructed from an autogenous carotid artery, were measured to determine the pressure-flow relationships within the fistula, as well as to determine the presence or absence of retrograde flow in the distal artery  and vein. The findings indicate that retrograde arterial flow occurs only when the proximal femoral artery is occluded and, even then, the contribution to fistula flow is small and well below control femoral arterial flow. Retrograde distal venous flow is negligible. Pressure within the fistula is high at the arterial end but is rapidly dissipated across the loop fistula to equal systemic venous pressure on the venous side. Modest distal venous hypertension accompanies this type of fistula. For these reasons, a loop-type, arteriovenous fistula is preferable to other types of fistulas for most clinical surgical indications.", "contents": "Hemodynamics within a canine femoral arteriovenous fistula. Blood flow and pressures around a canine femoral arteriovenous fistula, constructed from an autogenous carotid artery, were measured to determine the pressure-flow relationships within the fistula, as well as to determine the presence or absence of retrograde flow in the distal artery  and vein. The findings indicate that retrograde arterial flow occurs only when the proximal femoral artery is occluded and, even then, the contribution to fistula flow is small and well below control femoral arterial flow. Retrograde distal venous flow is negligible. Pressure within the fistula is high at the arterial end but is rapidly dissipated across the loop fistula to equal systemic venous pressure on the venous side. Modest distal venous hypertension accompanies this type of fistula. For these reasons, a loop-type, arteriovenous fistula is preferable to other types of fistulas for most clinical surgical indications.", "PMID": 1124500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8523", "title": "Parathyroid cysts: Functional and mediastinal.", "content": "A report of a functioning mediastinal parathyroid cyst is presented with a review of the world literature. This represents the tenth functional, eleventh mediastinal, and third functioning mediastinal parathyroid cyst reported. The predilection of functional cysts for aberrant locations would suggest on hypothesis of their occurrence by degeneration of pre-existing adenomas based on an inadequacy of their blood supply. The criteria for ascribing functional activity to a parathyroid cyst are presented and discussed.", "contents": "Parathyroid cysts: Functional and mediastinal. A report of a functioning mediastinal parathyroid cyst is presented with a review of the world literature. This represents the tenth functional, eleventh mediastinal, and third functioning mediastinal parathyroid cyst reported. The predilection of functional cysts for aberrant locations would suggest on hypothesis of their occurrence by degeneration of pre-existing adenomas based on an inadequacy of their blood supply. The criteria for ascribing functional activity to a parathyroid cyst are presented and discussed.", "PMID": 1124501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8524", "title": "Complete occlusion of the infrarenal abdominal aorta: management and results in 64 patients.", "content": "Sixty-four patients with complete occlusion of the infrarenal abdominal aorta were reviewed. The clinical findings, diagnostic procedures, and surgical management are described. Sixty-one patients underwent thromboendarterectomy and bypass grafts from the infrarenal abdominal aorta to the iliac or common femoral arteries. Because purulent material was found in the retroperitoneum of two patients, the proximal anastomosis was performed to the descending thoracic aorta in one patient and to the upper abdominal aorta in the other. One patient underwent thromboendarterectomy and patch graft angioplasty. The hospital mortality rate was 4.6 percent. Sixty-one patients discharged from the hospital were followed (average length of follow-up was 37 months). There were three late deaths (4.9 percent). Two patients have had occlusion of one limb of their bypass grafts and, along with four others, have developed recurrent symptoms of vascular insufficiency of the lower extremities. These symptoms were due to progressive atherosclerotic occlusive disease of the distal arterial tree for which additional distal procedures were required.", "contents": "Complete occlusion of the infrarenal abdominal aorta: management and results in 64 patients. Sixty-four patients with complete occlusion of the infrarenal abdominal aorta were reviewed. The clinical findings, diagnostic procedures, and surgical management are described. Sixty-one patients underwent thromboendarterectomy and bypass grafts from the infrarenal abdominal aorta to the iliac or common femoral arteries. Because purulent material was found in the retroperitoneum of two patients, the proximal anastomosis was performed to the descending thoracic aorta in one patient and to the upper abdominal aorta in the other. One patient underwent thromboendarterectomy and patch graft angioplasty. The hospital mortality rate was 4.6 percent. Sixty-one patients discharged from the hospital were followed (average length of follow-up was 37 months). There were three late deaths (4.9 percent). Two patients have had occlusion of one limb of their bypass grafts and, along with four others, have developed recurrent symptoms of vascular insufficiency of the lower extremities. These symptoms were due to progressive atherosclerotic occlusive disease of the distal arterial tree for which additional distal procedures were required.", "PMID": 1124502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8525", "title": "Lack of effect of an experimental prepaid group practice on utilization of surgical care.", "content": "The utilization of surgical care in an experimental period group practice for a 3 year period is reported. In contrast to what was expected, prepaid enrollees used the same or more surgical care than did control enrollees. The same proportion of emergency, urgent, and nonurgent admissions, occurred in both groups. Likewise there was no difference in the proportion of various procedures often thought to be overutilized in the traditional medical care system. High quality of surgical care in the area where the study was conducted was considered the most likely explanation for failure to show differences in the prepaid growth practice. Few, if any, unnecessary operations were performed in either group studied. Thus, under the conditions of this study, no significant measurable effect on surgical utilization by a change in the method of medical care organization and payment could be demonstrated.", "contents": "Lack of effect of an experimental prepaid group practice on utilization of surgical care. The utilization of surgical care in an experimental period group practice for a 3 year period is reported. In contrast to what was expected, prepaid enrollees used the same or more surgical care than did control enrollees. The same proportion of emergency, urgent, and nonurgent admissions, occurred in both groups. Likewise there was no difference in the proportion of various procedures often thought to be overutilized in the traditional medical care system. High quality of surgical care in the area where the study was conducted was considered the most likely explanation for failure to show differences in the prepaid growth practice. Few, if any, unnecessary operations were performed in either group studied. Thus, under the conditions of this study, no significant measurable effect on surgical utilization by a change in the method of medical care organization and payment could be demonstrated.", "PMID": 1124505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8526", "title": "The dispensable right ventricle.", "content": "The historical development of the concept that an anatomic ventricle is not needed for the pulmonary circulation is reviewed. The application of this idea to surgical treatment of congenital heart disease has culminated in atriopulmonary bypass for tricuspid atresia, an operation that relieves cyanosis and creates a functionally normal circulation, but which may have late risk due to arrhythmias or valve failure.", "contents": "The dispensable right ventricle. The historical development of the concept that an anatomic ventricle is not needed for the pulmonary circulation is reviewed. The application of this idea to surgical treatment of congenital heart disease has culminated in atriopulmonary bypass for tricuspid atresia, an operation that relieves cyanosis and creates a functionally normal circulation, but which may have late risk due to arrhythmias or valve failure.", "PMID": 1124506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8527", "title": "Free-water clearance patterns as predictors and therapeutic guides in acute renal failure.", "content": "Sequential changes in renal function were studied in a series of 114 postoperative patients who developed acute renal failure. The loss of concentrating ability, manifest by a change from strongly negative free-water clearances to values near zero, occurred 24 to 48 hours before the onset of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine elevations. In 15 patients a transient period of positive free-water clearance was documented just before these values approached zero. Criteria were proposed for early diagnosis of acute renal failure (ARF) based upon description of the temporal pattern of free-water clearance values. The loss of concentration ability occurred with decreased urinary Na+ concentration unless patients were given large amounts of saline solution prior to the development of ARF. This was followed by gradually increasing urinary Na+ concentrations. Changes in K+ concentrations were not significant until the late stage of renal failure. Recovery patterns in 46 of these patients who survived demonstrated an early return of negative free-water clearance followed by gradually decreasing BUN and serum creatinine values. During this period recovery of the ability of Na reabsorption and excretion of K+ was indicated by decreased urinary Na+ concentrations and increased urinary K+ concentrations.", "contents": "Free-water clearance patterns as predictors and therapeutic guides in acute renal failure. Sequential changes in renal function were studied in a series of 114 postoperative patients who developed acute renal failure. The loss of concentrating ability, manifest by a change from strongly negative free-water clearances to values near zero, occurred 24 to 48 hours before the onset of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine elevations. In 15 patients a transient period of positive free-water clearance was documented just before these values approached zero. Criteria were proposed for early diagnosis of acute renal failure (ARF) based upon description of the temporal pattern of free-water clearance values. The loss of concentration ability occurred with decreased urinary Na+ concentration unless patients were given large amounts of saline solution prior to the development of ARF. This was followed by gradually increasing urinary Na+ concentrations. Changes in K+ concentrations were not significant until the late stage of renal failure. Recovery patterns in 46 of these patients who survived demonstrated an early return of negative free-water clearance followed by gradually decreasing BUN and serum creatinine values. During this period recovery of the ability of Na reabsorption and excretion of K+ was indicated by decreased urinary Na+ concentrations and increased urinary K+ concentrations.", "PMID": 1124507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8528", "title": "The early acidosis of burns: its relationship to extent of burn and management.", "content": "Acid-base studies were carried out on 76 consecutive burn patients admitted within 36 hours of injury. Admission blood pH and base excess (BE) values all decreased in a linear relationship to the extent of the burn. Blood Pco-2 changes were unrelated to the extent of the burn. Significant acidosis developed within 2 hours of burn injury. Base requirements for the first two 24 hour periods after burn were linearly proportional to the extent of burn. Base requirements for these two periods were determined and were expressed as: (1) base needed the first 24 hours (milliequivalents per kilogram) equals percent of body surface burned/8; and (2) base needed the second 24 hours (milliequivalents per kilogram) equals base needed the first 24 hours/4. These formulas were found to work satisfactorily in a prospectively treated series of patients.", "contents": "The early acidosis of burns: its relationship to extent of burn and management. Acid-base studies were carried out on 76 consecutive burn patients admitted within 36 hours of injury. Admission blood pH and base excess (BE) values all decreased in a linear relationship to the extent of the burn. Blood Pco-2 changes were unrelated to the extent of the burn. Significant acidosis developed within 2 hours of burn injury. Base requirements for the first two 24 hour periods after burn were linearly proportional to the extent of burn. Base requirements for these two periods were determined and were expressed as: (1) base needed the first 24 hours (milliequivalents per kilogram) equals percent of body surface burned/8; and (2) base needed the second 24 hours (milliequivalents per kilogram) equals base needed the first 24 hours/4. These formulas were found to work satisfactorily in a prospectively treated series of patients.", "PMID": 1124508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8529", "title": "The negative feedback mechanism of gastric acid secretion: Significance of acid in the gastric juice in man and dog.", "content": "As reported previously, gastrin-stimulated gastric secretion in the dog and in man was suppressed by an intravenous infusion of secretin, These results, both in the dog and in man, also were obtained by introduction of acid into the duodenum, which indicated that both endogenous and exogenous secretion inhibit gastrin-stimulated gastric secretion at the oxyntic cell level. Feeding a test meal in man gave rise to an increase of plasma gastrin, reaching a peak of 120 pg. per milliliter at 15 minutes after feeding and remaining above control level for 2 to 3 hours. Is was found that plasma gastrin was suppressed greatly during the intravenous infusion of pure secretin. In animal experiments endogenous gastrin release produced by irrigation of the antral pouch also inhibited both endogenous and exogenous secretin. These results indicate that secretin inhibits gastrin release at the G-cell level in the antrum. On the other hand, it also was observed that endogenous gastrin release ceased when the pH of the perfusate dropped below 2.5. The following conclusions are drawn from the above findings. (1) Gastrin release is suppressed primarily by direct contact of acid with the antrum. The feedback mechanism in this case operates intraluminally in the stomach. (2) The low pH content of the stomach stimulates the release of secretin from the duodenum. The secretin released in this way not only inhibits gastric acid secretion at the oxyntic cell secretin released in this way not only inhibits gastric acid secretion at the oxyntic cell secretin released of gastrin at the G-cell level in the antrum. The level but also blocks the release of gastrin at the G-cell level in the antrum. The feedback mechanism brought about by acid of gastric origin occurs through the general circulation.", "contents": "The negative feedback mechanism of gastric acid secretion: Significance of acid in the gastric juice in man and dog. As reported previously, gastrin-stimulated gastric secretion in the dog and in man was suppressed by an intravenous infusion of secretin, These results, both in the dog and in man, also were obtained by introduction of acid into the duodenum, which indicated that both endogenous and exogenous secretion inhibit gastrin-stimulated gastric secretion at the oxyntic cell level. Feeding a test meal in man gave rise to an increase of plasma gastrin, reaching a peak of 120 pg. per milliliter at 15 minutes after feeding and remaining above control level for 2 to 3 hours. Is was found that plasma gastrin was suppressed greatly during the intravenous infusion of pure secretin. In animal experiments endogenous gastrin release produced by irrigation of the antral pouch also inhibited both endogenous and exogenous secretin. These results indicate that secretin inhibits gastrin release at the G-cell level in the antrum. On the other hand, it also was observed that endogenous gastrin release ceased when the pH of the perfusate dropped below 2.5. The following conclusions are drawn from the above findings. (1) Gastrin release is suppressed primarily by direct contact of acid with the antrum. The feedback mechanism in this case operates intraluminally in the stomach. (2) The low pH content of the stomach stimulates the release of secretin from the duodenum. The secretin released in this way not only inhibits gastric acid secretion at the oxyntic cell secretin released in this way not only inhibits gastric acid secretion at the oxyntic cell secretin released of gastrin at the G-cell level in the antrum. The level but also blocks the release of gastrin at the G-cell level in the antrum. The feedback mechanism brought about by acid of gastric origin occurs through the general circulation.", "PMID": 1124509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8530", "title": "Normocalcemic hyperparathyroidism, kidney stones, and idiopathic hypercalciuria.", "content": "Eighty-four patients with recurrent kidney stones, serum calcium levels in the upper normal quartile, and most of whom with hypercalciuria had their parathyroids surgically explored. Parathyroid adenomata were found in 19 patients, hyperplasia in 39, and normal parathyroids in 26. Postoperatively there was a significant fall in serum calcium and urinary calcium excretion in all three groups. At clinical follow-up 2 to 5 years postoperatively there was no case of kidney stone recurrence among the adenoma patients. In the hyerplasia group there were recurrences tn 25 percent. The corresponding figure for the patients with normal parathyroids was 48 percent. The concept of normocalcemic primary hyperparathyroidism and the relationship between this syndrome and idiopathic hypercalciuria are discussed. Some prinicpal therapeutic measures are recommended.", "contents": "Normocalcemic hyperparathyroidism, kidney stones, and idiopathic hypercalciuria. Eighty-four patients with recurrent kidney stones, serum calcium levels in the upper normal quartile, and most of whom with hypercalciuria had their parathyroids surgically explored. Parathyroid adenomata were found in 19 patients, hyperplasia in 39, and normal parathyroids in 26. Postoperatively there was a significant fall in serum calcium and urinary calcium excretion in all three groups. At clinical follow-up 2 to 5 years postoperatively there was no case of kidney stone recurrence among the adenoma patients. In the hyerplasia group there were recurrences tn 25 percent. The corresponding figure for the patients with normal parathyroids was 48 percent. The concept of normocalcemic primary hyperparathyroidism and the relationship between this syndrome and idiopathic hypercalciuria are discussed. Some prinicpal therapeutic measures are recommended.", "PMID": 1124510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8531", "title": "Perineal anal transplant in anorectal malformation in female patients.", "content": "Results of perineal anal transplant in 25 patients with anorectal malformations in female children have been analyzed. The present study shows that the operation is ill advised in patients with intermediate anomalies but can be undertaken safely in patients with low anomalies. In our series best results were obtained when the transplant was performed in patients who were past 5 years of age. Colostomy, though helpful in reducing the severity of the immediate complications, does not influence the late results.", "contents": "Perineal anal transplant in anorectal malformation in female patients. Results of perineal anal transplant in 25 patients with anorectal malformations in female children have been analyzed. The present study shows that the operation is ill advised in patients with intermediate anomalies but can be undertaken safely in patients with low anomalies. In our series best results were obtained when the transplant was performed in patients who were past 5 years of age. Colostomy, though helpful in reducing the severity of the immediate complications, does not influence the late results.", "PMID": 1124511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8532", "title": "The effect of carbenoxolone on changes in canine and human gastric mucosa caused by taurocholate and ethanol.", "content": "The effect of carbenoxolone on taurocholate-induced changes in gastric mucosal permeabiity was assessed in three dogs, each of which was prepared with an antrectomy and a vagally denervated gastric pouch. Perfusion of the canine pouches with sodium taurocholate (40 mM) was associated with an increase in hydrogen ion back diffusion. This effect was not diminished by 10 days of carbenoxolone treatment. The effect of carbenoxolone on ethanol-induced changes in gastric mucosal permeability was assessed in six normal human subjects. A significant increase of gastric mucosal permeability was observed in six normal human subjects after instillation of ethanol (20 percent v/v). After 3 weeks of oral ingestion of carbenoxolone, there was inconsistent protection against ethanol-induced increases in gastric mucosal permeability. Basal secretion of hydrogen ion and postethanol hydrogen ion secretion appear to be diminished by carbenoxolone. These studies suggest that carbenoxolone does not protect against taurocholate- and ethanol-induced increases in gastric mucosal permeability in the dog and in man. It seems unlikely that carbenoxolone exerts its beneficial effect on the healing of gastric ulcers in man by an effect on gastric mucosal permeability.", "contents": "The effect of carbenoxolone on changes in canine and human gastric mucosa caused by taurocholate and ethanol. The effect of carbenoxolone on taurocholate-induced changes in gastric mucosal permeabiity was assessed in three dogs, each of which was prepared with an antrectomy and a vagally denervated gastric pouch. Perfusion of the canine pouches with sodium taurocholate (40 mM) was associated with an increase in hydrogen ion back diffusion. This effect was not diminished by 10 days of carbenoxolone treatment. The effect of carbenoxolone on ethanol-induced changes in gastric mucosal permeability was assessed in six normal human subjects. A significant increase of gastric mucosal permeability was observed in six normal human subjects after instillation of ethanol (20 percent v/v). After 3 weeks of oral ingestion of carbenoxolone, there was inconsistent protection against ethanol-induced increases in gastric mucosal permeability. Basal secretion of hydrogen ion and postethanol hydrogen ion secretion appear to be diminished by carbenoxolone. These studies suggest that carbenoxolone does not protect against taurocholate- and ethanol-induced increases in gastric mucosal permeability in the dog and in man. It seems unlikely that carbenoxolone exerts its beneficial effect on the healing of gastric ulcers in man by an effect on gastric mucosal permeability.", "PMID": 1124512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8533", "title": "Congenital intrapericardial aneurysms of the left atrium.", "content": "A patient with congenital intrapericardial aneurysm/diverticulum of the left atrium diagnosed preoperatively is described. A review of the 16 previously reported cases revealed that the majority of the patients present with palpitation and are found to have an abnormal cardiac shadow on chest radiography, as did this patient. The aneurysm appears to cause systemic emboli and paroxysmal or persistent atrial tachyarrhythmias which are often resistant to medical therapy. The presence of the aneurysm is suggested by an abnormal contour of the left cardiac border in the postero-anterior chest radiograph and this can be confirmed by angiocardiography. Surgical excision of the aneurysm is indicated in all patients to prevent the occurrence or recurrence of systemic emboli and atrial arrhythmias. Our patient has remained free of symptoms since her operation 14 months ago.", "contents": "Congenital intrapericardial aneurysms of the left atrium. A patient with congenital intrapericardial aneurysm/diverticulum of the left atrium diagnosed preoperatively is described. A review of the 16 previously reported cases revealed that the majority of the patients present with palpitation and are found to have an abnormal cardiac shadow on chest radiography, as did this patient. The aneurysm appears to cause systemic emboli and paroxysmal or persistent atrial tachyarrhythmias which are often resistant to medical therapy. The presence of the aneurysm is suggested by an abnormal contour of the left cardiac border in the postero-anterior chest radiograph and this can be confirmed by angiocardiography. Surgical excision of the aneurysm is indicated in all patients to prevent the occurrence or recurrence of systemic emboli and atrial arrhythmias. Our patient has remained free of symptoms since her operation 14 months ago.", "PMID": 1124523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8534", "title": "Chylothorax after high translumbar aortography.", "content": "Two patients who had high translumbar aortograms for suspected arterial disease developed shortness of breath 48 hours after aortography and were found to have chylothoraces. Conservative management was initially adopted for both, but surgery had to be resorted to, although the first patient died before arriving in the operating theatre. The literature and the management of this condition are reviewed.", "contents": "Chylothorax after high translumbar aortography. Two patients who had high translumbar aortograms for suspected arterial disease developed shortness of breath 48 hours after aortography and were found to have chylothoraces. Conservative management was initially adopted for both, but surgery had to be resorted to, although the first patient died before arriving in the operating theatre. The literature and the management of this condition are reviewed.", "PMID": 1124524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8535", "title": "Isolated chylopericardium due to mediastinal lymphangiomatous hamartoma;.", "content": "Isolated chylopericardium is a rare cause of pericardial effusion. Intrapericardial chyle was first noticed by Hasebroek (1888) at necropsy. Twenty years ago Groves and Effler (1954) first reported a clinical case of isolated chylopericardium. The present case is similar to theirs in several respects, and is the nineteenth case to be reported. To our knowledge this is the first British report of an isolated chylopericardium and is the fourth case of isolated chylopericardium due to a mediastinal lymphangiomatous hamartoma to be successfully treated.", "contents": "Isolated chylopericardium due to mediastinal lymphangiomatous hamartoma;. Isolated chylopericardium is a rare cause of pericardial effusion. Intrapericardial chyle was first noticed by Hasebroek (1888) at necropsy. Twenty years ago Groves and Effler (1954) first reported a clinical case of isolated chylopericardium. The present case is similar to theirs in several respects, and is the nineteenth case to be reported. To our knowledge this is the first British report of an isolated chylopericardium and is the fourth case of isolated chylopericardium due to a mediastinal lymphangiomatous hamartoma to be successfully treated.", "PMID": 1124525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8536", "title": "Left ventricular to right atrial shunt resulting from infective endocarditis.", "content": "A unique case is described in which infective endocarditis of the aortic valve led to intractable heart failure and necropsy examination showed that the patient had developed a communication between the left ventricle and right atrium.", "contents": "Left ventricular to right atrial shunt resulting from infective endocarditis. A unique case is described in which infective endocarditis of the aortic valve led to intractable heart failure and necropsy examination showed that the patient had developed a communication between the left ventricle and right atrium.", "PMID": 1124526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8537", "title": "Tumours of the thymic region. Symptomatology, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis.", "content": "Fifty-three patients operated on between 1952 and 1971 were originally diagnosed as having thymoma. Re-examination of the material shows that only half of these tumours were true thymomas. The rest were classified as malignant lymphomas, primary and secondary carcinomas, and a few haemangiomas. Half of the patients had symptoms at the time of diagnosis. However, in half of the asymptomatic cases the tumours had penetrated the capsule. Decisive in prognosis are the macroscopic findings around the capsule. Of 33 patients with infiltration of the capsule, 30 had died at the time of investigation. Twenty-five patients died within two years of operation, Twenty-five patients had thymomas, of which 14 were well defined. Twelve patients with thymomas suffered from myasthenia gravis. The treatment of choice of thymoma is total excision, if necessary enbloc, and if there is penetration of the capsule, radiotherapy should be given. None of the patients with a well-defined thymoma had died from their tumour while only two patients with infiltrating thymomas are still alive, Of eight patients with Hodgkin's disease located in the thymus, six had penetration of the capsule, and of these only one patient is still alive. Two patients with well-defined tumours are both alive. The treatment of localized Hodgkin's disease is excision and irradiation. The prognosis for patients with other malignant tumours was bad, the mean time of survival being less than six months.", "contents": "Tumours of the thymic region. Symptomatology, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. Fifty-three patients operated on between 1952 and 1971 were originally diagnosed as having thymoma. Re-examination of the material shows that only half of these tumours were true thymomas. The rest were classified as malignant lymphomas, primary and secondary carcinomas, and a few haemangiomas. Half of the patients had symptoms at the time of diagnosis. However, in half of the asymptomatic cases the tumours had penetrated the capsule. Decisive in prognosis are the macroscopic findings around the capsule. Of 33 patients with infiltration of the capsule, 30 had died at the time of investigation. Twenty-five patients died within two years of operation, Twenty-five patients had thymomas, of which 14 were well defined. Twelve patients with thymomas suffered from myasthenia gravis. The treatment of choice of thymoma is total excision, if necessary enbloc, and if there is penetration of the capsule, radiotherapy should be given. None of the patients with a well-defined thymoma had died from their tumour while only two patients with infiltrating thymomas are still alive, Of eight patients with Hodgkin's disease located in the thymus, six had penetration of the capsule, and of these only one patient is still alive. Two patients with well-defined tumours are both alive. The treatment of localized Hodgkin's disease is excision and irradiation. The prognosis for patients with other malignant tumours was bad, the mean time of survival being less than six months.", "PMID": 1124527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8538", "title": "Surgical correction of pectus excavatum using a retrosternal bar.", "content": "Pectus excavatum is a progressive congenital deformity for which surgical correction is an established procedure. The method of correction using a stainless steel retrosternal bar to maintain the sternum elevated is, in our experience, the most successful procedure. Successful surgical correction usually requires resection of all deformed costal cartilages with transverse osteotomy of the anterior table of the sternum and internal fixation using a bar anterior to the rib cage but behind the sternum. In the last 13 years 118 patients with this deformity have been evaluated and 72 patients have been surgically corrected by the described procedure. Of these 72 patients, 65 (90 percent) have had excellent or good cosmetic and functional results. The best results were obtained when the child was operated on between the ages of 6 and 10 years, the poorest results in those operated on under the age of 3 or over the age of 20. For a satisfactory result the bar must be left in for at least six months; the best results were obtained in those patients in whom the bar was left in for at least one year. No serious complications have followed the use of this technique.", "contents": "Surgical correction of pectus excavatum using a retrosternal bar. Pectus excavatum is a progressive congenital deformity for which surgical correction is an established procedure. The method of correction using a stainless steel retrosternal bar to maintain the sternum elevated is, in our experience, the most successful procedure. Successful surgical correction usually requires resection of all deformed costal cartilages with transverse osteotomy of the anterior table of the sternum and internal fixation using a bar anterior to the rib cage but behind the sternum. In the last 13 years 118 patients with this deformity have been evaluated and 72 patients have been surgically corrected by the described procedure. Of these 72 patients, 65 (90 percent) have had excellent or good cosmetic and functional results. The best results were obtained when the child was operated on between the ages of 6 and 10 years, the poorest results in those operated on under the age of 3 or over the age of 20. For a satisfactory result the bar must be left in for at least six months; the best results were obtained in those patients in whom the bar was left in for at least one year. No serious complications have followed the use of this technique.", "PMID": 1124528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8539", "title": "Re-expansion pulmonary oedema.", "content": "Clinical details are given of two patients who developed ipsilateral pulmonary oedema following re-expansion of their spontaneous pneumothoraces by intercostal drainage of air. The possible mechanisms underlying the oedema are discussed, and prior literature is analysed. Reference is made particularly to its predictability and to precautions recommended to minimize the frequency of this potentially fatal complication in the management of spontaneous pneumothorax.", "contents": "Re-expansion pulmonary oedema. Clinical details are given of two patients who developed ipsilateral pulmonary oedema following re-expansion of their spontaneous pneumothoraces by intercostal drainage of air. The possible mechanisms underlying the oedema are discussed, and prior literature is analysed. Reference is made particularly to its predictability and to precautions recommended to minimize the frequency of this potentially fatal complication in the management of spontaneous pneumothorax.", "PMID": 1124529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8540", "title": "Prevalence of chronic bronchitis in an industrial population in North India.", "content": "A survey for the prevalence of chronic bronchitis in an industrial population in North India is reported. The prevalence of chronic bronchitis is 12.5 percent in 473 subjects between the ages of 17 and 64 years. The prevalence rate of chronic bronchitis is comparable to that observed in areas of low community air pollution in Europe and North America. There is no age-related rise in the frequency of respiratory symptoms. The consumption of tobacco in these subjects is low and is comparable to tobacco consumption of light smokers. The prevalence of chronic bronchitis in smokers is five times the prevalence in non-smokers and is similar to the values reported for light smokers in other surveys. These observations suggest that cigarette smoking is associated with the development of chronic bronchitis, and the differences in the prevalence rate of chronic bronchitis between this survey and other surveys conducted in Europe and North America are mainly due to differences in smoking habits. Air pollution has a minor effect only and ethnic differences do not appear to play any part. Forced expired volume in one second shows a negative correlation with age. It is lower in asymptomatic smokers than in non-smokers and is lower in chronic bronchitis than in controls.", "contents": "Prevalence of chronic bronchitis in an industrial population in North India. A survey for the prevalence of chronic bronchitis in an industrial population in North India is reported. The prevalence of chronic bronchitis is 12.5 percent in 473 subjects between the ages of 17 and 64 years. The prevalence rate of chronic bronchitis is comparable to that observed in areas of low community air pollution in Europe and North America. There is no age-related rise in the frequency of respiratory symptoms. The consumption of tobacco in these subjects is low and is comparable to tobacco consumption of light smokers. The prevalence of chronic bronchitis in smokers is five times the prevalence in non-smokers and is similar to the values reported for light smokers in other surveys. These observations suggest that cigarette smoking is associated with the development of chronic bronchitis, and the differences in the prevalence rate of chronic bronchitis between this survey and other surveys conducted in Europe and North America are mainly due to differences in smoking habits. Air pollution has a minor effect only and ethnic differences do not appear to play any part. Forced expired volume in one second shows a negative correlation with age. It is lower in asymptomatic smokers than in non-smokers and is lower in chronic bronchitis than in controls.", "PMID": 1124530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8541", "title": "Absorption of ampicillin from the human lung.", "content": "The absorption of ampicillin from the lungs after intratracheal administration was studied in a healthy human. Doses of 50 mg, 250 mg, and 1,250 mg were given by intratracheal injection, and absorption of ampicillin from the lungs was assessed by measuring plasma levels, the area under the plasma level-time curve, and urinary excretion. All these indices of absorption increased with the dose of ampicillin. An intratracheal dose of 100 mg of probenecid together with 250 mg of ampicillin failed to reduce the absorption of ampicillin from the lungs. The uptake of ampicillin by human foetal bronchial slices in vitro was also studied; although viable, they did not accumulate ampicillin. These preliminary results suggest that ampicillin is absorbed from the lungs by passive diffusion.", "contents": "Absorption of ampicillin from the human lung. The absorption of ampicillin from the lungs after intratracheal administration was studied in a healthy human. Doses of 50 mg, 250 mg, and 1,250 mg were given by intratracheal injection, and absorption of ampicillin from the lungs was assessed by measuring plasma levels, the area under the plasma level-time curve, and urinary excretion. All these indices of absorption increased with the dose of ampicillin. An intratracheal dose of 100 mg of probenecid together with 250 mg of ampicillin failed to reduce the absorption of ampicillin from the lungs. The uptake of ampicillin by human foetal bronchial slices in vitro was also studied; although viable, they did not accumulate ampicillin. These preliminary results suggest that ampicillin is absorbed from the lungs by passive diffusion.", "PMID": 1124531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8542", "title": "A trial of oral delta-1-(trans)-tetrahydrocannabinol in reversible airways obstruction.", "content": "Sixteen patients with proven reversible airways obstruction were admitted to a double-blind study to compare the bronchodilator effects of oral delta-1-(trans)-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta-1-THC) and salbutamol. Measurements of forced vital capacity, forced expired volume in one second, peak expiratory flow rate, and maximum expiratory flow rate at 50 percent vital capacity after 10 mg oral delta-1-THC did not differ significantly from the effect of placebo, whereas increases after salbutamol were significant. Analyses of mood, pulse rate, blood pressure, and electrocardiogram showed no important changes after oral delta-1-THC. In vitro studies with isolated tracheal muscle indicate that the activity of delta-1-THC is 1,000 times less than the equivalent dose of isoprenaline, and the effect of delta-1-THC is not abolished by beta-adrenoreceptor blocking agents. It is concluded that oral delta-1-THC, at a dose of 10 mg, does not produce clinically significant bronchodilatation in patients with reversible airways obstruction.", "contents": "A trial of oral delta-1-(trans)-tetrahydrocannabinol in reversible airways obstruction. Sixteen patients with proven reversible airways obstruction were admitted to a double-blind study to compare the bronchodilator effects of oral delta-1-(trans)-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta-1-THC) and salbutamol. Measurements of forced vital capacity, forced expired volume in one second, peak expiratory flow rate, and maximum expiratory flow rate at 50 percent vital capacity after 10 mg oral delta-1-THC did not differ significantly from the effect of placebo, whereas increases after salbutamol were significant. Analyses of mood, pulse rate, blood pressure, and electrocardiogram showed no important changes after oral delta-1-THC. In vitro studies with isolated tracheal muscle indicate that the activity of delta-1-THC is 1,000 times less than the equivalent dose of isoprenaline, and the effect of delta-1-THC is not abolished by beta-adrenoreceptor blocking agents. It is concluded that oral delta-1-THC, at a dose of 10 mg, does not produce clinically significant bronchodilatation in patients with reversible airways obstruction.", "PMID": 1124532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8543", "title": "Serial measurement of plasma cortisol in lung cancer.", "content": "Serial plasma cortisol estimations were carried out in 81 male lung cancer patients and in a control group of 50 male subjects with conditions other than lung cancer. It was found that group mean plasma cortisol levels, both in the morning and in the afternoon, were greater in the lung cancer patients than in the no-cancer control group. However, long-term assessment four years after the beginning of the study showed that high plasma cortisol levels were found predominantly in cancer patients within six months of death. If such patients are excluded from the study, there is no significant difference in group mean plasma cortisol levels between male lung cancer patients and a male control group.", "contents": "Serial measurement of plasma cortisol in lung cancer. Serial plasma cortisol estimations were carried out in 81 male lung cancer patients and in a control group of 50 male subjects with conditions other than lung cancer. It was found that group mean plasma cortisol levels, both in the morning and in the afternoon, were greater in the lung cancer patients than in the no-cancer control group. However, long-term assessment four years after the beginning of the study showed that high plasma cortisol levels were found predominantly in cancer patients within six months of death. If such patients are excluded from the study, there is no significant difference in group mean plasma cortisol levels between male lung cancer patients and a male control group.", "PMID": 1124533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8544", "title": "Pleural effusion in sarcoidosis: a report of six cases.", "content": "Six (4 percent) of 150 patients with sarcoidosis had a pleural effusion. A review of the literature revealed seven more patients with pleural sarcoidosis. Analysis of the 13 patients reported so far did not reveal any clinical, radiological, or laboratory feature which may be of diagnostic significance. The diagnosis of pleural sarcoidosis was based on clinical or radiographic grounds and histological evidence of noncaseating granulomata. In three of the patients pleural fluid resolved spontaneously; the other three were treated with corticosteroids. It is suggested that pleural involvement in sarcoidosis, especially in Negroes, may be more frequent than is generally realized and the effusion may occur either at the time of initial presentation or later in the course of the disease.", "contents": "Pleural effusion in sarcoidosis: a report of six cases. Six (4 percent) of 150 patients with sarcoidosis had a pleural effusion. A review of the literature revealed seven more patients with pleural sarcoidosis. Analysis of the 13 patients reported so far did not reveal any clinical, radiological, or laboratory feature which may be of diagnostic significance. The diagnosis of pleural sarcoidosis was based on clinical or radiographic grounds and histological evidence of noncaseating granulomata. In three of the patients pleural fluid resolved spontaneously; the other three were treated with corticosteroids. It is suggested that pleural involvement in sarcoidosis, especially in Negroes, may be more frequent than is generally realized and the effusion may occur either at the time of initial presentation or later in the course of the disease.", "PMID": 1124534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8545", "title": "The toxicity of dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) for the dog, pig, rat and rabbit.", "content": "Dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) was tested for oral toxicity in rats and dogs, and dermal toxicity in rabbits and pigs. Oral administration was by gastric intubation as a 50% equeous solution, 5 days/week at levels equivalent to 9.0, 3.0 or 1.0 ml undiluted DMSO/hg/day. For dermal application 50% and 90% equeous solutions were used to give levels equivalent to 8.1, 4.5, 2.7 or 1.5 ml DMSO/hg/day, as one daily application for rabbits, and divided into two applications/day for pigs. Dogs were dosed for approximately 2 years and pigs for 1 year, although half the animals of both species were dosed for only 18 weeks. Rats were dosed for 18 months, but some were used for interim sacrifice after a year. Rabbits received applications to normal and abraded skin for 6 months. Minor changes in bodyweight and haematological values were observed, together with a physiological diuretic response to DMSO, but the target organ was the eye, principally the lenticular nucleus. Ocular effects in dogs started after 5-10 weeks dosing at 9 ml/kg and consisted of central (nuclear) lens changes with alteration of the refractive index (myopia); transitory equatorial opacities during the 5th month; central (nuclear) opalescence; and changes in the vitreous humour. Similar changes occurred more slowly at 3 ml/kg, the alterations to the vitreous being first observed after 9-10 months at this level. Progressive nuclear refractive changes occurred after dosing for considerably longer than 6 months at 1ml/kg, but none of the animals in this group manifested the opalescence. Biochemical investigation of the lenses revealed reduction of soluble protein (mainly alpha-crystallin), glutathione and water levels, and an increase of insoluble protein. Evidence of recovery was limited mainly to a reduction in the number of dioptres needed to correct nuclear refractive change. Cessation of dosing led to regression of refractive nuclear changes but did not prevent the appearance of opalescence at 3 ml/kg and above. Dogs were the most severely affected of the 4 species, with nuclear effects at 1ml/kg, extensive changes in the lens, and involvement of the vitreous. Pigs and rabbits were affected by dose levels of 2.7 ml/kg and 1.5 ml/kg respectively. Rats occasionally showed minimal changes at 9 ml/kg. The importance of the findings in dogs is discussed in relation to general toxicological protocols. It is emphasised that reversibility of signs, and adequate duration of administration, must both be considered when ascertaining whether changes occur at levels approximating to those of human intake.", "contents": "The toxicity of dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) for the dog, pig, rat and rabbit. Dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) was tested for oral toxicity in rats and dogs, and dermal toxicity in rabbits and pigs. Oral administration was by gastric intubation as a 50% equeous solution, 5 days/week at levels equivalent to 9.0, 3.0 or 1.0 ml undiluted DMSO/hg/day. For dermal application 50% and 90% equeous solutions were used to give levels equivalent to 8.1, 4.5, 2.7 or 1.5 ml DMSO/hg/day, as one daily application for rabbits, and divided into two applications/day for pigs. Dogs were dosed for approximately 2 years and pigs for 1 year, although half the animals of both species were dosed for only 18 weeks. Rats were dosed for 18 months, but some were used for interim sacrifice after a year. Rabbits received applications to normal and abraded skin for 6 months. Minor changes in bodyweight and haematological values were observed, together with a physiological diuretic response to DMSO, but the target organ was the eye, principally the lenticular nucleus. Ocular effects in dogs started after 5-10 weeks dosing at 9 ml/kg and consisted of central (nuclear) lens changes with alteration of the refractive index (myopia); transitory equatorial opacities during the 5th month; central (nuclear) opalescence; and changes in the vitreous humour. Similar changes occurred more slowly at 3 ml/kg, the alterations to the vitreous being first observed after 9-10 months at this level. Progressive nuclear refractive changes occurred after dosing for considerably longer than 6 months at 1ml/kg, but none of the animals in this group manifested the opalescence. Biochemical investigation of the lenses revealed reduction of soluble protein (mainly alpha-crystallin), glutathione and water levels, and an increase of insoluble protein. Evidence of recovery was limited mainly to a reduction in the number of dioptres needed to correct nuclear refractive change. Cessation of dosing led to regression of refractive nuclear changes but did not prevent the appearance of opalescence at 3 ml/kg and above. Dogs were the most severely affected of the 4 species, with nuclear effects at 1ml/kg, extensive changes in the lens, and involvement of the vitreous. Pigs and rabbits were affected by dose levels of 2.7 ml/kg and 1.5 ml/kg respectively. Rats occasionally showed minimal changes at 9 ml/kg. The importance of the findings in dogs is discussed in relation to general toxicological protocols. It is emphasised that reversibility of signs, and adequate duration of administration, must both be considered when ascertaining whether changes occur at levels approximating to those of human intake.", "PMID": 1124535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8546", "title": "Comparative histopathological effects of aflatoxin B1 and palmotoxins B0 and G0 on some organs of different strains of the newly hatched chick (Gallus domesticus).", "content": "Aflatoxin B1 and palmotoxin B0 are equitoxic to the developing chick-embryo (Gallus domesticus) whilst palmotoxin G0 is relatively non-toxic. Toxic lesions are present in the heart, liver, skeletal muscle, brain and cartilage in varying severities. The liver and skeletal muscle show fatty change and toxic myositis, respectively. Lesions in the heart, brain and cartilage are relatively mild. The endocardial cushion-like plaques at the base of the atrioventricular valves are lesions peculiar to aflatoxin B1 and palmotoxin B0-induced cardiac damage. It appears that these mycotoxins are not selectively tissue specific in inducing organ damage in the chick-embryo. An ultrastructural study of these lesions in the chick and other species may help to elucidate the molecular mechanism of the toxicity of these mycotoxins which are suspected to be very potent human hepatocarcinogens in certain parts of the tropics. Their acute phase effects in man are, however, unknown.", "contents": "Comparative histopathological effects of aflatoxin B1 and palmotoxins B0 and G0 on some organs of different strains of the newly hatched chick (Gallus domesticus). Aflatoxin B1 and palmotoxin B0 are equitoxic to the developing chick-embryo (Gallus domesticus) whilst palmotoxin G0 is relatively non-toxic. Toxic lesions are present in the heart, liver, skeletal muscle, brain and cartilage in varying severities. The liver and skeletal muscle show fatty change and toxic myositis, respectively. Lesions in the heart, brain and cartilage are relatively mild. The endocardial cushion-like plaques at the base of the atrioventricular valves are lesions peculiar to aflatoxin B1 and palmotoxin B0-induced cardiac damage. It appears that these mycotoxins are not selectively tissue specific in inducing organ damage in the chick-embryo. An ultrastructural study of these lesions in the chick and other species may help to elucidate the molecular mechanism of the toxicity of these mycotoxins which are suspected to be very potent human hepatocarcinogens in certain parts of the tropics. Their acute phase effects in man are, however, unknown.", "PMID": 1124536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8547", "title": "Effects of prenatal administration of acetylsalicylic acid in rats.", "content": "Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) administration (200 mg/kg/day) during the last six days of pregnancy in the rat has been observed to result in: (a) a prolongation of the duration of pregnancy; (b) a prolongation of the parturition time; (c) the appearance, in some individuals, of dystocia with possible secondary death of foetuses in utero.", "contents": "Effects of prenatal administration of acetylsalicylic acid in rats. Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) administration (200 mg/kg/day) during the last six days of pregnancy in the rat has been observed to result in: (a) a prolongation of the duration of pregnancy; (b) a prolongation of the parturition time; (c) the appearance, in some individuals, of dystocia with possible secondary death of foetuses in utero.", "PMID": 1124537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8548", "title": "Toxicity of aerosol propellants in the respiratory and circulatory systems. VIII. Respiration and circulation in primates.", "content": "The low-pressure propellants influence predominantly the circulation, whereas the high pressure propellants affect the respiration in anesthetized monkeys. There are four groups according to the level of toxicity: Class 1, low-pressure propellants of high toxicity that cause tachycardia and hypotension; Class 2, low-pressure propellants of intermediate toxicity that influence either circulation or respiration or both; Class 3, high-pressure propellants of intermediate toxicity that cause bronchoconstriction; and Class 4, high-pressure propellants of low toxicity that do not influence respiration or circulation even when inhaled at levels of up to 20 percent concentration.", "contents": "Toxicity of aerosol propellants in the respiratory and circulatory systems. VIII. Respiration and circulation in primates. The low-pressure propellants influence predominantly the circulation, whereas the high pressure propellants affect the respiration in anesthetized monkeys. There are four groups according to the level of toxicity: Class 1, low-pressure propellants of high toxicity that cause tachycardia and hypotension; Class 2, low-pressure propellants of intermediate toxicity that influence either circulation or respiration or both; Class 3, high-pressure propellants of intermediate toxicity that cause bronchoconstriction; and Class 4, high-pressure propellants of low toxicity that do not influence respiration or circulation even when inhaled at levels of up to 20 percent concentration.", "PMID": 1124538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8549", "title": "Skin deposition and penetration of trichlorocarbanilide.", "content": "Studies are reported on the localization and quantitative distribution of 3,4,4'-trichloro[14C]carbanilide([14C]TCC) in guinea-pig and human skin, and on the percutaneous absorption of TCC following topical application to guinea pigs. [14C]TCC was applied to guinea-pig skin in various vehicles (conventional, superfatted, 10 percent non-soap detergent (NSD) and 30 percent NSD soap suspensions or in N,N-dimethylformamide [DMF]) and under various conditions (e.g. freshly prepared or equilibrated suspensions; single or multiple washes). Most of the amount of TCC remaining in the skin after rinsing was deposited on the skin surface and only relatively minute amounts actually penetrated through the epidermis into the dermis. Whereas conventional soap facilitated a greater deposition of TCC on the skin surface than NSD, the latter caused greater amounts of TCC to be deposited in the pilosebaceous system and lower dermis than conventional soap. The absence of TCC in the blood and tissues of guinea pigs given topical applications of TCC lends further support to the very low order of percutaneous absorption of TCC. The localisation of TCC followed a similar pattern in human skin as in guinea-pig skin, but the amount deposited was less and the rate of disappearance was more for human than for guinea-pig skin.", "contents": "Skin deposition and penetration of trichlorocarbanilide. Studies are reported on the localization and quantitative distribution of 3,4,4'-trichloro[14C]carbanilide([14C]TCC) in guinea-pig and human skin, and on the percutaneous absorption of TCC following topical application to guinea pigs. [14C]TCC was applied to guinea-pig skin in various vehicles (conventional, superfatted, 10 percent non-soap detergent (NSD) and 30 percent NSD soap suspensions or in N,N-dimethylformamide [DMF]) and under various conditions (e.g. freshly prepared or equilibrated suspensions; single or multiple washes). Most of the amount of TCC remaining in the skin after rinsing was deposited on the skin surface and only relatively minute amounts actually penetrated through the epidermis into the dermis. Whereas conventional soap facilitated a greater deposition of TCC on the skin surface than NSD, the latter caused greater amounts of TCC to be deposited in the pilosebaceous system and lower dermis than conventional soap. The absence of TCC in the blood and tissues of guinea pigs given topical applications of TCC lends further support to the very low order of percutaneous absorption of TCC. The localisation of TCC followed a similar pattern in human skin as in guinea-pig skin, but the amount deposited was less and the rate of disappearance was more for human than for guinea-pig skin.", "PMID": 1124539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8550", "title": "Uptake of carbon monoxide in blood of miniture pigs and other mammals.", "content": "Different affinities of blood for CO were observed in in vivo and in vitro experiments. Hamsters showed the greatest relative affinity (1.0), the corresponding value for rats was 0.8, for pigs 0.74 and for rabbits 0.58. The upward shift of the saturation curves was dependent on the rate of respiratory exchange per unit of body weight, e.g. the curves were less steep for pigs than for rabbits. After increased motor activity the equilibrium saturation of CO in blood is reached more rapidly. From the results of in vitro experiments the following affinity constants for the blood of different species could be calculated: pig K = 130, hamster K = 181, rat I = 141, rabbit K = 109. For equal atmospheric CO concentrations the saturation values were lower (37-40%) in experiments in vitro than in vivo. Similar saturation values were obtained with light excluded, when O2 concentration was decreased to the level of alveolar oxygen concentration. With regard to the affinity of blood for CO, the blood of domestic pigs did not differ from that of minature pigs in in vitro experiments.", "contents": "Uptake of carbon monoxide in blood of miniture pigs and other mammals. Different affinities of blood for CO were observed in in vivo and in vitro experiments. Hamsters showed the greatest relative affinity (1.0), the corresponding value for rats was 0.8, for pigs 0.74 and for rabbits 0.58. The upward shift of the saturation curves was dependent on the rate of respiratory exchange per unit of body weight, e.g. the curves were less steep for pigs than for rabbits. After increased motor activity the equilibrium saturation of CO in blood is reached more rapidly. From the results of in vitro experiments the following affinity constants for the blood of different species could be calculated: pig K = 130, hamster K = 181, rat I = 141, rabbit K = 109. For equal atmospheric CO concentrations the saturation values were lower (37-40%) in experiments in vitro than in vivo. Similar saturation values were obtained with light excluded, when O2 concentration was decreased to the level of alveolar oxygen concentration. With regard to the affinity of blood for CO, the blood of domestic pigs did not differ from that of minature pigs in in vitro experiments.", "PMID": 1124540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8551", "title": "Long-term feeding study on disodium 5-ribonucleotide in dogs.", "content": "Groups of 4 male and 4 female Beagle dogs were fed for 2 years on diets containing 0 (control), 0.1, 1.0 and 2.0%, respectively, of disodium 5'-ribonucleotide (a 50 : 50 mixture of disodium 5'-inosinate and disodium 5'-guanylate). The mean daily intakes of the 3 test groups ranged during the experiment from 0.04-0.03, 0.48-0.26 and 0.93-0.51 g/kg, respectively. No effects attributable to treatment were found in mortality, food consumption, water consumption, bodyweight gain, ophthalmoscopy, clinical signs, haematology, serum chemistry (other than allantoin levels), organ weights, macroscopic pathology or histology, Small differences were observed between mean values in treatment and control dogs for serum allantoin but there was no indication of any persistent significant difference throughout the 2-year study. In a 6-week preliminary test, dietary levels of up to 10% disodium 5'-ribonucleotide were without detectable adverse effect upon beagle dogs of either sex.", "contents": "Long-term feeding study on disodium 5-ribonucleotide in dogs. Groups of 4 male and 4 female Beagle dogs were fed for 2 years on diets containing 0 (control), 0.1, 1.0 and 2.0%, respectively, of disodium 5'-ribonucleotide (a 50 : 50 mixture of disodium 5'-inosinate and disodium 5'-guanylate). The mean daily intakes of the 3 test groups ranged during the experiment from 0.04-0.03, 0.48-0.26 and 0.93-0.51 g/kg, respectively. No effects attributable to treatment were found in mortality, food consumption, water consumption, bodyweight gain, ophthalmoscopy, clinical signs, haematology, serum chemistry (other than allantoin levels), organ weights, macroscopic pathology or histology, Small differences were observed between mean values in treatment and control dogs for serum allantoin but there was no indication of any persistent significant difference throughout the 2-year study. In a 6-week preliminary test, dietary levels of up to 10% disodium 5'-ribonucleotide were without detectable adverse effect upon beagle dogs of either sex.", "PMID": 1124541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8552", "title": "[Toxicity by relay. II. A method for the asessment of safety to human consumers of carbadox, a growth-promoting additive to the feed of slaughter pigs].", "content": "A toxicity by relay. II. A method for the assessment of safety to human consumers of carbadox, a growth-promoting additive to the feed of slaughter pigs. A new methodology called \"toxicity by relay\" has been used to assess the potential hazard to humans of incorporating an additive into animal feeds. This methodology considers a farm-reared animal as a \"relay\" between the food additive and the human consumer, and employs laboratory animals as \"pseudo-consumers\". These laboratory animals are fed throughout their entire lives with the meat or organs of the \"relay\" animals which have been reared on feeds supplemented with various levels of the additive. In the present study, the toxicity of carbadox was assessed in this way. In pigs, where it is used as a growth promoter, carbadox is metabolised into serveal different products, and so an assessment of its safety using traditional methods of studying the toxicity of a substance and tis known metabolites, would perhaps be subject to error. A safety factor for man, in relation to the safety factors for rats and dogs, was calculated using (a) the comparative consumption of the laboratory animals and man; (b) an assessment of the highest dosage likely to be consumed in normal circumstances compared to the laboratory dosage, and (c) the consideration that in the laboratory there is no period of withdrawal from feeding before sacrifice as is the case with animals for slaughter. Pigs were used as \"relays\" in the present study by supplementing their feed with carbadox. The meat and/or livers of these animals were then fed daily to (a) rats for a period of 3 generations; (b) rats for 24-25 months, and (c) dogs for 60 months. No abnormalities were observed at the termination of the experiments. We may therefore conclude that there is no hazard for the human consumer from the use of carbadox as a pig-feed additive.", "contents": "[Toxicity by relay. II. A method for the asessment of safety to human consumers of carbadox, a growth-promoting additive to the feed of slaughter pigs]. A toxicity by relay. II. A method for the assessment of safety to human consumers of carbadox, a growth-promoting additive to the feed of slaughter pigs. A new methodology called \"toxicity by relay\" has been used to assess the potential hazard to humans of incorporating an additive into animal feeds. This methodology considers a farm-reared animal as a \"relay\" between the food additive and the human consumer, and employs laboratory animals as \"pseudo-consumers\". These laboratory animals are fed throughout their entire lives with the meat or organs of the \"relay\" animals which have been reared on feeds supplemented with various levels of the additive. In the present study, the toxicity of carbadox was assessed in this way. In pigs, where it is used as a growth promoter, carbadox is metabolised into serveal different products, and so an assessment of its safety using traditional methods of studying the toxicity of a substance and tis known metabolites, would perhaps be subject to error. A safety factor for man, in relation to the safety factors for rats and dogs, was calculated using (a) the comparative consumption of the laboratory animals and man; (b) an assessment of the highest dosage likely to be consumed in normal circumstances compared to the laboratory dosage, and (c) the consideration that in the laboratory there is no period of withdrawal from feeding before sacrifice as is the case with animals for slaughter. Pigs were used as \"relays\" in the present study by supplementing their feed with carbadox. The meat and/or livers of these animals were then fed daily to (a) rats for a period of 3 generations; (b) rats for 24-25 months, and (c) dogs for 60 months. No abnormalities were observed at the termination of the experiments. We may therefore conclude that there is no hazard for the human consumer from the use of carbadox as a pig-feed additive.", "PMID": 1124542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8553", "title": "[Indications for and results of percutaneous radiotherapy of malignant melanoma].", "content": "Malignant melanomas may develop from naevoblasts by way of the junctional naevus; from melanoblasts by way of melanocytes or by way of melanosis circumscripta praeblastomatosa. It is reasonably certain that there is no direct malignant degeneration of a naevus-cell-naevus as a result of acute or chronic irritation, but most authors reject sample excision nevertheless. Malignant melanomas from naevoblasts are relatively insensitive to radiation and dangerous, whereas those developing from melanoblasts are relatively sensitive to radiation and grow slowly. Melanomas which have developed on an unchanged skin are critical because they metastasize fast and take a rapid course. 29% of 237 stage-I patients out of a total of 680 developed metastases during the first year following surgery and irradiation, and 14% after 2-9 years. Radical removal of lymph nodes results in congestion combined with oedema, and involves the risk of melanoma cells being carried into the perilymphatic tissue. Early irradiation of regions involving metastatic risk seems to be preferable over idssection of lymph nodes. Experience has shown that surgery preceded and followed by radiotherapy, and additional surgical or radiological treatment of regional lymph-nodes should be recommended at this time. Evidence concerning the effects of endolymphatic, cytostatic, and immunotherapy is as yet incomplete. The five-year survival rate in state I is said to be 71% following surgery, up to 80% following irradiation and subsequent surgery, up to 78% following surgery and subsequent radiotherapy, and up to 72% following radiotherapy alone. Survival rates are about 14% higher following surgery and electron irradiation.", "contents": "[Indications for and results of percutaneous radiotherapy of malignant melanoma]. Malignant melanomas may develop from naevoblasts by way of the junctional naevus; from melanoblasts by way of melanocytes or by way of melanosis circumscripta praeblastomatosa. It is reasonably certain that there is no direct malignant degeneration of a naevus-cell-naevus as a result of acute or chronic irritation, but most authors reject sample excision nevertheless. Malignant melanomas from naevoblasts are relatively insensitive to radiation and dangerous, whereas those developing from melanoblasts are relatively sensitive to radiation and grow slowly. Melanomas which have developed on an unchanged skin are critical because they metastasize fast and take a rapid course. 29% of 237 stage-I patients out of a total of 680 developed metastases during the first year following surgery and irradiation, and 14% after 2-9 years. Radical removal of lymph nodes results in congestion combined with oedema, and involves the risk of melanoma cells being carried into the perilymphatic tissue. Early irradiation of regions involving metastatic risk seems to be preferable over idssection of lymph nodes. Experience has shown that surgery preceded and followed by radiotherapy, and additional surgical or radiological treatment of regional lymph-nodes should be recommended at this time. Evidence concerning the effects of endolymphatic, cytostatic, and immunotherapy is as yet incomplete. The five-year survival rate in state I is said to be 71% following surgery, up to 80% following irradiation and subsequent surgery, up to 78% following surgery and subsequent radiotherapy, and up to 72% following radiotherapy alone. Survival rates are about 14% higher following surgery and electron irradiation.", "PMID": 1124549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8554", "title": "[The influence of high-frequency hyperthermia on Ehrlich-ascites carcinoma in the mouse].", "content": "On 988 NMRI-mice the influence of a single high-frequency hyperthermia of differing intensity in the decimeter-wave field was investigated regarding the course of the Ehrlich's-ascites carcinoma. The application of high frequency (461,04 MHz) was made with an electrode on an induction field of 3,8 cm diameter, and covers the whole peritoneal cavity. No significant prolongation of the survival time was achieved, neither by increasing the intensity up to the final rectal temperature of 40 degrees-43 degrees C, nor by selecting different therapeutic periods during the growth of the tumor (1, 3, 6, and 10 days after inoculation). In contrast to local tumors which can be cured solely by high frequency treatment in the chosen model of a generalized tumor (in which the tumor tissue cannot be separated), no significant therapeutic effect can be reached by sole thermotherapy--not even with the risk of extremous therapy-induced complication rates. An interesting field for research seems to exist as to what extent tumor proliferation kinetics can be influenced by high frequency.", "contents": "[The influence of high-frequency hyperthermia on Ehrlich-ascites carcinoma in the mouse]. On 988 NMRI-mice the influence of a single high-frequency hyperthermia of differing intensity in the decimeter-wave field was investigated regarding the course of the Ehrlich's-ascites carcinoma. The application of high frequency (461,04 MHz) was made with an electrode on an induction field of 3,8 cm diameter, and covers the whole peritoneal cavity. No significant prolongation of the survival time was achieved, neither by increasing the intensity up to the final rectal temperature of 40 degrees-43 degrees C, nor by selecting different therapeutic periods during the growth of the tumor (1, 3, 6, and 10 days after inoculation). In contrast to local tumors which can be cured solely by high frequency treatment in the chosen model of a generalized tumor (in which the tumor tissue cannot be separated), no significant therapeutic effect can be reached by sole thermotherapy--not even with the risk of extremous therapy-induced complication rates. An interesting field for research seems to exist as to what extent tumor proliferation kinetics can be influenced by high frequency.", "PMID": 1124551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8555", "title": "[Effect of high-dose preoperative intracavitary radiotherapy on uterine size and early operability in patients with corpus carcinoma].", "content": "22 patients with corpus carcinoma were treated by intracavitary irradiation by the after-loading technique (Cathetron) during three sessions separated by one-week intervals. The weeks after radiotherapy, hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy were performed. Changes in uterine size were observed during and after radiotherapy with the help of an uterine probe and by ultrasound-B-examination. The uterus was found to increase in size during radiotherapy. Measurement with the probe showed an average longitudinal increase of 1.2 cm, whereas ultrasonic examination revealed an increase in length by 1.7 cm and an anteroposterior distension of the fundus uteri by 0.9 cm. No technical difficulties were encountered during early surgery preceded by radiotherapy. Ehin, readily removable adhesions were found in six cases, and symptoms of irritation were seen in the rectal wall and in the peritoneum in one. No postoperative complications occurred in any of the patients.", "contents": "[Effect of high-dose preoperative intracavitary radiotherapy on uterine size and early operability in patients with corpus carcinoma]. 22 patients with corpus carcinoma were treated by intracavitary irradiation by the after-loading technique (Cathetron) during three sessions separated by one-week intervals. The weeks after radiotherapy, hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy were performed. Changes in uterine size were observed during and after radiotherapy with the help of an uterine probe and by ultrasound-B-examination. The uterus was found to increase in size during radiotherapy. Measurement with the probe showed an average longitudinal increase of 1.2 cm, whereas ultrasonic examination revealed an increase in length by 1.7 cm and an anteroposterior distension of the fundus uteri by 0.9 cm. No technical difficulties were encountered during early surgery preceded by radiotherapy. Ehin, readily removable adhesions were found in six cases, and symptoms of irritation were seen in the rectal wall and in the peritoneum in one. No postoperative complications occurred in any of the patients.", "PMID": 1124552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8556", "title": "[Dose distribution and irradiation technique in the radiotherapy of breast cancer stage I].", "content": "A method for homogenous irradiation of the breast by means of opposite standing fields, with the use of wedge filters, is described here. The field is focussed so that the interior thoracic wall under symmetric position of the mamma is still completely situated in the irradiation field, and the lateral area of the ray beam passes 1-2 cm into the pulmonary tissue. On a series of typical breast models, made under consideration of the irradiation position, the isodose distributions were determined by film-dosimetry. The therapeutically most important 80%-isodose corresponds in practically every case with the mamma contour. Peak doses or areas of underdosage were not observed. The thoracic wall is still exposed to about 75% of the maximum dose. In order to reach a more accurate irradiation by the desired maximum dose of, for example, 250 r, the deviation of which does not exceed plus or minus 7%, it is necessary, at the beginning of an irradiation series, to use ionisation chamber measurements with an intensifying hood on the surface of the mamma, 1.5 cm above the border of the field. In the case of lateral irradiation, the measurement need only be made laterally, in medial irradiation it is only necessary on the medial side. The portion of the dose affecting the opposite field on the measuring place can be calculated by the use of depth dose tables. From the values so gained the desired maximum dose within the mamma may be ascertained by multiplication by the factor 1.03.", "contents": "[Dose distribution and irradiation technique in the radiotherapy of breast cancer stage I]. A method for homogenous irradiation of the breast by means of opposite standing fields, with the use of wedge filters, is described here. The field is focussed so that the interior thoracic wall under symmetric position of the mamma is still completely situated in the irradiation field, and the lateral area of the ray beam passes 1-2 cm into the pulmonary tissue. On a series of typical breast models, made under consideration of the irradiation position, the isodose distributions were determined by film-dosimetry. The therapeutically most important 80%-isodose corresponds in practically every case with the mamma contour. Peak doses or areas of underdosage were not observed. The thoracic wall is still exposed to about 75% of the maximum dose. In order to reach a more accurate irradiation by the desired maximum dose of, for example, 250 r, the deviation of which does not exceed plus or minus 7%, it is necessary, at the beginning of an irradiation series, to use ionisation chamber measurements with an intensifying hood on the surface of the mamma, 1.5 cm above the border of the field. In the case of lateral irradiation, the measurement need only be made laterally, in medial irradiation it is only necessary on the medial side. The portion of the dose affecting the opposite field on the measuring place can be calculated by the use of depth dose tables. From the values so gained the desired maximum dose within the mamma may be ascertained by multiplication by the factor 1.03.", "PMID": 1124553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8557", "title": "[Experiences with radioactive phosphorus therapy in cases of polycythemia vera (author's transl)].", "content": "Retrospective studies were carried out in 52 patients with polycythemia vera who were treated with radioactive phosphorus (32-P) over periods ranging between 4 and 24 years. Control of hematopoiesis was achieved in all patients. Duration of the remission induced differed considerably in the individual patients. Mean remission lasted 3-4 years. After 13 years of 32-P treatment, the mean duration of remission lengthened due to gradual transition of some cases into \"spent\" polycythemia. The mean annual dose of 32-P was about 2.4 mCi. In patients with long-term remissions, the dose accumulated per year was markedly less. These patients probably represent optimal preconditions for 32-P therapy. Mean survival was 12.5 years. The majority of the patients died from thorombo-embolie events or hemorrhage; incidence of acute leukemia was about 4%.", "contents": "[Experiences with radioactive phosphorus therapy in cases of polycythemia vera (author's transl)]. Retrospective studies were carried out in 52 patients with polycythemia vera who were treated with radioactive phosphorus (32-P) over periods ranging between 4 and 24 years. Control of hematopoiesis was achieved in all patients. Duration of the remission induced differed considerably in the individual patients. Mean remission lasted 3-4 years. After 13 years of 32-P treatment, the mean duration of remission lengthened due to gradual transition of some cases into \"spent\" polycythemia. The mean annual dose of 32-P was about 2.4 mCi. In patients with long-term remissions, the dose accumulated per year was markedly less. These patients probably represent optimal preconditions for 32-P therapy. Mean survival was 12.5 years. The majority of the patients died from thorombo-embolie events or hemorrhage; incidence of acute leukemia was about 4%.", "PMID": 1124554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8558", "title": "Aspects of timing and selection of cases in radioiodine therapy and percutaneous irradiation of well differentiated carcinoma of the thyroid.", "content": "142 patients with well differentiated carcinoma of the thyroid were treated postoperatively by radioiodine and percutaneous irradiation according to a fixed schedule. Institution of radioiodine treatment and percutaneous irradiation within 6 months after surgery resulted in a low incidence of local tumor recurrences or of newly formed metastases, and in a high survival rate. Criteria are given, by which postoperative percutaneous irradiation may be omitted without risking impairment of therapeutical results.", "contents": "Aspects of timing and selection of cases in radioiodine therapy and percutaneous irradiation of well differentiated carcinoma of the thyroid. 142 patients with well differentiated carcinoma of the thyroid were treated postoperatively by radioiodine and percutaneous irradiation according to a fixed schedule. Institution of radioiodine treatment and percutaneous irradiation within 6 months after surgery resulted in a low incidence of local tumor recurrences or of newly formed metastases, and in a high survival rate. Criteria are given, by which postoperative percutaneous irradiation may be omitted without risking impairment of therapeutical results.", "PMID": 1124555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8559", "title": "[The dose-volume factor in radiotherapy. Significance of the focal or tumor volume for the evaluation of radiotherapeutic effect].", "content": "The absorbed energy dose, in dependence on the irradiated tissue volume or tumor volume (dose-volume-relations) has great significance for the valuation of radiation injuries and of the prognosis of the disease. The present paper includes an analysis, formal demonstrations and interpretation of these relations. Clinical observations and radiobiological experiments in literature were the basis of the present investigation. The assessment is kept simple, the models derived from it interprete well the clinical findings. Through these models, radiobiological findings and clinical experimental principles are connected. This results in a clear conception of the future development of irradiation planning, and the application technique of radiation. The range of validity of the cited models includes the treated volumes usual in radiotherapy. An extrapolation to the cellulary area or to the whole body may only be made with great reservations.", "contents": "[The dose-volume factor in radiotherapy. Significance of the focal or tumor volume for the evaluation of radiotherapeutic effect]. The absorbed energy dose, in dependence on the irradiated tissue volume or tumor volume (dose-volume-relations) has great significance for the valuation of radiation injuries and of the prognosis of the disease. The present paper includes an analysis, formal demonstrations and interpretation of these relations. Clinical observations and radiobiological experiments in literature were the basis of the present investigation. The assessment is kept simple, the models derived from it interprete well the clinical findings. Through these models, radiobiological findings and clinical experimental principles are connected. This results in a clear conception of the future development of irradiation planning, and the application technique of radiation. The range of validity of the cited models includes the treated volumes usual in radiotherapy. An extrapolation to the cellulary area or to the whole body may only be made with great reservations.", "PMID": 1124556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8560", "title": "[Optimation of irradiation planning in deep therapy. Outline of the chance of survival of tumor patients].", "content": "Simple model conceptions are used for the demonstration of the chance of survival of tumor patients. The systematic judgement of therapy is possible after the adaptation to known survival curves for patients in different stages. The ascertainment of the tumor duplication period for primary tumor and--on principle--also for metastases, permits of conclusions on the recuperative capacity and radioresistance of the exposed normal tissue and of the tumor. It was seen that the values found can lie in the range of the data known from radiobiology. Vice versa, it is possible in principle by means of derived relation to optimate dose distribution, fractionation and total dose of the radiotherapy. Moreover, the systematic analysis of the known survival curves of tumor patients within the frame of model conception allows of the expectation that also influences of therapy on the tumor duplication time, and possibly the dissemination capacity of the tumor, can be analysed. These values reflect the tumor-host-relations and seem to be of decisive significance for future successful concepts of therapy.", "contents": "[Optimation of irradiation planning in deep therapy. Outline of the chance of survival of tumor patients]. Simple model conceptions are used for the demonstration of the chance of survival of tumor patients. The systematic judgement of therapy is possible after the adaptation to known survival curves for patients in different stages. The ascertainment of the tumor duplication period for primary tumor and--on principle--also for metastases, permits of conclusions on the recuperative capacity and radioresistance of the exposed normal tissue and of the tumor. It was seen that the values found can lie in the range of the data known from radiobiology. Vice versa, it is possible in principle by means of derived relation to optimate dose distribution, fractionation and total dose of the radiotherapy. Moreover, the systematic analysis of the known survival curves of tumor patients within the frame of model conception allows of the expectation that also influences of therapy on the tumor duplication time, and possibly the dissemination capacity of the tumor, can be analysed. These values reflect the tumor-host-relations and seem to be of decisive significance for future successful concepts of therapy.", "PMID": 1124557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8561", "title": "A new case of recombination within the HL-A system.", "content": "We report another case of recombination within the HL-A system between the first and second segregant series of antigens. The recombination frequency is 0.8%.", "contents": "A new case of recombination within the HL-A system. We report another case of recombination within the HL-A system between the first and second segregant series of antigens. The recombination frequency is 0.8%.", "PMID": 1124575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8562", "title": "The effects of preservation methods on homologous incus transplants in cats.", "content": "Experimental incus transplants were performed in cats. The gross findings and histologic data were recorded and correlated to the use of four preservation methods for homografts (alcohol, Cialit, formalin, and freezing). The formalin preserved incudes produced the least middle ear reaction and ossicular fixation. These incudes also exhibited a uniform perivascular bone remodeling throughout the homograft while the bones preserved in Cialit and alcohol were replaced much faster and ossicular chain fixation occurred. The incus bones preserved by freezing were better tolerated than the Cialit and alcohol ones but not as well as the formalin ones.", "contents": "The effects of preservation methods on homologous incus transplants in cats. Experimental incus transplants were performed in cats. The gross findings and histologic data were recorded and correlated to the use of four preservation methods for homografts (alcohol, Cialit, formalin, and freezing). The formalin preserved incudes produced the least middle ear reaction and ossicular fixation. These incudes also exhibited a uniform perivascular bone remodeling throughout the homograft while the bones preserved in Cialit and alcohol were replaced much faster and ossicular chain fixation occurred. The incus bones preserved by freezing were better tolerated than the Cialit and alcohol ones but not as well as the formalin ones.", "PMID": 1124573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8563", "title": "[Investigations of serum levels of drugs in children receiving anticonvulsant medication. I. General evaluation of serum concentrations of diphenylhydantoin, primidone and phenobarbitone (author's transl)].", "content": "With the aid of our own method of gas chromatography we determined serum concentrations of anticonvulsants in a large number of children who were being treated with diphenylhydantoin, primidone and phenobarbitone. The drugs were being prescribed either as monotherapy, or in combination with each other, or with other substances which have anticonvulsive activity. Regression lines showed good correlations between the quantity of drugs administered (total daily dose) and serum concentrations. The regression lines for diphenylhydantoin and primidone, however, showed no differences, irrespective of whether they were being given alone or in combination. In view of the frequency of symptoms of intoxication and of non-responders, we established a therapeutic range for diphenylhydantoin and primidone (diphenylhydantoin: 5--16 mcg/ml; primidone: 4--14 mcg/ml). The required serum concentrations could be obtained by giving 8--12 mg/kg of diphenylhydantoin, and  15-22 mg/kg of primidone. In spite of the satisfactory correlation between total daily dose and serum concentrations, however, many patients showed departures from this normal behaviour, especially where combination treatments were being conducted. This demonstrates the necessity for routine controls of serum levels.", "contents": "[Investigations of serum levels of drugs in children receiving anticonvulsant medication. I. General evaluation of serum concentrations of diphenylhydantoin, primidone and phenobarbitone (author's transl)]. With the aid of our own method of gas chromatography we determined serum concentrations of anticonvulsants in a large number of children who were being treated with diphenylhydantoin, primidone and phenobarbitone. The drugs were being prescribed either as monotherapy, or in combination with each other, or with other substances which have anticonvulsive activity. Regression lines showed good correlations between the quantity of drugs administered (total daily dose) and serum concentrations. The regression lines for diphenylhydantoin and primidone, however, showed no differences, irrespective of whether they were being given alone or in combination. In view of the frequency of symptoms of intoxication and of non-responders, we established a therapeutic range for diphenylhydantoin and primidone (diphenylhydantoin: 5--16 mcg/ml; primidone: 4--14 mcg/ml). The required serum concentrations could be obtained by giving 8--12 mg/kg of diphenylhydantoin, and  15-22 mg/kg of primidone. In spite of the satisfactory correlation between total daily dose and serum concentrations, however, many patients showed departures from this normal behaviour, especially where combination treatments were being conducted. This demonstrates the necessity for routine controls of serum levels.", "PMID": 1124582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8564", "title": "[Investigations of serum levels of drugs in children receiving anticonvulsant medication. II. Clinical observations (author's transl)].", "content": "Although good correlation can be obtained between total daily dose and serum concentration in treatment with anticonvulsant drugs, many patients still show departures from this relation. The various factors which can influence serum concentrations of the administered drugs were to be domonstrated in a number of children who were receiving anticonvulsants at average dose levels and who developed evidence of overdose, or who failed to respond to therapy. The most important feature is that combined adminstration of several drugs may increase or inhibit metabolisation of the various substances, so that inadequate or excessively high serum concentrations result. Furthermore, irregular intake of the necessary medication must always be taken into account in the case of treatment on an out patient basis. Routine determinations of serum levels of anticonvulsant drugs in these patients are called for because of this.", "contents": "[Investigations of serum levels of drugs in children receiving anticonvulsant medication. II. Clinical observations (author's transl)]. Although good correlation can be obtained between total daily dose and serum concentration in treatment with anticonvulsant drugs, many patients still show departures from this relation. The various factors which can influence serum concentrations of the administered drugs were to be domonstrated in a number of children who were receiving anticonvulsants at average dose levels and who developed evidence of overdose, or who failed to respond to therapy. The most important feature is that combined adminstration of several drugs may increase or inhibit metabolisation of the various substances, so that inadequate or excessively high serum concentrations result. Furthermore, irregular intake of the necessary medication must always be taken into account in the case of treatment on an out patient basis. Routine determinations of serum levels of anticonvulsant drugs in these patients are called for because of this.", "PMID": 1124583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8565", "title": "[A kin with a \"silent\" pseudocholinesterase gene (author's transl)].", "content": "After injection of short acting muscle relaxant suxamethonium on a 5-year-old boy during bronchography he was suffering from prolonged apnoe. Although using acetylthiocholin, butyrylthiocholin and benzoylcholin for tests we were not able to detect any activity of pseudocholinesterase in the patient's serum, Since there was no evidence of hepatic disease or hypoproteinemia, we supposed a genetically caused deficiency of serumcholinesterase. Examinations done on 18 members of this kin showed a complete absence of serumcholinesterase on 3 children (homozoygotes for \"silent gene\") and a significant decrease of pseudocholinesterase on 6 persons. It was not possible to detect the \"silent gene\" by counter immunelectrophoresis. The half value time after injection of purified human serumcholinesterase was between 8 to 9 days. Genetic aspects and clinical problems of the serumcholinesterase  deficiency are discussed.", "contents": "[A kin with a \"silent\" pseudocholinesterase gene (author's transl)]. After injection of short acting muscle relaxant suxamethonium on a 5-year-old boy during bronchography he was suffering from prolonged apnoe. Although using acetylthiocholin, butyrylthiocholin and benzoylcholin for tests we were not able to detect any activity of pseudocholinesterase in the patient's serum, Since there was no evidence of hepatic disease or hypoproteinemia, we supposed a genetically caused deficiency of serumcholinesterase. Examinations done on 18 members of this kin showed a complete absence of serumcholinesterase on 3 children (homozoygotes for \"silent gene\") and a significant decrease of pseudocholinesterase on 6 persons. It was not possible to detect the \"silent gene\" by counter immunelectrophoresis. The half value time after injection of purified human serumcholinesterase was between 8 to 9 days. Genetic aspects and clinical problems of the serumcholinesterase  deficiency are discussed.", "PMID": 1124584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8566", "title": "[Peroral intestinal mucosal biopsies. Comparative studies on the histological and the dissecting microscope findings (author's transl)].", "content": "From 1969 to 1973 171 peroral intestinal biopsies were carried out at the Children's Hospital T\u00fcbingen using the Crosby-Kugler capsule and the Watson intestinal biopsy capsule of paediatric size. The dissecting microscope findings were compared with the histological findings. The former correlated in stage II and III, according to the Shmerling scale, with the histological findings. Findings under the dissecting microscope, stage I, did not correlate in all cases with the histological findings. It is supposed that this results from either an inaccurate orientation or from inadequate sectioning. The plane of sectioning must be parallel to the villi. If the plane of sectioning is not parallel to the villi, the slender villi under the dissecting microscope look like plump villi when examined histologically. It is supposed that this results in a greater number of plump villi and a smaller number of slender villi in the histological findings compared with the dissecting microscope findings. The correspondence of slender villi examined under the dissecting microscope and those which are histologically examined in about 25 to 100%.", "contents": "[Peroral intestinal mucosal biopsies. Comparative studies on the histological and the dissecting microscope findings (author's transl)]. From 1969 to 1973 171 peroral intestinal biopsies were carried out at the Children's Hospital T\u00fcbingen using the Crosby-Kugler capsule and the Watson intestinal biopsy capsule of paediatric size. The dissecting microscope findings were compared with the histological findings. The former correlated in stage II and III, according to the Shmerling scale, with the histological findings. Findings under the dissecting microscope, stage I, did not correlate in all cases with the histological findings. It is supposed that this results from either an inaccurate orientation or from inadequate sectioning. The plane of sectioning must be parallel to the villi. If the plane of sectioning is not parallel to the villi, the slender villi under the dissecting microscope look like plump villi when examined histologically. It is supposed that this results in a greater number of plump villi and a smaller number of slender villi in the histological findings compared with the dissecting microscope findings. The correspondence of slender villi examined under the dissecting microscope and those which are histologically examined in about 25 to 100%.", "PMID": 1124585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8567", "title": "[Chromosome studies in children treated with bactrim (author's transl)].", "content": "Chromosome studies were performed in cultures of peripheral blood lymphocytes drawn from 10 children before and after a therapy with Bactrim (Eusaprim). No significant difference was found between the rate of structural chromosome aberrations, especially the breakage rate, before and after treatment.", "contents": "[Chromosome studies in children treated with bactrim (author's transl)]. Chromosome studies were performed in cultures of peripheral blood lymphocytes drawn from 10 children before and after a therapy with Bactrim (Eusaprim). No significant difference was found between the rate of structural chromosome aberrations, especially the breakage rate, before and after treatment.", "PMID": 1124586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8568", "title": "Growth hormone and cortisol in neonates during phototherapy.", "content": "In 22 neonates plasma growth hormone (GH) and cortisol concentrations were measured during phototherapy which was administered because of hyperbilrubinemia. These values were compared to the hormone levels before and after therapy and to control values taken from healthy nursery infants. Phototherapy significantly increased GH concentrations to 195% plus or minus 108 (SD)(healthy control group = 100%). Cortisol was not found to be augmented. There was no correlation between GH and cortisol, nor between bilirubin and GH or cortisol. The mechanisms by which phototherapy induces GH increase are not evident. However, this may be due to constant covering of the eyes, deprivation of the day-night rhythm, or other environmental alterations that are brought about by incubator care.", "contents": "Growth hormone and cortisol in neonates during phototherapy. In 22 neonates plasma growth hormone (GH) and cortisol concentrations were measured during phototherapy which was administered because of hyperbilrubinemia. These values were compared to the hormone levels before and after therapy and to control values taken from healthy nursery infants. Phototherapy significantly increased GH concentrations to 195% plus or minus 108 (SD)(healthy control group = 100%). Cortisol was not found to be augmented. There was no correlation between GH and cortisol, nor between bilirubin and GH or cortisol. The mechanisms by which phototherapy induces GH increase are not evident. However, this may be due to constant covering of the eyes, deprivation of the day-night rhythm, or other environmental alterations that are brought about by incubator care.", "PMID": 1124587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8569", "title": "Electron microscopic findings in a case of systemic mastocytosis.", "content": "For several decades urticaria pigmentosa had been considered to be a benign and purely cutaneous disease, caused by infiltrations of tissue mast cells in the skin. Yet until 1962 at least 24 cases of systemic mastocytosis had been published. Sagher estimated the incidence of systemic mastocytosis as being in the region of about 10% of all cases of urticaria pigmentosa. A case of systemic mastocytosis in a 4-year-old child is described. Biopsy specimens were examined by electron microscopy to study the process of degranulation of tissue mast cells during which histamine and heparin are released.", "contents": "Electron microscopic findings in a case of systemic mastocytosis. For several decades urticaria pigmentosa had been considered to be a benign and purely cutaneous disease, caused by infiltrations of tissue mast cells in the skin. Yet until 1962 at least 24 cases of systemic mastocytosis had been published. Sagher estimated the incidence of systemic mastocytosis as being in the region of about 10% of all cases of urticaria pigmentosa. A case of systemic mastocytosis in a 4-year-old child is described. Biopsy specimens were examined by electron microscopy to study the process of degranulation of tissue mast cells during which histamine and heparin are released.", "PMID": 1124588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8570", "title": "Symptomatic aneurysm of the abdominal aorta: successful surgery in elderly patients, one with a massive aneurysm.", "content": "Three cases of symptomatic aneurysm of the abdominal aorta are presented. One patient age 96, described with this condition, is perhaps the oldest patient in the literature. In another patient the aneurysm measured two feet in length, extending from the diaphragm to the pelvic outlet. This was perhaps the biggest aneurysm yet recorded. All three patients presented difficult medical problems, withstood the operaion, and were discharged from the hospitals with successful results. Aneurysm of the abdominal aorta is a serious condition. It is commonly found in patients in their seventh decade. The condition carries a high mortality with advancing age, especially when associated with other diseases. In symptomatic aneurysms where expansion, dissection or frank hemorrhage is suspected, emergency resection and replacement with dacron graft is carried out.", "contents": "Symptomatic aneurysm of the abdominal aorta: successful surgery in elderly patients, one with a massive aneurysm. Three cases of symptomatic aneurysm of the abdominal aorta are presented. One patient age 96, described with this condition, is perhaps the oldest patient in the literature. In another patient the aneurysm measured two feet in length, extending from the diaphragm to the pelvic outlet. This was perhaps the biggest aneurysm yet recorded. All three patients presented difficult medical problems, withstood the operaion, and were discharged from the hospitals with successful results. Aneurysm of the abdominal aorta is a serious condition. It is commonly found in patients in their seventh decade. The condition carries a high mortality with advancing age, especially when associated with other diseases. In symptomatic aneurysms where expansion, dissection or frank hemorrhage is suspected, emergency resection and replacement with dacron graft is carried out.", "PMID": 1124590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8571", "title": "The advantages of automated blood alcohol determination by head space analysis.", "content": "Precision, specificity and interpretation of the results are reported. Using only few different columns all volatile substances of importance are detected specifically, With new developed stationary phases, graphite as support, the analysis could be done with a sufficient resolution in 1 min. The absolute peak height of the internal standard or the amount of acetaldehyde determines the status of the sample and enables a very precise analysis of alcohol in blood", "contents": "The advantages of automated blood alcohol determination by head space analysis. Precision, specificity and interpretation of the results are reported. Using only few different columns all volatile substances of importance are detected specifically, With new developed stationary phases, graphite as support, the analysis could be done with a sufficient resolution in 1 min. The absolute peak height of the internal standard or the amount of acetaldehyde determines the status of the sample and enables a very precise analysis of alcohol in blood", "PMID": 1124596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8572", "title": "[Would a crash helmet have been life-saving? An analysis of 188 fatal motor scooter accidents (author's transl)].", "content": "In both Germany and Denmark bills have been passed, that mopedists and motorcyclists should wear crash helmets in traffic. In an effort to elucidate the practical life-saving effect of such measures, this investigation has been performed in The Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Aarhus, Denmark. Within the period 1959-1973 in all 188 mopedists killed in traffic accidents were submitted to medico-legal examination at the institute. All documents, including the police reports, photographs, the detailed autopsy-reports and medical case records were scrutinized in order to elucidate whether a crash helmet had been used during the accident, and if not, whether such use would have been life-saving. In 4 cases only, a crash helmet was used. Of the 188 moped drivers 54.2% died of scull-brain injuries, 33% of other injuries, while 12.8% died of combined scull-brain and other injuries. Following a thorough consideration of the circumstances and findings in each case, the authors in a retrospective judgment concluded, that 51% of the killed moped drivers probably should have survived the accident if they had worn an appropriate crash helmet. A further 8.5% might have survived. The authors admit that their material was selected and the results could hardly be considered indicative for the traffic in general, but are indicative of a tendency.", "contents": "[Would a crash helmet have been life-saving? An analysis of 188 fatal motor scooter accidents (author's transl)]. In both Germany and Denmark bills have been passed, that mopedists and motorcyclists should wear crash helmets in traffic. In an effort to elucidate the practical life-saving effect of such measures, this investigation has been performed in The Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Aarhus, Denmark. Within the period 1959-1973 in all 188 mopedists killed in traffic accidents were submitted to medico-legal examination at the institute. All documents, including the police reports, photographs, the detailed autopsy-reports and medical case records were scrutinized in order to elucidate whether a crash helmet had been used during the accident, and if not, whether such use would have been life-saving. In 4 cases only, a crash helmet was used. Of the 188 moped drivers 54.2% died of scull-brain injuries, 33% of other injuries, while 12.8% died of combined scull-brain and other injuries. Following a thorough consideration of the circumstances and findings in each case, the authors in a retrospective judgment concluded, that 51% of the killed moped drivers probably should have survived the accident if they had worn an appropriate crash helmet. A further 8.5% might have survived. The authors admit that their material was selected and the results could hardly be considered indicative for the traffic in general, but are indicative of a tendency.", "PMID": 1124597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8573", "title": "Surgical treatment of occlusive arterial disease of the legs.", "content": "During the period 1959-68, a total of 982 patients were submitted to treatment for arteriosclerotic vascular lesions in the lower limbs in Department M, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen. Conservative treatment solely was undertaken in 425 cases, while in addition 271 limbs were amputated after varying periods of conservative therapy or observation. Primary lumbar sympathectomy was undertaken in 25 patients. In the remaining 261 patients, indications were found for arterial reconstruction. In 25 cases explorative intervention only was undertaken. In the remaining 236 patients, 255 reconstructive interventions were undertaken during the period. These comprised 113 thrombendarterectomies, 71 of which were in vessels distal to the inguinal ligament, and 142 by-pass operations. In the latter procedures, five bifurcation prostheses were introduced, 40 simple prostheses with proximal anastomosis to the aorta or the iliac arteries, and 53 synthetic prostheses and 44 venous prostheses with proximal anastomoses to the femoral artery. Eight patients (3.4 percent) died postoperatively, while amputation had to be resorted to in 20 (8 percent). On discharge, pulsation distal to the site of operation was found in 61 percent of the patients discharged, one year later in 44 percent of the survivors and five years later in 23 percent. A total of 62 (24 percent) limbs were amputated on an average of 14 months after operation. 224 cases could be assessed after an average of 4 4/12 years. In 58 cases there was definite clinical improvement and pulsation distal to the site of operation. In 44 cases, pulsation had been present after operation and definite clinical improvement, but no pulsation distal to the reconstructed vessel was found at the follow-up examination. In 122 cases no evident beneficial effect of operation could be demonstrated at follow-up examination. The indications for operation and the incidence of operation are discussed, and the results compared with those of previous publications.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of occlusive arterial disease of the legs. During the period 1959-68, a total of 982 patients were submitted to treatment for arteriosclerotic vascular lesions in the lower limbs in Department M, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen. Conservative treatment solely was undertaken in 425 cases, while in addition 271 limbs were amputated after varying periods of conservative therapy or observation. Primary lumbar sympathectomy was undertaken in 25 patients. In the remaining 261 patients, indications were found for arterial reconstruction. In 25 cases explorative intervention only was undertaken. In the remaining 236 patients, 255 reconstructive interventions were undertaken during the period. These comprised 113 thrombendarterectomies, 71 of which were in vessels distal to the inguinal ligament, and 142 by-pass operations. In the latter procedures, five bifurcation prostheses were introduced, 40 simple prostheses with proximal anastomosis to the aorta or the iliac arteries, and 53 synthetic prostheses and 44 venous prostheses with proximal anastomoses to the femoral artery. Eight patients (3.4 percent) died postoperatively, while amputation had to be resorted to in 20 (8 percent). On discharge, pulsation distal to the site of operation was found in 61 percent of the patients discharged, one year later in 44 percent of the survivors and five years later in 23 percent. A total of 62 (24 percent) limbs were amputated on an average of 14 months after operation. 224 cases could be assessed after an average of 4 4/12 years. In 58 cases there was definite clinical improvement and pulsation distal to the site of operation. In 44 cases, pulsation had been present after operation and definite clinical improvement, but no pulsation distal to the reconstructed vessel was found at the follow-up examination. In 122 cases no evident beneficial effect of operation could be demonstrated at follow-up examination. The indications for operation and the incidence of operation are discussed, and the results compared with those of previous publications.", "PMID": 1124589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8574", "title": "Electrocardiographic changes in coronary care unit patients during defecation.", "content": "Fifty-one consecutive patients admitted to a coronary care unit were monitored for ECG changes while having a total of 63 bowel movements (BM's). Twenty-three patients had proven myocardial infarction while 28 had no acute cardiac disease. ECG changes in patients using either commode or bedpan facilities were compared during defecation. Patients using the commode were found to have a greater increase in heart rate and other nonspecific ECG abnormalities compared to those using the bedpan.", "contents": "Electrocardiographic changes in coronary care unit patients during defecation. Fifty-one consecutive patients admitted to a coronary care unit were monitored for ECG changes while having a total of 63 bowel movements (BM's). Twenty-three patients had proven myocardial infarction while 28 had no acute cardiac disease. ECG changes in patients using either commode or bedpan facilities were compared during defecation. Patients using the commode were found to have a greater increase in heart rate and other nonspecific ECG abnormalities compared to those using the bedpan.", "PMID": 1124593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8575", "title": "[Contribution to the morphometry of coronary arteriosclerosis (author's transl)].", "content": "In 94 cases with and without coronary arteriosclerosis or various cardiac diseases the coronary arteries were pressure fixed, filled with a mixture of barium sulfate and gelatine for coronary angiography and dissected in 1 cm long segments for morphometry. On consecutive cross sections of the three main branches of the coronary arteries the absolute area of lumen, intima and media as well as of the thickness of the intima and media were measured. From the numerous data of the coronary arteries different indices on coronary arteriosclerosis and by correlation to the heart weight also on coronary insufficiency had been calculated. Using these quantitative data age dependent intimal changes could be distinguished convincingly from cases with uncomplicated coronary arteriosclerosis and cases with hypertension or infarcts. Thus in forensic pathology comparative evaluations can be made in regard to the extent, severity and significance of acute and chronic coronary insufficiency.", "contents": "[Contribution to the morphometry of coronary arteriosclerosis (author's transl)]. In 94 cases with and without coronary arteriosclerosis or various cardiac diseases the coronary arteries were pressure fixed, filled with a mixture of barium sulfate and gelatine for coronary angiography and dissected in 1 cm long segments for morphometry. On consecutive cross sections of the three main branches of the coronary arteries the absolute area of lumen, intima and media as well as of the thickness of the intima and media were measured. From the numerous data of the coronary arteries different indices on coronary arteriosclerosis and by correlation to the heart weight also on coronary insufficiency had been calculated. Using these quantitative data age dependent intimal changes could be distinguished convincingly from cases with uncomplicated coronary arteriosclerosis and cases with hypertension or infarcts. Thus in forensic pathology comparative evaluations can be made in regard to the extent, severity and significance of acute and chronic coronary insufficiency.", "PMID": 1124598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8576", "title": "[The influence of soil differences in determining the quantity and recognizability of serological properties of blood traces in the earth (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to test the influence of soil differences in determining the quantity and recognizability of serological properties of blood traces in the earth 6 different pedologically examined soil samples of the area of Lower Saxony were impregnated with human blood and tested in two series with reference to the passage of time in dry and damp conditions. The determination of blood quantity by the protein-elution method of Schulz and the cyan-methaemoglobin method of Schleyer was basically possible in all soils. The results of the colour method were more constant and less subject to interference. Decreasing values from 100 down to 13% in the order: sand--Rendsina chalk--garden soil--water meadow loam--clay--humus were to be found, chiefly depending on the size of the particles in the various samples. In damp condition the values dropped to zero after 3 days already. The immediate determination of the ABO blood groups with the absorption technique only proved possible in the case of blood traces in washed sand procesures. One might take NaCl extraction and ascending chromatography on strips of filterpaper or (preferably!) concentrate an initially large quantity of elution fluid. A determination of the Gm factors, however, is only possible on unprepared material. The enrichment procedures often lead to a falsely positive determination of the factors; Testing of ABO groups was most unfavourably influenced by loam, that of Gm by clay and chalk soils. All results may be distrubed by humin-and non-humin substances and any metabolism of microorganisms, which of course is especially noticable in damp humas soil. In practice therefore the samples must be dried as soon as possible.", "contents": "[The influence of soil differences in determining the quantity and recognizability of serological properties of blood traces in the earth (author's transl)]. In order to test the influence of soil differences in determining the quantity and recognizability of serological properties of blood traces in the earth 6 different pedologically examined soil samples of the area of Lower Saxony were impregnated with human blood and tested in two series with reference to the passage of time in dry and damp conditions. The determination of blood quantity by the protein-elution method of Schulz and the cyan-methaemoglobin method of Schleyer was basically possible in all soils. The results of the colour method were more constant and less subject to interference. Decreasing values from 100 down to 13% in the order: sand--Rendsina chalk--garden soil--water meadow loam--clay--humus were to be found, chiefly depending on the size of the particles in the various samples. In damp condition the values dropped to zero after 3 days already. The immediate determination of the ABO blood groups with the absorption technique only proved possible in the case of blood traces in washed sand procesures. One might take NaCl extraction and ascending chromatography on strips of filterpaper or (preferably!) concentrate an initially large quantity of elution fluid. A determination of the Gm factors, however, is only possible on unprepared material. The enrichment procedures often lead to a falsely positive determination of the factors; Testing of ABO groups was most unfavourably influenced by loam, that of Gm by clay and chalk soils. All results may be distrubed by humin-and non-humin substances and any metabolism of microorganisms, which of course is especially noticable in damp humas soil. In practice therefore the samples must be dried as soon as possible.", "PMID": 1124599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8577", "title": "Acquired coarctation of the abdominal aorta.", "content": "An unusual case of aortic obstruction, not heretofore described, is presented. This obstruction consisted of a perforate diaphragm which occurred in the abdominal portion of the aorta below the renal arteries. Diagnosis and operative method are discussed with several references to the literature.", "contents": "Acquired coarctation of the abdominal aorta. An unusual case of aortic obstruction, not heretofore described, is presented. This obstruction consisted of a perforate diaphragm which occurred in the abdominal portion of the aorta below the renal arteries. Diagnosis and operative method are discussed with several references to the literature.", "PMID": 1124591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8578", "title": "Lethal intoxications with centrally stimulating amines in Sweden 1966-1973.", "content": "Fatal intoxications with centrally stimulating amines (CSA) have become increasingly common in Sweden. Toxicological data and pathological findings of 32 cases of amphetamine and phenmetrazine intoxications which occurred from 1966-1973 in Sweden are described. Furthermore, 13 cases where these drugs were not the cause of death, but found in urine and organs, are reported.", "contents": "Lethal intoxications with centrally stimulating amines in Sweden 1966-1973. Fatal intoxications with centrally stimulating amines (CSA) have become increasingly common in Sweden. Toxicological data and pathological findings of 32 cases of amphetamine and phenmetrazine intoxications which occurred from 1966-1973 in Sweden are described. Furthermore, 13 cases where these drugs were not the cause of death, but found in urine and organs, are reported.", "PMID": 1124600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8579", "title": "Insulin in post-mortem blood.", "content": "In 29 cases of sudden death the insulin concentration in blood from the right heart and the femoral vein was determined by a radioimmunological method. The concentrations in the femoral venous blood were below 60 muU/ml serum (mean 23 muU/ml), i.e. in the same order of magnitude as in living persons. In right heart blood the insulin values were about 10 times higher, probably due to post-mortal diffusion of insulin via the portal vein. In suspected hyperinsulinism the measurements should therefore be made on peripheral venous blood.", "contents": "Insulin in post-mortem blood. In 29 cases of sudden death the insulin concentration in blood from the right heart and the femoral vein was determined by a radioimmunological method. The concentrations in the femoral venous blood were below 60 muU/ml serum (mean 23 muU/ml), i.e. in the same order of magnitude as in living persons. In right heart blood the insulin values were about 10 times higher, probably due to post-mortal diffusion of insulin via the portal vein. In suspected hyperinsulinism the measurements should therefore be made on peripheral venous blood.", "PMID": 1124601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8580", "title": "[The relation between genotypical and phenotypical plausibilities of paternity (author's transl)].", "content": "Applying the formula of Okajima [2,3] to the genotypical possibilities of a given phenotypical child-mother-putativ father constellation one can compute for each of these possibilities a genotypical probability of paternity. It is possible to determine the discrete distribution function, the mean value, and the variance of these genotypical probabilities of paternity and it is shown that the phenotypical probability of paternity is equal to the mean value of the genotypical probabilities of paternity.", "contents": "[The relation between genotypical and phenotypical plausibilities of paternity (author's transl)]. Applying the formula of Okajima [2,3] to the genotypical possibilities of a given phenotypical child-mother-putativ father constellation one can compute for each of these possibilities a genotypical probability of paternity. It is possible to determine the discrete distribution function, the mean value, and the variance of these genotypical probabilities of paternity and it is shown that the phenotypical probability of paternity is equal to the mean value of the genotypical probabilities of paternity.", "PMID": 1124602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8581", "title": "[Dynamics of manual stabbing tests. Contribution to the understanding of the \"Outer stabbing dynamics\" (author's transl)].", "content": "The following questions were considered: What were the manual stabbing-energies and -velocities achieved by test persons (50 men and 50 women); what was the sex specific difference in performance; were there differences between the \"work-hand\" and the \"non-work-hand\". Five single stabs were carried out with each hand. The impact-energy and the impact-velocity were measured for each stab. Significant differences were shown between the values of men and women, as well as between \"work-hand\" and \"non-work-hand\". For forensic purposes the \"outer stabbing-dynamics\"--demonstrated by the subject--can also be assessed in foro. The quantitative relations between stab-wound and necessary stabbing-energy and demonstrated \"outer stabbing-dynamics\" give an indication of the intention of the subject.", "contents": "[Dynamics of manual stabbing tests. Contribution to the understanding of the \"Outer stabbing dynamics\" (author's transl)]. The following questions were considered: What were the manual stabbing-energies and -velocities achieved by test persons (50 men and 50 women); what was the sex specific difference in performance; were there differences between the \"work-hand\" and the \"non-work-hand\". Five single stabs were carried out with each hand. The impact-energy and the impact-velocity were measured for each stab. Significant differences were shown between the values of men and women, as well as between \"work-hand\" and \"non-work-hand\". For forensic purposes the \"outer stabbing-dynamics\"--demonstrated by the subject--can also be assessed in foro. The quantitative relations between stab-wound and necessary stabbing-energy and demonstrated \"outer stabbing-dynamics\" give an indication of the intention of the subject.", "PMID": 1124603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8582", "title": "[Medical opinions on fatal auto-erotic accidents for insurance purposes (author's transl)].", "content": "The problematic nature of medico-legal opinions on fatal auto-erotic accidents made for private accident insurance companies is outlined in a survey based on our own records. Taking the \"General Insuranc Terms for Accident Insurance\" (AUB) into consideration, guidelines for the forming of such opinions are given. One is warned not to form summary opinions. Decisive is the insured's state of conciousness when the accident was triggered. Only in exceptional cases can an insurance covered accident be rejected because of a body injury inflicted by the insured on himself (see article). These actions do not usually result in external injury to the body. Experience proves that \"ideal conditions\" for forming an opinion are rarely given. Also, the nature of the death situation is such that often the corpse is discovered only days after death. From the outset, forming a medical opinion is beset with varying degrees of difficulty depending upon which category of auto-erotic activities the accident falls into: 1. direct stimulation of the erotic regions, 2. stimulation of sexual centers in the central nervous system, 3. the creation of fear and anguish in the context of masochistic perversion. According the presently valid insurance terms (AUB), cases of auto-erotic electrocution are to be regarded as covered. A disturbance of consciousness--with the exception of such disturbances following the influence of alcohol, medicines or narcotics--cannot be assumed for the moment in which the accident was triggered. At this moment body \"integrity\" was also intact. Accidents through strangulation, respectively asphyxiation (plastic bags etc.), usually occur during a disturbance of consciousness of the victim. This disturbance is the result of cerebral hypoxia, that is a result of strangulation, respectively external respiratory obstruction. The forming of a medical opinion for insurance purposes on auto-erotic accidents with clearly recognizable masochistic tendency is particularly difficult. A medical decision is only possible when an exact examination and description of the scene of the accident are available. In these instances, mechanical devices rigged by the victim often do not permit with sufficient probability to exclude the possibility of an accident without disturbance of consciousness on the part of the insured.", "contents": "[Medical opinions on fatal auto-erotic accidents for insurance purposes (author's transl)]. The problematic nature of medico-legal opinions on fatal auto-erotic accidents made for private accident insurance companies is outlined in a survey based on our own records. Taking the \"General Insuranc Terms for Accident Insurance\" (AUB) into consideration, guidelines for the forming of such opinions are given. One is warned not to form summary opinions. Decisive is the insured's state of conciousness when the accident was triggered. Only in exceptional cases can an insurance covered accident be rejected because of a body injury inflicted by the insured on himself (see article). These actions do not usually result in external injury to the body. Experience proves that \"ideal conditions\" for forming an opinion are rarely given. Also, the nature of the death situation is such that often the corpse is discovered only days after death. From the outset, forming a medical opinion is beset with varying degrees of difficulty depending upon which category of auto-erotic activities the accident falls into: 1. direct stimulation of the erotic regions, 2. stimulation of sexual centers in the central nervous system, 3. the creation of fear and anguish in the context of masochistic perversion. According the presently valid insurance terms (AUB), cases of auto-erotic electrocution are to be regarded as covered. A disturbance of consciousness--with the exception of such disturbances following the influence of alcohol, medicines or narcotics--cannot be assumed for the moment in which the accident was triggered. At this moment body \"integrity\" was also intact. Accidents through strangulation, respectively asphyxiation (plastic bags etc.), usually occur during a disturbance of consciousness of the victim. This disturbance is the result of cerebral hypoxia, that is a result of strangulation, respectively external respiratory obstruction. The forming of a medical opinion for insurance purposes on auto-erotic accidents with clearly recognizable masochistic tendency is particularly difficult. A medical decision is only possible when an exact examination and description of the scene of the accident are available. In these instances, mechanical devices rigged by the victim often do not permit with sufficient probability to exclude the possibility of an accident without disturbance of consciousness on the part of the insured.", "PMID": 1124604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8583", "title": "[Purpose and utilization of a medical legal institute in catastrophelike cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Catastrophes and catastrophelike mass disasters happen suddenly without announcement. This kind of accident take place rarely, but in case of emergency every institute of legal medical should be prepared. A plan for institute mobilization, working with dissection teams and by a phaseplan is helpful.", "contents": "[Purpose and utilization of a medical legal institute in catastrophelike cases (author's transl)]. Catastrophes and catastrophelike mass disasters happen suddenly without announcement. This kind of accident take place rarely, but in case of emergency every institute of legal medical should be prepared. A plan for institute mobilization, working with dissection teams and by a phaseplan is helpful.", "PMID": 1124605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8584", "title": "[Serum immunoglobulin content in blood donors].", "content": "The content of IgG, IgM and IgA was studied in the blood serum of 408 donors aged from 18 to 46 years and older (217 men and 191 women). The results obtained were expressed in the IU and in absolute values by protein. It was established that the quantity of immunoglobulins of all the three classes increased with the advance of age. There was no strict correlation between the immunoglobulin level depending on sex, although for some individual age groups there was noted a statistically sinificant difference in the IgA and IgG content.", "contents": "[Serum immunoglobulin content in blood donors]. The content of IgG, IgM and IgA was studied in the blood serum of 408 donors aged from 18 to 46 years and older (217 men and 191 women). The results obtained were expressed in the IU and in absolute values by protein. It was established that the quantity of immunoglobulins of all the three classes increased with the advance of age. There was no strict correlation between the immunoglobulin level depending on sex, although for some individual age groups there was noted a statistically sinificant difference in the IgA and IgG content.", "PMID": 1124606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8585", "title": "[Study of specific cellular receptors in delayed type hypersensitivity].", "content": "The effect of immunosera (rabbit) against the lymphoid cells of mice sensitized with antigens causing development of hypersensitivity of delayed type (tuberculosis bacillus, tissue antigen from rabbit kidney) on the specific activity of lymphoid cells of guinea pigs was tested. The mentioned sera blocked the capacity of lymphoid cells of guinea pigs to transfer the state of sensitization from the sensitized donors to the intact recipients. Blocking was strictly specific and this capacity was absent in the immunosera against the normal lymphoid cells.", "contents": "[Study of specific cellular receptors in delayed type hypersensitivity]. The effect of immunosera (rabbit) against the lymphoid cells of mice sensitized with antigens causing development of hypersensitivity of delayed type (tuberculosis bacillus, tissue antigen from rabbit kidney) on the specific activity of lymphoid cells of guinea pigs was tested. The mentioned sera blocked the capacity of lymphoid cells of guinea pigs to transfer the state of sensitization from the sensitized donors to the intact recipients. Blocking was strictly specific and this capacity was absent in the immunosera against the normal lymphoid cells.", "PMID": 1124607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8586", "title": "[Comparative assessment of the activity of nonspecific humoral factors of natural body resistance in subjects with different blood groups (ABO system)].", "content": "Significant differences were revealed in the content of the complement, beta-lysins and bactericidal activity in persons belonging to different isoantigenic groups in studying 647 donor blood sera. The maximal level of all the three inaices was revealed in of persons belonging to the III group. However, further accumulation of analogous data and their comparison with results of observations of other investigators in various geographical regions is necessary to assess the significance of the results obtained.", "contents": "[Comparative assessment of the activity of nonspecific humoral factors of natural body resistance in subjects with different blood groups (ABO system)]. Significant differences were revealed in the content of the complement, beta-lysins and bactericidal activity in persons belonging to different isoantigenic groups in studying 647 donor blood sera. The maximal level of all the three inaices was revealed in of persons belonging to the III group. However, further accumulation of analogous data and their comparison with results of observations of other investigators in various geographical regions is necessary to assess the significance of the results obtained.", "PMID": 1124608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8587", "title": "[Immunodepressive activity of glycoproteins].", "content": "Glycoprotein fraction of the blood serum of cattle depressed both the primary and the secondary immune response in case of mouse inoculation 24 hours before the immunization with sheep erythrocytes. The use of this fraction coincidently with the antigenic stimulus or after it was ineffective. Analogous fractions from the thymus and the liver of cattle produced a similar action. Glycoprotein fraction of the serum, thymus and liver depressing the immunological reactions possessed a marked ribonuclease activity.", "contents": "[Immunodepressive activity of glycoproteins]. Glycoprotein fraction of the blood serum of cattle depressed both the primary and the secondary immune response in case of mouse inoculation 24 hours before the immunization with sheep erythrocytes. The use of this fraction coincidently with the antigenic stimulus or after it was ineffective. Analogous fractions from the thymus and the liver of cattle produced a similar action. Glycoprotein fraction of the serum, thymus and liver depressing the immunological reactions possessed a marked ribonuclease activity.", "PMID": 1124609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8588", "title": "[Analysis of spleen polyribosomal RNA during primary and secondary immune responses].", "content": "Synthesis of polyribosomal RNA was studied in the cells of mouse spleen, primarily and secondarily immunized with rat erythrocytes. In development of the immune response there was observed an increase in the number of polyribosomes which could occur first of all on account of intensification of their synthesis and secondly on account of their stabilization with the new informative RNA. Polyribosomal RNA labeled with P32 was analyzed in polyacrylamide gel. Electrophoresis of polyribosome preparations treated with a 2% SDS was conducted. It was found that in the secondary immune response in the 18S--4S there were revealed two principal activity peaks; other iRNA, which participated in the cellular growth of the organ realizing the antibody production, were synthesized during the primary immune response.", "contents": "[Analysis of spleen polyribosomal RNA during primary and secondary immune responses]. Synthesis of polyribosomal RNA was studied in the cells of mouse spleen, primarily and secondarily immunized with rat erythrocytes. In development of the immune response there was observed an increase in the number of polyribosomes which could occur first of all on account of intensification of their synthesis and secondly on account of their stabilization with the new informative RNA. Polyribosomal RNA labeled with P32 was analyzed in polyacrylamide gel. Electrophoresis of polyribosome preparations treated with a 2% SDS was conducted. It was found that in the secondary immune response in the 18S--4S there were revealed two principal activity peaks; other iRNA, which participated in the cellular growth of the organ realizing the antibody production, were synthesized during the primary immune response.", "PMID": 1124610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8589", "title": "[Immunological efficacy of smallpox vaccination in children with relative contraindications to vaccination].", "content": "Children (aged from 3 to 9 years) vaccinated against smallpox by multiple puncture (3 punctures by bifurcation needle), by a single cut and with vaccine diluted with a double dose of the solvent were observed. Vaccination by the methods tested considerably diminished the vaccinal reactions and failed to influence appreciably the formation of a full-value humoral immunity; only dilution of the vaccination material reduced the dynamics of the immunogenesis at the early periods after the vaccination. In children aged 3--5 and 6--9 years general vaccinal reactions were of the same character, whereas local reactions and immunological response were more pronounced in older children. A method of multiple puncture is recommended for mass vaccinations and also for vaccination of children with relative contraindications to the vaccinations.", "contents": "[Immunological efficacy of smallpox vaccination in children with relative contraindications to vaccination]. Children (aged from 3 to 9 years) vaccinated against smallpox by multiple puncture (3 punctures by bifurcation needle), by a single cut and with vaccine diluted with a double dose of the solvent were observed. Vaccination by the methods tested considerably diminished the vaccinal reactions and failed to influence appreciably the formation of a full-value humoral immunity; only dilution of the vaccination material reduced the dynamics of the immunogenesis at the early periods after the vaccination. In children aged 3--5 and 6--9 years general vaccinal reactions were of the same character, whereas local reactions and immunological response were more pronounced in older children. A method of multiple puncture is recommended for mass vaccinations and also for vaccination of children with relative contraindications to the vaccinations.", "PMID": 1124611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8590", "title": "[Effect of monoamine oxidase inhibitors on the phagocytic activity of macrophages].", "content": "Preparations studied in this work with the properties of monoaminoxidase (MAO) inhibitors caused a reduction of the phagocytic activity of cells and degeneration of the cell culture. By the extent of the toxic action on the macrophage culture the preparations could be distributed in the following order: chloracizine, chlorpromazine, vetrazine, indopan; biogenic amine serotonin influenced the phagocytic activity of cells only in very high concentrations. Macrophage cultivation in a medium containing MAO inhibitors led to quantitative and qualitative changes in the acid phosphatase granules. Reduction of the phagocytic capacity of macrophages and the changes in the lysosomal apparatus of the cells proved to depend on the increase in the concentration of the inhibitors in the culture medium and the duration of their action on the macrophage cells.", "contents": "[Effect of monoamine oxidase inhibitors on the phagocytic activity of macrophages]. Preparations studied in this work with the properties of monoaminoxidase (MAO) inhibitors caused a reduction of the phagocytic activity of cells and degeneration of the cell culture. By the extent of the toxic action on the macrophage culture the preparations could be distributed in the following order: chloracizine, chlorpromazine, vetrazine, indopan; biogenic amine serotonin influenced the phagocytic activity of cells only in very high concentrations. Macrophage cultivation in a medium containing MAO inhibitors led to quantitative and qualitative changes in the acid phosphatase granules. Reduction of the phagocytic capacity of macrophages and the changes in the lysosomal apparatus of the cells proved to depend on the increase in the concentration of the inhibitors in the culture medium and the duration of their action on the macrophage cells.", "PMID": 1124612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8591", "title": "[Preparation and comparative evaluation of experimental anthrax diagnostic sera in experiments on animals].", "content": "The authors present the results of studies on obtaining and comparative assessment of experimental anthrax diagnostic sera in experiments on various animals. Donkeys, sheep, horses, rabbits and monkeys (Papio hamadryas) were immunized with the STI-I vaccine by a single scheme. The activity of the obtained sera was tested in the diffuse precipitation reaction by the amount of the detected antibodies and the titre. The most active sera were obtained from donkeys and sheep: their titre was 5.5 and 4 times greater and amount of the detected antibodies 2.6--2 times greater than in the sera of horses used up to the present time as producers of diagnostic anthrax preparations. The least active sera were obtained from monkeys.", "contents": "[Preparation and comparative evaluation of experimental anthrax diagnostic sera in experiments on animals]. The authors present the results of studies on obtaining and comparative assessment of experimental anthrax diagnostic sera in experiments on various animals. Donkeys, sheep, horses, rabbits and monkeys (Papio hamadryas) were immunized with the STI-I vaccine by a single scheme. The activity of the obtained sera was tested in the diffuse precipitation reaction by the amount of the detected antibodies and the titre. The most active sera were obtained from donkeys and sheep: their titre was 5.5 and 4 times greater and amount of the detected antibodies 2.6--2 times greater than in the sera of horses used up to the present time as producers of diagnostic anthrax preparations. The least active sera were obtained from monkeys.", "PMID": 1124613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8592", "title": "[More precise identification of the systematic position of marine bacteria by the method of DNA-DNA hybridization].", "content": "In the present work by the method of molecular DNA hybridization there was shown a low degree of affinity of the standard museum strains of cholera vibrios to the respresentatives of the sea species V. parahaemolyticus and V. alginolyticus, and also halophilic vibrios identified earlier on the basis of phenotypical characteristics of the nucleotide DNA composition as Marinovibrio. The presence of only 20--30% of homology in the DNA successiveness in cholera vibrios and the mentioned sea bacteria pointed to the necessity of exclusion of the latter from the Vibrio genus.", "contents": "[More precise identification of the systematic position of marine bacteria by the method of DNA-DNA hybridization]. In the present work by the method of molecular DNA hybridization there was shown a low degree of affinity of the standard museum strains of cholera vibrios to the respresentatives of the sea species V. parahaemolyticus and V. alginolyticus, and also halophilic vibrios identified earlier on the basis of phenotypical characteristics of the nucleotide DNA composition as Marinovibrio. The presence of only 20--30% of homology in the DNA successiveness in cholera vibrios and the mentioned sea bacteria pointed to the necessity of exclusion of the latter from the Vibrio genus.", "PMID": 1124614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8593", "title": "[Production of a lysozyme-like enzyme by various representatives of the genus Staphylococcus].", "content": "On the basis of studying 855 strains of various staphylococci it was shown that production of a lysozyme-like enzyme (LLE) failed to serve as a characteristic sign for all the representatives of Staphylococcus genus. It was mostly observed in S. aureus (in 85% of the strains). In nonpathogenic strains of S. epidermidis LLE could not be revealed either by the dish or by affine chromatography on chitin; among S. epidermidis, isolated from the patients there were cultures which did or did not form the LLE. Cultures occupying an intermediate position (coagulase-negative or mannite-negative) formed the LLE in 66.9% of cases. It was shown that the virulence and the general biological activity of the lysozyme-positive intermediate strains were higher than in the lysozyme-negative ones.", "contents": "[Production of a lysozyme-like enzyme by various representatives of the genus Staphylococcus]. On the basis of studying 855 strains of various staphylococci it was shown that production of a lysozyme-like enzyme (LLE) failed to serve as a characteristic sign for all the representatives of Staphylococcus genus. It was mostly observed in S. aureus (in 85% of the strains). In nonpathogenic strains of S. epidermidis LLE could not be revealed either by the dish or by affine chromatography on chitin; among S. epidermidis, isolated from the patients there were cultures which did or did not form the LLE. Cultures occupying an intermediate position (coagulase-negative or mannite-negative) formed the LLE in 66.9% of cases. It was shown that the virulence and the general biological activity of the lysozyme-positive intermediate strains were higher than in the lysozyme-negative ones.", "PMID": 1124615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8594", "title": "[Typing of vibrions by specific O-sera].", "content": "Vibrios which were not agglutinated with cholera O-serum in various areas of the USSR from persons suffering from intestinal diseases, carriers, from the water and hydrobionts (550 in all) were typed serologically. Forty three specific O-sera were used ofr serological typing. A determination was made of the serological type in 93% of the strains of vibrios isolated from humans. The given sera were also capable of typing 87% of vibrio strains belonging to the I group Heiberg, isolated from water and hydrobionts, 56% of the strains of the II group and individual strains of the III group, whereas cultures belonging to the IV-VIII groups were not agglutinated by these sera. Circulation of 33 serological types of vibrios not agglutinable by cholera O-serum was revealed in the Soviet Union.", "contents": "[Typing of vibrions by specific O-sera]. Vibrios which were not agglutinated with cholera O-serum in various areas of the USSR from persons suffering from intestinal diseases, carriers, from the water and hydrobionts (550 in all) were typed serologically. Forty three specific O-sera were used ofr serological typing. A determination was made of the serological type in 93% of the strains of vibrios isolated from humans. The given sera were also capable of typing 87% of vibrio strains belonging to the I group Heiberg, isolated from water and hydrobionts, 56% of the strains of the II group and individual strains of the III group, whereas cultures belonging to the IV-VIII groups were not agglutinated by these sera. Circulation of 33 serological types of vibrios not agglutinable by cholera O-serum was revealed in the Soviet Union.", "PMID": 1124616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8595", "title": "[Long-term observation of E1-Tor cholera vibrions in waste waters from public baths].", "content": "Prolonged (for a period of one year) isolation of cholera vibrios from the sewage of a bath-house was observed. Sewage proved to serve as a favourable medium for preservation and reproduction of cholera vibrios. The data obtained pointed to the capacity of El Tor cholera vibrio to exist outside the human organism for a long time.", "contents": "[Long-term observation of E1-Tor cholera vibrions in waste waters from public baths]. Prolonged (for a period of one year) isolation of cholera vibrios from the sewage of a bath-house was observed. Sewage proved to serve as a favourable medium for preservation and reproduction of cholera vibrios. The data obtained pointed to the capacity of El Tor cholera vibrio to exist outside the human organism for a long time.", "PMID": 1124617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8596", "title": "[Possibility of the occurrence of the Shwartzman phenomenon during administration of a reacting dose of typhoid antigen through the respiratory tracts].", "content": "This work is devoted to the study of possible vaccinal complications of Schwartzmann's phenomenon type following subcutaneous injection to rabbits, sensitized by typhoid antigen, of a reacting dose of the same antigen through the respiratory tracts. The reacting dose of the antigen of 0.5; 1.0, 1.5 ml was injected to the rabbits in the form of a dry and liquid aerosol intratracheally intrapulmonary and subcutaneously. Animals to which the reacting dose of the same antigen (0.1; 0.25; 0.5; 1.0 mg) was injected intravenously served as control. Local Schwartzmann's phenomenon was reproduced after administration of all the reacting doses of typhoid antigen tested by intravenous method only. Administration of the reacting dose of the same antigen through the respiratory tracts failed to produce local Schwartzmann's phenomenon, this pointing to the difference in the reaction of rabbit organism sensitized with typhoid antigen to the administration of a reacting dose of the same antigen through the respiratory tracts, in comparison with the intravenous method.", "contents": "[Possibility of the occurrence of the Shwartzman phenomenon during administration of a reacting dose of typhoid antigen through the respiratory tracts]. This work is devoted to the study of possible vaccinal complications of Schwartzmann's phenomenon type following subcutaneous injection to rabbits, sensitized by typhoid antigen, of a reacting dose of the same antigen through the respiratory tracts. The reacting dose of the antigen of 0.5; 1.0, 1.5 ml was injected to the rabbits in the form of a dry and liquid aerosol intratracheally intrapulmonary and subcutaneously. Animals to which the reacting dose of the same antigen (0.1; 0.25; 0.5; 1.0 mg) was injected intravenously served as control. Local Schwartzmann's phenomenon was reproduced after administration of all the reacting doses of typhoid antigen tested by intravenous method only. Administration of the reacting dose of the same antigen through the respiratory tracts failed to produce local Schwartzmann's phenomenon, this pointing to the difference in the reaction of rabbit organism sensitized with typhoid antigen to the administration of a reacting dose of the same antigen through the respiratory tracts, in comparison with the intravenous method.", "PMID": 1124618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8597", "title": "[Intrageneric O-antigenic relations of Providencia bacteria].", "content": "The authors present literature and personal data on the intragenera O-antigenic relations of the strains of a collection of bacteria belonging to Providencia genus, including standard strains of 53 serological O-groups whose antigenic interrelations were studied serologically in the tests of agglutination and adsorption of agglutinins. Experimental results confirmed the presence of unilateral relations by the O-antigen between the serological groups 01-021, 03-021 and bilateral relations between the serological groups 01-03; there were also revealed relations by the O-antigens between the serological groups 09-036, 014-023, 018-035, 039-053, and 039-027 of a unilateral character. The data obtained added information to the antigenic structure of Providencia and were of significance for the preparation of diagnostic O-sera of Providencia.", "contents": "[Intrageneric O-antigenic relations of Providencia bacteria]. The authors present literature and personal data on the intragenera O-antigenic relations of the strains of a collection of bacteria belonging to Providencia genus, including standard strains of 53 serological O-groups whose antigenic interrelations were studied serologically in the tests of agglutination and adsorption of agglutinins. Experimental results confirmed the presence of unilateral relations by the O-antigen between the serological groups 01-021, 03-021 and bilateral relations between the serological groups 01-03; there were also revealed relations by the O-antigens between the serological groups 09-036, 014-023, 018-035, 039-053, and 039-027 of a unilateral character. The data obtained added information to the antigenic structure of Providencia and were of significance for the preparation of diagnostic O-sera of Providencia.", "PMID": 1124619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8598", "title": "[Experimental study of the role of L-forms of hemolytic streptococci in infectious pathology].", "content": "Rabbits were infected by intraperitoneal implantation of a chamber with the L-forms of hemolytic streptococcus. Experiments demonstrated that no symptoms of an acute disease followed. Antibodies against the L-form was revealed in the blood serum in low titres. Cardiac valves, particularly the mitral, were affected in all the experiments animals. Histological study showed that changes in the tissues of the heart approched the rheumatic ones by special signs. L-forms were isolated (in the cultures) from the implanted chamber and the blood for up to 15 days after the infection.", "contents": "[Experimental study of the role of L-forms of hemolytic streptococci in infectious pathology]. Rabbits were infected by intraperitoneal implantation of a chamber with the L-forms of hemolytic streptococcus. Experiments demonstrated that no symptoms of an acute disease followed. Antibodies against the L-form was revealed in the blood serum in low titres. Cardiac valves, particularly the mitral, were affected in all the experiments animals. Histological study showed that changes in the tissues of the heart approched the rheumatic ones by special signs. L-forms were isolated (in the cultures) from the implanted chamber and the blood for up to 15 days after the infection.", "PMID": 1124620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8599", "title": "[Experimental study of the general serology of immunopathological processes].", "content": "Serological criteria for detection of the circulating immune complexes and for a possible evaluation of a comparative expression of the corresponding pathological process were investigated. Foreign serum was repeatedly administered to rabbits against the background [corrected] of the circulating anyibodies. A study was made of the three serological indices (changes in the complement titre, and increase in the anticomplementary properties of the sera, the apperance in the blood and titres of immunoconglutinin) and the data of biological activity of the sera (an increase of total toxicity and the capacity to induce local reaction in the intradermal test on guinea pigs and adrenalectomized albino mice). It was shown that the serological indices under study, together and in combination with the data on biological activity of the sera could serve as a sufficiently reliable criterion for evaluation of the circulating immune complexes: in using all the 5 serum indices the positive ones, even by one of them only constituted 96%. At the same time some of the indices (an increase in the anticomplementary capacity of the sera, the appearance of immunoconglutinin in the blood, an increase of total serum toxicity) could apparently be used for comparative assessment of the extent of the pathological process, since they occurred with a lower intensity of the immune complex formation (reduction of the dose of the antigen administered.", "contents": "[Experimental study of the general serology of immunopathological processes]. Serological criteria for detection of the circulating immune complexes and for a possible evaluation of a comparative expression of the corresponding pathological process were investigated. Foreign serum was repeatedly administered to rabbits against the background [corrected] of the circulating anyibodies. A study was made of the three serological indices (changes in the complement titre, and increase in the anticomplementary properties of the sera, the apperance in the blood and titres of immunoconglutinin) and the data of biological activity of the sera (an increase of total toxicity and the capacity to induce local reaction in the intradermal test on guinea pigs and adrenalectomized albino mice). It was shown that the serological indices under study, together and in combination with the data on biological activity of the sera could serve as a sufficiently reliable criterion for evaluation of the circulating immune complexes: in using all the 5 serum indices the positive ones, even by one of them only constituted 96%. At the same time some of the indices (an increase in the anticomplementary capacity of the sera, the appearance of immunoconglutinin in the blood, an increase of total serum toxicity) could apparently be used for comparative assessment of the extent of the pathological process, since they occurred with a lower intensity of the immune complex formation (reduction of the dose of the antigen administered.", "PMID": 1124621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8600", "title": "[Detoxification of a purified concentrated C1. oedematiens toxin].", "content": "One of the stages of a new technological scheme for obtaining C1. oedematiens toxoid (detoxication with formaldehyde of a purified concentrated toxin) was elaborated under experimental conditions. It was found that under the effect of increased formalin concentrations (0.4--0.2%) or of prolonged action of heat there developed in the toxin a reduction of antigenic activity, expressed on immunoelectrophoregrams in the form of a change of surface potential of one of the electrophoretic fractions. Detoxication of the purified concentrated C1. oedematients toxin occurred in the course of 3 days without any losses of its antigenic activity under the following conditions: formalin concentration 0.1%, temperature 37-38 degrees C, pH L.7--6.9. No reversion of toxicity of the preparations detoxified under the mentioned conditions was revealed under the action of formalin-binding agent (sodium sulfite) on them.", "contents": "[Detoxification of a purified concentrated C1. oedematiens toxin]. One of the stages of a new technological scheme for obtaining C1. oedematiens toxoid (detoxication with formaldehyde of a purified concentrated toxin) was elaborated under experimental conditions. It was found that under the effect of increased formalin concentrations (0.4--0.2%) or of prolonged action of heat there developed in the toxin a reduction of antigenic activity, expressed on immunoelectrophoregrams in the form of a change of surface potential of one of the electrophoretic fractions. Detoxication of the purified concentrated C1. oedematients toxin occurred in the course of 3 days without any losses of its antigenic activity under the following conditions: formalin concentration 0.1%, temperature 37-38 degrees C, pH L.7--6.9. No reversion of toxicity of the preparations detoxified under the mentioned conditions was revealed under the action of formalin-binding agent (sodium sulfite) on them.", "PMID": 1124622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8601", "title": "[Correlation analysis of indices of toxin-neutralizing activity of sera and antibody titers in the passive hemagglutination reaction].", "content": "The authors compared the results of 20 experiments of titration of 1588 sera of children with different vaccination anamnesis by Jensen's method in the passive hemagglutination test with a stable erythrocytic diagnostic agent. In 18 of 20 experiments was established a mean and a high correlational association between the indices of antitoxic diphtheria immunity obtained by two methods. In macro- and micromodifications the passive hemagglutination test proved to be a highly effective method of rapid mass analysis and could be used in epidemiological studies.", "contents": "[Correlation analysis of indices of toxin-neutralizing activity of sera and antibody titers in the passive hemagglutination reaction]. The authors compared the results of 20 experiments of titration of 1588 sera of children with different vaccination anamnesis by Jensen's method in the passive hemagglutination test with a stable erythrocytic diagnostic agent. In 18 of 20 experiments was established a mean and a high correlational association between the indices of antitoxic diphtheria immunity obtained by two methods. In macro- and micromodifications the passive hemagglutination test proved to be a highly effective method of rapid mass analysis and could be used in epidemiological studies.", "PMID": 1124623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8602", "title": "[Rosette-formation phenomenon in autocultures of human venous blood leukocytes].", "content": "A method of human venous blood leukocyte culture permits to model immunological processes of an intact organism. Aggregation with lymphoid elements of the central target cell serves as a morphological expression of complicated cell interrelations under conditions of their extracorporeal cultivation. It may be that such interaction of mononuclears in the culture was caused by a special humoral factor generated by lymphocytes. The occurrence of the \"rosette\" phenomenon in the autoculture permits to suppose that there is a possibility of obtaining an antigenic information by lymphoid elements in the intact organism. The existence of a correlation between the processes of formation of intercellular associations in vitro and the severity of the disease in persons with allergy confirms this supposition.", "contents": "[Rosette-formation phenomenon in autocultures of human venous blood leukocytes]. A method of human venous blood leukocyte culture permits to model immunological processes of an intact organism. Aggregation with lymphoid elements of the central target cell serves as a morphological expression of complicated cell interrelations under conditions of their extracorporeal cultivation. It may be that such interaction of mononuclears in the culture was caused by a special humoral factor generated by lymphocytes. The occurrence of the \"rosette\" phenomenon in the autoculture permits to suppose that there is a possibility of obtaining an antigenic information by lymphoid elements in the intact organism. The existence of a correlation between the processes of formation of intercellular associations in vitro and the severity of the disease in persons with allergy confirms this supposition.", "PMID": 1124624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8603", "title": "[Increasing the non-specific resistance of animals to staphylococcus with official RNA preparations].", "content": "A single or double parenteral injection to mice of sodium nucleinate considerably elevated their nonspecific resistance to the virulent staphylococcus as soon as in four hours; the resistance remained marked for four days. Daily prolonged injection of the stimulant also proved to be very effective. In the simulated organism there occurred a significant depression of reproduction of the virulent staphylococci and an increase in the amount of phagocytic cells and their digestive activity. The latter served as a material basis for induced nonspecific resistance. The data obtained substantiated a possibility of using sodium nucleinate as an antibacterial nonspecific stimulant under clinical conditions.", "contents": "[Increasing the non-specific resistance of animals to staphylococcus with official RNA preparations]. A single or double parenteral injection to mice of sodium nucleinate considerably elevated their nonspecific resistance to the virulent staphylococcus as soon as in four hours; the resistance remained marked for four days. Daily prolonged injection of the stimulant also proved to be very effective. In the simulated organism there occurred a significant depression of reproduction of the virulent staphylococci and an increase in the amount of phagocytic cells and their digestive activity. The latter served as a material basis for induced nonspecific resistance. The data obtained substantiated a possibility of using sodium nucleinate as an antibacterial nonspecific stimulant under clinical conditions.", "PMID": 1124626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8604", "title": "[The influence of anterior and posterior hypothalamic structures on the engulfment and digestion of an antigen by macrophages and on India ink clearance].", "content": "Bilateral electrolytic coagulation of the posterior and supraoptic hypothalamic nuclei of rabbits had practically no effect on the engulfment of sheep erythrocytes labeled with radioactive sodium chromate retarding chiefly the rate of the antigen catabolism and promoting its retention in the subcellular fractions of the macrophages function than injury of the anterior one. Coagulation of the supraoptic nucleus accelerated India ink clearance at all the periods of investigation, whereas injury of the posterior hypothalamus failed to influence this process.", "contents": "[The influence of anterior and posterior hypothalamic structures on the engulfment and digestion of an antigen by macrophages and on India ink clearance]. Bilateral electrolytic coagulation of the posterior and supraoptic hypothalamic nuclei of rabbits had practically no effect on the engulfment of sheep erythrocytes labeled with radioactive sodium chromate retarding chiefly the rate of the antigen catabolism and promoting its retention in the subcellular fractions of the macrophages function than injury of the anterior one. Coagulation of the supraoptic nucleus accelerated India ink clearance at all the periods of investigation, whereas injury of the posterior hypothalamus failed to influence this process.", "PMID": 1124627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8605", "title": "[Teichoic acids as possible acridine orange acceptors on the surface of staphylococcal cell walls].", "content": "A study was made of acridine orange adsorption by the surface structures of intact Staphylococcus aureus (209-P strain) cells and their cellular walls. Acridine orange sorption by the cells and the cellular wall of staphylococcus depended on the content of teichoic acids in the object under study. A conclusion was drawn that teichoic acids of the cellular walls of Staph. aureus were responsible for the binding of the acridine orange stain.", "contents": "[Teichoic acids as possible acridine orange acceptors on the surface of staphylococcal cell walls]. A study was made of acridine orange adsorption by the surface structures of intact Staphylococcus aureus (209-P strain) cells and their cellular walls. Acridine orange sorption by the cells and the cellular wall of staphylococcus depended on the content of teichoic acids in the object under study. A conclusion was drawn that teichoic acids of the cellular walls of Staph. aureus were responsible for the binding of the acridine orange stain.", "PMID": 1124631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8606", "title": "[The functional activity of microphages and cation protein in experimental allergic arthritis].", "content": "A reduction of the content of cation protein in microphages was revealed in experimental allergic arthritis with the aid of the fluorescent-microscopic method of cation protein detection and objective recording of its content. Phagocytic activity of these cells diminished in parallel with reduction of the cation protein content. Protective properties of microphages were possibly reduced as a result of allergic alteration of cells leading to their structural and functional reconstruction.", "contents": "[The functional activity of microphages and cation protein in experimental allergic arthritis]. A reduction of the content of cation protein in microphages was revealed in experimental allergic arthritis with the aid of the fluorescent-microscopic method of cation protein detection and objective recording of its content. Phagocytic activity of these cells diminished in parallel with reduction of the cation protein content. Protective properties of microphages were possibly reduced as a result of allergic alteration of cells leading to their structural and functional reconstruction.", "PMID": 1124632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8607", "title": "[The effect of diphtheria toxin on proliferation of a transplantable culture of human amnion cells].", "content": "Cytoxic effect (CTE) of diphtheria toxin (DT) is preceded by disturbances of proliferation process, this being expressed in reduction of the proliferation index (PI) and of mitotic index (MI) before the appearance of the CTE. The effect of the toxin on the proliferation and mitoses of the cell culture is expressed after the incubation period of about 3 hours. The extent and the rate of reduction of the indices directly depended on the dose of the toxin whose low doses at the early periods stimulated the proliferation. The maximum of all the manifestations of the toxin action coincided with the period of increased proliferation in control. On the basis of investigations carried out a hypothesis was put forward that the CTE of diphtheria toxin developed with the entrance of the cells into mitosis.", "contents": "[The effect of diphtheria toxin on proliferation of a transplantable culture of human amnion cells]. Cytoxic effect (CTE) of diphtheria toxin (DT) is preceded by disturbances of proliferation process, this being expressed in reduction of the proliferation index (PI) and of mitotic index (MI) before the appearance of the CTE. The effect of the toxin on the proliferation and mitoses of the cell culture is expressed after the incubation period of about 3 hours. The extent and the rate of reduction of the indices directly depended on the dose of the toxin whose low doses at the early periods stimulated the proliferation. The maximum of all the manifestations of the toxin action coincided with the period of increased proliferation in control. On the basis of investigations carried out a hypothesis was put forward that the CTE of diphtheria toxin developed with the entrance of the cells into mitosis.", "PMID": 1124633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8608", "title": "[Fractionation of staphyococcal allergens on sephadex].", "content": "Allergens obtained from seven strains of staphylococcus cultures (with and without any toxigenic and hemolytic properties) were subjected to fractionation on Sephadexes. It was shown that allergens from strains 209, 3a, 977 contained one protein-polysaccharide, component with molecular weight of 600 000--900 000. Allergens from strains Wood-46, 150a, r-7, O15 were characterized by the presence of two protein-polysaccharide fractions with molecular weight of 800 000--900 000 (I) and 20 000--100 000 (II). There was revealed the influence of lyphilization on the separation of nucleic acids in the preparations not subjected to lyophilization; nucleic acid fractions were separated in gel filtration; no separation of nucleic acids from the protein-polysaccharide fractions followed lyophilization.", "contents": "[Fractionation of staphyococcal allergens on sephadex]. Allergens obtained from seven strains of staphylococcus cultures (with and without any toxigenic and hemolytic properties) were subjected to fractionation on Sephadexes. It was shown that allergens from strains 209, 3a, 977 contained one protein-polysaccharide, component with molecular weight of 600 000--900 000. Allergens from strains Wood-46, 150a, r-7, O15 were characterized by the presence of two protein-polysaccharide fractions with molecular weight of 800 000--900 000 (I) and 20 000--100 000 (II). There was revealed the influence of lyphilization on the separation of nucleic acids in the preparations not subjected to lyophilization; nucleic acid fractions were separated in gel filtration; no separation of nucleic acids from the protein-polysaccharide fractions followed lyophilization.", "PMID": 1124634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8609", "title": "[Course of chronic lymphatic leukemia in 2 age groups: older and younger patients].", "content": "The authors analysed 202 cases of chronic lymphatic leukaemia comparing the course of this disease in patients above and below 60 years of age. The observation included patients with various forms of this disease--with morphological and clinical findings compatible with mild disease and cases with severe course with complications. It was observed that in severe form of lymphatic leukaemia the course of the disease is similar in both groups of patients and the shorter survival of patients in the older group is frequently due to coexistence of other diseases impairing the general condition and changes connected age. On the other hand, a mild, oligosymptomatic course of the disease was observed more frequently in older patients who did not require intense treatment in hospitals.", "contents": "[Course of chronic lymphatic leukemia in 2 age groups: older and younger patients]. The authors analysed 202 cases of chronic lymphatic leukaemia comparing the course of this disease in patients above and below 60 years of age. The observation included patients with various forms of this disease--with morphological and clinical findings compatible with mild disease and cases with severe course with complications. It was observed that in severe form of lymphatic leukaemia the course of the disease is similar in both groups of patients and the shorter survival of patients in the older group is frequently due to coexistence of other diseases impairing the general condition and changes connected age. On the other hand, a mild, oligosymptomatic course of the disease was observed more frequently in older patients who did not require intense treatment in hospitals.", "PMID": 1124637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8610", "title": "The role of parathyroids for the adaptation to a low calcium intake.", "content": "One-year-old selectively parathyroidectomized rats were found to have lost the ability to adapt themselves to a reduced calcium intake. Of importance in this respect was certainly the demonstrated inability to mobilize skeletal calcium to the blood. Thus, when the normal intake of calcium in the diet is reduced in the adult intact rat, skeletal calcium reserves must become mobilized with resulting osteoporosis. Histological and morphometric analyses of the adrenal glands showed no apparent effect of the parathyroidectomy upon the functional state of the adrenal cortex.", "contents": "The role of parathyroids for the adaptation to a low calcium intake. One-year-old selectively parathyroidectomized rats were found to have lost the ability to adapt themselves to a reduced calcium intake. Of importance in this respect was certainly the demonstrated inability to mobilize skeletal calcium to the blood. Thus, when the normal intake of calcium in the diet is reduced in the adult intact rat, skeletal calcium reserves must become mobilized with resulting osteoporosis. Histological and morphometric analyses of the adrenal glands showed no apparent effect of the parathyroidectomy upon the functional state of the adrenal cortex.", "PMID": 1124643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8611", "title": "[Clinical and pathological analysis of patients with chronic lymphatic leukemia and long survival].", "content": "Investigations were carried out on 261 patients with chronic lymphatic leukaemia with survival over 4 years. The following problems were discussed: age and sex of patients, presenting symptoms, organ changes, laboratory investigations, infectious complications, coexistence of malignant tumours. Correlations were established between various parameters and the length of survival. It was demonstrated that patients without palpable lymph nodes and spleen at the beginning of the diseases and with leucocyte counts ranging from 10,000 to 100,000/1 mm-3 have a better prognosis, while thrombocytopenia even without haemorrhagic diathesis is a poor prognostic sign. Infections were observed in 50 percent of cases, more frequently in patients with hypogammaglobulinaemia. Coexistence of malignant tumours was found in 5.4 percent of cases. Pathological examinations including organ biopsy and autopsy failed to demonstrate characteristic features of lymphatic system proliferation as compared with patients with short survival.", "contents": "[Clinical and pathological analysis of patients with chronic lymphatic leukemia and long survival]. Investigations were carried out on 261 patients with chronic lymphatic leukaemia with survival over 4 years. The following problems were discussed: age and sex of patients, presenting symptoms, organ changes, laboratory investigations, infectious complications, coexistence of malignant tumours. Correlations were established between various parameters and the length of survival. It was demonstrated that patients without palpable lymph nodes and spleen at the beginning of the diseases and with leucocyte counts ranging from 10,000 to 100,000/1 mm-3 have a better prognosis, while thrombocytopenia even without haemorrhagic diathesis is a poor prognostic sign. Infections were observed in 50 percent of cases, more frequently in patients with hypogammaglobulinaemia. Coexistence of malignant tumours was found in 5.4 percent of cases. Pathological examinations including organ biopsy and autopsy failed to demonstrate characteristic features of lymphatic system proliferation as compared with patients with short survival.", "PMID": 1124636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8612", "title": "Structure of the adrenal glands in mice with the obese-hyperglycaemic syndrome (gene symbol ob).", "content": "Quantitative histological methods were used to study the adrenal glands of obese-hyperglycaemic mice and their lean litter mates of various ages. Five weeks old obese mice had significantly enlarged adrenals, due to increased volumes of the zona fasciculata and a persistent cortical X-zone. The enlarged zona fasciculata persisted also in the 5- and 18-month-old obese mice whereas the X-zone had disappeared at these ages. Further, the adrenals of 18-month-old obese mice showed deposits of amyloid in the juxtamedullary cortical zone. It is apparent that the adrenal cortical enlargement coincides in time with the appearance of the other manifestations of the obese-hyperglycaemic syndrome. This further emphasizes that also the adrenal cortical enlargement is an integral part of the syndrome and may contribute to the insulin resistance already at an early stage in the development of the syndrome. The more pronouced weight gain of the adrenal glands of the obese mice together with the morphological changes of the adrenal cortex further suggest an increased ACTH stimulation in these animals. The delayed disappearance of the adrenal X-zone probably reflects the hypogonadism previously demonstrated in these animals.", "contents": "Structure of the adrenal glands in mice with the obese-hyperglycaemic syndrome (gene symbol ob). Quantitative histological methods were used to study the adrenal glands of obese-hyperglycaemic mice and their lean litter mates of various ages. Five weeks old obese mice had significantly enlarged adrenals, due to increased volumes of the zona fasciculata and a persistent cortical X-zone. The enlarged zona fasciculata persisted also in the 5- and 18-month-old obese mice whereas the X-zone had disappeared at these ages. Further, the adrenals of 18-month-old obese mice showed deposits of amyloid in the juxtamedullary cortical zone. It is apparent that the adrenal cortical enlargement coincides in time with the appearance of the other manifestations of the obese-hyperglycaemic syndrome. This further emphasizes that also the adrenal cortical enlargement is an integral part of the syndrome and may contribute to the insulin resistance already at an early stage in the development of the syndrome. The more pronouced weight gain of the adrenal glands of the obese mice together with the morphological changes of the adrenal cortex further suggest an increased ACTH stimulation in these animals. The delayed disappearance of the adrenal X-zone probably reflects the hypogonadism previously demonstrated in these animals.", "PMID": 1124644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8613", "title": "Atypical germ cells in the adjacent \"normal\" tissue of testicular tumours.", "content": "Recently a possible intratubular carcinoma-in-situ of the human testis was described. The same histological picture has been found in the residual testicular tissue in 17 out of 22 men with either seminoma, embryonal carcinoma or terato-carcinoma. The hypothesis is put forward that the described cells may represent malignant germ cells from which testicular germ cell tumours of different types may originate.", "contents": "Atypical germ cells in the adjacent \"normal\" tissue of testicular tumours. Recently a possible intratubular carcinoma-in-situ of the human testis was described. The same histological picture has been found in the residual testicular tissue in 17 out of 22 men with either seminoma, embryonal carcinoma or terato-carcinoma. The hypothesis is put forward that the described cells may represent malignant germ cells from which testicular germ cell tumours of different types may originate.", "PMID": 1124645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8614", "title": "The role of the parathyroids for the adaptation to a low calcium intake.", "content": "The effects of selective parathyroidectomy on the adaptation to a low calcium intake were studied in one-year-old male rats. Parathyroidectomized animals showed increased net absorption of intestinal calcium compared to that of intact animals both at a normal and at a low intake of dietary calcium. The difference was highly significant on the low level of dietary calcium. In the parathyroidectomized animals, significantly higher values were found in the group of rats fed the low calcium diet than in those supplied the calcium supplemented diet. Urinary calcium excretion was reduced because of the reduced plasma calcium level. While there was no disturbance of intestinal calcium absorption, selective parathyroidectomy resulted in a reduced ability to mobilize skeletal calcium as shown in a previous study. This was found to be necessary for the adaptation to a low calcium intake in the adult animal.", "contents": "The role of the parathyroids for the adaptation to a low calcium intake. The effects of selective parathyroidectomy on the adaptation to a low calcium intake were studied in one-year-old male rats. Parathyroidectomized animals showed increased net absorption of intestinal calcium compared to that of intact animals both at a normal and at a low intake of dietary calcium. The difference was highly significant on the low level of dietary calcium. In the parathyroidectomized animals, significantly higher values were found in the group of rats fed the low calcium diet than in those supplied the calcium supplemented diet. Urinary calcium excretion was reduced because of the reduced plasma calcium level. While there was no disturbance of intestinal calcium absorption, selective parathyroidectomy resulted in a reduced ability to mobilize skeletal calcium as shown in a previous study. This was found to be necessary for the adaptation to a low calcium intake in the adult animal.", "PMID": 1124646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8615", "title": "[Role of spleen in leukocyte kinetics in dog].", "content": "In 9 dogs blood samples were obtained from the splenic vein and artery under general anaesthesia with Eunarcon, the quantitative and qualitative composition of white blood cells was compared and it was found that canine spleen can release or retain granulocytes and mononuclear cells simultaneously or any of these cells separately.", "contents": "[Role of spleen in leukocyte kinetics in dog]. In 9 dogs blood samples were obtained from the splenic vein and artery under general anaesthesia with Eunarcon, the quantitative and qualitative composition of white blood cells was compared and it was found that canine spleen can release or retain granulocytes and mononuclear cells simultaneously or any of these cells separately.", "PMID": 1124641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8616", "title": "Renal morphology in pigs with experimental hyperparathyroidism. Light-microscopic findings and some functional aspects.", "content": "Light-microscopic examinations were performed in three groups of pigs; one sham-operated control group, one group subjected to thyroidectomy (TX), and one group injected with parat-hormone (PTH) after thyroidectomy (TK + PTH). The kidneys of the sham-operated animals were normal, whereas slight to moderate dilatation of some tubules was seen in the TX group. The most prominent changes in the TX + PTH group were calcium deposition, tubular dilatation and degeneration, inflammation, and hyperaemia. In addition there were hyaline casts, PAS-positive globules and mitotic figures in the tubules. It is suggested that the calcium deposition caused by the PTH administration plays a major role in the development of degeneration in the tubular epithelium, and that these structural lesions are of importance in the development of reduced renal function.", "contents": "Renal morphology in pigs with experimental hyperparathyroidism. Light-microscopic findings and some functional aspects. Light-microscopic examinations were performed in three groups of pigs; one sham-operated control group, one group subjected to thyroidectomy (TX), and one group injected with parat-hormone (PTH) after thyroidectomy (TK + PTH). The kidneys of the sham-operated animals were normal, whereas slight to moderate dilatation of some tubules was seen in the TX group. The most prominent changes in the TX + PTH group were calcium deposition, tubular dilatation and degeneration, inflammation, and hyperaemia. In addition there were hyaline casts, PAS-positive globules and mitotic figures in the tubules. It is suggested that the calcium deposition caused by the PTH administration plays a major role in the development of degeneration in the tubular epithelium, and that these structural lesions are of importance in the development of reduced renal function.", "PMID": 1124647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8617", "title": "[Studies on the thrombocytopoietic factor. II. Determination of thrombocytopoietic activity in patients with hematological syndromes (preliminary study)].", "content": "Using the biological test on rats the thrombocytopoietic activity (AT) was determined in sera of 13 patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenia (ITP), 5 patients with pancytopenia and bone marrow hypoplasia, 18 with thrombocytopenia developing during proliferative diseases of the haemopoietic system, and 4 patients with erythremia vera. A high mean thrombocytopoietic activity was demonstrated in ITP and this high activity was accounted for by significantly raised AT in acute thrombocytopenia. Increased AT was observed also in myeloproliferative syndromes associated with thrombocytopenia, while in pancytopenia with bone marrow hypoplasia and in erythremia vera AT seemed not increased independently of the stage of the disease. Greater number of cases will be necessary for drawing reliable conclusions.", "contents": "[Studies on the thrombocytopoietic factor. II. Determination of thrombocytopoietic activity in patients with hematological syndromes (preliminary study)]. Using the biological test on rats the thrombocytopoietic activity (AT) was determined in sera of 13 patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenia (ITP), 5 patients with pancytopenia and bone marrow hypoplasia, 18 with thrombocytopenia developing during proliferative diseases of the haemopoietic system, and 4 patients with erythremia vera. A high mean thrombocytopoietic activity was demonstrated in ITP and this high activity was accounted for by significantly raised AT in acute thrombocytopenia. Increased AT was observed also in myeloproliferative syndromes associated with thrombocytopenia, while in pancytopenia with bone marrow hypoplasia and in erythremia vera AT seemed not increased independently of the stage of the disease. Greater number of cases will be necessary for drawing reliable conclusions.", "PMID": 1124640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8618", "title": "Renal morphology in pigs with experimental hyperparathyroidism. Ultrastructural findings.", "content": "Ultrastructural examinations were performed in three groups of pigs; one sham-operated control group, one group subjected to thyroidectomy, and another group injected with parathormone after thyroidectomy (TX + PTH). Attention was mainly paid to the localization and structural details of the calcium deposits which were found in the TX + PTH group 78 and 150 hours after the first PTH injection. Calcium deposits were found in the epithelial cells and lumina of the tubular system, especially in the proximal convoluted tubules. It is suggested that calcium first is deposited in mitochondria and cytoplasmic vacuoles and that larger calcific bodies, occasionally with concentric lamellation, are formed by coalescence of small calcific particles, and that the calcium deposits induce degenerative changes in the tubular epithelium which may lead to discharge of calcific material into the lumina.", "contents": "Renal morphology in pigs with experimental hyperparathyroidism. Ultrastructural findings. Ultrastructural examinations were performed in three groups of pigs; one sham-operated control group, one group subjected to thyroidectomy, and another group injected with parathormone after thyroidectomy (TX + PTH). Attention was mainly paid to the localization and structural details of the calcium deposits which were found in the TX + PTH group 78 and 150 hours after the first PTH injection. Calcium deposits were found in the epithelial cells and lumina of the tubular system, especially in the proximal convoluted tubules. It is suggested that calcium first is deposited in mitochondria and cytoplasmic vacuoles and that larger calcific bodies, occasionally with concentric lamellation, are formed by coalescence of small calcific particles, and that the calcium deposits induce degenerative changes in the tubular epithelium which may lead to discharge of calcific material into the lumina.", "PMID": 1124648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8619", "title": "[Studies on the thrombocytopoietic factor. I. Elaboration of investigative methods].", "content": "The authors present a method of determination of the activity of the thrombocytopoietic factor (AT) by means of biological test on rats using 75-Se-selenomethionine for in vivo labelling of platelets. For suppression of endogenous thrombocytopoiesis the rats received antiplatelet rabbit serum which was used for investigations in the period of reactive hyperthrombocytosis. The thrombocytopoietic activity was expressed in radioactivity impulses per 1 mg of platelet protein of rats which permitted to eliminate the error-fraught determination of platelet count. A statistically significant rise in the thrombocytopoietic activity was demonstrated in rabbits with experimental thrombocytopenia as compared with the AT in healthy rabbits. The error of the method was 9.6-9.8 percent (P less than 0.05).", "contents": "[Studies on the thrombocytopoietic factor. I. Elaboration of investigative methods]. The authors present a method of determination of the activity of the thrombocytopoietic factor (AT) by means of biological test on rats using 75-Se-selenomethionine for in vivo labelling of platelets. For suppression of endogenous thrombocytopoiesis the rats received antiplatelet rabbit serum which was used for investigations in the period of reactive hyperthrombocytosis. The thrombocytopoietic activity was expressed in radioactivity impulses per 1 mg of platelet protein of rats which permitted to eliminate the error-fraught determination of platelet count. A statistically significant rise in the thrombocytopoietic activity was demonstrated in rabbits with experimental thrombocytopenia as compared with the AT in healthy rabbits. The error of the method was 9.6-9.8 percent (P less than 0.05).", "PMID": 1124639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8620", "title": "Enzymatic heterogeneity of granules in human leucocytes.", "content": "Homogenates of highly purified polymorphonuclear leucocytes and of a mixture of mononuclear leucocytes and platelets from human blood were separated by differential and isopyknic centrifugation. A heterogeneity in granules containing digesting enzymes was found in both cell preparations. Enzymes typical of lysosomes were found in the two cell preparations in a similar density gradient. Granules of low density were indicated in polymorphonuclear leucocytes by alkaline phosphatase. In both cell preparations a third granule, of lower density, seemed to exist enriched in amino acid naphthylamidase, acid hydrolases and in polymorphonuclear leucocytes also alkaline phosphatase and lysozyme. A remarkable difference between the two cell preparations was the occurrence of amino acid napthylamidase in denser granules of polymorphonuclear only, although the nature of these granules could not be determined.", "contents": "Enzymatic heterogeneity of granules in human leucocytes. Homogenates of highly purified polymorphonuclear leucocytes and of a mixture of mononuclear leucocytes and platelets from human blood were separated by differential and isopyknic centrifugation. A heterogeneity in granules containing digesting enzymes was found in both cell preparations. Enzymes typical of lysosomes were found in the two cell preparations in a similar density gradient. Granules of low density were indicated in polymorphonuclear leucocytes by alkaline phosphatase. In both cell preparations a third granule, of lower density, seemed to exist enriched in amino acid naphthylamidase, acid hydrolases and in polymorphonuclear leucocytes also alkaline phosphatase and lysozyme. A remarkable difference between the two cell preparations was the occurrence of amino acid napthylamidase in denser granules of polymorphonuclear only, although the nature of these granules could not be determined.", "PMID": 1124649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8621", "title": "Proliferating and non-proliferating compartments in cervical dysplasia and carcinoma in situ.", "content": "The existence of proliferating and non-proliferating compartments in atypical cervical epithelium is suggested by autoradiographical investigations and studies on the topographical distribution of mitosis performed on human cervical cones and on cervices of mice following carcinogenic treatment.", "contents": "Proliferating and non-proliferating compartments in cervical dysplasia and carcinoma in situ. The existence of proliferating and non-proliferating compartments in atypical cervical epithelium is suggested by autoradiographical investigations and studies on the topographical distribution of mitosis performed on human cervical cones and on cervices of mice following carcinogenic treatment.", "PMID": 1124650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8622", "title": "7,12-DMBA-induced rat mammary tumour studied for hormonal responsiveness in vitro. 1. Short-term incubations of cell suspensions.", "content": "The effect of testosterone, progesterone, and 17-beta-oestradiol on the incorporation of tritiated thymidine into DNA was studied in vitro using cell suspensions from DMBA-induced rat mammary carcinomas and subcutaneous sarcomas. Both stimulatory and inhibitory effects of the hormones were seen. The two types of tumour reacted similarly. The validity of hormonal responsiveness in vitro compared with in vivo is discussed.", "contents": "7,12-DMBA-induced rat mammary tumour studied for hormonal responsiveness in vitro. 1. Short-term incubations of cell suspensions. The effect of testosterone, progesterone, and 17-beta-oestradiol on the incorporation of tritiated thymidine into DNA was studied in vitro using cell suspensions from DMBA-induced rat mammary carcinomas and subcutaneous sarcomas. Both stimulatory and inhibitory effects of the hormones were seen. The two types of tumour reacted similarly. The validity of hormonal responsiveness in vitro compared with in vivo is discussed.", "PMID": 1124651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8623", "title": "[Selective aplasia of erythropoietic system following viral hepatitis].", "content": "The author observed a 20-year-old patient with selective aplasia of the erythrocytopoietic system developing during virus hepatitis and disappearing completely after one year.", "contents": "[Selective aplasia of erythropoietic system following viral hepatitis]. The author observed a 20-year-old patient with selective aplasia of the erythrocytopoietic system developing during virus hepatitis and disappearing completely after one year.", "PMID": 1124642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8624", "title": "7,12-DMBA induced rat mammary tumour studied for hormonal responsiveness in vitro. 2. Organ cultures.", "content": "Specimens of DMBA-induced mammary tumour, DMBA-induced subcutaneous sarcomas, and virus induced sarcomas in the rat were incubated for 24-72 hours as organ cultures. The effect of various concentrations of testosterone, progesterone, and 17-beta-oestradiol on cell survival and multiplication was measured as changes in incorporation of H3-TdR into DNA. All three types of tumour reacted to the hormones. Statistical analysis of data demonstrated possible influence of factors other than hormone treatment. The specificity of hormone sensitivity assays in vitro is questioned.", "contents": "7,12-DMBA induced rat mammary tumour studied for hormonal responsiveness in vitro. 2. Organ cultures. Specimens of DMBA-induced mammary tumour, DMBA-induced subcutaneous sarcomas, and virus induced sarcomas in the rat were incubated for 24-72 hours as organ cultures. The effect of various concentrations of testosterone, progesterone, and 17-beta-oestradiol on cell survival and multiplication was measured as changes in incorporation of H3-TdR into DNA. All three types of tumour reacted to the hormones. Statistical analysis of data demonstrated possible influence of factors other than hormone treatment. The specificity of hormone sensitivity assays in vitro is questioned.", "PMID": 1124652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8625", "title": "Oral giant cell granulomas. An ultrastructural study of the vessels.", "content": "Eight peripheral and 2 central oral giant cell granulomas have been studied in the electron microscope in order to examine the structure and nature of the vessels. The vascular wall was composed of a continous layer of endothelial cells resting on a basal lamina, which was frequently multilayered. The lamina also surrounded scattered subjacent pericytes. The endothelial cells overlapped slightly so as to form narrow intercellular spaces. Based on these observations the vessels are supposed to be postcapillary venules. Dark cells exhibiting degenerative features were encountered in the endothelial lining of most vessels. Small gaps and larger defects in the vascular lining allowed direct continuity between the lumen and the perivascular tissue. It is suggested that the extreme extravasation of red blood cells frequently observed in oral giant cell granulomas may be mediated through this incomplete lining.", "contents": "Oral giant cell granulomas. An ultrastructural study of the vessels. Eight peripheral and 2 central oral giant cell granulomas have been studied in the electron microscope in order to examine the structure and nature of the vessels. The vascular wall was composed of a continous layer of endothelial cells resting on a basal lamina, which was frequently multilayered. The lamina also surrounded scattered subjacent pericytes. The endothelial cells overlapped slightly so as to form narrow intercellular spaces. Based on these observations the vessels are supposed to be postcapillary venules. Dark cells exhibiting degenerative features were encountered in the endothelial lining of most vessels. Small gaps and larger defects in the vascular lining allowed direct continuity between the lumen and the perivascular tissue. It is suggested that the extreme extravasation of red blood cells frequently observed in oral giant cell granulomas may be mediated through this incomplete lining.", "PMID": 1124653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8626", "title": "Subclinical elastofibromas in the scapular region in an autopsy series.", "content": "In a series of 235 autopsies, changes in the subcapscular thoracic fascia similar to elastofibroma dorsi (J\u00e4rvi & Saxen 1959, -et al. 1969) were found in 39 cases, all at least 58 years old. In people over 55 years, the frequency was 24.4 per cent in females and 11.2 per cent in males. In addition to hypertrophy and secondary degeneration of elastic fibres, necrosis of collagenous-, adipose-, muscular-, and nervous tissue, as well as formation of clefts, cysts and bursae was found in 85 per cent of cases presenting elastic changes--both in connection with them and outside the degenerated areas--as well as in 39 per cent of cases where no elastic degeneration occurred. Other changes included extensive scarring of the tissue, followed by reduction of fat and, more seldom, oedema and inflammatory infiltration. Breaks in the elastic cage, necrosis and fibrosis of arterial walls were found in 44 per cent of cases of elastic degeneration and in 14 per cent of cases without degeneration. In veins, more extensive wall fibrosis occurred, leading to necrosis; in cases of elastic degeneration the adventitial elastic network was also involved. Venous changes were found in 90 per cent of the cases of elastic degeneration and in 30 per cent of cases without degeneration. Direct mechanical stress on elastic tissue may be an important cause of hypertrophy and secondary degeneration of elastic fibres, and also of diffuse increase of collagenous tissue. On the other hand, nutritional deficiency due to failing resistance of the vascular system against friction of the scapula and streching movements of the upper extremities may play a main part in necrotic tissue changes.", "contents": "Subclinical elastofibromas in the scapular region in an autopsy series. In a series of 235 autopsies, changes in the subcapscular thoracic fascia similar to elastofibroma dorsi (J\u00e4rvi & Saxen 1959, -et al. 1969) were found in 39 cases, all at least 58 years old. In people over 55 years, the frequency was 24.4 per cent in females and 11.2 per cent in males. In addition to hypertrophy and secondary degeneration of elastic fibres, necrosis of collagenous-, adipose-, muscular-, and nervous tissue, as well as formation of clefts, cysts and bursae was found in 85 per cent of cases presenting elastic changes--both in connection with them and outside the degenerated areas--as well as in 39 per cent of cases where no elastic degeneration occurred. Other changes included extensive scarring of the tissue, followed by reduction of fat and, more seldom, oedema and inflammatory infiltration. Breaks in the elastic cage, necrosis and fibrosis of arterial walls were found in 44 per cent of cases of elastic degeneration and in 14 per cent of cases without degeneration. In veins, more extensive wall fibrosis occurred, leading to necrosis; in cases of elastic degeneration the adventitial elastic network was also involved. Venous changes were found in 90 per cent of the cases of elastic degeneration and in 30 per cent of cases without degeneration. Direct mechanical stress on elastic tissue may be an important cause of hypertrophy and secondary degeneration of elastic fibres, and also of diffuse increase of collagenous tissue. On the other hand, nutritional deficiency due to failing resistance of the vascular system against friction of the scapula and streching movements of the upper extremities may play a main part in necrotic tissue changes.", "PMID": 1124654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8627", "title": "Insulin release in fasting man induced by impure but not by pure preparations of cholecystokinin.", "content": "Most preparations of cholecystokinin reported to release insulin have been impure. When highly purified preparations of extracted cholecystokinin and also the synthetic C-terminal octapeptide of the hormone became available for use in humans, we investigated their insulinotropic activity in comparison with a cruder preparation of cholecystokinin in 10 fasting non-diabetic subjects. The doses employed were 75 Ivy dog units, except for the synthetic C-terminal octapeptide of cholecystokinin that was given in a dose of 200 Ivy dog units to compensate for a shorter hawn every minute during 10 min after each injection, thereafter at intervals of 5 min. The mean plasma insulin level increased significantly, reaching a peak 4-5 min after iv injection of the cruder cholecystokinin preparation, but after the other two preparations the plasma insulin level was not significantly changed. The blood glucose level was not significantly changed by any of the preparations used. It is concluded that the plasma insulin peak seen in man after i.v. injection of the less highly purified preparation was due not to cholecystokinin but to some other agent present in this less pure preparation. The identity of this factor is discussed.", "contents": "Insulin release in fasting man induced by impure but not by pure preparations of cholecystokinin. Most preparations of cholecystokinin reported to release insulin have been impure. When highly purified preparations of extracted cholecystokinin and also the synthetic C-terminal octapeptide of the hormone became available for use in humans, we investigated their insulinotropic activity in comparison with a cruder preparation of cholecystokinin in 10 fasting non-diabetic subjects. The doses employed were 75 Ivy dog units, except for the synthetic C-terminal octapeptide of cholecystokinin that was given in a dose of 200 Ivy dog units to compensate for a shorter hawn every minute during 10 min after each injection, thereafter at intervals of 5 min. The mean plasma insulin level increased significantly, reaching a peak 4-5 min after iv injection of the cruder cholecystokinin preparation, but after the other two preparations the plasma insulin level was not significantly changed. The blood glucose level was not significantly changed by any of the preparations used. It is concluded that the plasma insulin peak seen in man after i.v. injection of the less highly purified preparation was due not to cholecystokinin but to some other agent present in this less pure preparation. The identity of this factor is discussed.", "PMID": 1124655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8628", "title": "Studies of urinary bladder dysfunction in amyloidosis with polyneuropathy.", "content": "Eight male patients with amyloid polyneuropathy, seven of whom had symptoms of dysfunction of the urinary bladder, were studied by cystometry and micturition analysis and compared with eight male controls. Most of the patients with amyloidosis had an increased bladder capacity. The need to micturate was reduced, and urine retention was common. In most of them detrusor function could not be demonstrated. The maximal flow rate was usually diminished and the resistance to flow elevated. In some of the patients there was increased rigidity of the bladder wall.", "contents": "Studies of urinary bladder dysfunction in amyloidosis with polyneuropathy. Eight male patients with amyloid polyneuropathy, seven of whom had symptoms of dysfunction of the urinary bladder, were studied by cystometry and micturition analysis and compared with eight male controls. Most of the patients with amyloidosis had an increased bladder capacity. The need to micturate was reduced, and urine retention was common. In most of them detrusor function could not be demonstrated. The maximal flow rate was usually diminished and the resistance to flow elevated. In some of the patients there was increased rigidity of the bladder wall.", "PMID": 1124656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8629", "title": "The adhesiveness of human blood platelets and thyroid function.", "content": "Hypothyroidism is associated with severe coronary atherosclerosis. In spite of this the reported incidence of angina pectoris and myocardial infarction in untreated hypothyroidism is small. Since many authors consider the formation of a thrombus in coronary arteries to be the final event of the process which leads to myocardial infarction, changes in the platelet function may explain the paradoxical rarity of myocardial infarction in untreated hypothyroidism. To evaluate this hypothesis, platelet adhesiveness has been estimated before and after treatment in 9 hypothyroid and 16 thyrotoxic patients. In thyrotoxicosis the platelet adhesiveness was significantly increased, but decreased to normal after treatment. In hypothyroidism platelet adhesiveness was abnormally low but increased to normal value after thyroid hormone replacement. This may be an important factor in precipitating myocardial infarction in patients with hypothyroidism and coronary artery atherosclerosis.", "contents": "The adhesiveness of human blood platelets and thyroid function. Hypothyroidism is associated with severe coronary atherosclerosis. In spite of this the reported incidence of angina pectoris and myocardial infarction in untreated hypothyroidism is small. Since many authors consider the formation of a thrombus in coronary arteries to be the final event of the process which leads to myocardial infarction, changes in the platelet function may explain the paradoxical rarity of myocardial infarction in untreated hypothyroidism. To evaluate this hypothesis, platelet adhesiveness has been estimated before and after treatment in 9 hypothyroid and 16 thyrotoxic patients. In thyrotoxicosis the platelet adhesiveness was significantly increased, but decreased to normal after treatment. In hypothyroidism platelet adhesiveness was abnormally low but increased to normal value after thyroid hormone replacement. This may be an important factor in precipitating myocardial infarction in patients with hypothyroidism and coronary artery atherosclerosis.", "PMID": 1124657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8630", "title": "Thalassaemia minor. Twelve patients in two Norwegian families.", "content": "Thalassaemia minor has been diagnosed in 12 members of two Norwegian families. Haematological data from 23 family members are reported. The diagnosis was based on estimation of Hb A(2) by polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis. All patients having high Hb A(2) levels had confirmatory evidence of thalassaemia minor (hypochromic anaemia, marked variation in size and shape of the red cells, target cells, basophilic stippling, decreased osmotic fragility, normal or high serum iron level). The majority of the patients had previously been treated with iron without effect.", "contents": "Thalassaemia minor. Twelve patients in two Norwegian families. Thalassaemia minor has been diagnosed in 12 members of two Norwegian families. Haematological data from 23 family members are reported. The diagnosis was based on estimation of Hb A(2) by polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis. All patients having high Hb A(2) levels had confirmatory evidence of thalassaemia minor (hypochromic anaemia, marked variation in size and shape of the red cells, target cells, basophilic stippling, decreased osmotic fragility, normal or high serum iron level). The majority of the patients had previously been treated with iron without effect.", "PMID": 1124658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8631", "title": "[Iron supplement to blood donors. II. Effect of continuous iron supply].", "content": "Seventeen conscripts gave blood every second month, the amount representing an average iron loss of 3.5 mg daily. Seven of them were given 20 mg and ten 100 mg iron as ferrous carbonate once daily throughout the study. Before the first and after the fourth and sixth blood donations they were examined with regard to packed red cell volume, serum iron, total iron-binding capacity and stainable bone marrow iron, and a diagnostic iron absoprtion test was performed. Ten conscripts receiving no iron and giving no blood but comparable to those in the test groups with regard to age, exercise and diet served as controls. The stainable bone marrow iron was found to become stabilized at a level with reduced but still perceptible amounts when 20 mg iron was given, and at a level with somewhat greater amounts when the daily dose was 100 mg. Both levels were lower than before blood donation in most subjects, and the negative iron balance was also reflected in the diagnostic iron absorption test. When a healthy person loses 3.5 mg iron daily, supplementation with a 100 mg tablet per day is therefore insufficient to maintain the iron stores at their previous level. The decrease in storage iron is not progressive, however. When the storage iron is reduced, iron absorption seems to be stimulated sufficiently to establish a balance at a reduced storage iron level.", "contents": "[Iron supplement to blood donors. II. Effect of continuous iron supply]. Seventeen conscripts gave blood every second month, the amount representing an average iron loss of 3.5 mg daily. Seven of them were given 20 mg and ten 100 mg iron as ferrous carbonate once daily throughout the study. Before the first and after the fourth and sixth blood donations they were examined with regard to packed red cell volume, serum iron, total iron-binding capacity and stainable bone marrow iron, and a diagnostic iron absoprtion test was performed. Ten conscripts receiving no iron and giving no blood but comparable to those in the test groups with regard to age, exercise and diet served as controls. The stainable bone marrow iron was found to become stabilized at a level with reduced but still perceptible amounts when 20 mg iron was given, and at a level with somewhat greater amounts when the daily dose was 100 mg. Both levels were lower than before blood donation in most subjects, and the negative iron balance was also reflected in the diagnostic iron absorption test. When a healthy person loses 3.5 mg iron daily, supplementation with a 100 mg tablet per day is therefore insufficient to maintain the iron stores at their previous level. The decrease in storage iron is not progressive, however. When the storage iron is reduced, iron absorption seems to be stimulated sufficiently to establish a balance at a reduced storage iron level.", "PMID": 1124659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8632", "title": "Intrauterine death and circulating anticoagulant (\"antithromboplastin\").", "content": "A report is presented of a young, otherwise apparently healthy, woman who had three pregnancies which for some unknown reason terminated in intrauterine death (macerated foetuses). During the third pregnancy a coagulation defect was diagnosed, which was characterized by prolonged coagulation times and prolonged one-stage prothrombin time. This defect disappeared after the end of the pregnancy, but returned during the fourth pregnancy. This time a circulating anticoagulant was found, which inhibited the action of thromboplastin. The values found for the various coagulation factors were normal. The anticoagulant titre rose during the pregnancy from 1/2 to 1/10. Leucocyte agglutinating as well as lymphocytotoxic antibodies directed against the husband's cells were demonstrated in the patient during the pregnancy. In this case, by passage of cell fragments and thromboplastic substances to the mother, the foetus had probably induced the development of antibodies against the foetal tissues. The foetus may  be regarded as an incompatible transplant. The fourth pregnancy was terminated by caesarean section in the 34th week. The child weighed 1440 g and, after three exchanges of blood, did very well. The placenta was severely infarcted. It is postulated that the development of antithromboplastin during pregnancy may be a contributory cause of intrauterine death.", "contents": "Intrauterine death and circulating anticoagulant (\"antithromboplastin\"). A report is presented of a young, otherwise apparently healthy, woman who had three pregnancies which for some unknown reason terminated in intrauterine death (macerated foetuses). During the third pregnancy a coagulation defect was diagnosed, which was characterized by prolonged coagulation times and prolonged one-stage prothrombin time. This defect disappeared after the end of the pregnancy, but returned during the fourth pregnancy. This time a circulating anticoagulant was found, which inhibited the action of thromboplastin. The values found for the various coagulation factors were normal. The anticoagulant titre rose during the pregnancy from 1/2 to 1/10. Leucocyte agglutinating as well as lymphocytotoxic antibodies directed against the husband's cells were demonstrated in the patient during the pregnancy. In this case, by passage of cell fragments and thromboplastic substances to the mother, the foetus had probably induced the development of antibodies against the foetal tissues. The foetus may  be regarded as an incompatible transplant. The fourth pregnancy was terminated by caesarean section in the 34th week. The child weighed 1440 g and, after three exchanges of blood, did very well. The placenta was severely infarcted. It is postulated that the development of antithromboplastin during pregnancy may be a contributory cause of intrauterine death.", "PMID": 1124664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8633", "title": "Deaths from ischaemic heart disease in Helsinki in the years 1959-1968. Vital statistics and medico-legally autopsied sudden deaths.", "content": "According to the official vital statistics, altogether 10910 deaths from ischaemic heart disease (IHD) occurred in persons resident in Helsinki during the 10-year period 1959-68. A significant increase was found in the incidence of IHD deaths in both sexes even though changes in the structure of the population were taken into account. The increase in the age-dependent incidence of IHD deaths was most conspicuous at middle age in both sexes and in young males. Altogether 3044 IHD deaths occurring unwitnessed or within 24 hours of the onset of the fatal attack were autopsied medico-legally during the 10-year period of the study. The medico-legally autopsied cases obviously represented a high proportion of sudden IHD deaths occurring outside hospitals in Helsinki. A clear male preponderance was found in the autopsy material as compared with all IHD deaths. The prevalence of cases of acute myocardial infarction varied in different years from 27 to 49 percent at medico-legal autopsies. No significant change occurred during the 10-year period in the distribution of the medico-legally autopsied IHD deaths into social groups, in the suddenness or place of death. The home was the most common place of death. From 1963 onwards the patients dying from an ischaemic heart attack during transportation to hospital or in an outpatient department constituted 6-7 percent of all annual IHD deaths.", "contents": "Deaths from ischaemic heart disease in Helsinki in the years 1959-1968. Vital statistics and medico-legally autopsied sudden deaths. According to the official vital statistics, altogether 10910 deaths from ischaemic heart disease (IHD) occurred in persons resident in Helsinki during the 10-year period 1959-68. A significant increase was found in the incidence of IHD deaths in both sexes even though changes in the structure of the population were taken into account. The increase in the age-dependent incidence of IHD deaths was most conspicuous at middle age in both sexes and in young males. Altogether 3044 IHD deaths occurring unwitnessed or within 24 hours of the onset of the fatal attack were autopsied medico-legally during the 10-year period of the study. The medico-legally autopsied cases obviously represented a high proportion of sudden IHD deaths occurring outside hospitals in Helsinki. A clear male preponderance was found in the autopsy material as compared with all IHD deaths. The prevalence of cases of acute myocardial infarction varied in different years from 27 to 49 percent at medico-legal autopsies. No significant change occurred during the 10-year period in the distribution of the medico-legally autopsied IHD deaths into social groups, in the suddenness or place of death. The home was the most common place of death. From 1963 onwards the patients dying from an ischaemic heart attack during transportation to hospital or in an outpatient department constituted 6-7 percent of all annual IHD deaths.", "PMID": 1124660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8634", "title": "Heme catabolism, carbon monoxide production and red cell survival in anemia.", "content": "Total heme catabolism has been studied through measurement of the endogenous production of carbon monoxide (VCO) in 8 patients with hemolysis, 7 with hypoproliferative anemia, 10 with refractory anemia and hypercellular bone marrow and 7 with splenomegaly, 6 of whom had myeloid metaplasia. Simultaneously, catabolism of circulating red cell hemoglobin heme (Vheme-c) was measured through labelling of the red cells with 51Cr, and the VCA/Vheme-c ratio was calculated for each patient. From a control group it was calculated that this ratio should vary around 1.5. Since no isotope studies were performed in the control group, no range could be defined. Among patients with hemolysis the VCO/Vheme-c ratio was found to vary between 1.3 and 1.8 except in 2 cases of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) and PNH?, respectively, in whom the ratios were found to be 0.6 and 0.7 suggesting some heme catabolism without corresponding CO formation. In the hypoproliferative group the ratio varied between 1.2 and 1.8 except in one patient treated with androgens, in whom the ratio was found to be 2.9, suggesting increased extraerythrocytic heme turnover. In patients with myeloid metaplasia the ratio varied between 1.3 and 1.8. On the other hand, the ratio varied getween 2.4 and 3.0 among patients with refractory anemia and hypercellular bone marrow, thus confirming earlier findings that in this type of anemia turnover of bone marrow heme is markedly increased. A significant correlation was found between VCO and initial morning COHb%(r equals 0.84). The conclusions drawn are (a) that Vheme-c sometimes represents less than 50% of total heme turnover and (b) that COHb and/or VCO reflect total heme turnover except in patients with blood loss or intravascular hemolysis with hemoglobinuria.", "contents": "Heme catabolism, carbon monoxide production and red cell survival in anemia. Total heme catabolism has been studied through measurement of the endogenous production of carbon monoxide (VCO) in 8 patients with hemolysis, 7 with hypoproliferative anemia, 10 with refractory anemia and hypercellular bone marrow and 7 with splenomegaly, 6 of whom had myeloid metaplasia. Simultaneously, catabolism of circulating red cell hemoglobin heme (Vheme-c) was measured through labelling of the red cells with 51Cr, and the VCA/Vheme-c ratio was calculated for each patient. From a control group it was calculated that this ratio should vary around 1.5. Since no isotope studies were performed in the control group, no range could be defined. Among patients with hemolysis the VCO/Vheme-c ratio was found to vary between 1.3 and 1.8 except in 2 cases of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) and PNH?, respectively, in whom the ratios were found to be 0.6 and 0.7 suggesting some heme catabolism without corresponding CO formation. In the hypoproliferative group the ratio varied between 1.2 and 1.8 except in one patient treated with androgens, in whom the ratio was found to be 2.9, suggesting increased extraerythrocytic heme turnover. In patients with myeloid metaplasia the ratio varied between 1.3 and 1.8. On the other hand, the ratio varied getween 2.4 and 3.0 among patients with refractory anemia and hypercellular bone marrow, thus confirming earlier findings that in this type of anemia turnover of bone marrow heme is markedly increased. A significant correlation was found between VCO and initial morning COHb%(r equals 0.84). The conclusions drawn are (a) that Vheme-c sometimes represents less than 50% of total heme turnover and (b) that COHb and/or VCO reflect total heme turnover except in patients with blood loss or intravascular hemolysis with hemoglobinuria.", "PMID": 1124665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8635", "title": "Nicotinic acid and the endogenous production of carbon monoxide.", "content": "The endogenous production of carbon monoxide (VCO) has been followed with the aid of a rebreathing system for 3 hours in four healthy volunteers after i.v. injection of 50 mg nicotinic acid (NA). After an initial slight decrease for 15-30 min in the CO hemoglobin per cent saturation (COHb), a rapid increase was registered for 120 min, whereafter the VCO returned to the normal preinjection level. The amount of \"extra\" CO produced varied between 4.1 and 2.2 ml, corresponding to 2.9 and 1.6 g Hb or 182 and 98 mumol heme,respectively. These figures are 3-5 times higher than those reported in the literature, calculated from increases in serum iron, bilirubin and COHb (without the use of a rebreathing system). When related to the total body heme (TBH) estimated with the CO dilution technique, the amount of \"extra\" heme metabolized after NA corresponded to 0.30% (range 0.26-0.32) of the TBH (a fourth of the total daily heme turnover or a third of the daily HB heme catabolism.", "contents": "Nicotinic acid and the endogenous production of carbon monoxide. The endogenous production of carbon monoxide (VCO) has been followed with the aid of a rebreathing system for 3 hours in four healthy volunteers after i.v. injection of 50 mg nicotinic acid (NA). After an initial slight decrease for 15-30 min in the CO hemoglobin per cent saturation (COHb), a rapid increase was registered for 120 min, whereafter the VCO returned to the normal preinjection level. The amount of \"extra\" CO produced varied between 4.1 and 2.2 ml, corresponding to 2.9 and 1.6 g Hb or 182 and 98 mumol heme,respectively. These figures are 3-5 times higher than those reported in the literature, calculated from increases in serum iron, bilirubin and COHb (without the use of a rebreathing system). When related to the total body heme (TBH) estimated with the CO dilution technique, the amount of \"extra\" heme metabolized after NA corresponded to 0.30% (range 0.26-0.32) of the TBH (a fourth of the total daily heme turnover or a third of the daily HB heme catabolism.", "PMID": 1124666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8636", "title": "Deaths from ischemic heart disease in persons aged 65 or younger in Helsinki in 1970 with special reference to patho-anatomic findings in hearts.?211.", "content": "Deaths from ischemic heart disease(IHD) occurring during a period of one year in Helsinki in persons aged 65 years or younger have been investigated by the Ischaemic Heart Disease Register. Altogether 526 fatalities were registered. Autopsy data were collected in 432 cases, the autopsy rate being 82 percent. The results are presented separately for persons autopsied in the pathologic departments, representing mostly delayed deaths in hospitals, and for medico-legally autopsied persons representing sudden deaths outside hospitals. The diagnosis of IHD death was either based on the positive patho-anatomic or clinical evidence of an acute heart attack or supported by a history of clinical IHD in 92 percent of all registered fatal cases. In the remaining fatalities the possibility of other causes of death had been more or less definitely excluced. All persons with an acute attack of IHD and all autopsied cases showed a division into four socio-economic groups very similar to that of the population of Helsinki. Men belonging to the lowest social group were over-represented among medico-legally autopsied cases. A history of a previous heart disease, visits to a doctor and the use of digitalis were less common in persons autopsied medico-legally than in those autopsied in the pathologic departments. In the former an acute infarction was most often located in the posterior wall and in the latter in the anterior wall of the left ventricle. The prevalence of an occlusion was highest in the right coronary artery in the former and in the left anterior descending coronary artery in the latter; In medico-legally autopsied cases in which a recent myocardial infarction was observed the interventricular septum was involved in 81 percent, but in cases with an old infarction the septum was involved in only 52 percent. No difference in the size of the hearts, the frequency of an old infarction or the prevalence of coronary occlusions was found between persons autopsied in the pathologic and forensic departments. Although a previous angina was about equally common in both sexes, old infarctions were more common in men. The increase in heart weight had occurred proportionally to the same extent in both sexes.", "contents": "Deaths from ischemic heart disease in persons aged 65 or younger in Helsinki in 1970 with special reference to patho-anatomic findings in hearts.?211. Deaths from ischemic heart disease(IHD) occurring during a period of one year in Helsinki in persons aged 65 years or younger have been investigated by the Ischaemic Heart Disease Register. Altogether 526 fatalities were registered. Autopsy data were collected in 432 cases, the autopsy rate being 82 percent. The results are presented separately for persons autopsied in the pathologic departments, representing mostly delayed deaths in hospitals, and for medico-legally autopsied persons representing sudden deaths outside hospitals. The diagnosis of IHD death was either based on the positive patho-anatomic or clinical evidence of an acute heart attack or supported by a history of clinical IHD in 92 percent of all registered fatal cases. In the remaining fatalities the possibility of other causes of death had been more or less definitely excluced. All persons with an acute attack of IHD and all autopsied cases showed a division into four socio-economic groups very similar to that of the population of Helsinki. Men belonging to the lowest social group were over-represented among medico-legally autopsied cases. A history of a previous heart disease, visits to a doctor and the use of digitalis were less common in persons autopsied medico-legally than in those autopsied in the pathologic departments. In the former an acute infarction was most often located in the posterior wall and in the latter in the anterior wall of the left ventricle. The prevalence of an occlusion was highest in the right coronary artery in the former and in the left anterior descending coronary artery in the latter; In medico-legally autopsied cases in which a recent myocardial infarction was observed the interventricular septum was involved in 81 percent, but in cases with an old infarction the septum was involved in only 52 percent. No difference in the size of the hearts, the frequency of an old infarction or the prevalence of coronary occlusions was found between persons autopsied in the pathologic and forensic departments. Although a previous angina was about equally common in both sexes, old infarctions were more common in men. The increase in heart weight had occurred proportionally to the same extent in both sexes.", "PMID": 1124661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8637", "title": "Oxygen uptake and cardiac output during submaximal and maximal exercise in adult subjects with totally corrected tetralogy of fallot.", "content": "Ten female and eight male adults with tetralogy of Fallot, the majority totally corrected at adult age, have been studied at rest and during submaximal and maximal exercise on a bicycle ergometer. Oxygen uptake was determined by the Douglas bag technique and cardiac output by the dye-dilution method. Maximal oxygen uptake was reduced about 30-40% from normal. Thus a complete normalization of the aerobic working capacity was not achieved in spite of an intracardiac repair that was considered surgically satisfactory. Cardiac output response to exercise was subnormal, mainly due to small stroke volumes and partly because of low heart rates. A fall in stroke volume of more than 10 ml was found in 8 of the patients during exercise. No correlation was found between stroke volume during maximal excercise, on the one hand, and the presence of a particular residual defect, anatomy of the right ventricular outflow tract prior to operation and the use of a right ventricular outflow patch on the other. However, too few patients were studied to allow any definite conclusions as to the possible influence of these variables. It remains to be shown whether the haemodynamic abnormalities will be less and the aerobic work capacity better if total correction is undertaken at an early age.", "contents": "Oxygen uptake and cardiac output during submaximal and maximal exercise in adult subjects with totally corrected tetralogy of fallot. Ten female and eight male adults with tetralogy of Fallot, the majority totally corrected at adult age, have been studied at rest and during submaximal and maximal exercise on a bicycle ergometer. Oxygen uptake was determined by the Douglas bag technique and cardiac output by the dye-dilution method. Maximal oxygen uptake was reduced about 30-40% from normal. Thus a complete normalization of the aerobic working capacity was not achieved in spite of an intracardiac repair that was considered surgically satisfactory. Cardiac output response to exercise was subnormal, mainly due to small stroke volumes and partly because of low heart rates. A fall in stroke volume of more than 10 ml was found in 8 of the patients during exercise. No correlation was found between stroke volume during maximal excercise, on the one hand, and the presence of a particular residual defect, anatomy of the right ventricular outflow tract prior to operation and the use of a right ventricular outflow patch on the other. However, too few patients were studied to allow any definite conclusions as to the possible influence of these variables. It remains to be shown whether the haemodynamic abnormalities will be less and the aerobic work capacity better if total correction is undertaken at an early age.", "PMID": 1124667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8638", "title": "Oxygen uptake arterial blood gases and blood lactate concentration during submaximal and maximal exercise in adult subjects with shunt-operated tetralogy of fallot.", "content": "Ten female and six male adult subjects with shunt-operated tetralogy of Fallot have been studied at rest and during submaximal and maximal exercise on an average 20 years after the palliative operation. There was a considerable reduction in the aerobic work capacity, maximal oxygen uptake (VO2) being 1.00 1/min STPD. Though ventilation (VE) was out of proportion to VO2 as indicated by an abnormally high ventilation equivalent (52.1), values for VEmax were low (50.81/min BTPS) and of approximately the same order as in a comparable group of totally corrected TOF patients. In spite of increased VE in relation VO2 the PaCO2 increased from 30 mmHg at rest to 49 mmHg during maximal exercise, while PaCO2 decreased from 60 mmHg at rest to 44 mmHg during submaximal exercise I. During heavier exercise no further fall was noted. Base excess decreased from -2.9 to -9.8 mEq/l. Thus a combined respiratory and metabolic acidosis was at hand during exercise, the metabolic component, however, being normal. Maximal blood lactate concentrations were low (5.8 mmol/l) and contrasted with the high intramuscular lactate concentrations earlier reported in some of the patients. The low values found for VO2 max indicate that a palliative operative procedure in TOF is no alternative to an intracardiac repair in the long-term course. The two main factors limiting exercise tolerance were acidosis and accumulation of lactate within the muscle cell.", "contents": "Oxygen uptake arterial blood gases and blood lactate concentration during submaximal and maximal exercise in adult subjects with shunt-operated tetralogy of fallot. Ten female and six male adult subjects with shunt-operated tetralogy of Fallot have been studied at rest and during submaximal and maximal exercise on an average 20 years after the palliative operation. There was a considerable reduction in the aerobic work capacity, maximal oxygen uptake (VO2) being 1.00 1/min STPD. Though ventilation (VE) was out of proportion to VO2 as indicated by an abnormally high ventilation equivalent (52.1), values for VEmax were low (50.81/min BTPS) and of approximately the same order as in a comparable group of totally corrected TOF patients. In spite of increased VE in relation VO2 the PaCO2 increased from 30 mmHg at rest to 49 mmHg during maximal exercise, while PaCO2 decreased from 60 mmHg at rest to 44 mmHg during submaximal exercise I. During heavier exercise no further fall was noted. Base excess decreased from -2.9 to -9.8 mEq/l. Thus a combined respiratory and metabolic acidosis was at hand during exercise, the metabolic component, however, being normal. Maximal blood lactate concentrations were low (5.8 mmol/l) and contrasted with the high intramuscular lactate concentrations earlier reported in some of the patients. The low values found for VO2 max indicate that a palliative operative procedure in TOF is no alternative to an intracardiac repair in the long-term course. The two main factors limiting exercise tolerance were acidosis and accumulation of lactate within the muscle cell.", "PMID": 1124668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8639", "title": "The frequency of secondary hypertension.", "content": "In a series comprising 482 patients with hypertension requiring treatment 79 percent had to be classified as essential hypertension. Bilateral renal disease was found in 9 percent, unilateral renal disease in 3.3 percent, but only one patient underwent surgery. Renal artery stenosis was found in 24 patients (5 percent), but only 5 (1 percent) were operated on. Two cases of primary hyperaldosteronism and one of phaeochromocytoma were found; in all three surgical intervention was successful. Oral contraceptives had caused the elevated BP in 7 patients (1.5 percent). It is emphasized that the frequency of curable hypertension is still very low and this should be taken into account when routine examination of patients with hypertension requiring treatment is discussed.", "contents": "The frequency of secondary hypertension. In a series comprising 482 patients with hypertension requiring treatment 79 percent had to be classified as essential hypertension. Bilateral renal disease was found in 9 percent, unilateral renal disease in 3.3 percent, but only one patient underwent surgery. Renal artery stenosis was found in 24 patients (5 percent), but only 5 (1 percent) were operated on. Two cases of primary hyperaldosteronism and one of phaeochromocytoma were found; in all three surgical intervention was successful. Oral contraceptives had caused the elevated BP in 7 patients (1.5 percent). It is emphasized that the frequency of curable hypertension is still very low and this should be taken into account when routine examination of patients with hypertension requiring treatment is discussed.", "PMID": 1124662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8640", "title": "Haemodynamic effect of atrail triggered versus fixed rate pacing at rest and during exercise in complete heart block.", "content": "The central haemodynamics at rest and during exercise have been studied in 25 patients with complete AV block who were treated with fixed rate (FRP) and atrial triggered pacemakers (ATP). The aim of the investigation has been to study the effect of a synchronized atrial contraction for the filling of the ventricles and for the cardiac output (Q). Pressures and Q have been determined during heart catheterization. The P wave for triggering the atrial synchronized pacemaker has been obtained with an electrode in close contact with the atria, introduced by means of mediastinoscopy. The study consists of two series. In the first series (12 patients) the central haemodynamics were recorded with each patient connected first the FRP (about 70 impulses/min) and later to the ATP. Most patients were studied both at rest and during exercise, the work loads being identical with both types of pacemakers. Q at rest is 10% higher with ATP (p less than 0.02) than with FRP and during exercise 20% higher with ATP (p less than 0.01). Stroke volume (SV) at rest is equal with both types of pacemakers, but significantly larger with FRP during work (p less 0.001). The left ventricular (LV) filling pressure is significantly lower (p less than 0.01) with ATP at rest, but not during exercise (p less than 0.8). In the second series 13 patients were studied at rest and during exercise. The recordings of pressures and Q were first performed with the patient on ATP. After 30 min rest an identical study was performed with the patient connected to FRP, the rate of which was matched (FRPm) to that previously recorded with ATP. Q at rest is 18% higher (p less than 0.01) with ATP than with FRPm and during work 8% higher (p less than 0.05) with ATP. SV at rest is significantly larger (p less than 0.01) with ATP than with FRPm, whereas during exercise no significant difference is observed between the two types of pacemakers. LV filling pressure at rest is significantly lower on the 5% level with ATP; during exercise no significant difference is observed. The investigation shows that in many patients, especially younger ones, treatment with ATP makes it possible to obtain a larger Q during exercise, and thus to increase the oxygen transporting capacity of the circulation. This benefical effect may be more pronounced in patients with low compliance of the ventricular myocardium.", "contents": "Haemodynamic effect of atrail triggered versus fixed rate pacing at rest and during exercise in complete heart block. The central haemodynamics at rest and during exercise have been studied in 25 patients with complete AV block who were treated with fixed rate (FRP) and atrial triggered pacemakers (ATP). The aim of the investigation has been to study the effect of a synchronized atrial contraction for the filling of the ventricles and for the cardiac output (Q). Pressures and Q have been determined during heart catheterization. The P wave for triggering the atrial synchronized pacemaker has been obtained with an electrode in close contact with the atria, introduced by means of mediastinoscopy. The study consists of two series. In the first series (12 patients) the central haemodynamics were recorded with each patient connected first the FRP (about 70 impulses/min) and later to the ATP. Most patients were studied both at rest and during exercise, the work loads being identical with both types of pacemakers. Q at rest is 10% higher with ATP (p less than 0.02) than with FRP and during exercise 20% higher with ATP (p less than 0.01). Stroke volume (SV) at rest is equal with both types of pacemakers, but significantly larger with FRP during work (p less 0.001). The left ventricular (LV) filling pressure is significantly lower (p less than 0.01) with ATP at rest, but not during exercise (p less than 0.8). In the second series 13 patients were studied at rest and during exercise. The recordings of pressures and Q were first performed with the patient on ATP. After 30 min rest an identical study was performed with the patient connected to FRP, the rate of which was matched (FRPm) to that previously recorded with ATP. Q at rest is 18% higher (p less than 0.01) with ATP than with FRPm and during work 8% higher (p less than 0.05) with ATP. SV at rest is significantly larger (p less than 0.01) with ATP than with FRPm, whereas during exercise no significant difference is observed between the two types of pacemakers. LV filling pressure at rest is significantly lower on the 5% level with ATP; during exercise no significant difference is observed. The investigation shows that in many patients, especially younger ones, treatment with ATP makes it possible to obtain a larger Q during exercise, and thus to increase the oxygen transporting capacity of the circulation. This benefical effect may be more pronounced in patients with low compliance of the ventricular myocardium.", "PMID": 1124669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8641", "title": "The thyroid in ulverative colitis and Crohn's disease. II. Thyroid enlargement and hyperthyroidism in ulcerative colitis.", "content": "The frequency of thyroid disease has been surveyed in 300 patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) and 600 controls. The controls were drawn from visitors to the general medical wards of the Radcliffe Infirmary and were matched for age and sex with the UC patients. Two observers independently assessed all these subjects for thyroid enlargement of the simple goitre type. Although there were minor variations between the results obtained by the two observers, they found simple goitre in 8.7-6.3 percent among the UC patients compared with 4.3-3.3% percent among the controls; a difference which is significant. A history of thyrotoxicosis was obtained in 3.7 percent of the UC patients compared with 0.8 percent of the controls (p greater than 0.01). In more than half of the UC patients with a history of hyperthyroidism, the hyperthyroidism occurred years before the onset of the colitis. It is therefore highly unlikely that hyperthyroidism is a complication of the colitismpossible reasons for the association of the two diseases are discussed but it is concluded that no satisfactory explanation exists at present.", "contents": "The thyroid in ulverative colitis and Crohn's disease. II. Thyroid enlargement and hyperthyroidism in ulcerative colitis. The frequency of thyroid disease has been surveyed in 300 patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) and 600 controls. The controls were drawn from visitors to the general medical wards of the Radcliffe Infirmary and were matched for age and sex with the UC patients. Two observers independently assessed all these subjects for thyroid enlargement of the simple goitre type. Although there were minor variations between the results obtained by the two observers, they found simple goitre in 8.7-6.3 percent among the UC patients compared with 4.3-3.3% percent among the controls; a difference which is significant. A history of thyrotoxicosis was obtained in 3.7 percent of the UC patients compared with 0.8 percent of the controls (p greater than 0.01). In more than half of the UC patients with a history of hyperthyroidism, the hyperthyroidism occurred years before the onset of the colitis. It is therefore highly unlikely that hyperthyroidism is a complication of the colitismpossible reasons for the association of the two diseases are discussed but it is concluded that no satisfactory explanation exists at present.", "PMID": 1124663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8642", "title": "Initial serum potassium level in relation to early complications and prognosis in patients with acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "During two years 450 patients with AMI have been treated in the CCU at Serafimerlasarettet. Serum potassium level was determined in 444 patients on admission. Hyperkalaemia was a rare finding associated with a bad state on admission and a poor prognosis. Hypokalaemia was recorded in 15% of the patients and was associated with previous diuretic treatment, supraventricular bradycardia as well as atrial flutter and fibrillation during the first 24 hours in the CCU. Ventricular ectopic beats and venticular tachycardia were also seen more frequently in hypokalaemic than in other patients.", "contents": "Initial serum potassium level in relation to early complications and prognosis in patients with acute myocardial infarction. During two years 450 patients with AMI have been treated in the CCU at Serafimerlasarettet. Serum potassium level was determined in 444 patients on admission. Hyperkalaemia was a rare finding associated with a bad state on admission and a poor prognosis. Hypokalaemia was recorded in 15% of the patients and was associated with previous diuretic treatment, supraventricular bradycardia as well as atrial flutter and fibrillation during the first 24 hours in the CCU. Ventricular ectopic beats and venticular tachycardia were also seen more frequently in hypokalaemic than in other patients.", "PMID": 1124670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8643", "title": "Incidence and presentation of myocardial infarction in North Karelia, Finland.", "content": "A myocardial infarction (mi) register was started on May 1, 1972 in the county of North Karelia in Eastern Finland as a part of the North Karelia project. Information about all cases with a suspected acute MI among the North Karelian population are collected by the register. The principles of the register follow the recommendations of the WHO expert working group. Altogether 713 cases were registered between May 1, and Dec. 31,1972. The distribution of them into diagnostic categories was: \"definite\" 57%, \"possible\" 30%, \"no acute MI\" 8% and \"insufficient information\" 5%. Patients with no acute MI have been excluded in the results. About 47% of the male patients below 65 years had a history of previous MI. Most of the patients in the group had been heavy cigarette smokers, eating mainly butter as the fat in their diet. Overweight was rare among the male patients but not among the females. During the years preceding the attack, most of the patients had visited a physician and a pathological ECG had been recorded. The average time delay before hospital treatment was internationally relatively short. The 4 week fatality rate among patients below 65 years was 37% for males and 35% for females. These rates were slightly lower than those in the register material in Helsinki. The annual incidence rate per thousand for the age group 30-64 in North Karelia was 13.8 among males and 2.6 among females. The incidence rate increased continuously with age among males,among females it increased markedly only after the age of 60. The risk ratio between North Karelia and Helsinki for the age standardized incidence rates of males in the age group 30-64 was 1.38, and for respective mortality rates 1.21. Within North Karelia the highest incidence rate for males aged 30-64 was recorded in the rural area of Ilomantsi-Tuupovaara in the East.", "contents": "Incidence and presentation of myocardial infarction in North Karelia, Finland. A myocardial infarction (mi) register was started on May 1, 1972 in the county of North Karelia in Eastern Finland as a part of the North Karelia project. Information about all cases with a suspected acute MI among the North Karelian population are collected by the register. The principles of the register follow the recommendations of the WHO expert working group. Altogether 713 cases were registered between May 1, and Dec. 31,1972. The distribution of them into diagnostic categories was: \"definite\" 57%, \"possible\" 30%, \"no acute MI\" 8% and \"insufficient information\" 5%. Patients with no acute MI have been excluded in the results. About 47% of the male patients below 65 years had a history of previous MI. Most of the patients in the group had been heavy cigarette smokers, eating mainly butter as the fat in their diet. Overweight was rare among the male patients but not among the females. During the years preceding the attack, most of the patients had visited a physician and a pathological ECG had been recorded. The average time delay before hospital treatment was internationally relatively short. The 4 week fatality rate among patients below 65 years was 37% for males and 35% for females. These rates were slightly lower than those in the register material in Helsinki. The annual incidence rate per thousand for the age group 30-64 in North Karelia was 13.8 among males and 2.6 among females. The incidence rate increased continuously with age among males,among females it increased markedly only after the age of 60. The risk ratio between North Karelia and Helsinki for the age standardized incidence rates of males in the age group 30-64 was 1.38, and for respective mortality rates 1.21. Within North Karelia the highest incidence rate for males aged 30-64 was recorded in the rural area of Ilomantsi-Tuupovaara in the East.", "PMID": 1124671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8644", "title": "Substrate incorporation into hepatic lipids and proteins in vitro in patients with pre-beta hyperlipoproteinemia.", "content": "Fifty-three patients operated on for uncomplicated gallstone disease have been studied concerning the hepatic synthesis rate in vitro of glycerides and proteins. Thirteen of the patients had pre-beta hyperlipoproteinemia. Five of them and four normolipoproteinemic patients were fed a sucrose-enriched diet for two weeks prior to the operation. In the non-sucrose-fed hyperlipoproteinemic patients the liver concentration of triglycerides (TG) and the incorporation rate of precursors into TG were increased. A significant correlation was found between the synthesis rate of TG in liver tissue and the plasma TG concentration in these hyperlipoproteinemic patients. After sucrose feeding of patients with hyperlipoproteinemia the concentration of phosphoglycerides  (PG) the incorporation rate of labelled precursors in PG were significantly lower than in normolipoproteinemic patients and in hyperlipoproteinemic patients on an ordinary diet. The incorporation rate of leucine into hepatic proteins and the hepatic protein concentration were the same in non-sucrose-fed controls, sucrose-fed, and non-sucrose-fed hyperlipoproteinemic patients. The results indicate an increased vulnerability of the hepatic PG and protein metabolism for dietary sucrose in patients with pre-beta hyperlipoproteinemia.", "contents": "Substrate incorporation into hepatic lipids and proteins in vitro in patients with pre-beta hyperlipoproteinemia. Fifty-three patients operated on for uncomplicated gallstone disease have been studied concerning the hepatic synthesis rate in vitro of glycerides and proteins. Thirteen of the patients had pre-beta hyperlipoproteinemia. Five of them and four normolipoproteinemic patients were fed a sucrose-enriched diet for two weeks prior to the operation. In the non-sucrose-fed hyperlipoproteinemic patients the liver concentration of triglycerides (TG) and the incorporation rate of precursors into TG were increased. A significant correlation was found between the synthesis rate of TG in liver tissue and the plasma TG concentration in these hyperlipoproteinemic patients. After sucrose feeding of patients with hyperlipoproteinemia the concentration of phosphoglycerides  (PG) the incorporation rate of labelled precursors in PG were significantly lower than in normolipoproteinemic patients and in hyperlipoproteinemic patients on an ordinary diet. The incorporation rate of leucine into hepatic proteins and the hepatic protein concentration were the same in non-sucrose-fed controls, sucrose-fed, and non-sucrose-fed hyperlipoproteinemic patients. The results indicate an increased vulnerability of the hepatic PG and protein metabolism for dietary sucrose in patients with pre-beta hyperlipoproteinemia.", "PMID": 1124672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8645", "title": "Antibody titre changes and skin reactivity in patients with liver cirrhosis undergoing portocaval shunt operation.", "content": "Ten patients with liver cirrhosis undergoing portocaval shunt operation have been followed immunologically during their postoperative course regarding antibody titres to various antigens, viral as well as bacterial. The antibody determinations included rubella, vaccinia and cytomagalo viruses, diptheria toxoid, Candida albicans, streptolysin O, typhoid and paratyphoid O and H and the syphilis reactions: Kahn, Wassermann and Meinicke. Twenty-one blood donors served as controls. Skin test reactions to diptheria, Candida albicans, streptokinase and tuberculin were performed on the same patients. Eight patients submitted to cholecystectomy served as controls for pre-and postoperative skin tests and antibody titres. The liver cirrhosis group before operation had a significantly higher number of elevated antibody titres concomitant with a significantly reduced skin test reactivity to diphtheria toxoid and streptokinase. An increase in the number of elevated antibody titres was seen after portocaval shunt operation. In no case was a higher antibody titre associated with an increase in skin reactivity to the corresponding antigen. A number of significant titre changes to viral antigens were seen in the postoperative course without clinical evidence of the corresponding viral disease. Thes findings indicate that under certain circumstances antibody titre changes should be interpreted with caution.", "contents": "Antibody titre changes and skin reactivity in patients with liver cirrhosis undergoing portocaval shunt operation. Ten patients with liver cirrhosis undergoing portocaval shunt operation have been followed immunologically during their postoperative course regarding antibody titres to various antigens, viral as well as bacterial. The antibody determinations included rubella, vaccinia and cytomagalo viruses, diptheria toxoid, Candida albicans, streptolysin O, typhoid and paratyphoid O and H and the syphilis reactions: Kahn, Wassermann and Meinicke. Twenty-one blood donors served as controls. Skin test reactions to diptheria, Candida albicans, streptokinase and tuberculin were performed on the same patients. Eight patients submitted to cholecystectomy served as controls for pre-and postoperative skin tests and antibody titres. The liver cirrhosis group before operation had a significantly higher number of elevated antibody titres concomitant with a significantly reduced skin test reactivity to diphtheria toxoid and streptokinase. An increase in the number of elevated antibody titres was seen after portocaval shunt operation. In no case was a higher antibody titre associated with an increase in skin reactivity to the corresponding antigen. A number of significant titre changes to viral antigens were seen in the postoperative course without clinical evidence of the corresponding viral disease. Thes findings indicate that under certain circumstances antibody titre changes should be interpreted with caution.", "PMID": 1124673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8646", "title": "Goal-setting as compensation for fear-of-success.", "content": "Stories written in response to an academic achievement cue by junior high girls were scored for imagery that reflected fear of success. Fifty-four percent contained fear-of success themes, less than previously reported for college girls. The subjects subsequently worked in a group setting as they identified mistakes in a set of pictures. Each subject kept tally of her own progress as she proceeded with the task. Fifty-eight subjects were encouraged to set goals as they worked through the pictures and found significantly more mistakes from first picture to last than the 37 subjects who received control instructions. Task response was compared to interpretation of the story cue. The subjects who wrote positive stories and received control instructions for the picture mistake task found significantly more mistakes as they progressed through the task than the subjects who wrote fear-of-success stories. No significant difference in mistake indentification was found when goal-setting instructions were given between those who had written positive stories and those who had written fear-of-success stories. Goal-setting instructions appeared to compensate for the effects of fear-of-success that many girls exhibited.", "contents": "Goal-setting as compensation for fear-of-success. Stories written in response to an academic achievement cue by junior high girls were scored for imagery that reflected fear of success. Fifty-four percent contained fear-of success themes, less than previously reported for college girls. The subjects subsequently worked in a group setting as they identified mistakes in a set of pictures. Each subject kept tally of her own progress as she proceeded with the task. Fifty-eight subjects were encouraged to set goals as they worked through the pictures and found significantly more mistakes from first picture to last than the 37 subjects who received control instructions. Task response was compared to interpretation of the story cue. The subjects who wrote positive stories and received control instructions for the picture mistake task found significantly more mistakes as they progressed through the task than the subjects who wrote fear-of-success stories. No significant difference in mistake indentification was found when goal-setting instructions were given between those who had written positive stories and those who had written fear-of-success stories. Goal-setting instructions appeared to compensate for the effects of fear-of-success that many girls exhibited.", "PMID": 1124683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8647", "title": "Dating patterns, sexual relationships and use of contraceptives of 700 unwed mothers during a two year period following delivery.", "content": "Little has been systematically studied regarding the adjustment period following the birth of an illegitimate child and finalizing the decision to either raise or relinquish the child for adoption. In order to better understand the phenomenon it was decided to ask the UM herself regarding her experience. Seven hundred UMs were sent a questionnaire, each being randomly assigned to several time intervals varying from 3 to 18 months post decision time. The UMs were approximately 98% Caucasian, coming from primarily low and middle socioeconomic levels, and residing in the Upper Midwest. Questionnaires were returned by 79% of the UMs (n equals 550). Over 75% of thses had relinquished their child for adoption. The majority of the UMs reported they were dating (86%), with approximately one-half dating someone steadily at the time of the study. Those who relinquished reported a higher incidence of dating in general, however, those who kept their children were more linely to date and marry the alleged father (AF). Approximately one-half of the UMs had indicated having had sexual intercourse, and over 75% of these indicated that they were contracepting. However, of those not having had intercourse, approximately 10% were contracepting. These dating patterns and sexual relationships varied by age and the respective decision regarding the child. As other adjustment areas are examined in the total study it is hoped that a clearer understanding of the dyamics will be forthcoming.", "contents": "Dating patterns, sexual relationships and use of contraceptives of 700 unwed mothers during a two year period following delivery. Little has been systematically studied regarding the adjustment period following the birth of an illegitimate child and finalizing the decision to either raise or relinquish the child for adoption. In order to better understand the phenomenon it was decided to ask the UM herself regarding her experience. Seven hundred UMs were sent a questionnaire, each being randomly assigned to several time intervals varying from 3 to 18 months post decision time. The UMs were approximately 98% Caucasian, coming from primarily low and middle socioeconomic levels, and residing in the Upper Midwest. Questionnaires were returned by 79% of the UMs (n equals 550). Over 75% of thses had relinquished their child for adoption. The majority of the UMs reported they were dating (86%), with approximately one-half dating someone steadily at the time of the study. Those who relinquished reported a higher incidence of dating in general, however, those who kept their children were more linely to date and marry the alleged father (AF). Approximately one-half of the UMs had indicated having had sexual intercourse, and over 75% of these indicated that they were contracepting. However, of those not having had intercourse, approximately 10% were contracepting. These dating patterns and sexual relationships varied by age and the respective decision regarding the child. As other adjustment areas are examined in the total study it is hoped that a clearer understanding of the dyamics will be forthcoming.", "PMID": 1124686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8648", "title": "Treating heroin overdose.", "content": "Immediate attention must be given to the respiratory system of the heroin abuser; then he should be given naloxone HCl. Search for evidence of use of additional drugs, which may compound problems. Pulmonary edema, aspiration pneumonia and pulmonary embolization are the most common complications. Infections, particularly endocarditis, and cardiac arrhythmia also occur with heroin overdose. Hepatitis is common. Treatment must include not only attention to the presenting symptoms but also referral to a rehabilitation center when possible.", "contents": "Treating heroin overdose. Immediate attention must be given to the respiratory system of the heroin abuser; then he should be given naloxone HCl. Search for evidence of use of additional drugs, which may compound problems. Pulmonary edema, aspiration pneumonia and pulmonary embolization are the most common complications. Infections, particularly endocarditis, and cardiac arrhythmia also occur with heroin overdose. Hepatitis is common. Treatment must include not only attention to the presenting symptoms but also referral to a rehabilitation center when possible.", "PMID": 1124710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8649", "title": "Hemodialysis in the home.", "content": "Hemodialysis can be performed safely and satisfactorily in the home. It is the method of choice for long-term maintence dialysis in properly selected patients and offers an excellent opportunity for porlonged survival and rehabilitation. Minimal criteria include the availability of an assistant, suitable physical facilities, appropriate age, adequate intellectual capacity and the potential for rehabilitation.", "contents": "Hemodialysis in the home. Hemodialysis can be performed safely and satisfactorily in the home. It is the method of choice for long-term maintence dialysis in properly selected patients and offers an excellent opportunity for porlonged survival and rehabilitation. Minimal criteria include the availability of an assistant, suitable physical facilities, appropriate age, adequate intellectual capacity and the potential for rehabilitation.", "PMID": 1124711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8650", "title": "Psychohormonal treatment during the menopause.", "content": "Today the physician who treats women with emotional problems during menopause cannot function solely as a psychotherapist; he must deal with both their soma and psyche. The interaction between the endocrine and emotional states has long been known. When the equilibrium of an essentially normal state--menopause--is disturbed, a multifaceted approach is essential to restore homeostasis. Hormone replacement, psychotherapy and psychotropic drugs may all be necessary. Serial vaginal smears are useful in monitoring therapy.", "contents": "Psychohormonal treatment during the menopause. Today the physician who treats women with emotional problems during menopause cannot function solely as a psychotherapist; he must deal with both their soma and psyche. The interaction between the endocrine and emotional states has long been known. When the equilibrium of an essentially normal state--menopause--is disturbed, a multifaceted approach is essential to restore homeostasis. Hormone replacement, psychotherapy and psychotropic drugs may all be necessary. Serial vaginal smears are useful in monitoring therapy.", "PMID": 1124713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8651", "title": "Natural history of S-T segment elevation after acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "Clinical, electrocardiographic and cineventriculographic data in two patient groups were analyzed to define the natural history of S-T segment elevation after myocardial infarction. In sixteen of 22 patients (73 percent) with acute inferior myocardial infarction, S-T segment elevation was present on hospital admission, persisting in 1 (5 percent) by the 2nd week. S-T segment elevation was present on admission in 18 of 23 patients (78 per cent) with acute anterior myocardial infarction and persisted in 13 after 1 week and in 9 of 14 (64 percent) during a follow-up period of 1 to 6 months. S-T segment elevation lasting more than 2 weeks after myocardial infarction did not resolve. Compared with patients with inferior myocardial infarction or anterior infarction without persistent S-T segment elevation, patients with anterior infarction and persistent S-T segment elevation had a higher level of mean maximal serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK), more severe left ventricular decompensation and a greater frequency of death in the early follow-up period. In a separate series of 95 patients with cineangiographically documented coronary artery disease, 40 of 65 patients (62 percent) with advanced anterior and apical asynergy had persistent S-T segment elevation. By contrast, only 1 of 30 (3 percent) with coronary disease and normal ventriculograms had persistent S-T segment elevation. We concluded that (1) the natural history of S-T segment elevation after myocardial infarction is resolution within 2 weeks in 95 percent of inferior but in only 40 percent of anterior infarctions; (2) S-T segment elevation persisting more than 2 weeks after myocardial infarction does not resolve; (3) persistent S-T segment elevation is associated with clinically more severe myocardial infarction; and (4) in patients with coronary artery disease, persistent S-T segment elevation after myocardial infarction is a specific but insensitive index of advanced asynergy.", "contents": "Natural history of S-T segment elevation after acute myocardial infarction. Clinical, electrocardiographic and cineventriculographic data in two patient groups were analyzed to define the natural history of S-T segment elevation after myocardial infarction. In sixteen of 22 patients (73 percent) with acute inferior myocardial infarction, S-T segment elevation was present on hospital admission, persisting in 1 (5 percent) by the 2nd week. S-T segment elevation was present on admission in 18 of 23 patients (78 per cent) with acute anterior myocardial infarction and persisted in 13 after 1 week and in 9 of 14 (64 percent) during a follow-up period of 1 to 6 months. S-T segment elevation lasting more than 2 weeks after myocardial infarction did not resolve. Compared with patients with inferior myocardial infarction or anterior infarction without persistent S-T segment elevation, patients with anterior infarction and persistent S-T segment elevation had a higher level of mean maximal serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK), more severe left ventricular decompensation and a greater frequency of death in the early follow-up period. In a separate series of 95 patients with cineangiographically documented coronary artery disease, 40 of 65 patients (62 percent) with advanced anterior and apical asynergy had persistent S-T segment elevation. By contrast, only 1 of 30 (3 percent) with coronary disease and normal ventriculograms had persistent S-T segment elevation. We concluded that (1) the natural history of S-T segment elevation after myocardial infarction is resolution within 2 weeks in 95 percent of inferior but in only 40 percent of anterior infarctions; (2) S-T segment elevation persisting more than 2 weeks after myocardial infarction does not resolve; (3) persistent S-T segment elevation is associated with clinically more severe myocardial infarction; and (4) in patients with coronary artery disease, persistent S-T segment elevation after myocardial infarction is a specific but insensitive index of advanced asynergy.", "PMID": 1124714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8652", "title": "Q waves and ventricular asynergy: predictive value and hemodynamic significance of anatomic localization.", "content": "Two hundred sixteen consecutive patients were evaluated to determine the value of pathologic Q waves in predicting the presence and severity of ventricular asynergy. Of 64 patients with pathologic Q waves, 95 percent demonstrated asynergy. Q waves in the anterior leads denoted asynergy in 30 of 30 patients, anterior asynergy in 29 of 30 and an anterior aneurysm in 25. Q waves in the inferior leads indicated asynergy in 30 of 33 patients, inferior asynergy in 25 of 30 and an associated aneurysm in 19. Conversely, of 52 patients with an aneurysm, 44 also had pathologic Q waves. If Q waves were present, 72 percent of asynergic zones exhibited akinesis or dyskinesis; however, in the absence of Q waves an aneurysm was present in only 22 percent (P less than 0.0001). Hemodynamically, anterior asynergy, whether defined by Q waves or by ventriculography, was associated with more left ventricular dysfunction than was inferior asynergy (P less than 0.01). Of 21 patients with a cardiomyopathy, none had pathologic Q waves. The data indicate that pathologic Q waves can aid significantly in predicting the presence and location of a severely asynergic zone. Although their absence does not exclude the possibility of asynergy, the latter is much less likely and, if present, amy be of milder form.", "contents": "Q waves and ventricular asynergy: predictive value and hemodynamic significance of anatomic localization. Two hundred sixteen consecutive patients were evaluated to determine the value of pathologic Q waves in predicting the presence and severity of ventricular asynergy. Of 64 patients with pathologic Q waves, 95 percent demonstrated asynergy. Q waves in the anterior leads denoted asynergy in 30 of 30 patients, anterior asynergy in 29 of 30 and an anterior aneurysm in 25. Q waves in the inferior leads indicated asynergy in 30 of 33 patients, inferior asynergy in 25 of 30 and an associated aneurysm in 19. Conversely, of 52 patients with an aneurysm, 44 also had pathologic Q waves. If Q waves were present, 72 percent of asynergic zones exhibited akinesis or dyskinesis; however, in the absence of Q waves an aneurysm was present in only 22 percent (P less than 0.0001). Hemodynamically, anterior asynergy, whether defined by Q waves or by ventriculography, was associated with more left ventricular dysfunction than was inferior asynergy (P less than 0.01). Of 21 patients with a cardiomyopathy, none had pathologic Q waves. The data indicate that pathologic Q waves can aid significantly in predicting the presence and location of a severely asynergic zone. Although their absence does not exclude the possibility of asynergy, the latter is much less likely and, if present, amy be of milder form.", "PMID": 1124715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8653", "title": "Effects of changes in preload, afterload and inotropic state on ejection and isovolumic phase measures of contractility in the conscious dog.", "content": "Despite much investigation, the usefulness of various indexes employed clinically for detecting alterations in ventricular contractility in the intact circulation remains controversial. The effects of acute preload, afterload and contractility changes on both ejection and isovolumic phase measures of left ventricular function were analyzed in normal, trained conscious dogs instrumented with micromanometers and endocardial ultrasonic diameter gauges. Rapid volume overload increased the excursion of the left ventricular diameter (delta LVD) by 7 percent above the control level, but mean velocity of circumferential shortening (VCF) did not change significantly; peak rate of left ventricular pressure rise (dP/dt) increased by 11 percent and (dP/dt)/DP40 (DP = developed pressure) was augmented by 10 percent, but maximal [(dP/dt)/LVP], or \"Vpm,\" decreased by 20 percent. Pressure overload by phenylephrine infusion decreased delta LVD by 15 percent and mean VCF fell by 26 percent; peak dP/dt and (dP/dt)/DP40 remained unaltered, but VPM was reduced by 37 percent. Isoproterenol augmented peak dP/dt by 55 percent, and (dP/dt)/DP40, Vpm and mean VCF were increased comparably. Propranolol decreased these measures equally by about 16 percent. Therefore, in the conscious animal in the steady state, isovolumic phase indexes were mildly influenced by acute volume loading, wheras ejection phase indexes were not. Acute increases in aortic pressure markedly reduced ejection phase measures, whereas the isovolumic indexes were unaffected. All of the indexes studied were comparably sensitive to acute alterations in contractility, but we conclude that no single measure can always be used for defining an acute contractility change in the intact circulation.", "contents": "Effects of changes in preload, afterload and inotropic state on ejection and isovolumic phase measures of contractility in the conscious dog. Despite much investigation, the usefulness of various indexes employed clinically for detecting alterations in ventricular contractility in the intact circulation remains controversial. The effects of acute preload, afterload and contractility changes on both ejection and isovolumic phase measures of left ventricular function were analyzed in normal, trained conscious dogs instrumented with micromanometers and endocardial ultrasonic diameter gauges. Rapid volume overload increased the excursion of the left ventricular diameter (delta LVD) by 7 percent above the control level, but mean velocity of circumferential shortening (VCF) did not change significantly; peak rate of left ventricular pressure rise (dP/dt) increased by 11 percent and (dP/dt)/DP40 (DP = developed pressure) was augmented by 10 percent, but maximal [(dP/dt)/LVP], or \"Vpm,\" decreased by 20 percent. Pressure overload by phenylephrine infusion decreased delta LVD by 15 percent and mean VCF fell by 26 percent; peak dP/dt and (dP/dt)/DP40 remained unaltered, but VPM was reduced by 37 percent. Isoproterenol augmented peak dP/dt by 55 percent, and (dP/dt)/DP40, Vpm and mean VCF were increased comparably. Propranolol decreased these measures equally by about 16 percent. Therefore, in the conscious animal in the steady state, isovolumic phase indexes were mildly influenced by acute volume loading, wheras ejection phase indexes were not. Acute increases in aortic pressure markedly reduced ejection phase measures, whereas the isovolumic indexes were unaffected. All of the indexes studied were comparably sensitive to acute alterations in contractility, but we conclude that no single measure can always be used for defining an acute contractility change in the intact circulation.", "PMID": 1124716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8654", "title": "Noninvasive assessment of clinical response to oral propranolol therapy.", "content": "Nineteen patients with severe but stable angina pectoris entered a double blind controlled study to evaluate the effect of orally administered propranolol on exercise tolerance measured with a bicycle ergometer, and left ventricular function measured by echocardiography and systolic time intervals. In the group treated with propranolol the dose was increased from 80 to 320 mg/day. Studies including determination of propranolol blood levels were obtained before treatment and for each dose of propranolol. With propranolol, 80 mg/day, total work performance increased by 128 percent from 765 plus or minus 125 before treatment to 1,792 plus or minus 285 kilopond-meters (mean plus or minus standard error) (P less than 0.01). With 160 mg of propranolol daily, total work performance decreased, but remained higher than at control levels. In the group given propranolol, left ventricular function decreased progressively with increasing doses of the drug. As measured from the echocardiogram, maximal endocardial posterior wall velocity decreased 42 percent, from 72 plus or minus 7 to to 41 plus or minus 4 mm/sec (P less than 0.02); ejection fraction decreased 13 percent, from 0.68 plus or minus 0.01 to 0.59 plus or minus 0.01; and end-diastolic bolume increased 28 percent, from 79 plus or minus 11 to 102 plus or minus 9 ml/m2 (P less than 0.05). The preejection period and the ratio between preejection period and left ventricular ejection time significantly increased with progessive dose increments. There was no correlation between blood level of propranolol and improved work performance. Exercise tolerance was maximally improved with doses of 80 to 160 mg/day. At higher dose levels left ventricular function deteriorated and exercise work decreased. Noninvasive assessment of left ventricular function proved more valuable than determination of drug blood levels in managing patients with angina pectoris and provided a guide to optimal adjustment of dosage.", "contents": "Noninvasive assessment of clinical response to oral propranolol therapy. Nineteen patients with severe but stable angina pectoris entered a double blind controlled study to evaluate the effect of orally administered propranolol on exercise tolerance measured with a bicycle ergometer, and left ventricular function measured by echocardiography and systolic time intervals. In the group treated with propranolol the dose was increased from 80 to 320 mg/day. Studies including determination of propranolol blood levels were obtained before treatment and for each dose of propranolol. With propranolol, 80 mg/day, total work performance increased by 128 percent from 765 plus or minus 125 before treatment to 1,792 plus or minus 285 kilopond-meters (mean plus or minus standard error) (P less than 0.01). With 160 mg of propranolol daily, total work performance decreased, but remained higher than at control levels. In the group given propranolol, left ventricular function decreased progressively with increasing doses of the drug. As measured from the echocardiogram, maximal endocardial posterior wall velocity decreased 42 percent, from 72 plus or minus 7 to to 41 plus or minus 4 mm/sec (P less than 0.02); ejection fraction decreased 13 percent, from 0.68 plus or minus 0.01 to 0.59 plus or minus 0.01; and end-diastolic bolume increased 28 percent, from 79 plus or minus 11 to 102 plus or minus 9 ml/m2 (P less than 0.05). The preejection period and the ratio between preejection period and left ventricular ejection time significantly increased with progessive dose increments. There was no correlation between blood level of propranolol and improved work performance. Exercise tolerance was maximally improved with doses of 80 to 160 mg/day. At higher dose levels left ventricular function deteriorated and exercise work decreased. Noninvasive assessment of left ventricular function proved more valuable than determination of drug blood levels in managing patients with angina pectoris and provided a guide to optimal adjustment of dosage.", "PMID": 1124717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8655", "title": "The use of practolol in supraventricular arrhythmias associated with acute illnesses.", "content": "Supraventricular arrhythmias complicating acute illnesses were treated with intravenously administered practolol, a cardioselective beta adrenergic blocking agent. Slowing of atrioventricular conduction resulted in rapid control of ventricular rate in 23 of 33 episodes (70 percent) in 31 patients. Profound hypotension developed in two patients, presumably as a result of interference with adrenergic circulatory support. Serum levels from 19 patients showed no correlation with response to therapy and were much lower than levels previously reported necessary for slowing of tachycardias induced by isoproterenol and exercise. Response to practolol was maximum within 15 minutes and was not improved by additional dosage sufficient to raise serum levels. Practolol was a rapidly effective and safe antiarrhythmic agent in situations in which propranolol would be contraindicated and the risk of digitalis toxicity increased; it should be considered a primary drug for initiation of therapy for supraventricular tachyarrhythmias.", "contents": "The use of practolol in supraventricular arrhythmias associated with acute illnesses. Supraventricular arrhythmias complicating acute illnesses were treated with intravenously administered practolol, a cardioselective beta adrenergic blocking agent. Slowing of atrioventricular conduction resulted in rapid control of ventricular rate in 23 of 33 episodes (70 percent) in 31 patients. Profound hypotension developed in two patients, presumably as a result of interference with adrenergic circulatory support. Serum levels from 19 patients showed no correlation with response to therapy and were much lower than levels previously reported necessary for slowing of tachycardias induced by isoproterenol and exercise. Response to practolol was maximum within 15 minutes and was not improved by additional dosage sufficient to raise serum levels. Practolol was a rapidly effective and safe antiarrhythmic agent in situations in which propranolol would be contraindicated and the risk of digitalis toxicity increased; it should be considered a primary drug for initiation of therapy for supraventricular tachyarrhythmias.", "PMID": 1124718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8656", "title": "Inefficacy of \"therapeutic\" serum levels of digoxin in controlling the ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation.", "content": "Although therapeutic and toxic serum concentrations of digoxin have been established, there is sparse information permitting correlation of drug level with clinical effect. This study was undertaken to assess the radioimmunoassay serum digoxin levels in 30 patients with acute atrial fibrillation (38 determinations) and 30 patients with chronic atrial fibrillation (54 determinations). Those with chronic fibrillation were subdivided into those in clinically stable condition (14 patients), and those seriously ill and in clinically unstable condition (16 patients). Slowing of ventricular rate in patients with stable, chronic atrial fibrillation was accomplished in 10 of 16 instances by \"therapeutic\" and \"subtherapeutic\" levels of digoxin (less than 2 ng/ml). Ventricular rate was \"controlled\" (65 to 95 beats/min) with therapeutic levels of serum digoxin in only five instances of acute atrial fibrillation and seven of unstable chronic atrial fibrillation. In 43 studies (23 of acute atrial fibrillation, 20 of chronic atrial fibrillation), a rapid ventricular rate (95 to 140 beats/min) persisted in the presence of \"therapeutic\" or high levels of digoxin. Thirty-nine of these were in patients who were seriously ill with conditions such as infection, hypoxia or recent thoracotomy. Slowing of the ventricular rate required \"toxic\" concentrations of digoxin (2.5 to 6 ng/ml) in 15 instances. We conclude that sufficient amounts of digoxin to achieve \"therapeutic\" serum concentrations may fall to lower the ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation to less than 100 beats/min, especially when a serious, complicating illness coexists.", "contents": "Inefficacy of \"therapeutic\" serum levels of digoxin in controlling the ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation. Although therapeutic and toxic serum concentrations of digoxin have been established, there is sparse information permitting correlation of drug level with clinical effect. This study was undertaken to assess the radioimmunoassay serum digoxin levels in 30 patients with acute atrial fibrillation (38 determinations) and 30 patients with chronic atrial fibrillation (54 determinations). Those with chronic fibrillation were subdivided into those in clinically stable condition (14 patients), and those seriously ill and in clinically unstable condition (16 patients). Slowing of ventricular rate in patients with stable, chronic atrial fibrillation was accomplished in 10 of 16 instances by \"therapeutic\" and \"subtherapeutic\" levels of digoxin (less than 2 ng/ml). Ventricular rate was \"controlled\" (65 to 95 beats/min) with therapeutic levels of serum digoxin in only five instances of acute atrial fibrillation and seven of unstable chronic atrial fibrillation. In 43 studies (23 of acute atrial fibrillation, 20 of chronic atrial fibrillation), a rapid ventricular rate (95 to 140 beats/min) persisted in the presence of \"therapeutic\" or high levels of digoxin. Thirty-nine of these were in patients who were seriously ill with conditions such as infection, hypoxia or recent thoracotomy. Slowing of the ventricular rate required \"toxic\" concentrations of digoxin (2.5 to 6 ng/ml) in 15 instances. We conclude that sufficient amounts of digoxin to achieve \"therapeutic\" serum concentrations may fall to lower the ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation to less than 100 beats/min, especially when a serious, complicating illness coexists.", "PMID": 1124719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8657", "title": "Action of drugs in patients early after cardiac surgery. I. Comparison of isoproterenol and dopamine.", "content": "Dopamine and isoproterenol were each administered in two different doses to 12 patients with coronary artery disease in the period immediately after open heart surgery. The two doses of dopamine resulted in respective increases in cardiac output of 23 and 43 percent and reductions in systemic vascular resistance of 23 and 32 percent; neither dose significantly altered heart rate. The two doses of isoproterenol caused respective increases of 23 and 37 percent in cardiac output and 18 and 28 percent in heart rate and reductions in systemic vascular resistance of 22 and 29 percent. We conclude that lack of chronotropic effect of dopamine as compared with isoproterenol may make the former the agent of choice in patients requiring inotropic agents for their care in the early period after cardiac surgery.", "contents": "Action of drugs in patients early after cardiac surgery. I. Comparison of isoproterenol and dopamine. Dopamine and isoproterenol were each administered in two different doses to 12 patients with coronary artery disease in the period immediately after open heart surgery. The two doses of dopamine resulted in respective increases in cardiac output of 23 and 43 percent and reductions in systemic vascular resistance of 23 and 32 percent; neither dose significantly altered heart rate. The two doses of isoproterenol caused respective increases of 23 and 37 percent in cardiac output and 18 and 28 percent in heart rate and reductions in systemic vascular resistance of 22 and 29 percent. We conclude that lack of chronotropic effect of dopamine as compared with isoproterenol may make the former the agent of choice in patients requiring inotropic agents for their care in the early period after cardiac surgery.", "PMID": 1124720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8658", "title": "Hyperkinetic heart in severe hypertension: a separate clinical hemodynamic entity.", "content": "A long-term study of established hypertension helped identify a well defined group of 10 patients who differed both clinically and hemodynamically from 59 patients with the more frequent form of this disease. Their cardiac output was significantly increased (P less than 0.001) despite a severe elevation of arterial pressure (average 212/125 mm Hg plus or minus 13.5/7.3[standard error[). All had labile hypertension of long standing (16.2 years average) that was difficult to control and always symptomatic; in all, the diagnosis of pheochromocytoma had to be specifically excluded. Increased myocardial contractility was suggested by (1) significant elevation of the rate of rise of isovolumic pressure (P less than 0.001), and (2) high ratio of cardiac output to cardiopulmonary volume (P less than 0.005). Beta adrenergic blockade with propranolol helped to alleviate symptoms and to control tachycardia but failed by itself to reduce arterial pressure.", "contents": "Hyperkinetic heart in severe hypertension: a separate clinical hemodynamic entity. A long-term study of established hypertension helped identify a well defined group of 10 patients who differed both clinically and hemodynamically from 59 patients with the more frequent form of this disease. Their cardiac output was significantly increased (P less than 0.001) despite a severe elevation of arterial pressure (average 212/125 mm Hg plus or minus 13.5/7.3[standard error[). All had labile hypertension of long standing (16.2 years average) that was difficult to control and always symptomatic; in all, the diagnosis of pheochromocytoma had to be specifically excluded. Increased myocardial contractility was suggested by (1) significant elevation of the rate of rise of isovolumic pressure (P less than 0.001), and (2) high ratio of cardiac output to cardiopulmonary volume (P less than 0.005). Beta adrenergic blockade with propranolol helped to alleviate symptoms and to control tachycardia but failed by itself to reduce arterial pressure.", "PMID": 1124721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8659", "title": "Atypical posterior leaflet motion in echocardiogram in mitral stenosis.", "content": "The echocardiographic diagnosis of mitral stenosis is based on the finding of a decreased early diastolic slope of the anterior mitral leaflet. This finding is also seen in other conditions in which the rate of left ventricular filling is reduced by decreased compliance of the ventricular myocardium rather than by mitral valve obstruction. Patients with \"true\" mitral stenosis have been differentiated from those with decreased ventricular compliance resulting in \"false\" mitral stenosis by the direction of movement of the posterior mitral valve leaflet. This report describes a patient with mitral stenosis proved at cardiac catheterization whose echocardiogram showed posterior motion of thickened posterior mitral leaflet during diastole, a finding previously considered to exclude organic mitral stenosis. This false negative echocardiographic finding in proved mitral stenosis has not previously been reported.", "contents": "Atypical posterior leaflet motion in echocardiogram in mitral stenosis. The echocardiographic diagnosis of mitral stenosis is based on the finding of a decreased early diastolic slope of the anterior mitral leaflet. This finding is also seen in other conditions in which the rate of left ventricular filling is reduced by decreased compliance of the ventricular myocardium rather than by mitral valve obstruction. Patients with \"true\" mitral stenosis have been differentiated from those with decreased ventricular compliance resulting in \"false\" mitral stenosis by the direction of movement of the posterior mitral valve leaflet. This report describes a patient with mitral stenosis proved at cardiac catheterization whose echocardiogram showed posterior motion of thickened posterior mitral leaflet during diastole, a finding previously considered to exclude organic mitral stenosis. This false negative echocardiographic finding in proved mitral stenosis has not previously been reported.", "PMID": 1124722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8660", "title": "Echocardiographic findings in isolated, surgically created tricuspid insufficiency.", "content": "The effects of surgically created tricuspid insufficiency on the right ventricular dimension and the motion of the interventricular septum were determined by serial echocardiography in a patient with a hemodynamically normal heart who underwent tricuspid valvulectomy and later tricuspid valve replacement for medically intractable bacterial endocarditis. Initially, both the right ventricular dimension (1.8 cm) and motion of the interventricular septum were normal. After valvulectomy interventricular septal motion became distinctly paradoxical (pattern A, later pattern B), and the right ventricular dimension progressively increased to 3.5 cm. After successful tricuspid valve replacement interventricular septal motion promptly returned toward normal as did the right ventricular dimension (2.2 cm). The rapid changes in these echocardiographic variables with creation and relief of acute right ventricular volume overload correspond well with results of previous work in experimental animals but differ from findings in man with chronic right ventricular volume overload.", "contents": "Echocardiographic findings in isolated, surgically created tricuspid insufficiency. The effects of surgically created tricuspid insufficiency on the right ventricular dimension and the motion of the interventricular septum were determined by serial echocardiography in a patient with a hemodynamically normal heart who underwent tricuspid valvulectomy and later tricuspid valve replacement for medically intractable bacterial endocarditis. Initially, both the right ventricular dimension (1.8 cm) and motion of the interventricular septum were normal. After valvulectomy interventricular septal motion became distinctly paradoxical (pattern A, later pattern B), and the right ventricular dimension progressively increased to 3.5 cm. After successful tricuspid valve replacement interventricular septal motion promptly returned toward normal as did the right ventricular dimension (2.2 cm). The rapid changes in these echocardiographic variables with creation and relief of acute right ventricular volume overload correspond well with results of previous work in experimental animals but differ from findings in man with chronic right ventricular volume overload.", "PMID": 1124723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8661", "title": "Transient Q waves in Prinzmetal's angina.", "content": "Transient abnormal Q waves were seen in two patients with Prinzmetal's angina during episodes of chest pain. The Q waves appeared recurrently while the patients had chest pain and disappeared when it subsided, indicating that Q waves suggestive of myocardial infarction can be seen with severe myocardial ischemia without actual necrosis. We describe these two patients, the various conditions in which transient abnormal Q waves have been reported and the theories offered to explain this electrophysiologic finding.", "contents": "Transient Q waves in Prinzmetal's angina. Transient abnormal Q waves were seen in two patients with Prinzmetal's angina during episodes of chest pain. The Q waves appeared recurrently while the patients had chest pain and disappeared when it subsided, indicating that Q waves suggestive of myocardial infarction can be seen with severe myocardial ischemia without actual necrosis. We describe these two patients, the various conditions in which transient abnormal Q waves have been reported and the theories offered to explain this electrophysiologic finding.", "PMID": 1124724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8662", "title": "Ventricular aneurysm with ventricular tachycardia. Report of a case with epicardial mapping and successful resection.", "content": "A case of ventricular aneurysm with refractory ventricular tachycardia is presented. Epicardial mapping was used to localize the site of earliest epicardial activity to the margin of the aneurysm, and subsequent resection of this area abolished the rhythm disturbance.", "contents": "Ventricular aneurysm with ventricular tachycardia. Report of a case with epicardial mapping and successful resection. A case of ventricular aneurysm with refractory ventricular tachycardia is presented. Epicardial mapping was used to localize the site of earliest epicardial activity to the margin of the aneurysm, and subsequent resection of this area abolished the rhythm disturbance.", "PMID": 1124725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8663", "title": "Cardiovascular complications of pheochromocytoma crisis.", "content": "Two patients with hypertensive crises due to pheochromocytoma presented with unusual features suggestive of cardiovascular disorders other than pheochromocytoma. These features included transient cortical blindness and other neurologic deficits, electrocardiographic changes indicative of transmural infarction and peripheral arterial spasm. In both patients the diagnosis of pheochromocytoma was made later; removal of the tumor was followed by ready reversal of the clinical and biochemical abnormalities. Management of such cases includes suspicion of the diagnosis in the presence of atypical features, early initiation of therapy with alpha and beta adrenergic blocking agents and a definitive surgical procedure before peripheral vascular changes become irreversible. When an apparent myocardial infarction occurs, the diagnosis of coronary artery disease cannot always be excluded, but rapid stabilization of the clinical and electrocardiographic changes after adrenergic blockade would favor the diagnosis of a catecholamine-induced myocarditis. The coexistence of coronary artery disease and uncontrollable arrhythmias presents an increased risk but, if pheochromocytoma is suspected, surgery may be necessary despite the increased risk.", "contents": "Cardiovascular complications of pheochromocytoma crisis. Two patients with hypertensive crises due to pheochromocytoma presented with unusual features suggestive of cardiovascular disorders other than pheochromocytoma. These features included transient cortical blindness and other neurologic deficits, electrocardiographic changes indicative of transmural infarction and peripheral arterial spasm. In both patients the diagnosis of pheochromocytoma was made later; removal of the tumor was followed by ready reversal of the clinical and biochemical abnormalities. Management of such cases includes suspicion of the diagnosis in the presence of atypical features, early initiation of therapy with alpha and beta adrenergic blocking agents and a definitive surgical procedure before peripheral vascular changes become irreversible. When an apparent myocardial infarction occurs, the diagnosis of coronary artery disease cannot always be excluded, but rapid stabilization of the clinical and electrocardiographic changes after adrenergic blockade would favor the diagnosis of a catecholamine-induced myocarditis. The coexistence of coronary artery disease and uncontrollable arrhythmias presents an increased risk but, if pheochromocytoma is suspected, surgery may be necessary despite the increased risk.", "PMID": 1124726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8664", "title": "Valve replacement--a perspective.", "content": "Several potential hazards in the evaluation of patients with valve replacement are emphasized. A more uniform method of analysis of data is urgently needed. In the symptomatically disabled patient aortic and mitral valve replacement have improved both the quality of life and the length of life, provided that the disease is not far advanced. Anticoagulation with sodium warfarin is still needed in patients with prosthetic valves. Many important questions, including those related to ventricular function and choice of prosthetic devices, remain unanswered. The cost-benefit ratio and a weighting of various complications of valve replacement should be assessed. Many factors have to be taken into account before considering valve replacement early in the course of the patient's disease.", "contents": "Valve replacement--a perspective. Several potential hazards in the evaluation of patients with valve replacement are emphasized. A more uniform method of analysis of data is urgently needed. In the symptomatically disabled patient aortic and mitral valve replacement have improved both the quality of life and the length of life, provided that the disease is not far advanced. Anticoagulation with sodium warfarin is still needed in patients with prosthetic valves. Many important questions, including those related to ventricular function and choice of prosthetic devices, remain unanswered. The cost-benefit ratio and a weighting of various complications of valve replacement should be assessed. Many factors have to be taken into account before considering valve replacement early in the course of the patient's disease.", "PMID": 1124727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8665", "title": "Hemodynamic changes after valve replacement with Starr-Edwards prostheses.", "content": "A brief review of the pathophysiology of aortic and mitral valve disease and the hemodynamic results of valve replacement with caged ball prostheses are described. In most patients intracardiac pressures and restored to normal at rest, although there are small pressure gradients across mechanical valves. Severe pulmonary hypertension, if present, usually will regress. With exercise, abnormalities of left atrial pressure or left ventricular function may be found after valve replacement. The causes of failure to achieve hemodynamic improvement with surgery and the late return of congestive failure are discussed.", "contents": "Hemodynamic changes after valve replacement with Starr-Edwards prostheses. A brief review of the pathophysiology of aortic and mitral valve disease and the hemodynamic results of valve replacement with caged ball prostheses are described. In most patients intracardiac pressures and restored to normal at rest, although there are small pressure gradients across mechanical valves. Severe pulmonary hypertension, if present, usually will regress. With exercise, abnormalities of left atrial pressure or left ventricular function may be found after valve replacement. The causes of failure to achieve hemodynamic improvement with surgery and the late return of congestive failure are discussed.", "PMID": 1124728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8666", "title": "Myocardial ultrastructure in patients with chronic aortic valve disease.", "content": "Light and electron microscopic observations were made on left ventricular myocardium removed at operation from 16 patients with chronic aortic valve disease. In all 16 patients most cardiac muscle cells were hypertrophid, and surrounded by small amounts of fibrous tissue. In two of the six patients with pure aortic regurgitation and in four of the five patients with combined aortic stenosis and regurgitation, cardiac muscle cells with evidence of degeneration were present in addition to hypertrophied, nondegenerated cells. Degenerated cardiac muscle cells were not observed in the six patients with predominant aortic stenosis. Cardiac muscle cells with mild degeneration showed focal myofibrillar lysis, with preferential loss of thick myofilaments, and focal proliferation of tubules of sarcoplasmic reticulum. More severely degenerated muscle cells showed a marked decrease in the numbers of myofibrils and T tubules and proliferation of sarcoplasmic reticulum or mitochondria, or both. Severly degenerated cells usually were present in areas of marked fibrosis, often were atrophic, had thickened basement membranes and had lost their intercellular connections. These findings suggest that degenerated cardiac muscle cells have poor contractile function and may be responsible for impaired cardiac performance in some patients with chronic aortic valve disease.", "contents": "Myocardial ultrastructure in patients with chronic aortic valve disease. Light and electron microscopic observations were made on left ventricular myocardium removed at operation from 16 patients with chronic aortic valve disease. In all 16 patients most cardiac muscle cells were hypertrophid, and surrounded by small amounts of fibrous tissue. In two of the six patients with pure aortic regurgitation and in four of the five patients with combined aortic stenosis and regurgitation, cardiac muscle cells with evidence of degeneration were present in addition to hypertrophied, nondegenerated cells. Degenerated cardiac muscle cells were not observed in the six patients with predominant aortic stenosis. Cardiac muscle cells with mild degeneration showed focal myofibrillar lysis, with preferential loss of thick myofilaments, and focal proliferation of tubules of sarcoplasmic reticulum. More severely degenerated muscle cells showed a marked decrease in the numbers of myofibrils and T tubules and proliferation of sarcoplasmic reticulum or mitochondria, or both. Severly degenerated cells usually were present in areas of marked fibrosis, often were atrophic, had thickened basement membranes and had lost their intercellular connections. These findings suggest that degenerated cardiac muscle cells have poor contractile function and may be responsible for impaired cardiac performance in some patients with chronic aortic valve disease.", "PMID": 1124729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8667", "title": "Diet, growth and cultural food habits in Chinese-American infants.", "content": "This study was composed of one hundred Chinese-American mothers and infants in the Chinatown district of San Francisco. The mothers were interviewed with regard to infants' dietary intakes and past dietary patterns, infant health, maternal pre-natal history and diet, cultural habits, and socio-economic status. Infants' growth patterns were recorded and compared to those of American and Chinese babies. Their growth patterns were noted to be dissimilar to both American and Chinese growth patterns, but to be very similar to infant growth patterns in underdeveloped countries. The cultural influences on the dietary intakes were commented upon.", "contents": "Diet, growth and cultural food habits in Chinese-American infants. This study was composed of one hundred Chinese-American mothers and infants in the Chinatown district of San Francisco. The mothers were interviewed with regard to infants' dietary intakes and past dietary patterns, infant health, maternal pre-natal history and diet, cultural habits, and socio-economic status. Infants' growth patterns were recorded and compared to those of American and Chinese babies. Their growth patterns were noted to be dissimilar to both American and Chinese growth patterns, but to be very similar to infant growth patterns in underdeveloped countries. The cultural influences on the dietary intakes were commented upon.", "PMID": 1124731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8668", "title": "Increase of pain threshold as a function of conditionsing electrical stimulation.  An experimental study with application to electro-acupuncture for pain suppression.", "content": "Previous studies have shown that 2 Hz electrical conditioning stimulation of hands and cheeks increased the tooth pain threshold. In the present study the relation between strength of conditioning stimulation and amplitude of pain threshold increase is elucidated. Intense conditioning stimulation, giving subjective beating sensations and extensive muscles twitches, is required to obtain a substantial pain threshold increase. The results are discussed in relation to intensities used in electro-acupuncture and to interindividual variation of the effect. It is suggested that pain relief is obtained due to an inhibitory feed-back mechanism activated, not via low threshold afferents but via high threshold afferents.", "contents": "Increase of pain threshold as a function of conditionsing electrical stimulation.  An experimental study with application to electro-acupuncture for pain suppression. Previous studies have shown that 2 Hz electrical conditioning stimulation of hands and cheeks increased the tooth pain threshold. In the present study the relation between strength of conditioning stimulation and amplitude of pain threshold increase is elucidated. Intense conditioning stimulation, giving subjective beating sensations and extensive muscles twitches, is required to obtain a substantial pain threshold increase. The results are discussed in relation to intensities used in electro-acupuncture and to interindividual variation of the effect. It is suggested that pain relief is obtained due to an inhibitory feed-back mechanism activated, not via low threshold afferents but via high threshold afferents.", "PMID": 1124732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8669", "title": "Preliminary observations on the effect of acupuncture on immune responses in sensitized rabbits and guinea pigs.", "content": "A preliminary report is presented on the possible effect of acupuncture on immune responses in rabbits injected with sheep RBC and in guinea pigs with an encephalitoenic antigen preparation. Results from acupuncturing experimental animals at four loci-Ta-Chu, Tsu-San-Li, Ch u-Chih-Shih-strongly suggest that acupuncture has an effect on the immune response.  If these observations can be substantiated by more refined methods in subsequent experiments, a new avenue will be opened for acupuncture research.", "contents": "Preliminary observations on the effect of acupuncture on immune responses in sensitized rabbits and guinea pigs. A preliminary report is presented on the possible effect of acupuncture on immune responses in rabbits injected with sheep RBC and in guinea pigs with an encephalitoenic antigen preparation. Results from acupuncturing experimental animals at four loci-Ta-Chu, Tsu-San-Li, Ch u-Chih-Shih-strongly suggest that acupuncture has an effect on the immune response.  If these observations can be substantiated by more refined methods in subsequent experiments, a new avenue will be opened for acupuncture research.", "PMID": 1124733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8670", "title": "The treatment of headaches employing acupuncture.", "content": "Thirty-three patients have been treated by acupuncture since July 8, 1974, using body loci, ear points and electrical stimulation. Of the 33 cases, 18 were female and 15 were male, ranging in age from 25 to 77 years. Sixteen patients suffered from migraines, 12 from tension headaches, 2 from cluster headaches, 1 from vascular headaches, and for 2 patients the etiology was uncertain. The duration of the headaches ranged from 3 months to 40 years. The patients received from 3 to 16 treatments. Of the 33 cases, 5 patients had only 3 treatments and 10 patients had 5 or less treatments. Eighteen patients had good results, i.e., no headache at all. Twelve patients had fair results, that is they sometimes had headaches, but they could be controlled with a few repetitions of treatment or by analgesics at a lesser dosage than they were taking at the beginning of treatments. Three patients had no response at all or poor results; however, these discontinued treatment before the author could evaluate whether they were actual absolute no-response cases. Of the 33 patients, 2 patients had a good response after only 2 treatments; 4 had a good response after 10 treatments. However, most of the patients had a good response after 6-8 treatments. A course of treatment usually requires 10 to 14 visits befor definite evaluation of the results can be made. It was observed that patients with fair or particularly poor results usually discontinued treatment too early and/or had concomitant conditions as well. Even though a longer period of time for follow-up is necessary before drawing any conclusions, results have already shown that acupuncture, perhaps, can be a valuable form of treatment for headaches.", "contents": "The treatment of headaches employing acupuncture. Thirty-three patients have been treated by acupuncture since July 8, 1974, using body loci, ear points and electrical stimulation. Of the 33 cases, 18 were female and 15 were male, ranging in age from 25 to 77 years. Sixteen patients suffered from migraines, 12 from tension headaches, 2 from cluster headaches, 1 from vascular headaches, and for 2 patients the etiology was uncertain. The duration of the headaches ranged from 3 months to 40 years. The patients received from 3 to 16 treatments. Of the 33 cases, 5 patients had only 3 treatments and 10 patients had 5 or less treatments. Eighteen patients had good results, i.e., no headache at all. Twelve patients had fair results, that is they sometimes had headaches, but they could be controlled with a few repetitions of treatment or by analgesics at a lesser dosage than they were taking at the beginning of treatments. Three patients had no response at all or poor results; however, these discontinued treatment before the author could evaluate whether they were actual absolute no-response cases. Of the 33 patients, 2 patients had a good response after only 2 treatments; 4 had a good response after 10 treatments. However, most of the patients had a good response after 6-8 treatments. A course of treatment usually requires 10 to 14 visits befor definite evaluation of the results can be made. It was observed that patients with fair or particularly poor results usually discontinued treatment too early and/or had concomitant conditions as well. Even though a longer period of time for follow-up is necessary before drawing any conclusions, results have already shown that acupuncture, perhaps, can be a valuable form of treatment for headaches.", "PMID": 1124734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8671", "title": "The management of foreign affairs of the GI tract.", "content": "The flexible fiberoptic endoscope has not been employed consistently in the removal of foreign bodies from the gastrointestinal tract due to size limitations of the forceps and biopsy channel. The following report describes a technique for extracting large irregular objects from the upper-gastrointestinal tract, employing the polypectomy snare. It is a safe and reproducible procedure for the careful extraction of impacted objects.", "contents": "The management of foreign affairs of the GI tract. The flexible fiberoptic endoscope has not been employed consistently in the removal of foreign bodies from the gastrointestinal tract due to size limitations of the forceps and biopsy channel. The following report describes a technique for extracting large irregular objects from the upper-gastrointestinal tract, employing the polypectomy snare. It is a safe and reproducible procedure for the careful extraction of impacted objects.", "PMID": 1124736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8672", "title": "The influence of carbenoxolone on steroid-induced ulcer and mucus secretion in the rat.", "content": "In rats, gastric mucus was decreased by starvation. The administration of carbenoxolone sodium, prednisolone, or their combination to starved rats brought the level of gastric mucus to that of nonstarved controls. Concomitant treatment with carbenoxolone sodium did not prevent prednisolone-induced ulceration of the glandular stomach in starved rats. The ulcerations of the prostomach (squamous spithelium)induced by starvation were prevented by carbenoxolone sodium, prednisolone, or the combination of the two.", "contents": "The influence of carbenoxolone on steroid-induced ulcer and mucus secretion in the rat. In rats, gastric mucus was decreased by starvation. The administration of carbenoxolone sodium, prednisolone, or their combination to starved rats brought the level of gastric mucus to that of nonstarved controls. Concomitant treatment with carbenoxolone sodium did not prevent prednisolone-induced ulceration of the glandular stomach in starved rats. The ulcerations of the prostomach (squamous spithelium)induced by starvation were prevented by carbenoxolone sodium, prednisolone, or the combination of the two.", "PMID": 1124737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8673", "title": "Effects of meals and interruption of enterohepatic circulation on flow, lipid composition, and cholesterol saturation of bile in man after cholecystectomy.", "content": "In 4 patients studied after cholecystectomy and common-duct exploration for cholesterol gallstones, bile salt (BS) and phospholipid (PL) output and bile flow increased significantly in response to breakfast, but cholesterol (Ch) output was unaltered. Simultaneously, Ch concentration decreased while PL and BS concentrations did not change. The degree of Ch saturation of bile, [BS PLUS PL]/[ch], decreased in each study, whether or not the original ratio indicated Ch supersaturation; in 3 of 5 studies, an initially super-saturated bile became unsaturated with Ch in response to breakfast. No significant changes were noted after lunch. During interruption of enterohepatic circulation (EHC), studies with radiolabeled bile acids indicated that the increased bile acid output in response to meals was secondary to increased recirculation of intestinal bile acids rather than to de novo bile acid synthesis. This mechanism may account for the adequate delivery of BS and for the decreased degree of Ch saturation of bile postprandially in cholecystectomized patients.", "contents": "Effects of meals and interruption of enterohepatic circulation on flow, lipid composition, and cholesterol saturation of bile in man after cholecystectomy. In 4 patients studied after cholecystectomy and common-duct exploration for cholesterol gallstones, bile salt (BS) and phospholipid (PL) output and bile flow increased significantly in response to breakfast, but cholesterol (Ch) output was unaltered. Simultaneously, Ch concentration decreased while PL and BS concentrations did not change. The degree of Ch saturation of bile, [BS PLUS PL]/[ch], decreased in each study, whether or not the original ratio indicated Ch supersaturation; in 3 of 5 studies, an initially super-saturated bile became unsaturated with Ch in response to breakfast. No significant changes were noted after lunch. During interruption of enterohepatic circulation (EHC), studies with radiolabeled bile acids indicated that the increased bile acid output in response to meals was secondary to increased recirculation of intestinal bile acids rather than to de novo bile acid synthesis. This mechanism may account for the adequate delivery of BS and for the decreased degree of Ch saturation of bile postprandially in cholecystectomized patients.", "PMID": 1124743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8674", "title": "Cholinergic stimulation of the lower esophageal sphincter in patients with vagotomy and antrectomy.", "content": "Recently cholinergic stimulation of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) with bethanechol has been shown to be effective in the treatment of chronic gastroesophageal reflux. Since chronic reflux and esophagitis also occur in patients with vagotomy and antrectomy, we studied the effect of bethanechol on sphincter pressure in 10 patients who had had vagotomy and antrectomy. Both subcutaneous (0.08 mg/kg) and oral (25 mg) administration of bethanechol caused significant increases in LES pressure in these patients. In addition, both subcutaneous and oral administration of bethanechol elevated hypotensive sphincter pressures to normal levels. Orally administered bethanechol produced a sustained increase in LES pressure throughout a 90-min study period. These studies suggest that cholinergic stimulation of the LES with bethanechol may be of therapeutic benefit in vagotomized and antrectomized patients with gastroesophageal reflux.", "contents": "Cholinergic stimulation of the lower esophageal sphincter in patients with vagotomy and antrectomy. Recently cholinergic stimulation of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) with bethanechol has been shown to be effective in the treatment of chronic gastroesophageal reflux. Since chronic reflux and esophagitis also occur in patients with vagotomy and antrectomy, we studied the effect of bethanechol on sphincter pressure in 10 patients who had had vagotomy and antrectomy. Both subcutaneous (0.08 mg/kg) and oral (25 mg) administration of bethanechol caused significant increases in LES pressure in these patients. In addition, both subcutaneous and oral administration of bethanechol elevated hypotensive sphincter pressures to normal levels. Orally administered bethanechol produced a sustained increase in LES pressure throughout a 90-min study period. These studies suggest that cholinergic stimulation of the LES with bethanechol may be of therapeutic benefit in vagotomized and antrectomized patients with gastroesophageal reflux.", "PMID": 1124744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8675", "title": "Relationship between serum gastrin concentration and lower-esophageal sphincter pressure.", "content": "Serum gastrin concentration [G] has been proposed as the major factor regulating resting lower-esophageal sphincter pressure (LESP). Available supporting evidence in man, however, is largely circumstantial. The present study directly compares measurements of LESP with concurrent levels of circulating serum gastrin in fasting human subjects. A direct correlation was not shown between [G] and resting LESP; rather, a trend existed toward an inverse relationship. The study results indicate that the concentration of serum immunoreactive gastrin is not a major determinant of lower-esophageal sphincter tone in humans.", "contents": "Relationship between serum gastrin concentration and lower-esophageal sphincter pressure. Serum gastrin concentration [G] has been proposed as the major factor regulating resting lower-esophageal sphincter pressure (LESP). Available supporting evidence in man, however, is largely circumstantial. The present study directly compares measurements of LESP with concurrent levels of circulating serum gastrin in fasting human subjects. A direct correlation was not shown between [G] and resting LESP; rather, a trend existed toward an inverse relationship. The study results indicate that the concentration of serum immunoreactive gastrin is not a major determinant of lower-esophageal sphincter tone in humans.", "PMID": 1124745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8676", "title": "The absorption and subsequent utilization of lecithin by the rat jejunum.", "content": "Labeled lecithin (32P, 2-3H-glycerol, 1-14C-palmitate) was prepared for studying absorption of lecithin by rat intestine and its incorporation into microsomal and prechylomicron-chylomicron lecithin. Bile fistula rats were perfused intraduodenally with bile salts and lecithin plus a liquid diet. Intestinal samples were obtained after sacrifice and specific activities (DPM/mumol) of isotopes in lecithin were determined. Ratios of specific activities of isotopes were calculated and compared to respective ratios in the original perfusate lecithin. Radioactivity rapidly appeared in jejunal lecithin following perfusion. When specific activities of isotopes in prechylomicron-chylomicron lecithin were compared to those in microsomal lecithin, specific activities were always greater in prechylomicron-chylomicron lecithin. Analysis of ratios of specific activities of isotopes in jejunal lecithin showed that the ratios were nearly identical to those in perfusate phospholipid, indicating that the lysolecithin portion of luminal lecithin can be absorbed intact and can then be utilized for jejunal lecithin synthesis.", "contents": "The absorption and subsequent utilization of lecithin by the rat jejunum. Labeled lecithin (32P, 2-3H-glycerol, 1-14C-palmitate) was prepared for studying absorption of lecithin by rat intestine and its incorporation into microsomal and prechylomicron-chylomicron lecithin. Bile fistula rats were perfused intraduodenally with bile salts and lecithin plus a liquid diet. Intestinal samples were obtained after sacrifice and specific activities (DPM/mumol) of isotopes in lecithin were determined. Ratios of specific activities of isotopes were calculated and compared to respective ratios in the original perfusate lecithin. Radioactivity rapidly appeared in jejunal lecithin following perfusion. When specific activities of isotopes in prechylomicron-chylomicron lecithin were compared to those in microsomal lecithin, specific activities were always greater in prechylomicron-chylomicron lecithin. Analysis of ratios of specific activities of isotopes in jejunal lecithin showed that the ratios were nearly identical to those in perfusate phospholipid, indicating that the lysolecithin portion of luminal lecithin can be absorbed intact and can then be utilized for jejunal lecithin synthesis.", "PMID": 1124746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8677", "title": "Clindamycin-associated colitis.", "content": "Four cases of clindamycin-associated colitis have recently been observed at Kansas University Medical Center. There have been a few reports in the literature of colitis associated with this antibiotic, and our 4 cases are similar to those noted previously. All had the onset of diarrhea 7-14 days following the initiation of clindamycin therapy; the diarrhea persisted for weeks after the drug was discontinued. Mucosal changes ranged from focal ulceration to pseudomembrane formation. Diarrhea in a patient on clindamycin should alert the physician to the possibility of antibiotic induced colitis, a condition with significant morbidity and occasional mortality.", "contents": "Clindamycin-associated colitis. Four cases of clindamycin-associated colitis have recently been observed at Kansas University Medical Center. There have been a few reports in the literature of colitis associated with this antibiotic, and our 4 cases are similar to those noted previously. All had the onset of diarrhea 7-14 days following the initiation of clindamycin therapy; the diarrhea persisted for weeks after the drug was discontinued. Mucosal changes ranged from focal ulceration to pseudomembrane formation. Diarrhea in a patient on clindamycin should alert the physician to the possibility of antibiotic induced colitis, a condition with significant morbidity and occasional mortality.", "PMID": 1124747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8678", "title": "Adenocarcinoma of the bile ducts. Relationship of anatomic location to clinical features.", "content": "Case histories of 23 patients with adenocarcinoma of the bile ducts presenting at the Cleveland Clinic from January 1960 through March 1974 were reviewed and a comparison was made between carcinoma in the hepatic duct system and carcinomas in the common bile ducts. There were 14 cases of hepatic duct carcinoma and 9 cases of carcinoma of the common bile ducts. It was found that age, sex, presenting symptoms, physical examination, and laboratory findings were similar regardless of the location of the carcinoma. Moreover, the location of the carcinoma did not influence whether the correct diagnosis was made at the initial operation. Percutaneous cholangiography, operative cholangiography, and endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography (ERCP) were successful in making the diagnosis in both locations. The tumors differed in pathology. The hepatic duct carcinomas were often scirrhous; the more distal carcinomas were adenocarcinomas of varied grades of differentiation. The location influenced the type of surgery; resection was more common in the distal common bile duct cases. The average survival rate was less than 2 years for both locations. Radiation and/or 5-fluorouracil therapy did not appear to increase this survival rate. Since the prognosis is so poor, attention must focus on means of earlier diagnosis.", "contents": "Adenocarcinoma of the bile ducts. Relationship of anatomic location to clinical features. Case histories of 23 patients with adenocarcinoma of the bile ducts presenting at the Cleveland Clinic from January 1960 through March 1974 were reviewed and a comparison was made between carcinoma in the hepatic duct system and carcinomas in the common bile ducts. There were 14 cases of hepatic duct carcinoma and 9 cases of carcinoma of the common bile ducts. It was found that age, sex, presenting symptoms, physical examination, and laboratory findings were similar regardless of the location of the carcinoma. Moreover, the location of the carcinoma did not influence whether the correct diagnosis was made at the initial operation. Percutaneous cholangiography, operative cholangiography, and endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography (ERCP) were successful in making the diagnosis in both locations. The tumors differed in pathology. The hepatic duct carcinomas were often scirrhous; the more distal carcinomas were adenocarcinomas of varied grades of differentiation. The location influenced the type of surgery; resection was more common in the distal common bile duct cases. The average survival rate was less than 2 years for both locations. Radiation and/or 5-fluorouracil therapy did not appear to increase this survival rate. Since the prognosis is so poor, attention must focus on means of earlier diagnosis.", "PMID": 1124748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8679", "title": "The influence of food consumption and running activity on the activity-stress ulcer in the rat.", "content": "Rats housed in activity cages and fed 1 hour daily died before the end of the 21-day experimental period and revealed extensive ulcers in the glandular stomach, whereas food-yoked control rats, not housed in activity cages, did not die and were ulcer-free. Rats demonstrating high running-activity levels under ad lib feeding conditions subsequently revealed a higher incidence of lesions as compared to low-activity rats. Attempts to attenuate activity and lesion incidence by reversing the light-dark cycle failed, but the higher mortality level in rats under the reversed light-dark condition was related to higher activity levels in these rats. Young rats with high activity levels died sooner and had ulcers when compared to older rats with low activity levels. These results suggested that running activity, and not reduced food intake, was critically involved in the development of the activity-stress ulcer.", "contents": "The influence of food consumption and running activity on the activity-stress ulcer in the rat. Rats housed in activity cages and fed 1 hour daily died before the end of the 21-day experimental period and revealed extensive ulcers in the glandular stomach, whereas food-yoked control rats, not housed in activity cages, did not die and were ulcer-free. Rats demonstrating high running-activity levels under ad lib feeding conditions subsequently revealed a higher incidence of lesions as compared to low-activity rats. Attempts to attenuate activity and lesion incidence by reversing the light-dark cycle failed, but the higher mortality level in rats under the reversed light-dark condition was related to higher activity levels in these rats. Young rats with high activity levels died sooner and had ulcers when compared to older rats with low activity levels. These results suggested that running activity, and not reduced food intake, was critically involved in the development of the activity-stress ulcer.", "PMID": 1124749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8680", "title": "An epidemiologic study of hepatitis B virus in Bangkok, Thailand.", "content": "Residents of a randomly selected sample of households in a low-income housing project in Bangkok were studied between July 1971 and April 1972. Prevalence of hepatitis B antigen (HBs Ag) in July 1971 was 8.2% in 697 persons age one year and older and changed little with age. Prevalence of antibody to HBs Ag (anti-HBs) was much higher in all age groups and was 46% overall. The prevalence of HBs Ag was higher in males than females from ages 10-29 years and the prevalence of anti-HBs was higher in males up to age 60. The HBV (combined HBs Ag and anti-HBs) age prevalence distribution in July 1971 revealed that over 20% of the children 1-4 years of age had serologic evidence of infection and that the prevalence rose rapidly with age reaching a plateau between 60-70% after age 15. During the nine months of serologic surveillance 13% of individuals acquired either HBs Ag or anti-HBs and 7% lost serologic evidence of HBV infection. The study data suggest that most HBs Ag positive persons are long-term antigen carriers, that their numbers and spatial distribution may be sufficient to account for the wide-spread transmission of HBV in this population, that close person-to-person contact with carriers is probably the most important mode of HBV transmission, and that the susceptibility to becoming an HBs Ag carrier is probably genetically determined.", "contents": "An epidemiologic study of hepatitis B virus in Bangkok, Thailand. Residents of a randomly selected sample of households in a low-income housing project in Bangkok were studied between July 1971 and April 1972. Prevalence of hepatitis B antigen (HBs Ag) in July 1971 was 8.2% in 697 persons age one year and older and changed little with age. Prevalence of antibody to HBs Ag (anti-HBs) was much higher in all age groups and was 46% overall. The prevalence of HBs Ag was higher in males than females from ages 10-29 years and the prevalence of anti-HBs was higher in males up to age 60. The HBV (combined HBs Ag and anti-HBs) age prevalence distribution in July 1971 revealed that over 20% of the children 1-4 years of age had serologic evidence of infection and that the prevalence rose rapidly with age reaching a plateau between 60-70% after age 15. During the nine months of serologic surveillance 13% of individuals acquired either HBs Ag or anti-HBs and 7% lost serologic evidence of HBV infection. The study data suggest that most HBs Ag positive persons are long-term antigen carriers, that their numbers and spatial distribution may be sufficient to account for the wide-spread transmission of HBV in this population, that close person-to-person contact with carriers is probably the most important mode of HBV transmission, and that the susceptibility to becoming an HBs Ag carrier is probably genetically determined.", "PMID": 1124753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8681", "title": "Determination of the site of oral rabies vaccination.", "content": "Foxes developed serum neutralizing antibodies to rabies only after oral administration of an attenuated rabies vaccine, and not when a similar vaccine dose was introduced into the stomach. These results emphasize the need for a bait that assures delivery of a vaccine dose orally.", "contents": "Determination of the site of oral rabies vaccination. Foxes developed serum neutralizing antibodies to rabies only after oral administration of an attenuated rabies vaccine, and not when a similar vaccine dose was introduced into the stomach. These results emphasize the need for a bait that assures delivery of a vaccine dose orally.", "PMID": 1124754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8682", "title": "Evaluation of mortality data for cervical cancer with special reference to mass screening programs, Denmark, 1961-1971.", "content": "During the years 1961-1971, a total of 3696 women died in Denmark from cervical cancer. The annual mortality per 1000 was 0.23 and was constant in this period. The mortality was 0.30 in the Capital where a mass screening program has existed since 1968; in the Provinces, where screening was negligible, the rate was 0.21; the time trend was also constant. The mortality was low in youth, reaching a level of 0.30 around 45 years. Single women had the lowest mortality; among married women it was double, among widows 2-4 times higher, among divorcees 4 times. Within the marital groups, the Capital had higher or the same rates as the Provinces, except for divorcees in the Provinces who had higher rates. The lowest socioeconomic groups had the highest death rates at young ages. The effects of a total vs. an age-specific case-finding program have been estimated under three circumstances, namely that mass screening could reduce the cervical cancer mortality by 10%, by 50%, or by 100%. The impact on the public's health has been evaluated by relating the hypothetically prevented cervical cancer deaths to all cancer deaths and to deaths from all causes. The general population was subdivided by age, marital status and residence and ranked according to cervical cancer mortality. These data were used to design programs which would minimize the number of examinees and maximize the number of prvented deaths.", "contents": "Evaluation of mortality data for cervical cancer with special reference to mass screening programs, Denmark, 1961-1971. During the years 1961-1971, a total of 3696 women died in Denmark from cervical cancer. The annual mortality per 1000 was 0.23 and was constant in this period. The mortality was 0.30 in the Capital where a mass screening program has existed since 1968; in the Provinces, where screening was negligible, the rate was 0.21; the time trend was also constant. The mortality was low in youth, reaching a level of 0.30 around 45 years. Single women had the lowest mortality; among married women it was double, among widows 2-4 times higher, among divorcees 4 times. Within the marital groups, the Capital had higher or the same rates as the Provinces, except for divorcees in the Provinces who had higher rates. The lowest socioeconomic groups had the highest death rates at young ages. The effects of a total vs. an age-specific case-finding program have been estimated under three circumstances, namely that mass screening could reduce the cervical cancer mortality by 10%, by 50%, or by 100%. The impact on the public's health has been evaluated by relating the hypothetically prevented cervical cancer deaths to all cancer deaths and to deaths from all causes. The general population was subdivided by age, marital status and residence and ranked according to cervical cancer mortality. These data were used to design programs which would minimize the number of examinees and maximize the number of prvented deaths.", "PMID": 1124757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8683", "title": "An epidemiologic study of renal failure. II. Acute renal failure.", "content": "A total community study of acute renal failure (ARF) was carried out in Israel. The mean annual incidence was 4.8/100,000, the risk being 50% higher in males than in females. It was found that ARF is due primarily to a multiplicity of factors and rarely to a single cause; the high mortality associated with ARF is related to the patient's basic underlying condition. The epidemiology of ARF results from a compilation of the various conditions leading to it, and would, therefore, vary according to the differential distributions of these conditions in the population.", "contents": "An epidemiologic study of renal failure. II. Acute renal failure. A total community study of acute renal failure (ARF) was carried out in Israel. The mean annual incidence was 4.8/100,000, the risk being 50% higher in males than in females. It was found that ARF is due primarily to a multiplicity of factors and rarely to a single cause; the high mortality associated with ARF is related to the patient's basic underlying condition. The epidemiology of ARF results from a compilation of the various conditions leading to it, and would, therefore, vary according to the differential distributions of these conditions in the population.", "PMID": 1124758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8684", "title": "Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and parkinsonism-dementia on Guam, 1945-1972. I. Descriptive epidemiology.", "content": "An overview of the epidemiologic studies of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and parkinsonism-dementia (PD) from 1945 through 1972 is presented. During this period 350 cases of ALS were documented. PD, which is apparently unique to the native Chamorro population, was not recognized during the early years of the study. A total of 213 PD patients have now been seen. The rates of both diseases have declined by approximately 50 per cent since 1965. In the early years incidence per 100,000 for ALS males approached 60; for females it was about 40. For PD males it was about 50; for females it was close to 20. The declines in both diseases have occurred in both sexes and at all age groups and no cohort phenomenon was observed. Marked geographic differences in the distribution of the diseases were observed with southern villages having the highest rates and western villages having the lowest rates; the remainder of the island was intermediate. Recent declines have been most marked in the southern high-rate villages. Chamorros living on the island of Rota have rates similar to those on Guam; those on Saipan have lower rates. A possible excess of ALS among Filipino residents ofGuam was noted; ALS has not been seen among other ethnic groups. Geographic mapping even in high incidence areas did not reveal true clusters or foci. Extensive case-control studies did not reveal any patterns of prior illness, life-style, or exposures distinguishing patients. A tendency for patients to be of somewhat lower socioeconomic level, have less education, eat more homegrown foods and raw meats, and more contact with animals was found. No Mendelian genetic patterns were observed; males were affected more frequently than female for both diseases. Cases did not occur before age 20, reached maximum frequency between ages 55 and 65 and there-after declined. Environmental factors associated with some aspects of the traditional way of life seem to be causally involved, but, since most aspects of the traditional life have changed in the past 50 years, the specific factors remain elusive.", "contents": "Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and parkinsonism-dementia on Guam, 1945-1972. I. Descriptive epidemiology. An overview of the epidemiologic studies of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and parkinsonism-dementia (PD) from 1945 through 1972 is presented. During this period 350 cases of ALS were documented. PD, which is apparently unique to the native Chamorro population, was not recognized during the early years of the study. A total of 213 PD patients have now been seen. The rates of both diseases have declined by approximately 50 per cent since 1965. In the early years incidence per 100,000 for ALS males approached 60; for females it was about 40. For PD males it was about 50; for females it was close to 20. The declines in both diseases have occurred in both sexes and at all age groups and no cohort phenomenon was observed. Marked geographic differences in the distribution of the diseases were observed with southern villages having the highest rates and western villages having the lowest rates; the remainder of the island was intermediate. Recent declines have been most marked in the southern high-rate villages. Chamorros living on the island of Rota have rates similar to those on Guam; those on Saipan have lower rates. A possible excess of ALS among Filipino residents ofGuam was noted; ALS has not been seen among other ethnic groups. Geographic mapping even in high incidence areas did not reveal true clusters or foci. Extensive case-control studies did not reveal any patterns of prior illness, life-style, or exposures distinguishing patients. A tendency for patients to be of somewhat lower socioeconomic level, have less education, eat more homegrown foods and raw meats, and more contact with animals was found. No Mendelian genetic patterns were observed; males were affected more frequently than female for both diseases. Cases did not occur before age 20, reached maximum frequency between ages 55 and 65 and there-after declined. Environmental factors associated with some aspects of the traditional way of life seem to be causally involved, but, since most aspects of the traditional life have changed in the past 50 years, the specific factors remain elusive.", "PMID": 1124759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8685", "title": "Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and parkinsonism-dementia on Guam, 1945-1972. II. Familial and genetic studies.", "content": "The extraordinarily high rate of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and parkinsonism-dementia (PD) in the Chamorro linguistic group on Guam suggested a genetic etiology for these diseases. Results of three studies are described. Two involved comparisons of the rates of disease in relatives and spouses of index patients and controls. In the third we examined offspring of doubly affected parents, 10 spouse pairs with ALS, 3 spouse pairs with PD and 13 spouse pairs in which 1 spouse had ALS and the other PD. Within the limitations of numbers and age of offspring, we found a tendency among siblings and offspring of ALS cases to have a higher risk than control relatives. Numbers were small and in no instance were significant differences encountered. Spouses of patients had at least as high risk of developing ALS or PD as any of the groups of blood relatives. A slightly higher age-specific rate of ALS and PD occurred in the offspring of doubly affected parents. The only group large enough for present analysis are 60 offspring of doubly affected ALS parents over the age of 20. Thus far only 3 have developed ALS. Within our entire patient population of 350 ALS cases and 219 PD cases there were 12 instances in which one parent of the patient was not Chamorro. In addition there is a consistent two- to threefold excess of affected males which could not be accounted for by competitive risks of death from other causes among females. While a familial tendency does exist these findings and observations are not compatible with any simple Mendelian form of inheritance. It is possible that genetic influences affect the occurrence of these diseases but our studies suggest that environmental factors play at least as important a role.", "contents": "Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and parkinsonism-dementia on Guam, 1945-1972. II. Familial and genetic studies. The extraordinarily high rate of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and parkinsonism-dementia (PD) in the Chamorro linguistic group on Guam suggested a genetic etiology for these diseases. Results of three studies are described. Two involved comparisons of the rates of disease in relatives and spouses of index patients and controls. In the third we examined offspring of doubly affected parents, 10 spouse pairs with ALS, 3 spouse pairs with PD and 13 spouse pairs in which 1 spouse had ALS and the other PD. Within the limitations of numbers and age of offspring, we found a tendency among siblings and offspring of ALS cases to have a higher risk than control relatives. Numbers were small and in no instance were significant differences encountered. Spouses of patients had at least as high risk of developing ALS or PD as any of the groups of blood relatives. A slightly higher age-specific rate of ALS and PD occurred in the offspring of doubly affected parents. The only group large enough for present analysis are 60 offspring of doubly affected ALS parents over the age of 20. Thus far only 3 have developed ALS. Within our entire patient population of 350 ALS cases and 219 PD cases there were 12 instances in which one parent of the patient was not Chamorro. In addition there is a consistent two- to threefold excess of affected males which could not be accounted for by competitive risks of death from other causes among females. While a familial tendency does exist these findings and observations are not compatible with any simple Mendelian form of inheritance. It is possible that genetic influences affect the occurrence of these diseases but our studies suggest that environmental factors play at least as important a role.", "PMID": 1124760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8686", "title": "A method for estimating the prevalence of tuberculosis infection.", "content": "The prevalence of tuberculous infection in a population is generally estimated from calculating the proportion of tested individuals who react with at least 10 mm of induration to 5 TU of PPD-S tuberculin. Reactions due to infection with atypical mycobacteria, however, may cause the prevalence to be overestimated. This paper is concerned with an alternative method of estimating the prevalence of infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The method utilizes population distributions of reaction size by dividing study populations into two groups--individuals with and without known exposure to tuberculosis. The mathematical model developed here removes the effect of atypical infections and provides a truer picture of tuberculous infection. Data from a Navy recruit population demonstrate the use of the model with the result that among recruits with no known exposure to tuberculosis, the estimated prevalence is reduced by about one-half. Among recuits with known exposure to tuberculosis, there is essentially no difference between the two methods. Important advantages in using this method are that probabilities of true infection by induration size are generated, and that itis less sensitive to variations caused by differences in reading techniques and in tuberculin potencies. Furthermore, it is applicable to other diseases if the underlying assumptions are met.", "contents": "A method for estimating the prevalence of tuberculosis infection. The prevalence of tuberculous infection in a population is generally estimated from calculating the proportion of tested individuals who react with at least 10 mm of induration to 5 TU of PPD-S tuberculin. Reactions due to infection with atypical mycobacteria, however, may cause the prevalence to be overestimated. This paper is concerned with an alternative method of estimating the prevalence of infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The method utilizes population distributions of reaction size by dividing study populations into two groups--individuals with and without known exposure to tuberculosis. The mathematical model developed here removes the effect of atypical infections and provides a truer picture of tuberculous infection. Data from a Navy recruit population demonstrate the use of the model with the result that among recruits with no known exposure to tuberculosis, the estimated prevalence is reduced by about one-half. Among recuits with known exposure to tuberculosis, there is essentially no difference between the two methods. Important advantages in using this method are that probabilities of true infection by induration size are generated, and that itis less sensitive to variations caused by differences in reading techniques and in tuberculin potencies. Furthermore, it is applicable to other diseases if the underlying assumptions are met.", "PMID": 1124761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8687", "title": "Hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin, beta thalassemia, and the hemoglobin delta-beta locus: further family data and genetic interpretations.", "content": "Three Negro kindreds with hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin (HPFH) alone and in combination with various other hemoglobin abnormalities including beta thalassemia are presented. Among 11 offspring of two women heterozygous for both HPFH and the delta chain mutation Hb B2, five inherited the HPFH gene and six inherited the Hb B2 gene. In another kindred, a man inferred to be heterozygous for both HPFH and Hb C had six children; three offsprivg obtained the Hb C gene and three the HPFH gene. Similarly, a woman heterozygous for both Hb S and HPFH transmitted the Hb S gene to one of her two children and the HPFH gene to the other. Thus among 19 offspring, no crossovers between the HPFH locus or the Hb delta-beta locus were observed. These and earlier data are compatible with deletion of the Hb beta and delta loci as the primary event to explain the genetic origin of HPFH. Genetic considerations indicate that the finding of a single person with a hematologically normal phenotype among offspring of heterozygotes for both the African type of HPFH and a Hb beta or Hb delta structural abnormality would invalidate the deletion model.", "contents": "Hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin, beta thalassemia, and the hemoglobin delta-beta locus: further family data and genetic interpretations. Three Negro kindreds with hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin (HPFH) alone and in combination with various other hemoglobin abnormalities including beta thalassemia are presented. Among 11 offspring of two women heterozygous for both HPFH and the delta chain mutation Hb B2, five inherited the HPFH gene and six inherited the Hb B2 gene. In another kindred, a man inferred to be heterozygous for both HPFH and Hb C had six children; three offsprivg obtained the Hb C gene and three the HPFH gene. Similarly, a woman heterozygous for both Hb S and HPFH transmitted the Hb S gene to one of her two children and the HPFH gene to the other. Thus among 19 offspring, no crossovers between the HPFH locus or the Hb delta-beta locus were observed. These and earlier data are compatible with deletion of the Hb beta and delta loci as the primary event to explain the genetic origin of HPFH. Genetic considerations indicate that the finding of a single person with a hematologically normal phenotype among offspring of heterozygotes for both the African type of HPFH and a Hb beta or Hb delta structural abnormality would invalidate the deletion model.", "PMID": 1124762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8688", "title": "Observations of de novo clones of cytogentically aberrant cells in primary fibroblast cell strains from phenotypically normal women.", "content": "In a recent study of chromosome breakage frequencies in 36 primary fibroblast cell strains derived from skin from 10 phenotypically normal women, we observed seven different clones of cells having consistent chromosomal abnormalities. Five of the stem lines were noted in cultures from \"control\" women and two in fibroblasts from women taking oral contraceptives. We observed aneuploid clones as well as stem lines bearing structural abnormalities (e.g., translocation, inversions). The various aberrant clones were found in cultures ranging in age from 41 to 144 days and comprised varying percentages of the cell populations ranging from 0.8% to virtually 100%. The possible evolution in culture of clones of cells having aberrant karyotypes should be considered in interpreting findings from fibroblast cultures initiated for clinical evaluation.", "contents": "Observations of de novo clones of cytogentically aberrant cells in primary fibroblast cell strains from phenotypically normal women. In a recent study of chromosome breakage frequencies in 36 primary fibroblast cell strains derived from skin from 10 phenotypically normal women, we observed seven different clones of cells having consistent chromosomal abnormalities. Five of the stem lines were noted in cultures from \"control\" women and two in fibroblasts from women taking oral contraceptives. We observed aneuploid clones as well as stem lines bearing structural abnormalities (e.g., translocation, inversions). The various aberrant clones were found in cultures ranging in age from 41 to 144 days and comprised varying percentages of the cell populations ranging from 0.8% to virtually 100%. The possible evolution in culture of clones of cells having aberrant karyotypes should be considered in interpreting findings from fibroblast cultures initiated for clinical evaluation.", "PMID": 1124763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8689", "title": "Screening for microcytemia in Italy: analysis of data collected in the past 30 years.", "content": "Extensive population surveys begun in Italy in 1943 revealed a high incidence of mycrocytemia. Health authorities established a national organization to combat microcytemia which financed and directed activities throughout Italy from 1955 to 1971. The work performed by the microcytemia centers in screening and prophylaxis is described. The results of a screening program underway since 1967 involving 46,559 students of the University of Rome are presented in detail. A preliminary survey of 256 families revealed that the incidence of subsequent births after the births of a child affected by Cooley's anemia was generally low. Results obtained to date are encouraging and justify more extensive programs for the prevention and treatment of microcytemia.", "contents": "Screening for microcytemia in Italy: analysis of data collected in the past 30 years. Extensive population surveys begun in Italy in 1943 revealed a high incidence of mycrocytemia. Health authorities established a national organization to combat microcytemia which financed and directed activities throughout Italy from 1955 to 1971. The work performed by the microcytemia centers in screening and prophylaxis is described. The results of a screening program underway since 1967 involving 46,559 students of the University of Rome are presented in detail. A preliminary survey of 256 families revealed that the incidence of subsequent births after the births of a child affected by Cooley's anemia was generally low. Results obtained to date are encouraging and justify more extensive programs for the prevention and treatment of microcytemia.", "PMID": 1124764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8690", "title": "Half chromatid mutations: transmission in humans?", "content": "Attention is drawn to the possibility of half chromatid and early somatic mutations and to several implications of these mosaic-yielding events. There is suggestive evidence that spontaneous mutations can result in mosaics. A world-wide cooperative study of Lesch-Nyhan families could determine the extent of half chromatid mutation transmission and early somatic mutation in humans.", "contents": "Half chromatid mutations: transmission in humans? Attention is drawn to the possibility of half chromatid and early somatic mutations and to several implications of these mosaic-yielding events. There is suggestive evidence that spontaneous mutations can result in mosaics. A world-wide cooperative study of Lesch-Nyhan families could determine the extent of half chromatid mutation transmission and early somatic mutation in humans.", "PMID": 1124765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8691", "title": "Haptoglobin-ABO interaction: a possible explanation for the excess of Hp 1 among offspring of ABO incompatible matings.", "content": "The Hp1 frequency among ABO phenotypes varies in the Hutterite population as follows: O less than A less than B less than AB. Within group O, the Hp1 frequency is significantly lower than the Hp1 frequency among the other groups combined. The Hp1 frequencies among ABO genotypes, known by means of family pedigrees, vary as follows: OO less than AO less than BO less than AB less than AA less than BB. This holds for both main subjects of this isolate, although they have been reproductively isolated since World War I. The higher Hp1 frequency among type A, B, and AB individuals explains the observation of the higher Hp1 frequencies found among H-leut offspring who are incompatible with their mothers (mainly AO offspring of OO mothers) compared to offspring from the same matings who are compatible with their mothers.", "contents": "Haptoglobin-ABO interaction: a possible explanation for the excess of Hp 1 among offspring of ABO incompatible matings. The Hp1 frequency among ABO phenotypes varies in the Hutterite population as follows: O less than A less than B less than AB. Within group O, the Hp1 frequency is significantly lower than the Hp1 frequency among the other groups combined. The Hp1 frequencies among ABO genotypes, known by means of family pedigrees, vary as follows: OO less than AO less than BO less than AB less than AA less than BB. This holds for both main subjects of this isolate, although they have been reproductively isolated since World War I. The higher Hp1 frequency among type A, B, and AB individuals explains the observation of the higher Hp1 frequencies found among H-leut offspring who are incompatible with their mothers (mainly AO offspring of OO mothers) compared to offspring from the same matings who are compatible with their mothers.", "PMID": 1124766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8692", "title": "Evidence for the inactivation of an X chromosome early in the development of the human female.", "content": "Studies of somatic tissues and cultured cells, including fibroblast clones, from human embryos heterozygous for the electrophoretic variants of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase confirm that one X chromosome is inactivated very early in embryonic development and indicate that X inactivation has occurred in the majority of cells from a variety of tissues at least by 5 weeks from conception.", "contents": "Evidence for the inactivation of an X chromosome early in the development of the human female. Studies of somatic tissues and cultured cells, including fibroblast clones, from human embryos heterozygous for the electrophoretic variants of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase confirm that one X chromosome is inactivated very early in embryonic development and indicate that X inactivation has occurred in the majority of cells from a variety of tissues at least by 5 weeks from conception.", "PMID": 1124767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8693", "title": "Physician attitudes toward drug information resources.", "content": "A survey of the drug information needs of physicians in western Washington State is discussed. Of 5006 questionnaires mailed to physicians, 1227 were returned completed. The results showed that physicians depended primarily on journals and texts for drug information. Pharmacists were seldom considered as sources of drug information which would directly affect patient therapy. Slightly more than a third of the respondents indicated a willingness to pay for drug information services", "contents": "Physician attitudes toward drug information resources. A survey of the drug information needs of physicians in western Washington State is discussed. Of 5006 questionnaires mailed to physicians, 1227 were returned completed. The results showed that physicians depended primarily on journals and texts for drug information. Pharmacists were seldom considered as sources of drug information which would directly affect patient therapy. Slightly more than a third of the respondents indicated a willingness to pay for drug information services", "PMID": 1124778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8694", "title": "Regional drug information service benefits: free versus fee-for-service.", "content": "Health providers in a four-state area who had utilized the Nebraska Regional Drug Information Service were surveyed to determine: (1) if providers would pay a fee for drug information services; and (2) if they would prefer a per-call fee or an annual subscription fee. Of 1,000 questionnaires mailed, approximately 500 were returned and analyzed. Results indicated that 52% of those responding felt that the drug information service provided direct benefits to patients. The service fee preferred most was $2.00 to $5.00 per call or $25.00 per year. Actual operating cost data showed that a per-call charge of $2.50 would not permit the service to break even. However, it was projected that the service would break even if it charged an annual fee of $25.00.", "contents": "Regional drug information service benefits: free versus fee-for-service. Health providers in a four-state area who had utilized the Nebraska Regional Drug Information Service were surveyed to determine: (1) if providers would pay a fee for drug information services; and (2) if they would prefer a per-call fee or an annual subscription fee. Of 1,000 questionnaires mailed, approximately 500 were returned and analyzed. Results indicated that 52% of those responding felt that the drug information service provided direct benefits to patients. The service fee preferred most was $2.00 to $5.00 per call or $25.00 per year. Actual operating cost data showed that a per-call charge of $2.50 would not permit the service to break even. However, it was projected that the service would break even if it charged an annual fee of $25.00.", "PMID": 1124779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8695", "title": "Experience with a drug information services review committee.", "content": "The efforts of a committee to review the performance of a formal drug information service were evaluated. The organization and functions of the committee are described, Among other duties, the committee rates the difficulty of a random selection of questions and the adequacy of the answers provided. These ratings were compared to the evaluations of the persons asking the questions. There appeared to be a correlation between the ratings of the review committee and the evaluation of users of the service.", "contents": "Experience with a drug information services review committee. The efforts of a committee to review the performance of a formal drug information service were evaluated. The organization and functions of the committee are described, Among other duties, the committee rates the difficulty of a random selection of questions and the adequacy of the answers provided. These ratings were compared to the evaluations of the persons asking the questions. There appeared to be a correlation between the ratings of the review committee and the evaluation of users of the service.", "PMID": 1124780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8696", "title": "The pharmacist's ability to use bioavailability data.", "content": "The ability of the pharmacist to use analytical, dissolution, blood level, excretion and cost data in evaluating drug products was studied. A questionnaire asked respondents to evaluate four brands of an antibiotic based on the comparative data presented. The responses of 19 pharmacists were compared to those of an expert panel. The pharmacists performed adequately in evaluating all types of data except urinary excretion data.", "contents": "The pharmacist's ability to use bioavailability data. The ability of the pharmacist to use analytical, dissolution, blood level, excretion and cost data in evaluating drug products was studied. A questionnaire asked respondents to evaluate four brands of an antibiotic based on the comparative data presented. The responses of 19 pharmacists were compared to those of an expert panel. The pharmacists performed adequately in evaluating all types of data except urinary excretion data.", "PMID": 1124781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8697", "title": "Unit dose packaging of respiratory therapy solutions.", "content": "A program of preparing respiratory therapy medications in a tamper-proof, disposable, unit dose package was developed and evaluated. Comparisons were made between the old system of dispensing respiratory therapy solutions and the new unit dose system. The evaluation indicated that: (1) personnel costs between the two systems were similar; (2) patient charges increased under the unit dose system by approximately 10 cents per dose; (3) packaging technique and controls improved under the unit dose system; and (4) medication errors were reduced.", "contents": "Unit dose packaging of respiratory therapy solutions. A program of preparing respiratory therapy medications in a tamper-proof, disposable, unit dose package was developed and evaluated. Comparisons were made between the old system of dispensing respiratory therapy solutions and the new unit dose system. The evaluation indicated that: (1) personnel costs between the two systems were similar; (2) patient charges increased under the unit dose system by approximately 10 cents per dose; (3) packaging technique and controls improved under the unit dose system; and (4) medication errors were reduced.", "PMID": 1124782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8698", "title": "Licorice-induced pseudoaldosteronism.", "content": "Licorice ingestion as a cause of pseudoaldosteronism is discussed. The mechanism whereby licorice, when consumed in large quantities, exhibits the physiologic properties of aldosterone, is reviewed. A case report of a 51-year-old male hospitalized with hypertension and hypokalemia is presented with reports of laboratory findings which lead to the diagnosis of pseudoaldosteronism.", "contents": "Licorice-induced pseudoaldosteronism. Licorice ingestion as a cause of pseudoaldosteronism is discussed. The mechanism whereby licorice, when consumed in large quantities, exhibits the physiologic properties of aldosterone, is reviewed. A case report of a 51-year-old male hospitalized with hypertension and hypokalemia is presented with reports of laboratory findings which lead to the diagnosis of pseudoaldosteronism.", "PMID": 1124783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8699", "title": "Effect of intrarenal furosemide on renal function and intratenal hemodynamics in acute renal failure.", "content": "The ability of short-term furosemide administration to alter intrarenal hemodynamics and to modify the clinical course of acute renal failure was assessed in six patients 2 to 9 days after the onset of acute renal failure. Following renal arterial catheterization, the intraarterial administration of furosemide at a dose of 9.6 mg/min for 30 minutes failed to improve renal function as assessed either by an increase in urine output or a decrease in serum creatinine during the 4 days after administration in the five oliguric patients. In a sixth patient with nonoliguric acute renal failure, urine volume increased with a gradual decrease in blood urea nitrogen and creatinine during the week after study. Furosemide failed to alter either mean renal blood flow or its intrarenal distribution as determined at intervals of 3 to 40 minutes after its infusion. These studies demonstrate that the short-term administration of furosemide in large doses does not improve renal hemodynamics or alter the clinical course of patients with established acute oliguric renal failure.", "contents": "Effect of intrarenal furosemide on renal function and intratenal hemodynamics in acute renal failure. The ability of short-term furosemide administration to alter intrarenal hemodynamics and to modify the clinical course of acute renal failure was assessed in six patients 2 to 9 days after the onset of acute renal failure. Following renal arterial catheterization, the intraarterial administration of furosemide at a dose of 9.6 mg/min for 30 minutes failed to improve renal function as assessed either by an increase in urine output or a decrease in serum creatinine during the 4 days after administration in the five oliguric patients. In a sixth patient with nonoliguric acute renal failure, urine volume increased with a gradual decrease in blood urea nitrogen and creatinine during the week after study. Furosemide failed to alter either mean renal blood flow or its intrarenal distribution as determined at intervals of 3 to 40 minutes after its infusion. These studies demonstrate that the short-term administration of furosemide in large doses does not improve renal hemodynamics or alter the clinical course of patients with established acute oliguric renal failure.", "PMID": 1124788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8700", "title": "Studies in myasthenia gravis: early thymectomy. Electrophysiologic and pathologic correlations.", "content": "Indications for thymectomy in myasthenia gravis have been recently expanded to include all cases with extraocular symptoms as a result of the minimal morbidity and negligible mortality of the transcervical approach. As increasing numbers of patients with myasthenia gravis, covering the entire spectrum of generalized disease, have been added to the thymectomy population, a more accurate evaluation of the effects of the operation is possible. Our experience with 353 patients who have undergone thymectomy indicates that early thymectomy, particularly in patients who do not have germinal centers, is followed by early remission of the disease. Delayed remission after thymectomy is related to the duration and severity of the disease, and to presence of thymic germinal centers. Germinal centers were found more frequently in patients with long duration of the disease and in patients in whom the disease had progressed to respiratory involvement. Marked improvement in electromyographic findings immediately after thymectomy was observed in the majority of patients who had had the disease for 1 year of less and where germinal centers were absent. The percentage of malignant thymomas was higher in patients who underwent thymectomy 1 year or more after the onset of symptoms of myasthenia gravis. These data indicate the importance of early thymectomy while the disease is still in the mild stages. Transcervical thymectomy is the treatment of choice as it is followed by a higher percentage of remissions and by less morbidity than other forms of treatment.", "contents": "Studies in myasthenia gravis: early thymectomy. Electrophysiologic and pathologic correlations. Indications for thymectomy in myasthenia gravis have been recently expanded to include all cases with extraocular symptoms as a result of the minimal morbidity and negligible mortality of the transcervical approach. As increasing numbers of patients with myasthenia gravis, covering the entire spectrum of generalized disease, have been added to the thymectomy population, a more accurate evaluation of the effects of the operation is possible. Our experience with 353 patients who have undergone thymectomy indicates that early thymectomy, particularly in patients who do not have germinal centers, is followed by early remission of the disease. Delayed remission after thymectomy is related to the duration and severity of the disease, and to presence of thymic germinal centers. Germinal centers were found more frequently in patients with long duration of the disease and in patients in whom the disease had progressed to respiratory involvement. Marked improvement in electromyographic findings immediately after thymectomy was observed in the majority of patients who had had the disease for 1 year of less and where germinal centers were absent. The percentage of malignant thymomas was higher in patients who underwent thymectomy 1 year or more after the onset of symptoms of myasthenia gravis. These data indicate the importance of early thymectomy while the disease is still in the mild stages. Transcervical thymectomy is the treatment of choice as it is followed by a higher percentage of remissions and by less morbidity than other forms of treatment.", "PMID": 1124789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8701", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of digoxin and digitoxin in patients undergoing hemodialysis.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of digoxin and digitoxin in patients undergoing long-term hemodialysis were examined to determine which is the preferred cardiac glycoside in this patient population. Absorption curves from 0 to 24 hours after an oral dose of digitoxin were similar in dialyzed patients and in control patients. Serum glycoside concentrations after an oral dose of digoxin were higher in dialyzed patients than in control patients, significantly so from 2 to 24 hours, reflecting the absence of the predominantly renal route of excretion of digoxin. When nine dialyzed patients were placed on a maintenance dose of digoxin, 0.125 mg 5 days a week, serum levels plateaued at 30 days at a mean concentration (plus or minus SE) of 0.84 plus or minus 0.05 ng/ml. Maintenance therapy with 0.1 mg digitoxin 5 days a week resulted in stabilization of serum levels within 30 days at a mean concentration of 19 plus or minus 1 ng/ml. Variability in the serum glycoside concentrations was determined after stabilization of levels during 2 to 19 week follow-up periods with each drug. Variability in serum levels was somewhat increased during maintenance therapy with digitoxin. On the basis of the parmacokinetic data obtained in this study, no clear cut preference for one glycoside over the other could be established.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of digoxin and digitoxin in patients undergoing hemodialysis. The pharmacokinetics of digoxin and digitoxin in patients undergoing long-term hemodialysis were examined to determine which is the preferred cardiac glycoside in this patient population. Absorption curves from 0 to 24 hours after an oral dose of digitoxin were similar in dialyzed patients and in control patients. Serum glycoside concentrations after an oral dose of digoxin were higher in dialyzed patients than in control patients, significantly so from 2 to 24 hours, reflecting the absence of the predominantly renal route of excretion of digoxin. When nine dialyzed patients were placed on a maintenance dose of digoxin, 0.125 mg 5 days a week, serum levels plateaued at 30 days at a mean concentration (plus or minus SE) of 0.84 plus or minus 0.05 ng/ml. Maintenance therapy with 0.1 mg digitoxin 5 days a week resulted in stabilization of serum levels within 30 days at a mean concentration of 19 plus or minus 1 ng/ml. Variability in the serum glycoside concentrations was determined after stabilization of levels during 2 to 19 week follow-up periods with each drug. Variability in serum levels was somewhat increased during maintenance therapy with digitoxin. On the basis of the parmacokinetic data obtained in this study, no clear cut preference for one glycoside over the other could be established.", "PMID": 1124790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8702", "title": "Hemoglobin S-C disease presenting as acute pneumonitis with pulmonary angiographic findings in two patients.", "content": "Acute illness characterized by fever, cough, chest pain and pulmonary infiltrates on chest film is characteristic of patients witb sickle cell anemia and with sickle-C disease. The underlying hemoglobinopathy is usually recognized in the former, but because patients with sickle-C disease as a rule have less severe anemia and fewer, less severe crises their abnormal hemoglobin may not be detected until adolescence or adulthood. Acute pulmonary illness in such patients may therefore present a diagnostic dilemma for the unwary. Two cases are presented to highlight this point. Pulmonary angiographic findings in patients with sickle cell states might add information about the pathogenesis of this disorder since vascular occlusion appears to play a major role. Pulmonary angiograms in the two patients we describe documented the presence of localized abnormalities of perfusion. In one, the presence of filling defects in medium-sized arteries suggests intravascular thromboembolism.", "contents": "Hemoglobin S-C disease presenting as acute pneumonitis with pulmonary angiographic findings in two patients. Acute illness characterized by fever, cough, chest pain and pulmonary infiltrates on chest film is characteristic of patients witb sickle cell anemia and with sickle-C disease. The underlying hemoglobinopathy is usually recognized in the former, but because patients with sickle-C disease as a rule have less severe anemia and fewer, less severe crises their abnormal hemoglobin may not be detected until adolescence or adulthood. Acute pulmonary illness in such patients may therefore present a diagnostic dilemma for the unwary. Two cases are presented to highlight this point. Pulmonary angiographic findings in patients with sickle cell states might add information about the pathogenesis of this disorder since vascular occlusion appears to play a major role. Pulmonary angiograms in the two patients we describe documented the presence of localized abnormalities of perfusion. In one, the presence of filling defects in medium-sized arteries suggests intravascular thromboembolism.", "PMID": 1124791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8703", "title": "Hemoglobin S/C disease in a pregnant woman with crisis and fat embolization syndrome.", "content": "The complications of painful crisis and megaloblastic anemia are hallmarks of the pregnant patient with hemoglobin S/C disease. We describe here the clinical course in a patient with hemoglobin S/C disease in whom painful crisis and the fat embolization syndrom developed postpartum with severe neurologic abnormalities. Response to exchange blood transfusion was dramatic, and the patient recovered without neurologic impairment.", "contents": "Hemoglobin S/C disease in a pregnant woman with crisis and fat embolization syndrome. The complications of painful crisis and megaloblastic anemia are hallmarks of the pregnant patient with hemoglobin S/C disease. We describe here the clinical course in a patient with hemoglobin S/C disease in whom painful crisis and the fat embolization syndrom developed postpartum with severe neurologic abnormalities. Response to exchange blood transfusion was dramatic, and the patient recovered without neurologic impairment.", "PMID": 1124792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8704", "title": "Bullous photoreaction to nalidixic acid.", "content": "Curtaneous blisters developed after exposure to the sun in two women who were taking nalidixic acid. Blisters continued to appear even after therapy was discontinued and there was no further exposure to the sun. Phototesting showed abnormal sensitivity to both short and long wavelength ultraviolet spectra in one patient. The low incidence of this phenomenon suggests a photoallergic mechanism, but features of both photoallergy and phototoxicity are present.", "contents": "Bullous photoreaction to nalidixic acid. Curtaneous blisters developed after exposure to the sun in two women who were taking nalidixic acid. Blisters continued to appear even after therapy was discontinued and there was no further exposure to the sun. Phototesting showed abnormal sensitivity to both short and long wavelength ultraviolet spectra in one patient. The low incidence of this phenomenon suggests a photoallergic mechanism, but features of both photoallergy and phototoxicity are present.", "PMID": 1124793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8705", "title": "Pericardial tamponade. A presenting manifestation of procainamide-induced lupus erythematosus.", "content": "Procainamide, a frequently sued antiarrhythmic agent, may produce a syndrome clinically indistinguishable from idiopathic lupus erythematosis. Pericarditis with or without effusion is occasionally a prominent manifestation of the disease, but cardiac tamponade is exceptional. The patient described had a clinically evident and laboratory confirmed drug-induced syndrome complicated by an unusually severe pericarditis with effusion and tamponade necessitating pericardiocentesis. Treatment with prednisone produced impressive amelioration of the pericarditis with no recurrence of the lupus erythematosis syndrome during a prolonged period of observation following cessation of corticosteroid therapy. Prompt initation of steroid treatment in drug-induced lupus erythematosus complicated by massive pericardial effusion is strongly suggested by this experience.", "contents": "Pericardial tamponade. A presenting manifestation of procainamide-induced lupus erythematosus. Procainamide, a frequently sued antiarrhythmic agent, may produce a syndrome clinically indistinguishable from idiopathic lupus erythematosis. Pericarditis with or without effusion is occasionally a prominent manifestation of the disease, but cardiac tamponade is exceptional. The patient described had a clinically evident and laboratory confirmed drug-induced syndrome complicated by an unusually severe pericarditis with effusion and tamponade necessitating pericardiocentesis. Treatment with prednisone produced impressive amelioration of the pericarditis with no recurrence of the lupus erythematosis syndrome during a prolonged period of observation following cessation of corticosteroid therapy. Prompt initation of steroid treatment in drug-induced lupus erythematosus complicated by massive pericardial effusion is strongly suggested by this experience.", "PMID": 1124794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8706", "title": "Refractory reentrant atrial tachycardia. Successful treatment with a permanent radio frequency triggered atrial pacemaker.", "content": "This 68 year old man had recurrent episodes of paroxysmal atrial tachycardia, probably due to chronic pericarditis, persisting over a 7 year period. These episodes were resistant to all conventional medical therapy and at times produced ischemic chest pain. There was no evidence of Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome either on the standard electrocardiogram or on the His bundle electrogram performed with atrial pacing. Rapid atrial pacing at a rate of 200/min was found to promptly terminate the tachycardia and restore normal sinus rhythm. Because of the refractoriness of the patient's tachycardia, in addition to the presence of ischemic chest pain during these episodes, a permanent radio frequency triggered atrial pacemaker was inserted which enables him to initiate rapid atrial pacing by pressing an external control. The patient has been maintained on antiarrhythmic medications in an attempt to decrease the frequency of these episodes; during an 8 month follow-up period, he has done well with approximately one episode of tachycardia each month requiring radio frequency atrial pacing for termination.", "contents": "Refractory reentrant atrial tachycardia. Successful treatment with a permanent radio frequency triggered atrial pacemaker. This 68 year old man had recurrent episodes of paroxysmal atrial tachycardia, probably due to chronic pericarditis, persisting over a 7 year period. These episodes were resistant to all conventional medical therapy and at times produced ischemic chest pain. There was no evidence of Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome either on the standard electrocardiogram or on the His bundle electrogram performed with atrial pacing. Rapid atrial pacing at a rate of 200/min was found to promptly terminate the tachycardia and restore normal sinus rhythm. Because of the refractoriness of the patient's tachycardia, in addition to the presence of ischemic chest pain during these episodes, a permanent radio frequency triggered atrial pacemaker was inserted which enables him to initiate rapid atrial pacing by pressing an external control. The patient has been maintained on antiarrhythmic medications in an attempt to decrease the frequency of these episodes; during an 8 month follow-up period, he has done well with approximately one episode of tachycardia each month requiring radio frequency atrial pacing for termination.", "PMID": 1124795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8707", "title": "Glucose uptake in the brainstem of thiamine-deficient rats.", "content": "Acute dietary deficiency of thiamine was produced in immature female rats. Uptake of glucose by brainstem nuclei was determined by autoradiographic examination of tissue concentrations of 14-C-3-O-methyl-d-glucose following a test dose, and compared with levels in normal and isocaloric control animals. The experiment showed that glucose uptake was depressed in the lesions of thiamine deficiency as compared with the controls, that the depression occurred with the occurrence of morphologic evidence of tissue edema, and that the depression was temporally independent of the breakdown of the blood-brain barrier to protein which is found in the late, necrotic lesions.", "contents": "Glucose uptake in the brainstem of thiamine-deficient rats. Acute dietary deficiency of thiamine was produced in immature female rats. Uptake of glucose by brainstem nuclei was determined by autoradiographic examination of tissue concentrations of 14-C-3-O-methyl-d-glucose following a test dose, and compared with levels in normal and isocaloric control animals. The experiment showed that glucose uptake was depressed in the lesions of thiamine deficiency as compared with the controls, that the depression occurred with the occurrence of morphologic evidence of tissue edema, and that the depression was temporally independent of the breakdown of the blood-brain barrier to protein which is found in the late, necrotic lesions.", "PMID": 1124796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8708", "title": "Intravascular fibrin deposits, hepatic infarcts and thrombocytopenia in parent/F mouse chimeras with host-versus-graft syndrome.", "content": "Host-versus-graft (HVG) disease is the fatal result of the allogenic reaction which occurs in parental strain mice perinatally inoculated with F(1) hybrid spleen cells. The principal manifestations of the syndrome in RFM/(T(6) X RFM)F(1) mice are thrombocytopenia, intestinal hemorrhage, hepatic necrosis, lymphoproliferative disorders and renal disease due to immune complexes. The discovery of intravascular fibrin deposits in the present studies establishes disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) as an intermediary mechanism of HVG disease. It is suggested that the characteristic declines in blood platelet levels, intestinal hemorrhages and hepatic infarcts are triggered principally by immune complexes. Cellular infiltrates of the liver, granulocytosis and hypergammaglobulinemia are other abnormalities which are regularly found in HVG mice and which are also thought to predispose to DIC.", "contents": "Intravascular fibrin deposits, hepatic infarcts and thrombocytopenia in parent/F mouse chimeras with host-versus-graft syndrome. Host-versus-graft (HVG) disease is the fatal result of the allogenic reaction which occurs in parental strain mice perinatally inoculated with F(1) hybrid spleen cells. The principal manifestations of the syndrome in RFM/(T(6) X RFM)F(1) mice are thrombocytopenia, intestinal hemorrhage, hepatic necrosis, lymphoproliferative disorders and renal disease due to immune complexes. The discovery of intravascular fibrin deposits in the present studies establishes disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) as an intermediary mechanism of HVG disease. It is suggested that the characteristic declines in blood platelet levels, intestinal hemorrhages and hepatic infarcts are triggered principally by immune complexes. Cellular infiltrates of the liver, granulocytosis and hypergammaglobulinemia are other abnormalities which are regularly found in HVG mice and which are also thought to predispose to DIC.", "PMID": 1124797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8709", "title": "Restitution of aortic wall after sustained necrotizing transmural ligation injury. Role of blood cells and artery cells.", "content": "Partial ligation of the rabbit abdominal aorta with fine silk suture for 48 hours produced a circular band of transmural necrosis. On release of the ligature, blood cells from the lumen and from adventitial vasa vasorum, as well as cells derived by mitosis from the adjacent surviving endothelium and media, participated in the restitution of a continuous endothelial lining and an intact media containing well-differentiated smooth muscle cells within normal medial lamellar units. Initial deposition of a layer of blood platelets on the fibrillar material coating the denuded lumenal surface was followed by ingress from the lumen of polymorphonuclear granulocytes and mononuclear cells. These changes preceded the appearance of mitoses in surviving endothelial and medial smooth muscle cells at the margin of injury. By 24 hours, poorly differentiated cells had accumulated in the central portion of the intima and inner media. Similar cells formed a more extensive, nearly complete lumenal layer which was eventually continuous with and indistinguishable from the adjacent uninjured endothelium. By 7 days, smooth muscle cells repopulated the media, and a collection of less differentiated cells persisted between the restored endothelium and media. By 28 days, the only deviation from normal arterial structure was the persistence at the point of ligature of intimal thickening, consisting of smooth muscle cells and collagen and elastin fibers. Though still present at 6 weeks, this zone became increasingly compact and layered. There was no evidence that fibrin thrombus formation was a consistent feature of the initial reaction or that it played a role in the healing process or in the formation of the intimal lesion. Despite complete circumferential necrosis at the site of ligature, there was no evidence of medial rupture or intramural hemorrhage.", "contents": "Restitution of aortic wall after sustained necrotizing transmural ligation injury. Role of blood cells and artery cells. Partial ligation of the rabbit abdominal aorta with fine silk suture for 48 hours produced a circular band of transmural necrosis. On release of the ligature, blood cells from the lumen and from adventitial vasa vasorum, as well as cells derived by mitosis from the adjacent surviving endothelium and media, participated in the restitution of a continuous endothelial lining and an intact media containing well-differentiated smooth muscle cells within normal medial lamellar units. Initial deposition of a layer of blood platelets on the fibrillar material coating the denuded lumenal surface was followed by ingress from the lumen of polymorphonuclear granulocytes and mononuclear cells. These changes preceded the appearance of mitoses in surviving endothelial and medial smooth muscle cells at the margin of injury. By 24 hours, poorly differentiated cells had accumulated in the central portion of the intima and inner media. Similar cells formed a more extensive, nearly complete lumenal layer which was eventually continuous with and indistinguishable from the adjacent uninjured endothelium. By 7 days, smooth muscle cells repopulated the media, and a collection of less differentiated cells persisted between the restored endothelium and media. By 28 days, the only deviation from normal arterial structure was the persistence at the point of ligature of intimal thickening, consisting of smooth muscle cells and collagen and elastin fibers. Though still present at 6 weeks, this zone became increasingly compact and layered. There was no evidence that fibrin thrombus formation was a consistent feature of the initial reaction or that it played a role in the healing process or in the formation of the intimal lesion. Despite complete circumferential necrosis at the site of ligature, there was no evidence of medial rupture or intramural hemorrhage.", "PMID": 1124799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8710", "title": "Characterization of human platelets separated from blood by ADP-induced aggregation.", "content": "Separation of platelets from plasma is achieved by adding ADP (final concentration 10-5 M) to platelet-rich plasma and allowing aggregates to form. Aggregates are removed quickly by brief, gentle centrifugation, washed two to three times with 0.9% NaCl (saline), and then incubated for 10 minutes in the presence of apyrase, albumin and calcium. Platelet aggregates deaggregate completely during this incubation period. The platelet suspension is then subjected to 1100g for 12 minutes, gently resuspended in a small volume of saline, and finally diluted with an appropriate medium to the desired concentration. The entire separation procedure requires approximately 30 minutes. Platelets obtained by this procedure are a) comparable in aggregability to the platelet preparations obtained by gel filtration, b) have normal intracellular amounts of ATP and ADP, and c) except for slight dilatation of the surface-connected canalicular system, have normal ultrastructural appearance. When suspended in an appropriate medium, these separated platelets take up serotonin 14-C and subsequently release it in nearly normal quantities when exposed to thrombin, collagen or ADP.", "contents": "Characterization of human platelets separated from blood by ADP-induced aggregation. Separation of platelets from plasma is achieved by adding ADP (final concentration 10-5 M) to platelet-rich plasma and allowing aggregates to form. Aggregates are removed quickly by brief, gentle centrifugation, washed two to three times with 0.9% NaCl (saline), and then incubated for 10 minutes in the presence of apyrase, albumin and calcium. Platelet aggregates deaggregate completely during this incubation period. The platelet suspension is then subjected to 1100g for 12 minutes, gently resuspended in a small volume of saline, and finally diluted with an appropriate medium to the desired concentration. The entire separation procedure requires approximately 30 minutes. Platelets obtained by this procedure are a) comparable in aggregability to the platelet preparations obtained by gel filtration, b) have normal intracellular amounts of ATP and ADP, and c) except for slight dilatation of the surface-connected canalicular system, have normal ultrastructural appearance. When suspended in an appropriate medium, these separated platelets take up serotonin 14-C and subsequently release it in nearly normal quantities when exposed to thrombin, collagen or ADP.", "PMID": 1124800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8711", "title": "Marital therapy from a psychiatric perspective: an overview.", "content": "The authors describe various methods of marital therapy in use today. Although absence of a unifying conceptual scheme in the past has hampered developments in this field, the increasing acknowledgment by psychiatrists of the important effect of the environmental system on thoughts, feelings, and behavior has facilitated a therapeutic approach stressing not only a person's intrapsychic conflicts but current environmental, family, and spouse-related phenomena. The authors discuss three dimensions of marital psychodynamics--power, intimacy, and marital boundary setting--and relate them to the marital life cycle and to four classifications of the marital relationship: 1) rules for defining power, 2) parental stage, 3) level of intimacy, and 4) personality style and psychiatric terminology. The paper includes a brief discussion of therapy techniques, sex counseling, the use of cotherapists, the future of marriage, and alternative lifestyles.", "contents": "Marital therapy from a psychiatric perspective: an overview. The authors describe various methods of marital therapy in use today. Although absence of a unifying conceptual scheme in the past has hampered developments in this field, the increasing acknowledgment by psychiatrists of the important effect of the environmental system on thoughts, feelings, and behavior has facilitated a therapeutic approach stressing not only a person's intrapsychic conflicts but current environmental, family, and spouse-related phenomena. The authors discuss three dimensions of marital psychodynamics--power, intimacy, and marital boundary setting--and relate them to the marital life cycle and to four classifications of the marital relationship: 1) rules for defining power, 2) parental stage, 3) level of intimacy, and 4) personality style and psychiatric terminology. The paper includes a brief discussion of therapy techniques, sex counseling, the use of cotherapists, the future of marriage, and alternative lifestyles.", "PMID": 1124801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8712", "title": "A comparison of biofeedback-mediated relaxation and group therapy in the treatment of chronic anxiety.", "content": "The authors compared treatment of chronic anxiety with biofeedback-mediated electromyographic (EMG) relaxation to treatment with group psychotherapy in a control group. Feedback patients were given two weeks of EMG relaxation training followed by two weeks of self-practice. Significant decreases were found in the feedback group in electromyogram levels, mood distrubance, trait anxiety, and (to a lesser extent) state anxiety; no such decreases occurred in the control group. The authors suggest that EMG feedback can be an important adjunct therapy for chronic anxiety.", "contents": "A comparison of biofeedback-mediated relaxation and group therapy in the treatment of chronic anxiety. The authors compared treatment of chronic anxiety with biofeedback-mediated electromyographic (EMG) relaxation to treatment with group psychotherapy in a control group. Feedback patients were given two weeks of EMG relaxation training followed by two weeks of self-practice. Significant decreases were found in the feedback group in electromyogram levels, mood distrubance, trait anxiety, and (to a lesser extent) state anxiety; no such decreases occurred in the control group. The authors suggest that EMG feedback can be an important adjunct therapy for chronic anxiety.", "PMID": 1124802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8713", "title": "The impact of medical school on future psychiatrists.", "content": "Although psychiatry and clinical medicine share ideals about what distinguishes a good practitioner, medical schools do not select students on the basis of these qualities. Moreover, they seem to discourage many interested students from choosing psychiatry. Part of the problem is that psychiatry is poorly taught. Research suggests that psychiatry can be better taught and that medical students will be receptive. However, the clash between the values of technological medicine and psychiatry has created discouragement, with the ironic result that medical students rate psychiatrists poorly because they embody the very qualities that distinguish the good clinician.", "contents": "The impact of medical school on future psychiatrists. Although psychiatry and clinical medicine share ideals about what distinguishes a good practitioner, medical schools do not select students on the basis of these qualities. Moreover, they seem to discourage many interested students from choosing psychiatry. Part of the problem is that psychiatry is poorly taught. Research suggests that psychiatry can be better taught and that medical students will be receptive. However, the clash between the values of technological medicine and psychiatry has created discouragement, with the ironic result that medical students rate psychiatrists poorly because they embody the very qualities that distinguish the good clinician.", "PMID": 1124803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8714", "title": "Methadone maintenance: some client opinions.", "content": "The authors found similar attitudes toward methadone and methadone treatment programs in 75 detoxification and 115 methadone maintenance clients. Both groups expressed considerable ambivalence--although they viewed methadone as capable of helping them end their herioin addiction, they were concerned about possible methadone dependence and about side effects, both real and imagined. The authors stress the societal context of such concern and suggest that, althought they are not easily allayed, limiting the duration of methadone maintenace from the outset of treatment may be an ameliorative factor.", "contents": "Methadone maintenance: some client opinions. The authors found similar attitudes toward methadone and methadone treatment programs in 75 detoxification and 115 methadone maintenance clients. Both groups expressed considerable ambivalence--although they viewed methadone as capable of helping them end their herioin addiction, they were concerned about possible methadone dependence and about side effects, both real and imagined. The authors stress the societal context of such concern and suggest that, althought they are not easily allayed, limiting the duration of methadone maintenace from the outset of treatment may be an ameliorative factor.", "PMID": 1124804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8715", "title": "Is everyone depressed?", "content": "The authors collected a large number of research interviews with relatives of patients from a psychiatric research clinic. Half of these patients were clinically depressed; their relatives as well as the rest of the relatives interviewed were therefore at high risk for depression. However, few of the relatives reported memorable dysphoria or any clustered episodes of other affective symptoms. The authors conclude from these data that, contrary to the opinions expressed by some, not everyone has episodes of depression. Everybody is not depressed.", "contents": "Is everyone depressed? The authors collected a large number of research interviews with relatives of patients from a psychiatric research clinic. Half of these patients were clinically depressed; their relatives as well as the rest of the relatives interviewed were therefore at high risk for depression. However, few of the relatives reported memorable dysphoria or any clustered episodes of other affective symptoms. The authors conclude from these data that, contrary to the opinions expressed by some, not everyone has episodes of depression. Everybody is not depressed.", "PMID": 1124805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8716", "title": "Depression: schism in contemporary psychiatry.", "content": "The author decribes an experience in his own family involving the initial unsuccessful treatment of a depressed patient. The patient failed to respond to psychotherapeutic and drug treatment on an outpatient basis and in three hospitals; in a fourth hospital he improved dramatically after a series of ECT treatments and remained without depressive symptoms. The author stresses the importance of psychiatrists keeping an open mind about various treatment approaches.", "contents": "Depression: schism in contemporary psychiatry. The author decribes an experience in his own family involving the initial unsuccessful treatment of a depressed patient. The patient failed to respond to psychotherapeutic and drug treatment on an outpatient basis and in three hospitals; in a fourth hospital he improved dramatically after a series of ECT treatments and remained without depressive symptoms. The author stresses the importance of psychiatrists keeping an open mind about various treatment approaches.", "PMID": 1124806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8717", "title": "Electroconvulsive therapy for chronic pain associated with depression.", "content": "Electroconvuslive therapy alleviated the symptoms of four out of six patients suffering from chronic pain and from depression as measured by the Hamiliton Depression Rating Scale. All of the patients had been unsuccessfully treated with tricyclic antidepressant medication. The author suggests that ECT may be the treatment of choice for some patients with this combination of symptoms.", "contents": "Electroconvulsive therapy for chronic pain associated with depression. Electroconvuslive therapy alleviated the symptoms of four out of six patients suffering from chronic pain and from depression as measured by the Hamiliton Depression Rating Scale. All of the patients had been unsuccessfully treated with tricyclic antidepressant medication. The author suggests that ECT may be the treatment of choice for some patients with this combination of symptoms.", "PMID": 1124807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8718", "title": "The depressine Syndrome: a follow-up study of 130 professionals working overseas.", "content": "A four-year follow-up of professional personnel who had been working overseas indicates that the depressive syndrome was the most common diagnosable psychiatric illness in this population. The study also shows that in this content the syndrome had a good prognosis. It therefore seems reasonable not to exclude persons with diagnosable depression from assignment abroad but, rather, to identify the syndrome and recommend necessary treatment.", "contents": "The depressine Syndrome: a follow-up study of 130 professionals working overseas. A four-year follow-up of professional personnel who had been working overseas indicates that the depressive syndrome was the most common diagnosable psychiatric illness in this population. The study also shows that in this content the syndrome had a good prognosis. It therefore seems reasonable not to exclude persons with diagnosable depression from assignment abroad but, rather, to identify the syndrome and recommend necessary treatment.", "PMID": 1124808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8719", "title": "Treatment of depression in alcoholics.", "content": "The authors compared two groups of depressed alcoholics given either placebo or chlordiazepoxide-imipramine in a double-blind study. Although depression decreased in both groups, there were no significant differences between them on any of three pre- and posttreament measures. The Zung scale showed that medication decreased depression significantly, however, this finding was not supported by the Beck Depression Inventory or by the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, indicating the necessity for use of multiple assessment instruments.", "contents": "Treatment of depression in alcoholics. The authors compared two groups of depressed alcoholics given either placebo or chlordiazepoxide-imipramine in a double-blind study. Although depression decreased in both groups, there were no significant differences between them on any of three pre- and posttreament measures. The Zung scale showed that medication decreased depression significantly, however, this finding was not supported by the Beck Depression Inventory or by the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, indicating the necessity for use of multiple assessment instruments.", "PMID": 1124809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8720", "title": "The Iowa 500: suicide in mania , depression, and schizophrenia.", "content": "Long-term (30-to 40-year) follow-up data for 76 manic patients, 182 depressives. 170 schizophrenics, and 109 controls showed that 10 per cent of the schizophrenics, 8.5 percent of the manics, and 10.6 percent of the depressives who were decreased had died by suicide. None of the controls had committed suicide. The authors suggest that suicide is a significant outcome factor in all three of these illnesses and is likely to occur at an earlier age in schizophrenia than in the other illnesses.", "contents": "The Iowa 500: suicide in mania , depression, and schizophrenia. Long-term (30-to 40-year) follow-up data for 76 manic patients, 182 depressives. 170 schizophrenics, and 109 controls showed that 10 per cent of the schizophrenics, 8.5 percent of the manics, and 10.6 percent of the depressives who were decreased had died by suicide. None of the controls had committed suicide. The authors suggest that suicide is a significant outcome factor in all three of these illnesses and is likely to occur at an earlier age in schizophrenia than in the other illnesses.", "PMID": 1124812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8721", "title": "The relationship between hiatus hernia and tricyclic antidepressants: a report of five cases.", "content": "Of five patients who were receiving tricyclic antidepressants, two experienced an aggravation of preexisting hiatus hernia, and three with previously normal gastrointestinal X rays developed hiatal herination. The author suggests that this group of drugs may exert an anticholinergic effect on the esophageal sphincter and reduce the tone of the esophagogastric sphincter, thus aggravating existing hiatus hernia or causing its development.", "contents": "The relationship between hiatus hernia and tricyclic antidepressants: a report of five cases. Of five patients who were receiving tricyclic antidepressants, two experienced an aggravation of preexisting hiatus hernia, and three with previously normal gastrointestinal X rays developed hiatal herination. The author suggests that this group of drugs may exert an anticholinergic effect on the esophageal sphincter and reduce the tone of the esophagogastric sphincter, thus aggravating existing hiatus hernia or causing its development.", "PMID": 1124813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8722", "title": "Evaluation of therapist candidates.", "content": "The authors describe one phase of a four-step procedure designed to more fully evaluate candidates for psychotherapist positions. All applicants must conduct an interview with a patient, which is observed and evaluated by a team of staff members to assess diagnostic skills. This procedure has not only proved valuable in the program for which it was designed but has been extended to other programs and proposed for use in peer review.", "contents": "Evaluation of therapist candidates. The authors describe one phase of a four-step procedure designed to more fully evaluate candidates for psychotherapist positions. All applicants must conduct an interview with a patient, which is observed and evaluated by a team of staff members to assess diagnostic skills. This procedure has not only proved valuable in the program for which it was designed but has been extended to other programs and proposed for use in peer review.", "PMID": 1124814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8723", "title": "Some guidelines for the training of foreign medical graduates: results of a special project.", "content": "Since over one-third of the psychiatric residency positions in the United states are filled by foreign medical graduates, there is a need to identify and correct both the emotional and cognitive problems of these medical trainees. To meet this need the authors describe the findings and recommendations that resulted from a project involving two psychiatrists from a southweast Asian country who were given a specially planned year of training in Hawaii.", "contents": "Some guidelines for the training of foreign medical graduates: results of a special project. Since over one-third of the psychiatric residency positions in the United states are filled by foreign medical graduates, there is a need to identify and correct both the emotional and cognitive problems of these medical trainees. To meet this need the authors describe the findings and recommendations that resulted from a project involving two psychiatrists from a southweast Asian country who were given a specially planned year of training in Hawaii.", "PMID": 1124815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8724", "title": "Intentional isoniazid overdosage among southwestern American Indians.", "content": "A 30-month study explored the degree to which self-destructive behavior compromised tuberculosis therapy and prophylaxis among southwestern American Indians. The frequency of isoniazid (INH) overdosage paralleled the extent of INH usage in each tribe and the entent to which INH was perscribed for each tuberculosis category. The authors recommend the careful selection of patients for INH prophylaxis, the dispensing of small amounts at short intervals, the close monitoring of patient compliance with the prescribed drug regimen, and, possiblly, the dispensing of individually wrapped tablets to inhibit the impulsive ingestion of massive amounts of the drug.", "contents": "Intentional isoniazid overdosage among southwestern American Indians. A 30-month study explored the degree to which self-destructive behavior compromised tuberculosis therapy and prophylaxis among southwestern American Indians. The frequency of isoniazid (INH) overdosage paralleled the extent of INH usage in each tribe and the entent to which INH was perscribed for each tuberculosis category. The authors recommend the careful selection of patients for INH prophylaxis, the dispensing of small amounts at short intervals, the close monitoring of patient compliance with the prescribed drug regimen, and, possiblly, the dispensing of individually wrapped tablets to inhibit the impulsive ingestion of massive amounts of the drug.", "PMID": 1124816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8725", "title": "External counterpressure to control postoperative intra-abdominal hemorrhage.", "content": "The effectiveness of the G-suit controlling massive postoperative intra-abdominal hemorrhage was studied in twenty-eight patients whose diffuse bleeding could not be controlled during operation. Most patients had developed deficiencies of platelets and clotting factors due to dilution, and in addition three had documented disseminated intravascular coagulation. After application of the G-suit, hemorrhage stopped in nineteen patients, allowing the replacement of platelets and clotting factors in patients with deficiencies and the administration of heparin to three patients with disseminated intravascular coagulation. After an average of twenty-one hours the G-suit was removed without rebleeding in seventeen patients. The major cause of G-suit failure was an arterial source of intra-abdominal bleeding. Application of the G-suit had no adverse effect on renal function in at least half the patients; urinary output declined in on third. Mos patients experienced respiratory impairment and some had ischemic skin lesions. The G-suit is frequently effective in halting postoperative intra-abdominal hemorrhage, allowing correction of acquired coagulopathies with acceptably few complications. Its use does not replace the need for proper surgical hemostasis.", "contents": "External counterpressure to control postoperative intra-abdominal hemorrhage. The effectiveness of the G-suit controlling massive postoperative intra-abdominal hemorrhage was studied in twenty-eight patients whose diffuse bleeding could not be controlled during operation. Most patients had developed deficiencies of platelets and clotting factors due to dilution, and in addition three had documented disseminated intravascular coagulation. After application of the G-suit, hemorrhage stopped in nineteen patients, allowing the replacement of platelets and clotting factors in patients with deficiencies and the administration of heparin to three patients with disseminated intravascular coagulation. After an average of twenty-one hours the G-suit was removed without rebleeding in seventeen patients. The major cause of G-suit failure was an arterial source of intra-abdominal bleeding. Application of the G-suit had no adverse effect on renal function in at least half the patients; urinary output declined in on third. Mos patients experienced respiratory impairment and some had ischemic skin lesions. The G-suit is frequently effective in halting postoperative intra-abdominal hemorrhage, allowing correction of acquired coagulopathies with acceptably few complications. Its use does not replace the need for proper surgical hemostasis.", "PMID": 1124838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8726", "title": "Problem-oriented surgical audit in the community hospital. A concept in evolution.", "content": "A system of surgical audit based on identification and solution of surgical problems is described. The system relies initially on universal review of patient records on a monthly basis by surgeons in the involved institution. Evolution of the system to one which the records of certain patients can be excluded from review by physicians is seen as practical, if careful definition of such records is maintained. Emphasis on the goal of meaningful quality of care assessment is critial. Utilizing this system, surgeons in Stamford, Connecticut, have found significant deficiencies in diagnostic, therapeutic, or both of these aspects of patient care in 5 per cent of records reviewed. Ninety-five per cent of patients were judged to have had no important inadequacies in their surgical care, based on evidence in their medical records. Attempts to evaluate surgeons' behavioral changes, when deficiencies in their patients' care have been demonstrated, are being pursued actively.", "contents": "Problem-oriented surgical audit in the community hospital. A concept in evolution. A system of surgical audit based on identification and solution of surgical problems is described. The system relies initially on universal review of patient records on a monthly basis by surgeons in the involved institution. Evolution of the system to one which the records of certain patients can be excluded from review by physicians is seen as practical, if careful definition of such records is maintained. Emphasis on the goal of meaningful quality of care assessment is critial. Utilizing this system, surgeons in Stamford, Connecticut, have found significant deficiencies in diagnostic, therapeutic, or both of these aspects of patient care in 5 per cent of records reviewed. Ninety-five per cent of patients were judged to have had no important inadequacies in their surgical care, based on evidence in their medical records. Attempts to evaluate surgeons' behavioral changes, when deficiencies in their patients' care have been demonstrated, are being pursued actively.", "PMID": 1124841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8727", "title": "Localization of hyperfunctioning parathyroid tissue. Radioimmunoassay of parathyroid hormone on samples from the large veins of the neck and thorax and selectively catheterized thyroid veins.", "content": "Radioimmunoassay of parathyroid hormone on samples obtained from the large veins of the neck and thorax was utilized for localization in twenty-one patients with hyperparathyroidism. In seventeen of these patients, as many of the thyroid and mediastinal veins as possible were also sampled. This study reveals that sampling of the large veins of the neck and thorax is an insensitive means of adenoma from hyperplasia. Anatomic variations in the drainage of the inferior thyroid veins and dilution of the parathyroid venous effluent by the large veins of the neck and thorax seem to explain this insensitivity and the occasionally misleading results of large vein sampling. Sampling of the small thyroid veins, however, is a sensitive and specific means of localization and permitted preoperative differentiation of adenoma from hyperplasia in fourteen of our seventeen patients. Communications between the inferior thyroid and thymic veins and the fact that mediastinal adenomas frequently bring their blood supply down from the cerevical area suggest that sampling of the small thyroid veins may be of only limited value in identifying a mediastinal adenoma.", "contents": "Localization of hyperfunctioning parathyroid tissue. Radioimmunoassay of parathyroid hormone on samples from the large veins of the neck and thorax and selectively catheterized thyroid veins. Radioimmunoassay of parathyroid hormone on samples obtained from the large veins of the neck and thorax was utilized for localization in twenty-one patients with hyperparathyroidism. In seventeen of these patients, as many of the thyroid and mediastinal veins as possible were also sampled. This study reveals that sampling of the large veins of the neck and thorax is an insensitive means of adenoma from hyperplasia. Anatomic variations in the drainage of the inferior thyroid veins and dilution of the parathyroid venous effluent by the large veins of the neck and thorax seem to explain this insensitivity and the occasionally misleading results of large vein sampling. Sampling of the small thyroid veins, however, is a sensitive and specific means of localization and permitted preoperative differentiation of adenoma from hyperplasia in fourteen of our seventeen patients. Communications between the inferior thyroid and thymic veins and the fact that mediastinal adenomas frequently bring their blood supply down from the cerevical area suggest that sampling of the small thyroid veins may be of only limited value in identifying a mediastinal adenoma.", "PMID": 1124842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8728", "title": "Bypass vein grafts in patients with distal popliteal artery occlusion.", "content": "The results obtained by placing reversed autogenous saphenous vein bypass grafts in either isolated popliteal artery segments or tibial vessels distal to the popliteal artery segments or tibial vessels distal to the popliteal artery are compared. Fifty-five patients with arteriosclerotic peripheral vascular disease who were threatened with limb loss were followed up from six months to nine years prior to this report. The success rate at one year was 94 per cent for the isolated popliteal segment grafts and 73 per cent for the tibial vessel grafts. The success rate after four years was 70 per cent for the isolated popliteal segment grafts and 63 per cent for the tibial vessel grafts. The clinical factors associated with the success of isolated popliteal segment bypass grafts and the factors apparently associated with failure of vein grafts in both of these groups with very poor distal arterial outflow are discussed. Our results suggest that either an isolated popliteal artery segment graft or a tibial vessel graft is a satisfactory means of treating these patients; however, a graft to an isolated popliteal segment is probably preferable to a graft to a tibial artery.", "contents": "Bypass vein grafts in patients with distal popliteal artery occlusion. The results obtained by placing reversed autogenous saphenous vein bypass grafts in either isolated popliteal artery segments or tibial vessels distal to the popliteal artery segments or tibial vessels distal to the popliteal artery are compared. Fifty-five patients with arteriosclerotic peripheral vascular disease who were threatened with limb loss were followed up from six months to nine years prior to this report. The success rate at one year was 94 per cent for the isolated popliteal segment grafts and 73 per cent for the tibial vessel grafts. The success rate after four years was 70 per cent for the isolated popliteal segment grafts and 63 per cent for the tibial vessel grafts. The clinical factors associated with the success of isolated popliteal segment bypass grafts and the factors apparently associated with failure of vein grafts in both of these groups with very poor distal arterial outflow are discussed. Our results suggest that either an isolated popliteal artery segment graft or a tibial vessel graft is a satisfactory means of treating these patients; however, a graft to an isolated popliteal segment is probably preferable to a graft to a tibial artery.", "PMID": 1124843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8729", "title": "Vascular access for dialysis. Technics and results with newer methods.", "content": "Over a five year period, 114 patients had one or more secondary operations for access to the circulation for hemodialysis, these being a Thomas femoral shunt, saphenous vein graft, or Sparks mandril graft. The patient group was different from the general dialysis population, containing more females, more patients with diabetes, and more patients with collagen-vascular disease. Comparing duration of utility by the life table method for each technic, the femoral shunt lasted longest but with a high incidence of septic complications, the mandril graft was intermediate, and the saphenous vein graft least durable in use. The mandril is considered a tentative first choice for secondary access when the required maturation time is available.", "contents": "Vascular access for dialysis. Technics and results with newer methods. Over a five year period, 114 patients had one or more secondary operations for access to the circulation for hemodialysis, these being a Thomas femoral shunt, saphenous vein graft, or Sparks mandril graft. The patient group was different from the general dialysis population, containing more females, more patients with diabetes, and more patients with collagen-vascular disease. Comparing duration of utility by the life table method for each technic, the femoral shunt lasted longest but with a high incidence of septic complications, the mandril graft was intermediate, and the saphenous vein graft least durable in use. The mandril is considered a tentative first choice for secondary access when the required maturation time is available.", "PMID": 1124844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8730", "title": "Extent of leg vein thrombosis determined by impedance and 125-I fibrinogen.", "content": "Modification of impedance plethysmography to include a thigh cuff improves sensitivity. Twenty-seven of thirty-two subjects (85 per cent) were correctly classified by comparison with phlebograms. Combined surveillance of patients at risk with cuff impedance plethysmography and 125I fibrinogen, carried out fifty subjects after total hip replacement demonstrated that silent venous thrombosis can be detected. Moreover, an estimate of thrombus size can be made, at least to the extent that clinically significant thrombi can be distinguished from minute thrombi.", "contents": "Extent of leg vein thrombosis determined by impedance and 125-I fibrinogen. Modification of impedance plethysmography to include a thigh cuff improves sensitivity. Twenty-seven of thirty-two subjects (85 per cent) were correctly classified by comparison with phlebograms. Combined surveillance of patients at risk with cuff impedance plethysmography and 125I fibrinogen, carried out fifty subjects after total hip replacement demonstrated that silent venous thrombosis can be detected. Moreover, an estimate of thrombus size can be made, at least to the extent that clinically significant thrombi can be distinguished from minute thrombi.", "PMID": 1124845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8731", "title": "Decreasing morbidity after liver trauma.", "content": "Fifty-one patients with significant recognized hepatic trauma were treated at Hartford Hospital during a four year period ending May 1973. Seventy-five per cent of the injuries were the result of blunt trauma. Many patients had severe associated injuries and three died in the emergency room before operation could be undertaken. Forty-eight patients underwent laparotomy and various types of repair including sixteen resections of significant volumes of nonviable liver. Three patients died in the operating room, but no patient who left the operating room alive after resection diet. Hematologic, pulmonary, renal, and gastrointestinal complications are analyzed in detail. There were no postoperative intrahepatic or subphrenic abscesses in patients undergoing resection and we believe that this is attributable to changes in technic. This review stresses the technical details of the operations as they may relate to the apparent improvement in morbidity and mortality.", "contents": "Decreasing morbidity after liver trauma. Fifty-one patients with significant recognized hepatic trauma were treated at Hartford Hospital during a four year period ending May 1973. Seventy-five per cent of the injuries were the result of blunt trauma. Many patients had severe associated injuries and three died in the emergency room before operation could be undertaken. Forty-eight patients underwent laparotomy and various types of repair including sixteen resections of significant volumes of nonviable liver. Three patients died in the operating room, but no patient who left the operating room alive after resection diet. Hematologic, pulmonary, renal, and gastrointestinal complications are analyzed in detail. There were no postoperative intrahepatic or subphrenic abscesses in patients undergoing resection and we believe that this is attributable to changes in technic. This review stresses the technical details of the operations as they may relate to the apparent improvement in morbidity and mortality.", "PMID": 1124848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8732", "title": "The role of IgA in the pathogenesis of atopy.", "content": "The role of IgA in the pathogenesis of infantile atopic disease was examined to determine whether the presence or absence of IgA in umbilical cord serum at birth could be correlated with the subsequent development of asthma and atopic eczema. Asthma occurred in four of the 50 infants without detectable IgA and in four of the 21 infants with detectable IgA. Atopic eczema occurred in three of the 50 infants without detectable IgA and in none of the 21 infants with detectable IgA. The difference in the incidence of atopic disease in the two groups was not statistically significant. The results of this study suggest that IgA deficiency in early infancy does not play a causal role in the development of atopy.", "contents": "The role of IgA in the pathogenesis of atopy. The role of IgA in the pathogenesis of infantile atopic disease was examined to determine whether the presence or absence of IgA in umbilical cord serum at birth could be correlated with the subsequent development of asthma and atopic eczema. Asthma occurred in four of the 50 infants without detectable IgA and in four of the 21 infants with detectable IgA. Atopic eczema occurred in three of the 50 infants without detectable IgA and in none of the 21 infants with detectable IgA. The difference in the incidence of atopic disease in the two groups was not statistically significant. The results of this study suggest that IgA deficiency in early infancy does not play a causal role in the development of atopy.", "PMID": 1124854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8733", "title": "Intrinsic asthma associated with diabetes mellitus; abnormal vascular response and glucose tolerance tests.", "content": "Patients manifesting intrinsic idiopathic rhinitis and/or asthma in association with diabetes or aspirin intolerance were studied. Various metabolites (sugars and L-histidine) and chemical (aspirin, insulin and glucagon) challenges were studied using the parameter of the induced sequential vascular response. A standard oral glucose tolerance test was also correlated. The results indicated similar as well as divergent ab- nc. nalities of responses to the various carbohydrates, insulin, glucagon, L-histidine and aspirin challenges. This permitted a separation of some patients with idiopathic rhinitis and/or asthma into those associated with diabetes and those with tolerance to aspirin.", "contents": "Intrinsic asthma associated with diabetes mellitus; abnormal vascular response and glucose tolerance tests. Patients manifesting intrinsic idiopathic rhinitis and/or asthma in association with diabetes or aspirin intolerance were studied. Various metabolites (sugars and L-histidine) and chemical (aspirin, insulin and glucagon) challenges were studied using the parameter of the induced sequential vascular response. A standard oral glucose tolerance test was also correlated. The results indicated similar as well as divergent ab- nc. nalities of responses to the various carbohydrates, insulin, glucagon, L-histidine and aspirin challenges. This permitted a separation of some patients with idiopathic rhinitis and/or asthma into those associated with diabetes and those with tolerance to aspirin.", "PMID": 1124856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8734", "title": "Isoproterenol aerosols.", "content": "Notable acute improvement in pulmonary function in the majority of 32 patients with known bronchial asthma followed two inhalations of Isoproterenol. No deleterious clinical or cardiovascular effects of EKG changes (after one-half hour) were observed. A slight drop in blood pressure was noted in previously hypertensive patients. Isoproterenol's short duration of effects is ideal and one or two inhalations spaced four hours apart may be safely recommended for the relief of the acute asthma paroxysm.", "contents": "Isoproterenol aerosols. Notable acute improvement in pulmonary function in the majority of 32 patients with known bronchial asthma followed two inhalations of Isoproterenol. No deleterious clinical or cardiovascular effects of EKG changes (after one-half hour) were observed. A slight drop in blood pressure was noted in previously hypertensive patients. Isoproterenol's short duration of effects is ideal and one or two inhalations spaced four hours apart may be safely recommended for the relief of the acute asthma paroxysm.", "PMID": 1124859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8735", "title": "Effect of exercise on lung function tests in hay fever.", "content": "The patients in this study were divided into three groups on the basis of V50. Group I included completely normal subjects with normal V50 before and after exercise. Group II showed a normal initial V50 which decreased following exercise. This indicates small airways dysfunction which is exaggerated by exercise. Group II showed abnormal V50 initially which remained unchanged after exercise, suggesting more permanent impairment of the small airways function. Thus significant physiologic abnormalities were identified in patients belonging to Group II and Group III.", "contents": "Effect of exercise on lung function tests in hay fever. The patients in this study were divided into three groups on the basis of V50. Group I included completely normal subjects with normal V50 before and after exercise. Group II showed a normal initial V50 which decreased following exercise. This indicates small airways dysfunction which is exaggerated by exercise. Group II showed abnormal V50 initially which remained unchanged after exercise, suggesting more permanent impairment of the small airways function. Thus significant physiologic abnormalities were identified in patients belonging to Group II and Group III.", "PMID": 1124864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8736", "title": "Enzyme potentiated hyposensitization: IV. effect of protamine on the immunological behavior of beta glucuronidase in mice and patients with hay fever.", "content": "The ability of beta glucuronidase and a small dose of antigen to modify the anaphylactic reaction of previously sensitized mice has been further investigated. Protamine has an important effect on the immunological behavior of the enzyme. A trial on hay fever patients shows that the results in mice are relevant and that the method can produce significant clinical hyposensitization.", "contents": "Enzyme potentiated hyposensitization: IV. effect of protamine on the immunological behavior of beta glucuronidase in mice and patients with hay fever. The ability of beta glucuronidase and a small dose of antigen to modify the anaphylactic reaction of previously sensitized mice has been further investigated. Protamine has an important effect on the immunological behavior of the enzyme. A trial on hay fever patients shows that the results in mice are relevant and that the method can produce significant clinical hyposensitization.", "PMID": 1124865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8737", "title": "A study of western red cedar-induced asthma.", "content": "Seventeen asthmatic patients who were workers dealing with Western Red Cedar in a Japanese wooden frame factory were studied. One fraction from the aqueous extract of the lumber induced a positive skin test, Prausnitz-Kustner test and the inhalation test. This confirms the existence of antigen in Western Red Cedar and its ability to produce allergic asthma in sensitive workers.", "contents": "A study of western red cedar-induced asthma. Seventeen asthmatic patients who were workers dealing with Western Red Cedar in a Japanese wooden frame factory were studied. One fraction from the aqueous extract of the lumber induced a positive skin test, Prausnitz-Kustner test and the inhalation test. This confirms the existence of antigen in Western Red Cedar and its ability to produce allergic asthma in sensitive workers.", "PMID": 1124866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8738", "title": "Correlation between date of birth and pollen sensitivity.", "content": "Attempts by previous investigators have failed to show significant correlation between seasonal pollens and the birth dates of individuals as evidence for the development of tolerance in immunologically immature neonates. Using a large clinic population with adequate controls, significant correlation between ragweed, grass or tree pollen sensitivity and the dates of birth was not obtained.", "contents": "Correlation between date of birth and pollen sensitivity. Attempts by previous investigators have failed to show significant correlation between seasonal pollens and the birth dates of individuals as evidence for the development of tolerance in immunologically immature neonates. Using a large clinic population with adequate controls, significant correlation between ragweed, grass or tree pollen sensitivity and the dates of birth was not obtained.", "PMID": 1124867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8739", "title": "Induced bleeding changes with aspirin in various tolerant and intolerant patient groups.", "content": "The advantages of aspirin as a first stage anti-hemostatic agent, combined with its relatively low cost, ease of administration and simplicity of control, have led to its use in prophylaxis for atherosclerotic and thromboembolic disease processes, in addition to its long established employment as an analgesic and antipyretic agent. However, adverse reactions in aspirin-hypersensitive patients have led to reappraisal of the risks involved in its casual administration. A method to reduce such risks is proposed.", "contents": "Induced bleeding changes with aspirin in various tolerant and intolerant patient groups. The advantages of aspirin as a first stage anti-hemostatic agent, combined with its relatively low cost, ease of administration and simplicity of control, have led to its use in prophylaxis for atherosclerotic and thromboembolic disease processes, in addition to its long established employment as an analgesic and antipyretic agent. However, adverse reactions in aspirin-hypersensitive patients have led to reappraisal of the risks involved in its casual administration. A method to reduce such risks is proposed.", "PMID": 1124868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8740", "title": "Newcastle disease virus antigens and strain variations.", "content": "Study of antigenic differences among strains of Newcastle disease virus is complicated by the presence in most field isolates and strains of several genetically distinct plaque populations, and by differences in avidity (reactions to antibody) among Newcastle disease viruses. Kinetic neutralization tests were used to demonstrate antigenic differences among 3 plaque clones of velogenic viscerotropic Newcastle disease viruses recently isolated from 3 avian species. The 3 viruses could be distinguished on the basis of plaque structure and hemagglutinin and neuraminidase activity. Antigenic differences among these viruses distinguished them from older, well characterized Newcastle disease viruses.", "contents": "Newcastle disease virus antigens and strain variations. Study of antigenic differences among strains of Newcastle disease virus is complicated by the presence in most field isolates and strains of several genetically distinct plaque populations, and by differences in avidity (reactions to antibody) among Newcastle disease viruses. Kinetic neutralization tests were used to demonstrate antigenic differences among 3 plaque clones of velogenic viscerotropic Newcastle disease viruses recently isolated from 3 avian species. The 3 viruses could be distinguished on the basis of plaque structure and hemagglutinin and neuraminidase activity. Antigenic differences among these viruses distinguished them from older, well characterized Newcastle disease viruses.", "PMID": 1124869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8741", "title": "Purification and concentration of viruses associated with transmissible (coronaviral) enteritis of turkeys (bluecomb).", "content": "Purification and concentration of viruses contained in pathogenic material was accomplished by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. Electron microscopy was also performed. Viruses recovered from intestinal preparations of both affected and unaffected turkey poults had a density of 1.16 to 1.17. The viruses resembled myxoviruses, paramyxoviruses, or oncornaviruses morphologically. In addition, preparations from bluecomb-affected poults were found to contain viruses indistinguishable from known coronaviruses. No such virus particles were seen in the control preparations. Data are presented to indicate an etiologic relationship between the coronavirus and transmissible enteritis of turkeys.", "contents": "Purification and concentration of viruses associated with transmissible (coronaviral) enteritis of turkeys (bluecomb). Purification and concentration of viruses contained in pathogenic material was accomplished by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. Electron microscopy was also performed. Viruses recovered from intestinal preparations of both affected and unaffected turkey poults had a density of 1.16 to 1.17. The viruses resembled myxoviruses, paramyxoviruses, or oncornaviruses morphologically. In addition, preparations from bluecomb-affected poults were found to contain viruses indistinguishable from known coronaviruses. No such virus particles were seen in the control preparations. Data are presented to indicate an etiologic relationship between the coronavirus and transmissible enteritis of turkeys.", "PMID": 1124870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8742", "title": "Immune response to fowl cholera antigens.", "content": "Experimentally prepared and commercially manufactured bacterins were evaluated by a 2-stage bird protection bioassay. Ninety percent of the commercial bacterins gave acceptable protection levels to Pasteurella multocida type 1. Sixty-seven percent of the commercial bacterins produced acceptable protection to P. multocida type 3. Survival of 75 percent was considered acceptable protection.", "contents": "Immune response to fowl cholera antigens. Experimentally prepared and commercially manufactured bacterins were evaluated by a 2-stage bird protection bioassay. Ninety percent of the commercial bacterins gave acceptable protection levels to Pasteurella multocida type 1. Sixty-seven percent of the commercial bacterins produced acceptable protection to P. multocida type 3. Survival of 75 percent was considered acceptable protection.", "PMID": 1124871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8743", "title": "Protective quality of an aluminum hydroxide-absorbed broth bacterin against infectious coryza.", "content": "Various aspects of immunity induced by a merthiolate-inactivated, aluminum hydroxide-absorbed chicken meat infusion (CMI) broth bacterin prepared from Haemophilus gallinarium were studied. A bacterin dose of 10-8 colony-forming units (CFU)/ml was the minimal dose which protected a significant number of chickens against intrasinus challenge with live organisms. This finding simplifies production procedures because yields of 10-8 CFU/ml of CMI broth are routinely obtained. A significant number of chickens vaccinated with the bacterin were immune to intrasinus challenge through 9 months postvaccination. On a comparative basis, an egg-yolk bacterin prepared from the same strain protected for only 3 months. Birds vaccinated with broth bacterins prepared from 2 strains of H gallinarum (17756 and M) which shared common surface antigens were immune to intrasinus inoculation with the homologous but not to the heterologous organisms. Preliminary data indicated that the broth bacterin prevented a sharp decrease in egg production when the immunity of vaccinated birds was challenged (instrasinus) at the height of egg production.", "contents": "Protective quality of an aluminum hydroxide-absorbed broth bacterin against infectious coryza. Various aspects of immunity induced by a merthiolate-inactivated, aluminum hydroxide-absorbed chicken meat infusion (CMI) broth bacterin prepared from Haemophilus gallinarium were studied. A bacterin dose of 10-8 colony-forming units (CFU)/ml was the minimal dose which protected a significant number of chickens against intrasinus challenge with live organisms. This finding simplifies production procedures because yields of 10-8 CFU/ml of CMI broth are routinely obtained. A significant number of chickens vaccinated with the bacterin were immune to intrasinus challenge through 9 months postvaccination. On a comparative basis, an egg-yolk bacterin prepared from the same strain protected for only 3 months. Birds vaccinated with broth bacterins prepared from 2 strains of H gallinarum (17756 and M) which shared common surface antigens were immune to intrasinus inoculation with the homologous but not to the heterologous organisms. Preliminary data indicated that the broth bacterin prevented a sharp decrease in egg production when the immunity of vaccinated birds was challenged (instrasinus) at the height of egg production.", "PMID": 1124872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8744", "title": "Clearance of cryoprecipitated factor VIII in canine hemophilia A.", "content": "Canine factor VIII was isolated by a cryoprecipitation method and injected into dogs with hemophilia A. Assays of factor VIII in the cryoprecipitate resulted in a range of 92 to 660% of the factor VIII level of normal dog plasma, with a mean of 266%. Half times of the cryoprecipitate in the hemophiliac dogs, as measured by the partial thromboplastin time (PTT) test, ranged from 7.7 to 32.3 hours, with a mean of 13.2 hours.", "contents": "Clearance of cryoprecipitated factor VIII in canine hemophilia A. Canine factor VIII was isolated by a cryoprecipitation method and injected into dogs with hemophilia A. Assays of factor VIII in the cryoprecipitate resulted in a range of 92 to 660% of the factor VIII level of normal dog plasma, with a mean of 266%. Half times of the cryoprecipitate in the hemophiliac dogs, as measured by the partial thromboplastin time (PTT) test, ranged from 7.7 to 32.3 hours, with a mean of 13.2 hours.", "PMID": 1124873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8745", "title": "Effects of phenobarbital on digitoxin and digoxin elimination in the dog.", "content": "When normal dogs were orally pretreated with a known microsomal enzyme inducer, phenobarbital, the serum biological half-life of digitoxin was not significantly affected, whereas the serum biological half-life of digoxin was significantly shortened by nearly 30%. These results are variant with that previously reported for human beings, wherein microsomal enzyme induction resulted in shortening of plasma biological half-life of digitoxin by more than 40% and insignificant effects on plasma biological half-life of digoxin. Because of the effect on plasma biological half-life, concomitant digoxin and phenobarbital administration to the canine cardiac patient may necessitate careful evaluation of the digitalization.", "contents": "Effects of phenobarbital on digitoxin and digoxin elimination in the dog. When normal dogs were orally pretreated with a known microsomal enzyme inducer, phenobarbital, the serum biological half-life of digitoxin was not significantly affected, whereas the serum biological half-life of digoxin was significantly shortened by nearly 30%. These results are variant with that previously reported for human beings, wherein microsomal enzyme induction resulted in shortening of plasma biological half-life of digitoxin by more than 40% and insignificant effects on plasma biological half-life of digoxin. Because of the effect on plasma biological half-life, concomitant digoxin and phenobarbital administration to the canine cardiac patient may necessitate careful evaluation of the digitalization.", "PMID": 1124874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8746", "title": "Efficacy and safety of selenium-vitamin E injections in newborn pigs to prevent subclinical deficiency in growing swine.", "content": "Seventy-eight newborn pigs were allotted to 4 treatment groups: 22 pigs in group A were given no selenium-vitamin E (Se-E), 22 pigs in group B were given small doses of Se-E, 22 pigs in group C were given medium doses of Se-E, and 12 pigs in group D were given large doses of Se-E. Pigs were intramuscularly injected before 7 days of age and at weaning (40 days of age), respectively, as follows: group A--1 ml of physiologic saline solution/pig each time, group B--0.25 mg of Se/pig and later 0.06 mg of Se/kg of body weight, group C--1.0 mg of Se/pig and later 0.24 mg of Se/kg, and group D--1.5 mg of Se/pig and later 0.72 mg of Se/kg. Selenium was supplied as sodium selenite in commercially available Se-E injectable compounds. From 2 weeks of age to weaning, the pigs were fed a corn-torula yeast creep feed containing Se at the concentration of 0.03 ppm, and from weaning to slaughter, a corn-soybean meal ration was fed containing Se at the concentration of 0.07 ppm and alpha-tocopherol at the concentration of 15.7 mg/kg. Subclinical Se-E deficiency developed in control pigs of group A and was characterized by subtle muscular stiffness, significant increases in plasma activities of glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (GOT) and creatine phosphokinase (CPK), and typical residual lesions in heart and skeletal muscle, but not in liver, at slaughter at 165 days of age. Pigs injected with Se-E did not develop these evidences of subclinical deficiency. Pigs in group D were stunted for several weeks after the 2nd Se-E injection, and plasma GOT and CPK activities were significantly increased at 3 weeks after injection. Growth rates were otherwise similar between groups. Significant difference in Se content of liver, muscle, serum, and hair was not seen between pigs in the 4 groups at 120 and 165 days of age. A test period of physical exertion and heat stress resulted in significant increase of plasma GOT and CPK activities in 4 of 8 pigs at 110 days of age.", "contents": "Efficacy and safety of selenium-vitamin E injections in newborn pigs to prevent subclinical deficiency in growing swine. Seventy-eight newborn pigs were allotted to 4 treatment groups: 22 pigs in group A were given no selenium-vitamin E (Se-E), 22 pigs in group B were given small doses of Se-E, 22 pigs in group C were given medium doses of Se-E, and 12 pigs in group D were given large doses of Se-E. Pigs were intramuscularly injected before 7 days of age and at weaning (40 days of age), respectively, as follows: group A--1 ml of physiologic saline solution/pig each time, group B--0.25 mg of Se/pig and later 0.06 mg of Se/kg of body weight, group C--1.0 mg of Se/pig and later 0.24 mg of Se/kg, and group D--1.5 mg of Se/pig and later 0.72 mg of Se/kg. Selenium was supplied as sodium selenite in commercially available Se-E injectable compounds. From 2 weeks of age to weaning, the pigs were fed a corn-torula yeast creep feed containing Se at the concentration of 0.03 ppm, and from weaning to slaughter, a corn-soybean meal ration was fed containing Se at the concentration of 0.07 ppm and alpha-tocopherol at the concentration of 15.7 mg/kg. Subclinical Se-E deficiency developed in control pigs of group A and was characterized by subtle muscular stiffness, significant increases in plasma activities of glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (GOT) and creatine phosphokinase (CPK), and typical residual lesions in heart and skeletal muscle, but not in liver, at slaughter at 165 days of age. Pigs injected with Se-E did not develop these evidences of subclinical deficiency. Pigs in group D were stunted for several weeks after the 2nd Se-E injection, and plasma GOT and CPK activities were significantly increased at 3 weeks after injection. Growth rates were otherwise similar between groups. Significant difference in Se content of liver, muscle, serum, and hair was not seen between pigs in the 4 groups at 120 and 165 days of age. A test period of physical exertion and heat stress resulted in significant increase of plasma GOT and CPK activities in 4 of 8 pigs at 110 days of age.", "PMID": 1124875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8747", "title": "Changes in plasma glucose and lactate concentrations and enzyme activities in the neonatal calf with diarrhea.", "content": "Plasma glucose and lactate concentrations and glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), glutamate-oxalacetic transaminase (SGOT), alkaline phosphatase (AP), aldolase (ALD), creatine phosphokinase (CPK), and hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (HBD) activities were determined before, throughout the incubation period, and during the course of a viral-induced diarrhea in the neonatal calf. Hypoglycemia with a glucose concentration less than 40 mg/dl of plasma was observed in 3 of 10 calves. Plasma lactate concentration increased to 1.84 plus or minus 0.1 times normal in 7 and 6 to 7 times normal in 2 of the animals. The major change in both glucose and lactate concentrations during diarrhea occurred during the 24 hours preceding death. Changes in SGPT, SGOT, or AP activities were not observed, indicating the absence of marked hepatic damage. The ALD, CPK, and HBD activities were increased in 2 calves and the CPK alone was increased in 2 others, indicating cardiac and possibly skeletal muscle damage.", "contents": "Changes in plasma glucose and lactate concentrations and enzyme activities in the neonatal calf with diarrhea. Plasma glucose and lactate concentrations and glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), glutamate-oxalacetic transaminase (SGOT), alkaline phosphatase (AP), aldolase (ALD), creatine phosphokinase (CPK), and hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (HBD) activities were determined before, throughout the incubation period, and during the course of a viral-induced diarrhea in the neonatal calf. Hypoglycemia with a glucose concentration less than 40 mg/dl of plasma was observed in 3 of 10 calves. Plasma lactate concentration increased to 1.84 plus or minus 0.1 times normal in 7 and 6 to 7 times normal in 2 of the animals. The major change in both glucose and lactate concentrations during diarrhea occurred during the 24 hours preceding death. Changes in SGPT, SGOT, or AP activities were not observed, indicating the absence of marked hepatic damage. The ALD, CPK, and HBD activities were increased in 2 calves and the CPK alone was increased in 2 others, indicating cardiac and possibly skeletal muscle damage.", "PMID": 1124876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8748", "title": "Intravascular granulocyte kinetics in developing calves.", "content": "Intravascular granulocyte kinetic values of normal developing calves were determined, using the chromium radioisotope 51Cr as the cell label. A total of 15 kinetic trials were conducted in the calves at 8 to 365 days of age. The clearance of labeled granylocytes from the circulation was an exponential function. The kinetic data from the oldest group of calves (7 experiments on 5 calves, 180 days of age and older) were remarkably similar to those reported for persons. Mean total blood granulocyte pool was 6.34 times 10-8 granulocytes/kg of body weight, of which 45.6% was in the circulating granulocyte pool. Mean clearance half-life (T1/2) was 8.9 hours, and mean granulocyte turnover rate was 12.44 times 10-8 granulocytes/kg of body weight/day. In the oldest calf group, there was significant correlation between the blood granulocyte count and the total blood granulocyte pool size. There was also significant correlation between the total blood granulocyte pool size and the clearance half-life. The youngest group of calves (4 experiments on 4 calves, 8 to 16 days of age) had significantly larger total blood granulocyte pool and shorter intravascular half-life than did the oldest group. These factors combined to yield a markedly greater granulocyte turnover rate of 39.91 times 10-8 granulocytes/kg of body weight/day in the youngest group of calves. Calves of an intermediate age group (70 to 127 days) had kinetic which were intermediate between those of the youngest and oldest groups of calves.", "contents": "Intravascular granulocyte kinetics in developing calves. Intravascular granulocyte kinetic values of normal developing calves were determined, using the chromium radioisotope 51Cr as the cell label. A total of 15 kinetic trials were conducted in the calves at 8 to 365 days of age. The clearance of labeled granylocytes from the circulation was an exponential function. The kinetic data from the oldest group of calves (7 experiments on 5 calves, 180 days of age and older) were remarkably similar to those reported for persons. Mean total blood granulocyte pool was 6.34 times 10-8 granulocytes/kg of body weight, of which 45.6% was in the circulating granulocyte pool. Mean clearance half-life (T1/2) was 8.9 hours, and mean granulocyte turnover rate was 12.44 times 10-8 granulocytes/kg of body weight/day. In the oldest calf group, there was significant correlation between the blood granulocyte count and the total blood granulocyte pool size. There was also significant correlation between the total blood granulocyte pool size and the clearance half-life. The youngest group of calves (4 experiments on 4 calves, 8 to 16 days of age) had significantly larger total blood granulocyte pool and shorter intravascular half-life than did the oldest group. These factors combined to yield a markedly greater granulocyte turnover rate of 39.91 times 10-8 granulocytes/kg of body weight/day in the youngest group of calves. Calves of an intermediate age group (70 to 127 days) had kinetic which were intermediate between those of the youngest and oldest groups of calves.", "PMID": 1124877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8749", "title": "Surgical and anatomic study of calving paralysis.", "content": "Dissections of the bovine pelvic inlet region were made to determine which nerves were vulnerable to fetal-induced traumatic damage. Surgical sections of the obturator nerves and the lumbar roots of the sciatic (ischiatic) nerves were done to determine a possible cause of calving paralysis. Only 1 of 11 cattle in which bilateral obturator nerve section was done was unable to stand after the operation, and in this individual, secondary stifle injuries were found on necropsy. Subsequent surgical operations were performed on some of these cattle in order to section the lumbar root of the sciatic nerve. Of 6 cattle prepared, 2 were unable to rise after surgery and another 2 became \"downer\" cattle after 30 to 45 minutes of forces exercise. Also, some of these cattle were very ataxic and had intermittent fetlock flexion.", "contents": "Surgical and anatomic study of calving paralysis. Dissections of the bovine pelvic inlet region were made to determine which nerves were vulnerable to fetal-induced traumatic damage. Surgical sections of the obturator nerves and the lumbar roots of the sciatic (ischiatic) nerves were done to determine a possible cause of calving paralysis. Only 1 of 11 cattle in which bilateral obturator nerve section was done was unable to stand after the operation, and in this individual, secondary stifle injuries were found on necropsy. Subsequent surgical operations were performed on some of these cattle in order to section the lumbar root of the sciatic nerve. Of 6 cattle prepared, 2 were unable to rise after surgery and another 2 became \"downer\" cattle after 30 to 45 minutes of forces exercise. Also, some of these cattle were very ataxic and had intermittent fetlock flexion.", "PMID": 1124878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8750", "title": "Corpus spongiosum penis pressure and penile muscle activity in the stallion during coitus.", "content": "A needle-tipped catheter or subminiature pressure transducer was implanted in the corpus spongiosum penis (CSP) of Shetland Pony stallions to determine pressure during coitus. Electrodes for monitoring the electromyographic (EMG) activity were implanted in the ischiocavernosus (IC) and bulbospongiosus (BS) muscles. The mean peak CSP pressure recorded with the catheter was 762 mm of Hg, and with the subminiature pressure transducer, it was 994 mm of Hg. The simultaneous occurrence of the CSP pressure peaks and bursts of BS muscle activity indicated that these muscles were the likely source of energy for the increased pressures, which were far greater than the systemic blood pressure. This conclusion was further supported by the finding that anesthesia of the BS muscles greatly reduced the CSP pressures of the stallion during attempted coitus.", "contents": "Corpus spongiosum penis pressure and penile muscle activity in the stallion during coitus. A needle-tipped catheter or subminiature pressure transducer was implanted in the corpus spongiosum penis (CSP) of Shetland Pony stallions to determine pressure during coitus. Electrodes for monitoring the electromyographic (EMG) activity were implanted in the ischiocavernosus (IC) and bulbospongiosus (BS) muscles. The mean peak CSP pressure recorded with the catheter was 762 mm of Hg, and with the subminiature pressure transducer, it was 994 mm of Hg. The simultaneous occurrence of the CSP pressure peaks and bursts of BS muscle activity indicated that these muscles were the likely source of energy for the increased pressures, which were far greater than the systemic blood pressure. This conclusion was further supported by the finding that anesthesia of the BS muscles greatly reduced the CSP pressures of the stallion during attempted coitus.", "PMID": 1124879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8751", "title": "Equine laminitis of alimentary origin: an experimental model.", "content": "Acute alimentary form of laminitis was uniformly induced in 11 of 12 horses by administration of a starch and wood flour gruel and could be graded by previously established (Obel) and presently defined criteria. The experimentally induced laminitis was similar to naturally occurring laminitis, as determined on the basis of lameness severity and vital signs. Packed cell volume, leukocyte count, and total protein were significantly increased (P smaller than 0.05) at 24 and 40 hours after administration of gruel. Arterial systolic and diastolic pressures increased, central venous pressure decreased, heart rate increased, and rectal temperature increased consistently within the 56-hour experimental period. Of the 11 affected horses, 7 horses had Obel grade 3 lameness (horse moved most reluctantly and vigorously resisted attempts to lift a forefoot) at 40 hours after gruel was placed in the alimentary tract, 2 horses had Obel grade 3 lameness at 32 hours, and 2 horses had Obel grade 3 lameness at 48 hours.", "contents": "Equine laminitis of alimentary origin: an experimental model. Acute alimentary form of laminitis was uniformly induced in 11 of 12 horses by administration of a starch and wood flour gruel and could be graded by previously established (Obel) and presently defined criteria. The experimentally induced laminitis was similar to naturally occurring laminitis, as determined on the basis of lameness severity and vital signs. Packed cell volume, leukocyte count, and total protein were significantly increased (P smaller than 0.05) at 24 and 40 hours after administration of gruel. Arterial systolic and diastolic pressures increased, central venous pressure decreased, heart rate increased, and rectal temperature increased consistently within the 56-hour experimental period. Of the 11 affected horses, 7 horses had Obel grade 3 lameness (horse moved most reluctantly and vigorously resisted attempts to lift a forefoot) at 40 hours after gruel was placed in the alimentary tract, 2 horses had Obel grade 3 lameness at 32 hours, and 2 horses had Obel grade 3 lameness at 48 hours.", "PMID": 1124880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8752", "title": "Carboxyhemoglobin concentrations in normal cattle.", "content": "Percentage carboxyhemoglobin (HbCO) values were determined in 29 cows and 24 bulls in Minnesota during the summer of 1973. Results indicated that, in normal cattle, the HbCO value was 0.3%. Individual and daily variations in these values were recorded in 2 calves.", "contents": "Carboxyhemoglobin concentrations in normal cattle. Percentage carboxyhemoglobin (HbCO) values were determined in 29 cows and 24 bulls in Minnesota during the summer of 1973. Results indicated that, in normal cattle, the HbCO value was 0.3%. Individual and daily variations in these values were recorded in 2 calves.", "PMID": 1124881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8753", "title": "Vertical transmission of progressive pneumonia of sheep.", "content": "Forty-two lambs were derived by hysterectomy from 27 ewes. Eight ewes had lesions of chronic progressive pneumonia (CPP) and 19 did not. Eleven lambs were derived from ewes with lesions of CPP. These 11 lambs were maintained in isolators under germfree conditions until killed at 2 to 4 months of age. Lungs from each lamb were examined for gross and microscopic lesions of CPP and examined by microbiological cultural technique (blood, eosin methylene blue, and PPLO agar). The lungs of one 4-month-old lamb from a ewe infected with CPP had foci of gray consolidation in the apical and cardiac lobes. The microscopic changes were comparable to those in the dam. The lungs of a 2.5-month-old lamb from a ewe infected with CPP had lymphocytic accumulations in the alveolar walls and around blood vessels and bronchioles. The 9 other lambs were free of lesions. Neither bacteria nor mycoplasmas were isolated from any of the 11 lambs. Lesions of CPP were not found in 31 lambs from the 19 noninfected ewes.", "contents": "Vertical transmission of progressive pneumonia of sheep. Forty-two lambs were derived by hysterectomy from 27 ewes. Eight ewes had lesions of chronic progressive pneumonia (CPP) and 19 did not. Eleven lambs were derived from ewes with lesions of CPP. These 11 lambs were maintained in isolators under germfree conditions until killed at 2 to 4 months of age. Lungs from each lamb were examined for gross and microscopic lesions of CPP and examined by microbiological cultural technique (blood, eosin methylene blue, and PPLO agar). The lungs of one 4-month-old lamb from a ewe infected with CPP had foci of gray consolidation in the apical and cardiac lobes. The microscopic changes were comparable to those in the dam. The lungs of a 2.5-month-old lamb from a ewe infected with CPP had lymphocytic accumulations in the alveolar walls and around blood vessels and bronchioles. The 9 other lambs were free of lesions. Neither bacteria nor mycoplasmas were isolated from any of the 11 lambs. Lesions of CPP were not found in 31 lambs from the 19 noninfected ewes.", "PMID": 1124882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8754", "title": "Technique for study of lymph changes induced by feeding ticks (Acarina and Ixodidae) on the dog.", "content": "A surgical technique is described for cannulating the right cervical lymphatic duct. Methods for securing the cannula, restraining the dog during collection of lymph, and exposing the dogs to ticks are also discussed.", "contents": "Technique for study of lymph changes induced by feeding ticks (Acarina and Ixodidae) on the dog. A surgical technique is described for cannulating the right cervical lymphatic duct. Methods for securing the cannula, restraining the dog during collection of lymph, and exposing the dogs to ticks are also discussed.", "PMID": 1124883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8755", "title": "Pulmonary function evaluation of the lung resection candidate: a prospective study.", "content": "In the past, preoperative pulmonary function abnormalities have identified a group of patients in danger of postoperative cardiorespiratory morbidity and mortality. We selected a group of 56 patients, each of whom had a lung mass and had demonstrated significant abnormalities in screening pulmonary function. By using temporary unilateral pulmonary artery occlusion and quantitative macroaggregate lung scanning, we then studied these patients for split pulmonary function. Those patients whose noncancerous lung had a calculated forced expiratory volume in 1 sec greater than 800 ml and a circulation that could accommodate all of the cardiac output without producing hypertension or arterial hypoxemia were offered thoracotomy. Of the 56 patients, we judged 6 to be physiologically inoperable and did not offer surgery. Another 4 patients were not offered surgery, and 4 refused surgery. Forty-two patients underwent surgical exploration-of these, 17 then had a pneumonectomy and 13, a lobectomy. Of the 30 patients resected, 6 died in surgery (4 from respiratory insufficiency). These cardiorespiratory mortality rates (neumonectomy, 17.6 per cent; lobectomy, 7.7 per cent) are lower than those reported previously when patients had equivalent pulmonary function abnormality. A follow-up of 49 of 56 patients revealed that 59 per cent of the patients undergoing either pneumonectomy or lobectomy were still living 1 to 3 years after the resection. Our results suggested that the preoperative testing of split pulmonary function permitted an attempt at surgery in patients who might otherwise be considered inoperable by history, physical examination, screening pulmonary function tests alone.", "contents": "Pulmonary function evaluation of the lung resection candidate: a prospective study. In the past, preoperative pulmonary function abnormalities have identified a group of patients in danger of postoperative cardiorespiratory morbidity and mortality. We selected a group of 56 patients, each of whom had a lung mass and had demonstrated significant abnormalities in screening pulmonary function. By using temporary unilateral pulmonary artery occlusion and quantitative macroaggregate lung scanning, we then studied these patients for split pulmonary function. Those patients whose noncancerous lung had a calculated forced expiratory volume in 1 sec greater than 800 ml and a circulation that could accommodate all of the cardiac output without producing hypertension or arterial hypoxemia were offered thoracotomy. Of the 56 patients, we judged 6 to be physiologically inoperable and did not offer surgery. Another 4 patients were not offered surgery, and 4 refused surgery. Forty-two patients underwent surgical exploration-of these, 17 then had a pneumonectomy and 13, a lobectomy. Of the 30 patients resected, 6 died in surgery (4 from respiratory insufficiency). These cardiorespiratory mortality rates (neumonectomy, 17.6 per cent; lobectomy, 7.7 per cent) are lower than those reported previously when patients had equivalent pulmonary function abnormality. A follow-up of 49 of 56 patients revealed that 59 per cent of the patients undergoing either pneumonectomy or lobectomy were still living 1 to 3 years after the resection. Our results suggested that the preoperative testing of split pulmonary function permitted an attempt at surgery in patients who might otherwise be considered inoperable by history, physical examination, screening pulmonary function tests alone.", "PMID": 1124884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8756", "title": "Changes in small airway function after live attenuated influenza vaccination.", "content": "Live, attenuated influenza vaccine was given by intranasal inoculation to 15 young, adult volunteers. Modest symptoms occurred within 3 days of challenge, but the agent was otherwise well tolerated. Hemagglutinin-inhibition antibodies increased in 9 of the 12 subjects whose initial volumes, but closing volume did not change. These changes in airflow reverted to previous levels after 1 week. On a second challenge 2 weeks after the first, symptoms were far less frequent, and no changes in airflow were detected. We conclude that this agent is biologically active and that the airflow changes observed may reflex involvement of small airways.", "contents": "Changes in small airway function after live attenuated influenza vaccination. Live, attenuated influenza vaccine was given by intranasal inoculation to 15 young, adult volunteers. Modest symptoms occurred within 3 days of challenge, but the agent was otherwise well tolerated. Hemagglutinin-inhibition antibodies increased in 9 of the 12 subjects whose initial volumes, but closing volume did not change. These changes in airflow reverted to previous levels after 1 week. On a second challenge 2 weeks after the first, symptoms were far less frequent, and no changes in airflow were detected. We conclude that this agent is biologically active and that the airflow changes observed may reflex involvement of small airways.", "PMID": 1124885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8757", "title": "Comparison of maximal mid-expiratory flow, flow volume curves, and nitrogen closing volumes in patients with mild airway obstruction.", "content": "Maximal mid-expiratory flow (MMEF), maximal expiratory flow volume (MEFV) curves obtained with a wedge spirometer, and nitrogen closing volumes were determined in 38 patients with mild airway obstruction. Seventeen patients had asthma in remission and 21 had bronchitis. In all of them the forced expiratory volume in one second was within the normal range. Results were compared with predicted data in the literature and with a group of normal control subjects. In the patients with asthma, compared to predicted flow rates, MMEF was abnormal in 5, MEFV curves were abnormal in at least 8; closing volume was abnormally increased in only one patient, and an abnormal slope of the alveolar plateau was present in 4 additional patients. In the patients with bronchitis, compared to predicted flow rates, -MEF was reduced in 5, MEFV curves were abnormal in at least 7; increased closing volumes were present in 6, and the slope of the alveolar plateau was abnormal in 3 other patients. When flow rates were compared with those of normal control subjects, MMEF was about as frequently abnormal as MEFV curves, suggesting that the discrepancy between abnormal MMEF AND MEFV curves was due to variability of the predicted data. The results indicated that flow rates can be abnormal in subjects with normal closing volumes and a normal slope of the alveolar plateau, and that MEFV curves can be more sensitive than closing volume in detecting abnormalities in patients with mild airway obstruction. The results suggested that the use of both MEFV curves and the closing volume test for screening would defect functional abnormalities more frequently than either test alone.", "contents": "Comparison of maximal mid-expiratory flow, flow volume curves, and nitrogen closing volumes in patients with mild airway obstruction. Maximal mid-expiratory flow (MMEF), maximal expiratory flow volume (MEFV) curves obtained with a wedge spirometer, and nitrogen closing volumes were determined in 38 patients with mild airway obstruction. Seventeen patients had asthma in remission and 21 had bronchitis. In all of them the forced expiratory volume in one second was within the normal range. Results were compared with predicted data in the literature and with a group of normal control subjects. In the patients with asthma, compared to predicted flow rates, MMEF was abnormal in 5, MEFV curves were abnormal in at least 8; closing volume was abnormally increased in only one patient, and an abnormal slope of the alveolar plateau was present in 4 additional patients. In the patients with bronchitis, compared to predicted flow rates, -MEF was reduced in 5, MEFV curves were abnormal in at least 7; increased closing volumes were present in 6, and the slope of the alveolar plateau was abnormal in 3 other patients. When flow rates were compared with those of normal control subjects, MMEF was about as frequently abnormal as MEFV curves, suggesting that the discrepancy between abnormal MMEF AND MEFV curves was due to variability of the predicted data. The results indicated that flow rates can be abnormal in subjects with normal closing volumes and a normal slope of the alveolar plateau, and that MEFV curves can be more sensitive than closing volume in detecting abnormalities in patients with mild airway obstruction. The results suggested that the use of both MEFV curves and the closing volume test for screening would defect functional abnormalities more frequently than either test alone.", "PMID": 1124886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8758", "title": "Suppression of lymphocyte function by products derived from cigarette smoke.", "content": "The effect of various concentrations of nicotine and water soluble fraction from whole cigarette smoke on the transformation of rabbit peripheral lymphocytes by concanavalin A and goat anti-rabbit Fab was determined. The results demonstrated that incorporation of H3-thymidine into DNA by lymphocytes stimulated with optimal concentrations of these mitogens was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by nicotine and water soluble fraction, and that this suppression was not a results of cytotoxicity. The response of lymphocytes to goat and rabbit Fab was slightly more sensitive to suppression by nicotine and water soluble fraction than was the response induced by concanavalin A. Moreover, water soluble fraction was more suppressive than nicotine. These results indicate that nicotine and water soluble fraction are not mitogenic.", "contents": "Suppression of lymphocyte function by products derived from cigarette smoke. The effect of various concentrations of nicotine and water soluble fraction from whole cigarette smoke on the transformation of rabbit peripheral lymphocytes by concanavalin A and goat anti-rabbit Fab was determined. The results demonstrated that incorporation of H3-thymidine into DNA by lymphocytes stimulated with optimal concentrations of these mitogens was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by nicotine and water soluble fraction, and that this suppression was not a results of cytotoxicity. The response of lymphocytes to goat and rabbit Fab was slightly more sensitive to suppression by nicotine and water soluble fraction than was the response induced by concanavalin A. Moreover, water soluble fraction was more suppressive than nicotine. These results indicate that nicotine and water soluble fraction are not mitogenic.", "PMID": 1124887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8759", "title": "The course of untreated Mycobacterium kansasii disease.", "content": "Four patients with Mycobacterium kansaii pulmonary infection were followed without treatment for 10 to 14 years after diagnosis. Although spontaneous resolution of active disease occurred 5 years after diagnosis in one patient, slowly progressive disease in the absence of significant symptoms was documented in 3 patients during a 12-to-14-year follow-up period. Administration of antituberculous drugs resulted in rapid resolution of signs of active disease in these patients. These observations added to our limited knowledge of the natural history of M. kansasii disease.", "contents": "The course of untreated Mycobacterium kansasii disease. Four patients with Mycobacterium kansaii pulmonary infection were followed without treatment for 10 to 14 years after diagnosis. Although spontaneous resolution of active disease occurred 5 years after diagnosis in one patient, slowly progressive disease in the absence of significant symptoms was documented in 3 patients during a 12-to-14-year follow-up period. Administration of antituberculous drugs resulted in rapid resolution of signs of active disease in these patients. These observations added to our limited knowledge of the natural history of M. kansasii disease.", "PMID": 1124888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8760", "title": "Tension pleural effusion. A delayed complication of pneumothorax therapy in tuberculosis.", "content": "Three cases of delayed development of pleural effusion under tension, 20 to 30 years after therapeutic pneumothorax, are described. A sudden increase in dyspnea and the radiographic findings of increasing opacity, a change from hypovolemia to hypervolemia of the hemithorax, and mediastinal shift should alert one to this delayed complication. Careful thoracentesis to decompress intrapleural tension effusion can relieve the dyspnea and improve hypoxemia. The potential risks of creating excessive negative intrapleural pressure are presented.", "contents": "Tension pleural effusion. A delayed complication of pneumothorax therapy in tuberculosis. Three cases of delayed development of pleural effusion under tension, 20 to 30 years after therapeutic pneumothorax, are described. A sudden increase in dyspnea and the radiographic findings of increasing opacity, a change from hypovolemia to hypervolemia of the hemithorax, and mediastinal shift should alert one to this delayed complication. Careful thoracentesis to decompress intrapleural tension effusion can relieve the dyspnea and improve hypoxemia. The potential risks of creating excessive negative intrapleural pressure are presented.", "PMID": 1124889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8761", "title": "Bacteremia related to fiberoptic bronchoscopy. A case report.", "content": "This is the first reported case of fiberoptic bronchoscopy associated with bacteremia originating in the respiratory tract. The patient had a gram-negative bacterial bronchitis before fiberoptic bronchoscopy and later died of complications of the bacteremia.", "contents": "Bacteremia related to fiberoptic bronchoscopy. A case report. This is the first reported case of fiberoptic bronchoscopy associated with bacteremia originating in the respiratory tract. The patient had a gram-negative bacterial bronchitis before fiberoptic bronchoscopy and later died of complications of the bacteremia.", "PMID": 1124890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8762", "title": "An alternate method for fiberoptic bronchoscopic examination of the intubated patient.", "content": "Fiberoptic bronchoscopy can be performed easily on patients requiring mechanical ventilation through endotracheal or tracheostomy tubes greater than 8 mm inside diameter. In patients with smaller tubes the procedure can still be performed by passing the bronchoscope transnasally and then through the glottis alongside the endotracheal tube.", "contents": "An alternate method for fiberoptic bronchoscopic examination of the intubated patient. Fiberoptic bronchoscopy can be performed easily on patients requiring mechanical ventilation through endotracheal or tracheostomy tubes greater than 8 mm inside diameter. In patients with smaller tubes the procedure can still be performed by passing the bronchoscope transnasally and then through the glottis alongside the endotracheal tube.", "PMID": 1124891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8763", "title": "Respiratory function during prostaglandin-induced labor.", "content": "In a group of patients receiving intraamniotic injection of prostaglandin F2alpha or intramuscular injection of a methyl analogue of prostaglandin E2 for the termination of pregnancy, significant ariway constriction was demonstrated. The greatest responses were seen in 2 patients who had personal or family histories of asthma. If such patients receive prostaglandins, they should be carefully monitored to detect clinically important airway obstruction.", "contents": "Respiratory function during prostaglandin-induced labor. In a group of patients receiving intraamniotic injection of prostaglandin F2alpha or intramuscular injection of a methyl analogue of prostaglandin E2 for the termination of pregnancy, significant ariway constriction was demonstrated. The greatest responses were seen in 2 patients who had personal or family histories of asthma. If such patients receive prostaglandins, they should be carefully monitored to detect clinically important airway obstruction.", "PMID": 1124892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8764", "title": "The antigens participating in the macrophage micration inhibition to Mycoplasma pneumoniae.", "content": "Recently the association of cellular immunity with pulmonary infiltrates in Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection has been suggested. Guinea pigs infected experimentally with M. pneumoniae developed a cellular hypersensitivity that could be demonstrated in vitro by the macrohage migration inhibition test. Peritoneal exudate cells obtained from guinea pigs sensitized with the organism were inhibited from migrating out of capillary tubes by the whole cell antigen. When the whole cells were extracted with aqueous acetone, the activity was found in the acetone insoluble (lipid-depleted) fraction, but not in lipid fraction. The activity was heat resistant, but diminished by treatment of 0.8 N HC1 at 100 degrees C for 30 min. The antigens responsible for the cellular immunity of M. pneumoniae were separated from the lipid, which had been considered the specific hapten associated with humoral immunity to this organism.", "contents": "The antigens participating in the macrophage micration inhibition to Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Recently the association of cellular immunity with pulmonary infiltrates in Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection has been suggested. Guinea pigs infected experimentally with M. pneumoniae developed a cellular hypersensitivity that could be demonstrated in vitro by the macrohage migration inhibition test. Peritoneal exudate cells obtained from guinea pigs sensitized with the organism were inhibited from migrating out of capillary tubes by the whole cell antigen. When the whole cells were extracted with aqueous acetone, the activity was found in the acetone insoluble (lipid-depleted) fraction, but not in lipid fraction. The activity was heat resistant, but diminished by treatment of 0.8 N HC1 at 100 degrees C for 30 min. The antigens responsible for the cellular immunity of M. pneumoniae were separated from the lipid, which had been considered the specific hapten associated with humoral immunity to this organism.", "PMID": 1124893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8765", "title": "Traumatic duodenal injuries: an analysis of 32 cases.", "content": "Thirty-two patients were treated for duodenal and associated injuries during the past five years. Fifty-nine per cent resulted from penetrating trauma, while 41 per cent were secondary to blunt injury. The incidence of blunt trauma represents a fourfold increase from previously published series. The morbidity rate still remains high at 47 per cent, with fistulas and infections being the most common complications. The mortality rate was 9.3 per cent, with death resulting from major intra-abdominal vascular injuries. Awareness of the potential injury to the duodenum, aggressive resuscitative measures, early operative management and improved postoperative care can lead to further reduction of these figures.", "contents": "Traumatic duodenal injuries: an analysis of 32 cases. Thirty-two patients were treated for duodenal and associated injuries during the past five years. Fifty-nine per cent resulted from penetrating trauma, while 41 per cent were secondary to blunt injury. The incidence of blunt trauma represents a fourfold increase from previously published series. The morbidity rate still remains high at 47 per cent, with fistulas and infections being the most common complications. The mortality rate was 9.3 per cent, with death resulting from major intra-abdominal vascular injuries. Awareness of the potential injury to the duodenum, aggressive resuscitative measures, early operative management and improved postoperative care can lead to further reduction of these figures.", "PMID": 1124894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8766", "title": "Disruption of the diaphragm by blunt trauma: new dimensions of diagnosis.", "content": "Early diagnosis of diaphragmatic defects after blunt trauma is difficult. Multiple co-existing injuries complicate the accurate detection of lacerations of the diaphragm. Roentgenographic evaluation and a \"high index of suspicion\" have proven to be inefficient and inaccurate, since the average reported time for diagnosis is three and one-half years. Modified peritoneal lavage with intercostal water seal tubes in the pleural spaces is an added dimension of diagnosis. Earlier detection of diaphragmatic defects should become possible by this method.", "contents": "Disruption of the diaphragm by blunt trauma: new dimensions of diagnosis. Early diagnosis of diaphragmatic defects after blunt trauma is difficult. Multiple co-existing injuries complicate the accurate detection of lacerations of the diaphragm. Roentgenographic evaluation and a \"high index of suspicion\" have proven to be inefficient and inaccurate, since the average reported time for diagnosis is three and one-half years. Modified peritoneal lavage with intercostal water seal tubes in the pleural spaces is an added dimension of diagnosis. Earlier detection of diaphragmatic defects should become possible by this method.", "PMID": 1124895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8767", "title": "Penetrating abdominal injuries in children and adolescents.", "content": "A total of 107 children and adolescents underwent laparotomies for penetrating trauma. There were 64 patients with stab wounds and 43 with gunshot wounds. Only 8 per cent of the patients were under 12 years of age. Three patients died--two from gunshot wounds of major vessels and one from a gunshot wound of the colon. Most of the injuries were related to crimes of violence or were self-inflicted. Multiple organ injuries and postoperative complications were significantly more common among patients with gunshot wounds than in those with stab wounds. Associated extra-abdominal injuries appeared to be more common among patients with gunshot wounds but the difference was not statistically significant. Unnecessary laparotomies were twice as frequent in victims of stab wounds.", "contents": "Penetrating abdominal injuries in children and adolescents. A total of 107 children and adolescents underwent laparotomies for penetrating trauma. There were 64 patients with stab wounds and 43 with gunshot wounds. Only 8 per cent of the patients were under 12 years of age. Three patients died--two from gunshot wounds of major vessels and one from a gunshot wound of the colon. Most of the injuries were related to crimes of violence or were self-inflicted. Multiple organ injuries and postoperative complications were significantly more common among patients with gunshot wounds than in those with stab wounds. Associated extra-abdominal injuries appeared to be more common among patients with gunshot wounds but the difference was not statistically significant. Unnecessary laparotomies were twice as frequent in victims of stab wounds.", "PMID": 1124896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8768", "title": "Hepatic resection and gastric secretion.", "content": "These experiments serve to deny the theory that abnormal liver function in the remaining liver tissue after 60-70 per cent hepatic resection might result in gastric acid hypersecretion as a result of a \"physiologic shunting\" of histamine or other gastric secretagogues.", "contents": "Hepatic resection and gastric secretion. These experiments serve to deny the theory that abnormal liver function in the remaining liver tissue after 60-70 per cent hepatic resection might result in gastric acid hypersecretion as a result of a \"physiologic shunting\" of histamine or other gastric secretagogues.", "PMID": 1124897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8769", "title": "Mesenteric cysts: a cause of small bowel obstruction in children.", "content": "Intestinal obstruction secondary to a mesenteric cyst in childhood, although rare, should be considered in the child between ages 2-10 years with chronic or acute obstruction. A case of mesenteric cyst associated with obstruction is presented, along with a review of the literature.", "contents": "Mesenteric cysts: a cause of small bowel obstruction in children. Intestinal obstruction secondary to a mesenteric cyst in childhood, although rare, should be considered in the child between ages 2-10 years with chronic or acute obstruction. A case of mesenteric cyst associated with obstruction is presented, along with a review of the literature.", "PMID": 1124898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8770", "title": "Hernia through the foramen of Winslow.", "content": "The authors present a patient who has ascarid-containing jejunum herniated through the foramen of Winslow and incarcerated. Some remarkable anatomic abnormalities were noticed upon operation. These consisted of a short ascending colon, an unusually large foramen of Winslow, and smallness of the greater omentum. Before reduction, resection of the herniated and incarcerated segment of jejunum were performed. Barium enema and swallow are valuable diagnostic acids, as well as the plain film of the abdomen, but we prefer gastrographin study. With it the dangers of perforation and peritonitis are avoided.", "contents": "Hernia through the foramen of Winslow. The authors present a patient who has ascarid-containing jejunum herniated through the foramen of Winslow and incarcerated. Some remarkable anatomic abnormalities were noticed upon operation. These consisted of a short ascending colon, an unusually large foramen of Winslow, and smallness of the greater omentum. Before reduction, resection of the herniated and incarcerated segment of jejunum were performed. Barium enema and swallow are valuable diagnostic acids, as well as the plain film of the abdomen, but we prefer gastrographin study. With it the dangers of perforation and peritonitis are avoided.", "PMID": 1124899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8771", "title": "Cervical metastasis from an unknown primary.", "content": "Summary--Forty-nine patients with cervical metastases from unknown primaries were treated during an 11-year period. Thirty-one (63%) of these patients were treated for cure rather than palliation. The three-year survival rate of these patients treated for cure was 39%. Although the treatment of these patients varied, a systematic mode of therapy has evolved: patients with histopathologic diagnosis of epidermoid carcinoma, or undifferentiated malignant tumor, metastatic to the neck from an unknown primary, are treated with full course radiation therapy (6000-7000 rads at 1000 rads per week). This is delivered to the nasopharynx, pyriform fossae, base of tongue, and the neck, and is followed by radical neck dissection in those patients in whom the neck nodes remain palpable. Six of the last 11 consecutive patients treated in this manner are long-term survivors. This paper describes the evaluation of patients with cervical metastases from unknown primaries as well as their therapy.", "contents": "Cervical metastasis from an unknown primary. Summary--Forty-nine patients with cervical metastases from unknown primaries were treated during an 11-year period. Thirty-one (63%) of these patients were treated for cure rather than palliation. The three-year survival rate of these patients treated for cure was 39%. Although the treatment of these patients varied, a systematic mode of therapy has evolved: patients with histopathologic diagnosis of epidermoid carcinoma, or undifferentiated malignant tumor, metastatic to the neck from an unknown primary, are treated with full course radiation therapy (6000-7000 rads at 1000 rads per week). This is delivered to the nasopharynx, pyriform fossae, base of tongue, and the neck, and is followed by radical neck dissection in those patients in whom the neck nodes remain palpable. Six of the last 11 consecutive patients treated in this manner are long-term survivors. This paper describes the evaluation of patients with cervical metastases from unknown primaries as well as their therapy.", "PMID": 1124902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8772", "title": "Viral labyrinthitis -- an experimental study.", "content": "Summary--An attempt was made to produce viral labyrinthitis in the rhesus monkey. Rhesus monkeys are susceptible to the mumps virus. Nine animals were used. After removal of the stapes, the left oval windows were plugged with Gelfoam soaked in a culture of live mumps virus; right oval windows were plugged with Gelfoam soaked in killed cultures. Animals were sacrificed at different time intervals, postinfection. In eight of the nine animals there was seroconversion from negative to positive; however, none of the animals developed the histologic changes of viral labyrinthitis.", "contents": "Viral labyrinthitis -- an experimental study. Summary--An attempt was made to produce viral labyrinthitis in the rhesus monkey. Rhesus monkeys are susceptible to the mumps virus. Nine animals were used. After removal of the stapes, the left oval windows were plugged with Gelfoam soaked in a culture of live mumps virus; right oval windows were plugged with Gelfoam soaked in killed cultures. Animals were sacrificed at different time intervals, postinfection. In eight of the nine animals there was seroconversion from negative to positive; however, none of the animals developed the histologic changes of viral labyrinthitis.", "PMID": 1124905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8773", "title": "Follicular carcinoma of H\u00fcrthle cell type as cause of hemoptysis.", "content": "Summary--A patient with follicular carcinoma, H\u00fcrthle cell type, who developed subglottic extension and uncontrollable hemoptysis is presented . In consideration of the patient's age a conservative therapeutic program was instituted with a definite response to I-131 therapy despite poor radioactive iodine (RAI) uptake by the tumor. Laryngectomy and thyroidectomy were eventually required to control hemoptysis; the patient remains socially functional and asymptomatic after a  30-month period. The two-year period of weekly office visits and temporizing treatment as occurred in this patient cannot be recommended. It seems appropriate to advocate surgical treatment including laryngectomy for follicular carcinoma, H\u00fcrthle cell type, localized to the laryngotracheal area without regard for the age of the patient.", "contents": "Follicular carcinoma of H\u00fcrthle cell type as cause of hemoptysis. Summary--A patient with follicular carcinoma, H\u00fcrthle cell type, who developed subglottic extension and uncontrollable hemoptysis is presented . In consideration of the patient's age a conservative therapeutic program was instituted with a definite response to I-131 therapy despite poor radioactive iodine (RAI) uptake by the tumor. Laryngectomy and thyroidectomy were eventually required to control hemoptysis; the patient remains socially functional and asymptomatic after a  30-month period. The two-year period of weekly office visits and temporizing treatment as occurred in this patient cannot be recommended. It seems appropriate to advocate surgical treatment including laryngectomy for follicular carcinoma, H\u00fcrthle cell type, localized to the laryngotracheal area without regard for the age of the patient.", "PMID": 1124906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8774", "title": "Auditory-nerve potentials from ear canals of patients with otologic problems.", "content": "Summary--The feasibility of making rountine measurements of human auditory-nerve potentials in an office environment is demonstrated. Using a portable device for stimulus generating and response recording, auditory-nerve potentials are recorded from subjects with normal and abnormal hearing by means of an electrode placed on the skin of the ear canal. The results can be compared with those of others obtained under laboratory conditions. Preliminary results indicate that in many instances, the nature of the hearing deficit is related to the latency and size of the click-evoked auditory-nerve potentials. The precise relationships between nerve responses and specific disease conditions are still difficult to formulate.", "contents": "Auditory-nerve potentials from ear canals of patients with otologic problems. Summary--The feasibility of making rountine measurements of human auditory-nerve potentials in an office environment is demonstrated. Using a portable device for stimulus generating and response recording, auditory-nerve potentials are recorded from subjects with normal and abnormal hearing by means of an electrode placed on the skin of the ear canal. The results can be compared with those of others obtained under laboratory conditions. Preliminary results indicate that in many instances, the nature of the hearing deficit is related to the latency and size of the click-evoked auditory-nerve potentials. The precise relationships between nerve responses and specific disease conditions are still difficult to formulate.", "PMID": 1124903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8775", "title": "Scanning evaluation of parotid gland after tympanic neurectomy.", "content": "Summary--Nine patients suffering from chronic parotitis, gustato sweating syndrome, and gustato lacrymation syndrome underwent tympanic neurectomy. Follow-up showed discrepancies between the good clinical results and the unchanged parotid scans in eight out of nine patients. Parasympathetic bypasses to the parotid gland are discussed.", "contents": "Scanning evaluation of parotid gland after tympanic neurectomy. Summary--Nine patients suffering from chronic parotitis, gustato sweating syndrome, and gustato lacrymation syndrome underwent tympanic neurectomy. Follow-up showed discrepancies between the good clinical results and the unchanged parotid scans in eight out of nine patients. Parasympathetic bypasses to the parotid gland are discussed.", "PMID": 1124908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8776", "title": "Acrocephalosyndactly (Apert's syndrome): Temporal bone findings.", "content": "The middle ear and ossicular chain were not complete in the specimen, but the remnants present appeared normally developed except for the stapediovestibular joint region. The annular ligament was incompletely developed in two areas where fixation by undedifferentiated cartilage occurred. The subarcuate fossa, normally filled with fibrous tissue and usually narrowed by a rim of newly deposited periosteal bone at birth, was unusually large. Included in this fibrous tissue were remnants of the primary cartilaginous capusule undergoing absorption, as well as islands of partially removed endochondral bone. The abnormalities in both instances indicated a disturbance in maturation or resorption of the embryonal cartilaginous capsule.", "contents": "Acrocephalosyndactly (Apert's syndrome): Temporal bone findings. The middle ear and ossicular chain were not complete in the specimen, but the remnants present appeared normally developed except for the stapediovestibular joint region. The annular ligament was incompletely developed in two areas where fixation by undedifferentiated cartilage occurred. The subarcuate fossa, normally filled with fibrous tissue and usually narrowed by a rim of newly deposited periosteal bone at birth, was unusually large. Included in this fibrous tissue were remnants of the primary cartilaginous capusule undergoing absorption, as well as islands of partially removed endochondral bone. The abnormalities in both instances indicated a disturbance in maturation or resorption of the embryonal cartilaginous capsule.", "PMID": 1124904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8777", "title": "Laryngeal phonatory reflex. The effect of anesthetization of the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve: Acoustic aspects.", "content": "Summary--The laryngeal phonatory reflex through the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve (SLN) was investigated by means of anesthetization of the nerve, after which acoustic signals were subjected to computer analysis to determine how anesthesia affected basic vocal parameters. Results showed that the anesthetization did not affect the abrupt cycle-to-cycle frequency changes and also did not influence the gross control of the fundamental frequency. But slower fluctuation of the fundamental frequency increased following anesthesia. From these results, it is suggested that the anesthetization of the internal branch of the SLN may derange the fine control mechanism of the larynx without affecting overall or gross performance of the phonatory apparatus.", "contents": "Laryngeal phonatory reflex. The effect of anesthetization of the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve: Acoustic aspects. Summary--The laryngeal phonatory reflex through the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve (SLN) was investigated by means of anesthetization of the nerve, after which acoustic signals were subjected to computer analysis to determine how anesthesia affected basic vocal parameters. Results showed that the anesthetization did not affect the abrupt cycle-to-cycle frequency changes and also did not influence the gross control of the fundamental frequency. But slower fluctuation of the fundamental frequency increased following anesthesia. From these results, it is suggested that the anesthetization of the internal branch of the SLN may derange the fine control mechanism of the larynx without affecting overall or gross performance of the phonatory apparatus.", "PMID": 1124909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8778", "title": "Effect of intracochlear aminooxyacetic acid on cochlear potentials and endolymph composition.", "content": "Summary--Aminooxyacetic acid (AOAA; 1 MM) when perfused through the scala tympani of guinea pigs produced a biphasic reduction in the endocochlear potential, together with a shift in the input-output functions of the cochlear microphonics and the compound action potential of the cochlear nerve. Since the ionic (Na+, K+) content of the scala media was not alerted, it appears that such changes did not underlie the reduction recorded in the endocochlear potential. The negative direct current potential recorded in the organ of Corti did not appear to be affected by the drug. Attempts to antagonize the effects of AOAA with pyridoxine failed.", "contents": "Effect of intracochlear aminooxyacetic acid on cochlear potentials and endolymph composition. Summary--Aminooxyacetic acid (AOAA; 1 MM) when perfused through the scala tympani of guinea pigs produced a biphasic reduction in the endocochlear potential, together with a shift in the input-output functions of the cochlear microphonics and the compound action potential of the cochlear nerve. Since the ionic (Na+, K+) content of the scala media was not alerted, it appears that such changes did not underlie the reduction recorded in the endocochlear potential. The negative direct current potential recorded in the organ of Corti did not appear to be affected by the drug. Attempts to antagonize the effects of AOAA with pyridoxine failed.", "PMID": 1124907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8779", "title": "Thorotrast (thorium dioxide) granuloma of the neck: Surgical considerations.", "content": "Summary--Thorotrast (thorium dioxide) is a contrast material which was first used for angiography about 40 years ago. Its use was discontinued because of the reported incidences of malignancy following injection. Its long-term effects are related to its long half-life and slow excretion rate. Following extravasation into the soft tissues of the neck, the prolonged radiation effect results in tissue breakdown with formation of granulomas. There can also be cranial nerve palsies, occlusion of the major blood channels, laryngeal edema, pharyngeal and esophageal ulceration, and fistula formation. To avoid these late consequences, it is suggested that Thorotrast granuloma in the neck be excised radically. Partial or limited resections are inadequate.", "contents": "Thorotrast (thorium dioxide) granuloma of the neck: Surgical considerations. Summary--Thorotrast (thorium dioxide) is a contrast material which was first used for angiography about 40 years ago. Its use was discontinued because of the reported incidences of malignancy following injection. Its long-term effects are related to its long half-life and slow excretion rate. Following extravasation into the soft tissues of the neck, the prolonged radiation effect results in tissue breakdown with formation of granulomas. There can also be cranial nerve palsies, occlusion of the major blood channels, laryngeal edema, pharyngeal and esophageal ulceration, and fistula formation. To avoid these late consequences, it is suggested that Thorotrast granuloma in the neck be excised radically. Partial or limited resections are inadequate.", "PMID": 1124911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8780", "title": "Surgical anatomy of the guinea pig ear.", "content": "Summary--The basic anatomy of the guinea pig ear is outlined as background for a description of two surgical approaches to the guinea pig temporal bone. These approaches provide acess to the external, middle and inner ear without significant blood loss or mortality. The superior approach, made by incision at the superior anterior attachment of the auricle and removing the lateral wall of the epitympanic space, exposes the round window, epitympanum, lateral canal, and external auditory canal, leaving the tympanic membrane intact. The inferior approach through the neck exposes the cochlea, Eustachian canal, horizontal and posterior semicircular canals, tympanic membrane, and ossicles.", "contents": "Surgical anatomy of the guinea pig ear. Summary--The basic anatomy of the guinea pig ear is outlined as background for a description of two surgical approaches to the guinea pig temporal bone. These approaches provide acess to the external, middle and inner ear without significant blood loss or mortality. The superior approach, made by incision at the superior anterior attachment of the auricle and removing the lateral wall of the epitympanic space, exposes the round window, epitympanum, lateral canal, and external auditory canal, leaving the tympanic membrane intact. The inferior approach through the neck exposes the cochlea, Eustachian canal, horizontal and posterior semicircular canals, tympanic membrane, and ossicles.", "PMID": 1124912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8781", "title": "Reassessment of the coagulase and thermostable nuclease tests as means of identifying Staphylococcus aureus.", "content": "A total of 91 enterotoxigenic strains of Staphylococcus auerus isolated from foods and tested for production of coagulase and thermostable nuclease and the ability to ferment glucose and mannitol showed, with the exception of four strains, a complete correlation among these properties. A similar correlation was observed with 103 cultures of S. aureus isolated from clinical material. In all instances, the coagulase reactions were sufficiently strong to be scored at either the 3+ or 4+ levels. Presumptive staphylococcal cultures isolated during routine examination of foods and yielding 2+ coagulase reactions or lower were invariably negative for thermostable nuclease production. It is suggested that the thermostable nuclease test be performed on cultures with doubtful coagulase reactions before classifying them as S. aureus.", "contents": "Reassessment of the coagulase and thermostable nuclease tests as means of identifying Staphylococcus aureus. A total of 91 enterotoxigenic strains of Staphylococcus auerus isolated from foods and tested for production of coagulase and thermostable nuclease and the ability to ferment glucose and mannitol showed, with the exception of four strains, a complete correlation among these properties. A similar correlation was observed with 103 cultures of S. aureus isolated from clinical material. In all instances, the coagulase reactions were sufficiently strong to be scored at either the 3+ or 4+ levels. Presumptive staphylococcal cultures isolated during routine examination of foods and yielding 2+ coagulase reactions or lower were invariably negative for thermostable nuclease production. It is suggested that the thermostable nuclease test be performed on cultures with doubtful coagulase reactions before classifying them as S. aureus.", "PMID": 1124918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8782", "title": "Large tracheal papillomas: A difficult anesthetic problem and an apparent cure. A case report.", "content": "Summary--A six-year-old female with papillomatosis of the trachea causing respiratory embarrassment was operated upon under general anesthesia. Utilizing a specially designed anesthetic technique to fit the problem and utilizing a cryoprobe followed by electrodessication, the lesions were removed. Furthermore, simple operative procedures and the use of bovine wart vaccine has, over the course of seven months, resulted in an apparent cure.", "contents": "Large tracheal papillomas: A difficult anesthetic problem and an apparent cure. A case report. Summary--A six-year-old female with papillomatosis of the trachea causing respiratory embarrassment was operated upon under general anesthesia. Utilizing a specially designed anesthetic technique to fit the problem and utilizing a cryoprobe followed by electrodessication, the lesions were removed. Furthermore, simple operative procedures and the use of bovine wart vaccine has, over the course of seven months, resulted in an apparent cure.", "PMID": 1124910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8783", "title": "Fungal air spora at Ibadan, Nigeria.", "content": "The fungal air spora at Ibadan, Nigeria, was investigated by using Casella Slit Samplers. Three sites, incorporating three locations at each site, were selected for the exposure of replicate plates during sampling. To provide data on a wide range of saprophytic and pathogenic fungal spores, isolations were made on Sabouraud dextrose agar and malt agar plates incubated at 26 and 37 C. Altogether over 60,000 fungal colonies were isolated and counted during the 12-month sampling period. The prevalent fungal genera recorded were: Cladosporium, Curvularia, Fusarium, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Pithomyces, Aureobasidium, Geotrichum, Phoma, Nigrospora, Epicoccum, and Neurospora. The wet and dry seasons (indicated by the temperature, relative humidity, and rainfall data) caused seasonal periodicity in colony numbers. The influence of culture media on the isolated colonies was not significant when the total number of isolated colonies were considered on a monthly basis, but in reviewing a few of the fungal genera there were marked differences between the two media, especially with Pithomyces. Attempts were made to identify some of the isolated colonies by species, e.g., Aspergillus carneus, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Curvularia geniculata, Fusarium oxysporum, Penicillium herquei, Pithomyces chartaum, Rhizopus arrhizus, and Syncephalastrum racemosum. Such identifications proved a basis for further studies on the role of these fungal species in the frontier problem of contamination and biodegradation of drugs and pharmaceuticals, allergies and other problems in the local environment.", "contents": "Fungal air spora at Ibadan, Nigeria. The fungal air spora at Ibadan, Nigeria, was investigated by using Casella Slit Samplers. Three sites, incorporating three locations at each site, were selected for the exposure of replicate plates during sampling. To provide data on a wide range of saprophytic and pathogenic fungal spores, isolations were made on Sabouraud dextrose agar and malt agar plates incubated at 26 and 37 C. Altogether over 60,000 fungal colonies were isolated and counted during the 12-month sampling period. The prevalent fungal genera recorded were: Cladosporium, Curvularia, Fusarium, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Pithomyces, Aureobasidium, Geotrichum, Phoma, Nigrospora, Epicoccum, and Neurospora. The wet and dry seasons (indicated by the temperature, relative humidity, and rainfall data) caused seasonal periodicity in colony numbers. The influence of culture media on the isolated colonies was not significant when the total number of isolated colonies were considered on a monthly basis, but in reviewing a few of the fungal genera there were marked differences between the two media, especially with Pithomyces. Attempts were made to identify some of the isolated colonies by species, e.g., Aspergillus carneus, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Curvularia geniculata, Fusarium oxysporum, Penicillium herquei, Pithomyces chartaum, Rhizopus arrhizus, and Syncephalastrum racemosum. Such identifications proved a basis for further studies on the role of these fungal species in the frontier problem of contamination and biodegradation of drugs and pharmaceuticals, allergies and other problems in the local environment.", "PMID": 1124919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8784", "title": "Effects of time and growth media on short-chain fatty acid production by Bacteroides fragilis.", "content": "Gas-liquid chromatography was used to monitor the evolution of short chain fatty acids by Bacteroides fragilis in five media. Acetic and succinic acids, the prominent end products encountered, were readily detected within 24 h. Propionic, isobutyric, isovaleric, and lactic acids were usually recorded in more limited quantities. Maximum rates of bacterial multiplication, glucose catabolism, and end-production coincided with the first 24 h in carbohydrate-supplemented media. Extended incubation (672 h) favored substantial succinate increases in three of five media. These observations suggest that incubation time and composition of the medium are important determinants in short chain fatty acid production by B. fragilis.", "contents": "Effects of time and growth media on short-chain fatty acid production by Bacteroides fragilis. Gas-liquid chromatography was used to monitor the evolution of short chain fatty acids by Bacteroides fragilis in five media. Acetic and succinic acids, the prominent end products encountered, were readily detected within 24 h. Propionic, isobutyric, isovaleric, and lactic acids were usually recorded in more limited quantities. Maximum rates of bacterial multiplication, glucose catabolism, and end-production coincided with the first 24 h in carbohydrate-supplemented media. Extended incubation (672 h) favored substantial succinate increases in three of five media. These observations suggest that incubation time and composition of the medium are important determinants in short chain fatty acid production by B. fragilis.", "PMID": 1124920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8785", "title": "Biohazards assessment in large-scale zonal centrifugation.", "content": "A study was conducted to determine the biohazards associated with use of the large-scale zonal centrifuge for purification of moderate risk oncogenic viruses. To safely and conveniently assess the hazard, coliphage T3 was substituted for the virus in a typical processing procedure performed in a National Cancer Institute contract laboratory. Risk of personnel exposure was found to be minimal during optimal operation but definite potential for virus release from a number of centrifuge components during mechanical malfunction was shown by assay of surface, liquid, and air samples collected during the processing. High concentration of phage was detected in the turbine air exhaust and the seal coolant system when faulty seals were employed. The simulant virus was also found on both the centrifuge chamber interior and rotor surfaces.", "contents": "Biohazards assessment in large-scale zonal centrifugation. A study was conducted to determine the biohazards associated with use of the large-scale zonal centrifuge for purification of moderate risk oncogenic viruses. To safely and conveniently assess the hazard, coliphage T3 was substituted for the virus in a typical processing procedure performed in a National Cancer Institute contract laboratory. Risk of personnel exposure was found to be minimal during optimal operation but definite potential for virus release from a number of centrifuge components during mechanical malfunction was shown by assay of surface, liquid, and air samples collected during the processing. High concentration of phage was detected in the turbine air exhaust and the seal coolant system when faulty seals were employed. The simulant virus was also found on both the centrifuge chamber interior and rotor surfaces.", "PMID": 1124921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8786", "title": "Skeletal and tissue lesions resulting from exposure to radium and fission products.", "content": "The chief effects of absorbed radionuclides and external radiation are radiation osteitis, disturbed bone growth, myelofibrosis and bone tumors. The lesions are dependent in part on localization and character of the radiation and in part on dose. Data on radium have been derived from dial painters, radium chemists and those treated some years ago by oral or parenteral administration.", "contents": "Skeletal and tissue lesions resulting from exposure to radium and fission products. The chief effects of absorbed radionuclides and external radiation are radiation osteitis, disturbed bone growth, myelofibrosis and bone tumors. The lesions are dependent in part on localization and character of the radiation and in part on dose. Data on radium have been derived from dial painters, radium chemists and those treated some years ago by oral or parenteral administration.", "PMID": 1124916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8787", "title": "Effect of water potential on growth and iron oxidation by Thiobacillus ferrooxidans.", "content": "The effect of water potential on the growth of two strains of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans was determined by adding defined amounts of sodium chloride or glycerol to the culture medium. The two strains differed slightly, and the most tolerant strain had a minimum water potential for growth of minus 15 to minus 32 bars when chloride was used and minus 6 bars when glycerol was used. In another approach, the limiting water potential was determined by equilibrating small amounts of culture medium with atmospheres of relative humidities equivalent to specific water potentials, and the ability of the organism to grow and oxidize ferrous iron was determined. Under these conditions, which are analogous to those which might control water potential in a coal refuse pile or copper leaching dump, the lower limit at which iron oxidation occurred was minus 23 bars. The water potential of some coal refuse materials in which T. ferooxidans was present were determined, and it was found that the water potentials at which the organism was active in these habitats were similar to those at which it was able to grow in culture. However, marked variation in water potential of coal refuse materials was found, presumably due to differences in clays and organic materials, and some coal refuse materials would probably never have water potentials at which the organism could grow. Some literature on the water potentials in copper leach dumps is reviewed, and it is concluded that control of water potential is essential to maximize the success of leaching operations. Because adequate drainage is necessary in a leach dump to ensure sufficient aeration, in many cases water availability in leach dumps may restrict the development of the bacterium necessary for the process.", "contents": "Effect of water potential on growth and iron oxidation by Thiobacillus ferrooxidans. The effect of water potential on the growth of two strains of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans was determined by adding defined amounts of sodium chloride or glycerol to the culture medium. The two strains differed slightly, and the most tolerant strain had a minimum water potential for growth of minus 15 to minus 32 bars when chloride was used and minus 6 bars when glycerol was used. In another approach, the limiting water potential was determined by equilibrating small amounts of culture medium with atmospheres of relative humidities equivalent to specific water potentials, and the ability of the organism to grow and oxidize ferrous iron was determined. Under these conditions, which are analogous to those which might control water potential in a coal refuse pile or copper leaching dump, the lower limit at which iron oxidation occurred was minus 23 bars. The water potential of some coal refuse materials in which T. ferooxidans was present were determined, and it was found that the water potentials at which the organism was active in these habitats were similar to those at which it was able to grow in culture. However, marked variation in water potential of coal refuse materials was found, presumably due to differences in clays and organic materials, and some coal refuse materials would probably never have water potentials at which the organism could grow. Some literature on the water potentials in copper leach dumps is reviewed, and it is concluded that control of water potential is essential to maximize the success of leaching operations. Because adequate drainage is necessary in a leach dump to ensure sufficient aeration, in many cases water availability in leach dumps may restrict the development of the bacterium necessary for the process.", "PMID": 1124922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8788", "title": "Toxicity and occurrence of Balansia on grasses from toxic fescue pastures.", "content": "Balansia epichloe (Weese) and B. henningsiana (Moell.) were isolated from grasses in toxic fescue pastures. B. epichole, cultured in a synthetic medium, was toxic to chicken embryos. Thin-layer chromatography and ultraviolet absorption data indicated that in submerged culture the fungus produced compounds with the indole or ergoline nucleus.", "contents": "Toxicity and occurrence of Balansia on grasses from toxic fescue pastures. Balansia epichloe (Weese) and B. henningsiana (Moell.) were isolated from grasses in toxic fescue pastures. B. epichole, cultured in a synthetic medium, was toxic to chicken embryos. Thin-layer chromatography and ultraviolet absorption data indicated that in submerged culture the fungus produced compounds with the indole or ergoline nucleus.", "PMID": 1124923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8789", "title": "Isolation of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio alginolyticus from estuarine areas of Southeastern Alaska.", "content": "The first reported isolations of halophilic vibrios, including Vibrio parahaemolyticus, from three seafood processing areas in Southeastern Alaska are described.", "contents": "Isolation of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio alginolyticus from estuarine areas of Southeastern Alaska. The first reported isolations of halophilic vibrios, including Vibrio parahaemolyticus, from three seafood processing areas in Southeastern Alaska are described.", "PMID": 1124924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8790", "title": "Limitations of xylose tolerance test as a screening procedure in childhood coeliac disease.", "content": "The usefulness of the xylose tolerance test as a screening procedure for coeliac disease has been reassessed in 54 children with suspected coeliac disease. 5- and 24-hour urinary excretion rates of xylose were of no value in discriminating between patients with and without coeliac disease; similarly, the 3-hour blood xylose concentration was nondiscriminatory. Three (15-8%) patients with subtotal villous atrophy and 8 (61-5%) with partial villous atrophy due to coeliac disease had one-hour blood xylose values which fell within the normal range. The effect of withdrawal or reintroduction of dietary gluten on sequential one-hour blood xylose levels was variable and generally unhelpful in predicting those patients who developed gluten-induced mucosal changes. The results of the present study emphasize the serious limitations of the xylose tolerance test as a screening procedure in childhood coeliac disease. It is recommended that the use of the urinary xylose test should be abandoned in the paediatric population. A normal one-hour blood xylose value does not exclude a diagnosis of coeliac disease even in young children who have never received a gluten-free diet. A clinical suspicion of coeliac disease remains the most important single factor in deciding whether to preform a jejunal biopsy.", "contents": "Limitations of xylose tolerance test as a screening procedure in childhood coeliac disease. The usefulness of the xylose tolerance test as a screening procedure for coeliac disease has been reassessed in 54 children with suspected coeliac disease. 5- and 24-hour urinary excretion rates of xylose were of no value in discriminating between patients with and without coeliac disease; similarly, the 3-hour blood xylose concentration was nondiscriminatory. Three (15-8%) patients with subtotal villous atrophy and 8 (61-5%) with partial villous atrophy due to coeliac disease had one-hour blood xylose values which fell within the normal range. The effect of withdrawal or reintroduction of dietary gluten on sequential one-hour blood xylose levels was variable and generally unhelpful in predicting those patients who developed gluten-induced mucosal changes. The results of the present study emphasize the serious limitations of the xylose tolerance test as a screening procedure in childhood coeliac disease. It is recommended that the use of the urinary xylose test should be abandoned in the paediatric population. A normal one-hour blood xylose value does not exclude a diagnosis of coeliac disease even in young children who have never received a gluten-free diet. A clinical suspicion of coeliac disease remains the most important single factor in deciding whether to preform a jejunal biopsy.", "PMID": 1124941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8791", "title": "Birth trauma to muscles in babies born by breech delivery and its possible fatal consequences.", "content": "Dissection and histological examination was made of the muscles of 86 babies who died after breech delivery, and of 38 babies who died after vertex presentation. A control group of 50 surviving breech-delivered babies was examined clinically and the results compared. It was concluded that the most common type of birth trauma to a baby born by breech delivery is injury to muscles and soft tissues of the back and lower extremities, which is often extensive. In some severly injured babies histological examination of organs revels signs of crush syndrome and disseminated intravascular coagulation. It is suggested that the extensive muscle trauma forms the background of these fatal conditions.", "contents": "Birth trauma to muscles in babies born by breech delivery and its possible fatal consequences. Dissection and histological examination was made of the muscles of 86 babies who died after breech delivery, and of 38 babies who died after vertex presentation. A control group of 50 surviving breech-delivered babies was examined clinically and the results compared. It was concluded that the most common type of birth trauma to a baby born by breech delivery is injury to muscles and soft tissues of the back and lower extremities, which is often extensive. In some severly injured babies histological examination of organs revels signs of crush syndrome and disseminated intravascular coagulation. It is suggested that the extensive muscle trauma forms the background of these fatal conditions.", "PMID": 1124942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8792", "title": "Follicular ovarian cysts in stillbirths and neonates.", "content": "A review of the histology of 332 ovaries from stillbirths and neonatal deaths within the first 28 days of life showed that follicular cysts, lined by granulosa epithelium and having a diameter greater than 1 mm on a microscopical section, were present in 113 infants. In 48 cases multiple cysts were present, while in 65 only a single cyst satisfying the criteria was found. There was an excess number of infants of low birthweight score among those with multiple cysts and the results were highly significant. Cysts, whether single or multiple in distribution, were commoner with increasing gestation, and possibly occurred more commonly in the infants of diabetic mothers and in infants where pregnancy had been complicated by rhesus isoimmunization. The nature of the changes seen in the granulosa lining and theca internal layer surrounding the cysts suggested that these cysts were not some degenerative phenomenon but occured in response to stimulation. It is suggested that homologous changes may occur in the testis of the dysmature male. The possible significance of these findings with regard to hormonal imbalance in the growth-retarded infant is considered, and the need for closer attention to endocrine function in these infants stressed.", "contents": "Follicular ovarian cysts in stillbirths and neonates. A review of the histology of 332 ovaries from stillbirths and neonatal deaths within the first 28 days of life showed that follicular cysts, lined by granulosa epithelium and having a diameter greater than 1 mm on a microscopical section, were present in 113 infants. In 48 cases multiple cysts were present, while in 65 only a single cyst satisfying the criteria was found. There was an excess number of infants of low birthweight score among those with multiple cysts and the results were highly significant. Cysts, whether single or multiple in distribution, were commoner with increasing gestation, and possibly occurred more commonly in the infants of diabetic mothers and in infants where pregnancy had been complicated by rhesus isoimmunization. The nature of the changes seen in the granulosa lining and theca internal layer surrounding the cysts suggested that these cysts were not some degenerative phenomenon but occured in response to stimulation. It is suggested that homologous changes may occur in the testis of the dysmature male. The possible significance of these findings with regard to hormonal imbalance in the growth-retarded infant is considered, and the need for closer attention to endocrine function in these infants stressed.", "PMID": 1124943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8793", "title": "Familial hyperargininaemia.", "content": "A third case of hyperargininaemia occurring in one family was studied from birth. In cord blood serum arginine concentration was only slightly raised, but arginase activity in red blood cell haemolysates was very low. In the urine on day 2 a typical cystinuria pattern was present. Arginine concentration in serum increased to 158 mumol/100 ml on the 41st day of life. Later determinations of the arginase activity in peripheral blood showed values below the sensitivity of the method. Blood ammonia was consistently high, and cystinuria was present. The enzymatic defect was further displayed by intravenous loading tests with arginine. Serum urea values were predominantly normal or near the lower limit of normal, suggesting the presence of other metabolic pathways of urea synthesis. In urine there was no excretion of guanidinosuccinic acid, while the excretion of other monosubstituted guanidine derivatives was increased, pointing to a connexion with hyperargininaemia. Owing to parental attitude, a low protein diet (1-5 g/kg) was introduced only late. The infant developed severe mental retardation, athetosis, and spasticity.", "contents": "Familial hyperargininaemia. A third case of hyperargininaemia occurring in one family was studied from birth. In cord blood serum arginine concentration was only slightly raised, but arginase activity in red blood cell haemolysates was very low. In the urine on day 2 a typical cystinuria pattern was present. Arginine concentration in serum increased to 158 mumol/100 ml on the 41st day of life. Later determinations of the arginase activity in peripheral blood showed values below the sensitivity of the method. Blood ammonia was consistently high, and cystinuria was present. The enzymatic defect was further displayed by intravenous loading tests with arginine. Serum urea values were predominantly normal or near the lower limit of normal, suggesting the presence of other metabolic pathways of urea synthesis. In urine there was no excretion of guanidinosuccinic acid, while the excretion of other monosubstituted guanidine derivatives was increased, pointing to a connexion with hyperargininaemia. Owing to parental attitude, a low protein diet (1-5 g/kg) was introduced only late. The infant developed severe mental retardation, athetosis, and spasticity.", "PMID": 1124944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8794", "title": "Rickets in Tehran. Study of 200 cases.", "content": "Radiologically diagnosed rickets was found to be common in children of the poorer classes in Tehran. It was frequently associated with gastroenteritis or bronchopneumonia and a large proportion of the children were severely underweight for their age. In children below the age of 1 year malnutrition tended to mask the signs of rickets. Convulsions were much less frequent in the malnourished children; the concentration of calcium in the serum was higher and that of alkaline phosphatase was lower than in those who were well nourished. Biochemistry is of little value in the diagnosis of rickets in the presence of malnutrition.", "contents": "Rickets in Tehran. Study of 200 cases. Radiologically diagnosed rickets was found to be common in children of the poorer classes in Tehran. It was frequently associated with gastroenteritis or bronchopneumonia and a large proportion of the children were severely underweight for their age. In children below the age of 1 year malnutrition tended to mask the signs of rickets. Convulsions were much less frequent in the malnourished children; the concentration of calcium in the serum was higher and that of alkaline phosphatase was lower than in those who were well nourished. Biochemistry is of little value in the diagnosis of rickets in the presence of malnutrition.", "PMID": 1124945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8795", "title": "Early life of the 'battered child'.", "content": "The obstetric histories and early lives of 28 subsequently abused children are reviewed. The youngest child, more often male, was shown to be most 'at risk' especially of the mother was pregnant. Reduced antenatal care, separation of mother and child during the neonatal peroid, illness, poor features. It is felt that these and other difficulties may be regarded as 'environmental pressures' leading to child abuse by susceptible indivisuals, early recognition of such situations could lead to preventive and supportive measures.", "contents": "Early life of the 'battered child'. The obstetric histories and early lives of 28 subsequently abused children are reviewed. The youngest child, more often male, was shown to be most 'at risk' especially of the mother was pregnant. Reduced antenatal care, separation of mother and child during the neonatal peroid, illness, poor features. It is felt that these and other difficulties may be regarded as 'environmental pressures' leading to child abuse by susceptible indivisuals, early recognition of such situations could lead to preventive and supportive measures.", "PMID": 1124946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8796", "title": "Complication of suprapubic bladder aspiration.", "content": "Suprapubic abscess formation was seen in 2 babies after attempted suprapubic bladder puncture. In both cases the baby was grossly dehydrated and gut contents were aspirated. Though this complication is rare, it should be remembered, as with all investigations, that a definite indication should be present before suprapubic aspiration is undertaken.", "contents": "Complication of suprapubic bladder aspiration. Suprapubic abscess formation was seen in 2 babies after attempted suprapubic bladder puncture. In both cases the baby was grossly dehydrated and gut contents were aspirated. Though this complication is rare, it should be remembered, as with all investigations, that a definite indication should be present before suprapubic aspiration is undertaken.", "PMID": 1124947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8797", "title": "Anterior fontanelle size in the neonate.", "content": "A simple method is described for measuring the area of the anterior fontanelle at birth. Normal values in preterm and term infants suggest enlargement of the fontanelle with gestational age. Small-for-dates infants have significantly larger anterior fontanelles than either preterm or term infants. Knowledge of the normal variation in anterior fontanelle size may be of help in the early diagnosis of congenital hypothyroidism or provide a clue to other disorders of skeletal development.", "contents": "Anterior fontanelle size in the neonate. A simple method is described for measuring the area of the anterior fontanelle at birth. Normal values in preterm and term infants suggest enlargement of the fontanelle with gestational age. Small-for-dates infants have significantly larger anterior fontanelles than either preterm or term infants. Knowledge of the normal variation in anterior fontanelle size may be of help in the early diagnosis of congenital hypothyroidism or provide a clue to other disorders of skeletal development.", "PMID": 1124948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8798", "title": "Rheumatoid synovitis and joint disease. Relationship between arthroscopic and histological changes.", "content": "Arthroscopic and histological synovial features have been studied in forty-two patients with classical or definite rheumatoid arthritis. A total index of disease activity as judged arthroscopically correlates significantly with a total index of histological activity. In those patients who have dense, waxy looking villi, the intensity of the villus-proliferation is associated with lymphocytic infiltration of the synovium. No relationship between synovial lining cell proliferation and cartilage disease nor between sparsity of lymphocyte infiltration and cartilage disease could be established.", "contents": "Rheumatoid synovitis and joint disease. Relationship between arthroscopic and histological changes. Arthroscopic and histological synovial features have been studied in forty-two patients with classical or definite rheumatoid arthritis. A total index of disease activity as judged arthroscopically correlates significantly with a total index of histological activity. In those patients who have dense, waxy looking villi, the intensity of the villus-proliferation is associated with lymphocytic infiltration of the synovium. No relationship between synovial lining cell proliferation and cartilage disease nor between sparsity of lymphocyte infiltration and cartilage disease could be established.", "PMID": 1124951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8799", "title": "Development of periarticular osteophytes in experimentally induced osteoarthritis in the dog. A study using microradiographic, microangiographic, and fluorescent bone-labelling techniques.", "content": "(1) The development of periarticular osteophytes in experimental osteoarthritis in the dog degins as early as 3 days after induction of the disease process. (2) Development of the osteophytes is still proceeding 48 weeks after induction. (3) The common site for development of the osteophyte is at the marginal zone where synovial membrane merges with fibrocartilage. (4) At this site the osteophyte begins as a deposition of outside the existing femoral bone cortex. (5) Further deposition of new bone and resorption lead to a remodelling which ultimately produces a mature osteophyte having a trabecular bone structure and free communication with the bone marrow spaces of the femur. (6) In some dogs there is also hyperplasia of bone with remodelling which takes place beneath the cartilage of the nonarticulating face of the trochlear ridge. This develops a mature trabecular structure later in the disease process and may become confluent with the osteophyte at the marginal zone. (7) The bone changes are not confined to development of the osteophyte. The whole distal end of the femur appears to have a marked increase in bone turnover, and there is also evidence of increased bone metabolism in the contralateral limb. (8) Dye injection techniques have shown that an increase in vascularity is associated with this development of new bone, and it is suggested that the results indicate the possible importance of a vascular component in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis.", "contents": "Development of periarticular osteophytes in experimentally induced osteoarthritis in the dog. A study using microradiographic, microangiographic, and fluorescent bone-labelling techniques. (1) The development of periarticular osteophytes in experimental osteoarthritis in the dog degins as early as 3 days after induction of the disease process. (2) Development of the osteophytes is still proceeding 48 weeks after induction. (3) The common site for development of the osteophyte is at the marginal zone where synovial membrane merges with fibrocartilage. (4) At this site the osteophyte begins as a deposition of outside the existing femoral bone cortex. (5) Further deposition of new bone and resorption lead to a remodelling which ultimately produces a mature osteophyte having a trabecular bone structure and free communication with the bone marrow spaces of the femur. (6) In some dogs there is also hyperplasia of bone with remodelling which takes place beneath the cartilage of the nonarticulating face of the trochlear ridge. This develops a mature trabecular structure later in the disease process and may become confluent with the osteophyte at the marginal zone. (7) The bone changes are not confined to development of the osteophyte. The whole distal end of the femur appears to have a marked increase in bone turnover, and there is also evidence of increased bone metabolism in the contralateral limb. (8) Dye injection techniques have shown that an increase in vascularity is associated with this development of new bone, and it is suggested that the results indicate the possible importance of a vascular component in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis.", "PMID": 1124952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8800", "title": "Development with age of human articular cartilage surface structure. A survey by interference microscopy of the lateral femoral condyle.", "content": "The weight-bearing surfaces of the lateral femoral condyles taken from twenty normal human cadavers aged 0-47 years have been examined by reflected light interference microscopy (RLIM) and by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The surfaces appeared normal by naked eye examination. The presence of both 200-400 mum diameter secondary undulations and small ovoid 20-45 mum diameter tertiary hollows was confirmed in all specimens using both techniques. Measurements by RLIM showed that the tertiary hollows increase significantly in depth and diameter with increasing age. A further order of quaternary surface irregularities was shown. Small irregular ridges, 130-275 nm deep and 1-4 mum diameter, were found with increasing frequency on specimens obtained from persons aged 21 years. These quaternary irregularities are thought to be due to exposure of superficial fibre bundles after the loss, with age, of surface ground substance.", "contents": "Development with age of human articular cartilage surface structure. A survey by interference microscopy of the lateral femoral condyle. The weight-bearing surfaces of the lateral femoral condyles taken from twenty normal human cadavers aged 0-47 years have been examined by reflected light interference microscopy (RLIM) and by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The surfaces appeared normal by naked eye examination. The presence of both 200-400 mum diameter secondary undulations and small ovoid 20-45 mum diameter tertiary hollows was confirmed in all specimens using both techniques. Measurements by RLIM showed that the tertiary hollows increase significantly in depth and diameter with increasing age. A further order of quaternary surface irregularities was shown. Small irregular ridges, 130-275 nm deep and 1-4 mum diameter, were found with increasing frequency on specimens obtained from persons aged 21 years. These quaternary irregularities are thought to be due to exposure of superficial fibre bundles after the loss, with age, of surface ground substance.", "PMID": 1124953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8801", "title": "Virus antibodies in serum and synovial fluid of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and other connective tissue diseases.", "content": "Rubella and influenza A (H3N2) haemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody titres and measles complement-fixing (CF), haemagglutination inhibition (HI), haemolysis inhibition (HLI), and ribonucleoprotein gel precipitation (RNP-GP) antibody titres were studied in the serum and synovial fluid of twenty patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), two patients with ankylosing spondylitis, and two patients with Reiter's syndrome. Antibody titres were also studied in the serum and CSF of four patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), one patient with dermatomyositis, and in the synovial fluid only of five patients with osteoarthritic knee effusions. Antibodies were found with each serological technique used in the synovial fluid of RA patients and the antibody titres were usually at about the same level as in the serum. The mean measles (HI, HLI, and RNP-GP) antibody titres were 4 to 6 times higher in the synovial fluid of RA patients than in synovial fluid of patients with osteoarthritic knee effusions, but a corresponding difference was not found in rubella and influenza A antibody titres. The mean measles antibody titres (CF, HI, HKI, and RNP-GP) were consistently higher in the synovial fluid of RA patients without rheumatoid factor than in the synovial fluid of RA patients with rheumatoid factor. In serum this difference was observed only with measles CF titres. The mean measles, antibody titres were consistently lower in the serum and synovial fluid of the RA patients without the synovial fluid haemolytic complement than in the RA patients with this haemolytic complement. No similar differences were found in the rubella and influenza antibody titres. No significant measles antibody titres were found in the CSF of patients with SLE or dermatomyositis.", "contents": "Virus antibodies in serum and synovial fluid of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and other connective tissue diseases. Rubella and influenza A (H3N2) haemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody titres and measles complement-fixing (CF), haemagglutination inhibition (HI), haemolysis inhibition (HLI), and ribonucleoprotein gel precipitation (RNP-GP) antibody titres were studied in the serum and synovial fluid of twenty patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), two patients with ankylosing spondylitis, and two patients with Reiter's syndrome. Antibody titres were also studied in the serum and CSF of four patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), one patient with dermatomyositis, and in the synovial fluid only of five patients with osteoarthritic knee effusions. Antibodies were found with each serological technique used in the synovial fluid of RA patients and the antibody titres were usually at about the same level as in the serum. The mean measles (HI, HLI, and RNP-GP) antibody titres were 4 to 6 times higher in the synovial fluid of RA patients than in synovial fluid of patients with osteoarthritic knee effusions, but a corresponding difference was not found in rubella and influenza A antibody titres. The mean measles antibody titres (CF, HI, HKI, and RNP-GP) were consistently higher in the synovial fluid of RA patients without rheumatoid factor than in the synovial fluid of RA patients with rheumatoid factor. In serum this difference was observed only with measles CF titres. The mean measles, antibody titres were consistently lower in the serum and synovial fluid of the RA patients without the synovial fluid haemolytic complement than in the RA patients with this haemolytic complement. No similar differences were found in the rubella and influenza antibody titres. No significant measles antibody titres were found in the CSF of patients with SLE or dermatomyositis.", "PMID": 1124954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8802", "title": "Acute knee joint rupture after yttrium 90 injection.", "content": "Two cases of acute rupture of the knee joint are reported after the intra-articular injection of radioactive yttrium 90. It is suggested that this may be a complication of intra-articular radioactive injections.", "contents": "Acute knee joint rupture after yttrium 90 injection. Two cases of acute rupture of the knee joint are reported after the intra-articular injection of radioactive yttrium 90. It is suggested that this may be a complication of intra-articular radioactive injections.", "PMID": 1124955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8803", "title": "Histological study of effects of colloidal 90 yttrium on knee joint tissues of rabbits.", "content": "The administration of 0-2-0-4 mCi 90 yttrium (90Y) into a normal rabbit knee joint fails to induce medical synovectomy and results in the proliferation of the synovialis. The synovial mesothelium shows early radiation damage but subsequently follows a restitution of the whole. Later (within 4 to 16 weeks) an extensive fibrosis of the stratum synovialis develops, as well as an occlusion and sclerosis of smaller synovial vessels and capillaries. These changes explain the beneficial therapeutic effect of 90Y in a chronic inflammatory joint effusion. After irradiation that joint cartilage shows an increased cellular proliferation of the superficial tangential cells and in the vicinity of the cruciate ligaments small foci of degenerated cartilage are present. The overall pattern of a joint treated with intra-articular 90Y corresponds to the histological pattern encountered regularly in joints of older people. Changes of the cartilage after the 90Y radiation could represent a factor predisposing the treated joint to a subsequent development of osteoarthrosis.", "contents": "Histological study of effects of colloidal 90 yttrium on knee joint tissues of rabbits. The administration of 0-2-0-4 mCi 90 yttrium (90Y) into a normal rabbit knee joint fails to induce medical synovectomy and results in the proliferation of the synovialis. The synovial mesothelium shows early radiation damage but subsequently follows a restitution of the whole. Later (within 4 to 16 weeks) an extensive fibrosis of the stratum synovialis develops, as well as an occlusion and sclerosis of smaller synovial vessels and capillaries. These changes explain the beneficial therapeutic effect of 90Y in a chronic inflammatory joint effusion. After irradiation that joint cartilage shows an increased cellular proliferation of the superficial tangential cells and in the vicinity of the cruciate ligaments small foci of degenerated cartilage are present. The overall pattern of a joint treated with intra-articular 90Y corresponds to the histological pattern encountered regularly in joints of older people. Changes of the cartilage after the 90Y radiation could represent a factor predisposing the treated joint to a subsequent development of osteoarthrosis.", "PMID": 1124956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8804", "title": "Lack of correlation of synovial histology with joint damage in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Twenty-two patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) involving the knee were studied. The systemic features of the disease were graded and the extent of knee involvement was quantified in terms of the clinical, radiological, and arthroscopic appearances. Adequate synovial biopsies were obtained from 21 patients. In these patients no correlation could be found between the severity of any of the features on histological examination nor between any of these features and the extent of local joint damage, inflammation, or the severity of the systemic disease.", "contents": "Lack of correlation of synovial histology with joint damage in rheumatoid arthritis. Twenty-two patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) involving the knee were studied. The systemic features of the disease were graded and the extent of knee involvement was quantified in terms of the clinical, radiological, and arthroscopic appearances. Adequate synovial biopsies were obtained from 21 patients. In these patients no correlation could be found between the severity of any of the features on histological examination nor between any of these features and the extent of local joint damage, inflammation, or the severity of the systemic disease.", "PMID": 1124957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8805", "title": "Terminal phalageal osteosclerosis.", "content": "Osteosclerosis of the terminal finger phalanges was assessed by means of a grading score in two age-matched groups of 96 females, each suffering from rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthrosis (OA), respectively, and in a sample of 894 males and females, above the age of 44 years, from Dutch small town populations. Cortical thickness of the therminal phalanges decreases markedly with age. Whereas in the age group 45-54 years, terminal phalangeal osteosclerosis is more pronounced in females, at higher ages the difference between the sexes disappears. The diameter of the terminal cortex increases gradually from the second to the fifth finger. No differences were found between the RA and the OA groups, nor were these groups different from the population survey except for a lower incidence of terminal phalangeal osteosclerosis in female osteoarthrotics between 45 and 55 years of age, compared to females of the same age group from the population sample.", "contents": "Terminal phalageal osteosclerosis. Osteosclerosis of the terminal finger phalanges was assessed by means of a grading score in two age-matched groups of 96 females, each suffering from rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthrosis (OA), respectively, and in a sample of 894 males and females, above the age of 44 years, from Dutch small town populations. Cortical thickness of the therminal phalanges decreases markedly with age. Whereas in the age group 45-54 years, terminal phalangeal osteosclerosis is more pronounced in females, at higher ages the difference between the sexes disappears. The diameter of the terminal cortex increases gradually from the second to the fifth finger. No differences were found between the RA and the OA groups, nor were these groups different from the population survey except for a lower incidence of terminal phalangeal osteosclerosis in female osteoarthrotics between 45 and 55 years of age, compared to females of the same age group from the population sample.", "PMID": 1124958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8806", "title": "Temporo-mandibular joint disease in ankylosing spondylitis.", "content": "The occurrence of temporo-mandibular joint (TMJ) disease in ankylosing spondylitis is not widely recognized and its incidence is disputed. Seventy-nine patients attending two routine rheumatology clinics were therefore examined by dental surgeon and nine (11-5 per cent) were considered to have specific TMJ involvement. These patients were older than the remainder, and had more extensive spinal and peripheral joint disease. Symptoms were mild and the predominant clinical feature was restricted mouth opening, which could present considerable difficulties during emergency anaesthesia. Bilateral condylectomy was undertaken in one patient with some benefit.", "contents": "Temporo-mandibular joint disease in ankylosing spondylitis. The occurrence of temporo-mandibular joint (TMJ) disease in ankylosing spondylitis is not widely recognized and its incidence is disputed. Seventy-nine patients attending two routine rheumatology clinics were therefore examined by dental surgeon and nine (11-5 per cent) were considered to have specific TMJ involvement. These patients were older than the remainder, and had more extensive spinal and peripheral joint disease. Symptoms were mild and the predominant clinical feature was restricted mouth opening, which could present considerable difficulties during emergency anaesthesia. Bilateral condylectomy was undertaken in one patient with some benefit.", "PMID": 1124959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8807", "title": "Pre-ankylosing spondylitis. Histopathological report.", "content": "A novel explanation for the natural history of joint destruction in the early phase of ankylosing spondylitis is proposed on the basis of the clinical history, x-ray appearance, operative findings, and histopathology of a young patient believed to be suffering from the peripheral form of this disease.", "contents": "Pre-ankylosing spondylitis. Histopathological report. A novel explanation for the natural history of joint destruction in the early phase of ankylosing spondylitis is proposed on the basis of the clinical history, x-ray appearance, operative findings, and histopathology of a young patient believed to be suffering from the peripheral form of this disease.", "PMID": 1124960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8808", "title": "Rheumatoid plantar synovial cysts.", "content": "A patient is described with rheumatoid arthritis and a painful synovial cyst, which originated from a metatarsophalangeal joint and presented as a swelling on the plantar surface of the foot. The cyst was successfully excised.", "contents": "Rheumatoid plantar synovial cysts. A patient is described with rheumatoid arthritis and a painful synovial cyst, which originated from a metatarsophalangeal joint and presented as a swelling on the plantar surface of the foot. The cyst was successfully excised.", "PMID": 1124961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8809", "title": "Detection of the predators of Simulium damnosum by the precipitin test.", "content": "Saline cell free extracts of larvae of the Simulium damnosum complex were used to immunize rabbits for the production of damnosum-antisera. Injections into the lymph nodes produced a more specific antiserum than was obtained by intramuscular injection followed by absorption. This antiserum was used to identify by the precipitin test natural predators of S. damnosum collected from the bandama River in the Ivory Coast. Various trichopteran larvae and odonatan nymphs and adults were found to be the most important predators.", "contents": "Detection of the predators of Simulium damnosum by the precipitin test. Saline cell free extracts of larvae of the Simulium damnosum complex were used to immunize rabbits for the production of damnosum-antisera. Injections into the lymph nodes produced a more specific antiserum than was obtained by intramuscular injection followed by absorption. This antiserum was used to identify by the precipitin test natural predators of S. damnosum collected from the bandama River in the Ivory Coast. Various trichopteran larvae and odonatan nymphs and adults were found to be the most important predators.", "PMID": 1124962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8810", "title": "Paederus (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) in Uganda. I: Outbreaks, clinical effects, extraction and bioassay of the vesicating toxin.", "content": "A brief review is made of the extensive, scattered and sometimes conflicting literature concerning outbreaks and effects of the vesicating Staphylinid beetles of the genus Paederus and their toxin. Observations are reported on outbreaks of Paederus sabaeus and Pachypaederus puncticollis which occurred in Uganda in 1961-62 and subsequently. Clinical effects seen in Kampala are described and a case of ocular involvement is reported in detail. It was found that the cuticle of P. sabaeus must be broken and haemolymph released for any reaction to follow, that the mucosa of the mouth is relatively little affected by the toxin, and that Pachypaederus puncticollis possesses similar vesicating properties to the Paederus species. Methods of extraction of toxin from the beetles using various solvents and a bioassay technique based on mean daily scores of reaction on mouse ears are described. Problems of treatment are discussed.", "contents": "Paederus (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) in Uganda. I: Outbreaks, clinical effects, extraction and bioassay of the vesicating toxin. A brief review is made of the extensive, scattered and sometimes conflicting literature concerning outbreaks and effects of the vesicating Staphylinid beetles of the genus Paederus and their toxin. Observations are reported on outbreaks of Paederus sabaeus and Pachypaederus puncticollis which occurred in Uganda in 1961-62 and subsequently. Clinical effects seen in Kampala are described and a case of ocular involvement is reported in detail. It was found that the cuticle of P. sabaeus must be broken and haemolymph released for any reaction to follow, that the mucosa of the mouth is relatively little affected by the toxin, and that Pachypaederus puncticollis possesses similar vesicating properties to the Paederus species. Methods of extraction of toxin from the beetles using various solvents and a bioassay technique based on mean daily scores of reaction on mouse ears are described. Problems of treatment are discussed.", "PMID": 1124963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8811", "title": "Some aspects of the ecology and lifecycle of Amblyomma cajennense (Fabricius 1787) in Trinidad and their influence on tick control measures.", "content": "The distribution in Trinidad of the tick Amblyomma cajennense is defined, and the methods used to determine the boundaries of the infested areas are outlined. The relationships between climate, vegetation and husbandry methods and the distribution of the tick are described. Monthly tick collections from specific animals to determine exact seasonal variations were not possible but a study was made of the normal life cycle under laboratory conditions, the results being used to assist in interpreting the field picture and formulating methods of control. Possible systems of control are outlined and mention is made of the feasibility of eradication of the species in Trinidad.", "contents": "Some aspects of the ecology and lifecycle of Amblyomma cajennense (Fabricius 1787) in Trinidad and their influence on tick control measures. The distribution in Trinidad of the tick Amblyomma cajennense is defined, and the methods used to determine the boundaries of the infested areas are outlined. The relationships between climate, vegetation and husbandry methods and the distribution of the tick are described. Monthly tick collections from specific animals to determine exact seasonal variations were not possible but a study was made of the normal life cycle under laboratory conditions, the results being used to assist in interpreting the field picture and formulating methods of control. Possible systems of control are outlined and mention is made of the feasibility of eradication of the species in Trinidad.", "PMID": 1124964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8812", "title": "Studies on isolation and drug sensitivity of Trypanosoma vivax in northern Nigeria.", "content": "In a study to investigate the occurrence in cattle of Trypanosoma vivax strains resistant to the normal therapeutic dose of homidium, 47 isolates of T. vivax were collected from 10 different trypanosomiasis treatment centres in the North Central State of Nigeria. Of these 47 isolates, 23 produced infection in the experimental animals that were used for subsequent drug sensitivity trials. While all but one of the experimental cattle inoculated with T. vivax became infected, less than 50% of the experimental sheep and none of the experimental goats were able to reproduce infection. This difference in infectivity is discussed and related to the stage of the T. vivax infection in the donor cattle. None of the 23 isolates of T. vivax was resistant to homidium. The value of sheep and goats in T. vivax experiments is discussed.", "contents": "Studies on isolation and drug sensitivity of Trypanosoma vivax in northern Nigeria. In a study to investigate the occurrence in cattle of Trypanosoma vivax strains resistant to the normal therapeutic dose of homidium, 47 isolates of T. vivax were collected from 10 different trypanosomiasis treatment centres in the North Central State of Nigeria. Of these 47 isolates, 23 produced infection in the experimental animals that were used for subsequent drug sensitivity trials. While all but one of the experimental cattle inoculated with T. vivax became infected, less than 50% of the experimental sheep and none of the experimental goats were able to reproduce infection. This difference in infectivity is discussed and related to the stage of the T. vivax infection in the donor cattle. None of the 23 isolates of T. vivax was resistant to homidium. The value of sheep and goats in T. vivax experiments is discussed.", "PMID": 1124965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8813", "title": "Anti-leishmania activity of normal animal sera.", "content": "The growth inhibition activity of normal human, dog, rabbit, guinea pig, rat, sheep, cat, mouse and chicken sera was quantified against Leishmania enriettii and Leishmania tropica. The pattern of anti-L. enriettii activity of various animal sera was somewhat different from that observed in L. tropica. Against L. enriettii, mouse serum was inactive, and against L. tropica rat and mouse sera were inactive. All the other animal sera tested had growth inhibition activity on both leishmanias. This growth-inhibiting factor was found to be heat-labile, complement dependent, adsorbable by the specific organism and non-dialyzable. Only the first few subcultures of leishmania were affected by the active sera.", "contents": "Anti-leishmania activity of normal animal sera. The growth inhibition activity of normal human, dog, rabbit, guinea pig, rat, sheep, cat, mouse and chicken sera was quantified against Leishmania enriettii and Leishmania tropica. The pattern of anti-L. enriettii activity of various animal sera was somewhat different from that observed in L. tropica. Against L. enriettii, mouse serum was inactive, and against L. tropica rat and mouse sera were inactive. All the other animal sera tested had growth inhibition activity on both leishmanias. This growth-inhibiting factor was found to be heat-labile, complement dependent, adsorbable by the specific organism and non-dialyzable. Only the first few subcultures of leishmania were affected by the active sera.", "PMID": 1124967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8814", "title": "Surveys for amoebiasis; interpretation of data and their implications.", "content": "In survey work, stool microscopy for cysts and serology are the only really practicable measures of amoebic infection. The diagnostic sensitivity of stool microscopy should be estimated. Using a simple deterministic mathematical model, the rates of gain and loss of infection and seropositivity may be estimated from survey data. The low value of the constants creates difficulties but they can be estimated from: (1) cumulative data from frequently sampled cohorts; (2) analysis of the curves of age prevalence; (3) analysis of curves of long-term follow-up studies. The second method is the simplest and normally gives valid results. Appropriate epidemiological studies can give useful information about protective immunity, incubation period, superinfection, and interactions between amoebic infection and various host factors, including other disease states. Knowledge of the rate constants of infection allows predictions to be made about the likely effect of control measures.", "contents": "Surveys for amoebiasis; interpretation of data and their implications. In survey work, stool microscopy for cysts and serology are the only really practicable measures of amoebic infection. The diagnostic sensitivity of stool microscopy should be estimated. Using a simple deterministic mathematical model, the rates of gain and loss of infection and seropositivity may be estimated from survey data. The low value of the constants creates difficulties but they can be estimated from: (1) cumulative data from frequently sampled cohorts; (2) analysis of the curves of age prevalence; (3) analysis of curves of long-term follow-up studies. The second method is the simplest and normally gives valid results. Appropriate epidemiological studies can give useful information about protective immunity, incubation period, superinfection, and interactions between amoebic infection and various host factors, including other disease states. Knowledge of the rate constants of infection allows predictions to be made about the likely effect of control measures.", "PMID": 1124968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8815", "title": "Arthropod-borne viral infections of man in Nigeria, 1964-1970.", "content": "During the years 1964 to 1970, 171 arboviruses of 15 different types were isolated from humans in Nigeria. Isolation rates were highest in 1969, and lowest in 1965 and 1967. Monthly arbovirus activity was highest in the rainy season months of June, July and August and lowest in the dry months of January and February. Viruses were isolated from all age groups, with the majority from children one to four years old. The viruses isolated in largest numbers were chikungunya and yellow fever, which caused epidemics in 1969, and dengue types 1 and 2 and Tataguine, which are endemic in Ibadan. Bwamba virus was isolated in 1964 and 1969, and Bunyamwera group viruses were encountered for the first time in 1969. Other viruses recovered less frequently were Zika, Igbo-Ora (an agent related to o'nyong-nyong), two viruses related to the Uganda mosquito virus Ug MP 359, Dugbe, Thogoto, Lebombo and Shuni. Several of these are new agents and have not previously been isolated from man. Clinical details are presented where available.", "contents": "Arthropod-borne viral infections of man in Nigeria, 1964-1970. During the years 1964 to 1970, 171 arboviruses of 15 different types were isolated from humans in Nigeria. Isolation rates were highest in 1969, and lowest in 1965 and 1967. Monthly arbovirus activity was highest in the rainy season months of June, July and August and lowest in the dry months of January and February. Viruses were isolated from all age groups, with the majority from children one to four years old. The viruses isolated in largest numbers were chikungunya and yellow fever, which caused epidemics in 1969, and dengue types 1 and 2 and Tataguine, which are endemic in Ibadan. Bwamba virus was isolated in 1964 and 1969, and Bunyamwera group viruses were encountered for the first time in 1969. Other viruses recovered less frequently were Zika, Igbo-Ora (an agent related to o'nyong-nyong), two viruses related to the Uganda mosquito virus Ug MP 359, Dugbe, Thogoto, Lebombo and Shuni. Several of these are new agents and have not previously been isolated from man. Clinical details are presented where available.", "PMID": 1124969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8816", "title": "A survey of species A and B of the Anopheles gambiae Giles complex in the Kisumu area of Kenya prior to insecticidal spraying with OMS-43 (fenitrothion).", "content": "Throughout 1972 surveys were made in Kenya on the Anopheles gambiae Giles complex in an area near Kisumu, part of which was to have all houses sprayed with OMS-43 (fenitrothion) the following year. Pre-spray data was collected on monthly hut densities, man-biting rates, parity and the human blood indices and sporozoite rates of A. gambiae caught in both an area designated for spraying (evaluation zone) and a comparison zone which was to remain unsprayed. The sporozoite rates, host preferences, and population size of the A. gambiae comples in relation to the human population were similar in the two zones. Few adults were collected from artificial pit-shelters in either zone. Cytotaxonomic identifications showed that although species A of the A. gambiae comples predominated throughout the year, the population of species B decreased relatively less in the drier months than that of species A. No marked differences were found between the host preferences or sporozoite rates of the two species.", "contents": "A survey of species A and B of the Anopheles gambiae Giles complex in the Kisumu area of Kenya prior to insecticidal spraying with OMS-43 (fenitrothion). Throughout 1972 surveys were made in Kenya on the Anopheles gambiae Giles complex in an area near Kisumu, part of which was to have all houses sprayed with OMS-43 (fenitrothion) the following year. Pre-spray data was collected on monthly hut densities, man-biting rates, parity and the human blood indices and sporozoite rates of A. gambiae caught in both an area designated for spraying (evaluation zone) and a comparison zone which was to remain unsprayed. The sporozoite rates, host preferences, and population size of the A. gambiae comples in relation to the human population were similar in the two zones. Few adults were collected from artificial pit-shelters in either zone. Cytotaxonomic identifications showed that although species A of the A. gambiae comples predominated throughout the year, the population of species B decreased relatively less in the drier months than that of species A. No marked differences were found between the host preferences or sporozoite rates of the two species.", "PMID": 1124970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8817", "title": "The customer approach to patienthood. Attending to patient requests in a walk-in clinic.", "content": "This report conceptualizes the initial psychiatric interview as a process of negotiation between the clinician and patient. Patients are conceived of as appearing with one or more requests, many of which represent legitimate needs. It is the clinician's task to elicit the request, collect the relevant clinical data, and enter into a \"negotiation\" that should foster a relationship of mutual influence between patient and clinician. We have attempted to show that this approach to patienthood not only improves patient care and patient satisfaction but also leads to improved staff morale. The \"customer approach\" has special relevance to those clinical settings (walk-in clinics and community mental health centers) in which clinicians see a broad range of patients with a broad definition of psychiatric problems and requests.", "contents": "The customer approach to patienthood. Attending to patient requests in a walk-in clinic. This report conceptualizes the initial psychiatric interview as a process of negotiation between the clinician and patient. Patients are conceived of as appearing with one or more requests, many of which represent legitimate needs. It is the clinician's task to elicit the request, collect the relevant clinical data, and enter into a \"negotiation\" that should foster a relationship of mutual influence between patient and clinician. We have attempted to show that this approach to patienthood not only improves patient care and patient satisfaction but also leads to improved staff morale. The \"customer approach\" has special relevance to those clinical settings (walk-in clinics and community mental health centers) in which clinicians see a broad range of patients with a broad definition of psychiatric problems and requests.", "PMID": 1124971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8818", "title": "Personality factors influencing vocational rehabilitation.", "content": "Fifty male patients with chronic renal conditions and receiving hemodialysis underwent psychiatric examination and repeated followups in a predictive study aimed at elucidating personality factors that influence vocational rehabilitation. Previous level of functioning, satisfaction with work, sick role, and patients' dependency needs were found to influence substantially the level of vocational rehabilitation. All the data collected in the present study indicate that \"rehabilitation\" should start at a much earlier stage and aim at preventing regression.", "contents": "Personality factors influencing vocational rehabilitation. Fifty male patients with chronic renal conditions and receiving hemodialysis underwent psychiatric examination and repeated followups in a predictive study aimed at elucidating personality factors that influence vocational rehabilitation. Previous level of functioning, satisfaction with work, sick role, and patients' dependency needs were found to influence substantially the level of vocational rehabilitation. All the data collected in the present study indicate that \"rehabilitation\" should start at a much earlier stage and aim at preventing regression.", "PMID": 1124972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8819", "title": "Attitudes and fantasy themes of patients on a psychiatric research unit.", "content": "A systematic investigation of patients' attitudes and fantasies on a psychiatric research unit showed that initial attitudes were most indicative of whether or not the patient was willing to cooperate with the regimen. Surprisingly, being subjected to no research was associated with negative attitudes at mid-hospitalization. Negative attitudes were also associated with poor clinical competence rating of the primary physician. At the end of their hospitalization, most of the patients had positive attitudes toward the unit and the fantasy theme that was most prevalent at that time was \"research is therapy.\"", "contents": "Attitudes and fantasy themes of patients on a psychiatric research unit. A systematic investigation of patients' attitudes and fantasies on a psychiatric research unit showed that initial attitudes were most indicative of whether or not the patient was willing to cooperate with the regimen. Surprisingly, being subjected to no research was associated with negative attitudes at mid-hospitalization. Negative attitudes were also associated with poor clinical competence rating of the primary physician. At the end of their hospitalization, most of the patients had positive attitudes toward the unit and the fantasy theme that was most prevalent at that time was \"research is therapy.\"", "PMID": 1124973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8820", "title": "The written summary as a group psychotherapy technique.", "content": "During the past 18 months, we have been preparing detailed written summaries of the events of group therapy meetings, which have then been mailed to the group members. This technique was introduced initially as a device to provide structure in a very anxious group. We soon realized that the summary had a great potential for enhancing therapist effectiveness and it came to assume a number of other functions. In this report, we describe our experience with this technique, emphasizing its importance as a tool to improve the cognitive integration of the group therapy experience for both patient and therapist.", "contents": "The written summary as a group psychotherapy technique. During the past 18 months, we have been preparing detailed written summaries of the events of group therapy meetings, which have then been mailed to the group members. This technique was introduced initially as a device to provide structure in a very anxious group. We soon realized that the summary had a great potential for enhancing therapist effectiveness and it came to assume a number of other functions. In this report, we describe our experience with this technique, emphasizing its importance as a tool to improve the cognitive integration of the group therapy experience for both patient and therapist.", "PMID": 1124974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8821", "title": "Causalgia.", "content": "Causalgia is a distressing syndrome which should be diagnosed and treated promptly. A presumptive diagnosis can be made on the basis of the existence of burning pain, autonomic dysfunction and atrophic changes. Confirmation of diagnosis can be obtained by assessing the results of a sympathetic block. Some patients with causalgia may be mistaken for \"hysterics\" or \"malingerers.\" Treatment may require physical and occupational therapy, analgesics, tranquilizers, sympathetic block or sympathectomy. The merits of adrenergic blocking agents, percutaneous electrical stimulation, dorsal column stimulation and acupuncture are still to be evaluated.", "contents": "Causalgia. Causalgia is a distressing syndrome which should be diagnosed and treated promptly. A presumptive diagnosis can be made on the basis of the existence of burning pain, autonomic dysfunction and atrophic changes. Confirmation of diagnosis can be obtained by assessing the results of a sympathetic block. Some patients with causalgia may be mistaken for \"hysterics\" or \"malingerers.\" Treatment may require physical and occupational therapy, analgesics, tranquilizers, sympathetic block or sympathectomy. The merits of adrenergic blocking agents, percutaneous electrical stimulation, dorsal column stimulation and acupuncture are still to be evaluated.", "PMID": 1124976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8822", "title": "Initial work tolerance of extremely obese patients.", "content": "Initial work tolerance (walking) of 16 extremely obese (133 to 238 kg) patients entering a multidisciplinary rehabilitation program was low, as previously reported, but also highly variable. Some were capable of walking one mile nonstop while others required as much as eight weeks of progressive exercise training to reach this goal. Treadmill test - indirect calorimetry results indicate that patients required approximately 20 minutes to walk one mile at their fastest pace (3 mph), displayed near steady state aerobic metabolism and expended approximately 150 to 200 net kcal/mile. Patients were screened for abnormal cardiac responses to work using graded exercise test procedures with electrocardiography and there were no apparent hazardous episodes during rehabilitative training.", "contents": "Initial work tolerance of extremely obese patients. Initial work tolerance (walking) of 16 extremely obese (133 to 238 kg) patients entering a multidisciplinary rehabilitation program was low, as previously reported, but also highly variable. Some were capable of walking one mile nonstop while others required as much as eight weeks of progressive exercise training to reach this goal. Treadmill test - indirect calorimetry results indicate that patients required approximately 20 minutes to walk one mile at their fastest pace (3 mph), displayed near steady state aerobic metabolism and expended approximately 150 to 200 net kcal/mile. Patients were screened for abnormal cardiac responses to work using graded exercise test procedures with electrocardiography and there were no apparent hazardous episodes during rehabilitative training.", "PMID": 1124977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8823", "title": "Energy expenditure of ambulation in patients with above-knee amputations.", "content": "Oxygen consumption during ambulation was measured in nine middle-aged or elderly subjects having above-knee amputations, in an effort to determine the mode of ambulation and prosthetic prescription requiring the least energy expenditure. Studies revealed that crutch walking and prosthetic ambulation require the same energy expenditure; that there is no significant difference between the energy requirements of ambulating with knee locked or unlocked; and that 65 percent more energy is required at approximately one-half the normal speed of ambulation for above-knee amputees as compared to normal persons.", "contents": "Energy expenditure of ambulation in patients with above-knee amputations. Oxygen consumption during ambulation was measured in nine middle-aged or elderly subjects having above-knee amputations, in an effort to determine the mode of ambulation and prosthetic prescription requiring the least energy expenditure. Studies revealed that crutch walking and prosthetic ambulation require the same energy expenditure; that there is no significant difference between the energy requirements of ambulating with knee locked or unlocked; and that 65 percent more energy is required at approximately one-half the normal speed of ambulation for above-knee amputees as compared to normal persons.", "PMID": 1124978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8824", "title": "Conditioning of postcoronary patients: comparison of continuous and interval training.", "content": "Interval training is theoretically attractive as a means of training the postcoronary patient, since by appropriate choice of exercise and recovery intervals substantial cardiac training can be achieved without the accumulation of anaerobic metabolities and associated increases of blood pressure and cardiac work load. Six patients with frequent exercise-induced anginal attacks coped well with a program based upon running or jogging (1/2 to 1 minute) followed by 1 to 1-1/2 minutes of slow walking. Despite a poor previous response to several months of continuous training, they showed a substantial gain of aerobic power with one year on the interval regimen. The ST segmental response to a fixed increment of pulse rate remained unimproved, but probably because of the enhanced cardiorespiratory fitness, the ST depression at a fixed work load was lessended. Twenty other patients who had also followed a continuous exercise regimen for up to one year were switched to interval-type work. Over the next year they failed to progress as fast as a group of 15 patientswho persisted with continuous effort training. While interval work is helpful to the severely disabled anginal patient, it apparently leads to slower progress in the average postcoronary patient.", "contents": "Conditioning of postcoronary patients: comparison of continuous and interval training. Interval training is theoretically attractive as a means of training the postcoronary patient, since by appropriate choice of exercise and recovery intervals substantial cardiac training can be achieved without the accumulation of anaerobic metabolities and associated increases of blood pressure and cardiac work load. Six patients with frequent exercise-induced anginal attacks coped well with a program based upon running or jogging (1/2 to 1 minute) followed by 1 to 1-1/2 minutes of slow walking. Despite a poor previous response to several months of continuous training, they showed a substantial gain of aerobic power with one year on the interval regimen. The ST segmental response to a fixed increment of pulse rate remained unimproved, but probably because of the enhanced cardiorespiratory fitness, the ST depression at a fixed work load was lessended. Twenty other patients who had also followed a continuous exercise regimen for up to one year were switched to interval-type work. Over the next year they failed to progress as fast as a group of 15 patientswho persisted with continuous effort training. While interval work is helpful to the severely disabled anginal patient, it apparently leads to slower progress in the average postcoronary patient.", "PMID": 1124979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8825", "title": "Renal function in patients with spinal cord injury: the eighth year of a ten-year continuing study.", "content": "In the eighth year of a continuing study of renal function in patients with spinal cord injury, 78 percent had good function, 13 percent mild deterioration, 4 percent moderate deterioration and 5 percent severe deterioration of kidney function. No single factor was shown to be a dominant cause of decreased function. The factors most frequently associated with renal deterioration were vesicoureteral reflux, renal calculi, recurrent pyelonephritis as demonstrated by calyceal blunting, and recurrent decubitus ulcers, the latter usually in combination with other factors. Most of these factors could be prevented by good medical supervision and meticulous self-care.", "contents": "Renal function in patients with spinal cord injury: the eighth year of a ten-year continuing study. In the eighth year of a continuing study of renal function in patients with spinal cord injury, 78 percent had good function, 13 percent mild deterioration, 4 percent moderate deterioration and 5 percent severe deterioration of kidney function. No single factor was shown to be a dominant cause of decreased function. The factors most frequently associated with renal deterioration were vesicoureteral reflux, renal calculi, recurrent pyelonephritis as demonstrated by calyceal blunting, and recurrent decubitus ulcers, the latter usually in combination with other factors. Most of these factors could be prevented by good medical supervision and meticulous self-care.", "PMID": 1124980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8826", "title": "Electromyography in paraspinal muscles following surgery for root compression.", "content": "The paraspinal muscles were examined by electromyography (EMG) in 20 patients who had undergone laminectomy for root compression in the lumbosacral region. Cases were carefully selected to include only those in which there was no evidence of recurrent radiculopathy. The precise anatomic sites having electromyographic (EMG) abnormalities (fibrillation potentials and positive sharp waves) were determined. These data were obtained to determine if EMG of paraspinal muscles following laminectomy is useful in patients with a suspected recurrence. EMG was done 1 cm and 3 cm lateral from the midline at each vertebral level from L3 through S2. The interval between surgery and EMG ranged from 3-1/2 to 41 months. Seventeen of the 20 cases showed EMG abnormalities; and of these, 15 were abnormal at three or more vertebral levels and 13 at both 1 cm and 3 cm from the midline. It was shown that patients who have undergone laminectomy for root compression may demonstrate EMG changes in the paraspinal muscles for periods of up to 41 months postoperatively even without recurrent radiculopathy. The abnormalities are usually present at both 1 and 3 cm lateral from the midline and at multiple vertebral levels.", "contents": "Electromyography in paraspinal muscles following surgery for root compression. The paraspinal muscles were examined by electromyography (EMG) in 20 patients who had undergone laminectomy for root compression in the lumbosacral region. Cases were carefully selected to include only those in which there was no evidence of recurrent radiculopathy. The precise anatomic sites having electromyographic (EMG) abnormalities (fibrillation potentials and positive sharp waves) were determined. These data were obtained to determine if EMG of paraspinal muscles following laminectomy is useful in patients with a suspected recurrence. EMG was done 1 cm and 3 cm lateral from the midline at each vertebral level from L3 through S2. The interval between surgery and EMG ranged from 3-1/2 to 41 months. Seventeen of the 20 cases showed EMG abnormalities; and of these, 15 were abnormal at three or more vertebral levels and 13 at both 1 cm and 3 cm from the midline. It was shown that patients who have undergone laminectomy for root compression may demonstrate EMG changes in the paraspinal muscles for periods of up to 41 months postoperatively even without recurrent radiculopathy. The abnormalities are usually present at both 1 and 3 cm lateral from the midline and at multiple vertebral levels.", "PMID": 1124981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8827", "title": "Recurrent superior mesenteric artery syndrome in a quadriplegic patient.", "content": "Recurrent superior mesenteric artery syndrome occurs less frequently than other complications in patients having high spinal cord injury. However, as illustrated by the case reported here, it is important that the clinician be aware of the possibility of this syndrome in such patients.", "contents": "Recurrent superior mesenteric artery syndrome in a quadriplegic patient. Recurrent superior mesenteric artery syndrome occurs less frequently than other complications in patients having high spinal cord injury. However, as illustrated by the case reported here, it is important that the clinician be aware of the possibility of this syndrome in such patients.", "PMID": 1124983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8828", "title": "Nervous system degeneration produced by the industrial solvent methyl n-butyl ketone.", "content": "Because of a number of cases of peripheral neuropathy that occurred in factory workers employed in a fabric-printing plant in 1973, chronic inhalation experiments have been conducted using the printing-ink solvents methyl n-butyl ketone (MBK) and methyl iso-butyl ketone (MIBK). After four months of intermittent respiratory exposure to 1,300 parts per million (ppm) MBK, all six rats tested developed severe symmetric weakness in the hindlimbs. Morphological studies showed massive focal axonal enlargements containing abnormally large numbers of neurofilaments and dying-back axonal degeneration in peripheral and central nerve fibers. Six rats similarly exposed for five months to 1,500 ppm of MIBK showed minimal distal axonal change, but remained neurologically intact. The principal conclusion of this study is that MBK is a neurotoxin in rats.", "contents": "Nervous system degeneration produced by the industrial solvent methyl n-butyl ketone. Because of a number of cases of peripheral neuropathy that occurred in factory workers employed in a fabric-printing plant in 1973, chronic inhalation experiments have been conducted using the printing-ink solvents methyl n-butyl ketone (MBK) and methyl iso-butyl ketone (MIBK). After four months of intermittent respiratory exposure to 1,300 parts per million (ppm) MBK, all six rats tested developed severe symmetric weakness in the hindlimbs. Morphological studies showed massive focal axonal enlargements containing abnormally large numbers of neurofilaments and dying-back axonal degeneration in peripheral and central nerve fibers. Six rats similarly exposed for five months to 1,500 ppm of MIBK showed minimal distal axonal change, but remained neurologically intact. The principal conclusion of this study is that MBK is a neurotoxin in rats.", "PMID": 1124984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8829", "title": "Familial cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis. Report of a new family and review of the literature.", "content": "Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis occurred in a new family. This is a rare familial disorder characterized by juvenile cataracts, enlargement of tendons, low intelligence, and a variable neurological syndrome with cerebellar ataxia as the most prominent feature. The mode of inheritance is autosomal recessive. The basic defect remains obscure, but recent investigations have shown an excess of cholestanol in the tissues and serum of affected persons, which forms the basis of diagnosis.", "contents": "Familial cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis. Report of a new family and review of the literature. Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis occurred in a new family. This is a rare familial disorder characterized by juvenile cataracts, enlargement of tendons, low intelligence, and a variable neurological syndrome with cerebellar ataxia as the most prominent feature. The mode of inheritance is autosomal recessive. The basic defect remains obscure, but recent investigations have shown an excess of cholestanol in the tissues and serum of affected persons, which forms the basis of diagnosis.", "PMID": 1124985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8830", "title": "Complications of phenol neuroloysis.", "content": "Phenolic stellate ganglion blockade caused triparesis in one patient, and phenolic neurolysis of cervical posterior roots caused respiratory arrest in another. These complications illustrate the dangers of the spread of phenol beyond the intended site of neurolysis with resultant local anesthesia, direct neural damage, vascular damage, and infarcts.", "contents": "Complications of phenol neuroloysis. Phenolic stellate ganglion blockade caused triparesis in one patient, and phenolic neurolysis of cervical posterior roots caused respiratory arrest in another. These complications illustrate the dangers of the spread of phenol beyond the intended site of neurolysis with resultant local anesthesia, direct neural damage, vascular damage, and infarcts.", "PMID": 1124986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8831", "title": "Human masseter muscle: H- and tendon reflexes. Their paradoxical potentiation by muscle vibration.", "content": "We developed a method for direct electrical stimulation of the masseter nerve in man. Both direct M-reponses and genuine H-reflexes were recorded from the ipsilateral masseter muscle. Muscle vibration that inhibits the Achilles tendon reflex and the soleus H-reflex was found to potentiate the masseter tendon reflex and also the masseter H-reflex. This unexpected contrast may be related to peculiar brain stem circuitry of the masseter reflex mechanism.", "contents": "Human masseter muscle: H- and tendon reflexes. Their paradoxical potentiation by muscle vibration. We developed a method for direct electrical stimulation of the masseter nerve in man. Both direct M-reponses and genuine H-reflexes were recorded from the ipsilateral masseter muscle. Muscle vibration that inhibits the Achilles tendon reflex and the soleus H-reflex was found to potentiate the masseter tendon reflex and also the masseter H-reflex. This unexpected contrast may be related to peculiar brain stem circuitry of the masseter reflex mechanism.", "PMID": 1124987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8832", "title": "Cerebral hemispheric asymmetry in humans. Cortical speech zones in 100 adults and 100 infant brains.", "content": "Morphological asymmetry of the frontal operculum and temporal planum becomes measurable at the 29th week of gestation. There is evidence of subsequent differential development of the planum in favor of the left, with the left planum larger than the right. While both the frontal operculum and left planum were always present, the right planum ranged in size from absent (10%)to larger than the left (about 10%). Females predominated (P less than .05) in the latter group. The findings suggest that (1) a higher percentage of persons may have right-sided cerebral representation for speech than has been assumed previously; (2) a predetermined morphological asymmetry contributes to establishing the ultimate pattern of cerebral speech representation following an early insult to a predisposed hemisphere; and (3) it is necessary to scrutinize clinical material for the differential organization of hemispheric development between sexes.", "contents": "Cerebral hemispheric asymmetry in humans. Cortical speech zones in 100 adults and 100 infant brains. Morphological asymmetry of the frontal operculum and temporal planum becomes measurable at the 29th week of gestation. There is evidence of subsequent differential development of the planum in favor of the left, with the left planum larger than the right. While both the frontal operculum and left planum were always present, the right planum ranged in size from absent (10%)to larger than the left (about 10%). Females predominated (P less than .05) in the latter group. The findings suggest that (1) a higher percentage of persons may have right-sided cerebral representation for speech than has been assumed previously; (2) a predetermined morphological asymmetry contributes to establishing the ultimate pattern of cerebral speech representation following an early insult to a predisposed hemisphere; and (3) it is necessary to scrutinize clinical material for the differential organization of hemispheric development between sexes.", "PMID": 1124988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8833", "title": "Multiple cerebral aneurysms and cardiac myxoma.", "content": "Neurological signs are a frequent manifestation of left atrial myxoma, but the association of cardiac myxoma with multiple cerebral aneurysms is rare. A case of left atrial myxoma was detected in the course of a long-lasting psychiatric and neurological illness. Four-vessel study showed the presence of multiple saccular and fusiform aneurysms, regularly and almost symmetrically distributed. The intracardiac mass was removed, and the patient improved.", "contents": "Multiple cerebral aneurysms and cardiac myxoma. Neurological signs are a frequent manifestation of left atrial myxoma, but the association of cardiac myxoma with multiple cerebral aneurysms is rare. A case of left atrial myxoma was detected in the course of a long-lasting psychiatric and neurological illness. Four-vessel study showed the presence of multiple saccular and fusiform aneurysms, regularly and almost symmetrically distributed. The intracardiac mass was removed, and the patient improved.", "PMID": 1124989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8834", "title": "The resultant force on the femoral head in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "The resultant force on the femoral head was measured by suing a roentgenographic method in 100 rheumatoid patients (152 hips) who had Charnley arthroplasties.  Postoperative avulsion of the greater trochanter has been frequently observed in the rheumatoid hip. After operation the resultant force and the abductor pull were increased in 18 of 31 with the detached trochanter, whereas decreased in the non-detached group in 81 of 121. In the hips with acetabular protrusion, preoperative values of the force were less than in that the trochanter united and postoperative increase in the abductor force was noted. This seems to be related to the great tendency for trochanteric avulsion in this group.", "contents": "The resultant force on the femoral head in rheumatoid arthritis. The resultant force on the femoral head was measured by suing a roentgenographic method in 100 rheumatoid patients (152 hips) who had Charnley arthroplasties.  Postoperative avulsion of the greater trochanter has been frequently observed in the rheumatoid hip. After operation the resultant force and the abductor pull were increased in 18 of 31 with the detached trochanter, whereas decreased in the non-detached group in 81 of 121. In the hips with acetabular protrusion, preoperative values of the force were less than in that the trochanter united and postoperative increase in the abductor force was noted. This seems to be related to the great tendency for trochanteric avulsion in this group.", "PMID": 1124994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8835", "title": "[Effects of various solvents on skin surface lipid composition].", "content": "1. Samples of cutaneous sebum were taken from different skin regions, according to the method of Herrmann and Prose. 2. Some samples were removed from the skin using diethyl ether, while others were removed under similar conditions, with cyclohexane. 3. As a rule, thin-layer chromatography revealed darker, clearer and more numerous bands after the use of diethyl ether, than after the use of cyclohexane. However, some exceptions were seen. 4. The chromatograms showed individual differences while the differences between the samples taken from different skin regions of one and the same person were less considerable. 5. Despite the individual differences, the samples taken from persons without skin diseases showed some characteristic features.", "contents": "[Effects of various solvents on skin surface lipid composition]. 1. Samples of cutaneous sebum were taken from different skin regions, according to the method of Herrmann and Prose. 2. Some samples were removed from the skin using diethyl ether, while others were removed under similar conditions, with cyclohexane. 3. As a rule, thin-layer chromatography revealed darker, clearer and more numerous bands after the use of diethyl ether, than after the use of cyclohexane. However, some exceptions were seen. 4. The chromatograms showed individual differences while the differences between the samples taken from different skin regions of one and the same person were less considerable. 5. Despite the individual differences, the samples taken from persons without skin diseases showed some characteristic features.", "PMID": 1124997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8836", "title": "Skin irritancy and sensitivity to laundry detergents containing proteolytic enzymes. Part I.", "content": "In the present study the contact irritative--eczematogenic--effect of alkaline protease enzymes (PE) contained in syndet laundry detergents has been investigated. The method employed was the occlusive epicutaneous test (ET) involving the use of increasing serial dilutions of PE and various times of exposure. The tests were made on sympton-free skin, on skin showing premorbid or slight irritative changes, on skin previously acid- or base-treated, in the presence of increased skin permeability and following the skin stripping method. The results obtained in the 912 test series indicate that the PEs tested (\"Tenzym prilled\" Grindstedvoerkek, and \"Maxatase\" Gist-Brocases) caused no irritation or other damage to the intact or slightly lesioned skin even in response to close contact lasting several days. When as a result of increased irritation, or for other reasons, the PEs may be assumed to penetrate into the subcorneal layers, they may exert a proteolytic effect, as manifested in the increasing number of positive ETs. In such cases the PE concentrations exceeded by far those employed in the commercial detergents. It is most likely that the skin changes noted in connection with the use of bioactive laundry detergents are due not to the PE content of these detergents, but to other factors.", "contents": "Skin irritancy and sensitivity to laundry detergents containing proteolytic enzymes. Part I. In the present study the contact irritative--eczematogenic--effect of alkaline protease enzymes (PE) contained in syndet laundry detergents has been investigated. The method employed was the occlusive epicutaneous test (ET) involving the use of increasing serial dilutions of PE and various times of exposure. The tests were made on sympton-free skin, on skin showing premorbid or slight irritative changes, on skin previously acid- or base-treated, in the presence of increased skin permeability and following the skin stripping method. The results obtained in the 912 test series indicate that the PEs tested (\"Tenzym prilled\" Grindstedvoerkek, and \"Maxatase\" Gist-Brocases) caused no irritation or other damage to the intact or slightly lesioned skin even in response to close contact lasting several days. When as a result of increased irritation, or for other reasons, the PEs may be assumed to penetrate into the subcorneal layers, they may exert a proteolytic effect, as manifested in the increasing number of positive ETs. In such cases the PE concentrations exceeded by far those employed in the commercial detergents. It is most likely that the skin changes noted in connection with the use of bioactive laundry detergents are due not to the PE content of these detergents, but to other factors.", "PMID": 1124998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8837", "title": "Studies on hypersensitivity to \"para group\".", "content": "The author reports the results of patch tests using various aromatic compounds in subjects sensitized to PPD. It was found that aromatic nitro and hydroxyl compounds as well as secondary and tertiary amines do not cause cross-reactions. Positive reactions were obtained only with primary aromatic amines, independently of the position of the amino group in the ring-para, ortho or meta.", "contents": "Studies on hypersensitivity to \"para group\". The author reports the results of patch tests using various aromatic compounds in subjects sensitized to PPD. It was found that aromatic nitro and hydroxyl compounds as well as secondary and tertiary amines do not cause cross-reactions. Positive reactions were obtained only with primary aromatic amines, independently of the position of the amino group in the ring-para, ortho or meta.", "PMID": 1124999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8838", "title": "Nonvirionic inhibitor of DNA synthesis in human embryo fibroblast cell cultures infected with rubella virus.", "content": "Human embryo fibroblast cell cultures (RU-I) infected with virulent and attentuated strains of rubella virus of treated with a cell extract form infected and from control cultures have been studies in respect of their mitotic activity by evaluating the (3-H) thymidine uptake by autoradiography. The results show the presence in infected cell cultures of a nonvirionic inhibitor of DNA synthesis, which is detectable in control cell cultures too, though to a lesser degree. The relation of this inhibitor to the chalone system is so far unclear. No effect of the extracts on human chromosome pattern was observed. Attempts of biochemical characterization by fractionation of 14-C-labeled extracts on polyacrylamide gel followed by autoradiography were unsuccessful.", "contents": "Nonvirionic inhibitor of DNA synthesis in human embryo fibroblast cell cultures infected with rubella virus. Human embryo fibroblast cell cultures (RU-I) infected with virulent and attentuated strains of rubella virus of treated with a cell extract form infected and from control cultures have been studies in respect of their mitotic activity by evaluating the (3-H) thymidine uptake by autoradiography. The results show the presence in infected cell cultures of a nonvirionic inhibitor of DNA synthesis, which is detectable in control cell cultures too, though to a lesser degree. The relation of this inhibitor to the chalone system is so far unclear. No effect of the extracts on human chromosome pattern was observed. Attempts of biochemical characterization by fractionation of 14-C-labeled extracts on polyacrylamide gel followed by autoradiography were unsuccessful.", "PMID": 1125108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8839", "title": "[1:7 ratio in the distribution of adw and ayw subtypes in a population of HBs Ag-positive hepatitis patients in northern Italy].", "content": "The subtypes of HBsAg have been determined in 41 cases of acute type B hepatitis by counterelectrophoresis (CEP) using mono-specific D (anti-d), Y (anti-y), W (anti-w) and R (anti-r) antisera following Dr. Holland's technique.  In 36 cases (87.8 percent) the subtype was ayw and in 5 (12.3 per cent) adw.  Neither r subtypes nor simultaneous presence in the same patient of both d and y subtypes were detected.  The subtype distribution in Itayl is closely related to the observed distribution of d/y subtypes in the Mediterranean countries, except for Spain, showing a pattern similar to that of Central and Northern Europe countries.", "contents": "[1:7 ratio in the distribution of adw and ayw subtypes in a population of HBs Ag-positive hepatitis patients in northern Italy]. The subtypes of HBsAg have been determined in 41 cases of acute type B hepatitis by counterelectrophoresis (CEP) using mono-specific D (anti-d), Y (anti-y), W (anti-w) and R (anti-r) antisera following Dr. Holland's technique.  In 36 cases (87.8 percent) the subtype was ayw and in 5 (12.3 per cent) adw.  Neither r subtypes nor simultaneous presence in the same patient of both d and y subtypes were detected.  The subtype distribution in Itayl is closely related to the observed distribution of d/y subtypes in the Mediterranean countries, except for Spain, showing a pattern similar to that of Central and Northern Europe countries.", "PMID": 1125109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8840", "title": "[The antigenic structure of Toxoplasma gondii.  III. Behavior of human sera as compared with purified antigens].", "content": "263 human serum samples obtained from 9 controls and 42 patients with clinical diagnosis suggestive for toxoplasmosis were examined by means of Sabin and Feldman's dye test (DT) in comparison with complement fixation test (CF) with a whole toxoplasma antigen.  6 out of 9 controls and 21 out of 42 patients showed analogous behaviour in both methods while the remaining ones behaved differently.  24 out of the 42 patients as well as the 9 controls were chosen between these two groups (showing concordant or discordant DT/CF behaviour) to determine the presence or absence of anti-\"polysaccharide\" and anti-\"protein\" antibodies against purified antigens by means of CF test.  Presence of anti-polysaccharide antibodies was shown in 15 subjects (4 out of 17 \"DT/CF discordant\" groups) and antiprotien antibodies in 8 patients (2 and 6 respectively in the two groups).  Antibodies against these two purified antigens were never shown in the 9 normal people.  Critical as well as hypothetical implications concerning the results so far obtained are discussed.", "contents": "[The antigenic structure of Toxoplasma gondii.  III. Behavior of human sera as compared with purified antigens]. 263 human serum samples obtained from 9 controls and 42 patients with clinical diagnosis suggestive for toxoplasmosis were examined by means of Sabin and Feldman's dye test (DT) in comparison with complement fixation test (CF) with a whole toxoplasma antigen.  6 out of 9 controls and 21 out of 42 patients showed analogous behaviour in both methods while the remaining ones behaved differently.  24 out of the 42 patients as well as the 9 controls were chosen between these two groups (showing concordant or discordant DT/CF behaviour) to determine the presence or absence of anti-\"polysaccharide\" and anti-\"protein\" antibodies against purified antigens by means of CF test.  Presence of anti-polysaccharide antibodies was shown in 15 subjects (4 out of 17 \"DT/CF discordant\" groups) and antiprotien antibodies in 8 patients (2 and 6 respectively in the two groups).  Antibodies against these two purified antigens were never shown in the 9 normal people.  Critical as well as hypothetical implications concerning the results so far obtained are discussed.", "PMID": 1125110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8841", "title": "Purification and concentration of influenza inactivated viruses by continuous-flow zonal centrifugation.", "content": "A mathod is described for the purification, on an industrial scale, of influenza viruses grown in allantoic cavity of embryonated eggs.  The mehtod consists of combining continuous-flow centrifugation with zonal centrifugation in a sucrose (36.6 per cent-52.5 per cent w/v) density gradient.  The sample flow rate is approximately 3.7 litres/h and the volumes treated vary between 3 and 33 litres of allantoic fluid.  Both the recovery of the virus and the degree of concentration and purification result satisfactory.", "contents": "Purification and concentration of influenza inactivated viruses by continuous-flow zonal centrifugation. A mathod is described for the purification, on an industrial scale, of influenza viruses grown in allantoic cavity of embryonated eggs.  The mehtod consists of combining continuous-flow centrifugation with zonal centrifugation in a sucrose (36.6 per cent-52.5 per cent w/v) density gradient.  The sample flow rate is approximately 3.7 litres/h and the volumes treated vary between 3 and 33 litres of allantoic fluid.  Both the recovery of the virus and the degree of concentration and purification result satisfactory.", "PMID": 1125111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8842", "title": "Complete heart block as a consequence of atriondal discontinuity.", "content": "We have recently studied a case of complete heart block in which there was considerable difficulty in deciding whether it was of congenital or acquired origin. This was because the heart block was first discovered at the age of 2 years in the course of acute diphtheria. Though diphtheritic infections are known to affect the cardiac conduction system, authenticated cases of post-diphtheritic block persisting after the infection are rare, and, furthermore, histopathological study in this case revealed discontinuity between the atrial tissues and the more peripheral parts of the atrioventricular conduction tissues. This has been more commonly observed in congenital cases of complete heart block and it has been postulated on theoretical grounds that this could be thebasis for congenital heart block; on the other hand, it has been noted in a single casethought to be of acquired origin. Review of the evidence available failed to allow accurate classification of the case into either congenital or acquired categories. Thenormal, segmental development of the atrioventricular node, each segment being of different embryological origin, is discussed and the case presented is understandable in thelight of this.", "contents": "Complete heart block as a consequence of atriondal discontinuity. We have recently studied a case of complete heart block in which there was considerable difficulty in deciding whether it was of congenital or acquired origin. This was because the heart block was first discovered at the age of 2 years in the course of acute diphtheria. Though diphtheritic infections are known to affect the cardiac conduction system, authenticated cases of post-diphtheritic block persisting after the infection are rare, and, furthermore, histopathological study in this case revealed discontinuity between the atrial tissues and the more peripheral parts of the atrioventricular conduction tissues. This has been more commonly observed in congenital cases of complete heart block and it has been postulated on theoretical grounds that this could be thebasis for congenital heart block; on the other hand, it has been noted in a single casethought to be of acquired origin. Review of the evidence available failed to allow accurate classification of the case into either congenital or acquired categories. Thenormal, segmental development of the atrioventricular node, each segment being of different embryological origin, is discussed and the case presented is understandable in thelight of this.", "PMID": 1125112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8843", "title": "Validity of echocardiographic estimates of left ventricular size and performance in infants and children.", "content": "Echocardiography has been shown to be a reliable method for estimating left ventricular size and function in adults, but little attention has been paid to its application to infants and children. This paper describes a validatory study in 40 children aged between 4 days and 16 years. There was a significant correlation between angiocardiographic and echocardiographic estimates of left ventricular end-diastolic volume (r=0.76), left ventricular end-systolic volume (r=0.68), and ejection fraction (r=0.73). Left ventricular mean circumferential shortening rate (mean Vcf), however, gave the mostsignificant correlation (r=0.91). These findings indicate that while care must be exercised in interpreting indices of left ventricular size and performance derived from echocardiography, these measurements, and in particular mean Vcf, do offer a useful and reliable means of assessing left ventricular function in infants and children.", "contents": "Validity of echocardiographic estimates of left ventricular size and performance in infants and children. Echocardiography has been shown to be a reliable method for estimating left ventricular size and function in adults, but little attention has been paid to its application to infants and children. This paper describes a validatory study in 40 children aged between 4 days and 16 years. There was a significant correlation between angiocardiographic and echocardiographic estimates of left ventricular end-diastolic volume (r=0.76), left ventricular end-systolic volume (r=0.68), and ejection fraction (r=0.73). Left ventricular mean circumferential shortening rate (mean Vcf), however, gave the mostsignificant correlation (r=0.91). These findings indicate that while care must be exercised in interpreting indices of left ventricular size and performance derived from echocardiography, these measurements, and in particular mean Vcf, do offer a useful and reliable means of assessing left ventricular function in infants and children.", "PMID": 1125113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8844", "title": "Accuracy of echocardiography for assessing aortic root diameter.", "content": "The normal range for aortic root diameters employing the echocardiographic continuous recording technique was determined in 159 adult subjects without aortic valve disease or hypertension. In order to evaluate the accuracy of this noninvasive technique, the aortic root diameters as measured by ultrasound before operation in 31 patients with aortic valve disease were compared with their respective aortic annulus diameters as determined at the time of valve replacement. The 159 normal subjects consisted of 78 men and 81 women whose ages ranged from 18 to 74 pears (average 38). The normal range of aortic root diameters in this group was 17 to 33 mm (mean 23.7). A significant difference (P is smaller than 0.001) in aortic root diameters existed between men and women which could not be explained by differences in body surface area. The mean diameter among the 81 women was 22.4 plus or minus 3.3 mm(I SD) compared to the mean diameter in the 78 men of 25 plus or minus 3.5 mm. These results indicate a normal range for aortic root diameters which is significantly lower than previously reported. The aortic root diameter which was measured reoperatively by ultrasound in the 31 patients with aortic valve disease averaged 25.1 plus or minus 1.9 mm and did not differ significantly from the actual aortic annulus diameter of 25.5 plus or minus 2.6 mm measured at the time of surgery. The aortic root measurements by echo were within 2 mm of the corresponding annulus diameter in 25 of the 31 operated patients (80%).", "contents": "Accuracy of echocardiography for assessing aortic root diameter. The normal range for aortic root diameters employing the echocardiographic continuous recording technique was determined in 159 adult subjects without aortic valve disease or hypertension. In order to evaluate the accuracy of this noninvasive technique, the aortic root diameters as measured by ultrasound before operation in 31 patients with aortic valve disease were compared with their respective aortic annulus diameters as determined at the time of valve replacement. The 159 normal subjects consisted of 78 men and 81 women whose ages ranged from 18 to 74 pears (average 38). The normal range of aortic root diameters in this group was 17 to 33 mm (mean 23.7). A significant difference (P is smaller than 0.001) in aortic root diameters existed between men and women which could not be explained by differences in body surface area. The mean diameter among the 81 women was 22.4 plus or minus 3.3 mm(I SD) compared to the mean diameter in the 78 men of 25 plus or minus 3.5 mm. These results indicate a normal range for aortic root diameters which is significantly lower than previously reported. The aortic root diameter which was measured reoperatively by ultrasound in the 31 patients with aortic valve disease averaged 25.1 plus or minus 1.9 mm and did not differ significantly from the actual aortic annulus diameter of 25.5 plus or minus 2.6 mm measured at the time of surgery. The aortic root measurements by echo were within 2 mm of the corresponding annulus diameter in 25 of the 31 operated patients (80%).", "PMID": 1125114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8845", "title": "Comparison of scalar and vector electrocardiographic diagnosis and localization of myocardial infarction.", "content": "A prospective study was made of 80 patients during typical clinical episodes of acute myocardial infarction with biochemical and scalar electrocardiographic confirmation. Nine patients had bundle-branch block and 12 had had previous episodes of myocardial infarction. Serial electrocardiograms and vectorcardiograms were recorded during the first week in hospital. The most striking finding was that in more than half the cases there was disagreement between the electrocardiogram and vectorcardiogram in the localizationof infarction. The earliest evidence of infarction in the electrocardiogram is often restricted to ST and T changes though in the corresponding vectorcardiograms evidence of infarction may be present in the QRS loop. In those cases in which both electrocardiogram and vectorcardiogram show QRS abnormalities these are frequently detected earlier in the vectorcardiogram, but the converse is rare.", "contents": "Comparison of scalar and vector electrocardiographic diagnosis and localization of myocardial infarction. A prospective study was made of 80 patients during typical clinical episodes of acute myocardial infarction with biochemical and scalar electrocardiographic confirmation. Nine patients had bundle-branch block and 12 had had previous episodes of myocardial infarction. Serial electrocardiograms and vectorcardiograms were recorded during the first week in hospital. The most striking finding was that in more than half the cases there was disagreement between the electrocardiogram and vectorcardiogram in the localizationof infarction. The earliest evidence of infarction in the electrocardiogram is often restricted to ST and T changes though in the corresponding vectorcardiograms evidence of infarction may be present in the QRS loop. In those cases in which both electrocardiogram and vectorcardiogram show QRS abnormalities these are frequently detected earlier in the vectorcardiogram, but the converse is rare.", "PMID": 1125115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8846", "title": "Right-to-left interatrial shunting with normal right ventricular pressure. A puzzling haemodynamic picture associated with some rare congenital malformations of the right ventricle and tricuspid valve.", "content": "Haemodynamic and angiographic findings are described in 5 cases with rare anomalies of the right ventricle and the second there was isolated congenital 'absence' of the tricuspid valve. The remaining 3 cases all had isolated congenital hypoplasia of the right ventricle; in 2 of these 3 cases closure of the atrial septal defect was successful in abolishing cyanosis and symptoms,while the third is awaiting surgical correction.", "contents": "Right-to-left interatrial shunting with normal right ventricular pressure. A puzzling haemodynamic picture associated with some rare congenital malformations of the right ventricle and tricuspid valve. Haemodynamic and angiographic findings are described in 5 cases with rare anomalies of the right ventricle and the second there was isolated congenital 'absence' of the tricuspid valve. The remaining 3 cases all had isolated congenital hypoplasia of the right ventricle; in 2 of these 3 cases closure of the atrial septal defect was successful in abolishing cyanosis and symptoms,while the third is awaiting surgical correction.", "PMID": 1125116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8847", "title": "Left and right heart haemodynamics during spontaneous angina pectoris. Comparison between angina with ST segment depression and angina with ST segment elevation.", "content": "The function of both right and left sides of the heart was studied during spontaneous attacks of angina pectoris at rest in 7 patients showing ST depression (type I) and 4 showing ST elevation (type II) during the attack. In none of the 44 type I attacks and 29 type II attacks which were recorded did circulatory changes; the latter were different in the two groups. Type I attacks showed: a) a brief fall in arterial pressure, accompanied by b) a rise of right atrial and pulmonary wedge pressures and c) a decrease of cardiac output, right and left stroke work, the mean rate of systolic ejection, and indirect left ventricular pre-ejection dP/dt. In the course of the attack a hypertensive phase followed, which was paralleled by an increase of heart rate, cardiac output, left and right stroke work, and mean systolic ejection rate, left dP/dt; right atrial pressure and wedge pressure remained raised. All of the circulatory functions started to revert towards the pre-attack levels coincident with the waning phase of the electrocardiographic alteration, the latter occurring either spontaneously or after nitroglycerin. Type II attacks for the entire duration of the electrocardiographic changes showed: a) a reduction of arterial pressure, cardiac output, right and left stroke work, mean systolic ejection rate, and left dP/dt, b) a rise of right atrial and wedge pressures, and c) quite small changes of heart rate. When the electrocardiogram started to revert to the pre-attack aspect, the cardiac function rapidly improved and, after a supernormal phase, returned to the basal levels in about 2 minutes. It is concluded: 1) that no circulatory factor interfering with the mechanical effort of the heart is responsible for eliciting spontaneous angina: 2) that in type I attacks right and left ventricular impairment occurs which recovers rapidly, possibly through a sympathetic compensation; 3) that in type II attachs dysfunction of both sides of the heart occurs and persists throughout the episode of electrocardiographic alteration; 4) that the dynamic impairment is probably more severe in type I than in type II angina.", "contents": "Left and right heart haemodynamics during spontaneous angina pectoris. Comparison between angina with ST segment depression and angina with ST segment elevation. The function of both right and left sides of the heart was studied during spontaneous attacks of angina pectoris at rest in 7 patients showing ST depression (type I) and 4 showing ST elevation (type II) during the attack. In none of the 44 type I attacks and 29 type II attacks which were recorded did circulatory changes; the latter were different in the two groups. Type I attacks showed: a) a brief fall in arterial pressure, accompanied by b) a rise of right atrial and pulmonary wedge pressures and c) a decrease of cardiac output, right and left stroke work, the mean rate of systolic ejection, and indirect left ventricular pre-ejection dP/dt. In the course of the attack a hypertensive phase followed, which was paralleled by an increase of heart rate, cardiac output, left and right stroke work, and mean systolic ejection rate, left dP/dt; right atrial pressure and wedge pressure remained raised. All of the circulatory functions started to revert towards the pre-attack levels coincident with the waning phase of the electrocardiographic alteration, the latter occurring either spontaneously or after nitroglycerin. Type II attacks for the entire duration of the electrocardiographic changes showed: a) a reduction of arterial pressure, cardiac output, right and left stroke work, mean systolic ejection rate, and left dP/dt, b) a rise of right atrial and wedge pressures, and c) quite small changes of heart rate. When the electrocardiogram started to revert to the pre-attack aspect, the cardiac function rapidly improved and, after a supernormal phase, returned to the basal levels in about 2 minutes. It is concluded: 1) that no circulatory factor interfering with the mechanical effort of the heart is responsible for eliciting spontaneous angina: 2) that in type I attacks right and left ventricular impairment occurs which recovers rapidly, possibly through a sympathetic compensation; 3) that in type II attachs dysfunction of both sides of the heart occurs and persists throughout the episode of electrocardiographic alteration; 4) that the dynamic impairment is probably more severe in type I than in type II angina.", "PMID": 1125117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8848", "title": "Sinus node recovery time in the elderly.", "content": "Measurement of the sinus node recovery time has been proposed as a diagnostic tool for recognition of the sick sinus syndrome. The latter is most frequently encountered in elderly patients with hypertension, coronary heart disease, and atherosclerosis. In order to provide normal values for the sinus node recovery time in this particular population group, atrial pacing studies were carried out in 30 subjects over 50 years of age, all with peripheral vascular disease and some with angina pectoris (10), residua of infarction (6), or hypertension (7). On stimulation, 7 patients maintained a I:I atrioventricular conduction up to the rate of 180/min. Second degree atrioventricular block developed in all other cases. On six occasions, Wenckebach's periods appeared at the relatively slow pacing rate of 120/min. The maximum postoverdrive pause ranged from 680 to 1600 ms with an average of 1100 ms plus or minus 190 (10). For each pacing speed, a correlation was found between the duration of the pause and the control intrinsic cardiac rate, longer pauses being associated with longer resting PP intervals. Beyond 120/min, the duration of the pause was seen to shorten progressively as the driving rate was increased. Finally, the behavior of the sinus node pacemaker following interruption of pacing showed individual variations. After pacing at relatively slow rates, a prompt return to near control values was consistently observed, whereas, after fast rates of driving, a phase of secondary depression developed in about one-half of the studied cases.", "contents": "Sinus node recovery time in the elderly. Measurement of the sinus node recovery time has been proposed as a diagnostic tool for recognition of the sick sinus syndrome. The latter is most frequently encountered in elderly patients with hypertension, coronary heart disease, and atherosclerosis. In order to provide normal values for the sinus node recovery time in this particular population group, atrial pacing studies were carried out in 30 subjects over 50 years of age, all with peripheral vascular disease and some with angina pectoris (10), residua of infarction (6), or hypertension (7). On stimulation, 7 patients maintained a I:I atrioventricular conduction up to the rate of 180/min. Second degree atrioventricular block developed in all other cases. On six occasions, Wenckebach's periods appeared at the relatively slow pacing rate of 120/min. The maximum postoverdrive pause ranged from 680 to 1600 ms with an average of 1100 ms plus or minus 190 (10). For each pacing speed, a correlation was found between the duration of the pause and the control intrinsic cardiac rate, longer pauses being associated with longer resting PP intervals. Beyond 120/min, the duration of the pause was seen to shorten progressively as the driving rate was increased. Finally, the behavior of the sinus node pacemaker following interruption of pacing showed individual variations. After pacing at relatively slow rates, a prompt return to near control values was consistently observed, whereas, after fast rates of driving, a phase of secondary depression developed in about one-half of the studied cases.", "PMID": 1125118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8849", "title": "Effects of the quaternary ammonium compound OX-572 on ventricular tachyarrhythmias complicating acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "Patients with acute myocardial infarction who developed defined ventricular tachyarrhythmias were randomly allocated to two groups. The patients (n=34) in one of the groups received the quaternary ammonium compound N,N-bis (phenylcarbamoylmethyl) dimethylammoniumchloride (QX-572) intravenously as an infusion of 8 mg/kg body weight over 30 minutes. The patients in the other group (n=33) received saline and acted as controls. The analysis of arrhythmias was based on a continuous electrocardiogram recorded in parallel to routine monitoring during the 24 hours after the start of infusion. Only the detection of ventricular tachycardia or the development of ventricular fibrillation on routine monitoring could induce a change in antiarrhythmic treatment. The incidence of patients with ventricular tachycardia recorded was significantly lower in the QX-572 group (38%) than in the control group (73%). About half the number of patients with ventricular tachycardia recorded on the continuous electrocardiogram were also detected by means of routine monitoring. The number of patients with various types of ventricular premature contractions (1-5/min, greater than 5/min, paired, multifocal, R on T), ventricular tachycardia, and rapid idioventricular rhythm were compared within successive one-hour periods. For all types of ventricular tachyarrhythmias except rapid idioventricular rhythm there was a lower incidence of arrhythmias in the QX-572 group...", "contents": "Effects of the quaternary ammonium compound OX-572 on ventricular tachyarrhythmias complicating acute myocardial infarction. Patients with acute myocardial infarction who developed defined ventricular tachyarrhythmias were randomly allocated to two groups. The patients (n=34) in one of the groups received the quaternary ammonium compound N,N-bis (phenylcarbamoylmethyl) dimethylammoniumchloride (QX-572) intravenously as an infusion of 8 mg/kg body weight over 30 minutes. The patients in the other group (n=33) received saline and acted as controls. The analysis of arrhythmias was based on a continuous electrocardiogram recorded in parallel to routine monitoring during the 24 hours after the start of infusion. Only the detection of ventricular tachycardia or the development of ventricular fibrillation on routine monitoring could induce a change in antiarrhythmic treatment. The incidence of patients with ventricular tachycardia recorded was significantly lower in the QX-572 group (38%) than in the control group (73%). About half the number of patients with ventricular tachycardia recorded on the continuous electrocardiogram were also detected by means of routine monitoring. The number of patients with various types of ventricular premature contractions (1-5/min, greater than 5/min, paired, multifocal, R on T), ventricular tachycardia, and rapid idioventricular rhythm were compared within successive one-hour periods. For all types of ventricular tachyarrhythmias except rapid idioventricular rhythm there was a lower incidence of arrhythmias in the QX-572 group...", "PMID": 1125119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8850", "title": "Anomalous origin of left coronary artery from pulmonary artery. Surgical considerations in the adult.", "content": "The usually recommended treatment for anomalous origin of a left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery is proximal ligation of the anomalous artery with a saphenous vein bypass graft to restore aortocoronary continuity. In an adult patient with large collateral vessels and with the left coronary artery arising from the back of the pulmonary artery, the technical surgical problems associated with this procedure are formidable. Closure of the orifice of the anomalous left coronary artery from inside the pulmonary artery is suggested as the treatment of choice in such a case.", "contents": "Anomalous origin of left coronary artery from pulmonary artery. Surgical considerations in the adult. The usually recommended treatment for anomalous origin of a left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery is proximal ligation of the anomalous artery with a saphenous vein bypass graft to restore aortocoronary continuity. In an adult patient with large collateral vessels and with the left coronary artery arising from the back of the pulmonary artery, the technical surgical problems associated with this procedure are formidable. Closure of the orifice of the anomalous left coronary artery from inside the pulmonary artery is suggested as the treatment of choice in such a case.", "PMID": 1125121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8851", "title": "Changing haemodynamics in patient with papillary muscle dysfunction.", "content": "A patient with papillary muscle disease caused by myocardial infarction was studied before and after injection of phenylephrine. The pulmonary wedge pressure was normal at rest. However, pressures and murmur changes, occurring spontaneously and after injection of phenylephrine, suggested that intermittent severe mitral regurgitation contributed significantly to the recurrent episodes of acute left heart failure presented by this patient.", "contents": "Changing haemodynamics in patient with papillary muscle dysfunction. A patient with papillary muscle disease caused by myocardial infarction was studied before and after injection of phenylephrine. The pulmonary wedge pressure was normal at rest. However, pressures and murmur changes, occurring spontaneously and after injection of phenylephrine, suggested that intermittent severe mitral regurgitation contributed significantly to the recurrent episodes of acute left heart failure presented by this patient.", "PMID": 1125122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8852", "title": "A follow-up study of coronary heart disease in viscose rayon workers exposed to carbon disulphide.", "content": "In 1967 two cohorts of 343 men each were formed and matched with respect to age, district of birth, and similarity of work. One cohort comprised viscose rayon workers with at least five years' exposure to carbon disulphide during any period between 1942 and 1967, and the other cohort consisted of workers from a paper-mill with no such exposure. The concentrations of carbon disulphide and hydrogen sulphide in the workroom air had been measured regularly since 1950, and about 4000 measurements were available. In all probability the concentrations had been very high in the 1940s, between 20 and 40 ppm in the 1950s, and about 10 to 30 ppm from 1960 onwards. On examination in 1967 it was confirmed that all of the relevant coronary risk factors had been kept under control. The only exception to this was blood pressure which was slightly higher among the exposed workers, a finding that was interpreted as a result of exposure rather than an independent risk factor. A five-year follow-up showed that 14 men had died from coronary heart disease (CHD) in the exposed group, against three in the control group (P smaller than 0:007). Other causes of death were evenly distributed. In addition, 11 nonfatal first infarctions had occurred in the exposed group as compared with four in the control group. On re-examination in 1972, nearly 25% of the exposed men, against 13% of the controls, had a history of angina (typical, probable, and possible) as measured by the  World Health Organization questionnaire (P smaller than 0:0002). The prevalence proportions of typical angina were 12% and 5% respectively (P smaller than 0:001). As opposed to this, only slight differences were apparent for coronary ECGs. The higher degrees of prevalance in the exposed group may well have been attributable to chance. As in 1967/68, the mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures were slightly higher in the exposed group (P smaller than 0:001 and P smaller than 0:01, respectively). The relative risk was 4-8 for fatal attacks, 3-7 for all infarctions, 2-8 for nonfatal infarctions, 2-2 for angina, and 1-4 for ECG findings indicative of CHD. This implies that with increasing severity and specificity of the manifestations the causal role of CS2 in developing CHD becomes more evident. Further, it is inferred that exposure to CS2 seems to worsen the prognosis of CHD in addition to increasing its incidence. Although the exposure data in this study may not be representative of the personal exposure of the workers, the conclusion is drawn that a great deal of justification exists for lowering the threshold limit value of 20 ppm recommended by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists.", "contents": "A follow-up study of coronary heart disease in viscose rayon workers exposed to carbon disulphide. In 1967 two cohorts of 343 men each were formed and matched with respect to age, district of birth, and similarity of work. One cohort comprised viscose rayon workers with at least five years' exposure to carbon disulphide during any period between 1942 and 1967, and the other cohort consisted of workers from a paper-mill with no such exposure. The concentrations of carbon disulphide and hydrogen sulphide in the workroom air had been measured regularly since 1950, and about 4000 measurements were available. In all probability the concentrations had been very high in the 1940s, between 20 and 40 ppm in the 1950s, and about 10 to 30 ppm from 1960 onwards. On examination in 1967 it was confirmed that all of the relevant coronary risk factors had been kept under control. The only exception to this was blood pressure which was slightly higher among the exposed workers, a finding that was interpreted as a result of exposure rather than an independent risk factor. A five-year follow-up showed that 14 men had died from coronary heart disease (CHD) in the exposed group, against three in the control group (P smaller than 0:007). Other causes of death were evenly distributed. In addition, 11 nonfatal first infarctions had occurred in the exposed group as compared with four in the control group. On re-examination in 1972, nearly 25% of the exposed men, against 13% of the controls, had a history of angina (typical, probable, and possible) as measured by the  World Health Organization questionnaire (P smaller than 0:0002). The prevalence proportions of typical angina were 12% and 5% respectively (P smaller than 0:001). As opposed to this, only slight differences were apparent for coronary ECGs. The higher degrees of prevalance in the exposed group may well have been attributable to chance. As in 1967/68, the mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures were slightly higher in the exposed group (P smaller than 0:001 and P smaller than 0:01, respectively). The relative risk was 4-8 for fatal attacks, 3-7 for all infarctions, 2-8 for nonfatal infarctions, 2-2 for angina, and 1-4 for ECG findings indicative of CHD. This implies that with increasing severity and specificity of the manifestations the causal role of CS2 in developing CHD becomes more evident. Further, it is inferred that exposure to CS2 seems to worsen the prognosis of CHD in addition to increasing its incidence. Although the exposure data in this study may not be representative of the personal exposure of the workers, the conclusion is drawn that a great deal of justification exists for lowering the threshold limit value of 20 ppm recommended by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists.", "PMID": 1125123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8853", "title": "Thenar muscle blood flow and bone mineral in the forearms of lumberjacks.", "content": "Forty lumberjacks who had used a chain saw for 0-20 years and who had no general disease affecting the bones were studied by measuring the thenar muscle blood flow of both hands by the 133-Xe local clearance method. Bone mineral in the left forearm in the region of cancellous and cortical bone was assessed by the 241-Am gamma ray attenuation method. Virbration was found to decrease the blood flow in the saw-bearing left hand compared with the right hand of the lumberjacks. The bone mineral density (g/vm-3) was lower in the forearm bones of the lumberjacks than in controls of the same age with healthy bones. Moreover the poorer the thenar muscle blood flow, the greater was the decrease in the mineral density of the distal radius. Measurement of the mineral density of the forearm bones by the gramma ray attenuation method can be used for early detection of bone lesions in traumatic vasospastic disease.", "contents": "Thenar muscle blood flow and bone mineral in the forearms of lumberjacks. Forty lumberjacks who had used a chain saw for 0-20 years and who had no general disease affecting the bones were studied by measuring the thenar muscle blood flow of both hands by the 133-Xe local clearance method. Bone mineral in the left forearm in the region of cancellous and cortical bone was assessed by the 241-Am gamma ray attenuation method. Virbration was found to decrease the blood flow in the saw-bearing left hand compared with the right hand of the lumberjacks. The bone mineral density (g/vm-3) was lower in the forearm bones of the lumberjacks than in controls of the same age with healthy bones. Moreover the poorer the thenar muscle blood flow, the greater was the decrease in the mineral density of the distal radius. Measurement of the mineral density of the forearm bones by the gramma ray attenuation method can be used for early detection of bone lesions in traumatic vasospastic disease.", "PMID": 1125124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8854", "title": "Prevalence of asbestos bodies in a necropsy series in East London: association with disease, occupation, and domiciliary address.", "content": "The prevalence of asbestos bodies was measured in lung sections in a necropsy series carried out at the London Hospital (1965-66) after exclusion of all known asbestos factory workers and cases of asbestosis and of mesothelioma. Associations were sought between the presence and number of asbestos bodies with the patients' sex, domiciliary address, occupation, industry, and diseases recorded at necropsy. Asbestos bodies were present in 42% of the 216 men in the series and in 30% of the 178 women. The number of bodies in the positive cases was small in comparison with the numbers seen typically in asbestosis; thus there were less than 6 asbestos bodies per 6-75 mm-3 lung tissue in 107 of the total 145 positive cases in contrast to 1 000 or more in asbestosis. In comparison with the overall series, an increased number of asbestos body positives was present in males with carcinoma of stomach and females with carcinoma of breast. In view of this finding lung sections were counted in further post-mortem examples of these carcinomas making a total of 50 males with carcinoma stomach and 82 females with carcinoma breast. Thirty-five positive cases were found in the carcinoma stomach group as against 22-7 expected and 38 in the carcinoma breast group against 26-35 expected. There was no excess of observed over expected asbestos body positives in 51 males with carcinoma of bronchus. There was an excess of asbestos body positives (60-9%) in heavy manual workers and in both heavy and light manual male workers in the shipping (61%), electrical and engineering  (56%), and transport (54%) industries. The incidence in male clerical workers was 12-8%. The incidence of asbestos body positives according to home address was highest (53% in males, 45% in females) in patients living in the industrial and cockland area due east of the hospital. The incidence fell in the less industrial areas north-east of the hospital. Consideration of possible environmental sources of the inhaled asbestos suggests that in this survey occupation, industry, and comiciliary area all play a part. The comparatively minor intensity of asbestos pollution in our positive cases showed a positive association with carcinoma of stomach and breast, possibly playing a direct pathogenic role in carcinoma of stomach. No positive association was identified with any other neoplastic disease including carcinoma of bronchus.", "contents": "Prevalence of asbestos bodies in a necropsy series in East London: association with disease, occupation, and domiciliary address. The prevalence of asbestos bodies was measured in lung sections in a necropsy series carried out at the London Hospital (1965-66) after exclusion of all known asbestos factory workers and cases of asbestosis and of mesothelioma. Associations were sought between the presence and number of asbestos bodies with the patients' sex, domiciliary address, occupation, industry, and diseases recorded at necropsy. Asbestos bodies were present in 42% of the 216 men in the series and in 30% of the 178 women. The number of bodies in the positive cases was small in comparison with the numbers seen typically in asbestosis; thus there were less than 6 asbestos bodies per 6-75 mm-3 lung tissue in 107 of the total 145 positive cases in contrast to 1 000 or more in asbestosis. In comparison with the overall series, an increased number of asbestos body positives was present in males with carcinoma of stomach and females with carcinoma of breast. In view of this finding lung sections were counted in further post-mortem examples of these carcinomas making a total of 50 males with carcinoma stomach and 82 females with carcinoma breast. Thirty-five positive cases were found in the carcinoma stomach group as against 22-7 expected and 38 in the carcinoma breast group against 26-35 expected. There was no excess of observed over expected asbestos body positives in 51 males with carcinoma of bronchus. There was an excess of asbestos body positives (60-9%) in heavy manual workers and in both heavy and light manual male workers in the shipping (61%), electrical and engineering  (56%), and transport (54%) industries. The incidence in male clerical workers was 12-8%. The incidence of asbestos body positives according to home address was highest (53% in males, 45% in females) in patients living in the industrial and cockland area due east of the hospital. The incidence fell in the less industrial areas north-east of the hospital. Consideration of possible environmental sources of the inhaled asbestos suggests that in this survey occupation, industry, and comiciliary area all play a part. The comparatively minor intensity of asbestos pollution in our positive cases showed a positive association with carcinoma of stomach and breast, possibly playing a direct pathogenic role in carcinoma of stomach. No positive association was identified with any other neoplastic disease including carcinoma of bronchus.", "PMID": 1125125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8855", "title": "Effect of asbestos on lipid peroxidation in the red cells.", "content": "In vitro exposure of red cells to vie International Union against Cancer (UICC) standard reference asbestos samples resulted in an increase of thiobarbituric acid substances. Chrysotiles developed the largest amounts of lipid peroxides, followed by anthophyllite, amosite, and crocidolite in decreasing order. Compared with the control samples erythrocytes free of dusts, all types of the asbestos examined disclosed significant differences. The results obtained provide support for the cytotoxic potential of amosite and crocidolite and, on the other hand, suggest that a lipid peroxidation of unsaturated fatty acids may be involved in the mechanisms(s) of membrane-damaging effects of asbestos dusts.", "contents": "Effect of asbestos on lipid peroxidation in the red cells. In vitro exposure of red cells to vie International Union against Cancer (UICC) standard reference asbestos samples resulted in an increase of thiobarbituric acid substances. Chrysotiles developed the largest amounts of lipid peroxides, followed by anthophyllite, amosite, and crocidolite in decreasing order. Compared with the control samples erythrocytes free of dusts, all types of the asbestos examined disclosed significant differences. The results obtained provide support for the cytotoxic potential of amosite and crocidolite and, on the other hand, suggest that a lipid peroxidation of unsaturated fatty acids may be involved in the mechanisms(s) of membrane-damaging effects of asbestos dusts.", "PMID": 1125126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8856", "title": "Effect of repeated exposure to aniline, nitrobenzene, and benzene on liver microsomal metabolism in the rat.", "content": "Exposure of rats to aniline at daily doses of 50 mg/kg of body weight over a month stimulated the microsomal metabolism as manifested by (1) acceleration of p-hydroxylation of anilin and N-demethylation of aminopyrine in 9-000 times g postmitochondrial supernatant of the liver, (2) shortening the sleeping time after hexobarbital, and (3) reduction of the antipyretic effect of phenacetin. In the rats exposed to nitrobenzene in a similar manner to aniline, nitroreduction of nitrobenzene and p-hydroxylation of aniline remained unaffected; the antipyretic  effect of phenacetin was decreased, whereas hexobarbital sleeping time remained unchanged. Exposure of rats to benzene (50 mg/kg of body weight daily for a month) had no effect on the rate of hydroxylation of benzene and N-demethylation of aminopyrine. In benzene-exposed rats hexobarbital sleeping time was prolonged whereas the antipyretic effect of phenacetin was  unaffected. Microsomal metabolism of aniline, nitrobenzene, and benzene was stimulated and inhibited when the rats were pretreated with phenobarbital and SKF 525-A, respectively.", "contents": "Effect of repeated exposure to aniline, nitrobenzene, and benzene on liver microsomal metabolism in the rat. Exposure of rats to aniline at daily doses of 50 mg/kg of body weight over a month stimulated the microsomal metabolism as manifested by (1) acceleration of p-hydroxylation of anilin and N-demethylation of aminopyrine in 9-000 times g postmitochondrial supernatant of the liver, (2) shortening the sleeping time after hexobarbital, and (3) reduction of the antipyretic effect of phenacetin. In the rats exposed to nitrobenzene in a similar manner to aniline, nitroreduction of nitrobenzene and p-hydroxylation of aniline remained unaffected; the antipyretic  effect of phenacetin was decreased, whereas hexobarbital sleeping time remained unchanged. Exposure of rats to benzene (50 mg/kg of body weight daily for a month) had no effect on the rate of hydroxylation of benzene and N-demethylation of aminopyrine. In benzene-exposed rats hexobarbital sleeping time was prolonged whereas the antipyretic effect of phenacetin was  unaffected. Microsomal metabolism of aniline, nitrobenzene, and benzene was stimulated and inhibited when the rats were pretreated with phenobarbital and SKF 525-A, respectively.", "PMID": 1125127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8857", "title": "Haemolytic episode in G6 PD deficient workers exposed to TNT.", "content": "This is a report on three cases of acute haemolytic disease in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficient workers exposed to trinitroluene (TNT). The courses of the haemolytic crises have several features in common, the most striking being the onset of the disease within two to four days after the start of exposure, and the fact that this has been the first and so far the only haemolytic episode in their lives in spite of detailed medical records of past diseases, injuries, and medications during 12 to 16 years preceding the haemolytic crisis and five to nine years following the disease. The lowest haemoglobin levels for the three patients were 4-0, 6-8, and 8-2 g/dl respectively; haematocrit values were 17 and 24%; reticulocytes rose in case 1 to 26-2%, in case 2 to 26%, and in case 3 to 10%. Indirect bilirubinaemia was increased in two patients (5-1 and 2-6 mg/100 ml) and stercobilinogen was as high as 2150 mg/24 hr in one patient. The presence of the metabolite monoamino 2-6 dinitrotoluene was proved in the urine of case 3 and reached 21 gamma%. The possibility of a dose-response relationship is briefly discussed and the risk of exposing G6 PD individuals in chemical processes is mentioned.", "contents": "Haemolytic episode in G6 PD deficient workers exposed to TNT. This is a report on three cases of acute haemolytic disease in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficient workers exposed to trinitroluene (TNT). The courses of the haemolytic crises have several features in common, the most striking being the onset of the disease within two to four days after the start of exposure, and the fact that this has been the first and so far the only haemolytic episode in their lives in spite of detailed medical records of past diseases, injuries, and medications during 12 to 16 years preceding the haemolytic crisis and five to nine years following the disease. The lowest haemoglobin levels for the three patients were 4-0, 6-8, and 8-2 g/dl respectively; haematocrit values were 17 and 24%; reticulocytes rose in case 1 to 26-2%, in case 2 to 26%, and in case 3 to 10%. Indirect bilirubinaemia was increased in two patients (5-1 and 2-6 mg/100 ml) and stercobilinogen was as high as 2150 mg/24 hr in one patient. The presence of the metabolite monoamino 2-6 dinitrotoluene was proved in the urine of case 3 and reached 21 gamma%. The possibility of a dose-response relationship is briefly discussed and the risk of exposing G6 PD individuals in chemical processes is mentioned.", "PMID": 1125128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8858", "title": "A clinical and radiographic study of coir workers.", "content": "Processing of coir, which is the fibre obtained from the husk of the coconut, is a dusty procedure; 779 workers in two coir processing factories in Sri Lanka were examined clincally and radiographically for evidence of respiratory disease. Respiratory symptoms were present in 20 (2-6%) of them, which is no higher than in the general population. Respiratory disease such as asthma, chronic bronchitis, byssinosis, and pulmonary tuberculosis which may occur from occupational exposures were considered, but there was no evidence to suggest a definite association between these conditions and coir dust. Twenty-two workers had abnormal chest radiographs, but when compared with a control group of 591 workers from an engineering firm where lesions were found in 20 cases, there was no significant difference. In the opinion of the medical officer, management and workers of the large factory investigated, coir dust does not produce any respiratory disability. The chemical composition of coir dust is similar to that of sisal which is also relatively inert.", "contents": "A clinical and radiographic study of coir workers. Processing of coir, which is the fibre obtained from the husk of the coconut, is a dusty procedure; 779 workers in two coir processing factories in Sri Lanka were examined clincally and radiographically for evidence of respiratory disease. Respiratory symptoms were present in 20 (2-6%) of them, which is no higher than in the general population. Respiratory disease such as asthma, chronic bronchitis, byssinosis, and pulmonary tuberculosis which may occur from occupational exposures were considered, but there was no evidence to suggest a definite association between these conditions and coir dust. Twenty-two workers had abnormal chest radiographs, but when compared with a control group of 591 workers from an engineering firm where lesions were found in 20 cases, there was no significant difference. In the opinion of the medical officer, management and workers of the large factory investigated, coir dust does not produce any respiratory disability. The chemical composition of coir dust is similar to that of sisal which is also relatively inert.", "PMID": 1125129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8859", "title": "The medical school and smoking.", "content": "To examine the social environment of the medical school as it relates to smoking, tape-recorded interviews were conducted with 92 medical students at the University of Manchester. The medical school provides a social setting unfavourable to smoking for many students, but for some non-smokers and many smokers countervailing forces lead to an expansion of the habit during training. Increased opportunity, the influence of peers and social factors, together with environmental stress, tend to encourage smoking. The necessary information about smoking is provided and this influences some, but in general the medical school fails to establish a social climate in which smokers would feel more strongly motivated to give up. Although most students accept in theory that non smoking is part of the doctor's role, this idea is not consistently presented to them during the course. Furthermore, it is not always seen in practice to be adhered to by members of staff, their role models, thus enabling the student who smokes to deny the relevance of his personal behaviour to his future role. Nor is this ameliorated by the students' perception of policy in the medical school as one of, at most, mild disapproval.", "contents": "The medical school and smoking. To examine the social environment of the medical school as it relates to smoking, tape-recorded interviews were conducted with 92 medical students at the University of Manchester. The medical school provides a social setting unfavourable to smoking for many students, but for some non-smokers and many smokers countervailing forces lead to an expansion of the habit during training. Increased opportunity, the influence of peers and social factors, together with environmental stress, tend to encourage smoking. The necessary information about smoking is provided and this influences some, but in general the medical school fails to establish a social climate in which smokers would feel more strongly motivated to give up. Although most students accept in theory that non smoking is part of the doctor's role, this idea is not consistently presented to them during the course. Furthermore, it is not always seen in practice to be adhered to by members of staff, their role models, thus enabling the student who smokes to deny the relevance of his personal behaviour to his future role. Nor is this ameliorated by the students' perception of policy in the medical school as one of, at most, mild disapproval.", "PMID": 1125130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8860", "title": "Effect of \"attitudinal content\" on formation of professional attitudes in medical students.", "content": "The findings of a previous paper by the authors published in the British Journal of Medical Education (1974, vol. 8, p. 13) are summarized. Its significance as a foundation for this report is developed. The nature of the attitudes under study, the methods and the analytical techniques employed in the analysis are discussed briefly. The proposition to be examined involves the effect of the attitudinal content as a predetermining factor in the formation of professional attitudes in medical students. The distribution of attitude scale scores for the three attitudes examined are reported tabularly for the faculty by career activity and specialty, and for students in their aspired-to career activity and specialty. The analysis conducted evaluates the relative importance of socialization, generational and self-selection factors in the development of professional attitudes in medical students, The findings indicate that generational effects are present with all three attitudes, that self-selection is operative in two, and socialization appears only to occur with regard to one of the attitudes.", "contents": "Effect of \"attitudinal content\" on formation of professional attitudes in medical students. The findings of a previous paper by the authors published in the British Journal of Medical Education (1974, vol. 8, p. 13) are summarized. Its significance as a foundation for this report is developed. The nature of the attitudes under study, the methods and the analytical techniques employed in the analysis are discussed briefly. The proposition to be examined involves the effect of the attitudinal content as a predetermining factor in the formation of professional attitudes in medical students. The distribution of attitude scale scores for the three attitudes examined are reported tabularly for the faculty by career activity and specialty, and for students in their aspired-to career activity and specialty. The analysis conducted evaluates the relative importance of socialization, generational and self-selection factors in the development of professional attitudes in medical students, The findings indicate that generational effects are present with all three attitudes, that self-selection is operative in two, and socialization appears only to occur with regard to one of the attitudes.", "PMID": 1125132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8861", "title": "Use of a programmed reinforcement exercise in teaching of embryology.", "content": "In studying embryology, understanding of the initial complexities of cell division and patterns of prenatal growth demands ability in three-dimensional comprehension. A programmed reinforcement exercise (PRE) was designed to enable second year medical students to devote their complete attention to the explanatory component of lectures, to highlight salient features in lectures, and to improve the efficiency and active participation component of revision. The programmed reinforcement exercise was used in association with a concurrent programme in gross anatomy and its effectiveness was evaluated by a controlled trial in two consecutive lectures to 142 students. With the t-test and matched pair tabular analysis to assess results, students using the programmed reinforcement exercise achieved significantly higher scores in two 15-item multiple choice tests which were designed to appraise their short-term comprehension and data recall of lecture content.", "contents": "Use of a programmed reinforcement exercise in teaching of embryology. In studying embryology, understanding of the initial complexities of cell division and patterns of prenatal growth demands ability in three-dimensional comprehension. A programmed reinforcement exercise (PRE) was designed to enable second year medical students to devote their complete attention to the explanatory component of lectures, to highlight salient features in lectures, and to improve the efficiency and active participation component of revision. The programmed reinforcement exercise was used in association with a concurrent programme in gross anatomy and its effectiveness was evaluated by a controlled trial in two consecutive lectures to 142 students. With the t-test and matched pair tabular analysis to assess results, students using the programmed reinforcement exercise achieved significantly higher scores in two 15-item multiple choice tests which were designed to appraise their short-term comprehension and data recall of lecture content.", "PMID": 1125133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8862", "title": "Effects of a short educational planning workshop on attitudes of three groups of medical educators.", "content": "A series of short (3 days) educational planning workshops was held in three African faculties of medicine. The purpose of this study was to ascertain the effect of such a workshop on educational attitudes of teachers from three conservative traditional schools. An attitudes questionnaire given before and after the workshop allowed the participants to express opinions and feelings on a number of statements with a bipolar theme of teacher-orientation vs. student-orientation. The results showed that using experiential learning methods in small groups with little or no didactic presentation, it was possible in a short time to change long-held educational views of diverse groups of medical educator.", "contents": "Effects of a short educational planning workshop on attitudes of three groups of medical educators. A series of short (3 days) educational planning workshops was held in three African faculties of medicine. The purpose of this study was to ascertain the effect of such a workshop on educational attitudes of teachers from three conservative traditional schools. An attitudes questionnaire given before and after the workshop allowed the participants to express opinions and feelings on a number of statements with a bipolar theme of teacher-orientation vs. student-orientation. The results showed that using experiential learning methods in small groups with little or no didactic presentation, it was possible in a short time to change long-held educational views of diverse groups of medical educator.", "PMID": 1125134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8863", "title": "Medical sociology in Great Britain.", "content": "The paper reports on a survey into the present state of medical sociology in Great Britain, describing the developments which have occurred following upon the recommendations in the Todd Report on the teaching of behavioural sciences to undergraduates. Details of existing and proposed courses at each school are given; they reveal the wide variations which exist, in respect of precise specification of educational objectives, course content, affiliation and qualifications of teachers, teaching methods, and curricular time. However, most schools are consciously trying to incorporate this discipline into the syllabus at an early stage. At present several of the provincial schools have more experience of teaching medical sociology than do the London schools, but this difference may soon be lessened. In most cases the subject is taught in close association with social or community medicine, but connexions with psychology and psychiatry are often close. The prospects for this relatively untried subject are good, with new medical schools demonstrating new ways of applying sociology to medicine.", "contents": "Medical sociology in Great Britain. The paper reports on a survey into the present state of medical sociology in Great Britain, describing the developments which have occurred following upon the recommendations in the Todd Report on the teaching of behavioural sciences to undergraduates. Details of existing and proposed courses at each school are given; they reveal the wide variations which exist, in respect of precise specification of educational objectives, course content, affiliation and qualifications of teachers, teaching methods, and curricular time. However, most schools are consciously trying to incorporate this discipline into the syllabus at an early stage. At present several of the provincial schools have more experience of teaching medical sociology than do the London schools, but this difference may soon be lessened. In most cases the subject is taught in close association with social or community medicine, but connexions with psychology and psychiatry are often close. The prospects for this relatively untried subject are good, with new medical schools demonstrating new ways of applying sociology to medicine.", "PMID": 1125135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8864", "title": "Development and evaluation of teaching course in general practice.", "content": "The further development of a teaching course in general practice medicine for fifth year students at Glasgow University is described. Lessons learnt from a previous experimental course have been applied: eight afternoon sessions of a structured nature and related to prescribed objectives and a syllabus were given to small groups of students. Questionnaires showed that the in-depth study of selected patients in their own homes, with student involvement in the preparation of problem lists for group discussion were thought by the students to be valuable. An objective assessment of the course using the modified essay question technique showed an improvement in factual clinical knowledge (P less than 0.05) and more importantly in areas relating to the general practice content of the teaching (P less than 0.001).", "contents": "Development and evaluation of teaching course in general practice. The further development of a teaching course in general practice medicine for fifth year students at Glasgow University is described. Lessons learnt from a previous experimental course have been applied: eight afternoon sessions of a structured nature and related to prescribed objectives and a syllabus were given to small groups of students. Questionnaires showed that the in-depth study of selected patients in their own homes, with student involvement in the preparation of problem lists for group discussion were thought by the students to be valuable. An objective assessment of the course using the modified essay question technique showed an improvement in factual clinical knowledge (P less than 0.05) and more importantly in areas relating to the general practice content of the teaching (P less than 0.001).", "PMID": 1125136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8865", "title": "Postgraduate degree course in clinical biochemistry.", "content": "A report on the progress of the M.Sc. courses in clinical biochemistry run at the University of Surrey over the past 7 years is given. The previous experience and qualifications of the students and their careers subsequent to taking the course are analysed. A description of the course structure and syllabus is given. It is concluded that the course has been useful in attracting both science graduates and medical graduates of high calibre, in providing them with a sound laboratory-based training in clinical biochemistry, and in stimulating their interest in following a career in clinical biochemistry and chemical pathology.", "contents": "Postgraduate degree course in clinical biochemistry. A report on the progress of the M.Sc. courses in clinical biochemistry run at the University of Surrey over the past 7 years is given. The previous experience and qualifications of the students and their careers subsequent to taking the course are analysed. A description of the course structure and syllabus is given. It is concluded that the course has been useful in attracting both science graduates and medical graduates of high calibre, in providing them with a sound laboratory-based training in clinical biochemistry, and in stimulating their interest in following a career in clinical biochemistry and chemical pathology.", "PMID": 1125137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8866", "title": "Young psychiatrists.", "content": "Psychiatry is failing to recruit sufficient British graduates, reflecting a decline over the past 10 years in the proportion of medical students who are contemplating a career in psychiatry, and there are indications that the specialty is not getting its fair share of the best graduates. By a further analysis of the 1969 follow-up of a sample of the medical students surveyed by ASME in 1961 an attempt was made to compare the undergraduate record of trainee psychiatrists with doctors in other specialties. Interesting information on matters such as medical schools, work settings, and reading habits has emerged but the central question of the quality of psychiatrists remains unanswered. Further investigation, for example, medical students' attitudes to a career in psychiatry, is necessary as a preliminary to any recommendations to improve recruitment to the specialty.", "contents": "Young psychiatrists. Psychiatry is failing to recruit sufficient British graduates, reflecting a decline over the past 10 years in the proportion of medical students who are contemplating a career in psychiatry, and there are indications that the specialty is not getting its fair share of the best graduates. By a further analysis of the 1969 follow-up of a sample of the medical students surveyed by ASME in 1961 an attempt was made to compare the undergraduate record of trainee psychiatrists with doctors in other specialties. Interesting information on matters such as medical schools, work settings, and reading habits has emerged but the central question of the quality of psychiatrists remains unanswered. Further investigation, for example, medical students' attitudes to a career in psychiatry, is necessary as a preliminary to any recommendations to improve recruitment to the specialty.", "PMID": 1125138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8867", "title": "\"Gestation sac\" volumes as determined by sonar in the first trimester of pregnancy.", "content": "Sonar estimates of \"gestation sac\" volumes in the first trimester of pregnancy were made from a series of 319 measurements; the volumes estimated included the amniotic fluid, the extraembryonic coelom and the fetus. The technique employed involved the use of parallel section scans taken in series from one end of the gestation sac to the other, followed by planimetric measurements of the sac areas so produced. The potential errors which may be incurred in these measurements are discussed, and it is considered that the technique carries an overall possible error in the order of plus or minus 10 per cent. Growth curves produced from the measurements in this series show that the sac increases in volume from a mean of 1 ml. at 6 weeks to a mean of 100 ml. at 13 weeks, initially in an exponential fashion but latterly in a more linear manner. The mean values of the sonar gestation sac fluid volumes (after subtraction of the estimated fetal volume) in the 10 to 13 week range, show good correlation with those amniotic fluid values reported in the literature where direct measurements were made at the time of hysterotomy. As a method of assessing the maturity of a pregnancy this technique is of lesser value than the sonar measurement of fetal crown-rump length because of the relatively wider scatter of results. It has, however, found a useful place in clinical practice in the early sonar diagnosis of blighted ova or anembryonic pregnancies.", "contents": "\"Gestation sac\" volumes as determined by sonar in the first trimester of pregnancy. Sonar estimates of \"gestation sac\" volumes in the first trimester of pregnancy were made from a series of 319 measurements; the volumes estimated included the amniotic fluid, the extraembryonic coelom and the fetus. The technique employed involved the use of parallel section scans taken in series from one end of the gestation sac to the other, followed by planimetric measurements of the sac areas so produced. The potential errors which may be incurred in these measurements are discussed, and it is considered that the technique carries an overall possible error in the order of plus or minus 10 per cent. Growth curves produced from the measurements in this series show that the sac increases in volume from a mean of 1 ml. at 6 weeks to a mean of 100 ml. at 13 weeks, initially in an exponential fashion but latterly in a more linear manner. The mean values of the sonar gestation sac fluid volumes (after subtraction of the estimated fetal volume) in the 10 to 13 week range, show good correlation with those amniotic fluid values reported in the literature where direct measurements were made at the time of hysterotomy. As a method of assessing the maturity of a pregnancy this technique is of lesser value than the sonar measurement of fetal crown-rump length because of the relatively wider scatter of results. It has, however, found a useful place in clinical practice in the early sonar diagnosis of blighted ova or anembryonic pregnancies.", "PMID": 1125139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8868", "title": "Ultrasonic  \"B\" scanning as a pregnancy test after less than six weeks amenorrhoea.", "content": "Sixty patients with less than six weeks amenorrhoea were examined by ultrasonic \"B\" scanning for the detection of pregnancy. The results were compared with those obtained by histological examination of the aspirate after the patient had undergone menstrual regulation by vacuum aspiration of the uterine contents. The overall accuracy was 79 per cent with 15 per cent false positives. The accuracy after 39 days amenorrhoea was 95 per cent. The technique was compared with an immunological pregnancy test.", "contents": "Ultrasonic  \"B\" scanning as a pregnancy test after less than six weeks amenorrhoea. Sixty patients with less than six weeks amenorrhoea were examined by ultrasonic \"B\" scanning for the detection of pregnancy. The results were compared with those obtained by histological examination of the aspirate after the patient had undergone menstrual regulation by vacuum aspiration of the uterine contents. The overall accuracy was 79 per cent with 15 per cent false positives. The accuracy after 39 days amenorrhoea was 95 per cent. The technique was compared with an immunological pregnancy test.", "PMID": 1125140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8869", "title": "Continuous pethidine/diazepam infunsion during labour and its effects on the newborn.", "content": "This paper presents a study comparing the effects on the mother and baby of a continuous intravenous infusion of pethidine and diazepam and of intramuscular pethidine and promazine. It is concluded that the administration of intravenous pethidine and diazepam is safe in labour provided that diazepam has not been given during the previous week.", "contents": "Continuous pethidine/diazepam infunsion during labour and its effects on the newborn. This paper presents a study comparing the effects on the mother and baby of a continuous intravenous infusion of pethidine and diazepam and of intramuscular pethidine and promazine. It is concluded that the administration of intravenous pethidine and diazepam is safe in labour provided that diazepam has not been given during the previous week.", "PMID": 1125141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8870", "title": "Morphological changes in maternal lymphocytes in pregnancy.", "content": "By use of staining with toluidine blue, the changes in the nucleoli of lymphocytes in 150 healthy women were studied. The patients were divided into five groups: non-pregnant women; women in the first, second and third trimesters of pregnancy; and women who were five days post partum. A progressive and statistically significant rise in the number of lymphocytes with micronucleoli was found during pregnancy and there was a fall after delivery. This increase was associated with a decrease in the incidence of ring-shaped nucleoli. There were no  significant changes in the absolute number of lymphocytes and in \"active\" lymphocytes during pregnancy.", "contents": "Morphological changes in maternal lymphocytes in pregnancy. By use of staining with toluidine blue, the changes in the nucleoli of lymphocytes in 150 healthy women were studied. The patients were divided into five groups: non-pregnant women; women in the first, second and third trimesters of pregnancy; and women who were five days post partum. A progressive and statistically significant rise in the number of lymphocytes with micronucleoli was found during pregnancy and there was a fall after delivery. This increase was associated with a decrease in the incidence of ring-shaped nucleoli. There were no  significant changes in the absolute number of lymphocytes and in \"active\" lymphocytes during pregnancy.", "PMID": 1125143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8871", "title": "Metabolism of prostaglandin F2alpha within the human uterus in early pregnancy.", "content": "The potential for intra-uterine metabolism of prostaglandins in early pregnancy was studied by incubation of prostaglandin F2a (PGF2a) with tissues obtained by termination hysterectomy at 7 and 16 weeks gestation. Enzymes regulating the degradation of prostaglandins were demonstrated in placenta and membranes and to a lesser extent, in myometrium and decidua. It is believed that these enzymes may have a physiological role in maintaining the continuity of pregnancy, and that the high degradation of PGF2a in placenta and membranes may be one of the reasons that, for termination of pregnancy, far higher doses are required intra-amniotically than extra-amniotically.", "contents": "Metabolism of prostaglandin F2alpha within the human uterus in early pregnancy. The potential for intra-uterine metabolism of prostaglandins in early pregnancy was studied by incubation of prostaglandin F2a (PGF2a) with tissues obtained by termination hysterectomy at 7 and 16 weeks gestation. Enzymes regulating the degradation of prostaglandins were demonstrated in placenta and membranes and to a lesser extent, in myometrium and decidua. It is believed that these enzymes may have a physiological role in maintaining the continuity of pregnancy, and that the high degradation of PGF2a in placenta and membranes may be one of the reasons that, for termination of pregnancy, far higher doses are required intra-amniotically than extra-amniotically.", "PMID": 1125142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8872", "title": "The relationship of a \"short period\" to conception.", "content": "The case records were examined of 918 patients delivered in 1963 at a London hospital. Comparisons were made between 52 patients who had a \"short period\" following the presumed date of conception and 155 randomly selected control patients. Patients who had a \"short period\" showed a significantly higher rate for the induction of labour (p smaller than 0-025) and a lower infant birthweight (0-1 smaller than p smaller than 0-2). Calculation of the menstruation-delivery interval using the \"short period\" rather than the last full period, gave a closer approximation to the duration of pregnancy found in the random control series of 155 patients.", "contents": "The relationship of a \"short period\" to conception. The case records were examined of 918 patients delivered in 1963 at a London hospital. Comparisons were made between 52 patients who had a \"short period\" following the presumed date of conception and 155 randomly selected control patients. Patients who had a \"short period\" showed a significantly higher rate for the induction of labour (p smaller than 0-025) and a lower infant birthweight (0-1 smaller than p smaller than 0-2). Calculation of the menstruation-delivery interval using the \"short period\" rather than the last full period, gave a closer approximation to the duration of pregnancy found in the random control series of 155 patients.", "PMID": 1125144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8873", "title": "Carbohydrate metabolism in the menstrual cycle.", "content": "Blood sugar, serum insulin and growth hormone levels in response to 100 g. of oral glucose were studied under carefully controlled conditions on days 9, 18 and 27 of the menstrual cycle in 20 healthy women aged 18 to 20 years. The results indicate that blood sugar and serum insulin levels in response to oral glucose loading do not alter significantly in the menstrual cycle. Seven of the women had repeat studies on the same days three cycles later. No significant change in blood sugar or serum insulin levels occurred between cycles. The fasting growth hormone level was highest at the time of impending menstruation in 11 subjects (55 per cent) but the difference in mean values for the group as a whole was not statistically significant. It is concluded that the changes in endogenous hormone levels in a menstrual cycle do not produce significant alterations in carbohydrate metabolism in normal women in this age group. The reported divergence of blood glucose and insulin levels after oral glucose in the menstrual cycle may reflect the interaction of other factors such as age and parity on glucose tolerance. It is suggested that investigations into the metabolic effects of oral contraceptive steroids on these parameters should be performed in nulliparous women in a similar age range.", "contents": "Carbohydrate metabolism in the menstrual cycle. Blood sugar, serum insulin and growth hormone levels in response to 100 g. of oral glucose were studied under carefully controlled conditions on days 9, 18 and 27 of the menstrual cycle in 20 healthy women aged 18 to 20 years. The results indicate that blood sugar and serum insulin levels in response to oral glucose loading do not alter significantly in the menstrual cycle. Seven of the women had repeat studies on the same days three cycles later. No significant change in blood sugar or serum insulin levels occurred between cycles. The fasting growth hormone level was highest at the time of impending menstruation in 11 subjects (55 per cent) but the difference in mean values for the group as a whole was not statistically significant. It is concluded that the changes in endogenous hormone levels in a menstrual cycle do not produce significant alterations in carbohydrate metabolism in normal women in this age group. The reported divergence of blood glucose and insulin levels after oral glucose in the menstrual cycle may reflect the interaction of other factors such as age and parity on glucose tolerance. It is suggested that investigations into the metabolic effects of oral contraceptive steroids on these parameters should be performed in nulliparous women in a similar age range.", "PMID": 1125145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8874", "title": "Maternal cardiomyopathy of pregnancy causing stillbirth.", "content": "Cardiomyopathy of pregnancy developed in a healthy primigravida at 34 weeks gestation and was followed two weeks later by the spontaneous delivery of a fresh stillbirth. An immunological basis underlying both the mother's condition and the fetal death was suggested by the presence of myocardial antibodies in maternal and cord blood. Reference is made to two other cases in which a similar pathological process may have occurred.", "contents": "Maternal cardiomyopathy of pregnancy causing stillbirth. Cardiomyopathy of pregnancy developed in a healthy primigravida at 34 weeks gestation and was followed two weeks later by the spontaneous delivery of a fresh stillbirth. An immunological basis underlying both the mother's condition and the fetal death was suggested by the presence of myocardial antibodies in maternal and cord blood. Reference is made to two other cases in which a similar pathological process may have occurred.", "PMID": 1125146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8875", "title": "The uterine cervix from adolescence to the menopause.", "content": "During adolescence the physiological transformation zone of the cervix in the virgin undergoes limited change when compared to that of girls who are sexually promiscuous; the latter often show large areas of metaplastic squamous epithelium and the development of an atypical transformation zone. During pregnancy, particularly the first, the transformation zone increases in size and acquires increased amounts of squamous metaplastic epithelium, probably due to the effect of acidic vaginal fluid on endocervical columnar epithelium. Evidence exists for the development of an atypical transformation zone during pregnancy with its own variable neoplastic potential. After delivery the atypical epithelium of the cervix may be partly or completely removed with resulting regression of the lesion. Alternatively, neoplastic potential may alter or the lesion may remain static or recur in its previous form. After the childbearing era the physiological transformation zone undergoes minimal change until the menopause when the whole cervix shrinks. As the studies described above dramatically show, the sexually promiscuous woman at all ages has an increased risk of developing cervical neoplasia; this risk seems to be the highest in the third decade of life.", "contents": "The uterine cervix from adolescence to the menopause. During adolescence the physiological transformation zone of the cervix in the virgin undergoes limited change when compared to that of girls who are sexually promiscuous; the latter often show large areas of metaplastic squamous epithelium and the development of an atypical transformation zone. During pregnancy, particularly the first, the transformation zone increases in size and acquires increased amounts of squamous metaplastic epithelium, probably due to the effect of acidic vaginal fluid on endocervical columnar epithelium. Evidence exists for the development of an atypical transformation zone during pregnancy with its own variable neoplastic potential. After delivery the atypical epithelium of the cervix may be partly or completely removed with resulting regression of the lesion. Alternatively, neoplastic potential may alter or the lesion may remain static or recur in its previous form. After the childbearing era the physiological transformation zone undergoes minimal change until the menopause when the whole cervix shrinks. As the studies described above dramatically show, the sexually promiscuous woman at all ages has an increased risk of developing cervical neoplasia; this risk seems to be the highest in the third decade of life.", "PMID": 1125147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8876", "title": "Neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia following the use of oxytocin in labour.", "content": "A prospective study of 1353 labours and the relevant newborn failed to reveal any significant difference between the incidence of neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia (defined as a level of 12 mg. or more per 100 ml.) following spontaneous labour, and after labour induced or accelerated by oxytocin. The incidence of unexplained neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia after spontaneous labour was 6-3 per cent. Following induced labour however there was a highly significant (P less than 0-001) association between the mean total dose of oxytocin used for induction and the incidence of neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia. The proportion of babies who developed hyperbilirubinaemia increased in direct relation to the total dose of oxytocin used for the induction. In this series the incidence of hyperbilirubinaemia increased sharply when the total dose of oxytocin exceeded 20 units as it did hyperbilirubinaemia and birthweight, or duration of spontaneous labour. When labour was induced, however, the proportion on newborn babies with hyperbilirubinaemia increased with the duration of labour. The significance of these findings is discussed.", "contents": "Neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia following the use of oxytocin in labour. A prospective study of 1353 labours and the relevant newborn failed to reveal any significant difference between the incidence of neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia (defined as a level of 12 mg. or more per 100 ml.) following spontaneous labour, and after labour induced or accelerated by oxytocin. The incidence of unexplained neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia after spontaneous labour was 6-3 per cent. Following induced labour however there was a highly significant (P less than 0-001) association between the mean total dose of oxytocin used for induction and the incidence of neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia. The proportion of babies who developed hyperbilirubinaemia increased in direct relation to the total dose of oxytocin used for the induction. In this series the incidence of hyperbilirubinaemia increased sharply when the total dose of oxytocin exceeded 20 units as it did hyperbilirubinaemia and birthweight, or duration of spontaneous labour. When labour was induced, however, the proportion on newborn babies with hyperbilirubinaemia increased with the duration of labour. The significance of these findings is discussed.", "PMID": 1125148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8877", "title": "Serum cystine aminopeptidase and the normal weight baby in normotensive and hypertensive pregnancy.", "content": "The levels of serum cystine aminopeptidase have been studied serially in normotensive and hypertensive mothers who delivered healthy, normal weight-for-dates babies. A normal range, both for enzyme level and maximum and minimum rates of increase of the enzyme during gestation, was established for each group, those of the hypertensive patients exhibiting different characteristics from the curves in normotensive patients. It is suggested that such differences be considered when assessing pregnancies complicated by hypertension.", "contents": "Serum cystine aminopeptidase and the normal weight baby in normotensive and hypertensive pregnancy. The levels of serum cystine aminopeptidase have been studied serially in normotensive and hypertensive mothers who delivered healthy, normal weight-for-dates babies. A normal range, both for enzyme level and maximum and minimum rates of increase of the enzyme during gestation, was established for each group, those of the hypertensive patients exhibiting different characteristics from the curves in normotensive patients. It is suggested that such differences be considered when assessing pregnancies complicated by hypertension.", "PMID": 1125149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8878", "title": "Pregnancy in patients with coeliac disease.", "content": "Successful pregnancy can occur both before and after the diagnosis and treatment of gluten-sensitive enteropathy. Abortion and intrauterine growth retardation are the main associated obstetric problems but their incidence may be reduced in the more severe cases by adherence to a strict gluten-free diet and dietary supplements. The present report concerns 60 pregnancies in 25 patients with coeliac disease.", "contents": "Pregnancy in patients with coeliac disease. Successful pregnancy can occur both before and after the diagnosis and treatment of gluten-sensitive enteropathy. Abortion and intrauterine growth retardation are the main associated obstetric problems but their incidence may be reduced in the more severe cases by adherence to a strict gluten-free diet and dietary supplements. The present report concerns 60 pregnancies in 25 patients with coeliac disease.", "PMID": 1125150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8879", "title": "Serum lipids in pregnancy and socio-economic status.", "content": "Serum total and free cholesterol, phospholipids and erythrocyte free cholesterol levels were determined at four-weekly intervals from the first trimester until term in pregnant Nigerian women from three different socio-economic levels. The results showed a similar pattern of serum lipids in all three groups with a similar percentage increase at the peak levels. Serum phospholipids and total cholesterol levels were not significantly increased after the second trimester in contrast to report of a progressive hyperlipaemia in pregnant women of Western countries. Erythrocyte free cholesterol levels showed a mirror image of those of serum free cholesterol.", "contents": "Serum lipids in pregnancy and socio-economic status. Serum total and free cholesterol, phospholipids and erythrocyte free cholesterol levels were determined at four-weekly intervals from the first trimester until term in pregnant Nigerian women from three different socio-economic levels. The results showed a similar pattern of serum lipids in all three groups with a similar percentage increase at the peak levels. Serum phospholipids and total cholesterol levels were not significantly increased after the second trimester in contrast to report of a progressive hyperlipaemia in pregnant women of Western countries. Erythrocyte free cholesterol levels showed a mirror image of those of serum free cholesterol.", "PMID": 1125151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8880", "title": "The prognostic value of human placental lactogen (HPL) levels in threatened abortion.", "content": "The value of a single HPL estimation in serum was assessed in 337 patients with a threatened abortion between 7 and 27 weeks gestation. Serial assays were subsequently performed on 75 of these. A scheme is proposed whereby an HPL result can be given a \"favourable\", \"equivocal\" or \"unfavourable\" prognosis according to its level. Using this scheme a correct prognosis was obtained in 86 per cent of cases between 9 and 19 weeks gestation while an incorrect prognosis was obtained in 3 per cent of cases. There appeared to be little prognostic value after 19 weeks gestation though prior to 9 weeks the results were sufficiently promising to suggest that a more sensitive assay would be useful.", "contents": "The prognostic value of human placental lactogen (HPL) levels in threatened abortion. The value of a single HPL estimation in serum was assessed in 337 patients with a threatened abortion between 7 and 27 weeks gestation. Serial assays were subsequently performed on 75 of these. A scheme is proposed whereby an HPL result can be given a \"favourable\", \"equivocal\" or \"unfavourable\" prognosis according to its level. Using this scheme a correct prognosis was obtained in 86 per cent of cases between 9 and 19 weeks gestation while an incorrect prognosis was obtained in 3 per cent of cases. There appeared to be little prognostic value after 19 weeks gestation though prior to 9 weeks the results were sufficiently promising to suggest that a more sensitive assay would be useful.", "PMID": 1125152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8881", "title": "A review of 700 hysterotomies.", "content": "We studied 700 hysterotomies carried out in Aberdeen between 1968 and 1972. The morbidity and mortality indicate that the operation is now outdated as a method of terminating pregnancy. A study of referral practice showed that there were many unneccessary delays.", "contents": "A review of 700 hysterotomies. We studied 700 hysterotomies carried out in Aberdeen between 1968 and 1972. The morbidity and mortality indicate that the operation is now outdated as a method of terminating pregnancy. A study of referral practice showed that there were many unneccessary delays.", "PMID": 1125153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8882", "title": "Electroencephalographic changes after intra-amniotic prostaglandin F2alpha and hypertonic saline.", "content": "Six major convulsions have been seen among 555 patients who had therapeutic second trimester abortion by intra-amniotic prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha). Five of 21 patients receiving intra-amniotic hypertonic saline and 5 of 16 patients receiving PGF2alpha showed abnormalities in electroencephalograms after treatment. These changes were relatively minor in all saline patients and in three receiving PGF2alpha, but two patients receiving PGF2alpha showed epileptiform spike activity after infusion. There was no correlation between the electroencephalographic (EEG) changes and peripheral venous levels of PGF2alpha or its metabolite, 13, 14 dihydro-15 keto PGF2alpha (15 keto-h2-f2alpha).", "contents": "Electroencephalographic changes after intra-amniotic prostaglandin F2alpha and hypertonic saline. Six major convulsions have been seen among 555 patients who had therapeutic second trimester abortion by intra-amniotic prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha). Five of 21 patients receiving intra-amniotic hypertonic saline and 5 of 16 patients receiving PGF2alpha showed abnormalities in electroencephalograms after treatment. These changes were relatively minor in all saline patients and in three receiving PGF2alpha, but two patients receiving PGF2alpha showed epileptiform spike activity after infusion. There was no correlation between the electroencephalographic (EEG) changes and peripheral venous levels of PGF2alpha or its metabolite, 13, 14 dihydro-15 keto PGF2alpha (15 keto-h2-f2alpha).", "PMID": 1125154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8883", "title": "Operative culdoscopy.", "content": "A study of 257 operative culdoscopies done without general anaesthesia is presented and the advantages and limitations of the technique are detailed.", "contents": "Operative culdoscopy. A study of 257 operative culdoscopies done without general anaesthesia is presented and the advantages and limitations of the technique are detailed.", "PMID": 1125155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8884", "title": "The investigation of ovarian function by measurement of urinary oestrogen and pregnanediol excretion.", "content": "Urinary oestrogen and pregnanediol excretion was measued daily (\"daily monitoring\") for a complete cycle in 20 normally menstruating women, in one patient with an anovulatory cycle and for 28 days in a patient with secondary amenorrhoea. The measurements were also performed on urine specimens collected at weekly intervals for 4 to 6 weeks (\"weekly tracking\") from 506 patients with evidence of abnormal ovarian function. These included 9 patients with primary amenorrhoea, 132 patients with secondary amenorrheoa, 138 patients with oligomenorrhoea and 227 patients with evidence of ovarian dysfunction and cycle lengths of 25 to 42 days. The results were subjected to statistical analysis. In the normal cycles, ovulation could be identified on the criteria of a rising pregnanediol value reaching or exceeding 2-0 mg. per 24 hours for a period of 7 days or more. Valid conclusions on the overall mean oestrogen and pregnanediol values for a complete cycle could be made from the results of weekly tracking, irrespective of which day the tracking commenced. Correlations were obtained by comparing the mean and maximum urinary oestrogen values and the variability of the values with the evidence of ovarian function indicated by the clinical classifications of the patients, the duration of the disorders and the subsequent occurrence of uterine bleeding. Mean oestrogen values of 10 mug. per 24 hours or less were associated with lack of ovarian function. For values higher than this a discriminant function based on both the mean oestrogen value and the variability of the oestrogen values was useful in predicting onset of spontaneous menstruation. A single urine specimen collected 4 to 8 days before onset of menstruation showing a raised pregnanediol value of 2-0 mg. per 24 hours or more provided a valid test for ovulation in women with regular cycles, and a single urine specimen giving an oestrogen value of 10 mug per 24 hours or less gave a valid indication of absent ovarian function in women with amenorrhoea for two years or more. In all other circumstances serial sampling at weekly intervals provided a valid assessment of ovarian activity. Application of these principles allows the greatest amount of information on ovarian function to be obtained with the greatest economy of effort.", "contents": "The investigation of ovarian function by measurement of urinary oestrogen and pregnanediol excretion. Urinary oestrogen and pregnanediol excretion was measued daily (\"daily monitoring\") for a complete cycle in 20 normally menstruating women, in one patient with an anovulatory cycle and for 28 days in a patient with secondary amenorrhoea. The measurements were also performed on urine specimens collected at weekly intervals for 4 to 6 weeks (\"weekly tracking\") from 506 patients with evidence of abnormal ovarian function. These included 9 patients with primary amenorrhoea, 132 patients with secondary amenorrheoa, 138 patients with oligomenorrhoea and 227 patients with evidence of ovarian dysfunction and cycle lengths of 25 to 42 days. The results were subjected to statistical analysis. In the normal cycles, ovulation could be identified on the criteria of a rising pregnanediol value reaching or exceeding 2-0 mg. per 24 hours for a period of 7 days or more. Valid conclusions on the overall mean oestrogen and pregnanediol values for a complete cycle could be made from the results of weekly tracking, irrespective of which day the tracking commenced. Correlations were obtained by comparing the mean and maximum urinary oestrogen values and the variability of the values with the evidence of ovarian function indicated by the clinical classifications of the patients, the duration of the disorders and the subsequent occurrence of uterine bleeding. Mean oestrogen values of 10 mug. per 24 hours or less were associated with lack of ovarian function. For values higher than this a discriminant function based on both the mean oestrogen value and the variability of the oestrogen values was useful in predicting onset of spontaneous menstruation. A single urine specimen collected 4 to 8 days before onset of menstruation showing a raised pregnanediol value of 2-0 mg. per 24 hours or more provided a valid test for ovulation in women with regular cycles, and a single urine specimen giving an oestrogen value of 10 mug per 24 hours or less gave a valid indication of absent ovarian function in women with amenorrhoea for two years or more. In all other circumstances serial sampling at weekly intervals provided a valid assessment of ovarian activity. Application of these principles allows the greatest amount of information on ovarian function to be obtained with the greatest economy of effort.", "PMID": 1125156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8885", "title": "The resistant ovary syndrome.", "content": "A patient is described with primary amenorrhoea, raised FSH and LH levels and ovaries containing many primary follicles. These features were characteristic of the \"resistant ovary syndrome\". After ovarian wedge resection the patient began to menstruate.", "contents": "The resistant ovary syndrome. A patient is described with primary amenorrhoea, raised FSH and LH levels and ovaries containing many primary follicles. These features were characteristic of the \"resistant ovary syndrome\". After ovarian wedge resection the patient began to menstruate.", "PMID": 1125157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8886", "title": "Creatine phosphokinase (CPK) levels in pregnancy: a case report and a discussion of the value of CPK levels in the prediction of possible malignant hyperpyrexia.", "content": "Creatine phosphokinase (CPK) levels during two consecutive pregnacies of a patient whose sister had died of malignant hyperpyrexia have been investigated. The results are compared with CPK levels of serum obtained from apparently normal people at similar stages of pregnancy. The rise of serum CPK occurring as a result of labour was much more pronounced in the malignant hyperpyrexia suspect.", "contents": "Creatine phosphokinase (CPK) levels in pregnancy: a case report and a discussion of the value of CPK levels in the prediction of possible malignant hyperpyrexia. Creatine phosphokinase (CPK) levels during two consecutive pregnacies of a patient whose sister had died of malignant hyperpyrexia have been investigated. The results are compared with CPK levels of serum obtained from apparently normal people at similar stages of pregnancy. The rise of serum CPK occurring as a result of labour was much more pronounced in the malignant hyperpyrexia suspect.", "PMID": 1125158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8887", "title": "Intracranial complications of transorbital stab wounds.", "content": "Oscular and orbital injuries due to stab wounds may mask underlying serious intracranial damage. The correct clinical assessment and treatment of such cases require the attention of a team comprising a neurosurgeon, ophthalmologist, otolaryngologist, and plastic surgeon.", "contents": "Intracranial complications of transorbital stab wounds. Oscular and orbital injuries due to stab wounds may mask underlying serious intracranial damage. The correct clinical assessment and treatment of such cases require the attention of a team comprising a neurosurgeon, ophthalmologist, otolaryngologist, and plastic surgeon.", "PMID": 1125159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8888", "title": "Euryblepharon.", "content": "The rare congenital anomaly of euryblepharon is reported in a male infant. It is suggested that euryblepharon is due to congenital hypoplasia or absence of the palpebral and lacrimal portions of the orbicularis oculi muscle.", "contents": "Euryblepharon. The rare congenital anomaly of euryblepharon is reported in a male infant. It is suggested that euryblepharon is due to congenital hypoplasia or absence of the palpebral and lacrimal portions of the orbicularis oculi muscle.", "PMID": 1125160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8889", "title": "Neurilemmoma of the oculomotor nerve.", "content": "A case is presented of neurilemmoma of the left oculomotor nerve occurring in a 64-year-old hypertensive woman. The incipient tumour produced ptosis, limited inwards rotation of the eyeball, and persistent pupillary dilatation on the left side. The mechanism of this process is discussed, having regard to the interruption of the fibres innervating these structures by the tumour, and considering the mode of occurrence of the ocular and pupillary impairments. The patient also had generalized athero-sclerosis and fusiform aneurysm of the terminal part of the left internal carotid artery. The symptoms of headache, seizure, coma, and temporary right hemiparesis were considered as manifestations of hypertensive encephalopathy unrelated to the tumour.", "contents": "Neurilemmoma of the oculomotor nerve. A case is presented of neurilemmoma of the left oculomotor nerve occurring in a 64-year-old hypertensive woman. The incipient tumour produced ptosis, limited inwards rotation of the eyeball, and persistent pupillary dilatation on the left side. The mechanism of this process is discussed, having regard to the interruption of the fibres innervating these structures by the tumour, and considering the mode of occurrence of the ocular and pupillary impairments. The patient also had generalized athero-sclerosis and fusiform aneurysm of the terminal part of the left internal carotid artery. The symptoms of headache, seizure, coma, and temporary right hemiparesis were considered as manifestations of hypertensive encephalopathy unrelated to the tumour.", "PMID": 1125161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8890", "title": "The effect of growth hormone on calcium metabolism in the sheep.", "content": "1. The effect of subcutaneous administration of bovine growth hormone on calcium metabolism of nearly mature wether sheep has been studied by a combination of a radioactive technique and a nutrient balance technique. 2. Administration of growth hormone resulted in a significant increase in the rates of absorption of Ca, accretion of Ca into bone, resorption of Ca from bone and skeletal retention of Ca, and also in the sizes of the exchangeable Ca pools. 3. Retention of phosphorus was also significantly increased. 4. These changes suggest that the effect of growth hormone was to alter the Ca metabolism of nearly mature wethers to resemble that of younger, more actively growing animals. 5. Results are consistent with the theory that oestrogens may alter Ca metabolism of wethers by increasing growth hormone production.", "contents": "The effect of growth hormone on calcium metabolism in the sheep. 1. The effect of subcutaneous administration of bovine growth hormone on calcium metabolism of nearly mature wether sheep has been studied by a combination of a radioactive technique and a nutrient balance technique. 2. Administration of growth hormone resulted in a significant increase in the rates of absorption of Ca, accretion of Ca into bone, resorption of Ca from bone and skeletal retention of Ca, and also in the sizes of the exchangeable Ca pools. 3. Retention of phosphorus was also significantly increased. 4. These changes suggest that the effect of growth hormone was to alter the Ca metabolism of nearly mature wethers to resemble that of younger, more actively growing animals. 5. Results are consistent with the theory that oestrogens may alter Ca metabolism of wethers by increasing growth hormone production.", "PMID": 1125163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8891", "title": "Ascorbic acid and long-term anticonvulsant therapy in children.", "content": "1. Forty-eight children, who were long-term hospital patients, were investigated to assess their leucocyte ascorbic acid status. 2. Twenty-nine children had been receiving long-term anticonvulsants therapy, and these children did not have a significantly lower level of ascorbic acid than the untreated group, which did not have epilepsy. 3. The ascorbic levels of all subjects were low and seventeen had levels between 7-3 and 16-o mug/10-8 white blood cells.", "contents": "Ascorbic acid and long-term anticonvulsant therapy in children. 1. Forty-eight children, who were long-term hospital patients, were investigated to assess their leucocyte ascorbic acid status. 2. Twenty-nine children had been receiving long-term anticonvulsants therapy, and these children did not have a significantly lower level of ascorbic acid than the untreated group, which did not have epilepsy. 3. The ascorbic levels of all subjects were low and seventeen had levels between 7-3 and 16-o mug/10-8 white blood cells.", "PMID": 1125164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8892", "title": "Occurrence and conversion of anhydrolutein into dehydroretinol in a freshwater fish.", "content": "1. Lutein and anhydrolutein have been isolated from liver oils of freshly caught Saccobranchus fossilis. 2. S. fossilis initially contained more dehydroretinol than retinol; administration of anhydrolutein to the vitamin A-depleted fish resulted in the accumulation of dehydroretinol. 3. Anhydrolutein has also been isolated from the liver oils of lutein-treated, vitamin A-depleted fish. 4. The pathway of the conversion of lutein into dehydroretinol is discussed.", "contents": "Occurrence and conversion of anhydrolutein into dehydroretinol in a freshwater fish. 1. Lutein and anhydrolutein have been isolated from liver oils of freshly caught Saccobranchus fossilis. 2. S. fossilis initially contained more dehydroretinol than retinol; administration of anhydrolutein to the vitamin A-depleted fish resulted in the accumulation of dehydroretinol. 3. Anhydrolutein has also been isolated from the liver oils of lutein-treated, vitamin A-depleted fish. 4. The pathway of the conversion of lutein into dehydroretinol is discussed.", "PMID": 1125165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8893", "title": "The absorption of iron, with or without supplements of single amino acids and of ascorbic acid, in healthy and Fe-deficient children.", "content": "1. Studies were done on the effect of ascorbic acid and five amino acids (histidine, cystine, cysteine, valine and glutamic acid) on intestinal iron absorption in a group of ninety Egyptian infants and young children, of which fifty-seven were healthy controls and thirty-three were suffering from Fe-deficiency anaemia. 2. Supplements tested promoted Fe absorption in healthy controls in the following order: valine larger than histidine larger than ascorbic acid. Cysteine, glutamic acid and cystine were found to have no significant effect. 3. Supplementation with valine, ascorbic acid and histidine also increased intestinal Fe absorption in anaemic subjects, but to a lesser extent than in controls. 4. Supplementation of haematinic therapy with these compounds is recommended. Their use is also suggested to improve the availability of the Fe content of everday diets.", "contents": "The absorption of iron, with or without supplements of single amino acids and of ascorbic acid, in healthy and Fe-deficient children. 1. Studies were done on the effect of ascorbic acid and five amino acids (histidine, cystine, cysteine, valine and glutamic acid) on intestinal iron absorption in a group of ninety Egyptian infants and young children, of which fifty-seven were healthy controls and thirty-three were suffering from Fe-deficiency anaemia. 2. Supplements tested promoted Fe absorption in healthy controls in the following order: valine larger than histidine larger than ascorbic acid. Cysteine, glutamic acid and cystine were found to have no significant effect. 3. Supplementation with valine, ascorbic acid and histidine also increased intestinal Fe absorption in anaemic subjects, but to a lesser extent than in controls. 4. Supplementation of haematinic therapy with these compounds is recommended. Their use is also suggested to improve the availability of the Fe content of everday diets.", "PMID": 1125166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8894", "title": "An abnormality of the bone marrow associated with vitamin E deficiency in sheep.", "content": "1. Sheep fed on a maintenance ration of wheaten-hay chaff or of wheaten-hay chaff-lucerne-hay chaff (I : I, W/W) became deficient or incipiently deficient in vitamin E. 2. Degenerative changes were observed in bone marrow and muscle, and liver function was imparied in some animals. These abnormalities were not influenced by the vitamin B12 status of the animals or by a shortage of cobalt in the rumen. 3. Plasma ascorbic acid levels may not have been optimum, and folic may not have been fully utilized by some sheep. 4. Liver function responded faily rapidly to alpha-tocopheryl acetate, but skeletal muscle had not returned to normal after 28 weeks of treatment. A variable trend towards normal cellularity was found in bone marrow following supplementation with alpha-tocopheryl acetate. 5. A secondary deficiency or, alternatively, inefficient excretion or metabolism of a toxic material, may occur in vitamin E deficiency as a result of degenerative changes in the absorptive or excretory areas of the intestinal tract and be responsible for the bone marrow abnormality.", "contents": "An abnormality of the bone marrow associated with vitamin E deficiency in sheep. 1. Sheep fed on a maintenance ration of wheaten-hay chaff or of wheaten-hay chaff-lucerne-hay chaff (I : I, W/W) became deficient or incipiently deficient in vitamin E. 2. Degenerative changes were observed in bone marrow and muscle, and liver function was imparied in some animals. These abnormalities were not influenced by the vitamin B12 status of the animals or by a shortage of cobalt in the rumen. 3. Plasma ascorbic acid levels may not have been optimum, and folic may not have been fully utilized by some sheep. 4. Liver function responded faily rapidly to alpha-tocopheryl acetate, but skeletal muscle had not returned to normal after 28 weeks of treatment. A variable trend towards normal cellularity was found in bone marrow following supplementation with alpha-tocopheryl acetate. 5. A secondary deficiency or, alternatively, inefficient excretion or metabolism of a toxic material, may occur in vitamin E deficiency as a result of degenerative changes in the absorptive or excretory areas of the intestinal tract and be responsible for the bone marrow abnormality.", "PMID": 1125167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8895", "title": "Effect of different regimens of early malnutrition on behavioural development and adult avoidance learning in Swiss white mice.", "content": "1. The effects of perinatal malnutrition on behavioural development and adult shuttle-box avoidance performance were studied in Swiss white mice. 2. Mice were malnourished (a) from the 7th day of gestation until birth, (b) from birth until weaning, or (c) during both gestation and the sucking period. 3. Pups born of protein-restricted mothers had reduced birth weights, retarded development and poor adult avoidance performance, even if reared from birth by well-nourished mothers. 4. Postnatal malnutrition, induced either by restricting maternal diet or by rearing in large litters, retarded development during the second half of lactation and lowered subsequent adult avoidance performance.", "contents": "Effect of different regimens of early malnutrition on behavioural development and adult avoidance learning in Swiss white mice. 1. The effects of perinatal malnutrition on behavioural development and adult shuttle-box avoidance performance were studied in Swiss white mice. 2. Mice were malnourished (a) from the 7th day of gestation until birth, (b) from birth until weaning, or (c) during both gestation and the sucking period. 3. Pups born of protein-restricted mothers had reduced birth weights, retarded development and poor adult avoidance performance, even if reared from birth by well-nourished mothers. 4. Postnatal malnutrition, induced either by restricting maternal diet or by rearing in large litters, retarded development during the second half of lactation and lowered subsequent adult avoidance performance.", "PMID": 1125168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8896", "title": "Effects of ingestion of organic selenium in adapted and non-adapted rats.", "content": "1. Rats were given moderate-selenium (4-5 mg/kg) or low-Se (0-5 mg/kg) diets during gestation and lactation. Their young were given diets with high (10 mg/kg), moderate or low Se contents from weaning, and groups of rats were killed at intervals during the 14-week experimental peroid. 2. Compared with young rats which received the low-Se diet, those which received the moderate- or high-Se diets had a high incidence of liver lesions and there were changes in liver Se content, haemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume, prothrombin activity, fibrinogen content, spleen weight, body water and serum glutamic-oxaloacetic and glutamic-pyruvic transaminas (L-aspartate : 2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase; EC 2.6.1.1 and L-alanine : 2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase; EC 2.6.1.2 respectively) and alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1) activities. In those rats which received the high-Se diet the changes were more pronounced than in those which received the moderate-Se diet. 3. In young rats from dams given moderate-Se diets, which were themselves given the moderate-Se diet, the liver Se content decreased continuously, whereas rats given the same diet but from dams which had received the low-Se diet, the liver Se content increased continuously. There was a slight improvement of symptoms of Se toxicity in all groups by the 5th week of the experimental peroid. 4. The results suggest that there was an adaptation to chronic Se intake.", "contents": "Effects of ingestion of organic selenium in adapted and non-adapted rats. 1. Rats were given moderate-selenium (4-5 mg/kg) or low-Se (0-5 mg/kg) diets during gestation and lactation. Their young were given diets with high (10 mg/kg), moderate or low Se contents from weaning, and groups of rats were killed at intervals during the 14-week experimental peroid. 2. Compared with young rats which received the low-Se diet, those which received the moderate- or high-Se diets had a high incidence of liver lesions and there were changes in liver Se content, haemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume, prothrombin activity, fibrinogen content, spleen weight, body water and serum glutamic-oxaloacetic and glutamic-pyruvic transaminas (L-aspartate : 2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase; EC 2.6.1.1 and L-alanine : 2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase; EC 2.6.1.2 respectively) and alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1) activities. In those rats which received the high-Se diet the changes were more pronounced than in those which received the moderate-Se diet. 3. In young rats from dams given moderate-Se diets, which were themselves given the moderate-Se diet, the liver Se content decreased continuously, whereas rats given the same diet but from dams which had received the low-Se diet, the liver Se content increased continuously. There was a slight improvement of symptoms of Se toxicity in all groups by the 5th week of the experimental peroid. 4. The results suggest that there was an adaptation to chronic Se intake.", "PMID": 1125169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8897", "title": "Effects of live weight and energy intake on nitrogen balance and total N requirement of lambs.", "content": "1. Results of 298 nitrogen balance studies from experiments with male cross-bred lambs, ranging in weight from 3 to 38 kg, which had been either fasted, or fed entirely on liqid diets of varying protein content at various energy intakes up to ad lib. intake, were used to quantitatively describe the effects of the amount and quality of absorbed protein, energy intake and live weight on N balance and total N requirement of lambs. 2. When N intake was less than the amount required, N balance was independent of energy intake, but linearly related to absorbed N and metabolic body-weight (live weight-O-75). In the fitted relationship, the coefficient of absorbed N was shown to be an estimate of the biological value of absorbed protein and the coefficient of metabolic body-weight was an estimate of the loss of endogenous N in both urine and faeces. For the milk-based diets used in the experiment biological value was 0-72 and the total endogenous N loss in urine and faeces was 148 mg N/kg per d. 3. When N intake was in excess of the amount required, N balance in lambs of a constant live weight increased linearly with metabolizable energy (ME) intake, at a rate that decreased with increasing live weight. Similarly at constant ME intake, N balance was a curvilinear decreasing function of metabolic body-weight, it was constant for lambs of all weights when ME intake was about 0-23 MJ/kg-0-75 per d, but it decreased linearly with increasing metabolic body-weight for ME intakes above this level. 4. N balance of fasted lambs was several times less than predicted by either of the relationships established for fed animals, and was found to be linearly related to metabolic body-weight. 5. The effects of energy intake and live weight on the total N requirement of lambs were determined. When total N requirement was expressed per unit of energy intake, it was found to be constant at 0-9 g N/MJ ME for all lambs irrespective of live weight when ME intake was 0-23 MJ/kg-0-75 per d. However, as ME intake/unit metabolic body-weight was raised above this level, N requirement/unit ME intake increased for lambs weighing less than c. 23 kg, but decreased for heavier animals.", "contents": "Effects of live weight and energy intake on nitrogen balance and total N requirement of lambs. 1. Results of 298 nitrogen balance studies from experiments with male cross-bred lambs, ranging in weight from 3 to 38 kg, which had been either fasted, or fed entirely on liqid diets of varying protein content at various energy intakes up to ad lib. intake, were used to quantitatively describe the effects of the amount and quality of absorbed protein, energy intake and live weight on N balance and total N requirement of lambs. 2. When N intake was less than the amount required, N balance was independent of energy intake, but linearly related to absorbed N and metabolic body-weight (live weight-O-75). In the fitted relationship, the coefficient of absorbed N was shown to be an estimate of the biological value of absorbed protein and the coefficient of metabolic body-weight was an estimate of the loss of endogenous N in both urine and faeces. For the milk-based diets used in the experiment biological value was 0-72 and the total endogenous N loss in urine and faeces was 148 mg N/kg per d. 3. When N intake was in excess of the amount required, N balance in lambs of a constant live weight increased linearly with metabolizable energy (ME) intake, at a rate that decreased with increasing live weight. Similarly at constant ME intake, N balance was a curvilinear decreasing function of metabolic body-weight, it was constant for lambs of all weights when ME intake was about 0-23 MJ/kg-0-75 per d, but it decreased linearly with increasing metabolic body-weight for ME intakes above this level. 4. N balance of fasted lambs was several times less than predicted by either of the relationships established for fed animals, and was found to be linearly related to metabolic body-weight. 5. The effects of energy intake and live weight on the total N requirement of lambs were determined. When total N requirement was expressed per unit of energy intake, it was found to be constant at 0-9 g N/MJ ME for all lambs irrespective of live weight when ME intake was 0-23 MJ/kg-0-75 per d. However, as ME intake/unit metabolic body-weight was raised above this level, N requirement/unit ME intake increased for lambs weighing less than c. 23 kg, but decreased for heavier animals.", "PMID": 1125170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8898", "title": "Vitamin B12 nutrition and metabolism in the baboon (Papio cynocephalus).", "content": "1. Measurement of the vitamin B12 content of baboon tissues showed that the liver contained the highest concentration, followed by the pituitary, kidney, heart, spleen and pancreas. 2. The dietary vitamin B12 requirement of the baboon for the maintenance of satisfactory body stores was between 1 and 2 mug/d. 3. Satisfactory liver vitamin B12 stores were invariably associated with serum levels above 125 pg/ml, whereas liver levels were usually low when the serum level was below 50 pg/ml. 4. Increased methylmalonic acid (MMA) excretion after a valine load occurred when the liver vitamin B12 level was less than 0-40 mug/g. L- and DL-valine were approximately equally effective as precursors of MMA, whereas sodium propionate, whether given orally or intraperitoneally, was less effective. 5. The distribution of radioactivity along the wall of the intestinal tract after an oral dose of [57-Co]cyanocobalamin suggested that the distal half of the small intestine was the main site of vitamin B12 absorption. However, the utilization of vitamin B12 put direct into the middle part of the small intestine was much lower than that of an oral dose. 6. The unsaturated vitamin B12-binding capacity of baboon serum was not related to the serum vitamin B12 level. There was a significant difference between the unsaturated vitamin B12-binding capacities of the two subspecies of baboon (Papio cynocephalus cynocephalus and P. cynocephalus anubis) studied.", "contents": "Vitamin B12 nutrition and metabolism in the baboon (Papio cynocephalus). 1. Measurement of the vitamin B12 content of baboon tissues showed that the liver contained the highest concentration, followed by the pituitary, kidney, heart, spleen and pancreas. 2. The dietary vitamin B12 requirement of the baboon for the maintenance of satisfactory body stores was between 1 and 2 mug/d. 3. Satisfactory liver vitamin B12 stores were invariably associated with serum levels above 125 pg/ml, whereas liver levels were usually low when the serum level was below 50 pg/ml. 4. Increased methylmalonic acid (MMA) excretion after a valine load occurred when the liver vitamin B12 level was less than 0-40 mug/g. L- and DL-valine were approximately equally effective as precursors of MMA, whereas sodium propionate, whether given orally or intraperitoneally, was less effective. 5. The distribution of radioactivity along the wall of the intestinal tract after an oral dose of [57-Co]cyanocobalamin suggested that the distal half of the small intestine was the main site of vitamin B12 absorption. However, the utilization of vitamin B12 put direct into the middle part of the small intestine was much lower than that of an oral dose. 6. The unsaturated vitamin B12-binding capacity of baboon serum was not related to the serum vitamin B12 level. There was a significant difference between the unsaturated vitamin B12-binding capacities of the two subspecies of baboon (Papio cynocephalus cynocephalus and P. cynocephalus anubis) studied.", "PMID": 1125171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8899", "title": "Metabolism of propionate in the tissues of the sheep gut.", "content": "1. The extent of propionate metabolism during absorption from the gut and the amounts of L-lactate formed and glucose utilized by the portal-drained viscera were determined in conscious sheep from measurements of portal venous blood flow and portal venous and aortic metabolite concentrations. The sheep were fasted overnight and given primed continuous intraruminal infusions of volatile fatty acids (VFA) at two rates, supplying propionate at 40.0 and 79.9 mmol/h. Measurements were made during the 5th and 6th hours of the infusion, when rumen liquor VFA concentrations were constant. 2. The rate of L-lactate formation by the portal-drained viscera was not affected by the VFA infusions and accounted for approximately 15% of the probably total lactate entry rate. 3. Considerable amounts of glucose were taken up by the portal-drained viscera, amounting to approximately 35% of the probable glucose entry rate. If this glucose was metabolized through the glycolytic pathway, this would at all times have accounted for the amounts of L-lactate formed. 4. Portal venous blood flow was positively correlated with VFA infusion rates and with the net amount of propionate appearing in the portal blood. 5. It is concluded that although propionate may be metabolized by the rumen epithelium, the unique pathway of L-lactate formation from propionate is of limited quantitative significance to the animal, although it may be of importance to the rumen epithelium itself.", "contents": "Metabolism of propionate in the tissues of the sheep gut. 1. The extent of propionate metabolism during absorption from the gut and the amounts of L-lactate formed and glucose utilized by the portal-drained viscera were determined in conscious sheep from measurements of portal venous blood flow and portal venous and aortic metabolite concentrations. The sheep were fasted overnight and given primed continuous intraruminal infusions of volatile fatty acids (VFA) at two rates, supplying propionate at 40.0 and 79.9 mmol/h. Measurements were made during the 5th and 6th hours of the infusion, when rumen liquor VFA concentrations were constant. 2. The rate of L-lactate formation by the portal-drained viscera was not affected by the VFA infusions and accounted for approximately 15% of the probably total lactate entry rate. 3. Considerable amounts of glucose were taken up by the portal-drained viscera, amounting to approximately 35% of the probable glucose entry rate. If this glucose was metabolized through the glycolytic pathway, this would at all times have accounted for the amounts of L-lactate formed. 4. Portal venous blood flow was positively correlated with VFA infusion rates and with the net amount of propionate appearing in the portal blood. 5. It is concluded that although propionate may be metabolized by the rumen epithelium, the unique pathway of L-lactate formation from propionate is of limited quantitative significance to the animal, although it may be of importance to the rumen epithelium itself.", "PMID": 1125172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8900", "title": "The influence of essential fatty acids and food restriction on the specific activities of hepatic lipogenic and glutamate-metabolizing enzymes in the laying hen.", "content": "1. Extended feeding of an essential fatty acid (EFA)-deficient diet to laying hens increased liver size and liver lipid concentration. 2. The specific activities of hepatic lipogenic and glutamate-metabolizing enzymes were increased by feeding the EFA-deficient diet. 3. Restriction of daily food intake to 75% of ad lib. intake did not affect the response to dietary fat concentration. 4. Hepatic enzyme activities in hens fed on restricted amounts of food and killed just before, or after, the normal daily feeding time indicated no reduced capacity for lipogenesis at the earlier time.", "contents": "The influence of essential fatty acids and food restriction on the specific activities of hepatic lipogenic and glutamate-metabolizing enzymes in the laying hen. 1. Extended feeding of an essential fatty acid (EFA)-deficient diet to laying hens increased liver size and liver lipid concentration. 2. The specific activities of hepatic lipogenic and glutamate-metabolizing enzymes were increased by feeding the EFA-deficient diet. 3. Restriction of daily food intake to 75% of ad lib. intake did not affect the response to dietary fat concentration. 4. Hepatic enzyme activities in hens fed on restricted amounts of food and killed just before, or after, the normal daily feeding time indicated no reduced capacity for lipogenesis at the earlier time.", "PMID": 1125173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8901", "title": "Productive and unproductive lysozyme-chitosaccharide complexes. Equilibrium measurements.", "content": "A method to determine both productive and unproductive lysozyme-chitosaccharide complexes has previously not been available. The method described in this paper uses a dye, Biebrich Scarlet, which forms a 1:1 complex with only part of the substrate binding site. Complex formation perturbs the spectrum of the compound and thus its dissociation constant can be determined (K-D equals 0.13 mM). The dissociation constants for three major enzyme-chitooligosaccharide complexes have also been determined: (1) chitooligosaccharides that bind only to sites A-C of lysozyme perturb the spectrum of the Biebrich Scarlet-lysozyme complex, without affecting the dissociation constant of the dye (K-u equals 0.01 mM); (2) chitooligosaccharides that interact with sites D-F displace the dye (K-S' equals 5-15 mM); (3) chitohexose forms a complex which involves the whole binding site and, therefore, also displaces Biebrich Scarlet. This complex, with a dissociation constant K-S equals 0.03 mM, is considered to be the productive one. The binding mechanism proposed on the basis of the results in this paper differs significantly from those considered previously.", "contents": "Productive and unproductive lysozyme-chitosaccharide complexes. Equilibrium measurements. A method to determine both productive and unproductive lysozyme-chitosaccharide complexes has previously not been available. The method described in this paper uses a dye, Biebrich Scarlet, which forms a 1:1 complex with only part of the substrate binding site. Complex formation perturbs the spectrum of the compound and thus its dissociation constant can be determined (K-D equals 0.13 mM). The dissociation constants for three major enzyme-chitooligosaccharide complexes have also been determined: (1) chitooligosaccharides that bind only to sites A-C of lysozyme perturb the spectrum of the Biebrich Scarlet-lysozyme complex, without affecting the dissociation constant of the dye (K-u equals 0.01 mM); (2) chitooligosaccharides that interact with sites D-F displace the dye (K-S' equals 5-15 mM); (3) chitohexose forms a complex which involves the whole binding site and, therefore, also displaces Biebrich Scarlet. This complex, with a dissociation constant K-S equals 0.03 mM, is considered to be the productive one. The binding mechanism proposed on the basis of the results in this paper differs significantly from those considered previously.", "PMID": 1125174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8902", "title": "Molecular dynamics and structure of the random coil and helical states of the collagen peptide, alpha 1-CB2, as determined by 13C magnetic resonance.", "content": "Carbon-13 chemical shifts, spin-lattice (T1) and spin-spin (T2) relaxation times, and 13C-[1H] nuclear Overhauser enhancements (NOE) have been determined for the random coil and triple helical states of the alpha 1-CB2 fragment of rat skin collagen. Assignment of all aliphatic resonances of this 36 residue peptide in the random coil state (30 degrees) has been achieved with the aid of model polypeptides containing pyrrolidine residues. The chemical shifts and intensities of the Pro and Hyp C-gamma resonances show that (see article) 90% of the X-Pro and X-Hyp bonds are trans in both helix and coil conformations. From T1 measurements rotational correlation times (tau-eff) of ca. 0.45 nsec are calculated for interior C-alpha carbons in the coil, while taueff values of the side chain and near terminal carbons are found to be 2-9 times smaller. These results along with the narrow natural line widths (3-5 Hz) and maximal NOE values (2.8 plus or minus 0.3) demonstrate the high degree of backbone mobility, due to segmental motion, in the unordered state of the peptide. By contrast, the broad lines (50-90 Hz) and small NOE values (1.3 plus or minus 0.3) for the alpha carbons in the helical state (2 degrees) suggest much slower motion. The line widths and NOE values together with the C-alpha T1 values (0.025-0.040 sec) correspond to correlation times which are in reasonable agreement with those calculated for an axially symmetric rigid ellipsoid, undergoing rotational diffusion, having dimensions approximating those of a collagen-type triple helical aggregate of three alpha 1-CB2 chains. A satisfactory computer simulation of the experimental 2 degrees spectrum is obtained by assigning the narrow aliphatic resonances in the spectrum (line widths 5-40 Hz) to (a) carbons in the small amounts of alpha 1-CB2 (3 mol %) and alpha 1-CB1 (2.5 mol %) random coil conformations, (b) carbons in the flexible terminal triplets of the helix, and (c) Ala, Leu, and Phe methyl and phenyl carbons. The side chain carbon line widths obtained from the simulation--when compared with side chain line widths calculated for a rotating rigid ellipsoid with internal motion--indicate rapid axial reorientation of methyl and phenyl groups. With the exception of the Hyp residue the line widths suggest local motion for at least some carbons in most other side chain moieties. The Hyp C-beta and C-gamma line widths indicate the presence of little if any rapid Hyp ring motion.", "contents": "Molecular dynamics and structure of the random coil and helical states of the collagen peptide, alpha 1-CB2, as determined by 13C magnetic resonance. Carbon-13 chemical shifts, spin-lattice (T1) and spin-spin (T2) relaxation times, and 13C-[1H] nuclear Overhauser enhancements (NOE) have been determined for the random coil and triple helical states of the alpha 1-CB2 fragment of rat skin collagen. Assignment of all aliphatic resonances of this 36 residue peptide in the random coil state (30 degrees) has been achieved with the aid of model polypeptides containing pyrrolidine residues. The chemical shifts and intensities of the Pro and Hyp C-gamma resonances show that (see article) 90% of the X-Pro and X-Hyp bonds are trans in both helix and coil conformations. From T1 measurements rotational correlation times (tau-eff) of ca. 0.45 nsec are calculated for interior C-alpha carbons in the coil, while taueff values of the side chain and near terminal carbons are found to be 2-9 times smaller. These results along with the narrow natural line widths (3-5 Hz) and maximal NOE values (2.8 plus or minus 0.3) demonstrate the high degree of backbone mobility, due to segmental motion, in the unordered state of the peptide. By contrast, the broad lines (50-90 Hz) and small NOE values (1.3 plus or minus 0.3) for the alpha carbons in the helical state (2 degrees) suggest much slower motion. The line widths and NOE values together with the C-alpha T1 values (0.025-0.040 sec) correspond to correlation times which are in reasonable agreement with those calculated for an axially symmetric rigid ellipsoid, undergoing rotational diffusion, having dimensions approximating those of a collagen-type triple helical aggregate of three alpha 1-CB2 chains. A satisfactory computer simulation of the experimental 2 degrees spectrum is obtained by assigning the narrow aliphatic resonances in the spectrum (line widths 5-40 Hz) to (a) carbons in the small amounts of alpha 1-CB2 (3 mol %) and alpha 1-CB1 (2.5 mol %) random coil conformations, (b) carbons in the flexible terminal triplets of the helix, and (c) Ala, Leu, and Phe methyl and phenyl carbons. The side chain carbon line widths obtained from the simulation--when compared with side chain line widths calculated for a rotating rigid ellipsoid with internal motion--indicate rapid axial reorientation of methyl and phenyl groups. With the exception of the Hyp residue the line widths suggest local motion for at least some carbons in most other side chain moieties. The Hyp C-beta and C-gamma line widths indicate the presence of little if any rapid Hyp ring motion.", "PMID": 1125175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8903", "title": "Reconstitution of chromatin: mode of reassociation of chromosomal proteins.", "content": "The mode of reassociation of Ehrlich ascites histones and non-histone proteins during chromatin reconstitution was studied by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacryl-amide gel electrophoresis. In the procedure of Bekhor et al. (I. Bekhor, G. M. Kung, and J. Bonner, (1969), J. Mol. Biol. 39, 351) most of histones and non-histone proteins reassociate with DNA in the last dialysis step of the dissociated chromatin, that is the dialysis of the chromatin in 0.4 M NaCl-5 M urea against a dilute buffer. The reassociation of histones and non-histone proteins with DNA is more gradual in the procedure of L. Kleiman and R.-C. C. Huang [(1972), J. Mol. Biol. 64, 1]. However, in both procedures the bulk of the Ehrlich ascites non-histone proteins reassociate with DNA after the binding of histones to DNA. There are small amounts of non-histone proteins which reassociate with DNA before and at the same time as histones reassociate with DNA.", "contents": "Reconstitution of chromatin: mode of reassociation of chromosomal proteins. The mode of reassociation of Ehrlich ascites histones and non-histone proteins during chromatin reconstitution was studied by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacryl-amide gel electrophoresis. In the procedure of Bekhor et al. (I. Bekhor, G. M. Kung, and J. Bonner, (1969), J. Mol. Biol. 39, 351) most of histones and non-histone proteins reassociate with DNA in the last dialysis step of the dissociated chromatin, that is the dialysis of the chromatin in 0.4 M NaCl-5 M urea against a dilute buffer. The reassociation of histones and non-histone proteins with DNA is more gradual in the procedure of L. Kleiman and R.-C. C. Huang [(1972), J. Mol. Biol. 64, 1]. However, in both procedures the bulk of the Ehrlich ascites non-histone proteins reassociate with DNA after the binding of histones to DNA. There are small amounts of non-histone proteins which reassociate with DNA before and at the same time as histones reassociate with DNA.", "PMID": 1125176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8904", "title": "Chemical modifications of functional residues of fd gene 5 DNA-binding protein.", "content": "The binding of gene 5 protein from bacteriophage fd to poly[d(A-T)], fdDNA, and poly(A) is accompanied by a dramatic reversal in the signs of the large ellipticity bands of the nucleic acid chromophores from 250 to 290 nm. The change in the circular dichroism of the DNA induced by the protein, which reaches a maximum at a protein to nucleotide molar ratio of 1:4, has been used as an assay of the alterations in binding of gene 5 protein to DNA accompanying changes in the ionic environment and subsequent to chemical modification of the protein. Divalent cations completely dissociate the gene 5 protein-fd DNA complex at 0.1 M, while 0.5 M monovalent cations are required. All cations are more effective in dissociating the complex with poly[d(A-T)] commensurate with the accompanying stabilization of the double helix to which gene 5 protein does not bind. Acetylation of all six lysyl residues and three of the five tyrosyl residues of the protein with N-acetylimidazole prevents complex formation. Removal of the three tyrosyl O-acetyl groups with hydroxylamine does not restore the binding of gene 5 protein to DNA. Tetranitromethane nitrates the same three tyrosyl residues (Tyr-26, Tyr-41, and Tyr-56 as determined by peptide mapping) and reduces the binding affinity of the protein for fd DNA by similar to 100-fold. The 19F NMR spectrum of gene 5 protein labeled with m-fluorotyrosine shows three surface and two buried fluorotyrosyl residues. All tyrosyl residues are protected from nitration in the complex with fd DNA, but acetylimidazole acetylates surface lysyl residues in the complex and dissociates it. The intrinsic circular dichroism of the acetylated and nitrated gene 5 proteins is not significantly altered. In contrast maleic anhydride reacts with the seven amino groups of the protein and changes the secondary structure to one similar to that present in 6 M guanidine-HCl. The single SH group of the native protein does not react with Ellman's reagent, but it reacts rapidly with one Hg2+ ion which unfolds the protein; fd DNA prevents reaction with Hg2+. Electrostatic forces may be as important as hydrogen bonding in maintaining the native structure of this protein. The lysyl groups of the protein, exposed in both the free protein and the DNA complex, appear to be of prime importance in DNA binding, probably through electrostatic interactions with the DNA binding, probably through electrostatic interactions with the DNA phosphate groups. Three tyrosyl residues also contribute to binding affinity through hydrogen bonding or intercalation. A model of gene 5 protein structure in relation to interactions with a tetranucleotide is presented.", "contents": "Chemical modifications of functional residues of fd gene 5 DNA-binding protein. The binding of gene 5 protein from bacteriophage fd to poly[d(A-T)], fdDNA, and poly(A) is accompanied by a dramatic reversal in the signs of the large ellipticity bands of the nucleic acid chromophores from 250 to 290 nm. The change in the circular dichroism of the DNA induced by the protein, which reaches a maximum at a protein to nucleotide molar ratio of 1:4, has been used as an assay of the alterations in binding of gene 5 protein to DNA accompanying changes in the ionic environment and subsequent to chemical modification of the protein. Divalent cations completely dissociate the gene 5 protein-fd DNA complex at 0.1 M, while 0.5 M monovalent cations are required. All cations are more effective in dissociating the complex with poly[d(A-T)] commensurate with the accompanying stabilization of the double helix to which gene 5 protein does not bind. Acetylation of all six lysyl residues and three of the five tyrosyl residues of the protein with N-acetylimidazole prevents complex formation. Removal of the three tyrosyl O-acetyl groups with hydroxylamine does not restore the binding of gene 5 protein to DNA. Tetranitromethane nitrates the same three tyrosyl residues (Tyr-26, Tyr-41, and Tyr-56 as determined by peptide mapping) and reduces the binding affinity of the protein for fd DNA by similar to 100-fold. The 19F NMR spectrum of gene 5 protein labeled with m-fluorotyrosine shows three surface and two buried fluorotyrosyl residues. All tyrosyl residues are protected from nitration in the complex with fd DNA, but acetylimidazole acetylates surface lysyl residues in the complex and dissociates it. The intrinsic circular dichroism of the acetylated and nitrated gene 5 proteins is not significantly altered. In contrast maleic anhydride reacts with the seven amino groups of the protein and changes the secondary structure to one similar to that present in 6 M guanidine-HCl. The single SH group of the native protein does not react with Ellman's reagent, but it reacts rapidly with one Hg2+ ion which unfolds the protein; fd DNA prevents reaction with Hg2+. Electrostatic forces may be as important as hydrogen bonding in maintaining the native structure of this protein. The lysyl groups of the protein, exposed in both the free protein and the DNA complex, appear to be of prime importance in DNA binding, probably through electrostatic interactions with the DNA binding, probably through electrostatic interactions with the DNA phosphate groups. Three tyrosyl residues also contribute to binding affinity through hydrogen bonding or intercalation. A model of gene 5 protein structure in relation to interactions with a tetranucleotide is presented.", "PMID": 1125177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8905", "title": "The Bombyx mori silk proteins: characterization of large polypeptides.", "content": "Proteins taken directly from the Bombyx mori silk gland have been separated and identified as either fibroin or sericin on the basis of their location within the gland and their amino acid composition. Molecular weights of these polypeptides have been determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and by agarose-guanidine chromatography. Fibroin consists of approximately equimolar amounts of two large (350,000) polypeptide chains. These may be the products of distinct fibroin alleles present in hybrid silkworm strains. Sericin, on the other hand, is composed of at least the three largest polypeptides (130,000-220,000) present in a mixture of proteins ranging in size from about 20,000 to 220,000.", "contents": "The Bombyx mori silk proteins: characterization of large polypeptides. Proteins taken directly from the Bombyx mori silk gland have been separated and identified as either fibroin or sericin on the basis of their location within the gland and their amino acid composition. Molecular weights of these polypeptides have been determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and by agarose-guanidine chromatography. Fibroin consists of approximately equimolar amounts of two large (350,000) polypeptide chains. These may be the products of distinct fibroin alleles present in hybrid silkworm strains. Sericin, on the other hand, is composed of at least the three largest polypeptides (130,000-220,000) present in a mixture of proteins ranging in size from about 20,000 to 220,000.", "PMID": 1125178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8906", "title": "Isolation, characterization, and amino acid sequence of melanotropins from camel pituitary glands.", "content": "The isolation of two beta-melanotropins and two alpha-melanotropins from camel pituitary glands has been described, and their amino acid sequences have been determined. Two of them are identified as alpha-melanotropin and deacetylated alpha-melanotropin. There are also two beta-melanotropins whose structures are identical with the bovine hormone except that one has glycine in position 2 and the other glycine in position 2 as well as glutamine in position 8. The melanocyte-stimulating and lipolytic activities of these four camel melanotropins have been investigated by in vitro assay procedures.", "contents": "Isolation, characterization, and amino acid sequence of melanotropins from camel pituitary glands. The isolation of two beta-melanotropins and two alpha-melanotropins from camel pituitary glands has been described, and their amino acid sequences have been determined. Two of them are identified as alpha-melanotropin and deacetylated alpha-melanotropin. There are also two beta-melanotropins whose structures are identical with the bovine hormone except that one has glycine in position 2 and the other glycine in position 2 as well as glutamine in position 8. The melanocyte-stimulating and lipolytic activities of these four camel melanotropins have been investigated by in vitro assay procedures.", "PMID": 1125179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8907", "title": "Acetylation of nascent polypeptide chains on rat liver polyribosomes in vivo and in vitro.", "content": "Rat liver polyribosomes may be acetylated in vivo utilizing [3-H]acetate as precursor and in vitro with [14-C]acetyl-CoA. The in vitro acetylation occurs almost completely in the amino terminal position while the in vivo acetylation (after correction for isotopic exchange and incorporation of tritium into nonacetyl positions of amino acids) was distributed equally between the amino terminal groups of a number of amino acids and the epsilon-amino groups of internal lysine residues. At least 50% of the labeled acetyl groups introduced in vivo as well as in vitro could be removed from polysomes as puromycin polypeptides or -peptidyl-tRNA. The acetylated polypeptides have been resolved by gel filtration into two components, one with an average molecular weight of 20,000 and the other of 4000-7000. The results presented indicate that the N-terminal acetylation of nascent growing polypeptides is a post initiation event that occurs on small peptides (40-70 amino acid residues) and depends on the presence of a polysome-bound acetyltransferase which differs from other cytoplasmic acetyltransferases which catalyze predominately the acetylation of internal amino groups of proteins.", "contents": "Acetylation of nascent polypeptide chains on rat liver polyribosomes in vivo and in vitro. Rat liver polyribosomes may be acetylated in vivo utilizing [3-H]acetate as precursor and in vitro with [14-C]acetyl-CoA. The in vitro acetylation occurs almost completely in the amino terminal position while the in vivo acetylation (after correction for isotopic exchange and incorporation of tritium into nonacetyl positions of amino acids) was distributed equally between the amino terminal groups of a number of amino acids and the epsilon-amino groups of internal lysine residues. At least 50% of the labeled acetyl groups introduced in vivo as well as in vitro could be removed from polysomes as puromycin polypeptides or -peptidyl-tRNA. The acetylated polypeptides have been resolved by gel filtration into two components, one with an average molecular weight of 20,000 and the other of 4000-7000. The results presented indicate that the N-terminal acetylation of nascent growing polypeptides is a post initiation event that occurs on small peptides (40-70 amino acid residues) and depends on the presence of a polysome-bound acetyltransferase which differs from other cytoplasmic acetyltransferases which catalyze predominately the acetylation of internal amino groups of proteins.", "PMID": 1125181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8908", "title": "Circular dichroism changes in galactosyltransferase upon substrate binding;.", "content": "Circular dichroism studies with the galactosyltransferase isolated from bovine skim milk are described. Addition of UDP-galactose to the galactosyltransferase-Mn-2+ complex causes a decrease in the negative mean residue ellipticity in the 205-220-nm range and positive increases in the 265- and 275-290-nm ellipticity. These date are consistent with the view that a conformation change involving aromatic amino acid residues occurs upon the binding of UDP-galactose to the galactosyltransferase-Mn-2+ complex. No effects in the near-ultraviolet circular dichroism spectrum were observed upon the addition of UDP or glucose to the galactosyltransferase-Mn-2+ complex.", "contents": "Circular dichroism changes in galactosyltransferase upon substrate binding;. Circular dichroism studies with the galactosyltransferase isolated from bovine skim milk are described. Addition of UDP-galactose to the galactosyltransferase-Mn-2+ complex causes a decrease in the negative mean residue ellipticity in the 205-220-nm range and positive increases in the 265- and 275-290-nm ellipticity. These date are consistent with the view that a conformation change involving aromatic amino acid residues occurs upon the binding of UDP-galactose to the galactosyltransferase-Mn-2+ complex. No effects in the near-ultraviolet circular dichroism spectrum were observed upon the addition of UDP or glucose to the galactosyltransferase-Mn-2+ complex.", "PMID": 1125182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8909", "title": "Purification and characterization of adrenodoxin reductase from bovine adrenal cortex.", "content": "NADPH-adrenodoxin reductase from steer adrenal cortex mitochrondria has been purified to homogeneity (on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, Sephadex, and hydroxylapatite. A molecular weight of 51,500 was determined from sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, while sedimentation equilibrium ultracentrifugation gave a value of 49,500. All of the flavine present was identified as FAD; 1 mol/52,000 g of protein. The reductase contained 1.7% carbohydrate (using glucose as standard) by weight. Homogeneous adrenodoxin reductase exhibited a typical oxidized flavoprotein absorbance spectrum, with maxima at 270, 376, and 450 nm, and gave an absorbance ratio A450/A270 of 0.122-0.128 (depending on the preparation). Reduction of the flavoprotein with NADPH or dithionite gave progressive bleaching of the 450-nm peak. The reductase was absolutely required, in the presence of adrenodoxin, for electron transfer from NADPH to cytochrome c or to particulate cytochrome P450. Adrenodoxin refuctase is obligatory for reconstitution of 11beta-hydroxylation activity using deoxycorticosterone as substrate, and for the side-chain cleavage of 20alpha-hydroxycholesterol or cholesterol. The specific activity of the homogeneous preparation in cytochrome c reduction is at least 17,000 nmol min-1 mg of protein-1, corresponding to a turnover number of 850 min-1. No evidence for the existence of multiple forms or subunits was obtained.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of adrenodoxin reductase from bovine adrenal cortex. NADPH-adrenodoxin reductase from steer adrenal cortex mitochrondria has been purified to homogeneity (on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, Sephadex, and hydroxylapatite. A molecular weight of 51,500 was determined from sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, while sedimentation equilibrium ultracentrifugation gave a value of 49,500. All of the flavine present was identified as FAD; 1 mol/52,000 g of protein. The reductase contained 1.7% carbohydrate (using glucose as standard) by weight. Homogeneous adrenodoxin reductase exhibited a typical oxidized flavoprotein absorbance spectrum, with maxima at 270, 376, and 450 nm, and gave an absorbance ratio A450/A270 of 0.122-0.128 (depending on the preparation). Reduction of the flavoprotein with NADPH or dithionite gave progressive bleaching of the 450-nm peak. The reductase was absolutely required, in the presence of adrenodoxin, for electron transfer from NADPH to cytochrome c or to particulate cytochrome P450. Adrenodoxin refuctase is obligatory for reconstitution of 11beta-hydroxylation activity using deoxycorticosterone as substrate, and for the side-chain cleavage of 20alpha-hydroxycholesterol or cholesterol. The specific activity of the homogeneous preparation in cytochrome c reduction is at least 17,000 nmol min-1 mg of protein-1, corresponding to a turnover number of 850 min-1. No evidence for the existence of multiple forms or subunits was obtained.", "PMID": 1125183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8910", "title": "A pyrimidine nucleoside monophosphate kinase from rat liver.", "content": "A pyrimidine nucleoside monophosphate kinase has been purified 2100-fold from rat liver. With ATP and dATP as phosphate donors the kinase uses CMP, dCMP, and UMP as phosphate acceptors. Ara-CMP is also phosphorylated by the kinase. In contrast to dCMP and UMP, CMP can be phosphorylated by dCTP. CTP and ara-CTP cannot substitute for dCTP. The stringent specificity of the phosphate donor site for ATP and dATP is lost when CMP serves as acceptor. All nucleoside triphosphates act as donors to a significant extent. No evidence has been found to suggest more than one enzyme. All activities, to different degrees, are strictly dependent upon preincubation at 37 degrees with a sulfhydryl reducing agent. Various reagents (85 mM) are ranked in order of increasing effectiveness of reactivation as follows: dithiothretiol greater than glutathione larger than or equal to 2-mercaptoethanol greater than L-cysteine greater than DL-alpha-lipoic acid. A NADP+-dependent thioredoxin (17 muM)-thioredoxin reductase system from Novikoff ascites rat tumor was found to be the most powerful reducing agent tested. CTP, dCTP, UTP, and dTTP (1 mM) do not affect the kinase activity regardless of the phosphate acceptor.", "contents": "A pyrimidine nucleoside monophosphate kinase from rat liver. A pyrimidine nucleoside monophosphate kinase has been purified 2100-fold from rat liver. With ATP and dATP as phosphate donors the kinase uses CMP, dCMP, and UMP as phosphate acceptors. Ara-CMP is also phosphorylated by the kinase. In contrast to dCMP and UMP, CMP can be phosphorylated by dCTP. CTP and ara-CTP cannot substitute for dCTP. The stringent specificity of the phosphate donor site for ATP and dATP is lost when CMP serves as acceptor. All nucleoside triphosphates act as donors to a significant extent. No evidence has been found to suggest more than one enzyme. All activities, to different degrees, are strictly dependent upon preincubation at 37 degrees with a sulfhydryl reducing agent. Various reagents (85 mM) are ranked in order of increasing effectiveness of reactivation as follows: dithiothretiol greater than glutathione larger than or equal to 2-mercaptoethanol greater than L-cysteine greater than DL-alpha-lipoic acid. A NADP+-dependent thioredoxin (17 muM)-thioredoxin reductase system from Novikoff ascites rat tumor was found to be the most powerful reducing agent tested. CTP, dCTP, UTP, and dTTP (1 mM) do not affect the kinase activity regardless of the phosphate acceptor.", "PMID": 1125184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8911", "title": "Chloride flux in bilayer membranes: the electrically silent chloride flux in semispherical bilayers.", "content": "High resistance semispherical bilayer membranes of areas as large as 0.3 cm-2 were formed from a decane solution of synthetic diphytanoylphosphatidylcholine. These bilayers had a specific resistance of about 10-9 omega cm-2 and a specific capacitance of 0.38 mu F cm- minus 2 at 20 degrees in 0.1 M KCL. Under these conditions, chloride permeability was 6.8 times 10- minus 8 cm/sec. This electrically silen 36-Cl flux was found to be about 10-3-fold larger than the chloride current calculated from the electrical parameters of the system. The chloride flux in the bilayer was independent of the applied electrical field and was unaltered by addition of reducing agents to the ambient aqueous solutions. It was, however, substantially reduced when NO3 minus was substituted for Cl minus on the side of the bilayer initially free of 36-Cl, or if I minus was added to the aquesous phases in the concentration range of 0.001-0.1 M. These results strongly suggested that the electrically silent flux of 36-Cl is primarily a carrier mediated diffusion process in which phosphatidylcholine acts as the carrier species.", "contents": "Chloride flux in bilayer membranes: the electrically silent chloride flux in semispherical bilayers. High resistance semispherical bilayer membranes of areas as large as 0.3 cm-2 were formed from a decane solution of synthetic diphytanoylphosphatidylcholine. These bilayers had a specific resistance of about 10-9 omega cm-2 and a specific capacitance of 0.38 mu F cm- minus 2 at 20 degrees in 0.1 M KCL. Under these conditions, chloride permeability was 6.8 times 10- minus 8 cm/sec. This electrically silen 36-Cl flux was found to be about 10-3-fold larger than the chloride current calculated from the electrical parameters of the system. The chloride flux in the bilayer was independent of the applied electrical field and was unaltered by addition of reducing agents to the ambient aqueous solutions. It was, however, substantially reduced when NO3 minus was substituted for Cl minus on the side of the bilayer initially free of 36-Cl, or if I minus was added to the aquesous phases in the concentration range of 0.001-0.1 M. These results strongly suggested that the electrically silent flux of 36-Cl is primarily a carrier mediated diffusion process in which phosphatidylcholine acts as the carrier species.", "PMID": 1125185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8912", "title": "Laser Raman spectroscopy as a mechanistic probe of the phosphate transfer from adenosine triphosphate in a model system.", "content": "Laser Raman spectroscopy has been used to study a phosphate transfer reaction from ATP to Pi or arsenate in dimethyl sulfoxide. The spectra support a mechanism involving Mg-2+ binding to the alpha or beta phosphates of ATP leaving the third phosphate free for the transfer reaction. The data also indicate the formation of a relatively stable intermediate which is facilitated by the presence of dimethyl sulfoxide and a dicarboxylic acid (maleate). The intermediate has a Raman spectrum with a band at 1090.5 cm- minus 1 similar to the end product ADP, but is formed much more rapidly. Since the model reaction has many features in common (e.g., activation by maleate) with the transfer reactions catalyzed by coupling factors from spinach chloroplast, Raman spectroscopy may also prove to be a useful tool in the elucidation of biological energy transfer reactions.", "contents": "Laser Raman spectroscopy as a mechanistic probe of the phosphate transfer from adenosine triphosphate in a model system. Laser Raman spectroscopy has been used to study a phosphate transfer reaction from ATP to Pi or arsenate in dimethyl sulfoxide. The spectra support a mechanism involving Mg-2+ binding to the alpha or beta phosphates of ATP leaving the third phosphate free for the transfer reaction. The data also indicate the formation of a relatively stable intermediate which is facilitated by the presence of dimethyl sulfoxide and a dicarboxylic acid (maleate). The intermediate has a Raman spectrum with a band at 1090.5 cm- minus 1 similar to the end product ADP, but is formed much more rapidly. Since the model reaction has many features in common (e.g., activation by maleate) with the transfer reactions catalyzed by coupling factors from spinach chloroplast, Raman spectroscopy may also prove to be a useful tool in the elucidation of biological energy transfer reactions.", "PMID": 1125186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8913", "title": "5-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteroyl oligo-gamma-L-glutamates: synthesis and kinetic studies with methionine synthetase from bovine brain.", "content": "The synthesis of 5-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteroly tri-, pena-, and heptaglutamate has been accomplished by reductive methylation of the tetrahydropteroyl oligoglutamate with formaldehyde, followed by purification on DEAE-Sephadex. The corresponding [5-14-C]methyltetrahydropteroyl oligoglutamates were prepared from 14-CH-2-0, and tested as substrates for methionine synthetase (EC 2.1.1.13) ISOLATED FROM BOVINE BRAIN. In all cases, the polyglutamate conjugates were better substrates (lower Km, higher Vmax) than the corresponding monoglutamate forms. In addition, the nonradioactive methyltetrahydropteroyl oligoglutamates inhibited the methylation of homocysteine by methyltetrahydrofolate. This indicates that the monoglutamate and polyglutamates compete for the same enzyme, and established a role for the ubiquitous methyltetrahydropteroyl oligoglutamates in mammalian methionine biosynthesis.", "contents": "5-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteroyl oligo-gamma-L-glutamates: synthesis and kinetic studies with methionine synthetase from bovine brain. The synthesis of 5-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteroly tri-, pena-, and heptaglutamate has been accomplished by reductive methylation of the tetrahydropteroyl oligoglutamate with formaldehyde, followed by purification on DEAE-Sephadex. The corresponding [5-14-C]methyltetrahydropteroyl oligoglutamates were prepared from 14-CH-2-0, and tested as substrates for methionine synthetase (EC 2.1.1.13) ISOLATED FROM BOVINE BRAIN. In all cases, the polyglutamate conjugates were better substrates (lower Km, higher Vmax) than the corresponding monoglutamate forms. In addition, the nonradioactive methyltetrahydropteroyl oligoglutamates inhibited the methylation of homocysteine by methyltetrahydrofolate. This indicates that the monoglutamate and polyglutamates compete for the same enzyme, and established a role for the ubiquitous methyltetrahydropteroyl oligoglutamates in mammalian methionine biosynthesis.", "PMID": 1125187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8914", "title": "A light scattering investigation of the propylurea dissociation of human hemoglobin A.", "content": "The subunit dissociation of human hemoglobin A by propylurea in several liganded and chemically modified states was investigated by light scattering molecular weight methods. The dissociation data were analyzed by means of the equation developed in our earlier studies: deltaF degrees D EQUALS TO DELTAF degrees D, W - 2N'RTKB[D], where deltaF degrees D and deltaf degreees D,W represent the free energy of dissociation of hemoglobin tetramers into half-molecules consisting of alpha beta dimers in the presence and in the absence of propylurea, KB is the binding constant of the urea to the average peptide unit, [D] is its concentration, and N' is the number of amino acid sites exposed per half-molecule on dissociation. It is found that the dissociation of oxyhemoglobin, cyanmethemoglobin, and N-ethylmaleimide oxyhemoglobin is characterized by essentially the same N' value of 15 to 21 plus or minus 3, that are close to the 19 amino acid residues per surface which comprise the smaller alpha beta contact area, seen in the X-ray crystallographic model of horse hemoglobin of Perutz and coworkers. Due to the very low degree of dissociation of deoxyhemoglobin, only a very approximate estimate of N' of about the same order of magnitude could be obtained for this form of the protein. In contrast, a significantly lower value of N' was obtained with bis(maleimidomethyl) ether modified oxyhemoglobin of 8 plus or minus 3, that is cross-linked at cysteine residue F9 (93)beta and histidine residue FG4 (97) beta in the same beta chains. Our results suggest that alterations caused by the presence of the cross-linking reagent reflect both the loss in amino acid residues that can interact with the urea at the blocked segments of the polypeptide chains in the dissociated state of hemoglobin and the changes in accessibility of some of the amino acid residues perturbed by the introduction of the reagent in the parent tetrameric form.", "contents": "A light scattering investigation of the propylurea dissociation of human hemoglobin A. The subunit dissociation of human hemoglobin A by propylurea in several liganded and chemically modified states was investigated by light scattering molecular weight methods. The dissociation data were analyzed by means of the equation developed in our earlier studies: deltaF degrees D EQUALS TO DELTAF degrees D, W - 2N'RTKB[D], where deltaF degrees D and deltaf degreees D,W represent the free energy of dissociation of hemoglobin tetramers into half-molecules consisting of alpha beta dimers in the presence and in the absence of propylurea, KB is the binding constant of the urea to the average peptide unit, [D] is its concentration, and N' is the number of amino acid sites exposed per half-molecule on dissociation. It is found that the dissociation of oxyhemoglobin, cyanmethemoglobin, and N-ethylmaleimide oxyhemoglobin is characterized by essentially the same N' value of 15 to 21 plus or minus 3, that are close to the 19 amino acid residues per surface which comprise the smaller alpha beta contact area, seen in the X-ray crystallographic model of horse hemoglobin of Perutz and coworkers. Due to the very low degree of dissociation of deoxyhemoglobin, only a very approximate estimate of N' of about the same order of magnitude could be obtained for this form of the protein. In contrast, a significantly lower value of N' was obtained with bis(maleimidomethyl) ether modified oxyhemoglobin of 8 plus or minus 3, that is cross-linked at cysteine residue F9 (93)beta and histidine residue FG4 (97) beta in the same beta chains. Our results suggest that alterations caused by the presence of the cross-linking reagent reflect both the loss in amino acid residues that can interact with the urea at the blocked segments of the polypeptide chains in the dissociated state of hemoglobin and the changes in accessibility of some of the amino acid residues perturbed by the introduction of the reagent in the parent tetrameric form.", "PMID": 1125188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8915", "title": "Purification of an apparent rat liver prothrombin precursor: characterization and comparison to normal rat prothrombin.", "content": "Current evidence would suggest that prothrombin is synthesized from a liver precursor molecule in a vitamin K dependent step which involves the attachment of calcium binding groups to the precursor. A protein has now been isolated from the liver of warfarin-treated rats which has the properties predicted for this precursor. The purified precursor is a glycoprotein with a molecular weight indistinguishable from rat prothrombin. Both electrophoretic and isofocusing analyses indicate that the precursor is less negatively charged than prothrombin. Specific proteolysis of the precursor by thrombin, taipan snake venom, or clotting factor Xa yielded fragments indistinguishable from those formed by similar proteolysis of prothrombin. The rate of activation of the precursor to thrombin by factor Xa and Ca-2+ was not stimulated by the addition of phospholipid, while prothrombin activation is greatly stimulated under these conditions. All of the data obtained are consistent with the hypothesis that the protein isolated is a precursor to prothrombin, and that under the influence of vitamin K, this precursor is converted to prothrombin by the addition of a number of acidic calcium binding groups.", "contents": "Purification of an apparent rat liver prothrombin precursor: characterization and comparison to normal rat prothrombin. Current evidence would suggest that prothrombin is synthesized from a liver precursor molecule in a vitamin K dependent step which involves the attachment of calcium binding groups to the precursor. A protein has now been isolated from the liver of warfarin-treated rats which has the properties predicted for this precursor. The purified precursor is a glycoprotein with a molecular weight indistinguishable from rat prothrombin. Both electrophoretic and isofocusing analyses indicate that the precursor is less negatively charged than prothrombin. Specific proteolysis of the precursor by thrombin, taipan snake venom, or clotting factor Xa yielded fragments indistinguishable from those formed by similar proteolysis of prothrombin. The rate of activation of the precursor to thrombin by factor Xa and Ca-2+ was not stimulated by the addition of phospholipid, while prothrombin activation is greatly stimulated under these conditions. All of the data obtained are consistent with the hypothesis that the protein isolated is a precursor to prothrombin, and that under the influence of vitamin K, this precursor is converted to prothrombin by the addition of a number of acidic calcium binding groups.", "PMID": 1125189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8916", "title": "Isolation of peptides from the carboxyl carrier subunit of transcarboxylase. Role of the non-biotinyl peptide in assembly.", "content": "Transcarboxylase is made up of a central hexameric subunit (S20,W similar 12 S), three peripheral dimeric metallo subunits (S20,W similar to 5 S), and six biotinyl carboxyl carrier subunits (S20,W similar to 1.3 S). The results presented here show that the carboxyl carrier subunit is required for assembly of the 12S and 5S subunits into the oligomer. However, only a portion of the subunit is required for assembly. On treatment of transcarboxylase briefly with trypsin at pH 6.3 extremely susceptible peptide bonds of the carboxyl carrier protein are cleaved releasing biotinyl peptides of about similar to 66 and similar to 40 residues. The resulting trypsinized transcarboxylase, though enzymatically inactive, remains essentially intact as judged by its hydrodynamic and molecular sieving properties. The modified enzyme can be dissociated at pH 8 to the central 12S subunit and peripheral 5S subunit to which the residual portion(s) of the cleaved carboxyl carrier protein is still attached. These components can then be separated by molecular sieving. The residual portion of the carboxyl carrier protein (non-biotinyl peptide) can then be isolated by dissociation of the 5S subunit complex at pH 9 and by chromatography over Bio-Gel A-1.5m. The isolated non-biotinyl peptide has been shown to contain the combining domain of the 1.3SE carboxyl carrier protein since it causes combination of the 12S and 5S subunits. Active enzyme is formed by combination of the intact carboxyl carrier protein and the 12S and 5S subunits and an inactive oligomer of similar size is formed if the non-biotinyl peptide is used in place of the carboxyl carrier protein. The similar to 66- and similar to 40-residue biotinyl peptides, which are released by the trypsin treatment, apparently occur on an exposed portion of the enzyme. This portion of the carboxyl carrier protein apparently serves to place the biotinyl group adjacent to the two substrate sites of the enzyme, one of which is on the peripheral subunit and the other on the central subunit. Thus the carboxyl carrier protein has two functions: one portion holds the 12S and 5S subunits in juxtaposition and the other portion orients the biotinyl group adjacent to the substrate sites so that it may function as a carboxyl carrier between the sites.", "contents": "Isolation of peptides from the carboxyl carrier subunit of transcarboxylase. Role of the non-biotinyl peptide in assembly. Transcarboxylase is made up of a central hexameric subunit (S20,W similar 12 S), three peripheral dimeric metallo subunits (S20,W similar to 5 S), and six biotinyl carboxyl carrier subunits (S20,W similar to 1.3 S). The results presented here show that the carboxyl carrier subunit is required for assembly of the 12S and 5S subunits into the oligomer. However, only a portion of the subunit is required for assembly. On treatment of transcarboxylase briefly with trypsin at pH 6.3 extremely susceptible peptide bonds of the carboxyl carrier protein are cleaved releasing biotinyl peptides of about similar to 66 and similar to 40 residues. The resulting trypsinized transcarboxylase, though enzymatically inactive, remains essentially intact as judged by its hydrodynamic and molecular sieving properties. The modified enzyme can be dissociated at pH 8 to the central 12S subunit and peripheral 5S subunit to which the residual portion(s) of the cleaved carboxyl carrier protein is still attached. These components can then be separated by molecular sieving. The residual portion of the carboxyl carrier protein (non-biotinyl peptide) can then be isolated by dissociation of the 5S subunit complex at pH 9 and by chromatography over Bio-Gel A-1.5m. The isolated non-biotinyl peptide has been shown to contain the combining domain of the 1.3SE carboxyl carrier protein since it causes combination of the 12S and 5S subunits. Active enzyme is formed by combination of the intact carboxyl carrier protein and the 12S and 5S subunits and an inactive oligomer of similar size is formed if the non-biotinyl peptide is used in place of the carboxyl carrier protein. The similar to 66- and similar to 40-residue biotinyl peptides, which are released by the trypsin treatment, apparently occur on an exposed portion of the enzyme. This portion of the carboxyl carrier protein apparently serves to place the biotinyl group adjacent to the two substrate sites of the enzyme, one of which is on the peripheral subunit and the other on the central subunit. Thus the carboxyl carrier protein has two functions: one portion holds the 12S and 5S subunits in juxtaposition and the other portion orients the biotinyl group adjacent to the substrate sites so that it may function as a carboxyl carrier between the sites.", "PMID": 1125190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8917", "title": "Evidence that the two partial reactions of transcarboxylation are catalyzed by two dissimilar subunits of transcarboxylase.", "content": "The results presented here show that isolated subunits of transcarboxylase specifically catalyze the two partial reactions of transcarboxylation as shown in eq 1-3. The 12S central subunit is active in the transcarboxylation with methylmalonyl-CoA but inactive with oxalacetate and the peripheral metallo 5S subunit is active in the transcarboxylation with oxalacetate but inactive with methylmalonyl-CoA. These subunits, likewise, are specific for the reverse partial reactions; the central subunit catalyzing transfer from the carboxylated biotinyl group to propionyl-CoA to yield methylmalonyl-CoA and the peripheral subunit to pyruvate to yield oxalacetate. Thus, the central subunit contains the sites for the CoA esters (methylmalonyl-CoA and propionyl-CoA) and the peripheral metallo subunits for the keto acids (oxalacetate and pyruvate). In the overall reaction the biotinyl carboxyl carrier protein acts as a shuttle to carry the carboxyl groups between the two subunits. Biotin and certain biotin analogs are inactive in these partial reactions but the similar to 40- or similar to 66-residue biotinyl peptides, which are derived from the carboxyl carrier protein, are active. Transcarboxylase can be reconstituted from its isolated subunits and a comparison was made of the rate of the overall reaction when the subunits were assembled, as in the intact enzyme, with that obtained when the reaction was catalyzed by the nonassembled subunits. In the latter case, since the biotinyl carboxyl carrier subunit must diffuse from one subunit to the other, the overall reaction is much slower than with the assembled subunits. The reaction with trypsinized transcarboxylase from which the similar to 66-residue and similar to 40-residue biotinyl peptides have been stripped, likewise, was slow even though the biotinyl peptides were added to the reconstitution mixture. The 12SH and 5SE subunits remain assembled after trypsin treatment but the biotinyl peptides apparently do not combine firmly or properly with the trypsinized enzyme and the biotinyl group apparently must oscillate as a carboxyl carrier between the two sites on the subunits by diffusion.", "contents": "Evidence that the two partial reactions of transcarboxylation are catalyzed by two dissimilar subunits of transcarboxylase. The results presented here show that isolated subunits of transcarboxylase specifically catalyze the two partial reactions of transcarboxylation as shown in eq 1-3. The 12S central subunit is active in the transcarboxylation with methylmalonyl-CoA but inactive with oxalacetate and the peripheral metallo 5S subunit is active in the transcarboxylation with oxalacetate but inactive with methylmalonyl-CoA. These subunits, likewise, are specific for the reverse partial reactions; the central subunit catalyzing transfer from the carboxylated biotinyl group to propionyl-CoA to yield methylmalonyl-CoA and the peripheral subunit to pyruvate to yield oxalacetate. Thus, the central subunit contains the sites for the CoA esters (methylmalonyl-CoA and propionyl-CoA) and the peripheral metallo subunits for the keto acids (oxalacetate and pyruvate). In the overall reaction the biotinyl carboxyl carrier protein acts as a shuttle to carry the carboxyl groups between the two subunits. Biotin and certain biotin analogs are inactive in these partial reactions but the similar to 40- or similar to 66-residue biotinyl peptides, which are derived from the carboxyl carrier protein, are active. Transcarboxylase can be reconstituted from its isolated subunits and a comparison was made of the rate of the overall reaction when the subunits were assembled, as in the intact enzyme, with that obtained when the reaction was catalyzed by the nonassembled subunits. In the latter case, since the biotinyl carboxyl carrier subunit must diffuse from one subunit to the other, the overall reaction is much slower than with the assembled subunits. The reaction with trypsinized transcarboxylase from which the similar to 66-residue and similar to 40-residue biotinyl peptides have been stripped, likewise, was slow even though the biotinyl peptides were added to the reconstitution mixture. The 12SH and 5SE subunits remain assembled after trypsin treatment but the biotinyl peptides apparently do not combine firmly or properly with the trypsinized enzyme and the biotinyl group apparently must oscillate as a carboxyl carrier between the two sites on the subunits by diffusion.", "PMID": 1125191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8918", "title": "Partial purification and properties of calf thymus deoxyribonucleic acid dependent RNA polymerase III.", "content": "DNA-dependent RNA polymerase III (nucleosidetriphosphate: RNA nucleotidyltransferase, EC 2.7.-7.6) has been isolated and partially purified from calf thymus tissue. Significant amounts of enzyme III are present in this tissue (up to 15% of the total activity of thymus homogenates). This enzyme has been characterized with respect to its chromatographic properties, broad ammonium sulfate optimum (0.04-0.2 M), template requirements, divalent metal optima, and its unique alpha-amanitin sensitivity (50% inhibition of activity occurring at an alpha-amanitin concentration of 10 mug/ml).", "contents": "Partial purification and properties of calf thymus deoxyribonucleic acid dependent RNA polymerase III. DNA-dependent RNA polymerase III (nucleosidetriphosphate: RNA nucleotidyltransferase, EC 2.7.-7.6) has been isolated and partially purified from calf thymus tissue. Significant amounts of enzyme III are present in this tissue (up to 15% of the total activity of thymus homogenates). This enzyme has been characterized with respect to its chromatographic properties, broad ammonium sulfate optimum (0.04-0.2 M), template requirements, divalent metal optima, and its unique alpha-amanitin sensitivity (50% inhibition of activity occurring at an alpha-amanitin concentration of 10 mug/ml).", "PMID": 1125192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8919", "title": "DNA ligase activity in chromatin and its analogs. Rejoining of DNA strands in polylysine-DNA complexes and in reconstituted chromatins.", "content": "A highly purified DNA ligase from rat liver nuclei has been tested on DNA containing single-strand breaks (\"nicks\"); the DNA was present in several types of complexes which were chosen to serve as models for chromatin. These model systems included complexes of polylysine or histones with DNA as well as reconstituted chromatin preparations. In all these cases, the limit of ligase sealing was measured as a function of the ratio of polypeptide or protein to DNA. With an excess of either polylysine or histones, the ligase is totally prevented from sealing nicks in the DNA. However, at ratios of histones to DNA similar to those occurring in chromatin, about half of the nicks are accessible to the ligase. In the reconstitution of chromatin, the proteins are dissociated from the DNA by exposure to high ionic strength either with or without urea. If such procedures are carried out in the presence of labeled nicked DNA, the proteins will redistribute over this ligase substrate as well. When the chromatin is reconstituted at protein/DNA ratios similar to those occurring in chromatin, once more only about half of the nicks are accessible to the ligase. Similar results were obtained with preparations reconstituted with either rat liver or duck reticulocyte chromatin. The rate of ligase action has been measured on a variety of the complexes. While the rate falls as the DNA is increasingly covered with polylysine or histones, this is largely or entirely due to the decrease in concentration of sealable sites. At saturating concentrations of these DNA complexes, the original rate on uncovered DNA is approached.", "contents": "DNA ligase activity in chromatin and its analogs. Rejoining of DNA strands in polylysine-DNA complexes and in reconstituted chromatins. A highly purified DNA ligase from rat liver nuclei has been tested on DNA containing single-strand breaks (\"nicks\"); the DNA was present in several types of complexes which were chosen to serve as models for chromatin. These model systems included complexes of polylysine or histones with DNA as well as reconstituted chromatin preparations. In all these cases, the limit of ligase sealing was measured as a function of the ratio of polypeptide or protein to DNA. With an excess of either polylysine or histones, the ligase is totally prevented from sealing nicks in the DNA. However, at ratios of histones to DNA similar to those occurring in chromatin, about half of the nicks are accessible to the ligase. In the reconstitution of chromatin, the proteins are dissociated from the DNA by exposure to high ionic strength either with or without urea. If such procedures are carried out in the presence of labeled nicked DNA, the proteins will redistribute over this ligase substrate as well. When the chromatin is reconstituted at protein/DNA ratios similar to those occurring in chromatin, once more only about half of the nicks are accessible to the ligase. Similar results were obtained with preparations reconstituted with either rat liver or duck reticulocyte chromatin. The rate of ligase action has been measured on a variety of the complexes. While the rate falls as the DNA is increasingly covered with polylysine or histones, this is largely or entirely due to the decrease in concentration of sealable sites. At saturating concentrations of these DNA complexes, the original rate on uncovered DNA is approached.", "PMID": 1125193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8920", "title": "The contribution of RNA and non-histone proteins to the circular dichroism spectrum of chromatin.", "content": "This paper is an investigation of the contribution of low salt extractable RNA and non-histone proteins to the circular dichroism of chromatin. Circular dichroism (CD) of chromatin above 250 nm is due mainly to DNA and is different from that of DNA free in solution. In addition, to a smaller extent, we find that low salt extractable RNA and/or non-histone protein side chain chromophores contribute significantly to the spectra in this region and account for the major differences observed among the CD spectra of chromatins isolated from the five tissues studied; pig cerebellum, myeloma, calf thymus, chick embryo brain, and chick erythrocytes.", "contents": "The contribution of RNA and non-histone proteins to the circular dichroism spectrum of chromatin. This paper is an investigation of the contribution of low salt extractable RNA and non-histone proteins to the circular dichroism of chromatin. Circular dichroism (CD) of chromatin above 250 nm is due mainly to DNA and is different from that of DNA free in solution. In addition, to a smaller extent, we find that low salt extractable RNA and/or non-histone protein side chain chromophores contribute significantly to the spectra in this region and account for the major differences observed among the CD spectra of chromatins isolated from the five tissues studied; pig cerebellum, myeloma, calf thymus, chick embryo brain, and chick erythrocytes.", "PMID": 1125194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8921", "title": "Synthesis of rhodopsin and opsin in vitro.", "content": "Isolated bovine retinas have been used to study the synthesis of rhodopsin and the renewal of photoreceptor rod outer segments. Both leucine and glucosamine served as radioactive tracers to follow rhodopsin synthesis. In both cases the rod outer segment preparations contained large amounts of labeled macromolecules chromatographically distinct from rhodopsin, the latter representing only about 10% of the high molecular weight labeled material. However, electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels with sodium dodecyl sulfate indicated that as much as 60-68% of the radioactivity coincided with opsin, the apoprotein of rhodopsin. Treatment of labeled rod outer segments with 9-cis-retinal caused much of the non-rhodopsin label to be converted to isorhodopsin. After such treatment the fraction of the label in visual pigment rose from about 10 to 51% with leucine as the radioactive tracer and to 78% with glucosamine. Similar treatment of bleached outer segments labeled with leucine gave identical results with complete regeneration of isorhodopsin (lambda max 487 nm) which then accounted for 56% of the labeled macromolecules. No such conversion occurred in controls lacking 9-cis-retinal. Both 9-cis- and 11-cis-retinal were effective but all-trans-retinal was ineffective in producing the conversion. Under in vitro conditions opsin appears to be accumulated in the outer segment prior to the addition of retinal.", "contents": "Synthesis of rhodopsin and opsin in vitro. Isolated bovine retinas have been used to study the synthesis of rhodopsin and the renewal of photoreceptor rod outer segments. Both leucine and glucosamine served as radioactive tracers to follow rhodopsin synthesis. In both cases the rod outer segment preparations contained large amounts of labeled macromolecules chromatographically distinct from rhodopsin, the latter representing only about 10% of the high molecular weight labeled material. However, electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels with sodium dodecyl sulfate indicated that as much as 60-68% of the radioactivity coincided with opsin, the apoprotein of rhodopsin. Treatment of labeled rod outer segments with 9-cis-retinal caused much of the non-rhodopsin label to be converted to isorhodopsin. After such treatment the fraction of the label in visual pigment rose from about 10 to 51% with leucine as the radioactive tracer and to 78% with glucosamine. Similar treatment of bleached outer segments labeled with leucine gave identical results with complete regeneration of isorhodopsin (lambda max 487 nm) which then accounted for 56% of the labeled macromolecules. No such conversion occurred in controls lacking 9-cis-retinal. Both 9-cis- and 11-cis-retinal were effective but all-trans-retinal was ineffective in producing the conversion. Under in vitro conditions opsin appears to be accumulated in the outer segment prior to the addition of retinal.", "PMID": 1125195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8922", "title": "The F3-F2a1 complex as a unit in the self-assembly of nucleoproteins.", "content": "A specific and stable interaction between histones f3 and f2a1 was demonstrated to take place in the absence of DNA. When a mixture of these histones was subjected to velocity sedimentation under conditions in which the separate histones are aggregated and precipitate, the mixture of f3 and f2a1 remained soluble and these histones appeared to cotransport through the gradient, indicating the establishment of an isolatable, stable f3-f2a1 complex. This isolated complex subsequently binds to DNA quantitatively to form nucleohistone. Stoichiometry data strongly suggest that histones f3 and f2a1 bind to DNA as a unit; this is the only type of f2a1 binding to DNA that can take place under mild conditions. Histone f1 can act as a modifier of the f3-f2a1-DNA interactions by augmenting the formation of the f3-f2a1 complex and consequently enhancing the overall binding of these histones to DNA. No significant interactions of histones f2b and f2a2 with other histones could be demonstrated. Because of the findings reported here and the known affinity characteristics of the arginine-rich histones to DNA in native chromatin (in particular their stimultaneous extraction from chromatin by salt), we suggest that the (f3 + f2a1)-DNA complex is a structural component of native chromatin. We would also like to propose that, in vivo, histones may possess a considerable amount of quaternary structure, which would greatly increase the specificity of their role as potential regulators of the structure and function of the eucaryotic chromosomes.", "contents": "The F3-F2a1 complex as a unit in the self-assembly of nucleoproteins. A specific and stable interaction between histones f3 and f2a1 was demonstrated to take place in the absence of DNA. When a mixture of these histones was subjected to velocity sedimentation under conditions in which the separate histones are aggregated and precipitate, the mixture of f3 and f2a1 remained soluble and these histones appeared to cotransport through the gradient, indicating the establishment of an isolatable, stable f3-f2a1 complex. This isolated complex subsequently binds to DNA quantitatively to form nucleohistone. Stoichiometry data strongly suggest that histones f3 and f2a1 bind to DNA as a unit; this is the only type of f2a1 binding to DNA that can take place under mild conditions. Histone f1 can act as a modifier of the f3-f2a1-DNA interactions by augmenting the formation of the f3-f2a1 complex and consequently enhancing the overall binding of these histones to DNA. No significant interactions of histones f2b and f2a2 with other histones could be demonstrated. Because of the findings reported here and the known affinity characteristics of the arginine-rich histones to DNA in native chromatin (in particular their stimultaneous extraction from chromatin by salt), we suggest that the (f3 + f2a1)-DNA complex is a structural component of native chromatin. We would also like to propose that, in vivo, histones may possess a considerable amount of quaternary structure, which would greatly increase the specificity of their role as potential regulators of the structure and function of the eucaryotic chromosomes.", "PMID": 1125196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8923", "title": "Iodohexestrols. I. Synthesis and photoreactivity of iodinated hexestrol derivatives.", "content": "The five possible ortho-iodinated hexestrols, containing from 1-4 iodines per molecule, have been synthesized as potential iodine-containing estrogenic ligands. After chromatographic separation and purification, each derivative has been fully characterized by spectroscopic methods. [3-H]-3-Iodohexestrol, [131-I]- and [125-I]-3-iodohexestrol, and [125-IA1-3,5-diiodohexestrol have also been prepared. Photolysis of 3,5-diiodohexestrol in methanol results in rapid deiodination to 3-iodohexestrol; further reduction to hexestrol is slower. Photolysis of 3-iodohexestrol in benzene gives 3-phenylhexestrol.", "contents": "Iodohexestrols. I. Synthesis and photoreactivity of iodinated hexestrol derivatives. The five possible ortho-iodinated hexestrols, containing from 1-4 iodines per molecule, have been synthesized as potential iodine-containing estrogenic ligands. After chromatographic separation and purification, each derivative has been fully characterized by spectroscopic methods. [3-H]-3-Iodohexestrol, [131-I]- and [125-I]-3-iodohexestrol, and [125-IA1-3,5-diiodohexestrol have also been prepared. Photolysis of 3,5-diiodohexestrol in methanol results in rapid deiodination to 3-iodohexestrol; further reduction to hexestrol is slower. Photolysis of 3-iodohexestrol in benzene gives 3-phenylhexestrol.", "PMID": 1125197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8924", "title": "Fusion of fatty acid containing lecithin vesicles.", "content": "The rate and temperature at which fusion of purified homogeneous lecithin vesicles containing several per cent fatty acid occurs have been determined by analysis of proton nuclear magnetic resonance (nmr) spectra. Dimyristoyllecithin with myristic acid as 2% of the lipid was found to fuse rapidly at temperatures between 17 and 20 degrees, and dimyristoyllecithin with 4% lauric acid was found to fuse rapidly at temperatures between 11 and 15 degrees, while dimyristoyllecithin with 4% palmitic acid did not fuse at an appreciable rate anywhere in the range 17-37 degrees. These results, along with data on dipalmitoyl- and dilauroyllecithin, are discussed in terms of a possible dependence on separation of fatty acid rich phase especially conducive to fusion.", "contents": "Fusion of fatty acid containing lecithin vesicles. The rate and temperature at which fusion of purified homogeneous lecithin vesicles containing several per cent fatty acid occurs have been determined by analysis of proton nuclear magnetic resonance (nmr) spectra. Dimyristoyllecithin with myristic acid as 2% of the lipid was found to fuse rapidly at temperatures between 17 and 20 degrees, and dimyristoyllecithin with 4% lauric acid was found to fuse rapidly at temperatures between 11 and 15 degrees, while dimyristoyllecithin with 4% palmitic acid did not fuse at an appreciable rate anywhere in the range 17-37 degrees. These results, along with data on dipalmitoyl- and dilauroyllecithin, are discussed in terms of a possible dependence on separation of fatty acid rich phase especially conducive to fusion.", "PMID": 1125198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8925", "title": "Isolation of messenger-like ribonucleoproteins.", "content": "Subribosomal and polyribosomal messenger ribonucleoproteins (mRNPs) were isolated from Ehrlich ascites tumor cells by a method involving sedimentation of polyribosomal and subribosomal particles, dissociation with EDTA, and rate-zonal sedimentation. The fractions containing mRNA protein particles were applied to glass fiber filters and extensively washed with buffer containing 0.5 M KCl. The eluted material was demonstrated to be an RNA-protein complex containing poly(A)-rich RNA, heterogeneous in size, and free of 18S or 28S rRNA. mRNA function for the RNA was suggested by its ability to direct protein synthesis in a cell-free protein-synthesizing system derived from wheat germ embryos. Analysis of the proteins associated with subribosomal and polyribosomal mRNPs by iodination and sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed at least seven similar proteins. The apparent molecular weights of the three most prominent proteins were 78,000, 52,000, and 34,000. Analysis of reticulocyte polyribosomal mRNPs revealed an increased prominence of the 78,000 and 52,000 molecular weight proteins relative to the other protein bands.", "contents": "Isolation of messenger-like ribonucleoproteins. Subribosomal and polyribosomal messenger ribonucleoproteins (mRNPs) were isolated from Ehrlich ascites tumor cells by a method involving sedimentation of polyribosomal and subribosomal particles, dissociation with EDTA, and rate-zonal sedimentation. The fractions containing mRNA protein particles were applied to glass fiber filters and extensively washed with buffer containing 0.5 M KCl. The eluted material was demonstrated to be an RNA-protein complex containing poly(A)-rich RNA, heterogeneous in size, and free of 18S or 28S rRNA. mRNA function for the RNA was suggested by its ability to direct protein synthesis in a cell-free protein-synthesizing system derived from wheat germ embryos. Analysis of the proteins associated with subribosomal and polyribosomal mRNPs by iodination and sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed at least seven similar proteins. The apparent molecular weights of the three most prominent proteins were 78,000, 52,000, and 34,000. Analysis of reticulocyte polyribosomal mRNPs revealed an increased prominence of the 78,000 and 52,000 molecular weight proteins relative to the other protein bands.", "PMID": 1125199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8926", "title": "Solubilization of the Semliki Forest virus membrane with sodium dodecyl sulfate.", "content": "The dissociation of Semliki Forest virus induced by increasing concentrations of the anionic detergent sodium dodecyl sulfate was studied using density gradient centrifugation. Detectable binding to the virus started well below the critical micellar concentration of the detergent and increased thereafter with increased detergent concentration. At 4 degrees there were about 11,000 binding sites per virus particle with an average association constant of about 10-5 M-1. The extent of virus dissociation could be controlled both by the detergent concentration and by the temperature. At 4 degrees only disruption (\"lysis\") of the virus membrane could be observed. At 20 degrees most of the membrane was solubilized into lipoprotein complexes, and the nucleocapsid dissociated into RNA and protein. Complete delipidation of the viral membrane proteins was achieved at 30 degrees at a detergent concentration still below the critical micellar concentration.", "contents": "Solubilization of the Semliki Forest virus membrane with sodium dodecyl sulfate. The dissociation of Semliki Forest virus induced by increasing concentrations of the anionic detergent sodium dodecyl sulfate was studied using density gradient centrifugation. Detectable binding to the virus started well below the critical micellar concentration of the detergent and increased thereafter with increased detergent concentration. At 4 degrees there were about 11,000 binding sites per virus particle with an average association constant of about 10-5 M-1. The extent of virus dissociation could be controlled both by the detergent concentration and by the temperature. At 4 degrees only disruption (\"lysis\") of the virus membrane could be observed. At 20 degrees most of the membrane was solubilized into lipoprotein complexes, and the nucleocapsid dissociated into RNA and protein. Complete delipidation of the viral membrane proteins was achieved at 30 degrees at a detergent concentration still below the critical micellar concentration.", "PMID": 1125200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8927", "title": "A reinvestigation of the amino-terminal sequence of human parathyroid hormone.", "content": "The sequence of the amino-terminal portion of human parathyroid hormone, particularly the identity of residues 22, 28, and 30 (the subject of discrepancies in recent published reports), has been reexamined by two basic methods of structural analysis. A fresh lot of human parathyroid hormone isolated from pooled adenoma tissue was analyzed by Edman degradation with identification of critical residues by thin-layer chromatography and gas-liquid chromatography. In the second approach, -14C or tritiated amino acids were incorporated during biosynthesis of the human hormone in slices of parathyroid glands in vitro; the appropriate amino acid residues were then determined as the -14C or tritiated phenythiohydantoin derivatives of the amino acid after Edman degradation, or by peptide isolation after appropriate cleavage with endopeptidase, or both. The results confirm our previous findings that residue 22 is glutamic acid, residue 28 is leucine, and residue 30 is aspartic acid.", "contents": "A reinvestigation of the amino-terminal sequence of human parathyroid hormone. The sequence of the amino-terminal portion of human parathyroid hormone, particularly the identity of residues 22, 28, and 30 (the subject of discrepancies in recent published reports), has been reexamined by two basic methods of structural analysis. A fresh lot of human parathyroid hormone isolated from pooled adenoma tissue was analyzed by Edman degradation with identification of critical residues by thin-layer chromatography and gas-liquid chromatography. In the second approach, -14C or tritiated amino acids were incorporated during biosynthesis of the human hormone in slices of parathyroid glands in vitro; the appropriate amino acid residues were then determined as the -14C or tritiated phenythiohydantoin derivatives of the amino acid after Edman degradation, or by peptide isolation after appropriate cleavage with endopeptidase, or both. The results confirm our previous findings that residue 22 is glutamic acid, residue 28 is leucine, and residue 30 is aspartic acid.", "PMID": 1125201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8928", "title": "Kinetic model of the protein-mediated phosphatidylcholine exchange between single bilayer liposomes.", "content": "The phosphatidylcholine exchange protein from beef liver catalyzes the exchange of phosphatidylcholine between single bilayer liposomes (Hellings et al. (1974), Eur. J. Biochem. 47, 601). A model has been proposed which describes the kinetics of this exchange. Steady-state equations have been derived from the model and have been used for the derivation of the theoretical rate equation. Computer analysis shows a good fit with the experimental results. It follows from the analysis that the apparent dissociation constant of the exchange protein-liposome complex decreases with an increasing phosphatidic acid content of the liposomes. This suggests that in this model system it is the phospholipid composition of the membranes involved that regulates the amount of exchange protein available to function as a carrier of phosphatidylcholine.", "contents": "Kinetic model of the protein-mediated phosphatidylcholine exchange between single bilayer liposomes. The phosphatidylcholine exchange protein from beef liver catalyzes the exchange of phosphatidylcholine between single bilayer liposomes (Hellings et al. (1974), Eur. J. Biochem. 47, 601). A model has been proposed which describes the kinetics of this exchange. Steady-state equations have been derived from the model and have been used for the derivation of the theoretical rate equation. Computer analysis shows a good fit with the experimental results. It follows from the analysis that the apparent dissociation constant of the exchange protein-liposome complex decreases with an increasing phosphatidic acid content of the liposomes. This suggests that in this model system it is the phospholipid composition of the membranes involved that regulates the amount of exchange protein available to function as a carrier of phosphatidylcholine.", "PMID": 1125202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8929", "title": "Covalent structure of collagen: amino acid sequence of alpha1-CB3 of chick skin collagen.", "content": "The amino acid sequence of alpha1-CB3, a peptide containing 149 residues obtained from the central portion of the alpha1(I) chain of chick skin collagen by cyanogen bromide cleavage, has been determined. As in the other sequences from the helical region of collagen chains, the repeating triplet Gly-X-Y extends throughout the length of the peptide. These data allow a comparison of the sequence to that of alpha1-CB3 from calf and rat skin collagens. As compared with calf, the chick peptide contains 14 amino acid differences, whereas it contains 17 residue differences from the rat peptide. Thus, the sequence identity level is 91 and 89 percent, respectively, in comparison to the calf and rat peptides. These values are significantly greater than the value of 97 percent observed between the peptide of the two mammalian species and reflect the greater phylogenetic distance of the species compared.", "contents": "Covalent structure of collagen: amino acid sequence of alpha1-CB3 of chick skin collagen. The amino acid sequence of alpha1-CB3, a peptide containing 149 residues obtained from the central portion of the alpha1(I) chain of chick skin collagen by cyanogen bromide cleavage, has been determined. As in the other sequences from the helical region of collagen chains, the repeating triplet Gly-X-Y extends throughout the length of the peptide. These data allow a comparison of the sequence to that of alpha1-CB3 from calf and rat skin collagens. As compared with calf, the chick peptide contains 14 amino acid differences, whereas it contains 17 residue differences from the rat peptide. Thus, the sequence identity level is 91 and 89 percent, respectively, in comparison to the calf and rat peptides. These values are significantly greater than the value of 97 percent observed between the peptide of the two mammalian species and reflect the greater phylogenetic distance of the species compared.", "PMID": 1125203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8930", "title": "Covalent structure of collagen: amino acid sequence of alpha1-CB6A of chick skin collagen.", "content": "The amino acid sequence of chick skin collagen alpha1-CB6A, a peptide containing 107 residues obtained from the helical region near the carboxy-terminus of the alpha1(I) chain by cyanogen bromide cleavage, has been determined. This was accomplished by automated Edman degradation of the hydroxylamine-produced fragments and of the tryptic peptides prepared with and without prior maleylation. The data show that this portion of the alpha1(I) chain from chick skin is identical in 90 percent of the residues to the corresponding peptide region of calf skin collagen reported previously.", "contents": "Covalent structure of collagen: amino acid sequence of alpha1-CB6A of chick skin collagen. The amino acid sequence of chick skin collagen alpha1-CB6A, a peptide containing 107 residues obtained from the helical region near the carboxy-terminus of the alpha1(I) chain by cyanogen bromide cleavage, has been determined. This was accomplished by automated Edman degradation of the hydroxylamine-produced fragments and of the tryptic peptides prepared with and without prior maleylation. The data show that this portion of the alpha1(I) chain from chick skin is identical in 90 percent of the residues to the corresponding peptide region of calf skin collagen reported previously.", "PMID": 1125204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8931", "title": "The amino acid sequence of ferredoxin II from Chlorobium limicola, a photosynthetic green bacterium.", "content": "The amino acid sequence of ferredoxin II from the photosynthetic green sulfur-reducing bacterium, Chlorobium limicola, was deduced to be: Ala-His-Arg-Ile-Thr-Glu-Glu-Cys-Thr-Tyr-Cys-Ala-Ala-Cys-Glu-Pro-Glu-Cys-Pro-Val-Asn-Ala-Ile-Ser-Ala-Gly-Asp-Glu-Ile-Tyr-Ile-Val-Asp-Glu-Ser-Val-Cys-Thr-Asp-Cys-Glu-Gly-Tyr-Tyr-Asp-Glu-Pro-Ala-Cys-Val-Ala-Val-Cys-Pro-Val-Asp-Cys-Ile-Ile-Lys-Val. The ferredoxin was shown to consist of 61 amino acids in a single polypeptide chain. The presence of 8 g-atoms of Fe and 8 mol of sulfide led to a calculated molecular weight of 7289. In constract to the ferredoxin I from C. limicola, ferredoxin II contains basic amino acids in positions 2 and 3 and 60 from the NH(2)-terminal end of the protein. The sequences of all the various ferredoxins from photosynthetic bacteria reported to date are compared with one another.", "contents": "The amino acid sequence of ferredoxin II from Chlorobium limicola, a photosynthetic green bacterium. The amino acid sequence of ferredoxin II from the photosynthetic green sulfur-reducing bacterium, Chlorobium limicola, was deduced to be: Ala-His-Arg-Ile-Thr-Glu-Glu-Cys-Thr-Tyr-Cys-Ala-Ala-Cys-Glu-Pro-Glu-Cys-Pro-Val-Asn-Ala-Ile-Ser-Ala-Gly-Asp-Glu-Ile-Tyr-Ile-Val-Asp-Glu-Ser-Val-Cys-Thr-Asp-Cys-Glu-Gly-Tyr-Tyr-Asp-Glu-Pro-Ala-Cys-Val-Ala-Val-Cys-Pro-Val-Asp-Cys-Ile-Ile-Lys-Val. The ferredoxin was shown to consist of 61 amino acids in a single polypeptide chain. The presence of 8 g-atoms of Fe and 8 mol of sulfide led to a calculated molecular weight of 7289. In constract to the ferredoxin I from C. limicola, ferredoxin II contains basic amino acids in positions 2 and 3 and 60 from the NH(2)-terminal end of the protein. The sequences of all the various ferredoxins from photosynthetic bacteria reported to date are compared with one another.", "PMID": 1125205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8932", "title": "New method for isolation and sequence determination of 5'-terminal regions of bacteriophage phiX174 in vitro mRNAs.", "content": "We have determined the nucleotide sequences of the 5'-terminal oligonucleotides, produced by RNase T1 digestion of bacteriophage phiX174 mRNAs synthesized in vitro. The major sequences are: pppCpGp(Ap), pppApUpCpGp(Cp), pppAp(Ap)2UpCp(Up)2Gp(Gp), and pppAp(Ap)3UpCp(Up)2Gp(Gp). The sequences of several minor 5'-terminal oligonucleotides were also determined. For this research we have devised a simple isolation procedure, for the 5'-terminal oligonucleotides, based upon hydroxylapatite chromatography and two-dimensional thin-layer separation. This method allows for the rapid and quantitative recovery of all oligonucleotides containing 5'-triphosphate end groups and should be generally useful for sequence on 5' termini of mRNAs.", "contents": "New method for isolation and sequence determination of 5'-terminal regions of bacteriophage phiX174 in vitro mRNAs. We have determined the nucleotide sequences of the 5'-terminal oligonucleotides, produced by RNase T1 digestion of bacteriophage phiX174 mRNAs synthesized in vitro. The major sequences are: pppCpGp(Ap), pppApUpCpGp(Cp), pppAp(Ap)2UpCp(Up)2Gp(Gp), and pppAp(Ap)3UpCp(Up)2Gp(Gp). The sequences of several minor 5'-terminal oligonucleotides were also determined. For this research we have devised a simple isolation procedure, for the 5'-terminal oligonucleotides, based upon hydroxylapatite chromatography and two-dimensional thin-layer separation. This method allows for the rapid and quantitative recovery of all oligonucleotides containing 5'-triphosphate end groups and should be generally useful for sequence on 5' termini of mRNAs.", "PMID": 1125206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8933", "title": "Interaction of fluorescence probes with acetylcholinesterase. The site and specificity of propidium binding.", "content": "A bis-quaternary fluorescence probe, propidium diiodide, has been found to exhibit a tenfold enhancement of fluorescence when bound to acetylcholinesterase from Torpedo california. The complex is characterized by a high affinity, KD = 3.0 times 10-7 M, and 1:1 stoichiometry with the 82,000 molecular weight subunit of acetylcholinesterase. A wide variety of other quaternary ammonium ligands such as decamethonium, gallamine, d-tubocurarine, tetraethylammonium, and tetramethylammonium will completely dissociate propidium from the enzyme as will monovalent and divalent inorganic cations. The competitive dissociation does not show cooperative behavior or a distinct, requirement for occupation of multiple sites of different affinity to produce displacement. While a directly competitive relationship can be illustrated macroscopically, the various quaternary ligands show a different susceptibility toward inorganic cation displacement. The affinity of propidium relative to gallamine increases with ionic strength. This finding indicates that there is not complete equivalence in the negative subsites to which quaternary groups bind. Although edrophoniumwill also displace propidium from the enzyme, the dissociation constant obtained from this competitive relationship is 3.5 orders of magnitude greater than the constants obtained for inhibition of catalysis. By competitive displacement titrations it is shown that the primary binding site of edrophonium is distinct from that of propidium and a ternary complex with the two ligands can form on each subunit. In contrast to edrophonium, the binding of propidium is unaffected by methanesulfonylation of the active center serine and is uncompetitive with the carbamylating substrate, N-methyl-7-dimethylcarbamoxyquinolinium. Thus, it appears that propidium associates with a peripheral anionic center on the enzyme. Although propidium and edrophonium associate at separate sites on acetylcholinesterase, bis-quaternary ligands where the quaternary nitrogens are separated by 14 A displace both ligands from the enzyme with equal effectiveness.", "contents": "Interaction of fluorescence probes with acetylcholinesterase. The site and specificity of propidium binding. A bis-quaternary fluorescence probe, propidium diiodide, has been found to exhibit a tenfold enhancement of fluorescence when bound to acetylcholinesterase from Torpedo california. The complex is characterized by a high affinity, KD = 3.0 times 10-7 M, and 1:1 stoichiometry with the 82,000 molecular weight subunit of acetylcholinesterase. A wide variety of other quaternary ammonium ligands such as decamethonium, gallamine, d-tubocurarine, tetraethylammonium, and tetramethylammonium will completely dissociate propidium from the enzyme as will monovalent and divalent inorganic cations. The competitive dissociation does not show cooperative behavior or a distinct, requirement for occupation of multiple sites of different affinity to produce displacement. While a directly competitive relationship can be illustrated macroscopically, the various quaternary ligands show a different susceptibility toward inorganic cation displacement. The affinity of propidium relative to gallamine increases with ionic strength. This finding indicates that there is not complete equivalence in the negative subsites to which quaternary groups bind. Although edrophoniumwill also displace propidium from the enzyme, the dissociation constant obtained from this competitive relationship is 3.5 orders of magnitude greater than the constants obtained for inhibition of catalysis. By competitive displacement titrations it is shown that the primary binding site of edrophonium is distinct from that of propidium and a ternary complex with the two ligands can form on each subunit. In contrast to edrophonium, the binding of propidium is unaffected by methanesulfonylation of the active center serine and is uncompetitive with the carbamylating substrate, N-methyl-7-dimethylcarbamoxyquinolinium. Thus, it appears that propidium associates with a peripheral anionic center on the enzyme. Although propidium and edrophonium associate at separate sites on acetylcholinesterase, bis-quaternary ligands where the quaternary nitrogens are separated by 14 A displace both ligands from the enzyme with equal effectiveness.", "PMID": 1125207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8934", "title": "Deuterium isotope effects during formation of phenols by hepatic monoxygenases. Evidence for an alternative to arene oxide pathway.", "content": "The in vivo and in vitro metabolisms of normal and deuterated aromatic substrates have been investigated in ratsmsignificant isotope effects (k(H)/k(d) = 1.3-1.75) were associated with in vivo formation of meta-hydroxylated metabolites from 1:1 mixtures of normal and perdeuterio-(aryl ring) nitrobenzine, methyl phenyl sulfide, and methyl phenyl sulfone. Since isotope effects of this magnitude are incompatible with arene oxides as intermediates in the formation of phenols, the results provide evidence that multiple pathways are responsible for the formation of phenols in mammals. Significant isotope effects were not associated with the formation of the other phenolic isomers of nitrobenzene, methyl phenyl sulfone, or methyl phenyl sulfide or with the formation of phenolic products from anisole, bromobenzene, chlorobenzene, fluorobenzene, benzonitrile, naphthalene, zoxazolamine, acetanilide, biphenyl, diphenylhydantoin, benzene, o- and p-xylene, toluene, and mesitylene. Significant isotope effects might not be observable with the latter substrates if the kinetic parameters for oxidation of substrate change or if the arene oxide pathway greatly predominates. Furthermore, extensive in vivo metabolism of any substrate would make isotope effects unobservable by the procedure employed, namely the analysis of isotope content in metabolites formed from 1:1 mixtures of normal and deuterated substrates.", "contents": "Deuterium isotope effects during formation of phenols by hepatic monoxygenases. Evidence for an alternative to arene oxide pathway. The in vivo and in vitro metabolisms of normal and deuterated aromatic substrates have been investigated in ratsmsignificant isotope effects (k(H)/k(d) = 1.3-1.75) were associated with in vivo formation of meta-hydroxylated metabolites from 1:1 mixtures of normal and perdeuterio-(aryl ring) nitrobenzine, methyl phenyl sulfide, and methyl phenyl sulfone. Since isotope effects of this magnitude are incompatible with arene oxides as intermediates in the formation of phenols, the results provide evidence that multiple pathways are responsible for the formation of phenols in mammals. Significant isotope effects were not associated with the formation of the other phenolic isomers of nitrobenzene, methyl phenyl sulfone, or methyl phenyl sulfide or with the formation of phenolic products from anisole, bromobenzene, chlorobenzene, fluorobenzene, benzonitrile, naphthalene, zoxazolamine, acetanilide, biphenyl, diphenylhydantoin, benzene, o- and p-xylene, toluene, and mesitylene. Significant isotope effects might not be observable with the latter substrates if the kinetic parameters for oxidation of substrate change or if the arene oxide pathway greatly predominates. Furthermore, extensive in vivo metabolism of any substrate would make isotope effects unobservable by the procedure employed, namely the analysis of isotope content in metabolites formed from 1:1 mixtures of normal and deuterated substrates.", "PMID": 1125208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8935", "title": "The nature of metal-ligand bonding in the primary hydration shell and in ionophores with alkali metal ions.", "content": "1. Trasport of alkali ions in model membranes mediated by ionophores is associated with at least two basic problems: (a) a conceivable physical model for the metal-ligand bonding in the primary hydration shell and (b) migration of ions from the primary hydration shell to ionophores to form ion complexes. 2. The nature of metal-ligand bonding both in the primary hydration shell and in the ionophores has been found to be around 80% ionic and 20% covalent in both cases by indepdnent investigation. Clearly the energetics being equivalent in both systems, ions will not migrate from the former to the latter. 3. A novel model is proposed in terms of hydrogen bonding in the primary hydration shell for Li+ and Na+ so that the migration of these ions to ionophores is easily envisaged. Hydrogen bonding contribures 18% and 5% of the energy to the total hydration shell energy of Li+ and Na+, respectively.", "contents": "The nature of metal-ligand bonding in the primary hydration shell and in ionophores with alkali metal ions. 1. Trasport of alkali ions in model membranes mediated by ionophores is associated with at least two basic problems: (a) a conceivable physical model for the metal-ligand bonding in the primary hydration shell and (b) migration of ions from the primary hydration shell to ionophores to form ion complexes. 2. The nature of metal-ligand bonding both in the primary hydration shell and in the ionophores has been found to be around 80% ionic and 20% covalent in both cases by indepdnent investigation. Clearly the energetics being equivalent in both systems, ions will not migrate from the former to the latter. 3. A novel model is proposed in terms of hydrogen bonding in the primary hydration shell for Li+ and Na+ so that the migration of these ions to ionophores is easily envisaged. Hydrogen bonding contribures 18% and 5% of the energy to the total hydration shell energy of Li+ and Na+, respectively.", "PMID": 1125209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8936", "title": "Use of phospholipid exchange protein to measure inside-outside transposition in phosphatidylcholine liposomes.", "content": "The exchange of phosphatidylcholine between (32P)phosphatidylcholine lipososomes and unlabeled mitochondria was catalyzed by a purified phospholipid exchange protein from bovine heart cytosol. The loss of (23P)phosphatidylcholine from the liposomes appeared to proceed in two stages: with 100 units of phospholipid exchange protein per ml the half-time of the initial stage was about 10 min and that of the final stage 4 days or greater. Agarose-gel chromatography of the liposomes showed an elution compatible with a homofwnwoua pool od amLL single walled vesicles. Treatment of phosphatidyl (14C) choline liposomes with phospholipase D (phosphatidylcholine phosphantidohydrolase) showed that labeled phospholipid removable during the rapid exchange phase was subject to hydrolysis by the phospholipase, but that the labeled phospholipid left after the rapid exchange was completed cound not by hydrolyzed by phospholipase D. It is proposed that the rapidly exchanging phosphatidylcholine constitutes the outer layer of the liposome bilayer. The long half-lives of 4 days or more probably represent the transposition of phosphatidylcholine from the inner to the outer layer of the liposome bilayer.", "contents": "Use of phospholipid exchange protein to measure inside-outside transposition in phosphatidylcholine liposomes. The exchange of phosphatidylcholine between (32P)phosphatidylcholine lipososomes and unlabeled mitochondria was catalyzed by a purified phospholipid exchange protein from bovine heart cytosol. The loss of (23P)phosphatidylcholine from the liposomes appeared to proceed in two stages: with 100 units of phospholipid exchange protein per ml the half-time of the initial stage was about 10 min and that of the final stage 4 days or greater. Agarose-gel chromatography of the liposomes showed an elution compatible with a homofwnwoua pool od amLL single walled vesicles. Treatment of phosphatidyl (14C) choline liposomes with phospholipase D (phosphatidylcholine phosphantidohydrolase) showed that labeled phospholipid removable during the rapid exchange phase was subject to hydrolysis by the phospholipase, but that the labeled phospholipid left after the rapid exchange was completed cound not by hydrolyzed by phospholipase D. It is proposed that the rapidly exchanging phosphatidylcholine constitutes the outer layer of the liposome bilayer. The long half-lives of 4 days or more probably represent the transposition of phosphatidylcholine from the inner to the outer layer of the liposome bilayer.", "PMID": 1125210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8937", "title": "Topological studies on the hydrolases bound to the intestinal brush border membrane. I. Solubilization by papain and Triton X-100.", "content": "Papain digestion of closed, right side out vesicles from pig, rat and rabbit jejunum brush border induces the release of the hydrolases bound to the membrane without grossly affecting the lipid bilayer limiting the vesicles. This observation definitely proves that intestinal hydrolases are surface components attached to the external side of the membrane. All proteins released by papain could be identified by electrophoresis and immunoelectrophoresis to already known intestinal hydrolases, with the exception of an unidentified substance strongly stained by the Schiff's reagent. The early observation that the aminopeptidase form released from pig bursh border by Triton X-100 is different from that released by papain was extended to other hydrolases from pig, rat and rabbit. In some cases, the Triton-released form could be converted by further proteolytic digestion into a new form similar to that liberated by papin. These facts may be related to the existence of hydrophobic anchors retaining the intestinal hydrolases to the membrane surface.", "contents": "Topological studies on the hydrolases bound to the intestinal brush border membrane. I. Solubilization by papain and Triton X-100. Papain digestion of closed, right side out vesicles from pig, rat and rabbit jejunum brush border induces the release of the hydrolases bound to the membrane without grossly affecting the lipid bilayer limiting the vesicles. This observation definitely proves that intestinal hydrolases are surface components attached to the external side of the membrane. All proteins released by papain could be identified by electrophoresis and immunoelectrophoresis to already known intestinal hydrolases, with the exception of an unidentified substance strongly stained by the Schiff's reagent. The early observation that the aminopeptidase form released from pig bursh border by Triton X-100 is different from that released by papain was extended to other hydrolases from pig, rat and rabbit. In some cases, the Triton-released form could be converted by further proteolytic digestion into a new form similar to that liberated by papin. These facts may be related to the existence of hydrophobic anchors retaining the intestinal hydrolases to the membrane surface.", "PMID": 1125211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8938", "title": "The effect of pressure and the volume of activation on the monovalent cation and glucose permeabilities of liposomes of varying composition.", "content": "Measurement of the cation permeability of phospholipid microvesicles as a function of pressure confirmed that a single rate-determining step occurred in each case. The volume of activation was 20 ml-mole minus 1 for Na+ and K+, and about 40 ml-mole minus 1 for valinomycin-mediated K+ permeability. It was virtually independent of membrane composition. The results were explained in terms of Tr\u00e4uble's theory of kink-substrate dissociation at the membrane interface involving possible 2gl and 2g2 kink isomers. The volume of activation for D-glucose was 37 ml-mole minus 1, which was not significantly different from that for any of the valinomycin-mediated K+ permeabilities. However, other data suggest that the rate-limiting steps for the sugar and cation permeabilities are not the same.", "contents": "The effect of pressure and the volume of activation on the monovalent cation and glucose permeabilities of liposomes of varying composition. Measurement of the cation permeability of phospholipid microvesicles as a function of pressure confirmed that a single rate-determining step occurred in each case. The volume of activation was 20 ml-mole minus 1 for Na+ and K+, and about 40 ml-mole minus 1 for valinomycin-mediated K+ permeability. It was virtually independent of membrane composition. The results were explained in terms of Tr\u00e4uble's theory of kink-substrate dissociation at the membrane interface involving possible 2gl and 2g2 kink isomers. The volume of activation for D-glucose was 37 ml-mole minus 1, which was not significantly different from that for any of the valinomycin-mediated K+ permeabilities. However, other data suggest that the rate-limiting steps for the sugar and cation permeabilities are not the same.", "PMID": 1125212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8939", "title": "The relationship between the transport of glucose and cations across cell membranes in isolated tissues. IX. The role of cellular calcium in the activation of the glucose transport system in rat soleus muscle.", "content": "1. The role of cellular Ca2+ in the transport of glucose has been investigated by determining the time-course of tension development and the release of 45Ca and 3-0-[14C]methylglucose from preloaded rat soleus muscles. 2. Electrical stimulation, 2,4-dinitrophenol (0.05 mM) and hyperosmolarity (200 mM mannitol) were all found to induce a rapid rise in tension and the rate coefficient of 45Ca release, which coincided with an acceleration of 3-0-[14C]methylglucose efflux. 3. Caffeine (10 mM) or exposure to K+ -substituted buffer induced a rapid increase in tension and the release of 45Ca, but a much later stimulation of 3-0-methylglucose efflux. This delayed response may be related to the fact that both factors induce a pronounced suppression of the effect of various agents known to stimulate sugar transport.4. Following a washout period of 120 min at 0 degreesC, the return to 30 degrees C elicited a prompt transient rise in the rate coefficient for the release of 45Ca and 3-0-[14C]meth ylglucose to levels, respectively, 2.8 and 14.6 times the control levels measured at 30 degrees C. The magnitude of these peaks appeared to be a function of the duration of the exposure to 0 degrees C. Cooling also led to a stimulation of the uptake of 3-0-[14C]methylglucose, and phlorizin suppressed the rise. 5. It was not possible to detect any significant effect of insulin on basal tension or on the influx or efflux of 45Ca. However, in a hyperosmolar environment, insulin (10-100 munits/ml) induced a marked further rise in tension, indicating that the hormone can elicit a redistribution of cellular Ca2+. 6. It is concluded that a rise in the cytoplasmic concentration of free Ca2+ constitutes a part of the mechanism by which the glucose transport system is activated by a variety of stimuli, perhaps also insulin.", "contents": "The relationship between the transport of glucose and cations across cell membranes in isolated tissues. IX. The role of cellular calcium in the activation of the glucose transport system in rat soleus muscle. 1. The role of cellular Ca2+ in the transport of glucose has been investigated by determining the time-course of tension development and the release of 45Ca and 3-0-[14C]methylglucose from preloaded rat soleus muscles. 2. Electrical stimulation, 2,4-dinitrophenol (0.05 mM) and hyperosmolarity (200 mM mannitol) were all found to induce a rapid rise in tension and the rate coefficient of 45Ca release, which coincided with an acceleration of 3-0-[14C]methylglucose efflux. 3. Caffeine (10 mM) or exposure to K+ -substituted buffer induced a rapid increase in tension and the release of 45Ca, but a much later stimulation of 3-0-methylglucose efflux. This delayed response may be related to the fact that both factors induce a pronounced suppression of the effect of various agents known to stimulate sugar transport.4. Following a washout period of 120 min at 0 degreesC, the return to 30 degrees C elicited a prompt transient rise in the rate coefficient for the release of 45Ca and 3-0-[14C]meth ylglucose to levels, respectively, 2.8 and 14.6 times the control levels measured at 30 degrees C. The magnitude of these peaks appeared to be a function of the duration of the exposure to 0 degrees C. Cooling also led to a stimulation of the uptake of 3-0-[14C]methylglucose, and phlorizin suppressed the rise. 5. It was not possible to detect any significant effect of insulin on basal tension or on the influx or efflux of 45Ca. However, in a hyperosmolar environment, insulin (10-100 munits/ml) induced a marked further rise in tension, indicating that the hormone can elicit a redistribution of cellular Ca2+. 6. It is concluded that a rise in the cytoplasmic concentration of free Ca2+ constitutes a part of the mechanism by which the glucose transport system is activated by a variety of stimuli, perhaps also insulin.", "PMID": 1125213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8940", "title": "An electrogenic component of the potential difference in the rabbit lens.", "content": "The normal resting potential of the rabbit lens, -70mV, is altered to -59mV by ouabain concentrations up to 5-1- minus 6M, and to -52mV at 4 degrees C. Ouabain acts only at the anterior lens surface. The temperature effect id completely reversible. The Hodgkin-Katz-Goldman equation can be used with the measured lens potentials and Na+ and K+ levels in the lens and bathing medium to obtain alpha, the ration of the membrane permeabilities to Na+ and K+. The alpha-values obtained were 0.052 at 4 degrees C and 0.053 in 5-10 minus 6M ouabain. These data suggest that the change in potential due to cold and ouabain is caused by an inhibition of an electrogenic Na+ ump in the anterior lens epithelium.", "contents": "An electrogenic component of the potential difference in the rabbit lens. The normal resting potential of the rabbit lens, -70mV, is altered to -59mV by ouabain concentrations up to 5-1- minus 6M, and to -52mV at 4 degrees C. Ouabain acts only at the anterior lens surface. The temperature effect id completely reversible. The Hodgkin-Katz-Goldman equation can be used with the measured lens potentials and Na+ and K+ levels in the lens and bathing medium to obtain alpha, the ration of the membrane permeabilities to Na+ and K+. The alpha-values obtained were 0.052 at 4 degrees C and 0.053 in 5-10 minus 6M ouabain. These data suggest that the change in potential due to cold and ouabain is caused by an inhibition of an electrogenic Na+ ump in the anterior lens epithelium.", "PMID": 1125214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8941", "title": "Quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence and primary photochemistry in chloroplasts by dibromothymoquinone.", "content": "The quenching action of dibromothymoquinone on fluorescence and on primary photochemistry was examined in chloroplasts at minus 196 degrees C. Both the initial (F0) and final (FM) levels of fluorescence as well as the fluorescence of variable yield (FV equals FM minus FO) were quenched at minus 196 degrees C to a degree which depended on the concentration of dibromothymoquinone added prior to freezing. The initial rate of photoreduction of C-550 at minus 196 degrees C, which was assumed to be proportional to maximum yield for primary photochemistry, phipo, was also decreased in the presence of dibromothymoquinone. Simple theory predicts that the ratio FV/FM should equal phipo. Excellent agreement was found in a comparison of relative values of phipo with relative values of FV/FM at various degrees of quenching by dibromothymoquinone. These results are taken to indicate that FO and FV are the same type of fluorescence, both emanating from the bulk chlorophyll of Photosystem II. Dibromothymoquinone appears to create quenching centers in the bulk chlorophyll of Photosystem II which compete with the reaction centers for excitation energy. The rate constant for the quenching of excitation energy by dibromothymoquinone is directly proportional to the concentration of the quencher. Rate constants for the de-excitation of excited chlorophyll molecules by fluorescence, kF, by nonradiative decay processes, kD, by photochemistry, kP, and by the specific quenching of dibromothymoquinone, kQ, were calculated assuming the absolute yield of fluorescence at FO to be either 0.02 or 0.05.", "contents": "Quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence and primary photochemistry in chloroplasts by dibromothymoquinone. The quenching action of dibromothymoquinone on fluorescence and on primary photochemistry was examined in chloroplasts at minus 196 degrees C. Both the initial (F0) and final (FM) levels of fluorescence as well as the fluorescence of variable yield (FV equals FM minus FO) were quenched at minus 196 degrees C to a degree which depended on the concentration of dibromothymoquinone added prior to freezing. The initial rate of photoreduction of C-550 at minus 196 degrees C, which was assumed to be proportional to maximum yield for primary photochemistry, phipo, was also decreased in the presence of dibromothymoquinone. Simple theory predicts that the ratio FV/FM should equal phipo. Excellent agreement was found in a comparison of relative values of phipo with relative values of FV/FM at various degrees of quenching by dibromothymoquinone. These results are taken to indicate that FO and FV are the same type of fluorescence, both emanating from the bulk chlorophyll of Photosystem II. Dibromothymoquinone appears to create quenching centers in the bulk chlorophyll of Photosystem II which compete with the reaction centers for excitation energy. The rate constant for the quenching of excitation energy by dibromothymoquinone is directly proportional to the concentration of the quencher. Rate constants for the de-excitation of excited chlorophyll molecules by fluorescence, kF, by nonradiative decay processes, kD, by photochemistry, kP, and by the specific quenching of dibromothymoquinone, kQ, were calculated assuming the absolute yield of fluorescence at FO to be either 0.02 or 0.05.", "PMID": 1125215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8942", "title": "Fluorescence quenching in photosystem II of chloroplasts.", "content": "A simple photochemical model for the photosynthetic units of Photosystem II based on first-order rate constants for de-excitation of excited chlorophyll molecules is presented in the form of equations which predict the yields of fluorescence (i.e. at the FO level, at the maximal FM level and the fluorescence of variable yield, FV equals FM minus FO). Two types of quenching mechanisms are recognized: (1) increasing nonradiative decay processes in the bulk chlorophyll by creating quenching centers which complete with the reaction centers for the excitation energy (this mechanism quenches both FO and FV) and (2) increasing nonradiative decay of the excited reaction center chlorophyll (this mechanism quenches FV but not FO). Quenching in the bulk chlorophyll preserves the relationship that Fv/FM is equal to the maximum yield of photochemistry; quenching at the reaction center chlorophyll decreases FV/FM substantially (since FV is quenched specifically) but may have very little effect on the yield of photochemistry. Estimates are made of the relative magnitudes of the rate constants for de-excitation of the excited reaction center chlorophyll by photochemistry, kp, by nonradiative decay processes, kd, and by energy transfer back to the bulk chlorophyll, kt. Fluorescence is assumed to emanate only from the bulk chlorophyll. Energy transfer from Photosystem II to Photosystem I may occur from either the excited bulk chlorophyll or from the excited reaction center chlorophyll. The model is valid for any degree of energy transfer between Photosystem II units.", "contents": "Fluorescence quenching in photosystem II of chloroplasts. A simple photochemical model for the photosynthetic units of Photosystem II based on first-order rate constants for de-excitation of excited chlorophyll molecules is presented in the form of equations which predict the yields of fluorescence (i.e. at the FO level, at the maximal FM level and the fluorescence of variable yield, FV equals FM minus FO). Two types of quenching mechanisms are recognized: (1) increasing nonradiative decay processes in the bulk chlorophyll by creating quenching centers which complete with the reaction centers for the excitation energy (this mechanism quenches both FO and FV) and (2) increasing nonradiative decay of the excited reaction center chlorophyll (this mechanism quenches FV but not FO). Quenching in the bulk chlorophyll preserves the relationship that Fv/FM is equal to the maximum yield of photochemistry; quenching at the reaction center chlorophyll decreases FV/FM substantially (since FV is quenched specifically) but may have very little effect on the yield of photochemistry. Estimates are made of the relative magnitudes of the rate constants for de-excitation of the excited reaction center chlorophyll by photochemistry, kp, by nonradiative decay processes, kd, and by energy transfer back to the bulk chlorophyll, kt. Fluorescence is assumed to emanate only from the bulk chlorophyll. Energy transfer from Photosystem II to Photosystem I may occur from either the excited bulk chlorophyll or from the excited reaction center chlorophyll. The model is valid for any degree of energy transfer between Photosystem II units.", "PMID": 1125216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8943", "title": "Effects of sodium and magnesium cations on the \"dark-\" and light-induced chlorophyll a fluorescence yields in sucrose-washed spinach chloroplasts.", "content": "The effects of Na plus and Mg-2 plus on the \"dark\" level (O level) and light-induced (P level) fluorescence in sucrose-washed spinach clhoroplasts were studied. Low concentrations of NaCl (2-10 mM) cause a significant decrease in both the O and P levels in the chlorophyll fluorescence transient. The effect on the O level may reflect changes in the bulk chlorophyll a. At 77 degrees K NaCl increases the F735/F685 emission peak ratio in dark-adapted and preilluminated chloroplasts, but has no significant effect on this ratio in sucrose-washed Photosystem II particles. This evidence is consistent with a sodium-induced excitation-energy distribution in favor of Photosystem I. In the presence of MgCl2, with or without NaCl, there is a slight decrease in the O and P level fluorescence as compared with the salt-free control, but an increase as compared with the NaCl-treated sample. Magnesium appears to override the sodium-induced changes. At low temperatures in chloroplasts and Photosystem II particles, MgCl2 has different effects on the F735/F685 ratio apparently depending on the state of the membrane. Magnesium, however, always induces an increase in the F695/F685 ratio. These results suggest that magnesium may influence Photosystem II reaction centers as well as energy distribution between the two photosystems.", "contents": "Effects of sodium and magnesium cations on the \"dark-\" and light-induced chlorophyll a fluorescence yields in sucrose-washed spinach chloroplasts. The effects of Na plus and Mg-2 plus on the \"dark\" level (O level) and light-induced (P level) fluorescence in sucrose-washed spinach clhoroplasts were studied. Low concentrations of NaCl (2-10 mM) cause a significant decrease in both the O and P levels in the chlorophyll fluorescence transient. The effect on the O level may reflect changes in the bulk chlorophyll a. At 77 degrees K NaCl increases the F735/F685 emission peak ratio in dark-adapted and preilluminated chloroplasts, but has no significant effect on this ratio in sucrose-washed Photosystem II particles. This evidence is consistent with a sodium-induced excitation-energy distribution in favor of Photosystem I. In the presence of MgCl2, with or without NaCl, there is a slight decrease in the O and P level fluorescence as compared with the salt-free control, but an increase as compared with the NaCl-treated sample. Magnesium appears to override the sodium-induced changes. At low temperatures in chloroplasts and Photosystem II particles, MgCl2 has different effects on the F735/F685 ratio apparently depending on the state of the membrane. Magnesium, however, always induces an increase in the F695/F685 ratio. These results suggest that magnesium may influence Photosystem II reaction centers as well as energy distribution between the two photosystems.", "PMID": 1125217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8944", "title": "Temperature and preillumination dependence of delayed fluorescence of spinach chloroplasts.", "content": "Delayed fluorescence (luminescence) from spinach chloroplasts, induced by short saturating flashes, was studied in the temperature region between 0 and minus 40 degrees C. At these temperatures, in contrast to what is observed at room temperature, luminescence at 40 ms after a flash was strongly dependent, with period four, on the number of preilluminating flashes (given at room temperature, before cooling). At minus 35 degrees C luminescence of chloroplasts preilluminated with two flashes (the optimal preillumination) was about 15 times larger than that of dark-adapted chloroplasts. The intensity of luminescence obtained with preilluminated chloroplasts increased steeply below minus 10 degrees C, presumably partly due to accumulation of reduced acceptor (Q minus), and reached a maximum at minus 35 degrees C. In the presence of 50 mM NH4Cl; at temperatures below minus 20 degrees C luminescence at 40 ms was decreased by NH4C1. At room temperature a strongly enhanced 40-ms luminescence was observed after the third and following flashes. The results indicate that both the S2 to S3 and the S3 to S4 conversion are affected by NlH4Cl. Inhibitors of Q minus reoxidation, like 3-(3, 4-dichlorophenyl)-1, 1-dimethylurea, did only slightly affect the preillumination dependence of luminescence at sub-zero temperatures if they were added after the preillumination. This indicates that these substances by themselves do not accelerate the deactivation of S2 and S3.", "contents": "Temperature and preillumination dependence of delayed fluorescence of spinach chloroplasts. Delayed fluorescence (luminescence) from spinach chloroplasts, induced by short saturating flashes, was studied in the temperature region between 0 and minus 40 degrees C. At these temperatures, in contrast to what is observed at room temperature, luminescence at 40 ms after a flash was strongly dependent, with period four, on the number of preilluminating flashes (given at room temperature, before cooling). At minus 35 degrees C luminescence of chloroplasts preilluminated with two flashes (the optimal preillumination) was about 15 times larger than that of dark-adapted chloroplasts. The intensity of luminescence obtained with preilluminated chloroplasts increased steeply below minus 10 degrees C, presumably partly due to accumulation of reduced acceptor (Q minus), and reached a maximum at minus 35 degrees C. In the presence of 50 mM NH4Cl; at temperatures below minus 20 degrees C luminescence at 40 ms was decreased by NH4C1. At room temperature a strongly enhanced 40-ms luminescence was observed after the third and following flashes. The results indicate that both the S2 to S3 and the S3 to S4 conversion are affected by NlH4Cl. Inhibitors of Q minus reoxidation, like 3-(3, 4-dichlorophenyl)-1, 1-dimethylurea, did only slightly affect the preillumination dependence of luminescence at sub-zero temperatures if they were added after the preillumination. This indicates that these substances by themselves do not accelerate the deactivation of S2 and S3.", "PMID": 1125218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8945", "title": "Salts and chloroplast fluorescence.", "content": "Chlrorplast fluorescence was exicted by a weak measuring beam. A time-separated actinic light was used to modify the redox states of Q which in turn induced a change in the fluorescence yield. In salt-depleted chloroplasts, fluorescence saturated at a low actinic light intensity. CaCl2 increased the \"variable\" fluorescence as well as the rate of ferricyanide-Hill reaction. With Tris-washed chloroplasts, Photosystem II donor couple, phenylenediamine and ascorbate, did not increase the fluorescnece to a large extent without the presence of CaCl2. It is suggested that salt-depletion inactivates the Photosystem II reaction center of chloroplasts.", "contents": "Salts and chloroplast fluorescence. Chlrorplast fluorescence was exicted by a weak measuring beam. A time-separated actinic light was used to modify the redox states of Q which in turn induced a change in the fluorescence yield. In salt-depleted chloroplasts, fluorescence saturated at a low actinic light intensity. CaCl2 increased the \"variable\" fluorescence as well as the rate of ferricyanide-Hill reaction. With Tris-washed chloroplasts, Photosystem II donor couple, phenylenediamine and ascorbate, did not increase the fluorescnece to a large extent without the presence of CaCl2. It is suggested that salt-depletion inactivates the Photosystem II reaction center of chloroplasts.", "PMID": 1125219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8946", "title": "Membrane potentials in mitochondrial preparations as measured by means of a cyanine dye.", "content": "Changes in the fluorescent intensity of the dye 3,3'-dipropylthiodicarbocyanine iodide were measured in suspensions of hamster liver mitochondria upon the development of a K+ diffusion potential by the addition of valinomycin and upon the development of the energized state by the addition of succinate or ATP. The changes (large decreases) seen with the addition of succinate or ATP (inhibitable by NaCN and oligomycin respectively) were comparable to those recorded upon the addition of valinomycin to mitochondria suspended in media containing low concentrations of K+. The change observed with succinate was partially reversed by the addition of either 2,4-dinitrophenol or ADP. Oligomycin prevented the reversal seen with ADP. Decreases in fluorescent intensity were also recorded when succinate was added to suspensions of inner membranes (prepared from rat liver mitochondria) containing the dye. With submitochondrial particles (also from rat liver mitochondria), however, increases in fluorescent intensity were seen upon the addition of succinate or ATP. These observations are consistent with the idea that a large negative (internal) potential develops across the inner membrane of the mitochondrion during energization and with other aspects of the chemiosmotic hypothesis.", "contents": "Membrane potentials in mitochondrial preparations as measured by means of a cyanine dye. Changes in the fluorescent intensity of the dye 3,3'-dipropylthiodicarbocyanine iodide were measured in suspensions of hamster liver mitochondria upon the development of a K+ diffusion potential by the addition of valinomycin and upon the development of the energized state by the addition of succinate or ATP. The changes (large decreases) seen with the addition of succinate or ATP (inhibitable by NaCN and oligomycin respectively) were comparable to those recorded upon the addition of valinomycin to mitochondria suspended in media containing low concentrations of K+. The change observed with succinate was partially reversed by the addition of either 2,4-dinitrophenol or ADP. Oligomycin prevented the reversal seen with ADP. Decreases in fluorescent intensity were also recorded when succinate was added to suspensions of inner membranes (prepared from rat liver mitochondria) containing the dye. With submitochondrial particles (also from rat liver mitochondria), however, increases in fluorescent intensity were seen upon the addition of succinate or ATP. These observations are consistent with the idea that a large negative (internal) potential develops across the inner membrane of the mitochondrion during energization and with other aspects of the chemiosmotic hypothesis.", "PMID": 1125220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8947", "title": "Mitochondrial oxygen affinity as a function of redox and phosphate potentials.", "content": "1. The conditions under which mitochondria might catalyse a net reversal of oxidative phosphorylation are analysed. 2. Rat-liver mitochondria, incubated under such conditions, show a strongly diminished affinity for oxygen. 3. The velocity of respiration under these conditions is a hyperbolic function of the oxygen concentration. 4. The K-m for oxygen is less than 0.1 muM at low phosphate potential, irrespective of substrate, and 1-3 muM under reversal conditions. 5. The observed kinetics can be accounted for in a simple mechanism for cytochrome oxidase action.", "contents": "Mitochondrial oxygen affinity as a function of redox and phosphate potentials. 1. The conditions under which mitochondria might catalyse a net reversal of oxidative phosphorylation are analysed. 2. Rat-liver mitochondria, incubated under such conditions, show a strongly diminished affinity for oxygen. 3. The velocity of respiration under these conditions is a hyperbolic function of the oxygen concentration. 4. The K-m for oxygen is less than 0.1 muM at low phosphate potential, irrespective of substrate, and 1-3 muM under reversal conditions. 5. The observed kinetics can be accounted for in a simple mechanism for cytochrome oxidase action.", "PMID": 1125221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8948", "title": "Cytochrome b and photosynthetic sulfur bacteria.", "content": "Chromatophores isolated from the purple sulfur bacterium Chromatium and the green sulfur bacterium Chlorobium exhibit absorbance changes in the cytochrome alpha-band region consistent with the presence of a b-type cytochrome. Cytochrome content determined by reduced minus oxidized difference spectra and by heme photochemically active bacteriochlorophyll (reaction-center bacteriochlorophyll). The b-type cytochrome in Chromatium has an alpha-band maximum at 560 nm and a midpoint oxidation-reduction potential of -5 mV at pH 8.0. The b-type cytochrome in Chlorobium has an alpha-band maximum at 564 nm and an apparent midpoint oxidation-reduction potential near -90 mV. Chromatophores isolated from both Chromatium and Chlorobium cells catalyze a photoreduction of cytochrome b that is enhanced in the presence of antimycin A. Antimycin A and 2-n-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline-N-oxide inhibit endogenous (but not phenazine methosulfate-mediated) cyclic photophosphorylation in Chromatium chromatophores and non-cyclic electron flow from Na-2S to NADP in Chlorobium chromatophores. These observations suggest that b-type cytochromes may function in electron transport reactions in photosynthetic sulfur bacteria.", "contents": "Cytochrome b and photosynthetic sulfur bacteria. Chromatophores isolated from the purple sulfur bacterium Chromatium and the green sulfur bacterium Chlorobium exhibit absorbance changes in the cytochrome alpha-band region consistent with the presence of a b-type cytochrome. Cytochrome content determined by reduced minus oxidized difference spectra and by heme photochemically active bacteriochlorophyll (reaction-center bacteriochlorophyll). The b-type cytochrome in Chromatium has an alpha-band maximum at 560 nm and a midpoint oxidation-reduction potential of -5 mV at pH 8.0. The b-type cytochrome in Chlorobium has an alpha-band maximum at 564 nm and an apparent midpoint oxidation-reduction potential near -90 mV. Chromatophores isolated from both Chromatium and Chlorobium cells catalyze a photoreduction of cytochrome b that is enhanced in the presence of antimycin A. Antimycin A and 2-n-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline-N-oxide inhibit endogenous (but not phenazine methosulfate-mediated) cyclic photophosphorylation in Chromatium chromatophores and non-cyclic electron flow from Na-2S to NADP in Chlorobium chromatophores. These observations suggest that b-type cytochromes may function in electron transport reactions in photosynthetic sulfur bacteria.", "PMID": 1125222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8949", "title": "The magnetic susceptibility of reduced cytochrome P-450-cam.", "content": "The primary electron acceptor of Photosystem II has a midpoint oxidation-reduction potential of +95 mV at pH 7.0 in Photosystem II chloroplast fragments prepared by digitonin treatment. The midpoint potential of the acceptor has a pH dependence of -60 mV/pH unit. At concentrations that inhibit oxygen evolution, o-phenanthroline shifts the midpoint potential of the primary acceptor by +70 mV. The shifted potential retains the same dependence on pH. The effect of o-phenanthroline suggests that it interacts directly with the primary electron acceptor of Photosystem II in a manner similar to that reported previously for the primary electron acceptor in purple photosynthetic bacteria.", "contents": "The magnetic susceptibility of reduced cytochrome P-450-cam. The primary electron acceptor of Photosystem II has a midpoint oxidation-reduction potential of +95 mV at pH 7.0 in Photosystem II chloroplast fragments prepared by digitonin treatment. The midpoint potential of the acceptor has a pH dependence of -60 mV/pH unit. At concentrations that inhibit oxygen evolution, o-phenanthroline shifts the midpoint potential of the primary acceptor by +70 mV. The shifted potential retains the same dependence on pH. The effect of o-phenanthroline suggests that it interacts directly with the primary electron acceptor of Photosystem II in a manner similar to that reported previously for the primary electron acceptor in purple photosynthetic bacteria.", "PMID": 1125223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8950", "title": "Enrichment of photosystem I reaction center chlorophyll from spinach chloroplasts.", "content": "The reaction center chlorophyll of Photosystem I in spinach chloroplasts was highly enriched. Preparations having 5-9 chlorophylls per 1 P700 were obtained by treating the Photosystem I particles prepared by digitonin treatment of chloroplasts with wet diethyl ether. All P700 present in the extracted particles was found to be photoactive, undergoind oxidation upon illumination.", "contents": "Enrichment of photosystem I reaction center chlorophyll from spinach chloroplasts. The reaction center chlorophyll of Photosystem I in spinach chloroplasts was highly enriched. Preparations having 5-9 chlorophylls per 1 P700 were obtained by treating the Photosystem I particles prepared by digitonin treatment of chloroplasts with wet diethyl ether. All P700 present in the extracted particles was found to be photoactive, undergoind oxidation upon illumination.", "PMID": 1125224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8951", "title": "Mode of action of antitumour antibiotics. spectrophotometric studies on the interaction of chromomycin A3 with DNA and chromatin of normal and neoplastic tissue.", "content": "The binding of chromomycin A3, an antitumour antibiotic, to various DNA and chromatin isolated from mouse and rat liver, mouse fibrosarcoma and Yoshida ascites sarcoma cells was studied spectrophotometrically at 29 degrees C in 10-2 M Tris-HCl buffer, pH 8.0, containing small amounts of MgCl2 (4.5-10-5--25-10-5 M). An isobestic point at 415 nm was observed when chromomycin A3 was gradually titrated with DNA/chromatin and its spectrum shifted towards higher wavelength. The rates and extent of these spectral changes were found to be dependent on the concentration of Mg2+. The change in absorbance at 440 nm was used to calculate apparent binding constant (Kap M-1) and sites per nucleotide (n) from Scatchard plots for various DNA and chromatins. As expected, values of n for chromatin (0.06-0.10) were found to be lower than found for corresponding DNA (0.10-0.15). Apparently no such correlation exists between binding constants (Kap M-1)-10-4) of DNA (6.4--11.2) and of chromatin (3.1--8.3), but Kap M-1 of chromatin isolated from mouse fibrosarcoma and Yoshida ascites sarcoma are 1.5--3 times higher than that found for mouse and rat liver chromatin. These differences may be taken to indicate structural difference in nucleoprotein complexes caused by neoplasia. The relevance of this finding to tumour suppressive action of chromomycin A3 is discussed.", "contents": "Mode of action of antitumour antibiotics. spectrophotometric studies on the interaction of chromomycin A3 with DNA and chromatin of normal and neoplastic tissue. The binding of chromomycin A3, an antitumour antibiotic, to various DNA and chromatin isolated from mouse and rat liver, mouse fibrosarcoma and Yoshida ascites sarcoma cells was studied spectrophotometrically at 29 degrees C in 10-2 M Tris-HCl buffer, pH 8.0, containing small amounts of MgCl2 (4.5-10-5--25-10-5 M). An isobestic point at 415 nm was observed when chromomycin A3 was gradually titrated with DNA/chromatin and its spectrum shifted towards higher wavelength. The rates and extent of these spectral changes were found to be dependent on the concentration of Mg2+. The change in absorbance at 440 nm was used to calculate apparent binding constant (Kap M-1) and sites per nucleotide (n) from Scatchard plots for various DNA and chromatins. As expected, values of n for chromatin (0.06-0.10) were found to be lower than found for corresponding DNA (0.10-0.15). Apparently no such correlation exists between binding constants (Kap M-1)-10-4) of DNA (6.4--11.2) and of chromatin (3.1--8.3), but Kap M-1 of chromatin isolated from mouse fibrosarcoma and Yoshida ascites sarcoma are 1.5--3 times higher than that found for mouse and rat liver chromatin. These differences may be taken to indicate structural difference in nucleoprotein complexes caused by neoplasia. The relevance of this finding to tumour suppressive action of chromomycin A3 is discussed.", "PMID": 1125225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8952", "title": "The inhibition of nuclear RNA synthesis by the rifampicin derivative AF/013 in living cells.", "content": "The rifampicin derivative, AF/013, completely inhibits synthesis of the nucleolar and chromosomal RNA in explanted salivary gland cells of Chironomus tentans. When the glands are preincubated in rifampicin AF/013 for a short period before the addition of the radioactive precursors, labelling of RNA is depressed in all size classes to the same extent. In contrast, if rifampicin is replaced by the nucleoside analogue, 5,6-dichloro-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole, a tentative initiation inhibitor of heterogeneous nuclear RNA, the label is reduced preferentially in the lower molecular weight region of the heterogeneous nuclear RNA spectrum. In chase type experiments, when rifampicin AF/013 is added after an initial labelling period, the synthesis of heterogeneous nuclear RNA is suppressed equally in all size classes, a result analogous to that obtained with the elongation inhibitor, alpha-amanitin. 5,6-Dichloro-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole, under similar chase conditions, preferentially inhibits the labelling of smaller heterogeneous nuclear RNA molecules, but later on abolishes labelling of molecules with higher S values, also. Rifampicin AF/013 prevents or affects seriously the normal processing of the prelabelled preribosomal RNA in the nucleolus. It further interferes with the export of nuclear RNA to the cytoplasm, and/or promotes a non-physiological breakdown of cytoplasmic RNA. The experimental data suggest that rifampicin AF/013 acts on RNA synthesis in living cells by interference with chain elongation.", "contents": "The inhibition of nuclear RNA synthesis by the rifampicin derivative AF/013 in living cells. The rifampicin derivative, AF/013, completely inhibits synthesis of the nucleolar and chromosomal RNA in explanted salivary gland cells of Chironomus tentans. When the glands are preincubated in rifampicin AF/013 for a short period before the addition of the radioactive precursors, labelling of RNA is depressed in all size classes to the same extent. In contrast, if rifampicin is replaced by the nucleoside analogue, 5,6-dichloro-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole, a tentative initiation inhibitor of heterogeneous nuclear RNA, the label is reduced preferentially in the lower molecular weight region of the heterogeneous nuclear RNA spectrum. In chase type experiments, when rifampicin AF/013 is added after an initial labelling period, the synthesis of heterogeneous nuclear RNA is suppressed equally in all size classes, a result analogous to that obtained with the elongation inhibitor, alpha-amanitin. 5,6-Dichloro-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole, under similar chase conditions, preferentially inhibits the labelling of smaller heterogeneous nuclear RNA molecules, but later on abolishes labelling of molecules with higher S values, also. Rifampicin AF/013 prevents or affects seriously the normal processing of the prelabelled preribosomal RNA in the nucleolus. It further interferes with the export of nuclear RNA to the cytoplasm, and/or promotes a non-physiological breakdown of cytoplasmic RNA. The experimental data suggest that rifampicin AF/013 acts on RNA synthesis in living cells by interference with chain elongation.", "PMID": 1125226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8953", "title": "Muscle protein biosynthesis in the tumour-bearing rat.  A defect in a post-initiation stage of translation.", "content": "1. The decreased ability of polysomes isolated from the gastrocnemius of rats bearing the Walker 256 carcinoma to incorporate L-[14C]leucine into protein persisted in the presence of 5-10-5 M aurin tricarboxylic acid and 1-10-2 M NaF. 2. Poly(U)-directed phenylalanine incorporation by such polysome preparations was less than that of similar preparations from normal rats. 3. The ability of gastrocnemius polysomes from tumour-bearing rats to react with puromycin was markedly decreased. Cycloheximide inhibited peptidyl puromycin formation by polysome preparations from both normal and tumour-bearing rats. 4. The ability of recombined 60 S and 40 S subunits prepared from polysomes of tumour-bearing rats to carry out poly(U)-directed polyphenylalanine synthesis was much reduced when assayed over a wide range of magnesium concentrations. Cross-over experiments with subunits from normal and tumour-bearing animals suggested that this was due to a defect in the smaller ribosomal subunit.", "contents": "Muscle protein biosynthesis in the tumour-bearing rat.  A defect in a post-initiation stage of translation. 1. The decreased ability of polysomes isolated from the gastrocnemius of rats bearing the Walker 256 carcinoma to incorporate L-[14C]leucine into protein persisted in the presence of 5-10-5 M aurin tricarboxylic acid and 1-10-2 M NaF. 2. Poly(U)-directed phenylalanine incorporation by such polysome preparations was less than that of similar preparations from normal rats. 3. The ability of gastrocnemius polysomes from tumour-bearing rats to react with puromycin was markedly decreased. Cycloheximide inhibited peptidyl puromycin formation by polysome preparations from both normal and tumour-bearing rats. 4. The ability of recombined 60 S and 40 S subunits prepared from polysomes of tumour-bearing rats to carry out poly(U)-directed polyphenylalanine synthesis was much reduced when assayed over a wide range of magnesium concentrations. Cross-over experiments with subunits from normal and tumour-bearing animals suggested that this was due to a defect in the smaller ribosomal subunit.", "PMID": 1125227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8954", "title": "The control of protein synthesis during the stimulation of lymphocytes by phytohaemagglutinin. III. Poly(U) translation and the rate of polypeptide chain elongation.", "content": "1. Cell-free systems from phytohaemagglutinin-stimulated pig lymphocytes are much more active in both endogenous protein synthesis and the translation of poly(U) than those from unstimulated lymphocytes. 2. Addition of tRNA stimulates the translation of poly(U) and greatly reduces the difference between systems from stimulated and unstimulated lymphocytes. Endogenous protein synthesis is not increased by added tRNA. 3. Systems from stimulated lymphocytes have an increased capacity to form aminoacyl-tRNA with several different amino acids. This reaction is limited by the amount of tRNA present in the cell-free system. 4. The rate of polypeptide elongation is not affected by lymphocyte stimulation. The increased rate of protein synthesis must therefore be due to an increase in the frequency of initiation of the synthesis of protein molecules.", "contents": "The control of protein synthesis during the stimulation of lymphocytes by phytohaemagglutinin. III. Poly(U) translation and the rate of polypeptide chain elongation. 1. Cell-free systems from phytohaemagglutinin-stimulated pig lymphocytes are much more active in both endogenous protein synthesis and the translation of poly(U) than those from unstimulated lymphocytes. 2. Addition of tRNA stimulates the translation of poly(U) and greatly reduces the difference between systems from stimulated and unstimulated lymphocytes. Endogenous protein synthesis is not increased by added tRNA. 3. Systems from stimulated lymphocytes have an increased capacity to form aminoacyl-tRNA with several different amino acids. This reaction is limited by the amount of tRNA present in the cell-free system. 4. The rate of polypeptide elongation is not affected by lymphocyte stimulation. The increased rate of protein synthesis must therefore be due to an increase in the frequency of initiation of the synthesis of protein molecules.", "PMID": 1125228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8955", "title": "Synthesis of alpha- and beta-globin directed by messenger ribonucleoprotein from rabbit reticulocytes.", "content": "The translation of globin messenger ribonucleoprotein (mRNP) obtained from high salt-washed rabbit reticulocyte ribosomes by treatment with EDTA was investigated using a cell-free system from mouse Krebs II ascites tumour cells. The messenger activity of the mRNP and the mRNA derived from it by mild deproteinization was compared in the presence and absence of reticulocyte initiation factors. Both forms gave identical products over a wide range of messenger concentration and there was no qualitative or quantitative difference in their efficiency as messengers. It is concluded that the proteins associated with polysomal mRNA do not alter the specificity of translation of alpha- and beta-globin messengers or the requirement for initiation factor.", "contents": "Synthesis of alpha- and beta-globin directed by messenger ribonucleoprotein from rabbit reticulocytes. The translation of globin messenger ribonucleoprotein (mRNP) obtained from high salt-washed rabbit reticulocyte ribosomes by treatment with EDTA was investigated using a cell-free system from mouse Krebs II ascites tumour cells. The messenger activity of the mRNP and the mRNA derived from it by mild deproteinization was compared in the presence and absence of reticulocyte initiation factors. Both forms gave identical products over a wide range of messenger concentration and there was no qualitative or quantitative difference in their efficiency as messengers. It is concluded that the proteins associated with polysomal mRNA do not alter the specificity of translation of alpha- and beta-globin messengers or the requirement for initiation factor.", "PMID": 1125229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8956", "title": "Inhibition of macromolecular synthesis in L1210 mouse leukemia ascites cells by hycanthone.", "content": "Hycanthone inhibits macromolecular synthesis in L1210 cells. At the same concentrations of hycanthone, DNA synthesis is inhibited to a greater extent than the synthesis of RNA. There is an inhibition by the drug of the synthesis of ribosomal precursor RNA; the synthesis of other types of RNA including heterogeneous and small-molecular-weight, also appears to be inhibited. Maturation of 45-S RNA does not seem to be affected, and there is a partial reversal of inhibition of both DNA and RNA synthesis by washing the cells free of hycanthone.", "contents": "Inhibition of macromolecular synthesis in L1210 mouse leukemia ascites cells by hycanthone. Hycanthone inhibits macromolecular synthesis in L1210 cells. At the same concentrations of hycanthone, DNA synthesis is inhibited to a greater extent than the synthesis of RNA. There is an inhibition by the drug of the synthesis of ribosomal precursor RNA; the synthesis of other types of RNA including heterogeneous and small-molecular-weight, also appears to be inhibited. Maturation of 45-S RNA does not seem to be affected, and there is a partial reversal of inhibition of both DNA and RNA synthesis by washing the cells free of hycanthone.", "PMID": 1125230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8957", "title": "Deoxyribonucleic acid-dependent ribonucleic acid polymerases from spleen of uninfected and Rauscher murine leukemia virus-infected NIH Swiss mice.?", "content": "The RNA polymerase activities from the nuclei of the spleen of uninfected and Rauscher murine leukemia virus-infected NIH Swiss mice were resolved by DEAE-cellulose column chromatography, and their properties were compared. The RNA polymerase activities from infected and uninfected spleens were the same with respect to column elution profiles, optimum requirements for various salts, ratios of activities with Mn2+ and Mg2+, sedimentation values, and response to most templates. With the exception of minor differences in activities with certain DNA templates, the significance of which is not clear, no qualitative differences in the enzymes from these two sources were found, but an increase in the specific activity of the alpha-amanitin sensitive enzyme, RNA polymerase II, was found in the leukemic spleen. These preliminary results suggest that there may be no novel RNA polymerase induced by Rauscher murine luekemia virus-infection, and they are in keeping with the interpretation that the viral DNA genome is transcribed by a host RNA polymerase.", "contents": "Deoxyribonucleic acid-dependent ribonucleic acid polymerases from spleen of uninfected and Rauscher murine leukemia virus-infected NIH Swiss mice.? The RNA polymerase activities from the nuclei of the spleen of uninfected and Rauscher murine leukemia virus-infected NIH Swiss mice were resolved by DEAE-cellulose column chromatography, and their properties were compared. The RNA polymerase activities from infected and uninfected spleens were the same with respect to column elution profiles, optimum requirements for various salts, ratios of activities with Mn2+ and Mg2+, sedimentation values, and response to most templates. With the exception of minor differences in activities with certain DNA templates, the significance of which is not clear, no qualitative differences in the enzymes from these two sources were found, but an increase in the specific activity of the alpha-amanitin sensitive enzyme, RNA polymerase II, was found in the leukemic spleen. These preliminary results suggest that there may be no novel RNA polymerase induced by Rauscher murine luekemia virus-infection, and they are in keeping with the interpretation that the viral DNA genome is transcribed by a host RNA polymerase.", "PMID": 1125231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8958", "title": "DNA-dependent DNA polymerase activities from Paramecia macronuclei.", "content": "Three DNA-dependent DNA polymerase activities, A, B, and C, have been detected from the macronucleus of Paramecium. The enzymes were separated and partially purified by DEAE-cellulose and phosphocellulose chromatography. These three enzymes can be further distinguished from each other by the effect of KCl, araCTP and different DNA templates on their activities. All three enzymes have the same molecular weight (900 000-110 000), are dependent on Mg2+ and added DNA template and are inhibited by sodium pyrophosphate. The relative amounts of the three enzyme activities vary with the growth stage of the Paramecia from which they are isolated. In balanced growth, three polymerase activities (A, B AND C) are observed, whereas in late log or stationary phase polymerase C is absent, while the level of polymerase B decreases by a larger factor than polymerase A. These results have been related to the possible functional roles of the three activities and their relationship to activities in other organisms studies is discussed.", "contents": "DNA-dependent DNA polymerase activities from Paramecia macronuclei. Three DNA-dependent DNA polymerase activities, A, B, and C, have been detected from the macronucleus of Paramecium. The enzymes were separated and partially purified by DEAE-cellulose and phosphocellulose chromatography. These three enzymes can be further distinguished from each other by the effect of KCl, araCTP and different DNA templates on their activities. All three enzymes have the same molecular weight (900 000-110 000), are dependent on Mg2+ and added DNA template and are inhibited by sodium pyrophosphate. The relative amounts of the three enzyme activities vary with the growth stage of the Paramecia from which they are isolated. In balanced growth, three polymerase activities (A, B AND C) are observed, whereas in late log or stationary phase polymerase C is absent, while the level of polymerase B decreases by a larger factor than polymerase A. These results have been related to the possible functional roles of the three activities and their relationship to activities in other organisms studies is discussed.", "PMID": 1125232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8959", "title": "Circular dichroism and fluorescence studies on potato virus X and its structural components.", "content": "Circular dichroism (DC) measurements of the coat protein subunits of potato virus X show that native subunits that can reassemble with RNA to form infectious virus particles have appreciable alpha-helical structure. The CD of intact potato virus X was less intense below and more intense above 250 nm, and the maxima and minima were at longer wavelengths, than those of a CD spectrum computed from the individual contributions of the coat protein and RNA. The differences between the measured and computed spectra below 250 nm were attributed to the effects of differential light scattering and absorption flattening on measurements of the virus particle CD. The differences at longer wavelengths, were the CD contribution of the nucleic acid predominates, probably reflect the difference between a base-paired conformation of the RNA in solution and the more rigid single-stranded conformation imposed by the structure of the virus. The CD evidence suggests that the tertiary structure and potato virus X coat protein subunits in solution and in intact virus particles is similar. Both CD and fluorescence emission results indicate differences between the tryptophan environment in dissociated protein subunits and that in intact virus. These are attributed to local differences in subunit conformation or to the occurrence of intersubunit interactions involving tryptophan in the intact virus.", "contents": "Circular dichroism and fluorescence studies on potato virus X and its structural components. Circular dichroism (DC) measurements of the coat protein subunits of potato virus X show that native subunits that can reassemble with RNA to form infectious virus particles have appreciable alpha-helical structure. The CD of intact potato virus X was less intense below and more intense above 250 nm, and the maxima and minima were at longer wavelengths, than those of a CD spectrum computed from the individual contributions of the coat protein and RNA. The differences between the measured and computed spectra below 250 nm were attributed to the effects of differential light scattering and absorption flattening on measurements of the virus particle CD. The differences at longer wavelengths, were the CD contribution of the nucleic acid predominates, probably reflect the difference between a base-paired conformation of the RNA in solution and the more rigid single-stranded conformation imposed by the structure of the virus. The CD evidence suggests that the tertiary structure and potato virus X coat protein subunits in solution and in intact virus particles is similar. Both CD and fluorescence emission results indicate differences between the tryptophan environment in dissociated protein subunits and that in intact virus. These are attributed to local differences in subunit conformation or to the occurrence of intersubunit interactions involving tryptophan in the intact virus.", "PMID": 1125233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8960", "title": "Isolation of five active thyrotropin components from human pituitary gland.", "content": "A procedure is described for the isolation of human pituitary thyroid-stimulating hormone (thyrotropin). The starting material was a side-fraction provided by the earlier developed process for the purification of growth hormone from whole frozen pituitaries. This fraction was further purified by successive chromatography on Bio-Gel P-150, Bio-Gel HT hydroxyapatite, and SP-Sephadex C-50. The resulting preparation was obtained in yields of 10 mg/kg of pituitary tissue and had a thyrotropin potency of 11 units human Research Standard A/mg as measured by a specific radioimmunoassay. Contamination by other pituitary hormone activities was low. In the ultracentrifuge a single sedimenting boundary was registered with an s20,w value of 2.7 S. The molecular weight as determined by sedimentation-equilibrium experiments was 34 000 in phosphate buffer, pH 7.0, and 17 700 in 1 M propionic acid. This thyrotropin preparation was, however, electrophoretically heterogenous. Following preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis five different components associated with thyrotropin activity were isolated. Isolation on a preparative scale of electrophoretically homogeneous human thyrotropin has not earlier been reported. One of the thyrotropin components was characterized with respect to molecular weight and amino acid composition. The data were consistent with a molecular weight of 33 000 from sedimentation-equilibrium analysis at pH 7 and with 268 amino acid residues per molecule.", "contents": "Isolation of five active thyrotropin components from human pituitary gland. A procedure is described for the isolation of human pituitary thyroid-stimulating hormone (thyrotropin). The starting material was a side-fraction provided by the earlier developed process for the purification of growth hormone from whole frozen pituitaries. This fraction was further purified by successive chromatography on Bio-Gel P-150, Bio-Gel HT hydroxyapatite, and SP-Sephadex C-50. The resulting preparation was obtained in yields of 10 mg/kg of pituitary tissue and had a thyrotropin potency of 11 units human Research Standard A/mg as measured by a specific radioimmunoassay. Contamination by other pituitary hormone activities was low. In the ultracentrifuge a single sedimenting boundary was registered with an s20,w value of 2.7 S. The molecular weight as determined by sedimentation-equilibrium experiments was 34 000 in phosphate buffer, pH 7.0, and 17 700 in 1 M propionic acid. This thyrotropin preparation was, however, electrophoretically heterogenous. Following preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis five different components associated with thyrotropin activity were isolated. Isolation on a preparative scale of electrophoretically homogeneous human thyrotropin has not earlier been reported. One of the thyrotropin components was characterized with respect to molecular weight and amino acid composition. The data were consistent with a molecular weight of 33 000 from sedimentation-equilibrium analysis at pH 7 and with 268 amino acid residues per molecule.", "PMID": 1125234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8961", "title": "Electron diffraction study of hydrated phospholipid single bilayers. Effects of temperature hydration and surface pressure of the \"precursor\" monolayer.", "content": "The molecular packing and phase transition of hydrated dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine single bilayers are studied by electron diffraction, using an electron microscope equipped with a hydration stage. The phase transition and area per molecule are measured as functions of temperature, hydration and the surface pressure of the monolayer from which the bilayer is formed. The transition temperature of a bilayer agrees with calorimetric measurements on bulk lipid/water mixtures. The molecular packing of a bilayer corresponds to that of the precursor monolyer at a surface pressure of 47 dyne/cm.", "contents": "Electron diffraction study of hydrated phospholipid single bilayers. Effects of temperature hydration and surface pressure of the \"precursor\" monolayer. The molecular packing and phase transition of hydrated dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine single bilayers are studied by electron diffraction, using an electron microscope equipped with a hydration stage. The phase transition and area per molecule are measured as functions of temperature, hydration and the surface pressure of the monolayer from which the bilayer is formed. The transition temperature of a bilayer agrees with calorimetric measurements on bulk lipid/water mixtures. The molecular packing of a bilayer corresponds to that of the precursor monolyer at a surface pressure of 47 dyne/cm.", "PMID": 1125235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8962", "title": "Light scattering spectroscopy of the squid axon membrane.", "content": "Light scattering studies on the giant squid axon were done using the technique of optical mixing spectroscopy. This experimental approach is based on the use of laser light to detect the fluctuations of membrane macromolecules which are associated with conductance fluctuations. The light scattering spectra were similar to the Lorentzian-like behavior of conductance fluctuations, possibly reflecting an underlying conformational change in the specific membrane sites responsible for the potassium ion conductance. The amplitude of the spectra measured, increased when the membrane was depolarized and decreased on hyperpolarization. The spectra were fit to the sum of two terms, a (1/f component and a simple Lorentzian term. Spectra from deteriorating axons did not show sensitivity to membrane potential changes. It is shown theoretically that fluctuations due to the voltage-dependent variable, n, of the Hodgkin-Huxley formalism are identical to the voltage fluctuations. The derived power spectrum is that of a second order system, capable of showing resonance peaking only if the voltage dependence of the potassium rate of constants is included in the analysis. The lack of resonance peaking in the observed light scattering spectra, indicates that the data are best described by a damped second order system.", "contents": "Light scattering spectroscopy of the squid axon membrane. Light scattering studies on the giant squid axon were done using the technique of optical mixing spectroscopy. This experimental approach is based on the use of laser light to detect the fluctuations of membrane macromolecules which are associated with conductance fluctuations. The light scattering spectra were similar to the Lorentzian-like behavior of conductance fluctuations, possibly reflecting an underlying conformational change in the specific membrane sites responsible for the potassium ion conductance. The amplitude of the spectra measured, increased when the membrane was depolarized and decreased on hyperpolarization. The spectra were fit to the sum of two terms, a (1/f component and a simple Lorentzian term. Spectra from deteriorating axons did not show sensitivity to membrane potential changes. It is shown theoretically that fluctuations due to the voltage-dependent variable, n, of the Hodgkin-Huxley formalism are identical to the voltage fluctuations. The derived power spectrum is that of a second order system, capable of showing resonance peaking only if the voltage dependence of the potassium rate of constants is included in the analysis. The lack of resonance peaking in the observed light scattering spectra, indicates that the data are best described by a damped second order system.", "PMID": 1125236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8963", "title": "Concanavalin A-reactive protein of rabbit thymocyte plasma membranes: analysis by crossed immune electrophoresis and sodium dodecylsulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.", "content": "1. Thymocyte plasma membrane extracts, prepared with the non-ionic detergent Triton X-100, show 10 major protein components upon sodium dodecysulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and at least 11 immunologic components upon crossed immune electrophoresis. 2. Concanavalin A reactive membrane proteins have been identified using crossed immune electrophoresis with receptor-ligand interaction. 3. These proteins are absorbed from Triton X-100-solubilized membranes onto immobilized concanavalin A. They are eluted in stepwise fashion, using increasing concentrations of alpha-methyl-d-glucoside, between 0.0004 M and 0.1 M. The predominant proteins eluted in each step are components with high electrophoretic mobility in crossed immune electrophoresis and are identical with a glycosylated component in sodium dodecysulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with molecular weight of 55 000. 4. This component forms multimers in the presence of Triton X-100 which are not totally dissociated in sodium dodecylsulfate. 5. Neuramidase treatment followed by crossed immune electrophoresis of total plasma membrane isolates, as well as the purified glycoprotein fraction, indicates that the concanavalin A-reactive proteins are sialoglycoproteins. 6. Sodium dodecylsulfate component 5.1 comprises at least two different populations of glycoproteins (6 and 9) in crossed immune electrophoresis, one of which exclusively exhibits heterogenous carbohydrate antigenic sites (component 9). 7. Present data, taken together with previously published experiments, indicate that concanavalin A binding to intact thymocytes induces an increased turnover and release of the receptor protein(s).", "contents": "Concanavalin A-reactive protein of rabbit thymocyte plasma membranes: analysis by crossed immune electrophoresis and sodium dodecylsulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. 1. Thymocyte plasma membrane extracts, prepared with the non-ionic detergent Triton X-100, show 10 major protein components upon sodium dodecysulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and at least 11 immunologic components upon crossed immune electrophoresis. 2. Concanavalin A reactive membrane proteins have been identified using crossed immune electrophoresis with receptor-ligand interaction. 3. These proteins are absorbed from Triton X-100-solubilized membranes onto immobilized concanavalin A. They are eluted in stepwise fashion, using increasing concentrations of alpha-methyl-d-glucoside, between 0.0004 M and 0.1 M. The predominant proteins eluted in each step are components with high electrophoretic mobility in crossed immune electrophoresis and are identical with a glycosylated component in sodium dodecysulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with molecular weight of 55 000. 4. This component forms multimers in the presence of Triton X-100 which are not totally dissociated in sodium dodecylsulfate. 5. Neuramidase treatment followed by crossed immune electrophoresis of total plasma membrane isolates, as well as the purified glycoprotein fraction, indicates that the concanavalin A-reactive proteins are sialoglycoproteins. 6. Sodium dodecylsulfate component 5.1 comprises at least two different populations of glycoproteins (6 and 9) in crossed immune electrophoresis, one of which exclusively exhibits heterogenous carbohydrate antigenic sites (component 9). 7. Present data, taken together with previously published experiments, indicate that concanavalin A binding to intact thymocytes induces an increased turnover and release of the receptor protein(s).", "PMID": 1125237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8964", "title": "Zero-trans and infinite-cis uptake of galactose in human erythrocytes.", "content": "1. The zero-trans and infinite-cis uptake of galactose into human erythrocytes was measured as a function of galactose concentration at 20 degrees C. 2. A special procedure, the \"cis-trans test\" has been developed to determine the directionality of an asymmetric transport carrier. 3. Using the \"cis-trans test\" and results obtained by phloretin inhibition, could show the existance of two sites mediating galactose uptake. The kinetic parameters of the high affinity site are K1 equals 11 mM; V1 equals 16 mmol - cell unit-1-min-1 and of the low affinity site: K2 equals 286 mM; V2 equals 21 mmol-cell unit-2-min-1. 4. The infinite-cis Km, using an intergrated rate equation treatment was 21 mM and that found by a direct preloading procedure was 25 mM. The existence of a high affnity site at the inner side of the membrane was thus confirmed.", "contents": "Zero-trans and infinite-cis uptake of galactose in human erythrocytes. 1. The zero-trans and infinite-cis uptake of galactose into human erythrocytes was measured as a function of galactose concentration at 20 degrees C. 2. A special procedure, the \"cis-trans test\" has been developed to determine the directionality of an asymmetric transport carrier. 3. Using the \"cis-trans test\" and results obtained by phloretin inhibition, could show the existance of two sites mediating galactose uptake. The kinetic parameters of the high affinity site are K1 equals 11 mM; V1 equals 16 mmol - cell unit-1-min-1 and of the low affinity site: K2 equals 286 mM; V2 equals 21 mmol-cell unit-2-min-1. 4. The infinite-cis Km, using an intergrated rate equation treatment was 21 mM and that found by a direct preloading procedure was 25 mM. The existence of a high affnity site at the inner side of the membrane was thus confirmed.", "PMID": 1125238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8965", "title": "Zero-trans and equilibrium-exchange efflux and infinite-trans uptake of galactose by human erythrocytes.", "content": "1. The zero-trans and equilibrium exchange efflux and the infinite-trans uptake of galactose in human erythrocytes were measured as a function of galactose concentration at 20 %. 2. The zero-trans procedure with cells loaded with 285 mM galactose revealed a low affinity site for galactose transport at the inner face of the membrane having a maximal velocity of 255 plus or minus 96 mmol/l isotonic cell water and Km equals 240 plus or minus 57, the V/K ratio being 1.01 plus or minus 0.04 min-1.  3. The equibirum-exchange procedure yielded a maximal velocity of 432 plus or minus 44 mmol/cell unit per min and K equals 138 plus or minus 57, the  V/K ratio being3.19 plus or minus 0.52 min-1. 4. The infinite-trans uptake revealed a high affinity site at the outer face of the membrane having a maximal velocity of 239 plus or minus 11 mmol/cell unit per min, and K equals 21 plus or minus 2 mM. 5. These results combined with previous findings (Ginsburg, H. and Stein, W. D. (1975) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 000, 000-000) force us to reject the following models for sugar transport in human erythrocytes: a single asymmetric carrier; two symmetric carriers in parallel, the original form of the internal transfer model.", "contents": "Zero-trans and equilibrium-exchange efflux and infinite-trans uptake of galactose by human erythrocytes. 1. The zero-trans and equilibrium exchange efflux and the infinite-trans uptake of galactose in human erythrocytes were measured as a function of galactose concentration at 20 %. 2. The zero-trans procedure with cells loaded with 285 mM galactose revealed a low affinity site for galactose transport at the inner face of the membrane having a maximal velocity of 255 plus or minus 96 mmol/l isotonic cell water and Km equals 240 plus or minus 57, the V/K ratio being 1.01 plus or minus 0.04 min-1.  3. The equibirum-exchange procedure yielded a maximal velocity of 432 plus or minus 44 mmol/cell unit per min and K equals 138 plus or minus 57, the  V/K ratio being3.19 plus or minus 0.52 min-1. 4. The infinite-trans uptake revealed a high affinity site at the outer face of the membrane having a maximal velocity of 239 plus or minus 11 mmol/cell unit per min, and K equals 21 plus or minus 2 mM. 5. These results combined with previous findings (Ginsburg, H. and Stein, W. D. (1975) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 000, 000-000) force us to reject the following models for sugar transport in human erythrocytes: a single asymmetric carrier; two symmetric carriers in parallel, the original form of the internal transfer model.", "PMID": 1125239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8966", "title": "Kinetics of blood-brain transport of hexoses.", "content": "1. The kinetics of transport of glucose and four other hexoses through the blood-brain barrier were studied with a tritiated-water reference technique in the anesthetized rat. Brain clearance of [14-C]hexose was measured 15 s after a single injection of the hexose and 3-HOH reference into the common carotid artery. 2. Saturation of brain clearance of [14-C]hexose conformed to Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Linear transformation of the uptake data yielded the Km of carrier-mediated hexose transport: 2-deoxy-D-glucose 6 mM, D-glucose 9mM, 3-O-methyl-D-glucose and D-galactose 40 mM. A maximum transport velocity of 1.56 mumol/g per min was calculated and shown to be constant for all five hexoses. 3. The kinetics of 3-HOH and 3-0-methyl-D-[14-C]glucose efflux from brain to blood were studied with a modification of the water reference technique. An estimate of cerebral blood flow, 0.56 ml/g per min, was made from the efflux rate constant for 3-HOH, 0.61 min-1. The fractional extraction of 3-0-methyl-D-[14C]glucose uptake from blood was estimated from the efflux rate constant, 0.22 min-1, for this sugar and found to be 0.25. This value approximated the fractional extraction of 3-0-methyl-D-[14-C]glucose uptake that was determined from influx studies (0.24). These results indicated that the bidirectional movement of glucose across the blood brain barrier was symmetrical, which suggested that barrier sugar transport is equilibrative and not active. 4. Blood-brain barrier sugar transport was shown to be reversibly inhibited by phloretin, yet no modulation of transport was demonstrable after 2 or 8 days of starvation. Finally, regional analysis (olfactory bulb, caudate-putamen nucleus, thalamus-hypothalamus, and inferior-superior colliculi) demonstrated that, in addition to blood-brain barrier permeability, brain clearance of glucose was a function of cerebral blood flow.", "contents": "Kinetics of blood-brain transport of hexoses. 1. The kinetics of transport of glucose and four other hexoses through the blood-brain barrier were studied with a tritiated-water reference technique in the anesthetized rat. Brain clearance of [14-C]hexose was measured 15 s after a single injection of the hexose and 3-HOH reference into the common carotid artery. 2. Saturation of brain clearance of [14-C]hexose conformed to Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Linear transformation of the uptake data yielded the Km of carrier-mediated hexose transport: 2-deoxy-D-glucose 6 mM, D-glucose 9mM, 3-O-methyl-D-glucose and D-galactose 40 mM. A maximum transport velocity of 1.56 mumol/g per min was calculated and shown to be constant for all five hexoses. 3. The kinetics of 3-HOH and 3-0-methyl-D-[14-C]glucose efflux from brain to blood were studied with a modification of the water reference technique. An estimate of cerebral blood flow, 0.56 ml/g per min, was made from the efflux rate constant for 3-HOH, 0.61 min-1. The fractional extraction of 3-0-methyl-D-[14C]glucose uptake from blood was estimated from the efflux rate constant, 0.22 min-1, for this sugar and found to be 0.25. This value approximated the fractional extraction of 3-0-methyl-D-[14-C]glucose uptake that was determined from influx studies (0.24). These results indicated that the bidirectional movement of glucose across the blood brain barrier was symmetrical, which suggested that barrier sugar transport is equilibrative and not active. 4. Blood-brain barrier sugar transport was shown to be reversibly inhibited by phloretin, yet no modulation of transport was demonstrable after 2 or 8 days of starvation. Finally, regional analysis (olfactory bulb, caudate-putamen nucleus, thalamus-hypothalamus, and inferior-superior colliculi) demonstrated that, in addition to blood-brain barrier permeability, brain clearance of glucose was a function of cerebral blood flow.", "PMID": 1125240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8967", "title": "Amino acid accumulation in frog muscle. II. Are cycloleucine fluxes consistent with an adsorption model for concentrative uptake of amino acid?", "content": "Cycloleucine accumulation by frog muscle was studied at 0 degrees C and 25 degrees C. At external concentrations less than 5 mM the distribution ratio of cycloleucine is higher at 0 degrees C. At concentrations greater than 5 mM the converse is true due to apparent exclusion of cycloleucine from a larger portion of the cell water at 0 degrees C than at 25 degrees C. The steady state data are consistent with an adsorption model for amino acid accumulation. Flux studies provide a means to rule out this model if all the possible rate-limiting steps in the movement of amino acid into and out of the cell are considered. These steps include intra-cytoplasmic diffusion, desorption from cytoplasmic or membrane sites and passage through the cell membrane. The assumption is made that the rate-limiting step for influx and efflux is the same, allowing the use of either influx or efflux data to examine the model. Diffusion-limited flux is ruled out on the basis of \"influx profile analysis\" of the time course of cycloleucine entry at both 0 degrees C and 25 degrees C. At least 95% of all intracellular cycloleucine leaves frog muscle cells with a single exponential time course at both 0 degrees C and 25 degrees C. The rate constant of efflux does not vary with cellular concentration. These findings are shown to be incompatible with desorption-limited efflux. They are compatible with membrane-limited efflux only if (i) adsorption sites are located on membranes with direct access to the extracellular space and (ii) the rate constant for desorption is equal to the rate constant of membrane-limited efflux of free amino acid. It is considered unlikely that such a coincidence would occur at both 0 degrees C and 25 degrees C. Therefore, an adsorption model for cycloleucine accumulation in frog muscle appears to be untenable.", "contents": "Amino acid accumulation in frog muscle. II. Are cycloleucine fluxes consistent with an adsorption model for concentrative uptake of amino acid? Cycloleucine accumulation by frog muscle was studied at 0 degrees C and 25 degrees C. At external concentrations less than 5 mM the distribution ratio of cycloleucine is higher at 0 degrees C. At concentrations greater than 5 mM the converse is true due to apparent exclusion of cycloleucine from a larger portion of the cell water at 0 degrees C than at 25 degrees C. The steady state data are consistent with an adsorption model for amino acid accumulation. Flux studies provide a means to rule out this model if all the possible rate-limiting steps in the movement of amino acid into and out of the cell are considered. These steps include intra-cytoplasmic diffusion, desorption from cytoplasmic or membrane sites and passage through the cell membrane. The assumption is made that the rate-limiting step for influx and efflux is the same, allowing the use of either influx or efflux data to examine the model. Diffusion-limited flux is ruled out on the basis of \"influx profile analysis\" of the time course of cycloleucine entry at both 0 degrees C and 25 degrees C. At least 95% of all intracellular cycloleucine leaves frog muscle cells with a single exponential time course at both 0 degrees C and 25 degrees C. The rate constant of efflux does not vary with cellular concentration. These findings are shown to be incompatible with desorption-limited efflux. They are compatible with membrane-limited efflux only if (i) adsorption sites are located on membranes with direct access to the extracellular space and (ii) the rate constant for desorption is equal to the rate constant of membrane-limited efflux of free amino acid. It is considered unlikely that such a coincidence would occur at both 0 degrees C and 25 degrees C. Therefore, an adsorption model for cycloleucine accumulation in frog muscle appears to be untenable.", "PMID": 1125241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8968", "title": "Dielectric breakdown in the membranes of Valonia utricularis. The role of energy dissipation.", "content": "The electrical properties of the membranes of Valonia utricularis were investigated using intracellular electrodes. Using short (0.5-1.0 ms) current pulses it was found that at a critical membrane potential difference of 0.85 V there was a large and discontinuous decrease in the membrane impedance and the slope resistance beyond this potential was virtually zero. The electrical breakdown of the membranes did not lead to global damage of the cells and after a resealing time of approx. 5 s could be repeated with identical results. Experiments with long current pulses and long bursts of pulses repeated at 1 kHz are described which show that the electrical breakdown is not due to thermal damage arising from localized heating in the membrane. Thus a dissipation of some 10-3-10-5 times the energy normally dissipated during the onset of breakdown did not lead to breakdown itself unless the critical membrane potential was exceeded. The results also show that punch-through and avalanche ionization are not likely to be important in the breakdown mechanism. The results are consistent, however, with there being a critical instability in the electro-mechanical stresses set up in the membrane at large electric field strengths.", "contents": "Dielectric breakdown in the membranes of Valonia utricularis. The role of energy dissipation. The electrical properties of the membranes of Valonia utricularis were investigated using intracellular electrodes. Using short (0.5-1.0 ms) current pulses it was found that at a critical membrane potential difference of 0.85 V there was a large and discontinuous decrease in the membrane impedance and the slope resistance beyond this potential was virtually zero. The electrical breakdown of the membranes did not lead to global damage of the cells and after a resealing time of approx. 5 s could be repeated with identical results. Experiments with long current pulses and long bursts of pulses repeated at 1 kHz are described which show that the electrical breakdown is not due to thermal damage arising from localized heating in the membrane. Thus a dissipation of some 10-3-10-5 times the energy normally dissipated during the onset of breakdown did not lead to breakdown itself unless the critical membrane potential was exceeded. The results also show that punch-through and avalanche ionization are not likely to be important in the breakdown mechanism. The results are consistent, however, with there being a critical instability in the electro-mechanical stresses set up in the membrane at large electric field strengths.", "PMID": 1125242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8969", "title": "On the molecular nature of chloroplast thylakoid membranes.", "content": "Envelope- and stroma-free thylakoid membranes of Vicia faba chloroplasts were disintegrated and the electrophoretic behavior of the components studied with special regard to the pigment-protein complexes. The process of denaturation of the complexes was found to differ with respect to the other protein components. As the result of denaturation, the pigment-free protein moieties exhibit altered electrophoretic mobilities in relation to the intact complexes mainly conditioned by two processes contrary in their action, i.e. increase of change and change of the hydrodynamic properties. Exhaustive extraction of the thylakoid membranes with 6 M guanidine - HCl removes the proteins mainly associated by polar and weak hydrophobic interactions. The insoluble residue quantitatively exhibits the pigment-protein complexes including their denatured protein moieties, two extrinsic hydrophobic proteins as well as some protein traces. Electron-microscopic studies demonstrate the material still to have a high degree of order and preserved basic structure. After removing the lipids from the basic membrane, large amounts of the protein moeity of Complex II become soluble in guanidine -HCl. Since all other lamellar proteins are removable either by quanidine -HCl extraction or by trypsin digestion it is assumed the basic membrane of thylakoid to consist only of the pigment-protein complexes embedded into the lipid matrix.", "contents": "On the molecular nature of chloroplast thylakoid membranes. Envelope- and stroma-free thylakoid membranes of Vicia faba chloroplasts were disintegrated and the electrophoretic behavior of the components studied with special regard to the pigment-protein complexes. The process of denaturation of the complexes was found to differ with respect to the other protein components. As the result of denaturation, the pigment-free protein moieties exhibit altered electrophoretic mobilities in relation to the intact complexes mainly conditioned by two processes contrary in their action, i.e. increase of change and change of the hydrodynamic properties. Exhaustive extraction of the thylakoid membranes with 6 M guanidine - HCl removes the proteins mainly associated by polar and weak hydrophobic interactions. The insoluble residue quantitatively exhibits the pigment-protein complexes including their denatured protein moieties, two extrinsic hydrophobic proteins as well as some protein traces. Electron-microscopic studies demonstrate the material still to have a high degree of order and preserved basic structure. After removing the lipids from the basic membrane, large amounts of the protein moeity of Complex II become soluble in guanidine -HCl. Since all other lamellar proteins are removable either by quanidine -HCl extraction or by trypsin digestion it is assumed the basic membrane of thylakoid to consist only of the pigment-protein complexes embedded into the lipid matrix.", "PMID": 1125243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8970", "title": "(Ca-2+ + Mg-2+)-Activated ATPase in the plasma membrane mouse liver cells.", "content": "1. Purified plasma membranes from dissociated adult mouse liver cells posses a (Ca-2+ + Mg-2+)-stimulated ATPase (EC 3.6.1.3) activity. 2. Enzyme activity is at a maximum with the addition of 0.3 mM Ca-2+ and 3 mM Mg-2+. 3. Using medium devoid of alkali metal ions (Ca-2+ + Mg-2+)-ATPase enzyme activity was observed with Km1 = 0.35 - 10-3 M at a substrate concentration of 1 mM or less and an apparent Km2 = 0.88 - 10-3 M at higher substrate concentrations. 4. In the presence of Na+ and 4 mM ATP, an increase in activity was seen, suggesting the presence of a (Ca-2+ + Mg-2+ + Na+)-activated ATPase. 5. In the presence of both Na+ and K+ the (Ca-2+ + Mg-2+)-dependent enzyme activity was further increased, indicating that a (Ca-2+ +Mg-2+ + K+)-stimulated ATPase may also be present.", "contents": "(Ca-2+ + Mg-2+)-Activated ATPase in the plasma membrane mouse liver cells. 1. Purified plasma membranes from dissociated adult mouse liver cells posses a (Ca-2+ + Mg-2+)-stimulated ATPase (EC 3.6.1.3) activity. 2. Enzyme activity is at a maximum with the addition of 0.3 mM Ca-2+ and 3 mM Mg-2+. 3. Using medium devoid of alkali metal ions (Ca-2+ + Mg-2+)-ATPase enzyme activity was observed with Km1 = 0.35 - 10-3 M at a substrate concentration of 1 mM or less and an apparent Km2 = 0.88 - 10-3 M at higher substrate concentrations. 4. In the presence of Na+ and 4 mM ATP, an increase in activity was seen, suggesting the presence of a (Ca-2+ + Mg-2+ + Na+)-activated ATPase. 5. In the presence of both Na+ and K+ the (Ca-2+ + Mg-2+)-dependent enzyme activity was further increased, indicating that a (Ca-2+ +Mg-2+ + K+)-stimulated ATPase may also be present.", "PMID": 1125244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8971", "title": "The proteins of the content of the secretory granules of the rat parotid gland.", "content": "The proteins of the secretory granules of the rat parotid gland were characterized by sodium dodecylsulfate gel electrophoresis, by chromatography of [3-H]proline-labeled proteins on DEAE-cellulose and by amino acid analysis. Sodium dodecylsulfate gel electrophoresis of the secretory granule content showed five principal proteins and a limited number of minor components. Only two of the principal bands could be identified as known secretory enzymes of the parotid gland. One was identified as the alpha-amylase and one as deoxyribonuclease. Peroxidase and ribonuclease form minor portions of the secretory proteins. The other three major proteins constitute, together, about 60% by weight, of the secretory granule content proteins. Of these, one which represents more than 30% of the total granule protein was found to contain uniquely high amounts of leucine residues (21 mole%). Another one of these principal proteins was relatively rich in cysteine residues (7 mole%). The fifth principal protein was found to contain high amounts of proline (28 mole%) glutamic acid (17 mole%) and glycine (18 mole%) residues. Its amino acid composition was very similar to that of the proline-se granules. This protein, however, differed from the \"membranous\" proline-rich proteins by several criteria. Two minor glycoproteins of the secretory granule content were also found to be rich in proline residues (37 mole%). As with the other proline-rich proteins of the granule, they contained no sulphur-containing amino acids, stained faintly pink with Coomassie Blue and were underestimated by the Lowry method. They differ however, from all the other proline-rich proteins of the granule by having a significantly higher content of threonine, less glycine (9 mole%) and much less glutamic acid (3 mole%). Of the principal proteins, only the deoxyribonuclease and the half-cystine-rich proteins were positively stained by periodic acid Schiff staining. The possible functions of the leucine-rich, the half cystine-rich and the various proline-rich proteins are discussed.", "contents": "The proteins of the content of the secretory granules of the rat parotid gland. The proteins of the secretory granules of the rat parotid gland were characterized by sodium dodecylsulfate gel electrophoresis, by chromatography of [3-H]proline-labeled proteins on DEAE-cellulose and by amino acid analysis. Sodium dodecylsulfate gel electrophoresis of the secretory granule content showed five principal proteins and a limited number of minor components. Only two of the principal bands could be identified as known secretory enzymes of the parotid gland. One was identified as the alpha-amylase and one as deoxyribonuclease. Peroxidase and ribonuclease form minor portions of the secretory proteins. The other three major proteins constitute, together, about 60% by weight, of the secretory granule content proteins. Of these, one which represents more than 30% of the total granule protein was found to contain uniquely high amounts of leucine residues (21 mole%). Another one of these principal proteins was relatively rich in cysteine residues (7 mole%). The fifth principal protein was found to contain high amounts of proline (28 mole%) glutamic acid (17 mole%) and glycine (18 mole%) residues. Its amino acid composition was very similar to that of the proline-se granules. This protein, however, differed from the \"membranous\" proline-rich proteins by several criteria. Two minor glycoproteins of the secretory granule content were also found to be rich in proline residues (37 mole%). As with the other proline-rich proteins of the granule, they contained no sulphur-containing amino acids, stained faintly pink with Coomassie Blue and were underestimated by the Lowry method. They differ however, from all the other proline-rich proteins of the granule by having a significantly higher content of threonine, less glycine (9 mole%) and much less glutamic acid (3 mole%). Of the principal proteins, only the deoxyribonuclease and the half-cystine-rich proteins were positively stained by periodic acid Schiff staining. The possible functions of the leucine-rich, the half cystine-rich and the various proline-rich proteins are discussed.", "PMID": 1125245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8972", "title": "An analysis of the D-glucose influx kinetics of in vitro hamster jejunum, based on considerations of the mass-transfer coefficient.", "content": "1. A study designed specifically to investigate the effects of unstirred layers on the apparent glucose-influx kinetics of hamster jejunum was conducted. 2. The apparent V was 12.81, 10.71, 9.75, 10.17 and 9.33 mumol/cm-2 - h while the apparent Km was 7.42, 3.95, 1.87, 0.93 and 0.5 mM, respectively, when the rate of shaking the incubation flasks was 40, 80, 120, 160 and 200 cycles/min. 3. Extrapolation of the slope and reciprocal intercept of Lineweaver-Burke plots of the data to infinite shaking rate is mathematically justified to yield the slope and intercept of a Lineweaver-Burk plot which is uncomplicated by unstirred layers. These extrapolations were found to have a regression coefficient = 1 when plotted as (intercept)-1 or slope = b0 + b1b-(shake)-2 where b = 2.764 for the slope plot and 6.626 for the (intercept)-1 plot. From the values of b0 one obtains a Km of 0.41 and a V 0f 0.35 which should represent the true kinetic parameters for glucose influx into this tissue under the experimental conditions employed. 4. Values of the theoretical flux expected on a basis of unstirred-layer thickness which was calculated from the relation Cb (for J = V/2) = Km + 0.5 V/Kd agreed with the experimental values of J in some instances but the 95% confidence interval of the theoretical and experimental values did not overlap in many instances at low shaking rates and low concentrations of glucose. 5. A factor theta representing the error between the theoretical and experimental values was found to fit the relationship 1n(theoretical J) = - 3.8 + 5.77 (1/theta) with a regression coefficient of 0.98 and was proposed to be due to one or more of the following parameters: (1) a villus tip to base gradient of transport (influx) activity; (2) a dependence of brush-border influx area on substrate concentration in the bulk incubation media; and (3) an end-product inhibition of the overall transport rate. 6. It is apparent from the data that the flux of glucose across the unstirred layer is ordinarily the rate-limiting step in the trans-brush-border transport of this sugar by hamster jejunum when less than saturating concentrations of glucose are used. At high shaking rates the contribution of the unstirred layer is reduced.", "contents": "An analysis of the D-glucose influx kinetics of in vitro hamster jejunum, based on considerations of the mass-transfer coefficient. 1. A study designed specifically to investigate the effects of unstirred layers on the apparent glucose-influx kinetics of hamster jejunum was conducted. 2. The apparent V was 12.81, 10.71, 9.75, 10.17 and 9.33 mumol/cm-2 - h while the apparent Km was 7.42, 3.95, 1.87, 0.93 and 0.5 mM, respectively, when the rate of shaking the incubation flasks was 40, 80, 120, 160 and 200 cycles/min. 3. Extrapolation of the slope and reciprocal intercept of Lineweaver-Burke plots of the data to infinite shaking rate is mathematically justified to yield the slope and intercept of a Lineweaver-Burk plot which is uncomplicated by unstirred layers. These extrapolations were found to have a regression coefficient = 1 when plotted as (intercept)-1 or slope = b0 + b1b-(shake)-2 where b = 2.764 for the slope plot and 6.626 for the (intercept)-1 plot. From the values of b0 one obtains a Km of 0.41 and a V 0f 0.35 which should represent the true kinetic parameters for glucose influx into this tissue under the experimental conditions employed. 4. Values of the theoretical flux expected on a basis of unstirred-layer thickness which was calculated from the relation Cb (for J = V/2) = Km + 0.5 V/Kd agreed with the experimental values of J in some instances but the 95% confidence interval of the theoretical and experimental values did not overlap in many instances at low shaking rates and low concentrations of glucose. 5. A factor theta representing the error between the theoretical and experimental values was found to fit the relationship 1n(theoretical J) = - 3.8 + 5.77 (1/theta) with a regression coefficient of 0.98 and was proposed to be due to one or more of the following parameters: (1) a villus tip to base gradient of transport (influx) activity; (2) a dependence of brush-border influx area on substrate concentration in the bulk incubation media; and (3) an end-product inhibition of the overall transport rate. 6. It is apparent from the data that the flux of glucose across the unstirred layer is ordinarily the rate-limiting step in the trans-brush-border transport of this sugar by hamster jejunum when less than saturating concentrations of glucose are used. At high shaking rates the contribution of the unstirred layer is reduced.", "PMID": 1125246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8973", "title": "A comparison of intact human red blood cells and resealed and leaky ghosts with respect to their interactions with surface labelling agents and proteolytic enzymes.", "content": "Resealed ghosts and intact red blood cells were directly compared with respect to their interactions with surface proteins by 4.4'-diisothiocyano-2,2'-stilbene disulfonic acid (DIDS) and by pyridoxal phosphate-borohydride (as seen after sodium dodecylsulfate/acrylamide gel electrophoresis) was substantially the same in cells and resealed ghosts under conditions in which a relatively small change would be apparent. In each membrane system, DIDS labels a protein component of apparent molecular weight 95 000 and pyridoxal phosphate labels the same protein plus three glucoprotein components. The sensitivity of surface proteins and of DIDS and pyridoxal phosphate-labelled sites to pronase was also similar in the cells and resealed ghosts. The glycoproteins were digested, in each case, and the 95 000 (molecular weight) protein was largely split into two proteins of apparent molecular weights 65 000 and 35 000, with both portions containing DIDS and pyridoxal phosphate in the presence of hemoglobin was similar to the labelling of intact cells, provided that the pyridoxal phosphate was present on both the outside and inside of the cells. Virtually all of the major protein components visible by staining on acrylamide gels were labelled. It is concluded that none of the probes could detect any substantial differences in reactivity of proteins of the outer surface of the membrane protein conformation or arrangement occur as a consequence of lysis and resealing of ghosts, that are detectable by the reported procedures.", "contents": "A comparison of intact human red blood cells and resealed and leaky ghosts with respect to their interactions with surface labelling agents and proteolytic enzymes. Resealed ghosts and intact red blood cells were directly compared with respect to their interactions with surface proteins by 4.4'-diisothiocyano-2,2'-stilbene disulfonic acid (DIDS) and by pyridoxal phosphate-borohydride (as seen after sodium dodecylsulfate/acrylamide gel electrophoresis) was substantially the same in cells and resealed ghosts under conditions in which a relatively small change would be apparent. In each membrane system, DIDS labels a protein component of apparent molecular weight 95 000 and pyridoxal phosphate labels the same protein plus three glucoprotein components. The sensitivity of surface proteins and of DIDS and pyridoxal phosphate-labelled sites to pronase was also similar in the cells and resealed ghosts. The glycoproteins were digested, in each case, and the 95 000 (molecular weight) protein was largely split into two proteins of apparent molecular weights 65 000 and 35 000, with both portions containing DIDS and pyridoxal phosphate in the presence of hemoglobin was similar to the labelling of intact cells, provided that the pyridoxal phosphate was present on both the outside and inside of the cells. Virtually all of the major protein components visible by staining on acrylamide gels were labelled. It is concluded that none of the probes could detect any substantial differences in reactivity of proteins of the outer surface of the membrane protein conformation or arrangement occur as a consequence of lysis and resealing of ghosts, that are detectable by the reported procedures.", "PMID": 1125247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8974", "title": "Effects of Tris and histidine on human erythrocytes and conditions influencing their mode of action.", "content": "1. The incubation of human erythrocytes in 0.172 M Tris - HCl, pH 7.6 buffer at 37 degrees leads to (1) a pronounced cellular volume increase, (2) a preferential release of Na+, and (3) if continued sufficiently long, hemolysis. These effects are pH dependent and also are influenced to a considerable degree by such diverse reagents as NaC glucose, and histidine. In each instance, increasing levels of the latter compounds in a Tris - HCl incubation mixture led to diminished cellular volume increase and prolonged time of onset of hemolysis. 2. Histidine solutions of 0.31 M, pH 7.5 caused a rapid and dramatic decrease in cellular volume of human erythrocytes and a concomitant rapid exit of cations. However, in a prolonged incubation, human erythrocytes slowly regained their cell volume as a result of histidine entry into the cell. Of considerable interest: Tris swollen cells undergo immediate shrinkage to far below the initial cell volume when incubated in histidine at 37 degrees C. Through repetition of this process two additional times, as much as 90-95% of the total cellular Na+ and K+ was removed without hemolysis. 3. Human erythrocytes washed in 0.12 M MgCl2 and then suspended in 0.31 M histidine, pH  7.5, lost upwards of 60% of their total Na+ and 30% of their total K+ after a 40 min incubation at 37 degrees C. However, when increasing amounts of 0.172 M Tris - HCl, pH 7.6 were added to the histidine suspension of cells, the release of K+ was reduced to 5% but the release of Na+ decreased only to 40% of the total cellular level. On the basis of these observations, it is evident that Tris exerts a preferential activity towards the efflux of Na+ from the human erythrocyte, whereas histidine results in high efflux of K+ and Na+ from the cell.", "contents": "Effects of Tris and histidine on human erythrocytes and conditions influencing their mode of action. 1. The incubation of human erythrocytes in 0.172 M Tris - HCl, pH 7.6 buffer at 37 degrees leads to (1) a pronounced cellular volume increase, (2) a preferential release of Na+, and (3) if continued sufficiently long, hemolysis. These effects are pH dependent and also are influenced to a considerable degree by such diverse reagents as NaC glucose, and histidine. In each instance, increasing levels of the latter compounds in a Tris - HCl incubation mixture led to diminished cellular volume increase and prolonged time of onset of hemolysis. 2. Histidine solutions of 0.31 M, pH 7.5 caused a rapid and dramatic decrease in cellular volume of human erythrocytes and a concomitant rapid exit of cations. However, in a prolonged incubation, human erythrocytes slowly regained their cell volume as a result of histidine entry into the cell. Of considerable interest: Tris swollen cells undergo immediate shrinkage to far below the initial cell volume when incubated in histidine at 37 degrees C. Through repetition of this process two additional times, as much as 90-95% of the total cellular Na+ and K+ was removed without hemolysis. 3. Human erythrocytes washed in 0.12 M MgCl2 and then suspended in 0.31 M histidine, pH  7.5, lost upwards of 60% of their total Na+ and 30% of their total K+ after a 40 min incubation at 37 degrees C. However, when increasing amounts of 0.172 M Tris - HCl, pH 7.6 were added to the histidine suspension of cells, the release of K+ was reduced to 5% but the release of Na+ decreased only to 40% of the total cellular level. On the basis of these observations, it is evident that Tris exerts a preferential activity towards the efflux of Na+ from the human erythrocyte, whereas histidine results in high efflux of K+ and Na+ from the cell.", "PMID": 1125248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8975", "title": "Heterogeneous elevation of amino acid transport rates in pantothenate-and lipid-deficient Lactobacillus plantarum.", "content": "The effect of a pantothenic acid deficiency in Lactobacillus plantarum on the initial rate of amino acid transport was investigated. Although the steady-state accumulation capacity for all amino acids was markedly reduced in pantothenate-deficient cells, initial rates of uptake either were not changed (asparagine, alanine, lysine) or were increased (glutamic acid, aspartic acid leucine). The findings suggest that a reduction in membrane lipid content heterogeneously affects the operation and/or synthesis of amino acid transport catalysts.", "contents": "Heterogeneous elevation of amino acid transport rates in pantothenate-and lipid-deficient Lactobacillus plantarum. The effect of a pantothenic acid deficiency in Lactobacillus plantarum on the initial rate of amino acid transport was investigated. Although the steady-state accumulation capacity for all amino acids was markedly reduced in pantothenate-deficient cells, initial rates of uptake either were not changed (asparagine, alanine, lysine) or were increased (glutamic acid, aspartic acid leucine). The findings suggest that a reduction in membrane lipid content heterogeneously affects the operation and/or synthesis of amino acid transport catalysts.", "PMID": 1125249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8976", "title": "Application of pulse radiolysis to the study of drug interactions with biological macromolecules.", "content": "Pulse radiolysis has been used to study the interactions of a variety of small molecules with DNA. The diffusion-controlled rate constants for the reactions of e(aq) with dyes, cations and other small molecules including radioprotectors and radiosensitizers, were found to decrease remarkably upon association with DNA. These kinetic data can be used to quantitate the degree and extent of such interactions. This technique may have wide practical application for the in situ study of many small molecule-macromolecule associations, under physiological conditions.", "contents": "Application of pulse radiolysis to the study of drug interactions with biological macromolecules. Pulse radiolysis has been used to study the interactions of a variety of small molecules with DNA. The diffusion-controlled rate constants for the reactions of e(aq) with dyes, cations and other small molecules including radioprotectors and radiosensitizers, were found to decrease remarkably upon association with DNA. These kinetic data can be used to quantitate the degree and extent of such interactions. This technique may have wide practical application for the in situ study of many small molecule-macromolecule associations, under physiological conditions.", "PMID": 1125251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8977", "title": "Biochemical aspects of the visual process.  XXVII. Stereospecificity of ocular retinol dehydrogenases and the visual cycle.", "content": "A comparative study is made of the stereospecificity of two particulate retinol dehydrogenases from bovine eyes and of horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase.  The particulate retinol dehydrogenase of outer segments reacts with the all-trans isomers of retinaldehyde and retinol but not with the 11-cis  compounds.  In contrast, a particulate retinol dehydrogenase present in pigment epithelium reacts preferentially with the 11-cis compounds.  Horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.1.) can convert both isomers, but the all-trans isomers are clearly preferred.  Differences with regard to cofactor preference and stability are also noted.  The outer segment enzyme clearly functions in the rhodopsin cycle.  It is unlikely that the 11-cis retinol dehydrogenase from pigment epithelium is directly involved in providing 11-cis retinaldehyde from rhodopsin regeneration, but it may serve to make available 11-cis retinaldehyde from rhodopdsin, digested in phagocytized rod sacs, for the synthesis of visual pigment by the visual cells.", "contents": "Biochemical aspects of the visual process.  XXVII. Stereospecificity of ocular retinol dehydrogenases and the visual cycle. A comparative study is made of the stereospecificity of two particulate retinol dehydrogenases from bovine eyes and of horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase.  The particulate retinol dehydrogenase of outer segments reacts with the all-trans isomers of retinaldehyde and retinol but not with the 11-cis  compounds.  In contrast, a particulate retinol dehydrogenase present in pigment epithelium reacts preferentially with the 11-cis compounds.  Horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.1.) can convert both isomers, but the all-trans isomers are clearly preferred.  Differences with regard to cofactor preference and stability are also noted.  The outer segment enzyme clearly functions in the rhodopsin cycle.  It is unlikely that the 11-cis retinol dehydrogenase from pigment epithelium is directly involved in providing 11-cis retinaldehyde from rhodopsin regeneration, but it may serve to make available 11-cis retinaldehyde from rhodopdsin, digested in phagocytized rod sacs, for the synthesis of visual pigment by the visual cells.", "PMID": 1125252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8978", "title": "De novo synthesis and developmental control of the multiple gene-controlled malate dehydrogenase isozymes in maize scutella.", "content": "In maize, both soluble and mitochondrial malate dehydrogenases (L-malate:NAD oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.37)exist in multiple molecular forms (isozymes). Biochemical studies and genetic analysis showed that the maize malate dehydrogenase isozymes are not interconvertable conformational forms of a single gene product. Instead, they are determined by multiple genes which may reside on different chromosomes. Therefore, developmental expression of the various malate dehydrogenase isoqymes was studied. During early development of the sporophyte (dry kernel to 10 days of germination), the total malate dehydrogenase activity in scutella increases through the first 5 days, peaks about the 6th day and decreases gradually thereafter. Both soluble and mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase isozymes exhibit similar activity profiles; however, the total mitochondrial malate dehydro genase activity is only 60% of that in the cytosol. Density labeling experiments and atempts to detect the possible existence of \"inactive malate dehydrogenase precursors\" were performed. The results show that both soluble and mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase are synthesized in the scutella during germination and early growth of young maize seedlings. Accumulation of the maize malate dehydrogenase isozymes is probably controlled by synthesis as well as degradation instead of activation and inactivation of enzyme moieties. Correlation between the developmental pattern of the scutellar malate dehydrogenase isozymes and the physiological conditions of the young maize seedlings is discussed.", "contents": "De novo synthesis and developmental control of the multiple gene-controlled malate dehydrogenase isozymes in maize scutella. In maize, both soluble and mitochondrial malate dehydrogenases (L-malate:NAD oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.37)exist in multiple molecular forms (isozymes). Biochemical studies and genetic analysis showed that the maize malate dehydrogenase isozymes are not interconvertable conformational forms of a single gene product. Instead, they are determined by multiple genes which may reside on different chromosomes. Therefore, developmental expression of the various malate dehydrogenase isoqymes was studied. During early development of the sporophyte (dry kernel to 10 days of germination), the total malate dehydrogenase activity in scutella increases through the first 5 days, peaks about the 6th day and decreases gradually thereafter. Both soluble and mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase isozymes exhibit similar activity profiles; however, the total mitochondrial malate dehydro genase activity is only 60% of that in the cytosol. Density labeling experiments and atempts to detect the possible existence of \"inactive malate dehydrogenase precursors\" were performed. The results show that both soluble and mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase are synthesized in the scutella during germination and early growth of young maize seedlings. Accumulation of the maize malate dehydrogenase isozymes is probably controlled by synthesis as well as degradation instead of activation and inactivation of enzyme moieties. Correlation between the developmental pattern of the scutellar malate dehydrogenase isozymes and the physiological conditions of the young maize seedlings is discussed.", "PMID": 1125253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8979", "title": "The preparation of several new nylon tube-glucose oxidase derivatives and their incorporation into the \"reagentless\" automated analysis of glucose.", "content": "Nylon tube was activated by alkylation with dimethyl sulfate and used for the immobilization of glucose oxidase. Lysine, hexamethylene diamine and polyethylene imine were also attached to activated nylon tube, and these nylon tube-spacer derivatives were reactivated with either glutaraldehyde or ethyl adipimidate for the subsequent coupling of glucose oxidase. The activities of all of the different nylon tube-glucose oxidase derivatives were compared by their incorporation into standard Technicon automated analysis systems. Activities were measured either spectrophotometrically, by following the production of hydrogen peroxide using an acid/KI assay, or polarographically by following the decrease in the oxygen concentration using a flow-through oxygen electrode assembly. The activity and stability of all of the nylon tube-glucose oxidase derivatives was such that their use in the routine estimation of glucose levels was an attractive proposition.", "contents": "The preparation of several new nylon tube-glucose oxidase derivatives and their incorporation into the \"reagentless\" automated analysis of glucose. Nylon tube was activated by alkylation with dimethyl sulfate and used for the immobilization of glucose oxidase. Lysine, hexamethylene diamine and polyethylene imine were also attached to activated nylon tube, and these nylon tube-spacer derivatives were reactivated with either glutaraldehyde or ethyl adipimidate for the subsequent coupling of glucose oxidase. The activities of all of the different nylon tube-glucose oxidase derivatives were compared by their incorporation into standard Technicon automated analysis systems. Activities were measured either spectrophotometrically, by following the production of hydrogen peroxide using an acid/KI assay, or polarographically by following the decrease in the oxygen concentration using a flow-through oxygen electrode assembly. The activity and stability of all of the nylon tube-glucose oxidase derivatives was such that their use in the routine estimation of glucose levels was an attractive proposition.", "PMID": 1125254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8980", "title": "Asparagusate dehydrogenases and lipoyl dehydrogenase from asparagus mitochondria.", "content": "1. Lipoyl dehydrogenase (NADH: lipoamide oxidoreductase, ED 1.6.4.3) and two asparagusate dehydrogenases from asparagus mitochondria were purified by a series of steps, freezing and thawing, sodium dodecylsulfate extraction, and chromatography on Sephadex G-200 and DEAE-cellulose.  2. Lipoyl dehydrogenase was highly specific for alpha-lipoic acid, which could not be replaced at all by asparagusic acid.  Each of the asparagusate dehydrogenases was capable of reducing both asparagusic and alpha-lipoic acids by using NADH as hydrogen donor.  3. Reduction of alpha-lipoic cid with NADH by lipoyl dehydrogenase was activated by NAD, but that of asparagusic acid by asparagusate dehydrogenase was inactivated by NAD.  4. Lipoyl dehydrogenase and two asparagusate dehydrogenases differed in electrophoretic mobility on polyacrylamide gels.", "contents": "Asparagusate dehydrogenases and lipoyl dehydrogenase from asparagus mitochondria. 1. Lipoyl dehydrogenase (NADH: lipoamide oxidoreductase, ED 1.6.4.3) and two asparagusate dehydrogenases from asparagus mitochondria were purified by a series of steps, freezing and thawing, sodium dodecylsulfate extraction, and chromatography on Sephadex G-200 and DEAE-cellulose.  2. Lipoyl dehydrogenase was highly specific for alpha-lipoic acid, which could not be replaced at all by asparagusic acid.  Each of the asparagusate dehydrogenases was capable of reducing both asparagusic and alpha-lipoic acids by using NADH as hydrogen donor.  3. Reduction of alpha-lipoic cid with NADH by lipoyl dehydrogenase was activated by NAD, but that of asparagusic acid by asparagusate dehydrogenase was inactivated by NAD.  4. Lipoyl dehydrogenase and two asparagusate dehydrogenases differed in electrophoretic mobility on polyacrylamide gels.", "PMID": 1125255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8981", "title": "The role of alkalication in formation and decomposition of myosin-ATP complex.", "content": "The dependence of kinetic constants Km, V(k2) and k1 of myosin-ATPase on the species and concentration of alkali cations and on temperature was investigated.  The value of Vvaries with the ionic radius of different alkali cations.  The curve has a maximum at 1.33 A at the ionic radius of potassium.  The detailed analysis of the cation dependence of the kinetics of the ATPose reaction shows that both formation and decomposition of the complex are affected by the cation present.", "contents": "The role of alkalication in formation and decomposition of myosin-ATP complex. The dependence of kinetic constants Km, V(k2) and k1 of myosin-ATPase on the species and concentration of alkali cations and on temperature was investigated.  The value of Vvaries with the ionic radius of different alkali cations.  The curve has a maximum at 1.33 A at the ionic radius of potassium.  The detailed analysis of the cation dependence of the kinetics of the ATPose reaction shows that both formation and decomposition of the complex are affected by the cation present.", "PMID": 1125256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8982", "title": "Regulation of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase synthesis by cinnamic acid.  Its implication for the light mediated regulation of the enzyme.", "content": "1. There is an increase in the extractable acitivity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase following excision of hypocotyl segments of dark-grown gherkin seedlings  This increase is prevented by the reaction product, cinnamin acid.  2. Density-labelling experiments show that cinnamic acid affects the rate of enzyme synthesis.  By contrast the regulation of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity by light has previously been shown to involve activation of existing inactive enzyme.  3. It is proposed that regulation of synthesis by reaction products represents a mechanism for controlling the size of the pool of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, and that the activity of this pool is regulated by light.", "contents": "Regulation of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase synthesis by cinnamic acid.  Its implication for the light mediated regulation of the enzyme. 1. There is an increase in the extractable acitivity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase following excision of hypocotyl segments of dark-grown gherkin seedlings  This increase is prevented by the reaction product, cinnamin acid.  2. Density-labelling experiments show that cinnamic acid affects the rate of enzyme synthesis.  By contrast the regulation of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity by light has previously been shown to involve activation of existing inactive enzyme.  3. It is proposed that regulation of synthesis by reaction products represents a mechanism for controlling the size of the pool of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, and that the activity of this pool is regulated by light.", "PMID": 1125257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8983", "title": "Metabolism of N-carbobenzoxyl-L-tryptophan by Chromobacterium violaceum.", "content": "Chromobacterium violaceum (ATCC 12472) metabolizes N-carbobenzoxyl-L-tryptophan into its 2', 3'-dehydro-derivative, and indole-3-propionic acid into indole-3-acrylic acid.  The biotransformation accurs in resting cell incubations, and in growing cultures of the bacterium.  Tryptophan in fermentation media enhances the ability of Chromobacterium violaceum to perform the conversion by an undetermined mechanism.  The amino acid also prevents stored cultures from losing the ability to accomplish the biotransformation.  The reaction apparently requires oxygen, and preliminary experiments suggest that it is catalyzed by a dehydrogenase.", "contents": "Metabolism of N-carbobenzoxyl-L-tryptophan by Chromobacterium violaceum. Chromobacterium violaceum (ATCC 12472) metabolizes N-carbobenzoxyl-L-tryptophan into its 2', 3'-dehydro-derivative, and indole-3-propionic acid into indole-3-acrylic acid.  The biotransformation accurs in resting cell incubations, and in growing cultures of the bacterium.  Tryptophan in fermentation media enhances the ability of Chromobacterium violaceum to perform the conversion by an undetermined mechanism.  The amino acid also prevents stored cultures from losing the ability to accomplish the biotransformation.  The reaction apparently requires oxygen, and preliminary experiments suggest that it is catalyzed by a dehydrogenase.", "PMID": 1125258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8984", "title": "Hyaluronic acid salt--a mechanoelectrical transducer.", "content": "Hyaluronic acid transduces a very gentle pressure into an electrical potential.  Such pressure, depending on its direction, changes the optical rotary dispersion properties of the salt, either increasing the rotation in the direction already shown by the unpressured salt or changing and increasing the rotation in the opposite direction.  These finding have implications for understanding the function of the cochlear and vestibular fluids, renal function, and the approximation to frictionless motion of normal joints.", "contents": "Hyaluronic acid salt--a mechanoelectrical transducer. Hyaluronic acid transduces a very gentle pressure into an electrical potential.  Such pressure, depending on its direction, changes the optical rotary dispersion properties of the salt, either increasing the rotation in the direction already shown by the unpressured salt or changing and increasing the rotation in the opposite direction.  These finding have implications for understanding the function of the cochlear and vestibular fluids, renal function, and the approximation to frictionless motion of normal joints.", "PMID": 1125259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8985", "title": "Interactions between the macromolecule and the gradient-forming solute in isopycnic sedimentation.", "content": "Interactions between the macromolecules and the gradient-forming solute in isopycnic sedimentation equilibrium experiments affect the distribution of the macromolecules in a number of ways.  A description is given of the effects that may be expected, and some recently reported results are interpreted in the light of these.  Suggestions are made for the recognition of such interactions, and for their possible effects, both good and bad, on experimental results.", "contents": "Interactions between the macromolecule and the gradient-forming solute in isopycnic sedimentation. Interactions between the macromolecules and the gradient-forming solute in isopycnic sedimentation equilibrium experiments affect the distribution of the macromolecules in a number of ways.  A description is given of the effects that may be expected, and some recently reported results are interpreted in the light of these.  Suggestions are made for the recognition of such interactions, and for their possible effects, both good and bad, on experimental results.", "PMID": 1125260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8986", "title": "Transferrin in the reticulocyte cytosol.", "content": "Radioactive iodine-labeled iron-saturated human transferrin was shown to enter the cytosol of rabbit reticulocytes but not erythrocytes, and to be combined therein with a small \"carrier\" material not identical to the membrane transferrin receptor.", "contents": "Transferrin in the reticulocyte cytosol. Radioactive iodine-labeled iron-saturated human transferrin was shown to enter the cytosol of rabbit reticulocytes but not erythrocytes, and to be combined therein with a small \"carrier\" material not identical to the membrane transferrin receptor.", "PMID": 1125261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8987", "title": "NMR study of -17-O from H2-17-O in human erythrocytes.", "content": "Human erythrocytes were incubated in a Ringer's solution enriched with 10--18 per cent H2-17-O.  The longitudinal relaxation time (T1) of the -17-O was determined separately in samples of red cell suspensions, packed cells, and supernatant.  The longitudinal relaxation of -17-O in erythrocyte suspensions was non-exponential, reflecting water exchange across the cell membranes as well as relaxation processes inside and outside the cell.  The T1 of intracellular -17-O is 4--5 times shorter than in the supernatant, similar to the enhancement of proton relaxation by hemoglobin in erythrocytes and free solution at the frequency applied (8.13 MHz).  This datum is consistent with tht thesis that hemoglovin modifies the NMR relaxation behavior of water inside cells and in free solution in the same way.  The rate constant (kx) for water exchange was calculated to be 60 and 107 s- minus 1 at 25 and at 37 degrees C, respectively.  The apparent activation energy for kx over the temperature range 23--37 degrees C was 8.7 plus or minus 1.0 kcal/mole.", "contents": "NMR study of -17-O from H2-17-O in human erythrocytes. Human erythrocytes were incubated in a Ringer's solution enriched with 10--18 per cent H2-17-O.  The longitudinal relaxation time (T1) of the -17-O was determined separately in samples of red cell suspensions, packed cells, and supernatant.  The longitudinal relaxation of -17-O in erythrocyte suspensions was non-exponential, reflecting water exchange across the cell membranes as well as relaxation processes inside and outside the cell.  The T1 of intracellular -17-O is 4--5 times shorter than in the supernatant, similar to the enhancement of proton relaxation by hemoglobin in erythrocytes and free solution at the frequency applied (8.13 MHz).  This datum is consistent with tht thesis that hemoglovin modifies the NMR relaxation behavior of water inside cells and in free solution in the same way.  The rate constant (kx) for water exchange was calculated to be 60 and 107 s- minus 1 at 25 and at 37 degrees C, respectively.  The apparent activation energy for kx over the temperature range 23--37 degrees C was 8.7 plus or minus 1.0 kcal/mole.", "PMID": 1125262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8988", "title": "Water in normal muscle and muscle with a tumor.", "content": "The total water content, the amount of non-freezable water, and the Na-+ and K-+ contents in the gastrocnemius muscle of albino mice with and without a solid tumor were determined. The spin-lattice relaxation time (T1) for the water protons in the two kinds of muscle were measured at six resonance frequencies ranging from 4.5 to 60 MHz over the temperature range +37 to minus 65 degrees C. Quantitatively calculated T1 values are given. The difference in T1 for the two types of muscle at temperatures above minus 5 degrees C is attributed to the difference in the distribution ratio of water between hydration and free states, and bears no direct relation to the concentration of Na-+.", "contents": "Water in normal muscle and muscle with a tumor. The total water content, the amount of non-freezable water, and the Na-+ and K-+ contents in the gastrocnemius muscle of albino mice with and without a solid tumor were determined. The spin-lattice relaxation time (T1) for the water protons in the two kinds of muscle were measured at six resonance frequencies ranging from 4.5 to 60 MHz over the temperature range +37 to minus 65 degrees C. Quantitatively calculated T1 values are given. The difference in T1 for the two types of muscle at temperatures above minus 5 degrees C is attributed to the difference in the distribution ratio of water between hydration and free states, and bears no direct relation to the concentration of Na-+.", "PMID": 1125263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8989", "title": "Stimulation of brain adenylate cyclase activity by the undecapeptide substance P and its modulation by the calcium ion.", "content": "Synthetic substance P stimulated adenylate cyclase activity in particulate preparations from rat and human brain. The concentration of substance P for half maximal stimulation in rat brain was 1.8-10-minus 7 M. The stimulatory effect of substance P on the rat brain adenylate cyclase activity was 88% compared with 48% by noradrenalin, 163% by prostaglandin E1 and 184% by prostaglandin E2. Both the basal and substance P-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity in rat brain were inhibited by concentration of Ca-2+ above 10-minus 6 M. The chelating agent ethyleneglycol-bis-(beta-aminoethylether)-N, N'-tetraacetic acid at a concentration of 0.1 mM reduced the basal adenylate cyclase activity by 64% and eliminated the substance P-stimulated activity. The inhibition by ethyleneglycol-bis-(beta-aminoethylether)-N, N'-tetraacetic acid was completely reversed by increasing concentrations of Ca-2+.", "contents": "Stimulation of brain adenylate cyclase activity by the undecapeptide substance P and its modulation by the calcium ion. Synthetic substance P stimulated adenylate cyclase activity in particulate preparations from rat and human brain. The concentration of substance P for half maximal stimulation in rat brain was 1.8-10-minus 7 M. The stimulatory effect of substance P on the rat brain adenylate cyclase activity was 88% compared with 48% by noradrenalin, 163% by prostaglandin E1 and 184% by prostaglandin E2. Both the basal and substance P-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity in rat brain were inhibited by concentration of Ca-2+ above 10-minus 6 M. The chelating agent ethyleneglycol-bis-(beta-aminoethylether)-N, N'-tetraacetic acid at a concentration of 0.1 mM reduced the basal adenylate cyclase activity by 64% and eliminated the substance P-stimulated activity. The inhibition by ethyleneglycol-bis-(beta-aminoethylether)-N, N'-tetraacetic acid was completely reversed by increasing concentrations of Ca-2+.", "PMID": 1125264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8990", "title": "Studies on the relationship of hepatic anion-binding proteins and sulfobromophthalein-glutathione conjugation in normal and phenobarbital-treated rats.", "content": "The enzyme activity which conjugates sulfobromophthalein with glutathione was separated from rat liver supernate by Sephadex G-75 gel filtration, and assayed by two different methods; paper electrophoresis and spectrophotometry. The enzyme activity was found mainly in the second protein fraction, and less than 5% of the activity in the first or third protein fractions. In vitro mixtures of sulfobromophthalein, [3-H]glutathione and rat liver supernate showed that the major part of [3-H]glutathione was detected in the first and second protein fractions, and the remainder in the third protein fraction. Phenobarbital treatment caused an increase of the enzyme activity, sulfobromophthalein and [3-H]glutathione, in the second protein fraction.", "contents": "Studies on the relationship of hepatic anion-binding proteins and sulfobromophthalein-glutathione conjugation in normal and phenobarbital-treated rats. The enzyme activity which conjugates sulfobromophthalein with glutathione was separated from rat liver supernate by Sephadex G-75 gel filtration, and assayed by two different methods; paper electrophoresis and spectrophotometry. The enzyme activity was found mainly in the second protein fraction, and less than 5% of the activity in the first or third protein fractions. In vitro mixtures of sulfobromophthalein, [3-H]glutathione and rat liver supernate showed that the major part of [3-H]glutathione was detected in the first and second protein fractions, and the remainder in the third protein fraction. Phenobarbital treatment caused an increase of the enzyme activity, sulfobromophthalein and [3-H]glutathione, in the second protein fraction.", "PMID": 1125265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8991", "title": "Subcellular fractionation of pig platelets.", "content": "Subcellular components were obtained from pig platelets, disrupted by means of a French press and separated into 4 primary fractions. The granule fraction (10 000 g) was subjected to a sucrose gradient fractionation. Primary fractions and the granule subfractions were studied electron microscopically and biochemically by following the distribution of markers of membranes, lysosomes or alpha-granules, mitochondria and dense granules. With this technique of platelet homogenization, 80% of the serotonin and 93% of the beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase were found to be particulate. In the gradient, mitochondria were sharply banded in a fraction (density 1.16--1.17) having a specific activity 10--100 times higher than the other fractions of the gradient. Serotonin-containing granules were found in a pellet of density greater than 1.27 and contained 60% of the serotonin and adenine nucleotides of the granule fraction. The lysosome markers that were monitored, acid phosphatase and beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase, exhibited different distribution patterns. Acid phosphatase showed the highest specific activity in the microsomal fraction with only 2.8% in the granule fraction, and this latter amount also appeared to be associated with membranes upon further fractionation. Beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase was present in both the granule fraction and in the microsomal fraction with nearly the same specific activity. However, that present in the granule fraction was clearly associated with granules that distributed over a wide range of densities on a sucrose gradient. The calcium distribution was followed to attempt to determine its subcellular location; 19% was found in the same subfraction as the serotonin-containing granules, but at least 50% of the particulate calcium was associated with granules distinctly separate from the storage granules.", "contents": "Subcellular fractionation of pig platelets. Subcellular components were obtained from pig platelets, disrupted by means of a French press and separated into 4 primary fractions. The granule fraction (10 000 g) was subjected to a sucrose gradient fractionation. Primary fractions and the granule subfractions were studied electron microscopically and biochemically by following the distribution of markers of membranes, lysosomes or alpha-granules, mitochondria and dense granules. With this technique of platelet homogenization, 80% of the serotonin and 93% of the beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase were found to be particulate. In the gradient, mitochondria were sharply banded in a fraction (density 1.16--1.17) having a specific activity 10--100 times higher than the other fractions of the gradient. Serotonin-containing granules were found in a pellet of density greater than 1.27 and contained 60% of the serotonin and adenine nucleotides of the granule fraction. The lysosome markers that were monitored, acid phosphatase and beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase, exhibited different distribution patterns. Acid phosphatase showed the highest specific activity in the microsomal fraction with only 2.8% in the granule fraction, and this latter amount also appeared to be associated with membranes upon further fractionation. Beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase was present in both the granule fraction and in the microsomal fraction with nearly the same specific activity. However, that present in the granule fraction was clearly associated with granules that distributed over a wide range of densities on a sucrose gradient. The calcium distribution was followed to attempt to determine its subcellular location; 19% was found in the same subfraction as the serotonin-containing granules, but at least 50% of the particulate calcium was associated with granules distinctly separate from the storage granules.", "PMID": 1125266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8992", "title": "Composition of cartilage from lysozyme-deficient rabbits.", "content": "Costal and auricular cartilage obtained from mutant rabbits exhibiting lysozyme deficiency has been found to be identical to similar tissue from control animals in a variety of biochemical parameters. These data seriously question the putative role of lysozyme as a structural component of cartilage.", "contents": "Composition of cartilage from lysozyme-deficient rabbits. Costal and auricular cartilage obtained from mutant rabbits exhibiting lysozyme deficiency has been found to be identical to similar tissue from control animals in a variety of biochemical parameters. These data seriously question the putative role of lysozyme as a structural component of cartilage.", "PMID": 1125267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8993", "title": "Thermally induced conformational changes of tobacco mosaic virus and their protein assemblies.", "content": "The measurement of the fluorescence intensity of tryptophan residues showed that a reversible transition in the local structure took place between 20 degrees C and 30c in intact virus particles and reconstituted protein assemblies of the ordinary strain and the tomato strain of tobacco mosaic virus. During this transition the overall polymer structure was maintained. In the case of the bean strain of tobacco mosaic virus, however, the fluorescence intensity did not show any transition in the same temperature range. Such a difference between different strains gave some information on the location of tryptophan residues possibly involved in the local structure change. The fluorescence polarization of intact virus particles showed no change in the whole temperature range, but the polarization of the reconstituted protein assembly of the ordinary strain showed a transition at the same temperature as the fluorescence intensity. This suggested a difference in the freedom of the local structure between intact virus particles and reconstituted protein assemblies. Oligomers of these virus proteins were stable up to 45c and above this temperature, began to make an irreversible transition where the secondary structure of the monomer was partially broken but the oligomer structure was retained.", "contents": "Thermally induced conformational changes of tobacco mosaic virus and their protein assemblies. The measurement of the fluorescence intensity of tryptophan residues showed that a reversible transition in the local structure took place between 20 degrees C and 30c in intact virus particles and reconstituted protein assemblies of the ordinary strain and the tomato strain of tobacco mosaic virus. During this transition the overall polymer structure was maintained. In the case of the bean strain of tobacco mosaic virus, however, the fluorescence intensity did not show any transition in the same temperature range. Such a difference between different strains gave some information on the location of tryptophan residues possibly involved in the local structure change. The fluorescence polarization of intact virus particles showed no change in the whole temperature range, but the polarization of the reconstituted protein assembly of the ordinary strain showed a transition at the same temperature as the fluorescence intensity. This suggested a difference in the freedom of the local structure between intact virus particles and reconstituted protein assemblies. Oligomers of these virus proteins were stable up to 45c and above this temperature, began to make an irreversible transition where the secondary structure of the monomer was partially broken but the oligomer structure was retained.", "PMID": 1125268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8994", "title": "Circular dichroism study of the conformation of ultraviolet-irradiated ribonuclease A.", "content": "RNAase A irradiated by ultraviolet light at 254 nm shows a linear dependence between loss of activity and destruction of cystine. At least one of the cystine modified forms in irradiated RNAase is catalytically active. Circular dichroism spectra of irradiated RNAase show a marked decrease in ellipticity between 210 nm and 230 nm, an increased ellipticity between 230 nm and 240 nm, and a blue shift of the 210-nm minimum toward 205 nm. These circular dichroism changes indicate a pariial disorganization of the native secondary and tertiary changes with irradiation. The temperature dependency of the circular dichroism shows the irradiated enzyme to be conformationally  less stable to thermal perturbation than native RNAase. Differences in the polypeptide conformations of unirradiated RNAase denatured by heat and sodium dodecylsulfate, and irradiated RNAase treated with heat and sodium dodecylsulfate are discussed.", "contents": "Circular dichroism study of the conformation of ultraviolet-irradiated ribonuclease A. RNAase A irradiated by ultraviolet light at 254 nm shows a linear dependence between loss of activity and destruction of cystine. At least one of the cystine modified forms in irradiated RNAase is catalytically active. Circular dichroism spectra of irradiated RNAase show a marked decrease in ellipticity between 210 nm and 230 nm, an increased ellipticity between 230 nm and 240 nm, and a blue shift of the 210-nm minimum toward 205 nm. These circular dichroism changes indicate a pariial disorganization of the native secondary and tertiary changes with irradiation. The temperature dependency of the circular dichroism shows the irradiated enzyme to be conformationally  less stable to thermal perturbation than native RNAase. Differences in the polypeptide conformations of unirradiated RNAase denatured by heat and sodium dodecylsulfate, and irradiated RNAase treated with heat and sodium dodecylsulfate are discussed.", "PMID": 1125269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8995", "title": "On the presence of a heat-stable, macromolecular inhibitor of the thrombin-fibrinogen reaction in rat liver microsomes and its separation from prothrombin.", "content": "By concentrating sonicates from rat liver microsomes containing prothrombin, the activity as measured by the one-stage prothrombin assay (Hjort, P., Rapaport, S. J. and Owren, P. A.(1965), J. Lab. Clin. Med. 46, 89-97) gradually decreased. Nearly a complete loss of prothrombin activity was found in sonicates being concentrated 10-fold. By adsorption of prothrombin on barium citrate and dissolving the precipitate in a solution of sodium citrate. NaCl and EDTA followed by gel filtration on a Sephadex G-50 column, the inhibitory effect on the bioassay of prothrombin disappeared. An inhibitor of the thrombin-fibrinogen reaction could be isolated from the supernatant after adsorption of prothrombin on barium citrate. The inhibitor was excluded from a Sephadex G-50 column equilibrated with 4 M NaCl in veronal buffer (pH 7.4) and was heat stable (70 degrees C for 10 min). No proteolytic or antitrypsin activity could be detected in the inhibitor preparation. The importance of removing the inhibitor of the microsomal sonicates prior to any bioassay of coagulation factors based on the thrombin-fibrinogen reaction is emphasized.", "contents": "On the presence of a heat-stable, macromolecular inhibitor of the thrombin-fibrinogen reaction in rat liver microsomes and its separation from prothrombin. By concentrating sonicates from rat liver microsomes containing prothrombin, the activity as measured by the one-stage prothrombin assay (Hjort, P., Rapaport, S. J. and Owren, P. A.(1965), J. Lab. Clin. Med. 46, 89-97) gradually decreased. Nearly a complete loss of prothrombin activity was found in sonicates being concentrated 10-fold. By adsorption of prothrombin on barium citrate and dissolving the precipitate in a solution of sodium citrate. NaCl and EDTA followed by gel filtration on a Sephadex G-50 column, the inhibitory effect on the bioassay of prothrombin disappeared. An inhibitor of the thrombin-fibrinogen reaction could be isolated from the supernatant after adsorption of prothrombin on barium citrate. The inhibitor was excluded from a Sephadex G-50 column equilibrated with 4 M NaCl in veronal buffer (pH 7.4) and was heat stable (70 degrees C for 10 min). No proteolytic or antitrypsin activity could be detected in the inhibitor preparation. The importance of removing the inhibitor of the microsomal sonicates prior to any bioassay of coagulation factors based on the thrombin-fibrinogen reaction is emphasized.", "PMID": 1125270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8996", "title": "2,3-Dioxo-5-indolinesulfonic acid, a new highly specific reagent for modification of tryptophan in peptides and proteins.", "content": "A new reagent, 2,3-dioxo-5-indolinesulfonic acid (DISA), has been investigated for its specificity to react with tryptophan and tryptophan residues in peptides and proteins. On reaction of 19 amino acids with 1 M excess of DISA in 0.1 M acetic acid (pH 2.9), considerable (50%) modification of tryptophan was obtained within 50 min and no other amino acid was modified. After reaction for 5 h, only proline showed very slight (7%) modification. On reaction in the presence of 5 M excess of DISA, tryptophan was very rapidly modified. Modification of proline became appreciable in the presence of this molar excess of reagent and cysteine modification, although much smaller, became detectable (12 h, 7%). However, proline modification was completely prevented when this amino acid was engaged in a peptide linkage, even after reaction for 45 h in the presence of 5 or 10 M excess of DISA per proline residue. Reaction of egg albumin with 50 M excess of DISA was entirely specific for tryptophan and showed no modification of proline or cysteine residues. The reagent offers the advantages of stability, easy handling, high water solubility and high specificity. It affords protein and peptide derivatives that are completely water soluble because of the polar nature of the added group. The yellow color (lambda max, 367 nm) of the derivatives offers advantages of easy determination of the extent and location of the modification.", "contents": "2,3-Dioxo-5-indolinesulfonic acid, a new highly specific reagent for modification of tryptophan in peptides and proteins. A new reagent, 2,3-dioxo-5-indolinesulfonic acid (DISA), has been investigated for its specificity to react with tryptophan and tryptophan residues in peptides and proteins. On reaction of 19 amino acids with 1 M excess of DISA in 0.1 M acetic acid (pH 2.9), considerable (50%) modification of tryptophan was obtained within 50 min and no other amino acid was modified. After reaction for 5 h, only proline showed very slight (7%) modification. On reaction in the presence of 5 M excess of DISA, tryptophan was very rapidly modified. Modification of proline became appreciable in the presence of this molar excess of reagent and cysteine modification, although much smaller, became detectable (12 h, 7%). However, proline modification was completely prevented when this amino acid was engaged in a peptide linkage, even after reaction for 45 h in the presence of 5 or 10 M excess of DISA per proline residue. Reaction of egg albumin with 50 M excess of DISA was entirely specific for tryptophan and showed no modification of proline or cysteine residues. The reagent offers the advantages of stability, easy handling, high water solubility and high specificity. It affords protein and peptide derivatives that are completely water soluble because of the polar nature of the added group. The yellow color (lambda max, 367 nm) of the derivatives offers advantages of easy determination of the extent and location of the modification.", "PMID": 1125271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8997", "title": "The helical content of zein, a water insoluble protein, in non-aqueous solvents.", "content": "The conformation of zein, a seed protein from corn, was determined by optical rotary dispersion measurements in a wide variety of nonaqueous solvents. Over a wide range of dielectric constants, in pure and mixed solvent systems, the helical content was independent of dielectric constant. Determination of the helical content of insulin and ribonuclease in several of these solvents indicated a variation in secondary structure comparable of that of zein. Though virtually insoluble in water, zein not only is a globular protein in nonaqueous solutions, but has conformational properites characteristic of more conventionally behaving globular proteins.", "contents": "The helical content of zein, a water insoluble protein, in non-aqueous solvents. The conformation of zein, a seed protein from corn, was determined by optical rotary dispersion measurements in a wide variety of nonaqueous solvents. Over a wide range of dielectric constants, in pure and mixed solvent systems, the helical content was independent of dielectric constant. Determination of the helical content of insulin and ribonuclease in several of these solvents indicated a variation in secondary structure comparable of that of zein. Though virtually insoluble in water, zein not only is a globular protein in nonaqueous solutions, but has conformational properites characteristic of more conventionally behaving globular proteins.", "PMID": 1125275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8998", "title": "Mossbauer spectra of bicarbonate-free ferric-transferrin complex.", "content": "The bicarbonate-free ferric-transferrin complex was investigated by Mossbauer Spectroscopy under anaerobic conditions. No evidence of specific binding was found. The spectral results indicates that the apparent binding is due to the formation of antiferromagnetic ferric hydroxide polymers which are firmly attached to the transferrin molecule. Specific binding would only occur in the presence of bicarbonate or other low molecular weight chelators.", "contents": "Mossbauer spectra of bicarbonate-free ferric-transferrin complex. The bicarbonate-free ferric-transferrin complex was investigated by Mossbauer Spectroscopy under anaerobic conditions. No evidence of specific binding was found. The spectral results indicates that the apparent binding is due to the formation of antiferromagnetic ferric hydroxide polymers which are firmly attached to the transferrin molecule. Specific binding would only occur in the presence of bicarbonate or other low molecular weight chelators.", "PMID": 1125276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_8999", "title": "Characterization of trypsin and elastase from the moose (Alces alces). I. Amino acid composition and specificity towards polypeptides.", "content": "Trypsin and elastase isolated from the pancreas of the moose (Alces alces), a member of the Cervidae (deer) family, were characterized with respect to their amino acid composition and specificity towards polypeptides. Moose trypsin possessed 234 residues, based on alanine recoveries equal to 16.0 residues, with a molecular weight calculated at 24 476. Moose trypsin readily hydrolysed peptide bonds in which the carbonyl group was contributed by arginine, lysine and S-2-aminoethylcysteine as indicated by the peptides isolated following hydrolysis of the oxidized and the S-aminoethylated B-chain of insulin. Moose elastase possessed 231 residues, based on alanine recoveries equal to 17.0 residues, with a molecular weight calculated as 24 201. The high lysine (9 residues), low arginine (3 residues) content was in contrast to the opposite situation with porcine elastase and the elastase-like, alpha-lytic protease from Sorangium. The hydrolysis of the oxidized B-chain of insulin by moose elastase was similar to that produced by  porcine elastase with major cleavages occurring at Val-12-Glu-13, Ala-14-Leu-15 and Val-18-Cys(O-3H)-19 and minor cleavages occurring at Ser-9-His-10 and Arg-21-Gly-22. The hydrolysis of glucagon with moose elastase produced major cleavages at Thr-7-Ser-8, Ser-11-Lys-12, Val-23-Gln-24 and Leu-26-Met-27. The facile hydrolysis of Arg-17-Arg-18 was also observed and attributed, in part, to trypsin.", "contents": "Characterization of trypsin and elastase from the moose (Alces alces). I. Amino acid composition and specificity towards polypeptides. Trypsin and elastase isolated from the pancreas of the moose (Alces alces), a member of the Cervidae (deer) family, were characterized with respect to their amino acid composition and specificity towards polypeptides. Moose trypsin possessed 234 residues, based on alanine recoveries equal to 16.0 residues, with a molecular weight calculated at 24 476. Moose trypsin readily hydrolysed peptide bonds in which the carbonyl group was contributed by arginine, lysine and S-2-aminoethylcysteine as indicated by the peptides isolated following hydrolysis of the oxidized and the S-aminoethylated B-chain of insulin. Moose elastase possessed 231 residues, based on alanine recoveries equal to 17.0 residues, with a molecular weight calculated as 24 201. The high lysine (9 residues), low arginine (3 residues) content was in contrast to the opposite situation with porcine elastase and the elastase-like, alpha-lytic protease from Sorangium. The hydrolysis of the oxidized B-chain of insulin by moose elastase was similar to that produced by  porcine elastase with major cleavages occurring at Val-12-Glu-13, Ala-14-Leu-15 and Val-18-Cys(O-3H)-19 and minor cleavages occurring at Ser-9-His-10 and Arg-21-Gly-22. The hydrolysis of glucagon with moose elastase produced major cleavages at Thr-7-Ser-8, Ser-11-Lys-12, Val-23-Gln-24 and Leu-26-Met-27. The facile hydrolysis of Arg-17-Arg-18 was also observed and attributed, in part, to trypsin.", "PMID": 1125277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9000", "title": "The disociation of bovine factor V and isolation of the acitivated form.", "content": "Bovine Factor V disociated non-enzymatically to 276 000 dalton, whereas, the enzymatic activation produced Factor Va of 213 500 daltons. The disociated form, Factor Vd, was not an enzyme substrate for conversion to Factor Va. Factors V and Va sedimented in a density zone of 1.19 g/ml, and Factor Vd in 1.17 g/ml, in sucrose gradient centrifugation. Only a neutral lipid in a 7.2% yield could be extracted from Factor Va which had been isolated in a 4500-fold purification.", "contents": "The disociation of bovine factor V and isolation of the acitivated form. Bovine Factor V disociated non-enzymatically to 276 000 dalton, whereas, the enzymatic activation produced Factor Va of 213 500 daltons. The disociated form, Factor Vd, was not an enzyme substrate for conversion to Factor Va. Factors V and Va sedimented in a density zone of 1.19 g/ml, and Factor Vd in 1.17 g/ml, in sucrose gradient centrifugation. Only a neutral lipid in a 7.2% yield could be extracted from Factor Va which had been isolated in a 4500-fold purification.", "PMID": 1125278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9001", "title": "Circular dichroism of erythrocyte membrane glycoproteins.", "content": "The circular dichroism spectra were obtained for purified equine, human and bovine membrane glycoproteins, which have 40, 55 and 70% carbohydrate, respectively. The spectra in aqueous buffer show similar shapes, maxima and minima but somewhat different peak amplitudes. Analysis of the spectra indicated that the glycoproteins can be pictured as existing primarily in an unordered form in dilute aqueous buffer with small amounts of alpha-helix (13-23%) present. In 2-chloroethanol, a helix-promoting solvent, the amount of alpha-helix is increased to 60-70%. The glycoproteins underwent denaturation in guanidine hydrochloride, although evidence of some residual structure did remain. The spectra of the glycoproteins change relatively little on going from aqueous buffer to dodecylsulfate solutions. Removal of 60% of the sialic acid does not induce significant conformational alterations. The anomalous behavior of the glycoproteins during molecular weight determinations does not appear to be related primarily to conformational restrictions on the polypeptide chain.", "contents": "Circular dichroism of erythrocyte membrane glycoproteins. The circular dichroism spectra were obtained for purified equine, human and bovine membrane glycoproteins, which have 40, 55 and 70% carbohydrate, respectively. The spectra in aqueous buffer show similar shapes, maxima and minima but somewhat different peak amplitudes. Analysis of the spectra indicated that the glycoproteins can be pictured as existing primarily in an unordered form in dilute aqueous buffer with small amounts of alpha-helix (13-23%) present. In 2-chloroethanol, a helix-promoting solvent, the amount of alpha-helix is increased to 60-70%. The glycoproteins underwent denaturation in guanidine hydrochloride, although evidence of some residual structure did remain. The spectra of the glycoproteins change relatively little on going from aqueous buffer to dodecylsulfate solutions. Removal of 60% of the sialic acid does not induce significant conformational alterations. The anomalous behavior of the glycoproteins during molecular weight determinations does not appear to be related primarily to conformational restrictions on the polypeptide chain.", "PMID": 1125279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9002", "title": "Oxygen equilibrium and subunit aggregation of a holothurian hemoglobin.", "content": "The hemoglobin of the sea cucumber Cucumaria miniata Brandt has a mol. wt of about 36000 in the oxy- form with a s20,w equal to 2.9 and a subunit molecular weight of 18000 by sodium dodecylsulfate gel electrophoresis. This pigment aggregates when deoxygenated to an oligomer with a s20,w equal to 4.7, an aggregation which is reversible upon subsequent oxygenation. The hemoglobin shows a sigmoid binding equilibrium with \"n\" equal to 1.8 and a decrease in oxygen affinity with an increase in pigment concentration. This  hemoglobin is compared with other hemoglobins showing oxygenation-linked subunit aggregation.", "contents": "Oxygen equilibrium and subunit aggregation of a holothurian hemoglobin. The hemoglobin of the sea cucumber Cucumaria miniata Brandt has a mol. wt of about 36000 in the oxy- form with a s20,w equal to 2.9 and a subunit molecular weight of 18000 by sodium dodecylsulfate gel electrophoresis. This pigment aggregates when deoxygenated to an oligomer with a s20,w equal to 4.7, an aggregation which is reversible upon subsequent oxygenation. The hemoglobin shows a sigmoid binding equilibrium with \"n\" equal to 1.8 and a decrease in oxygen affinity with an increase in pigment concentration. This  hemoglobin is compared with other hemoglobins showing oxygenation-linked subunit aggregation.", "PMID": 1125280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9003", "title": "Properties of Ascaris muscle mitochondria. 1. Cytochromes.", "content": "1. The cytochrome system in Ascaris muscle mitochondria was further characterized using purer preparations. 2. Difference spectra (at 22 degrees C and -196 degrees C) of the mitochondrial preparations using succinate and ascorbate plus N,N,N' ,N'-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine show that Ascaris muscle mitochondria contain cytochromes c1, c and aa3, and also at least three b-type cytochromes. The b-type cytochrome is the predominant component. 3. Cytochrome c and Ascaris cytochrome b-560 can be extracted from the mitochondrial preparations with 150mM KCl, leaving the membrane-bound cytochromes c1, b and aa3 in the KCl residue.", "contents": "Properties of Ascaris muscle mitochondria. 1. Cytochromes. 1. The cytochrome system in Ascaris muscle mitochondria was further characterized using purer preparations. 2. Difference spectra (at 22 degrees C and -196 degrees C) of the mitochondrial preparations using succinate and ascorbate plus N,N,N' ,N'-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine show that Ascaris muscle mitochondria contain cytochromes c1, c and aa3, and also at least three b-type cytochromes. The b-type cytochrome is the predominant component. 3. Cytochrome c and Ascaris cytochrome b-560 can be extracted from the mitochondrial preparations with 150mM KCl, leaving the membrane-bound cytochromes c1, b and aa3 in the KCl residue.", "PMID": 1125281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9004", "title": "The kinetics and specificity of electron transfer from cytochromes and copper proteins to P700.", "content": "The rates of electron transfer to P700 from plastocyanin and cytochrome f have been compared with those from three other c-type cytochromes and azurin, a copper protein resembling plastocyanin. Three different disruptive techniques were used to expose P700; digitonin, Triton X-100 and sonication. The following rate constants were measured at 25 degrees C, pH 7.0, with digitonin-treated chloroplasts: plastocyanin, 8 x 10(7)M(-1) x s(-1); red-algal cytochrome c-553, 1.9 x 10(7)M(-1) x s (-1); Pseudomonas cytochrome c-551, 8 x 10(6)M(-1) x s (-1); azurin, less than or = 3 x 10(5)M(-1) x s (-1); cytochrome f, less than or = 2 x 10(4)M(-1) x s (-1); mammalian cytochrome c, less than or = 2 x 10(4)M(-1) x s (-1). For electron transfer from plastocyanin, the effects of ionic strength, pH and temperature were also studied, and saturation effects found in earlier work were avoided by a full consideration of the various secondary reactions and inclusion of superoxide dismutase. The relative rates are discussed in relation to photosynthetic electron transport.", "contents": "The kinetics and specificity of electron transfer from cytochromes and copper proteins to P700. The rates of electron transfer to P700 from plastocyanin and cytochrome f have been compared with those from three other c-type cytochromes and azurin, a copper protein resembling plastocyanin. Three different disruptive techniques were used to expose P700; digitonin, Triton X-100 and sonication. The following rate constants were measured at 25 degrees C, pH 7.0, with digitonin-treated chloroplasts: plastocyanin, 8 x 10(7)M(-1) x s(-1); red-algal cytochrome c-553, 1.9 x 10(7)M(-1) x s (-1); Pseudomonas cytochrome c-551, 8 x 10(6)M(-1) x s (-1); azurin, less than or = 3 x 10(5)M(-1) x s (-1); cytochrome f, less than or = 2 x 10(4)M(-1) x s (-1); mammalian cytochrome c, less than or = 2 x 10(4)M(-1) x s (-1). For electron transfer from plastocyanin, the effects of ionic strength, pH and temperature were also studied, and saturation effects found in earlier work were avoided by a full consideration of the various secondary reactions and inclusion of superoxide dismutase. The relative rates are discussed in relation to photosynthetic electron transport.", "PMID": 1125282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9005", "title": "Electron transport in an in vitro-reconstituted bacterial photophosphorylating system.", "content": "Photooxidation of endogenous cytochrome(s) c, photoreduction of endogenous chrome(s) b and photobleaching of bacteriochlorophyll have been demonstrated in an in vitro reconstituted system, previously demonstrated to support photophosphorylation. The kinetic responses of these redox reactions to substrate and antimycin A in these particle are characteristic of electron transport processes and stronglysupport the contention that all, or a part of, the oxidative phosphorylation electron transport pathway can be coupled to reaction center, photopigment complex in a manner which supports photophosphorylation. In addition, a succinate-supported light dependent reduction of NAD+ was found.", "contents": "Electron transport in an in vitro-reconstituted bacterial photophosphorylating system. Photooxidation of endogenous cytochrome(s) c, photoreduction of endogenous chrome(s) b and photobleaching of bacteriochlorophyll have been demonstrated in an in vitro reconstituted system, previously demonstrated to support photophosphorylation. The kinetic responses of these redox reactions to substrate and antimycin A in these particle are characteristic of electron transport processes and stronglysupport the contention that all, or a part of, the oxidative phosphorylation electron transport pathway can be coupled to reaction center, photopigment complex in a manner which supports photophosphorylation. In addition, a succinate-supported light dependent reduction of NAD+ was found.", "PMID": 1125283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9006", "title": "Light-induced de-epoxidation of violaxanthin in lettuce chloroplasts. IV. The effects of electron-transport conditions on violaxanthin availability.", "content": "1. In isolated chloroplasts of Lactuca sativa var. Manoa, the size of the violaxanthin fraction which is available for de-epoxidation is not directly dependent on electron transport but rather related to the reduced level of some electron carrier between the photosystems. This is concluded from the effects of various electron-transport conditions on violaxanthin availability: Under conditions of electron transport through both photosystems, availability was saturated at a lower electron-transport rate with actinic light at 670 than at 700 nm. Under conditions of electron transport through Photosystem I, availability was smaller for linear electron flow from reduced N-methylphenazonium methosulfate via methylviologen to oxygen than from cyclic electron flow mediated by either N-methylphenazonium methosulfate or 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol; in addition for linear flow from reduced N-methyphenazonium methosulfate via methylviologen to oxygen, availability increased with decreasing light intensity. 2. The postulated carrier whose reduced level is related to availability seems to be some carrier between plastoquinone and the primary acceptor of Photosystem II or plastoquinone itself. This conclusion follows from the fact that availability increased with increasing light intensity under conditions of electron flow through both photosystems and that 2,5-dibromo-3-methyl-6-isopropyl-p-benzoquinone (greater than or equal to 1 mu M) had no effect on availability, whereas low levels of 3, 3-(3',4'-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea resulted in decreased availability (50 percent decrease at 1 mu M). Furthermore, availability in 3,3-(3',4'-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea-poisoned chloroplasts was fully restored by 2-methyl-1,4-naphtoquinone (menadione) which mediates cyclic electron flow through plastoquinone. 3. Violaxanthin availability was zero in the dark and increased in the light to maximum of 67 percent of the total violazanthin in chloroplasts. It is proposed that this variable violaxanthin availability reflects conformational changes on the internal surface of the thylakoid membrane which result in variable exposure of violaxanthin to the de-epoxidase. The fact that not all of the violaxanthin was available for de-epoxidation may indicate a heterogenous distribution of violaxanthin in the membrane.", "contents": "Light-induced de-epoxidation of violaxanthin in lettuce chloroplasts. IV. The effects of electron-transport conditions on violaxanthin availability. 1. In isolated chloroplasts of Lactuca sativa var. Manoa, the size of the violaxanthin fraction which is available for de-epoxidation is not directly dependent on electron transport but rather related to the reduced level of some electron carrier between the photosystems. This is concluded from the effects of various electron-transport conditions on violaxanthin availability: Under conditions of electron transport through both photosystems, availability was saturated at a lower electron-transport rate with actinic light at 670 than at 700 nm. Under conditions of electron transport through Photosystem I, availability was smaller for linear electron flow from reduced N-methylphenazonium methosulfate via methylviologen to oxygen than from cyclic electron flow mediated by either N-methylphenazonium methosulfate or 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol; in addition for linear flow from reduced N-methyphenazonium methosulfate via methylviologen to oxygen, availability increased with decreasing light intensity. 2. The postulated carrier whose reduced level is related to availability seems to be some carrier between plastoquinone and the primary acceptor of Photosystem II or plastoquinone itself. This conclusion follows from the fact that availability increased with increasing light intensity under conditions of electron flow through both photosystems and that 2,5-dibromo-3-methyl-6-isopropyl-p-benzoquinone (greater than or equal to 1 mu M) had no effect on availability, whereas low levels of 3, 3-(3',4'-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea resulted in decreased availability (50 percent decrease at 1 mu M). Furthermore, availability in 3,3-(3',4'-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea-poisoned chloroplasts was fully restored by 2-methyl-1,4-naphtoquinone (menadione) which mediates cyclic electron flow through plastoquinone. 3. Violaxanthin availability was zero in the dark and increased in the light to maximum of 67 percent of the total violazanthin in chloroplasts. It is proposed that this variable violaxanthin availability reflects conformational changes on the internal surface of the thylakoid membrane which result in variable exposure of violaxanthin to the de-epoxidase. The fact that not all of the violaxanthin was available for de-epoxidation may indicate a heterogenous distribution of violaxanthin in the membrane.", "PMID": 1125284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9007", "title": "Fluorescent kinetics of chlorophyll in photosystems I and II enriched fractions of spinach.", "content": "The fluorescent emission kinetics of spinach subchloroplast Photosystems I and II particles have been studied on a picosecond time scale. Using picosecond laser pulses and an optical Kerr gate, the fluorescent decay times are measured to be 60 plus or minus 10 ps, and 200 plus or minus 20 ps for Photosystems I and II, respectively. The quantum yields are calculated to be 0.004 for Photosystem I and 0.013 for Photosystem II. Theory of exciton energy transfer and trapping is applied for the determination of intermolecular potential energyin the photosystems.", "contents": "Fluorescent kinetics of chlorophyll in photosystems I and II enriched fractions of spinach. The fluorescent emission kinetics of spinach subchloroplast Photosystems I and II particles have been studied on a picosecond time scale. Using picosecond laser pulses and an optical Kerr gate, the fluorescent decay times are measured to be 60 plus or minus 10 ps, and 200 plus or minus 20 ps for Photosystems I and II, respectively. The quantum yields are calculated to be 0.004 for Photosystem I and 0.013 for Photosystem II. Theory of exciton energy transfer and trapping is applied for the determination of intermolecular potential energyin the photosystems.", "PMID": 1125285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9008", "title": "Analysis of anaerobic fluorescence decay in Scenedesmus obliquus.", "content": "With reduction of System II acceptors during dark anaerobic adaptation in Scenedesmus obliquus fluorescence yield rises to a maximum value in two distinct transitions. Subsequent illumination results in a decay of fluorescence yield with the following characteristics: 1. In low intensity light it is independent of temperature and is an expression of light reaction I. 2. In high intestity light it reflects the dark limiting step in the reoxidation mechanism of System II primary acceptors. 3. There is strong inhibition by agents known to block electron transport between the two systems. 4. At light limiting conditions decay kinetics include an initial delay phase and thereafter close to second order behaviour. 5. Following a single brief saturating flash a maximum of 80% quenching is restored and a second flash yields approx. 95% restoration. Comparison with the fluorescence rise in the presence of 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1, 1-dimethylurea suggests that the decay reflects transfer of one positive charge from System I to the primary System II acceptor with the intermediary carrier pool remaining reduced.", "contents": "Analysis of anaerobic fluorescence decay in Scenedesmus obliquus. With reduction of System II acceptors during dark anaerobic adaptation in Scenedesmus obliquus fluorescence yield rises to a maximum value in two distinct transitions. Subsequent illumination results in a decay of fluorescence yield with the following characteristics: 1. In low intensity light it is independent of temperature and is an expression of light reaction I. 2. In high intestity light it reflects the dark limiting step in the reoxidation mechanism of System II primary acceptors. 3. There is strong inhibition by agents known to block electron transport between the two systems. 4. At light limiting conditions decay kinetics include an initial delay phase and thereafter close to second order behaviour. 5. Following a single brief saturating flash a maximum of 80% quenching is restored and a second flash yields approx. 95% restoration. Comparison with the fluorescence rise in the presence of 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1, 1-dimethylurea suggests that the decay reflects transfer of one positive charge from System I to the primary System II acceptor with the intermediary carrier pool remaining reduced.", "PMID": 1125286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9009", "title": "[Cytochrome b-559 photooxidation in the presence of carbonyl cyanide p-trifluorometh-oxyphenylhydrazone and 2,5-dibromo-3-methyl-6-isopropyl-p-benzoquinone or p-benzoquinone in three non-photosynthetic mutants of Chlamydomonas reinhardti (author's transl)].", "content": "Studies of absorbance related to the cytochrome b-559 photooxidation induced by FCCP, with and without addition of 3-p-chlorophenyl-1, 1-dimethylurea (CMU), DBMIB or p-benzoquinone, in whole cells and in chloroplast fragments of Chlamydomonas reinhardti, were carried out. In addition to the wild type, three strains of non-photosynthetic mutants were used: Fl 5, which lacks P 700; Fl 9 and Fl 15, which are deficient in bound cytochrome c-553 and in cytochrome b-563. In the presence of FCCP, whole cells and chloroplast fragments of the four strains showed a System II-dependent photooxidation of cytochrome b-559. This photooxidation was inhibited by CMU but it occurred again in presence of FCCP, CMU and DBMIB. In chloroplast fragments, cytochrome b-559 photooxidation was also inhibited by an excess of FCCP; it was recovered, likewise, by addition of DBMIB. In whole cells, the highest measured redox changes were: 1 mu mol oxidized cytochrome b-559 per 1 mmol chlorophyll, corresponding approximately to about one seventh (wild type, Fl5) or one fifth (Fl 9, Fl 15) of the total amount of this cytochrome. Another kind of cytochrome b-559 photooxidation, CMU-insensitive, also occurred in the mutants Fl 9 and Fl 15 and in the wild type, but not in the mutant Fl 5. This latter kind of photooxidation was observed with chloroplast fragments in the presence of FCCP and CMU and also with whole cells in the presence of FCCP, CMU and p-benzoquinone. These reactions can be attributed to the Photosystem I; they do not require the intervention of the cytochrome c-553. A high-potential form of cytochrome b-559, hydroquinone-reducible, was involved in these two kinds of photooxidation. In addition, a lower potential form, reducible only by ascorbate, appeared to be able to interfere also. An interpretation is attempted, taking into consideration the various effects of FCCP and DBMIB, at different concentrations, on photosynthetic electron transport.", "contents": "[Cytochrome b-559 photooxidation in the presence of carbonyl cyanide p-trifluorometh-oxyphenylhydrazone and 2,5-dibromo-3-methyl-6-isopropyl-p-benzoquinone or p-benzoquinone in three non-photosynthetic mutants of Chlamydomonas reinhardti (author's transl)]. Studies of absorbance related to the cytochrome b-559 photooxidation induced by FCCP, with and without addition of 3-p-chlorophenyl-1, 1-dimethylurea (CMU), DBMIB or p-benzoquinone, in whole cells and in chloroplast fragments of Chlamydomonas reinhardti, were carried out. In addition to the wild type, three strains of non-photosynthetic mutants were used: Fl 5, which lacks P 700; Fl 9 and Fl 15, which are deficient in bound cytochrome c-553 and in cytochrome b-563. In the presence of FCCP, whole cells and chloroplast fragments of the four strains showed a System II-dependent photooxidation of cytochrome b-559. This photooxidation was inhibited by CMU but it occurred again in presence of FCCP, CMU and DBMIB. In chloroplast fragments, cytochrome b-559 photooxidation was also inhibited by an excess of FCCP; it was recovered, likewise, by addition of DBMIB. In whole cells, the highest measured redox changes were: 1 mu mol oxidized cytochrome b-559 per 1 mmol chlorophyll, corresponding approximately to about one seventh (wild type, Fl5) or one fifth (Fl 9, Fl 15) of the total amount of this cytochrome. Another kind of cytochrome b-559 photooxidation, CMU-insensitive, also occurred in the mutants Fl 9 and Fl 15 and in the wild type, but not in the mutant Fl 5. This latter kind of photooxidation was observed with chloroplast fragments in the presence of FCCP and CMU and also with whole cells in the presence of FCCP, CMU and p-benzoquinone. These reactions can be attributed to the Photosystem I; they do not require the intervention of the cytochrome c-553. A high-potential form of cytochrome b-559, hydroquinone-reducible, was involved in these two kinds of photooxidation. In addition, a lower potential form, reducible only by ascorbate, appeared to be able to interfere also. An interpretation is attempted, taking into consideration the various effects of FCCP and DBMIB, at different concentrations, on photosynthetic electron transport.", "PMID": 1125287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9010", "title": "Energy-dependent accumulation of iron by isolated rat liver mitochondria. IV. Relationship to the energy state of the mitochondria.", "content": "1. The energy-dependent accumulation of iron by isolated rat liver mitochondria, respiring on endogenous substrates, is strongly dependent on the efficiency of energy coupling in the respiratory chain as measured by respiratory control with ADP and the endogenous energy dissipation. The accumulation reached a saturation level at respiratory control with ADP values (with succinate as the substrate) of approx. 4.0. 2. In the presence of exogenous substrate, the energy-dependent accumulation of iron was markedly reduced, primarily due to binding of iron as carboxylate complexes having less favourable constants than the iron (III)-sucrose complex(es). 3. The effect of added ATP was at least 2-fold, i.e. that of providing energy and that of chelating iron. When the mitochondria respired on endogenous substrate, the energy-dependent accumulation of iron increased at low concentrations of ATP, whereas higher concentrations (greater than 50 mu M) gradually inhibited the uptake. 4. Energization of the mitochondria by the generation of an artificial K-+ gradient across the inner membrane with valinomycin in a K-+-free medium increased the energy-dependent accumulation iron.", "contents": "Energy-dependent accumulation of iron by isolated rat liver mitochondria. IV. Relationship to the energy state of the mitochondria. 1. The energy-dependent accumulation of iron by isolated rat liver mitochondria, respiring on endogenous substrates, is strongly dependent on the efficiency of energy coupling in the respiratory chain as measured by respiratory control with ADP and the endogenous energy dissipation. The accumulation reached a saturation level at respiratory control with ADP values (with succinate as the substrate) of approx. 4.0. 2. In the presence of exogenous substrate, the energy-dependent accumulation of iron was markedly reduced, primarily due to binding of iron as carboxylate complexes having less favourable constants than the iron (III)-sucrose complex(es). 3. The effect of added ATP was at least 2-fold, i.e. that of providing energy and that of chelating iron. When the mitochondria respired on endogenous substrate, the energy-dependent accumulation of iron increased at low concentrations of ATP, whereas higher concentrations (greater than 50 mu M) gradually inhibited the uptake. 4. Energization of the mitochondria by the generation of an artificial K-+ gradient across the inner membrane with valinomycin in a K-+-free medium increased the energy-dependent accumulation iron.", "PMID": 1125288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9011", "title": "Energy-dependent accumulation of iron by isolated rat liver mitochondria. V. Effect of factors controlling respiration and oxidative phosphorylation.", "content": "1. Depending on the metabolic state, the addition of iron(III)-sucrose induces an inhibition or a stimulation of the respiration rate when added to isolated rat liver mitochondria. 2. Under conditions identical to those used in the accumulation studies (Romslo, I. and Flatmark T. (1973) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 305, 29-40), the ferric complex induces a decrease in the oxygen uptake concomitant to an oxidation of cytochromes c (+c1) and a(+a3). These results suggest that ferric iron is reduced to ferrous iron by the respiratory chain prior to or simultaneously with its energy-dependent accumulation. 3. On the other hand, the addition of iron(III)-sucrose induces a stimulation of respiration in State 4 and State 3 provided Mg-2+ is present in the suspending medium. In contrast to Ca-2+, iron stimulates State 4 respiration in a cyclic process only within narrow concentration limits; at concentrations of iron above 100 mu M the respiration remains in the activated state until anaerobiosis. The stimulation of State 4 respiration is more pronounced with succinate than with NAD-linked substrates, a difference which partly may be attributed to a stimulation of the succinate dehydrogenase complex. 4. The stimulation of respiration by iron is approx. 3 times higher in State 3 than in State 4 and this difference can be attributed to a stimulation of the adenine mucleotide exchange reaction in State 3 with a concomitant increase in the rate of oxidative phosphorylation, although the P/O ration is slightly diminished.", "contents": "Energy-dependent accumulation of iron by isolated rat liver mitochondria. V. Effect of factors controlling respiration and oxidative phosphorylation. 1. Depending on the metabolic state, the addition of iron(III)-sucrose induces an inhibition or a stimulation of the respiration rate when added to isolated rat liver mitochondria. 2. Under conditions identical to those used in the accumulation studies (Romslo, I. and Flatmark T. (1973) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 305, 29-40), the ferric complex induces a decrease in the oxygen uptake concomitant to an oxidation of cytochromes c (+c1) and a(+a3). These results suggest that ferric iron is reduced to ferrous iron by the respiratory chain prior to or simultaneously with its energy-dependent accumulation. 3. On the other hand, the addition of iron(III)-sucrose induces a stimulation of respiration in State 4 and State 3 provided Mg-2+ is present in the suspending medium. In contrast to Ca-2+, iron stimulates State 4 respiration in a cyclic process only within narrow concentration limits; at concentrations of iron above 100 mu M the respiration remains in the activated state until anaerobiosis. The stimulation of State 4 respiration is more pronounced with succinate than with NAD-linked substrates, a difference which partly may be attributed to a stimulation of the succinate dehydrogenase complex. 4. The stimulation of respiration by iron is approx. 3 times higher in State 3 than in State 4 and this difference can be attributed to a stimulation of the adenine mucleotide exchange reaction in State 3 with a concomitant increase in the rate of oxidative phosphorylation, although the P/O ration is slightly diminished.", "PMID": 1125289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9012", "title": "Mechanism of action of agents which uncouple oxidative phosphorylation: direct correlation between proton-carrying and respiratory-releasing properties using rat liver mitochondria.", "content": "The proton-carrying properties of uncoupling agents were investigated by measuring passive mitochondrial swelling under conditions where electrogenic proton transport was rate limiting.  The ability of uncoupling agents to transport protons into mitochondria, measured in this way, was compared with respiratory stimulation.  The results show that with the single exception of arsenate, all agents tested which uncouple oxidative phosphorylation demonstrate a very close correlation between release of respiration and proton transport.  These findings are in support of Mitchell's original proposal that uncoupling agents act by promoting electrogenic hydrogen ion transport across the mitochondrial inner membrane.", "contents": "Mechanism of action of agents which uncouple oxidative phosphorylation: direct correlation between proton-carrying and respiratory-releasing properties using rat liver mitochondria. The proton-carrying properties of uncoupling agents were investigated by measuring passive mitochondrial swelling under conditions where electrogenic proton transport was rate limiting.  The ability of uncoupling agents to transport protons into mitochondria, measured in this way, was compared with respiratory stimulation.  The results show that with the single exception of arsenate, all agents tested which uncouple oxidative phosphorylation demonstrate a very close correlation between release of respiration and proton transport.  These findings are in support of Mitchell's original proposal that uncoupling agents act by promoting electrogenic hydrogen ion transport across the mitochondrial inner membrane.", "PMID": 1125290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9013", "title": "Circular polarization of fluorescence of chlorophyll in solution and in native structures.", "content": "Chlorophyll dimers in solution, subchlorplast particles and chloroplasts were investigated by their circular dichroism and circular polarization of their fluorescence, which reflect their optical rotatory power in the ground state and electronically excited state, respectively.  The chlorophyll dimers in fluid solution lose their optical activity upon electronic excitation, reflecting a marked concomitant change in the structure of the dimers.  This change is arrested in a solution of very high viscosity.  The pronounced difference between the circular polarization of the dimers in fluid media and that of subchloroplast particles and chloroplasts indicates that the former are not suitable models for associated chlorophyll in native structures in electronically excited states.  Impairment of the photochemical activity of chloroplasts by heat treatment is accompanied by a reduction of the circular polarization of the fluorescence, which probably reflects a disorganization in structure.  The same extent of circular polarization was observed in the fluorescence of chloroplasts regardless whether the reaction centers are open or closed; thus either the same molecules are emitting in the two cases or, if different molecules emit, they are packed in a similar way.", "contents": "Circular polarization of fluorescence of chlorophyll in solution and in native structures. Chlorophyll dimers in solution, subchlorplast particles and chloroplasts were investigated by their circular dichroism and circular polarization of their fluorescence, which reflect their optical rotatory power in the ground state and electronically excited state, respectively.  The chlorophyll dimers in fluid solution lose their optical activity upon electronic excitation, reflecting a marked concomitant change in the structure of the dimers.  This change is arrested in a solution of very high viscosity.  The pronounced difference between the circular polarization of the dimers in fluid media and that of subchloroplast particles and chloroplasts indicates that the former are not suitable models for associated chlorophyll in native structures in electronically excited states.  Impairment of the photochemical activity of chloroplasts by heat treatment is accompanied by a reduction of the circular polarization of the fluorescence, which probably reflects a disorganization in structure.  The same extent of circular polarization was observed in the fluorescence of chloroplasts regardless whether the reaction centers are open or closed; thus either the same molecules are emitting in the two cases or, if different molecules emit, they are packed in a similar way.", "PMID": 1125291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9014", "title": "[Independence of special forms of chloeophyll a and chlorophyll holochromes].", "content": "Zea mays L. seedlings were cultivated for 10 days with submission to 4 s illumination periods interspersed with dark periods varying in length from 30 min to 6 h depending on the lot analyzed.  The results show that, for the case in which the dark periods were shorter than 1 h, the relative proportions of different spectroscopic chlorophyll forms (maxima at 662, 670, 677.5, and 684 nm) were constant.  For longer durations of darkness between illuminations, the relative proportion of the form Da670 increases, while that of Ca684 diminishes with the length of darkness; to a lesser extent, the relative proportion of Ca662 increases and a form Ca692 disappears.  A scheme is proposed to explain the evolution of the relative proportions of the different spectral forms.  The different chlorophyll holochromes present in the chloroplasts were also analysed.  If the dark period was longer than 1 h, chlorophyll was associated with peptide chains of molecular weights 21 000 and 29 000.  If the dark period was shorter than 1 h chlorophyll was associated with four peptide chains of molecular weights 21 000, 25 000, 29 000 and 70 000.  The results taken together demonstrate that a given spectral chlorophyll a form cannot be associated with a definite chlorophyll holochrome.", "contents": "[Independence of special forms of chloeophyll a and chlorophyll holochromes]. Zea mays L. seedlings were cultivated for 10 days with submission to 4 s illumination periods interspersed with dark periods varying in length from 30 min to 6 h depending on the lot analyzed.  The results show that, for the case in which the dark periods were shorter than 1 h, the relative proportions of different spectroscopic chlorophyll forms (maxima at 662, 670, 677.5, and 684 nm) were constant.  For longer durations of darkness between illuminations, the relative proportion of the form Da670 increases, while that of Ca684 diminishes with the length of darkness; to a lesser extent, the relative proportion of Ca662 increases and a form Ca692 disappears.  A scheme is proposed to explain the evolution of the relative proportions of the different spectral forms.  The different chlorophyll holochromes present in the chloroplasts were also analysed.  If the dark period was longer than 1 h, chlorophyll was associated with peptide chains of molecular weights 21 000 and 29 000.  If the dark period was shorter than 1 h chlorophyll was associated with four peptide chains of molecular weights 21 000, 25 000, 29 000 and 70 000.  The results taken together demonstrate that a given spectral chlorophyll a form cannot be associated with a definite chlorophyll holochrome.", "PMID": 1125292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9015", "title": "Silicomolybdate and silicotungstate mediated dichlorophenyldimethylurea-insensitive photosystem II reaction: electron flow, chlorophyll a fluorescence and delayed light emission changes.", "content": "We have investigated the possible role of silicomolybdate and silicotungstate as acceptors of electrons in chloroplasts directly from Q, the primary electron acceptor of Photosystem II.  Our data show: 1. Either of these compounds can accept electrons directly from Q in a 3-(3', 4'-dichlorophenyl)-1, 1-dimethylurea (DCMU)-insensitive electron transport; however, the DCMU insensitivity is only short-lived, so initial rates must be used exclusively.  2. High concentrations of these silico compounds act as direct chemical quenchers of chlorophyll a fluorescence, but lower concentrations which also mediate O2 evolution affect only the variable component of fluorescence in a manner suggestive of their electron-accepting capabilities.  3. Measurements of delayed light emission confirm the conclusions made from the fluorescence data.  Also, they show the role of Q in delayed light emission as hydroxylamine data of other investigations have shown the role of Z, the electron donor of Photosystem II.  4. Silico compounds appear to be acting as electron acceptors and not as simple membrane modifiers allowing other acceptors to support a DCMU-insensitive electron transport.", "contents": "Silicomolybdate and silicotungstate mediated dichlorophenyldimethylurea-insensitive photosystem II reaction: electron flow, chlorophyll a fluorescence and delayed light emission changes. We have investigated the possible role of silicomolybdate and silicotungstate as acceptors of electrons in chloroplasts directly from Q, the primary electron acceptor of Photosystem II.  Our data show: 1. Either of these compounds can accept electrons directly from Q in a 3-(3', 4'-dichlorophenyl)-1, 1-dimethylurea (DCMU)-insensitive electron transport; however, the DCMU insensitivity is only short-lived, so initial rates must be used exclusively.  2. High concentrations of these silico compounds act as direct chemical quenchers of chlorophyll a fluorescence, but lower concentrations which also mediate O2 evolution affect only the variable component of fluorescence in a manner suggestive of their electron-accepting capabilities.  3. Measurements of delayed light emission confirm the conclusions made from the fluorescence data.  Also, they show the role of Q in delayed light emission as hydroxylamine data of other investigations have shown the role of Z, the electron donor of Photosystem II.  4. Silico compounds appear to be acting as electron acceptors and not as simple membrane modifiers allowing other acceptors to support a DCMU-insensitive electron transport.", "PMID": 1125293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9016", "title": "A large photoreactive particle from Chromatium vinosum chromatophores.", "content": "Large photoreactive particles from Chromatium vinosum are obtained pure and in high yield by using a mixture of detergents at high ionic strength to dissociate the chromatophore membrane.  The particles contain all of the secondary electron acceptor of the chromatophores and about half of the cytochrome.  Their content of ubiquinone is greatly enridhed as compared with chromatophores.  Th individual particles have an estimated molecular weight of between 650,000 and 810,000.  Gel electrophoresis of the preparation in sodium dodecylsulfate shows polypeptides with molecular weights of 50-45,000, 30,000, 27,000, 22,000 and 12,000.  The 50-45,000 components are cytochromes.  The 30,000, 27,000 and 22,000 components may be analogous to the triad of polypeptides present in Rhodopseudomonas spheroides reaction centers.  The non-cytochrome components are partly soluble in chloroform/methanol.  Aggregates of particles appear in these preparations.  Electron microscopy of the aggregates demonstrates rectilinear lattices of isodiametric particles, 120 A in diameter.  These sheet-like structures are one unit thick and typically contain 9-16 members.  They appear to arise by aggregation during isolation but are probably similar to native aggregates apparent within chromatophores after treatment with detergents at low salt concentration.", "contents": "A large photoreactive particle from Chromatium vinosum chromatophores. Large photoreactive particles from Chromatium vinosum are obtained pure and in high yield by using a mixture of detergents at high ionic strength to dissociate the chromatophore membrane.  The particles contain all of the secondary electron acceptor of the chromatophores and about half of the cytochrome.  Their content of ubiquinone is greatly enridhed as compared with chromatophores.  Th individual particles have an estimated molecular weight of between 650,000 and 810,000.  Gel electrophoresis of the preparation in sodium dodecylsulfate shows polypeptides with molecular weights of 50-45,000, 30,000, 27,000, 22,000 and 12,000.  The 50-45,000 components are cytochromes.  The 30,000, 27,000 and 22,000 components may be analogous to the triad of polypeptides present in Rhodopseudomonas spheroides reaction centers.  The non-cytochrome components are partly soluble in chloroform/methanol.  Aggregates of particles appear in these preparations.  Electron microscopy of the aggregates demonstrates rectilinear lattices of isodiametric particles, 120 A in diameter.  These sheet-like structures are one unit thick and typically contain 9-16 members.  They appear to arise by aggregation during isolation but are probably similar to native aggregates apparent within chromatophores after treatment with detergents at low salt concentration.", "PMID": 1125294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9017", "title": "A new site of bicarbonate effect in photosystem II of photosynthesis: evidence from chlorophyll fluorescence transients in spinach chloroplasts.", "content": "Recent studies on oxygen evolution of corn chloroplast fragments in flashing light [Stemler, A., Babcock, G.T. and Govindjee (1974) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 71, 4679-4683] have shown that the absence of bicarbonate ions increases the turnover time of the Photosystem II reaction center.  The rate limiting steps in Photosystem II turnover can be interpreted in terms of reactions either on the oxidizing (electron donor) or reducing (electron acceptor) side of the reaction center.  Experiments are reported here that suggest at least one site of bicarbonate action on the reducing side.  In Tris-washed spinach chloroplasts (incapable of O2 evolution), the chlorophyll a fluorescence transient in the presence of various artificial electron donors (hydroquinone, diphenylcarbazide, MnCl2 and NH2OH) and in the absence of bicarbonate ions shows a rapid initial rise; the addition of 10 mM NaHCO3 restores the transient to one characteristic of normal chloroplast.  Furthermore, the transients measured as a function of decreasing bicarbonate concentrations are qualitatively similar to those observed with increasing concentrations of 3-(3, 4-dichlorophenyl)-1, 1-dimethyl urea which imposes a block on the reducing side, rather than to transients observed with increasing concentrations of NH2OH or prolonged heat treatments, which impose a block on the oxidizing side.", "contents": "A new site of bicarbonate effect in photosystem II of photosynthesis: evidence from chlorophyll fluorescence transients in spinach chloroplasts. Recent studies on oxygen evolution of corn chloroplast fragments in flashing light [Stemler, A., Babcock, G.T. and Govindjee (1974) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 71, 4679-4683] have shown that the absence of bicarbonate ions increases the turnover time of the Photosystem II reaction center.  The rate limiting steps in Photosystem II turnover can be interpreted in terms of reactions either on the oxidizing (electron donor) or reducing (electron acceptor) side of the reaction center.  Experiments are reported here that suggest at least one site of bicarbonate action on the reducing side.  In Tris-washed spinach chloroplasts (incapable of O2 evolution), the chlorophyll a fluorescence transient in the presence of various artificial electron donors (hydroquinone, diphenylcarbazide, MnCl2 and NH2OH) and in the absence of bicarbonate ions shows a rapid initial rise; the addition of 10 mM NaHCO3 restores the transient to one characteristic of normal chloroplast.  Furthermore, the transients measured as a function of decreasing bicarbonate concentrations are qualitatively similar to those observed with increasing concentrations of 3-(3, 4-dichlorophenyl)-1, 1-dimethyl urea which imposes a block on the reducing side, rather than to transients observed with increasing concentrations of NH2OH or prolonged heat treatments, which impose a block on the oxidizing side.", "PMID": 1125295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9018", "title": "The absence of an 8-desaturases in rat liver: a reevaluation of optional pathways for the metabolism of linoleic and linolenic acids.", "content": "11-[3- -14 C] Octadecenoic acid, 11,14-[1- -14C] nonadecadienoic acid, 11,14-[1- -14 C] eicosadienoic acid, 11,14-[1- -14 C] heneicosadienoic acid and 11,14,17-[3- -14 C] eicosatrienoic acid were fed and injected into tail veins of rats raised on balanced and fat-free diets. Analysis of the total liver lipids showed that 11-ated to 5,11,14-19:3; 11,14-20:2 was desaturated to 5,11,14-20:3; 11,14-21:2 was desaturated to 5,11,14-21:3 and 11,14,17-20:3 was desaturated to 5,11,14,17-20:4. In rats raised on balanced diets 11,14-19:2 and 11,14-21:2 were desaturated at very slow rates. The 11,14-20:2 and 11,14,17-20:3 were desaturated to 5,11,14-20:3 and 5,11,14,17-20:4but not as rapidly as in rats raised on fat-free diets. These findings strongly suggest that rat liver does not have a desaturase capable of introducing a double bond in the 8-position during polyunsaturated fatty acids biosynthesis. From these studies it can be concluded that linoleate is only converted to arachidonate via the following pathway:  9,12-18:2 yields 6,9,12-18:3 yields 8,11,14-20:3 yields 5,8,11,14-20:4. Linolenate is only metabolized as follows: 9,12,15-19:3 yields 6,9,12,15-18:4 yields 8,11,14,17-20:4yields 5,8,11,14,17-20:5 yields 7,10,13,16,19-22:5 yields 4,7,10,13,16,19-22:6. Optional pathways such as 9,12-18:2 yields 11,14-20:2 yields 8,11,14-20:3 yields etc. and 9,12,15-18:3 yields 11,14,17-20:3 yields 8,11,14,17-20:4 yields etc. are inoperative because 11,14-20:2 and 11,14,17-20:3 are probably not produced in vivo and if produced may well be converted to 9,12-18:2 and 9,12,15-19:3, respectively, by retroconversion.", "contents": "The absence of an 8-desaturases in rat liver: a reevaluation of optional pathways for the metabolism of linoleic and linolenic acids. 11-[3- -14 C] Octadecenoic acid, 11,14-[1- -14C] nonadecadienoic acid, 11,14-[1- -14 C] eicosadienoic acid, 11,14-[1- -14 C] heneicosadienoic acid and 11,14,17-[3- -14 C] eicosatrienoic acid were fed and injected into tail veins of rats raised on balanced and fat-free diets. Analysis of the total liver lipids showed that 11-ated to 5,11,14-19:3; 11,14-20:2 was desaturated to 5,11,14-20:3; 11,14-21:2 was desaturated to 5,11,14-21:3 and 11,14,17-20:3 was desaturated to 5,11,14,17-20:4. In rats raised on balanced diets 11,14-19:2 and 11,14-21:2 were desaturated at very slow rates. The 11,14-20:2 and 11,14,17-20:3 were desaturated to 5,11,14-20:3 and 5,11,14,17-20:4but not as rapidly as in rats raised on fat-free diets. These findings strongly suggest that rat liver does not have a desaturase capable of introducing a double bond in the 8-position during polyunsaturated fatty acids biosynthesis. From these studies it can be concluded that linoleate is only converted to arachidonate via the following pathway:  9,12-18:2 yields 6,9,12-18:3 yields 8,11,14-20:3 yields 5,8,11,14-20:4. Linolenate is only metabolized as follows: 9,12,15-19:3 yields 6,9,12,15-18:4 yields 8,11,14,17-20:4yields 5,8,11,14,17-20:5 yields 7,10,13,16,19-22:5 yields 4,7,10,13,16,19-22:6. Optional pathways such as 9,12-18:2 yields 11,14-20:2 yields 8,11,14-20:3 yields etc. and 9,12,15-18:3 yields 11,14,17-20:3 yields 8,11,14,17-20:4 yields etc. are inoperative because 11,14-20:2 and 11,14,17-20:3 are probably not produced in vivo and if produced may well be converted to 9,12-18:2 and 9,12,15-19:3, respectively, by retroconversion.", "PMID": 1125296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9019", "title": "Changes in phospholipids of ram spermatozoa during migration through the epididymis and possible origin of prostaglandin F2alpha in testicular and epididymal fluid.", "content": "A study of the lipid composition of ram testicular and ejaculated spermatozoa was made in an attempt to resolve conflicting results in the literature. Testicular spermatozoa were found to contain more than double the amount of phospholipid present in ejaculated spermatozoa. Most phohpholipid components, including choline plasmalogen, decrease substantially in concentration during migration of the spermatozoa through the male reproductive tract. Phosphatidylserine, ethanolamine phosphoglycerides and cardiolipin components accounted for the greatest relative decreases in concentration, the former decreasing by approximately nine tenths. Of the phospholipid-bound fatty acids the most pronounced change occurs in palmitic during migration of spermatozoa through the reproductive tract. There is a net loss of approx. 500 mug of palmitic acid for every 10-9 spermatozoa. The loss of arachidonic acid was particularly interesting, and prompted a study of the prostaglandin content of testicular and epididymal fluids, since arachidonic acid can act as a precursor of prostaglandin. The concentration of prostaglandin F2alpha found in the testicular and epididymal fluid is considerably in excess of that found in venous plasma of the ram.", "contents": "Changes in phospholipids of ram spermatozoa during migration through the epididymis and possible origin of prostaglandin F2alpha in testicular and epididymal fluid. A study of the lipid composition of ram testicular and ejaculated spermatozoa was made in an attempt to resolve conflicting results in the literature. Testicular spermatozoa were found to contain more than double the amount of phospholipid present in ejaculated spermatozoa. Most phohpholipid components, including choline plasmalogen, decrease substantially in concentration during migration of the spermatozoa through the male reproductive tract. Phosphatidylserine, ethanolamine phosphoglycerides and cardiolipin components accounted for the greatest relative decreases in concentration, the former decreasing by approximately nine tenths. Of the phospholipid-bound fatty acids the most pronounced change occurs in palmitic during migration of spermatozoa through the reproductive tract. There is a net loss of approx. 500 mug of palmitic acid for every 10-9 spermatozoa. The loss of arachidonic acid was particularly interesting, and prompted a study of the prostaglandin content of testicular and epididymal fluids, since arachidonic acid can act as a precursor of prostaglandin. The concentration of prostaglandin F2alpha found in the testicular and epididymal fluid is considerably in excess of that found in venous plasma of the ram.", "PMID": 1125297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9020", "title": "XLV. Metabolism of 3beta,7alpha-dihydroxy-5alpha-cholestanoic acid in the rat with a bile fistula.", "content": "[25R]3beta,7alpha-Dihydroxy-[5alpha,6alpha- -3 H2]-5alpha-cholestanoic acid was prepared, purified and 0.34 mg was administered intraperitoneally as the potassium salt to each of three adult male rats with cannulated bile ducts. Bile collected in the first 24 h, containing 97% of the administered 3-H was hydrolysed and the free bile acids were separated by acetic acid partition chromatography. Of the chromatographed tritium 58% was associated with allochenodeoxycholic acid and 14% with its 3beta-isomer; only 5% of the 3-H was found in allocholic acid and 1% with the substrate or more polar unidentified materials. Thus, this dihydroxy-5alpha-cholestanoic acid is metabolized in the rat primarily to dihydroxy-5alpha-cholanic acids, comparable to the metabolism of 3alpha, 7alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholestanoic acid in man.", "contents": "XLV. Metabolism of 3beta,7alpha-dihydroxy-5alpha-cholestanoic acid in the rat with a bile fistula. [25R]3beta,7alpha-Dihydroxy-[5alpha,6alpha- -3 H2]-5alpha-cholestanoic acid was prepared, purified and 0.34 mg was administered intraperitoneally as the potassium salt to each of three adult male rats with cannulated bile ducts. Bile collected in the first 24 h, containing 97% of the administered 3-H was hydrolysed and the free bile acids were separated by acetic acid partition chromatography. Of the chromatographed tritium 58% was associated with allochenodeoxycholic acid and 14% with its 3beta-isomer; only 5% of the 3-H was found in allocholic acid and 1% with the substrate or more polar unidentified materials. Thus, this dihydroxy-5alpha-cholestanoic acid is metabolized in the rat primarily to dihydroxy-5alpha-cholanic acids, comparable to the metabolism of 3alpha, 7alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholestanoic acid in man.", "PMID": 1125298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9021", "title": "Blood group A active difucosyl glycolipid from hog gastric mucosa.", "content": "A new difucosyl glycolipid exhibiting blood group A activity was isolated from water-soluble glycolipid fraction of hog gastric mucosa. The structure of this glycolipid was identified by partial acid hydrolysis, sequential degradation with specific glycosidases and methylation analysis, as: \"see article\".", "contents": "Blood group A active difucosyl glycolipid from hog gastric mucosa. A new difucosyl glycolipid exhibiting blood group A activity was isolated from water-soluble glycolipid fraction of hog gastric mucosa. The structure of this glycolipid was identified by partial acid hydrolysis, sequential degradation with specific glycosidases and methylation analysis, as: \"see article\".", "PMID": 1125299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9022", "title": "Sialosphingolipids of sea urchin eggs and spermatozoa showing a characteristic composition for species and gamete.", "content": "1. Sialosphingolipids of four species of the Japanese sea urchin were compared. The composition of sialosphingolipids was characteristic for species and gamete. 2. It is suggested that sialosphingolipids may have a common carbohydrate backbone composed solely of hexoses and sialic acids.", "contents": "Sialosphingolipids of sea urchin eggs and spermatozoa showing a characteristic composition for species and gamete. 1. Sialosphingolipids of four species of the Japanese sea urchin were compared. The composition of sialosphingolipids was characteristic for species and gamete. 2. It is suggested that sialosphingolipids may have a common carbohydrate backbone composed solely of hexoses and sialic acids.", "PMID": 1125300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9023", "title": "Novel sialosphingolipids from spermatozoa of the sea urchin Anthocidaris crassispina.", "content": "Sialosphingolipids obtained from spermatozoa of the sea urchin, Anthocidaris crassispina gave nine spots by thin-layer chromatography. Two of them were isolated by silicic acid column chromatography. The predominant one was proposed to be N-acetylneuraminyl (2 yields 8) N-acetylneuraminyl (2 yields 6) glucopyranosyl ceramide, and the second to be N-acetylneuraminyl (2 yields 6) glucopyranosyl ceramide.", "contents": "Novel sialosphingolipids from spermatozoa of the sea urchin Anthocidaris crassispina. Sialosphingolipids obtained from spermatozoa of the sea urchin, Anthocidaris crassispina gave nine spots by thin-layer chromatography. Two of them were isolated by silicic acid column chromatography. The predominant one was proposed to be N-acetylneuraminyl (2 yields 8) N-acetylneuraminyl (2 yields 6) glucopyranosyl ceramide, and the second to be N-acetylneuraminyl (2 yields 6) glucopyranosyl ceramide.", "PMID": 1125301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9024", "title": "Acute and chronic effects of ethanol on intestinal lipid metabolism.", "content": "To assess the effects of ethanol on intestinal lipid metabolism, fatty acid oxidation and triacylglycerol synthesis were measured in intestinal slices incubated with ethanol. Ethanol, when used in concentrations likely to be achieved in the upper jejunum after moderate drinking, inhibited both palmitate and acetate oxidation, CO2 production and triacylglycerol synthesis, whereas it enhanced the esterification of fatty acid with ethanol. The concentrations required for the inhibitory effect were much higher than those needed to saturate enzyme systems known to participate in ethanol oxidation. In vivo administration of ethanol-containing diets produced persistent changes of the intestinal slices with respect to fatty acid oxidation and triacylglycerol synthesis. Acute intragastric administration of ethanol (3 g/kg) one hour prior to sacrifice, inhibited both processes in slices obtained from the jejunum, but not in those derived from the ileum. By contrast, chronic ethanol feeding increased the ability for fatty acid oxidation and triacylglycerol synthesis both in the jejunum and in the ileum. This stimulatory effect was associated with significant enhancement of palmitoyl-Co A synthetase activity, suggesting increased fatty acid activation. The inhibition by ethanol in high concentrations of intestinal fatty acid oxidation and triacylglycerol synthesis probably reflects epithelial cell damage; by contrast, prolonged administration of ethanol results in a persistent enhancement of lipid metabolism which may reflect the presence of a different cell population in the intestine.", "contents": "Acute and chronic effects of ethanol on intestinal lipid metabolism. To assess the effects of ethanol on intestinal lipid metabolism, fatty acid oxidation and triacylglycerol synthesis were measured in intestinal slices incubated with ethanol. Ethanol, when used in concentrations likely to be achieved in the upper jejunum after moderate drinking, inhibited both palmitate and acetate oxidation, CO2 production and triacylglycerol synthesis, whereas it enhanced the esterification of fatty acid with ethanol. The concentrations required for the inhibitory effect were much higher than those needed to saturate enzyme systems known to participate in ethanol oxidation. In vivo administration of ethanol-containing diets produced persistent changes of the intestinal slices with respect to fatty acid oxidation and triacylglycerol synthesis. Acute intragastric administration of ethanol (3 g/kg) one hour prior to sacrifice, inhibited both processes in slices obtained from the jejunum, but not in those derived from the ileum. By contrast, chronic ethanol feeding increased the ability for fatty acid oxidation and triacylglycerol synthesis both in the jejunum and in the ileum. This stimulatory effect was associated with significant enhancement of palmitoyl-Co A synthetase activity, suggesting increased fatty acid activation. The inhibition by ethanol in high concentrations of intestinal fatty acid oxidation and triacylglycerol synthesis probably reflects epithelial cell damage; by contrast, prolonged administration of ethanol results in a persistent enhancement of lipid metabolism which may reflect the presence of a different cell population in the intestine.", "PMID": 1125302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9025", "title": "Transfer of phosphatidylserine from liposomes or microsomes to mitochondria. Stimulation by a cell supernatant factor.", "content": "Incubation of microsomes or sonicated dispersions of microsomal lipid containing (14-C)phosphatidylserine with rat liver mitochondria results in the transfer of radioactivity to the mitochondria. Transfer is time and temperature dependent and is stimulated by a factor in the 105 000 x g supernatant from liver homogenates. The supernatant factor is soluble at pH 5.1, stable to dialysis, and is inactivated by heating and by digestion with trypsin. Radioactivity accumulates in the mitochondria largley as phosphatidylethanolamine owing the activity of phosphatidylserine decarboxylase. Transfer to mitochondria, heat treated to inactivate the decarbosylase, is also promoted by the suppernatant factor, in which case the lipid appears to be incorporated into the mitochondrial membrane as unchanged phosphatidylserine.", "contents": "Transfer of phosphatidylserine from liposomes or microsomes to mitochondria. Stimulation by a cell supernatant factor. Incubation of microsomes or sonicated dispersions of microsomal lipid containing (14-C)phosphatidylserine with rat liver mitochondria results in the transfer of radioactivity to the mitochondria. Transfer is time and temperature dependent and is stimulated by a factor in the 105 000 x g supernatant from liver homogenates. The supernatant factor is soluble at pH 5.1, stable to dialysis, and is inactivated by heating and by digestion with trypsin. Radioactivity accumulates in the mitochondria largley as phosphatidylethanolamine owing the activity of phosphatidylserine decarboxylase. Transfer to mitochondria, heat treated to inactivate the decarbosylase, is also promoted by the suppernatant factor, in which case the lipid appears to be incorporated into the mitochondrial membrane as unchanged phosphatidylserine.", "PMID": 1125303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9026", "title": "Synthesis of prostaglandins by the rat renal papilla in vitro. Mechanism of stimulation by angiotensin II.", "content": "1. The biosynthesis of prostaglandins in the rat renal papilla was studied in a whole-cell preparation in vitro. Prostaglandins recovered from the incubation medium were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry as prostaglandin E2 and prostaglandin F2alpha. Quantitative estimates of prostaglandin output were obtained by bioassay and confirmed by selected ion monitoring. 2. Prostaglandin biosynthesis was enhanced by exogenous arachidonic acid and also by triglyceride lipase, indicating that arachidonic acid released from papillary triglycerides is readily available for prostaglandin biosynthesis. 3. Angiotensin II (10--100 ng/ml) stimulated the biosynthesis of both prostaglandin E2 and prostaglandin F2alpha, thus increasing prostaglandin levels in both the incubation medium and the tissues. 4. The mechanism whereby angiotensin II stimulates prostaglandin biosynthesis was investigated using the isotope dilution technique. In the presence of [14-C]-arachidonic acid, angiotensin II stimulated the output of more prostaglandin that had a significantly lower specific activity than the controls. Angiotensin II therefore increased the availability of endogenous, non-labelled substrate for prostaglandin biosynthesis. This conclusion was supported by experiments in which enough arachidonic acid was added to make the kinetics of prostaglandin synthesis zero order. Under such conditions angiotensin II failed to cause any further increase in prostaglandin synthesis. 5. It is concluded that angiotensin II controls prostaglandin biosynthesis in the renal papilla by regulating the availability of free precursor. Possible mechanisms for increased levels of free arachidonic acid could be the activation of a tissue acyl hydrolase or decreased utilization of fatty acids.", "contents": "Synthesis of prostaglandins by the rat renal papilla in vitro. Mechanism of stimulation by angiotensin II. 1. The biosynthesis of prostaglandins in the rat renal papilla was studied in a whole-cell preparation in vitro. Prostaglandins recovered from the incubation medium were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry as prostaglandin E2 and prostaglandin F2alpha. Quantitative estimates of prostaglandin output were obtained by bioassay and confirmed by selected ion monitoring. 2. Prostaglandin biosynthesis was enhanced by exogenous arachidonic acid and also by triglyceride lipase, indicating that arachidonic acid released from papillary triglycerides is readily available for prostaglandin biosynthesis. 3. Angiotensin II (10--100 ng/ml) stimulated the biosynthesis of both prostaglandin E2 and prostaglandin F2alpha, thus increasing prostaglandin levels in both the incubation medium and the tissues. 4. The mechanism whereby angiotensin II stimulates prostaglandin biosynthesis was investigated using the isotope dilution technique. In the presence of [14-C]-arachidonic acid, angiotensin II stimulated the output of more prostaglandin that had a significantly lower specific activity than the controls. Angiotensin II therefore increased the availability of endogenous, non-labelled substrate for prostaglandin biosynthesis. This conclusion was supported by experiments in which enough arachidonic acid was added to make the kinetics of prostaglandin synthesis zero order. Under such conditions angiotensin II failed to cause any further increase in prostaglandin synthesis. 5. It is concluded that angiotensin II controls prostaglandin biosynthesis in the renal papilla by regulating the availability of free precursor. Possible mechanisms for increased levels of free arachidonic acid could be the activation of a tissue acyl hydrolase or decreased utilization of fatty acids.", "PMID": 1125304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9027", "title": "Isolation and identification of prostaglandin E2 from gastrointestinal tract of shark Triakis scyllia.", "content": "A prostaglandin was isolated from the gastrointestinal tract of the shark Triakis scyllia and identified as prostaglandin E2 by bioassay, thin-layer chromatography, gas-liquid chromatography, ultraviolet absorption spectrometry and mass spectrometry. The fatty acid composition of the tissue was also determined. The amount of eicosatetraenoic acid in this tissue was 17.2% of the total fatty acids, but the percentages of eicosatrienoic acid and eicospentaenoid acid were low.", "contents": "Isolation and identification of prostaglandin E2 from gastrointestinal tract of shark Triakis scyllia. A prostaglandin was isolated from the gastrointestinal tract of the shark Triakis scyllia and identified as prostaglandin E2 by bioassay, thin-layer chromatography, gas-liquid chromatography, ultraviolet absorption spectrometry and mass spectrometry. The fatty acid composition of the tissue was also determined. The amount of eicosatetraenoic acid in this tissue was 17.2% of the total fatty acids, but the percentages of eicosatrienoic acid and eicospentaenoid acid were low.", "PMID": 1125305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9028", "title": "Calcium-carbohydrate bridges composed of uncharged sugars. Structure of a hydrated calcium bromide complex of alpha-fucose.", "content": "X-ray diffraction data were used to determine the crystal structure of a hydrated CaBr2 complex of alpha-fucose, a common terminal sugar of oligosaccharide chains on glycoproteins. Crystals of C6H12O5-CaBr2-3H2O are orthorhombic, space group P212121, with A equals 14.360(2), B equals 12.896(3), and C equals 8.043(1) A. Intensity data for 1442 independent reflections were measured with an automated diffractometer. A trial structure, obtained by the heavy-atom method, was refined by least-squares to R equals 0.052. Ca-2+ is chelated by a pair of hydroxyl groups from each of tow symmetry-related fucose molecules and is coordinated to three water molecules. Thus the structure consists of hydrated fucose-calcium-fucose bridges. The bridge geometry, which is dictated by the coordination requirements of Ca-2+, is like that of other calcium-carbohydrate complexes. Our results indicate that calcium-fucose interactions can provide an effective, sterospecific mechanism for cross-linking carbo hydrate chains. Similar calcium-carbohydrate bridges may be involved in a variety of Ca-2+-dependent agglutination and adhesion processes.", "contents": "Calcium-carbohydrate bridges composed of uncharged sugars. Structure of a hydrated calcium bromide complex of alpha-fucose. X-ray diffraction data were used to determine the crystal structure of a hydrated CaBr2 complex of alpha-fucose, a common terminal sugar of oligosaccharide chains on glycoproteins. Crystals of C6H12O5-CaBr2-3H2O are orthorhombic, space group P212121, with A equals 14.360(2), B equals 12.896(3), and C equals 8.043(1) A. Intensity data for 1442 independent reflections were measured with an automated diffractometer. A trial structure, obtained by the heavy-atom method, was refined by least-squares to R equals 0.052. Ca-2+ is chelated by a pair of hydroxyl groups from each of tow symmetry-related fucose molecules and is coordinated to three water molecules. Thus the structure consists of hydrated fucose-calcium-fucose bridges. The bridge geometry, which is dictated by the coordination requirements of Ca-2+, is like that of other calcium-carbohydrate complexes. Our results indicate that calcium-fucose interactions can provide an effective, sterospecific mechanism for cross-linking carbo hydrate chains. Similar calcium-carbohydrate bridges may be involved in a variety of Ca-2+-dependent agglutination and adhesion processes.", "PMID": 1125306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9029", "title": "Voltage-dependent conductance induced by hemocyanin in black lipid films.", "content": "When hemocyanin is added to a black lipid film, the conductance increases in discrete steps. For negative potentials the single step conductance is constant, but for positive potentials the step conductance appears to decrease as the potential increases. At high positive potentials the conductance fluctuates between several levels. These data suggest that, in lipid membranes, hemocyanin conducts ions through discrete channels. The voltage-dependent conductance observed at high levels of conductance seems to be a consequence of the properties of the conductance of the single channel.", "contents": "Voltage-dependent conductance induced by hemocyanin in black lipid films. When hemocyanin is added to a black lipid film, the conductance increases in discrete steps. For negative potentials the single step conductance is constant, but for positive potentials the step conductance appears to decrease as the potential increases. At high positive potentials the conductance fluctuates between several levels. These data suggest that, in lipid membranes, hemocyanin conducts ions through discrete channels. The voltage-dependent conductance observed at high levels of conductance seems to be a consequence of the properties of the conductance of the single channel.", "PMID": 1125307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9030", "title": "Rapid preparative isolation of major erythrocyte membrane proteins using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecylsulfate.", "content": "1. We describe a simple method for preparative, sodium dodecylsulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the major proteins in human erythrocyte membranes. 2. The method is based on extraction of prestained proteins from gel slabs. Three different fluorescent dyes (o-phthalaldehyde, fluorescamine and 1-dimethyl-aminonaphthalene-5-sulfonylchloride) have been used for pretaining. The method allows separation of up to 75 mg membrane protein and isolation of mg quantities of all major erythrocyte ghost proteins, while preserving the high resolution of analytical polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. 3. Yield depends on extraction conditions and the molecular weight of the proteins being eluted. It ranges from 43-48% for protein 1 (apparent mol. wt approx. 310000) and 72-78% for protein 3(apparent mol. wt 87 000-93 000) to 87-93% for protein 6 (apparent mol. wt 35 000). 4. The labile behaviour of the high molecular \"spectrin\" bands (bands 1 and 2) is described. Extraction at room temperature tends to split these proteins into products of lower molecular weight. In contrast, the minor protein components 2.1 and 2.2 tend to aggregate yielding components 1 and 2. 5. N-terminal amino acid analyses have been performed on proteins 1, 2, 3, 4A, 4B, 5 and 6. Each of these bands contains several N-terminals, most of which appear constant. Some additional N-terminal amino acids vary from one donor to the next.", "contents": "Rapid preparative isolation of major erythrocyte membrane proteins using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecylsulfate. 1. We describe a simple method for preparative, sodium dodecylsulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the major proteins in human erythrocyte membranes. 2. The method is based on extraction of prestained proteins from gel slabs. Three different fluorescent dyes (o-phthalaldehyde, fluorescamine and 1-dimethyl-aminonaphthalene-5-sulfonylchloride) have been used for pretaining. The method allows separation of up to 75 mg membrane protein and isolation of mg quantities of all major erythrocyte ghost proteins, while preserving the high resolution of analytical polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. 3. Yield depends on extraction conditions and the molecular weight of the proteins being eluted. It ranges from 43-48% for protein 1 (apparent mol. wt approx. 310000) and 72-78% for protein 3(apparent mol. wt 87 000-93 000) to 87-93% for protein 6 (apparent mol. wt 35 000). 4. The labile behaviour of the high molecular \"spectrin\" bands (bands 1 and 2) is described. Extraction at room temperature tends to split these proteins into products of lower molecular weight. In contrast, the minor protein components 2.1 and 2.2 tend to aggregate yielding components 1 and 2. 5. N-terminal amino acid analyses have been performed on proteins 1, 2, 3, 4A, 4B, 5 and 6. Each of these bands contains several N-terminals, most of which appear constant. Some additional N-terminal amino acids vary from one donor to the next.", "PMID": 1125308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9031", "title": "Xeonon accumulation in the red blood cell. A process latered by suppressors of the membrane active transport function.", "content": "Xenon passage across the erythrocyte membrane was investigated by performing several types of tests. The effects of some enzyme inhibitors (ouabain, NaF, dinitrophenol, low temperature), representing various modifications of the mentioned transport phenomenon, led to the conclusion of the existence of a strong correlation between the cellular energetic metabolism (and, hence, the energy supply for membrane processes) and the xenon accumulation into the erythrocyte. The experimental data obtained indicate that the xenon concentration in the cell water exceeds the concentration in the incubation solution by about 20%. The metabolic inhibitors practically equalise the xenon concentrations in the cell water and in the surrounding medium. The possible theoretical consequences of these facts are taken into account and analyzed.", "contents": "Xeonon accumulation in the red blood cell. A process latered by suppressors of the membrane active transport function. Xenon passage across the erythrocyte membrane was investigated by performing several types of tests. The effects of some enzyme inhibitors (ouabain, NaF, dinitrophenol, low temperature), representing various modifications of the mentioned transport phenomenon, led to the conclusion of the existence of a strong correlation between the cellular energetic metabolism (and, hence, the energy supply for membrane processes) and the xenon accumulation into the erythrocyte. The experimental data obtained indicate that the xenon concentration in the cell water exceeds the concentration in the incubation solution by about 20%. The metabolic inhibitors practically equalise the xenon concentrations in the cell water and in the surrounding medium. The possible theoretical consequences of these facts are taken into account and analyzed.", "PMID": 1125309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9032", "title": "Mechanism of the mutagenic action of hydroxylamine. VIII. Functional properties of the modified adenosine residues.", "content": "The action of O-methylhydroxylamine in vitro upon some amber and rII ochre mutants of T4 phage leads to a considerable increase in the frequency of reversions and conversions of ochre and opal mutants presumably due to A yields G transitions. The transitions seem to be caused by modification of the adenine bases  of the genome to give N-6-methoxyadenine which has equivocal (A- and G-like) specificity. However, the functional activity of N-6-methoxyadenosine residues in the RNA polymerase system is low. We failed to detect any significant activity of these residues either as components of a template polyribonucleotide, or as nucleoside triphosphate precursors.", "contents": "Mechanism of the mutagenic action of hydroxylamine. VIII. Functional properties of the modified adenosine residues. The action of O-methylhydroxylamine in vitro upon some amber and rII ochre mutants of T4 phage leads to a considerable increase in the frequency of reversions and conversions of ochre and opal mutants presumably due to A yields G transitions. The transitions seem to be caused by modification of the adenine bases  of the genome to give N-6-methoxyadenine which has equivocal (A- and G-like) specificity. However, the functional activity of N-6-methoxyadenosine residues in the RNA polymerase system is low. We failed to detect any significant activity of these residues either as components of a template polyribonucleotide, or as nucleoside triphosphate precursors.", "PMID": 1125310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9033", "title": "Isolation and purification of RNA polymerases from rye embryos.", "content": "A procedure has been developed for the purification of soluble DNA-dependent RNA polymerase (EC 2.7.7.6) from rye embryos. The enzyme solubilized by high salt extraction with sonication and resolved by DEAE-cellulose chromatography yields two activities. Enzyme I eluted at 0.15 M (NN4)2SO4, was insensitive to alpha-amanitin and was extremely labile. Enzyme II eluted at 0.25 M (NH4)2SO4 was inhibited by alpha-amanitin. However, DEAE-Sephadex chromatography yields three DNA-dependent RNA polymerases. Enzyme I is resistant to amanitin, while II and III enzymes are inhibited by this poison. Partially purified on DEAE-cellulose, polymerase II was further purified by hydrophobic chromatography on an omega-aminobutyl-Sepharose column. After omega-aminobutyl-Sepharose chromatography, enzyme II was stable and was more active with denatured than with native DNA as template. The activity of purified RNA polymerase II is dependent on the DNA, Mn-2+ and Mg-2+ added and requires ATP, GTP, CTP and UTP for its maximum activity. Transcription is inhibited besides by alpha-amanitin, by chromomycin A3, daunomycin, ethidium bromide and actinomycin D. Rifampin and rifamycin SV do not inhibit the enzyme. Synthetic copolymers were also effective as templates.", "contents": "Isolation and purification of RNA polymerases from rye embryos. A procedure has been developed for the purification of soluble DNA-dependent RNA polymerase (EC 2.7.7.6) from rye embryos. The enzyme solubilized by high salt extraction with sonication and resolved by DEAE-cellulose chromatography yields two activities. Enzyme I eluted at 0.15 M (NN4)2SO4, was insensitive to alpha-amanitin and was extremely labile. Enzyme II eluted at 0.25 M (NH4)2SO4 was inhibited by alpha-amanitin. However, DEAE-Sephadex chromatography yields three DNA-dependent RNA polymerases. Enzyme I is resistant to amanitin, while II and III enzymes are inhibited by this poison. Partially purified on DEAE-cellulose, polymerase II was further purified by hydrophobic chromatography on an omega-aminobutyl-Sepharose column. After omega-aminobutyl-Sepharose chromatography, enzyme II was stable and was more active with denatured than with native DNA as template. The activity of purified RNA polymerase II is dependent on the DNA, Mn-2+ and Mg-2+ added and requires ATP, GTP, CTP and UTP for its maximum activity. Transcription is inhibited besides by alpha-amanitin, by chromomycin A3, daunomycin, ethidium bromide and actinomycin D. Rifampin and rifamycin SV do not inhibit the enzyme. Synthetic copolymers were also effective as templates.", "PMID": 1125311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9034", "title": "Unique sequence DNA transcripts present in mature oocytes of Urechis caupo.", "content": "DNA - DNA reannealing of sheared Urechis caupo DNA indicates that the genome is composed of two major repetitive sequence families. The repetitive sequence DNA families compose 8 and 7% of the DNA and are repeated in the genome on an average of 2.0 - 10-6 and 6.0 - 10-3 times, respectively. The unique sequence DNA composed a minimum of 75% of the genome and the rate of reannealing indicates a complexity of 2.6 - 10-8 nucleotide pairs per genome. Hybridization of isolated 3-H-labeled unique sequence DNA with an excess of unlabeled mature oocyte RNA provides a minimum estimate of the genetic diversity of the RNA present in the mature oocytes. The apparent saturation level of unique sequence DNA with RNA indicates that about 8.6% of the unique sequence DNA is expressed. Based on the fraction of the DNA that forms a stable hybrid and the complexity of the unique sequence DNA the RNA present in the mature oocyte is a complementary with 2.2 - 10-7 nucleotide pairs of unique sequence DNA.", "contents": "Unique sequence DNA transcripts present in mature oocytes of Urechis caupo. DNA - DNA reannealing of sheared Urechis caupo DNA indicates that the genome is composed of two major repetitive sequence families. The repetitive sequence DNA families compose 8 and 7% of the DNA and are repeated in the genome on an average of 2.0 - 10-6 and 6.0 - 10-3 times, respectively. The unique sequence DNA composed a minimum of 75% of the genome and the rate of reannealing indicates a complexity of 2.6 - 10-8 nucleotide pairs per genome. Hybridization of isolated 3-H-labeled unique sequence DNA with an excess of unlabeled mature oocyte RNA provides a minimum estimate of the genetic diversity of the RNA present in the mature oocytes. The apparent saturation level of unique sequence DNA with RNA indicates that about 8.6% of the unique sequence DNA is expressed. Based on the fraction of the DNA that forms a stable hybrid and the complexity of the unique sequence DNA the RNA present in the mature oocyte is a complementary with 2.2 - 10-7 nucleotide pairs of unique sequence DNA.", "PMID": 1125313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9035", "title": "A dissociation factor from embryos of Xenopus laevis.", "content": "A dissociating factor has been extracted from the ribosomal KCl wash and from the cytosol of developing embryos of Xenopus laevis. No dissociating activity could be detected in the KCl wash of ribosomes from full grown oocytes and unfertilized eggs. As in bacteria, the acitivity of the dissociation factor seems to be correlated with the rate of protein synthesis suggesting a physiological role of the dissociation factor. The possibility that the dissociation factor might be one of the components which limits the rate of protein synthesis in the oocytes is discussed.", "contents": "A dissociation factor from embryos of Xenopus laevis. A dissociating factor has been extracted from the ribosomal KCl wash and from the cytosol of developing embryos of Xenopus laevis. No dissociating activity could be detected in the KCl wash of ribosomes from full grown oocytes and unfertilized eggs. As in bacteria, the acitivity of the dissociation factor seems to be correlated with the rate of protein synthesis suggesting a physiological role of the dissociation factor. The possibility that the dissociation factor might be one of the components which limits the rate of protein synthesis in the oocytes is discussed.", "PMID": 1125315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9036", "title": "Attempts to detect Agrobacterium tumefaciens and bacteriophage PS8 DNA in crown gall tumors by DNA-DNA-filter hybridization.", "content": "A systematic study of the DNA-DNA-filter reaction is presented which measures its ability to detect small amounts of simple DNA (bacterial or bacteriophage) in model mixtures of DNA immobilized on filters. Saturation curves show qualitatively that significant binding occurs when there is 10% Agrobacterium tumefaciens DNA on the filter but not 1%. PS8 bacteriophage DNA is detectable at a level of 0.1%. True saturation is not attained in the bacterial DNA reaction : radioactivity bound represents only 3% of the theoretical saturation value. The bacteriophage DNA reactions attain 15-30% of the expected saturation value. When crown gall tumor DNA filters were tested for the presence of A. tumefaciens or PS8 bacteriophage DNA by saturation reactions, an apparently significant amount of binding was observed compared with usual background levels for heterologous DNA filters. However thermal dissociation profiles revealed that no well-matched duplexes were formed. Normal tobacco callus DNA filters exhibited the same type of binding of labeled DNA to a similar extent (50-100% as much as tumor DNA filters). Both types of DNA-filters bound Bacillus subtilis and bacteriophage T4 DNA as efficiently as A. tumefaciens and PS8 DNA. The high non-specific background binding of labeled DNA by filters containing DNA isolated from plant tissue culture materials is ascribed to low single strand molecular weight of the filterbound DNA. This study provides no evidence for foreign DNA in crown gall tumors, and raises objections to the interpretation of the data of earlier investigators (Quetier, F., Huguet, T. and Guille, E. (1969) Biochem, Biophys. Res, Commun. 34, 128-133 and Srivastava, B.I.S. (1970) Life Sci. 9, 889-892) who claimed to detect A. tumefaciens DNA in crown gall tumors by DNA-DNA-filter hybridization.", "contents": "Attempts to detect Agrobacterium tumefaciens and bacteriophage PS8 DNA in crown gall tumors by DNA-DNA-filter hybridization. A systematic study of the DNA-DNA-filter reaction is presented which measures its ability to detect small amounts of simple DNA (bacterial or bacteriophage) in model mixtures of DNA immobilized on filters. Saturation curves show qualitatively that significant binding occurs when there is 10% Agrobacterium tumefaciens DNA on the filter but not 1%. PS8 bacteriophage DNA is detectable at a level of 0.1%. True saturation is not attained in the bacterial DNA reaction : radioactivity bound represents only 3% of the theoretical saturation value. The bacteriophage DNA reactions attain 15-30% of the expected saturation value. When crown gall tumor DNA filters were tested for the presence of A. tumefaciens or PS8 bacteriophage DNA by saturation reactions, an apparently significant amount of binding was observed compared with usual background levels for heterologous DNA filters. However thermal dissociation profiles revealed that no well-matched duplexes were formed. Normal tobacco callus DNA filters exhibited the same type of binding of labeled DNA to a similar extent (50-100% as much as tumor DNA filters). Both types of DNA-filters bound Bacillus subtilis and bacteriophage T4 DNA as efficiently as A. tumefaciens and PS8 DNA. The high non-specific background binding of labeled DNA by filters containing DNA isolated from plant tissue culture materials is ascribed to low single strand molecular weight of the filterbound DNA. This study provides no evidence for foreign DNA in crown gall tumors, and raises objections to the interpretation of the data of earlier investigators (Quetier, F., Huguet, T. and Guille, E. (1969) Biochem, Biophys. Res, Commun. 34, 128-133 and Srivastava, B.I.S. (1970) Life Sci. 9, 889-892) who claimed to detect A. tumefaciens DNA in crown gall tumors by DNA-DNA-filter hybridization.", "PMID": 1125316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9037", "title": "Circular mitochondrial DNA from the avian malarial parasite Plasmodium lophurae.", "content": "The avian malarial parasite, Plasmodium lophurae, was liberated from duck erythrocytes with antiduck erythrocyte serum and freed from host cell nuclei by differential centrifugation followed by treatment with trypsin and DNAase. Total as well as mitochondrial DNA isolated from such a preparation of free parasites showed overlapping densities of 1.679 g/ml in CsCl density gradients. To retain the structural integrity of mitochondrial DNA, the treatment of liberated parasites with trypsin and DNAase was eliminated and all steps of isolation of the mitochondrial fraction was performed at ice bath temperature. Under these conditions, mtDNA liberated by osmotic lysis appeared as super coiled molecules. After isolation of DNA from mitochondrial pellets prepared under the above conditions, only a single DNA band was apparent in ethidium bromide/CsCl gradients and open circular molecules with a mean contour length of 10.3 mum were observed.", "contents": "Circular mitochondrial DNA from the avian malarial parasite Plasmodium lophurae. The avian malarial parasite, Plasmodium lophurae, was liberated from duck erythrocytes with antiduck erythrocyte serum and freed from host cell nuclei by differential centrifugation followed by treatment with trypsin and DNAase. Total as well as mitochondrial DNA isolated from such a preparation of free parasites showed overlapping densities of 1.679 g/ml in CsCl density gradients. To retain the structural integrity of mitochondrial DNA, the treatment of liberated parasites with trypsin and DNAase was eliminated and all steps of isolation of the mitochondrial fraction was performed at ice bath temperature. Under these conditions, mtDNA liberated by osmotic lysis appeared as super coiled molecules. After isolation of DNA from mitochondrial pellets prepared under the above conditions, only a single DNA band was apparent in ethidium bromide/CsCl gradients and open circular molecules with a mean contour length of 10.3 mum were observed.", "PMID": 1125317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9038", "title": "Effect of the exotoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis on the biosynthesis and maturation of mouse liver nuclear RNA.", "content": "The effect of the exotoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis on the in vivo incorporation of [14-C] orotic acid into mouse liver nuclear rRNA and low molecular weight RNA was studied. The following results were obtained. 1. The exotoxin does not inhibit the synthesis of 45 S pre-rRNA, but causes a breakdown of these molecules. 2. The exotoxin inhibits the conversion of 38 S pre-rRNA into 32 S and 21 S. 3. The exotoxin inhibits the labelling of nuclear 5 S RNA, whereas the labelling of 4.6 S pre-tRNA is not affected. It is suggested that 5 S RNA may control the processing of 45 S pre-rRNA.", "contents": "Effect of the exotoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis on the biosynthesis and maturation of mouse liver nuclear RNA. The effect of the exotoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis on the in vivo incorporation of [14-C] orotic acid into mouse liver nuclear rRNA and low molecular weight RNA was studied. The following results were obtained. 1. The exotoxin does not inhibit the synthesis of 45 S pre-rRNA, but causes a breakdown of these molecules. 2. The exotoxin inhibits the conversion of 38 S pre-rRNA into 32 S and 21 S. 3. The exotoxin inhibits the labelling of nuclear 5 S RNA, whereas the labelling of 4.6 S pre-tRNA is not affected. It is suggested that 5 S RNA may control the processing of 45 S pre-rRNA.", "PMID": 1125318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9039", "title": "Inhibitor of protein synthesis co-isolating with polyribosomal RNA.", "content": "Although low concentrations of total polyribosomal RNA from porcine parotid glands or rat pituitary cells in culture (GH3) isolated by standard dodecylsulphate/phenol, chloroform extraction techniques can direct the incorporation of radiolabeled amino acids into proteins using a cell-free protein-synthesizing system derived from wheat germ embryos, higher concentrations inhibit the translation of endogenous wheat germ mRNA, or added rabbit globin mRNA or polyribouridylic acid. This inhibitory activity is separated from poly(A)-rich RNA by oligo(dT)-cellulose chromatography. The inhibitory activity appears to reside in a heat-stable protein since it is inactivated by incubation with various proteases but not by DNAase I, pancreatic ribonuclease, alkaline hydrolysis, or treatment with formamide. Specificity of the inhibition is suggested since the inhibitory fraction prepared from GH3 cells also inhibits protein synthesis in a cell-free protein-synthesizing system derived from porcine parotid gland, while the inhibitory fraction prepared from porcine parotid gland has no inhibitory activity in this homologous system. Radioiodination and dodecylsulphate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis reveal several protein bands, the most prominent with an apparent molecular weight of 78 000.", "contents": "Inhibitor of protein synthesis co-isolating with polyribosomal RNA. Although low concentrations of total polyribosomal RNA from porcine parotid glands or rat pituitary cells in culture (GH3) isolated by standard dodecylsulphate/phenol, chloroform extraction techniques can direct the incorporation of radiolabeled amino acids into proteins using a cell-free protein-synthesizing system derived from wheat germ embryos, higher concentrations inhibit the translation of endogenous wheat germ mRNA, or added rabbit globin mRNA or polyribouridylic acid. This inhibitory activity is separated from poly(A)-rich RNA by oligo(dT)-cellulose chromatography. The inhibitory activity appears to reside in a heat-stable protein since it is inactivated by incubation with various proteases but not by DNAase I, pancreatic ribonuclease, alkaline hydrolysis, or treatment with formamide. Specificity of the inhibition is suggested since the inhibitory fraction prepared from GH3 cells also inhibits protein synthesis in a cell-free protein-synthesizing system derived from porcine parotid gland, while the inhibitory fraction prepared from porcine parotid gland has no inhibitory activity in this homologous system. Radioiodination and dodecylsulphate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis reveal several protein bands, the most prominent with an apparent molecular weight of 78 000.", "PMID": 1125319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9040", "title": "Amino acid incorporation into protein by ribosomes bound to chloroplast thylakoid membranes: formation of discrete products.", "content": "A system which incorporates amino acids into proteins of chloroplast membranes of Chlamydomonas reinhardti is described. It consists of chloroplast ribosomes bound to thylakoid membranes and cell extract. mRNA is present in this thylakoid-ribosome complex, since neither initiation nor RNA synthesis seems to be required for amino acid incorporation. Incorporation requires ATP, GTP and a soluble portion of cell extract. It is inhibited by chloramphenicol, but not cycloheximide. Most incorporated radioactivity remains bound to the membranes. Although a large portion of this labeled membrane-bound protein occurs as nascent polypeptides, a portion appears at least four products of discrete molecular weights. The major in vitro product migrates as a polypeptide of 23 000 daltons. We conclude that a portion of chloroplast membrane proteins is not only made within the chloroplast, but directly on the membranes. We had previously observed that release of membrane-bound ribosomes is partially dependent on puromycin, and concluded that some membrane-bound ribosomes were attached to the membranes through nascent protein chains. Thus, our results suggest that some chloroplast membrane proteins are inserted into the membranes as they are synthesized. This chloroplast membrane amino acid incorporation system offers a promising tool for studying biosynthesis of membrane proteins, and how they become inserted into chloroplast thylakoids to form functional membranes.", "contents": "Amino acid incorporation into protein by ribosomes bound to chloroplast thylakoid membranes: formation of discrete products. A system which incorporates amino acids into proteins of chloroplast membranes of Chlamydomonas reinhardti is described. It consists of chloroplast ribosomes bound to thylakoid membranes and cell extract. mRNA is present in this thylakoid-ribosome complex, since neither initiation nor RNA synthesis seems to be required for amino acid incorporation. Incorporation requires ATP, GTP and a soluble portion of cell extract. It is inhibited by chloramphenicol, but not cycloheximide. Most incorporated radioactivity remains bound to the membranes. Although a large portion of this labeled membrane-bound protein occurs as nascent polypeptides, a portion appears at least four products of discrete molecular weights. The major in vitro product migrates as a polypeptide of 23 000 daltons. We conclude that a portion of chloroplast membrane proteins is not only made within the chloroplast, but directly on the membranes. We had previously observed that release of membrane-bound ribosomes is partially dependent on puromycin, and concluded that some membrane-bound ribosomes were attached to the membranes through nascent protein chains. Thus, our results suggest that some chloroplast membrane proteins are inserted into the membranes as they are synthesized. This chloroplast membrane amino acid incorporation system offers a promising tool for studying biosynthesis of membrane proteins, and how they become inserted into chloroplast thylakoids to form functional membranes.", "PMID": 1125320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9041", "title": "Incorporation of amino acids into protein from an intracellular pool of lymphocytes.", "content": "The nature of the precursor pool for protein synthesis in porcine lymphocytes has been investigated. Intracellular free glycine was found to be used in preference to its extracellular counterpart. It is suggested that a similar preference applies for all amino acids. However, with certain amino acids such as phenylalanine, this preference is difficult to demonstrate because of a rapid exchange occurring between intracellular and extracellular pools. A small portion of the intracellular phenylalanine pool was found not to exchange rapidly but this was not important in the maintenance of protein synthesis. A different type of compartmentation of the intracellular glycine pool was apparent, but this was less well defined. During the course of these investigations it was demonstrated that the nature of the incubation medium is an important consideration for enabling correct interpretation of kinetic experiments. To maintain what appeared to be a constant rate of protein synthesis, lymphocytes had to be incubated in a comprehensive culture medium (basal Eagle's medium without serum); a declining rate of synthesis was observed if a simple buffered salts medium (Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer) was used.", "contents": "Incorporation of amino acids into protein from an intracellular pool of lymphocytes. The nature of the precursor pool for protein synthesis in porcine lymphocytes has been investigated. Intracellular free glycine was found to be used in preference to its extracellular counterpart. It is suggested that a similar preference applies for all amino acids. However, with certain amino acids such as phenylalanine, this preference is difficult to demonstrate because of a rapid exchange occurring between intracellular and extracellular pools. A small portion of the intracellular phenylalanine pool was found not to exchange rapidly but this was not important in the maintenance of protein synthesis. A different type of compartmentation of the intracellular glycine pool was apparent, but this was less well defined. During the course of these investigations it was demonstrated that the nature of the incubation medium is an important consideration for enabling correct interpretation of kinetic experiments. To maintain what appeared to be a constant rate of protein synthesis, lymphocytes had to be incubated in a comprehensive culture medium (basal Eagle's medium without serum); a declining rate of synthesis was observed if a simple buffered salts medium (Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer) was used.", "PMID": 1125321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9042", "title": "Cytochalasin B: effect on phospholipid metabolism and lysosomal enzyme release by leukocytes;.", "content": "The effect of cytochalasin B on phospholipid metabolism and beta-glucuronidase extrusion by polymorphonuclear leukocytes from guinea pid peritoneal exudates has been studied. Cytochalasin B inhibited the engulfing of starch granules by leukocytes, but it enhanced the incorporation of 32-Pi into phosphatidic acid and the phosphoinositidesmit also stimulated the release of beta-glucuronidase into the incubation medium in the presence or absence of starch granulesmkinetic studies showed that the effects of cytochalasin B on 32-Pi incorporation into phosphatidic acid and the phosphoinositides, and the release of beta-glucuronidase into the extracellular medium were comparablempulse-chase experiment revealed that cytochalasin B did not stimulate the isotopic decay of prelabeled lipids, indicating that cytochalasin B increased the radiophosphorus activity of phosphatidic acid and the phosphoinositides by increasing the synthesis of these lipidsmthe incorporation of myo-[2-3H]inositol into the phosphoinositides was also enhanced in the presence of cytochalasin B, but the incorporation of [methyl-14-C] choline into phosphatidylcholine and sphingogonyelin was unchanged;", "contents": "Cytochalasin B: effect on phospholipid metabolism and lysosomal enzyme release by leukocytes;. The effect of cytochalasin B on phospholipid metabolism and beta-glucuronidase extrusion by polymorphonuclear leukocytes from guinea pid peritoneal exudates has been studied. Cytochalasin B inhibited the engulfing of starch granules by leukocytes, but it enhanced the incorporation of 32-Pi into phosphatidic acid and the phosphoinositidesmit also stimulated the release of beta-glucuronidase into the incubation medium in the presence or absence of starch granulesmkinetic studies showed that the effects of cytochalasin B on 32-Pi incorporation into phosphatidic acid and the phosphoinositides, and the release of beta-glucuronidase into the extracellular medium were comparablempulse-chase experiment revealed that cytochalasin B did not stimulate the isotopic decay of prelabeled lipids, indicating that cytochalasin B increased the radiophosphorus activity of phosphatidic acid and the phosphoinositides by increasing the synthesis of these lipidsmthe incorporation of myo-[2-3H]inositol into the phosphoinositides was also enhanced in the presence of cytochalasin B, but the incorporation of [methyl-14-C] choline into phosphatidylcholine and sphingogonyelin was unchanged;", "PMID": 1125322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9043", "title": "Cell wall of Fusarium sulphureum; I. Chemical composition of the hyphal wall.", "content": "The hyphae wall of Fusarium sulphureum Schlect. (Isolate 1) was isolated and purified. Electron microscopy studies showed that the isolated cell wall consisted of two distinct layers, an outer electron dense layer and a broader electron transparent inner layer. Chemical analysis revealed that the cell wall contained 66% carbohydrate, 7.3% protein, 5.5% lipid and 1.8% ash. The major cell wall component N-acetylglucosamine (39%) was shown by X-ray diffraction analysis to be present as chitin. Glucose constituted 14% of the cell wall, while mannose, galactose, and glucuronic acid, accounted for 15% of the cell wall. Glucuronic acid appears to be predominantly linked to galactose in the intact wall.", "contents": "Cell wall of Fusarium sulphureum; I. Chemical composition of the hyphal wall. The hyphae wall of Fusarium sulphureum Schlect. (Isolate 1) was isolated and purified. Electron microscopy studies showed that the isolated cell wall consisted of two distinct layers, an outer electron dense layer and a broader electron transparent inner layer. Chemical analysis revealed that the cell wall contained 66% carbohydrate, 7.3% protein, 5.5% lipid and 1.8% ash. The major cell wall component N-acetylglucosamine (39%) was shown by X-ray diffraction analysis to be present as chitin. Glucose constituted 14% of the cell wall, while mannose, galactose, and glucuronic acid, accounted for 15% of the cell wall. Glucuronic acid appears to be predominantly linked to galactose in the intact wall.", "PMID": 1125323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9044", "title": "[35-S]sulfate incorporation into myelin glycoproteinsmi=entral nervous system.", "content": "The in vivo incorporation of [35-S]sulfate and [3H]fucose into rat brain myelin was investigatedmmost of the 35S in the myelin was in sulfatide, but about 4% was associated with the residual proteins after chloroform/methanol extraction. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of these proteins indicated that the major 35-S-labeled component corresponded to the major fucose-labeled glycoproteinmthe labeling of this predominant glycoprotein with sulfate was more selective than with fucose, since there was relatively little incorporation of sulfate into some of the minor fucose-labeled glycoproteins. There was little or no 35-S associated with proteolipid or basic protein on polyacrylamide gels. The fucose-labeled glycoproteins were converted to glycopeptides by pronase digestion and separated into two major classes by gel filtration on Sephadex-G-50. Only the higher molecular weight class contained significant amounts of 35-S. The association of 35-S with the glycopeptides was not due to binding of sulfatide or free inorganic sulfate. The results indicate that the predominant myelin-associated glycoprotein in rat brain is sulfated.", "contents": "[35-S]sulfate incorporation into myelin glycoproteinsmi=entral nervous system. The in vivo incorporation of [35-S]sulfate and [3H]fucose into rat brain myelin was investigatedmmost of the 35S in the myelin was in sulfatide, but about 4% was associated with the residual proteins after chloroform/methanol extraction. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of these proteins indicated that the major 35-S-labeled component corresponded to the major fucose-labeled glycoproteinmthe labeling of this predominant glycoprotein with sulfate was more selective than with fucose, since there was relatively little incorporation of sulfate into some of the minor fucose-labeled glycoproteins. There was little or no 35-S associated with proteolipid or basic protein on polyacrylamide gels. The fucose-labeled glycoproteins were converted to glycopeptides by pronase digestion and separated into two major classes by gel filtration on Sephadex-G-50. Only the higher molecular weight class contained significant amounts of 35-S. The association of 35-S with the glycopeptides was not due to binding of sulfatide or free inorganic sulfate. The results indicate that the predominant myelin-associated glycoprotein in rat brain is sulfated.", "PMID": 1125324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9045", "title": "[35-S]sulfate incorporation into myelin clycoproteins; II. Peripheral nervous tissue.", "content": "The in vivo incorporation of [35-S]sulfate, [3-H]fucose and [3-H]leucine into sciatic nerve myelin was investigatedmpolyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of thr proteins indicated that the 35-S-labeling of proteins occurred almost exclusively in the major myelin protein; A smaller myelin glycoprotein migrating just ahead of the major one was labeled with [3-H]fucose but did not incorporate 35-S to a detectable extent. There was little or no 35-S associated with basic proteins on polyacrylamide gels when the proteins were extracted with chloroform/methanol; Fucose-labeled myelin glycoproteins were converted to glycopeptides by pronase digestion; The glycopeptides gave a single peak on tsephadex G-50 in which the 3-H and 35-S coincided. The association of 35-S with glycopeptides was not caused by binding of sulfatide or free inorganic sulfate. This study shows that the major myelin protein in the sciatic nerve of the rat is glycosylated and sulfated.", "contents": "[35-S]sulfate incorporation into myelin clycoproteins; II. Peripheral nervous tissue. The in vivo incorporation of [35-S]sulfate, [3-H]fucose and [3-H]leucine into sciatic nerve myelin was investigatedmpolyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of thr proteins indicated that the 35-S-labeling of proteins occurred almost exclusively in the major myelin protein; A smaller myelin glycoprotein migrating just ahead of the major one was labeled with [3-H]fucose but did not incorporate 35-S to a detectable extent. There was little or no 35-S associated with basic proteins on polyacrylamide gels when the proteins were extracted with chloroform/methanol; Fucose-labeled myelin glycoproteins were converted to glycopeptides by pronase digestion; The glycopeptides gave a single peak on tsephadex G-50 in which the 3-H and 35-S coincided. The association of 35-S with glycopeptides was not caused by binding of sulfatide or free inorganic sulfate. This study shows that the major myelin protein in the sciatic nerve of the rat is glycosylated and sulfated.", "PMID": 1125325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9046", "title": "A novel method for the follow-up of shape changes in erythrocyte and other particles.", "content": "The absorbance of a suspension of asymmetrical particles fluctuates when the suspension is stirred in a circular motion. The effect is due to the fact that particles move in spiral orbits and present alternatively their short or long axis to the narrow beam of light used for measurement. Changes in the shape of erythrocytes such as flattening and swelling could be detected and quantitated by measuring the change in the amplitude of the fluctuating absorbance. The diagnostic value of this method is under investigation.", "contents": "A novel method for the follow-up of shape changes in erythrocyte and other particles. The absorbance of a suspension of asymmetrical particles fluctuates when the suspension is stirred in a circular motion. The effect is due to the fact that particles move in spiral orbits and present alternatively their short or long axis to the narrow beam of light used for measurement. Changes in the shape of erythrocytes such as flattening and swelling could be detected and quantitated by measuring the change in the amplitude of the fluctuating absorbance. The diagnostic value of this method is under investigation.", "PMID": 1125326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9047", "title": "Erythropoietin effects on iron metabolism in rat bone marrow cells.", "content": "This paper describes a study of the incorporation of 59-Fe from 59-Fe-labelled rat transferrin into rat bone marrow cells in culture. 59-Fe was found in both stroma and cytoplasm of marrow cells, and the cytoplasmic 59-Fe separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, into ferritin, haemoglobin and a low molecular weight fraction. The incorporation of 59-Fe into all three cytoplasmic fractions, but not into the stroma, increased progressively with time. Erythropoietin stimulated the increase of 59-Fe in ferritin within 1 h, the earliest time examined, and more than 3 h later in the stroma and haemoglobin. A proportion of the 59-Fe incorporated into the stroma and low molecular weight iron fractions during a 1 h incubation with 59-Fe-labelled transferrin was mobilised into ferritin and haemoglobin during a subsequent 4-h \"cold-chase\". Erythropoietin, when present during the \"cold-chase\", did not influence these 59-Fe fluxes. The erythropoietin stimulation of 59-Fe incorporation into ferritin, one of the earliest erythropoietin effects to be recorded, was therefore considered to be due to an increase of 59-Fe uptake by the hormone-responsive cells rather than a direct effect on ferritin synthesis. 20-h cultures containing erythropoietin when incubated with 59-Fe-labelled transferrin for 4 h, showed dose-related erythropoietin stimulation of 59-Fe incorporation into haemoglobin only. In the presence of 10 mM isonicotinic acid hydrazide, 59-Fe incorporation into haemoglobin was inhibited, as in reticulocytes (Ponka, P. and Neuwrit, J. (1969) Blood 33, 690-707), while that into the stroma, ferritin and low molecular weight iron fractions, was stimulated; there were no reproducible effects of erythropoietin.", "contents": "Erythropoietin effects on iron metabolism in rat bone marrow cells. This paper describes a study of the incorporation of 59-Fe from 59-Fe-labelled rat transferrin into rat bone marrow cells in culture. 59-Fe was found in both stroma and cytoplasm of marrow cells, and the cytoplasmic 59-Fe separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, into ferritin, haemoglobin and a low molecular weight fraction. The incorporation of 59-Fe into all three cytoplasmic fractions, but not into the stroma, increased progressively with time. Erythropoietin stimulated the increase of 59-Fe in ferritin within 1 h, the earliest time examined, and more than 3 h later in the stroma and haemoglobin. A proportion of the 59-Fe incorporated into the stroma and low molecular weight iron fractions during a 1 h incubation with 59-Fe-labelled transferrin was mobilised into ferritin and haemoglobin during a subsequent 4-h \"cold-chase\". Erythropoietin, when present during the \"cold-chase\", did not influence these 59-Fe fluxes. The erythropoietin stimulation of 59-Fe incorporation into ferritin, one of the earliest erythropoietin effects to be recorded, was therefore considered to be due to an increase of 59-Fe uptake by the hormone-responsive cells rather than a direct effect on ferritin synthesis. 20-h cultures containing erythropoietin when incubated with 59-Fe-labelled transferrin for 4 h, showed dose-related erythropoietin stimulation of 59-Fe incorporation into haemoglobin only. In the presence of 10 mM isonicotinic acid hydrazide, 59-Fe incorporation into haemoglobin was inhibited, as in reticulocytes (Ponka, P. and Neuwrit, J. (1969) Blood 33, 690-707), while that into the stroma, ferritin and low molecular weight iron fractions, was stimulated; there were no reproducible effects of erythropoietin.", "PMID": 1125327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9048", "title": "Rapid uptake by liver sinusoidal cells of serum albumin modified with retention of its compact conformation.", "content": "The clearance from the blood and the conformation of serum albumin modified by nitroguanidination and labeled with 125-I have been studied. Like formaldehyde-denatured albumin, but in contrast to native albumin, the nitroguanidinated derivative is rapidly cleared from the blood and taken up in lysosomes of liver sinusoidal cells. Although 94% of the free amino groups were blocked by nitroguanidination, we could not detect significant conformational changes using gel filtration, determination of reducible disulfide groups, and titration of tyrosine residues. It is concluded that extensive denaturation is no prerequisite for the uptake of albumin derivatives in liver sinusoidal cells. It is suggested that the nitroguanidinated protein, in contrast to native albumin, is bound on membrane receptors of sinusoidal cells. The nitroguanidino groups themselves might be bound on these receptors, but it seems equally possible that the blocking of positive charges of the albumin molecule or minor, local conformational changes of the protein are sufficient for the binding on the receptors.", "contents": "Rapid uptake by liver sinusoidal cells of serum albumin modified with retention of its compact conformation. The clearance from the blood and the conformation of serum albumin modified by nitroguanidination and labeled with 125-I have been studied. Like formaldehyde-denatured albumin, but in contrast to native albumin, the nitroguanidinated derivative is rapidly cleared from the blood and taken up in lysosomes of liver sinusoidal cells. Although 94% of the free amino groups were blocked by nitroguanidination, we could not detect significant conformational changes using gel filtration, determination of reducible disulfide groups, and titration of tyrosine residues. It is concluded that extensive denaturation is no prerequisite for the uptake of albumin derivatives in liver sinusoidal cells. It is suggested that the nitroguanidinated protein, in contrast to native albumin, is bound on membrane receptors of sinusoidal cells. The nitroguanidino groups themselves might be bound on these receptors, but it seems equally possible that the blocking of positive charges of the albumin molecule or minor, local conformational changes of the protein are sufficient for the binding on the receptors.", "PMID": 1125328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9049", "title": "Distribution of silicon in the adult rat and rhesus monkey.", "content": "The distribution of silicon in tissues of the rat and rhesus monkey was determined using a colorimetric method specifically designed for biological materials. Soft-tissue silicon levels in both species varied from 1 to 33 mug silicon/g dry weight (ppm) excepting the primate lung and lymph nodes, which averaged 942 ppm and 101 ppm, respectively. This distribution may reflect flow-through of silicon in the form of particulates and water-soluble silicate contaminates in the environment and food effectively masking tissue or organ-specific silicon of functional significance. The silicon content of the whole rat femur was 38 ppm as determined by emission spectroscopy, whereas the monkey femur shaft was 43 ppm and the femur head containing the epiphysis was 456 ppm. This silicon may be functionally involved in the calcification process as suggested by others. The silicon content of rat liver subcellular fractions was also determined. The supernatant, nuclei/debris, and mitochondrial portions contained 0.6-1.0 mug silicon/g liver equivalents, whereas the microsomal fraction contained only 0.2 mug silicon/g liver equivalents.", "contents": "Distribution of silicon in the adult rat and rhesus monkey. The distribution of silicon in tissues of the rat and rhesus monkey was determined using a colorimetric method specifically designed for biological materials. Soft-tissue silicon levels in both species varied from 1 to 33 mug silicon/g dry weight (ppm) excepting the primate lung and lymph nodes, which averaged 942 ppm and 101 ppm, respectively. This distribution may reflect flow-through of silicon in the form of particulates and water-soluble silicate contaminates in the environment and food effectively masking tissue or organ-specific silicon of functional significance. The silicon content of the whole rat femur was 38 ppm as determined by emission spectroscopy, whereas the monkey femur shaft was 43 ppm and the femur head containing the epiphysis was 456 ppm. This silicon may be functionally involved in the calcification process as suggested by others. The silicon content of rat liver subcellular fractions was also determined. The supernatant, nuclei/debris, and mitochondrial portions contained 0.6-1.0 mug silicon/g liver equivalents, whereas the microsomal fraction contained only 0.2 mug silicon/g liver equivalents.", "PMID": 1125329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9050", "title": "Crystal structure of a compound featuring caffeine bound at C8 to ruthenium (III).", "content": "The structure of a novel ruthenium purine compound, trans-chloro-8-caffeinechlorotriamminruthenium(III) chloride monohydrate, has been determined using single-crystal x-ray techniques. This compound crystallizes in space group Pbca (D152h) with cell dimensions a equal to 11.341 (3)A, b equal to 11.606 (5) A, c equal to 26.673 (7) A, Z equals to 8. The observed and calculated densities are 1.79 plus or minus 0.01 and 1.781 g/cm3, respectively. The structure has been refined using full-matrix least-squares methods to R equal to 0.059 based on 1314 independent observed reflections. The coordination geometry at the ruthenium atom is distorted octahedral. The carbon-ruthenium bond length is 2.03 (1) A. The chloride-ruthenium bond lengths are 2.350 (4) A and 2.427 (3) A for the cis and trans forms respectively suggesting a strong trans-influence due to the caffeine.", "contents": "Crystal structure of a compound featuring caffeine bound at C8 to ruthenium (III). The structure of a novel ruthenium purine compound, trans-chloro-8-caffeinechlorotriamminruthenium(III) chloride monohydrate, has been determined using single-crystal x-ray techniques. This compound crystallizes in space group Pbca (D152h) with cell dimensions a equal to 11.341 (3)A, b equal to 11.606 (5) A, c equal to 26.673 (7) A, Z equals to 8. The observed and calculated densities are 1.79 plus or minus 0.01 and 1.781 g/cm3, respectively. The structure has been refined using full-matrix least-squares methods to R equal to 0.059 based on 1314 independent observed reflections. The coordination geometry at the ruthenium atom is distorted octahedral. The carbon-ruthenium bond length is 2.03 (1) A. The chloride-ruthenium bond lengths are 2.350 (4) A and 2.427 (3) A for the cis and trans forms respectively suggesting a strong trans-influence due to the caffeine.", "PMID": 1125330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9051", "title": "Properties of the red - violet complex of copper and penicillamine and further insight into its formation reaction.", "content": "A characteristic red-violet chromophore which forms in the reaction of cupric ion with beta-sulfhydryl- alpha-amino acids has been attributed by several authors to a mixed-valence Cu3L2 structure. We have isolated and examined the analogous chromophore of the chelating drug penicillamine (beta, beta-dimethyl-cysteine), finding instead a polymeric anion with a mixed valence Cu2L2 repeating unit. Direct evidence for a mixed valence polymer cooroborates earlier conclusions of Wilson and Martin (9). Under oxygen-free conditions the anionic complex forms in essentially quantitative yield according to the following reaction: (see article). It has been established that this reaction is halide ion-dependent. The chromophore may be isolated as a sodium salt. This form was found to be stable, and it possessed no measurable activity as an oxidation catalyst. It was also demonstrated through biological experiments with rabbits that a significant amount of the complex- (between 6 percent and 39 percent) is recovered in the urinary tract following intravenous infusions attaining between 1.8 and 10 ppm copper.", "contents": "Properties of the red - violet complex of copper and penicillamine and further insight into its formation reaction. A characteristic red-violet chromophore which forms in the reaction of cupric ion with beta-sulfhydryl- alpha-amino acids has been attributed by several authors to a mixed-valence Cu3L2 structure. We have isolated and examined the analogous chromophore of the chelating drug penicillamine (beta, beta-dimethyl-cysteine), finding instead a polymeric anion with a mixed valence Cu2L2 repeating unit. Direct evidence for a mixed valence polymer cooroborates earlier conclusions of Wilson and Martin (9). Under oxygen-free conditions the anionic complex forms in essentially quantitative yield according to the following reaction: (see article). It has been established that this reaction is halide ion-dependent. The chromophore may be isolated as a sodium salt. This form was found to be stable, and it possessed no measurable activity as an oxidation catalyst. It was also demonstrated through biological experiments with rabbits that a significant amount of the complex- (between 6 percent and 39 percent) is recovered in the urinary tract following intravenous infusions attaining between 1.8 and 10 ppm copper.", "PMID": 1125331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9052", "title": "A selective role for potassium in the phytotoxicity of thallium.", "content": "The presence of K-ion prevents inhibition of Plantago maritima seed germination and Asperigillus flavus mycelial growth by Tl-ion. The effect of potassium could not be replaced by Na-ion in either system. Aspergillus was cultured in a medium low in light metal ions (Na+ and K+), and its growth was enhanced quantitatively by addition of Kminus but not Na-ions. Growth without added potassium was inhibited severely by Tl-ions, whereas K-enhanced growth was not. It is suggested that the thallium-potassium interaction is specific involving competition between ions of quite similar charge and radius.", "contents": "A selective role for potassium in the phytotoxicity of thallium. The presence of K-ion prevents inhibition of Plantago maritima seed germination and Asperigillus flavus mycelial growth by Tl-ion. The effect of potassium could not be replaced by Na-ion in either system. Aspergillus was cultured in a medium low in light metal ions (Na+ and K+), and its growth was enhanced quantitatively by addition of Kminus but not Na-ions. Growth without added potassium was inhibited severely by Tl-ions, whereas K-enhanced growth was not. It is suggested that the thallium-potassium interaction is specific involving competition between ions of quite similar charge and radius.", "PMID": 1125333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9053", "title": "A study of the temperature dependence of the electronic spectra of alkyl cobaloximes.", "content": "The temperature dependence of the electronic spectra of the alkyl-pyridinatocobaloximes in benzene solution was found to be due to an equilibrium existing between two forms proposed to be inner-sphere and outer-sphere coordination compounds. Evidence is presented to rule out the possibilites of equilibria with pentacoordinated or dimeric forms, as well as a form with the cobalt out of the plane of the dimethylglyoxime.", "contents": "A study of the temperature dependence of the electronic spectra of alkyl cobaloximes. The temperature dependence of the electronic spectra of the alkyl-pyridinatocobaloximes in benzene solution was found to be due to an equilibrium existing between two forms proposed to be inner-sphere and outer-sphere coordination compounds. Evidence is presented to rule out the possibilites of equilibria with pentacoordinated or dimeric forms, as well as a form with the cobalt out of the plane of the dimethylglyoxime.", "PMID": 1125334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9054", "title": "Ethanolamine ammonia-lyase: inactivation of the holoenzyme by N2O and the mechanism of action of Coenzyme B12.", "content": "Functional ethanolamine ammonia-lyase is inactivated by N2O as well as by O2, indicating that the active form of coenzyme B12 is an enzyme-bound corrin derivative in which the Co-C bond of the coenzyme is broken and the cobalt ion is in the +1 state of oxidation. The nucleoside fragment formed in the process of coenzyme activation is tentatively identified as 4',5'-didehydro-5'-deoxyadenosine. A mechanism of action of ethanolamine ammonia-lyase is formulated in analogy to that of DL-1,2-Propanediol dehydrase and compared to proposed alternative reaction schemes.", "contents": "Ethanolamine ammonia-lyase: inactivation of the holoenzyme by N2O and the mechanism of action of Coenzyme B12. Functional ethanolamine ammonia-lyase is inactivated by N2O as well as by O2, indicating that the active form of coenzyme B12 is an enzyme-bound corrin derivative in which the Co-C bond of the coenzyme is broken and the cobalt ion is in the +1 state of oxidation. The nucleoside fragment formed in the process of coenzyme activation is tentatively identified as 4',5'-didehydro-5'-deoxyadenosine. A mechanism of action of ethanolamine ammonia-lyase is formulated in analogy to that of DL-1,2-Propanediol dehydrase and compared to proposed alternative reaction schemes.", "PMID": 1125335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9055", "title": "Influence of parenteral zinc and actinomycin D on tissue zinc uptake and the synthesis of a zinc - binding protein.", "content": "Parenterally administered zinc markedly increased the incorporation of 14-C-cystine and 65-Zn into a low molecular weight zinc binding protein (ZnBP) isolated from liver cytoplasm of rats fed an adequate amount of zinc. This zinc load significantly increased the zinc content in the liver. The increase in hepatic zinc content was inhibited by actinomycin D indicating that DNA-dependent RNA synthesis is required for zinc uptake into liver. Antinomycin D also produced a concomitant decrease in ZnBP synthesis indicating that this protein may be involved in the uptake mechanism in cells. Zinc repletion also stimulated the synthesis of hepatic ZnBP in zinc deficient rats. This stimulation was also prevented by prior administration of actinomycin D. A similar effect was observed in the intestinal mucosal cells. The data collectively indicate that the control of the synthesis of ZnBP which occurs at the transcriptional level of protein synthesis is responsive to zinc status and thus may have a function in zinc metabolism.", "contents": "Influence of parenteral zinc and actinomycin D on tissue zinc uptake and the synthesis of a zinc - binding protein. Parenterally administered zinc markedly increased the incorporation of 14-C-cystine and 65-Zn into a low molecular weight zinc binding protein (ZnBP) isolated from liver cytoplasm of rats fed an adequate amount of zinc. This zinc load significantly increased the zinc content in the liver. The increase in hepatic zinc content was inhibited by actinomycin D indicating that DNA-dependent RNA synthesis is required for zinc uptake into liver. Antinomycin D also produced a concomitant decrease in ZnBP synthesis indicating that this protein may be involved in the uptake mechanism in cells. Zinc repletion also stimulated the synthesis of hepatic ZnBP in zinc deficient rats. This stimulation was also prevented by prior administration of actinomycin D. A similar effect was observed in the intestinal mucosal cells. The data collectively indicate that the control of the synthesis of ZnBP which occurs at the transcriptional level of protein synthesis is responsive to zinc status and thus may have a function in zinc metabolism.", "PMID": 1125336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9056", "title": "An NMR relaxation study of polynucleotide - nucleotide interactions.", "content": "A study has been made of the influence of polyuridylic acid (poly U)-adenosine (A) interactions upon the NMR proton relaxation behavior of H2O protons in aqueous solutions doped with Mn++ ions. Factors investigated included the effect of adenine oligonucleotide chain length, nucleoside concentration, and temperature upon the relaxation behavior of H2O. The results show that in all cases where solution and temperature conditions favor 2 poly U:A triple strand formation, a significant enhancement in H2O relaxation rate occurs over that for poly U or nucleotide solutions alone. Moreover, plots of relaxation enhancement versus temperature show well-defined transition regions with the enhancement approaching values for free poly U above the transition temperature, TM. The data also show that TM increases with increasing adenosine concentration and oligomer chain length. No comparable changes were observed for poly U solutions containing guanosine or cytidine derivatives. The increased relaxation rate in 2 poly U:A solutions is consistent with a more rigid secondary structure in the complex than in poly U; melting of this structure leads to an increase in polymer segmental mobility and a corresponding decrease in relaxation rate. The \"melting\" transitions and variation of TM with concentration and chain length have been interpreted quantitatively in terms of recent statistical models and yield values of delta H = -20 plus or minus 3 kcal/mol (base triplet) and delta S = -63 plus or minus 10 cal/mole degrees K (base triplet) in satisfactory agreement with results of optical studies.", "contents": "An NMR relaxation study of polynucleotide - nucleotide interactions. A study has been made of the influence of polyuridylic acid (poly U)-adenosine (A) interactions upon the NMR proton relaxation behavior of H2O protons in aqueous solutions doped with Mn++ ions. Factors investigated included the effect of adenine oligonucleotide chain length, nucleoside concentration, and temperature upon the relaxation behavior of H2O. The results show that in all cases where solution and temperature conditions favor 2 poly U:A triple strand formation, a significant enhancement in H2O relaxation rate occurs over that for poly U or nucleotide solutions alone. Moreover, plots of relaxation enhancement versus temperature show well-defined transition regions with the enhancement approaching values for free poly U above the transition temperature, TM. The data also show that TM increases with increasing adenosine concentration and oligomer chain length. No comparable changes were observed for poly U solutions containing guanosine or cytidine derivatives. The increased relaxation rate in 2 poly U:A solutions is consistent with a more rigid secondary structure in the complex than in poly U; melting of this structure leads to an increase in polymer segmental mobility and a corresponding decrease in relaxation rate. The \"melting\" transitions and variation of TM with concentration and chain length have been interpreted quantitatively in terms of recent statistical models and yield values of delta H = -20 plus or minus 3 kcal/mol (base triplet) and delta S = -63 plus or minus 10 cal/mole degrees K (base triplet) in satisfactory agreement with results of optical studies.", "PMID": 1125337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9057", "title": "Biological potency of organic selenium compounds: VI. Aliphatic seleninic acids and carboxyselenic acids.", "content": "Straight-chain aliphatic seleninic acids, CH3-(CH2)n-SeOOH, with chain lengths from C4 to C17, a few dibasic acids of moderate chain length having seleninic acid groups on both ends of the molecule, HOOSe-(CH2)n-SeOOH, and a series of carbosyseleninic acids, HOOC-R-SeOOH, comprising chain lengths from C3 to C13 and several branched chains with 5 to 7 carbon atoms were tested for potency in the prevention of dietary liver necrosis in the rat. Alkylseleninic acids showed uniformly low activities, ranging from 18% to 56% of that of selenite selenium which served as a standard. There were no discernible trends or regularities with increasing chain lengths, in c-ntrast to other series of alkylselenium compounds. It is therefore unlikely that alkylseleninic acids are normal oxidation products of dialkyl mono- or diselenides in the organism. Compounds with seleninic acid groups at both ends of the chain were practically inactive. Carboxyseleninic acids carrying a carboxyl group distal to the seleninic acid group, on the other hand, were highly effective. A maximum of potency occurred at chain lengths C3 and C4, followed by a sharp decline between C4 and C6. A second maximum of activity occurred at C8. There was no alternating effect. This structure/activity pattern is analogous to that of the diselenodicarboxylic acids. However, the lower carboxyseleninic acids were, per atom of selenium, twice as active as the corresponding diseleno-dicarboxylic acids, of which the higher members were less potent. It is inferred that carboxyseleninic acids may be metabolically related to diseleno-dicarboxylic acids and that C3 and C4 carboxyseleninic acids may play a physiological role.", "contents": "Biological potency of organic selenium compounds: VI. Aliphatic seleninic acids and carboxyselenic acids. Straight-chain aliphatic seleninic acids, CH3-(CH2)n-SeOOH, with chain lengths from C4 to C17, a few dibasic acids of moderate chain length having seleninic acid groups on both ends of the molecule, HOOSe-(CH2)n-SeOOH, and a series of carbosyseleninic acids, HOOC-R-SeOOH, comprising chain lengths from C3 to C13 and several branched chains with 5 to 7 carbon atoms were tested for potency in the prevention of dietary liver necrosis in the rat. Alkylseleninic acids showed uniformly low activities, ranging from 18% to 56% of that of selenite selenium which served as a standard. There were no discernible trends or regularities with increasing chain lengths, in c-ntrast to other series of alkylselenium compounds. It is therefore unlikely that alkylseleninic acids are normal oxidation products of dialkyl mono- or diselenides in the organism. Compounds with seleninic acid groups at both ends of the chain were practically inactive. Carboxyseleninic acids carrying a carboxyl group distal to the seleninic acid group, on the other hand, were highly effective. A maximum of potency occurred at chain lengths C3 and C4, followed by a sharp decline between C4 and C6. A second maximum of activity occurred at C8. There was no alternating effect. This structure/activity pattern is analogous to that of the diselenodicarboxylic acids. However, the lower carboxyseleninic acids were, per atom of selenium, twice as active as the corresponding diseleno-dicarboxylic acids, of which the higher members were less potent. It is inferred that carboxyseleninic acids may be metabolically related to diseleno-dicarboxylic acids and that C3 and C4 carboxyseleninic acids may play a physiological role.", "PMID": 1125338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9058", "title": "Structural and electronic effects on the polarographic half-wave potentials of copper (II) chelate complexes.", "content": "Polarographic measurements in dimethylformamide solution have been performed on 37 bis-chelate Cu(II) complexes containing primarily salicylaldimine, geta-ketoamine, beta-iminoamine, and pyrrole-2-aldimine ligand systems. The complexes were selected in order to reveal the effect of stereochemical and donor atom variations on half-wave potentials. Mono- and binuclear complexes undergo one-and two-electron reductions, respectively, which were established for representative cases by controlled potential coulometry. The response of Cu(II)/Cu(I) potentials to these variations reveals that nonplanar bis-chelate complexes are easier to reduce than their planar analogs, rigid planar tetradentate or related planar bis-chelate complexes, and complexes differing only in donor atoms are more readily reduced in the order N4 less than N2O2 less than N2S2. Binuclear complexes are reduced in one two-electron or two resolvable one-electron steps depending on ligand structure. Potentials of these and other complexes previously examined are considered in relation to the markedly positive potentials of \"blue\" copper proteins and ligand structural features which might afford Cu(II)/Cu(I) potentials in the protein range are noted.", "contents": "Structural and electronic effects on the polarographic half-wave potentials of copper (II) chelate complexes. Polarographic measurements in dimethylformamide solution have been performed on 37 bis-chelate Cu(II) complexes containing primarily salicylaldimine, geta-ketoamine, beta-iminoamine, and pyrrole-2-aldimine ligand systems. The complexes were selected in order to reveal the effect of stereochemical and donor atom variations on half-wave potentials. Mono- and binuclear complexes undergo one-and two-electron reductions, respectively, which were established for representative cases by controlled potential coulometry. The response of Cu(II)/Cu(I) potentials to these variations reveals that nonplanar bis-chelate complexes are easier to reduce than their planar analogs, rigid planar tetradentate or related planar bis-chelate complexes, and complexes differing only in donor atoms are more readily reduced in the order N4 less than N2O2 less than N2S2. Binuclear complexes are reduced in one two-electron or two resolvable one-electron steps depending on ligand structure. Potentials of these and other complexes previously examined are considered in relation to the markedly positive potentials of \"blue\" copper proteins and ligand structural features which might afford Cu(II)/Cu(I) potentials in the protein range are noted.", "PMID": 1125339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9059", "title": "A catheter-tip capacitance pressure transducer.", "content": "A simple miniature capacitance pressure transducer is described. The operational characteristics of the device when mounted on the tip of a 6.3 F catheter are discussed and results of in vivo trials illustrated, using a commercially available catheter-tip pressure transducer for comparison.", "contents": "A catheter-tip capacitance pressure transducer. A simple miniature capacitance pressure transducer is described. The operational characteristics of the device when mounted on the tip of a 6.3 F catheter are discussed and results of in vivo trials illustrated, using a commercially available catheter-tip pressure transducer for comparison.", "PMID": 1125352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9060", "title": "Delayed signal EEG trigger.", "content": "Long EEG recordings are often necessary to capture the signals in the short period just before an epileptic attack. This procedure has many disadvantages. The equipment described  below enables only the signals of interest to be recorded. It is designed to operate in conjunction with a commercial electroencephalograph and consists of a signal store with a programmable series of logic gates for sensing the onset of an epileptic discharge and activating the chart recorder. The particular system described has a signal bandwidth of d.c. to 25 Hz in all 16 channels, and, because of their particular clinical diagnostic importance, all signals for the 20 seconds immediately preceding the discharge are recorded. The recording can take place for up to one hour after the attack and, if a second attack should occur, it can also be recorded similarly to the first one.", "contents": "Delayed signal EEG trigger. Long EEG recordings are often necessary to capture the signals in the short period just before an epileptic attack. This procedure has many disadvantages. The equipment described  below enables only the signals of interest to be recorded. It is designed to operate in conjunction with a commercial electroencephalograph and consists of a signal store with a programmable series of logic gates for sensing the onset of an epileptic discharge and activating the chart recorder. The particular system described has a signal bandwidth of d.c. to 25 Hz in all 16 channels, and, because of their particular clinical diagnostic importance, all signals for the 20 seconds immediately preceding the discharge are recorded. The recording can take place for up to one hour after the attack and, if a second attack should occur, it can also be recorded similarly to the first one.", "PMID": 1125355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9061", "title": "Porous surface layered prosthetic devices.", "content": "The method of fabrication and properties of a dual structured implant system consisting of a metallic porous surface layer is described. The ingrowth of bone tissue into the outer porous surface layer results in part fixation, while the solid inner core region provides the necessary mechanical strength for a device used for the replacement of heavy load bearing joint regions such as the hip and knee. Additionally, novel implant systems are suggested using the porous coating concept.", "contents": "Porous surface layered prosthetic devices. The method of fabrication and properties of a dual structured implant system consisting of a metallic porous surface layer is described. The ingrowth of bone tissue into the outer porous surface layer results in part fixation, while the solid inner core region provides the necessary mechanical strength for a device used for the replacement of heavy load bearing joint regions such as the hip and knee. Additionally, novel implant systems are suggested using the porous coating concept.", "PMID": 1125356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9062", "title": "Medical equipment hazards--practical experience in a large region.", "content": "An investigation has been carried out into the cause of accidents involving patient interfaced medical equipment, in a large region over a period of 3 years. In a high proportion of accidents the cause is faulty design, or poor construction of equipment. However, a considerable number can also be attributed to lack of user appreciation of the hazards involved. A few accidents have been caused by inexperienced personnel attempting to service equipment about which they have little knowledge.", "contents": "Medical equipment hazards--practical experience in a large region. An investigation has been carried out into the cause of accidents involving patient interfaced medical equipment, in a large region over a period of 3 years. In a high proportion of accidents the cause is faulty design, or poor construction of equipment. However, a considerable number can also be attributed to lack of user appreciation of the hazards involved. A few accidents have been caused by inexperienced personnel attempting to service equipment about which they have little knowledge.", "PMID": 1125357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9063", "title": "Engineering considerations in the design of an ankle joint.", "content": "A prothesis has been designed to replace the articulating surfaces of the human ankle joint.  The prothesis is in two parts, each forming a segment of a right circular cylinder with a single axis of rotation.  The concave tibial component is manufactured from ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene and the talar component is manufactured from medical grade stainless steel.  It is likely, however, that the talar component will be commercially manufactured from cobalt chrome alloy (Vitallium or Vinertia).  The two components are secured to the cancellous bone by polymethylmethacrylate bone cement and laboratory tests have indicated that the bond should be strong enough to withstand the loads encountered at the ankle joint in vivo.  The tests have also shown that the stability and strength of the ankle are not seriously reduced by implantation of the prosthesis.  Laboratory wear tests and clinical experience over the last two years encourage optimism over the long term performance of the prothesis.", "contents": "Engineering considerations in the design of an ankle joint. A prothesis has been designed to replace the articulating surfaces of the human ankle joint.  The prothesis is in two parts, each forming a segment of a right circular cylinder with a single axis of rotation.  The concave tibial component is manufactured from ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene and the talar component is manufactured from medical grade stainless steel.  It is likely, however, that the talar component will be commercially manufactured from cobalt chrome alloy (Vitallium or Vinertia).  The two components are secured to the cancellous bone by polymethylmethacrylate bone cement and laboratory tests have indicated that the bond should be strong enough to withstand the loads encountered at the ankle joint in vivo.  The tests have also shown that the stability and strength of the ankle are not seriously reduced by implantation of the prosthesis.  Laboratory wear tests and clinical experience over the last two years encourage optimism over the long term performance of the prothesis.", "PMID": 1125359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9064", "title": "A catheter-manometer calibrator--a new clinical instrument.", "content": "Although catheter-manometer systems are widely used in clinical medicine, little effert has been make to evaluate the accuracy of these systems.  There is consequently a need for an acceptable method of evaluating the complete pressure recording system under clinical conditions, i.e. a catheter-transducer system that be put together and kept sterilised during the preparation of the patient and applied promptly after static and dynamic calibration of pressure under sterile conditions is described.  All kinds of catheters, connectors, transducers, as well as the effect of different fluids or air bubbles on the measuring system, can be investigated.  The value of the instrument, especially in clinical practice, is demonstrated and discussed.", "contents": "A catheter-manometer calibrator--a new clinical instrument. Although catheter-manometer systems are widely used in clinical medicine, little effert has been make to evaluate the accuracy of these systems.  There is consequently a need for an acceptable method of evaluating the complete pressure recording system under clinical conditions, i.e. a catheter-transducer system that be put together and kept sterilised during the preparation of the patient and applied promptly after static and dynamic calibration of pressure under sterile conditions is described.  All kinds of catheters, connectors, transducers, as well as the effect of different fluids or air bubbles on the measuring system, can be investigated.  The value of the instrument, especially in clinical practice, is demonstrated and discussed.", "PMID": 1125361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9065", "title": "Biogenesis of chloroplast membranes in Chlamydomonas reinhardi: Chloroplast-controlled transfer of cytoplasmic proteins to the developing chloroplast membranes as visualized by quantitative radioautography.", "content": "The light-induced formation of the photosynthetic membranes (greening) in y-1 mutant of Chlamydomonas reinhardi requires synthesis of new proteins which become incorporated into the growing membranes. It has been shown previously (Eytan and Ohad, 1970) that proteins synthesized by both chloroplast and cytoplasmic ribosomes concur in the formation of functional photosynthetic membranes, indicating the presence of a mechanism permitting the specific transfer of membrane proteins synthesized in the cytoplasm into the chloroplast. Transfer of such proteins cannot yet be identified by the usual biochemical techniques unless they become part of the growing photosynthetic membranes. However, it is possible to follow their synthesis and translocation between the different cellular compartments by use of quantitative electron microscopic radioautography. In the present work, the radioautographic grain distribution among chloroplast, chloroplast membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, and the remainder of the cytoplasm (cytosol) was carried out following short radioactive pulse-labeling and chase during greening of dark-grown mutants in the presence or absence of protein synthesis inhibitors. The results indicate that transport of some of the proteins of cytoplasmic origin to their final location within the chloroplast is at least partially controlled by concomitant synthesis of proteins by the chloroplast ribosomes.", "contents": "Biogenesis of chloroplast membranes in Chlamydomonas reinhardi: Chloroplast-controlled transfer of cytoplasmic proteins to the developing chloroplast membranes as visualized by quantitative radioautography. The light-induced formation of the photosynthetic membranes (greening) in y-1 mutant of Chlamydomonas reinhardi requires synthesis of new proteins which become incorporated into the growing membranes. It has been shown previously (Eytan and Ohad, 1970) that proteins synthesized by both chloroplast and cytoplasmic ribosomes concur in the formation of functional photosynthetic membranes, indicating the presence of a mechanism permitting the specific transfer of membrane proteins synthesized in the cytoplasm into the chloroplast. Transfer of such proteins cannot yet be identified by the usual biochemical techniques unless they become part of the growing photosynthetic membranes. However, it is possible to follow their synthesis and translocation between the different cellular compartments by use of quantitative electron microscopic radioautography. In the present work, the radioautographic grain distribution among chloroplast, chloroplast membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, and the remainder of the cytoplasm (cytosol) was carried out following short radioactive pulse-labeling and chase during greening of dark-grown mutants in the presence or absence of protein synthesis inhibitors. The results indicate that transport of some of the proteins of cytoplasmic origin to their final location within the chloroplast is at least partially controlled by concomitant synthesis of proteins by the chloroplast ribosomes.", "PMID": 1125387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9066", "title": "Kinetics of lysosomal storage of indigestible matter.", "content": "In lysosomal storage diseases and in accumulation of lipofusion in the lysosomes there is a gradual eroding of the lysosomal system due to overloading the lysosomes by molecules which cannot be digested or expelled. The kinetics of this accumulation is examined for tissue cultures in terms of the cell growth rate, lysosomal production rate, and of generation of the indigestible element.", "contents": "Kinetics of lysosomal storage of indigestible matter. In lysosomal storage diseases and in accumulation of lipofusion in the lysosomes there is a gradual eroding of the lysosomal system due to overloading the lysosomes by molecules which cannot be digested or expelled. The kinetics of this accumulation is examined for tissue cultures in terms of the cell growth rate, lysosomal production rate, and of generation of the indigestible element.", "PMID": 1125388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9067", "title": "Laser light-scattering investigations of the teleost swimbladder response to acoustic stimuli.", "content": "When a laser pencil is directed through the teleost swimbladder fringe patterns can be seen in the far-field that are (a) highly sensitive to the orientation and position of the swimbladder with respect to the incident pencil and (b) a representation of contributions from each membrane through which the light passes. The fringe pattern fluctuates in intensity, and to some extent in position, in response to driving forces that distort the swimbladder. The spectrum of these very small distortions can be measured by standard light scattering techniques. This method was used to study the response of in situ swimbladders to imposed acoustic fields and evidence for a sharp roll-off of the response at frequencies above 1,000 Hz was found. Models for these effects are discussed.", "contents": "Laser light-scattering investigations of the teleost swimbladder response to acoustic stimuli. When a laser pencil is directed through the teleost swimbladder fringe patterns can be seen in the far-field that are (a) highly sensitive to the orientation and position of the swimbladder with respect to the incident pencil and (b) a representation of contributions from each membrane through which the light passes. The fringe pattern fluctuates in intensity, and to some extent in position, in response to driving forces that distort the swimbladder. The spectrum of these very small distortions can be measured by standard light scattering techniques. This method was used to study the response of in situ swimbladders to imposed acoustic fields and evidence for a sharp roll-off of the response at frequencies above 1,000 Hz was found. Models for these effects are discussed.", "PMID": 1125389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9068", "title": "Some self-consistent two-state sliding filament models of muscle contraction.", "content": "The general formalism required to treat two-state sliding filament models of muscle contraction, including free energy considerations, is first reviewed and amplified. This formalism is then used to examine, and modify as needed, three models studied previously by Podolsky and Nolan, in which cross-bridge attachment-detachment and ATP turnover are not tightly coupled. No attempt is made here to establish an optimal, self-consistent model of this type because our interest is primarily in methadology rather than in fitting experimental results. But it appears from this preliminary study that such a model, with satisfactory mechanical and thermodynamic properties, could be found. An extremely simple but unrealistic two-state model is also studied which is of interest because it demonstrates the fact that it is possible, in principle at least, for sliding filament models to work with very high thermodynamic efficiencies (50-100 percent). An appendix is included that is concerned with the form of the dependence of certain first-order rate constants on the concentrations of ATP, ADP, and P.", "contents": "Some self-consistent two-state sliding filament models of muscle contraction. The general formalism required to treat two-state sliding filament models of muscle contraction, including free energy considerations, is first reviewed and amplified. This formalism is then used to examine, and modify as needed, three models studied previously by Podolsky and Nolan, in which cross-bridge attachment-detachment and ATP turnover are not tightly coupled. No attempt is made here to establish an optimal, self-consistent model of this type because our interest is primarily in methadology rather than in fitting experimental results. But it appears from this preliminary study that such a model, with satisfactory mechanical and thermodynamic properties, could be found. An extremely simple but unrealistic two-state model is also studied which is of interest because it demonstrates the fact that it is possible, in principle at least, for sliding filament models to work with very high thermodynamic efficiencies (50-100 percent). An appendix is included that is concerned with the form of the dependence of certain first-order rate constants on the concentrations of ATP, ADP, and P.", "PMID": 1125390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9069", "title": "Intercellular connectivity in the eight-cell Xenopus embryomcorrelation of electrical and morphological investigations.", "content": "The distribution of individual intercellular electrical junctions has been examined in eight-cell Xenopus embryos using linear systems analysis. Morphological evidence for corresponding intercellular contacts has been sought by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The electrical investigation indicated that each cell is directly coupled to each of the other seven cells by identical resistive junctions. Scanning electron microscopy of the cell surfaces of cleaved embryos revealed protrusions from the surfaces of the cells which could mediate such intercellular connections. Light microscopy of serial sections through the embryos also showed fine processes of the cell surfaces which come into contact with several other cells. The complete intercellular connectivity suggested by these results appears to be an extension of similarly close connectivity in the two- and four-cell embryos. The possible significance of this high connectivity to morphogenesis is discussed.", "contents": "Intercellular connectivity in the eight-cell Xenopus embryomcorrelation of electrical and morphological investigations. The distribution of individual intercellular electrical junctions has been examined in eight-cell Xenopus embryos using linear systems analysis. Morphological evidence for corresponding intercellular contacts has been sought by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The electrical investigation indicated that each cell is directly coupled to each of the other seven cells by identical resistive junctions. Scanning electron microscopy of the cell surfaces of cleaved embryos revealed protrusions from the surfaces of the cells which could mediate such intercellular connections. Light microscopy of serial sections through the embryos also showed fine processes of the cell surfaces which come into contact with several other cells. The complete intercellular connectivity suggested by these results appears to be an extension of similarly close connectivity in the two- and four-cell embryos. The possible significance of this high connectivity to morphogenesis is discussed.", "PMID": 1125391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9070", "title": "A model of myoglobin self-organization.", "content": "The self-organization of helical regions of myoglobin into a compact tertiary structure is considered on the basis of the hypothesis on the step-wise mechanism of self-organization of protein molecules. It is assumed that the self-organization begins with the formation of \"centers of crystallization\" and proceeds with the growth of on such center or by a sequential collapse of two or more grown centers. Different pathways of self-organization of myoglobin are considered; the most favourable structures corresponding to the greatest number of dehydrated bulky hydrophobic groups and to all the strongly hydrophilic groups exposed to water are selected at every stage of the given pathway and the others are neglected. One of the two most favourable structures obtained in such a way coincides in rough resolution with the native tertiary structure of protein.", "contents": "A model of myoglobin self-organization. The self-organization of helical regions of myoglobin into a compact tertiary structure is considered on the basis of the hypothesis on the step-wise mechanism of self-organization of protein molecules. It is assumed that the self-organization begins with the formation of \"centers of crystallization\" and proceeds with the growth of on such center or by a sequential collapse of two or more grown centers. Different pathways of self-organization of myoglobin are considered; the most favourable structures corresponding to the greatest number of dehydrated bulky hydrophobic groups and to all the strongly hydrophilic groups exposed to water are selected at every stage of the given pathway and the others are neglected. One of the two most favourable structures obtained in such a way coincides in rough resolution with the native tertiary structure of protein.", "PMID": 1125392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9071", "title": "Determination of the equilibrium constants of self-associating protein systems. XI. The application of C-(r) in graphical analysis and the enumeration of interacting species in the ultracentrifuge.", "content": "A greatly simplified procedure is proposed which employs C equals f(r) as determined from sedimentation equilibrium measurements in graphical analysis of self-associating protein systems and in the enumeration of interacting species in the ultracentrifuge. Basic equations given here are applicable to any self-associating system. A procedure is outlined for enumeration of interacting components independent of non-ideal behavior, using principal component analysis.", "contents": "Determination of the equilibrium constants of self-associating protein systems. XI. The application of C-(r) in graphical analysis and the enumeration of interacting species in the ultracentrifuge. A greatly simplified procedure is proposed which employs C equals f(r) as determined from sedimentation equilibrium measurements in graphical analysis of self-associating protein systems and in the enumeration of interacting species in the ultracentrifuge. Basic equations given here are applicable to any self-associating system. A procedure is outlined for enumeration of interacting components independent of non-ideal behavior, using principal component analysis.", "PMID": 1125394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9072", "title": "[Cholinergic and adrenergic innervation of the microvessels of serous membranes].", "content": "The morphological substrate of double (sympathetic and parasympathetic) innervation of the vessels of the microcirculatory bed of serous coat was studied in cats. The architectonics of both components of the vasomotor innervation in the pericardium, the pleura and the peritoneum was examined by histochemical methods used for revealing the cholinergic (Koelle-Gomori) and the adrenergic (Falck-Hillarp) neutral structures. the quantitative predominance of the elements of adrenergic innervation over the cholinergic ones was revealed in the identical portions of the arterial bed. Vegetative innervation of the terminal arteries and capillaries was unsteady in character and proved to be essentially confined to single synaptic contacts arising along the course of adrenergic and cholinergic terminals. Vegetative innervation of the venous supply including the postcapillary venules and small collecting veins was extremely poor and frequently not found at all.", "contents": "[Cholinergic and adrenergic innervation of the microvessels of serous membranes]. The morphological substrate of double (sympathetic and parasympathetic) innervation of the vessels of the microcirculatory bed of serous coat was studied in cats. The architectonics of both components of the vasomotor innervation in the pericardium, the pleura and the peritoneum was examined by histochemical methods used for revealing the cholinergic (Koelle-Gomori) and the adrenergic (Falck-Hillarp) neutral structures. the quantitative predominance of the elements of adrenergic innervation over the cholinergic ones was revealed in the identical portions of the arterial bed. Vegetative innervation of the terminal arteries and capillaries was unsteady in character and proved to be essentially confined to single synaptic contacts arising along the course of adrenergic and cholinergic terminals. Vegetative innervation of the venous supply including the postcapillary venules and small collecting veins was extremely poor and frequently not found at all.", "PMID": 1125398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9073", "title": "[Surface electrical properties of the formed elements of the blood and blood coagulation properties].", "content": "Isoosomotic solutions of lithium, potassium and rubidium chlorides promoted hemocoagulation, and sodium chloride failed to influence the processes of blood coagulation. There proved to be no direct relationship between the changes in the processes of blood coagulation and the surface electrical charge of erythrocytes and platelets. Hemocoagulation changes were apparently associated with the whole complex of surface phenomena occuring on the border of division of phases (blood cells membrane-blood plasma), and also with specific influence of the ions under study on the functional properties of erythrocytes and platelets.", "contents": "[Surface electrical properties of the formed elements of the blood and blood coagulation properties]. Isoosomotic solutions of lithium, potassium and rubidium chlorides promoted hemocoagulation, and sodium chloride failed to influence the processes of blood coagulation. There proved to be no direct relationship between the changes in the processes of blood coagulation and the surface electrical charge of erythrocytes and platelets. Hemocoagulation changes were apparently associated with the whole complex of surface phenomena occuring on the border of division of phases (blood cells membrane-blood plasma), and also with specific influence of the ions under study on the functional properties of erythrocytes and platelets.", "PMID": 1125399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9074", "title": "[The neuronal composition of the intramural nerve plexi of the gastrointestinal tract].", "content": "The neuronal population of the intramural ganglia of the gastrointestinal tract was studied in cats by the method of fluorescent microscopy. Three neuronal populations were revealed in the intramural ganglia of the intact animals. The first population showed no specific catecholamine fluorescence. The perikaria of the second population were not fluorescent, but there were adrenergic synapses on the surface of these nerve cells. The third population of the neurons displayed a specific catecholamine fluorescence of the perikarion and the processes. Intraperitonal injection of exogenic noradrenaline in a dose of 1 mg produced an increase in the number of the nerve cells with a specific fluorescence which permitted us to suggest that the intramural ganglia of the gastrointestinal tract contained, along with parasympathetic intramural neurons, also the sympathetic ones the majority of which were capable of specific fluorescence only after an induced elevation in them of the mediator content.", "contents": "[The neuronal composition of the intramural nerve plexi of the gastrointestinal tract]. The neuronal population of the intramural ganglia of the gastrointestinal tract was studied in cats by the method of fluorescent microscopy. Three neuronal populations were revealed in the intramural ganglia of the intact animals. The first population showed no specific catecholamine fluorescence. The perikaria of the second population were not fluorescent, but there were adrenergic synapses on the surface of these nerve cells. The third population of the neurons displayed a specific catecholamine fluorescence of the perikarion and the processes. Intraperitonal injection of exogenic noradrenaline in a dose of 1 mg produced an increase in the number of the nerve cells with a specific fluorescence which permitted us to suggest that the intramural ganglia of the gastrointestinal tract contained, along with parasympathetic intramural neurons, also the sympathetic ones the majority of which were capable of specific fluorescence only after an induced elevation in them of the mediator content.", "PMID": 1125400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9075", "title": "[The effect of hypoxia on the function and metabolism of alveolar macrophages].", "content": "Cytochysiological and cytophotometric studies carried out for 9-11 days on rabbits showed that hypoxic hypoxia (equivalent to the altitude of 5000 m) led to depression of the phagocytic activity of the alveolar macrophages. Simultaneously macrophages of the lungs displayed an increase in the activity of lactic and glucoso-6-phosphoric dehydrogenases, and a reduction of malic dehydrogenase activity. Experiments carried out in vitro with the macrophages of guinea pig lungs demonstrated that cell respiration served as the principal source of energy required for phagocytosis. A conclusion was drawn that respiratory inhibition in hypoxia was not compensated by activation of glucolysis and glucose metabolism in the pentose shunt and was the principal cause of disturbances of the phagocytic function of macrophages of the lungs.", "contents": "[The effect of hypoxia on the function and metabolism of alveolar macrophages]. Cytochysiological and cytophotometric studies carried out for 9-11 days on rabbits showed that hypoxic hypoxia (equivalent to the altitude of 5000 m) led to depression of the phagocytic activity of the alveolar macrophages. Simultaneously macrophages of the lungs displayed an increase in the activity of lactic and glucoso-6-phosphoric dehydrogenases, and a reduction of malic dehydrogenase activity. Experiments carried out in vitro with the macrophages of guinea pig lungs demonstrated that cell respiration served as the principal source of energy required for phagocytosis. A conclusion was drawn that respiratory inhibition in hypoxia was not compensated by activation of glucolysis and glucose metabolism in the pentose shunt and was the principal cause of disturbances of the phagocytic function of macrophages of the lungs.", "PMID": 1125401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9076", "title": "[Ultrastructural changes in the nephron during ischemia and organ \"survival\"].", "content": "Ultrastructural analysis of the epithelium of the proximal and the distal portions of the kidney nephron of albino rats in \"survival\" of the organ in the cadaver and in experimental ischemia showed a different reaction of the cells to these actions. An intracellular edema and characteristic changes in the ultrastructure of the mitochondria appear in the tubular epithelium during the organ autolysis in the animal cadaver. Under conditions of experimental ischemia, against the background of intracellular edema, there develop marked changes in the lysosomal apparatus of the cells, swelling of the mitochondria and also a marked dilatation of the cysternae of the endoplasmic reticulum and of the Golgi complex.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural changes in the nephron during ischemia and organ \"survival\"]. Ultrastructural analysis of the epithelium of the proximal and the distal portions of the kidney nephron of albino rats in \"survival\" of the organ in the cadaver and in experimental ischemia showed a different reaction of the cells to these actions. An intracellular edema and characteristic changes in the ultrastructure of the mitochondria appear in the tubular epithelium during the organ autolysis in the animal cadaver. Under conditions of experimental ischemia, against the background of intracellular edema, there develop marked changes in the lysosomal apparatus of the cells, swelling of the mitochondria and also a marked dilatation of the cysternae of the endoplasmic reticulum and of the Golgi complex.", "PMID": 1125402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9077", "title": "[Mechanisms of the effect of orotic acid on the growth and development of young rats].", "content": "Chronic administration to ratlings of potassium orotate in a dose of 75 mg/kg from the 5th to the 14th day and of 150 mg/kg from the 15th to the 30th day after birth led to a significant acceleration of growth and functional maturation of the animals. The rate of growth in the experimental ratlings was much greater at periods of from the 5th to the 14th and from the 21st to the 30th days than in control animals, but showed no significant difference on the 14th-20th days. Growth acceleration at the period of from the 5th to the 14th days dues to a higher (in comparison with control) activity of the vegetative systems (increased oxygen consumption, frequency of respiration and cardiac contractions at rest). On the 21st-30th days growth acceleration in the experimental animals was associated with an earlier reduction in the activity of the vegetative systems and of the sympathico-adrenal regulation mechanisms, this being pointed to by a fall in catecholamine content in the adrenal glands and the brain.", "contents": "[Mechanisms of the effect of orotic acid on the growth and development of young rats]. Chronic administration to ratlings of potassium orotate in a dose of 75 mg/kg from the 5th to the 14th day and of 150 mg/kg from the 15th to the 30th day after birth led to a significant acceleration of growth and functional maturation of the animals. The rate of growth in the experimental ratlings was much greater at periods of from the 5th to the 14th and from the 21st to the 30th days than in control animals, but showed no significant difference on the 14th-20th days. Growth acceleration at the period of from the 5th to the 14th days dues to a higher (in comparison with control) activity of the vegetative systems (increased oxygen consumption, frequency of respiration and cardiac contractions at rest). On the 21st-30th days growth acceleration in the experimental animals was associated with an earlier reduction in the activity of the vegetative systems and of the sympathico-adrenal regulation mechanisms, this being pointed to by a fall in catecholamine content in the adrenal glands and the brain.", "PMID": 1125405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9078", "title": "[Post-tetanic hyperpolarization of lake-frog isolated nerve fibers].", "content": "Posttetanic hyperpolarization (PTH) parameters of a single node of Ranvier remained unchanged with increase of the stimulation duration of over 0.1 sec. PTH was insensitive to strophanthin, but was eliminated by tetraethylammonium. Resistance of the membrane of node of Ranvier measured by the amplitude of anode impacts proved to be lovered during the PTH by 50%. A conclusion was drawn that PTH of the isolated nerve fibers was caused by the persistence of increased potassium permeability during and after the end of tetanus. An increase in duration of tetanization failed to lead to the appearance of PTH associated with active ion transport.", "contents": "[Post-tetanic hyperpolarization of lake-frog isolated nerve fibers]. Posttetanic hyperpolarization (PTH) parameters of a single node of Ranvier remained unchanged with increase of the stimulation duration of over 0.1 sec. PTH was insensitive to strophanthin, but was eliminated by tetraethylammonium. Resistance of the membrane of node of Ranvier measured by the amplitude of anode impacts proved to be lovered during the PTH by 50%. A conclusion was drawn that PTH of the isolated nerve fibers was caused by the persistence of increased potassium permeability during and after the end of tetanus. An increase in duration of tetanization failed to lead to the appearance of PTH associated with active ion transport.", "PMID": 1125407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9079", "title": "[Dynamics of nucleic acid and protein concentration and synthesis during adaptation to hypoxia].", "content": "Adaptation of female Wistar rats to hypoxia was carried out in the altitude chamber (barochamber) for 40 days, 6 hours per day at the altitude of 7,000 meters. By the end of the adaptation the relative weight of the lungs increased by 37 per cent (this seeming to indicate hypertrophy of the lungs), and the concentration of RNA in the lung tissue increased by 30 per cent; at the same time the RNA concentration in the lungs as a whole increased by 85 per cent DNA concentration in the lung tissue showed no essential change, and its content in the lungs increased at the same rate as the lungs' weight. An increase in protein synthesis in the lungs determined by the S-35-methionine incorporation constituted 133% in the adapted rats in comparison with control.", "contents": "[Dynamics of nucleic acid and protein concentration and synthesis during adaptation to hypoxia]. Adaptation of female Wistar rats to hypoxia was carried out in the altitude chamber (barochamber) for 40 days, 6 hours per day at the altitude of 7,000 meters. By the end of the adaptation the relative weight of the lungs increased by 37 per cent (this seeming to indicate hypertrophy of the lungs), and the concentration of RNA in the lung tissue increased by 30 per cent; at the same time the RNA concentration in the lungs as a whole increased by 85 per cent DNA concentration in the lung tissue showed no essential change, and its content in the lungs increased at the same rate as the lungs' weight. An increase in protein synthesis in the lungs determined by the S-35-methionine incorporation constituted 133% in the adapted rats in comparison with control.", "PMID": 1125408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9080", "title": "[An autoradiographic study of kidney tissue with different frequency of exposure to a pathogenic factor].", "content": "The kidney tissue was examined under normal conditions and also with a single and repeated administration of mercuric bichloride at intervals of 1 day and 1 week, autoradiographically with the use of thymidine-H3. Male albino mice (26) weighing 25-30 g were used in these experiments. Control mice displayed a relatively greater label index in the epithelium of the proximal tubules. With a more frequent action of the pathogenic factor on the kidney there proved to appear more DNA-synthesizing cells. It is supposed that the existing interrelationship between the number of labeled cells of the epithelium of the proximal tubules and of the flattened cells lying under their basal membranes served as a peculiar index of the regenerative manifestations in the tissue of the injured kidney.", "contents": "[An autoradiographic study of kidney tissue with different frequency of exposure to a pathogenic factor]. The kidney tissue was examined under normal conditions and also with a single and repeated administration of mercuric bichloride at intervals of 1 day and 1 week, autoradiographically with the use of thymidine-H3. Male albino mice (26) weighing 25-30 g were used in these experiments. Control mice displayed a relatively greater label index in the epithelium of the proximal tubules. With a more frequent action of the pathogenic factor on the kidney there proved to appear more DNA-synthesizing cells. It is supposed that the existing interrelationship between the number of labeled cells of the epithelium of the proximal tubules and of the flattened cells lying under their basal membranes served as a peculiar index of the regenerative manifestations in the tissue of the injured kidney.", "PMID": 1125409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9081", "title": "[A microfluorometric study of cell nucleus DNP-complex renaturation].", "content": "A study of the kinetics of renaturation of the DNP in the nuclei of human peripheral blood lymphocytes with the aid of modified Riglers method showed the absence of renaturation of the preparations preliminarily headed to 65 degrees C. Heating the preparations to higher temperatures (75, 85 and 100 degreesC) led to the appearance of characteristic renaturation profiles with the maximum at a two-minute incubation (direct measurement of the intensity of fluorescence of the nuclei of cells transfered into a cold citrate-salt solution, as a time function).", "contents": "[A microfluorometric study of cell nucleus DNP-complex renaturation]. A study of the kinetics of renaturation of the DNP in the nuclei of human peripheral blood lymphocytes with the aid of modified Riglers method showed the absence of renaturation of the preparations preliminarily headed to 65 degrees C. Heating the preparations to higher temperatures (75, 85 and 100 degreesC) led to the appearance of characteristic renaturation profiles with the maximum at a two-minute incubation (direct measurement of the intensity of fluorescence of the nuclei of cells transfered into a cold citrate-salt solution, as a time function).", "PMID": 1125411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9082", "title": "[The mechanism of the anticonvulsive action of diazepam].", "content": "Diazepam was shown to be highly efficient in preventing the convulsive siezures induced by thiosemicarbazide and connected with GABA insufficiency. In recording the recovery cycles of the intracortical response of the cat motor cortex it was found that diazepam induced a decrease of the testing respone. These data indicate the enhancement of the inhibitory processes. Using this test an antagonistic relationship was observed between diazepam on the one hand, and biculline and thiosemicarbazide--on the other Diazepam was capable of increasing GABA content in the brain by suppressing GABA-transaminase activity in the mitochondrial fraction of the brain tissue.", "contents": "[The mechanism of the anticonvulsive action of diazepam]. Diazepam was shown to be highly efficient in preventing the convulsive siezures induced by thiosemicarbazide and connected with GABA insufficiency. In recording the recovery cycles of the intracortical response of the cat motor cortex it was found that diazepam induced a decrease of the testing respone. These data indicate the enhancement of the inhibitory processes. Using this test an antagonistic relationship was observed between diazepam on the one hand, and biculline and thiosemicarbazide--on the other Diazepam was capable of increasing GABA content in the brain by suppressing GABA-transaminase activity in the mitochondrial fraction of the brain tissue.", "PMID": 1125412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9083", "title": "[The concentration of adenylic nucleotides in vescular walls following application of octadine and ornid].", "content": "It was shown in experiments on rabbits that administration of octadine (10 mg/kg) and of ornid (10 mg/kg) and 1 hour (respectively) before the assessment failed to cause and changes in the adenylic nucleotides and inorganic phosphorus content in the aortic wall. Octadine administration led to reduction of the catecholamine level, but ornid, administered once or repeatedly, failed to cause any changes in the tissue catecholamine content. Repeated administration of these drugs in the same doses for 10 days caused an increase in the adenosinmonophosphoric acid content alone, without any essential changes in the other adenylic nucleotides and inorganic phosphorus content. An increase in the adenosinmonophosphoric acid content can be regarded as one of the mechanisms of pharmaco-mechanical relaxation of the smooth muscles in the vascular wall.", "contents": "[The concentration of adenylic nucleotides in vescular walls following application of octadine and ornid]. It was shown in experiments on rabbits that administration of octadine (10 mg/kg) and of ornid (10 mg/kg) and 1 hour (respectively) before the assessment failed to cause and changes in the adenylic nucleotides and inorganic phosphorus content in the aortic wall. Octadine administration led to reduction of the catecholamine level, but ornid, administered once or repeatedly, failed to cause any changes in the tissue catecholamine content. Repeated administration of these drugs in the same doses for 10 days caused an increase in the adenosinmonophosphoric acid content alone, without any essential changes in the other adenylic nucleotides and inorganic phosphorus content. An increase in the adenosinmonophosphoric acid content can be regarded as one of the mechanisms of pharmaco-mechanical relaxation of the smooth muscles in the vascular wall.", "PMID": 1125413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9084", "title": "[Pentacyclic triterpenes and ion excretion by rat kidneys].", "content": "Experiments were conducted on rats. A study was made of water, sodium, potassium and creatine excretion 3 hours after the administration into the stomach of a 5% load with a 0.9% NaCl solution. In comparison with control, sodium excretion decreased considerably in the animals given 2 mg per 100 g of weight of trioxylupane or heterobetulin; water, potassium and creatine excretion remained unchanged. Sodium and water excretion increased with administration of dioxylupenal in a dose of 2 mg per 100 g of weight. Heterobetulin also increased the urinary potassium excretion under conditions of administration to rats of a 5% load with a 1.25% KCl solution. The data obtained were of interest for the understanding of the interrelationship between the structure of the substances and their physiological activity.", "contents": "[Pentacyclic triterpenes and ion excretion by rat kidneys]. Experiments were conducted on rats. A study was made of water, sodium, potassium and creatine excretion 3 hours after the administration into the stomach of a 5% load with a 0.9% NaCl solution. In comparison with control, sodium excretion decreased considerably in the animals given 2 mg per 100 g of weight of trioxylupane or heterobetulin; water, potassium and creatine excretion remained unchanged. Sodium and water excretion increased with administration of dioxylupenal in a dose of 2 mg per 100 g of weight. Heterobetulin also increased the urinary potassium excretion under conditions of administration to rats of a 5% load with a 1.25% KCl solution. The data obtained were of interest for the understanding of the interrelationship between the structure of the substances and their physiological activity.", "PMID": 1125414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9085", "title": "[The effect of polysaccharide from typhoid bacteria on hemopoietic stem cells].", "content": "A study was made of dynamics of the content of colony-forming units (CFU) in the spleen and the bone marrow of the nonirradiated F1 (CBA times C57BL) mice to which polysaccharide (PS) from typhoid bacilli was administered. A method of exogenous colony formation was used in this work. A single PS administration increased the CFU count in the bone marrow (2-2 1/2 times) and in the spleen (3 times). Repeated (6- and 9- time) administration of PS was not more effective than a single one. Apparently PS acted as an inductor which caused proliferation of the stem hemopoietic cells and maintained this process for a definite period of time automatically.", "contents": "[The effect of polysaccharide from typhoid bacteria on hemopoietic stem cells]. A study was made of dynamics of the content of colony-forming units (CFU) in the spleen and the bone marrow of the nonirradiated F1 (CBA times C57BL) mice to which polysaccharide (PS) from typhoid bacilli was administered. A method of exogenous colony formation was used in this work. A single PS administration increased the CFU count in the bone marrow (2-2 1/2 times) and in the spleen (3 times). Repeated (6- and 9- time) administration of PS was not more effective than a single one. Apparently PS acted as an inductor which caused proliferation of the stem hemopoietic cells and maintained this process for a definite period of time automatically.", "PMID": 1125415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9086", "title": "[Restitution of the immune response by macrophages following administration of immunodepressants to mice].", "content": "A study was made of the restitution by peritoneal macrophages of the primary immune response in the organism of C3H mice immunized with bacteriophage T2 after the depressive effects of actinomycin D, olivomycin, rifamycin, chloroquin, chloramphenicol, of the histone F2a fraction and LPS. The cell transfer technique was used for studying the capacity of macrophages from normal mice to restitute the antibody synthesis in mice given immunosuppressive drugs. In cell transfer experiments the recipients immunosuppressed by drugs were capable of initiating a normal primary response to bacteriophage T2 when given macrophages from normal donors. The data obtained with the drug-treated recipients supported the concept that the antigen processing by the macrophage was necessary for initiating a primary type immune respones; they also demonstrated the selective susceptibility of macrophages to the immunosuppressive drugs.", "contents": "[Restitution of the immune response by macrophages following administration of immunodepressants to mice]. A study was made of the restitution by peritoneal macrophages of the primary immune response in the organism of C3H mice immunized with bacteriophage T2 after the depressive effects of actinomycin D, olivomycin, rifamycin, chloroquin, chloramphenicol, of the histone F2a fraction and LPS. The cell transfer technique was used for studying the capacity of macrophages from normal mice to restitute the antibody synthesis in mice given immunosuppressive drugs. In cell transfer experiments the recipients immunosuppressed by drugs were capable of initiating a normal primary response to bacteriophage T2 when given macrophages from normal donors. The data obtained with the drug-treated recipients supported the concept that the antigen processing by the macrophage was necessary for initiating a primary type immune respones; they also demonstrated the selective susceptibility of macrophages to the immunosuppressive drugs.", "PMID": 1125417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9087", "title": "[Formation of complete and incomplete antibodies by rabbits immunized with sheep erythrocytes].", "content": "A parellel determination of incomplete and complete antibodies in rabbits immunized by various doses of sheep erythrocytes demonstrated that reduction of the titres of complete antibodies occurred more rapidly than that of imcomplete ones. Complete 7S-antibodies appeared in the blood of animals immunized with high doses of erythrocytes or after a repeated injection of low antigen doses. Incomplete 7S-antibodies are determined in the blood of rabbits after a primary immunization with high and with low doses of sheep erythrocytes, The titres of incomplete hemagglutinins were almost the same in the reaction with crude and trypsinized erythrocytes. As to the titres of complete hemagglutinins, they were greater in the reaction with trypsinized erythrocytes than in the reaction with crude cells, and approached the titres of incomplete antibodies.", "contents": "[Formation of complete and incomplete antibodies by rabbits immunized with sheep erythrocytes]. A parellel determination of incomplete and complete antibodies in rabbits immunized by various doses of sheep erythrocytes demonstrated that reduction of the titres of complete antibodies occurred more rapidly than that of imcomplete ones. Complete 7S-antibodies appeared in the blood of animals immunized with high doses of erythrocytes or after a repeated injection of low antigen doses. Incomplete 7S-antibodies are determined in the blood of rabbits after a primary immunization with high and with low doses of sheep erythrocytes, The titres of incomplete hemagglutinins were almost the same in the reaction with crude and trypsinized erythrocytes. As to the titres of complete hemagglutinins, they were greater in the reaction with trypsinized erythrocytes than in the reaction with crude cells, and approached the titres of incomplete antibodies.", "PMID": 1125418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9088", "title": "[Features of microcirculation in the liver during anaphylactic shock].", "content": "Microcirculation in the liver was studied in rats and dogs with anaphylactic shock. Injection of a reacting dose of the horse serum led to elevation of systemic arterial pressure by an average of 20 mm Hg; there also occurred spasm of the sinusoids, hepatic venules and an acceleration of blood flow in them With the following blood pressure reduction to 60-40 mm Hg there was blood congestion in the vessels, retarded circulation, intravascular aggregation of the blood formed elements, hemorrhages and ischemic changes. Restoration of systemic arterial pressure and of microcirculation occurred in parallel; no complete normalization of microcirculation in the liver ensued, yet.", "contents": "[Features of microcirculation in the liver during anaphylactic shock]. Microcirculation in the liver was studied in rats and dogs with anaphylactic shock. Injection of a reacting dose of the horse serum led to elevation of systemic arterial pressure by an average of 20 mm Hg; there also occurred spasm of the sinusoids, hepatic venules and an acceleration of blood flow in them With the following blood pressure reduction to 60-40 mm Hg there was blood congestion in the vessels, retarded circulation, intravascular aggregation of the blood formed elements, hemorrhages and ischemic changes. Restoration of systemic arterial pressure and of microcirculation occurred in parallel; no complete normalization of microcirculation in the liver ensued, yet.", "PMID": 1125419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9089", "title": "[The effect of adrenaline and cyclophosphamide on the growth and blood supply of experimental Gu\u00e9rin carcinoma].", "content": "Tests were conducted on albino rats with experimental Guerin carcinoma. A method of the blood vessel injection and preparation of lucid and stained (with hematoxylin-eosine) sections, and determination of the density of the capillary network were used; intramuscular adrenaline injections proved to produce an inhibitory effect on the growth of Guerin carcinoma, this bein accompanied by its intensified microvascularization. Combined administration of cyclophosphan and adrenaline produced a marked antitumour effect on accout of an antiblastic actionof cyclophosphan enhanced by adrenaline. The detected direct relationship between the vascular system of Guerin carcinoma, the thickness of the capillary network and the effect of the theraputic action of cyclophospahan and adrenaline pointed to the role played by the blood supply of Guerin carcinoma in the antiblastic action of cyclophosphan in case of combined administration with adrenaline.", "contents": "[The effect of adrenaline and cyclophosphamide on the growth and blood supply of experimental Gu\u00e9rin carcinoma]. Tests were conducted on albino rats with experimental Guerin carcinoma. A method of the blood vessel injection and preparation of lucid and stained (with hematoxylin-eosine) sections, and determination of the density of the capillary network were used; intramuscular adrenaline injections proved to produce an inhibitory effect on the growth of Guerin carcinoma, this bein accompanied by its intensified microvascularization. Combined administration of cyclophosphan and adrenaline produced a marked antitumour effect on accout of an antiblastic actionof cyclophosphan enhanced by adrenaline. The detected direct relationship between the vascular system of Guerin carcinoma, the thickness of the capillary network and the effect of the theraputic action of cyclophospahan and adrenaline pointed to the role played by the blood supply of Guerin carcinoma in the antiblastic action of cyclophosphan in case of combined administration with adrenaline.", "PMID": 1125420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9090", "title": "[Use of scanning electron microscopy for studying the intersection of lymphocytes with tumor cells].", "content": "With the aid of steroscan microscopy it was found that the state of surface membranes of the cells under study showed a significant change during the interaction of lymphocytes of BALB/C mice--bearers of methylcholantrene-induced sarcoma--with autologous tumour cells. Lymphocytes separated from the autologous tumour cells by a millipore filter formed long cytoplasmic processes which passed through the filter pores and came into close contact with tumour cells. Tumour cells acquired a spherical shape, and became swollen; \"openings\" appeared in the surface membrane, and this led to cell lysis.", "contents": "[Use of scanning electron microscopy for studying the intersection of lymphocytes with tumor cells]. With the aid of steroscan microscopy it was found that the state of surface membranes of the cells under study showed a significant change during the interaction of lymphocytes of BALB/C mice--bearers of methylcholantrene-induced sarcoma--with autologous tumour cells. Lymphocytes separated from the autologous tumour cells by a millipore filter formed long cytoplasmic processes which passed through the filter pores and came into close contact with tumour cells. Tumour cells acquired a spherical shape, and became swollen; \"openings\" appeared in the surface membrane, and this led to cell lysis.", "PMID": 1125421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9091", "title": "[Diurnal changes in the duration of mitosis in several tissues of young white rats].", "content": "In the acinar cells of the pancreas of 7-day rats the duration of mitosis varied from 1.7 to 2.5 hours, in the hepatocytes--from 1.3 to 5.2 and in the epidermis--from 1.5 to 2.9 hours. The 24-hour variations in the mitotic index were expressed both by the changes in the duration of mitosis and by unequal rate of the cell entrance into mitosis. The peroid of renewal of the tissues under study markedly differing in adult animals proved to be approximately the same in rats aged 7 days (12,3 days in the pancreas and 20 days in the liver and the epidermis).", "contents": "[Diurnal changes in the duration of mitosis in several tissues of young white rats]. In the acinar cells of the pancreas of 7-day rats the duration of mitosis varied from 1.7 to 2.5 hours, in the hepatocytes--from 1.3 to 5.2 and in the epidermis--from 1.5 to 2.9 hours. The 24-hour variations in the mitotic index were expressed both by the changes in the duration of mitosis and by unequal rate of the cell entrance into mitosis. The peroid of renewal of the tissues under study markedly differing in adult animals proved to be approximately the same in rats aged 7 days (12,3 days in the pancreas and 20 days in the liver and the epidermis).", "PMID": 1125422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9092", "title": "[Circadian rhythm of total histone concentration in noradrenalinergic and serotoninergic neurons and their glial satellite cells].", "content": "By means of photoelectric aperture cytospectrophotometry of fast green FCF strain sections the total histone content was determined in the nuclei and whole bodies of the neurons of the reticular formation, as well as in the nuclei of their glial satellite cells during various periods of the 24-hour cycle. In the noradrenalinergic neurons of the reticular formation of the lateral nucleus ther was revealed a circadian rhythm of the changes in the total histone content with the two maxima and the two minima per 24 hours in the neuronal bodies, but with only one period of fluctuations per 24 hours in their nuclei. On the contrary, in the 5-hydroxytryptaminergic (serotoninergic) neurons of the paragiant-cell nucleus of the reticular formation the total histone content changes once in 24 hours in the cell bodies, but twice within the same period in the neuronal nuclei. The amplitude of fluctuations was markedly lower than in the corresponding neurons in the cells of the perineuronal neuroganglia,", "contents": "[Circadian rhythm of total histone concentration in noradrenalinergic and serotoninergic neurons and their glial satellite cells]. By means of photoelectric aperture cytospectrophotometry of fast green FCF strain sections the total histone content was determined in the nuclei and whole bodies of the neurons of the reticular formation, as well as in the nuclei of their glial satellite cells during various periods of the 24-hour cycle. In the noradrenalinergic neurons of the reticular formation of the lateral nucleus ther was revealed a circadian rhythm of the changes in the total histone content with the two maxima and the two minima per 24 hours in the neuronal bodies, but with only one period of fluctuations per 24 hours in their nuclei. On the contrary, in the 5-hydroxytryptaminergic (serotoninergic) neurons of the paragiant-cell nucleus of the reticular formation the total histone content changes once in 24 hours in the cell bodies, but twice within the same period in the neuronal nuclei. The amplitude of fluctuations was markedly lower than in the corresponding neurons in the cells of the perineuronal neuroganglia,", "PMID": 1125423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9093", "title": "[A cytochemical study of the dynamics of RNA synthesis as revealed in the metaphase chromosomes of HeLa cells].", "content": "The rate of DNA and RNA synthesis was determined by autoradiography using selective procedure for obtaining large numbers of mitotic HeLa cells. It was shown that RNA which was resistant in situ to ribonuclease in solutions of high ionic strength was synthesized mainly at the end of the G1 period and the first part of the S period. The synthesis of RNAse-resistant RNA was not detected at the G2 period and during mitosis.", "contents": "[A cytochemical study of the dynamics of RNA synthesis as revealed in the metaphase chromosomes of HeLa cells]. The rate of DNA and RNA synthesis was determined by autoradiography using selective procedure for obtaining large numbers of mitotic HeLa cells. It was shown that RNA which was resistant in situ to ribonuclease in solutions of high ionic strength was synthesized mainly at the end of the G1 period and the first part of the S period. The synthesis of RNAse-resistant RNA was not detected at the G2 period and during mitosis.", "PMID": 1125424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9094", "title": "[The effect of partial hepatectomy on the quantity of somatotropes in rat adenohypophysis].", "content": "Two thirds of the liver was removed by Higgins and Andersons method in which male rat weighing from 100 to 150 g. Adenohypophysis of partially hepatectomized, sham-operated and intact rats was studied 2, 4, 8-10, 25 hours, 2, 3, 6, 10, 14, 21 days after the operation. There was revealed a significant increase in the number of somatotropes 8-10 hours after the partial hepatectomy and a decrease in their content 25 hours after the operation, in comparison with their number in the smham-operated rats. The content of somatotropes in the adenohypophysis of the partially hepatectomized rats returned to the normal by the second postoperative day and failed to show any significant changes at the subsequent observation periods. The data obtained permit a supposition to be made on the participation of somatotropic hormone in the regulation of the restorative processes in the liver.", "contents": "[The effect of partial hepatectomy on the quantity of somatotropes in rat adenohypophysis]. Two thirds of the liver was removed by Higgins and Andersons method in which male rat weighing from 100 to 150 g. Adenohypophysis of partially hepatectomized, sham-operated and intact rats was studied 2, 4, 8-10, 25 hours, 2, 3, 6, 10, 14, 21 days after the operation. There was revealed a significant increase in the number of somatotropes 8-10 hours after the partial hepatectomy and a decrease in their content 25 hours after the operation, in comparison with their number in the smham-operated rats. The content of somatotropes in the adenohypophysis of the partially hepatectomized rats returned to the normal by the second postoperative day and failed to show any significant changes at the subsequent observation periods. The data obtained permit a supposition to be made on the participation of somatotropic hormone in the regulation of the restorative processes in the liver.", "PMID": 1125425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9095", "title": "Oxymetholone treatment for sickle cell anemia.", "content": "Seven patients with sickle cell anemia were treated with oxymetholone for at least 2 mo. Markedly increased basal rates of hemolysis and erythropoiesis were confirmed. The urinary erythropoietin excretion was either normal or lower than expected for the red cell mass, and an expanded blood volume was due primarily to an increased plasma volume. After androgen therapy, six patients demonstrated more than a fivefold increase in urinary erythropoietin, with an increase in red cell mass ranging from 17%-75% above the control value. All showed a decline in serum iron level to the 25-75 mug/100 ml range within 4 wk after the start of therapy. Less marked changes followed lower oxymetholone doses. Reversible hepatic toxicity, with a serum bilirubin concentration exceeding 50 mg/100 ml, occurred in one patient. Androgenic hormone therapy may be useful for selected adult patients with sickle cell disease when severe anemia contributes to disease morbidity.", "contents": "Oxymetholone treatment for sickle cell anemia. Seven patients with sickle cell anemia were treated with oxymetholone for at least 2 mo. Markedly increased basal rates of hemolysis and erythropoiesis were confirmed. The urinary erythropoietin excretion was either normal or lower than expected for the red cell mass, and an expanded blood volume was due primarily to an increased plasma volume. After androgen therapy, six patients demonstrated more than a fivefold increase in urinary erythropoietin, with an increase in red cell mass ranging from 17%-75% above the control value. All showed a decline in serum iron level to the 25-75 mug/100 ml range within 4 wk after the start of therapy. Less marked changes followed lower oxymetholone doses. Reversible hepatic toxicity, with a serum bilirubin concentration exceeding 50 mg/100 ml, occurred in one patient. Androgenic hormone therapy may be useful for selected adult patients with sickle cell disease when severe anemia contributes to disease morbidity.", "PMID": 1125426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9096", "title": "Metabolic effects of antisickling amounts of nitrogen and nor-nitrogen mustard on rabbit and human erythrocytes.", "content": "Nitrogen mustard (NH2) and Nor-nitrogen mustard (Nor-HN2) both inhibit the polymerization of deoxyhemoglobin S in solution and in intact erythrocytes. Metabolic studies were undertaken to determine the feasability of an extracorporeal treatment with these or related agents. Glucose utilization, hexose monophosphate shunt activity, methemoglobin reduction, and incubation with acetylphenylhydrazine for Heinz body formation were performed, as well as specific assays for hexokinase, pyruvate kinase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, glutathione reductase, ATP, reduced glutathione (GSH), and survival of autologous mustard-treated cells in rabbits. HN2 was found to enter red cells rapidly and bind to intracellular contents. Metabolic studies revealed no significant inhibition or alteration of function by Nor-HN2 at 10 mg/ml of whole blood. Rabbit red cell survival was also normal. HN2, however, inhibited glutathione reductase and blocked the free sulfhydryl group of GSH by forming serveral addition products of alkylated GSH. Heinz body test with acetylphenylhydrazine became positive in HN2-treated cells, and rabbit red cell survival was shortened considerably in the concentration range used to inhibit sickling. Ascorbic acid stimulation of the hexose shunt pathway was inhibited by HN2, but methylene blue stimulation remained unaffected. 14-C-HN2 remains bound to red cells in vivo, and the disappearance of radioactivity is similar to that found with 14-C-DFP (disopropylfluorophosphate). Oxygen affinity of both HN2 and Nor-HN2 treated human red cells remains virtually the same as that found in control samples. It is concluded that Nor-HN2 may be a suitable agent for an extracorporeal therapy, and that each mustard needs to be evaluated individually for its antisickling effects and its suitability for extracorporeal use.", "contents": "Metabolic effects of antisickling amounts of nitrogen and nor-nitrogen mustard on rabbit and human erythrocytes. Nitrogen mustard (NH2) and Nor-nitrogen mustard (Nor-HN2) both inhibit the polymerization of deoxyhemoglobin S in solution and in intact erythrocytes. Metabolic studies were undertaken to determine the feasability of an extracorporeal treatment with these or related agents. Glucose utilization, hexose monophosphate shunt activity, methemoglobin reduction, and incubation with acetylphenylhydrazine for Heinz body formation were performed, as well as specific assays for hexokinase, pyruvate kinase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, glutathione reductase, ATP, reduced glutathione (GSH), and survival of autologous mustard-treated cells in rabbits. HN2 was found to enter red cells rapidly and bind to intracellular contents. Metabolic studies revealed no significant inhibition or alteration of function by Nor-HN2 at 10 mg/ml of whole blood. Rabbit red cell survival was also normal. HN2, however, inhibited glutathione reductase and blocked the free sulfhydryl group of GSH by forming serveral addition products of alkylated GSH. Heinz body test with acetylphenylhydrazine became positive in HN2-treated cells, and rabbit red cell survival was shortened considerably in the concentration range used to inhibit sickling. Ascorbic acid stimulation of the hexose shunt pathway was inhibited by HN2, but methylene blue stimulation remained unaffected. 14-C-HN2 remains bound to red cells in vivo, and the disappearance of radioactivity is similar to that found with 14-C-DFP (disopropylfluorophosphate). Oxygen affinity of both HN2 and Nor-HN2 treated human red cells remains virtually the same as that found in control samples. It is concluded that Nor-HN2 may be a suitable agent for an extracorporeal therapy, and that each mustard needs to be evaluated individually for its antisickling effects and its suitability for extracorporeal use.", "PMID": 1125427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9097", "title": "Tolerance to the granulocyte-releasing and colony-stimulating factor elevating effects of endotoxin.", "content": "Injection of Salmonella typhosa endotoxin into either CF1 or C57bl/6J mice leads to prompt increases in serum colony-stimulating factor (CSF). Repeated injections of endotoxin result in a dose-related hyporesponsiveness or tolerance to this effect. Tolerance is seen after either intravenous (i.v.) or intraperitoneal (i.p.) routes of administration or challenge and occurs after one to two preinjections. Cross-tolerance to heterologous endotoxin (Escherichia coli) was also shown. This cross-tolerance is complete immediately after cessation of preinjections, but partial at later time intervals. Levels of a serum inhibitor of colony growth were decreased in tolerant mice, although this decrease is not statistically significant. Tolerant mice injected with endotoxin release granulocytes from the bone marrow normally, in spite of the absence of a CSF response. This suggests that neutrophil releasing activity (NRA) and CSF are separate entities. A marked marrow granulocytic hyperplasia develops after 7 or 20 days of endotoxin injections, despite the tolerance to the CDF-elevating effect of endotoxin. This granulocytic hyperplasia could still be mediated by serum CSF increases. A negative medullary feed-back secondary to the repetitive release of marrow granulocytes, however, is an equally plausible mechanism for the stimulation of granulocyte production. It is also possible that the decrease in serum inhibitors played a role in the sustained increase in granulopoiesis seen here.", "contents": "Tolerance to the granulocyte-releasing and colony-stimulating factor elevating effects of endotoxin. Injection of Salmonella typhosa endotoxin into either CF1 or C57bl/6J mice leads to prompt increases in serum colony-stimulating factor (CSF). Repeated injections of endotoxin result in a dose-related hyporesponsiveness or tolerance to this effect. Tolerance is seen after either intravenous (i.v.) or intraperitoneal (i.p.) routes of administration or challenge and occurs after one to two preinjections. Cross-tolerance to heterologous endotoxin (Escherichia coli) was also shown. This cross-tolerance is complete immediately after cessation of preinjections, but partial at later time intervals. Levels of a serum inhibitor of colony growth were decreased in tolerant mice, although this decrease is not statistically significant. Tolerant mice injected with endotoxin release granulocytes from the bone marrow normally, in spite of the absence of a CSF response. This suggests that neutrophil releasing activity (NRA) and CSF are separate entities. A marked marrow granulocytic hyperplasia develops after 7 or 20 days of endotoxin injections, despite the tolerance to the CDF-elevating effect of endotoxin. This granulocytic hyperplasia could still be mediated by serum CSF increases. A negative medullary feed-back secondary to the repetitive release of marrow granulocytes, however, is an equally plausible mechanism for the stimulation of granulocyte production. It is also possible that the decrease in serum inhibitors played a role in the sustained increase in granulopoiesis seen here.", "PMID": 1125428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9098", "title": "Selective damage to erythroblasts by 55-Fe.", "content": "The low energy and short range of 55-Fe Auger electrons were utilized in mice to deliver lethal intracellular radiation to iron-incorporating erythropoietic precursors with minimal radiation damage to other bone marrow cells. The ensuing intramedullary, selective erythropoietic death was demonstrated by absolute and differential bone marrow cell counts and by decreased blood uptake of 59-Fe. The decreased number of colony-forming units in spleen colony assay and the decreased ability of tranplanted bone marrow to protect fatally irradiated mice shows that the bone marrow was partially depleted of pluripotent stem cells. These data are interpreted to indicate an increased pluripotent stem cell utilization in response to increased demand for differentiation of stem cells along the erythropoietic pathway.", "contents": "Selective damage to erythroblasts by 55-Fe. The low energy and short range of 55-Fe Auger electrons were utilized in mice to deliver lethal intracellular radiation to iron-incorporating erythropoietic precursors with minimal radiation damage to other bone marrow cells. The ensuing intramedullary, selective erythropoietic death was demonstrated by absolute and differential bone marrow cell counts and by decreased blood uptake of 59-Fe. The decreased number of colony-forming units in spleen colony assay and the decreased ability of tranplanted bone marrow to protect fatally irradiated mice shows that the bone marrow was partially depleted of pluripotent stem cells. These data are interpreted to indicate an increased pluripotent stem cell utilization in response to increased demand for differentiation of stem cells along the erythropoietic pathway.", "PMID": 1125429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9099", "title": "Granulopoietic progenitors in suspension culture: a comparison of stimulatory cells and conditioned media.", "content": "Kinetic studies have been carried out to investigate the functional heterogeneity previously observed in populations of human marrow or peripheral blood cells separated by velocity sedimentation. The results obtained confirm the earlier results, in that slowly-sedimenting cells were found to stimulate both colony formation by granulopoietic progenitors and an increase in numbers of granulopoietic progenitors in suspension culture, while rapidly-sedimenting cells stimulated only colony formation and not increased progenitors in suspension cultures. Investigations of the properties of media conditioned by these two subpopulations of cells revealed no clear differences between them; both stimulated suspension cultures as well as colony formation, and both lost the former activity, but not the latter, after dialysis. The results contribute to the evidence that more than one process is regulated in cultures of granulopoietic progenitor cells.", "contents": "Granulopoietic progenitors in suspension culture: a comparison of stimulatory cells and conditioned media. Kinetic studies have been carried out to investigate the functional heterogeneity previously observed in populations of human marrow or peripheral blood cells separated by velocity sedimentation. The results obtained confirm the earlier results, in that slowly-sedimenting cells were found to stimulate both colony formation by granulopoietic progenitors and an increase in numbers of granulopoietic progenitors in suspension culture, while rapidly-sedimenting cells stimulated only colony formation and not increased progenitors in suspension cultures. Investigations of the properties of media conditioned by these two subpopulations of cells revealed no clear differences between them; both stimulated suspension cultures as well as colony formation, and both lost the former activity, but not the latter, after dialysis. The results contribute to the evidence that more than one process is regulated in cultures of granulopoietic progenitor cells.", "PMID": 1125430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9100", "title": "In vitro granulocyte production in patients with Hodgkin's disease and lymphocytic, histiocytic, and mixed lymphomas.", "content": "The in vitro granulocyte colony formation (CFU-C) was examined in 19 untreated patients with advanced Hodgkin's disease and in 25 untreated patients with histiocytic, lymphocytic, and mixed lymphomas. The patients with Hodgkin's disease and diffuse histiocytic, lymphocytic, and mixed lymphomas produced decreased numbers of granulocyte colinies, whereas patients with nodular histiocytic, lymphocytic, and mixed histiocytic-lymphocytic lymphomas showed normal granulycote colony growth. The acute response of CFU-C to combination chemotherapy (MOPP) is described in two patients followed with sequential marrow cultures through their indiction chemotherapy. The long-term effect of MOPP chemotherapy was examined in five patients who had completed chemotherapy 1.5-6 yr priot to in vitro examination.", "contents": "In vitro granulocyte production in patients with Hodgkin's disease and lymphocytic, histiocytic, and mixed lymphomas. The in vitro granulocyte colony formation (CFU-C) was examined in 19 untreated patients with advanced Hodgkin's disease and in 25 untreated patients with histiocytic, lymphocytic, and mixed lymphomas. The patients with Hodgkin's disease and diffuse histiocytic, lymphocytic, and mixed lymphomas produced decreased numbers of granulocyte colinies, whereas patients with nodular histiocytic, lymphocytic, and mixed histiocytic-lymphocytic lymphomas showed normal granulycote colony growth. The acute response of CFU-C to combination chemotherapy (MOPP) is described in two patients followed with sequential marrow cultures through their indiction chemotherapy. The long-term effect of MOPP chemotherapy was examined in five patients who had completed chemotherapy 1.5-6 yr priot to in vitro examination.", "PMID": 1125431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9101", "title": "[Course and prognosis of panmyelopathy and isolated aplastic anemia. Retrospective study in 70 patients].", "content": "From 1967 to 1972, 70 patients with aplastic anemia were observed and followed up to death or at least two years. 3 cases of pure red cell anemia, and 2 cases of amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia are included. Detailed investigation of drugs taken within 6 months before onset of the disease revealed chloramphenicol in 20, butazones in 11 cases. Acute viral hepatitis preceded the hemopoietic failure in 2 patients. In addition to various combinations of anemia, granulocytopenia and thrombocytopenia, monocytes were diminished in 35 and lymphocytes in 12 cases. Acid serum or sucrose tests were consistently negative. The patients were treated by short-term prednisone, long-term androgens and red cell and platelet substitution as needed. 2 years after onset of the disease, 33 per cent were in partial or complete remission, 30 per cent survived without remission, and 35 per cent had decreased. Correlation of various parameters with remission and survival showed the presence of a subgroup at risque, comprising patients with low marrow cellularity and clinically relevant diminution of all three cell lines at the time of diagnosis. Absolute lymphopenia and increase of plasma cells in the bone marrow were of poor prognostic significance. In this subgroup two years after the onset of the disease only 32 percent survivors and 16 per cent remissions were recorded. There was no conclusive evidence for the therapeutic value of prednisone or androgens in our series. The present situation in severe aplastic anemia requires more effective forms of treatment and justifies experimental therapies like bone marrow transplantation.", "contents": "[Course and prognosis of panmyelopathy and isolated aplastic anemia. Retrospective study in 70 patients]. From 1967 to 1972, 70 patients with aplastic anemia were observed and followed up to death or at least two years. 3 cases of pure red cell anemia, and 2 cases of amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia are included. Detailed investigation of drugs taken within 6 months before onset of the disease revealed chloramphenicol in 20, butazones in 11 cases. Acute viral hepatitis preceded the hemopoietic failure in 2 patients. In addition to various combinations of anemia, granulocytopenia and thrombocytopenia, monocytes were diminished in 35 and lymphocytes in 12 cases. Acid serum or sucrose tests were consistently negative. The patients were treated by short-term prednisone, long-term androgens and red cell and platelet substitution as needed. 2 years after onset of the disease, 33 per cent were in partial or complete remission, 30 per cent survived without remission, and 35 per cent had decreased. Correlation of various parameters with remission and survival showed the presence of a subgroup at risque, comprising patients with low marrow cellularity and clinically relevant diminution of all three cell lines at the time of diagnosis. Absolute lymphopenia and increase of plasma cells in the bone marrow were of poor prognostic significance. In this subgroup two years after the onset of the disease only 32 percent survivors and 16 per cent remissions were recorded. There was no conclusive evidence for the therapeutic value of prednisone or androgens in our series. The present situation in severe aplastic anemia requires more effective forms of treatment and justifies experimental therapies like bone marrow transplantation.", "PMID": 1125432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9102", "title": "Two rare complications of chronic benzene poisoning: myeloid metaplasia and paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. Report of two cases.", "content": "Two patients, one with myeloid metaplasia and the other one with PNH, both due to chronic exposure to benzene are presented. The patient with PNH exhibited also marked monocytosis as a rare hematologic finding of chronic benzene exposure. The etiological relationship between myeloid metaplasia, PNH and chronic benzene exposure is discussed.", "contents": "Two rare complications of chronic benzene poisoning: myeloid metaplasia and paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. Report of two cases. Two patients, one with myeloid metaplasia and the other one with PNH, both due to chronic exposure to benzene are presented. The patient with PNH exhibited also marked monocytosis as a rare hematologic finding of chronic benzene exposure. The etiological relationship between myeloid metaplasia, PNH and chronic benzene exposure is discussed.", "PMID": 1125433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9103", "title": "[Determination of purine derivatives in blood and plasma fractions].", "content": "A method is described for the separation of adenine and guanosine from whole blood and plasma fractions, containing purinderivatives as anticoagulant-additives. The highest concentration determined per gram human albumin or gamma-globulin was 0.5 mg. Due to interactions with blood cells guanosine could only be detected in plasma which was stored for more than one week as whole blood. The amount of adenine and guanosine to be expected in therapeutical products is uncritical according to published pharmacological investigations.", "contents": "[Determination of purine derivatives in blood and plasma fractions]. A method is described for the separation of adenine and guanosine from whole blood and plasma fractions, containing purinderivatives as anticoagulant-additives. The highest concentration determined per gram human albumin or gamma-globulin was 0.5 mg. Due to interactions with blood cells guanosine could only be detected in plasma which was stored for more than one week as whole blood. The amount of adenine and guanosine to be expected in therapeutical products is uncritical according to published pharmacological investigations.", "PMID": 1125434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9104", "title": "[Isolation and characterization of a 19S-alpha1-glycoprotein from human erythrocytes and its identification as placenta protein PP6].", "content": "A high molecular weight protein was isolated from the hemolysate of washed human erythrocytes by a procedure involving ion exchange chromatography, ammonium sulfate fractionation and gel filtration. The purified protein was found to have a sedimentation coefficient of 18,68S and a molecular weight of 8 times 10-5 to 1 times 10-6 daltons. In the presence of sodium dodezylsulfate the molecules are dissociated into at least four different subunits having molecular weights ranging from 12,000 to 30,000 daltons. The protein has the electrophoretic mobility of an alpha-1-globulin and an isoelectric point of pH 4.75. The chemical analysis revealed that the protein is chemical and immunochemical properties the 19S-alpha-1-glycoprotein from human erythrocytes was shown to be identical with the protein PP6 isolated from huamn placentae. The content of this protein in packed red blood cells was determined to be around 50 mg per 100 ml.", "contents": "[Isolation and characterization of a 19S-alpha1-glycoprotein from human erythrocytes and its identification as placenta protein PP6]. A high molecular weight protein was isolated from the hemolysate of washed human erythrocytes by a procedure involving ion exchange chromatography, ammonium sulfate fractionation and gel filtration. The purified protein was found to have a sedimentation coefficient of 18,68S and a molecular weight of 8 times 10-5 to 1 times 10-6 daltons. In the presence of sodium dodezylsulfate the molecules are dissociated into at least four different subunits having molecular weights ranging from 12,000 to 30,000 daltons. The protein has the electrophoretic mobility of an alpha-1-globulin and an isoelectric point of pH 4.75. The chemical analysis revealed that the protein is chemical and immunochemical properties the 19S-alpha-1-glycoprotein from human erythrocytes was shown to be identical with the protein PP6 isolated from huamn placentae. The content of this protein in packed red blood cells was determined to be around 50 mg per 100 ml.", "PMID": 1125435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9105", "title": "Studies on combined effects of organophosphates and heavy metals in birds. I. Plasma and brain cholinesterase in coturnix quail fed methyl mercury and orally dosed with parathion.", "content": "We found that mercury potentiated the toxicity and biochemical effects of parathion. Male Coturnix quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) were fed a sublethal concentration of morsodren (4 ppm as methyl mercury) for 18 weeks. This resulted in an accumulation of 21.0 ppm of mercury in the liver and 8.4 ppm in the carcass. Birds fed clean feed and those fed morsodren-treated feed were orally dosed with 2, 4, 6, 8,and 10 mg/kg parathion, and their 48-h survival times compared. The computed LD50 was 5.86mg/kg in birds not fed morsodren and 4.24 in those fed the heavy metal. When challenged with a sublethal, oral dose of parathion (1.0 mg/kg), morsodren-fed birds exhibited significantly greater inhibition of plasma and brain cholinesterase activity than controls dosed with parathion. Brain cholinesterase activity was inhibited 41% in morsodren-fed birds and 26in clean-fed birds dosed with parathion, which suggested that the increase in parathion toxicity in the presence of morsodren was directly related to the inhibitation of brain cholinesterase.", "contents": "Studies on combined effects of organophosphates and heavy metals in birds. I. Plasma and brain cholinesterase in coturnix quail fed methyl mercury and orally dosed with parathion. We found that mercury potentiated the toxicity and biochemical effects of parathion. Male Coturnix quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) were fed a sublethal concentration of morsodren (4 ppm as methyl mercury) for 18 weeks. This resulted in an accumulation of 21.0 ppm of mercury in the liver and 8.4 ppm in the carcass. Birds fed clean feed and those fed morsodren-treated feed were orally dosed with 2, 4, 6, 8,and 10 mg/kg parathion, and their 48-h survival times compared. The computed LD50 was 5.86mg/kg in birds not fed morsodren and 4.24 in those fed the heavy metal. When challenged with a sublethal, oral dose of parathion (1.0 mg/kg), morsodren-fed birds exhibited significantly greater inhibition of plasma and brain cholinesterase activity than controls dosed with parathion. Brain cholinesterase activity was inhibited 41% in morsodren-fed birds and 26in clean-fed birds dosed with parathion, which suggested that the increase in parathion toxicity in the presence of morsodren was directly related to the inhibitation of brain cholinesterase.", "PMID": 1125450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9106", "title": "The effects of lapsed time since feeding upon the toxicity of zinc to fish.", "content": "This study was undertaken to determine the effects of elapsed time from feeding to exposure upon the tolerance of goldfish (carassiu auratus l.) to zinc. Methods followed those in the 24 hour static bioassay of the Ohio River Valley Water Sanitation Commission (SMITH et al., 1973). Fish were fed for 25 minutes and at specific times after feeding (0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 12, 24, 72 hours) groups of 10 fish were placed into 18 liters of water containing a lethal concentration (100 mg/l) of zinc as ZnSO4. Time until death was recorded for individual fish. A total of 420 fish (excluding controls) were exposed to zinc in the course of seven experimental runs. Statistical analysis revealed a slight but non-significant increase in survival time as the interval between feeding and exposure to zinc increased. These variations in survival time do not appear to be of sufficient magnitude to support the standard acute bioassay requirement that fish not be fed for 24 or 48 hours prior to their exposure to a toxicant.", "contents": "The effects of lapsed time since feeding upon the toxicity of zinc to fish. This study was undertaken to determine the effects of elapsed time from feeding to exposure upon the tolerance of goldfish (carassiu auratus l.) to zinc. Methods followed those in the 24 hour static bioassay of the Ohio River Valley Water Sanitation Commission (SMITH et al., 1973). Fish were fed for 25 minutes and at specific times after feeding (0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 12, 24, 72 hours) groups of 10 fish were placed into 18 liters of water containing a lethal concentration (100 mg/l) of zinc as ZnSO4. Time until death was recorded for individual fish. A total of 420 fish (excluding controls) were exposed to zinc in the course of seven experimental runs. Statistical analysis revealed a slight but non-significant increase in survival time as the interval between feeding and exposure to zinc increased. These variations in survival time do not appear to be of sufficient magnitude to support the standard acute bioassay requirement that fish not be fed for 24 or 48 hours prior to their exposure to a toxicant.", "PMID": 1125452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9107", "title": "DDT: short term effects on osmoregulation in black surfperch (Embiotoca jacksoni).", "content": "DDT injected intraperitoneally into black surfperch caused substantial increases in plasma osmotic concentration only at doses much larger than are likely to be encountered in nature. Increased plasma concentrations were below those tolerated by fish adapted to high salinities. Death of marine teleosts from DDT poisoning probably involves factors other than simply osmoregulatory failure.", "contents": "DDT: short term effects on osmoregulation in black surfperch (Embiotoca jacksoni). DDT injected intraperitoneally into black surfperch caused substantial increases in plasma osmotic concentration only at doses much larger than are likely to be encountered in nature. Increased plasma concentrations were below those tolerated by fish adapted to high salinities. Death of marine teleosts from DDT poisoning probably involves factors other than simply osmoregulatory failure.", "PMID": 1125456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9108", "title": "Lead extraction from aluminum.", "content": "The lead content of various aluminum samples was determined. The amount of lead was found to be in the range from 28-45 ppm. The leaching of lead from aluminum products by 5% acetic acid was negligible at room temperature, but up to 2 mg/liter was leached at 85 degrees C. Although no significant health hazard exists in the usage of aluminum in contact with food items, it is recommended that aluminum containers be conditioned by several extractions with dilute acetic acid at higher temperatures.", "contents": "Lead extraction from aluminum. The lead content of various aluminum samples was determined. The amount of lead was found to be in the range from 28-45 ppm. The leaching of lead from aluminum products by 5% acetic acid was negligible at room temperature, but up to 2 mg/liter was leached at 85 degrees C. Although no significant health hazard exists in the usage of aluminum in contact with food items, it is recommended that aluminum containers be conditioned by several extractions with dilute acetic acid at higher temperatures.", "PMID": 1125460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9109", "title": "Susceptibility of bluegil sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus) to nonionic surfactants.", "content": "The present report provides a basis for direct comparison of the susceptibility of fish to alkylphenol and alcohol ethoxylates of various EO chain lengths. It is obvious from the data provided that susceptibility of bluegil to nonionic surfactants (both types) increases with decreasing EO chain length. Also it appears that bluegill are no more susceptible, and, in fact, are probably less susceptible to the acute effects of alkylphenol ethoxylates than of alcohol ethoxylates.", "contents": "Susceptibility of bluegil sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus) to nonionic surfactants. The present report provides a basis for direct comparison of the susceptibility of fish to alkylphenol and alcohol ethoxylates of various EO chain lengths. It is obvious from the data provided that susceptibility of bluegil to nonionic surfactants (both types) increases with decreasing EO chain length. Also it appears that bluegill are no more susceptible, and, in fact, are probably less susceptible to the acute effects of alkylphenol ethoxylates than of alcohol ethoxylates.", "PMID": 1125468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9110", "title": "The technique of recording nasal pharyngoscopy.", "content": "Nasal pharyngoscopy is a relatively simple and most informative technique requiring a small amount of very portable equipment. Recording the observations objectively is of considerable clinical and research value, but will require a two-man team, one of whom must be thoroughly versed in audio-visual communication techniques and apparatus. The equipment is more expensive and although it can be transported is probably best used at a routine site.", "contents": "The technique of recording nasal pharyngoscopy. Nasal pharyngoscopy is a relatively simple and most informative technique requiring a small amount of very portable equipment. Recording the observations objectively is of considerable clinical and research value, but will require a two-man team, one of whom must be thoroughly versed in audio-visual communication techniques and apparatus. The equipment is more expensive and although it can be transported is probably best used at a routine site.", "PMID": 1125476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9111", "title": "A simplified method of recording in nasal pharyngoscopy.", "content": "In view of Pigott's work, it would appear that a pharyngoplasty without prior pharyngoscopy is similar to an operation on the bladder without cystoscopy. Now that a simple method of recording, which we consider invaluable, is available, we hope that nasal pharyngoscopy will become a routine examination in patients with speech defects.", "contents": "A simplified method of recording in nasal pharyngoscopy. In view of Pigott's work, it would appear that a pharyngoplasty without prior pharyngoscopy is similar to an operation on the bladder without cystoscopy. Now that a simple method of recording, which we consider invaluable, is available, we hope that nasal pharyngoscopy will become a routine examination in patients with speech defects.", "PMID": 1125477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9112", "title": "The superomedial dermal pedicle for nipple transposition.", "content": "A new method for nipple transposition employing a superomedial dermal pedicle is described for use in reduction mammaplasty and dermal mastopexy. The advantages include superior mobility, viability, sensation and normal appearing nipples and areolae.", "contents": "The superomedial dermal pedicle for nipple transposition. A new method for nipple transposition employing a superomedial dermal pedicle is described for use in reduction mammaplasty and dermal mastopexy. The advantages include superior mobility, viability, sensation and normal appearing nipples and areolae.", "PMID": 1125478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9113", "title": "Evidence that adrenergic nerves are responsible for the active uptake of noradrenaline in the guinea-pig isolated trachea.", "content": "1 6-Hydroxydopamine (50 mg/kg, i.p.) was given to guinea-pigs to destroy the adrenergic nerve terminals in the trachea. 2 The destruction was demonstrated by fluorescence histochemistry, which showed a marked loss of beaded fluorescent terminal fibres and by electrical transmural stimulation of the isolated atropinized trachea, which showed a marked reduction of dilator responses. 3 Such tracheae showed greatly reduced uptake-with-retention of (minus)-[3H]-noradrenaline in incubation experiments and the efflux curve of radioactive material showed a selective but incomplete reduction in the volume of the slowly exchanging compartment. 4 It is concluded that much, but perhaps not all, of the uptake-with-retention occurs into adrenergic nerves.", "contents": "Evidence that adrenergic nerves are responsible for the active uptake of noradrenaline in the guinea-pig isolated trachea. 1 6-Hydroxydopamine (50 mg/kg, i.p.) was given to guinea-pigs to destroy the adrenergic nerve terminals in the trachea. 2 The destruction was demonstrated by fluorescence histochemistry, which showed a marked loss of beaded fluorescent terminal fibres and by electrical transmural stimulation of the isolated atropinized trachea, which showed a marked reduction of dilator responses. 3 Such tracheae showed greatly reduced uptake-with-retention of (minus)-[3H]-noradrenaline in incubation experiments and the efflux curve of radioactive material showed a selective but incomplete reduction in the volume of the slowly exchanging compartment. 4 It is concluded that much, but perhaps not all, of the uptake-with-retention occurs into adrenergic nerves.", "PMID": 1125482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9114", "title": "Effect of anti-inflammatory drugs on the membrane potential of vascular endothelial cells in vitro.", "content": "1 Cells of the aortic endothelium isolated from the guinea-pig and bathed at 37 degrees C with a calcium-free superfusion fluid had membrane potentials of minus 41 plus or minus 7 mV (mean plus or minus s.e mean). 2 Depolarization was produced by addition of potassium (50-200 mM) or certain other monovalent metal cations to the superfusion fluid. Depolarization was rapidly reversed on return to the original superfusate. 3 Several divalent metal cations, notably calcium (16 mM), caused depolarization which was only slowly and incompletely reversed on return to the original calcium-free superfusate. 4 Repolarization after exposure to calcium was accelerated and made more complete by addition of indomethacin (0.25 mM) to the superfusate, 5 The trivalent cations of lanthanum, aluminium or iron (0.1 mM) inhibited the depolarizing effect of calcium (16 mM). 6 Exposure to histamine (100 mug/ml) or heating to 45 degrees C for 1 h caused depolarization in the presence but not in the absence of calcium. Subsequent removal of histamine or cooling again to 37 degrees C in the continued presence of calcium permitted only slow and partial repolarization. However, repolarization was more rapid and complete in the presence of indomethacin (0.25 mM). 7 Heating to 45 degrees C for 5 h in the presence of calcium caused progressive and almost complete depolarization. Lanthanum, cinchocaine, indomethacin, flufenamic, meclofenamic and salicylic acids, phenylbutazone and aminopyrine each reduced the depolarization, but hydrocortisone, chloroquine, benzindamine, isoprenaline and aminophylline did not.", "contents": "Effect of anti-inflammatory drugs on the membrane potential of vascular endothelial cells in vitro. 1 Cells of the aortic endothelium isolated from the guinea-pig and bathed at 37 degrees C with a calcium-free superfusion fluid had membrane potentials of minus 41 plus or minus 7 mV (mean plus or minus s.e mean). 2 Depolarization was produced by addition of potassium (50-200 mM) or certain other monovalent metal cations to the superfusion fluid. Depolarization was rapidly reversed on return to the original superfusate. 3 Several divalent metal cations, notably calcium (16 mM), caused depolarization which was only slowly and incompletely reversed on return to the original calcium-free superfusate. 4 Repolarization after exposure to calcium was accelerated and made more complete by addition of indomethacin (0.25 mM) to the superfusate, 5 The trivalent cations of lanthanum, aluminium or iron (0.1 mM) inhibited the depolarizing effect of calcium (16 mM). 6 Exposure to histamine (100 mug/ml) or heating to 45 degrees C for 1 h caused depolarization in the presence but not in the absence of calcium. Subsequent removal of histamine or cooling again to 37 degrees C in the continued presence of calcium permitted only slow and partial repolarization. However, repolarization was more rapid and complete in the presence of indomethacin (0.25 mM). 7 Heating to 45 degrees C for 5 h in the presence of calcium caused progressive and almost complete depolarization. Lanthanum, cinchocaine, indomethacin, flufenamic, meclofenamic and salicylic acids, phenylbutazone and aminopyrine each reduced the depolarization, but hydrocortisone, chloroquine, benzindamine, isoprenaline and aminophylline did not.", "PMID": 1125483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9115", "title": "Inhibition of 5-hydroxytryptamine-induced human blood platelet aggregation by chlorpromazine and its metabolites.", "content": "1 Blood platelets from normal human subjects were isolated and aggregated in vitro with adenosine diphosphate (ADP) or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT). 2 The effects of chlorpromazine and 7 major metabolites upon 5-HT-induced aggregation were investigated. 3 All the phenothiazines inhibited 5-HT-induced aggregation when added to platelet rich plasma 3 min prior to 5-HT. 4 There were no qualitative differences in the inhibitory effects, but inhibitory potency varied over a wide range. The decreasing order of potency was monodesmethylchlorpromazine, chlorpromazine, 7-hydroxychlorpromazine, didesmethylchlorpromazine, 3,7 -dimethoxy-chlorpromazine, didesmethylchlorpromazine sulphoxide, chlorpromazine sulphoxide, chlorpromazine nitroxide.", "contents": "Inhibition of 5-hydroxytryptamine-induced human blood platelet aggregation by chlorpromazine and its metabolites. 1 Blood platelets from normal human subjects were isolated and aggregated in vitro with adenosine diphosphate (ADP) or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT). 2 The effects of chlorpromazine and 7 major metabolites upon 5-HT-induced aggregation were investigated. 3 All the phenothiazines inhibited 5-HT-induced aggregation when added to platelet rich plasma 3 min prior to 5-HT. 4 There were no qualitative differences in the inhibitory effects, but inhibitory potency varied over a wide range. The decreasing order of potency was monodesmethylchlorpromazine, chlorpromazine, 7-hydroxychlorpromazine, didesmethylchlorpromazine, 3,7 -dimethoxy-chlorpromazine, didesmethylchlorpromazine sulphoxide, chlorpromazine sulphoxide, chlorpromazine nitroxide.", "PMID": 1125484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9116", "title": "An analysis of the phenomenon of acute tolerance to morphine in the guinea-pig isolated ileum.", "content": "1 The observations which Paton (1957) interpreted as 'acute tolerance' and 'dependence' have been confirmed for coaxially stimulated segments of guinea-pig ileum and extended to the contractions evoked by field stimulation in the myenteric plexus-longitudinal muscle preparation. Evidence is adduced that the morphine receptors of the myenteric plexus are not involved in the two phenomena. 2 The contraction of the longitudinal muscle depressed by low concentrations of morphine, or levorphanol, can be restored to control level not only by high concentrations of morphine but also by levorphanol and equally well by its (+)-isomer, dextrorphan, which does not fulfil the stereospecific requirements of the morphine receptor. Acetylcholine output was not increased. 3 When, after restoration of the twitch by high concentrations of morphine, the drug is washed out, contractions become depressed. This effect cannot be due to 'dependence' because either morphine or its antagonist, naloxone, restore the twitch again. 4 In the concentrations used, morphine, levorphanol and dextrorphan inhibit the cholinesterase of homogenates of the myenteric plexus-longitudinal muscle preparation by 10-15%. Since a concentration of physostigmine which causes a similar inhibition also restores the twitch, it is concluded that the described phenomena are best explained by the anticholinesterase effects of the drugs.", "contents": "An analysis of the phenomenon of acute tolerance to morphine in the guinea-pig isolated ileum. 1 The observations which Paton (1957) interpreted as 'acute tolerance' and 'dependence' have been confirmed for coaxially stimulated segments of guinea-pig ileum and extended to the contractions evoked by field stimulation in the myenteric plexus-longitudinal muscle preparation. Evidence is adduced that the morphine receptors of the myenteric plexus are not involved in the two phenomena. 2 The contraction of the longitudinal muscle depressed by low concentrations of morphine, or levorphanol, can be restored to control level not only by high concentrations of morphine but also by levorphanol and equally well by its (+)-isomer, dextrorphan, which does not fulfil the stereospecific requirements of the morphine receptor. Acetylcholine output was not increased. 3 When, after restoration of the twitch by high concentrations of morphine, the drug is washed out, contractions become depressed. This effect cannot be due to 'dependence' because either morphine or its antagonist, naloxone, restore the twitch again. 4 In the concentrations used, morphine, levorphanol and dextrorphan inhibit the cholinesterase of homogenates of the myenteric plexus-longitudinal muscle preparation by 10-15%. Since a concentration of physostigmine which causes a similar inhibition also restores the twitch, it is concluded that the described phenomena are best explained by the anticholinesterase effects of the drugs.", "PMID": 1125485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9117", "title": "Use of the logistic function for the calculation of dose-ratios and potency ratios.", "content": "1 Dose-ratios and potency ratios, obtained with the guinea-pig isolated ileum by calculating matching concentrations from a least-squares fit using a logistic relationship between response and dose, differ from those obtained with the more usual assumption that response is a linear function of log dose over a limited range. 2 The differences are not due to the mathematical treatment of the results but arise from changes in sensitivity associated with the production of very high or very low responses. 3 With this preparation there is no advantage in avoiding the linear transformation and fitting the results to the complete dose-response curve though this might not apply to results obtained from other tissues with less variable sensitivity.", "contents": "Use of the logistic function for the calculation of dose-ratios and potency ratios. 1 Dose-ratios and potency ratios, obtained with the guinea-pig isolated ileum by calculating matching concentrations from a least-squares fit using a logistic relationship between response and dose, differ from those obtained with the more usual assumption that response is a linear function of log dose over a limited range. 2 The differences are not due to the mathematical treatment of the results but arise from changes in sensitivity associated with the production of very high or very low responses. 3 With this preparation there is no advantage in avoiding the linear transformation and fitting the results to the complete dose-response curve though this might not apply to results obtained from other tissues with less variable sensitivity.", "PMID": 1125486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9118", "title": "The effect of oxytocin on blood vessels of cremaster muscle of the rat.", "content": "Oxytocin administered intravenously to the anaesthetized rat produced dilatation of the blood vessels of the cremaster muscle at concentrations ranging from 2.5 times 10-minus 11 to 2.5 times 10-minus 9 M. When applied topically to the exposed vessels it produced constriction at concentrations ranging from 2.5 times 10-minus 12 to 5.0 times 10-minus 8 M. Oxytocin was thus similar to adrenaline in eliciting opposite effects when applied to the serosa or to the intima of skeletal muscle blood vessels.", "contents": "The effect of oxytocin on blood vessels of cremaster muscle of the rat. Oxytocin administered intravenously to the anaesthetized rat produced dilatation of the blood vessels of the cremaster muscle at concentrations ranging from 2.5 times 10-minus 11 to 2.5 times 10-minus 9 M. When applied topically to the exposed vessels it produced constriction at concentrations ranging from 2.5 times 10-minus 12 to 5.0 times 10-minus 8 M. Oxytocin was thus similar to adrenaline in eliciting opposite effects when applied to the serosa or to the intima of skeletal muscle blood vessels.", "PMID": 1125487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9119", "title": "Kinetics and some characteristics of uptake of noradrenaline by the human umbilical artery.", "content": "The uptake of exogenously added noradrenaline (NA) (0.5-2.5 mug/ml) by the human umbilical artery was linear with time up to 10 minutes. The uptake was saturable and could be described by the Michaelis-Menten equation. The uptake was cocaine-resistant, normetanephrine-sensitive, was considerably inhibited in the cold and was partially inhibited by Na+- deficiency. Of NA accumulated in the artery 31% could be washed out by NA-free medium. It is concluded that the mechanism of uptake of NA by the human umbilical artery is similar to the uptake2 mechanism.", "contents": "Kinetics and some characteristics of uptake of noradrenaline by the human umbilical artery. The uptake of exogenously added noradrenaline (NA) (0.5-2.5 mug/ml) by the human umbilical artery was linear with time up to 10 minutes. The uptake was saturable and could be described by the Michaelis-Menten equation. The uptake was cocaine-resistant, normetanephrine-sensitive, was considerably inhibited in the cold and was partially inhibited by Na+- deficiency. Of NA accumulated in the artery 31% could be washed out by NA-free medium. It is concluded that the mechanism of uptake of NA by the human umbilical artery is similar to the uptake2 mechanism.", "PMID": 1125488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9120", "title": "The effect of tricyclic antidepressants on cholinergic responses of single cortical neurones.", "content": "1 The technique of microelectrophoresis was used in order to study the effects of tricyclic antidepressants on responses of single cortical neurones to acetylcholine. 2 Both potentiation and antagonism of excitatory responses to acetylcholine could be observed after a brief application of imipramine or desipramine. A higher dose of the antidepressant was required to evoke antagonism than to evoke potentiation. 3 Responses to carbachol were affected by desipramine similarly, suggesting the inhibition of cholinesterase is not responsible for the potentiation of cholinergic responses. 4 A brief application of atropine also had a dual effect on responses to acetylcholine. 5 It is suggested that the potentiation of excitatory cholinergic responses by atropine and the antidepressants may be due to the blockade of masked inhibitory receptors.", "contents": "The effect of tricyclic antidepressants on cholinergic responses of single cortical neurones. 1 The technique of microelectrophoresis was used in order to study the effects of tricyclic antidepressants on responses of single cortical neurones to acetylcholine. 2 Both potentiation and antagonism of excitatory responses to acetylcholine could be observed after a brief application of imipramine or desipramine. A higher dose of the antidepressant was required to evoke antagonism than to evoke potentiation. 3 Responses to carbachol were affected by desipramine similarly, suggesting the inhibition of cholinesterase is not responsible for the potentiation of cholinergic responses. 4 A brief application of atropine also had a dual effect on responses to acetylcholine. 5 It is suggested that the potentiation of excitatory cholinergic responses by atropine and the antidepressants may be due to the blockade of masked inhibitory receptors.", "PMID": 1125489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9121", "title": "The effect of sympathomimetic amines on the ventricular fibrillation threshold in the rabbit isolated heart.", "content": "1 The ventricular fibrillation threshold (VFT) was measured in the isolated heart of the rabbit perfused via the aorta with McEwen's solution at 37 degrees C by applying a single 10 ms pulse of current during the vulnerable period of late systole. The arrhythmia induced was either fibrillation or a rapid tachycardia. 2 The catecholamines adrenaline, noradrenaline and isoprenaline, but not dopamine, when infused at rates which produced similar moderate effects on cardiac rate and force, significantly lowered the VFT; it was reduced slightly more by adrenaline than by the other two. Phenylephrine and methoxamine were ineffective. Only those sympathomimetic amines which lowered the VFT also shortened the vulnerable time, i.e. minimal time after the R-wave of the ECG at which the pulse had to be applied to induce the arrhythmia. 3 The lowering effect of adrenaline on the VFT was not influenced by phentolamine but was blocked by propranolol and pindolol. 4 Chloroform potentiated the lowering effect of adrenaline, but not that of isoprenaline, on the VFT. Carbachol did not alter the effect of adrenaline on the VFT. 5 The results indicate that adrenaline, noradrenaline and isoprenaline lower the VFT by a direct action on the cardiac musculature and that this effect is mediated via beta-adrenoceptors.", "contents": "The effect of sympathomimetic amines on the ventricular fibrillation threshold in the rabbit isolated heart. 1 The ventricular fibrillation threshold (VFT) was measured in the isolated heart of the rabbit perfused via the aorta with McEwen's solution at 37 degrees C by applying a single 10 ms pulse of current during the vulnerable period of late systole. The arrhythmia induced was either fibrillation or a rapid tachycardia. 2 The catecholamines adrenaline, noradrenaline and isoprenaline, but not dopamine, when infused at rates which produced similar moderate effects on cardiac rate and force, significantly lowered the VFT; it was reduced slightly more by adrenaline than by the other two. Phenylephrine and methoxamine were ineffective. Only those sympathomimetic amines which lowered the VFT also shortened the vulnerable time, i.e. minimal time after the R-wave of the ECG at which the pulse had to be applied to induce the arrhythmia. 3 The lowering effect of adrenaline on the VFT was not influenced by phentolamine but was blocked by propranolol and pindolol. 4 Chloroform potentiated the lowering effect of adrenaline, but not that of isoprenaline, on the VFT. Carbachol did not alter the effect of adrenaline on the VFT. 5 The results indicate that adrenaline, noradrenaline and isoprenaline lower the VFT by a direct action on the cardiac musculature and that this effect is mediated via beta-adrenoceptors.", "PMID": 1125490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9122", "title": "Some central effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine in young chickens at and below thermoneutrality.", "content": "1 Three salts of 5-hydroxytryptamine, the hydrogen maleinate, the oxalate and the creatinine sulphate were infused into the hypothalamus of 10-18 day old chickens at ambient temperatures in and below the thermoneutral range. Body temperature was recorded and behaviour observed. Electrocortigrams were recorded in experiments in which 5-hydroxytryptamine hydrogen maleinate was used. The effects of a monoamine oxidase inhibitor and methysergide on these responses were similarly studied. 2 At thermoneutrality (31 degrees C) all 3 salts produced behavioural sleep. 5-Hydroxytryptamine oxalate had inconsistent effects on body temperature. 5-Hydroxytryptamine creatinine sulphate produced hypothermia at small doses and mild hyperthermia at higher doses. 5-Hydroxytryptamine hydrogen maleinate produced hypothermia at all doses tested; the falls in temperature induced by this salt were intensified in magnitude and duration by monoamine oxidase inhibition unlike the responses to the other 2 salts. 3 At temperatures below thermoneutrality (16 degrees C) all 3 salts produced behavioural sleep and electrocortical sleep was recorded with 5-hydroxytryptamine hydrogen maleinate. All 3 salts produced hypothermia, which was intensified in magnitude and duration by monoamine oxidase inhibition. 4 The hypothermia produced by 5-hydroxytryptamine hydrogen maleinate was prevented by equimolar doses of methysergide. 5 The position of the cannula in the hypothalamus was found to be crucial. 6 The results contrast with those found in the adult fowl. No conclusion is drawn as to the relationships of the actions of these salts when infused compared with the effects of endogenous 5-hydroxytryptamine release.", "contents": "Some central effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine in young chickens at and below thermoneutrality. 1 Three salts of 5-hydroxytryptamine, the hydrogen maleinate, the oxalate and the creatinine sulphate were infused into the hypothalamus of 10-18 day old chickens at ambient temperatures in and below the thermoneutral range. Body temperature was recorded and behaviour observed. Electrocortigrams were recorded in experiments in which 5-hydroxytryptamine hydrogen maleinate was used. The effects of a monoamine oxidase inhibitor and methysergide on these responses were similarly studied. 2 At thermoneutrality (31 degrees C) all 3 salts produced behavioural sleep. 5-Hydroxytryptamine oxalate had inconsistent effects on body temperature. 5-Hydroxytryptamine creatinine sulphate produced hypothermia at small doses and mild hyperthermia at higher doses. 5-Hydroxytryptamine hydrogen maleinate produced hypothermia at all doses tested; the falls in temperature induced by this salt were intensified in magnitude and duration by monoamine oxidase inhibition unlike the responses to the other 2 salts. 3 At temperatures below thermoneutrality (16 degrees C) all 3 salts produced behavioural sleep and electrocortical sleep was recorded with 5-hydroxytryptamine hydrogen maleinate. All 3 salts produced hypothermia, which was intensified in magnitude and duration by monoamine oxidase inhibition. 4 The hypothermia produced by 5-hydroxytryptamine hydrogen maleinate was prevented by equimolar doses of methysergide. 5 The position of the cannula in the hypothalamus was found to be crucial. 6 The results contrast with those found in the adult fowl. No conclusion is drawn as to the relationships of the actions of these salts when infused compared with the effects of endogenous 5-hydroxytryptamine release.", "PMID": 1125491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9123", "title": "A further investigation into the energy dependence of angiotensin II-induced contractions of isolated smooth muscle preparations.", "content": "1 The energy dependence of angiotensin and acetylcholine-induced contractions of rat descending colon and uterus was investigated. 2 Differences were observed in the effect of anaerobic substrate depletion upon responses of colon and oestrous and dioestrous uterus. These were attributed to differences in the energy metabolism of the tissues and were correlated with differences in tissue levels of glycogen. 3 The preferential reduction of angiotensin responses of dioestrous uterus and descending colon when exposed to 2,4-dinitrophenol, was evidence for an energy dependent stage in the angiotensin response distinct from the contraction process itself. 4 The absence of a preferential reduction of the angiotensin response of oestrous uterus when exposed to 2,4-dinitrophenol appeared to be related to the ability of this tissue to generate ATP by anaerobic glycolysis. 5 It was concluded that the energy for the angiotensin response may be derived either anaerobically or aerobically, depending upon the tissue.", "contents": "A further investigation into the energy dependence of angiotensin II-induced contractions of isolated smooth muscle preparations. 1 The energy dependence of angiotensin and acetylcholine-induced contractions of rat descending colon and uterus was investigated. 2 Differences were observed in the effect of anaerobic substrate depletion upon responses of colon and oestrous and dioestrous uterus. These were attributed to differences in the energy metabolism of the tissues and were correlated with differences in tissue levels of glycogen. 3 The preferential reduction of angiotensin responses of dioestrous uterus and descending colon when exposed to 2,4-dinitrophenol, was evidence for an energy dependent stage in the angiotensin response distinct from the contraction process itself. 4 The absence of a preferential reduction of the angiotensin response of oestrous uterus when exposed to 2,4-dinitrophenol appeared to be related to the ability of this tissue to generate ATP by anaerobic glycolysis. 5 It was concluded that the energy for the angiotensin response may be derived either anaerobically or aerobically, depending upon the tissue.", "PMID": 1125492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9124", "title": "Stimulation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis by compounds formed in inflamed tissue.", "content": "1 Rat paws were injected with carrageenin, and their subcutaneous tissue perfused 135 min later. These perfusates were injected intravenously into receptor rats in which they caused an attenuation of inflammatory responses. 2 The effect was not observed in adrenalectomized receptor rats nor in receptors with electrolytic lesions in the median eminence of the hypothalamus but persisted in adrenal-demedullated animals. 3 The active perfusates also induced eosinopenia in normal or adrenal-demedullated animals, but not in adrenalectomized rats, and produced an increase in blood corticosterone with a concomitant decrease in the amounts of adrenal ascorbic acid. 4 The active perfusates did not affect the responses of isolated preparations to histamine, bradykinin, prostaglandins and 5-hydroxytryptamine neither did they elicit changes of the arterial blood pressure in receptor animals. 5 The anti-inflammatory activity present in perfusates from inflamed paws seems to be formed slowly at the site of the developing inflammatory reaction, since perfusates collected 30-65 min after the injection of carrageenin were ineffective, as was plasma taken from donor rats at various time intervals after carrageenin injections. 6 It is suggested that the anti-inflammatory factor present in the active perfusates exerts its action by stimulation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis.", "contents": "Stimulation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis by compounds formed in inflamed tissue. 1 Rat paws were injected with carrageenin, and their subcutaneous tissue perfused 135 min later. These perfusates were injected intravenously into receptor rats in which they caused an attenuation of inflammatory responses. 2 The effect was not observed in adrenalectomized receptor rats nor in receptors with electrolytic lesions in the median eminence of the hypothalamus but persisted in adrenal-demedullated animals. 3 The active perfusates also induced eosinopenia in normal or adrenal-demedullated animals, but not in adrenalectomized rats, and produced an increase in blood corticosterone with a concomitant decrease in the amounts of adrenal ascorbic acid. 4 The active perfusates did not affect the responses of isolated preparations to histamine, bradykinin, prostaglandins and 5-hydroxytryptamine neither did they elicit changes of the arterial blood pressure in receptor animals. 5 The anti-inflammatory activity present in perfusates from inflamed paws seems to be formed slowly at the site of the developing inflammatory reaction, since perfusates collected 30-65 min after the injection of carrageenin were ineffective, as was plasma taken from donor rats at various time intervals after carrageenin injections. 6 It is suggested that the anti-inflammatory factor present in the active perfusates exerts its action by stimulation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis.", "PMID": 1125493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9125", "title": "The possible occurrence of endogenous anti-inflammatory substances in the blood of injured rats.", "content": "1 Using the carrageenin rat paw oedema test as an assay, an attempt has been made to confirm the presence of anti-inflammatory activity in the blood of rats with a chronic inflammatory lesion induced by a polyester sponge, and to relate such activity to the systemic anti-inflammatory effect exerted in situ by the lesion. In addition, plasma from rats given acetic acid intraperitoneally has been examined for anti-inflammatory properties. 2 The activity of serum obtained from sponge-bearing adrenalectomized Wistar rats did not differ significantly from that obtained from animals without implants. Furthermore, implanted sponges exerted no systemic anti-inflammatory effect. 3 Similar experiments were performed in sponge-bearing adrenalectomized Sprague-Dawley rats, plasma instead of serum being examined for anti-inflammatory activity. The plasma removed from such animals possessed no anti-inflammatory activity, whilst implanted sponges exerted a small, yet significant, systemic inhibitory effect. 4 When the irritancy of sponge implants was augmented with croton oil, more marked systemic anti-inflammatory effects were observed. However, the plasma obtained from rats injured in this manner exerted no anti-inflammatory effect. 5 No anti-inflammatory activity could be detected in plasma samples obtained from rats treated with doses of acetic acid capable of producing pronounced systemic anti-inflammatory effects. 6 It was concluded that the induction of these inflammatory lesions in rats does not appear to lead to a detectable release of endogenous anti-inflammatory substances into the circulation.", "contents": "The possible occurrence of endogenous anti-inflammatory substances in the blood of injured rats. 1 Using the carrageenin rat paw oedema test as an assay, an attempt has been made to confirm the presence of anti-inflammatory activity in the blood of rats with a chronic inflammatory lesion induced by a polyester sponge, and to relate such activity to the systemic anti-inflammatory effect exerted in situ by the lesion. In addition, plasma from rats given acetic acid intraperitoneally has been examined for anti-inflammatory properties. 2 The activity of serum obtained from sponge-bearing adrenalectomized Wistar rats did not differ significantly from that obtained from animals without implants. Furthermore, implanted sponges exerted no systemic anti-inflammatory effect. 3 Similar experiments were performed in sponge-bearing adrenalectomized Sprague-Dawley rats, plasma instead of serum being examined for anti-inflammatory activity. The plasma removed from such animals possessed no anti-inflammatory activity, whilst implanted sponges exerted a small, yet significant, systemic inhibitory effect. 4 When the irritancy of sponge implants was augmented with croton oil, more marked systemic anti-inflammatory effects were observed. However, the plasma obtained from rats injured in this manner exerted no anti-inflammatory effect. 5 No anti-inflammatory activity could be detected in plasma samples obtained from rats treated with doses of acetic acid capable of producing pronounced systemic anti-inflammatory effects. 6 It was concluded that the induction of these inflammatory lesions in rats does not appear to lead to a detectable release of endogenous anti-inflammatory substances into the circulation.", "PMID": 1125494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9126", "title": "The prevention by sulphydryl compounds of the toxicity in the cat of 2,6-dimethoxyphenol and its morpholinopropionyl ester.", "content": "1 Intravenous (minus)-2,6-dimethoxyphenyl-2-morpholinopropionate hydrochloride (M&B 16,573) produced anaesthesia of short duration in the mouse, rat, rabbit, cat, dog and monkey. In the cat but not in other species, a severe and usually fatal toxic reaction was seen 1-2 h after administration. 2 This toxic reaction but not the anaesthetic properties of M&B 16,573 was prevented by the intravenous administration of cysteine or N-acetylcysteine. Cysteamine or dimercaprol were ineffective. 3 Intravenous administration of 2,6-dimethoxyphenol or 2,6-dimethoxyquinol in the cat produced a response similar to the delayed toxic effects of M&B 16,573 but not preceded by anaesthesia. The toxic effects of these compounds were prevented by cysteine. 4 Intravenous 4-allyl-2,6-dimethoxyphenyl-2-morpholinopropionate hydrochloride produced anaesthesia in the cat without the delayed toxic effects seen after M&B 16,573. 5 The acute toxicity of 2,6-dimethoxyquinol in mice was reduced by the administration of cysteine or N-acetylcysteine. 6 It is postulated that the delayed effects produced by M&B 16,573 in the cat are due to the formation of 2,6-dimethoxyquinol and 2,6-dimethoxybenzoquinone in this species, the toxicity of the latter being reduced by sulphydryl compounds.", "contents": "The prevention by sulphydryl compounds of the toxicity in the cat of 2,6-dimethoxyphenol and its morpholinopropionyl ester. 1 Intravenous (minus)-2,6-dimethoxyphenyl-2-morpholinopropionate hydrochloride (M&B 16,573) produced anaesthesia of short duration in the mouse, rat, rabbit, cat, dog and monkey. In the cat but not in other species, a severe and usually fatal toxic reaction was seen 1-2 h after administration. 2 This toxic reaction but not the anaesthetic properties of M&B 16,573 was prevented by the intravenous administration of cysteine or N-acetylcysteine. Cysteamine or dimercaprol were ineffective. 3 Intravenous administration of 2,6-dimethoxyphenol or 2,6-dimethoxyquinol in the cat produced a response similar to the delayed toxic effects of M&B 16,573 but not preceded by anaesthesia. The toxic effects of these compounds were prevented by cysteine. 4 Intravenous 4-allyl-2,6-dimethoxyphenyl-2-morpholinopropionate hydrochloride produced anaesthesia in the cat without the delayed toxic effects seen after M&B 16,573. 5 The acute toxicity of 2,6-dimethoxyquinol in mice was reduced by the administration of cysteine or N-acetylcysteine. 6 It is postulated that the delayed effects produced by M&B 16,573 in the cat are due to the formation of 2,6-dimethoxyquinol and 2,6-dimethoxybenzoquinone in this species, the toxicity of the latter being reduced by sulphydryl compounds.", "PMID": 1125495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9127", "title": "Studies on the kinetics of (3H)-ouabain uptake and exchange in the isolated papillary muscle of the guinea-pig.", "content": "1 The uptake, wash-out and exchange of [3H]-ouabain was studied in isolated, resting, and electrically stimulated papillary muscles of the guinea-pig. 2 At the equilibrium level of uptake, a different tissue/medium ratio was obtained for each of the concentrations used, i.e. 3.4, 1.8 and 0.82 for 1 times 10-minus 7M, 7.7 times 10-minus 7M, and 5 times 10-minus 6M ouabain, respectively. Equilibrium was reached more rapidly at high concentrations of ouabain. 3 The maximum number of binding sites for ouabain was estimated to be 1 times 10-15 binding sites/g wet weight. 4 No difference in [3H]-ouabain uptake could be detected between resting and electrically stimulated papillary muscles. 5 The kinetics of the ouabain uptake, wash-out and exchange are discussed. The results suggest that there is a saturable compartment in papillary muscle which can best be demonstrated if low concentrations of ouabain are used. Because of its small size, the saturable compartment submerges in the process of the filling of the extracellular space at high concentrations (5 times 10-minus 6M).", "contents": "Studies on the kinetics of (3H)-ouabain uptake and exchange in the isolated papillary muscle of the guinea-pig. 1 The uptake, wash-out and exchange of [3H]-ouabain was studied in isolated, resting, and electrically stimulated papillary muscles of the guinea-pig. 2 At the equilibrium level of uptake, a different tissue/medium ratio was obtained for each of the concentrations used, i.e. 3.4, 1.8 and 0.82 for 1 times 10-minus 7M, 7.7 times 10-minus 7M, and 5 times 10-minus 6M ouabain, respectively. Equilibrium was reached more rapidly at high concentrations of ouabain. 3 The maximum number of binding sites for ouabain was estimated to be 1 times 10-15 binding sites/g wet weight. 4 No difference in [3H]-ouabain uptake could be detected between resting and electrically stimulated papillary muscles. 5 The kinetics of the ouabain uptake, wash-out and exchange are discussed. The results suggest that there is a saturable compartment in papillary muscle which can best be demonstrated if low concentrations of ouabain are used. Because of its small size, the saturable compartment submerges in the process of the filling of the extracellular space at high concentrations (5 times 10-minus 6M).", "PMID": 1125496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9128", "title": "Multivariate analysis: the need for data, and other problems.", "content": "Multivariate analyses are an aid to, not a substitute for critical thinking in the area of data analysis. Meaningful results can only be produced by these methods if careful consideration is given to questions of sample size, variable type, variable distribution etc., and accusations of subjectivity in interpretation can only be overcome by replication. The computer revolution has produced many problems for statisticans, not least of which is the ease with which experiments may access packages of programs for multivariate analysis, and so bypass a \"difficult\" (by which is meant one who will not do simply as he is told) statistician. Of course there are many abusers of univariate statistical methods. Here, however, the abuses are not likely to lead to such seriously misleading results as in the multivariate case. Perhaps a major cause of the continuing misuse of statistical methods is the insistence of many journal editors in psychology and related areas, on articles being laced with multivariate analyses, and on encouraging the pedantic use of signifance levels, i.e. the inevitable p less than minus, as if such inclusions lent an air of respectability to their journal which it might not otherwise have had. Research workers in these fields would be better encouraged to devote more time to an initial screening of their data using simple graphical techniques, to ensure that their data are at least approximately suitable for more complicated multivariate analyses.", "contents": "Multivariate analysis: the need for data, and other problems. Multivariate analyses are an aid to, not a substitute for critical thinking in the area of data analysis. Meaningful results can only be produced by these methods if careful consideration is given to questions of sample size, variable type, variable distribution etc., and accusations of subjectivity in interpretation can only be overcome by replication. The computer revolution has produced many problems for statisticans, not least of which is the ease with which experiments may access packages of programs for multivariate analysis, and so bypass a \"difficult\" (by which is meant one who will not do simply as he is told) statistician. Of course there are many abusers of univariate statistical methods. Here, however, the abuses are not likely to lead to such seriously misleading results as in the multivariate case. Perhaps a major cause of the continuing misuse of statistical methods is the insistence of many journal editors in psychology and related areas, on articles being laced with multivariate analyses, and on encouraging the pedantic use of signifance levels, i.e. the inevitable p less than minus, as if such inclusions lent an air of respectability to their journal which it might not otherwise have had. Research workers in these fields would be better encouraged to devote more time to an initial screening of their data using simple graphical techniques, to ensure that their data are at least approximately suitable for more complicated multivariate analyses.", "PMID": 1125504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9129", "title": "Stress in schizophrenics and normals.", "content": "This paper presents findings related to the measure of stress in 641 schizophrenics(125 acutes and 516 chronics) and 95 comparable normals. Stress was defined as an imbalance between environmental demands and the respondent's ability to meet that demand successfully, and was measured in terms of level of stress experienced in relation to specific problem situations. Twenty-one dimensions of stress were measured, subsumed under thefollowing four general areas: social performance, family interaction, social interpersonal interaction, and social maladaptive activities. Results indicated that, in general,normals experience significantly less stress in dealing with life events than do schizophrenics. Within the schizophrenic group, the pseudoambulatory chronic patients evidenced more stress than did their acute counterparts, a finding not previously described in the literature. Implications of these findings do not support the present community after-care concepts. Discharged chronic schizophrenics appear unable to remain in the community for any reasonable period of time because of the high level of stress under which they function.", "contents": "Stress in schizophrenics and normals. This paper presents findings related to the measure of stress in 641 schizophrenics(125 acutes and 516 chronics) and 95 comparable normals. Stress was defined as an imbalance between environmental demands and the respondent's ability to meet that demand successfully, and was measured in terms of level of stress experienced in relation to specific problem situations. Twenty-one dimensions of stress were measured, subsumed under thefollowing four general areas: social performance, family interaction, social interpersonal interaction, and social maladaptive activities. Results indicated that, in general,normals experience significantly less stress in dealing with life events than do schizophrenics. Within the schizophrenic group, the pseudoambulatory chronic patients evidenced more stress than did their acute counterparts, a finding not previously described in the literature. Implications of these findings do not support the present community after-care concepts. Discharged chronic schizophrenics appear unable to remain in the community for any reasonable period of time because of the high level of stress under which they function.", "PMID": 1125516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9130", "title": "The brain stem in psychosis.", "content": "The brain stems of 24 mental hospital patients and 10 control patients were examined. Ten mental hospital patients were either deluded or auditorily hallucinated in clear consciousness, and of this group 8 presented with a diagnosis of schizophrenic syndrome. The nature and significance of lesions found in the midline reticular nuclei and the trigeminal n. are discussed. The results, and the dearth of other published material on this subject, indicate the need for further work in this field.", "contents": "The brain stem in psychosis. The brain stems of 24 mental hospital patients and 10 control patients were examined. Ten mental hospital patients were either deluded or auditorily hallucinated in clear consciousness, and of this group 8 presented with a diagnosis of schizophrenic syndrome. The nature and significance of lesions found in the midline reticular nuclei and the trigeminal n. are discussed. The results, and the dearth of other published material on this subject, indicate the need for further work in this field.", "PMID": 1125518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9131", "title": "Information leading to accurate diagnosis in the elderly.", "content": "Psychiatric diagnosis in the elderly has been examined in order to extract the information which leads to later modification of the diagnosis. Initial diagnoses of neuroses and toxic states were least stable, 14 out of 29 changing to a different category. Information from relatives and further interviews contributed most to the modification of the initial diagnosis, though affective and neurotic syndromes were particularly susceptible to change resulting from conceptual differences, and dementia to change consequent on physical examination. It is concluded that an adequate initial interview of a patient and his next of kin will achieve a diagnosis which is correct in its major category on 95 per cent of occasions.", "contents": "Information leading to accurate diagnosis in the elderly. Psychiatric diagnosis in the elderly has been examined in order to extract the information which leads to later modification of the diagnosis. Initial diagnoses of neuroses and toxic states were least stable, 14 out of 29 changing to a different category. Information from relatives and further interviews contributed most to the modification of the initial diagnosis, though affective and neurotic syndromes were particularly susceptible to change resulting from conceptual differences, and dementia to change consequent on physical examination. It is concluded that an adequate initial interview of a patient and his next of kin will achieve a diagnosis which is correct in its major category on 95 per cent of occasions.", "PMID": 1125519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9132", "title": "Educational attainment in adolescent school phobia.", "content": "The educational attainment of 100 school-phobic youngsters was compared to that of 100 other psychiatric patients, using the reading quotient as the main measure. Age and IQ were allowed for. RGs were, on average, higher in the school phobic group than in the other subjects, except in a small number of younger children of high IQ. Additional comparisons with another group of psychiatric patients and with the general population,using regression equations, failed to provide any evidence of poor educational attainment in school phobia.", "contents": "Educational attainment in adolescent school phobia. The educational attainment of 100 school-phobic youngsters was compared to that of 100 other psychiatric patients, using the reading quotient as the main measure. Age and IQ were allowed for. RGs were, on average, higher in the school phobic group than in the other subjects, except in a small number of younger children of high IQ. Additional comparisons with another group of psychiatric patients and with the general population,using regression equations, failed to provide any evidence of poor educational attainment in school phobia.", "PMID": 1125520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9133", "title": "Observations on the dose regime of fluphenazine decanoate in maintenance therapy ofschizophrenia.", "content": "An analysis of the drug regimes prescribed to two separate groups of unselected schizophrenic patients indicates certain trends of clinical importance. The results demonstrate a need for the adoption of a personalized dose regime. The scatter of dose regimes found effective is too great to recommend a standardized approach to the prescription of L.A.P. injections. Two other results of particular significance are that the dose of drug required to control symptoms can be gradually reduced in nearly half of patients,and that helpful trends in prescribing were identified that will help the clinician to abolish side-effects.", "contents": "Observations on the dose regime of fluphenazine decanoate in maintenance therapy ofschizophrenia. An analysis of the drug regimes prescribed to two separate groups of unselected schizophrenic patients indicates certain trends of clinical importance. The results demonstrate a need for the adoption of a personalized dose regime. The scatter of dose regimes found effective is too great to recommend a standardized approach to the prescription of L.A.P. injections. Two other results of particular significance are that the dose of drug required to control symptoms can be gradually reduced in nearly half of patients,and that helpful trends in prescribing were identified that will help the clinician to abolish side-effects.", "PMID": 1125521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9134", "title": "Accidents and drug treatment in a psychiatric hospital.", "content": "A survey of 351 accidents occurring in a two-year period in a psychiatric hospital showed that 77 per cent of the accidents involved female patients and 48 per cent involved patients with organic psychoses; 236 accidents were falls and 280 occurred in the ward setting. In 277 instances adequate controls were available. Seventy-five per cent of the accident patients had received a psychotropic drug on the day of the accident as opposed to 61 per cent of the controls. The possibility that the side-effects of psychotropic drugs may have contributed to some of these accidents is discussed.", "contents": "Accidents and drug treatment in a psychiatric hospital. A survey of 351 accidents occurring in a two-year period in a psychiatric hospital showed that 77 per cent of the accidents involved female patients and 48 per cent involved patients with organic psychoses; 236 accidents were falls and 280 occurred in the ward setting. In 277 instances adequate controls were available. Seventy-five per cent of the accident patients had received a psychotropic drug on the day of the accident as opposed to 61 per cent of the controls. The possibility that the side-effects of psychotropic drugs may have contributed to some of these accidents is discussed.", "PMID": 1125522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9135", "title": "A technique of insight-directed psychotherapy for health service use.", "content": "A technique of psychotherapy seemingly compatible with psychoanalytical knowledge is described, and compared and contrasted with psychoanalysis. Its mode of action, efficacy, advantages and difficulties, and its suitability for once-a-week individual or group psychotherapy and therefore for Health Service use is discussed.", "contents": "A technique of insight-directed psychotherapy for health service use. A technique of psychotherapy seemingly compatible with psychoanalytical knowledge is described, and compared and contrasted with psychoanalysis. Its mode of action, efficacy, advantages and difficulties, and its suitability for once-a-week individual or group psychotherapy and therefore for Health Service use is discussed.", "PMID": 1125523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9136", "title": "Evaluation of group therapy: correlations between clients' and observers' assessments.", "content": "An attempt to compare observers' evaluations of aspects of group psychotherapy with the patients' assessments of the same selected variables (i.e. 'acceptance', 'abreaction'and 'improvement') is described. Correlation coefficients between the observers' and clients' rankings of these factors were obtained, and the implications of the findings are discussed in relation to each group.", "contents": "Evaluation of group therapy: correlations between clients' and observers' assessments. An attempt to compare observers' evaluations of aspects of group psychotherapy with the patients' assessments of the same selected variables (i.e. 'acceptance', 'abreaction'and 'improvement') is described. Correlation coefficients between the observers' and clients' rankings of these factors were obtained, and the implications of the findings are discussed in relation to each group.", "PMID": 1125524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9137", "title": "Segmental intervertebral anastomosis in subclavian steal.", "content": "Segmental intervertebral arterial connections originate from normal vascular channels which are commonly seen on selective vertebral arteriography. In subclavian steal, these vessels can hypertrophy and form important collateral pathways. The significance of their haemodynamic contributions may be assessed by their multiplicity and calibre. Lateral or oblique projections in addition to frontal visualization may be required to differentiate the various transcervical channels which lie either anterior or posterior to the vertebral bodies.", "contents": "Segmental intervertebral anastomosis in subclavian steal. Segmental intervertebral arterial connections originate from normal vascular channels which are commonly seen on selective vertebral arteriography. In subclavian steal, these vessels can hypertrophy and form important collateral pathways. The significance of their haemodynamic contributions may be assessed by their multiplicity and calibre. Lateral or oblique projections in addition to frontal visualization may be required to differentiate the various transcervical channels which lie either anterior or posterior to the vertebral bodies.", "PMID": 1125533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9138", "title": "Left coronary artery contrast transit time.", "content": "With our method for selective left coronary arteriography it is possible to determine the time interval between the start of the contrast injection into the artery and the appearance of the contrast in the coronary sinus. This time-interval, coronary contrast transit time (CCTT), has been determined in patients with or without obstructing coronary artery disease. The average CCTT was about four seconds with some individual variations. The CCTT tended to decrease with advancing age. There was no significant difference between the CCTT in patients with normal angiograms compared to the CCTT in patients with coronary stenoses or occlusions. In the latter patients, there was no correlation between the degree of narrowing on the angiograms and the time-measurements. Alternative explanations for these findings are discussed.", "contents": "Left coronary artery contrast transit time. With our method for selective left coronary arteriography it is possible to determine the time interval between the start of the contrast injection into the artery and the appearance of the contrast in the coronary sinus. This time-interval, coronary contrast transit time (CCTT), has been determined in patients with or without obstructing coronary artery disease. The average CCTT was about four seconds with some individual variations. The CCTT tended to decrease with advancing age. There was no significant difference between the CCTT in patients with normal angiograms compared to the CCTT in patients with coronary stenoses or occlusions. In the latter patients, there was no correlation between the degree of narrowing on the angiograms and the time-measurements. Alternative explanations for these findings are discussed.", "PMID": 1125534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9139", "title": "Urinary ascites and obstructive uropathy.", "content": "Seven infants with urinary ascites caused by obstructive uropathy are reported. The extravasation occurs in the kidneys and produces an opaque halo, best seen in delayed films at excretory urography. The common cause is a posterior urethral valve which forms an obstructive sail-like structure.", "contents": "Urinary ascites and obstructive uropathy. Seven infants with urinary ascites caused by obstructive uropathy are reported. The extravasation occurs in the kidneys and produces an opaque halo, best seen in delayed films at excretory urography. The common cause is a posterior urethral valve which forms an obstructive sail-like structure.", "PMID": 1125535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9140", "title": "Radiotherapy by several sessions a day.", "content": "The early clinical experience with external beam radiotherapy using three treatment sessions a day is briefly reported. Thirty-seven patients suffering from advanced malignant disease, mostly of the breast or neck, were treated. The normal tissues tolerance was similar to the tolerance of daily fractions using the same doses.", "contents": "Radiotherapy by several sessions a day. The early clinical experience with external beam radiotherapy using three treatment sessions a day is briefly reported. Thirty-seven patients suffering from advanced malignant disease, mostly of the breast or neck, were treated. The normal tissues tolerance was similar to the tolerance of daily fractions using the same doses.", "PMID": 1125536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9141", "title": "A comparison of the effects of radiation on tumour growth delay and cell survival. The effect of radiation quality.", "content": "Measurements have been made of the effects of 250 kV X-rays and cyclotron produced neutrons on the delay in growth of a rat fibrosarcoma (RIB5C) and on tumour cell survival assayed in vitro after irradiation in vivo. For doses above 300 rads of neutrons the RBE for cell survival was greaer than that for tumour growth delay. This may be due to X rays causing a greater delay in cell proliferation than neutrons for a given level of cell survival. This would be the opposite effect to that found by BBarendsen and Broerse (1969), irradiating a rat rhabdomyosarcoma. Another possibility is that meassurements of cellular radio-sensitivity which involve removal of cells from their normal environment may lead to incorrect estimates of cell survival in situ. A plot of the RBE for growth delay against the reciprocal of the neutron dose indicated that the dose level at which the RBE became dependent on the fraction of hypoxic tumour cells was larger than that for cell survival, indicating a smaller \"effective\" hypoxic fraction than that estimated from the cell-survival curves.", "contents": "A comparison of the effects of radiation on tumour growth delay and cell survival. The effect of radiation quality. Measurements have been made of the effects of 250 kV X-rays and cyclotron produced neutrons on the delay in growth of a rat fibrosarcoma (RIB5C) and on tumour cell survival assayed in vitro after irradiation in vivo. For doses above 300 rads of neutrons the RBE for cell survival was greaer than that for tumour growth delay. This may be due to X rays causing a greater delay in cell proliferation than neutrons for a given level of cell survival. This would be the opposite effect to that found by BBarendsen and Broerse (1969), irradiating a rat rhabdomyosarcoma. Another possibility is that meassurements of cellular radio-sensitivity which involve removal of cells from their normal environment may lead to incorrect estimates of cell survival in situ. A plot of the RBE for growth delay against the reciprocal of the neutron dose indicated that the dose level at which the RBE became dependent on the fraction of hypoxic tumour cells was larger than that for cell survival, indicating a smaller \"effective\" hypoxic fraction than that estimated from the cell-survival curves.", "PMID": 1125537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9142", "title": "Mechanism of radioactive iodine uptake depression following intravenous urography.", "content": "The radioactive iodine (RAI) uptake examination is a standard test for the evaluation of thyroid diseases. For many years it has been known that the results of the RAI are depressed following administration of iodinated contrast media, such as that used for intravenous urography (Williams, 1968; Beierwates, 1956; Slingerland, 1957). The mechanism of this depression is not well documented. It is presumably due to inorganic iodide since it is only inorganic iodide that can be extracted from the blood by the thyroid gland. To study this problem we measured inorganic iodide in bottled contrast media.", "contents": "Mechanism of radioactive iodine uptake depression following intravenous urography. The radioactive iodine (RAI) uptake examination is a standard test for the evaluation of thyroid diseases. For many years it has been known that the results of the RAI are depressed following administration of iodinated contrast media, such as that used for intravenous urography (Williams, 1968; Beierwates, 1956; Slingerland, 1957). The mechanism of this depression is not well documented. It is presumably due to inorganic iodide since it is only inorganic iodide that can be extracted from the blood by the thyroid gland. To study this problem we measured inorganic iodide in bottled contrast media.", "PMID": 1125538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9143", "title": "Ionizing radiation as a carcinogen: practical questions and academic pursuits The Silvanus Thompson Memorial Lecture delivered at The British Institute of Radiology on April 18, 1974.", "content": "Cancer is naturally very common, and practical questions about the possibility of radiation-induced harm are often questions about what in other contexts would be called background noise. Central to the question of whether small radiation exposures are carcinogenic is the effect of antenatal radiography. A comparison of singleton and twin births with radiography rates of 10 and 55 per cent respectively showed that radiography must be the main cause of the elevated frequency of malignant disease. In Japanese bomb survivors, most radiation-induced cancer has been found in those irradiated in adult life, less in those irradiated in childhood and adolescence, and least for exposure in utero. Specific biological differences between different kinds of malignant disease in their induction by ionizing radiation are becoming increasingly evident. When dose-response relationships for observed cancer frequencies are to be used as evidence about dose-response relationships for cancer induction, it will always be necessary to allow for the concomitant cell sterilization. When this is done, there is little support for linearity as the method of extrapolation when making predictions about possible effects of low doses but the absence of threshold seems scientifically inescapable. In cellular terms, radiation induction of cancer must be a very rare phenomenon, so rare compared with cell sterilization or mutation induction, that the general corpus of radiobiological understanding may be inapplicable.", "contents": "Ionizing radiation as a carcinogen: practical questions and academic pursuits The Silvanus Thompson Memorial Lecture delivered at The British Institute of Radiology on April 18, 1974. Cancer is naturally very common, and practical questions about the possibility of radiation-induced harm are often questions about what in other contexts would be called background noise. Central to the question of whether small radiation exposures are carcinogenic is the effect of antenatal radiography. A comparison of singleton and twin births with radiography rates of 10 and 55 per cent respectively showed that radiography must be the main cause of the elevated frequency of malignant disease. In Japanese bomb survivors, most radiation-induced cancer has been found in those irradiated in adult life, less in those irradiated in childhood and adolescence, and least for exposure in utero. Specific biological differences between different kinds of malignant disease in their induction by ionizing radiation are becoming increasingly evident. When dose-response relationships for observed cancer frequencies are to be used as evidence about dose-response relationships for cancer induction, it will always be necessary to allow for the concomitant cell sterilization. When this is done, there is little support for linearity as the method of extrapolation when making predictions about possible effects of low doses but the absence of threshold seems scientifically inescapable. In cellular terms, radiation induction of cancer must be a very rare phenomenon, so rare compared with cell sterilization or mutation induction, that the general corpus of radiobiological understanding may be inapplicable.", "PMID": 1125543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9144", "title": "Tomography of the petrous bone in keratosis obturans.", "content": "Three cases of keratosis obturans, which were studied by tomography of the petrous temporal bone, are described. The widening of the deep bony part of the external auditory canal by pressure erosion of an impacted benign slowly-growing mass is the key radiological finding. Erosion was so severe as to involve the facial nerve canal in one and the temporo-madibular joint in two cases. The theories of causation are reviewed. Tomography using elliptical tube movement was valuable in diagnosis, pre- and post-operative management.", "contents": "Tomography of the petrous bone in keratosis obturans. Three cases of keratosis obturans, which were studied by tomography of the petrous temporal bone, are described. The widening of the deep bony part of the external auditory canal by pressure erosion of an impacted benign slowly-growing mass is the key radiological finding. Erosion was so severe as to involve the facial nerve canal in one and the temporo-madibular joint in two cases. The theories of causation are reviewed. Tomography using elliptical tube movement was valuable in diagnosis, pre- and post-operative management.", "PMID": 1125544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9145", "title": "Histiocytosis-X of the hypothalamus.", "content": "Hypothalamic masses associated with histiocytosis-X may be mistaken for neoplasms. As a result radiation therapy will often be administered rather than chemotherapy, which appears to be the treatment of choice for histiocytosis-X of the hypothalamus. Particularly in young people, the possibility of granulomatous disease should be entertained and biopsy should be considered in the presence of a hypothalamic mass.", "contents": "Histiocytosis-X of the hypothalamus. Hypothalamic masses associated with histiocytosis-X may be mistaken for neoplasms. As a result radiation therapy will often be administered rather than chemotherapy, which appears to be the treatment of choice for histiocytosis-X of the hypothalamus. Particularly in young people, the possibility of granulomatous disease should be entertained and biopsy should be considered in the presence of a hypothalamic mass.", "PMID": 1125545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9146", "title": "The measurement of regional ventilation during tidal breathing: a comparison of two methods in healthy subjects, and patients with chronic obstructive lung disease.", "content": "Regional ventilation has been measured in 17 healthy volunteers, and 24 patients with chronic obstructive lung disease during tidal breathing using 133-Xe. The wash-in and wash-out of 133-Xe were recorded by a gamma camera interfaced to a small digital computer. Regional ventilation was calculated as the distribution of tidal volume per unit lung volume-a measure of relative ventilation--and from the wash-out curves as the fractional exchange of air per second. Determination of the regional fractional exchange of air showed a significant difference between the patients with chronic obstructive lung disease and normal subjects for all regions. The distribution of tidal volume per unit lung volume did not effect such a clear separation. Significant correlations were found between the whole-lung fractional exchange of air in the patients with chronic obstructive lung disease and their FEV1 r equal 0-70, MMFR r equal 0-70, FVC r equal 0-56 and FEV1/FVC r equal 0-57. It is suggested that measurement of regional ventilation as the fractional exchange of air is more realistic than methods that determine relative ventilation or only make use of the early part of the wash-out 133-Xe.", "contents": "The measurement of regional ventilation during tidal breathing: a comparison of two methods in healthy subjects, and patients with chronic obstructive lung disease. Regional ventilation has been measured in 17 healthy volunteers, and 24 patients with chronic obstructive lung disease during tidal breathing using 133-Xe. The wash-in and wash-out of 133-Xe were recorded by a gamma camera interfaced to a small digital computer. Regional ventilation was calculated as the distribution of tidal volume per unit lung volume-a measure of relative ventilation--and from the wash-out curves as the fractional exchange of air per second. Determination of the regional fractional exchange of air showed a significant difference between the patients with chronic obstructive lung disease and normal subjects for all regions. The distribution of tidal volume per unit lung volume did not effect such a clear separation. Significant correlations were found between the whole-lung fractional exchange of air in the patients with chronic obstructive lung disease and their FEV1 r equal 0-70, MMFR r equal 0-70, FVC r equal 0-56 and FEV1/FVC r equal 0-57. It is suggested that measurement of regional ventilation as the fractional exchange of air is more realistic than methods that determine relative ventilation or only make use of the early part of the wash-out 133-Xe.", "PMID": 1125547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9147", "title": "Liver and pancreas scanning in extrahepatic obstructive jaundice (with special reference to tumours of the bile and hepatic ducts).", "content": "198-Au-gold colloid liver scans and 75-Se-selenomethionine pancreas scans in 72 patients with extrahepatic obstructive jaundice were assessed by blind marking. They were compared with liver and pancreas scans from 20 control patients and liver scans from 33 patients with diffuse liver disease. 56 per cent of the liver scans in extrahepatic obstructive jaundice showed a filling defect in the hilar region of the liver. This was most frequently seen in the most deeply jaundiced patients, and was reported in 80 per cent of patients with a serum bilirubin greater than 15 mg/100 ml. The liver scan alone cannot distinguish between different forms of extrahepatic obstructive jaundice although severe loss of left lobe uptake appeared to favour a diagnosis of carcinoma of the bile or hepatic ducts. A normal pancreas scan virtually excludes a pancreatic carcinoma as the cause of obstructive jaundice. A pancreas scan showing severely reduced uptake suggests a carcinoma of the pancreas or of the lower end of the common bile duct.", "contents": "Liver and pancreas scanning in extrahepatic obstructive jaundice (with special reference to tumours of the bile and hepatic ducts). 198-Au-gold colloid liver scans and 75-Se-selenomethionine pancreas scans in 72 patients with extrahepatic obstructive jaundice were assessed by blind marking. They were compared with liver and pancreas scans from 20 control patients and liver scans from 33 patients with diffuse liver disease. 56 per cent of the liver scans in extrahepatic obstructive jaundice showed a filling defect in the hilar region of the liver. This was most frequently seen in the most deeply jaundiced patients, and was reported in 80 per cent of patients with a serum bilirubin greater than 15 mg/100 ml. The liver scan alone cannot distinguish between different forms of extrahepatic obstructive jaundice although severe loss of left lobe uptake appeared to favour a diagnosis of carcinoma of the bile or hepatic ducts. A normal pancreas scan virtually excludes a pancreatic carcinoma as the cause of obstructive jaundice. A pancreas scan showing severely reduced uptake suggests a carcinoma of the pancreas or of the lower end of the common bile duct.", "PMID": 1125548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9148", "title": "Post-irradiation proliferation kinetics of a serially transplanted murine adenocarcinoma.", "content": "The proliferation kinetics of the transplanted adenocarcinoma 284 of C3H mice from the first to the sixth day after 600 R and from the first to the eigth day after 1,200 R has been studied by repeated labelling of the tumour cells in vivo with 3-H-thymidine and measurement of the labelling index and the percentage of labelled mitotic cells. The time course of the post-irradiation synchronization was followed during the first day. Later, the mean generation times of the tumour cells were usually prolonged and the spread of the generation times increased. Three to four days after irradiation, the tumour increased its growth fraction to twice the normal value by triggering resting cells (Go cells) into cycle.", "contents": "Post-irradiation proliferation kinetics of a serially transplanted murine adenocarcinoma. The proliferation kinetics of the transplanted adenocarcinoma 284 of C3H mice from the first to the sixth day after 600 R and from the first to the eigth day after 1,200 R has been studied by repeated labelling of the tumour cells in vivo with 3-H-thymidine and measurement of the labelling index and the percentage of labelled mitotic cells. The time course of the post-irradiation synchronization was followed during the first day. Later, the mean generation times of the tumour cells were usually prolonged and the spread of the generation times increased. Three to four days after irradiation, the tumour increased its growth fraction to twice the normal value by triggering resting cells (Go cells) into cycle.", "PMID": 1125549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9149", "title": "In vivo testing of hypoxic radiosensitizers using the KHT  murine tumour assayed by the lung-colony technique.", "content": "The KHT transplantable tumour of C3H mice has been used as a model tumour for the invivo study of hypoxic cell sensitizers. Eleven sensitizers comprising four nitrofuran five nitrobenzene and two nitroimidazole derivatives, which have been shown to be effective on hypoxic mammalian cells in vitro, have been investigated. Two of these compounds, metronidazole (2-methyl-5-nitroimidazole-1 ethanol) and tinidazole (ethyl [2-(2'-methyl-5'-nitro-1'-imidazolyl) ehtyl] sulfone), showed signs of hypoxic cell-sensitization in vivo when given systemically by intraperitoneal injections. In addition, preliminary testing of the nitrobenzene NDPP (P-NITRO-3-DIMETHYL-PROPRIOPHENONE HYDROCHLORIDE) INDICATED THAT WHEN IT WAS INJECTED DIRECTLY INTO THE TUMOUR AND IRRADIATION WAS COMPLETED WITHIN TEN MINUTES AFTER INJECTION, APPRECIABLE SENSITIZATION WAS OBTAINED. More detailed studies indicated that both metronidazole at 1,500 mg/kg and tinidazole at 750 mg/kg given intraperitoneally gave an enhancement ratio of 1-5 for a chronically hyopix cell population in this solid tumour in air-breathing mice. Measures of plasma levels of metronidazole and enhancement ratios obtained in the present in vivo system seem in relative agreement with the in vitro and in vivo results of others.", "contents": "In vivo testing of hypoxic radiosensitizers using the KHT  murine tumour assayed by the lung-colony technique. The KHT transplantable tumour of C3H mice has been used as a model tumour for the invivo study of hypoxic cell sensitizers. Eleven sensitizers comprising four nitrofuran five nitrobenzene and two nitroimidazole derivatives, which have been shown to be effective on hypoxic mammalian cells in vitro, have been investigated. Two of these compounds, metronidazole (2-methyl-5-nitroimidazole-1 ethanol) and tinidazole (ethyl [2-(2'-methyl-5'-nitro-1'-imidazolyl) ehtyl] sulfone), showed signs of hypoxic cell-sensitization in vivo when given systemically by intraperitoneal injections. In addition, preliminary testing of the nitrobenzene NDPP (P-NITRO-3-DIMETHYL-PROPRIOPHENONE HYDROCHLORIDE) INDICATED THAT WHEN IT WAS INJECTED DIRECTLY INTO THE TUMOUR AND IRRADIATION WAS COMPLETED WITHIN TEN MINUTES AFTER INJECTION, APPRECIABLE SENSITIZATION WAS OBTAINED. More detailed studies indicated that both metronidazole at 1,500 mg/kg and tinidazole at 750 mg/kg given intraperitoneally gave an enhancement ratio of 1-5 for a chronically hyopix cell population in this solid tumour in air-breathing mice. Measures of plasma levels of metronidazole and enhancement ratios obtained in the present in vivo system seem in relative agreement with the in vitro and in vivo results of others.", "PMID": 1125550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9150", "title": "Detection of hepatitis B surface antigen among Scottish blood donors: evaluation of sensitive tanned-cell haemagglutination-inhibition test.", "content": "A total of 70 224 blood donations were tested at three Scottish blood transfusion centres for hepatitis B surface antigen /HBsAg) by an economical haemagglutination-inhibition method (E.H.A.I.) and the results compared with those of counterelectrophoresis (C.E.P.). A further 4086 donations were tested using the Wellcome turkey cell haemagglutination test, C.E.P., and E.H.A.I.E.H.A.I. was also compared with commercial haemagglutination and radioimmunoassay reagents for sensitivity and specificity against several established antigen panels and used to reinvestigate counterelectrophoresis-negative blood donations implicated in post-transfusion hepatitis. E.H.A.I. combines the inherent specificity of an inhibition reaction with a sensitivity equal to that of commercial radioimmunoassay and haemagglutination kits but at a fraction of the cost. The assessment of 70 224 blood donations in three regions showed that E.H.A.I. detected more antigen-positive blood donations than C.E.P. Results of retesting more than 100 blood donors implicated in 10 cases of post-transfusion hepatitis suggested that the use of E.H.A.I. or a test of similar sensitivity in place of C.E.P. may significantly reduce the incidence of this complication.", "contents": "Detection of hepatitis B surface antigen among Scottish blood donors: evaluation of sensitive tanned-cell haemagglutination-inhibition test. A total of 70 224 blood donations were tested at three Scottish blood transfusion centres for hepatitis B surface antigen /HBsAg) by an economical haemagglutination-inhibition method (E.H.A.I.) and the results compared with those of counterelectrophoresis (C.E.P.). A further 4086 donations were tested using the Wellcome turkey cell haemagglutination test, C.E.P., and E.H.A.I.E.H.A.I. was also compared with commercial haemagglutination and radioimmunoassay reagents for sensitivity and specificity against several established antigen panels and used to reinvestigate counterelectrophoresis-negative blood donations implicated in post-transfusion hepatitis. E.H.A.I. combines the inherent specificity of an inhibition reaction with a sensitivity equal to that of commercial radioimmunoassay and haemagglutination kits but at a fraction of the cost. The assessment of 70 224 blood donations in three regions showed that E.H.A.I. detected more antigen-positive blood donations than C.E.P. Results of retesting more than 100 blood donors implicated in 10 cases of post-transfusion hepatitis suggested that the use of E.H.A.I. or a test of similar sensitivity in place of C.E.P. may significantly reduce the incidence of this complication.", "PMID": 1125560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9151", "title": "Which techniques should be used to screen blood donations for hepatitis B surface antigen?", "content": "Preservation of all donor sera already tested for Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) by counterimmunoelectrophoresis (C.I.E.P.) allowed C.I.E.P., reversed passive haemagglutination (R.P.H.A.), and radioimmunoassay (R.I.A.) to be evaluated as screening techniques. Out of 165 811 donors tested for the first time 207 were found by C.I.E.P. to be positive for HBsAf-a prevalence of 0-12%. At the next donation 10 of those apparently negative on first screening were HBsAg positive by C.I.E.P., and nine of these were shown by retesting with R.P.H.A. and R.I.A. to have been positive at the earlier donation. These nine false negatives caused four cases of transfusion-transmitted HBsAg-positive hepatitis. On comparative screening of 22 239 donations C.I.E.P. detected 27 sera positive for HBsAg, R.P.H.A. 39, and R.I.A. 41. Thus R.I.A. increased the detection rate by more than half over C.I.E.P. From these 14 further false-negative donations by C.I.E.P. six cases-one fatal-of HBsAg-positive hepatitis occurred. The number of false positive reactions when using R.P.H.A. or R.I.A. for screening was less than 1%. As many as 700 donations in one day have been tested by R.P.H.A. or R.I.A. R.P.H.A. is faster and less expensive than R.I.A., but R.I.A. is more objective. Either R.P.H.A. or R.I.A. should replace C.I.E.P. as the routine method of screening donor sera for HBsAg.", "contents": "Which techniques should be used to screen blood donations for hepatitis B surface antigen? Preservation of all donor sera already tested for Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) by counterimmunoelectrophoresis (C.I.E.P.) allowed C.I.E.P., reversed passive haemagglutination (R.P.H.A.), and radioimmunoassay (R.I.A.) to be evaluated as screening techniques. Out of 165 811 donors tested for the first time 207 were found by C.I.E.P. to be positive for HBsAf-a prevalence of 0-12%. At the next donation 10 of those apparently negative on first screening were HBsAg positive by C.I.E.P., and nine of these were shown by retesting with R.P.H.A. and R.I.A. to have been positive at the earlier donation. These nine false negatives caused four cases of transfusion-transmitted HBsAg-positive hepatitis. On comparative screening of 22 239 donations C.I.E.P. detected 27 sera positive for HBsAg, R.P.H.A. 39, and R.I.A. 41. Thus R.I.A. increased the detection rate by more than half over C.I.E.P. From these 14 further false-negative donations by C.I.E.P. six cases-one fatal-of HBsAg-positive hepatitis occurred. The number of false positive reactions when using R.P.H.A. or R.I.A. for screening was less than 1%. As many as 700 donations in one day have been tested by R.P.H.A. or R.I.A. R.P.H.A. is faster and less expensive than R.I.A., but R.I.A. is more objective. Either R.P.H.A. or R.I.A. should replace C.I.E.P. as the routine method of screening donor sera for HBsAg.", "PMID": 1125561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9152", "title": "Cushing's syndrome and pituitary-adrenal suppression due to clobetasol propionate.", "content": "Widespread application of clobetasol propionate resulted in suppression of the hypothalamic pituitary axis in four patients. Three patients showed Cushigoid features and developed symptoms of adrenocortical insufficiency on withdrawal of clobetasol.", "contents": "Cushing's syndrome and pituitary-adrenal suppression due to clobetasol propionate. Widespread application of clobetasol propionate resulted in suppression of the hypothalamic pituitary axis in four patients. Three patients showed Cushigoid features and developed symptoms of adrenocortical insufficiency on withdrawal of clobetasol.", "PMID": 1125562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9153", "title": "Attitudes towards self-poisoning.", "content": "Self-poisoning now constitutes one of the prime emergencies in hospital medical practice. This paper describes the results of the study of the attitudes of physicians and senior nurses towards several common illnesses in the medical wards. The junior doctors and the nurses who frequently have primary responsibility for the care of the self-poisoners tend to show unfavourable attitudes towards these patients.", "contents": "Attitudes towards self-poisoning. Self-poisoning now constitutes one of the prime emergencies in hospital medical practice. This paper describes the results of the study of the attitudes of physicians and senior nurses towards several common illnesses in the medical wards. The junior doctors and the nurses who frequently have primary responsibility for the care of the self-poisoners tend to show unfavourable attitudes towards these patients.", "PMID": 1125568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9154", "title": "Attitudes towards alcoholism.", "content": "An attitude survey of psychiatrists has shown that alcoholism is the least favoured of the organic and psychiatric illnesses. They considered that this attitude was shared by general physicians and surgeons. The unfavourable attitudes towards alcoholism are unlikely to improve the success of treatment programmes. It is suggested that education within the professions is needed.", "contents": "Attitudes towards alcoholism. An attitude survey of psychiatrists has shown that alcoholism is the least favoured of the organic and psychiatric illnesses. They considered that this attitude was shared by general physicians and surgeons. The unfavourable attitudes towards alcoholism are unlikely to improve the success of treatment programmes. It is suggested that education within the professions is needed.", "PMID": 1125569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9155", "title": "Effect of teaching on students' attitudes to self-poisoning.", "content": "The attitudes of students, resident house physicians, and medical social workers towards 10 medical conditions were assessed in relation to both personal attitudes and the opinions expressed of the attitudes of the medical profession. Final-year students and house physicians showed unfavourable attitudes towards self-poisoning in contrast to fourth-year students and medical social workers. The fourth-year students were given the opportunity to admit patients referred to hospital with self-poisoning and visited the family doctor and the patient after discharge. After this exposure there was a subjective impression that the students became more interested in the problems of use self-poisoned patients, and this was supported by a review of their attitudes at the end of the teaching project.", "contents": "Effect of teaching on students' attitudes to self-poisoning. The attitudes of students, resident house physicians, and medical social workers towards 10 medical conditions were assessed in relation to both personal attitudes and the opinions expressed of the attitudes of the medical profession. Final-year students and house physicians showed unfavourable attitudes towards self-poisoning in contrast to fourth-year students and medical social workers. The fourth-year students were given the opportunity to admit patients referred to hospital with self-poisoning and visited the family doctor and the patient after discharge. After this exposure there was a subjective impression that the students became more interested in the problems of use self-poisoned patients, and this was supported by a review of their attitudes at the end of the teaching project.", "PMID": 1125570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9156", "title": "Comparison of debrisoquine and guanethidine in treatment of hypertension.", "content": "A cross-over trail of debrisoquine and guanethidine in 32 patients showed that both drugs were equally effective in lowering both systolic and diastolic blood pressure. The degree to which they were tolerated by the patients, however, differed greatly. After three months on each drug 18 patients preferred debrisoquine, nine preferred guanethidine, and five showed no particular preference. At current prices the cost of daily treatment to the patient was cheaper with debrisoquine than with guanethidine.", "contents": "Comparison of debrisoquine and guanethidine in treatment of hypertension. A cross-over trail of debrisoquine and guanethidine in 32 patients showed that both drugs were equally effective in lowering both systolic and diastolic blood pressure. The degree to which they were tolerated by the patients, however, differed greatly. After three months on each drug 18 patients preferred debrisoquine, nine preferred guanethidine, and five showed no particular preference. At current prices the cost of daily treatment to the patient was cheaper with debrisoquine than with guanethidine.", "PMID": 1125586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9157", "title": "Detection of continuing gluten ingestion in treated coeliac patients.", "content": "To assess the incidence and effects of continuing gluten ingestion in coeliac disease 51 adult coeliac patients were studied after four to 132 (mean 63) months on a prescribed gluten-free diet. Each patient completed a prospective dietary questionnaire, underwent a repeat jejunal biopsy, and gave serum for gluten antibody estimation. Altogether 65% of patients were still ingesting gluten, often inadvertently. Direct questioning on dietary habits had failed to uncover most of this consumption. The gluten antibody test proved a useful screening test for detecting continuing gluten ingestion and patients with both persistent subtotal villous atrophy and gluten antibodies were almost certain to be taking large amounts ( more than 2 g/day). The presence of persistent partial villous atrophy was found, however, to be an unreliable guide to gluten intake.", "contents": "Detection of continuing gluten ingestion in treated coeliac patients. To assess the incidence and effects of continuing gluten ingestion in coeliac disease 51 adult coeliac patients were studied after four to 132 (mean 63) months on a prescribed gluten-free diet. Each patient completed a prospective dietary questionnaire, underwent a repeat jejunal biopsy, and gave serum for gluten antibody estimation. Altogether 65% of patients were still ingesting gluten, often inadvertently. Direct questioning on dietary habits had failed to uncover most of this consumption. The gluten antibody test proved a useful screening test for detecting continuing gluten ingestion and patients with both persistent subtotal villous atrophy and gluten antibodies were almost certain to be taking large amounts ( more than 2 g/day). The presence of persistent partial villous atrophy was found, however, to be an unreliable guide to gluten intake.", "PMID": 1125587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9158", "title": "Outbreak of idiopathic erysipelas in a psychiatric hospital.", "content": "In an outbreak of idiopathic erysipelas ten women patients, aged 42-74, in a long-stay unit of a psychiatric hospital were simultaneously affected. Group A streptococci M-type 1 were isolated from two isolated from two patients with erysipelas and 18 carriers, but subsequent serological tests for type-specific antibody, antistreptolysin O, and anti-deoxyribonuclease B showed that the infection had been widespread in the unit. Treatment with ampicillin proved ineffective and to prevent relapse it was substituted by a standard course of intramuscular penicillin. This seems to be the first epidemic of this type to be reported and certainly the first outbreak of idiopathic erysipelas to be investigated by modern serological techniques.", "contents": "Outbreak of idiopathic erysipelas in a psychiatric hospital. In an outbreak of idiopathic erysipelas ten women patients, aged 42-74, in a long-stay unit of a psychiatric hospital were simultaneously affected. Group A streptococci M-type 1 were isolated from two isolated from two patients with erysipelas and 18 carriers, but subsequent serological tests for type-specific antibody, antistreptolysin O, and anti-deoxyribonuclease B showed that the infection had been widespread in the unit. Treatment with ampicillin proved ineffective and to prevent relapse it was substituted by a standard course of intramuscular penicillin. This seems to be the first epidemic of this type to be reported and certainly the first outbreak of idiopathic erysipelas to be investigated by modern serological techniques.", "PMID": 1125591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9159", "title": "Untoward effects associated with practolol administration: oculomucocutaneous syndrome.", "content": "Keratoconjunctivitis sicca, conjunctival scarring, fibrosis, metaplasia, and shrinkage developed in 27 patients as an adverse reaction to practolol. Rashes, nasal and mucosal ulceration, fibrous or plastic peritonitis, pleurisy, cochlear damage, and secretory otitis media also occurred in some cases. Three patients suffered profound visual loss though most retained good vision. Symptoms and signs improved on withdrawal of the drug, but reduction of tear secretion persisted in most patients.", "contents": "Untoward effects associated with practolol administration: oculomucocutaneous syndrome. Keratoconjunctivitis sicca, conjunctival scarring, fibrosis, metaplasia, and shrinkage developed in 27 patients as an adverse reaction to practolol. Rashes, nasal and mucosal ulceration, fibrous or plastic peritonitis, pleurisy, cochlear damage, and secretory otitis media also occurred in some cases. Three patients suffered profound visual loss though most retained good vision. Symptoms and signs improved on withdrawal of the drug, but reduction of tear secretion persisted in most patients.", "PMID": 1125623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9160", "title": "Myasthenia gravis associated with penicillamine treatment for rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Four patients with rheumatoid arthritis (R.A.) developed myasthenia gravis after taking penicillamine. In one patient withdrawal of the drug was followed by spontaneous remission of the myasthenia, and in two the dose of anticholinesterase was subsequently reduced. In the fourth patient continuing penicillamine treatment was associated with increasingly severe myasthenic features, but on withdrawal of the drug these resolved. As myasthenia gravis rarely complicates R.A. its onset in these patients shortly after the start of penicillamine treatment suggested that penicillamine may have precipitated this condition.", "contents": "Myasthenia gravis associated with penicillamine treatment for rheumatoid arthritis. Four patients with rheumatoid arthritis (R.A.) developed myasthenia gravis after taking penicillamine. In one patient withdrawal of the drug was followed by spontaneous remission of the myasthenia, and in two the dose of anticholinesterase was subsequently reduced. In the fourth patient continuing penicillamine treatment was associated with increasingly severe myasthenic features, but on withdrawal of the drug these resolved. As myasthenia gravis rarely complicates R.A. its onset in these patients shortly after the start of penicillamine treatment suggested that penicillamine may have precipitated this condition.", "PMID": 1125624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9161", "title": "Surgery of violence. V. Missile wounds of the head and spine.", "content": "The patient with a cerebral gunshot wound has a very unstable condition. In Belfast emphasis has been laid on rapid evacuation and on starting resuscitation within a few minutes of injury. Early and adequate transfusion combats shock; controlled ventilation helps limit the rise in intracranial pressure. Intracranial haematomata should be sought by early operation. Operation seldom improves neurological function in missile wounds of the spine.", "contents": "Surgery of violence. V. Missile wounds of the head and spine. The patient with a cerebral gunshot wound has a very unstable condition. In Belfast emphasis has been laid on rapid evacuation and on starting resuscitation within a few minutes of injury. Early and adequate transfusion combats shock; controlled ventilation helps limit the rise in intracranial pressure. Intracranial haematomata should be sought by early operation. Operation seldom improves neurological function in missile wounds of the spine.", "PMID": 1125629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9162", "title": "Indications for angiography and surgery in carotid artery disease.", "content": "The results of angiographic investigation of 211 patients suffering from transient cerebral ischaemic attacks in the carotid territory have been reviewed. The greatest proportion of patients with carotid stenosis and who were referred for endarterectomy were those with a neck bruit ipsilateral to the affected hemisphere. Ocular involvement (amaurosis fugax) was associated with a still higher prevalence of angiographic abnormality, and carotid occlusion was commonest in this group. The implications for the management of patients with transient ischaemic attacks are discussed.", "contents": "Indications for angiography and surgery in carotid artery disease. The results of angiographic investigation of 211 patients suffering from transient cerebral ischaemic attacks in the carotid territory have been reviewed. The greatest proportion of patients with carotid stenosis and who were referred for endarterectomy were those with a neck bruit ipsilateral to the affected hemisphere. Ocular involvement (amaurosis fugax) was associated with a still higher prevalence of angiographic abnormality, and carotid occlusion was commonest in this group. The implications for the management of patients with transient ischaemic attacks are discussed.", "PMID": 1125630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9163", "title": "Plasma immunoreactive beta-melanocyte-stimulating hormone and skin pigmentation in chronic renal failure.", "content": "Plasma immunoreactive beta-melanocyte stimulating hormone (beta-MSH) concentrations were greatly increased in patients with chronic renal failure. There was no correlation between the severity of the renal failure or the degree of pigmentation and the plasma beta-MSH levels.", "contents": "Plasma immunoreactive beta-melanocyte-stimulating hormone and skin pigmentation in chronic renal failure. Plasma immunoreactive beta-melanocyte stimulating hormone (beta-MSH) concentrations were greatly increased in patients with chronic renal failure. There was no correlation between the severity of the renal failure or the degree of pigmentation and the plasma beta-MSH levels.", "PMID": 1125653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9164", "title": "The trainee year--a critical appraisal.", "content": "Answers to questionnaires distributed to all trainees in the Scottish south-east region in 1972 and 1973 showed a wide variation between the standard of teaching in individual practices. This was partly due to a failure of the organizing bodies to give proper guidance on the modern concepts of training to the trainers, and partly to a lack of enthusaism by some of the trainers. It is particularly important that the training practices are well equipped with equipment and books and journals relating to general practice. For the trainee vocational training programmes, attendance at day release courses, contact with fellow trainees, and appropriate \"on call\" duties are similarly important. If these and other recommendations were brought to the attention of the trainers by an effective, co-ordinating committee, the standards of general practice teaching would rise, as would the quality of patient care in the community.", "contents": "The trainee year--a critical appraisal. Answers to questionnaires distributed to all trainees in the Scottish south-east region in 1972 and 1973 showed a wide variation between the standard of teaching in individual practices. This was partly due to a failure of the organizing bodies to give proper guidance on the modern concepts of training to the trainers, and partly to a lack of enthusaism by some of the trainers. It is particularly important that the training practices are well equipped with equipment and books and journals relating to general practice. For the trainee vocational training programmes, attendance at day release courses, contact with fellow trainees, and appropriate \"on call\" duties are similarly important. If these and other recommendations were brought to the attention of the trainers by an effective, co-ordinating committee, the standards of general practice teaching would rise, as would the quality of patient care in the community.", "PMID": 1125658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9165", "title": "Cellular and humoral immunity to hepatitis-B surface antigen in active chronic hepatitis.", "content": "The hepatitis-B surface antigen (HBsAG) may be persistently present in the serum in a few cases of active chronic hepatitis but the cause of the disease in most patients is unknown. In a study of 39 HBsAg-negative cases cell-mediated immunity to HBsAg was observed in 24 (62%), suggesting a high frequency of previous infection with the hepatitis-B virus. Hepatitis-B surface antibody was detectable by radioimmunoassay in six patients, in all of whom complexes of HBsAg were present in the serum on electron microscopy. Out of 12 patients with HBsAg-positive active chronic hepatitis who were also studied eight, including all those untreated at the time, showed a cellular response to the antigen. Evidence of sensitization to a liver-specific cell surface lipoprotein was found with similar frequency in the two groups. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that hepatitis-B virus infection is important in initiating the disease in many cases of active chronic hepatitis and that sensitization to the liver cell membrane antigen is the autoimmune process responsible for the perpetuation of the liver injury.", "contents": "Cellular and humoral immunity to hepatitis-B surface antigen in active chronic hepatitis. The hepatitis-B surface antigen (HBsAG) may be persistently present in the serum in a few cases of active chronic hepatitis but the cause of the disease in most patients is unknown. In a study of 39 HBsAg-negative cases cell-mediated immunity to HBsAg was observed in 24 (62%), suggesting a high frequency of previous infection with the hepatitis-B virus. Hepatitis-B surface antibody was detectable by radioimmunoassay in six patients, in all of whom complexes of HBsAg were present in the serum on electron microscopy. Out of 12 patients with HBsAg-positive active chronic hepatitis who were also studied eight, including all those untreated at the time, showed a cellular response to the antigen. Evidence of sensitization to a liver-specific cell surface lipoprotein was found with similar frequency in the two groups. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that hepatitis-B virus infection is important in initiating the disease in many cases of active chronic hepatitis and that sensitization to the liver cell membrane antigen is the autoimmune process responsible for the perpetuation of the liver injury.", "PMID": 1125673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9166", "title": "Highly selective vagotomy for duodenal ulcer: do hypersecretors need antrectomy?", "content": "Two to five years after highly selective vagotomy (H.S.V.) for duodenal ulcer the results were similar in patients with high preoperative maximal acid outputs and those with lower acid outputs. Pain of ulcer type was experienced at some time by 6% of patients from each group, but it was mild and transient in some. No patients had recurrent ulceration at endoscopy or laparotomy, while incidence of individual symptoms was about equal in the two groups. Hence H.S.V. is adequate surgical treatment for patients with both duodenal ulceration and high levels of acid secretion. Antrectomy in such patients is not necessary provided that the incidence of incomplete vagotomy can be kept low.", "contents": "Highly selective vagotomy for duodenal ulcer: do hypersecretors need antrectomy? Two to five years after highly selective vagotomy (H.S.V.) for duodenal ulcer the results were similar in patients with high preoperative maximal acid outputs and those with lower acid outputs. Pain of ulcer type was experienced at some time by 6% of patients from each group, but it was mild and transient in some. No patients had recurrent ulceration at endoscopy or laparotomy, while incidence of individual symptoms was about equal in the two groups. Hence H.S.V. is adequate surgical treatment for patients with both duodenal ulceration and high levels of acid secretion. Antrectomy in such patients is not necessary provided that the incidence of incomplete vagotomy can be kept low.", "PMID": 1125674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9167", "title": "Depression of sublingual temperature by cold saliva.", "content": "Sublingual and oesophageal temperatures were compared at various air temperatures in 16 subjects. In warm air (25-44 degrees C) sublingual temperatures stabilized within plus or minus 0-45 degrees C of oesophageal temperatures, but in air at room temperature (18-24 degrees C) they were sometimes as much as 1-1 degrees C below and in cold air (5-10 degrees C) as much as 4-4 degrees C below oesophageal readings. The sublingual-oesophageal temperature difference in cold air was greatly reduced by keeping the face warm, but it was not reduced in two patients breathing through tracheostomies and thereby eliminating cold air flow from the nose and pharynx. Parotid saliva temperature was low and saliva flow high during exposure, and cold saliva seemed to be mainly responsible for the erratic depression of sublingual temperature in the cold. These results indicate hazards in the casual use of sublingual temperatures, and indicate that external heat may have to be supplied to enable them to give reliable clinical assessments of body temperature.", "contents": "Depression of sublingual temperature by cold saliva. Sublingual and oesophageal temperatures were compared at various air temperatures in 16 subjects. In warm air (25-44 degrees C) sublingual temperatures stabilized within plus or minus 0-45 degrees C of oesophageal temperatures, but in air at room temperature (18-24 degrees C) they were sometimes as much as 1-1 degrees C below and in cold air (5-10 degrees C) as much as 4-4 degrees C below oesophageal readings. The sublingual-oesophageal temperature difference in cold air was greatly reduced by keeping the face warm, but it was not reduced in two patients breathing through tracheostomies and thereby eliminating cold air flow from the nose and pharynx. Parotid saliva temperature was low and saliva flow high during exposure, and cold saliva seemed to be mainly responsible for the erratic depression of sublingual temperature in the cold. These results indicate hazards in the casual use of sublingual temperatures, and indicate that external heat may have to be supplied to enable them to give reliable clinical assessments of body temperature.", "PMID": 1125675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9168", "title": "Effects of truncal, selective, and highly selective vagotomy on glucose tolerance and insulin secretion in patients with duodenal ulcer. Part I-Effect of vagotomy on response to oral glucose.", "content": "An oral glucose tolerance test was performed in patients who had undergone truncal vagotomy and pyloroplasty, bilateral selective vagotomy and pyloroplasty, or highly selective vagotomy without a drainage procedure at least six months earlier. The results were compared with those from patients with chronic duodenal ulcer before operation. In all three groups of patients after vagotomy more rapid rates of rise of blood glucose and higher peak concentrations were observed than in patients who were tested before operation. These differences were statistically significant only in patients who had undergone truncal or selective vagotomy with pyloroplasty and were probably due to more rapid rates of gastric emptying after these operations. Plasma insulin concentrations were lower after truncal vagotomy than after selective or highly selective vagotomy, the difference between truncal vagotomy and highly selective vagotomy being statistically significant. Truncal vagotomy resulted in a diminished insulin response to oral glucose, which could have been due to vagal denervation of the pancreas or, more probably, impaired release of small-bowel hormones which normally augment the pancreatic insulin response.", "contents": "Effects of truncal, selective, and highly selective vagotomy on glucose tolerance and insulin secretion in patients with duodenal ulcer. Part I-Effect of vagotomy on response to oral glucose. An oral glucose tolerance test was performed in patients who had undergone truncal vagotomy and pyloroplasty, bilateral selective vagotomy and pyloroplasty, or highly selective vagotomy without a drainage procedure at least six months earlier. The results were compared with those from patients with chronic duodenal ulcer before operation. In all three groups of patients after vagotomy more rapid rates of rise of blood glucose and higher peak concentrations were observed than in patients who were tested before operation. These differences were statistically significant only in patients who had undergone truncal or selective vagotomy with pyloroplasty and were probably due to more rapid rates of gastric emptying after these operations. Plasma insulin concentrations were lower after truncal vagotomy than after selective or highly selective vagotomy, the difference between truncal vagotomy and highly selective vagotomy being statistically significant. Truncal vagotomy resulted in a diminished insulin response to oral glucose, which could have been due to vagal denervation of the pancreas or, more probably, impaired release of small-bowel hormones which normally augment the pancreatic insulin response.", "PMID": 1125698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9169", "title": "Effects of truncal, selective, and highly selective vagotomy on glucose tolerance and insulin secretion in patients with duodenal ulcer. Part II-Comparison of response to oral and intravenous glucose.", "content": "Paired oral and intravenous glucose tolerance tests were carried out in patients who had undergone truncal vagotomy and pyloroplasty, selective vagotomy and pyloroplasty, or highly selective vagotomy at least six months earlier. Intravenous glucose tolerance was similar in all three groups. Oral glucose elicited significantly higher concentrations of plasma insulin in patients who had undergone selective and highly selective vagotomy than in those treated by truncal vagotomy. When the same amount of glucose was given intravenously, however, plasma insulin concentrations were similar in all three groups of patients. The insulin secreted in response to intravenous glucose expressed as a percentage of that secreted in response to oral glucose was 112% for truncal vagotomy, 51% for selective vagotomy, and 52% for highly selective vagotomy. Truncal vagotomy thus led to a diminished insulin response to oral glucose, which was probably due to impaired release of small-bowel hormones.", "contents": "Effects of truncal, selective, and highly selective vagotomy on glucose tolerance and insulin secretion in patients with duodenal ulcer. Part II-Comparison of response to oral and intravenous glucose. Paired oral and intravenous glucose tolerance tests were carried out in patients who had undergone truncal vagotomy and pyloroplasty, selective vagotomy and pyloroplasty, or highly selective vagotomy at least six months earlier. Intravenous glucose tolerance was similar in all three groups. Oral glucose elicited significantly higher concentrations of plasma insulin in patients who had undergone selective and highly selective vagotomy than in those treated by truncal vagotomy. When the same amount of glucose was given intravenously, however, plasma insulin concentrations were similar in all three groups of patients. The insulin secreted in response to intravenous glucose expressed as a percentage of that secreted in response to oral glucose was 112% for truncal vagotomy, 51% for selective vagotomy, and 52% for highly selective vagotomy. Truncal vagotomy thus led to a diminished insulin response to oral glucose, which was probably due to impaired release of small-bowel hormones.", "PMID": 1125699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9170", "title": "Use of oxytocin and incidence of neonatal jaundice.", "content": "A retrospective controlled study using data from the Cardiff Births Survey examined a possible relation between oxytocin administration to induce or accelerate labour and the subsequent development of neonatal jaundice. Among 10 591 infants born in Cardiff between 1970 and 1972 the incidence of neonatal jaundice was higher in infants born after oxytocin administration than among others. Analysis by gestational age at delivery, birth weight, Apgar score, length of labour, sedative and analgesic therapy during labour, and suppression of lactation showed that this association held within all these categories except among small immature infants, who are at high risk of jaundice in any case.", "contents": "Use of oxytocin and incidence of neonatal jaundice. A retrospective controlled study using data from the Cardiff Births Survey examined a possible relation between oxytocin administration to induce or accelerate labour and the subsequent development of neonatal jaundice. Among 10 591 infants born in Cardiff between 1970 and 1972 the incidence of neonatal jaundice was higher in infants born after oxytocin administration than among others. Analysis by gestational age at delivery, birth weight, Apgar score, length of labour, sedative and analgesic therapy during labour, and suppression of lactation showed that this association held within all these categories except among small immature infants, who are at high risk of jaundice in any case.", "PMID": 1125700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9171", "title": "Placental scanning with computer-linked gamma camera to detect impaired placental blood flow and intrauterine growth retardation.", "content": "By retrospective analysis of 65 placental localization studies by a computer-linked gamma camera the isotope studies by a computer-linked gamma camera the isotope uptake patterns were correlated with the eventual outcome of the pregnancies. The uptakes by anterior and lateral placentae were reduced in pregnancies which resulted in growth-retarded babies and statistically unrelated to the gestation of the pregnancy. This simple representation of placental blood flow could be a clinically useful index of placental function.", "contents": "Placental scanning with computer-linked gamma camera to detect impaired placental blood flow and intrauterine growth retardation. By retrospective analysis of 65 placental localization studies by a computer-linked gamma camera the isotope studies by a computer-linked gamma camera the isotope uptake patterns were correlated with the eventual outcome of the pregnancies. The uptakes by anterior and lateral placentae were reduced in pregnancies which resulted in growth-retarded babies and statistically unrelated to the gestation of the pregnancy. This simple representation of placental blood flow could be a clinically useful index of placental function.", "PMID": 1125701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9172", "title": "Patient-orientated gastroenterology.", "content": "Analysis of the first year's working of a combined gastroenterology clinic in a district hospital has shown that the major benefit was improved patient management. Hospital attendances were reduced, the diagnostic process accelerated, and unnecessary radiological investigations and surgical operations avoided. There were no obvious major disadvantages.", "contents": "Patient-orientated gastroenterology. Analysis of the first year's working of a combined gastroenterology clinic in a district hospital has shown that the major benefit was improved patient management. Hospital attendances were reduced, the diagnostic process accelerated, and unnecessary radiological investigations and surgical operations avoided. There were no obvious major disadvantages.", "PMID": 1125704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9173", "title": "Cost to National Health Service of social outcasts with organic disease.", "content": "The hospital medical records of a patient with chronic lung disease and intractable social problems have been analysed. Multiple admissions resulted in the patient spending nearly three years out of seven and a quarter years in Edinburgh hospitals and in the performance of repeated and ofter unnecessary medical investigations. Such patients are a source of considerable uneconomic expense to the National Health Service, but at present it is difficult to see how their medical and social demands can be met in any other way.", "contents": "Cost to National Health Service of social outcasts with organic disease. The hospital medical records of a patient with chronic lung disease and intractable social problems have been analysed. Multiple admissions resulted in the patient spending nearly three years out of seven and a quarter years in Edinburgh hospitals and in the performance of repeated and ofter unnecessary medical investigations. Such patients are a source of considerable uneconomic expense to the National Health Service, but at present it is difficult to see how their medical and social demands can be met in any other way.", "PMID": 1125706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9174", "title": "Hydroxyproline excretion in patients with breast cancer and response to treatment.", "content": "The urinary excretion of hydroxyproline, measured as the hydroxyproline: creatinine ratio, was useful in monitoring the progression of metastatic cancer of the breast. After new treatment was started changes in the hydroxyproline excretion occurred earlier than other clinically observable responses. The test could therefore be used for predicting the response to treatment and early detection of the sensitivity of the tumour to hormone therapy.", "contents": "Hydroxyproline excretion in patients with breast cancer and response to treatment. The urinary excretion of hydroxyproline, measured as the hydroxyproline: creatinine ratio, was useful in monitoring the progression of metastatic cancer of the breast. After new treatment was started changes in the hydroxyproline excretion occurred earlier than other clinically observable responses. The test could therefore be used for predicting the response to treatment and early detection of the sensitivity of the tumour to hormone therapy.", "PMID": 1125725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9175", "title": "Occult pulmonary haemorrhage in leukaemia.", "content": "Through gleeding into the lung parenchyma is responsible for morbidity and mortality in patients with leukaemia pulmonary haemorrhage is seldom diagnosed during life.  We diagnosed occult pulmonary haemorrhage in five leukaemic patients with unexplained infiltrates on chest roetgenograms by examining alveolar macrophages retrieved by bronchopulmonary lavage. Macrophage haemosiderin content was greatly increased in the patients with pulmonary haemorrhage as compared to normal and thrombocytopenic control subjects. Haemoglobin and intact erythrocytes in alveolar macrophages were taken as evidence of recent haemorrhage. Intrapulmonary bleeding may occur often in patients with leukaemia, and bronchopulmonary lavage offers a safe approach to diagnosis and allows for concomitant identification of pulmonary infection.", "contents": "Occult pulmonary haemorrhage in leukaemia. Through gleeding into the lung parenchyma is responsible for morbidity and mortality in patients with leukaemia pulmonary haemorrhage is seldom diagnosed during life.  We diagnosed occult pulmonary haemorrhage in five leukaemic patients with unexplained infiltrates on chest roetgenograms by examining alveolar macrophages retrieved by bronchopulmonary lavage. Macrophage haemosiderin content was greatly increased in the patients with pulmonary haemorrhage as compared to normal and thrombocytopenic control subjects. Haemoglobin and intact erythrocytes in alveolar macrophages were taken as evidence of recent haemorrhage. Intrapulmonary bleeding may occur often in patients with leukaemia, and bronchopulmonary lavage offers a safe approach to diagnosis and allows for concomitant identification of pulmonary infection.", "PMID": 1125726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9176", "title": "Gastro-oesophageal reflux complicating highly selective vagotomy.", "content": "An unacceptably high incidence of gastro-oesophageal reflux was observed in a small series of patients with duodenal ulcer who had been treated by highly selective vagotomy. Possibly this is due to an altered angle of entry of the oesophagus into the stomach, and we now routinely narrow this angle at operation.", "contents": "Gastro-oesophageal reflux complicating highly selective vagotomy. An unacceptably high incidence of gastro-oesophageal reflux was observed in a small series of patients with duodenal ulcer who had been treated by highly selective vagotomy. Possibly this is due to an altered angle of entry of the oesophagus into the stomach, and we now routinely narrow this angle at operation.", "PMID": 1125727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9177", "title": "Hypersecretion of glucagon and gastrin in severely burnt patients.", "content": "Hyperglucagonaemia and hypergastrinaemia were observed in some severely burnt patients during their illness. Hyperglucagonaemia seemed to be related to the severity of illness rather than to the burn itself, and the close correlation of glucagon concentrations with glucose and urea and its inverse correlation with bicarbonate concentrations suggest that glucagon might contribute to the hypercatabolic state. One patient developed high levels of gastrin and massive bleeding from a stress ulcer of the duodenum. Possibly gastrin hypersecretion may have a role in the pathogenesis of Curling's ulcer.", "contents": "Hypersecretion of glucagon and gastrin in severely burnt patients. Hyperglucagonaemia and hypergastrinaemia were observed in some severely burnt patients during their illness. Hyperglucagonaemia seemed to be related to the severity of illness rather than to the burn itself, and the close correlation of glucagon concentrations with glucose and urea and its inverse correlation with bicarbonate concentrations suggest that glucagon might contribute to the hypercatabolic state. One patient developed high levels of gastrin and massive bleeding from a stress ulcer of the duodenum. Possibly gastrin hypersecretion may have a role in the pathogenesis of Curling's ulcer.", "PMID": 1125728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9178", "title": "Successful pregnancy in patient on regular dialysis.", "content": "A pregnancy in a patient undergoing regular dialysis treatment was successfully managed. Premature labour occurred at 32 weeks. Fetal nutrition was satisfactory and the infant developed normally and showed no congenital abnormality during 12 months' observation.", "contents": "Successful pregnancy in patient on regular dialysis. A pregnancy in a patient undergoing regular dialysis treatment was successfully managed. Premature labour occurred at 32 weeks. Fetal nutrition was satisfactory and the infant developed normally and showed no congenital abnormality during 12 months' observation.", "PMID": 1125729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9179", "title": "Patterns of incidence in acute pancreatitis.", "content": "A review of acute pancreatitis occurring over a 20-year period in the Bristol clinical area is reported. A total of 590 cases were available for analysis. The yearly incidence was 53-8 per million population at risk, with a mortality of 9-0 per million. This compares favourably with 11-4 deaths per million for England and Wales as a whole during the same period but the difference is not statistically significant. When the deaths occurring in the Bristol clinical area were expressed in terms of case mortality rate the figure was 17%. In contrast the mortality for recurrent acute pancreatitis was only 1-5%, and the benign nature of this second condition is confirmed. Aetiological factors and age and sex distribution were also analysed in relation to each other and to mortality. An increase in acute pancreatitis secondary to chronic alcoholism was confirmed and steroid pancreatitis also emerged as a definite entity in this survey. The pattern of recurrence in patients with idiopathic pancreatitis was studied in detail and is analysed on an actuarial basis.", "contents": "Patterns of incidence in acute pancreatitis. A review of acute pancreatitis occurring over a 20-year period in the Bristol clinical area is reported. A total of 590 cases were available for analysis. The yearly incidence was 53-8 per million population at risk, with a mortality of 9-0 per million. This compares favourably with 11-4 deaths per million for England and Wales as a whole during the same period but the difference is not statistically significant. When the deaths occurring in the Bristol clinical area were expressed in terms of case mortality rate the figure was 17%. In contrast the mortality for recurrent acute pancreatitis was only 1-5%, and the benign nature of this second condition is confirmed. Aetiological factors and age and sex distribution were also analysed in relation to each other and to mortality. An increase in acute pancreatitis secondary to chronic alcoholism was confirmed and steroid pancreatitis also emerged as a definite entity in this survey. The pattern of recurrence in patients with idiopathic pancreatitis was studied in detail and is analysed on an actuarial basis.", "PMID": 1125732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9180", "title": "Trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole in gonorrhoea. A comparison with privampicillin combined with probenecid.", "content": "419 patients with uncomplicated gonorrhoea were treated with sulphamethoxazole 4 g. combined with trimethoprim 0-8 g. divided into two doses with an 8-hr interval. The failure rate was 1-9 per cent. Parallel with this trial, 319 patients received pivampicillin 1-4 g. combined with probenecid 1 g,; the failure rate was 0-9 per cent. Side-effects were few, four patients in the first group and one in the second group developing a rash. No recurrences were noted in nine patients treated for tonsillar gonorrhoea with the trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole schedule, while two recurrences were found in thirteen patients treated with pivampicillin-probenecid. The frequency of post-gonococcal urethritis was 7-7 per cent. in the pivampicillin-pro-benecid group against 3-4 per cent. in the trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole group, a difference which was not statistically significant.", "contents": "Trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole in gonorrhoea. A comparison with privampicillin combined with probenecid. 419 patients with uncomplicated gonorrhoea were treated with sulphamethoxazole 4 g. combined with trimethoprim 0-8 g. divided into two doses with an 8-hr interval. The failure rate was 1-9 per cent. Parallel with this trial, 319 patients received pivampicillin 1-4 g. combined with probenecid 1 g,; the failure rate was 0-9 per cent. Side-effects were few, four patients in the first group and one in the second group developing a rash. No recurrences were noted in nine patients treated for tonsillar gonorrhoea with the trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole schedule, while two recurrences were found in thirteen patients treated with pivampicillin-probenecid. The frequency of post-gonococcal urethritis was 7-7 per cent. in the pivampicillin-pro-benecid group against 3-4 per cent. in the trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole group, a difference which was not statistically significant.", "PMID": 1125747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9181", "title": "Gonorrhoea in 1972. A 1-year study of patients attending the VD Unit in Uppsala.", "content": "During 1972 a total of 2,090 men and 1,489 women were seen in the VD clinic in Uppsala, Sweden. The most frequent diagnosis among the men was non-gonococcal urethritis (38 per cent.) and among the women non-gonococcal vaginitis (34 per cent.), N. gonorrhoeae was found in 22 per cent. of the men and in 33 per cent. of the women, 68 per cent. of the men with gonorrhoea attended because of symptoms, but 67 per cent. of the men without gonococcal infections came for the same reason. 39 per cent. of the women with gonorrhoea attended after being told by their sexual partner; it was found that women coming because of symptoms were most likely to have non-gonococcal infection. Gonorrhoea without subjective symptoms was found in 23 per cent. of the men and 50 per cent. of the women. Gonorrhoea was found in association with scabies in 9 out of 18 men and in 3 out of 5 women. A rising incidence of pharyngeal gonococcal infections has been noticed at the clinic and the figures for 1972 were 6 per cent. of the men and 9 per cnet. of the women with gonorrhoea. The route of infection was usually oro-genital contact, but in some cases other routes had to be considered. It was not possible to define a promiscuous group of patients suitable for a planned study of prophylactic treatment, as only 2 per cent. of the men and 1 per cent. of the women had had nore than one gonococcal infection during the preceding year. The standard treatment for genital gonorrhoea (ampicillin 2 times 1 g. orally with a 5-hour interval) was very satisfactory and gave a 98 per cent. cure rate. This was possible because there were few gonococcal strains with decreased panicillin sensitivity. There were considerable problems in treating the pharyngeal infections, the standard treatment failing in 61 per cent.", "contents": "Gonorrhoea in 1972. A 1-year study of patients attending the VD Unit in Uppsala. During 1972 a total of 2,090 men and 1,489 women were seen in the VD clinic in Uppsala, Sweden. The most frequent diagnosis among the men was non-gonococcal urethritis (38 per cent.) and among the women non-gonococcal vaginitis (34 per cent.), N. gonorrhoeae was found in 22 per cent. of the men and in 33 per cent. of the women, 68 per cent. of the men with gonorrhoea attended because of symptoms, but 67 per cent. of the men without gonococcal infections came for the same reason. 39 per cent. of the women with gonorrhoea attended after being told by their sexual partner; it was found that women coming because of symptoms were most likely to have non-gonococcal infection. Gonorrhoea without subjective symptoms was found in 23 per cent. of the men and 50 per cent. of the women. Gonorrhoea was found in association with scabies in 9 out of 18 men and in 3 out of 5 women. A rising incidence of pharyngeal gonococcal infections has been noticed at the clinic and the figures for 1972 were 6 per cent. of the men and 9 per cnet. of the women with gonorrhoea. The route of infection was usually oro-genital contact, but in some cases other routes had to be considered. It was not possible to define a promiscuous group of patients suitable for a planned study of prophylactic treatment, as only 2 per cent. of the men and 1 per cent. of the women had had nore than one gonococcal infection during the preceding year. The standard treatment for genital gonorrhoea (ampicillin 2 times 1 g. orally with a 5-hour interval) was very satisfactory and gave a 98 per cent. cure rate. This was possible because there were few gonococcal strains with decreased panicillin sensitivity. There were considerable problems in treating the pharyngeal infections, the standard treatment failing in 61 per cent.", "PMID": 1125748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9182", "title": "Effect of althesin on renal perfusion in anaesthetized dogs.", "content": "Since Althesin affects not only the systemic circulation but also certain regional blood flows autoregulated by intrinsic mechanisms, such as cerebral and coronary blood flow, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Althesin upon renal blood flow. After an injection of 2.0 mg/kg Althesin, heart rate (63 per cent) and cardiac output (21 per cent) increased, while total peripheral resistance (25 per cent), mean aortic pressure (9 per cent) and the maximum rate of change of left ventricular pressure (31 per cent) decreased. In spite of the large renal fraction of cardiac output (17.4 per cent) the renal blood flow remained unchanged. Althesin is believed not to be contra-indicated in the presence of renal dysfunction.", "contents": "Effect of althesin on renal perfusion in anaesthetized dogs. Since Althesin affects not only the systemic circulation but also certain regional blood flows autoregulated by intrinsic mechanisms, such as cerebral and coronary blood flow, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Althesin upon renal blood flow. After an injection of 2.0 mg/kg Althesin, heart rate (63 per cent) and cardiac output (21 per cent) increased, while total peripheral resistance (25 per cent), mean aortic pressure (9 per cent) and the maximum rate of change of left ventricular pressure (31 per cent) decreased. In spite of the large renal fraction of cardiac output (17.4 per cent) the renal blood flow remained unchanged. Althesin is believed not to be contra-indicated in the presence of renal dysfunction.", "PMID": 1125799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9183", "title": "[Effects of postoperative decurarization with neostigmine on digestive anastomoses].", "content": "A prospective study was undertaken to assess the influence of neostigmine, a reversal agent for curarimimetic myorelaxants, on the incidence of postoperative disruption of anastomotic sites. Over a period of one year, 400 patients had surgery, including anastomosis, on the digestive tract for a variety of surgical conditions (Table II). At the end of anaesthesia, 200 patients received doses of atropine and neostigmine, usually 1 mg and 2.5 mg of each, as indicated on clinical basis and neuromuscular stimulation. The other patients did not recieve these drugs and were ventilated till the myorelaxation vanished spontaneously. During the postoperative period of incidence of anastomotic breakdown was assessed by the surgeon, unaware of the use or the omission of neostigmine in his patients. Anastomotic leakage was classified in four groups, namely: proved, absent, likely and unlikely. In this series and according to these clinical criteria, both groups had an incidence of anastomotic breakdown which was not significantly different (Table III). Neostigmine as used in this work does not seem to compromise the normal healing of anastomotic sites on the digestive tract.", "contents": "[Effects of postoperative decurarization with neostigmine on digestive anastomoses]. A prospective study was undertaken to assess the influence of neostigmine, a reversal agent for curarimimetic myorelaxants, on the incidence of postoperative disruption of anastomotic sites. Over a period of one year, 400 patients had surgery, including anastomosis, on the digestive tract for a variety of surgical conditions (Table II). At the end of anaesthesia, 200 patients received doses of atropine and neostigmine, usually 1 mg and 2.5 mg of each, as indicated on clinical basis and neuromuscular stimulation. The other patients did not recieve these drugs and were ventilated till the myorelaxation vanished spontaneously. During the postoperative period of incidence of anastomotic breakdown was assessed by the surgeon, unaware of the use or the omission of neostigmine in his patients. Anastomotic leakage was classified in four groups, namely: proved, absent, likely and unlikely. In this series and according to these clinical criteria, both groups had an incidence of anastomotic breakdown which was not significantly different (Table III). Neostigmine as used in this work does not seem to compromise the normal healing of anastomotic sites on the digestive tract.", "PMID": 1125800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9184", "title": "Post-operative renal failure caused by disseminated intravascular coagulation.", "content": "A 22-year-old man suffered a stab wound of the femoral artery and vein. This was followed by disseminated intravascular coagulation. Renal failure then occurred presumably due to fibrin deposition in the small vessels of the kidney. The D.I.C. was successfully treated with heparin and the renal failure with peritoneal dialysis. It is suggested that D.I.C. and consequent alterations in regional blood flow following trauma are not uncommon, and search should be made for these phenomena in every case of major trauma.", "contents": "Post-operative renal failure caused by disseminated intravascular coagulation. A 22-year-old man suffered a stab wound of the femoral artery and vein. This was followed by disseminated intravascular coagulation. Renal failure then occurred presumably due to fibrin deposition in the small vessels of the kidney. The D.I.C. was successfully treated with heparin and the renal failure with peritoneal dialysis. It is suggested that D.I.C. and consequent alterations in regional blood flow following trauma are not uncommon, and search should be made for these phenomena in every case of major trauma.", "PMID": 1125801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9185", "title": "Effect of triphenylmethane derivatives on cell-free macromolecular synthesis. I. Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase.", "content": "The inhibitory effect of aurintricarboxylic acid (ATA) on phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase is demonstrated in the rabbit-reticulocyte system. This inhibition is not specific to ATA; other triphenylmethane derivatives are also potent inhibitors of this enzyme reaction. The site of inhibitory action is in the enzyme itself, not in the tRNA molecule. It thus appears that the skeletal structure of ATA, not the side chains, is responsible for its inhibitory action, and that ATA is a nonspecific inhibitor of the reactions involving polynucleotides.", "contents": "Effect of triphenylmethane derivatives on cell-free macromolecular synthesis. I. Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase. The inhibitory effect of aurintricarboxylic acid (ATA) on phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase is demonstrated in the rabbit-reticulocyte system. This inhibition is not specific to ATA; other triphenylmethane derivatives are also potent inhibitors of this enzyme reaction. The site of inhibitory action is in the enzyme itself, not in the tRNA molecule. It thus appears that the skeletal structure of ATA, not the side chains, is responsible for its inhibitory action, and that ATA is a nonspecific inhibitor of the reactions involving polynucleotides.", "PMID": 1125808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9186", "title": "Effect of triphenylmethane derivatives on cell-free macromolecular synthesis. II. mRNA-ribosome binding.", "content": "The specific inhibition by aurintricarboxylic acid (ATA) of mRNA binding to ribosomes was re-examined. Among triphenylmethane compounds, all of which are potent inhibitors for phenylalanyl=tRNA synthetase, ATA is the most potent inhibitor. Two other dyes, Aurine and Azure Blue B, inhibit the reaction, but the concentration for 50% inhibition is far higher than that for ATA. It appears that the presence of the carboxyl group on the skeletal-triphenylmethane structure enhances the inhibition of the mRNA-binding reactionmthis feature is slightly different from that of the phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase reaction, in which the skeletal structure of the dye itself is essential to its inhibitory action.", "contents": "Effect of triphenylmethane derivatives on cell-free macromolecular synthesis. II. mRNA-ribosome binding. The specific inhibition by aurintricarboxylic acid (ATA) of mRNA binding to ribosomes was re-examined. Among triphenylmethane compounds, all of which are potent inhibitors for phenylalanyl=tRNA synthetase, ATA is the most potent inhibitor. Two other dyes, Aurine and Azure Blue B, inhibit the reaction, but the concentration for 50% inhibition is far higher than that for ATA. It appears that the presence of the carboxyl group on the skeletal-triphenylmethane structure enhances the inhibition of the mRNA-binding reactionmthis feature is slightly different from that of the phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase reaction, in which the skeletal structure of the dye itself is essential to its inhibitory action.", "PMID": 1125809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9187", "title": "Excretion of radioactive diadzein and equol as monosulfates and disulfates in the urine of the laying hen.", "content": "The phytoestrogen, diadzein, was injected intramuscularly as [4-14-C]daidzein into two laying hens. The radioactive materials in the urine for the succeeding 23 (hen 1) or 14 (hen 2) days were fractionated on a DEAE-Sephadex column by a gradient of NaCl and the fractions thus separated were further analyzed by solvent partition, susceptability to enzymic cleavage and thin-layer chromatography. The sic following components were identified and quantitated: [14-C]diadzein, [14-C]equol, [14-C]diadzein monosulfate, [14-C]equol monosulfate, [14-C]diazein disulfate, and [14-C]equol disulfate. The urine from hen 2 yielded also the sulfate of an unidentified conversion product of [14-C]daidzein. Repeared tests for glucuronides of [14-C]daidzein or its conversion products gave negative results, excluding the possibility that any appreciable proportion of the radioactivity in the urine was in the form of beta-glucuronide. It is concluded that the diadzein and the equol excretion in the urine of the laying hen are present for the most part as monosulfates and disulfates.", "contents": "Excretion of radioactive diadzein and equol as monosulfates and disulfates in the urine of the laying hen. The phytoestrogen, diadzein, was injected intramuscularly as [4-14-C]daidzein into two laying hens. The radioactive materials in the urine for the succeeding 23 (hen 1) or 14 (hen 2) days were fractionated on a DEAE-Sephadex column by a gradient of NaCl and the fractions thus separated were further analyzed by solvent partition, susceptability to enzymic cleavage and thin-layer chromatography. The sic following components were identified and quantitated: [14-C]diadzein, [14-C]equol, [14-C]diadzein monosulfate, [14-C]equol monosulfate, [14-C]diazein disulfate, and [14-C]equol disulfate. The urine from hen 2 yielded also the sulfate of an unidentified conversion product of [14-C]daidzein. Repeared tests for glucuronides of [14-C]daidzein or its conversion products gave negative results, excluding the possibility that any appreciable proportion of the radioactivity in the urine was in the form of beta-glucuronide. It is concluded that the diadzein and the equol excretion in the urine of the laying hen are present for the most part as monosulfates and disulfates.", "PMID": 1125810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9188", "title": "Studies on molecular weights of two peptide hormones from the urophysis of white sucker (Catostomus commersoni).", "content": "The molecular weights of two active principles extracted from the urophysis of the teleost fish Catostomus commersoni in 0.1 N HC1 or in 0.25% acetic acid have been investigated by gel filtration chromatography and SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Two peptides with urotensin I Tlong-acting rat hypotensive) activity and two peptides with urotensin II (fish smooth muscle stimulating) activity were found by these procedures. The smaller of the two urotensin I peptides (molecular weight 1200-1700), designated urotensin Is, was shown to be a fragment of the larger peptide (molecular weight 2300-3000) which is produced by acid hydrolysis withour loss of rat hypotensive activity. The two urotensin II peptides are suggested to represent either a monomer and a dimer or open and closed forms of a peptide.", "contents": "Studies on molecular weights of two peptide hormones from the urophysis of white sucker (Catostomus commersoni). The molecular weights of two active principles extracted from the urophysis of the teleost fish Catostomus commersoni in 0.1 N HC1 or in 0.25% acetic acid have been investigated by gel filtration chromatography and SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Two peptides with urotensin I Tlong-acting rat hypotensive) activity and two peptides with urotensin II (fish smooth muscle stimulating) activity were found by these procedures. The smaller of the two urotensin I peptides (molecular weight 1200-1700), designated urotensin Is, was shown to be a fragment of the larger peptide (molecular weight 2300-3000) which is produced by acid hydrolysis withour loss of rat hypotensive activity. The two urotensin II peptides are suggested to represent either a monomer and a dimer or open and closed forms of a peptide.", "PMID": 1125811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9189", "title": "Acid proteases from species of Mucormii. partial characterization of the acid protease produced by a strain of Mucor miehei isolated in Cuba.", "content": "The acid protease produced by a strain of Mucor miehei isolated in Cuba was purified by column electrofocusing and partially characterized as to amino-acid composition, molecular weight, helical content, total carbohydrate content, and approximate isoelectric point; A detailed comparison of these results was reported previously for Mucor miehei protease (Ottesen, M. & Rickert, W;S. (1970) C.R. Trav. Labmcarlsberg 37, 301) suggested that the two enzymes are similar but not identicalmthis conclusion was reinforced by an analysis of circular-dichroism spectra.", "contents": "Acid proteases from species of Mucormii. partial characterization of the acid protease produced by a strain of Mucor miehei isolated in Cuba. The acid protease produced by a strain of Mucor miehei isolated in Cuba was purified by column electrofocusing and partially characterized as to amino-acid composition, molecular weight, helical content, total carbohydrate content, and approximate isoelectric point; A detailed comparison of these results was reported previously for Mucor miehei protease (Ottesen, M. & Rickert, W;S. (1970) C.R. Trav. Labmcarlsberg 37, 301) suggested that the two enzymes are similar but not identicalmthis conclusion was reinforced by an analysis of circular-dichroism spectra.", "PMID": 1125813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9190", "title": "The reaction of chymotrypsin with 2,3-butanedione trimer;.", "content": "A method for the preparation of the trimer of 2,3-butanedione has been developed; The reaction of this trimer with chymotrypsin A alpha was examined in the presence or absence of light. Under conditions of exclusion of light, modification of one to two arginine residues and of a similar number of lysine residues could be achieved without any loss of enzymatic activity. The trimer facilitated a rapid photoinactivation of the enzyme with little or no modification of the above amino acid residues. Such photoinactivation was not found to react with proflavine and diiosopropylfluorophosphate to an extent greater than that expected on the basis of residual activity presentmproflavine protected the enzyme from the trimer promoted photoinactivation.", "contents": "The reaction of chymotrypsin with 2,3-butanedione trimer;. A method for the preparation of the trimer of 2,3-butanedione has been developed; The reaction of this trimer with chymotrypsin A alpha was examined in the presence or absence of light. Under conditions of exclusion of light, modification of one to two arginine residues and of a similar number of lysine residues could be achieved without any loss of enzymatic activity. The trimer facilitated a rapid photoinactivation of the enzyme with little or no modification of the above amino acid residues. Such photoinactivation was not found to react with proflavine and diiosopropylfluorophosphate to an extent greater than that expected on the basis of residual activity presentmproflavine protected the enzyme from the trimer promoted photoinactivation.", "PMID": 1125814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9191", "title": "Characterization and composition of the purple and red membrane from Halobacterium cutirubrum;.", "content": "The purple membrance (bacteriorhodopsin) isolated from cells of Halobacterium cutirubrum grown anaerobically in the light was shown to contain 77% protein and 20% lipils by weight. The protein component consisted of a single protein moeity, having a molecular weight of (19.6 plus or minus 0.8) times 10-3, complexed with retinal in  mole ratio of 2:1, respectively. The protein moeity is not glycosylated but may be phosphorylated (ca. 2 mol of phosphate per mole of protein). The red membrance contains 56%protein and 38% lipids, including bacterioruberins. Several polypeptide components are present including some which may be glycosylated and/or phosphorylated. The lipids of both membranes contained phosphatidyl glycerophosphate (52%) and phosphatidyl glycerol (3-4%) but the sulfated lipid components, glycolipid sulfate and phosphatidyl glycerosulfate, were present exclusively in the purple membrane, the red membrane containing instead two unidentified glycolipids. Neutral lipids (squalenes, vitamin 75-8, etc.) were present in both membranes to the extent of 7-9%.", "contents": "Characterization and composition of the purple and red membrane from Halobacterium cutirubrum;. The purple membrance (bacteriorhodopsin) isolated from cells of Halobacterium cutirubrum grown anaerobically in the light was shown to contain 77% protein and 20% lipils by weight. The protein component consisted of a single protein moeity, having a molecular weight of (19.6 plus or minus 0.8) times 10-3, complexed with retinal in  mole ratio of 2:1, respectively. The protein moeity is not glycosylated but may be phosphorylated (ca. 2 mol of phosphate per mole of protein). The red membrance contains 56%protein and 38% lipids, including bacterioruberins. Several polypeptide components are present including some which may be glycosylated and/or phosphorylated. The lipids of both membranes contained phosphatidyl glycerophosphate (52%) and phosphatidyl glycerol (3-4%) but the sulfated lipid components, glycolipid sulfate and phosphatidyl glycerosulfate, were present exclusively in the purple membrane, the red membrane containing instead two unidentified glycolipids. Neutral lipids (squalenes, vitamin 75-8, etc.) were present in both membranes to the extent of 7-9%.", "PMID": 1125815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9192", "title": "The diglycoside of 17 alpha-estradiol from rabbit urine: comparison with material prepared by synthesis.", "content": "Two synthetic routes to methyl estra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17 alpha-yl-2'-trifluoroacetamido-3',4',6'-tri-O-acetyl-2'-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranosid-3-yl-2',3',4'-tri-O-acetyl-beta-D-glucopyranosidyl  uronate are described, with the 3-acetyl or the 17 alpha-trifluoroacetyl derivatives of 17 alpha-estradiol as starting materials. Physical characteristics of the fully acetylated double glycoside were determinedmthis compound was converted to sodium estra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17 alpha-yl-2'-acetamido-2'-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranosid-3-yl-beta-D-glucopyranosid-3-yl-beta-D-glucopyranosidyl uronate, which was found to be identical with the sodium salt of material isolated from rabbit urine.", "contents": "The diglycoside of 17 alpha-estradiol from rabbit urine: comparison with material prepared by synthesis. Two synthetic routes to methyl estra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17 alpha-yl-2'-trifluoroacetamido-3',4',6'-tri-O-acetyl-2'-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranosid-3-yl-2',3',4'-tri-O-acetyl-beta-D-glucopyranosidyl  uronate are described, with the 3-acetyl or the 17 alpha-trifluoroacetyl derivatives of 17 alpha-estradiol as starting materials. Physical characteristics of the fully acetylated double glycoside were determinedmthis compound was converted to sodium estra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17 alpha-yl-2'-acetamido-2'-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranosid-3-yl-beta-D-glucopyranosid-3-yl-beta-D-glucopyranosidyl uronate, which was found to be identical with the sodium salt of material isolated from rabbit urine.", "PMID": 1125816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9193", "title": "Formation and repair of papain sulfenic acid.", "content": "The inactivation of highly purified papain (2 times 10- minus 5M-minus 1 min-minus 1) for papain: peroxide molar ratios of 1:1 or 2:1. Loss of activity is accompanied by a parallel loss of sulfhydryl; however, the sulfhydryl losses, as determined with 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNG) or p-hydroxymercuribenzoate (pHMB), are anomalously either too large or too small, respectively. These discrepancies resulted from the reaction of inactive papain with either the thiol anion product of the DTNB reaction, or with the pHMB reagent itself. The addition of 1.2M urea to the DTNB reaction mixture significantly decreased this error. Inactive papain reacted with high concentrations of cysteine or cyanide to yield completely repaired active papain, and with benylamine to yield non-repairable, inactive papain. Sodium arsenite, which is capable ofreducing sulfenic acids but not disulfide bonds, readily repaired peroxide-inactivated papain. A completely inactive but repairable papain fraction was isolated by virtue of its lessened ability to bind to a tetrapeptide inhibitor immobilized on Sepharose. The cumulative results indicate that the peroxide inactivation of papain is due almost exclusively to the formation of papain sulfenic acid (Cys25-SOH).", "contents": "Formation and repair of papain sulfenic acid. The inactivation of highly purified papain (2 times 10- minus 5M-minus 1 min-minus 1) for papain: peroxide molar ratios of 1:1 or 2:1. Loss of activity is accompanied by a parallel loss of sulfhydryl; however, the sulfhydryl losses, as determined with 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNG) or p-hydroxymercuribenzoate (pHMB), are anomalously either too large or too small, respectively. These discrepancies resulted from the reaction of inactive papain with either the thiol anion product of the DTNB reaction, or with the pHMB reagent itself. The addition of 1.2M urea to the DTNB reaction mixture significantly decreased this error. Inactive papain reacted with high concentrations of cysteine or cyanide to yield completely repaired active papain, and with benylamine to yield non-repairable, inactive papain. Sodium arsenite, which is capable ofreducing sulfenic acids but not disulfide bonds, readily repaired peroxide-inactivated papain. A completely inactive but repairable papain fraction was isolated by virtue of its lessened ability to bind to a tetrapeptide inhibitor immobilized on Sepharose. The cumulative results indicate that the peroxide inactivation of papain is due almost exclusively to the formation of papain sulfenic acid (Cys25-SOH).", "PMID": 1125817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9194", "title": "S-adenosylhomocysteine metabolism in various species.", "content": "Eleven microorganisms, four plants, and major organs from the chicken, dog, rat and rabbit were assayed for the presence of S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase, S-adenosylhomocysteine nucleosidase, and S-ribosylhomocysteine-cleavage enzyme. All bacteria (procaryotes) were found to possess S-adenosylhomocysteine nucleosidase and S-ribosylhomocysteine-cleavage enzyme but not S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase; All eucaryotes tested, including yeasts, plants, birds, and mammals, possessed S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase but not S-adenosylhomocysteine nucleosidase or S-ribosylhomocysteine-cleavage enzyme. Of all the organs assayed in the vertebrates, the level of S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase was highest in liver, pancreas, and kidney, lower spleen and testis, and very low in brain and heart; In all systems tested, equilibrium of the hydrolase reaction always favored synthesis over hydrolysis. We studied some of the kinetic properties of the hydrolase from rat liver; In the direction of synthesis, the Km value was 1.5 mM for adenosine and 4.5 mM for L-homocysteine, whereas marked substrate inhibition was observed with L-homocysteine. The condensation reaction is subject to product inhibition, and was inhibited by adenine. Results from in-vivo experiments revealed that the cells of the various organs of the dog are impermeable to the exogenously administered S-adenosylhomocysteine.", "contents": "S-adenosylhomocysteine metabolism in various species. Eleven microorganisms, four plants, and major organs from the chicken, dog, rat and rabbit were assayed for the presence of S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase, S-adenosylhomocysteine nucleosidase, and S-ribosylhomocysteine-cleavage enzyme. All bacteria (procaryotes) were found to possess S-adenosylhomocysteine nucleosidase and S-ribosylhomocysteine-cleavage enzyme but not S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase; All eucaryotes tested, including yeasts, plants, birds, and mammals, possessed S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase but not S-adenosylhomocysteine nucleosidase or S-ribosylhomocysteine-cleavage enzyme. Of all the organs assayed in the vertebrates, the level of S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase was highest in liver, pancreas, and kidney, lower spleen and testis, and very low in brain and heart; In all systems tested, equilibrium of the hydrolase reaction always favored synthesis over hydrolysis. We studied some of the kinetic properties of the hydrolase from rat liver; In the direction of synthesis, the Km value was 1.5 mM for adenosine and 4.5 mM for L-homocysteine, whereas marked substrate inhibition was observed with L-homocysteine. The condensation reaction is subject to product inhibition, and was inhibited by adenine. Results from in-vivo experiments revealed that the cells of the various organs of the dog are impermeable to the exogenously administered S-adenosylhomocysteine.", "PMID": 1125818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9195", "title": "Wheat-embryo ribonucleates. IV. Factors that influence the formation and stability of a complex between 5S rRNA and 18S rRNA.", "content": "Under the conditions used in this study, wheat-embryo 5S rRNA complexes with its homologous 18S rRNA from wheat embryos and with heterologous 18S rRNA from other eukaryotic source materials such as yeast, L cells, and HeLa cells, but it does not complex with heterologous 16S rRNA from a prokaryote such as Escherichia coli or with homologous or heterologous 26S (23S) rRNA of either eukaryotic or prokaryotic origin. If a solution of wheat-embryo rRNA is simply made 0.3 M with respect to NaCl and then heated at 60 degress C for 3 min before quick cooling to room temperature (ca. 20 degrees C), there is both preferential and efficient complex formation between 5S and 18S rRNA. The 'laboratory-prepared' complex between wheat-embryo 5S rRNA and its homologous 18S rRNA is more thermostable in 0.1 M NaCl solution than is the 'natural' complexes 'melt' over a narrow range of temperature. The possible physicochemical and physiological importance of both homologous and heterologous rRNA complexes is the subject of a brief discussion.", "contents": "Wheat-embryo ribonucleates. IV. Factors that influence the formation and stability of a complex between 5S rRNA and 18S rRNA. Under the conditions used in this study, wheat-embryo 5S rRNA complexes with its homologous 18S rRNA from wheat embryos and with heterologous 18S rRNA from other eukaryotic source materials such as yeast, L cells, and HeLa cells, but it does not complex with heterologous 16S rRNA from a prokaryote such as Escherichia coli or with homologous or heterologous 26S (23S) rRNA of either eukaryotic or prokaryotic origin. If a solution of wheat-embryo rRNA is simply made 0.3 M with respect to NaCl and then heated at 60 degress C for 3 min before quick cooling to room temperature (ca. 20 degrees C), there is both preferential and efficient complex formation between 5S and 18S rRNA. The 'laboratory-prepared' complex between wheat-embryo 5S rRNA and its homologous 18S rRNA is more thermostable in 0.1 M NaCl solution than is the 'natural' complexes 'melt' over a narrow range of temperature. The possible physicochemical and physiological importance of both homologous and heterologous rRNA complexes is the subject of a brief discussion.", "PMID": 1125819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9196", "title": "Magnetic resonance studies of concanavalin A:CONFORMATIONAL CHANGES INDUCED BY Ca2+ and alpha-methyl-D-mannopyranoside.", "content": "Three independent solution spectroscopic techniques (solvent proton relaxation enhancement, circular dichroism, and high resolution 220 MHz proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy) have been utilized to demonstrate mental ion- and monosaccharide inhibitor-induced structural perturbations for the dimeric form of the plant lectin concanavalin A (Con A). The results indicate that (i) the occupation of the transition metal ion site S1 by Mn-2+ or Zn-2+ does not detectably perturn the demetallized protein conformation, (ii) the binding of Ca=2+ to the Con A-Mn-2+ or Con A-Zn-2+ complexes perturbs the protein structure in the vicinity of the S1 site as well as at points remote from the S1-S2 double ion site, and (iii) the binding of the monosaccharide inhibitor alpha-methyl-D-mannopyranoside to the fully metallized Con A complex also significantly perturbs the structural features of the protein. A detailed radio frequency dependence analysis of the Ca-2+ effect on the solvent proton relaxation enhancement properties of the Con A-Mn-2+ complex indicates that the considerable reduction in the observed enhancement upon Ca-2+ binding principally results from an approximate 120-fold decrease in the single Mn-2+ water of hydratio- exchange rate; The 220 MHz proton magnetic resonance spectra for Con A indicate that this form of spectroscopy is the most useful of those utilized in detailing the solution structural features of this lectin, and a tentative assignment for the C-2-H proton of histidine residue 24 (the S1 site ligand) has been proposed.", "contents": "Magnetic resonance studies of concanavalin A:CONFORMATIONAL CHANGES INDUCED BY Ca2+ and alpha-methyl-D-mannopyranoside. Three independent solution spectroscopic techniques (solvent proton relaxation enhancement, circular dichroism, and high resolution 220 MHz proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy) have been utilized to demonstrate mental ion- and monosaccharide inhibitor-induced structural perturbations for the dimeric form of the plant lectin concanavalin A (Con A). The results indicate that (i) the occupation of the transition metal ion site S1 by Mn-2+ or Zn-2+ does not detectably perturn the demetallized protein conformation, (ii) the binding of Ca=2+ to the Con A-Mn-2+ or Con A-Zn-2+ complexes perturbs the protein structure in the vicinity of the S1 site as well as at points remote from the S1-S2 double ion site, and (iii) the binding of the monosaccharide inhibitor alpha-methyl-D-mannopyranoside to the fully metallized Con A complex also significantly perturbs the structural features of the protein. A detailed radio frequency dependence analysis of the Ca-2+ effect on the solvent proton relaxation enhancement properties of the Con A-Mn-2+ complex indicates that the considerable reduction in the observed enhancement upon Ca-2+ binding principally results from an approximate 120-fold decrease in the single Mn-2+ water of hydratio- exchange rate; The 220 MHz proton magnetic resonance spectra for Con A indicate that this form of spectroscopy is the most useful of those utilized in detailing the solution structural features of this lectin, and a tentative assignment for the C-2-H proton of histidine residue 24 (the S1 site ligand) has been proposed.", "PMID": 1125820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9197", "title": "Transient kinetics of the acetylcholinesterase catalyzed hydrolysis of N-methylindoxyl acetate.", "content": "An experimental study has been made of the kinetics of the hydrolysis of N-methylindoxyl acetate catalyzed by electric-eel acetylcholinesterase, both in the steady state and the pre-steady statemstopped-flow and temperature-jump experiments revealed a fast transient and a slow one. The fast transient is correlated with the conventional mechanism E+A in equilibrium EA yields X-yieldsEA' YIELDS E+Y. The slow transient is attributed to conformational changes involving E or EA. Analysis of it revealed two exponential terms of the form e- minus lambda t, and the two lambda values were obtained over the temperature range 5Yand 25Ydegrees C. The results are interpreted in terms of two alternative mechanisms; in one, the enzyme undergoes a conformational change before it adds on the substrate molecule; in the other, the conformational change occurs after the substrate addition. Both mechanisms may be involved, but the results exclude a concerted mechanism in whivh the conformational change occurs concurrently with the addition of substrate. Kinetic parameters (delta S not equal to and E) are obtained for this conformational change and for the conversion of EA into EA'+X.", "contents": "Transient kinetics of the acetylcholinesterase catalyzed hydrolysis of N-methylindoxyl acetate. An experimental study has been made of the kinetics of the hydrolysis of N-methylindoxyl acetate catalyzed by electric-eel acetylcholinesterase, both in the steady state and the pre-steady statemstopped-flow and temperature-jump experiments revealed a fast transient and a slow one. The fast transient is correlated with the conventional mechanism E+A in equilibrium EA yields X-yieldsEA' YIELDS E+Y. The slow transient is attributed to conformational changes involving E or EA. Analysis of it revealed two exponential terms of the form e- minus lambda t, and the two lambda values were obtained over the temperature range 5Yand 25Ydegrees C. The results are interpreted in terms of two alternative mechanisms; in one, the enzyme undergoes a conformational change before it adds on the substrate molecule; in the other, the conformational change occurs after the substrate addition. Both mechanisms may be involved, but the results exclude a concerted mechanism in whivh the conformational change occurs concurrently with the addition of substrate. Kinetic parameters (delta S not equal to and E) are obtained for this conformational change and for the conversion of EA into EA'+X.", "PMID": 1125821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9198", "title": "The demonstration of O-acetylated sialic acids in colonic epithelial glycoproteins.", "content": "Glycoproteins have been isolated from a 1 M sodium chloride extract of the colonic epithelial cells of man and rat by a combination of Agarose gel and DEAE-cellulose chromatography; The glycoproteins contain O-acetylated or O-esterified sialic acids of at least four types: (a) unsubstituted or possible at position C-9, (b) substituted at C-4 and possibly at C-9, (c) substituted at C-7 and/or C-8, and (d) substituted at C-4 as well as at C-7 and/or C-8.", "contents": "The demonstration of O-acetylated sialic acids in colonic epithelial glycoproteins. Glycoproteins have been isolated from a 1 M sodium chloride extract of the colonic epithelial cells of man and rat by a combination of Agarose gel and DEAE-cellulose chromatography; The glycoproteins contain O-acetylated or O-esterified sialic acids of at least four types: (a) unsubstituted or possible at position C-9, (b) substituted at C-4 and possibly at C-9, (c) substituted at C-7 and/or C-8, and (d) substituted at C-4 as well as at C-7 and/or C-8.", "PMID": 1125822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9199", "title": "Effects of hormones and drugs on phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate concentrations in mouse liver.", "content": "Concentrations of phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate (PP-ribose-P) in mouse liver were studied as a function of time of day and following injection of a number of metabolites and drugs. A twofold diurnal variation in liver PP-ribose-P concentration was observed. Liver PP-ribose-P concentrations were elevated following injection of glucagon, insulin, epinephrine, and ethylaminothiasiazole.", "contents": "Effects of hormones and drugs on phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate concentrations in mouse liver. Concentrations of phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate (PP-ribose-P) in mouse liver were studied as a function of time of day and following injection of a number of metabolites and drugs. A twofold diurnal variation in liver PP-ribose-P concentration was observed. Liver PP-ribose-P concentrations were elevated following injection of glucagon, insulin, epinephrine, and ethylaminothiasiazole.", "PMID": 1125824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9200", "title": "The metabolism of 4'chloro-4-biphenylol in the rat.", "content": "4'Chloro-4-biphenylol, the major metabolite of 4-chlorobiphenyl in the rat, was given intraperitoneally to rats, and the urine and feces were examined for possible metabolic degradation products. The structure of the major urinary metabolite was elucidated by mass and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and shown to be 4'-chloro-3,4-biphenyldiol. Two chloromethoxbiphenylols (m-4) were also identified in the urine extracts but they could not be separated by chromatographic procedures. Demethylation of the mixture gave 4'-chloro-3,4-biphenyldiol as the sole product, thus indicating that the two components of the mixture were 4'-chloro-3-methoxy-4-biphenylol and 4'-chloro-4-methoxy-3-biphenyldiol. No 4'-chloro-4-biphenylol metabolites were isolated in the fecal extracts, and mass spectrometric analysis of the crude urine and feces extracts did not reveal any chlorine-containing degradation products that could be derived by oxidative fission of the biphenyl nucleus.", "contents": "The metabolism of 4'chloro-4-biphenylol in the rat. 4'Chloro-4-biphenylol, the major metabolite of 4-chlorobiphenyl in the rat, was given intraperitoneally to rats, and the urine and feces were examined for possible metabolic degradation products. The structure of the major urinary metabolite was elucidated by mass and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and shown to be 4'-chloro-3,4-biphenyldiol. Two chloromethoxbiphenylols (m-4) were also identified in the urine extracts but they could not be separated by chromatographic procedures. Demethylation of the mixture gave 4'-chloro-3,4-biphenyldiol as the sole product, thus indicating that the two components of the mixture were 4'-chloro-3-methoxy-4-biphenylol and 4'-chloro-4-methoxy-3-biphenyldiol. No 4'-chloro-4-biphenylol metabolites were isolated in the fecal extracts, and mass spectrometric analysis of the crude urine and feces extracts did not reveal any chlorine-containing degradation products that could be derived by oxidative fission of the biphenyl nucleus.", "PMID": 1125825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9201", "title": "Electrophoretic characterization of porcine pancreatic (pro)elastases A and B.", "content": "Two porcine pancreatic zymogens can be separated by free electrophoresis on a sucrose gradient. After activation by trypsin, both enzymes can hydrolyze completely the fibrous protein elastin. One of the two proteins, proelastase B, has, in addition, an esterolytic activity towards N-acetyl-L-tyrosine ethyl ester. The other, proelastase A, does not possess it. The activation products of the zymogens have been tagged with radioactive diisopropylfluro-phosphonate and separated by polacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. Proelastase A gives only one active species, pancreatopeptidase E, but three distinct proteins can be obtained from proelastase B. Elastases A and B exhibit an important synergism when acting together upon a purified elastin lacking microfibrils. Trypsin has considerably less synergistic activity, and chymotrypsin has practically none.", "contents": "Electrophoretic characterization of porcine pancreatic (pro)elastases A and B. Two porcine pancreatic zymogens can be separated by free electrophoresis on a sucrose gradient. After activation by trypsin, both enzymes can hydrolyze completely the fibrous protein elastin. One of the two proteins, proelastase B, has, in addition, an esterolytic activity towards N-acetyl-L-tyrosine ethyl ester. The other, proelastase A, does not possess it. The activation products of the zymogens have been tagged with radioactive diisopropylfluro-phosphonate and separated by polacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. Proelastase A gives only one active species, pancreatopeptidase E, but three distinct proteins can be obtained from proelastase B. Elastases A and B exhibit an important synergism when acting together upon a purified elastin lacking microfibrils. Trypsin has considerably less synergistic activity, and chymotrypsin has practically none.", "PMID": 1125826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9202", "title": "The development of kinetic parameters of hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes in perinatal rats.", "content": "The development of the apparent kinetic parameters K-  m and V-max was studied in perinatal Wistar rats for three functionally diverse, hepatic enzymes (p-nitroanisole O-demethylase, carboxylesterase and bromosulphophthalein-glutathione conjugating enzyme), the period studied being from 3 days prepatum to 35 days postpartum. The kinetic parameters underwent marked quantitative changes during development, which appeared to be independent of sex for the first 5 weeks postpartum.", "contents": "The development of kinetic parameters of hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes in perinatal rats. The development of the apparent kinetic parameters K-  m and V-max was studied in perinatal Wistar rats for three functionally diverse, hepatic enzymes (p-nitroanisole O-demethylase, carboxylesterase and bromosulphophthalein-glutathione conjugating enzyme), the period studied being from 3 days prepatum to 35 days postpartum. The kinetic parameters underwent marked quantitative changes during development, which appeared to be independent of sex for the first 5 weeks postpartum.", "PMID": 1125827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9203", "title": "Biosynthesis of gliotoxin and mycelianamide.", "content": "Mycelium of Penicillium terlikowski was permeable to both L-[carboxyl-14C]phenylalanine and cyclo L-[carbonyl-14C]phenylalanyl-L-seryl. The former compound was incorporated well and the latter poorly into gliotoxin produced by stationary cultures of the organism. Mycelium of Penicillium patulum was permeablt to L-[CARBONYL-14C]tyrosyl and cyclo L-alanyl-d-[carbonyl-14C]tyrosyl. These cyclic depeptides were not incorporated into mycelianamide produced by stationary cultures of the organism, but both1carboxyl-14C]tyrosine were incorporated. The latter was incorporated in a specific manner into part of the mycelianamide molecule. The results did not support the postulate that the appropriate cyclic dipeptides, as outlined above, were free intermediates in the biosynthesis of gliotoxin or mycelianamide.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of gliotoxin and mycelianamide. Mycelium of Penicillium terlikowski was permeable to both L-[carboxyl-14C]phenylalanine and cyclo L-[carbonyl-14C]phenylalanyl-L-seryl. The former compound was incorporated well and the latter poorly into gliotoxin produced by stationary cultures of the organism. Mycelium of Penicillium patulum was permeablt to L-[CARBONYL-14C]tyrosyl and cyclo L-alanyl-d-[carbonyl-14C]tyrosyl. These cyclic depeptides were not incorporated into mycelianamide produced by stationary cultures of the organism, but both1carboxyl-14C]tyrosine were incorporated. The latter was incorporated in a specific manner into part of the mycelianamide molecule. The results did not support the postulate that the appropriate cyclic dipeptides, as outlined above, were free intermediates in the biosynthesis of gliotoxin or mycelianamide.", "PMID": 1125828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9204", "title": "The incorporation of -14c from [1-14C] PALMITATE INTO GLUCOSE AND GLYCOGEN IN MICE.", "content": "The incorporation of -14C FROM [1-14C]palmitate into blood glucose and liver and kidney glycogen in postnatal mice has been studied. Incorporation of -14C FROM [1-14C]palmitate into blood glucose and hepatic glycogen is relatively high in suck ling mice. Incontrast, the incorporation into kidney glycogen is low in suckling mice and high in adults. The study indicates the possible utilization of palmitate for glucose synthesis.", "contents": "The incorporation of -14c from [1-14C] PALMITATE INTO GLUCOSE AND GLYCOGEN IN MICE. The incorporation of -14C FROM [1-14C]palmitate into blood glucose and liver and kidney glycogen in postnatal mice has been studied. Incorporation of -14C FROM [1-14C]palmitate into blood glucose and hepatic glycogen is relatively high in suck ling mice. Incontrast, the incorporation into kidney glycogen is low in suckling mice and high in adults. The study indicates the possible utilization of palmitate for glucose synthesis.", "PMID": 1125829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9205", "title": "Use of the brucellosis card test for screening cattle in Saskatchewan.", "content": "One group of 28,714 bovine sera were tested by both the brucellosis tube serum agglutination test and the brucellosis card test. The tube serum agglutination test confirmed 99.8% of the negative brucellosis card test results. The brucellosis card test identified 63% of the tube serum agglutination test reactors. In a second group of 496 sera reacting to either the tube serum agglutination test, complement fixation test, plate serum agglutination test or acid antigen serum agglutination test the brucellosis card test identified 99.1% of the complement fixation test positive sera and 91.3% of the sera reacting to any of the other serological tests. The brucellosis card test showed satisfactory agreement with both the complement fixation test and tube serum agglutination test. It appears to be a useful screening test in operations involving large numbers of animals since under these conditions the reactors can be quickly identified and isolated.", "contents": "Use of the brucellosis card test for screening cattle in Saskatchewan. One group of 28,714 bovine sera were tested by both the brucellosis tube serum agglutination test and the brucellosis card test. The tube serum agglutination test confirmed 99.8% of the negative brucellosis card test results. The brucellosis card test identified 63% of the tube serum agglutination test reactors. In a second group of 496 sera reacting to either the tube serum agglutination test, complement fixation test, plate serum agglutination test or acid antigen serum agglutination test the brucellosis card test identified 99.1% of the complement fixation test positive sera and 91.3% of the sera reacting to any of the other serological tests. The brucellosis card test showed satisfactory agreement with both the complement fixation test and tube serum agglutination test. It appears to be a useful screening test in operations involving large numbers of animals since under these conditions the reactors can be quickly identified and isolated.", "PMID": 1125830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9206", "title": "Mycoplasma species recovered from the reproductive tracts of western Canadian cows.", "content": "Samples of cervico-vaginal mucus from 633 animals from 110 herds were cultured and yielded the following mycoplasmas: T-strain--88: Mycoplasma bovigenitalium--79, Mycoplasma spp. (Leach Group 7)--7, Acholeplasma laidlawii--4, Mycoplasma bovirhinis--2 and one not typable. Uterine exudates and endometrial scrapings from 80 infertile cows in two herds were examined. Four animals were positive, M. bovigenitalium was isolated three times, A. laidlawii and Mycoplasma arginini once each. Sixty-five normal uterine contents from pregnant cows were examined, one yielded M. bovigenigalium and the same organism was recovered from the fetal kidney. T-strain mycoplasma, M. bovigenitalium and other Mycoplasma spp. appear to be a part of the normal flora of the cervico-vaginal region of clinically normal one and two year old bred heifers in Alberta and Saskatchewan. Although M. arginini was not recovered from the cervico-vaginal region, a single recovery was made from the uterus of an infertile cow.", "contents": "Mycoplasma species recovered from the reproductive tracts of western Canadian cows. Samples of cervico-vaginal mucus from 633 animals from 110 herds were cultured and yielded the following mycoplasmas: T-strain--88: Mycoplasma bovigenitalium--79, Mycoplasma spp. (Leach Group 7)--7, Acholeplasma laidlawii--4, Mycoplasma bovirhinis--2 and one not typable. Uterine exudates and endometrial scrapings from 80 infertile cows in two herds were examined. Four animals were positive, M. bovigenitalium was isolated three times, A. laidlawii and Mycoplasma arginini once each. Sixty-five normal uterine contents from pregnant cows were examined, one yielded M. bovigenigalium and the same organism was recovered from the fetal kidney. T-strain mycoplasma, M. bovigenitalium and other Mycoplasma spp. appear to be a part of the normal flora of the cervico-vaginal region of clinically normal one and two year old bred heifers in Alberta and Saskatchewan. Although M. arginini was not recovered from the cervico-vaginal region, a single recovery was made from the uterus of an infertile cow.", "PMID": 1125831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9207", "title": "Adequacy of commercial lentogenic vaccines against Canadian strains of viscerotropic Newcastle disease virus.", "content": "Three field strains of Newcastle Disease virus, designated S20, S21 and S23, isolated from chickens or turkeys in Ontario during the 1971-72 epizootic, were characterized as velogenic viscerotropic viruses. No significant antigenic differences were demonstrated among B1, LaSota and a field strain (S23) of velogenic vescerotropic virus by haemagglutination inhibition or protection tests. Primary water vaccination of chicks with commercial B1 and LaSota vaccines at five weeks of age and aerosol revaccination with the same strains four weeks later resulted in protection that lasted 16 weeks after revaccination against experimental challenge with strain S23. The differences in haemagglutination inhibition titres noted when the homologous or the heterologous viruses were used as haemagglutinating antigen were not statistically significant. The rates of decay of virus neutralizing and haemagglutination inhibition antibodies in vaccinated birds showed a divergence indicating the possible duality of antibodies measured in serum neutralization and haemagglutination inhibition tests.", "contents": "Adequacy of commercial lentogenic vaccines against Canadian strains of viscerotropic Newcastle disease virus. Three field strains of Newcastle Disease virus, designated S20, S21 and S23, isolated from chickens or turkeys in Ontario during the 1971-72 epizootic, were characterized as velogenic viscerotropic viruses. No significant antigenic differences were demonstrated among B1, LaSota and a field strain (S23) of velogenic vescerotropic virus by haemagglutination inhibition or protection tests. Primary water vaccination of chicks with commercial B1 and LaSota vaccines at five weeks of age and aerosol revaccination with the same strains four weeks later resulted in protection that lasted 16 weeks after revaccination against experimental challenge with strain S23. The differences in haemagglutination inhibition titres noted when the homologous or the heterologous viruses were used as haemagglutinating antigen were not statistically significant. The rates of decay of virus neutralizing and haemagglutination inhibition antibodies in vaccinated birds showed a divergence indicating the possible duality of antibodies measured in serum neutralization and haemagglutination inhibition tests.", "PMID": 1125832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9208", "title": "Experimentally induced Faciola hepatica infection in white-tailed deer. I. Clinicopathological and parasitological features.", "content": "Six white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and six sheep were inoculated with metacercariae of Fasciola hepatica. Two animals of each species were given 100, 500 or 2500 metacercariae. Clinicopathological features of these infections were determined by analyses of blood samples collected each week from inoculated deer and sheep as well as from two noninoculated animals of each species. One animal in each inoculated group was killed and examined at six weeks postinoculation and the remainder at 15 weeks postinoculation. Compared with the values obtained from noninoculated controls, eosinophilia, hyperproteinemia and hyperglobulinemia occured in inoculated deer. There were no other significant changes in hematological values or in serum aspartate aminotransferase levels. Marked leukocytosis and eosinophilia, with hyperproteinemia, hyperglobulinemia, hypoalbuminemia, elevated serum aspartate aminotransferase levels and mild macrocytic normochromic anemia characterized the infection in lambs. Although approximately 29% of the inoculum was recovered from the hepatic parenchyma of the sheep, F. hepatica was found in only one of six inoculated deer. A patent infection was established in this deer and constitutes the second report of mature F. hepatica in this host.", "contents": "Experimentally induced Faciola hepatica infection in white-tailed deer. I. Clinicopathological and parasitological features. Six white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and six sheep were inoculated with metacercariae of Fasciola hepatica. Two animals of each species were given 100, 500 or 2500 metacercariae. Clinicopathological features of these infections were determined by analyses of blood samples collected each week from inoculated deer and sheep as well as from two noninoculated animals of each species. One animal in each inoculated group was killed and examined at six weeks postinoculation and the remainder at 15 weeks postinoculation. Compared with the values obtained from noninoculated controls, eosinophilia, hyperproteinemia and hyperglobulinemia occured in inoculated deer. There were no other significant changes in hematological values or in serum aspartate aminotransferase levels. Marked leukocytosis and eosinophilia, with hyperproteinemia, hyperglobulinemia, hypoalbuminemia, elevated serum aspartate aminotransferase levels and mild macrocytic normochromic anemia characterized the infection in lambs. Although approximately 29% of the inoculum was recovered from the hepatic parenchyma of the sheep, F. hepatica was found in only one of six inoculated deer. A patent infection was established in this deer and constitutes the second report of mature F. hepatica in this host.", "PMID": 1125833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9209", "title": "Experimentally induced Fasciola hepatica infection in white-tailed deer. II. Pathological features.", "content": "Six white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and six sheep were inoculated with metacercariae of Fasciola hepatica. Two animals of each species were given 100, 500 or 2500 metacercariae. One animal in each inocluated group was killed and examined at six weeks postinoculation and the remainder at 15 weeks postinoculation. At six weeks postinoculation the parietal surface of the livers from inoculated deer was covered with gray fibrous plaques and rust colored patches. Fibroplasia with mononuclear cell infiltration characterized Glisson's capsule on the parietal surface. Granulomas were found in the hepatic parenchyma and on the dorsal surface of the lung. Fresh and healing tracks were occasionally found in the liver. In the sheep fibrinous exudate and numerous subcapsular tracks were found on both surfaces of the liver. Inflammatory changes in portal areas and numerous fresh and healing tracks in the hepatic parenchyma were prominent features. At 15 weeks postinoculation inflammatory changes in Glisson's capsule of inoculated deer were less marked than at six weeks but portal fibrosis and hyperplasia of bile duct epithelium were more advanced. A zone of hemorrhage surrounded ducts that contained mature F. hepatica in one deer. The livers from the sheep were rough, pitted and covered with fibrous tags and adhesions to the diaphragm and greater omentum were common. Hemorrhagic tracks were common in the sheep given 500 and 2500 metacercariae. Portal fibrosis and hyperplasia of bile duct epithelium were seen in the sheep (100 metacercariae) that harbored mature F. hepatica.", "contents": "Experimentally induced Fasciola hepatica infection in white-tailed deer. II. Pathological features. Six white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and six sheep were inoculated with metacercariae of Fasciola hepatica. Two animals of each species were given 100, 500 or 2500 metacercariae. One animal in each inocluated group was killed and examined at six weeks postinoculation and the remainder at 15 weeks postinoculation. At six weeks postinoculation the parietal surface of the livers from inoculated deer was covered with gray fibrous plaques and rust colored patches. Fibroplasia with mononuclear cell infiltration characterized Glisson's capsule on the parietal surface. Granulomas were found in the hepatic parenchyma and on the dorsal surface of the lung. Fresh and healing tracks were occasionally found in the liver. In the sheep fibrinous exudate and numerous subcapsular tracks were found on both surfaces of the liver. Inflammatory changes in portal areas and numerous fresh and healing tracks in the hepatic parenchyma were prominent features. At 15 weeks postinoculation inflammatory changes in Glisson's capsule of inoculated deer were less marked than at six weeks but portal fibrosis and hyperplasia of bile duct epithelium were more advanced. A zone of hemorrhage surrounded ducts that contained mature F. hepatica in one deer. The livers from the sheep were rough, pitted and covered with fibrous tags and adhesions to the diaphragm and greater omentum were common. Hemorrhagic tracks were common in the sheep given 500 and 2500 metacercariae. Portal fibrosis and hyperplasia of bile duct epithelium were seen in the sheep (100 metacercariae) that harbored mature F. hepatica.", "PMID": 1125834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9210", "title": "The protective effect of milk diet on Toxoplasma gondii infection in mice.", "content": "The effect of an all milk diet on resistance to Toxoplasmagondii infection in mice was studied. Mice fed an all milk diet were more resistant than conventionally fed mice to T. gondii. It was shown that this effect was due to a dietary deficiency para-aminobenzoic acid.", "contents": "The protective effect of milk diet on Toxoplasma gondii infection in mice. The effect of an all milk diet on resistance to Toxoplasmagondii infection in mice was studied. Mice fed an all milk diet were more resistant than conventionally fed mice to T. gondii. It was shown that this effect was due to a dietary deficiency para-aminobenzoic acid.", "PMID": 1125835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9211", "title": "A pharmacological study of chloramphenicol in horses.", "content": "Pharmacological disposition of chloramphenicol was studied in horses. Minimum levels of the antibiotic (greater than or equal to 5 mu g/ml) in blood or plasma recommended to combat infections could not be achieved by 4.4 and 8.8 mg/kg I.V. or 30 and 50 mg/kg I.M. or 30 mg/kg oral (as palmitate salt) doses of chloramphenicol. Increasing the dose to 19.8 and 26.4 mg/kg I.V. provided such levels for about two and three hours respectively. A combination of 20 mg/kg I.V. and 30 mg/kg I.M. administered simultaneously did not provide more prolonged levels than 26.4 mg/kg I.V. alone. Chloramphenicol succinate produced higher but not more prolonged levels in blood and plasma than those produced by pure chloramphenicol. Succinate salt is very little, if at all, bound to red blood corpuscles. Plasma half life and the apparent volume of distribution of chloramphenicol in horses were determined as 0.98 hours and 0.92 L/kg, respectively. At 5-10 mu g/ml concentrations in equine plasma approximately 30 percent of the chloramphenicol is bound to plasma proteins. From these studies it is concluded that the biological half life of chloramphenicol may be too short for therapeutic application against systemic infections in horses.", "contents": "A pharmacological study of chloramphenicol in horses. Pharmacological disposition of chloramphenicol was studied in horses. Minimum levels of the antibiotic (greater than or equal to 5 mu g/ml) in blood or plasma recommended to combat infections could not be achieved by 4.4 and 8.8 mg/kg I.V. or 30 and 50 mg/kg I.M. or 30 mg/kg oral (as palmitate salt) doses of chloramphenicol. Increasing the dose to 19.8 and 26.4 mg/kg I.V. provided such levels for about two and three hours respectively. A combination of 20 mg/kg I.V. and 30 mg/kg I.M. administered simultaneously did not provide more prolonged levels than 26.4 mg/kg I.V. alone. Chloramphenicol succinate produced higher but not more prolonged levels in blood and plasma than those produced by pure chloramphenicol. Succinate salt is very little, if at all, bound to red blood corpuscles. Plasma half life and the apparent volume of distribution of chloramphenicol in horses were determined as 0.98 hours and 0.92 L/kg, respectively. At 5-10 mu g/ml concentrations in equine plasma approximately 30 percent of the chloramphenicol is bound to plasma proteins. From these studies it is concluded that the biological half life of chloramphenicol may be too short for therapeutic application against systemic infections in horses.", "PMID": 1125836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9212", "title": "Labrador keratopathy: clinical and pathological findings.", "content": "The clinical and pathological features of Labrador keratopathy are described. Some indication is given of the frequency of the condition in Northern Newfoundland and Labrador. The histopathology, based on light and electron microscopy of five specimens, is illustrated. The findings support an origin for the globular deposits in the stroma and Bowman's layer rather than the epithelium.", "contents": "Labrador keratopathy: clinical and pathological findings. The clinical and pathological features of Labrador keratopathy are described. Some indication is given of the frequency of the condition in Northern Newfoundland and Labrador. The histopathology, based on light and electron microscopy of five specimens, is illustrated. The findings support an origin for the globular deposits in the stroma and Bowman's layer rather than the epithelium.", "PMID": 1125837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9213", "title": "Ocular findings in nevus flammeus.", "content": "We examined the eyes of 50 patients with nevus flammeus of the face (port wine stain). Of 26 patients with nevus flammeus involving the area of both the first and second sensory branches of the trigeminal nerve, 4 had glaucoma and 8 were glaucoma suspects. Because the age at which glaucoma develops is uncertain, these patients require periodic ocular assessment. When the nevus flammeus involved the area of V1 alone or V2 alone, there was no associated glaucoma.", "contents": "Ocular findings in nevus flammeus. We examined the eyes of 50 patients with nevus flammeus of the face (port wine stain). Of 26 patients with nevus flammeus involving the area of both the first and second sensory branches of the trigeminal nerve, 4 had glaucoma and 8 were glaucoma suspects. Because the age at which glaucoma develops is uncertain, these patients require periodic ocular assessment. When the nevus flammeus involved the area of V1 alone or V2 alone, there was no associated glaucoma.", "PMID": 1125838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9214", "title": "Three hundred and sixty degree scleral buckling.", "content": "A three hundred and sixty degree scleral buckling procedure is proposed for treating difficult and complicated cases of retinal detachment. This procedure has been used successfully in more than 242 cases with an anatomic re-attachment rate of greater than 90%. The overall re-operation rate was about 11%. Complications directly attributable to this procedure were minimal.", "contents": "Three hundred and sixty degree scleral buckling. A three hundred and sixty degree scleral buckling procedure is proposed for treating difficult and complicated cases of retinal detachment. This procedure has been used successfully in more than 242 cases with an anatomic re-attachment rate of greater than 90%. The overall re-operation rate was about 11%. Complications directly attributable to this procedure were minimal.", "PMID": 1125839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9215", "title": "Fibrillopathia epitheliocapsularis (pseudoexfoliation): a clinical and electron microscope study.", "content": "The light microscopic and transmission and scanning electron microscopic findings from two cases of fibrillopathia epitheliocapsularis (pseudoexfoliation) are presented. The ciliary processes, posterior iris and preequatiorial lens capsule were found to be covered with a fine, white, flocculent material. Light microscopic examination revealed feathery, eosinophilic deposits on all three tissues; electron microscope studies showed the exfoilative deposits to be composed of a fine meshwork of fibrils ranging in size from 200-300 A. Fibrils were found on the apical surfaces of the epithelial cells, as well as on and throughout the epithelial cell basement membranes. The general distribution and possible sources of the pseudoexfoilative material are discussed with respect to other recent investigations. The value of the scanning electron microscope as a tool in pathological studies is presented.", "contents": "Fibrillopathia epitheliocapsularis (pseudoexfoliation): a clinical and electron microscope study. The light microscopic and transmission and scanning electron microscopic findings from two cases of fibrillopathia epitheliocapsularis (pseudoexfoliation) are presented. The ciliary processes, posterior iris and preequatiorial lens capsule were found to be covered with a fine, white, flocculent material. Light microscopic examination revealed feathery, eosinophilic deposits on all three tissues; electron microscope studies showed the exfoilative deposits to be composed of a fine meshwork of fibrils ranging in size from 200-300 A. Fibrils were found on the apical surfaces of the epithelial cells, as well as on and throughout the epithelial cell basement membranes. The general distribution and possible sources of the pseudoexfoilative material are discussed with respect to other recent investigations. The value of the scanning electron microscope as a tool in pathological studies is presented.", "PMID": 1125840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9216", "title": "The effects of the catecholamines and related drugs on intraocular pressure.", "content": "This review offers a short summary of present knowledge of the physiology and pharmacology of the sympathetic system with particular reference to its role in the control of intra-ocular pressure. The ocular effects of epinephrine and some related amines are discussed as as new and interesting developments which promise significant increase in the efficiency of drugs in the treatment of glaucoma.", "contents": "The effects of the catecholamines and related drugs on intraocular pressure. This review offers a short summary of present knowledge of the physiology and pharmacology of the sympathetic system with particular reference to its role in the control of intra-ocular pressure. The ocular effects of epinephrine and some related amines are discussed as as new and interesting developments which promise significant increase in the efficiency of drugs in the treatment of glaucoma.", "PMID": 1125841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9217", "title": "The management of magnetic intraocular foreign bodies.", "content": "The management of 34 intracocular foreign bodies is reviewed. When possible the removal of the foreign body was carried out in the quadrant closet to where the foreign body was located and through a site 4-5 mm from the limbus. A circumferential incision was made after tenting had been demonstrated while the magnet was applied to the sclera. Sweet localization and B-scan ultrasound were helfpul in patients with opague media. In particular, ultrasound was used to confirm the magenetic qualities of the foreign body when it could not be visualized ophthalmoscopically. Visual results were surprisingly gratifying, even when the foreign body had damaged the cornea and lens as evidenced by the fact that 26 patients (77%) utimately achieved a vision of 20/50 or better.", "contents": "The management of magnetic intraocular foreign bodies. The management of 34 intracocular foreign bodies is reviewed. When possible the removal of the foreign body was carried out in the quadrant closet to where the foreign body was located and through a site 4-5 mm from the limbus. A circumferential incision was made after tenting had been demonstrated while the magnet was applied to the sclera. Sweet localization and B-scan ultrasound were helfpul in patients with opague media. In particular, ultrasound was used to confirm the magenetic qualities of the foreign body when it could not be visualized ophthalmoscopically. Visual results were surprisingly gratifying, even when the foreign body had damaged the cornea and lens as evidenced by the fact that 26 patients (77%) utimately achieved a vision of 20/50 or better.", "PMID": 1125842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9218", "title": "Retinal changes in sarcoidosis.", "content": "In this series, ten patients with systemic sarcoidosis presented with retinal changes as the initial manifestation of the disease. The diagnosis was suspected on the basis of the retinal findings, and subsequently substantiated by medical evaluation. Anterior uveitis, the best-known finding in ocular sarcoidosis, was overshadowed by the retinal changes. The retinal findings in this condition are characteristic and should alert the ophthalmologist to evaluate the patient for systemic sarcoidosis.", "contents": "Retinal changes in sarcoidosis. In this series, ten patients with systemic sarcoidosis presented with retinal changes as the initial manifestation of the disease. The diagnosis was suspected on the basis of the retinal findings, and subsequently substantiated by medical evaluation. Anterior uveitis, the best-known finding in ocular sarcoidosis, was overshadowed by the retinal changes. The retinal findings in this condition are characteristic and should alert the ophthalmologist to evaluate the patient for systemic sarcoidosis.", "PMID": 1125843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9219", "title": "Iridoplegia and aqueous flare due to acute herpetic keratouveitis.", "content": "Functional disturbances due to herpetic keratouveitis in rabbits were investigated. Measurements of pupillary reactivity and exudative processes in the anterior chamber with marked elevations of aquenous proteins and enzymes (LDH and GOT) were used to determine virus-induced pharmacodynamic changes by application of several autonomic and antiviral agents. Characteristic features included the earlier occurrence of hyperreactivity to Mecholyl and epinephrine and the later development of iridoplegia unreponsive to cocaine or atropine. An increase of aqueous proteins causing aqueous flare was suppressed by application of PPP. These patterns were compared with those of acute ocular responses to various types of injuries caused by fromalin, bacterial endotoxins and immunological sensitization with bovine albumin. This experimental herpetic keratouveitis in rabbits appeared similar to Wellings' ocular syndrome,which is suspected to be of herpetic etiology.", "contents": "Iridoplegia and aqueous flare due to acute herpetic keratouveitis. Functional disturbances due to herpetic keratouveitis in rabbits were investigated. Measurements of pupillary reactivity and exudative processes in the anterior chamber with marked elevations of aquenous proteins and enzymes (LDH and GOT) were used to determine virus-induced pharmacodynamic changes by application of several autonomic and antiviral agents. Characteristic features included the earlier occurrence of hyperreactivity to Mecholyl and epinephrine and the later development of iridoplegia unreponsive to cocaine or atropine. An increase of aqueous proteins causing aqueous flare was suppressed by application of PPP. These patterns were compared with those of acute ocular responses to various types of injuries caused by fromalin, bacterial endotoxins and immunological sensitization with bovine albumin. This experimental herpetic keratouveitis in rabbits appeared similar to Wellings' ocular syndrome,which is suspected to be of herpetic etiology.", "PMID": 1125844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9220", "title": "Errors in the diagnosis of choroidal malignant melanoma.", "content": "A 10 year review of enucleations at the University of Ottawa affiliated hospitals revealed that of 29 eyes with a visible fundus lesion diagnosed as choroidal malignant melanoma only one was incorrectly diagnosed.", "contents": "Errors in the diagnosis of choroidal malignant melanoma. A 10 year review of enucleations at the University of Ottawa affiliated hospitals revealed that of 29 eyes with a visible fundus lesion diagnosed as choroidal malignant melanoma only one was incorrectly diagnosed.", "PMID": 1125845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9221", "title": "Induced corneal astigmatism with hydrophilic contact lenses.", "content": "Changes in keratometer readings were measured in 87 patients, wearing hydrophilic contact lenses for three to more than eighteen months. Twenty-four eyes in the group had an increase of +0.75 or more in the keratometer readings, which invariably involved the vertical reading and was often associated with a distortion of the mire reflex. The change was high as +2.75 diopters. If greater than +1.00 diopter, it was associated with decreased visual acuity with forward correction and with the hydrophilic contact lenses. All but one of the patients who showedchanges of greater than +0.75 diopters over their baseline keratometer readings, were wearing their lenses on an average of 14-16 hours a day. The keratometer readings reverted to the baseline levels with a loss of the distrotion, if the patient reduced the wearing time to less than 12 hours daily. We believe that a maximum average daily wearing time of 12 hours is the safety limit required to minimize the development of induced corneal astigmatism.", "contents": "Induced corneal astigmatism with hydrophilic contact lenses. Changes in keratometer readings were measured in 87 patients, wearing hydrophilic contact lenses for three to more than eighteen months. Twenty-four eyes in the group had an increase of +0.75 or more in the keratometer readings, which invariably involved the vertical reading and was often associated with a distortion of the mire reflex. The change was high as +2.75 diopters. If greater than +1.00 diopter, it was associated with decreased visual acuity with forward correction and with the hydrophilic contact lenses. All but one of the patients who showedchanges of greater than +0.75 diopters over their baseline keratometer readings, were wearing their lenses on an average of 14-16 hours a day. The keratometer readings reverted to the baseline levels with a loss of the distrotion, if the patient reduced the wearing time to less than 12 hours daily. We believe that a maximum average daily wearing time of 12 hours is the safety limit required to minimize the development of induced corneal astigmatism.", "PMID": 1125846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9222", "title": "Clinical trail of intravitreal C F in retinal detachment surgery.", "content": "A mixture of 40% octafluorocyclobutane (C4F8) and 60% air was used clinically in eight patients with long-standing retinal detachment. In seven cases the retina reattached after intravitreal injection of C4F8 and intrascleral diathermization of the retinal tear. The one failure was due to massive vitreous retraction and preretinal proliferation prior to the surgery. Except for a slight postoperative iritis when 4 cc of gas lasted for  12 to 30 days after intravitreal injection. On the basis of this and our previous studies, we recommend the use of C4F8 in retinal detachment surgery.", "contents": "Clinical trail of intravitreal C F in retinal detachment surgery. A mixture of 40% octafluorocyclobutane (C4F8) and 60% air was used clinically in eight patients with long-standing retinal detachment. In seven cases the retina reattached after intravitreal injection of C4F8 and intrascleral diathermization of the retinal tear. The one failure was due to massive vitreous retraction and preretinal proliferation prior to the surgery. Except for a slight postoperative iritis when 4 cc of gas lasted for  12 to 30 days after intravitreal injection. On the basis of this and our previous studies, we recommend the use of C4F8 in retinal detachment surgery.", "PMID": 1125848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9223", "title": "The clinical significance of a single unilateral temporal pterygium.", "content": "A rare case of a single temporal pterygium is reported. The etiology of pterygium and its predilection for the nasal side is discussed. A hypothesis is presented to explain why a pterygium never extends beyond the center of the cornea. Whenever a single temporal pterygium is noted it should be excised to determine the true nature of the lesion.", "contents": "The clinical significance of a single unilateral temporal pterygium. A rare case of a single temporal pterygium is reported. The etiology of pterygium and its predilection for the nasal side is discussed. A hypothesis is presented to explain why a pterygium never extends beyond the center of the cornea. Whenever a single temporal pterygium is noted it should be excised to determine the true nature of the lesion.", "PMID": 1125849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9224", "title": "Fine structure and mechanics of the anterior border of the primate iris: a scanning and transmission electron microscope study.", "content": "The morphology of the anterior border of the primate iris has been examined by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The results confirm that the anterior iris is composed of heavily pigmented melanocytes, fibroblasts, and a loosely arranged network of collagen fibres. The melanocytes are slender, elongate structures, which show some branching in the peripheral iris. They run parallel to the surface and are filled with spindle-shaped pigment granules which are oriented in the long axis of the cell. In the miotic state, the peripheral iris melanocytes form a dense, interlacing network. As the pupillary margin is approached, the angles between intersecting melanocytes diminish; the melanocytes appear to be parallel and in close contact with one another.During mydriasis, the peripheral iris melanocytes are compressed and pupillary components are found to intersect at angles greater than 90%. The superficial fibroblasts are flattened cells, closely applied to the underlying melanocyte processes and in the mydriatic iris form a resonably continous monolayer over the anterior iris surface. Iris pores are present, exposing the underlying melanocytes and stromal collagen. During miosis, the surface fibroblasts become attenuated and the pores increase in size and number. This paper demonstrates the value of the scanning electron microscope in presenting an accurate three dimensional model of the iris.", "contents": "Fine structure and mechanics of the anterior border of the primate iris: a scanning and transmission electron microscope study. The morphology of the anterior border of the primate iris has been examined by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The results confirm that the anterior iris is composed of heavily pigmented melanocytes, fibroblasts, and a loosely arranged network of collagen fibres. The melanocytes are slender, elongate structures, which show some branching in the peripheral iris. They run parallel to the surface and are filled with spindle-shaped pigment granules which are oriented in the long axis of the cell. In the miotic state, the peripheral iris melanocytes form a dense, interlacing network. As the pupillary margin is approached, the angles between intersecting melanocytes diminish; the melanocytes appear to be parallel and in close contact with one another.During mydriasis, the peripheral iris melanocytes are compressed and pupillary components are found to intersect at angles greater than 90%. The superficial fibroblasts are flattened cells, closely applied to the underlying melanocyte processes and in the mydriatic iris form a resonably continous monolayer over the anterior iris surface. Iris pores are present, exposing the underlying melanocytes and stromal collagen. During miosis, the surface fibroblasts become attenuated and the pores increase in size and number. This paper demonstrates the value of the scanning electron microscope in presenting an accurate three dimensional model of the iris.", "PMID": 1125850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9225", "title": "Provoked iris ischaemia in the rabbit: A fluorescien angiographic study.", "content": "We studied experimental anterior segment ischaemia in rabbits by fluorescein angiography of the iris. Nine rabbits were subjected to diathermy occlusion of one or both long posterior ciliary arteries or to disinsertion and reattachment of up to 4 rectus muscles. Occlusion of one LPCA or up to 3 recti had only a minor ischaemic effect on the iris vessels. Occlusion of both LPCAs produced necrosis of the anterior segment or ischaemia of the iris detectable by angiography. Disinsertion of 4 recti produced small patches of transient ischaemia in those areas of the iris most distal from the LPCAs. When further surgery is planned after retinal detachment cyclodiathermy or strabismus operations, fluorescein angiography is a  useful indicator of the vascular status of the iris and hence of the possibility of necrosis of the anterior segment.", "contents": "Provoked iris ischaemia in the rabbit: A fluorescien angiographic study. We studied experimental anterior segment ischaemia in rabbits by fluorescein angiography of the iris. Nine rabbits were subjected to diathermy occlusion of one or both long posterior ciliary arteries or to disinsertion and reattachment of up to 4 rectus muscles. Occlusion of one LPCA or up to 3 recti had only a minor ischaemic effect on the iris vessels. Occlusion of both LPCAs produced necrosis of the anterior segment or ischaemia of the iris detectable by angiography. Disinsertion of 4 recti produced small patches of transient ischaemia in those areas of the iris most distal from the LPCAs. When further surgery is planned after retinal detachment cyclodiathermy or strabismus operations, fluorescein angiography is a  useful indicator of the vascular status of the iris and hence of the possibility of necrosis of the anterior segment.", "PMID": 1125851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9226", "title": "Therapy of experimental herpetic keratitis with IDU and fluorescent light: A negative study.", "content": "In vitro studies by workers in basic fields of biology have shown that halogenated DNA-base analogs are capable of sensitizing the DNA of various infectious agents in such a way that exposure to fluorescent light results in lethal damage to the DNA. In the present studies we treated experimental herpetic keratitis in rabbits with fluorescent light after using topical iododeoxyuridine (IDU) as a photosensitizing agent. So far as it clinical course was concerned, there was no significant difference between the disease treated with both IDU and light, and the disease treated with IDU alone. This was true in both the standard experimental disease and in the disease made more severe by prelimiary subconjunctival injection of corticosteroid.", "contents": "Therapy of experimental herpetic keratitis with IDU and fluorescent light: A negative study. In vitro studies by workers in basic fields of biology have shown that halogenated DNA-base analogs are capable of sensitizing the DNA of various infectious agents in such a way that exposure to fluorescent light results in lethal damage to the DNA. In the present studies we treated experimental herpetic keratitis in rabbits with fluorescent light after using topical iododeoxyuridine (IDU) as a photosensitizing agent. So far as it clinical course was concerned, there was no significant difference between the disease treated with both IDU and light, and the disease treated with IDU alone. This was true in both the standard experimental disease and in the disease made more severe by prelimiary subconjunctival injection of corticosteroid.", "PMID": 1125852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9227", "title": "A disposable vitrectomy instrument: the vitrophage.", "content": "We describe a new, light weight, disposable vitrectomy instrument (vitrophage), which utilizes an oscillating principle for cutting. It is convenient and effective.", "contents": "A disposable vitrectomy instrument: the vitrophage. We describe a new, light weight, disposable vitrectomy instrument (vitrophage), which utilizes an oscillating principle for cutting. It is convenient and effective.", "PMID": 1125853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9228", "title": "Photographic assessment of the optic disc.", "content": "Increasing the sensitivity of methods of examining the visual field may merely increase subjective errors already inherent in this test. The optic disc can be examined quite objectively and subtle changes are best assessed by photography. A method, evolved through trial and error, is outlined for obtaining high quality colour transparencies and Polaroid Land Prints of the optic disc for follow up. Routine disc photography should be an important part of a glaucoma record.", "contents": "Photographic assessment of the optic disc. Increasing the sensitivity of methods of examining the visual field may merely increase subjective errors already inherent in this test. The optic disc can be examined quite objectively and subtle changes are best assessed by photography. A method, evolved through trial and error, is outlined for obtaining high quality colour transparencies and Polaroid Land Prints of the optic disc for follow up. Routine disc photography should be an important part of a glaucoma record.", "PMID": 1125854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9229", "title": "Production of methionine-excreting mutants of Streptomyces fradiae.", "content": "Methionine-excreting mutant strains of Streptomyces fradiae ATCC 10745, producedby exposure to N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, were selected on the basisof ethionine-resistance and ability to support the growth of an auxotroph which requiredmethionine or methionine precursors. When acid hydrolysates of dehydrated liquid cultures were analyzed for amino acid content, one of the mutants had produced 268% more methionine that the parental strain. To obtain an accurate analysis of methionine content, it was necessary to determine the amount of diaminopimelic acid which had been synthesized. This compound appeared in eluates during column chromatography at about the same time as methionine, and its presence increased apparent methionine concentrations by 25 to40%.", "contents": "Production of methionine-excreting mutants of Streptomyces fradiae. Methionine-excreting mutant strains of Streptomyces fradiae ATCC 10745, producedby exposure to N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, were selected on the basisof ethionine-resistance and ability to support the growth of an auxotroph which requiredmethionine or methionine precursors. When acid hydrolysates of dehydrated liquid cultures were analyzed for amino acid content, one of the mutants had produced 268% more methionine that the parental strain. To obtain an accurate analysis of methionine content, it was necessary to determine the amount of diaminopimelic acid which had been synthesized. This compound appeared in eluates during column chromatography at about the same time as methionine, and its presence increased apparent methionine concentrations by 25 to40%.", "PMID": 1125855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9230", "title": "Basis for the susceptibility of several algae to microbial decomposition.", "content": "Partially purified cellulase and a cellulase-containing polygalacturonase but notlysozyme extensively degraded the walls of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Ulothrix fimbrata and converted intact cells of the algae to spheroplasts. A streptomycete cellulase cochromatographed with the enzyme system releasing glucose from walls of these organisms, and this preparation also converted the algal cells to spheroplasts. The dominant constituent in the walls was carbohydrate, and glucose and small quantities of galacturonic acid but no amino sugars were present in acid hydrolysates of the walls. Glucose accounted for essentially all of the material solobilized by the cellulase preparation. Lysozyme acted on Cylindrospermum sp. walls, and it, but not the otherenzymes, converted some of the Cylindrospermum sp. cells to spheroplasts. Streptomycete enzymes lysing Micrococcus lysodeikticus cochromatographed with the proteins releasing reducing sugars from Cylindrospermum sp. walls, and components in the active fraction converted cells of this alga into spheroplasts. X-ray diffraction revealed that the walls of C. reinhardtii and U. fimbrata but not those of Cylindrospermum sp. contained cellulose. The data suggest that the susceptibility of the first twospecies to microbial degradation in natural ecosystems results from an attack on the cellulose in their walls, and the susceptibility of the third is linked with the microbial production of a lysozyme.", "contents": "Basis for the susceptibility of several algae to microbial decomposition. Partially purified cellulase and a cellulase-containing polygalacturonase but notlysozyme extensively degraded the walls of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Ulothrix fimbrata and converted intact cells of the algae to spheroplasts. A streptomycete cellulase cochromatographed with the enzyme system releasing glucose from walls of these organisms, and this preparation also converted the algal cells to spheroplasts. The dominant constituent in the walls was carbohydrate, and glucose and small quantities of galacturonic acid but no amino sugars were present in acid hydrolysates of the walls. Glucose accounted for essentially all of the material solobilized by the cellulase preparation. Lysozyme acted on Cylindrospermum sp. walls, and it, but not the otherenzymes, converted some of the Cylindrospermum sp. cells to spheroplasts. Streptomycete enzymes lysing Micrococcus lysodeikticus cochromatographed with the proteins releasing reducing sugars from Cylindrospermum sp. walls, and components in the active fraction converted cells of this alga into spheroplasts. X-ray diffraction revealed that the walls of C. reinhardtii and U. fimbrata but not those of Cylindrospermum sp. contained cellulose. The data suggest that the susceptibility of the first twospecies to microbial degradation in natural ecosystems results from an attack on the cellulose in their walls, and the susceptibility of the third is linked with the microbial production of a lysozyme.", "PMID": 1125856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9231", "title": "Evidence for the existence of endotoxic activity in three strains of Moraxella.", "content": "The phenol extraction technique was used to obtain material with endotoxic activityfrom three strains of Moraxella. This material was subjected to partial purification. Biological activity was determined by inoculation of the extracts into the skinof rabbits, and noting the resultant skin reactions. Although containing some cellular contaminants such as nucleic acid from the extraction procedure, the endotin preparations showed biological activity in the microgram range. Killed but unextracted cellsalso elicited skil reactions when injected intradermally into the rabbit. A partial analysis of the biochemical components of the endotoxin revealed that these three strains contain endotoxin whose composition is similar in several respects to that of the endotoxins of the neisseriae and  some of the enteric bacteria.", "contents": "Evidence for the existence of endotoxic activity in three strains of Moraxella. The phenol extraction technique was used to obtain material with endotoxic activityfrom three strains of Moraxella. This material was subjected to partial purification. Biological activity was determined by inoculation of the extracts into the skinof rabbits, and noting the resultant skin reactions. Although containing some cellular contaminants such as nucleic acid from the extraction procedure, the endotin preparations showed biological activity in the microgram range. Killed but unextracted cellsalso elicited skil reactions when injected intradermally into the rabbit. A partial analysis of the biochemical components of the endotoxin revealed that these three strains contain endotoxin whose composition is similar in several respects to that of the endotoxins of the neisseriae and  some of the enteric bacteria.", "PMID": 1125857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9232", "title": "Deep-sea bacteria: growth and utilization of n-hexadecane at in situ temperature and pressure.", "content": "A mixed culture of bacteria was obtained from the sediment-water inferface of a core sample taken off the coast of Florida at a depth of 4940m. The mixed culture wasfound capable of utilizing n-hexadecane as a sole carbon source for growth at the insitu temperature (4C) and pressure (500atm). The rate of utilization under deep-ocean conditions was found to be much slower than the rate observed at ambient pressure(1 atm) and low temperature (4C).", "contents": "Deep-sea bacteria: growth and utilization of n-hexadecane at in situ temperature and pressure. A mixed culture of bacteria was obtained from the sediment-water inferface of a core sample taken off the coast of Florida at a depth of 4940m. The mixed culture wasfound capable of utilizing n-hexadecane as a sole carbon source for growth at the insitu temperature (4C) and pressure (500atm). The rate of utilization under deep-ocean conditions was found to be much slower than the rate observed at ambient pressure(1 atm) and low temperature (4C).", "PMID": 1125858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9233", "title": "Differentiation of Arthrobacter soil isolates and named strains from other bacteria by reations on dye-containing media.", "content": "Twenty-five gram-negative and 62 gram-positive bacterial cultures, of which 37 werearthrobacters, were tested, using a multipoint inoculation device, for responses on varying concentrations of 35 dyes. Both selective (growth vs. no growth) and differential (dye absorption) responses were obtained. It was possible to differentiate the arthrobacters from the other gram-positive bacteria tested as well as to distinguish separately each Arthrobacter-named strain. The results indicated that dyes have a greater potential for use in selective and differential media than has been presently realized; and the possibility of using dye-reactions as features in taxonomic schemes to differentiate rapidly many of the common genera of soil bacteria is discussed.", "contents": "Differentiation of Arthrobacter soil isolates and named strains from other bacteria by reations on dye-containing media. Twenty-five gram-negative and 62 gram-positive bacterial cultures, of which 37 werearthrobacters, were tested, using a multipoint inoculation device, for responses on varying concentrations of 35 dyes. Both selective (growth vs. no growth) and differential (dye absorption) responses were obtained. It was possible to differentiate the arthrobacters from the other gram-positive bacteria tested as well as to distinguish separately each Arthrobacter-named strain. The results indicated that dyes have a greater potential for use in selective and differential media than has been presently realized; and the possibility of using dye-reactions as features in taxonomic schemes to differentiate rapidly many of the common genera of soil bacteria is discussed.", "PMID": 1125859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9234", "title": "[Rubella virus. I. Morphology and structural proteins].", "content": "Degradation of purified rubella virus by heat treatment (37, 45, or 56 degrees C) revealed the following structures. The viral envelope, a modified cellular membrane, bears spherical subunits, 5-6 nm in diameter, hexamers, or pentamers. Two glycoproteins, VP-2 (50 000 daltons) and VP-3 (63 000 daltons), are associated with the envelope. The nucleocapsid if formed by the condensation of the viral ribonucleic acid on acentral structure 10 nm in diameter. Only one protein, VP-1 (35 000 daltons) is present in the nucleocapsid. Similarity between rubella virus and Togaviruses is discussed.", "contents": "[Rubella virus. I. Morphology and structural proteins]. Degradation of purified rubella virus by heat treatment (37, 45, or 56 degrees C) revealed the following structures. The viral envelope, a modified cellular membrane, bears spherical subunits, 5-6 nm in diameter, hexamers, or pentamers. Two glycoproteins, VP-2 (50 000 daltons) and VP-3 (63 000 daltons), are associated with the envelope. The nucleocapsid if formed by the condensation of the viral ribonucleic acid on acentral structure 10 nm in diameter. Only one protein, VP-1 (35 000 daltons) is present in the nucleocapsid. Similarity between rubella virus and Togaviruses is discussed.", "PMID": 1125860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9235", "title": "Amino acid requirements of staphylococci isolated from human skin.", "content": "Amino acid requirements and auxotrophic reversion properties were determined for 823 Staphylococcus strains isolated from natural populations on human skin. Ten species of Staphylococcus exhibited distinct amino acid requirement patterns. Proline, arginine, and valine were the most frequently required amino acids for the genus Staphylococcus.", "contents": "Amino acid requirements of staphylococci isolated from human skin. Amino acid requirements and auxotrophic reversion properties were determined for 823 Staphylococcus strains isolated from natural populations on human skin. Ten species of Staphylococcus exhibited distinct amino acid requirement patterns. Proline, arginine, and valine were the most frequently required amino acids for the genus Staphylococcus.", "PMID": 1125861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9236", "title": "Villous adenoma of the cecum.", "content": "Villous adenoma of the cecum developed in a 49-year-old man; the diagnosis was confirmed at operation. The pathologic and radiologic features of villous tumour in this location differ from those of tumours situated in the sigmoid colon and rectum. Signs and symptoms are vague; bleeding per rectum may not occur. Right hemicolectomy is recommended because of the high malignant potential of this tumour.", "contents": "Villous adenoma of the cecum. Villous adenoma of the cecum developed in a 49-year-old man; the diagnosis was confirmed at operation. The pathologic and radiologic features of villous tumour in this location differ from those of tumours situated in the sigmoid colon and rectum. Signs and symptoms are vague; bleeding per rectum may not occur. Right hemicolectomy is recommended because of the high malignant potential of this tumour.", "PMID": 1125862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9237", "title": "Impedance phlebography: accuracy of diagnosis in deep vein thrombosis.", "content": "In an evaluation of the diagnostic accuracy of impedance phlebography for the diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis, 51 limbs in 32 patients were examined simultaneously by impedance phlebography and by venography. The impendance diagnosis and accurate in 47 limbs, erroneous in 2 and inconclusive in 2; the overall accuracy was 92%. Simultaneous clinical diagnosis yielded an accuracy of 53%. The method requires full cooperation by the patient and meticulous attention to the details of the test by the physician or technician performing the examination.", "contents": "Impedance phlebography: accuracy of diagnosis in deep vein thrombosis. In an evaluation of the diagnostic accuracy of impedance phlebography for the diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis, 51 limbs in 32 patients were examined simultaneously by impedance phlebography and by venography. The impendance diagnosis and accurate in 47 limbs, erroneous in 2 and inconclusive in 2; the overall accuracy was 92%. Simultaneous clinical diagnosis yielded an accuracy of 53%. The method requires full cooperation by the patient and meticulous attention to the details of the test by the physician or technician performing the examination.", "PMID": 1125863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9238", "title": "Correlation between hemodynamic changes and the presence, size, and site of myocardial infarction.", "content": "Values for eight measured and calculated hemodynamic variables were recorded in 12 dogs before and after experimental anterior myocardial infarction. Changes were noted in stroke work and stroke power only; the changes in stroke work and stroke power were closely correlated with the presence of the infarct, whereas the changes in the other six dynamic variables were unpredictable and uncorrelated. The degree of correlation between the stroke work and power, and the size and site of the infarction, however, suggested that none of the eight variables would be an adequate indicator of all three characteristics of the infarction.", "contents": "Correlation between hemodynamic changes and the presence, size, and site of myocardial infarction. Values for eight measured and calculated hemodynamic variables were recorded in 12 dogs before and after experimental anterior myocardial infarction. Changes were noted in stroke work and stroke power only; the changes in stroke work and stroke power were closely correlated with the presence of the infarct, whereas the changes in the other six dynamic variables were unpredictable and uncorrelated. The degree of correlation between the stroke work and power, and the size and site of the infarction, however, suggested that none of the eight variables would be an adequate indicator of all three characteristics of the infarction.", "PMID": 1125864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9239", "title": "Squamous cell carcinomas of the skin of the pinna.", "content": "Among 52 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the skin of the pinna seen consecutively between 1952 and 1973, a single course of treatment failed to control the disease in 10 (19%). This failure rate is higher than that usually reported for squamous cell carcinomas of the skin in general (2 to 6%), and appears to be in conflict with the belief that squamous cell carcinomas of the skin of the pinna rarely metastasize. It appears that other factors than neglect are responsible for this discrepancy. In this series it was not possible to judge the relative efficacy of one mode of treatment over another.", "contents": "Squamous cell carcinomas of the skin of the pinna. Among 52 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the skin of the pinna seen consecutively between 1952 and 1973, a single course of treatment failed to control the disease in 10 (19%). This failure rate is higher than that usually reported for squamous cell carcinomas of the skin in general (2 to 6%), and appears to be in conflict with the belief that squamous cell carcinomas of the skin of the pinna rarely metastasize. It appears that other factors than neglect are responsible for this discrepancy. In this series it was not possible to judge the relative efficacy of one mode of treatment over another.", "PMID": 1125865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9240", "title": "Serum ferritin, cobalt excretion and body iron status.", "content": "Serum ferritin concentration was measured by immunoradiometric assay in 64 subjects. It was closely related to the size of body iron stores measured by hemosiderin content of bone marrow in all subjects and by the deferoxamine test in 10 patients with iron overload. Urinary cobalt excretion, an indirect measure of iron absorption, was inversely related to hemosiderin content of bone marrow in 34 patients aged 18 to 72 with or without liver disease, but this relation did not hold in a group of 20 student volunteers aged 17 to 30, indicating that the test is unreliable in young people. A strong inverse correlation was demonstrated between values for cobalt excretion and serum ferritin in the 34 patients and between those for iron absorption and serum ferritin in the 20 students. Serum ferritin concentration appears to reflect accurately the iron status of the healthy individual but high values in liver disease must be interpreted with caution.", "contents": "Serum ferritin, cobalt excretion and body iron status. Serum ferritin concentration was measured by immunoradiometric assay in 64 subjects. It was closely related to the size of body iron stores measured by hemosiderin content of bone marrow in all subjects and by the deferoxamine test in 10 patients with iron overload. Urinary cobalt excretion, an indirect measure of iron absorption, was inversely related to hemosiderin content of bone marrow in 34 patients aged 18 to 72 with or without liver disease, but this relation did not hold in a group of 20 student volunteers aged 17 to 30, indicating that the test is unreliable in young people. A strong inverse correlation was demonstrated between values for cobalt excretion and serum ferritin in the 34 patients and between those for iron absorption and serum ferritin in the 20 students. Serum ferritin concentration appears to reflect accurately the iron status of the healthy individual but high values in liver disease must be interpreted with caution.", "PMID": 1125886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9241", "title": "Appendicitis in pregnancy.", "content": "Over a 9-year period at one hospital 25 appendectomies were performed during pregnancy. In 20 cases the appendix was acutely inflamed. All mothers survived. Two women aborted and two went into premature labour. One of the premature infants survived. The fetal loss associated with acute appendicitis was 15%. Early diagnosis and operation is essential.", "contents": "Appendicitis in pregnancy. Over a 9-year period at one hospital 25 appendectomies were performed during pregnancy. In 20 cases the appendix was acutely inflamed. All mothers survived. Two women aborted and two went into premature labour. One of the premature infants survived. The fetal loss associated with acute appendicitis was 15%. Early diagnosis and operation is essential.", "PMID": 1125887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9242", "title": "Dogs and intestinal parasites: a public health problem.", "content": "The stools of 239 stray dogs were examined for intestinal parasites. Of the helminths found, Toxocara canis (43.5%), tapeworms (25.5%), Ascaris species (21.3%) and hookworms (12.5%) were the commonest. Of the protozoans found, Isospora species and Entamoeba coli were the most prevalent. An unusual feature of the present study was the finding of Ascaris species. The importance of the high prevalence of intestinal parasites in dogs, the close contact of humans with dogs' excreta and the possible role of this environmental pollution in the spread of human disease are discussed.", "contents": "Dogs and intestinal parasites: a public health problem. The stools of 239 stray dogs were examined for intestinal parasites. Of the helminths found, Toxocara canis (43.5%), tapeworms (25.5%), Ascaris species (21.3%) and hookworms (12.5%) were the commonest. Of the protozoans found, Isospora species and Entamoeba coli were the most prevalent. An unusual feature of the present study was the finding of Ascaris species. The importance of the high prevalence of intestinal parasites in dogs, the close contact of humans with dogs' excreta and the possible role of this environmental pollution in the spread of human disease are discussed.", "PMID": 1125888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9243", "title": "Mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome in Canada.", "content": "Two Edmonton children recently had a disease seemingly new to North America but a common problem in young children in Japan in the last few years. Named \"mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome\", it is an acute febrile condition with massive focal cervical lymphadenopathy, conjunctivitis and indurative edema of the hands and feet progressing to desquamation. It may have an infectious basis and therefore may become common in Canada.", "contents": "Mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome in Canada. Two Edmonton children recently had a disease seemingly new to North America but a common problem in young children in Japan in the last few years. Named \"mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome\", it is an acute febrile condition with massive focal cervical lymphadenopathy, conjunctivitis and indurative edema of the hands and feet progressing to desquamation. It may have an infectious basis and therefore may become common in Canada.", "PMID": 1125889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9244", "title": "The heterogeneity of Streptococcus viridans: therapeutic considerations in infective endocarditis.", "content": "A 24-year-old woman with Marfan's syndrome and mitral regurgitation had clinical features suggestive of infective endocarditis. The causative organism was Streptococcus viridans. Initial therapy with penicillin G, in a dose that should have been bactericidal and hence curative according to the results of the initial quantitative antimicrobial studies, became inadequate. The strain of S. viridans displayed considerable variation in both growth properties and antimicrobial sensitivity during the course of therapy. In addition, a different strain of S. viridans was cultured 1 month after treatment had begun. It is therefore important to repeat cultures and antimicrobial sensitivity testing during treatment of infective endocarditis.", "contents": "The heterogeneity of Streptococcus viridans: therapeutic considerations in infective endocarditis. A 24-year-old woman with Marfan's syndrome and mitral regurgitation had clinical features suggestive of infective endocarditis. The causative organism was Streptococcus viridans. Initial therapy with penicillin G, in a dose that should have been bactericidal and hence curative according to the results of the initial quantitative antimicrobial studies, became inadequate. The strain of S. viridans displayed considerable variation in both growth properties and antimicrobial sensitivity during the course of therapy. In addition, a different strain of S. viridans was cultured 1 month after treatment had begun. It is therefore important to repeat cultures and antimicrobial sensitivity testing during treatment of infective endocarditis.", "PMID": 1125890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9245", "title": "Effect of treadmill exercise testing on serum enzymes and the resting electrocardiogram.", "content": "Fifty-three adult male patients with chest pain underwent treadmill exercise stress testing according to the Bruce protocol. The resting 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) and serum concentrations of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, lactic dehydrogenase creatine phosphokinase and alpha-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase were evaluated before, and at 1 and 20 hours after exercise. Twenty-eight subjects (53 percent) had a normal test result, 10 (19 percent) had ischemic ST -segment changes and anginal pain, and 15 (28 percent) were considered to have equivocal results because of an abnormal baseline ECG or the concurrent administration of cardioactive medication. In contrast to earlier reports, no significant changes in the serum enzyme values were seen in any of the three groups orin any individual subject, nor were ECG changes detected after recovery from exercise. The diagnostic evaluation of the exercise ECG must depend upon the demonstration of ischemic ST -segment changes and not upon changes in concentrations of serum enzymes.", "contents": "Effect of treadmill exercise testing on serum enzymes and the resting electrocardiogram. Fifty-three adult male patients with chest pain underwent treadmill exercise stress testing according to the Bruce protocol. The resting 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) and serum concentrations of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, lactic dehydrogenase creatine phosphokinase and alpha-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase were evaluated before, and at 1 and 20 hours after exercise. Twenty-eight subjects (53 percent) had a normal test result, 10 (19 percent) had ischemic ST -segment changes and anginal pain, and 15 (28 percent) were considered to have equivocal results because of an abnormal baseline ECG or the concurrent administration of cardioactive medication. In contrast to earlier reports, no significant changes in the serum enzyme values were seen in any of the three groups orin any individual subject, nor were ECG changes detected after recovery from exercise. The diagnostic evaluation of the exercise ECG must depend upon the demonstration of ischemic ST -segment changes and not upon changes in concentrations of serum enzymes.", "PMID": 1125905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9246", "title": "Treatment of persistent knee effusions with intra-articular radioactive gold.", "content": "Patients with a total of 112 chronic knee effusions unresponsive to the usual conservative methods of therapy were treated with intra-articular injections of radioactive gold and followed from 6 months to 5 years. Most patients in the study had rheumatoid arthritis but others had ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, intermittent hydrathrosis and undiagnosed synovitis. After 6 months 81% showed improvement. This figure diminished to approximately 70% at 1 and 2 years, 60% at 3 and 4 years and 50% at 5 years. The mose beneficial results were seen in patients with intermittent hydrarthrosis. Twelve patients with a synovial cyst and/or rupture improved. Patients with thin synovia and anatomic stage I or II disease did best, but those with stage III disease also did well. After the injection 33% of the patients had a reactive synovitis. A variable amount of radioactive material escaped from the knee to the regional lymph nodes and general circulation.", "contents": "Treatment of persistent knee effusions with intra-articular radioactive gold. Patients with a total of 112 chronic knee effusions unresponsive to the usual conservative methods of therapy were treated with intra-articular injections of radioactive gold and followed from 6 months to 5 years. Most patients in the study had rheumatoid arthritis but others had ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, intermittent hydrathrosis and undiagnosed synovitis. After 6 months 81% showed improvement. This figure diminished to approximately 70% at 1 and 2 years, 60% at 3 and 4 years and 50% at 5 years. The mose beneficial results were seen in patients with intermittent hydrarthrosis. Twelve patients with a synovial cyst and/or rupture improved. Patients with thin synovia and anatomic stage I or II disease did best, but those with stage III disease also did well. After the injection 33% of the patients had a reactive synovitis. A variable amount of radioactive material escaped from the knee to the regional lymph nodes and general circulation.", "PMID": 1125918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9247", "title": "Cost of primary health care services in the emergency department and the family physician's office.", "content": "An attempt has been made to determine the true cost of providing primary health care for nontraumatic conditions in the emergency departments of two hospitals in Ontario and in the offices of family physicians. A total of 1117 patients presenting with 1 of 10 common symptom/sign complexes at the emergency departments or the offices of 15 participating family physicians were studies with regard to number of visits made, type of assessment by the physician, investigations undertaken, management, therapy and outcome of the illness. Costs were calculated from the charges that would be made against the provincial health services insurance plan and from the system of hospital financing in effect in the province. The average true cost per illness episode of this type of care was $14.63 in hospital A, $14.20 in hospital B and $15.90 in the family physician's office.", "contents": "Cost of primary health care services in the emergency department and the family physician's office. An attempt has been made to determine the true cost of providing primary health care for nontraumatic conditions in the emergency departments of two hospitals in Ontario and in the offices of family physicians. A total of 1117 patients presenting with 1 of 10 common symptom/sign complexes at the emergency departments or the offices of 15 participating family physicians were studies with regard to number of visits made, type of assessment by the physician, investigations undertaken, management, therapy and outcome of the illness. Costs were calculated from the charges that would be made against the provincial health services insurance plan and from the system of hospital financing in effect in the province. The average true cost per illness episode of this type of care was $14.63 in hospital A, $14.20 in hospital B and $15.90 in the family physician's office.", "PMID": 1125919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9248", "title": "An unusual case of recurrent left atrial myxoma.", "content": "In a patient who had a calcified left atrial myxoma resected, recurrence developed 31 months later. Although complete radical resection of the recurrent tumour presented a special problem, the patient survived the second operation. The tumour recurred again and the patient had two episodes of cerebral embolism 1 1/2 and 2 years later, respectively, and died 3 1/2 years after the second operation. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate correlated with the size of the tumor, and the recurrent tumour seemed to grow more rapidly than the primary tumour. Experience with this case and a review of the nine reported cases of recurrent left atrial myxoma suggest that a radical approach is necessary at the primary operation.", "contents": "An unusual case of recurrent left atrial myxoma. In a patient who had a calcified left atrial myxoma resected, recurrence developed 31 months later. Although complete radical resection of the recurrent tumour presented a special problem, the patient survived the second operation. The tumour recurred again and the patient had two episodes of cerebral embolism 1 1/2 and 2 years later, respectively, and died 3 1/2 years after the second operation. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate correlated with the size of the tumor, and the recurrent tumour seemed to grow more rapidly than the primary tumour. Experience with this case and a review of the nine reported cases of recurrent left atrial myxoma suggest that a radical approach is necessary at the primary operation.", "PMID": 1125920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9249", "title": "Fetal monitoring during maternal cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass.", "content": "Fetal cardiac activity was monitored with an external ultrasound transducer in two patients with clinical class III heart disease due to severe mitral stenosis complicated by pulmonary hypertension, undergoing open heart surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass in the 2nd trimester of pregnancy. Fetal distress was detected in one patient, who had mitral valvuloplasty, and was corrected by increasing the rate of blood flow, and the other patient had a mitral valve replacement but no fetal distress was noted. The postoperative course of both mothers and fetuses was uneventful.", "contents": "Fetal monitoring during maternal cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. Fetal cardiac activity was monitored with an external ultrasound transducer in two patients with clinical class III heart disease due to severe mitral stenosis complicated by pulmonary hypertension, undergoing open heart surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass in the 2nd trimester of pregnancy. Fetal distress was detected in one patient, who had mitral valvuloplasty, and was corrected by increasing the rate of blood flow, and the other patient had a mitral valve replacement but no fetal distress was noted. The postoperative course of both mothers and fetuses was uneventful.", "PMID": 1125921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9250", "title": "Language behaviour and child psychotherapy.", "content": "The dichotomy between non-verbal or play therapy for the younger and verbal psychotherapy for the older child is questionable in view of the fact that lexical representation begins in the second year of life. It is equally doubtful whether, in the absence of certain communications expressed in verbal symbols, any type of interaction between therapist and child may be called psychotherapy. Language, in varying forms of syntactical and semantic complexity, constitutes the matrix which connects and makes coherent all interactive processes in psychotherapy. This paper attempts to relate some notions of language development to current concepts of child psychotherapy. Linguistic growth is characterized by a fixed gross developmental schedule as well as a specific and universal sequence of acquisition. For the preschooler, still lacking a flexible grammer and syntax to express intricate relationships of perceived events, the value of \"interpretations\" is doubted; simple statements concerning expression of affect are seen as a rudimentary psychotherapeutic intervention. For the latency child the play situation, with its familiar concrete activity, fuels the child's linguistic competence. Not the play itself but the resulting language becomes the major element of psychotherapy. In late childhood distancing devices and role playing may correct the sociolinguistic asymmetry (adult-child) which inhibits verbal behaviour.", "contents": "Language behaviour and child psychotherapy. The dichotomy between non-verbal or play therapy for the younger and verbal psychotherapy for the older child is questionable in view of the fact that lexical representation begins in the second year of life. It is equally doubtful whether, in the absence of certain communications expressed in verbal symbols, any type of interaction between therapist and child may be called psychotherapy. Language, in varying forms of syntactical and semantic complexity, constitutes the matrix which connects and makes coherent all interactive processes in psychotherapy. This paper attempts to relate some notions of language development to current concepts of child psychotherapy. Linguistic growth is characterized by a fixed gross developmental schedule as well as a specific and universal sequence of acquisition. For the preschooler, still lacking a flexible grammer and syntax to express intricate relationships of perceived events, the value of \"interpretations\" is doubted; simple statements concerning expression of affect are seen as a rudimentary psychotherapeutic intervention. For the latency child the play situation, with its familiar concrete activity, fuels the child's linguistic competence. Not the play itself but the resulting language becomes the major element of psychotherapy. In late childhood distancing devices and role playing may correct the sociolinguistic asymmetry (adult-child) which inhibits verbal behaviour.", "PMID": 1125929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9251", "title": "Hyperkinesis and maternal smoking.", "content": "Mothers of methylphenidate-sensitive hyperkinetic children reported smoking two to three times as many cigarettes as the mothers of dyslexic and normal controls; the reported cigarette consumptions of the fathers showed no significant differences. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that smoking during pregnancy is an important cause of the hyperkinetic syndrome.", "contents": "Hyperkinesis and maternal smoking. Mothers of methylphenidate-sensitive hyperkinetic children reported smoking two to three times as many cigarettes as the mothers of dyslexic and normal controls; the reported cigarette consumptions of the fathers showed no significant differences. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that smoking during pregnancy is an important cause of the hyperkinetic syndrome.", "PMID": 1125930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9252", "title": "Mental health problems associated with the only child.", "content": "This study was undertaken to provide an evaluation of the mental health problems associated with the only child and a basis for further studies of singletons. Data were obtained from the recores of the Mental Health Clinic, London Psychiatric Hospital, of 115 only children and 115 non-only children between 5 and 15 years of age. The results showed that the only child did not differ significantly from his non-only peer in intelligence, school progress, referral reasons and the majority of mental health disturbances, but a significant difference was found in his increased submissiveness, greater number of repeat visits to clinic, and in the overprotective attitude of his parents. Aggressive behaviour was more frequently observed in the control group, which also had a significantly higher proportion of rejecting mothers. Suggestions for further research in this area are made.", "contents": "Mental health problems associated with the only child. This study was undertaken to provide an evaluation of the mental health problems associated with the only child and a basis for further studies of singletons. Data were obtained from the recores of the Mental Health Clinic, London Psychiatric Hospital, of 115 only children and 115 non-only children between 5 and 15 years of age. The results showed that the only child did not differ significantly from his non-only peer in intelligence, school progress, referral reasons and the majority of mental health disturbances, but a significant difference was found in his increased submissiveness, greater number of repeat visits to clinic, and in the overprotective attitude of his parents. Aggressive behaviour was more frequently observed in the control group, which also had a significantly higher proportion of rejecting mothers. Suggestions for further research in this area are made.", "PMID": 1125931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9253", "title": "A case of manic-depressive illness in childhood.", "content": "A case of manic-depressive illness in a boy of 14 is presented and discussed. The illness began at the age of 12, before the onset of puberty, and conformed with most of the criteria set out by Anthony and Scott for the diagnosis of manic depressive illness in childhood. Some of the literature on bi-polar affective illness in childhood is reviewed and the case is discussed.", "contents": "A case of manic-depressive illness in childhood. A case of manic-depressive illness in a boy of 14 is presented and discussed. The illness began at the age of 12, before the onset of puberty, and conformed with most of the criteria set out by Anthony and Scott for the diagnosis of manic depressive illness in childhood. Some of the literature on bi-polar affective illness in childhood is reviewed and the case is discussed.", "PMID": 1125932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9254", "title": "[Evaluation of care in child psychiatry. Results of an exploratory study].", "content": "The growing awareness of the importance of evaluating patient care has inspired a psychiatric team at Sainte-Justine Hospital to contact some cases closed during 1971. The population was divided into three groups: the Treated group; Drop-Out \"B\" (after 1 or 2 sessions); Drop-Out \"A\" (after a single phone call). A different type of questionnaire was sent to the members of each of these groups. Analysis of the results shows, among other things, that there is a 36 percent drop-out rate (\"A\" and \"B\"); that the patients' understanding of the treatment process appears to be of great importance in the treated group; and there is a positive correlation between this and patient improvement. The diagnosis does not appear to be a significant variable in either the Treated Group or the Drop-Out \"B\" Group. It appears that dropping out is related to the way the cases were handled, particularly in the Drop-Out \"A\" Group. The results of this study underline the importance of listening to the recipients of our serveces and being easily available to them. It is only after their needs are fully understood that the necessary and pertinent changes can be introduced.", "contents": "[Evaluation of care in child psychiatry. Results of an exploratory study]. The growing awareness of the importance of evaluating patient care has inspired a psychiatric team at Sainte-Justine Hospital to contact some cases closed during 1971. The population was divided into three groups: the Treated group; Drop-Out \"B\" (after 1 or 2 sessions); Drop-Out \"A\" (after a single phone call). A different type of questionnaire was sent to the members of each of these groups. Analysis of the results shows, among other things, that there is a 36 percent drop-out rate (\"A\" and \"B\"); that the patients' understanding of the treatment process appears to be of great importance in the treated group; and there is a positive correlation between this and patient improvement. The diagnosis does not appear to be a significant variable in either the Treated Group or the Drop-Out \"B\" Group. It appears that dropping out is related to the way the cases were handled, particularly in the Drop-Out \"A\" Group. The results of this study underline the importance of listening to the recipients of our serveces and being easily available to them. It is only after their needs are fully understood that the necessary and pertinent changes can be introduced.", "PMID": 1125933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9255", "title": "Length of interbirth intervals in female psychiatric patients and controls.", "content": "Length of 121 interbirth intervals for 77 multiparous female psychiatric patients was contrasted with the length of 605 interbirth intervals for 385 matched population-control women to test a clinical observation that female psychiatric patients often have long intervals between consecutive reproductions. No significant difference was found between all patients versus all controls or between any patient diagnostic group versus controls in studying the length of only those intervals including or subsequent to the first psychiatric hospitalization. Intervals during which this hospitalization occurred were significantly longer for all patients combined, for schizophrenic-like-psychotics, and for psychopaths, each as compared with its parity-matched control group. The clinical observation was not generally supported by the current data.", "contents": "Length of interbirth intervals in female psychiatric patients and controls. Length of 121 interbirth intervals for 77 multiparous female psychiatric patients was contrasted with the length of 605 interbirth intervals for 385 matched population-control women to test a clinical observation that female psychiatric patients often have long intervals between consecutive reproductions. No significant difference was found between all patients versus all controls or between any patient diagnostic group versus controls in studying the length of only those intervals including or subsequent to the first psychiatric hospitalization. Intervals during which this hospitalization occurred were significantly longer for all patients combined, for schizophrenic-like-psychotics, and for psychopaths, each as compared with its parity-matched control group. The clinical observation was not generally supported by the current data.", "PMID": 1125934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9256", "title": "Synthesis of 2-O-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-D-mannose, and its interaction with D-mannose-specific lectins.", "content": "Condensation of 3, 4:5, 6-di-O-isopropylidene-D-mannose dimethyl acetal with 2-methyl-(3, 4, 6-tri-O-acetyl-1, 2-dideoxy-alpha-D-glucopyrano)-[2', 1':4, 5]-2- oxazoline in the presence of a catalytic amount of p-toluenesulfonic acid afforded crystalline 2-O-(2-acetamido-3, 4, 6-tri-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-3, 4:5, 6-di-O-isopropylidene-D-mannose dimethyl acetal (3) in 25 percent yield. Catalytic deacetylation of 3 with sodium methoxide, followed by hydrolysis with dilute sulfuric acid, gave 2-O-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl)-D-mannose (4). Treatment of 3 with boiling 0.5 percent methanolic hydrogen chloride under reflux gave methyl 2-O-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-alpha-D-mannopyranoside (5) and methyl 2-o-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-alpha-D-mannofuranoside (6). The inhibitoryactivities of 4, 5, and 6 against the hemagglutinating and mitogenic activities of Lens culinaris and Pisum sativum lectins and concanavalin A were assayed. From the results of these hapten inhibition studies, subtle differences of specificity between these D-mannose-specific lectins were confirmed.", "contents": "Synthesis of 2-O-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-D-mannose, and its interaction with D-mannose-specific lectins. Condensation of 3, 4:5, 6-di-O-isopropylidene-D-mannose dimethyl acetal with 2-methyl-(3, 4, 6-tri-O-acetyl-1, 2-dideoxy-alpha-D-glucopyrano)-[2', 1':4, 5]-2- oxazoline in the presence of a catalytic amount of p-toluenesulfonic acid afforded crystalline 2-O-(2-acetamido-3, 4, 6-tri-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-3, 4:5, 6-di-O-isopropylidene-D-mannose dimethyl acetal (3) in 25 percent yield. Catalytic deacetylation of 3 with sodium methoxide, followed by hydrolysis with dilute sulfuric acid, gave 2-O-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl)-D-mannose (4). Treatment of 3 with boiling 0.5 percent methanolic hydrogen chloride under reflux gave methyl 2-O-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-alpha-D-mannopyranoside (5) and methyl 2-o-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-alpha-D-mannofuranoside (6). The inhibitoryactivities of 4, 5, and 6 against the hemagglutinating and mitogenic activities of Lens culinaris and Pisum sativum lectins and concanavalin A were assayed. From the results of these hapten inhibition studies, subtle differences of specificity between these D-mannose-specific lectins were confirmed.", "PMID": 1125946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9257", "title": "Binding studies on a mouse-myeloma immunoglobulin A having specificity for beta-D-(1 yields 6)-linked D-galactopyranosyl residues.", "content": "The free energies of binding between immunoglobulin A J539 (Fab') and methyl 6-O-acetyl beta-D-galactopyranoside (1) and 6-O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-1, 2:3, 4-di-O-isopropylidene-alpha-D-galactopyranose (2) have been measured. The values found suggest that bulky substitution on O'-6 or O-1, O-2, O-3, and O-4 in the hapten 6-O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-D-galactose (3) does not interfere with effective binding of that ligand and the immunoglobulin. This conclusion supports the postulations that (a) the ligand 3 binds only on one side of the molecule, and (b) the combining site of the immunoglobulin J539 appears to be located on an exposed surface area.", "contents": "Binding studies on a mouse-myeloma immunoglobulin A having specificity for beta-D-(1 yields 6)-linked D-galactopyranosyl residues. The free energies of binding between immunoglobulin A J539 (Fab') and methyl 6-O-acetyl beta-D-galactopyranoside (1) and 6-O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-1, 2:3, 4-di-O-isopropylidene-alpha-D-galactopyranose (2) have been measured. The values found suggest that bulky substitution on O'-6 or O-1, O-2, O-3, and O-4 in the hapten 6-O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-D-galactose (3) does not interfere with effective binding of that ligand and the immunoglobulin. This conclusion supports the postulations that (a) the ligand 3 binds only on one side of the molecule, and (b) the combining site of the immunoglobulin J539 appears to be located on an exposed surface area.", "PMID": 1125947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9258", "title": "[Synthesis of 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-6-0-(alpha-D-glucopyranosyl)-alpha-D-galactopyranose and its p-aminophenyl-alpha-glycoside].", "content": "Benzyl 2-acetamido-3, 4-di-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-alpha-D-galactopyranoside was condensed with 2, 3, 4-tri-O-benzyl-6-O-p-nitrobenzoyl-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl bromide or with 2, 3, 4-tri-O-benzyl-6-O-p-methoxybenzoyl-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl bromide in benzene at 50 degrees in the presence of pyridine, to give benzyl 2-acetamido-3, 4-di-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-6-O-[2, 3, 4-tri-O-benzyl-6-O-p-nitro(or methoxy)benzoyl]-alpha-D galactopyranoside in excellent yield. The title disaccharide was obtained in crystalline form after deacylation and catalytic hydrogenation. It proved identical with a disaccharide isolated from Salmonella johannesburg 5.58 (40) converted by phage phi 1 (40). In order to bind this disaccharide covalently onto various proteins, p-aminophenyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-6-O-(alpha-D-glucopyranosyl)-alpha-D-galactopyranoside has been obtained in an analogous way, starting from p-nitrophenyl 2-acetamido-3, 4-di-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-alpha-D-galactopyranoside.", "contents": "[Synthesis of 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-6-0-(alpha-D-glucopyranosyl)-alpha-D-galactopyranose and its p-aminophenyl-alpha-glycoside]. Benzyl 2-acetamido-3, 4-di-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-alpha-D-galactopyranoside was condensed with 2, 3, 4-tri-O-benzyl-6-O-p-nitrobenzoyl-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl bromide or with 2, 3, 4-tri-O-benzyl-6-O-p-methoxybenzoyl-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl bromide in benzene at 50 degrees in the presence of pyridine, to give benzyl 2-acetamido-3, 4-di-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-6-O-[2, 3, 4-tri-O-benzyl-6-O-p-nitro(or methoxy)benzoyl]-alpha-D galactopyranoside in excellent yield. The title disaccharide was obtained in crystalline form after deacylation and catalytic hydrogenation. It proved identical with a disaccharide isolated from Salmonella johannesburg 5.58 (40) converted by phage phi 1 (40). In order to bind this disaccharide covalently onto various proteins, p-aminophenyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-6-O-(alpha-D-glucopyranosyl)-alpha-D-galactopyranoside has been obtained in an analogous way, starting from p-nitrophenyl 2-acetamido-3, 4-di-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-alpha-D-galactopyranoside.", "PMID": 1125948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9259", "title": "Immunochemical and chemical investigations of the structure of glycoprotein fragments obtained from epiglycanin, a glycoprotein at the surface of the TA3-Ha cancer cell.", "content": "The structures of the carbohydrate chains present in fragments of a large-molecular-weight glycoprotein, epiglycanin, cleaved from the surface of viable TA3-Ha murine mammary carcinoma ascites cells and purified by gel filtration, were studied by immunochemical and chemical methods. Inhibitory activities for neuraminidase-treated and untreated glycoprotein material in the hemagglutination of NN-specific human erythrocytes by eight purified lectins were determined. Excellent inhibition was obtained in the Bauhinia purpurea, Arachis hypogaea, Iberis amara, and Wistaria floribunda systems, and weak inhibition against the Ricinus communis and Glycine max lectins. No activity against hemagglutination by the Phaseolus vulgaris and Phaseolus limensis lectins was observed. These results, when compared with those obtained by periodate oxidation, alkaline borohydride reduction, and partial methylation, suggest the possible presence of six different carbohydrate chains of 1 to 5 components in length, having as terminal groups N-acetylneuraminic acid, galactose, and 2-acetamido-2-deoxygalactose. All chains are attached to a single polypeptide chain by O-glycosyl bonds involving a 2-acetamido-2-deoxygalactose residue and a serine or threonine residue. It is suggested that the native molecule of epiglycanin of molecular weight 500,000 contains more than 500 carbohydrate chains attached to a single polypeptide chain of similar to 1,300 amino acid units.", "contents": "Immunochemical and chemical investigations of the structure of glycoprotein fragments obtained from epiglycanin, a glycoprotein at the surface of the TA3-Ha cancer cell. The structures of the carbohydrate chains present in fragments of a large-molecular-weight glycoprotein, epiglycanin, cleaved from the surface of viable TA3-Ha murine mammary carcinoma ascites cells and purified by gel filtration, were studied by immunochemical and chemical methods. Inhibitory activities for neuraminidase-treated and untreated glycoprotein material in the hemagglutination of NN-specific human erythrocytes by eight purified lectins were determined. Excellent inhibition was obtained in the Bauhinia purpurea, Arachis hypogaea, Iberis amara, and Wistaria floribunda systems, and weak inhibition against the Ricinus communis and Glycine max lectins. No activity against hemagglutination by the Phaseolus vulgaris and Phaseolus limensis lectins was observed. These results, when compared with those obtained by periodate oxidation, alkaline borohydride reduction, and partial methylation, suggest the possible presence of six different carbohydrate chains of 1 to 5 components in length, having as terminal groups N-acetylneuraminic acid, galactose, and 2-acetamido-2-deoxygalactose. All chains are attached to a single polypeptide chain by O-glycosyl bonds involving a 2-acetamido-2-deoxygalactose residue and a serine or threonine residue. It is suggested that the native molecule of epiglycanin of molecular weight 500,000 contains more than 500 carbohydrate chains attached to a single polypeptide chain of similar to 1,300 amino acid units.", "PMID": 1125949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9260", "title": "The synthesis of 3, 6-di-O-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-D-galactose, a branched trisaccharide reported as a hydrolysis product of blood-group substances.", "content": "Protected disaccharides were the only products that could be isolated after condensation of 3, 4, 6-tri-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-2-diphenoxyphosphoramido-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl bromide or 2-acetamido-3, 4, 6-tri-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl chloride with benzyl 2, 4-di-O-benzyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside. On the other hand, reaction of 2-methyl-(3, 4, 6-tri-O-acetyl-1, 2-dideoxy-alpha-D-glucopyrano)-[2', 1': 4, 5]-2-oxazoline (6 moles) with the same galactopyranoside (1 mole) gave benzyl 3, 6-di-O-(2-acetamido-3, 4, 6-tri-O-acetyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-2, 4-di-O-benzyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside, which was converted, by alkaline methanolysis followed by hydrogenolysis, to the title compound. This appears identical with an oligosaccharide previously obtained through degredation of a blood-group A glycoprotein from hog gastric mucin.", "contents": "The synthesis of 3, 6-di-O-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-D-galactose, a branched trisaccharide reported as a hydrolysis product of blood-group substances. Protected disaccharides were the only products that could be isolated after condensation of 3, 4, 6-tri-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-2-diphenoxyphosphoramido-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl bromide or 2-acetamido-3, 4, 6-tri-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl chloride with benzyl 2, 4-di-O-benzyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside. On the other hand, reaction of 2-methyl-(3, 4, 6-tri-O-acetyl-1, 2-dideoxy-alpha-D-glucopyrano)-[2', 1': 4, 5]-2-oxazoline (6 moles) with the same galactopyranoside (1 mole) gave benzyl 3, 6-di-O-(2-acetamido-3, 4, 6-tri-O-acetyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-2, 4-di-O-benzyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside, which was converted, by alkaline methanolysis followed by hydrogenolysis, to the title compound. This appears identical with an oligosaccharide previously obtained through degredation of a blood-group A glycoprotein from hog gastric mucin.", "PMID": 1125950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9261", "title": "Identification of a 2, 3-diamino-2, 3-dideoxyhexose in the lipid A component of lipopolysaccharides of Rhodopseudomonas viridis and Rhodopseudomonas palustris.", "content": "A hitherto unknown amino sugar (Compound A), detected in acid hydrolyzates of lipopolysaccharides of Rhodopseudomonas viridis and Rhodopseudomonas palustris, is present in the Lipid A component but not in the O-specific part of the lipopolysaccharides. 2-Amino-2-deoxy-D-glucose is lacking in the purified Lipid A of both strains. Compound A, characterized by a very high migration in paper electrophoresis was obtained in a pure state by ion-exchange chromatography and shown by m.s. of the alditol acetate to be a 2, 3-diamino-2, 3-dideoxyhexose. G.l.c. and periodate oxidation excluded all possible stereoisomers with the exception of 2, 3-diamino-2, 3-dideoxyglucose and 2, 3-diamino-2, 3-dideoxydose. G.l.c. of the alditol acetates of Compound A and of the glucose derivative suggests that Compound A is 2, 3-diamino-2, 3-dideoxyglucose. The significance of the occurrence of this new aminodeoxy sugar in the Lipid A component of Rhodopseudomonas viridis and Rhodopseudomonas palustris O-antigens for the biological properties of the respective lipopolysaccharides and for the taxonomy of the Rhodospirillaceae family is discussed.", "contents": "Identification of a 2, 3-diamino-2, 3-dideoxyhexose in the lipid A component of lipopolysaccharides of Rhodopseudomonas viridis and Rhodopseudomonas palustris. A hitherto unknown amino sugar (Compound A), detected in acid hydrolyzates of lipopolysaccharides of Rhodopseudomonas viridis and Rhodopseudomonas palustris, is present in the Lipid A component but not in the O-specific part of the lipopolysaccharides. 2-Amino-2-deoxy-D-glucose is lacking in the purified Lipid A of both strains. Compound A, characterized by a very high migration in paper electrophoresis was obtained in a pure state by ion-exchange chromatography and shown by m.s. of the alditol acetate to be a 2, 3-diamino-2, 3-dideoxyhexose. G.l.c. and periodate oxidation excluded all possible stereoisomers with the exception of 2, 3-diamino-2, 3-dideoxyglucose and 2, 3-diamino-2, 3-dideoxydose. G.l.c. of the alditol acetates of Compound A and of the glucose derivative suggests that Compound A is 2, 3-diamino-2, 3-dideoxyglucose. The significance of the occurrence of this new aminodeoxy sugar in the Lipid A component of Rhodopseudomonas viridis and Rhodopseudomonas palustris O-antigens for the biological properties of the respective lipopolysaccharides and for the taxonomy of the Rhodospirillaceae family is discussed.", "PMID": 1125951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9262", "title": "The isolation and characterization of rat sublingual mucus-glycoprotein.", "content": "A purified glycoprotein, designated RSL-major, was isolated from the rat sublingual gland by means of the procedure of Tettamanti and Pigman. It was found to be homogeneous by analytical ultracentrifugation, to have a mol. wt. of 2-2 times 10-6, and to contain 81 percent (W/W) of carbohydrate, which consists mainly of sialic acid, 2-acetamido-2-deocy-D-glucose, 2-acetamido-2-deocy-D-galactose, and D-galactose in the molar ratio of 1.4:1.4:1.0:1.5; small amounts of fucose and mannose [1.2 and 2.8 percent (W/W), respectively] were also present. The sialic acid residues were resistant to the action of V. cholerae neuraminidase. This resistance was completely abolished by removal of the O-acetyl groups contained in the sialic acid. The sialic acid in RSL-major appeared to be a mixture of N-acetyl-4-O-acetyl- and N-acetyl-4, 7(8)-di-O-acetylneuraminic acids. The carbohydrate to protein attachment of RSL-major was shown, by alkaline beta-elimination reaction, to consist of an O-glycosyl linkage between 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-galactosyl residues in the oligosaccharide chains and seryl and threonyl residues in the protein core. The average oligosaccharide, contained in RSL-major, was postulated to be a heptasaccharide. A second material, designated RSL-minor, and also isolated from the ratsublingual gland, was obtained as a mixture of glycoprotein(s) and hydroxylapatite gel, and was not purified further.", "contents": "The isolation and characterization of rat sublingual mucus-glycoprotein. A purified glycoprotein, designated RSL-major, was isolated from the rat sublingual gland by means of the procedure of Tettamanti and Pigman. It was found to be homogeneous by analytical ultracentrifugation, to have a mol. wt. of 2-2 times 10-6, and to contain 81 percent (W/W) of carbohydrate, which consists mainly of sialic acid, 2-acetamido-2-deocy-D-glucose, 2-acetamido-2-deocy-D-galactose, and D-galactose in the molar ratio of 1.4:1.4:1.0:1.5; small amounts of fucose and mannose [1.2 and 2.8 percent (W/W), respectively] were also present. The sialic acid residues were resistant to the action of V. cholerae neuraminidase. This resistance was completely abolished by removal of the O-acetyl groups contained in the sialic acid. The sialic acid in RSL-major appeared to be a mixture of N-acetyl-4-O-acetyl- and N-acetyl-4, 7(8)-di-O-acetylneuraminic acids. The carbohydrate to protein attachment of RSL-major was shown, by alkaline beta-elimination reaction, to consist of an O-glycosyl linkage between 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-galactosyl residues in the oligosaccharide chains and seryl and threonyl residues in the protein core. The average oligosaccharide, contained in RSL-major, was postulated to be a heptasaccharide. A second material, designated RSL-minor, and also isolated from the ratsublingual gland, was obtained as a mixture of glycoprotein(s) and hydroxylapatite gel, and was not purified further.", "PMID": 1125952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9263", "title": "The influence of genetic resistance on CFU growth kinetics in spleen and femur.", "content": "An impaired colony formation of C57BL marrow cells transplanted into F1 (C57BL TIMES CBA) mice was observed. In accordance with the literature this phenomenon has been designated as \"genetic resistance\". Studies to elucidate the mechanism of the genetic resistance demonstrated that the multiplication phase of the CFU growth curve started in the semi-isogeneic combination about 48 hr later than in the isogeneic combination. In the spleen this resulted in a lower \"dip\". For the spleen as well as for the femur similar CFU doubling times were found during the multiplication phase when both transplantation combinations were compared. Furthermore the percentage of CFU in S-phase (assessed with the 3-H-TdR suicide technique) during the first days after transplantation were similar in both combinations. When the spleen was removed 5-6 months before irradiation and bone marrow transplantation was performed the growth curve of parental CFU in the femur was identical with the growth curve of isogeneic CFU (no delay was observed). These results are discussed and a few theories explaining the observations are proposed.", "contents": "The influence of genetic resistance on CFU growth kinetics in spleen and femur. An impaired colony formation of C57BL marrow cells transplanted into F1 (C57BL TIMES CBA) mice was observed. In accordance with the literature this phenomenon has been designated as \"genetic resistance\". Studies to elucidate the mechanism of the genetic resistance demonstrated that the multiplication phase of the CFU growth curve started in the semi-isogeneic combination about 48 hr later than in the isogeneic combination. In the spleen this resulted in a lower \"dip\". For the spleen as well as for the femur similar CFU doubling times were found during the multiplication phase when both transplantation combinations were compared. Furthermore the percentage of CFU in S-phase (assessed with the 3-H-TdR suicide technique) during the first days after transplantation were similar in both combinations. When the spleen was removed 5-6 months before irradiation and bone marrow transplantation was performed the growth curve of parental CFU in the femur was identical with the growth curve of isogeneic CFU (no delay was observed). These results are discussed and a few theories explaining the observations are proposed.", "PMID": 1125964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9264", "title": "A comparison of computer methods for the analysis of fraction labelled mitoses curves.", "content": "Computer methods developed by the authors for analysis of fraction labelled mitoses curves (FLM curves) have been compared. Four test examples were used in the study; the first example was the synthesis of a FLM curve with fixed parameters and the others involved fitting actual data. Experimental FLM curves showing various degrees of damping were used in the curve fitting tests. In each test example the comparison was based on the assumptions of exponential growth, a growth fraction of unity and no cell loss. In three of the test examples good agreement between the methods was observed but in one example some important discrepancies arose in the analysis of a heavily damped FLM curve.", "contents": "A comparison of computer methods for the analysis of fraction labelled mitoses curves. Computer methods developed by the authors for analysis of fraction labelled mitoses curves (FLM curves) have been compared. Four test examples were used in the study; the first example was the synthesis of a FLM curve with fixed parameters and the others involved fitting actual data. Experimental FLM curves showing various degrees of damping were used in the curve fitting tests. In each test example the comparison was based on the assumptions of exponential growth, a growth fraction of unity and no cell loss. In three of the test examples good agreement between the methods was observed but in one example some important discrepancies arose in the analysis of a heavily damped FLM curve.", "PMID": 1125965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9265", "title": "Inhibitory effects of mitogens on adenoidal lymphocytes in vitro.", "content": "Cultures of human adenoidal lymphocytes exposed briefly to either phytohemagglutinin (PHA), Staphylococcus filtrate (Staph-F), concanavalin-A (Con-A), or pokeweed mitogen (PWM) incorporate increased amounts of thymidine earlier than replicate cultures exposed continuously to the mitogens. These effects can begin in the first 24 hr of culture and are seen maximally between 36 and 72 hr. Once a blastogenic response is established, PHA or PWM can diminish that response. Inhibition with PWM requires that the initial stimulation was with this mitogen, while PHA can inhibit blastogenesis to both PHA and PWM-stimulated cells. Because these mitogens can have a paradoxical effect on adenoidal lymphocytes, being capable of both initiating and inhibiting DNA synthesis, this phenomena should be kept in mind when such systems are utilized for the evaluation of antigens and drug effects.", "contents": "Inhibitory effects of mitogens on adenoidal lymphocytes in vitro. Cultures of human adenoidal lymphocytes exposed briefly to either phytohemagglutinin (PHA), Staphylococcus filtrate (Staph-F), concanavalin-A (Con-A), or pokeweed mitogen (PWM) incorporate increased amounts of thymidine earlier than replicate cultures exposed continuously to the mitogens. These effects can begin in the first 24 hr of culture and are seen maximally between 36 and 72 hr. Once a blastogenic response is established, PHA or PWM can diminish that response. Inhibition with PWM requires that the initial stimulation was with this mitogen, while PHA can inhibit blastogenesis to both PHA and PWM-stimulated cells. Because these mitogens can have a paradoxical effect on adenoidal lymphocytes, being capable of both initiating and inhibiting DNA synthesis, this phenomena should be kept in mind when such systems are utilized for the evaluation of antigens and drug effects.", "PMID": 1125966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9266", "title": "Changes in intestinal cell kinetics in the small intestine of lactating mice.", "content": "The enlargement of the small intestine of mice during lactation is due, at least in part, to hyperplasia in the mucosal crypts and villi. The number of cells per crypt increases by 130% and the cell production rate by 63% after 15 days of lactation. These parameters were measured from crypt squashes and sections using both double-label and PLM techniques. Neither the numbers of crypts and villi in the small intestine nor the turnover time of post-mitotic cells on the villi changed. A number of factors appear to act in concert during lactation to trigger this increase in epithelial cell number in the small intestine. The experiments reported suggest a role for the increased quantity of food consumed by the lactating animal, for changing hormonal levels, and for the increased demands placed on the body by milk production.", "contents": "Changes in intestinal cell kinetics in the small intestine of lactating mice. The enlargement of the small intestine of mice during lactation is due, at least in part, to hyperplasia in the mucosal crypts and villi. The number of cells per crypt increases by 130% and the cell production rate by 63% after 15 days of lactation. These parameters were measured from crypt squashes and sections using both double-label and PLM techniques. Neither the numbers of crypts and villi in the small intestine nor the turnover time of post-mitotic cells on the villi changed. A number of factors appear to act in concert during lactation to trigger this increase in epithelial cell number in the small intestine. The experiments reported suggest a role for the increased quantity of food consumed by the lactating animal, for changing hormonal levels, and for the increased demands placed on the body by milk production.", "PMID": 1125967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9267", "title": "Colony-forming ability of bone marrow cells of W anaemic mice on macrophage layer formed in peritoneal cavity of mice.", "content": "The colony-forming ability of haematopoietic cells of W anaemic mice was examined on the macrophage layer formed in the peritoneal cavity of mice. Bone marrow cells of W anaemic mice formed a considerable number of colonies on the macrophage layer, notwithstanding they did not form any colonies in the spleen of the same recipients. As the colony-forming ability of the bone marrow cells was not reduced by the incubation with 3-H-thymidine, most of the cells which formed colonies on the macrophage layer seemed to stay in  G0 state. The interrelationship between the spleen colony-forming cells, the macrophage-layer colony-forming cells, and in vitro colony-forming cells was discussed.", "contents": "Colony-forming ability of bone marrow cells of W anaemic mice on macrophage layer formed in peritoneal cavity of mice. The colony-forming ability of haematopoietic cells of W anaemic mice was examined on the macrophage layer formed in the peritoneal cavity of mice. Bone marrow cells of W anaemic mice formed a considerable number of colonies on the macrophage layer, notwithstanding they did not form any colonies in the spleen of the same recipients. As the colony-forming ability of the bone marrow cells was not reduced by the incubation with 3-H-thymidine, most of the cells which formed colonies on the macrophage layer seemed to stay in  G0 state. The interrelationship between the spleen colony-forming cells, the macrophage-layer colony-forming cells, and in vitro colony-forming cells was discussed.", "PMID": 1125968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9268", "title": "Fission of crypts in the small intestine of the irradiated mouse.", "content": "Following 1600 R of X-rays there was a reduction in the number of crypts in the small intestine of the mouse by 77% as measured 5 days later. However, by 21 days the number had increased steadily to levels approaching normal. The number of villi did not change following irradiation. The mechanism of increase in crypt number was by budding and fission of repopulated crypts which had become larger than normal. Some aspects of crypt organization are discussed.", "contents": "Fission of crypts in the small intestine of the irradiated mouse. Following 1600 R of X-rays there was a reduction in the number of crypts in the small intestine of the mouse by 77% as measured 5 days later. However, by 21 days the number had increased steadily to levels approaching normal. The number of villi did not change following irradiation. The mechanism of increase in crypt number was by budding and fission of repopulated crypts which had become larger than normal. Some aspects of crypt organization are discussed.", "PMID": 1125969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9269", "title": "Lymphocyte populations in mouse bone marrow: quantitative kinetic studies in young, pubertal and adult C3H mice.", "content": "Continuous 3-H-thymidine infusion was used to characterize two kinetic subpopulations of small lymphocytes in mouse bone marrow during normal growth and development. Young (4 wk), pubertal (8 wk) and mature (16 wk) C3H mice were infused subcutaneously with 3-H-thymidine for periods up to 10 days. Femoral marrow was then examined in radioautographic smears. During the first 3 days the proportion of marrow small lymphocytes labelled by 3-H-thymidine showed a rapid exponential increase to 93%, 81%, and 72% in 4 wk, 8 wk and 16 wk mice respectively. The rate of appearance of labelled small lymphocytes then declined markedly but remained higher in younger than in older animals. The labelling curves were found to represent the summation of two exponential curves from which the proportions and renewal rate of corresponding cell populations were calculated. Most marrow small lymphocytes comprised a rapidly renewing population but in mice of increasing age the relative incidence of these cells fell (93-3% at 4 wk; 88-0% at 8 wk; 78-5% at 16 wk) and their half-renewal time (T1/2) lengthened (14 hr at 4 wk; 18 hr at 8 wk; 24 hr at 16 wk). The remaining small lymphocytes were slowly renewing with mean T1/2 OF 4, 7 and 14 days in 4, 8 AND 16 wk mice, RESPECTIVELY. Some heavily labelled small lymphocytes persisted in the marrow up to 10 wk after fourteen daily 3-H-thymidine injections in 10-12 wk mice. The numbers of rapidly renewing cells decreased from 604 times 10-3 to 228 times 10-3 per mm-3 of marrow from 4 wk to 16 wk, respectively, while slowly renewing cells increased from 44 times 10-3 to 61 times 10-3 per mm-3. The total number of nucleated marrow cells per femur increased from 4 wk to 16 wk but the rapidly renewing small lymphocytes per femur fell in numbers by 36% and in renewal rate by 63%. The results demonstrate a selective change in bone marrow small lymphocytes with age; rapidly renewing cells decline in number and renewal rate while the number of slowly renewing cells increases. The concept of bone marrow as a primary lymphoid organ is discussed.", "contents": "Lymphocyte populations in mouse bone marrow: quantitative kinetic studies in young, pubertal and adult C3H mice. Continuous 3-H-thymidine infusion was used to characterize two kinetic subpopulations of small lymphocytes in mouse bone marrow during normal growth and development. Young (4 wk), pubertal (8 wk) and mature (16 wk) C3H mice were infused subcutaneously with 3-H-thymidine for periods up to 10 days. Femoral marrow was then examined in radioautographic smears. During the first 3 days the proportion of marrow small lymphocytes labelled by 3-H-thymidine showed a rapid exponential increase to 93%, 81%, and 72% in 4 wk, 8 wk and 16 wk mice respectively. The rate of appearance of labelled small lymphocytes then declined markedly but remained higher in younger than in older animals. The labelling curves were found to represent the summation of two exponential curves from which the proportions and renewal rate of corresponding cell populations were calculated. Most marrow small lymphocytes comprised a rapidly renewing population but in mice of increasing age the relative incidence of these cells fell (93-3% at 4 wk; 88-0% at 8 wk; 78-5% at 16 wk) and their half-renewal time (T1/2) lengthened (14 hr at 4 wk; 18 hr at 8 wk; 24 hr at 16 wk). The remaining small lymphocytes were slowly renewing with mean T1/2 OF 4, 7 and 14 days in 4, 8 AND 16 wk mice, RESPECTIVELY. Some heavily labelled small lymphocytes persisted in the marrow up to 10 wk after fourteen daily 3-H-thymidine injections in 10-12 wk mice. The numbers of rapidly renewing cells decreased from 604 times 10-3 to 228 times 10-3 per mm-3 of marrow from 4 wk to 16 wk, respectively, while slowly renewing cells increased from 44 times 10-3 to 61 times 10-3 per mm-3. The total number of nucleated marrow cells per femur increased from 4 wk to 16 wk but the rapidly renewing small lymphocytes per femur fell in numbers by 36% and in renewal rate by 63%. The results demonstrate a selective change in bone marrow small lymphocytes with age; rapidly renewing cells decline in number and renewal rate while the number of slowly renewing cells increases. The concept of bone marrow as a primary lymphoid organ is discussed.", "PMID": 1125970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9270", "title": "Messenger ribonucleoprotein complexes isolated with oligo(dT)-cellulose chromatography from kidney polysomes.", "content": "As an initial step towards understanding the role of mRNP complexes in translational regulation during compensatory renal hypertrophy, characteristics of polysome-associated mRNP isolated by affinity chromatography were studied. Renal mRNP contained 15-30 percent of the counts after a 1 hr pulse with -3H-orotic acid; it sedimented mainly between 10S and 100S and had a buoyant density of 1.42-1.44 g/cm-3. RNA derived from the mRNP sedimented between 5S and 40S on sucrose density gradients, with the greatest radioactivity in the region of 15S. After labeling with -3H-adenine for 1 hr, up to 17 percent of the radioactivity present in the mRNP-associated RNA was resistant to digestion by pancreatic and T1 ribonucleases. The mRNP protein moiety contained six polypeptides with molecular weights 69,000, 75,000, 80,000, 100,000, 109,000, and 118,000 daltons, which were undetected in the material not binding to oligo(dT)-cellulose.", "contents": "Messenger ribonucleoprotein complexes isolated with oligo(dT)-cellulose chromatography from kidney polysomes. As an initial step towards understanding the role of mRNP complexes in translational regulation during compensatory renal hypertrophy, characteristics of polysome-associated mRNP isolated by affinity chromatography were studied. Renal mRNP contained 15-30 percent of the counts after a 1 hr pulse with -3H-orotic acid; it sedimented mainly between 10S and 100S and had a buoyant density of 1.42-1.44 g/cm-3. RNA derived from the mRNP sedimented between 5S and 40S on sucrose density gradients, with the greatest radioactivity in the region of 15S. After labeling with -3H-adenine for 1 hr, up to 17 percent of the radioactivity present in the mRNP-associated RNA was resistant to digestion by pancreatic and T1 ribonucleases. The mRNP protein moiety contained six polypeptides with molecular weights 69,000, 75,000, 80,000, 100,000, 109,000, and 118,000 daltons, which were undetected in the material not binding to oligo(dT)-cellulose.", "PMID": 1125977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9271", "title": "Synthesis of all the gene products of the reovirus genome in vivo and in vitro.", "content": "Sixteen virus-specific polypeptides have been resolved in reovirus-infected mouse L cells by using SDS-polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis and autoradiography. Of these, ten have been designated as primary products of the genome by the following criteria: they are present in lysates of infected cells labeled for a short time; they co-migrate on SDS-polyacrylamide slab gels with polypeptides synthesized in cell-free-extracts of wheat germ in response to purified viral mRNA; and their molecular weights correspond to the values expected if all ten reovirus mRNA species are monocistronic. Reovirus mRNA species lack 3' poly(A) but are translated into proteins of the expected size. The pattern of synthesis of the primary gene products observed in vitro mimicks that observed in reovirus-infected cells suggesting that the structure of the mRNA may profoundly influence its translation. The results further indicate that there is little, if any, exclusively regulatory information in the reovirus genome since both in vivo and in vitro, transcripts of the ten genome segments direct the synthesis of ten polypeptides that presumably correspond to the primary gene products. The expression of the reovirus genome thus appears to be complete.", "contents": "Synthesis of all the gene products of the reovirus genome in vivo and in vitro. Sixteen virus-specific polypeptides have been resolved in reovirus-infected mouse L cells by using SDS-polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis and autoradiography. Of these, ten have been designated as primary products of the genome by the following criteria: they are present in lysates of infected cells labeled for a short time; they co-migrate on SDS-polyacrylamide slab gels with polypeptides synthesized in cell-free-extracts of wheat germ in response to purified viral mRNA; and their molecular weights correspond to the values expected if all ten reovirus mRNA species are monocistronic. Reovirus mRNA species lack 3' poly(A) but are translated into proteins of the expected size. The pattern of synthesis of the primary gene products observed in vitro mimicks that observed in reovirus-infected cells suggesting that the structure of the mRNA may profoundly influence its translation. The results further indicate that there is little, if any, exclusively regulatory information in the reovirus genome since both in vivo and in vitro, transcripts of the ten genome segments direct the synthesis of ten polypeptides that presumably correspond to the primary gene products. The expression of the reovirus genome thus appears to be complete.", "PMID": 1125978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9272", "title": "Units of transcription and translation: sequence components of heterogeneous nuclear RNA and messenger RNA.", "content": "Defining the units in which the eucaryotic genome is transcribed and translated is central to any analysis of eucaryotic gene expression. The relationship between heterogeneous nuclear RNA and messenger RNA raises the question of whether the primary transcript may be more complex than the sequence which is translated; as I concluded last month in the first part of this review, kinetic analyses of these two RNA populations provide some suggestive indications but cannot prove whether the nuclear population includes messenger precursors that are much longer than mature cytoplasmic messengers (Lewin, 1975). Here I discuss recent analyses of the sequence components present in hnRNA and mRNA and how they may be related to each other and to the organization of the genome.", "contents": "Units of transcription and translation: sequence components of heterogeneous nuclear RNA and messenger RNA. Defining the units in which the eucaryotic genome is transcribed and translated is central to any analysis of eucaryotic gene expression. The relationship between heterogeneous nuclear RNA and messenger RNA raises the question of whether the primary transcript may be more complex than the sequence which is translated; as I concluded last month in the first part of this review, kinetic analyses of these two RNA populations provide some suggestive indications but cannot prove whether the nuclear population includes messenger precursors that are much longer than mature cytoplasmic messengers (Lewin, 1975). Here I discuss recent analyses of the sequence components present in hnRNA and mRNA and how they may be related to each other and to the organization of the genome.", "PMID": 1125979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9273", "title": "Quantitative analysis of DNA content in the salivary gland chromosomes of Chironomus thummi at larval and prepupal stages.", "content": "Relative DNA content during the polytenization of the salivary gland nuclei of Chironomus thummi was measured by cytophotometric and cytofluorometric methods. To estimate the degree of polyteny, the DNA content was calculated in hemocyte and spermatocyte nuclei. Chromosome polytenization is associated with 10 to 12 replication rounds. There are 4-5 replication rounds in 1st instar, 2-3 rounds in 2nd instar; 3rd and 4th instars have 1-2 rounds each. From early postembryonic development, larvae already have salivary gland nuclei representing two polyteny classes (2-3 - 2-4C); A similar heterogeneity is retained in all instars. The approximate DNA content is 0.51-0.58 picogram per diploid set.", "contents": "Quantitative analysis of DNA content in the salivary gland chromosomes of Chironomus thummi at larval and prepupal stages. Relative DNA content during the polytenization of the salivary gland nuclei of Chironomus thummi was measured by cytophotometric and cytofluorometric methods. To estimate the degree of polyteny, the DNA content was calculated in hemocyte and spermatocyte nuclei. Chromosome polytenization is associated with 10 to 12 replication rounds. There are 4-5 replication rounds in 1st instar, 2-3 rounds in 2nd instar; 3rd and 4th instars have 1-2 rounds each. From early postembryonic development, larvae already have salivary gland nuclei representing two polyteny classes (2-3 - 2-4C); A similar heterogeneity is retained in all instars. The approximate DNA content is 0.51-0.58 picogram per diploid set.", "PMID": 1125980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9274", "title": "Synthesis of oviduct nuclear and chromatin proteins during steroid induced differentiation.", "content": "Synthesis of nuclear histones and nonhistones was studied in chick oviduct during stimulation with estrogen and progesterone. In estrogen primed chicks, as compared to progesterone primed chicks, oviduct nonhistones are enriched in polypeptides of 50,000 daltons and larger. A secondary stimulation with the steroids increases the amino acid incorporation into histones and nonhistones two to six fold. Injection with estrogen induces preferential labelling of nonhistone polypeptides at 50,000 to 60,000 daltons independent of the kind of primary stimulation. A secondary injection with progesterone increases the amounts of highly labelled polypeptides with a molecular weight of over 70,000 daltons.", "contents": "Synthesis of oviduct nuclear and chromatin proteins during steroid induced differentiation. Synthesis of nuclear histones and nonhistones was studied in chick oviduct during stimulation with estrogen and progesterone. In estrogen primed chicks, as compared to progesterone primed chicks, oviduct nonhistones are enriched in polypeptides of 50,000 daltons and larger. A secondary stimulation with the steroids increases the amino acid incorporation into histones and nonhistones two to six fold. Injection with estrogen induces preferential labelling of nonhistone polypeptides at 50,000 to 60,000 daltons independent of the kind of primary stimulation. A secondary injection with progesterone increases the amounts of highly labelled polypeptides with a molecular weight of over 70,000 daltons.", "PMID": 1125981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9275", "title": "DNA and RNA content of Chironomus thummi polytene chromosomes determined by micro column gel filtration.", "content": "A new microtechnique was used to determine the nucleic acid content of Chironomus polytene chromosomes. The method based on UV-microspectrophotometric measurement of alkali digested chromosome samples before and after gel filtration through Sephadex microcolumns permits the simultaneous estimation of DNA as well as RNA amount of single chromosomes and nucleoli. The DNA and RNA content of C. thummi salivary gland chromosomes I-III carrying a large number of puffs (but no nucleoli or Balbiani rings) corresponds roughly to their relative lengths. Chromosomes of the most frequent polyteny level (class B; probably 8192 C) contain 418 (Chromosome I), 372 (II), and 307 times 10-12 g DNA (III) and 116, 120 and 69 times 10-12 g RNA, respectively. The 4th chromosome, which carries the nucleolus and two Balbiani rings, contains about 150 times 10-12 g DNA and 328 times 10-12 g RNA. As the result of one of the last replication steps both DNA and RNA content of chromosomes I-III becomes duplicated whereas nucleolar RNA content is increased to a smaller extent.", "contents": "DNA and RNA content of Chironomus thummi polytene chromosomes determined by micro column gel filtration. A new microtechnique was used to determine the nucleic acid content of Chironomus polytene chromosomes. The method based on UV-microspectrophotometric measurement of alkali digested chromosome samples before and after gel filtration through Sephadex microcolumns permits the simultaneous estimation of DNA as well as RNA amount of single chromosomes and nucleoli. The DNA and RNA content of C. thummi salivary gland chromosomes I-III carrying a large number of puffs (but no nucleoli or Balbiani rings) corresponds roughly to their relative lengths. Chromosomes of the most frequent polyteny level (class B; probably 8192 C) contain 418 (Chromosome I), 372 (II), and 307 times 10-12 g DNA (III) and 116, 120 and 69 times 10-12 g RNA, respectively. The 4th chromosome, which carries the nucleolus and two Balbiani rings, contains about 150 times 10-12 g DNA and 328 times 10-12 g RNA. As the result of one of the last replication steps both DNA and RNA content of chromosomes I-III becomes duplicated whereas nucleolar RNA content is increased to a smaller extent.", "PMID": 1125982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9276", "title": "Transient cytoplasmic bridges among the cells of developing cerebellum: a possible mode of induction for cell differentiation.", "content": "In the developing cerebellum of neonate rats, membrane fusions and cytoplasmic bridges were observed between the pre-existing Purkinje cells and the migratory and differentiating granule cells. These ultrastructural specializations of the apposing membranes were seen to be transient in nature, and represented a developmental phenomenon. On the basis of literature available on this type of direct cell-to-cell interaction it is suggested that such transient cytoplasmic bridges may provide induction for differentiation from the pre-existing Purkinje cells to the undifferentiated cells.", "contents": "Transient cytoplasmic bridges among the cells of developing cerebellum: a possible mode of induction for cell differentiation. In the developing cerebellum of neonate rats, membrane fusions and cytoplasmic bridges were observed between the pre-existing Purkinje cells and the migratory and differentiating granule cells. These ultrastructural specializations of the apposing membranes were seen to be transient in nature, and represented a developmental phenomenon. On the basis of literature available on this type of direct cell-to-cell interaction it is suggested that such transient cytoplasmic bridges may provide induction for differentiation from the pre-existing Purkinje cells to the undifferentiated cells.", "PMID": 1125983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9277", "title": "In vitro reaction of beta-propiolactone and gamma-butyrolactone with glutathione and cysteine.", "content": "The in vitro reaction of the carcinogenic beta-propiolactone (BPL) and the non-carcinogenic gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) with glutathione (GSH) and cysteine (CySH) was examined spectrophotometrically. The characteristic absorbance of thioesters in the region of 233 nm appeared when BPL and GSH reacted but not when BPL and CySH reacted or when GBL was mixed with GSH or CySH. The absorbance disappeared when hydroxylamine was added. The results are in striking contrast to the notion that all carcinogenic lactones alkylate nucleophiles and that all inactive lactones acylate nucleophiles. The reaction between BPL and GSH produced about equal quantities of thioester and thioether, which could be separated chromatographically.", "contents": "In vitro reaction of beta-propiolactone and gamma-butyrolactone with glutathione and cysteine. The in vitro reaction of the carcinogenic beta-propiolactone (BPL) and the non-carcinogenic gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) with glutathione (GSH) and cysteine (CySH) was examined spectrophotometrically. The characteristic absorbance of thioesters in the region of 233 nm appeared when BPL and GSH reacted but not when BPL and CySH reacted or when GBL was mixed with GSH or CySH. The absorbance disappeared when hydroxylamine was added. The results are in striking contrast to the notion that all carcinogenic lactones alkylate nucleophiles and that all inactive lactones acylate nucleophiles. The reaction between BPL and GSH produced about equal quantities of thioester and thioether, which could be separated chromatographically.", "PMID": 1125999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9278", "title": "Effect of aflatoxins on oxidative phosphorylation by rat liver mitochondria.", "content": "The in vitro effect of aflatoxins M1, B1 and G1 on oxidative phosphorylation by rat liver mitochondria with succinate as substrate has been studied. All these toxins inhibit the electron transport chain at a 1-10-4 M concentration and the site of inhibition is between cytochrome b and cytochrome c or c1. Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) uncouples oxidative phosphorylation at a concentration of 1-10-6 M and reduces the ADP:O ratio, whereas aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) at 1-10-6 M concentration uncouples oxidative phosphorulation but does not affect the ADP:O ratio. At a concentration of 1-10-5 M, AFB1 also decreases the ADP:O ratio along with the uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation. Aflatoxin G1 (AFG1) acts as an uncoupler at a relatively higher concentration of 1-10-4 M. Preincubation of mitochondria with these aflatoxins resulted in inhibition of respiration and uncoupling of rat liver mitochondria.", "contents": "Effect of aflatoxins on oxidative phosphorylation by rat liver mitochondria. The in vitro effect of aflatoxins M1, B1 and G1 on oxidative phosphorylation by rat liver mitochondria with succinate as substrate has been studied. All these toxins inhibit the electron transport chain at a 1-10-4 M concentration and the site of inhibition is between cytochrome b and cytochrome c or c1. Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) uncouples oxidative phosphorylation at a concentration of 1-10-6 M and reduces the ADP:O ratio, whereas aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) at 1-10-6 M concentration uncouples oxidative phosphorulation but does not affect the ADP:O ratio. At a concentration of 1-10-5 M, AFB1 also decreases the ADP:O ratio along with the uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation. Aflatoxin G1 (AFG1) acts as an uncoupler at a relatively higher concentration of 1-10-4 M. Preincubation of mitochondria with these aflatoxins resulted in inhibition of respiration and uncoupling of rat liver mitochondria.", "PMID": 1126000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9279", "title": "Decreased synthesis of hepatic satellite DNA in pyrrolizidine alkaloidosis of the sheep.", "content": "the proportion of heavy satellite in the DNA isolated from the livers of sheep suffering from experimental pyrrolizidine alkaloidosis is significantly lower (3.5%) than that found in the DNA from lovers of normal sheep (12%). Dehydroheliotridine, the major unbound, relatively stable metabolite of lasiocarpine and heliotrine, the alkaloids used in the study, was found to inhibit selectively the semiconservative replication of the satellite DNA in cultures of ovine kidney cells. It is suggested that the inhibition of the synthesis of satellite DNA may be related to an attack by the metabolite on the pericentromeric region where the majority of the satellite sequences are located.", "contents": "Decreased synthesis of hepatic satellite DNA in pyrrolizidine alkaloidosis of the sheep. the proportion of heavy satellite in the DNA isolated from the livers of sheep suffering from experimental pyrrolizidine alkaloidosis is significantly lower (3.5%) than that found in the DNA from lovers of normal sheep (12%). Dehydroheliotridine, the major unbound, relatively stable metabolite of lasiocarpine and heliotrine, the alkaloids used in the study, was found to inhibit selectively the semiconservative replication of the satellite DNA in cultures of ovine kidney cells. It is suggested that the inhibition of the synthesis of satellite DNA may be related to an attack by the metabolite on the pericentromeric region where the majority of the satellite sequences are located.", "PMID": 1126001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9280", "title": "Rate-limiting steps in drug metabolism by microsomes from CCl-4-cirrhotic rat liver.", "content": "Comparative studies have been conducted of the activity of microsomal mixed-function oxidases from livers of normal, precirrhotic and cirrhotic rats linked with the metabolism of type-I (aminopyrine, hexobarbital), type-II (aniline, metyrapone) and \"modified type-II\" (corticosterone) substrates. The following factors were investigated: the possible role of cytochrome P-450 content, the state of the \"substrate-binding protein\" of this enzyme, the degree of affinity of this hemoprotein for both type-I and type-II substrates and finally, the activity of the enzymes of the microsomal electron-transport chain (both in the absence and in the presence of type-I substrate) -- as rate-limiting reactions, \"tight spots\" in the biotransformation of drugs in experimental microsomes. It was found that the hydroxylation activity for type-II and \"modified type-II\" substrates during the entire period of liver cirrhosis development is determined by the cytochrome P-450 content and the amplitude of maximal spectral changes observed in the presence of excess substrate. Type-I substrate metabolism, however, is limited in the precirrhotic phase by the state of the \"substrate-binding protein\" contained in P-450 as well as by the NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase activity. On the other hand, the N-demethylating activity in CCl-4-cirrhotic liver microsomes does not depend on either the concentration of P-450, on the amplitude of the maximal spectral changes or on the Ks value. The rate-limiting step in this case is the rate of reduction of the P-450-substrate complex by NADPH.", "contents": "Rate-limiting steps in drug metabolism by microsomes from CCl-4-cirrhotic rat liver. Comparative studies have been conducted of the activity of microsomal mixed-function oxidases from livers of normal, precirrhotic and cirrhotic rats linked with the metabolism of type-I (aminopyrine, hexobarbital), type-II (aniline, metyrapone) and \"modified type-II\" (corticosterone) substrates. The following factors were investigated: the possible role of cytochrome P-450 content, the state of the \"substrate-binding protein\" of this enzyme, the degree of affinity of this hemoprotein for both type-I and type-II substrates and finally, the activity of the enzymes of the microsomal electron-transport chain (both in the absence and in the presence of type-I substrate) -- as rate-limiting reactions, \"tight spots\" in the biotransformation of drugs in experimental microsomes. It was found that the hydroxylation activity for type-II and \"modified type-II\" substrates during the entire period of liver cirrhosis development is determined by the cytochrome P-450 content and the amplitude of maximal spectral changes observed in the presence of excess substrate. Type-I substrate metabolism, however, is limited in the precirrhotic phase by the state of the \"substrate-binding protein\" contained in P-450 as well as by the NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase activity. On the other hand, the N-demethylating activity in CCl-4-cirrhotic liver microsomes does not depend on either the concentration of P-450, on the amplitude of the maximal spectral changes or on the Ks value. The rate-limiting step in this case is the rate of reduction of the P-450-substrate complex by NADPH.", "PMID": 1126002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9281", "title": "Alterations in the metabolism of fats and phosphatides in rat liver induced by halide ions.", "content": "The effects of halide ions on several pathways of lipid metabolism have been investigated in rat liver slices. Through the use of carboxyl-14-C-labeled acetate and palmitate and U-14-C-labeled glycine, striking differences were found when the effects of the four halide ions on the labeling of the lipids were compared. Both fluoride and iodide dpressed [14-C]acetate incorporation into phosphatide and triglyceride fractions. The effects of the halide ions on the labeling from the effects observed when [14-C]acetate was the precursor of the lipid molecule. In contrast with the phospholipid fractions, the level of radioactivity from [14-C]palmitate incorporated into the triglycerides was lower with fluoride than with chloride. The incorporation of [14-C]glycine into the phospholipids was also greatly depressed by fluoride. The effects of halide ions on acetoacetate formation, on 14-CO2 production and on the acetylcoenzyme A synthetase of rat liver were also investigated. Decreasing [I-14-C]-acetate conversion to acetoacetate iodide had an opposite effect on 14-CO2 production from the same labeled substrate. The effects of the four halide ions and the differences observed with the three labeled substrates on several pathways related to lipid metabolism are discussed.", "contents": "Alterations in the metabolism of fats and phosphatides in rat liver induced by halide ions. The effects of halide ions on several pathways of lipid metabolism have been investigated in rat liver slices. Through the use of carboxyl-14-C-labeled acetate and palmitate and U-14-C-labeled glycine, striking differences were found when the effects of the four halide ions on the labeling of the lipids were compared. Both fluoride and iodide dpressed [14-C]acetate incorporation into phosphatide and triglyceride fractions. The effects of the halide ions on the labeling from the effects observed when [14-C]acetate was the precursor of the lipid molecule. In contrast with the phospholipid fractions, the level of radioactivity from [14-C]palmitate incorporated into the triglycerides was lower with fluoride than with chloride. The incorporation of [14-C]glycine into the phospholipids was also greatly depressed by fluoride. The effects of halide ions on acetoacetate formation, on 14-CO2 production and on the acetylcoenzyme A synthetase of rat liver were also investigated. Decreasing [I-14-C]-acetate conversion to acetoacetate iodide had an opposite effect on 14-CO2 production from the same labeled substrate. The effects of the four halide ions and the differences observed with the three labeled substrates on several pathways related to lipid metabolism are discussed.", "PMID": 1126003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9282", "title": "The inhibition of glyceradehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase by benz(a)anthracene and its derivatives after exposure to laboratory lighting.", "content": "Colloidal dispersions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were found to inhibit glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) and lactic acid dehydrogenase (LDH) after a short exposure of the incubation medium to laboratory lighting. The activation effect was observed with substituted 7-methyl derivatives of 12-methylbenz(a)anthracene also. One minute exposure of 7-methoxymethyl-12-methylbenz(a)anthracene (MeO-DMBA) to light was sufficient to produce a measurable amount of GPDH inhibition. The rate of enzyme inhibition was related to the pH of the dispersion. A small but significant effect of light on the inhibition of the enzymes by K-region epoxides was seen. Protein binding of the epoxides was not well correlated with the inhibition. The light effect was oxygen-dependent and was related to the hydrocarbon concentration. The active form decayed over a period of more than 25 days. The necessity for protecting reactions involving hydrocarbons and their derivatives from light is emphasized.", "contents": "The inhibition of glyceradehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase by benz(a)anthracene and its derivatives after exposure to laboratory lighting. Colloidal dispersions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were found to inhibit glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) and lactic acid dehydrogenase (LDH) after a short exposure of the incubation medium to laboratory lighting. The activation effect was observed with substituted 7-methyl derivatives of 12-methylbenz(a)anthracene also. One minute exposure of 7-methoxymethyl-12-methylbenz(a)anthracene (MeO-DMBA) to light was sufficient to produce a measurable amount of GPDH inhibition. The rate of enzyme inhibition was related to the pH of the dispersion. A small but significant effect of light on the inhibition of the enzymes by K-region epoxides was seen. Protein binding of the epoxides was not well correlated with the inhibition. The light effect was oxygen-dependent and was related to the hydrocarbon concentration. The active form decayed over a period of more than 25 days. The necessity for protecting reactions involving hydrocarbons and their derivatives from light is emphasized.", "PMID": 1126004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9283", "title": "Localization in the cell cycle of the antimitotic action of the pyrrolizidine alkaloid, lasiocarpine and of its metabolite, dehydroheliotridine.", "content": "The antimitotic action of the pyrrolizidine alkaloid lasiocarpine on rat liver parenchyma was investigated using as the experimental model the wave of mitosis produced in liver by a single dose of thioacetamide. A single low dose of lasiocarpine administered two weeks before the thioacetamide, almost completely inhibited the mitotic wave without inhibiting to the same extent the preceding wave of DNA synthesis. By the use of selective inhibitors and radioisotope labelling, the location of the mitotic block was found to be either in the latter half of the DNA synthetic phase, S, or early in G2, the post-synthetic phase. The mitotic wave was similarly inhibited by pretreatment of the rats with a single injection of dehydroheliotridine, a pyrrolic metabolite of heliotridine-based pyrrolizidine alkaloids.", "contents": "Localization in the cell cycle of the antimitotic action of the pyrrolizidine alkaloid, lasiocarpine and of its metabolite, dehydroheliotridine. The antimitotic action of the pyrrolizidine alkaloid lasiocarpine on rat liver parenchyma was investigated using as the experimental model the wave of mitosis produced in liver by a single dose of thioacetamide. A single low dose of lasiocarpine administered two weeks before the thioacetamide, almost completely inhibited the mitotic wave without inhibiting to the same extent the preceding wave of DNA synthesis. By the use of selective inhibitors and radioisotope labelling, the location of the mitotic block was found to be either in the latter half of the DNA synthetic phase, S, or early in G2, the post-synthetic phase. The mitotic wave was similarly inhibited by pretreatment of the rats with a single injection of dehydroheliotridine, a pyrrolic metabolite of heliotridine-based pyrrolizidine alkaloids.", "PMID": 1126005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9284", "title": "The occurrence of multiple forms of cytochrome P-450 in hepatic microsomes from untreated rats and mice.", "content": "The hepatic microsomes of rat and mice were subfractionated by the procedure of Dallner. When a 1.3 M sucrose lower layer was used for the two-step discontinuous gradient, no differences in spectral characteristics were noted between subfractions, though the smooth fractions (SER) had higher oxidative activity towards the substrates tested. When lower layers of 1.05, 1.1 or 1.15 M sucrose were used, and the SER isolated contained cytochdrome P-450 with significantly different spectral characteristics from that of the rough fraction (RER). The SER cytochrome P-450 had a wavelength maximum in the carbon-monoxide reduced difference spectrum that was significantly lower (ca. 1.0 nm) than that in the RER. In addition, the type I:CO-reduced spectral ratio of these fractions is significantly elevated. These data indicate that liver microsomes from untreated rats and mice contain more than one cytochrome P-450 and that of these cytochromes may be located in different parts of the endoplasmic reticulum.", "contents": "The occurrence of multiple forms of cytochrome P-450 in hepatic microsomes from untreated rats and mice. The hepatic microsomes of rat and mice were subfractionated by the procedure of Dallner. When a 1.3 M sucrose lower layer was used for the two-step discontinuous gradient, no differences in spectral characteristics were noted between subfractions, though the smooth fractions (SER) had higher oxidative activity towards the substrates tested. When lower layers of 1.05, 1.1 or 1.15 M sucrose were used, and the SER isolated contained cytochdrome P-450 with significantly different spectral characteristics from that of the rough fraction (RER). The SER cytochrome P-450 had a wavelength maximum in the carbon-monoxide reduced difference spectrum that was significantly lower (ca. 1.0 nm) than that in the RER. In addition, the type I:CO-reduced spectral ratio of these fractions is significantly elevated. These data indicate that liver microsomes from untreated rats and mice contain more than one cytochrome P-450 and that of these cytochromes may be located in different parts of the endoplasmic reticulum.", "PMID": 1126006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9285", "title": "ORD and CD studies of saturated glycerides.", "content": "A convenient method for transforming 3-acyl-sn-glycerols into 1-acyl-2,3-diacyl'-sn-glycerols, antipodes of 1,2-diacyl'=3-acyl-sn-glycerols, of relatively high optical purity, via the 1,2-dimesyl-3-acyl-sn-glycerols has been worked out. ORD and CD curves of optically active triglycerides and also some mono- and diglycerides have been studied in detail. The curo 200 nm or below. A Cotton effect from the n yeilds  ets* transtition of the ester chromophore was observed at 215-220 nm, which was negative for triglyceritical rotations could be observed in triglycerides with very small differences in chain length, such as 1,2-dilauroyl-3-myristoyl-sn-glycerol.", "contents": "ORD and CD studies of saturated glycerides. A convenient method for transforming 3-acyl-sn-glycerols into 1-acyl-2,3-diacyl'-sn-glycerols, antipodes of 1,2-diacyl'=3-acyl-sn-glycerols, of relatively high optical purity, via the 1,2-dimesyl-3-acyl-sn-glycerols has been worked out. ORD and CD curves of optically active triglycerides and also some mono- and diglycerides have been studied in detail. The curo 200 nm or below. A Cotton effect from the n yeilds  ets* transtition of the ester chromophore was observed at 215-220 nm, which was negative for triglyceritical rotations could be observed in triglycerides with very small differences in chain length, such as 1,2-dilauroyl-3-myristoyl-sn-glycerol.", "PMID": 1126008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9286", "title": "PMR analysis of unsaturated triglycerides using shift reagents.", "content": "The addition of Pr(fod)3 i.e. tris(1,1,1,2,2,3,3-heptafluoro-,7-dimethyl 1-4,6-octanedionato) praseodymium, to trilinolein has been found to induce a difference in the chemical shifts of the absorptions from the acids on the alpha- and beta positions. At 220 MHz this was observed up to 18 carbon atoms along the chain. Decoupling of the alkenyl protons at 100 MHz enabled the absorptions from the skipped methylene groups to be used to determine the position of linoleate and linolenante chains in triglycerides.", "contents": "PMR analysis of unsaturated triglycerides using shift reagents. The addition of Pr(fod)3 i.e. tris(1,1,1,2,2,3,3-heptafluoro-,7-dimethyl 1-4,6-octanedionato) praseodymium, to trilinolein has been found to induce a difference in the chemical shifts of the absorptions from the acids on the alpha- and beta positions. At 220 MHz this was observed up to 18 carbon atoms along the chain. Decoupling of the alkenyl protons at 100 MHz enabled the absorptions from the skipped methylene groups to be used to determine the position of linoleate and linolenante chains in triglycerides.", "PMID": 1126009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9287", "title": "Acomparative study of two methods of urine preservation.", "content": "In preparation for the conduct of biochemical experiments in the Skylab Orbital Workshop a study was performed on the stability of various chemical constituents in urine in 2 different techniques for preservation and storage. Urine samples were either vacuum dried or frozen and maintained in storage at minus 20 degrees for periods of up to 10 weeks. The urinary constituents studied included aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone, epinephrine, norepinephrine, urea, nitrogen, creatine, hydroxyproline, 17-hydroxycorticosteroids, calcium, sodium potassium, chloride, magnesium and phosphate. Some degradation of urinary compounds was observed after both treatments. The rate and variability of destruction following the vacuum drying treatment, however, was greater than for freezing. It was concluded that only the freezing treatment could be used to preserve with predictable loss the urinary samples which would be returned to earth following the conclusion of each Skylab flight.", "contents": "Acomparative study of two methods of urine preservation. In preparation for the conduct of biochemical experiments in the Skylab Orbital Workshop a study was performed on the stability of various chemical constituents in urine in 2 different techniques for preservation and storage. Urine samples were either vacuum dried or frozen and maintained in storage at minus 20 degrees for periods of up to 10 weeks. The urinary constituents studied included aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone, epinephrine, norepinephrine, urea, nitrogen, creatine, hydroxyproline, 17-hydroxycorticosteroids, calcium, sodium potassium, chloride, magnesium and phosphate. Some degradation of urinary compounds was observed after both treatments. The rate and variability of destruction following the vacuum drying treatment, however, was greater than for freezing. It was concluded that only the freezing treatment could be used to preserve with predictable loss the urinary samples which would be returned to earth following the conclusion of each Skylab flight.", "PMID": 1126011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9288", "title": "[Quality control of testosterone and digoxin radioimmunoassays and cortisol competitive protein binding assay by the reference sample method].", "content": "The inclusion of a minimum of 2 reference samples in the radioimmunoassay of testesterone and digoxin, and the competitive protein binding assay of cortisol served as a simple and practical index of overall assay performance. Statistical parameters, the mean plus or minus 2 standard deviation limits as well as the % coefficient of variation were determined at 3 clinically significant values for these samples. While a 50% intercept served mainly to indicate standard curve sensitivity, quality control sera provided a valid assessment of annay precision.", "contents": "[Quality control of testosterone and digoxin radioimmunoassays and cortisol competitive protein binding assay by the reference sample method]. The inclusion of a minimum of 2 reference samples in the radioimmunoassay of testesterone and digoxin, and the competitive protein binding assay of cortisol served as a simple and practical index of overall assay performance. Statistical parameters, the mean plus or minus 2 standard deviation limits as well as the % coefficient of variation were determined at 3 clinically significant values for these samples. While a 50% intercept served mainly to indicate standard curve sensitivity, quality control sera provided a valid assessment of annay precision.", "PMID": 1126012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9289", "title": "A simulation model for determination of the economic production rate of the auto analyzer system.", "content": "1. The problem is considered of determining the appropriate rate of operation of an Auto Analyzer System. A computer model is presented which simulates the operation of the system, so as to describe the frequency of such events as repeated samples. 2. Estimates may be obtained of average total running costs, incorporating those of consumables and technician time and the rate which minimises the average cost, subject to stated test quality constraints, may then be calculated.", "contents": "A simulation model for determination of the economic production rate of the auto analyzer system. 1. The problem is considered of determining the appropriate rate of operation of an Auto Analyzer System. A computer model is presented which simulates the operation of the system, so as to describe the frequency of such events as repeated samples. 2. Estimates may be obtained of average total running costs, incorporating those of consumables and technician time and the rate which minimises the average cost, subject to stated test quality constraints, may then be calculated.", "PMID": 1126016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9290", "title": "A micro method for direct determination of ionic fluoride in body fluids with the hanging drop fluoride electrode.", "content": "A simple method for direct determination of ionic fluoride in 5 mul samples of body fluids with the hanging drop fluoride electrode, using sodium acetate buffer (pH 4.8) is described. The hanging drop electrode should prove useful in experimental investigations employing small laboratory animals and in clinical laboratories.", "contents": "A micro method for direct determination of ionic fluoride in body fluids with the hanging drop fluoride electrode. A simple method for direct determination of ionic fluoride in 5 mul samples of body fluids with the hanging drop fluoride electrode, using sodium acetate buffer (pH 4.8) is described. The hanging drop electrode should prove useful in experimental investigations employing small laboratory animals and in clinical laboratories.", "PMID": 1126017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9291", "title": "The glycoprotein content of meconium.", "content": "Meconium pooled according to blood group activity has been studied. It was found to consists largely of glycoproteins. Two glycoprotein fractions have been isolated, one of which consisted of mucous-type glycoproteins and the other of \"mannose-containing\" glycoproteins.", "contents": "The glycoprotein content of meconium. Meconium pooled according to blood group activity has been studied. It was found to consists largely of glycoproteins. Two glycoprotein fractions have been isolated, one of which consisted of mucous-type glycoproteins and the other of \"mannose-containing\" glycoproteins.", "PMID": 1126018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9292", "title": "Estimation of serum uric acid by high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection.", "content": "A precise method for serum uric acid is described based on direct electrochemical oxidation in the eluate from high performance liquid chromatography. The detection limit for uric acid was found to be approximately 1 pg and accurate measurements were possible at the 100 pg level. Detailed procedures are outlined for 0.5 ml and 25 mul serum samples, the relative standard deviations being 1.7% and 1.8%, respectively, for a 6.2 ml/dl serum pool. Samples were normally deproteinized, however, the analysis can be carried out by injection of 2 mul of serum diluted 10-fold with distilled water. The proposed micro method is highly selective and eliminates the need for the enzyme preparation and/or nonspecific colorimetric reagents in common use.", "contents": "Estimation of serum uric acid by high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. A precise method for serum uric acid is described based on direct electrochemical oxidation in the eluate from high performance liquid chromatography. The detection limit for uric acid was found to be approximately 1 pg and accurate measurements were possible at the 100 pg level. Detailed procedures are outlined for 0.5 ml and 25 mul serum samples, the relative standard deviations being 1.7% and 1.8%, respectively, for a 6.2 ml/dl serum pool. Samples were normally deproteinized, however, the analysis can be carried out by injection of 2 mul of serum diluted 10-fold with distilled water. The proposed micro method is highly selective and eliminates the need for the enzyme preparation and/or nonspecific colorimetric reagents in common use.", "PMID": 1126019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9293", "title": "N-EPSILON-(CARBOXYMETHYL)LYSINE, A CONSTITUENT OF HUMAN URINE.", "content": "An unknown urinary amino acid, present in small amounts in many children with various diseases, has been isolated and identified as N-Epsilon-(carboxymethyl)lysine. The identity of this compound was confirmed by synthesis. Its chromatographical characteristics are described. The compound also occurred in the urine of prematurely born infants. Even in healthy adults trace amounts could be detected. In a few patients strikingly higher excretions were observed, up to 67 mg/g creatinine, as determined by cation-exchange column chromatography. No clear correlation with a distinct clinical picture could be established. Speculations are given about the origin of the compound.", "contents": "N-EPSILON-(CARBOXYMETHYL)LYSINE, A CONSTITUENT OF HUMAN URINE. An unknown urinary amino acid, present in small amounts in many children with various diseases, has been isolated and identified as N-Epsilon-(carboxymethyl)lysine. The identity of this compound was confirmed by synthesis. Its chromatographical characteristics are described. The compound also occurred in the urine of prematurely born infants. Even in healthy adults trace amounts could be detected. In a few patients strikingly higher excretions were observed, up to 67 mg/g creatinine, as determined by cation-exchange column chromatography. No clear correlation with a distinct clinical picture could be established. Speculations are given about the origin of the compound.", "PMID": 1126020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9294", "title": "A new cocktail for liquid scintillation counting of aqueous radioimmunoassay-samples.", "content": "The aim of this investigation was to find a scintillation mixture for counting up to 1 ml of plasma. We succeeded in obtaining a mixture of xylene/Triton X-100/mono- and di-butylphosphate, and called it Plasmasol. The properties were ideal for radioimmunoassays of steroids.  Good dissolving properties, high counting efficiency, absence of chemiluminescence and a good stability and reproducibility with respect to the disintegrations per minute were achieved. The cost was only 25% of the commercially available ready-to-use liquid scintillation mixtures, with which a comparison was made.", "contents": "A new cocktail for liquid scintillation counting of aqueous radioimmunoassay-samples. The aim of this investigation was to find a scintillation mixture for counting up to 1 ml of plasma. We succeeded in obtaining a mixture of xylene/Triton X-100/mono- and di-butylphosphate, and called it Plasmasol. The properties were ideal for radioimmunoassays of steroids.  Good dissolving properties, high counting efficiency, absence of chemiluminescence and a good stability and reproducibility with respect to the disintegrations per minute were achieved. The cost was only 25% of the commercially available ready-to-use liquid scintillation mixtures, with which a comparison was made.", "PMID": 1126021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9295", "title": "Activation by pyridoxal 5-phosphate of aspartate transaminase in serum of patients with heart and liver disease.", "content": "When aspartate transaminase activity in serum is increased, pyridoxal 5-phosphate addition produces more pronounced activation of post-myocardial infarct sera than of sera from patients with chronic liver disease. Possible explanations for this are considered. Routine pre-incubation of sera with pyridoxal phosphate prior to aspartate transaminase determination is recommended.", "contents": "Activation by pyridoxal 5-phosphate of aspartate transaminase in serum of patients with heart and liver disease. When aspartate transaminase activity in serum is increased, pyridoxal 5-phosphate addition produces more pronounced activation of post-myocardial infarct sera than of sera from patients with chronic liver disease. Possible explanations for this are considered. Routine pre-incubation of sera with pyridoxal phosphate prior to aspartate transaminase determination is recommended.", "PMID": 1126022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9296", "title": "Analysis of heat inactivation curves of alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes in serum.", "content": "The course of the decline in alkaline phosphatase activity during exposureof serum samples to a temperature of 56 degree C can be resolved into two phases. These represent the exponential decay of an enzyme component with an average half-inactivation time of 112 seconds and of a second component with an average half-inactivation time of 456 seconds. The more rapid fall is due to inactivation of bone alkaline phosphatase and the slower to inactivation of liver and, when present, intestinal phosphatases. The half-inactivation times of the different enzyme species show considerable variation from one serum sample to another. The implications of this variation for methods of estimating the relative proportions of alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes by selective inactivation procedures are discussed.", "contents": "Analysis of heat inactivation curves of alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes in serum. The course of the decline in alkaline phosphatase activity during exposureof serum samples to a temperature of 56 degree C can be resolved into two phases. These represent the exponential decay of an enzyme component with an average half-inactivation time of 112 seconds and of a second component with an average half-inactivation time of 456 seconds. The more rapid fall is due to inactivation of bone alkaline phosphatase and the slower to inactivation of liver and, when present, intestinal phosphatases. The half-inactivation times of the different enzyme species show considerable variation from one serum sample to another. The implications of this variation for methods of estimating the relative proportions of alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes by selective inactivation procedures are discussed.", "PMID": 1126023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9297", "title": "The separation and characterization of liver plasma membrane fragments circulating in the blood of patients with cholestasis.", "content": "Investigations on the high molecular weight isozyme of alkaline phosphatase (R type of AP), which is typically found in the serum of patients with cholestasis, have revealed that AP of the R type corresponds to the conventional liver AP which is attached to vesicular material. The isolation of these vesicles by Sepharose gel filtration is described. Several features were found to be characteristic for these vesicles: 1. The presence of the following enzymes known to be membrane bound: alkaline phosphatase (AP), 5FEET-NUCLEOTIDASE, L-leucyl-beta-naphthylamidase (LAP), and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma-GT). 2. The absence of the following enzymes known not to be present on cell membranes: glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (SGOT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and acid phosphatase. 3. The typical ultrastructural appearance and the cytochemical visualization of alkaline phosphatase and 5feet-nucleotidase. It is concluded that the vesicles correspond to fragments of the liver cell membranes that appear and continue to circulate in the blood of patients with cholestasis.", "contents": "The separation and characterization of liver plasma membrane fragments circulating in the blood of patients with cholestasis. Investigations on the high molecular weight isozyme of alkaline phosphatase (R type of AP), which is typically found in the serum of patients with cholestasis, have revealed that AP of the R type corresponds to the conventional liver AP which is attached to vesicular material. The isolation of these vesicles by Sepharose gel filtration is described. Several features were found to be characteristic for these vesicles: 1. The presence of the following enzymes known to be membrane bound: alkaline phosphatase (AP), 5FEET-NUCLEOTIDASE, L-leucyl-beta-naphthylamidase (LAP), and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma-GT). 2. The absence of the following enzymes known not to be present on cell membranes: glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (SGOT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and acid phosphatase. 3. The typical ultrastructural appearance and the cytochemical visualization of alkaline phosphatase and 5feet-nucleotidase. It is concluded that the vesicles correspond to fragments of the liver cell membranes that appear and continue to circulate in the blood of patients with cholestasis.", "PMID": 1126024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9298", "title": "Incidence and some properties of an electrophoretically slow form of alkaline phosphatase in sera of patients with diseases of the intestine.", "content": "A zone of alkaline phosphatase activity migrating at about 40 percent of the rate of liver phosphatase in gel electrophoresis has been detected in sera from 2 out of 22 cases of ulcerative colitis and 1 out of 32 cases of Crohn's disease, but in no other specimen from 33 patients with other diseases of the digestive tract. This rare form of alkaline phosphatase was unlike small-intestinal alkaline phosphatase in several properties. Its appearance in association with diseases of the colon suggests that the rare isoenzyme may originate in that organ. However, the slowly migrating alkaline phosphatase was equally prominent in serum specimens taken before and after operation in one patient who underwent a pan-proctocolectomy for the alleviation of uncontrollable ulcerative colitis.", "contents": "Incidence and some properties of an electrophoretically slow form of alkaline phosphatase in sera of patients with diseases of the intestine. A zone of alkaline phosphatase activity migrating at about 40 percent of the rate of liver phosphatase in gel electrophoresis has been detected in sera from 2 out of 22 cases of ulcerative colitis and 1 out of 32 cases of Crohn's disease, but in no other specimen from 33 patients with other diseases of the digestive tract. This rare form of alkaline phosphatase was unlike small-intestinal alkaline phosphatase in several properties. Its appearance in association with diseases of the colon suggests that the rare isoenzyme may originate in that organ. However, the slowly migrating alkaline phosphatase was equally prominent in serum specimens taken before and after operation in one patient who underwent a pan-proctocolectomy for the alleviation of uncontrollable ulcerative colitis.", "PMID": 1126026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9299", "title": "Effect of essential oil of onion (allyl propyl disulphide) on blood glucose, free fatty acid and insulin levels of normal subjects.", "content": "The administration of allyl propyl disulphide (APDS), a volatile substance contained in onion, to six normal volunteers after a 12 hour fast caused a significant fall in the blood glucose levels and a significant rise in the serum insulin levels during the subsequent 4 hours. It is argued that this effect is due to an insulin sparing action. The expected rise of serum free fatty acid levels after fasting did not occur after APDS administration and this effect is probably related to the simultaneous rise in the insulin levels.", "contents": "Effect of essential oil of onion (allyl propyl disulphide) on blood glucose, free fatty acid and insulin levels of normal subjects. The administration of allyl propyl disulphide (APDS), a volatile substance contained in onion, to six normal volunteers after a 12 hour fast caused a significant fall in the blood glucose levels and a significant rise in the serum insulin levels during the subsequent 4 hours. It is argued that this effect is due to an insulin sparing action. The expected rise of serum free fatty acid levels after fasting did not occur after APDS administration and this effect is probably related to the simultaneous rise in the insulin levels.", "PMID": 1126028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9300", "title": "Semi-automated radioimmunoassays for total serum thyroxine and triiodothyronine.", "content": "Single stage semi-automated radioimmunoassays for total serum thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) are described which employ an automatic pipetting station, automatic gamma counter, and a programmable calculator with paper tape reader and printing facility. Both assays require only a small volume of unextracted serum, and are specific and sensitive. Their sample capacity, precision, speed, and cost are comparable with the measurement of serum protein-bound iodine. Both assays therefore have significant advantages over previous methods for the assessment of thyroid function in the diagnostic laboratory. A Simple method of automating the calculation of results is described, which is applicable to any radioimmunoassay in which the standard curve is approximately linear on a plot of the free/bound fraction against the antigen concentration. In addition, a general method is reported which reveals the relative contributions of intrinsic, systematic, and random error to radioimmunoassay precision.", "contents": "Semi-automated radioimmunoassays for total serum thyroxine and triiodothyronine. Single stage semi-automated radioimmunoassays for total serum thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) are described which employ an automatic pipetting station, automatic gamma counter, and a programmable calculator with paper tape reader and printing facility. Both assays require only a small volume of unextracted serum, and are specific and sensitive. Their sample capacity, precision, speed, and cost are comparable with the measurement of serum protein-bound iodine. Both assays therefore have significant advantages over previous methods for the assessment of thyroid function in the diagnostic laboratory. A Simple method of automating the calculation of results is described, which is applicable to any radioimmunoassay in which the standard curve is approximately linear on a plot of the free/bound fraction against the antigen concentration. In addition, a general method is reported which reveals the relative contributions of intrinsic, systematic, and random error to radioimmunoassay precision.", "PMID": 1126029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9301", "title": "Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) of human tissue extracts: partial characterization of two variants separated by affinity chromatography on concanavalin A.", "content": "The carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) of normal and pathological tissue extracts was separated into two variants, Concanavalin A reactive (CEAr) and non-reactive CEA (CEAn) by affinity chromatography on Con A Sepharose columns. CEAr was the quantitatively predominant variant. CEAn varied in concentration between 0.2 and 6 percent of the total CEA activity. The affinity of CEAn for anti-CEA antibodies was significantly lower than that of CEAr. Pooled extracts of primary adenocarcinomas of the colon contained CEAn in the lowest concentration and with the least affinity for antibodies. It is suggested that a deficiency and/or steric blocking of alpha-D-mannopyranosyl residues in CEAn reduce the affinities for both antibodies and Con A.", "contents": "Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) of human tissue extracts: partial characterization of two variants separated by affinity chromatography on concanavalin A. The carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) of normal and pathological tissue extracts was separated into two variants, Concanavalin A reactive (CEAr) and non-reactive CEA (CEAn) by affinity chromatography on Con A Sepharose columns. CEAr was the quantitatively predominant variant. CEAn varied in concentration between 0.2 and 6 percent of the total CEA activity. The affinity of CEAn for anti-CEA antibodies was significantly lower than that of CEAr. Pooled extracts of primary adenocarcinomas of the colon contained CEAn in the lowest concentration and with the least affinity for antibodies. It is suggested that a deficiency and/or steric blocking of alpha-D-mannopyranosyl residues in CEAn reduce the affinities for both antibodies and Con A.", "PMID": 1126030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9302", "title": "Variations in human metabolism of methaqualone given in therapeutic doses and in overdose cases studied by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.", "content": "The individual variations in human metabolism of methaqualone were studied after oral administration of therapeutic doses. The effect of antabuse on the drug metabolism as well as metabolites in some autopsy cases were also studied. The metabolites were identified using the GC-MS computer technique, and the relative amounts of the indicated metabolites were calculated from the sum of the peak heights in the gas chromatogram. The results show that the individual variations were small in the cases of therapeutic doses and that antabuse did not interact with the metabolism of methaqualone. Large amounts of one single metabolite 2-methyl-3-[phenyl(2'-methyl-4-hydroxy)]-4(3H)-quinazolinone was found in the bile from the two autopsy cases where the bile was also collected.", "contents": "Variations in human metabolism of methaqualone given in therapeutic doses and in overdose cases studied by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The individual variations in human metabolism of methaqualone were studied after oral administration of therapeutic doses. The effect of antabuse on the drug metabolism as well as metabolites in some autopsy cases were also studied. The metabolites were identified using the GC-MS computer technique, and the relative amounts of the indicated metabolites were calculated from the sum of the peak heights in the gas chromatogram. The results show that the individual variations were small in the cases of therapeutic doses and that antabuse did not interact with the metabolism of methaqualone. Large amounts of one single metabolite 2-methyl-3-[phenyl(2'-methyl-4-hydroxy)]-4(3H)-quinazolinone was found in the bile from the two autopsy cases where the bile was also collected.", "PMID": 1126031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9303", "title": "Empirical relations as interference correctives in multichannel analyzers.", "content": "Interference from turbidity and bilirubin on 20 serum constituents have been examined on the AutoChemist multichannel analytical system. Empirical relations are presented which correct for these effects on tests such as acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin, chloride, cholesterol, creatinine, iron, lactate dehydrogenase, phosphate and uric acid. The interference correctives are routinely applied to patient specimens by aid of the computer attached to the system.", "contents": "Empirical relations as interference correctives in multichannel analyzers. Interference from turbidity and bilirubin on 20 serum constituents have been examined on the AutoChemist multichannel analytical system. Empirical relations are presented which correct for these effects on tests such as acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin, chloride, cholesterol, creatinine, iron, lactate dehydrogenase, phosphate and uric acid. The interference correctives are routinely applied to patient specimens by aid of the computer attached to the system.", "PMID": 1126032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9304", "title": "Improved fibrin plate method for fibrinolytic activity measurements: use of bentonite precipitation and agar solidification.", "content": "A modification of the fibrin plate method to assure sterility and fibrin stability is described. Bovine fibrinogen is precipitated with bentonite to remove the plasminogen and agar is added to assure stability. Storage of the plates up to 7-10 days has resulted in no bacterial growth. This rapid, sensitive method is useful in the isolation of plasminogen or its activators by chromatographic separation.", "contents": "Improved fibrin plate method for fibrinolytic activity measurements: use of bentonite precipitation and agar solidification. A modification of the fibrin plate method to assure sterility and fibrin stability is described. Bovine fibrinogen is precipitated with bentonite to remove the plasminogen and agar is added to assure stability. Storage of the plates up to 7-10 days has resulted in no bacterial growth. This rapid, sensitive method is useful in the isolation of plasminogen or its activators by chromatographic separation.", "PMID": 1126033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9305", "title": "Resistance to Levamisole (R12456) in heat-stable alkaline phosphatases.", "content": "The inhibitory effect of Levamisole (R12456) on human alkaline phosphatases has been studied. At a concentration of 0.1 mM it is possible to differentiate the source of the enzyme. Enzyme activity relatively resistant to Levamisole (less than 20 percent loss) is present in serum with the Regan isoenzyme, in placental extracts, in the intestinal \"B\" preparation and in heat-stable alkaline phosphatases \"unmasked\" after treatment at high ionic strength.", "contents": "Resistance to Levamisole (R12456) in heat-stable alkaline phosphatases. The inhibitory effect of Levamisole (R12456) on human alkaline phosphatases has been studied. At a concentration of 0.1 mM it is possible to differentiate the source of the enzyme. Enzyme activity relatively resistant to Levamisole (less than 20 percent loss) is present in serum with the Regan isoenzyme, in placental extracts, in the intestinal \"B\" preparation and in heat-stable alkaline phosphatases \"unmasked\" after treatment at high ionic strength.", "PMID": 1126034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9306", "title": "Urinary organic acid analysis in non-ketotic hyperglycinemia: non-specific occurrence of free benzoic acid, due to a beta-streptococcus infection.", "content": "The presence of free benzoic acid in the urine of a patient with non-ketotic hyperglycinemia was demonstrated to be due to a urinary tract infection with beta-streptococci (group B), and was eliminated by treatment with Penicillin G. In addition, the continuous excretion of p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid was observed. The patient was also found to excrete small and variable amounts of tiglic acid during the period of observation. Except for benzoic acid, large excesses of any specific organic acid were not observed.", "contents": "Urinary organic acid analysis in non-ketotic hyperglycinemia: non-specific occurrence of free benzoic acid, due to a beta-streptococcus infection. The presence of free benzoic acid in the urine of a patient with non-ketotic hyperglycinemia was demonstrated to be due to a urinary tract infection with beta-streptococci (group B), and was eliminated by treatment with Penicillin G. In addition, the continuous excretion of p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid was observed. The patient was also found to excrete small and variable amounts of tiglic acid during the period of observation. Except for benzoic acid, large excesses of any specific organic acid were not observed.", "PMID": 1126035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9307", "title": "The diagnostic value of certain alkaline phosphatase isoenzyme patterns in human serum, fractions obtained by polyacrylamide disc electrophoresis.", "content": "Over 2500 pathological sera were analysed to determine alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1) isoenzyme levels. 3% of these sera showed two or more narrow isoenzyme bands with a lower electrophoretic mobility on polyacrylamide than that of the intestine type of alkaline phosphatase and higher than that of the bile type of alkaline phosphatase (the extra-bands group). This latter group showed significantly more intestine-tupe alkaline phosphatase than a control group of 240 sera lacking extra serum bands. Significantly more of the individuals in the extra-bands group belonged to blood group O or B than did individuals of the control group. This relationship with blood groups suggests that the presence of the extra bands is genetically determined. It is concluded that the presence of these extra bands is not a specific indication for a particular disease or malignant process. The serum of seven patients showed an unusually strong alkaline phosphatase band with a relative mobility amounting to about one-third of that of the liver-type band (2nd fraction group). Specificity for a particular disease could not be established in this group either. In four patients the serum showed an alkaline phosphatase band with an electrophoretic mobility greater than that of the liver-tupe band (6th fraction group). All of these patients had liver metastases of a primary adenocarcinoma localized in the pancreas or stomach. After the demonstration of this fraction in ther serum, the course became progessively worse.", "contents": "The diagnostic value of certain alkaline phosphatase isoenzyme patterns in human serum, fractions obtained by polyacrylamide disc electrophoresis. Over 2500 pathological sera were analysed to determine alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1) isoenzyme levels. 3% of these sera showed two or more narrow isoenzyme bands with a lower electrophoretic mobility on polyacrylamide than that of the intestine type of alkaline phosphatase and higher than that of the bile type of alkaline phosphatase (the extra-bands group). This latter group showed significantly more intestine-tupe alkaline phosphatase than a control group of 240 sera lacking extra serum bands. Significantly more of the individuals in the extra-bands group belonged to blood group O or B than did individuals of the control group. This relationship with blood groups suggests that the presence of the extra bands is genetically determined. It is concluded that the presence of these extra bands is not a specific indication for a particular disease or malignant process. The serum of seven patients showed an unusually strong alkaline phosphatase band with a relative mobility amounting to about one-third of that of the liver-type band (2nd fraction group). Specificity for a particular disease could not be established in this group either. In four patients the serum showed an alkaline phosphatase band with an electrophoretic mobility greater than that of the liver-tupe band (6th fraction group). All of these patients had liver metastases of a primary adenocarcinoma localized in the pancreas or stomach. After the demonstration of this fraction in ther serum, the course became progessively worse.", "PMID": 1126037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9308", "title": "Nothing dehydrogenase reaction as an artefact in serum isoenzyme analyses.", "content": "A nonspecific staining occurs in serum in isoenzyme methods based on tetrazolium staining reactions. The artefact is pronounced when a large application volume, a prolonged incubation time, distinctly alkaline conditions, or excess of phenazine methosulphate is used. Only phenazine methosulphate and a tetrazolium stain are required for the appearance. Inhibition studies and histochemical staining reactions give evidence that protein-bound sulphydryl groups are responsible for the artefact in serum.", "contents": "Nothing dehydrogenase reaction as an artefact in serum isoenzyme analyses. A nonspecific staining occurs in serum in isoenzyme methods based on tetrazolium staining reactions. The artefact is pronounced when a large application volume, a prolonged incubation time, distinctly alkaline conditions, or excess of phenazine methosulphate is used. Only phenazine methosulphate and a tetrazolium stain are required for the appearance. Inhibition studies and histochemical staining reactions give evidence that protein-bound sulphydryl groups are responsible for the artefact in serum.", "PMID": 1126042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9309", "title": "Electrophoretic analysis of the major polypeptides of human erythrocyte membranes prepared by low and high osmolarity haemolysis.", "content": "Human erythrocyte membranes were prepared in three ways: washing in hypotonic Tris buffer, pH 7.6, by lysis in isotonic Tris buffer pH 7.6 after incubation at 37 degrees C for 2 hours and by ultrasonication in an isotonic medium, pH 7.6. Analysis of the major polypeptides of the erythrocyte membranes by  sodium dodecylsulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed a selective depletion of a major polypeptide representing glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in the membranes prepared by high osmolarity lysis. The pattern of seperation of the remaining polypeptides was identical in the 3 different membrane preparations.", "contents": "Electrophoretic analysis of the major polypeptides of human erythrocyte membranes prepared by low and high osmolarity haemolysis. Human erythrocyte membranes were prepared in three ways: washing in hypotonic Tris buffer, pH 7.6, by lysis in isotonic Tris buffer pH 7.6 after incubation at 37 degrees C for 2 hours and by ultrasonication in an isotonic medium, pH 7.6. Analysis of the major polypeptides of the erythrocyte membranes by  sodium dodecylsulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed a selective depletion of a major polypeptide representing glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in the membranes prepared by high osmolarity lysis. The pattern of seperation of the remaining polypeptides was identical in the 3 different membrane preparations.", "PMID": 1126043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9310", "title": "Serum protein changes in coal workers' pneumoconiosis.", "content": "Differences from the normal were found in the serum proteins of coal workers suffering from pneumoconiosis which were similar to those in subjects suffereing from bronchitis, cancer and rheumatoid arthritis. The differences consisted of decreased albumin and increased globulin contents, and decreased sulphydryl contents, and decreased sulphydryl contents in both albumin and globulin proteins. These differences caused a reduction in the number of protein sulphydryl groups in serum. In pnemoconiotic coal workers the amount of idsulphide-linked cysteine in albumin increased above the normal, the increase tending to depend on the severity of the pneumoconiosis. Apart from this correlation the above differences could not be used to diagnose the class of pneumoconiosis.", "contents": "Serum protein changes in coal workers' pneumoconiosis. Differences from the normal were found in the serum proteins of coal workers suffering from pneumoconiosis which were similar to those in subjects suffereing from bronchitis, cancer and rheumatoid arthritis. The differences consisted of decreased albumin and increased globulin contents, and decreased sulphydryl contents, and decreased sulphydryl contents in both albumin and globulin proteins. These differences caused a reduction in the number of protein sulphydryl groups in serum. In pnemoconiotic coal workers the amount of idsulphide-linked cysteine in albumin increased above the normal, the increase tending to depend on the severity of the pneumoconiosis. Apart from this correlation the above differences could not be used to diagnose the class of pneumoconiosis.", "PMID": 1126044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9311", "title": "Assessment of a new enzyme reaction rate analyser, the Vitatron AKES.", "content": "We have assessed the function of the Vitatron AKES (Automatic Kinetic Enzyme System) in terms of three enzymes, alpha-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, alanine transaminase and asparate transaminase, and have compared the results with our existing techniques. Overall a good precision and correlation with routine laboratory methods was found. The machine is entirely automatic in operation and is economical in its use of sample and reagents.", "contents": "Assessment of a new enzyme reaction rate analyser, the Vitatron AKES. We have assessed the function of the Vitatron AKES (Automatic Kinetic Enzyme System) in terms of three enzymes, alpha-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, alanine transaminase and asparate transaminase, and have compared the results with our existing techniques. Overall a good precision and correlation with routine laboratory methods was found. The machine is entirely automatic in operation and is economical in its use of sample and reagents.", "PMID": 1126045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9312", "title": "Relation of steatosis to cirrhosis.", "content": "Steatosis of the liver is a harmless symptom of disturbed lipid metabolism but not a disease. The cause of the steatosis, and not the fat accumulation by itself, produces cirrhosis. There is no evidence so far in man that cirrhosis may be caused by nutritional deficiencies alone. Even cirrhosis after small bowel bypass procedures seems to be result from metabolic rather than nutritional disturbances.", "contents": "Relation of steatosis to cirrhosis. Steatosis of the liver is a harmless symptom of disturbed lipid metabolism but not a disease. The cause of the steatosis, and not the fat accumulation by itself, produces cirrhosis. There is no evidence so far in man that cirrhosis may be caused by nutritional deficiencies alone. Even cirrhosis after small bowel bypass procedures seems to be result from metabolic rather than nutritional disturbances.", "PMID": 1126047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9313", "title": "Physical and mental defect of chromosomal origin in four individuals of the same family. Trisomy for the short arm of 9.", "content": "A family with the reciprocal translocation t(9;22)(q13;q11) segregating in genetically balanced and unbalanced form is identified. The clinical features of four members with trisomy for the short arm of 9, and the proximal part of the long arm of 9, are described in detail. Features in common are summarized and compared with developmental abnormality observed in other examples of trisomy for the short arm of 9. An attempt is made to delineate further the clinical features commonly seen in trisomy for the short arm of 9.", "contents": "Physical and mental defect of chromosomal origin in four individuals of the same family. Trisomy for the short arm of 9. A family with the reciprocal translocation t(9;22)(q13;q11) segregating in genetically balanced and unbalanced form is identified. The clinical features of four members with trisomy for the short arm of 9, and the proximal part of the long arm of 9, are described in detail. Features in common are summarized and compared with developmental abnormality observed in other examples of trisomy for the short arm of 9. An attempt is made to delineate further the clinical features commonly seen in trisomy for the short arm of 9.", "PMID": 1126048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9314", "title": "The unique green phenomenon and colour vision.", "content": "The mode of inheritance of the Unique Green phenomenon is investigated by a new technique. This involves a spectrometer which generates the stimulus in such a manner that the exact position that is neither blue-green nor yellow-green can be compared with neighbouring positions in the spectrum. This technique is used in conjunction with the single field techniques of Waaler to confrim the mode in inheritance he has suggested: that it is an effect carried on the X chromosome. The placing of the Unique Green point in the spectrum is shown to correlate with the mid-matching point in the blue-yellow axis on the Pickford Nicolson Anomaloscope. It is concluded that there may be a highly photolabile visual pigment present, which absorbs maximally at about the yellow region of the spectrum,", "contents": "The unique green phenomenon and colour vision. The mode of inheritance of the Unique Green phenomenon is investigated by a new technique. This involves a spectrometer which generates the stimulus in such a manner that the exact position that is neither blue-green nor yellow-green can be compared with neighbouring positions in the spectrum. This technique is used in conjunction with the single field techniques of Waaler to confrim the mode in inheritance he has suggested: that it is an effect carried on the X chromosome. The placing of the Unique Green point in the spectrum is shown to correlate with the mid-matching point in the blue-yellow axis on the Pickford Nicolson Anomaloscope. It is concluded that there may be a highly photolabile visual pigment present, which absorbs maximally at about the yellow region of the spectrum,", "PMID": 1126049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9315", "title": "Dominant mesomelic dwarfism of the hypoplastic tibia, radius type.", "content": "A new type of mesomelic dwarfism in two male siblings and their father is presented. The responsible mutant gene manifests itself phenotypically as a severe dysostosis of the tibia with shortening, bowing and pseudarthrosis and as a mild dysostosis of the radius. The fibulae and ulnae are secondarily affected, but the rest of the skeleton is normal. The disorder has an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance. It can be differentiated rather easily from the already known forms of mesomelic dwarfism.", "contents": "Dominant mesomelic dwarfism of the hypoplastic tibia, radius type. A new type of mesomelic dwarfism in two male siblings and their father is presented. The responsible mutant gene manifests itself phenotypically as a severe dysostosis of the tibia with shortening, bowing and pseudarthrosis and as a mild dysostosis of the radius. The fibulae and ulnae are secondarily affected, but the rest of the skeleton is normal. The disorder has an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance. It can be differentiated rather easily from the already known forms of mesomelic dwarfism.", "PMID": 1126050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9316", "title": "Friedreich's ataxia in Western Norway.", "content": "Friedreich's ataxia (FA) was investigated in Western Norway, an area comprising several isolated communities and with a population of 725,000 as at 1 January 1968. The prevalence of FA was estimated to be 1/100,000 in this population. An autosomal recessive mode of transmission appeared likely in all instances. The gene frequency was only 7-9.10 minus 5, but the consanguinity rate was high in the families observed. The mutation rate was relatively high at 1-6.10 minus 5. The clinical features displayed by the 10 examined patients agreed well with those observed by other investigators. Spinal and cerebellar ataxia dominated the clinical picture. In most cases signs of peripheral neuropathy were also observed. Epilepsy was seen in some cases, and also dementia. Unspecific neuropathy, defined according to a scoring system may represent disease manifestation in FA heterozygotes.", "contents": "Friedreich's ataxia in Western Norway. Friedreich's ataxia (FA) was investigated in Western Norway, an area comprising several isolated communities and with a population of 725,000 as at 1 January 1968. The prevalence of FA was estimated to be 1/100,000 in this population. An autosomal recessive mode of transmission appeared likely in all instances. The gene frequency was only 7-9.10 minus 5, but the consanguinity rate was high in the families observed. The mutation rate was relatively high at 1-6.10 minus 5. The clinical features displayed by the 10 examined patients agreed well with those observed by other investigators. Spinal and cerebellar ataxia dominated the clinical picture. In most cases signs of peripheral neuropathy were also observed. Epilepsy was seen in some cases, and also dementia. Unspecific neuropathy, defined according to a scoring system may represent disease manifestation in FA heterozygotes.", "PMID": 1126051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9317", "title": "Materno-fetal ABO incompatibility as a cause of spontaneous abortion.", "content": "In a series of 288 spontaneous abortions occurring during the first 16 weeks of gestation, simultaneous karyotyping and ABO blood grouping of 555 of the parents were carried out. In 74 of the 288 chromosome-analyzed abortuses, the ABO blood group of the fetus was determined by the immuno-fluorescence technique and the mixed cell agglutinating reaction in fetal tissue. The results of the blood grouping were compared with the ABO blood group frequencies of 8818 blood donors from the same area. Among abortuses with normal karyotype, a significantly higher frequency of ABO incompatibility was found between mother and fetus (p smaller than 0.005) and also between mother and father (P smaller than 0.01) in comparison with abortuses with abnormal karyotype. Furthermore, the ABO blood group frequencies of the karyotypically normal fetuses deviated significantly from those of fetuses with abnormal karyotypes (P smaller than 0.001). No significant difference was found when the total ABO frequencies of the abortuses and of their parents were compared with the frequencies in the control group. It is concluded that the ABO incompatibility between mother and fetus is likely to be a cause of early spontaneous abortions, but almost exclusively in chromosomally normal abortuses. In the present series of cases, the maximum fraction of abortions caused by materno-fetal ABO incompatibility is estimated to be 18%.", "contents": "Materno-fetal ABO incompatibility as a cause of spontaneous abortion. In a series of 288 spontaneous abortions occurring during the first 16 weeks of gestation, simultaneous karyotyping and ABO blood grouping of 555 of the parents were carried out. In 74 of the 288 chromosome-analyzed abortuses, the ABO blood group of the fetus was determined by the immuno-fluorescence technique and the mixed cell agglutinating reaction in fetal tissue. The results of the blood grouping were compared with the ABO blood group frequencies of 8818 blood donors from the same area. Among abortuses with normal karyotype, a significantly higher frequency of ABO incompatibility was found between mother and fetus (p smaller than 0.005) and also between mother and father (P smaller than 0.01) in comparison with abortuses with abnormal karyotype. Furthermore, the ABO blood group frequencies of the karyotypically normal fetuses deviated significantly from those of fetuses with abnormal karyotypes (P smaller than 0.001). No significant difference was found when the total ABO frequencies of the abortuses and of their parents were compared with the frequencies in the control group. It is concluded that the ABO incompatibility between mother and fetus is likely to be a cause of early spontaneous abortions, but almost exclusively in chromosomally normal abortuses. In the present series of cases, the maximum fraction of abortions caused by materno-fetal ABO incompatibility is estimated to be 18%.", "PMID": 1126052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9318", "title": "Trisomy 9p in a patient with a de novo 9/15 translocation.", "content": "Mental retardation, facial dysmorphism, hypertelorism, antimongoloid eye slants, epicanthus, globular nose, malformed ears, bone abnormalities, one flexion crease on 5th finger, simian crease, and speech difficulties with delayed expressivity were found in a girl with trisomy of the short arm of chromosome 9. The 9p+ syndrome was due to a sporadic translocation of the short arm of chromosome 9 onto the short arm of chromosome 15.", "contents": "Trisomy 9p in a patient with a de novo 9/15 translocation. Mental retardation, facial dysmorphism, hypertelorism, antimongoloid eye slants, epicanthus, globular nose, malformed ears, bone abnormalities, one flexion crease on 5th finger, simian crease, and speech difficulties with delayed expressivity were found in a girl with trisomy of the short arm of chromosome 9. The 9p+ syndrome was due to a sporadic translocation of the short arm of chromosome 9 onto the short arm of chromosome 15.", "PMID": 1126053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9319", "title": "Focal dermal hypoplasia symdrome in a male.", "content": "Focal dermal hypoplasia (Goltz syndrome) is characterized by a pathognomonic abnormality of the skin in association with other congenital defects. There are only seven males among the 52 reported cases. We report the eighth case in a male and evaluate the possible genetic origin of the syndrome. A critical review of the literature provides no evidence for the previously accepted single gene mode of inheritance.", "contents": "Focal dermal hypoplasia symdrome in a male. Focal dermal hypoplasia (Goltz syndrome) is characterized by a pathognomonic abnormality of the skin in association with other congenital defects. There are only seven males among the 52 reported cases. We report the eighth case in a male and evaluate the possible genetic origin of the syndrome. A critical review of the literature provides no evidence for the previously accepted single gene mode of inheritance.", "PMID": 1126054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9320", "title": "Two cases of 8p trisomy in one sibship.", "content": "Two cases of 8p trisomy in one sibship are presented. The father was a balanced carrier of a translocation rcp (8;13) (p11; q34). Case 1 was a 2-year -old boy with multiple minor anomalies and severe mental retardation. Giemsa banding studies revealed that he was trisomic for the greater part of 8p (8p11 yields pter). When his mother became pregnant again, amniocentesis was carried out in the 17th week of gestation. The fetus (Case 2) was shown to have the same 8p trisomy as Case 1. The pregnancy was terminated in the 22nd week. An autopsy revealed no major anomalies. Clinical features of cases with 8 and 8p trisomy are reviewed briefly.", "contents": "Two cases of 8p trisomy in one sibship. Two cases of 8p trisomy in one sibship are presented. The father was a balanced carrier of a translocation rcp (8;13) (p11; q34). Case 1 was a 2-year -old boy with multiple minor anomalies and severe mental retardation. Giemsa banding studies revealed that he was trisomic for the greater part of 8p (8p11 yields pter). When his mother became pregnant again, amniocentesis was carried out in the 17th week of gestation. The fetus (Case 2) was shown to have the same 8p trisomy as Case 1. The pregnancy was terminated in the 22nd week. An autopsy revealed no major anomalies. Clinical features of cases with 8 and 8p trisomy are reviewed briefly.", "PMID": 1126055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9321", "title": "Influence of calcium infusion on calcitonin and parathyroid hormone concentrations in normal and hemodialyzed subjects.", "content": "Plasma calcitonin and parathyroid hormone concentrations were compared before and after calcium infusion in both hemodialyzed patients and control subjects. Levels of both hormones were significantly higher in patients with chronic renal failure. In the uremic group, calcium infusion inhibited parathyroid hormone secretion but did not affect calcitonin. In the control group, calcium infusion stimulated calcitonin secretion but had no effect on parathyroid hormone.", "contents": "Influence of calcium infusion on calcitonin and parathyroid hormone concentrations in normal and hemodialyzed subjects. Plasma calcitonin and parathyroid hormone concentrations were compared before and after calcium infusion in both hemodialyzed patients and control subjects. Levels of both hormones were significantly higher in patients with chronic renal failure. In the uremic group, calcium infusion inhibited parathyroid hormone secretion but did not affect calcitonin. In the control group, calcium infusion stimulated calcitonin secretion but had no effect on parathyroid hormone.", "PMID": 1126058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9322", "title": "Plasma angiotensin II, renin, renin-substrate and aldosterone concentrations in acute renal failure in man.", "content": "Plasma concentrations of angiotensin II, renin, renin-substrate and aldosterone were measured in cases of acute renal failure. Angiotensin II, and renin levels were abnormally high on at least one occasion in nearly all patients. Mean angiotensin II and renin levels were highest in the first ten days of the disease. There was a highly significant positive correlation between concurrent estimations of renin and angiotensin II. Renin-substrate was also frequently elevated, but the correlations with renin and angiotensin II were not statistically significant. Despite the frequently marked elevation of plasma angiotensin II, only 2 of 17 measurements of plasma aldosterone were abnormally high. There was no significant relationship between aldosterone and plasma concentrations of angiotensin II, renin, sodium or potassium. The data are discussed in relation to current hypotheses implicating renin and angiotensin in the pathogenesis of acute circulatory renal failure.", "contents": "Plasma angiotensin II, renin, renin-substrate and aldosterone concentrations in acute renal failure in man. Plasma concentrations of angiotensin II, renin, renin-substrate and aldosterone were measured in cases of acute renal failure. Angiotensin II, and renin levels were abnormally high on at least one occasion in nearly all patients. Mean angiotensin II and renin levels were highest in the first ten days of the disease. There was a highly significant positive correlation between concurrent estimations of renin and angiotensin II. Renin-substrate was also frequently elevated, but the correlations with renin and angiotensin II were not statistically significant. Despite the frequently marked elevation of plasma angiotensin II, only 2 of 17 measurements of plasma aldosterone were abnormally high. There was no significant relationship between aldosterone and plasma concentrations of angiotensin II, renin, sodium or potassium. The data are discussed in relation to current hypotheses implicating renin and angiotensin in the pathogenesis of acute circulatory renal failure.", "PMID": 1126059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9323", "title": "Histidines and renal function.", "content": "The results of endogenous renal clearances of 3-methylhistidine and histidine in twelve patients with normal and decreased renal functions are reported. Differences in the renal handling of the amino acids have been established. 3-methylhistidine showed a hyperbolic relationship between serum concentration and inulin clearance: histidine a linear relationship. The percentage tubular reabsorption of 3-methylhistidine was found to be about half that of histidine. The possible use of the measurement of serum 3-methylhistidine concentration as an index of renal insufficiency is discussed.", "contents": "Histidines and renal function. The results of endogenous renal clearances of 3-methylhistidine and histidine in twelve patients with normal and decreased renal functions are reported. Differences in the renal handling of the amino acids have been established. 3-methylhistidine showed a hyperbolic relationship between serum concentration and inulin clearance: histidine a linear relationship. The percentage tubular reabsorption of 3-methylhistidine was found to be about half that of histidine. The possible use of the measurement of serum 3-methylhistidine concentration as an index of renal insufficiency is discussed.", "PMID": 1126060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9324", "title": "Plasma concentration and urinary excretion of guanidine derivatives in normal subjects and patients with renal failure.", "content": "(1)Plasma and urinary levels of methylguanidine, guanidinosuccinic acid and guanidinoacetic acid were measured in normal subjects and in patients with renal failure. (2)Urinary excretion of methylguanidinosuccinic acid was increased in renal failure. Plasma guanidinosuccinic acid concentration was increased and was significantly correlated with the plasma urea concentration. The plasma concentration of methylguanidine was not consistently elevated probably because of an adaptive increase in renal tubular excretion. The excretion of guanidinoacetic acid was decreased in renal failure and plasma concentration remained low. (3) All three guanidines were removed by haemodialysis and their plasma concentrations, although not normal, were much lower in regularly dialysed subjects. (4) Guanidinosuccinic acid and methylguanidine appear to provide alternative pathways for the excretion of nitrogen in patients with renal failure. In advanced uraemia the plasma concentration of methylguanidine and guanidinosuccinic acid may reach levels which have been associated with toxic effects. However, their importance in relation to other uraemic toxins remains difficult to assess.", "contents": "Plasma concentration and urinary excretion of guanidine derivatives in normal subjects and patients with renal failure. (1)Plasma and urinary levels of methylguanidine, guanidinosuccinic acid and guanidinoacetic acid were measured in normal subjects and in patients with renal failure. (2)Urinary excretion of methylguanidinosuccinic acid was increased in renal failure. Plasma guanidinosuccinic acid concentration was increased and was significantly correlated with the plasma urea concentration. The plasma concentration of methylguanidine was not consistently elevated probably because of an adaptive increase in renal tubular excretion. The excretion of guanidinoacetic acid was decreased in renal failure and plasma concentration remained low. (3) All three guanidines were removed by haemodialysis and their plasma concentrations, although not normal, were much lower in regularly dialysed subjects. (4) Guanidinosuccinic acid and methylguanidine appear to provide alternative pathways for the excretion of nitrogen in patients with renal failure. In advanced uraemia the plasma concentration of methylguanidine and guanidinosuccinic acid may reach levels which have been associated with toxic effects. However, their importance in relation to other uraemic toxins remains difficult to assess.", "PMID": 1126056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9325", "title": "Pressure-flow relationships in the peripheral circulation of the dog with practolol.", "content": "1. The influence of practolol (a proposed beta1-adrenoreceptor antagonist) upon the pressure-flow relationships in the peripheral circulation was studied in eight anaesthetized dogs during right heart by-pass procedures. 2. Practool (1 mg/kg) produced a significant increase in the resistance to venous return which resulted in a significant fall in venous return. 3. There was no significant change in arterial resistance. 4. This study suggests that practolol should not be classified as an exclusive cardioselective beta-adrenoreceptor antagonist.", "contents": "Pressure-flow relationships in the peripheral circulation of the dog with practolol. 1. The influence of practolol (a proposed beta1-adrenoreceptor antagonist) upon the pressure-flow relationships in the peripheral circulation was studied in eight anaesthetized dogs during right heart by-pass procedures. 2. Practool (1 mg/kg) produced a significant increase in the resistance to venous return which resulted in a significant fall in venous return. 3. There was no significant change in arterial resistance. 4. This study suggests that practolol should not be classified as an exclusive cardioselective beta-adrenoreceptor antagonist.", "PMID": 1126057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9326", "title": "The role of trochanteric osteotomy in total hip replacement.", "content": "In a study of 225 hip replacements, 126 had trochanteric osteotomy and 99 did not. Trochanteric osteotomy was found to be invaluable in approaching the difficult, previously operated hip. Even though 81 hips without trochanteric osteotomy had no complications directly related to the operative technique, 19 had significant operative problems. Hips with fixed flexion or external rotation contractures preoperatively presented technical difficulties and postoperative problems avoidable only by trochanteric osteotomy. Complications are encountered with and without osteotomy and various indications for osteotomizing the greater trochanter through a lateral approach to the hip are reviewed on the basis of experience with 184 patients with an average age of 61 years.", "contents": "The role of trochanteric osteotomy in total hip replacement. In a study of 225 hip replacements, 126 had trochanteric osteotomy and 99 did not. Trochanteric osteotomy was found to be invaluable in approaching the difficult, previously operated hip. Even though 81 hips without trochanteric osteotomy had no complications directly related to the operative technique, 19 had significant operative problems. Hips with fixed flexion or external rotation contractures preoperatively presented technical difficulties and postoperative problems avoidable only by trochanteric osteotomy. Complications are encountered with and without osteotomy and various indications for osteotomizing the greater trochanter through a lateral approach to the hip are reviewed on the basis of experience with 184 patients with an average age of 61 years.", "PMID": 1126061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9327", "title": "Pugh nail fixation of displaced femoral neck fractures. A long term follow-up.", "content": "Of 695 intracapsular hip fractures with known end results, 80 per cent occurred in women whose average age was 71 years; of 101 consecutive undisplaced intracapsular fractures reported up to 1959, 81 were treated by internal fixation and 20 nonoperatively and all united but 11 per cent developed necrosis. From 1937 to 1959, displaced intracapsular fractures at St. Luke's Hospital were generally treated by closed reduction and Smith-Petersen nail fixation. From 1948 to 1952, 22 per cent of these fractures failed to unite, but from 1952 to 1959, 44 per cent failed to unite. Many of the failures were due to the Smith-Petersen nail backing out. These poor results inspired another device which might provide better fixation and prompted the use of the telescoping Pugh nail. From 1955 to 1971, the telescoping Pugh nail was used in 256 displaced intracapsular fractures with known end results. Ninety per cent united, and avascular necrosis was seen in 17 per cent of the united fractures. Since many of the patients with avascular necrosis has no pain, they were considered satisfactory results. Subtracting these 17 per cent of 256 patients with displaced intracapsular fractures of the femoral neck may be evaluated as examples of satisfactory results with the Pugh nail.", "contents": "Pugh nail fixation of displaced femoral neck fractures. A long term follow-up. Of 695 intracapsular hip fractures with known end results, 80 per cent occurred in women whose average age was 71 years; of 101 consecutive undisplaced intracapsular fractures reported up to 1959, 81 were treated by internal fixation and 20 nonoperatively and all united but 11 per cent developed necrosis. From 1937 to 1959, displaced intracapsular fractures at St. Luke's Hospital were generally treated by closed reduction and Smith-Petersen nail fixation. From 1948 to 1952, 22 per cent of these fractures failed to unite, but from 1952 to 1959, 44 per cent failed to unite. Many of the failures were due to the Smith-Petersen nail backing out. These poor results inspired another device which might provide better fixation and prompted the use of the telescoping Pugh nail. From 1955 to 1971, the telescoping Pugh nail was used in 256 displaced intracapsular fractures with known end results. Ninety per cent united, and avascular necrosis was seen in 17 per cent of the united fractures. Since many of the patients with avascular necrosis has no pain, they were considered satisfactory results. Subtracting these 17 per cent of 256 patients with displaced intracapsular fractures of the femoral neck may be evaluated as examples of satisfactory results with the Pugh nail.", "PMID": 1126062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9328", "title": "The use of wire mesh in total hip replacement surgery.", "content": "Metal mesh is helpful in relation to two complications of total hip replacement; namely, migration of the trochanter and fatigue fracture of the medial wall of the acetabulum. Mesh is applied over the greater trochanter in instances when the trochanter is excessively porotic and would crush as the wires are tightened. It is used to \"recapture\" the trochanter or trochanteric fragments if migration has occurred. The wires are then brought through the mesh and tied over the mesh, thus distributing the load widely across the porotic trochanter. The problem of a thin medial acetabular wall is dealt with by medially embedding a hemisphere of metal mesh in the methacrylate creating the effect of reinforced concrete. This increases the physical properties of the methacrylate and helps to distribute the load to the public, ischial and iliac portions of the socket. Potentially this approach will be useful in treating fatigue fractures of the medial acetabular wall after total hip replacement. Thirteen patients treated using chrome cobalt metal mesh in association with total hip replacement are presented.", "contents": "The use of wire mesh in total hip replacement surgery. Metal mesh is helpful in relation to two complications of total hip replacement; namely, migration of the trochanter and fatigue fracture of the medial wall of the acetabulum. Mesh is applied over the greater trochanter in instances when the trochanter is excessively porotic and would crush as the wires are tightened. It is used to \"recapture\" the trochanter or trochanteric fragments if migration has occurred. The wires are then brought through the mesh and tied over the mesh, thus distributing the load widely across the porotic trochanter. The problem of a thin medial acetabular wall is dealt with by medially embedding a hemisphere of metal mesh in the methacrylate creating the effect of reinforced concrete. This increases the physical properties of the methacrylate and helps to distribute the load to the public, ischial and iliac portions of the socket. Potentially this approach will be useful in treating fatigue fractures of the medial acetabular wall after total hip replacement. Thirteen patients treated using chrome cobalt metal mesh in association with total hip replacement are presented.", "PMID": 1126063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9329", "title": "Shear strength of self-curing acrylic cement.", "content": "The average shearing strength of surgical Simplex P bone cement has been experimentally evaluated and found to be 5,762 plus or minus 180 psi. The average shearing strength for compact bone is about 10,000 psi. Therefore surgical Simplex P does not resist shear forces as well as compact bone and should not be used as a substitute for bone whenever possible. The inclusion of 10 per cent barium sulfate U.S.P. for radiographic purposes does not adversely affect the shear strength of the cement. This amount of barium is the same percentage by weight as that found in radiopaque Simplex P in clinical usage today. Varying the loading rate between 0.005 and 0.5 in/min slightly affected the magnitude of the shear force at failure. A comparison of the effect of short term curing times on the magnitude of the shear force at failure reveals that surgical Simplex P strengthens with time. The curing periods varied from 2 to 168 hours.", "contents": "Shear strength of self-curing acrylic cement. The average shearing strength of surgical Simplex P bone cement has been experimentally evaluated and found to be 5,762 plus or minus 180 psi. The average shearing strength for compact bone is about 10,000 psi. Therefore surgical Simplex P does not resist shear forces as well as compact bone and should not be used as a substitute for bone whenever possible. The inclusion of 10 per cent barium sulfate U.S.P. for radiographic purposes does not adversely affect the shear strength of the cement. This amount of barium is the same percentage by weight as that found in radiopaque Simplex P in clinical usage today. Varying the loading rate between 0.005 and 0.5 in/min slightly affected the magnitude of the shear force at failure. A comparison of the effect of short term curing times on the magnitude of the shear force at failure reveals that surgical Simplex P strengthens with time. The curing periods varied from 2 to 168 hours.", "PMID": 1126065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9330", "title": "Biomechanical considerations of multiple-component hip prostheses. Analysis of three failures of the Lippman transfixation hip prosthesis.", "content": "Three cases are presented and analyzed in which a Lippman Transfixion Hip Prosthesis had to be replaced because of the discomfort of the patient. In each case, there was evidence of wear between the head of the prosthesis and the flange. The different wear patterns indicated problems which exist in the alignment of component parts of the prosthesis. In each case there was low grade sepsis to which the debris may have contributed. Because of phagocytosis, amount of debris accumulation was difficult to evaluate. The factors which appear to have contributed to the amount of debris accumulation were: the length of time the prosthesis had been used; the degree of alignment and amount of debris which may be formed and is phagocytized; the degree of manufacturing control. The design of this prosthesis incorporated mechanical problems which are generally undesirable because of: the eventual deformation of the end of the pivot rod or hole in the head of the prosthesis: progressive loosening of the movement due to this and inherent malalignment; the difficulty in fabrication, assembly and installation of the prosthesis because of the multiplicity of parts; the difficulty in maintaining adequate control of surface finishes.", "contents": "Biomechanical considerations of multiple-component hip prostheses. Analysis of three failures of the Lippman transfixation hip prosthesis. Three cases are presented and analyzed in which a Lippman Transfixion Hip Prosthesis had to be replaced because of the discomfort of the patient. In each case, there was evidence of wear between the head of the prosthesis and the flange. The different wear patterns indicated problems which exist in the alignment of component parts of the prosthesis. In each case there was low grade sepsis to which the debris may have contributed. Because of phagocytosis, amount of debris accumulation was difficult to evaluate. The factors which appear to have contributed to the amount of debris accumulation were: the length of time the prosthesis had been used; the degree of alignment and amount of debris which may be formed and is phagocytized; the degree of manufacturing control. The design of this prosthesis incorporated mechanical problems which are generally undesirable because of: the eventual deformation of the end of the pivot rod or hole in the head of the prosthesis: progressive loosening of the movement due to this and inherent malalignment; the difficulty in fabrication, assembly and installation of the prosthesis because of the multiplicity of parts; the difficulty in maintaining adequate control of surface finishes.", "PMID": 1126066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9331", "title": "Congenital absence of lumbar articular facets. Report of two cases.", "content": "X-ray evidence of an absent lumbar facet is usually considered to be indicative of the presence of an osteolytic bone lesion but on rate occasions may be due to a congenital anomaly. Two cases of the congenital absence of a lumbar superior articular facet suggest that this anomaly is not symptom-producing, and in one case was discovered incidentally in a patient without back pain yet led to the performance of a major surgical diagnostic operation. While, rare, a greater awareness of this condition, as clearly defined in the literature on the subject, might occasionally eliminate the need for a similar surgical procedure.", "contents": "Congenital absence of lumbar articular facets. Report of two cases. X-ray evidence of an absent lumbar facet is usually considered to be indicative of the presence of an osteolytic bone lesion but on rate occasions may be due to a congenital anomaly. Two cases of the congenital absence of a lumbar superior articular facet suggest that this anomaly is not symptom-producing, and in one case was discovered incidentally in a patient without back pain yet led to the performance of a major surgical diagnostic operation. While, rare, a greater awareness of this condition, as clearly defined in the literature on the subject, might occasionally eliminate the need for a similar surgical procedure.", "PMID": 1126069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9332", "title": "Surgery of the shoulder in rheumatoid arthritis. A report of nineteen patients.", "content": "Surgery of the shoulder has been neglected in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Nineteen patients are reported to demonstrate that if conservative management fails, surgical treatment is indicated and worthwhile.", "contents": "Surgery of the shoulder in rheumatoid arthritis. A report of nineteen patients. Surgery of the shoulder has been neglected in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Nineteen patients are reported to demonstrate that if conservative management fails, surgical treatment is indicated and worthwhile.", "PMID": 1126071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9333", "title": "Femoral neuropathy as a complication of heparin anticoagulation therapy.", "content": "Femoral nerve compression by retroperitoneal hematoma is an uncommon but significant complication of Heparin anticoagulation. The orthopedic surgeon today, utilizing anticoagulation more frequently than ever, must be ever mindful of the early warning signs and symptoms of this syndrome.", "contents": "Femoral neuropathy as a complication of heparin anticoagulation therapy. Femoral nerve compression by retroperitoneal hematoma is an uncommon but significant complication of Heparin anticoagulation. The orthopedic surgeon today, utilizing anticoagulation more frequently than ever, must be ever mindful of the early warning signs and symptoms of this syndrome.", "PMID": 1126067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9334", "title": "Fracture of the axis arch. \"Hangman's fracture\" of the cervical spine.", "content": "Fifteen patients with fracture of the axis arch (\"Hangman's Fracture\" of the cervical spine) reviewed with regard to the clinical features, mechanism of injury and management, present a relatively high rate of cord involvement (11 patients) and injuries around the jaw (5 patients). All of the injuries occurred in civilian accidents. The jaw injuries suggest the inclusion of an extension-distraction force. Treatment was conservative in all patients, even in those with severe displacement. Union generally occurred in about 3 months. The only complaint in those patients with union in the displaced position, was limitation of lateral rotation of the head.", "contents": "Fracture of the axis arch. \"Hangman's fracture\" of the cervical spine. Fifteen patients with fracture of the axis arch (\"Hangman's Fracture\" of the cervical spine) reviewed with regard to the clinical features, mechanism of injury and management, present a relatively high rate of cord involvement (11 patients) and injuries around the jaw (5 patients). All of the injuries occurred in civilian accidents. The jaw injuries suggest the inclusion of an extension-distraction force. Treatment was conservative in all patients, even in those with severe displacement. Union generally occurred in about 3 months. The only complaint in those patients with union in the displaced position, was limitation of lateral rotation of the head.", "PMID": 1126070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9335", "title": "A review of the Bristow operation for recurrent anterior shoulder dislocation in athletes.", "content": "Twenty-four recurrent dislocating shoulders, in patients ranging from 15 to 26 years, were evaluated after surgical treatment using the Bristow procedure. The operative procedure is discussed in detail recommending the use of an A-O malleolar compression screw, because of ease in insertion, to fix the caroacoid process to the anterior scapular neck. The Bristow procedure as described is an effective operation for achieving shoulder stability while maintaining nearly a complete range of motion in most cases. There was one case of recurrent dislocation after surgery which is described in detail. Six of 24 shoulders demonstrated some loss of external rotation, with the maximum being only 10 degrees. Five of 9 patients had some difficulty in throwing when the dominant extremity was treated. This did not appear to be related to any possible decrease in external rotation.", "contents": "A review of the Bristow operation for recurrent anterior shoulder dislocation in athletes. Twenty-four recurrent dislocating shoulders, in patients ranging from 15 to 26 years, were evaluated after surgical treatment using the Bristow procedure. The operative procedure is discussed in detail recommending the use of an A-O malleolar compression screw, because of ease in insertion, to fix the caroacoid process to the anterior scapular neck. The Bristow procedure as described is an effective operation for achieving shoulder stability while maintaining nearly a complete range of motion in most cases. There was one case of recurrent dislocation after surgery which is described in detail. Six of 24 shoulders demonstrated some loss of external rotation, with the maximum being only 10 degrees. Five of 9 patients had some difficulty in throwing when the dominant extremity was treated. This did not appear to be related to any possible decrease in external rotation.", "PMID": 1126072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9336", "title": "Report on compound dislocation of the elbow with entrapment of the brachial artery.", "content": "Entrapment of the brachial artery within a compound dislocated elbow joint seems not to have been reported previously. Brachial artery rupture is the usual vascular injury associated with a compound elbow dislocation. A review of the surgical literature suggests that wide spectrum of disability may follow interruption of brachial artery flow at the elbow. While most patients experience no immediate or late ischemic symptoms because of the rich collateral network about the elbow, intermittent claudication or gangrene of the hand is possible and has been well-documented in the literature. To assure adequate circulation to the hand and prevent potential complications, reanastomosis or venous graft replacement of the damaged arterial segment is recommended at the time of traumatic disruption of the brachial artery.", "contents": "Report on compound dislocation of the elbow with entrapment of the brachial artery. Entrapment of the brachial artery within a compound dislocated elbow joint seems not to have been reported previously. Brachial artery rupture is the usual vascular injury associated with a compound elbow dislocation. A review of the surgical literature suggests that wide spectrum of disability may follow interruption of brachial artery flow at the elbow. While most patients experience no immediate or late ischemic symptoms because of the rich collateral network about the elbow, intermittent claudication or gangrene of the hand is possible and has been well-documented in the literature. To assure adequate circulation to the hand and prevent potential complications, reanastomosis or venous graft replacement of the damaged arterial segment is recommended at the time of traumatic disruption of the brachial artery.", "PMID": 1126073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9337", "title": "Restoration of elbow flexion by a new operative technique.", "content": "In order to treat some of the awkward and unusual problems and to avoid some of the complications associated with paralytic elbows, the distal part of the flexor carpi ulnaris is detached and the muscle is freed up to its neurovascular bundle. The tendon is turned upon itself, its distal end is passed through a subcutaneous tunnel to the upper arm, and fixed to the humerus by staples. A posterior splint is applied for a period of 6 weeks followed by supervised graduated active elbow flexion exercises.", "contents": "Restoration of elbow flexion by a new operative technique. In order to treat some of the awkward and unusual problems and to avoid some of the complications associated with paralytic elbows, the distal part of the flexor carpi ulnaris is detached and the muscle is freed up to its neurovascular bundle. The tendon is turned upon itself, its distal end is passed through a subcutaneous tunnel to the upper arm, and fixed to the humerus by staples. A posterior splint is applied for a period of 6 weeks followed by supervised graduated active elbow flexion exercises.", "PMID": 1126074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9338", "title": "Osteoid-osteoma of the radius. Report of a case.", "content": "This case is a report of a 9-year-old boy with an osteoid osteoma in the distal radius, an unusual location. The tumor was remarkably large in size, and pain unrelieved by aspirin. Osteoid-osteomatat have been described in just about every bone in the skeleton. Lower extremity involvement is more frequent than upper in all series and incidence is much higher in males than in females. Pain is the major complaint, both night and day. The response to aspirin is variable. The diseases is most frequently encountered in the second decade of life.", "contents": "Osteoid-osteoma of the radius. Report of a case. This case is a report of a 9-year-old boy with an osteoid osteoma in the distal radius, an unusual location. The tumor was remarkably large in size, and pain unrelieved by aspirin. Osteoid-osteomatat have been described in just about every bone in the skeleton. Lower extremity involvement is more frequent than upper in all series and incidence is much higher in males than in females. Pain is the major complaint, both night and day. The response to aspirin is variable. The diseases is most frequently encountered in the second decade of life.", "PMID": 1126075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9339", "title": "The wrist in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "The wrist is the key joint of the upper extremity and is frequently seriously involved in rheumatoid arthritis. Surgery is often indicated to control the effects of the synovitis which often includes rupture of both flexor and extensor tendons. Early synovectomy is indicated. Tenosynovectomy, synovectomy, distal ulnar resection and transposition of the dorsal carpal ligament beneath the extensor tendons, has been effective in preventing rupture of the extensor tendons. The wrist also has an effect on ulnar drift of the fingers. Transfer of the extensor carpi radialis longus to the extensor carpi ulnaris is recommended in patients who do not have the ability to actively ulnar deviate the wrist. Wrist fusion has proven to be effective in patients with marked destruction, deformity or pain, or where there has been a rupture of both radial wrist extensors.", "contents": "The wrist in rheumatoid arthritis. The wrist is the key joint of the upper extremity and is frequently seriously involved in rheumatoid arthritis. Surgery is often indicated to control the effects of the synovitis which often includes rupture of both flexor and extensor tendons. Early synovectomy is indicated. Tenosynovectomy, synovectomy, distal ulnar resection and transposition of the dorsal carpal ligament beneath the extensor tendons, has been effective in preventing rupture of the extensor tendons. The wrist also has an effect on ulnar drift of the fingers. Transfer of the extensor carpi radialis longus to the extensor carpi ulnaris is recommended in patients who do not have the ability to actively ulnar deviate the wrist. Wrist fusion has proven to be effective in patients with marked destruction, deformity or pain, or where there has been a rupture of both radial wrist extensors.", "PMID": 1126076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9340", "title": "Juvenile aponeurotic fibroma. Report of three cases and a review of the literature.", "content": "Three cases of a distinctive soft tissue fibrous tumor with spotty calcification demonstrate the lesion originally described by Keasby as Juvenile Aponeurotic Fibroma. The tumor tends to occur on the volar surface of the hands and feet in children and adolescents but may be seen in other areas in all age groups. Size rarely exceeds 3.0 cm. The tumors are fixed to the fascial layers. In previously reported patients pain was not described as an important factor, but both pain and tenderness were striking in all 3 of our cases. Microscopically the dominant feature is a fribrous stromal pattern of fusiform cells with inclusions of mast cells. Spotty calcification is a constant finding and appears to increase with duration of tumor. Local recurrence after excision and an aggressive histologic appearance may raise the question of malignancy. However, neither destruction of normal tissue surrounding the tumor nor metastases have occurred. Local exicision is the treatment of choice.", "contents": "Juvenile aponeurotic fibroma. Report of three cases and a review of the literature. Three cases of a distinctive soft tissue fibrous tumor with spotty calcification demonstrate the lesion originally described by Keasby as Juvenile Aponeurotic Fibroma. The tumor tends to occur on the volar surface of the hands and feet in children and adolescents but may be seen in other areas in all age groups. Size rarely exceeds 3.0 cm. The tumors are fixed to the fascial layers. In previously reported patients pain was not described as an important factor, but both pain and tenderness were striking in all 3 of our cases. Microscopically the dominant feature is a fribrous stromal pattern of fusiform cells with inclusions of mast cells. Spotty calcification is a constant finding and appears to increase with duration of tumor. Local recurrence after excision and an aggressive histologic appearance may raise the question of malignancy. However, neither destruction of normal tissue surrounding the tumor nor metastases have occurred. Local exicision is the treatment of choice.", "PMID": 1126077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9341", "title": "The cruciate ligaments of the knee joint. Anatomical, functional and experimental analysis.", "content": "The anatomical and functional details of the cruciate ligamants of the knee were studied on 20 cadaver knees and 24 fresh knees. Each anterior cruciate ligament was found to consist of 2 parts: a distinct anteromedial band (AMB) and a main posterolateral part. The exact geometry of the ligaments and their relationship to bony landmarks were recorded in detail. The state of the cruciate ligaments, i.e. tightness or looseness was recorded in the various positions of the knee as the basis for classification of the function of the various anatomical components. Selective cutting of the anterior cruciate ligament resulted in an increase of anterior drawer flexion and extension. External and internal rotation were increased in both flexion and extionsion. Hyperextension also was increased. It is suggested that the AMB of the anterior cruciate is responsible for the in anteroposterior drawer with flexion. The selective cutting of the posterior cruciate ligament demonstrated that it is important in the flexed knee and produces an.increased posterior drawer sign. Rotational stability was unchanged in extension, but altered in flexion after cutting the posterior cruciate.", "contents": "The cruciate ligaments of the knee joint. Anatomical, functional and experimental analysis. The anatomical and functional details of the cruciate ligamants of the knee were studied on 20 cadaver knees and 24 fresh knees. Each anterior cruciate ligament was found to consist of 2 parts: a distinct anteromedial band (AMB) and a main posterolateral part. The exact geometry of the ligaments and their relationship to bony landmarks were recorded in detail. The state of the cruciate ligaments, i.e. tightness or looseness was recorded in the various positions of the knee as the basis for classification of the function of the various anatomical components. Selective cutting of the anterior cruciate ligament resulted in an increase of anterior drawer flexion and extension. External and internal rotation were increased in both flexion and extionsion. Hyperextension also was increased. It is suggested that the AMB of the anterior cruciate is responsible for the in anteroposterior drawer with flexion. The selective cutting of the posterior cruciate ligament demonstrated that it is important in the flexed knee and produces an.increased posterior drawer sign. Rotational stability was unchanged in extension, but altered in flexion after cutting the posterior cruciate.", "PMID": 1126079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9342", "title": "Closed intramedullary nailing for ununited femoral shaft fractures.", "content": "Fifteen cases of ununited diaphyseal fractures of femurs were treated successfully by intramedullary reaming and closed K\u00fcntscher nailing through the small gluteal incision. The equipment used is the same as for nailing fresh shaft fractures. The cases included 10 nonunions, 2 delayed unions and 3 miscellaneous problems. All but one case had been initially treated by open reduction with some form of internal skeletal fixation. Two cases had been treated by 2 open procedures befor the closed K\u00fcntscher nailing. No supplemental bone graft or external immobilization was necessary. Two cases were nailed successfully in the presence of infection, resulting in solid union and no recurrence of infection. Five nails have been removed after union and no refracture has occurred. No important postoperative complication or instances of the fat embolism syndrome were encountered. No rotational deformity or further shortening of the femur occurred. Postoperatively, the patients ambulated with protected weight-bearing as early as possible. The average hospital stay was 15 days. In general, the patients had a functional extremity even while the fracture lines were still visible on roentgenographs; all have returned to their previous work.", "contents": "Closed intramedullary nailing for ununited femoral shaft fractures. Fifteen cases of ununited diaphyseal fractures of femurs were treated successfully by intramedullary reaming and closed K\u00fcntscher nailing through the small gluteal incision. The equipment used is the same as for nailing fresh shaft fractures. The cases included 10 nonunions, 2 delayed unions and 3 miscellaneous problems. All but one case had been initially treated by open reduction with some form of internal skeletal fixation. Two cases had been treated by 2 open procedures befor the closed K\u00fcntscher nailing. No supplemental bone graft or external immobilization was necessary. Two cases were nailed successfully in the presence of infection, resulting in solid union and no recurrence of infection. Five nails have been removed after union and no refracture has occurred. No important postoperative complication or instances of the fat embolism syndrome were encountered. No rotational deformity or further shortening of the femur occurred. Postoperatively, the patients ambulated with protected weight-bearing as early as possible. The average hospital stay was 15 days. In general, the patients had a functional extremity even while the fracture lines were still visible on roentgenographs; all have returned to their previous work.", "PMID": 1126078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9343", "title": "Tibial periosteal hemangioma.", "content": "A case report on periosteal hemangioma in the left tibia of an 11-year-old girl demonstrates roentgenographic thickening, sclerosis, and a smooth scalloping cortical depression in the bone. En block exicision of the defect, together with the markedly thickened periosteum, revealed a combination of cavernous and capillary bone hemangiomas.", "contents": "Tibial periosteal hemangioma. A case report on periosteal hemangioma in the left tibia of an 11-year-old girl demonstrates roentgenographic thickening, sclerosis, and a smooth scalloping cortical depression in the bone. En block exicision of the defect, together with the markedly thickened periosteum, revealed a combination of cavernous and capillary bone hemangiomas.", "PMID": 1126081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9344", "title": "Isolation of Vibrio parahaemolyticus from a knee wound.", "content": "This is a case report of a contamination of an injured knee with an unusual organism, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, that is likely to occur in patients living in coastal areas but often overlooked. The infection apppears to be sensitive to a number of antibiotics and very likely cured, whether recognized or not as the proper organism.", "contents": "Isolation of Vibrio parahaemolyticus from a knee wound. This is a case report of a contamination of an injured knee with an unusual organism, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, that is likely to occur in patients living in coastal areas but often overlooked. The infection apppears to be sensitive to a number of antibiotics and very likely cured, whether recognized or not as the proper organism.", "PMID": 1126082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9345", "title": "Treatment of clubfoot by posterior capsulectomy.", "content": "Posterior capsulectomy is a complete excision of the posterior tibiotalar and talocalcaneal capsule with a release of the distal tibiofibular connection. The operation is proposed for a resistant or relapsed clubfoot, where remaining equinus is the major problem. A follow-up of 29 operations showed that the average talocalcaneal angle became normal in the AP and lateral views. The best results were obtained with long postoperative cast immobilization, i.e. 6 months.", "contents": "Treatment of clubfoot by posterior capsulectomy. Posterior capsulectomy is a complete excision of the posterior tibiotalar and talocalcaneal capsule with a release of the distal tibiofibular connection. The operation is proposed for a resistant or relapsed clubfoot, where remaining equinus is the major problem. A follow-up of 29 operations showed that the average talocalcaneal angle became normal in the AP and lateral views. The best results were obtained with long postoperative cast immobilization, i.e. 6 months.", "PMID": 1126083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9346", "title": "Shelf operation for congenital subluxation and dislocation of the hip.", "content": "One hundred forty-one shelf procedures were performed on 120 patients who had congenital hip dysplasia or dislocation. Long-term follow-up evaluation of hip function revealed that about three-fourths of the patients had satisfactory results. Although some children less than 10 years old may have benefited, this age group has the highest percentage of failures of shelf operation. The shelf procedure provides a buttress of bone for later reconstructive surgery such as cup or total hip arthroplasty.", "contents": "Shelf operation for congenital subluxation and dislocation of the hip. One hundred forty-one shelf procedures were performed on 120 patients who had congenital hip dysplasia or dislocation. Long-term follow-up evaluation of hip function revealed that about three-fourths of the patients had satisfactory results. Although some children less than 10 years old may have benefited, this age group has the highest percentage of failures of shelf operation. The shelf procedure provides a buttress of bone for later reconstructive surgery such as cup or total hip arthroplasty.", "PMID": 1126084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9347", "title": "Pitfalls of proximal tibial osteotomy.", "content": "Proximal tibial osteotomy for degenerative genu varus and valgus has an excellent success rate with proper patient selection and technical proficiency. The following are some infrequently recognized pitfalls. Excessive bone loss prevents two plateau weight-bearing after osteotomy, introduces a \"teeter effect,\" and is therefore a contraindication. Patellofemoral arthritis may produce symptoms, particularly on stair climbing and necessitate secondary surgery. Varus and planning indicates postoperative articular surface obliquity in excess of 10 to 15 degrees another type of reconstruction is indicated. Secure fixation, closing wedge osteotomy, and non-displacement of the d-stal fragment prevent loss of correction. Peroneal nerve palsy may be avoided by careful surgical technique and postoperative dressings. Cracking the apical cortex and visualization of the plateau fragment will usually prevent fracture.", "contents": "Pitfalls of proximal tibial osteotomy. Proximal tibial osteotomy for degenerative genu varus and valgus has an excellent success rate with proper patient selection and technical proficiency. The following are some infrequently recognized pitfalls. Excessive bone loss prevents two plateau weight-bearing after osteotomy, introduces a \"teeter effect,\" and is therefore a contraindication. Patellofemoral arthritis may produce symptoms, particularly on stair climbing and necessitate secondary surgery. Varus and planning indicates postoperative articular surface obliquity in excess of 10 to 15 degrees another type of reconstruction is indicated. Secure fixation, closing wedge osteotomy, and non-displacement of the d-stal fragment prevent loss of correction. Peroneal nerve palsy may be avoided by careful surgical technique and postoperative dressings. Cracking the apical cortex and visualization of the plateau fragment will usually prevent fracture.", "PMID": 1126080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9348", "title": "Experimental studies on the effect of chymopapain on nerve root compression caused by intervertebral disk material.", "content": "Chymopapain degrades the nucleus pulposus portion of the intervertebral disk of rabbits. The degradation is not grossly visible until 15 days post-injection. Depolymerization of the chondromucoprotein and decreases in the ability of a disk to imbibe fluid, is, in effect, a \"chemical decompression\" of the nucleur pulposus. The enzyme must come into direct contact with the chondromucoprotein complex of the disk material, and to a significant extent also must reach the area of disk material adjacent to the herniated annulus. Rapid depolymerization of the chondromucoprotein complex on a biomechanical level, and \"decompression\" of disk material on a biomechanical level can be correlated with relief of pain in all types of disk herniation in human beings. A primary biochemical change in the disk material would lead to a secondary decrease in inflammation if the change led to a \"decompression\" of the chondromucoprotein. Since the primary effect of chymopapain is on the chondromucoprotein of the disk, beneficial results would not be expected if nerve root compression is due to bony impingement or scar tissue following previous surgery. Chymopapain did not seem to possess any anti-inflammatory properties when bone was used as an irritant under a nerve root. However, this was technically difficult to evaluate and the possibility that chymopapain may also interfere with a chemical mediator of pain or interfere directly with an inflammatory reaction secondary to root compression can not be excluded.", "contents": "Experimental studies on the effect of chymopapain on nerve root compression caused by intervertebral disk material. Chymopapain degrades the nucleus pulposus portion of the intervertebral disk of rabbits. The degradation is not grossly visible until 15 days post-injection. Depolymerization of the chondromucoprotein and decreases in the ability of a disk to imbibe fluid, is, in effect, a \"chemical decompression\" of the nucleur pulposus. The enzyme must come into direct contact with the chondromucoprotein complex of the disk material, and to a significant extent also must reach the area of disk material adjacent to the herniated annulus. Rapid depolymerization of the chondromucoprotein complex on a biomechanical level, and \"decompression\" of disk material on a biomechanical level can be correlated with relief of pain in all types of disk herniation in human beings. A primary biochemical change in the disk material would lead to a secondary decrease in inflammation if the change led to a \"decompression\" of the chondromucoprotein. Since the primary effect of chymopapain is on the chondromucoprotein of the disk, beneficial results would not be expected if nerve root compression is due to bony impingement or scar tissue following previous surgery. Chymopapain did not seem to possess any anti-inflammatory properties when bone was used as an irritant under a nerve root. However, this was technically difficult to evaluate and the possibility that chymopapain may also interfere with a chemical mediator of pain or interfere directly with an inflammatory reaction secondary to root compression can not be excluded.", "PMID": 1126086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9349", "title": "Comparison of the effects of steroid, aspirin and sodium salicylate on articular cartilage.", "content": "Rabbit knee joints were compressed to produce cartilage degeneration in control and test animals who received intramuscular injections of prednisolone and aspirin or sodium salicylate by gavage. After three weeks of compression, animals were sacrificed and articular cartilage was analyzed grossly and histologically. Gross and histological specimens from salicylate treated animals showed less while the steroid treated rabbits showed more degenerative change. These data suggest that salicylate inhibits cartilage destruction while steroids enhance it.", "contents": "Comparison of the effects of steroid, aspirin and sodium salicylate on articular cartilage. Rabbit knee joints were compressed to produce cartilage degeneration in control and test animals who received intramuscular injections of prednisolone and aspirin or sodium salicylate by gavage. After three weeks of compression, animals were sacrificed and articular cartilage was analyzed grossly and histologically. Gross and histological specimens from salicylate treated animals showed less while the steroid treated rabbits showed more degenerative change. These data suggest that salicylate inhibits cartilage destruction while steroids enhance it.", "PMID": 1126088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9350", "title": "Wood, an organic foreign body of bone. A case report.", "content": "A case of an organic foreign body consisting of wood in bone is presented along with diagnosis and treatment. The unusual delay in noting the nature and extent of the injury was due to the radiolucence of the object and its lodging within the epiphyseal cartilage.", "contents": "Wood, an organic foreign body of bone. A case report. A case of an organic foreign body consisting of wood in bone is presented along with diagnosis and treatment. The unusual delay in noting the nature and extent of the injury was due to the radiolucence of the object and its lodging within the epiphyseal cartilage.", "PMID": 1126085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9351", "title": "Tissue gas tensions and oxygen consumption in healing bone defects.", "content": "A technique for measuring the gaseous environment during the reconstitution of a large bone defect is described. Extensive testing of this system over the past 10 years has demonstrated its validity in measuring the average extracellular tissue pO-2 and pCO-2. Histology of the tissue surrounding the tonometer was obtained and correlated with the gaseous measurements. New bone formation in the healing segmental bone defects has been shown to take place under hypoxic conditions. The oxygen consumption of the surrounding tissue was determined and correlated with the histology and tissue gas measurements. It was demonstrated that the oxygen consumption was not elevated during the period of new bone formation, reflecting a state of anaerobic metabolism. The hypoxic conditions persist until the vascularity increases to match the cellularity. Thephysiological role of oxygen in osseous repair is presented. The present technique as well as the previously published microelectrode technique have demonstrated bone formation in vivo can take place under hypoxic conditions but the mechanism is not known and requires further investigation.", "contents": "Tissue gas tensions and oxygen consumption in healing bone defects. A technique for measuring the gaseous environment during the reconstitution of a large bone defect is described. Extensive testing of this system over the past 10 years has demonstrated its validity in measuring the average extracellular tissue pO-2 and pCO-2. Histology of the tissue surrounding the tonometer was obtained and correlated with the gaseous measurements. New bone formation in the healing segmental bone defects has been shown to take place under hypoxic conditions. The oxygen consumption of the surrounding tissue was determined and correlated with the histology and tissue gas measurements. It was demonstrated that the oxygen consumption was not elevated during the period of new bone formation, reflecting a state of anaerobic metabolism. The hypoxic conditions persist until the vascularity increases to match the cellularity. Thephysiological role of oxygen in osseous repair is presented. The present technique as well as the previously published microelectrode technique have demonstrated bone formation in vivo can take place under hypoxic conditions but the mechanism is not known and requires further investigation.", "PMID": 1126089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9352", "title": "Current trends in the treatment of the young adult with disabling hip disease. A survey.", "content": "The otherwise physically fit young adult with unilateral disabling hip disease poses a treatment dilemma for the orthopedic surgeon. In an effort to gain some insight into current treatment trends for this group ten eminent hip surgeons were each sent case histories and pertinent X-rays of two otherwise fit young adults with disabling unilateral hip disease. Their treatment suggestions are analyzed following a review of the possible alternatives. Two features of the survey stood out: 1) For both patients a significant number of respondents favored total hip replacement; 2) John Charnley, who has been at the forefront in the development of total hip arthroplasty recommended that both patients wait until the total hip problems of component loosening and excessive wear are solved, (he predicts these solutions will come within the next five years) and then undergo total replacement. Ironically then, at a time when there may be a trend toward performing total hip replacement in otherwise fit young people with disabling hip disease, one of the prime developers of total hip replacement is calling for a moratorium on this course of action until the problems of total hip pertinent to young people are solved.", "contents": "Current trends in the treatment of the young adult with disabling hip disease. A survey. The otherwise physically fit young adult with unilateral disabling hip disease poses a treatment dilemma for the orthopedic surgeon. In an effort to gain some insight into current treatment trends for this group ten eminent hip surgeons were each sent case histories and pertinent X-rays of two otherwise fit young adults with disabling unilateral hip disease. Their treatment suggestions are analyzed following a review of the possible alternatives. Two features of the survey stood out: 1) For both patients a significant number of respondents favored total hip replacement; 2) John Charnley, who has been at the forefront in the development of total hip arthroplasty recommended that both patients wait until the total hip problems of component loosening and excessive wear are solved, (he predicts these solutions will come within the next five years) and then undergo total replacement. Ironically then, at a time when there may be a trend toward performing total hip replacement in otherwise fit young people with disabling hip disease, one of the prime developers of total hip replacement is calling for a moratorium on this course of action until the problems of total hip pertinent to young people are solved.", "PMID": 1126087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9353", "title": "Osteoarthritis of the hip. A survey of treatment.", "content": "Of 2,712 Board certified orthopedic surgeons selected from the directory of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgery, 1,683 (62.1%) responded to a mailed questionnaire concerning their preferred treatment for osteoarthritis of the hip in a specified active 53-year-old man. A M\u00fcller total hip arthroplasty was the most frequently performed operation in 1973; only 23 per cent of the respondents considered osteotomy the preferred treatment.", "contents": "Osteoarthritis of the hip. A survey of treatment. Of 2,712 Board certified orthopedic surgeons selected from the directory of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgery, 1,683 (62.1%) responded to a mailed questionnaire concerning their preferred treatment for osteoarthritis of the hip in a specified active 53-year-old man. A M\u00fcller total hip arthroplasty was the most frequently performed operation in 1973; only 23 per cent of the respondents considered osteotomy the preferred treatment.", "PMID": 1126091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9354", "title": "Osteoid osteoma of the hip in children.", "content": "In 31 children with osteoid osteoma lesions about the hip ranging in age from 2 to 16 years, there was an inordinate frequency of diagnostic delay with 16 patients having symptoms for more than 12 months. The clinical features were dominated by pain, limp, restricted hip motion and thigh atrophy. Twelve patients did not have classical night pain. Errors in diagnosis occurred in 22 instances. The roentgenographic appearance of most lesions consisted of a radiolucent central nidus encircled by sclerotic bone. Twenty-nine of the 31 patients were operated upon utilizing intra-operative roentgenograms and the nidus fully excised, with histological confirmation in 24 cases. All were relieved of preoperative symptoms. Two patients, who did not have surgical treatment, had pain for about one year and thereafter became pain free for 2 and 12 years. The sequelae observed at follow-up were meralgia paresthetica in 12 patients and mild asymptomatic leg length discrepancies in 7 patients. In view of these findings and since the process of apparent regression is slow and characterized by pain, blocked surgical excision of the lesion is the procedure of choice.", "contents": "Osteoid osteoma of the hip in children. In 31 children with osteoid osteoma lesions about the hip ranging in age from 2 to 16 years, there was an inordinate frequency of diagnostic delay with 16 patients having symptoms for more than 12 months. The clinical features were dominated by pain, limp, restricted hip motion and thigh atrophy. Twelve patients did not have classical night pain. Errors in diagnosis occurred in 22 instances. The roentgenographic appearance of most lesions consisted of a radiolucent central nidus encircled by sclerotic bone. Twenty-nine of the 31 patients were operated upon utilizing intra-operative roentgenograms and the nidus fully excised, with histological confirmation in 24 cases. All were relieved of preoperative symptoms. Two patients, who did not have surgical treatment, had pain for about one year and thereafter became pain free for 2 and 12 years. The sequelae observed at follow-up were meralgia paresthetica in 12 patients and mild asymptomatic leg length discrepancies in 7 patients. In view of these findings and since the process of apparent regression is slow and characterized by pain, blocked surgical excision of the lesion is the procedure of choice.", "PMID": 1126090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9355", "title": "An improved technique for allogeneic hip joint implantations.", "content": "A new technique which has been developed for the allogeneic hip-joint transplantation to enable minutely accurate processing of donor and recipient femoral head, neck, and hip-joints is dependent upon the manual skill of the surgeon. The donor and recipient parts had to be made congruent by free hand fitting. Even the most experienced surgeon cannot produce perfect form congruity of the whole contact surface between donor and recipient parts. The foregoing article presents new instruments and the techniques for 0.5 mm precision fit. An ideal fit of donor and recipient parts represents an important prerequisite for successful allogeneic joint implantations and accounts for improvement in previous results from such operations. Obviously, the cell-devitalized cold-conserved joints cannot produce optimum or permanent results, but can be implanted as an alternative to arthrosis in patients in vary young age groups. Further research on viable cartilage and bone in joint implantations await new advances in immunology and tissue typing.", "contents": "An improved technique for allogeneic hip joint implantations. A new technique which has been developed for the allogeneic hip-joint transplantation to enable minutely accurate processing of donor and recipient femoral head, neck, and hip-joints is dependent upon the manual skill of the surgeon. The donor and recipient parts had to be made congruent by free hand fitting. Even the most experienced surgeon cannot produce perfect form congruity of the whole contact surface between donor and recipient parts. The foregoing article presents new instruments and the techniques for 0.5 mm precision fit. An ideal fit of donor and recipient parts represents an important prerequisite for successful allogeneic joint implantations and accounts for improvement in previous results from such operations. Obviously, the cell-devitalized cold-conserved joints cannot produce optimum or permanent results, but can be implanted as an alternative to arthrosis in patients in vary young age groups. Further research on viable cartilage and bone in joint implantations await new advances in immunology and tissue typing.", "PMID": 1126093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9356", "title": "Capital necrosis, metaphyseal cyst and subluxation in coxa plana.", "content": "Three specific elements associated with a poor prognosis in Legg-Calv\u00e9-Perthes disease, i.e., capital necrosis, metaphyseal cyst and subluxation, have been selected for study to determine the effect of each on the end result. A retrospective analysis was made of 337 children who received non-weight-bearing treatment. Half of the patients were treated in abduction splints, over a third with bed rest and traction and the remainder with a variety of routines including sling and crutches, wheelchair or bed rest alone. The group was treated as representing a common pool of therapy and was analyzed statistically in this overall manner. End results were graded by the Knud Mose method (concentric circle matching plus epiphyseal quotient determinations). Good and fair results were combined into an acceptable category while the poor results were considered unacceptable. Femoral capital necrosis was present either segmentally or totally. A classification was devised of three grades of partial epiphyseal involvement and one of total necrosis. The patients with total necorsis (Group IV) had a higher percentage of poor results than those with segmental involvement (Groups I, II and III). The lowest percentage of poor results correlated with the least involvement of the femoral head (Group III). Total head involvement occurred in the unacceptable group one and one half times as frequently as it did in the acceptable group. Metaphyseal cyst formation exhibited a close relationship to the fragmentation of the capital epiphysis. It is suggested that the metaphyseal lesion itself is part of the overall necrotic process and that the \"cyst\" is resorption associated with revascularization as healing is taking place. We noted twice the frequency of metaphyseal cysts in patients with poor results in comparison to that found in the acceptable group. Subluxation is defined as loss of acetabular centration of the femoral head due to upward and outward displacement. Increased distance between the medial margin of the metaphysis and the lateral limb of the \"tear drop\" figure is practically a universal finding on early roentgenograms and was not considered \"subluxation\" in this prognostic evluation. In the series under study there were three times as many subluxations in the poor result group as in the group with acceptable results. A prognostic profile revealing three of the above-listed features was associated with a poor result and should constitute an objective basis of evaluation of new forms of therapy.", "contents": "Capital necrosis, metaphyseal cyst and subluxation in coxa plana. Three specific elements associated with a poor prognosis in Legg-Calv\u00e9-Perthes disease, i.e., capital necrosis, metaphyseal cyst and subluxation, have been selected for study to determine the effect of each on the end result. A retrospective analysis was made of 337 children who received non-weight-bearing treatment. Half of the patients were treated in abduction splints, over a third with bed rest and traction and the remainder with a variety of routines including sling and crutches, wheelchair or bed rest alone. The group was treated as representing a common pool of therapy and was analyzed statistically in this overall manner. End results were graded by the Knud Mose method (concentric circle matching plus epiphyseal quotient determinations). Good and fair results were combined into an acceptable category while the poor results were considered unacceptable. Femoral capital necrosis was present either segmentally or totally. A classification was devised of three grades of partial epiphyseal involvement and one of total necrosis. The patients with total necorsis (Group IV) had a higher percentage of poor results than those with segmental involvement (Groups I, II and III). The lowest percentage of poor results correlated with the least involvement of the femoral head (Group III). Total head involvement occurred in the unacceptable group one and one half times as frequently as it did in the acceptable group. Metaphyseal cyst formation exhibited a close relationship to the fragmentation of the capital epiphysis. It is suggested that the metaphyseal lesion itself is part of the overall necrotic process and that the \"cyst\" is resorption associated with revascularization as healing is taking place. We noted twice the frequency of metaphyseal cysts in patients with poor results in comparison to that found in the acceptable group. Subluxation is defined as loss of acetabular centration of the femoral head due to upward and outward displacement. Increased distance between the medial margin of the metaphysis and the lateral limb of the \"tear drop\" figure is practically a universal finding on early roentgenograms and was not considered \"subluxation\" in this prognostic evluation. In the series under study there were three times as many subluxations in the poor result group as in the group with acceptable results. A prognostic profile revealing three of the above-listed features was associated with a poor result and should constitute an objective basis of evaluation of new forms of therapy.", "PMID": 1126092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9357", "title": "The magnesium load test: II. Correlation of clinical and laboratory data in neonates.", "content": "Parenteral magnesium load tests were conducted on 91 infants less than one month of age, most of whom had marked hyperirritability and symptoms compatible with the diagnosis of electrolyte imbalance with relative or absolute magnesium deficiency. Most of the patients studied had a 40-hour test, with an eight-hour preload and a 32-hour postload collection of urine. Of 43 premature infants studied, only three retained less than 40 per cent of the load: one was untreated, one had low retention of a second load following a course of therapy, and the mother of the third had received magnesium within 24 hours of delivery. Of 48 full-term infants studied, ten retained less than 40 per cent of the load. These were asymptomatic or had minor problems. Irritability was common in both high and low retention groups. Ten per cent of the low retention group and 50 per cent of the high retention group manifested two or more of the nonspecific signs compatible with the diagnosis of magnesium deficiency; the difference was significant (P smaller than 0.025). Eleven premature and six full-term infants with very high initial retention received five or six intramuscular injections of magnesium, after which the magnesium retention was about 30 per cent lower than the initial value. For most patients, repletion therapy was given orally. Although low plasma magnesium values related to high magnesium retention, correlation on an individual basis was poor. The plasma calcium levels of three patients with combined hypomagnesmia and hypocalcemia failed to respond to calcium therapy and remained low until the plasma magnesium value was corrected. Magnesium appeared to be specific therapy for symptomatic infants found to be deficient. More males than females had sufficient symptoms to warrant study.", "contents": "The magnesium load test: II. Correlation of clinical and laboratory data in neonates. Parenteral magnesium load tests were conducted on 91 infants less than one month of age, most of whom had marked hyperirritability and symptoms compatible with the diagnosis of electrolyte imbalance with relative or absolute magnesium deficiency. Most of the patients studied had a 40-hour test, with an eight-hour preload and a 32-hour postload collection of urine. Of 43 premature infants studied, only three retained less than 40 per cent of the load: one was untreated, one had low retention of a second load following a course of therapy, and the mother of the third had received magnesium within 24 hours of delivery. Of 48 full-term infants studied, ten retained less than 40 per cent of the load. These were asymptomatic or had minor problems. Irritability was common in both high and low retention groups. Ten per cent of the low retention group and 50 per cent of the high retention group manifested two or more of the nonspecific signs compatible with the diagnosis of magnesium deficiency; the difference was significant (P smaller than 0.025). Eleven premature and six full-term infants with very high initial retention received five or six intramuscular injections of magnesium, after which the magnesium retention was about 30 per cent lower than the initial value. For most patients, repletion therapy was given orally. Although low plasma magnesium values related to high magnesium retention, correlation on an individual basis was poor. The plasma calcium levels of three patients with combined hypomagnesmia and hypocalcemia failed to respond to calcium therapy and remained low until the plasma magnesium value was corrected. Magnesium appeared to be specific therapy for symptomatic infants found to be deficient. More males than females had sufficient symptoms to warrant study.", "PMID": 1126099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9358", "title": "Anatomic restoration of congenital hip dysplasia in adulthood by total hip displacement.", "content": "Congenital dysplasia, treated or untreated, produces a hip joint difficult to reconstruct and is even more difficult when coxarthrosis supervenes producing significant disability. Total hip replacement can be dramatically successful in these patients, and equals those with coxarthrosis without congenital dislocation. The acetabulum must be totally reconstructed and relocated as near as possible to its original orientation. Usually a small straight stem femoral component must be placed into a generally constricted femoral canal. A thoughtful preoperative plan including X-ray templates is absolutely essential for a successful reconstruction without postoperative complications.", "contents": "Anatomic restoration of congenital hip dysplasia in adulthood by total hip displacement. Congenital dysplasia, treated or untreated, produces a hip joint difficult to reconstruct and is even more difficult when coxarthrosis supervenes producing significant disability. Total hip replacement can be dramatically successful in these patients, and equals those with coxarthrosis without congenital dislocation. The acetabulum must be totally reconstructed and relocated as near as possible to its original orientation. Usually a small straight stem femoral component must be placed into a generally constricted femoral canal. A thoughtful preoperative plan including X-ray templates is absolutely essential for a successful reconstruction without postoperative complications.", "PMID": 1126094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9359", "title": "The magnesium load test: III. correlation of clinical and laboratory data in infants from one to six months of age.", "content": "A study of 64 infants from one to six months of age was made using the 32-hour parenteral magnesium load test. Most of the infants were studied for neuromuscular hyperirritability or other signs compatible with magnesium deficiency; some with unrelated problems served as controls. Magnesium retention below 40 per cent was found in 26 infants who presented with minor sign or signs that were otherwise explained, as by infection. Twelve who retained 72 per cent of the load were normal or small at birth, amply fed on demand, and grew at accelerated rates, increasing from the 50th to the 88th mean percentile by ten weeks, when they were \"fat, hungry, jumpy babies,\" exemplifying the Mg deficiency syndrome of growth. Seven infants of 8.2 plus or minus 1 weeks had had one or more sudden, transient episodes that included: apnea, gasping, tonic or tonic-clonic fits, and flaccidity, often with pallor, cyanosis, eye signs, sweating, or tearing. Despite preload Mg in two, the group retained 88 per cent of the load. Mg appeared to be specific therapy in high retention groups. The signs are nonspecific but resemble premonitory signs and the type of episode that may occur in the sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), suggesting a possible link between magnesium depletion and SIDS.", "contents": "The magnesium load test: III. correlation of clinical and laboratory data in infants from one to six months of age. A study of 64 infants from one to six months of age was made using the 32-hour parenteral magnesium load test. Most of the infants were studied for neuromuscular hyperirritability or other signs compatible with magnesium deficiency; some with unrelated problems served as controls. Magnesium retention below 40 per cent was found in 26 infants who presented with minor sign or signs that were otherwise explained, as by infection. Twelve who retained 72 per cent of the load were normal or small at birth, amply fed on demand, and grew at accelerated rates, increasing from the 50th to the 88th mean percentile by ten weeks, when they were \"fat, hungry, jumpy babies,\" exemplifying the Mg deficiency syndrome of growth. Seven infants of 8.2 plus or minus 1 weeks had had one or more sudden, transient episodes that included: apnea, gasping, tonic or tonic-clonic fits, and flaccidity, often with pallor, cyanosis, eye signs, sweating, or tearing. Despite preload Mg in two, the group retained 88 per cent of the load. Mg appeared to be specific therapy in high retention groups. The signs are nonspecific but resemble premonitory signs and the type of episode that may occur in the sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), suggesting a possible link between magnesium depletion and SIDS.", "PMID": 1126100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9360", "title": "Infections in total hips secondary to a primary source elsewhere.", "content": "This is a report of 3 cases in which a primary infection in a site other than a total hip led to infection in the hip itself. One hip infection appeared to arise in a tooth abscess, a second in the urinary tract, and one from the respiratory tract. All infections resulted in the necessity of removing the components of the total hip. It is suggested that patients who have had previous total hip replacement should be warned to consult their physician when the possibility of an infection is present, and that antibiotic coverage be given during this period of time. Cultures of infected sites should be made in patients who have had total hip replacements, in order that organisms and their sensitivity may be identified in the event that antibiotic therapy is needed, subsequently.", "contents": "Infections in total hips secondary to a primary source elsewhere. This is a report of 3 cases in which a primary infection in a site other than a total hip led to infection in the hip itself. One hip infection appeared to arise in a tooth abscess, a second in the urinary tract, and one from the respiratory tract. All infections resulted in the necessity of removing the components of the total hip. It is suggested that patients who have had previous total hip replacement should be warned to consult their physician when the possibility of an infection is present, and that antibiotic coverage be given during this period of time. Cultures of infected sites should be made in patients who have had total hip replacements, in order that organisms and their sensitivity may be identified in the event that antibiotic therapy is needed, subsequently.", "PMID": 1126095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9361", "title": "Fatal overdose from Bendectin.", "content": "A three-year old male ingested approximately 100 tablets of Bendectin. He developed tonic-clonic seizures followed by cardiac arrest. Toxicologic analysis yielded high levels of doxylamine, dicyclomine, and pyridoxine in blood, peritoneal fluid, and tissue homogenates. The antihistamine, doxylamine succinate appears to be the toxic constituent. Analytical methods used to document the case are herein described.", "contents": "Fatal overdose from Bendectin. A three-year old male ingested approximately 100 tablets of Bendectin. He developed tonic-clonic seizures followed by cardiac arrest. Toxicologic analysis yielded high levels of doxylamine, dicyclomine, and pyridoxine in blood, peritoneal fluid, and tissue homogenates. The antihistamine, doxylamine succinate appears to be the toxic constituent. Analytical methods used to document the case are herein described.", "PMID": 1126102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9362", "title": "The pediatrician and the dying child. \"Physician, know thyself\".", "content": "To deal with problems aroused in professional medical staff working with fatally ill children, a team of psychiatrics and oncologists not only deals with the problems of the children and their families, but also with problems of the medical staff themselves. Psychotherapy to the medical staff is offered only indirectly. The overriding difficulty which prevents the medical staff from maintaining role-appearance behavior is dealing with the theme of death. Often this is the hidden agenda behind a facade of other presenting problems. At times, the medical staff may be unable to deal with their own anger when conforted by demanding patients or hostile parents. At other times, medical staff will overidentify with the patient resulting in inappropriate role behavior. When medical results are poor despite good medical care, staff may feel inappropriately guilty. These issues can be dealt with means of a weekly mental health conference with the focus on the patient.", "contents": "The pediatrician and the dying child. \"Physician, know thyself\". To deal with problems aroused in professional medical staff working with fatally ill children, a team of psychiatrics and oncologists not only deals with the problems of the children and their families, but also with problems of the medical staff themselves. Psychotherapy to the medical staff is offered only indirectly. The overriding difficulty which prevents the medical staff from maintaining role-appearance behavior is dealing with the theme of death. Often this is the hidden agenda behind a facade of other presenting problems. At times, the medical staff may be unable to deal with their own anger when conforted by demanding patients or hostile parents. At other times, medical staff will overidentify with the patient resulting in inappropriate role behavior. When medical results are poor despite good medical care, staff may feel inappropriately guilty. These issues can be dealt with means of a weekly mental health conference with the focus on the patient.", "PMID": 1126107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9363", "title": "Plasma testosterone levels during chronic heroin use and protracted astinence. A study of Hong Kong addicts.", "content": "The effects of heroin use and subsequent prolonged abstinence on plasma testosterone levels were examined in 31 male heroin addicts. Heroin (alone and in combination with methadone) significantly suppressed plasma testosterone levels. However, drug-induced testosterone suppression does not appear to be permanent in adult addicts. Recovery of testosterone levels to normal occurred after about one month of heroin abstinence.", "contents": "Plasma testosterone levels during chronic heroin use and protracted astinence. A study of Hong Kong addicts. The effects of heroin use and subsequent prolonged abstinence on plasma testosterone levels were examined in 31 male heroin addicts. Heroin (alone and in combination with methadone) significantly suppressed plasma testosterone levels. However, drug-induced testosterone suppression does not appear to be permanent in adult addicts. Recovery of testosterone levels to normal occurred after about one month of heroin abstinence.", "PMID": 1126110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9364", "title": "Respiratory effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol.", "content": "The respiratory effects of smoked marijuana and oral delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta9THC) have been studied in healthy males by assessing displacement of the respiratory response curve. Both cause slight respiratory depression, in some subjects it stimulates respiration. High doses of pentobarbital depress respiration but low doses apparently do not.", "contents": "Respiratory effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol. The respiratory effects of smoked marijuana and oral delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta9THC) have been studied in healthy males by assessing displacement of the respiratory response curve. Both cause slight respiratory depression, in some subjects it stimulates respiration. High doses of pentobarbital depress respiration but low doses apparently do not.", "PMID": 1126111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9365", "title": "Effect of smoking marihuana and of a high-nicotine cigarette on angina pectoris.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of smoking marihuana and of high-nicotine cigarettes on exercise-induced angina pectoris. Smoking 1 marihuana cigarette increased the resting product of systolic blood pressure times heart rate 54%, increased the venous carboxyhemoglobin level, and decreased the exercise time until angina 50% in 10 patients with angina pectoris. Smoking 1 high-nicotine cigarette increased the resting product of systolic blood pressure times heart rate 36%, increased the venous carboxyhemoglobin level, and decreased the exercise time until angina 23%. Smoking either marihuana or high-nicotine cigarettes decreases exercise performance until angina by increasing myocardial oxygen demand and by decreasing myocardial oxygen delivery. Smoking 1 marihuana cigarette decreased the exercise time until angina more than smoking 1 high-nicotine cigarette (p less than 0.001).", "contents": "Effect of smoking marihuana and of a high-nicotine cigarette on angina pectoris. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of smoking marihuana and of high-nicotine cigarettes on exercise-induced angina pectoris. Smoking 1 marihuana cigarette increased the resting product of systolic blood pressure times heart rate 54%, increased the venous carboxyhemoglobin level, and decreased the exercise time until angina 50% in 10 patients with angina pectoris. Smoking 1 high-nicotine cigarette increased the resting product of systolic blood pressure times heart rate 36%, increased the venous carboxyhemoglobin level, and decreased the exercise time until angina 23%. Smoking either marihuana or high-nicotine cigarettes decreases exercise performance until angina by increasing myocardial oxygen demand and by decreasing myocardial oxygen delivery. Smoking 1 marihuana cigarette decreased the exercise time until angina more than smoking 1 high-nicotine cigarette (p less than 0.001).", "PMID": 1126112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9366", "title": "First-pass metabolism of imipramine in man.", "content": "The systemic availability of orally administered imipramine (IP) varied from 29 to 77% in 4 subjects. The decrease in availability was due to an excess in metabolism after oral administration. This first-pass metabolism did not correlate with plasma half-life, apparent clearance, or the rate of metabolite excretion in urine. There was close correlation with the excess in formation of demethylated metabolites after oral administration, which suggests that the first-pass metabolism is mediated by demethylation, but does not correlate to the total rate of demethylation.", "contents": "First-pass metabolism of imipramine in man. The systemic availability of orally administered imipramine (IP) varied from 29 to 77% in 4 subjects. The decrease in availability was due to an excess in metabolism after oral administration. This first-pass metabolism did not correlate with plasma half-life, apparent clearance, or the rate of metabolite excretion in urine. There was close correlation with the excess in formation of demethylated metabolites after oral administration, which suggests that the first-pass metabolism is mediated by demethylation, but does not correlate to the total rate of demethylation.", "PMID": 1126113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9367", "title": "Placental transfer to diazepam and its disposition in the newborn.", "content": "Diazepam (DZ) placental transfer in pregnant women at term, following single or repeated drug administration by various routes, was evaluated. DZ and its metabolite N-demethyldiazepam (NDZ) were constantly present in umbilical cord plasma at concentrations comparable to the mother's shortly after drug administration. N-methyloxazepam (MOX) was detected in cord plasma only in a limited number of cases following chronic DZ treatment. Postmortem analysis of fetal tissue concentrations showed accumulation of NDZ in heart and lungs. Differences in NDZ concentrations between venous cord (VC) and arterial cord (AC) plasms suggest metabolic degradation of DZ in the fetus. The DZ apparent plasma half-life in the newborn was found to be longer (31 plus or minus 2 hr) than previously observed in infants and children. The low drug clearance appears to be linked to reduced urinary excretion of hydroxylated metabolites, suggesting limited capability to dispose of DZ in the newborn.", "contents": "Placental transfer to diazepam and its disposition in the newborn. Diazepam (DZ) placental transfer in pregnant women at term, following single or repeated drug administration by various routes, was evaluated. DZ and its metabolite N-demethyldiazepam (NDZ) were constantly present in umbilical cord plasma at concentrations comparable to the mother's shortly after drug administration. N-methyloxazepam (MOX) was detected in cord plasma only in a limited number of cases following chronic DZ treatment. Postmortem analysis of fetal tissue concentrations showed accumulation of NDZ in heart and lungs. Differences in NDZ concentrations between venous cord (VC) and arterial cord (AC) plasms suggest metabolic degradation of DZ in the fetus. The DZ apparent plasma half-life in the newborn was found to be longer (31 plus or minus 2 hr) than previously observed in infants and children. The low drug clearance appears to be linked to reduced urinary excretion of hydroxylated metabolites, suggesting limited capability to dispose of DZ in the newborn.", "PMID": 1126114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9368", "title": "Pharmacodynamics of minoxidil as a guide for individualizing dosage regimens in hypertension.", "content": "The antihypertensive effect of minoxidil was studied in 6 patients with varying degrees of hypertension. Their baseline mean arterial pressure (MAP bi) ranged from 122 to 197 mm Hg. Single oral doses between 2.5 and 25 mg were administered in sequence and the time-course of hypotensive action was followed. We have reported previously that when the peak lowering of MAP is linearly regressed against log dose, both the dose-response slope (M) and threshold dose (Dt) are positively correlated with the MAP bi of individual patients. This investigation focuses on the temporal pattern of effect. It was found that the hypotensive effect of minoxidil declined linearly with time at a rate consistent with an average effective biologic half-life of about one day. The rate of decline of effect was apparently independent of dose but was dependent on MAP bi. Since both response to and duration of effect of minoxidil are functions of MAP bi, there is an abvious need to individualize dosage regimens based on the severity of disease. Using pharmacodynamic parameters, guidelines for loading dose, maintenance dose, and dosing frequency as a function of the degree of hypertension are suggested. Loading dose requirements were found to increase with MAP bi while maintenance doses were largely independent of the severity of the disease. Frequently of dosing was found to range from 3 times a day in very severe hypertension to once a day in moderate hypertension.", "contents": "Pharmacodynamics of minoxidil as a guide for individualizing dosage regimens in hypertension. The antihypertensive effect of minoxidil was studied in 6 patients with varying degrees of hypertension. Their baseline mean arterial pressure (MAP bi) ranged from 122 to 197 mm Hg. Single oral doses between 2.5 and 25 mg were administered in sequence and the time-course of hypotensive action was followed. We have reported previously that when the peak lowering of MAP is linearly regressed against log dose, both the dose-response slope (M) and threshold dose (Dt) are positively correlated with the MAP bi of individual patients. This investigation focuses on the temporal pattern of effect. It was found that the hypotensive effect of minoxidil declined linearly with time at a rate consistent with an average effective biologic half-life of about one day. The rate of decline of effect was apparently independent of dose but was dependent on MAP bi. Since both response to and duration of effect of minoxidil are functions of MAP bi, there is an abvious need to individualize dosage regimens based on the severity of disease. Using pharmacodynamic parameters, guidelines for loading dose, maintenance dose, and dosing frequency as a function of the degree of hypertension are suggested. Loading dose requirements were found to increase with MAP bi while maintenance doses were largely independent of the severity of the disease. Frequently of dosing was found to range from 3 times a day in very severe hypertension to once a day in moderate hypertension.", "PMID": 1126115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9369", "title": "Pharmacokinetic studies of tolmetin in man.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of the new anti-inflammatory agent tolmetin have been studied after its oral administration to normal subjects and to patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Plasma concentration-time data were fitted to a one-compartment open model. Following single oral doses, no basic differences in rates of drug absorption and elimination were found between normal subjects and arthritic patients. For the 12 subjects studied, the overall mean elimination rate constant was 0.839 hr-1, corresponding to a plasma half-life of 0.83 hr. The drug was rapidly absorbed and had a mean apparent volume of distribution of 0.098 l/kg. Plasma levels and pharmacokinetic parameters of tolmetin in arthritic patients after multiple dosing were smaller to those after a single dose.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetic studies of tolmetin in man. The pharmacokinetics of the new anti-inflammatory agent tolmetin have been studied after its oral administration to normal subjects and to patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Plasma concentration-time data were fitted to a one-compartment open model. Following single oral doses, no basic differences in rates of drug absorption and elimination were found between normal subjects and arthritic patients. For the 12 subjects studied, the overall mean elimination rate constant was 0.839 hr-1, corresponding to a plasma half-life of 0.83 hr. The drug was rapidly absorbed and had a mean apparent volume of distribution of 0.098 l/kg. Plasma levels and pharmacokinetic parameters of tolmetin in arthritic patients after multiple dosing were smaller to those after a single dose.", "PMID": 1126116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9370", "title": "Correlation of peak aortic and carotid flow acceleration during coronary occlusion in conscious baboons.", "content": "1. Peak blood flow acceleration measured in the common carotid artery was compared with peak flow acceleration measured in the ascending aorta of three baboons. 2. The response to occlusion for 60s of the circumflex branch or the anterior descending branch of the left coronary artery was investigated. 3. Both accelerations decreased approximately to the same extent. Peak aortic flow velocity, stroke volume and cardiac output also decreased but to a smaller extent. 4. It is concluded that peak aortic flow acceleration is a sensitive index of myocardial function during acute coronary occlusion in conscious primates and that peak carotid flow acceleration is an indirect measure of myocardial performance under the same conditions.", "contents": "Correlation of peak aortic and carotid flow acceleration during coronary occlusion in conscious baboons. 1. Peak blood flow acceleration measured in the common carotid artery was compared with peak flow acceleration measured in the ascending aorta of three baboons. 2. The response to occlusion for 60s of the circumflex branch or the anterior descending branch of the left coronary artery was investigated. 3. Both accelerations decreased approximately to the same extent. Peak aortic flow velocity, stroke volume and cardiac output also decreased but to a smaller extent. 4. It is concluded that peak aortic flow acceleration is a sensitive index of myocardial function during acute coronary occlusion in conscious primates and that peak carotid flow acceleration is an indirect measure of myocardial performance under the same conditions.", "PMID": 1126118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9371", "title": "Triglyceride, free fatty acid and carbohydrate metabolism in hyperlipaemic (type IV) and normolipaemic subjects on carbohydrate- of fat-rich diets.", "content": "1. Five patients with hyperlipoproteinaemia type IV and five normolipaemic controls were maintained on diets containing either a fat or a carbohydrate content of approximately 60%. Leg exchanges of triglycerides, free fatty acid (NEFA), glucose and other metabolites were measured in the basal state. The metabolic response to an intravenous glucose load and the turnover of intravenously infused (14C)oleic acid were determined. Individual fatty acids were analysed in plasma NEFA and very-low-density lipoprotein triglyceride. 2. No differences were detected between patients and controls with regard to leg uptake of triglyceride or NEFA on either diet. On shifting from a fat-rich to a carbohydrate-rich diet, the control subjects showed reduced values for arterial NEFA and for NEFA turnover, accompanied by a lowered release of NEFA and glycerol from the leg. In patients, on the other hand, the arterial concentration and turnover of NEFA remained unchanged and the release of glycerol from the leg increased. Glucose administration gave a less-pronounced fall of arterial NEFA on either diet in the patients and the incorporation of (14C)oleic acid into triglycerides after glucose administration was more marked than in the controls. 3. No difference in net uptake of triglyceride by the leg was demonstrable between patients and controls. 4. it is concluded that hyperlipaemic patients show an altered metabolic response to a carbohydrate-rich diet, possibly contributing to the development of a hyperlipaemic state, and that acute glucose loading results in a greater incorporation of circulating NEFA into very-low-density lipoproteins in these patients.", "contents": "Triglyceride, free fatty acid and carbohydrate metabolism in hyperlipaemic (type IV) and normolipaemic subjects on carbohydrate- of fat-rich diets. 1. Five patients with hyperlipoproteinaemia type IV and five normolipaemic controls were maintained on diets containing either a fat or a carbohydrate content of approximately 60%. Leg exchanges of triglycerides, free fatty acid (NEFA), glucose and other metabolites were measured in the basal state. The metabolic response to an intravenous glucose load and the turnover of intravenously infused (14C)oleic acid were determined. Individual fatty acids were analysed in plasma NEFA and very-low-density lipoprotein triglyceride. 2. No differences were detected between patients and controls with regard to leg uptake of triglyceride or NEFA on either diet. On shifting from a fat-rich to a carbohydrate-rich diet, the control subjects showed reduced values for arterial NEFA and for NEFA turnover, accompanied by a lowered release of NEFA and glycerol from the leg. In patients, on the other hand, the arterial concentration and turnover of NEFA remained unchanged and the release of glycerol from the leg increased. Glucose administration gave a less-pronounced fall of arterial NEFA on either diet in the patients and the incorporation of (14C)oleic acid into triglycerides after glucose administration was more marked than in the controls. 3. No difference in net uptake of triglyceride by the leg was demonstrable between patients and controls. 4. it is concluded that hyperlipaemic patients show an altered metabolic response to a carbohydrate-rich diet, possibly contributing to the development of a hyperlipaemic state, and that acute glucose loading results in a greater incorporation of circulating NEFA into very-low-density lipoproteins in these patients.", "PMID": 1126119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9372", "title": "Assessment of urine-concentrating ability in man: effect of fludrocortisone and urea in enhancing response to vasopressin.", "content": "1. Healthy subjects, given a long-acting preparation of vasopressin intramuscularly, excreted a significantly less concentrated urine than when subjected to fluid deprivation for 28 h. 2. When fludrocortisone, a potent mineralocorticoid, was given in addition to vasopressin the urine was not significantly less concentrated than after fluid deprivation. 3. Oral urea-loading also enhanced the urine-concentrating power of vasopressin but its effect was less marked than that of fludrocortisone. Oral urea did not increase further the urine concentration achieved by combined fludrocortisone and vasopressin. 4. Renal concentrating power was assessed in fourteen patients with renal disease and impaired concentrating ability. Fludrocortisone significantly enhanced the urine concentration achieved by vasopressin alone and the resultant urine was not significantly less concentrated than that achieved by fluid deprivation. 5. The action of fludrocortisone in enhancing the urine-concentrating effect of vasopressin is similar to that of aldosterone and is probably due to the increased sequestration of solute in the renal medulla, caused by increased reabsorption of sodium chloride in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle. 6. In the clinical assessment of renal concentrating power, the combined use of fludrocortisone and vasopressin has potential advantages over established methods.", "contents": "Assessment of urine-concentrating ability in man: effect of fludrocortisone and urea in enhancing response to vasopressin. 1. Healthy subjects, given a long-acting preparation of vasopressin intramuscularly, excreted a significantly less concentrated urine than when subjected to fluid deprivation for 28 h. 2. When fludrocortisone, a potent mineralocorticoid, was given in addition to vasopressin the urine was not significantly less concentrated than after fluid deprivation. 3. Oral urea-loading also enhanced the urine-concentrating power of vasopressin but its effect was less marked than that of fludrocortisone. Oral urea did not increase further the urine concentration achieved by combined fludrocortisone and vasopressin. 4. Renal concentrating power was assessed in fourteen patients with renal disease and impaired concentrating ability. Fludrocortisone significantly enhanced the urine concentration achieved by vasopressin alone and the resultant urine was not significantly less concentrated than that achieved by fluid deprivation. 5. The action of fludrocortisone in enhancing the urine-concentrating effect of vasopressin is similar to that of aldosterone and is probably due to the increased sequestration of solute in the renal medulla, caused by increased reabsorption of sodium chloride in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle. 6. In the clinical assessment of renal concentrating power, the combined use of fludrocortisone and vasopressin has potential advantages over established methods.", "PMID": 1126120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9373", "title": "The selective inhibition of chenodeoxycholate synthesis by cholate metabolites in man.", "content": "1. Seven normal volunteers took 0-28--0-42 mmol (100--150 mg) of deoxycholate by mouth. This resulted in a reduced proportion of chenodeoxycholate in bile and an increased proportion of deoxycholate. Cholate was unchanged. 2. Cholate and chenodeoxycholate pools and rats of synthesis were determined in four of the subjects by simultaneously labelling each pool with 14C-labelled bile acids. The chenodeoxycholate pool and rate of synthesis decreased after deoxycholate administration. Cholate synthesis and pool size did not change appreciably. 3. The proportion of deoxycholate in bile samples of sixty-two subjects with intact enterohepatic circulation was found to be inversely related to the proportion of chenodeoxycholate in bile, but not to the cholate. 4. It is suggested that inhibition of chenodeoxycholate synthesis by deoxycholate, the principal bacterial product of cholate, regulates the size of the chenodeoxycholate pool independently of the total amount of bile salt.", "contents": "The selective inhibition of chenodeoxycholate synthesis by cholate metabolites in man. 1. Seven normal volunteers took 0-28--0-42 mmol (100--150 mg) of deoxycholate by mouth. This resulted in a reduced proportion of chenodeoxycholate in bile and an increased proportion of deoxycholate. Cholate was unchanged. 2. Cholate and chenodeoxycholate pools and rats of synthesis were determined in four of the subjects by simultaneously labelling each pool with 14C-labelled bile acids. The chenodeoxycholate pool and rate of synthesis decreased after deoxycholate administration. Cholate synthesis and pool size did not change appreciably. 3. The proportion of deoxycholate in bile samples of sixty-two subjects with intact enterohepatic circulation was found to be inversely related to the proportion of chenodeoxycholate in bile, but not to the cholate. 4. It is suggested that inhibition of chenodeoxycholate synthesis by deoxycholate, the principal bacterial product of cholate, regulates the size of the chenodeoxycholate pool independently of the total amount of bile salt.", "PMID": 1126122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9374", "title": "Human platelet monoamine oxidase activity in iron-deficiency anaemia.", "content": "1. The activity of monoamine oxidase, when assayed with four substrates, was significantly lowered in platelets prepared from the blood of patients with iron-deficiency anaemia. 2. Treatment with oral iron preparations restored platelet monoamine oxidase activity to normal in those patients whose serum iron concentrations also returned to normal. 3. Platelet monoamine oxidase activity remained low if treatment failed to restore serum iron concentration to within normal limits.", "contents": "Human platelet monoamine oxidase activity in iron-deficiency anaemia. 1. The activity of monoamine oxidase, when assayed with four substrates, was significantly lowered in platelets prepared from the blood of patients with iron-deficiency anaemia. 2. Treatment with oral iron preparations restored platelet monoamine oxidase activity to normal in those patients whose serum iron concentrations also returned to normal. 3. Platelet monoamine oxidase activity remained low if treatment failed to restore serum iron concentration to within normal limits.", "PMID": 1126121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9375", "title": "The effect of age on deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in rat adipose tissue.", "content": "1. Rats of four different age groups were injected intraperitoneally with labelled thymidine and killed 1, 7 or 12 days later. 2. The epididymal fat-pads were separated into fat-cells and stromal elements by collagenase digestion. 3. The incorporation of labelled thymidine into the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of both fractions was greatest in the 6-week-old animals. Uptake was significantly decreased in 12- and 15-week-old animals and was lowest in 22-week-old rats.", "contents": "The effect of age on deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in rat adipose tissue. 1. Rats of four different age groups were injected intraperitoneally with labelled thymidine and killed 1, 7 or 12 days later. 2. The epididymal fat-pads were separated into fat-cells and stromal elements by collagenase digestion. 3. The incorporation of labelled thymidine into the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of both fractions was greatest in the 6-week-old animals. Uptake was significantly decreased in 12- and 15-week-old animals and was lowest in 22-week-old rats.", "PMID": 1126123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9376", "title": "Role of saline consumption in the prevention of deoxycorticosterone hypertension in rats by central 6-hydroxydopamine.", "content": "1. The mechanism by which pretreatment of rats with intracisternal 6-hydroxydopamine prevents the onset of deoxycorticosterone hypertension has been studied. 2. Rats pretreated with central 6-hydroxydopamine increase their consumption of 0-17 mol/l sodium chloride--0-03 mol/l potassium chloride ('saline') less than normal rats when implanted with deoxycorticosterone. 3. Intact rats restricted to the equivalent consumption of saline of rats pretreated with 6-hydroxydopamine develop hypertension despite this restriction. 4. It is suggested that the prevention of deoxycorticosterone hypertension by central 6-hydroxydopamine does not depend on reduced saline consumption.", "contents": "Role of saline consumption in the prevention of deoxycorticosterone hypertension in rats by central 6-hydroxydopamine. 1. The mechanism by which pretreatment of rats with intracisternal 6-hydroxydopamine prevents the onset of deoxycorticosterone hypertension has been studied. 2. Rats pretreated with central 6-hydroxydopamine increase their consumption of 0-17 mol/l sodium chloride--0-03 mol/l potassium chloride ('saline') less than normal rats when implanted with deoxycorticosterone. 3. Intact rats restricted to the equivalent consumption of saline of rats pretreated with 6-hydroxydopamine develop hypertension despite this restriction. 4. It is suggested that the prevention of deoxycorticosterone hypertension by central 6-hydroxydopamine does not depend on reduced saline consumption.", "PMID": 1126124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9377", "title": "Postural fluid retention in patients with idiopathic oedema: lack of relationship to the phase of the menstrual cycle.", "content": "1. Water and electrolyte excretion was measured in the follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle in seven patients with idiopathic oedema and in four post-menopausal patients with this condition. 2. In contrast to previous findings in healthy women, the reduction in urinary flow and sodium excretion on being tilted to the upright position was not significantly different in the follicular and luteal phases in pre-menopausal patients and there were no significant differences between pre- and post-menopausal patients. 3. The percentage increase in packed cell volume on standing was significantly greater in patients with idiopathic oedema than in normal subjects in the luteal phase of the menstrual cylcle. 4. It is postulated that the enhanced retention of electrolytes and water in response to tilting in patients with idiopathic oedema is a compensatory mechanism for the decreased effective blood volume at that time.", "contents": "Postural fluid retention in patients with idiopathic oedema: lack of relationship to the phase of the menstrual cycle. 1. Water and electrolyte excretion was measured in the follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle in seven patients with idiopathic oedema and in four post-menopausal patients with this condition. 2. In contrast to previous findings in healthy women, the reduction in urinary flow and sodium excretion on being tilted to the upright position was not significantly different in the follicular and luteal phases in pre-menopausal patients and there were no significant differences between pre- and post-menopausal patients. 3. The percentage increase in packed cell volume on standing was significantly greater in patients with idiopathic oedema than in normal subjects in the luteal phase of the menstrual cylcle. 4. It is postulated that the enhanced retention of electrolytes and water in response to tilting in patients with idiopathic oedema is a compensatory mechanism for the decreased effective blood volume at that time.", "PMID": 1126125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9378", "title": "Isolation, characterization and function of cord-blood transferrin.", "content": "1. Transferrin was isolated from umbilical cord blood by means of gel filtration on Sephadex G-150 and ion exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex A-50, and its properties were compared with those of transferrin isolated from human adult blood. 2. Both glycoproteins were able to bind a maximum of two atoms of iron per molecule and have very similar amino acid and carbohydrate compositions. 3. The molecular weight of cord-blood transferrin, assessed by equilibrium centrifugation, was 78200, and its sedimentation velocity appeared to be 5-2S. 4. Cord-blood transferrin and adult blood transferrin were found to be immunochemically identical. 5. No differences could be detected between the transferrins in their capacities to deliver iron to immature erythrocytes derived from rat bone marrow, which indicates that the rapid transport of iron across the placenta cannot be explained by differences between foetal and maternal transferrin.", "contents": "Isolation, characterization and function of cord-blood transferrin. 1. Transferrin was isolated from umbilical cord blood by means of gel filtration on Sephadex G-150 and ion exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex A-50, and its properties were compared with those of transferrin isolated from human adult blood. 2. Both glycoproteins were able to bind a maximum of two atoms of iron per molecule and have very similar amino acid and carbohydrate compositions. 3. The molecular weight of cord-blood transferrin, assessed by equilibrium centrifugation, was 78200, and its sedimentation velocity appeared to be 5-2S. 4. Cord-blood transferrin and adult blood transferrin were found to be immunochemically identical. 5. No differences could be detected between the transferrins in their capacities to deliver iron to immature erythrocytes derived from rat bone marrow, which indicates that the rapid transport of iron across the placenta cannot be explained by differences between foetal and maternal transferrin.", "PMID": 1126126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9379", "title": "Factors affecting the metabolic production of methylguanidine.", "content": "1. Methylguanidine administered orally to normal volunteers was almost completely recovered in the urine, indicating that it is absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract and is not converted into other compounds. In normal persons at least, its urinary output therefore corresponds to its metabolic production rate plus the amount ingested. 2. In normal persons, diets based on foods not containing methylguanidine (e.g. vegetarian, protein-free and milk-egg) caused a fall in the urinary output of methylguanidine as compared with the output of the same subjects on a free diet. Conversely, higher amounts of methylguanidine were excreted on a diet rich in broth and in boiled beef, which contain large amounts of methylguanidine formed from the oxidation of creatinine, caused by boiling. 3. Oral administration of creatinine to normal volunteers induced an immediate and marked increase in urinary excretion of methylguanidine, and the ingestion of [methyl-14-C]creatinine by uraemic patients was followed by the urinary excretion of labelled methylguanidine. These findings indicate that creatinine is partly converted into methylguanidine in both normal and uraemic subjects and accounts for the high metabolic production of methylguanidine in patients with renal failure, in whom the body pool of creatinine is high. 4. Creatinine, incubated at 38 degrees C for 24 h in Krebs bicarbonate solution (pH 7-38) through which was bubbled oxygen with 15% carbon dioxide, was partially oxidized to methylguanidine. This raises the possibility that even in vivo such a conversion may occur \"non-enzymatically\".", "contents": "Factors affecting the metabolic production of methylguanidine. 1. Methylguanidine administered orally to normal volunteers was almost completely recovered in the urine, indicating that it is absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract and is not converted into other compounds. In normal persons at least, its urinary output therefore corresponds to its metabolic production rate plus the amount ingested. 2. In normal persons, diets based on foods not containing methylguanidine (e.g. vegetarian, protein-free and milk-egg) caused a fall in the urinary output of methylguanidine as compared with the output of the same subjects on a free diet. Conversely, higher amounts of methylguanidine were excreted on a diet rich in broth and in boiled beef, which contain large amounts of methylguanidine formed from the oxidation of creatinine, caused by boiling. 3. Oral administration of creatinine to normal volunteers induced an immediate and marked increase in urinary excretion of methylguanidine, and the ingestion of [methyl-14-C]creatinine by uraemic patients was followed by the urinary excretion of labelled methylguanidine. These findings indicate that creatinine is partly converted into methylguanidine in both normal and uraemic subjects and accounts for the high metabolic production of methylguanidine in patients with renal failure, in whom the body pool of creatinine is high. 4. Creatinine, incubated at 38 degrees C for 24 h in Krebs bicarbonate solution (pH 7-38) through which was bubbled oxygen with 15% carbon dioxide, was partially oxidized to methylguanidine. This raises the possibility that even in vivo such a conversion may occur \"non-enzymatically\".", "PMID": 1126127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9380", "title": "A comparison of the effects of incubation on cells containing haemoglobin S or haemoglobin A.", "content": "1. A centrifugal packing technique has been used to investigate the effect of incubation on the flexibility of erythrocytes containing normal (Hb A) or sickle-cell (Hb S) haemoglobin. The effects on cell morphology and on the reversibility of morphological changes were also investigated. 2. The two types of cell reacted similarly to incubation. Sickling of the Hb-S was shown not to be responsible for the production of irreversibly deformed cells in these circumstances. 3. It is concluded that for both cell types the membrane inflexibility, cellular deformation and morphological irreversibility induced by the incubation were due to metabolic depletion.", "contents": "A comparison of the effects of incubation on cells containing haemoglobin S or haemoglobin A. 1. A centrifugal packing technique has been used to investigate the effect of incubation on the flexibility of erythrocytes containing normal (Hb A) or sickle-cell (Hb S) haemoglobin. The effects on cell morphology and on the reversibility of morphological changes were also investigated. 2. The two types of cell reacted similarly to incubation. Sickling of the Hb-S was shown not to be responsible for the production of irreversibly deformed cells in these circumstances. 3. It is concluded that for both cell types the membrane inflexibility, cellular deformation and morphological irreversibility induced by the incubation were due to metabolic depletion.", "PMID": 1126128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9381", "title": "Protein synthetic activity of membrane-bound and free ribosomes from parathyroid glands of dogs.", "content": "1. Membrane-bound and free polyribosomes were isolated from parathyroid glands of normal dogs by a discontinuous density-gradient technique. 2. The conditions necessary for optimum incorporation by bound and free ribosomes of [3-H]-phenylalanine into protein were determined for assays in vitro directed by both endogenous messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) and polyuridylic acid [poly(U)]. 3. When the specific cofactors were available in optimum amounts, the rate of incorporation of amino acids into protein was directly proportional to the number of ribosomes present. This applied to assays directed by endogenous mRNA and poly-(U). 4. The results indicate that it is possible to isolate and directly study the protein synthetic activity of membrane-bound and free parathyroid ribosomes.", "contents": "Protein synthetic activity of membrane-bound and free ribosomes from parathyroid glands of dogs. 1. Membrane-bound and free polyribosomes were isolated from parathyroid glands of normal dogs by a discontinuous density-gradient technique. 2. The conditions necessary for optimum incorporation by bound and free ribosomes of [3-H]-phenylalanine into protein were determined for assays in vitro directed by both endogenous messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) and polyuridylic acid [poly(U)]. 3. When the specific cofactors were available in optimum amounts, the rate of incorporation of amino acids into protein was directly proportional to the number of ribosomes present. This applied to assays directed by endogenous mRNA and poly-(U). 4. The results indicate that it is possible to isolate and directly study the protein synthetic activity of membrane-bound and free parathyroid ribosomes.", "PMID": 1126129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9382", "title": "Efficiency of utilization of urea nitrogen for albumin synthesis by chronically uraemic and normal man.", "content": "1. The relation between endogenous urea metabolism and albumin synthesis has been studied in ten patients with chronic renal failure and in four normal subjects, after single intravenous injections of [14-C]urea,[15-N]urea and 125-I-labelled albumin. 2. The rate of urea synthesis was determined from the dynamics of plasma [14-C]urea specific radioactivity and the rate of urea metabolism was estimated from the relative rates of urea synthesis and urea appearance in urine and body water. Deconvolution analysis of plasma [15N]albumin enrichmevt and 125-i-labelled albumin radioactivity yielded the cumulative incorporation of 15-N into total exchangeable albumin and enabled calculation of the absolute rate of urema nitrogen utilization for albumin synthesis. 3. Although the mean absolute rate of urea degradation in uraemic patients (3-7 mmol/h) was higher than in normal subjects (2-3 mmol/h) there was no significant positive correlation between urea degradation and plasma urea concentration. 4. In uraemic subjects, there was a significant positive correlation between urea synthetic rate and urea degration rate. 5. The rate of utilization of urea nitrogen for albumin synthesis was low, but was very much higher in uraemic subjects (mean 83-8 mumol/h) compared with normal subjects (mean 6-4 mumol/h), as was the provision by urea of the nitrogen required for albumin synthesis in uraemic subjects (2-37%) compared with normal subjects (0-13%). 6. The efficiency of utilization of urea nitrogen for albumin synthesis was higher in the uraemic patients (1-3%) than the normal subjects (0-2%), and was higher in those patients with chronic renal failure who received a 30 g protein diet than those on 70 g of protein. A significant negative correlation was noted between efficiency of urea nitrogen utilization and the rate of synthesis of albumin. 7. These studies suggest the presence of a mechanism for the conservation of urea nitrogen in chronic renal failure which is unrelated to the extent of urea degradation, and which can only be partly explained by the higher proportion of intraluminal gut nitrogen derived from urea.", "contents": "Efficiency of utilization of urea nitrogen for albumin synthesis by chronically uraemic and normal man. 1. The relation between endogenous urea metabolism and albumin synthesis has been studied in ten patients with chronic renal failure and in four normal subjects, after single intravenous injections of [14-C]urea,[15-N]urea and 125-I-labelled albumin. 2. The rate of urea synthesis was determined from the dynamics of plasma [14-C]urea specific radioactivity and the rate of urea metabolism was estimated from the relative rates of urea synthesis and urea appearance in urine and body water. Deconvolution analysis of plasma [15N]albumin enrichmevt and 125-i-labelled albumin radioactivity yielded the cumulative incorporation of 15-N into total exchangeable albumin and enabled calculation of the absolute rate of urema nitrogen utilization for albumin synthesis. 3. Although the mean absolute rate of urea degradation in uraemic patients (3-7 mmol/h) was higher than in normal subjects (2-3 mmol/h) there was no significant positive correlation between urea degradation and plasma urea concentration. 4. In uraemic subjects, there was a significant positive correlation between urea synthetic rate and urea degration rate. 5. The rate of utilization of urea nitrogen for albumin synthesis was low, but was very much higher in uraemic subjects (mean 83-8 mumol/h) compared with normal subjects (mean 6-4 mumol/h), as was the provision by urea of the nitrogen required for albumin synthesis in uraemic subjects (2-37%) compared with normal subjects (0-13%). 6. The efficiency of utilization of urea nitrogen for albumin synthesis was higher in the uraemic patients (1-3%) than the normal subjects (0-2%), and was higher in those patients with chronic renal failure who received a 30 g protein diet than those on 70 g of protein. A significant negative correlation was noted between efficiency of urea nitrogen utilization and the rate of synthesis of albumin. 7. These studies suggest the presence of a mechanism for the conservation of urea nitrogen in chronic renal failure which is unrelated to the extent of urea degradation, and which can only be partly explained by the higher proportion of intraluminal gut nitrogen derived from urea.", "PMID": 1126130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9383", "title": "The relationship of body fat content to deep muscle temperature and isometric endurance in man.", "content": "1. The relationship between body fat content, isometric endurance and deep muscle temperature was assessed in eight male and female volunteers trained to static effort. 2. Muscle temperature, measured in the belly of the brachioradialis muscle, was found to be directly related to the subject's body fat content. 3. Associated with a reduction in body fat content, there was a marked decrease in deep muscle temperature and an increase in isometric endurance of the hand-grip muscles; no change in strength was noted. 4. Conversely, an increase in body fat content resulted in an increase in deep muscle temperature and a decrease in isometric endurance. 5. When muscle temperature was stabilized before and after weight loss by immersing the forearm in water at 37 degrees C, a reduction in body fat no longer influenced endurance. 6. It was concluded that the change in isometric endurance associated with either loss or gain of weight can be accounted for entirely by the changes in muscle temperature.", "contents": "The relationship of body fat content to deep muscle temperature and isometric endurance in man. 1. The relationship between body fat content, isometric endurance and deep muscle temperature was assessed in eight male and female volunteers trained to static effort. 2. Muscle temperature, measured in the belly of the brachioradialis muscle, was found to be directly related to the subject's body fat content. 3. Associated with a reduction in body fat content, there was a marked decrease in deep muscle temperature and an increase in isometric endurance of the hand-grip muscles; no change in strength was noted. 4. Conversely, an increase in body fat content resulted in an increase in deep muscle temperature and a decrease in isometric endurance. 5. When muscle temperature was stabilized before and after weight loss by immersing the forearm in water at 37 degrees C, a reduction in body fat no longer influenced endurance. 6. It was concluded that the change in isometric endurance associated with either loss or gain of weight can be accounted for entirely by the changes in muscle temperature.", "PMID": 1126131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9384", "title": "Effect of immunization against angiotensin II on blood pressure and on plasma aldosterone in the rabbit.", "content": "1. Rabbits were actively immunized aganist angiotensin II (AII). 2. Basal plasma aldosterone concentration was 0-058 plus or minus 0-027 pmol/ml (20-7 plus or minus 9-6 pg/ml) (mean plus or minus SD) in immunized and 0-056 plus or minus 0-021 pmol/ml (20-2 plus or minus 7-5 pe. When the endogenous formation of AII was stimulated by frusemide, by haemorrhage or by feeding with low sodium diet, a significant increase of plasma aldosterone was observed with no difference between immunized and non-immunized animals. 3. In non-immune rabbits, the average mean arterial blood pressure rose 13 mmgHg during the infusion of AII (5 pmol min--1 kg-1) and 27 mmHg during the infusion of 50 pmol min-1 kg-1. In contrast, there was no clear increase in blood pressure in the immunized animals. The blood pressure rose in immune animals (15 mmHg) and in non-immune animals (36 mmHg) during the infusion of 200 pmol min-1 kg-1 ALL. Plasma aldosterone rose in all animals in response to each of the three infusions with no significant difference between the two groups. 4. It is concluded that the immunization against ALL blocked only the pressor effect of the peptide but had no clear influence on the response of plasma aldosterone to increased ALL. Differences between the affinities of the adrenal and vascular AII receptors may explain these findings.", "contents": "Effect of immunization against angiotensin II on blood pressure and on plasma aldosterone in the rabbit. 1. Rabbits were actively immunized aganist angiotensin II (AII). 2. Basal plasma aldosterone concentration was 0-058 plus or minus 0-027 pmol/ml (20-7 plus or minus 9-6 pg/ml) (mean plus or minus SD) in immunized and 0-056 plus or minus 0-021 pmol/ml (20-2 plus or minus 7-5 pe. When the endogenous formation of AII was stimulated by frusemide, by haemorrhage or by feeding with low sodium diet, a significant increase of plasma aldosterone was observed with no difference between immunized and non-immunized animals. 3. In non-immune rabbits, the average mean arterial blood pressure rose 13 mmgHg during the infusion of AII (5 pmol min--1 kg-1) and 27 mmHg during the infusion of 50 pmol min-1 kg-1. In contrast, there was no clear increase in blood pressure in the immunized animals. The blood pressure rose in immune animals (15 mmHg) and in non-immune animals (36 mmHg) during the infusion of 200 pmol min-1 kg-1 ALL. Plasma aldosterone rose in all animals in response to each of the three infusions with no significant difference between the two groups. 4. It is concluded that the immunization against ALL blocked only the pressor effect of the peptide but had no clear influence on the response of plasma aldosterone to increased ALL. Differences between the affinities of the adrenal and vascular AII receptors may explain these findings.", "PMID": 1126132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9385", "title": "Effects of inhaled prostaglandins E1, E2, and F2alpha on the airway resistance of healthy and asthmatic man.", "content": "1. Changes in specific airway conductance after the inhalation of aerosols of prostaglandins (PG) E1, E2, and F2alpha were investigated in healthy and asthmatic subjects. 2. Inhalation of 155 nmol (55 mug) of PGE1 or 156 nmol (55 mug) of PGF2 resulted in consistent minor bronchodilatation in healthy subjects, but in asthmatic patients airway conductance increased significantly, along with subjective improvement. Isoprenaline (988 nmol; 550 mug) inhalation resulted in a similar increase in conductance to that obtained after these two prostaglandins, whereas a control aerosol had no effect. In contrast to the isoprenaline aerosol, both PGE1 and PGF2 were highly irritant to inhale. It was concluded that this made them unsuitable for therapeutic use. 3. Prostaglandin F2alpha inhalation resulted in a dose-related bronchoconstriction in healthy and asthmatic subjects. Asthmatics were approximately 150 than were the healthy subjects but there was very wide and significant variantion in the sensitivity of the asthmatic subjects. In contrast the asthmatic subjects were only 8-5 times more sensitive to histamine than the healthy subjects with less variation in response of individual subjects. The reasons for the hyper-reactivity of asthmatic subjects to PGF2alpha is unknown and no correlation could be drawn between increased sensitivity and age, type of asthma, or treatment. 4. The effects of disodium cromoglycate, flufenamic acid, atropine methonitrate, PGF2 and isoprenaline on PGF2alpha-induced bronchoconstriction were investigated in healthy subjects. Prostaglandin E2 reversed PGF2alpha-induced bronchoconstriction, as did isoprenaline, but prior treatment with the other drugs had no effect in preventing bronchoconstriction.", "contents": "Effects of inhaled prostaglandins E1, E2, and F2alpha on the airway resistance of healthy and asthmatic man. 1. Changes in specific airway conductance after the inhalation of aerosols of prostaglandins (PG) E1, E2, and F2alpha were investigated in healthy and asthmatic subjects. 2. Inhalation of 155 nmol (55 mug) of PGE1 or 156 nmol (55 mug) of PGF2 resulted in consistent minor bronchodilatation in healthy subjects, but in asthmatic patients airway conductance increased significantly, along with subjective improvement. Isoprenaline (988 nmol; 550 mug) inhalation resulted in a similar increase in conductance to that obtained after these two prostaglandins, whereas a control aerosol had no effect. In contrast to the isoprenaline aerosol, both PGE1 and PGF2 were highly irritant to inhale. It was concluded that this made them unsuitable for therapeutic use. 3. Prostaglandin F2alpha inhalation resulted in a dose-related bronchoconstriction in healthy and asthmatic subjects. Asthmatics were approximately 150 than were the healthy subjects but there was very wide and significant variantion in the sensitivity of the asthmatic subjects. In contrast the asthmatic subjects were only 8-5 times more sensitive to histamine than the healthy subjects with less variation in response of individual subjects. The reasons for the hyper-reactivity of asthmatic subjects to PGF2alpha is unknown and no correlation could be drawn between increased sensitivity and age, type of asthma, or treatment. 4. The effects of disodium cromoglycate, flufenamic acid, atropine methonitrate, PGF2 and isoprenaline on PGF2alpha-induced bronchoconstriction were investigated in healthy subjects. Prostaglandin E2 reversed PGF2alpha-induced bronchoconstriction, as did isoprenaline, but prior treatment with the other drugs had no effect in preventing bronchoconstriction.", "PMID": 1126133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9386", "title": "Total body potassium and body fat estimation in relationship to height, sex, age, malnutrition and obesity.", "content": "1. Total body potassium was estimated by 40-K measurement with a high-sensitivity whole body counter in normal individuals over a wide age range and in patients who were obese or were grossly wasted as a result of various conditions which restricted food intake. 2. Potassal males and females, but when individuals of different age groups were matched for height, a significant fall in total body potassium with increasing age was observed only in males. Total body potassium of females was about 75% that of males of similar height when young, the sex difference decreasing with ageing. In the normal population, total body potassium was significantly correlated with height and with weight; regression equations for various relationships are given. 3. Fat-free mass was estimated from total body potassium, values of 65 and 56 mmol of potassium/kg fat-free mass being used for males and females respectively. Body fat estimated by this method correlated well with skinfold measurements over a wide range of body weight but in malnourished individuals having inadequate food intake there was considerable fat-free mass from total body potassium appear unsatisfactory in malnutrition. Considerable differences between expected and observed values of total body potassium were found in muscular individuals and in normal individuals who were thin but whose body weight was relatively constant. 4. The patients with malnutrition were low both in body fat as estimated by skinfold thcikness and in total body potassium estimated on the basis of height. Plasma potassium was, however, normal and potassium supplements did not increase the total body potassium. 5. Total body potassium of obese individuals was not significantly different from that of normal weight individuals on the basis of height. Total body potassium fell on weight reduction with a very low energy diet of 1260 kJ (300 kcal.) daily but changed little with a 3300 kJ (800 KCAY POTASSIUM WAS BEST PREDICTED FROM THE INDIVIDUAL'S HEIGHT. For those whose body weight was less than expected, the use of weight gave the best prediction but the error was considerable when the weight deviation was large.", "contents": "Total body potassium and body fat estimation in relationship to height, sex, age, malnutrition and obesity. 1. Total body potassium was estimated by 40-K measurement with a high-sensitivity whole body counter in normal individuals over a wide age range and in patients who were obese or were grossly wasted as a result of various conditions which restricted food intake. 2. Potassal males and females, but when individuals of different age groups were matched for height, a significant fall in total body potassium with increasing age was observed only in males. Total body potassium of females was about 75% that of males of similar height when young, the sex difference decreasing with ageing. In the normal population, total body potassium was significantly correlated with height and with weight; regression equations for various relationships are given. 3. Fat-free mass was estimated from total body potassium, values of 65 and 56 mmol of potassium/kg fat-free mass being used for males and females respectively. Body fat estimated by this method correlated well with skinfold measurements over a wide range of body weight but in malnourished individuals having inadequate food intake there was considerable fat-free mass from total body potassium appear unsatisfactory in malnutrition. Considerable differences between expected and observed values of total body potassium were found in muscular individuals and in normal individuals who were thin but whose body weight was relatively constant. 4. The patients with malnutrition were low both in body fat as estimated by skinfold thcikness and in total body potassium estimated on the basis of height. Plasma potassium was, however, normal and potassium supplements did not increase the total body potassium. 5. Total body potassium of obese individuals was not significantly different from that of normal weight individuals on the basis of height. Total body potassium fell on weight reduction with a very low energy diet of 1260 kJ (300 kcal.) daily but changed little with a 3300 kJ (800 KCAY POTASSIUM WAS BEST PREDICTED FROM THE INDIVIDUAL'S HEIGHT. For those whose body weight was less than expected, the use of weight gave the best prediction but the error was considerable when the weight deviation was large.", "PMID": 1126134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9387", "title": "Oestrogen hypertension in rats.", "content": "1. A large dose of oestrogen elevated the blood pressure in male Westar rats. 2. Plasma renin substrate and renin activity increased significantly but plasma renin concentration was unchanged. 3. The increase in blood pressure induced by oestrogen was significantly reduced by salt loading, plasma renin concentration was suppressed and the increase in plasma renin activity was reduced. 4. The increase in plasma renin activity induced by the increase of plasma renin substrate concentration may play a role in oestrogen-induced elevation of blood pressure.", "contents": "Oestrogen hypertension in rats. 1. A large dose of oestrogen elevated the blood pressure in male Westar rats. 2. Plasma renin substrate and renin activity increased significantly but plasma renin concentration was unchanged. 3. The increase in blood pressure induced by oestrogen was significantly reduced by salt loading, plasma renin concentration was suppressed and the increase in plasma renin activity was reduced. 4. The increase in plasma renin activity induced by the increase of plasma renin substrate concentration may play a role in oestrogen-induced elevation of blood pressure.", "PMID": 1126135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9388", "title": "Effect of parathyroid extract on renin release in the dog.", "content": "1. A rapid increase in plasma renin activity occurred in dogs after intravenous administration of parathyroid extract. 2. This was not seen after injection of a purer parathormone preparation, or the solution used to dilute the parathyroid extract or calcitonin. 3. A vasoactive compound in parathyroid extract appears to provide the most likely explantation of this effect.", "contents": "Effect of parathyroid extract on renin release in the dog. 1. A rapid increase in plasma renin activity occurred in dogs after intravenous administration of parathyroid extract. 2. This was not seen after injection of a purer parathormone preparation, or the solution used to dilute the parathyroid extract or calcitonin. 3. A vasoactive compound in parathyroid extract appears to provide the most likely explantation of this effect.", "PMID": 1126136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9389", "title": "Fibrous osteodystrophy with facial hyperostosis in a dog with renal cortical hypoplasia.", "content": "A five-month-old Great Dane had abnormally small kidneys with narrow cortices and a reduced total number of glomeruli. In the renal cortex, subcapsular nests of primitive structures were associated with radiating streaks of fibrosis and were interpreted to be the result of interference with terminal development. The animal had secondary parathyroid hyperplasia and generalized fibrous osteodystrophy. The most severe skeletal lesions were present in the face and jaws where exuberant proliferation of fibrodystrophic bone had caused boney enlargement with focal hemorrhage and brown node formation.", "contents": "Fibrous osteodystrophy with facial hyperostosis in a dog with renal cortical hypoplasia. A five-month-old Great Dane had abnormally small kidneys with narrow cortices and a reduced total number of glomeruli. In the renal cortex, subcapsular nests of primitive structures were associated with radiating streaks of fibrosis and were interpreted to be the result of interference with terminal development. The animal had secondary parathyroid hyperplasia and generalized fibrous osteodystrophy. The most severe skeletal lesions were present in the face and jaws where exuberant proliferation of fibrodystrophic bone had caused boney enlargement with focal hemorrhage and brown node formation.", "PMID": 1126166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9390", "title": "Sphaerophorus necrophorus: laboratory model for the evaluation of chemotherapeutic agents in mice.", "content": "Severe necro-purulent lesions were induced in mice following parenteral inoculation of Sphaerophorus necrophorus. Gross and histological changes observed in the lung, liver, and foot pad of infected mice were similar to those occurring naturally in cattle. The lesions could be prevented, cured or significantly reduced by the administration of chemotherapeutic agents such as sulfonamides, potentiated sulfonamide and antibiotics. The application of this novel laboratory model infection in the primary evaluation of potential antibacterial agents is discussed.", "contents": "Sphaerophorus necrophorus: laboratory model for the evaluation of chemotherapeutic agents in mice. Severe necro-purulent lesions were induced in mice following parenteral inoculation of Sphaerophorus necrophorus. Gross and histological changes observed in the lung, liver, and foot pad of infected mice were similar to those occurring naturally in cattle. The lesions could be prevented, cured or significantly reduced by the administration of chemotherapeutic agents such as sulfonamides, potentiated sulfonamide and antibiotics. The application of this novel laboratory model infection in the primary evaluation of potential antibacterial agents is discussed.", "PMID": 1126167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9391", "title": "Astrocytoma in a dog causing convulsions.", "content": "An adult, male, 7 Kg. dog was presented because of a convulsion. This progressed and interictal signs became apparent. A slight left spastic hemiparesis was present with a normal gait and posture. A partial left visual deficit with intact pupillary reflexes became evident. All signs were referable to a right cerebral lesion. Necropsy revealed an astrocytoma in the right cerebrum compressing the internal capsule and optic tract.", "contents": "Astrocytoma in a dog causing convulsions. An adult, male, 7 Kg. dog was presented because of a convulsion. This progressed and interictal signs became apparent. A slight left spastic hemiparesis was present with a normal gait and posture. A partial left visual deficit with intact pupillary reflexes became evident. All signs were referable to a right cerebral lesion. Necropsy revealed an astrocytoma in the right cerebrum compressing the internal capsule and optic tract.", "PMID": 1126168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9392", "title": "Duration of Brucella ovis infection in ewes.", "content": "Twenty Romney Marsh ewes, some 5 to 40 days pregnant, were inoculated with a strain of Brucella ovis onto the scarified mucous membrane of the vagina. Establish of infection was ascertained by recovery of the organisms from blood; supramammary and inguinal lymph nodes; the vagina, after initial disappearance of the organism from this organ; and the complement fixation tests. The bacteremia was transitory or intermittent, but organisms could not be recovered from blood, or any other tissue examined, after 98 days of infection. Abortions or placentitis were not observed. It is recommended that in countries where sheep breeding is aseasonal a sexual rest of infected ewes for at least 4 months must be part of any program for the control and eradication of ram epididymitis.", "contents": "Duration of Brucella ovis infection in ewes. Twenty Romney Marsh ewes, some 5 to 40 days pregnant, were inoculated with a strain of Brucella ovis onto the scarified mucous membrane of the vagina. Establish of infection was ascertained by recovery of the organisms from blood; supramammary and inguinal lymph nodes; the vagina, after initial disappearance of the organism from this organ; and the complement fixation tests. The bacteremia was transitory or intermittent, but organisms could not be recovered from blood, or any other tissue examined, after 98 days of infection. Abortions or placentitis were not observed. It is recommended that in countries where sheep breeding is aseasonal a sexual rest of infected ewes for at least 4 months must be part of any program for the control and eradication of ram epididymitis.", "PMID": 1126169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9393", "title": "Leiomyoma of the tunica vaginalis in a dog.", "content": "A benign neoplasm of smooth muscle origin was found in the tunica vaginalis testis of a 13-year-old male Miniature Poodle. The leiomyoma had caused hydrocele and atrophy of the corresponding testis. It consisted of bundles of interwoven smooth muscle cells with elongated nuclei and areas of hyalinization.", "contents": "Leiomyoma of the tunica vaginalis in a dog. A benign neoplasm of smooth muscle origin was found in the tunica vaginalis testis of a 13-year-old male Miniature Poodle. The leiomyoma had caused hydrocele and atrophy of the corresponding testis. It consisted of bundles of interwoven smooth muscle cells with elongated nuclei and areas of hyalinization.", "PMID": 1126170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9394", "title": "Neurofibrillary accumulation in a puppy.", "content": "A diffuse neuronal intracytoplasmic accumulation of a fibrillar material is described in a 12-week-old puppy with signs of progressive neurologic disease. Electron microscopic examination revealed fibrils about 120A in diameter aggregated in the perikaryon and processes of neurons primarily in the brain stem.", "contents": "Neurofibrillary accumulation in a puppy. A diffuse neuronal intracytoplasmic accumulation of a fibrillar material is described in a 12-week-old puppy with signs of progressive neurologic disease. Electron microscopic examination revealed fibrils about 120A in diameter aggregated in the perikaryon and processes of neurons primarily in the brain stem.", "PMID": 1126171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9395", "title": "A serum enzyme test to detect pulmonary capillary injury.", "content": "Lung converting enzyme (LCE) was extracted from normal human lung obtained at autopsy. The specificity of the enzyme preparation was confirmed in vitro by incubation with Angiotensin I (AI) and paper chromatographic identification of reaction products. A method was developed for assay of the enzyme preparation in human serum using tritiated Angiotensin I (H-3A-I) as substrate. Enzyme activity is quantitated by scintillation counting the radioactive end product tritiated dipeptide histadylleucine (H-3His-leu). Serum from the authors and pooled serum from the hospital laboratory caused less than 3.5% conversion of H-3A-I to H-3His-leu. Serum from two patients with severe lung damage caused a maximum 20% conversion of H-3A-I to H-3His-leu. Percent conversion in these patients correlated with clinical and laboratory evidence of lung dysfunction.", "contents": "A serum enzyme test to detect pulmonary capillary injury. Lung converting enzyme (LCE) was extracted from normal human lung obtained at autopsy. The specificity of the enzyme preparation was confirmed in vitro by incubation with Angiotensin I (AI) and paper chromatographic identification of reaction products. A method was developed for assay of the enzyme preparation in human serum using tritiated Angiotensin I (H-3A-I) as substrate. Enzyme activity is quantitated by scintillation counting the radioactive end product tritiated dipeptide histadylleucine (H-3His-leu). Serum from the authors and pooled serum from the hospital laboratory caused less than 3.5% conversion of H-3A-I to H-3His-leu. Serum from two patients with severe lung damage caused a maximum 20% conversion of H-3A-I to H-3His-leu. Percent conversion in these patients correlated with clinical and laboratory evidence of lung dysfunction.", "PMID": 1126177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9396", "title": "Cardiac function determined by echocardiogram.", "content": "Echocardiographic analysis with a strip recorder gives an accurate assessment of cardiac function, easily obtainable at the bedside of the critically ill. Ejection fraction and velocity of circumferential fiber shortening (Vcf) are the two most accurate measurements of cardiac function. The diameter of the minor axis of the left ventricle is measured in systole (Ds) and diastole (Dd). Systolic volume is (Ds)-3, diastolic volume is (Dd)-3, ejection fraction is (Dd)-3-(Ds)-3 divided by (Dd)-3, Vcf is Dd-Ds divided by Dd times LVET.", "contents": "Cardiac function determined by echocardiogram. Echocardiographic analysis with a strip recorder gives an accurate assessment of cardiac function, easily obtainable at the bedside of the critically ill. Ejection fraction and velocity of circumferential fiber shortening (Vcf) are the two most accurate measurements of cardiac function. The diameter of the minor axis of the left ventricle is measured in systole (Ds) and diastole (Dd). Systolic volume is (Ds)-3, diastolic volume is (Dd)-3, ejection fraction is (Dd)-3-(Ds)-3 divided by (Dd)-3, Vcf is Dd-Ds divided by Dd times LVET.", "PMID": 1126178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9397", "title": "The Mayo Lung Project for early detection and localization of bronchogenic carcinoma: a status report.", "content": "The Mayo Lung Project (MLP) is a screening program designed to detect bronchogenic carcinoma at a curable stage. Screening tests include chest roentgenograms, three-day \"pooled\" sputum cytology studies, and lung-health questionnaires. These are being applied every four months to a study population of outpatients who have a high probability of developing lung cancer. Initial patient acceptance of the screening program has been excellent. Small asymptomatic lung cancers have been detected both roentgenographically and cytologically. The two procedures have complemented each other with little overlap. Chest roentgenography has proved most useful in diagnosing peripherally situated cancers, whereas sputum cytology studies have been most effective in identifying early squamous cancer involving major airways. At present, more cancers have been detected roentgenographically than cytologically, but the cytologically detected cases appear to have a better prognosis. Roentgenographically occult cancers have been localized with regularity, although the localization process is complicated. Theoretically, vigorous application of radiologic and cytologic screening, combined with optimum use of localizing procedures and treatment, could increase the five-year survival rate among lung cancer patients to nearly 50 percent. However, the actual survivorship attained will ultimately be determined by currently imponderable factors such as patient acceptance of longterm screening, frequency of multicentric respiratory cancers, and incidence of noncancerous smoking-related diseases, especially chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and ischemic heart disease.", "contents": "The Mayo Lung Project for early detection and localization of bronchogenic carcinoma: a status report. The Mayo Lung Project (MLP) is a screening program designed to detect bronchogenic carcinoma at a curable stage. Screening tests include chest roentgenograms, three-day \"pooled\" sputum cytology studies, and lung-health questionnaires. These are being applied every four months to a study population of outpatients who have a high probability of developing lung cancer. Initial patient acceptance of the screening program has been excellent. Small asymptomatic lung cancers have been detected both roentgenographically and cytologically. The two procedures have complemented each other with little overlap. Chest roentgenography has proved most useful in diagnosing peripherally situated cancers, whereas sputum cytology studies have been most effective in identifying early squamous cancer involving major airways. At present, more cancers have been detected roentgenographically than cytologically, but the cytologically detected cases appear to have a better prognosis. Roentgenographically occult cancers have been localized with regularity, although the localization process is complicated. Theoretically, vigorous application of radiologic and cytologic screening, combined with optimum use of localizing procedures and treatment, could increase the five-year survival rate among lung cancer patients to nearly 50 percent. However, the actual survivorship attained will ultimately be determined by currently imponderable factors such as patient acceptance of longterm screening, frequency of multicentric respiratory cancers, and incidence of noncancerous smoking-related diseases, especially chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and ischemic heart disease.", "PMID": 1126186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9398", "title": "Esophageal disease as a cause of severe retrosternal chest pain.", "content": "During one six-month period 11 patients were referred with a diagnosis of coronary artery disease, because of recurrent episodes of severe, prolonged retrosternal chest pain necessitating from one to seven hospital admissions per patient for \"suspect myocardial infarction\". In no instance was this diagnosis proved by electrocardiogram or serum enzyme changes, but 7 of the 11 patients had abnormal resting electrocardiograms. Selective coronary arteriograms were normal in 10 patients and revealed nonobstructive coronary artery disease in the 11th patient. Esophageal studies revealed hiatus hernia in 9 and mild to severe disordered motored activity of the esophagus in all 11. Acid perfusion into the esophagus reproduced the chest pain in nine patients and in the other two, the hiatus hernia was incarcerated. On direct questioning, all patients indicated that the pain was worsened by lying down and bending over, and in eight patients there was a history of pharyngoesophageal or gastroesophageal dysphagia. In this day when the problem of chest pain with normal coronary arteries is very topical, our report emphasizes the need to consider symptomatic esophageal disease in the differential diagnosis of this problem.", "contents": "Esophageal disease as a cause of severe retrosternal chest pain. During one six-month period 11 patients were referred with a diagnosis of coronary artery disease, because of recurrent episodes of severe, prolonged retrosternal chest pain necessitating from one to seven hospital admissions per patient for \"suspect myocardial infarction\". In no instance was this diagnosis proved by electrocardiogram or serum enzyme changes, but 7 of the 11 patients had abnormal resting electrocardiograms. Selective coronary arteriograms were normal in 10 patients and revealed nonobstructive coronary artery disease in the 11th patient. Esophageal studies revealed hiatus hernia in 9 and mild to severe disordered motored activity of the esophagus in all 11. Acid perfusion into the esophagus reproduced the chest pain in nine patients and in the other two, the hiatus hernia was incarcerated. On direct questioning, all patients indicated that the pain was worsened by lying down and bending over, and in eight patients there was a history of pharyngoesophageal or gastroesophageal dysphagia. In this day when the problem of chest pain with normal coronary arteries is very topical, our report emphasizes the need to consider symptomatic esophageal disease in the differential diagnosis of this problem.", "PMID": 1126187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9399", "title": "Pleuroscopy and pleural biopsy with the flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope.", "content": "Diagnostic pleuroscopy has been performed under local anesthesia in nine patients using a gas sterilized flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope inserted through a 1 to 2 cm chest incision into the pleural space. Pleuroscopy in one patient excluded recurrent neoplasm on the pleural aspect of a bronchopleural fistula. Another patient had a pleuroscopic biopsy of the lung, which was the only method successful in diagnosing a metastatic renal carcinoma. The other seven patients were studied for pleural effusions which were undiagnosed after study of pleural fluid and/or Abrams needle biopsy. In four of them pleural implants of carcinoma were visualized and proved by biopsy. Three patients had negative pleuroscopy, two of these also being negative at subsequent thoracotomy. One was not explored because of extrathoracic metastases. The procedures were performed with minimal patient discomfort and no serious complications.", "contents": "Pleuroscopy and pleural biopsy with the flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope. Diagnostic pleuroscopy has been performed under local anesthesia in nine patients using a gas sterilized flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope inserted through a 1 to 2 cm chest incision into the pleural space. Pleuroscopy in one patient excluded recurrent neoplasm on the pleural aspect of a bronchopleural fistula. Another patient had a pleuroscopic biopsy of the lung, which was the only method successful in diagnosing a metastatic renal carcinoma. The other seven patients were studied for pleural effusions which were undiagnosed after study of pleural fluid and/or Abrams needle biopsy. In four of them pleural implants of carcinoma were visualized and proved by biopsy. Three patients had negative pleuroscopy, two of these also being negative at subsequent thoracotomy. One was not explored because of extrathoracic metastases. The procedures were performed with minimal patient discomfort and no serious complications.", "PMID": 1126188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9400", "title": "Efficacy of pleural needle biopsy and pleural fluid cytopathology in the diagnosis of malignant neoplasm involving the pleura.", "content": "A comparison was made of the efficacy of pleural needle biopsy and pleural-fluid cytopathology in the diagnosis of pleural tumor in a group of 271 patients. A malignant tumor involving the pleura was present in 95 cases. Needle biopsy alone provided a diagnosis of tumor in 53 instances, and cytopathologic preparations were diagnostic in 69 patients. A diagnosis was established on either the biopsy or cytopathology, or both, in 86 cases (90 percent). These results indicate the value of using both biopsy and fluid cytology in the evaluation of pleural effusion, which often is due to involvement of the pleura by malignant neoplasm.", "contents": "Efficacy of pleural needle biopsy and pleural fluid cytopathology in the diagnosis of malignant neoplasm involving the pleura. A comparison was made of the efficacy of pleural needle biopsy and pleural-fluid cytopathology in the diagnosis of pleural tumor in a group of 271 patients. A malignant tumor involving the pleura was present in 95 cases. Needle biopsy alone provided a diagnosis of tumor in 53 instances, and cytopathologic preparations were diagnostic in 69 patients. A diagnosis was established on either the biopsy or cytopathology, or both, in 86 cases (90 percent). These results indicate the value of using both biopsy and fluid cytology in the evaluation of pleural effusion, which often is due to involvement of the pleura by malignant neoplasm.", "PMID": 1126189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9401", "title": "Sequential atrioventricular pacing as a stress test. Evaluation of left ventricular function in second-degree AV heart block developing during atrial pacing.", "content": "Advanced or second-degree atrioventricular (AV) heart block pre-existing or developing during atrial pacing (AP) at low heart rates of smaller than 130 per minute, limits the value of AP to stress the left ventricle. When Wenkebach type AV block is present, the heart rate can be increased by administration of atropine before atrial pacing or by right ventricular pacing. Atropine, however, occasionally may cause serious supraventricular or ventricular arrhythmias, and high rate right ventricular pacing is not tolerated by many patients with left ventricular dysfunction because of the absence of the atrial contribution. Twenty-eight out of 101 patients with angina pectoris (27.7 percent) developed second degree AV heart block during atrial pacing studies performed for evaluation of left ventricular function. In 8 of the 28 patients, sequential AV pacing (SP) was performed successfully, with the heart rate being increased to 150-167 per minute. In 4 of the 8 patients, left ventricular dysnfunction was demonstrated during and immediately after SP. Typical angina pectoris developed in two of the four patients during SP, one of whom proved to have normal coronary arteriogram. Sequential AV pacing is an alternative method to increase the heart rate for the purpose of stressing the left ventricle when advanced degree or second-degree AV heart block pre-exists or develops during right atrial pacing. In some patients the method of SP might be preferable to administration of atropine or to ventricular pacing.", "contents": "Sequential atrioventricular pacing as a stress test. Evaluation of left ventricular function in second-degree AV heart block developing during atrial pacing. Advanced or second-degree atrioventricular (AV) heart block pre-existing or developing during atrial pacing (AP) at low heart rates of smaller than 130 per minute, limits the value of AP to stress the left ventricle. When Wenkebach type AV block is present, the heart rate can be increased by administration of atropine before atrial pacing or by right ventricular pacing. Atropine, however, occasionally may cause serious supraventricular or ventricular arrhythmias, and high rate right ventricular pacing is not tolerated by many patients with left ventricular dysfunction because of the absence of the atrial contribution. Twenty-eight out of 101 patients with angina pectoris (27.7 percent) developed second degree AV heart block during atrial pacing studies performed for evaluation of left ventricular function. In 8 of the 28 patients, sequential AV pacing (SP) was performed successfully, with the heart rate being increased to 150-167 per minute. In 4 of the 8 patients, left ventricular dysnfunction was demonstrated during and immediately after SP. Typical angina pectoris developed in two of the four patients during SP, one of whom proved to have normal coronary arteriogram. Sequential AV pacing is an alternative method to increase the heart rate for the purpose of stressing the left ventricle when advanced degree or second-degree AV heart block pre-exists or develops during right atrial pacing. In some patients the method of SP might be preferable to administration of atropine or to ventricular pacing.", "PMID": 1126190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9402", "title": "Preliminary experience with the use of a programmable pacemaker.", "content": "One hundred sixty-four patients, in whom new externally programmable pacemakers had been inserted, were studied over a two year period, beginning July, 1972. Following implantation, the rate and current output of this pacemaker could be changed at any time by a non-invasive technique involving electromagnetic pulse trains emitted by an external \"programmer\". In 89 percent of the patients it was possible to reduce battery output by half, implying greater longevity of the pacer in these cases. In 15 percent of the patients, manipulative control of the pacemaker rate was employed and found beneficial.", "contents": "Preliminary experience with the use of a programmable pacemaker. One hundred sixty-four patients, in whom new externally programmable pacemakers had been inserted, were studied over a two year period, beginning July, 1972. Following implantation, the rate and current output of this pacemaker could be changed at any time by a non-invasive technique involving electromagnetic pulse trains emitted by an external \"programmer\". In 89 percent of the patients it was possible to reduce battery output by half, implying greater longevity of the pacer in these cases. In 15 percent of the patients, manipulative control of the pacemaker rate was employed and found beneficial.", "PMID": 1126191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9403", "title": "Value and pitfalls of the lateral lung scan.", "content": "Two hundred eighty-one of 443 lung scans composed of anterior, posterior, and lateral projections (done in our hospital) demonstrated defects. In 3.9 percent of them (11 cases), the defects were delineated in the lateral views only, while in 29.2 percent (82 cases), the lateral views either outlined additional defects not appreciated on the straight views, or showed more extensive lung involvement. In the majority of instances, 56.6 percent (159 cases), the lateral views showed comparable findings and also tended to segmentally localize the defects better. However, in 10.3 percent (29 cases), defects present on the straight projections were not detected on the lateral views. Various causes that could give rise to artefactural abnormalities in the lateral lung scan and therefore inhibit its proper interpretation, are reviewed and discussed. Despite these problems, the lateral may be the only view to demonstrate abnormalities and, in fact, frequently provides additional useful information.", "contents": "Value and pitfalls of the lateral lung scan. Two hundred eighty-one of 443 lung scans composed of anterior, posterior, and lateral projections (done in our hospital) demonstrated defects. In 3.9 percent of them (11 cases), the defects were delineated in the lateral views only, while in 29.2 percent (82 cases), the lateral views either outlined additional defects not appreciated on the straight views, or showed more extensive lung involvement. In the majority of instances, 56.6 percent (159 cases), the lateral views showed comparable findings and also tended to segmentally localize the defects better. However, in 10.3 percent (29 cases), defects present on the straight projections were not detected on the lateral views. Various causes that could give rise to artefactural abnormalities in the lateral lung scan and therefore inhibit its proper interpretation, are reviewed and discussed. Despite these problems, the lateral may be the only view to demonstrate abnormalities and, in fact, frequently provides additional useful information.", "PMID": 1126192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9404", "title": "Asynchronous breathing movements in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.", "content": "An electromagnetic ventilation monitor was used to record the separate anterior-posterior movements of the chest and abdomen during the breathing cycle in 30 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and in 10 normal subjects. In all normal subjects and 17 COPD patients, the chest and abdomen movements were syndhronous and in phase with the flow of air as measured with a spirometer. In 13 COPD patients chest movement was synchronous with the flow of air, but the abdomen moved inward suddently near or at end inspiration and then outward during a variable part of expiration. Compared to COPD patients with a normal breathing pattern, those with asynchronous breathing movements had poorer ventilatory mechanics and 10 of the 13 were dependent on assisted ventilation. Nine of the 13 patients with asynchronous breathing have died in a 10 month period, a significantly higher mortality than in those with normal breathing.", "contents": "Asynchronous breathing movements in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. An electromagnetic ventilation monitor was used to record the separate anterior-posterior movements of the chest and abdomen during the breathing cycle in 30 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and in 10 normal subjects. In all normal subjects and 17 COPD patients, the chest and abdomen movements were syndhronous and in phase with the flow of air as measured with a spirometer. In 13 COPD patients chest movement was synchronous with the flow of air, but the abdomen moved inward suddently near or at end inspiration and then outward during a variable part of expiration. Compared to COPD patients with a normal breathing pattern, those with asynchronous breathing movements had poorer ventilatory mechanics and 10 of the 13 were dependent on assisted ventilation. Nine of the 13 patients with asynchronous breathing have died in a 10 month period, a significantly higher mortality than in those with normal breathing.", "PMID": 1126193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9405", "title": "Platelet aggregation: effects of cardiopulmonary bypass.", "content": "This study was designed to determine whether reduction in platelet aggregate microembolization during the first 30 minutes of cardiopulmonary bypass is due to thrombocytopenia or to decreased ability of platelets to aggregate. The total volume of platelet aggregates induced in blood by adenosine diphosphate (ADP) was measured with a Coulter counter. The volume of platelets in blood was calculated by multiplying hemocytometry platelet counts by the mean platelet volume. Immediately before cardiopulmonary bypass, the total volume of aggregates induced in blood by ADP (2muM) was reduced when compared to normal donors because of (1) a slight fall in the volume of platelets, and (2) reduction in the percentage by volume of platelets which aggregated. After 30 minutes on bypass, the volume of both platelets and aggregates fell, but a greater percentage of platelets aggregated. This indicates that reduction of platelet aggregate formation during cardiopulmonary bypass is due to thrombocytopenia. It also suggests that anesthesia, surgical trauma and heparinization alter platelet reactivity more than cardiopulmonary bypass.", "contents": "Platelet aggregation: effects of cardiopulmonary bypass. This study was designed to determine whether reduction in platelet aggregate microembolization during the first 30 minutes of cardiopulmonary bypass is due to thrombocytopenia or to decreased ability of platelets to aggregate. The total volume of platelet aggregates induced in blood by adenosine diphosphate (ADP) was measured with a Coulter counter. The volume of platelets in blood was calculated by multiplying hemocytometry platelet counts by the mean platelet volume. Immediately before cardiopulmonary bypass, the total volume of aggregates induced in blood by ADP (2muM) was reduced when compared to normal donors because of (1) a slight fall in the volume of platelets, and (2) reduction in the percentage by volume of platelets which aggregated. After 30 minutes on bypass, the volume of both platelets and aggregates fell, but a greater percentage of platelets aggregated. This indicates that reduction of platelet aggregate formation during cardiopulmonary bypass is due to thrombocytopenia. It also suggests that anesthesia, surgical trauma and heparinization alter platelet reactivity more than cardiopulmonary bypass.", "PMID": 1126194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9406", "title": "Flexible fiberoptic pleuroscopy: pleural and lung biopsy.", "content": "While diagnostic procedures are available to explore most of the body cavities for diagnosis and treatment, examination of the pleural cavity remains difficult, mainly because the negative pressure in the pleural cavity makes direct examination impossible without collapsing the lung. The ability to diagnose pleural and pulmonary disease by conventional techniques, such as blind pleural and lung biopsy, cytology of bronchial washings and brushings, radiologic techniques or cultures is limited and frequently fails to provide an accurate diagnosis. Exploratory thoracotomy, with a relatively high complication rate, remains the method of choice in many cases. We have devised a new technique for exploring the pleural cavity under direct vision while avoiding lung collapse, using a modified flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope introduced into the pleural cavity through a specially designed cannula.", "contents": "Flexible fiberoptic pleuroscopy: pleural and lung biopsy. While diagnostic procedures are available to explore most of the body cavities for diagnosis and treatment, examination of the pleural cavity remains difficult, mainly because the negative pressure in the pleural cavity makes direct examination impossible without collapsing the lung. The ability to diagnose pleural and pulmonary disease by conventional techniques, such as blind pleural and lung biopsy, cytology of bronchial washings and brushings, radiologic techniques or cultures is limited and frequently fails to provide an accurate diagnosis. Exploratory thoracotomy, with a relatively high complication rate, remains the method of choice in many cases. We have devised a new technique for exploring the pleural cavity under direct vision while avoiding lung collapse, using a modified flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope introduced into the pleural cavity through a specially designed cannula.", "PMID": 1126195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9407", "title": "Precordial ST segment mapping. A sensitive technique for the evaluation of myocardial injury?", "content": "Myocardial ischemic injury was created acutely in pigs by a closed-chest technique utilizing an intracoronary balloon occluder for the interruption of flow in the left anterior descending coronary artery and ST-segment elevation was followed over a two hour period using an 18 lead precordial map. In an experimental group of 10 animals, occlusion was carried out within the left anterior descending coronary artery 8.3 plus or minus 0.5 cm distal to the origin of the main left coronary. Mean ST segment elevation (ST) showed a peak rise of 0.16 mV 10 minutes after occlusion. The balloon was moved proximally 1.6 plus or minus 0.2 cm giving a significant secondary rise of 0.16 mV within 5 minutes, despite indications of a generally small area of additional myocardial involvement, as judged from anatomic distribution of additional vessels occluded as well as a lack of significant change in hemodynamic parameters. In a control group of 5 additional pigs, a single distal occlusion at 6.4 plus or minus 0.9 cm from the origin of the main left coronary was produced by an identical technique. The ST rose to a peak of 0.20 mV at 15 minutes and was followed by a steady decline. Unlike the experimental group, no additonal rise in ST was seen. The technique of precordial mapping thus appears to be a sensitive index of myocardial injury. In addition, it appears from this study that the magnitude of ST elevation is a direct reflection of the extent of myocardial injury.", "contents": "Precordial ST segment mapping. A sensitive technique for the evaluation of myocardial injury? Myocardial ischemic injury was created acutely in pigs by a closed-chest technique utilizing an intracoronary balloon occluder for the interruption of flow in the left anterior descending coronary artery and ST-segment elevation was followed over a two hour period using an 18 lead precordial map. In an experimental group of 10 animals, occlusion was carried out within the left anterior descending coronary artery 8.3 plus or minus 0.5 cm distal to the origin of the main left coronary. Mean ST segment elevation (ST) showed a peak rise of 0.16 mV 10 minutes after occlusion. The balloon was moved proximally 1.6 plus or minus 0.2 cm giving a significant secondary rise of 0.16 mV within 5 minutes, despite indications of a generally small area of additional myocardial involvement, as judged from anatomic distribution of additional vessels occluded as well as a lack of significant change in hemodynamic parameters. In a control group of 5 additional pigs, a single distal occlusion at 6.4 plus or minus 0.9 cm from the origin of the main left coronary was produced by an identical technique. The ST rose to a peak of 0.20 mV at 15 minutes and was followed by a steady decline. Unlike the experimental group, no additonal rise in ST was seen. The technique of precordial mapping thus appears to be a sensitive index of myocardial injury. In addition, it appears from this study that the magnitude of ST elevation is a direct reflection of the extent of myocardial injury.", "PMID": 1126196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9408", "title": "Pulmonary blastoma: report of two cases.", "content": "Pulmonary blastoma is a rare primary malignancy of the lung originating from multipotential pulmonary blastema. Two cases of this tumor are reported emphasizing lack of correlation between the microscopic appearance and the clinical course. There are no specific clinical features that differentiate this tumor from the more common lung neoplasms. Surgical resection is the preferred treatment; the merits of radiotherapy and chemotherapy have not yet been established. Prognosis after adequate resection appears no better than for other pulmonary malignancies.", "contents": "Pulmonary blastoma: report of two cases. Pulmonary blastoma is a rare primary malignancy of the lung originating from multipotential pulmonary blastema. Two cases of this tumor are reported emphasizing lack of correlation between the microscopic appearance and the clinical course. There are no specific clinical features that differentiate this tumor from the more common lung neoplasms. Surgical resection is the preferred treatment; the merits of radiotherapy and chemotherapy have not yet been established. Prognosis after adequate resection appears no better than for other pulmonary malignancies.", "PMID": 1126201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9409", "title": "A new plastic operation for pectus excavatum: sternal turnover surgical procedure with preserved internal mammary vessels.", "content": "The so-called turnover operation for pectus excavatum in older age groups has been disappointing due to postoperative complication such as fistual formation with necrosis of bones and muscles. Thus, the need of preserved vascular pedicle to the sternum was stressed in this type of operation. A new sternal crossover operation keeping the bilateral internal mammary vessels preserved was developed and satisfactorily applied on three clinical cases. The results indicate that this method is a useful sternal crossover procedure for patients over 15 years of age.", "contents": "A new plastic operation for pectus excavatum: sternal turnover surgical procedure with preserved internal mammary vessels. The so-called turnover operation for pectus excavatum in older age groups has been disappointing due to postoperative complication such as fistual formation with necrosis of bones and muscles. Thus, the need of preserved vascular pedicle to the sternum was stressed in this type of operation. A new sternal crossover operation keeping the bilateral internal mammary vessels preserved was developed and satisfactorily applied on three clinical cases. The results indicate that this method is a useful sternal crossover procedure for patients over 15 years of age.", "PMID": 1126202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9410", "title": "Distal propulsion of vena cava umbrella by cardiac massage.", "content": "Distal propulsion of a 28 mm umbrella filter from vena cava to femoral vein occurred in a 75-year-old woman during external cardiac massage. After cardiac massage, filter position must be checked roentgenographically. Optimal management of distal migration might include placement of a second umbrella to prevent recurrent emboli and proximal migration of the dislodged umbrella.", "contents": "Distal propulsion of vena cava umbrella by cardiac massage. Distal propulsion of a 28 mm umbrella filter from vena cava to femoral vein occurred in a 75-year-old woman during external cardiac massage. After cardiac massage, filter position must be checked roentgenographically. Optimal management of distal migration might include placement of a second umbrella to prevent recurrent emboli and proximal migration of the dislodged umbrella.", "PMID": 1126203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9411", "title": "Hyperacute radiation pneumonitis.", "content": "We present a patient who developed radiation pneumonitis only eight days after beginning therapy. The pneumonitis responded dramatically to prednisone on four occasions, which was a helpful point in the differential diagnosis.", "contents": "Hyperacute radiation pneumonitis. We present a patient who developed radiation pneumonitis only eight days after beginning therapy. The pneumonitis responded dramatically to prednisone on four occasions, which was a helpful point in the differential diagnosis.", "PMID": 1126204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9412", "title": "Ill-effects of cardiac resuscitation: report of two unusual cases.", "content": "Two mishaps associated with closed-chest cardiac resuscitation are presented. One-pneumoperitoneum-became evident during life, created considerable diagnostic difficulty, and evoked treatment that possibly hastened the patient's death. The other-cardiac puncture-appeared at autopsy and its mechanism may be unique.", "contents": "Ill-effects of cardiac resuscitation: report of two unusual cases. Two mishaps associated with closed-chest cardiac resuscitation are presented. One-pneumoperitoneum-became evident during life, created considerable diagnostic difficulty, and evoked treatment that possibly hastened the patient's death. The other-cardiac puncture-appeared at autopsy and its mechanism may be unique.", "PMID": 1126205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9413", "title": "A cutaneous manifestation of untreated disseminated histoplasmosis.", "content": "We present a case of histoplasmosis with skin manifestations occurring 17 years after initial diagnosis. The clinical manifestations of disseminated disease are discussed. Amphotericin B administered through an A-V shunt resulted in prompt resolution of the skin lesions.", "contents": "A cutaneous manifestation of untreated disseminated histoplasmosis. We present a case of histoplasmosis with skin manifestations occurring 17 years after initial diagnosis. The clinical manifestations of disseminated disease are discussed. Amphotericin B administered through an A-V shunt resulted in prompt resolution of the skin lesions.", "PMID": 1126206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9414", "title": "Congenital atrial flutter.", "content": "Two cases of congenital atrial flutter, one of which was documented electrocardiographically before birth, are reported. In both patients sinus rhythm was restored with digoxin treatment; in one patient the transition was preceded by various arrhythmias. No cardiac malformation was found in either case, and no materal disease occurred during pregnancy. Both mothers had received medication during pregnancy, but its role as a causative factor is questionable.", "contents": "Congenital atrial flutter. Two cases of congenital atrial flutter, one of which was documented electrocardiographically before birth, are reported. In both patients sinus rhythm was restored with digoxin treatment; in one patient the transition was preceded by various arrhythmias. No cardiac malformation was found in either case, and no materal disease occurred during pregnancy. Both mothers had received medication during pregnancy, but its role as a causative factor is questionable.", "PMID": 1126207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9415", "title": "Midsystolic clicks originiating from tricuspid valve structures: a sequela of heroin-induced endocarditis.", "content": "In two patients who had been heroin users, loud midsystolic clicks developed during infective endocarditis involving the tricuspid valve. The sounds were loudest along the left sternal border, exhibited an increase in intensity during inspiration and were associated with right atrial gallop sounds and with murmurs of tricuspid regurgitation. This constellation of clinical events suggests that the midstystolic clicks emanated from tricuspid valve structures as a result of disordered function of the chordae tendineae. Prolapse of the tricuspid valve has recently been demonstrated angiographically to accompany similar abnormalities of mitral valve motion in certain patients with the click-murmur syndrome. The participation of the tricuspid valve in the generation of the auscultatory finding is unclear, but the cases herein reported suggest that the tricuspid valve is capable of producing these findings.", "contents": "Midsystolic clicks originiating from tricuspid valve structures: a sequela of heroin-induced endocarditis. In two patients who had been heroin users, loud midsystolic clicks developed during infective endocarditis involving the tricuspid valve. The sounds were loudest along the left sternal border, exhibited an increase in intensity during inspiration and were associated with right atrial gallop sounds and with murmurs of tricuspid regurgitation. This constellation of clinical events suggests that the midstystolic clicks emanated from tricuspid valve structures as a result of disordered function of the chordae tendineae. Prolapse of the tricuspid valve has recently been demonstrated angiographically to accompany similar abnormalities of mitral valve motion in certain patients with the click-murmur syndrome. The participation of the tricuspid valve in the generation of the auscultatory finding is unclear, but the cases herein reported suggest that the tricuspid valve is capable of producing these findings.", "PMID": 1126208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9416", "title": "Pericarditis of acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "Forty patients with acute myocardial infarction and pericarditis (AMI-P) were encountered over a three-year period. The incidence of AMI-P was 7.2 percent (40 of 554 patients). Fifty consecutive patients with acute transmural infarction without pericarditis (AMI-C) were used as a control group. There were no significant differences between the AMI-P and AMI-C groups regarding age, sex, infarct location, hospital stay or mortality. Painful symptoms of pericarditis were experienced by 37 patients (92 percent), all of whom had developed symptoms by the fourth hospital day. The pericardial friction rub lasted three days or less in 34 patients (85 percent), but an occasional rub could be heard for up to eight days. Twenty patients with AMI-P (50 percent) developed pleural effusions and/or parenchymal pulmonary infliltrates. Twenty-eight AMI-P patients (70 percent) were thought to have had congestive heart failure (CHF) on the basis of their symptoms and physical findings. Radiographic examination could confirm only 13 cases of CHF among the 28 patients in whom the diagnosis was made clinically. Glucocorticoids were given parenterally to 31 of the 37 patients (84 percent) who had symptomatic pericarditis and was felt to be effective in ameliorating painful symptoms. Followup data was obtained on 28 of the 32 surviving patients. Five patients (15 percent) had seven episodes of the postmyocardial infarction syndrome (PMIS). Pericarditis is generally a shortlived complication of acute myocardial infarction. Pleural and parenchymal pulmonary abnormalities are common and probably account for the tendency to \"overdiagnose\" CHF in patients with AMI-P. PMIS appears to occur more frequently in patients who have had pericarditis at the time of the acute myocardial infarction.", "contents": "Pericarditis of acute myocardial infarction. Forty patients with acute myocardial infarction and pericarditis (AMI-P) were encountered over a three-year period. The incidence of AMI-P was 7.2 percent (40 of 554 patients). Fifty consecutive patients with acute transmural infarction without pericarditis (AMI-C) were used as a control group. There were no significant differences between the AMI-P and AMI-C groups regarding age, sex, infarct location, hospital stay or mortality. Painful symptoms of pericarditis were experienced by 37 patients (92 percent), all of whom had developed symptoms by the fourth hospital day. The pericardial friction rub lasted three days or less in 34 patients (85 percent), but an occasional rub could be heard for up to eight days. Twenty patients with AMI-P (50 percent) developed pleural effusions and/or parenchymal pulmonary infliltrates. Twenty-eight AMI-P patients (70 percent) were thought to have had congestive heart failure (CHF) on the basis of their symptoms and physical findings. Radiographic examination could confirm only 13 cases of CHF among the 28 patients in whom the diagnosis was made clinically. Glucocorticoids were given parenterally to 31 of the 37 patients (84 percent) who had symptomatic pericarditis and was felt to be effective in ameliorating painful symptoms. Followup data was obtained on 28 of the 32 surviving patients. Five patients (15 percent) had seven episodes of the postmyocardial infarction syndrome (PMIS). Pericarditis is generally a shortlived complication of acute myocardial infarction. Pleural and parenchymal pulmonary abnormalities are common and probably account for the tendency to \"overdiagnose\" CHF in patients with AMI-P. PMIS appears to occur more frequently in patients who have had pericarditis at the time of the acute myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 1126219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9417", "title": "Cough dynamics in the post-thoracotomy state.", "content": "A series of 24 adult male patients undergoing thoracotomy were found to have a reduction in their cough pressures in the immediate postoperative period to 29 percent of their preoperative values. Cough pressures still averaged only 50 percent of control values one week following surgery, with slow return toward normal over the ensuing three weeks. Pain associated with the surgical wound appeared to be primary factor in the patients' inability to cough effectively. The degree of impairment appeared to be related to the extent of the procedure, pressures being altered less in those with limited incision thoracotomies. Ultrasonically nebulized water mist was found to be effective in all but one patient in inducing significantly higher cough pressures and more effective sputum expectoration. Its use should be considered as a simple method of inducing more effective coughs in the postoperative patient.", "contents": "Cough dynamics in the post-thoracotomy state. A series of 24 adult male patients undergoing thoracotomy were found to have a reduction in their cough pressures in the immediate postoperative period to 29 percent of their preoperative values. Cough pressures still averaged only 50 percent of control values one week following surgery, with slow return toward normal over the ensuing three weeks. Pain associated with the surgical wound appeared to be primary factor in the patients' inability to cough effectively. The degree of impairment appeared to be related to the extent of the procedure, pressures being altered less in those with limited incision thoracotomies. Ultrasonically nebulized water mist was found to be effective in all but one patient in inducing significantly higher cough pressures and more effective sputum expectoration. Its use should be considered as a simple method of inducing more effective coughs in the postoperative patient.", "PMID": 1126220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9418", "title": "Severe pleural restriction: the maximum static pulmonary recoil pressure as an acid in diagnosis.", "content": "Three patients with pleural restriction are presented in detail. One patient had had a right pneumonectomy and died of ventilatory failure due to left-sided restrictive pleurisy. The second patient had neoplastic pleural effusion and inactive tuberculosis. The third patient had systemic lupus erythematosus with bilateral restrictive pleuritis. The physiologic picture was similar in the three cases, with marked decrease of lung volumes, increase of the RV/TLC ratio, absence of airways obstruction, decrease of the Dco and decrease of dynamic lung compliance. In addition, each of these three patients and others with severe pleural restriction had a lower than normal maximum static pulmonary recoil pressure (Pmax). Since in pulmonary restrictive disease, the Pmax was found to be elevated, it was a useful test for distinguishing pulmonary restriction from pleural restriction.", "contents": "Severe pleural restriction: the maximum static pulmonary recoil pressure as an acid in diagnosis. Three patients with pleural restriction are presented in detail. One patient had had a right pneumonectomy and died of ventilatory failure due to left-sided restrictive pleurisy. The second patient had neoplastic pleural effusion and inactive tuberculosis. The third patient had systemic lupus erythematosus with bilateral restrictive pleuritis. The physiologic picture was similar in the three cases, with marked decrease of lung volumes, increase of the RV/TLC ratio, absence of airways obstruction, decrease of the Dco and decrease of dynamic lung compliance. In addition, each of these three patients and others with severe pleural restriction had a lower than normal maximum static pulmonary recoil pressure (Pmax). Since in pulmonary restrictive disease, the Pmax was found to be elevated, it was a useful test for distinguishing pulmonary restriction from pleural restriction.", "PMID": 1126221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9419", "title": "Mortality prediction in adult respiratory insufficiency.", "content": "The results of treatment of acute respiratory insufficiency in the adult must be quantitated before indications for innovative treatment (such as extracorporeal oxygenation) can be defined. A method for retrospective and prospective data collection based on a graph of A-a gradient and time was evaluated in 45 patients. From this graph a pulmonary insufficiency index (PII) can be calculated which correlates well with mortality in this series. The mean PII of surviving patients was 0.84 and the highest value was 2.75. The mean PII of patients who died with pulmonary insufficiency was 15.9; the lowest value was 6.0. Using this method with a larger data base, it will be possible to predict mortality based on PII facilitating the study of ongoing management and innovative treatment methods.", "contents": "Mortality prediction in adult respiratory insufficiency. The results of treatment of acute respiratory insufficiency in the adult must be quantitated before indications for innovative treatment (such as extracorporeal oxygenation) can be defined. A method for retrospective and prospective data collection based on a graph of A-a gradient and time was evaluated in 45 patients. From this graph a pulmonary insufficiency index (PII) can be calculated which correlates well with mortality in this series. The mean PII of surviving patients was 0.84 and the highest value was 2.75. The mean PII of patients who died with pulmonary insufficiency was 15.9; the lowest value was 6.0. Using this method with a larger data base, it will be possible to predict mortality based on PII facilitating the study of ongoing management and innovative treatment methods.", "PMID": 1126222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9420", "title": "Silent anomalies of the urinary tract and congenital heart disease.", "content": "Postangiocardiographic screening of infants and children with congenital heart disease for silent anomalies of the urinary tract yielded an incidence of 7.7 percent in 260 so studied. The incidence was 29 percent in 21 babies who came to autopsy and had been studied at catheterization but without this screening. Patients with atrial septal defect had the highest incidence of urinary tract anomalies, while those with ventricular septal defect and tetralogy had an average incidence. Some of the lesions discovered were potentially significant even though silent. They were found with sufficient frequency to warrant routine use of this screening technique at cardiac catheterization.", "contents": "Silent anomalies of the urinary tract and congenital heart disease. Postangiocardiographic screening of infants and children with congenital heart disease for silent anomalies of the urinary tract yielded an incidence of 7.7 percent in 260 so studied. The incidence was 29 percent in 21 babies who came to autopsy and had been studied at catheterization but without this screening. Patients with atrial septal defect had the highest incidence of urinary tract anomalies, while those with ventricular septal defect and tetralogy had an average incidence. Some of the lesions discovered were potentially significant even though silent. They were found with sufficient frequency to warrant routine use of this screening technique at cardiac catheterization.", "PMID": 1126223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9421", "title": "Left ventricular approach for recording His bundle potential in man.", "content": "The electrical potentials of the His bundle (HB) were recorded from the left ventricular endocardial surface in 28 patients ranging from 16 to 63 years of age. In 14 of the patients the left bundle branch (LB) potentials were also obtained. Placement of a bipolar electrode catheter tip toward the interventricular septum, right at and also 1 to 2 cm below the aortic valve, resulted in stable recordings of both potentials in successive cardiac cycles even at performing atrial or HB pacing from the right heart. The following intervals were measured in milliseconds (msec): P-A, A-H, H, H-V, LB, and LB-V. The average values in 12 patients (average age 26 plus or minus 7 years and average heart rate 90 plus or minus 16 beats per minute) with normal A-V conduction were as follows: P-A 28 plus or minus 7, A-H 76 plus or minus 16, H 19 plus or minus 3 and H-V 45 plus or minus 6 msec. The average values for LB and LB-V in 10 of these 12 patients were 15 plus or minus 3 and 25 plus or minus 3 msec respectively. Validation of the His bundle electrogram (HBE) from the left ventricular endocardial surface was based on simultaneous recordings of the intracardiac electrograms from both left and right sides of the heart in 18 patients. The individual average values for the intervals obtained from both sides of the heart in these patients were statistically not different, except that the H potential was slightly longer in duration fr  m the left heart (P equals 0.05). Among these, 16 showed simultaneous onset of the H potentials, and the LB-V and RB-V conduction times from comparable points were almost the same. Indications for the left sided electro-physiologic studies include the following situations: (a) inability to record H from the right of the heart; (b) giant right atrium; and (c) possibly during atrial fibrillation.", "contents": "Left ventricular approach for recording His bundle potential in man. The electrical potentials of the His bundle (HB) were recorded from the left ventricular endocardial surface in 28 patients ranging from 16 to 63 years of age. In 14 of the patients the left bundle branch (LB) potentials were also obtained. Placement of a bipolar electrode catheter tip toward the interventricular septum, right at and also 1 to 2 cm below the aortic valve, resulted in stable recordings of both potentials in successive cardiac cycles even at performing atrial or HB pacing from the right heart. The following intervals were measured in milliseconds (msec): P-A, A-H, H, H-V, LB, and LB-V. The average values in 12 patients (average age 26 plus or minus 7 years and average heart rate 90 plus or minus 16 beats per minute) with normal A-V conduction were as follows: P-A 28 plus or minus 7, A-H 76 plus or minus 16, H 19 plus or minus 3 and H-V 45 plus or minus 6 msec. The average values for LB and LB-V in 10 of these 12 patients were 15 plus or minus 3 and 25 plus or minus 3 msec respectively. Validation of the His bundle electrogram (HBE) from the left ventricular endocardial surface was based on simultaneous recordings of the intracardiac electrograms from both left and right sides of the heart in 18 patients. The individual average values for the intervals obtained from both sides of the heart in these patients were statistically not different, except that the H potential was slightly longer in duration fr  m the left heart (P equals 0.05). Among these, 16 showed simultaneous onset of the H potentials, and the LB-V and RB-V conduction times from comparable points were almost the same. Indications for the left sided electro-physiologic studies include the following situations: (a) inability to record H from the right of the heart; (b) giant right atrium; and (c) possibly during atrial fibrillation.", "PMID": 1126224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9422", "title": "Pericardial cyst ten years after acute pericarditis.", "content": "A case of pericardial cyst development in the years after an episode of acute pericarditis is reported. The method of diagnosis allowed confirmation of the condition without thoracotomy. These aspects of the case are relevant to the genesis of pericardial cysts in general and establish ultrasound and subsequent contrast roentgenography are advocated as adequate means of diagnosis in this condition.", "contents": "Pericardial cyst ten years after acute pericarditis. A case of pericardial cyst development in the years after an episode of acute pericarditis is reported. The method of diagnosis allowed confirmation of the condition without thoracotomy. These aspects of the case are relevant to the genesis of pericardial cysts in general and establish ultrasound and subsequent contrast roentgenography are advocated as adequate means of diagnosis in this condition.", "PMID": 1126227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9423", "title": "A technique for unknotting an intracardiac flow-directed balloon catheter.", "content": "Described is an unusual complication occurring during right-sided cardiac catheterization using a 7F flow-directed balloon catheter. During an attempt to direct the catheter from the main pulmonary artery into the pulmonary wedge position, the tip became entangled in a loop of catheter and knotted. Initially, all attempts to unknot or remove the catheter failed. A movable core guide wire was passed through the major lumen of the catheter, resulting in the immediate unknotting of the catheter, thus allowing its withdrawal.", "contents": "A technique for unknotting an intracardiac flow-directed balloon catheter. Described is an unusual complication occurring during right-sided cardiac catheterization using a 7F flow-directed balloon catheter. During an attempt to direct the catheter from the main pulmonary artery into the pulmonary wedge position, the tip became entangled in a loop of catheter and knotted. Initially, all attempts to unknot or remove the catheter failed. A movable core guide wire was passed through the major lumen of the catheter, resulting in the immediate unknotting of the catheter, thus allowing its withdrawal.", "PMID": 1126233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9424", "title": "Recurrent myxosarcoma of left atrium.", "content": "The surgical treatment of cardiac myxosarcoma is reviewed with emphasis placed on palliative response to radiation therapy. A case of primary myxosarcoma of the left atrium in a 16-year-old girl is presented. The tumor was surgically removed in October, 1967. Recurrently myxosarcoma was removed in August, 1968, at which time involvement of the pulmonary veins and the pericardium was noted. Subsequent to postoperative radiation therapy, the patient remained symptom-free for more than three years. Death occurred 4 1/2 years after the original operation from local and systemic recurrence of the tumor.", "contents": "Recurrent myxosarcoma of left atrium. The surgical treatment of cardiac myxosarcoma is reviewed with emphasis placed on palliative response to radiation therapy. A case of primary myxosarcoma of the left atrium in a 16-year-old girl is presented. The tumor was surgically removed in October, 1967. Recurrently myxosarcoma was removed in August, 1968, at which time involvement of the pulmonary veins and the pericardium was noted. Subsequent to postoperative radiation therapy, the patient remained symptom-free for more than three years. Death occurred 4 1/2 years after the original operation from local and systemic recurrence of the tumor.", "PMID": 1126234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9425", "title": "Acute obstruction in cancer of the colon and rectum.", "content": "Results after operations for acute obstruction of the large intestine due to cancer were analyzed during a 10-year period and compared with the results after operations for nonobstructive tumors during the same period. The following conclusions could be deduced: 1) Cancer is more often obstructive in the colon than in the rectum. Cancers of the splenic flexure are relatively more often obstructive than cancers in other parts of the colon. 2) Postoperative morbidity (and probably mortality) is higher and the five-year survival shorter in patients with obstructive cancers of the large intestine than in those without obstruction. Obstructive Dukes' A tumors are very few. 3) The early morbidity and mortality after acute cecostomy are probably not higher than after acute transversostomy, if the cecostomy wound is left open. The cecostomy carries a risk of peritoneal contamination. 4) Cecostomy does not relieve obstruction in 5-10 per cent of the patients, while transversostomy seems always to be effective. Emergency exploratory laparotomy for obstructive cancer of the large bowel instead of a blind cecostomy reduces the number of patients who need two operations by 10 per cent. 5) Hernias are frequent at the sites of previous spontaneously closed cecostomies. 6) Antibiotic bowel preparation seems not to be effective shortly after decompressive colostomy.", "contents": "Acute obstruction in cancer of the colon and rectum. Results after operations for acute obstruction of the large intestine due to cancer were analyzed during a 10-year period and compared with the results after operations for nonobstructive tumors during the same period. The following conclusions could be deduced: 1) Cancer is more often obstructive in the colon than in the rectum. Cancers of the splenic flexure are relatively more often obstructive than cancers in other parts of the colon. 2) Postoperative morbidity (and probably mortality) is higher and the five-year survival shorter in patients with obstructive cancers of the large intestine than in those without obstruction. Obstructive Dukes' A tumors are very few. 3) The early morbidity and mortality after acute cecostomy are probably not higher than after acute transversostomy, if the cecostomy wound is left open. The cecostomy carries a risk of peritoneal contamination. 4) Cecostomy does not relieve obstruction in 5-10 per cent of the patients, while transversostomy seems always to be effective. Emergency exploratory laparotomy for obstructive cancer of the large bowel instead of a blind cecostomy reduces the number of patients who need two operations by 10 per cent. 5) Hernias are frequent at the sites of previous spontaneously closed cecostomies. 6) Antibiotic bowel preparation seems not to be effective shortly after decompressive colostomy.", "PMID": 1126251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9426", "title": "Factors influencing survival with complete obstruction and free perforation of colorectal cancers.", "content": "A review of 26 years' experience in the management of patients with obstruction and perforation of the colon due to carcinoma at H\u00f4pital Notre-Dame, Montr\u00e9al, is reported. We try, in the present paper to identify the factors responsible for the very poor prognosis in complete obstruction and free perforation of colorectal cancers. As we are comparing these complicated cancers with a larger group of uncomplicated cancers, our results are analyzed by the chi-square test.", "contents": "Factors influencing survival with complete obstruction and free perforation of colorectal cancers. A review of 26 years' experience in the management of patients with obstruction and perforation of the colon due to carcinoma at H\u00f4pital Notre-Dame, Montr\u00e9al, is reported. We try, in the present paper to identify the factors responsible for the very poor prognosis in complete obstruction and free perforation of colorectal cancers. As we are comparing these complicated cancers with a larger group of uncomplicated cancers, our results are analyzed by the chi-square test.", "PMID": 1126250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9427", "title": "Adenomatous polyps of the ileocecal valve: report of three cases.", "content": "Lesions of the ileocecal valve are uncommon and include various inflammatory diseases, submucosal fatty infiltration, edema, and neoplasia. Of the neoplastic lesions, adenomatous polyps are distinctly rare, despite their frequency in the remainder of the colon. Three patients with adenomatous polyps of the ileocecal valve are added to the seven previously reported cases. One had a large pedunculated polyp, another had polyps resulting from familial polyposis, and the third had circumferential adenomatous polypoid hyperplasia and the ileocecal-valve syndrome. Although many lesions of the valve produce the characteristic symptoms, the diagnosis of the ileocecal-valve syndrome is seldom made. Most ileocecal-valve lesions are incidental findings on barium-enema studies and may be carefully followed. The indications for operative intervention are suspicion of malignancy and the presence of troublesome symptoms. If malignancy is likely, a right colectomy should be done. Segmental resection is the procedure of choice for the ileocecal-valve syndrome. Adenomatous polyps may require simple polypectomy, segmental resection, or even subtotal colectomy. Following recognition of these unusual disorders the exact management is individualized.", "contents": "Adenomatous polyps of the ileocecal valve: report of three cases. Lesions of the ileocecal valve are uncommon and include various inflammatory diseases, submucosal fatty infiltration, edema, and neoplasia. Of the neoplastic lesions, adenomatous polyps are distinctly rare, despite their frequency in the remainder of the colon. Three patients with adenomatous polyps of the ileocecal valve are added to the seven previously reported cases. One had a large pedunculated polyp, another had polyps resulting from familial polyposis, and the third had circumferential adenomatous polypoid hyperplasia and the ileocecal-valve syndrome. Although many lesions of the valve produce the characteristic symptoms, the diagnosis of the ileocecal-valve syndrome is seldom made. Most ileocecal-valve lesions are incidental findings on barium-enema studies and may be carefully followed. The indications for operative intervention are suspicion of malignancy and the presence of troublesome symptoms. If malignancy is likely, a right colectomy should be done. Segmental resection is the procedure of choice for the ileocecal-valve syndrome. Adenomatous polyps may require simple polypectomy, segmental resection, or even subtotal colectomy. Following recognition of these unusual disorders the exact management is individualized.", "PMID": 1126256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9428", "title": "The Warren operation for anal incontinence caused by disruption of the anterior segment of the anal sphincter, perineal body, and rectovaginal septum: report of five cases.", "content": "The use of the Warren vaginal flap operation for repair of a traumatic deformity consisting of disruption of the perineal body, anterior segment of the external anal sphincter, and lower half of the rectovaginal septum is described. Modifications described in this article include use of the jackknife position to give better exposure and epinephrine infiltration to give a bloodless field. The incidences of infection and recurrence appear lower than with the layer technique.", "contents": "The Warren operation for anal incontinence caused by disruption of the anterior segment of the anal sphincter, perineal body, and rectovaginal septum: report of five cases. The use of the Warren vaginal flap operation for repair of a traumatic deformity consisting of disruption of the perineal body, anterior segment of the external anal sphincter, and lower half of the rectovaginal septum is described. Modifications described in this article include use of the jackknife position to give better exposure and epinephrine infiltration to give a bloodless field. The incidences of infection and recurrence appear lower than with the layer technique.", "PMID": 1126252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9429", "title": "Atraumatic splenic rupture simulating ruptured sigmoid diverticulitis: report of a case and review of the literature.", "content": "A case of atraumatic rupture of the spleen originally presenting as ruptured sigmoid diverticulitis is described. The underlying disease was found to be myelofibrosis. Although progressive splenomegaly is always associated with this disease, spontaneous rupture of this organ is not reported in the literature. We also reviewed the literature in regard to unusual presentation of splenic rupture and we could not find any case simulating acute sigmoid diverticulitis. It is suggested that awareness and familiarity with this disease may enable the surgeon to suspect this diagnosis when dealing with an unusual acute abdominal emergency.", "contents": "Atraumatic splenic rupture simulating ruptured sigmoid diverticulitis: report of a case and review of the literature. A case of atraumatic rupture of the spleen originally presenting as ruptured sigmoid diverticulitis is described. The underlying disease was found to be myelofibrosis. Although progressive splenomegaly is always associated with this disease, spontaneous rupture of this organ is not reported in the literature. We also reviewed the literature in regard to unusual presentation of splenic rupture and we could not find any case simulating acute sigmoid diverticulitis. It is suggested that awareness and familiarity with this disease may enable the surgeon to suspect this diagnosis when dealing with an unusual acute abdominal emergency.", "PMID": 1126257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9430", "title": "Clinical experiences at St. Mark's Hospital with multiple synchronous cancers of the colon and rectum.", "content": "We have reviewed the experience of St. Mark's Hospital with double synchronous cancers of the large intestine. This occurs in 3.5 per cent of cancer resections, and in 75 per cent there are associated benign neoplasms. Patients with double or treble cancers fare much the same as those with single cancers, and the prognosis appears to be surprisingly favorable, even when the second growth is comparatively advanced. The second lesion, however, is usually not palpable at operation, and full clinical and radiologic investigation is therefore essential before any resection is undertaken for cancer of the colon or rectum.", "contents": "Clinical experiences at St. Mark's Hospital with multiple synchronous cancers of the colon and rectum. We have reviewed the experience of St. Mark's Hospital with double synchronous cancers of the large intestine. This occurs in 3.5 per cent of cancer resections, and in 75 per cent there are associated benign neoplasms. Patients with double or treble cancers fare much the same as those with single cancers, and the prognosis appears to be surprisingly favorable, even when the second growth is comparatively advanced. The second lesion, however, is usually not palpable at operation, and full clinical and radiologic investigation is therefore essential before any resection is undertaken for cancer of the colon or rectum.", "PMID": 1126258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9431", "title": "Stercoral necrosis of the cecum in an incarcerated right inguinal hernia: report of a case.", "content": "A rare case of stercoral ulcers of the cecum in an incarcerated inguinal hernia is described. Local resection was followed by an uneventful recovery.", "contents": "Stercoral necrosis of the cecum in an incarcerated right inguinal hernia: report of a case. A rare case of stercoral ulcers of the cecum in an incarcerated inguinal hernia is described. Local resection was followed by an uneventful recovery.", "PMID": 1126259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9432", "title": "Entrapment of the colon following diaphragmatic injuries: report of eight cases.", "content": "With a rise in the incidence of severe injuries, we are seeing increasing numbers of patients with colonic entrapment occurring at the sites of diaphragmatic injuries. The initial injury might have occurred recently or it might have occurred as long as 25 years before. Blunt trauma, stabbings, and infection accounted for the initial trauma in our patients. Acute symptoms implicate the cardiorespiratory system as a result of interference with respiration and the filling and function of the heart. Acute or chronic gastrointestinal symptoms may suggest intestinal obstruction or functional bowel disorders. The proper diagnosis of colonic entrapment depends upon a high index of suspicion and proper studies. Chest x-rays, fluoroscopy, barium-enema examinations and contrast studies of the upper gastrointestinal tract are essential. Acute cardiorespiratory enbarrassment necessitates prompt surgical intervention. When subdiaphragmatic injuries are suspected, an abdominal incision is necessary. In long-standing cases where the abdominal viscera are intact, the thoracic approach is preferable. At times, the combined thoraco-abdominal incision may be preferable. Diaphragmatic injuries resulting in colonic entrapment occurred most often in the left hemidiaphragm, which is relatively unprotected. In seven of our eight patients, the left diaphragm was the site of herniation. The liver on the right side serves to protect this area from herniation. Only the largest defects permit displacement of the liver into the right chest. Only one of our patients had such a defect. Patients with long-standing cardiac or gastrointestinal symptoms suggestive of colonic entrapment should have a THOROUGH MEDICAL evaluation before any operative treatment is advised. We have reviewed the cases of eight patients in whom infection, stabbings and blunt trauma resulted in diaphragmatic herniations with subsequent colonic entrapment. The splenic flexure of the colon protruded through the defect in three of our eight patients. The transverse colon was located above the diaphragm in five.", "contents": "Entrapment of the colon following diaphragmatic injuries: report of eight cases. With a rise in the incidence of severe injuries, we are seeing increasing numbers of patients with colonic entrapment occurring at the sites of diaphragmatic injuries. The initial injury might have occurred recently or it might have occurred as long as 25 years before. Blunt trauma, stabbings, and infection accounted for the initial trauma in our patients. Acute symptoms implicate the cardiorespiratory system as a result of interference with respiration and the filling and function of the heart. Acute or chronic gastrointestinal symptoms may suggest intestinal obstruction or functional bowel disorders. The proper diagnosis of colonic entrapment depends upon a high index of suspicion and proper studies. Chest x-rays, fluoroscopy, barium-enema examinations and contrast studies of the upper gastrointestinal tract are essential. Acute cardiorespiratory enbarrassment necessitates prompt surgical intervention. When subdiaphragmatic injuries are suspected, an abdominal incision is necessary. In long-standing cases where the abdominal viscera are intact, the thoracic approach is preferable. At times, the combined thoraco-abdominal incision may be preferable. Diaphragmatic injuries resulting in colonic entrapment occurred most often in the left hemidiaphragm, which is relatively unprotected. In seven of our eight patients, the left diaphragm was the site of herniation. The liver on the right side serves to protect this area from herniation. Only the largest defects permit displacement of the liver into the right chest. Only one of our patients had such a defect. Patients with long-standing cardiac or gastrointestinal symptoms suggestive of colonic entrapment should have a THOROUGH MEDICAL evaluation before any operative treatment is advised. We have reviewed the cases of eight patients in whom infection, stabbings and blunt trauma resulted in diaphragmatic herniations with subsequent colonic entrapment. The splenic flexure of the colon protruded through the defect in three of our eight patients. The transverse colon was located above the diaphragm in five.", "PMID": 1126260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9433", "title": "Lateral subcutaneous internal sphincterotomy for chronic anal fissure, an outpatient procedure.", "content": "We have adapted the lateral internal sphincterotomy technique for the repair of chronic anal fissure to a strictly office or outpatient procedure. The early cure rate in this review of our first 200 patients was very good - well in excess of 98 per cent. Complications were exceedingly minor, the considerable cost to the patient of hospitalization and time off from work has been saved, and patient acceptance has been excellent.", "contents": "Lateral subcutaneous internal sphincterotomy for chronic anal fissure, an outpatient procedure. We have adapted the lateral internal sphincterotomy technique for the repair of chronic anal fissure to a strictly office or outpatient procedure. The early cure rate in this review of our first 200 patients was very good - well in excess of 98 per cent. Complications were exceedingly minor, the considerable cost to the patient of hospitalization and time off from work has been saved, and patient acceptance has been excellent.", "PMID": 1126267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9434", "title": "Tumors of the appendix.", "content": "An analysis of 101 tumors of the appendix is presented. During the period under study (from 1949 to 1972), 8,699 appendectomies had been performed. Only 17 of the 101 tumors were malignant. In this group, there were two primary carcinomas, 12 metastatic carcinomas, and three lymphomas. Most of the tumors (84) were benign, including 43 carcinoids, 32 mucoceles, five neuromas, two leiomyomas, and two villous adenomas, Some of the clinical and pathologic features of carcinoids, adenocarcinoma, and mucoceles are discussed. The most significant observation in this study is the statistically significant evidence that, even without associated acute appendicitis, mucoceles 2 cm or more in diameter probably do cause clinical symptoms, which may be alleivated by appendectomy.", "contents": "Tumors of the appendix. An analysis of 101 tumors of the appendix is presented. During the period under study (from 1949 to 1972), 8,699 appendectomies had been performed. Only 17 of the 101 tumors were malignant. In this group, there were two primary carcinomas, 12 metastatic carcinomas, and three lymphomas. Most of the tumors (84) were benign, including 43 carcinoids, 32 mucoceles, five neuromas, two leiomyomas, and two villous adenomas, Some of the clinical and pathologic features of carcinoids, adenocarcinoma, and mucoceles are discussed. The most significant observation in this study is the statistically significant evidence that, even without associated acute appendicitis, mucoceles 2 cm or more in diameter probably do cause clinical symptoms, which may be alleivated by appendectomy.", "PMID": 1126268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9435", "title": "Gracilis muscle transplant for correction of traumatic anal incontinence: Report of a case.", "content": "We report a case of traumatic anal incontinence successfully treated by the transplant of a gracilis muscle sling, using the technique described by Pickrell et al. in 1952. Although gracilis muscle transplant has been used in the treatment of congenital anal incontinence, its use in traumatic cases has not been widely accepted. Instead, many techniques offering uncertain results have been employed. We believe that Pickrell's technique is a worthwhile procedure in the presence of traumatic anal incontinence, particularly with noniatrogenic large perineal wounds, and that establishment of a temporary colostomy immediately after the injury, together with use of surgical steel sutures and antibiotics, is very helpful in averting posttransplant infection.", "contents": "Gracilis muscle transplant for correction of traumatic anal incontinence: Report of a case. We report a case of traumatic anal incontinence successfully treated by the transplant of a gracilis muscle sling, using the technique described by Pickrell et al. in 1952. Although gracilis muscle transplant has been used in the treatment of congenital anal incontinence, its use in traumatic cases has not been widely accepted. Instead, many techniques offering uncertain results have been employed. We believe that Pickrell's technique is a worthwhile procedure in the presence of traumatic anal incontinence, particularly with noniatrogenic large perineal wounds, and that establishment of a temporary colostomy immediately after the injury, together with use of surgical steel sutures and antibiotics, is very helpful in averting posttransplant infection.", "PMID": 1126270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9436", "title": "[Diagnostic and prognostic value of endomyocardial biopsy in patients with congestive cardiomyopathy (author's transl)]rdiomyopathy(author.", "content": "Endomyocardial biopsies were obtained from the right ventricle in 25 patients with the clinical diagnosis of congestive cardiomyopathy. The biopsies were subjected to virological and histological studies (light and electronmicroscopy) and the findings correlated with clinical data. Abnormal morphological findings were present in all patients. The presumed clinical diagnosis was confirmed in 19, the morphological changes not being consistent with the clinical diagnosis of CCM in six patients. Electronmicroscopy revealed cardiac storage disease in one patient and pathological changes secondary to previous myocarditis in the other five. Clinical follow-up studies of the five patients apparently confirmed the morphological results, because in no case was there clinical deterioration, three patients in fact being in a fairly normal cardiac state at present. Using a morphological scoring system, the 19 patients with morphologically confirmed diagnosis of CCM were subdivided into two groupds, those with four points or less (group I, n equal to 9), and those with five pints or more (group II, n equal to 10). During a mean follow-up period of nearly 12 months the first group had a low mortality rate (n equal to 2), while the other had a high one (n equal to 6). The occurrence of signs of degeneration and mitochondrial alterations, in particular, was associated with a poor clinical prognosis. This differentiation into two groupds could not be achieved by clinical means alone. Type B3 Coxsackie virus was isolated from one biopsy, but no patient had significant serological evidence of virological infection.", "contents": "[Diagnostic and prognostic value of endomyocardial biopsy in patients with congestive cardiomyopathy (author's transl)]rdiomyopathy(author. Endomyocardial biopsies were obtained from the right ventricle in 25 patients with the clinical diagnosis of congestive cardiomyopathy. The biopsies were subjected to virological and histological studies (light and electronmicroscopy) and the findings correlated with clinical data. Abnormal morphological findings were present in all patients. The presumed clinical diagnosis was confirmed in 19, the morphological changes not being consistent with the clinical diagnosis of CCM in six patients. Electronmicroscopy revealed cardiac storage disease in one patient and pathological changes secondary to previous myocarditis in the other five. Clinical follow-up studies of the five patients apparently confirmed the morphological results, because in no case was there clinical deterioration, three patients in fact being in a fairly normal cardiac state at present. Using a morphological scoring system, the 19 patients with morphologically confirmed diagnosis of CCM were subdivided into two groupds, those with four points or less (group I, n equal to 9), and those with five pints or more (group II, n equal to 10). During a mean follow-up period of nearly 12 months the first group had a low mortality rate (n equal to 2), while the other had a high one (n equal to 6). The occurrence of signs of degeneration and mitochondrial alterations, in particular, was associated with a poor clinical prognosis. This differentiation into two groupds could not be achieved by clinical means alone. Type B3 Coxsackie virus was isolated from one biopsy, but no patient had significant serological evidence of virological infection.", "PMID": 1126280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9437", "title": "[Localization of the conduction defect in complete A-V block by means of His bundle electrograms (author's transl)].", "content": "The localization of the conduction defect in so-called complete A-V block can be established by electrocardiography only indirectly and unreliably. In principle the region of the atrio-ventricular junction, i.e. the A-V node and the bundle of His, may be involved just as well as the two branches. Analysis of the configuration of the QRS complex in the electrocardiogram is unreliable, particularly in cases with bundle branch block, because any pattern can arise from the appropriate site of a tertiary focus of stimulation in one of the two ventricles. Recording His bundle potentials (His bundle electrogram) enables differentiation. In eleven personal observations and 151 cases collected from the literature of complete A-V block the analysis with this method showed that the so-called A-V block in the majority of cases (63%) is actually due to bilateral bundle branch block. In the other 37% an A-V junctional block was present. This type of block could be differentiated by means of His bundle electrograms into an A-V nodal block and His bundle block.", "contents": "[Localization of the conduction defect in complete A-V block by means of His bundle electrograms (author's transl)]. The localization of the conduction defect in so-called complete A-V block can be established by electrocardiography only indirectly and unreliably. In principle the region of the atrio-ventricular junction, i.e. the A-V node and the bundle of His, may be involved just as well as the two branches. Analysis of the configuration of the QRS complex in the electrocardiogram is unreliable, particularly in cases with bundle branch block, because any pattern can arise from the appropriate site of a tertiary focus of stimulation in one of the two ventricles. Recording His bundle potentials (His bundle electrogram) enables differentiation. In eleven personal observations and 151 cases collected from the literature of complete A-V block the analysis with this method showed that the so-called A-V block in the majority of cases (63%) is actually due to bilateral bundle branch block. In the other 37% an A-V junctional block was present. This type of block could be differentiated by means of His bundle electrograms into an A-V nodal block and His bundle block.", "PMID": 1126281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9438", "title": "[Labile repolarization changes in the ECG of patients without heart disease (author's transl)].", "content": "Nine patients with suspicious repolarization (ST-T segment) changes in the ECG were further investigated. Each had ten different additional ECG tests (after various degrees of exercise, and orciprenaline, amylnitrite, glucose, potassium chloride, and propranolol injections). The ECG changes became normal in all patients, orciprenaline and propranolol injection providing optimal results. Clinical investigation, left-heart angiocardiography and coronary angiography were normal in all. The questionably abnormal repolarization distrubances were, therefore, judged to be benign. As both beta-stimulation and beta-blockade normalized the ECG it can be safely assumed that the ECG changes were induced by autonomic nervous system factors. Cardiac catheterization appears, therefore, not indicated in each case and a potential iatrogenic heart disease can be avoided by relatively simple means.", "contents": "[Labile repolarization changes in the ECG of patients without heart disease (author's transl)]. Nine patients with suspicious repolarization (ST-T segment) changes in the ECG were further investigated. Each had ten different additional ECG tests (after various degrees of exercise, and orciprenaline, amylnitrite, glucose, potassium chloride, and propranolol injections). The ECG changes became normal in all patients, orciprenaline and propranolol injection providing optimal results. Clinical investigation, left-heart angiocardiography and coronary angiography were normal in all. The questionably abnormal repolarization distrubances were, therefore, judged to be benign. As both beta-stimulation and beta-blockade normalized the ECG it can be safely assumed that the ECG changes were induced by autonomic nervous system factors. Cardiac catheterization appears, therefore, not indicated in each case and a potential iatrogenic heart disease can be avoided by relatively simple means.", "PMID": 1126282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9439", "title": "[The effect of tilidine on left-ventricular function of the human heart (author's transl)].", "content": "The effect of tilidine (Valoron, 1.5 mg/kg) on left-ventricular function was measured in ten patients undergoing diagnostic cardiac catheterization. In the course of thirty minutes after administration there was a small fall in systemic arterial pressure, decrease in cardiac output, cardiac index and stroke volume, as well as a change in the isovolumetric inotropic state. Haemodynamic and inotropic changes were small in amount, varying between 3.4 and 14.5% of basal values. This study indicates that tilidine, while having a powerful analgesic effect, has only a mild contractility-inhibiting action. Tilidine is thus a useful alternative as an analgesic in cardiac pain.", "contents": "[The effect of tilidine on left-ventricular function of the human heart (author's transl)]. The effect of tilidine (Valoron, 1.5 mg/kg) on left-ventricular function was measured in ten patients undergoing diagnostic cardiac catheterization. In the course of thirty minutes after administration there was a small fall in systemic arterial pressure, decrease in cardiac output, cardiac index and stroke volume, as well as a change in the isovolumetric inotropic state. Haemodynamic and inotropic changes were small in amount, varying between 3.4 and 14.5% of basal values. This study indicates that tilidine, while having a powerful analgesic effect, has only a mild contractility-inhibiting action. Tilidine is thus a useful alternative as an analgesic in cardiac pain.", "PMID": 1126283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9440", "title": "[The surgical treatment of cerebral ischaemia due to extracranial arterial occlusion(author's transl)].", "content": "Results of reconstructive vascular surgery in 352 patients (aged 3 to 75 years) with extracranial arterial occlusions (295 of internal carotid artery) with intermittent symptoms or minor neurological defects are reported. Advantages of reconstructive surgery in the prevention of recurrence are: (1) further cerebrovascular episodes more frequently affect the non-operated side or brain-stem; (2) neurological recovery is quicker and more complete in operated than conservatively treated patients. However, reconstructive surgery, while preventing further cerebrovascular episodes, does not influence definite neurological defects.", "contents": "[The surgical treatment of cerebral ischaemia due to extracranial arterial occlusion(author's transl)]. Results of reconstructive vascular surgery in 352 patients (aged 3 to 75 years) with extracranial arterial occlusions (295 of internal carotid artery) with intermittent symptoms or minor neurological defects are reported. Advantages of reconstructive surgery in the prevention of recurrence are: (1) further cerebrovascular episodes more frequently affect the non-operated side or brain-stem; (2) neurological recovery is quicker and more complete in operated than conservatively treated patients. However, reconstructive surgery, while preventing further cerebrovascular episodes, does not influence definite neurological defects.", "PMID": 1126289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9441", "title": "[Jejunal interposition after radical gastrectomy: report of 51 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Reservoir construction with interposition of a 35 cm long jejunal loop (method of Longmire and Gutgemann) was performed in 51 patients after total gastrectomy. The procedure largely succeeded in preventing the agastric syndrome. There were five postoperative deaths. Maintained weight gain in the remainder ranged from 2.5 to 22 kg.", "contents": "[Jejunal interposition after radical gastrectomy: report of 51 cases (author's transl)]. Reservoir construction with interposition of a 35 cm long jejunal loop (method of Longmire and Gutgemann) was performed in 51 patients after total gastrectomy. The procedure largely succeeded in preventing the agastric syndrome. There were five postoperative deaths. Maintained weight gain in the remainder ranged from 2.5 to 22 kg.", "PMID": 1126290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9442", "title": "[Results of operative treatment of chronic pancreatitis, especially exocrine and endocrine functions (author's transl)].", "content": "Studies were undertaken in 40 patients with chronic pancreatitis six months to seven and a half years (mean 25 months) after operation, results being compared with pre-operative findings. Measurements included: exercise capacity, absence of pain, body weight, endocrine (36) and exocrine (25) pancreatic function. Almost all patients returned to full or only slightly impaired activity, were free of pain or had less pain and weight increase. Exocrine pancreatic function (secretin-pancreozymin test and faecal fat) was noted in 11 of 25 patients. In another 11 pre-operative progression was arrested. But endocrine function improved in only three of 36 and worsened in 13 (manifestation of subclinical diabetes in eight, worse glucose tolerance in five). The results justify a more active surgical approach in the treatment of chronic pancreatitis in order to save the patients from an often long and painful \"burning out\" of the disease on purely conservative treatment. Furthermore, exocrine pancreatic function, at least, is maintained or improved.", "contents": "[Results of operative treatment of chronic pancreatitis, especially exocrine and endocrine functions (author's transl)]. Studies were undertaken in 40 patients with chronic pancreatitis six months to seven and a half years (mean 25 months) after operation, results being compared with pre-operative findings. Measurements included: exercise capacity, absence of pain, body weight, endocrine (36) and exocrine (25) pancreatic function. Almost all patients returned to full or only slightly impaired activity, were free of pain or had less pain and weight increase. Exocrine pancreatic function (secretin-pancreozymin test and faecal fat) was noted in 11 of 25 patients. In another 11 pre-operative progression was arrested. But endocrine function improved in only three of 36 and worsened in 13 (manifestation of subclinical diabetes in eight, worse glucose tolerance in five). The results justify a more active surgical approach in the treatment of chronic pancreatitis in order to save the patients from an often long and painful \"burning out\" of the disease on purely conservative treatment. Furthermore, exocrine pancreatic function, at least, is maintained or improved.", "PMID": 1126291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9443", "title": "[Radiological diagnosis of closed trauma to the aorta (author's transl)].", "content": "Closed injury to the thoracic aorta at the isthmus occurred after street accidents in eight persons (five males, three females, aged 17-55 years). The lesions ranged from isolated intimal rupture to complete loss of continuity of the aorta. Radiological diagnosis or thoracic surgical exploration took place in five patients within 48 hours of the accident, while in the remaining three--alle with a false aneurysm of the thoracic aorta-the time elapsed before accurate diagnosis ranged from three months to seven years. Five patients were successfully operated upon. It is stressed that successful surgical intervention depends on early and accurate radiological diagnosis (chest X-ray and, if necessary, aortogram).", "contents": "[Radiological diagnosis of closed trauma to the aorta (author's transl)]. Closed injury to the thoracic aorta at the isthmus occurred after street accidents in eight persons (five males, three females, aged 17-55 years). The lesions ranged from isolated intimal rupture to complete loss of continuity of the aorta. Radiological diagnosis or thoracic surgical exploration took place in five patients within 48 hours of the accident, while in the remaining three--alle with a false aneurysm of the thoracic aorta-the time elapsed before accurate diagnosis ranged from three months to seven years. Five patients were successfully operated upon. It is stressed that successful surgical intervention depends on early and accurate radiological diagnosis (chest X-ray and, if necessary, aortogram).", "PMID": 1126292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9444", "title": "[Colostomy continence achieved with an implanted circular magnet (author's transl)].", "content": "A new method of providing a colostomy continent for faeces and gas is described. It consists of the subcutaneous implantation of a magnetic ring which is led outside through the lumen of the colon and sutured to the skin. The colostomy is closed with a magnetic cover. The procedure has been used in 17 patients with a permanent colostomy after rectal excision and has been highly successful.", "contents": "[Colostomy continence achieved with an implanted circular magnet (author's transl)]. A new method of providing a colostomy continent for faeces and gas is described. It consists of the subcutaneous implantation of a magnetic ring which is led outside through the lumen of the colon and sutured to the skin. The colostomy is closed with a magnetic cover. The procedure has been used in 17 patients with a permanent colostomy after rectal excision and has been highly successful.", "PMID": 1126293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9445", "title": "[Reconstruction of the oesophagus after scarring due to swalled alkali and 22 years of gastrostomy feeding (author's transl)].", "content": "The unusual life history of a man (now 24 years old) is reported who, at two years of age, swallowed an alkaline solution which caused severe oesophageal stricture due to scarring. It required feeding by gastrostomy exclusively for 22 years. Reconstruction of the oesophagus was then performed by interposing the colon (splenic flexure). Since secondary malignant degeneration is to be expected in this form of oesophageal stricture, removal of the residual oesophagus is recommended.", "contents": "[Reconstruction of the oesophagus after scarring due to swalled alkali and 22 years of gastrostomy feeding (author's transl)]. The unusual life history of a man (now 24 years old) is reported who, at two years of age, swallowed an alkaline solution which caused severe oesophageal stricture due to scarring. It required feeding by gastrostomy exclusively for 22 years. Reconstruction of the oesophagus was then performed by interposing the colon (splenic flexure). Since secondary malignant degeneration is to be expected in this form of oesophageal stricture, removal of the residual oesophagus is recommended.", "PMID": 1126294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9446", "title": "[Immediate one-stage total oesophagenal replacement by transmediastinal transposition of the stomach without thoracotomy in a case of hypopharyngeal carcinoma (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of hypopharyngeal carcinoma (in a 36-year-old man) is reported in which, after blunt dissection of the oesophagus via a posterior mediastinal tunnel without thoracotomy, the stomach was mobilized and its fundus anastomosed to the pharynx at the level of the vallecula. This form of oesophagectomy was first reported in 1936 by Turner for carcinoma of the thoracic oesophagus. Adopting this procedure in cases of carcinoma of the hypopharynx or cervical oesophagus (as recently reported) has as its main advantage the restoration of normal swallowing within a few days, as also took place in the described case.", "contents": "[Immediate one-stage total oesophagenal replacement by transmediastinal transposition of the stomach without thoracotomy in a case of hypopharyngeal carcinoma (author's transl)]. A case of hypopharyngeal carcinoma (in a 36-year-old man) is reported in which, after blunt dissection of the oesophagus via a posterior mediastinal tunnel without thoracotomy, the stomach was mobilized and its fundus anastomosed to the pharynx at the level of the vallecula. This form of oesophagectomy was first reported in 1936 by Turner for carcinoma of the thoracic oesophagus. Adopting this procedure in cases of carcinoma of the hypopharynx or cervical oesophagus (as recently reported) has as its main advantage the restoration of normal swallowing within a few days, as also took place in the described case.", "PMID": 1126295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9447", "title": "[Pre- and postoperative investigations of patients after aortic valve replacement with prosthetic valves or homografts (author's transl)].", "content": "Two groups of patients with aortic-valve disease were compared. Group I (18 patients) received prosthetic valves, group II (12 patients) homograft valves. The symptoms and haemodynamic findings improved in both groups, postoperatively. Complications were more frequent with prosthetic than homograft valves, and the haemodynamic responses also were better in the homograft group, especially during exercise.", "contents": "[Pre- and postoperative investigations of patients after aortic valve replacement with prosthetic valves or homografts (author's transl)]. Two groups of patients with aortic-valve disease were compared. Group I (18 patients) received prosthetic valves, group II (12 patients) homograft valves. The symptoms and haemodynamic findings improved in both groups, postoperatively. Complications were more frequent with prosthetic than homograft valves, and the haemodynamic responses also were better in the homograft group, especially during exercise.", "PMID": 1126298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9448", "title": "[Heterogenicity of mitochondrial antibodies (author's transl)].", "content": "Sera from 137 patients with mitochondrial antibodies were tested against two different mitochondrial antigens. The mitochondrial antibodies from patients with pseudo-lupus erythematosus (PLE antigen) reacted exclusively with antigen which sedimented on moving-zone centrifugation at a density of 1.10, and contained no antigenic activity when tested against sera from patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC). Purified PBC antigen had no PLE antigen activity at a density of 1.19, and all sera from patients with autoimmune liver disease fixed complement with this fraction. Sera from 54 of 55 patients with PLE reacted with the antigen of the PLE-gradient fraction. But 71 patients with liver disease had no such uniform reaction: sera from 39 patients fixed complement only with the PBC fraction, whereas 32 reacted stimultaneously with both the 1.10 and 1.19 density gradient fraction. The latter pattern was especially found in patients with chronic active hepatitis in whom antibodies to smooth muscle and nuclei were frequently detected.", "contents": "[Heterogenicity of mitochondrial antibodies (author's transl)]. Sera from 137 patients with mitochondrial antibodies were tested against two different mitochondrial antigens. The mitochondrial antibodies from patients with pseudo-lupus erythematosus (PLE antigen) reacted exclusively with antigen which sedimented on moving-zone centrifugation at a density of 1.10, and contained no antigenic activity when tested against sera from patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC). Purified PBC antigen had no PLE antigen activity at a density of 1.19, and all sera from patients with autoimmune liver disease fixed complement with this fraction. Sera from 54 of 55 patients with PLE reacted with the antigen of the PLE-gradient fraction. But 71 patients with liver disease had no such uniform reaction: sera from 39 patients fixed complement only with the PBC fraction, whereas 32 reacted stimultaneously with both the 1.10 and 1.19 density gradient fraction. The latter pattern was especially found in patients with chronic active hepatitis in whom antibodies to smooth muscle and nuclei were frequently detected.", "PMID": 1126299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9449", "title": "[Oxyphil cell adenomas associated with primary hyperparathyroidism (author's transl)].", "content": "Almost all functioning parathyroid adenomas are composed of chief or water-clear cells. In contrast, most oxyphil cell adenomas of this organ remain clinically silent. To date only occasional parathyroid adenomas consisting of oxyphil cells only have been found associated with primary hyperparathyroidism. The two additional examples described in this report confirm observations by others indicating that the parathyroid oxyphil cell can play an active metabolic role.", "contents": "[Oxyphil cell adenomas associated with primary hyperparathyroidism (author's transl)]. Almost all functioning parathyroid adenomas are composed of chief or water-clear cells. In contrast, most oxyphil cell adenomas of this organ remain clinically silent. To date only occasional parathyroid adenomas consisting of oxyphil cells only have been found associated with primary hyperparathyroidism. The two additional examples described in this report confirm observations by others indicating that the parathyroid oxyphil cell can play an active metabolic role.", "PMID": 1126300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9450", "title": "[Inhibition by somatostatin of pancreatic juice and enzyme secretion and gallbladder contraction in man induced by secretin and cholecystokinin-pancreozymin administration (author's transl)].", "content": "Somatostatin (200 mug/h) was administered to five healthy volunteers after submaximal stimulation of exocrine pancreatic secretion with 0.33 KU secretin or cholecystokinin-pancreozymin, given intravenously. In all instances there was a significant reduction in duodenal secretory volume after secretin, without any change in HCO3- concentration. Stimulation of enzyme secretion by cholecystokinin-pancreozymin was significantly inhibited and gallbladder contraction abolished.", "contents": "[Inhibition by somatostatin of pancreatic juice and enzyme secretion and gallbladder contraction in man induced by secretin and cholecystokinin-pancreozymin administration (author's transl)]. Somatostatin (200 mug/h) was administered to five healthy volunteers after submaximal stimulation of exocrine pancreatic secretion with 0.33 KU secretin or cholecystokinin-pancreozymin, given intravenously. In all instances there was a significant reduction in duodenal secretory volume after secretin, without any change in HCO3- concentration. Stimulation of enzyme secretion by cholecystokinin-pancreozymin was significantly inhibited and gallbladder contraction abolished.", "PMID": 1126301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9451", "title": "Bumetanide: A preliminary report of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic efficacy in oedema.", "content": "Bumetanide2 is a new diuretic with a rapid onset and short duration of action. It is advocated for the treatment of oedema of cardiac origin; that associated with cirrhosis of the liver and renal diseases, including the nephrotic syndrome oedema of pregnancy and in pulmonary oedema. Bumetanide produces a pattern of water and electrolyte excretion closely resembling that of frusemide although it differs structurally from frusemide and other diuretics. 1 mg of bumetanide produces a diuretic effect similar to that evoked by 40 to 60 mg of frusemide. Short-and long-term studies in oedema of varying aetiology have shown bumetanide to be an effective diuretic. Because it is chemically different from existing diuretics, bumetanide may be helpful in oedema resistant to other drugs. It is well tolerated, but like other natriuretics it causes hypericaemia and may cause hypokalaemia during long-term administration.", "contents": "Bumetanide: A preliminary report of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic efficacy in oedema. Bumetanide2 is a new diuretic with a rapid onset and short duration of action. It is advocated for the treatment of oedema of cardiac origin; that associated with cirrhosis of the liver and renal diseases, including the nephrotic syndrome oedema of pregnancy and in pulmonary oedema. Bumetanide produces a pattern of water and electrolyte excretion closely resembling that of frusemide although it differs structurally from frusemide and other diuretics. 1 mg of bumetanide produces a diuretic effect similar to that evoked by 40 to 60 mg of frusemide. Short-and long-term studies in oedema of varying aetiology have shown bumetanide to be an effective diuretic. Because it is chemically different from existing diuretics, bumetanide may be helpful in oedema resistant to other drugs. It is well tolerated, but like other natriuretics it causes hypericaemia and may cause hypokalaemia during long-term administration.", "PMID": 1126304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9452", "title": "Amoxycillin: A review of its antibacterial and pharmacokinietic properties and therapeutic use.", "content": "Amoxycillin2 is an acid stable semisynthetic penicillin closely related to ampicillin. Unlike pivampicillin and hetacillin, amoxycillin is not converted to ampicillin in the body. The antibacterial spectrum and level of activity of amoxycillin is essentially the same as for ampicillin, and there is complete cross-resistance between the two drugs. After oral administration, amoxycillin is better absorbed than ampicillin. Mean peak serum levels of amoxycillin are generally twice those of ampicillin after an equal dose. The better absorption and penetration into certain body tissues and fluids of amoxycillin and its greater activity against experimental infections in mice, suggest that it might be preferred to ampicillin in the treatment of some infections, but any clear superiority over ampicillin in clinical practice has yet to be demonstrated. However, these properties have enabled amoxycillin to be given at half the dose of ampicillin without loss of therapeutic efficacy, and the princpal side-effects of skin rashes and diarrhoea have tended to be less frequent with amoxycillin than with ampicillin. Other side-effects are essentially similar in nature to those reported with ampicillin.", "contents": "Amoxycillin: A review of its antibacterial and pharmacokinietic properties and therapeutic use. Amoxycillin2 is an acid stable semisynthetic penicillin closely related to ampicillin. Unlike pivampicillin and hetacillin, amoxycillin is not converted to ampicillin in the body. The antibacterial spectrum and level of activity of amoxycillin is essentially the same as for ampicillin, and there is complete cross-resistance between the two drugs. After oral administration, amoxycillin is better absorbed than ampicillin. Mean peak serum levels of amoxycillin are generally twice those of ampicillin after an equal dose. The better absorption and penetration into certain body tissues and fluids of amoxycillin and its greater activity against experimental infections in mice, suggest that it might be preferred to ampicillin in the treatment of some infections, but any clear superiority over ampicillin in clinical practice has yet to be demonstrated. However, these properties have enabled amoxycillin to be given at half the dose of ampicillin without loss of therapeutic efficacy, and the princpal side-effects of skin rashes and diarrhoea have tended to be less frequent with amoxycillin than with ampicillin. Other side-effects are essentially similar in nature to those reported with ampicillin.", "PMID": 1126306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9453", "title": "Inhibition of gastrin release by somatosatin in vitro.", "content": "An in vitro system which uses perifused pieces from the antrum of rat stomach has been used to study the effect of dihydrosomatostatin on gastrin release. The gastrin concentration in fractions of the perfusate was measured by radioimmunoassay. Dihydrosomatostatin (2 x 10-7M) had no effect on basal gastrin levels but virtually abolished the biphasic response seen with argine stimulation. The study demonstrates close functional similarities between G cells and pancreatic islet cells.", "contents": "Inhibition of gastrin release by somatosatin in vitro. An in vitro system which uses perifused pieces from the antrum of rat stomach has been used to study the effect of dihydrosomatostatin on gastrin release. The gastrin concentration in fractions of the perfusate was measured by radioimmunoassay. Dihydrosomatostatin (2 x 10-7M) had no effect on basal gastrin levels but virtually abolished the biphasic response seen with argine stimulation. The study demonstrates close functional similarities between G cells and pancreatic islet cells.", "PMID": 1126310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9454", "title": "Biliary excretion of [3H]aldosterone and its sex dependence in adrenalectomized rats.", "content": "The rate of excretion of 3-H-radioactivity via the bile into the intestine following intravenous injection of [3-H]aldosterone, was demonstrated to be rapid and sex-dependent in adrenalectomized rats. Within 1 h, female rats excreted into the intesting via the bile greater than 95% of the injected dose of [3-H]aldosterone, compared to 47% in the male rats. In both the male and female rats, greater than 90% of the total radioactivity excreted into the intestine represented dichloromethane nonextractable polar derivatives of aldosterone (NEPD). Similarly, the quantities of NEPD recovered in the bile following bile duct cannulation of the rats, were also sex-dependent. These findings account for the rapidity and sex-dependence of the rates of clearance of aldosterone and its metabolites from the plasma of adrenalectomized rats. The sex hormones appear to influence not only the extent and the routes of metabolism of aldosterone in the liver, but also the rates of clearance of aldosterone and its metabolites from the plasma into the bile.", "contents": "Biliary excretion of [3H]aldosterone and its sex dependence in adrenalectomized rats. The rate of excretion of 3-H-radioactivity via the bile into the intestine following intravenous injection of [3-H]aldosterone, was demonstrated to be rapid and sex-dependent in adrenalectomized rats. Within 1 h, female rats excreted into the intesting via the bile greater than 95% of the injected dose of [3-H]aldosterone, compared to 47% in the male rats. In both the male and female rats, greater than 90% of the total radioactivity excreted into the intestine represented dichloromethane nonextractable polar derivatives of aldosterone (NEPD). Similarly, the quantities of NEPD recovered in the bile following bile duct cannulation of the rats, were also sex-dependent. These findings account for the rapidity and sex-dependence of the rates of clearance of aldosterone and its metabolites from the plasma of adrenalectomized rats. The sex hormones appear to influence not only the extent and the routes of metabolism of aldosterone in the liver, but also the rates of clearance of aldosterone and its metabolites from the plasma into the bile.", "PMID": 1126311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9455", "title": "Maintenance of rate testis fluid testosterone and dihydrotestosterone levels by pregnenolone and other C21 steroids in hypophysectomized rats.", "content": "This study was undertaken to determine whether maintenance of spermatogenesis in hypophysectomized rats by pregnenolone and other C21 steroids may be due to in vivo conversion of these compounds to androgens. Hypophysectomized rats were treated sc with 2 mg of pregnenolone, 17-hydroxypregnenolone, progesterone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone or testosterone propionate in 0.2 ml sesame oil daily for 14 days beginning 2 days after hypophysectomy. Rete testis fluid (RTF), peripheral blood, and testicular venous blood were collected on the day of the last injection. Testosterone (T) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) were measured by radioimmunoassay after chromatographic separation. Results demonstrate that T and DHT could be found in the RTF of C21 steroid-treated hypophysectomized rats at levels similar to those seen in the intact rat. Results imply that the maintenance of spermatogenesis by C21 steroids is probably due to the conversion of these compounds to T in the testis. Relatively little T was released from the testis into the peripheral circulation of these rats since T levels in testicular venous plasma were low and peripheral plasma T levels were not distinguishable from those seen in untreated hypophysectomized rats. Histological examination of the testes of C21 steroid-treated hypophysectomized rats showed nearly quantitative maintence of spermatogenesis and atrophy of Leydig cells. These findings suggest that most of the conversion of C21 steroids to androgens occurred in the seminiferous tubules.", "contents": "Maintenance of rate testis fluid testosterone and dihydrotestosterone levels by pregnenolone and other C21 steroids in hypophysectomized rats. This study was undertaken to determine whether maintenance of spermatogenesis in hypophysectomized rats by pregnenolone and other C21 steroids may be due to in vivo conversion of these compounds to androgens. Hypophysectomized rats were treated sc with 2 mg of pregnenolone, 17-hydroxypregnenolone, progesterone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone or testosterone propionate in 0.2 ml sesame oil daily for 14 days beginning 2 days after hypophysectomy. Rete testis fluid (RTF), peripheral blood, and testicular venous blood were collected on the day of the last injection. Testosterone (T) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) were measured by radioimmunoassay after chromatographic separation. Results demonstrate that T and DHT could be found in the RTF of C21 steroid-treated hypophysectomized rats at levels similar to those seen in the intact rat. Results imply that the maintenance of spermatogenesis by C21 steroids is probably due to the conversion of these compounds to T in the testis. Relatively little T was released from the testis into the peripheral circulation of these rats since T levels in testicular venous plasma were low and peripheral plasma T levels were not distinguishable from those seen in untreated hypophysectomized rats. Histological examination of the testes of C21 steroid-treated hypophysectomized rats showed nearly quantitative maintence of spermatogenesis and atrophy of Leydig cells. These findings suggest that most of the conversion of C21 steroids to androgens occurred in the seminiferous tubules.", "PMID": 1126312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9456", "title": "Radioimmunologic assessment of the level of circulating LH antibodies after passive immunization of the rat: relation to the level of LH secretion.", "content": "A double antibody radioimmunologic technique was used to estimate circulating levels of \"free\" LH antibodies (Ab) (i.e., Ab available for binding to radioiodinated rat LH in vitro) after a single injection of an equine antiserum to bovine LH (LH-AS) into cyclic (diestrus-1), early pregnant (d 6 or d 8), short-term (1 d) or long-term (12 d) ovariectomized, or 8-d hypophysectomized female rats. In both cyclic and pregnant rats given 0.5 ml LH-AS sc the blood Ab levles peaked 1 to 2 days after injection and then decreased exponentially (half-time: 14.6-17.0 h) and equally: vaginal estrus also appeared in the cyclic and the aborting pregnant rats on the 6th day, and ovulation on the 7th day after LH-AS treatment, when the blood levels had fallen to very low values. The rate of exponential decrease in blood Ab levels was not affected by other routes of administration (iv or ip) of LH-AS, or by sc doses of 1.0 or 0.25 ml, although the peak levels and their duration were related to dose and route of administration. Ovariectomy significantly increased the rate of exponential Ab decrease (half-time: 9.8 h in rats tested 12 days after operation) and hypophysectomy markedly diminished it (half-time: 63.0 h in rats tested 8 days after  operation). Daily treatment of hypophysectomized rats with 20 mu/day of ovine LH from the time of LH-AS injection increased the rate of exponential Ab decrease to one approaching that of the intact rats (half-time: 20.5 h). Free LH antibodies thus seem to disappear from the circulation at a rate proportional to the amount of LH in the circulation.", "contents": "Radioimmunologic assessment of the level of circulating LH antibodies after passive immunization of the rat: relation to the level of LH secretion. A double antibody radioimmunologic technique was used to estimate circulating levels of \"free\" LH antibodies (Ab) (i.e., Ab available for binding to radioiodinated rat LH in vitro) after a single injection of an equine antiserum to bovine LH (LH-AS) into cyclic (diestrus-1), early pregnant (d 6 or d 8), short-term (1 d) or long-term (12 d) ovariectomized, or 8-d hypophysectomized female rats. In both cyclic and pregnant rats given 0.5 ml LH-AS sc the blood Ab levles peaked 1 to 2 days after injection and then decreased exponentially (half-time: 14.6-17.0 h) and equally: vaginal estrus also appeared in the cyclic and the aborting pregnant rats on the 6th day, and ovulation on the 7th day after LH-AS treatment, when the blood levels had fallen to very low values. The rate of exponential decrease in blood Ab levels was not affected by other routes of administration (iv or ip) of LH-AS, or by sc doses of 1.0 or 0.25 ml, although the peak levels and their duration were related to dose and route of administration. Ovariectomy significantly increased the rate of exponential Ab decrease (half-time: 9.8 h in rats tested 12 days after operation) and hypophysectomy markedly diminished it (half-time: 63.0 h in rats tested 8 days after  operation). Daily treatment of hypophysectomized rats with 20 mu/day of ovine LH from the time of LH-AS injection increased the rate of exponential Ab decrease to one approaching that of the intact rats (half-time: 20.5 h). Free LH antibodies thus seem to disappear from the circulation at a rate proportional to the amount of LH in the circulation.", "PMID": 1126313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9457", "title": "Serial serum levels of gonadotropins, prolactin and sex steroids in the nonpregnant and pregnant chimpanzee.", "content": "Serum levels of FSH, LH, chorionic gonadotropin (CG), prolactin, estrone (E1), estradiol-17Beta (E2), estriol (E3) and progesterone were measured at 2-3-day intervals in 4 chimpanzees through 2-3 menstrual cycles, and serially through subsequent pregnancies. The hormone patterns of the menstrual cycles were similar to those in man, with high levels of FSH in the early follicular phase, followed by rising E2 concentrations to a peak (up to 35 ng/dl) at or just before a midcycle LH/FSH peak. In most cycles there was a secondary E2 rise and progesterone rose to values above 500 ng/dl during the luteal phase. There was no consistent pattern in prolactine levels through 3 menstrual cycles. A simultaneous increase in E2 and LH/CG levels and a fall in FSH about 10 days postovulation indicated fertilization and implantation. Other early signs of pregnancy were persistent luteal range progesterone concentrations and rising levels of E1 and E3. Peak CG levels (56-154 IU/ml) occurred 30-50 days after the midcycle LH/FSH peak, followed by a decline and then a small secondary rise to (to 1 IU/ml) before term. E1, E2 and E3 levels rose more rapidly after 80 days to a peak at term (E1: 180-300 ng/dl; E2: 500-800 ng/dl; and E3:400-1000 ng/dl). Progesterone levels showed one peak coincident with the CG peak, and a secondary rise after about 80 days to maximal values at term of 49-120 ng/ml. Prolactin levels increased during pregnancy with irregular fluctuations (7-127 ng/ml). These findings indicate in contrast to observations in rhesus monkeys and baboons, that the hormonal patterns during pregnancy in the chimpanzee are remarkably similar to those in man. Thus, the chimpanzee should prove to be an ideal model for research directly applicable to human reproduction.", "contents": "Serial serum levels of gonadotropins, prolactin and sex steroids in the nonpregnant and pregnant chimpanzee. Serum levels of FSH, LH, chorionic gonadotropin (CG), prolactin, estrone (E1), estradiol-17Beta (E2), estriol (E3) and progesterone were measured at 2-3-day intervals in 4 chimpanzees through 2-3 menstrual cycles, and serially through subsequent pregnancies. The hormone patterns of the menstrual cycles were similar to those in man, with high levels of FSH in the early follicular phase, followed by rising E2 concentrations to a peak (up to 35 ng/dl) at or just before a midcycle LH/FSH peak. In most cycles there was a secondary E2 rise and progesterone rose to values above 500 ng/dl during the luteal phase. There was no consistent pattern in prolactine levels through 3 menstrual cycles. A simultaneous increase in E2 and LH/CG levels and a fall in FSH about 10 days postovulation indicated fertilization and implantation. Other early signs of pregnancy were persistent luteal range progesterone concentrations and rising levels of E1 and E3. Peak CG levels (56-154 IU/ml) occurred 30-50 days after the midcycle LH/FSH peak, followed by a decline and then a small secondary rise to (to 1 IU/ml) before term. E1, E2 and E3 levels rose more rapidly after 80 days to a peak at term (E1: 180-300 ng/dl; E2: 500-800 ng/dl; and E3:400-1000 ng/dl). Progesterone levels showed one peak coincident with the CG peak, and a secondary rise after about 80 days to maximal values at term of 49-120 ng/ml. Prolactin levels increased during pregnancy with irregular fluctuations (7-127 ng/ml). These findings indicate in contrast to observations in rhesus monkeys and baboons, that the hormonal patterns during pregnancy in the chimpanzee are remarkably similar to those in man. Thus, the chimpanzee should prove to be an ideal model for research directly applicable to human reproduction.", "PMID": 1126314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9458", "title": "The regional distribution of somatostatin in the rat brain.", "content": "A sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay for somatostatin (SRIF) has been used to determine the regional distribution of SRIF in rat brain. The hypothalamus contained the highest concentration of SRIF. Lower, but significant amounts of SRIF were present outside of the hypothalalmus. Within the hypothalamus, the concentration of SRIF was highest in the median eminence and arcuate nucleus although all of the hypothalmic nuclei contained some fo this material. The implications of this distribution are discussed.", "contents": "The regional distribution of somatostatin in the rat brain. A sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay for somatostatin (SRIF) has been used to determine the regional distribution of SRIF in rat brain. The hypothalamus contained the highest concentration of SRIF. Lower, but significant amounts of SRIF were present outside of the hypothalalmus. Within the hypothalamus, the concentration of SRIF was highest in the median eminence and arcuate nucleus although all of the hypothalmic nuclei contained some fo this material. The implications of this distribution are discussed.", "PMID": 1126315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9459", "title": "The rabbit fetal lung as a glucocorticoid target tissue.", "content": "Fetal lung cells from 28 day gestation rabbits cultured in the presence of cortisol (5.5 times 10 - minus 6M) or dexamethasone (5.5 times 10- minus 8M) incorporated [3-H] choline into lecithin to a significantly greater extent than did control cultures. 11-Deoxycortisol, 21-deoxycortisol and 11beta-hydroxyprogesterone, at a concentration of 5.5 times 10- minus 5 M, had no effect on lecithin synthesis. However, when lung cells were simultaneously exposed to these steroids and to cortisol at the concentrations quoted, [3-H] choline incorporation was reduced to control values. Cortisone (5.5 times 10- minus M) also enhanced lecithin synthesis, the activity of the steroid likely being related to the capacity of the lung cells to convert cortisone to cortisol. This hypothesis was supported by the observations that 11-ketoprogesterone (1.3 times 10- minus 5M), which totally inhibited the conversion of cortisone to cortisol and which had no effect of its own on [3-H] choline incorporation, inhibited the effect of cortisone on lecithin synthesis but not that of cortisol. These data support the view that glucocorticoids affect lung cell maturation in a manner comparable to the interaction of other steroid hormones with their target tissues. The capacity of the fetal lung to convert cortisone to cortisol may be physiologically significant in light of the high concentration of 11-oxo-steroids in the fetal circulation throughout pregnancy.", "contents": "The rabbit fetal lung as a glucocorticoid target tissue. Fetal lung cells from 28 day gestation rabbits cultured in the presence of cortisol (5.5 times 10 - minus 6M) or dexamethasone (5.5 times 10- minus 8M) incorporated [3-H] choline into lecithin to a significantly greater extent than did control cultures. 11-Deoxycortisol, 21-deoxycortisol and 11beta-hydroxyprogesterone, at a concentration of 5.5 times 10- minus 5 M, had no effect on lecithin synthesis. However, when lung cells were simultaneously exposed to these steroids and to cortisol at the concentrations quoted, [3-H] choline incorporation was reduced to control values. Cortisone (5.5 times 10- minus M) also enhanced lecithin synthesis, the activity of the steroid likely being related to the capacity of the lung cells to convert cortisone to cortisol. This hypothesis was supported by the observations that 11-ketoprogesterone (1.3 times 10- minus 5M), which totally inhibited the conversion of cortisone to cortisol and which had no effect of its own on [3-H] choline incorporation, inhibited the effect of cortisone on lecithin synthesis but not that of cortisol. These data support the view that glucocorticoids affect lung cell maturation in a manner comparable to the interaction of other steroid hormones with their target tissues. The capacity of the fetal lung to convert cortisone to cortisol may be physiologically significant in light of the high concentration of 11-oxo-steroids in the fetal circulation throughout pregnancy.", "PMID": 1126316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9460", "title": "Diminished prepartal plasma calcitonin concentration on cows developing parturient hypocalcemia.", "content": "Immunoreactive calcitonin and calcium concentrations were determined on 581 plasma samples collected during 23 studies on 20 cows. Sample collections in each study was begun approximately 1 month prior to parturition and continued for about 1 month after parturition. The cows were grouped according to the degree of hypocalcemia encountered at parturition. The parturient paresis group consisted of 10 cows which developed severe hypocalcemia (3.91 plus or minus 0.22 mg/100 ml, mean plus or minus se) accompanied by paresis; the nonparetic hypocalcemic group consisted of 5 cows which developed severe hypocalcemia (5.70 plus or minus 0.03 mg/100 ml) but not paresis; and the control group consisted of 8 cows which experienced only a mild hypocalcemia (8.50 plus or minus 0.27 mg/100 ml) at parturition. In the prepartal period prior to the onset of hypocalcemia, the respective mean plasma calcium concentrations (plus or minus se) of the 3 groups were 10.1 plus or minus 0.11, 9.95 plus or minus 0.20, and 10.2 plus or minus 0.17 mg/100 ml. The development of severe hypocalcemia in the parturient paresis and nonparetic hypocalcemic groups was not accompanied by an increase in plasma calcitonin concentration. Furthermore, plasma calcitonin concentraion of these 2 groups was less than that of control cows during the parturient period as well as during the month before and the month after parturition. The plasma calcium nadir at parturition was positively related to the mean prepartal (encompassing the period from 30 days until 60 h before parturition) plasma calcitonin concentration (r = 0.57, t= 3.14, p less than 0.005); i.e., the lower the prepartal plasma calcitonin concentration the more severe the hypocalcemia at parturtion. These observations suggest that the development of hypocalcemia at parturition is not due to an increased secretion of calcitonin, but instead they suggest that parturient hypocalcemia may be associated with a diminished prepartal secretion of calcitonin.", "contents": "Diminished prepartal plasma calcitonin concentration on cows developing parturient hypocalcemia. Immunoreactive calcitonin and calcium concentrations were determined on 581 plasma samples collected during 23 studies on 20 cows. Sample collections in each study was begun approximately 1 month prior to parturition and continued for about 1 month after parturition. The cows were grouped according to the degree of hypocalcemia encountered at parturition. The parturient paresis group consisted of 10 cows which developed severe hypocalcemia (3.91 plus or minus 0.22 mg/100 ml, mean plus or minus se) accompanied by paresis; the nonparetic hypocalcemic group consisted of 5 cows which developed severe hypocalcemia (5.70 plus or minus 0.03 mg/100 ml) but not paresis; and the control group consisted of 8 cows which experienced only a mild hypocalcemia (8.50 plus or minus 0.27 mg/100 ml) at parturition. In the prepartal period prior to the onset of hypocalcemia, the respective mean plasma calcium concentrations (plus or minus se) of the 3 groups were 10.1 plus or minus 0.11, 9.95 plus or minus 0.20, and 10.2 plus or minus 0.17 mg/100 ml. The development of severe hypocalcemia in the parturient paresis and nonparetic hypocalcemic groups was not accompanied by an increase in plasma calcitonin concentration. Furthermore, plasma calcitonin concentraion of these 2 groups was less than that of control cows during the parturient period as well as during the month before and the month after parturition. The plasma calcium nadir at parturition was positively related to the mean prepartal (encompassing the period from 30 days until 60 h before parturition) plasma calcitonin concentration (r = 0.57, t= 3.14, p less than 0.005); i.e., the lower the prepartal plasma calcitonin concentration the more severe the hypocalcemia at parturtion. These observations suggest that the development of hypocalcemia at parturition is not due to an increased secretion of calcitonin, but instead they suggest that parturient hypocalcemia may be associated with a diminished prepartal secretion of calcitonin.", "PMID": 1126317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9461", "title": "Functional luteolysis in the rhesus monkey: ovarian estrogen and progesterone during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle.", "content": "In a continuing effort to elucidate the processes underlying in primates, the concentrations of estradiol, estrone and progesterone were measured in ovarian tissues and in ovarian vein plasma through the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle of the rhesus monkey. The concentration of progesterone in corpora lutea collected 4-6 days after the preovulatory  LH peak (early luteal phase) was more than twice that found in those collected 8-13 days after the LH surge (late luteal phase) while estradiol and estrone concentrations in the latter had increased 4-fold. These changes in luteal steroid concentrations were paralleled by a striking increase in the concentration of estrone in the ipsilateral ovarian vein. Estrone predominated in the venous effluent of the ovary beaing the corpus luteum while estradiol concentrations were similar in both ovarian veins suggesting that estrone is the principal estrogen released by the corpus luteum. The results of this study are consonant with the hypothesis that estrogen produced by the corpus luteum is the physiologic luteolsin in the rhesus monkey.", "contents": "Functional luteolysis in the rhesus monkey: ovarian estrogen and progesterone during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. In a continuing effort to elucidate the processes underlying in primates, the concentrations of estradiol, estrone and progesterone were measured in ovarian tissues and in ovarian vein plasma through the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle of the rhesus monkey. The concentration of progesterone in corpora lutea collected 4-6 days after the preovulatory  LH peak (early luteal phase) was more than twice that found in those collected 8-13 days after the LH surge (late luteal phase) while estradiol and estrone concentrations in the latter had increased 4-fold. These changes in luteal steroid concentrations were paralleled by a striking increase in the concentration of estrone in the ipsilateral ovarian vein. Estrone predominated in the venous effluent of the ovary beaing the corpus luteum while estradiol concentrations were similar in both ovarian veins suggesting that estrone is the principal estrogen released by the corpus luteum. The results of this study are consonant with the hypothesis that estrogen produced by the corpus luteum is the physiologic luteolsin in the rhesus monkey.", "PMID": 1126318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9462", "title": "Studies on isoproterenol stimulation of adenyl cyclase in membrane preparations from the bovine thyroid.", "content": "Catecholamine stimulation of adenyl cyclase activity associated with bovine subcellular fractions enriched in plasma membranes is described. The relative potencies of isoproterenol (IPNA), epinephrine (E), and norepinephrine (NE) were 4.7:1.0:0.02, which is characteristic for a beta-adrenergic receptor system. Stimulation with IPNA (5 times 10- minus 6 M) was inhibited by propranolol. The inhibition was stereospecific for the L-isomer of propranolol and a concentration as low as 2 times 10- minus 8 M was required to effect 50% inhibition. Both these observations, and the competitive kinetics of inhibition which applied to the system, confirmed the classification of a beta-adrenergic receptor system. Phentolamine, an alpha-antagonist, also inhibited IPNA stimulation, although high doses (5 times 10- minus M) were required to cause total inhibition. Inhibition was also observed with quinidine (1 mM) and lignocaine (10- minus 2 M).", "contents": "Studies on isoproterenol stimulation of adenyl cyclase in membrane preparations from the bovine thyroid. Catecholamine stimulation of adenyl cyclase activity associated with bovine subcellular fractions enriched in plasma membranes is described. The relative potencies of isoproterenol (IPNA), epinephrine (E), and norepinephrine (NE) were 4.7:1.0:0.02, which is characteristic for a beta-adrenergic receptor system. Stimulation with IPNA (5 times 10- minus 6 M) was inhibited by propranolol. The inhibition was stereospecific for the L-isomer of propranolol and a concentration as low as 2 times 10- minus 8 M was required to effect 50% inhibition. Both these observations, and the competitive kinetics of inhibition which applied to the system, confirmed the classification of a beta-adrenergic receptor system. Phentolamine, an alpha-antagonist, also inhibited IPNA stimulation, although high doses (5 times 10- minus M) were required to cause total inhibition. Inhibition was also observed with quinidine (1 mM) and lignocaine (10- minus 2 M).", "PMID": 1126319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9463", "title": "The effect of food deprivation of the peripheral metabolism of thyroxine in rats.", "content": "Starvation depresses thyroid gland function. In addition, the peripheral turnover of thyroxine (T4) is reduced, in part due to decreased fecal elimination of T4. The present studies were performed to determine if starvation also affects the deiodinative pathway for T4 degradation. Rats were isotopically equilibrated with daily injections of exogenous [131-I]T4 while endogenous thyroidal T4 secretion and concentration of iodide were blocked with KCl04. Following a period of equilibration, either complete or 50% food deprivation was imposed on half the animals. Within 48 h of starvation, the serum T4 concentration of the fully starved rats doubled and remained high throughout. A marked decrease in fecal excretion of T4 was partially responsible for the increase. In spite of variability in the quantity of urinary 131-I excreted, the dieodinative clearance was consistently reduced. These effects were readily reversible upon resumption of normal feeding. Similar though less severe changes were observed in the half-fed rats. In both fully and partially-starved animals, the decreased dieodinative clearance in the face of increased serum T4 levels indicates a significant impairment of peripheral deiodination by some as yet unknown mechanism. In contrast, normal rats equilibrated with doses of T4 sufficient to increase serum T4 levels exhibit increased urinary clearance of iodide derived from T4. Thus the increased serum T4 levels are a consequence of impairment of the deiodinative pathway by starvation as well as decreased fecal T4 excretion. Clearly, voluntary alterations in food consumption must be controlled for differences between groups during experimental studies of T4 utilization.", "contents": "The effect of food deprivation of the peripheral metabolism of thyroxine in rats. Starvation depresses thyroid gland function. In addition, the peripheral turnover of thyroxine (T4) is reduced, in part due to decreased fecal elimination of T4. The present studies were performed to determine if starvation also affects the deiodinative pathway for T4 degradation. Rats were isotopically equilibrated with daily injections of exogenous [131-I]T4 while endogenous thyroidal T4 secretion and concentration of iodide were blocked with KCl04. Following a period of equilibration, either complete or 50% food deprivation was imposed on half the animals. Within 48 h of starvation, the serum T4 concentration of the fully starved rats doubled and remained high throughout. A marked decrease in fecal excretion of T4 was partially responsible for the increase. In spite of variability in the quantity of urinary 131-I excreted, the dieodinative clearance was consistently reduced. These effects were readily reversible upon resumption of normal feeding. Similar though less severe changes were observed in the half-fed rats. In both fully and partially-starved animals, the decreased dieodinative clearance in the face of increased serum T4 levels indicates a significant impairment of peripheral deiodination by some as yet unknown mechanism. In contrast, normal rats equilibrated with doses of T4 sufficient to increase serum T4 levels exhibit increased urinary clearance of iodide derived from T4. Thus the increased serum T4 levels are a consequence of impairment of the deiodinative pathway by starvation as well as decreased fecal T4 excretion. Clearly, voluntary alterations in food consumption must be controlled for differences between groups during experimental studies of T4 utilization.", "PMID": 1126320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9464", "title": "Estrogen action: induction of the synthesis of a specific protein (IP) in the myometrium, the stroma and the luminal epithelium of the rat uterus.", "content": "The effect of estrogen on the synthesis of a specific uterine protein (estrogen-induced protein=IP) was investigated at the level of the epithelial, stromal and myometrial tissue fractions. For measuring IP induction, the procedure of Katzenellenbogen and Gorski was followed exactly (involving co-electrophoresis of soluble protein extracts from 3H-labeled estrogen treated uteri and 14C-labeled controls) except for the fact that the uteri were fractionated into their three main tissue components before homogenization. The results show that induction of IP synthesis by estradiol takes place in the three tissue fractions considered. This is consistent with hypotheses assuming a key function for IP in the development of the full estrogenic response in the uterus.", "contents": "Estrogen action: induction of the synthesis of a specific protein (IP) in the myometrium, the stroma and the luminal epithelium of the rat uterus. The effect of estrogen on the synthesis of a specific uterine protein (estrogen-induced protein=IP) was investigated at the level of the epithelial, stromal and myometrial tissue fractions. For measuring IP induction, the procedure of Katzenellenbogen and Gorski was followed exactly (involving co-electrophoresis of soluble protein extracts from 3H-labeled estrogen treated uteri and 14C-labeled controls) except for the fact that the uteri were fractionated into their three main tissue components before homogenization. The results show that induction of IP synthesis by estradiol takes place in the three tissue fractions considered. This is consistent with hypotheses assuming a key function for IP in the development of the full estrogenic response in the uterus.", "PMID": 1126321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9465", "title": "Changes in ultrastructure of rat ovaries after early postnatal x-ray irradiation.", "content": "Female rate were irradiated with 190R of X-rays at 10 days of age and ovarian ultrastructures were studied 4 and 7 months after irradiation. Ultrastructural changes were found in germinal epithelial cells, fibroblasts in the tunica albuginea and interstitial cells. The germinal epithelial cells exhibited various signs of degeneration but no sign of proliferation. Electron density of their basal part was reduced considerably. Their mitochondria became swollen and free ribosomes decreased in number. The nuclei often protruded from the free surface of these cells. These cells frequently fragmented and,finally, the complete desquamation occurred. The basement membrane became unevently thickened. Nuclei of enlarged fibroblasts in the tunica albuginea became irregular ellipsoid in shape, and the nuclear envelope was occasionally invaginated. Various cytoplasmic organelles of the fibroblasts were well-developed. Some abnormal invasion of cytoplasm into the nucleus was found in the interstitial cells showing the ultrastructural characteristics of steroid hormone synthesis. Various cytoplasmic organelles and inclusions invaded into the nucleus of these cells and the nuclear envelope sometimes disappeared locally. These interstitial cells contained a large number of irregular-shaped electron dense mitochondria with vesicular cristae, and numerous dilated vesicles of smooth-surfacedendoplasmic reticulum (SER). The cells of anovular follicles in the irradiated ovariesresembled, in fine structure, the granulosa cells in normal primary follicles of the non-irradiated ovaries. These cells seem to be less affected by early postnatal irradiation.", "contents": "Changes in ultrastructure of rat ovaries after early postnatal x-ray irradiation. Female rate were irradiated with 190R of X-rays at 10 days of age and ovarian ultrastructures were studied 4 and 7 months after irradiation. Ultrastructural changes were found in germinal epithelial cells, fibroblasts in the tunica albuginea and interstitial cells. The germinal epithelial cells exhibited various signs of degeneration but no sign of proliferation. Electron density of their basal part was reduced considerably. Their mitochondria became swollen and free ribosomes decreased in number. The nuclei often protruded from the free surface of these cells. These cells frequently fragmented and,finally, the complete desquamation occurred. The basement membrane became unevently thickened. Nuclei of enlarged fibroblasts in the tunica albuginea became irregular ellipsoid in shape, and the nuclear envelope was occasionally invaginated. Various cytoplasmic organelles of the fibroblasts were well-developed. Some abnormal invasion of cytoplasm into the nucleus was found in the interstitial cells showing the ultrastructural characteristics of steroid hormone synthesis. Various cytoplasmic organelles and inclusions invaded into the nucleus of these cells and the nuclear envelope sometimes disappeared locally. These interstitial cells contained a large number of irregular-shaped electron dense mitochondria with vesicular cristae, and numerous dilated vesicles of smooth-surfacedendoplasmic reticulum (SER). The cells of anovular follicles in the irradiated ovariesresembled, in fine structure, the granulosa cells in normal primary follicles of the non-irradiated ovaries. These cells seem to be less affected by early postnatal irradiation.", "PMID": 1126322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9466", "title": "Biochemical studies on the peroxidase activity in the normal and hyperplastic thyroids of rats.", "content": "The total and specific activity of thyroid homogenate of normal rat was 0.95 times 10- minus 3 GU (guaiacol unit) per rat and 0.61 times 10- minus 3 GU per mg protein. These were increased 3.4 fold and 1.6 fold by chronic administration of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and 5.1 fold and 2.5 fold by treatment with methylthiouracil (MTU), respectively. However, the soluble fractions, which were obtained by centrifugation at 105,000 xg for 120 min from the homogenates, manifested only 2-3% of the activity of the original homogenates, and the specific activity was scarcely affected by the administration of TSH and MTU. Moreover, even the low activity of the soluble fraction might be due to contaminated microsomes. None of the results obtained favors the view that the peroxidase is released from the cell to the colloid lumen. The number of peroxidase molecule per cell of thyroid was roughly estimated to be 1.5 times 10- minus 5 for normal and 3.9 times 10- minus 5 for MTU-treated rat.", "contents": "Biochemical studies on the peroxidase activity in the normal and hyperplastic thyroids of rats. The total and specific activity of thyroid homogenate of normal rat was 0.95 times 10- minus 3 GU (guaiacol unit) per rat and 0.61 times 10- minus 3 GU per mg protein. These were increased 3.4 fold and 1.6 fold by chronic administration of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and 5.1 fold and 2.5 fold by treatment with methylthiouracil (MTU), respectively. However, the soluble fractions, which were obtained by centrifugation at 105,000 xg for 120 min from the homogenates, manifested only 2-3% of the activity of the original homogenates, and the specific activity was scarcely affected by the administration of TSH and MTU. Moreover, even the low activity of the soluble fraction might be due to contaminated microsomes. None of the results obtained favors the view that the peroxidase is released from the cell to the colloid lumen. The number of peroxidase molecule per cell of thyroid was roughly estimated to be 1.5 times 10- minus 5 for normal and 3.9 times 10- minus 5 for MTU-treated rat.", "PMID": 1126323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9467", "title": "Differential hydrolysis of bovine parathyroid hormone and its N-terminal peptide by rat kidney.", "content": "Highly purified bovine parathyroid hormone (b-PTH 1-84) and its synthetic N-terminal peptide (b-PTH 1-34) were labelled with 125-I and incubated with rat kidney homogenate at 37 degrees C for 1 hour to assess the degree of hydrolysis of the iodinated peptides through measurement of the increase of trichloroacetic acid soluble 125-I fraction. Rat kidney homogenate rapidly hydrolyzed b-PTH 1-84 but was scarcely effective in hydrolyzing b-PTH 1-34. When 125-I labelled b-PTH 1-84 and b-PTH 1-34 were injected intravenously in rats, hydrolysis in vivo of the former appeared to be much more rapid than that of the latter, as shown by the faster disappearance from plasma of trichloroacetic acid precipitable fraction. Incubation of b-PTH (1-84) with rat kidney homogenate caused a shift of 125-I PTH peak almost to the position of salt peak, while the position of 125-I b-PTH (1-34) was almost unchanged by incubation with rat kidney homogenate. N-terminal peptide of bovine parathyroid hormone thus appears to be less susceptible to hydrolytic degradation by rat tissue than the intact hormone, with resultant longer retention in the blood stream.", "contents": "Differential hydrolysis of bovine parathyroid hormone and its N-terminal peptide by rat kidney. Highly purified bovine parathyroid hormone (b-PTH 1-84) and its synthetic N-terminal peptide (b-PTH 1-34) were labelled with 125-I and incubated with rat kidney homogenate at 37 degrees C for 1 hour to assess the degree of hydrolysis of the iodinated peptides through measurement of the increase of trichloroacetic acid soluble 125-I fraction. Rat kidney homogenate rapidly hydrolyzed b-PTH 1-84 but was scarcely effective in hydrolyzing b-PTH 1-34. When 125-I labelled b-PTH 1-84 and b-PTH 1-34 were injected intravenously in rats, hydrolysis in vivo of the former appeared to be much more rapid than that of the latter, as shown by the faster disappearance from plasma of trichloroacetic acid precipitable fraction. Incubation of b-PTH (1-84) with rat kidney homogenate caused a shift of 125-I PTH peak almost to the position of salt peak, while the position of 125-I b-PTH (1-34) was almost unchanged by incubation with rat kidney homogenate. N-terminal peptide of bovine parathyroid hormone thus appears to be less susceptible to hydrolytic degradation by rat tissue than the intact hormone, with resultant longer retention in the blood stream.", "PMID": 1126324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9468", "title": "Deciduoma formation in rats ovariectomized and androgenized during neonatal life.", "content": "When rats ovariectomized at 3 days of age and given a single injection of 1.25 mg testosterone propionate on the next day became 60 days old, they were given 3 daily injections of 0.2 mug estradiol-17 beta followed by 7 daily combined injections of 2 mg progesterone and 0.2 mug estradiol. Incidence of deciduomata in reaction to uterine trauma applied on the 4th day of the progesterone-estradiol injections was almost as high as that in neonatally ovariectomized, non-androgenized rats, but the response was significantly smaller in size in androgenized rats than in non-androgenized animals. If females similarly operated on were given injections of 0.1 mug estradiol for 30 days prior to 7 daily injections of progesterone-estradiol, deciduoma formation in androgenized rats was markedly reduced in both incidence and size of the response. In non-androgenized group, deciduoma formation was not significantly affected by chronic administration of estradiol.Accordingly, it is likely that, although androgen injected during neonatal life is responsible for the reduction of uterine responsiveness in androgen-sterilized rats (Takewaki and Ohta, 1974) continued exposure of the uterus to estrogen may play a co-operative role in the event.", "contents": "Deciduoma formation in rats ovariectomized and androgenized during neonatal life. When rats ovariectomized at 3 days of age and given a single injection of 1.25 mg testosterone propionate on the next day became 60 days old, they were given 3 daily injections of 0.2 mug estradiol-17 beta followed by 7 daily combined injections of 2 mg progesterone and 0.2 mug estradiol. Incidence of deciduomata in reaction to uterine trauma applied on the 4th day of the progesterone-estradiol injections was almost as high as that in neonatally ovariectomized, non-androgenized rats, but the response was significantly smaller in size in androgenized rats than in non-androgenized animals. If females similarly operated on were given injections of 0.1 mug estradiol for 30 days prior to 7 daily injections of progesterone-estradiol, deciduoma formation in androgenized rats was markedly reduced in both incidence and size of the response. In non-androgenized group, deciduoma formation was not significantly affected by chronic administration of estradiol.Accordingly, it is likely that, although androgen injected during neonatal life is responsible for the reduction of uterine responsiveness in androgen-sterilized rats (Takewaki and Ohta, 1974) continued exposure of the uterus to estrogen may play a co-operative role in the event.", "PMID": 1126325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9469", "title": "Contributions to an environmental impact statement.", "content": "Assessment of the effects on land use, social, economic, historic and natural environment as a result of highway construction are discussed. Predictions of these effects on the various categories twenty years hence are also presented. Information of this type is a necessary segment of an environment impact study soas to conform to EPAand Department of Rransportation (DOT) guidelines.", "contents": "Contributions to an environmental impact statement. Assessment of the effects on land use, social, economic, historic and natural environment as a result of highway construction are discussed. Predictions of these effects on the various categories twenty years hence are also presented. Information of this type is a necessary segment of an environment impact study soas to conform to EPAand Department of Rransportation (DOT) guidelines.", "PMID": 1126327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9470", "title": "The effect of a proposed transportation facility on noise levels in a suburban community.", "content": "A nine month study of current noise levels was made at twenty-two sites within a community in Eastern Pennsylvania to evaluate the noise pollution factors for a proposed highway. An attempt was made to correlateamnient noise levels for each day of theweek with each location. Computer programs were utilized for datareduction, statistical calculations, and prediction of future noise levels. The prediction analyses were composed of contour analyses, sensitive receptor sites analyses, and the \"Do Nothing\" analysis. Results indicated no noise pollution problems existed during the survey, but future noise levels may exceed Federal Standards for certain sections of the proposed alignments. Factors that cause the unacceptable future noise levels are identified and modifications may be incorporated for adherence to the standards.", "contents": "The effect of a proposed transportation facility on noise levels in a suburban community. A nine month study of current noise levels was made at twenty-two sites within a community in Eastern Pennsylvania to evaluate the noise pollution factors for a proposed highway. An attempt was made to correlateamnient noise levels for each day of theweek with each location. Computer programs were utilized for datareduction, statistical calculations, and prediction of future noise levels. The prediction analyses were composed of contour analyses, sensitive receptor sites analyses, and the \"Do Nothing\" analysis. Results indicated no noise pollution problems existed during the survey, but future noise levels may exceed Federal Standards for certain sections of the proposed alignments. Factors that cause the unacceptable future noise levels are identified and modifications may be incorporated for adherence to the standards.", "PMID": 1126328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9471", "title": "Ambient air pollutant analyses-integral part of an environmental impact study.", "content": "Data for the major pollutants; carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, photochemical oxidants, suspended particulates, and total hydrocarbons, have been presented. In addition, lead analysis and a justification for no sulfur oxides data are also discussed. This study was an integral part of an Environmental Impact Study carried out by the Chemistry Department and the Institute of Transportation Studies a Villanova University. Some of the pollutants were found to cause a situation of concern; namely, photochemical oxidants, suspended particulates and nitrogen oxides. On the otherhand, carbon monoxide and total hydrocarbons were found to be well below limits set by the EPA. Although no standards are set for lead in ambient air, the data showed very low concentrations of this pollutant in our particulate samples. Since oxides ofsulfur are more an industrial, rather than transportation, pollutant little relevance could have been found for the type of study performed.", "contents": "Ambient air pollutant analyses-integral part of an environmental impact study. Data for the major pollutants; carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, photochemical oxidants, suspended particulates, and total hydrocarbons, have been presented. In addition, lead analysis and a justification for no sulfur oxides data are also discussed. This study was an integral part of an Environmental Impact Study carried out by the Chemistry Department and the Institute of Transportation Studies a Villanova University. Some of the pollutants were found to cause a situation of concern; namely, photochemical oxidants, suspended particulates and nitrogen oxides. On the otherhand, carbon monoxide and total hydrocarbons were found to be well below limits set by the EPA. Although no standards are set for lead in ambient air, the data showed very low concentrations of this pollutant in our particulate samples. Since oxides ofsulfur are more an industrial, rather than transportation, pollutant little relevance could have been found for the type of study performed.", "PMID": 1126329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9472", "title": "Distribution and properties of cholinesterases in subcellular fractions from rat jejunum and heart tissue.", "content": "Homogenates of rat jejunum and heart tissue in 0.3 M sucrose have been separated into different subcellular fractions by centrifugation. The distribution of cholinesterases in these two tissues is different. Acetylthiocholine (Ac), propionylthiocholine (Pc), and butyrylthiocholine (Bc) iodides were used as substrates. Using 1 mmol/1 Ac in the presence of hexafluorenium, a local anaesthetic drug, inhibition percentages of these subcellular cholinesterases were found to be different. The differences in the effect of hexafluorenium were most marked at a concentration of 5 mumol/1. Four electrophoretically distinct subcomponents of cholinesterase have been identified in different subcellular fractions from both jejunum and heart tissues. The electrophoretic profile, as determined by polyacrylamide disc electrophoresis, of different subcellular cholinesterases in these two tissues also appears to be different.", "contents": "Distribution and properties of cholinesterases in subcellular fractions from rat jejunum and heart tissue. Homogenates of rat jejunum and heart tissue in 0.3 M sucrose have been separated into different subcellular fractions by centrifugation. The distribution of cholinesterases in these two tissues is different. Acetylthiocholine (Ac), propionylthiocholine (Pc), and butyrylthiocholine (Bc) iodides were used as substrates. Using 1 mmol/1 Ac in the presence of hexafluorenium, a local anaesthetic drug, inhibition percentages of these subcellular cholinesterases were found to be different. The differences in the effect of hexafluorenium were most marked at a concentration of 5 mumol/1. Four electrophoretically distinct subcomponents of cholinesterase have been identified in different subcellular fractions from both jejunum and heart tissues. The electrophoretic profile, as determined by polyacrylamide disc electrophoresis, of different subcellular cholinesterases in these two tissues also appears to be different.", "PMID": 1126330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9473", "title": "Problems of quantities and units in enzymology.", "content": "A knowledge of the molecular structure of an enzyme makes it possible to characterize it by different types of \"amount\": number (of elementary entities), mass, volume, and amount of substance. Another type of amount is obtained by measuring the rate of reaction of a suitable substrate change elicited by the enzyme in a special defined assay mixture; this way of using the catalytic effect has lead international bodies to different definitions of (kind of) quantity and unit. Their problems are discussed. A coherent scheme of the most important kinds of quantities employed by the enzymologist is presented. The dangers of converting results with one type of assay method to those of another are explained.", "contents": "Problems of quantities and units in enzymology. A knowledge of the molecular structure of an enzyme makes it possible to characterize it by different types of \"amount\": number (of elementary entities), mass, volume, and amount of substance. Another type of amount is obtained by measuring the rate of reaction of a suitable substrate change elicited by the enzyme in a special defined assay mixture; this way of using the catalytic effect has lead international bodies to different definitions of (kind of) quantity and unit. Their problems are discussed. A coherent scheme of the most important kinds of quantities employed by the enzymologist is presented. The dangers of converting results with one type of assay method to those of another are explained.", "PMID": 1126331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9474", "title": "Phenylalanine hydroxylase from human kidney.", "content": "In this report the presence, and level, of phenylalanine hydroxylase in the cortex of human kidney is established. The average activity found in 15 surgically removed kidneys was 47.2 plus or minus 11.2 mU/g wet weight of tissue. The average value, determined under the same experimental conditions, for two human liver biopsies was 217 mU/g tissue. Of five autopsy livers obtained 2.5-4 h postmortem, four contained no activity, and only 1-2 percent of normal was found in the fifth. Autopsy kidneys were similarly inactive. The presence of a highly active degradative enzyme could not be demonstrated in autopsy liver homogenates; it was established that the lack of activity was not due to an inhibitory component. A possible interpretation of this phenomenon is discussed. According to work published elsewhere [13] the kidney and liver enzymes appear to be similar. Thus, surgically removed kidneys provide an alternative source of human phenylalanine hydroxylase which can be used to study phenylketonuria.", "contents": "Phenylalanine hydroxylase from human kidney. In this report the presence, and level, of phenylalanine hydroxylase in the cortex of human kidney is established. The average activity found in 15 surgically removed kidneys was 47.2 plus or minus 11.2 mU/g wet weight of tissue. The average value, determined under the same experimental conditions, for two human liver biopsies was 217 mU/g tissue. Of five autopsy livers obtained 2.5-4 h postmortem, four contained no activity, and only 1-2 percent of normal was found in the fifth. Autopsy kidneys were similarly inactive. The presence of a highly active degradative enzyme could not be demonstrated in autopsy liver homogenates; it was established that the lack of activity was not due to an inhibitory component. A possible interpretation of this phenomenon is discussed. According to work published elsewhere [13] the kidney and liver enzymes appear to be similar. Thus, surgically removed kidneys provide an alternative source of human phenylalanine hydroxylase which can be used to study phenylketonuria.", "PMID": 1126332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9475", "title": "Rhodanese activity during the embryonic development of mouse liver and kidney.", "content": "Changes in specific activity and total activity levels of rhodanese in mouse kidney and liver were studied during development of the embryo, neonate and adult. The enzyme profiles during embryonic development were different for kidney and liver. The kidney showed a lower but constant activity from day 11 to 15, then an increase to reach the fully differentiated level at birth. The liver specific activity increased linearly from day 11 to reach a maximum 1 day before birth. The level of rhodanese may be correlated with the onset of organogenesis. The kidney results are discussed in terms of a protodifferentiated level of activity followed by a biphasic increase in specific protein synthesis.", "contents": "Rhodanese activity during the embryonic development of mouse liver and kidney. Changes in specific activity and total activity levels of rhodanese in mouse kidney and liver were studied during development of the embryo, neonate and adult. The enzyme profiles during embryonic development were different for kidney and liver. The kidney showed a lower but constant activity from day 11 to 15, then an increase to reach the fully differentiated level at birth. The liver specific activity increased linearly from day 11 to reach a maximum 1 day before birth. The level of rhodanese may be correlated with the onset of organogenesis. The kidney results are discussed in terms of a protodifferentiated level of activity followed by a biphasic increase in specific protein synthesis.", "PMID": 1126333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9476", "title": "Stability of membrane acetylcholinesterase in human erythrocytes treated with tetraphenylboron.", "content": "Treatment of human erythrocytes with non-hemolytic concentrations of tetraphenylboron causes irreversible inactivation of acetylcholinesterase, an enzyme located at or near the outer cell surface. By contrast to other agents which also inactivate acetylcholinesterase activity such as 1,5-difluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene and glutaraldehyde, tetraphenylboron does not affect the thermostability of the enzyme, alter its susceptibility to denaturation by urea or hinder the proteolytic digestion of the erythrocyte membrane.", "contents": "Stability of membrane acetylcholinesterase in human erythrocytes treated with tetraphenylboron. Treatment of human erythrocytes with non-hemolytic concentrations of tetraphenylboron causes irreversible inactivation of acetylcholinesterase, an enzyme located at or near the outer cell surface. By contrast to other agents which also inactivate acetylcholinesterase activity such as 1,5-difluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene and glutaraldehyde, tetraphenylboron does not affect the thermostability of the enzyme, alter its susceptibility to denaturation by urea or hinder the proteolytic digestion of the erythrocyte membrane.", "PMID": 1126334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9477", "title": "Glycolytic enzyme levels of intraocular fluids and lens as compared to the respective sera of various animal species.", "content": "The levels of glycolytic enzymes, aldolase, phosphohexose isomerase and lactic dehydrogenase, the latter as total and isozymes, were determined in the vitreous and aqueous humors and sera as well as in lens-saline extracts of the cat, Rhesus monkey, guinea pig, rabbit, rat and cattle. Although wide species differences were noted, the levels were generally lower in the aqueous as compared to the vitreous and serum. Aldolase and phosphohexose isomerase were invariably elevated in the lens of most species. The LDH isozyme patterns were quite unique in regard to the fluids and the species. The ratios of enzyme contents of the intraocular fluids to the respective sera were calculated and the findings compared. As tested in a few species, no remarkable enzyme differences could be discerned as a result of prior dark or light adaptation of the eyes.", "contents": "Glycolytic enzyme levels of intraocular fluids and lens as compared to the respective sera of various animal species. The levels of glycolytic enzymes, aldolase, phosphohexose isomerase and lactic dehydrogenase, the latter as total and isozymes, were determined in the vitreous and aqueous humors and sera as well as in lens-saline extracts of the cat, Rhesus monkey, guinea pig, rabbit, rat and cattle. Although wide species differences were noted, the levels were generally lower in the aqueous as compared to the vitreous and serum. Aldolase and phosphohexose isomerase were invariably elevated in the lens of most species. The LDH isozyme patterns were quite unique in regard to the fluids and the species. The ratios of enzyme contents of the intraocular fluids to the respective sera were calculated and the findings compared. As tested in a few species, no remarkable enzyme differences could be discerned as a result of prior dark or light adaptation of the eyes.", "PMID": 1126335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9478", "title": "Rat liver isozymes in acute carbon tetrachloride and ethionine poisoning.", "content": "Changes in protein elution patterns and among others in the distribution profiles of some isozymes, as the lysosomal acid phosphatase, the microsomal alkaline phosphatase, the cytoplasmic fraction of aspartate aminotransferase and some fractions of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, have been found in liver experimental fatty change induced in rats by carbon tetrachloride and ethionine. The possible meaning of these changes is discussed.", "contents": "Rat liver isozymes in acute carbon tetrachloride and ethionine poisoning. Changes in protein elution patterns and among others in the distribution profiles of some isozymes, as the lysosomal acid phosphatase, the microsomal alkaline phosphatase, the cytoplasmic fraction of aspartate aminotransferase and some fractions of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, have been found in liver experimental fatty change induced in rats by carbon tetrachloride and ethionine. The possible meaning of these changes is discussed.", "PMID": 1126337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9479", "title": "Identity of rat kidney and urine alkaline phosphatase actions and relation to the effect of nitrofuranfuradroxyl.", "content": "The activities of alkaline phosphatases of kidney and urine appear similar and identical in action. Both are magnesium-dependent and inhibited by higher concentrations of 2-glycerophosphate. A band of similar mobility is obtained on electrophoresis of kidney and urine enzymes. In vitro magnesium competitively inhibits their activities when the ratio of Mg-+2 ions/2-glycerophosphate is above a definite level. Their activities are not affected by exogenous zinc and follow the Michaelis-Menten equation only when attention is given to the ratio of Mg-+2 ions/substrate. Nitrofuranfuradroxyl is a mixed type inhibitor showing a second-order rate of reaction with kidney and urine phosphatases.", "contents": "Identity of rat kidney and urine alkaline phosphatase actions and relation to the effect of nitrofuranfuradroxyl. The activities of alkaline phosphatases of kidney and urine appear similar and identical in action. Both are magnesium-dependent and inhibited by higher concentrations of 2-glycerophosphate. A band of similar mobility is obtained on electrophoresis of kidney and urine enzymes. In vitro magnesium competitively inhibits their activities when the ratio of Mg-+2 ions/2-glycerophosphate is above a definite level. Their activities are not affected by exogenous zinc and follow the Michaelis-Menten equation only when attention is given to the ratio of Mg-+2 ions/substrate. Nitrofuranfuradroxyl is a mixed type inhibitor showing a second-order rate of reaction with kidney and urine phosphatases.", "PMID": 1126338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9480", "title": "Studies on aryl phosphate hydrolysis by human acid phsophatases.", "content": "Acid phosphatases from human tissues were investigated with respect to the cleavage of six different aryl phosphates. The enzymes, except the prostatic one, showed increasing Km values with increasing substrate concentrations at a constant pH. Electrophilic substitution of the aromatic ring lowered the reaction velocity, but apparently did not change the Km. The optimum hydrolysis was at pH 3.0--6.0 without any regular pattern, which could depend on the substrate configuration.", "contents": "Studies on aryl phosphate hydrolysis by human acid phsophatases. Acid phosphatases from human tissues were investigated with respect to the cleavage of six different aryl phosphates. The enzymes, except the prostatic one, showed increasing Km values with increasing substrate concentrations at a constant pH. Electrophilic substitution of the aromatic ring lowered the reaction velocity, but apparently did not change the Km. The optimum hydrolysis was at pH 3.0--6.0 without any regular pattern, which could depend on the substrate configuration.", "PMID": 1126339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9481", "title": "Metabolism of trans-3-hexadecenoic acid in broad bean.", "content": "1. Broad bean (Vicia faba) leaves contain rather high concentrations (about 4% of total fatty acids) of the trans-3-hexadecenoic acid. 2. Amounts of the acid increase with the age of the leaves and are absent from etiolated tissue. 3. Changes in the levels of trans-delta-4-hexadecenoic acid can be produced by subjecting the intact plants to various light/dark periods. 4. Chloroplasts isolated from broad-bean leaves show high rates of fatty acid synthesis from [1-14C]acetate. Synthesis is dependent on coenzyme A and ATP but is insensitive to the addition of exogenous acyl carrier protein. 5. The pattern of acids made includes about 20% palmitic, 5% hexadeconoic, 10% stearic and 60% oleic. trans-3-Hexadecenoic acid synthesis was most active in chloroplasts from plants exposed to the dark for 5 days and light for 3 days. 6. Arsenite addition inhibited stearate formation by isolated chloroplasts but resulted in a two-fold stimulation of overall synthesis. 7. The rate of fatty acid synthesis by isolated chloroplasts paralleled the changes in endogenous trans-3-hexadecenoic acid levels in the leaves from which they were isolated.", "contents": "Metabolism of trans-3-hexadecenoic acid in broad bean. 1. Broad bean (Vicia faba) leaves contain rather high concentrations (about 4% of total fatty acids) of the trans-3-hexadecenoic acid. 2. Amounts of the acid increase with the age of the leaves and are absent from etiolated tissue. 3. Changes in the levels of trans-delta-4-hexadecenoic acid can be produced by subjecting the intact plants to various light/dark periods. 4. Chloroplasts isolated from broad-bean leaves show high rates of fatty acid synthesis from [1-14C]acetate. Synthesis is dependent on coenzyme A and ATP but is insensitive to the addition of exogenous acyl carrier protein. 5. The pattern of acids made includes about 20% palmitic, 5% hexadeconoic, 10% stearic and 60% oleic. trans-3-Hexadecenoic acid synthesis was most active in chloroplasts from plants exposed to the dark for 5 days and light for 3 days. 6. Arsenite addition inhibited stearate formation by isolated chloroplasts but resulted in a two-fold stimulation of overall synthesis. 7. The rate of fatty acid synthesis by isolated chloroplasts paralleled the changes in endogenous trans-3-hexadecenoic acid levels in the leaves from which they were isolated.", "PMID": 1126340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9482", "title": "Specific tritiation of indole derivatives by catalytic desulfenylation. Application to the labelling of tryptophan-containing peptides.", "content": "A new method for tritiating indole derivatives was studied. The procedure consisted first of the formation of an o-nitrophenylsulfenyl tryptophanyl derivative by reacting the compound with o-nitrophenylsulfenyl chloride; then the sulfenylated product was submitted to catalytic hydrogenolysis in the presence of tritium gas. This latter reaction led to the desulfenylation of the compound and permitted the replacement of the thioether function by a tritium atom. By this procedure l-tryptophan, N-acetyl-l-tryptophanamide and a gastin-like pentapeptide derivative, Boc-Gly-Trp-Met-Asp-Phe(NH2), have been tritiated; 15, 16 and 7 Ci/mmol have been obtained respectively. The labelled compounds have retained the properties of the native materials.", "contents": "Specific tritiation of indole derivatives by catalytic desulfenylation. Application to the labelling of tryptophan-containing peptides. A new method for tritiating indole derivatives was studied. The procedure consisted first of the formation of an o-nitrophenylsulfenyl tryptophanyl derivative by reacting the compound with o-nitrophenylsulfenyl chloride; then the sulfenylated product was submitted to catalytic hydrogenolysis in the presence of tritium gas. This latter reaction led to the desulfenylation of the compound and permitted the replacement of the thioether function by a tritium atom. By this procedure l-tryptophan, N-acetyl-l-tryptophanamide and a gastin-like pentapeptide derivative, Boc-Gly-Trp-Met-Asp-Phe(NH2), have been tritiated; 15, 16 and 7 Ci/mmol have been obtained respectively. The labelled compounds have retained the properties of the native materials.", "PMID": 1126341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9483", "title": "The binding of tritiated elongation factors 1 and 2 to ribosomes from Krebs II mouse ascites tumor cells.", "content": "Tritiated elongation factors 1 and 2 (EF-1 and EF-2) were obtained from Krebs II ascites cells which had been grown in mice injected with radioactive amino acids. The highly purified factors were sufficiently radioactive to be used in a study of the interactions between ribosomes and elongation factors. The following results were obtained. 1. EF-1 binding to ribosomes requires the presence of a polynucleotide, an aminoacyl-tRNA specified by the latter and a guanosine nucleotide carrying three phosphate groups. The hydrolysis of the GTP molecule involved in the binding reaction leads to the immediate release of EF-1. If GTP is replaced by Guo-5'-P2-CH2-P the factor remains bound to the ribosome and can be detected by sucrose gradient centrifugation techniques. 2. Likewise EF-2 binding to ribosomes can only be detected in the presence of GUO-5'-P2-CH2-P. 3. The affinity of ribosomes for EF-2 appears to be higher than for EF-1: PREINCUBATION OF RIBOSOMES WITH EF-2 inhibits the subsequent attachment of EF-1 almost completely. EF-1 prebound to ribosomes in the presence of GUO-5'-P2-CH2-P, POLY(URIDYLIC ACID) AND Phe-tRNA-Phe is partially removed from the ribosomes together with Phe-tRNA during a second incubation with EF-2. 4. Although EF-2 binding to ribosomes precludes any stable association between ribosomes and EF-1 it does not prevent the insertion of aminoacyl-tRNA into the ribosomal A-site. The attachment of aminoacyl-tRNA under these conditions enhances the binding of EF-2 to the ribosome. 5. The antibiotic showdomycin strongly inhibits the attachment of EF-1 to ribosomes and to a lesser degree impairs the binding of EF-2. 6. A-site ribosomes display a strong preference for the attachment of EF-2 and bind EF-1 only very poorly. The reverse is true for P-site ribosomes which are good substrates for the binding of EF-1 and bind EF-2 less efficiently than A-site ribosomes. These results and a number of additional findings made in this and in previous studies are discussed in the general context of the structure and function of mammalian elongation factors 1 and 2.", "contents": "The binding of tritiated elongation factors 1 and 2 to ribosomes from Krebs II mouse ascites tumor cells. Tritiated elongation factors 1 and 2 (EF-1 and EF-2) were obtained from Krebs II ascites cells which had been grown in mice injected with radioactive amino acids. The highly purified factors were sufficiently radioactive to be used in a study of the interactions between ribosomes and elongation factors. The following results were obtained. 1. EF-1 binding to ribosomes requires the presence of a polynucleotide, an aminoacyl-tRNA specified by the latter and a guanosine nucleotide carrying three phosphate groups. The hydrolysis of the GTP molecule involved in the binding reaction leads to the immediate release of EF-1. If GTP is replaced by Guo-5'-P2-CH2-P the factor remains bound to the ribosome and can be detected by sucrose gradient centrifugation techniques. 2. Likewise EF-2 binding to ribosomes can only be detected in the presence of GUO-5'-P2-CH2-P. 3. The affinity of ribosomes for EF-2 appears to be higher than for EF-1: PREINCUBATION OF RIBOSOMES WITH EF-2 inhibits the subsequent attachment of EF-1 almost completely. EF-1 prebound to ribosomes in the presence of GUO-5'-P2-CH2-P, POLY(URIDYLIC ACID) AND Phe-tRNA-Phe is partially removed from the ribosomes together with Phe-tRNA during a second incubation with EF-2. 4. Although EF-2 binding to ribosomes precludes any stable association between ribosomes and EF-1 it does not prevent the insertion of aminoacyl-tRNA into the ribosomal A-site. The attachment of aminoacyl-tRNA under these conditions enhances the binding of EF-2 to the ribosome. 5. The antibiotic showdomycin strongly inhibits the attachment of EF-1 to ribosomes and to a lesser degree impairs the binding of EF-2. 6. A-site ribosomes display a strong preference for the attachment of EF-2 and bind EF-1 only very poorly. The reverse is true for P-site ribosomes which are good substrates for the binding of EF-1 and bind EF-2 less efficiently than A-site ribosomes. These results and a number of additional findings made in this and in previous studies are discussed in the general context of the structure and function of mammalian elongation factors 1 and 2.", "PMID": 1126342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9484", "title": "[Purification of kappa-caseins from sheep. Analysis of the glycan and peptide components (author's transl)].", "content": "Starting from whole individual ovine casein prepared according to the method of Shahani, K. M. & Sommer, H. H. [J. Dairy Sci. 34, 1003-1009 (1951)], kappa-casein was isolated and purified by successive steps of chromatography on columns of dextran gel and hydroxyapatite. On filtration through Sephadex G-150 in a buffer containing urea, the bulk of the kappa-casein behaved as aggregates appearing in the void volume. Dissociation of these aggregates by reductive cleavage of disulfide bonds with 2-mercaptoethanol, followed by a second filtration step on Sephadex G-150 in the presence of both urea and 2-mercaptoethanol, resulted in retardation of the kappa-casein, with separation from a contaminant representing 10-12% of the material applied. Further purification was achieved by chromatography on hydroxyapatite which eliminated the alpha-s- and beta-caseins. The purified kappa-casein had a molecular weight of about 20000, an absorption coefficient (see journal for formula) at 280 nm of 10.85 and a sialic acid and phosphorous content of 0.3% (w/w) each. The sugar fraction liberated on acid hydrolysis of the caseinomacropeptide showed the presence of N-acetylgalactosamine, galactose and neuraminic acid in equimolar ratio. Neuraminic acid existed mainly as the N-glycolyl derivative. The polypeptide chain of the ovine kappa-casein was composed of about 170 amino-acids residues. Compared to bovine kappa-caseins, the most notable difference was the presence of one additional cysteinyl and four additional aspartyl residues. Starch-gel and polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis clearly revealed the heterogeneity of ovine kappa-casein. Chromatographic fractionation of whole kappa-casein on DEAE-cellulose also led to the separation of several fractions, the main characteristics of which are presented. Analysis of these fractions indicated that only those components which were firmly bound to DEAE-cellulose were glycosylated.", "contents": "[Purification of kappa-caseins from sheep. Analysis of the glycan and peptide components (author's transl)]. Starting from whole individual ovine casein prepared according to the method of Shahani, K. M. & Sommer, H. H. [J. Dairy Sci. 34, 1003-1009 (1951)], kappa-casein was isolated and purified by successive steps of chromatography on columns of dextran gel and hydroxyapatite. On filtration through Sephadex G-150 in a buffer containing urea, the bulk of the kappa-casein behaved as aggregates appearing in the void volume. Dissociation of these aggregates by reductive cleavage of disulfide bonds with 2-mercaptoethanol, followed by a second filtration step on Sephadex G-150 in the presence of both urea and 2-mercaptoethanol, resulted in retardation of the kappa-casein, with separation from a contaminant representing 10-12% of the material applied. Further purification was achieved by chromatography on hydroxyapatite which eliminated the alpha-s- and beta-caseins. The purified kappa-casein had a molecular weight of about 20000, an absorption coefficient (see journal for formula) at 280 nm of 10.85 and a sialic acid and phosphorous content of 0.3% (w/w) each. The sugar fraction liberated on acid hydrolysis of the caseinomacropeptide showed the presence of N-acetylgalactosamine, galactose and neuraminic acid in equimolar ratio. Neuraminic acid existed mainly as the N-glycolyl derivative. The polypeptide chain of the ovine kappa-casein was composed of about 170 amino-acids residues. Compared to bovine kappa-caseins, the most notable difference was the presence of one additional cysteinyl and four additional aspartyl residues. Starch-gel and polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis clearly revealed the heterogeneity of ovine kappa-casein. Chromatographic fractionation of whole kappa-casein on DEAE-cellulose also led to the separation of several fractions, the main characteristics of which are presented. Analysis of these fractions indicated that only those components which were firmly bound to DEAE-cellulose were glycosylated.", "PMID": 1126343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9485", "title": "The reversible flexion contracture as a sign of peripheral nerve lesion.", "content": "Three cases were observed with the same substantial clinical features: flexion contracture of the third, fourth, and fifth finger and less extensive of the wrist. The contracture appeared after a mechanical injury not related to the involved muscles. In two cases the lesion was situated above or in the elbow region, in the third on the ulnar border of the forearm. In all cases there were some ulnar nerve signs and symptoms but the contracture involved flexor muscles which were co-innervated by the median nerve. The signs and symptoms improved or disappeared entirely after neurolysis. The question is raised, whether the contracture is due to peripheral nerves damage.", "contents": "The reversible flexion contracture as a sign of peripheral nerve lesion. Three cases were observed with the same substantial clinical features: flexion contracture of the third, fourth, and fifth finger and less extensive of the wrist. The contracture appeared after a mechanical injury not related to the involved muscles. In two cases the lesion was situated above or in the elbow region, in the third on the ulnar border of the forearm. In all cases there were some ulnar nerve signs and symptoms but the contracture involved flexor muscles which were co-innervated by the median nerve. The signs and symptoms improved or disappeared entirely after neurolysis. The question is raised, whether the contracture is due to peripheral nerves damage.", "PMID": 1126344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9486", "title": "Histochemical investigations on the presence of acetylcholinesterase and succinic dehydrogenase in fetal human spinal cord and brain stem at different stages of development.", "content": "A comparison has been made of the localization and ontogenetic development of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) in sections of fetal human apinal cord and brain stem using histochemical methods. Spinal cord sections of young fetuses (8-10 weeks in utero) showed low to moderate enzymatic activity whereas sections of older fetuses (12-18 weeks in utero) revealed high concentrations of AChE and SDH in the ventral and laeral horns. A similar increase in enzymatic activity during development was also observed in brain stem sections where AChE and SDH were mainly confined to cranial nerve nuclei. A comparison of our histochemical findings with investigations on the development of motor activity in the spinal cord suggests that there is a correlation between the increase in AChE activity and functional development.", "contents": "Histochemical investigations on the presence of acetylcholinesterase and succinic dehydrogenase in fetal human spinal cord and brain stem at different stages of development. A comparison has been made of the localization and ontogenetic development of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) in sections of fetal human apinal cord and brain stem using histochemical methods. Spinal cord sections of young fetuses (8-10 weeks in utero) showed low to moderate enzymatic activity whereas sections of older fetuses (12-18 weeks in utero) revealed high concentrations of AChE and SDH in the ventral and laeral horns. A similar increase in enzymatic activity during development was also observed in brain stem sections where AChE and SDH were mainly confined to cranial nerve nuclei. A comparison of our histochemical findings with investigations on the development of motor activity in the spinal cord suggests that there is a correlation between the increase in AChE activity and functional development.", "PMID": 1126345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9487", "title": "Neuromuscular failure in myotonic rats.", "content": "Myotonia-like activity was recorded from various muscles of rats treated with 25-azacholesterol for a period of 2-8 weeks. 50% of myotonic rats showed a decline of amplitude of the evoked muscle potentials of the flexor digitorum muscle on stimulation of the median nerve with supramaximal stimuli at frequencies of 3, 5, 8, 15 or 50 cps. Administration of prostigimine increased neuromuscular failure. This temporary paresis of myotonic muscle resembles the transient impediment of motility of myotonic patients and it is entirely different from myasthenic transmission defect.", "contents": "Neuromuscular failure in myotonic rats. Myotonia-like activity was recorded from various muscles of rats treated with 25-azacholesterol for a period of 2-8 weeks. 50% of myotonic rats showed a decline of amplitude of the evoked muscle potentials of the flexor digitorum muscle on stimulation of the median nerve with supramaximal stimuli at frequencies of 3, 5, 8, 15 or 50 cps. Administration of prostigimine increased neuromuscular failure. This temporary paresis of myotonic muscle resembles the transient impediment of motility of myotonic patients and it is entirely different from myasthenic transmission defect.", "PMID": 1126346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9488", "title": "Comparative quantitation of immunoglobulin G (IgG) in cerebrospinal fluid and serum of children.", "content": "Report on quantitation of IgG in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum of 84 children at different ages. A relation was shown between the content of IgG in CSF and serum depending on age. The decrease of the ratio CSF-IgG/serum-IgG as well as of the total protein in the CSF during the first trimenon points out a post-partal impediment of the diffusion from the blood to the CSF compartment. Beyond the first year of life the ratio of the concentrations mostly remains constant. Measurements in 135 children suffering from several neurological diseases showed that quantitation of IgG is of value only in case of suspicion of encephalitis with local synthesis of IgG.", "contents": "Comparative quantitation of immunoglobulin G (IgG) in cerebrospinal fluid and serum of children. Report on quantitation of IgG in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum of 84 children at different ages. A relation was shown between the content of IgG in CSF and serum depending on age. The decrease of the ratio CSF-IgG/serum-IgG as well as of the total protein in the CSF during the first trimenon points out a post-partal impediment of the diffusion from the blood to the CSF compartment. Beyond the first year of life the ratio of the concentrations mostly remains constant. Measurements in 135 children suffering from several neurological diseases showed that quantitation of IgG is of value only in case of suspicion of encephalitis with local synthesis of IgG.", "PMID": 1126347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9489", "title": "'Iatrogenic' brain stem infarction. A complication of x-ray examination of the cervical spine and following posterior tamponation of the nose.", "content": "Two patients sustained an ischemic brain stem infarction during medical examination and treatment. The first patient lost consciousness and the spontaneous respiration ceased during X-ray examination of the  cervical spine when the neck was hyperextended. After some minutes he regained conciousness but was found to be tetraplegic, and the patient deceased 4 months later. The angiogram revealed thrombosis of the basilar artery. The other patient had profuse nosebleed and was treated with posterior tamponation during which she sat for about 10 min with the neck hyperextended. Some hours after this procedure symptoms and signs of lateral caudal brain stem infarction emerged.", "contents": "'Iatrogenic' brain stem infarction. A complication of x-ray examination of the cervical spine and following posterior tamponation of the nose. Two patients sustained an ischemic brain stem infarction during medical examination and treatment. The first patient lost consciousness and the spontaneous respiration ceased during X-ray examination of the  cervical spine when the neck was hyperextended. After some minutes he regained conciousness but was found to be tetraplegic, and the patient deceased 4 months later. The angiogram revealed thrombosis of the basilar artery. The other patient had profuse nosebleed and was treated with posterior tamponation during which she sat for about 10 min with the neck hyperextended. Some hours after this procedure symptoms and signs of lateral caudal brain stem infarction emerged.", "PMID": 1126348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9490", "title": "Intracardiac conduction defects following overdose of tricyclic antidepressant drugs.", "content": "Atrioventricular and intraventricular conduction were assessed in 4 patients with tricyclic antidepressant overdosage. The proximal or A-V nodal conduction (A-H) was normal, but 3 patients showed a drug-related increase in the QRS duration and His-Purkinje (H-V) conduction time. One patient with a normal H-V interval had a normal width QRS. The findings were independent of the heart rate and suggested a \"quinidine-like effect\" of the tricyclic drugs when ingested in suicidal doses. All 4 patients had normal intracardic conduction when restudied 8 days later. Procainamide and quinidine have similar effects on the intracardiac conduction and would appear undesirable in the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias in patients with tricyclic overdosage. Practolol in a dose of 20 mg by intravenous injection reduced the heart rate and caused a relative increase in the A-H interval but did not affect either the distal atrioventricular or intraventricular conduction. Although there was a slight drop in blood pressure, it may be a safer drug to use.", "contents": "Intracardiac conduction defects following overdose of tricyclic antidepressant drugs. Atrioventricular and intraventricular conduction were assessed in 4 patients with tricyclic antidepressant overdosage. The proximal or A-V nodal conduction (A-H) was normal, but 3 patients showed a drug-related increase in the QRS duration and His-Purkinje (H-V) conduction time. One patient with a normal H-V interval had a normal width QRS. The findings were independent of the heart rate and suggested a \"quinidine-like effect\" of the tricyclic drugs when ingested in suicidal doses. All 4 patients had normal intracardic conduction when restudied 8 days later. Procainamide and quinidine have similar effects on the intracardiac conduction and would appear undesirable in the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias in patients with tricyclic overdosage. Practolol in a dose of 20 mg by intravenous injection reduced the heart rate and caused a relative increase in the A-H interval but did not affect either the distal atrioventricular or intraventricular conduction. Although there was a slight drop in blood pressure, it may be a safer drug to use.", "PMID": 1126353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9491", "title": "New manifestations of dual A-V nodal pathways.", "content": "Electrophysiological studies with extrastimulus technique demonstrated evidence of dual A-V pathways in two patients with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT). In case one, the second P of paced Wenckebach sequences was followed by two conducted QRS complexes without an intervening P wave. The A-H of the first and second QRS were consistent with the fast and slow pathway conduction times. The second QRS was followed by an atrial echo and PSVT, suggesting that the first pathway was available for retrograde propagation following the second QRS. In case two, PSVT was induced with atrial extrastimulus, followed by development of A-V dissociation. The two cases suggest the following conclusions: (1) dual A-V nodal pathways may allow the occurrence of double antegrade conduction of one P; (2) the atria are not necessary for A-V nodal circus movements in \"dual pathway\" A-V nodal reentrant PSVT.", "contents": "New manifestations of dual A-V nodal pathways. Electrophysiological studies with extrastimulus technique demonstrated evidence of dual A-V pathways in two patients with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT). In case one, the second P of paced Wenckebach sequences was followed by two conducted QRS complexes without an intervening P wave. The A-H of the first and second QRS were consistent with the fast and slow pathway conduction times. The second QRS was followed by an atrial echo and PSVT, suggesting that the first pathway was available for retrograde propagation following the second QRS. In case two, PSVT was induced with atrial extrastimulus, followed by development of A-V dissociation. The two cases suggest the following conclusions: (1) dual A-V nodal pathways may allow the occurrence of double antegrade conduction of one P; (2) the atria are not necessary for A-V nodal circus movements in \"dual pathway\" A-V nodal reentrant PSVT.", "PMID": 1126354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9492", "title": "Aberrant origin of left pulmonary artery (vascular sling). Report of the clinical and anatomic features in three patients.", "content": "The clinical and anatomical findings in 3 patients with aberrant origin of the left pulmonary artery from the right pulmonary artery (\"vascular sling\") are presented. All 3 children symptoms of severe respiratory distress shortly after birth. In 2 children the correct diagnosis was suggested from the roentgenogram of the thorax, because of an indentation in the anterior wall of the esophagus. The diagnosis was further endorsed by selective angiography of the aberrant left pulmonary artery. The second patient is of particular interest, since the correct diagnosis was missed because of the presence of a multitude of associated anomalies. These included a tracheobronchial anomaly, a ventricular septal defect with a dilated pulmonary trunk, and a left-ward shift of the heart secondary to pulmonary emphysema on the right. Therefore, the indentation in the esophagus was absent, while the shift and rotation of the heart led to a misinterpretation of the exact course of the left pulmonary artery on the angiocardiogram. These cases are presented to reemphasize that \"vascular sling\", although rare, is indeed a serious cause of respiratory distress in infancy. Early recognition is of vital importance, since surgical repair of the vascular anomaly seems to be the only benificial procedure in these patients.", "contents": "Aberrant origin of left pulmonary artery (vascular sling). Report of the clinical and anatomic features in three patients. The clinical and anatomical findings in 3 patients with aberrant origin of the left pulmonary artery from the right pulmonary artery (\"vascular sling\") are presented. All 3 children symptoms of severe respiratory distress shortly after birth. In 2 children the correct diagnosis was suggested from the roentgenogram of the thorax, because of an indentation in the anterior wall of the esophagus. The diagnosis was further endorsed by selective angiography of the aberrant left pulmonary artery. The second patient is of particular interest, since the correct diagnosis was missed because of the presence of a multitude of associated anomalies. These included a tracheobronchial anomaly, a ventricular septal defect with a dilated pulmonary trunk, and a left-ward shift of the heart secondary to pulmonary emphysema on the right. Therefore, the indentation in the esophagus was absent, while the shift and rotation of the heart led to a misinterpretation of the exact course of the left pulmonary artery on the angiocardiogram. These cases are presented to reemphasize that \"vascular sling\", although rare, is indeed a serious cause of respiratory distress in infancy. Early recognition is of vital importance, since surgical repair of the vascular anomaly seems to be the only benificial procedure in these patients.", "PMID": 1126355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9493", "title": "Tricyclic antidepressive drugs and dopamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase from rat brain striatum.", "content": "Tricyclic antidepressant drugs were examined as inhibitors of dopamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase in a cell-free homogenate of rat brain striatum. Amitriptyline (Ki 0.17 muM) and doxepin (Ki 0.24 muM) were found to be potent inhibitors of dopamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase, chlorimipramine (Ki 0.59 muM) and nortriptyline (Ki 0.50 muM) were moderate inhibitors and imipramine, desmethylimipramine, protriptyline and melitracene were weak inhibitors with Ki values higher than 1 muM.", "contents": "Tricyclic antidepressive drugs and dopamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase from rat brain striatum. Tricyclic antidepressant drugs were examined as inhibitors of dopamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase in a cell-free homogenate of rat brain striatum. Amitriptyline (Ki 0.17 muM) and doxepin (Ki 0.24 muM) were found to be potent inhibitors of dopamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase, chlorimipramine (Ki 0.59 muM) and nortriptyline (Ki 0.50 muM) were moderate inhibitors and imipramine, desmethylimipramine, protriptyline and melitracene were weak inhibitors with Ki values higher than 1 muM.", "PMID": 1126356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9494", "title": "Dependence of the cardiac uptake of digitalis glycosides on the extracellular calcium concentration in guinea pig isolated hearts.", "content": "The purpose of the present study was to investigate, at the myocardial level, the divergent influences of Ca2+ on the action of various cardiotonic steroids. Therefore, the cardiac uptake of 3-H-digitoxin and 3-H-digitoxin was studied in experiments on guinea pig isolated hearts. The following results were obtained: with digitoxin the increase of the extracellular calcium concentration from 0.45 upto 7.2 mM resulted in a concomitant decrease of the myocardial glycoside uptake from about 1.8 nmoles/g wet weight down to about 1.2 nmoles/g wet weight. Similar results were obtained when digoxin uptake was studied under the same conditions: with 0.45 mM Ca2+ about 0.6 nmoles/g wet weight were bound, increasing the calcium concentration upto 7.2 mM lead to a concomitant decrease of the cardiac digoxin uptake down to about 0.45 nmoles/g wet weight. Despite the different physicochemical behaviour of these two drugs and the different amounts of drug present in the hearts the influence of Ca2+ was almost identical if calculated on a relative basis. So far, no experimental based explanation can be given for the above discrepancies. Other possible interpretations are discussed.", "contents": "Dependence of the cardiac uptake of digitalis glycosides on the extracellular calcium concentration in guinea pig isolated hearts. The purpose of the present study was to investigate, at the myocardial level, the divergent influences of Ca2+ on the action of various cardiotonic steroids. Therefore, the cardiac uptake of 3-H-digitoxin and 3-H-digitoxin was studied in experiments on guinea pig isolated hearts. The following results were obtained: with digitoxin the increase of the extracellular calcium concentration from 0.45 upto 7.2 mM resulted in a concomitant decrease of the myocardial glycoside uptake from about 1.8 nmoles/g wet weight down to about 1.2 nmoles/g wet weight. Similar results were obtained when digoxin uptake was studied under the same conditions: with 0.45 mM Ca2+ about 0.6 nmoles/g wet weight were bound, increasing the calcium concentration upto 7.2 mM lead to a concomitant decrease of the cardiac digoxin uptake down to about 0.45 nmoles/g wet weight. Despite the different physicochemical behaviour of these two drugs and the different amounts of drug present in the hearts the influence of Ca2+ was almost identical if calculated on a relative basis. So far, no experimental based explanation can be given for the above discrepancies. Other possible interpretations are discussed.", "PMID": 1126357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9495", "title": "Influence of adenosine and lowered cerebral blood flow on the cerebrovascular effects of theophylline.", "content": "The response of brain blood vessels to theophylline infused intra-arterially was evaluated. The experiments were performed on isolated canine brains perfused by donor dogs. Thus secondary effects due to theophylline were eliminated. Arterial pO2, pCO2, pH and brain temperature were kept constant. Cerebral vascular resistance (CVR) was calculated from total venous outflow and cerebral perfusion pressure. A 2 mg dose of theophylline per brain was given at normal cerebral perfusion pressure (about 81 mm Hg), at lowered cerebral perfusion pressure (about 37 mm Hg), and during an adenosine infusion lasting 10 min (10-minus 7 mol/min). At normal perfusion pressure theophylline showed a significant 15% decrease of CVR, but at lowered perfusion pressure a significant 19% increase occurred. During infusion of adenosine, which decreased CVR by 23%, theophylline again increased CVR by 20%, thus demonstrating an adenosine-theophylline antagonism. From our results, it is suggested that adenosine could be involved in the vasodilatation of cerebral vessels in the hypoxic brain.", "contents": "Influence of adenosine and lowered cerebral blood flow on the cerebrovascular effects of theophylline. The response of brain blood vessels to theophylline infused intra-arterially was evaluated. The experiments were performed on isolated canine brains perfused by donor dogs. Thus secondary effects due to theophylline were eliminated. Arterial pO2, pCO2, pH and brain temperature were kept constant. Cerebral vascular resistance (CVR) was calculated from total venous outflow and cerebral perfusion pressure. A 2 mg dose of theophylline per brain was given at normal cerebral perfusion pressure (about 81 mm Hg), at lowered cerebral perfusion pressure (about 37 mm Hg), and during an adenosine infusion lasting 10 min (10-minus 7 mol/min). At normal perfusion pressure theophylline showed a significant 15% decrease of CVR, but at lowered perfusion pressure a significant 19% increase occurred. During infusion of adenosine, which decreased CVR by 23%, theophylline again increased CVR by 20%, thus demonstrating an adenosine-theophylline antagonism. From our results, it is suggested that adenosine could be involved in the vasodilatation of cerebral vessels in the hypoxic brain.", "PMID": 1126358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9496", "title": "Analysis of ergotamine - 5-HT interaction on the isolated rat stomach preparation.", "content": "The effect of ergotamine on the isolated rat stomach and its influence on the response to ACh and 5-HT were investigated. The log dose-response curve of ergotamine was bell-shaped. Extension of the incubation time of ergotamine resulted in a parallel shift to the left of the curve. The response to ergotamine was inhibited by methyserigide and piperoxan. Incubation with ergotamine resulted in a decrease of the pD2-value of 5-HT together with a marked suppression of the maximum of the 5-HT curve. The response to ACh was affected in accordance with the prediction of an action of ACh and ergotamine on different receptors. The prolonged receptor stimulation by 5-HT or ACh resulted in a decrease of the apparent affinity towards their receptors. Incubation with ACh resulted in a parallel shift to the right of the 5-HT curve. However no inconsistency with the theoretical prediction of an action on separate receptors was observed with the ACh curve in the presence of 5-HT. It is concluded that ergotamine is a partial agonist on the D-tryptamine receptors of tbe isolated rat stomach. The marked decrease of the maximum of the 5-HT curve by ergotamine is probably caused by the slowly reversible character of its antagonism. The parallel shift to the left of the ergotamine curve with the extension of the incubation time and the persistence of its antagonism both are probably caused by a slow diffusion into and from the biophase.", "contents": "Analysis of ergotamine - 5-HT interaction on the isolated rat stomach preparation. The effect of ergotamine on the isolated rat stomach and its influence on the response to ACh and 5-HT were investigated. The log dose-response curve of ergotamine was bell-shaped. Extension of the incubation time of ergotamine resulted in a parallel shift to the left of the curve. The response to ergotamine was inhibited by methyserigide and piperoxan. Incubation with ergotamine resulted in a decrease of the pD2-value of 5-HT together with a marked suppression of the maximum of the 5-HT curve. The response to ACh was affected in accordance with the prediction of an action of ACh and ergotamine on different receptors. The prolonged receptor stimulation by 5-HT or ACh resulted in a decrease of the apparent affinity towards their receptors. Incubation with ACh resulted in a parallel shift to the right of the 5-HT curve. However no inconsistency with the theoretical prediction of an action on separate receptors was observed with the ACh curve in the presence of 5-HT. It is concluded that ergotamine is a partial agonist on the D-tryptamine receptors of tbe isolated rat stomach. The marked decrease of the maximum of the 5-HT curve by ergotamine is probably caused by the slowly reversible character of its antagonism. The parallel shift to the left of the ergotamine curve with the extension of the incubation time and the persistence of its antagonism both are probably caused by a slow diffusion into and from the biophase.", "PMID": 1126359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9497", "title": "Effects of papaverine on isolated rabbit papillary muscle.", "content": "The effect of papaverine on the positive inotropic response to isopreqaline and to calcium was studied on the rabbit isolated papillary muscle; theophylline and the calcium antagonistic D600 were used for comparison. The dose-response curve for isoprenaline was shifted to the left by papaverine (3 times 10- minus 6 to 3 times 10- minus 5 M), in a dose-dependent manner, while that for calcium was not affected by the same concentration. In this respect papaverine was about 30 times more potent than theophylline. In the presence of papaverine isoprenaline induced arrhythmic contractions of the papillary muscle: the incidence of arrhythmic contractions was positively correlated to the concentration of papaverine. Papaverine 10- minus 5 to 10- minus 4 M caused only a positive inotropic response whereas 3 times 10- minus 4 to 10- minus 3 M induced a biphasic response, i.e., after a positive inotropic effect followed a negative one. In the presence of 3 times 10- minus 4 M papaverine isoprenaline failed to cause a positive inotropic response but exclusively induced arrhythmic contractions. Calcium, on the other hand, readily antagonized the negative inotropic effect of papaverine (3 times 10- minus 4 M) and caused a contracture of the papillary muscle. The results indicate that papaverine (3 times 10- minus 6 to 10- minus 5 M) like theophylline (10- minus 4 to 10- minus 3 M) produces its effect by phosphodiesterase inhibition and thereby specifically potentiates the response through beta-adrenoceptor stimulation. In higher concentrations (3 times 10- minus 4 to 10- minus 3 M) it acts as a calcium antagonistic, like D600, and furthermore may interact with calcium moving through myocardial cell membranes to cause a contracture via a mechanism which it shares with theophylline.", "contents": "Effects of papaverine on isolated rabbit papillary muscle. The effect of papaverine on the positive inotropic response to isopreqaline and to calcium was studied on the rabbit isolated papillary muscle; theophylline and the calcium antagonistic D600 were used for comparison. The dose-response curve for isoprenaline was shifted to the left by papaverine (3 times 10- minus 6 to 3 times 10- minus 5 M), in a dose-dependent manner, while that for calcium was not affected by the same concentration. In this respect papaverine was about 30 times more potent than theophylline. In the presence of papaverine isoprenaline induced arrhythmic contractions of the papillary muscle: the incidence of arrhythmic contractions was positively correlated to the concentration of papaverine. Papaverine 10- minus 5 to 10- minus 4 M caused only a positive inotropic response whereas 3 times 10- minus 4 to 10- minus 3 M induced a biphasic response, i.e., after a positive inotropic effect followed a negative one. In the presence of 3 times 10- minus 4 M papaverine isoprenaline failed to cause a positive inotropic response but exclusively induced arrhythmic contractions. Calcium, on the other hand, readily antagonized the negative inotropic effect of papaverine (3 times 10- minus 4 M) and caused a contracture of the papillary muscle. The results indicate that papaverine (3 times 10- minus 6 to 10- minus 5 M) like theophylline (10- minus 4 to 10- minus 3 M) produces its effect by phosphodiesterase inhibition and thereby specifically potentiates the response through beta-adrenoceptor stimulation. In higher concentrations (3 times 10- minus 4 to 10- minus 3 M) it acts as a calcium antagonistic, like D600, and furthermore may interact with calcium moving through myocardial cell membranes to cause a contracture via a mechanism which it shares with theophylline.", "PMID": 1126360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9498", "title": "Evaluation of dopamine metabolism in rat striatum by a gas chromatographic technique.", "content": "Dopamine metabolism in rat striatum was evaluated by gas chromatographic quantitation of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA). The level of DOPAC (5.21 nmoles/g plus or minus 0.40 S.E.M., n equals 12) exceeded that HVA (3.63 nmoles/g plus or minus 0.25 S.E.M., n equals 12). 2 hr following administration of probenecid (200 mg/kg i.p.) the level of striatal HVA was approximately doubled whereas the level of DOPAC was not significantly elevated. Pargyline (75 mg/kg i.p.) poduced a rapid depletion of DOPAC and HVA. the rate of disappearance of DOPAC (t1/2 equals 10 min) exceeded that of HVA (t1/2 equals 18 min). Rates of metabolite formation were computed assuming steady state kinetics. The rate formation of DOPA (20.5 nmoles/g/hr) was much greater than that of HVA (10.1 nmoles/g/hr). We conclude that DOPAC is the major dopamine metabolite in rat striatum and that its measurement may provide the best index of functional neuronal activity in this species.", "contents": "Evaluation of dopamine metabolism in rat striatum by a gas chromatographic technique. Dopamine metabolism in rat striatum was evaluated by gas chromatographic quantitation of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA). The level of DOPAC (5.21 nmoles/g plus or minus 0.40 S.E.M., n equals 12) exceeded that HVA (3.63 nmoles/g plus or minus 0.25 S.E.M., n equals 12). 2 hr following administration of probenecid (200 mg/kg i.p.) the level of striatal HVA was approximately doubled whereas the level of DOPAC was not significantly elevated. Pargyline (75 mg/kg i.p.) poduced a rapid depletion of DOPAC and HVA. the rate of disappearance of DOPAC (t1/2 equals 10 min) exceeded that of HVA (t1/2 equals 18 min). Rates of metabolite formation were computed assuming steady state kinetics. The rate formation of DOPA (20.5 nmoles/g/hr) was much greater than that of HVA (10.1 nmoles/g/hr). We conclude that DOPAC is the major dopamine metabolite in rat striatum and that its measurement may provide the best index of functional neuronal activity in this species.", "PMID": 1126361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9499", "title": "Differential effects of D- and L-amphetamine and methylphenidate on rat striatal dopamine biosynthesis.", "content": "Methylphenidate and the optical isomers of amphetamine have differential effects, in vivo and in vitro on rat striatal synaptosomal dopamine (DA) biosynthesis. Whereas the systemic administration of D- or L-amphetamine produces a dose-dependent decrease in synaptosomal DA synthesis, with ED50's of 1.1 and 3.5 mg/kg, respectively, methylphenidate, at doses which produce comparable degrees of stereotypes behavior, has no effect on this measure of DA biosynthesis. In vitro, D- and L-amphetamine exhibit a three-fold difference in ED50's (1 times 10-minus 6 M and 3 times 10-minus 6 M, respectively) with respect to both activation of striatal synpatosomal DA synthesis, and to reversal of reserpine-induced inhibition of DA synthesis. In contrast, although in vitro methylphenidate can partially activate DA synthesis, it does not overcome the reserpeine-induced inhibition. The data are discussed in terms of the possible differential mechanisms by which these two types of stimulants may exert their effects on sterotypy.", "contents": "Differential effects of D- and L-amphetamine and methylphenidate on rat striatal dopamine biosynthesis. Methylphenidate and the optical isomers of amphetamine have differential effects, in vivo and in vitro on rat striatal synaptosomal dopamine (DA) biosynthesis. Whereas the systemic administration of D- or L-amphetamine produces a dose-dependent decrease in synaptosomal DA synthesis, with ED50's of 1.1 and 3.5 mg/kg, respectively, methylphenidate, at doses which produce comparable degrees of stereotypes behavior, has no effect on this measure of DA biosynthesis. In vitro, D- and L-amphetamine exhibit a three-fold difference in ED50's (1 times 10-minus 6 M and 3 times 10-minus 6 M, respectively) with respect to both activation of striatal synpatosomal DA synthesis, and to reversal of reserpine-induced inhibition of DA synthesis. In contrast, although in vitro methylphenidate can partially activate DA synthesis, it does not overcome the reserpeine-induced inhibition. The data are discussed in terms of the possible differential mechanisms by which these two types of stimulants may exert their effects on sterotypy.", "PMID": 1126362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9500", "title": "Behavioral effects of d-amphetamine and caffeine in the squirrel monkey.", "content": "Four Squirrel monkeys were trianed on a bar-press response with reinforcement available every 80 sec. The effects of d-amphetamine and caffeine upon this response were studied in both light and dark. In addition to differential drug effects it was found that both illumination and sex of the subjects were important variables.", "contents": "Behavioral effects of d-amphetamine and caffeine in the squirrel monkey. Four Squirrel monkeys were trianed on a bar-press response with reinforcement available every 80 sec. The effects of d-amphetamine and caffeine upon this response were studied in both light and dark. In addition to differential drug effects it was found that both illumination and sex of the subjects were important variables.", "PMID": 1126363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9501", "title": "Direct myocardial depressant effects of gentamicin.", "content": "Effects of gentamicin on myocardial contractile performance were examined in isolated, electrically driven, rat left atria. This aminoglycoside antibiotic produced a maintained and concentration-dependent (0.0156-0.25 mM) depression of myocardial contractile tension that was reversible by replacing the incubation media with gentamicin-free solution. Time to peak tension and total contraction time were not discernibly altered by gentamicin. The negative inotropic response elicited by gentamicin was antagonized in a competivitive-like manner by increasing the calcium ion (Ca2+) concentration of the bathing solution, whereas, the depressant effects of gentamicin were antagonized by norepinephrine in a non-competitive-like manner. Present findings demonstrate a direct negative inotropic effect of gentamicin and suggest that this antibiotic interferes with the participation of Ca2+ in the events leading to mecahnical activity of atrial myocardium.", "contents": "Direct myocardial depressant effects of gentamicin. Effects of gentamicin on myocardial contractile performance were examined in isolated, electrically driven, rat left atria. This aminoglycoside antibiotic produced a maintained and concentration-dependent (0.0156-0.25 mM) depression of myocardial contractile tension that was reversible by replacing the incubation media with gentamicin-free solution. Time to peak tension and total contraction time were not discernibly altered by gentamicin. The negative inotropic response elicited by gentamicin was antagonized in a competivitive-like manner by increasing the calcium ion (Ca2+) concentration of the bathing solution, whereas, the depressant effects of gentamicin were antagonized by norepinephrine in a non-competitive-like manner. Present findings demonstrate a direct negative inotropic effect of gentamicin and suggest that this antibiotic interferes with the participation of Ca2+ in the events leading to mecahnical activity of atrial myocardium.", "PMID": 1126364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9502", "title": "Drug effects in a novel biphasic writing syndrome induced by acetylcholine in mice.", "content": "The writing induced in mice by i.p. administration of 3 mg/kg acetylcholine chloride showed a biphasic response with time. The primary phase of 1-15 sec after acetylcholine appeared to be the result of nicotinic receptor stimulation. The secondary phase from 30 sec following acetylcholine was selectively suppressed by anti-inflammatory agents and by atropine, while centrally acting analgesicw, other strong central nervous system drugs and ganglion blockers suppressed both phases of writhing to an equal extent. The narcotic partial agonists significantly suppressed primary writhing more readily. The method appears to be of value in testing new pharmacological agents.", "contents": "Drug effects in a novel biphasic writing syndrome induced by acetylcholine in mice. The writing induced in mice by i.p. administration of 3 mg/kg acetylcholine chloride showed a biphasic response with time. The primary phase of 1-15 sec after acetylcholine appeared to be the result of nicotinic receptor stimulation. The secondary phase from 30 sec following acetylcholine was selectively suppressed by anti-inflammatory agents and by atropine, while centrally acting analgesicw, other strong central nervous system drugs and ganglion blockers suppressed both phases of writhing to an equal extent. The narcotic partial agonists significantly suppressed primary writhing more readily. The method appears to be of value in testing new pharmacological agents.", "PMID": 1126365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9503", "title": "Haloperidol-induced disruption of conditioned avoidance responding: attenuation by prior training or by anticholinergic drugs.", "content": "Rats injected daily with haloperidol (0.15 mg/kg) failed to acquire a one-way avoidance response over a 9 day period (10 trails/day). When these animals were subsequently tested without haloperidol, on the first drug-free day they preformed as well as animals given saline throughout the training period and significantly better than naive saline-treated animals on the first day of training. The performance of rats which were trained for two days before receiving haloperidol was only partly blocked by the drug, while animals trained for 9 days before drug administration were immune to the disruptive effects. Three anticholinergic (muscarinic) drugs, atropine (10 mg/kg), scopolamine (1 mg/kg) and benztropine (2 mg/kg) significantly reversed the effect of haloperidol on the acquisition of the nigroneostriatal projection and support the view that this system is critically involved in the acquistion of learned instrumental responses. The nature of the avoidance deficit produced by these treatments is discussed with reference to the possibility that they selectively block the initiation of boluntary motor responses. According to this hypothesis, the failure of these teratments to disrupt escape responding may be due to the fact that the unconditioned stimulus generates reflexive motor responses (flinch, jump, etc.) which are sufficient to begin the motoric sequences that cannot be initiated voluntarily in response to the conditioned stimulus.", "contents": "Haloperidol-induced disruption of conditioned avoidance responding: attenuation by prior training or by anticholinergic drugs. Rats injected daily with haloperidol (0.15 mg/kg) failed to acquire a one-way avoidance response over a 9 day period (10 trails/day). When these animals were subsequently tested without haloperidol, on the first drug-free day they preformed as well as animals given saline throughout the training period and significantly better than naive saline-treated animals on the first day of training. The performance of rats which were trained for two days before receiving haloperidol was only partly blocked by the drug, while animals trained for 9 days before drug administration were immune to the disruptive effects. Three anticholinergic (muscarinic) drugs, atropine (10 mg/kg), scopolamine (1 mg/kg) and benztropine (2 mg/kg) significantly reversed the effect of haloperidol on the acquisition of the nigroneostriatal projection and support the view that this system is critically involved in the acquistion of learned instrumental responses. The nature of the avoidance deficit produced by these treatments is discussed with reference to the possibility that they selectively block the initiation of boluntary motor responses. According to this hypothesis, the failure of these teratments to disrupt escape responding may be due to the fact that the unconditioned stimulus generates reflexive motor responses (flinch, jump, etc.) which are sufficient to begin the motoric sequences that cannot be initiated voluntarily in response to the conditioned stimulus.", "PMID": 1126366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9504", "title": "Prostaglandins, antipyretic analgesics and adrenergic stimuli on the isolated artery.", "content": "In untreated, and cocaine- and DOCA-treated rabbit ear arteries, PGE2 and arachidonic depressed to responses to intramural sympathetic nerve stimulation. Constrictor responses to extraluminal NA in the treated arteries were also depressed. A comparison of its inhibitory potency on the two types of responses suggest that the effects of arachidonic acid, but not PGE2 on adrenergic nerve stimuli, were selectively blocked by aspirin 200 mug/ml and by indomethacin 3 mu/ml. In these concentrations, aspirin, but not indomethacin, enhanced the magnitude of the resoonses to the stimuli. Aspirin also selectively reduced the inhibition by arachidonic acid of the response to extraluminal NA (tested in cocaine0 and DOCA-treated arteries).", "contents": "Prostaglandins, antipyretic analgesics and adrenergic stimuli on the isolated artery. In untreated, and cocaine- and DOCA-treated rabbit ear arteries, PGE2 and arachidonic depressed to responses to intramural sympathetic nerve stimulation. Constrictor responses to extraluminal NA in the treated arteries were also depressed. A comparison of its inhibitory potency on the two types of responses suggest that the effects of arachidonic acid, but not PGE2 on adrenergic nerve stimuli, were selectively blocked by aspirin 200 mug/ml and by indomethacin 3 mu/ml. In these concentrations, aspirin, but not indomethacin, enhanced the magnitude of the resoonses to the stimuli. Aspirin also selectively reduced the inhibition by arachidonic acid of the response to extraluminal NA (tested in cocaine0 and DOCA-treated arteries).", "PMID": 1126367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9505", "title": "Norepinephrine-induced depolarization of skeletal muscle cells.", "content": "I.v. administration of norepinephrine to anesthetized hamsters was followed by a significant depolarization of the cell membranes of skeletal muscle (gracilis anticus and sartorius). The occurrence of this depolarization in consistent with the suggestion that changes in ionic distribution across the cell membrane are associated with activation of non-shivering thermogenesis in muscle cells as has been proposed for brown adipocytes.", "contents": "Norepinephrine-induced depolarization of skeletal muscle cells. I.v. administration of norepinephrine to anesthetized hamsters was followed by a significant depolarization of the cell membranes of skeletal muscle (gracilis anticus and sartorius). The occurrence of this depolarization in consistent with the suggestion that changes in ionic distribution across the cell membrane are associated with activation of non-shivering thermogenesis in muscle cells as has been proposed for brown adipocytes.", "PMID": 1126368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9506", "title": "Enhancement of picrotoxin convulsions in chicks and mice by the prior intraperitoneal injection of hypertonic GABA or mannitol.", "content": "Effects of i.p. injection of hypertonic solutions of GABA and mannitol on convulsant activity and latency to reduced or enhanced depending on whether picrotoxin was given i.p. or given i.v. or s.c. The principal cause of these changes appeared to be altered rates of absorption of picrotoxin. There was no evidence that cerebral dehydration afforded protection against picrotoxin.", "contents": "Enhancement of picrotoxin convulsions in chicks and mice by the prior intraperitoneal injection of hypertonic GABA or mannitol. Effects of i.p. injection of hypertonic solutions of GABA and mannitol on convulsant activity and latency to reduced or enhanced depending on whether picrotoxin was given i.p. or given i.v. or s.c. The principal cause of these changes appeared to be altered rates of absorption of picrotoxin. There was no evidence that cerebral dehydration afforded protection against picrotoxin.", "PMID": 1126369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9507", "title": "Diazepam as a discriminative cue: its antagonism by bemegride.", "content": "Gerbils trained to respond differentially to the presence or absence of diazepam (8.0 mg/kg) in a T-maze showed a dose-related antagonism when challenged with bemegride (5.0-40.0 mg/kg). Gerbils trained with a mixture of diazepam (8.0 mg/kg) and bemegride (20.0 mg/kg) evidenced response control more slowly than the group trained solely with diazepam.", "contents": "Diazepam as a discriminative cue: its antagonism by bemegride. Gerbils trained to respond differentially to the presence or absence of diazepam (8.0 mg/kg) in a T-maze showed a dose-related antagonism when challenged with bemegride (5.0-40.0 mg/kg). Gerbils trained with a mixture of diazepam (8.0 mg/kg) and bemegride (20.0 mg/kg) evidenced response control more slowly than the group trained solely with diazepam.", "PMID": 1126370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9508", "title": "Induction of drinking by insulin in the rat.", "content": "Unanesthetized rats were injected i.v. either with commercial regular insulin, or the diluting fluid of the commercial insulin solution used, or with 0.9 percent NaCl, and placed in individual cages containing no food. Water intake was measured for 2 hr. Injection of the hyposmolar diluting fluid containing glycerol and phenol slightly, but significantly, enhanced the water intake. Insulin in doses from 0.05 to 43.0 U/kg induced an additional drinking response, while 0.02 U/kg had no effect. A linear log dose--response for insulin-induced drinking was obtained between 0.05 and 21.0 U/kg. Small doses of insulin, thus, undoubtly, enhance water intake. Insulin could play a minor role in body water honeostasis in mammals.", "contents": "Induction of drinking by insulin in the rat. Unanesthetized rats were injected i.v. either with commercial regular insulin, or the diluting fluid of the commercial insulin solution used, or with 0.9 percent NaCl, and placed in individual cages containing no food. Water intake was measured for 2 hr. Injection of the hyposmolar diluting fluid containing glycerol and phenol slightly, but significantly, enhanced the water intake. Insulin in doses from 0.05 to 43.0 U/kg induced an additional drinking response, while 0.02 U/kg had no effect. A linear log dose--response for insulin-induced drinking was obtained between 0.05 and 21.0 U/kg. Small doses of insulin, thus, undoubtly, enhance water intake. Insulin could play a minor role in body water honeostasis in mammals.", "PMID": 1126371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9509", "title": "Effects of various psychoative drugs on the metabolism of delta-tetrahydrocannabinol by rats in vitro and in vivo.", "content": "Metabolism of 14C-tetrahydrocannabinol (14C-THC) by rat liver microsomal preparations in vitro was studied in the absence and presence of other psychoative drugs. Disappearance of 14C-THC, and changes in metabolite patterns as shown by thin layer chromatography, were studied. SKF 525-A, pentobarbital, phenobarbital and amphetamine all produced an apparently non-competitive inhibition of THC metabolism. The inhibition produced by meprobamate was at least partly competitive. Morphine and mescaline had no evident effect. SKF 525-A and the barbiturates markedly decreased the concentrations of all the major THC metabolites found in the incubation media. In contrast, none of the drugs tested in vivo, with the exception of SKF 525-A, had any effect on the biliary 14C-excretion or metabolite pattern, or on final tissue levels of 14C, when administered in doses comparable to those used for studies of interaction with THC in vivo. SKF 525-A, however, did markedly decrease the excretion of total 14C and alter the pattern of THC metabolities in the bile, and increased the final tissue 14C levels. It is concluded that in vivo interactions between THC and other psychoactive drugs are probably not explainable primarily on the basis of altered THC metabolism.", "contents": "Effects of various psychoative drugs on the metabolism of delta-tetrahydrocannabinol by rats in vitro and in vivo. Metabolism of 14C-tetrahydrocannabinol (14C-THC) by rat liver microsomal preparations in vitro was studied in the absence and presence of other psychoative drugs. Disappearance of 14C-THC, and changes in metabolite patterns as shown by thin layer chromatography, were studied. SKF 525-A, pentobarbital, phenobarbital and amphetamine all produced an apparently non-competitive inhibition of THC metabolism. The inhibition produced by meprobamate was at least partly competitive. Morphine and mescaline had no evident effect. SKF 525-A and the barbiturates markedly decreased the concentrations of all the major THC metabolites found in the incubation media. In contrast, none of the drugs tested in vivo, with the exception of SKF 525-A, had any effect on the biliary 14C-excretion or metabolite pattern, or on final tissue levels of 14C, when administered in doses comparable to those used for studies of interaction with THC in vivo. SKF 525-A, however, did markedly decrease the excretion of total 14C and alter the pattern of THC metabolities in the bile, and increased the final tissue 14C levels. It is concluded that in vivo interactions between THC and other psychoactive drugs are probably not explainable primarily on the basis of altered THC metabolism.", "PMID": 1126372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9510", "title": "Acute and chronic effects of beta9-tetrahydrocannabinol on seizures in the gerbil.", "content": "Beta9-THC was injected daily for 6 days into gerbils from our breeding colony that exhibit spontaneous epileptiform seizures. At a dose of 20 mg/kg no effect was seen on the latency, duration or severity of the seizures induced after 1 and 6 days of treatment. Delta9-THC (50 mg/kg) completely abolished the seizures after a single injection but tolerance developed to this effect so that no protection was afforded after 6 daily doses. Severe toxic signs were evident at the higher dose level with marked depression of spontaneous motor activity. The toxic effect increased progressively with chronic treatment and half the animals failed to survive.", "contents": "Acute and chronic effects of beta9-tetrahydrocannabinol on seizures in the gerbil. Beta9-THC was injected daily for 6 days into gerbils from our breeding colony that exhibit spontaneous epileptiform seizures. At a dose of 20 mg/kg no effect was seen on the latency, duration or severity of the seizures induced after 1 and 6 days of treatment. Delta9-THC (50 mg/kg) completely abolished the seizures after a single injection but tolerance developed to this effect so that no protection was afforded after 6 daily doses. Severe toxic signs were evident at the higher dose level with marked depression of spontaneous motor activity. The toxic effect increased progressively with chronic treatment and half the animals failed to survive.", "PMID": 1126373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9511", "title": "Adrenaline-induced cardiovascular changes after intrahypothalamic administration to rats.", "content": "Adrenaline caused a decrease in arterial blood pressure and heart rate when injected into the anterior thalamic region of rats. The size and the duration of these effects depended upon the dose of adrenaline injected. Adrenaline is 10 times more potent than noradrenaline in inducing these intrahypothalamic effects on cardiovascular parameters. These data support the concept of the relevance of adrenaline receptors in central autonomic regulation.", "contents": "Adrenaline-induced cardiovascular changes after intrahypothalamic administration to rats. Adrenaline caused a decrease in arterial blood pressure and heart rate when injected into the anterior thalamic region of rats. The size and the duration of these effects depended upon the dose of adrenaline injected. Adrenaline is 10 times more potent than noradrenaline in inducing these intrahypothalamic effects on cardiovascular parameters. These data support the concept of the relevance of adrenaline receptors in central autonomic regulation.", "PMID": 1126374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9512", "title": "The effect of LSD and 2-bromo LSD on the DOPA accumulation after central and peripheral decarboxylase inhibition.", "content": "LSD and BOL were found to be equally potent in increasing the rat brain DOPA accumulation after decarboxylase inhibition. However, at the doses selected, the DOPA levels after haloperidol and apomorphine were increased by LSD but not by BOL. It is suggested that this difference is due to LSD's activating effect on central serotoninergic receptors.", "contents": "The effect of LSD and 2-bromo LSD on the DOPA accumulation after central and peripheral decarboxylase inhibition. LSD and BOL were found to be equally potent in increasing the rat brain DOPA accumulation after decarboxylase inhibition. However, at the doses selected, the DOPA levels after haloperidol and apomorphine were increased by LSD but not by BOL. It is suggested that this difference is due to LSD's activating effect on central serotoninergic receptors.", "PMID": 1126375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9513", "title": "Contrasting local effects of MAO inhibitors on caudate tremor activities.", "content": "Hindlimb tremor was produced in chronic cats by intracaudate microinjection of the monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors tranylcypromine and harmaline throughout a range of doses (150-385 mug). Pargyline, however, was non-tremorgenic within the same range, suggesting that interference with MAO is not sufficient in itself to elicit tremor. Tranylcypromine tremors differed from those of harmaline by exhibiting a slower onset, longer duration and susceptibility to antagonism by hemicholinium. In contrast, ongoing cholinergic tremors following intracaudate physostigmine were variably suppressed by all three MAO inhibitors at comparable dose levels (175-200 mug); pargyline produced the most complete suppression. These results indicate that MAO inhibitors can modify tremor activities in a differential manner dependent both on the functional state of the caudate nucleus and on the ability of cartain MAO inhibitors to exert other local actions.", "contents": "Contrasting local effects of MAO inhibitors on caudate tremor activities. Hindlimb tremor was produced in chronic cats by intracaudate microinjection of the monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors tranylcypromine and harmaline throughout a range of doses (150-385 mug). Pargyline, however, was non-tremorgenic within the same range, suggesting that interference with MAO is not sufficient in itself to elicit tremor. Tranylcypromine tremors differed from those of harmaline by exhibiting a slower onset, longer duration and susceptibility to antagonism by hemicholinium. In contrast, ongoing cholinergic tremors following intracaudate physostigmine were variably suppressed by all three MAO inhibitors at comparable dose levels (175-200 mug); pargyline produced the most complete suppression. These results indicate that MAO inhibitors can modify tremor activities in a differential manner dependent both on the functional state of the caudate nucleus and on the ability of cartain MAO inhibitors to exert other local actions.", "PMID": 1126376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9514", "title": "The effect of hydrocortisone phosphate, methylprednisolone and phenytoin on pancreatic insulin release and hepatic glutathione-insulin transhydrogenase activity in the rat.", "content": "Following i.v. injection of glucose to rats, blood was collected from the carotid artery and the portal vein, and insulin was determined by radioimmunoassay. Pancreatic insulin release and hepatic insulin extraction were increased following the administration of glucocorticoid drugs and reduced following phenytoin. Hepatic glutathione-insulin transhydrogenase activity (GITA) was measured in each animal and found to be increased after glucocorticoid therapy but unaffected by phenytoin. In alloxan-diabetic rats, GITA was significantly increased following treatment with both methylprednisolone and phenytoin compared with control alloxan-diabetic rats. This is suggestive evidence that both these drugs can initiate an increase in GITA. It is concluded that the markedly raised GITA in steroid-treated non-diabetic rats is the combined result of a drug-induced effect plus the major inducing effect of an increased hepatic uptake of insulin on insulin degradation, whereas the main effect of phenytoin is a reduction of pancreatic insulin release.", "contents": "The effect of hydrocortisone phosphate, methylprednisolone and phenytoin on pancreatic insulin release and hepatic glutathione-insulin transhydrogenase activity in the rat. Following i.v. injection of glucose to rats, blood was collected from the carotid artery and the portal vein, and insulin was determined by radioimmunoassay. Pancreatic insulin release and hepatic insulin extraction were increased following the administration of glucocorticoid drugs and reduced following phenytoin. Hepatic glutathione-insulin transhydrogenase activity (GITA) was measured in each animal and found to be increased after glucocorticoid therapy but unaffected by phenytoin. In alloxan-diabetic rats, GITA was significantly increased following treatment with both methylprednisolone and phenytoin compared with control alloxan-diabetic rats. This is suggestive evidence that both these drugs can initiate an increase in GITA. It is concluded that the markedly raised GITA in steroid-treated non-diabetic rats is the combined result of a drug-induced effect plus the major inducing effect of an increased hepatic uptake of insulin on insulin degradation, whereas the main effect of phenytoin is a reduction of pancreatic insulin release.", "PMID": 1126377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9515", "title": "The action of amantadine on the rat uterus: its interaction with oxytocin and the effects of several ionic modifications of the medium.", "content": "The influence of amantadine on the contractile responses of the rat uterus to oxytocin in the presence of several ionic modifications of the external medium was studied both in situ and in vivo. Oxytocic effects of amantadine were observed in vivo (1 and 5 mg/kg), and in vitro (9.3 times 10-7 M to 2.8 times 10-6 M); possible competitive partial potentiation of the contractile effect of oxytocin was also observed. Amantadine, 9.35 times 10-6, 1.3 times 10-5 and 1.8 times 10-5 M, significantly reduced oxytocic activity. Calcium ions antagonized the oxytocic and antioxytocic effects of amantadine. Excess K+ and the presence of Mg2+ ions (1.8 mM/l and 1.08 mM/l respectively) reversed the antioxytocic effect of amantadine. Propranolol also reversed the antioxytocic effect of amantadine. It is postulated that the oxytocic effect of amantadine may be related to antagonism of calcium; antioxytocic activity may be explained by stabilization of the resting cell membrane, inhibiting ionic flow, and also by its catecholamine-liberating activity.", "contents": "The action of amantadine on the rat uterus: its interaction with oxytocin and the effects of several ionic modifications of the medium. The influence of amantadine on the contractile responses of the rat uterus to oxytocin in the presence of several ionic modifications of the external medium was studied both in situ and in vivo. Oxytocic effects of amantadine were observed in vivo (1 and 5 mg/kg), and in vitro (9.3 times 10-7 M to 2.8 times 10-6 M); possible competitive partial potentiation of the contractile effect of oxytocin was also observed. Amantadine, 9.35 times 10-6, 1.3 times 10-5 and 1.8 times 10-5 M, significantly reduced oxytocic activity. Calcium ions antagonized the oxytocic and antioxytocic effects of amantadine. Excess K+ and the presence of Mg2+ ions (1.8 mM/l and 1.08 mM/l respectively) reversed the antioxytocic effect of amantadine. Propranolol also reversed the antioxytocic effect of amantadine. It is postulated that the oxytocic effect of amantadine may be related to antagonism of calcium; antioxytocic activity may be explained by stabilization of the resting cell membrane, inhibiting ionic flow, and also by its catecholamine-liberating activity.", "PMID": 1126378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9516", "title": "Role of prostaglandins in tone and effector reactivity of the isolated rat stomach preparation.", "content": "The influence of indomethacin (2 mug/ml) on the tone and on the response to ACh, 5-HT and tryptamine of the stomach strip preparation from normal and Essential Fatty Acid Deficient (EFAD) rats was examined. The pD2 value of ACh and 5-HT, but not of tryptamine, was significantly lower on the preparations obtained from EFAD rats than on those from normal rats. Contradictory results were obtained with respect to the influence of indomethacin on the pD2 value of ACh, 5-HT and tryptamine. No significant difference in initial tone and contractility of the stomach strips of both groups of rats was observed. However, the tone of the strips from normal rats increased with time. Preparations from EFAD rats showed a gradual decrease of the tome with time. Pre-incubation with indomethacin reduced the tone of strips from both groups of rats to a comparable extent. Thus further support is provided for the proposed role of prostaglandins in the maintenance of the tone of isolated smooth muscle. The possibility is raised that prostaglandins might not be predominantly involved in the generation of the initial tone and also not substantially contribute to the effector reactivity of the organ.", "contents": "Role of prostaglandins in tone and effector reactivity of the isolated rat stomach preparation. The influence of indomethacin (2 mug/ml) on the tone and on the response to ACh, 5-HT and tryptamine of the stomach strip preparation from normal and Essential Fatty Acid Deficient (EFAD) rats was examined. The pD2 value of ACh and 5-HT, but not of tryptamine, was significantly lower on the preparations obtained from EFAD rats than on those from normal rats. Contradictory results were obtained with respect to the influence of indomethacin on the pD2 value of ACh, 5-HT and tryptamine. No significant difference in initial tone and contractility of the stomach strips of both groups of rats was observed. However, the tone of the strips from normal rats increased with time. Preparations from EFAD rats showed a gradual decrease of the tome with time. Pre-incubation with indomethacin reduced the tone of strips from both groups of rats to a comparable extent. Thus further support is provided for the proposed role of prostaglandins in the maintenance of the tone of isolated smooth muscle. The possibility is raised that prostaglandins might not be predominantly involved in the generation of the initial tone and also not substantially contribute to the effector reactivity of the organ.", "PMID": 1126379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9517", "title": "CNS site of antiarrhythmic action of diphenylhydantoin (DPH) in the cat.", "content": "Diphenylhydantoin (DPH) is known to be a potent anticonvulsant agent, useful in treating and preventing grand mal seizures. More recently, DPH was reported also to be a potent antiarrhythmic agent acting by means of a depressant action on the heart. The present experiments demonstrated that DPH has also a potent antiarrhythmic action when administered to the CNS. The posterolateral hypothalamus was stimulated in cats to evoke cardiac arrhythmias of varying severity both during and after stimulation. In general, it was found that the post-stimulus arrhythmias were obtained more readily than those during stimulation. The mean effective dose of DPH required to prevent the arrhythmias via the i.v. route was 11.9 mg/kg, and that via the vertebral artery route and via the fourth ventricular route was only 1.9--1.4 and 1.4 mg/kg, respectively. These results suggest that though DPH has identifiable antiarrhythmic action on the heart itself it has a strong antiarrhythmic effect via the central nervous system as well.", "contents": "CNS site of antiarrhythmic action of diphenylhydantoin (DPH) in the cat. Diphenylhydantoin (DPH) is known to be a potent anticonvulsant agent, useful in treating and preventing grand mal seizures. More recently, DPH was reported also to be a potent antiarrhythmic agent acting by means of a depressant action on the heart. The present experiments demonstrated that DPH has also a potent antiarrhythmic action when administered to the CNS. The posterolateral hypothalamus was stimulated in cats to evoke cardiac arrhythmias of varying severity both during and after stimulation. In general, it was found that the post-stimulus arrhythmias were obtained more readily than those during stimulation. The mean effective dose of DPH required to prevent the arrhythmias via the i.v. route was 11.9 mg/kg, and that via the vertebral artery route and via the fourth ventricular route was only 1.9--1.4 and 1.4 mg/kg, respectively. These results suggest that though DPH has identifiable antiarrhythmic action on the heart itself it has a strong antiarrhythmic effect via the central nervous system as well.", "PMID": 1126380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9518", "title": "Effect of prostaglandin E2 on pulmonary vascular resistance in intact dog, swine and lamb.", "content": "The effects of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) on pulmonary vascular resistance in the intact dog, swine and lamb were studied using a right heart catheterization technique to isolate and perfuse the left lower lung lobe at controlled blood flow. Infusion of PGE2 into the lobar artery increased lobar arterial perfusion pressure but did not alter pressure in the left atrium in all 3 species. The increase in lobar arterial pressure was associated with a rise in pressure in the small intrapulmonary lobar vein in the dog but no change in pressure in these veins in the swine and lamb. Infusion of PGE2 into the iliac artery produced a marked decrease in perfusion pressure in the hindlimb of the dog. The effects of PGE2 on the canine lung occurred in the absence of any significant change in arterial blood gases, pH, hematocrit or rate and volume of respiration, and this substance increased pulmonary vascular resistance when the lung was perfused with dextran instead of blood. These results show that in dog, swine and lamb, PGE2 increases pulmonary vascular resistance; however, the site of vasoconstriction is different in the dog and swine or lamb. In the swine and lamb vasoconstriction occurred primarily in vessels upstream to the small veins, presumably small arteries, whereas in the dog lung, the pre- and postcapillary vessels were actively constricted by this naturally occurring substance.", "contents": "Effect of prostaglandin E2 on pulmonary vascular resistance in intact dog, swine and lamb. The effects of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) on pulmonary vascular resistance in the intact dog, swine and lamb were studied using a right heart catheterization technique to isolate and perfuse the left lower lung lobe at controlled blood flow. Infusion of PGE2 into the lobar artery increased lobar arterial perfusion pressure but did not alter pressure in the left atrium in all 3 species. The increase in lobar arterial pressure was associated with a rise in pressure in the small intrapulmonary lobar vein in the dog but no change in pressure in these veins in the swine and lamb. Infusion of PGE2 into the iliac artery produced a marked decrease in perfusion pressure in the hindlimb of the dog. The effects of PGE2 on the canine lung occurred in the absence of any significant change in arterial blood gases, pH, hematocrit or rate and volume of respiration, and this substance increased pulmonary vascular resistance when the lung was perfused with dextran instead of blood. These results show that in dog, swine and lamb, PGE2 increases pulmonary vascular resistance; however, the site of vasoconstriction is different in the dog and swine or lamb. In the swine and lamb vasoconstriction occurred primarily in vessels upstream to the small veins, presumably small arteries, whereas in the dog lung, the pre- and postcapillary vessels were actively constricted by this naturally occurring substance.", "PMID": 1126381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9519", "title": "Dyskinetic phenomena caused by the intrastriatal injection of phenylethylamine, phenylpiperazine, tetrahydroisoquinoline and tetrahydronaphthalene derivatives in the guinea pig.", "content": "The intrastriatal injection of dopamine-like compounds in the guinea pig caused the development of abnormal involuntary movements (dyskinesias) which were observed as facial grimacing, biting/gnawing/licking, severe hear and neck twisting, limb movements, whole body rocking, head and neck rocking and marked locomotor hyperactivity. With the exception of the whole body and head and neck rocking movements the dyskinesias were specifically induced by dopamine-like agents. The most conspicuous dyskinesias which followed the administration of phenylethylamine derivatives were the movements of biting/gnawing/licking and the development of marked locomotor hyperactivity. This effect was shown to be highly specific for dopamine. Tetrahydroisoquinohydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene (ADTN) caused locomotor hyperactivity and gnawing/biting/licking dyskinesias. Of all compounds investigated 1-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)pierazine (DHPP) induced the most marked dyskinetic disturbances upon intrastriatal injection: intense facial grimacing, biting/gnawing/licking, head and neck twisting and limb movements were observed although the locomotor hyperactivity was absent. Of the 1-phenylpiperazine derivatives examined, dyskinetic activity was only demonstrated using compounds with a hydroxyphenyl substitution. Results are discussed in terms of the structure--activity relationships for the stimulation of different types of dopamine receptive structures within the neostriatum.", "contents": "Dyskinetic phenomena caused by the intrastriatal injection of phenylethylamine, phenylpiperazine, tetrahydroisoquinoline and tetrahydronaphthalene derivatives in the guinea pig. The intrastriatal injection of dopamine-like compounds in the guinea pig caused the development of abnormal involuntary movements (dyskinesias) which were observed as facial grimacing, biting/gnawing/licking, severe hear and neck twisting, limb movements, whole body rocking, head and neck rocking and marked locomotor hyperactivity. With the exception of the whole body and head and neck rocking movements the dyskinesias were specifically induced by dopamine-like agents. The most conspicuous dyskinesias which followed the administration of phenylethylamine derivatives were the movements of biting/gnawing/licking and the development of marked locomotor hyperactivity. This effect was shown to be highly specific for dopamine. Tetrahydroisoquinohydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene (ADTN) caused locomotor hyperactivity and gnawing/biting/licking dyskinesias. Of all compounds investigated 1-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)pierazine (DHPP) induced the most marked dyskinetic disturbances upon intrastriatal injection: intense facial grimacing, biting/gnawing/licking, head and neck twisting and limb movements were observed although the locomotor hyperactivity was absent. Of the 1-phenylpiperazine derivatives examined, dyskinetic activity was only demonstrated using compounds with a hydroxyphenyl substitution. Results are discussed in terms of the structure--activity relationships for the stimulation of different types of dopamine receptive structures within the neostriatum.", "PMID": 1126382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9520", "title": "Interocular transfer of the motion after-effect in normal and stereoblind observers.", "content": "The extent of interocular transfer of the motion after-effect was measured in 4 stereoblind subjects and in 19 subjects having varying degrees of stereopsis. Stereoblind individuals failed completely to show any interocular transfer of this after-effect, while subjects with good stereopsis exhibited between 55 and 82 percent transfer (mean 73 percent). Furthermore, normal subjects who manifested a clear eye dominance tended to show greater transfer from the dominant to the nondominant eye than vice versa. Individuals who either had a history of a strabismus or possessed some other early impediment to clear binocular vision tended to show less transfer. Overall there was a significant positive correlation of 0.75 between the extent of interocular transfer and the subject's stereoacuity. It is argued that the extent of interocular transfer of this after-effect provides a measure of the proportion of the total number of visual cortical neurons that are binocular. Thus stereoblind humans, who show no transfer whatsoever may, like cats and monkeys deprived of concordant binocular visual input early in life, suffer from a lack of binocular neurons.", "contents": "Interocular transfer of the motion after-effect in normal and stereoblind observers. The extent of interocular transfer of the motion after-effect was measured in 4 stereoblind subjects and in 19 subjects having varying degrees of stereopsis. Stereoblind individuals failed completely to show any interocular transfer of this after-effect, while subjects with good stereopsis exhibited between 55 and 82 percent transfer (mean 73 percent). Furthermore, normal subjects who manifested a clear eye dominance tended to show greater transfer from the dominant to the nondominant eye than vice versa. Individuals who either had a history of a strabismus or possessed some other early impediment to clear binocular vision tended to show less transfer. Overall there was a significant positive correlation of 0.75 between the extent of interocular transfer and the subject's stereoacuity. It is argued that the extent of interocular transfer of this after-effect provides a measure of the proportion of the total number of visual cortical neurons that are binocular. Thus stereoblind humans, who show no transfer whatsoever may, like cats and monkeys deprived of concordant binocular visual input early in life, suffer from a lack of binocular neurons.", "PMID": 1126412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9521", "title": "A quantitative study of subsurface cisterns and their relationships in normal and axotomized hypoglossal neurones.", "content": "A quantitative ultrastructural survey was made of subsurface cisterns and their association with overlying structures in the left hypoglossal nucleus of normal rats, and rats which had received left hypoglossal axotomies 7-84 days previously. Subsurface cisterns in normal rats occurred in some hypoglossal neurones, and, sporadically, in proximal dendrites. They were mostly subsynaptic, and often associated with Nissl substance; From 7-14 days postoperatively, when many somatic boutons temporarily lost contact with the perikaryal surface, and were replaced by a microglial sheath, the percentage of perikaryon with underlying cistern was significantly reduced. The Nissl substance was also dispersed at this stage, and not restored until 28 days postoperatively. At 21 days normal percentages of subsurface cistern were restored, but the cisterns were now mostly subastrocytic, an astrocytic sheath having replaced the microglial sheath. From 63 days onwards the cisterns were mostly subsynaptic again as boutons returned to the regenerating perikarya and the temporary astrocytic sheath disappeared. It is suggested that subsurface cisterns might alter the overlying perikaryal surface in some way during neuronal regeneration, causing certain boutons to adhere there.", "contents": "A quantitative study of subsurface cisterns and their relationships in normal and axotomized hypoglossal neurones. A quantitative ultrastructural survey was made of subsurface cisterns and their association with overlying structures in the left hypoglossal nucleus of normal rats, and rats which had received left hypoglossal axotomies 7-84 days previously. Subsurface cisterns in normal rats occurred in some hypoglossal neurones, and, sporadically, in proximal dendrites. They were mostly subsynaptic, and often associated with Nissl substance; From 7-14 days postoperatively, when many somatic boutons temporarily lost contact with the perikaryal surface, and were replaced by a microglial sheath, the percentage of perikaryon with underlying cistern was significantly reduced. The Nissl substance was also dispersed at this stage, and not restored until 28 days postoperatively. At 21 days normal percentages of subsurface cistern were restored, but the cisterns were now mostly subastrocytic, an astrocytic sheath having replaced the microglial sheath. From 63 days onwards the cisterns were mostly subsynaptic again as boutons returned to the regenerating perikarya and the temporary astrocytic sheath disappeared. It is suggested that subsurface cisterns might alter the overlying perikaryal surface in some way during neuronal regeneration, causing certain boutons to adhere there.", "PMID": 1126413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9522", "title": "A pontine primary relay for ascending projections of the superior laryngeal nerve,.", "content": "1. In sheep anaesthetized with fluothane, electrical stimulation of the superior laryngeal nerve (SLN), which contains most of the afferent fibres for swallowing, evokes potentials in the medial part of the ipsilateral thalamic VPM (nucleus ventro-postero-medialis) within about 5 msec. This region constitutes the secondary synaptic relay for the laryngeal impulses projecting to the frontal cortex concerned with swallowing. 2. SLN fibres are synaptically connected with cells of the NTS (nucleus of the tractus solitarius), 2-4 mm rostral to the obex (see Car and Jean, 1971). Coagulation of this region abolishes reflexly and cortically induced swallowing, but does not influence the thalamic or cortical responses induced by SLN stimulation. 3. SLN stimulation evokes potentials with a short latency (2 msec) in a restricted pontine area localized 5 mm from the midline and above the trigeminal motor nucleus, just in front of the central emergence of the facial nerve (i.e; about 12 mm rostral to obex). Restricted coagulation of this pontine region eliminates both the thalamic and the cortical projection of SLN. 4. Repetitive stimulation (2 V; 0.2 msec; 20-30 Hz) of this same pontine region produces rhythmic swallowing with characteristics quite similar to those of swallowing induced by SLN or bulbar stimulation. 5. Other data show that SLN fibres, or at least part of them, bifurcate after entering the brain stem (about 6 mm in front of the obex), and give a caudal branch, which reaches the bulbar swallowing centre (3 mm rostral to the obex) by running through the tractus solitarius; and a rostral branch terminating in the pons where the primary synaptic relay for the ascending laryngeal pathway is localized.", "contents": "A pontine primary relay for ascending projections of the superior laryngeal nerve,. 1. In sheep anaesthetized with fluothane, electrical stimulation of the superior laryngeal nerve (SLN), which contains most of the afferent fibres for swallowing, evokes potentials in the medial part of the ipsilateral thalamic VPM (nucleus ventro-postero-medialis) within about 5 msec. This region constitutes the secondary synaptic relay for the laryngeal impulses projecting to the frontal cortex concerned with swallowing. 2. SLN fibres are synaptically connected with cells of the NTS (nucleus of the tractus solitarius), 2-4 mm rostral to the obex (see Car and Jean, 1971). Coagulation of this region abolishes reflexly and cortically induced swallowing, but does not influence the thalamic or cortical responses induced by SLN stimulation. 3. SLN stimulation evokes potentials with a short latency (2 msec) in a restricted pontine area localized 5 mm from the midline and above the trigeminal motor nucleus, just in front of the central emergence of the facial nerve (i.e; about 12 mm rostral to obex). Restricted coagulation of this pontine region eliminates both the thalamic and the cortical projection of SLN. 4. Repetitive stimulation (2 V; 0.2 msec; 20-30 Hz) of this same pontine region produces rhythmic swallowing with characteristics quite similar to those of swallowing induced by SLN or bulbar stimulation. 5. Other data show that SLN fibres, or at least part of them, bifurcate after entering the brain stem (about 6 mm in front of the obex), and give a caudal branch, which reaches the bulbar swallowing centre (3 mm rostral to the obex) by running through the tractus solitarius; and a rostral branch terminating in the pons where the primary synaptic relay for the ascending laryngeal pathway is localized.", "PMID": 1126414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9523", "title": "Comparison of activity in pontine versus medullary neurones during swallowing.", "content": "1. On decerebellectomized sheep lightly anaesthetized with fluothane, the activity of 49 neurones in the pontine relay (see Car et al., 1975) was recorded with microelectrodes following stimulation of afferents in the superior laryngeal nerve (SLN), 2. These pontine neurones (PN) exhibited an \"initial activity\" (one or a few spikes) for stimulation either of the homolateral SLN (35 PN) or glossopharyngeal nerve (14 PN). This initial activity had a latency between 1.5 and 4 msec. When swallowing was induced by SLN stimulation, a later discharge appeared. This \"swallowing activity\" consisted of a variable burst of spikes. 3. The effect of curarization was tested for 13 PN. It always eliminated the \"swallowing activity\". 4. A clear antidromic response of 16 PN (26 tested PN) was induced by stimulating the thalamic VPM nucleus. This stimulation failed to elicit an antidromic response in medullary neurones (14 tested) located in the nucleus of the tractus solitarius. 5. It is concluded that PN are probably sensory relay neurones which inform higher nervous centres of the state of oropharyngeal receptors; whereas medullary swallowing neurones are really interneurones involved in the programming of the wallowing motor sequence.", "contents": "Comparison of activity in pontine versus medullary neurones during swallowing. 1. On decerebellectomized sheep lightly anaesthetized with fluothane, the activity of 49 neurones in the pontine relay (see Car et al., 1975) was recorded with microelectrodes following stimulation of afferents in the superior laryngeal nerve (SLN), 2. These pontine neurones (PN) exhibited an \"initial activity\" (one or a few spikes) for stimulation either of the homolateral SLN (35 PN) or glossopharyngeal nerve (14 PN). This initial activity had a latency between 1.5 and 4 msec. When swallowing was induced by SLN stimulation, a later discharge appeared. This \"swallowing activity\" consisted of a variable burst of spikes. 3. The effect of curarization was tested for 13 PN. It always eliminated the \"swallowing activity\". 4. A clear antidromic response of 16 PN (26 tested PN) was induced by stimulating the thalamic VPM nucleus. This stimulation failed to elicit an antidromic response in medullary neurones (14 tested) located in the nucleus of the tractus solitarius. 5. It is concluded that PN are probably sensory relay neurones which inform higher nervous centres of the state of oropharyngeal receptors; whereas medullary swallowing neurones are really interneurones involved in the programming of the wallowing motor sequence.", "PMID": 1126415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9524", "title": "Neural pathways from the vestibular labyrinths to the flocculus in the cat.", "content": "In decerebrate, unanesthetized cats, responses in the flocculus were evoked by electric stimulation of the vestibular nerves and by natural stimulation of horizontal head angular acceleration. Field potentials in the flocculus and intracellular recording from Purkinje cells following vestibular nerve stimulation indicated that the responses were produced by mossy fiber inputs. Field potentials evoked from the contralateral labyrinth were as large as those from the ipsilateral one. There was considerable convergence of bilateral labyrinthine mossy fiber inputs to a Purkinje cell. In view of the effects of incision at the midline of the cerebellum and the brain stem, inputs from the contralateral labyrinth were mainly conveyed through the midline of the brain stem and partly through the midline of the cerebellum. Primary vestibular afferents were involved in the transcerebellar crossed pathway. Fibers of the secondary vestibular neurons projecting to the contralateral flocculus were implicated in the brain stem-mediated pathway and, in part, presumably in the transcerebellar crossed pathway. About one-third of the axon spikes examined in the flocculus responded to horizontal head angular acceleration. Commissural inhibition was observed in more than half of the axon spikes in the flocculus which were presumed to be mono- or polysynaptically activated from the vestibular nerve.", "contents": "Neural pathways from the vestibular labyrinths to the flocculus in the cat. In decerebrate, unanesthetized cats, responses in the flocculus were evoked by electric stimulation of the vestibular nerves and by natural stimulation of horizontal head angular acceleration. Field potentials in the flocculus and intracellular recording from Purkinje cells following vestibular nerve stimulation indicated that the responses were produced by mossy fiber inputs. Field potentials evoked from the contralateral labyrinth were as large as those from the ipsilateral one. There was considerable convergence of bilateral labyrinthine mossy fiber inputs to a Purkinje cell. In view of the effects of incision at the midline of the cerebellum and the brain stem, inputs from the contralateral labyrinth were mainly conveyed through the midline of the brain stem and partly through the midline of the cerebellum. Primary vestibular afferents were involved in the transcerebellar crossed pathway. Fibers of the secondary vestibular neurons projecting to the contralateral flocculus were implicated in the brain stem-mediated pathway and, in part, presumably in the transcerebellar crossed pathway. About one-third of the axon spikes examined in the flocculus responded to horizontal head angular acceleration. Commissural inhibition was observed in more than half of the axon spikes in the flocculus which were presumed to be mono- or polysynaptically activated from the vestibular nerve.", "PMID": 1126416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9525", "title": "Chelating agents as possible artificial blood substitutes.", "content": "The synthetic cobalt-containing oxygen carriers are briefly reviewed as well as some of the heavier metal systems. The earlier chemistry of the iron complexes with dioxygen is discussed. Some of the more recent results on the reversible binding of oxygen to iron complexes is presented. Initial results showed that low temperatures and steric hindrance in the vicinity of the binding site were important parameters. It is shown further that a rather extensive steric hindrance can yield iron complexes that are efficiently reversible at 25 C. Two such species are known at this date. It is possible that such compounds could act as artificial blood substitutes by attaching to them suitable permanent ligands. Furthermore, solubilization of such species either in fluorocarbon emulsions or by direct covalent attachment to water-soluble polymers offers an opportunity to render them physically compatible with plasma, as substitutes for the red cell.", "contents": "Chelating agents as possible artificial blood substitutes. The synthetic cobalt-containing oxygen carriers are briefly reviewed as well as some of the heavier metal systems. The earlier chemistry of the iron complexes with dioxygen is discussed. Some of the more recent results on the reversible binding of oxygen to iron complexes is presented. Initial results showed that low temperatures and steric hindrance in the vicinity of the binding site were important parameters. It is shown further that a rather extensive steric hindrance can yield iron complexes that are efficiently reversible at 25 C. Two such species are known at this date. It is possible that such compounds could act as artificial blood substitutes by attaching to them suitable permanent ligands. Furthermore, solubilization of such species either in fluorocarbon emulsions or by direct covalent attachment to water-soluble polymers offers an opportunity to render them physically compatible with plasma, as substitutes for the red cell.", "PMID": 1126439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9526", "title": "Fluorocarbons: properties and syntheses.", "content": "The paper discusses custom syntheses of fluorocarbons for potential use as artificial blood substitutes. The term \"fluorocarbon\" designates a perfluorinated carbon compound which does not contain another halogen or hydrogen. Prominent requirements of an artificial blood substitute are: 1) efficient oxygen/carbon dioxide transport, 2) biological inertness, 3) low vapor pressure, 4) dispersibility to form emulsion. Fluorocarbons are superior to other liquids in dissolving oxygen and carbon dioxide. The most biologically inert halogenated alkanes are fully fluorinated. Introduction of another halogen or unsaturation decreases biological inertness. Boiling points of fluoroalkanes can be estimated from the Kinney equation. The most common method of fluorination, namely electrofluorination, is briefly described and applied to several types of organic compounds. Hydrocarbons give low yields of perfluoroalkanes. Alternatively, perfluoroalkanes may be prepared through reaction of functionalized substrates. Innert perfluorocyclic ethers are obtained from substrate ethers or acid fluorides. All types of amines perfluorinate but only perfluorotertiary amines are inert. Divalent organo-sulfur compounds afford inert perfluorinated products with sulfur in the hexavalent state. Sulfonyl fluorides give perfluorosulfonyl fluorides which can be pyrolytically coupled producing perfluoroalkanes. The Schoniger combustion method and neutron activation are described as analytical means for determining fluorine content.", "contents": "Fluorocarbons: properties and syntheses. The paper discusses custom syntheses of fluorocarbons for potential use as artificial blood substitutes. The term \"fluorocarbon\" designates a perfluorinated carbon compound which does not contain another halogen or hydrogen. Prominent requirements of an artificial blood substitute are: 1) efficient oxygen/carbon dioxide transport, 2) biological inertness, 3) low vapor pressure, 4) dispersibility to form emulsion. Fluorocarbons are superior to other liquids in dissolving oxygen and carbon dioxide. The most biologically inert halogenated alkanes are fully fluorinated. Introduction of another halogen or unsaturation decreases biological inertness. Boiling points of fluoroalkanes can be estimated from the Kinney equation. The most common method of fluorination, namely electrofluorination, is briefly described and applied to several types of organic compounds. Hydrocarbons give low yields of perfluoroalkanes. Alternatively, perfluoroalkanes may be prepared through reaction of functionalized substrates. Innert perfluorocyclic ethers are obtained from substrate ethers or acid fluorides. All types of amines perfluorinate but only perfluorotertiary amines are inert. Divalent organo-sulfur compounds afford inert perfluorinated products with sulfur in the hexavalent state. Sulfonyl fluorides give perfluorosulfonyl fluorides which can be pyrolytically coupled producing perfluoroalkanes. The Schoniger combustion method and neutron activation are described as analytical means for determining fluorine content.", "PMID": 1126440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9527", "title": "Artificial blood emulsifiers.", "content": "Two sets of prerequisites for nonionic emulsifiers suitable for an artificial blood program are suggested; one set that is necessary and a supplemental set that is desirable. Of the commercially available emulsifiers, only one, poloxamer 188, meets all of the requirements of the first group, and also meets most of the prerequisites of the second group. The hydrophile-lipophile balance system, its relation to emulsifier structure, and its value in arriving at the optimum emulsifier system, are discussed. The ability of the poloxamer 188 to serve as a plasma expander is attributed to its unusual micellar nature. The emulsifiers used in the artificial blood program are reviewed. Some newer experimental fluorochemical surfactants are described, and suggestions made for developing modifications of existing emulsifier systems. A new simple method for preparing stable artificial blood emulsions is reviewed.", "contents": "Artificial blood emulsifiers. Two sets of prerequisites for nonionic emulsifiers suitable for an artificial blood program are suggested; one set that is necessary and a supplemental set that is desirable. Of the commercially available emulsifiers, only one, poloxamer 188, meets all of the requirements of the first group, and also meets most of the prerequisites of the second group. The hydrophile-lipophile balance system, its relation to emulsifier structure, and its value in arriving at the optimum emulsifier system, are discussed. The ability of the poloxamer 188 to serve as a plasma expander is attributed to its unusual micellar nature. The emulsifiers used in the artificial blood program are reviewed. Some newer experimental fluorochemical surfactants are described, and suggestions made for developing modifications of existing emulsifier systems. A new simple method for preparing stable artificial blood emulsions is reviewed.", "PMID": 1126441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9528", "title": "Cross-linked hemoglobins as potential plasma protein extenders.", "content": "Reaction of hemoglobin solutions with members of a class of diimidate esters leads to the formation of cross-linked intermolecular or intramolecular complexes depending on the relative concentration of hemoglobin and the length of the carbon chain of the imidate esters. The products have a life-span in the circulation of rabbits significantly greater than that of unmodified hemoglobin and it is suggested that they may serve as plasma protein extenders.", "contents": "Cross-linked hemoglobins as potential plasma protein extenders. Reaction of hemoglobin solutions with members of a class of diimidate esters leads to the formation of cross-linked intermolecular or intramolecular complexes depending on the relative concentration of hemoglobin and the length of the carbon chain of the imidate esters. The products have a life-span in the circulation of rabbits significantly greater than that of unmodified hemoglobin and it is suggested that they may serve as plasma protein extenders.", "PMID": 1126442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9529", "title": "Hemoglobin solution: a potential oxygen transporting plasma volume expander.", "content": "The potential of a 6% stroma-free human hemoglobin solution (WXb8326) as a plasma volume expander with oxygen transport capabilities was evaluated in barbiturate-anesthetized spontaneously breathing dogs. WXb8326 compared favorably with dextran-70 and 5% albumin solution as a plasma volume expander. Serial phlebotomies to a blood pressure of 35 mm Hg and immediate replacement with the above colloid expanders showed that only WXb8326-exchanged dogs survived acute reductions in hematocrit to critical levels of smaller than or equal to 5%. After several exchanges with WXb8326 to levels as low as 1%, it was possible to demonstrate acute survival. With less drastic reductions in the hematocrit (between 5 and 10%) all dogs survived acutely regardless of the type of plasma volume expander used; however, subacute survival rates varied. Oxygen transport characteristics during isovolumic hemodilution (phlebotomy and simultaneous replacement with WXb8326) were studied in a separate series of spontaneously breathing dogs in which hematocrit was reduced to approximately 50% of control. Oxygen content of erythrocytic hemoglobin (EHb) and extraerythrocytic hemoglobin (EEHb) resulting from infusions of WXb8326 was studied in arterial and venous blood at different levels of hemodilution. WXb8326 did not interfere with the arterial oxygen saturation of EHb in the pulmonary vascular bed and EEHb was oxygenated as efficiently as EHb. Oxygen delivery to tissues differed between EHb and EEHb. Erythrocytic hemoglobin met oxygen demands under basal conditions while EEHb contributed oxygen to tissues during conditions of high oxygen extraction. It is concluded that WXb8326 is an attractive condidate as a plasma volume expander with the capacity to transport oxygen to tissues.", "contents": "Hemoglobin solution: a potential oxygen transporting plasma volume expander. The potential of a 6% stroma-free human hemoglobin solution (WXb8326) as a plasma volume expander with oxygen transport capabilities was evaluated in barbiturate-anesthetized spontaneously breathing dogs. WXb8326 compared favorably with dextran-70 and 5% albumin solution as a plasma volume expander. Serial phlebotomies to a blood pressure of 35 mm Hg and immediate replacement with the above colloid expanders showed that only WXb8326-exchanged dogs survived acute reductions in hematocrit to critical levels of smaller than or equal to 5%. After several exchanges with WXb8326 to levels as low as 1%, it was possible to demonstrate acute survival. With less drastic reductions in the hematocrit (between 5 and 10%) all dogs survived acutely regardless of the type of plasma volume expander used; however, subacute survival rates varied. Oxygen transport characteristics during isovolumic hemodilution (phlebotomy and simultaneous replacement with WXb8326) were studied in a separate series of spontaneously breathing dogs in which hematocrit was reduced to approximately 50% of control. Oxygen content of erythrocytic hemoglobin (EHb) and extraerythrocytic hemoglobin (EEHb) resulting from infusions of WXb8326 was studied in arterial and venous blood at different levels of hemodilution. WXb8326 did not interfere with the arterial oxygen saturation of EHb in the pulmonary vascular bed and EEHb was oxygenated as efficiently as EHb. Oxygen delivery to tissues differed between EHb and EEHb. Erythrocytic hemoglobin met oxygen demands under basal conditions while EEHb contributed oxygen to tissues during conditions of high oxygen extraction. It is concluded that WXb8326 is an attractive condidate as a plasma volume expander with the capacity to transport oxygen to tissues.", "PMID": 1126443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9530", "title": "Emulsions of perfluorinated solvents for intravascular gas transport.", "content": "During the past several years we have progressed from the use of perfluorinated substances, which were good gas solvents but often produced unexpected physiological reactions, to a point where emulsions of pure perfluorinated substances can be made in a reproducible way. A standardized method of making emulsions has now been developed. The physical properties of the perfluorinated substances needed to make useful emulsions have been defined. Specifically, perfluorinated substances having vapor pressures above about 40 torr must be avoided as they produce pulmonary gas embolism; also lower boiling components having vapor pressures above about 40 torr must be excluded. The relationship between chemical structure and several physiological and pharmacological effects has been delineated. Perfluorinated substances containing only carbon and fluorine, or those containing carbon, fluorine, and either bromine or iodine have reasonably short dwell times in the liver. Perfluorinated iodo- and bromo-compounds dissolve oxygen and are radiopaque. Present iodo-perfluorinates are unstable in the presence of light. Perfluorodecalin can enter and leave the liver without changing the liver's ultrastructure. Both egg phospholipid and Pluronic F68 are useful in making perfluorodecalin emulsions. Perfluorodimethyladamantane makes a fine-particle stable emulsion. There is a bright future for perfluorinated substances in a number of areas of research in biology and medicine.", "contents": "Emulsions of perfluorinated solvents for intravascular gas transport. During the past several years we have progressed from the use of perfluorinated substances, which were good gas solvents but often produced unexpected physiological reactions, to a point where emulsions of pure perfluorinated substances can be made in a reproducible way. A standardized method of making emulsions has now been developed. The physical properties of the perfluorinated substances needed to make useful emulsions have been defined. Specifically, perfluorinated substances having vapor pressures above about 40 torr must be avoided as they produce pulmonary gas embolism; also lower boiling components having vapor pressures above about 40 torr must be excluded. The relationship between chemical structure and several physiological and pharmacological effects has been delineated. Perfluorinated substances containing only carbon and fluorine, or those containing carbon, fluorine, and either bromine or iodine have reasonably short dwell times in the liver. Perfluorinated iodo- and bromo-compounds dissolve oxygen and are radiopaque. Present iodo-perfluorinates are unstable in the presence of light. Perfluorodecalin can enter and leave the liver without changing the liver's ultrastructure. Both egg phospholipid and Pluronic F68 are useful in making perfluorodecalin emulsions. Perfluorodimethyladamantane makes a fine-particle stable emulsion. There is a bright future for perfluorinated substances in a number of areas of research in biology and medicine.", "PMID": 1126444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9531", "title": "Preparation of perfluorodecalin emulsion, an approach to the red cells substitute.", "content": "The major problems unsolved in fluorocarbon emulsions have been the long lasting retention of the substance in tissues of organs and acute shock symptom in animals receiving \"coarse\" emulsion with particles larger then 0.2 mum. This report offers a new, stable and sterile preparation of 25% \"fine\" perfluorodecalin emulsion with yolk phospholipid that is eliminated from liver, spleen and other organs within a few weeks, and whose acute and subacute toxicity is as low as perfluorotributylamine/Pluronic F68 emulsion. Effects of the perfluorodecalin emulsion thus prepared for maintaining contractile force of isolated guinea pig heart by perfusion and survival of animals receiving repeated circulatory exchange proved similar to perfluorotributylamine/Pluronic F68 emulsion.", "contents": "Preparation of perfluorodecalin emulsion, an approach to the red cells substitute. The major problems unsolved in fluorocarbon emulsions have been the long lasting retention of the substance in tissues of organs and acute shock symptom in animals receiving \"coarse\" emulsion with particles larger then 0.2 mum. This report offers a new, stable and sterile preparation of 25% \"fine\" perfluorodecalin emulsion with yolk phospholipid that is eliminated from liver, spleen and other organs within a few weeks, and whose acute and subacute toxicity is as low as perfluorotributylamine/Pluronic F68 emulsion. Effects of the perfluorodecalin emulsion thus prepared for maintaining contractile force of isolated guinea pig heart by perfusion and survival of animals receiving repeated circulatory exchange proved similar to perfluorotributylamine/Pluronic F68 emulsion.", "PMID": 1126445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9532", "title": "Studies on isolated rat liver perfused by perfluoro-compound emulsion.", "content": "Isolated rat livers were perfused for 6 hours by different types of cell-free synthetic media. Some of the media included perfluoro-compounds as an oxygen carrier. The value of the perfusion medium as blood substitute was judged on the basis of observations and measurements of a number of parameters. These were: secretion of bile, fluid pressure in the portal vein, the level of GPT (ALAT) transaminase, urea nitrogen, and glucose in the perfusate. The rate of albumin synthesis and the rate of 14-C-lysine incorporated into circulating proteins were also measured. It was found that perfusion of the isolated rat liver with the TC-199 Difco medium containing the perfluoro-compound FC-80 emulsion maintained the liver in a good condition demonstrated, among other things, by the synthesis of albumin and other proteins. The liver could be kept in a good functional condition during 6 hours perfusion with this cell-free medium. With all the other types of perfusate tested the liver did not synthesize proteins. The isolated rat liver seems to be both convenient and advantageous for testing the perfusion media with respect to their capacity to maintain important metabolic functions.", "contents": "Studies on isolated rat liver perfused by perfluoro-compound emulsion. Isolated rat livers were perfused for 6 hours by different types of cell-free synthetic media. Some of the media included perfluoro-compounds as an oxygen carrier. The value of the perfusion medium as blood substitute was judged on the basis of observations and measurements of a number of parameters. These were: secretion of bile, fluid pressure in the portal vein, the level of GPT (ALAT) transaminase, urea nitrogen, and glucose in the perfusate. The rate of albumin synthesis and the rate of 14-C-lysine incorporated into circulating proteins were also measured. It was found that perfusion of the isolated rat liver with the TC-199 Difco medium containing the perfluoro-compound FC-80 emulsion maintained the liver in a good condition demonstrated, among other things, by the synthesis of albumin and other proteins. The liver could be kept in a good functional condition during 6 hours perfusion with this cell-free medium. With all the other types of perfusate tested the liver did not synthesize proteins. The isolated rat liver seems to be both convenient and advantageous for testing the perfusion media with respect to their capacity to maintain important metabolic functions.", "PMID": 1126446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9533", "title": "Evaluation of fluorochemicals for liquid membrane oxygenation.", "content": "An attempt is being made to develop an oxygenator utilizing gaseous oxygen bubbles completely encapsulated with fluorochemical, thereby avoiding the detrimental changes induced by a blood-gas interface. After the feasibility of this method of oxygenation had been proved, the biocompatibility of the fluorochemicals was investigated. No significant changes in human red blood cells, fibrinogen, or platelets were induced by chronic in vitro contact with fluorochemical over a 24-hour peroid. There is no evidence that the fluorochemicals tested extract lipids from plasma. A device which allowed continuous formation of a blood-fluorochemical interface was utilized in vitro with human blood and in vivo with dogs. No significant alterations were induced by fluorochemicals in the human or animal blood or in the canine organs at autopsy. A prototype oxygenator is now undergoing evaluation. A method of analyzing for fluorochemical in blood and other protein solutions is presented.", "contents": "Evaluation of fluorochemicals for liquid membrane oxygenation. An attempt is being made to develop an oxygenator utilizing gaseous oxygen bubbles completely encapsulated with fluorochemical, thereby avoiding the detrimental changes induced by a blood-gas interface. After the feasibility of this method of oxygenation had been proved, the biocompatibility of the fluorochemicals was investigated. No significant changes in human red blood cells, fibrinogen, or platelets were induced by chronic in vitro contact with fluorochemical over a 24-hour peroid. There is no evidence that the fluorochemicals tested extract lipids from plasma. A device which allowed continuous formation of a blood-fluorochemical interface was utilized in vitro with human blood and in vivo with dogs. No significant alterations were induced by fluorochemicals in the human or animal blood or in the canine organs at autopsy. A prototype oxygenator is now undergoing evaluation. A method of analyzing for fluorochemical in blood and other protein solutions is presented.", "PMID": 1126447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9534", "title": "Effect of fluorocarbon emulsions on the mechanical fragility of normal and sickle cells: in vitro studies.", "content": "Mechanical fragility measurements have been made in vitro on fluorocarbon emulsions mixed with normal and sickle cells in plasma to determine the effect of fluorocarbon. Emulsions of FC-80 with Pluronic F-68 were added to give final solutions of 0, 1, 5, 10, and 20% fluorocarbon emulsion. The effect of the fluorocarbon emulsion was observed in the presence and absence of oxygen. In the presence of oxygen, there was no effect of the fluorocarbon emulsion on the mechanical fragility of normal or sickle cells. In deoxygenated systems, however, there was significantly less hemoglobin in the plasma during the mechanical fragility test with fluorocarbon emulsion added to sickle cell blood. The normal blood was not affected by the fluorocarbon emulsion in the deoxygenated system. Five percent of fluorocarbon emulsion was required for a significant effect on the deoxygenated sickle cells. Since the effect of the fluorocarbon emulsion was in a deoxygenated condition, the effect is due to the presence of the fluorocarbon emulsion and not its oxygen carrying capability.", "contents": "Effect of fluorocarbon emulsions on the mechanical fragility of normal and sickle cells: in vitro studies. Mechanical fragility measurements have been made in vitro on fluorocarbon emulsions mixed with normal and sickle cells in plasma to determine the effect of fluorocarbon. Emulsions of FC-80 with Pluronic F-68 were added to give final solutions of 0, 1, 5, 10, and 20% fluorocarbon emulsion. The effect of the fluorocarbon emulsion was observed in the presence and absence of oxygen. In the presence of oxygen, there was no effect of the fluorocarbon emulsion on the mechanical fragility of normal or sickle cells. In deoxygenated systems, however, there was significantly less hemoglobin in the plasma during the mechanical fragility test with fluorocarbon emulsion added to sickle cell blood. The normal blood was not affected by the fluorocarbon emulsion in the deoxygenated system. Five percent of fluorocarbon emulsion was required for a significant effect on the deoxygenated sickle cells. Since the effect of the fluorocarbon emulsion was in a deoxygenated condition, the effect is due to the presence of the fluorocarbon emulsion and not its oxygen carrying capability.", "PMID": 1126448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9535", "title": "Artificial blood and the National Blood Policy.", "content": "Artificial blood will become important to the extent that it is safer, more effective, more economical, and more readily available than natural substances. If physicians would accept blood substitutes, their use might help to eliminate prevailing shortages of blood and increasing needs for plasma. The high demand for albumin, one of the safest biologics known, is pushing the requirement for plasma to higher levels every year. The albumin situation illustrates both the value placed on hemotherapeutic agents of proven safety and the problem of mobilizing sufficient blood resources for their production. The solutions to this problem and others addressed by the National Blood Policy will involve both scientific efforts and improvements in the operation and organization of blood service systems. Thus, the search for blood and plasma substitutes must be viewed as just one of a set of management and scientific approaches to meeting the need for safe, effective hemotherapuetic agents.", "contents": "Artificial blood and the National Blood Policy. Artificial blood will become important to the extent that it is safer, more effective, more economical, and more readily available than natural substances. If physicians would accept blood substitutes, their use might help to eliminate prevailing shortages of blood and increasing needs for plasma. The high demand for albumin, one of the safest biologics known, is pushing the requirement for plasma to higher levels every year. The albumin situation illustrates both the value placed on hemotherapeutic agents of proven safety and the problem of mobilizing sufficient blood resources for their production. The solutions to this problem and others addressed by the National Blood Policy will involve both scientific efforts and improvements in the operation and organization of blood service systems. Thus, the search for blood and plasma substitutes must be viewed as just one of a set of management and scientific approaches to meeting the need for safe, effective hemotherapuetic agents.", "PMID": 1126451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9536", "title": "Food and Drug Administration regulations and licensure.", "content": "The regulatory requirements of the Food and Drug Administration for products that are defined as drugs and/or biologics are extensively documented in the applicable sections of the Code of Federal Regulations. They include broad requirements for good manufacturing practices and a number of general requirements for matters such as sterility, stability, pyrogens, and labeling. In addition, for biological products, specific standards are published for comment in the Federal Register and then as final rules prior to the acceptance of license applications for new products. The major criteria for such products are safety and effectiveness when the products are used prudently as directed in accompanying circulars. It is generally sound practice to obtain extensive toxicologic and pharmacologic knowledge of potential new products prior to embarking on clinical trials. These trials must be described in investigational new drug applications (INDs), if the products will be entered into interstate commerce. Clinical trials should be planned and conducted using sound scientific and ethical principles in order to obtain objective evidence of clinical effectiveness without unduly jeopardizing the participants in such studies.", "contents": "Food and Drug Administration regulations and licensure. The regulatory requirements of the Food and Drug Administration for products that are defined as drugs and/or biologics are extensively documented in the applicable sections of the Code of Federal Regulations. They include broad requirements for good manufacturing practices and a number of general requirements for matters such as sterility, stability, pyrogens, and labeling. In addition, for biological products, specific standards are published for comment in the Federal Register and then as final rules prior to the acceptance of license applications for new products. The major criteria for such products are safety and effectiveness when the products are used prudently as directed in accompanying circulars. It is generally sound practice to obtain extensive toxicologic and pharmacologic knowledge of potential new products prior to embarking on clinical trials. These trials must be described in investigational new drug applications (INDs), if the products will be entered into interstate commerce. Clinical trials should be planned and conducted using sound scientific and ethical principles in order to obtain objective evidence of clinical effectiveness without unduly jeopardizing the participants in such studies.", "PMID": 1126452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9537", "title": "Influence of estrogen and progesterone treatment on ovarian contractility in the monkey.", "content": "Five female rhesus monkeys were treated with natural estrogens, 5 mg/day for three weeks, after which ovarian contractility was studied in vitro in one of the ovaries. Estrogen treatment was followed by progesterone, 25 mg/day for three weeks, after which the contractility of the remaining ovary was similarly measured. Responses to autonomic agents and prostaglandins were studied in both groups. Spontaneous ovarian contractility and ovarian contractile responsiveness to prostaglandins and norepinephrine were found to be enhanced after progesterone treatment. Cholinergic agonists had a stimulatory effect after progesterone and an inhibitory effect after estrogens. Our results suggest that ovarian contractile responsiveness is modified by the local steroid environment, perhaps through intracellular changes in cyclic AMP.", "contents": "Influence of estrogen and progesterone treatment on ovarian contractility in the monkey. Five female rhesus monkeys were treated with natural estrogens, 5 mg/day for three weeks, after which ovarian contractility was studied in vitro in one of the ovaries. Estrogen treatment was followed by progesterone, 25 mg/day for three weeks, after which the contractility of the remaining ovary was similarly measured. Responses to autonomic agents and prostaglandins were studied in both groups. Spontaneous ovarian contractility and ovarian contractile responsiveness to prostaglandins and norepinephrine were found to be enhanced after progesterone treatment. Cholinergic agonists had a stimulatory effect after progesterone and an inhibitory effect after estrogens. Our results suggest that ovarian contractile responsiveness is modified by the local steroid environment, perhaps through intracellular changes in cyclic AMP.", "PMID": 1126455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9538", "title": "The effect of prostaglandin F2alpha on corpus luteal function in the rhesus monkey.", "content": "An experimental model was set up to show whether PGF2alpha caused luteolysis when adequate chorionic gonadotropin was administered. Four mature female rhesus monkeys were studied for two cycles each. HCG was given after ovulation until day 36. PGF2alpha was given on days 28 and 29 in one cycle, while the other served as control. In five out of the total eight cycles studied, the luteal function was maintained up to day 36. However, gradual decline of serum progesterone was noted after days 22 to 26 despite the continuous administration of hCG. Administration of PGF2alpha on days 28 and 29 did not accelerate CL regression. It was also noted that hCG in doses of 500 IU did not maintain CL function in three of four cycles when surgical stress was added.", "contents": "The effect of prostaglandin F2alpha on corpus luteal function in the rhesus monkey. An experimental model was set up to show whether PGF2alpha caused luteolysis when adequate chorionic gonadotropin was administered. Four mature female rhesus monkeys were studied for two cycles each. HCG was given after ovulation until day 36. PGF2alpha was given on days 28 and 29 in one cycle, while the other served as control. In five out of the total eight cycles studied, the luteal function was maintained up to day 36. However, gradual decline of serum progesterone was noted after days 22 to 26 despite the continuous administration of hCG. Administration of PGF2alpha on days 28 and 29 did not accelerate CL regression. It was also noted that hCG in doses of 500 IU did not maintain CL function in three of four cycles when surgical stress was added.", "PMID": 1126456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9539", "title": "Neutrophils and the mechanism of IUD action in rats.", "content": "Current research on the mechanism of action of the IUD has focused on a local, low-grade endometritis in preventing blastocystic implantation. With rabbit antisera to rat neutrophils, a neutropenic state was induced in rats having a silk suture in one uterine horn. Assay for nidation sites in the severely polymorphdepleted rats revealed no implantation sites in the IUD horn and an average of 5.8 sites in the control horn, suggesting that inflammation plays a relatively minor role, if any, in the mechanism of action of the IUD.", "contents": "Neutrophils and the mechanism of IUD action in rats. Current research on the mechanism of action of the IUD has focused on a local, low-grade endometritis in preventing blastocystic implantation. With rabbit antisera to rat neutrophils, a neutropenic state was induced in rats having a silk suture in one uterine horn. Assay for nidation sites in the severely polymorphdepleted rats revealed no implantation sites in the IUD horn and an average of 5.8 sites in the control horn, suggesting that inflammation plays a relatively minor role, if any, in the mechanism of action of the IUD.", "PMID": 1126457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9540", "title": "Action of cyproterone acetate on the accessory organ of reproduction in prepubertal and sexually mature rats.", "content": "The effects of cyproterone acetate on the accessory organs of immature, prepubertal, and sexually mature adult rats were studied. Administration of CA to immature 30-day-old rats for 15 days markedly decreased the silaic acid in the caput and cauda epididymides and decreased the secretory activity of the accessory glands. Treatment of adult rats with CA for 15 days caused an increased incorporation of 3H-uridine into RNA and of 3H-phenylalanine into protein in the caput and cauda epididymides. The percentage of increase in the specific activity of RNA and protein was higher in the cauda epididymidis than in the caput epididymidis.", "contents": "Action of cyproterone acetate on the accessory organ of reproduction in prepubertal and sexually mature rats. The effects of cyproterone acetate on the accessory organs of immature, prepubertal, and sexually mature adult rats were studied. Administration of CA to immature 30-day-old rats for 15 days markedly decreased the silaic acid in the caput and cauda epididymides and decreased the secretory activity of the accessory glands. Treatment of adult rats with CA for 15 days caused an increased incorporation of 3H-uridine into RNA and of 3H-phenylalanine into protein in the caput and cauda epididymides. The percentage of increase in the specific activity of RNA and protein was higher in the cauda epididymidis than in the caput epididymidis.", "PMID": 1126458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9541", "title": "Oxidative and glycolytic metabolism of semen components by washed guinea pig spermatozoa.", "content": "The concentration of several potentially metabolizable substances in guinea pig semen and the ability of these substances to support ATP synthesis and the motility of guinea pig sperm have been determined. Both glucose and fructose were present in high concentration in semen and were equipotent at the concentration tested in maintaining high levels of ATP and a high rate of motility. Lactic and pyruvic acids also supported a high rate of sperm motility but maintained lower levels of ATP. These constituents of guinea pig semen, as well as the metabolites alpha-glycerophosphate, succinic acid, and beta-hydroxybutyric acid, are oxidized at unusually high rates. The active oxidative metabolism of guinea pig sperm is compared with that of human sperm which is primarily glycolytic.", "contents": "Oxidative and glycolytic metabolism of semen components by washed guinea pig spermatozoa. The concentration of several potentially metabolizable substances in guinea pig semen and the ability of these substances to support ATP synthesis and the motility of guinea pig sperm have been determined. Both glucose and fructose were present in high concentration in semen and were equipotent at the concentration tested in maintaining high levels of ATP and a high rate of motility. Lactic and pyruvic acids also supported a high rate of sperm motility but maintained lower levels of ATP. These constituents of guinea pig semen, as well as the metabolites alpha-glycerophosphate, succinic acid, and beta-hydroxybutyric acid, are oxidized at unusually high rates. The active oxidative metabolism of guinea pig sperm is compared with that of human sperm which is primarily glycolytic.", "PMID": 1126459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9542", "title": "Stimulation of ejaculated human spermatozoa by caffeine.", "content": "Caffeine (1, 3, 7-trimethyl-2, 6-dioxypurine), a cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitor, increased the motility of ejaculated human spermatozoa. Both the percent motility and the grade of forward progression were significantly increased (P smaller than 0.001) and maintained in the presence of 6 mM of caffeine for up to five hours at 37 C. Increases in percent motility greater than two-fold occurred among the groups having low initial motility. Increases in samples with a high initial percent motility (greater than 60%) were not as dramatic, but they were still significant. In addition, the grade of motility or forward progression was increased in all groups up to one full unit. The longevity of the spermatozoa, judged by activity, was also increased for up to five hours.", "contents": "Stimulation of ejaculated human spermatozoa by caffeine. Caffeine (1, 3, 7-trimethyl-2, 6-dioxypurine), a cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitor, increased the motility of ejaculated human spermatozoa. Both the percent motility and the grade of forward progression were significantly increased (P smaller than 0.001) and maintained in the presence of 6 mM of caffeine for up to five hours at 37 C. Increases in percent motility greater than two-fold occurred among the groups having low initial motility. Increases in samples with a high initial percent motility (greater than 60%) were not as dramatic, but they were still significant. In addition, the grade of motility or forward progression was increased in all groups up to one full unit. The longevity of the spermatozoa, judged by activity, was also increased for up to five hours.", "PMID": 1126460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9543", "title": "Effect of centrifugation and seminal plasma on motility and fertility of stallion and bull spermatozoa.", "content": "The effect of centrifugation of diluted and undiluted semen on equine and bovine spermatozoan motility and fertility was examined, as was the effect of seminal plasma and dilution on stallion spermatozoa during incubation before and after freezing. Centrifugation at 370 g or 829 g was not detrimental (P greater than 0.05) to prefreeze or postfreeze motility if a final concentration of 10% seminal plasma was present. A reduction of seminal plasma from 10% to 2% significantly (P smaller than 0.05) reduced motility. A centrifugal force of 956 g significantly reduced prefreeze but not postfreeze motility of spermatozoa in undiluted semen, regardless of seminal plasma concentration. With a dried skim milk extender, prefreeze and postfreeze motility was greater in samples containing 20% seminal plasma. Motility was depressed by high and low concentrations of seminal plasma. The fertility of frozen or unfrozen stallion spermatozoa was not depressed (P greater than 0.05) by centrifugation at 310 g for 3.5 minutes. In contrast, the fertility of bull semen was significantly (P smaller than 0.05) lowered by centrifugation at 270 g for three minutes. Further, the fertility of centrifuged, diluted bovine semen was lower (P smaller than 0.05) than centrifuged, undiluted semen.", "contents": "Effect of centrifugation and seminal plasma on motility and fertility of stallion and bull spermatozoa. The effect of centrifugation of diluted and undiluted semen on equine and bovine spermatozoan motility and fertility was examined, as was the effect of seminal plasma and dilution on stallion spermatozoa during incubation before and after freezing. Centrifugation at 370 g or 829 g was not detrimental (P greater than 0.05) to prefreeze or postfreeze motility if a final concentration of 10% seminal plasma was present. A reduction of seminal plasma from 10% to 2% significantly (P smaller than 0.05) reduced motility. A centrifugal force of 956 g significantly reduced prefreeze but not postfreeze motility of spermatozoa in undiluted semen, regardless of seminal plasma concentration. With a dried skim milk extender, prefreeze and postfreeze motility was greater in samples containing 20% seminal plasma. Motility was depressed by high and low concentrations of seminal plasma. The fertility of frozen or unfrozen stallion spermatozoa was not depressed (P greater than 0.05) by centrifugation at 310 g for 3.5 minutes. In contrast, the fertility of bull semen was significantly (P smaller than 0.05) lowered by centrifugation at 270 g for three minutes. Further, the fertility of centrifuged, diluted bovine semen was lower (P smaller than 0.05) than centrifuged, undiluted semen.", "PMID": 1126461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9544", "title": "Spontaneous reanastomosis of the vas deferens after surgery: a case report.", "content": "Spontaneous reanastomosis of the vas on one side in a 40-year-old man was caused by a sperm granuloma. Leaking spermatozoa bridged the gap between the cut ends; this was followed by epithelial canalization. From review of the literature it was concluded that the best preventive measure is light fulguration of the cut ends and then their separation by covering one cut end by its faschial sheath.", "contents": "Spontaneous reanastomosis of the vas deferens after surgery: a case report. Spontaneous reanastomosis of the vas on one side in a 40-year-old man was caused by a sperm granuloma. Leaking spermatozoa bridged the gap between the cut ends; this was followed by epithelial canalization. From review of the literature it was concluded that the best preventive measure is light fulguration of the cut ends and then their separation by covering one cut end by its faschial sheath.", "PMID": 1126463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9545", "title": "Tubal ligation and pregnancy: mechanism of recanalization after tubal ligation.", "content": "The mechanism of recanalization after resection of a segment of the fallopian tube by the Pomeroy sterilization method is discussed. At the level of resection, the epithelial lining of the fallopian tube tends to regenerate, covering the split ends and planes of cleavage of the resected surfaces and forming slitlike spaces and blind pouches lined by tall columnar cells. Scarring and subsequent retraction of both severed ends of the tubes tend to result in approximation; in some cases, the resected ends and the epithelial lining bridge the gap between the lumina, re-establishing patency of the tube. Surgical procedures that prevent approximation of the resected ends of the fallopian tubes or methods that seal the lumina should produce failure rates lower than those obtained with the classic Pomeroy sterilization method.", "contents": "Tubal ligation and pregnancy: mechanism of recanalization after tubal ligation. The mechanism of recanalization after resection of a segment of the fallopian tube by the Pomeroy sterilization method is discussed. At the level of resection, the epithelial lining of the fallopian tube tends to regenerate, covering the split ends and planes of cleavage of the resected surfaces and forming slitlike spaces and blind pouches lined by tall columnar cells. Scarring and subsequent retraction of both severed ends of the tubes tend to result in approximation; in some cases, the resected ends and the epithelial lining bridge the gap between the lumina, re-establishing patency of the tube. Surgical procedures that prevent approximation of the resected ends of the fallopian tubes or methods that seal the lumina should produce failure rates lower than those obtained with the classic Pomeroy sterilization method.", "PMID": 1126464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9546", "title": "Effects of postovulatory estradiol benzoate administration on women's ovarian function.", "content": "The effects of postovulatory estradiol benzoate (EB) administration were studied in six women having normal biphasic, presumably ovulatory, menstrual cycles. EB was administered intramuscularly at dose levels of 0.5 and 10 mg daily for 5 consecutive days. The study covered a total of 30 cycles; parameters studied were basal body temperature, urinary excretion of estrogens and pregnanediol, and characteristics of cervical mucus. EB had no effect on the length of the luteal phase nor on urinary pregnanediol excretion, but a dose of 10 mg/day caused a significant prolongation of the next follicular phase. The elevated estrogen excretion observed at the end of the cycle supports the hypothesis that gestagenic deprivation causes menstrual bleeding.", "contents": "Effects of postovulatory estradiol benzoate administration on women's ovarian function. The effects of postovulatory estradiol benzoate (EB) administration were studied in six women having normal biphasic, presumably ovulatory, menstrual cycles. EB was administered intramuscularly at dose levels of 0.5 and 10 mg daily for 5 consecutive days. The study covered a total of 30 cycles; parameters studied were basal body temperature, urinary excretion of estrogens and pregnanediol, and characteristics of cervical mucus. EB had no effect on the length of the luteal phase nor on urinary pregnanediol excretion, but a dose of 10 mg/day caused a significant prolongation of the next follicular phase. The elevated estrogen excretion observed at the end of the cycle supports the hypothesis that gestagenic deprivation causes menstrual bleeding.", "PMID": 1126465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9547", "title": "Quantitative analysis of immunoglobulins and albumin in secretion of female reproductive tract.", "content": "Total protein, IgG, secretory IgA (SIgA), IgA, IgM, and albumin were quantitatively analyzed in 115 cervical fluid specimens from healthy, adult women. Although albumin was the most predominant protein among those that were analyzed (17.2% of total protein), IgG was the major immunoglobulin in this secretion (8.7%). A highly significant correlation between the levels of IgG and albumin and a mean IgG-albumin ratio similar to that of serum suggest that both proteins originate from the circulation. Although the main type of IgA was of the secretory type (4.4%), serum type IgA (smaller than 1.0%) was close to 2. The mean levels of IgG and albumin (but not of SIgA) of the postpartum group were significantly higher than those of the normal subjects. The number of children, the current method of contraception, and present and past local infections had no effect on the immunoglobulins and albumin in this secretion when the mean levels of these components were analyzed and compared with the \"normal\" values.", "contents": "Quantitative analysis of immunoglobulins and albumin in secretion of female reproductive tract. Total protein, IgG, secretory IgA (SIgA), IgA, IgM, and albumin were quantitatively analyzed in 115 cervical fluid specimens from healthy, adult women. Although albumin was the most predominant protein among those that were analyzed (17.2% of total protein), IgG was the major immunoglobulin in this secretion (8.7%). A highly significant correlation between the levels of IgG and albumin and a mean IgG-albumin ratio similar to that of serum suggest that both proteins originate from the circulation. Although the main type of IgA was of the secretory type (4.4%), serum type IgA (smaller than 1.0%) was close to 2. The mean levels of IgG and albumin (but not of SIgA) of the postpartum group were significantly higher than those of the normal subjects. The number of children, the current method of contraception, and present and past local infections had no effect on the immunoglobulins and albumin in this secretion when the mean levels of these components were analyzed and compared with the \"normal\" values.", "PMID": 1126466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9548", "title": "Transfer of uterine implantation blastocysts to the oviduct in mice.", "content": "Although ectopic pregnancy is a common occurrence in humans, it occurs only rarely in other species. In the mouse, confinement of the blastocyst to the oviduct fails to result in implantation at that level. In prior studies, these confined blastocysts had not been exposed to the uterine environment. We transferred blastocysts from the uterus, at a time when implantation would normally occur, to ligated oviducts of pseudopregnant mice. Although enlargement of the blastocysts, loss of the zona pellucida, and adherence to the tubal epithelium were noted, implantation did not occur. The contributions to the embryo by the uterine environment were not sufficient to allow implantation within the oviduct.", "contents": "Transfer of uterine implantation blastocysts to the oviduct in mice. Although ectopic pregnancy is a common occurrence in humans, it occurs only rarely in other species. In the mouse, confinement of the blastocyst to the oviduct fails to result in implantation at that level. In prior studies, these confined blastocysts had not been exposed to the uterine environment. We transferred blastocysts from the uterus, at a time when implantation would normally occur, to ligated oviducts of pseudopregnant mice. Although enlargement of the blastocysts, loss of the zona pellucida, and adherence to the tubal epithelium were noted, implantation did not occur. The contributions to the embryo by the uterine environment were not sufficient to allow implantation within the oviduct.", "PMID": 1126467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9549", "title": "Infertility practice and Orthodox Jewish law.", "content": "The evaluation and management of infertility problems in Orthodox Jewish couples can be made difficult because of restrictions which may be imposed by religious rules. The origins of the religious laws governing problems such as semen collection, diagnostic and therapeutic genital surgery, menstruation, and homologous and donor insemination are reviewed. Contemporary Rabbinic authorities are quoted; their opinions may serve as guidelines for the patient and physician dealing with infertility problems.", "contents": "Infertility practice and Orthodox Jewish law. The evaluation and management of infertility problems in Orthodox Jewish couples can be made difficult because of restrictions which may be imposed by religious rules. The origins of the religious laws governing problems such as semen collection, diagnostic and therapeutic genital surgery, menstruation, and homologous and donor insemination are reviewed. Contemporary Rabbinic authorities are quoted; their opinions may serve as guidelines for the patient and physician dealing with infertility problems.", "PMID": 1126468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9550", "title": "[Extinction of brain activation responses to direct electrical stimulation of its structures in normal awake cats].", "content": "In unrestrained cats, repeated electric stimulation of the mesencephalic reticular formation (MRF), center median (CM) of the thalamus, and different cortical areas: both the low--and the high--threshold points (in regard to the brain activation), with the threshold strength current evoked similar EEG reactions of activation which diminished and disappeared after 3--5 repetitions of the stimuli.  The moderate strength current evoked, apart from the EEG activation, pseudoviolent movements (turning of the head, etc.) and changes in the breathing rate.  All these reactions could be extinguidhed by sufficient number of repetitions of stimuli, the effector reactions disappearing first, the EEG changes--last.  The essential difference of the stimulation effects emerged when the strong current stimulation was used.  In this case, when stimulating the high-threshold cortical points, the EEG and effector reactions could be abolished during long enough repetition of the stimuli, but it was impossible when stimulating the low-threshold cortical points, the MRF or CM: all the reactions stayed intense and stable, the animals became highly irritated.  The data obtained are discussed from the point of view of the authors' concept of the interaction between the activating and integrative analysing mechanisms of the brain.", "contents": "[Extinction of brain activation responses to direct electrical stimulation of its structures in normal awake cats]. In unrestrained cats, repeated electric stimulation of the mesencephalic reticular formation (MRF), center median (CM) of the thalamus, and different cortical areas: both the low--and the high--threshold points (in regard to the brain activation), with the threshold strength current evoked similar EEG reactions of activation which diminished and disappeared after 3--5 repetitions of the stimuli.  The moderate strength current evoked, apart from the EEG activation, pseudoviolent movements (turning of the head, etc.) and changes in the breathing rate.  All these reactions could be extinguidhed by sufficient number of repetitions of stimuli, the effector reactions disappearing first, the EEG changes--last.  The essential difference of the stimulation effects emerged when the strong current stimulation was used.  In this case, when stimulating the high-threshold cortical points, the EEG and effector reactions could be abolished during long enough repetition of the stimuli, but it was impossible when stimulating the low-threshold cortical points, the MRF or CM: all the reactions stayed intense and stable, the animals became highly irritated.  The data obtained are discussed from the point of view of the authors' concept of the interaction between the activating and integrative analysing mechanisms of the brain.", "PMID": 1126491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9551", "title": "[Mixed and antidromal cortical responses evoked by electrical stimulation of the splenial portion of the corpus callosum].", "content": "In anesthetized cats, antidromic and orthodromic components were shown to be represented unequally in the mixed responses to the splenium stimulation recorded from various areas of the cortex.  Orthodromic component makes about 50 per cent of the mixed response amplitude in the area 17, while in the area 18 and in middle part of the suprasylvian gyrus it makes about 70 per cent.  In the regions beyond focus the mixed responses disappeared because of falling out of the orthodromic impulses.  During antidromic recording of the responses, only deep layers got activated at weak stimuli, while both deep and superficial ones were involved at stronger stimulation.", "contents": "[Mixed and antidromal cortical responses evoked by electrical stimulation of the splenial portion of the corpus callosum]. In anesthetized cats, antidromic and orthodromic components were shown to be represented unequally in the mixed responses to the splenium stimulation recorded from various areas of the cortex.  Orthodromic component makes about 50 per cent of the mixed response amplitude in the area 17, while in the area 18 and in middle part of the suprasylvian gyrus it makes about 70 per cent.  In the regions beyond focus the mixed responses disappeared because of falling out of the orthodromic impulses.  During antidromic recording of the responses, only deep layers got activated at weak stimuli, while both deep and superficial ones were involved at stronger stimulation.", "PMID": 1126493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9552", "title": "[Seasonal changes in the influence of prostaglandin E2 on corticosteroid biosynthesis by rabbit adrenals].", "content": "The biosynthesis of corticoids from exogenic tritated progesteron with and without addition of progstaglandin E2 in incubation medium was studied in rabbits in spring and in summer.  C-14 inclusion into aldosteron, cortisone, and 11-dehydrocorticosterone in the spring rabbits was considerably higher than in the summer ones.  Prostaglandin E2 suppressed the biosynthesis of the final fraction of corticosteroids in the spring rabbits and did not change the C-14 inclusion into corticosteroids in summer.", "contents": "[Seasonal changes in the influence of prostaglandin E2 on corticosteroid biosynthesis by rabbit adrenals]. The biosynthesis of corticoids from exogenic tritated progesteron with and without addition of progstaglandin E2 in incubation medium was studied in rabbits in spring and in summer.  C-14 inclusion into aldosteron, cortisone, and 11-dehydrocorticosterone in the spring rabbits was considerably higher than in the summer ones.  Prostaglandin E2 suppressed the biosynthesis of the final fraction of corticosteroids in the spring rabbits and did not change the C-14 inclusion into corticosteroids in summer.", "PMID": 1126496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9553", "title": "[The influence of prolonged painful stimulation on adrenaline and noradrenaline concentration in different regions of the brain and in the adrenals of white rats before and after removal of the superior cervical sympathetic ganglia].", "content": "Prior to removal of the sympathetic ganglia, the sustained nociceptive stimulation decreased the adrenalin and noradrenalin content in the medulla oblongata, cerebellum, and the midbrain while increasing it in the adrenal glands.  After the removal, the stimulation was followed by a shorter (except in the medulla oblongata) decrease of the adrenalin and noradrenalin content in the same brain areas; in the adrenal glands the noradrenalin contents increased.", "contents": "[The influence of prolonged painful stimulation on adrenaline and noradrenaline concentration in different regions of the brain and in the adrenals of white rats before and after removal of the superior cervical sympathetic ganglia]. Prior to removal of the sympathetic ganglia, the sustained nociceptive stimulation decreased the adrenalin and noradrenalin content in the medulla oblongata, cerebellum, and the midbrain while increasing it in the adrenal glands.  After the removal, the stimulation was followed by a shorter (except in the medulla oblongata) decrease of the adrenalin and noradrenalin content in the same brain areas; in the adrenal glands the noradrenalin contents increased.", "PMID": 1126497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9554", "title": "[Functional features of the electroreceptors of several electric and non-electric fish].", "content": "The effect of the electric, magnetic, and mechanical stimulation of the electroreceptors was studied in marine skates (Trigon pastinaca, Raja clavata, and Torpedo marmorata) by recording single nerve fiber responses.  The following two types of backbround dischanges were found with regular activity and bursting.  In some fibres the bursts of impulses appeared simultaneously with respiration while in the others the activity was suppressed.  The current threshold of the clear-cut responses were equal to 10- minus 9--10- minus 11 A/mm-2.  The activity of the electroredeptors was modified by introducing a conductive or nonconductive object into the water.  High sensistivity of the electroreceptors to weak magnetic field was shown.  The biological role of the electroreceptors is discussed.", "contents": "[Functional features of the electroreceptors of several electric and non-electric fish]. The effect of the electric, magnetic, and mechanical stimulation of the electroreceptors was studied in marine skates (Trigon pastinaca, Raja clavata, and Torpedo marmorata) by recording single nerve fiber responses.  The following two types of backbround dischanges were found with regular activity and bursting.  In some fibres the bursts of impulses appeared simultaneously with respiration while in the others the activity was suppressed.  The current threshold of the clear-cut responses were equal to 10- minus 9--10- minus 11 A/mm-2.  The activity of the electroredeptors was modified by introducing a conductive or nonconductive object into the water.  High sensistivity of the electroreceptors to weak magnetic field was shown.  The biological role of the electroreceptors is discussed.", "PMID": 1126498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9555", "title": "[A mathematical model of cardiac rhythm disorders in the presence of rapid auricular electrical activity].", "content": "The model is based on regularities of changes of the refractory period in the atrioventricular conductive system as well as changes of the delay of impulse conduction in this system during coupled electric stimulation of atria.  With the aid of the model, the conditions of accurring heart-rate disturbances were considered (increase in the delay of the atrio-ventricular conduction,  Wenkenbach's periodicity, fallin out of two, three or more successive excitations of the ventricles, etc.) on fast electric activity of the atria.  Quantitative correlations were established between the parameters characterizing changes of the refractory period and the period of atrias excitations which produces a ventricles rhythm disturbance.", "contents": "[A mathematical model of cardiac rhythm disorders in the presence of rapid auricular electrical activity]. The model is based on regularities of changes of the refractory period in the atrioventricular conductive system as well as changes of the delay of impulse conduction in this system during coupled electric stimulation of atria.  With the aid of the model, the conditions of accurring heart-rate disturbances were considered (increase in the delay of the atrio-ventricular conduction,  Wenkenbach's periodicity, fallin out of two, three or more successive excitations of the ventricles, etc.) on fast electric activity of the atria.  Quantitative correlations were established between the parameters characterizing changes of the refractory period and the period of atrias excitations which produces a ventricles rhythm disturbance.", "PMID": 1126499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9556", "title": "[The mechanism of action of parenterally administered protein hydrolysates on the exocrine activity of the pancreas].", "content": "In dogs with fistulae of the stomach and the pancreatic duct as well as in dogs with artificially made partition between the stomach and the duodenum, effect of protein hydrolysates administered into the blood, on the pancreas secretion, was shown to manifest itself only in conditions of unopposed transition of the stomach acid contents into the duodenum.  In the mechanism of protein hydrolysates action on the pancreas secretion, the major part is played by their ability to stimulate the stomach secretion and the transition of the acid content into the duodenum.  Under the influence of the acid contents, release of the secretin occurs in the duodenum which induces the secretion of the pancreatic juice.", "contents": "[The mechanism of action of parenterally administered protein hydrolysates on the exocrine activity of the pancreas]. In dogs with fistulae of the stomach and the pancreatic duct as well as in dogs with artificially made partition between the stomach and the duodenum, effect of protein hydrolysates administered into the blood, on the pancreas secretion, was shown to manifest itself only in conditions of unopposed transition of the stomach acid contents into the duodenum.  In the mechanism of protein hydrolysates action on the pancreas secretion, the major part is played by their ability to stimulate the stomach secretion and the transition of the acid content into the duodenum.  Under the influence of the acid contents, release of the secretin occurs in the duodenum which induces the secretion of the pancreatic juice.", "PMID": 1126500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9557", "title": "[Renal and extrarenal mechanisms of potassium homeostasis following a potassium load].", "content": "In rats, per os i.v. administration of 1.25 per cent KCl solution (840 mcEq/100 g.b.w.) increased concentration of potassium in the blood and tissues, as well as the urine excretion of potassium.  The excretion rate depended on the amount of potassium load.  After adrenalectomy and aldactone injection, the potassium excretion decreased.  This, apparently, indicates that the adrenocortical steroids exert an influence on the transport of potassium.  Hence, both the renal and extrarenal systems play an important role in the potassium homeostasis.", "contents": "[Renal and extrarenal mechanisms of potassium homeostasis following a potassium load]. In rats, per os i.v. administration of 1.25 per cent KCl solution (840 mcEq/100 g.b.w.) increased concentration of potassium in the blood and tissues, as well as the urine excretion of potassium.  The excretion rate depended on the amount of potassium load.  After adrenalectomy and aldactone injection, the potassium excretion decreased.  This, apparently, indicates that the adrenocortical steroids exert an influence on the transport of potassium.  Hence, both the renal and extrarenal systems play an important role in the potassium homeostasis.", "PMID": 1126502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9558", "title": "[The effect of cold acclimatization on thermoregulation in the Mongolian gerbil, Meriones unguicilatus].", "content": "The long-term (45 days) acclimation of the Mongolian gerbil, in contrast to albino rats, is not accompanied by adaptive changes in general metabolism, chemical thermoregulation, bioelectric skeletal muscles activity, and tissue respiration in muscles and liver.  The effect of short-term intermittent cooling in the Mongolian gerbil is of short duration and does not manifest itself in increased stability of body temperature.  The calorigenic effect of norepinephrine may be only observed after a long-term adaptation.  The pattern of adaptation to cold in the Mongolian gerbil, a typical habitant of continental climate of Central Asia, depends on the stability of its normal thermoregulation.", "contents": "[The effect of cold acclimatization on thermoregulation in the Mongolian gerbil, Meriones unguicilatus]. The long-term (45 days) acclimation of the Mongolian gerbil, in contrast to albino rats, is not accompanied by adaptive changes in general metabolism, chemical thermoregulation, bioelectric skeletal muscles activity, and tissue respiration in muscles and liver.  The effect of short-term intermittent cooling in the Mongolian gerbil is of short duration and does not manifest itself in increased stability of body temperature.  The calorigenic effect of norepinephrine may be only observed after a long-term adaptation.  The pattern of adaptation to cold in the Mongolian gerbil, a typical habitant of continental climate of Central Asia, depends on the stability of its normal thermoregulation.", "PMID": 1126504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9559", "title": "Effects of cortisol on uterine eosinophilia and other oestrogenic responses.", "content": "The effects of cortisol on several oestrogenic responses of the rat uterus were measured. Whether injected i.v., simultaneously with oestradiol-17 beta, or i.p,, 12 h before the oestradiol, cortisol had no effects on the oestrogen-induced increases in uterine glycogen, protein and DNA contents. In contrast, cortisol inhibited both uterine eosinophilia and the increase of wet weight. Both responses show the same higher sensitivity to i.v. injection than to i.p. injection of cortisol. Inhibition of both responses by cortisol follows identical dose-response curves. These data support our hypothesis that the water-imbibition effect of oestrogen i- mediated by uterine eosinophilia and is thus related to the eosinophil receptor system.", "contents": "Effects of cortisol on uterine eosinophilia and other oestrogenic responses. The effects of cortisol on several oestrogenic responses of the rat uterus were measured. Whether injected i.v., simultaneously with oestradiol-17 beta, or i.p,, 12 h before the oestradiol, cortisol had no effects on the oestrogen-induced increases in uterine glycogen, protein and DNA contents. In contrast, cortisol inhibited both uterine eosinophilia and the increase of wet weight. Both responses show the same higher sensitivity to i.v. injection than to i.p. injection of cortisol. Inhibition of both responses by cortisol follows identical dose-response curves. These data support our hypothesis that the water-imbibition effect of oestrogen i- mediated by uterine eosinophilia and is thus related to the eosinophil receptor system.", "PMID": 1126558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9560", "title": "Sertoli cell origin of testicular androgen-binding protein (ABP).", "content": "In this report it is suggested that the specific adrogen-binding protein (ABP), previously shown to originate in the testis of rat and other species, is produced by the Sertoli cells. This suggestion is based upon the following experimental findings: 1) ABP was found in high concentrations in testicular efferent duct fluid but only in trace amounts in inter-tubular lymph. i) ABP could be recovered from crude preparations of testis tubules, but not from Leydig cells from the same testes. 3) Testes whose germinal epithelium had been severly damaged by gamma irradiation showed no decrease in ABP content. The transport of ABP to epididymis was also preserved as judged from the levels of ABP in caput epididymis. 4) Testes that were completely devoid of germ cells following prenatal gamma irradiation showed high levels of ABP, These high levels approached zero following hypophysectomy, but could be restored by FSH administration to the hypophysectomized animals. ABP has been well characterized and now provides a valuable experimental tool as an indicator of Sertoli cell function.", "contents": "Sertoli cell origin of testicular androgen-binding protein (ABP). In this report it is suggested that the specific adrogen-binding protein (ABP), previously shown to originate in the testis of rat and other species, is produced by the Sertoli cells. This suggestion is based upon the following experimental findings: 1) ABP was found in high concentrations in testicular efferent duct fluid but only in trace amounts in inter-tubular lymph. i) ABP could be recovered from crude preparations of testis tubules, but not from Leydig cells from the same testes. 3) Testes whose germinal epithelium had been severly damaged by gamma irradiation showed no decrease in ABP content. The transport of ABP to epididymis was also preserved as judged from the levels of ABP in caput epididymis. 4) Testes that were completely devoid of germ cells following prenatal gamma irradiation showed high levels of ABP, These high levels approached zero following hypophysectomy, but could be restored by FSH administration to the hypophysectomized animals. ABP has been well characterized and now provides a valuable experimental tool as an indicator of Sertoli cell function.", "PMID": 1126559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9561", "title": "Single and mixed infections of avian infectious bronchitis virus and Mycoplasma gallisepticum.", "content": "Comparative studies of the clinical signs, pathological changes, multiplication of the pathogens and serological responses were made of groups of chickens infected with either or both avian infectious bronchitis virus and Mycoplasma gallisepticum. Electron microscopic examination of thin sections of infected tracheas showed that the multiplication of M. gallisepticum was greatly enhanced in the tracheas of chickens which had been previously or simultaneously infected with avian infectious bronchitis virus. The enhanced multiplication of mycoplasmas resulted in more severe clinical signs, pathological effects and serological responses. These findings confirm the general belief that avian infectious bronchitis infection may precipitate latent mycoplasma infection. Similar experiments were made in the allantoic sacs of 10-day embryonated hens' eggs. The results again show that there was at least a one hundred-fold increase in the multiplication of M. gallisepticum in eggs simultaneously or previously infected with avian infectious bronchitis virus. These findings emphasize the importance of using mycoplasma-free eggs for the production of virus vaccines.", "contents": "Single and mixed infections of avian infectious bronchitis virus and Mycoplasma gallisepticum. Comparative studies of the clinical signs, pathological changes, multiplication of the pathogens and serological responses were made of groups of chickens infected with either or both avian infectious bronchitis virus and Mycoplasma gallisepticum. Electron microscopic examination of thin sections of infected tracheas showed that the multiplication of M. gallisepticum was greatly enhanced in the tracheas of chickens which had been previously or simultaneously infected with avian infectious bronchitis virus. The enhanced multiplication of mycoplasmas resulted in more severe clinical signs, pathological effects and serological responses. These findings confirm the general belief that avian infectious bronchitis infection may precipitate latent mycoplasma infection. Similar experiments were made in the allantoic sacs of 10-day embryonated hens' eggs. The results again show that there was at least a one hundred-fold increase in the multiplication of M. gallisepticum in eggs simultaneously or previously infected with avian infectious bronchitis virus. These findings emphasize the importance of using mycoplasma-free eggs for the production of virus vaccines.", "PMID": 1126565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9562", "title": "The protection of ferrets against influenza by immunization with a split influenza vaccine.", "content": "Ferrets were vaccinated with either A/England/42/72 zonal purified influenza queous vaccine containing whole virus particles, or a subunit vaccine containing the purified hemagglutinin and neura-minidase proteins of A/England/42/72 adsorbed onto aluminium hydroxide. The immune status of the ferrets was assessed by reaction to challenge with virulent live virus of the homologous strain. In the preliminary experiment reported, the subunit vaccine conferred greater protection than the zonal purified vaccine.", "contents": "The protection of ferrets against influenza by immunization with a split influenza vaccine. Ferrets were vaccinated with either A/England/42/72 zonal purified influenza queous vaccine containing whole virus particles, or a subunit vaccine containing the purified hemagglutinin and neura-minidase proteins of A/England/42/72 adsorbed onto aluminium hydroxide. The immune status of the ferrets was assessed by reaction to challenge with virulent live virus of the homologous strain. In the preliminary experiment reported, the subunit vaccine conferred greater protection than the zonal purified vaccine.", "PMID": 1126566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9563", "title": "Neuraminidase assay of influenza vaccines.", "content": "At present influenza vaccines are standardized on their haemagglutinin content only. Recently it has been shown that both neuraminidase and haemagglutinin antibodies are important in providing protection against the influenza virus. We have, therefore, developed an automated neuraminidase assay, based on the enzymic method of Kendal, but modified to minimise the interference by sucrose. A neuraminidase standard has been established and samples assayed against the standard have a coefficient of variation of plus or minus 6.8 percent. The assay has been adapted to measure the neuraminidase antibody level in serum. The neuraminidase to haemagglutinin ratio has been determined for various influenza strains. Both neuraminidase and haemagglutinin titres are being compared with results obtained by the single radial diffusion method.", "contents": "Neuraminidase assay of influenza vaccines. At present influenza vaccines are standardized on their haemagglutinin content only. Recently it has been shown that both neuraminidase and haemagglutinin antibodies are important in providing protection against the influenza virus. We have, therefore, developed an automated neuraminidase assay, based on the enzymic method of Kendal, but modified to minimise the interference by sucrose. A neuraminidase standard has been established and samples assayed against the standard have a coefficient of variation of plus or minus 6.8 percent. The assay has been adapted to measure the neuraminidase antibody level in serum. The neuraminidase to haemagglutinin ratio has been determined for various influenza strains. Both neuraminidase and haemagglutinin titres are being compared with results obtained by the single radial diffusion method.", "PMID": 1126567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9564", "title": "Influenza virus and ciliary beating of the respiratory epithelium in sensitized animals.", "content": "Normally, under good survival conditions, the ciliary beating can be observed and recorded during hours after dissection of the respiratory epithelium. When laboratory animals have been immunized locally against influenza virus (under delayed type hypersensitivity conditions) the ciliary beating stops within 3 to 6 minutes when the same virus is put in contact with the sensitized mucosa. The specificity and the immunological conditions of this stopping have been analyed and the practical importance of this new test in cellular immunology is discussed.", "contents": "Influenza virus and ciliary beating of the respiratory epithelium in sensitized animals. Normally, under good survival conditions, the ciliary beating can be observed and recorded during hours after dissection of the respiratory epithelium. When laboratory animals have been immunized locally against influenza virus (under delayed type hypersensitivity conditions) the ciliary beating stops within 3 to 6 minutes when the same virus is put in contact with the sensitized mucosa. The specificity and the immunological conditions of this stopping have been analyed and the practical importance of this new test in cellular immunology is discussed.", "PMID": 1126568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9565", "title": "Delayed hypersensitivity to influenza virus in man.", "content": "Delayed hypersensitivity to influenza antigen has been demonstrated in man by means of skin tests and 'in vitro' lymphocyte transformation. Adjuvanted influenza vaccine enhances this response, in contrast to non-adjuvanted vaccine in commercial use.", "contents": "Delayed hypersensitivity to influenza virus in man. Delayed hypersensitivity to influenza antigen has been demonstrated in man by means of skin tests and 'in vitro' lymphocyte transformation. Adjuvanted influenza vaccine enhances this response, in contrast to non-adjuvanted vaccine in commercial use.", "PMID": 1126569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9566", "title": "'Non-specific' mediators in host defense against respiratory viruses: assay methods and results.", "content": "Understandably, there is interest in further defining the nature of 'non-specific' defenses. This, in fact, would clarify the specific nature of their appearance and action, as well as their role in host defense. Therefore, 'non-specific' defenses in my discussion will be taken to mean non-immune defenses in virus infections. Tissue or respiratory tract organ cultures are convenient means of studying host defenses in the absence of immune responses. Factors to be controlled in making observations with such systems will be discussed which help 'in vitro' results to parallel 'in vivo' findings. 'In vitro' and 'in vivo' methods and results probing importance of mucous barrier, ciliary activity, temperature and pH will be reviewed. Critical points in separating cellular and humoral immune functions from non-specific mediators will also be touched on. This distinction is complicated by the fact that both limbs of immunity work in close concert with macrophages, PMN's complement and other inflammatory responses. Interferon and macrophage mobilization are examples of 'non-specific' responses which have more recently become complicated by their recognition as part of the effector limb of the cell-mediated immune responses. Finally, methods will also be presented for distinguishing human interferon of the immune-specific variety associated with cell-mediated immunity from that produced by viral infection of non-immune cells.", "contents": "'Non-specific' mediators in host defense against respiratory viruses: assay methods and results. Understandably, there is interest in further defining the nature of 'non-specific' defenses. This, in fact, would clarify the specific nature of their appearance and action, as well as their role in host defense. Therefore, 'non-specific' defenses in my discussion will be taken to mean non-immune defenses in virus infections. Tissue or respiratory tract organ cultures are convenient means of studying host defenses in the absence of immune responses. Factors to be controlled in making observations with such systems will be discussed which help 'in vitro' results to parallel 'in vivo' findings. 'In vitro' and 'in vivo' methods and results probing importance of mucous barrier, ciliary activity, temperature and pH will be reviewed. Critical points in separating cellular and humoral immune functions from non-specific mediators will also be touched on. This distinction is complicated by the fact that both limbs of immunity work in close concert with macrophages, PMN's complement and other inflammatory responses. Interferon and macrophage mobilization are examples of 'non-specific' responses which have more recently become complicated by their recognition as part of the effector limb of the cell-mediated immune responses. Finally, methods will also be presented for distinguishing human interferon of the immune-specific variety associated with cell-mediated immunity from that produced by viral infection of non-immune cells.", "PMID": 1126570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9567", "title": "The immune cellular response tested by lymphocyte transformation in the streptococcal infections.", "content": "Thirty-five children between 6 and 17 years treated in the clinic for scarlet fever, rheumatic fever and other non-streptococcal infections as controls, were tested by lymphocyte transformation to four streptococcal antigens. In all cases of scarlet fever and especially of rheumatic fever the lymphocytes were better stimulated by streptococcal products than in the control group. The SO and the MAP fraction showed a good stimulating activity. The response in the rheumatic fever patients was not influenced by the steroid treatment, nor by the stage of the illness. A parallelism with high humoral and cellular responses to SO at the beginning of the acute rheumatic fever was observed, followed by a dissociation of both responses during the evolution with the maintenance of the cellular one and the decrease of the ASO titre.", "contents": "The immune cellular response tested by lymphocyte transformation in the streptococcal infections. Thirty-five children between 6 and 17 years treated in the clinic for scarlet fever, rheumatic fever and other non-streptococcal infections as controls, were tested by lymphocyte transformation to four streptococcal antigens. In all cases of scarlet fever and especially of rheumatic fever the lymphocytes were better stimulated by streptococcal products than in the control group. The SO and the MAP fraction showed a good stimulating activity. The response in the rheumatic fever patients was not influenced by the steroid treatment, nor by the stage of the illness. A parallelism with high humoral and cellular responses to SO at the beginning of the acute rheumatic fever was observed, followed by a dissociation of both responses during the evolution with the maintenance of the cellular one and the decrease of the ASO titre.", "PMID": 1126571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9568", "title": "Duration of circulating and secretory antibody and cell-mediated immunity following immunization.", "content": "An important consideration in evaluating vaccines is the duration of immunity. The only really important measure of this immunity is the protection against infections and/or illness at various time intervals, following natural or artificial challenge. There are few data of this sort, more commonly immunity is estimated by measuring serum antibody, in many instances an erroneous measure. Serum antibody levels to respiratory viruses fall only slightly 6 months following infection or immunization. It is difficult to assess the duration of antibody for much longer than this, because of problems with intercurrent infection. With respiratory bacterial infections, e.g. pneumococcal pneumonia, parenterally-induced immunity probably lasts for only several months. Secretory antibody induced by inactivated viral vaccines, seems to persist for about a year, after having reached a peak level at about 4-6 weeks following immunization. Work with the live attenuated polio virus vaccine indicates longer lasting immunity, with detectable antibody persisting for up to 34 months. Restimulation with the inactivated polio virus vaccine produced no evidence of a secondary response (memory). Following booster immunization with influenza very little evidence of memory is seen. Cell-mediated immunity (CMI): in guinea pigs BCG sensitization can be demonstrated for at least 2-9 months. In humans, intracutaneous BCG immunization leads to positive tuberculin reaction in 6-10 weeks, and skin sensitivity lasts an average of about 4 years. There is contradicting data as to the duration of protection against infection following BCG immunization. Local and systemic CMI have been shown to exist independently of each other in experimental animals and man.", "contents": "Duration of circulating and secretory antibody and cell-mediated immunity following immunization. An important consideration in evaluating vaccines is the duration of immunity. The only really important measure of this immunity is the protection against infections and/or illness at various time intervals, following natural or artificial challenge. There are few data of this sort, more commonly immunity is estimated by measuring serum antibody, in many instances an erroneous measure. Serum antibody levels to respiratory viruses fall only slightly 6 months following infection or immunization. It is difficult to assess the duration of antibody for much longer than this, because of problems with intercurrent infection. With respiratory bacterial infections, e.g. pneumococcal pneumonia, parenterally-induced immunity probably lasts for only several months. Secretory antibody induced by inactivated viral vaccines, seems to persist for about a year, after having reached a peak level at about 4-6 weeks following immunization. Work with the live attenuated polio virus vaccine indicates longer lasting immunity, with detectable antibody persisting for up to 34 months. Restimulation with the inactivated polio virus vaccine produced no evidence of a secondary response (memory). Following booster immunization with influenza very little evidence of memory is seen. Cell-mediated immunity (CMI): in guinea pigs BCG sensitization can be demonstrated for at least 2-9 months. In humans, intracutaneous BCG immunization leads to positive tuberculin reaction in 6-10 weeks, and skin sensitivity lasts an average of about 4 years. There is contradicting data as to the duration of protection against infection following BCG immunization. Local and systemic CMI have been shown to exist independently of each other in experimental animals and man.", "PMID": 1126572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9569", "title": "Assessment of immunity to influenza using artifical challenge of normal volunteers with influenza virus.", "content": "The candidate humoral mediators of protection against influenza include antibody (Ab) to the viral hemagglutinin (H) or neuraminidase (N) in serum or respiratory secretions. In the present studies these mediators were evaluated principally by low dose live virus challenge of previously vaccinated volunteers. Following IM vaccination with H3N2 virus, Ab appeared in both serum and secretions and direct quantitative relationship between the two was noted. Among individuals vaccinated intranasally with comparable doses, the serum and secretion Ab responses were similar to those after IM vaccination. Irrespective of immunization method, there was a better correlation between protection and titers of serum Ab than titers of Ab in nasal secretions. After vaccination with an N-specific vaccine, an inverse correlation between titer of serum anti-neuraminidase Ab and quantity of virus in secretions occurred. This was reflected in occurrence of illness in those with low Ab titers, infection only in those with intermediate Av titers and no evidence of infection in those with high Av titers. In a naturally occurring outbreak with the England variant, a similar pattern of infection responses occurred among persons with varying titers of serum anti-hemagglutinin Ab. This suggests that, in man, Ab to the H and to the N results in similar host responses to infection and that the extent of infection is determined by magnitude ofAb present.", "contents": "Assessment of immunity to influenza using artifical challenge of normal volunteers with influenza virus. The candidate humoral mediators of protection against influenza include antibody (Ab) to the viral hemagglutinin (H) or neuraminidase (N) in serum or respiratory secretions. In the present studies these mediators were evaluated principally by low dose live virus challenge of previously vaccinated volunteers. Following IM vaccination with H3N2 virus, Ab appeared in both serum and secretions and direct quantitative relationship between the two was noted. Among individuals vaccinated intranasally with comparable doses, the serum and secretion Ab responses were similar to those after IM vaccination. Irrespective of immunization method, there was a better correlation between protection and titers of serum Ab than titers of Ab in nasal secretions. After vaccination with an N-specific vaccine, an inverse correlation between titer of serum anti-neuraminidase Ab and quantity of virus in secretions occurred. This was reflected in occurrence of illness in those with low Ab titers, infection only in those with intermediate Av titers and no evidence of infection in those with high Av titers. In a naturally occurring outbreak with the England variant, a similar pattern of infection responses occurred among persons with varying titers of serum anti-hemagglutinin Ab. This suggests that, in man, Ab to the H and to the N results in similar host responses to infection and that the extent of infection is determined by magnitude ofAb present.", "PMID": 1126573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9570", "title": "Assessment of resistance to influenza virus infection in animal models.", "content": "The antibody response and immunity to challenge infection were determined in ferrets immunized with inactivated influenza vaccine in saline or adjuvant. Adjuvanated vaccines induced variable titres of serum antibody, and the degree of immunity to challenge infection was directly related to the titre of serum HI antibody induced by these vaccines. Conventional doses of saline vaccine did not induce serum HI antibody, and the ferrets were completely susceptible to challenge infection. Infection with live virus produced a more solid immunity to challenge infection than immunization with a adjuvant vaccines, even though immunization induced higher titres of serum HI antibody. Ferrets previously infected with a heterotypic influenza A virus, but not other viruses, produced serum HI antibody in response to subsequent immunization with inactivated influenza vaccine. Similar results were obtained in hamsters and mice. Thus, the failure of animals to produce antibody in response to immunization with saline inactivated vaccines was due to the absence of a previous priming infection; this prior experience would be a feature of most volunteers. Live virus infection produced nasal antibody in ferrets, but inactivated vaccines only induced serum antibody. This may explain the more solid immunity observed following infection; however, at the time of challenge infection, no nasal wash antibody could be detected. Immunization with inactivated vaccine in Freund's complete adjuvant and influenza virus infection both produced a cell-mediated immune response; thus, the difference in the degree of immunity induced by these two immunization procedures are probably not due to differences in the cell-mediated immune response. However, cell-mediated immunity was measured by skin tests and by macrophage migration inhibition tests with spleen cells; the reaction of cells from the respiratory tract may be more important, but was not measured in these studies.", "contents": "Assessment of resistance to influenza virus infection in animal models. The antibody response and immunity to challenge infection were determined in ferrets immunized with inactivated influenza vaccine in saline or adjuvant. Adjuvanated vaccines induced variable titres of serum antibody, and the degree of immunity to challenge infection was directly related to the titre of serum HI antibody induced by these vaccines. Conventional doses of saline vaccine did not induce serum HI antibody, and the ferrets were completely susceptible to challenge infection. Infection with live virus produced a more solid immunity to challenge infection than immunization with a adjuvant vaccines, even though immunization induced higher titres of serum HI antibody. Ferrets previously infected with a heterotypic influenza A virus, but not other viruses, produced serum HI antibody in response to subsequent immunization with inactivated influenza vaccine. Similar results were obtained in hamsters and mice. Thus, the failure of animals to produce antibody in response to immunization with saline inactivated vaccines was due to the absence of a previous priming infection; this prior experience would be a feature of most volunteers. Live virus infection produced nasal antibody in ferrets, but inactivated vaccines only induced serum antibody. This may explain the more solid immunity observed following infection; however, at the time of challenge infection, no nasal wash antibody could be detected. Immunization with inactivated vaccine in Freund's complete adjuvant and influenza virus infection both produced a cell-mediated immune response; thus, the difference in the degree of immunity induced by these two immunization procedures are probably not due to differences in the cell-mediated immune response. However, cell-mediated immunity was measured by skin tests and by macrophage migration inhibition tests with spleen cells; the reaction of cells from the respiratory tract may be more important, but was not measured in these studies.", "PMID": 1126574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9571", "title": "Effect of neuraminidase on potency of inactivated influenza virus vaccines in mice.", "content": "The protective effect of neuraminidase was studied in a mouse protection test using isolated neuraminidase of A2/Aichi/68(H3N2) virus and the complete recombinant virus A/eq(Heq-1)-HK(N2) as antigens. Immunized mice were protected against A2/Aichi(H3N2) challenge virus; however, the protection rate was low in comparison to animals immunized with comparable amounts of the complete A2/68(H3N2) virus9 Furthermore there was no cross-protection against A2/Asia/57(H2N2) challenge virus. The protective effect of neuraminidase was not impaired by Tween-ether treatment of the A/eq(Heq-1)-HK(N2) recombinant virus.", "contents": "Effect of neuraminidase on potency of inactivated influenza virus vaccines in mice. The protective effect of neuraminidase was studied in a mouse protection test using isolated neuraminidase of A2/Aichi/68(H3N2) virus and the complete recombinant virus A/eq(Heq-1)-HK(N2) as antigens. Immunized mice were protected against A2/Aichi(H3N2) challenge virus; however, the protection rate was low in comparison to animals immunized with comparable amounts of the complete A2/68(H3N2) virus9 Furthermore there was no cross-protection against A2/Asia/57(H2N2) challenge virus. The protective effect of neuraminidase was not impaired by Tween-ether treatment of the A/eq(Heq-1)-HK(N2) recombinant virus.", "PMID": 1126575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9572", "title": "Contribution to the standardization of influenza neuraminidase inhibition tests, based on enzyme- antienzyme kinetic studies.", "content": "1. From enzyme-antienzyme kinetic studies a method for the determination of anti-n2-neuraminidase antibodies has been developed. This procedure is applicable in routine diagnosis. 2. Considering the present conditions, the reversibility of the virus neuraminidase antigen-antineuraminidase antibody complex has been proved. The inhibition must be described as a non-competitive one. 3. As a reference value for comparative immunity estimations the relative antibody concentration T150 is defined as the point of reciprocal serum dilution, where under a given substrate concentration the inhibited enzyme activity vi is half of the non-inhibited enzyme activity vo. 4. For the calculation of T150 a simple formula is derived from the Michaelis-Menten kinetic. Under present conditions the value of T150 is in a range of 1.5 log 2 dilution steps plus or minus the specific serum dilution T150 uninfluenced by possible variable parameters such as enzyme activity, substrate concentration and inhibitor concentration.", "contents": "Contribution to the standardization of influenza neuraminidase inhibition tests, based on enzyme- antienzyme kinetic studies. 1. From enzyme-antienzyme kinetic studies a method for the determination of anti-n2-neuraminidase antibodies has been developed. This procedure is applicable in routine diagnosis. 2. Considering the present conditions, the reversibility of the virus neuraminidase antigen-antineuraminidase antibody complex has been proved. The inhibition must be described as a non-competitive one. 3. As a reference value for comparative immunity estimations the relative antibody concentration T150 is defined as the point of reciprocal serum dilution, where under a given substrate concentration the inhibited enzyme activity vi is half of the non-inhibited enzyme activity vo. 4. For the calculation of T150 a simple formula is derived from the Michaelis-Menten kinetic. Under present conditions the value of T150 is in a range of 1.5 log 2 dilution steps plus or minus the specific serum dilution T150 uninfluenced by possible variable parameters such as enzyme activity, substrate concentration and inhibitor concentration.", "PMID": 1126576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9573", "title": "Potency of influenza vaccines: mouse protection experiments in correlation to field studies in man.", "content": "The seroconversion rates have been studied following vaccination of human volunteers with two commercial influenza vaccines. Vaccine A did not give a significant increase of hemagglutination-inhibition titers. Vaccine B, on the other hand, raised the titers 2- to 8- fold, depending on the pretiters of the individuals. The potency of the same vaccines has been tested using mouse protection experiments: vaccine B gave significantly better protection rates, as measured by survival as well as by reduction of lung lesions. These results give additional evidence that the use of mouse protection experiments for the evaluation of different influenza vaccines is meaningful.", "contents": "Potency of influenza vaccines: mouse protection experiments in correlation to field studies in man. The seroconversion rates have been studied following vaccination of human volunteers with two commercial influenza vaccines. Vaccine A did not give a significant increase of hemagglutination-inhibition titers. Vaccine B, on the other hand, raised the titers 2- to 8- fold, depending on the pretiters of the individuals. The potency of the same vaccines has been tested using mouse protection experiments: vaccine B gave significantly better protection rates, as measured by survival as well as by reduction of lung lesions. These results give additional evidence that the use of mouse protection experiments for the evaluation of different influenza vaccines is meaningful.", "PMID": 1126577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9574", "title": "Immune response to combined live influenza virus vaccines administered intranasally.", "content": "The immune responses in volunteers vaccinated intranasally with a live influenza virus vaccine containing attenuated A and B strains have been studied. The hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody titers for both components were determined a few weeks after vaccination. They demonstrated that a good antibody response had been induced in a high percentage of volunteers. The hemagglutination inhibiting titers and percentage of seroconversion for both components were comparable to the results obtained after the intranasal administration of each component separately.", "contents": "Immune response to combined live influenza virus vaccines administered intranasally. The immune responses in volunteers vaccinated intranasally with a live influenza virus vaccine containing attenuated A and B strains have been studied. The hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody titers for both components were determined a few weeks after vaccination. They demonstrated that a good antibody response had been induced in a high percentage of volunteers. The hemagglutination inhibiting titers and percentage of seroconversion for both components were comparable to the results obtained after the intranasal administration of each component separately.", "PMID": 1126578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9575", "title": "An 'in vitro' marker of attenuation for live influenza virus vaccine candidates.", "content": "Organ cultures of ferret tracheal rings maintained in tubes for up to two months supported the growth of several strains of influenza A viruses produced by genetic recombination. These strains were developed as possible candidates for live attenuated influenza virus vaccines. By observing the effects on cilia and titrating the growth in eggs it was possible to rank these various influenza strains in order of descending virulence for the respiratory epithelium in organ culture. This rank corresponded in general to the virulence of these viruses for human volunteers. Viruses too virulent to use as vaccine strains in man regularly destroyed the ciliated epithelium of ferret trachea while strains attenuated for man usually did not. Although the ciliated respiratory epithelium of ferret was not as sensitive as that derived from human embryonic trachea, this test did identify all the tested strains too virulent for evaluation in human volunteers.", "contents": "An 'in vitro' marker of attenuation for live influenza virus vaccine candidates. Organ cultures of ferret tracheal rings maintained in tubes for up to two months supported the growth of several strains of influenza A viruses produced by genetic recombination. These strains were developed as possible candidates for live attenuated influenza virus vaccines. By observing the effects on cilia and titrating the growth in eggs it was possible to rank these various influenza strains in order of descending virulence for the respiratory epithelium in organ culture. This rank corresponded in general to the virulence of these viruses for human volunteers. Viruses too virulent to use as vaccine strains in man regularly destroyed the ciliated epithelium of ferret trachea while strains attenuated for man usually did not. Although the ciliated respiratory epithelium of ferret was not as sensitive as that derived from human embryonic trachea, this test did identify all the tested strains too virulent for evaluation in human volunteers.", "PMID": 1126579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9576", "title": "Immunization schedules for influenza.", "content": "Although on an individual basis and for some selected closed groups immunization against influenza has proved its value over the last 30 years, it has not resulted in prevention of epidemics. The impact of vaccination on national morbidity and mortality statistics has been disappointing. The reasons for this apparent failure of disease control by immunization are discussed. It is concluded that influenza vaccination has not been practised on a large enough scale to achieve an obvious effect on the spread of the viruses in open communities. The groups of people who deserve special attention in order to minimize the damages caused by influenza epidemics are considered. Advantages and disadvantages of available types of vaccine, methods and routes of administration are assessed. It is suggested that systematic application of present knowledge would probably have more impact in the near future than efforts to increase vaccine efficacy. The main current deficiencies are identified as the difficulty of producing adequate supplies of properly constituted vaccines at short notice and the general reluctance to accept annual large-scale immunization programmes. In the view of the authors these logistic and administrative problems could be resolved by long-term coordinated planning between relevant authorities and vaccine manufacturers.", "contents": "Immunization schedules for influenza. Although on an individual basis and for some selected closed groups immunization against influenza has proved its value over the last 30 years, it has not resulted in prevention of epidemics. The impact of vaccination on national morbidity and mortality statistics has been disappointing. The reasons for this apparent failure of disease control by immunization are discussed. It is concluded that influenza vaccination has not been practised on a large enough scale to achieve an obvious effect on the spread of the viruses in open communities. The groups of people who deserve special attention in order to minimize the damages caused by influenza epidemics are considered. Advantages and disadvantages of available types of vaccine, methods and routes of administration are assessed. It is suggested that systematic application of present knowledge would probably have more impact in the near future than efforts to increase vaccine efficacy. The main current deficiencies are identified as the difficulty of producing adequate supplies of properly constituted vaccines at short notice and the general reluctance to accept annual large-scale immunization programmes. In the view of the authors these logistic and administrative problems could be resolved by long-term coordinated planning between relevant authorities and vaccine manufacturers.", "PMID": 1126580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9577", "title": "Reactions to injected influenza vaccine.", "content": "Almost 6,000 healthy adults inoculated with influenza vaccine were asked to record daily for 5 days the presence or absence of defined local and general symptoms; 70 percent completed and returned the record. The overall incidence of subjective reactions derived in this way was high; approximately 50 percent complained of local pain and 40 percent of general symptoms. Only about one-third of vaccinees recorded no symptoms. The incidence of subjective local reactions was about 8 percent higher in women than men. Among 5,600 vaccinees a total of 63 days sickness absence was attributed to reaction in the week of immunization (1.1 days per 100 employees). Almost all the absences were of less than 3 days duration, unsupported by a doctor's certificate. In the week of vaccination sickness absence among vaccinees was not higher than that of non-vaccinees. Although the incidence of subjective reaction was found to be high and vaccination might itself cause some sickness absence, most of the reactions appear to be trivial. Among 700 employees who were interviewed 1 or 2 days after vaccination in 1973, the incidence of what was judged to be significant local pain and erythema was about 5 percent. Nevertheless,the reactions appear to have an important effect on acceptance of influenza vaccination. From the answers given to a questionnaire 30 percent of employees who refused vaccination did so either because they previously had symptoms after vaccination, or because others had told them of their occurrence. In approximately 16,500 injections, only 2 patients had an acute reaction resembling anaphylaxis.", "contents": "Reactions to injected influenza vaccine. Almost 6,000 healthy adults inoculated with influenza vaccine were asked to record daily for 5 days the presence or absence of defined local and general symptoms; 70 percent completed and returned the record. The overall incidence of subjective reactions derived in this way was high; approximately 50 percent complained of local pain and 40 percent of general symptoms. Only about one-third of vaccinees recorded no symptoms. The incidence of subjective local reactions was about 8 percent higher in women than men. Among 5,600 vaccinees a total of 63 days sickness absence was attributed to reaction in the week of immunization (1.1 days per 100 employees). Almost all the absences were of less than 3 days duration, unsupported by a doctor's certificate. In the week of vaccination sickness absence among vaccinees was not higher than that of non-vaccinees. Although the incidence of subjective reaction was found to be high and vaccination might itself cause some sickness absence, most of the reactions appear to be trivial. Among 700 employees who were interviewed 1 or 2 days after vaccination in 1973, the incidence of what was judged to be significant local pain and erythema was about 5 percent. Nevertheless,the reactions appear to have an important effect on acceptance of influenza vaccination. From the answers given to a questionnaire 30 percent of employees who refused vaccination did so either because they previously had symptoms after vaccination, or because others had told them of their occurrence. In approximately 16,500 injections, only 2 patients had an acute reaction resembling anaphylaxis.", "PMID": 1126581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9578", "title": "Group A streptococcal M protein vaccine: protection following immunization via the respiratory tract.", "content": "Previous studies have shown the efficacy of parenteral immunization of volunteers with purified type 1 M protein against challenge with homologous streptococcui (J. clin, Invest. 52: 1885, 1973). A double-blind study was conducted on 21 adults immunized by aerosol-spray into the nasopharynx, and 23 controls who received saline placebo. Two booster doses were given at monthly intervals and approximately 30 days later vaccinees and controls were challenged with homologous streptococci (10-6/ml) by swabbing the pharyngeal-tonsillar areas. Throat cultures, leukocyte counts, temperatures and physical signs and symptoms were followed to assess infection. Illness was defined as a positive throat culture, oral temperature of larger than or equal to 38 degrees C, a WBC count of twice baseline or greater than 10,000 per mm-3, exudative pharyngitis and adenopathy. Of the 43 subjects, 13 were ill by all criteria (10 controls, 3 vaccinees [p smaller than .02]); 21 were well by all criteria (6 controls and 15 vaccinees); and 10 exhibited some but not all positive criteria (7 controls, 3 vaccinees). Positive throat cultures following challenge were obtained in 19 controls and 5 vaccinees (p smaller than 0.001). There was no correlation between the pre-challenge serum antibody titer and the development of subsequent illness. It is concluded that local topical immunization with a M protein vaccine offers significant type-specific protection against challenge with streptococci.", "contents": "Group A streptococcal M protein vaccine: protection following immunization via the respiratory tract. Previous studies have shown the efficacy of parenteral immunization of volunteers with purified type 1 M protein against challenge with homologous streptococcui (J. clin, Invest. 52: 1885, 1973). A double-blind study was conducted on 21 adults immunized by aerosol-spray into the nasopharynx, and 23 controls who received saline placebo. Two booster doses were given at monthly intervals and approximately 30 days later vaccinees and controls were challenged with homologous streptococci (10-6/ml) by swabbing the pharyngeal-tonsillar areas. Throat cultures, leukocyte counts, temperatures and physical signs and symptoms were followed to assess infection. Illness was defined as a positive throat culture, oral temperature of larger than or equal to 38 degrees C, a WBC count of twice baseline or greater than 10,000 per mm-3, exudative pharyngitis and adenopathy. Of the 43 subjects, 13 were ill by all criteria (10 controls, 3 vaccinees [p smaller than .02]); 21 were well by all criteria (6 controls and 15 vaccinees); and 10 exhibited some but not all positive criteria (7 controls, 3 vaccinees). Positive throat cultures following challenge were obtained in 19 controls and 5 vaccinees (p smaller than 0.001). There was no correlation between the pre-challenge serum antibody titer and the development of subsequent illness. It is concluded that local topical immunization with a M protein vaccine offers significant type-specific protection against challenge with streptococci.", "PMID": 1126582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9579", "title": "The anti-MAP and anti-group A carbohydrate antibodies response in streptococcal human infections.", "content": "The streptococcal infection cases from two outbreaks were serologically examined against two components of the streptococcal cellular wall; the M associated protein (MAP), by a latex agglutination test and the group A carbohydrate (A-CHO), by passive hemagglutination technique. Many positive cases with high levels of both antibodies were found, in rheumatic fever and glomerulo-nephritis, comparatively with the acute streptococcal infections. The differences were statistically significant. The results were correlated with the ASO titres and with the dermic cellular response.", "contents": "The anti-MAP and anti-group A carbohydrate antibodies response in streptococcal human infections. The streptococcal infection cases from two outbreaks were serologically examined against two components of the streptococcal cellular wall; the M associated protein (MAP), by a latex agglutination test and the group A carbohydrate (A-CHO), by passive hemagglutination technique. Many positive cases with high levels of both antibodies were found, in rheumatic fever and glomerulo-nephritis, comparatively with the acute streptococcal infections. The differences were statistically significant. The results were correlated with the ASO titres and with the dermic cellular response.", "PMID": 1126583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9580", "title": "Newcastle disease.", "content": "Newcastle Disease of chickens is of interest in comparative pathology because the causal virus has a wide range of pathogenicity and is of only one antigenic type. The virus can be grown to high titre and is easily titrated. Both live attenuated and inactivated vaccines give effective protection under experimental conditions. Vaccination of commercial chickens is associated with variable results, and it is now possible to investigate the factors which complicate vaccination. These include the presence of interfering respiratory infections, immunosuppressive disease of viral origin, variations in the techniques of vaccination and in the programmes of revaccination. Challenge with lethal virus given by aerosol is severe and allows an accurate assessment of the relationship between serum HI levels and the degree of protection. In the later stages of the immune process most but not all protection is associated with the IgG fraction of serum. There is also an increasing amount of evidence to show that local immunity in the respiratory tract is important in the early stages of the immune process.", "contents": "Newcastle disease. Newcastle Disease of chickens is of interest in comparative pathology because the causal virus has a wide range of pathogenicity and is of only one antigenic type. The virus can be grown to high titre and is easily titrated. Both live attenuated and inactivated vaccines give effective protection under experimental conditions. Vaccination of commercial chickens is associated with variable results, and it is now possible to investigate the factors which complicate vaccination. These include the presence of interfering respiratory infections, immunosuppressive disease of viral origin, variations in the techniques of vaccination and in the programmes of revaccination. Challenge with lethal virus given by aerosol is severe and allows an accurate assessment of the relationship between serum HI levels and the degree of protection. In the later stages of the immune process most but not all protection is associated with the IgG fraction of serum. There is also an increasing amount of evidence to show that local immunity in the respiratory tract is important in the early stages of the immune process.", "PMID": 1126584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9581", "title": "Newcastle disease: effects of vaccines and vaccination techniques of hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) antibodies and clinical resistance.", "content": "Different vaccines (the lentogenic Hitchner-, the avirulent Ulster- and the mesogenic Beaudette strain) and different vaccination schemes (spray, dip, drinking water) were used in 1380 broiler-type chicks on the first day of life and at four weeks. In all these experiments an immunity status was induced sufficient to resist to a strong individual challenge infection, two weeks after the second vaccination. This uniform resistance showed no correlation with the very heterogeneous HI titers which were obtained two weeks after the second vaccination. The titers were, however, strongly dependent both of the vaccine strain used and on the vaccination method. The Beaudette spray-vaccinations provoked the highest titers. The highest post-challenge titers were seen after vaccinations with the lentogenic and avirulent strains and the lowest after-challenge titers were seen when the mesogenic Beaudette strain was used. Birds with high HI titers showed a marked decrease of these HI titers two weeks after challenge, while there was an increase of HI titers in birds with low post-vaccinal titers. It may be concluded that clinical resistance to NCD infection is not directly correlated with high-vaccinal HI titers. Experimental infection by natural route is essential to judge the immune status of fowls.", "contents": "Newcastle disease: effects of vaccines and vaccination techniques of hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) antibodies and clinical resistance. Different vaccines (the lentogenic Hitchner-, the avirulent Ulster- and the mesogenic Beaudette strain) and different vaccination schemes (spray, dip, drinking water) were used in 1380 broiler-type chicks on the first day of life and at four weeks. In all these experiments an immunity status was induced sufficient to resist to a strong individual challenge infection, two weeks after the second vaccination. This uniform resistance showed no correlation with the very heterogeneous HI titers which were obtained two weeks after the second vaccination. The titers were, however, strongly dependent both of the vaccine strain used and on the vaccination method. The Beaudette spray-vaccinations provoked the highest titers. The highest post-challenge titers were seen after vaccinations with the lentogenic and avirulent strains and the lowest after-challenge titers were seen when the mesogenic Beaudette strain was used. Birds with high HI titers showed a marked decrease of these HI titers two weeks after challenge, while there was an increase of HI titers in birds with low post-vaccinal titers. It may be concluded that clinical resistance to NCD infection is not directly correlated with high-vaccinal HI titers. Experimental infection by natural route is essential to judge the immune status of fowls.", "PMID": 1126585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9582", "title": "Immunity to mycoplasma infections of the respiratory system in the domestic fowl and turkey.", "content": "The mycoplasma infecting and sometimes causing disease of the respiratory system in both species are M. gallisepticum and M. synoviae, while M. meleagridis affects the turkey only. M. gallisepticum has received the greatest attention and natural infection is reported to result in protection varying greatly in degree and duration. Vaccination with living organisms either by the respiratory or intravenous routes results in a high degree of protection against air sac challenge for at least a few weeks. Killed organisms administered intravenously result in a lesser degree of protection to this challenge but when given intranasally provide no protection. M. gallisepticum survives in the respiratory tract and perhaps in other organs and tissues for long periods after infection, perhaps in latent form. However, intercurrent infection and other avian respiratory pathogens may precipitate multiplication of the organism and disease in birds apparently resistant to challenge with mycoplasma alone. The mechanism of protection has not been extensively studied and production and significance of local antibody or a cell-mediated response have not been determined. However, bursectomized chickens vaccinated against M. gallisepticum show much less resistance compared with controls but the exact part played by humoral antibody is still in doubt. Similar observations have been made with M. synoviae.", "contents": "Immunity to mycoplasma infections of the respiratory system in the domestic fowl and turkey. The mycoplasma infecting and sometimes causing disease of the respiratory system in both species are M. gallisepticum and M. synoviae, while M. meleagridis affects the turkey only. M. gallisepticum has received the greatest attention and natural infection is reported to result in protection varying greatly in degree and duration. Vaccination with living organisms either by the respiratory or intravenous routes results in a high degree of protection against air sac challenge for at least a few weeks. Killed organisms administered intravenously result in a lesser degree of protection to this challenge but when given intranasally provide no protection. M. gallisepticum survives in the respiratory tract and perhaps in other organs and tissues for long periods after infection, perhaps in latent form. However, intercurrent infection and other avian respiratory pathogens may precipitate multiplication of the organism and disease in birds apparently resistant to challenge with mycoplasma alone. The mechanism of protection has not been extensively studied and production and significance of local antibody or a cell-mediated response have not been determined. However, bursectomized chickens vaccinated against M. gallisepticum show much less resistance compared with controls but the exact part played by humoral antibody is still in doubt. Similar observations have been made with M. synoviae.", "PMID": 1126586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9583", "title": "Efficacy of inactivated Mycoplasma pneumoniae vaccine in man.", "content": "Inactivated Mycoplasma pneumoniae vaccine produced antibody responses that reached protective levels in most individuals. These were almost equivalent to natural infection in amount and duration, and they persisted more than a year. Adverse effects were inconsequential. At Keesler Air Force Base, Mississippi, where the annual rate of mycoplasma pneumonia varied from 20 to 50 per 1000 since 1959, protection studies were conducted in 21, 199 men in 1964-1966 and in 13, 892 men in 1969-1971. This produced a 36 percent reduction in bronchitis and a 45 percent reduction in pneumonia due to all etiologies in the frist study and 37 percent and 48 percent respectively in the second study. The protective efficacy of the second vaccine was 87 percent for acutebronchitis and 66 percent for pneumonia due to Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Persons who developed Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections in spite of vaccination did not experience more severe illnesses.", "contents": "Efficacy of inactivated Mycoplasma pneumoniae vaccine in man. Inactivated Mycoplasma pneumoniae vaccine produced antibody responses that reached protective levels in most individuals. These were almost equivalent to natural infection in amount and duration, and they persisted more than a year. Adverse effects were inconsequential. At Keesler Air Force Base, Mississippi, where the annual rate of mycoplasma pneumonia varied from 20 to 50 per 1000 since 1959, protection studies were conducted in 21, 199 men in 1964-1966 and in 13, 892 men in 1969-1971. This produced a 36 percent reduction in bronchitis and a 45 percent reduction in pneumonia due to all etiologies in the frist study and 37 percent and 48 percent respectively in the second study. The protective efficacy of the second vaccine was 87 percent for acutebronchitis and 66 percent for pneumonia due to Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Persons who developed Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections in spite of vaccination did not experience more severe illnesses.", "PMID": 1126587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9584", "title": "Prevalence of concurrent diabetes mellitus and idiopathic facial paralysis (Bell's palsy).", "content": "Diabetes mellitus was present in 11.4 per cent of 684 patients with Bell's palsy, in 28.4 per cent of the sixty-seven with recurrent or bilateral palsy, and in 16.8 percent of the 440 with palsy who were thirty years or older.  Diabetes was present in only 3.8 per cent of 27,399 persons thirty years or older who had never had Bell's palsy and who underwent multiphasic health testing.  These figures clearly indicate that diabetes is more common among patients with Bell's palsy than among persons who have never had that disease; and that the risk of Bell's palsy is increased in patients with diabetes.  The diabetic patient is more prone than the non-diabetic person to nerve degeneration, and this tendency to nerve degeneration is not age-related.  Although 10 per cent of our patients with Bell's palsy and known diabetes were younger than thirty-nine years, we now advise screening for blood sugar elevation only for patients who are forty years or older, or who have recurrent or bilateral facial paralysis.", "contents": "Prevalence of concurrent diabetes mellitus and idiopathic facial paralysis (Bell's palsy). Diabetes mellitus was present in 11.4 per cent of 684 patients with Bell's palsy, in 28.4 per cent of the sixty-seven with recurrent or bilateral palsy, and in 16.8 percent of the 440 with palsy who were thirty years or older.  Diabetes was present in only 3.8 per cent of 27,399 persons thirty years or older who had never had Bell's palsy and who underwent multiphasic health testing.  These figures clearly indicate that diabetes is more common among patients with Bell's palsy than among persons who have never had that disease; and that the risk of Bell's palsy is increased in patients with diabetes.  The diabetic patient is more prone than the non-diabetic person to nerve degeneration, and this tendency to nerve degeneration is not age-related.  Although 10 per cent of our patients with Bell's palsy and known diabetes were younger than thirty-nine years, we now advise screening for blood sugar elevation only for patients who are forty years or older, or who have recurrent or bilateral facial paralysis.", "PMID": 1126588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9585", "title": "Prevalence of diabetes and glucose intolerance in 199 offspring of thirty-seven conjugal diabetic parents.", "content": "We have studied the prevalence of diabetes and glucose intolerance, both cross-sectionally and longitudinally, in a cohort of 199 offspring of conjugal diabetic parents.  Although the prevalence of already known diabetes was low (11.5 per cent), twenty-eight of 123 tested offspring (23 per cent), ranging in age from ten to sixty (mean 32.6) years had latent diabetes on their initial glucose tolerance test.  Eighty of 123 tested offspring had a normal initial glucose tolerance test.  Forty-one of those whose first glucose tolerance test was normal were retested after a mean of 9.4 years and showed no significant change in mean glucose tolerance.  On the basis of questionnaire data only, we estimate that cumulatively 36.5 per cent of offspring will have diabetes by the age of sixty years.  However, if all offspring are routinely surveyed with glucose tolerance tests, 60 per cent will have abnormal glucose tolerance by the age of sixty years.  In view of the high prevalence of asymptomatic latent diabetes, genetic studies of diabetes should not be based on questionnaire data.  In six families all offspring were diabetic; in twenty-one families there was a mixture of diabetic and nondiabetic offspring; and in ten none of the offspring was diabetic.  The finding of families with no diabetic offspring suggests the possibility of genetic heterogeneity of diabetes in the parents.  Most of the parents had maturity-onset diabetes with a mean age at diagnosis of 54.5 years of age.  Diabetes among their offspring was generally of a mild maturity-onset type.  Only 2 per cent of offspring at risk had developed juvenile-onset type diabetes.  Thus the prevalence of any metabolic abnormalities in offspring of two maturity-onset type parents cannot be assumed to be relevant to the offspring of parents with juvenile-onset type diabetes.", "contents": "Prevalence of diabetes and glucose intolerance in 199 offspring of thirty-seven conjugal diabetic parents. We have studied the prevalence of diabetes and glucose intolerance, both cross-sectionally and longitudinally, in a cohort of 199 offspring of conjugal diabetic parents.  Although the prevalence of already known diabetes was low (11.5 per cent), twenty-eight of 123 tested offspring (23 per cent), ranging in age from ten to sixty (mean 32.6) years had latent diabetes on their initial glucose tolerance test.  Eighty of 123 tested offspring had a normal initial glucose tolerance test.  Forty-one of those whose first glucose tolerance test was normal were retested after a mean of 9.4 years and showed no significant change in mean glucose tolerance.  On the basis of questionnaire data only, we estimate that cumulatively 36.5 per cent of offspring will have diabetes by the age of sixty years.  However, if all offspring are routinely surveyed with glucose tolerance tests, 60 per cent will have abnormal glucose tolerance by the age of sixty years.  In view of the high prevalence of asymptomatic latent diabetes, genetic studies of diabetes should not be based on questionnaire data.  In six families all offspring were diabetic; in twenty-one families there was a mixture of diabetic and nondiabetic offspring; and in ten none of the offspring was diabetic.  The finding of families with no diabetic offspring suggests the possibility of genetic heterogeneity of diabetes in the parents.  Most of the parents had maturity-onset diabetes with a mean age at diagnosis of 54.5 years of age.  Diabetes among their offspring was generally of a mild maturity-onset type.  Only 2 per cent of offspring at risk had developed juvenile-onset type diabetes.  Thus the prevalence of any metabolic abnormalities in offspring of two maturity-onset type parents cannot be assumed to be relevant to the offspring of parents with juvenile-onset type diabetes.", "PMID": 1126589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9586", "title": "Influence of oral glucose ingestion on splanchnic glucose and gluconeogenic substrate metabolism in man.", "content": "To evaluate the role of splanchnic and peripheral tissues in the disposal of an oral glucose load, splanchnic exchange of glucose, lactate, pyruvate, glycerol and amino acids was determined in ten healthy subjects in the basal state and for three hours following the oral ingestion of 100 gm. of glucose.  Following glucose ingestion, splanchnic glucose output rose rapidly, reaching values two to three times the basal rate at fifteen minutes and returning to baseline by ninety minutes.  A secondary rise in splanchnic glucose output occurred at 150 minutes and coincided with a secondary increment in arterial glucose.  Total splanchnic glucose output over three hours was 40 plus or minus 3 gm., representing a total increase of only 15 plus or minus 3 gm. above basal splanchnic glucose output.  The peak rise in blood glucose was directly proportional to the increase in splanchnic glucose output.  Arterial concentrations of alanine, lactate and pyruvate rose by 15, 65 and 80 per cent, respectively, following oral glucose.  These arterial elevations were preceded by a 75-100 per cent inhibition of splanchnic uptake of alanine and lactate; in the case of pyruvate there was a reversal from a net uptake in the basal state to a significant net splanchnic output after glucose ingestion.  Arterial glycerol fell by 50 per cent and was accompanied by a comparable fall in splanchnic uptake.  It is concluded that in normal, postabsorptive man, (a) the major portion of a 100 gm. oral glucose load is retained within the splanchnic bed; (b) only 15 per cent of the ingested glucose is available for disposal by peripheral tissues as increased (above-basal) glucose utilization; (c) the height and shape or the oral glucose tolerance curve are largely determined by the rate and pattern of splanchnic glucose escape; (d) glucose-induced hyperlactatemia, hyperpyruvicemia and hyperalaninemia are due at least in part, to altered splanchnic exchange of these substrates.", "contents": "Influence of oral glucose ingestion on splanchnic glucose and gluconeogenic substrate metabolism in man. To evaluate the role of splanchnic and peripheral tissues in the disposal of an oral glucose load, splanchnic exchange of glucose, lactate, pyruvate, glycerol and amino acids was determined in ten healthy subjects in the basal state and for three hours following the oral ingestion of 100 gm. of glucose.  Following glucose ingestion, splanchnic glucose output rose rapidly, reaching values two to three times the basal rate at fifteen minutes and returning to baseline by ninety minutes.  A secondary rise in splanchnic glucose output occurred at 150 minutes and coincided with a secondary increment in arterial glucose.  Total splanchnic glucose output over three hours was 40 plus or minus 3 gm., representing a total increase of only 15 plus or minus 3 gm. above basal splanchnic glucose output.  The peak rise in blood glucose was directly proportional to the increase in splanchnic glucose output.  Arterial concentrations of alanine, lactate and pyruvate rose by 15, 65 and 80 per cent, respectively, following oral glucose.  These arterial elevations were preceded by a 75-100 per cent inhibition of splanchnic uptake of alanine and lactate; in the case of pyruvate there was a reversal from a net uptake in the basal state to a significant net splanchnic output after glucose ingestion.  Arterial glycerol fell by 50 per cent and was accompanied by a comparable fall in splanchnic uptake.  It is concluded that in normal, postabsorptive man, (a) the major portion of a 100 gm. oral glucose load is retained within the splanchnic bed; (b) only 15 per cent of the ingested glucose is available for disposal by peripheral tissues as increased (above-basal) glucose utilization; (c) the height and shape or the oral glucose tolerance curve are largely determined by the rate and pattern of splanchnic glucose escape; (d) glucose-induced hyperlactatemia, hyperpyruvicemia and hyperalaninemia are due at least in part, to altered splanchnic exchange of these substrates.", "PMID": 1126590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9587", "title": "Modulation of fatty acid metabolism by glucagon in man.  I. Effects in normal subjects.", "content": "This investigation was designed to examine the contribution of glucagon to the regulation of free fatty acid (FFA) metabolism in man. The acute effects of exogenous glucagon upon the concentration of plasma FFA and its metabolites: acetoacetic acid (AcAc), beta hydroxybutyric acid (BOH), and triglyceride (TG) were assessed in five normal male subjects. The threshold of response was determined by administering intravenous glucagon in a graded dose-response fashion, andassessing the magnitude of change in FFA and its metabolites. A prompt rise in FFA concentration occurred after glucagon injection, and was associated with a synchronous elevation in both AcAc and BOH concentration in plasma. The rise in FFA concentration was maximal with the glucagon dosage of 0.5 mug./kg. with no greater FFA response seen athigher hormone dosage. In contrast, the rise in plasma ketones was linearly related to thedosage of glucagon but not to the corresponding rise in FFA concentration. The behavior of plasma triglyceride concentration following glucagon challenge also contrasted with the linear rise in ketone concentration. At the lowest dosage of glucagon, TG concentration rose transiently, while at the highest two dosages the concentration of TG was reduced. The transitional dosage of hormone at which no change in TG concentration was observed was approximately 0.5 mug./kg. Comparing our in vivo data with the conclusions reached from published liver perfusion studies, it can be suggested that in the dosages employed, glucagon acutely elevates plasma FFA concentration and modulates their metabolism by augmenting conversion to AcAc and BOH while tending to reduce conversion to TG in man.", "contents": "Modulation of fatty acid metabolism by glucagon in man.  I. Effects in normal subjects. This investigation was designed to examine the contribution of glucagon to the regulation of free fatty acid (FFA) metabolism in man. The acute effects of exogenous glucagon upon the concentration of plasma FFA and its metabolites: acetoacetic acid (AcAc), beta hydroxybutyric acid (BOH), and triglyceride (TG) were assessed in five normal male subjects. The threshold of response was determined by administering intravenous glucagon in a graded dose-response fashion, andassessing the magnitude of change in FFA and its metabolites. A prompt rise in FFA concentration occurred after glucagon injection, and was associated with a synchronous elevation in both AcAc and BOH concentration in plasma. The rise in FFA concentration was maximal with the glucagon dosage of 0.5 mug./kg. with no greater FFA response seen athigher hormone dosage. In contrast, the rise in plasma ketones was linearly related to thedosage of glucagon but not to the corresponding rise in FFA concentration. The behavior of plasma triglyceride concentration following glucagon challenge also contrasted with the linear rise in ketone concentration. At the lowest dosage of glucagon, TG concentration rose transiently, while at the highest two dosages the concentration of TG was reduced. The transitional dosage of hormone at which no change in TG concentration was observed was approximately 0.5 mug./kg. Comparing our in vivo data with the conclusions reached from published liver perfusion studies, it can be suggested that in the dosages employed, glucagon acutely elevates plasma FFA concentration and modulates their metabolism by augmenting conversion to AcAc and BOH while tending to reduce conversion to TG in man.", "PMID": 1126591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9588", "title": "Barium or gastrografin: which contrast media for diagnosis of esophageal tears?", "content": "In order to study the effects of the commonly employed contrast media alone and in combination with bacteria in the mediastinum, various mixtures of barium and meglamine diatrizoate (Gastrografin) with and without flora were instilled in the mediastinum of 29 domestic cats. The animals were killed for pathological studies at serial time intervals following mediastina injection. These data demonstrate that water-soluble contrast media cause no significant histological reaction. Barium causes granuloma formation but has no additional deleterious effects when mixed with flora. Barium has superior physical properties of mucosal coating and radiographic density. It should be employed as the contrast agent of choice in difficult clinical problems with regard to esophageal tears. A water-soluble contrast study of the esophagus may be utilized as the initial diagnostic procedure, but if this is normal a follow-up barium esophagram is recommended.", "contents": "Barium or gastrografin: which contrast media for diagnosis of esophageal tears? In order to study the effects of the commonly employed contrast media alone and in combination with bacteria in the mediastinum, various mixtures of barium and meglamine diatrizoate (Gastrografin) with and without flora were instilled in the mediastinum of 29 domestic cats. The animals were killed for pathological studies at serial time intervals following mediastina injection. These data demonstrate that water-soluble contrast media cause no significant histological reaction. Barium causes granuloma formation but has no additional deleterious effects when mixed with flora. Barium has superior physical properties of mucosal coating and radiographic density. It should be employed as the contrast agent of choice in difficult clinical problems with regard to esophageal tears. A water-soluble contrast study of the esophagus may be utilized as the initial diagnostic procedure, but if this is normal a follow-up barium esophagram is recommended.", "PMID": 1126592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9589", "title": "Carcinoma and epithelial dysplasia complicating ulcerative colitis.", "content": "The pathology of 19 specimens of carcinoma complicating ulcerative colitis, resected in the University Department of Surgery of the General Infirmary at Leeds, was reviewed with particular reference to the incidence of epithelial dysplasia. The carcinomas were found to be more frequently multiple, more evenly distributed in the large bowel, and much more often of atypical macroscopic appearances and of mucoid histological type than ordinary colorectal carcinomas, but the proportion of poorly differentiated tumours complicating ulcerative colitis was not as high as previously reported. Of the patients in our series 26% are alive and well at least 5 years after surgery. Unequivocal epithelial dysplasia was demonstrated in some part of the large intestine in 15 of 19 specimens with colitis carcinoma, but was also found in 4 of 14 specimens from a \"control\" series of patients with longstanding total colitis but without carcinoma. Clearly, therefore, the finding of dysplasia in a rectal biopsy of a patient with colitis is not a reliable guide to the presence of a frank carcinoma elsewhere in the bowel. Whether it indicates a special predisposition to the development of a growth in the future, as might be postulated from the analogy of similar changes in other organs, cannot be determined on the data of this study. The fact that epithelial dysplasia when present in colitis is often patchy in distribution and frequently spares the rectum even in patients with definite carcinomas makes a negative rectal biopsy particularly unreliable in deciding on the absence of a tumour or the lack of predisposition to it. Multiple biopsies from different parts of the colon as well as the rectum would thus seem to be desirable if mucosal sampling is to be employed as a screening test.", "contents": "Carcinoma and epithelial dysplasia complicating ulcerative colitis. The pathology of 19 specimens of carcinoma complicating ulcerative colitis, resected in the University Department of Surgery of the General Infirmary at Leeds, was reviewed with particular reference to the incidence of epithelial dysplasia. The carcinomas were found to be more frequently multiple, more evenly distributed in the large bowel, and much more often of atypical macroscopic appearances and of mucoid histological type than ordinary colorectal carcinomas, but the proportion of poorly differentiated tumours complicating ulcerative colitis was not as high as previously reported. Of the patients in our series 26% are alive and well at least 5 years after surgery. Unequivocal epithelial dysplasia was demonstrated in some part of the large intestine in 15 of 19 specimens with colitis carcinoma, but was also found in 4 of 14 specimens from a \"control\" series of patients with longstanding total colitis but without carcinoma. Clearly, therefore, the finding of dysplasia in a rectal biopsy of a patient with colitis is not a reliable guide to the presence of a frank carcinoma elsewhere in the bowel. Whether it indicates a special predisposition to the development of a growth in the future, as might be postulated from the analogy of similar changes in other organs, cannot be determined on the data of this study. The fact that epithelial dysplasia when present in colitis is often patchy in distribution and frequently spares the rectum even in patients with definite carcinomas makes a negative rectal biopsy particularly unreliable in deciding on the absence of a tumour or the lack of predisposition to it. Multiple biopsies from different parts of the colon as well as the rectum would thus seem to be desirable if mucosal sampling is to be employed as a screening test.", "PMID": 1126593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9590", "title": "Control of gastric emptying by osmolality of duodenal contents in man.", "content": "During the steady state perfusion of the duodenum, recovery of a duodenal marker (polyethylene glycol 4000) can be used to quantify intraduodenal volumes. We used this technique to measure and time the recovery from the duodenum of a second nonabsorbable marker, phenol red. When liquid test meals containing phenol red were placed in the stomach, the rate of gastric emptying could be quantified from the appearance of the maker in the duodenum. The osmolality of either test meal or duodenal perfusates was then varied so that the osmotic control of gastric emptying could be examined. Gastric emptying was fastest when duodenal contents were isotonic; nonisotonic duodenal contents slowed emptying whether these conditions were achieved by nonisotonic duodenal perfusates or by emptying of a nonisotonic test meal. However, nonisotonic solutions in the stomach and in the jejunum did not slow gastric emptying, so long as duodenal contents were isotonic. Osomoreceptors, which slow gastric emptying, are present in the duodenum but not in the jejunum or stomach.", "contents": "Control of gastric emptying by osmolality of duodenal contents in man. During the steady state perfusion of the duodenum, recovery of a duodenal marker (polyethylene glycol 4000) can be used to quantify intraduodenal volumes. We used this technique to measure and time the recovery from the duodenum of a second nonabsorbable marker, phenol red. When liquid test meals containing phenol red were placed in the stomach, the rate of gastric emptying could be quantified from the appearance of the maker in the duodenum. The osmolality of either test meal or duodenal perfusates was then varied so that the osmotic control of gastric emptying could be examined. Gastric emptying was fastest when duodenal contents were isotonic; nonisotonic duodenal contents slowed emptying whether these conditions were achieved by nonisotonic duodenal perfusates or by emptying of a nonisotonic test meal. However, nonisotonic solutions in the stomach and in the jejunum did not slow gastric emptying, so long as duodenal contents were isotonic. Osomoreceptors, which slow gastric emptying, are present in the duodenum but not in the jejunum or stomach.", "PMID": 1126594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9591", "title": "Early lymphoepithelial relationships in human appendix. A combined light- and electron-microscopic study.", "content": "The fine structure of human appendix was studied from the earliest stages of lymphoid development in fetuses to the definitive relationships found in children up to 8 years old. Follicular accumulations of lymphocytes were observed first in the mesenchyme immediately beneath epithelium which contained a predominance of goblet cells on the surface and in the crypts. Larger accumulations of lymphoid cells in older fetuses were intimately related to surface epithelium but not to the epithelium of crypts. At the point of invasion of lymphoid cells into surface epithelium, the goblet cell population diminished and epithelial cells displaying a morphologically distinct form of differentiation were observed. They were characterized by the presence of irregular microvilli or microfolds and numerous apical micropinocytotic vesciles. This follicle-associated epithelium (FAE) appeared ultrastructurally identical with epithelium in chicken bursa of Fabricius, mouse Peyer's patch, and rabbit appendix, which has been shown to be capable of transporting ferritin and India ink tracer from the lumen to underlying tissue. It appeared identical to specialized epithelial cells of adult human Peyer's patches. FAE was maintained through the neonatal period into childhood. We speculate that the biological significance of FAE is to provide a channel through which antigens may stimulate clonal proliferation and seeding of B-lymphocytes throughout the lamina propria of internal mucous surfaces.", "contents": "Early lymphoepithelial relationships in human appendix. A combined light- and electron-microscopic study. The fine structure of human appendix was studied from the earliest stages of lymphoid development in fetuses to the definitive relationships found in children up to 8 years old. Follicular accumulations of lymphocytes were observed first in the mesenchyme immediately beneath epithelium which contained a predominance of goblet cells on the surface and in the crypts. Larger accumulations of lymphoid cells in older fetuses were intimately related to surface epithelium but not to the epithelium of crypts. At the point of invasion of lymphoid cells into surface epithelium, the goblet cell population diminished and epithelial cells displaying a morphologically distinct form of differentiation were observed. They were characterized by the presence of irregular microvilli or microfolds and numerous apical micropinocytotic vesciles. This follicle-associated epithelium (FAE) appeared ultrastructurally identical with epithelium in chicken bursa of Fabricius, mouse Peyer's patch, and rabbit appendix, which has been shown to be capable of transporting ferritin and India ink tracer from the lumen to underlying tissue. It appeared identical to specialized epithelial cells of adult human Peyer's patches. FAE was maintained through the neonatal period into childhood. We speculate that the biological significance of FAE is to provide a channel through which antigens may stimulate clonal proliferation and seeding of B-lymphocytes throughout the lamina propria of internal mucous surfaces.", "PMID": 1126595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9592", "title": "Radioimmunoassay for motilin.", "content": "A specific radioimmunoassay for motilin has been developed with the use of antisera to porcine motilin raised in guinea pigs. Highly purified 125-I-motilin was used as the tracer and the sensitivity range was 10 to 320 pg. No cross-reactivity was demonstrated with gastric inhibitory polypeptide, secretin, glucagon, gastrin, cholecystokinin-pancreozymin, or vasoactive intestinal peptide. In dogs with denervated pouches of the fundus of the stomach and Mann-Bollman fistulae, duodenal alkalinization resulted in an increase in gastric motor activity in the fundic pouch with a corresponding increase in serum motilin.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay for motilin. A specific radioimmunoassay for motilin has been developed with the use of antisera to porcine motilin raised in guinea pigs. Highly purified 125-I-motilin was used as the tracer and the sensitivity range was 10 to 320 pg. No cross-reactivity was demonstrated with gastric inhibitory polypeptide, secretin, glucagon, gastrin, cholecystokinin-pancreozymin, or vasoactive intestinal peptide. In dogs with denervated pouches of the fundus of the stomach and Mann-Bollman fistulae, duodenal alkalinization resulted in an increase in gastric motor activity in the fundic pouch with a corresponding increase in serum motilin.", "PMID": 1126596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9593", "title": "Inhibition of gastric emptying is a physiological action of cholecystokinin.", "content": "This study was designed to determine whether cholecystokinin (CCK) plays a physiological role in the inhibition of gastric emptying. Physiological conditions were simulated by giving CCK by continuous intravenous infusion rather than by bolus injection, by using doses known to be distinctly submaximal for pancreatic protein secretion, and for gallbladder contraction, and by releasing endogenous CCK. The rate of gastric emptying was determined in 4 dogs with gastric fistulas by measuring the volume of fluid remaining in the stomach 10 min after instillation of 300 ml of 0.15 M NaCl. Rate of emptying was studied during intravenous infusion of saline (control) and of different doses of 98% pure CCK, commerically available 20% pure CCK, synthetic COOH-terminal octapeptide of CCK (OP-CCK), pentagastrin, and heptadecapeptide gastrin. The effect of endogenously released CCK was studied by measuring the rate of emptying of solutions in which different concentrations of tryptophan replaced equiosmolar amounts of NaCl. The d50's of 20% pure CCK (3 U kg minus-1 hr minus-1) and of OP-CCK (125 ng kg minus-1 hr minus-1) for inhibition of gastric emptying were about the same as their D50's for cholecystokinetic and pancreozyminic actions. By contrast, although both pentagastrin and heptadecapeptide gastrin inhibited gastric emptying, the doses required for this action were much higher than the D50's required for stimulation of gastric acid secretion. The effectiveness of OP-CCK indicates that inhibition of gastric emptying is attributable to CCK itself and not to an impurity in the CCK preparation. We have confirmed this directly by showing that pure CCK is a potent inhibitor of gastric emptying. Tryptophan also inhibited gastric emptying. In other dogs pancreatic protein secretion and gallbladder contraction were shown to be stimulated during the time tryptophan was inhibiting gastric emptying. This evidence supports the view that inhibition of gastric emptying is one of the physiological actions of CCK, but in the case of gastrin it must be regarded as a pharmacological action.", "contents": "Inhibition of gastric emptying is a physiological action of cholecystokinin. This study was designed to determine whether cholecystokinin (CCK) plays a physiological role in the inhibition of gastric emptying. Physiological conditions were simulated by giving CCK by continuous intravenous infusion rather than by bolus injection, by using doses known to be distinctly submaximal for pancreatic protein secretion, and for gallbladder contraction, and by releasing endogenous CCK. The rate of gastric emptying was determined in 4 dogs with gastric fistulas by measuring the volume of fluid remaining in the stomach 10 min after instillation of 300 ml of 0.15 M NaCl. Rate of emptying was studied during intravenous infusion of saline (control) and of different doses of 98% pure CCK, commerically available 20% pure CCK, synthetic COOH-terminal octapeptide of CCK (OP-CCK), pentagastrin, and heptadecapeptide gastrin. The effect of endogenously released CCK was studied by measuring the rate of emptying of solutions in which different concentrations of tryptophan replaced equiosmolar amounts of NaCl. The d50's of 20% pure CCK (3 U kg minus-1 hr minus-1) and of OP-CCK (125 ng kg minus-1 hr minus-1) for inhibition of gastric emptying were about the same as their D50's for cholecystokinetic and pancreozyminic actions. By contrast, although both pentagastrin and heptadecapeptide gastrin inhibited gastric emptying, the doses required for this action were much higher than the D50's required for stimulation of gastric acid secretion. The effectiveness of OP-CCK indicates that inhibition of gastric emptying is attributable to CCK itself and not to an impurity in the CCK preparation. We have confirmed this directly by showing that pure CCK is a potent inhibitor of gastric emptying. Tryptophan also inhibited gastric emptying. In other dogs pancreatic protein secretion and gallbladder contraction were shown to be stimulated during the time tryptophan was inhibiting gastric emptying. This evidence supports the view that inhibition of gastric emptying is one of the physiological actions of CCK, but in the case of gastrin it must be regarded as a pharmacological action.", "PMID": 1126597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9594", "title": "Thiamine transport across the rat intestine. I. Normal characteristics.", "content": "The characteristics of normal thiamine transport across the intestine were studied in rats using intact intestinal loops and everted jejunal segments. In vivo studies with [35-S]-thiamine hydrochloride revealed, in all segments of small intestine, saturation kinetics for low thiamine concentrations (0.06 to 1.5 muM), but a linear relationship between high concentrations (2 to 560 muM) and absorption. Moreover, in vitro studies of net transmural flux using everted jejunal sacs demonstrated movement of [14-C]-thiamine hydrochloride against a concentration gradient only when low, but not when high, thiamine concentration was used, so that the serosal to mucosal ratio became significantly greater than the initial value of one. Pyrithiamine, 2 muM, dinitrophenol, 200 muM, norethylmaleimide, 100 muM, and ouabain, 10 muM, reduced the net transmural flux of 0.2 muM thiamine. In contrast, these inhibitors had no effect on 20 muM thiamine. When unidirectional flux across the jejunum was measured, saturation kinetics was again demonstrated for low thiamine concentrations. This phenomenon, however, was abolished by the addition of pyrithiamine, which exerted competitive inhibition on thiamine absorption. Anoxia and sodium lack reduced intestinal uptake of 0.5 muM thiamine to 58% and 74% of normal, respectively, but did not affect uptake of 50 muM thiamine. Lowering the marked with low thiamine concentrations (O10, 1.648) than with high concentration (Q10, 1.127). Stirring of the water layer reduced Km to 59% of unstirred value, while Vmax and permeability coefficient remained unchanged. Finally, movement of low concentration thiamine against an electrical gradient was observed under conditions of electrical short circuiting and zero potential difference. In contrast, no such effect was seen with high concentrations. These studies suggest that there exists in the rat a dual system of intestinal thiamine transport. At low concentrations, thiamine is absorbed by an active process; at high concentrations, transport across the intestine is largely a passive movement.", "contents": "Thiamine transport across the rat intestine. I. Normal characteristics. The characteristics of normal thiamine transport across the intestine were studied in rats using intact intestinal loops and everted jejunal segments. In vivo studies with [35-S]-thiamine hydrochloride revealed, in all segments of small intestine, saturation kinetics for low thiamine concentrations (0.06 to 1.5 muM), but a linear relationship between high concentrations (2 to 560 muM) and absorption. Moreover, in vitro studies of net transmural flux using everted jejunal sacs demonstrated movement of [14-C]-thiamine hydrochloride against a concentration gradient only when low, but not when high, thiamine concentration was used, so that the serosal to mucosal ratio became significantly greater than the initial value of one. Pyrithiamine, 2 muM, dinitrophenol, 200 muM, norethylmaleimide, 100 muM, and ouabain, 10 muM, reduced the net transmural flux of 0.2 muM thiamine. In contrast, these inhibitors had no effect on 20 muM thiamine. When unidirectional flux across the jejunum was measured, saturation kinetics was again demonstrated for low thiamine concentrations. This phenomenon, however, was abolished by the addition of pyrithiamine, which exerted competitive inhibition on thiamine absorption. Anoxia and sodium lack reduced intestinal uptake of 0.5 muM thiamine to 58% and 74% of normal, respectively, but did not affect uptake of 50 muM thiamine. Lowering the marked with low thiamine concentrations (O10, 1.648) than with high concentration (Q10, 1.127). Stirring of the water layer reduced Km to 59% of unstirred value, while Vmax and permeability coefficient remained unchanged. Finally, movement of low concentration thiamine against an electrical gradient was observed under conditions of electrical short circuiting and zero potential difference. In contrast, no such effect was seen with high concentrations. These studies suggest that there exists in the rat a dual system of intestinal thiamine transport. At low concentrations, thiamine is absorbed by an active process; at high concentrations, transport across the intestine is largely a passive movement.", "PMID": 1126598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9595", "title": "Effects of bombesin and bombesin-like peptides on gastrointestinal myoelectric activity.", "content": "Gastrointestinal myoelectric activity was studied during intravenous infusion of bombesin and bombesin-like peptides in conscious dogs with electrodes chronically implanted at different levels between the stomach and the rectum. The peptides used were bombesin, the COOH-terminal hepta- octa-, and nonapeptide of bombesin, and litorin, a new natural peptide isolated from the skin of Litoria aurea. Bombesin significantly increased the frquency of pacesetter potentials (PP) in tha antrum, duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. In the duodenum and jejunum the increase of PP frequency showed linear correlation  with the reduction of PP amplitude. The propagation velocity of PP was clearly reduced. Spikes were not affected in the antrum and ileum, whereas they were abolished in the duodenum and jejunum. In the duodenum the increase of PP frequency and the slowing down of propagation velocity was followed by the loss of PP phase lock and the appearance of a characteristic electric pattern, consisting of an irregular sequence of small and slow potentials (\"electric disorganization\"). The mechanical counterpart was the disappearance of intraluminal pressure activity. In the colon the effect of bombesin on electric activity was not consistent. Neither the COOH-terminal heptapeptide nor the octapeptide of bombesin showed a significant effect on myoelectric activity, whereas the effect of COOH-terminal-nonapeptide and litorin was similar to that of bombesin. Thus, the characteristic electric changes of PP produced by bombesin appear to be related to the sequence of the nine amino acids in the COOH-terminal residue of the bombesin molecule.", "contents": "Effects of bombesin and bombesin-like peptides on gastrointestinal myoelectric activity. Gastrointestinal myoelectric activity was studied during intravenous infusion of bombesin and bombesin-like peptides in conscious dogs with electrodes chronically implanted at different levels between the stomach and the rectum. The peptides used were bombesin, the COOH-terminal hepta- octa-, and nonapeptide of bombesin, and litorin, a new natural peptide isolated from the skin of Litoria aurea. Bombesin significantly increased the frquency of pacesetter potentials (PP) in tha antrum, duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. In the duodenum and jejunum the increase of PP frequency showed linear correlation  with the reduction of PP amplitude. The propagation velocity of PP was clearly reduced. Spikes were not affected in the antrum and ileum, whereas they were abolished in the duodenum and jejunum. In the duodenum the increase of PP frequency and the slowing down of propagation velocity was followed by the loss of PP phase lock and the appearance of a characteristic electric pattern, consisting of an irregular sequence of small and slow potentials (\"electric disorganization\"). The mechanical counterpart was the disappearance of intraluminal pressure activity. In the colon the effect of bombesin on electric activity was not consistent. Neither the COOH-terminal heptapeptide nor the octapeptide of bombesin showed a significant effect on myoelectric activity, whereas the effect of COOH-terminal-nonapeptide and litorin was similar to that of bombesin. Thus, the characteristic electric changes of PP produced by bombesin appear to be related to the sequence of the nine amino acids in the COOH-terminal residue of the bombesin molecule.", "PMID": 1126599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9596", "title": "Morphological and functional effects of bile salts on rat colon.", "content": "By correlating morphological observations with quantitative measurements of net water transport, we determined whether bile salts altered colonic absorptive cells. Epithelial alteration was equivocal and water absorption was uninhibited during infusions of 1 mM deoxycholate or of concentrations of taurocholate less than 10 mM. In contrast, 3 mM deoxycholate and greater than 10 mM taurocholate caused severe altertion of colonic epithelium and inhibited water absorption. These studies suggest that bile salts in the low concentrations normally found within the colon have little effect on colonic structure or water absorption. On the other hand, abnormally high concentrations of bile salts do alter colonic mucosal structure and function.", "contents": "Morphological and functional effects of bile salts on rat colon. By correlating morphological observations with quantitative measurements of net water transport, we determined whether bile salts altered colonic absorptive cells. Epithelial alteration was equivocal and water absorption was uninhibited during infusions of 1 mM deoxycholate or of concentrations of taurocholate less than 10 mM. In contrast, 3 mM deoxycholate and greater than 10 mM taurocholate caused severe altertion of colonic epithelium and inhibited water absorption. These studies suggest that bile salts in the low concentrations normally found within the colon have little effect on colonic structure or water absorption. On the other hand, abnormally high concentrations of bile salts do alter colonic mucosal structure and function.", "PMID": 1126600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9597", "title": "Value of gallbladder B-scan ultrasonography.", "content": "The gallbladder B-scans of 20 patients who had subsequent surgery were separated into three categories based upon certain sonographic criteria. Our data, in this limited series, revealed gallbladder pathology in each patient who had any one or combination of the following scan characteristics: (1) internal echos, (2) irregular wall, or (3) absence of recognizable gallbladder sonolucency. The category which demonstrated a normal sonographic gallbladder, namely a smooth wall and no internal echos, contained a number of false negatives which proved to have either small stone cholelithiasis or extraphepatic ductal obstruction. Within the described limitations, the B-scan can be a valuable test in confirming the significance of a radiographically nonvisualized gallbladder or in detecting a biliary tract lesion in a patient with a disease entity that precludes radiographic visualization by conventional techniques.", "contents": "Value of gallbladder B-scan ultrasonography. The gallbladder B-scans of 20 patients who had subsequent surgery were separated into three categories based upon certain sonographic criteria. Our data, in this limited series, revealed gallbladder pathology in each patient who had any one or combination of the following scan characteristics: (1) internal echos, (2) irregular wall, or (3) absence of recognizable gallbladder sonolucency. The category which demonstrated a normal sonographic gallbladder, namely a smooth wall and no internal echos, contained a number of false negatives which proved to have either small stone cholelithiasis or extraphepatic ductal obstruction. Within the described limitations, the B-scan can be a valuable test in confirming the significance of a radiographically nonvisualized gallbladder or in detecting a biliary tract lesion in a patient with a disease entity that precludes radiographic visualization by conventional techniques.", "PMID": 1126601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9598", "title": "Serum free proline and free hydroxyproline in patients with chronic liver disease.", "content": "Serum free proline and free hydroxyproline were determined in 71 patients with liver disease and in 62 control subjects. The group with liver disease included 60 patients with liver cirrhosis and 11 with chronic active liver disease. Forty-five of the cirrhotic patients were alcoholics, 9 of which were studied during an episode of alcoholic hepatitis. The control group consisted of 24 healthy volunteers, 19 primary malnourished patients, and 19 severely ill patients without liver disease. The values obtained in normal subjects were quite constant; no differences related to sex or age were detected. In patients with malnutrition, and especially in severely ill patients, the proline values were always below the normal limit. Patients with nonalcoholic cirrhosis or chronic active liver disease had serum proline and hydroxyproline values similar to those of normal subjects. However, the patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis had proline and hydroxyproline values significantly higher than the normal group. Furthermore, in patients with alcoholic hepatitis the serum free proline values were significantly higher than in the other groups. The results suggest that alcohol might have a direct effect on proline metabolism or facilitate its release from the liver cell.", "contents": "Serum free proline and free hydroxyproline in patients with chronic liver disease. Serum free proline and free hydroxyproline were determined in 71 patients with liver disease and in 62 control subjects. The group with liver disease included 60 patients with liver cirrhosis and 11 with chronic active liver disease. Forty-five of the cirrhotic patients were alcoholics, 9 of which were studied during an episode of alcoholic hepatitis. The control group consisted of 24 healthy volunteers, 19 primary malnourished patients, and 19 severely ill patients without liver disease. The values obtained in normal subjects were quite constant; no differences related to sex or age were detected. In patients with malnutrition, and especially in severely ill patients, the proline values were always below the normal limit. Patients with nonalcoholic cirrhosis or chronic active liver disease had serum proline and hydroxyproline values similar to those of normal subjects. However, the patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis had proline and hydroxyproline values significantly higher than the normal group. Furthermore, in patients with alcoholic hepatitis the serum free proline values were significantly higher than in the other groups. The results suggest that alcohol might have a direct effect on proline metabolism or facilitate its release from the liver cell.", "PMID": 1126602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9599", "title": "Noncirrhotic presinusoidal portal hypertension associated with chronic arsenical intoxication.", "content": "A 39-year-old male with bleeding esophageal varices due to portal hypertension was observed. The patient had taken an arsenical preparation during a period of 12 yr because of psoriasis and subsequently developed keratotic changes of the palms and soles of his feet and an epithelioma of the scrotum. Physical examination was unremarkable except for splenomegaly and skin lesions. Liver function tests were normal; a needle biopsy of the liver (right lobe) showed nonspecific changes. Combined hepatic and umbilicoportal catheterization revealed, on splenography and portography, huge esophageal varices and patent portal vein; dilation, distortion, and cut-off of many intrahepatic portal branches were found. A marked gradient existed between the free portal venous pressure (25 mm Hg) and the wedged hepatic venous pressure (9.5 mm Hg). Hepatic blood flow, portal PO2, cardiac output, cardiac index, and blOOD volume were within normal range. Arteriographies did not reveal arteriovenous shunts in the splanchnic or splenic vessels. A splenorenal shunt were performed and a wedged biopsy of the liver (left lobe) revealed nonspecific changes. Three years later the patient had not experienced any episode of hemorrhage or hepatic encephalopathy but developed an epithelioma of the tongue. No known cause could be incriminated in the pathogenesis of the portal hypertension. However, there was unequivocal chronic arsenic intoxication. Toxic hepatitis, cirrhosis, noncirrhotic portal hypertension, and hemangiosarcoma of the liver have been reported with the intake of arsenicals. Thus, it is suggested that in this patient, presinusoidal portal hypertension was secondary to chronic arsenical intake associated with marked intrahepatic vascular changes seen on portography.", "contents": "Noncirrhotic presinusoidal portal hypertension associated with chronic arsenical intoxication. A 39-year-old male with bleeding esophageal varices due to portal hypertension was observed. The patient had taken an arsenical preparation during a period of 12 yr because of psoriasis and subsequently developed keratotic changes of the palms and soles of his feet and an epithelioma of the scrotum. Physical examination was unremarkable except for splenomegaly and skin lesions. Liver function tests were normal; a needle biopsy of the liver (right lobe) showed nonspecific changes. Combined hepatic and umbilicoportal catheterization revealed, on splenography and portography, huge esophageal varices and patent portal vein; dilation, distortion, and cut-off of many intrahepatic portal branches were found. A marked gradient existed between the free portal venous pressure (25 mm Hg) and the wedged hepatic venous pressure (9.5 mm Hg). Hepatic blood flow, portal PO2, cardiac output, cardiac index, and blOOD volume were within normal range. Arteriographies did not reveal arteriovenous shunts in the splanchnic or splenic vessels. A splenorenal shunt were performed and a wedged biopsy of the liver (left lobe) revealed nonspecific changes. Three years later the patient had not experienced any episode of hemorrhage or hepatic encephalopathy but developed an epithelioma of the tongue. No known cause could be incriminated in the pathogenesis of the portal hypertension. However, there was unequivocal chronic arsenic intoxication. Toxic hepatitis, cirrhosis, noncirrhotic portal hypertension, and hemangiosarcoma of the liver have been reported with the intake of arsenicals. Thus, it is suggested that in this patient, presinusoidal portal hypertension was secondary to chronic arsenical intake associated with marked intrahepatic vascular changes seen on portography.", "PMID": 1126603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9600", "title": "Jaundice due to erythromycin estolate.", "content": "A 43-year-old male developed abdominal pain and jaundice after the administration of erythromycin estolate. The diagnosis was strongly suspected on clinical grounds, but ultimate confirmation depends upon the demonstration of biochemical and morphological alterations after challenge with the drug.", "contents": "Jaundice due to erythromycin estolate. A 43-year-old male developed abdominal pain and jaundice after the administration of erythromycin estolate. The diagnosis was strongly suspected on clinical grounds, but ultimate confirmation depends upon the demonstration of biochemical and morphological alterations after challenge with the drug.", "PMID": 1126604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9601", "title": "Small intestinal mucosal injury in the experimental blind loop syndrome. Light- and electron-microscopic and histochemical studies.", "content": "Microscopic (light and electron) and histochemical abnormalities have been demonstrated in the jejunum of rats with the blind loop syndrome. Three groups of animals were studied: normal control animals, and animals with either self-filling (SF) or self-emptying (SE) blind loops. Vitamin B12 malabsorption and bacterial overgrowth occurred only in those animals with SF blind loops. Three jejunal segments were studied: the blind loop segment and the jejunal segments proximal and distal to the blind loop. In the animals with the blind loop syndrome, those with SF blind loops, the most striking findings occurred in the blind loop itself, with similar but less marked changes in the jejunum distal but not proximal to the blind loop segment. Hypertrophy of both crypts and villi was evident with focal abnormalities of villus architecture. Approximately 10 to 20% of the columnar cells in the upper half of the villi were swollen and vesiculated. By electron microscopy microvilli demonstrated a variety of degeneration changes and the glycocalyx and terminal web were disrupted. Mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum (ER), both smooth and rough, were swollen. Concentric whorls of parallel membranes and long, curvilinear rough ER were present in the cytoplasm. Histochemically, there was loss of enzymatic activity in the epithelial brush border, mitochondria and ER. Inasmuch as bacterial invasion of the jejunal mucosa was not seen, the etiology of these changes is not known but may involve bacterial \"toxins\" or products of bacterial metabolism. These morphological observations demonstrate that both brush border and intracellular injury occur in the jejunal epithelial cell of rats with the experimental blind loop syndrome.", "contents": "Small intestinal mucosal injury in the experimental blind loop syndrome. Light- and electron-microscopic and histochemical studies. Microscopic (light and electron) and histochemical abnormalities have been demonstrated in the jejunum of rats with the blind loop syndrome. Three groups of animals were studied: normal control animals, and animals with either self-filling (SF) or self-emptying (SE) blind loops. Vitamin B12 malabsorption and bacterial overgrowth occurred only in those animals with SF blind loops. Three jejunal segments were studied: the blind loop segment and the jejunal segments proximal and distal to the blind loop. In the animals with the blind loop syndrome, those with SF blind loops, the most striking findings occurred in the blind loop itself, with similar but less marked changes in the jejunum distal but not proximal to the blind loop segment. Hypertrophy of both crypts and villi was evident with focal abnormalities of villus architecture. Approximately 10 to 20% of the columnar cells in the upper half of the villi were swollen and vesiculated. By electron microscopy microvilli demonstrated a variety of degeneration changes and the glycocalyx and terminal web were disrupted. Mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum (ER), both smooth and rough, were swollen. Concentric whorls of parallel membranes and long, curvilinear rough ER were present in the cytoplasm. Histochemically, there was loss of enzymatic activity in the epithelial brush border, mitochondria and ER. Inasmuch as bacterial invasion of the jejunal mucosa was not seen, the etiology of these changes is not known but may involve bacterial \"toxins\" or products of bacterial metabolism. These morphological observations demonstrate that both brush border and intracellular injury occur in the jejunal epithelial cell of rats with the experimental blind loop syndrome.", "PMID": 1126607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9602", "title": "[Balanced synthetic diet in gynaecological operations].", "content": "A balanced synthetic diet, the so called astronaut-diet was given to nine gynaecological patients with recto-vaginal fistulas or operation for aplasia of the vagina. By the reduction of stool quanitity and the change to an almost sterile stool, wound healing was very much enhanced. This diet is recommended for some operations involving the vagina and rectum.", "contents": "[Balanced synthetic diet in gynaecological operations]. A balanced synthetic diet, the so called astronaut-diet was given to nine gynaecological patients with recto-vaginal fistulas or operation for aplasia of the vagina. By the reduction of stool quanitity and the change to an almost sterile stool, wound healing was very much enhanced. This diet is recommended for some operations involving the vagina and rectum.", "PMID": 1126608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9603", "title": "[Basic pathology of sigma and rectum in geriatric-gynaecological laparotomies].", "content": "This is a report on 49 women with sigmoiditis and 66 women with sigmoido-rectal carcinoma. These cases were collected in 18 women hospitals in West-Berlin over a period of 10 years, from 1960 until 1969. All patients were at least 60 years old. In most of these cases laparotomy was performed for gynaecological reasons. The post-operative mortality was 40.9%. It is pointed out that the whole spectrum of diagnostic procedures was not fully utilized; today laparoscopies and ultrasound are added when indicated. Inflammatory processes of the sigma as well as sigmoido-rectal carcinoma are typical geriatrical diseases that will increase with rising life expectancy thus constituting an important part of the differential-diagnostic section of geriatric gynaecology.", "contents": "[Basic pathology of sigma and rectum in geriatric-gynaecological laparotomies]. This is a report on 49 women with sigmoiditis and 66 women with sigmoido-rectal carcinoma. These cases were collected in 18 women hospitals in West-Berlin over a period of 10 years, from 1960 until 1969. All patients were at least 60 years old. In most of these cases laparotomy was performed for gynaecological reasons. The post-operative mortality was 40.9%. It is pointed out that the whole spectrum of diagnostic procedures was not fully utilized; today laparoscopies and ultrasound are added when indicated. Inflammatory processes of the sigma as well as sigmoido-rectal carcinoma are typical geriatrical diseases that will increase with rising life expectancy thus constituting an important part of the differential-diagnostic section of geriatric gynaecology.", "PMID": 1126609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9604", "title": "[Psychological problems in heterologous insemination].", "content": "Heterologous insemination is being established in increasing numbers in Anglo-Saxon, middle and north European countries, although some medical, legal and theological-ethical aspects are still not settled. Our experiences with this type of sterilisation in regard to marriage stability and psycho-physical development of the children are positive. During the months of insemination, even with psychically balanced couples, conflicts arise such as disturbed vita sexualis (sexual life) emotional stress situations or aggravation from the husband's inferiority complex which can endanger the success of the treatment or even the marriage. The doctor in charge of insemination has the responsibility to discuss and analyse arising problems with the couple so that both husband and wife are emotionally and intellectually prepared when pregnancy occurs.", "contents": "[Psychological problems in heterologous insemination]. Heterologous insemination is being established in increasing numbers in Anglo-Saxon, middle and north European countries, although some medical, legal and theological-ethical aspects are still not settled. Our experiences with this type of sterilisation in regard to marriage stability and psycho-physical development of the children are positive. During the months of insemination, even with psychically balanced couples, conflicts arise such as disturbed vita sexualis (sexual life) emotional stress situations or aggravation from the husband's inferiority complex which can endanger the success of the treatment or even the marriage. The doctor in charge of insemination has the responsibility to discuss and analyse arising problems with the couple so that both husband and wife are emotionally and intellectually prepared when pregnancy occurs.", "PMID": 1126610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9605", "title": "[The serum and uterine muscle concentrations of Cephradin and Cephalothin].", "content": "On the day of operation 2 grams of Cephradin was given intravenously to 33 patient and 2 grams of Cephalothin was given intravenously to 31 patients. At various time intervals, uterine tissue and serum was removed. The mean serum concentrations of Cephradin were 3 times higher and the mean tissue concentrations of Cephradin were 7-8 times higher than the corresponding concentrations of Cephalothin. Because of the difference in protein binding of the examined cephalosporins (Cephradin 6%, Cephalothin 60-65%) the difference for the antimicrobially active portion (Protein free portion) is even more favorable for Cephradin. The significance of these pharmacokinetic differences for the treatment are obvious.", "contents": "[The serum and uterine muscle concentrations of Cephradin and Cephalothin]. On the day of operation 2 grams of Cephradin was given intravenously to 33 patient and 2 grams of Cephalothin was given intravenously to 31 patients. At various time intervals, uterine tissue and serum was removed. The mean serum concentrations of Cephradin were 3 times higher and the mean tissue concentrations of Cephradin were 7-8 times higher than the corresponding concentrations of Cephalothin. Because of the difference in protein binding of the examined cephalosporins (Cephradin 6%, Cephalothin 60-65%) the difference for the antimicrobially active portion (Protein free portion) is even more favorable for Cephradin. The significance of these pharmacokinetic differences for the treatment are obvious.", "PMID": 1126611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9606", "title": "[Morphological study on 167 Wertheim-operation specimens (author's transl)].", "content": "The squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix was examined in 167 cases with the regard to the spreading and the dependence of metastazation on the size of the primary tumor. Up to a primary tumor size of 5 + 10 + 10 mm a metastazation of 1,58% in the lymph nodes, of 30,9% at stage Ib and of 57,6% at stage II was found. The metastazation rate from one stage to the other seems not to be continuously but skippy. The hysterectomy seems to be an entirely sufficient therapy in case of a microcarcinoma, provided that accurate three-dimensional measurement proves that the size does not exceed 5 + 10 + 10 mm. The Wertheim's operation should give its best results at stage Ib, as long as it includes the careful removal of the pelvic lymph nodes.", "contents": "[Morphological study on 167 Wertheim-operation specimens (author's transl)]. The squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix was examined in 167 cases with the regard to the spreading and the dependence of metastazation on the size of the primary tumor. Up to a primary tumor size of 5 + 10 + 10 mm a metastazation of 1,58% in the lymph nodes, of 30,9% at stage Ib and of 57,6% at stage II was found. The metastazation rate from one stage to the other seems not to be continuously but skippy. The hysterectomy seems to be an entirely sufficient therapy in case of a microcarcinoma, provided that accurate three-dimensional measurement proves that the size does not exceed 5 + 10 + 10 mm. The Wertheim's operation should give its best results at stage Ib, as long as it includes the careful removal of the pelvic lymph nodes.", "PMID": 1126612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9607", "title": "[Long term results after Latzko operation for vesico-vaginal fistula].", "content": "The Latzko operation for the closure of a vesico-vaginal fistula is still not well enough known. Urologists have voiced doubts about the functional quality of the late results after this operation. Pouches in the bladder wall which could lead to infection and stone formation are said to occur frequently. Follow-up studies regarding this question are not known. Therefore the patients treated at the University Hospitals Erlangen-Nuernberg and Graz between 1962 and 1972 were subjected to a standardized follow-up protocol. Of 37 women who had the Latzko operation, 24 women returned for a follow-up examination. 19 women had no intermittent urinary tract disease and the follow-up results were normal. In many instances a scar corresponding to the previous fistula could not be detected on cystoscopy. Immediately after the operation, one patient had a recurrent fistula and has not been re-operated. Four women had significant urinary tract findings or had intermittent urinary tract disease. These complications were possibly due to the operation in one case and likely due to the operation in a second case. Our findings suggests that the Latzko operation is the method of choice for the treatment of the typical post-hysterectomy vesico-vaginal fistula.", "contents": "[Long term results after Latzko operation for vesico-vaginal fistula]. The Latzko operation for the closure of a vesico-vaginal fistula is still not well enough known. Urologists have voiced doubts about the functional quality of the late results after this operation. Pouches in the bladder wall which could lead to infection and stone formation are said to occur frequently. Follow-up studies regarding this question are not known. Therefore the patients treated at the University Hospitals Erlangen-Nuernberg and Graz between 1962 and 1972 were subjected to a standardized follow-up protocol. Of 37 women who had the Latzko operation, 24 women returned for a follow-up examination. 19 women had no intermittent urinary tract disease and the follow-up results were normal. In many instances a scar corresponding to the previous fistula could not be detected on cystoscopy. Immediately after the operation, one patient had a recurrent fistula and has not been re-operated. Four women had significant urinary tract findings or had intermittent urinary tract disease. These complications were possibly due to the operation in one case and likely due to the operation in a second case. Our findings suggests that the Latzko operation is the method of choice for the treatment of the typical post-hysterectomy vesico-vaginal fistula.", "PMID": 1126613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9608", "title": "[On the question of recurrent carcinoma in-situ of the uterine cervix].", "content": "Among 280 patients with carcinoma in-situ of the uterine cervix treated from 1961 to 1970, a review of the histology revealed 50 patients in which the carcinoma in-situ had been removed with certainty by conization. None of these patients was found to have had a recurrence. In the literature, 13 observations of a recurrence of carcinoma in-situ after complete removal by conization were located among 3, 129 cases. It is concluded that true recurrence after complete removal of carcinoma in-situ by conization is rare and that conization is adequate treatment for carcinoma in-situ for patients who attend regular follow-up examinations.", "contents": "[On the question of recurrent carcinoma in-situ of the uterine cervix]. Among 280 patients with carcinoma in-situ of the uterine cervix treated from 1961 to 1970, a review of the histology revealed 50 patients in which the carcinoma in-situ had been removed with certainty by conization. None of these patients was found to have had a recurrence. In the literature, 13 observations of a recurrence of carcinoma in-situ after complete removal by conization were located among 3, 129 cases. It is concluded that true recurrence after complete removal of carcinoma in-situ by conization is rare and that conization is adequate treatment for carcinoma in-situ for patients who attend regular follow-up examinations.", "PMID": 1126614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9609", "title": "[Pull through operation for endometriosis of the recto-sigmoid].", "content": "Case report on endometriosis of the recto-sigmoid which caused intestinal stenosis. Concomitant endometriosis of the right ovary was removed by a right salpingo-oophorectomy. The recto-sigmoid endometriosis was resected and intestinal continuity established by the pull through method of Hollenbach preserving the anal sphincter. The patient was well 6 years following the operation.", "contents": "[Pull through operation for endometriosis of the recto-sigmoid]. Case report on endometriosis of the recto-sigmoid which caused intestinal stenosis. Concomitant endometriosis of the right ovary was removed by a right salpingo-oophorectomy. The recto-sigmoid endometriosis was resected and intestinal continuity established by the pull through method of Hollenbach preserving the anal sphincter. The patient was well 6 years following the operation.", "PMID": 1126615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9610", "title": "[Aspiration biopsy in ovarian tumours].", "content": "The value of fine-needle aspiration biopsy in ovarian tumours is determined comparing cytological and histological findings. In our material of 53 cases cytological diagnostic accuracy is 92.6%. Further cytological classification occasionally is possible. Additional studies are necessary to permit final conclusions about the applicability and diagnostic accuracy of the method.", "contents": "[Aspiration biopsy in ovarian tumours]. The value of fine-needle aspiration biopsy in ovarian tumours is determined comparing cytological and histological findings. In our material of 53 cases cytological diagnostic accuracy is 92.6%. Further cytological classification occasionally is possible. Additional studies are necessary to permit final conclusions about the applicability and diagnostic accuracy of the method.", "PMID": 1126616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9611", "title": "[Unexpected situations during laparatomia].", "content": "This is a report of a case of a malignant Haemangiopericytom in a 49 year old woman. Four solitary tumors were discovered in connective tissue of the right side of the pelvis, which histologically presented a variety of forms, partially mature, partially immature embryonal tissue, in which the atypical proliferating vessel-portion was predominant.", "contents": "[Unexpected situations during laparatomia]. This is a report of a case of a malignant Haemangiopericytom in a 49 year old woman. Four solitary tumors were discovered in connective tissue of the right side of the pelvis, which histologically presented a variety of forms, partially mature, partially immature embryonal tissue, in which the atypical proliferating vessel-portion was predominant.", "PMID": 1126617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9612", "title": "Fitness of karyotypes in Drosophila pseudoobscura.", "content": "In the dynamics of the survival of chromosomal polymorphism selection may be operating at the genic level, at the chromosomal level or at the supergene level. Tests designed to distinguish between these levels were run on Drosophila pseudoobscura. There was no evidence for heterosis, a necessary requirement for gene-determined chromosomal polymorphism A strong chromosmal selection was observed. No evidence was found for the presence within one locality of more than a single superallele for each supergene (equals gene order). These results are compared to those found by others.", "contents": "Fitness of karyotypes in Drosophila pseudoobscura. In the dynamics of the survival of chromosomal polymorphism selection may be operating at the genic level, at the chromosomal level or at the supergene level. Tests designed to distinguish between these levels were run on Drosophila pseudoobscura. There was no evidence for heterosis, a necessary requirement for gene-determined chromosomal polymorphism A strong chromosmal selection was observed. No evidence was found for the presence within one locality of more than a single superallele for each supergene (equals gene order). These results are compared to those found by others.", "PMID": 1126618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9613", "title": "The response of dopa decarboxylase activity to variations in gene dosage in Drosophila: a possible location of the structural gene.", "content": "A location of the structural gene(s) for dopa decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.26) is proposed on the basis of enzyme determinations in a set of duplication-bearing aneuploids, which revealed only one dosage-sensitive region in the Drosophila genome. This region lies between 36EF and 37D on the left arm of chromosome 2.", "contents": "The response of dopa decarboxylase activity to variations in gene dosage in Drosophila: a possible location of the structural gene. A location of the structural gene(s) for dopa decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.26) is proposed on the basis of enzyme determinations in a set of duplication-bearing aneuploids, which revealed only one dosage-sensitive region in the Drosophila genome. This region lies between 36EF and 37D on the left arm of chromosome 2.", "PMID": 1126620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9614", "title": "Further evidence for selective differences between isoalleles in Drosophila.", "content": "A number of separate strains of Drosophila pseudoobscura were inbred for 38 generations of brother-sister mating with forced heterozygosity for two alleles of either the octanol dehydrogenase or esterase-5 locus. Crosses were set up within each of these inbred lines such that simple mendelian ratios were expected, and eggs from these crosses were placed on media with additions simple chemicals likely to interact with alleles of the two loci--octanol and ethanol for the ODH locus and tributyrin and triacetin for the E-5 locus. Similar crosses were set up involving parental flies with normally heterozygous genetic background as a control.--Significant deviations from mendelian expectation were observed in inbred E-5 flies grown on tributyrin, inbred ODH males grown on octanol, and inbred ODH females grown on ethanol. There was also a strong effect of octanol medium on males of one of the inbred E-5 lines, and a weak effect of tributyrin medium on ODH inbred females.--The probability that these results reflect interactions between these loci and the environment is assessed in the light of differences between the present results and those obtained at earlier stages of inbreeding.", "contents": "Further evidence for selective differences between isoalleles in Drosophila. A number of separate strains of Drosophila pseudoobscura were inbred for 38 generations of brother-sister mating with forced heterozygosity for two alleles of either the octanol dehydrogenase or esterase-5 locus. Crosses were set up within each of these inbred lines such that simple mendelian ratios were expected, and eggs from these crosses were placed on media with additions simple chemicals likely to interact with alleles of the two loci--octanol and ethanol for the ODH locus and tributyrin and triacetin for the E-5 locus. Similar crosses were set up involving parental flies with normally heterozygous genetic background as a control.--Significant deviations from mendelian expectation were observed in inbred E-5 flies grown on tributyrin, inbred ODH males grown on octanol, and inbred ODH females grown on ethanol. There was also a strong effect of octanol medium on males of one of the inbred E-5 lines, and a weak effect of tributyrin medium on ODH inbred females.--The probability that these results reflect interactions between these loci and the environment is assessed in the light of differences between the present results and those obtained at earlier stages of inbreeding.", "PMID": 1126619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9615", "title": "Evidence for the single phase pairing theory of meiosis.", "content": "The segregation pattern of an attached X chromosome with several Y-autosome translocations conflicts with the expectations based on the distributive pairing hypothesis because the chromosomes segregating from the translocation configuration include both exchange and non-exchange chromosomes. The results of the second experiment involving three compound chromosomes go even further; they suggest that the essential association which determines the segregation of nonhomologous elements is in fact set up prior to the time of crossing over.", "contents": "Evidence for the single phase pairing theory of meiosis. The segregation pattern of an attached X chromosome with several Y-autosome translocations conflicts with the expectations based on the distributive pairing hypothesis because the chromosomes segregating from the translocation configuration include both exchange and non-exchange chromosomes. The results of the second experiment involving three compound chromosomes go even further; they suggest that the essential association which determines the segregation of nonhomologous elements is in fact set up prior to the time of crossing over.", "PMID": 1126621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9616", "title": "Chemical selection of mutants that affect alcohol dehydrogenase in Drosophila. II. Use of 1-pentyne-3-ol.", "content": "We describe a procedure for the selection of alcohol dehyrogenase negative mutants in Drosophila. The method consists of exposing eggs and larvae to low concentrations of 1-pentyne-3-ol dissolved in the culture medium. Only those flies with greatly reduced levels of alcohol dehydrogenase activity survive. In addition, genotypically negative flies die if their mothers are alcohol dehydrogenase positive. Using this procedure and formaldehyde to generate mutants, we were able to detect seven alcohol dehydrogenase negative mutants out of 350,000 individuals subjected to selection. At least five of the mutants contain small deletions that include the alcohol dehydrogenase locus.", "contents": "Chemical selection of mutants that affect alcohol dehydrogenase in Drosophila. II. Use of 1-pentyne-3-ol. We describe a procedure for the selection of alcohol dehyrogenase negative mutants in Drosophila. The method consists of exposing eggs and larvae to low concentrations of 1-pentyne-3-ol dissolved in the culture medium. Only those flies with greatly reduced levels of alcohol dehydrogenase activity survive. In addition, genotypically negative flies die if their mothers are alcohol dehydrogenase positive. Using this procedure and formaldehyde to generate mutants, we were able to detect seven alcohol dehydrogenase negative mutants out of 350,000 individuals subjected to selection. At least five of the mutants contain small deletions that include the alcohol dehydrogenase locus.", "PMID": 1126622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9617", "title": "Fitness of allozyme variants in Drosophila pseudoobscura. I. Selection at the PGM-1 and Me-2 loci.", "content": "We have studied in Drosophila pseudoobscura the effect of allozyme variation on seven fitness components: female fecundity, egg hatchability, egg-to-adult survival under near-optimal and under competitive conditions, rate of development under near-optimal and under competitive conditions, and mating capacity of males. Three genotypes at each of two loci, Pgm-1 and Me-2, have been studied in various combinations. These two loci are highly polymorphic in natural populations of D. pseudoobscura. Statistically significant differences involving one or more genotypes exist for all components of fitness. No single genotype is best for all fitness components; rather the relative fitnesses of genotypes are reversed when different parameters are considered, or when they are studied in different environmental conditions. Also, the average egg-to-adult survival and rate of development are better when different genotypes are reared together than when they occur in pure culture. Four different modes of selection have been uncovered by our experiments. These forms of selection may account for the persistence of the two allozyme polymorphisms in nature, and for previously observed seasonal fluctuations of the allelic frequencies in natural populations.", "contents": "Fitness of allozyme variants in Drosophila pseudoobscura. I. Selection at the PGM-1 and Me-2 loci. We have studied in Drosophila pseudoobscura the effect of allozyme variation on seven fitness components: female fecundity, egg hatchability, egg-to-adult survival under near-optimal and under competitive conditions, rate of development under near-optimal and under competitive conditions, and mating capacity of males. Three genotypes at each of two loci, Pgm-1 and Me-2, have been studied in various combinations. These two loci are highly polymorphic in natural populations of D. pseudoobscura. Statistically significant differences involving one or more genotypes exist for all components of fitness. No single genotype is best for all fitness components; rather the relative fitnesses of genotypes are reversed when different parameters are considered, or when they are studied in different environmental conditions. Also, the average egg-to-adult survival and rate of development are better when different genotypes are reared together than when they occur in pure culture. Four different modes of selection have been uncovered by our experiments. These forms of selection may account for the persistence of the two allozyme polymorphisms in nature, and for previously observed seasonal fluctuations of the allelic frequencies in natural populations.", "PMID": 1126623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9618", "title": "Genetic organization and adaptive response of allozymes to ecological variables in Fundulus heteroclitus.", "content": "Populations of Fundulus heteroclitus, (Cyprinodontidae) a widespread coastal marine fish, were studied in control and artificially heated environments on the North Shore of Long Island, New York to determine (1) patterns of variation in biochemical phenotypes and (2) the extent to which this variation reflected adaptation to environmental characteristics. Variation at three of twelve polymorphic isoenzyme loci from the warm water population was beyond the range of variation among control populations, and resembled those determined for populations living at more southern latitudes. Hence, these differences were interpreted as adaptations to warm environments. Significant differences in allele frequencies and zygotic proportions at ten of twelve isoenzyme loci were found associated with differences in environments, sexes, and/or age classes. These data strongly support the view that protein polymorphisms are adaptive. Several observations suggested that selection acts upon multilocus phenotypes rather than upon those of single loci. Several di-locus phenotypic distributions were demonstrated to be nonrandom, and those that exhibited similar patterns of dependence over years were postulated to be maintained by selection. Highly heterozygous fish exhibited superior viability when cohorts were compared over successive years. The consequences of the polygynous mating system in this species for maintaining genetic variation and for allowing rapid evolutionary response to a variable environment are discussed.", "contents": "Genetic organization and adaptive response of allozymes to ecological variables in Fundulus heteroclitus. Populations of Fundulus heteroclitus, (Cyprinodontidae) a widespread coastal marine fish, were studied in control and artificially heated environments on the North Shore of Long Island, New York to determine (1) patterns of variation in biochemical phenotypes and (2) the extent to which this variation reflected adaptation to environmental characteristics. Variation at three of twelve polymorphic isoenzyme loci from the warm water population was beyond the range of variation among control populations, and resembled those determined for populations living at more southern latitudes. Hence, these differences were interpreted as adaptations to warm environments. Significant differences in allele frequencies and zygotic proportions at ten of twelve isoenzyme loci were found associated with differences in environments, sexes, and/or age classes. These data strongly support the view that protein polymorphisms are adaptive. Several observations suggested that selection acts upon multilocus phenotypes rather than upon those of single loci. Several di-locus phenotypic distributions were demonstrated to be nonrandom, and those that exhibited similar patterns of dependence over years were postulated to be maintained by selection. Highly heterozygous fish exhibited superior viability when cohorts were compared over successive years. The consequences of the polygynous mating system in this species for maintaining genetic variation and for allowing rapid evolutionary response to a variable environment are discussed.", "PMID": 1126624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9619", "title": "Studies of mutations in T4 control genes 33 and 55.", "content": "Available mutations in transcriptional control genes 33 and 55 of coliphage T4 have been examined. By complementation analysis and map position, 15 mutants (13 in T4D, 2 in T4B) have been shown to lie in gene 33 and 6 (5 in T4D, 1 in T4B) in gene 55. According to patterns of suppression and recombination, these mutants define three distinct amber sites in gene 33 and also three distinct amber sites in gene 55. All of these mutations are true amber mutations, in apparent contrast to some traditional T4 \"amber\" mutants which grow in su+ E. coli CR63 but not in su minus E. coli B because of a strain difference other than the su+ determinant. Evidence is presented that, contrary to previous suggestions (BOLLE et al. 1968; pulitzer and geiduschek 1970), the gene 33 product is absolutely essential for T4 development.", "contents": "Studies of mutations in T4 control genes 33 and 55. Available mutations in transcriptional control genes 33 and 55 of coliphage T4 have been examined. By complementation analysis and map position, 15 mutants (13 in T4D, 2 in T4B) have been shown to lie in gene 33 and 6 (5 in T4D, 1 in T4B) in gene 55. According to patterns of suppression and recombination, these mutants define three distinct amber sites in gene 33 and also three distinct amber sites in gene 55. All of these mutations are true amber mutations, in apparent contrast to some traditional T4 \"amber\" mutants which grow in su+ E. coli CR63 but not in su minus E. coli B because of a strain difference other than the su+ determinant. Evidence is presented that, contrary to previous suggestions (BOLLE et al. 1968; pulitzer and geiduschek 1970), the gene 33 product is absolutely essential for T4 development.", "PMID": 1126625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9620", "title": "A genetic and biochemical study of histidine biosynthesis  in Micrococcus luteus.", "content": "Histidine auxotrophs of Micrococcus luteus strain ATCC 27141 were induced by treatment of the parent strain with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. Auxotrophs were biochemically characterized by examining culture accumulations of histidine intermediates, using paper chromatography and the Bratton-Marshall test, and growth responses to L-histidinol. his(IG) mutants failed to accumulate Pauly-positive imidazoles; his(EAHF) mutants accumulated 5-amino-1-ribosyn-4-imidazole carboxamide; hisB mutants accumulated imidazoleglycerol; hisC mutants accumulated imidazoleacetol; hisD mutants, but did stimulate all other histidine mutants, blocked at earlier steps in the biosynthetic pathway. In addition, imidazoleglycerol phosphate dehydrase activity was assayed in representative mutants of each class. hisB mutants lacked activity for this enzyme.--Two -point, three-point, and cotransformation analyses resolved linkage relationships of histidine genes and in two gene clusters aided in determining their sequences. Histidine biosynthetic genes exist in at least four separate, unlinked regions of the chromosome. One histidine gene cluster linked to a tryptophan gene cluster and appears to be contiguous in the sequence his(IG) -his(EAHF)-trpE-trpC-trpA. A second and unlinked histidine cluster has the tentative gene sequence his(EAHF)-hisB-hisC-his(EAHF). The hisD gene and an unclassified mutant site his-94 are not linked to any of the other histidine genes examined in this study or to each other.", "contents": "A genetic and biochemical study of histidine biosynthesis  in Micrococcus luteus. Histidine auxotrophs of Micrococcus luteus strain ATCC 27141 were induced by treatment of the parent strain with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. Auxotrophs were biochemically characterized by examining culture accumulations of histidine intermediates, using paper chromatography and the Bratton-Marshall test, and growth responses to L-histidinol. his(IG) mutants failed to accumulate Pauly-positive imidazoles; his(EAHF) mutants accumulated 5-amino-1-ribosyn-4-imidazole carboxamide; hisB mutants accumulated imidazoleglycerol; hisC mutants accumulated imidazoleacetol; hisD mutants, but did stimulate all other histidine mutants, blocked at earlier steps in the biosynthetic pathway. In addition, imidazoleglycerol phosphate dehydrase activity was assayed in representative mutants of each class. hisB mutants lacked activity for this enzyme.--Two -point, three-point, and cotransformation analyses resolved linkage relationships of histidine genes and in two gene clusters aided in determining their sequences. Histidine biosynthetic genes exist in at least four separate, unlinked regions of the chromosome. One histidine gene cluster linked to a tryptophan gene cluster and appears to be contiguous in the sequence his(IG) -his(EAHF)-trpE-trpC-trpA. A second and unlinked histidine cluster has the tentative gene sequence his(EAHF)-hisB-hisC-his(EAHF). The hisD gene and an unclassified mutant site his-94 are not linked to any of the other histidine genes examined in this study or to each other.", "PMID": 1126626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9621", "title": "Clonal age and the proportion of defective progeny after autogamy in Patamecium aurelia.", "content": "The relation of mortality and the proportion of progeny with reduced fission after autogamy to the clonal age in Paramecium aurelia was investigated. This relation is not linear but the proportion of defective progeny in creases stepwise. The observations are in agreement with those expected from the calculations of the number of deleterious mutations in the micronucleus.", "contents": "Clonal age and the proportion of defective progeny after autogamy in Patamecium aurelia. The relation of mortality and the proportion of progeny with reduced fission after autogamy to the clonal age in Paramecium aurelia was investigated. This relation is not linear but the proportion of defective progeny in creases stepwise. The observations are in agreement with those expected from the calculations of the number of deleterious mutations in the micronucleus.", "PMID": 1126627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9622", "title": "Expression in organ culture of agouti locus genes of the mouse.", "content": "CLEFFMANN (1963) reported that pigment cells of the lethal yellow (A-y/a) genotype change to black immediately upon cultivation, and continue to produce black pigment unless sulfhydryl reagents are added to the culture medium. We have attempted to repeat this observation and have not been able to do so. We also have been unable to indue the synthesis of yellow pigment by adding glutathione to cultures of agouti (A/A) skin. We therefore suggest that hypotheses which attempt to explain the action of agouti locus genes on the basis of effects of sulfhydryl compounds be considered with caution.", "contents": "Expression in organ culture of agouti locus genes of the mouse. CLEFFMANN (1963) reported that pigment cells of the lethal yellow (A-y/a) genotype change to black immediately upon cultivation, and continue to produce black pigment unless sulfhydryl reagents are added to the culture medium. We have attempted to repeat this observation and have not been able to do so. We also have been unable to indue the synthesis of yellow pigment by adding glutathione to cultures of agouti (A/A) skin. We therefore suggest that hypotheses which attempt to explain the action of agouti locus genes on the basis of effects of sulfhydryl compounds be considered with caution.", "PMID": 1126628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9623", "title": "Genetic polymorphism and evolution in parthenogenetic animals. II. Diploid and polyploid Solenobia triquetrella (Lepidoptera: Psychidae).", "content": "Genic polymorphism at sixteen enzyme loci of four different chromosomal races of Solenobia triquetrella (bisexual, two diploid parthenogenetic races and tetraploid parthenogentiic) has been studied by starch gel electrophoresis. Isolated small diploid bisexual populations have rather uniform allele frequencies at all loci which we have studied. Diploid and tetraploid parthenogenetic individuals of this species are in general as heterozygous as bisexual ones. All parthenogenetic local populations are different from each other in the Alps. These parthenogenetic genotypes cannot be derived from a common ancestor through single mutations but rather bear evidence for a polyphyletic origin of parthenogenesis in Solenobia triquetrella. In the marginal distribution areas of the species in northern Europe single genotypes are spread over far larger areas than in the mountain regions of central Europe. This may be due to the old origin of parthenogenesis and polyploidy in northern Europe. No new parthenogenetic and polyploid strains have lately arisen in the regions outside of the Alps.", "contents": "Genetic polymorphism and evolution in parthenogenetic animals. II. Diploid and polyploid Solenobia triquetrella (Lepidoptera: Psychidae). Genic polymorphism at sixteen enzyme loci of four different chromosomal races of Solenobia triquetrella (bisexual, two diploid parthenogenetic races and tetraploid parthenogentiic) has been studied by starch gel electrophoresis. Isolated small diploid bisexual populations have rather uniform allele frequencies at all loci which we have studied. Diploid and tetraploid parthenogenetic individuals of this species are in general as heterozygous as bisexual ones. All parthenogenetic local populations are different from each other in the Alps. These parthenogenetic genotypes cannot be derived from a common ancestor through single mutations but rather bear evidence for a polyphyletic origin of parthenogenesis in Solenobia triquetrella. In the marginal distribution areas of the species in northern Europe single genotypes are spread over far larger areas than in the mountain regions of central Europe. This may be due to the old origin of parthenogenesis and polyploidy in northern Europe. No new parthenogenetic and polyploid strains have lately arisen in the regions outside of the Alps.", "PMID": 1126629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9624", "title": "Natural selection and age-structured populations.", "content": "This paper studies the properties of a new class of demographic parameters for age-structured populations and analyzes the effect of natural selection on these parameters. Two new demographic variables are introduced: the entropy of a population and the reproductive potential. The entropy of a population measures the variability of the contribution of the different age classes to the stationary population. The reproductive potential measures the mean of the contribution of the different age classes to the Malthusian parameter. The Malthusian parameter is precisely the difference between the entropy and the reproductive potential. The effect of these demographic variables on changes in gene frequency is discussed. The concept of entropy of a genotype is introduced and it is shown that in a random mating population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and under slow selection, the rate of change of entropy is equal to the genetic variance in entropy minus the covariance in entropy and reproductive potential. This result is an information theoretic analog of Fisher's fundamental theorem of natural selection.", "contents": "Natural selection and age-structured populations. This paper studies the properties of a new class of demographic parameters for age-structured populations and analyzes the effect of natural selection on these parameters. Two new demographic variables are introduced: the entropy of a population and the reproductive potential. The entropy of a population measures the variability of the contribution of the different age classes to the stationary population. The reproductive potential measures the mean of the contribution of the different age classes to the Malthusian parameter. The Malthusian parameter is precisely the difference between the entropy and the reproductive potential. The effect of these demographic variables on changes in gene frequency is discussed. The concept of entropy of a genotype is introduced and it is shown that in a random mating population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and under slow selection, the rate of change of entropy is equal to the genetic variance in entropy minus the covariance in entropy and reproductive potential. This result is an information theoretic analog of Fisher's fundamental theorem of natural selection.", "PMID": 1126630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9625", "title": "The deterministic behavior of self-incompatibility alleles.", "content": "For a system of n self-incompatibility alleles, neglecting mutation and random drift, it is shown that the completely symmetric equilibrium is locally stable, and any allelic frequency less than q equals 1 + a minus the square root of 1 + a-2, where a equals [2(n minus 1)]- minus 1, will increase. For all n, q greater than (2n)- minus 1, but if n greater than 1, q is approximately equal to (2n)- minus 1.", "contents": "The deterministic behavior of self-incompatibility alleles. For a system of n self-incompatibility alleles, neglecting mutation and random drift, it is shown that the completely symmetric equilibrium is locally stable, and any allelic frequency less than q equals 1 + a minus the square root of 1 + a-2, where a equals [2(n minus 1)]- minus 1, will increase. For all n, q greater than (2n)- minus 1, but if n greater than 1, q is approximately equal to (2n)- minus 1.", "PMID": 1126631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9626", "title": "Unilateral clubbing of the fingernails in patients with hemiplegia.", "content": "A survey based on an analysis of photographs compared the angle at the base of the fingernail in paralysed hands with controls. The significance of the changes in the nail bed angle in relation to clubbing and atrophy of the finger is discussed.", "contents": "Unilateral clubbing of the fingernails in patients with hemiplegia. A survey based on an analysis of photographs compared the angle at the base of the fingernail in paralysed hands with controls. The significance of the changes in the nail bed angle in relation to clubbing and atrophy of the finger is discussed.", "PMID": 1126632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9627", "title": "The general practitioner and the hospital. An experiment in in-patient care.", "content": "A 3-year rotating programme for three general practitioners as clinica assistants involved in in-patient care is described in the three associated departments of medicine, geriatric medicine and psychiatry in a district general hospital. The appointments were for three sessions a week each. The effectiveness of such rotating appointments is analysed including both the service contribution to the hospital and the educational content from the general practioner's point of view and also the way in which such appointments fit in with the timetable of work in general practice. Such a rotating scheme is most successful in geriatric medicine and psychiatry. Involvement in in-patient care in general medicine proved more difficult. Future schemes might include only 6 months in general medicine, together with 6 months in another specialty.", "contents": "The general practitioner and the hospital. An experiment in in-patient care. A 3-year rotating programme for three general practitioners as clinica assistants involved in in-patient care is described in the three associated departments of medicine, geriatric medicine and psychiatry in a district general hospital. The appointments were for three sessions a week each. The effectiveness of such rotating appointments is analysed including both the service contribution to the hospital and the educational content from the general practioner's point of view and also the way in which such appointments fit in with the timetable of work in general practice. Such a rotating scheme is most successful in geriatric medicine and psychiatry. Involvement in in-patient care in general medicine proved more difficult. Future schemes might include only 6 months in general medicine, together with 6 months in another specialty.", "PMID": 1126633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9628", "title": "Preliminary proceedings for a model experiment to be carried out in order to investigate the establishing of geriatric districts in Hungary.", "content": "The authors review the theoretical and practical experiences on the basis of what it was deemed necessary to try out the function of geriatric districts in a model experiment. We are made acquainted with P\u00fcsp\u00f6klad\u00e1ny, a large community chosen for the scene of their experiment, with the preliminary work and with the entire process of their planned experiment. They describe the method of the 1 year's basic survey which began in June 1972 and the new organizational model of the health care of the population which came into force in the second half of 1973.", "contents": "Preliminary proceedings for a model experiment to be carried out in order to investigate the establishing of geriatric districts in Hungary. The authors review the theoretical and practical experiences on the basis of what it was deemed necessary to try out the function of geriatric districts in a model experiment. We are made acquainted with P\u00fcsp\u00f6klad\u00e1ny, a large community chosen for the scene of their experiment, with the preliminary work and with the entire process of their planned experiment. They describe the method of the 1 year's basic survey which began in June 1972 and the new organizational model of the health care of the population which came into force in the second half of 1973.", "PMID": 1126634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9629", "title": "Pointers to possible malnutrition in the elderly at home.", "content": "Two indices of the possibility of malnutrition were constructed from the number of nutrients (up to 10) taken in amounts below recommended levels (index A) or below specified lower levels (index B). Values for these indices were determined from nutritional data for 264 old people living at home. High values for both indices were significantly related to the amount spent on food per week, the taken ing of 7 or fewer hot meals per week, and the presence of physical disability, but not to social class, living alone, or presence of a psychiatric diagnosis. The amount spent on food per week, taking 7 or fewer hot meals per week, and physical disability, are thus possible pointers to malnutrition in the elderly at home and may be useful for screening purposes.", "contents": "Pointers to possible malnutrition in the elderly at home. Two indices of the possibility of malnutrition were constructed from the number of nutrients (up to 10) taken in amounts below recommended levels (index A) or below specified lower levels (index B). Values for these indices were determined from nutritional data for 264 old people living at home. High values for both indices were significantly related to the amount spent on food per week, the taken ing of 7 or fewer hot meals per week, and the presence of physical disability, but not to social class, living alone, or presence of a psychiatric diagnosis. The amount spent on food per week, taking 7 or fewer hot meals per week, and physical disability, are thus possible pointers to malnutrition in the elderly at home and may be useful for screening purposes.", "PMID": 1126635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9630", "title": "Unilateral clubbing in hemiplegia.", "content": "A study of clubbing, assessed by spherometer measurements of fingernail-skinfold angle, was made in recent and long-established hemiplegic elderly patients. This showed that clubbing developed in all digits studied and that it increased with the duration of the stroke. Clubbing did not correlate with the grip strength of the weakened hand.", "contents": "Unilateral clubbing in hemiplegia. A study of clubbing, assessed by spherometer measurements of fingernail-skinfold angle, was made in recent and long-established hemiplegic elderly patients. This showed that clubbing developed in all digits studied and that it increased with the duration of the stroke. Clubbing did not correlate with the grip strength of the weakened hand.", "PMID": 1126636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9631", "title": "Influence of dehydrocholate and taurocholate on bromsulphthalein uptake, storage, and excretion in the dog.", "content": "The influence of dehydrocholate on bromsulphtalein relative-storage capacity, bilary transport maximum (Tm), and fractional transfer rates between plasma, liver and bile have been studied in unanaesthetized dogs. In six dogs, storage capacity, Tm, and fractional transfer rates from plasma to liver, liver to bile, and liver to plasma were measured during 0-15 M NaCL infusion and the measurements were repeated under a dehydrocholate infusion of 95 mumol. min-1, ie, an infusion rate approaching the known biliary Tm of bile salts. It was found that: (a) storage capacity and fractional transfer rates from plasma to liver significantly lower during dehydrocholate infusions (respectively 18-0 plus or minus SD 9-0 mg-mg-1. 100 ml-1 and 0-120 plus or minus SD 0-035 min-1) than during NaCL infusions (respectively 47-0 plus or minus 21-0 mg. mg-1. 100 ml-1 and 0-280 plus or minus SD 0-055 min-1; P smaller than 0-001); (b) Tm and fractional transfer rates from liver to bile were also significantly lower during dehydrocholate infusion (respectively 3-2 plus or minus SD 1-1 mg. min-1 and 0-013 plus or minus SD 0-004 min-1) than during NaCl infusion (4-8 plus or minus SD 1-1 mg. min-1 and 0-033 plus or minus SD 0-017 min-1; P smaller than 0-02); (c) in three additional experiments, taurocholate had similar effects on storage capacity and Tm. These findings suggest that competition occurred between bile salts and bromsulphthalein for hepaticuptake and storage. They support the hypothesis that the decreased disappearance rate and relative storage capacity of bromsulphtalein observed during biliary obstruction may be due to competition between bile salts and bromsulphthalein for hepatic uptake and storage.", "contents": "Influence of dehydrocholate and taurocholate on bromsulphthalein uptake, storage, and excretion in the dog. The influence of dehydrocholate on bromsulphtalein relative-storage capacity, bilary transport maximum (Tm), and fractional transfer rates between plasma, liver and bile have been studied in unanaesthetized dogs. In six dogs, storage capacity, Tm, and fractional transfer rates from plasma to liver, liver to bile, and liver to plasma were measured during 0-15 M NaCL infusion and the measurements were repeated under a dehydrocholate infusion of 95 mumol. min-1, ie, an infusion rate approaching the known biliary Tm of bile salts. It was found that: (a) storage capacity and fractional transfer rates from plasma to liver significantly lower during dehydrocholate infusions (respectively 18-0 plus or minus SD 9-0 mg-mg-1. 100 ml-1 and 0-120 plus or minus SD 0-035 min-1) than during NaCL infusions (respectively 47-0 plus or minus 21-0 mg. mg-1. 100 ml-1 and 0-280 plus or minus SD 0-055 min-1; P smaller than 0-001); (b) Tm and fractional transfer rates from liver to bile were also significantly lower during dehydrocholate infusion (respectively 3-2 plus or minus SD 1-1 mg. min-1 and 0-013 plus or minus SD 0-004 min-1) than during NaCl infusion (4-8 plus or minus SD 1-1 mg. min-1 and 0-033 plus or minus SD 0-017 min-1; P smaller than 0-02); (c) in three additional experiments, taurocholate had similar effects on storage capacity and Tm. These findings suggest that competition occurred between bile salts and bromsulphthalein for hepaticuptake and storage. They support the hypothesis that the decreased disappearance rate and relative storage capacity of bromsulphtalein observed during biliary obstruction may be due to competition between bile salts and bromsulphthalein for hepatic uptake and storage.", "PMID": 1126660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9632", "title": "Assessment of small bowel function in the elderly using a modified xylose tolerance test.", "content": "Using the combined results of oral and intravenous xylose tests, it is demonstrated that 26 percent of a group of geriatric patients absorb from the small bowel less efficiently than younger subjects. The method used excludes poor renal function and incomplete bladder emptying as possible causes for the differences found between the two age groups. Altered gastric emptying is also excluded as a possible factor.", "contents": "Assessment of small bowel function in the elderly using a modified xylose tolerance test. Using the combined results of oral and intravenous xylose tests, it is demonstrated that 26 percent of a group of geriatric patients absorb from the small bowel less efficiently than younger subjects. The method used excludes poor renal function and incomplete bladder emptying as possible causes for the differences found between the two age groups. Altered gastric emptying is also excluded as a possible factor.", "PMID": 1126661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9633", "title": "Function and structure of the mucosa of continent ileostomy reservoirs in dogs.", "content": "Continent ileostomy reservoirs were constructed in dogs. Nine to 29 days after formation of the pouches, they were excised together with a loop of adjacent ileum for biochemical and morphological assessment. The villous and epithelial cell heights were reduced, whereas villous width and mitotic index were increased. The mucosa of the pouch was able to absorb phenylalanine and Beta-methyl-glucoside against a concentration gradient, although this absorptive capaciti was lower than that of normal ileum. Similar considerations applied to oxygen consumption. The results indicate that the mucosa of the pouch undergoes transformation, but the intergrity of the epithelial layer is maintained.", "contents": "Function and structure of the mucosa of continent ileostomy reservoirs in dogs. Continent ileostomy reservoirs were constructed in dogs. Nine to 29 days after formation of the pouches, they were excised together with a loop of adjacent ileum for biochemical and morphological assessment. The villous and epithelial cell heights were reduced, whereas villous width and mitotic index were increased. The mucosa of the pouch was able to absorb phenylalanine and Beta-methyl-glucoside against a concentration gradient, although this absorptive capaciti was lower than that of normal ileum. Similar considerations applied to oxygen consumption. The results indicate that the mucosa of the pouch undergoes transformation, but the intergrity of the epithelial layer is maintained.", "PMID": 1126662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9634", "title": "Response of the human cardia sphincter to circulating prostaglandins F2ALPHA and E2 and to antiinflammatory drugs.", "content": "The effects on intraluminal pressure in the oesophagus, the cardiac sphincter, and the gastric fundus of intravenous prostaglandin F2alpha, E2, And of rectal indomethacin were studies in 41 subjects. Intravenous infusion of prostaglandin F2alpha (0-05 to 0-8 mug kg-minus1) produced marked, dose-related and sustained elevation of cardiac sphincter pressure without significantly affecting oesophageal peristalsis or gastric fundal motility. Sphincteric relaxation during swallowing was prolonged. Plasma gastrin levels were unchanged. Intravenous infusion of PGE2 (0-08 mug kg-minus1 min-minus) inhibited sphincter contractions to serial bolus intravenous injections of pentagastrin (0-1 or 0-2 mug kg-minus 1). Rectal indomethacin (200 mg) resulted in a riseof cardiac sphincter pressure, suggesting that endogenous synthesis of an inhibitory (E-type) prostaglandin was suppressed. The results indicate that prostaglandin E2 may be concerned in the regulation of cardiac sphincter tone in man, whilst prostaglandin F2alpha may be useful in the treatment of gastrooesphageal reflux.", "contents": "Response of the human cardia sphincter to circulating prostaglandins F2ALPHA and E2 and to antiinflammatory drugs. The effects on intraluminal pressure in the oesophagus, the cardiac sphincter, and the gastric fundus of intravenous prostaglandin F2alpha, E2, And of rectal indomethacin were studies in 41 subjects. Intravenous infusion of prostaglandin F2alpha (0-05 to 0-8 mug kg-minus1) produced marked, dose-related and sustained elevation of cardiac sphincter pressure without significantly affecting oesophageal peristalsis or gastric fundal motility. Sphincteric relaxation during swallowing was prolonged. Plasma gastrin levels were unchanged. Intravenous infusion of PGE2 (0-08 mug kg-minus1 min-minus) inhibited sphincter contractions to serial bolus intravenous injections of pentagastrin (0-1 or 0-2 mug kg-minus 1). Rectal indomethacin (200 mg) resulted in a riseof cardiac sphincter pressure, suggesting that endogenous synthesis of an inhibitory (E-type) prostaglandin was suppressed. The results indicate that prostaglandin E2 may be concerned in the regulation of cardiac sphincter tone in man, whilst prostaglandin F2alpha may be useful in the treatment of gastrooesphageal reflux.", "PMID": 1126663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9635", "title": "Acid-base and metabolic disturbances in fulminant hepatic failure.", "content": "In 28 patients with fulminant hepatic failure alkalaemia was present in 49 of a total of 65 observations. Alkalaemia was due primarlily to a low Pa, C02 in 30 instances and to raised plasma bicarbonate in 16 instances. Blood lactate, pyruvate, and acetoacetate were significantly raised, and in individual cases, blood citrate, succinate, and fumarate were elevated. Blood citrate rose progressively as the clinical condition worsened. Metabolic acidosis was only present in four patients. In three of these patients, all of whom had taken an overdose of paracetamol, the acidosis was severe, present before the onset of clinical heparic failure, and associated with hypoglycaemiaand mild hypotension. In two of these patients the acidosis was shown to be due to accumulation of lactic acid. Plasma free fatty acid concentrations were elevated out of proportion to the degree of ketosis.", "contents": "Acid-base and metabolic disturbances in fulminant hepatic failure. In 28 patients with fulminant hepatic failure alkalaemia was present in 49 of a total of 65 observations. Alkalaemia was due primarlily to a low Pa, C02 in 30 instances and to raised plasma bicarbonate in 16 instances. Blood lactate, pyruvate, and acetoacetate were significantly raised, and in individual cases, blood citrate, succinate, and fumarate were elevated. Blood citrate rose progressively as the clinical condition worsened. Metabolic acidosis was only present in four patients. In three of these patients, all of whom had taken an overdose of paracetamol, the acidosis was severe, present before the onset of clinical heparic failure, and associated with hypoglycaemiaand mild hypotension. In two of these patients the acidosis was shown to be due to accumulation of lactic acid. Plasma free fatty acid concentrations were elevated out of proportion to the degree of ketosis.", "PMID": 1126664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9636", "title": "The exsorption characteristics of various sugars.", "content": "Various sugars were administered intravenously to rabbits and the rate of exsorption from plasma to intestinal lumen was measured. The exsorption rates of lactulose, mannose, and xylose were directly related to their plasma concentration but varied according to their molecular weight. Wglucose and galactose did not appear in the intestinal lumen until very high plasma concentrations were reached. The mucosal barrier which prevented glucose and galactose exsorption was abolished when luminal phlorizin M times 10-minus 2 or another actively absorbed sugar was placed in the lumen. 2:4 Dinitrophenol M times 10-minus 3 and the absence of the sodium ion did not impair the ffficiency of the barrier. When the plasma glucose concentration was raised to very high levels, glucose began to appear in the lumen; further increases in the glucose concentration then produced a rapid exsorption of glucose.", "contents": "The exsorption characteristics of various sugars. Various sugars were administered intravenously to rabbits and the rate of exsorption from plasma to intestinal lumen was measured. The exsorption rates of lactulose, mannose, and xylose were directly related to their plasma concentration but varied according to their molecular weight. Wglucose and galactose did not appear in the intestinal lumen until very high plasma concentrations were reached. The mucosal barrier which prevented glucose and galactose exsorption was abolished when luminal phlorizin M times 10-minus 2 or another actively absorbed sugar was placed in the lumen. 2:4 Dinitrophenol M times 10-minus 3 and the absence of the sodium ion did not impair the ffficiency of the barrier. When the plasma glucose concentration was raised to very high levels, glucose began to appear in the lumen; further increases in the glucose concentration then produced a rapid exsorption of glucose.", "PMID": 1126665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9637", "title": "[Ski injuries during growth].", "content": "Ski injuries during the period of growth are important as they are relatively frequent and may cause severe late complications (injuries of the epiphyseal cartilage). It is of utmost importance to develop safer skiing-equipment for children. Regarding therapeutic measures ski injuries in childhood and adolescence cause special problems, they must be treated with greatest care and exactness, if necessary surgically. In all cases of ski injuries in childhood and adolescence long term radiological checkup is necessary during the growing period in order to recognise and treat late complications as early as possible.", "contents": "[Ski injuries during growth]. Ski injuries during the period of growth are important as they are relatively frequent and may cause severe late complications (injuries of the epiphyseal cartilage). It is of utmost importance to develop safer skiing-equipment for children. Regarding therapeutic measures ski injuries in childhood and adolescence cause special problems, they must be treated with greatest care and exactness, if necessary surgically. In all cases of ski injuries in childhood and adolescence long term radiological checkup is necessary during the growing period in order to recognise and treat late complications as early as possible.", "PMID": 1126666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9638", "title": "[Treatment of fractures of the proximal femur].", "content": "For early revasculation of the head of the femur and in order to avoid delayed healing, today the surgical treatment of lateral fractures of the neck of the femur as well as of fractues of the trochanter is unquestioned. In a group of 25 injured persons the method of osteosynthesis of the neck of the femur was applied, and its favourable results led to the development of a new method for the treatment of lateral fractures ofthe neck of the femur and fractures of the trochanter.", "contents": "[Treatment of fractures of the proximal femur]. For early revasculation of the head of the femur and in order to avoid delayed healing, today the surgical treatment of lateral fractures of the neck of the femur as well as of fractues of the trochanter is unquestioned. In a group of 25 injured persons the method of osteosynthesis of the neck of the femur was applied, and its favourable results led to the development of a new method for the treatment of lateral fractures ofthe neck of the femur and fractures of the trochanter.", "PMID": 1126667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9639", "title": "[Skiing-injuries and their prevention using ski-safety-bindings. Efficiency, possibilities and limitations of adjustment].", "content": "Modern skiing techniques necessitate the rigid hold of the boot on the ski and of the foot in the boot. Therefore the risk of skiing injuries increased considerably and the development of a new safety ski-binding was necessary. After a high quota of failures intensive research led to the possibility to set up general instructions for the construction and adjustment of satisfactory safety bindings. Difficulties still exist regarding the wide publication of the possibilities to adjust safety bindings according to the individual measurements of the bones of each skier and the correct technical application of the adjustment apparatus. First statistical results after the use of these general instructions seem to allow the assumption that the problem of safety bindings could be solved.", "contents": "[Skiing-injuries and their prevention using ski-safety-bindings. Efficiency, possibilities and limitations of adjustment]. Modern skiing techniques necessitate the rigid hold of the boot on the ski and of the foot in the boot. Therefore the risk of skiing injuries increased considerably and the development of a new safety ski-binding was necessary. After a high quota of failures intensive research led to the possibility to set up general instructions for the construction and adjustment of satisfactory safety bindings. Difficulties still exist regarding the wide publication of the possibilities to adjust safety bindings according to the individual measurements of the bones of each skier and the correct technical application of the adjustment apparatus. First statistical results after the use of these general instructions seem to allow the assumption that the problem of safety bindings could be solved.", "PMID": 1126668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9640", "title": "[Infected groin following vascular surgery].", "content": "From August 1972 to July 1973 174 vascular reconstructions in the iliac and femoro-popliteal region were performed. All infections of the groin incision were classified according to Szilagyi. 22% class I and II infections, 2% class III infections were found (3 patients). In two of these patients the bleeding was managed by the following method: The infected piece of the artery was resected. The vascular continuity was reconstructed by autologous vein. The anastomoses were burried in uninfected surrounding muscles. Both patients left the clinic with open leg arteries. Unfortunately we lost the third patient doing an extraanatomical bypass. The reasons for the high incidence of groin infections are discussed.", "contents": "[Infected groin following vascular surgery]. From August 1972 to July 1973 174 vascular reconstructions in the iliac and femoro-popliteal region were performed. All infections of the groin incision were classified according to Szilagyi. 22% class I and II infections, 2% class III infections were found (3 patients). In two of these patients the bleeding was managed by the following method: The infected piece of the artery was resected. The vascular continuity was reconstructed by autologous vein. The anastomoses were burried in uninfected surrounding muscles. Both patients left the clinic with open leg arteries. Unfortunately we lost the third patient doing an extraanatomical bypass. The reasons for the high incidence of groin infections are discussed.", "PMID": 1126669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9641", "title": "[Bioclimatic consultation].", "content": "The climatological environment may effect the human state of health, disadvantageously or favourably. This knowledge, confirmed by empiric as well as scientific research can be used by e.g. changing the place of residence towards a healthy and benefical climate. For a professional climatological planning of such a project the \"Deutscher Wetterdienst\" renders bioclimatic consultations within the Federal Republic of Germany. For this purpose individual reactions as well as state health of the person in question have to be considered. A method will be shown how to combine medical diagnostic facts and bioclimatic consultation.", "contents": "[Bioclimatic consultation]. The climatological environment may effect the human state of health, disadvantageously or favourably. This knowledge, confirmed by empiric as well as scientific research can be used by e.g. changing the place of residence towards a healthy and benefical climate. For a professional climatological planning of such a project the \"Deutscher Wetterdienst\" renders bioclimatic consultations within the Federal Republic of Germany. For this purpose individual reactions as well as state health of the person in question have to be considered. A method will be shown how to combine medical diagnostic facts and bioclimatic consultation.", "PMID": 1126670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9642", "title": "[Fixation casts in skiing-tra\u016bmatology].", "content": "Extensive experiences have shown that bandages of ultraviolet sensitive synthetic resin (LightCast II) offer important advantages compared to the conventional plaster cast. The special technique and details of procedure are described. The most important advantages are the light weight, water resistance (the patients can wash, shower and swim,), absolut stability is gained after 5--6 minutes under a ultraviolet lamp. Indications for the use of the fiberglass-cast are discussed.", "contents": "[Fixation casts in skiing-tra\u016bmatology]. Extensive experiences have shown that bandages of ultraviolet sensitive synthetic resin (LightCast II) offer important advantages compared to the conventional plaster cast. The special technique and details of procedure are described. The most important advantages are the light weight, water resistance (the patients can wash, shower and swim,), absolut stability is gained after 5--6 minutes under a ultraviolet lamp. Indications for the use of the fiberglass-cast are discussed.", "PMID": 1126671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9643", "title": "[Vascular injuries during skiing].", "content": "Traumatic lesions of blood vessels occur only rarely in skiing, they are, however, mostly very dramatic events which may lead to the loss of an extremity. Relatively simple measures of diagnosis and therapy may save the skier's threatened life and extremity. Some of these are: Realization that a vascular trauma has occurred, tight pressure bandage, bringing the patient into shock-position, immediate transport by helicopter to a medical center with surgeons trained in vascular surgery.", "contents": "[Vascular injuries during skiing]. Traumatic lesions of blood vessels occur only rarely in skiing, they are, however, mostly very dramatic events which may lead to the loss of an extremity. Relatively simple measures of diagnosis and therapy may save the skier's threatened life and extremity. Some of these are: Realization that a vascular trauma has occurred, tight pressure bandage, bringing the patient into shock-position, immediate transport by helicopter to a medical center with surgeons trained in vascular surgery.", "PMID": 1126672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9644", "title": "[Relationship between sport injuries and weather].", "content": "There is an obvious dependence of skisport-accidents on weather influences. So called biologically favourable \"Wetterphasen\" (weather-phases) showed significant decrease and biologically unfavourable weatherphases an elevation of the accident rate. All results were checked statistically. The oncoming weather change showed itself especially burdensome when a low pressure area was approaching.", "contents": "[Relationship between sport injuries and weather]. There is an obvious dependence of skisport-accidents on weather influences. So called biologically favourable \"Wetterphasen\" (weather-phases) showed significant decrease and biologically unfavourable weatherphases an elevation of the accident rate. All results were checked statistically. The oncoming weather change showed itself especially burdensome when a low pressure area was approaching.", "PMID": 1126675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9645", "title": "Developing a psychiatric residency program: focus on the community.", "content": "A three-year general residency program intended to train psychiatrists to be as competent in group therapies and community work as in psychoanalytic psychotherapy was set up in a crisis center in the Bronx. Community members from the center's catchment area were actively involved in the planning for the training program and the center. The psychiatric residents in the program plan and revise their own curriculum, in collaboration with the faculty, and they work closely with faculty and staff in an apprentice system of learning. In this paper two faculty members describe the program's planning and the first year of operation; they also comment briefly on the program's current status. In the following paper two former residents present their view of the program's development and some of their experiences during the first year.", "contents": "Developing a psychiatric residency program: focus on the community. A three-year general residency program intended to train psychiatrists to be as competent in group therapies and community work as in psychoanalytic psychotherapy was set up in a crisis center in the Bronx. Community members from the center's catchment area were actively involved in the planning for the training program and the center. The psychiatric residents in the program plan and revise their own curriculum, in collaboration with the faculty, and they work closely with faculty and staff in an apprentice system of learning. In this paper two faculty members describe the program's planning and the first year of operation; they also comment briefly on the program's current status. In the following paper two former residents present their view of the program's development and some of their experiences during the first year.", "PMID": 1126678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9646", "title": "Developing a psychiatric residency program: two residents view their participation.", "content": "For two residents in a new community-based psychiatric residency, the program was a  valuable educational experience whose main virtues were the real-world-oriented training and the resident-designed curriculum. The residents believe those virtues are the result of differences of opinion within and between the four groups involved: the faculty, with divergent educational goals; the staff, transferred from a traditional training ward in a state hospital; the community, with its varying priorities for services; and the residents themselves. The paper, which focuses on the program's first year, is published in conjunction with the preceding description of the program by two faculty members.", "contents": "Developing a psychiatric residency program: two residents view their participation. For two residents in a new community-based psychiatric residency, the program was a  valuable educational experience whose main virtues were the real-world-oriented training and the resident-designed curriculum. The residents believe those virtues are the result of differences of opinion within and between the four groups involved: the faculty, with divergent educational goals; the staff, transferred from a traditional training ward in a state hospital; the community, with its varying priorities for services; and the residents themselves. The paper, which focuses on the program's first year, is published in conjunction with the preceding description of the program by two faculty members.", "PMID": 1126679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9647", "title": "Training paraprofessionals: a learning experience for psychiatric residents.", "content": "As a pilot project within a psychiatric residency program, two psychiatric residents conducted a six-month interviewing and data-recording course for paraprofessionals in a comprehensive community mental health center. The program benefited the paraprofessionals and the institution, but the authors feel the most important benefits were to the residents themselves. Through the project they grappled with and tested solutions to such issues as accountability, delegation of clinical responsibility, supervision of subordinates, administration, and leadership.", "contents": "Training paraprofessionals: a learning experience for psychiatric residents. As a pilot project within a psychiatric residency program, two psychiatric residents conducted a six-month interviewing and data-recording course for paraprofessionals in a comprehensive community mental health center. The program benefited the paraprofessionals and the institution, but the authors feel the most important benefits were to the residents themselves. Through the project they grappled with and tested solutions to such issues as accountability, delegation of clinical responsibility, supervision of subordinates, administration, and leadership.", "PMID": 1126680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9648", "title": "Integrating community psychiatry into residency training.", "content": "Beginning in 1969 a training program in community psychiatry was developed in a psychiatric hospital that had become a community mental health center with responsibility for a catchment area. Initially the program focused on individual supervision of psychiatric residents in their work with inpatients from the catchment area. The inadequacies of that approach led to assigning residents to spend four hours each week in a comprehensive neighborhood health center. Later they were also assigned to interdisciplinary inpatient teams led by community psychiatry supervisors. The authors describe the evolution of the program, report the results of an evaluation, and present some conclusions about training in community psychiatry.", "contents": "Integrating community psychiatry into residency training. Beginning in 1969 a training program in community psychiatry was developed in a psychiatric hospital that had become a community mental health center with responsibility for a catchment area. Initially the program focused on individual supervision of psychiatric residents in their work with inpatients from the catchment area. The inadequacies of that approach led to assigning residents to spend four hours each week in a comprehensive neighborhood health center. Later they were also assigned to interdisciplinary inpatient teams led by community psychiatry supervisors. The authors describe the evolution of the program, report the results of an evaluation, and present some conclusions about training in community psychiatry.", "PMID": 1126681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9649", "title": "Problems of providing community psychiatry training to residents.", "content": "Designing a curriculum in community psychiatry for residents is an evolutionary process. One year after training in community psychiatry was introduced in the residency program at a major urban university, residents had negative responses to their community service in a community mental health center. They could not identify with authority figures, felt unprepared to treat patients with severe reality problems, and complained about the way the staff and clinic functioned. To alleviate those problems, a training curriculum incorporating supervisory, administrative, and community consultation techniques is planned.", "contents": "Problems of providing community psychiatry training to residents. Designing a curriculum in community psychiatry for residents is an evolutionary process. One year after training in community psychiatry was introduced in the residency program at a major urban university, residents had negative responses to their community service in a community mental health center. They could not identify with authority figures, felt unprepared to treat patients with severe reality problems, and complained about the way the staff and clinic functioned. To alleviate those problems, a training curriculum incorporating supervisory, administrative, and community consultation techniques is planned.", "PMID": 1126682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9650", "title": "Ethical issues in community psychiatry.", "content": "In delivering mental health services, community psychiatry operates under two contracts: one between the community and the provider of services and one between the provider of services and the individual or organization requesting them. Each party in the contract has a system of ethics and values that determines its conception of what services should be available and how they should be delivered. Often there are conflicts. Using case studies from a community mental health center, the authors discuss many of the conflicts and ways of resolving them.", "contents": "Ethical issues in community psychiatry. In delivering mental health services, community psychiatry operates under two contracts: one between the community and the provider of services and one between the provider of services and the individual or organization requesting them. Each party in the contract has a system of ethics and values that determines its conception of what services should be available and how they should be delivered. Often there are conflicts. Using case studies from a community mental health center, the authors discuss many of the conflicts and ways of resolving them.", "PMID": 1126683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9651", "title": "A survey of fractures of the proximal femur.", "content": "A series of 1494 fractures of the proximal femur, admitted over a 68-month period to the North East Area Accident Unit, is presented. The mortality for the series was 18 per cent, with operative mortality varying according to the fracture site and the method of treatment, being 18.1 per cent for extracapsular fractures, 14 per cent for Smith-Petersen nailing of intracapsular fractures, and 31 per cent for primary prosthetic replacement. In general terms, morbidity and mortality were proportional to age and to pre-existing general medical conditions. The results are presented in full, and are compared with other published series.", "contents": "A survey of fractures of the proximal femur. A series of 1494 fractures of the proximal femur, admitted over a 68-month period to the North East Area Accident Unit, is presented. The mortality for the series was 18 per cent, with operative mortality varying according to the fracture site and the method of treatment, being 18.1 per cent for extracapsular fractures, 14 per cent for Smith-Petersen nailing of intracapsular fractures, and 31 per cent for primary prosthetic replacement. In general terms, morbidity and mortality were proportional to age and to pre-existing general medical conditions. The results are presented in full, and are compared with other published series.", "PMID": 1126741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9652", "title": "Surface receptors on neutrophils and monocytes from immunodeficient and normal horses.", "content": "Surface receptors on peripheral blood neutrophils and monocytes from normal and immunodeficient horses have been studied. Sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) coated with IgG, IgM, and complement but not IgG(T), readily bound to normal equine monocytes and neutrophils. More than 4000 molecules of IgG were required to sensitize each SRBC for adherence to monocytes, and more than 12,000 molecules were required for adherence to neutrophils. Young horses with a severe combined immunodeficiency had an almost total absence of lymphocytes, but normal numbers of monocytes and neutrophils. The number of receptors for immunoglobulin, complement, and phytolectin on monocytes and neutrophils from immunodeficient animals were similar to those on the cells of normal horses. Although the precursor cells of lymphocytes of horses with combined immunodeficiency appear to be defective, no defect in the other cellular products of the bone marrow were apparent.", "contents": "Surface receptors on neutrophils and monocytes from immunodeficient and normal horses. Surface receptors on peripheral blood neutrophils and monocytes from normal and immunodeficient horses have been studied. Sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) coated with IgG, IgM, and complement but not IgG(T), readily bound to normal equine monocytes and neutrophils. More than 4000 molecules of IgG were required to sensitize each SRBC for adherence to monocytes, and more than 12,000 molecules were required for adherence to neutrophils. Young horses with a severe combined immunodeficiency had an almost total absence of lymphocytes, but normal numbers of monocytes and neutrophils. The number of receptors for immunoglobulin, complement, and phytolectin on monocytes and neutrophils from immunodeficient animals were similar to those on the cells of normal horses. Although the precursor cells of lymphocytes of horses with combined immunodeficiency appear to be defective, no defect in the other cellular products of the bone marrow were apparent.", "PMID": 1126740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9653", "title": "The results of operative treatment of trochanteric fractures of the femur.", "content": "One hundred and seventy trochanteric fractures of the femur treated by operative fixation are reviewed. The results of treatment are disappointing. The complication rate is high. The mortality rate should be assessed at 6 months after the fracture. From these results, it would appear that operative treatment does not offer the patient with a trochanteric fracture of the femur less morbidity, a lowered mortality rate or even a better result, when compared with operative treatment 25 years ago, or when compared with a recent review of conservative treatment from Inverness.", "contents": "The results of operative treatment of trochanteric fractures of the femur. One hundred and seventy trochanteric fractures of the femur treated by operative fixation are reviewed. The results of treatment are disappointing. The complication rate is high. The mortality rate should be assessed at 6 months after the fracture. From these results, it would appear that operative treatment does not offer the patient with a trochanteric fracture of the femur less morbidity, a lowered mortality rate or even a better result, when compared with operative treatment 25 years ago, or when compared with a recent review of conservative treatment from Inverness.", "PMID": 1126742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9654", "title": "Fracture callus cartilage differentiation in vitro.", "content": "An in vitro model has been devised to study the differentiation and calcification of fibrocartilage from fracture calluses. Morphological and biochemical studies substantiating cartilage metaplasia in vitro are presented. A role that such a model may play in the study of cartilage calcification is suggested.", "contents": "Fracture callus cartilage differentiation in vitro. An in vitro model has been devised to study the differentiation and calcification of fibrocartilage from fracture calluses. Morphological and biochemical studies substantiating cartilage metaplasia in vitro are presented. A role that such a model may play in the study of cartilage calcification is suggested.", "PMID": 1126736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9655", "title": "Visits abroad: the treatment of pseudarthrosis in the Soviet Union.", "content": "Three British surgeons on a visit to Russia were impressed with the Russian technique known as \"compression distraction\" used mainly in the treatment of infected pseudarthrosis of the tibia. Multiple thick Kirschner wires drilled through the tibia at a distance from the lesion were fixed in stirrups attached to steel rods and turnbuckles. By adjustment of the apparatus deformity was corrected at the time of application; shortening was overcome by gradual turnbuckling. The equipment was also used for leg lengthening and for complicated recent injuries.", "contents": "Visits abroad: the treatment of pseudarthrosis in the Soviet Union. Three British surgeons on a visit to Russia were impressed with the Russian technique known as \"compression distraction\" used mainly in the treatment of infected pseudarthrosis of the tibia. Multiple thick Kirschner wires drilled through the tibia at a distance from the lesion were fixed in stirrups attached to steel rods and turnbuckles. By adjustment of the apparatus deformity was corrected at the time of application; shortening was overcome by gradual turnbuckling. The equipment was also used for leg lengthening and for complicated recent injuries.", "PMID": 1126743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9656", "title": "Factors affecting the times till death of pedestrians killed in road accidents.", "content": "Police reports of fatal pedestrian road accidents in London in 1970-71 have been examined, and the times of death extracted. These have been related to estimated speed of impact, age of injured person and type of striking vehicle. High-impact speed tends to lead to quick death. Age has no statistically significant effect once speed is allowed for, but because a greater proportion of elderly pedestrians are killed by slowly moving vehicles, the elderly on average die later than the young when all speed groups are combined. Type of vehicle also influences time of death, with motor cycles giving rise to later deaths and heavy goods vehicles to quicker ones than do cars.", "contents": "Factors affecting the times till death of pedestrians killed in road accidents. Police reports of fatal pedestrian road accidents in London in 1970-71 have been examined, and the times of death extracted. These have been related to estimated speed of impact, age of injured person and type of striking vehicle. High-impact speed tends to lead to quick death. Age has no statistically significant effect once speed is allowed for, but because a greater proportion of elderly pedestrians are killed by slowly moving vehicles, the elderly on average die later than the young when all speed groups are combined. Type of vehicle also influences time of death, with motor cycles giving rise to later deaths and heavy goods vehicles to quicker ones than do cars.", "PMID": 1126744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9657", "title": "Severe irreducible slipping of upper femoral epiphysis: a review of 14 cases treated by subtrochanteric osteotomy.", "content": "Children with signs of slipping of the upper femoral epiphysis often present in an Accident Service, particularly after a severe, acute slip. In some cases the displacement is irreducible and correction of the persistent deformity by either cervical or trochanteric osteotomy is required. This paper is a review of 14 cases of irreducible slipped upper femoral epiphysis treated by subtrochanteric osteotomy. Clinical and radiological assessment of these cases some years later shows a high proportion of successful results and suggests that this is a safe and satisfactory method of treating this condition.", "contents": "Severe irreducible slipping of upper femoral epiphysis: a review of 14 cases treated by subtrochanteric osteotomy. Children with signs of slipping of the upper femoral epiphysis often present in an Accident Service, particularly after a severe, acute slip. In some cases the displacement is irreducible and correction of the persistent deformity by either cervical or trochanteric osteotomy is required. This paper is a review of 14 cases of irreducible slipped upper femoral epiphysis treated by subtrochanteric osteotomy. Clinical and radiological assessment of these cases some years later shows a high proportion of successful results and suggests that this is a safe and satisfactory method of treating this condition.", "PMID": 1126745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9658", "title": "Effect of methionine replacement by homocystine in cultures containing both malignant rat breast carcinosarcoma (Walker-256) cells and normal adult rat liver fibroblasts.", "content": "When malignant W-256 rat breast carcinosarcoma cells are mixed with an equal number of normal adult rat liver fibroblasts and allowed to grow in a medium containing sufficient L-methionine and an excess of vitamin B12 and of folic acid, the malignant cells outgrow the normal cells, and within 2 weeks the tissue culture flasks contain only neoplastic cells. However, when ample DL-homocystine or homocysteine replaces methionine in the medium containing the same amount of vitamin B12 and folic acid, and seeded with the same type and number of malignant and normal cells, the malignant cells die and the normal cells thrive. Substantiating this conclusion are the results of injections into rats of comparable numbers of cells from each group after 3 weeks of growth in tissue culture. Fatal malignancies are produced by the homocystein-cultivated cells.", "contents": "Effect of methionine replacement by homocystine in cultures containing both malignant rat breast carcinosarcoma (Walker-256) cells and normal adult rat liver fibroblasts. When malignant W-256 rat breast carcinosarcoma cells are mixed with an equal number of normal adult rat liver fibroblasts and allowed to grow in a medium containing sufficient L-methionine and an excess of vitamin B12 and of folic acid, the malignant cells outgrow the normal cells, and within 2 weeks the tissue culture flasks contain only neoplastic cells. However, when ample DL-homocystine or homocysteine replaces methionine in the medium containing the same amount of vitamin B12 and folic acid, and seeded with the same type and number of malignant and normal cells, the malignant cells die and the normal cells thrive. Substantiating this conclusion are the results of injections into rats of comparable numbers of cells from each group after 3 weeks of growth in tissue culture. Fatal malignancies are produced by the homocystein-cultivated cells.", "PMID": 1126735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9659", "title": "Monolayer cultures of disaggregated human adipocytes.", "content": "Two theories have been advanced to explain the origin of adipocytes and both have experimental evidence in support. One theory proposed that adipocytes are specialized differentiated cells with specific lipid storage functions. The other held that they are unspecialized anlage cells which have the potential to store lipids depending on conditions. In an attempt to examine the little understood roles which these cells play in obesity and other abnormalities of lipid metabolism, disaggregated human adipocytes from infants and young children, free of stromal contamination, have been successfully grown in culture. The details of the techniques used, and some peculiar morphological characteristics of these cells in culture, are described.", "contents": "Monolayer cultures of disaggregated human adipocytes. Two theories have been advanced to explain the origin of adipocytes and both have experimental evidence in support. One theory proposed that adipocytes are specialized differentiated cells with specific lipid storage functions. The other held that they are unspecialized anlage cells which have the potential to store lipids depending on conditions. In an attempt to examine the little understood roles which these cells play in obesity and other abnormalities of lipid metabolism, disaggregated human adipocytes from infants and young children, free of stromal contamination, have been successfully grown in culture. The details of the techniques used, and some peculiar morphological characteristics of these cells in culture, are described.", "PMID": 1126738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9660", "title": "Unusual traumatic anterior dislocation of the hip.", "content": "Four interesting cases of traumatic anterior dislocation of the hip are presented. All were easily reduced by closed manipulation, including one complicated by a subtrochanteric fracture of the same femur. Early reduction and mobilization have resulted in good early results, though the risk of late change in the shape of the femoral head still exists in one of the cases. Another case confirmed that an abduction force on the flexed hip can produce anterior dislocation of the hip.", "contents": "Unusual traumatic anterior dislocation of the hip. Four interesting cases of traumatic anterior dislocation of the hip are presented. All were easily reduced by closed manipulation, including one complicated by a subtrochanteric fracture of the same femur. Early reduction and mobilization have resulted in good early results, though the risk of late change in the shape of the femoral head still exists in one of the cases. Another case confirmed that an abduction force on the flexed hip can produce anterior dislocation of the hip.", "PMID": 1126746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9661", "title": "Traumatic cyst of the lung.", "content": "Traumatic cyst of the lung due to closed chest injury is very uncommon. The discrepancy between the minor clinical symptoms and signs and the major radiological signs may be confusing. A typical case is reported and a short review given of the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment.", "contents": "Traumatic cyst of the lung. Traumatic cyst of the lung due to closed chest injury is very uncommon. The discrepancy between the minor clinical symptoms and signs and the major radiological signs may be confusing. A typical case is reported and a short review given of the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment.", "PMID": 1126747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9662", "title": "Growth characteristics of bone marrow cells from beige mutant, the mouse homologue of the Chediak-Higashi syndrome of man, propagated in semisolid agar cultures.", "content": "Suspensions of bone marrow cells from the beige (bg/bg) mouse, a homologue of the Chediak-Higashi syndrome (C-HS) of man, and normal mouse bone marrow cells, when stimulated by colony-stimu.ating factor (CSF) from different sources, proliferate in semisolid agar cultures and produce colonies composed of granulocytic and/or mononuclear cells. Studies with CSF from various sources (embryo and kidney feeder monolayers, conditioned media from embryo and kidney cell cultures, and plasma from untreated, irradiated, or endotoxin-treated mice) indicated that bone marrow cells from the beige mouse are quantitatively as capable of developing into colonies as normal cells when incubated with the same CSF source. Experiments which compared the bone marrow colony response of beige and normal cells using postendotoxin plasma (PEP) as the CSF source indicated that beige cells were stimulated to the same extent by tcsf obtained from either the normal or the beige mouse. CSF obtained from normal or affected mice was equally effective in stimulating bone marrow cell proliferation. There was no discordance of colony cell types present when PEP-stimulated 8-day bone marrow colonies from normal and affected mice were compared. The nuclear morphology of beige and normal granulocytes from these cultures indicated cells ranging from myeloblasts to mature segmented polymorphonuclear leukocytes. These preliminary studies indicate that the agar culture method for the growth of mononuclear and granulocytic colonies may provide a method for obtaining enriched C-HS cell populations for biochemical analysis of the genetic defect(s) in this interesting disease.", "contents": "Growth characteristics of bone marrow cells from beige mutant, the mouse homologue of the Chediak-Higashi syndrome of man, propagated in semisolid agar cultures. Suspensions of bone marrow cells from the beige (bg/bg) mouse, a homologue of the Chediak-Higashi syndrome (C-HS) of man, and normal mouse bone marrow cells, when stimulated by colony-stimu.ating factor (CSF) from different sources, proliferate in semisolid agar cultures and produce colonies composed of granulocytic and/or mononuclear cells. Studies with CSF from various sources (embryo and kidney feeder monolayers, conditioned media from embryo and kidney cell cultures, and plasma from untreated, irradiated, or endotoxin-treated mice) indicated that bone marrow cells from the beige mouse are quantitatively as capable of developing into colonies as normal cells when incubated with the same CSF source. Experiments which compared the bone marrow colony response of beige and normal cells using postendotoxin plasma (PEP) as the CSF source indicated that beige cells were stimulated to the same extent by tcsf obtained from either the normal or the beige mouse. CSF obtained from normal or affected mice was equally effective in stimulating bone marrow cell proliferation. There was no discordance of colony cell types present when PEP-stimulated 8-day bone marrow colonies from normal and affected mice were compared. The nuclear morphology of beige and normal granulocytes from these cultures indicated cells ranging from myeloblasts to mature segmented polymorphonuclear leukocytes. These preliminary studies indicate that the agar culture method for the growth of mononuclear and granulocytic colonies may provide a method for obtaining enriched C-HS cell populations for biochemical analysis of the genetic defect(s) in this interesting disease.", "PMID": 1126737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9663", "title": "Fracture due to shock from domestic electricity supply.", "content": "This report describes a fracture-dislocation of the shoulder joint due to electric shock. This is the first case reported in an English language journal of fracture due to shock from the domestic electricity supply. Other cases have been reported but not caused by such a low voltage current.", "contents": "Fracture due to shock from domestic electricity supply. This report describes a fracture-dislocation of the shoulder joint due to electric shock. This is the first case reported in an English language journal of fracture due to shock from the domestic electricity supply. Other cases have been reported but not caused by such a low voltage current.", "PMID": 1126748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9664", "title": "How to remove a K\u00fcntscher nail with no eye.", "content": "Removal of a K\u00fcntscher nail is usually a simple procedure. However, this can sometimes be very difficult if there is no eye in the proximal end of the nail, either due to sawing off the end of the rod during its insertion or due to breakdown of the eye when attempting removal. This brief report describes a technique used to remove a nail when previous attempts at removal had resulted in the loss of the eye of the nail and in its burial in the greater trochanter.", "contents": "How to remove a K\u00fcntscher nail with no eye. Removal of a K\u00fcntscher nail is usually a simple procedure. However, this can sometimes be very difficult if there is no eye in the proximal end of the nail, either due to sawing off the end of the rod during its insertion or due to breakdown of the eye when attempting removal. This brief report describes a technique used to remove a nail when previous attempts at removal had resulted in the loss of the eye of the nail and in its burial in the greater trochanter.", "PMID": 1126750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9665", "title": "Arterial occlusion in juvenile humeral supracondylar fracture.", "content": "Juvenile supracondylar fracture of the humerus is described briefly and divided into two groups: 1. Those cases amenable to safe closed treatment; 2. Those in which occlusion of the brachial artery associated with severe displacement renders closed treatment unsafe. A specific mechanism of entrapment of the brachial artery, which has not been described previously, is reported, with the nature and the solution of the problem found at primary open operation. A discussion of the surgical anatomy shows how recognition of the mode of occlusion of the brachial artery may contribute to safe and reliable management of this type of case.", "contents": "Arterial occlusion in juvenile humeral supracondylar fracture. Juvenile supracondylar fracture of the humerus is described briefly and divided into two groups: 1. Those cases amenable to safe closed treatment; 2. Those in which occlusion of the brachial artery associated with severe displacement renders closed treatment unsafe. A specific mechanism of entrapment of the brachial artery, which has not been described previously, is reported, with the nature and the solution of the problem found at primary open operation. A discussion of the surgical anatomy shows how recognition of the mode of occlusion of the brachial artery may contribute to safe and reliable management of this type of case.", "PMID": 1126751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9666", "title": "Osteochondral fracture of the trochlea associated with fracture-dislocation of the elbow.", "content": "A case of osteochondral fracture of the trochlea occurring as part of a fracture-dislocation of the elbow is reported. The damage to the medial articular surfaces was not apparent until the joint was explored. The osteochondral fragment was replaced and fixed with Smillie's pins and the result of treatment was good.", "contents": "Osteochondral fracture of the trochlea associated with fracture-dislocation of the elbow. A case of osteochondral fracture of the trochlea occurring as part of a fracture-dislocation of the elbow is reported. The damage to the medial articular surfaces was not apparent until the joint was explored. The osteochondral fragment was replaced and fixed with Smillie's pins and the result of treatment was good.", "PMID": 1126752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9667", "title": "A complication of intramedullary nailing.", "content": "A case is described of intramedullary nailing of the femur, complicated by non-union, fracture of the nail, pseudarthrosis, malunion and subsequent distal migration of the proximal nail fragment over a period of 8 years.", "contents": "A complication of intramedullary nailing. A case is described of intramedullary nailing of the femur, complicated by non-union, fracture of the nail, pseudarthrosis, malunion and subsequent distal migration of the proximal nail fragment over a period of 8 years.", "PMID": 1126753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9668", "title": "Absorption of blocking activity from human tumor-bearer sera by Staphylococcus aureus, Cowan I.", "content": "Staphylococcus aureus, strain Cowan I, contains a cell-wall substance, protein A, which combines with the Fc part of IgG in most mammalian species. It can therefore be used as a solid-phase immunoabsorbant for elimination of the reacting immunoglobulins. Since it has been shown that Cowan I could absorb out the blocking activity of sera from rats bearing isografts of polyoma-virus-induced sarcomas or chemically induced colon carcinomas, we investigated what effects Cowan I absorption of human tumor-bearer sera might have. In all tumor-bearer sera tested, from patients with melanomas or colon carcinomas, treatment with protein-A-containing staphylococci decreased the sera's ability to inhibit lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity in vitro. Cowan-I-treated sera from healthy controls had no effect on lymphocyte cytotoxicity. Nor did Cowan-I-treated tumor-bearer sera potentiate or \"arm\" normal lymphocytes against tumor target cells. There was no evidence of complement-dependent cytotoxicity with added human complement in sera from melanoma and colon carcinoma bearing patients either before or after absorption with Staphylococcus aureus, Cowan I, The concentrations of IgA, IgG and IgM were determined in sera used for in vitro tests of blocking activity and complement-dependent cytotoxicity before and after absorption. No reduction of IgA, reduction to undetectable levels of IgG and 20-30 percent reduction of IgM immunoglobulins as compared to unabsorbed sera were demonstrated.", "contents": "Absorption of blocking activity from human tumor-bearer sera by Staphylococcus aureus, Cowan I. Staphylococcus aureus, strain Cowan I, contains a cell-wall substance, protein A, which combines with the Fc part of IgG in most mammalian species. It can therefore be used as a solid-phase immunoabsorbant for elimination of the reacting immunoglobulins. Since it has been shown that Cowan I could absorb out the blocking activity of sera from rats bearing isografts of polyoma-virus-induced sarcomas or chemically induced colon carcinomas, we investigated what effects Cowan I absorption of human tumor-bearer sera might have. In all tumor-bearer sera tested, from patients with melanomas or colon carcinomas, treatment with protein-A-containing staphylococci decreased the sera's ability to inhibit lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity in vitro. Cowan-I-treated sera from healthy controls had no effect on lymphocyte cytotoxicity. Nor did Cowan-I-treated tumor-bearer sera potentiate or \"arm\" normal lymphocytes against tumor target cells. There was no evidence of complement-dependent cytotoxicity with added human complement in sera from melanoma and colon carcinoma bearing patients either before or after absorption with Staphylococcus aureus, Cowan I, The concentrations of IgA, IgG and IgM were determined in sera used for in vitro tests of blocking activity and complement-dependent cytotoxicity before and after absorption. No reduction of IgA, reduction to undetectable levels of IgG and 20-30 percent reduction of IgM immunoglobulins as compared to unabsorbed sera were demonstrated.", "PMID": 1126756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9669", "title": "Tumor-induced angiogenesis: lack of inhibition by irradiation.", "content": "The effect of irradiation of tumors on their ability to induce vascular responses (angiogenesis) was studied. Rat Walker carcino-sarcoma 256, rabbit V2 carcinoma, mouse (C57B1) melanoma and mouse (129) teratoma (OTT 6050, 100K) were irradiated with up to 5000R, then grafted either to the chicken chorioallantoic membrane or intracorneally into adult rabbits to assess competence to provoke angiogenesis. For all tumors and both assay systems the results were similar: irradiation did not interfere with tumor-induced vascular responses.", "contents": "Tumor-induced angiogenesis: lack of inhibition by irradiation. The effect of irradiation of tumors on their ability to induce vascular responses (angiogenesis) was studied. Rat Walker carcino-sarcoma 256, rabbit V2 carcinoma, mouse (C57B1) melanoma and mouse (129) teratoma (OTT 6050, 100K) were irradiated with up to 5000R, then grafted either to the chicken chorioallantoic membrane or intracorneally into adult rabbits to assess competence to provoke angiogenesis. For all tumors and both assay systems the results were similar: irradiation did not interfere with tumor-induced vascular responses.", "PMID": 1126757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9670", "title": "Influence of administration route and dosage schedule on tumor response to nitrosoheptamethyleneimine in rats.", "content": "Nitrosoheptamethyleneimine (NHMI) was tested for carcinogenicity in Fischer-344 and Sprague-Dawley rats by intragastric administration and subcutaneous injection. Cumulative doses ranged from 5.5 to 1,200 mg/kg, and dosage schedules ranged from 40 serial administrations to one single injection. No difference in response was seen between sexes or strains of rats. Following the highest carcinogen doses by intragasritc administration, a high incidence of squamous-cell tumors occurred in the lung. The highest incidence of squamous-cell tumors occurred in the nasal cavity, trachea and esophagus. Following subcutaneous injection, tumors induced in the lungs were all alveologenic adenocarcinomas. The upper respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts were again the most commonly affected sites, with tumors similar to those of the first group. Intragastric administration was more effective in producing tumors than was subcutaneous injection, and administration of multiple small doses was more efficient than single large doses. The results demonstrated that the route and schedule of administration markedly influenced the tumor response to NHMI, both quantitatively and qualitatively.", "contents": "Influence of administration route and dosage schedule on tumor response to nitrosoheptamethyleneimine in rats. Nitrosoheptamethyleneimine (NHMI) was tested for carcinogenicity in Fischer-344 and Sprague-Dawley rats by intragastric administration and subcutaneous injection. Cumulative doses ranged from 5.5 to 1,200 mg/kg, and dosage schedules ranged from 40 serial administrations to one single injection. No difference in response was seen between sexes or strains of rats. Following the highest carcinogen doses by intragasritc administration, a high incidence of squamous-cell tumors occurred in the lung. The highest incidence of squamous-cell tumors occurred in the nasal cavity, trachea and esophagus. Following subcutaneous injection, tumors induced in the lungs were all alveologenic adenocarcinomas. The upper respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts were again the most commonly affected sites, with tumors similar to those of the first group. Intragastric administration was more effective in producing tumors than was subcutaneous injection, and administration of multiple small doses was more efficient than single large doses. The results demonstrated that the route and schedule of administration markedly influenced the tumor response to NHMI, both quantitatively and qualitatively.", "PMID": 1126759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9671", "title": "Cell-mediated cytotoxicity to human pulmonary neoplasms.", "content": "Peripheral blood leukocytes from patients with confirmed pulmonary neoplasia were tested for cytotoxicity against cultured cells derived from lung tumours of various histological types, foetal and normal adult lung tissue and tumours arising in organs other than the lung. Leukocytes from 73 percent of patients were cytotoxic for lung-tumour derived cells compared with age- and sex-matched normal donors, while the frequencies of reactivity against normal adult lung-derived cells and cells from unrelated tumours (e.g. bladder, colon, breast) were 42 percent and 18 percent respectively. Leukocytes from lung cancer patients were also cytotoxic for cells derived from foetal lung but susceptibility to cytolysis was variable, cells from 13- and 14-week embryos revealing greatest reactivity (88 percent). Leukocytes from patients with a variety of tumours of non-pulmonary origin or with non-malignant conditions (including respiratory disorders) were also reactive with lung-tumour-derived target cells but with a lower overall frequency (35 percent) than those from lung-cancer patients. The significance of these cytotoxicity data for the existence of tumour-specific host immunoreactivity in lung neoplasia is discussed.", "contents": "Cell-mediated cytotoxicity to human pulmonary neoplasms. Peripheral blood leukocytes from patients with confirmed pulmonary neoplasia were tested for cytotoxicity against cultured cells derived from lung tumours of various histological types, foetal and normal adult lung tissue and tumours arising in organs other than the lung. Leukocytes from 73 percent of patients were cytotoxic for lung-tumour derived cells compared with age- and sex-matched normal donors, while the frequencies of reactivity against normal adult lung-derived cells and cells from unrelated tumours (e.g. bladder, colon, breast) were 42 percent and 18 percent respectively. Leukocytes from lung cancer patients were also cytotoxic for cells derived from foetal lung but susceptibility to cytolysis was variable, cells from 13- and 14-week embryos revealing greatest reactivity (88 percent). Leukocytes from patients with a variety of tumours of non-pulmonary origin or with non-malignant conditions (including respiratory disorders) were also reactive with lung-tumour-derived target cells but with a lower overall frequency (35 percent) than those from lung-cancer patients. The significance of these cytotoxicity data for the existence of tumour-specific host immunoreactivity in lung neoplasia is discussed.", "PMID": 1126760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9672", "title": "Self-perception among narcotic addicts: an exploratory study employing multidimensional scaling techniques.", "content": "The self-perception of narcotic addicts was investigated using multidimensional scaling techniques. Subjects consisted of two groups of narcotic addicts and one groups of treatment personnel at a federal addiction treatment facility. One group of addict subjects was newly admitted to the treatment center, while the other group had been in treatment for 3 to 5 months. All Ss judged the similarity of pairs of \"stimulus people\" representing several personality dimensions thought to be relevant to the study of narcoticaddiction. The judgment were analyzed using the INDSCAL, an individual differences scaling procedure. The data for all groups are adequately explained by a three-dimensional solution. Interpretations of the dimensions and their relative importance to the self-perception of the different groups are discussed.", "contents": "Self-perception among narcotic addicts: an exploratory study employing multidimensional scaling techniques. The self-perception of narcotic addicts was investigated using multidimensional scaling techniques. Subjects consisted of two groups of narcotic addicts and one groups of treatment personnel at a federal addiction treatment facility. One group of addict subjects was newly admitted to the treatment center, while the other group had been in treatment for 3 to 5 months. All Ss judged the similarity of pairs of \"stimulus people\" representing several personality dimensions thought to be relevant to the study of narcoticaddiction. The judgment were analyzed using the INDSCAL, an individual differences scaling procedure. The data for all groups are adequately explained by a three-dimensional solution. Interpretations of the dimensions and their relative importance to the self-perception of the different groups are discussed.", "PMID": 1126761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9673", "title": "Attitudes toward the sale and use of drugs--a cross-sectional analysis.", "content": "Samples of six specific groups (both students and adults) were intensively surveyed on their differential attitudes toward the use and sale of eight drug types. Resulting comparisons between groups, drugs, and attitudes provide a relative picture of the attitudes on drug sale and use held by those surveyed.", "contents": "Attitudes toward the sale and use of drugs--a cross-sectional analysis. Samples of six specific groups (both students and adults) were intensively surveyed on their differential attitudes toward the use and sale of eight drug types. Resulting comparisons between groups, drugs, and attitudes provide a relative picture of the attitudes on drug sale and use held by those surveyed.", "PMID": 1126762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9674", "title": "Aerosol metallic paints: deliberate inhalation. A study of inhalation and or ingestion of copper and zinc particles.", "content": "The preliminary and limited study was made in an area where the metallic spray paints are used as an intoxicant by a significant percentage of the student-population. Laboratory tests show that individuals misusing these unique products are ingesting and/or inhaling large amounts of copper and zinc which are excreted in the urine and are possibly retained in body tissue. No previous reports have been found on this form of substance misuse, and apparently no studies have been conducted to determine the physiological effects of such an overload of heavy metals.", "contents": "Aerosol metallic paints: deliberate inhalation. A study of inhalation and or ingestion of copper and zinc particles. The preliminary and limited study was made in an area where the metallic spray paints are used as an intoxicant by a significant percentage of the student-population. Laboratory tests show that individuals misusing these unique products are ingesting and/or inhaling large amounts of copper and zinc which are excreted in the urine and are possibly retained in body tissue. No previous reports have been found on this form of substance misuse, and apparently no studies have been conducted to determine the physiological effects of such an overload of heavy metals.", "PMID": 1126763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9675", "title": "Ocular absorption of naloxone in narcotic addicts.", "content": "Naloxone hydrochloride was administered by regional intravenous injection (three patients) or by instillation into the conjunctival sac (10 patients) in addicts receiving methadone maintenance. After the regional intravenous administration of 100 mug naloxone,no withdrawal symptoms occurred on release of the occluding tourniquets, nor were theresignificant changes in electrical skin resistance or sweating in the upper extremities. On the other hand, the conjunctival instillation of 2 to 3 mg naloxone produced withdrawal symptoms in five patients and frequently also caused pupillary dilatation whichwas usually equal on both sides.", "contents": "Ocular absorption of naloxone in narcotic addicts. Naloxone hydrochloride was administered by regional intravenous injection (three patients) or by instillation into the conjunctival sac (10 patients) in addicts receiving methadone maintenance. After the regional intravenous administration of 100 mug naloxone,no withdrawal symptoms occurred on release of the occluding tourniquets, nor were theresignificant changes in electrical skin resistance or sweating in the upper extremities. On the other hand, the conjunctival instillation of 2 to 3 mg naloxone produced withdrawal symptoms in five patients and frequently also caused pupillary dilatation whichwas usually equal on both sides.", "PMID": 1126766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9676", "title": "Altering the gambler's maladaptive life goals.", "content": "This paper will serve as an explanation of how clinical counselors from various schools of thought, e.g., Freudian, Transactional Analysis, and Adlerian, work with or treat the excessive gambler. Because the presentation is short, it will be impossible to thoroughly cover the three schools of thought in depth. However, because of the writer's bias, the paper will examine in some detail the way in which an Adlerian counselor or therapist encourages his maladaptive clients to act and think more constructively, i.e., give up excessive gambling.", "contents": "Altering the gambler's maladaptive life goals. This paper will serve as an explanation of how clinical counselors from various schools of thought, e.g., Freudian, Transactional Analysis, and Adlerian, work with or treat the excessive gambler. Because the presentation is short, it will be impossible to thoroughly cover the three schools of thought in depth. However, because of the writer's bias, the paper will examine in some detail the way in which an Adlerian counselor or therapist encourages his maladaptive clients to act and think more constructively, i.e., give up excessive gambling.", "PMID": 1126767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9677", "title": "The effects of drug education courses on attitudinal change in adult participants.", "content": "Five hundred eighty-nine adult participants in 10-day drug education courses held at the National Center for Drug Education in Oklahoma were tested before and after each course to assess changes in their attitudes toward drug use and abuse resulting from the course. Twenty-eight opinion statements were found to significantly distinguish the opinions of different occupational groups both before and after the course. Most participants changed their learning priorities for drug education as a result of the course. Participants' personal history of drug use correlated with changes in their learning priorities for drug education.", "contents": "The effects of drug education courses on attitudinal change in adult participants. Five hundred eighty-nine adult participants in 10-day drug education courses held at the National Center for Drug Education in Oklahoma were tested before and after each course to assess changes in their attitudes toward drug use and abuse resulting from the course. Twenty-eight opinion statements were found to significantly distinguish the opinions of different occupational groups both before and after the course. Most participants changed their learning priorities for drug education as a result of the course. Participants' personal history of drug use correlated with changes in their learning priorities for drug education.", "PMID": 1126770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9678", "title": "Personality characteristics in heroin addicts and nonaddicted prisoners using the Edwards Personality Preference Schedule.", "content": "The present study compares the self-reported personality characteristics of heroin addict and nonaddict prisoners using the Edwards Personality Preference Schedule (EPPS) which was corrected for social desirability. Seventy pairs of addicted and nonaddicted criminal offenders were matched for age, education, intelligence, and home environment. The addicted offenders were identified by the pattern of their response to the EPPS as reflected by the significant multivariate results. In addition, significant univariate differences consistent with those previously reported were found. Addicted criminals had stronger succorance, heterosexuality, and aggression needs and less abasement and endurance needs than nonaddicted offenders. Age, educational achievment, intelligence,and home environment had little influence on the prisoners' response to this self-report personality inventory.", "contents": "Personality characteristics in heroin addicts and nonaddicted prisoners using the Edwards Personality Preference Schedule. The present study compares the self-reported personality characteristics of heroin addict and nonaddict prisoners using the Edwards Personality Preference Schedule (EPPS) which was corrected for social desirability. Seventy pairs of addicted and nonaddicted criminal offenders were matched for age, education, intelligence, and home environment. The addicted offenders were identified by the pattern of their response to the EPPS as reflected by the significant multivariate results. In addition, significant univariate differences consistent with those previously reported were found. Addicted criminals had stronger succorance, heterosexuality, and aggression needs and less abasement and endurance needs than nonaddicted offenders. Age, educational achievment, intelligence,and home environment had little influence on the prisoners' response to this self-report personality inventory.", "PMID": 1126771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9679", "title": "A comparative clinical evaluation of trimethylpsoralen, psoralen and 8-methoxypsoralen in treating vitiligo.", "content": "Trimethylpsoralen, psoralen and 8-methoxypsoralen were adminstered in 10 mg dosage orally to 37, 29 and 23 patients with vitiligo.  Complete improvement was noted in 8.9% and partial improvement was recorded in 59.5%.  The overall results produced by trimethylpsoralen and psoralen were superior to those of 8-methoxypsoralen.  There was no significant therapeutic difference noticed in regards to age, sex, duration and type of vitiligo.", "contents": "A comparative clinical evaluation of trimethylpsoralen, psoralen and 8-methoxypsoralen in treating vitiligo. Trimethylpsoralen, psoralen and 8-methoxypsoralen were adminstered in 10 mg dosage orally to 37, 29 and 23 patients with vitiligo.  Complete improvement was noted in 8.9% and partial improvement was recorded in 59.5%.  The overall results produced by trimethylpsoralen and psoralen were superior to those of 8-methoxypsoralen.  There was no significant therapeutic difference noticed in regards to age, sex, duration and type of vitiligo.", "PMID": 1126780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9680", "title": "Ultrastructural findings in incontinentia pigmenti.", "content": "From their ultrastructural study of incontinenti pigmenti, the authors confirm that in this condition there is no pigmentary anomaly, but that pigmentation is the last step of a still unknown process. At birth those who are affected display an intracellular edema which leads to the formation of a vesocobulla. In all 3 stages, the epidermis shows dyskeratotic cells and a transient pigmentary discharge.", "contents": "Ultrastructural findings in incontinentia pigmenti. From their ultrastructural study of incontinenti pigmenti, the authors confirm that in this condition there is no pigmentary anomaly, but that pigmentation is the last step of a still unknown process. At birth those who are affected display an intracellular edema which leads to the formation of a vesocobulla. In all 3 stages, the epidermis shows dyskeratotic cells and a transient pigmentary discharge.", "PMID": 1126776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9681", "title": "Erythema multiforme infantum atrophicans.", "content": "A new case of erythema multiforme is described, characterized by multiforme eruption of erythematous papules, plaques and occasional bullous lesions. The acute stage lasts several seeks, then atrophy is noted. The face appears senile. Histopathologically, the lesions show erythema multiforme in the acute phase; in the atrophic stage, a disappearance of the elastic fibers was observed.", "contents": "Erythema multiforme infantum atrophicans. A new case of erythema multiforme is described, characterized by multiforme eruption of erythematous papules, plaques and occasional bullous lesions. The acute stage lasts several seeks, then atrophy is noted. The face appears senile. Histopathologically, the lesions show erythema multiforme in the acute phase; in the atrophic stage, a disappearance of the elastic fibers was observed.", "PMID": 1126777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9682", "title": "Subgaleal hematoma in head injuries.", "content": "We have carried out clinical, radiological and some hematological evaluation of post-traumatic subgaleal hematoma in 55 Nigerians who were treated for head injuries at the he University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria, in 1970. Most hematomas spontaneously resolved within four weeks of the injury, so that masterly inactivity should be the first line of treatment for this entity.", "contents": "Subgaleal hematoma in head injuries. We have carried out clinical, radiological and some hematological evaluation of post-traumatic subgaleal hematoma in 55 Nigerians who were treated for head injuries at the he University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria, in 1970. Most hematomas spontaneously resolved within four weeks of the injury, so that masterly inactivity should be the first line of treatment for this entity.", "PMID": 1126808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9683", "title": "Evaluation of oral, pharyngeal, laryngeal and esophageal cancer risk in reverse smokers of chuttas.", "content": "Reverse smoking of chuttas seems to have no significance for the development of cancer of the hypopharynx, esophagus, larynx and nasopharynx. The conventional chutta smoker runs a slight risk of developing hypopharyngeal cancer. Other smoking and chewing habits do not seem to play any role in our area as these habits are very uncommon.", "contents": "Evaluation of oral, pharyngeal, laryngeal and esophageal cancer risk in reverse smokers of chuttas. Reverse smoking of chuttas seems to have no significance for the development of cancer of the hypopharynx, esophagus, larynx and nasopharynx. The conventional chutta smoker runs a slight risk of developing hypopharyngeal cancer. Other smoking and chewing habits do not seem to play any role in our area as these habits are very uncommon.", "PMID": 1126809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9684", "title": "Fractionated cystography to assess infiltration of the bladder wall by intravesical tumors.", "content": "Twenty cases of carcinoma of the cervix uteri stage III and IV and ten cases of carcinoma of the rectosigmoid colon stage III were investigated by fractionated cystography to detect any infiltration of the destensible part of the urinary bladder wall. Cystography was normal in all cases except one. The finding was confirmed operatively in each of the ten cases of rectosigmoid carcinoma. This method might be a useful technic for the preoperative assessment of advanced cases of cancer in organs adjacent to the urinary bladder.", "contents": "Fractionated cystography to assess infiltration of the bladder wall by intravesical tumors. Twenty cases of carcinoma of the cervix uteri stage III and IV and ten cases of carcinoma of the rectosigmoid colon stage III were investigated by fractionated cystography to detect any infiltration of the destensible part of the urinary bladder wall. Cystography was normal in all cases except one. The finding was confirmed operatively in each of the ten cases of rectosigmoid carcinoma. This method might be a useful technic for the preoperative assessment of advanced cases of cancer in organs adjacent to the urinary bladder.", "PMID": 1126810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9685", "title": "Modified conservative treatment of club foot.", "content": "In 120 cases of severe, neglected or recurrent club foot, a modified conservative method of treatment has yielded encouraging results. The method consists of blind calcaneal fasciotomy, repositioning of the foot in a corrected position and plaster cast application from the upper thigh to the toes. Nineteen recurrences in this series were treated by Dwyer's calcaneal osteotomy, or medial soft tissue release and/or tendon transposition.", "contents": "Modified conservative treatment of club foot. In 120 cases of severe, neglected or recurrent club foot, a modified conservative method of treatment has yielded encouraging results. The method consists of blind calcaneal fasciotomy, repositioning of the foot in a corrected position and plaster cast application from the upper thigh to the toes. Nineteen recurrences in this series were treated by Dwyer's calcaneal osteotomy, or medial soft tissue release and/or tendon transposition.", "PMID": 1126811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9686", "title": "Contribution of the epiphyses of the greater trochanter to the growth of the femur.", "content": "We have demonstrated the interaction of the capital femoral epiphysis and the greater trochanteric epiphysis in rats to give length and shape to the proximal femur. These findings have practical applications in the treatment of congenital coxa vara and other disease entities of the femoral head.", "contents": "Contribution of the epiphyses of the greater trochanter to the growth of the femur. We have demonstrated the interaction of the capital femoral epiphysis and the greater trochanteric epiphysis in rats to give length and shape to the proximal femur. These findings have practical applications in the treatment of congenital coxa vara and other disease entities of the femoral head.", "PMID": 1126812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9687", "title": "Fracture of the shaft of the femur in children.", "content": "Sixty-five cases of fracture of the femur shaft caused by trauma in children under age 12 were studied. All were treated by various conservative methods. Two patients later underwent open reduction and internal fixation. Children below 5 years of age were treated by Bryant's suspension traction method. Older children were treated by balanced skin traction. In a few cases where the position was not acceptable, the fracture was reduced under general anesthesia and fixed traction was applied. Patients were discharged with a hip spica when the fracture site was nontender (average three weeks). Undisplaced fractures were treated by a primary hip spica. Functional end results were good in 81.5%, fair in 15.4% and poor in 3.1%. Eight compound fractures in this series were treated conservatively.", "contents": "Fracture of the shaft of the femur in children. Sixty-five cases of fracture of the femur shaft caused by trauma in children under age 12 were studied. All were treated by various conservative methods. Two patients later underwent open reduction and internal fixation. Children below 5 years of age were treated by Bryant's suspension traction method. Older children were treated by balanced skin traction. In a few cases where the position was not acceptable, the fracture was reduced under general anesthesia and fixed traction was applied. Patients were discharged with a hip spica when the fracture site was nontender (average three weeks). Undisplaced fractures were treated by a primary hip spica. Functional end results were good in 81.5%, fair in 15.4% and poor in 3.1%. Eight compound fractures in this series were treated conservatively.", "PMID": 1126813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9688", "title": "Rectal Prolapse in Nigerian Children.", "content": "Rectal prolapse is common in Nigerian children between 4 and 6 years old. Intractable cases respond favorably to the Lockhart-Mummery procedure, a simple operation which guarantees good results.", "contents": "Rectal Prolapse in Nigerian Children. Rectal prolapse is common in Nigerian children between 4 and 6 years old. Intractable cases respond favorably to the Lockhart-Mummery procedure, a simple operation which guarantees good results.", "PMID": 1126814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9689", "title": "The effect of arterial PO2 on relative retinal blood flow in monkeys.", "content": "The relationship of blood oxygenation to retinal blood flow has been studies in rhesus monkeys. Constriction of major retinal arteries and veins during hyperoxia and dilation during hypoxia are demonstrated. Together with mean circulation times based on the technique of fluorescein densitometry curves, these data allow an estimation of retinal blood flow, which increases considerably in hypoxia and shows a moderate decrease in hyperoxia. These findings indicate that the retinal circulation parallels that of the brain in adjusting to changes in arterial PO2 with compensatory changes in blood flow.", "contents": "The effect of arterial PO2 on relative retinal blood flow in monkeys. The relationship of blood oxygenation to retinal blood flow has been studies in rhesus monkeys. Constriction of major retinal arteries and veins during hyperoxia and dilation during hypoxia are demonstrated. Together with mean circulation times based on the technique of fluorescein densitometry curves, these data allow an estimation of retinal blood flow, which increases considerably in hypoxia and shows a moderate decrease in hyperoxia. These findings indicate that the retinal circulation parallels that of the brain in adjusting to changes in arterial PO2 with compensatory changes in blood flow.", "PMID": 1126823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9690", "title": "Retinal adhesion in light- and dark-adapted rabbits.", "content": "The effects of pigmentation and light exposure on retinal adhesion in rabbits have been investigated in a complete factorial experiment. Ocular pigmentation did not significantly influence retinal adhesion. A significant difference in retinal adhesive forces was found between light and dark adaptation. The force required to detach the retina from the retinal pigment epithelium was 20 per cent greater in light-adapted eyes than in dark-adapted eyes. These observations suggest that the positional change of rhodopsin molecules in the outer segment disk membranes occurring with light exposure and the resultant alteration in interdisk electrostatic forces may play an important role in retinal adhesion.", "contents": "Retinal adhesion in light- and dark-adapted rabbits. The effects of pigmentation and light exposure on retinal adhesion in rabbits have been investigated in a complete factorial experiment. Ocular pigmentation did not significantly influence retinal adhesion. A significant difference in retinal adhesive forces was found between light and dark adaptation. The force required to detach the retina from the retinal pigment epithelium was 20 per cent greater in light-adapted eyes than in dark-adapted eyes. These observations suggest that the positional change of rhodopsin molecules in the outer segment disk membranes occurring with light exposure and the resultant alteration in interdisk electrostatic forces may play an important role in retinal adhesion.", "PMID": 1126824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9691", "title": "Oxalate retinopathy: an experimental model of a flecked retina.", "content": "The clinical picture resembling fundus albipunctatus was seen to develop in rabbits following subcutaneous injection with dibutyl oxalate. On histologic examination, the flecks were found to be due to intracellular accumulation of calcium oxalate in the RPE cells. The clinical and histologic features of this animal model closely resemble the recently described entity of oxalate retinopathy in humans which was seen in the presence of high circulating oxalate levels. It is suggested that the presence of metabolic disorders or toxicity which are known to cause oxalate depositions should be sought in patients with fundus albipunctatus.", "contents": "Oxalate retinopathy: an experimental model of a flecked retina. The clinical picture resembling fundus albipunctatus was seen to develop in rabbits following subcutaneous injection with dibutyl oxalate. On histologic examination, the flecks were found to be due to intracellular accumulation of calcium oxalate in the RPE cells. The clinical and histologic features of this animal model closely resemble the recently described entity of oxalate retinopathy in humans which was seen in the presence of high circulating oxalate levels. It is suggested that the presence of metabolic disorders or toxicity which are known to cause oxalate depositions should be sought in patients with fundus albipunctatus.", "PMID": 1126825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9692", "title": "Sulfate and galactose metabolism in differentiating ciliary body and iris epithelia: autoradiographic and ultrastructural studies.", "content": "Immature and adult rat eyes were bisected and incubated with 35-SO4 and 3-U-galactose in short-term pulse-chase experiments. Autoradiographs (ARG) of the tissue revealed that very little sulfate is incorporated by the peripheral neural retina, the pigment epithelia of the retina, ciliary body, or iris. The inner, inverted optic cup cells at the ora serrata, i.e., those that are undergoing differentiation into the unpigmented epithelium of the ciliary body, incorporate large amounts of 35-sulfate into \"fixable\" macromolecules. The sulfate label is chased from the apically located Golgi apparatus to the basal surface of these cells within one hour. Ultrastructurally, these cells are beginning to develop lateral and basal invaginations of the plasma membrane characteristic of the adult secretory epithelial cells. Electron microscopic ARG show label associated with the plasma membranes. The sulfated macro-molecules at this site appear to be glycolipids and glycoproteins rather than glycosaminoglycans. The preferential synthesis of these macromolecules and their placement at the cellular site of aqueous humor production suggests a role for these sulfated substances in establishing, and perhaps maintaining, that secretory process. 3-H-galactose was incorporated into \"fixable\" macromolecules to some degree by all the neuroepithelial cells. After chase incubation, ARG showed a high concentration of label in differentiated retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), but not in undiffenentiated peripheral RPE. Ciliary body unpigmented and pigment epithelium, and iris muscle cells incorporate galactose, but to a lesser degree than either RPE or corneal endothelial cells.", "contents": "Sulfate and galactose metabolism in differentiating ciliary body and iris epithelia: autoradiographic and ultrastructural studies. Immature and adult rat eyes were bisected and incubated with 35-SO4 and 3-U-galactose in short-term pulse-chase experiments. Autoradiographs (ARG) of the tissue revealed that very little sulfate is incorporated by the peripheral neural retina, the pigment epithelia of the retina, ciliary body, or iris. The inner, inverted optic cup cells at the ora serrata, i.e., those that are undergoing differentiation into the unpigmented epithelium of the ciliary body, incorporate large amounts of 35-sulfate into \"fixable\" macromolecules. The sulfate label is chased from the apically located Golgi apparatus to the basal surface of these cells within one hour. Ultrastructurally, these cells are beginning to develop lateral and basal invaginations of the plasma membrane characteristic of the adult secretory epithelial cells. Electron microscopic ARG show label associated with the plasma membranes. The sulfated macro-molecules at this site appear to be glycolipids and glycoproteins rather than glycosaminoglycans. The preferential synthesis of these macromolecules and their placement at the cellular site of aqueous humor production suggests a role for these sulfated substances in establishing, and perhaps maintaining, that secretory process. 3-H-galactose was incorporated into \"fixable\" macromolecules to some degree by all the neuroepithelial cells. After chase incubation, ARG showed a high concentration of label in differentiated retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), but not in undiffenentiated peripheral RPE. Ciliary body unpigmented and pigment epithelium, and iris muscle cells incorporate galactose, but to a lesser degree than either RPE or corneal endothelial cells.", "PMID": 1126826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9693", "title": "The microscopic protein structure of the lens with a theory for cataract formation as determined by Raman spectroscopy of intact bovine lenses.", "content": "Intact bovine lenses have been studied using the polarized Raman spectroscopic technique. A brief theoretical and experimental review of Raman spectroscopy is presented. From the dependence of the Raman depolarization ratio on the propagation direction of the incident radiation we have determined that the uniaxial qualities of the lens result from microscopic anisotropy and have established the quantitative positional correlation of specific chemical bonds with respect to the lens optic axis. In particular, the hydrogen bonded linear CONH groups of the antiparallel beta-pleated sheet are preferentially oriented in directions orthogonal to the lens optic axis. The Raman spectra of intact lenses do not exhibit bands at positions characteristic of either the alpha-helix or the random coil protein structure. The antiparallel beta-pleated sheet protein microstructure and the lens fiber cross-sectional macrostructure exhibit a remarkable similarity. This similarity may be causal and is consistent with the protein concentration of the lens, the birefringent properties observed by both Lenhard and Brewster, the CONH bond angle distribution with respect to the optic axis, and the lens anatomy. It is suggested that cortical cataracts are caused by fluctuations in protein orientational order.", "contents": "The microscopic protein structure of the lens with a theory for cataract formation as determined by Raman spectroscopy of intact bovine lenses. Intact bovine lenses have been studied using the polarized Raman spectroscopic technique. A brief theoretical and experimental review of Raman spectroscopy is presented. From the dependence of the Raman depolarization ratio on the propagation direction of the incident radiation we have determined that the uniaxial qualities of the lens result from microscopic anisotropy and have established the quantitative positional correlation of specific chemical bonds with respect to the lens optic axis. In particular, the hydrogen bonded linear CONH groups of the antiparallel beta-pleated sheet are preferentially oriented in directions orthogonal to the lens optic axis. The Raman spectra of intact lenses do not exhibit bands at positions characteristic of either the alpha-helix or the random coil protein structure. The antiparallel beta-pleated sheet protein microstructure and the lens fiber cross-sectional macrostructure exhibit a remarkable similarity. This similarity may be causal and is consistent with the protein concentration of the lens, the birefringent properties observed by both Lenhard and Brewster, the CONH bond angle distribution with respect to the optic axis, and the lens anatomy. It is suggested that cortical cataracts are caused by fluctuations in protein orientational order.", "PMID": 1126827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9694", "title": "Equator-plus camera.", "content": "A new fundus camera can photograph a field extending anterior to the equator (148 degrees from the nodal point). The problems of reflection from the surfaces of the crystalline lens are minimized by fiber optic illumination from carefully chosen locations on the cornea. The camera may be used with monochromatic light of various wavelengths and is equipped with interference filters.", "contents": "Equator-plus camera. A new fundus camera can photograph a field extending anterior to the equator (148 degrees from the nodal point). The problems of reflection from the surfaces of the crystalline lens are minimized by fiber optic illumination from carefully chosen locations on the cornea. The camera may be used with monochromatic light of various wavelengths and is equipped with interference filters.", "PMID": 1126828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9695", "title": "Subretinal fluids: lipid analyses.", "content": "Lipid was found to accumulate in the subretinal space during rhegnatogenous  retinal detachment. The concentration of lipid in the subretinal fluid varied between 0.1 to 2.4 mg. per milliliter. Based upon a comparison of lipid profiles and lipoprotein profiles, the amount of lipid observed in the subretinal fluids was not directly related to the permeability of the ocular vessels. Thin-layer chromatography analyses of lipid in  subretinal fluids showed differences between the lipid composition of the subretinal fluid and blood. The major characteristic of lipid composition of subretinal fluid is the low concentration of lecithin, which is the major lipid compound in the serum. The present data indicate that the lipids of ocular tissues are released into the subretinal space during rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, and are adsorbed on albumin.", "contents": "Subretinal fluids: lipid analyses. Lipid was found to accumulate in the subretinal space during rhegnatogenous  retinal detachment. The concentration of lipid in the subretinal fluid varied between 0.1 to 2.4 mg. per milliliter. Based upon a comparison of lipid profiles and lipoprotein profiles, the amount of lipid observed in the subretinal fluids was not directly related to the permeability of the ocular vessels. Thin-layer chromatography analyses of lipid in  subretinal fluids showed differences between the lipid composition of the subretinal fluid and blood. The major characteristic of lipid composition of subretinal fluid is the low concentration of lecithin, which is the major lipid compound in the serum. The present data indicate that the lipids of ocular tissues are released into the subretinal space during rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, and are adsorbed on albumin.", "PMID": 1126829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9696", "title": "[Spontaneous regression and leukoderma in malignant melanoma].", "content": "In four patients with superficial spreading melanoma, partial spontaneous regression and/or leukodermas of different appearance occurred. In two patients leukoderma appeared within the central area of the primary tumor; one of whom developed, in addition, vitiligo elsewhere on the body. In a further case the melanoma exhibited a depigmented halo resembling Sutton's nevus. Presumably, these leukodermas represent an epiphenomenon of the specific immunological reaction between the host and the melanoma.", "contents": "[Spontaneous regression and leukoderma in malignant melanoma]. In four patients with superficial spreading melanoma, partial spontaneous regression and/or leukodermas of different appearance occurred. In two patients leukoderma appeared within the central area of the primary tumor; one of whom developed, in addition, vitiligo elsewhere on the body. In a further case the melanoma exhibited a depigmented halo resembling Sutton's nevus. Presumably, these leukodermas represent an epiphenomenon of the specific immunological reaction between the host and the melanoma.", "PMID": 1126845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9697", "title": "[Light and electron microscopy studies on malformed spermatids in 2 cases of teratozoospermia].", "content": "Two distinct types of spermatid malformation resulting in teratozoospermia are demonstrated in two patients by means of light and electron microscopy. In one case of male infertility, a disturbance of the process of nuclear condensation was found which yielded pathological spermatozoa with triangular or hookshaped heads. In another case of infertility, exclusively polynucleated spermatids were detected. Atypical acrosomes, showing widely varying structural features, interconnect the nuclei. The significant of these malformations for the understanding of the differentiation of spermatids is discussed.", "contents": "[Light and electron microscopy studies on malformed spermatids in 2 cases of teratozoospermia]. Two distinct types of spermatid malformation resulting in teratozoospermia are demonstrated in two patients by means of light and electron microscopy. In one case of male infertility, a disturbance of the process of nuclear condensation was found which yielded pathological spermatozoa with triangular or hookshaped heads. In another case of infertility, exclusively polynucleated spermatids were detected. Atypical acrosomes, showing widely varying structural features, interconnect the nuclei. The significant of these malformations for the understanding of the differentiation of spermatids is discussed.", "PMID": 1126848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9698", "title": "Evaluation of two protein end-group reactions as potential fluorescent cytochemical methods.", "content": "Histochemical preparations stained by a variant of the Morel-Sisley reaction for protein tyrosine were found to produce a red fluorescence when excited by broadband blue light which is topologically identical to the distribution of chromophore when viewed by absorption (equal transmission) microscopy. The fluorescence mode of viewing preparations stained by this method gave greater sensitivity and contrast than the absorption mode. The p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde (DMAB)-nitrate method for protein tryptophan did not result in a useful fluorescent end-group method. Preparations stained by this method displayed a pattern of generalized fluorescence of all structures except those which react in the final step of the p-DMAB-nitrite reaction. The specificity of the intermediate reaction product has yet to be established.", "contents": "Evaluation of two protein end-group reactions as potential fluorescent cytochemical methods. Histochemical preparations stained by a variant of the Morel-Sisley reaction for protein tyrosine were found to produce a red fluorescence when excited by broadband blue light which is topologically identical to the distribution of chromophore when viewed by absorption (equal transmission) microscopy. The fluorescence mode of viewing preparations stained by this method gave greater sensitivity and contrast than the absorption mode. The p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde (DMAB)-nitrate method for protein tryptophan did not result in a useful fluorescent end-group method. Preparations stained by this method displayed a pattern of generalized fluorescence of all structures except those which react in the final step of the p-DMAB-nitrite reaction. The specificity of the intermediate reaction product has yet to be established.", "PMID": 1126852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9699", "title": "Glycogen, its chemistry and morphological appearance in the electron microscope.11. The complex formed in the selective contrast staining of glycogen.", "content": "Selective contrast staining of glycogen in untreated ultrathin sections of aldehyde-fixed tissues, double-fixed with 1% osmium tetroxide containing 0.05 M K3Fe(CN)6 as reported previously (De Bruijn, 1973), may also be obtained by the addition of either K4Fe(CN)6,K3Co(CN)6,K2Ru(CN)6, or K4Os(CN)6. On the other hand, addition of K3Cr(CN)6, K2Ni(CN)4, K3Mn(CN)6, K3Rh(CN)6, K2Pd(CN)4, K2Pt(CN)4, or K3Ir(CN)6 produces no effect. Hexavalent osmium oxide compounds, such as K2OsO4 and OsO3-2 pyridine, react selectively with a native (or acquired) ligand in the aldehyde-fixed glycogen, but do not render it more electron dense than its immediate surroundings. The presence of these osmium oxides is detected and they are rendered more electron dense by an accumulation reaction by the application on ultrathin sections of phosphotungstic acid (PTA) or a mixture of K2OsO4 and K4Fe(CN)6. As selective contrast staining of glycogen is also obtained by double fixation of the aldehyde-fixed tissue with 0.05 M K2OsO4 solutions containing 0.05 M K4Fe(CN)6 or 0.05 M K4Os(CN)6, it is postulated that in such tissue, both the selective reaction of K2OsO4 with the ligand in the aldehyde-fixed glycogen, and the accumulation of heavy metal at the sites occupied by the K2OsO4, occur simultaneously. A proposal for the constitution of this heavy metal osmium/cyanide complex is formulated and arguments are presented that both compounds are formed in the selective contrast stained glycogen areas of such treated tissues. The relative contribution of the components to the final contrast and its complex character is demonstrated by staining ultrathin glutaraldehyde sections intermittently with 0.05 M solutions of K2OsO4 and K4Fe(CN)6; it is shown that after at least three intermittent reactions with both K2OsO4 and K4Fe(CN)6, the glycogen areas in such sections became contrast stained.", "contents": "Glycogen, its chemistry and morphological appearance in the electron microscope.11. The complex formed in the selective contrast staining of glycogen. Selective contrast staining of glycogen in untreated ultrathin sections of aldehyde-fixed tissues, double-fixed with 1% osmium tetroxide containing 0.05 M K3Fe(CN)6 as reported previously (De Bruijn, 1973), may also be obtained by the addition of either K4Fe(CN)6,K3Co(CN)6,K2Ru(CN)6, or K4Os(CN)6. On the other hand, addition of K3Cr(CN)6, K2Ni(CN)4, K3Mn(CN)6, K3Rh(CN)6, K2Pd(CN)4, K2Pt(CN)4, or K3Ir(CN)6 produces no effect. Hexavalent osmium oxide compounds, such as K2OsO4 and OsO3-2 pyridine, react selectively with a native (or acquired) ligand in the aldehyde-fixed glycogen, but do not render it more electron dense than its immediate surroundings. The presence of these osmium oxides is detected and they are rendered more electron dense by an accumulation reaction by the application on ultrathin sections of phosphotungstic acid (PTA) or a mixture of K2OsO4 and K4Fe(CN)6. As selective contrast staining of glycogen is also obtained by double fixation of the aldehyde-fixed tissue with 0.05 M K2OsO4 solutions containing 0.05 M K4Fe(CN)6 or 0.05 M K4Os(CN)6, it is postulated that in such tissue, both the selective reaction of K2OsO4 with the ligand in the aldehyde-fixed glycogen, and the accumulation of heavy metal at the sites occupied by the K2OsO4, occur simultaneously. A proposal for the constitution of this heavy metal osmium/cyanide complex is formulated and arguments are presented that both compounds are formed in the selective contrast stained glycogen areas of such treated tissues. The relative contribution of the components to the final contrast and its complex character is demonstrated by staining ultrathin glutaraldehyde sections intermittently with 0.05 M solutions of K2OsO4 and K4Fe(CN)6; it is shown that after at least three intermittent reactions with both K2OsO4 and K4Fe(CN)6, the glycogen areas in such sections became contrast stained.", "PMID": 1126854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9700", "title": "An electronic device for the automatic correction of fluorescence emission spectra.", "content": "An electronic device is described for the automatic correction of fluorescence emission spectra obtained by digital microspectrofluorometry based on multichannel scaling and single photon detection as described previously. This device consists of: (a) an arithmetic unit for the correction of the spectral values and for the curve integration processes; (b) a circuit that operates directly on data in the memory of the multi-channel analyser by subtracting from then a pre-established value corresponding to the background; and (c) an averaging unit for calculating a mean for the spectral value.", "contents": "An electronic device for the automatic correction of fluorescence emission spectra. An electronic device is described for the automatic correction of fluorescence emission spectra obtained by digital microspectrofluorometry based on multichannel scaling and single photon detection as described previously. This device consists of: (a) an arithmetic unit for the correction of the spectral values and for the curve integration processes; (b) a circuit that operates directly on data in the memory of the multi-channel analyser by subtracting from then a pre-established value corresponding to the background; and (c) an averaging unit for calculating a mean for the spectral value.", "PMID": 1126856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9701", "title": "Microspectrophotometric detection of heparin in mast cells and basophilic granulocytes stained metachromatically with Toluidine Blue O.", "content": "A qualitative microspectrophotometric detection method for heparin in situ has been developed, using data obtained previously with a model system of polyacrylamide films containing pure glycosaminoglycans (Tas, 1975). This technique, based on the unique metachromatic properties of heparin with Toluidine Blue O in glycerol, has been worked out with rat peritoneal and mesenteric mast cells. After the smears containing the stained cells had been mounted in glycerol, a change with time of the recorded metachromatic peaks to lower wavelengths was found, leading to an equilibrium phase after some days. The metachromatic peaks recorded in this phase appeared to resemble closely the peak obtained for the heparin-Toluidine Blue O complex under similar conditions in the model experiments. With rat mast cells it was found that nucleic acids, basic proteins, histamine and lipids had no appreciable influence on the position of the final recorded peaks, nor did they influence the slope of the time course very much. This observed decrease with time in the wavelengths of the metachromatic peaks can be explained by the time necessary for equilibration of the cells in glycerol and by the possible influence of lower sulphated glycosaminoglycans on the peak of the heparin-Toluidine Blue O complex. It was found that the method can be used to detect unequivocally the presence of heparin in cells, even if they also contain up to 75% (mole/mole) of other, lower sulphated glycosaminoglycan. Only a limited number of cells is necessary with this method - in contrast to biochemical determinations. For the first time the presence of heparin in normal human basophilic granulocytes and mast cells has been proved directly. The experiments indicate the occurrence of virtually similar sulphated heparins in human mast cells and basophilic granulocytes, as well as in pig mast cells. A higher sulphated heparin, however, might be present in rat mast cells.", "contents": "Microspectrophotometric detection of heparin in mast cells and basophilic granulocytes stained metachromatically with Toluidine Blue O. A qualitative microspectrophotometric detection method for heparin in situ has been developed, using data obtained previously with a model system of polyacrylamide films containing pure glycosaminoglycans (Tas, 1975). This technique, based on the unique metachromatic properties of heparin with Toluidine Blue O in glycerol, has been worked out with rat peritoneal and mesenteric mast cells. After the smears containing the stained cells had been mounted in glycerol, a change with time of the recorded metachromatic peaks to lower wavelengths was found, leading to an equilibrium phase after some days. The metachromatic peaks recorded in this phase appeared to resemble closely the peak obtained for the heparin-Toluidine Blue O complex under similar conditions in the model experiments. With rat mast cells it was found that nucleic acids, basic proteins, histamine and lipids had no appreciable influence on the position of the final recorded peaks, nor did they influence the slope of the time course very much. This observed decrease with time in the wavelengths of the metachromatic peaks can be explained by the time necessary for equilibration of the cells in glycerol and by the possible influence of lower sulphated glycosaminoglycans on the peak of the heparin-Toluidine Blue O complex. It was found that the method can be used to detect unequivocally the presence of heparin in cells, even if they also contain up to 75% (mole/mole) of other, lower sulphated glycosaminoglycan. Only a limited number of cells is necessary with this method - in contrast to biochemical determinations. For the first time the presence of heparin in normal human basophilic granulocytes and mast cells has been proved directly. The experiments indicate the occurrence of virtually similar sulphated heparins in human mast cells and basophilic granulocytes, as well as in pig mast cells. A higher sulphated heparin, however, might be present in rat mast cells.", "PMID": 1126855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9702", "title": "Carotid body tumors in the dog: a review and report of four cases.", "content": "Of 3,837 canine neoplasms from case records at Kansas State University, only 4 were of carotid body tumors. Information on these 4 cases, added to that on 18 cases already reported, indicated that such tumors are found most frequently in old dogs, principally in brachycephalic breeds. Although predisposition toward the male sex has been suggested for tumors of the chemoreceptor system, none was observed for carotid body tumors. Multicentricity apparently is not uncommon for chemoreceptor tumors; 9 of the 22 dogs simultaneously had aortic body tumor.", "contents": "Carotid body tumors in the dog: a review and report of four cases. Of 3,837 canine neoplasms from case records at Kansas State University, only 4 were of carotid body tumors. Information on these 4 cases, added to that on 18 cases already reported, indicated that such tumors are found most frequently in old dogs, principally in brachycephalic breeds. Although predisposition toward the male sex has been suggested for tumors of the chemoreceptor system, none was observed for carotid body tumors. Multicentricity apparently is not uncommon for chemoreceptor tumors; 9 of the 22 dogs simultaneously had aortic body tumor.", "PMID": 1126858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9703", "title": "Reproductive failure in swine associated with maternal seroconversion for porcine parvovirus.", "content": "Reproductive failure occurred in a swine herd in which the epizootiology of enteroviruses and the porcine parvovirus were being studied. Three virgin boars that were seropositive for the parvovirus were mated to seronegative, previously unmated gilts. The 11 gilts that farrowed had small litters, with high perinatal mortality. The remaining 12 gilts were marketed because of infertility, and the reproductive tracts were examined. Pathologic findings included early embryonal death attributed to viral infection. After the reproductive failure, all gifts and boars were seropositive for the parvovirus, suggesting that the reproductive failure was associated with a parvovirus infection.", "contents": "Reproductive failure in swine associated with maternal seroconversion for porcine parvovirus. Reproductive failure occurred in a swine herd in which the epizootiology of enteroviruses and the porcine parvovirus were being studied. Three virgin boars that were seropositive for the parvovirus were mated to seronegative, previously unmated gilts. The 11 gilts that farrowed had small litters, with high perinatal mortality. The remaining 12 gilts were marketed because of infertility, and the reproductive tracts were examined. Pathologic findings included early embryonal death attributed to viral infection. After the reproductive failure, all gifts and boars were seropositive for the parvovirus, suggesting that the reproductive failure was associated with a parvovirus infection.", "PMID": 1126861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9704", "title": "Fetal mummification associated with porcine parvovirus infection.", "content": "A crossbred gilt farrowed 2 mummified fetuses at term, but subsequently developed uterine inertia and became listless. The remaining 5 fetuses of the litter (4 mummified and 1 normal appearing) were collected by hysterectomy. Porcine parvovirus (PPV) was isolated from tissues of the mummified fetuses, and masses of viral antigen were detected throughout the same tissues when cryostat sections were examined by immunofluorescence microscopy. Serum from the normal-appearing fetus of this litter had a hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titer for PPV of 320. The finding of antibody (HI titer of 1,280) in serum collected from the gilt on the day of farrowing, but not in serum collected 67 days before, indicated initial exposure to PPV during gestation.", "contents": "Fetal mummification associated with porcine parvovirus infection. A crossbred gilt farrowed 2 mummified fetuses at term, but subsequently developed uterine inertia and became listless. The remaining 5 fetuses of the litter (4 mummified and 1 normal appearing) were collected by hysterectomy. Porcine parvovirus (PPV) was isolated from tissues of the mummified fetuses, and masses of viral antigen were detected throughout the same tissues when cryostat sections were examined by immunofluorescence microscopy. Serum from the normal-appearing fetus of this litter had a hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titer for PPV of 320. The finding of antibody (HI titer of 1,280) in serum collected from the gilt on the day of farrowing, but not in serum collected 67 days before, indicated initial exposure to PPV during gestation.", "PMID": 1126862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9705", "title": "Studies on lankacidin-group (T-2636) ANTIBIOTICS. IX Preparation of C-labeled lankacidin C 14-propionate.", "content": "To investigate the metabolic fate of lankacidin C 14-propionate in experimental animals, the 14-C-labeled antibiotic was prepared by the fermentation of Streptomyces rochei var, volubilis in the presence of various 14-C-labeled organic carboxylic acids, amino acids and carbohydrates. Significant incorporation (20 similar to 40%) was observed with L-methionine-methyl-14-C. Lankacidin C 14-propionate-14-C (specific activity 49.6 muCi/mg) was obtained from lankacidin C-14-C and ethyl propionate by the action of an acylase of the streptomyces.", "contents": "Studies on lankacidin-group (T-2636) ANTIBIOTICS. IX Preparation of C-labeled lankacidin C 14-propionate. To investigate the metabolic fate of lankacidin C 14-propionate in experimental animals, the 14-C-labeled antibiotic was prepared by the fermentation of Streptomyces rochei var, volubilis in the presence of various 14-C-labeled organic carboxylic acids, amino acids and carbohydrates. Significant incorporation (20 similar to 40%) was observed with L-methionine-methyl-14-C. Lankacidin C 14-propionate-14-C (specific activity 49.6 muCi/mg) was obtained from lankacidin C-14-C and ethyl propionate by the action of an acylase of the streptomyces.", "PMID": 1126865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9706", "title": "A new antibiotic XK-62-2. III The structure of XK-62-2, a new gentamicin C complex antibiotic.", "content": "The structure of XK-62-2 has been firmly established to be 6'-N-methylgentamicin C1a (3) by application of spectroscopic methods in conjunction with chemical degradation. The data obtained in every case are completely consistent with the proposed structure.", "contents": "A new antibiotic XK-62-2. III The structure of XK-62-2, a new gentamicin C complex antibiotic. The structure of XK-62-2 has been firmly established to be 6'-N-methylgentamicin C1a (3) by application of spectroscopic methods in conjunction with chemical degradation. The data obtained in every case are completely consistent with the proposed structure.", "PMID": 1126866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9707", "title": "Bioconversion of ribostamycin (SF-733). III. Formation, structure and synthesis of 3-N-carboxymethyl ribostamycin.", "content": "A new inactivated product of ribostamycin (SF-733), 3-N-carboxymethyl ribostamycin, was obtained from the broth of Streptomyces ribosidificus which was grown on a medium containing D-xylose. Detection and some biochemical mechanism of N-carboxymethylation were discussed, and structure of 3-N-carboxymethyl ribostamycin was proposed based on the chemical degradation and synthesis.", "contents": "Bioconversion of ribostamycin (SF-733). III. Formation, structure and synthesis of 3-N-carboxymethyl ribostamycin. A new inactivated product of ribostamycin (SF-733), 3-N-carboxymethyl ribostamycin, was obtained from the broth of Streptomyces ribosidificus which was grown on a medium containing D-xylose. Detection and some biochemical mechanism of N-carboxymethylation were discussed, and structure of 3-N-carboxymethyl ribostamycin was proposed based on the chemical degradation and synthesis.", "PMID": 1126867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9708", "title": "Studies on marine microorganisms. IV. A new antibiotic SS-228 Y produced by Chainia isolated from shallow sea mud.", "content": "A new antibiotic named SS-228 Y, which inhibits growth of Gram-positive bacteria, Ehrlich carcinoma in mice, and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase, was obtained from a species of Chainia isolated from shallow sea mud in Sagami Bay. It was yellowish brown powder having the molecular formula C19H1406. From the physical and chemical properties, SS-228 Y was concluded to b a new antibiotic having structure of peri-hydroxyquinone moiety.", "contents": "Studies on marine microorganisms. IV. A new antibiotic SS-228 Y produced by Chainia isolated from shallow sea mud. A new antibiotic named SS-228 Y, which inhibits growth of Gram-positive bacteria, Ehrlich carcinoma in mice, and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase, was obtained from a species of Chainia isolated from shallow sea mud in Sagami Bay. It was yellowish brown powder having the molecular formula C19H1406. From the physical and chemical properties, SS-228 Y was concluded to b a new antibiotic having structure of peri-hydroxyquinone moiety.", "PMID": 1126873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9709", "title": "Reverse phase high speed liquid chromatography of antibiotics.", "content": "Reverse phase high speed liquid chromatographic methods are presented for the separation and detection of cephalosporins, penicillins, tetracyclines and other miscellaneous antibiotics. The reverse phase approach is superior to ion-exchange liquid chromatography and spectrophotometric, chemical and microbiological procedures currently in use. In addition to being simple and easy to control, the technique is rapid, convenient and precise and provides the basis for the direct analysis of pure compounds, stability samples, complex mixtures and dosage forms of all types. Preparative chromatography has been used in our laboratory for the separation and isolation of up to 500 mg of antibiotics. Using this approach, we have separated and isolated small impurities as well as pure feference compounds. The methodology reported here can be extensively applied to the separation, quantitation and isolation of both naturally occurring and synthetically produced antibiotics in a variety of media including physiological fluids.", "contents": "Reverse phase high speed liquid chromatography of antibiotics. Reverse phase high speed liquid chromatographic methods are presented for the separation and detection of cephalosporins, penicillins, tetracyclines and other miscellaneous antibiotics. The reverse phase approach is superior to ion-exchange liquid chromatography and spectrophotometric, chemical and microbiological procedures currently in use. In addition to being simple and easy to control, the technique is rapid, convenient and precise and provides the basis for the direct analysis of pure compounds, stability samples, complex mixtures and dosage forms of all types. Preparative chromatography has been used in our laboratory for the separation and isolation of up to 500 mg of antibiotics. Using this approach, we have separated and isolated small impurities as well as pure feference compounds. The methodology reported here can be extensively applied to the separation, quantitation and isolation of both naturally occurring and synthetically produced antibiotics in a variety of media including physiological fluids.", "PMID": 1126874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9710", "title": "Effects of previous exercise with arms or legs on metabolism and performance in exhaustive exercise.", "content": "The ability of additional muscles to perform after certain other muscles of the body had been exercised to exhaustion was studied in three male subjects. Exhaustive exercise was performed in two series: series L-A, a bout of leg exercise preceded a bout of arm exercise; series A-L, arm preceded leg (6-min recovery between bouts). Biopsies were taken during the course of each experiment from both the deltoideus and vastus lateralis muscles for determination of ATP, creatine phosphate, lactate, and pyruvate. Exhaustive exercise led to marked elevations in lactate and decreases in ATP and CP in exercised muscle and marked increases in blood lactate concentration. Similar changes, especially in lactate, were observed during and after the first exercise bout in nonexercised muscle. When arm or leg exercise was performed as the second bout, decreases in performance time were observed as compared to performance as the initial bout. It is suggested that the performance potential of muscle is decreased because of internal changes elicited by elevated blood lactate and/or blood H+  concentrations brought about by other muscle groups previously exercised to exhaustion.", "contents": "Effects of previous exercise with arms or legs on metabolism and performance in exhaustive exercise. The ability of additional muscles to perform after certain other muscles of the body had been exercised to exhaustion was studied in three male subjects. Exhaustive exercise was performed in two series: series L-A, a bout of leg exercise preceded a bout of arm exercise; series A-L, arm preceded leg (6-min recovery between bouts). Biopsies were taken during the course of each experiment from both the deltoideus and vastus lateralis muscles for determination of ATP, creatine phosphate, lactate, and pyruvate. Exhaustive exercise led to marked elevations in lactate and decreases in ATP and CP in exercised muscle and marked increases in blood lactate concentration. Similar changes, especially in lactate, were observed during and after the first exercise bout in nonexercised muscle. When arm or leg exercise was performed as the second bout, decreases in performance time were observed as compared to performance as the initial bout. It is suggested that the performance potential of muscle is decreased because of internal changes elicited by elevated blood lactate and/or blood H+  concentrations brought about by other muscle groups previously exercised to exhaustion.", "PMID": 1126883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9711", "title": "Changing effect of lung volume on respiratory drive in man.", "content": "Experiments were conducted on human subjects to study the effect of lung inflation during breath holding on respiratory drive. Two series of experiments were performed: the first to examine respiratory drive during a single breath hold, the second designed to examine the sustained effect of lung inflation on subsequent breath holds. The experiments involved breath holding begun either at the end of a normal expiration or after a maximum inspiration. When breath holding was repeated at 10-min intervals, the increase in BHT produced by lung inflation was greater in short breath holds (after CO2 rebreathing) than in long breath holds (after hyperventilation). If breath holds were made in rapid succession, the first breath hold was much longer when made at total lung capacity than at functional residual capacity, but this effect of lung inflation diminished in subsequent breath holds. It is concluded that the inhibitory effect of lung inflation decays during breath holding and is regained remarkably slowly during the period of breathing immediately after breath holding.", "contents": "Changing effect of lung volume on respiratory drive in man. Experiments were conducted on human subjects to study the effect of lung inflation during breath holding on respiratory drive. Two series of experiments were performed: the first to examine respiratory drive during a single breath hold, the second designed to examine the sustained effect of lung inflation on subsequent breath holds. The experiments involved breath holding begun either at the end of a normal expiration or after a maximum inspiration. When breath holding was repeated at 10-min intervals, the increase in BHT produced by lung inflation was greater in short breath holds (after CO2 rebreathing) than in long breath holds (after hyperventilation). If breath holds were made in rapid succession, the first breath hold was much longer when made at total lung capacity than at functional residual capacity, but this effect of lung inflation diminished in subsequent breath holds. It is concluded that the inhibitory effect of lung inflation decays during breath holding and is regained remarkably slowly during the period of breathing immediately after breath holding.", "PMID": 1126884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9712", "title": "Limitations to maximum oxygen uptake in arms, leg, and combined arm-leg ergometry.", "content": "Our purpose was to study the effect of arm, leg, and combined arm-leg ergometry on the oxygen uptake (Vo2), cardiac output (Q), ventilation, and anaerobic threshold (AT) of three healthy men. At submaximum work intensities, Vo2 was not significantly different in the three tasks, but differences were observed for heart rate, ventilation, and Q. The AT was reached at progressively higher work rates in arm, leg and combined arm-leg ergometry, respectively. The Vo2 max in arm ergometry averaged 68 percent of the Vo2max in leg ergometry and 60 percent of Vo2 max in combined arm-leg ergometry. Two subjects with Vo2max's less than 45 ml/kg-min had a mean Vo2max in combined arm-leg ergometry 19 per cent higher than in leg ergometry. A third subject, with a Vo2max greater than 50 ml/kg-min, showed no change. Differences in Vo2max were primarily due to the differences in Q. Skeletal muscle blood flow appears to be a critical factor in the limitation of Vo2max in arm or leg ergometry.", "contents": "Limitations to maximum oxygen uptake in arms, leg, and combined arm-leg ergometry. Our purpose was to study the effect of arm, leg, and combined arm-leg ergometry on the oxygen uptake (Vo2), cardiac output (Q), ventilation, and anaerobic threshold (AT) of three healthy men. At submaximum work intensities, Vo2 was not significantly different in the three tasks, but differences were observed for heart rate, ventilation, and Q. The AT was reached at progressively higher work rates in arm, leg and combined arm-leg ergometry, respectively. The Vo2 max in arm ergometry averaged 68 percent of the Vo2max in leg ergometry and 60 percent of Vo2 max in combined arm-leg ergometry. Two subjects with Vo2max's less than 45 ml/kg-min had a mean Vo2max in combined arm-leg ergometry 19 per cent higher than in leg ergometry. A third subject, with a Vo2max greater than 50 ml/kg-min, showed no change. Differences in Vo2max were primarily due to the differences in Q. Skeletal muscle blood flow appears to be a critical factor in the limitation of Vo2max in arm or leg ergometry.", "PMID": 1126885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9713", "title": "Effect of vibration on isolated dog bronchi.", "content": "Vibratory stress, induced by turbulent flow, has been shown to alter the structural properties in arteries. Since turbulent flow can exist in the lungs it seems important to know whether a similar effect can occur in bronchi. To answer that question air was passed through isolated dog bronchi. Turbulent flow was created by having, at one end, a cannula acting as a stenosis, producing vibrations or a \"flitter\" in the wall. A measure of the elastic properties was obtained by coupling pressure-volume data with photographs taken at different pressures. The results demonstrate a significant alteration in the structural properties, localized to ares under maximum vibration. A \"yielding\" in the direction of maximum stress was observed with a corresponding structural rearrangement (radius decreased, length increased). This effect and its relation to structural fatigue is discussed. The physiological significance of the results are that the bronchi become more resistant to deformation under positive pressures and less resistant to collapse under negative pressures.", "contents": "Effect of vibration on isolated dog bronchi. Vibratory stress, induced by turbulent flow, has been shown to alter the structural properties in arteries. Since turbulent flow can exist in the lungs it seems important to know whether a similar effect can occur in bronchi. To answer that question air was passed through isolated dog bronchi. Turbulent flow was created by having, at one end, a cannula acting as a stenosis, producing vibrations or a \"flitter\" in the wall. A measure of the elastic properties was obtained by coupling pressure-volume data with photographs taken at different pressures. The results demonstrate a significant alteration in the structural properties, localized to ares under maximum vibration. A \"yielding\" in the direction of maximum stress was observed with a corresponding structural rearrangement (radius decreased, length increased). This effect and its relation to structural fatigue is discussed. The physiological significance of the results are that the bronchi become more resistant to deformation under positive pressures and less resistant to collapse under negative pressures.", "PMID": 1126886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9714", "title": "Constant-load versus heart rate-targeted exercise: responses of systolic intervals.", "content": "Eight normal male volunteers were studied during bicycle ergometry at constant work loads of 50, 100, and 150 W for 4 min each and heart rate-targeted exercise to rates which matched those during the end of the 4th min at each constant work load. Systolic intervals measured prior to and during exercise included: Q-IM, isovolumic contraction time (IVCT), preejection period (PEP), left ventricular ejection time (LVET), ejection time index (ETI), PEP/LVET, and pulse transmission time (PTT). Directional changes during both exercise methods  were consistent with previously reported results. Comparable control values indicated equivalent starting points for each bout and confirmed recovery from preceding exercise. There was striking similarities within each matched exercise set for Q-IM, IVCT, PEP, and PEP/LVET. LVET was significantly shorter for rate targeted exercise. We conclude that either constant-load or rate-targeted bicycle ergometry may be employed with choice of method determined by the purpose of the protocol and that systoloc intervals (except LVET) should not be importantly altered owing to the method chosen.", "contents": "Constant-load versus heart rate-targeted exercise: responses of systolic intervals. Eight normal male volunteers were studied during bicycle ergometry at constant work loads of 50, 100, and 150 W for 4 min each and heart rate-targeted exercise to rates which matched those during the end of the 4th min at each constant work load. Systolic intervals measured prior to and during exercise included: Q-IM, isovolumic contraction time (IVCT), preejection period (PEP), left ventricular ejection time (LVET), ejection time index (ETI), PEP/LVET, and pulse transmission time (PTT). Directional changes during both exercise methods  were consistent with previously reported results. Comparable control values indicated equivalent starting points for each bout and confirmed recovery from preceding exercise. There was striking similarities within each matched exercise set for Q-IM, IVCT, PEP, and PEP/LVET. LVET was significantly shorter for rate targeted exercise. We conclude that either constant-load or rate-targeted bicycle ergometry may be employed with choice of method determined by the purpose of the protocol and that systoloc intervals (except LVET) should not be importantly altered owing to the method chosen.", "PMID": 1126887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9715", "title": "Oxygen transport of hemoglobin in high-altitude animals (Camelidae).", "content": "To clarify the mechanisms by which high-altitude Camelidae can adapt to hypoxia, the study of some blood characteristics were carried out in apacas and llamas. The results show that there is a peculiar dissociation curve of hemoglobin in alpacas which permits great affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen at lung level and the release of oxygen at the tissue level with a facility similar to that in man. Fetal hemoglobin was found high in adult alpacas (55 percent). Electrophoretic studies of hemoglobin showed that this pigment has two components, both of which have a very low mobility. Lactic dehydrogenase was found six times higher than in humans. RBC glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase was two times higher than in man living at the same altitude. Myoglobin was found to be higher than in man living at altitude. Alpacas have erythrocytes in which the amount of 2,3-DPG is approximately the same as in man. RBC are more resistent to hypotonic solutions than humans. The amount of lactic dehydrogenase, myoglobin, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase dimishes when alpacas are bought down to sea level.", "contents": "Oxygen transport of hemoglobin in high-altitude animals (Camelidae). To clarify the mechanisms by which high-altitude Camelidae can adapt to hypoxia, the study of some blood characteristics were carried out in apacas and llamas. The results show that there is a peculiar dissociation curve of hemoglobin in alpacas which permits great affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen at lung level and the release of oxygen at the tissue level with a facility similar to that in man. Fetal hemoglobin was found high in adult alpacas (55 percent). Electrophoretic studies of hemoglobin showed that this pigment has two components, both of which have a very low mobility. Lactic dehydrogenase was found six times higher than in humans. RBC glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase was two times higher than in man living at the same altitude. Myoglobin was found to be higher than in man living at altitude. Alpacas have erythrocytes in which the amount of 2,3-DPG is approximately the same as in man. RBC are more resistent to hypotonic solutions than humans. The amount of lactic dehydrogenase, myoglobin, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase dimishes when alpacas are bought down to sea level.", "PMID": 1126888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9716", "title": "Effects of hypoxia and histamine infusion on lung blood volume.", "content": "Using an isolated perfused cat lung preparation we examined the effects of hypoxia and histamine infusion on the lung blood volume. Total lung blood volume was determined from the indocyanine green transit time and the ether bolus technique was used to estimate arterial and venous volumes during forward and retrograde perfusion, respectively. Changes in lung total fluid content were determined from changes in the blood volume of the perfusion system. Hypoxia increased perfusion pressure and decreased total fluid and blood volume. Histamine infusion also increased perfusion pressure and decreased blood volume. However, histamine increased total fluid volume, indicating an increase in vascular permeability. Hypoxia decreased arterial and venous volumes, and histamine decreased venous volume. The slopes of the arterial and venous volume/pressure curves were not altered by hypoxia or histamine.", "contents": "Effects of hypoxia and histamine infusion on lung blood volume. Using an isolated perfused cat lung preparation we examined the effects of hypoxia and histamine infusion on the lung blood volume. Total lung blood volume was determined from the indocyanine green transit time and the ether bolus technique was used to estimate arterial and venous volumes during forward and retrograde perfusion, respectively. Changes in lung total fluid content were determined from changes in the blood volume of the perfusion system. Hypoxia increased perfusion pressure and decreased total fluid and blood volume. Histamine infusion also increased perfusion pressure and decreased blood volume. However, histamine increased total fluid volume, indicating an increase in vascular permeability. Hypoxia decreased arterial and venous volumes, and histamine decreased venous volume. The slopes of the arterial and venous volume/pressure curves were not altered by hypoxia or histamine.", "PMID": 1126889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9717", "title": "Tolerance to unilateral or bilateral ischemic hand exercise.", "content": "During tourniquet occlusion of blood flow in 10 volunteers, the number of contractions performed by each arm contracting simultaneously with the other, equalled or exceeded the number of contractions performed by either arm alone. The discomfort produced by ischemic muscle exercise is interpreted in terms of the most dominant stimulus, and impulses appear not to summate.", "contents": "Tolerance to unilateral or bilateral ischemic hand exercise. During tourniquet occlusion of blood flow in 10 volunteers, the number of contractions performed by each arm contracting simultaneously with the other, equalled or exceeded the number of contractions performed by either arm alone. The discomfort produced by ischemic muscle exercise is interpreted in terms of the most dominant stimulus, and impulses appear not to summate.", "PMID": 1126890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9718", "title": "Ventilatory response to drug-induced hypermetabolism.", "content": "Previous workers have demonstrated that an increase in minute ventilation accompanies tissue hypermetabolism induced by uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation. The mechanism of this increase in minute ventilation has not been established. Accordingly, 2.5 mg/kg of 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) or 8-15 mg/kg of ethyl methylene blue (EMB) were infused into chloralose-anesthetized mongrel dogs; Vo2 increased 105 plus or minus 3% and VE INCREASED 107 PLUS OR MINUS 14%. Heads of vagotomized dogs were then perfused entirely with normal unchanging blood. Spinal cord remained intact. (The carotid bodies lay within the region of the perfused head.) Ventilatory responses of these head-perfused animals to breathing low oxygen and to breathing high CO2 gas mixtures were greatly attenuated. However, when DNP or EMB was infused into the body, VO2 increased 114 plus or minus 23% and VE increased 123 plus or minus 22%. When similar doses of DNP or emb were selectively administered to the head, increases in VE were limited to 21 plus or minus 6%. It is concluded that a major portion of the stimulus to ventilation, which accompanies infusion of DNP or of EMB, arises in tissues other than arterial chemoreceptors and brain. Presumably, this ventilatory stimulus is transmitted to the respiratory center via afferent pathways of the cervical spinal cord.", "contents": "Ventilatory response to drug-induced hypermetabolism. Previous workers have demonstrated that an increase in minute ventilation accompanies tissue hypermetabolism induced by uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation. The mechanism of this increase in minute ventilation has not been established. Accordingly, 2.5 mg/kg of 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) or 8-15 mg/kg of ethyl methylene blue (EMB) were infused into chloralose-anesthetized mongrel dogs; Vo2 increased 105 plus or minus 3% and VE INCREASED 107 PLUS OR MINUS 14%. Heads of vagotomized dogs were then perfused entirely with normal unchanging blood. Spinal cord remained intact. (The carotid bodies lay within the region of the perfused head.) Ventilatory responses of these head-perfused animals to breathing low oxygen and to breathing high CO2 gas mixtures were greatly attenuated. However, when DNP or EMB was infused into the body, VO2 increased 114 plus or minus 23% and VE increased 123 plus or minus 22%. When similar doses of DNP or emb were selectively administered to the head, increases in VE were limited to 21 plus or minus 6%. It is concluded that a major portion of the stimulus to ventilation, which accompanies infusion of DNP or of EMB, arises in tissues other than arterial chemoreceptors and brain. Presumably, this ventilatory stimulus is transmitted to the respiratory center via afferent pathways of the cervical spinal cord.", "PMID": 1126891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9719", "title": "Atropine modification of the pulmonary effects of chemical mediators in the guinea pig.", "content": "The actions of histamine, slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A), Bradykinin, and prostaglandin F2alpha on pulmonary mechanics in the unanesthetized guinea pig were separated into direct and secondary cholinergic airway effects on the basis of alteration of their actions by atropine. The effects of SRS-A (500 and 3,000 units/kg) on compliance were not significantly altered by atropine, while the effects of bradykinin (3.0 and 30 mug/kg) on compliance were decreased only at 3.0 mug/kg by atropine. The effects of both of these agents on resistance were decreased by atropine, suggesting that SRS-A and bradykinin act directly on the peripheral airways and by secondary cholinergic mechanisms on both central and peripheral airways. The effects of histamine (3.0 mug/kg) on both compliance and resistance were abolished by atropine, suggesting an action mainly via cholinergic pathways; while at a higher dose, 9.0 mug/kg, there was both a direct and a cholinergic action. The effects observed 20 sec after the administration of prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) were not altered by atropine suggesting a direct action on airways, while both the compliance and resistance changes observed 3-8 min after PGF2alpha were abolished by atropine suggesting that the latter effects were mediated solely by cholinergic mechanisms", "contents": "Atropine modification of the pulmonary effects of chemical mediators in the guinea pig. The actions of histamine, slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A), Bradykinin, and prostaglandin F2alpha on pulmonary mechanics in the unanesthetized guinea pig were separated into direct and secondary cholinergic airway effects on the basis of alteration of their actions by atropine. The effects of SRS-A (500 and 3,000 units/kg) on compliance were not significantly altered by atropine, while the effects of bradykinin (3.0 and 30 mug/kg) on compliance were decreased only at 3.0 mug/kg by atropine. The effects of both of these agents on resistance were decreased by atropine, suggesting that SRS-A and bradykinin act directly on the peripheral airways and by secondary cholinergic mechanisms on both central and peripheral airways. The effects of histamine (3.0 mug/kg) on both compliance and resistance were abolished by atropine, suggesting an action mainly via cholinergic pathways; while at a higher dose, 9.0 mug/kg, there was both a direct and a cholinergic action. The effects observed 20 sec after the administration of prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) were not altered by atropine suggesting a direct action on airways, while both the compliance and resistance changes observed 3-8 min after PGF2alpha were abolished by atropine suggesting that the latter effects were mediated solely by cholinergic mechanisms", "PMID": 1126892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9720", "title": "Altered control of skin blood flow at high skin and core temperatures.", "content": "Five subjects were studied during periods of controlled increases and decreases in skin temperature (Ts) over the Ts range of 34-40 degrees  C. One protocol was designed to observe changes in forearm blood flow (FBF) and heart rate (HR) with changes in core temperature (Tc; right atrial blood temperature and esophageal temperature were measured) with Ts held constant at two levels. FBF and HR changed linearly with Tc in the Tc range of 37-38 degrees C with Ts constant at 38 degrees C. A second protocol imposed Ts changes at two levels of Ts and Tc; this protocol also included a prolonged cooling period. The influence of Ts on FBF and HR was reduced when Ts changes occurred at an elevated Ts and Tc, and FBF showed considerable hysteresis during cooling. We conclude that a linear model for the control of FBF or HR is inadequate as a tool for predicting the control of these variables.", "contents": "Altered control of skin blood flow at high skin and core temperatures. Five subjects were studied during periods of controlled increases and decreases in skin temperature (Ts) over the Ts range of 34-40 degrees  C. One protocol was designed to observe changes in forearm blood flow (FBF) and heart rate (HR) with changes in core temperature (Tc; right atrial blood temperature and esophageal temperature were measured) with Ts held constant at two levels. FBF and HR changed linearly with Tc in the Tc range of 37-38 degrees C with Ts constant at 38 degrees C. A second protocol imposed Ts changes at two levels of Ts and Tc; this protocol also included a prolonged cooling period. The influence of Ts on FBF and HR was reduced when Ts changes occurred at an elevated Ts and Tc, and FBF showed considerable hysteresis during cooling. We conclude that a linear model for the control of FBF or HR is inadequate as a tool for predicting the control of these variables.", "PMID": 1126893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9721", "title": "Blunted hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction by increased lung vascular pressures.", "content": "We tested the hypothesis that increased pressures within the lung vessels would inhibit hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction at all levels of alveolar CO2 tension. Selective hypoxia of the left lower lobe of the lung in open chested dogs caused the electromagnetically measured blood flow to the lobe to decrease 51 plus or minus 4 (SE) percent and its vascular resistance to increase 132 plus or minus 13 percent. Pressure and blood flow in the main pulmonary artery and left atrial pressure did not change during the hypoxic response. Stepwise increments in left artrial and pulmonary arterial pressures induced either by inflating a left atrial balloon or infusing dextran, progressively diminished the vasoconstrictive response to hypoxia. The response was usually abolished when left atrial pressure reached 25 mmHg. For all vascular pressures, hypoxic vasoconstriction was blunted by hypocapnic alkalosis but not enhanced by hypercapnia. We conclude that the redistribution of blood flow away from an hypoxic lobe of the lung to lobes with high Po2 was greatly attenuated by increasing pressures within lung vessels or by inducing respiratory alkalosis.", "contents": "Blunted hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction by increased lung vascular pressures. We tested the hypothesis that increased pressures within the lung vessels would inhibit hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction at all levels of alveolar CO2 tension. Selective hypoxia of the left lower lobe of the lung in open chested dogs caused the electromagnetically measured blood flow to the lobe to decrease 51 plus or minus 4 (SE) percent and its vascular resistance to increase 132 plus or minus 13 percent. Pressure and blood flow in the main pulmonary artery and left atrial pressure did not change during the hypoxic response. Stepwise increments in left artrial and pulmonary arterial pressures induced either by inflating a left atrial balloon or infusing dextran, progressively diminished the vasoconstrictive response to hypoxia. The response was usually abolished when left atrial pressure reached 25 mmHg. For all vascular pressures, hypoxic vasoconstriction was blunted by hypocapnic alkalosis but not enhanced by hypercapnia. We conclude that the redistribution of blood flow away from an hypoxic lobe of the lung to lobes with high Po2 was greatly attenuated by increasing pressures within lung vessels or by inducing respiratory alkalosis.", "PMID": 1126894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9722", "title": "Measurement of pleural effusion by electrical impedance.", "content": "Changes in the electrical impedance of the thorax were recorded from various electrode  arrays on the thorax during the infusion and withdrawal of saline, plasma, or blood from the right, left, or both hemithoraxes. Impedance changes correlated linearly with the volume of infused fluid. The resistivity of the infused fluid significantly affected the sensitivity (omega/ml) of the impedance method in detecting specific fluid accumulations. The use of hemithoracic electrode arrays permitted the localization of fluid accumulations to a specific hemithorax. Various factors that can alter the magnitude and interpretation of impedance changes are discussed, as they would affect the clinical interpretation of impedance changes, particularly in postoperative patients.", "contents": "Measurement of pleural effusion by electrical impedance. Changes in the electrical impedance of the thorax were recorded from various electrode  arrays on the thorax during the infusion and withdrawal of saline, plasma, or blood from the right, left, or both hemithoraxes. Impedance changes correlated linearly with the volume of infused fluid. The resistivity of the infused fluid significantly affected the sensitivity (omega/ml) of the impedance method in detecting specific fluid accumulations. The use of hemithoracic electrode arrays permitted the localization of fluid accumulations to a specific hemithorax. Various factors that can alter the magnitude and interpretation of impedance changes are discussed, as they would affect the clinical interpretation of impedance changes, particularly in postoperative patients.", "PMID": 1126895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9723", "title": "Comparison of physiological responses of women and men to isometric exercise.", "content": "The volunteers for this study were 83 women, aged 19-65 yr, drawn from several different occupations. Three minutes after exerting maximal handgrip strength (MVC) each subject held a tension of 40 percent MVC to fatigue. Blood pressures and heart rates were measured before, during, and after the endurance of contraction. Age was associated with a reduction of strength of the women, whereas their endurance at 40 percent at 40 per cent MVC increased. There was evidence that menopause enhanced those age effects for strength and endurance. At rest, age was associated with a decreased heart rate. As expected, the heart rates of all the women increased during the endurance contraction. But that increase was greater for the younger than for the older women, thereby exaggerating the difference due to age already seen at rest. Systolic blood pressure at rest was higher with age and, in a similar manner, that relationship was also exaggerated throughout the isometric contraction. Diastolic blood pressure, however, was not changed with age at rest, and although the diastolic pressure increased during the isometric exercise, the rate of increase was unaffected by age. The results obtained are compared with those from a similarly large number of men examined in identical circumstances.", "contents": "Comparison of physiological responses of women and men to isometric exercise. The volunteers for this study were 83 women, aged 19-65 yr, drawn from several different occupations. Three minutes after exerting maximal handgrip strength (MVC) each subject held a tension of 40 percent MVC to fatigue. Blood pressures and heart rates were measured before, during, and after the endurance of contraction. Age was associated with a reduction of strength of the women, whereas their endurance at 40 percent at 40 per cent MVC increased. There was evidence that menopause enhanced those age effects for strength and endurance. At rest, age was associated with a decreased heart rate. As expected, the heart rates of all the women increased during the endurance contraction. But that increase was greater for the younger than for the older women, thereby exaggerating the difference due to age already seen at rest. Systolic blood pressure at rest was higher with age and, in a similar manner, that relationship was also exaggerated throughout the isometric contraction. Diastolic blood pressure, however, was not changed with age at rest, and although the diastolic pressure increased during the isometric exercise, the rate of increase was unaffected by age. The results obtained are compared with those from a similarly large number of men examined in identical circumstances.", "PMID": 1126896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9724", "title": "Regulation of frequency and depth of breathing during expiratory threshold loading in cats.", "content": "In six spontaneously breathing anesthetized cats, intermittently subjected to inspiratory elastic loads, we have studied the relationships between tidal volume (VT) and the durations of inspiration (Ti) and breath duration (Ttot) obtained during spontaneous ventilation from resting lung volume (FRCc) and from elevated end-expiratory levels. The latter was elevated by submerging the expiratory breathing line into a column of water, representing the addition of an expiratory threshold load (ETL). The VT vs. Ti relationships obtained at different end-expiratory levels were similar, indicating that during ETL the vagal mechanism regulating Ti responds only to lung volume changes above the new end-expiratory level and is independent of the absolute end-expiratory lung volume. Single vagal fiber recordings suggest that this effect on Ti control may be explained on the basis of adaptation occurring at the level of the pulmonary stretch receptors. The control of Ttot, on the other hand, was found to depend both on the Ti of the preceding breath (phasic component) and on a separate vagal mechanism specifically affecting the duration of expiration (Te) in response to changes in the absolute end-expiratory lung volume. The latter mechanism is functionally inoperative at FRCc.", "contents": "Regulation of frequency and depth of breathing during expiratory threshold loading in cats. In six spontaneously breathing anesthetized cats, intermittently subjected to inspiratory elastic loads, we have studied the relationships between tidal volume (VT) and the durations of inspiration (Ti) and breath duration (Ttot) obtained during spontaneous ventilation from resting lung volume (FRCc) and from elevated end-expiratory levels. The latter was elevated by submerging the expiratory breathing line into a column of water, representing the addition of an expiratory threshold load (ETL). The VT vs. Ti relationships obtained at different end-expiratory levels were similar, indicating that during ETL the vagal mechanism regulating Ti responds only to lung volume changes above the new end-expiratory level and is independent of the absolute end-expiratory lung volume. Single vagal fiber recordings suggest that this effect on Ti control may be explained on the basis of adaptation occurring at the level of the pulmonary stretch receptors. The control of Ttot, on the other hand, was found to depend both on the Ti of the preceding breath (phasic component) and on a separate vagal mechanism specifically affecting the duration of expiration (Te) in response to changes in the absolute end-expiratory lung volume. The latter mechanism is functionally inoperative at FRCc.", "PMID": 1126897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9725", "title": "Influence of lung parenchyma on collapsibility of dog bronchi.", "content": "In five excised dog lobes in the distended state, we inserted several small beads into the bronchi roughly at their third branches and glued them airtight to the bronchial wall with adhesive substance, except for one which was open and through which the entire lobe could be expanded via collateral channels. This permitted us to measure the volume-pressure behavior of bronchi at different fixed lung tensions. From differences in pressure-volume curves of both the bronchi in situ and the bronchi intact within the lung showed a remarkably greater resistance to collapsing that dissected bronchi, and this characteristic tended to be much more intense when lung tension was increased. Determinants of maximum expiratory flow were discussed with these findings.", "contents": "Influence of lung parenchyma on collapsibility of dog bronchi. In five excised dog lobes in the distended state, we inserted several small beads into the bronchi roughly at their third branches and glued them airtight to the bronchial wall with adhesive substance, except for one which was open and through which the entire lobe could be expanded via collateral channels. This permitted us to measure the volume-pressure behavior of bronchi at different fixed lung tensions. From differences in pressure-volume curves of both the bronchi in situ and the bronchi intact within the lung showed a remarkably greater resistance to collapsing that dissected bronchi, and this characteristic tended to be much more intense when lung tension was increased. Determinants of maximum expiratory flow were discussed with these findings.", "PMID": 1126898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9726", "title": "Decreased oxygen uptake with stored blood in the isolated hindlimb.", "content": "Storage of red cells in acid-citrate-dextrose (ACD) solution for more than a week has been shown to cause a reduction in red cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG), resulting in a decrease in the half-saturation pressure (P50) of stored blood, thus increasing hemoglobin-oxygen affinity and theoretically decreasing oxygen delivery to the tissues. A method to isolate and perfuse the hindlimb in a dog has been developed and used successfully to compare the difference of oxygen release between banked and fresh ACD blood. Ten dogs were perfused using canine blood collected in standard blood transfusion bags containing ACD and stored at 4 degrees C and fresh blood collected in a similar manner but used immediately. The total oxygen release in the limb during perfusion with fresh blood was significantly greater than during perfusion with stored blood.", "contents": "Decreased oxygen uptake with stored blood in the isolated hindlimb. Storage of red cells in acid-citrate-dextrose (ACD) solution for more than a week has been shown to cause a reduction in red cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG), resulting in a decrease in the half-saturation pressure (P50) of stored blood, thus increasing hemoglobin-oxygen affinity and theoretically decreasing oxygen delivery to the tissues. A method to isolate and perfuse the hindlimb in a dog has been developed and used successfully to compare the difference of oxygen release between banked and fresh ACD blood. Ten dogs were perfused using canine blood collected in standard blood transfusion bags containing ACD and stored at 4 degrees C and fresh blood collected in a similar manner but used immediately. The total oxygen release in the limb during perfusion with fresh blood was significantly greater than during perfusion with stored blood.", "PMID": 1126899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9727", "title": "Positive airway pressure and vertical transpulmonary pressure gradient in man.", "content": "Static transpulmonary pressure (Pao-Pes) and the vertical gradient of transpulmonary pressure were determined in five sitting conscious normal subjects at mean airway pressures of 0 (ambient), 11, and 21 cmH2O. All subjects exhibited a nonuniform transpulmonary pressure gradient down the esophagus. The vertical pressure gradient was consistently larger in the lower (8-20cm below esophageal artifact) than in the middle region (0-8cm) of the esophagus. The gradient was not significantly altered by continuous positive airway pressure (11 and 21 cmH2O) or by changes in lung volume (60, 70, and 80% of total lung capacity (TLC)). Continuous positive airway pressure also did not result in a consistent change of the overall static pressure-volume curve of the lung. There was a small but statistically significant increase in TLC with each increase in airway pressure.", "contents": "Positive airway pressure and vertical transpulmonary pressure gradient in man. Static transpulmonary pressure (Pao-Pes) and the vertical gradient of transpulmonary pressure were determined in five sitting conscious normal subjects at mean airway pressures of 0 (ambient), 11, and 21 cmH2O. All subjects exhibited a nonuniform transpulmonary pressure gradient down the esophagus. The vertical pressure gradient was consistently larger in the lower (8-20cm below esophageal artifact) than in the middle region (0-8cm) of the esophagus. The gradient was not significantly altered by continuous positive airway pressure (11 and 21 cmH2O) or by changes in lung volume (60, 70, and 80% of total lung capacity (TLC)). Continuous positive airway pressure also did not result in a consistent change of the overall static pressure-volume curve of the lung. There was a small but statistically significant increase in TLC with each increase in airway pressure.", "PMID": 1126900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9728", "title": "Effect of end-expiratory airway pressure on accumulation of extravascular lung water.", "content": "The effect of end-expiratory airway pressure on the accumulation of extravascular lung water during lobar venous occlusion for 2 h was studied in closed-chest artifically ventilated dogs. Dogs were divided into two groups by end-expiratory airway pressures of 0 or 10 cmH2O. High-pressure lobar pulmonary edema was produced by lobar venous occlusion, which elevated microvascular hydrostatic pressure. After occlusion of the lobar pulmonary vein, lobar venous pressure (and microvascular hydrostatic pressure) rapidly became identical to pulmonary arterial pressure. We measured extravascular lung water (post mortem) and pulmonary arterial pressure and calculated plasma colloid osmotic pressure to determine the relationship between the accumulation of lung water and the difference between pulmonary microvascular pressure and plasma colloid osmotic pressure (net intravascular filtration pressure). At comparable net intravascular filtration pressures, dogs ventilated at the higher end-expiratory airway pressure accumulated more extravascular lung water. This study indicates that increasing end-expiratory airway pressure from zero to 10 cmH2O increases the accumulation of extravascular lung water when microvascular hydrostatic pressure is raised.", "contents": "Effect of end-expiratory airway pressure on accumulation of extravascular lung water. The effect of end-expiratory airway pressure on the accumulation of extravascular lung water during lobar venous occlusion for 2 h was studied in closed-chest artifically ventilated dogs. Dogs were divided into two groups by end-expiratory airway pressures of 0 or 10 cmH2O. High-pressure lobar pulmonary edema was produced by lobar venous occlusion, which elevated microvascular hydrostatic pressure. After occlusion of the lobar pulmonary vein, lobar venous pressure (and microvascular hydrostatic pressure) rapidly became identical to pulmonary arterial pressure. We measured extravascular lung water (post mortem) and pulmonary arterial pressure and calculated plasma colloid osmotic pressure to determine the relationship between the accumulation of lung water and the difference between pulmonary microvascular pressure and plasma colloid osmotic pressure (net intravascular filtration pressure). At comparable net intravascular filtration pressures, dogs ventilated at the higher end-expiratory airway pressure accumulated more extravascular lung water. This study indicates that increasing end-expiratory airway pressure from zero to 10 cmH2O increases the accumulation of extravascular lung water when microvascular hydrostatic pressure is raised.", "PMID": 1126901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9729", "title": "Pulmonary blood flow determined by continuous analysis of pulmonary N2O exchange.", "content": "Measurement of mean pulmonary blood flow (Qp) as a function of pulmonary inert gas (N2O) uptake was studied with the aid of a  mathematical model, fast response measurement of gas flow and gas concentrations at the mouth, and digital computer analysis of the data. The model treats the total pulmonary inert gas uptake as the sum of dead space, alveolar, lung tissue, and pulmonary blood flow uptakes. Analysis of any two breaths during breathing of a gas mixture (39 percent N2O, 21 percent O2, 40 percent N2 or He) in terms of the soluble (N2O) and the insoluble (N2 or He) inert gas yields  two simultaneous equations with two unknowns which can be solved for Qp. No assumptions are required about the magnitude  of the alveloar, dead space, or lung tissue volumes and constant FRC is not a requirement. The validity of the mathematical model and its sensitivity to known measurement errors was studied by computer simulation of respiratory gas exchange for N2O and N2. Comparison of Qp (N2O) with the direct Fick method (O2) in five anesthetized dogs showed agreement within plus or minus 20 percent. The proposed method has promise as a clinical method for determination of cardiac output on a breath-to-breath basis during regular breathing at rest or during exercise.", "contents": "Pulmonary blood flow determined by continuous analysis of pulmonary N2O exchange. Measurement of mean pulmonary blood flow (Qp) as a function of pulmonary inert gas (N2O) uptake was studied with the aid of a  mathematical model, fast response measurement of gas flow and gas concentrations at the mouth, and digital computer analysis of the data. The model treats the total pulmonary inert gas uptake as the sum of dead space, alveolar, lung tissue, and pulmonary blood flow uptakes. Analysis of any two breaths during breathing of a gas mixture (39 percent N2O, 21 percent O2, 40 percent N2 or He) in terms of the soluble (N2O) and the insoluble (N2 or He) inert gas yields  two simultaneous equations with two unknowns which can be solved for Qp. No assumptions are required about the magnitude  of the alveloar, dead space, or lung tissue volumes and constant FRC is not a requirement. The validity of the mathematical model and its sensitivity to known measurement errors was studied by computer simulation of respiratory gas exchange for N2O and N2. Comparison of Qp (N2O) with the direct Fick method (O2) in five anesthetized dogs showed agreement within plus or minus 20 percent. The proposed method has promise as a clinical method for determination of cardiac output on a breath-to-breath basis during regular breathing at rest or during exercise.", "PMID": 1126902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9730", "title": "Deep body temperature from aural canal with servo-controlled heating to outer ear.", "content": "A portable battery-powered device was used to measure temperature in the external aural canal by a thermistor while keeping the temperature of the outer ear, monitored by a second thermistor at the same level by servo-controlled heating. Aural canal temperature then always stabilized within 0.35 degrees C of esophageal in moving air at between 18 and 45 degrees C. It often did so in colder air, but stabilization was slow even after brief exposure to the cold air. Aural temperature then paralleled esophageal within 0.35 degrees C during rapid changes in deep body temperature while rectal temperature was seriously depressed in cold air. These conclusions were based on 30 experiments on 11 male and 7 female subjects.", "contents": "Deep body temperature from aural canal with servo-controlled heating to outer ear. A portable battery-powered device was used to measure temperature in the external aural canal by a thermistor while keeping the temperature of the outer ear, monitored by a second thermistor at the same level by servo-controlled heating. Aural canal temperature then always stabilized within 0.35 degrees C of esophageal in moving air at between 18 and 45 degrees C. It often did so in colder air, but stabilization was slow even after brief exposure to the cold air. Aural temperature then paralleled esophageal within 0.35 degrees C during rapid changes in deep body temperature while rectal temperature was seriously depressed in cold air. These conclusions were based on 30 experiments on 11 male and 7 female subjects.", "PMID": 1126903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9731", "title": "Lung lavage using a single-lumen endotracheal tube.", "content": "The physiological response of the cardiopulmonary system of the dog during and after bronchopulmonary lavage via a single-lumen endotracheal tube was evaluated. The five Beagle dogs used in the study were prepared for lavage by anesthetization, vascular cannulation, intubation with a single-lumen endotracheal tube, and hyperventilation with 100 percent oxygen. Lavage was performed by placing a dog in lateral recumbency, slowly introducing saline to a volume approximating the total lung capacity of the dependent lung, and then draining the lung immediately by gravity. After brief ventilation the lavage sequence was repeated until five washes using a total of 2,000 ml were completed. The dog was then turned to the opposite side and the washing sequence repeated on the other lung. The heart rate slowed but pulmonary and systemic arterial mean pressures did not change. The PAo2 decreased from 317 to 107 mmHg during the procedure, but Paco2 did not increase and remained below 40 mmHg. Pulmonary function tests at 24 h after lavage revealed only a few mild changes in breathing pattern and gas exchange. At 168 h after lavage pulmonary function values did not differ significantly from prelavage values.", "contents": "Lung lavage using a single-lumen endotracheal tube. The physiological response of the cardiopulmonary system of the dog during and after bronchopulmonary lavage via a single-lumen endotracheal tube was evaluated. The five Beagle dogs used in the study were prepared for lavage by anesthetization, vascular cannulation, intubation with a single-lumen endotracheal tube, and hyperventilation with 100 percent oxygen. Lavage was performed by placing a dog in lateral recumbency, slowly introducing saline to a volume approximating the total lung capacity of the dependent lung, and then draining the lung immediately by gravity. After brief ventilation the lavage sequence was repeated until five washes using a total of 2,000 ml were completed. The dog was then turned to the opposite side and the washing sequence repeated on the other lung. The heart rate slowed but pulmonary and systemic arterial mean pressures did not change. The PAo2 decreased from 317 to 107 mmHg during the procedure, but Paco2 did not increase and remained below 40 mmHg. Pulmonary function tests at 24 h after lavage revealed only a few mild changes in breathing pattern and gas exchange. At 168 h after lavage pulmonary function values did not differ significantly from prelavage values.", "PMID": 1126904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9732", "title": "A simple module for on-line computation of stroke volume and cardiac output.", "content": "An easily constructed, low-priced, simple, and reliable module to obtain stroke volume and cardiac output by analog integration of aortic blood flow velocity signals is described. Rapid data analysis of physiologic and pharmacologic cardiovascular responses in dogs is greatly facilitated by on line computation of these parameters.", "contents": "A simple module for on-line computation of stroke volume and cardiac output. An easily constructed, low-priced, simple, and reliable module to obtain stroke volume and cardiac output by analog integration of aortic blood flow velocity signals is described. Rapid data analysis of physiologic and pharmacologic cardiovascular responses in dogs is greatly facilitated by on line computation of these parameters.", "PMID": 1126905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9733", "title": "A self-contained calibration unit for use with intracellular recording systems.", "content": "A relatively inexpensive solid state device designed for calibration of amplifiers and recorders used in microelectrode studies is described. The device is imposed between the ground electrode and the amplifier and provides three calibration signals; 100 mV DC for calibrating amplitude a variable-frequency square wave, 100 mV in amplitude use for capacitance neutralization, and a 100-mV, essentially square-wave signal with variable rate of rise and fall used for calibrating electronic differentiating circuits. The instrument is self-contained and battery powered. It was designed to remain in the circuit while recording. Calibration can be accomplished with the microelectrode in the circuit or with a dummy load.", "contents": "A self-contained calibration unit for use with intracellular recording systems. A relatively inexpensive solid state device designed for calibration of amplifiers and recorders used in microelectrode studies is described. The device is imposed between the ground electrode and the amplifier and provides three calibration signals; 100 mV DC for calibrating amplitude a variable-frequency square wave, 100 mV in amplitude use for capacitance neutralization, and a 100-mV, essentially square-wave signal with variable rate of rise and fall used for calibrating electronic differentiating circuits. The instrument is self-contained and battery powered. It was designed to remain in the circuit while recording. Calibration can be accomplished with the microelectrode in the circuit or with a dummy load.", "PMID": 1126906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9734", "title": "A method for the placement of His bundle electrodes and production of atrioventricular block in dogs.", "content": "A multibarrell electrode designed for the location of the His bundle (HB) in open-chest dogs is described. The barrels may be used for the introduction of electrodes into the region of the HB for recording or pacing or for the injection of formaldehyde into the area to produce atrioventricular block.", "contents": "A method for the placement of His bundle electrodes and production of atrioventricular block in dogs. A multibarrell electrode designed for the location of the His bundle (HB) in open-chest dogs is described. The barrels may be used for the introduction of electrodes into the region of the HB for recording or pacing or for the injection of formaldehyde into the area to produce atrioventricular block.", "PMID": 1126907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9735", "title": "Preparation for repeated study of left ventricular function in the conscious dog.", "content": "A method is presented for a relatively simple nontraumatic chronic left heart catheter preparation for the study of left ventricular hemodynamics in the conscious dog. In 30 dogs an 8 Fr Cordis catheter was modified and implanted into the left ventricle via the right atrial septum. Transseptal catheterization was performed without significant morbidity and mortality. Left ventricular cineangiograms and pressures and cardiac outputs have been repeatedly performed on fully conscious dogs with no apparent discomfort displayed by the dog.", "contents": "Preparation for repeated study of left ventricular function in the conscious dog. A method is presented for a relatively simple nontraumatic chronic left heart catheter preparation for the study of left ventricular hemodynamics in the conscious dog. In 30 dogs an 8 Fr Cordis catheter was modified and implanted into the left ventricle via the right atrial septum. Transseptal catheterization was performed without significant morbidity and mortality. Left ventricular cineangiograms and pressures and cardiac outputs have been repeatedly performed on fully conscious dogs with no apparent discomfort displayed by the dog.", "PMID": 1126908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9736", "title": "Measurement of renal interstitial fluid pressure with polyethylene matrix capsules.", "content": "The renal interstitial fluid pressure was measured in dogs from small chronically implanted solid capsules made of porous polyethylene matrix material (pore size approximately 60 mum). Tissue does not grow into the polyethylene and the matrix creates a permanent fluid-filled space in communication with the interstitium. The fluid pressure in the capsule matrix was measured from a tube leading from the capsule with an active servo-null pressure-measuring device. Renal interstitial fluid pressure measured from 28 hydropenic dogs averaged 6.1 plus or minus 0.51 mmHg (SE). Increasing oncotic pressure inside the capsule to 90 mmHg resulted in a small but significant increase in hydrostatic pressure inside the capsule of 3.3 plus or minus 0.46 mmHg. However, the hydrostatic pressure returned to control levels within 30 min. In vitro studies indicated that the pressure measured from the capsule was highly sensitive to change in surrounding hydrostatic pressure, but insensitive to change in surrounding oncotic pressure. Histological studies showed a small layer of connective tissue surrounding the capsule less than 100 mum thick in many areas. There was no evidence of inflammation or tissue rejection. It is concluded that the small chronically implanted polyethylene capsule is a reliable method for the measurement of renal interstitial fluid pressure.", "contents": "Measurement of renal interstitial fluid pressure with polyethylene matrix capsules. The renal interstitial fluid pressure was measured in dogs from small chronically implanted solid capsules made of porous polyethylene matrix material (pore size approximately 60 mum). Tissue does not grow into the polyethylene and the matrix creates a permanent fluid-filled space in communication with the interstitium. The fluid pressure in the capsule matrix was measured from a tube leading from the capsule with an active servo-null pressure-measuring device. Renal interstitial fluid pressure measured from 28 hydropenic dogs averaged 6.1 plus or minus 0.51 mmHg (SE). Increasing oncotic pressure inside the capsule to 90 mmHg resulted in a small but significant increase in hydrostatic pressure inside the capsule of 3.3 plus or minus 0.46 mmHg. However, the hydrostatic pressure returned to control levels within 30 min. In vitro studies indicated that the pressure measured from the capsule was highly sensitive to change in surrounding hydrostatic pressure, but insensitive to change in surrounding oncotic pressure. Histological studies showed a small layer of connective tissue surrounding the capsule less than 100 mum thick in many areas. There was no evidence of inflammation or tissue rejection. It is concluded that the small chronically implanted polyethylene capsule is a reliable method for the measurement of renal interstitial fluid pressure.", "PMID": 1126909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9737", "title": "Cerebral hemodynamics following internal maxillary artery ligation in the goat.", "content": "Changes in cerebral and extracerebral blood flow in the goat after ligation of the internal maxillary artery and deliberate thrombosis of the extracerebral arteries (buccinator, ethmoidal, and ophthalmic) with thrombin were compared to changes seen in animals after internal maxillary artery ligation only and in normal animals where no surgical manipulations were performed. Blood flow was measured by injecting 51-Cr-labeled microspheres into the internal maxillary artery via a catheter placed into the temporal artery. Analysis of the radioactivity in extracerebral and intracerebral tissues indicated that when the internal maxillary artery is ligated and the extracerebral arteries are thrombosed, virtually all of the blood flow from the carotid artery is destined from the brain. However, if only the internal maxillary artery is ligated nearly one-fourth of the blood flow from the maxillary travels to extra-cerebral tissues. In normal animals, it was determined that only one-fourth of the blood flow in the internal maxillary is destined for the cerebral circulation. Results from this study indicate that if the former method is employed an accurate measure of cerebral blood flow is possible without the complications of extra-cerebral flow. If the latter technique is used care must be taken in evaluating cerebral blood flow since a large component of extra-cerebral blood flow is present.", "contents": "Cerebral hemodynamics following internal maxillary artery ligation in the goat. Changes in cerebral and extracerebral blood flow in the goat after ligation of the internal maxillary artery and deliberate thrombosis of the extracerebral arteries (buccinator, ethmoidal, and ophthalmic) with thrombin were compared to changes seen in animals after internal maxillary artery ligation only and in normal animals where no surgical manipulations were performed. Blood flow was measured by injecting 51-Cr-labeled microspheres into the internal maxillary artery via a catheter placed into the temporal artery. Analysis of the radioactivity in extracerebral and intracerebral tissues indicated that when the internal maxillary artery is ligated and the extracerebral arteries are thrombosed, virtually all of the blood flow from the carotid artery is destined from the brain. However, if only the internal maxillary artery is ligated nearly one-fourth of the blood flow from the maxillary travels to extra-cerebral tissues. In normal animals, it was determined that only one-fourth of the blood flow in the internal maxillary is destined for the cerebral circulation. Results from this study indicate that if the former method is employed an accurate measure of cerebral blood flow is possible without the complications of extra-cerebral flow. If the latter technique is used care must be taken in evaluating cerebral blood flow since a large component of extra-cerebral blood flow is present.", "PMID": 1126910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9738", "title": "Effects of topical and general anesthetic agents on tracheal mucous velocity of sheep.", "content": "Tracheal mucous velocity was estimated in eleven sheep by means of cine-bronchofiberscopic technique in which Teflon discs placed on the tracheal mucosa were filmed as markers. The procedure was done using a transnasal approach in conscious nonanesthetized sheep, and in the same sheep using topical and/or general anesthetic agents. The average mucous velocity in conscious sheep was 17.3 plus or minus 6.2 (SD) mm/min; in sheep anesthetized with intravenous pentobarbital or thioamylal, the average velocity was significantly depressed to 11.1 plus or minus 3.6 mm/min. No Significant differences in tracheal mucous velocity were found when 10 ml of 2 percent lidocaine was instilled into the tracheas of either conscious sheep or sheep under general anesthesia. Sheep as an animal model appear to be ideal in the study of the responses of tracheal mucous velocity to physical and chemical agents since they tolerate bronchofiberscopy quite well without the use of topical or general anesthetic agents. The basis for the depression of tracheal mucous velocity by barbiturates cannot be ascertained from the present study but the model should be useful for comparing different types of anesthetic agents.", "contents": "Effects of topical and general anesthetic agents on tracheal mucous velocity of sheep. Tracheal mucous velocity was estimated in eleven sheep by means of cine-bronchofiberscopic technique in which Teflon discs placed on the tracheal mucosa were filmed as markers. The procedure was done using a transnasal approach in conscious nonanesthetized sheep, and in the same sheep using topical and/or general anesthetic agents. The average mucous velocity in conscious sheep was 17.3 plus or minus 6.2 (SD) mm/min; in sheep anesthetized with intravenous pentobarbital or thioamylal, the average velocity was significantly depressed to 11.1 plus or minus 3.6 mm/min. No Significant differences in tracheal mucous velocity were found when 10 ml of 2 percent lidocaine was instilled into the tracheas of either conscious sheep or sheep under general anesthesia. Sheep as an animal model appear to be ideal in the study of the responses of tracheal mucous velocity to physical and chemical agents since they tolerate bronchofiberscopy quite well without the use of topical or general anesthetic agents. The basis for the depression of tracheal mucous velocity by barbiturates cannot be ascertained from the present study but the model should be useful for comparing different types of anesthetic agents.", "PMID": 1126911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9739", "title": "Production of molybdenum-coordinating compound by Bacillus thuringiensis.", "content": "Bacillus thuringiensis (ATCC 10792) produces a molybdenum reactive compound (given the trivial name chelin) during growth on iron-deficient medium. This compound accumulates in the culture medium in direct relation to the amount of L-arginine added and reaches a maximum concentration 24 to 48 h after the stationary phase of growth. Chelin absorbs light in the ultraviolet region with absorption maxima at 315 and 248 nm and minima at 284 and 240 nm. Chelin reacts with Na2MoO4, but not with Mo2O4(H2O)6-2+, to form a bright yellow molybdo-chelin complex which absorbs light with an absorption maximum at 330 nm, a minimum at 288 nm, and shoulders at 255 and 400 nm. The differential absorption of molybdo-chelin versus chelin at 425 nm can be used to quantify chelin. This differential absorbance is linear with increasing concentrations of Na2MoO4 and was used to calculate the molar extinction coefficient of molybdochelin at 425 nm (epsilon similar to 6,200). Chelin binds MoO4-2 minus to form a complex (molybdochelin) which migrates as a single band and elutes as a single peak, during acrylamide gel electrophoresis and Sephadex G-15 gel filtration. Molecular weight determinations using Sephadex G-15 gel filtration resulted in an estimated molecular weight of 550 for chelin and an estimated molecular weight of 760 for molybdo-chelin. The peptide nature of chelin is indicated by its positive ninhydrin reaction on thin-layer chromatography plates and by the presence of amino acids in acid-hydrolyzed samples. The major amino acid residues detected were threonine, glycine, and alanine.", "contents": "Production of molybdenum-coordinating compound by Bacillus thuringiensis. Bacillus thuringiensis (ATCC 10792) produces a molybdenum reactive compound (given the trivial name chelin) during growth on iron-deficient medium. This compound accumulates in the culture medium in direct relation to the amount of L-arginine added and reaches a maximum concentration 24 to 48 h after the stationary phase of growth. Chelin absorbs light in the ultraviolet region with absorption maxima at 315 and 248 nm and minima at 284 and 240 nm. Chelin reacts with Na2MoO4, but not with Mo2O4(H2O)6-2+, to form a bright yellow molybdo-chelin complex which absorbs light with an absorption maximum at 330 nm, a minimum at 288 nm, and shoulders at 255 and 400 nm. The differential absorption of molybdo-chelin versus chelin at 425 nm can be used to quantify chelin. This differential absorbance is linear with increasing concentrations of Na2MoO4 and was used to calculate the molar extinction coefficient of molybdochelin at 425 nm (epsilon similar to 6,200). Chelin binds MoO4-2 minus to form a complex (molybdochelin) which migrates as a single band and elutes as a single peak, during acrylamide gel electrophoresis and Sephadex G-15 gel filtration. Molecular weight determinations using Sephadex G-15 gel filtration resulted in an estimated molecular weight of 550 for chelin and an estimated molecular weight of 760 for molybdo-chelin. The peptide nature of chelin is indicated by its positive ninhydrin reaction on thin-layer chromatography plates and by the presence of amino acids in acid-hydrolyzed samples. The major amino acid residues detected were threonine, glycine, and alanine.", "PMID": 1126915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9740", "title": "Conjugational transfer of genes determining plant virulence in Erwinia amylovora.", "content": "A stable virulent donor strain (EA 178R1-99) of Erwinia amylovora can transfer, by conjugation during a 3-h mating period, the gene or genes which determine(s) plant virulence to avirulent recipient strains (EA178-M64S1 and EA178-M173S1) of Escherichia amylovora. The virulence of over 200 recombinant clones was tested; they all were as virulent on immature Bartlett pear fruits (and, in the smaller series of strains tested, also, on Pyracantha twigs) as was the parent donor strain. Although the avirulent recipeint strains are amino acid auxotrophs, addition of the required amino acids to the inocula in plant virulence trials does not of itself restore virulence. Two small series of prototrophic revertant clones were selected from the auxotrophic avirulent recipient strains; only nine of the 21 prototrophic revertant clones regained virulence, whereas the other 12 prototrophic revertant clones remained avirulent, again suggesting a lack of parallelism between nutritional status and virulence in this system. Preliminary interrupted mating trials, carried out at 15-min intervals over 3 h, show that ser is transferred during the first 15 min, that pro starts entering at about 75 min (and with a higher frequency later), and that lac (originating from an integrated Escherichia coli F'lac) enters toward the end of the 3-h mating period and at a reduced frequency compared to the other markers. The gene or genes which determine(s) plant virulence in this Escherichia amylovora donor strain appear(s) to be transferred readily and seemingly completely to recipient strains during the first 15 min of a 3-h mating period. Exposure of the virulent donor strain to acridine orange or ethidium bromide does not result in loss of virulence, suggesting (but, of course, not proving conclusively) that the determinant(s) of virulence in Escherichia amylovora might be chromosomal rather than extrachromosomal.", "contents": "Conjugational transfer of genes determining plant virulence in Erwinia amylovora. A stable virulent donor strain (EA 178R1-99) of Erwinia amylovora can transfer, by conjugation during a 3-h mating period, the gene or genes which determine(s) plant virulence to avirulent recipient strains (EA178-M64S1 and EA178-M173S1) of Escherichia amylovora. The virulence of over 200 recombinant clones was tested; they all were as virulent on immature Bartlett pear fruits (and, in the smaller series of strains tested, also, on Pyracantha twigs) as was the parent donor strain. Although the avirulent recipeint strains are amino acid auxotrophs, addition of the required amino acids to the inocula in plant virulence trials does not of itself restore virulence. Two small series of prototrophic revertant clones were selected from the auxotrophic avirulent recipient strains; only nine of the 21 prototrophic revertant clones regained virulence, whereas the other 12 prototrophic revertant clones remained avirulent, again suggesting a lack of parallelism between nutritional status and virulence in this system. Preliminary interrupted mating trials, carried out at 15-min intervals over 3 h, show that ser is transferred during the first 15 min, that pro starts entering at about 75 min (and with a higher frequency later), and that lac (originating from an integrated Escherichia coli F'lac) enters toward the end of the 3-h mating period and at a reduced frequency compared to the other markers. The gene or genes which determine(s) plant virulence in this Escherichia amylovora donor strain appear(s) to be transferred readily and seemingly completely to recipient strains during the first 15 min of a 3-h mating period. Exposure of the virulent donor strain to acridine orange or ethidium bromide does not result in loss of virulence, suggesting (but, of course, not proving conclusively) that the determinant(s) of virulence in Escherichia amylovora might be chromosomal rather than extrachromosomal.", "PMID": 1126916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9741", "title": "Characterization of an inhibitor of ribonucleic acid polymerase from the mycelial phase of Histoplasma capsulatum.", "content": "An inhibitor of ribonucleic acid polymerases has been obtained from the mycelial phase of Histoplasma capsulatum and partially characterized. The inhibitor, called histin, was purified 200-fold by heat treatment at 100 C and electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels. Histin moved in electrophoresis as if negatively charged; it was insensitive to treatment with ribonuclease of deoxyribonuclease but was completely digested by Pronase. Sucrose gradient centrifugation suggests a molecular weight of 24,000. The possibility of a regulatory role for histin in the life cycle of H. capsulatum is discussed.", "contents": "Characterization of an inhibitor of ribonucleic acid polymerase from the mycelial phase of Histoplasma capsulatum. An inhibitor of ribonucleic acid polymerases has been obtained from the mycelial phase of Histoplasma capsulatum and partially characterized. The inhibitor, called histin, was purified 200-fold by heat treatment at 100 C and electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels. Histin moved in electrophoresis as if negatively charged; it was insensitive to treatment with ribonuclease of deoxyribonuclease but was completely digested by Pronase. Sucrose gradient centrifugation suggests a molecular weight of 24,000. The possibility of a regulatory role for histin in the life cycle of H. capsulatum is discussed.", "PMID": 1126917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9742", "title": "Two distinct isocitrate lyases from a pseudomonas species.", "content": "The isocitrate lyases of acetate- and methylamine-grown Pseudomonas MA (Shaw strain) were studied. They were shown to be different by a variety of physical criteria including chromatographic elution patterns, heat inactivation kinetics, pH variation of Km values, and migration on polyacrylamide gels. The implications and significance of the existence of two enzymes in relation to the role of isocitrate lyase in methylamine utilization is discussed.", "contents": "Two distinct isocitrate lyases from a pseudomonas species. The isocitrate lyases of acetate- and methylamine-grown Pseudomonas MA (Shaw strain) were studied. They were shown to be different by a variety of physical criteria including chromatographic elution patterns, heat inactivation kinetics, pH variation of Km values, and migration on polyacrylamide gels. The implications and significance of the existence of two enzymes in relation to the role of isocitrate lyase in methylamine utilization is discussed.", "PMID": 1126918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9743", "title": "Ultrastructure of ascosporogenesis in Nannizzia gypsea.", "content": "Ascosporogenesis in Nannizzia gypsea was studied by electron microscopy. Development of ascospores began with the formation of an ascus vesicle composed of two paired unit membranes. Myelin figures consisting of coiled or concentric membranes were regularly connected with the growing ascus vesicle. Both the ascus vesicle and the myelin figures possessed an electron-dense line between paired membranes, and both were stained by the periodic acid-silver methenamine technique. Invagination of the ascus vesicle about the haploid nuclei resulted in eight uninucleate prospores bounded by two concentric membranes. Spore wall material was deposited between the two membranes of the prospores, and deposition was greatest in areas of the wall overlying stacked elements of endoplasmic reticulum. A single myelin figure surrounded by a polysaccharide halo was observed in the spore.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of ascosporogenesis in Nannizzia gypsea. Ascosporogenesis in Nannizzia gypsea was studied by electron microscopy. Development of ascospores began with the formation of an ascus vesicle composed of two paired unit membranes. Myelin figures consisting of coiled or concentric membranes were regularly connected with the growing ascus vesicle. Both the ascus vesicle and the myelin figures possessed an electron-dense line between paired membranes, and both were stained by the periodic acid-silver methenamine technique. Invagination of the ascus vesicle about the haploid nuclei resulted in eight uninucleate prospores bounded by two concentric membranes. Spore wall material was deposited between the two membranes of the prospores, and deposition was greatest in areas of the wall overlying stacked elements of endoplasmic reticulum. A single myelin figure surrounded by a polysaccharide halo was observed in the spore.", "PMID": 1126919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9744", "title": "Intradermal catabolism of rabbit IgG and its fragments.", "content": "Disappearance of rabbit EgG and its Fc fragment from the injected sites in skin and also the relationship to reverse passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (RPCA) were studied using guinea pigs.  Rabbit IgG and its Fc fragment, trace labelled with -125-I, disappeared from the injected sites with half-lives of 12--14 and 6--7 hr, respectively.  The shorter half-life of the Fc fragment explained why its activity to provoke RPCA disappeared more rapidly than that of intact IgG as the sensitization period was prolonged.  The ability to provoke RPCA did not seem to influence the persistence of Fc fragment in the sites, since F(ab')2 as well as Fab fragments had the same half-life as Fc fragment.", "contents": "Intradermal catabolism of rabbit IgG and its fragments. Disappearance of rabbit EgG and its Fc fragment from the injected sites in skin and also the relationship to reverse passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (RPCA) were studied using guinea pigs.  Rabbit IgG and its Fc fragment, trace labelled with -125-I, disappeared from the injected sites with half-lives of 12--14 and 6--7 hr, respectively.  The shorter half-life of the Fc fragment explained why its activity to provoke RPCA disappeared more rapidly than that of intact IgG as the sensitization period was prolonged.  The ability to provoke RPCA did not seem to influence the persistence of Fc fragment in the sites, since F(ab')2 as well as Fab fragments had the same half-life as Fc fragment.", "PMID": 1126920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9745", "title": "Assembly of a rod-shaped virus.  Disk aggregate of cucumber green mottle mosaic virus protein and its function.", "content": "Although it is established that in the assembly of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) in vitro, a 20 S disk aggregate of protein is essential for the initiation of the reaction, there is no agreement as to whether subsequent rod elongation proceeds by the addition of protein subunits or disks.  Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV) is a rod-shaped virus closely related to TMV.  It was observed directly by electron microscopy that CGMMV-protein also formed a single- or double-layer disk aggregate under conditions where reconstitution with the protein and TMV-RNA proceeds efficiently.  Whichever forms, a single or double layer, a disk aggregate is required for the initiation of reconstitution, but cannot participate in rod elongation.  These results obtained with CGMMV support our model proposed for the mechanism of assembly of TMV and rod-shaped viruses; i.e., the assembly occurs in two steps; disk aggregates of protein are essential only for initiation, and rod eleongation proceeds by subsequent addition of subunits.", "contents": "Assembly of a rod-shaped virus.  Disk aggregate of cucumber green mottle mosaic virus protein and its function. Although it is established that in the assembly of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) in vitro, a 20 S disk aggregate of protein is essential for the initiation of the reaction, there is no agreement as to whether subsequent rod elongation proceeds by the addition of protein subunits or disks.  Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV) is a rod-shaped virus closely related to TMV.  It was observed directly by electron microscopy that CGMMV-protein also formed a single- or double-layer disk aggregate under conditions where reconstitution with the protein and TMV-RNA proceeds efficiently.  Whichever forms, a single or double layer, a disk aggregate is required for the initiation of reconstitution, but cannot participate in rod elongation.  These results obtained with CGMMV support our model proposed for the mechanism of assembly of TMV and rod-shaped viruses; i.e., the assembly occurs in two steps; disk aggregates of protein are essential only for initiation, and rod eleongation proceeds by subsequent addition of subunits.", "PMID": 1126921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9746", "title": "Low molecular weight components (g-chains) of myosin from rabbit skeletal muscle.  Separation, amino acid compositions and contents in myosin.", "content": "Low molecular weight components (g1, g2, and g3) were isolated from rabbit skeletal muscle myosin and their amino acid compositions were analyzed. One mole tryptophan was found in g1 and in g2, but none in g3. One mole of acetic acid was found per mole of each g-chain and it was concluded that the N-terminal groups of all three g-chains are acetylated. The minimum molecular weight of the g-chains were estimated from their amino acid compositions. It was estimated by SDS-disc electrophoresis that 1 mole of myosin contained 0.90, 1.7, and 0.63 moles of g1, g2, and g3, respectively. Similar values were obtained with psoas muscle myosin, but in heavy meromyosin prepared from skeletal muscle myosin the content of g2 was much lower, and that of g3 was much higher.", "contents": "Low molecular weight components (g-chains) of myosin from rabbit skeletal muscle.  Separation, amino acid compositions and contents in myosin. Low molecular weight components (g1, g2, and g3) were isolated from rabbit skeletal muscle myosin and their amino acid compositions were analyzed. One mole tryptophan was found in g1 and in g2, but none in g3. One mole of acetic acid was found per mole of each g-chain and it was concluded that the N-terminal groups of all three g-chains are acetylated. The minimum molecular weight of the g-chains were estimated from their amino acid compositions. It was estimated by SDS-disc electrophoresis that 1 mole of myosin contained 0.90, 1.7, and 0.63 moles of g1, g2, and g3, respectively. Similar values were obtained with psoas muscle myosin, but in heavy meromyosin prepared from skeletal muscle myosin the content of g2 was much lower, and that of g3 was much higher.", "PMID": 1126922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9747", "title": "Demonstration by affinity chromatography of the cell-free synthesis of ribonuclease-specific immunoglobulin.", "content": "An immunoglobulin specific for RNase [EC 3.1.4.22] has been synthesized in a cell-free system containing either lymph node microsomes or polysomes or spleen polysomes from rats previously immunized with RNase.  The synthesis of anti-RNase immunoglobulin was demonstrated by affinity chromatography using an RNase-Sepharose column.  Supporting evidence for the cell-free synthesis of immunoglobulin was obtained by separating the synthesized immunoglobulin from other proteins by DEAE-Sephadex A-25 column chromatography and by neutralization of RNase activity with the separated immunoglobulin.  Lymph nodes and spleen had an almost equal capacity to synthesize the immunoglobulin to RNase.  Under our experimental conditions, 5 to 15 per cent of the total protein synthesis was directed toward immunoglobulin synthesis.", "contents": "Demonstration by affinity chromatography of the cell-free synthesis of ribonuclease-specific immunoglobulin. An immunoglobulin specific for RNase [EC 3.1.4.22] has been synthesized in a cell-free system containing either lymph node microsomes or polysomes or spleen polysomes from rats previously immunized with RNase.  The synthesis of anti-RNase immunoglobulin was demonstrated by affinity chromatography using an RNase-Sepharose column.  Supporting evidence for the cell-free synthesis of immunoglobulin was obtained by separating the synthesized immunoglobulin from other proteins by DEAE-Sephadex A-25 column chromatography and by neutralization of RNase activity with the separated immunoglobulin.  Lymph nodes and spleen had an almost equal capacity to synthesize the immunoglobulin to RNase.  Under our experimental conditions, 5 to 15 per cent of the total protein synthesis was directed toward immunoglobulin synthesis.", "PMID": 1126923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9748", "title": "A simple chemical method for the determination of dermatan sulfate in the presence of chondroitin 4-sulfate and chondroitin 6-sulfate.", "content": "A simple chemical method for the determination of individual mucopolysaccharides in mixtures of dermatan sulfate and chondroitin sulfates by means of a single reagent was established, utilizing the difference in reaction rates of these polysaccharides with orcinol.  To each 1 ml of a sample mixture of standard dermatan sulfate and standard chondroitin sulfate (either 4- or 6-sulfate) was added 3 ml of orcinol reagent and the resulting solution was heated in a boiling-water bath.  After 20 and 60 min reaction, absorbances at 660 nm were measured and the concentrations of individual mucopolysaccharides were calculated.  High reproducibility was observed for the determination of dermatan sulfate in the presence of chondroitin sulfates.  In addition, orcinol reaction for 90 min employing D-glucuronolactone as a standard appeared to be of practical value in the estimation of the uronic acid content of these mucopolysaccharides.", "contents": "A simple chemical method for the determination of dermatan sulfate in the presence of chondroitin 4-sulfate and chondroitin 6-sulfate. A simple chemical method for the determination of individual mucopolysaccharides in mixtures of dermatan sulfate and chondroitin sulfates by means of a single reagent was established, utilizing the difference in reaction rates of these polysaccharides with orcinol.  To each 1 ml of a sample mixture of standard dermatan sulfate and standard chondroitin sulfate (either 4- or 6-sulfate) was added 3 ml of orcinol reagent and the resulting solution was heated in a boiling-water bath.  After 20 and 60 min reaction, absorbances at 660 nm were measured and the concentrations of individual mucopolysaccharides were calculated.  High reproducibility was observed for the determination of dermatan sulfate in the presence of chondroitin sulfates.  In addition, orcinol reaction for 90 min employing D-glucuronolactone as a standard appeared to be of practical value in the estimation of the uronic acid content of these mucopolysaccharides.", "PMID": 1126924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9749", "title": "Gel electrophoresis of amylose in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate.", "content": "It has been shown that sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) is capable of forming stable complexes with amylose and that fractionation of short-chain amyloses can be effected by SDS-gel electrophoresis.  Using a well-defined smylose fraction (molecular weight 4,000), the thermodynamic parameters pertaining to SDS-amylose interaction have been evaluated by means of frontal gel chromatography.  The results are as follows: association constant (K)=5.0 times 10-3-M-minus 1 at 25 degrees (pH 9.4); standard free energy change (delta G degrees)=-5.1 kcal/mole; standard enthalpy change (delta H degrees)=-5.8 kcal/mole; standard entropy change (delta Sdegrees)=-2.3(e.u.) and the maximum number of binding sites for SDS (n)=1.  In the presence of 0.5--1 percent SDS, amylose migrates toward the anode upon gel electrophoresis, giving a compact band.  High resolution of amylose fractions (released by treatment of amylopectin with debranching enzyme) has been attained using pore-size gradient gel electrophoresis.", "contents": "Gel electrophoresis of amylose in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. It has been shown that sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) is capable of forming stable complexes with amylose and that fractionation of short-chain amyloses can be effected by SDS-gel electrophoresis.  Using a well-defined smylose fraction (molecular weight 4,000), the thermodynamic parameters pertaining to SDS-amylose interaction have been evaluated by means of frontal gel chromatography.  The results are as follows: association constant (K)=5.0 times 10-3-M-minus 1 at 25 degrees (pH 9.4); standard free energy change (delta G degrees)=-5.1 kcal/mole; standard enthalpy change (delta H degrees)=-5.8 kcal/mole; standard entropy change (delta Sdegrees)=-2.3(e.u.) and the maximum number of binding sites for SDS (n)=1.  In the presence of 0.5--1 percent SDS, amylose migrates toward the anode upon gel electrophoresis, giving a compact band.  High resolution of amylose fractions (released by treatment of amylopectin with debranching enzyme) has been attained using pore-size gradient gel electrophoresis.", "PMID": 1126925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9750", "title": "Novel monofunctional substrates of polynucleotide phosphorylase.  The \"single-addition\" of 2'(3')-O-dihydrocinnamoyl-nucleoside 5'-diphosphate to a primer oligonucleotide.", "content": "A method was developed for stepwise wynthesis of oligonucleotides of difined wequence using 2'(3')-O-dihydrocinnamoyl-nucleoside 5'-diphosphates as substrates for polynucleotide phosphorylase [ED 2.7.7.8].  Polynucleotide phosphorylase from Thermus thermophilus catalyzed the transfer of one 2'(3')-blocked ADP to the 3'-terminus of the primer trinucleoside diphosphate, ApApA.  The product was 2'(3')-substituted triadenylyladenosine.  The blocking group, dihydrocinnamoyl, could be removed completely from the product without destruction of the phosphodiester bond using alpha-chymotrypsin [ED 3.4.21.1] at neutral pH.", "contents": "Novel monofunctional substrates of polynucleotide phosphorylase.  The \"single-addition\" of 2'(3')-O-dihydrocinnamoyl-nucleoside 5'-diphosphate to a primer oligonucleotide. A method was developed for stepwise wynthesis of oligonucleotides of difined wequence using 2'(3')-O-dihydrocinnamoyl-nucleoside 5'-diphosphates as substrates for polynucleotide phosphorylase [ED 2.7.7.8].  Polynucleotide phosphorylase from Thermus thermophilus catalyzed the transfer of one 2'(3')-blocked ADP to the 3'-terminus of the primer trinucleoside diphosphate, ApApA.  The product was 2'(3')-substituted triadenylyladenosine.  The blocking group, dihydrocinnamoyl, could be removed completely from the product without destruction of the phosphodiester bond using alpha-chymotrypsin [ED 3.4.21.1] at neutral pH.", "PMID": 1126926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9751", "title": "Demonstration of thyroxine-stimulated incorporation of amino acid into peptide linkage in mitochondria-free system.", "content": "The observation that thyroxine stimulated in vitro protein synthesis in the absence of mitochondria (Carter, W.J., Faas, F.H., and Wynn, J (1971) J. Biol. Chem. 246, 4973-4977) has been disputed on the basis that radioactivity incorporated into protein did not represent peptide synthesis but incorporation of labeled contaminants present in the L-(U-14C) valine precursor (Sokoloff, L., and Roberts, P.A. (1972 Fed. Proc. 31, 1525). The question of mitochondrial requirement is important in determining whether thyroxine has a direct action on the polysome or causes the release of stimulatory factors from mitochondria. In this paper, thyroxine stimulation of peptide synthesis in mitochondria-free systems has been confirmed. Peptide synthesis is required for the thyroxine effect since it is dependent on the presence of polysomes and an energy source in the reaction mixture and is abolished by puromycin. The thyroxine effect is not due to incorporation of labeled contaminants since hydrolysis of labeled protein recovered from control and thyroxine-treated reaction mixtures yields the labeled amino acid precursor as the only radioactive product. Thyroxine stimulates polyuridylic acid-directed polyphenylalanine synthesis, providing further evidence that thyroxine is stimulating peptide synthesis rather than incorporation of radioactive contaminants by mechanisms other than peptide synthesis. Although thyroxine stimulates polyphenylalanine synthesis, it does not influence polyuridylic acid hydrolysis measured in the same reaction. Therefore, thyroxine stimulation of peptide synthesis is not due to prevention of hydrolysis of nucleic acid components of the reaction mixture. Thyroxine does not influence the size or specific activity of the free valine pool in the reaction mixture, indicating that observed increases in valine incorporation reflect increased peptide synthesis rather than increased specific activity of the valine precursor.  The fact that thyroxine stimulates peptide synthesis using (14C)aminoacyl-tRNA precursors strengthens this conclusion. Therefore, thyroxine stimulation of protein labeling is dependent on the presence of peptide synthesis and cannot be explained by incorporation of labeled contaminants, prevention of RNA hydrolysis, or change in the specific activity of the amino acid precursor. Thyroxine causes a genuine increase in peptide synthesis by a direct action at the polysomal level.", "contents": "Demonstration of thyroxine-stimulated incorporation of amino acid into peptide linkage in mitochondria-free system. The observation that thyroxine stimulated in vitro protein synthesis in the absence of mitochondria (Carter, W.J., Faas, F.H., and Wynn, J (1971) J. Biol. Chem. 246, 4973-4977) has been disputed on the basis that radioactivity incorporated into protein did not represent peptide synthesis but incorporation of labeled contaminants present in the L-(U-14C) valine precursor (Sokoloff, L., and Roberts, P.A. (1972 Fed. Proc. 31, 1525). The question of mitochondrial requirement is important in determining whether thyroxine has a direct action on the polysome or causes the release of stimulatory factors from mitochondria. In this paper, thyroxine stimulation of peptide synthesis in mitochondria-free systems has been confirmed. Peptide synthesis is required for the thyroxine effect since it is dependent on the presence of polysomes and an energy source in the reaction mixture and is abolished by puromycin. The thyroxine effect is not due to incorporation of labeled contaminants since hydrolysis of labeled protein recovered from control and thyroxine-treated reaction mixtures yields the labeled amino acid precursor as the only radioactive product. Thyroxine stimulates polyuridylic acid-directed polyphenylalanine synthesis, providing further evidence that thyroxine is stimulating peptide synthesis rather than incorporation of radioactive contaminants by mechanisms other than peptide synthesis. Although thyroxine stimulates polyphenylalanine synthesis, it does not influence polyuridylic acid hydrolysis measured in the same reaction. Therefore, thyroxine stimulation of peptide synthesis is not due to prevention of hydrolysis of nucleic acid components of the reaction mixture. Thyroxine does not influence the size or specific activity of the free valine pool in the reaction mixture, indicating that observed increases in valine incorporation reflect increased peptide synthesis rather than increased specific activity of the valine precursor.  The fact that thyroxine stimulates peptide synthesis using (14C)aminoacyl-tRNA precursors strengthens this conclusion. Therefore, thyroxine stimulation of protein labeling is dependent on the presence of peptide synthesis and cannot be explained by incorporation of labeled contaminants, prevention of RNA hydrolysis, or change in the specific activity of the amino acid precursor. Thyroxine causes a genuine increase in peptide synthesis by a direct action at the polysomal level.", "PMID": 1126927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9752", "title": "N-Methylglutamate synthetase. Substrate-flavin hydrogen transfer reactions probed with deazaflavin mononucleotide.", "content": "N-Methylglutamate synthetase, reconstituted from apo-protein with 5-deazaFMN, catalyzes the reversible formation of N-methylglutamate via the same two-step mechanism previously elucidated for native enzyme (Reactions 1 and 2).(See article). This conclusion is based on the observation that: 1. Enzyme-bound deazaFMN (gamma-max equals 410, 338, epsilon410 equals 10,400 m-minus 1 cm-minus 1) is reduced by L-glutamate, N-methyl-L-glutamate but not D-glutamate. At saturating concentrations of L-glutamate Reaction 1 proceeds at 1% of the rate observed with FMN-reconstituted enzyme. 2. Substrate-reduced deazaFMN enzyme is reoxidized by methylamine or ammonia. 3. A glutaryl enzyme intermediate, isolated by Sephadex G-25 chromatography, contains radioactivity when prepared from [U-14C]glutamate, [alpha-3H]glutamate, or N-[glutaryl U-14C]methylglutamate; however, this intermediate is not labeled from N[methyl 14C]methylglutamate. 4. The amount of radioactivity incorporated into the intermediate is stoichiometric with the amount of deazaFMN reduced during its formation. 5. Intermediate prepared with [U-14C]glutamate yields alpha-[14C]ketoglutarate when denatured with acid and N-[glutaryl-U-14C]methylglutamate when incubated with methylamine. In the absence of methylamine deazaFMN enzyme intermediate slowly decays to yield alpha-hydroxyglutarate. 6. The rate of deazaFMN glutaryl enzyme intermediate formation at a fixed glutamate concentration is equal to the rate of the over-all reaction while the rate of intermediate reaction with methylamine is approximately 50 times greater than the over-all reaction. DeazaFMN enzyme intermediate prepared with [alpha-3H]-glutamate yields [3H]deazaFMNH2 when denatured with acid or phenol and N-[3H]methylglutamate when incubated with methylamine. These results show that the alpha-hydrogen of glutamate is transferred to deazaFMNH2, presumably at the 5 position, during Reaction 1 and that the same hydrogen is utilized for the reformation of the alpha C-H bond during Reaction 2. These results provide the first direct evidence for enzymic hydrogen transfer from substrate to flavin.", "contents": "N-Methylglutamate synthetase. Substrate-flavin hydrogen transfer reactions probed with deazaflavin mononucleotide. N-Methylglutamate synthetase, reconstituted from apo-protein with 5-deazaFMN, catalyzes the reversible formation of N-methylglutamate via the same two-step mechanism previously elucidated for native enzyme (Reactions 1 and 2).(See article). This conclusion is based on the observation that: 1. Enzyme-bound deazaFMN (gamma-max equals 410, 338, epsilon410 equals 10,400 m-minus 1 cm-minus 1) is reduced by L-glutamate, N-methyl-L-glutamate but not D-glutamate. At saturating concentrations of L-glutamate Reaction 1 proceeds at 1% of the rate observed with FMN-reconstituted enzyme. 2. Substrate-reduced deazaFMN enzyme is reoxidized by methylamine or ammonia. 3. A glutaryl enzyme intermediate, isolated by Sephadex G-25 chromatography, contains radioactivity when prepared from [U-14C]glutamate, [alpha-3H]glutamate, or N-[glutaryl U-14C]methylglutamate; however, this intermediate is not labeled from N[methyl 14C]methylglutamate. 4. The amount of radioactivity incorporated into the intermediate is stoichiometric with the amount of deazaFMN reduced during its formation. 5. Intermediate prepared with [U-14C]glutamate yields alpha-[14C]ketoglutarate when denatured with acid and N-[glutaryl-U-14C]methylglutamate when incubated with methylamine. In the absence of methylamine deazaFMN enzyme intermediate slowly decays to yield alpha-hydroxyglutarate. 6. The rate of deazaFMN glutaryl enzyme intermediate formation at a fixed glutamate concentration is equal to the rate of the over-all reaction while the rate of intermediate reaction with methylamine is approximately 50 times greater than the over-all reaction. DeazaFMN enzyme intermediate prepared with [alpha-3H]-glutamate yields [3H]deazaFMNH2 when denatured with acid or phenol and N-[3H]methylglutamate when incubated with methylamine. These results show that the alpha-hydrogen of glutamate is transferred to deazaFMNH2, presumably at the 5 position, during Reaction 1 and that the same hydrogen is utilized for the reformation of the alpha C-H bond during Reaction 2. These results provide the first direct evidence for enzymic hydrogen transfer from substrate to flavin.", "PMID": 1126928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9753", "title": "High sensitivity automated sequence determination of polypeptides.", "content": "We report the development of a high sensitivity Edman method for use in the automated protein sequenator. With the use of a radioactive coupling reagent, [35S]phenylisothiocyanate, and minor modifications in the sequenator program, sequence analyses have been performed on nanomole quantities of protein. The radioactive phenylthiohydantoin derivatives produced in the degradation are identified at the 10 to 100 pmol level by two-dimensional thin layer chromatographic procedures with autoradiography and are quantitated by scintillation counting. This high sensitivity approach, which is about 100 times more sensitive than conventional automated Edman procedures, has allowed continuous amino acid assignments for 15 or more cycles on quantities of protein less than 5 nmol. It has been employed in the NH2-terminal sequence analysis of several proteins whose sequences were previously undetermined.", "contents": "High sensitivity automated sequence determination of polypeptides. We report the development of a high sensitivity Edman method for use in the automated protein sequenator. With the use of a radioactive coupling reagent, [35S]phenylisothiocyanate, and minor modifications in the sequenator program, sequence analyses have been performed on nanomole quantities of protein. The radioactive phenylthiohydantoin derivatives produced in the degradation are identified at the 10 to 100 pmol level by two-dimensional thin layer chromatographic procedures with autoradiography and are quantitated by scintillation counting. This high sensitivity approach, which is about 100 times more sensitive than conventional automated Edman procedures, has allowed continuous amino acid assignments for 15 or more cycles on quantities of protein less than 5 nmol. It has been employed in the NH2-terminal sequence analysis of several proteins whose sequences were previously undetermined.", "PMID": 1126929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9754", "title": "The effect of adenosine triphosphate on the tricarboxylate transporting system of rat liver mitochondria.", "content": "ATP has two significant effects on the mitochondrial tricarboxylate transporting system. First, it alters the concentration gradients at equilibrium for the substrates of this transporter. ATP (2MM) caused the uptake of 10 nmol of citrate into the mitochondria coincident with the output of a similar amount of L-malate. This redistribution was dependent on ATP transport, the effect being inhibited by atractyloside and mimicked by the nonmetabolizable derivative adenylyl imidodiphosphate. A mechanism to account for these observations is proposed. Secondly, preincubation of mitochondria with ATP resulted in a 2- to 3-fold increase in the K-m of the mitochondrial citrate transporter. This effect of ATP was not produced by ADP and P-i, nor by N, N, N1, N1-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine and ascorbate. It was prevented by the addition of rotenone and antimycin A. This effect of ATP was observed in the presence of oligomycin and could not be attributed to a change in the content of the known tricarboxylate carrier inhibitor, palmitoyl-CoA, nor to the ATP concentration. The origin of possible regulatory factor (or factors) is discussed.", "contents": "The effect of adenosine triphosphate on the tricarboxylate transporting system of rat liver mitochondria. ATP has two significant effects on the mitochondrial tricarboxylate transporting system. First, it alters the concentration gradients at equilibrium for the substrates of this transporter. ATP (2MM) caused the uptake of 10 nmol of citrate into the mitochondria coincident with the output of a similar amount of L-malate. This redistribution was dependent on ATP transport, the effect being inhibited by atractyloside and mimicked by the nonmetabolizable derivative adenylyl imidodiphosphate. A mechanism to account for these observations is proposed. Secondly, preincubation of mitochondria with ATP resulted in a 2- to 3-fold increase in the K-m of the mitochondrial citrate transporter. This effect of ATP was not produced by ADP and P-i, nor by N, N, N1, N1-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine and ascorbate. It was prevented by the addition of rotenone and antimycin A. This effect of ATP was observed in the presence of oligomycin and could not be attributed to a change in the content of the known tricarboxylate carrier inhibitor, palmitoyl-CoA, nor to the ATP concentration. The origin of possible regulatory factor (or factors) is discussed.", "PMID": 1126931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9755", "title": "Identification of a chloroplast ribosomal protein altered by a chloroplast mutation in Chlamydomonas.", "content": "Direct evidence is presented that a chloroplast gene mutation in Chlamydomonas reinhardi alters one of the chloroplast ribosomal proteins. Proteins of 30 S subunits of chloroplast ribosomes from mutant strains, carrying maternally inherited antibiotic resistances, were compared with those from the wild type strain by CM-cellulose column chromatography and gel electrophoresis. When 30 S ribosomal proteins from a [3H]arginine-labeled streptomycin-resistant strain and a [14C]arginine-labeled wild type strain, or vice versa, were cochromatographed on a CM-cellulose column, one peak (Peak 17) was absent from the mutant profile. Instead, a pronounced peak was observed to elute at a slightly lower ionic strength than Peak 17 in the region of Peak 16. The molecular weights in both Peak 16 and Peak 17 regions determined by discontinuous sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis were indistinguishable, approximately 18,000. Thus, a chloroplast gene mutation to streptomycin resistance has altered the chromatographic behavior of a chloroplast ribosomal protein of the 30 S subunit. We interpret the additional protein in the mutant eluting at Peak 16 as most likely the mutationally altered form of the Peak 17 protein.", "contents": "Identification of a chloroplast ribosomal protein altered by a chloroplast mutation in Chlamydomonas. Direct evidence is presented that a chloroplast gene mutation in Chlamydomonas reinhardi alters one of the chloroplast ribosomal proteins. Proteins of 30 S subunits of chloroplast ribosomes from mutant strains, carrying maternally inherited antibiotic resistances, were compared with those from the wild type strain by CM-cellulose column chromatography and gel electrophoresis. When 30 S ribosomal proteins from a [3H]arginine-labeled streptomycin-resistant strain and a [14C]arginine-labeled wild type strain, or vice versa, were cochromatographed on a CM-cellulose column, one peak (Peak 17) was absent from the mutant profile. Instead, a pronounced peak was observed to elute at a slightly lower ionic strength than Peak 17 in the region of Peak 16. The molecular weights in both Peak 16 and Peak 17 regions determined by discontinuous sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis were indistinguishable, approximately 18,000. Thus, a chloroplast gene mutation to streptomycin resistance has altered the chromatographic behavior of a chloroplast ribosomal protein of the 30 S subunit. We interpret the additional protein in the mutant eluting at Peak 16 as most likely the mutationally altered form of the Peak 17 protein.", "PMID": 1126932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9756", "title": "Size of the polyadenylic acid region of newly synthesized globin messenger ribonucleic acid.", "content": "The size of the polyadenylic acid region of newly synthesized globin mRNA was determined on mRNA isolated from nucleated erythroid spleen cells of anemic mice. The globin mRNA was purified by a combination of affinity chromatography on oligodeoxythymidylate-cellulose (oligo-(dT)-cellulose) and sucrose density  gradient centrifugation. The purified RNA was shown to be globin mRNA by virtue of its ability to direct the synthesis of mouse alpha- and beta-globin chains in a cell-free system and by the presence of two bands migrating identically with authentic mouse alpha- and beta-globin mRNA when subjected to electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels in the presence of formamide. When labeled for 1 hour with [3H]adenosine, the newly synthesized radioactive mRNA also migrated as two bands in these gels but they moved slower than the main bands suggesting that they have higher molecular weights. The polyadenylic acid region of the mRNA was isolated from the T1 and pancreatic RNase digestion mixture by acrylamide sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis. The polyadenylic acid region was found to contain approximately 150 adenylate residues. As it is known that globin mRNA isolated from reticulocytes contains only 40 to 60 residues, it follows that at least 150 adenylic acid residues are added to the globin mRNA soon after its synthesis and that some of these are removed during the subsequent maturation of the erythroid cell.", "contents": "Size of the polyadenylic acid region of newly synthesized globin messenger ribonucleic acid. The size of the polyadenylic acid region of newly synthesized globin mRNA was determined on mRNA isolated from nucleated erythroid spleen cells of anemic mice. The globin mRNA was purified by a combination of affinity chromatography on oligodeoxythymidylate-cellulose (oligo-(dT)-cellulose) and sucrose density  gradient centrifugation. The purified RNA was shown to be globin mRNA by virtue of its ability to direct the synthesis of mouse alpha- and beta-globin chains in a cell-free system and by the presence of two bands migrating identically with authentic mouse alpha- and beta-globin mRNA when subjected to electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels in the presence of formamide. When labeled for 1 hour with [3H]adenosine, the newly synthesized radioactive mRNA also migrated as two bands in these gels but they moved slower than the main bands suggesting that they have higher molecular weights. The polyadenylic acid region of the mRNA was isolated from the T1 and pancreatic RNase digestion mixture by acrylamide sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis. The polyadenylic acid region was found to contain approximately 150 adenylate residues. As it is known that globin mRNA isolated from reticulocytes contains only 40 to 60 residues, it follows that at least 150 adenylic acid residues are added to the globin mRNA soon after its synthesis and that some of these are removed during the subsequent maturation of the erythroid cell.", "PMID": 1126933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9757", "title": "Activity of wheat seedling nuclease toward single-stranded nucleic acids.", "content": "Procedures have been developed for the facile preparation of wheat seedling nuclease in highly purified form. The preparation appears to be homogeneous by many physical criteria; however, analytical gel electrophoresis reveals 12 protein bands, only one of which is catalytically active. It is suggested that most of the inactive species are artifacts formed from active enzyme by processes which increase the negative charge of the protein. The enzyme rapidly catalyzes the hydrolysis of denatured DNA and RNA to acid-soluble products and also of the 3'-phosphomonoester linkage of a variety of 3'-mononucleotides. The enzyme has very little, if any, activity toward native DNA with respect to the production of acid-soluble substances; however, athe succeeding paper demonstrates that native DNA is cleaved at a few specific loci to yield large duplex DNA fragments. The nuclease has been characterized as having endonucleolytic activity towards denatured DNA and primarily exonucleolytic activity towards RNA. The mononucleotides produced under the influence of the enzyme bear 5'-phosphomonoester groups. Various lines of evidence indicate a relatively high preference of the enzyme for the hydrolysis primarily of 3'-phosphoester linkages of adenylic acid units and secondarily of thymidylic or uridylic acid units in DNA and in ribohomopolymers, respectively. Corresponding linkages involving cytidylic acid and especially guanylic acid are relatively resistant. The 3'-nucleotidase activity of the enzyme at pH 5.0 towards the various mononucleotides fits the same pattern; i.e. nucleotides containing adenine are hydrolyzed most rapidly, followed in decreasing order by those containing thymine or uracil, cytosine, and guanine.", "contents": "Activity of wheat seedling nuclease toward single-stranded nucleic acids. Procedures have been developed for the facile preparation of wheat seedling nuclease in highly purified form. The preparation appears to be homogeneous by many physical criteria; however, analytical gel electrophoresis reveals 12 protein bands, only one of which is catalytically active. It is suggested that most of the inactive species are artifacts formed from active enzyme by processes which increase the negative charge of the protein. The enzyme rapidly catalyzes the hydrolysis of denatured DNA and RNA to acid-soluble products and also of the 3'-phosphomonoester linkage of a variety of 3'-mononucleotides. The enzyme has very little, if any, activity toward native DNA with respect to the production of acid-soluble substances; however, athe succeeding paper demonstrates that native DNA is cleaved at a few specific loci to yield large duplex DNA fragments. The nuclease has been characterized as having endonucleolytic activity towards denatured DNA and primarily exonucleolytic activity towards RNA. The mononucleotides produced under the influence of the enzyme bear 5'-phosphomonoester groups. Various lines of evidence indicate a relatively high preference of the enzyme for the hydrolysis primarily of 3'-phosphoester linkages of adenylic acid units and secondarily of thymidylic or uridylic acid units in DNA and in ribohomopolymers, respectively. Corresponding linkages involving cytidylic acid and especially guanylic acid are relatively resistant. The 3'-nucleotidase activity of the enzyme at pH 5.0 towards the various mononucleotides fits the same pattern; i.e. nucleotides containing adenine are hydrolyzed most rapidly, followed in decreasing order by those containing thymine or uracil, cytosine, and guanine.", "PMID": 1126934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9758", "title": "The structure of arthropod and mollusc hemocyanins.", "content": "The hemocyanins from molluscs and from arthropods differ in the size of their polypeptide chains. A variety of physical techniques including sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and column chromatography in sodium dodecyl sulfate and guanidine HCl indicate that the polypeptide chain of mollusc hemocyanin has a molecular weight of 290,000. These results were corroborated by quantitative end group analyses. Several experiments designed to count the number of tryptophan and methionine-containing peptides in the hemocyanin from the whelk Busycon canaliculatum indicate that sequence homology within the polypeptide chain of the mollusc hemocyanins accounts for their large size. Digestion of the native protein with subtilisin produces a 50,000-dalton fragment in high yield which corresponds to one binding site for oxygen. On the other hand, the polypeptide chain molecular weight of lobster hemocyanin is 76,000 to 78,000 and this seems to be a general property of all arthropod hemocyanins. The pigment from lobster consists of two very similar polypeptide chains which are not present in equal amount. Analysis of the cysteine-containing and of the tryptophan-containing tryptic peptides confirms the value of the molecular weight. However, separation of fragments which contain methionine indicates that there is sequence homology withing the polypeptide chain of this protein. It is concluded that the mollusc and arthropod hemocyanins have little structural similarity.", "contents": "The structure of arthropod and mollusc hemocyanins. The hemocyanins from molluscs and from arthropods differ in the size of their polypeptide chains. A variety of physical techniques including sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and column chromatography in sodium dodecyl sulfate and guanidine HCl indicate that the polypeptide chain of mollusc hemocyanin has a molecular weight of 290,000. These results were corroborated by quantitative end group analyses. Several experiments designed to count the number of tryptophan and methionine-containing peptides in the hemocyanin from the whelk Busycon canaliculatum indicate that sequence homology within the polypeptide chain of the mollusc hemocyanins accounts for their large size. Digestion of the native protein with subtilisin produces a 50,000-dalton fragment in high yield which corresponds to one binding site for oxygen. On the other hand, the polypeptide chain molecular weight of lobster hemocyanin is 76,000 to 78,000 and this seems to be a general property of all arthropod hemocyanins. The pigment from lobster consists of two very similar polypeptide chains which are not present in equal amount. Analysis of the cysteine-containing and of the tryptophan-containing tryptic peptides confirms the value of the molecular weight. However, separation of fragments which contain methionine indicates that there is sequence homology withing the polypeptide chain of this protein. It is concluded that the mollusc and arthropod hemocyanins have little structural similarity.", "PMID": 1126935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9759", "title": "Metabolism of resorcinylic compounds by bacteria. Purification and properties of orcinol hydroxylase from Pseudomonas putida 01.", "content": "Orcinol hydroxylase (EC 1.14.13.6), which catalyzes the first reaction of orcinol catabolism in Pseudomonas putida 01, has been purified to homogeneity, and crystallized. Orcinol hydroxylase catalyzes the hydroxylation of orcinol with equimolar consumption of O2 and NADH (or NADPH) to 2, 3, 5-trihydroxytoluene, which is nonenzymically oxidized to a quinone. The visible absorption spectrum of the enzyme shows maxima at 373 and 454 nm and a shoulder at 480 nm. FAD can be dissociated from the protein. Reconstitution of enzymic activity was achieved with FAD, and to a limited extent by FMN. The enzyme has a molecular weight of 63,000 to 68,000 and contains 1 mol of FAD per mol of protein. K-m values for the three substrates orcinol, NADH, and O2 are 0.03, 0.13, and 0.07mM, RESPECTIVELY. The molecular activity of the crystalline enzyme is 1560 min minus 1. In the absence of orcinol, NADH is only slowly oxidized with formation of H2O2. Several analogs of orcinol also serve as substrates for hydroxylation, namely resorcinol, 4-methylresorcinol, and 4-bromoresorcinol. Other analogs, m-cresol, m-ethylphenol, 4-ethylresorcinol, and phloroglucinol, mimic orcinol as effectors, in that they (a) accelerate electron flow from NADH to the flavin and (b) decrease the apparent K-m for NADH but not to the same extent as the substrates that are hydroxylated. The latter compounds are not hydroxylated. Instead H2O2 accumulates as the only product of O2 reduction. The enzyme therefore behaves either as a hydroxylase or an oxidase. The ratio of hydroxylase to oxidase activities of the enzyme is decreased by an increase in the temperature of incubation; at 60 degrees the reaction with orcinol is almost 50% uncoupled from hydroxylation. The apparent K-m values for the effectors are in good agreement with the D-D values obtained for orcinol, resorcinol, and m-cresol. K-D values were obtained by measurement of the effector-induced perturbations of the visible absorption spectrum of the flavoprotein by difference absorption spectroscopy. The circular dichroism spectrum of orcinol hydroxylase is also altered in the presence of orcinol. The participation of the flavin in the over-all reaction is demonstrated by its rapid reduction under anaerobic conditions by NADH in the presence or orcinol, resorcinol, or m-cresol. Subsequent introduction of oxygen restores the oxidized form and yields H2O2 when m-cresol is the effector, but not when orcinol is the effector. Transfer of reducing equivalents from the reduced flavoprotein to free FAD may also occur. Reduction of orcinol hydroxylase by NADH in the absence of an effector is 10-4-fold slower than in the presence of an effector. The minimal structural requirements for effectors appear to be a 1,3-dihydroxy or 1-alkyl-3-hydorxybenzene, but only the former are substrates for hydroxylation.", "contents": "Metabolism of resorcinylic compounds by bacteria. Purification and properties of orcinol hydroxylase from Pseudomonas putida 01. Orcinol hydroxylase (EC 1.14.13.6), which catalyzes the first reaction of orcinol catabolism in Pseudomonas putida 01, has been purified to homogeneity, and crystallized. Orcinol hydroxylase catalyzes the hydroxylation of orcinol with equimolar consumption of O2 and NADH (or NADPH) to 2, 3, 5-trihydroxytoluene, which is nonenzymically oxidized to a quinone. The visible absorption spectrum of the enzyme shows maxima at 373 and 454 nm and a shoulder at 480 nm. FAD can be dissociated from the protein. Reconstitution of enzymic activity was achieved with FAD, and to a limited extent by FMN. The enzyme has a molecular weight of 63,000 to 68,000 and contains 1 mol of FAD per mol of protein. K-m values for the three substrates orcinol, NADH, and O2 are 0.03, 0.13, and 0.07mM, RESPECTIVELY. The molecular activity of the crystalline enzyme is 1560 min minus 1. In the absence of orcinol, NADH is only slowly oxidized with formation of H2O2. Several analogs of orcinol also serve as substrates for hydroxylation, namely resorcinol, 4-methylresorcinol, and 4-bromoresorcinol. Other analogs, m-cresol, m-ethylphenol, 4-ethylresorcinol, and phloroglucinol, mimic orcinol as effectors, in that they (a) accelerate electron flow from NADH to the flavin and (b) decrease the apparent K-m for NADH but not to the same extent as the substrates that are hydroxylated. The latter compounds are not hydroxylated. Instead H2O2 accumulates as the only product of O2 reduction. The enzyme therefore behaves either as a hydroxylase or an oxidase. The ratio of hydroxylase to oxidase activities of the enzyme is decreased by an increase in the temperature of incubation; at 60 degrees the reaction with orcinol is almost 50% uncoupled from hydroxylation. The apparent K-m values for the effectors are in good agreement with the D-D values obtained for orcinol, resorcinol, and m-cresol. K-D values were obtained by measurement of the effector-induced perturbations of the visible absorption spectrum of the flavoprotein by difference absorption spectroscopy. The circular dichroism spectrum of orcinol hydroxylase is also altered in the presence of orcinol. The participation of the flavin in the over-all reaction is demonstrated by its rapid reduction under anaerobic conditions by NADH in the presence or orcinol, resorcinol, or m-cresol. Subsequent introduction of oxygen restores the oxidized form and yields H2O2 when m-cresol is the effector, but not when orcinol is the effector. Transfer of reducing equivalents from the reduced flavoprotein to free FAD may also occur. Reduction of orcinol hydroxylase by NADH in the absence of an effector is 10-4-fold slower than in the presence of an effector. The minimal structural requirements for effectors appear to be a 1,3-dihydroxy or 1-alkyl-3-hydorxybenzene, but only the former are substrates for hydroxylation.", "PMID": 1126936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9760", "title": "Mechanism of immunoglobulin A polymerization.", "content": "Employing mercaptoethylamine as a reducing agent, it was demonstrated by analytical ultracentrifugation and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis that polymeric immunoglobulin A (IgA) was reduced to a 10 S dimer and 7 S monomer, and that dimer IgA was more resistant to reductive cleavage than the higher polymers. When dimer and monomer IgA were subjected to electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels in 8 M urea or chromatographed on Bio-Gel P-200 equilibrated in 4 M guanidine HCl, there was no dissociations into H, L, or J chains, suggesting that the interchain disulfide bridges between H--H, L--H, and H--J were intact and that mercaptoethylamine produced selective cleavage of intersubunit bonds. Only the dimer, with a sedimentation coefficient of 10.2 S, released J chain upon reduction with dithiothreitol. Polymers of IgA were reduced with mercaptoethylamine and subsequently alkylated with [14C]-iodoacetamide and the dimer and monomer isolated. The results demonstrated that the isolated dimer contained 2 mol of [14C]labeled S carboxyamidomethylcysteine per mol of dimer, while the monomer contained 1 mol of --SH per mol of monomer. The labeled dimer was then completely reduced with dithiothreitol and alkylated with [14C]iodoacetamide and J chain isolated. It was shown that the J chain contained no 14C-labeled sulfhydryl groups, while the monomer contained 1 mol of --SH per mol of monomer. These results suggest that J chain is disulfide-bonded to only two of the subunits of polymeric IgA and that the remaining subunits in the higher polymers are disulfide-bonded one to the other. This is similar to the model previously suggested for 19 S immunoglobulin M (IgM). The sulfhydryl data also suggests that polymeric IgA may not be a covalently bonded circular structure as has been shown for IgM. However, no conclusions can be made from this study regarding the structure of pentameric IgA, since this species was present in very small amounts in our polymer preparation.", "contents": "Mechanism of immunoglobulin A polymerization. Employing mercaptoethylamine as a reducing agent, it was demonstrated by analytical ultracentrifugation and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis that polymeric immunoglobulin A (IgA) was reduced to a 10 S dimer and 7 S monomer, and that dimer IgA was more resistant to reductive cleavage than the higher polymers. When dimer and monomer IgA were subjected to electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels in 8 M urea or chromatographed on Bio-Gel P-200 equilibrated in 4 M guanidine HCl, there was no dissociations into H, L, or J chains, suggesting that the interchain disulfide bridges between H--H, L--H, and H--J were intact and that mercaptoethylamine produced selective cleavage of intersubunit bonds. Only the dimer, with a sedimentation coefficient of 10.2 S, released J chain upon reduction with dithiothreitol. Polymers of IgA were reduced with mercaptoethylamine and subsequently alkylated with [14C]-iodoacetamide and the dimer and monomer isolated. The results demonstrated that the isolated dimer contained 2 mol of [14C]labeled S carboxyamidomethylcysteine per mol of dimer, while the monomer contained 1 mol of --SH per mol of monomer. The labeled dimer was then completely reduced with dithiothreitol and alkylated with [14C]iodoacetamide and J chain isolated. It was shown that the J chain contained no 14C-labeled sulfhydryl groups, while the monomer contained 1 mol of --SH per mol of monomer. These results suggest that J chain is disulfide-bonded to only two of the subunits of polymeric IgA and that the remaining subunits in the higher polymers are disulfide-bonded one to the other. This is similar to the model previously suggested for 19 S immunoglobulin M (IgM). The sulfhydryl data also suggests that polymeric IgA may not be a covalently bonded circular structure as has been shown for IgM. However, no conclusions can be made from this study regarding the structure of pentameric IgA, since this species was present in very small amounts in our polymer preparation.", "PMID": 1126937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9761", "title": "Purification and properties of homoserine transacetylase from Bacillus polymyxa.", "content": "Homoserine transacetylase (EC 2.3.1.31), the first enzyme of methionine biosynthesis, has been purified to near homogeneity from extracts of a methionine auxotroph of Bacillus polymyxa. The enzyme is subject to rapid irreversible inactivation. Its half-life at 0 degrees is 15 min and much less at higher temperatures, but ethylene glycol affords some protection. In addition, Zn2+ reversibly inhibits the enzyme with a K-I of 3 muM. The enzyme has a molecular weight of about 40,000 and consists of a single polypeptide chain. Besides catalyzing the acetyl transfer from acetyl-CoA to L-homoserine, homoserine transacetylase promotes a homoserine-O-acetylhomoserine exchange reaction in the absence of CoA, suggesting the formation of an acetyl-enzyme intermediate. The results of kinetic studies are consistent with a ping-pong mechanism. Homoserine transacetylase is subject to multivalent feedback inhibition by L-methionine and S-adenosylmethionine. Analysis of the inhibition data and specificity studies suggest that the inhibitors bind to separate sites on the enzyme which are distinct from the active site. Inhibition is competitive with respect to both substrates, and the saturation curves for the inhibitors, as well as substrate saturation curves in the absence or presence of the inhibitors, are hyperbolic. The absence of cooperativity is, in fact, a property which would be expected in a monomeric allosteric enzyme such as homoserine transacetylase.", "contents": "Purification and properties of homoserine transacetylase from Bacillus polymyxa. Homoserine transacetylase (EC 2.3.1.31), the first enzyme of methionine biosynthesis, has been purified to near homogeneity from extracts of a methionine auxotroph of Bacillus polymyxa. The enzyme is subject to rapid irreversible inactivation. Its half-life at 0 degrees is 15 min and much less at higher temperatures, but ethylene glycol affords some protection. In addition, Zn2+ reversibly inhibits the enzyme with a K-I of 3 muM. The enzyme has a molecular weight of about 40,000 and consists of a single polypeptide chain. Besides catalyzing the acetyl transfer from acetyl-CoA to L-homoserine, homoserine transacetylase promotes a homoserine-O-acetylhomoserine exchange reaction in the absence of CoA, suggesting the formation of an acetyl-enzyme intermediate. The results of kinetic studies are consistent with a ping-pong mechanism. Homoserine transacetylase is subject to multivalent feedback inhibition by L-methionine and S-adenosylmethionine. Analysis of the inhibition data and specificity studies suggest that the inhibitors bind to separate sites on the enzyme which are distinct from the active site. Inhibition is competitive with respect to both substrates, and the saturation curves for the inhibitors, as well as substrate saturation curves in the absence or presence of the inhibitors, are hyperbolic. The absence of cooperativity is, in fact, a property which would be expected in a monomeric allosteric enzyme such as homoserine transacetylase.", "PMID": 1126938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9762", "title": "Regulation of homoserine transacetylase in whole cells of Bacillus polymyxa.", "content": "The levels of homoserine transacetylase (EC 2.3.1.31) in Bacillus polymyxa grown in minimal medium can vary over a 40-fold range, depending on whether methionine limits growth or is present in excess. This suggests that the synthesis of the enzyme is under control by methionine or one of its metabolites. The stability of homoserine transacetylase in growing cells was measured after repression of further synthesis by the addition of methionine. At 30 degrees, the enzyme was stable for 2 hours, whereas at 37 degrees it decayed with a half-life of 40 min. This contrasts with the striking instability in cell-free extracts described in the preceding paper (Wyman, A., and Paulus, H. (1975) J. Biol. Chem. 250, 3897-3903). The properties of homoserine transacetylase were also studied in cells of B. polymyxa that had been made permeable to small molecules by treatment with toluene. They differed in two important respects from those of the enzyme in cell-free extracts described in the preceding paper: the enzyme was relatively stable, with a half-life of 15 min at 37 degrees, and responded in a sigmoid manner to increasing concentrations of the inhibitors L-methionine and S-adenosylmethionine. These observations suggest that homoserine transacetylase is an oligomeric protein within the bacterial cell but dissociates into monomers in cell-free extracts. When B. polymyxa was transferred at 39 degrees from a rich medium to one without amino acids, growth resumed only very slowly. The growth lag after shift-down was not observed at 37 degrees or in the presence of methionine or cystathionine. This phenomenon appears to be due to a need for derepression of homoserine transacetylase upon shift-down which is thwarted at 39 degrees by the rapid thermal inactivation of the enzyme. A possible physiological function of the striking thermolability of the first enzyme in methionine biosynthesis is discussed.", "contents": "Regulation of homoserine transacetylase in whole cells of Bacillus polymyxa. The levels of homoserine transacetylase (EC 2.3.1.31) in Bacillus polymyxa grown in minimal medium can vary over a 40-fold range, depending on whether methionine limits growth or is present in excess. This suggests that the synthesis of the enzyme is under control by methionine or one of its metabolites. The stability of homoserine transacetylase in growing cells was measured after repression of further synthesis by the addition of methionine. At 30 degrees, the enzyme was stable for 2 hours, whereas at 37 degrees it decayed with a half-life of 40 min. This contrasts with the striking instability in cell-free extracts described in the preceding paper (Wyman, A., and Paulus, H. (1975) J. Biol. Chem. 250, 3897-3903). The properties of homoserine transacetylase were also studied in cells of B. polymyxa that had been made permeable to small molecules by treatment with toluene. They differed in two important respects from those of the enzyme in cell-free extracts described in the preceding paper: the enzyme was relatively stable, with a half-life of 15 min at 37 degrees, and responded in a sigmoid manner to increasing concentrations of the inhibitors L-methionine and S-adenosylmethionine. These observations suggest that homoserine transacetylase is an oligomeric protein within the bacterial cell but dissociates into monomers in cell-free extracts. When B. polymyxa was transferred at 39 degrees from a rich medium to one without amino acids, growth resumed only very slowly. The growth lag after shift-down was not observed at 37 degrees or in the presence of methionine or cystathionine. This phenomenon appears to be due to a need for derepression of homoserine transacetylase upon shift-down which is thwarted at 39 degrees by the rapid thermal inactivation of the enzyme. A possible physiological function of the striking thermolability of the first enzyme in methionine biosynthesis is discussed.", "PMID": 1126939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9763", "title": "Poly(8-bromoadenylic acid): synthesis and characterization of an all-syn polynucleotide.", "content": "Poly(8-bromoadenylic acid) (poly(8-BrA)) has been synthesized by polymerization of 8-BrADP with polynucleotide phosphorylase in the presence of oligonucleotide primers. In the absence of oligonucleotides, significant (i.e. more than 1%) polymerization does not occur. Oligo(I) primer was removed selectively from the polymer with ribonuclease T1 to yield the homopolymer, poly(8-BrA). End group analysis, based on quantitative infrared measurement of the (Ip)3I-primed polymer, indicates an average degree of polymerization of about 70 residues. The primed polymers and the homopolymer appear to have similar helical structures, probably double-stranded with mutual hydrogen bonding interaction of BrA residues. Preliminary NMR observations of poly(8-BrA) with a tetrainosinic acid primer at the 5' ends of the polymer chain ((Ip)3I-(8-BrA)n) are consistent with the existence of a rigid helical structure below the melting range of the primed polymer. Above the melting range (81 degrees) the H1' coupling constants of (Ip)3I-(8-BrA)n and of polyadenylic acid (poly(A)) suggest a significantly higher population of C3' endo conformation of ribose residues in the primed polymer than in poly(A) at 81 degrees.", "contents": "Poly(8-bromoadenylic acid): synthesis and characterization of an all-syn polynucleotide. Poly(8-bromoadenylic acid) (poly(8-BrA)) has been synthesized by polymerization of 8-BrADP with polynucleotide phosphorylase in the presence of oligonucleotide primers. In the absence of oligonucleotides, significant (i.e. more than 1%) polymerization does not occur. Oligo(I) primer was removed selectively from the polymer with ribonuclease T1 to yield the homopolymer, poly(8-BrA). End group analysis, based on quantitative infrared measurement of the (Ip)3I-primed polymer, indicates an average degree of polymerization of about 70 residues. The primed polymers and the homopolymer appear to have similar helical structures, probably double-stranded with mutual hydrogen bonding interaction of BrA residues. Preliminary NMR observations of poly(8-BrA) with a tetrainosinic acid primer at the 5' ends of the polymer chain ((Ip)3I-(8-BrA)n) are consistent with the existence of a rigid helical structure below the melting range of the primed polymer. Above the melting range (81 degrees) the H1' coupling constants of (Ip)3I-(8-BrA)n and of polyadenylic acid (poly(A)) suggest a significantly higher population of C3' endo conformation of ribose residues in the primed polymer than in poly(A) at 81 degrees.", "PMID": 1126940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9764", "title": "Metabolism of glucosyl [13H]ceramide by human skin fibroblasts from normal and glucosylceramidotic subjects.", "content": "Metabolic utilization of glucosyl [3H]ceramide (glucocerebroside) by human skin fibroblasts from normal and glucosylceramidotic subjects was examined in cell culture. Exogenous glucosyl [3H]ceramide in the culture medium did not influence activity of \"acid\" beta glucosidase in either cell type. Expectedly in the lipidotic cells, the enzymatic activity was markedly (similar to 20-fold) lower. Normal cells were found preferentially to utilize exogenous tritium-labeled glucosylceramide for a source of precursors for phopholipid biosynthesis. The fatty acid and the sphingosine components of sphingomyelin, and the fatty acid components of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine, but not phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylinositol, were tritium-labeled. In contrast, glucosylceramidotic cells utilized labeled glucosylceramide far more for synthesis of lactosylceramide (lactocerebroside) and also higher neutral glycosphingolipid homologues. These experimental findings suggest that glucosyl [3H]ceramide is hydrolyzed in normal skin fibroblasts to [3H]ceramide and further to [3H]dihydrosphingosine and 3H-labeled fatty acids. These compounds are subsequently incorporated into cellular phospholipids. Flux of glucosyl [3H]ceramide through this catabolic sequence and reincorporation of its breakdown products into phospholipids predominates in normal skin fibroblasts. In contrast, it is greatly reduced in glucosylceramidotic skin fibroblasts. Consequently, a greater amount of glucosyl [3H]ceramide remains intact for the synthesis of more highly glycosylated glycosphingolipids in the latter cells.", "contents": "Metabolism of glucosyl [13H]ceramide by human skin fibroblasts from normal and glucosylceramidotic subjects. Metabolic utilization of glucosyl [3H]ceramide (glucocerebroside) by human skin fibroblasts from normal and glucosylceramidotic subjects was examined in cell culture. Exogenous glucosyl [3H]ceramide in the culture medium did not influence activity of \"acid\" beta glucosidase in either cell type. Expectedly in the lipidotic cells, the enzymatic activity was markedly (similar to 20-fold) lower. Normal cells were found preferentially to utilize exogenous tritium-labeled glucosylceramide for a source of precursors for phopholipid biosynthesis. The fatty acid and the sphingosine components of sphingomyelin, and the fatty acid components of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine, but not phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylinositol, were tritium-labeled. In contrast, glucosylceramidotic cells utilized labeled glucosylceramide far more for synthesis of lactosylceramide (lactocerebroside) and also higher neutral glycosphingolipid homologues. These experimental findings suggest that glucosyl [3H]ceramide is hydrolyzed in normal skin fibroblasts to [3H]ceramide and further to [3H]dihydrosphingosine and 3H-labeled fatty acids. These compounds are subsequently incorporated into cellular phospholipids. Flux of glucosyl [3H]ceramide through this catabolic sequence and reincorporation of its breakdown products into phospholipids predominates in normal skin fibroblasts. In contrast, it is greatly reduced in glucosylceramidotic skin fibroblasts. Consequently, a greater amount of glucosyl [3H]ceramide remains intact for the synthesis of more highly glycosylated glycosphingolipids in the latter cells.", "PMID": 1126941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9765", "title": "Cholesterol ester formation in cultured human fibroblasts. Stimulation by oxygenated sterols.", "content": "Incubation of monolayers of cultured human fibroblasts with oxygenated sterols (25-hydroxycholesterol, 7-ketocholesterol, or 6-ketocholestanol) markedly enhanced the rate at which the cells esterified their endogenous cholesterol and produced an increase in the cellular content of cholesterol esters. The enhanced esterification capacity was associated with an increase in the activity of a membrane-bound fatty acyl-CoA:cholesteryl acyltransferase. Incubation of cells for 5 hours with 5 mug/ml of 25-hydroxycholesterol produced an 8-fold increase in the specific activity of this enzyme when assayed in cell-free extracts. Since the oxygenated sterols that elevated the activity of fatty acyl-CoA:cholesteryl acyl-transferase also suppressed the activity of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase, the data suggest that the processes of cholesterol ester formation and cholesterol synthesis in human fibroblasts are regulated in a reciprocal manner by coordinate changes in the activities of these two membrane-bound enzymes.", "contents": "Cholesterol ester formation in cultured human fibroblasts. Stimulation by oxygenated sterols. Incubation of monolayers of cultured human fibroblasts with oxygenated sterols (25-hydroxycholesterol, 7-ketocholesterol, or 6-ketocholestanol) markedly enhanced the rate at which the cells esterified their endogenous cholesterol and produced an increase in the cellular content of cholesterol esters. The enhanced esterification capacity was associated with an increase in the activity of a membrane-bound fatty acyl-CoA:cholesteryl acyltransferase. Incubation of cells for 5 hours with 5 mug/ml of 25-hydroxycholesterol produced an 8-fold increase in the specific activity of this enzyme when assayed in cell-free extracts. Since the oxygenated sterols that elevated the activity of fatty acyl-CoA:cholesteryl acyl-transferase also suppressed the activity of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase, the data suggest that the processes of cholesterol ester formation and cholesterol synthesis in human fibroblasts are regulated in a reciprocal manner by coordinate changes in the activities of these two membrane-bound enzymes.", "PMID": 1126942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9766", "title": "The functional significance of vitamin K action. Difference in phospholipid binding between normal and abnormal prothrombin.", "content": "In comparison to normal prothrombin, the abnormal prothrombin produced in response to vitamin K antagonists has been found to bind much less tightly, if at all, to phospholipid surfaces. As a consequence, the activation of abnormal prothrombin by Factor Xa and Ca2+ is not accelerated by the addition of phospholipid to the mixture while the activation of normal prothrombin under these conditions is greatly accelerated by phospholipid addition. In the absence of phospholipid, however, the rate of activation of abnormal prothrombin by Factor Xa and Ca2+ in both the presence and absence of Factor Va is indistinguishable from that of normal prothrombin. The distribution of the partial proteolysis products during activation by Factors Xa, Va, and Ca2+ also appears to be the same for both prothrombins. These observations provide an explanation for the function in prothrombin activation of the gamma-carboxyglutamate residues formed in the vitamin K-dependent carboxylation of prothrombin.", "contents": "The functional significance of vitamin K action. Difference in phospholipid binding between normal and abnormal prothrombin. In comparison to normal prothrombin, the abnormal prothrombin produced in response to vitamin K antagonists has been found to bind much less tightly, if at all, to phospholipid surfaces. As a consequence, the activation of abnormal prothrombin by Factor Xa and Ca2+ is not accelerated by the addition of phospholipid to the mixture while the activation of normal prothrombin under these conditions is greatly accelerated by phospholipid addition. In the absence of phospholipid, however, the rate of activation of abnormal prothrombin by Factor Xa and Ca2+ in both the presence and absence of Factor Va is indistinguishable from that of normal prothrombin. The distribution of the partial proteolysis products during activation by Factors Xa, Va, and Ca2+ also appears to be the same for both prothrombins. These observations provide an explanation for the function in prothrombin activation of the gamma-carboxyglutamate residues formed in the vitamin K-dependent carboxylation of prothrombin.", "PMID": 1126944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9767", "title": "The kinetic characteristics of inhibition of hepatic cholesterogenesis by lipoproteins of intestinal origin.", "content": "In these studies intestinal lipoproteins were injected intravenously into recipient rats in order to study the kinetic characteristics of cholesterol uptake by the liver cell and inhibition of the cholesterol synthetic pathway. Net cholesterol uptake from circulating intestinal lipoproteins took place only in the liver, and only this tissue manifested inhibition of cholesterol syntheses. Cholesterol uptake by the liver, quantified by a rise in the cholesterol ester content, was a linear function of time and of the amount of lipoprotein cholesterol administered to the animals. Using groups of rats that were either fed cholesterol or injected intravenously with intestinal lipoproteins as a bolus or as a continuous infusion, there was generally a correlation between inhibition of the rate of cholesterol synthesis and the cholesterol ester content of the liver. However, there was no consistent quantitative relationship between these two variables suggesting either that cholesterol ester was not the immediate effector of the inhibition or, alternatively, that there was intracellular localization of the effector at the site of control of the rate-limiting enzyme in the cholesterogenic pathway.", "contents": "The kinetic characteristics of inhibition of hepatic cholesterogenesis by lipoproteins of intestinal origin. In these studies intestinal lipoproteins were injected intravenously into recipient rats in order to study the kinetic characteristics of cholesterol uptake by the liver cell and inhibition of the cholesterol synthetic pathway. Net cholesterol uptake from circulating intestinal lipoproteins took place only in the liver, and only this tissue manifested inhibition of cholesterol syntheses. Cholesterol uptake by the liver, quantified by a rise in the cholesterol ester content, was a linear function of time and of the amount of lipoprotein cholesterol administered to the animals. Using groups of rats that were either fed cholesterol or injected intravenously with intestinal lipoproteins as a bolus or as a continuous infusion, there was generally a correlation between inhibition of the rate of cholesterol synthesis and the cholesterol ester content of the liver. However, there was no consistent quantitative relationship between these two variables suggesting either that cholesterol ester was not the immediate effector of the inhibition or, alternatively, that there was intracellular localization of the effector at the site of control of the rate-limiting enzyme in the cholesterogenic pathway.", "PMID": 1126945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9768", "title": "Tryptophan hydroxylase. Purification and some properties of the enzyme from rabbit hindbrain.", "content": "Tryptophan hydroxylase from rabbit hindbrain has been extensively purified. It is estimated that the enzyme is between 85 and 90% pure and has a molecular weight of 230, 000. Sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis shows that the enzyme is composed of two subunits very close in molecular weight (57, 500 and 60, 900). The substrate specificity and the reaction stoichiometry catalyzed by the enzyme in the presence of 6, 7-dimethyltetrahydropterin, 6-methyltetrahydropterin, and tetrahydrobiopterin have been determined. The effect of some natural occurring phospholipids on the purified enzyme was investigated.", "contents": "Tryptophan hydroxylase. Purification and some properties of the enzyme from rabbit hindbrain. Tryptophan hydroxylase from rabbit hindbrain has been extensively purified. It is estimated that the enzyme is between 85 and 90% pure and has a molecular weight of 230, 000. Sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis shows that the enzyme is composed of two subunits very close in molecular weight (57, 500 and 60, 900). The substrate specificity and the reaction stoichiometry catalyzed by the enzyme in the presence of 6, 7-dimethyltetrahydropterin, 6-methyltetrahydropterin, and tetrahydrobiopterin have been determined. The effect of some natural occurring phospholipids on the purified enzyme was investigated.", "PMID": 1126946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9769", "title": "Biologic and physical properties of succinylated and glycosylated Acinetobacter glutaminase-asparaginase.", "content": "Acinetobacter glutaminase-asparaginase was chemically modified by succinylation and glycosylation with glycopeptides from human fibrin and gamma-globulin. These modifications markedly prolonged the half-lives of the enzyme in mice, rats, and rabbits. The plasma half-life in mice increased with decreasing isoelectric point. Glycosylation caused greater prolongation in rodents than succinylation. The kinetic properties of the modified enzymes were unchanged. Succinylation protected the enzyme from trypsin digestion. Glycosylated preparations had less heat inactivation than native and succinylated enzyme. Sedimentation equilibrium studies on a succinylated preparation showed reversible dissociation to a dimer (71, 400 g/mol) with an association constant of 1.3 times 10-6 liters/mol. This dissociation was identical with native enzyme, except for a 3% increase in molecular weight due to succinate groups. Sedimentation equilibrium studies on glycosylated preparations showed mixtures of molecular weight from 60, 000 to over 180, 000. Gel filtration and active enzyme sedimentation showed active polymers, but no active species smaller than tetramer.", "contents": "Biologic and physical properties of succinylated and glycosylated Acinetobacter glutaminase-asparaginase. Acinetobacter glutaminase-asparaginase was chemically modified by succinylation and glycosylation with glycopeptides from human fibrin and gamma-globulin. These modifications markedly prolonged the half-lives of the enzyme in mice, rats, and rabbits. The plasma half-life in mice increased with decreasing isoelectric point. Glycosylation caused greater prolongation in rodents than succinylation. The kinetic properties of the modified enzymes were unchanged. Succinylation protected the enzyme from trypsin digestion. Glycosylated preparations had less heat inactivation than native and succinylated enzyme. Sedimentation equilibrium studies on a succinylated preparation showed reversible dissociation to a dimer (71, 400 g/mol) with an association constant of 1.3 times 10-6 liters/mol. This dissociation was identical with native enzyme, except for a 3% increase in molecular weight due to succinate groups. Sedimentation equilibrium studies on glycosylated preparations showed mixtures of molecular weight from 60, 000 to over 180, 000. Gel filtration and active enzyme sedimentation showed active polymers, but no active species smaller than tetramer.", "PMID": 1126947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9770", "title": "Cobalt stimulation of heme degradation in the liver. Dissociation of microsomal oxidation of heme from cytochrome P-450.", "content": "The administration of cobalt to rats caused a marked increase in the oxidative degradation of heme (hematin, iron protoporphyrin-IX) BY HEPATIC MICROSOMAL ENZYMES. The onset of this enzyme stimulation was very rapid, beginning within 2 hours after injection of the metal and reaching its maximum in 16 to 24 hours. During the rapid phase of stimulation, i.e. the first 2 to 4 hours, when heme oxidation was 450% above control values, there was a significant decrease in microsomal oxidative N-demethylation activity and in microsomal oxidative Ndemethylation activity and in microsomal content of heme with an insignificant decrease in cytochrome P-450 content. Within 24 hours the oxidative activity of the microsomal electron transport chain for drugs was decreased to about 30% of the control. However, during the same period the oxidation of heme approached levels 800% above control. During this period there was a further decrease in the microsomal content of heme with a significant decrease in cytochrome P-450 content and an increase in the activity of delta-aminolevulinate synthetase. The activity of delta-aminolevulinate synthetase reached its maximum within 8 hours after cobalt treatment. Repeated injections (at 24-hour intervals) of cobalt were necessary to maintain these changes in microsomal enzyme activities since, after single injections of the metal, these parameters returned to normal within 72 hours. The inducing effect of cobalt on the oxidation of heme could be inhibited by the administration of actinomycin D and puromycin. Furthermore, this stimulatory effect could not be elicited by in vitro treatment of microsomes with cobalt nor could the effect be attributed to any soluble components of the cytoplasm. Cobalt protoporphyrin-IX was less effective than cobalt chloride in stimulating heme oxidation. 3-Amino-1, 2, 4-triazole did not enhance hepatic heme oxidation activity, while allylisopropylacetamide decreased this activity. The oxidative degradation of heme was found not to be cytochrome P-450 dependent since the highly increased levels of heme oxidation in microsomes from cobalt-treated animals could be retained despite the fact that the cytochrome P-450 content of such microsomes was decreased to spectrally undetectable amounts and drug oxidation was eliminated by treatment of the microsomes with 4 M urea. These findings exclude an obligatory role for cytochrome P-450 in the oxidation of heme compounds, although the possibility that this process is a heme-dependent oxidation is not ruled out.", "contents": "Cobalt stimulation of heme degradation in the liver. Dissociation of microsomal oxidation of heme from cytochrome P-450. The administration of cobalt to rats caused a marked increase in the oxidative degradation of heme (hematin, iron protoporphyrin-IX) BY HEPATIC MICROSOMAL ENZYMES. The onset of this enzyme stimulation was very rapid, beginning within 2 hours after injection of the metal and reaching its maximum in 16 to 24 hours. During the rapid phase of stimulation, i.e. the first 2 to 4 hours, when heme oxidation was 450% above control values, there was a significant decrease in microsomal oxidative N-demethylation activity and in microsomal oxidative Ndemethylation activity and in microsomal content of heme with an insignificant decrease in cytochrome P-450 content. Within 24 hours the oxidative activity of the microsomal electron transport chain for drugs was decreased to about 30% of the control. However, during the same period the oxidation of heme approached levels 800% above control. During this period there was a further decrease in the microsomal content of heme with a significant decrease in cytochrome P-450 content and an increase in the activity of delta-aminolevulinate synthetase. The activity of delta-aminolevulinate synthetase reached its maximum within 8 hours after cobalt treatment. Repeated injections (at 24-hour intervals) of cobalt were necessary to maintain these changes in microsomal enzyme activities since, after single injections of the metal, these parameters returned to normal within 72 hours. The inducing effect of cobalt on the oxidation of heme could be inhibited by the administration of actinomycin D and puromycin. Furthermore, this stimulatory effect could not be elicited by in vitro treatment of microsomes with cobalt nor could the effect be attributed to any soluble components of the cytoplasm. Cobalt protoporphyrin-IX was less effective than cobalt chloride in stimulating heme oxidation. 3-Amino-1, 2, 4-triazole did not enhance hepatic heme oxidation activity, while allylisopropylacetamide decreased this activity. The oxidative degradation of heme was found not to be cytochrome P-450 dependent since the highly increased levels of heme oxidation in microsomes from cobalt-treated animals could be retained despite the fact that the cytochrome P-450 content of such microsomes was decreased to spectrally undetectable amounts and drug oxidation was eliminated by treatment of the microsomes with 4 M urea. These findings exclude an obligatory role for cytochrome P-450 in the oxidation of heme compounds, although the possibility that this process is a heme-dependent oxidation is not ruled out.", "PMID": 1126948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9771", "title": "The hepatic adenylate cyclase system. I. Evidence for transition states and structural requirements for guanine nucloetide activiation.", "content": "Previous studies have shown that guanine nucleotides, acting at a site termed nucleotide regulatory site, are required for activation of hepatic adenylate cyclase and that glucagon facilitates this process. This study shows that only guanine nucleotides containing triphosphate groups at the 5' position of ribose (or 3'-deoxyribose) are capable of activating the enzyme. The terminal phosphate is not utilized in the activation process since 5'-guanylylimidodiphosphate (Gpp(NH)p and 5'-guanylyl methylenediphosphonate, analogues of GTP that are not utilized in transferase or hydrolase reactions, stimulate enzyme activity. The nucleotides bind in their free form at the regulatory site; chelation by magnesium ion shifts the apparent concentration dependence for activation by Gpp(nh)p. GDP inhibits competitively Gpp(NH)p-stimulated activity and inhibits basal activity and activities stimulated by glucagon. Activation of the enzyme by Gpp(NH)p is a slow process; the length of the lag time increases as an inverse function of nucleotide concentration and is as long as 4 min before onset of increased enzyme activity. Following pretreatment with Gpp(NH)p and extensive washing of hepatic membranes, the enzyme displays immediate increases in activity with rates that are a function of the nucleotide concentration during pretreatment; the rates remain constant for at least 6 min despite the absence of Gpp(NH)p in the medium. Studies with labeled Gpp(NH)p show that the intact nucleotide remains firmly bound to the membranes after extensive washing, suggesting that the persistence of adenylate cyclase activity may be related to slow dissociation of the nucleotide from the regulatory site. Addition of 1 nM glucagon, a submaximal concentration, does not abolish the lag phase of Gpp(NH)p activation even at saturating concentration of the nucleotide (1 muM or higher). The maximal steady state rate is achieved under these conditions. Addition of 2 muM glucagon, a saturating hormone concentration, does not alter the steady state rate but abolishes the lag phase of Gpp(NH)p activation. The transient kinetics of Gpp(NH)p activation and the effects of glucagon thereon are discussed in terms of a three state model in which the guanine nucleotide induces the formation of an intermediate transition state that displays no increase in enzyme activity over the basal state and which slowly isomerizes to a high activity state of the adenylate cyclase system; glucagon acts by accelerating the rate of isomerization.", "contents": "The hepatic adenylate cyclase system. I. Evidence for transition states and structural requirements for guanine nucloetide activiation. Previous studies have shown that guanine nucleotides, acting at a site termed nucleotide regulatory site, are required for activation of hepatic adenylate cyclase and that glucagon facilitates this process. This study shows that only guanine nucleotides containing triphosphate groups at the 5' position of ribose (or 3'-deoxyribose) are capable of activating the enzyme. The terminal phosphate is not utilized in the activation process since 5'-guanylylimidodiphosphate (Gpp(NH)p and 5'-guanylyl methylenediphosphonate, analogues of GTP that are not utilized in transferase or hydrolase reactions, stimulate enzyme activity. The nucleotides bind in their free form at the regulatory site; chelation by magnesium ion shifts the apparent concentration dependence for activation by Gpp(nh)p. GDP inhibits competitively Gpp(NH)p-stimulated activity and inhibits basal activity and activities stimulated by glucagon. Activation of the enzyme by Gpp(NH)p is a slow process; the length of the lag time increases as an inverse function of nucleotide concentration and is as long as 4 min before onset of increased enzyme activity. Following pretreatment with Gpp(NH)p and extensive washing of hepatic membranes, the enzyme displays immediate increases in activity with rates that are a function of the nucleotide concentration during pretreatment; the rates remain constant for at least 6 min despite the absence of Gpp(NH)p in the medium. Studies with labeled Gpp(NH)p show that the intact nucleotide remains firmly bound to the membranes after extensive washing, suggesting that the persistence of adenylate cyclase activity may be related to slow dissociation of the nucleotide from the regulatory site. Addition of 1 nM glucagon, a submaximal concentration, does not abolish the lag phase of Gpp(NH)p activation even at saturating concentration of the nucleotide (1 muM or higher). The maximal steady state rate is achieved under these conditions. Addition of 2 muM glucagon, a saturating hormone concentration, does not alter the steady state rate but abolishes the lag phase of Gpp(NH)p activation. The transient kinetics of Gpp(NH)p activation and the effects of glucagon thereon are discussed in terms of a three state model in which the guanine nucleotide induces the formation of an intermediate transition state that displays no increase in enzyme activity over the basal state and which slowly isomerizes to a high activity state of the adenylate cyclase system; glucagon acts by accelerating the rate of isomerization.", "PMID": 1126949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9772", "title": "The hepatic adenylate cyclase system. III. A mathematical model for the steady state kinetics of catalysis and nucleotide regulation.", "content": "This paper presents a steady state kinetic model for hepatic adenylate cyclase. The activity of the enzyme has been assayed in the presence of a range of concentrations of magnesium, adenylylimidodiphosphate (App(NH)p), 5'-guanylylimidodiphosphate (Gpp(NH)p), and in the presence and absence of saturating concentrations of glucagon. The data were tested against proposed models using an iterative least squares curve fitting program (SAAM25) and confidence estimates for the model parameters were obtained. Hepatic adenylate cyclase is viewed as an enzyme having three characteristic states of catalytic function (E, E', E''). Each state has its own intrinsic activity in carrying out the catalysis of MgApp(NH)p-3 minus to form cyclic adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate. It is shown, in agreement with a proposal by de Ha\u00ebn, that unchelated substrate can inhibit adenylate cyclase activity. It is further concluded that this inhibition is principally due to App(NH)pH-3 minus. The three catalytic states differ markedly in their susceptibility to inhibition as well as in their Vmax, but the Km for MgApp(NH)p-2 minus is essentially the same for all states. The state transitions induced by Gpp(NH)p and by hormone are considered. Gpp(NH)p binding to state E causes transformation to state E'. State E' undergoes spontaneous transformation to state E''. Glucagon augments the transition from E' to E''. We conclude that the activating species of Gpp(NH)p is an unchelated form, most probably Gpp(NH)p-4 minus. Our results indicate that state E' is significantly more susceptible to inhibition by App(NH)pH-3 minus than the other two states. Certain phenomena occurring in fat cell adenylate cyclase are discussed in light of our findings in hepatic adenylate cyclase.", "contents": "The hepatic adenylate cyclase system. III. A mathematical model for the steady state kinetics of catalysis and nucleotide regulation. This paper presents a steady state kinetic model for hepatic adenylate cyclase. The activity of the enzyme has been assayed in the presence of a range of concentrations of magnesium, adenylylimidodiphosphate (App(NH)p), 5'-guanylylimidodiphosphate (Gpp(NH)p), and in the presence and absence of saturating concentrations of glucagon. The data were tested against proposed models using an iterative least squares curve fitting program (SAAM25) and confidence estimates for the model parameters were obtained. Hepatic adenylate cyclase is viewed as an enzyme having three characteristic states of catalytic function (E, E', E''). Each state has its own intrinsic activity in carrying out the catalysis of MgApp(NH)p-3 minus to form cyclic adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate. It is shown, in agreement with a proposal by de Ha\u00ebn, that unchelated substrate can inhibit adenylate cyclase activity. It is further concluded that this inhibition is principally due to App(NH)pH-3 minus. The three catalytic states differ markedly in their susceptibility to inhibition as well as in their Vmax, but the Km for MgApp(NH)p-2 minus is essentially the same for all states. The state transitions induced by Gpp(NH)p and by hormone are considered. Gpp(NH)p binding to state E causes transformation to state E'. State E' undergoes spontaneous transformation to state E''. Glucagon augments the transition from E' to E''. We conclude that the activating species of Gpp(NH)p is an unchelated form, most probably Gpp(NH)p-4 minus. Our results indicate that state E' is significantly more susceptible to inhibition by App(NH)pH-3 minus than the other two states. Certain phenomena occurring in fat cell adenylate cyclase are discussed in light of our findings in hepatic adenylate cyclase.", "PMID": 1126950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9773", "title": "The partial amino acid sequence of trypsin inhibitor II from garden bean, Phaseolus vulgaris, with location of the trypsin and elastase-reactive sites.", "content": "The amino acid sequences of garden bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) trypsin inhibitor II and a related molecular species II' have been examined. The entire sequence of II' has been determined with the exception of five internal residues. The garden bean inhibitors are highly homologous to the Bowman-Birk soybean inhibitor and lima bean trypsin inhibitor IV. The trypsin-reactive site has been located in the second half of the molecule, while the first reactive site has been found to be directed against elastase. Garden bean inhibitor II (and II') is thus a double-headed inhibitor, simultaneously inhibiting 1 molecule of trypsin and 1 of elastase.", "contents": "The partial amino acid sequence of trypsin inhibitor II from garden bean, Phaseolus vulgaris, with location of the trypsin and elastase-reactive sites. The amino acid sequences of garden bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) trypsin inhibitor II and a related molecular species II' have been examined. The entire sequence of II' has been determined with the exception of five internal residues. The garden bean inhibitors are highly homologous to the Bowman-Birk soybean inhibitor and lima bean trypsin inhibitor IV. The trypsin-reactive site has been located in the second half of the molecule, while the first reactive site has been found to be directed against elastase. Garden bean inhibitor II (and II') is thus a double-headed inhibitor, simultaneously inhibiting 1 molecule of trypsin and 1 of elastase.", "PMID": 1126951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9774", "title": "Characterization of the binding of 125-I-labeled epidermal growth factor to human fibroblasts.", "content": "Epidermal growth factor (EGF) was labeled with 125-I by a lactoperoxidase technique. The unlabeled, monoiodinated and diiodinated species were separated by DEAE-cellulose chromatography and found to possess equivalent biological activities. The binding of monoiodinated epidermal growth factor to human fibroblasts was specific in that unrelated polypeptides did not affect the binding reaction. The binding reaction was a saturable process and was time- and temperature-dependent. A Scatchard analysis of the binding data indicated that each cell was capable of binding approximately 100, 000 molecules of 125-I-EGF. The apparent dissociation constant for the binding reaction was calculated to be 2.7 to 4.3 times 10-minus 10 M. Subsequent to the binding of 125-I-EGF to the fibroblasts, the growth factor was degraded by a cell-mediated proteolysis and [125-I]monoiodotyrosine appeared in the medium. The extent of degradation was reduced by the protease inhibitors, tosyl-L-lysine chloromethyl ketone and the benzyl ester of guanidobenzoic acid. Active binding sites of 125-I-egf appeared to be present in some but not all cell types. These results demonstrated that cells derived from a number of species (human, mouse, rat, and chick) possessed receptors that interacted with this mouse-derived growth factor.", "contents": "Characterization of the binding of 125-I-labeled epidermal growth factor to human fibroblasts. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) was labeled with 125-I by a lactoperoxidase technique. The unlabeled, monoiodinated and diiodinated species were separated by DEAE-cellulose chromatography and found to possess equivalent biological activities. The binding of monoiodinated epidermal growth factor to human fibroblasts was specific in that unrelated polypeptides did not affect the binding reaction. The binding reaction was a saturable process and was time- and temperature-dependent. A Scatchard analysis of the binding data indicated that each cell was capable of binding approximately 100, 000 molecules of 125-I-EGF. The apparent dissociation constant for the binding reaction was calculated to be 2.7 to 4.3 times 10-minus 10 M. Subsequent to the binding of 125-I-EGF to the fibroblasts, the growth factor was degraded by a cell-mediated proteolysis and [125-I]monoiodotyrosine appeared in the medium. The extent of degradation was reduced by the protease inhibitors, tosyl-L-lysine chloromethyl ketone and the benzyl ester of guanidobenzoic acid. Active binding sites of 125-I-egf appeared to be present in some but not all cell types. These results demonstrated that cells derived from a number of species (human, mouse, rat, and chick) possessed receptors that interacted with this mouse-derived growth factor.", "PMID": 1126952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9775", "title": "Purification of yeast alpha-isopropylmalate isomerase. High ionic strength hydrophobic chromatography.", "content": "alpha-Isopropylmalate isomerase, the second enzyme specific for leucine biosynthesis, can be purified from extracts of yeast utilizing a chromatographic procedure that allows separation of proteins in the presence of high concentrations of (NH4)2SO4. The purification procedure utilizes the stabilizing effect of glycerol and (NH4)2SO4 on the isomerase and their opposing effects on protein retention on valine-Sepharose and leucine-Sepharose. The method effectively separates the isomerase from fumarase, a stable internal marker protein that was co-purified in early steps. High ionic strength hydrophobic chromatography, based on differential retention as a function of the length of the hydrophobic sidearm and ionic strength, yields approximately 200-fold purified alpha-isopropylmalate isomerase and may be of general utility in purifying unstable enzymes requiring high ionic strength.", "contents": "Purification of yeast alpha-isopropylmalate isomerase. High ionic strength hydrophobic chromatography. alpha-Isopropylmalate isomerase, the second enzyme specific for leucine biosynthesis, can be purified from extracts of yeast utilizing a chromatographic procedure that allows separation of proteins in the presence of high concentrations of (NH4)2SO4. The purification procedure utilizes the stabilizing effect of glycerol and (NH4)2SO4 on the isomerase and their opposing effects on protein retention on valine-Sepharose and leucine-Sepharose. The method effectively separates the isomerase from fumarase, a stable internal marker protein that was co-purified in early steps. High ionic strength hydrophobic chromatography, based on differential retention as a function of the length of the hydrophobic sidearm and ionic strength, yields approximately 200-fold purified alpha-isopropylmalate isomerase and may be of general utility in purifying unstable enzymes requiring high ionic strength.", "PMID": 1126953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9776", "title": "Proteolytic digestion of the micellar complex of f1 coat protein and deoxycholate.", "content": "The major coat protein of bacteriophage f1 radioactively labeled with specific amino acids was solubilized with deoxycholate and digested with trypsin or alpha-chymotrypsin. The degree of proteolysis of the coat protein was assayed by gel filtration chromatography of the digest in the presence of deoxycholate. Hydrolysis occurred at residues in the hydrophilic termini of the coat, releasing peptides containing proline, lysine, and phenylalanine. No cleavage occurred at the tyrosine or methionine residues in the hydrophobic core. However, chymotrypsin could cleave somewhat at these residues in the absence of deoxycholate. A model for the topography of the micellar complex of coat protein and deoxycholate is presented in which the hydrophobic sequence of the coat is bound to deoxycholate within a micelle, while the hydrophilic termini of the coat project from the micelle.", "contents": "Proteolytic digestion of the micellar complex of f1 coat protein and deoxycholate. The major coat protein of bacteriophage f1 radioactively labeled with specific amino acids was solubilized with deoxycholate and digested with trypsin or alpha-chymotrypsin. The degree of proteolysis of the coat protein was assayed by gel filtration chromatography of the digest in the presence of deoxycholate. Hydrolysis occurred at residues in the hydrophilic termini of the coat, releasing peptides containing proline, lysine, and phenylalanine. No cleavage occurred at the tyrosine or methionine residues in the hydrophobic core. However, chymotrypsin could cleave somewhat at these residues in the absence of deoxycholate. A model for the topography of the micellar complex of coat protein and deoxycholate is presented in which the hydrophobic sequence of the coat is bound to deoxycholate within a micelle, while the hydrophilic termini of the coat project from the micelle.", "PMID": 1126954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9777", "title": "UDPGlucose 4-epimerase from Saccharomyces fragilis. Allosteric kinetics with UDP-glucose as substrate.", "content": "UDPglucose 4-epimerase from Saccharomyces fragilis catalyzes a freely reversible reaction between UDP-galactose and UDP-glucose. With UDP-galactose as the substrate the enzyme shows a classical hyperbolic kinetics but when UDP-glucose is used as the substrate a distinct allostericity is observed. As a consequence, at low concentrations of UDP-glucose, the enzyme fails to establish the equilibrium at a significant rate. Glucose 6-phosphate acts as a strong activator for the enzyme with low concentrations of UDP-glucose as the substrate. In view of these rather unusual kinetic data for an enzyme catalyzing a freely reversible reaction, UDPglucose 4-epimerase may play a regulatory role in controlling the flux of galactose metabolism.", "contents": "UDPGlucose 4-epimerase from Saccharomyces fragilis. Allosteric kinetics with UDP-glucose as substrate. UDPglucose 4-epimerase from Saccharomyces fragilis catalyzes a freely reversible reaction between UDP-galactose and UDP-glucose. With UDP-galactose as the substrate the enzyme shows a classical hyperbolic kinetics but when UDP-glucose is used as the substrate a distinct allostericity is observed. As a consequence, at low concentrations of UDP-glucose, the enzyme fails to establish the equilibrium at a significant rate. Glucose 6-phosphate acts as a strong activator for the enzyme with low concentrations of UDP-glucose as the substrate. In view of these rather unusual kinetic data for an enzyme catalyzing a freely reversible reaction, UDPglucose 4-epimerase may play a regulatory role in controlling the flux of galactose metabolism.", "PMID": 1126955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9778", "title": "Early systemic hypertension after surgical closure of atrial septal defect.", "content": "The systemic haemodynamic changes occurring in the immediate post-operative period were examined in a series of patients undergoing closure of atrial septal defect (A.S.D.) and in a consecutive series of all patients undergoing open-heart surgery in this Unit. Significant systemic hypertension was observed in 47.5% of patients in the A.S.D. series. In an attempt to explain this finding, several other haemodynamic variables were examined in relation to the systemic blood pressure. There was no correlation between central venous pressure or blood loss and systemic blood pressure. However, there was an inverse correlation between blood balance and systolic and diastolic blood pressure at 4 hours after operation. The explantation of this finding is unclear but it may be due to the effects on atrial receptors of lower right atrial and pulmonary artery pressures following closure of the A.S.D. Although the post-operative systemic hypertension was transient in most cases, it may produce adverse effects in the early post-operative period and therefore treatment with hypotensive agents should be considered in severe cases.", "contents": "Early systemic hypertension after surgical closure of atrial septal defect. The systemic haemodynamic changes occurring in the immediate post-operative period were examined in a series of patients undergoing closure of atrial septal defect (A.S.D.) and in a consecutive series of all patients undergoing open-heart surgery in this Unit. Significant systemic hypertension was observed in 47.5% of patients in the A.S.D. series. In an attempt to explain this finding, several other haemodynamic variables were examined in relation to the systemic blood pressure. There was no correlation between central venous pressure or blood loss and systemic blood pressure. However, there was an inverse correlation between blood balance and systolic and diastolic blood pressure at 4 hours after operation. The explantation of this finding is unclear but it may be due to the effects on atrial receptors of lower right atrial and pulmonary artery pressures following closure of the A.S.D. Although the post-operative systemic hypertension was transient in most cases, it may produce adverse effects in the early post-operative period and therefore treatment with hypotensive agents should be considered in severe cases.", "PMID": 1126980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9779", "title": "Considerations on occlusive diseases of the leg arteries and determination of muscle blood flow by Xe-133 clearance method.", "content": "Muscle blood flow in the anterior tibial and gastrocnemius muscles of 40 limbs with thromboangitis obliterans with occlusions only in the leg arteries was measured by Xe-133 non-ischemic work method. All cases with complete occlusion at the origin of the anterior tibial artery had remarkably abnormal curves in the anterior tibial muscle. All cases, except one, with occlusion of the posterior tibial artery at its origin or at the origin of the peroneal artery had moderate abnormal clearance curves in the gastrocnemius muscle. Even if the peroneal artery was completely occluded the clearance curve in the gastrocnemius muscle was normal. In producing intermittent claudication in the calf without occlusion proximally to the popliteal artery, the sural arteries, the posterior tibial artery and the muscle nutritive arteries are very important.", "contents": "Considerations on occlusive diseases of the leg arteries and determination of muscle blood flow by Xe-133 clearance method. Muscle blood flow in the anterior tibial and gastrocnemius muscles of 40 limbs with thromboangitis obliterans with occlusions only in the leg arteries was measured by Xe-133 non-ischemic work method. All cases with complete occlusion at the origin of the anterior tibial artery had remarkably abnormal curves in the anterior tibial muscle. All cases, except one, with occlusion of the posterior tibial artery at its origin or at the origin of the peroneal artery had moderate abnormal clearance curves in the gastrocnemius muscle. Even if the peroneal artery was completely occluded the clearance curve in the gastrocnemius muscle was normal. In producing intermittent claudication in the calf without occlusion proximally to the popliteal artery, the sural arteries, the posterior tibial artery and the muscle nutritive arteries are very important.", "PMID": 1126984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9780", "title": "A clinico-radiological survey of deep venous thrombosis of the leg.", "content": "In a clinico-radiological survey of 150 cases of varicose veins of the leg, 44 had primary varicosities with no dermal complications; their venograms showed patency of the deep veins of the leg. In 106 cases presenting dermal complications, venographic evidence of deep venous occlusion was present. The dermal complications of varicosities are, therefore, always secondary to deep venous occlusion. Deep venous occlusion of the leg was confined to the lower 1/3 of the leg in 58% of the cases occurring as a complication of silent varices. In 15% it involved the upper 1/3. This lesion complicated trauma and surgical operations. In 5% thrombosis occurred in the muscular sinusoids as a complication of septicaemia. In 22%, deep venous occlusion in lower 1/3 of the leg extended to the middle and upper thirds with a corresponding ascending aggravation of the clinical picture. The underlying factors in the pathogenesis of dermal complications are discussed as well as the role of the lymphatics. The reported classification of deep venous occlusion of the leg may prove of value if a venographic study is not feasible. A review of the various types of treatment is presented in the light of these informations.", "contents": "A clinico-radiological survey of deep venous thrombosis of the leg. In a clinico-radiological survey of 150 cases of varicose veins of the leg, 44 had primary varicosities with no dermal complications; their venograms showed patency of the deep veins of the leg. In 106 cases presenting dermal complications, venographic evidence of deep venous occlusion was present. The dermal complications of varicosities are, therefore, always secondary to deep venous occlusion. Deep venous occlusion of the leg was confined to the lower 1/3 of the leg in 58% of the cases occurring as a complication of silent varices. In 15% it involved the upper 1/3. This lesion complicated trauma and surgical operations. In 5% thrombosis occurred in the muscular sinusoids as a complication of septicaemia. In 22%, deep venous occlusion in lower 1/3 of the leg extended to the middle and upper thirds with a corresponding ascending aggravation of the clinical picture. The underlying factors in the pathogenesis of dermal complications are discussed as well as the role of the lymphatics. The reported classification of deep venous occlusion of the leg may prove of value if a venographic study is not feasible. A review of the various types of treatment is presented in the light of these informations.", "PMID": 1126988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9781", "title": "Mitral insufficiency in an incomplete form of Marfan syndrome corrected with valve replacement.", "content": "A 14-year-old boy with an incomplete form of the Marfan syndrome developed an acute episode of severe congestive heart failure following exertion. The preoperative studies indicated a mitral insufficiency, and a floppy, thickened mitral valve was removed and replaced with a Starr-Edwards prosthesis. Microscopically, the valve showed increase in collagen with central myxomatous transformation. Seven months postoperatively the patient is doing well and has no symptoms of heart failure.", "contents": "Mitral insufficiency in an incomplete form of Marfan syndrome corrected with valve replacement. A 14-year-old boy with an incomplete form of the Marfan syndrome developed an acute episode of severe congestive heart failure following exertion. The preoperative studies indicated a mitral insufficiency, and a floppy, thickened mitral valve was removed and replaced with a Starr-Edwards prosthesis. Microscopically, the valve showed increase in collagen with central myxomatous transformation. Seven months postoperatively the patient is doing well and has no symptoms of heart failure.", "PMID": 1126990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9782", "title": "Effect of athrombogenic therapy, especially high dose therapy of dipyridamole, after prosthetic valve replacement.", "content": "In order to prevent thrombo-embolism after prosthetic valve replacement, a high dose therapy with 450 mg/day of Dipyridamole and 3,000 mg/day of Aspirin was carried out for 1 year and 2 months in 91 cases (26 cases with aortic valve replacement, 40 cases with mitral valve replacement and 25 cases with multiple valve replacement). In the treated group, the incidence was 1.9% in cases more than 5 years after valve replacement and 2.9% in cases less than 5 years after valve replacement. In contrast, in the control group of 89 cases (47 cases of aortic valve replacement, 30 cases of mitral valve replacement and 12 cases of multiple valve replacement), the incidence was 9.1% and 14.7%, respectively. Thus, in both time intervals following prosthetic valve replacement the incidence of thrombo-embolism in the treated group was significantly lower than in the control group.", "contents": "Effect of athrombogenic therapy, especially high dose therapy of dipyridamole, after prosthetic valve replacement. In order to prevent thrombo-embolism after prosthetic valve replacement, a high dose therapy with 450 mg/day of Dipyridamole and 3,000 mg/day of Aspirin was carried out for 1 year and 2 months in 91 cases (26 cases with aortic valve replacement, 40 cases with mitral valve replacement and 25 cases with multiple valve replacement). In the treated group, the incidence was 1.9% in cases more than 5 years after valve replacement and 2.9% in cases less than 5 years after valve replacement. In contrast, in the control group of 89 cases (47 cases of aortic valve replacement, 30 cases of mitral valve replacement and 12 cases of multiple valve replacement), the incidence was 9.1% and 14.7%, respectively. Thus, in both time intervals following prosthetic valve replacement the incidence of thrombo-embolism in the treated group was significantly lower than in the control group.", "PMID": 1126989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9783", "title": "Protein-losing enteropathy in lymphoedema. Surgical investigation and treatment.", "content": "Patients with primary lymphoedema have been tested for protein loss from the gut by the chromium chloride  test. In a proportion of patients there is significant loss which may drop the plasma proteins thereby increasing oedema. Three patients were treated by abdominal exploration, mesenteric lymphography and resection of the worst affected length of gut. There was clinical and biochemical improvement and no complication.", "contents": "Protein-losing enteropathy in lymphoedema. Surgical investigation and treatment. Patients with primary lymphoedema have been tested for protein loss from the gut by the chromium chloride  test. In a proportion of patients there is significant loss which may drop the plasma proteins thereby increasing oedema. Three patients were treated by abdominal exploration, mesenteric lymphography and resection of the worst affected length of gut. There was clinical and biochemical improvement and no complication.", "PMID": 1126992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9784", "title": "Improved techniques for lumbar aortography.", "content": "The use of a large volume technique (60-100 ml of contrast) for lumbar aortography is recommended for routine use in the investigation of peripheral arterial disease of the legs. With this method lesions are less likely to be missed and more information is obtained. Using the modern contrast media such as iothalamate, the complications due to contrast medium are not significantly greater than with the conventional volume technique. In Leriche syndrome, although the proximal end of the arterial occlusion can be demonstrated using conventional volume anortography, the distal end, and the arteries below the occlusion can usually only be shown by using a relatively large volume of contrast. Movement of a patient with a lumbar aortography needle in position is safe. Additional projections such as obliques to show the origins of the profunda femoris arteries or the arteries of the feet, can be taken if required. Complications due to stripping of the aortic wall are diminished if a blocked ended single side opening lumbar aortography needle is used.", "contents": "Improved techniques for lumbar aortography. The use of a large volume technique (60-100 ml of contrast) for lumbar aortography is recommended for routine use in the investigation of peripheral arterial disease of the legs. With this method lesions are less likely to be missed and more information is obtained. Using the modern contrast media such as iothalamate, the complications due to contrast medium are not significantly greater than with the conventional volume technique. In Leriche syndrome, although the proximal end of the arterial occlusion can be demonstrated using conventional volume anortography, the distal end, and the arteries below the occlusion can usually only be shown by using a relatively large volume of contrast. Movement of a patient with a lumbar aortography needle in position is safe. Additional projections such as obliques to show the origins of the profunda femoris arteries or the arteries of the feet, can be taken if required. Complications due to stripping of the aortic wall are diminished if a blocked ended single side opening lumbar aortography needle is used.", "PMID": 1126994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9785", "title": "The subclavian artery in 16 patients with complete cervical ribs.", "content": "In a series of 16 patients presenting with symptoms due to the presence of a complete cervical rib, 8 complained of neurological symptoms only and 8 presented with major vascular symptoms. There were 21 complete cervical ribs in this series, 5 patients having bilateral cervical ribs, and these were excised. At operation particular attention was paid to the anatomy and pathology of the subclavian artery in relation to the cervical rib. Two anatomical variants were present. In type A cervical rib (16 cases) the subclavian artery crossed the first rib medial to the exostosis and all patients with major vascular symptoms were in this category. In type B (5 cases) the subclavian artery crossed the first rib lateral to the exostosis and symptoms, when present, were neurological rather than vascular. The two groups can be distingushed clinically and this may be of prognostic value. Post-stenotic dilatation of the subclavian artery acompanied 15 of the 21 complete cervical ribs and was attributed to compression of the artery between the cervical rib and the anterior scalene muscle. In 8 instances the post-stenotic dilatation was complicated by aneurysm and peripheral thrombo-embolism and this was regarded as a secondary phenomenon due to intermittent trauma at cost-clavicular level. A follow-up of up to 9 years would indicate that post-stenotic dilatation of mild or moderate degree is adequately treated by resection of the cervical rib and exostosis on first rib. When an aneurysm is present with localised disruption of the arterial wall with mural thrombus, it is necessary also to excise the aneurysm for, otherwise, there is a risk of further thrombo-embolic episodes.", "contents": "The subclavian artery in 16 patients with complete cervical ribs. In a series of 16 patients presenting with symptoms due to the presence of a complete cervical rib, 8 complained of neurological symptoms only and 8 presented with major vascular symptoms. There were 21 complete cervical ribs in this series, 5 patients having bilateral cervical ribs, and these were excised. At operation particular attention was paid to the anatomy and pathology of the subclavian artery in relation to the cervical rib. Two anatomical variants were present. In type A cervical rib (16 cases) the subclavian artery crossed the first rib medial to the exostosis and all patients with major vascular symptoms were in this category. In type B (5 cases) the subclavian artery crossed the first rib lateral to the exostosis and symptoms, when present, were neurological rather than vascular. The two groups can be distingushed clinically and this may be of prognostic value. Post-stenotic dilatation of the subclavian artery acompanied 15 of the 21 complete cervical ribs and was attributed to compression of the artery between the cervical rib and the anterior scalene muscle. In 8 instances the post-stenotic dilatation was complicated by aneurysm and peripheral thrombo-embolism and this was regarded as a secondary phenomenon due to intermittent trauma at cost-clavicular level. A follow-up of up to 9 years would indicate that post-stenotic dilatation of mild or moderate degree is adequately treated by resection of the cervical rib and exostosis on first rib. When an aneurysm is present with localised disruption of the arterial wall with mural thrombus, it is necessary also to excise the aneurysm for, otherwise, there is a risk of further thrombo-embolic episodes.", "PMID": 1126996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9786", "title": "The long term behaviour of autogeneou vein by-pass grafts.", "content": "The results of the follow-up of 50 consecutive atuogeneous vein bypass grafts during 1958-65 are described. Arteriography was performed at regular intervals throughout the follow-up lasting from 8-15 years. 11 grafts failed in less than 2 years and were considered technical failures. Thereafter, of the 37 cases on whom arteriographic information is available, a further 5 grafts failed. Deterioration of the graft itself occurred in 19 percent, proximal anastomosis dilatation it 16 percent, and distal anastomosis narrowing in 25 percent. Improvement of flow to the lower leg vessels did not accelerate progression of the long saphenous vein at the time of operation is the limiting factor in longterm graft deterioration. The majority of grafts remained patient without degeneration for up to 15 years.", "contents": "The long term behaviour of autogeneou vein by-pass grafts. The results of the follow-up of 50 consecutive atuogeneous vein bypass grafts during 1958-65 are described. Arteriography was performed at regular intervals throughout the follow-up lasting from 8-15 years. 11 grafts failed in less than 2 years and were considered technical failures. Thereafter, of the 37 cases on whom arteriographic information is available, a further 5 grafts failed. Deterioration of the graft itself occurred in 19 percent, proximal anastomosis dilatation it 16 percent, and distal anastomosis narrowing in 25 percent. Improvement of flow to the lower leg vessels did not accelerate progression of the long saphenous vein at the time of operation is the limiting factor in longterm graft deterioration. The majority of grafts remained patient without degeneration for up to 15 years.", "PMID": 1126995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9787", "title": "Mitochondrial and cytoplasmic ribosomes and their activity in blood and culture form Trypanosoma brucei.", "content": "Ribosomes of Trypanosoma brucei, a parasitic, flagellated protozoan (order Kinetoplastida), were identified on sucrose density gradients by their radioactively labeled nascent peptides. Ultraviolet absorption revealed only cytoplasmic ribosomes which served as internal sedimentation markers. Synthesis on cytoplasmic ribosomes was completely inhibited by cycloheximide. In the presence of this antibiotic, nascent peptides were associated with ribosomes of lower sedimentation coefficient than the cytoplasmic ribosomes. Chloramphenicol blocked synthesis on these ribosomes which are probably the mitochondrial ribosomes. These ribosomes differed from the cytoplasmic ribosomes in several ways. Their sedimentation coefficient was about 72S rather than 84S. The stability of the 72S ribosomes was less sensitive to pancreatic ribonuclease and low Mg-++ concentrations, dissociating below 0.1 mM Mg++. The 72S ribosomes were more sensitive to elevated KCl concentrations, dissociation above 0.25 M. Protein synthetic activity associated with the 72S class of ribosomes was found in trypanosomes grown in rats. Under these conditions no cytochromes or fully active Krebs cycle is present in these cells and respiration is insensitive to cyanide.", "contents": "Mitochondrial and cytoplasmic ribosomes and their activity in blood and culture form Trypanosoma brucei. Ribosomes of Trypanosoma brucei, a parasitic, flagellated protozoan (order Kinetoplastida), were identified on sucrose density gradients by their radioactively labeled nascent peptides. Ultraviolet absorption revealed only cytoplasmic ribosomes which served as internal sedimentation markers. Synthesis on cytoplasmic ribosomes was completely inhibited by cycloheximide. In the presence of this antibiotic, nascent peptides were associated with ribosomes of lower sedimentation coefficient than the cytoplasmic ribosomes. Chloramphenicol blocked synthesis on these ribosomes which are probably the mitochondrial ribosomes. These ribosomes differed from the cytoplasmic ribosomes in several ways. Their sedimentation coefficient was about 72S rather than 84S. The stability of the 72S ribosomes was less sensitive to pancreatic ribonuclease and low Mg-++ concentrations, dissociating below 0.1 mM Mg++. The 72S ribosomes were more sensitive to elevated KCl concentrations, dissociation above 0.25 M. Protein synthetic activity associated with the 72S class of ribosomes was found in trypanosomes grown in rats. Under these conditions no cytochromes or fully active Krebs cycle is present in these cells and respiration is insensitive to cyanide.", "PMID": 1127006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9788", "title": "Methods for the freeze-fracturing of nerve tissue cultures and cell monolayers.", "content": "Two methods for freeze-cleaving of thin tissue layers are presented. Whereas a simple technique can be employed to fracture continuous, relatively firm tissue layers, a more sophisticated technique employing special carriers is needed to fracture very thin and incomplete layers, e.g., the fiber outgrowth of cultured nerve tissue or sparsely seeded isolated cells. Both methods basically consist of freezing the specimens sandwiched between two small metal carriers which are then fractured apart so that the cleavage plane runs through the tissue. In the resulting replicas of such thin specimens, large membrane areas are exposed, and new information is provided on the topography of membrane properties in entire cells or cell processes. The technique should also be useful for studies on the interactions of cells grown in culture.", "contents": "Methods for the freeze-fracturing of nerve tissue cultures and cell monolayers. Two methods for freeze-cleaving of thin tissue layers are presented. Whereas a simple technique can be employed to fracture continuous, relatively firm tissue layers, a more sophisticated technique employing special carriers is needed to fracture very thin and incomplete layers, e.g., the fiber outgrowth of cultured nerve tissue or sparsely seeded isolated cells. Both methods basically consist of freezing the specimens sandwiched between two small metal carriers which are then fractured apart so that the cleavage plane runs through the tissue. In the resulting replicas of such thin specimens, large membrane areas are exposed, and new information is provided on the topography of membrane properties in entire cells or cell processes. The technique should also be useful for studies on the interactions of cells grown in culture.", "PMID": 1127007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9789", "title": "Effects of actinomycin D on the association of newly formed ribonucleoproteins with the cistrons of ribosomal RNA in Triturus oocytes.", "content": "The effect of actinomycin D(AMD) on the association of the nascent ribonucleo-protein (RNP) fibrils containing the precursors of ribosomal RNA (pre-rRNA) with their template deoxyribonucleoprotein (rDNP) strands has been studied in lampbrush stage oocytes from Triturus alpestris. Ovary pieces were incubated in vitro either in media containing radioactive ribonucleosides and then, for various times, in solutions containing 25 mug/ml AMD, or were directly exposed to the drug. The ultrastructure of the nucleoli and the nuclear periphery was studied by electron microscopy of thin sections and positively stained spread preparations of isolated nuclear contents, and by light and electron microscope autoradiography. The fate of the labeled pre-rRNA was followed by gel electrophoresis of RNA extracted from manually isolated nuclei. Our results show that the growing fibrils which contain the nascent pre-rRNA progressively detach from the DNP strands, the majority being released between 45 and 180 min after application of the drug. The release pattern seems to be random and does not show preference for regions close to the initiator or terminator sites of the transcribed rDNP units. There is a pronounced tendency to removal of groups of adjacent mascent fibrils. The effect of the drug is very heterogeneous. Even after 3 h of treatment with AMD the nucleoli exhibit several individual transcriptional units which appear almost completely covered with lateral fibrils. Autoradiography revealed that most of this released RNP remains within the confinements of the nucleoli which show some foci of aggregation and condensation of fibrillar components but no clear \"segregation\" phenomenon. In the gel-electrophoretic analysis, a significant but moderate decrease of labeled pre-rRNA was noted only in the first stable pre-rRNA component, whereas pre-rRNA classes of lower molecular weight are very stable under these conditions. The results are discussed in relation to the stability of rDNA transcription complexes and as a basis for an explanation of the ultrastructural changes which are generally observed in nucleoli of AMD-treated cells. It is postulated that inhibition of transcription results in a slow but progressive release of the arrested incomplete RNP fibrils from the template.", "contents": "Effects of actinomycin D on the association of newly formed ribonucleoproteins with the cistrons of ribosomal RNA in Triturus oocytes. The effect of actinomycin D(AMD) on the association of the nascent ribonucleo-protein (RNP) fibrils containing the precursors of ribosomal RNA (pre-rRNA) with their template deoxyribonucleoprotein (rDNP) strands has been studied in lampbrush stage oocytes from Triturus alpestris. Ovary pieces were incubated in vitro either in media containing radioactive ribonucleosides and then, for various times, in solutions containing 25 mug/ml AMD, or were directly exposed to the drug. The ultrastructure of the nucleoli and the nuclear periphery was studied by electron microscopy of thin sections and positively stained spread preparations of isolated nuclear contents, and by light and electron microscope autoradiography. The fate of the labeled pre-rRNA was followed by gel electrophoresis of RNA extracted from manually isolated nuclei. Our results show that the growing fibrils which contain the nascent pre-rRNA progressively detach from the DNP strands, the majority being released between 45 and 180 min after application of the drug. The release pattern seems to be random and does not show preference for regions close to the initiator or terminator sites of the transcribed rDNP units. There is a pronounced tendency to removal of groups of adjacent mascent fibrils. The effect of the drug is very heterogeneous. Even after 3 h of treatment with AMD the nucleoli exhibit several individual transcriptional units which appear almost completely covered with lateral fibrils. Autoradiography revealed that most of this released RNP remains within the confinements of the nucleoli which show some foci of aggregation and condensation of fibrillar components but no clear \"segregation\" phenomenon. In the gel-electrophoretic analysis, a significant but moderate decrease of labeled pre-rRNA was noted only in the first stable pre-rRNA component, whereas pre-rRNA classes of lower molecular weight are very stable under these conditions. The results are discussed in relation to the stability of rDNA transcription complexes and as a basis for an explanation of the ultrastructural changes which are generally observed in nucleoli of AMD-treated cells. It is postulated that inhibition of transcription results in a slow but progressive release of the arrested incomplete RNP fibrils from the template.", "PMID": 1127008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9790", "title": "Acute arterial occlusion and the contraceptive pill.", "content": "Two female patients in their thirties suffered peripheral arterial occlusion, in close association with the ingestion of the oral contraceptive pill. While current investigative technique cannot directly implicate the pill, it is felt that in the two patients presented it was an important aetiological factor, no co-existing arterial pathology being detected.", "contents": "Acute arterial occlusion and the contraceptive pill. Two female patients in their thirties suffered peripheral arterial occlusion, in close association with the ingestion of the oral contraceptive pill. While current investigative technique cannot directly implicate the pill, it is felt that in the two patients presented it was an important aetiological factor, no co-existing arterial pathology being detected.", "PMID": 1127003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9791", "title": "Carotid endarterectomy. A review of 104 operations.", "content": "A follow-up of 104 carotid endarterectomies in 90 patients is presented. The operations were performed under general anaesthesia with controlled positive pressure ventilation and with peroperative EEG-registration. The patients have been divided into four groups: Group 1: Patients with no neurological symptoms. Group 2: Patients with transitory ischemic attacks (TIA). Group 3: Patients with neurological deficits. Group 4: Patients with cerebro-lesional symptoms. The specific neurological symptoms as well as the early surgical results and the results of the follow-up are presented. An evaluation of different kinds of X-ray examinations and of EEG-registration has been performed.", "contents": "Carotid endarterectomy. A review of 104 operations. A follow-up of 104 carotid endarterectomies in 90 patients is presented. The operations were performed under general anaesthesia with controlled positive pressure ventilation and with peroperative EEG-registration. The patients have been divided into four groups: Group 1: Patients with no neurological symptoms. Group 2: Patients with transitory ischemic attacks (TIA). Group 3: Patients with neurological deficits. Group 4: Patients with cerebro-lesional symptoms. The specific neurological symptoms as well as the early surgical results and the results of the follow-up are presented. An evaluation of different kinds of X-ray examinations and of EEG-registration has been performed.", "PMID": 1127002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9792", "title": "The permeability barrier in mammalian epidermis.", "content": "The structural basis of the permeability barrier in mammalian epidermis was examined by tracer and freeze-fracture techniques. Water-soluble tracers (horesradish peroxidase, lanthanum, ferritin) were injected into neonatal mice or into isolated upper epidermal sheets obtained with staphylococcal exfoliatin. Tracers percolated through the intercellular spaces to the upper stratum granulosum, where further egress was impeded by extruded contents of lamellar bodies. The lamellar contents initially remain segregated in pockets, then fuse to form broad sheets which fill intercellular regions of the stratum corneum, obscuring the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane. These striated intercellular regions are interrupted by periodic bulbous dilatations. When adequately preserved, the interstices of the stratum corneum are wider, by a factor of 5-10 times that previously appreciated. Freeze-fracture replicas of granular cell membranes revealed desmosomes, sparse plasma membrane particles, and accumulating intercellular lamellae, but no tight junctions. Fractured stratum corneum displayed large, smooth, multilaminated fracture faces. By freeze-substitution, proof was obtained that the fracture plane had diverted from the usual intramembranous route in the stratum granulosum to the intercellular space in the stratum corneum. We conclude that: (a) the primary barrier to water loss is formed in the stratum granulosum and is subserved by intercellular deposition of lamellar bodies, rather than occluding zonules; (b) a novel, intercellular freeze-fracture plane occurs within the stratum corneum; (c) intercellular regions of the stratum corneum comprise an expanded, structurally complex, presumably lipid-rich region which may play an important role in percutaneous transport.", "contents": "The permeability barrier in mammalian epidermis. The structural basis of the permeability barrier in mammalian epidermis was examined by tracer and freeze-fracture techniques. Water-soluble tracers (horesradish peroxidase, lanthanum, ferritin) were injected into neonatal mice or into isolated upper epidermal sheets obtained with staphylococcal exfoliatin. Tracers percolated through the intercellular spaces to the upper stratum granulosum, where further egress was impeded by extruded contents of lamellar bodies. The lamellar contents initially remain segregated in pockets, then fuse to form broad sheets which fill intercellular regions of the stratum corneum, obscuring the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane. These striated intercellular regions are interrupted by periodic bulbous dilatations. When adequately preserved, the interstices of the stratum corneum are wider, by a factor of 5-10 times that previously appreciated. Freeze-fracture replicas of granular cell membranes revealed desmosomes, sparse plasma membrane particles, and accumulating intercellular lamellae, but no tight junctions. Fractured stratum corneum displayed large, smooth, multilaminated fracture faces. By freeze-substitution, proof was obtained that the fracture plane had diverted from the usual intramembranous route in the stratum granulosum to the intercellular space in the stratum corneum. We conclude that: (a) the primary barrier to water loss is formed in the stratum granulosum and is subserved by intercellular deposition of lamellar bodies, rather than occluding zonules; (b) a novel, intercellular freeze-fracture plane occurs within the stratum corneum; (c) intercellular regions of the stratum corneum comprise an expanded, structurally complex, presumably lipid-rich region which may play an important role in percutaneous transport.", "PMID": 1127009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9793", "title": "Intramembrane organization of specialized contacts in the outer plexiform layer of the retina. A freeze-fracture study in monkeys and rabbits.", "content": "Freeze-fracture analysis of the neural connections in the outer plexiform layer of the retina of primates (Macaca mulatta and Macaca arctoides) demonstrates a remarkable diversity in the internal structure of the synaptic membranes. In the invaginating synapses of cone pedicles, the plasma membrane of the photoreceptor ending contains an aggregate of A-face particles, a hexagonal array of synaptic vesicle sites, and rows of coated vesicle sites, which are deployed in sequence from apex to base of the synaptic ridge. The horizontal cell dendrites lack vesicle sites and have two aggregates of intramembrane A-face particles, one at the interface with the apex of the synaptic ridge, the other opposite the tip of the invaginating midget bipolar dendrite. Furthermore, the horizontal cell dendrites are interconnected by a novel type of specialized junction, characterized by: (a) enlarged intercellular cleft, bisected by a dense plate and traversed by uniformly spaced crossbars; (b) symmetrical arrays of B-face particles arranged in parallel rows within the junctional membranes; and (c) a layer of dense material on the cytoplasmic surface of the membranes. The plasmalemma of the invaginating midget bipolar dendrite is unspecialized. At the contact region between the basal surface of cone pedicles and the dendrites of the flat midget and diffuse cone bipolar cells, the pedicle membrane has moderately clustered A-face particles, but no vesicle sites, whereas the adjoining membrane of the bipolar dendrites contains an aggregate of B-face particles. The invaginating synapse of rod spherules differs from that of cone pedicles, because the membrane of the axonal endings of the horizontal cells only has an A-face particle aggregate opposite the apex of the synaptic ridge. Specialized junctions between horizontal cell processes, characterized by symmetrical arrays of intramembrane B-face particles, are also present in the neuropil underlying the photoreceptor endings. Small gap junctions connect the processes of the horizontal cells; other gap junctions probably connect the bipolar cell dendrites which make contact with each cone pedicle. Most of the junctional specializations typical of the primate outer plexiform layer are also found in the rabbit retina. The fact that specialized contacts between different types of neurons interacting in the outer plexiform layer have specific arrangements of intramembrane particles strongly suggests that the internal structure of the synaptic membranes is intimately correlated with synaptic function.", "contents": "Intramembrane organization of specialized contacts in the outer plexiform layer of the retina. A freeze-fracture study in monkeys and rabbits. Freeze-fracture analysis of the neural connections in the outer plexiform layer of the retina of primates (Macaca mulatta and Macaca arctoides) demonstrates a remarkable diversity in the internal structure of the synaptic membranes. In the invaginating synapses of cone pedicles, the plasma membrane of the photoreceptor ending contains an aggregate of A-face particles, a hexagonal array of synaptic vesicle sites, and rows of coated vesicle sites, which are deployed in sequence from apex to base of the synaptic ridge. The horizontal cell dendrites lack vesicle sites and have two aggregates of intramembrane A-face particles, one at the interface with the apex of the synaptic ridge, the other opposite the tip of the invaginating midget bipolar dendrite. Furthermore, the horizontal cell dendrites are interconnected by a novel type of specialized junction, characterized by: (a) enlarged intercellular cleft, bisected by a dense plate and traversed by uniformly spaced crossbars; (b) symmetrical arrays of B-face particles arranged in parallel rows within the junctional membranes; and (c) a layer of dense material on the cytoplasmic surface of the membranes. The plasmalemma of the invaginating midget bipolar dendrite is unspecialized. At the contact region between the basal surface of cone pedicles and the dendrites of the flat midget and diffuse cone bipolar cells, the pedicle membrane has moderately clustered A-face particles, but no vesicle sites, whereas the adjoining membrane of the bipolar dendrites contains an aggregate of B-face particles. The invaginating synapse of rod spherules differs from that of cone pedicles, because the membrane of the axonal endings of the horizontal cells only has an A-face particle aggregate opposite the apex of the synaptic ridge. Specialized junctions between horizontal cell processes, characterized by symmetrical arrays of intramembrane B-face particles, are also present in the neuropil underlying the photoreceptor endings. Small gap junctions connect the processes of the horizontal cells; other gap junctions probably connect the bipolar cell dendrites which make contact with each cone pedicle. Most of the junctional specializations typical of the primate outer plexiform layer are also found in the rabbit retina. The fact that specialized contacts between different types of neurons interacting in the outer plexiform layer have specific arrangements of intramembrane particles strongly suggests that the internal structure of the synaptic membranes is intimately correlated with synaptic function.", "PMID": 1127010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9794", "title": "Nonspecific aorto-arteries.", "content": "In the USSR, like in other countries, aorto-arteritis is no rarity. Onehundred and twentysix patients with aorto-arteritis have been studied at the A.N. Bakulev Institute for Cardio-Vascular surgery during the past 13 years (81 women and 45 men from 8 to 49 years of age). Morphologic changes consisted in inflammatory infiltration of the adventitia and, to a lesser degree, of the media as well as in reactive hyperplasia of the intima. The predominant features in the chronic stage were those of sclerosis and fibrosis of the adventitia and the media which in combination with the intimal hyperplasia resulted in stenosis or occlusion of the aorta and its main branches. The clinical picture and symptpmatology depend largely on the localization, form, and severity of the lesions. In aorto-arteritis ischemia of various organs and hypertension can be eliminated only by radical reconstructive surgery of the aorta and its branches. The most adequate restoration of the blood flow in the major vessels is provided by resection combined with replacement. It is not quite clear yet whether endarterectomy is possible and justified. Radical surgery was performed in 80 patients. In addition, different palliative and explorative operations were performed in 10 patients. The majority of patients had resection with replacement of the brachiocephalic arteries, descending thoracic aorta, abdominal aorta, renal and visceral arteries. Blood flow in the major vessels was restored in 69 patients. Early postoperative thrombosis of the prosthesis occurred in 7 patients. Immediate postoperative mortality was 13.3 percent. Sixtytwo patients were followed up from 1 to 9 years after radical surgery. Persistent normalization or significant improvement of the systemic and regional hemodynamics was found in 53 patients. Late thrombosis of the aorto-renal branch or aorto-femoral prosthesis occurred in 4 patients. There were three late deaths.", "contents": "Nonspecific aorto-arteries. In the USSR, like in other countries, aorto-arteritis is no rarity. Onehundred and twentysix patients with aorto-arteritis have been studied at the A.N. Bakulev Institute for Cardio-Vascular surgery during the past 13 years (81 women and 45 men from 8 to 49 years of age). Morphologic changes consisted in inflammatory infiltration of the adventitia and, to a lesser degree, of the media as well as in reactive hyperplasia of the intima. The predominant features in the chronic stage were those of sclerosis and fibrosis of the adventitia and the media which in combination with the intimal hyperplasia resulted in stenosis or occlusion of the aorta and its main branches. The clinical picture and symptpmatology depend largely on the localization, form, and severity of the lesions. In aorto-arteritis ischemia of various organs and hypertension can be eliminated only by radical reconstructive surgery of the aorta and its branches. The most adequate restoration of the blood flow in the major vessels is provided by resection combined with replacement. It is not quite clear yet whether endarterectomy is possible and justified. Radical surgery was performed in 80 patients. In addition, different palliative and explorative operations were performed in 10 patients. The majority of patients had resection with replacement of the brachiocephalic arteries, descending thoracic aorta, abdominal aorta, renal and visceral arteries. Blood flow in the major vessels was restored in 69 patients. Early postoperative thrombosis of the prosthesis occurred in 7 patients. Immediate postoperative mortality was 13.3 percent. Sixtytwo patients were followed up from 1 to 9 years after radical surgery. Persistent normalization or significant improvement of the systemic and regional hemodynamics was found in 53 patients. Late thrombosis of the aorto-renal branch or aorto-femoral prosthesis occurred in 4 patients. There were three late deaths.", "PMID": 1127004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9795", "title": "Release of growth hormone from ox pituitary slices after pronase treatment.", "content": "Proteolytic enzymes have been used both to modify properties of the cell membrane and to dissociate cells from many tissues including pituitary (4, 5, 12). Exposure of secretory tissues to pronase can alter their secretory response. Thus incubation of pancreatic islets of Langerhans in the presence of low concentrations of pronase increased the subsequent release of insulin in the presence of stimulatory and nonstimulatory glucose concentrations (7). The purpose of the present investigation was to determine whether low concentrations of pronase have the same stimulatory effect on the release of a pituitary hormone, growth hormone. Such an effect on hormone release could be of some importance in view of the development of dissociated cell systems as models for the study of the control of hormone release (4, 5).", "contents": "Release of growth hormone from ox pituitary slices after pronase treatment. Proteolytic enzymes have been used both to modify properties of the cell membrane and to dissociate cells from many tissues including pituitary (4, 5, 12). Exposure of secretory tissues to pronase can alter their secretory response. Thus incubation of pancreatic islets of Langerhans in the presence of low concentrations of pronase increased the subsequent release of insulin in the presence of stimulatory and nonstimulatory glucose concentrations (7). The purpose of the present investigation was to determine whether low concentrations of pronase have the same stimulatory effect on the release of a pituitary hormone, growth hormone. Such an effect on hormone release could be of some importance in view of the development of dissociated cell systems as models for the study of the control of hormone release (4, 5).", "PMID": 1127011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9796", "title": "Substructure of the glomerular slit diaphragm in freeze-fractured normal rat kidney.", "content": "In the renal glomerulus, the narrow slits between adjacent epithelial podocytes are bridged by a diaphragm (2, 8, 11). In rat and mouse kidneys fixed by perfusion with tannic acid and glutaraldehyde (TAG), it has recently been discovered that this diaphragm has a highly ordered, isoporous substructure (9). It consists of a regular array of alternating cross bridges extending from the podocyte plasma membranes to a centrally running filament. This zipperlike pattern results in two rows of rectangular pores, approximately 40 X 140 A in cross section, dimensions consistent with the proposed role of the diaphragm as an important filtration barrier to plasma proteins (6). In the present study, we found in freeze-cleaved and in freeze-etched normal rat glomeruli that the surface of the slit diaphragm has an appearance conforming to the pattern found in sectioned material.", "contents": "Substructure of the glomerular slit diaphragm in freeze-fractured normal rat kidney. In the renal glomerulus, the narrow slits between adjacent epithelial podocytes are bridged by a diaphragm (2, 8, 11). In rat and mouse kidneys fixed by perfusion with tannic acid and glutaraldehyde (TAG), it has recently been discovered that this diaphragm has a highly ordered, isoporous substructure (9). It consists of a regular array of alternating cross bridges extending from the podocyte plasma membranes to a centrally running filament. This zipperlike pattern results in two rows of rectangular pores, approximately 40 X 140 A in cross section, dimensions consistent with the proposed role of the diaphragm as an important filtration barrier to plasma proteins (6). In the present study, we found in freeze-cleaved and in freeze-etched normal rat glomeruli that the surface of the slit diaphragm has an appearance conforming to the pattern found in sectioned material.", "PMID": 1127012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9797", "title": "Ultrastructural localization of the high molecular weight proteins associated with in vitro-assembled brain microtubules.", "content": "Microtubules isolated from brain extracts by in vitro assembly (1, 19, 23) are composed principally of two tubulins and two high molecular weight proteins (microtubule-associated proteins [MAPS] 1 and 2) (2,5,7,20). Recently, it was demonstrated that in vitro-assembled brain microtubules (neurotubules) are coated with filaments (5, 7) which are similar to the filaments attached to neurotubules in situ (4, 15, 21, 24, 25), and it was suggested that the filaments are composed of the higher molecular weight MAPs (5, 7, 12). In this study, microtubules were assembled in the presence and absence of the MAPs, and thin sections of the microtubules were examined by electron microscopy. The results show that the filaments only occur on microtubules assembled in the presence of the MAPs and it is therefore concluded that the filaments are composed of the high molecular weight MAP's.", "contents": "Ultrastructural localization of the high molecular weight proteins associated with in vitro-assembled brain microtubules. Microtubules isolated from brain extracts by in vitro assembly (1, 19, 23) are composed principally of two tubulins and two high molecular weight proteins (microtubule-associated proteins [MAPS] 1 and 2) (2,5,7,20). Recently, it was demonstrated that in vitro-assembled brain microtubules (neurotubules) are coated with filaments (5, 7) which are similar to the filaments attached to neurotubules in situ (4, 15, 21, 24, 25), and it was suggested that the filaments are composed of the higher molecular weight MAPs (5, 7, 12). In this study, microtubules were assembled in the presence and absence of the MAPs, and thin sections of the microtubules were examined by electron microscopy. The results show that the filaments only occur on microtubules assembled in the presence of the MAPs and it is therefore concluded that the filaments are composed of the high molecular weight MAP's.", "PMID": 1127013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9798", "title": "Identification of actin in situ at the ectoplasm-endoplasm interface of Nitella. Microfilament-chloroplast association.", "content": "Using a glycerination procedure designed to avoid excessive plasmolysis or disruption of the ectoplasm, microfilaments in bundles at the ectoplasm-endoplasm interface of Nitella internode cell segments were found to bind rabbit heavy meromyosin (HMM) in situ. All HMM arrowheads in a bundle seem to have the same polarity and many lie in register as judged from the electron micrographs; the arrowhead periodicity is approximately  380 . The decorated microfilaments are thus similar to those seen in negatively stained cytoplasmic suspensions of internode cells. In glycerinated material, as well as in suspensions, the microfilaments are closely associated with chloroplasts. The microfilaments lie adjacent to or are attached to the chloroplast envelope. The results provide further evidence that the microfilaments thought to play a role in cytoplasmic streaming in vivo in Nitella consist of actin and suggest that they may be anchored to the chloroplasts.", "contents": "Identification of actin in situ at the ectoplasm-endoplasm interface of Nitella. Microfilament-chloroplast association. Using a glycerination procedure designed to avoid excessive plasmolysis or disruption of the ectoplasm, microfilaments in bundles at the ectoplasm-endoplasm interface of Nitella internode cell segments were found to bind rabbit heavy meromyosin (HMM) in situ. All HMM arrowheads in a bundle seem to have the same polarity and many lie in register as judged from the electron micrographs; the arrowhead periodicity is approximately  380 . The decorated microfilaments are thus similar to those seen in negatively stained cytoplasmic suspensions of internode cells. In glycerinated material, as well as in suspensions, the microfilaments are closely associated with chloroplasts. The microfilaments lie adjacent to or are attached to the chloroplast envelope. The results provide further evidence that the microfilaments thought to play a role in cytoplasmic streaming in vivo in Nitella consist of actin and suggest that they may be anchored to the chloroplasts.", "PMID": 1127014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9799", "title": "Membrane proteins synthesized by rabbit reticulocytes.", "content": "Intact rabbit reticulocyte cells synthesize two predominant species of polypeptides which are components of the cell plasma membrane. Previous work (Lodish, H. F. 1973. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 70:1526-1530.) showed that these proteins were synthesized by polyribosomes not attached to membranes. We show here that both polypeptides are confined to the cytoplasmic surface of the cell membrane. These studies utilized iodination of whole cells and of membranes with lactoperoxidase, and digestion of whole cells and membranes with chymotrypsin, One of these proteins is synthesized as a precursor, and about 20-40 amino acids are removed after it is incorporated into the membrane, We discuss the probable sites of synthesis of these and other classes of membrane proteins.", "contents": "Membrane proteins synthesized by rabbit reticulocytes. Intact rabbit reticulocyte cells synthesize two predominant species of polypeptides which are components of the cell plasma membrane. Previous work (Lodish, H. F. 1973. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 70:1526-1530.) showed that these proteins were synthesized by polyribosomes not attached to membranes. We show here that both polypeptides are confined to the cytoplasmic surface of the cell membrane. These studies utilized iodination of whole cells and of membranes with lactoperoxidase, and digestion of whole cells and membranes with chymotrypsin, One of these proteins is synthesized as a precursor, and about 20-40 amino acids are removed after it is incorporated into the membrane, We discuss the probable sites of synthesis of these and other classes of membrane proteins.", "PMID": 1127015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9800", "title": "Structural and transcriptional features of the mouse spermatid genome.", "content": "A whole-mount electron microscope technique has allowed direct visualization of the transcription process in mouse spermatids. Thes observations have been supported by light and electron microscope autoradiographic techniques that employ [3H]uridine and [3H]arginine in attempts to clarify mechanisms of RNA synthesis and their relationship to nuclear histone changes throughout spermiogenesis. Early spermatid genomes are dispersed almost completely, whereas in later spermiogenic steps the posterior or flagellar nuclear region is readily dispersed and the anterior or subacrosomal nuclear region remains compact. Display of genome segments permits identification of regions where transcription complexes, presumably heterogeneous nuclear RNA species, are seen related to chromatin. These complexes appear as ribonucleoprotein chains, some of them of considerable length, decreasing progressively in number in late spermiogenic steps. This decrease coincides with diminishing rates of [3H]uridine incorporation. Two distinct patterns of chromatin have been identified: a beaded chromatin type associated with transcription complexes encounterd in early spermatids; and a smooth chromatin type not involved in transcriptive activity observed in advanced spermiogenic genomes. Protein particles staining densely with phosphotungstic acid become apparent in nuclei of spermatids after [3H]arginine incorporation becomes significant. There is no structural or autoradiographic evidence for the presence of nucleoli during spermiogenesis. From these data and from previous experimental findings, we conclude that: (a) spermatogonia, spermatocytes and Sertoli cells are transcriptionally expressed into heterogeneous nuclear RNA and preribosomal RNA species whereas transcription in spermatids is predominantly heterogeneous nuclear RNA; and (b) the modification of the chromatin patterns in late spermiogenic steps indicates a stabilized genome that restricts transcriptive functions.", "contents": "Structural and transcriptional features of the mouse spermatid genome. A whole-mount electron microscope technique has allowed direct visualization of the transcription process in mouse spermatids. Thes observations have been supported by light and electron microscope autoradiographic techniques that employ [3H]uridine and [3H]arginine in attempts to clarify mechanisms of RNA synthesis and their relationship to nuclear histone changes throughout spermiogenesis. Early spermatid genomes are dispersed almost completely, whereas in later spermiogenic steps the posterior or flagellar nuclear region is readily dispersed and the anterior or subacrosomal nuclear region remains compact. Display of genome segments permits identification of regions where transcription complexes, presumably heterogeneous nuclear RNA species, are seen related to chromatin. These complexes appear as ribonucleoprotein chains, some of them of considerable length, decreasing progressively in number in late spermiogenic steps. This decrease coincides with diminishing rates of [3H]uridine incorporation. Two distinct patterns of chromatin have been identified: a beaded chromatin type associated with transcription complexes encounterd in early spermatids; and a smooth chromatin type not involved in transcriptive activity observed in advanced spermiogenic genomes. Protein particles staining densely with phosphotungstic acid become apparent in nuclei of spermatids after [3H]arginine incorporation becomes significant. There is no structural or autoradiographic evidence for the presence of nucleoli during spermiogenesis. From these data and from previous experimental findings, we conclude that: (a) spermatogonia, spermatocytes and Sertoli cells are transcriptionally expressed into heterogeneous nuclear RNA and preribosomal RNA species whereas transcription in spermatids is predominantly heterogeneous nuclear RNA; and (b) the modification of the chromatin patterns in late spermiogenic steps indicates a stabilized genome that restricts transcriptive functions.", "PMID": 1127016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9801", "title": "Electron microscope autoradiographic study of intestinal absorption of decanoic and octanoic acids in the rat.", "content": "Intestinal absorption of [3H]octanoic acid and [3H]decanoic acid was investigated in the rat by electron microscope autoradiography. The common duct (bile and pancreatic common duct) of the rats was diverted and a loop of the duodenum was cannulated 24 h later. The lipid mixture to be investigated was introduced into each experimental loop, and after 15 min or less the loop was removed. One part of each loop was used to determine the distribution of radioactivity in different lipid fractions, and an autoradiographic study was performed on the other part of the loop. Radioactivity distribution studies confirmed that medium chain fatty acids are absorbed in their nonesterified form and established that these fatty acids are absorbed much more rapidly than oleic acid. Autoradiographic studies indicated that the medium chain fatty acids are taken up in a molecular or aggregate molecular form, leave the epithelial cells by way of the lateral plasma membrane, and are next found in the blood capillaries. Our results suggest that the Golgi complex does not play an important role in the absorption of unesterified fatty acids.", "contents": "Electron microscope autoradiographic study of intestinal absorption of decanoic and octanoic acids in the rat. Intestinal absorption of [3H]octanoic acid and [3H]decanoic acid was investigated in the rat by electron microscope autoradiography. The common duct (bile and pancreatic common duct) of the rats was diverted and a loop of the duodenum was cannulated 24 h later. The lipid mixture to be investigated was introduced into each experimental loop, and after 15 min or less the loop was removed. One part of each loop was used to determine the distribution of radioactivity in different lipid fractions, and an autoradiographic study was performed on the other part of the loop. Radioactivity distribution studies confirmed that medium chain fatty acids are absorbed in their nonesterified form and established that these fatty acids are absorbed much more rapidly than oleic acid. Autoradiographic studies indicated that the medium chain fatty acids are taken up in a molecular or aggregate molecular form, leave the epithelial cells by way of the lateral plasma membrane, and are next found in the blood capillaries. Our results suggest that the Golgi complex does not play an important role in the absorption of unesterified fatty acids.", "PMID": 1127017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9802", "title": "Isolation and separation of highly enriched fractions of viable mouse gastric parietal cells by velocity sedimentation.", "content": "Methods of tissue dissociation and cell separation have been modified to obtain highly enriched fractions of mouse gastric parietal cells. Suspension of gastric mucosal cells are prepared by pronase digestion of the glandular portion of the stomach from adult mice. By utilizing the velocity sedimentation technique to separate cells of different sizes it is possible to recovery parietal cells, which are larger than the other cell types, in fractions with purity of 75-95%. The homogeneity of cell fractions has been assessed by light and electron microscopy. The ability of the isolated cells to exclude the dye trypan blue, to incorporate labeled substrate, to consume oxygen, and to retain their structural integrity indicates that they are viable and still capable of functional activity.", "contents": "Isolation and separation of highly enriched fractions of viable mouse gastric parietal cells by velocity sedimentation. Methods of tissue dissociation and cell separation have been modified to obtain highly enriched fractions of mouse gastric parietal cells. Suspension of gastric mucosal cells are prepared by pronase digestion of the glandular portion of the stomach from adult mice. By utilizing the velocity sedimentation technique to separate cells of different sizes it is possible to recovery parietal cells, which are larger than the other cell types, in fractions with purity of 75-95%. The homogeneity of cell fractions has been assessed by light and electron microscopy. The ability of the isolated cells to exclude the dye trypan blue, to incorporate labeled substrate, to consume oxygen, and to retain their structural integrity indicates that they are viable and still capable of functional activity.", "PMID": 1127018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9803", "title": "Changes in distribution pattern of cytoplasmic filaments in human melanocytes during ultraviolet-mediated melanin pigmentation. The role of the 100-Angstrom filaments in the elongation of melanocytic dendrites and in the movement and transfer of melanosomes.", "content": "Human melanocytes characteristically contain 100-A filaments. These 100-A filaments shift from the perinuclear area to the center of the dendritic processes and are in close association with melanosomes during the different stages of UV-mediated melanin pigmentation. We suggest that these 100-A filaments in human melanocytes participate in the elongation of the dendrites and in the transfer of melanosomes.", "contents": "Changes in distribution pattern of cytoplasmic filaments in human melanocytes during ultraviolet-mediated melanin pigmentation. The role of the 100-Angstrom filaments in the elongation of melanocytic dendrites and in the movement and transfer of melanosomes. Human melanocytes characteristically contain 100-A filaments. These 100-A filaments shift from the perinuclear area to the center of the dendritic processes and are in close association with melanosomes during the different stages of UV-mediated melanin pigmentation. We suggest that these 100-A filaments in human melanocytes participate in the elongation of the dendrites and in the transfer of melanosomes.", "PMID": 1127019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9804", "title": "Formation of temporary flagellar structures during insect organogenesis.", "content": "Cilia and flagella are rare in nongerminal tissues of anthropods, and are generally thought to be restricted to sperm and sensory cells in insects (2). Whitten (5) has reported the presence of kinetosomes at the base of mitotrichia in the dipteran fly Sarcophaga bullata, but reports no evidence of the organization of fibrous elements characteristic of cilia and or flagella. During an ultrastructural analysis of morphogenesis of the colleterial gland of the silk moth Hyalophora cecropia, we found the first example of paired flagella associated with an insect secretory cell. These structures are also unusual in that they serve a temporary role in morphogenesis and subsequently disappear at the terminal stages of differentiation.", "contents": "Formation of temporary flagellar structures during insect organogenesis. Cilia and flagella are rare in nongerminal tissues of anthropods, and are generally thought to be restricted to sperm and sensory cells in insects (2). Whitten (5) has reported the presence of kinetosomes at the base of mitotrichia in the dipteran fly Sarcophaga bullata, but reports no evidence of the organization of fibrous elements characteristic of cilia and or flagella. During an ultrastructural analysis of morphogenesis of the colleterial gland of the silk moth Hyalophora cecropia, we found the first example of paired flagella associated with an insect secretory cell. These structures are also unusual in that they serve a temporary role in morphogenesis and subsequently disappear at the terminal stages of differentiation.", "PMID": 1127020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9805", "title": "Quantitative measurement of the course of bean callus differentiation.", "content": "Two strains of callus have been isolated from bean hypocotyl and grown on a defined maintenance medium supplemented with 2 mg/l. 2:4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2:4D) and 2% sucrose. Root initiation was observed in one strain and formation of nodules containing xylem and phloem in both strains after transfer to an induction medium supplemented with 1 mg/l. naphthyleneacetic acid, 0-2 mg/l. kinetin and 3% sucrose, after 3 transfers to maintenance medium. The number of nodules per gramme increased 10-fold between 6 and 12 days after transfer, and thereafter remained constant. Phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) activity rose to a maximum value when the rate of nodule formation was greatest, and decreased after the maximum nodule concentration was reached. The final constant value for PAL activity was above that of callus grown on maintenance medium. Beta I leads to 3 glucan synthetase activity rose to a maximum 15 days after transfer, and then fell gradually to a level above that measured in callus on maintenance medium. Callus was transferred from maintenance medium after 3, 4, 5 and 6 transfers. The concentration of nodules after 21 days on induction medium decreased as the callus was kept in culture. No further differentiation could be induced after 6 transfers. The fall in nodule formation was paralleled by a decrease in PAL and betaI leads to 3 glucan synthetase activities measured 21 days after transfer.", "contents": "Quantitative measurement of the course of bean callus differentiation. Two strains of callus have been isolated from bean hypocotyl and grown on a defined maintenance medium supplemented with 2 mg/l. 2:4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2:4D) and 2% sucrose. Root initiation was observed in one strain and formation of nodules containing xylem and phloem in both strains after transfer to an induction medium supplemented with 1 mg/l. naphthyleneacetic acid, 0-2 mg/l. kinetin and 3% sucrose, after 3 transfers to maintenance medium. The number of nodules per gramme increased 10-fold between 6 and 12 days after transfer, and thereafter remained constant. Phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) activity rose to a maximum value when the rate of nodule formation was greatest, and decreased after the maximum nodule concentration was reached. The final constant value for PAL activity was above that of callus grown on maintenance medium. Beta I leads to 3 glucan synthetase activity rose to a maximum 15 days after transfer, and then fell gradually to a level above that measured in callus on maintenance medium. Callus was transferred from maintenance medium after 3, 4, 5 and 6 transfers. The concentration of nodules after 21 days on induction medium decreased as the callus was kept in culture. No further differentiation could be induced after 6 transfers. The fall in nodule formation was paralleled by a decrease in PAL and betaI leads to 3 glucan synthetase activities measured 21 days after transfer.", "PMID": 1127021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9806", "title": "An electron-microscope study of the lampbrush chromosomes of the newt Triturus cristatus.", "content": "The ultrastructure of lampbrush chromosomes has been examined in sections of end-embedded spread preparations, where the nuclear sap was dispersed prior to fixation, and in oocyte nuclei fixed entire, in 60-kV and i-MV electron microscopes. In spread preparations the axial chromomeres are seen to be organized as regularly spaced, unravelled skeins of DNP, each with a skein width of some 30 nm, though in some chromomeres there are regions where the DNP is much more densely packed. In both unravelled and dense regions, the 'ultimate' DNP fibres, wherever they can be identified, appear to be some 5 nm wide and thrown into loose coils. The unravelled state, although it clearly reflects an orderly packaging of the non-transcribing DNP, is an artifact of preparation; in sections of entire nuclei all chromomeres are seen to consist of DNP fibrils in the more densely packed state. The interchromeric fibril is single, and some 10 nm or less wide; it shows no sign of transcriptional activity. In sections of end-embedded preparations the RNPmatrix of most lateral loops, where transcription occurs, is seen to be made up of particles, each uniformly some 30 nm in diameter and strung together in linear array. These RNP particles are equally evident in sections of whole nuclei. In many loops the strings of particles are wound back on themselves to form regularly spaced, dense aggregates, each some 200-300 nm wide or wider; the larger aggregates can be resolved in the light micrpscope. The RNP particles are of the same dimensions throughout the lengths of individual lateral loops, and of substantially the same dimensions in loops of different gross morphologies. It is suggested that as each successive short length of RNA is transcribed from loop axis DNA, a protein associates with this RNA and winds it up to form a 'manageable' package, allowing transcription to proceed.", "contents": "An electron-microscope study of the lampbrush chromosomes of the newt Triturus cristatus. The ultrastructure of lampbrush chromosomes has been examined in sections of end-embedded spread preparations, where the nuclear sap was dispersed prior to fixation, and in oocyte nuclei fixed entire, in 60-kV and i-MV electron microscopes. In spread preparations the axial chromomeres are seen to be organized as regularly spaced, unravelled skeins of DNP, each with a skein width of some 30 nm, though in some chromomeres there are regions where the DNP is much more densely packed. In both unravelled and dense regions, the 'ultimate' DNP fibres, wherever they can be identified, appear to be some 5 nm wide and thrown into loose coils. The unravelled state, although it clearly reflects an orderly packaging of the non-transcribing DNP, is an artifact of preparation; in sections of entire nuclei all chromomeres are seen to consist of DNP fibrils in the more densely packed state. The interchromeric fibril is single, and some 10 nm or less wide; it shows no sign of transcriptional activity. In sections of end-embedded preparations the RNPmatrix of most lateral loops, where transcription occurs, is seen to be made up of particles, each uniformly some 30 nm in diameter and strung together in linear array. These RNP particles are equally evident in sections of whole nuclei. In many loops the strings of particles are wound back on themselves to form regularly spaced, dense aggregates, each some 200-300 nm wide or wider; the larger aggregates can be resolved in the light micrpscope. The RNP particles are of the same dimensions throughout the lengths of individual lateral loops, and of substantially the same dimensions in loops of different gross morphologies. It is suggested that as each successive short length of RNA is transcribed from loop axis DNA, a protein associates with this RNA and winds it up to form a 'manageable' package, allowing transcription to proceed.", "PMID": 1127022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9807", "title": "Light- and electron-microscope observations on certain leukocytes in a teleost fish and a comparison of the envelope-limited monolayers of chromatin structural units in different species.", "content": "Previously it was shown that the nuclear envelope-limited sheets of chromatin, monolayers of nucleoprotein structural units, are present in blood cells from 4 classes of vertebrates. Now we show that sheets of similar width are present in certain leukocytes of a fifth class, a teleost fish. We describe the fine structure of leukocytes in peripheral blood and in the main haematopoietic organ, kidney. We also examined the granulocytes of connective tissue in intestine. By May-Grunwald-Giemsa staining and electron microscopy heterophilic granulocytes, cosinophils but no basophils could be recognized in peripheral blood and kidney. Problems in classification of the cells are discussed. In one group (A) of 5 fish, sheets occurred at a frequency of roughly 1% in heterophilic (type 1) granulocytes and lymphocytes from peripheral blood. No sheets were found in a second group (B) of 5 fish. Kidney and intestine were examined in some fish from both groups and no sheets were present. In an atypical group (C) sheets were found in the eosinophilic (type 2) granulocytes from peripheral blood of one fish and in lymphocytes from connective tissue of intestine in another. Sheets were usually associated with nuclei of irregular shape and their width averaged 36 nm. We tabulate data from other workers on occurence and width of sheets. They are found in all the main classes of tissue in mammals, namely blood and other connective tissues, in epithelial, nervous, germinal tissue and muscle, as well as in invertebrate and certain plants. Their nearly constant width, average value 35 nm, provides very convincing evidence for the hypothesis that the molecules of DNA and protein are organized into the same fundamental structural units, irrespective of species. We discuss the variable incidence of sheets among different cell types and the factors which might determine this.", "contents": "Light- and electron-microscope observations on certain leukocytes in a teleost fish and a comparison of the envelope-limited monolayers of chromatin structural units in different species. Previously it was shown that the nuclear envelope-limited sheets of chromatin, monolayers of nucleoprotein structural units, are present in blood cells from 4 classes of vertebrates. Now we show that sheets of similar width are present in certain leukocytes of a fifth class, a teleost fish. We describe the fine structure of leukocytes in peripheral blood and in the main haematopoietic organ, kidney. We also examined the granulocytes of connective tissue in intestine. By May-Grunwald-Giemsa staining and electron microscopy heterophilic granulocytes, cosinophils but no basophils could be recognized in peripheral blood and kidney. Problems in classification of the cells are discussed. In one group (A) of 5 fish, sheets occurred at a frequency of roughly 1% in heterophilic (type 1) granulocytes and lymphocytes from peripheral blood. No sheets were found in a second group (B) of 5 fish. Kidney and intestine were examined in some fish from both groups and no sheets were present. In an atypical group (C) sheets were found in the eosinophilic (type 2) granulocytes from peripheral blood of one fish and in lymphocytes from connective tissue of intestine in another. Sheets were usually associated with nuclei of irregular shape and their width averaged 36 nm. We tabulate data from other workers on occurence and width of sheets. They are found in all the main classes of tissue in mammals, namely blood and other connective tissues, in epithelial, nervous, germinal tissue and muscle, as well as in invertebrate and certain plants. Their nearly constant width, average value 35 nm, provides very convincing evidence for the hypothesis that the molecules of DNA and protein are organized into the same fundamental structural units, irrespective of species. We discuss the variable incidence of sheets among different cell types and the factors which might determine this.", "PMID": 1127023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9808", "title": "Rifampicin inhibition of the plastid rRNA synthesis of Marchantia polymorpha.", "content": "The effect of rifampicin on the synthesis of plastid rRNA in Marchantia polymorpha was studied in vivo. As bacterial rRNA and plastid rRNA have the same electrophoretic mobilities, this study was possible only after a method for inhibiting bacterial contamination was developed. It was established that 91-100% of the rRNA synthesized by cultures of bacteria from Marchantia, after a labelling period of 3 and 9 h by 32-P, is inhibited by 10 mug/ml of rifampicin. The same inhibition was observed when Marchantia was labelled for 3 h in the presence of 10 mug/ml of rifampicin, showing that no plastid rRNA was synthesized under out conditions, but only bacterial RNA. However, when labelling was continued for 9 h two important peaks of rRNA (23 and 19 s) were labelled in the presence of 10 or 20 mug/ml of rifampicin. These peaks are of chlorophastic origin as confirmed by the following facts: the labelling is light-activated; plastids isolated from  thalli labelled for 12 h also show these two radioactive peaks. Cytoplasmic rRNA is synthesized under certain conditions. The synthesis of plastid rRNA is inhibited by higher concentrations of rifampicin, a concentration of 250 mug/ml producing at least 75% inhibition. Marchantia, a primitive multicellular plant, differs in this respect from higher plants, which seem to be, in most cases, insensitive to rifampicin", "contents": "Rifampicin inhibition of the plastid rRNA synthesis of Marchantia polymorpha. The effect of rifampicin on the synthesis of plastid rRNA in Marchantia polymorpha was studied in vivo. As bacterial rRNA and plastid rRNA have the same electrophoretic mobilities, this study was possible only after a method for inhibiting bacterial contamination was developed. It was established that 91-100% of the rRNA synthesized by cultures of bacteria from Marchantia, after a labelling period of 3 and 9 h by 32-P, is inhibited by 10 mug/ml of rifampicin. The same inhibition was observed when Marchantia was labelled for 3 h in the presence of 10 mug/ml of rifampicin, showing that no plastid rRNA was synthesized under out conditions, but only bacterial RNA. However, when labelling was continued for 9 h two important peaks of rRNA (23 and 19 s) were labelled in the presence of 10 or 20 mug/ml of rifampicin. These peaks are of chlorophastic origin as confirmed by the following facts: the labelling is light-activated; plastids isolated from  thalli labelled for 12 h also show these two radioactive peaks. Cytoplasmic rRNA is synthesized under certain conditions. The synthesis of plastid rRNA is inhibited by higher concentrations of rifampicin, a concentration of 250 mug/ml producing at least 75% inhibition. Marchantia, a primitive multicellular plant, differs in this respect from higher plants, which seem to be, in most cases, insensitive to rifampicin", "PMID": 1127024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9809", "title": "Kinetic aspects of synchrony in suspension cultures of Acer pseudoplatanus L.", "content": "Synchronous divisions have been induced in cell suspension cultures of sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus L.) initiated at low density from stationary phase, nitrate-starved cells. The pattern of division and DNA replication synchrony is unusual in that it does not show progressive decay but rather a sharp transition to asynchrony. Feulgen densitometry data indicate that in terms of an S-phase synchrony index, DNA replication becomes more highly synchronized as cell density rises and interphase duration is reduced. In comparison with asynchronous cultures the duration of mitosis appears to be reduced during synchronous growth. The persistence of division and S-phase synchrony and the apparent shortening of interphase and mitosis in these sycamore cultures suggests the operation of intercellular entrainment. The departure from synchrony during the interphase which precedes initiation of asynchronous division remains unexplained.", "contents": "Kinetic aspects of synchrony in suspension cultures of Acer pseudoplatanus L. Synchronous divisions have been induced in cell suspension cultures of sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus L.) initiated at low density from stationary phase, nitrate-starved cells. The pattern of division and DNA replication synchrony is unusual in that it does not show progressive decay but rather a sharp transition to asynchrony. Feulgen densitometry data indicate that in terms of an S-phase synchrony index, DNA replication becomes more highly synchronized as cell density rises and interphase duration is reduced. In comparison with asynchronous cultures the duration of mitosis appears to be reduced during synchronous growth. The persistence of division and S-phase synchrony and the apparent shortening of interphase and mitosis in these sycamore cultures suggests the operation of intercellular entrainment. The departure from synchrony during the interphase which precedes initiation of asynchronous division remains unexplained.", "PMID": 1127025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9810", "title": "The fine structure and cell kinetics of mouse epidermis after wounding.", "content": "A variable amount of cornified tissue removed from mouse dorsal epidermis results in stimulation of the entire basal layer. Stimulation does not appear to be dependent on damage to an indiviaual epidermal proliferative unit (EPU). The immediate reaction to wounding is a rapid movement of cells from the basal layer to the differentiating compartment resulting in depopulation of the basal layer, which is followed by a burst in DNA-synthetic activity. The result of the increased transit of cells through the epidermis is that various aspects of keratinization can appear abnormal. The Langerhans cells show several changes, often appearing suprabasal and becoming smaller, rounded cells with a less-clear cytoplasm and fewer granules. The initial migratory reaction results in a largely normal epidermis on the third day. This reaction is followed by a transient hyperplasia which reaches its peak on the sixth to seventh day and gradually returns to normal by the fourteenth to fifteenth day. The hyperplasia is characterized by a loss of the ordered stacking of cornified cells which become shorter and thicker than normal. There is a return to the stacked state beginning on the tenth day. The Langerhans frequency is apparently at its lowest on days 6-7 when the proliferation levels are at their maximum. An inverse relationship appears to exist between relative Langerhans cell frequency and cell proliferation rate. The data suggest that the frequency of Langerhans granules also changes during the course of the hyperplasia, peak levels being observed just before the decline in proliferative activity.", "contents": "The fine structure and cell kinetics of mouse epidermis after wounding. A variable amount of cornified tissue removed from mouse dorsal epidermis results in stimulation of the entire basal layer. Stimulation does not appear to be dependent on damage to an indiviaual epidermal proliferative unit (EPU). The immediate reaction to wounding is a rapid movement of cells from the basal layer to the differentiating compartment resulting in depopulation of the basal layer, which is followed by a burst in DNA-synthetic activity. The result of the increased transit of cells through the epidermis is that various aspects of keratinization can appear abnormal. The Langerhans cells show several changes, often appearing suprabasal and becoming smaller, rounded cells with a less-clear cytoplasm and fewer granules. The initial migratory reaction results in a largely normal epidermis on the third day. This reaction is followed by a transient hyperplasia which reaches its peak on the sixth to seventh day and gradually returns to normal by the fourteenth to fifteenth day. The hyperplasia is characterized by a loss of the ordered stacking of cornified cells which become shorter and thicker than normal. There is a return to the stacked state beginning on the tenth day. The Langerhans frequency is apparently at its lowest on days 6-7 when the proliferation levels are at their maximum. An inverse relationship appears to exist between relative Langerhans cell frequency and cell proliferation rate. The data suggest that the frequency of Langerhans granules also changes during the course of the hyperplasia, peak levels being observed just before the decline in proliferative activity.", "PMID": 1127026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9811", "title": "Data security.", "content": "Data security is a rich and complex subject dealing with the protection of the computing capability from all threats to its continuity. Some fundamental elements of the process of achieving a reasonable, prudent measure of that protection are considered.", "contents": "Data security. Data security is a rich and complex subject dealing with the protection of the computing capability from all threats to its continuity. Some fundamental elements of the process of achieving a reasonable, prudent measure of that protection are considered.", "PMID": 1127027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9812", "title": "The large data base file structure dilemma.", "content": "This paper first presents a brief tutorial on the principal random file organization methods for handling two major applications--Transaction oriented systems and information storage and retrieval systems. It then addresses a particular large data base dilemma, not satisfactorily resolved by any of these methods, and which is currently under active investigation. Two approaches to a solution are described. One is called the hybrid inverted list; the other is based upon an old technique called super-imposed coding. The former has been implemented and has recently been installed in an operational system. Some statistics related to file characteristics in this application are provided, but operational cost and performance statistics are not yet available.", "contents": "The large data base file structure dilemma. This paper first presents a brief tutorial on the principal random file organization methods for handling two major applications--Transaction oriented systems and information storage and retrieval systems. It then addresses a particular large data base dilemma, not satisfactorily resolved by any of these methods, and which is currently under active investigation. Two approaches to a solution are described. One is called the hybrid inverted list; the other is based upon an old technique called super-imposed coding. The former has been implemented and has recently been installed in an operational system. Some statistics related to file characteristics in this application are provided, but operational cost and performance statistics are not yet available.", "PMID": 1127028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9813", "title": "Large data base at the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory.", "content": "The Lawrence Livermore Laboratory Octopus network includes a central storage facility of over 10-12 bits. This facility is accessed through a directory mechanism which permits flexible organization and general sharing of files by many time-sharing users. The chief problems of the system are not unusual: the maintenance of high transfer rates, of reliability and availability, and of sufficient storage capacity.", "contents": "Large data base at the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory. The Lawrence Livermore Laboratory Octopus network includes a central storage facility of over 10-12 bits. This facility is accessed through a directory mechanism which permits flexible organization and general sharing of files by many time-sharing users. The chief problems of the system are not unusual: the maintenance of high transfer rates, of reliability and availability, and of sufficient storage capacity.", "PMID": 1127029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9814", "title": "The management of a large data base in IRIS.", "content": "IRIS (Illinois Resource Information System) is a retrieval and analysis system for land-use planners. The system stores the attributes of land parcels. Currently two major data bases are in use: a 78,000 parcel data base covering eight counties around Chicago and a 16,000 parcel data base covering six counties around Chicago.", "contents": "The management of a large data base in IRIS. IRIS (Illinois Resource Information System) is a retrieval and analysis system for land-use planners. The system stores the attributes of land parcels. Currently two major data bases are in use: a 78,000 parcel data base covering eight counties around Chicago and a 16,000 parcel data base covering six counties around Chicago.", "PMID": 1127030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9815", "title": "Input/output considerations for large data bases.", "content": "Input/output devices, format designs, and programming for rejecting defective input, updating and correcting input, and for producing a variety of outputs from the input are discussed, especially from the viewpoint of a large data base and that of the information needs of the users.", "contents": "Input/output considerations for large data bases. Input/output devices, format designs, and programming for rejecting defective input, updating and correcting input, and for producing a variety of outputs from the input are discussed, especially from the viewpoint of a large data base and that of the information needs of the users.", "PMID": 1127031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9816", "title": "Data compression of large document data bases.", "content": "Consideration is given to a document data base that is structured for information retrieval purposes by means of an inverted index and term dictionary. Vocabulary characteristics of various fields are described, and it is shown how the data base may be stored in a compressed form by use of restricted variable length codes that produce a compression not greatly in excess of the optimum that could be achieved through use of Huffman codes. The coding is word oriented. An alternative scheme of word fragment coding is described. It has the advantage that it allows the use of a small dictionary, but is less efficient with respect to compression of the data base.", "contents": "Data compression of large document data bases. Consideration is given to a document data base that is structured for information retrieval purposes by means of an inverted index and term dictionary. Vocabulary characteristics of various fields are described, and it is shown how the data base may be stored in a compressed form by use of restricted variable length codes that produce a compression not greatly in excess of the optimum that could be achieved through use of Huffman codes. The coding is word oriented. An alternative scheme of word fragment coding is described. It has the advantage that it allows the use of a small dictionary, but is less efficient with respect to compression of the data base.", "PMID": 1127034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9817", "title": "Lockheed experience in processing large data bases for its commercial information retrieval service.", "content": "The last few years have seen the emergence of the information retrieval services industry. This industry consists of three tiers: data base producers, retrieval service vendors, and information centers who service the end user. The experience of Lockheed Information Systems as a retrieval service vendor is recounted as it pertains to its system and to its relationship with the data base suppliers. Government competition is seen as a potential threat to the industry.", "contents": "Lockheed experience in processing large data bases for its commercial information retrieval service. The last few years have seen the emergence of the information retrieval services industry. This industry consists of three tiers: data base producers, retrieval service vendors, and information centers who service the end user. The experience of Lockheed Information Systems as a retrieval service vendor is recounted as it pertains to its system and to its relationship with the data base suppliers. Government competition is seen as a potential threat to the industry.", "PMID": 1127035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9818", "title": "Chemical Abstracts Service approach to management of large data bases.", "content": "When information handling is \"the business,\" as it is at Chemical Abstract Service (CAS), the total organization must be involved in information management. Since 1967, when, as a result of long-range planning efforts, CAS adopted a \"data-base approach\" to management of both the processing system and the distribution of information files, CAS has been grappling with the problems of managing large collections of information in computer-based systems. This paper describes what has been done at CAS in the management of large files and what we see as necessary, as a result of our experience, to improve and complete the information management system that is the foundation of our production processes.", "contents": "Chemical Abstracts Service approach to management of large data bases. When information handling is \"the business,\" as it is at Chemical Abstract Service (CAS), the total organization must be involved in information management. Since 1967, when, as a result of long-range planning efforts, CAS adopted a \"data-base approach\" to management of both the processing system and the distribution of information files, CAS has been grappling with the problems of managing large collections of information in computer-based systems. This paper describes what has been done at CAS in the management of large files and what we see as necessary, as a result of our experience, to improve and complete the information management system that is the foundation of our production processes.", "PMID": 1127036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9819", "title": "TOSAR--a system for the structural formula-like representation of concept connections in chemical publications.", "content": "A system is described for representing graphically the conceptual contents of a document, such as preparations and processes delineated in a patent or journal article.", "contents": "TOSAR--a system for the structural formula-like representation of concept connections in chemical publications. A system is described for representing graphically the conceptual contents of a document, such as preparations and processes delineated in a patent or journal article.", "PMID": 1127037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9820", "title": "A comparison of the performance of some similarity and dissimilarity measures in the automatic classification of chemical structures.", "content": "A group of 39 structures with local anesthetic activity has been classified automatically by calculating similarity or dissimilarity coefficients between pairs of structure diagrams and applying cluster analysis to the results. The performance of a number of similarity and dissimilarity coefficients has been compared using the relationship between structure and property. Simple coefficients and a distance function give more satisfactory results than functions using probabilistic weighting or standardized distance.", "contents": "A comparison of the performance of some similarity and dissimilarity measures in the automatic classification of chemical structures. A group of 39 structures with local anesthetic activity has been classified automatically by calculating similarity or dissimilarity coefficients between pairs of structure diagrams and applying cluster analysis to the results. The performance of a number of similarity and dissimilarity coefficients has been compared using the relationship between structure and property. Simple coefficients and a distance function give more satisfactory results than functions using probabilistic weighting or standardized distance.", "PMID": 1127038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9821", "title": "Search strategies and user interface.", "content": "This paper discusses what in The Mead Corporation have found to be certain aspects of search strategy with respect to searching large data bases and certain problem areas that remain. The paper defines some problem areas, especially problem areas in the freeing-up of the interface language between the user and the search process. Four specific areas in the interface language are defined, and a recommendation is made concerning basic research into some linguistic meanings for the four areas.", "contents": "Search strategies and user interface. This paper discusses what in The Mead Corporation have found to be certain aspects of search strategy with respect to searching large data bases and certain problem areas that remain. The paper defines some problem areas, especially problem areas in the freeing-up of the interface language between the user and the search process. Four specific areas in the interface language are defined, and a recommendation is made concerning basic research into some linguistic meanings for the four areas.", "PMID": 1127039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9822", "title": "[Angiography of the cervico-cephalic vessels of the dog.  The carotid system].", "content": "The authors report an experimental study of the pathology and cervico-cerebral hemodynamics in the dog and discuss the normal anatomy of the carotid arteries in the dog.  These results include the interpretation of 30 selective angiographies and numerous anatomical dissections.  Many points distinguish the carotid arteries in the dog from those in man.  Firstly, in their distribution, where the internal carotid artery appears particularly narrow the internal maxillary artery particularly large.  Then and above all, their function, it seems that external carotid artery is more important than the internal carotid artery in the dog, so that the blood supply of the central nervous system seems to be obtained almost entirely through the vertebro-basilar system.  Finally, there exists between each network of internal carotid arteries, the external carotid artery and the vertebral arteries numerous anastomoses.  Contrary to the distrubution of arteries in man, these anastomoses usually function permanently.", "contents": "[Angiography of the cervico-cephalic vessels of the dog.  The carotid system]. The authors report an experimental study of the pathology and cervico-cerebral hemodynamics in the dog and discuss the normal anatomy of the carotid arteries in the dog.  These results include the interpretation of 30 selective angiographies and numerous anatomical dissections.  Many points distinguish the carotid arteries in the dog from those in man.  Firstly, in their distribution, where the internal carotid artery appears particularly narrow the internal maxillary artery particularly large.  Then and above all, their function, it seems that external carotid artery is more important than the internal carotid artery in the dog, so that the blood supply of the central nervous system seems to be obtained almost entirely through the vertebro-basilar system.  Finally, there exists between each network of internal carotid arteries, the external carotid artery and the vertebral arteries numerous anastomoses.  Contrary to the distrubution of arteries in man, these anastomoses usually function permanently.", "PMID": 1127042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9823", "title": "[Segmental pancreatic lesions after partial or total splenectomy in rabbits].", "content": "Previous experiments on compensatory hypertrophy of the splenic parenchyma after partial splenectomy, permitted us to observe lesions of the part of the pancreas in contact with the spleen.  This part of the gland is supplied only by the splenic artery and suffers from some degree of ischemia during splenectomy.  The object of this research was to seek, as a routine, pancreatic disease after splenectomy.  32 adult rabbits were used.  Partial splenectomy carried out in 15 cases, removed about 2/3rds of the spleen and involved ligature of 4 or 5 splenic and mesenteric arterio-venous pedicles.  Total splenectomy, carried out in 17 cases, included ligature of the splenic arteriovenous trunk and 3 or 4 spleno-gastric and spleno-mesenteric arterio-venous pedicles.  These operations were followed by more or less intense stasis extending to the splenic part of the pancreas.  The animals were examined one week and 8 months afterwards.  All the rabbits, except one, had pancreatic lesions.  The most severe and extensive lesions, including large areas of cytosteato-necrosis with, in 11 cases, pseudo-cysts, with caseation, followed total splenectomy.  Partial splenectomy gave rise to 6 pseudocysts including 2 containing blood and 9 cases with milder lesions including involution, rarefaction and sometimes disappearance of the gland which had suffered from ischemia.  In these splenectomies, ligature of the splenic arterio-venous pedicles supplying the pancreas were responsible for pancreatic disease.", "contents": "[Segmental pancreatic lesions after partial or total splenectomy in rabbits]. Previous experiments on compensatory hypertrophy of the splenic parenchyma after partial splenectomy, permitted us to observe lesions of the part of the pancreas in contact with the spleen.  This part of the gland is supplied only by the splenic artery and suffers from some degree of ischemia during splenectomy.  The object of this research was to seek, as a routine, pancreatic disease after splenectomy.  32 adult rabbits were used.  Partial splenectomy carried out in 15 cases, removed about 2/3rds of the spleen and involved ligature of 4 or 5 splenic and mesenteric arterio-venous pedicles.  Total splenectomy, carried out in 17 cases, included ligature of the splenic arteriovenous trunk and 3 or 4 spleno-gastric and spleno-mesenteric arterio-venous pedicles.  These operations were followed by more or less intense stasis extending to the splenic part of the pancreas.  The animals were examined one week and 8 months afterwards.  All the rabbits, except one, had pancreatic lesions.  The most severe and extensive lesions, including large areas of cytosteato-necrosis with, in 11 cases, pseudo-cysts, with caseation, followed total splenectomy.  Partial splenectomy gave rise to 6 pseudocysts including 2 containing blood and 9 cases with milder lesions including involution, rarefaction and sometimes disappearance of the gland which had suffered from ischemia.  In these splenectomies, ligature of the splenic arterio-venous pedicles supplying the pancreas were responsible for pancreatic disease.", "PMID": 1127043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9824", "title": "[Anatomopathological aspects and treatment of sternitis and sternochondritis after cardiac surgery].", "content": "The authors report their experience of the treatment of sternitis on a surgical unit.  They analyse here 23 case records out of 31 cases of sternitis treated on their unit.  Out of these 23, there were 3 deaths (13 p. 100) and 16 cures (69,5 p. 100) with an average follow up of 20 months.  The solutions adopted, including extremely wide exposure and, in some cases, removal of infected bone, are justified by the fact that these patients were admitted from other surgical units.  The diagnosis was facilitated by the fact this unit includes a clinical bacteriology research unit.  The authors make no apologies for using very classical surgical methods and attempt to demonstrate that these extreme cases require radical surgery.  Their original contribution consists of the rational use of antibiotics, but the surgical solution is pre-eminent.", "contents": "[Anatomopathological aspects and treatment of sternitis and sternochondritis after cardiac surgery]. The authors report their experience of the treatment of sternitis on a surgical unit.  They analyse here 23 case records out of 31 cases of sternitis treated on their unit.  Out of these 23, there were 3 deaths (13 p. 100) and 16 cures (69,5 p. 100) with an average follow up of 20 months.  The solutions adopted, including extremely wide exposure and, in some cases, removal of infected bone, are justified by the fact that these patients were admitted from other surgical units.  The diagnosis was facilitated by the fact this unit includes a clinical bacteriology research unit.  The authors make no apologies for using very classical surgical methods and attempt to demonstrate that these extreme cases require radical surgery.  Their original contribution consists of the rational use of antibiotics, but the surgical solution is pre-eminent.", "PMID": 1127044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9825", "title": "[Autotransfusion in acute hemoperitoneum].", "content": "This procedure is well known, there were 2 000 cases reported in the literature with a very small number of complications.  Is autotransfusion really efficacious?  According to the author's results in 9 cases of hemoperitoneum, the red cells obtained by this method are quantitatively valid, but hemolysis starts early (6 hours) and the disappearance of the platelets and coagulation factors occurs even more early (2 hours).  However, clinical tolerance is perfect, thus confirming the good experimental results obtained in animals.  The true limits are hemolysis and the risk of contamination but, with appropriate apparatus and precise indications, and unsoiled blood, less than 24 hours old, autotransfusion is a good method which may provide a solution in certain emergencies.", "contents": "[Autotransfusion in acute hemoperitoneum]. This procedure is well known, there were 2 000 cases reported in the literature with a very small number of complications.  Is autotransfusion really efficacious?  According to the author's results in 9 cases of hemoperitoneum, the red cells obtained by this method are quantitatively valid, but hemolysis starts early (6 hours) and the disappearance of the platelets and coagulation factors occurs even more early (2 hours).  However, clinical tolerance is perfect, thus confirming the good experimental results obtained in animals.  The true limits are hemolysis and the risk of contamination but, with appropriate apparatus and precise indications, and unsoiled blood, less than 24 hours old, autotransfusion is a good method which may provide a solution in certain emergencies.", "PMID": 1127045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9826", "title": "[Osteosynthesis of trochantero-diaphyseal and sub-trochanteric fractures.  (Apropos of 57 osteosyntheses)].", "content": "The authors report 57 cases of osteosynthesis for trochanterodiaphysial and subtrochanteric fractures.  They analyse the types of fracture in relation to age, methods of treatment used and the results.  They emphasize the poor prognosis after 70 years.  They suggest close wound intramedullary nailing whenever possible and osteosynthesis on non-fractured metastasis in order to prevent fracture.", "contents": "[Osteosynthesis of trochantero-diaphyseal and sub-trochanteric fractures.  (Apropos of 57 osteosyntheses)]. The authors report 57 cases of osteosynthesis for trochanterodiaphysial and subtrochanteric fractures.  They analyse the types of fracture in relation to age, methods of treatment used and the results.  They emphasize the poor prognosis after 70 years.  They suggest close wound intramedullary nailing whenever possible and osteosynthesis on non-fractured metastasis in order to prevent fracture.", "PMID": 1127046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9827", "title": "[Treatment of fractures of the humerus by intramedullary fixation].", "content": "The Hackethal's technique of intramedullaring wiring for humeral fracture represents the immobilisation procedure particularly convenient for this bone.  This procedure can be realised without special instrumentation with Kirschner's wires and image intensifior.  To allow the approach of the fracture, the patient's position is choosed upon the topography of the lesion.  The intramedullaring wiring is always done from down to up.  Indications for this procedure are: humeral shaft fracture, humeral neck fracture, and fractures of the shaft and of the neck.  During the reduction of the fracture, the immoderate use of a image intensifior seams to be the major risk.  Hackethal's technique for medullary wiring was used in 21 patients, only one pseudarthrosis was noted.  The fonctionnal recovery of the arm is usually realised in three months.", "contents": "[Treatment of fractures of the humerus by intramedullary fixation]. The Hackethal's technique of intramedullaring wiring for humeral fracture represents the immobilisation procedure particularly convenient for this bone.  This procedure can be realised without special instrumentation with Kirschner's wires and image intensifior.  To allow the approach of the fracture, the patient's position is choosed upon the topography of the lesion.  The intramedullaring wiring is always done from down to up.  Indications for this procedure are: humeral shaft fracture, humeral neck fracture, and fractures of the shaft and of the neck.  During the reduction of the fracture, the immoderate use of a image intensifior seams to be the major risk.  Hackethal's technique for medullary wiring was used in 21 patients, only one pseudarthrosis was noted.  The fonctionnal recovery of the arm is usually realised in three months.", "PMID": 1127047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9828", "title": "[Disunion of colo-rectal anastomosis after surgery].", "content": "Breakdown of sutures is the main complication of colonic and rectal surgery.  The percentage of breakdowns is between 5 and 10 p. 100.  The latter may be obvious as shown by a fistula or by peritonitis.  But they may also be latent and present with septicemic shock.  One must then detect the breakdown by the association of clinical, radiological and laboratory signs in order to re-operate immediately.  Intensive care plays a very important role in the treatment of this lesion.  Suture breakdown is sometimes unforseeable, but it may be avoided by taking into consideration certain prophylactic rules which are analysed here.", "contents": "[Disunion of colo-rectal anastomosis after surgery]. Breakdown of sutures is the main complication of colonic and rectal surgery.  The percentage of breakdowns is between 5 and 10 p. 100.  The latter may be obvious as shown by a fistula or by peritonitis.  But they may also be latent and present with septicemic shock.  One must then detect the breakdown by the association of clinical, radiological and laboratory signs in order to re-operate immediately.  Intensive care plays a very important role in the treatment of this lesion.  Suture breakdown is sometimes unforseeable, but it may be avoided by taking into consideration certain prophylactic rules which are analysed here.", "PMID": 1127048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9829", "title": "Gas chromatographic resolution of enantiomeric amphetamines and related amines. I. Structural effects on some diastereomer separations.", "content": "Eight structurally related enantiomeric primary amines including several amphetamines were resolved as distereomers by gas chromatography. Optically active acylated amino acid chlorides were reacted with the amine racemates to yield volative diastereomers which were chromatographed on polar and on nonpolar columns. Selectivity of diastereomeric pair separations was found to be dependent on substitution at the chiral centers of both the amino acids and the amines. Baseline resolution was achieved on a 6-ft. diethylene glycol succinate column at 200 degrees for seven of the eight amines. The polar stationary phases yielded higher relative separation factors than the nonpolar phase in all cases for the same chromatographic conditions. The effects of varying the perfluoroacyl group of the amino acid resolving agent from trifluoroacetyl to pentafluoropropionyl to heptafluorobutyryl was to significantly decrease the retention times without significantly decreasing these separation factors.", "contents": "Gas chromatographic resolution of enantiomeric amphetamines and related amines. I. Structural effects on some diastereomer separations. Eight structurally related enantiomeric primary amines including several amphetamines were resolved as distereomers by gas chromatography. Optically active acylated amino acid chlorides were reacted with the amine racemates to yield volative diastereomers which were chromatographed on polar and on nonpolar columns. Selectivity of diastereomeric pair separations was found to be dependent on substitution at the chiral centers of both the amino acids and the amines. Baseline resolution was achieved on a 6-ft. diethylene glycol succinate column at 200 degrees for seven of the eight amines. The polar stationary phases yielded higher relative separation factors than the nonpolar phase in all cases for the same chromatographic conditions. The effects of varying the perfluoroacyl group of the amino acid resolving agent from trifluoroacetyl to pentafluoropropionyl to heptafluorobutyryl was to significantly decrease the retention times without significantly decreasing these separation factors.", "PMID": 1127054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9830", "title": "Automation of multiple sephadex LH-20 column chromatography for the simultaneous separation of plasma corticosteroids.", "content": "An automated method of Sephacex LH-20 chromatography has been developed for the simultaneous and complete separation of corticosterone, 11-deoxycortisol, aldosterone, cortisone and cortisol from a small plasma sample prior to radioimmunoassay. Using a controlled elution flow-rate of 40 ml/h and automated programme tape-controlled collection of the eluates from six columns eluted simultaneously, excellent reproducibility of elution patterns with minimal day-to-day and column-to-column variations could be achieved. The method can be easily extended and permits the reliable, rapid and easy routine separation of individual steroids from a single plasma or tissue extract on a multi-column scale.", "contents": "Automation of multiple sephadex LH-20 column chromatography for the simultaneous separation of plasma corticosteroids. An automated method of Sephacex LH-20 chromatography has been developed for the simultaneous and complete separation of corticosterone, 11-deoxycortisol, aldosterone, cortisone and cortisol from a small plasma sample prior to radioimmunoassay. Using a controlled elution flow-rate of 40 ml/h and automated programme tape-controlled collection of the eluates from six columns eluted simultaneously, excellent reproducibility of elution patterns with minimal day-to-day and column-to-column variations could be achieved. The method can be easily extended and permits the reliable, rapid and easy routine separation of individual steroids from a single plasma or tissue extract on a multi-column scale.", "PMID": 1127055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9831", "title": "Direct quantitative thin-layer chromatographic determination of prostaglandins A2, B2, E2 and F2 alpha.", "content": "A direct method for the determination of prostaglandins (PG) A2, B2, E2 and F2 alpha by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) is described. The TLC development is carried out on silica gel 60 F254 plates so that PGA2, PGB2 and PGE2 can be directly determined together by chromatogram spectrodensitometry using the reflection method. PGE2 must be converted into pgb2 so that it can be measured at lambda max. 224 nm and after conversion into PGB2 by spraying with potassium hydroxide solution. PGF2 alpha is measured after spraying with methanolic sulphuric acid and subsequent heating at lambda max. 530 nm. The method of determination described here is characterized by a short analysis time and good accuracy, and it is therefore suitable for quality control and stability investigations with these prostaglandins. The coefficient of variation is plus or minus 3.5 percent.", "contents": "Direct quantitative thin-layer chromatographic determination of prostaglandins A2, B2, E2 and F2 alpha. A direct method for the determination of prostaglandins (PG) A2, B2, E2 and F2 alpha by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) is described. The TLC development is carried out on silica gel 60 F254 plates so that PGA2, PGB2 and PGE2 can be directly determined together by chromatogram spectrodensitometry using the reflection method. PGE2 must be converted into pgb2 so that it can be measured at lambda max. 224 nm and after conversion into PGB2 by spraying with potassium hydroxide solution. PGF2 alpha is measured after spraying with methanolic sulphuric acid and subsequent heating at lambda max. 530 nm. The method of determination described here is characterized by a short analysis time and good accuracy, and it is therefore suitable for quality control and stability investigations with these prostaglandins. The coefficient of variation is plus or minus 3.5 percent.", "PMID": 1127056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9832", "title": "Empirical quantum chemical approach to structure-gas chromatographic retention index relationship. I. Sterol acetates.", "content": "It has been found possible to correlate chromatographic retention parameters directly with molecular electronic structure by means of a linear relationship. The empirical parameters used are total energy and localized charge, calculated by the method of Del Re. They are deduced directly from the molecular structure and they permit the retention index to be calculated theoretically with an acceptable error.", "contents": "Empirical quantum chemical approach to structure-gas chromatographic retention index relationship. I. Sterol acetates. It has been found possible to correlate chromatographic retention parameters directly with molecular electronic structure by means of a linear relationship. The empirical parameters used are total energy and localized charge, calculated by the method of Del Re. They are deduced directly from the molecular structure and they permit the retention index to be calculated theoretically with an acceptable error.", "PMID": 1127057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9833", "title": "[Structure-mobility relationships in thin-layer chromatography. Applications to some progestogens (author's transl)].", "content": "A study has been made on the quantitative relationship between the chromatographic mobility and the structure of progestogenic steroids. The coefficient K, corresponding to the fundamental skeleton, and the parameters of different substituents were calculated from the RM values. The results obtained with eighteen steroids tested in two solvent systems of low dielectric constant and low polarity have been improved satisfactorily.", "contents": "[Structure-mobility relationships in thin-layer chromatography. Applications to some progestogens (author's transl)]. A study has been made on the quantitative relationship between the chromatographic mobility and the structure of progestogenic steroids. The coefficient K, corresponding to the fundamental skeleton, and the parameters of different substituents were calculated from the RM values. The results obtained with eighteen steroids tested in two solvent systems of low dielectric constant and low polarity have been improved satisfactorily.", "PMID": 1127058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9834", "title": "Pituitary-gonadal relations in infancy. I. Patterns of serum gonadotropin concentrations from birth to four years of age in man and chimpanzee.", "content": "Mixed cord sera (27 male, 28 female) and sera from 105 male and 93 female children aged 5 days to 4 yr were assayed for FSH, LH and hCG. Cord hCG was similar in both sexes (median 58 mIU/ml; range 20-9000), and fell to less than 5 mIU/ml by 5 days of life, a value which is below the limit of detectable cross reactivity in the LH radioimmunoassay. Cord FSH was less than 5.5 mug LER-907/100 ml in both sexes. In boys there was a rapid rise of FSH in early postnatal life, with peak levels up to 55 mug/100 ml between 1 week and 3 months, followed by a decline by 4 months reaching the low values seen in older prepubertal subjects. This postnatal FSH rise was both more marked in females with peak values at 2-3 months up to 169 mug/100 ml, and also more sustained with levels staying above those of older prepubertal children until 4 yr of age. Serum LH levels in the boys were in the adolescent range by 1 week of age, peaked at 1 month and then declined to the usual childhood range by 4 months. A similar pattern, though with lower peak LH values, was seen in the female infants. A longitudinal study of serum FSH and LH values in one male and one female chimpanzee from 17 to 456 days of age showed patterns in serum gonadotropins which paralleled those seen in the human cross-sectional study.", "contents": "Pituitary-gonadal relations in infancy. I. Patterns of serum gonadotropin concentrations from birth to four years of age in man and chimpanzee. Mixed cord sera (27 male, 28 female) and sera from 105 male and 93 female children aged 5 days to 4 yr were assayed for FSH, LH and hCG. Cord hCG was similar in both sexes (median 58 mIU/ml; range 20-9000), and fell to less than 5 mIU/ml by 5 days of life, a value which is below the limit of detectable cross reactivity in the LH radioimmunoassay. Cord FSH was less than 5.5 mug LER-907/100 ml in both sexes. In boys there was a rapid rise of FSH in early postnatal life, with peak levels up to 55 mug/100 ml between 1 week and 3 months, followed by a decline by 4 months reaching the low values seen in older prepubertal subjects. This postnatal FSH rise was both more marked in females with peak values at 2-3 months up to 169 mug/100 ml, and also more sustained with levels staying above those of older prepubertal children until 4 yr of age. Serum LH levels in the boys were in the adolescent range by 1 week of age, peaked at 1 month and then declined to the usual childhood range by 4 months. A similar pattern, though with lower peak LH values, was seen in the female infants. A longitudinal study of serum FSH and LH values in one male and one female chimpanzee from 17 to 456 days of age showed patterns in serum gonadotropins which paralleled those seen in the human cross-sectional study.", "PMID": 1127071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9835", "title": "A modified hemagglutination inhibition test for estimating human follicle-stimulating hormone (hFSH) in unprocessed urine.", "content": "The development of a hemagglutination inhibition test for urinary human follicle stimulating hormone (hFSHu) is described. Antisera were raised in rabbits and absorbed immunochromatographically with crude preparations of human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG). hFSHu was coupled to erythrocytes by means of bis-diazobenzidine. The reagents, alone or in combination were subjected to various specificity tests such as reactions of hFSHu-coated erythrocytes with antisera against different antigens, reactions of anti-hFSHu with erythrocytes coated with different antigens, and reaction of \"non-FSH\" preparations on different test combinations of anti-hFSHu sera and hFSHu-coated erythrocytes. A comparative assay of an hFSHu preparation with different reagent combinations appeared to give the most stringent criterion for specificity. A modified hemagglutination inhibition test system was developed according to the principle reported earlier for urinary human luteninizing hormone (hLHu). Its sensitivity was fixed at 2 mIU FSH/ml which is sufficient for the estimation of hFSH in unconcentrated urine.", "contents": "A modified hemagglutination inhibition test for estimating human follicle-stimulating hormone (hFSH) in unprocessed urine. The development of a hemagglutination inhibition test for urinary human follicle stimulating hormone (hFSHu) is described. Antisera were raised in rabbits and absorbed immunochromatographically with crude preparations of human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG). hFSHu was coupled to erythrocytes by means of bis-diazobenzidine. The reagents, alone or in combination were subjected to various specificity tests such as reactions of hFSHu-coated erythrocytes with antisera against different antigens, reactions of anti-hFSHu with erythrocytes coated with different antigens, and reaction of \"non-FSH\" preparations on different test combinations of anti-hFSHu sera and hFSHu-coated erythrocytes. A comparative assay of an hFSHu preparation with different reagent combinations appeared to give the most stringent criterion for specificity. A modified hemagglutination inhibition test system was developed according to the principle reported earlier for urinary human luteninizing hormone (hLHu). Its sensitivity was fixed at 2 mIU FSH/ml which is sufficient for the estimation of hFSH in unconcentrated urine.", "PMID": 1127072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9836", "title": "The insulin response to intravenous fructose in relation to blood glucose levels.", "content": "The insulinotropic action of intravenous fructose was examined in 24 subjects without known metabolic disease. When blood glucose values before the fructose infusion were at or below normal fasting levels, fructose elicited only a small plasma insulin response. In contrast, the insulin response was strikingly augmented when preinfusion blood glucose and plasma insulin levels were moderately elevated. The insulinotropic action of fructose appears closely related to the preinfusion blood glucose level. Fructose has little or no insulinotropic action in the absence of glucose but potentiates glucose-mediated insulin release. The insulinotropic potency of other glucose analogues in vivo may show a similar dependence on concomitant blood glucose levels.", "contents": "The insulin response to intravenous fructose in relation to blood glucose levels. The insulinotropic action of intravenous fructose was examined in 24 subjects without known metabolic disease. When blood glucose values before the fructose infusion were at or below normal fasting levels, fructose elicited only a small plasma insulin response. In contrast, the insulin response was strikingly augmented when preinfusion blood glucose and plasma insulin levels were moderately elevated. The insulinotropic action of fructose appears closely related to the preinfusion blood glucose level. Fructose has little or no insulinotropic action in the absence of glucose but potentiates glucose-mediated insulin release. The insulinotropic potency of other glucose analogues in vivo may show a similar dependence on concomitant blood glucose levels.", "PMID": 1127073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9837", "title": "Plasma estrogen and androgen concentrations in children during adolescence.", "content": "Using Sephadex LH-20 chromatography and a radioimmunological technique, the simultaneous measurement of estrone, estradiol, testosterone and dihydrotestosterone was performed in a single extract of peripheral plasma in children. In 44 boys and 43 girls, the mean plasma concentration of estrone rose steadily in both sexes, though more pronounced in the girls. For estradiol, this increment was noted only for the girls. For testosterone, the boys showed a spurt after pubertal stage 3, whereas the girls did not show any rise throughout the developmental phases. The girls, however, showed increment in dihydrotestosterone, concentration from pubertal stage 1 to 3, and plateaued thereafter. The boys showed marked increment in the concentration of this steroid throughout development, although less pronounced as that seen for testosterone. Plasma estrogens correlated better with the clinical evaluation of sexual maturation than with chronological ages in the girls. Similarly, the boys showed better relationship between the androgens and maturational stages than with chronological age. The girls also demonstrated a steep increment in the SDs for the estrogen values with sexual maturation (at stages 3 and 4, the SDs for estrone and estradiol were 0.26 and 0.80 respectively, at stage 5 they were 0.82 and 1.49 respectively) reflecting perhaps the onset of cyclic activity. When the estrogen values were related to the androgen values, the boys demonstrated a high association (r equals 0.78). This correlation was absent in the girls.", "contents": "Plasma estrogen and androgen concentrations in children during adolescence. Using Sephadex LH-20 chromatography and a radioimmunological technique, the simultaneous measurement of estrone, estradiol, testosterone and dihydrotestosterone was performed in a single extract of peripheral plasma in children. In 44 boys and 43 girls, the mean plasma concentration of estrone rose steadily in both sexes, though more pronounced in the girls. For estradiol, this increment was noted only for the girls. For testosterone, the boys showed a spurt after pubertal stage 3, whereas the girls did not show any rise throughout the developmental phases. The girls, however, showed increment in dihydrotestosterone, concentration from pubertal stage 1 to 3, and plateaued thereafter. The boys showed marked increment in the concentration of this steroid throughout development, although less pronounced as that seen for testosterone. Plasma estrogens correlated better with the clinical evaluation of sexual maturation than with chronological ages in the girls. Similarly, the boys showed better relationship between the androgens and maturational stages than with chronological age. The girls also demonstrated a steep increment in the SDs for the estrogen values with sexual maturation (at stages 3 and 4, the SDs for estrone and estradiol were 0.26 and 0.80 respectively, at stage 5 they were 0.82 and 1.49 respectively) reflecting perhaps the onset of cyclic activity. When the estrogen values were related to the androgen values, the boys demonstrated a high association (r equals 0.78). This correlation was absent in the girls.", "PMID": 1127074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9838", "title": "Suppression of renin and aldosterone by small amounts of DOCA in normal man.", "content": "Previous investigators have suggested that low renin hypertension may be due to an unknown mineralocorticoid. This investigation was designed to simulate the effect of an unknown mineralocorticoid by administration of small amounts of desoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) in three normal subjects. The response of 2-h upright plasma renin activity (PRA), plasma aldosterone concentration (PA), and urinary aldosterone excretion (UA), as well as extracellular fluid volume, (ECFV) was determined on a high and low salt diet before and during the administration of DOCA for 13 days. After 9 days of DOCA, ECFV increased approximately 2 liters and PRA decreased to levels found in our patients with LRH. PA and UA decreased appropriately as PRA was suppressed. We would expect an unknown mineralocorticoid to have similar effects on the reninangiotension-aldosterone system. Thus, these results would suggest that in LRH the normal levels of PA and UA are inappropriately elevated in relation to the low PRA.", "contents": "Suppression of renin and aldosterone by small amounts of DOCA in normal man. Previous investigators have suggested that low renin hypertension may be due to an unknown mineralocorticoid. This investigation was designed to simulate the effect of an unknown mineralocorticoid by administration of small amounts of desoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) in three normal subjects. The response of 2-h upright plasma renin activity (PRA), plasma aldosterone concentration (PA), and urinary aldosterone excretion (UA), as well as extracellular fluid volume, (ECFV) was determined on a high and low salt diet before and during the administration of DOCA for 13 days. After 9 days of DOCA, ECFV increased approximately 2 liters and PRA decreased to levels found in our patients with LRH. PA and UA decreased appropriately as PRA was suppressed. We would expect an unknown mineralocorticoid to have similar effects on the reninangiotension-aldosterone system. Thus, these results would suggest that in LRH the normal levels of PA and UA are inappropriately elevated in relation to the low PRA.", "PMID": 1127075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9839", "title": "Spontaneous remission of Cushing's syndrome in a patient with an adrenal adenoma.", "content": "A 23-yr-old male student presented with clinical and biochemical evidence of Cushing's syndrome. One month later, his elevated plasma and urinary adrenal steroids had returned to normal. At surgery, an adrenal adenoma was removed from his right side. We postulate that he either underwent a temporary spontaneous remission of his disease without treatment, prior to surgery, or that his adenoma secreted glucocorticoids in a cyclical fashion.", "contents": "Spontaneous remission of Cushing's syndrome in a patient with an adrenal adenoma. A 23-yr-old male student presented with clinical and biochemical evidence of Cushing's syndrome. One month later, his elevated plasma and urinary adrenal steroids had returned to normal. At surgery, an adrenal adenoma was removed from his right side. We postulate that he either underwent a temporary spontaneous remission of his disease without treatment, prior to surgery, or that his adenoma secreted glucocorticoids in a cyclical fashion.", "PMID": 1127076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9840", "title": "A diphasic pattern of gonadotropin secretion in patients with the syndrome of gonadal dysgenesis.", "content": "Cross sectional and longitudinal studies of plasma FSH and LH in 58 patients, age 2 days of 20 yr, with the syndrome of gonadal dysgenesis show a diphasic pattern of gonadotropin secretion. The mean basal plasma FSH level is 43 plus or minus 7 (SE) ng/ml (LER-869) in patients from 2 days to 4 yr, which is strikingly elevated. Thereafter, a decline in plasma FSH to a mean level of 4 plus or minus 0.7 (SE) ng/ml occurs between 4 and 10 yr, followed by a rise after 10 yr to 61 plus or minus 4 (SE) ng/ml. The pattern of LH (LER-960) secretion is qualitatively similar to that of FSH, although quantitatively the values for LH are 1/3 to 1/10 those for FSH. The similarity of pattern of gonadotropin secretion observed between patients with gonadal dysgenesis and normal children suggests that gonadal function does not play a decisive role in the pattern of gonadotropin secretion from infancy through adolescence, but exercises striking effects on the quantity of gonadotropin secreted.", "contents": "A diphasic pattern of gonadotropin secretion in patients with the syndrome of gonadal dysgenesis. Cross sectional and longitudinal studies of plasma FSH and LH in 58 patients, age 2 days of 20 yr, with the syndrome of gonadal dysgenesis show a diphasic pattern of gonadotropin secretion. The mean basal plasma FSH level is 43 plus or minus 7 (SE) ng/ml (LER-869) in patients from 2 days to 4 yr, which is strikingly elevated. Thereafter, a decline in plasma FSH to a mean level of 4 plus or minus 0.7 (SE) ng/ml occurs between 4 and 10 yr, followed by a rise after 10 yr to 61 plus or minus 4 (SE) ng/ml. The pattern of LH (LER-960) secretion is qualitatively similar to that of FSH, although quantitatively the values for LH are 1/3 to 1/10 those for FSH. The similarity of pattern of gonadotropin secretion observed between patients with gonadal dysgenesis and normal children suggests that gonadal function does not play a decisive role in the pattern of gonadotropin secretion from infancy through adolescence, but exercises striking effects on the quantity of gonadotropin secreted.", "PMID": 1127077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9841", "title": "Formation of 6-hydroxylated progesterone in the human placenta and response to hCG.", "content": "The in vitro metabolism of 7alpha-3-H-pregnenolone by five term human placentas obtained from repeat cesarean section was studied. Incubations were carried out either with minced tissue for 1 h or by organ culture for 6 h and 24 h. Twenty-one experiments were performed to determine the effect of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), human placental lactogen (hPL), and heat-inactivated hCG on the metabolism of pregnenolone. The major radioactive product was progesterone (40-60%); unchanged pregnenolone accounted for only 5-15% of the radioactivity. 3-H-6beta-OH-progesterone was found and rigorously identified. In control experiments 6beta-OH-progesterone was 2-4% of the radioactivity. In the presence of hCG there was a significant (P smaller than 0.005) 2-3-fold increase of 3-H-6beta-OH-progesterone in the 1-h mince incubations and the 24-h organ cultures. There was no increase of 3-H-6beta-OH-progesterone over control values with hCG after 6-h organ cultures; with heat-inactivated hCG; or with hPL. These findings provide additional data that hCG affects steroid metabolism in the human placenta. In addition, 3-H-6alpha-OH-progesterone was found and rigorously identified in yields of approximately 0.5-1%. The effect of hCG on 6alpha-hydroxylation was not determined. This appears to be the first demonstration of 6alpha-hydroxylation of C21 steroids by human tissue.", "contents": "Formation of 6-hydroxylated progesterone in the human placenta and response to hCG. The in vitro metabolism of 7alpha-3-H-pregnenolone by five term human placentas obtained from repeat cesarean section was studied. Incubations were carried out either with minced tissue for 1 h or by organ culture for 6 h and 24 h. Twenty-one experiments were performed to determine the effect of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), human placental lactogen (hPL), and heat-inactivated hCG on the metabolism of pregnenolone. The major radioactive product was progesterone (40-60%); unchanged pregnenolone accounted for only 5-15% of the radioactivity. 3-H-6beta-OH-progesterone was found and rigorously identified. In control experiments 6beta-OH-progesterone was 2-4% of the radioactivity. In the presence of hCG there was a significant (P smaller than 0.005) 2-3-fold increase of 3-H-6beta-OH-progesterone in the 1-h mince incubations and the 24-h organ cultures. There was no increase of 3-H-6beta-OH-progesterone over control values with hCG after 6-h organ cultures; with heat-inactivated hCG; or with hPL. These findings provide additional data that hCG affects steroid metabolism in the human placenta. In addition, 3-H-6alpha-OH-progesterone was found and rigorously identified in yields of approximately 0.5-1%. The effect of hCG on 6alpha-hydroxylation was not determined. This appears to be the first demonstration of 6alpha-hydroxylation of C21 steroids by human tissue.", "PMID": 1127078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9842", "title": "Stable reduction of plasma growth hormone (hGH) levels during chronic administration of 2-Br-alpha-ergocryptine (CB-154) in acromegalic patients.", "content": "In 7 acromegalic patients in whom plasma hGH concentrations had dropped acutely after a single dose of 2-B r-alpha-ergocryptine (CB-154, 2.5 mg orally) chronic CB-154 treatment (10 mg orally for 30 days) was also accompanied by a significant and stable reduction of hGH. Withdrawal of the drug was followed by a rapid return of hGH to pretreatment values. Reinstatement of oral CB-154 treatment resulted again in suppression of hGH levels measured 30 and 60 days later. In 5 patients, unresponsive to acute administration of CB-154, no appreciable variation in hGH levels was present after 30 days of treatment. These results suggest that 2-Br-alpha-ergocryptine offers a new approach to the medical treatment of acromegaly.", "contents": "Stable reduction of plasma growth hormone (hGH) levels during chronic administration of 2-Br-alpha-ergocryptine (CB-154) in acromegalic patients. In 7 acromegalic patients in whom plasma hGH concentrations had dropped acutely after a single dose of 2-B r-alpha-ergocryptine (CB-154, 2.5 mg orally) chronic CB-154 treatment (10 mg orally for 30 days) was also accompanied by a significant and stable reduction of hGH. Withdrawal of the drug was followed by a rapid return of hGH to pretreatment values. Reinstatement of oral CB-154 treatment resulted again in suppression of hGH levels measured 30 and 60 days later. In 5 patients, unresponsive to acute administration of CB-154, no appreciable variation in hGH levels was present after 30 days of treatment. These results suggest that 2-Br-alpha-ergocryptine offers a new approach to the medical treatment of acromegaly.", "PMID": 1127079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9843", "title": "The stimulation of human prolactin secretion by 3-Iodo-L-tyrosine.", "content": "Oral administration of a single 1 g dose of MIT to 10 normal male and female subjects resulted in a rise in serum prolactin in each subject. The mean peak level of serum prolactin attained by the 10 subjects was 36.3 plus or minus 7.9 ng/ml which was highly significantly elevated (P smaller than 0.0005) above the mean basal level of 5.3 plus or minus 1.0 ng/ml. While there was no significant difference between the basal serum prolactin levels of male and female subjects, the mean peak level attained by male subjects following MIT (18.8 plus or minus 3.3 ng/ml) was significantly less (P smaller than 0.0025) than that recorded for the female group (62.5 plus or minus 9.1). Serum levels of growth hormone (GH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4) and cortisol were not significantly altered following MIT administration. The complete absence of side effects due to MIT make it a suitable drug for the acute clinical assessment of pituitary prolactin reserve.", "contents": "The stimulation of human prolactin secretion by 3-Iodo-L-tyrosine. Oral administration of a single 1 g dose of MIT to 10 normal male and female subjects resulted in a rise in serum prolactin in each subject. The mean peak level of serum prolactin attained by the 10 subjects was 36.3 plus or minus 7.9 ng/ml which was highly significantly elevated (P smaller than 0.0005) above the mean basal level of 5.3 plus or minus 1.0 ng/ml. While there was no significant difference between the basal serum prolactin levels of male and female subjects, the mean peak level attained by male subjects following MIT (18.8 plus or minus 3.3 ng/ml) was significantly less (P smaller than 0.0025) than that recorded for the female group (62.5 plus or minus 9.1). Serum levels of growth hormone (GH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4) and cortisol were not significantly altered following MIT administration. The complete absence of side effects due to MIT make it a suitable drug for the acute clinical assessment of pituitary prolactin reserve.", "PMID": 1127080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9844", "title": "Adrenal response to tolbutamide-induced hypoglycemia in high altitude dwellers.", "content": "Adrenal response to tolbutamide-induced hypoglycemia was studied in 23 normal men born and living at high altitude (Morococha, Per\u00fa, 4,540 m) and compared to 23 men born and living near sea level. Fasting blood sugar was significantly lower in the high altitude dwellers (HAD) and this difference persisted throughout the test period. The blood glucose decrement at 30 min was significantly less in the HAD. Plasma cortisol response was significantly higher at 30 and 60 min in the HAD. Peak cortisol level occurred earlier in the HAD than in men living at sea level. The absolute cortisol increment at 30 min was significantly greater in the HAD.", "contents": "Adrenal response to tolbutamide-induced hypoglycemia in high altitude dwellers. Adrenal response to tolbutamide-induced hypoglycemia was studied in 23 normal men born and living at high altitude (Morococha, Per\u00fa, 4,540 m) and compared to 23 men born and living near sea level. Fasting blood sugar was significantly lower in the high altitude dwellers (HAD) and this difference persisted throughout the test period. The blood glucose decrement at 30 min was significantly less in the HAD. Plasma cortisol response was significantly higher at 30 and 60 min in the HAD. Peak cortisol level occurred earlier in the HAD than in men living at sea level. The absolute cortisol increment at 30 min was significantly greater in the HAD.", "PMID": 1127081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9845", "title": "Measurement of serum clogestone acetate (AY-11,440) by a radioreceptor assay: a practical approach to the quantitative determination of synthetic progestins.", "content": "A novel method is described for the measurement of nanogram quantities of clogestone acetate (3beta, 17alpha-dihydroxy-6-chloropregna-4,6-dien-20-one 3,17-diacetate) in serum:clogestone acetate (CgAc) is converted to chlormadinone acetate in the presence of wheat germ lipase and hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. The ketonic steroid formed is then incubated with rat uterine cytosol and 3-H-progesterone. The concentration of 3CgAc is estimated from a standard curve derived by incubating cytosol with 3-H-progesterone and varying amounts of chlormadinone acetate. The statistically validated method has been used for the estimation of serum CgAc in humans and dogs given an oral dose of the steroid. The radioreceptor assay (RRA), has practical advantages over related techniques such as radioimmunoassay (RIA) especially with respect to the developmental work. This is the first time that a quantitative assay of a progestin by the tissue receptor approach has been described.", "contents": "Measurement of serum clogestone acetate (AY-11,440) by a radioreceptor assay: a practical approach to the quantitative determination of synthetic progestins. A novel method is described for the measurement of nanogram quantities of clogestone acetate (3beta, 17alpha-dihydroxy-6-chloropregna-4,6-dien-20-one 3,17-diacetate) in serum:clogestone acetate (CgAc) is converted to chlormadinone acetate in the presence of wheat germ lipase and hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. The ketonic steroid formed is then incubated with rat uterine cytosol and 3-H-progesterone. The concentration of 3CgAc is estimated from a standard curve derived by incubating cytosol with 3-H-progesterone and varying amounts of chlormadinone acetate. The statistically validated method has been used for the estimation of serum CgAc in humans and dogs given an oral dose of the steroid. The radioreceptor assay (RRA), has practical advantages over related techniques such as radioimmunoassay (RIA) especially with respect to the developmental work. This is the first time that a quantitative assay of a progestin by the tissue receptor approach has been described.", "PMID": 1127082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9846", "title": "Altered tissue response to glucagon in obesity.", "content": "The tissue response to exogenously administered glucagon was examined in 5 obese subjects (180 plus or minus 20 percent ideal body weight) and compared with the response in 5 normal weight controls (plus or minus 10 percent of ideal body weight). In all control subjects, glucagon (1 mug/kg) caused an increase in plasma free fatty acids and betahydroxybutyrate concentrations. In contrast, not only did the obese subjects fail to demonstrate a similar catabolic response, but 4 of the 5 obese subjects actually responded with a depression of plasma free fatty acid concentration and 3 of the 5, a decrease in betahydroxybutyrate. The potential mechanisms responsible for this defect are discussed, and it is suggested that the observation of an abnormal tissue response to a pharmacological stimulus warrants further investigation utilizing physiological lipolytic stimuli.", "contents": "Altered tissue response to glucagon in obesity. The tissue response to exogenously administered glucagon was examined in 5 obese subjects (180 plus or minus 20 percent ideal body weight) and compared with the response in 5 normal weight controls (plus or minus 10 percent of ideal body weight). In all control subjects, glucagon (1 mug/kg) caused an increase in plasma free fatty acids and betahydroxybutyrate concentrations. In contrast, not only did the obese subjects fail to demonstrate a similar catabolic response, but 4 of the 5 obese subjects actually responded with a depression of plasma free fatty acid concentration and 3 of the 5, a decrease in betahydroxybutyrate. The potential mechanisms responsible for this defect are discussed, and it is suggested that the observation of an abnormal tissue response to a pharmacological stimulus warrants further investigation utilizing physiological lipolytic stimuli.", "PMID": 1127083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9847", "title": "Somatomedin activity in cerebrospinal fluid.", "content": "Somatomedin activity has been demonstrated in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 12 normal subjects and one patient with acromegaly. In all cases the concentration was lower in the CSF than in the corresponding serum, and a significant correlation was demonstrated between the somatomedin activity in the two body fluids (p smaller than 0.01).", "contents": "Somatomedin activity in cerebrospinal fluid. Somatomedin activity has been demonstrated in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 12 normal subjects and one patient with acromegaly. In all cases the concentration was lower in the CSF than in the corresponding serum, and a significant correlation was demonstrated between the somatomedin activity in the two body fluids (p smaller than 0.01).", "PMID": 1127084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9848", "title": "Hypercalcitoninemia in acute pancreatitis.", "content": "Calcitonin was measured in four patients with acute pancreatitis with hypocalcemia. A marked elevation of this hormone was noted in each case and persisted over several days. The peak level of calcitonin preceded the maximum fall in calcium. Among the various factors affecting calcium balance in pancreatitis, calcitonin probably plays an important role.", "contents": "Hypercalcitoninemia in acute pancreatitis. Calcitonin was measured in four patients with acute pancreatitis with hypocalcemia. A marked elevation of this hormone was noted in each case and persisted over several days. The peak level of calcitonin preceded the maximum fall in calcium. Among the various factors affecting calcium balance in pancreatitis, calcitonin probably plays an important role.", "PMID": 1127085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9849", "title": "Stimulation of aldosterone production by angiotensin II peptides in vitro: enhanced activity of the (1-sarcosine) analogue.", "content": "The biological activity of angiotensin agonists has been determined in a highly sensitive in vitro assay system, based upon aldosterone production by isolated dog adrenal cells. The responses to angiotensin II and the heptapeptide [Des-Asp-1]-angiotensin II are identical, while the [Des-Asp-1, Des-Arg-2]-hexapeptide and the [Des-Phe-8]-heptapeptide are almost completely inactive. By contrast, [Sar-1]-angiotensin II, a potent agonist upon vascular smooth muscle, is also about 10 times more active than angiotensin II in stimulating the production of aldosterone by dog adrenal cells. The increased agonist activity of [Sar-1]-angiotensin II is attributable to increased binding affinity as well as increased efficacy at the adrenal receptor site. These results also suggest that conversion to the [Des-Asp-1] heptapeptide is not an important intermediate step in the action of angiotensin II upon the zona glomerulosa.", "contents": "Stimulation of aldosterone production by angiotensin II peptides in vitro: enhanced activity of the (1-sarcosine) analogue. The biological activity of angiotensin agonists has been determined in a highly sensitive in vitro assay system, based upon aldosterone production by isolated dog adrenal cells. The responses to angiotensin II and the heptapeptide [Des-Asp-1]-angiotensin II are identical, while the [Des-Asp-1, Des-Arg-2]-hexapeptide and the [Des-Phe-8]-heptapeptide are almost completely inactive. By contrast, [Sar-1]-angiotensin II, a potent agonist upon vascular smooth muscle, is also about 10 times more active than angiotensin II in stimulating the production of aldosterone by dog adrenal cells. The increased agonist activity of [Sar-1]-angiotensin II is attributable to increased binding affinity as well as increased efficacy at the adrenal receptor site. These results also suggest that conversion to the [Des-Asp-1] heptapeptide is not an important intermediate step in the action of angiotensin II upon the zona glomerulosa.", "PMID": 1127086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9850", "title": "The effect of hypoglycemia on TSH release in man.", "content": "The effect of insulin-induced hypoglycemia on TSH release was studied in 7 normal subjects (Group I), 5 patients with sellar enlargment, 1 patient with idiopathic panhypopituitarism (Group II-A) and 2 acromegalic patients (Group II-B). Serial measurements of TSH, GH and corrtisol, after a bolus of insulin (0.1 U/kg body weight), were made over a period of 120 min. The peak TSH value of 8.3 plus or minus 0.9 pU/ml (mean plus or minus SEM) did not differ statistically from the basal value of 6.0 plus or minus 1.3 pU/ml in Group I. GH levels, however, increased from 1.0 plus or minus 0.0 ng/ml to 28.1 plus or minus 4.3 ng/ml, which was highly significant (P less than 0.001). In contrast, Group II-A patients had an increase in serum TSH from 4.3 plus or minus 1.4 pU/ml to 28.6 plus or minus5.7 pU/ml (P less than 0.02). The peak GH levels of 4.0 plus or minus 1.7 ng/ml did not differ significantly from the basal value of 1.2 plus or minus ng/ml. In group II-B, the untreated acromegalic patient (G) did not show alterations in TSH levels consonant with the increase in GH from a basal value of 34.9 ng/ml to a peak of 46.9 ng/ml with the induction of hypoglycemia. In the treated acromegalic subject (H), basal GH increased from 7.8 ng/ml to 11.4 ng/ml with no significant changes in TSH. Serum cortisol levels in Groups I, II-A and II-B did not show consistent inverse relationship to circulating TSH. The observations in this study suggest that hypoglycemia may stimulate TSH release in certain pituitary disorders. Through GH release might play an inhibitory role on TSH secretion, the results suggest other unidentified factor(s).", "contents": "The effect of hypoglycemia on TSH release in man. The effect of insulin-induced hypoglycemia on TSH release was studied in 7 normal subjects (Group I), 5 patients with sellar enlargment, 1 patient with idiopathic panhypopituitarism (Group II-A) and 2 acromegalic patients (Group II-B). Serial measurements of TSH, GH and corrtisol, after a bolus of insulin (0.1 U/kg body weight), were made over a period of 120 min. The peak TSH value of 8.3 plus or minus 0.9 pU/ml (mean plus or minus SEM) did not differ statistically from the basal value of 6.0 plus or minus 1.3 pU/ml in Group I. GH levels, however, increased from 1.0 plus or minus 0.0 ng/ml to 28.1 plus or minus 4.3 ng/ml, which was highly significant (P less than 0.001). In contrast, Group II-A patients had an increase in serum TSH from 4.3 plus or minus 1.4 pU/ml to 28.6 plus or minus5.7 pU/ml (P less than 0.02). The peak GH levels of 4.0 plus or minus 1.7 ng/ml did not differ significantly from the basal value of 1.2 plus or minus ng/ml. In group II-B, the untreated acromegalic patient (G) did not show alterations in TSH levels consonant with the increase in GH from a basal value of 34.9 ng/ml to a peak of 46.9 ng/ml with the induction of hypoglycemia. In the treated acromegalic subject (H), basal GH increased from 7.8 ng/ml to 11.4 ng/ml with no significant changes in TSH. Serum cortisol levels in Groups I, II-A and II-B did not show consistent inverse relationship to circulating TSH. The observations in this study suggest that hypoglycemia may stimulate TSH release in certain pituitary disorders. Through GH release might play an inhibitory role on TSH secretion, the results suggest other unidentified factor(s).", "PMID": 1127087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9851", "title": "The effect of acute hypercalcemia on growth hormone release in man.", "content": "The growth hormone response to acute hypercalcemia was studied in 9 normal subjects. Growth hormone, calcium, glucose, phosphate and magnesium levels were determined at 30-min intervals during 4-h infusions. Infusions, performed in random order in the subjects, consisted of either normal saline at 3 ml/min for / h or 15 mg calcium/kg (calcium gluconate at 3 ml/min for 3 h followed by normal saline for the fourth hour. Significant hypercalcemia (P less than 0.05) was achieved within 60 min and maintained throughout the infusion. No change in calcium concentrations occurred during normal saline infusions, and phosphate, glucose and magnesium were unchanges in all studies. Growth hormone levels were significantly higher (P less than 0.05) at 60 min and all subsequent determinations during calcium infusion when compared to normal saline infusions. In 6 of the subjects, standard l-dopa provocative testing with an oral dose of 500 mg was preformed during normal saline and calcium infusions identical to those described above. Peak growth hormone responses did not differ significantly following l-dopa during saline or calcium infusion. These results suggest that an acute increase in circulating calcium promotes greater basal growth hormone secretion without a synergistic increase in hypothalamic mediated growth hormone release by l-dopa.", "contents": "The effect of acute hypercalcemia on growth hormone release in man. The growth hormone response to acute hypercalcemia was studied in 9 normal subjects. Growth hormone, calcium, glucose, phosphate and magnesium levels were determined at 30-min intervals during 4-h infusions. Infusions, performed in random order in the subjects, consisted of either normal saline at 3 ml/min for / h or 15 mg calcium/kg (calcium gluconate at 3 ml/min for 3 h followed by normal saline for the fourth hour. Significant hypercalcemia (P less than 0.05) was achieved within 60 min and maintained throughout the infusion. No change in calcium concentrations occurred during normal saline infusions, and phosphate, glucose and magnesium were unchanges in all studies. Growth hormone levels were significantly higher (P less than 0.05) at 60 min and all subsequent determinations during calcium infusion when compared to normal saline infusions. In 6 of the subjects, standard l-dopa provocative testing with an oral dose of 500 mg was preformed during normal saline and calcium infusions identical to those described above. Peak growth hormone responses did not differ significantly following l-dopa during saline or calcium infusion. These results suggest that an acute increase in circulating calcium promotes greater basal growth hormone secretion without a synergistic increase in hypothalamic mediated growth hormone release by l-dopa.", "PMID": 1127088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9852", "title": "Fetal protection against masculinization with hyperreactio luteinalis and virilization.", "content": "In a unique patient with secondary amenorrhea and hirsutism prior to pregnancy, lutein cysts with hyperreactio luteinalis enlarged the ovaries to a diameter of 25 cm during pregnancy. The purpose of the study was to explore the possibility that placental aromatization of androgens may be a metabolic barrier that offers protection against masculinization of a female fetus. Maternal serum, umbilical cord serum and lutein cyst fluid were analyzed for testosterone, progesterone and estradiol content. The cardinal clinical findings were marked maternal virilization but no fetal masculinization. At the time of delivery, massive ovarian production of testosterone and a large maternal-fetal testosterone gradient were found. The maternal arm vein testosterone level, 15,000 ng/dl, was about 100 times normal level, the material ovarian vein level was 51,800 ng/dl, while the cord blood level was only 465 ng/dl. At the same time there was an increase in fetal cord blood estradiol to 33 ng/ml, a 7-fold increase compared to normal cord levels. A protective mechanism for the fetus may exist when maternal androgens are markedly elevated due to a maternal endocrinopathy concurrent with pregnancy. Our data are compatible with the concept that placental aromatization of androgens may function as a metabolic barrier, thus offering protection to the fetus from excessive maternal androgens. Another facet of the protective mechanism may be increased fetal exposure to potent estrogens, which may buffer the influence of androgens reaching the fetus.", "contents": "Fetal protection against masculinization with hyperreactio luteinalis and virilization. In a unique patient with secondary amenorrhea and hirsutism prior to pregnancy, lutein cysts with hyperreactio luteinalis enlarged the ovaries to a diameter of 25 cm during pregnancy. The purpose of the study was to explore the possibility that placental aromatization of androgens may be a metabolic barrier that offers protection against masculinization of a female fetus. Maternal serum, umbilical cord serum and lutein cyst fluid were analyzed for testosterone, progesterone and estradiol content. The cardinal clinical findings were marked maternal virilization but no fetal masculinization. At the time of delivery, massive ovarian production of testosterone and a large maternal-fetal testosterone gradient were found. The maternal arm vein testosterone level, 15,000 ng/dl, was about 100 times normal level, the material ovarian vein level was 51,800 ng/dl, while the cord blood level was only 465 ng/dl. At the same time there was an increase in fetal cord blood estradiol to 33 ng/ml, a 7-fold increase compared to normal cord levels. A protective mechanism for the fetus may exist when maternal androgens are markedly elevated due to a maternal endocrinopathy concurrent with pregnancy. Our data are compatible with the concept that placental aromatization of androgens may function as a metabolic barrier, thus offering protection to the fetus from excessive maternal androgens. Another facet of the protective mechanism may be increased fetal exposure to potent estrogens, which may buffer the influence of androgens reaching the fetus.", "PMID": 1127089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9853", "title": "Ultrastructure of the human mammary gland. II. Postpartum lactogenesis.", "content": "The history and fine structure of 7 human mammary glands were studied in the post partum. Widespread hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the mammary acini were observed accompanied by dilatation and engorgement of the lumen by milk. Loose strands of connective tissue surrounding the mammary lobules and ductules contained dilated, engorged vascular channels. The lactogenic epithelial cells displayed rich cytoplasm containing prominent layering stacks of rough endoplasmic reticulum closely related to the enlarged oval mitochondria, on occasion surrounding their entire circumference. Also noted were numerous ribosomes and polyribosomes. The markedly hypertrophied golgi apparatus revealed cisternae containing particulate electron dense material and vesicles with dense granules. The latter were frequently seen being discharged in the lumen devoid of limiting membrane. Abundant fat droplets were present in the basal and apical regions and \"pinched off\" into the lumen, apparently surrounded by a limiting membrane. The lactogenic cells were richly endowed with slender microvilli in their luminal pole and related to one another by cytoplasmic prolongations, desmosomes and tight junctions. The myoepithelium was stretched and thinned out toward the periphery of the acini between the lactogenic epithelium and the basement lamina. Abundant myofilaments were present in the myoepithelial cells. Pinocytotic vesicles were also present, although not very numerous, in both the lactogenic and the myoepithelial cells. In general the human mammary gland during lactopoiesis follows similar structural changes as those previously described in other mammals.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the human mammary gland. II. Postpartum lactogenesis. The history and fine structure of 7 human mammary glands were studied in the post partum. Widespread hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the mammary acini were observed accompanied by dilatation and engorgement of the lumen by milk. Loose strands of connective tissue surrounding the mammary lobules and ductules contained dilated, engorged vascular channels. The lactogenic epithelial cells displayed rich cytoplasm containing prominent layering stacks of rough endoplasmic reticulum closely related to the enlarged oval mitochondria, on occasion surrounding their entire circumference. Also noted were numerous ribosomes and polyribosomes. The markedly hypertrophied golgi apparatus revealed cisternae containing particulate electron dense material and vesicles with dense granules. The latter were frequently seen being discharged in the lumen devoid of limiting membrane. Abundant fat droplets were present in the basal and apical regions and \"pinched off\" into the lumen, apparently surrounded by a limiting membrane. The lactogenic cells were richly endowed with slender microvilli in their luminal pole and related to one another by cytoplasmic prolongations, desmosomes and tight junctions. The myoepithelium was stretched and thinned out toward the periphery of the acini between the lactogenic epithelium and the basement lamina. Abundant myofilaments were present in the myoepithelial cells. Pinocytotic vesicles were also present, although not very numerous, in both the lactogenic and the myoepithelial cells. In general the human mammary gland during lactopoiesis follows similar structural changes as those previously described in other mammals.", "PMID": 1127090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9854", "title": "Characterization of human growth hormone preparations used for the treatment of pituitary dwarfism: a comparison of concurrently used batches.", "content": "Twelve different human growth hormone preparations used concurrently for the treatment of pituitary dwarfism have been studied by gel filtration and radioimmunoassay for GH, FSH, LH and TSH. The GH content of the vials as stated by the manufacturer could be verified by radioimmunoassay in all but one preparation tht contained much less than indicated. All preparations which had been extracted from acetone-preserved glands by various methods were shown to contain large amounts of aggregated growth hormone. By contrast, preparations extraced from frozed pituitaries contained GH mainly in the native monomeric form. FSH, LH and TSH could be detected in all preparations. With the exception of one pre paration containing large amounts of all three glycoprotein hormones, the degree contamination of these hormones was moderate to low. No conclusion could be drawn from the content og glycoprotein hormones as to whether frozen glands or pitutiaries preserved in acetone were used as raw material. The advantage of using growth hormone prepared according to the Roos methods, or any modification of it starting from frozen glands, over preparations made from glands preserved in acetone is discussed.", "contents": "Characterization of human growth hormone preparations used for the treatment of pituitary dwarfism: a comparison of concurrently used batches. Twelve different human growth hormone preparations used concurrently for the treatment of pituitary dwarfism have been studied by gel filtration and radioimmunoassay for GH, FSH, LH and TSH. The GH content of the vials as stated by the manufacturer could be verified by radioimmunoassay in all but one preparation tht contained much less than indicated. All preparations which had been extracted from acetone-preserved glands by various methods were shown to contain large amounts of aggregated growth hormone. By contrast, preparations extraced from frozed pituitaries contained GH mainly in the native monomeric form. FSH, LH and TSH could be detected in all preparations. With the exception of one pre paration containing large amounts of all three glycoprotein hormones, the degree contamination of these hormones was moderate to low. No conclusion could be drawn from the content og glycoprotein hormones as to whether frozen glands or pitutiaries preserved in acetone were used as raw material. The advantage of using growth hormone prepared according to the Roos methods, or any modification of it starting from frozen glands, over preparations made from glands preserved in acetone is discussed.", "PMID": 1127091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9855", "title": "A nonchromatographic radioimmunoassay for 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay is described for the measurement of 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone in human plasma. We have employed the principle of \"immunologic purification.\" 17-OHP and related steroids are bound to an excess of antiserum. Steroids with a low affinity for the antibody are extracted by ether. The 17-OHP is subsequently freed from antibody by acid hydrolysis and this extract is assayed by radioimmunoassay.", "contents": "A nonchromatographic radioimmunoassay for 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone. A radioimmunoassay is described for the measurement of 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone in human plasma. We have employed the principle of \"immunologic purification.\" 17-OHP and related steroids are bound to an excess of antiserum. Steroids with a low affinity for the antibody are extracted by ether. The 17-OHP is subsequently freed from antibody by acid hydrolysis and this extract is assayed by radioimmunoassay.", "PMID": 1127092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9856", "title": "Pituitary secretion of free alpha and beta subunit of human thyrotropin in patients with thyroid disorders.", "content": "Utilizing sensitive and specific radioimmunoassays, serum concentrations of human thyrotropin (hTSH), the immunologically common alpha subunit of the glycoprotein hormones, and the specific beta subunit of hTSH ( hTSH-beta) have been measured in normal individuals, in patients with primary hypothyroidism, and in patients with other disorders of thyroid function before and after intravenous administration of thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH). In 29 normal individuals hTSH-beta was not detectable in serum (smaller than 0.5 ng/ml) before or after TRH; alpha was smaller than 0.5-2.0 ng/ml in men and premenopausal women and 1.0-5.0 ng/ml in postmenopausal women and did not increase after TRH. In 20 patients with primary hypothyroidism mean serum hTSH-beta was 1.3 ng/ml and increased to a peak value of 3.7 ng/ml after TRH; mean alpha was 4.3 ng/ml and increased to 6.3 ng/ml after TRH. None of the patients with Graves' disease, a hyperfunctioning thyroid nodule, or hypothyrotropic hypothyroidism had detectable serum hTSH-beta concentrations or alpha concentrations higher than the normals before or after TRH. In 3 patients with primary hypothyroidism given an intravenous bolus of labeled hTSH, no dissociation of hTSH into subunits was detectable for at least 3 h, indicating that the increment in serum alpha and hTSH-beta after TRH represented secretion of free subunits from the pituitary. In addition, L-thyroxine (L-T4) administered to 2 hypothyroid patients decreased the serum concentrations of alpha and hTSH-beta before and after TRH. Serum hTSH-beta was fully suppressed with 100-300 mug L-T4 daily, but there was a residual serum alpha component, which could not be suppressed with thyroid hormone and probably represented alpha subunits arising from gonadotropin-secreting pituitary cells. Normal pituitary glands also contained a predominance of free alpha subunit relative to hTSH-beta, in addition to hTSH. The secretion of free subunits in hypothyroidism may represent only a quantitative difference from the normal state, and subunits of hTSH appear to respond to the same control mechanisms as complete hTSH.", "contents": "Pituitary secretion of free alpha and beta subunit of human thyrotropin in patients with thyroid disorders. Utilizing sensitive and specific radioimmunoassays, serum concentrations of human thyrotropin (hTSH), the immunologically common alpha subunit of the glycoprotein hormones, and the specific beta subunit of hTSH ( hTSH-beta) have been measured in normal individuals, in patients with primary hypothyroidism, and in patients with other disorders of thyroid function before and after intravenous administration of thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH). In 29 normal individuals hTSH-beta was not detectable in serum (smaller than 0.5 ng/ml) before or after TRH; alpha was smaller than 0.5-2.0 ng/ml in men and premenopausal women and 1.0-5.0 ng/ml in postmenopausal women and did not increase after TRH. In 20 patients with primary hypothyroidism mean serum hTSH-beta was 1.3 ng/ml and increased to a peak value of 3.7 ng/ml after TRH; mean alpha was 4.3 ng/ml and increased to 6.3 ng/ml after TRH. None of the patients with Graves' disease, a hyperfunctioning thyroid nodule, or hypothyrotropic hypothyroidism had detectable serum hTSH-beta concentrations or alpha concentrations higher than the normals before or after TRH. In 3 patients with primary hypothyroidism given an intravenous bolus of labeled hTSH, no dissociation of hTSH into subunits was detectable for at least 3 h, indicating that the increment in serum alpha and hTSH-beta after TRH represented secretion of free subunits from the pituitary. In addition, L-thyroxine (L-T4) administered to 2 hypothyroid patients decreased the serum concentrations of alpha and hTSH-beta before and after TRH. Serum hTSH-beta was fully suppressed with 100-300 mug L-T4 daily, but there was a residual serum alpha component, which could not be suppressed with thyroid hormone and probably represented alpha subunits arising from gonadotropin-secreting pituitary cells. Normal pituitary glands also contained a predominance of free alpha subunit relative to hTSH-beta, in addition to hTSH. The secretion of free subunits in hypothyroidism may represent only a quantitative difference from the normal state, and subunits of hTSH appear to respond to the same control mechanisms as complete hTSH.", "PMID": 1127093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9857", "title": "The influence of exogenous estrogen on the circadian periodicity of circulating prolactin in women.", "content": "Ethinylestradiol (400 pg/day) does not only stimulate prolactin release in normal cycling women but also modifies the pattern of the circadian periodicity of circulating prolactin: the nocurnal rise is of reduced amplitude but covers a larger part of the nyctohemeral period as compared to the situation during a control period in the same subjects. The values start rising long before sleep, i.e., -t 2 pm, under estrogen treatment and during sleep, i.e., at 4 am, during the control period. In both cases, however, the values remain high until 8 am and are minimal at 12 am.", "contents": "The influence of exogenous estrogen on the circadian periodicity of circulating prolactin in women. Ethinylestradiol (400 pg/day) does not only stimulate prolactin release in normal cycling women but also modifies the pattern of the circadian periodicity of circulating prolactin: the nocurnal rise is of reduced amplitude but covers a larger part of the nyctohemeral period as compared to the situation during a control period in the same subjects. The values start rising long before sleep, i.e., -t 2 pm, under estrogen treatment and during sleep, i.e., at 4 am, during the control period. In both cases, however, the values remain high until 8 am and are minimal at 12 am.", "PMID": 1127094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9858", "title": "Elevtion of serum testosterone in ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome.", "content": "Serum testosterone levels were monitored in female subjects who received therapy with human gonadotropins of urinary origin (menotropins) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Serum testosterone levels were not elevated in those subjects who did not experience side effects with therapy (Group A); among the other 7 subjects (Group B) with either moderate or severe ovarian hyperstimulation, serum testoterone levels rose distinctly (range 1.4 minus 9.0 ng/ml). Total menotropin dosage and serum estradiol-17beta levels were higher in Group B than in Group A. Ovarian hyperstimulation and elevation of serum testosterone were not restricted to patients with the syndrome of polycystic ovaries.", "contents": "Elevtion of serum testosterone in ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. Serum testosterone levels were monitored in female subjects who received therapy with human gonadotropins of urinary origin (menotropins) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Serum testosterone levels were not elevated in those subjects who did not experience side effects with therapy (Group A); among the other 7 subjects (Group B) with either moderate or severe ovarian hyperstimulation, serum testoterone levels rose distinctly (range 1.4 minus 9.0 ng/ml). Total menotropin dosage and serum estradiol-17beta levels were higher in Group B than in Group A. Ovarian hyperstimulation and elevation of serum testosterone were not restricted to patients with the syndrome of polycystic ovaries.", "PMID": 1127095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9859", "title": "Metabolism of thyroxine and triiodothyronine in patients with chronic granulomatous disease.", "content": "Normal human leukocytes can degrade thyroid hormones in vitro especially during phagocytosis. To test whether the leukocyte system plays a significant role in hormone economy in vivo, studies of the metabolism of labeled T4 and T3 granulomatous disease, whose leukocytes had earlier been shown to have a reduced ability to degrade the thyroid hormones. Hormone turnover rates in the 3 subjects were similar to those reported for normal children by various investigarors. Also, normal ratios between fecal and urinary excretion of radioactivey were observed, suggested that deiodination was the major route of hormone breakdown, as it is in normal subjects. Our interpretations of these findings are: 1) an intact leukocyte hormone degrading system is not essential for normal rates of thyroid hormone metabolism in vivo; 2) the leukocyte defect in chronic granulomatous disease is not accompanied by a general defect in mechanism for thyroid hormone degradation in other tissues.", "contents": "Metabolism of thyroxine and triiodothyronine in patients with chronic granulomatous disease. Normal human leukocytes can degrade thyroid hormones in vitro especially during phagocytosis. To test whether the leukocyte system plays a significant role in hormone economy in vivo, studies of the metabolism of labeled T4 and T3 granulomatous disease, whose leukocytes had earlier been shown to have a reduced ability to degrade the thyroid hormones. Hormone turnover rates in the 3 subjects were similar to those reported for normal children by various investigarors. Also, normal ratios between fecal and urinary excretion of radioactivey were observed, suggested that deiodination was the major route of hormone breakdown, as it is in normal subjects. Our interpretations of these findings are: 1) an intact leukocyte hormone degrading system is not essential for normal rates of thyroid hormone metabolism in vivo; 2) the leukocyte defect in chronic granulomatous disease is not accompanied by a general defect in mechanism for thyroid hormone degradation in other tissues.", "PMID": 1127096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9860", "title": "Treatment of acromegaly with bromocryptine.", "content": "Four men and 4 women with active acromegaly were treated with bromocryptine for 4 to 5 weeks. Serum growth hormone levels response to a glucose load were measured before and in the last weed of treatment. In only 1 patient was the grwotoh hormone response rendered normal by the drug. This patient, but none of the others, also showed an improvement in glucose tolerance and a reductin of the raised serum insulin levels during the glucose load. In three of the 8 patients vomiting was troublesome side effect of treatment.", "contents": "Treatment of acromegaly with bromocryptine. Four men and 4 women with active acromegaly were treated with bromocryptine for 4 to 5 weeks. Serum growth hormone levels response to a glucose load were measured before and in the last weed of treatment. In only 1 patient was the grwotoh hormone response rendered normal by the drug. This patient, but none of the others, also showed an improvement in glucose tolerance and a reductin of the raised serum insulin levels during the glucose load. In three of the 8 patients vomiting was troublesome side effect of treatment.", "PMID": 1127097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9861", "title": "Comparison of cylic and linear forms of somatostatin in the inhibiton of growth hormone, insulin and glucagon Secretion.", "content": "The relative potency of cyclic and linear somatostatin in their inhibitory action on GH, insulin and glucagon secretion was assessed in 7 normal adult men. Administration of linear or cyclic somatostatin as a single intravenous bolus (50 mug) resulted in a prompt and concomitant decline in both insulin and glucagon. While both peptides elicited a quantitatively similar suppression of glucagon secretion, the decline in basal insulin level was greater with the cyclic than with the linear preparation. Both the linear and cyclic form of somatostatin appears to be more potent in the inhibition of insulin than glucagon. No discernable change in plasma glucose and GH levels was observed.", "contents": "Comparison of cylic and linear forms of somatostatin in the inhibiton of growth hormone, insulin and glucagon Secretion. The relative potency of cyclic and linear somatostatin in their inhibitory action on GH, insulin and glucagon secretion was assessed in 7 normal adult men. Administration of linear or cyclic somatostatin as a single intravenous bolus (50 mug) resulted in a prompt and concomitant decline in both insulin and glucagon. While both peptides elicited a quantitatively similar suppression of glucagon secretion, the decline in basal insulin level was greater with the cyclic than with the linear preparation. Both the linear and cyclic form of somatostatin appears to be more potent in the inhibition of insulin than glucagon. No discernable change in plasma glucose and GH levels was observed.", "PMID": 1127098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9862", "title": "Control plasma renin activity and changes in sympathetic tone as determinants of minoxidil-induced increase in plasma renin activity.", "content": "A study was made of the possible mechanism(s) underlying minoxidil-induced increase in plasma renin activity (PRA). 10 patients with essential hypertension were treated with minoxidil and subsequently with a combination of minoxidil plus propranolol. Minoxidil lowered mean arterial pressure 31.6 plus or minus 3.3 mm Hg, mean plus or minus SEM. There was an associated increase in both PRA, 6.26 plus or minus 2.43 NG/ML/H, and heart rate, 21.4 plus or minus 2.7 beats/min. The changes in PRA and heart rate were positively correlated, r, 0.79. Addition of propranolol reduced mean arterial pressure by a further 10.1 plus or minus 1.5 mm Hg and returned heart rate to control levels. Propranolol reduced PRA significantly but not to control levels. Control PRA positively correlated with PRA on minoxidil, r, 0.97, and with PRA on minoxidil plus propranolol, r, 0.98. We conclude that control PRA is a major determinant of change in PRA with minoxidil. Minoxidil increased PRA by at least two mechanisms: (a) an adrenergic mechanism closely related to change in heart rate and blocked by propranolol, and (b) a mechanism(s) not sensitive to propranolol and possibly related to decrease in renal perfusion pressure.", "contents": "Control plasma renin activity and changes in sympathetic tone as determinants of minoxidil-induced increase in plasma renin activity. A study was made of the possible mechanism(s) underlying minoxidil-induced increase in plasma renin activity (PRA). 10 patients with essential hypertension were treated with minoxidil and subsequently with a combination of minoxidil plus propranolol. Minoxidil lowered mean arterial pressure 31.6 plus or minus 3.3 mm Hg, mean plus or minus SEM. There was an associated increase in both PRA, 6.26 plus or minus 2.43 NG/ML/H, and heart rate, 21.4 plus or minus 2.7 beats/min. The changes in PRA and heart rate were positively correlated, r, 0.79. Addition of propranolol reduced mean arterial pressure by a further 10.1 plus or minus 1.5 mm Hg and returned heart rate to control levels. Propranolol reduced PRA significantly but not to control levels. Control PRA positively correlated with PRA on minoxidil, r, 0.97, and with PRA on minoxidil plus propranolol, r, 0.98. We conclude that control PRA is a major determinant of change in PRA with minoxidil. Minoxidil increased PRA by at least two mechanisms: (a) an adrenergic mechanism closely related to change in heart rate and blocked by propranolol, and (b) a mechanism(s) not sensitive to propranolol and possibly related to decrease in renal perfusion pressure.", "PMID": 1127099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9863", "title": "The influence of the extracellular fluid volume on the tubular reabsorption of uric acid.", "content": "Changes is tubular reabsorption of uric acid in response to alterations in the extracellular fluid volume (ECFV) were examined in rats by clearance studies and by direct intratubular microinjections. Contraction of the ECFV led to a rise in the serum uric acid concentration and a 47% decrease in the clearance of uric acid. The ratio of uric acid to inulin clearance also fell, indicating an increase in the net tubular reabsorption of urate. Volume expansion resulted in an increase in the urate clearance and a 37% decrease in the net tubular reabsorption of uric acid. To localize the site in the nephron where these changes occur, microinjections of [2-14C]urate were performed. The lack of conversion of radioactive urate to allantoin after microinjections was demonstrated by thin-layer chromatography. After contraction of the ECFV, urinary recoveries of uric acid were significantly decreased after microinjections into proximal tubular sites. In contrast, recoveries were increased from these proximal sites after volume expansion. No evidence for distral reabsorption was obtained in any group of animals. These studies demonstrate that net urate reabsorption is influenced by the state of hydration of the ECFV and that these alterations are mediated by changes in the rates of reabsorption in the proximal tubule.", "contents": "The influence of the extracellular fluid volume on the tubular reabsorption of uric acid. Changes is tubular reabsorption of uric acid in response to alterations in the extracellular fluid volume (ECFV) were examined in rats by clearance studies and by direct intratubular microinjections. Contraction of the ECFV led to a rise in the serum uric acid concentration and a 47% decrease in the clearance of uric acid. The ratio of uric acid to inulin clearance also fell, indicating an increase in the net tubular reabsorption of urate. Volume expansion resulted in an increase in the urate clearance and a 37% decrease in the net tubular reabsorption of uric acid. To localize the site in the nephron where these changes occur, microinjections of [2-14C]urate were performed. The lack of conversion of radioactive urate to allantoin after microinjections was demonstrated by thin-layer chromatography. After contraction of the ECFV, urinary recoveries of uric acid were significantly decreased after microinjections into proximal tubular sites. In contrast, recoveries were increased from these proximal sites after volume expansion. No evidence for distral reabsorption was obtained in any group of animals. These studies demonstrate that net urate reabsorption is influenced by the state of hydration of the ECFV and that these alterations are mediated by changes in the rates of reabsorption in the proximal tubule.", "PMID": 1127100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9864", "title": "Determinants of glomerular filtration in experimental glomerulonephritis in the rat.", "content": "Pressures and flows were measured in surface glomerular capillaries, efferent arterioles, and proximal tubules of 22 Wistar rats in the early autologous phase of nephrotoxic serum nephritis (NSN). Linear deposits of rabbit and rat IgG and C3 component of complement were demonstrated in glomerular capillary walls by immunofluorescence microscopy. Light microscopy revealed diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis, and proteinuria was present. Although whole kidney and single nephron glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in NSN (0.8 plus or minus 0.04 SE2 ml/min and 2 plus or minus 2 nl/min, respectively) remained unchanged from values in 16 weight-matched NORMAL HYDROPENIC control rats (0.8 plus or minus 0.08 and 28 plus or minus 2), important alterations in glomerular dynamics were noted. Mean transcapillary hydraulic pressure difference (deltaP) averaged 41 plus or minus 1 mm Hg in NSN versus 32 plus or minus 1 in controls (P LESS THAN 0.005). Oncotic pressures at the afferent (piA) end of the glomerular capillary were similar in both groups ( 16 mm /g) but increased much less by the efferent end (piE) in NSN (to 29 plus or minus 1 mm Hg) than in controls (33 plus or minus 1, P less than 0.025). Hence, equality between deltaP and piE, denoting filtration pressure equilibrium, obtained in control but not in NSN rats. While glomerular plasma flow rate was slightly higher in NSN (88 plus or minus 8 nl/min) than in controls (76 plus or minus 6, P greater than 0.2), the failure to achieve filtration equilibrium in NSN rats was primarily the consequence of a marked fall in the glomerular capillary ultrafiltration coefficient, Kf, to a mean value of  0.03 nl/(s times mm Hg), considerably lower than that found recently for the normal rat, 0.08 nl/(s times mm Hg). Thus, despite extensive glomerular injury, evidenced morphologically and by the low Kf, GFR remained normal. This maintenance of GFR resulted primarily from increases in deltaP, which tended to increase the net driving force for filtration, and thereby compensate for the reduction in Kf.", "contents": "Determinants of glomerular filtration in experimental glomerulonephritis in the rat. Pressures and flows were measured in surface glomerular capillaries, efferent arterioles, and proximal tubules of 22 Wistar rats in the early autologous phase of nephrotoxic serum nephritis (NSN). Linear deposits of rabbit and rat IgG and C3 component of complement were demonstrated in glomerular capillary walls by immunofluorescence microscopy. Light microscopy revealed diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis, and proteinuria was present. Although whole kidney and single nephron glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in NSN (0.8 plus or minus 0.04 SE2 ml/min and 2 plus or minus 2 nl/min, respectively) remained unchanged from values in 16 weight-matched NORMAL HYDROPENIC control rats (0.8 plus or minus 0.08 and 28 plus or minus 2), important alterations in glomerular dynamics were noted. Mean transcapillary hydraulic pressure difference (deltaP) averaged 41 plus or minus 1 mm Hg in NSN versus 32 plus or minus 1 in controls (P LESS THAN 0.005). Oncotic pressures at the afferent (piA) end of the glomerular capillary were similar in both groups ( 16 mm /g) but increased much less by the efferent end (piE) in NSN (to 29 plus or minus 1 mm Hg) than in controls (33 plus or minus 1, P less than 0.025). Hence, equality between deltaP and piE, denoting filtration pressure equilibrium, obtained in control but not in NSN rats. While glomerular plasma flow rate was slightly higher in NSN (88 plus or minus 8 nl/min) than in controls (76 plus or minus 6, P greater than 0.2), the failure to achieve filtration equilibrium in NSN rats was primarily the consequence of a marked fall in the glomerular capillary ultrafiltration coefficient, Kf, to a mean value of  0.03 nl/(s times mm Hg), considerably lower than that found recently for the normal rat, 0.08 nl/(s times mm Hg). Thus, despite extensive glomerular injury, evidenced morphologically and by the low Kf, GFR remained normal. This maintenance of GFR resulted primarily from increases in deltaP, which tended to increase the net driving force for filtration, and thereby compensate for the reduction in Kf.", "PMID": 1127101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9865", "title": "The urinary concentrating defect in the Gunn strain of rat. Role of bilirubin.", "content": "The role of high serum and tissue levels of unconjegated bilirubin in the pathogenesis of the impaired urinary concentrating ability was investigated in homozygous (jj) Gunn rats with the congenital absence of hepatic glucuronyl transferase. Continuous phototherapy with blue fluorescent lights at a wave length of 460 nm or oral cholestyramine feeding or both reduced serum levels of unconjugated hilirubin to levels consistently below 3.0 mg/100 ml for several weeks in both weanling and adult jj Gunn rats. The renal concentrating defect was already present in weanling jj Gunn rats by 21 days of age. In treated weanling jj animals, maximum concentrating ability and the concentration of urea and nonurea solutes in the papilla and medulla, determined after 24 h of fluid deprivation, were normal when compared to unaffected heterozygous (Jj) littermates. Solute-free water reabsorption which is reduced in jaundiced jj Gunn rats was restored to normal in treated weanling jj rats. The tissue concentration of unconjugated bilirubin was reduced throughout the papilla and inner and outer medulla in the treated jj rats in comparison with untreated jj littermates. The defect in urinary concentrating ability was only partially reversible and sometimes irreversible in adult jj rats, probably because of permanent renal parenchymal damage occurring secondary to massive crystalline deposits in the papilla and medulla. It is concluded that unconjugated bilirubin is directly involved in the pathogenesis of the concentrating defect in jaundiced jj Gunn rats.", "contents": "The urinary concentrating defect in the Gunn strain of rat. Role of bilirubin. The role of high serum and tissue levels of unconjegated bilirubin in the pathogenesis of the impaired urinary concentrating ability was investigated in homozygous (jj) Gunn rats with the congenital absence of hepatic glucuronyl transferase. Continuous phototherapy with blue fluorescent lights at a wave length of 460 nm or oral cholestyramine feeding or both reduced serum levels of unconjugated hilirubin to levels consistently below 3.0 mg/100 ml for several weeks in both weanling and adult jj Gunn rats. The renal concentrating defect was already present in weanling jj Gunn rats by 21 days of age. In treated weanling jj animals, maximum concentrating ability and the concentration of urea and nonurea solutes in the papilla and medulla, determined after 24 h of fluid deprivation, were normal when compared to unaffected heterozygous (Jj) littermates. Solute-free water reabsorption which is reduced in jaundiced jj Gunn rats was restored to normal in treated weanling jj rats. The tissue concentration of unconjugated bilirubin was reduced throughout the papilla and inner and outer medulla in the treated jj rats in comparison with untreated jj littermates. The defect in urinary concentrating ability was only partially reversible and sometimes irreversible in adult jj rats, probably because of permanent renal parenchymal damage occurring secondary to massive crystalline deposits in the papilla and medulla. It is concluded that unconjugated bilirubin is directly involved in the pathogenesis of the concentrating defect in jaundiced jj Gunn rats.", "PMID": 1127102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9866", "title": "Increased sensitivity to stimulation of acid secretion by pentagastrin in duodenal ulcer.", "content": "The effect of graded doses of pentagastrin (2.7-6,000 ng/kg times h) on gastric acid secretion was measured in 20 duodenal ulcer (DU) and 20 non-DU subjects. Confirming many previous studies, the mean observed highest response and the mean calculated maximal response were significantly greater in DU than in non-DU subjects. The mean dose (plus or minus SE) in ng/kg times h for half maximal response, calculated from responses corrected for basal secretion and normalized for maximal secretion, was 92.1 plus or minus 1.7 in DU and 246.8 plus or minus 24.6 in non-DU subjects, a significant difference. By parallel line bioassay non-DU subjects required 2.8 times more pentagastrin (95% confidence limits 2.1-3.7) than DU highest response. Thus, this study shows that, compared with non-DU subjects, DU patients not only secrete more acid in response to stimulation by pentagastrin but also are more sensitive to stimulation by pentagastrin, that is, need smaller doses to achieve the same fraction of maximal response.", "contents": "Increased sensitivity to stimulation of acid secretion by pentagastrin in duodenal ulcer. The effect of graded doses of pentagastrin (2.7-6,000 ng/kg times h) on gastric acid secretion was measured in 20 duodenal ulcer (DU) and 20 non-DU subjects. Confirming many previous studies, the mean observed highest response and the mean calculated maximal response were significantly greater in DU than in non-DU subjects. The mean dose (plus or minus SE) in ng/kg times h for half maximal response, calculated from responses corrected for basal secretion and normalized for maximal secretion, was 92.1 plus or minus 1.7 in DU and 246.8 plus or minus 24.6 in non-DU subjects, a significant difference. By parallel line bioassay non-DU subjects required 2.8 times more pentagastrin (95% confidence limits 2.1-3.7) than DU highest response. Thus, this study shows that, compared with non-DU subjects, DU patients not only secrete more acid in response to stimulation by pentagastrin but also are more sensitive to stimulation by pentagastrin, that is, need smaller doses to achieve the same fraction of maximal response.", "PMID": 1127103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9867", "title": "The effects of age and liver disease on the disposition and elimination of diazepam in adult man.", "content": "This study investigates the separate effects of age and hepatocellular liver disease on the disposition and elimination of diazepam (Valium) in man. The drug was given either by rapid intravenous injection (0.1 mg/kg) or orally (10 mg) to 33 normal volunteers rnaging in age from 15 to 82 yr as well as to 9 individuals with alcoholic cirrhosis, 8 with acute viral hepatitis, and 4 with chronic active hepatitis. In the normal individuals, the terminal plasma half-life of diazepam, (t 1/2 (B)) exhibited a striking age-dependence; at 20 yr the t 1/2 (beta) was about 20 h, but it increased linearly with age to about 90 h at 80 yr. The plasma clearance of diazepam in the majority of the normal subjects was between 20 and 32 ml/min and showed no significant age-dependence. Cigarette smoking did not affect the half-life or the clearance. Additionally, neither the plasma binding (97.4 plus or minus 1.2%, mean plus or minus SD) nor the blood/plasma concentration ratio (0.58 plus or minus 0.16) of diazepam showed any age-related changes (P greater than 0.05). By contrast, analysis of the intravenous data according to a two-compartment open model indicated that both the initial distribution space (V1) and the volume of distribution at steady state [Vd(ss)] of diazepam increased linearly with age (P less than 0.005). The increase in Vd(ss) was secondary to the change in V1. It appears then that the prolongation of t 1/2 (beta) of diazepam with age is primarily dependent on an increase in the initial distribution volume of the drug. The plasma concentration/time course of the metabolite, desmethyldiazepam, was also affected by age. In older individuals, the initial presence and the peak values of desmethyldiazepam were observed later and the metabolite was present in lower concentrations. Despite the profound prolongation of t 1/2 (theta) with age, the constancy of diazepam clearance indicates that drug plasma concentrations will not accumulate any more in the old than the young, and chronic dosage more in the old than the young, and chronic dosage modifications based on pharmacokinetic considerations are unnecessary. Data obtained in patients with liver disease were compared with those found in age-matched control groups. Patients with cirrhosis showed a more than twofold prolongation in the half-life of diazepam (105.6 plus or minus 15.2 vs. 46.6 plus or minus 14.2 h, P less than 0.001).", "contents": "The effects of age and liver disease on the disposition and elimination of diazepam in adult man. This study investigates the separate effects of age and hepatocellular liver disease on the disposition and elimination of diazepam (Valium) in man. The drug was given either by rapid intravenous injection (0.1 mg/kg) or orally (10 mg) to 33 normal volunteers rnaging in age from 15 to 82 yr as well as to 9 individuals with alcoholic cirrhosis, 8 with acute viral hepatitis, and 4 with chronic active hepatitis. In the normal individuals, the terminal plasma half-life of diazepam, (t 1/2 (B)) exhibited a striking age-dependence; at 20 yr the t 1/2 (beta) was about 20 h, but it increased linearly with age to about 90 h at 80 yr. The plasma clearance of diazepam in the majority of the normal subjects was between 20 and 32 ml/min and showed no significant age-dependence. Cigarette smoking did not affect the half-life or the clearance. Additionally, neither the plasma binding (97.4 plus or minus 1.2%, mean plus or minus SD) nor the blood/plasma concentration ratio (0.58 plus or minus 0.16) of diazepam showed any age-related changes (P greater than 0.05). By contrast, analysis of the intravenous data according to a two-compartment open model indicated that both the initial distribution space (V1) and the volume of distribution at steady state [Vd(ss)] of diazepam increased linearly with age (P less than 0.005). The increase in Vd(ss) was secondary to the change in V1. It appears then that the prolongation of t 1/2 (beta) of diazepam with age is primarily dependent on an increase in the initial distribution volume of the drug. The plasma concentration/time course of the metabolite, desmethyldiazepam, was also affected by age. In older individuals, the initial presence and the peak values of desmethyldiazepam were observed later and the metabolite was present in lower concentrations. Despite the profound prolongation of t 1/2 (theta) with age, the constancy of diazepam clearance indicates that drug plasma concentrations will not accumulate any more in the old than the young, and chronic dosage more in the old than the young, and chronic dosage modifications based on pharmacokinetic considerations are unnecessary. Data obtained in patients with liver disease were compared with those found in age-matched control groups. Patients with cirrhosis showed a more than twofold prolongation in the half-life of diazepam (105.6 plus or minus 15.2 vs. 46.6 plus or minus 14.2 h, P less than 0.001).", "PMID": 1127104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9868", "title": "Immunoglobulins cytophilic for human lymphocytes, monocytes, and neutrophils.", "content": "The cytophilic activity of human myeloma proteins of different classes and subclasses for lymphocytes, monocytes, and neutrophils was investigated. Binding of both unaggregated immunoglobulins (Ig) and Ig aggregated with rabbit F(ab)2 anti-Fab fragment sera was determined. Lymphocytes bound unaggregated IgG1 and IgG3 proteins, but none of the proteins of the other classes. In contrast, after aggregation, IgG of all subclasses and IgE proteins bound to lymphocytes; aggregated proteins of the other classes did not bind. Monocytes bound unaggregated IgG1 and Ig3 better than Ig4 whereas the binding of proteins of other classes was insignificant. Neutrophils bound unaggregated IgG1 and IgG3 proteins and, in addition, IgA1, IgA2, secretory IgA, and IgG4 proteins. After aggregation, the neutrophils bound more Ig of all classes; however, the differences between the amounts bound remained similar to the amounts of unaggregated proteins. The native structure of the Ig molecule is necessary for the maintenance of complete activity, because Fc fragments bound less than intact Ig, and reduction and alkylation abolished cytophilia. The Fc receptors on all cell types tested showed no specificity for any of the respective cytophilic IgG subclasses; however, neutrophils appear to have separate receptors for IgG and IgA proteins.", "contents": "Immunoglobulins cytophilic for human lymphocytes, monocytes, and neutrophils. The cytophilic activity of human myeloma proteins of different classes and subclasses for lymphocytes, monocytes, and neutrophils was investigated. Binding of both unaggregated immunoglobulins (Ig) and Ig aggregated with rabbit F(ab)2 anti-Fab fragment sera was determined. Lymphocytes bound unaggregated IgG1 and IgG3 proteins, but none of the proteins of the other classes. In contrast, after aggregation, IgG of all subclasses and IgE proteins bound to lymphocytes; aggregated proteins of the other classes did not bind. Monocytes bound unaggregated IgG1 and Ig3 better than Ig4 whereas the binding of proteins of other classes was insignificant. Neutrophils bound unaggregated IgG1 and IgG3 proteins and, in addition, IgA1, IgA2, secretory IgA, and IgG4 proteins. After aggregation, the neutrophils bound more Ig of all classes; however, the differences between the amounts bound remained similar to the amounts of unaggregated proteins. The native structure of the Ig molecule is necessary for the maintenance of complete activity, because Fc fragments bound less than intact Ig, and reduction and alkylation abolished cytophilia. The Fc receptors on all cell types tested showed no specificity for any of the respective cytophilic IgG subclasses; however, neutrophils appear to have separate receptors for IgG and IgA proteins.", "PMID": 1127105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9869", "title": "The postnatal decline of hemoglobin F synthesis in normal full-term infants.", "content": "Studies were carried out during the 1st yr of life in normal infants born at term to determine the proportions of fetal hemoglobin (Hb F) and adult hemoglobin (Hb A) being synthesized, in order to describe the complete switchover from Hb F to Hb A synthesis during postnatal life. 53 blood samples from 37 infants were incubated in an amino acid mixture containing [14C]leucine and chromatographed on DEAE-Sephadex for separation of Hb F and Hb A fractions. The completeness of the CEAE-Sephadex separation of Hb A and Hb F at an age when the major portion of synthesis was of the adult type of hemoglobin was confirmed by globin chain chromatography with the use of carboxylmethyl cellulose. There was a rapid decline in Hb F synthesis postnatally until 16-20 wk of age when levels of 3.2% plus or minus SD 2.1% were reached. By combining this data with that previously published, the complete switchover from Hb F to Hb A synthesis can be described in humans in relation to postconceptional age. It follows a sigmoid curve; the steep portion, which lies between the 30th and 52nd postconceptional week, is preceded and follwoed by plateaus averaging 95% and 7% Hb F synthesis, respectively.", "contents": "The postnatal decline of hemoglobin F synthesis in normal full-term infants. Studies were carried out during the 1st yr of life in normal infants born at term to determine the proportions of fetal hemoglobin (Hb F) and adult hemoglobin (Hb A) being synthesized, in order to describe the complete switchover from Hb F to Hb A synthesis during postnatal life. 53 blood samples from 37 infants were incubated in an amino acid mixture containing [14C]leucine and chromatographed on DEAE-Sephadex for separation of Hb F and Hb A fractions. The completeness of the CEAE-Sephadex separation of Hb A and Hb F at an age when the major portion of synthesis was of the adult type of hemoglobin was confirmed by globin chain chromatography with the use of carboxylmethyl cellulose. There was a rapid decline in Hb F synthesis postnatally until 16-20 wk of age when levels of 3.2% plus or minus SD 2.1% were reached. By combining this data with that previously published, the complete switchover from Hb F to Hb A synthesis can be described in humans in relation to postconceptional age. It follows a sigmoid curve; the steep portion, which lies between the 30th and 52nd postconceptional week, is preceded and follwoed by plateaus averaging 95% and 7% Hb F synthesis, respectively.", "PMID": 1127106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9870", "title": "The effect of urea infusion on the urinary concentrating mechanism in protein-depleted rats.", "content": "To explore the role of urea in the urinary concentrating mechanism, the contents of vasa recta, Henle's descending limbs and collecting ducts were sampled by micropuncture of the renal papilla before and after infusion of urea in 10 protein-depleted rats. Eight protein-depleted rats not given urea were similarly studied as a control group. After urea administration, osmolality and the concentrations of urea and nonurea solute of urine from both exposed and contralateral kideny increased significantly. The osmolality and urea concentration of fluid from the end of Henle's descending limb and vasa recta plasma and the tubule fluid-to-plasma inulin ratio in the end-descending limb all increased significantly after urea infusion. We interpret these observations to indicate that urea enhances urinary concentration by increasing the abstraction of water from the juxtamedullary nephron (presumably the descending limb), in agreement with the prediction of recent passive models of the urinary concentrating mechanism. However, the concentration of urea in fluid from the descending limb after urea infusion was high (261 plus or minus 31 mM) and the difference in solium concentration between descending limb fluid and vasa recta was small and statistically insignificant.", "contents": "The effect of urea infusion on the urinary concentrating mechanism in protein-depleted rats. To explore the role of urea in the urinary concentrating mechanism, the contents of vasa recta, Henle's descending limbs and collecting ducts were sampled by micropuncture of the renal papilla before and after infusion of urea in 10 protein-depleted rats. Eight protein-depleted rats not given urea were similarly studied as a control group. After urea administration, osmolality and the concentrations of urea and nonurea solute of urine from both exposed and contralateral kideny increased significantly. The osmolality and urea concentration of fluid from the end of Henle's descending limb and vasa recta plasma and the tubule fluid-to-plasma inulin ratio in the end-descending limb all increased significantly after urea infusion. We interpret these observations to indicate that urea enhances urinary concentration by increasing the abstraction of water from the juxtamedullary nephron (presumably the descending limb), in agreement with the prediction of recent passive models of the urinary concentrating mechanism. However, the concentration of urea in fluid from the descending limb after urea infusion was high (261 plus or minus 31 mM) and the difference in solium concentration between descending limb fluid and vasa recta was small and statistically insignificant.", "PMID": 1127107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9871", "title": "Hepatocellular uptake of taurocholate in the dog.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to examine the hepatocellular extraction of taurocholate and to determine the kinetic characteristics of the uptake process. The uptake of taurocholate by the liver of the intact dog was studied by the multiple-indicator dilution method. 51Cr-labeled red blood cells (a vascular indicator), 125I-labeled albumin (an extravascular reference), and [14C]taurocholate were injected into the portal vein. Different doses of unlabeled taurocholate were included in the injection mixture. Hepatic venous dilution curves were obtained. As a consequence of the hepatic uptake, the outflow recovery of [14C]taurocholate was much reduced when compared to that of albumin, but its recovery increased with increasing doses of taurocholate, suggesting a progressive saturation of the uptake process. The analysis of the dilution curves fitted a three-compartment model system well and no return of the extracted taurocholate to the extracellular space could be detected. The initial space of distribution of taurocholate was 1.22 plus or minus 0.12 (SD) times greater than that of albumin. Analysis of the data for uptake was consistent with Michaelis-Menten kinetics. The calculated initial maximal velocity of uptake (Vmax) was 4.53 mumol times s--1 times 100 g of liver--1 and the dose yielding half-maximal velocity (DK) was 7.11 mumol times 100 g of liver--1. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the uptake of taurocholate is carrier-mediated. The maximal vilocity of uptake was about six times the known maximal capacity of biliary secretion of taurocholate in the dog.", "contents": "Hepatocellular uptake of taurocholate in the dog. The purpose of this study was to examine the hepatocellular extraction of taurocholate and to determine the kinetic characteristics of the uptake process. The uptake of taurocholate by the liver of the intact dog was studied by the multiple-indicator dilution method. 51Cr-labeled red blood cells (a vascular indicator), 125I-labeled albumin (an extravascular reference), and [14C]taurocholate were injected into the portal vein. Different doses of unlabeled taurocholate were included in the injection mixture. Hepatic venous dilution curves were obtained. As a consequence of the hepatic uptake, the outflow recovery of [14C]taurocholate was much reduced when compared to that of albumin, but its recovery increased with increasing doses of taurocholate, suggesting a progressive saturation of the uptake process. The analysis of the dilution curves fitted a three-compartment model system well and no return of the extracted taurocholate to the extracellular space could be detected. The initial space of distribution of taurocholate was 1.22 plus or minus 0.12 (SD) times greater than that of albumin. Analysis of the data for uptake was consistent with Michaelis-Menten kinetics. The calculated initial maximal velocity of uptake (Vmax) was 4.53 mumol times s--1 times 100 g of liver--1 and the dose yielding half-maximal velocity (DK) was 7.11 mumol times 100 g of liver--1. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the uptake of taurocholate is carrier-mediated. The maximal vilocity of uptake was about six times the known maximal capacity of biliary secretion of taurocholate in the dog.", "PMID": 1127108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9872", "title": "Observer error in histological assessment of marrow hypocellularity.", "content": "Observer error in the assessment of marrow hypocellularity was studied by examining histological sections from 37 mice having normal or reduced marrow cellularity and comparing the estimated cellularity with a previously measured value. For marrows or mild or moderately reduced cellularity the subjective estimate of cellularity was almost valueless both in terms of accuracy and reproducibility. Only severely hypocellular marrows, having a cellularity of less than 17% of normal, could be recognized as being abnormal with some degree of accuracy and reproducibility.", "contents": "Observer error in histological assessment of marrow hypocellularity. Observer error in the assessment of marrow hypocellularity was studied by examining histological sections from 37 mice having normal or reduced marrow cellularity and comparing the estimated cellularity with a previously measured value. For marrows or mild or moderately reduced cellularity the subjective estimate of cellularity was almost valueless both in terms of accuracy and reproducibility. Only severely hypocellular marrows, having a cellularity of less than 17% of normal, could be recognized as being abnormal with some degree of accuracy and reproducibility.", "PMID": 1127109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9873", "title": "Strains of Pseudomonas putrefaciens from clinical material.", "content": "Eight strains of Pseudomonas putrefaciens have been received from among 466 strains of Pseudomonas submitted to the Computer Trials Laboratory for identification over the last eight years. Two of the strains of P. putrefaciens from patients with otitis media and otitis externa respectively appear to have played a pathogenic role. The biochemical characteristics of these eight strains were compared with those of seven culture collection strains.", "contents": "Strains of Pseudomonas putrefaciens from clinical material. Eight strains of Pseudomonas putrefaciens have been received from among 466 strains of Pseudomonas submitted to the Computer Trials Laboratory for identification over the last eight years. Two of the strains of P. putrefaciens from patients with otitis media and otitis externa respectively appear to have played a pathogenic role. The biochemical characteristics of these eight strains were compared with those of seven culture collection strains.", "PMID": 1127110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9874", "title": "The measurement of iron-binding capacity in serum and purified transferrin with the aid of chemical affinity chromatography.", "content": "In a mew method for the estimation of transferrin by iron-binding capacity iron is added as the tartrate in NaCl with about 10 mM bicarbonate. The excess iron is removed by passage through DEAE-Sephadex A-50 previously treated with the iron chelator disodium catechol-3,5-disulphonate. The iron remaining bound to transferrin is measured without protein precipitation by the use of ferrozine. The method is applicable to fresh, frozen, or lyophilized serum, purified transferrin, and some quality control preparations. Validation experiments confirm that transferrin in serum and in pure solution is saturated with iron and give some evidence of specificity. The possible use of commercially available transferrin preparations as analytical reference standards is discussed.", "contents": "The measurement of iron-binding capacity in serum and purified transferrin with the aid of chemical affinity chromatography. In a mew method for the estimation of transferrin by iron-binding capacity iron is added as the tartrate in NaCl with about 10 mM bicarbonate. The excess iron is removed by passage through DEAE-Sephadex A-50 previously treated with the iron chelator disodium catechol-3,5-disulphonate. The iron remaining bound to transferrin is measured without protein precipitation by the use of ferrozine. The method is applicable to fresh, frozen, or lyophilized serum, purified transferrin, and some quality control preparations. Validation experiments confirm that transferrin in serum and in pure solution is saturated with iron and give some evidence of specificity. The possible use of commercially available transferrin preparations as analytical reference standards is discussed.", "PMID": 1127111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9875", "title": "Computer card morphometry of jejunal biopsies in childhood coeliac disease.", "content": "The histological changes in 95 jejunal biopsy specimens from children have been analyzed by a new mporphometric technique. The microscope image of the specimen is traced directly onto computer data cards. A simple sketch records accurate quantitative data in a matrix of 840 points, retaining the spatial arrangement of the tissue components. The data are fed via an optical mark data card reader, into a mini-computer. FORTRAN IV programs allow calculation of surface area, villous heights, and component volumes in metric units, and of volume proportions, volume-to-volume ratios, and surface-to-volume ratios. Pictorial and numerical printouts are produced, which are suitable for inclusion in the patient's notes. Jejunal biopsies from 37 controls and 26 untreated coeliac patients were clearly distinguished morphometrically. Sixteen pairs of biopsies from coeliac patients on long-term gluten-free diets before, and 12 weeks after, the reintroduction of dietary gluten significantly reflected the effects of gluten challenge. Comparison of control and abnormal biopsies showed a spatial redistribution of the components, more than a change in their absolute amounts. There was no significant differences in the total epithelial volumes in controls, treated or untreated patients, suggesting that the mucosal lesion in coeliac disease is not a true atrophy.", "contents": "Computer card morphometry of jejunal biopsies in childhood coeliac disease. The histological changes in 95 jejunal biopsy specimens from children have been analyzed by a new mporphometric technique. The microscope image of the specimen is traced directly onto computer data cards. A simple sketch records accurate quantitative data in a matrix of 840 points, retaining the spatial arrangement of the tissue components. The data are fed via an optical mark data card reader, into a mini-computer. FORTRAN IV programs allow calculation of surface area, villous heights, and component volumes in metric units, and of volume proportions, volume-to-volume ratios, and surface-to-volume ratios. Pictorial and numerical printouts are produced, which are suitable for inclusion in the patient's notes. Jejunal biopsies from 37 controls and 26 untreated coeliac patients were clearly distinguished morphometrically. Sixteen pairs of biopsies from coeliac patients on long-term gluten-free diets before, and 12 weeks after, the reintroduction of dietary gluten significantly reflected the effects of gluten challenge. Comparison of control and abnormal biopsies showed a spatial redistribution of the components, more than a change in their absolute amounts. There was no significant differences in the total epithelial volumes in controls, treated or untreated patients, suggesting that the mucosal lesion in coeliac disease is not a true atrophy.", "PMID": 1127115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9876", "title": "The predictive value of histometry of thyroid tissue in anticipating hypothyroidism after subtoatl thyroidectomy for primary thyrotoxicosis.", "content": "Thyroid tissue removed at partial thyroidectomy from primary thyrotoxicosis patients, after preparation for operation with carbimazole and Lugol's iodine, was studied with the histometric technique. In patients with little or no evidence of autoimmunity before operation, the chance of developing postoperative hypothyroidism was approximately 1 in 2 in those who had volume percentage of epithelium greater than 40, but only approximately  1 in 10 in those who had volume percentage of epithelium less than 40. This approach may ultimately prove of predictive value in a substantial proportion of patients for anticipating hypothyroidism after subtotal thyroidectomy for primary thyrotoxicosis.", "contents": "The predictive value of histometry of thyroid tissue in anticipating hypothyroidism after subtoatl thyroidectomy for primary thyrotoxicosis. Thyroid tissue removed at partial thyroidectomy from primary thyrotoxicosis patients, after preparation for operation with carbimazole and Lugol's iodine, was studied with the histometric technique. In patients with little or no evidence of autoimmunity before operation, the chance of developing postoperative hypothyroidism was approximately 1 in 2 in those who had volume percentage of epithelium greater than 40, but only approximately  1 in 10 in those who had volume percentage of epithelium less than 40. This approach may ultimately prove of predictive value in a substantial proportion of patients for anticipating hypothyroidism after subtotal thyroidectomy for primary thyrotoxicosis.", "PMID": 1127116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9877", "title": "Hepatitis in clinical laboratories: a three-year survey.", "content": "In a survey of laboratories where members of the Association of Clinical Pathologists worked, hepatitis was reported from 5 percent of 244 in 1970, 7 percent of 215 in 1971, and 2 percent of 337 in 1972. Of the 36 laboratories reporting hepatitis, a modest excess tested specimens from haemodialysis, transplant, and haemophilia units and performed tests for HB Ag. The average annual attack rate for staff of all types was 111 per 100,000 with higher rates for biochemists (268 in science graduates and 204 in technicians) and medical haematologists (258). Tests for HB Ag were positive in 17 cases ans negative in 15; nine were untested. No case was fatal and only 10 of the 41 required admission to hospital. Fourteen had a history of contract with 'high-risk (haemodialysis) specimens' but the most frequently suspected source of infection was personal contact with jaundiced or HB Ag-positive individuals and only in three cases were laboratory accidents suggested as the suspected source of infection. The findings indicate a need for caution and sensible safety precautions but not for exaggerated alarm.", "contents": "Hepatitis in clinical laboratories: a three-year survey. In a survey of laboratories where members of the Association of Clinical Pathologists worked, hepatitis was reported from 5 percent of 244 in 1970, 7 percent of 215 in 1971, and 2 percent of 337 in 1972. Of the 36 laboratories reporting hepatitis, a modest excess tested specimens from haemodialysis, transplant, and haemophilia units and performed tests for HB Ag. The average annual attack rate for staff of all types was 111 per 100,000 with higher rates for biochemists (268 in science graduates and 204 in technicians) and medical haematologists (258). Tests for HB Ag were positive in 17 cases ans negative in 15; nine were untested. No case was fatal and only 10 of the 41 required admission to hospital. Fourteen had a history of contract with 'high-risk (haemodialysis) specimens' but the most frequently suspected source of infection was personal contact with jaundiced or HB Ag-positive individuals and only in three cases were laboratory accidents suggested as the suspected source of infection. The findings indicate a need for caution and sensible safety precautions but not for exaggerated alarm.", "PMID": 1127117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9878", "title": "Electron microscopy of serum of healthy hepatitis B antigen carriers.", "content": "The sera of 36 blood donors who are established HBsAg carriers were examined with the electron microscope. The findings were correlated with the histological and electronoptic appearances of the liver and the titre and subtype of the antigen. Antigen-antibody complexes could not be detected. Dane particles constituted 2 percent or more of the total particle count in five of the 36 sera, including three sera from five carriers with chronic aggressive hepatitis and two sera from 11 carriers with chronic persistent hepatitis. In sera from carriers with normal histology or the minimal histological lesion of focal parenchymal necrosis they were detected very infrequently or not at all. Three biopsies revealed intranuclear inclusions when examined electronoptically and the corresponding sera all contained greater than 2 percent Dane particles. Where greater than 2 percent Dane particles were seen the antigen titre tended to be high. The predominant subtype was ad. There was no correlation between the number of Dane particles and the antigen subtype nor between subtype and histology.", "contents": "Electron microscopy of serum of healthy hepatitis B antigen carriers. The sera of 36 blood donors who are established HBsAg carriers were examined with the electron microscope. The findings were correlated with the histological and electronoptic appearances of the liver and the titre and subtype of the antigen. Antigen-antibody complexes could not be detected. Dane particles constituted 2 percent or more of the total particle count in five of the 36 sera, including three sera from five carriers with chronic aggressive hepatitis and two sera from 11 carriers with chronic persistent hepatitis. In sera from carriers with normal histology or the minimal histological lesion of focal parenchymal necrosis they were detected very infrequently or not at all. Three biopsies revealed intranuclear inclusions when examined electronoptically and the corresponding sera all contained greater than 2 percent Dane particles. Where greater than 2 percent Dane particles were seen the antigen titre tended to be high. The predominant subtype was ad. There was no correlation between the number of Dane particles and the antigen subtype nor between subtype and histology.", "PMID": 1127118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9879", "title": "ECHO 9 infection in pregnant women with suspected rubella.", "content": "Both rubella virus and Echovirus 9 (ECHO 9) were epidemic in Scotland during the summer of 1973; both viruses can cause a mild febrile illness with rash. Sera from 286 rubella-negative pregnant women were tested for neutralizing antibodies to ECHO 9 virus; 40 women had antibody titres suggestive of recent infection. Prospective studies on the outcome of these pregnancies are in progress but preliminary results suggest no connexion between fetal damage and ECHO 9 infection.", "contents": "ECHO 9 infection in pregnant women with suspected rubella. Both rubella virus and Echovirus 9 (ECHO 9) were epidemic in Scotland during the summer of 1973; both viruses can cause a mild febrile illness with rash. Sera from 286 rubella-negative pregnant women were tested for neutralizing antibodies to ECHO 9 virus; 40 women had antibody titres suggestive of recent infection. Prospective studies on the outcome of these pregnancies are in progress but preliminary results suggest no connexion between fetal damage and ECHO 9 infection.", "PMID": 1127119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9880", "title": "Coagulase-negative staphylococci and micrococci in urinary tract infections.", "content": "One hundred catalase-positive, coagulase-negative, Gram-positive cocci isolated in significant numbers from the urine of patients with urinary tract infections, provisionally subdivided by their sensitivity to nonoviocin, were classified according to a slightly model version of Baird-Parker's schemes (1965 and 1972). It appeared that strains of Micrococcus were nearly all of sub-group 3, and that these were important pathogens of young women presenting with urinary infections in general practice. All such strains were resistant to novobiocin. Strains of staphylococcus were heterogeneous, and were found principally in infections arising in hospital, among older prople. Most staphylococci were sensitive to novobiocin. It is suggested that it is easy and sufficiently accurate to separate staphylococci and micrococci isolated from cases of urinary tract infection on the basis of their sensitivity or resistance to novo-biocin. The distinction is useful because of its therapeutic and epidemiological significance.", "contents": "Coagulase-negative staphylococci and micrococci in urinary tract infections. One hundred catalase-positive, coagulase-negative, Gram-positive cocci isolated in significant numbers from the urine of patients with urinary tract infections, provisionally subdivided by their sensitivity to nonoviocin, were classified according to a slightly model version of Baird-Parker's schemes (1965 and 1972). It appeared that strains of Micrococcus were nearly all of sub-group 3, and that these were important pathogens of young women presenting with urinary infections in general practice. All such strains were resistant to novobiocin. Strains of staphylococcus were heterogeneous, and were found principally in infections arising in hospital, among older prople. Most staphylococci were sensitive to novobiocin. It is suggested that it is easy and sufficiently accurate to separate staphylococci and micrococci isolated from cases of urinary tract infection on the basis of their sensitivity or resistance to novo-biocin. The distinction is useful because of its therapeutic and epidemiological significance.", "PMID": 1127120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9881", "title": "Serological tests in the differentiation of staphylococcal and tuberculous bone disease.", "content": "The haemagglutination test for antileucocidin is frequently positive in cases of bone tuberculosis in the absence of obvious staphylococcal infection. This test is therefore of little practical use in the differentiation of staphylococcal and tuberculous bone disease, and its use has been discontinued at the Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital. The antigamma haemolysin test in bone tuberculosis appears to give rise to few false positive results. Our observations confirm that the anti-alpha haemolysin and antigamma haemolysin tests used together reveal about 80 percent of cases of staphylococcal bone infection on first presentation or relapse.", "contents": "Serological tests in the differentiation of staphylococcal and tuberculous bone disease. The haemagglutination test for antileucocidin is frequently positive in cases of bone tuberculosis in the absence of obvious staphylococcal infection. This test is therefore of little practical use in the differentiation of staphylococcal and tuberculous bone disease, and its use has been discontinued at the Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital. The antigamma haemolysin test in bone tuberculosis appears to give rise to few false positive results. Our observations confirm that the anti-alpha haemolysin and antigamma haemolysin tests used together reveal about 80 percent of cases of staphylococcal bone infection on first presentation or relapse.", "PMID": 1127121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9882", "title": "Bilateral adrenal medullary hyperplasia: a clinicopathological entity.", "content": "A 36-year-old white patient is described. He received treatment for hypertension and showed slightly increased excretion of 17-OHCS- and 17-ketosteroids but no increase in values for 3-methoxy-4-hydroxymandelic acid in the urine. He was admitted to hospital for a myocardial infarction, which was found to be situated in the anterior wall. During his stay in hospital a sudden increase in blood pressure occurred, together with a typical attach of perspiration, loss of consciousness, and ventricular fibrillation. The assay by 3-methoxy-4-hydroxymandelic acid now showed markedly increased amounts. A phaeochromocytoma was thought to be the most probably diagnosis, but now withstanding therapy the patient died from cerebral lesions. At necropsy a recent anteroseptal myocardial infarction and some minor lesions were found but no tumour and notably no phaechromocytoma, neither in the adrenals nor elsewhere. Using Dobbie's morphometric technique, as described by Munro Neville (1969), changes in the adrenals were demonstrated, which were considered to represent primary adrenal medullary hyperplasia. Criteria for the diagnosis of this syndrome are discussed. Until now it had been presumed to be present in a number of cases but never convincingly demonstrated.", "contents": "Bilateral adrenal medullary hyperplasia: a clinicopathological entity. A 36-year-old white patient is described. He received treatment for hypertension and showed slightly increased excretion of 17-OHCS- and 17-ketosteroids but no increase in values for 3-methoxy-4-hydroxymandelic acid in the urine. He was admitted to hospital for a myocardial infarction, which was found to be situated in the anterior wall. During his stay in hospital a sudden increase in blood pressure occurred, together with a typical attach of perspiration, loss of consciousness, and ventricular fibrillation. The assay by 3-methoxy-4-hydroxymandelic acid now showed markedly increased amounts. A phaeochromocytoma was thought to be the most probably diagnosis, but now withstanding therapy the patient died from cerebral lesions. At necropsy a recent anteroseptal myocardial infarction and some minor lesions were found but no tumour and notably no phaechromocytoma, neither in the adrenals nor elsewhere. Using Dobbie's morphometric technique, as described by Munro Neville (1969), changes in the adrenals were demonstrated, which were considered to represent primary adrenal medullary hyperplasia. Criteria for the diagnosis of this syndrome are discussed. Until now it had been presumed to be present in a number of cases but never convincingly demonstrated.", "PMID": 1127122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9883", "title": "Crosslink in bone collagen in Paget's disease.", "content": "The crosslink in bone collagen was analysed in specimens of bone obtained at necropsy from cases of Paget's disease and compared with normal bone collagen of the same age. The specimens were stored at -20 degrees C before analysis. The predominant crosslink in a normal bone collagen was hydroxylysinohydroxynorleucine (di OH-LNL) (F1), which was designated syndesine in the past; another fraction, hydroxylysinorleucine (HLNL) (F2), musch less prominent than di OH-LNL, was also noted in a normal bone collagen. Both fractions were reduced in bone tissue of advancing age. The peak corresponding to HLNL was considerably increased in Paget's disease. This abnormality was constantly seen in specimens of bone from cases of Paget's disease, but the significance of the finging could not be assessed from the present investigation. Calcitonin has been shown to produce complete remission in Paget's disease and the crosslink pattern was found to be normal in specimens examined froma calcitonin-treated patient. This shows that calcitonin has some effect on the metabolism of collagen and a normal crosslink in such a situation lends support to this idea.", "contents": "Crosslink in bone collagen in Paget's disease. The crosslink in bone collagen was analysed in specimens of bone obtained at necropsy from cases of Paget's disease and compared with normal bone collagen of the same age. The specimens were stored at -20 degrees C before analysis. The predominant crosslink in a normal bone collagen was hydroxylysinohydroxynorleucine (di OH-LNL) (F1), which was designated syndesine in the past; another fraction, hydroxylysinorleucine (HLNL) (F2), musch less prominent than di OH-LNL, was also noted in a normal bone collagen. Both fractions were reduced in bone tissue of advancing age. The peak corresponding to HLNL was considerably increased in Paget's disease. This abnormality was constantly seen in specimens of bone from cases of Paget's disease, but the significance of the finging could not be assessed from the present investigation. Calcitonin has been shown to produce complete remission in Paget's disease and the crosslink pattern was found to be normal in specimens examined froma calcitonin-treated patient. This shows that calcitonin has some effect on the metabolism of collagen and a normal crosslink in such a situation lends support to this idea.", "PMID": 1127123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9884", "title": "A new cause of haemolytic anaemia in the newborn. A description of an unstable fetal haemoglobin: F Poole, alpha2-G-gamma2 130 trptophan yeilds glycine.", "content": "In a newborn twin with haemolytic anaemia an unstable fetal haemoglobin was found to be the cause. The anaemia improved spontaneously with the disappearance of the fetal haemoglobin. The new Hb F (alpha2gamma2) variant was shown to have a glycine at position 130 of the 146 residues of the gamma chain. This portion is inside the globin molecule and in all known normal globins it is occupied by a residue with a bulky hydrophobic side chain. Its replacement by glycine which has no side chain would be expected to cause instability. The human gamma-chains may either have a glycine or an alanine at position 136. Evidence is brought forward to suggest that in the abnormal chain position 136 is occupied by glycine.", "contents": "A new cause of haemolytic anaemia in the newborn. A description of an unstable fetal haemoglobin: F Poole, alpha2-G-gamma2 130 trptophan yeilds glycine. In a newborn twin with haemolytic anaemia an unstable fetal haemoglobin was found to be the cause. The anaemia improved spontaneously with the disappearance of the fetal haemoglobin. The new Hb F (alpha2gamma2) variant was shown to have a glycine at position 130 of the 146 residues of the gamma chain. This portion is inside the globin molecule and in all known normal globins it is occupied by a residue with a bulky hydrophobic side chain. Its replacement by glycine which has no side chain would be expected to cause instability. The human gamma-chains may either have a glycine or an alanine at position 136. Evidence is brought forward to suggest that in the abnormal chain position 136 is occupied by glycine.", "PMID": 1127124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9885", "title": "Unusual megaloblastic anaemia wiht multinucleate erythroblasts: two cases with septicaemia and acute renal failure.", "content": "The case histories and blood pictures of two patients who had cardiac lesions, septicaemia, and renal failure and terminally developed a leucoerythroblastic anaemia with megloblastic features associated with multinucleate erythroblasts, are described. Though folate deficiency may have made a minor contribution to the blood abnormalities, it is considered that some other disturbance in erythropoiesis was responsible for the bizarre blood and bone marrow changes in these patients. Similar cases reported in the earlier literature are reviewed.", "contents": "Unusual megaloblastic anaemia wiht multinucleate erythroblasts: two cases with septicaemia and acute renal failure. The case histories and blood pictures of two patients who had cardiac lesions, septicaemia, and renal failure and terminally developed a leucoerythroblastic anaemia with megloblastic features associated with multinucleate erythroblasts, are described. Though folate deficiency may have made a minor contribution to the blood abnormalities, it is considered that some other disturbance in erythropoiesis was responsible for the bizarre blood and bone marrow changes in these patients. Similar cases reported in the earlier literature are reviewed.", "PMID": 1127125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9886", "title": "In vitro antibacterial activity of amikacin, a new aminoglycoside, against clinical bacterial isolates from children.", "content": "Four hundred and fifty-eight clinical bacterial isolates from a children's hospital were examined for antibiotic susceptibility to amikacin (BB-KS) in comparison with a number of other antibiotics by the disk diffusion and agar dilution methods. The wide spectrum of activity of amikacin against Gram-negative bacteria was confirmed; it included E. coli, Proteus species, Enterobacter species, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Staphylococci were highly sensitive, but other Gram-positive bacteria tested were resistant. A disk zone diameter of 10 mm effectively separated resistant form sensitive bacteria in a standard disk diffusion test.", "contents": "In vitro antibacterial activity of amikacin, a new aminoglycoside, against clinical bacterial isolates from children. Four hundred and fifty-eight clinical bacterial isolates from a children's hospital were examined for antibiotic susceptibility to amikacin (BB-KS) in comparison with a number of other antibiotics by the disk diffusion and agar dilution methods. The wide spectrum of activity of amikacin against Gram-negative bacteria was confirmed; it included E. coli, Proteus species, Enterobacter species, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Staphylococci were highly sensitive, but other Gram-positive bacteria tested were resistant. A disk zone diameter of 10 mm effectively separated resistant form sensitive bacteria in a standard disk diffusion test.", "PMID": 1127131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9887", "title": "The effect of pharmacologic doses of steroids on atrioventricular conduction in man.", "content": "His bundle electrograms were performed in ten patients with organic heart disease. Recordings were made at various rates using right atrial pacing. Two grams of methylprednisolone were infused intravenously over a 20-minute period. The PI-A, A-H, H-Q, and H-S intervals were obtained before and up to 1 hour after the infusion of the steroid. The maximum effect was seen at 1 hour. All patients showed a significant prolongation in the A-H interval with negligible effects on other intervals. At the atrial pacing rate of 120 beats/minute, the average A-H interval increased from control of 119 milliseconds to 159 milliseconds after steroids (P smaller than 0.01). Second-degree heart block occurred at lower pacing rates after steroids in six patients as compared with the control state. The postsuppressive sinoatrial node recovery time was increased in seven cases after steroid infusion. Pharmacologic doses of steroids can impair conduction through the atrioventricular node.", "contents": "The effect of pharmacologic doses of steroids on atrioventricular conduction in man. His bundle electrograms were performed in ten patients with organic heart disease. Recordings were made at various rates using right atrial pacing. Two grams of methylprednisolone were infused intravenously over a 20-minute period. The PI-A, A-H, H-Q, and H-S intervals were obtained before and up to 1 hour after the infusion of the steroid. The maximum effect was seen at 1 hour. All patients showed a significant prolongation in the A-H interval with negligible effects on other intervals. At the atrial pacing rate of 120 beats/minute, the average A-H interval increased from control of 119 milliseconds to 159 milliseconds after steroids (P smaller than 0.01). Second-degree heart block occurred at lower pacing rates after steroids in six patients as compared with the control state. The postsuppressive sinoatrial node recovery time was increased in seven cases after steroid infusion. Pharmacologic doses of steroids can impair conduction through the atrioventricular node.", "PMID": 1127132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9888", "title": "Naproxen metabolism in man.", "content": "In summary, naproxen is an acidic, highly albumin-bound drug. After oral administration, it is promptly and fully absorbed. The mean half-life of the drug in man is 13 hours, close to ideal for twice-daily administration. The only metabolite detected in man is the 6-desmethyl compound. Both it and naproxen itself are excreted in the urine, primarily as conjugates. The kinetics of naproxen binding to serum albumin tend to limit attainable plasma levels. They increase little if the dose is increased beyond 500 mg twice daily, since greater concentrations are rapidly cleared. Albumin binding and competitive displacement are also responsible for potential interactions of naproxen with drugs such as warfarin, sulfonylureas, and aspirin. Experience thus far does not indicate that any of the potential interactions are clinically meaningful.", "contents": "Naproxen metabolism in man. In summary, naproxen is an acidic, highly albumin-bound drug. After oral administration, it is promptly and fully absorbed. The mean half-life of the drug in man is 13 hours, close to ideal for twice-daily administration. The only metabolite detected in man is the 6-desmethyl compound. Both it and naproxen itself are excreted in the urine, primarily as conjugates. The kinetics of naproxen binding to serum albumin tend to limit attainable plasma levels. They increase little if the dose is increased beyond 500 mg twice daily, since greater concentrations are rapidly cleared. Albumin binding and competitive displacement are also responsible for potential interactions of naproxen with drugs such as warfarin, sulfonylureas, and aspirin. Experience thus far does not indicate that any of the potential interactions are clinically meaningful.", "PMID": 1127135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9889", "title": "Clinical evaluation of d-2-(6'-methoxy-2'-naphthyl)propionic acid (naproxen) in rheumatic conditions.", "content": "A double-blind, crossover trial with 40 patients suffering from classic or definite rheumatoid arthritis was undertaken to obtain a clinical evaluation of naproxen in the disease. Each patient received either naproxen (500 mg/day) or placebo for 20 days and was then switched to the other compound for 20 days. For final evaluation, 22 cases were eliminated for various reasons, leaving 18 patients: seven cases of classical rheumatoid arthritis and 11 cases of definite rheumatoid arthritis. Optimum or very good efficacy of the active compound was present in 66.6 per cent of the cases versus 11.1 per cent of the placebo group. Doubtful or nil activity was observed in 66.6 per cent of the cases receiving placebo versus 16.6 per cent for naproxen. In addition, of the 22 cases that were eliminated from the final evaluation, but which were seen for the first ten-day follow-up visit while taking the active drug, optimum or very good efficacy was seen in 13. Therefore, this trial showed that naproxen achieved antiinflammatory and analgesic activity far superior to that observed with placebo.", "contents": "Clinical evaluation of d-2-(6'-methoxy-2'-naphthyl)propionic acid (naproxen) in rheumatic conditions. A double-blind, crossover trial with 40 patients suffering from classic or definite rheumatoid arthritis was undertaken to obtain a clinical evaluation of naproxen in the disease. Each patient received either naproxen (500 mg/day) or placebo for 20 days and was then switched to the other compound for 20 days. For final evaluation, 22 cases were eliminated for various reasons, leaving 18 patients: seven cases of classical rheumatoid arthritis and 11 cases of definite rheumatoid arthritis. Optimum or very good efficacy of the active compound was present in 66.6 per cent of the cases versus 11.1 per cent of the placebo group. Doubtful or nil activity was observed in 66.6 per cent of the cases receiving placebo versus 16.6 per cent for naproxen. In addition, of the 22 cases that were eliminated from the final evaluation, but which were seen for the first ten-day follow-up visit while taking the active drug, optimum or very good efficacy was seen in 13. Therefore, this trial showed that naproxen achieved antiinflammatory and analgesic activity far superior to that observed with placebo.", "PMID": 1127136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9890", "title": "New approaches to trials of antirheumatic drugs in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "While drug trials can be performed in different designs and sequences, the paramount consideration is careful definition of limited trial objectives such as efficacy, tolerance, and safety. Efficacy variables might include tests for analgesic effect, antiinflammatory activity, or specific antirheumatic action. Unless a drug has remarkable therapeutic effect, double-blind comparison with placebo or a standard reference drug such as aspirin is mandatory. Random assignment of patients to treatment groups must be assured and patients should not receive other antirheumatic drugs unless the trial is specifically designed to study drug interactions. Drug dosage poses a problem because average doses are usually employed. Compliance is monitored by several techniques including measurement of blood levels of test drugs in all study patients. Multicenter trials have several advantages: (1) averaging patient selection, (2) minimizing observer bias, (3) shortening time of trial by rapid entry of patients, (4) entering large number of patients, which can permit examination of \"responders\" versus \"non-responders.\" Data analysis should employ proper statistical evaluations (nonparametric tests for nonnormally distributed variables). Duration of study period, trials to evaluate drug interactions, and variables used to measure drug effects will be discussed.", "contents": "New approaches to trials of antirheumatic drugs in rheumatoid arthritis. While drug trials can be performed in different designs and sequences, the paramount consideration is careful definition of limited trial objectives such as efficacy, tolerance, and safety. Efficacy variables might include tests for analgesic effect, antiinflammatory activity, or specific antirheumatic action. Unless a drug has remarkable therapeutic effect, double-blind comparison with placebo or a standard reference drug such as aspirin is mandatory. Random assignment of patients to treatment groups must be assured and patients should not receive other antirheumatic drugs unless the trial is specifically designed to study drug interactions. Drug dosage poses a problem because average doses are usually employed. Compliance is monitored by several techniques including measurement of blood levels of test drugs in all study patients. Multicenter trials have several advantages: (1) averaging patient selection, (2) minimizing observer bias, (3) shortening time of trial by rapid entry of patients, (4) entering large number of patients, which can permit examination of \"responders\" versus \"non-responders.\" Data analysis should employ proper statistical evaluations (nonparametric tests for nonnormally distributed variables). Duration of study period, trials to evaluate drug interactions, and variables used to measure drug effects will be discussed.", "PMID": 1127137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9891", "title": "Anatomical evidence for cone and rod-like receptors in the gray squirrel, ground squirrel, and prairie dog retinas.", "content": "In the gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis), the prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus), and the Mexican and 13-line ground squirrels (Citellus mexicanus and C. tridecemlineatus) there exist two distinct classes of photo-receptors that have cone-like and rod-like anatomical features respectively. These two receptor classes were previously known to exist in the gray squirrel, but only the cone-like (C) receptor had been observed in the other species. We have now found small numbers of rod-like (R) receptors in the other species as well. R-receptors comprise about 40% of the receptors in the gray squirrel, 10% of the receptors in the prairie dog, and 4-5% of the receptors in the two species of ground squirrel. This paper describes certain light and electron microscopic features of these two receptor classes including their synaptic connections with second-order cells and with each other. We find that the C-receptor has a morphology and synaptic organization characteristic of other mammalian cones. However, the R-receptor differs from other mammalian rods in certain morphological respects, and its synaptic organization has both cone and rod characteristics as well as some unusual features.", "contents": "Anatomical evidence for cone and rod-like receptors in the gray squirrel, ground squirrel, and prairie dog retinas. In the gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis), the prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus), and the Mexican and 13-line ground squirrels (Citellus mexicanus and C. tridecemlineatus) there exist two distinct classes of photo-receptors that have cone-like and rod-like anatomical features respectively. These two receptor classes were previously known to exist in the gray squirrel, but only the cone-like (C) receptor had been observed in the other species. We have now found small numbers of rod-like (R) receptors in the other species as well. R-receptors comprise about 40% of the receptors in the gray squirrel, 10% of the receptors in the prairie dog, and 4-5% of the receptors in the two species of ground squirrel. This paper describes certain light and electron microscopic features of these two receptor classes including their synaptic connections with second-order cells and with each other. We find that the C-receptor has a morphology and synaptic organization characteristic of other mammalian cones. However, the R-receptor differs from other mammalian rods in certain morphological respects, and its synaptic organization has both cone and rod characteristics as well as some unusual features.", "PMID": 1127139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9892", "title": "Electrophysiological evidence for rod-like receptors in the gray squirrel, ground squirrel and prairie dog retinas.", "content": "Spectral sensitivities of the gray squirrel, Mexican and 13-line ground squirrel and prairie dog were determined by electroretinography under both dark- and light-adapted conditions. The dark-adapted spectral sensitivity function obtained from intact eyes of these species peaks between 515-525 nm; however, when corrected for lens absorption or recorded from the lensless eye, it peaks near 500 nm and closely matches in shape a rhodopsin nomogram curve (lambda max equals 502 nm). Upon light adaptation all these retinas become relatively more sensitive to long-wave stimuli (i.e., they show a small Purkinje shift). The light-adapted spectral sensitivity function is broader than that obtained from the dark-adapted eye, especially toward the longer wavelengths. Weconclude that in all these species the dark-adapted spectral sensitivity is mediated by a single, rhodopsin-like photopigment and that light-adapted sensitivity is mediated by two (or more) photopigments.", "contents": "Electrophysiological evidence for rod-like receptors in the gray squirrel, ground squirrel and prairie dog retinas. Spectral sensitivities of the gray squirrel, Mexican and 13-line ground squirrel and prairie dog were determined by electroretinography under both dark- and light-adapted conditions. The dark-adapted spectral sensitivity function obtained from intact eyes of these species peaks between 515-525 nm; however, when corrected for lens absorption or recorded from the lensless eye, it peaks near 500 nm and closely matches in shape a rhodopsin nomogram curve (lambda max equals 502 nm). Upon light adaptation all these retinas become relatively more sensitive to long-wave stimuli (i.e., they show a small Purkinje shift). The light-adapted spectral sensitivity function is broader than that obtained from the dark-adapted eye, especially toward the longer wavelengths. Weconclude that in all these species the dark-adapted spectral sensitivity is mediated by a single, rhodopsin-like photopigment and that light-adapted sensitivity is mediated by two (or more) photopigments.", "PMID": 1127140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9893", "title": "Nerve fiber hypertrophy in posterior tibial nerves of mice in response to voluntary running activity during aging.", "content": "Three-month-old male C57BL/10 mice were exercised by voluntary running activity in vertically revolving wheels for two hours each day until 24 months of age. Activity scores were recorded each day and the animals were regularly weighed and inspected for abnormalities. Control animals were similarly treated except that the activity wheels were immobilized. At the end of the exercise period, survival was 84% for the exercise group and 64% for the controls. Light microscopic examination of the posterior tibial nerve of the surviving animals showed a significant fiber hypertrophy in response to the exercise. The number of myelinated fibers in nerves from exercised animals did not differ from those of the controls. On the basis of these data, it is suggested that prolonged exercise does not prevent the loss of peripheral nerve fibers associated with age but rather, may exert an effect on the nervous system by modifying the surviving cells.", "contents": "Nerve fiber hypertrophy in posterior tibial nerves of mice in response to voluntary running activity during aging. Three-month-old male C57BL/10 mice were exercised by voluntary running activity in vertically revolving wheels for two hours each day until 24 months of age. Activity scores were recorded each day and the animals were regularly weighed and inspected for abnormalities. Control animals were similarly treated except that the activity wheels were immobilized. At the end of the exercise period, survival was 84% for the exercise group and 64% for the controls. Light microscopic examination of the posterior tibial nerve of the surviving animals showed a significant fiber hypertrophy in response to the exercise. The number of myelinated fibers in nerves from exercised animals did not differ from those of the controls. On the basis of these data, it is suggested that prolonged exercise does not prevent the loss of peripheral nerve fibers associated with age but rather, may exert an effect on the nervous system by modifying the surviving cells.", "PMID": 1127141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9894", "title": "Projections from the nucleus and tractus solitarius in the cat.", "content": "After lesions in the nucleus of the tractus solitarius (NTS) in cats and kittens, the termination of degenerating fibers was localized using the Nauta and the Fink-Heimer techniques. The distribution of degenerating fibers was compared with that seen after lesions of the dorsal nucleus of the vagus (DNV) and after section of the ninth and tenth cranial nerves. The projection from the NTS is to the nucleus ambiguus (A), the other divisions of the NTS including the medial NTS and the ventrolateral NTS, and DNV, the medial reticular formation ventral to the NTS (probably the paramedian reticular nucleus), the nucleus intercalatus (INC), and the intermediate nucleus (INT). The probable functional significance of projections from the NTS to these medullary nuclei is discussed in relation to pathways of cardiovascular reflexes. Of particular note is the projection to the INT which may be part of a descending pathway to spinal cardiovascular neurons in the intermediolateral horn.", "contents": "Projections from the nucleus and tractus solitarius in the cat. After lesions in the nucleus of the tractus solitarius (NTS) in cats and kittens, the termination of degenerating fibers was localized using the Nauta and the Fink-Heimer techniques. The distribution of degenerating fibers was compared with that seen after lesions of the dorsal nucleus of the vagus (DNV) and after section of the ninth and tenth cranial nerves. The projection from the NTS is to the nucleus ambiguus (A), the other divisions of the NTS including the medial NTS and the ventrolateral NTS, and DNV, the medial reticular formation ventral to the NTS (probably the paramedian reticular nucleus), the nucleus intercalatus (INC), and the intermediate nucleus (INT). The probable functional significance of projections from the NTS to these medullary nuclei is discussed in relation to pathways of cardiovascular reflexes. Of particular note is the projection to the INT which may be part of a descending pathway to spinal cardiovascular neurons in the intermediolateral horn.", "PMID": 1127142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9895", "title": "Behavioral and morphological evidence for binocular competition in the postnatal development of the dog's visual system.", "content": "Two normally-reared dogs and five dogs reared with monocular eyelid closure were studied. The two normal dogs and three of the deprived dogs were tested with a perimetry technique for the extent of behavioral visual field, and all of the dogs were studied histologically to determine the size of cell somata in the lateral geniculate nucleus. Behaviorally, the normal dogs saw with each eye approximately from 120 degrees ipsilateral to 30 degrees contralateral. The deprived dogs had a normal field of view for the non-deprived eye, but with the deprived eye they saw only in the monocular segment (i.e., approximately 120 degrees to 30 degrees ipsilateral). Histologically, geniculate cells in the monocular segment of deprived dogs were of normal size. In the deprived laminae of the binocular segment, however, cells averaged about two-thirds normal size, and in non-deprived laminae of this segment, neurons were hypertrophied. The hypertrophy was greater for cells in lamina A (40%) than for those in lamina A1 (17%). These data indicate that in monocularly deprived dogs, the monocular segment of the visual system develops normally, but the binocular segment does not. Therefore, we conclude that binocular competition operates in the developing dog's visual system much as it does in the cat's.", "contents": "Behavioral and morphological evidence for binocular competition in the postnatal development of the dog's visual system. Two normally-reared dogs and five dogs reared with monocular eyelid closure were studied. The two normal dogs and three of the deprived dogs were tested with a perimetry technique for the extent of behavioral visual field, and all of the dogs were studied histologically to determine the size of cell somata in the lateral geniculate nucleus. Behaviorally, the normal dogs saw with each eye approximately from 120 degrees ipsilateral to 30 degrees contralateral. The deprived dogs had a normal field of view for the non-deprived eye, but with the deprived eye they saw only in the monocular segment (i.e., approximately 120 degrees to 30 degrees ipsilateral). Histologically, geniculate cells in the monocular segment of deprived dogs were of normal size. In the deprived laminae of the binocular segment, however, cells averaged about two-thirds normal size, and in non-deprived laminae of this segment, neurons were hypertrophied. The hypertrophy was greater for cells in lamina A (40%) than for those in lamina A1 (17%). These data indicate that in monocularly deprived dogs, the monocular segment of the visual system develops normally, but the binocular segment does not. Therefore, we conclude that binocular competition operates in the developing dog's visual system much as it does in the cat's.", "PMID": 1127143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9896", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of epiplexus macrophages (Kolmer cells) in the dog.", "content": "Young dogs (6-14 weeks) were perfused with buffered aldehydes by standard techniques. The inferior medullary velum and tela choroidea were removed intact from the fourth ventricle, post-osmicated, dehydrated, critical point dried, coated with palladium-gold and examined in a Cambridge Stereoscan S4 scanning electron microscope. Selected samples after thorough scanning were routinely prepared for transmission electron microscopy (TEM). This study depicts numerous epiplexus (Kolmer cell) macrophages that exhibit extreme polymorphism. Because of the pleomorphic nature of these cells and their processes, classification based on external morphology is not practical. TEM shows their internal structure to be that of a macrophage. Bleb-like structures and bulbous projections appear to emerge from certain ependymal cell surfaces which seem to be completely or partially devoid of cilia.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of epiplexus macrophages (Kolmer cells) in the dog. Young dogs (6-14 weeks) were perfused with buffered aldehydes by standard techniques. The inferior medullary velum and tela choroidea were removed intact from the fourth ventricle, post-osmicated, dehydrated, critical point dried, coated with palladium-gold and examined in a Cambridge Stereoscan S4 scanning electron microscope. Selected samples after thorough scanning were routinely prepared for transmission electron microscopy (TEM). This study depicts numerous epiplexus (Kolmer cell) macrophages that exhibit extreme polymorphism. Because of the pleomorphic nature of these cells and their processes, classification based on external morphology is not practical. TEM shows their internal structure to be that of a macrophage. Bleb-like structures and bulbous projections appear to emerge from certain ependymal cell surfaces which seem to be completely or partially devoid of cilia.", "PMID": 1127144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9897", "title": "Late ultrastructural changes in neuronal mitochondria after lonizing radiation of the brain.", "content": "Brain tissue was examined for morphological changes at 12 and 16 months after focal irradiation of the brain in female mice. Irradiation was performed with deuteron beams derived from the 60-inch Brookhaven cyclotron at a rate of 1925 rad second -minus 1 though an anti-Bragg device which produced uniform exposure. Experimental animals received a dose of 10,000 rad, covering a 9 by 5 mm area over the skull and extending into the brain from a depth of about 2 mm. An additional group of animals served as sham-irradiated controls. Histological studies revealed extensive cell loss, vacuolation, and prominent vascular changes in irradiated regions of the brain at 16 months post-irradiation. Ultrastructural examination of brain tissue at 12 and 16 months after irradiation revealed the presence of unusual elongated mitochondria with parallel arrays of cristae. Altered mitochondria were more prevalent at the longer post-irradiation interval.", "contents": "Late ultrastructural changes in neuronal mitochondria after lonizing radiation of the brain. Brain tissue was examined for morphological changes at 12 and 16 months after focal irradiation of the brain in female mice. Irradiation was performed with deuteron beams derived from the 60-inch Brookhaven cyclotron at a rate of 1925 rad second -minus 1 though an anti-Bragg device which produced uniform exposure. Experimental animals received a dose of 10,000 rad, covering a 9 by 5 mm area over the skull and extending into the brain from a depth of about 2 mm. An additional group of animals served as sham-irradiated controls. Histological studies revealed extensive cell loss, vacuolation, and prominent vascular changes in irradiated regions of the brain at 16 months post-irradiation. Ultrastructural examination of brain tissue at 12 and 16 months after irradiation revealed the presence of unusual elongated mitochondria with parallel arrays of cristae. Altered mitochondria were more prevalent at the longer post-irradiation interval.", "PMID": 1127145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9898", "title": "On the absence of a rubrothalamic projection in the monkey with observations on some ascending mesencephalic projections.", "content": "In order to determine whether there is a rubrothalamic projection in the rhesus monkey, the ascending degeneration resulting from electrolytic lesions made in the red nucleus and adjacent mesencephalon in animals surviving at least one year after bilateral interruption of the superior cerebellar peduncles (PCS) was studied by means of the Fink-Heimer technique. In a necessary preliminary step it was shown that virtually all of the degeneration disappeared from the thalamus within twelve months after PCS interruption so that degeneration resulting from the subsequent electrolytic mesencephalic lesions could be attributed to interruption of non-cerebellar ascending fibres. The results show that degeneration was present in the thalamus following the electrolyte mesencephalic-diencephalic lesions but it could be accounted for on the basis of damage either to residual PCS fibres, to somatosensory pathways, to intrathalamic connections or to cell groups or projection fibres of the reticular formation, substantia nigra or globus pallidus. It is concluded that there is no direct rubrothalamic projection in the monkey and, in particular, no evidence of a projection from the red nucleus to the ventral lateral or ventral anterior thalamic nuclei. The results also indicate that the mesencephalic reticular formation is the main source of ascending afferents to the nucelus reticularis thalami. Some observations were made concerning nigrostriatal and nigrothalamic projections. Retrograde cell changes resulting from unilateral lesions made caudal to the red nucleus were studied in three animals. The observed cell changes are interpreted as being consistent with the conclusion that there is no rubrothalamic projection.", "contents": "On the absence of a rubrothalamic projection in the monkey with observations on some ascending mesencephalic projections. In order to determine whether there is a rubrothalamic projection in the rhesus monkey, the ascending degeneration resulting from electrolytic lesions made in the red nucleus and adjacent mesencephalon in animals surviving at least one year after bilateral interruption of the superior cerebellar peduncles (PCS) was studied by means of the Fink-Heimer technique. In a necessary preliminary step it was shown that virtually all of the degeneration disappeared from the thalamus within twelve months after PCS interruption so that degeneration resulting from the subsequent electrolytic mesencephalic lesions could be attributed to interruption of non-cerebellar ascending fibres. The results show that degeneration was present in the thalamus following the electrolyte mesencephalic-diencephalic lesions but it could be accounted for on the basis of damage either to residual PCS fibres, to somatosensory pathways, to intrathalamic connections or to cell groups or projection fibres of the reticular formation, substantia nigra or globus pallidus. It is concluded that there is no direct rubrothalamic projection in the monkey and, in particular, no evidence of a projection from the red nucleus to the ventral lateral or ventral anterior thalamic nuclei. The results also indicate that the mesencephalic reticular formation is the main source of ascending afferents to the nucelus reticularis thalami. Some observations were made concerning nigrostriatal and nigrothalamic projections. Retrograde cell changes resulting from unilateral lesions made caudal to the red nucleus were studied in three animals. The observed cell changes are interpreted as being consistent with the conclusion that there is no rubrothalamic projection.", "PMID": 1127146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9899", "title": "Effects of moderate heat and milk yield on plasma thyroxine in cattle.", "content": "The effects of milk yield (lactational intensity) and short (18 h) moderate heat exposure (30 C) on plasma thyroxine were studies in spring (March) and fall (October) in the University of Missouri dairy herd. Spring and fall thyroxine did not differ at thermoneutral temperature of 15 C. The relatively short moderate heat exposure had no effect within production groups either in the spring or fall sampling. As stage of lactation progressed, thyroxine also increased. The effect of stage of gestation was an elevation in the first trimester (compared to nonbred) that progressed into the second and third trimesters. In both spring and fall (15 C), the high production group (adjusted and unadjusted) had lower plasma thyroxine compared with middle and low production groups, while no difference in adjusted means was significant between middle and low production groups. Correlations were --.51 between plasma thyroxine and lactational intensity in both spring and fall. The short exposure to moderately high environmental temperature intensified the relationship of lowered plasma thyroxine in hibh producing cows, and thyroxine was negatively correlated (--.63 and --.64) with lactational intensity. Because total plasma thyroxine is inversely related to lactational intensity, studies are warranted to quantitate free hormonal concentrations and utilization by dairy cattle with varying productivity.", "contents": "Effects of moderate heat and milk yield on plasma thyroxine in cattle. The effects of milk yield (lactational intensity) and short (18 h) moderate heat exposure (30 C) on plasma thyroxine were studies in spring (March) and fall (October) in the University of Missouri dairy herd. Spring and fall thyroxine did not differ at thermoneutral temperature of 15 C. The relatively short moderate heat exposure had no effect within production groups either in the spring or fall sampling. As stage of lactation progressed, thyroxine also increased. The effect of stage of gestation was an elevation in the first trimester (compared to nonbred) that progressed into the second and third trimesters. In both spring and fall (15 C), the high production group (adjusted and unadjusted) had lower plasma thyroxine compared with middle and low production groups, while no difference in adjusted means was significant between middle and low production groups. Correlations were --.51 between plasma thyroxine and lactational intensity in both spring and fall. The short exposure to moderately high environmental temperature intensified the relationship of lowered plasma thyroxine in hibh producing cows, and thyroxine was negatively correlated (--.63 and --.64) with lactational intensity. Because total plasma thyroxine is inversely related to lactational intensity, studies are warranted to quantitate free hormonal concentrations and utilization by dairy cattle with varying productivity.", "PMID": 1127156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9900", "title": "Feeding and temperature changes in sheep following injections of barbiturates, Ca-++, or Mg-++ into the lateral, third, or fourth ventricle or cerebral aqueduct.", "content": "Eleven sheep were prepared with cannula guides directed toward four areas within the ventricular system to determine effective sites of action of chemicals which when injected into the cerebrospinal fluid produce changes in feeding behavior and temperature regulation. Pentobarbital, barbital, calcium chloride, and magnesium chloride elicited feeding in sheep when injected into the third ventricle or into the cerebral aqueduct; however, feeding response was less after injections into the latter. Pentobarbital and magnesium chloride elicited an increase in body temperature when injected into the third ventricle but not when injected into the cerebral aqueduct. Perfusions (push-pull) of the lateral and third ventricles with calcium chloride and magnesium chloride solutions (50 mM) resulted in feeding while similar perfusions of the fourth ventricle resulted in no response. Responses to lateral and third ventricular injections presumably involved effects on both anterior and posterior hypothalamic areas while injections into the cerebral aqueduct, due to the caudal flux of the cerebrospinal fluid, may have affected primarily only the posterior hypothalamus and more caudal structures. The feeding response probably resulted from depression of neural fibers which inhibit feeding.", "contents": "Feeding and temperature changes in sheep following injections of barbiturates, Ca-++, or Mg-++ into the lateral, third, or fourth ventricle or cerebral aqueduct. Eleven sheep were prepared with cannula guides directed toward four areas within the ventricular system to determine effective sites of action of chemicals which when injected into the cerebrospinal fluid produce changes in feeding behavior and temperature regulation. Pentobarbital, barbital, calcium chloride, and magnesium chloride elicited feeding in sheep when injected into the third ventricle or into the cerebral aqueduct; however, feeding response was less after injections into the latter. Pentobarbital and magnesium chloride elicited an increase in body temperature when injected into the third ventricle but not when injected into the cerebral aqueduct. Perfusions (push-pull) of the lateral and third ventricles with calcium chloride and magnesium chloride solutions (50 mM) resulted in feeding while similar perfusions of the fourth ventricle resulted in no response. Responses to lateral and third ventricular injections presumably involved effects on both anterior and posterior hypothalamic areas while injections into the cerebral aqueduct, due to the caudal flux of the cerebrospinal fluid, may have affected primarily only the posterior hypothalamus and more caudal structures. The feeding response probably resulted from depression of neural fibers which inhibit feeding.", "PMID": 1127157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9901", "title": "Adverse effect of excess methionine or methionine hydroxy analog on feed consumption in cattle.", "content": "The toxicity of DL-methionine and methionine hydroxy analog infused into the rumen or abomasum was gauged by relative feed consumption. A continuous intraruminal infustion of at least 3 days' duration of DL-methionine equalent to about 2.5% or more of dietary dry matter intake was required to reach a toxic amount. This was approximately four times the amount necessary when it was infused into the abomasum. Methionine hydroxy analog equalent to about 1% or more of dietary dry matter intake was toxic when infused into either rumen or abomasum. This is in large excess of suggested amounts of analog supplementation. Reduced palatability is likely to occur in advance of reduced intake due to toxicity.", "contents": "Adverse effect of excess methionine or methionine hydroxy analog on feed consumption in cattle. The toxicity of DL-methionine and methionine hydroxy analog infused into the rumen or abomasum was gauged by relative feed consumption. A continuous intraruminal infustion of at least 3 days' duration of DL-methionine equalent to about 2.5% or more of dietary dry matter intake was required to reach a toxic amount. This was approximately four times the amount necessary when it was infused into the abomasum. Methionine hydroxy analog equalent to about 1% or more of dietary dry matter intake was toxic when infused into either rumen or abomasum. This is in large excess of suggested amounts of analog supplementation. Reduced palatability is likely to occur in advance of reduced intake due to toxicity.", "PMID": 1127158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9902", "title": "Effect of thyroid status and thiocyanate on absorption and excretion of iodine by cattle.", "content": "Effects of throidectomy or iodine-131, thyroprotein feeding, and thiocyanate dosing on radioiodine metabolism in the bovine were studied in 34 animals. Two thyroidectomized calves excreted 44% more radioiodine in urine and 38% less in feces than two thyroid-tact calves. Oral thiocyanate increased urinary radioiodine 32% in throidectomized and 46% in intact calves while reducing fecal radioiodine 48% in throidectomize and 11% in intact calves. Urninary radioiodine clearance of two heifers was increased 52% by thiocyanate, but urine flow was not affected. Percentages of radioiodine doses cycled through the abomasum daily and recovered from digestive tracts at slaughter, respectively, were: 12 thyroid-intact cows, 468 and 77; two intact cows fed 10 g sodium thiocyanate daily,64 and 41; 10 thyroid-damagedcows, 506 and 149; and four thyroid-damaged cows fed 8 g thyroprotein daily, 372 and 93. Thyroid damage had little effect on gastric radioiodine secretion but increased total digestive tract radioiodine because of greater volume of tract contents. Inhibition of gastric radioiodine secretion by thiocyanate reduced the digestive tract radioiodine pool. The digestive tract iodine pool may conserve iodine by reducing loss in urine.", "contents": "Effect of thyroid status and thiocyanate on absorption and excretion of iodine by cattle. Effects of throidectomy or iodine-131, thyroprotein feeding, and thiocyanate dosing on radioiodine metabolism in the bovine were studied in 34 animals. Two thyroidectomized calves excreted 44% more radioiodine in urine and 38% less in feces than two thyroid-tact calves. Oral thiocyanate increased urinary radioiodine 32% in throidectomized and 46% in intact calves while reducing fecal radioiodine 48% in throidectomize and 11% in intact calves. Urninary radioiodine clearance of two heifers was increased 52% by thiocyanate, but urine flow was not affected. Percentages of radioiodine doses cycled through the abomasum daily and recovered from digestive tracts at slaughter, respectively, were: 12 thyroid-intact cows, 468 and 77; two intact cows fed 10 g sodium thiocyanate daily,64 and 41; 10 thyroid-damagedcows, 506 and 149; and four thyroid-damaged cows fed 8 g thyroprotein daily, 372 and 93. Thyroid damage had little effect on gastric radioiodine secretion but increased total digestive tract radioiodine because of greater volume of tract contents. Inhibition of gastric radioiodine secretion by thiocyanate reduced the digestive tract radioiodine pool. The digestive tract iodine pool may conserve iodine by reducing loss in urine.", "PMID": 1127159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9903", "title": "Modified fluorometric determination of vitamin A in milk.", "content": "A modified fluorometric procedure for determination of vitamin A in milk was developed to provide rapid analysis of large numbers to samples.. Saponification and a single extraction in a reaction vessel without transfer provided simplicity and standardization. Time and temperature of saponification and time of extraction were studied. Fifteen replicates of four different milks gave standard deviations of .71, .82, 1.26, and .71 on samples with 29, 26, 38, and 26 mug retinol per 100 ml. Recovery of added vitamin A in six amounts in two experiments gave ranges of recovery of 96.0 to104.0 and 95.2 to 105.3% with average recoveries of 100.0 and 99.9%.", "contents": "Modified fluorometric determination of vitamin A in milk. A modified fluorometric procedure for determination of vitamin A in milk was developed to provide rapid analysis of large numbers to samples.. Saponification and a single extraction in a reaction vessel without transfer provided simplicity and standardization. Time and temperature of saponification and time of extraction were studied. Fifteen replicates of four different milks gave standard deviations of .71, .82, 1.26, and .71 on samples with 29, 26, 38, and 26 mug retinol per 100 ml. Recovery of added vitamin A in six amounts in two experiments gave ranges of recovery of 96.0 to104.0 and 95.2 to 105.3% with average recoveries of 100.0 and 99.9%.", "PMID": 1127160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9904", "title": "Detection of rapidly labeled phosphatidic acid in lactating mammary gland of the intact rat.", "content": "Within 10 min following intravenous injections of phosphorus-32 labeled phosphoric acid into lactating rats, an intensely labeled pool of phosphatidic acid could be demonstarated in the mammary tissue. This finding provides supporting evidence for existence of the glycerol-3-phosphate pathway of milk triglyceride synthesis in the intact animal.", "contents": "Detection of rapidly labeled phosphatidic acid in lactating mammary gland of the intact rat. Within 10 min following intravenous injections of phosphorus-32 labeled phosphoric acid into lactating rats, an intensely labeled pool of phosphatidic acid could be demonstarated in the mammary tissue. This finding provides supporting evidence for existence of the glycerol-3-phosphate pathway of milk triglyceride synthesis in the intact animal.", "PMID": 1127161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9905", "title": "Pregastric esterase in milk sham fed to adult jersey steers.", "content": "Pregastric esterase activity was detected in reconstituted nonfat milk sham fed from a nipple pail to two 4-yr-old rumen-fistualted steers. Lipolytic activity, determined in a medium containing 5% tri-n-butyrin, averaged 8.6 plus or minus .4 lipase units. Further assays, in which activitiy was measured by free fatty acids released from a condensed milk substrate, averaged 166.9 plus or minus 9.2 mumol. These values are higher than those noted for young calves, indicating that secretion of pregastric esterase may persist in cattle beyond calfhood. Esterase activity in one of the steers fed whole milk until he was 2 yr of age showed no marked residual effect of earlier intake of milk fat.", "contents": "Pregastric esterase in milk sham fed to adult jersey steers. Pregastric esterase activity was detected in reconstituted nonfat milk sham fed from a nipple pail to two 4-yr-old rumen-fistualted steers. Lipolytic activity, determined in a medium containing 5% tri-n-butyrin, averaged 8.6 plus or minus .4 lipase units. Further assays, in which activitiy was measured by free fatty acids released from a condensed milk substrate, averaged 166.9 plus or minus 9.2 mumol. These values are higher than those noted for young calves, indicating that secretion of pregastric esterase may persist in cattle beyond calfhood. Esterase activity in one of the steers fed whole milk until he was 2 yr of age showed no marked residual effect of earlier intake of milk fat.", "PMID": 1127162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9906", "title": "Orientation of cattle fetuses in utero in relation to stage of pregnancy.", "content": "The orientation in utero of cattle fetuses was studied in 494 pregnant cows (478 singly pregnany; 16 twin pregnant). Fetuses were in anterior presentation if the head was oriented toward the cervix and in posterior presentation if the head was oriented toward the uterotubal junction. Data were considered for 10 day stages of gestation (Day 40 to 170) and for 15 day stages (Day 171 to 280). Before 100 days and between 101 and 200 days of pregnancy the proportion of fetuses in anterior presentation approximated 50%. After 201 days of pregnancy 82.7% of fetuses were in anterior presentation, and orientation was different (x-2 equals 16.49:1 df) from random (50:50). After 216 days all fetuses were in anterior presentation. Data from twin pregnancies were too few to be conclusive, but no trends were dissimilar from those in singly pregnant cows. Anterior presentation of fetuses is assumed not later than 216 days of gestation in normal pregnancies.", "contents": "Orientation of cattle fetuses in utero in relation to stage of pregnancy. The orientation in utero of cattle fetuses was studied in 494 pregnant cows (478 singly pregnany; 16 twin pregnant). Fetuses were in anterior presentation if the head was oriented toward the cervix and in posterior presentation if the head was oriented toward the uterotubal junction. Data were considered for 10 day stages of gestation (Day 40 to 170) and for 15 day stages (Day 171 to 280). Before 100 days and between 101 and 200 days of pregnancy the proportion of fetuses in anterior presentation approximated 50%. After 201 days of pregnancy 82.7% of fetuses were in anterior presentation, and orientation was different (x-2 equals 16.49:1 df) from random (50:50). After 216 days all fetuses were in anterior presentation. Data from twin pregnancies were too few to be conclusive, but no trends were dissimilar from those in singly pregnant cows. Anterior presentation of fetuses is assumed not later than 216 days of gestation in normal pregnancies.", "PMID": 1127163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9907", "title": "Evaluation of protein nutrition by metabolizable protein and urea fermentation potential.", "content": "Metabolizable protein and selected metabolizable amino acid requirements for lactating cows were described, and tentative values were established for differnt yields of milk.A new expression\"urea fermentation potential of feeds,\" describes urea use in lactation rations for partial satisfaction of protein and amino acid requirements. Tentative urea fermentation values were established for the more common cattle feedstuffs. Four lactation rations were formulated with different fermentation values to illustrate the variable feeding value of urea in satisfying amino acid requirements at different yields of lactation. Urea had the highest feeding value in lower-protein rations when fed to cows with medium to low yields of milk.Conversely, urea, by the metabolizable protein system, had little or no feeding value in lactation rations having more than about12% protein on a dry matter basis or in rations supporting lactations in excess of 25 to 30 kg of milk per cow per day.", "contents": "Evaluation of protein nutrition by metabolizable protein and urea fermentation potential. Metabolizable protein and selected metabolizable amino acid requirements for lactating cows were described, and tentative values were established for differnt yields of milk.A new expression\"urea fermentation potential of feeds,\" describes urea use in lactation rations for partial satisfaction of protein and amino acid requirements. Tentative urea fermentation values were established for the more common cattle feedstuffs. Four lactation rations were formulated with different fermentation values to illustrate the variable feeding value of urea in satisfying amino acid requirements at different yields of lactation. Urea had the highest feeding value in lower-protein rations when fed to cows with medium to low yields of milk.Conversely, urea, by the metabolizable protein system, had little or no feeding value in lactation rations having more than about12% protein on a dry matter basis or in rations supporting lactations in excess of 25 to 30 kg of milk per cow per day.", "PMID": 1127164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9908", "title": "Triiodothyronine turnover in hospitalized psychogeriatric patients.", "content": "In a group of 12 hospitalized psychogeriatric patients, the fractional triiodothyronine (T3) turnover rate was significantly higher than in healthy control subjects of the same age, whereas the thyroxine (T4) turnover rate and other aspects of pituitary-thyroid function were virtually similar in both groups.  Despite the presence of manifestations of sympathetic overactivity or hypermetabolism, the patients did not have true hyperthyroidism, as verified by the laboratory findings and the results of antithyroid treatment.  The increases T3 turnover in aged hospitalized patients with brain disorders may be a compensatory mechanism which develops under these particular circumstances in order to maintain neurohormonal homeostasis.  An alternate possibility is that the increased T3 turnover is secondary to hyperkinesis.", "contents": "Triiodothyronine turnover in hospitalized psychogeriatric patients. In a group of 12 hospitalized psychogeriatric patients, the fractional triiodothyronine (T3) turnover rate was significantly higher than in healthy control subjects of the same age, whereas the thyroxine (T4) turnover rate and other aspects of pituitary-thyroid function were virtually similar in both groups.  Despite the presence of manifestations of sympathetic overactivity or hypermetabolism, the patients did not have true hyperthyroidism, as verified by the laboratory findings and the results of antithyroid treatment.  The increases T3 turnover in aged hospitalized patients with brain disorders may be a compensatory mechanism which develops under these particular circumstances in order to maintain neurohormonal homeostasis.  An alternate possibility is that the increased T3 turnover is secondary to hyperkinesis.", "PMID": 1127197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9909", "title": "Improvement of physical function after stroke: surgical and orthotic management.", "content": "Initial and subsequent programs for the orthotic and surgical management of the post-stroke patient are outlined, particularly with regard to impairmant of the lower extremities in hemiplegic patients.  New developmentsin functional electrical stimulation are described.", "contents": "Improvement of physical function after stroke: surgical and orthotic management. Initial and subsequent programs for the orthotic and surgical management of the post-stroke patient are outlined, particularly with regard to impairmant of the lower extremities in hemiplegic patients.  New developmentsin functional electrical stimulation are described.", "PMID": 1127198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9910", "title": "Communication for the aphasic stroke patient: assessment and therapy.", "content": "Loss of communicative ability is one of the most devastating handicaps associated with stroke.  The goals of therapy require continuous adjustment.  Early ambulation facilitates breathing, chewing and swallowing, which are important factors in voice control.  Hearing and vision should also receive concentrated attention.  Formal speech therapy should begin when the patient shows an interest in regaining speech.  Even before that, however, family members and friends can be of great help in laying the foundation for a good prognosis.", "contents": "Communication for the aphasic stroke patient: assessment and therapy. Loss of communicative ability is one of the most devastating handicaps associated with stroke.  The goals of therapy require continuous adjustment.  Early ambulation facilitates breathing, chewing and swallowing, which are important factors in voice control.  Hearing and vision should also receive concentrated attention.  Formal speech therapy should begin when the patient shows an interest in regaining speech.  Even before that, however, family members and friends can be of great help in laying the foundation for a good prognosis.", "PMID": 1127199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9911", "title": "Changes in elderly welfare hotel residents during a one-year period.", "content": "After a one-year interval, a structured interview designed to assess the quality of life was again conducted with most of the tenants in a single-room occupancy hotel in New York City. Comparisons was made between the two sets of findings. During the year, a program had been in effect to provide social, psychiatric, recreational, medical and other services to all the tenants at the hotel. Of the original 181 interviewees, 100 completed the second interview. Statistically significant changes occurred in 9 of the 35 variables assessed for the one-year period. There was significant improvement in the self-care index, but some negative mood changes were also found. The subgroup of identified alcholics showed the most positive improvements of any of the subgroups.", "contents": "Changes in elderly welfare hotel residents during a one-year period. After a one-year interval, a structured interview designed to assess the quality of life was again conducted with most of the tenants in a single-room occupancy hotel in New York City. Comparisons was made between the two sets of findings. During the year, a program had been in effect to provide social, psychiatric, recreational, medical and other services to all the tenants at the hotel. Of the original 181 interviewees, 100 completed the second interview. Statistically significant changes occurred in 9 of the 35 variables assessed for the one-year period. There was significant improvement in the self-care index, but some negative mood changes were also found. The subgroup of identified alcholics showed the most positive improvements of any of the subgroups.", "PMID": 1127200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9912", "title": "Day care services: an alternative to institutional care.", "content": "The day care program at St. Camillus Nursing Home in Syracuse, New York is described.  The growth rate of the program,, the observed benefits to the participants, and acceptance by their family members indicate its value to the community.  The admission criteria are well defined and non-restrictive, and there is a wide scope of services.  However, a greater number of participants and expansion of the services would be feasible if Medicare patients could be included in the program besides the present Medicaid and private physician referrals.  Such reimbursement should be provided for the sake of participants and their families, as well as for the economics of the total health structure.  This would open the doors for day care programs in many other communities across the nation.", "contents": "Day care services: an alternative to institutional care. The day care program at St. Camillus Nursing Home in Syracuse, New York is described.  The growth rate of the program,, the observed benefits to the participants, and acceptance by their family members indicate its value to the community.  The admission criteria are well defined and non-restrictive, and there is a wide scope of services.  However, a greater number of participants and expansion of the services would be feasible if Medicare patients could be included in the program besides the present Medicaid and private physician referrals.  Such reimbursement should be provided for the sake of participants and their families, as well as for the economics of the total health structure.  This would open the doors for day care programs in many other communities across the nation.", "PMID": 1127201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9913", "title": "Auditory and visual memory losses in aging populations.", "content": "Seventy-four men and women (age range, 44-77 years) were tested for short-term auditory and visual memory as part of a larger series of memory and cognitive function tests.  All test scores for visual memory, including facial photograph recognition when a sequence requirement was adhered to, showed a significant decline (p smaller than .05) in a comparison of subjects aged 44-54 and subjects aged 55-64.  This decline was not observed with the two tests of auditory memory.  Thus the data indicate that short-term visual memory may be more susceptible to aging than is auditory memory.", "contents": "Auditory and visual memory losses in aging populations. Seventy-four men and women (age range, 44-77 years) were tested for short-term auditory and visual memory as part of a larger series of memory and cognitive function tests.  All test scores for visual memory, including facial photograph recognition when a sequence requirement was adhered to, showed a significant decline (p smaller than .05) in a comparison of subjects aged 44-54 and subjects aged 55-64.  This decline was not observed with the two tests of auditory memory.  Thus the data indicate that short-term visual memory may be more susceptible to aging than is auditory memory.", "PMID": 1127202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9914", "title": "Morphology and development of Philometra cylindracea (Ward and Magath, 1916) (Nematoda: Philometridae).", "content": "A description of the male and a redescription of the female of philometra cylindracea, a parasite of yellow perch (Perca flavescens), are presented. Philometra cylindracea has a one-year development cycle starting as infective larvae in June and becoming mature, larvigerous worms at the end of next June. Cyclops vernalis was found to be a suitable intermediate host under experimental conditions;", "contents": "Morphology and development of Philometra cylindracea (Ward and Magath, 1916) (Nematoda: Philometridae). A description of the male and a redescription of the female of philometra cylindracea, a parasite of yellow perch (Perca flavescens), are presented. Philometra cylindracea has a one-year development cycle starting as infective larvae in June and becoming mature, larvigerous worms at the end of next June. Cyclops vernalis was found to be a suitable intermediate host under experimental conditions;", "PMID": 1127213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9915", "title": "Studies on Brugia pahangi 9. The longevity of microfilariae transfused from cat to cat.", "content": "Microfilariae in whole uncentrifuged cat blood were transfused from infected to normal cats. The recipient cats were bled frequently and the life-span of the microfilariae in the peripheral circulation was determined; The life-span on microfilariae in different cats was ver variable. Microfilariae were detected fro 2-136 days after inoculation. In immunized cats microfilariae could not be detected 18 hours after inoculation. Any attempt to concentrate or clean the microfilariae caused them to disappear from the circulation more quickly.", "contents": "Studies on Brugia pahangi 9. The longevity of microfilariae transfused from cat to cat. Microfilariae in whole uncentrifuged cat blood were transfused from infected to normal cats. The recipient cats were bled frequently and the life-span of the microfilariae in the peripheral circulation was determined; The life-span on microfilariae in different cats was ver variable. Microfilariae were detected fro 2-136 days after inoculation. In immunized cats microfilariae could not be detected 18 hours after inoculation. Any attempt to concentrate or clean the microfilariae caused them to disappear from the circulation more quickly.", "PMID": 1127214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9916", "title": "Studies on Onchocerca cervicalis Railliet and Henry 1910: V. The development of Onchocerca cervicalis larvae in the vectors.", "content": "Colonies of Culicoides nubeculosus and C; variipennis were established at Winches Farm Field Station, St. Abans. Both species of midge were found to be susceptible to infection with Onchocerca cervicalis microfilariae. Infection was achieved either by engorging through a chick skin membrane on a suspension of microfilariae in blood, or by feeding upon a horse naturally infected with O. cervicalis microfilariae. A large proportion of the microfilariae ingested by the midges penetrated into the haemocoel and migrated first to the thoracic flight muscles and then to the head. Larval development occurred during migration and 3rd stage (infective) larvae of O. cervicalis reached the head of infected midges (kept at 23 degrees C.) 14-15 days after engorgement.", "contents": "Studies on Onchocerca cervicalis Railliet and Henry 1910: V. The development of Onchocerca cervicalis larvae in the vectors. Colonies of Culicoides nubeculosus and C; variipennis were established at Winches Farm Field Station, St. Abans. Both species of midge were found to be susceptible to infection with Onchocerca cervicalis microfilariae. Infection was achieved either by engorging through a chick skin membrane on a suspension of microfilariae in blood, or by feeding upon a horse naturally infected with O. cervicalis microfilariae. A large proportion of the microfilariae ingested by the midges penetrated into the haemocoel and migrated first to the thoracic flight muscles and then to the head. Larval development occurred during migration and 3rd stage (infective) larvae of O. cervicalis reached the head of infected midges (kept at 23 degrees C.) 14-15 days after engorgement.", "PMID": 1127216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9917", "title": "Records of anoplocephaline cestodes from wild rabbits and hares collected throughout Great Britain.", "content": "Four species of anoplocephaline cestodes were found in wild rabbits collected throughout Britain in 1962 and 1972, i.e; since the great reduction in rabbit numbers following the introduction of myxomatosis, in 1953. They were Cittotaenia pectinata (Goeze, 1782), C. denticulata (Rudolphi, 1804), C. ctenoides (Rhiehm, 1881) and Andrya cuniculi (Blanchard 1891). C. pectinata and C. denticulata were relatively common with a respective prevalence of 25% and 8% in two samples totalling 442 rabbits and were widely distributed throughout Britain. C. ctenoides was rate and only recorded from seven localities, although these were spread throughout Britain A. cuniculi was also rate being known from four counties in England and five islands off southern England and Wales. C. pectinata was the only species found in hares and its prevalence was low at 6%. The records are shown plotted on to 10 km square distribution maps.", "contents": "Records of anoplocephaline cestodes from wild rabbits and hares collected throughout Great Britain. Four species of anoplocephaline cestodes were found in wild rabbits collected throughout Britain in 1962 and 1972, i.e; since the great reduction in rabbit numbers following the introduction of myxomatosis, in 1953. They were Cittotaenia pectinata (Goeze, 1782), C. denticulata (Rudolphi, 1804), C. ctenoides (Rhiehm, 1881) and Andrya cuniculi (Blanchard 1891). C. pectinata and C. denticulata were relatively common with a respective prevalence of 25% and 8% in two samples totalling 442 rabbits and were widely distributed throughout Britain. C. ctenoides was rate and only recorded from seven localities, although these were spread throughout Britain A. cuniculi was also rate being known from four counties in England and five islands off southern England and Wales. C. pectinata was the only species found in hares and its prevalence was low at 6%. The records are shown plotted on to 10 km square distribution maps.", "PMID": 1127217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9918", "title": "Studies on filariasis. IV. The rate of escape of the third-stage larvae of Brugia pahangi from the mouthpart of Aedes togoi during the blood meal.", "content": "The rate of escape of the third-stage larvae of Brugia pahangi from Aedes togoi which were allowed to probe on a cat and a mouse at time intervals of 5, 10, 20, 30 and 60 seconds was studied. The rate of escape of third-stage larvae at all time intervals was greater during probing on the cat than on the mouse, and was in a logarithmic linear relation to the length of probing time by the mosquito host. The greatest loss (91.35%) of third-stage larvae was in mosquitoes which fed on a cat until fully gorged. There was a remarkable rate of escape (57.41%) within 5 seconds. This striking rate of escape of third-stage larvae may have important implications on filariasis transmission. Most larvae migrated towards the proboscis and head of mosquitoes during these feeding periods. Nearly equal numbers of third-stage larvae escaped from mosquitoes which fed to repletion for more than 60 seconds on a mouse and from those which probed fro more than 60 seconds on the same mouse but did not engorge. This confirmed our view that filling up of the stomach with blood does not constitute the single factor in causing the release of third-stage larvae from the mosquito host.", "contents": "Studies on filariasis. IV. The rate of escape of the third-stage larvae of Brugia pahangi from the mouthpart of Aedes togoi during the blood meal. The rate of escape of the third-stage larvae of Brugia pahangi from Aedes togoi which were allowed to probe on a cat and a mouse at time intervals of 5, 10, 20, 30 and 60 seconds was studied. The rate of escape of third-stage larvae at all time intervals was greater during probing on the cat than on the mouse, and was in a logarithmic linear relation to the length of probing time by the mosquito host. The greatest loss (91.35%) of third-stage larvae was in mosquitoes which fed on a cat until fully gorged. There was a remarkable rate of escape (57.41%) within 5 seconds. This striking rate of escape of third-stage larvae may have important implications on filariasis transmission. Most larvae migrated towards the proboscis and head of mosquitoes during these feeding periods. Nearly equal numbers of third-stage larvae escaped from mosquitoes which fed to repletion for more than 60 seconds on a mouse and from those which probed fro more than 60 seconds on the same mouse but did not engorge. This confirmed our view that filling up of the stomach with blood does not constitute the single factor in causing the release of third-stage larvae from the mosquito host.", "PMID": 1127218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9919", "title": "Application of immunoperoxidase techniques to localize horseradish peroxidase-tracer in the central nervous system.", "content": "Immunoperoxidase techniques are presented which can be used to localize horseradish peroxidase-tracer in paraffin-embedded tissues of the central nervous system. Compared to histochemical methods using frozen sections, these immunologic techniques allow the use of stored, serial paraffin sections, and appear more sensitive for the demonstration of intraneuronal horseradish peroxidase after retrograde transport. The immunoperoxidase bridge techniques from reaction products of high quality which can easily be seen in fine processes.", "contents": "Application of immunoperoxidase techniques to localize horseradish peroxidase-tracer in the central nervous system. Immunoperoxidase techniques are presented which can be used to localize horseradish peroxidase-tracer in paraffin-embedded tissues of the central nervous system. Compared to histochemical methods using frozen sections, these immunologic techniques allow the use of stored, serial paraffin sections, and appear more sensitive for the demonstration of intraneuronal horseradish peroxidase after retrograde transport. The immunoperoxidase bridge techniques from reaction products of high quality which can easily be seen in fine processes.", "PMID": 1127219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9920", "title": "Evaluation of silicon and germanium retention in rat tissues and diatoms during cell and organelle preparation for electron probe microanalysis.", "content": "Chemical, radiochemical and x-ray microanalysis assays were used to define parameters of silicon (Si) retention during preparation og biologic samples (rat liver, spleen, kidney, lung, diatoms and cell organelles) for x-ray microanalysis, Due to its longer half-life 68-Fe was used in some cases to trace SI. Leaching of Si from cells and organelles by the aqueous preparation media was overcome by use of the freeze-substitution process. Cells were treated with 30% glycerol hypertonic sucrose medium to reduce ice damage. Embedment in Spurr's low viscosity epoxy resin medium caused no apparent Si loss. A semiquantitative evaluation showed 0.5 x 10-8 to 0.3 x 10-17 g detectable Si in isolated rat liver mitochondria in thin sections, which is within the instrument's range of detection. This study indicateds that the presence of Si in the mitochondria is not the rsult of contamination.", "contents": "Evaluation of silicon and germanium retention in rat tissues and diatoms during cell and organelle preparation for electron probe microanalysis. Chemical, radiochemical and x-ray microanalysis assays were used to define parameters of silicon (Si) retention during preparation og biologic samples (rat liver, spleen, kidney, lung, diatoms and cell organelles) for x-ray microanalysis, Due to its longer half-life 68-Fe was used in some cases to trace SI. Leaching of Si from cells and organelles by the aqueous preparation media was overcome by use of the freeze-substitution process. Cells were treated with 30% glycerol hypertonic sucrose medium to reduce ice damage. Embedment in Spurr's low viscosity epoxy resin medium caused no apparent Si loss. A semiquantitative evaluation showed 0.5 x 10-8 to 0.3 x 10-17 g detectable Si in isolated rat liver mitochondria in thin sections, which is within the instrument's range of detection. This study indicateds that the presence of Si in the mitochondria is not the rsult of contamination.", "PMID": 1127221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9921", "title": "Centrifugal cytology. III. The utilization of centrifugal cytology for the preparation of fixed stained dispersions of cells separated by bovine serum albumin bouyant density centrifugation.", "content": "This paper describes the modification of Centrifugal Cytology for the preparation of permanent, fixed, stained dispensions for both light and scanning electron microscopy of cells which have been isolated on bovine serum albumin (BSA) boyant density gradients. The principal problem with BSA gradient fractions is that the albumin which is present even after dilution is precipitated by the glutaraldehyde fixative. This problem has been solved by the layering of an intermediate D2O solution under the BSA and subsequent removal of the BSA solution and the underlaying with D2O containing glutaraldehyde. A special layering machine facilitates and expedites these operations. This technique has also been applied to BSA-seperated guinea pig and chicken bone marrow cells, as well as Ehrlich ascites tumor cells, hen and human blood cells. The number of celll present in each area of the slide is maintained at a constant value by utlizing a table of dilution factors. This table was generated by a computer program which calculates the concentration of cells present in the rractions and divides it by the number of celll desired.", "contents": "Centrifugal cytology. III. The utilization of centrifugal cytology for the preparation of fixed stained dispersions of cells separated by bovine serum albumin bouyant density centrifugation. This paper describes the modification of Centrifugal Cytology for the preparation of permanent, fixed, stained dispensions for both light and scanning electron microscopy of cells which have been isolated on bovine serum albumin (BSA) boyant density gradients. The principal problem with BSA gradient fractions is that the albumin which is present even after dilution is precipitated by the glutaraldehyde fixative. This problem has been solved by the layering of an intermediate D2O solution under the BSA and subsequent removal of the BSA solution and the underlaying with D2O containing glutaraldehyde. A special layering machine facilitates and expedites these operations. This technique has also been applied to BSA-seperated guinea pig and chicken bone marrow cells, as well as Ehrlich ascites tumor cells, hen and human blood cells. The number of celll present in each area of the slide is maintained at a constant value by utlizing a table of dilution factors. This table was generated by a computer program which calculates the concentration of cells present in the rractions and divides it by the number of celll desired.", "PMID": 1127222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9922", "title": "Buoyant density separation of cells. I. The buoyant distribution of guinea pig bone marrow cells.", "content": "Guinea pig bone marrow cells were separated by buoyant density utilizing linear gradients of bovine serum albumin (BSA). It has finally become possible to characterize the cells present in the density fractions in terms of classical morphology. The development of the Cell Type computer program which calculates the percentages of the individual types of cells present in the fractions and their buoyant density distributions and plots the data has greatly facilitated and improved the accuracy of these studies. Approximately 40 cell types were observed in guinea pig bone marrow. Cells with definitive morphologies such as erythrocytes, the neutrophilic series, the binucleate blast megakaryocyte precursor and cells in mitosis band as virtually single peaks. Cells which are parts of continua or can easily be wrongly classified are found in multiple peaks. The small lymphocytes which are known to be polydisperse are found as five peaks. Because of the very strong benzidine staining by the glutaraldehyde-fixed hemoglobin, some of the erythroblasts were wrongly staged, resulting in a multimodal distribution. The presence of macrocytes further complicated these distributions. The rule that the younger cells are always less dense than the mature cells was adhered to in those cases where the cells could be definitively characterized, such as the neutrophilic series and the blasts. These results indicate that morphology is a good first approximation of reality.", "contents": "Buoyant density separation of cells. I. The buoyant distribution of guinea pig bone marrow cells. Guinea pig bone marrow cells were separated by buoyant density utilizing linear gradients of bovine serum albumin (BSA). It has finally become possible to characterize the cells present in the density fractions in terms of classical morphology. The development of the Cell Type computer program which calculates the percentages of the individual types of cells present in the fractions and their buoyant density distributions and plots the data has greatly facilitated and improved the accuracy of these studies. Approximately 40 cell types were observed in guinea pig bone marrow. Cells with definitive morphologies such as erythrocytes, the neutrophilic series, the binucleate blast megakaryocyte precursor and cells in mitosis band as virtually single peaks. Cells which are parts of continua or can easily be wrongly classified are found in multiple peaks. The small lymphocytes which are known to be polydisperse are found as five peaks. Because of the very strong benzidine staining by the glutaraldehyde-fixed hemoglobin, some of the erythroblasts were wrongly staged, resulting in a multimodal distribution. The presence of macrocytes further complicated these distributions. The rule that the younger cells are always less dense than the mature cells was adhered to in those cases where the cells could be definitively characterized, such as the neutrophilic series and the blasts. These results indicate that morphology is a good first approximation of reality.", "PMID": 1127223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9923", "title": "Genetic polymorphism of properdin factor B in the rhesus: evidence for single subunit structure in primates.", "content": "Properdin Factor B shows genetic polymorphism in the human and the polymorphic patterns in agarose gel electrophoresis suggest a tetrameric structure. Factor B polymorphism in the rhesus monkey has been demonstrated in the present study to be genetically determined and under the control of a single autosomal locus, rhesus Bf. Six codominant alleles, Bf-F, Bf-G-1, Bf-G-2, Bf-S-1, Bf-S-2 have been recognized and the first five have been shown to have gene frequencies of 0.307,0.160,0.016,0.377, and 0.139. The electrophoretic appearance of the polymorphic patterns does not suggest a tetrameric structure in the rhesus. Structural studies show purified human factor B to exist as a single subunit of molecular weight 94,000 daltons so that a tetrameric structure appears highly unlikely.", "contents": "Genetic polymorphism of properdin factor B in the rhesus: evidence for single subunit structure in primates. Properdin Factor B shows genetic polymorphism in the human and the polymorphic patterns in agarose gel electrophoresis suggest a tetrameric structure. Factor B polymorphism in the rhesus monkey has been demonstrated in the present study to be genetically determined and under the control of a single autosomal locus, rhesus Bf. Six codominant alleles, Bf-F, Bf-G-1, Bf-G-2, Bf-S-1, Bf-S-2 have been recognized and the first five have been shown to have gene frequencies of 0.307,0.160,0.016,0.377, and 0.139. The electrophoretic appearance of the polymorphic patterns does not suggest a tetrameric structure in the rhesus. Structural studies show purified human factor B to exist as a single subunit of molecular weight 94,000 daltons so that a tetrameric structure appears highly unlikely.", "PMID": 1127225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9924", "title": "Reversible restoration by thymosin of antigen-induced depression of spleen DNA synthesis in NZB mice.", "content": "Antigen-induced depression of spleen DNA synthesis was studied in NZB and CBA/J mice. This phenomenon, a measure of T suppressor cell activity, normally decreases as a consequence of aging. However, NZB mice have an accelerated loss of antigen-induced depression that can be restored by treatment with thymosin or injection of 1-month-old NZB thymocytes. The restoration by thymosin declined between 1 and 2 weeks after treatment, but could be induced again after a second exposure to thymosin. These results suggest a potential for reversible but repeatable restoration of suppressor cell activity in NZB mice.", "contents": "Reversible restoration by thymosin of antigen-induced depression of spleen DNA synthesis in NZB mice. Antigen-induced depression of spleen DNA synthesis was studied in NZB and CBA/J mice. This phenomenon, a measure of T suppressor cell activity, normally decreases as a consequence of aging. However, NZB mice have an accelerated loss of antigen-induced depression that can be restored by treatment with thymosin or injection of 1-month-old NZB thymocytes. The restoration by thymosin declined between 1 and 2 weeks after treatment, but could be induced again after a second exposure to thymosin. These results suggest a potential for reversible but repeatable restoration of suppressor cell activity in NZB mice.", "PMID": 1127226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9925", "title": "The structure and function of immunoglobulin domains. II. The importance of interchain disulfide bonds and the possible role of molecular flexibility in the interaction between immunoglobulin G and complement.", "content": "The observation that reduction of the inter-chain disulfides in rabbit antibody destroys its ability to interact with complement was confirmed and shown to be true also of human meyloma IgG1 subclass proteins. In the latter case a C1-binding assay was used. Further studies indicated that it was the interheavy chain disulfides which were essential for complement-binding activity: Non-covalently reassembled IgG (LHHL) was devoid of C1-fixing activity whereas molecules formed from covalently linked heavy chain dimers, and reduced and alkylated light chains (ie., LH-HL) were as active as the parent intact IgG. Fc fragments from IgG1 bound C1 and this activity was insensitive to the presence or absence of intact interchain disulfides. These bonds therefore are neither directly involved in C1 binding nor essential for the integrity of the binding site. We have also shown that although IgG4 does not bind C1, Fc fragments derived from this subclass fix C1 with an affinity comparable to that of the corresponding fragment from IgG1. These data suggest that quaternary interaction with other regions of the molecule (ie., Fab) may modulate the activity of the C1-binding site.", "contents": "The structure and function of immunoglobulin domains. II. The importance of interchain disulfide bonds and the possible role of molecular flexibility in the interaction between immunoglobulin G and complement. The observation that reduction of the inter-chain disulfides in rabbit antibody destroys its ability to interact with complement was confirmed and shown to be true also of human meyloma IgG1 subclass proteins. In the latter case a C1-binding assay was used. Further studies indicated that it was the interheavy chain disulfides which were essential for complement-binding activity: Non-covalently reassembled IgG (LHHL) was devoid of C1-fixing activity whereas molecules formed from covalently linked heavy chain dimers, and reduced and alkylated light chains (ie., LH-HL) were as active as the parent intact IgG. Fc fragments from IgG1 bound C1 and this activity was insensitive to the presence or absence of intact interchain disulfides. These bonds therefore are neither directly involved in C1 binding nor essential for the integrity of the binding site. We have also shown that although IgG4 does not bind C1, Fc fragments derived from this subclass fix C1 with an affinity comparable to that of the corresponding fragment from IgG1. These data suggest that quaternary interaction with other regions of the molecule (ie., Fab) may modulate the activity of the C1-binding site.", "PMID": 1127227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9926", "title": "IgE antibody-specific abrogation of an established immune response in mice by modified antigens.", "content": "DBA/1 mice were immunized with low doses of ovalbumin and alumina gel to elicit an IgE response which could be augmented upon reimmunization. Treatment of IgE-producing mice with high doses of chemically modified ovalbumin preparations markedly reduced or eliminated the ability of the mice to respond to subsequent reimmunizations with low doses of ovalbumin. It was found that the primary structural requirement for efficacy of the modified ovalbumins was reduced antigenicity to prevent the anaphylactic demise of the animals. Cumulative doses of 0.5 mg or more given in several increments, i.v., afforded optimal protection. The protection was antigen-specific and persisted for 2 to 3 months regardless of intervening exposures of the animals to low doses of antigen. It could be extended by further courses of treatment. There was no correlation between the levels of circulating hemagglutinating or total antibody and the induction of unresponsiveness. Nor was the passive administration of antibody able to approximate the effects of the modified antigens. It is suggested that the induction of the IgE class specific unresponsiveness in responding animals may take p;ace via effects on T cells.", "contents": "IgE antibody-specific abrogation of an established immune response in mice by modified antigens. DBA/1 mice were immunized with low doses of ovalbumin and alumina gel to elicit an IgE response which could be augmented upon reimmunization. Treatment of IgE-producing mice with high doses of chemically modified ovalbumin preparations markedly reduced or eliminated the ability of the mice to respond to subsequent reimmunizations with low doses of ovalbumin. It was found that the primary structural requirement for efficacy of the modified ovalbumins was reduced antigenicity to prevent the anaphylactic demise of the animals. Cumulative doses of 0.5 mg or more given in several increments, i.v., afforded optimal protection. The protection was antigen-specific and persisted for 2 to 3 months regardless of intervening exposures of the animals to low doses of antigen. It could be extended by further courses of treatment. There was no correlation between the levels of circulating hemagglutinating or total antibody and the induction of unresponsiveness. Nor was the passive administration of antibody able to approximate the effects of the modified antigens. It is suggested that the induction of the IgE class specific unresponsiveness in responding animals may take p;ace via effects on T cells.", "PMID": 1127228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9927", "title": "Receptors for immunoglobulin and complement on human alveolar macrophages.", "content": "Specific cell membrane surface receptors for immunoglobulin and complement components were identified by rosette formation on in vitro cultured alveolar macrophages obtained from 24 humans and from rabbits. Respiratory macrophages have easily identified receptors for IgG and the C3b fragment of the third component of complement. A macrophage receptor for the C3d fragment was detected only when purified human complement components were used to form erythrocyte-antibody-C3 immune complexes but was not detected when whole human serum was used as the source of complement. No IgM cell receptor was identified. Thus, with respect to membrane receptors, alveolar macrophages resemble peripheral blood monocytes. These studies in addition emphasize the importance of using a variety of immune reagents, especially the use of human reagents, to determine correctly these cell receptors.", "contents": "Receptors for immunoglobulin and complement on human alveolar macrophages. Specific cell membrane surface receptors for immunoglobulin and complement components were identified by rosette formation on in vitro cultured alveolar macrophages obtained from 24 humans and from rabbits. Respiratory macrophages have easily identified receptors for IgG and the C3b fragment of the third component of complement. A macrophage receptor for the C3d fragment was detected only when purified human complement components were used to form erythrocyte-antibody-C3 immune complexes but was not detected when whole human serum was used as the source of complement. No IgM cell receptor was identified. Thus, with respect to membrane receptors, alveolar macrophages resemble peripheral blood monocytes. These studies in addition emphasize the importance of using a variety of immune reagents, especially the use of human reagents, to determine correctly these cell receptors.", "PMID": 1127229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9928", "title": "Development and inhibition of cytotoxic antibody against spontaneous murine breast cancer.", "content": "Increased cytolytic activity of mouse complement as a result of modified reaction conditions described permitted the detection of tumor-specific cytotoxic antibody in high dilutions of sera (1:100--1:000) from mice carrying spontaneously occuring autochthonous breast tumors, or primary syngeneic transplants of such tumors. However, these same sera failed to demonstrate cytotoxic antibody activity at low dilution (i.e., 1:10). Such a pattern of reactivity suggested the presence of an inhibitor of cytotoxic antibody in high concentrations of serum from tumor-bearing mice. Sequential measurements subsequent to primary tumor implantation revealed that, although the time of appearance of this inhibitor varied from tumor to tumor, it always became detectable simultaneously with significant levels of lymphocyte-blocking activity. Also like lymphocyte-blocking activity, the inhibitor of cytotoxic antibody disappeared following surgical tumor removal. In addition, the inhibitor of cytotoxic antibody activity was shown to operate through a competitive antigen-binding and blocking mechanism. This data suggests the possibility that a single serum moiety may be responsible for the efferent blocking of both the cellular and the humoral components of the immune tumor rejection response.", "contents": "Development and inhibition of cytotoxic antibody against spontaneous murine breast cancer. Increased cytolytic activity of mouse complement as a result of modified reaction conditions described permitted the detection of tumor-specific cytotoxic antibody in high dilutions of sera (1:100--1:000) from mice carrying spontaneously occuring autochthonous breast tumors, or primary syngeneic transplants of such tumors. However, these same sera failed to demonstrate cytotoxic antibody activity at low dilution (i.e., 1:10). Such a pattern of reactivity suggested the presence of an inhibitor of cytotoxic antibody in high concentrations of serum from tumor-bearing mice. Sequential measurements subsequent to primary tumor implantation revealed that, although the time of appearance of this inhibitor varied from tumor to tumor, it always became detectable simultaneously with significant levels of lymphocyte-blocking activity. Also like lymphocyte-blocking activity, the inhibitor of cytotoxic antibody disappeared following surgical tumor removal. In addition, the inhibitor of cytotoxic antibody activity was shown to operate through a competitive antigen-binding and blocking mechanism. This data suggests the possibility that a single serum moiety may be responsible for the efferent blocking of both the cellular and the humoral components of the immune tumor rejection response.", "PMID": 1127230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9929", "title": "Kinetics of absorption of toxin of Vibrio cholerae.", "content": "Autoradography of rabbit intestine exposed in vivo to purified tritiated toxin of Vibrio cholerae showed that pharmacologically important amounts of toxin can be rapidly absorbed despite the relatively large size of the toxin molecule and its affinity for binding to the brush border. Cholera toxin and tritiated nontoxic and tritiated nontoxic control substances of comparable size followed a similar time course in spreading down the surface of the villus, and with respect to the villus greater than crypt gradient of labeling of cytoplasm of the mucosal epithelial cells. Absorption of toxin or biologically active toxin fragments provides a mechanism whereby the basal and lateral areas of the cell, which are rich in adenyl cyclase, could participate in the hypersecretory process.", "contents": "Kinetics of absorption of toxin of Vibrio cholerae. Autoradography of rabbit intestine exposed in vivo to purified tritiated toxin of Vibrio cholerae showed that pharmacologically important amounts of toxin can be rapidly absorbed despite the relatively large size of the toxin molecule and its affinity for binding to the brush border. Cholera toxin and tritiated nontoxic and tritiated nontoxic control substances of comparable size followed a similar time course in spreading down the surface of the villus, and with respect to the villus greater than crypt gradient of labeling of cytoplasm of the mucosal epithelial cells. Absorption of toxin or biologically active toxin fragments provides a mechanism whereby the basal and lateral areas of the cell, which are rich in adenyl cyclase, could participate in the hypersecretory process.", "PMID": 1127253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9930", "title": "Antibiotic combinations in the treatment of experimental Staphylococcus aureus infection.", "content": "A penicillin-sensitive strain of Staphylococcus aureus was used to evaluate the efficacy of six antibiotic combinations in the therapy of an experimental infection in mice. One hour after intraperitoneal infection, animals were treated with penicillin G, erythromycin, clindamycin, gentamcicin, or tobramycin singly or in various combinations of two of these drugs. Penicillin in combination with tobramycin, gentamicin, or ertyromycin significantly reduced mortality was compared with therapy with a single drug. Survival of animals treated with the combinations of penicillin and clindamycin, clindamycin and gentamicin, and erythromycin and gentamicin was not different from that seen with single-drug therapy. Pencillin plus either gentamicin or erythromycin significantly reduced the number of culturable organisms from livers and spleens of infected animals when compared with penicillin, gentamicin, or erythromycin alone. In vitro studies correlaed with some aspects of in vivo results but conflicted with others. Thus the combination of penicillin with either an aminoglycoside antibotic or erythromycin is more effective than a single drug in the therapy of infection caused by the Smith strain of S. aureus.", "contents": "Antibiotic combinations in the treatment of experimental Staphylococcus aureus infection. A penicillin-sensitive strain of Staphylococcus aureus was used to evaluate the efficacy of six antibiotic combinations in the therapy of an experimental infection in mice. One hour after intraperitoneal infection, animals were treated with penicillin G, erythromycin, clindamycin, gentamcicin, or tobramycin singly or in various combinations of two of these drugs. Penicillin in combination with tobramycin, gentamicin, or ertyromycin significantly reduced mortality was compared with therapy with a single drug. Survival of animals treated with the combinations of penicillin and clindamycin, clindamycin and gentamicin, and erythromycin and gentamicin was not different from that seen with single-drug therapy. Pencillin plus either gentamicin or erythromycin significantly reduced the number of culturable organisms from livers and spleens of infected animals when compared with penicillin, gentamicin, or erythromycin alone. In vitro studies correlaed with some aspects of in vivo results but conflicted with others. Thus the combination of penicillin with either an aminoglycoside antibotic or erythromycin is more effective than a single drug in the therapy of infection caused by the Smith strain of S. aureus.", "PMID": 1127254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9931", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of lincomycin and clindamycin phosphate in a canine model.", "content": "Linomycin and clindamycin phosphate were studed in a canine model in which acute biliary obstruction was produced during iv infusion of antibiotic. Hepatic and renal extraction, bilary and renal excretion, and concentrations in liver and kidney were measured. Total and nonesterified clindamycin were assayed. The antibiotics were taken up by the liver at similar rates; however; the rates of excretion and concentration in bile were significantly higher for lincomycin  than for clindamycin. Biliary obstruction did not affect the concentration of either antibiotic in canalicular bile. Lincomycin was extracted by the kidneys and excreted into urine at a much higher rate than was clindamycin. Concentrations of nonesterified clindamycin in the hepatic vein were higher than those in the portal vein, an observation suggesting metabolic activation within the liver. This relation was reversed by bilary obstructon. The results in this canine model indicate a greater role for the kedney in the disposition of lincomycin than in that of clindamycin, major differences between the rates of biliary excretion of the two agents, and a probable change in the metabolism of clindamycin procued by acute bilary obstruction.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of lincomycin and clindamycin phosphate in a canine model. Linomycin and clindamycin phosphate were studed in a canine model in which acute biliary obstruction was produced during iv infusion of antibiotic. Hepatic and renal extraction, bilary and renal excretion, and concentrations in liver and kidney were measured. Total and nonesterified clindamycin were assayed. The antibiotics were taken up by the liver at similar rates; however; the rates of excretion and concentration in bile were significantly higher for lincomycin  than for clindamycin. Biliary obstruction did not affect the concentration of either antibiotic in canalicular bile. Lincomycin was extracted by the kidneys and excreted into urine at a much higher rate than was clindamycin. Concentrations of nonesterified clindamycin in the hepatic vein were higher than those in the portal vein, an observation suggesting metabolic activation within the liver. This relation was reversed by bilary obstructon. The results in this canine model indicate a greater role for the kedney in the disposition of lincomycin than in that of clindamycin, major differences between the rates of biliary excretion of the two agents, and a probable change in the metabolism of clindamycin procued by acute bilary obstruction.", "PMID": 1127255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9932", "title": "Decreased colonization of newborn infants with Staphylococcus aureus 80/81: Cincinnati General Hospital, 1960-1972.", "content": "The changing pattern of colonization of newborn infants with Staphylococcus aureus was studied by examination of 25,662 nasal and umbilical cultures obtained at weekly intervals from 9,216 infants during 1960-1972. The frequency of colonization of infants in the newborn nursery with S. aureus 80/81 decreased significantly during 1963-1965 and has remained low since that time. This change in colonization was unrelated to the use of hexacholorophene for bathing infants or to changes in sensitivity to the commonly used systemic antibiotics, penicillin and kanamycin. A similar decrease occurred with S. aureus lysed by the group 2 phages, but this decrease rebounded to the earlier level after cessation of hexacholorphene use.", "contents": "Decreased colonization of newborn infants with Staphylococcus aureus 80/81: Cincinnati General Hospital, 1960-1972. The changing pattern of colonization of newborn infants with Staphylococcus aureus was studied by examination of 25,662 nasal and umbilical cultures obtained at weekly intervals from 9,216 infants during 1960-1972. The frequency of colonization of infants in the newborn nursery with S. aureus 80/81 decreased significantly during 1963-1965 and has remained low since that time. This change in colonization was unrelated to the use of hexacholorophene for bathing infants or to changes in sensitivity to the commonly used systemic antibiotics, penicillin and kanamycin. A similar decrease occurred with S. aureus lysed by the group 2 phages, but this decrease rebounded to the earlier level after cessation of hexacholorphene use.", "PMID": 1127256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9933", "title": "Infections of cerebrospinal fluid shunts: epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and therapy.", "content": "During a 10-year period shunt infections occurred in 27% of the 289 hydrocephalic patients who had cerebrospinal fluid shunts inserted at Children's Hospital Medical Center. The rate of infection did not vary with the type of shunt. Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus were responsible for one-half and one-quarter of the infections, respectively. Removal of the infected shunt in conjunction with administration of systemic antibiotics was effective therapy. Use of systemic antibiotics alone was generally ineffective and was associated with an increased mortality rate. Infection itself was a significant risk factor, raising the mortality rate from 17% to 40%. Clustering of infection within two months of surgery and similar rates of infection for ventriculo-atrial and ventriculo-peritoneal shunts indicate that the infecting organisms are usually introduced during the perioperative period. The possibility that prophylactic antibiotics or different shunt materials might reduce the infection rate requires further study.", "contents": "Infections of cerebrospinal fluid shunts: epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and therapy. During a 10-year period shunt infections occurred in 27% of the 289 hydrocephalic patients who had cerebrospinal fluid shunts inserted at Children's Hospital Medical Center. The rate of infection did not vary with the type of shunt. Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus were responsible for one-half and one-quarter of the infections, respectively. Removal of the infected shunt in conjunction with administration of systemic antibiotics was effective therapy. Use of systemic antibiotics alone was generally ineffective and was associated with an increased mortality rate. Infection itself was a significant risk factor, raising the mortality rate from 17% to 40%. Clustering of infection within two months of surgery and similar rates of infection for ventriculo-atrial and ventriculo-peritoneal shunts indicate that the infecting organisms are usually introduced during the perioperative period. The possibility that prophylactic antibiotics or different shunt materials might reduce the infection rate requires further study.", "PMID": 1127260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9934", "title": "Prevention of streptococcal sequelae by penicillin prophylaxis: a reassessment.", "content": "In conclusion, the diagnosis of streptococcal infection lacks precision, and as long as this is so, reliance must be placed on trained clinical judgement together with bacteriological studies. There is some evidence for an evolutionary drift in the relationship between the streptococcus and man, a drift that is compatible with the natural history of other diseases and with the accomodations observed in nature among other species during the course of evolutionary events. If, as a result of recent accomodations between man and the group A streptococcus, the risk of rheumatic fever is less, an undefinable risk nevertheless remains. There was even a military outbreak of rheumatic fever in England several years ago, and on that island--we are told--rheumatic fever has been banned for years. The current recommendations of the American Heart Association for the secondary prevention of rheumatic fever I judge acceptable for use in the United States. I have, however, raised the possibility that they may be inadequate for the prevention of second attacks in other populations where the environmental, socioeconomic, bacteriological, and nutritional circumstances are different from our own. Studies designed to reexamine these questions may, in the end, refocus our attention on the importance of host factors in the occurrence and pathogenesis of rheumatic fever.", "contents": "Prevention of streptococcal sequelae by penicillin prophylaxis: a reassessment. In conclusion, the diagnosis of streptococcal infection lacks precision, and as long as this is so, reliance must be placed on trained clinical judgement together with bacteriological studies. There is some evidence for an evolutionary drift in the relationship between the streptococcus and man, a drift that is compatible with the natural history of other diseases and with the accomodations observed in nature among other species during the course of evolutionary events. If, as a result of recent accomodations between man and the group A streptococcus, the risk of rheumatic fever is less, an undefinable risk nevertheless remains. There was even a military outbreak of rheumatic fever in England several years ago, and on that island--we are told--rheumatic fever has been banned for years. The current recommendations of the American Heart Association for the secondary prevention of rheumatic fever I judge acceptable for use in the United States. I have, however, raised the possibility that they may be inadequate for the prevention of second attacks in other populations where the environmental, socioeconomic, bacteriological, and nutritional circumstances are different from our own. Studies designed to reexamine these questions may, in the end, refocus our attention on the importance of host factors in the occurrence and pathogenesis of rheumatic fever.", "PMID": 1127261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9935", "title": "The spectrum of colitis associated with lincomycin and clindamycin therapy.", "content": "Ten cases of protracted diarrheal illness after the oral administration of lincomycin or clindamycin in standard dosages were observed in previously healthy subjects. An abrupt onset of diarrhea, crampy abdominal pain, fever, and leukocytosis was observed one to 12 days after discontinuation of the drug. Proctoscopic examination revealed erythematous friable mucosa covered with small raised, yellowish-white plaques that were sometimes confluent. Barium contrast studies of the colon demonstrated irregular shaggy mucosa, ulcerations, cobblestone appearance, and thumb printing. Rectal bipsy showed acute inflammation with pseudomembranes with focal or superficial ulcerations. All patients had a protracted course but recovered with supportive management. Follow-up barium enemas and proctoscopy were done on all patients and were normal. A history of diarrhea, fever, and mucosal changes seen on proctoscopy in a patient who has recently received one of these antibiotics should raise the possibility of colitis associated with clindamycin and lincomycin therapy.", "contents": "The spectrum of colitis associated with lincomycin and clindamycin therapy. Ten cases of protracted diarrheal illness after the oral administration of lincomycin or clindamycin in standard dosages were observed in previously healthy subjects. An abrupt onset of diarrhea, crampy abdominal pain, fever, and leukocytosis was observed one to 12 days after discontinuation of the drug. Proctoscopic examination revealed erythematous friable mucosa covered with small raised, yellowish-white plaques that were sometimes confluent. Barium contrast studies of the colon demonstrated irregular shaggy mucosa, ulcerations, cobblestone appearance, and thumb printing. Rectal bipsy showed acute inflammation with pseudomembranes with focal or superficial ulcerations. All patients had a protracted course but recovered with supportive management. Follow-up barium enemas and proctoscopy were done on all patients and were normal. A history of diarrhea, fever, and mucosal changes seen on proctoscopy in a patient who has recently received one of these antibiotics should raise the possibility of colitis associated with clindamycin and lincomycin therapy.", "PMID": 1127264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9936", "title": "Extraction of antibiotics from the circulation by liver and kidney: effect of probenecid.", "content": "An experimental canine model was designed to measure directly the uptake, storage, and excretion of antibiotics by the liver and kidney. At equilibirum the rate of uptake of penicillin G, cephalothin, and nafcillin by these organs was about 80% of the rate of intravenous infusion of each antibiotic. Penicillin G and cephalothin were extracted mainly by the kidneys, and nafcillin by the liver. Injection of probenecid virtually abolished the difference in concentration of antibiotic between afferent and efferent vessels of the liver and kidney after 30-45 min. Renal tubular secretion of penicillin G and cephalothin was suppressed, and their levels in renal tissue were increased. These findings militate against any primary limitation by probenecid of access of antibiotic to the renal parenchyma. A marked sustained increase (60%-70%) in the rate of portal flow followed injection of probenecid, and the concomitant percentage of nafcillin extracted by the liver declined significantly. Because of the circulatory changes, a specific effect of probenecid on acess of nafcillin to the liver could not be proved.", "contents": "Extraction of antibiotics from the circulation by liver and kidney: effect of probenecid. An experimental canine model was designed to measure directly the uptake, storage, and excretion of antibiotics by the liver and kidney. At equilibirum the rate of uptake of penicillin G, cephalothin, and nafcillin by these organs was about 80% of the rate of intravenous infusion of each antibiotic. Penicillin G and cephalothin were extracted mainly by the kidneys, and nafcillin by the liver. Injection of probenecid virtually abolished the difference in concentration of antibiotic between afferent and efferent vessels of the liver and kidney after 30-45 min. Renal tubular secretion of penicillin G and cephalothin was suppressed, and their levels in renal tissue were increased. These findings militate against any primary limitation by probenecid of access of antibiotic to the renal parenchyma. A marked sustained increase (60%-70%) in the rate of portal flow followed injection of probenecid, and the concomitant percentage of nafcillin extracted by the liver declined significantly. Because of the circulatory changes, a specific effect of probenecid on acess of nafcillin to the liver could not be proved.", "PMID": 1127265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9937", "title": "Masking of the non-test ear in speech audiometry.", "content": "Masking of the non-test ear is often needed in speech audiometry but the methods for such masking have not been well defined. 'White' or 'speech' noise is commonly provided by audiometers for this purpose, and the many problems and uncertainties in their calibration and effectiveness are discussed; data on these aspects are presented with respect to some current audiometers and Fry's and AB(S) PB-word lists. Formulae are given for estimating the possible need for masking, calculating the required dial level of masking noise for a given dial level of speech signal, and assessing the extent to which cross-masking may be affecting the results. The formulae presented are applicable for earphone listening only.", "contents": "Masking of the non-test ear in speech audiometry. Masking of the non-test ear is often needed in speech audiometry but the methods for such masking have not been well defined. 'White' or 'speech' noise is commonly provided by audiometers for this purpose, and the many problems and uncertainties in their calibration and effectiveness are discussed; data on these aspects are presented with respect to some current audiometers and Fry's and AB(S) PB-word lists. Formulae are given for estimating the possible need for masking, calculating the required dial level of masking noise for a given dial level of speech signal, and assessing the extent to which cross-masking may be affecting the results. The formulae presented are applicable for earphone listening only.", "PMID": 1127317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9938", "title": "Masking of the non-test ear in tone decay, B\u00e9k\u00e9sy audiometry, and SISI tests.", "content": "Masking of the non-test ear is frequently required in tone decay, B\u00e9k\u00e9sy audiometry and SISI tests; without it, serious misdiagnoses can result. Methods are given for calculating the dial levels of masking noises to be delivered and the extent of possible cross-masking. The methods are subdivided according to whether the tests to be employed are fixed-frequency or sweep-frequency, and to whether masking function data are available from previous use of shadow masking. In difficult cases, careful preliminary shadow-masking procedures and subsequent use of fixed-frequency tests is recommended.", "contents": "Masking of the non-test ear in tone decay, B\u00e9k\u00e9sy audiometry, and SISI tests. Masking of the non-test ear is frequently required in tone decay, B\u00e9k\u00e9sy audiometry and SISI tests; without it, serious misdiagnoses can result. Methods are given for calculating the dial levels of masking noises to be delivered and the extent of possible cross-masking. The methods are subdivided according to whether the tests to be employed are fixed-frequency or sweep-frequency, and to whether masking function data are available from previous use of shadow masking. In difficult cases, careful preliminary shadow-masking procedures and subsequent use of fixed-frequency tests is recommended.", "PMID": 1127318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9939", "title": "Tympanoplasty in partial defects of the stapedial arch.", "content": "A defective stapedial arch was found among 690 operated patients in 46 ears (6-7 per cent). Most often it was the stapedial head or anterior limb which was absent. The problems and results  of ossiculoplasty on a defective stapes are analyzed. Classical interposition of the incudal body on top of a defective stapes did not afford satisfactory results, as the incus had to be placed asymmetrically on top of the stapedial remnant, with a risk of fixation and tilting of the graft. Better results were obtained by interposition of the short process of the incus on the footplate in a way which gives the incus contact also with the remaining parts of the stapedial arch. If the neck and head of the stapes are absent, it is suggested that the ossicles be shaped in relation to the defect in such a way that contact between the stapedial remnant and the malleus will be stable and the risk of secondary fixation minimal. If there are partial defects of the stapedial limbs the columella should be in contact with the footplate as well as with the remaining parts of the limbs.", "contents": "Tympanoplasty in partial defects of the stapedial arch. A defective stapedial arch was found among 690 operated patients in 46 ears (6-7 per cent). Most often it was the stapedial head or anterior limb which was absent. The problems and results  of ossiculoplasty on a defective stapes are analyzed. Classical interposition of the incudal body on top of a defective stapes did not afford satisfactory results, as the incus had to be placed asymmetrically on top of the stapedial remnant, with a risk of fixation and tilting of the graft. Better results were obtained by interposition of the short process of the incus on the footplate in a way which gives the incus contact also with the remaining parts of the stapedial arch. If the neck and head of the stapes are absent, it is suggested that the ossicles be shaped in relation to the defect in such a way that contact between the stapedial remnant and the malleus will be stable and the risk of secondary fixation minimal. If there are partial defects of the stapedial limbs the columella should be in contact with the footplate as well as with the remaining parts of the limbs.", "PMID": 1127319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9940", "title": "Effect of hyperbilirubinemia on the inner ear in Gunn rats.", "content": "The effect of hyperbilirubinemia on the inner ear was studied in fifteen jaundiced homozygous Gunn rats. Seven non-jaundiced heterozygous littermates served as controls. Histopathological examination of the temporal bone in these animals showed normal sensory and neuronal structures of the inner ear. This cannot be taken as conclusive evidence that a central, rather than a peripheral, lesion is the cause of hearing loss in hyperbilirubinemia.", "contents": "Effect of hyperbilirubinemia on the inner ear in Gunn rats. The effect of hyperbilirubinemia on the inner ear was studied in fifteen jaundiced homozygous Gunn rats. Seven non-jaundiced heterozygous littermates served as controls. Histopathological examination of the temporal bone in these animals showed normal sensory and neuronal structures of the inner ear. This cannot be taken as conclusive evidence that a central, rather than a peripheral, lesion is the cause of hearing loss in hyperbilirubinemia.", "PMID": 1127320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9941", "title": "Stapedectomy--shorter prosthesis recommended.", "content": "Based on some 4500 operations, a follow-up study has revealed certain recurring problems. Shorter than usual prostheses in Stapedectomy operations are strongly advised. A favourable influence on the later occurrence of Fistula and extrusion can be expected. Possible causes for extrusion are studied.", "contents": "Stapedectomy--shorter prosthesis recommended. Based on some 4500 operations, a follow-up study has revealed certain recurring problems. Shorter than usual prostheses in Stapedectomy operations are strongly advised. A favourable influence on the later occurrence of Fistula and extrusion can be expected. Possible causes for extrusion are studied.", "PMID": 1127321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9942", "title": "The treatment of a congenital laryngeal web.", "content": "Past descriptions of the surgical treatment of congenital laryngeal webs have involved a laryngofissure to achieve division of the web and the insertion of a tantalum keel to prevent its reformation. The technique described below obviates the need for an open operation on the larynx. The web is divided under magnified vision through a laryngoscope using a Zeiss operating microscope. A silastic keel is secured between the vocal cords at the anterior commissure by means of a loop of nylon passing externally through the crico-thyroid and crico-hyoid membranes.", "contents": "The treatment of a congenital laryngeal web. Past descriptions of the surgical treatment of congenital laryngeal webs have involved a laryngofissure to achieve division of the web and the insertion of a tantalum keel to prevent its reformation. The technique described below obviates the need for an open operation on the larynx. The web is divided under magnified vision through a laryngoscope using a Zeiss operating microscope. A silastic keel is secured between the vocal cords at the anterior commissure by means of a loop of nylon passing externally through the crico-thyroid and crico-hyoid membranes.", "PMID": 1127322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9943", "title": "Exfoliative cytology in the diagnosis of laryngeal malignancy.", "content": "In searching for a screening procedure in the diagnosis of laryngeal malignancy the authors have evaluated a cytological examination, adapted for indirect laryngoscopy, and present the results of 149 consecutive smears from the larynx. Forty-four per cent of the smears were false negative, and it is concluded that exfoliative cytology with this method has no place as a screening procedure in the diagnosis of laryngeal malignancy. The method is inferior to the evaluation of the clinical picture in indirect laryngoscopy, and the selection for direct laryngoscopy and biopsy for histological evaluation should be based upon the clinical evaluation.", "contents": "Exfoliative cytology in the diagnosis of laryngeal malignancy. In searching for a screening procedure in the diagnosis of laryngeal malignancy the authors have evaluated a cytological examination, adapted for indirect laryngoscopy, and present the results of 149 consecutive smears from the larynx. Forty-four per cent of the smears were false negative, and it is concluded that exfoliative cytology with this method has no place as a screening procedure in the diagnosis of laryngeal malignancy. The method is inferior to the evaluation of the clinical picture in indirect laryngoscopy, and the selection for direct laryngoscopy and biopsy for histological evaluation should be based upon the clinical evaluation.", "PMID": 1127323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9944", "title": "Non-vegetable foreign bodies in the bronchopulmonary tract in children.", "content": "A variety of 40 cases of non-vegetable foreign bodies inhaled by children are presented. These include: coins, washers, pins, reamers, nails, screws, wires, pencil caps, ball-point tip, worry beads, bones, broken tooth, small stones, and blades of broken foreign body forceps. The ages of the children ranged between 10 months and 8 years with average at 2 years and 9 months. Two methods are described for the removal of slippery beads, using a Fogarty Catheter and foreign body forceps technique. Emphasis is placed on the importance of bronchoscopy in all cases with definite or doubtful history of foreign body inhalation in spite of negative physical or roentgenological findings, particularly those cases diagnosed as upper respiratory infection, pneumonitis, bronchial asthma and whooping cough, and when there is no significant response to such treatment. Fluoroscopy with image intensifier is suggested for the localization of the pointed end of sharp pins which cannot be identified clearly through the bronchoscope. General anaesthesia was used in all the cases to ensure absolute immobility. Repeated bronchoscopies at close intervals were not advised and tracheostomy was suggested in subglottic oedema if asphyxia is threatening the life of the child. Immediate removal of foreign bodies is important so as to avoid unnecessary complications. Lobectomy was necessary in one case with an impacted screw and destroyed lobe. This stresses the importance of thoracotomy when several attempts fail to remove the foreign body.", "contents": "Non-vegetable foreign bodies in the bronchopulmonary tract in children. A variety of 40 cases of non-vegetable foreign bodies inhaled by children are presented. These include: coins, washers, pins, reamers, nails, screws, wires, pencil caps, ball-point tip, worry beads, bones, broken tooth, small stones, and blades of broken foreign body forceps. The ages of the children ranged between 10 months and 8 years with average at 2 years and 9 months. Two methods are described for the removal of slippery beads, using a Fogarty Catheter and foreign body forceps technique. Emphasis is placed on the importance of bronchoscopy in all cases with definite or doubtful history of foreign body inhalation in spite of negative physical or roentgenological findings, particularly those cases diagnosed as upper respiratory infection, pneumonitis, bronchial asthma and whooping cough, and when there is no significant response to such treatment. Fluoroscopy with image intensifier is suggested for the localization of the pointed end of sharp pins which cannot be identified clearly through the bronchoscope. General anaesthesia was used in all the cases to ensure absolute immobility. Repeated bronchoscopies at close intervals were not advised and tracheostomy was suggested in subglottic oedema if asphyxia is threatening the life of the child. Immediate removal of foreign bodies is important so as to avoid unnecessary complications. Lobectomy was necessary in one case with an impacted screw and destroyed lobe. This stresses the importance of thoracotomy when several attempts fail to remove the foreign body.", "PMID": 1127324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9945", "title": "Fibreoptic laryngoscopy in the assessment of laryngeal disorders.", "content": "The fibreoptic laryngoscope is described, and its method of use detailed. Seventy patients were submitted to this examination. Its advantages and disadvantages in the assessment of the various groups of laryngeal disorders in these patients are discussed and compared with indirect and direct laryngoscopy. Its teaching and research possibilities are also mentioned. The technique shows considerable promise and will, we believe, achieve an accepted place as an addition to our diagnostic armamentarium in the investigation of laryngeal disorders.", "contents": "Fibreoptic laryngoscopy in the assessment of laryngeal disorders. The fibreoptic laryngoscope is described, and its method of use detailed. Seventy patients were submitted to this examination. Its advantages and disadvantages in the assessment of the various groups of laryngeal disorders in these patients are discussed and compared with indirect and direct laryngoscopy. Its teaching and research possibilities are also mentioned. The technique shows considerable promise and will, we believe, achieve an accepted place as an addition to our diagnostic armamentarium in the investigation of laryngeal disorders.", "PMID": 1127325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9946", "title": "Spontaneous rupture of the pharynx.", "content": "A case of spontaneous rupture of the pharynx is described occurring during the act of vomiting. Comparisons are made with the only known previously recorded case of spontaneous pharyngeal rupture.", "contents": "Spontaneous rupture of the pharynx. A case of spontaneous rupture of the pharynx is described occurring during the act of vomiting. Comparisons are made with the only known previously recorded case of spontaneous pharyngeal rupture.", "PMID": 1127326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9947", "title": "Desmoplastic fibroma of maxilla.", "content": "Desmoplastic fibroma of the long bones is very rare and has been mentioned in the literature, but there is no mention in the literature of desmoplastic fibroma occurring in relation to maxilla. The first case of desmoplastic fibroma of the maxilla is reported. Conservative surgery is recommended for desmoplastic fibroma of the maxilla to avoid facial deformity.", "contents": "Desmoplastic fibroma of maxilla. Desmoplastic fibroma of the long bones is very rare and has been mentioned in the literature, but there is no mention in the literature of desmoplastic fibroma occurring in relation to maxilla. The first case of desmoplastic fibroma of the maxilla is reported. Conservative surgery is recommended for desmoplastic fibroma of the maxilla to avoid facial deformity.", "PMID": 1127328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9948", "title": "Quick hardening polymers in the surgical treatment of congenital neck fistulae.", "content": "A method of filling up congenital fistulae of the neck by quick hardening polymers, immediately before the operation, is presented. Two cases are reported.", "contents": "Quick hardening polymers in the surgical treatment of congenital neck fistulae. A method of filling up congenital fistulae of the neck by quick hardening polymers, immediately before the operation, is presented. Two cases are reported.", "PMID": 1127330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9949", "title": "Fibrous dysplasia.", "content": "Three cases of monostotic fibrous dysplasia of the cranial bones are presented. Several theories of the etiology of this uncommon condition are put forward and the relationship between monostotic and polyostotic fibrous dysplasia, Albright's disease, and hyperparathyroidism is examined. The difficulty in diagnosis and the ways they may present to the ear, nose and throat surgeon are discussed. It is suggested that conservative surgery is the best mode of treatment for maxillary or temporal lesions. However, ethmoid lesions, particularly when the optic foramen or base of skull are eroded, may need a neuro-surgical approach. The use of radiotherapy in any case is deprecated.", "contents": "Fibrous dysplasia. Three cases of monostotic fibrous dysplasia of the cranial bones are presented. Several theories of the etiology of this uncommon condition are put forward and the relationship between monostotic and polyostotic fibrous dysplasia, Albright's disease, and hyperparathyroidism is examined. The difficulty in diagnosis and the ways they may present to the ear, nose and throat surgeon are discussed. It is suggested that conservative surgery is the best mode of treatment for maxillary or temporal lesions. However, ethmoid lesions, particularly when the optic foramen or base of skull are eroded, may need a neuro-surgical approach. The use of radiotherapy in any case is deprecated.", "PMID": 1127331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9950", "title": "Prognosis of squamous-cell carcinoma of the gums with cytologically verified cervical lymph node metastases.", "content": "A follow-up study was made of 125 patients with carcinoma of the gums treated from 1958 to 1969. Twenty-one of these patients with cytologically verified metastases of the neck at first visit were specially studied. The primary tumour was classified as T1 in three patients, T2 in one, T3 in nine, and T4 in eight patients. Twelve patients received radiotherapy, nine radiotherapy and surgery. The five-year determinate survival rate was 7 per cent in this group compared with 41 per cent for patients without cervical metastases. The importance of the use of fine-needle biopsy and cytology is stressed in the diagnosis of metastases of the neck for proper judgement of the prognosis and for selection of method for treatment.", "contents": "Prognosis of squamous-cell carcinoma of the gums with cytologically verified cervical lymph node metastases. A follow-up study was made of 125 patients with carcinoma of the gums treated from 1958 to 1969. Twenty-one of these patients with cytologically verified metastases of the neck at first visit were specially studied. The primary tumour was classified as T1 in three patients, T2 in one, T3 in nine, and T4 in eight patients. Twelve patients received radiotherapy, nine radiotherapy and surgery. The five-year determinate survival rate was 7 per cent in this group compared with 41 per cent for patients without cervical metastases. The importance of the use of fine-needle biopsy and cytology is stressed in the diagnosis of metastases of the neck for proper judgement of the prognosis and for selection of method for treatment.", "PMID": 1127333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9951", "title": "Cysts of the parotid gland.", "content": "Simple cysts of the parotid gland are uncommon, and they have only rarely been reported. Two cases are reported here. The aetiology and management of parotid cysts is discussed.", "contents": "Cysts of the parotid gland. Simple cysts of the parotid gland are uncommon, and they have only rarely been reported. Two cases are reported here. The aetiology and management of parotid cysts is discussed.", "PMID": 1127335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9952", "title": "Cysts of the parotid gland. Review and report of two unusual cases.", "content": "Cysts of the major salivary glands are most frequent in the parotid where they form a small percentage of its benign tumours. They can be congenital or acquired and of parotid or extraparotid origin. Two unusual cysts are reported: a cholesteatoma arising from the ipsilateral mastoid, twenty years after successful radical mastoidectomy, and a deeply located cysts of probably congenital origin. The literature is reviewed and the management discussed. Parotidectomy, often with extensive dissection, remains in general the treatment of choice.", "contents": "Cysts of the parotid gland. Review and report of two unusual cases. Cysts of the major salivary glands are most frequent in the parotid where they form a small percentage of its benign tumours. They can be congenital or acquired and of parotid or extraparotid origin. Two unusual cysts are reported: a cholesteatoma arising from the ipsilateral mastoid, twenty years after successful radical mastoidectomy, and a deeply located cysts of probably congenital origin. The literature is reviewed and the management discussed. Parotidectomy, often with extensive dissection, remains in general the treatment of choice.", "PMID": 1127336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9953", "title": "Nasopharyngeal craniopharyngioma.", "content": "Two cases of cranipharyngiomas which were mainly located in the nasopharynz have been reported. The cystic nature of the tumour with leakage of brownish-coloured fluid helped in arriving at the diagnosis, which was confirmed on histology. Marsupulization through a transpalatal approach seems to be the treatment of choice in such cases.", "contents": "Nasopharyngeal craniopharyngioma. Two cases of cranipharyngiomas which were mainly located in the nasopharynz have been reported. The cystic nature of the tumour with leakage of brownish-coloured fluid helped in arriving at the diagnosis, which was confirmed on histology. Marsupulization through a transpalatal approach seems to be the treatment of choice in such cases.", "PMID": 1127337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9954", "title": "The internal auditory canal and sensori-neural hearing loss in homozygous sickle cell disease.", "content": "The dimensions of the internal auditory canal were compared in patients with SS disease and with or without abnormal audiograms to investigate the role of auditory nerve compression by expansion of the petrous, temporal bone in hearing loss. There was no correlation between abnormal audiograms and narrowing of the internal auditory canals and it was concluded that this mechanism was not responsible for the hearing loss in SS disease.", "contents": "The internal auditory canal and sensori-neural hearing loss in homozygous sickle cell disease. The dimensions of the internal auditory canal were compared in patients with SS disease and with or without abnormal audiograms to investigate the role of auditory nerve compression by expansion of the petrous, temporal bone in hearing loss. There was no correlation between abnormal audiograms and narrowing of the internal auditory canals and it was concluded that this mechanism was not responsible for the hearing loss in SS disease.", "PMID": 1127338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9955", "title": "Ameloblastoma of the upper jaw.", "content": "A clinical study was made of three cases of Ameloblastoma (Adamantinoma) of the maxilla. One case presented with oro-antral fistula following extraction of a molar tooth. Extensive bone destruction and involvement of ethmoidal air sinuses and nasal cavity was seen in one of the patients. At times histological diagnosis can be difficult; therefore, accurate diagnosis should be obtained by an experienced histopathologist. Partial maxillectomy with a wide margin of healthy bone should be the choice of treatment in the majority of cases. There tumours are sensitive to deep-X-ray to a varying degree. One should consider radiotherapy post-operatively if growth has been excised inadequately. Radiotherapy may be helpful when surgery is contraindicated.", "contents": "Ameloblastoma of the upper jaw. A clinical study was made of three cases of Ameloblastoma (Adamantinoma) of the maxilla. One case presented with oro-antral fistula following extraction of a molar tooth. Extensive bone destruction and involvement of ethmoidal air sinuses and nasal cavity was seen in one of the patients. At times histological diagnosis can be difficult; therefore, accurate diagnosis should be obtained by an experienced histopathologist. Partial maxillectomy with a wide margin of healthy bone should be the choice of treatment in the majority of cases. There tumours are sensitive to deep-X-ray to a varying degree. One should consider radiotherapy post-operatively if growth has been excised inadequately. Radiotherapy may be helpful when surgery is contraindicated.", "PMID": 1127339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9956", "title": "Analysis of anomeric configurations in glyceroglycolipids and glycosphingolipids by chromium trioxide oxidation.", "content": "Acetylation and CrO(3) oxidation in acetic acid (Angyal and James, Aust. J. Chem. 23: 1209-1221, 1970) was applied to 18 different glyceroglycolipids and glycosphingolipids of known structure. The lipids studied contained from one to five pyranosic monosaccharide units including alpha- and beta-linked glucose, galactose, mannose, and N-acetylgalactosamine and beta-linked N-acetylglucosamine. Monosaccharides bound to the lipids through beta-glycosidic linkages reacted to the extent of 80-97 percent, but in the case of alpha-glycosidic linkages the oxidation proceeded only to the extent of 0-6 percent. A partial reaction was observed in lipids in which a given monosaccharide unit was present in both anomeric forms. Therefore, oxidation with CrO(3) allows the determination of anomeric configurations in simple glycolipids. Samples of only 100-300 mug are required.", "contents": "Analysis of anomeric configurations in glyceroglycolipids and glycosphingolipids by chromium trioxide oxidation. Acetylation and CrO(3) oxidation in acetic acid (Angyal and James, Aust. J. Chem. 23: 1209-1221, 1970) was applied to 18 different glyceroglycolipids and glycosphingolipids of known structure. The lipids studied contained from one to five pyranosic monosaccharide units including alpha- and beta-linked glucose, galactose, mannose, and N-acetylgalactosamine and beta-linked N-acetylglucosamine. Monosaccharides bound to the lipids through beta-glycosidic linkages reacted to the extent of 80-97 percent, but in the case of alpha-glycosidic linkages the oxidation proceeded only to the extent of 0-6 percent. A partial reaction was observed in lipids in which a given monosaccharide unit was present in both anomeric forms. Therefore, oxidation with CrO(3) allows the determination of anomeric configurations in simple glycolipids. Samples of only 100-300 mug are required.", "PMID": 1127351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9957", "title": "Demonstration of two pools of albumin-bound fatty acids.", "content": "The uptakes of albumin-bound nonesterified fatty acids and of [1-14C]palmitic acid complexed to albumin by the isolated perfused rat liver were compared. During perfusion, the rate of uptake of nonesterified fatty acids decreased and became zero when the fatty acid:albumin molar ratio reached 0.3, but the rate of uptake of radioactive palmitic acid remained constant. This finding suggests the existence of two pools of fatty acids bound to albumin with different fractional turnover rates. This view was supported by the fact that when delipidated albumin complexed in vitro to radioactive and nonradioactive fatty acids was used no difference was observed between the uptakes of nonesterified fatty acids and radioactive fatty acids by perfused liver. Similar results were found with albumin-bound radioactive fatty acid in vivo (obtained from rats fed radioactive palmitic acid), showing a homogeneous distribution of the label in both pools. The existence of two nonesterified fatty acid pools in plasma would arise from the differences in the nature of bonds between fatty acid and albumin molecules, which could determine the rate of exchange of fatty acids between the albumin-bound and soluble forms preceding their uptake by the cells.", "contents": "Demonstration of two pools of albumin-bound fatty acids. The uptakes of albumin-bound nonesterified fatty acids and of [1-14C]palmitic acid complexed to albumin by the isolated perfused rat liver were compared. During perfusion, the rate of uptake of nonesterified fatty acids decreased and became zero when the fatty acid:albumin molar ratio reached 0.3, but the rate of uptake of radioactive palmitic acid remained constant. This finding suggests the existence of two pools of fatty acids bound to albumin with different fractional turnover rates. This view was supported by the fact that when delipidated albumin complexed in vitro to radioactive and nonradioactive fatty acids was used no difference was observed between the uptakes of nonesterified fatty acids and radioactive fatty acids by perfused liver. Similar results were found with albumin-bound radioactive fatty acid in vivo (obtained from rats fed radioactive palmitic acid), showing a homogeneous distribution of the label in both pools. The existence of two nonesterified fatty acid pools in plasma would arise from the differences in the nature of bonds between fatty acid and albumin molecules, which could determine the rate of exchange of fatty acids between the albumin-bound and soluble forms preceding their uptake by the cells.", "PMID": 1127352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9958", "title": "[U-14C]glucose metabolism in vivo in rats rendered obese by a high fat diet.", "content": "Estimates of the glucose pool, the glucose space, the turnover rate, and the recycling of glucose were made after the injection of [U-14C]glucose into (a) obese rats fed a high fat diet and (b) rats fed a carbohydrate diet. The specific activity--time curve consisted of two components. Physiological parameters were calculated by using a two-compartment model. The glucose pool and glucose space were the same in both groups of rats. The turnover rate was 1.96 mg. min-1 for the carbohydrate-fed rats and 1.55 mg. min-1 for the fat-fed rats. There was about 12 percent recycling in both groups. In the carbohydrate-fed group, another approach based on simultaneous use of [6-14C]glucose and [6-3H]glucose yielded nearly the same values for these parameters. Respiratory excretion of CO2 and the incorporation of labeled glucose into lipids of some tissues were also measured. The rate of excretion of labeled CO2 and the conversion of labeled glucose into fatty acids in fat-fed rats were lower than in the carbohydrate-fed rats by 50 percent and 80 percent, respectively. More glucose was diverted into glyceride glycerol in the fat-fed group. It is suggested on the basis of the results that glyceride glycerol can serve as a gluconeogenic substrate in these rats where the turnover rate of glucose is much higher than the daily intake of carbohydrates.", "contents": "[U-14C]glucose metabolism in vivo in rats rendered obese by a high fat diet. Estimates of the glucose pool, the glucose space, the turnover rate, and the recycling of glucose were made after the injection of [U-14C]glucose into (a) obese rats fed a high fat diet and (b) rats fed a carbohydrate diet. The specific activity--time curve consisted of two components. Physiological parameters were calculated by using a two-compartment model. The glucose pool and glucose space were the same in both groups of rats. The turnover rate was 1.96 mg. min-1 for the carbohydrate-fed rats and 1.55 mg. min-1 for the fat-fed rats. There was about 12 percent recycling in both groups. In the carbohydrate-fed group, another approach based on simultaneous use of [6-14C]glucose and [6-3H]glucose yielded nearly the same values for these parameters. Respiratory excretion of CO2 and the incorporation of labeled glucose into lipids of some tissues were also measured. The rate of excretion of labeled CO2 and the conversion of labeled glucose into fatty acids in fat-fed rats were lower than in the carbohydrate-fed rats by 50 percent and 80 percent, respectively. More glucose was diverted into glyceride glycerol in the fat-fed group. It is suggested on the basis of the results that glyceride glycerol can serve as a gluconeogenic substrate in these rats where the turnover rate of glucose is much higher than the daily intake of carbohydrates.", "PMID": 1127353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9959", "title": "Hepatic fine structure in young and aging rats treated with oxandrolone: a morphometric study.", "content": "Hepatic fine structural alterations induced by shortterm administration of the hypolipidemic drug oxandrolone were evaluated using morphometric techniques. These changes are described in the livers of normolipidemic young adult and hyperlipidemic retired breeder male rats. Retired breeder rats, characterized by hyperlipidemia and a high incidence of arteriosclerosis, are thought to undergo premature aging. A previous morphometric study has shown that the hepatocytes of retired breeder rats are larger, contain a greater volume fraction of lysosomes, and have significantly less smooth-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum than those of young adult rats. However, after oxandrolone administration, the livers of these two animal groups were no longer distinguishable on the basis of these morphometric parameters. Unlike a number of other hypolipidemic drugs, oxandrolone does not induce a marked proliferation of hepatic microbodies. The effect of oxandrolone on the livers of prematurely aging rats suggests that the age-related fine structural changes are not the result of irreversible alterations in the genome or translation-transcription apparatus but may actually represent secondary reactions to extrahepatic and/or endocrine metabolic changes. The relationship between (1) aging and hyperlipidemia and (2) aging and the reduced hepatic capacity to metabolize drugs suggest a need to evaluate the effects of lipid-lowering drugs on the livers of old as well as young animal models.", "contents": "Hepatic fine structure in young and aging rats treated with oxandrolone: a morphometric study. Hepatic fine structural alterations induced by shortterm administration of the hypolipidemic drug oxandrolone were evaluated using morphometric techniques. These changes are described in the livers of normolipidemic young adult and hyperlipidemic retired breeder male rats. Retired breeder rats, characterized by hyperlipidemia and a high incidence of arteriosclerosis, are thought to undergo premature aging. A previous morphometric study has shown that the hepatocytes of retired breeder rats are larger, contain a greater volume fraction of lysosomes, and have significantly less smooth-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum than those of young adult rats. However, after oxandrolone administration, the livers of these two animal groups were no longer distinguishable on the basis of these morphometric parameters. Unlike a number of other hypolipidemic drugs, oxandrolone does not induce a marked proliferation of hepatic microbodies. The effect of oxandrolone on the livers of prematurely aging rats suggests that the age-related fine structural changes are not the result of irreversible alterations in the genome or translation-transcription apparatus but may actually represent secondary reactions to extrahepatic and/or endocrine metabolic changes. The relationship between (1) aging and hyperlipidemia and (2) aging and the reduced hepatic capacity to metabolize drugs suggest a need to evaluate the effects of lipid-lowering drugs on the livers of old as well as young animal models.", "PMID": 1127354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9960", "title": "Thin-layer chromatographic separation of sulfated and nonsulfated lithocholic acids and their glycine and taurine conjugates.", "content": "A method for superior thin-layer chromatographic separation of lithocholic acid and its N-glycine and N-taurine conjugates, as well as their respective 3alpha-sulfates, is described. A solvent system of chloroform-methanol-acetic acid-water 65:24:15:9 (v/v) is used with air-dried plates of silicic acid containing calcium sulfate (10% by weight) under conditions of chamber saturation.", "contents": "Thin-layer chromatographic separation of sulfated and nonsulfated lithocholic acids and their glycine and taurine conjugates. A method for superior thin-layer chromatographic separation of lithocholic acid and its N-glycine and N-taurine conjugates, as well as their respective 3alpha-sulfates, is described. A solvent system of chloroform-methanol-acetic acid-water 65:24:15:9 (v/v) is used with air-dried plates of silicic acid containing calcium sulfate (10% by weight) under conditions of chamber saturation.", "PMID": 1127355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9961", "title": "Isotope derivative assay of microsomal cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase.", "content": "A rapid method was developed to measure cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase activity of hepatic microsomes by the direct determination of the mass of 7 alpha-hydroxycholesterol formed. The method is based on the quantitative acetylation of the incubation mixture with [-3H]acetic anhydride and the separation of the biosynthetic 7 alpha-hydroxycholesterol as its diacetate by thin-layer chromatography on alumina. Amounts of 7 alpha-hydroxycholesterol as low as 0.1 nmole could be measured. A comparison of the proposed isotope derivative method with the previously used isotope incorporation method showed that the latter underestimated the enzyme activity by about 20 percent.", "contents": "Isotope derivative assay of microsomal cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase. A rapid method was developed to measure cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase activity of hepatic microsomes by the direct determination of the mass of 7 alpha-hydroxycholesterol formed. The method is based on the quantitative acetylation of the incubation mixture with [-3H]acetic anhydride and the separation of the biosynthetic 7 alpha-hydroxycholesterol as its diacetate by thin-layer chromatography on alumina. Amounts of 7 alpha-hydroxycholesterol as low as 0.1 nmole could be measured. A comparison of the proposed isotope derivative method with the previously used isotope incorporation method showed that the latter underestimated the enzyme activity by about 20 percent.", "PMID": 1127356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9962", "title": "Metabolism of retinol-binding protein and vitamin A during hypervitaminosis A in the rat.", "content": "Vitamin A is normally transported in plasma as retinol bound to a specific protein, retinol-binding protein (RBP). Detailed studies were conducted to examine the effects of excess vitamin A on the plasma concentration and metabolism of RBP, and to obtain information about vitamin A transport in the hypervitaminotic state. Two separate experiments were conducted. In the first (Study I, 99 days), plasma RBP and vitamin A levels were compared in three groups of rats fed 0.14 mg (control), 7.3 mg (group 2), or 41 mg (group 3) of vitamin A per day. After day 50 of the study, the administration of excess vitamin A to hypervitaminotic rats (groups 2 and 3) was discontinued and the rats were allowed to recover from vitamin A toxicity. In the second, shorter experiment (Study II), serum vitamin A and RBP levels were compared in control and hypervitaminotic (34 mg of retinyl acetate per day) rats. The rats in this study were also given [3-H]retinyl acetate daily to determine the distribution of retinyl esters and retinol between the lipoprotein and nonlipoprotein protein fractions of plasma. In both studies, administration of large, excessive doses of vitamin A resulted in substantial and significant decreases in the levels of serum RBP. Excessive doses of vitamin A produced fatty liver in the rats, in association with a normal (group 2, Study I) or with a decreased (group 3, Study I) level of RBP in the liver. It is possible that excess vitamin A leads to decreased rates of RBP synthesis in, and of RBP secretion from, the liver. Administration of excessive doses of vitamin A also resulted in elevations of serum vitamin A levels, which were mainly due to large increases in the circulating levels of retinyl esters. In the hypervitaminotic rats, most of the serum vitamin A, and virtually all of the retinyl esters, was found in association with the serum lipoproteins of hydrated density less than 1.21. These results demonstrate that the serum lipoproteins play an important role in the transport of the vitamin A that accumulates in serum in hypervitaminosis A. We suggest that the toxic manifestations of hypervitaminosis A occur when vitamin A circulates in plasma and is presented to membranes in a form other than bound to RBP. Plasma lipoproteins may nonspecificially deliver vitamin A to biological membranes and hence lead to vitamin A toxicity.", "contents": "Metabolism of retinol-binding protein and vitamin A during hypervitaminosis A in the rat. Vitamin A is normally transported in plasma as retinol bound to a specific protein, retinol-binding protein (RBP). Detailed studies were conducted to examine the effects of excess vitamin A on the plasma concentration and metabolism of RBP, and to obtain information about vitamin A transport in the hypervitaminotic state. Two separate experiments were conducted. In the first (Study I, 99 days), plasma RBP and vitamin A levels were compared in three groups of rats fed 0.14 mg (control), 7.3 mg (group 2), or 41 mg (group 3) of vitamin A per day. After day 50 of the study, the administration of excess vitamin A to hypervitaminotic rats (groups 2 and 3) was discontinued and the rats were allowed to recover from vitamin A toxicity. In the second, shorter experiment (Study II), serum vitamin A and RBP levels were compared in control and hypervitaminotic (34 mg of retinyl acetate per day) rats. The rats in this study were also given [3-H]retinyl acetate daily to determine the distribution of retinyl esters and retinol between the lipoprotein and nonlipoprotein protein fractions of plasma. In both studies, administration of large, excessive doses of vitamin A resulted in substantial and significant decreases in the levels of serum RBP. Excessive doses of vitamin A produced fatty liver in the rats, in association with a normal (group 2, Study I) or with a decreased (group 3, Study I) level of RBP in the liver. It is possible that excess vitamin A leads to decreased rates of RBP synthesis in, and of RBP secretion from, the liver. Administration of excessive doses of vitamin A also resulted in elevations of serum vitamin A levels, which were mainly due to large increases in the circulating levels of retinyl esters. In the hypervitaminotic rats, most of the serum vitamin A, and virtually all of the retinyl esters, was found in association with the serum lipoproteins of hydrated density less than 1.21. These results demonstrate that the serum lipoproteins play an important role in the transport of the vitamin A that accumulates in serum in hypervitaminosis A. We suggest that the toxic manifestations of hypervitaminosis A occur when vitamin A circulates in plasma and is presented to membranes in a form other than bound to RBP. Plasma lipoproteins may nonspecificially deliver vitamin A to biological membranes and hence lead to vitamin A toxicity.", "PMID": 1127357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9963", "title": "Regulation of cholesterol synthesis and storage in fat cells.", "content": "The fat cells of rat epididymal adipose tissue contain an average of 0.5 mg of cholesterol per gram of triglyceride. Of this cholesterol, 90% is nonesterified and 80% is located in the lipid storage compartment. The fat cell cholesterol content correlated positively with cell size. During fasting the free cholesterol of the adipocyte decreased in parallel with triglyceride, whereas the amount of esterified cholesterol did not change. The fat cell cholesterol content is independent of the amount of dietary cholesterol. On in vitro incubation of rat fat cells with radiolabeled acetate, mevalonate, glucose, leucine, or water, labeled cholesterol was synthesized. The rate of cholesterol synthesis increased with fat cell size. Fasting suppressed cholesterol synthesis by 90%, whereas refeeding stimulated the synthesis above values found in normally fed rats. Stimulation of lipolysis with theophylline or with dibutyryl cyclic AMP markedly inhibited cholesterol synthesis in fat cells. Insulin increased the incorporation of glucose and leucine into fat cell cholesterol. The cholesterol synthesis in fat cells was not suppressed by a high cholesterol diet. Addition of very low or low density lipoprotein into the incubation medium suppressed fat cell cholesterol synthesis whereas high density lipoprotein did not. The lipoprotein-free serum stimulated cholesterol synthesis compared with serum-free medium. The rate of cholesterol synthesis in total adipose tissue of rat was estimated to be 4% of that in the liver. It seems unlikely that the increased body cholesterol turnover present in obesity is accounted for by the enhanced cholesterol formation in the enlarged adipose tissue.", "contents": "Regulation of cholesterol synthesis and storage in fat cells. The fat cells of rat epididymal adipose tissue contain an average of 0.5 mg of cholesterol per gram of triglyceride. Of this cholesterol, 90% is nonesterified and 80% is located in the lipid storage compartment. The fat cell cholesterol content correlated positively with cell size. During fasting the free cholesterol of the adipocyte decreased in parallel with triglyceride, whereas the amount of esterified cholesterol did not change. The fat cell cholesterol content is independent of the amount of dietary cholesterol. On in vitro incubation of rat fat cells with radiolabeled acetate, mevalonate, glucose, leucine, or water, labeled cholesterol was synthesized. The rate of cholesterol synthesis increased with fat cell size. Fasting suppressed cholesterol synthesis by 90%, whereas refeeding stimulated the synthesis above values found in normally fed rats. Stimulation of lipolysis with theophylline or with dibutyryl cyclic AMP markedly inhibited cholesterol synthesis in fat cells. Insulin increased the incorporation of glucose and leucine into fat cell cholesterol. The cholesterol synthesis in fat cells was not suppressed by a high cholesterol diet. Addition of very low or low density lipoprotein into the incubation medium suppressed fat cell cholesterol synthesis whereas high density lipoprotein did not. The lipoprotein-free serum stimulated cholesterol synthesis compared with serum-free medium. The rate of cholesterol synthesis in total adipose tissue of rat was estimated to be 4% of that in the liver. It seems unlikely that the increased body cholesterol turnover present in obesity is accounted for by the enhanced cholesterol formation in the enlarged adipose tissue.", "PMID": 1127358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9964", "title": "Characterization of lung surfactant: factors promoting formation of artifactual lipid-protein complexes.", "content": "Because uncertainty exists as to whether dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine, the major component of lung surfactant, is part of a lipoprotein molecule, a study was designed to investigate the relationships between the phospholipids and proteins of rabbit lung washings obtained by lavage with aqueous solutions. Surface-active sediments contained phospholipid and protein in ratios directly dependent upon the ratios in the washings from which they were obtained. Comparison of negatively stained lung washings and sediments revealed that sedimentation caused extensive aggregation of surfactant \"liposomes\". Analytical ultracentrifugation revealed that both cell-free washings from lungs and suspension of pure phosphatidylcholine contained components with flotation rates ranging from 25 to 400. Density gradient centrifugation of washings, without prior sedimentation, resulted in the appearance of a phospholipid band associated with only a small amount of protein. The density of the band varied depending upon temperature. No qualitative differences in the protein compositions of the phospholipid band and other gradient fractions were found by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Albumin, IgG, IgM, and several nonplasma proteins were present. These results indicate that little, if any, protein is specifically attached to the phospholipids of lung surfactant; rather, the lipid-protein complexes of lung washings are the result of a nonspecific association caused by removal of water-soluble surfactant from the lung and promoted by sedimentation.", "contents": "Characterization of lung surfactant: factors promoting formation of artifactual lipid-protein complexes. Because uncertainty exists as to whether dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine, the major component of lung surfactant, is part of a lipoprotein molecule, a study was designed to investigate the relationships between the phospholipids and proteins of rabbit lung washings obtained by lavage with aqueous solutions. Surface-active sediments contained phospholipid and protein in ratios directly dependent upon the ratios in the washings from which they were obtained. Comparison of negatively stained lung washings and sediments revealed that sedimentation caused extensive aggregation of surfactant \"liposomes\". Analytical ultracentrifugation revealed that both cell-free washings from lungs and suspension of pure phosphatidylcholine contained components with flotation rates ranging from 25 to 400. Density gradient centrifugation of washings, without prior sedimentation, resulted in the appearance of a phospholipid band associated with only a small amount of protein. The density of the band varied depending upon temperature. No qualitative differences in the protein compositions of the phospholipid band and other gradient fractions were found by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Albumin, IgG, IgM, and several nonplasma proteins were present. These results indicate that little, if any, protein is specifically attached to the phospholipids of lung surfactant; rather, the lipid-protein complexes of lung washings are the result of a nonspecific association caused by removal of water-soluble surfactant from the lung and promoted by sedimentation.", "PMID": 1127359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9965", "title": "Identification of a novel cell type in peripheral lymphoid organs of mice. IV. Identification and distribution in mouse spleen.", "content": "White pulp nodules of mouse spleen contain a minor population of cells with morphologic features that are identical to those of dendritic cells, a cell type recently described in vitro. They have characteristic large, irregularly shaped nuclei with distinctive chromatin patterns and small nucleoli. The cytoplasm is extended in processes that contain relatively few organelles. These presumptive dendritic cells can be distinguished from other cell types that are known to exist in spleen including those that have irregular or branching cell shapes. In particular, dendritic cells do not contain the large number of lysosomes seen in phagocytes, and do not actively interiorize intravenously administered colloidal thorium dioxide particles. They also lack the well developed secretory apparatus (rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi zone) and microfilament bundles that are noted in connective tissue cells. These morphologic observations, combined with previous in vitro work, substantiate the existence of a novel class of cells in mouse lymphoid organs.", "contents": "Identification of a novel cell type in peripheral lymphoid organs of mice. IV. Identification and distribution in mouse spleen. White pulp nodules of mouse spleen contain a minor population of cells with morphologic features that are identical to those of dendritic cells, a cell type recently described in vitro. They have characteristic large, irregularly shaped nuclei with distinctive chromatin patterns and small nucleoli. The cytoplasm is extended in processes that contain relatively few organelles. These presumptive dendritic cells can be distinguished from other cell types that are known to exist in spleen including those that have irregular or branching cell shapes. In particular, dendritic cells do not contain the large number of lysosomes seen in phagocytes, and do not actively interiorize intravenously administered colloidal thorium dioxide particles. They also lack the well developed secretory apparatus (rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi zone) and microfilament bundles that are noted in connective tissue cells. These morphologic observations, combined with previous in vitro work, substantiate the existence of a novel class of cells in mouse lymphoid organs.", "PMID": 1127378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9966", "title": "Murine terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase: cellular distribution and response to cortisone.", "content": "The mouse thymus contains two forms of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) which are distinguishable by the salt concentration necessary to elute them from a phosphocellulose column, by their distrubtion among the thymocyte subpopulations, and by their sensitivity to cortisone treatment. In the whole thymus the later eluting peak (peak II) is the predominant one with about 3-10% of the total activity appearing in peak I. Both peak I and peak II activities are most sensitively assayed by the polymerization of dGMP onto an oligo(dA) primer. The minor population of thymocytes which is less dense and cortisone-resistant contains a higher specific activity of peak I TdT. The majority of TdT activity is, however, found in the major population of thymocytes which occurs in the center region of a bovine serum albumin gradient and is cortisone-sensitive. A very low level of an activity indistinguishable from peak II TdT activity is also detected in the mouse bone marrow. Other tissues, such as spleen, liver, heart, and brain lack detectable amounts of TdT activity.", "contents": "Murine terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase: cellular distribution and response to cortisone. The mouse thymus contains two forms of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) which are distinguishable by the salt concentration necessary to elute them from a phosphocellulose column, by their distrubtion among the thymocyte subpopulations, and by their sensitivity to cortisone treatment. In the whole thymus the later eluting peak (peak II) is the predominant one with about 3-10% of the total activity appearing in peak I. Both peak I and peak II activities are most sensitively assayed by the polymerization of dGMP onto an oligo(dA) primer. The minor population of thymocytes which is less dense and cortisone-resistant contains a higher specific activity of peak I TdT. The majority of TdT activity is, however, found in the major population of thymocytes which occurs in the center region of a bovine serum albumin gradient and is cortisone-sensitive. A very low level of an activity indistinguishable from peak II TdT activity is also detected in the mouse bone marrow. Other tissues, such as spleen, liver, heart, and brain lack detectable amounts of TdT activity.", "PMID": 1127379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9967", "title": "Association of HL-A 5 and immune responsiveness in vitro to streptococcal antigens.", "content": "Lymphocytes, from randomly selected individuals having normal immune function, when incubated in vitro with varying concentrations of streptococcal antigens, responded in three ways: (a) response over the entire antigen concentration range, i.e., responders; (b) low response to only the highest antigen concentrations; and (c) no response at any antigen concentration. Frequency distribution analysis of these groups indicated that a significant association occurred between the ability to respond and HL-A 5.", "contents": "Association of HL-A 5 and immune responsiveness in vitro to streptococcal antigens. Lymphocytes, from randomly selected individuals having normal immune function, when incubated in vitro with varying concentrations of streptococcal antigens, responded in three ways: (a) response over the entire antigen concentration range, i.e., responders; (b) low response to only the highest antigen concentrations; and (c) no response at any antigen concentration. Frequency distribution analysis of these groups indicated that a significant association occurred between the ability to respond and HL-A 5.", "PMID": 1127380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9968", "title": "Studies of the macrophage complement receptor. Alteration of receptor function upon macrophage activation.", "content": "We have examined the roles of Fc receptors and complement receptors in mediating the interaction of sensitized sheep erythrocytes (E) with activated and with nonactivated mouse peritoneal macrophages. Both activated and nonactivated macrophages ingest IgG-coated erythrocytes [E(IgG)]; activated cells intest 1.5-2 times as man E(IgG) as do nonactivated macrophages. Thus, there is a quantitative difference in Fc receptor-mediated ingestion between activated and nonactivated macrophages. There is, however, a qualitative difference in function of complement receptors of activated and nonactivated macrophages. Nonactivated macrophages avidly bind complement-coated E [E(IgM)Ia1, but do not ingest them to a significant degree. Activated macrophages, on the other hand, bind and ingest E(IgM)C. The possibility of Fc receptor participation in mediating ingestion of E(IgM)C by activated macrophages was eliminated by blocking Fc receptors with an antimacrophage IgG fraction. Activated macrophages treated with antimacrophage IgG did not ingest E(igG) but did ingest both E(IgM)C AND E(IgM)C. Nonactivated macrophages treated with antimacrophage IgG did not interact at all with E(IgG). These cells bound, but did not ingest, E(IgM)C and E(IgM)C. Complement receptor-mediated ingestion is a marker for macrophage activation and may be physiologically important in the elimination of complement-coated particles.", "contents": "Studies of the macrophage complement receptor. Alteration of receptor function upon macrophage activation. We have examined the roles of Fc receptors and complement receptors in mediating the interaction of sensitized sheep erythrocytes (E) with activated and with nonactivated mouse peritoneal macrophages. Both activated and nonactivated macrophages ingest IgG-coated erythrocytes [E(IgG)]; activated cells intest 1.5-2 times as man E(IgG) as do nonactivated macrophages. Thus, there is a quantitative difference in Fc receptor-mediated ingestion between activated and nonactivated macrophages. There is, however, a qualitative difference in function of complement receptors of activated and nonactivated macrophages. Nonactivated macrophages avidly bind complement-coated E [E(IgM)Ia1, but do not ingest them to a significant degree. Activated macrophages, on the other hand, bind and ingest E(IgM)C. The possibility of Fc receptor participation in mediating ingestion of E(IgM)C by activated macrophages was eliminated by blocking Fc receptors with an antimacrophage IgG fraction. Activated macrophages treated with antimacrophage IgG did not ingest E(igG) but did ingest both E(IgM)C AND E(IgM)C. Nonactivated macrophages treated with antimacrophage IgG did not interact at all with E(IgG). These cells bound, but did not ingest, E(IgM)C and E(IgM)C. Complement receptor-mediated ingestion is a marker for macrophage activation and may be physiologically important in the elimination of complement-coated particles.", "PMID": 1127381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9969", "title": "Experimental autoimmune myasthenia: A model of myasthenia gravis in rats and guinea pigs.", "content": "Immunization of animals with acetylcholine receptor (AChR) protein from the electric organs of Electrophorus electricus and Torpedo californica induces an autoimmune response to the AChR of mammalian skeletal muscle. Rats and guinea pigs develop experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG) after a single inoculation with small quantities of AChR and adjuvant. The indicence and severity of disease appears to depend on the dose of AChR and stability of the emulsion. EAMG is strikingly similar to myasthenia gravis (MG) of man in its clinical picture and its electrophysiological abnormalities. The presence of antibodies to syngeneic rat muscle AChR in the serum of rats with EAMG documents the existence of autoimmunity in the experimental disease. A common immunopathogenesis is suggested for both EAMG and mg.", "contents": "Experimental autoimmune myasthenia: A model of myasthenia gravis in rats and guinea pigs. Immunization of animals with acetylcholine receptor (AChR) protein from the electric organs of Electrophorus electricus and Torpedo californica induces an autoimmune response to the AChR of mammalian skeletal muscle. Rats and guinea pigs develop experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG) after a single inoculation with small quantities of AChR and adjuvant. The indicence and severity of disease appears to depend on the dose of AChR and stability of the emulsion. EAMG is strikingly similar to myasthenia gravis (MG) of man in its clinical picture and its electrophysiological abnormalities. The presence of antibodies to syngeneic rat muscle AChR in the serum of rats with EAMG documents the existence of autoimmunity in the experimental disease. A common immunopathogenesis is suggested for both EAMG and mg.", "PMID": 1127382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9970", "title": "Polymorphonulcear leukocyte chemotaxis toward oxidized lipid components of cell membranes.", "content": "Polymorphonuclear leukocyte chemotaxis has been elicited by oxidized arachidonic acid and other oxidized polyenoic lipids in the Boyden micropore filter assay system. This chemotactic activity was observed in the absence of serum and chemotactic proteins. The esterfied arachidonic acid present in plasma membranes may be a precursor of chemotactic messages as well as prostaglandins in vivo.", "contents": "Polymorphonulcear leukocyte chemotaxis toward oxidized lipid components of cell membranes. Polymorphonuclear leukocyte chemotaxis has been elicited by oxidized arachidonic acid and other oxidized polyenoic lipids in the Boyden micropore filter assay system. This chemotactic activity was observed in the absence of serum and chemotactic proteins. The esterfied arachidonic acid present in plasma membranes may be a precursor of chemotactic messages as well as prostaglandins in vivo.", "PMID": 1127383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9971", "title": "Nonallelic behavior of rabbit variable-region allotypes.", "content": "Group a allotypes not detected by qualitative typing or anticipated from breeding data (latent allotypes) were detected at low levels in 50% of normal rabbit sera tested. The latent allotypes, which were serologically identical to allotypes of pooled IgG, were detected in sera from rabbits with all possible combinations of group a allotypes and their occurrence in individual rabbits was transitory and sporadic. These findings give reason to question the assumption that the synthesis of immunoglobulin allotypes is directed by allelic structural genes.", "contents": "Nonallelic behavior of rabbit variable-region allotypes. Group a allotypes not detected by qualitative typing or anticipated from breeding data (latent allotypes) were detected at low levels in 50% of normal rabbit sera tested. The latent allotypes, which were serologically identical to allotypes of pooled IgG, were detected in sera from rabbits with all possible combinations of group a allotypes and their occurrence in individual rabbits was transitory and sporadic. These findings give reason to question the assumption that the synthesis of immunoglobulin allotypes is directed by allelic structural genes.", "PMID": 1127384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9972", "title": "Hereditary C2 deficiency: Genetic studies and association with the HL-A system.", "content": "Herediatary C2-deficiency has been shown to be transmitted asn an autosomal recessive characteristic. Recent evidence indicates that some genetic factors involved in the control of the complement (C) system in both man and mice are governed by genes localized within the major histocompatibility regionmthis study describes a large pedigree of the paternal family of a C2-deficient patient with systemic lupus erythematosusl It is shown that this condition is transmitted as an autosomal recessive trait, the heterozygous carriers having approximately half normal levels of C2. Furthermore, this trait was shown to be inherited in close linkage with an infrequent HL-A typw, 2,4A2. The maternal, C2-defective chromosome was shown to be transmitted by HL-AW10, W18 haplotypemthis same haplotype was described in a similar study by Fu et al. (6) to be associated with C2 deficiencymfinally, a third haplotype HL-A2,W18 carrying a defective C2 gene was demonstrated in a part of this pedigree.", "contents": "Hereditary C2 deficiency: Genetic studies and association with the HL-A system. Herediatary C2-deficiency has been shown to be transmitted asn an autosomal recessive characteristic. Recent evidence indicates that some genetic factors involved in the control of the complement (C) system in both man and mice are governed by genes localized within the major histocompatibility regionmthis study describes a large pedigree of the paternal family of a C2-deficient patient with systemic lupus erythematosusl It is shown that this condition is transmitted as an autosomal recessive trait, the heterozygous carriers having approximately half normal levels of C2. Furthermore, this trait was shown to be inherited in close linkage with an infrequent HL-A typw, 2,4A2. The maternal, C2-defective chromosome was shown to be transmitted by HL-AW10, W18 haplotypemthis same haplotype was described in a similar study by Fu et al. (6) to be associated with C2 deficiencymfinally, a third haplotype HL-A2,W18 carrying a defective C2 gene was demonstrated in a part of this pedigree.", "PMID": 1127385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9973", "title": "Informed consent and its implications in family practice.", "content": "The doctrine of informed consent has had its practical introduction to medical malpractice litigation in the past five years. Its definition has not changed since the days when its definitive application was only a fond dream of the malpractice plaintiffs attorneys. However, with neh new methods of presenting this theory to the courts, and with the newly emerging practice fo having rulings on matters of law substituted by judges for prevailing standards of medical practice, the implications for family physicians have become tremendous. Hopefullum by understanding the principles involved in its application in the pertinent landmark cases, family physicians will be better able to abid the pitfalls engendered by the doctrine of informed consent.", "contents": "Informed consent and its implications in family practice. The doctrine of informed consent has had its practical introduction to medical malpractice litigation in the past five years. Its definition has not changed since the days when its definitive application was only a fond dream of the malpractice plaintiffs attorneys. However, with neh new methods of presenting this theory to the courts, and with the newly emerging practice fo having rulings on matters of law substituted by judges for prevailing standards of medical practice, the implications for family physicians have become tremendous. Hopefullum by understanding the principles involved in its application in the pertinent landmark cases, family physicians will be better able to abid the pitfalls engendered by the doctrine of informed consent.", "PMID": 1127387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9974", "title": "A predoctoral curriculum in family medicine.", "content": "Development of a new discipline, such as family medicine, requires careful definition of scope and purpose. This must be followed by delineation of specific education objectives. The teaching program is often carried out by people experienced as clinicans but not as teachers and requires selection of methods most natural to this kind of faculty. This article describes the current stage of curricular development at the institution with the longest experience in predoctoral family medicine in the United States. Based on seven years' experimentation, this paper provides an overview of the philosophy behind this particular curriculum and describes, in brief, four educational methods which have proven useful. These methods will be discussed in greater detail in subsequent articles focusing on specific educational objectives, illustrative examples, and evaluative methods.", "contents": "A predoctoral curriculum in family medicine. Development of a new discipline, such as family medicine, requires careful definition of scope and purpose. This must be followed by delineation of specific education objectives. The teaching program is often carried out by people experienced as clinicans but not as teachers and requires selection of methods most natural to this kind of faculty. This article describes the current stage of curricular development at the institution with the longest experience in predoctoral family medicine in the United States. Based on seven years' experimentation, this paper provides an overview of the philosophy behind this particular curriculum and describes, in brief, four educational methods which have proven useful. These methods will be discussed in greater detail in subsequent articles focusing on specific educational objectives, illustrative examples, and evaluative methods.", "PMID": 1127388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9975", "title": "The first-year family practice resident. An identity crisis.", "content": "A definite identity crisis was recognized among first-year family practice residents prior to this year. A specific solution was found through a carefully planned one month family practice rotation that enabled the residents to become fully acquainted with the Family Practice Clinic operation while firmly establishing their identity as unique family practice residents. There is good evidence that this approach has been highly successful in dealing with the problem, and the alleviation of identity crises in first-year residents has, in addition, strengthened other areas of the residency program.", "contents": "The first-year family practice resident. An identity crisis. A definite identity crisis was recognized among first-year family practice residents prior to this year. A specific solution was found through a carefully planned one month family practice rotation that enabled the residents to become fully acquainted with the Family Practice Clinic operation while firmly establishing their identity as unique family practice residents. There is good evidence that this approach has been highly successful in dealing with the problem, and the alleviation of identity crises in first-year residents has, in addition, strengthened other areas of the residency program.", "PMID": 1127389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9976", "title": "Toward clarification of objectives for family practice and family medicine.", "content": "This paper analyzes the social boundaries derived from an adequate definition of family practice and family medicine and explores the social dynamics between them and other social institutions and disciplines, More precise objectives  for family practice and family medicine are delineated using a model which specifies social targets, methods, and purpose of intervention. Implication for further research in family medicine are discussed as well as their future effect on family practice.", "contents": "Toward clarification of objectives for family practice and family medicine. This paper analyzes the social boundaries derived from an adequate definition of family practice and family medicine and explores the social dynamics between them and other social institutions and disciplines, More precise objectives  for family practice and family medicine are delineated using a model which specifies social targets, methods, and purpose of intervention. Implication for further research in family medicine are discussed as well as their future effect on family practice.", "PMID": 1127390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9977", "title": "A new look at continuing education in family practice.", "content": "The rapid increase of medical knowledge in recent years, together with continuously changing methods and patterns of practice, have made continuing medical education today a critical and challenging problem. It is now recognized that the large majority of a physician's medical knowledge over a practice career is derived from postgraduate learning after his initial formal undergraduate and graduate medical education. Despite the present importance of continuing medical education, we still have a relatively ineffective system which is not easily accessible to the practicing physician and which often fails to meet his individual learning needs. This paper critiques our past efforts in this area, describes some principles of learning, and suggests some new approaches to make continuing education in family practice more accessible and effective.", "contents": "A new look at continuing education in family practice. The rapid increase of medical knowledge in recent years, together with continuously changing methods and patterns of practice, have made continuing medical education today a critical and challenging problem. It is now recognized that the large majority of a physician's medical knowledge over a practice career is derived from postgraduate learning after his initial formal undergraduate and graduate medical education. Despite the present importance of continuing medical education, we still have a relatively ineffective system which is not easily accessible to the practicing physician and which often fails to meet his individual learning needs. This paper critiques our past efforts in this area, describes some principles of learning, and suggests some new approaches to make continuing education in family practice more accessible and effective.", "PMID": 1127391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9978", "title": "A critical review of periodic health screening using specific screening criteria. Part 2: Selected endocrine, metabolic and gastrointestinal diseases.", "content": "Despite the increasing interest in recent years in prevention and early recognition of asymptomatic disease, there has been a lag in development of a sound scientific basis for efforts in this area. No objectively based program for periodic health screening of asymptomatic adults has yet been proposed for the primary care physician. This is the second in a series of four articles which will critically examine the feasibility of screening procedures for 36 selected diseases. Six basic criteria are adopted as necessary to justify periodic screening. Specific screening recommendations are made for each disease, and a longitudinal screening program for asymptomatic adults will be proposed in the concluding article of this series.", "contents": "A critical review of periodic health screening using specific screening criteria. Part 2: Selected endocrine, metabolic and gastrointestinal diseases. Despite the increasing interest in recent years in prevention and early recognition of asymptomatic disease, there has been a lag in development of a sound scientific basis for efforts in this area. No objectively based program for periodic health screening of asymptomatic adults has yet been proposed for the primary care physician. This is the second in a series of four articles which will critically examine the feasibility of screening procedures for 36 selected diseases. Six basic criteria are adopted as necessary to justify periodic screening. Specific screening recommendations are made for each disease, and a longitudinal screening program for asymptomatic adults will be proposed in the concluding article of this series.", "PMID": 1127392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9979", "title": "The unwanted pregnancy in adolescence.", "content": "The unwanted pregnancy in adolescence is a crisis during which the adolescent woman often seeks help from an agency or physician. Frequently the option chosen is termination by therapeutic abortion. This option should be offered in a nonjudgmental manner with an attempt to understand and monitor the adolescent's emotional status. Psychiatric consultation should be sought only under specific circumstances is described which will help the adolescent with unwanted pregnancy resolve this life crisis constructively.", "contents": "The unwanted pregnancy in adolescence. The unwanted pregnancy in adolescence is a crisis during which the adolescent woman often seeks help from an agency or physician. Frequently the option chosen is termination by therapeutic abortion. This option should be offered in a nonjudgmental manner with an attempt to understand and monitor the adolescent's emotional status. Psychiatric consultation should be sought only under specific circumstances is described which will help the adolescent with unwanted pregnancy resolve this life crisis constructively.", "PMID": 1127396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9980", "title": "The role of the family physician in the crisis of impending divorce.", "content": "The divorce rate in the United States is approaching 30 to 40 percent. Because the family physician cares for the entire family, he often finds himself in the midst of the turmoil created by the crisis of impending divorce. Using a case presentation, we have offered some specific suggestions to help the family physician manage this common problem. Few traditional training programs have adequately prepared the primary physician to be effective in marriage counseling. The integration of the behavioral sciences with the medical sciences should be a major goal of the developing discipline of family medicine. If training programs in family medicine successfully develop curricula that teach the skills required to support a troubled marriage, the family physician of the future may make a more significant contribution towards the preservation of the nuclear family.", "contents": "The role of the family physician in the crisis of impending divorce. The divorce rate in the United States is approaching 30 to 40 percent. Because the family physician cares for the entire family, he often finds himself in the midst of the turmoil created by the crisis of impending divorce. Using a case presentation, we have offered some specific suggestions to help the family physician manage this common problem. Few traditional training programs have adequately prepared the primary physician to be effective in marriage counseling. The integration of the behavioral sciences with the medical sciences should be a major goal of the developing discipline of family medicine. If training programs in family medicine successfully develop curricula that teach the skills required to support a troubled marriage, the family physician of the future may make a more significant contribution towards the preservation of the nuclear family.", "PMID": 1127398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9981", "title": "Panting thresholds of lizards. IV. The effect of dehydration on the panting threshold of Amphibolurus barbatus and Amphibolurus muricatus.", "content": "Amphibolurus barbatus which occupies arid and mesic habitats elevates its panting threshold with increasing loss of body water, thereby minimizing water loss at the expense of thermoregulatory effectiveness. Change in panting threshold is greatest up to losses of body water of 6-8% of hydrated weight, after which adjustment of the threshold is of lesser magnitude. Amphibolurus muricatus, a species restricted to the more mesic regions of Australia, does not show any change of panting threshold with progressive dehydration.", "contents": "Panting thresholds of lizards. IV. The effect of dehydration on the panting threshold of Amphibolurus barbatus and Amphibolurus muricatus. Amphibolurus barbatus which occupies arid and mesic habitats elevates its panting threshold with increasing loss of body water, thereby minimizing water loss at the expense of thermoregulatory effectiveness. Change in panting threshold is greatest up to losses of body water of 6-8% of hydrated weight, after which adjustment of the threshold is of lesser magnitude. Amphibolurus muricatus, a species restricted to the more mesic regions of Australia, does not show any change of panting threshold with progressive dehydration.", "PMID": 1127399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9982", "title": "An analysis of nuclear numbers in individual muscle fibers during differentiation and growth: a satellite cell-muscle fiber growth unit.", "content": "A numerical analysis of changes in the populations of nuclei in individual, intact muscle fibers was made to study how multinucleation arises during normal differentiation and growth. Gastrocnemius muscle fibers from pre- and post-natal mice were isolated with guanidine (Cardasis and Cooper, '75) and examined. Satellite cells associated with muscle fibers were first observed at 19 days of gestation. The number of nuclei per muscle fiber (muscle + satellite cell nuclei) averages 83 at this age, 157 at birth and continues to increase to 354 by 63 days of age. However, the rate of increase during growth is not constant. Estimates of satellite cell and muscle nuclei in histological cross sections indicate that there is a decrease in the percentage of satellite cells from 32% at birth to 6% in the adult. However, the numbers of satellite cells associated with individual muscle fibers, calculated from these percentages and the nuclear counts on whole fibers, decreases only between 2 and 4 weeks of age. Cytosine arabinoside was injected subcutaneously during the first two weeks of age. Pairs of satellite cells, abnormal nuclei and elevated percentages of satellite cells were observed. This evidence as well as the numerical analysis of nuclear populations in whole fibers lends further support to the hypothesis that satellite cells account for the increase in muscle nuclei from birth to maturity.", "contents": "An analysis of nuclear numbers in individual muscle fibers during differentiation and growth: a satellite cell-muscle fiber growth unit. A numerical analysis of changes in the populations of nuclei in individual, intact muscle fibers was made to study how multinucleation arises during normal differentiation and growth. Gastrocnemius muscle fibers from pre- and post-natal mice were isolated with guanidine (Cardasis and Cooper, '75) and examined. Satellite cells associated with muscle fibers were first observed at 19 days of gestation. The number of nuclei per muscle fiber (muscle + satellite cell nuclei) averages 83 at this age, 157 at birth and continues to increase to 354 by 63 days of age. However, the rate of increase during growth is not constant. Estimates of satellite cell and muscle nuclei in histological cross sections indicate that there is a decrease in the percentage of satellite cells from 32% at birth to 6% in the adult. However, the numbers of satellite cells associated with individual muscle fibers, calculated from these percentages and the nuclear counts on whole fibers, decreases only between 2 and 4 weeks of age. Cytosine arabinoside was injected subcutaneously during the first two weeks of age. Pairs of satellite cells, abnormal nuclei and elevated percentages of satellite cells were observed. This evidence as well as the numerical analysis of nuclear populations in whole fibers lends further support to the hypothesis that satellite cells account for the increase in muscle nuclei from birth to maturity.", "PMID": 1127400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9983", "title": "Eye disk differentiation in the wax moth: induction in vitro.", "content": "Ecdysterone-induced differentiation of Galleria mellonella compound eyes in vitro is critically dependent on the age of the donor. It is greatest in explants from young prepupae, decreases with increasing donor age, and is absent in explants from 4-6 hour pupae. Failure of eye disks from pupae to differentiate in vitro seems to be the consequence of exposing them to culture conditions at a susceptible time in their development for, unlike eye disks from prepupae, they do not develop when removed from the medium and implanted into competent hosts. The explants most responsive in vitro are more liable to submerge, with resulting inhibition of development. Three media allow differentiation of adult eye structures, and one of these is suitable without adding macromolecular compounds. Ecdysterone is essential, and will elicit ommatidia formation when it is added to the medium at concentrations ranging from 0.1-20 mug/ml. Rubrosterone is ineffective at 1.0 mug/ml of medium. In the best-differentiated explants each ommatidium consists of 8-10 pigmented retinal cells surrounding a rhabdom-like core, and their axons can be traced to an enlarged optic nerve. Crystalline cones, adult cuticle in the form of facets (corneal lenses), and pigment cells also are formed.", "contents": "Eye disk differentiation in the wax moth: induction in vitro. Ecdysterone-induced differentiation of Galleria mellonella compound eyes in vitro is critically dependent on the age of the donor. It is greatest in explants from young prepupae, decreases with increasing donor age, and is absent in explants from 4-6 hour pupae. Failure of eye disks from pupae to differentiate in vitro seems to be the consequence of exposing them to culture conditions at a susceptible time in their development for, unlike eye disks from prepupae, they do not develop when removed from the medium and implanted into competent hosts. The explants most responsive in vitro are more liable to submerge, with resulting inhibition of development. Three media allow differentiation of adult eye structures, and one of these is suitable without adding macromolecular compounds. Ecdysterone is essential, and will elicit ommatidia formation when it is added to the medium at concentrations ranging from 0.1-20 mug/ml. Rubrosterone is ineffective at 1.0 mug/ml of medium. In the best-differentiated explants each ommatidium consists of 8-10 pigmented retinal cells surrounding a rhabdom-like core, and their axons can be traced to an enlarged optic nerve. Crystalline cones, adult cuticle in the form of facets (corneal lenses), and pigment cells also are formed.", "PMID": 1127401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9984", "title": "Limb development in diplopodia4: a polydactylous mutation in the chicken.", "content": "In a study of the polydactylous mutation of the domestic chicken, diplopodia4, we have found that the genetic lesion affects primarily the mesoderm and only secondarily the ectoderm. The effect of this mutant mesenchyme on overlying ectodermal ridge, either mutant or normal, is to thicken the ridge preaxially, leading to increased outgrowth and preaxial polydactylism. A \"zone of polarizing activity\" in the normal limb-bud seems to have a role in the control of its anteroposterior polarity. We have examined diplopodia4 limb-buds for polarizing activity and found it to be normal in its activity and distribution. These results suggest that the supernumerary outgrowth in the mutant limbs result from increased ridge mainon of the polarizing zone.", "contents": "Limb development in diplopodia4: a polydactylous mutation in the chicken. In a study of the polydactylous mutation of the domestic chicken, diplopodia4, we have found that the genetic lesion affects primarily the mesoderm and only secondarily the ectoderm. The effect of this mutant mesenchyme on overlying ectodermal ridge, either mutant or normal, is to thicken the ridge preaxially, leading to increased outgrowth and preaxial polydactylism. A \"zone of polarizing activity\" in the normal limb-bud seems to have a role in the control of its anteroposterior polarity. We have examined diplopodia4 limb-buds for polarizing activity and found it to be normal in its activity and distribution. These results suggest that the supernumerary outgrowth in the mutant limbs result from increased ridge mainon of the polarizing zone.", "PMID": 1127402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9985", "title": "Electron microscopic study of erythrocytes in developing rainbow trouts, Salmo gairdnerii irideus, with particular reference to changes in the cell line.", "content": "The fine structure of the first erythroid cells in the embryonic circulation of the rainbow trout and new erythroid cells appearing after hatching was examined by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The first erythroid cells in the embryos, where circulation has just begun, are very immature in ultrastructural characteristics; they are spherical, relatively large, and contain a large nucleus with diffuse chromatin and numerous free ribosomes mostly occurring as polyribosomes. The cells divide in the circulatory system. As development proceeds, the entire population undergoes a synchronous maturation, i.e., transformation into round and flat discs, progressive heterochromatization, reduction in number of cytoplasmic organelles, especially of ribosomes, and a concomitant increase of hemoglobin content. The fully mature first erythroid cells persist until after hatching and are gradually replaced by a new population of erythroid cells which begin to appear in the circulatory system within a few days after hatching. The new cells are at first small and spherical, and show immature ultrastructural features, but no dividing cells were encountered. The cytological changes accompanying maturation are almost parallel to those seen in the first class of erythroid cells. In the circulatory system of fry, where yolk absorption has just been completed, almost all the erythroid cells are mature. These cells are uniformly flat and elliptical discs. The differences in ribosome numbers in electron micrographs of erythroid cells from different stages of development are also consistent with the existence of two series of erythroid cell maturation in the peripheral blood of the developing rainbow trout.", "contents": "Electron microscopic study of erythrocytes in developing rainbow trouts, Salmo gairdnerii irideus, with particular reference to changes in the cell line. The fine structure of the first erythroid cells in the embryonic circulation of the rainbow trout and new erythroid cells appearing after hatching was examined by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The first erythroid cells in the embryos, where circulation has just begun, are very immature in ultrastructural characteristics; they are spherical, relatively large, and contain a large nucleus with diffuse chromatin and numerous free ribosomes mostly occurring as polyribosomes. The cells divide in the circulatory system. As development proceeds, the entire population undergoes a synchronous maturation, i.e., transformation into round and flat discs, progressive heterochromatization, reduction in number of cytoplasmic organelles, especially of ribosomes, and a concomitant increase of hemoglobin content. The fully mature first erythroid cells persist until after hatching and are gradually replaced by a new population of erythroid cells which begin to appear in the circulatory system within a few days after hatching. The new cells are at first small and spherical, and show immature ultrastructural features, but no dividing cells were encountered. The cytological changes accompanying maturation are almost parallel to those seen in the first class of erythroid cells. In the circulatory system of fry, where yolk absorption has just been completed, almost all the erythroid cells are mature. These cells are uniformly flat and elliptical discs. The differences in ribosome numbers in electron micrographs of erythroid cells from different stages of development are also consistent with the existence of two series of erythroid cell maturation in the peripheral blood of the developing rainbow trout.", "PMID": 1127403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9986", "title": "The changes in cell shape during pigment migration in melanophores of a teleost, Oryzias latipes.", "content": "The changes in cell shape of fish melanophores during pigment displacement, and the effects of colchicine and cytochalasin B on the surface morphology were studied by scanning electron microscopy. Dispersed melanophores are generally flat, with thick radiating dendritic processes. Aggregated melanophores are characterized by their swollen, hemispherical centrospheres and thin, collapsed dendrites. Colchicine induces a flattening of the entire surface of the cell while cytochalasin B elicits the swelling of the centrosphere accompanied by a partial migration (aggregation) of melanosomes.", "contents": "The changes in cell shape during pigment migration in melanophores of a teleost, Oryzias latipes. The changes in cell shape of fish melanophores during pigment displacement, and the effects of colchicine and cytochalasin B on the surface morphology were studied by scanning electron microscopy. Dispersed melanophores are generally flat, with thick radiating dendritic processes. Aggregated melanophores are characterized by their swollen, hemispherical centrospheres and thin, collapsed dendrites. Colchicine induces a flattening of the entire surface of the cell while cytochalasin B elicits the swelling of the centrosphere accompanied by a partial migration (aggregation) of melanosomes.", "PMID": 1127404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9987", "title": "The ontogeny of L-alpha-hydroxyacid oxidase isozymes in the mouse.", "content": "Mouse liver hydroxyacid oxidase isozymes are present at low levels at birth and increase in activity until day 13 after which HAOX-B almost disappears and HZOS-A is reduced to approximately one half the maximum level in the adultkidney. HAOX-G appears near day 13 post partum and increases until adult levels are reached, the female having four times the activity of the male. The pregnant female has significantly lower levels of HAOX-A and HAOX-B in the liver and higher activity of HAOX-B in the kidney. Developmental changes occur in the extent of epigenetic modification of mouse liver HAOX-A during the early neonatal period.", "contents": "The ontogeny of L-alpha-hydroxyacid oxidase isozymes in the mouse. Mouse liver hydroxyacid oxidase isozymes are present at low levels at birth and increase in activity until day 13 after which HAOX-B almost disappears and HZOS-A is reduced to approximately one half the maximum level in the adultkidney. HAOX-G appears near day 13 post partum and increases until adult levels are reached, the female having four times the activity of the male. The pregnant female has significantly lower levels of HAOX-A and HAOX-B in the liver and higher activity of HAOX-B in the kidney. Developmental changes occur in the extent of epigenetic modification of mouse liver HAOX-A during the early neonatal period.", "PMID": 1127405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9988", "title": "Studies on differentiation of M\u00fbllerian ducts in the quail, Coturnix coturnix japonica. II. Effects of sex hormones on nucleic acid synthesis in isolated female ducts.", "content": "The present investigations were carried out in an effort to determine the mechanisms underlying differentiation in the avian M\u00fcllerian duct, especially the asymmetrical differentiation of the female ducts. Using the isolated female ducts of Japanese quail, the incorporations of 3H-uridine and 14C-thymidine were determined in vitro at several embryonic stages. Incorporation of 3H-uridine was altered with some synchronous fluctuation during the embryonic period in both the left and right ducts, while 14C-thymidine incorporation first decreased rapidly and subsequently, only slightly, during the same period. By administering sex hormones in vitro nucleotide incorporation was affected to an appreciable extent characteristic of the duct at each stage. This hormonal susceptibility was also periodically altered during duct differentiation. The growing left duct continued to receive an apparent stimulation under the hormonal conditions, while the involuting right duct was sometimes inhibited under the same conditions. Such hormonal susceptibilities may explain the asymmetrical differentiation of the female left and right ducts during this embryonic period.", "contents": "Studies on differentiation of M\u00fbllerian ducts in the quail, Coturnix coturnix japonica. II. Effects of sex hormones on nucleic acid synthesis in isolated female ducts. The present investigations were carried out in an effort to determine the mechanisms underlying differentiation in the avian M\u00fcllerian duct, especially the asymmetrical differentiation of the female ducts. Using the isolated female ducts of Japanese quail, the incorporations of 3H-uridine and 14C-thymidine were determined in vitro at several embryonic stages. Incorporation of 3H-uridine was altered with some synchronous fluctuation during the embryonic period in both the left and right ducts, while 14C-thymidine incorporation first decreased rapidly and subsequently, only slightly, during the same period. By administering sex hormones in vitro nucleotide incorporation was affected to an appreciable extent characteristic of the duct at each stage. This hormonal susceptibility was also periodically altered during duct differentiation. The growing left duct continued to receive an apparent stimulation under the hormonal conditions, while the involuting right duct was sometimes inhibited under the same conditions. Such hormonal susceptibilities may explain the asymmetrical differentiation of the female left and right ducts during this embryonic period.", "PMID": 1127406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9989", "title": "Hybrid desmosomes in aggregated chick and mouse cells.", "content": "Mouse embryo skin epidermis has been examined during maturation, and stages have been found when desmosomes are first scarce, then increasing in frequency and finally numerous. Cells of skin epithelium from these stages have been combined in reaggregates with cells of the 15-day chick corneal epithelium which also form desmosomes readily. When these two cell types are reaggregated in the presence of cytochalasin B which inhibits cell sorting, they form numerous junctions with each other. Desmosomes in mouse and chick appear similar morphologically except for certain cytoplasmic components. Mouse skin epidermis cells combined with cardiac muscle or intestinal epithelium formed imperfect or no specialized contacts. The possible role of junctions in cell sorting in reaggregates is discussed.", "contents": "Hybrid desmosomes in aggregated chick and mouse cells. Mouse embryo skin epidermis has been examined during maturation, and stages have been found when desmosomes are first scarce, then increasing in frequency and finally numerous. Cells of skin epithelium from these stages have been combined in reaggregates with cells of the 15-day chick corneal epithelium which also form desmosomes readily. When these two cell types are reaggregated in the presence of cytochalasin B which inhibits cell sorting, they form numerous junctions with each other. Desmosomes in mouse and chick appear similar morphologically except for certain cytoplasmic components. Mouse skin epidermis cells combined with cardiac muscle or intestinal epithelium formed imperfect or no specialized contacts. The possible role of junctions in cell sorting in reaggregates is discussed.", "PMID": 1127407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9990", "title": "Morphogenetic gradients in moltiple-graft Hydra viridis. I. The effects of colcemid and colchicine.", "content": "The morphogenesis of so-called secondary (2 degree) heads, budding regions and feet, and separations at graft borders, is studied in multiple-graft animals containing three gastric regions (3g animals) treated with Colcemid or colchicine. Control animals consist of three non-treated pieces. Animals consisting of two non-treated and one treated piece are also employed. The main effects of Colcemid are the promotion of graft healing at the distal graft border, and of 2 degree head formation on the proximal gastric region (g-1). Colchicine also promotes graft healing at the distal graft border, but in contrast to the effect of Colcemid, promotes the formation of ectopic feet (tertiary feet) and inhibits head regeneration at the distal end of the middle gastric region (g-2). Colchicine also accelerates an inversion of polarity in 2 degree budding regions on the g-2 pieces of animals with 2 degree heads on their g-1 pieces. Treatment of a distal graft piece with Colcemid promotes 2 degree head formation on the nearest proximal piece which is not treated, but the inhibition of 2 degree head formation by colchicine occurs only on colchicine treated pieces. The morphogenetic effects of the drugs are interpreted as consequences of their actions on nerve differentiation and cell division. The paper argues that homeostatic control of a hydra's cell population depends on dividing cells influencing cell loss, and that similar mechanisms are involved in the rejection of a graft and the separation of a bud.", "contents": "Morphogenetic gradients in moltiple-graft Hydra viridis. I. The effects of colcemid and colchicine. The morphogenesis of so-called secondary (2 degree) heads, budding regions and feet, and separations at graft borders, is studied in multiple-graft animals containing three gastric regions (3g animals) treated with Colcemid or colchicine. Control animals consist of three non-treated pieces. Animals consisting of two non-treated and one treated piece are also employed. The main effects of Colcemid are the promotion of graft healing at the distal graft border, and of 2 degree head formation on the proximal gastric region (g-1). Colchicine also promotes graft healing at the distal graft border, but in contrast to the effect of Colcemid, promotes the formation of ectopic feet (tertiary feet) and inhibits head regeneration at the distal end of the middle gastric region (g-2). Colchicine also accelerates an inversion of polarity in 2 degree budding regions on the g-2 pieces of animals with 2 degree heads on their g-1 pieces. Treatment of a distal graft piece with Colcemid promotes 2 degree head formation on the nearest proximal piece which is not treated, but the inhibition of 2 degree head formation by colchicine occurs only on colchicine treated pieces. The morphogenetic effects of the drugs are interpreted as consequences of their actions on nerve differentiation and cell division. The paper argues that homeostatic control of a hydra's cell population depends on dividing cells influencing cell loss, and that similar mechanisms are involved in the rejection of a graft and the separation of a bud.", "PMID": 1127408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9991", "title": "Ontogenetic expression of larval and adult hemoglobin phenotypes in the intergeneric salmonid hybrids.", "content": "Ontogeny of the hemoglobins of Honmasu (Oncorhynchus rhodurus, HXH),brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis, BXB) and their reciprocal hybrids (HXB and BXH) was examined electrophoretically as well as spectrophotometrically. All of these fish have electrophoretically distinct larval and adult type hemoglobins and the transition from one type to the other occurred early during post-hatching development. In the case of larval hemoglobins, the electrophoretic pattern of a hybrid, BXH, resembled that of the maternal parent, brook trout (BXB), while the hemoglobin of the reciprocal hybrid, HXB, differed markedly from that of the maternal parent, Honmasu (HXH), in that it possesses a diffuse pattern. Spectrophotometric examinations indicated that this was mostly methemoglobin. Adult type hemoglobins at more advanced stages of both hybrids were electrophoretically resolved into the parental hemoglobins. However, no \"hybrid\" hemoglobins were detected. Because there was abnormal hemoglobin formation in the larval erythrocytes (erythrocytes L) of the HXB hybrid, and then normal hemoglobin synthesis in the adult erythrocytes (erythrocytes A) of the same fish at later developmental stages, it appears that the paternal effects upon the hemoglobin differed in these two erythroid cell lines of the developing trout.", "contents": "Ontogenetic expression of larval and adult hemoglobin phenotypes in the intergeneric salmonid hybrids. Ontogeny of the hemoglobins of Honmasu (Oncorhynchus rhodurus, HXH),brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis, BXB) and their reciprocal hybrids (HXB and BXH) was examined electrophoretically as well as spectrophotometrically. All of these fish have electrophoretically distinct larval and adult type hemoglobins and the transition from one type to the other occurred early during post-hatching development. In the case of larval hemoglobins, the electrophoretic pattern of a hybrid, BXH, resembled that of the maternal parent, brook trout (BXB), while the hemoglobin of the reciprocal hybrid, HXB, differed markedly from that of the maternal parent, Honmasu (HXH), in that it possesses a diffuse pattern. Spectrophotometric examinations indicated that this was mostly methemoglobin. Adult type hemoglobins at more advanced stages of both hybrids were electrophoretically resolved into the parental hemoglobins. However, no \"hybrid\" hemoglobins were detected. Because there was abnormal hemoglobin formation in the larval erythrocytes (erythrocytes L) of the HXB hybrid, and then normal hemoglobin synthesis in the adult erythrocytes (erythrocytes A) of the same fish at later developmental stages, it appears that the paternal effects upon the hemoglobin differed in these two erythroid cell lines of the developing trout.", "PMID": 1127409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9992", "title": "DNA synthesis during lens regeneration in larval Xenopus laevis.", "content": "Larvae of Xenopus laevis at stages 50-53 were lentectomized and then injected with tritiated thymidine at various times after lentectomy. In series I, the animals were injected 1,2,3,4,6,8,10,12,15, or 17 days after lens removal and fixed three hours after injection. Autoradiograpns of serial cross sections through the eyes were prepared. Increased incorporation of thymidine in the cells of the regenerating lens was first observed two days (stage 2) after lentectomy. All of the cells of the lens vesicle incorporated H3 thymidine until stage 4 at which time the cells in the inner wall of the vesicle began to differentiate into lens fibers. Labelling then became restricted to the peripheral cells (prospective lens epithelium and prospective lens fibers). At stage 5 of regeneration, only cells of the lens epithelium incorporated H3 thymidine. In Series II, animals injected three or four days after lentectomy were fixed daily from one to seven days after injection. Many stage 3 and stage 4 regenerates were recovered with label throughout and stage 5 regenerates were found, seven days after injection, with label over the lens fibers as well as over the lens epithelium.", "contents": "DNA synthesis during lens regeneration in larval Xenopus laevis. Larvae of Xenopus laevis at stages 50-53 were lentectomized and then injected with tritiated thymidine at various times after lentectomy. In series I, the animals were injected 1,2,3,4,6,8,10,12,15, or 17 days after lens removal and fixed three hours after injection. Autoradiograpns of serial cross sections through the eyes were prepared. Increased incorporation of thymidine in the cells of the regenerating lens was first observed two days (stage 2) after lentectomy. All of the cells of the lens vesicle incorporated H3 thymidine until stage 4 at which time the cells in the inner wall of the vesicle began to differentiate into lens fibers. Labelling then became restricted to the peripheral cells (prospective lens epithelium and prospective lens fibers). At stage 5 of regeneration, only cells of the lens epithelium incorporated H3 thymidine. In Series II, animals injected three or four days after lentectomy were fixed daily from one to seven days after injection. Many stage 3 and stage 4 regenerates were recovered with label throughout and stage 5 regenerates were found, seven days after injection, with label over the lens fibers as well as over the lens epithelium.", "PMID": 1127410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9993", "title": "Parthenogenic development after chemical treatment of Xenopus laevis spermatozoa.", "content": "Eggs of Xenopus laevis were fertilized in vitro by spermatozoa pre-treated with various concentrations of aziridinyl urea (ethyleneurea) for between 30 and 120 minutes. At 2 and 4 mg/ml for 30 minutes there was a high incidence of abnormal embryos, few of which developed into tadpoles; after 6 and 8 mg/ml no tadpoles were produced. However, the highest concentration 10 mg/ml, yielded 66% of tadpoles, only 7% of which were obviously abnormal. With increasing time the same pattern of events was obtained except for a displacement towards the lower concentration ranges. Tadpoles developing from these latter experiments were found to be haploid. The results resemble those obtained by exposure of Rana pipiens spermatozoa to X-rays and ultraviolet light, with the production of gynogenetic embryos, usually referred to as the Hertwig effect.", "contents": "Parthenogenic development after chemical treatment of Xenopus laevis spermatozoa. Eggs of Xenopus laevis were fertilized in vitro by spermatozoa pre-treated with various concentrations of aziridinyl urea (ethyleneurea) for between 30 and 120 minutes. At 2 and 4 mg/ml for 30 minutes there was a high incidence of abnormal embryos, few of which developed into tadpoles; after 6 and 8 mg/ml no tadpoles were produced. However, the highest concentration 10 mg/ml, yielded 66% of tadpoles, only 7% of which were obviously abnormal. With increasing time the same pattern of events was obtained except for a displacement towards the lower concentration ranges. Tadpoles developing from these latter experiments were found to be haploid. The results resemble those obtained by exposure of Rana pipiens spermatozoa to X-rays and ultraviolet light, with the production of gynogenetic embryos, usually referred to as the Hertwig effect.", "PMID": 1127411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9994", "title": "Urea excretion in the hibernating Columbian ground squirrel (Spermophilus columbianus).", "content": "Hibernation was induced in Columbian ground squirrels by placing them in refrigerated cages equipped with urine-collection pans. On arousal, urine and blood were collected from each animal, which was then allowed to reenter hibernation. After several days the animal was sacrificed and bladder urine and another blood sample were taken. In addition, four active non-hibernating ground squirrels were placed in a cage at room temperature with neither food or water. Urine was collected at 9 and 26 hours and blood was collected at 0 and 26 hours. Although only seven of ten hibernating squirrels had a higher blood-urea level when sacrificed than during the previous arousal, the other three had very high levels in the arousal period and probably further excreted urea before entering hibernation. When total body urea was calculated on a body weight basis, all except one animal showed a greater level of urea during hibernation than in the previous arousal. During their period of dehydration, the non-hibernating summer squirrels showed a marked decrease in blood urea. The osmotic concentration of the urine from these squirrels was due less to urea than that excreted during arousal by hibernating squirrels. Thus, it appears that urea accumulates in the blood during hibernation and is excreted in the urine during arousal.", "contents": "Urea excretion in the hibernating Columbian ground squirrel (Spermophilus columbianus). Hibernation was induced in Columbian ground squirrels by placing them in refrigerated cages equipped with urine-collection pans. On arousal, urine and blood were collected from each animal, which was then allowed to reenter hibernation. After several days the animal was sacrificed and bladder urine and another blood sample were taken. In addition, four active non-hibernating ground squirrels were placed in a cage at room temperature with neither food or water. Urine was collected at 9 and 26 hours and blood was collected at 0 and 26 hours. Although only seven of ten hibernating squirrels had a higher blood-urea level when sacrificed than during the previous arousal, the other three had very high levels in the arousal period and probably further excreted urea before entering hibernation. When total body urea was calculated on a body weight basis, all except one animal showed a greater level of urea during hibernation than in the previous arousal. During their period of dehydration, the non-hibernating summer squirrels showed a marked decrease in blood urea. The osmotic concentration of the urine from these squirrels was due less to urea than that excreted during arousal by hibernating squirrels. Thus, it appears that urea accumulates in the blood during hibernation and is excreted in the urine during arousal.", "PMID": 1127412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9995", "title": "Ultrastructural analysis of artificially activated rabbit eggs.", "content": "Ultrastructural investigations have been carried out on parthenogenetic rabbit eggs in an effort to elucidate events occurring during artificial activation and their similarity to processes of fertilization and embryogenesis. Rabbit eggs were artificially activated by culturing at 10 degrees C for 24 hours followed by incubation at 37 degrees C for 2 to 24 hours. Examination of eggs immediately after incubation at 10 degrees C for 24 hours indicates that activation is initiated when the chromosomes coalesce to form a reticulum which is either surrounded completely by two parallel membranes or incompletely by cisternae of smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Aggregation of the chromosomes occurs as a result of a reduction in the number of microtubules making up the meiotic spindle. When cold treated ova are subsequently incubated at 37 degrees C a nucleus is formed which moves central where it may participate in the cleavage of the egg. Formation of a second polar body and release of the contents of the cortical granules as reported for inseminated eggs was not found to be a part of activation of the egg by cold treatment. Approximately 95% of the ova cultured at 10 degrees C for 24 hours followed by 37 degrees C for 12 hours were activated, i.e., they possessed a nucleus or they had cleaved. Many of the activated eggs cultured for short periods at 37 degrees C were structurally similar to fertilized ova, with further incubation fragmented eggs and abnormal multicellular stages predominated.", "contents": "Ultrastructural analysis of artificially activated rabbit eggs. Ultrastructural investigations have been carried out on parthenogenetic rabbit eggs in an effort to elucidate events occurring during artificial activation and their similarity to processes of fertilization and embryogenesis. Rabbit eggs were artificially activated by culturing at 10 degrees C for 24 hours followed by incubation at 37 degrees C for 2 to 24 hours. Examination of eggs immediately after incubation at 10 degrees C for 24 hours indicates that activation is initiated when the chromosomes coalesce to form a reticulum which is either surrounded completely by two parallel membranes or incompletely by cisternae of smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Aggregation of the chromosomes occurs as a result of a reduction in the number of microtubules making up the meiotic spindle. When cold treated ova are subsequently incubated at 37 degrees C a nucleus is formed which moves central where it may participate in the cleavage of the egg. Formation of a second polar body and release of the contents of the cortical granules as reported for inseminated eggs was not found to be a part of activation of the egg by cold treatment. Approximately 95% of the ova cultured at 10 degrees C for 24 hours followed by 37 degrees C for 12 hours were activated, i.e., they possessed a nucleus or they had cleaved. Many of the activated eggs cultured for short periods at 37 degrees C were structurally similar to fertilized ova, with further incubation fragmented eggs and abnormal multicellular stages predominated.", "PMID": 1127413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9996", "title": "Abnormal neuronal responses during evolution of a penicillin epileptic focus in cat visual cortex.", "content": "After defining the receptive fields of single units in cortical area 17 of anesthetized cats, recurrent on-off stimulation with bars of light of optimal configuration win from a second micropipette; Progressively, three distinct alterations of neuronal activity developed. The most longlasting and usually the earliest abnormality was an increase in the number and frequency of spikes comprising a neuron's response to stimuli that were effective prior to iontophoresis. This enhanced physiologic response (EPR) could be elicited from a cell independently of the discharge activity of an induced focus, but only with stimuli appropriate for the cell's receptive field. With additional iontophoresis an entirely new response developed, which was consistent with an extracellular paroxysmal depolarization shift (PDS). This high-frequency burst of spikes appeared only in association with an ECoG interictal potential. It could be triggered, however, by stimuli which were previously effective or ineffective, as well as occur spontaneously. Characteristics which further distinguished the PDS from EPR included a longer and more-variable latency, a longer recovery period, and a different sensitivity to changes of stimulus intensity. A period of response inhibition also accompanied each interictal potential and persisted with a variable duration afterward. It was most noticeable as an interruption in the activity of tonically responding neurons and was often present before the cell began to generate PDSs. It was concluded that the EPR represents a direct effect of penicillin on the cell or its immediate synaptic connections, while the PDS appears dependent on the altered interactions within a population of such affected cells. The inhibitory phenomenon, in addition, seems a result of projected influences from cells more fully involved with the developing focus. A dynamic model of the EPR-PDS relationship is proposed.", "contents": "Abnormal neuronal responses during evolution of a penicillin epileptic focus in cat visual cortex. After defining the receptive fields of single units in cortical area 17 of anesthetized cats, recurrent on-off stimulation with bars of light of optimal configuration win from a second micropipette; Progressively, three distinct alterations of neuronal activity developed. The most longlasting and usually the earliest abnormality was an increase in the number and frequency of spikes comprising a neuron's response to stimuli that were effective prior to iontophoresis. This enhanced physiologic response (EPR) could be elicited from a cell independently of the discharge activity of an induced focus, but only with stimuli appropriate for the cell's receptive field. With additional iontophoresis an entirely new response developed, which was consistent with an extracellular paroxysmal depolarization shift (PDS). This high-frequency burst of spikes appeared only in association with an ECoG interictal potential. It could be triggered, however, by stimuli which were previously effective or ineffective, as well as occur spontaneously. Characteristics which further distinguished the PDS from EPR included a longer and more-variable latency, a longer recovery period, and a different sensitivity to changes of stimulus intensity. A period of response inhibition also accompanied each interictal potential and persisted with a variable duration afterward. It was most noticeable as an interruption in the activity of tonically responding neurons and was often present before the cell began to generate PDSs. It was concluded that the EPR represents a direct effect of penicillin on the cell or its immediate synaptic connections, while the PDS appears dependent on the altered interactions within a population of such affected cells. The inhibitory phenomenon, in addition, seems a result of projected influences from cells more fully involved with the developing focus. A dynamic model of the EPR-PDS relationship is proposed.", "PMID": 1127444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9997", "title": "Responses of rabbit superior colliculus neurons to repeated visual stimuli.", "content": "It has been shown that cells in the superficial layers of the superior colliculus exhibit response decrements when a visual stimulus is repeated. These response decrements have some of the properties associated with habituation, in particular, 1) spontaneous recovery and 2) habituation rate dependent on stimulus frequency. These observations have been made in two classes of neurons; direction-selective cells and so-called modified concentric cells. All of these neurons had small receptive fields and well-defined response properties. Some neurons in both the direction-selective and modified concentric groups do not show habituation. On the basis of area-threshold curves and other observations, it is suggested that those neurons which habituate possess strong inhibitory inputs which are weak or lacking in thenonhabituating neurons. This generalization leads to a hypothesis that inhibition in the superior colliculus has a long decay time and that a response to a given stimulus is affected by inhibition activated by preceding stimuli.", "contents": "Responses of rabbit superior colliculus neurons to repeated visual stimuli. It has been shown that cells in the superficial layers of the superior colliculus exhibit response decrements when a visual stimulus is repeated. These response decrements have some of the properties associated with habituation, in particular, 1) spontaneous recovery and 2) habituation rate dependent on stimulus frequency. These observations have been made in two classes of neurons; direction-selective cells and so-called modified concentric cells. All of these neurons had small receptive fields and well-defined response properties. Some neurons in both the direction-selective and modified concentric groups do not show habituation. On the basis of area-threshold curves and other observations, it is suggested that those neurons which habituate possess strong inhibitory inputs which are weak or lacking in thenonhabituating neurons. This generalization leads to a hypothesis that inhibition in the superior colliculus has a long decay time and that a response to a given stimulus is affected by inhibition activated by preceding stimuli.", "PMID": 1127445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9998", "title": "Disinhibition in cat motor cortex by ammonia.", "content": "The effect of intravenously administered ammonium salts on postsynaptic inhibition of pyramidal tract cells was investigated in cat motor cortex. Extracellular recordings revealed that pyramidally or thalamically mediated inhibition of antidromic action potentials is abolished by ammonia. Intracellular recordings demonstrated that hyperpolarizing IPSPs vanished and EPSPs appeared while the inhibitory stimuli still triggered a decrease of neuronal resistance and the resting membrane potential was unchanged. It is concluded that ammonia disinhibited action-potential generation and EPSPs by shifting E(IPSP) to the level of the resting membrane potential. With disinhibition and facilitation replacing inhibitation of action potentials, ammonia clearly disturbs those cortical functions involving postsynaptic inhibition.", "contents": "Disinhibition in cat motor cortex by ammonia. The effect of intravenously administered ammonium salts on postsynaptic inhibition of pyramidal tract cells was investigated in cat motor cortex. Extracellular recordings revealed that pyramidally or thalamically mediated inhibition of antidromic action potentials is abolished by ammonia. Intracellular recordings demonstrated that hyperpolarizing IPSPs vanished and EPSPs appeared while the inhibitory stimuli still triggered a decrease of neuronal resistance and the resting membrane potential was unchanged. It is concluded that ammonia disinhibited action-potential generation and EPSPs by shifting E(IPSP) to the level of the resting membrane potential. With disinhibition and facilitation replacing inhibitation of action potentials, ammonia clearly disturbs those cortical functions involving postsynaptic inhibition.", "PMID": 1127446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_9999", "title": "Spatial limits of epileptogenic cortex: its relationship to ectopic spike generation.", "content": "In order to investigate if ectopic spike generation was ubiquitous in and specific generation was ubiquitous in and specific to epileptogenic cortex, a method was devised to determine the limits of such an area based on a well-accepted physiologic characteristic of epileptogenicity. The limits of the penicillin-induced epileptogenic cortex were defined in terms of a retinal activation field; this is a circumscribed area whose stimulation by light evokes a characteristic cortical epileptiform wave. All lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) neurons manifesting ectopic spike generation during interictal epileptiform waves had receptive fields within the activation field. During organized seizures, ectopic spike generation was observed in neurons with receptive fields outside the activation field. Because of these findings it was concluded that ectopic spike generation is a characteristic and specific feature of epileptogenic cortex and that it is a characteristic of the epeleptogenic process rather than a peripheral event related entirely to the direct effect of penicillin on neurons.", "contents": "Spatial limits of epileptogenic cortex: its relationship to ectopic spike generation. In order to investigate if ectopic spike generation was ubiquitous in and specific generation was ubiquitous in and specific to epileptogenic cortex, a method was devised to determine the limits of such an area based on a well-accepted physiologic characteristic of epileptogenicity. The limits of the penicillin-induced epileptogenic cortex were defined in terms of a retinal activation field; this is a circumscribed area whose stimulation by light evokes a characteristic cortical epileptiform wave. All lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) neurons manifesting ectopic spike generation during interictal epileptiform waves had receptive fields within the activation field. During organized seizures, ectopic spike generation was observed in neurons with receptive fields outside the activation field. Because of these findings it was concluded that ectopic spike generation is a characteristic and specific feature of epileptogenic cortex and that it is a characteristic of the epeleptogenic process rather than a peripheral event related entirely to the direct effect of penicillin on neurons.", "PMID": 1127448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10000", "title": "Responses of single units in cerebellar vermis of the cat to monaural and binaural stimuli.", "content": "The responses of 146 cerebellar neurons to tone stimuli were studied in 29 cats anesthetized with chloralose-urethan and in 7 decerebrate preparations. Units were classified as onset or sustained firing. Onset spikes occurred on stimulation of either ear and showed binaural facilitation, while sustained discharges were frequently only excited by monaural stimulation. The latent periods of sustained discharges appeared to be shorter than those of onset responses, and sustained discharges were also more sharply tuned than the onset units. Evidence was presented suggesting that onset responses reflected input from the inferior colliculus and sustained responses, the cochlear nucleus. The sterotyped facilitatory behavior of onset units suggested that a maximal discharge might occur if sounds were of equal intensity at each ear; 26 neurons were examined with variable interaural time or intensity differences and 10 of these exhibited maximal firing when the interaural time and intensity difference was zero--i.e., if the sound was located directly in front of the head.", "contents": "Responses of single units in cerebellar vermis of the cat to monaural and binaural stimuli. The responses of 146 cerebellar neurons to tone stimuli were studied in 29 cats anesthetized with chloralose-urethan and in 7 decerebrate preparations. Units were classified as onset or sustained firing. Onset spikes occurred on stimulation of either ear and showed binaural facilitation, while sustained discharges were frequently only excited by monaural stimulation. The latent periods of sustained discharges appeared to be shorter than those of onset responses, and sustained discharges were also more sharply tuned than the onset units. Evidence was presented suggesting that onset responses reflected input from the inferior colliculus and sustained responses, the cochlear nucleus. The sterotyped facilitatory behavior of onset units suggested that a maximal discharge might occur if sounds were of equal intensity at each ear; 26 neurons were examined with variable interaural time or intensity differences and 10 of these exhibited maximal firing when the interaural time and intensity difference was zero--i.e., if the sound was located directly in front of the head.", "PMID": 1127449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10001", "title": "An electrically mediated inhibition in goldfish medulla.", "content": "1. Passive hyperpolarizing potentials (PHPs) have been recorded intracellularly from goldfish medullary neurons in the vicinity of the Mauthner cell (M-cell). They are evoked when this cell is activated antidromically by stimulation of the spinal cord, and orthodromically via the ipsilateral eighth nerve; when appropriately timed they block or delay spikes induced both directly and transsynaptically. 2. Since the PHPs and the M-cell spike have the same latency, time course, and all-or-none character, they cannot be generated by chemically mediated synaptic transmission. This conclusion is further supported by the evidence that PHP amplitude and time course are independent of membrane potential. 3. The analysis of the mechanism underlying PHP generation has been based on the hypothesis that they are brought about by the extracellular currents flowing to the axon cap during an M-cell action potential. Specifically, it was postulated that some of this current is channeled back to the axon cap region intracellularly through processes of PHP-exhibiting neurons, and that these cells are passively hyperpolarized by the associated inward transmembrane current flow. This model would require that PHP-exhibiting neurons send processes into the axon cap. This hypothesis is confirmed by the following: a) When the PHP is timed to occur during the conductance increase associated with a spike after hyperpolarization, it is reduced, as would be expected for a passive current flow across a membrane resistance. b) PHPs are not found in all medullary neurons in the vicinity of the M-cell, but rather in a specific neuronal population. c) PHP-exhibiting neurons have been identified following Procion yellow injections; as predicted, they issue one process, presumably the axon, which projects toward the M-cell axon cap area. d) The PHP can be stimulated by passing a cathodal current from a microelectrode located in the axon cap; it is not mimicked when the cathodal electrode is moved outside this region. The currents necessary to mimic a PHP are comparable to the estimated current flowing back to the axon cap during an M-cell action potential. 4. The input resistance of PHP-exhibiting neurons is in the range of 4 M alpha, and their estimated specific membrane resistance is in the range of 900-2,000 alpha-cm-2, which is not an unusually low value for neuronal membranes. By contrast, the intracellular channeling of current during a PHP can rather be attributed to a high extracellular tissue resistance within the axon cap, which was found to be at least 2.5 times that of the surrounding medullary tissue..", "contents": "An electrically mediated inhibition in goldfish medulla. 1. Passive hyperpolarizing potentials (PHPs) have been recorded intracellularly from goldfish medullary neurons in the vicinity of the Mauthner cell (M-cell). They are evoked when this cell is activated antidromically by stimulation of the spinal cord, and orthodromically via the ipsilateral eighth nerve; when appropriately timed they block or delay spikes induced both directly and transsynaptically. 2. Since the PHPs and the M-cell spike have the same latency, time course, and all-or-none character, they cannot be generated by chemically mediated synaptic transmission. This conclusion is further supported by the evidence that PHP amplitude and time course are independent of membrane potential. 3. The analysis of the mechanism underlying PHP generation has been based on the hypothesis that they are brought about by the extracellular currents flowing to the axon cap during an M-cell action potential. Specifically, it was postulated that some of this current is channeled back to the axon cap region intracellularly through processes of PHP-exhibiting neurons, and that these cells are passively hyperpolarized by the associated inward transmembrane current flow. This model would require that PHP-exhibiting neurons send processes into the axon cap. This hypothesis is confirmed by the following: a) When the PHP is timed to occur during the conductance increase associated with a spike after hyperpolarization, it is reduced, as would be expected for a passive current flow across a membrane resistance. b) PHPs are not found in all medullary neurons in the vicinity of the M-cell, but rather in a specific neuronal population. c) PHP-exhibiting neurons have been identified following Procion yellow injections; as predicted, they issue one process, presumably the axon, which projects toward the M-cell axon cap area. d) The PHP can be stimulated by passing a cathodal current from a microelectrode located in the axon cap; it is not mimicked when the cathodal electrode is moved outside this region. The currents necessary to mimic a PHP are comparable to the estimated current flowing back to the axon cap during an M-cell action potential. 4. The input resistance of PHP-exhibiting neurons is in the range of 4 M alpha, and their estimated specific membrane resistance is in the range of 900-2,000 alpha-cm-2, which is not an unusually low value for neuronal membranes. By contrast, the intracellular channeling of current during a PHP can rather be attributed to a high extracellular tissue resistance within the axon cap, which was found to be at least 2.5 times that of the surrounding medullary tissue..", "PMID": 1127450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10002", "title": "Visual activation of neurons in inferotemporal cortex depends on striate cortex and forebrain commissures.", "content": "Neurons in inferotemporal cortex respond only to visual stimuli and a majority have receptive fields that extend well into both visual half-fields. After bilateral removal of striate cortex, no inferotemporal neurons responded to visual stimuli. After unilateral removal of striate cortex, inferotemporal neurons in both hemispheres responded only to stimuli in the hemifield contralateral to the intact striate cortex. After section of the corpus callosum and anterior commissure, inferotemporal neurons in both hemispheres responded only to stimuli in the hemifield contralateral to the recording site. These results indicate that inferotemporal cortex visual information from striate cortex and that the pathway from striate cortex to the contralateral inferotemporal cortex includes the forebrain commissures. This same striate-temporal pathway is also necessary for normal discrimination learning. We suggest that the converging input onto single inferotemporal neurons from widely separated retinal areas may provide a mechanism for stimulus equivalence over different parts of the visual field, and it may be the absence of such a mechanism that contributes to the visual discrimination deficit that follows inferotemporal lesions.", "contents": "Visual activation of neurons in inferotemporal cortex depends on striate cortex and forebrain commissures. Neurons in inferotemporal cortex respond only to visual stimuli and a majority have receptive fields that extend well into both visual half-fields. After bilateral removal of striate cortex, no inferotemporal neurons responded to visual stimuli. After unilateral removal of striate cortex, inferotemporal neurons in both hemispheres responded only to stimuli in the hemifield contralateral to the intact striate cortex. After section of the corpus callosum and anterior commissure, inferotemporal neurons in both hemispheres responded only to stimuli in the hemifield contralateral to the recording site. These results indicate that inferotemporal cortex visual information from striate cortex and that the pathway from striate cortex to the contralateral inferotemporal cortex includes the forebrain commissures. This same striate-temporal pathway is also necessary for normal discrimination learning. We suggest that the converging input onto single inferotemporal neurons from widely separated retinal areas may provide a mechanism for stimulus equivalence over different parts of the visual field, and it may be the absence of such a mechanism that contributes to the visual discrimination deficit that follows inferotemporal lesions.", "PMID": 1127451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10003", "title": "Neural implications of different profiles between treadmill and overground locomotion timings in cats.", "content": "A cinematographic comparison of treadmill and overground performances by the cat revealed considerable flexibility in the neural control program for locomotion. For the single limb's step cycle, swing duration (time foot is off the surface) was approximately equal in both situations, as has been found previously. Subcomponents of the swing (flexion duration and timings between joints during the transition from flexion to extension) differed, however. Interlimb timings also responded to situation. The interval between touchdown of one hindlimb and the ipsilateral forelimb was reduced for treadmill stepping. An ipsilateral coupling interval also differed that had been previously reported to involve propriospinal activity, the time for onset of extension during the swing phase of the hindlimb to the onset of flexion at the beginning of the swing phase in the forelimb. Segmental afferent input, visual and other suprasegmental inputs, and motivational variables probably all contribute to the separation of treadmill and overground timing profiles.", "contents": "Neural implications of different profiles between treadmill and overground locomotion timings in cats. A cinematographic comparison of treadmill and overground performances by the cat revealed considerable flexibility in the neural control program for locomotion. For the single limb's step cycle, swing duration (time foot is off the surface) was approximately equal in both situations, as has been found previously. Subcomponents of the swing (flexion duration and timings between joints during the transition from flexion to extension) differed, however. Interlimb timings also responded to situation. The interval between touchdown of one hindlimb and the ipsilateral forelimb was reduced for treadmill stepping. An ipsilateral coupling interval also differed that had been previously reported to involve propriospinal activity, the time for onset of extension during the swing phase of the hindlimb to the onset of flexion at the beginning of the swing phase in the forelimb. Segmental afferent input, visual and other suprasegmental inputs, and motivational variables probably all contribute to the separation of treadmill and overground timing profiles.", "PMID": 1127452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10004", "title": "Mauthner neuron field potential in newly hatched larvae of the zebra fish.", "content": "1. Extracellular unit recording was done in the brain and spinal cord of unanesthesized zebra fish larvae embedded in a drop of gelatin under a compound microscope. Startle responses were elicited either by vibrating a stylus against the ear vesicle, or by direct electrical stimulation of the spinal cord. 2. As in adult fish, the Mauthner neurons produced a prominent negative potential (0.5-1 mV) which occurred at the beginning of the startle reflex. The axonal conduction velocity was 1.7-3.7 m/s. 3. With vibratory stimulation, the startle reflex was elicited most reliably at rates of 1/min or less, though the Mauthner cells would follow stimulation rates of 1/s when the spinal cord was stimulated electrically. At this rate there was considerable fatigue of the spike itself, which became smaller in amplitude and longer in duration. 4. The auditory system functions during vibratory stimulation of the ear vesicle, and probably activates the Mauthner cells, though it was not concluded that this was an exclusive excitatory pathway during these experiments. Lateral line or purely tactile receptors might also be involved. The latency of the Mauthner spike varied inversely (range, 6-17.5 ms) with the intensity of the vibratory stimulus. Muscle contractions began 2 ms after the Mauthner spike. 5. We recorded several forms of startle behavior, including a single tail flip or a tail flip followed by regular or irregular tail movements. The Mauthner neuron almost always fired at the beginning of the response, but it never fired again during subsequent movements. This supports an earlier contention that the Mauthner cell initiates the tail flip but is not involved in iterative swimming behavior.", "contents": "Mauthner neuron field potential in newly hatched larvae of the zebra fish. 1. Extracellular unit recording was done in the brain and spinal cord of unanesthesized zebra fish larvae embedded in a drop of gelatin under a compound microscope. Startle responses were elicited either by vibrating a stylus against the ear vesicle, or by direct electrical stimulation of the spinal cord. 2. As in adult fish, the Mauthner neurons produced a prominent negative potential (0.5-1 mV) which occurred at the beginning of the startle reflex. The axonal conduction velocity was 1.7-3.7 m/s. 3. With vibratory stimulation, the startle reflex was elicited most reliably at rates of 1/min or less, though the Mauthner cells would follow stimulation rates of 1/s when the spinal cord was stimulated electrically. At this rate there was considerable fatigue of the spike itself, which became smaller in amplitude and longer in duration. 4. The auditory system functions during vibratory stimulation of the ear vesicle, and probably activates the Mauthner cells, though it was not concluded that this was an exclusive excitatory pathway during these experiments. Lateral line or purely tactile receptors might also be involved. The latency of the Mauthner spike varied inversely (range, 6-17.5 ms) with the intensity of the vibratory stimulus. Muscle contractions began 2 ms after the Mauthner spike. 5. We recorded several forms of startle behavior, including a single tail flip or a tail flip followed by regular or irregular tail movements. The Mauthner neuron almost always fired at the beginning of the response, but it never fired again during subsequent movements. This supports an earlier contention that the Mauthner cell initiates the tail flip but is not involved in iterative swimming behavior.", "PMID": 1127453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10005", "title": "Reticulospinal neurons with and without monosynaptic inputs from cerebellar nuclei.", "content": "An account is given of the responses of 557 medial reticular neurons with axons projecting down the spinal cord. All 30 experiments were on decerebrated unanesthetized cats paralyzed by Flaxedil. Recording from single neurons was by extracellular glass microelectrodes. Identification was first by location (confirmed by subsequent histology) in the medial reticular nucleus of medulla or pons, and second by antidromic activation from cord stimulation at C2 and L2 segmental levels. Axonal conduction velocities were calculated from the latency differential between L2 and C2 antidromic responses, and were usually in the range of 90-140 m/s; but about 25% were slower, ranging down to 30 m/s. Stimulation by electrodes in the ipsilateral and contralateral fastigial nuclei differentiated reticulospinal neurons into two classes according to whether they did or did not receive monosynaptic inputs, the respective populations of fully investigated neurons being 270 and 174. The fastigioreticular neurons were distinguished by a higher background frequency with mean values of 28 as against 15/s. There were also significant diffences in both the excitatory and inhibitory responses to afferent volleys from forelimb and hindlimb nerves. Comparison of the respective latency histograms showed that the responses of neurons with a fastigial input had an excess of latencies in the ranges that can be correlated with the latency histograms observed for fastigial responses. Thus, there is evidence for the effectiveness of the fastigial input and so for the pathway with monosynaptic linkage: Purkinje cells of cerebellar vermis yields fastigial neurons yields medial reticular neurons projecting down the spinal cord. Adequate stimulation of cutaneous receptors by pad taps and air-jet stimulation of hairy skin in a disppointingly small action when compared with fastigical responses. Explanations of this deficiency are suggested. Another discrpancy from the fastigial responses is that the medial reticular neurons have much wider receptive fields with little discrimination between ipsilateral and contralateral and between forelimb and hindlimb. Stimulation of the ipsilateral tegmental tract was tested on 183 reticulospinal neurons, 112 being with fastigial inputs. In about half there was a powerful monosynaptic excitation, which would identify such neurons as being on the pathway from mesencephalic and diencephalic centers to the spinal cord. There is a general discussion of transmission across successive synaptic relays, where specificity is sacrificed to integration.", "contents": "Reticulospinal neurons with and without monosynaptic inputs from cerebellar nuclei. An account is given of the responses of 557 medial reticular neurons with axons projecting down the spinal cord. All 30 experiments were on decerebrated unanesthetized cats paralyzed by Flaxedil. Recording from single neurons was by extracellular glass microelectrodes. Identification was first by location (confirmed by subsequent histology) in the medial reticular nucleus of medulla or pons, and second by antidromic activation from cord stimulation at C2 and L2 segmental levels. Axonal conduction velocities were calculated from the latency differential between L2 and C2 antidromic responses, and were usually in the range of 90-140 m/s; but about 25% were slower, ranging down to 30 m/s. Stimulation by electrodes in the ipsilateral and contralateral fastigial nuclei differentiated reticulospinal neurons into two classes according to whether they did or did not receive monosynaptic inputs, the respective populations of fully investigated neurons being 270 and 174. The fastigioreticular neurons were distinguished by a higher background frequency with mean values of 28 as against 15/s. There were also significant diffences in both the excitatory and inhibitory responses to afferent volleys from forelimb and hindlimb nerves. Comparison of the respective latency histograms showed that the responses of neurons with a fastigial input had an excess of latencies in the ranges that can be correlated with the latency histograms observed for fastigial responses. Thus, there is evidence for the effectiveness of the fastigial input and so for the pathway with monosynaptic linkage: Purkinje cells of cerebellar vermis yields fastigial neurons yields medial reticular neurons projecting down the spinal cord. Adequate stimulation of cutaneous receptors by pad taps and air-jet stimulation of hairy skin in a disppointingly small action when compared with fastigical responses. Explanations of this deficiency are suggested. Another discrpancy from the fastigial responses is that the medial reticular neurons have much wider receptive fields with little discrimination between ipsilateral and contralateral and between forelimb and hindlimb. Stimulation of the ipsilateral tegmental tract was tested on 183 reticulospinal neurons, 112 being with fastigial inputs. In about half there was a powerful monosynaptic excitation, which would identify such neurons as being on the pathway from mesencephalic and diencephalic centers to the spinal cord. There is a general discussion of transmission across successive synaptic relays, where specificity is sacrificed to integration.", "PMID": 1127454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10006", "title": "Medial recticular neurons projecting Rostrally.", "content": "1. In the latter part of investigations on the medial reticular neurons, stimulation was applied to the ipsilateral tegmental tract in the upper pontine level. Of the 426 neurons in this series, 56 had rostrally projecting axons as evidenced by their antidromic responses. 2. Of these 56 neurons, 41 were activated by limb nerve stimulation, usually very strongly, and so qualify as units in the reticular activating system. Fastigial stimulation monosynaptically excited 14 of these reticular activating neurons, so providing and ascending pathway from the cerebellar vermis. 3. Axonal branching has been demonstrated by antidromic testing in four reticular neurons with ascending axons. In two there were branches to the fastigial nucleus and in two, down the spinal cord. 4. The latency histograms of the excitatory and inhibitory responses resembled those for reticular neurons with descending axons except for the poverty of inhibitory responses in neurons not receiving a fastigial projection.", "contents": "Medial recticular neurons projecting Rostrally. 1. In the latter part of investigations on the medial reticular neurons, stimulation was applied to the ipsilateral tegmental tract in the upper pontine level. Of the 426 neurons in this series, 56 had rostrally projecting axons as evidenced by their antidromic responses. 2. Of these 56 neurons, 41 were activated by limb nerve stimulation, usually very strongly, and so qualify as units in the reticular activating system. Fastigial stimulation monosynaptically excited 14 of these reticular activating neurons, so providing and ascending pathway from the cerebellar vermis. 3. Axonal branching has been demonstrated by antidromic testing in four reticular neurons with ascending axons. In two there were branches to the fastigial nucleus and in two, down the spinal cord. 4. The latency histograms of the excitatory and inhibitory responses resembled those for reticular neurons with descending axons except for the poverty of inhibitory responses in neurons not receiving a fastigial projection.", "PMID": 1127455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10007", "title": "Capacities of humans and monkeys to discriminate vibratory stimuli of different frequency and amplitude: a correlation between neural events and psychological measurements.", "content": "The capacities of monkeys and humans to discriminate between mechanical sinusoids differing in amplitude or frequency were measured in a two-alternative, forced-choice task. The difference limen for amplitude discrimination for both species remained constant near 10% of the standard amplitude over the range of 17-30 dB, relative to detection threshold. Equal subjective intensity curves in the 20-40 Hz range were determined at 20 and 29 dB, relative to detection threshold. These curves followed the threshold curve and were identical for the two species. The difference limen for frequency discrimination averaged 1.8 Hz for humans and 2.7 Hz for monkeys; the range of values for the two species overlapped nearly completely. The small sizes of these difference limens indicate, we believe, the capacity of highly trained individuals of either species to ascertain small differences in the temporal order of somesthetic stimuli and of the neural events evoked by them. In one series of experiments we demonstrated that subjects of both species possess two threshold for two different aspects of flutter-vibration which are displaced from each other along the intensive continuum. For either species, the minimum level of stimulus amplitude required for threshold frequency discrimination is about 8 dB above that sufficient for detection. This difference in amplitude is called the atonal interval and matches that observed between absolute and tuning thresholds for quickly adapting, mechanoreceptor afferents (the Meissner afferents) which innervate the glabrous skin of the monkey hand. These and previous findings have permitted a number of direct correlations between behavioral and neural events as regards the sense of flutter. The neural codes for the intensity and frequency of flutter appear to be different. The capacity to detect the presence of a mechanical sinusoid and the capacity to judge its subjective intensity are likely to depend on criterion levels of activity in the total population of Meissner afferents, the former on the appearance of any activity (absolute threshold) in a small population of the most sensitive of these fibers and the latter on the overall size of the active population of neuronal elements at each level of amplitude. The total activity in the relevant neural population elicited by sinusoids of increasing amplitude defines a prothetic continuum along which subjects can judge the magnitude of sensation..", "contents": "Capacities of humans and monkeys to discriminate vibratory stimuli of different frequency and amplitude: a correlation between neural events and psychological measurements. The capacities of monkeys and humans to discriminate between mechanical sinusoids differing in amplitude or frequency were measured in a two-alternative, forced-choice task. The difference limen for amplitude discrimination for both species remained constant near 10% of the standard amplitude over the range of 17-30 dB, relative to detection threshold. Equal subjective intensity curves in the 20-40 Hz range were determined at 20 and 29 dB, relative to detection threshold. These curves followed the threshold curve and were identical for the two species. The difference limen for frequency discrimination averaged 1.8 Hz for humans and 2.7 Hz for monkeys; the range of values for the two species overlapped nearly completely. The small sizes of these difference limens indicate, we believe, the capacity of highly trained individuals of either species to ascertain small differences in the temporal order of somesthetic stimuli and of the neural events evoked by them. In one series of experiments we demonstrated that subjects of both species possess two threshold for two different aspects of flutter-vibration which are displaced from each other along the intensive continuum. For either species, the minimum level of stimulus amplitude required for threshold frequency discrimination is about 8 dB above that sufficient for detection. This difference in amplitude is called the atonal interval and matches that observed between absolute and tuning thresholds for quickly adapting, mechanoreceptor afferents (the Meissner afferents) which innervate the glabrous skin of the monkey hand. These and previous findings have permitted a number of direct correlations between behavioral and neural events as regards the sense of flutter. The neural codes for the intensity and frequency of flutter appear to be different. The capacity to detect the presence of a mechanical sinusoid and the capacity to judge its subjective intensity are likely to depend on criterion levels of activity in the total population of Meissner afferents, the former on the appearance of any activity (absolute threshold) in a small population of the most sensitive of these fibers and the latter on the overall size of the active population of neuronal elements at each level of amplitude. The total activity in the relevant neural population elicited by sinusoids of increasing amplitude defines a prothetic continuum along which subjects can judge the magnitude of sensation..", "PMID": 1127456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10008", "title": "Organization and receptive fields of primate spinothalamic tract neurons.", "content": "A technique is described for recording from axons belonging to the spinothalamic tract of the monkey. The axons arose from cell bodies located within the spinal cord since the latency of orthodromic activation by afferents within the dorsal funiculus was short. The axons were antidromically activated from the ipsilateral diencephalon. The spectrum of conduction velocities indicates that the recordings favored large-diamter axons. However, all of the classes of spinothalamic tract units described from soma-dendritic recordings were represented in the sample. When the locations of the axons in the ventrolateral white matter were mapped, there was virtually complete overlap in the distributions of hair-activated, low-, and high-threshold spinothalamic tract axons, suggesting that the \"lateral spinothalamic tract\" conveys tactile, as well as pain and temperature, information. The only segregated population of axons were those belonging to units activated by receptors in deep tissues, including muscle. These were in a band along the ventral surface of the cord. The stimulus points for antidromically activating spinothalamic cells of axons were in the known diencephalic course of the spinothalamic tract, including the ventral posterior lateral nucleus. Stimulus point locations were similar for high-threshold and other categories of units. Receptive-field sizes were smaller for high-threshold spinothalamic cells or axons than for hair-activated or low-threshold units. Receptive-field size was correlated with position on the hindlimb. The smallest fields belonged to cells in lamina I, with progressively larger sizes for cells in laminae IV and V. Receptive-field shape was evaluated by the length/width ratio, which was smallest for high-threshold units and progressively larger for low-threshold and hair-activated units. The receptive-field positions of spinothalamic tract axons were related to the locations of the axons. There was a rough somatotopic representation in the tract, with the most caudal dermatomes represented dorsolaterally, and the most rostral ventromedially.", "contents": "Organization and receptive fields of primate spinothalamic tract neurons. A technique is described for recording from axons belonging to the spinothalamic tract of the monkey. The axons arose from cell bodies located within the spinal cord since the latency of orthodromic activation by afferents within the dorsal funiculus was short. The axons were antidromically activated from the ipsilateral diencephalon. The spectrum of conduction velocities indicates that the recordings favored large-diamter axons. However, all of the classes of spinothalamic tract units described from soma-dendritic recordings were represented in the sample. When the locations of the axons in the ventrolateral white matter were mapped, there was virtually complete overlap in the distributions of hair-activated, low-, and high-threshold spinothalamic tract axons, suggesting that the \"lateral spinothalamic tract\" conveys tactile, as well as pain and temperature, information. The only segregated population of axons were those belonging to units activated by receptors in deep tissues, including muscle. These were in a band along the ventral surface of the cord. The stimulus points for antidromically activating spinothalamic cells of axons were in the known diencephalic course of the spinothalamic tract, including the ventral posterior lateral nucleus. Stimulus point locations were similar for high-threshold and other categories of units. Receptive-field sizes were smaller for high-threshold spinothalamic cells or axons than for hair-activated or low-threshold units. Receptive-field size was correlated with position on the hindlimb. The smallest fields belonged to cells in lamina I, with progressively larger sizes for cells in laminae IV and V. Receptive-field shape was evaluated by the length/width ratio, which was smallest for high-threshold units and progressively larger for low-threshold and hair-activated units. The receptive-field positions of spinothalamic tract axons were related to the locations of the axons. There was a rough somatotopic representation in the tract, with the most caudal dermatomes represented dorsolaterally, and the most rostral ventromedially.", "PMID": 1127457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10009", "title": "Static and dynamic responses of spinothalamic tract neurons to mechanical stimuli.", "content": "The activity of primate spinothalamic tract neurons was investigated. Units were identified by antidromic activation from the diencephalon. Most had a spontaneous discharge. The fastest spontaneous discharge rates were from neurons activated by receptors in muscles or joints. However, such activity could be decreased by repositioning the hindlimb. Spontaneous activity was also altered by changes in anesthetic level. Time-interval histograms demonstrated the patterns of spontaneous discharge. Many units could be excited by noxious stimulation. Graded step displacements of the skin often evoked a slowly adapting discharge which was a function of pressure (or displacements above a threshold of some hundreds of microns). Responses continued to increase as pressures became noxious. Rapidly adapting responses of hair-activated and low-threshold spinothalamic tract neurons were tested with ramp stimuli and found to signal acceleration (or a higher derivative of position), velocity, or a combination of these. Responses to stimulus acceleration were prominent when hairs were displaced, while responses to stimulus velocity were seen with displacement of the skin. Possible receptor types which might account for the observations are discussed.", "contents": "Static and dynamic responses of spinothalamic tract neurons to mechanical stimuli. The activity of primate spinothalamic tract neurons was investigated. Units were identified by antidromic activation from the diencephalon. Most had a spontaneous discharge. The fastest spontaneous discharge rates were from neurons activated by receptors in muscles or joints. However, such activity could be decreased by repositioning the hindlimb. Spontaneous activity was also altered by changes in anesthetic level. Time-interval histograms demonstrated the patterns of spontaneous discharge. Many units could be excited by noxious stimulation. Graded step displacements of the skin often evoked a slowly adapting discharge which was a function of pressure (or displacements above a threshold of some hundreds of microns). Responses continued to increase as pressures became noxious. Rapidly adapting responses of hair-activated and low-threshold spinothalamic tract neurons were tested with ramp stimuli and found to signal acceleration (or a higher derivative of position), velocity, or a combination of these. Responses to stimulus acceleration were prominent when hairs were displaced, while responses to stimulus velocity were seen with displacement of the skin. Possible receptor types which might account for the observations are discussed.", "PMID": 1127458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10010", "title": "Afferent new fiber activity responding to temperature changes of scrotal skin of the rat.", "content": "The discharge patterns of single afferent fibers from rat pudendal nerve were studied as a function in temperature of the scrotal skin, an area known to function in temperature regulation. In a number of respects the population of temperature-sensitive afferents here differ from most previously described; 75% of temperature-sensitive afferents were also sensitive to mechanical stimulation. Of the 25% nonmechanosensitive units, half showed dynamic and static responses to cooling, while most of the remaining fibers gave only static discharges to warming. The most frequent thermal reaction of the mechanosensitive units was a dynamic-static cold response or a pure static warm response. However, fibers were also present with only dynamic or only static cold responses. Of the bimodal units, 20% had a dynamic cold response, but showed a minimal static discharge at intermediate temperatures (about 35 degrees C) and an increased discharge on both warming and cooling from that temperature. One unit had static and dynamic warm responses. Whereas a bursting discharge in the cold has previously been considered to be a distinguishing characteristic of specific cold receptors, in the pudendal afferents a bursting discharge on cooling or at low temperatures is common both in mechanosensitive and specific cold fibers. This observation and the identical discharge patterns and mechanisms underlying the thermosensitivity argue for the view that the mechanosensitive afferents participate in thermal sensation and/or regulation along with the specific temperature receptors. Hellon and Misra (7) have concluded that there is processing of thermal information from the scrotal skin at the level of the first synapse in the cord. However, in this study, we have found peripheral afferents which have most of the discharge properties that led Hellon and Misra to conclude that processing had occurred. The unusual characteristics of thermosensitive afferents of the pudendal nerve suggest that there is probably organ specificity of neuronal discharge properties.", "contents": "Afferent new fiber activity responding to temperature changes of scrotal skin of the rat. The discharge patterns of single afferent fibers from rat pudendal nerve were studied as a function in temperature of the scrotal skin, an area known to function in temperature regulation. In a number of respects the population of temperature-sensitive afferents here differ from most previously described; 75% of temperature-sensitive afferents were also sensitive to mechanical stimulation. Of the 25% nonmechanosensitive units, half showed dynamic and static responses to cooling, while most of the remaining fibers gave only static discharges to warming. The most frequent thermal reaction of the mechanosensitive units was a dynamic-static cold response or a pure static warm response. However, fibers were also present with only dynamic or only static cold responses. Of the bimodal units, 20% had a dynamic cold response, but showed a minimal static discharge at intermediate temperatures (about 35 degrees C) and an increased discharge on both warming and cooling from that temperature. One unit had static and dynamic warm responses. Whereas a bursting discharge in the cold has previously been considered to be a distinguishing characteristic of specific cold receptors, in the pudendal afferents a bursting discharge on cooling or at low temperatures is common both in mechanosensitive and specific cold fibers. This observation and the identical discharge patterns and mechanisms underlying the thermosensitivity argue for the view that the mechanosensitive afferents participate in thermal sensation and/or regulation along with the specific temperature receptors. Hellon and Misra (7) have concluded that there is processing of thermal information from the scrotal skin at the level of the first synapse in the cord. However, in this study, we have found peripheral afferents which have most of the discharge properties that led Hellon and Misra to conclude that processing had occurred. The unusual characteristics of thermosensitive afferents of the pudendal nerve suggest that there is probably organ specificity of neuronal discharge properties.", "PMID": 1127459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10011", "title": "Directionally sensitive ganglion cells in the rabbit retina: specificity for stimulus direction, size, and speed.", "content": "The receptive fields of directionally sensitive ganglion cells in the rabbit retina were analyzed. Several types of experiment showed that each point within the receptive field of the cell is inhibited by a fairly wide area of points around it, lying on each side of the preferred-null axis as well as along the preferred-null axis in the preferred direction. The excitatory or responsive receptive field of these cells has an inhibitory surround: this inhibitory surround appears to be simply an extension of the inhibition that occurs within the center of the receptive field. Points toward the edge of the responsive receptive field are inhibited from an area around them which extends into the center of the receptive field and also into the inhibitory surround. Directionally sensitive retinal ganglion cells respond to moving spots better than to moving bars. This is particularly true for objects moved perpendicularly to the preferred-null axis. In some cells a spot moved perpendicularly to the preferred-null axis will give a substantial response, whereas a bar moved in the same direction will give no response at all. This phenomenon can be explained by the inhibitory area which surrounds each point within the receptive field; since this inhibitory area is asymmetrical, it is also responsible for the cell's directional sensitivity. When two bars oriented perpendicular to the preferred null axis are flashed, one after the other, the response to the second bar is nearly always reduced by the presentation of the first bar. This is true for many temporal and spatial sequences corresponding to movement in the preferred direction, as well as those corresponding to movement in the null direction. However, there are temporal and spatial sequences, corresponding to movement in the preferred direction, for which the response to the second bar is unaffected by the presentation of the first bar. The time delay for this does not vary from cell to cell--it is always approximately 20 ms for on-off directionally sensitive cells and approximately 180 ms for on directionally sensitive cells. The spatial separation does vary from cell to cell, between 0.13 degrees and 1.2 degrees in 11 on-off directionally sensitive cells. This spatial separation, which gives linear summation of the response to two bars flashed 20 ms apart in the preferred direction, is correlated with the speed of movement which gives the best response for a bar moved through the receptive field in the preferred direction.", "contents": "Directionally sensitive ganglion cells in the rabbit retina: specificity for stimulus direction, size, and speed. The receptive fields of directionally sensitive ganglion cells in the rabbit retina were analyzed. Several types of experiment showed that each point within the receptive field of the cell is inhibited by a fairly wide area of points around it, lying on each side of the preferred-null axis as well as along the preferred-null axis in the preferred direction. The excitatory or responsive receptive field of these cells has an inhibitory surround: this inhibitory surround appears to be simply an extension of the inhibition that occurs within the center of the receptive field. Points toward the edge of the responsive receptive field are inhibited from an area around them which extends into the center of the receptive field and also into the inhibitory surround. Directionally sensitive retinal ganglion cells respond to moving spots better than to moving bars. This is particularly true for objects moved perpendicularly to the preferred-null axis. In some cells a spot moved perpendicularly to the preferred-null axis will give a substantial response, whereas a bar moved in the same direction will give no response at all. This phenomenon can be explained by the inhibitory area which surrounds each point within the receptive field; since this inhibitory area is asymmetrical, it is also responsible for the cell's directional sensitivity. When two bars oriented perpendicular to the preferred null axis are flashed, one after the other, the response to the second bar is nearly always reduced by the presentation of the first bar. This is true for many temporal and spatial sequences corresponding to movement in the preferred direction, as well as those corresponding to movement in the null direction. However, there are temporal and spatial sequences, corresponding to movement in the preferred direction, for which the response to the second bar is unaffected by the presentation of the first bar. The time delay for this does not vary from cell to cell--it is always approximately 20 ms for on-off directionally sensitive cells and approximately 180 ms for on directionally sensitive cells. The spatial separation does vary from cell to cell, between 0.13 degrees and 1.2 degrees in 11 on-off directionally sensitive cells. This spatial separation, which gives linear summation of the response to two bars flashed 20 ms apart in the preferred direction, is correlated with the speed of movement which gives the best response for a bar moved through the receptive field in the preferred direction.", "PMID": 1127460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10012", "title": "Afferent fibers from mystacial vibrissae of cats and seals.", "content": "1. Studies of vibrissae of cats and seals revealed minor species-specific differences in functional characteristics of the afferent fibers: vibrissal fibers from the seal showed a significantly higher rate (P smaller than 0.05) and frequency of occurrence (P smaller than 0.01) of spontaneous activity, and a significantly greater percentage (P smaller than 0.01) responded to vibrations greater than 256 Hz. None of these differences could be interpreted as an adaptation to the aquatic environment. 2. Of 455 afferent fibers obtained from the infraorbital nerve, a large proportion (66% in cats and 85% in seals) served vibrissae. A population study of 357 such fibers showed that two-thirds were rapidly adapting (RA) and the remainder were slowly adapting (SA). Neither group displayed preferential directional sensitivity, but for 75% of the individual fibers in cats and 71% in seals, a particular direction elicited maximal response. 3. On the basis of their tuning curves, the RA fibers were divisible into three major groups: insensitive, sensitive, and those with frequency-dependent tuning curves. Single RA fibers provided little information about vibratory stimulus amplitude. However, it is postulated that the range of thresholds in the RA fiber group within each follicle represents a mechanism of encoding the intensity of vibratory stimuli. 4. By contrast, single SA fibers encoded precisely the intensity of steady stimuli. The average fiber conveyed 2.7 bits of information about the magnitude of vibrissal deflections of smaller than 17 degrees (1.5 mm, at 5 mm from skin). 5. Each type of fiber abstracted one or more features from the environment, and conveyed these abstractions by its individual pattern of neural activity. It is postulated that vibrissae provide fine textural information about surfaces.", "contents": "Afferent fibers from mystacial vibrissae of cats and seals. 1. Studies of vibrissae of cats and seals revealed minor species-specific differences in functional characteristics of the afferent fibers: vibrissal fibers from the seal showed a significantly higher rate (P smaller than 0.05) and frequency of occurrence (P smaller than 0.01) of spontaneous activity, and a significantly greater percentage (P smaller than 0.01) responded to vibrations greater than 256 Hz. None of these differences could be interpreted as an adaptation to the aquatic environment. 2. Of 455 afferent fibers obtained from the infraorbital nerve, a large proportion (66% in cats and 85% in seals) served vibrissae. A population study of 357 such fibers showed that two-thirds were rapidly adapting (RA) and the remainder were slowly adapting (SA). Neither group displayed preferential directional sensitivity, but for 75% of the individual fibers in cats and 71% in seals, a particular direction elicited maximal response. 3. On the basis of their tuning curves, the RA fibers were divisible into three major groups: insensitive, sensitive, and those with frequency-dependent tuning curves. Single RA fibers provided little information about vibratory stimulus amplitude. However, it is postulated that the range of thresholds in the RA fiber group within each follicle represents a mechanism of encoding the intensity of vibratory stimuli. 4. By contrast, single SA fibers encoded precisely the intensity of steady stimuli. The average fiber conveyed 2.7 bits of information about the magnitude of vibrissal deflections of smaller than 17 degrees (1.5 mm, at 5 mm from skin). 5. Each type of fiber abstracted one or more features from the environment, and conveyed these abstractions by its individual pattern of neural activity. It is postulated that vibrissae provide fine textural information about surfaces.", "PMID": 1127461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10013", "title": "Responses to visual stimulation and relationship between visual, auditory, and somatosensory inputs in mouse superior colliculus.", "content": "The superior colliculus was studied in anesthetized mice by recording from single cells and from unit clusters. The topographic representation of the visual filed was similar to what has been found in other mammals, with the temporal part of the contralateral visual field projecting posteriorly and the inferior visual field projecting laterally. At the anterior margin of the tectum receptive fields recorded through the contralateral eye and invaded the ipsilateral visual hemifield for up to 35 degrees, suggesting that the entire visual field through one eye is represented on the contralateral superior colliculus. Cells located closest to the tectal surface had relatively small receptive fields, averaging 9 degrees in center diameter; field sizes increased steadily with depth. The prevailing cell type in the stratum zonal and superficial gray responded best to a small dark or light object of any shape moved slowly through the receptive-field center or to turning a small stationary spot on or off. Large objects or diffuse light were usually much less effective. Less than one-quarter of superficial layer cells showed directional selectivity to a moving object, the majority of these favoring up and nasal movement. The chief visual cell type in the stratum opticum and upper part of the intermediate gray resembled in the newness neurons described for many other vertebrates: they had large receptive fields and responded best to up and nasal movement of a small dark or light object, whose optimal size was similar to the optimum for upper-layer cells. If the same part of the receptive field was repeatedly stimulated there was a marked tendency to habituate. Only very few cels responded to the ipsilateral eye. Intermixed with visual cells in the upper part of the intermediate gray were cells that responded to somatosensory or auditory stimuli. Here bimodal and trimodal cells were also seen. In deeper layers somatosensory and auditory modalities tended to take over. These two modalities were not segregated into sublayers but rather seemed to be arranged in clusters. Responses to somatosensory and auditory stimuli were brisk, showing little habituation to repeated stimulation.", "contents": "Responses to visual stimulation and relationship between visual, auditory, and somatosensory inputs in mouse superior colliculus. The superior colliculus was studied in anesthetized mice by recording from single cells and from unit clusters. The topographic representation of the visual filed was similar to what has been found in other mammals, with the temporal part of the contralateral visual field projecting posteriorly and the inferior visual field projecting laterally. At the anterior margin of the tectum receptive fields recorded through the contralateral eye and invaded the ipsilateral visual hemifield for up to 35 degrees, suggesting that the entire visual field through one eye is represented on the contralateral superior colliculus. Cells located closest to the tectal surface had relatively small receptive fields, averaging 9 degrees in center diameter; field sizes increased steadily with depth. The prevailing cell type in the stratum zonal and superficial gray responded best to a small dark or light object of any shape moved slowly through the receptive-field center or to turning a small stationary spot on or off. Large objects or diffuse light were usually much less effective. Less than one-quarter of superficial layer cells showed directional selectivity to a moving object, the majority of these favoring up and nasal movement. The chief visual cell type in the stratum opticum and upper part of the intermediate gray resembled in the newness neurons described for many other vertebrates: they had large receptive fields and responded best to up and nasal movement of a small dark or light object, whose optimal size was similar to the optimum for upper-layer cells. If the same part of the receptive field was repeatedly stimulated there was a marked tendency to habituate. Only very few cels responded to the ipsilateral eye. Intermixed with visual cells in the upper part of the intermediate gray were cells that responded to somatosensory or auditory stimuli. Here bimodal and trimodal cells were also seen. In deeper layers somatosensory and auditory modalities tended to take over. These two modalities were not segregated into sublayers but rather seemed to be arranged in clusters. Responses to somatosensory and auditory stimuli were brisk, showing little habituation to repeated stimulation.", "PMID": 1127462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10014", "title": "Representation of head and face in postcentral gyrus of the macaque.", "content": "The receptive field and submodality characteristics of individual neurons within the cytoarchitectural and topographic subdivisions of the head and face areas of the postcentral gyrus (SI) were determined with the technique of extracellular recording. Correlation of the single-unit data with the intracortical location of the recording electrode provided a detailed description of the functional organization within each of the several cytoarchitecturally distinct regions contributing to the representation of the head and face in SI. The data indicate that the functional organization of the SI cortex which receives its principal input from trigeminal mechanoreceptors is comparable to the organization within those SI regions which receive their input from the mechanoreceptors of the limbs, trunk, and tail. In each topographic subdivision of the SI cortex 1) a single region in the periphery is represented several times in widely separated locations, each time in a context of different submodalities and peripheral receptive fields; and 2) neurons belonging to the different submodality classes are segregated so that projections from cutaneous afferents terminate mainly in cytoarchitectural area 3 in the adjacent anterior portion of area 1, while projections from the afferents innervating deep tissues terminate mainly in cytoarchitectural area 3a, area 2, and the posterior part of each 1. Although the mechanoreceptor input to SI is segregated according to submodality and the mechanoreceptors from most body regions project to multiple widely separated regions within SI, neurons with receptive fields confined to the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal peripheral innervation field are found within a restricted region of the anterior postcentral gyral crown which is positioned symmetrically about the junction of cytoarchitectural areas 1 and 3. Neurons with receptive fields confined to the maxillary division of the trigeminal innervation field are found within a ring of cortex which a) completely surrounds the representation of the ophthalmic field, and b) includes parts of cytoarchitectural area 2, 1, 3, and 3a. SI neurons with receptive fields restricted to the mandibular division of the trigeminal innervation field occupy the largest portion of the SI face area and form a ring of cortical cell columns which completely surrounds that cortical region which receives its input from the maxillary peripheral innervation field.", "contents": "Representation of head and face in postcentral gyrus of the macaque. The receptive field and submodality characteristics of individual neurons within the cytoarchitectural and topographic subdivisions of the head and face areas of the postcentral gyrus (SI) were determined with the technique of extracellular recording. Correlation of the single-unit data with the intracortical location of the recording electrode provided a detailed description of the functional organization within each of the several cytoarchitecturally distinct regions contributing to the representation of the head and face in SI. The data indicate that the functional organization of the SI cortex which receives its principal input from trigeminal mechanoreceptors is comparable to the organization within those SI regions which receive their input from the mechanoreceptors of the limbs, trunk, and tail. In each topographic subdivision of the SI cortex 1) a single region in the periphery is represented several times in widely separated locations, each time in a context of different submodalities and peripheral receptive fields; and 2) neurons belonging to the different submodality classes are segregated so that projections from cutaneous afferents terminate mainly in cytoarchitectural area 3 in the adjacent anterior portion of area 1, while projections from the afferents innervating deep tissues terminate mainly in cytoarchitectural area 3a, area 2, and the posterior part of each 1. Although the mechanoreceptor input to SI is segregated according to submodality and the mechanoreceptors from most body regions project to multiple widely separated regions within SI, neurons with receptive fields confined to the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal peripheral innervation field are found within a restricted region of the anterior postcentral gyral crown which is positioned symmetrically about the junction of cytoarchitectural areas 1 and 3. Neurons with receptive fields confined to the maxillary division of the trigeminal innervation field are found within a ring of cortex which a) completely surrounds the representation of the ophthalmic field, and b) includes parts of cytoarchitectural area 2, 1, 3, and 3a. SI neurons with receptive fields restricted to the mandibular division of the trigeminal innervation field occupy the largest portion of the SI face area and form a ring of cortical cell columns which completely surrounds that cortical region which receives its input from the maxillary peripheral innervation field.", "PMID": 1127463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10015", "title": "Effects of exercise and of food restriction on the development of spontaneous obesity in rats.", "content": "The effects of exercise and of food restriction on Zucker obese and lean rats were studied. Zucker obese rats pair-fed to lean littermates gained more body fat on the same intake indicating greater efficiency of diet utilization. Exercise significantly reduced the fat pad weights and body fat content of obese rats. Serum insulin levels were higher in the obese rats and were not influenced by exercise. Exercise had no effect on adipose cellularity of the obese rats. Liver tissue in vitro lipogenic capacity and lipogenic enzyme activities were significantly elevated in obese rats. Exercise increased liver tissue hexokinase and in vitro lipogenesis in lean rats. Exercise increased pentose phosphate pathway enzymes in adipose tissue from lean rats only. Although exercise reduced fat content significantly, obese rats were still fatter (27.7% fat) than the lean controls (6.4% fat). The protein content of obese rats was significantly increased by exercise, indicating that physical activity is important in the regulation of protein metabolism.", "contents": "Effects of exercise and of food restriction on the development of spontaneous obesity in rats. The effects of exercise and of food restriction on Zucker obese and lean rats were studied. Zucker obese rats pair-fed to lean littermates gained more body fat on the same intake indicating greater efficiency of diet utilization. Exercise significantly reduced the fat pad weights and body fat content of obese rats. Serum insulin levels were higher in the obese rats and were not influenced by exercise. Exercise had no effect on adipose cellularity of the obese rats. Liver tissue in vitro lipogenic capacity and lipogenic enzyme activities were significantly elevated in obese rats. Exercise increased liver tissue hexokinase and in vitro lipogenesis in lean rats. Exercise increased pentose phosphate pathway enzymes in adipose tissue from lean rats only. Although exercise reduced fat content significantly, obese rats were still fatter (27.7% fat) than the lean controls (6.4% fat). The protein content of obese rats was significantly increased by exercise, indicating that physical activity is important in the regulation of protein metabolism.", "PMID": 1127464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10016", "title": "Comparison between the metabolic effects of tryptophan and histidine deficiencies in the rat.", "content": "Rats fed a tryptophan-free diet for 2 days showed less weight loss but more nitrogen loss than those fed a histidine-free diet. The metabolic nature of the body weight loss and of urinary nitrogen loss in rats fed the tryptophan-free diet was investigated in comparison with those fed the histidine-free diet. More body water was retained in rats fed the tryptophan-free diet than in those fed the histidine-free diet. This suggests that the lesser weight loss associated with tryptophan deficiency than with histidine deficiency may be due to the greater water content in rats fed the tryptophan-free diet. The tryptophan contents of the muscle, plasma, and liver decreased rapidly in rats fed the tryptophan-free diet, whereas the histidine contents of these tissues did not decrease as much as in rats fed the histidine-free diet. The conversion of radioactivity of (U-14-C)phenylalanine into respiratory CO-2 and liver and muscle proteins of rats fed the tryptophan- and histidine-free diets were compared. The relative recovery ratio of 14-C into respiratory CO-2 was found to be higher in tryptophan deficiency than in histidine deficiency, and the recovery ratio in muscle was lower in tryptophan deficiency than in histidine deficiency. These results suggest that the greater nitrogen loss seen in tryptophan deficiency than in histidine deficiency may be due to reduced synthesis of muscle protein, presumably due to the low free-tryptophan content in muscle resulting from the tryptophan-free diet.", "contents": "Comparison between the metabolic effects of tryptophan and histidine deficiencies in the rat. Rats fed a tryptophan-free diet for 2 days showed less weight loss but more nitrogen loss than those fed a histidine-free diet. The metabolic nature of the body weight loss and of urinary nitrogen loss in rats fed the tryptophan-free diet was investigated in comparison with those fed the histidine-free diet. More body water was retained in rats fed the tryptophan-free diet than in those fed the histidine-free diet. This suggests that the lesser weight loss associated with tryptophan deficiency than with histidine deficiency may be due to the greater water content in rats fed the tryptophan-free diet. The tryptophan contents of the muscle, plasma, and liver decreased rapidly in rats fed the tryptophan-free diet, whereas the histidine contents of these tissues did not decrease as much as in rats fed the histidine-free diet. The conversion of radioactivity of (U-14-C)phenylalanine into respiratory CO-2 and liver and muscle proteins of rats fed the tryptophan- and histidine-free diets were compared. The relative recovery ratio of 14-C into respiratory CO-2 was found to be higher in tryptophan deficiency than in histidine deficiency, and the recovery ratio in muscle was lower in tryptophan deficiency than in histidine deficiency. These results suggest that the greater nitrogen loss seen in tryptophan deficiency than in histidine deficiency may be due to reduced synthesis of muscle protein, presumably due to the low free-tryptophan content in muscle resulting from the tryptophan-free diet.", "PMID": 1127465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10017", "title": "Studies on the vitamin C requirements of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus).", "content": "Three feeding studies on the vitamin C requirements of channel catfish were conducted with practical and semipurified diets. In a long-duration study in which fish achieved almost a 4,000% increase in weight, 50 mg of l-ascorbic acid/kg diet was required for maximal growth and food efficiency. A diet stability study revealed that excessive losses in activity of l-ascorbic acid occurred when practical diets were stored for 16 weeks at 20 degrees. The typical scoliosis condition associated with severe vitamin C deficiency in fish occurred in the nonsupplemented groups in the study with practical diets. Severe growth reductions were obtained from fish fed nonsupplemented semi-purified diets, yet no incidences of spinal abnormalities were noted.", "contents": "Studies on the vitamin C requirements of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). Three feeding studies on the vitamin C requirements of channel catfish were conducted with practical and semipurified diets. In a long-duration study in which fish achieved almost a 4,000% increase in weight, 50 mg of l-ascorbic acid/kg diet was required for maximal growth and food efficiency. A diet stability study revealed that excessive losses in activity of l-ascorbic acid occurred when practical diets were stored for 16 weeks at 20 degrees. The typical scoliosis condition associated with severe vitamin C deficiency in fish occurred in the nonsupplemented groups in the study with practical diets. Severe growth reductions were obtained from fish fed nonsupplemented semi-purified diets, yet no incidences of spinal abnormalities were noted.", "PMID": 1127466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10018", "title": "Riboflavin and mouse hepatic cell structure and function. Mitochondrial oxidative metabolism in severe deficiency states.", "content": "Weanling mice were fed a riboflavin-deficient diet or the same diet with added galactoflavin. Both diets produced changes in hepatic mitochondrial morphology, the most striking of which was the development of giant mitochondria. The livers from these animals were fractionated, and the nuclear and mitochondrial fractions were examined by electron microscopy. The nuclear fraction contained giant mitochondria; the mitochondrial fraction contained the remaining normal to moderately enlarged mitochondria. Oxidative studies were carried out on the mitochondrial fractions. It was found that both experimental diets resulted in a marked reduction in fatty acid oxidation by the mitochondria. In addition, the mitochondria of mice with advanced riboflavin deficiency (induced simply by a riboflavin-free diet) showed a severely decreased state 3 (ADP-stimulated) respiration and depressed respiratory control ratios, but normal ADP/O ratios. In contrast, mitochondrial performance (aside from fatty acid oxidation) in galactoflavin-supplemented, riboflavin-deficient mice was related to the gross appearance, i.e., color, of the liver from which these organelles were derived. In mice fed this diet, the livers were either red or yellow. Mitochondria from yellow livers showed normal oxidative phosphorylation. Mitochondria from red livers showed a serious reduction in state 3 oxidation. This study demonstrates that in the mouse, riboflavin deficiency, however produced, not only results in altered mitochondrial morphology but also results in significantly impaired mitochondrial function.", "contents": "Riboflavin and mouse hepatic cell structure and function. Mitochondrial oxidative metabolism in severe deficiency states. Weanling mice were fed a riboflavin-deficient diet or the same diet with added galactoflavin. Both diets produced changes in hepatic mitochondrial morphology, the most striking of which was the development of giant mitochondria. The livers from these animals were fractionated, and the nuclear and mitochondrial fractions were examined by electron microscopy. The nuclear fraction contained giant mitochondria; the mitochondrial fraction contained the remaining normal to moderately enlarged mitochondria. Oxidative studies were carried out on the mitochondrial fractions. It was found that both experimental diets resulted in a marked reduction in fatty acid oxidation by the mitochondria. In addition, the mitochondria of mice with advanced riboflavin deficiency (induced simply by a riboflavin-free diet) showed a severely decreased state 3 (ADP-stimulated) respiration and depressed respiratory control ratios, but normal ADP/O ratios. In contrast, mitochondrial performance (aside from fatty acid oxidation) in galactoflavin-supplemented, riboflavin-deficient mice was related to the gross appearance, i.e., color, of the liver from which these organelles were derived. In mice fed this diet, the livers were either red or yellow. Mitochondria from yellow livers showed normal oxidative phosphorylation. Mitochondria from red livers showed a serious reduction in state 3 oxidation. This study demonstrates that in the mouse, riboflavin deficiency, however produced, not only results in altered mitochondrial morphology but also results in significantly impaired mitochondrial function.", "PMID": 1127467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10019", "title": "Methionine replacement value of N-acetylmethionine and homocysteinethiolactone hydrochloride for growing rats.", "content": "The ability of young growing rats to absorb DL-homocysteinethiolactone hydrochloride (HCTL-HCl) and N-acetyl-DL-methionine (NAM) and to use them for growth when fed a methionine-deficient diet was studied. In situ intestinal absorption studies demonstrated that both compounds are readily absorbed. Intestinal half-times were 24 minutes for NDTL-HCl and 44 minutes for NAM. Adding molar equivalents of 0.2 or 0.4% methionine to a 0.2% methionine basal diet fed ad libitum resulted in 28-day gains that were 83.2 and 91.1%, respectively, for NCTL-HCl and 94.6 and 99.8% for NAM of the average gain resulting when DL-methionine was added at equivalent levels. Feed efficiencies were also significantly (P smaller than 0.05) improved over rats fed the basal diet. Increasing the HCTL-HCl addition to 0.6% reduced feed intake and gain but not feed efficiency.", "contents": "Methionine replacement value of N-acetylmethionine and homocysteinethiolactone hydrochloride for growing rats. The ability of young growing rats to absorb DL-homocysteinethiolactone hydrochloride (HCTL-HCl) and N-acetyl-DL-methionine (NAM) and to use them for growth when fed a methionine-deficient diet was studied. In situ intestinal absorption studies demonstrated that both compounds are readily absorbed. Intestinal half-times were 24 minutes for NDTL-HCl and 44 minutes for NAM. Adding molar equivalents of 0.2 or 0.4% methionine to a 0.2% methionine basal diet fed ad libitum resulted in 28-day gains that were 83.2 and 91.1%, respectively, for NCTL-HCl and 94.6 and 99.8% for NAM of the average gain resulting when DL-methionine was added at equivalent levels. Feed efficiencies were also significantly (P smaller than 0.05) improved over rats fed the basal diet. Increasing the HCTL-HCl addition to 0.6% reduced feed intake and gain but not feed efficiency.", "PMID": 1127468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10020", "title": "Sodium requirements of lactating ewes.", "content": "At parturition, lactating ewes were given ad libitum one of six diets containing either a basal level of sodium (200 ppm Na) or basal plus 12.5, 25, 37.5, 50, or 100% of the National Research Council (NRC) allowance of sodium for lactating ewes (equivalent to 0.5% of the ration as sodium chloride). Deionized water was supplied to the ewes with a sodium concentration of less than 0.5 ppm. The parotid Na+:K+ ratio was taken as an index of sodium adequacy. At 4, 6, and 8 weeks postpartum, there was a positive rectilinear relationship between the Na+:K+ ratio of the parotid saliva and level of sodium in the diet up to 37.5% of the NRC allowance. The Na+:K+ ratio of parotid saliva from ewes consuming 37.5% or greater of the NCR allowance was not affected by the level of sodium in the diet. It was concluded that the NCR allowance for sodium for lactating ewes was excessive, and an allowance of 870 mg/kg diet was adequate for the maintenance of a normal Na+:K+ ratio of the parotid saliva.", "contents": "Sodium requirements of lactating ewes. At parturition, lactating ewes were given ad libitum one of six diets containing either a basal level of sodium (200 ppm Na) or basal plus 12.5, 25, 37.5, 50, or 100% of the National Research Council (NRC) allowance of sodium for lactating ewes (equivalent to 0.5% of the ration as sodium chloride). Deionized water was supplied to the ewes with a sodium concentration of less than 0.5 ppm. The parotid Na+:K+ ratio was taken as an index of sodium adequacy. At 4, 6, and 8 weeks postpartum, there was a positive rectilinear relationship between the Na+:K+ ratio of the parotid saliva and level of sodium in the diet up to 37.5% of the NRC allowance. The Na+:K+ ratio of parotid saliva from ewes consuming 37.5% or greater of the NCR allowance was not affected by the level of sodium in the diet. It was concluded that the NCR allowance for sodium for lactating ewes was excessive, and an allowance of 870 mg/kg diet was adequate for the maintenance of a normal Na+:K+ ratio of the parotid saliva.", "PMID": 1127469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10021", "title": "Interactions of cadmium with copper, iron, zinc, and manganese in ovine tissues.", "content": "Diets containing 0, 5, 15, 30, and 60 ppm of cadmium were fed to male lambs for 191 days to ascertain what effect cadmium might have on the tissue concentrations of copper, zinc, iron, and manganese. The cadmium content of all tissues increased with an increase in dietary cadmium. The iron concentration of the ileum tissue was significantly depressed in the cadmium-treated groups compared with that of the controls. Liver copper, iron, and manganese were significantly depressed and liver zinc significantly increased by varying levels of dietary cadmium. The copper concentrations of the spleen and testicles were significantly decreased by all levels of cadmium while the copper and zinc concentrations of the kidneys were significantly increased in the 30 and 60 mug Cd/g and 15, 30, and 60 mug Cd/g groups, respectively. In general, cadmium had no significant effect on the rumen, abomasal, heart, or lung concentrations of copper, zinc, iron, or manganese.", "contents": "Interactions of cadmium with copper, iron, zinc, and manganese in ovine tissues. Diets containing 0, 5, 15, 30, and 60 ppm of cadmium were fed to male lambs for 191 days to ascertain what effect cadmium might have on the tissue concentrations of copper, zinc, iron, and manganese. The cadmium content of all tissues increased with an increase in dietary cadmium. The iron concentration of the ileum tissue was significantly depressed in the cadmium-treated groups compared with that of the controls. Liver copper, iron, and manganese were significantly depressed and liver zinc significantly increased by varying levels of dietary cadmium. The copper concentrations of the spleen and testicles were significantly decreased by all levels of cadmium while the copper and zinc concentrations of the kidneys were significantly increased in the 30 and 60 mug Cd/g and 15, 30, and 60 mug Cd/g groups, respectively. In general, cadmium had no significant effect on the rumen, abomasal, heart, or lung concentrations of copper, zinc, iron, or manganese.", "PMID": 1127470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10022", "title": "Effects of different levels of pyridoxine fed during pregnancy superimposed upon growth in the rat.", "content": "Effects of pregnancy superimposed upon a rapid phase of growth in the rat on the vitamin B-6 needs during gestation were examined. Rats were fed 1.2, 2.4, 4.8, 9.6, or 19.2 mg pyridoxine-HCl/kg diet from weaning. Some animals from each dietary treatment were mated at 55 (P-55) and 115 (P-115) days of age; others of the same ages served as nonpregnant controls. Analyses were made on day 21 of gestation. Excepting the 1.2-mg diet treatment, maternal weight gains during gestation were greater for P-55 groups compared with gains of the P-115 groups, possibly reflecting maternal growth. Both maternal weight gains and fetal weights were less for the 1.2-mg, P-55 group; otherwise reproductive performance was similar among the groups. On the basis of stimulation of erythrocyte alanine aminotransferase activity by pyridoxal phosphate added in vitro, the needs in all pregnant and nonpregnant groups were met by 2.4 mg pyridoxine/kg diet. However, on the basis of vitamin B-6 saturation of tissues, the pyridoxine needs were 9.6 mg/kg diet for young growing animals and 4.8 mg/kg diet for older animals in which growth had almost ceased. The needs for both young and older pregnant animals possibly exceeded 19.2 mg pyridoxine/kg diet for vitamin B-6 saturation of maternal liver, fetus, and fetal brain. Pregnancy superimposed upon a rapid phase of growth in conjunction with a restricted intake of pyridoxine resulted in low values for most parameters used in the assessments compared with values for animals fed the same vitamin level but mated after growth velocity had diminished.", "contents": "Effects of different levels of pyridoxine fed during pregnancy superimposed upon growth in the rat. Effects of pregnancy superimposed upon a rapid phase of growth in the rat on the vitamin B-6 needs during gestation were examined. Rats were fed 1.2, 2.4, 4.8, 9.6, or 19.2 mg pyridoxine-HCl/kg diet from weaning. Some animals from each dietary treatment were mated at 55 (P-55) and 115 (P-115) days of age; others of the same ages served as nonpregnant controls. Analyses were made on day 21 of gestation. Excepting the 1.2-mg diet treatment, maternal weight gains during gestation were greater for P-55 groups compared with gains of the P-115 groups, possibly reflecting maternal growth. Both maternal weight gains and fetal weights were less for the 1.2-mg, P-55 group; otherwise reproductive performance was similar among the groups. On the basis of stimulation of erythrocyte alanine aminotransferase activity by pyridoxal phosphate added in vitro, the needs in all pregnant and nonpregnant groups were met by 2.4 mg pyridoxine/kg diet. However, on the basis of vitamin B-6 saturation of tissues, the pyridoxine needs were 9.6 mg/kg diet for young growing animals and 4.8 mg/kg diet for older animals in which growth had almost ceased. The needs for both young and older pregnant animals possibly exceeded 19.2 mg pyridoxine/kg diet for vitamin B-6 saturation of maternal liver, fetus, and fetal brain. Pregnancy superimposed upon a rapid phase of growth in conjunction with a restricted intake of pyridoxine resulted in low values for most parameters used in the assessments compared with values for animals fed the same vitamin level but mated after growth velocity had diminished.", "PMID": 1127471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10023", "title": "Free amino acids in crocodilians fed proteins of different biological value.", "content": "Changes in plasma levels of amino acids derived from fed protein were determined by feeding crocodilians (Caiman crocodilus crocodilus and Alligator mississipiensis) 7.5 g protein/kg body weight and by monitoring the plasma free amino acids for several days. Zein and several other vegetable proteins produced no rise in plasma amino acids and were excreted intact in the feces. Casein and fish muscle were rapidly digested but produced little rise in plasma amino acids, and the increases showed no relationship to the composition of the protein fed. Gelatin feeding led to large increases in plasma amino acids that persisted for more than a week, and the resulting pattern was nearly identical to the composition of gelatin with the exception of aspartic and glutamic acids, and several animals died. Equivalent quantities of fish muscle protein were assimilated without difficulty by the crocodilians. Endogenous protein secreted into the gut apparently contributed little to the amino acid mixture absorbed.", "contents": "Free amino acids in crocodilians fed proteins of different biological value. Changes in plasma levels of amino acids derived from fed protein were determined by feeding crocodilians (Caiman crocodilus crocodilus and Alligator mississipiensis) 7.5 g protein/kg body weight and by monitoring the plasma free amino acids for several days. Zein and several other vegetable proteins produced no rise in plasma amino acids and were excreted intact in the feces. Casein and fish muscle were rapidly digested but produced little rise in plasma amino acids, and the increases showed no relationship to the composition of the protein fed. Gelatin feeding led to large increases in plasma amino acids that persisted for more than a week, and the resulting pattern was nearly identical to the composition of gelatin with the exception of aspartic and glutamic acids, and several animals died. Equivalent quantities of fish muscle protein were assimilated without difficulty by the crocodilians. Endogenous protein secreted into the gut apparently contributed little to the amino acid mixture absorbed.", "PMID": 1127472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10024", "title": "Heart rate and ECG responses of fire fighters.", "content": "Data were obtained from 35 fire fighters responding to 189 alarms. Fifteen to 30 sec after an alarm heart rate showed a mean increase of 47 beats/min (range 12-117 beats/min). Approximately one minute after the alarm, while on the truck, heart rate still showed a mean increase of 30 beats/min (range 1 to 80 beats/min) above that recorded before alarm. S-T segment changes were observed in the ECG shortly after the alarm sounded. Upon approaching a fire, heart rates as high as 150 beats/min were observed before the men got off the fire truck. During actual fire fighting extremely high heart rates were observed for prolonged periods of time. One fire fighter had a mean heart rate of 188 beats/min for 15 minutes during the initial stages of a structure fire. The heart rate responses observed immediately after the alarm as well as on the truck approaching a fire indicate that the men experience a state of high anxiety. The extremely high heart rates observed for prolonged periods during fire fighting may also indicate a state of high anxiety coupled with the heavy work performed in a hot environment. Repeated exposure to states of high anxiety as well as inhaling pollutants related to the high incidence of ischemic-stress tests previously observed in fire fighters.", "contents": "Heart rate and ECG responses of fire fighters. Data were obtained from 35 fire fighters responding to 189 alarms. Fifteen to 30 sec after an alarm heart rate showed a mean increase of 47 beats/min (range 12-117 beats/min). Approximately one minute after the alarm, while on the truck, heart rate still showed a mean increase of 30 beats/min (range 1 to 80 beats/min) above that recorded before alarm. S-T segment changes were observed in the ECG shortly after the alarm sounded. Upon approaching a fire, heart rates as high as 150 beats/min were observed before the men got off the fire truck. During actual fire fighting extremely high heart rates were observed for prolonged periods of time. One fire fighter had a mean heart rate of 188 beats/min for 15 minutes during the initial stages of a structure fire. The heart rate responses observed immediately after the alarm as well as on the truck approaching a fire indicate that the men experience a state of high anxiety. The extremely high heart rates observed for prolonged periods during fire fighting may also indicate a state of high anxiety coupled with the heavy work performed in a hot environment. Repeated exposure to states of high anxiety as well as inhaling pollutants related to the high incidence of ischemic-stress tests previously observed in fire fighters.", "PMID": 1127475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10025", "title": "The relationship of the rate of intrauterine growth of low-birth-weight infants to later growth.", "content": "The relationship of the rate of intrauterine growth of low-birth-weight infants (1,501 to 2,500 gm) to their postnatal growth up to 10 years of age was investigated. Each child was assigned to one of four gestation quartiles which have identical birth weight distributions but differ widely in their length of gestation. The mean heights and weights of the children in each of the four quartiles were compared with similar data of a control group of children who had birth weights above 2,500 gm. Only infants in the long gestation quartile failed to catch up in height and weight to the control group by the end of the 10-year period. The same results that were obtained for the total cohort were also found separately for white and black children and for boys and girls. The data relate to 488 single white and black low-birth-weight infants and 488 normal-birth-weight infants.", "contents": "The relationship of the rate of intrauterine growth of low-birth-weight infants to later growth. The relationship of the rate of intrauterine growth of low-birth-weight infants (1,501 to 2,500 gm) to their postnatal growth up to 10 years of age was investigated. Each child was assigned to one of four gestation quartiles which have identical birth weight distributions but differ widely in their length of gestation. The mean heights and weights of the children in each of the four quartiles were compared with similar data of a control group of children who had birth weights above 2,500 gm. Only infants in the long gestation quartile failed to catch up in height and weight to the control group by the end of the 10-year period. The same results that were obtained for the total cohort were also found separately for white and black children and for boys and girls. The data relate to 488 single white and black low-birth-weight infants and 488 normal-birth-weight infants.", "PMID": 1127496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10026", "title": "Classic phenylketonuria: diagnosis through heterozygote detection.", "content": "Fifty-nine male and female (pregnant and nonpregnant) normal control subjects were differentiated from 18 male and female obligate heterozygotes for classic PKU. The method of genotyping utilized midday semifasting blood P and T quantitated by ion-exchange chromatography, an empiric determinant, P-2/T, and a discriminant function (sigma), in which sigma = a(1)(P)+a(2)(T);a(1) and a(2) were computed by multivariate analysis, This method of genotyping was applied in three clinical settings. In one family hyperphenylalaninemia was differentiated from classic PKU in two sisters with elevated blood P. In a second family maternal PKU was related to microcephaly in two retarded siblings, one of whom was also homozygous for classic PKU. In a third family a diagnosis of classic PKU was established in a normal-appearing infant whose blood P concentration was elevated.", "contents": "Classic phenylketonuria: diagnosis through heterozygote detection. Fifty-nine male and female (pregnant and nonpregnant) normal control subjects were differentiated from 18 male and female obligate heterozygotes for classic PKU. The method of genotyping utilized midday semifasting blood P and T quantitated by ion-exchange chromatography, an empiric determinant, P-2/T, and a discriminant function (sigma), in which sigma = a(1)(P)+a(2)(T);a(1) and a(2) were computed by multivariate analysis, This method of genotyping was applied in three clinical settings. In one family hyperphenylalaninemia was differentiated from classic PKU in two sisters with elevated blood P. In a second family maternal PKU was related to microcephaly in two retarded siblings, one of whom was also homozygous for classic PKU. In a third family a diagnosis of classic PKU was established in a normal-appearing infant whose blood P concentration was elevated.", "PMID": 1127497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10027", "title": "Use of an oral elemental diet in infants with severe intractable diarrhea.", "content": "Twenty-seven infants from 1 day to 9 months of age with severe intractable diarrhea were fed an oral elemental diet (Vivonex) consisting of crystalline amino acids, glucose, electrolytes, and vitamins by continuous nasogastric drip. Complete control of diarrhea was achieved in 24 patients (89 percent) who had an average weight gain of 28 gm/day. Nitrogen balance and plasma amino acids were measured in five patients while they received 2.25 gm of amino acid/kd/day for two weeks and 4.58 gm of amino acid/kg/day for two weeks; the nitrogen balance and weight gain in three patients was proportional to the amino acid intake. When compared to normal levels, plasma amino acids were not appreciably increased with the lower amino acid intake. With the higher amino acid intake, there were significant increases in plasma values for 11 amino acids.", "contents": "Use of an oral elemental diet in infants with severe intractable diarrhea. Twenty-seven infants from 1 day to 9 months of age with severe intractable diarrhea were fed an oral elemental diet (Vivonex) consisting of crystalline amino acids, glucose, electrolytes, and vitamins by continuous nasogastric drip. Complete control of diarrhea was achieved in 24 patients (89 percent) who had an average weight gain of 28 gm/day. Nitrogen balance and plasma amino acids were measured in five patients while they received 2.25 gm of amino acid/kd/day for two weeks and 4.58 gm of amino acid/kg/day for two weeks; the nitrogen balance and weight gain in three patients was proportional to the amino acid intake. When compared to normal levels, plasma amino acids were not appreciably increased with the lower amino acid intake. With the higher amino acid intake, there were significant increases in plasma values for 11 amino acids.", "PMID": 1127498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10028", "title": "The micromeasurement of free erythrocyte protoporphyrin as a means of differentiating alpha thalassemia trait from iron deficiency anemia.", "content": "Free erythrocyte protoporphyrin levels were measured in 29 individuals with alpha thalassemia trait, 19 with proved iron deficiency anemia, and 25 normal control subjects. Individuals with alpha thalassemia trait and normal iron studies had FEP levels in the normal range despite marked degrees of microcytosis. In contrast, individuals with iron deficiency anemia had marked elevation of FEP levels with similar degrees of microcytosis. Measurement of FEP levels appears to be a useful tool in differentiating alpha thalassemia trait from iron deficiency anemia.", "contents": "The micromeasurement of free erythrocyte protoporphyrin as a means of differentiating alpha thalassemia trait from iron deficiency anemia. Free erythrocyte protoporphyrin levels were measured in 29 individuals with alpha thalassemia trait, 19 with proved iron deficiency anemia, and 25 normal control subjects. Individuals with alpha thalassemia trait and normal iron studies had FEP levels in the normal range despite marked degrees of microcytosis. In contrast, individuals with iron deficiency anemia had marked elevation of FEP levels with similar degrees of microcytosis. Measurement of FEP levels appears to be a useful tool in differentiating alpha thalassemia trait from iron deficiency anemia.", "PMID": 1127499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10029", "title": "Iron deficiency anemia and increased urinary norepinephrine excretion.", "content": "Chronic iron deficiency in rats resulted in decreased MAO activity both in vitro and in vivo. Since MAO is an important enzyme in inactivation of catecholamines, urinary excretion of DA, NE, E, MN-NMN, and VMA was measured in 24-hour samples from 11 iron-deficient children before and after treatment with intramuscular iron. Pretreatment NE excretion was abnormally high and returned to normal (P=0.001) within one week of therapy. VMA excretion also was higher before than after treatment (P greater than 0.05), but most values were within the normal range for healthy children of comparable size. There was no significant difference between DA, E, and MN-NMN excretion before and after iron therapy. Anemic, non-iron-deficient children had normal urinary NE, E, and VMA excretion before and after transfusion. These findings suggest that the irritability, lack of attentiveness, and low performance scores of iron-deficient children may be related to alterations in catecholamine metabolic pathways secondary to dependence of MAO on adequate iron stores.", "contents": "Iron deficiency anemia and increased urinary norepinephrine excretion. Chronic iron deficiency in rats resulted in decreased MAO activity both in vitro and in vivo. Since MAO is an important enzyme in inactivation of catecholamines, urinary excretion of DA, NE, E, MN-NMN, and VMA was measured in 24-hour samples from 11 iron-deficient children before and after treatment with intramuscular iron. Pretreatment NE excretion was abnormally high and returned to normal (P=0.001) within one week of therapy. VMA excretion also was higher before than after treatment (P greater than 0.05), but most values were within the normal range for healthy children of comparable size. There was no significant difference between DA, E, and MN-NMN excretion before and after iron therapy. Anemic, non-iron-deficient children had normal urinary NE, E, and VMA excretion before and after transfusion. These findings suggest that the irritability, lack of attentiveness, and low performance scores of iron-deficient children may be related to alterations in catecholamine metabolic pathways secondary to dependence of MAO on adequate iron stores.", "PMID": 1127500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10030", "title": "Constrictive pericarditis, intestinal lymphangiectasia, and reversible immunologic deficiency.", "content": "A patient with constrictive pericarditis, secondary intestinal lymphangiectasia, and protein-losing enteropathy was demonstrated to have the characteristic immunologic deficiency associated with intestinal lymphangiectasia: hypogammaglobulinemia, lymphocytopenia, cutaneous anergy, impaired allograft rejection. and diminished in vitro lymphocyte proliferative responses. Following surgical correction of the cardiac abnormality, the intestinal lymphangiectasia and protein-losing gastroenteropathy resolved and was accompanied by a slow but progressive return of normal immune function. This documented reversal of the immunologic deficiency in intestinal lymphangiectasia supports the concept that the immune defect in this syndrome is due to the excessive loss of lymphocytes and immunoglobulins into the gastrointestinal tract.", "contents": "Constrictive pericarditis, intestinal lymphangiectasia, and reversible immunologic deficiency. A patient with constrictive pericarditis, secondary intestinal lymphangiectasia, and protein-losing enteropathy was demonstrated to have the characteristic immunologic deficiency associated with intestinal lymphangiectasia: hypogammaglobulinemia, lymphocytopenia, cutaneous anergy, impaired allograft rejection. and diminished in vitro lymphocyte proliferative responses. Following surgical correction of the cardiac abnormality, the intestinal lymphangiectasia and protein-losing gastroenteropathy resolved and was accompanied by a slow but progressive return of normal immune function. This documented reversal of the immunologic deficiency in intestinal lymphangiectasia supports the concept that the immune defect in this syndrome is due to the excessive loss of lymphocytes and immunoglobulins into the gastrointestinal tract.", "PMID": 1127501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10031", "title": "Long-term effect of phototherapy on visual function.", "content": "Computer-averaged electroretinogram records were used to examine scotopic retinal functioning of a group of 4-year-old children who were treated for neonatal hyperbilirubinemia by exposure to at least 42 consecutive hours of continuous phototherapy. Dark adaptation functions of the children were similar to those previously found for control subjects, suggesting that no permanent damage to rod function had been incurred during exposure. Statistical analysis showed no significant differences in the final electroretinographic amplitudes of light-treated and control subjects. Ophthalmologic and neurologic examinations were also negative.", "contents": "Long-term effect of phototherapy on visual function. Computer-averaged electroretinogram records were used to examine scotopic retinal functioning of a group of 4-year-old children who were treated for neonatal hyperbilirubinemia by exposure to at least 42 consecutive hours of continuous phototherapy. Dark adaptation functions of the children were similar to those previously found for control subjects, suggesting that no permanent damage to rod function had been incurred during exposure. Statistical analysis showed no significant differences in the final electroretinographic amplitudes of light-treated and control subjects. Ophthalmologic and neurologic examinations were also negative.", "PMID": 1127502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10032", "title": "Cerebroside sulfatase activity in cultivated human skin fibroblasts and amniotic fluid cells;.", "content": "In an effort to improve the precision in prenatal monitoring for metachromatic leukodystrophy, levels of cerebroside sulfatase were determined in fibroblasts and amniotic fluid cells. Cells from MLD patients demonstrated no significant sulfatide hydrolysis, whereas cultures from heterozygous subjects hydrolyzed diminished but definite amounts of sulfatide. Cells from a fetus with low arylsulfatase A activity were able to cleave considerable amounts of sulfatide; enzyme assays performed postnatally suggest that the infant is heterozygous for MLD. This report documents the value of cerebroside sulfatase assays in the in utero monitoring for MLD.", "contents": "Cerebroside sulfatase activity in cultivated human skin fibroblasts and amniotic fluid cells;. In an effort to improve the precision in prenatal monitoring for metachromatic leukodystrophy, levels of cerebroside sulfatase were determined in fibroblasts and amniotic fluid cells. Cells from MLD patients demonstrated no significant sulfatide hydrolysis, whereas cultures from heterozygous subjects hydrolyzed diminished but definite amounts of sulfatide. Cells from a fetus with low arylsulfatase A activity were able to cleave considerable amounts of sulfatide; enzyme assays performed postnatally suggest that the infant is heterozygous for MLD. This report documents the value of cerebroside sulfatase assays in the in utero monitoring for MLD.", "PMID": 1127503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10033", "title": "Roentgen patterns of extravasation of calcium gluconate in the tissues of the neonate.", "content": "Calcium gluconate is irritating to soft tissues and can produce tissue necrosis and slough; Radiographs of the part following extravasation initially show only soft tissue swelling. A variable pattern of soft tissue calcification then develops in one to three weeks, and gradually is completely resorbed over several months' time. The cause of the soft tissue calcifications may be quite puzzling, if the incident of calcium gluconate extravasation has been overlooked.", "contents": "Roentgen patterns of extravasation of calcium gluconate in the tissues of the neonate. Calcium gluconate is irritating to soft tissues and can produce tissue necrosis and slough; Radiographs of the part following extravasation initially show only soft tissue swelling. A variable pattern of soft tissue calcification then develops in one to three weeks, and gradually is completely resorbed over several months' time. The cause of the soft tissue calcifications may be quite puzzling, if the incident of calcium gluconate extravasation has been overlooked.", "PMID": 1127506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10034", "title": "Effects of gentamicin on albumin binding of bilirubin.", "content": "The effects of gentamicin on albumin binding of bilirubin and bilirubin transport were studied using Sephadex gel filtration, spectrophotometric analysis, peroxidase assay, and red blood cell uptake. No significant interaction between gentamicin and bilirubin binding or transport was observed.", "contents": "Effects of gentamicin on albumin binding of bilirubin. The effects of gentamicin on albumin binding of bilirubin and bilirubin transport were studied using Sephadex gel filtration, spectrophotometric analysis, peroxidase assay, and red blood cell uptake. No significant interaction between gentamicin and bilirubin binding or transport was observed.", "PMID": 1127507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10035", "title": "Brain tissue levels in a fatal case of neonatal mepivacaine (Carbocaine) poisoning.", "content": "A fatal case of mepivacaine poisoning in a newborn infant is reported. Regional brain tissue concentrations of mepivacaine were determined by a sensitive and specific gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric method. The brain tissue levels in this patient were higher than those previously reported, possibly due to alkalosis occurring several hours prior to the infant's death.", "contents": "Brain tissue levels in a fatal case of neonatal mepivacaine (Carbocaine) poisoning. A fatal case of mepivacaine poisoning in a newborn infant is reported. Regional brain tissue concentrations of mepivacaine were determined by a sensitive and specific gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric method. The brain tissue levels in this patient were higher than those previously reported, possibly due to alkalosis occurring several hours prior to the infant's death.", "PMID": 1127509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10036", "title": "The role of the pediatric nurse practitioner in a neonatal unit.", "content": "A pediatric nurse practitioner was given responsibility for a nursery. Her major responsibilities included: (1) daily chart and infant rounds, (2) initial physical examinations, (3) rounds with mothers, and (4) daily report to the physician on the condition and problems in her nursery. Over a one-year period of time, the PNP detected 20 serious problems, such as significant jaundice, sepsis, tachypnea, hypoglycemia, and two major congenital anomalies. The accuracy of the physical examination by the PNP was compared with that of the physician. In 72 percent of cases, the assessment of the PNP was essentially the same as that of the physician; in the remaining 28 percent the differences in diagnosis were minor and related to the timing of the examination. A telephone interview of a random sample of mothers showed that mothers under the care of the PNP had received more instructions on infant care; an 81 percent return of the infants to the clinic was achieved. The pediatric residents approved the participation of the PNP in the nursery. It is concluded that there is a useful role for the PNP in a neonatal unit.", "contents": "The role of the pediatric nurse practitioner in a neonatal unit. A pediatric nurse practitioner was given responsibility for a nursery. Her major responsibilities included: (1) daily chart and infant rounds, (2) initial physical examinations, (3) rounds with mothers, and (4) daily report to the physician on the condition and problems in her nursery. Over a one-year period of time, the PNP detected 20 serious problems, such as significant jaundice, sepsis, tachypnea, hypoglycemia, and two major congenital anomalies. The accuracy of the physical examination by the PNP was compared with that of the physician. In 72 percent of cases, the assessment of the PNP was essentially the same as that of the physician; in the remaining 28 percent the differences in diagnosis were minor and related to the timing of the examination. A telephone interview of a random sample of mothers showed that mothers under the care of the PNP had received more instructions on infant care; an 81 percent return of the infants to the clinic was achieved. The pediatric residents approved the participation of the PNP in the nursery. It is concluded that there is a useful role for the PNP in a neonatal unit.", "PMID": 1127510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10037", "title": "The immune response in iron-deficient children: Impaired cellular defense mechanisms with altered humoral components.", "content": "Humoral and cellular defense mechanisms were evaluated in 20 children with iron deficiency anemia and in seven with latent iron deficiency. Serum immunoglobulin concentrations, salivary IgA, and total hemolytic complement were within normal range; C'3 concentration was increased. Tests of lymphocyte function showed impaired delayed hypersensitivity skin responses in vivo and decreased in vitro H-3-thymidine incorporation following stimulation with phytohemagglutinin and candida antigen. Tests of neutrophil function showed normal nitroblue tetrazolium dye reduction, decreased bactericidal function, and increased chemotactic activity. These abnormalities could be detected in latent iron deficiency before the development of clinical anemia suggesting that altered immunologic function was an early manifestation of iron deficiency. Normal results were obtained two to three months after iron therapy was begun. The clinical implication of these findings is disucssed in relationship to the reported susceptibility of iron-deficient children to intercurrent infections.", "contents": "The immune response in iron-deficient children: Impaired cellular defense mechanisms with altered humoral components. Humoral and cellular defense mechanisms were evaluated in 20 children with iron deficiency anemia and in seven with latent iron deficiency. Serum immunoglobulin concentrations, salivary IgA, and total hemolytic complement were within normal range; C'3 concentration was increased. Tests of lymphocyte function showed impaired delayed hypersensitivity skin responses in vivo and decreased in vitro H-3-thymidine incorporation following stimulation with phytohemagglutinin and candida antigen. Tests of neutrophil function showed normal nitroblue tetrazolium dye reduction, decreased bactericidal function, and increased chemotactic activity. These abnormalities could be detected in latent iron deficiency before the development of clinical anemia suggesting that altered immunologic function was an early manifestation of iron deficiency. Normal results were obtained two to three months after iron therapy was begun. The clinical implication of these findings is disucssed in relationship to the reported susceptibility of iron-deficient children to intercurrent infections.", "PMID": 1127523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10038", "title": "Familial occurrence of nonobstructive, noninfectious vesicoureteral reflux with renal scarring.", "content": "A family is described in which gross vesicoureteral reflux and renal scarring are present in the father and three sons, none with a history of urinary tract infection. Vesicoureteral reflux alone is present in an infant daughter. Father-to-son transmission of vesicoureteral reflux has not been previously reported. Autosomal dominant inheritance of the trait is suggested. The renal scarring noted in these patients may reflect generalized maldevelopment of affected renal units. The increasing recognition of vesicoureteral reflux as a familial trait suggests the need for evaluation of families in which vesicoureteral reflux is found in more than one member.", "contents": "Familial occurrence of nonobstructive, noninfectious vesicoureteral reflux with renal scarring. A family is described in which gross vesicoureteral reflux and renal scarring are present in the father and three sons, none with a history of urinary tract infection. Vesicoureteral reflux alone is present in an infant daughter. Father-to-son transmission of vesicoureteral reflux has not been previously reported. Autosomal dominant inheritance of the trait is suggested. The renal scarring noted in these patients may reflect generalized maldevelopment of affected renal units. The increasing recognition of vesicoureteral reflux as a familial trait suggests the need for evaluation of families in which vesicoureteral reflux is found in more than one member.", "PMID": 1127524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10039", "title": "Fanconi syndrome following bowel surgery and hepatitis reversed by 25-hydroxycholecalciferol.", "content": "A permature male infant required intravenous alimentation for six weeks following extensive surgery for ileal and cecal necrosis. At 3 months he developed evidence of hepatitis. Subsequently osteoporosis and the Fanconi syndrome appeared. Urine phosphate clearance was 83 percent of creatinine clearance at a serum phosphate concentration of 1.6 mg/dl. Concentration of plasma immunoreactive parathyroid hormone was elevated at 550 pg/ml. 25-Hydroxycholecalciferol was given at 240 mug/day. Aminoaciduria disappeared and bone healing occurred. Serum phosphate rose to 6.5 mg/dl and phosphate clearance fell to 2 percent of creatinine clearance. Upon cessation of 25-OHCC therapy, the Fanconi syndrome recurred despite administration of vitamin D2. 25-OHCC was then administered at 40 mug/day, and the urine abnormalities were reversed. The patient probably developed hyperparathyroidism, secondary malabsorption, and hepatitis. The Fanconi syndrome was the consequence of the hyperparathyroidism. 25-OHCC therapy was more effective than vitamin D in reversing the disordered state, possibly because of impaired hepatic metabolism of vitamin D2.", "contents": "Fanconi syndrome following bowel surgery and hepatitis reversed by 25-hydroxycholecalciferol. A permature male infant required intravenous alimentation for six weeks following extensive surgery for ileal and cecal necrosis. At 3 months he developed evidence of hepatitis. Subsequently osteoporosis and the Fanconi syndrome appeared. Urine phosphate clearance was 83 percent of creatinine clearance at a serum phosphate concentration of 1.6 mg/dl. Concentration of plasma immunoreactive parathyroid hormone was elevated at 550 pg/ml. 25-Hydroxycholecalciferol was given at 240 mug/day. Aminoaciduria disappeared and bone healing occurred. Serum phosphate rose to 6.5 mg/dl and phosphate clearance fell to 2 percent of creatinine clearance. Upon cessation of 25-OHCC therapy, the Fanconi syndrome recurred despite administration of vitamin D2. 25-OHCC was then administered at 40 mug/day, and the urine abnormalities were reversed. The patient probably developed hyperparathyroidism, secondary malabsorption, and hepatitis. The Fanconi syndrome was the consequence of the hyperparathyroidism. 25-OHCC therapy was more effective than vitamin D in reversing the disordered state, possibly because of impaired hepatic metabolism of vitamin D2.", "PMID": 1127525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10040", "title": "Analbuminemia in a neonate.", "content": "A small-for-gestational-age infant, found to have analbuminemia in the neonatal period, is reported and the twelve cases recorded in the world literature are reviewed. Patients lacking this serum protein are essentially asymptomatic, apart from minimal ankle edema and ease of fatigue. Apparent compensatory mechanisms which come into play when serum albumin is low include prolonged half-life of albumin and transferrin, an increase in serum globulins, beta lipoprotein, and glycoproteins, arterial hypotension with reduced capillary hydrostatic pressure, and the ability to respond with rapid sodium and chloride diuresis in response to small volume changes. Examination of plasma amino acids, an investigation not previously reported, revealed an extremely low plasma tryptophan level, a finding which may be important in view of the role of tryptophan in albumin synthesis.", "contents": "Analbuminemia in a neonate. A small-for-gestational-age infant, found to have analbuminemia in the neonatal period, is reported and the twelve cases recorded in the world literature are reviewed. Patients lacking this serum protein are essentially asymptomatic, apart from minimal ankle edema and ease of fatigue. Apparent compensatory mechanisms which come into play when serum albumin is low include prolonged half-life of albumin and transferrin, an increase in serum globulins, beta lipoprotein, and glycoproteins, arterial hypotension with reduced capillary hydrostatic pressure, and the ability to respond with rapid sodium and chloride diuresis in response to small volume changes. Examination of plasma amino acids, an investigation not previously reported, revealed an extremely low plasma tryptophan level, a finding which may be important in view of the role of tryptophan in albumin synthesis.", "PMID": 1127526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10041", "title": "The inheritance of the Aarskog facial-digital-genital syndrome.", "content": "Prominent physical features of the Aarskog syndrome are short stature, telecanthus, ptosis, short broad nose, long philtrum, thin upper vermilion border and pouty lower lip, low-set jug-handle ears, short broad hands with clawlike positioning of the fingers, broad feet with bulbous toes, ventral scrotal folds, cryptorchidism, and hernias. Four families with 20 affected males are reported. Pedigree analysis is compatible with X-linked recessive inheritance with occasional partial expression in heterozygote females. The fact that seven sons, all unaffected, have been born to affected males argues against the alternative hypothesis of autosomal sex-influenced inheritance.", "contents": "The inheritance of the Aarskog facial-digital-genital syndrome. Prominent physical features of the Aarskog syndrome are short stature, telecanthus, ptosis, short broad nose, long philtrum, thin upper vermilion border and pouty lower lip, low-set jug-handle ears, short broad hands with clawlike positioning of the fingers, broad feet with bulbous toes, ventral scrotal folds, cryptorchidism, and hernias. Four families with 20 affected males are reported. Pedigree analysis is compatible with X-linked recessive inheritance with occasional partial expression in heterozygote females. The fact that seven sons, all unaffected, have been born to affected males argues against the alternative hypothesis of autosomal sex-influenced inheritance.", "PMID": 1127528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10042", "title": "Studies in calcium metabolism in infants with intrauterine growth retardation.", "content": "Serial serum Ca values in 47 infants with intrauterine growth retardation were analyzed in relation to clinical and biochemical factors. Serum Ca concentrations in IUGR infants fell within the 95 percent confidence limits for serum Ca in infants whose birth weights were appropriate for gestational age. Serum Ca concentrations in IUGR infants were significantly correlated with birth asphyxia and bicarbonate therapy for acidosis. Serum Ca concentration at 24 hours of age was inversely correlated with serum P values. Thus the incidence of neonatal hyocalcemia in IUGR infants is not increased above the incidence expected from their respective gestational ages. Infants with IUGR who are well at birth do not appear to develop neonatal hypocalcemia, but IUGR infants who are asphyxiated at birth develop significant hypocalcemia.", "contents": "Studies in calcium metabolism in infants with intrauterine growth retardation. Serial serum Ca values in 47 infants with intrauterine growth retardation were analyzed in relation to clinical and biochemical factors. Serum Ca concentrations in IUGR infants fell within the 95 percent confidence limits for serum Ca in infants whose birth weights were appropriate for gestational age. Serum Ca concentrations in IUGR infants were significantly correlated with birth asphyxia and bicarbonate therapy for acidosis. Serum Ca concentration at 24 hours of age was inversely correlated with serum P values. Thus the incidence of neonatal hyocalcemia in IUGR infants is not increased above the incidence expected from their respective gestational ages. Infants with IUGR who are well at birth do not appear to develop neonatal hypocalcemia, but IUGR infants who are asphyxiated at birth develop significant hypocalcemia.", "PMID": 1127536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10043", "title": "Preliminary report: treatment of the hemolytic-uremic syndrome with aspirin and dipyridamole.", "content": "Three children with the hemolytic-uremic syndrome were treated with heparin, aspirin, and dipyridamole. Two of the children had remained profoundly thrombocytopenic in spite of platelet transfusion and heparin therapy. All three patients responded with prompt elevation of their platelet counts and apparent termination of the pathologic consumption of platelets. Our experience suggests not only that primary platelet consumption may play a critical role in the pathogenesis of the HUS, but also that such patients may benefit from therapy with drugs which inhibit platelet function.", "contents": "Preliminary report: treatment of the hemolytic-uremic syndrome with aspirin and dipyridamole. Three children with the hemolytic-uremic syndrome were treated with heparin, aspirin, and dipyridamole. Two of the children had remained profoundly thrombocytopenic in spite of platelet transfusion and heparin therapy. All three patients responded with prompt elevation of their platelet counts and apparent termination of the pathologic consumption of platelets. Our experience suggests not only that primary platelet consumption may play a critical role in the pathogenesis of the HUS, but also that such patients may benefit from therapy with drugs which inhibit platelet function.", "PMID": 1127537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10044", "title": "Description of Nematobibothrioides histoidii (Noble, 1974) (Trematoda: Didymozoidae) and comparison with other genera.", "content": "Nematobibothrioides histoidii, inhabiting the body wall tissues of the sunfish, Mola mola, is characterized by its great length, reaching over 12 m, diverticulated excretory horns, large excretory tube, presence of 2 suckers, rudimentary pharynx, absence of gland cells around pharynx and ceca, oblong vitelline reservoir, and oval eggs, 17 by 15 mu. A description is given of the single species. Of 19 genera in the subfamily Nematobothriinae, 6 that possess the greatest similarity with Nematobibothrioides are compared. A brief discussion of didymozoid affinities is given.", "contents": "Description of Nematobibothrioides histoidii (Noble, 1974) (Trematoda: Didymozoidae) and comparison with other genera. Nematobibothrioides histoidii, inhabiting the body wall tissues of the sunfish, Mola mola, is characterized by its great length, reaching over 12 m, diverticulated excretory horns, large excretory tube, presence of 2 suckers, rudimentary pharynx, absence of gland cells around pharynx and ceca, oblong vitelline reservoir, and oval eggs, 17 by 15 mu. A description is given of the single species. Of 19 genera in the subfamily Nematobothriinae, 6 that possess the greatest similarity with Nematobibothrioides are compared. A brief discussion of didymozoid affinities is given.", "PMID": 1127549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10045", "title": "Schistosoma mansoni miracidial behavior: an assay system for chemostimulation.", "content": "A new system for evaluating the responses of miracidia to chemostimulants is described. The apparatus consists of a translucent plastic block with a center well and a hole in the edge leading to the well. One end of a glass tube, covered with a dialysis membrane, was inserted into the hole. Experimental solutions to be tested were put into the tube and Schistosoma mansoni miracidial behavior was observed in the well on the other side of the permeable membrane. Miracidia were released near the membrane; those which contacted the membrane were scored as to whether they returned (contact with return) or did not return (contact without return) before leaving the field of view. Materials eliciting significantly more contact with return responses than did controls were considered to be stimulatory. In this assay system, snail (Biomphalaria glabrata) conditioned water elicited 75% contact with return as compared to 8% for well water control (P less than 0.05). Tracings from motion pictures showed swimming behavior of miracidia toward snail-conditioned water to be different from behavior toward well water controls. This system permits generation of dilution response curves for chemicals and provides generally quantitative results.", "contents": "Schistosoma mansoni miracidial behavior: an assay system for chemostimulation. A new system for evaluating the responses of miracidia to chemostimulants is described. The apparatus consists of a translucent plastic block with a center well and a hole in the edge leading to the well. One end of a glass tube, covered with a dialysis membrane, was inserted into the hole. Experimental solutions to be tested were put into the tube and Schistosoma mansoni miracidial behavior was observed in the well on the other side of the permeable membrane. Miracidia were released near the membrane; those which contacted the membrane were scored as to whether they returned (contact with return) or did not return (contact without return) before leaving the field of view. Materials eliciting significantly more contact with return responses than did controls were considered to be stimulatory. In this assay system, snail (Biomphalaria glabrata) conditioned water elicited 75% contact with return as compared to 8% for well water control (P less than 0.05). Tracings from motion pictures showed swimming behavior of miracidia toward snail-conditioned water to be different from behavior toward well water controls. This system permits generation of dilution response curves for chemicals and provides generally quantitative results.", "PMID": 1127550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10046", "title": "Genetic studies on variation in infectivity of Schistosoma mansoni.", "content": "Biomphalaria glabrata snails of known genetic susceptibility types were exposed to miracidia from 2 strains of Schistosoma mansoni differing  in infectivity.. Individual snails were exposed to single miracidia and penetration observed. Snails of a genetic type susceptible to both parasite strains served as controls, while snails of a genetic type susceptible to one parasite strain but relatively refractory to the other served as test snails to demonstrate the difference in parasite infectivity. Cercariae from snails with single sex infection of each of the 2 parasite strains were injected into mice to provide crosses. Results of test snail exposures to F1 miracidia from reciprocal crosses suggested that the parasite strain difference in infectivity was genetic and involved sex linkage. Results also suggested that the female S. mansoni was heterogametic (XY), the male XX.", "contents": "Genetic studies on variation in infectivity of Schistosoma mansoni. Biomphalaria glabrata snails of known genetic susceptibility types were exposed to miracidia from 2 strains of Schistosoma mansoni differing  in infectivity.. Individual snails were exposed to single miracidia and penetration observed. Snails of a genetic type susceptible to both parasite strains served as controls, while snails of a genetic type susceptible to one parasite strain but relatively refractory to the other served as test snails to demonstrate the difference in parasite infectivity. Cercariae from snails with single sex infection of each of the 2 parasite strains were injected into mice to provide crosses. Results of test snail exposures to F1 miracidia from reciprocal crosses suggested that the parasite strain difference in infectivity was genetic and involved sex linkage. Results also suggested that the female S. mansoni was heterogametic (XY), the male XX.", "PMID": 1127551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10047", "title": "Cytochemistry of gastrodermal autophagy following starvation in Schistosoma mansoni.", "content": "The gastrodermis of adult Schistosoma mansoni was examined by electron microscopy to determine the effects of starvation and the effects of hycanthone, administered in vitro. Special attention was focused on the relationship of the Golgi complexes with the process of autophagy. In general, autophagy was increased in the gastrodermis when it was exposed to stress conditions such as starvation and hycanthone. Acid phosphatase and thiamine pyrophosphatase activities were used as enzyme markers for the Golgi complexes and lysosomes. During the early stages of starvation, there was a 4-fold increase in the number of Golgi complexes per unit area in the gastrodermis. A progressive increase in the number of secondary lysosomes was evident as starvation time was increased. Hycanthone accelerated the effects of starvation. It was hypothesized that acid hydrolases are passed to the Golgi complexes via ER-derived vesicles. The enzymes are subsequently released as primary lysosomes from the Golgi complex to fuse with cytosegresomes and form secondary lysosomes (cytosomes).", "contents": "Cytochemistry of gastrodermal autophagy following starvation in Schistosoma mansoni. The gastrodermis of adult Schistosoma mansoni was examined by electron microscopy to determine the effects of starvation and the effects of hycanthone, administered in vitro. Special attention was focused on the relationship of the Golgi complexes with the process of autophagy. In general, autophagy was increased in the gastrodermis when it was exposed to stress conditions such as starvation and hycanthone. Acid phosphatase and thiamine pyrophosphatase activities were used as enzyme markers for the Golgi complexes and lysosomes. During the early stages of starvation, there was a 4-fold increase in the number of Golgi complexes per unit area in the gastrodermis. A progressive increase in the number of secondary lysosomes was evident as starvation time was increased. Hycanthone accelerated the effects of starvation. It was hypothesized that acid hydrolases are passed to the Golgi complexes via ER-derived vesicles. The enzymes are subsequently released as primary lysosomes from the Golgi complex to fuse with cytosegresomes and form secondary lysosomes (cytosomes).", "PMID": 1127552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10048", "title": "Viruslike inclusions in the cecal epithelial cells of Pa  agonimus kellicotti (Digenea, Troglotrematidae).", "content": "Rodlike or tubular inclusions are described from the cytoplasm and nuclear matrix of the cecal epithelial cells of Paragonimus kellicotti. These inclusions are 3.4 mu or more long, 350 A in diameter, and comprised of a wall of helically arranged subunits and a dense, possibly filar, central core. They occur in organized bundles of up to 17 members. Cells containing these inclusions manifest a series of nucleolar modifications typical of inclusions is discussed, noting especially their resemblance to known rodlike viruses from other systems.", "contents": "Viruslike inclusions in the cecal epithelial cells of Pa  agonimus kellicotti (Digenea, Troglotrematidae). Rodlike or tubular inclusions are described from the cytoplasm and nuclear matrix of the cecal epithelial cells of Paragonimus kellicotti. These inclusions are 3.4 mu or more long, 350 A in diameter, and comprised of a wall of helically arranged subunits and a dense, possibly filar, central core. They occur in organized bundles of up to 17 members. Cells containing these inclusions manifest a series of nucleolar modifications typical of inclusions is discussed, noting especially their resemblance to known rodlike viruses from other systems.", "PMID": 1127553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10049", "title": "Tetraphyllidean cestodes from western North Atlantic selachians with descriptions of two new species.", "content": "Rhinebothrium corymbum sp. n. is described from Dasyatis americana Hildebrand and Schroeder. Rhabdotobothrium anterophallum sp. n. is reported from Mobula hypostoma (Bancroft) representing a new family of hosts (Mobulidae) for tetraphyllideans. Both new species can be distinguished from all others by the number and arrangement of bothridial loculi, position of the genital pore, and testes number and distribution. A new host and additional data are presented for Phoreiobothrium triloculatum Linton, 1901. The validity of Caulobothrium Baer, 1948, and Rhabdotobothrium Euzet, 1953, is discussed.", "contents": "Tetraphyllidean cestodes from western North Atlantic selachians with descriptions of two new species. Rhinebothrium corymbum sp. n. is described from Dasyatis americana Hildebrand and Schroeder. Rhabdotobothrium anterophallum sp. n. is reported from Mobula hypostoma (Bancroft) representing a new family of hosts (Mobulidae) for tetraphyllideans. Both new species can be distinguished from all others by the number and arrangement of bothridial loculi, position of the genital pore, and testes number and distribution. A new host and additional data are presented for Phoreiobothrium triloculatum Linton, 1901. The validity of Caulobothrium Baer, 1948, and Rhabdotobothrium Euzet, 1953, is discussed.", "PMID": 1127554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10050", "title": "An explanation of the apparent reversal of the circadian migration by Hymenolepis diminuta (Cestoda) in the rat.", "content": "Hymenolepis diminuta exhibits 2 concurrent migrations: an age-dependent, forward migration and a circadian migration. In experiments where the age of worms was assumed to be uniform throughout the test-day, 2 patterns (7-day-old and 16-day-old) of circadian migration were seen and an apparent reversal in circadian pattern suggested. In experiments where the age of worms became progressively older during the test-day, only the 16-day-old pattern was seen and no reversal was observed. The 7-day-old pattern and hence the apparent reversal in circadian migration is postulated to be an artifact of the method whereby both the age and size of worms were presumed to be uniform throughout the test-day. The 7-day-old pattern results from comparing worms of unequal size and thus at different positions in their forward migration. Data on the daily variation of stomach contents of rats and the results from protein determinations of 6-day-old worms support this hypothesis. Therefore H. diminuta is believed to exhibit only the 16-day-old pattern of circadian migration: an anterior migration between 12 midnight and 6 AM, and a posterior migration between 12 noon and 6 PM.", "contents": "An explanation of the apparent reversal of the circadian migration by Hymenolepis diminuta (Cestoda) in the rat. Hymenolepis diminuta exhibits 2 concurrent migrations: an age-dependent, forward migration and a circadian migration. In experiments where the age of worms was assumed to be uniform throughout the test-day, 2 patterns (7-day-old and 16-day-old) of circadian migration were seen and an apparent reversal in circadian pattern suggested. In experiments where the age of worms became progressively older during the test-day, only the 16-day-old pattern was seen and no reversal was observed. The 7-day-old pattern and hence the apparent reversal in circadian migration is postulated to be an artifact of the method whereby both the age and size of worms were presumed to be uniform throughout the test-day. The 7-day-old pattern results from comparing worms of unequal size and thus at different positions in their forward migration. Data on the daily variation of stomach contents of rats and the results from protein determinations of 6-day-old worms support this hypothesis. Therefore H. diminuta is believed to exhibit only the 16-day-old pattern of circadian migration: an anterior migration between 12 midnight and 6 AM, and a posterior migration between 12 noon and 6 PM.", "PMID": 1127555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10051", "title": "Axenic growth of oncospheres of Hymenolepis citelli (Cestoda) to fully developed cysticerocoids.", "content": "Cysticercoids of the cestode Hymenolepis citelli were grown axenically in vitro from the oncosphere to stages infective for the mammalian host. Reducing agents were an essential component of the culture medium. Of several reducing agents tested, L-cysteine was the most effective. Concentration of reducing agent was critical in that excessive amounts induced abnormal growth.", "contents": "Axenic growth of oncospheres of Hymenolepis citelli (Cestoda) to fully developed cysticerocoids. Cysticercoids of the cestode Hymenolepis citelli were grown axenically in vitro from the oncosphere to stages infective for the mammalian host. Reducing agents were an essential component of the culture medium. Of several reducing agents tested, L-cysteine was the most effective. Concentration of reducing agent was critical in that excessive amounts induced abnormal growth.", "PMID": 1127556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10052", "title": "Sphaerirostris wertheimae sp. n., and other Acanthocephala from vertebrates of Israel.", "content": "Sphaerirostris wertheimae sp. n., is described from Burhinus oedicnemus and Vanellus vanellus in Israel. It is characterized by having 42 to 50 longitudinal rows of 12 to 14 hooks, the largest of which are 44 to 56 mu long. Seventeen species of Acanthocephala are reported from birds, mammals, and a reptile.", "contents": "Sphaerirostris wertheimae sp. n., and other Acanthocephala from vertebrates of Israel. Sphaerirostris wertheimae sp. n., is described from Burhinus oedicnemus and Vanellus vanellus in Israel. It is characterized by having 42 to 50 longitudinal rows of 12 to 14 hooks, the largest of which are 44 to 56 mu long. Seventeen species of Acanthocephala are reported from birds, mammals, and a reptile.", "PMID": 1127557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10053", "title": "Acanthocephalus parksidei sp. n. (Acanthocephala: Echinorhynchidae) from Wisconsin fishes.", "content": "Acanthocephalus parksidei sp. n. is described from over 4,000 specimens recovered from 11 fish hosts in the Pike River, southeastern Wisconsin. A parksidei is a highly variable acanthocephalan which appears to present an intermediate form between the only 2 other members of the same genus, A. dirus and A. jacksoni, described from North American freshwater fishes. It is structurally similar to the larger A. dirus but is separated from it primarily by having fewer proboscis hook rows and hooks per row. It is separated from A. jacksoni on the basis of its slender body form, relatively larger size of male reproductive system in proportion to body size, as well as other features. It differs from the larger European A. lucii by having smaller proboscis hooks, different hook root shape, smaller proboscis receptacle, and smaller embryos.", "contents": "Acanthocephalus parksidei sp. n. (Acanthocephala: Echinorhynchidae) from Wisconsin fishes. Acanthocephalus parksidei sp. n. is described from over 4,000 specimens recovered from 11 fish hosts in the Pike River, southeastern Wisconsin. A parksidei is a highly variable acanthocephalan which appears to present an intermediate form between the only 2 other members of the same genus, A. dirus and A. jacksoni, described from North American freshwater fishes. It is structurally similar to the larger A. dirus but is separated from it primarily by having fewer proboscis hook rows and hooks per row. It is separated from A. jacksoni on the basis of its slender body form, relatively larger size of male reproductive system in proportion to body size, as well as other features. It differs from the larger European A. lucii by having smaller proboscis hooks, different hook root shape, smaller proboscis receptacle, and smaller embryos.", "PMID": 1127558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10054", "title": "Variability in Acanthocephalus parksidei Amin, 1974 (Acanthocephala: Echinorhynchidae).", "content": "Acanthocephalus parksidei Amin, 1974, was recently described from 11 species of Wisconsin fishes. Considerable variation was observed in this acanthocephalan's body size, number and arrangement of proboscis hook, size of hooks, proboscis, proboscis receptacle, lemnisci, embryos, testes, and cement glands, and number of the latter two. Most of these variations were related to worm sex and age as well as host species. Structural variations in the shape and lobation of lemnisci, abnormalities in hooks and body wall, and changes associated with monorchidism in males were noted. The significance of the erection of this new taxon in relation to the taxonomic criteria applied to acanthocephalan species is discussed.", "contents": "Variability in Acanthocephalus parksidei Amin, 1974 (Acanthocephala: Echinorhynchidae). Acanthocephalus parksidei Amin, 1974, was recently described from 11 species of Wisconsin fishes. Considerable variation was observed in this acanthocephalan's body size, number and arrangement of proboscis hook, size of hooks, proboscis, proboscis receptacle, lemnisci, embryos, testes, and cement glands, and number of the latter two. Most of these variations were related to worm sex and age as well as host species. Structural variations in the shape and lobation of lemnisci, abnormalities in hooks and body wall, and changes associated with monorchidism in males were noted. The significance of the erection of this new taxon in relation to the taxonomic criteria applied to acanthocephalan species is discussed.", "PMID": 1127559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10055", "title": "Host and seasonal associations of Acanthocephalus parksidei Amin, 1974 (Acanthocephala: Echinorhynchidae) in Wisconsin fishes.", "content": "Ecological associations of Acanthocephalus parksidei Amin, 1974, were studied in 11 southeastern Wisconsin fishes during 1972-73. Parasitic load was found to be related to host species, size (age), sex, concurrent infections, collection site, and season. Distribution in host intestine was related to the extent or intensity of infection, posterior migration, and concurrent infections. Parasitic cycle commenced in later summer-early autumn, peaked (in frequency and maturation) during the spring, and terminated in the  late summer.", "contents": "Host and seasonal associations of Acanthocephalus parksidei Amin, 1974 (Acanthocephala: Echinorhynchidae) in Wisconsin fishes. Ecological associations of Acanthocephalus parksidei Amin, 1974, were studied in 11 southeastern Wisconsin fishes during 1972-73. Parasitic load was found to be related to host species, size (age), sex, concurrent infections, collection site, and season. Distribution in host intestine was related to the extent or intensity of infection, posterior migration, and concurrent infections. Parasitic cycle commenced in later summer-early autumn, peaked (in frequency and maturation) during the spring, and terminated in the  late summer.", "PMID": 1127561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10056", "title": "Thynnascaris reliquens sp. n. and T. habena (Linton, 1900) (Nematoda: Ascaridoidea) from fishes in the northern Gulf of Mexico and eastern U.S. seaboard.", "content": "Thynnascaris reliquens sp. n. is described from the type host, the sheepshead, Archosargus probatocephalus (Walbaum), and other fishes of the northern Gulf of Mexico and southern Florida, including the Gulf toadfish, Opsanus beta (Goode and Bean); the spiny boxfish, Chilomycterus schoepfi (Walbaum); the slippery dick, Halichoeres bivittatus (Bloch); and the Atlantic croaker, Micropogon undulatus (Linnaeus). Its salient characters are: length up to approximately to 12.5 cm; lips broad, with pedunculate pulp and equatorially constricted flanges; esophagus 8 to 12% and spicles 3 to 6% of body length; preanal and postanal papillae up to 33 and 6 pairs, respectively. In the type host, some adults attained a considerably greater size than in other hosts, and their labial morphology changed as the maximum length was approached. Thynnascaris habena is redescribed from the oyster toadfish, Opsanus tau (Linnaeus), its type host, on the basis of examination of specimens collected from Massachusetts, Virginia, and Georgia. Thynnascaris melichthysi (Olsen, 1952) and T. ogcocephali (Olsen, 1952) are transferred from the genus Contracaecum as new combinations.", "contents": "Thynnascaris reliquens sp. n. and T. habena (Linton, 1900) (Nematoda: Ascaridoidea) from fishes in the northern Gulf of Mexico and eastern U.S. seaboard. Thynnascaris reliquens sp. n. is described from the type host, the sheepshead, Archosargus probatocephalus (Walbaum), and other fishes of the northern Gulf of Mexico and southern Florida, including the Gulf toadfish, Opsanus beta (Goode and Bean); the spiny boxfish, Chilomycterus schoepfi (Walbaum); the slippery dick, Halichoeres bivittatus (Bloch); and the Atlantic croaker, Micropogon undulatus (Linnaeus). Its salient characters are: length up to approximately to 12.5 cm; lips broad, with pedunculate pulp and equatorially constricted flanges; esophagus 8 to 12% and spicles 3 to 6% of body length; preanal and postanal papillae up to 33 and 6 pairs, respectively. In the type host, some adults attained a considerably greater size than in other hosts, and their labial morphology changed as the maximum length was approached. Thynnascaris habena is redescribed from the oyster toadfish, Opsanus tau (Linnaeus), its type host, on the basis of examination of specimens collected from Massachusetts, Virginia, and Georgia. Thynnascaris melichthysi (Olsen, 1952) and T. ogcocephali (Olsen, 1952) are transferred from the genus Contracaecum as new combinations.", "PMID": 1127562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10057", "title": "Filaroides hirthi sp. n. (Nematoda: Metastrongyloidea) from the lung of the dog.", "content": "Filaroides hirthi sp. n. is smaller than previously described species of the genus Filaroides v. Beneden, 1858, and differs from F. milksi Whitlock, 1956, with which it is most likely to be confused, in having shorter, slightly stouter spicules with a broader proximal knob for attachment of the retractor muscles.", "contents": "Filaroides hirthi sp. n. (Nematoda: Metastrongyloidea) from the lung of the dog. Filaroides hirthi sp. n. is smaller than previously described species of the genus Filaroides v. Beneden, 1858, and differs from F. milksi Whitlock, 1956, with which it is most likely to be confused, in having shorter, slightly stouter spicules with a broader proximal knob for attachment of the retractor muscles.", "PMID": 1127563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10058", "title": "Rapid morphological transformations of spermatozoa in the uterus of Brugia pahangi (Nematoda, Filarioidea).", "content": "Mature, umated male and female Brugia pahangi worms were implanted into the peritoneal cavity of gerbils, allowed to mate, and then recovered and examined by means of electron microscopy. The proximal portion of the uterus of female worms recovered in copula contained a morphologically heterogenous population of sperm ranging from a rigid, nonmotile form to the mature ameboid sperm. The immotile sperm are identical in morphology to sperm found within the seminal vesicle of the male. The in utero transformations occur in less than 1 hr, and probably represent a final maturation event preceding competency to fertilize eggs. First in the sequence of events leading to the mature spermatozoon is a decrease in the density of the cytoplasmic matrix concomitant with the elaboration of an abundant tubular smooth endoplasmic reticulum. The position and appearance of the sperm in the uterus suggest that the formation of this membranous system occurs within minutes and involves de novo assembly from cytoplasmic precursors. Following the appearance of the tubular membranous system, certain other membranous organelles become spherical, fuse with the plasmalemma, and release their electron-dense contents into the lumen of the uterus. Filamentous rodlike elements, previously extending the length of the peripheral cytoplasm, begin to disintegrate and cytoplasmic projections form at the margins of the cell. Polarization of the sperm results from the aggregation of mitochondria, nuclear material, endoplasmic reticulum, and membranous organelles at one pole of the cell leaving an organelle-free filamentous pseudopod at the other.", "contents": "Rapid morphological transformations of spermatozoa in the uterus of Brugia pahangi (Nematoda, Filarioidea). Mature, umated male and female Brugia pahangi worms were implanted into the peritoneal cavity of gerbils, allowed to mate, and then recovered and examined by means of electron microscopy. The proximal portion of the uterus of female worms recovered in copula contained a morphologically heterogenous population of sperm ranging from a rigid, nonmotile form to the mature ameboid sperm. The immotile sperm are identical in morphology to sperm found within the seminal vesicle of the male. The in utero transformations occur in less than 1 hr, and probably represent a final maturation event preceding competency to fertilize eggs. First in the sequence of events leading to the mature spermatozoon is a decrease in the density of the cytoplasmic matrix concomitant with the elaboration of an abundant tubular smooth endoplasmic reticulum. The position and appearance of the sperm in the uterus suggest that the formation of this membranous system occurs within minutes and involves de novo assembly from cytoplasmic precursors. Following the appearance of the tubular membranous system, certain other membranous organelles become spherical, fuse with the plasmalemma, and release their electron-dense contents into the lumen of the uterus. Filamentous rodlike elements, previously extending the length of the peripheral cytoplasm, begin to disintegrate and cytoplasmic projections form at the margins of the cell. Polarization of the sperm results from the aggregation of mitochondria, nuclear material, endoplasmic reticulum, and membranous organelles at one pole of the cell leaving an organelle-free filamentous pseudopod at the other.", "PMID": 1127564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10059", "title": "Dirofilariaformia pulmoni sp. n. (Nematoda: Onchocercidae) from the eastern gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis Gmelin).", "content": "Dirofilariaeformia pulmoni sp. n. from the eastern gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis Gmelin) is differentiated from other species of the genus by its smaller body size, shorter spicules, arrangement of caudal papillae, and morphology of microfilariae. Adult filarids were found in the pulmonary artery and its branches, and the microfilariae occurred in the blood. A large antemortem thrombus that occluded approximately two-thirds of the lumen of the artery was associated with infection in one squirrel.", "contents": "Dirofilariaformia pulmoni sp. n. (Nematoda: Onchocercidae) from the eastern gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis Gmelin). Dirofilariaeformia pulmoni sp. n. from the eastern gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis Gmelin) is differentiated from other species of the genus by its smaller body size, shorter spicules, arrangement of caudal papillae, and morphology of microfilariae. Adult filarids were found in the pulmonary artery and its branches, and the microfilariae occurred in the blood. A large antemortem thrombus that occluded approximately two-thirds of the lumen of the artery was associated with infection in one squirrel.", "PMID": 1127566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10060", "title": "Aroapyrgus costaricensis, hydrobiid snail host of paragonimiasis in Costa Rica.", "content": "A small freshwater hydrobiid snail found in narrow shallow steams at various altitudes in Costa Rica is the intermediate host of Paragonimus mexicanus. Based on the morphology of its shell and soft parts the snail is assigned to the species Aroapyrgus costaricensis (M\u00f6rch). It is easily maintained in the laboratory; the female is ovoviviparous, carries up to 40 embryos in its brood pouch, and young-to-young cycle is about 10 weeks. Natural infection rates with rediae and cercariae of Paragonimus mexicanus are less than 1%, the majority of the naturally infected snails are of medium size (about 2 mm in height), but all sizes (ages) can be experimentally infected. The microcercous cercairae of P. mexicanus emerge from A. costaricensis in late afternoon and evening, about 2 months after exposure to the miracidia.", "contents": "Aroapyrgus costaricensis, hydrobiid snail host of paragonimiasis in Costa Rica. A small freshwater hydrobiid snail found in narrow shallow steams at various altitudes in Costa Rica is the intermediate host of Paragonimus mexicanus. Based on the morphology of its shell and soft parts the snail is assigned to the species Aroapyrgus costaricensis (M\u00f6rch). It is easily maintained in the laboratory; the female is ovoviviparous, carries up to 40 embryos in its brood pouch, and young-to-young cycle is about 10 weeks. Natural infection rates with rediae and cercariae of Paragonimus mexicanus are less than 1%, the majority of the naturally infected snails are of medium size (about 2 mm in height), but all sizes (ages) can be experimentally infected. The microcercous cercairae of P. mexicanus emerge from A. costaricensis in late afternoon and evening, about 2 months after exposure to the miracidia.", "PMID": 1127567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10061", "title": "Two new species and new records of nasal mites of the genus Sternostoma (Acarina: Rhinonyssinae) from birds in Texas.", "content": "Two new species and new host and locality records are established for nasal mites of the genus Sternostoma from birds in Texas. Sternostoma tracheacolum Lawrence is reported for the first time from Pipilo fuscus and Pyrrhuloxia sinuata, respectively. Additionally, a new host record for Sternostoma porteri Hyland from Centurus aurifrons and a new locality record for Sternostoma pirangae Pence from Piranga rubra are established. A redescription is provided for Sternostoma augei Amaral from Speotyto cunicularia. Sternostoma crotophagae sp. n. is described from Crotophaga sulcirostris. It differs from the other species of the genus by the heavily sclerotized margins of the anal plate and tiny cribrum, the two small rounded bifuractions of the movable digit of the chelicerae, abscence of dorsal opisthosomal setae (J, Z, and R series), and chaetotaxy of tarsi II, III, and IV which have only 3 ventral club-shaped setae in the distal row (al1, av2, and pl1 with pv1 apparently absent) and 2 club-shaped setae in the more proximal row (al2 and av3 with pv3 modified into a spinelike seta in the more proximal row and al2 and av3 with pv3 modified into a spinelike seta having an enlarged base and pl2 shorter and with a rounded tip). Sternostoma sayornis sp. n. is described from Sayornis nigricans. The new species is most similar to Sternostoma hedonophilum Fain but differs in the absence of enlarged punctate areas around the stigmata, 5 additional pairs of seta on dorsal opisthosoma (Z and R series), absence of gnathosomal and capitular setae, and slight differences in the leg chaetotaxy with al1 and pl1 on tarsi II, III, and IV very long and whip-like and slight differences in the solenidia on and adjacent to the sensorial area of tarsus I. The host-parasite relationships and affinities of the species of Sternostoma from the host family Tyrannidae are briefly discussed and Sternostoma callithrix Fain and Aitken is reduced as a synonym of Sternostoma longisetosa Hyland on the basis of their existing descriptions.", "contents": "Two new species and new records of nasal mites of the genus Sternostoma (Acarina: Rhinonyssinae) from birds in Texas. Two new species and new host and locality records are established for nasal mites of the genus Sternostoma from birds in Texas. Sternostoma tracheacolum Lawrence is reported for the first time from Pipilo fuscus and Pyrrhuloxia sinuata, respectively. Additionally, a new host record for Sternostoma porteri Hyland from Centurus aurifrons and a new locality record for Sternostoma pirangae Pence from Piranga rubra are established. A redescription is provided for Sternostoma augei Amaral from Speotyto cunicularia. Sternostoma crotophagae sp. n. is described from Crotophaga sulcirostris. It differs from the other species of the genus by the heavily sclerotized margins of the anal plate and tiny cribrum, the two small rounded bifuractions of the movable digit of the chelicerae, abscence of dorsal opisthosomal setae (J, Z, and R series), and chaetotaxy of tarsi II, III, and IV which have only 3 ventral club-shaped setae in the distal row (al1, av2, and pl1 with pv1 apparently absent) and 2 club-shaped setae in the more proximal row (al2 and av3 with pv3 modified into a spinelike seta in the more proximal row and al2 and av3 with pv3 modified into a spinelike seta having an enlarged base and pl2 shorter and with a rounded tip). Sternostoma sayornis sp. n. is described from Sayornis nigricans. The new species is most similar to Sternostoma hedonophilum Fain but differs in the absence of enlarged punctate areas around the stigmata, 5 additional pairs of seta on dorsal opisthosoma (Z and R series), absence of gnathosomal and capitular setae, and slight differences in the leg chaetotaxy with al1 and pl1 on tarsi II, III, and IV very long and whip-like and slight differences in the solenidia on and adjacent to the sensorial area of tarsus I. The host-parasite relationships and affinities of the species of Sternostoma from the host family Tyrannidae are briefly discussed and Sternostoma callithrix Fain and Aitken is reduced as a synonym of Sternostoma longisetosa Hyland on the basis of their existing descriptions.", "PMID": 1127568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10062", "title": "Diapause in Ornithomya biloba Dufour (Diptera: Hippoboscidae) parasitic on fairy martins in South Australia.", "content": "A pupal diapause in Ornithomya biloba gives the parasite a life cycle that is well adapted to the migratory life cycle of its host, Petrochelidon ariel (Gould). The fairy martins breed in colonial mud nests to which they return each spring and abandon when they migrate during late summer and autumn. The parasites spend the summer as diapausing puparia in the abandoned nests. Diapause development is completed during winter and the adult flies emerge during August about the time that the martins return. In the laboratory diapause development was completed most rapidly at about 11 C. The parasites complete at least one nondiapausing generation during spring and early summer but diapausing puparaia begin to appear in the nests about the time of the summer solstice. It is not known whether the facultative diapause is induced by photoperiod or food.", "contents": "Diapause in Ornithomya biloba Dufour (Diptera: Hippoboscidae) parasitic on fairy martins in South Australia. A pupal diapause in Ornithomya biloba gives the parasite a life cycle that is well adapted to the migratory life cycle of its host, Petrochelidon ariel (Gould). The fairy martins breed in colonial mud nests to which they return each spring and abandon when they migrate during late summer and autumn. The parasites spend the summer as diapausing puparia in the abandoned nests. Diapause development is completed during winter and the adult flies emerge during August about the time that the martins return. In the laboratory diapause development was completed most rapidly at about 11 C. The parasites complete at least one nondiapausing generation during spring and early summer but diapausing puparaia begin to appear in the nests about the time of the summer solstice. It is not known whether the facultative diapause is induced by photoperiod or food.", "PMID": 1127569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10063", "title": "Pharmocokinetics of hexobarbital in man after intravenous infusion.", "content": "The plasma levels of hexobarbital in humans were determined during and after a 30-min or 60-min zero-order intravenous infusion. Hexobarbital kinetics could be described by conceiving the body to exhibit two compartments. The plasma concentrations were fitted to the postinfusion equation and the parameters intrinsic to the two-compartment open model were estimated. The elimination half-life varied considerably among the 14 individuals (160-441-min), which could mainly be explained by the greatly varying metabolic clearance of the compound (123-360 ml/min). The apparent volume of distribution per kilogram of body weight was relatively constant (1.10 plus or minus 0.12 liters/kg).", "contents": "Pharmocokinetics of hexobarbital in man after intravenous infusion. The plasma levels of hexobarbital in humans were determined during and after a 30-min or 60-min zero-order intravenous infusion. Hexobarbital kinetics could be described by conceiving the body to exhibit two compartments. The plasma concentrations were fitted to the postinfusion equation and the parameters intrinsic to the two-compartment open model were estimated. The elimination half-life varied considerably among the 14 individuals (160-441-min), which could mainly be explained by the greatly varying metabolic clearance of the compound (123-360 ml/min). The apparent volume of distribution per kilogram of body weight was relatively constant (1.10 plus or minus 0.12 liters/kg).", "PMID": 1127574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10064", "title": "The role of the liver in the clearance of l-dope from plasma.", "content": "The role of the liver in the plasma clearance of l-dopa in the rat was examined. Some published studies which ascribe an important role to the liver in l-dopa clearance are discussed and critically evaluated. Contrary evidence suggesting that the liver is not a significant site of l-dopa clearance in vivo is presented. The plasma concentration of l-dopa during intravenous infusion of the drug was not significantly reduced after a single passage through the liver. All of the data discussed are consistent with the conclusion that the liver plays a minor role in l-dopa clearance in vivo. It is suggested that the small intestine is the major site of metabolism of orally administered l-dopa.", "contents": "The role of the liver in the clearance of l-dope from plasma. The role of the liver in the plasma clearance of l-dopa in the rat was examined. Some published studies which ascribe an important role to the liver in l-dopa clearance are discussed and critically evaluated. Contrary evidence suggesting that the liver is not a significant site of l-dopa clearance in vivo is presented. The plasma concentration of l-dopa during intravenous infusion of the drug was not significantly reduced after a single passage through the liver. All of the data discussed are consistent with the conclusion that the liver plays a minor role in l-dopa clearance in vivo. It is suggested that the small intestine is the major site of metabolism of orally administered l-dopa.", "PMID": 1127575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10065", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of theophylline in relation to increased pain sensitivity in the rat.", "content": "In the rat, theophylline increases, in proporation to dose, the sensitivity to painful stimulation. A study of the pharmacological registration of this property combined with the determination of drug... levels in plasma indicated that theophylline behaves according to a two-compartment open modelmby relating the pharmacological activities to the drug level data using different pharmacokinetic types of calculation, it was concluded that the site of action of theophylline in the central nervous system lies closer to the central (plasma) compartment than to the peripheral one. The registered pharmacological effects of theophylline are thus directly reflected by the plasma concentration of this drug.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of theophylline in relation to increased pain sensitivity in the rat. In the rat, theophylline increases, in proporation to dose, the sensitivity to painful stimulation. A study of the pharmacological registration of this property combined with the determination of drug... levels in plasma indicated that theophylline behaves according to a two-compartment open modelmby relating the pharmacological activities to the drug level data using different pharmacokinetic types of calculation, it was concluded that the site of action of theophylline in the central nervous system lies closer to the central (plasma) compartment than to the peripheral one. The registered pharmacological effects of theophylline are thus directly reflected by the plasma concentration of this drug.", "PMID": 1127576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10066", "title": "A dissolution rate apparatus for the prediction of initial drug absorption patterns in beagles: tolbutamide tablets.", "content": "An apparatus utilizing liquid turbulence to simulate hydrodynamic conditions generated by gastrointestinal peristalsis was designed to estimate drug release from solid oral dosage forms; This turbulence was achieved through special arrangements of a pipetting pump to a dissolution chamber. By adjusting the flow rate of the pump to deliver and withdraw a fixed volume of dissolution medium per minute, a correlation was developed between dissolution rates and absorption patterns in beagles of two commerical tolbutamide tablets, A and B, and a micronized tolbutamide suspensionmon the basis of this relationship, it was possible to predict the initial absorption patterns of two misformulated tablets, C and D.", "contents": "A dissolution rate apparatus for the prediction of initial drug absorption patterns in beagles: tolbutamide tablets. An apparatus utilizing liquid turbulence to simulate hydrodynamic conditions generated by gastrointestinal peristalsis was designed to estimate drug release from solid oral dosage forms; This turbulence was achieved through special arrangements of a pipetting pump to a dissolution chamber. By adjusting the flow rate of the pump to deliver and withdraw a fixed volume of dissolution medium per minute, a correlation was developed between dissolution rates and absorption patterns in beagles of two commerical tolbutamide tablets, A and B, and a micronized tolbutamide suspensionmon the basis of this relationship, it was possible to predict the initial absorption patterns of two misformulated tablets, C and D.", "PMID": 1127577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10067", "title": "Application of the Loo-Riegelman absorption method.", "content": "The Loo-Reigelman absorption method provides the correct A infinity/V1 value and the correct rate constant ka (if absorption is first order), whether metabolism occurs in compartment 1 only, compartment 2 only, or both compartments 1 and 2 of the two-compartment open models. In cases where there is metabolism in compartment 2, the disposition parameters estimated from intravenous data are only apparent and not the real values. The correct A infinity/V1 and ka values are obtained, however, only under conditions not hithertofore specified. Thes conditions are that there must be essentially no bias in the disposition parameters k12, k21 and kel, and in the C0 value estimated from the intravenous data, and that in the oral study a large number of interpolated plasma concentrations, as well as the observed plasma concentrations, must be used, especially for drugs with long half-lives. It is shown that application of the Guggenheim method to the initial At/V1, t values frequently provides a better method of estimating A infinity/V1 and ka than the classical method. If biased disposition parameters are used in application of the Loo-Reigelman method oral data, then essentially the correct ovalue of ka will be estimated, but the estimate of A infinity/V1 will be approximately equal to the true value of A infinity/V1 multiplied by the ratio of the biased C0 value (obtained in fitting the intravenous data) to the true C0 value of the intravenous data. The above indicates that intravenous data should be fitted by computer until there are no systematic deviations or trends and as small a sum of squared deviations as possible is obtainedmthe oral data should be fitted by spline or Akima methods, or similar procedures, to produce a function which passes through each observed plasma concentration and at the same time provides a large number of interpolated concentration data.", "contents": "Application of the Loo-Riegelman absorption method. The Loo-Reigelman absorption method provides the correct A infinity/V1 value and the correct rate constant ka (if absorption is first order), whether metabolism occurs in compartment 1 only, compartment 2 only, or both compartments 1 and 2 of the two-compartment open models. In cases where there is metabolism in compartment 2, the disposition parameters estimated from intravenous data are only apparent and not the real values. The correct A infinity/V1 and ka values are obtained, however, only under conditions not hithertofore specified. Thes conditions are that there must be essentially no bias in the disposition parameters k12, k21 and kel, and in the C0 value estimated from the intravenous data, and that in the oral study a large number of interpolated plasma concentrations, as well as the observed plasma concentrations, must be used, especially for drugs with long half-lives. It is shown that application of the Guggenheim method to the initial At/V1, t values frequently provides a better method of estimating A infinity/V1 and ka than the classical method. If biased disposition parameters are used in application of the Loo-Reigelman method oral data, then essentially the correct ovalue of ka will be estimated, but the estimate of A infinity/V1 will be approximately equal to the true value of A infinity/V1 multiplied by the ratio of the biased C0 value (obtained in fitting the intravenous data) to the true C0 value of the intravenous data. The above indicates that intravenous data should be fitted by computer until there are no systematic deviations or trends and as small a sum of squared deviations as possible is obtainedmthe oral data should be fitted by spline or Akima methods, or similar procedures, to produce a function which passes through each observed plasma concentration and at the same time provides a large number of interpolated concentration data.", "PMID": 1127578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10068", "title": "Crystal structures of azathioprine dihydrate and 6-methylmercaptopurine trihydrate.", "content": "The crystal and molecular structures of 6-methylmercaptopurine trihydrate and of azathioprine dihydrate were determined by the use of three-dimensional, X-ray, diffractometer data and were refined by least squares. Both molecules crystallize in the N(9)-H tautomer form, in contrast to the N(7)-H tautomer form found in crystals of 6-mercaptopurine. Unlike 6-mercaptopurine, or other thiopurines that have unsubstituted thio groups, the sulfur atoms of 6-methylmercaptopurine and azathioprine do not act as hydrogen-bond acceptors in the crystal structures. These two derivatives of 6-mercaptopurine assume a conformation in which the substituents on the sulfur atom are directed away from the imidazole moiety of the purine.", "contents": "Crystal structures of azathioprine dihydrate and 6-methylmercaptopurine trihydrate. The crystal and molecular structures of 6-methylmercaptopurine trihydrate and of azathioprine dihydrate were determined by the use of three-dimensional, X-ray, diffractometer data and were refined by least squares. Both molecules crystallize in the N(9)-H tautomer form, in contrast to the N(7)-H tautomer form found in crystals of 6-mercaptopurine. Unlike 6-mercaptopurine, or other thiopurines that have unsubstituted thio groups, the sulfur atoms of 6-methylmercaptopurine and azathioprine do not act as hydrogen-bond acceptors in the crystal structures. These two derivatives of 6-mercaptopurine assume a conformation in which the substituents on the sulfur atom are directed away from the imidazole moiety of the purine.", "PMID": 1127580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10069", "title": "Stability, absorption, excretion, and distribution of nafiverine.", "content": "The stability of a new antispasmodic, nafiverine, in an aqueous solution and in rabbit plasma was investigated. Metabolites of nafiverine in blood, bile, and urine were determined quantitatively. The effectiveness of an intramuscular administration of nafiverine was comparable to that of an intravenous administration. One metabolite of nafiverine, N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-N'-[alpha-(naphthyl)propionyloxy-2-ethyl]piperazine, is a new compound and its synthesis is described.", "contents": "Stability, absorption, excretion, and distribution of nafiverine. The stability of a new antispasmodic, nafiverine, in an aqueous solution and in rabbit plasma was investigated. Metabolites of nafiverine in blood, bile, and urine were determined quantitatively. The effectiveness of an intramuscular administration of nafiverine was comparable to that of an intravenous administration. One metabolite of nafiverine, N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-N'-[alpha-(naphthyl)propionyloxy-2-ethyl]piperazine, is a new compound and its synthesis is described.", "PMID": 1127581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10070", "title": "Possible antineoplastic agents I.", "content": "A few thalidomide and glutarimide derivatives were synthesized. Several compounds possessed significant antineoplastic activity against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma in Swiss albino mice.", "contents": "Possible antineoplastic agents I. A few thalidomide and glutarimide derivatives were synthesized. Several compounds possessed significant antineoplastic activity against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma in Swiss albino mice.", "PMID": 1127582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10071", "title": "Influence of topical anesthesia on tear dynamics and ocular drug bioavailability in albino rabbits.", "content": "The bioavailability of topically applied ocular drugs is very poor, due largely to drug loss through drainage and tear turnover. The use of high viscosity solutions or solid matrixes to delay or eliminate drainage is the usual approach for decreasing drug loss but the alternative approach of chemically reducing tear turnover and/or solution drainage has not been investigated. By means of a simple isotopic dilution technique, using radioactive technetium sulfur colloid, the quantitative influence of topical anesthetics on tear production and instilled solution drainage was determined. The reduction in the rate of tear turnover and solution drainage varies for different anesthetics and is dose dependent. The implication of these results for some long accepted clinical procedures is discussed, and questions are raised regarding the present understanding of the mechanisms of tear production. Quantitation of precorneal drug loss through instilled solution drainage and tear turnover permits the establishment of a baseline for ocular drug bioavailability. Aqueous humor drug concentration versus time profiles of radioactive pilocarpine nitrate were obtained, both in the presence and absence of topical anesthesia. The results verify the importance of tear turnover and instilled solution drainage as a major route of drug loss in the eye. Moreover, the success of the present study in improving ocular drug bioavailability by the chemical approach of repressing solution drainage and tear turnover suggests that this approach is viable for improving drug bioavailability.", "contents": "Influence of topical anesthesia on tear dynamics and ocular drug bioavailability in albino rabbits. The bioavailability of topically applied ocular drugs is very poor, due largely to drug loss through drainage and tear turnover. The use of high viscosity solutions or solid matrixes to delay or eliminate drainage is the usual approach for decreasing drug loss but the alternative approach of chemically reducing tear turnover and/or solution drainage has not been investigated. By means of a simple isotopic dilution technique, using radioactive technetium sulfur colloid, the quantitative influence of topical anesthetics on tear production and instilled solution drainage was determined. The reduction in the rate of tear turnover and solution drainage varies for different anesthetics and is dose dependent. The implication of these results for some long accepted clinical procedures is discussed, and questions are raised regarding the present understanding of the mechanisms of tear production. Quantitation of precorneal drug loss through instilled solution drainage and tear turnover permits the establishment of a baseline for ocular drug bioavailability. Aqueous humor drug concentration versus time profiles of radioactive pilocarpine nitrate were obtained, both in the presence and absence of topical anesthesia. The results verify the importance of tear turnover and instilled solution drainage as a major route of drug loss in the eye. Moreover, the success of the present study in improving ocular drug bioavailability by the chemical approach of repressing solution drainage and tear turnover suggests that this approach is viable for improving drug bioavailability.", "PMID": 1127583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10072", "title": "Simultaneous determination of phenylbutazone and oxyphenbutazone in plasma by high-speed liquid chromatography.", "content": "A sensitive, specific, high-speed liquid chromatographic procedure is described for the simultaneous determination of phenylbutazone and its metabolite, oxyphenbutazone, in plasma. Acidified plasma is partitioned with cyclohexane-ether (1:1) containing the 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone of 3,4-dimethoxybenzaldehyde as an internal standard. The organic extract is reduced to dryness, the resulting residue is redissolved in chloroform, and aliquots of this solution are chromatographed on an adsorption column, using a mobile phase of 0.002% acetic acid and 23.0% tetrahydrofuran in n-hexane at 35 degrees. Use of a UV detector permits quantitative analysis of samples containing less than 0.25 mug/ml of phenylbutazone or oxyphenbutazone.", "contents": "Simultaneous determination of phenylbutazone and oxyphenbutazone in plasma by high-speed liquid chromatography. A sensitive, specific, high-speed liquid chromatographic procedure is described for the simultaneous determination of phenylbutazone and its metabolite, oxyphenbutazone, in plasma. Acidified plasma is partitioned with cyclohexane-ether (1:1) containing the 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone of 3,4-dimethoxybenzaldehyde as an internal standard. The organic extract is reduced to dryness, the resulting residue is redissolved in chloroform, and aliquots of this solution are chromatographed on an adsorption column, using a mobile phase of 0.002% acetic acid and 23.0% tetrahydrofuran in n-hexane at 35 degrees. Use of a UV detector permits quantitative analysis of samples containing less than 0.25 mug/ml of phenylbutazone or oxyphenbutazone.", "PMID": 1127584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10073", "title": "Alkylation by secondary alcohols III: Fusion of medicinal sulfanilamides with benzhydrol.", "content": "The fusion of certain sulfanilamides with benzhydrol in the presence of anhydrous zinc chloride affords several different products, depending primarily on the temperature at which the reaction is carried out. With sulfanilamide itself, three different products were isolated at 100, 160, and 180 degrees. A sequence of steps is suggested to account for the three products, one of which involves an intramolecular rearrangement of a benzhydryl moiety. The fusion of benzhydrol with p-toludine gives 2,6-dibenzhydrylaniline and not the N,N-dibenzhydryl derivative as previously reported.", "contents": "Alkylation by secondary alcohols III: Fusion of medicinal sulfanilamides with benzhydrol. The fusion of certain sulfanilamides with benzhydrol in the presence of anhydrous zinc chloride affords several different products, depending primarily on the temperature at which the reaction is carried out. With sulfanilamide itself, three different products were isolated at 100, 160, and 180 degrees. A sequence of steps is suggested to account for the three products, one of which involves an intramolecular rearrangement of a benzhydryl moiety. The fusion of benzhydrol with p-toludine gives 2,6-dibenzhydrylaniline and not the N,N-dibenzhydryl derivative as previously reported.", "PMID": 1127585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10074", "title": "Active antitumor components in a decomposed amino sugar I: Effect of sugar structure on activity.", "content": "While pure methyl 5-(2-chloroethylamino)-5-deoxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-beta-D-ribofuranoside hydrochloride has no L-1210 leukemia activity, a decomposed sample was found to be very active. One of several approaches taken to determine the nature of the active component involved a study of how sugar structure affects antitumor activity. A number of aminoribose derivatives were prepared and tested against the murine L-1210 and P-388 leukemia and the B-16 melanoma tumor systems. Compounds were tested as pure materials and as synthetically degraded mixtures. Both the beta-haloethyl group and a secondary amine were required for highest activity.", "contents": "Active antitumor components in a decomposed amino sugar I: Effect of sugar structure on activity. While pure methyl 5-(2-chloroethylamino)-5-deoxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-beta-D-ribofuranoside hydrochloride has no L-1210 leukemia activity, a decomposed sample was found to be very active. One of several approaches taken to determine the nature of the active component involved a study of how sugar structure affects antitumor activity. A number of aminoribose derivatives were prepared and tested against the murine L-1210 and P-388 leukemia and the B-16 melanoma tumor systems. Compounds were tested as pure materials and as synthetically degraded mixtures. Both the beta-haloethyl group and a secondary amine were required for highest activity.", "PMID": 1127586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10075", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of carbamazepine in monkeys following intravenous and oral administration.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of carbamazepine were evaluated in four male rhesus monkeys. A 20-mg/kg dose was administered by intravenous (5-min) infusion and orally (nasal-gastric intubation) in a propylene glycol-ethanol-water solvent. Plasma and urine determinations were performed by GLC. All semilogarithmic intravenous curves exhibited an irregular decay behavior in the first 3-hr period, followed by a linear disappearance phase (T 1/2 equals 1.0-2.4 hr). Urinary excretion measurements confirmed the short elimination half-life and showed that less than 1% of the dose was excreted unchanged. Oral studies also yielded a short elimination half-life (1.0-1.60 hr), which was confirmed by urinary excretion measurements. The oral curves were analyzed pharmacokinetically. The fraction of the dose reaching the systemic circulation ranged between 58 and 87%. Measurable (but insignificant) amounts of drug were found in the feces after intravenous and oral administrations.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of carbamazepine in monkeys following intravenous and oral administration. The pharmacokinetics of carbamazepine were evaluated in four male rhesus monkeys. A 20-mg/kg dose was administered by intravenous (5-min) infusion and orally (nasal-gastric intubation) in a propylene glycol-ethanol-water solvent. Plasma and urine determinations were performed by GLC. All semilogarithmic intravenous curves exhibited an irregular decay behavior in the first 3-hr period, followed by a linear disappearance phase (T 1/2 equals 1.0-2.4 hr). Urinary excretion measurements confirmed the short elimination half-life and showed that less than 1% of the dose was excreted unchanged. Oral studies also yielded a short elimination half-life (1.0-1.60 hr), which was confirmed by urinary excretion measurements. The oral curves were analyzed pharmacokinetically. The fraction of the dose reaching the systemic circulation ranged between 58 and 87%. Measurable (but insignificant) amounts of drug were found in the feces after intravenous and oral administrations.", "PMID": 1127587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10076", "title": "Simultaneous high-speed liquid chromatographic determination of tetracycline and rolitetracycline in rolitetracycline formulations.", "content": "A rapid, precise high-speed liquid chromatographic procedure for the simultaneous determination of tetracycline and rolitetracycline in rolitetracycline formulations is described. Samples are dissolved in water, chilled to 0 degrees, and chromatographed on a pellicular cation-exchange resin, The specificity of this method represents a significant improvement over present analytical procedures, which fail to differentiate between rolitetracycline and its hydrolysis product, tetracycline, in these formulations.", "contents": "Simultaneous high-speed liquid chromatographic determination of tetracycline and rolitetracycline in rolitetracycline formulations. A rapid, precise high-speed liquid chromatographic procedure for the simultaneous determination of tetracycline and rolitetracycline in rolitetracycline formulations is described. Samples are dissolved in water, chilled to 0 degrees, and chromatographed on a pellicular cation-exchange resin, The specificity of this method represents a significant improvement over present analytical procedures, which fail to differentiate between rolitetracycline and its hydrolysis product, tetracycline, in these formulations.", "PMID": 1127588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10077", "title": "Measurement of surface color and color difference of tablet colorants by tristimulus colorimetry.", "content": "The surface color of a series of color dispersions containing from one to three FD&C or D&C dyes suspended in a sucrose syrup was examined using tristimulus colorimetry. CIE (x, y) and Hunter (a, b) chromaticity data, determined directly from an integrating sphere colorimeter or from reflectance spectra and suitable calculations, were used to order materials by color on expanded chromaticity diagrams. Color difference was evaluated quantitatively from Hunter (a, b) data using the Judd color difference formula. Quality control specifications were established either by defining areas of acceptable color by applying limits to the chromaticity coordinates of color standards or by requiring the Judd color difference to be less than a specific number of National Bureau of Standards standard units. This method eliminates the subjective character of color evaluation and permits the quantitation of visual color difference. These differences can be used, in conjunction with defined color standards, to develop color specifications for tablet colorants, finished tablets, and liquid and cream pharmaceutical preparations.", "contents": "Measurement of surface color and color difference of tablet colorants by tristimulus colorimetry. The surface color of a series of color dispersions containing from one to three FD&C or D&C dyes suspended in a sucrose syrup was examined using tristimulus colorimetry. CIE (x, y) and Hunter (a, b) chromaticity data, determined directly from an integrating sphere colorimeter or from reflectance spectra and suitable calculations, were used to order materials by color on expanded chromaticity diagrams. Color difference was evaluated quantitatively from Hunter (a, b) data using the Judd color difference formula. Quality control specifications were established either by defining areas of acceptable color by applying limits to the chromaticity coordinates of color standards or by requiring the Judd color difference to be less than a specific number of National Bureau of Standards standard units. This method eliminates the subjective character of color evaluation and permits the quantitation of visual color difference. These differences can be used, in conjunction with defined color standards, to develop color specifications for tablet colorants, finished tablets, and liquid and cream pharmaceutical preparations.", "PMID": 1127589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10078", "title": "Intragranular starch: comparison of starch USP and modified cornstarch.", "content": "Incorporation of starch USP or a modified cornstarch within the granules of several drug formulations was investigated. In general, the formulation containing the modified starch exhibited improved processing characteristics as well as improved tablet properties. A comparison of a granulated and a direct compression formulation of the same ingradients indicated that granulation of an active ingredient is not necessarily detrimental to its (pharmaceutical) availability.", "contents": "Intragranular starch: comparison of starch USP and modified cornstarch. Incorporation of starch USP or a modified cornstarch within the granules of several drug formulations was investigated. In general, the formulation containing the modified starch exhibited improved processing characteristics as well as improved tablet properties. A comparison of a granulated and a direct compression formulation of the same ingradients indicated that granulation of an active ingredient is not necessarily detrimental to its (pharmaceutical) availability.", "PMID": 1127590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10079", "title": "Pressure changes in bottles during sterilization by autoclaving.", "content": "A method is described to measure changes in pressure inside a bottle during autoclaving without disturbing the integrity of the seal. Experiments showed that, in a perfectly sealed bottle, the pressure rose to a maximum of 58.2 psi absolute. If the rubber linear was unable to maintain the seal, air leaked slowly from the bottle both during the heating-up and the early sterilization period.", "contents": "Pressure changes in bottles during sterilization by autoclaving. A method is described to measure changes in pressure inside a bottle during autoclaving without disturbing the integrity of the seal. Experiments showed that, in a perfectly sealed bottle, the pressure rose to a maximum of 58.2 psi absolute. If the rubber linear was unable to maintain the seal, air leaked slowly from the bottle both during the heating-up and the early sterilization period.", "PMID": 1127591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10080", "title": "Effect of aging on physical properties of phenylbutazone tablets.", "content": "A study was made of the influence of age on the physical properties of phenylbutazone tablets BP, with special reference to in vitro dissolution rates. Past batches of tablets showed a progressive decrease in dissolution rate with age. This effect could be simulated in short periods by using elevated temperatures. The effect appears to be connected with the subcoat layer of the sugar coating of the tablet which adheres more strongly to the tablet core and slows down its disintegration.", "contents": "Effect of aging on physical properties of phenylbutazone tablets. A study was made of the influence of age on the physical properties of phenylbutazone tablets BP, with special reference to in vitro dissolution rates. Past batches of tablets showed a progressive decrease in dissolution rate with age. This effect could be simulated in short periods by using elevated temperatures. The effect appears to be connected with the subcoat layer of the sugar coating of the tablet which adheres more strongly to the tablet core and slows down its disintegration.", "PMID": 1127592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10081", "title": "5-chloro-2-pyrimidinyl analog of dantrolene.", "content": "1-[5-(5-Chloro-2-pyrimidinyl)furfurylidene]amino-hydantoin, a structural analog of the skeletal muscle contraction antagonist dantrolene, was synthesized and found to have no skeletal muscle relaxant activity.", "contents": "5-chloro-2-pyrimidinyl analog of dantrolene. 1-[5-(5-Chloro-2-pyrimidinyl)furfurylidene]amino-hydantoin, a structural analog of the skeletal muscle contraction antagonist dantrolene, was synthesized and found to have no skeletal muscle relaxant activity.", "PMID": 1127593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10082", "title": "Alkaloids of Vinca species V: structure elucidation of herbadine, an alkaloid isolated from Vinca libanotica.", "content": "Herbadine, a novel dihydroindole alkaloid, was isolated from the arterial parts of Vinca libanotica Zucc. (Apocynaceae). The physical and spectral data (UV, IR, NMR, and mass spectroscopy) indicated the alkaloid to be a derivative of aimaline. Comparative high-resolution NMR studies with quebrachidine and high-resolution mass spectral studies established the structure of the alkaloid to be 2-epi-3-hydroxyquebrachidine. Herbadine was previously isolated from another species by Russian workers and a structure was postulated. The current paper gives evidence for a corrected structure of herbadine.", "contents": "Alkaloids of Vinca species V: structure elucidation of herbadine, an alkaloid isolated from Vinca libanotica. Herbadine, a novel dihydroindole alkaloid, was isolated from the arterial parts of Vinca libanotica Zucc. (Apocynaceae). The physical and spectral data (UV, IR, NMR, and mass spectroscopy) indicated the alkaloid to be a derivative of aimaline. Comparative high-resolution NMR studies with quebrachidine and high-resolution mass spectral studies established the structure of the alkaloid to be 2-epi-3-hydroxyquebrachidine. Herbadine was previously isolated from another species by Russian workers and a structure was postulated. The current paper gives evidence for a corrected structure of herbadine.", "PMID": 1127594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10083", "title": "Fluorometric and GLC analyses of aristolochic acid.", "content": "Aristolochic acid is a natural product with possible implication in Balkan endemic nephropathy. A convenient fluorometric assay for the compound is described based on reduction to the lactam and measurement of the intensity of fluorescence. The limit of sensitivity was 0.05 mug/ml. A GLC assay is also described, based on flash methylation of aristolochic acid and its lactam using trimethylanilinium hydroxide. Conditions for optimum performance with a sensitivity limit of 1-5 mug/ml are described.", "contents": "Fluorometric and GLC analyses of aristolochic acid. Aristolochic acid is a natural product with possible implication in Balkan endemic nephropathy. A convenient fluorometric assay for the compound is described based on reduction to the lactam and measurement of the intensity of fluorescence. The limit of sensitivity was 0.05 mug/ml. A GLC assay is also described, based on flash methylation of aristolochic acid and its lactam using trimethylanilinium hydroxide. Conditions for optimum performance with a sensitivity limit of 1-5 mug/ml are described.", "PMID": 1127595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10084", "title": "Long acting delivery systems for narcotic antagonists II: release rates of naltrexone from poly(lactic acid) composites.", "content": "Parallel in vitro and in vivo release rates of tritiated naltrexone from poly(lactic acid) composites were studied. The in vitro release of naltrexone was 67% of the dose over a 35-day test period, while the in vivo release was only 24% within 70 days. Apparently, an exchange of the tritium for the hydrogen of the body water takes place, indicating that urinary excretion radioactivity is not a reliable measure for estimating the naltrexone released. Naltrexone-poly(lactic acid) composites showed effective blocking action to morphine in rats (24 days), dogs (29 days), monkeys (20 days), and mice (21 days).", "contents": "Long acting delivery systems for narcotic antagonists II: release rates of naltrexone from poly(lactic acid) composites. Parallel in vitro and in vivo release rates of tritiated naltrexone from poly(lactic acid) composites were studied. The in vitro release of naltrexone was 67% of the dose over a 35-day test period, while the in vivo release was only 24% within 70 days. Apparently, an exchange of the tritium for the hydrogen of the body water takes place, indicating that urinary excretion radioactivity is not a reliable measure for estimating the naltrexone released. Naltrexone-poly(lactic acid) composites showed effective blocking action to morphine in rats (24 days), dogs (29 days), monkeys (20 days), and mice (21 days).", "PMID": 1127596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10085", "title": "Dehydration of tetracycline.", "content": "The dehydration of tetracycline at the C-5a-C-6 position as a function of acidity was investigated at various temperatures. The rate was first order with respect to tetracycline and with respect to [H+]. Rate constants and an activation energy are reported. Tetracycline was unstable in dilute acid.", "contents": "Dehydration of tetracycline. The dehydration of tetracycline at the C-5a-C-6 position as a function of acidity was investigated at various temperatures. The rate was first order with respect to tetracycline and with respect to [H+]. Rate constants and an activation energy are reported. Tetracycline was unstable in dilute acid.", "PMID": 1127597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10086", "title": "New compounds: addition products of heterocyclic chalcones.", "content": "Michael-type adducts, 1,3-heterocyclic-3-mercaptopropan-1-ones, were prepared by the base-catalyzed reaction of heterocyclic chalcones with thiols. These new compounds were found to be active as fungicides.", "contents": "New compounds: addition products of heterocyclic chalcones. Michael-type adducts, 1,3-heterocyclic-3-mercaptopropan-1-ones, were prepared by the base-catalyzed reaction of heterocyclic chalcones with thiols. These new compounds were found to be active as fungicides.", "PMID": 1127598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10087", "title": "Evaluation of nuclear-substituted styryl ketones and related compounds for antitumor and cytotoxic properties.", "content": "A number of nuclear-substituted styryl ketones, the related Mannich bases, and allyl alcohols were synthesized and evaluated for antitumor activity, principally in the L-1210 lymphoid leukemia and P-388 lymphocytic leukemia screening tests. The cytotoxicity of some of these compounds assessed in Eagle's 9KB carcinoma cell culture system was also recorded. Two of the Mannich bases showed promising levels of activity in the P-388 screening; of the results obtained to date, over one-third of the derivatives showed cytotoxicity at dose levels of 1-3 ppm. Other pharmacological results of these compounds are briefly reported.", "contents": "Evaluation of nuclear-substituted styryl ketones and related compounds for antitumor and cytotoxic properties. A number of nuclear-substituted styryl ketones, the related Mannich bases, and allyl alcohols were synthesized and evaluated for antitumor activity, principally in the L-1210 lymphoid leukemia and P-388 lymphocytic leukemia screening tests. The cytotoxicity of some of these compounds assessed in Eagle's 9KB carcinoma cell culture system was also recorded. Two of the Mannich bases showed promising levels of activity in the P-388 screening; of the results obtained to date, over one-third of the derivatives showed cytotoxicity at dose levels of 1-3 ppm. Other pharmacological results of these compounds are briefly reported.", "PMID": 1127603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10088", "title": "Submicrogram assay for scopolamine in plasma and urine.", "content": "A GLC-mass spectrometric method for scopolamine, sensitive to 50 pg/ml for a 4-ml plasma or urine sample, was developed. The method used a deuterated internal standard to minimize variability in absolute recovery in the extraction procedure. Scopoline and deuterated scopoline were formed from the base-catalyzed hydrolysis of scopolamine and the internal standard and were analyzed as the heptafluorobutyrates, using a GLC-mass spectrometric system by monitoring the m/e 138 and 141 fragments, respectively.", "contents": "Submicrogram assay for scopolamine in plasma and urine. A GLC-mass spectrometric method for scopolamine, sensitive to 50 pg/ml for a 4-ml plasma or urine sample, was developed. The method used a deuterated internal standard to minimize variability in absolute recovery in the extraction procedure. Scopoline and deuterated scopoline were formed from the base-catalyzed hydrolysis of scopolamine and the internal standard and were analyzed as the heptafluorobutyrates, using a GLC-mass spectrometric system by monitoring the m/e 138 and 141 fragments, respectively.", "PMID": 1127604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10089", "title": "Effect of ethanol on theophylline absorption in humans.", "content": "This study was carried out to determine if ethanol, which enhances theophylline absorption from the rat small intestine, has a similar effect when administered orally to human subjects. Seven normal adults received 200 mg of theophylline/m-2 of body surface area, in 50 ml of either aqueous solution or hydroalcoholic solution containing 20% ethanol. There was no significant difference in the average plasma concentrations of theophylline produced by these two solutions, but three subjects (all female) experienced nausea after taking the aqueous solution while none became nauseous after taking theophylline in the hydroalcoholic solution.", "contents": "Effect of ethanol on theophylline absorption in humans. This study was carried out to determine if ethanol, which enhances theophylline absorption from the rat small intestine, has a similar effect when administered orally to human subjects. Seven normal adults received 200 mg of theophylline/m-2 of body surface area, in 50 ml of either aqueous solution or hydroalcoholic solution containing 20% ethanol. There was no significant difference in the average plasma concentrations of theophylline produced by these two solutions, but three subjects (all female) experienced nausea after taking the aqueous solution while none became nauseous after taking theophylline in the hydroalcoholic solution.", "PMID": 1127605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10090", "title": "The volume and energy content of meals as determinants of gastric emptying.", "content": "1. Results were collected from thirty-three published and unpublished studies of gastric emptying.  The volumes of the meals ranged from 50 to 1250 ml., and composition varied from pure carbohydrates to ordinary food.  2. From the published composition of the meals, their nutritive density, as kcal/ml. (4-18 KJ/ml.) was computed: it ranged from zero to 2-3 kcal/ml.  3. The volume of each meal, or test meal, delivered to the duodenum in 30 min was determined, assuming that gastric emptying was exponential.  4. The greater the nutritive density of a meal, the less was the volume transferred to the duodenum in 30 min.  The original volume of meal given was not a determinant of the rate of emptying (ml./min).  5. The slowing of gastric emptying with a meal of high nutritive density was not sufficient to prevent an increased rate of delivery of energy to the duodenum (nutritive density times volume delivered in unit time) with a meal of high nutritive density.  6. Assuming an appropriate relationship for the interaction of a stimulus (kcal/ml.) and duodenal receptors, it was possible to predict a rate of gastric emptying for each meal, given its nutritive density.  Knowing the initial volume of the meal, it was possible to predict the mean half time for its emptying.  7. There were eight sets of anomalous results: in four the volumes of meal given were less than 200 ml.; explanations of the anomalies in the other four results could not be provided.  8. The results are consistent with equal slowing of gastric emptying by the duodenal action of the products of digestion of isocaloric amounts of fat, protein and carbohydrate, for example, 4 g fat or 9 g carbohydrate, both 36 kcal, taking carbohydrate and protein as 4 kcal/g and fat as 9 kcal/g.", "contents": "The volume and energy content of meals as determinants of gastric emptying. 1. Results were collected from thirty-three published and unpublished studies of gastric emptying.  The volumes of the meals ranged from 50 to 1250 ml., and composition varied from pure carbohydrates to ordinary food.  2. From the published composition of the meals, their nutritive density, as kcal/ml. (4-18 KJ/ml.) was computed: it ranged from zero to 2-3 kcal/ml.  3. The volume of each meal, or test meal, delivered to the duodenum in 30 min was determined, assuming that gastric emptying was exponential.  4. The greater the nutritive density of a meal, the less was the volume transferred to the duodenum in 30 min.  The original volume of meal given was not a determinant of the rate of emptying (ml./min).  5. The slowing of gastric emptying with a meal of high nutritive density was not sufficient to prevent an increased rate of delivery of energy to the duodenum (nutritive density times volume delivered in unit time) with a meal of high nutritive density.  6. Assuming an appropriate relationship for the interaction of a stimulus (kcal/ml.) and duodenal receptors, it was possible to predict a rate of gastric emptying for each meal, given its nutritive density.  Knowing the initial volume of the meal, it was possible to predict the mean half time for its emptying.  7. There were eight sets of anomalous results: in four the volumes of meal given were less than 200 ml.; explanations of the anomalies in the other four results could not be provided.  8. The results are consistent with equal slowing of gastric emptying by the duodenal action of the products of digestion of isocaloric amounts of fat, protein and carbohydrate, for example, 4 g fat or 9 g carbohydrate, both 36 kcal, taking carbohydrate and protein as 4 kcal/g and fat as 9 kcal/g.", "PMID": 1127608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10091", "title": "Eye movements due to linear accelerations in the rabbit.", "content": "1. Compensatory vertical or torsional eye movements of rabbits caused by linear accelerations along the transverse or sagittal axis were measured.  Sinusoidal accelerations (parallel swing) in a frequency range of 0-068--1-22 Hz and acceleration steps (linear track) of 0-02--0-11 g were applied.  2. On the parallel swing, properties of the maculo-ocular reflexes were similar for transverse and sagittal acceleration.  Gain (rotation of eye/rotation of the resultant linear vector) proved to be very low: about 0-1 for 0-3 Hz and smaller than 0-01 for frequencies above 1-0 Hz.  The decrease in gain was accompanied by an increase in phase lag to about 180degrees.  No non-linearity was revealed by the use of different amplitudes (10--30 cm).  3. On the linear track, eye deviation after an acceleration step took many seconds to develop fully.  Gain increased with time and was about 0-65 after 5 sec.  4. The results indicate that the responses of the otoliths, as reflected in maculo-ocular reactions, are very slow.  Fluctuations in the direction of gravity seem to be averaged over several seconds by the system.  This may explain that erratic linear accelerations(frequency greater than 1 Hz) during locomotion or transport do not lead to eye movements or disorientation.", "contents": "Eye movements due to linear accelerations in the rabbit. 1. Compensatory vertical or torsional eye movements of rabbits caused by linear accelerations along the transverse or sagittal axis were measured.  Sinusoidal accelerations (parallel swing) in a frequency range of 0-068--1-22 Hz and acceleration steps (linear track) of 0-02--0-11 g were applied.  2. On the parallel swing, properties of the maculo-ocular reflexes were similar for transverse and sagittal acceleration.  Gain (rotation of eye/rotation of the resultant linear vector) proved to be very low: about 0-1 for 0-3 Hz and smaller than 0-01 for frequencies above 1-0 Hz.  The decrease in gain was accompanied by an increase in phase lag to about 180degrees.  No non-linearity was revealed by the use of different amplitudes (10--30 cm).  3. On the linear track, eye deviation after an acceleration step took many seconds to develop fully.  Gain increased with time and was about 0-65 after 5 sec.  4. The results indicate that the responses of the otoliths, as reflected in maculo-ocular reactions, are very slow.  Fluctuations in the direction of gravity seem to be averaged over several seconds by the system.  This may explain that erratic linear accelerations(frequency greater than 1 Hz) during locomotion or transport do not lead to eye movements or disorientation.", "PMID": 1127609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10092", "title": "The transmission of -125-I-labelled immunoglobulin G by proximal and distal regions of the small intestine of 16-day-old rats.", "content": "1. Standard doses of -125-I-labelled rat IgG were injected into the intestinal lumen of rats aged 16 days, and their sera were sampled 2 and 3 hr later.  High concentration quotients were obtained after injection into the proximal small intestime, whereas very little immunoglobulin was transmitted from doses injected into the terminal 20 cm of the small intestine.  2. The villi of the terminal 18--20 cm of the small intestine of 16-day-old rats, the region from which very little transmission of IgG occurred, were lined by tall columnar absorptive cells with very larg supra-nuclear vacuoles.  The extent of the terminal intestine, in which this cell type predominated in the absorptive epithelium, varied with age.  The importance of defining the precise location of the region of the intestine under examination is stressed.  3. The experimental results and the histological observations are discussed in relation to (a) the results which have been obtained using PVP, which is unsuitable as an indicator of immunoglobulin transport in the rat and (b) the histological composition of the absorptive epithelium and the maturation changes which affect the epithelium between 18 and 21 days.", "contents": "The transmission of -125-I-labelled immunoglobulin G by proximal and distal regions of the small intestine of 16-day-old rats. 1. Standard doses of -125-I-labelled rat IgG were injected into the intestinal lumen of rats aged 16 days, and their sera were sampled 2 and 3 hr later.  High concentration quotients were obtained after injection into the proximal small intestime, whereas very little immunoglobulin was transmitted from doses injected into the terminal 20 cm of the small intestine.  2. The villi of the terminal 18--20 cm of the small intestine of 16-day-old rats, the region from which very little transmission of IgG occurred, were lined by tall columnar absorptive cells with very larg supra-nuclear vacuoles.  The extent of the terminal intestine, in which this cell type predominated in the absorptive epithelium, varied with age.  The importance of defining the precise location of the region of the intestine under examination is stressed.  3. The experimental results and the histological observations are discussed in relation to (a) the results which have been obtained using PVP, which is unsuitable as an indicator of immunoglobulin transport in the rat and (b) the histological composition of the absorptive epithelium and the maturation changes which affect the epithelium between 18 and 21 days.", "PMID": 1127610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10093", "title": "Receptive fields in cat superior colliculus after visual cortex lesions.", "content": "1. The superior colliculus has been studied in intact cats and in cats with visual cortex lexions by recording the responses of single tectal units to visual stimuli.  2. Three classes of units have been identified in the superficial layers of the colliculus in these visually decorticate cats.  3. One class, comprising 5% of the units studied, has receptive fields organized concentrically in a manner similar to retinal ganglion cells.  4. The second class, comprising 12% of the units studied, responds to stimulus velocities over 300/sec, responds well to both small and large stimuli, and can be driven by strobe flashes at frequencies up to 35--40/sec.  These units are termed 'flicker' cells.  5. The third class comprising 83% of the units studied, responds best to stimuli which are not larger than the activating region of the receptive field, moving at relatively low velocities.  These units show strong suppressive surrounds which are sensitive to higher velocities of stimulus movement than the central activating region.  Responses from the activating region in these units are dramatically inhibited by flickering dhanges in the level of background illumination.  6. In intact cats few units are found which are strongly inhibited by background flicker.  7. It is suggested that a high-velocity sensitive element such as the 'flicker' cell or phasic retinal ganglion cell is responsible for the flicker-induced inhibition of collicular units in the visually decorticate cat.", "contents": "Receptive fields in cat superior colliculus after visual cortex lesions. 1. The superior colliculus has been studied in intact cats and in cats with visual cortex lexions by recording the responses of single tectal units to visual stimuli.  2. Three classes of units have been identified in the superficial layers of the colliculus in these visually decorticate cats.  3. One class, comprising 5% of the units studied, has receptive fields organized concentrically in a manner similar to retinal ganglion cells.  4. The second class, comprising 12% of the units studied, responds to stimulus velocities over 300/sec, responds well to both small and large stimuli, and can be driven by strobe flashes at frequencies up to 35--40/sec.  These units are termed 'flicker' cells.  5. The third class comprising 83% of the units studied, responds best to stimuli which are not larger than the activating region of the receptive field, moving at relatively low velocities.  These units show strong suppressive surrounds which are sensitive to higher velocities of stimulus movement than the central activating region.  Responses from the activating region in these units are dramatically inhibited by flickering dhanges in the level of background illumination.  6. In intact cats few units are found which are strongly inhibited by background flicker.  7. It is suggested that a high-velocity sensitive element such as the 'flicker' cell or phasic retinal ganglion cell is responsible for the flicker-induced inhibition of collicular units in the visually decorticate cat.", "PMID": 1127611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10094", "title": "Thyroid control of small intestinal oxygen consumption and the influence of sodium ions, oxyhen tension, glucose and anaesthesia.", "content": "1. Oxygen consumption of jejunum removed from either killed or anaesthetized euthytoid, hypothyroid and triiodothyronine (T3)-treated rats was measured polarographically in vitro.  2. Hypothyroidism induced by drinking 6-n-propyl-2-thiouracil depressed jejunal oxygen consumption.  3. Treatment of euthyroid rats with T3 stimulated jejunal oxygen consumption by 39% in the presence of 28 mM glucose and by 23% in its absence.  4. Sodium ions appear to play a major permissive role in the action of T3 on jejunal oxygen uptake.  In the presence of sodium, T3 stimulated significantly the oxygen consumption by 23% while in the absence of sodium the stimulation was only 10% which was not significant.  The sodium-sensitive oxygen uptake of the jejunum was expanded by 57% after T3 treatment.", "contents": "Thyroid control of small intestinal oxygen consumption and the influence of sodium ions, oxyhen tension, glucose and anaesthesia. 1. Oxygen consumption of jejunum removed from either killed or anaesthetized euthytoid, hypothyroid and triiodothyronine (T3)-treated rats was measured polarographically in vitro.  2. Hypothyroidism induced by drinking 6-n-propyl-2-thiouracil depressed jejunal oxygen consumption.  3. Treatment of euthyroid rats with T3 stimulated jejunal oxygen consumption by 39% in the presence of 28 mM glucose and by 23% in its absence.  4. Sodium ions appear to play a major permissive role in the action of T3 on jejunal oxygen uptake.  In the presence of sodium, T3 stimulated significantly the oxygen consumption by 23% while in the absence of sodium the stimulation was only 10% which was not significant.  The sodium-sensitive oxygen uptake of the jejunum was expanded by 57% after T3 treatment.", "PMID": 1127612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10095", "title": "Membrane properties of the smooth muscle cells of the rat anococcygeus muscle.", "content": "1. The membrane properties of the rat anococcygeus muscle, during rest and activity, were investigated with micro-electrodes and partition stimulation.  2. Intercellular current spread occurred within the muscle and the mean length constant was 2-7 mm.  The membrane showed rectification to depolarizing pulses.  3. The mean resting potential was --62-1 mV and the input resistance was 23-0 MOMEGA.  Stimulation of intramural nerves produced depolarization to --21 mV and a 10% reduction in input resistance.  Displacement of the membrane potential indicated that the transmembrane potential at the peak of the response was independent of the membrane potential.  4. Noradrenaline also produced depolarization and this was accompanied by a decrease in membrane resistance as indicated by a reduction in amplitude of the electrotonic potential.  5.  It was concluded that the muscle possesses cable properties and that the action of the transmitter, noradrenaline, is to increase membrane permeability so that the membrane potential moves towards an equilibrium potential.", "contents": "Membrane properties of the smooth muscle cells of the rat anococcygeus muscle. 1. The membrane properties of the rat anococcygeus muscle, during rest and activity, were investigated with micro-electrodes and partition stimulation.  2. Intercellular current spread occurred within the muscle and the mean length constant was 2-7 mm.  The membrane showed rectification to depolarizing pulses.  3. The mean resting potential was --62-1 mV and the input resistance was 23-0 MOMEGA.  Stimulation of intramural nerves produced depolarization to --21 mV and a 10% reduction in input resistance.  Displacement of the membrane potential indicated that the transmembrane potential at the peak of the response was independent of the membrane potential.  4. Noradrenaline also produced depolarization and this was accompanied by a decrease in membrane resistance as indicated by a reduction in amplitude of the electrotonic potential.  5.  It was concluded that the muscle possesses cable properties and that the action of the transmitter, noradrenaline, is to increase membrane permeability so that the membrane potential moves towards an equilibrium potential.", "PMID": 1127613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10096", "title": "Stimulus-response functions of slowly adapting mechanoreceptors in the human glabrous skin area.", "content": "1. Single unit impluses were recorded from the ulnar and median nerves of awake human subjects with tungsten electrodes inserted percutaneously in the upper arm. 2. One hundred and one slowly adapting receptors with receptive fields in the glabrous skin area were studied. The units were classified as type SA-I and type SA-II largely on the basis of their responses to lateral stretching of the skin. Eighty-eight receptors did not respond to this type of stimulus (type SA-I), whereas thirteen receptors readily responded to stretching (type SA-II), AND OFTEN EXHIBITED DIRECTIONAL SENSITIVITY. 3. The SA-I receptors showed no spontaneous discharge, and the discharge pattern was mostly rather irregular, whereas most of the SA-II receptors had a spontaneous discharge, and a very regular discharge pattern. 4. The conduction velocities of the afferent were all in a A alpha range. The mean value for the SA-I receptors was 58-7 plus or minus 2-3m/sec, and for the SA-II receptors 45.3 plus or minus 3.6 m/sec. 5. The neural response to stimuli of varying skin indentation amplitudes was analyzed. The threshold for a dynamic response ranged for the SA-I receptors from 0.15 to 1.35 mm and for the SA-II receptors from 0.25 to 0.95 mm. The threshold for a static discharge ranged for the SA-I receptors from 0.25 to more than 2.0 mm and for the SA-II receptors from 0.55 to 1.65 mm. 6. The stimulus-response functions were analysed for 25 SA-I receptors and 2 SA-II receptors. A hyperbolic log tangent function was the best description when the neural response was defined as the total number of impluses evoked by a stimulus of 1 sec duration. When only the static part of this type of plot was analyzed, a power function was a very good description for many units, but other functions (linear, logarithmic exponential, log tanh) were equally good or better for many units. This was also the dase when the mean impulse frequency of the sustained discharge was defined as a measure of the neural response. These two latter types of plots were clearly negatively accelerating, the exponent of the power function being 0.66 (mean).", "contents": "Stimulus-response functions of slowly adapting mechanoreceptors in the human glabrous skin area. 1. Single unit impluses were recorded from the ulnar and median nerves of awake human subjects with tungsten electrodes inserted percutaneously in the upper arm. 2. One hundred and one slowly adapting receptors with receptive fields in the glabrous skin area were studied. The units were classified as type SA-I and type SA-II largely on the basis of their responses to lateral stretching of the skin. Eighty-eight receptors did not respond to this type of stimulus (type SA-I), whereas thirteen receptors readily responded to stretching (type SA-II), AND OFTEN EXHIBITED DIRECTIONAL SENSITIVITY. 3. The SA-I receptors showed no spontaneous discharge, and the discharge pattern was mostly rather irregular, whereas most of the SA-II receptors had a spontaneous discharge, and a very regular discharge pattern. 4. The conduction velocities of the afferent were all in a A alpha range. The mean value for the SA-I receptors was 58-7 plus or minus 2-3m/sec, and for the SA-II receptors 45.3 plus or minus 3.6 m/sec. 5. The neural response to stimuli of varying skin indentation amplitudes was analyzed. The threshold for a dynamic response ranged for the SA-I receptors from 0.15 to 1.35 mm and for the SA-II receptors from 0.25 to 0.95 mm. The threshold for a static discharge ranged for the SA-I receptors from 0.25 to more than 2.0 mm and for the SA-II receptors from 0.55 to 1.65 mm. 6. The stimulus-response functions were analysed for 25 SA-I receptors and 2 SA-II receptors. A hyperbolic log tangent function was the best description when the neural response was defined as the total number of impluses evoked by a stimulus of 1 sec duration. When only the static part of this type of plot was analyzed, a power function was a very good description for many units, but other functions (linear, logarithmic exponential, log tanh) were equally good or better for many units. This was also the dase when the mean impulse frequency of the sustained discharge was defined as a measure of the neural response. These two latter types of plots were clearly negatively accelerating, the exponent of the power function being 0.66 (mean).", "PMID": 1127614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10097", "title": "Observation on the localization of mechanoreceptors in the kidney and afferent nerve fibres in the renal nerves in the rabbit.", "content": "1. The distribution and localization of mechanoreceptors in the kidney were studied by recording afferent impulses from the renal nerve bundle or from single nerve fibres in the isoloted kidney preparation in the rabbit.  2. It was observed that mechanoreceptors are distributed in the cranial, central and caudal portions as well as the pelvic portion of the kidney.  Diameter range of single nerve fibres from which afferent impulses were recorded was from 2 to 8 mum.  3. Histological studies show that the renal nerve possesses abundant non-myelinated nerve fibres with a relatively small number of myelinated nerve fibres.  The myelinated axons had diameters ranging from 0-5 to 13-4 mum and the peak of the unimodal distribution curve was 1-5--2-4 mum.", "contents": "Observation on the localization of mechanoreceptors in the kidney and afferent nerve fibres in the renal nerves in the rabbit. 1. The distribution and localization of mechanoreceptors in the kidney were studied by recording afferent impulses from the renal nerve bundle or from single nerve fibres in the isoloted kidney preparation in the rabbit.  2. It was observed that mechanoreceptors are distributed in the cranial, central and caudal portions as well as the pelvic portion of the kidney.  Diameter range of single nerve fibres from which afferent impulses were recorded was from 2 to 8 mum.  3. Histological studies show that the renal nerve possesses abundant non-myelinated nerve fibres with a relatively small number of myelinated nerve fibres.  The myelinated axons had diameters ranging from 0-5 to 13-4 mum and the peak of the unimodal distribution curve was 1-5--2-4 mum.", "PMID": 1127615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10098", "title": "[Epiploic arteries. Normal and pathological radiological appearances (author's transl)].", "content": "The blood supply of the greater omentum was studied using selective digestive angiography in 450 cases. Comparison of the radiology and the anatomical appearances showed that their are two independent systems, right and left, the size of which is variable from one subject to another. These blood supplies are united by variable anastomoses which are difficult to demonstrate by arteriography. However, the classical anastomotic arterial circle of the greater curvature, between the right and left gastro-epiploic arteries was never found. The pathology of the greater omentum is of two types: Tumoral pathology: the demonstration of epiploic metastases is the most frequent finding in pathological cases. Its practical and prognostic importance is very great for it contra-indicates laparotomy. Associated pathology: the greater omentum reacts to any infective or neoplastic process of the abdominal cavity, such as \"sentinel loop\". These topographic changes should orient analysis of the films towards a given region and lead one to suspect some disease yet undiagnosed or not very obvious on arteriography.", "contents": "[Epiploic arteries. Normal and pathological radiological appearances (author's transl)]. The blood supply of the greater omentum was studied using selective digestive angiography in 450 cases. Comparison of the radiology and the anatomical appearances showed that their are two independent systems, right and left, the size of which is variable from one subject to another. These blood supplies are united by variable anastomoses which are difficult to demonstrate by arteriography. However, the classical anastomotic arterial circle of the greater curvature, between the right and left gastro-epiploic arteries was never found. The pathology of the greater omentum is of two types: Tumoral pathology: the demonstration of epiploic metastases is the most frequent finding in pathological cases. Its practical and prognostic importance is very great for it contra-indicates laparotomy. Associated pathology: the greater omentum reacts to any infective or neoplastic process of the abdominal cavity, such as \"sentinel loop\". These topographic changes should orient analysis of the films towards a given region and lead one to suspect some disease yet undiagnosed or not very obvious on arteriography.", "PMID": 1127619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10099", "title": "[Embryonic sarcoma of the uro-genital sinus in children and adolescents. Report of 5 cases from Nancy (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report 5 cases of embryonic sarcoma of the uro-genital sinus. 3 children, aged respectively, 17 months, 2 1/2 years, 6 years and two adolescents of 17 and 19 years. There were 3 boys and 2 girls. In only one case was the tumour obvious on clinical examination. In all the other cases, it caused urinary retention. On cystography, there was a polycyclic vesical filling defect resembling a parachute, which is specific of the botryoid variety and always leads to the right diagnosis. In girls, sarcoma of the urogenital sinus above the bladder, may be confused with other pelvic tumours. The authors recall the importance of lateral views of cystography to eliminate, if necessary, low paravertebral neurogenic tumours or sacro-coccygeal dysembryomas. After discussing the pathology, and the clinical and radiological findings, the authors then review rapidly the present methods of treatment which give a large number of survivals and should lead one to treat all cases, even when there are recurrences or metastases.", "contents": "[Embryonic sarcoma of the uro-genital sinus in children and adolescents. Report of 5 cases from Nancy (author's transl)]. The authors report 5 cases of embryonic sarcoma of the uro-genital sinus. 3 children, aged respectively, 17 months, 2 1/2 years, 6 years and two adolescents of 17 and 19 years. There were 3 boys and 2 girls. In only one case was the tumour obvious on clinical examination. In all the other cases, it caused urinary retention. On cystography, there was a polycyclic vesical filling defect resembling a parachute, which is specific of the botryoid variety and always leads to the right diagnosis. In girls, sarcoma of the urogenital sinus above the bladder, may be confused with other pelvic tumours. The authors recall the importance of lateral views of cystography to eliminate, if necessary, low paravertebral neurogenic tumours or sacro-coccygeal dysembryomas. After discussing the pathology, and the clinical and radiological findings, the authors then review rapidly the present methods of treatment which give a large number of survivals and should lead one to treat all cases, even when there are recurrences or metastases.", "PMID": 1127620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10100", "title": "[Benign extrinsic lesions of the large bowel simulating a carcinoma of the colon. Report of 16 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Sixteen cases of benign extrinsic lesions involving the colon and producing roentgen findings simulating a neoplasm are reported. The literature is reviewed. In 5 cases the pathologic process proved to be an inflamed epiploic appendage, in 4 a \"congenital\" band, in 3 adhesions, in 2 pancreatitis and, in one case each, an old pericecal abscess and an endometriosis.", "contents": "[Benign extrinsic lesions of the large bowel simulating a carcinoma of the colon. Report of 16 cases (author's transl)]. Sixteen cases of benign extrinsic lesions involving the colon and producing roentgen findings simulating a neoplasm are reported. The literature is reviewed. In 5 cases the pathologic process proved to be an inflamed epiploic appendage, in 4 a \"congenital\" band, in 3 adhesions, in 2 pancreatitis and, in one case each, an old pericecal abscess and an endometriosis.", "PMID": 1127621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10101", "title": "[Contribution to the early diagnosis of splenic rupture using radioactive isotopes (author's transl)].", "content": "Among the methods of early diagnosis of rupture and trauma of the spleen, fixation of radioactive isotopes is one of the most interesting. An experimental study in the dog of B.M.H.P. metabolism, using B.M.H.P. labelled with Hg-203 and its rate of elimination by the kidney, gives information on lesions of the spleen, in particular, sub-capsular rupture. Splenic trauma reduces the capacity of uptake of mercury by this organ. Excretion in the urine then increases very definitely. This simple and inoffensive method should be used in man.", "contents": "[Contribution to the early diagnosis of splenic rupture using radioactive isotopes (author's transl)]. Among the methods of early diagnosis of rupture and trauma of the spleen, fixation of radioactive isotopes is one of the most interesting. An experimental study in the dog of B.M.H.P. metabolism, using B.M.H.P. labelled with Hg-203 and its rate of elimination by the kidney, gives information on lesions of the spleen, in particular, sub-capsular rupture. Splenic trauma reduces the capacity of uptake of mercury by this organ. Excretion in the urine then increases very definitely. This simple and inoffensive method should be used in man.", "PMID": 1127622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10102", "title": "[Rapid 105 mm ampliphotography (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report the results obtained with a new 105 mm ampliphotographic camera for filming at high speeds (camera GV 105 of the General Radiological Company). Thanks to a rate of 8 films per second, this camera seems particularly interesting for the study of sphincters and fleeting phenomena. However, the quality of the images, comparable with those of standard films, the rapidity of the examinations, the easy reading of the films, the important reduction in the dose of X Rays delivered and the economy of film, render advisable the use of this technique in general radiology. Unfortunately, there is not at present a simple, rapid formula for presentation of the films obtained. Progress will also have to be made in order to facilitate loading of the camera. Rapid resolution of these problems will permit this technique to be more widely used.", "contents": "[Rapid 105 mm ampliphotography (author's transl)]. The authors report the results obtained with a new 105 mm ampliphotographic camera for filming at high speeds (camera GV 105 of the General Radiological Company). Thanks to a rate of 8 films per second, this camera seems particularly interesting for the study of sphincters and fleeting phenomena. However, the quality of the images, comparable with those of standard films, the rapidity of the examinations, the easy reading of the films, the important reduction in the dose of X Rays delivered and the economy of film, render advisable the use of this technique in general radiology. Unfortunately, there is not at present a simple, rapid formula for presentation of the films obtained. Progress will also have to be made in order to facilitate loading of the camera. Rapid resolution of these problems will permit this technique to be more widely used.", "PMID": 1127623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10103", "title": "[Dodger filters in the modulation of X-Ray beams (author's transl)].", "content": "Dodger filters represent a very great improvement in the usual technique of modulation of X-Ray beams, The mobility of the filters permits one to use them efficaciously in numerous situations encountered in common radiodiagnosis. Original optical methods ensure perfect adaptability of the filters to morphology and density of the structures examined. The shape and structure of the filters prevent formation of artefacts ducts mains interference on the X-Rays. To an improvement in the quality of the films, may be adder reduction in exposure of the examined subjects. This apparatus, easy to bring into operation, may thus be used more widely in numerous branches of radiodiagnosis, in particular, in cerebral and visceral angiography.", "contents": "[Dodger filters in the modulation of X-Ray beams (author's transl)]. Dodger filters represent a very great improvement in the usual technique of modulation of X-Ray beams, The mobility of the filters permits one to use them efficaciously in numerous situations encountered in common radiodiagnosis. Original optical methods ensure perfect adaptability of the filters to morphology and density of the structures examined. The shape and structure of the filters prevent formation of artefacts ducts mains interference on the X-Rays. To an improvement in the quality of the films, may be adder reduction in exposure of the examined subjects. This apparatus, easy to bring into operation, may thus be used more widely in numerous branches of radiodiagnosis, in particular, in cerebral and visceral angiography.", "PMID": 1127624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10104", "title": "Cyclic variations in Sertoli cell lipid content throughout the spermatogenic cycle in the rat.", "content": "The formation, distribution and fate of lipid inclusions within the seminiferous tubules of the rat has been studied throughout the spermatogenic cycle. The occurrence of lipid inclusions within the Sertoli cell exhibited cyclic variations with the stages of the rat seminiferous cycle. At stage 9 of the cycle, residual bodies of maturing spermatids were phagocytosed by the Sertoli cell and released numerous lipid droplets which appeared to coalesce into large inclusionsat the base of the Sertoli cell at stage 10. The Sertoli cell lipid inclusions persisted througout the completion of meiosis (stages 11 to 14) and the formation of young spermatids (stages 1 to 2) and their numbers appeared to reach a peak at stages 12 to 13 of the cycle. The inclusions decreased markedly within the Sertoli cell cytoplasm during stage 2 and remained low untilstage 9 when lipid from the residual bodies again became available to the cell. This cyclic variation of lipid inclusions within the Sertoli cell does not support previously held views that there is a gradual decline in Sertoli cell lipid during stages 10 to 14 of the spermatogenic cycle. A hitherto unnoticed finding was the presence of large lipid inclusions in the cytoplasm of late pachytene to diakinetic spermatocytes, and some observations suggest a transfer of these lipid inclusionsfrom the Sertoli cells to primary spermatocytes.", "contents": "Cyclic variations in Sertoli cell lipid content throughout the spermatogenic cycle in the rat. The formation, distribution and fate of lipid inclusions within the seminiferous tubules of the rat has been studied throughout the spermatogenic cycle. The occurrence of lipid inclusions within the Sertoli cell exhibited cyclic variations with the stages of the rat seminiferous cycle. At stage 9 of the cycle, residual bodies of maturing spermatids were phagocytosed by the Sertoli cell and released numerous lipid droplets which appeared to coalesce into large inclusionsat the base of the Sertoli cell at stage 10. The Sertoli cell lipid inclusions persisted througout the completion of meiosis (stages 11 to 14) and the formation of young spermatids (stages 1 to 2) and their numbers appeared to reach a peak at stages 12 to 13 of the cycle. The inclusions decreased markedly within the Sertoli cell cytoplasm during stage 2 and remained low untilstage 9 when lipid from the residual bodies again became available to the cell. This cyclic variation of lipid inclusions within the Sertoli cell does not support previously held views that there is a gradual decline in Sertoli cell lipid during stages 10 to 14 of the spermatogenic cycle. A hitherto unnoticed finding was the presence of large lipid inclusions in the cytoplasm of late pachytene to diakinetic spermatocytes, and some observations suggest a transfer of these lipid inclusionsfrom the Sertoli cells to primary spermatocytes.", "PMID": 1127625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10105", "title": "Studies on reproduction in the camel (Camelus dromedarius) V. morphology of the testis in relation to age and season.", "content": "Quantitative and qualitative changes in the morphology of the camel testis were studied in relation to age (6 to 18 years) and season. The diameter of the seminiferous tubules increased up to the age of 9 years. There was little variation in the number of germinal cells (spermatogonia, primary spermatocytes and spermatids) with the advancement of age. The number of spermatozoa increased up to the age of 10 years and decreased thereafter. Khe number of Sertoli cells was almost constant. Significant monthly and seasonal changes were observed in the criteria studied. The largest seminiferous tubule diameters and the greatest numbers of spermatogonia, spermatids and spermatozoa were found in the material collected during the spring. The numbers of mature Leydig cells, compared to the numbers of pre-Leydig and immature Leydig cells, increased by the end of winter so that, during the spring, the interstitial cells were mainly of the mature type. Degenerative changes with diminished numbers of mature cells were seen in the summer and this trend continued into early and mid-autumn.", "contents": "Studies on reproduction in the camel (Camelus dromedarius) V. morphology of the testis in relation to age and season. Quantitative and qualitative changes in the morphology of the camel testis were studied in relation to age (6 to 18 years) and season. The diameter of the seminiferous tubules increased up to the age of 9 years. There was little variation in the number of germinal cells (spermatogonia, primary spermatocytes and spermatids) with the advancement of age. The number of spermatozoa increased up to the age of 10 years and decreased thereafter. Khe number of Sertoli cells was almost constant. Significant monthly and seasonal changes were observed in the criteria studied. The largest seminiferous tubule diameters and the greatest numbers of spermatogonia, spermatids and spermatozoa were found in the material collected during the spring. The numbers of mature Leydig cells, compared to the numbers of pre-Leydig and immature Leydig cells, increased by the end of winter so that, during the spring, the interstitial cells were mainly of the mature type. Degenerative changes with diminished numbers of mature cells were seen in the summer and this trend continued into early and mid-autumn.", "PMID": 1127626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10106", "title": "Vitamin A in bovine sperm acrosomes.", "content": "Bull semen was collected artifically and vitamin A was determined in the intact spermatozoa, the acrosomes and the sperm tails. The results show that over 90% of the total vitamin A in the spermatozoa was present in the acrosomes and that the sperm tails were completely devoid of vitamin A. The concentration of vitamin A varied from 224 to 364 ng/10-9 spermatozoa.", "contents": "Vitamin A in bovine sperm acrosomes. Bull semen was collected artifically and vitamin A was determined in the intact spermatozoa, the acrosomes and the sperm tails. The results show that over 90% of the total vitamin A in the spermatozoa was present in the acrosomes and that the sperm tails were completely devoid of vitamin A. The concentration of vitamin A varied from 224 to 364 ng/10-9 spermatozoa.", "PMID": 1127629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10107", "title": "Autoimmune human sperm antibodies and age in males.", "content": "The incidence of autoimmunization to spermatozoa, investigated by means of the Kibrick technique, increased with age in 913 males unselected with regard to fertility. By contrast, the incidence of sperm agglutinin-postive sera decreased with age in 1600 male partners in sterile couples. The increasing incidence of autoimmunization to spermatozoa offers one explanation of the lowering of fertility with increasing age, but sperm antibodies seem to be more important as a cause of sterility at younger ages. The presence of spermatozoa may not be necessary for immunization since sperm agglutinins were found in a 9-year-old boy.", "contents": "Autoimmune human sperm antibodies and age in males. The incidence of autoimmunization to spermatozoa, investigated by means of the Kibrick technique, increased with age in 913 males unselected with regard to fertility. By contrast, the incidence of sperm agglutinin-postive sera decreased with age in 1600 male partners in sterile couples. The increasing incidence of autoimmunization to spermatozoa offers one explanation of the lowering of fertility with increasing age, but sperm antibodies seem to be more important as a cause of sterility at younger ages. The presence of spermatozoa may not be necessary for immunization since sperm agglutinins were found in a 9-year-old boy.", "PMID": 1127631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10108", "title": "Induction and inhibition of implantation in lactating rats.", "content": "The interrelationship between prolactin and LH in the maintenance of pregnancy during lactation was studied. The reduction of suckled young from eight to two or less, as late as on the morning of Day 4 of pregnancy, resulted in normal implantation. Reintroduction of eight young on Day 4 to lactating pregnant rats deprived of their litters on Day 1 resulted in an inhibition of implantation, but reintroduction on Days 5 or 6 did not inhibit implantation. If oestrogen, HCG or PMSG was given on Day 4 of pregnancy, implantation was induced at the normal time in rats suckling large litters. When LH antiserum was given on the morning of Day 4 or Day 8 to pregnant rats suckling two young each, it blocked implantation and postimplantation survival of blasto-cysts, respectively. When the number of suckling young was increased from two to eight on Day 6, however, LH antiserum blocked pregnancy only to the extent of 70%. Prolactin administered during the preimplantation phase inhibited implantation in pregnant rats suckling a minimum number of young, but had no effect when given during the postimplantation phase. Progesterone failed to block implantation. Prolactin had no inhibitory effect on implantation in the absence of the suckling stimulus or in non-lactating pregnant rats. The inhibition of implantation by prolactin in rats suckling two young could be effectively reversed by the administration of oestrogen, PMSG or HCG on Day 4 of pregnancy.", "contents": "Induction and inhibition of implantation in lactating rats. The interrelationship between prolactin and LH in the maintenance of pregnancy during lactation was studied. The reduction of suckled young from eight to two or less, as late as on the morning of Day 4 of pregnancy, resulted in normal implantation. Reintroduction of eight young on Day 4 to lactating pregnant rats deprived of their litters on Day 1 resulted in an inhibition of implantation, but reintroduction on Days 5 or 6 did not inhibit implantation. If oestrogen, HCG or PMSG was given on Day 4 of pregnancy, implantation was induced at the normal time in rats suckling large litters. When LH antiserum was given on the morning of Day 4 or Day 8 to pregnant rats suckling two young each, it blocked implantation and postimplantation survival of blasto-cysts, respectively. When the number of suckling young was increased from two to eight on Day 6, however, LH antiserum blocked pregnancy only to the extent of 70%. Prolactin administered during the preimplantation phase inhibited implantation in pregnant rats suckling a minimum number of young, but had no effect when given during the postimplantation phase. Progesterone failed to block implantation. Prolactin had no inhibitory effect on implantation in the absence of the suckling stimulus or in non-lactating pregnant rats. The inhibition of implantation by prolactin in rats suckling two young could be effectively reversed by the administration of oestrogen, PMSG or HCG on Day 4 of pregnancy.", "PMID": 1127638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10109", "title": "The effect of copper on the distribution of elements in human spermatozoa.", "content": "Examination of intact individual human spermatozoa by X-ray microanalysis revealed that there was a correlation between particular elements in differnt regions of the cell. There was a constancy in the ratios of sodium to potassium in the head and mid-piece and of calcium to phosphorus in the mid-piece in any one sample, though the ratios varied between samples. This may have reflected the external environment since immersion in culture medium or cervical mucus had little effect on motility, yet markedly altered the sodium: potassium ratio. Incubation with copper wire in semen or cervical mucus significantly reduced the subcellular levels of both sodium and potassium inspermatozoa but did not affect the ratio between these two elements. The metal also displaced zinc from the head region, possible replacing it by copper. This may account for the decreased motility of spermatozoa in contact with copper ions. The observed toxicity of copper for human sperm cells lends support to the theory that part ofthe mode of action of the copper IUD may be due to an alteration in sperm fertilizing potential. Although the level of copper released by IUDs containing 200 mm-2 ofcopper wire exerted a minor toxic effect on spermatozoa, the elemental changes observed here may have great significance in the development of more efficient copper-releasing IUDs or an intracervical device whose action would depend on its spermatotoxiceffect.", "contents": "The effect of copper on the distribution of elements in human spermatozoa. Examination of intact individual human spermatozoa by X-ray microanalysis revealed that there was a correlation between particular elements in differnt regions of the cell. There was a constancy in the ratios of sodium to potassium in the head and mid-piece and of calcium to phosphorus in the mid-piece in any one sample, though the ratios varied between samples. This may have reflected the external environment since immersion in culture medium or cervical mucus had little effect on motility, yet markedly altered the sodium: potassium ratio. Incubation with copper wire in semen or cervical mucus significantly reduced the subcellular levels of both sodium and potassium inspermatozoa but did not affect the ratio between these two elements. The metal also displaced zinc from the head region, possible replacing it by copper. This may account for the decreased motility of spermatozoa in contact with copper ions. The observed toxicity of copper for human sperm cells lends support to the theory that part ofthe mode of action of the copper IUD may be due to an alteration in sperm fertilizing potential. Although the level of copper released by IUDs containing 200 mm-2 ofcopper wire exerted a minor toxic effect on spermatozoa, the elemental changes observed here may have great significance in the development of more efficient copper-releasing IUDs or an intracervical device whose action would depend on its spermatotoxiceffect.", "PMID": 1127639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10110", "title": "Histochemical observations on the lipid changes in rat corpora lutea during various reproductive states after treatment with exogenous hormones.", "content": "Lipid changes were studied histochemically in rat CL during the oestrous cycle, pregnancy and lactation after treatment with oestradiol benzoate (EB), LH and prolactin. A single injection of 50 mug EB given on any day during the first half of the oestrous cycle, pregnancy and lactation caused a heavy accumulation of lipid droplets, which consisted mainly of cholesterol and/or its esters, triglycerides and some phospholipids. If the treatment with EB was followed by a single injection of 20 i.u. prolactin, droplet accumulation either did not occur, or was greatly reduced. During the second half of pregnancy, a massive accumulation of cholesterol- and triglyceride-positive lipid droplets occurred in the CL of untreated rats, and prolactin was equally effective in reducing, or preventing the storage of cholesterol-positive lipid droplets. Prolactin was more effective if two injections of 10 i.u. were given daily after an interval of 11 to 12 hr. No appreciable lipid change in the CL was caused by injection of 100 mug LH on any day during the first half of the oestrous cycle and pregnancy, but during lactation the same amount caused a heavy accumulation of lipid droplets, consisting mainly of cholesterol and/or its esters, triglycerides and very little phospholipid. Persisting CL of pregnancy and cyclic CL seen during lactation and pregnancy, respectively, were unresponsive to exogenous hormones, apparently due to ageing as no lipid changes occurred in the CL after hormonal treatment. The results are discussed in relation to previous histochemical and biochemical studies and suggest that both LH and prolactin regulate the lipid and cholesterol metabolism in the luteal cells of the rat.", "contents": "Histochemical observations on the lipid changes in rat corpora lutea during various reproductive states after treatment with exogenous hormones. Lipid changes were studied histochemically in rat CL during the oestrous cycle, pregnancy and lactation after treatment with oestradiol benzoate (EB), LH and prolactin. A single injection of 50 mug EB given on any day during the first half of the oestrous cycle, pregnancy and lactation caused a heavy accumulation of lipid droplets, which consisted mainly of cholesterol and/or its esters, triglycerides and some phospholipids. If the treatment with EB was followed by a single injection of 20 i.u. prolactin, droplet accumulation either did not occur, or was greatly reduced. During the second half of pregnancy, a massive accumulation of cholesterol- and triglyceride-positive lipid droplets occurred in the CL of untreated rats, and prolactin was equally effective in reducing, or preventing the storage of cholesterol-positive lipid droplets. Prolactin was more effective if two injections of 10 i.u. were given daily after an interval of 11 to 12 hr. No appreciable lipid change in the CL was caused by injection of 100 mug LH on any day during the first half of the oestrous cycle and pregnancy, but during lactation the same amount caused a heavy accumulation of lipid droplets, consisting mainly of cholesterol and/or its esters, triglycerides and very little phospholipid. Persisting CL of pregnancy and cyclic CL seen during lactation and pregnancy, respectively, were unresponsive to exogenous hormones, apparently due to ageing as no lipid changes occurred in the CL after hormonal treatment. The results are discussed in relation to previous histochemical and biochemical studies and suggest that both LH and prolactin regulate the lipid and cholesterol metabolism in the luteal cells of the rat.", "PMID": 1127640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10111", "title": "Inhibition by aspirin and indomethacin of uterine hypertrophy induced by an IUD.", "content": "An IUD inserted into one uterine horn caused an increase in its weight when this was compared with that of the contralateral control horn in rats. Such an increase could be partly prevented by treating the animals with indomethacin and aspirin. It is suggested that the IUD-induced increase in weight is at least in part mediated by release of prostaglandins.", "contents": "Inhibition by aspirin and indomethacin of uterine hypertrophy induced by an IUD. An IUD inserted into one uterine horn caused an increase in its weight when this was compared with that of the contralateral control horn in rats. Such an increase could be partly prevented by treating the animals with indomethacin and aspirin. It is suggested that the IUD-induced increase in weight is at least in part mediated by release of prostaglandins.", "PMID": 1127641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10112", "title": "Concentrations of free and esterified cholesterol in the testes of maturing rabbits.", "content": "Levels of cholesterol and cholesterol esters were established in the testes of maturing New Zealand white rabbits. Free cholesterol levels remained relatively constant throughout pre- and post-pubertal development. The total cholesterol, cholesterol esters and percentage esterified cholesterol values were highest during the prepubertal period and decreased steadily thereafter, reaching their lowest after 90 days of age. Correlations of these findings with hormonal and morphological changes during testicular development are discussed.", "contents": "Concentrations of free and esterified cholesterol in the testes of maturing rabbits. Levels of cholesterol and cholesterol esters were established in the testes of maturing New Zealand white rabbits. Free cholesterol levels remained relatively constant throughout pre- and post-pubertal development. The total cholesterol, cholesterol esters and percentage esterified cholesterol values were highest during the prepubertal period and decreased steadily thereafter, reaching their lowest after 90 days of age. Correlations of these findings with hormonal and morphological changes during testicular development are discussed.", "PMID": 1127642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10113", "title": "Stimulation of repoduction in captivity of the wild rabbit, Oryctolagus cuniculus.", "content": "Female wild rabbits which failed to breed under laboratory conditions were treated with gonadotrophins and artificially inseminated with epididymal spermatozoa. The fertilized eggs so obtained were transferred to synchronous domestic rabbits. Altogether, 185 eggs were transferred to thirty-six recipients. Thirty-three of the recipients maintained pregnancy to term and nearly half of the transferred eggs developed into normal young. Birthweights ranged from 45 to 59 g. Postnatal survival was excellent. Females born in captivity remained sexually immature in spite of attaining normal adult body weights. Sexual development was apparently normal in the males, although most remained shy breeders. Incidental observations on ovarian response, egg size and rate of development are presented.", "contents": "Stimulation of repoduction in captivity of the wild rabbit, Oryctolagus cuniculus. Female wild rabbits which failed to breed under laboratory conditions were treated with gonadotrophins and artificially inseminated with epididymal spermatozoa. The fertilized eggs so obtained were transferred to synchronous domestic rabbits. Altogether, 185 eggs were transferred to thirty-six recipients. Thirty-three of the recipients maintained pregnancy to term and nearly half of the transferred eggs developed into normal young. Birthweights ranged from 45 to 59 g. Postnatal survival was excellent. Females born in captivity remained sexually immature in spite of attaining normal adult body weights. Sexual development was apparently normal in the males, although most remained shy breeders. Incidental observations on ovarian response, egg size and rate of development are presented.", "PMID": 1127643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10114", "title": "Epididymal carbohydrate metabolism. III. Metabolism of the caput and cauda epididymidis after separation from the testis in the rat.", "content": "After unilateral separation of the rat epididymis from the testis, the metabolism of various substrates in vitro by tissue from the attached and separated caput and cauda epididymidis at 7 and 28 days after surgery was determined by radiorespirometry. Hourly collections of 14-CO2 were made during 5-hr incubations. The patterns of 14-CO2 evolution from glucose indicated that most of the metabolic activity followed the Embden-Meyerhof glycolytic and the Krebs cycle respiration pathways. The alteration of the rate of glycolysis was always greater than that of respiration. In all samples, the metabolism of (2-14C) glucose was approximately equal to that of (6-14C) glucose (G-6)and less than that of (1-14C) glucose (G-1). Pentose cycle activity was indicated in all tissues from the caput and cauda epididymidis by the preferential utilization of G-1 over G-6. At 7 and 28 days after surgery, respectively, the G-1:G-6 ratios of 14-CO2 evolution after incubation for 2 hr were 9.75 and 7.79 for the separated caput, 5.17 and 2.66 for the intact caput, 3.11 and 2.52 for the separated cauda and 3.73 and 2.84 for the attached cauda epididymidis. Although epididymal separation did not effect the metabolism of (U-14C) glucose or (U-14C) fructose, glucose appeared to be a more important epididymal substrate than fructose.", "contents": "Epididymal carbohydrate metabolism. III. Metabolism of the caput and cauda epididymidis after separation from the testis in the rat. After unilateral separation of the rat epididymis from the testis, the metabolism of various substrates in vitro by tissue from the attached and separated caput and cauda epididymidis at 7 and 28 days after surgery was determined by radiorespirometry. Hourly collections of 14-CO2 were made during 5-hr incubations. The patterns of 14-CO2 evolution from glucose indicated that most of the metabolic activity followed the Embden-Meyerhof glycolytic and the Krebs cycle respiration pathways. The alteration of the rate of glycolysis was always greater than that of respiration. In all samples, the metabolism of (2-14C) glucose was approximately equal to that of (6-14C) glucose (G-6)and less than that of (1-14C) glucose (G-1). Pentose cycle activity was indicated in all tissues from the caput and cauda epididymidis by the preferential utilization of G-1 over G-6. At 7 and 28 days after surgery, respectively, the G-1:G-6 ratios of 14-CO2 evolution after incubation for 2 hr were 9.75 and 7.79 for the separated caput, 5.17 and 2.66 for the intact caput, 3.11 and 2.52 for the separated cauda and 3.73 and 2.84 for the attached cauda epididymidis. Although epididymal separation did not effect the metabolism of (U-14C) glucose or (U-14C) fructose, glucose appeared to be a more important epididymal substrate than fructose.", "PMID": 1127644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10115", "title": "Antisera to gonadotrophins and placental function in mice. I. Effect on polyamine content.", "content": "The effect of antisera to ovine LH and ovine prolactin was studied on polyamine levels in the mouse placenta. The antisera were administered on Day 11, 12 or 13 of pregnancy and the mice were killed 24 hr later. The polyamines (spermine, spermidine and putrescine) in the placentae were estimated. Polyamine levels were reduced after treatment with anti-LH on any of the 3 days and after treatment with anti-prolactin serum on Days 11 or 12. Only the spermidine content was reduced when anti-prolactin serum was injected on Day 13 of pregnancy. Placental DNA and RNA levels paralleled those observed for polyamine content. The changes in polyamine content and nucleic acid levels indicate that these antisera to LH and prolactin interfere with placental function.", "contents": "Antisera to gonadotrophins and placental function in mice. I. Effect on polyamine content. The effect of antisera to ovine LH and ovine prolactin was studied on polyamine levels in the mouse placenta. The antisera were administered on Day 11, 12 or 13 of pregnancy and the mice were killed 24 hr later. The polyamines (spermine, spermidine and putrescine) in the placentae were estimated. Polyamine levels were reduced after treatment with anti-LH on any of the 3 days and after treatment with anti-prolactin serum on Days 11 or 12. Only the spermidine content was reduced when anti-prolactin serum was injected on Day 13 of pregnancy. Placental DNA and RNA levels paralleled those observed for polyamine content. The changes in polyamine content and nucleic acid levels indicate that these antisera to LH and prolactin interfere with placental function.", "PMID": 1127645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10116", "title": "The entry of alpha-chlorohydrin into body fluids of male rats and its effect upon the incorporation of glycerol into lipids.", "content": "The rate of entry of alpha-chlorohydrin into rat rete testis fluid has been studied using the 14-C and 36-Cl-labelled compounds. The alpha-chlorohydrin crosses the blood-testis barrier and the concentration of radioactivity in rete testis fluid attained blood levels within 45 min. Within 3 hr of a single injection of [14-C] alpha-chlorohydrin, radioactivity was widely distributed in body fluids, and was present in the lipids of the brain, testis, epididymis and epididymal fat pads. No radioactivity was found in tissue lipids following the administration of [36-Cl] alpha-chlorohydrin, which suggests that dechlorination of this compound occurs before its incorporation. Neither a single high dose nor repeated low doses of alpha-chlorohydrin induced changes in the incorporation of [14-C] glycerol into lipids of the brain, testis, epididymis and epididymal fat pads.", "contents": "The entry of alpha-chlorohydrin into body fluids of male rats and its effect upon the incorporation of glycerol into lipids. The rate of entry of alpha-chlorohydrin into rat rete testis fluid has been studied using the 14-C and 36-Cl-labelled compounds. The alpha-chlorohydrin crosses the blood-testis barrier and the concentration of radioactivity in rete testis fluid attained blood levels within 45 min. Within 3 hr of a single injection of [14-C] alpha-chlorohydrin, radioactivity was widely distributed in body fluids, and was present in the lipids of the brain, testis, epididymis and epididymal fat pads. No radioactivity was found in tissue lipids following the administration of [36-Cl] alpha-chlorohydrin, which suggests that dechlorination of this compound occurs before its incorporation. Neither a single high dose nor repeated low doses of alpha-chlorohydrin induced changes in the incorporation of [14-C] glycerol into lipids of the brain, testis, epididymis and epididymal fat pads.", "PMID": 1127646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10117", "title": "Electroejaculation of Australian marsupials and analyses of the sugars in the seminal plasma from three macropod species.", "content": "Electroejaculation of a variety of Australian marsupials was attempted in this study. The animals used were conscious, sedated, anaesthetized or recently shot. Electroejaculation proved to be a satisfactory means of obtaining seminal plasma but not spermatozoa. The largest volumes of seminal plasma were collected from animals shortly after death. Anaesthetized animals also provided useful volumes of seminal plasma but only insignificant amounts were obtained from conscious and sedated animals. Quantitative analyses of N-acetylglucosamine, glucose and anthronereactive material were made of deproteinized, deionized, water extracts of seminal plasma from electroejaculates obtained from wallabies and kangaroos shortly after death. The major seminal sugar of the three macropod species was N-acetylglucosamine and glucose was also present in quite large concentrations. These observations show that the pattern of sugars in the prostate gland of marsupials is reflected in the semen.", "contents": "Electroejaculation of Australian marsupials and analyses of the sugars in the seminal plasma from three macropod species. Electroejaculation of a variety of Australian marsupials was attempted in this study. The animals used were conscious, sedated, anaesthetized or recently shot. Electroejaculation proved to be a satisfactory means of obtaining seminal plasma but not spermatozoa. The largest volumes of seminal plasma were collected from animals shortly after death. Anaesthetized animals also provided useful volumes of seminal plasma but only insignificant amounts were obtained from conscious and sedated animals. Quantitative analyses of N-acetylglucosamine, glucose and anthronereactive material were made of deproteinized, deionized, water extracts of seminal plasma from electroejaculates obtained from wallabies and kangaroos shortly after death. The major seminal sugar of the three macropod species was N-acetylglucosamine and glucose was also present in quite large concentrations. These observations show that the pattern of sugars in the prostate gland of marsupials is reflected in the semen.", "PMID": 1127647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10118", "title": "A preliminary assessment of the source of oestrogen within the ovary of the domestic fowl Gallus domesticus.", "content": "Oestradiol was measured by radioimmunoassay in blood draining individual preovulatory follicles and in different ovarian tissues of the hen. The concentration of oestradiol in blood from follicles 20 to 50 hr before ovulation ranged from 66 to 264 pg/ml and was less than that in peripheral blood collected concurrently, suggesting a net uptake rather than secretion of oestradiol by the follicle at these times. In one bird approximately 6 hr before ovulation, the highest content of oestradiol in tissue (35 ng) was in the small (less than 5 mm) follicles and ovarian stroma; this represented 87.5% of the total ovarian content. Only 0.86 to 1.02 ng oestradiol (2.0 to 2.5) was found in the large preovulatory follicles and 2.22 ng (5.5%) in the postovulatory follicles. High concentrations of oestradiol (2.4 ng/g) were also found in the liver. These results suggest that the small follicles and/or ovarian stroma are the main site of oestradiol production in the fowl; they do not exclude the possibility that oestradiol is secreted at a high rate by the mature follicle for a short period immediately before ovulation, thus influencing the release of LH.", "contents": "A preliminary assessment of the source of oestrogen within the ovary of the domestic fowl Gallus domesticus. Oestradiol was measured by radioimmunoassay in blood draining individual preovulatory follicles and in different ovarian tissues of the hen. The concentration of oestradiol in blood from follicles 20 to 50 hr before ovulation ranged from 66 to 264 pg/ml and was less than that in peripheral blood collected concurrently, suggesting a net uptake rather than secretion of oestradiol by the follicle at these times. In one bird approximately 6 hr before ovulation, the highest content of oestradiol in tissue (35 ng) was in the small (less than 5 mm) follicles and ovarian stroma; this represented 87.5% of the total ovarian content. Only 0.86 to 1.02 ng oestradiol (2.0 to 2.5) was found in the large preovulatory follicles and 2.22 ng (5.5%) in the postovulatory follicles. High concentrations of oestradiol (2.4 ng/g) were also found in the liver. These results suggest that the small follicles and/or ovarian stroma are the main site of oestradiol production in the fowl; they do not exclude the possibility that oestradiol is secreted at a high rate by the mature follicle for a short period immediately before ovulation, thus influencing the release of LH.", "PMID": 1127648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10119", "title": "Effect of 4-chloromethyl-2-methyl-2-pentyl- 1,3-dioxolane (AY-22,352) on the fertilizing ability of hamster epididymal spermatozoa.", "content": "Fertile male hamsters were injected subcutaneously with AY-22,352 to determine the minimal antifertility dose, the site of action and the onset and duration of infertility. Fertility tests showed that 37 mg AY-22,352/kg/day induced sterility within 4 days. None of the males became infertile within the first 2 days but marked loss of sperm fertilizing ability had occurred by 24 hr from the second injection; all males were sterile after the fourth dose. Comparable daily treatment procuded the same antifertility effect subsequent to bilateral ligation of the corpus epididymidis and fertilization did not occur after artificial insemination with spermatozoa from the cauda epididymidis of such animals. The prompt recovery of fertilizing ability of spermatozoa in males which receoved four daily doses of AY-22,352 (37 mg/kg) and had ligated ductuli efferentes shows that transport of epididymal spermatozoa and their acquisition of fertilizing ability are not influenced by the drug.", "contents": "Effect of 4-chloromethyl-2-methyl-2-pentyl- 1,3-dioxolane (AY-22,352) on the fertilizing ability of hamster epididymal spermatozoa. Fertile male hamsters were injected subcutaneously with AY-22,352 to determine the minimal antifertility dose, the site of action and the onset and duration of infertility. Fertility tests showed that 37 mg AY-22,352/kg/day induced sterility within 4 days. None of the males became infertile within the first 2 days but marked loss of sperm fertilizing ability had occurred by 24 hr from the second injection; all males were sterile after the fourth dose. Comparable daily treatment procuded the same antifertility effect subsequent to bilateral ligation of the corpus epididymidis and fertilization did not occur after artificial insemination with spermatozoa from the cauda epididymidis of such animals. The prompt recovery of fertilizing ability of spermatozoa in males which receoved four daily doses of AY-22,352 (37 mg/kg) and had ligated ductuli efferentes shows that transport of epididymal spermatozoa and their acquisition of fertilizing ability are not influenced by the drug.", "PMID": 1127649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10120", "title": "Physical complaints of patients with sickle cell trait.", "content": "Prospective and retrospective experience with physical complaints of 112 oral contraceptive and 67 intrauterine device Black family planning patients with sickle cell trait was evaluated by comparing their cumulative complaint rates with a randomly selected control group of non-sickle cell trait family planning patients having the same method, age and parity distribution as the sickle cell trait patients. Physical complaints considered are: dysmenorrhea, mental depression, vaginal discharge, fatigue, headaches, and nausea-vomiting. No evidence of a significant difference at level .05 is found between cumulative complaint rates of sickle cell trait and control patients for either oral or intrauterine device users for any of the complaint types. Further clinical research may be desirable in this area for dysmenorrhea and mental depression.", "contents": "Physical complaints of patients with sickle cell trait. Prospective and retrospective experience with physical complaints of 112 oral contraceptive and 67 intrauterine device Black family planning patients with sickle cell trait was evaluated by comparing their cumulative complaint rates with a randomly selected control group of non-sickle cell trait family planning patients having the same method, age and parity distribution as the sickle cell trait patients. Physical complaints considered are: dysmenorrhea, mental depression, vaginal discharge, fatigue, headaches, and nausea-vomiting. No evidence of a significant difference at level .05 is found between cumulative complaint rates of sickle cell trait and control patients for either oral or intrauterine device users for any of the complaint types. Further clinical research may be desirable in this area for dysmenorrhea and mental depression.", "PMID": 1127675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10121", "title": "Trypsin-mediated activation of the alpha-haemolysin of Staphylococcus aureus.", "content": "Alpha protoxin of Staphylococcus aureus \"Wood 46\" was activated by trypsin which had been coupled to carboxymethylcellulose, as indicated by the toxin's ability to hydrolyse tosyl-arginine methylester (TAME). A Lineweaver-Burk plot of the degradation of TAME by toxin and trypsin showed that toxin had a greater affinity for the substrate than had trypsin. N-terminal amino-acid analyses of activated toxin suggested that leucine or isoleucine is the N-terminus, in contrast to protoxin, the N-terminus of which is histidine.", "contents": "Trypsin-mediated activation of the alpha-haemolysin of Staphylococcus aureus. Alpha protoxin of Staphylococcus aureus \"Wood 46\" was activated by trypsin which had been coupled to carboxymethylcellulose, as indicated by the toxin's ability to hydrolyse tosyl-arginine methylester (TAME). A Lineweaver-Burk plot of the degradation of TAME by toxin and trypsin showed that toxin had a greater affinity for the substrate than had trypsin. N-terminal amino-acid analyses of activated toxin suggested that leucine or isoleucine is the N-terminus, in contrast to protoxin, the N-terminus of which is histidine.", "PMID": 1127680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10122", "title": "Evidence for Ca-2+ control of the transducer mechanism in crayfish stretch receptor.", "content": "Recording from the dendrite membrane indicated a resting potential of minus-51.6 mV, which was reduced by inhibition of the Na+/K+ pump. Voltage clamp at rest revealed a small inward current between minus-50 and minus-80 mV and a larger outward current at clamp potentials of minus-40 to +30 mV. Using ramp-changes of muscle tension as stimuli a time-variant tension-induced inward current (TIC) became apparent, the amplitude of which decreased towards larger depolarizing voltages until at +18 mV the current reversed the direction. The time course of the conductance changes corresponds to similar phases in the generator potential. The outward current only responded to fast reductions in tension, decreasing transiently. A contribution of the active Na+/K+ pump to the hyperpolarizing potential response is suggested by the effects of K-removal or Na-substitution by Li+. In Na-free choline chloride media the generator potential and the TIC was depressed by 70-85%. Additional removal of Ca-2+ abolished the TIC. In contrast, lowering the Ca-2+ level in presence of Na+ decreased the membrane resistance and markedly enhanced the TIC (maximally eightfold at 10-minus 5M Ca-2+) while 75-150 mM Ca-2+ or intracellular application of a Ca-ionophore had the reverse effect.", "contents": "Evidence for Ca-2+ control of the transducer mechanism in crayfish stretch receptor. Recording from the dendrite membrane indicated a resting potential of minus-51.6 mV, which was reduced by inhibition of the Na+/K+ pump. Voltage clamp at rest revealed a small inward current between minus-50 and minus-80 mV and a larger outward current at clamp potentials of minus-40 to +30 mV. Using ramp-changes of muscle tension as stimuli a time-variant tension-induced inward current (TIC) became apparent, the amplitude of which decreased towards larger depolarizing voltages until at +18 mV the current reversed the direction. The time course of the conductance changes corresponds to similar phases in the generator potential. The outward current only responded to fast reductions in tension, decreasing transiently. A contribution of the active Na+/K+ pump to the hyperpolarizing potential response is suggested by the effects of K-removal or Na-substitution by Li+. In Na-free choline chloride media the generator potential and the TIC was depressed by 70-85%. Additional removal of Ca-2+ abolished the TIC. In contrast, lowering the Ca-2+ level in presence of Na+ decreased the membrane resistance and markedly enhanced the TIC (maximally eightfold at 10-minus 5M Ca-2+) while 75-150 mM Ca-2+ or intracellular application of a Ca-ionophore had the reverse effect.", "PMID": 1127682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10123", "title": "Ionic permeabilities of an Aplysia giant neuron.", "content": "In a giant neuron of Aplysia californica, permeabilities and conductances obtained by measuring net fluxes of Na+, K+  and Cl-minus with ion-specific microelectrodes were compared with those obtained by measuring transmembrane current and potential changes when the three ions were varied in the external solution. Net fluxes were measured with ion-specific microelectrodes, after blocking metabolic processes, thus allowing movement of ions down their electrochemical gradients. Premeabilities and conductances obtained from the \"chemical\" measurements (i.e., ion-specific electrodes) were generally comparable to the values obtained from \"electrical\" measurements (i.e., ion-specific electrodes) were generally comparable to the values obtained from \"electrical\" measurements. Where discrepancies occurred, they could be explained by showing that some of the assumptions necessary to use the \"electrical\" method were not quantitatively true in this system. The absolute magnitudes of the permeabilities are significantly less than those found in many axonal preparations. There is also a relatively high PNa/PK ratio. The selectivity of the membrane against ions such as Tris\" and MeSO3-minus is not good, Tris+ being nearly as permeable as Na+ and MeSO3-minus about one-half as permeables as Cl-minus. These properties may be characteristic of somal membranes.", "contents": "Ionic permeabilities of an Aplysia giant neuron. In a giant neuron of Aplysia californica, permeabilities and conductances obtained by measuring net fluxes of Na+, K+  and Cl-minus with ion-specific microelectrodes were compared with those obtained by measuring transmembrane current and potential changes when the three ions were varied in the external solution. Net fluxes were measured with ion-specific microelectrodes, after blocking metabolic processes, thus allowing movement of ions down their electrochemical gradients. Premeabilities and conductances obtained from the \"chemical\" measurements (i.e., ion-specific electrodes) were generally comparable to the values obtained from \"electrical\" measurements (i.e., ion-specific electrodes) were generally comparable to the values obtained from \"electrical\" measurements. Where discrepancies occurred, they could be explained by showing that some of the assumptions necessary to use the \"electrical\" method were not quantitatively true in this system. The absolute magnitudes of the permeabilities are significantly less than those found in many axonal preparations. There is also a relatively high PNa/PK ratio. The selectivity of the membrane against ions such as Tris\" and MeSO3-minus is not good, Tris+ being nearly as permeable as Na+ and MeSO3-minus about one-half as permeables as Cl-minus. These properties may be characteristic of somal membranes.", "PMID": 1127683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10124", "title": "Sugar transport by renal plasma membrane vesicles. Characterization of the systems in the brush-border microvilli and basal-lateral plasma membranes.", "content": "Uptake studies of D-and L-glucose were performed on vesicles derived from brush-border and basal-lateral membranes. The uptake of the sugars into the vesicles was osmotically sensitive and independent of glucose metabolism. In brush-border vesicles D-glucose but not L-glucose transport was Na-+-dependent, wn the presence of an initial Na+gradient. Basal-lateral membranes take up D-glucose faster than L-glucose, but the D-glucose uptake is significantly less sensitive to sodium removal and only moderately inhibited by phlorzin as compared to the prush-border fraction.", "contents": "Sugar transport by renal plasma membrane vesicles. Characterization of the systems in the brush-border microvilli and basal-lateral plasma membranes. Uptake studies of D-and L-glucose were performed on vesicles derived from brush-border and basal-lateral membranes. The uptake of the sugars into the vesicles was osmotically sensitive and independent of glucose metabolism. In brush-border vesicles D-glucose but not L-glucose transport was Na-+-dependent, wn the presence of an initial Na+gradient. Basal-lateral membranes take up D-glucose faster than L-glucose, but the D-glucose uptake is significantly less sensitive to sodium removal and only moderately inhibited by phlorzin as compared to the prush-border fraction.", "PMID": 1127684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10125", "title": "A comparison of the rate equations, kinetic parameters, and activation energies for the initial uptake of L-lysine, L-valine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, and alpha-aminoisobutyric acid by mouse brain slices.", "content": "At substrate concentrations, in medium, of 0.2 to 20 mM and at temperatures of 25 and 37 degrees C, the initial concentrative influx of the amino acids L-lysine (30 and 37 degrees C), L-valine, and gamma-aminobutyric acid into incubated mouse-cerebrum slices follows the rate equation for the initial influx of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid (Cohen, J. Physiol. 228:105, 1973), v equals Vmax/(1+Kt/S)+kuS. Kinetic constants at 37 degrees C are: Vmax equals 0.089 mumoles/g final wet wt of slices, min, Kt equals 0.69 mM, ku equals 0.037 mumoles/g final wet wt, mM-substrate, min for L-lysine; Vmax equals 0.60, Kt equals 1.30, ku equals 0.067 for L-valine; and Vmax equals 1.71, Kt equals 1.58, ku equals 0.094 for gamma-aminobutyric acid. The linear term, kuS, is due to an unsaturable process of concentrative uptake, not diffusion. Comparison of temperature coefficients reveals a \"reference\" pattern for typical low affinity transport of amino acids into brain slices. Its characteristics are: Activation energies associated with Vmax and ku are in range 14 to 20 kcal/mole; K, varies only slightly with temperature, L-Lysine and alpha-aminoisobutyric acid fit this pattern; L-valine and gamma-aminobutyric acid deviate in part. The Akedo-Christensen plot (J. Biol. Chem. 237:118, 1962) does not distinguish between the rateequation v equals Vmax/(1+Kt/S)+kuS for saturable uptake plus first-order unsaturable concentrative uptake, and the rate equation v equals Vmax/(1 + Kt/S)+kd(S minus Si) for saturable uptake plus first-order nonconcentrative \"passive diffusion\".", "contents": "A comparison of the rate equations, kinetic parameters, and activation energies for the initial uptake of L-lysine, L-valine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, and alpha-aminoisobutyric acid by mouse brain slices. At substrate concentrations, in medium, of 0.2 to 20 mM and at temperatures of 25 and 37 degrees C, the initial concentrative influx of the amino acids L-lysine (30 and 37 degrees C), L-valine, and gamma-aminobutyric acid into incubated mouse-cerebrum slices follows the rate equation for the initial influx of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid (Cohen, J. Physiol. 228:105, 1973), v equals Vmax/(1+Kt/S)+kuS. Kinetic constants at 37 degrees C are: Vmax equals 0.089 mumoles/g final wet wt of slices, min, Kt equals 0.69 mM, ku equals 0.037 mumoles/g final wet wt, mM-substrate, min for L-lysine; Vmax equals 0.60, Kt equals 1.30, ku equals 0.067 for L-valine; and Vmax equals 1.71, Kt equals 1.58, ku equals 0.094 for gamma-aminobutyric acid. The linear term, kuS, is due to an unsaturable process of concentrative uptake, not diffusion. Comparison of temperature coefficients reveals a \"reference\" pattern for typical low affinity transport of amino acids into brain slices. Its characteristics are: Activation energies associated with Vmax and ku are in range 14 to 20 kcal/mole; K, varies only slightly with temperature, L-Lysine and alpha-aminoisobutyric acid fit this pattern; L-valine and gamma-aminobutyric acid deviate in part. The Akedo-Christensen plot (J. Biol. Chem. 237:118, 1962) does not distinguish between the rateequation v equals Vmax/(1+Kt/S)+kuS for saturable uptake plus first-order unsaturable concentrative uptake, and the rate equation v equals Vmax/(1 + Kt/S)+kd(S minus Si) for saturable uptake plus first-order nonconcentrative \"passive diffusion\".", "PMID": 1127685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10126", "title": "The mechanism of electrical breakdown in the membranes of Valonai utricularis.", "content": "The dielectric breakdown in the membranes of cells of Valonia utricularis was investigated using intracellular electrodes and 500 mu sec current pulses. Electrical breakdown, which occurs when the membrane potential reaches a well-defined critical value, is not associated with global damage to the cell or its membranes (the membrane reseals in smaller than 5 sec). It was thus possible to investigate the effect of temperature on dielectric breakdown in single cells. It was found that the critical potential for breakdown was strongly dependent on temperature, decreasing from similar to 100 mV at 4 degrees C to similar to 640 mV at 30 degrees C. The decrease in the breakdown potential with increasing temperature and the very short rise-time of the breakdown current (similar to 1mu sec) suggests that the Wien field dissociation does not play a major role in the breakdown process. It is shown that the nonlinear I-V characteristics observed at different temperatures can be accurately accounted for with no adjustable parameters, by considerations of the mechanical compression of the membrane due to stresses induced by the electric field. Electrical breakdown on this scheme results from an electromechanical instability in the membrane. On this basis the present results indicate that the elastic modulus of the region of the membrane where breakdown occurs, decreases by a factor of 2 with increasing temperature from 4 to 30 degrees C. On the assumption of a thickness of 4.0 nm and a dielectric constant of 5, the elastic modulus is estimated to have a value of 5 times 10-6Nm- minus 2 at 20 degrees C.", "contents": "The mechanism of electrical breakdown in the membranes of Valonai utricularis. The dielectric breakdown in the membranes of cells of Valonia utricularis was investigated using intracellular electrodes and 500 mu sec current pulses. Electrical breakdown, which occurs when the membrane potential reaches a well-defined critical value, is not associated with global damage to the cell or its membranes (the membrane reseals in smaller than 5 sec). It was thus possible to investigate the effect of temperature on dielectric breakdown in single cells. It was found that the critical potential for breakdown was strongly dependent on temperature, decreasing from similar to 100 mV at 4 degrees C to similar to 640 mV at 30 degrees C. The decrease in the breakdown potential with increasing temperature and the very short rise-time of the breakdown current (similar to 1mu sec) suggests that the Wien field dissociation does not play a major role in the breakdown process. It is shown that the nonlinear I-V characteristics observed at different temperatures can be accurately accounted for with no adjustable parameters, by considerations of the mechanical compression of the membrane due to stresses induced by the electric field. Electrical breakdown on this scheme results from an electromechanical instability in the membrane. On this basis the present results indicate that the elastic modulus of the region of the membrane where breakdown occurs, decreases by a factor of 2 with increasing temperature from 4 to 30 degrees C. On the assumption of a thickness of 4.0 nm and a dielectric constant of 5, the elastic modulus is estimated to have a value of 5 times 10-6Nm- minus 2 at 20 degrees C.", "PMID": 1127686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10127", "title": "The form and function of retractile claws in the Felidae and other representative carnivorans.", "content": "Recent behavioral studies have  shown the primary organ of prehension used in capturing prey to be the claw equipped forelimbs. In light of its functional importance, the claw retractile mechanism for 15 felid species is described and its function studied . The anatomy of the claw retractile mechanism for felids is then compared to that of other carnivorans. For felids,claw retraction is mechanically possible due to the unique shape of the middle and distal phalanges. Claw retraction, however, is a function of the dorsal elastic ligaments and not of the forearm extensor muscles. The resistance provided by these ligaments allows for flexion of the wrist and digital joints without claw protrusion. Moreover, co-contraction of both forearm flexor and extensor muscles is necessary to produce claw protrusion. The functional anatomy of claw retraction for felids differs considerably from that of most other carnivorans. However, the claw retractile mechanism for some advanced viverrids is structurally similar to that of the felids. For these viverrids prey  seizing, as in the felids, has become a function of the forelimbs. For the other families of carnivorans, the jaws and not the forelimbs are used as the primary organ of prehension and the anatomy of the claw retractile mechanism reflects functional demands placed on it other than grasping and holding prey.", "contents": "The form and function of retractile claws in the Felidae and other representative carnivorans. Recent behavioral studies have  shown the primary organ of prehension used in capturing prey to be the claw equipped forelimbs. In light of its functional importance, the claw retractile mechanism for 15 felid species is described and its function studied . The anatomy of the claw retractile mechanism for felids is then compared to that of other carnivorans. For felids,claw retraction is mechanically possible due to the unique shape of the middle and distal phalanges. Claw retraction, however, is a function of the dorsal elastic ligaments and not of the forearm extensor muscles. The resistance provided by these ligaments allows for flexion of the wrist and digital joints without claw protrusion. Moreover, co-contraction of both forearm flexor and extensor muscles is necessary to produce claw protrusion. The functional anatomy of claw retraction for felids differs considerably from that of most other carnivorans. However, the claw retractile mechanism for some advanced viverrids is structurally similar to that of the felids. For these viverrids prey  seizing, as in the felids, has become a function of the forelimbs. For the other families of carnivorans, the jaws and not the forelimbs are used as the primary organ of prehension and the anatomy of the claw retractile mechanism reflects functional demands placed on it other than grasping and holding prey.", "PMID": 1127699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10128", "title": "The suprarenal glands of a prosimian primate, the lesser bushbaby (Galago senegalensis).", "content": "The gross relationships and light microscopic anatomy of the suprarenal gland of a prosimian primate, Galago senegalensis, is described. The left gland is located medial to the pole of the left kidney in a fascial compartment of its own. The right suprarenal is located medial to the pole of the right kidney in intimate apposition to the liver and inferior vena cava. The capsule of the right gland blends with the capsule of the right lobe of the liver and is also contiguous with the adventitia of the inferior vena  cava. The histologic appearance of the gland is similar to that of other primate genera. The zona glomerulosa is poorly developed; the zona fasciculata is composed of cell cords and is relatively well developed and the zona reticularis shows no unusual characteristics. The organization of the lipid content of the various cortical zones show a considerable different pattern than previously reported. The zona glomerulosa contains numerous large lipid droplets. In contrast to the bi-laminar pattern of lipid deposition seen in other primates, the Galgo shows three distinct layers of lipid droplets in the zona fasciculata. The zona reticularis has a moderate population of lipid droplets essentially similar to that reported in most other forms. The medulla, except for a sparse number of centrally displaced zona reticularis cells, is completely devoid of lipid deposits. The  junction of the zona reticularis and medulla is distinct, although a connective tissue capsule is not present.", "contents": "The suprarenal glands of a prosimian primate, the lesser bushbaby (Galago senegalensis). The gross relationships and light microscopic anatomy of the suprarenal gland of a prosimian primate, Galago senegalensis, is described. The left gland is located medial to the pole of the left kidney in a fascial compartment of its own. The right suprarenal is located medial to the pole of the right kidney in intimate apposition to the liver and inferior vena cava. The capsule of the right gland blends with the capsule of the right lobe of the liver and is also contiguous with the adventitia of the inferior vena  cava. The histologic appearance of the gland is similar to that of other primate genera. The zona glomerulosa is poorly developed; the zona fasciculata is composed of cell cords and is relatively well developed and the zona reticularis shows no unusual characteristics. The organization of the lipid content of the various cortical zones show a considerable different pattern than previously reported. The zona glomerulosa contains numerous large lipid droplets. In contrast to the bi-laminar pattern of lipid deposition seen in other primates, the Galgo shows three distinct layers of lipid droplets in the zona fasciculata. The zona reticularis has a moderate population of lipid droplets essentially similar to that reported in most other forms. The medulla, except for a sparse number of centrally displaced zona reticularis cells, is completely devoid of lipid deposits. The  junction of the zona reticularis and medulla is distinct, although a connective tissue capsule is not present.", "PMID": 1127700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10129", "title": "A fluorescence microscopic study of the distribution of monoamines in the hypothalamus of the cat.", "content": "Three distinct groups of monoamine (MA)-containing nerve cell bodies have been visualized in the hypothalamus and preoptic area of the cat by means of the Falck-Hillarp fluorescence histochemical technique. First, numerous small-sized catecholamine (CA) type neurons were disclosed within the ventral half of the periventricular area in the supraoptic and middle hypothalamic regions. The round to oval neurons of this medio-ventral group were more especially abundant around the base of the third ventricle, within the arcuate and supraopticus diffusus nuclei. Numerous medium-sized CA perikarya identified as the dorsal group, were also mapped out in the dorsal and posterior hypothalamic areas. Finally, a small population of both CA and serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT)-containing neurons was disclosed within the lateral area of the middle and mammillary hypothalamic regions. These multipolar or elongated neurons which compose the lateral group were lying either along the ventrolateral surface of the hypothalamus or around the ventrolateral aspect of the fornix. In addition to these three MA cell groups, a few cells displaying a fluorescence of the CA type were also visualized in the so-called \"dorsal chiasmatic nucleus\" after alpha-methyl-dopa treatment. High density of CA axon terminals were found, on the other hand, in the extrenal layer of the median eminence, in the dorsomedial, paraventricular supraoptic and suprachiasmatic nuclei, and also within nucleus interstitialis of stria terminalis. In the present study, however, it was possible to identify with certainty any concentration of 5-HT axon terminals in the cat hypothalamus. Therefore, except for the lateral cell group which could be peculiar to the cat, the topographical distribution of MA nerve cell bodies and axon terminals in the hypothalamus of the cat appears similar to the morphological organization of the MA neuronal elements in the hypothalamus of the rat.", "contents": "A fluorescence microscopic study of the distribution of monoamines in the hypothalamus of the cat. Three distinct groups of monoamine (MA)-containing nerve cell bodies have been visualized in the hypothalamus and preoptic area of the cat by means of the Falck-Hillarp fluorescence histochemical technique. First, numerous small-sized catecholamine (CA) type neurons were disclosed within the ventral half of the periventricular area in the supraoptic and middle hypothalamic regions. The round to oval neurons of this medio-ventral group were more especially abundant around the base of the third ventricle, within the arcuate and supraopticus diffusus nuclei. Numerous medium-sized CA perikarya identified as the dorsal group, were also mapped out in the dorsal and posterior hypothalamic areas. Finally, a small population of both CA and serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT)-containing neurons was disclosed within the lateral area of the middle and mammillary hypothalamic regions. These multipolar or elongated neurons which compose the lateral group were lying either along the ventrolateral surface of the hypothalamus or around the ventrolateral aspect of the fornix. In addition to these three MA cell groups, a few cells displaying a fluorescence of the CA type were also visualized in the so-called \"dorsal chiasmatic nucleus\" after alpha-methyl-dopa treatment. High density of CA axon terminals were found, on the other hand, in the extrenal layer of the median eminence, in the dorsomedial, paraventricular supraoptic and suprachiasmatic nuclei, and also within nucleus interstitialis of stria terminalis. In the present study, however, it was possible to identify with certainty any concentration of 5-HT axon terminals in the cat hypothalamus. Therefore, except for the lateral cell group which could be peculiar to the cat, the topographical distribution of MA nerve cell bodies and axon terminals in the hypothalamus of the cat appears similar to the morphological organization of the MA neuronal elements in the hypothalamus of the rat.", "PMID": 1127701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10130", "title": "The cardiac muscle in the pulmonary vein of the rat: a morphological and electrophysiological study.", "content": "The pulmonary veins of albino Wistar rats were studied by means of light and electron microscopy. The media of larger veins consists of cardiac muscle fibers which extend until the vessels attain about 100 mu in diameter. This coat consists of external longitudinal fibers and internal circular fibers. The vasa vasorum are well developed and the capillaries show pseudofenestrations. The numerous adrenergic and cholinergic nerve endings do not form typical motor end-plates as seen in skeletal muscles. The ultrastructure of these media muscle fibers is similar to that of the rat hearts. The smooth muscle layer of larger pulmonary veins is not continuous as it is in smaller veins where it forms cushions. Comparison of albino rats and other rodents reveal striking differences. Action potential shape and propagation velocity (0.5-1.2 m/s) along the myocardial coat of the pulmonary vein were similar to those observed in the left atrium and so was their sensitivity to locally applied acetylcholine. The physiological direction of propagation in rat pulmonary veins is toward the lung. This fingind lends support to the hypothesis of a rhythmic, valve-like action of the striated musculature of the pulmonary venous wall during the systole and a possible role in the capacitance of the pulmonary circulation.", "contents": "The cardiac muscle in the pulmonary vein of the rat: a morphological and electrophysiological study. The pulmonary veins of albino Wistar rats were studied by means of light and electron microscopy. The media of larger veins consists of cardiac muscle fibers which extend until the vessels attain about 100 mu in diameter. This coat consists of external longitudinal fibers and internal circular fibers. The vasa vasorum are well developed and the capillaries show pseudofenestrations. The numerous adrenergic and cholinergic nerve endings do not form typical motor end-plates as seen in skeletal muscles. The ultrastructure of these media muscle fibers is similar to that of the rat hearts. The smooth muscle layer of larger pulmonary veins is not continuous as it is in smaller veins where it forms cushions. Comparison of albino rats and other rodents reveal striking differences. Action potential shape and propagation velocity (0.5-1.2 m/s) along the myocardial coat of the pulmonary vein were similar to those observed in the left atrium and so was their sensitivity to locally applied acetylcholine. The physiological direction of propagation in rat pulmonary veins is toward the lung. This fingind lends support to the hypothesis of a rhythmic, valve-like action of the striated musculature of the pulmonary venous wall during the systole and a possible role in the capacitance of the pulmonary circulation.", "PMID": 1127702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10131", "title": "Cytological examination of reduction bodies of Corvomeyenia carolinensis Harrison (porifera: spongillidae).", "content": "Freshwater sponges, Corvomeyenia carolinensis Harrison, were placed into tap water to induce degenerative reduction body formation. Reduction bodies were examined using light and electron microscopy in order to define their histochemical and ultrastructural characteristics. The reduction body of freshwater sponges is an extremely simple developmental system consisting primarily of an archeocyte reserve delimited by a simple squamous pinacoderm. The freshwater sponge reduction body displays many similarities to overwintering phases of marine sponges. The system presents an unusually straightforward vehicle for investigations of degeneration and regeneration as processes in developmental biology and may represent a reasonable vehicle in which to examine the process of the genesis of lysosomes.", "contents": "Cytological examination of reduction bodies of Corvomeyenia carolinensis Harrison (porifera: spongillidae). Freshwater sponges, Corvomeyenia carolinensis Harrison, were placed into tap water to induce degenerative reduction body formation. Reduction bodies were examined using light and electron microscopy in order to define their histochemical and ultrastructural characteristics. The reduction body of freshwater sponges is an extremely simple developmental system consisting primarily of an archeocyte reserve delimited by a simple squamous pinacoderm. The freshwater sponge reduction body displays many similarities to overwintering phases of marine sponges. The system presents an unusually straightforward vehicle for investigations of degeneration and regeneration as processes in developmental biology and may represent a reasonable vehicle in which to examine the process of the genesis of lysosomes.", "PMID": 1127703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10132", "title": "Zinc suppression of initiation of sarcoma 180 growth.", "content": "Subcutaneous administration of 80 mug zinc daily to mice that had received an intraperitoneal inoculation of 1 times 10-6 sarcoma 180 cells within the preceding 2 days resulted in protection of up to 60% of the hosts. In animals in which tumors grew, daily injections of zinc did not alter the rate of tumor cell growth. We hypothesized that the metal suppressed initiation of tumor cell reproduction, possibly by stimulation of host defense cell mechanisms.", "contents": "Zinc suppression of initiation of sarcoma 180 growth. Subcutaneous administration of 80 mug zinc daily to mice that had received an intraperitoneal inoculation of 1 times 10-6 sarcoma 180 cells within the preceding 2 days resulted in protection of up to 60% of the hosts. In animals in which tumors grew, daily injections of zinc did not alter the rate of tumor cell growth. We hypothesized that the metal suppressed initiation of tumor cell reproduction, possibly by stimulation of host defense cell mechanisms.", "PMID": 1127712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10133", "title": "Inhibition of dimethylhydrazine-induced neoplasia of the large intestine by disulfiram.", "content": "Disulfiram added to the diet of female CF1 mice inhibited large-bowel neoplasia produced by repeated subcutaneous administrations of dimethylhydrazine (DMH). The mice on a control diet all showed multiple tumors of the large bowel after DMH treatments, whereas there was no evidence of neoplasia in mice given disulfiram.", "contents": "Inhibition of dimethylhydrazine-induced neoplasia of the large intestine by disulfiram. Disulfiram added to the diet of female CF1 mice inhibited large-bowel neoplasia produced by repeated subcutaneous administrations of dimethylhydrazine (DMH). The mice on a control diet all showed multiple tumors of the large bowel after DMH treatments, whereas there was no evidence of neoplasia in mice given disulfiram.", "PMID": 1127713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10134", "title": "Nuclear magnetic resonance studies on human breast dysplasias and neoplasms.", "content": "The ability of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to distinguish normal, diseased non-neoplastic, and neoplastic human breast tissues was investigated with T1 and T2 relaxation times used. The results indicated that NMR relaxation times could distinguish between the mean values of breast neoplasms and other diseased or normal tissues, with P values less than 0.001. Given a single sample, the probability of classifying it nonneoplastic or carcinoma could be accomplished with 85% confidence. For human breast tissues, the relaxation time T2 may be more discriminating that T1. These results support the view that the use of NMR spectroscopy in cancer detection may be of significant value and warrants considerable more interest and effort to determine the beneficial applications and limits of this technology.", "contents": "Nuclear magnetic resonance studies on human breast dysplasias and neoplasms. The ability of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to distinguish normal, diseased non-neoplastic, and neoplastic human breast tissues was investigated with T1 and T2 relaxation times used. The results indicated that NMR relaxation times could distinguish between the mean values of breast neoplasms and other diseased or normal tissues, with P values less than 0.001. Given a single sample, the probability of classifying it nonneoplastic or carcinoma could be accomplished with 85% confidence. For human breast tissues, the relaxation time T2 may be more discriminating that T1. These results support the view that the use of NMR spectroscopy in cancer detection may be of significant value and warrants considerable more interest and effort to determine the beneficial applications and limits of this technology.", "PMID": 1127715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10135", "title": "Magnesium oxide as carrier dust in benzo(a)pyrene-induced lung carcino-genesis in Syrian hamsters.", "content": "The neoplastic progression induced by intratracheal instillation of benzo[a]pyrene (BP) and magnesium oxide (MgO) was compared with that induced by intratracheal instillation of BP and ferric oxide (Fe2O3). BP and MgO produced squamous cell carcinomas and papillomas in the larynx with a latent period as shor as 9 weeks. They also induced many papillomas as well as squamous cell carcinomas and adenocarcinomas in the trachea and a papilloma, squamous cell carcinomas, adenocarcinomas, adenosquamous lesions, and peripheral adenomatoid lesions in the bronchi. They rarely caused tumors in other organs; only a few forestomach papillomas, one melanoma on the dorsal skin, and one ovarian carconoma were seen BP, with Fe2O3 as the carrier, induced a comparable number of histologically similar tumors; however, tumors developed more frequently in the main bronchi. Thus MgO strongly facilitated the tumor-inducing effects of BP, causing tumors in different areas of the respiratory tract, and was as effective as Fe2O3 as a carrier agent in the experimental induction of respiratory tumors.", "contents": "Magnesium oxide as carrier dust in benzo(a)pyrene-induced lung carcino-genesis in Syrian hamsters. The neoplastic progression induced by intratracheal instillation of benzo[a]pyrene (BP) and magnesium oxide (MgO) was compared with that induced by intratracheal instillation of BP and ferric oxide (Fe2O3). BP and MgO produced squamous cell carcinomas and papillomas in the larynx with a latent period as shor as 9 weeks. They also induced many papillomas as well as squamous cell carcinomas and adenocarcinomas in the trachea and a papilloma, squamous cell carcinomas, adenocarcinomas, adenosquamous lesions, and peripheral adenomatoid lesions in the bronchi. They rarely caused tumors in other organs; only a few forestomach papillomas, one melanoma on the dorsal skin, and one ovarian carconoma were seen BP, with Fe2O3 as the carrier, induced a comparable number of histologically similar tumors; however, tumors developed more frequently in the main bronchi. Thus MgO strongly facilitated the tumor-inducing effects of BP, causing tumors in different areas of the respiratory tract, and was as effective as Fe2O3 as a carrier agent in the experimental induction of respiratory tumors.", "PMID": 1127716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10136", "title": "An epizootic in hamsters of lymphomas of undetermined origin and mode of transmission.", "content": "An epizootic of lymphomas arose spontaneously on three occasions in a facility containing both inbred and randombred Syrian hamsters. These tumors developed in approximately half the colony-born hamsters and were horizontally transmissible to those brought into the colony.", "contents": "An epizootic in hamsters of lymphomas of undetermined origin and mode of transmission. An epizootic of lymphomas arose spontaneously on three occasions in a facility containing both inbred and randombred Syrian hamsters. These tumors developed in approximately half the colony-born hamsters and were horizontally transmissible to those brought into the colony.", "PMID": 1127717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10137", "title": "Nonspecific  Immunotherapy of Murine Solid Tumors With Corynebacterium granulosum.", "content": "A single intraperitoneal (ip) or intravenous (iv) injection of Corynebacterium granulosum into C3Hf/Bu mice shortly after subcutaneous (sc) injection of cells from a strongly antigenic syngeneic fibrosarcoma induced by 3-methylcholanthrene caused complete and lasting regressions of 100 and 70% of resulting tumors, respectively. Treatment with this bacterium sc only slightly inhibited the growth of some tumors. C. granulosum given iv to mice 3 days after the sc injection of fibrosarcoma cells caused complete regressions of 39 of 45 tumors; two iv injections with this immunostimulant given 1 month apart were no more effective than a single injection. Intralesional treatment of fibrosarcomas 8 mm in diameter induced complete regressions of tumors in 30% of the animals, whereas sc treatment contralateral to the growing tumor only slightly reduced tumor growth. Intraperitoneal growth of a fibrosarcoma was efficiently controlled (58-80% survival of mice) if C. granulosum was given ip, but not iv, 3 days after inoculation with tumor cells. Again, two injections of C. granulosum (given ip 4 days apart) were only as effective as a single injection. Treatment with C. granulosum iv at 3, 7, 14, or 21 days after sc inoculation of a weakly antigenic, spontaneously arising mammary carcinoma (MC-1) strongly inhibited tumor growth. Three complete but temporary tumor regressions were observed. The subcutaneous growth of another spontaneous mammary carcinoma (MC-2), which contained fairly strong tumor-specific antigen(s), was also significantly inhibited if C. granulosum was given 3,7, or 14 days after, but not 7 days before, tumor cell inoculation. However, pretreatment of mice with the immunostimulant significantly protected the mice against artifically induced pulmonary metastases of this tumor.", "contents": "Nonspecific  Immunotherapy of Murine Solid Tumors With Corynebacterium granulosum. A single intraperitoneal (ip) or intravenous (iv) injection of Corynebacterium granulosum into C3Hf/Bu mice shortly after subcutaneous (sc) injection of cells from a strongly antigenic syngeneic fibrosarcoma induced by 3-methylcholanthrene caused complete and lasting regressions of 100 and 70% of resulting tumors, respectively. Treatment with this bacterium sc only slightly inhibited the growth of some tumors. C. granulosum given iv to mice 3 days after the sc injection of fibrosarcoma cells caused complete regressions of 39 of 45 tumors; two iv injections with this immunostimulant given 1 month apart were no more effective than a single injection. Intralesional treatment of fibrosarcomas 8 mm in diameter induced complete regressions of tumors in 30% of the animals, whereas sc treatment contralateral to the growing tumor only slightly reduced tumor growth. Intraperitoneal growth of a fibrosarcoma was efficiently controlled (58-80% survival of mice) if C. granulosum was given ip, but not iv, 3 days after inoculation with tumor cells. Again, two injections of C. granulosum (given ip 4 days apart) were only as effective as a single injection. Treatment with C. granulosum iv at 3, 7, 14, or 21 days after sc inoculation of a weakly antigenic, spontaneously arising mammary carcinoma (MC-1) strongly inhibited tumor growth. Three complete but temporary tumor regressions were observed. The subcutaneous growth of another spontaneous mammary carcinoma (MC-2), which contained fairly strong tumor-specific antigen(s), was also significantly inhibited if C. granulosum was given 3,7, or 14 days after, but not 7 days before, tumor cell inoculation. However, pretreatment of mice with the immunostimulant significantly protected the mice against artifically induced pulmonary metastases of this tumor.", "PMID": 1127718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10138", "title": "Antigenic changes in cultured murine lymphomas after retransplantation into syngeneic hosts.", "content": "When cultured murine lymphomas were retransplanted into syngeneic hosts, the quantitative representation of H-2 antigens and Moloney leukemia virus-determined cell-surface antigens tended to revert to the antigenic pattern characteristic of the corresponding lines propagated in vivo. In some instances, a complete reversion of both the virus-specific and H-2 antigens was observed after a single passage of cultured lymphoma cells in syngeneic hosts.", "contents": "Antigenic changes in cultured murine lymphomas after retransplantation into syngeneic hosts. When cultured murine lymphomas were retransplanted into syngeneic hosts, the quantitative representation of H-2 antigens and Moloney leukemia virus-determined cell-surface antigens tended to revert to the antigenic pattern characteristic of the corresponding lines propagated in vivo. In some instances, a complete reversion of both the virus-specific and H-2 antigens was observed after a single passage of cultured lymphoma cells in syngeneic hosts.", "PMID": 1127719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10139", "title": "Mouse skin tumorigenesis and induction of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase by tobacco smoke fractions.", "content": "Ten fractions separated from the neutral portion of cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) were tested on mouse skin for tumor-initiating activity and for their capacity to induce the enzyme aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH). Tumor-initiating activity was confined primarily to the fraction containing more than 90% of the polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in CSC. One other PAH-containing fraction was active. The combined initiating effect of these fractions was comparable to that of a 40-ppm solution of benzo[a]pyrene (BP), which is about 40 times the BP content of CSC. Some of the neutral fractions that have been demonstrated to cause tumor promotion in mice pretreated with 7,12-dimethylbenz-[aA1ANTHRACENE sere inactive as tumor initiators. The fractions that contained aromatic hydrocarbons induced mouse skin AHH levels twofold to sixfold after a single topical application. AHH-inducing activity was not, however, a reliable indicator of the carcinogenic potential of a fraction.", "contents": "Mouse skin tumorigenesis and induction of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase by tobacco smoke fractions. Ten fractions separated from the neutral portion of cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) were tested on mouse skin for tumor-initiating activity and for their capacity to induce the enzyme aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH). Tumor-initiating activity was confined primarily to the fraction containing more than 90% of the polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in CSC. One other PAH-containing fraction was active. The combined initiating effect of these fractions was comparable to that of a 40-ppm solution of benzo[a]pyrene (BP), which is about 40 times the BP content of CSC. Some of the neutral fractions that have been demonstrated to cause tumor promotion in mice pretreated with 7,12-dimethylbenz-[aA1ANTHRACENE sere inactive as tumor initiators. The fractions that contained aromatic hydrocarbons induced mouse skin AHH levels twofold to sixfold after a single topical application. AHH-inducing activity was not, however, a reliable indicator of the carcinogenic potential of a fraction.", "PMID": 1127720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10140", "title": "Embryonic inductive tissues that cause histologic differentiation of murine mammary carcinoma in vitro.", "content": "A murine mammary tumor was cultured in vitro for 14 days, either in direct combination with various embryonic murine inductive tissues or separated by a Millipore filter from these tissues. From 456 test cultures and 269 control cultures of tumor alone, morphologic, histochemical, and autoradiographic evidence for cytodifferentiation was obtained in the tumor after exposure to inductive tissues directly or through the filter. There appeared to be a gradient in potency of the inductive tissues; embryonic mammary mesenchyme was the most active of the tissues tested. Tumor growth was not different from that of controls, however, when the cultured, inductive tissue-exposed neoplasm was returned to the murine host.", "contents": "Embryonic inductive tissues that cause histologic differentiation of murine mammary carcinoma in vitro. A murine mammary tumor was cultured in vitro for 14 days, either in direct combination with various embryonic murine inductive tissues or separated by a Millipore filter from these tissues. From 456 test cultures and 269 control cultures of tumor alone, morphologic, histochemical, and autoradiographic evidence for cytodifferentiation was obtained in the tumor after exposure to inductive tissues directly or through the filter. There appeared to be a gradient in potency of the inductive tissues; embryonic mammary mesenchyme was the most active of the tissues tested. Tumor growth was not different from that of controls, however, when the cultured, inductive tissue-exposed neoplasm was returned to the murine host.", "PMID": 1127721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10141", "title": "Prolonged inhibition of mouse epidermal DNA synthesis by dexamethasone.", "content": "The effect of dexamethasone, an anti-inflammatory agent that inhibits skin carcinogenesis, on DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis in mouse epidermis was investigated. Within 1 hour after the topical application of 75 mug dexamethasone to the skin of mice, epidermal DNA synthesis was inhibited drastically and lasted for approximately 5 days, followed by a biphasic stimulation at 7 and 10 days after treatment. Histologically, the skin after dexamethasone treatment revealed only subtle quantitative changes. The dermis was not altered. The epidermal thickness was unchanged, but the nuclei of the epidermal cells were more densely stained and the chromatin was more densely clumped. These changes were present by 12 hours and persisted for 10 days. Both epidermal RNA and protein syntheses were stimulated early, reached a peak of around 180% of controls at 1 hour, but returned to control levels by 3 hours. They were slightly inhibited between 3 and 12 hours after treatment and then returned to control levels. This prolonged inhibition of DNA synthesis by dexamethasone may be related to its anticarcinogenic effect.", "contents": "Prolonged inhibition of mouse epidermal DNA synthesis by dexamethasone. The effect of dexamethasone, an anti-inflammatory agent that inhibits skin carcinogenesis, on DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis in mouse epidermis was investigated. Within 1 hour after the topical application of 75 mug dexamethasone to the skin of mice, epidermal DNA synthesis was inhibited drastically and lasted for approximately 5 days, followed by a biphasic stimulation at 7 and 10 days after treatment. Histologically, the skin after dexamethasone treatment revealed only subtle quantitative changes. The dermis was not altered. The epidermal thickness was unchanged, but the nuclei of the epidermal cells were more densely stained and the chromatin was more densely clumped. These changes were present by 12 hours and persisted for 10 days. Both epidermal RNA and protein syntheses were stimulated early, reached a peak of around 180% of controls at 1 hour, but returned to control levels by 3 hours. They were slightly inhibited between 3 and 12 hours after treatment and then returned to control levels. This prolonged inhibition of DNA synthesis by dexamethasone may be related to its anticarcinogenic effect.", "PMID": 1127722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10142", "title": "Carcinogenic effects of Di-n-propylnitrosamine, beta-hydroxypropyl-n-propylnitrosamine, and methyl-n-propylnitrosamine on Sprague-Dawlay rats.", "content": "The carcinogenic effects of di-n-propylnitrosamine and its two related compounds, beta-hydroxypropyl-n-propylnitrosamine (HPPN) and methyl-n-propylnitrosamine (MPN), were tested in rats and compared. All three substances induced neoplasms in the nasal and paranasal cavities, esophagus, and liver. MPN treatment caused the highest tumor incidence in the esophagus, whereas HPPN induced the most hepatic tumors.", "contents": "Carcinogenic effects of Di-n-propylnitrosamine, beta-hydroxypropyl-n-propylnitrosamine, and methyl-n-propylnitrosamine on Sprague-Dawlay rats. The carcinogenic effects of di-n-propylnitrosamine and its two related compounds, beta-hydroxypropyl-n-propylnitrosamine (HPPN) and methyl-n-propylnitrosamine (MPN), were tested in rats and compared. All three substances induced neoplasms in the nasal and paranasal cavities, esophagus, and liver. MPN treatment caused the highest tumor incidence in the esophagus, whereas HPPN induced the most hepatic tumors.", "PMID": 1127723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10143", "title": "Carcinogenicity of the antineoplastic agent, 5-(3,3-dimethyl-1-triazeno)-imidazole-4-carboxamide, and its metabolites in rats.", "content": "Chronic oral administration of the antineoplastic agent, 5-(3,3-dimethyl-1-triazeno)imidazole-4-carboxamide (NSC-45388, DTIC), induced predominantly thymic and mammary tumors as demonstrated previously. Male and female Sprague-Dawley and female Buffalo rats were susceptible to the carcinogenicity of DTIC. A 50% incidence of mammary adenocarcinomas was induced in males within 18 weeks. Type of tumor and tumor incidence were dose dependent. Single and multiple intraperitoneal injections of DTIC did not alter organ specificity. DTIC-induced thymic lymphosarcomas and mammary adenocarcinomas were transplantable. Tissue distribution studies revealed no correlation between uptake of DTIC by a given tissue and its susceptibility to carcinogenicity. Metabolites of DTIC were tested for carcinogenic activity. Animals administered 5-diazoimidazole-4-carboxamide orally, intraperitoneally, or intragastrically developed low incidences of thymic, stomach, bladder, or mammary tumors. A low incidence of mammary tumors developed in rats fed 2-azahypoxanthine. A variety of tumors, including several ependymoblastomas, were induced in rats that received 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide orally. 5-(3-Methyl-1-triazeno)imidazole-4-carboxamide (MTIC), when fed or given in single or multiple intraperitoneal injections, induced a high incidence of mammary adenofibromas and a low incidence of uterine leiomyosarcomas. Control rats had low incidences of mammary adenocarcinomas and adenofibromas after 52 weeks. These data show that the carcinogenic properties of DTIC resemble those of carcinogenic N-nitroso compounds, hydrazine, azo, and azoxy-alkanes and aryltriazenes and thus suggest similar mechanism(s) of action. These data also indicate that MTIC is involved in the induction of mammary adenofibromas and uterine leiomyosarcomas by DTIC.", "contents": "Carcinogenicity of the antineoplastic agent, 5-(3,3-dimethyl-1-triazeno)-imidazole-4-carboxamide, and its metabolites in rats. Chronic oral administration of the antineoplastic agent, 5-(3,3-dimethyl-1-triazeno)imidazole-4-carboxamide (NSC-45388, DTIC), induced predominantly thymic and mammary tumors as demonstrated previously. Male and female Sprague-Dawley and female Buffalo rats were susceptible to the carcinogenicity of DTIC. A 50% incidence of mammary adenocarcinomas was induced in males within 18 weeks. Type of tumor and tumor incidence were dose dependent. Single and multiple intraperitoneal injections of DTIC did not alter organ specificity. DTIC-induced thymic lymphosarcomas and mammary adenocarcinomas were transplantable. Tissue distribution studies revealed no correlation between uptake of DTIC by a given tissue and its susceptibility to carcinogenicity. Metabolites of DTIC were tested for carcinogenic activity. Animals administered 5-diazoimidazole-4-carboxamide orally, intraperitoneally, or intragastrically developed low incidences of thymic, stomach, bladder, or mammary tumors. A low incidence of mammary tumors developed in rats fed 2-azahypoxanthine. A variety of tumors, including several ependymoblastomas, were induced in rats that received 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide orally. 5-(3-Methyl-1-triazeno)imidazole-4-carboxamide (MTIC), when fed or given in single or multiple intraperitoneal injections, induced a high incidence of mammary adenofibromas and a low incidence of uterine leiomyosarcomas. Control rats had low incidences of mammary adenocarcinomas and adenofibromas after 52 weeks. These data show that the carcinogenic properties of DTIC resemble those of carcinogenic N-nitroso compounds, hydrazine, azo, and azoxy-alkanes and aryltriazenes and thus suggest similar mechanism(s) of action. These data also indicate that MTIC is involved in the induction of mammary adenofibromas and uterine leiomyosarcomas by DTIC.", "PMID": 1127724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10144", "title": "Sequential studies of serum blocking activity in rats bearing chemically induced primary bowel tumors.", "content": "Colon and small-bowel tumors were induced in WF rats by treatment with one of three chemical carcinogens. Tumor occurrence and growth were monitored by multiple double-contrast examinations. Roentgenologic diagnoses and histologic examination of tumors were verified at tumor resection or autopsy. Serial serum samples from each of 11 rats were tested in microcytotoxicity assays for their ability to block the cytotoxicity of lymph node cells from rats with isografts of colon carcinoma NG-W1 against NG-W1 target cells. Sera from all tumor-bearing rats demonstrated specific blocking activity. With two exceptions, serum blocking activity preceded roentgenologic evidence of tumor. Sera of the 2 exceptional rats lacked blocking 2 and 8 weeks before tumor detection, respectively. The sera of only one animal specifically inhibited lymphocyte cytotoxicity despite consistently negative double-contrast examinations. At autopsy this rat was found to have an adenocarcinoma of the distal rectum, impossible to visualize by the roentgenologic technique used. In serum samples obtained from animals after successful tumor excision and with no radiologic evidence of recurrence, blocking activity could no longer be demonstrated. Rats that had received carcinogen but developed no tumor and had no abnormalities on double-contrast examination demonstrated no serum blocking activity.", "contents": "Sequential studies of serum blocking activity in rats bearing chemically induced primary bowel tumors. Colon and small-bowel tumors were induced in WF rats by treatment with one of three chemical carcinogens. Tumor occurrence and growth were monitored by multiple double-contrast examinations. Roentgenologic diagnoses and histologic examination of tumors were verified at tumor resection or autopsy. Serial serum samples from each of 11 rats were tested in microcytotoxicity assays for their ability to block the cytotoxicity of lymph node cells from rats with isografts of colon carcinoma NG-W1 against NG-W1 target cells. Sera from all tumor-bearing rats demonstrated specific blocking activity. With two exceptions, serum blocking activity preceded roentgenologic evidence of tumor. Sera of the 2 exceptional rats lacked blocking 2 and 8 weeks before tumor detection, respectively. The sera of only one animal specifically inhibited lymphocyte cytotoxicity despite consistently negative double-contrast examinations. At autopsy this rat was found to have an adenocarcinoma of the distal rectum, impossible to visualize by the roentgenologic technique used. In serum samples obtained from animals after successful tumor excision and with no radiologic evidence of recurrence, blocking activity could no longer be demonstrated. Rats that had received carcinogen but developed no tumor and had no abnormalities on double-contrast examination demonstrated no serum blocking activity.", "PMID": 1127725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10145", "title": "Carcinogenicity of three dose levels of 1,4-Bis(4-fluorophenyl)-2-propynyl-N-cyclooctyl carbamate in male Sprague-Dawley and F344 rats.", "content": "Feeding 1,4-bis(fluorophenyl)-2-propynyl-N-cyclooctyl carbamate to F344 or Sprague-Dawley male rats at 125-500 ppm in the diet led to many carcinomas of the small intestine and ear duct (Zymbal's gland tumors) in addition to lymphomas and leukemias. A high incidence of mammary adenocarcinomas was found in the Sprague-Dawley rats. Only a few colon or liver tumors were observed in each strain.", "contents": "Carcinogenicity of three dose levels of 1,4-Bis(4-fluorophenyl)-2-propynyl-N-cyclooctyl carbamate in male Sprague-Dawley and F344 rats. Feeding 1,4-bis(fluorophenyl)-2-propynyl-N-cyclooctyl carbamate to F344 or Sprague-Dawley male rats at 125-500 ppm in the diet led to many carcinomas of the small intestine and ear duct (Zymbal's gland tumors) in addition to lymphomas and leukemias. A high incidence of mammary adenocarcinomas was found in the Sprague-Dawley rats. Only a few colon or liver tumors were observed in each strain.", "PMID": 1127726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10146", "title": "Cytotoxic and oncogenic activities of 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-ethane and metabolites to mouse embryo cells in culture.", "content": "The cytotoxic and oncogenic activities of 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT), and its metabolites 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDD), 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene (DDE), and bis(p-chlorophenyl)acetic acid, were studies at various equimolar concentrations in an in vitro mouse embryo cell culture system that was malignantly transformable. DDD was the most active compound in producing transformation, whereas DDT and DDE showed slight activity. However, none of the transformed foci had the typical malignantly transformed morphology produced by 7,12-dimethylben[a]anthracene and did not produce tumors when inoculated into syngeneic mice.", "contents": "Cytotoxic and oncogenic activities of 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-ethane and metabolites to mouse embryo cells in culture. The cytotoxic and oncogenic activities of 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT), and its metabolites 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDD), 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene (DDE), and bis(p-chlorophenyl)acetic acid, were studies at various equimolar concentrations in an in vitro mouse embryo cell culture system that was malignantly transformable. DDD was the most active compound in producing transformation, whereas DDT and DDE showed slight activity. However, none of the transformed foci had the typical malignantly transformed morphology produced by 7,12-dimethylben[a]anthracene and did not produce tumors when inoculated into syngeneic mice.", "PMID": 1127727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10147", "title": "Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase induction in rat tissues by naturally occurring indoles of cruciferous plants.", "content": "A phytochemical investigation to identify inducers of increased aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) activity from three cruciferous vegetables, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, and cauliflower, resulted in the identification of indole-3-acetonitrile, indole-3-carbinol, and 3,3'-diindolylmethane as naturally occurring inducers. These compounds are produced during the hydrolysis of indolyl-methyl glucosinolate by the plant enzyme myrosinase.", "contents": "Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase induction in rat tissues by naturally occurring indoles of cruciferous plants. A phytochemical investigation to identify inducers of increased aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) activity from three cruciferous vegetables, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, and cauliflower, resulted in the identification of indole-3-acetonitrile, indole-3-carbinol, and 3,3'-diindolylmethane as naturally occurring inducers. These compounds are produced during the hydrolysis of indolyl-methyl glucosinolate by the plant enzyme myrosinase.", "PMID": 1127728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10148", "title": "Tumor suppression by pyran copolymer: correlation with production of cytotoxic macrophages.", "content": "Intraperitoneal administration of pyran copolymer (pyran-2-succinic anhydride-4,5-dicarboxytetrahydro-6-methylanhydride polymer) protected C3H/HeN male mice against tumor development after intradermal challenge with cells of the transplantable, methylcholanthrene-induced, syngeneic fibrosarcoma 1038. Peritoneal cells from pyran-treated but not from normal animals suppressed tumor development in local passive-transfer experiments. Adherent peritoneal cells from pyran-treated mice were cytotoxic in vitro to several syngeneic murine tumor cell lines including 1038.", "contents": "Tumor suppression by pyran copolymer: correlation with production of cytotoxic macrophages. Intraperitoneal administration of pyran copolymer (pyran-2-succinic anhydride-4,5-dicarboxytetrahydro-6-methylanhydride polymer) protected C3H/HeN male mice against tumor development after intradermal challenge with cells of the transplantable, methylcholanthrene-induced, syngeneic fibrosarcoma 1038. Peritoneal cells from pyran-treated but not from normal animals suppressed tumor development in local passive-transfer experiments. Adherent peritoneal cells from pyran-treated mice were cytotoxic in vitro to several syngeneic murine tumor cell lines including 1038.", "PMID": 1127729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10149", "title": "Inhibitory effect of interferon on multiplication of Friend leukemia cells in vivo.", "content": "The multiplication of Friend leukemia cells in the spleens of irradiated or nonirradiated histocompatible DBA/2 mice was determined by the uptake of 125-5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine. The multiplication was inhibited by daily treatment with mouse interferon preparations or the interferon inducer, Newcastle disease virus. Since, under the experimental conditions used, the proliferation of the Friend leukemia cells was independent of the replication of the Friend virus, the inhibitory effect of interferon might not be mediated by an antiviral effect but by some other mechanism.", "contents": "Inhibitory effect of interferon on multiplication of Friend leukemia cells in vivo. The multiplication of Friend leukemia cells in the spleens of irradiated or nonirradiated histocompatible DBA/2 mice was determined by the uptake of 125-5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine. The multiplication was inhibited by daily treatment with mouse interferon preparations or the interferon inducer, Newcastle disease virus. Since, under the experimental conditions used, the proliferation of the Friend leukemia cells was independent of the replication of the Friend virus, the inhibitory effect of interferon might not be mediated by an antiviral effect but by some other mechanism.", "PMID": 1127730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10150", "title": "Inhibition of metastasis in rats immunized with xenogenized autologous tumor cells after excision of the primary tumor.", "content": "Subcutaneously transplanted 3-methylcholanthrene-induced KMT-17 tumor in WKA rats yielded not only a local solid tumor but also frequent metastases in regional lymph nodes. Neither active immunization with xenogenized identical tumor cells nor surgical excision of the solid tumor prohibited the metastases when each treatment was given 4 days after tumor transplantation. However, immunization combined with surgery significantly decreased the metastases and prolonged survival.", "contents": "Inhibition of metastasis in rats immunized with xenogenized autologous tumor cells after excision of the primary tumor. Subcutaneously transplanted 3-methylcholanthrene-induced KMT-17 tumor in WKA rats yielded not only a local solid tumor but also frequent metastases in regional lymph nodes. Neither active immunization with xenogenized identical tumor cells nor surgical excision of the solid tumor prohibited the metastases when each treatment was given 4 days after tumor transplantation. However, immunization combined with surgery significantly decreased the metastases and prolonged survival.", "PMID": 1127731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10151", "title": "Hormonal  status of breast cancer. I. Thoretical basis for the analysis of steroid profile.", "content": "Gas-liquid chromatography was applied to the analysis of urinary steroids of women. In the statistical analysis, quantitation of all steroid excretions and ratios among them were transformed to give a normal frequency distribution. The influence of the host's age and the menstrual cycle on 24 hours' excretion was investigated for each of 14 identified neutral steroids, of which four  in our fraction 2 (11-hydroxyandrosterone, 11-hydroxyetiocholanolone, pregnanediol, and pregnanetriol) were menstruation dependent. The 14 neutral steroid excretions were generally correlated with one another within the host, and the use of a steroid ratio rather than quantitation of steroid excretion was often more sensitive in the characterization of the hormonal status.", "contents": "Hormonal  status of breast cancer. I. Thoretical basis for the analysis of steroid profile. Gas-liquid chromatography was applied to the analysis of urinary steroids of women. In the statistical analysis, quantitation of all steroid excretions and ratios among them were transformed to give a normal frequency distribution. The influence of the host's age and the menstrual cycle on 24 hours' excretion was investigated for each of 14 identified neutral steroids, of which four  in our fraction 2 (11-hydroxyandrosterone, 11-hydroxyetiocholanolone, pregnanediol, and pregnanetriol) were menstruation dependent. The 14 neutral steroid excretions were generally correlated with one another within the host, and the use of a steroid ratio rather than quantitation of steroid excretion was often more sensitive in the characterization of the hormonal status.", "PMID": 1127732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10152", "title": "Social class differences among patients with large-bowel cancer in Cali, Colombia.", "content": "The incidence of large-bowel cancer in Cali, Colombia, for 1962-71 shows the upper socioeconomic classes to be a higher risk. This is the first report of a socioeconomic gradient in risk for this site. The gradients were most marked for cancer of the ascending through rectosigmoid colon and were minimal for cancer of the cecum and rectum. The Cali experience presents several parallels with information derived from comparisons of developed and developing countries and also appears consistent with recent information on the possible role of dietary factors in bowel cancer.", "contents": "Social class differences among patients with large-bowel cancer in Cali, Colombia. The incidence of large-bowel cancer in Cali, Colombia, for 1962-71 shows the upper socioeconomic classes to be a higher risk. This is the first report of a socioeconomic gradient in risk for this site. The gradients were most marked for cancer of the ascending through rectosigmoid colon and were minimal for cancer of the cecum and rectum. The Cali experience presents several parallels with information derived from comparisons of developed and developing countries and also appears consistent with recent information on the possible role of dietary factors in bowel cancer.", "PMID": 1127733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10153", "title": "Characterization of human maligant melanoma cell lines. I. Morphology and growth characteristics in culture.", "content": "Seven human malignant melanoma lines were maintained in vitro for various periods of time. One line, established in this laboratory from a metastatic solid tumor by repeated treatment of the primary outgrowth with 0.02 percent EDTA, allowed a continuous culture of melanoma cells free of fibroblasts. By light microscopy, cells in each line could be classified into one of three morphologic types: elongated dendritic, cuboidal, or triangular dendritic. Four of the seven lines exhibited various degrees of pigmentation. The growth pattern was determined by plating efficiency and saturation density for each line. Cytogenetic analysis with the fluorescent banding technique revealed only human chromosomes with gross aneuploidy. Major marker chromosomes specific for each line were identified. None of the parameters studied showed any correlation or interdependence with one another, except for an association of elongated dendritic morphology with poor plating efficiency and low saturation density.", "contents": "Characterization of human maligant melanoma cell lines. I. Morphology and growth characteristics in culture. Seven human malignant melanoma lines were maintained in vitro for various periods of time. One line, established in this laboratory from a metastatic solid tumor by repeated treatment of the primary outgrowth with 0.02 percent EDTA, allowed a continuous culture of melanoma cells free of fibroblasts. By light microscopy, cells in each line could be classified into one of three morphologic types: elongated dendritic, cuboidal, or triangular dendritic. Four of the seven lines exhibited various degrees of pigmentation. The growth pattern was determined by plating efficiency and saturation density for each line. Cytogenetic analysis with the fluorescent banding technique revealed only human chromosomes with gross aneuploidy. Major marker chromosomes specific for each line were identified. None of the parameters studied showed any correlation or interdependence with one another, except for an association of elongated dendritic morphology with poor plating efficiency and low saturation density.", "PMID": 1127734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10154", "title": "Circulating interferon in man after administration of exogenous human leukocyte interferon.", "content": "Interferon was measured at different intervals after the iv, sc, and im application of exogenous human leukocyte interferon to patients with various virus diseases or neoplasms. Interferon injected iv into patients had a half-life of about 15 minutes in the 1st hour and of about 90 minutes in the next 3 hours. Six hours after iv injection of 30 million U, no serum interferon was detectable. With a continuous iv infusion, a relatively high serum interferon level was reached. By the im administration of 1 million U interferon, a peak level of serum interferon (mean value 107 U/ml serum) occurred after 2 hours and was fairly stable for about 6 hours. Twenty-four hours after im application, a low level of serum interferon was still detectable. Similar results were found after sc interferon injections. In a patient with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, no interferon was found in the cerebrospinal fluid at the time of the highest serum interferon level and 24 hours after two im interferon injections. Only minimal side reactions resulted from sc and im interferon injections. In one patient, a shock reaction occurred after iv application. For therapeutic trials, about 1 million U exogenous human interferon should be injected twice daily im or sc.", "contents": "Circulating interferon in man after administration of exogenous human leukocyte interferon. Interferon was measured at different intervals after the iv, sc, and im application of exogenous human leukocyte interferon to patients with various virus diseases or neoplasms. Interferon injected iv into patients had a half-life of about 15 minutes in the 1st hour and of about 90 minutes in the next 3 hours. Six hours after iv injection of 30 million U, no serum interferon was detectable. With a continuous iv infusion, a relatively high serum interferon level was reached. By the im administration of 1 million U interferon, a peak level of serum interferon (mean value 107 U/ml serum) occurred after 2 hours and was fairly stable for about 6 hours. Twenty-four hours after im application, a low level of serum interferon was still detectable. Similar results were found after sc interferon injections. In a patient with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, no interferon was found in the cerebrospinal fluid at the time of the highest serum interferon level and 24 hours after two im interferon injections. Only minimal side reactions resulted from sc and im interferon injections. In one patient, a shock reaction occurred after iv application. For therapeutic trials, about 1 million U exogenous human interferon should be injected twice daily im or sc.", "PMID": 1127735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10155", "title": "Tryptophanase of fecal flora as a possible factor in the etiology of colon cancer.", "content": "Twenty-three strains of intestinal anaerobes obtained from two laboratories were examined for indole production from tryptophan. Among the 23 isolates tested, three of Bacteroides fragilis thetaiotaomicron and one Citrobacter sp. were indole positive. The tryptophanase of the indole-positive strains of intestinal anaerobes was inducible by tryptophan and was susceptible to glucose repression. The products of tryptophanase activity were formed in stoichiometric amounts by dialyzed, freshly prepared extracts. The tryptophan concentration and tryptophanase activity in feces from rats on an all-meat diet were significantly higher than those in feces from rats on a normal diet. The results indicated that the higher tryptophanase activity in the feces of rats fed an all-meat diet is due to the inducibility of this enzyme by tryptophan and is not due to any inhibitor in the feces of rats on a normal diet. The results also suggested that a population with a diet rich in meat has a greater chance for exposure to possible carcinogens such as indole and other tryptophan metabolites. This agrees with the hypothesis, based on epidemiologic data, that a high intake of meat may be related to the development of colon cancer in man.", "contents": "Tryptophanase of fecal flora as a possible factor in the etiology of colon cancer. Twenty-three strains of intestinal anaerobes obtained from two laboratories were examined for indole production from tryptophan. Among the 23 isolates tested, three of Bacteroides fragilis thetaiotaomicron and one Citrobacter sp. were indole positive. The tryptophanase of the indole-positive strains of intestinal anaerobes was inducible by tryptophan and was susceptible to glucose repression. The products of tryptophanase activity were formed in stoichiometric amounts by dialyzed, freshly prepared extracts. The tryptophan concentration and tryptophanase activity in feces from rats on an all-meat diet were significantly higher than those in feces from rats on a normal diet. The results indicated that the higher tryptophanase activity in the feces of rats fed an all-meat diet is due to the inducibility of this enzyme by tryptophan and is not due to any inhibitor in the feces of rats on a normal diet. The results also suggested that a population with a diet rich in meat has a greater chance for exposure to possible carcinogens such as indole and other tryptophan metabolites. This agrees with the hypothesis, based on epidemiologic data, that a high intake of meat may be related to the development of colon cancer in man.", "PMID": 1127736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10156", "title": "In vitro culture of cells isolate from dimethylnitrosamine-induced renal mesenchymal tumors of  the rat. I. Qualitative morphology.", "content": "The in vitro morphology of cells isolated from renal mesenchymal tumors induced in rats by a single ip injection of dimethylnitrosamine was followed in short- and long-term culture. The morphology of cells isolated from normal rat-kidney cortex was studied for comparison. Primary tumor-cell isolates consisted of a range of mesenchymal cell forms interspersed between discrete, homogeneous islands of cohesive epithelium-like cells. The latter were presumably derived from renal parenchyma that had been engulfed within the in vivo neoplasm by proliferating tumor cells, since this epithelial component did not survive serial subculture. Established tumor cell lines consisted of a pleomorphic range of mesenchymal forms resembling the descriptions of various cell types in vitro, including fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, and endothelial cells. A range of mesenchymal cell forms in culture therefore correlated with the heterogeneous histologic nature of the in vivo neoplasm in which fibroblasts, smooth muscle fibers, and endothelium-like cells were also represented. Multinucleate or polymorphonuclear giant cells were characteristic of tumor cell cultures, whereas large, expanded polygonal cells with longitudinal striations were characteristic of normal kidney cell cultures. Some tumor cell cultures were typified by cells with cytoplasmic vacuolation and some by the acquisition of an epithelioid form at high cell density, a change not preceded by islands of cohesive, epithelium-like cells at preconfluent stages.", "contents": "In vitro culture of cells isolate from dimethylnitrosamine-induced renal mesenchymal tumors of  the rat. I. Qualitative morphology. The in vitro morphology of cells isolated from renal mesenchymal tumors induced in rats by a single ip injection of dimethylnitrosamine was followed in short- and long-term culture. The morphology of cells isolated from normal rat-kidney cortex was studied for comparison. Primary tumor-cell isolates consisted of a range of mesenchymal cell forms interspersed between discrete, homogeneous islands of cohesive epithelium-like cells. The latter were presumably derived from renal parenchyma that had been engulfed within the in vivo neoplasm by proliferating tumor cells, since this epithelial component did not survive serial subculture. Established tumor cell lines consisted of a pleomorphic range of mesenchymal forms resembling the descriptions of various cell types in vitro, including fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, and endothelial cells. A range of mesenchymal cell forms in culture therefore correlated with the heterogeneous histologic nature of the in vivo neoplasm in which fibroblasts, smooth muscle fibers, and endothelium-like cells were also represented. Multinucleate or polymorphonuclear giant cells were characteristic of tumor cell cultures, whereas large, expanded polygonal cells with longitudinal striations were characteristic of normal kidney cell cultures. Some tumor cell cultures were typified by cells with cytoplasmic vacuolation and some by the acquisition of an epithelioid form at high cell density, a change not preceded by islands of cohesive, epithelium-like cells at preconfluent stages.", "PMID": 1127737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10157", "title": "Morphology and morphogenesis of experimental epithelial tumors of the intestine.", "content": "In a morphogenetic study of experimental tumors of the intestine, 556 male noninbred albino rats were given weekly sc injections of 21 mg 1, 2-dimethylhydrazine dihydrochloride/kg body weight and were killed at different intervals (10-70 rats/wk) after the beginning of treatment. Intestinal carcinomas developed in almost all rats surviving 5 months after the beginning of the experiment. In addition, intestinal tumors induced in 800 rats  of both sexes were examined. Tumor development began with a widening of the proliferative zone within the crypts, an indication of enterocyte differentiation disorders. The ensuing in situ carcinoma became superficial cancer capable of invading the lamina propria of the mucosa. Its continued growth caused the tumor to penetrate the tunica muscularis mucosae into the underlying layers of the intestinal wall. Thus experimental intestinal adenocarcinomas developed de novo or, at least, were not preceded by adenomatous polyps. Signet-ring cell carcinomas began with the accumulation of goblet cells in cells of signet-ring appearance; later they ruptured the basal membrane and infiltrated the surrounding tissues. The proposed scheme of morphogenesis of experimental tumors was correlated with current concepts of rectal tumor development in man.", "contents": "Morphology and morphogenesis of experimental epithelial tumors of the intestine. In a morphogenetic study of experimental tumors of the intestine, 556 male noninbred albino rats were given weekly sc injections of 21 mg 1, 2-dimethylhydrazine dihydrochloride/kg body weight and were killed at different intervals (10-70 rats/wk) after the beginning of treatment. Intestinal carcinomas developed in almost all rats surviving 5 months after the beginning of the experiment. In addition, intestinal tumors induced in 800 rats  of both sexes were examined. Tumor development began with a widening of the proliferative zone within the crypts, an indication of enterocyte differentiation disorders. The ensuing in situ carcinoma became superficial cancer capable of invading the lamina propria of the mucosa. Its continued growth caused the tumor to penetrate the tunica muscularis mucosae into the underlying layers of the intestinal wall. Thus experimental intestinal adenocarcinomas developed de novo or, at least, were not preceded by adenomatous polyps. Signet-ring cell carcinomas began with the accumulation of goblet cells in cells of signet-ring appearance; later they ruptured the basal membrane and infiltrated the surrounding tissues. The proposed scheme of morphogenesis of experimental tumors was correlated with current concepts of rectal tumor development in man.", "PMID": 1127738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10158", "title": "Foreign-body tumorigenesis by vinyl chloride vinyl acetate copolymer: no evidence for chemical cocarcinogenesis.", "content": "We investigated whether vinyl chloride monomers, released from implants of vinyl chloride vinyl acetate copolymer (VCA), exerted cocarcinogenic activity and added thereby to the mechanism of foreign-body (FB) tumorigenesis. CBA/H and CBA/H-T6 mice were used. No evidence was found to indicate that chemical carcinogenic activity partakes in tumorigenesis by VCA implants. Hence it was concluded that VCA plastic is not suitable for the study of the combined process of FB/chemical cocarcinogenesis. Furthermore, experimental results obtained with VCA film implants were representative of FB tumorigenesis in the absence of demonstrable chemical carcinogenic activity.", "contents": "Foreign-body tumorigenesis by vinyl chloride vinyl acetate copolymer: no evidence for chemical cocarcinogenesis. We investigated whether vinyl chloride monomers, released from implants of vinyl chloride vinyl acetate copolymer (VCA), exerted cocarcinogenic activity and added thereby to the mechanism of foreign-body (FB) tumorigenesis. CBA/H and CBA/H-T6 mice were used. No evidence was found to indicate that chemical carcinogenic activity partakes in tumorigenesis by VCA implants. Hence it was concluded that VCA plastic is not suitable for the study of the combined process of FB/chemical cocarcinogenesis. Furthermore, experimental results obtained with VCA film implants were representative of FB tumorigenesis in the absence of demonstrable chemical carcinogenic activity.", "PMID": 1127739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10159", "title": "Valley triage: an approach to mass casuality care.", "content": "Organizations prepared to respond to war, fire, flood, earthquake, or attack are essential for effective disaster control. \"Valley Triage\" the San Fernando Valley Medical Triage Team in Los Angeles, was formed to meet this need. The team is a mobile medical unit staffed by physicians and coordinated with civilian and military emergency services. It incorporates innovative means of communication, transportation, equipment, and training. The primary aim of Valley Triage is to provide on-site medical attention to disaster victims, and to coordinate their transfer to adequately staffed and equipped hospitals. Valley Triage offers a new approach to disaster management and can serve as a model for the development of other teams throughout the nation.", "contents": "Valley triage: an approach to mass casuality care. Organizations prepared to respond to war, fire, flood, earthquake, or attack are essential for effective disaster control. \"Valley Triage\" the San Fernando Valley Medical Triage Team in Los Angeles, was formed to meet this need. The team is a mobile medical unit staffed by physicians and coordinated with civilian and military emergency services. It incorporates innovative means of communication, transportation, equipment, and training. The primary aim of Valley Triage is to provide on-site medical attention to disaster victims, and to coordinate their transfer to adequately staffed and equipped hospitals. Valley Triage offers a new approach to disaster management and can serve as a model for the development of other teams throughout the nation.", "PMID": 1127742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10160", "title": "Spontaneous delayed splenic rupture--case report of a five-year interval between trauma and diagnosis.", "content": "A 27-year-old white man was admitted in shock with a tender distended abdomen 5 years following significant thoraco-abdominal trauma. Immediately following resuscitation he had an emergency exploratory laparotomy because of his critical condition. At operation 3 liters of old and fresh blood were present intraperitoneally and the spleen was ruptured. The spleen was surrounded by and adherent to the omentum and adjacent viscera. Splenectomy was performed and recovery was uneventful. Histologic examination of the spleen confirmed the 5-year interval between injury and rupture. Delayed splenic rupture accounts for 14% of all splenic injuries and has a high mortality. This case represents the longest reported delay between splenic trauma and delayed rupture.", "contents": "Spontaneous delayed splenic rupture--case report of a five-year interval between trauma and diagnosis. A 27-year-old white man was admitted in shock with a tender distended abdomen 5 years following significant thoraco-abdominal trauma. Immediately following resuscitation he had an emergency exploratory laparotomy because of his critical condition. At operation 3 liters of old and fresh blood were present intraperitoneally and the spleen was ruptured. The spleen was surrounded by and adherent to the omentum and adjacent viscera. Splenectomy was performed and recovery was uneventful. Histologic examination of the spleen confirmed the 5-year interval between injury and rupture. Delayed splenic rupture accounts for 14% of all splenic injuries and has a high mortality. This case represents the longest reported delay between splenic trauma and delayed rupture.", "PMID": 1127747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10161", "title": "Disruption of the renal pelvis by blunt trauma.", "content": "Blunt trauma to the renal pelvis is exceedingly rare and such trauma of the ureter is only slightly more common. A tetrad of radiologic findings should suggest the diagnosis when there is a high index of suspicion. It would seem that early surgical treatment would be the preferred program but in the face of serious associated trauma there is little lost by waiting. Nineteen days elapsed between injury and repair in this case. That duration may be excessive, but as shown in this case the result was excellent and the patient's retroperitoneum was never infected. We do not advocate a purposeful delay of this duration but on the other hand there is no reason to assume that it is particularly harmful.", "contents": "Disruption of the renal pelvis by blunt trauma. Blunt trauma to the renal pelvis is exceedingly rare and such trauma of the ureter is only slightly more common. A tetrad of radiologic findings should suggest the diagnosis when there is a high index of suspicion. It would seem that early surgical treatment would be the preferred program but in the face of serious associated trauma there is little lost by waiting. Nineteen days elapsed between injury and repair in this case. That duration may be excessive, but as shown in this case the result was excellent and the patient's retroperitoneum was never infected. We do not advocate a purposeful delay of this duration but on the other hand there is no reason to assume that it is particularly harmful.", "PMID": 1127748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10162", "title": "Hepatostomy for central hepatic hematomas.", "content": "Two patients with central hepatic hematomas are presented. Hepatostomy tube drainage provided prompt healing of the cavities without complications. The technique is presented as a safe and effective alternative to hepatic resection without compromising the established principles of management.", "contents": "Hepatostomy for central hepatic hematomas. Two patients with central hepatic hematomas are presented. Hepatostomy tube drainage provided prompt healing of the cavities without complications. The technique is presented as a safe and effective alternative to hepatic resection without compromising the established principles of management.", "PMID": 1127752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10163", "title": "Diazepam hypnosis for orthipaedic manipulations.", "content": "In this study, intravenous diazepam was a convenient, safe, and entirely adequate replacement of anesthesia for orthopaedia manipulations. It was administered in the hospital emergency room to both healthy and ill patients. A wide age range of patients was treated, and many very difficult reductions were accomplished. It is the author's firm opinion, however, that the physician using this technique should be capable of using emergency respiratory resuscitation equipment and that such equipment should be immediately available. Close attention should be paid to the recomended method of drug administration and the physician should be congnizant of potential complications.", "contents": "Diazepam hypnosis for orthipaedic manipulations. In this study, intravenous diazepam was a convenient, safe, and entirely adequate replacement of anesthesia for orthopaedia manipulations. It was administered in the hospital emergency room to both healthy and ill patients. A wide age range of patients was treated, and many very difficult reductions were accomplished. It is the author's firm opinion, however, that the physician using this technique should be capable of using emergency respiratory resuscitation equipment and that such equipment should be immediately available. Close attention should be paid to the recomended method of drug administration and the physician should be congnizant of potential complications.", "PMID": 1127753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10164", "title": "Electrical burns of the mouth in children; a method for assessing results.", "content": "A retrospective study has been reported of a 15-year experience with electrical burns of the mouth in children. Addtionally, a method has been described by which the surgical results to date can be measured. It seems that the means of initial treatment (excision vs. conservative) does not influence the final results, but rather the extent of injury is probably the crucial factor. Because of a high incidence of significant bleeding from the labial artery, and the concept of early wound excision to diminish late scaring, we continus to favor initial delayed primary excision.", "contents": "Electrical burns of the mouth in children; a method for assessing results. A retrospective study has been reported of a 15-year experience with electrical burns of the mouth in children. Addtionally, a method has been described by which the surgical results to date can be measured. It seems that the means of initial treatment (excision vs. conservative) does not influence the final results, but rather the extent of injury is probably the crucial factor. Because of a high incidence of significant bleeding from the labial artery, and the concept of early wound excision to diminish late scaring, we continus to favor initial delayed primary excision.", "PMID": 1127754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10165", "title": "Thoracic aortic clamping for prophylaxis against sudden cardiac arrest during laparotomy for acute massive hemoperitoneum.", "content": "Experimental studies in dogs were performed to develop a model simulating clinical patients with penetrating wounds of the major abdominal vessels who develop sudden cardiac arrest following laparotomy and decompression of an acute massive hemoperitoneum. Hypovolemic dogs with a saline-distended tense abdomen and major arterial bleeding after laparotomy develop a sudden deterioration of cardiac function despite raped blood infusion, thus simulating the clinical problem. However, thoracic aortic occlusion before laparotomy and until control of distal arterial bleeding prevented such a cardiovascular collapse. Increased intra-abdominal pressure it itself was determental to cardiovascular function; its sudden release by laparotomy was associated with an improvement in cardiovascular function. An approach of thoracic aortic control before laparotomy is recommended in patients with acute massive hemoperitoneum who remain hypotensive before laparotomy.", "contents": "Thoracic aortic clamping for prophylaxis against sudden cardiac arrest during laparotomy for acute massive hemoperitoneum. Experimental studies in dogs were performed to develop a model simulating clinical patients with penetrating wounds of the major abdominal vessels who develop sudden cardiac arrest following laparotomy and decompression of an acute massive hemoperitoneum. Hypovolemic dogs with a saline-distended tense abdomen and major arterial bleeding after laparotomy develop a sudden deterioration of cardiac function despite raped blood infusion, thus simulating the clinical problem. However, thoracic aortic occlusion before laparotomy and until control of distal arterial bleeding prevented such a cardiovascular collapse. Increased intra-abdominal pressure it itself was determental to cardiovascular function; its sudden release by laparotomy was associated with an improvement in cardiovascular function. An approach of thoracic aortic control before laparotomy is recommended in patients with acute massive hemoperitoneum who remain hypotensive before laparotomy.", "PMID": 1127755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10166", "title": "The effects of methylprednisolone on oxygenation in experimental hypoxemic respiratory failure.", "content": "Methylprednisolone administration in dogs with oleic acid-induced pulmonary edema increases survival rate, cardiac output, oxygen delivery, and peripheral capillary Po2 compared to untreated dogs with edema. In addition, there is evidence that steroid treatment brings about a more favorable relationship between ventilation and perfusion but this effect takes a longer time than those dependent on cardiac output. There is mounting evidence from this and other studies that steroids represent a rational form of treatment at least for some forms of hypoxemic respiratory failure.", "contents": "The effects of methylprednisolone on oxygenation in experimental hypoxemic respiratory failure. Methylprednisolone administration in dogs with oleic acid-induced pulmonary edema increases survival rate, cardiac output, oxygen delivery, and peripheral capillary Po2 compared to untreated dogs with edema. In addition, there is evidence that steroid treatment brings about a more favorable relationship between ventilation and perfusion but this effect takes a longer time than those dependent on cardiac output. There is mounting evidence from this and other studies that steroids represent a rational form of treatment at least for some forms of hypoxemic respiratory failure.", "PMID": 1127756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10167", "title": "Vertebral column injuries and seat belts.", "content": "It is obvious from the above that there are several independent mechanisms in the production of the various types of lumbar fractures. The details of these mechanisms must be fully understood in each case of lumbar vertebral injury. The cases reviewed in the present paper show that similar if not identical lumbar injuries can occur in car occupants wearing or not wearing lap belts at the time of the crash. Thus, cauxally relating a lumbar injury to the lap seat belt is in error. Only distraction injuries located between 1-2 and 1-4 with no evidence of either compression or anterior wedging can be causally related to a lap belt. Even some injuries with this typical confuguration have been observed in persons who were not belted (10). Thus, without knowledge of details of the crunch, lumbar fractures could mistakenly related to use of the lap belt. Thoraculumbar injuries have been senn in patients who were ejected from the car some time during the crash event. Relating the ejection event to the lumbar fracture must be done with great caution. As has been shown by Roaf (48) and by Kaufer and Hayes (33), the type and location of the lumbar spine injury can frequently and indicatory of load application. Other body injuries, or lack thereof, are often good clues to determine the point of load application causing lumbar injury. In addition, it has been recomended that additional details of the injury and of the accident be obtained for accuracy reporting of seat belt injuries.", "contents": "Vertebral column injuries and seat belts. It is obvious from the above that there are several independent mechanisms in the production of the various types of lumbar fractures. The details of these mechanisms must be fully understood in each case of lumbar vertebral injury. The cases reviewed in the present paper show that similar if not identical lumbar injuries can occur in car occupants wearing or not wearing lap belts at the time of the crash. Thus, cauxally relating a lumbar injury to the lap seat belt is in error. Only distraction injuries located between 1-2 and 1-4 with no evidence of either compression or anterior wedging can be causally related to a lap belt. Even some injuries with this typical confuguration have been observed in persons who were not belted (10). Thus, without knowledge of details of the crunch, lumbar fractures could mistakenly related to use of the lap belt. Thoraculumbar injuries have been senn in patients who were ejected from the car some time during the crash event. Relating the ejection event to the lumbar fracture must be done with great caution. As has been shown by Roaf (48) and by Kaufer and Hayes (33), the type and location of the lumbar spine injury can frequently and indicatory of load application. Other body injuries, or lack thereof, are often good clues to determine the point of load application causing lumbar injury. In addition, it has been recomended that additional details of the injury and of the accident be obtained for accuracy reporting of seat belt injuries.", "PMID": 1127757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10168", "title": "Nasal fractures.", "content": "Although diagnosis and treatment of acute nasal fractures are usually relatively simple, they often go undiagnosed and untreated because of frequent dependence on the reports of facial-bone X-rays taken through the emergency room. A routine method of managing displaced nasal fractures has given excellent results with almost no complications. This techiniqe, along with our approach to the managemnet of healed nasal fracture deformities, is presented. Salient statistical information regarding etiology, associated injuries, and complications included.", "contents": "Nasal fractures. Although diagnosis and treatment of acute nasal fractures are usually relatively simple, they often go undiagnosed and untreated because of frequent dependence on the reports of facial-bone X-rays taken through the emergency room. A routine method of managing displaced nasal fractures has given excellent results with almost no complications. This techiniqe, along with our approach to the managemnet of healed nasal fracture deformities, is presented. Salient statistical information regarding etiology, associated injuries, and complications included.", "PMID": 1127758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10169", "title": "The immediate circulatory response to high-velocity missiles.", "content": "The immediate hemodynamic response to a high-velocity missile wound was studied in the hind legs of dogs. A spherical missile of constant mass and velocity was used. The immediate effect after the shot was a marked transient peak flow, which may be due to the effects of the pressure wave on the vascular bed, with a release of constrictor tone. The subsequent more constant increase of blood flow in the traumatized leg is of the same character as that seen following extensive soft-tissue contusion trauma. In addition to these local changes there was also a generalized effect with decreased blood pressure without a compensating increase in hear rate. This may be explained by the specific character of the trauma that a high-velocity missile produces.", "contents": "The immediate circulatory response to high-velocity missiles. The immediate hemodynamic response to a high-velocity missile wound was studied in the hind legs of dogs. A spherical missile of constant mass and velocity was used. The immediate effect after the shot was a marked transient peak flow, which may be due to the effects of the pressure wave on the vascular bed, with a release of constrictor tone. The subsequent more constant increase of blood flow in the traumatized leg is of the same character as that seen following extensive soft-tissue contusion trauma. In addition to these local changes there was also a generalized effect with decreased blood pressure without a compensating increase in hear rate. This may be explained by the specific character of the trauma that a high-velocity missile produces.", "PMID": 1127759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10170", "title": "Early intracranial pressure studies in gunshot wounds of the brain.", "content": "Intracranial pressure (ICP) was recorded following gunshot wounds of the brain in 20 patients, and in 11 of them within an hour of injury, during resuscitation. In six who were bleeding profusely, both ICP and blood pressure were low, and they required massive transfusion, with successful outcome in two. Four others presented with small wounds and high ICP. Others, with minimal damage, had \"normal\" pressures, but this could be affected adversely by coughing, struggling, and minor degrees of respiratory obstruction. Immediate endotracheal intubation, muscle relaxation, and mechanical ventilation prevented such deterioration. Controlled ventilation was continued postoperatively and seemed to control ICP in survivors. It is suggested that the very labile post-traumatic condition of such patients can be improved by adequate resuscitation, immediate intubation, and controlled ventilation; ICP monitoring is valuable pre- and postoperatively in assessing treatment.", "contents": "Early intracranial pressure studies in gunshot wounds of the brain. Intracranial pressure (ICP) was recorded following gunshot wounds of the brain in 20 patients, and in 11 of them within an hour of injury, during resuscitation. In six who were bleeding profusely, both ICP and blood pressure were low, and they required massive transfusion, with successful outcome in two. Four others presented with small wounds and high ICP. Others, with minimal damage, had \"normal\" pressures, but this could be affected adversely by coughing, struggling, and minor degrees of respiratory obstruction. Immediate endotracheal intubation, muscle relaxation, and mechanical ventilation prevented such deterioration. Controlled ventilation was continued postoperatively and seemed to control ICP in survivors. It is suggested that the very labile post-traumatic condition of such patients can be improved by adequate resuscitation, immediate intubation, and controlled ventilation; ICP monitoring is valuable pre- and postoperatively in assessing treatment.", "PMID": 1127760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10171", "title": "Ten years' experience with femoral shaft fractures.", "content": "One hundred one patients with femoral shaft fractures treated by open reduction and intramedullary fixation have been presented. The results demonstrated no nonunions in nonpathologic bone; less than 2% infection; clinical union in 4 to 6 months; radiologic union at 6 to 8 months; excellent range of knee motion in more than 90% of patients; unsupported full weight-bearing usually present by the eighth postoperative week, and an average hospital stay of 6 to 7 weeks. The advantages and disadvantages of the most common methods of treatment of femoral shaft fractures have been reviewed. The non-operative approach of cast-bracing has yielded encouraging results in the hands of those well-trained in its application. Weighing the advantages and disadvantages of the operative and nonoperative  techniques, as described, we feel that open reduction and internal fixation with an intramedullary rod is still the treatment of choice for most femoral shaft fractures, in the hands of most orthopaedic surgeons.", "contents": "Ten years' experience with femoral shaft fractures. One hundred one patients with femoral shaft fractures treated by open reduction and intramedullary fixation have been presented. The results demonstrated no nonunions in nonpathologic bone; less than 2% infection; clinical union in 4 to 6 months; radiologic union at 6 to 8 months; excellent range of knee motion in more than 90% of patients; unsupported full weight-bearing usually present by the eighth postoperative week, and an average hospital stay of 6 to 7 weeks. The advantages and disadvantages of the most common methods of treatment of femoral shaft fractures have been reviewed. The non-operative approach of cast-bracing has yielded encouraging results in the hands of those well-trained in its application. Weighing the advantages and disadvantages of the operative and nonoperative  techniques, as described, we feel that open reduction and internal fixation with an intramedullary rod is still the treatment of choice for most femoral shaft fractures, in the hands of most orthopaedic surgeons.", "PMID": 1127761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10172", "title": "An appliance to prevent and treat microstomia from burns.", "content": "The development and use of a dynamic splint, Microstomia Prevention Appliance, is described. It is effective in preventing microstomia as a consequence of burns and is capable of enlarging a contracted mouth if used before maturation of the scar.", "contents": "An appliance to prevent and treat microstomia from burns. The development and use of a dynamic splint, Microstomia Prevention Appliance, is described. It is effective in preventing microstomia as a consequence of burns and is capable of enlarging a contracted mouth if used before maturation of the scar.", "PMID": 1127762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10173", "title": "Traumatic arterio-ureteral fistula: \"hematuria\" without urine.", "content": "A case is presented in which a patient with a gunshot wound in the abdomen sustained a traumatic arterio-ureteral fistula with resultant continual output of bloody fluid from the urethral catheter in the absence of any real production of urine. It is important to recognize the possibility of false reassurance regarding the patient's general status by supposing fluid thus produced to be an indication of actual urine formation.", "contents": "Traumatic arterio-ureteral fistula: \"hematuria\" without urine. A case is presented in which a patient with a gunshot wound in the abdomen sustained a traumatic arterio-ureteral fistula with resultant continual output of bloody fluid from the urethral catheter in the absence of any real production of urine. It is important to recognize the possibility of false reassurance regarding the patient's general status by supposing fluid thus produced to be an indication of actual urine formation.", "PMID": 1127763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10174", "title": "Traumatic arteriovenous fistula of the kidney; an unusual cause of hypertensive encephalopathy.", "content": "A patient with a traumatic arteriovenous fistula of the kidney developed encephalopathy with seizures and was unconscious for 48 hours before undergoing a left nephrectomy, excision of a false aneurysm of the left renal artery, and colostomy closure. He has remained in good health for two years following the final operative intervention.", "contents": "Traumatic arteriovenous fistula of the kidney; an unusual cause of hypertensive encephalopathy. A patient with a traumatic arteriovenous fistula of the kidney developed encephalopathy with seizures and was unconscious for 48 hours before undergoing a left nephrectomy, excision of a false aneurysm of the left renal artery, and colostomy closure. He has remained in good health for two years following the final operative intervention.", "PMID": 1127764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10175", "title": "Proximal interphalangeal joint injuries and their initial treatment.", "content": "Many PIP joint injuries which appear to be innocuous are actually very severe injuries to this small hinged joint and carry a high percentage of disability for the hand as well as the individual digit. A flexion contracture of the PIP joint of one digit may significantly reduce the functional capacity of the entire hand. To prevent such physical impairment, the type of PIP joint injury must be defined and the proper treatment for the particular injury must be initiated. Second, it is paramount that prolonged immobilization of this joint be prevented. It has been found, through clinical experience and experimental projects, that the early healing process is complete by 3 weeks and active motion may then be initiated without any detrimental effects. Extensor and flexor contractures of this joint are apt to occur in digits which have been immobilized for significantly longer than 3 weeks. Finally, the well-publicized \"position of function\" for the hand is not necessarily the ideal position for the rehabilitation of the hand. The \"intrinsic plus position\" is the position of choice for immobilization of the MP and PIP joints to prevent contractures. This concept has been confirmed by our clinical experience and the biomechanical studies performed in the laboratory.", "contents": "Proximal interphalangeal joint injuries and their initial treatment. Many PIP joint injuries which appear to be innocuous are actually very severe injuries to this small hinged joint and carry a high percentage of disability for the hand as well as the individual digit. A flexion contracture of the PIP joint of one digit may significantly reduce the functional capacity of the entire hand. To prevent such physical impairment, the type of PIP joint injury must be defined and the proper treatment for the particular injury must be initiated. Second, it is paramount that prolonged immobilization of this joint be prevented. It has been found, through clinical experience and experimental projects, that the early healing process is complete by 3 weeks and active motion may then be initiated without any detrimental effects. Extensor and flexor contractures of this joint are apt to occur in digits which have been immobilized for significantly longer than 3 weeks. Finally, the well-publicized \"position of function\" for the hand is not necessarily the ideal position for the rehabilitation of the hand. The \"intrinsic plus position\" is the position of choice for immobilization of the MP and PIP joints to prevent contractures. This concept has been confirmed by our clinical experience and the biomechanical studies performed in the laboratory.", "PMID": 1127765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10176", "title": "Vitamin A assay in burned patients.", "content": "A study of serum vitamin A levels in burned patients at the Vancouver General Hospital (1972-1973) is reported in an attempt to relate hypovitaminosis A to acute stress erosions in the gastrointestinal tract. Thirty-one patients were studied, of whom 10 had moderate to severe burns. Vitamin A levels of normal males and females at the Vancouver General Hospital averaged at 35 mug/100 ml. Patients with burn indices of less than 12 did not show any significant fall in serum vitamin A levels. The fall of vitamin A levels was greater as the burn index increased, and the fall of vitamin A level was noticed within 48 hours postburn and returned to normal by the second week postburn. In patients with severe burns and gastrointestinal bleeding with stress ulcers, the serum vitamin A levels fell more profoundly (e.g., 18 mug/100 ml). Four patients with gastrointestinal bleeding were detected, of whom three had acute gastric erosions with low serum vitamin A levels. The possibility that hypovitaminosis A is a contributing factor in acute gastric erosions of the gastric mucosa in severely burned patients is suggested.", "contents": "Vitamin A assay in burned patients. A study of serum vitamin A levels in burned patients at the Vancouver General Hospital (1972-1973) is reported in an attempt to relate hypovitaminosis A to acute stress erosions in the gastrointestinal tract. Thirty-one patients were studied, of whom 10 had moderate to severe burns. Vitamin A levels of normal males and females at the Vancouver General Hospital averaged at 35 mug/100 ml. Patients with burn indices of less than 12 did not show any significant fall in serum vitamin A levels. The fall of vitamin A levels was greater as the burn index increased, and the fall of vitamin A level was noticed within 48 hours postburn and returned to normal by the second week postburn. In patients with severe burns and gastrointestinal bleeding with stress ulcers, the serum vitamin A levels fell more profoundly (e.g., 18 mug/100 ml). Four patients with gastrointestinal bleeding were detected, of whom three had acute gastric erosions with low serum vitamin A levels. The possibility that hypovitaminosis A is a contributing factor in acute gastric erosions of the gastric mucosa in severely burned patients is suggested.", "PMID": 1127768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10177", "title": "Diagnosis and management of abdominal gunshot wounds during pregnancy.", "content": "The literature on gunshot wounds of the gravid uterus is reviewed, and three new cases reported. Clinical management is discussed, with emphasis on the condition of the abdominal wall and other connective tissue during pregnancy, the contraindications for paracentesis, the changes during pregnancy in blood volume, central venous pressure, white blood count, and GI and GU tracts, and indications for celiotomy or cesarean section.", "contents": "Diagnosis and management of abdominal gunshot wounds during pregnancy. The literature on gunshot wounds of the gravid uterus is reviewed, and three new cases reported. Clinical management is discussed, with emphasis on the condition of the abdominal wall and other connective tissue during pregnancy, the contraindications for paracentesis, the changes during pregnancy in blood volume, central venous pressure, white blood count, and GI and GU tracts, and indications for celiotomy or cesarean section.", "PMID": 1127769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10178", "title": "ECG changes after experimental head trauma.", "content": "ECG changes have been recorded in 11 monkeys following experimental head injury. The principal changes include bradycardia, shortening of the Q-Tc interval, prolongation of the Q-T interval, and alterations of rhythm. The changes last from a few seconds to approximately 2 hours. It is concluded that the changes result from a massive autonomic out-flow from the injured brain and in occasional instances may result in death due to cardiac arrest.", "contents": "ECG changes after experimental head trauma. ECG changes have been recorded in 11 monkeys following experimental head injury. The principal changes include bradycardia, shortening of the Q-Tc interval, prolongation of the Q-T interval, and alterations of rhythm. The changes last from a few seconds to approximately 2 hours. It is concluded that the changes result from a massive autonomic out-flow from the injured brain and in occasional instances may result in death due to cardiac arrest.", "PMID": 1127772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10179", "title": "Changes in the serum alpha glycoprotein distribution in trauma patients.", "content": "Serum electropherograms of trauma patients, when stained for glycoproteins, show striking changes in the alpha glycoproteins of these patients which revert to normal if and when they recover. Thus monitoring of the glycoprotidograms of trauma patients (contrary to ordinary protidograms) is likely to afford important information on the course of these patients' recovery. Of two glycoproteins that have been more closely studied, one, alpha1A acid glycoprotein, is a phagocytosis inhibitor; it is increased in the sera of trauma patients. The other, alpha2HS glycoprotein, is a phagocytosis promotor (or opsonin); it is decreased in the sera of trauma patients. Both the increase of the first and the decrease of the second glycoprotein may thus contribute to the known increased proneness to bacterial infection among these patients.", "contents": "Changes in the serum alpha glycoprotein distribution in trauma patients. Serum electropherograms of trauma patients, when stained for glycoproteins, show striking changes in the alpha glycoproteins of these patients which revert to normal if and when they recover. Thus monitoring of the glycoprotidograms of trauma patients (contrary to ordinary protidograms) is likely to afford important information on the course of these patients' recovery. Of two glycoproteins that have been more closely studied, one, alpha1A acid glycoprotein, is a phagocytosis inhibitor; it is increased in the sera of trauma patients. The other, alpha2HS glycoprotein, is a phagocytosis promotor (or opsonin); it is decreased in the sera of trauma patients. Both the increase of the first and the decrease of the second glycoprotein may thus contribute to the known increased proneness to bacterial infection among these patients.", "PMID": 1127773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10180", "title": "Measuring the emergency surgical care of auto-accident patients.", "content": "A series of 2,389 Emergency Department surgical admissions was assessed for quantitative indices of actual services rendered and time spent. Auto accident-related patients were compared to other Emergency Department surgical patients. The average diagnostic index for auto accident patients was 48 units compared to 25 units for all patients. Their workload for Emergency Department personnel was twice the average for non-automobile accident patients. Although they made up to 7.9% of all patients, they accounted for 15% of the total diagnostic services, 12% of the total therapeutic services, and 14% of the overall services rendered during the period of study. These data suggest strongly that auto accident-related patients are different from the average Emergency Department surgical patient and are quantitatively treated differently from other surgical patients.", "contents": "Measuring the emergency surgical care of auto-accident patients. A series of 2,389 Emergency Department surgical admissions was assessed for quantitative indices of actual services rendered and time spent. Auto accident-related patients were compared to other Emergency Department surgical patients. The average diagnostic index for auto accident patients was 48 units compared to 25 units for all patients. Their workload for Emergency Department personnel was twice the average for non-automobile accident patients. Although they made up to 7.9% of all patients, they accounted for 15% of the total diagnostic services, 12% of the total therapeutic services, and 14% of the overall services rendered during the period of study. These data suggest strongly that auto accident-related patients are different from the average Emergency Department surgical patient and are quantitatively treated differently from other surgical patients.", "PMID": 1127776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10181", "title": "Fractures of the scapula: a review of 53 fractures.", "content": "A series of 53 fractures of the scapula has been reviewed. Almost three fourths of our patients were injuried in automobile or motorcycle accidents in which severe force was applied to the shoulder region. There is rarely a problem in diagnosis, but one may need to take special roentgenographic views to delineate the extent of the fracture clearly. A geographic classification of these fractures was used, and it was found that 66% occur in the region of the scapular neck. It was emphasized that 81% of these patients had other associated injuries, many of which were life threatening. Symptomatic immobilization of the scapular fracture seems to be adequate for the vast majority, if not all, patients.", "contents": "Fractures of the scapula: a review of 53 fractures. A series of 53 fractures of the scapula has been reviewed. Almost three fourths of our patients were injuried in automobile or motorcycle accidents in which severe force was applied to the shoulder region. There is rarely a problem in diagnosis, but one may need to take special roentgenographic views to delineate the extent of the fracture clearly. A geographic classification of these fractures was used, and it was found that 66% occur in the region of the scapular neck. It was emphasized that 81% of these patients had other associated injuries, many of which were life threatening. Symptomatic immobilization of the scapular fracture seems to be adequate for the vast majority, if not all, patients.", "PMID": 1127777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10182", "title": "A survey of motor vehicle burn accidents in children: report of 45 cases.", "content": "The association of burns with motor vehicles was reviewed from the records of 1,532 children treated at the Galveston Shriners Burns Institute since 1966. Forty-five children were burned in or about a motor vehicle. The most common causes were gasoline spillage in moving vehicle accidents, and small children playing with matches unattended in a stationary vehicle. Motor vehicle burn patients had more serious and larger burns than in the general burn population. Of the 34 children burned within the confined space of a motor vehicle, 94% suffered face and/or hand burns. There was a high incidence of respiratory problems. In the moving motor-vehicle fire accident group there were 13 major injuries seen in 17 patients. Of the total motor vehicle occupancy in 38 separate accidents, 19 people died and 66 were hospitalized at the SBI or elsewhere.", "contents": "A survey of motor vehicle burn accidents in children: report of 45 cases. The association of burns with motor vehicles was reviewed from the records of 1,532 children treated at the Galveston Shriners Burns Institute since 1966. Forty-five children were burned in or about a motor vehicle. The most common causes were gasoline spillage in moving vehicle accidents, and small children playing with matches unattended in a stationary vehicle. Motor vehicle burn patients had more serious and larger burns than in the general burn population. Of the 34 children burned within the confined space of a motor vehicle, 94% suffered face and/or hand burns. There was a high incidence of respiratory problems. In the moving motor-vehicle fire accident group there were 13 major injuries seen in 17 patients. Of the total motor vehicle occupancy in 38 separate accidents, 19 people died and 66 were hospitalized at the SBI or elsewhere.", "PMID": 1127780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10183", "title": "Clostridium sordelli infection.", "content": "A case of human Clostridium sordelli soft tissue infection is presented. Analysis of this patient's course led to the use of a mouse experimental model for examination of this organism's potential for toxin production. Data thus obtained correlated with that seen in this instance of human infection, indicates that the lethal effects of this organism may be related to the ability to Clostridium sordelli to produce a widespread \"toxin-mediated\" edema with subsequent marked \"third-space\" sequestration of fluid.", "contents": "Clostridium sordelli infection. A case of human Clostridium sordelli soft tissue infection is presented. Analysis of this patient's course led to the use of a mouse experimental model for examination of this organism's potential for toxin production. Data thus obtained correlated with that seen in this instance of human infection, indicates that the lethal effects of this organism may be related to the ability to Clostridium sordelli to produce a widespread \"toxin-mediated\" edema with subsequent marked \"third-space\" sequestration of fluid.", "PMID": 1127784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10184", "title": "Traumatic hemipelvectomy: case report and literature review.", "content": "A case of traumatic hemipelvectomy with survival is presented, apparently the sixth reported case in the literature. Following complete left hemipelvectomy and fracture of the right acetabulum, the patient recovered, demonstrated voluntary bowel and urinary control, was full weight bearing on crutches (against advice), and refused a bucket seat or prosthesis, as well as neurosurgical consultation. The patient was then unfortunately lost to followup.", "contents": "Traumatic hemipelvectomy: case report and literature review. A case of traumatic hemipelvectomy with survival is presented, apparently the sixth reported case in the literature. Following complete left hemipelvectomy and fracture of the right acetabulum, the patient recovered, demonstrated voluntary bowel and urinary control, was full weight bearing on crutches (against advice), and refused a bucket seat or prosthesis, as well as neurosurgical consultation. The patient was then unfortunately lost to followup.", "PMID": 1127788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10185", "title": "Renal perfusion/excretion determination renogram: a new tool in the diagnostic evaluation of renovascular hypertension.", "content": "Presented herein are initial experiences with the RP/ED renogram, a unique radioisotope differential split function study, which can be performed with a minimum of discomfort to the patient. This test should totally supplant the existing renogram and, with additional experience, may replace the use of split function studies in the evaluation of renovascular hypertension.", "contents": "Renal perfusion/excretion determination renogram: a new tool in the diagnostic evaluation of renovascular hypertension. Presented herein are initial experiences with the RP/ED renogram, a unique radioisotope differential split function study, which can be performed with a minimum of discomfort to the patient. This test should totally supplant the existing renogram and, with additional experience, may replace the use of split function studies in the evaluation of renovascular hypertension.", "PMID": 1127798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10186", "title": "Renal functional abnormalities in post-unilateral ureteral obstruction in man: a comparison of these defects to post-obstructive diuresis.", "content": "The failure of fluid and electrolyte conservation in post-obstructive diuresis has not been demonstrated after release of unilateral ureteral obstruction. Despite this, balance and renal function studies in patients with this disorder indicate similar renal defects. The clinical difference is caused by a markedly low glomerular filtration rate in unilateral problems that prevents the excessive losses found with total obstruction.", "contents": "Renal functional abnormalities in post-unilateral ureteral obstruction in man: a comparison of these defects to post-obstructive diuresis. The failure of fluid and electrolyte conservation in post-obstructive diuresis has not been demonstrated after release of unilateral ureteral obstruction. Despite this, balance and renal function studies in patients with this disorder indicate similar renal defects. The clinical difference is caused by a markedly low glomerular filtration rate in unilateral problems that prevents the excessive losses found with total obstruction.", "PMID": 1127799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10187", "title": "Iliac artery aneurysm: a common cause of ureteral obstruction.", "content": "Iliac artery aneurysms may cause ureteral obstruction. Six cases are reported. The major symptom is renal colic but a palpable aneurysm and a bruit may be found preoperatively and urinalysis may reveal microhematuria. On x-ray the ureter may be deviated medially, anteriorly or laterally. The ureter is bound down in a dense, desmoplastic reaction. All of our patients were treated by ureterolysis, with resection and grafting of the aneurysm in 4 of the 6.", "contents": "Iliac artery aneurysm: a common cause of ureteral obstruction. Iliac artery aneurysms may cause ureteral obstruction. Six cases are reported. The major symptom is renal colic but a palpable aneurysm and a bruit may be found preoperatively and urinalysis may reveal microhematuria. On x-ray the ureter may be deviated medially, anteriorly or laterally. The ureter is bound down in a dense, desmoplastic reaction. All of our patients were treated by ureterolysis, with resection and grafting of the aneurysm in 4 of the 6.", "PMID": 1127800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10188", "title": "The isolated sigmoid segment: its value in temporary urinary diversion and reconstruction.", "content": "Two patients with severe bladder disease have undergone temporary urinary diversion with a sigmoid conduit as part of planned reconstruction of the lower urinary tract. Their lower urinary tracts have been reconstituted successfully by means of sigmoid cystoplasties. Experimental data further support use of the sigmoid conduit vis-a-vis use of the traditional ileal conduit for long-term diversion and reconstruction. A main advantage of the sigmoid segment is the ability to create an antirefluxing ureterointestinal anastomosis. We have demonstrated that ureteral reflux from ileal conduits produces histologic evidence of pyelonephritis. Colonic conduits, by preventing reflux, reduce the frequency of pyelonephritis and function in an equivalent manner to ileal segments when used either for cutaneous diversion or ureteral substitution in reconstruction.", "contents": "The isolated sigmoid segment: its value in temporary urinary diversion and reconstruction. Two patients with severe bladder disease have undergone temporary urinary diversion with a sigmoid conduit as part of planned reconstruction of the lower urinary tract. Their lower urinary tracts have been reconstituted successfully by means of sigmoid cystoplasties. Experimental data further support use of the sigmoid conduit vis-a-vis use of the traditional ileal conduit for long-term diversion and reconstruction. A main advantage of the sigmoid segment is the ability to create an antirefluxing ureterointestinal anastomosis. We have demonstrated that ureteral reflux from ileal conduits produces histologic evidence of pyelonephritis. Colonic conduits, by preventing reflux, reduce the frequency of pyelonephritis and function in an equivalent manner to ileal segments when used either for cutaneous diversion or ureteral substitution in reconstruction.", "PMID": 1127802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10189", "title": "Family study of vesicoureteral reflux.", "content": "A retrospective analysis of 242 families revealed that the incidence of reflux among siblings of children with reflux was 2.2 per cent. In a prospective study of 24 families, 8 of 50 siblings (16 per cent) had reflux. Although the incidence of reflux in the prospective study is surprisingly high infections was absent in all affected siblings in whom cultures were obtained and in only 2 siblings (4 per cent) was surgical correction necessary.", "contents": "Family study of vesicoureteral reflux. A retrospective analysis of 242 families revealed that the incidence of reflux among siblings of children with reflux was 2.2 per cent. In a prospective study of 24 families, 8 of 50 siblings (16 per cent) had reflux. Although the incidence of reflux in the prospective study is surprisingly high infections was absent in all affected siblings in whom cultures were obtained and in only 2 siblings (4 per cent) was surgical correction necessary.", "PMID": 1127803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10190", "title": "Diagnostic value of the penile pulse and blood pressure: a Doppler study of impotence in diabetics.", "content": "Penile pulses were palpated and brachial, penile and popliteal pressures were measured with the Doppler technique in 29 normal subjects and in 15 impotent diabetics. The pulses were palpable in all normal subjects but not in 6 diabetics. The penile blood pressure was obtainable in all the normal subjects but not in 2 diabetics. Using the penile pulse data and a comparison of the penile with the brachial systolic pressures, 2 or possibly 3 grades of penile ischemia are definable, providing a measure of pelvic vascular insufficiency.", "contents": "Diagnostic value of the penile pulse and blood pressure: a Doppler study of impotence in diabetics. Penile pulses were palpated and brachial, penile and popliteal pressures were measured with the Doppler technique in 29 normal subjects and in 15 impotent diabetics. The pulses were palpable in all normal subjects but not in 6 diabetics. The penile blood pressure was obtainable in all the normal subjects but not in 2 diabetics. Using the penile pulse data and a comparison of the penile with the brachial systolic pressures, 2 or possibly 3 grades of penile ischemia are definable, providing a measure of pelvic vascular insufficiency.", "PMID": 1127805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10191", "title": "Varicocelectomy as therapy in male infertility: a study of 504 cases.", "content": "During a 10-year period 504 selected subfertile men underwent surgical correction of varicocele and had a followup of at least 1 year. Improved semen quality was reported in 71 per cent of the men and 55 per cent of the wives became pregnant. Statistically, results were better in terms of semen quality improvement and pregnancy in patients who had preoperative sperm counts greater than 10 million per cc (88 per cent improved, 68 per cent pregnant) compared to patients who had preoperative sperm counts of less than 10 million per cc (33 per cent improved, 23 per cent pregnant). The impiric use of postoperative human chorionic gonadotropin therapy in the latter group of patients improves results significantly (56 per cent improved, 44 per cent pregnant).", "contents": "Varicocelectomy as therapy in male infertility: a study of 504 cases. During a 10-year period 504 selected subfertile men underwent surgical correction of varicocele and had a followup of at least 1 year. Improved semen quality was reported in 71 per cent of the men and 55 per cent of the wives became pregnant. Statistically, results were better in terms of semen quality improvement and pregnancy in patients who had preoperative sperm counts greater than 10 million per cc (88 per cent improved, 68 per cent pregnant) compared to patients who had preoperative sperm counts of less than 10 million per cc (33 per cent improved, 23 per cent pregnant). The impiric use of postoperative human chorionic gonadotropin therapy in the latter group of patients improves results significantly (56 per cent improved, 44 per cent pregnant).", "PMID": 1127806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10192", "title": "Transurethral prostatic resection in patients with prosthetic cardiac valves.", "content": "Twenty-one patients with prosthetic cardiac valves successfully underwent transurethral prostatic resection at the Mayo Clinic. Temperature elevation in 4 patients was the only postoperative complication; in particular, neither congestive heart failure nor thromboembolic complications developed and there were no operative deaths. Preoperative evaluation and clinical management of potential complications are based on the recognition of the complications that are peculiar to these patients. Particularly important is the proper use of antibiotics and anticoagulants and avoidance of overloading the circulation with fluid from open prostatic venous sinuses.", "contents": "Transurethral prostatic resection in patients with prosthetic cardiac valves. Twenty-one patients with prosthetic cardiac valves successfully underwent transurethral prostatic resection at the Mayo Clinic. Temperature elevation in 4 patients was the only postoperative complication; in particular, neither congestive heart failure nor thromboembolic complications developed and there were no operative deaths. Preoperative evaluation and clinical management of potential complications are based on the recognition of the complications that are peculiar to these patients. Particularly important is the proper use of antibiotics and anticoagulants and avoidance of overloading the circulation with fluid from open prostatic venous sinuses.", "PMID": 1127807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10193", "title": "Non-urologic flank pain: a diagnostic approach.", "content": "Pain typical of that from the diseased reno-ureteral unit can emanate from any adjacent organ or any organ with the same innervation. It may also be the result of, or be exacerbated by, mental illness. Case examples of herniated thoracic disk, T12 neuralgia and short leg syndrome, costovertebral joint arthritis, metastatic carcinoma, myofascial syndrome and pancreatitis demonstrated the need for an orderly approach to the problem. Currently, patient screening with the Cornell medical index and the urology questionnaire allows direction of the physical examination, special radiographic and laboratory studies and psychiatric evaluations. An orderly evaluation of flank pain will prove rewarding and may prevent unnecessary urologic operations.", "contents": "Non-urologic flank pain: a diagnostic approach. Pain typical of that from the diseased reno-ureteral unit can emanate from any adjacent organ or any organ with the same innervation. It may also be the result of, or be exacerbated by, mental illness. Case examples of herniated thoracic disk, T12 neuralgia and short leg syndrome, costovertebral joint arthritis, metastatic carcinoma, myofascial syndrome and pancreatitis demonstrated the need for an orderly approach to the problem. Currently, patient screening with the Cornell medical index and the urology questionnaire allows direction of the physical examination, special radiographic and laboratory studies and psychiatric evaluations. An orderly evaluation of flank pain will prove rewarding and may prevent unnecessary urologic operations.", "PMID": 1127808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10194", "title": "Direct and indirect radionuclide cystography.", "content": "Direct radionuclide cystography, using short half-life radiopharmaceuticals, is considered to be more reliable for detecting vesicoureteral reflux than conventional roentgenographic techniques. In addition to the detection of vesicoureteral reflux, other parameters determined include the bladder volume when reflux occurs, calculation of volume of fluid that has refluxed, accurate calculation of residual urine volume, estimation of reflux drainage time, and the visualization and diagnosis of gross anatomic abnormalities. Currently, a major disadvantage is poor resolution, prohibiting analysis of small bladder defects and urethral abnormalities. The major advantage of nuclear cystography is the small radiation dose delivered with its use. It is estimated that at least 100 radionuclide studies can be performed for the same radiation expense as a single roentgenographic study.", "contents": "Direct and indirect radionuclide cystography. Direct radionuclide cystography, using short half-life radiopharmaceuticals, is considered to be more reliable for detecting vesicoureteral reflux than conventional roentgenographic techniques. In addition to the detection of vesicoureteral reflux, other parameters determined include the bladder volume when reflux occurs, calculation of volume of fluid that has refluxed, accurate calculation of residual urine volume, estimation of reflux drainage time, and the visualization and diagnosis of gross anatomic abnormalities. Currently, a major disadvantage is poor resolution, prohibiting analysis of small bladder defects and urethral abnormalities. The major advantage of nuclear cystography is the small radiation dose delivered with its use. It is estimated that at least 100 radionuclide studies can be performed for the same radiation expense as a single roentgenographic study.", "PMID": 1127814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10195", "title": "Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of the bladder and prostate in childhood.", "content": "Of 30 children treated for embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma the primary site of tumor was the bladder in 14 cases (9 boys and 5 girls) and the prostate in 16 cases. The mean age at diagnosis was 3 years in patients with bladder sarcoma and 6.5 years in patients with sarcoma of the prostate. Over-all survival rate has been 23 per cent--5 children with rhabdomyosarcoma of the bladder and 2 with rhadbomyosarcoma of the porstate are alive from 1 1/2 to 23 years postoperatively. Aggressive coordinated treatment with surgery, radiotherapy and cyclic combination chemotherapy is recommended.", "contents": "Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of the bladder and prostate in childhood. Of 30 children treated for embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma the primary site of tumor was the bladder in 14 cases (9 boys and 5 girls) and the prostate in 16 cases. The mean age at diagnosis was 3 years in patients with bladder sarcoma and 6.5 years in patients with sarcoma of the prostate. Over-all survival rate has been 23 per cent--5 children with rhabdomyosarcoma of the bladder and 2 with rhadbomyosarcoma of the porstate are alive from 1 1/2 to 23 years postoperatively. Aggressive coordinated treatment with surgery, radiotherapy and cyclic combination chemotherapy is recommended.", "PMID": 1127815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10196", "title": "The genital aspects of exstrophy.", "content": "Genital anomalies associated with exstrophic deformities are mainly caused by the wedge effect of the cloacal membrane. The more primitive the exstrophy the more severe are the genital defects. With exstrophy of the cloaca genital tract invariable. The main practical problem relates to the male subject with epispadias alone or in association with bladder exstrophy. Correction of the penile deformity requires release of the chordee by freeing the short urethra from the corpora cavernosa and lengthening the organ by partial separation of the crura from the bony rami. The possession of an adequate phallus is generally the prime consideration of the patient and his parents, and surgical reconstruction should aim to provide maximal correction of the anomalies at an early age.", "contents": "The genital aspects of exstrophy. Genital anomalies associated with exstrophic deformities are mainly caused by the wedge effect of the cloacal membrane. The more primitive the exstrophy the more severe are the genital defects. With exstrophy of the cloaca genital tract invariable. The main practical problem relates to the male subject with epispadias alone or in association with bladder exstrophy. Correction of the penile deformity requires release of the chordee by freeing the short urethra from the corpora cavernosa and lengthening the organ by partial separation of the crura from the bony rami. The possession of an adequate phallus is generally the prime consideration of the patient and his parents, and surgical reconstruction should aim to provide maximal correction of the anomalies at an early age.", "PMID": 1127816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10197", "title": "Study of an intravenous fat tolerance test with Intralipid. II. The relation between K2 and PHLA with special reference to clinical data in human subjects.", "content": "The relation between K2 and PHLA was studied in human subjects with special reference to clinical data determined by routine laboratory and physical examinations. The results obtained by Multiple Regression Analysis indicated that those factors which may contribute to K2 variation were fasting triglyceride level and age. There was an inverse partial correlation between K2 and fasting triglyceride level and between K2 and age. The first and second principal components calculated by Principal Component Analysis indicated that K2 is closely related to obesity and hyperlipidemia, especially hypertriglyceridemia, while PHLA related to albumin. These two components also suggested that K2 fibes different clinical information from that obtained by PHLA measurement. There was no partial correlation between K2 and PHLA. The various lipoprotein paper electrophoretic patterns, type IIa, type IIb, type IV and normal patterns, were clearly characterized by such factors as K2, plasma triglyceride and degree of obesity which has high coefficients in the first principal component.", "contents": "Study of an intravenous fat tolerance test with Intralipid. II. The relation between K2 and PHLA with special reference to clinical data in human subjects. The relation between K2 and PHLA was studied in human subjects with special reference to clinical data determined by routine laboratory and physical examinations. The results obtained by Multiple Regression Analysis indicated that those factors which may contribute to K2 variation were fasting triglyceride level and age. There was an inverse partial correlation between K2 and fasting triglyceride level and between K2 and age. The first and second principal components calculated by Principal Component Analysis indicated that K2 is closely related to obesity and hyperlipidemia, especially hypertriglyceridemia, while PHLA related to albumin. These two components also suggested that K2 fibes different clinical information from that obtained by PHLA measurement. There was no partial correlation between K2 and PHLA. The various lipoprotein paper electrophoretic patterns, type IIa, type IIb, type IV and normal patterns, were clearly characterized by such factors as K2, plasma triglyceride and degree of obesity which has high coefficients in the first principal component.", "PMID": 1127824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10198", "title": "Comparison of measurements of left ventricle by echography and cineangiography.", "content": "A comparison of echocardiography with cineangiocardiography in estimating left ventricular dimensions and volumes was undertaken in 43 patients classified into four groups according to the pathophysiology of the left ventricle. There were high correlations between echographic and angiographic ventricular minor axis dimensions, however, when minor axis dimensions were more than 5.0 cm, there were underestimations of minor axis dimensions by echography. From the mean value of long-to-short axis ratio of the left ventricle at end-diastole and end-systole, the following equations were derived for calculating left ventribular volumes from echo dimensions alone: EDV equals 0.837 Dd-3, ESV equals 0.994 Ds-3. That these equations allowed relatively accurate prediction of volumes over a wide range of ventricular sizes was confirmed by comparison with Pombo's formula and Fortuin's formula for calculating left ventricular volume by echo dimensions alone. A comparison of echographic and cineangiographic ejection fraction (EF), relative changes in shortening of internal diameter (delta S), and the mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening (mean Vcf) was made i; 33 patients with sinus rhythm. There were significant correlations between EF and mean Vcf by echocardiography, except one discordant patient with aortic insufficiency who showed decreased mean Vcg in the face of normal EF, all these results were confirmed by cineangiography. This discrepancy between EF and mean Vcf was ascribed to the prolonged ejection time which characterizes aortic insufficiency.", "contents": "Comparison of measurements of left ventricle by echography and cineangiography. A comparison of echocardiography with cineangiocardiography in estimating left ventricular dimensions and volumes was undertaken in 43 patients classified into four groups according to the pathophysiology of the left ventricle. There were high correlations between echographic and angiographic ventricular minor axis dimensions, however, when minor axis dimensions were more than 5.0 cm, there were underestimations of minor axis dimensions by echography. From the mean value of long-to-short axis ratio of the left ventricle at end-diastole and end-systole, the following equations were derived for calculating left ventribular volumes from echo dimensions alone: EDV equals 0.837 Dd-3, ESV equals 0.994 Ds-3. That these equations allowed relatively accurate prediction of volumes over a wide range of ventricular sizes was confirmed by comparison with Pombo's formula and Fortuin's formula for calculating left ventricular volume by echo dimensions alone. A comparison of echographic and cineangiographic ejection fraction (EF), relative changes in shortening of internal diameter (delta S), and the mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening (mean Vcf) was made i; 33 patients with sinus rhythm. There were significant correlations between EF and mean Vcf by echocardiography, except one discordant patient with aortic insufficiency who showed decreased mean Vcg in the face of normal EF, all these results were confirmed by cineangiography. This discrepancy between EF and mean Vcf was ascribed to the prolonged ejection time which characterizes aortic insufficiency.", "PMID": 1127825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10199", "title": "A comparative study on the electrical and mechanical properties of human and guinea pig atrial muscles in vitro.", "content": "The transmembrane action potential and contractile force of isolated human atrial muscles which were obtained during cardiac surgery by using cardio-pulmonary by-pass technique here studied, compared with those of guinea pig left atrium. Force-requency curves showed a characteristic triphasic pattern, just as other mammalian atria. When extracellular calcium concentration was raised, percent change in contractile force was strengthened at high frequency of stimulation. When extracellular potassium concentration was reduced, contractile force became stronger and showed a monophasic pattern in response to increased frequency of stimulation. In a solution of lower ouabain concentration, action potential leaved unchanged or showed larger amplitude and longer durati-n. In a solution of higher or \"therapeutic\" concentration of ouabain, the duration of action potential was shortended, and in its \"toxic\" concentration, marked decreases in amplitude and duration were induced. The positive inotropic effect of ouabain was attributable to an increase in intensity of active state, because the rate of development of tension was increased without any significant change in the time to peak tension. When extracellular potassium concentration was reduced, contractile force became maximum at louer conce,tration of ouabain, and further increase of concentration induced ectopic impulse formation. In other words, atrail muscles cecame more sensitive to ouabain in a solution with decreased extracellular potassium concentration.", "contents": "A comparative study on the electrical and mechanical properties of human and guinea pig atrial muscles in vitro. The transmembrane action potential and contractile force of isolated human atrial muscles which were obtained during cardiac surgery by using cardio-pulmonary by-pass technique here studied, compared with those of guinea pig left atrium. Force-requency curves showed a characteristic triphasic pattern, just as other mammalian atria. When extracellular calcium concentration was raised, percent change in contractile force was strengthened at high frequency of stimulation. When extracellular potassium concentration was reduced, contractile force became stronger and showed a monophasic pattern in response to increased frequency of stimulation. In a solution of lower ouabain concentration, action potential leaved unchanged or showed larger amplitude and longer durati-n. In a solution of higher or \"therapeutic\" concentration of ouabain, the duration of action potential was shortended, and in its \"toxic\" concentration, marked decreases in amplitude and duration were induced. The positive inotropic effect of ouabain was attributable to an increase in intensity of active state, because the rate of development of tension was increased without any significant change in the time to peak tension. When extracellular potassium concentration was reduced, contractile force became maximum at louer conce,tration of ouabain, and further increase of concentration induced ectopic impulse formation. In other words, atrail muscles cecame more sensitive to ouabain in a solution with decreased extracellular potassium concentration.", "PMID": 1127826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10200", "title": "Congenital heart disease in forty years of age and over. Prevalence, relative incidence and clinical features.", "content": "The number of patients of C.H.D. over 40 years old was 40 (male 26, female 14) among 43285 (male 30320, female 12965). Its item: ASD 24, VSD 6, PDA 3, PS 3, ECD 2, Coarctation of the Aorta 1, Eisenmenger whose shunt site was unclear 1. The total prevalence rate was 0.92 per 1000 and female showed slightly higher rate than male (male 0.86 per 1000, female 1.08 per 1000). When it was compared with rheumatic valvular diseases, the ratio of both male and female was about 1/3. C.H.D. is assumed to decrease to about 1/3 or less between the period of school age and the middle age, but the prevalence rate over 60 years old was never lower than the overall prevalence investigated. C.H.D. in the middle and old aged should be kept in mind while examination.", "contents": "Congenital heart disease in forty years of age and over. Prevalence, relative incidence and clinical features. The number of patients of C.H.D. over 40 years old was 40 (male 26, female 14) among 43285 (male 30320, female 12965). Its item: ASD 24, VSD 6, PDA 3, PS 3, ECD 2, Coarctation of the Aorta 1, Eisenmenger whose shunt site was unclear 1. The total prevalence rate was 0.92 per 1000 and female showed slightly higher rate than male (male 0.86 per 1000, female 1.08 per 1000). When it was compared with rheumatic valvular diseases, the ratio of both male and female was about 1/3. C.H.D. is assumed to decrease to about 1/3 or less between the period of school age and the middle age, but the prevalence rate over 60 years old was never lower than the overall prevalence investigated. C.H.D. in the middle and old aged should be kept in mind while examination.", "PMID": 1127827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10201", "title": "Vectorcardiograms of electrocardiographic incomplete left bundle branch block.", "content": "Vectorcardiographic and pathologic studies were made on 21 cases with electrocardiographic incomplete left bundle branch block. Marked left ventricular hypertrophy, severe coronary sclerosis and myocardial infarction were more frequently observed in the presence of incomplete left bundle branch block than in the control group. A figure-of-eight pattern of the QRS loop in the horizontal plane, a classical pattern of incomplete left bundle branch block hitherto described, was observed only in 9 of 21 cases, although the normal initial deflection of the QRS loop directed to the right and anteriorly was absent in all the cases. The configuration of the QRS loop in the horizontal plane was very helpful for the diagnosis of associated myocardial infarction and marked left ventricular hypertrophy. A smooth figure-of-eight QRS loop in the horizontal plane was observed in the cases with marked left ventricular hypertrophy, while a bizarre distorted QRS loop with a figure-of-eight pattern was observed in the cases with extensive myocardial infarction. A T loop directed to the right and posteriorly was also considered to be a suggestive sign of myocardial infarction. The present observations clearly indicate the usefulness of vectorcardiograms for clinical diagnosis in the presence of electrocardiographic incomplete left bundle branch block. The results also suggest that it seems to be unlikely that one common mechanism is responsible for the development of electrocardiographic encomplete left bundle branch block.", "contents": "Vectorcardiograms of electrocardiographic incomplete left bundle branch block. Vectorcardiographic and pathologic studies were made on 21 cases with electrocardiographic incomplete left bundle branch block. Marked left ventricular hypertrophy, severe coronary sclerosis and myocardial infarction were more frequently observed in the presence of incomplete left bundle branch block than in the control group. A figure-of-eight pattern of the QRS loop in the horizontal plane, a classical pattern of incomplete left bundle branch block hitherto described, was observed only in 9 of 21 cases, although the normal initial deflection of the QRS loop directed to the right and anteriorly was absent in all the cases. The configuration of the QRS loop in the horizontal plane was very helpful for the diagnosis of associated myocardial infarction and marked left ventricular hypertrophy. A smooth figure-of-eight QRS loop in the horizontal plane was observed in the cases with marked left ventricular hypertrophy, while a bizarre distorted QRS loop with a figure-of-eight pattern was observed in the cases with extensive myocardial infarction. A T loop directed to the right and posteriorly was also considered to be a suggestive sign of myocardial infarction. The present observations clearly indicate the usefulness of vectorcardiograms for clinical diagnosis in the presence of electrocardiographic incomplete left bundle branch block. The results also suggest that it seems to be unlikely that one common mechanism is responsible for the development of electrocardiographic encomplete left bundle branch block.", "PMID": 1127828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10202", "title": "Vascular lesions in the various substrains of spontaneously hypertensive rats and the effects of chronic salt ingestion.", "content": "Among different races, countries and districts there are definite differences in incidence of hypertensive vascular diseases, for example cerebral bleeding. Hereditary and dietary factors presumably play significant roles. Experimental studies under controlled conditions and utilizint suitable animals are indispensable for analysis of the related factors. For confirmation, hypertensive vascular changes in the spontaneously hypertensive rats were histopathologically studied and related to the difference of substrains. Dietary effects of sodium chloride on these vascular changes were investigated by providing the animals with 1% saline for drinking.", "contents": "Vascular lesions in the various substrains of spontaneously hypertensive rats and the effects of chronic salt ingestion. Among different races, countries and districts there are definite differences in incidence of hypertensive vascular diseases, for example cerebral bleeding. Hereditary and dietary factors presumably play significant roles. Experimental studies under controlled conditions and utilizint suitable animals are indispensable for analysis of the related factors. For confirmation, hypertensive vascular changes in the spontaneously hypertensive rats were histopathologically studied and related to the difference of substrains. Dietary effects of sodium chloride on these vascular changes were investigated by providing the animals with 1% saline for drinking.", "PMID": 1127829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10203", "title": "[Studies on P waves of mitral valvular diseases by the high-speed and magnified electrocardiograms].", "content": "Atrial waves of the electrocardiograms (ECG) of 50 cases of normal subjects and 113 cases of mitral valvular diseases (76 cases of mitral stenosis, 20 cases of mitral insufficiency and 17 cases of mitral steno-insufficiency) were studied by means of the high-speed and magnified electrocardiography. Leads II and V1 and three scalar leads of Frank system (X, Y and Z leads) were recorded by this method. Morphologic observations as well as the quantitative measurements of the amplitudes and the durations of P waves were carried out. Correlations among the various parameters of the P waves and hemodynamic data were examined. and the electrocardiographic criteria for the diagnosis of the left atrial overloading were investigated. The results obtained were as follows: 1) More detailed informations regarding to P waves were obtained by means of the high-speed and magnified ECG. 2) On statistical comparisons of the mean values of the P waves among the normal and the three groups of mitral valvular diseases, the amplitude, the duration and the peak time in lead II were larger in the latter, and the amplitude of positive and negative phases, the duration of negative phase of the diphasic P waves in lead V1 were learger in the latter, while the duration of positive phase was larger in the former. In leads X and Z of Frank system the findings were similar to those in leads II and V1 respectively. 3) The mean values of the instantaneous amplitudes of each 10 msec interval of P waves of scalar ECG of Frank system were compared among the normal and the three groups of the mitral valvular diseases..", "contents": "[Studies on P waves of mitral valvular diseases by the high-speed and magnified electrocardiograms]. Atrial waves of the electrocardiograms (ECG) of 50 cases of normal subjects and 113 cases of mitral valvular diseases (76 cases of mitral stenosis, 20 cases of mitral insufficiency and 17 cases of mitral steno-insufficiency) were studied by means of the high-speed and magnified electrocardiography. Leads II and V1 and three scalar leads of Frank system (X, Y and Z leads) were recorded by this method. Morphologic observations as well as the quantitative measurements of the amplitudes and the durations of P waves were carried out. Correlations among the various parameters of the P waves and hemodynamic data were examined. and the electrocardiographic criteria for the diagnosis of the left atrial overloading were investigated. The results obtained were as follows: 1) More detailed informations regarding to P waves were obtained by means of the high-speed and magnified ECG. 2) On statistical comparisons of the mean values of the P waves among the normal and the three groups of mitral valvular diseases, the amplitude, the duration and the peak time in lead II were larger in the latter, and the amplitude of positive and negative phases, the duration of negative phase of the diphasic P waves in lead V1 were learger in the latter, while the duration of positive phase was larger in the former. In leads X and Z of Frank system the findings were similar to those in leads II and V1 respectively. 3) The mean values of the instantaneous amplitudes of each 10 msec interval of P waves of scalar ECG of Frank system were compared among the normal and the three groups of the mitral valvular diseases..", "PMID": 1127830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10204", "title": "[Studies on the absorption and excretion of doxycycline for intravenous use (author's transl)].", "content": "The absorption and excretion of a new doxycycline solution for intravenous use (DOTC iv) were studied with the following results. 1. Serum levels following one shot intravenous injection of DOTC iv in glucose solution showed a good dose-response comparable with that of the same dose injection of pyrrolidinomethyltetracycline (PRM-TC). The urinary excretion was also examined. In 200 mg injection, nausea, general warm feeling, odor in mouth and tongue numbness were complained. 2. When DOTC iv was injected intramuscularly, the serum level did not reach the peak value and low level continued for a long time. Moderate local pain was complained at the site of injection. 3. The serum level following drip infection of DOTC dry fill showed a dose-response as well. The local vein tolerated well. 4. No abnormalities were found in clinical and laboratory examinations in all volunteers.", "contents": "[Studies on the absorption and excretion of doxycycline for intravenous use (author's transl)]. The absorption and excretion of a new doxycycline solution for intravenous use (DOTC iv) were studied with the following results. 1. Serum levels following one shot intravenous injection of DOTC iv in glucose solution showed a good dose-response comparable with that of the same dose injection of pyrrolidinomethyltetracycline (PRM-TC). The urinary excretion was also examined. In 200 mg injection, nausea, general warm feeling, odor in mouth and tongue numbness were complained. 2. When DOTC iv was injected intramuscularly, the serum level did not reach the peak value and low level continued for a long time. Moderate local pain was complained at the site of injection. 3. The serum level following drip infection of DOTC dry fill showed a dose-response as well. The local vein tolerated well. 4. No abnormalities were found in clinical and laboratory examinations in all volunteers.", "PMID": 1127831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10205", "title": "Effects of gentamicin on the thyroid function of rats.", "content": "The effect of gentamicin (GM) on the thyroid function was investigated in relation with its stimulating action to the growth of rats at a very small dose level. The results may be summarized as follows: (1) Changes in 131-I-uptake of the thyroid after administration of GM were unremarkable. The change in wet weight of the thyroid was also unremarkable. Therefore, GM may not affect the thyroid itself. (2) GM-treated rats clearly showed a decrease in 131-I-triiodothyronine resine sponge uptake (trisorb test) as compared with the control animals, viz.,GM-treated rats indicated hypofunction of the thyroid. (3) Thyroxin (t4) levels in theserum, determined by 125-I-T4 resine sponge uptake (tetrasorb test), were apparentlylower in the GM-treated rats than in the control. (4) The thyroid function test for synthesis of the hormones revealed an increase in diiodotyrosine (DIT) value and decreases in 3, 5, 3'-triiodothyronine (T3) and T4 values in the GM-treated groups as compared with the values in the control. (5) In view of the above results iit was obvious that GM does not cause abnormalities on iodine-uptake, iodine oxidation, organic conversion to iodinated tyrosines, deiodination and thyroglobulin. In contrast, GM may induce abnormality on coupling reaction from DIT to T3 and T4 because the increase in DIT value and decreases in T3 and T4 values are seen following administration of GM. The whole of these facts seems to play an important role in stimulation to growth of rats after administration of the drug.", "contents": "Effects of gentamicin on the thyroid function of rats. The effect of gentamicin (GM) on the thyroid function was investigated in relation with its stimulating action to the growth of rats at a very small dose level. The results may be summarized as follows: (1) Changes in 131-I-uptake of the thyroid after administration of GM were unremarkable. The change in wet weight of the thyroid was also unremarkable. Therefore, GM may not affect the thyroid itself. (2) GM-treated rats clearly showed a decrease in 131-I-triiodothyronine resine sponge uptake (trisorb test) as compared with the control animals, viz.,GM-treated rats indicated hypofunction of the thyroid. (3) Thyroxin (t4) levels in theserum, determined by 125-I-T4 resine sponge uptake (tetrasorb test), were apparentlylower in the GM-treated rats than in the control. (4) The thyroid function test for synthesis of the hormones revealed an increase in diiodotyrosine (DIT) value and decreases in 3, 5, 3'-triiodothyronine (T3) and T4 values in the GM-treated groups as compared with the values in the control. (5) In view of the above results iit was obvious that GM does not cause abnormalities on iodine-uptake, iodine oxidation, organic conversion to iodinated tyrosines, deiodination and thyroglobulin. In contrast, GM may induce abnormality on coupling reaction from DIT to T3 and T4 because the increase in DIT value and decreases in T3 and T4 values are seen following administration of GM. The whole of these facts seems to play an important role in stimulation to growth of rats after administration of the drug.", "PMID": 1127832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10206", "title": "Deep hypothermia and its effect on the 24-hour clock of rats and hamsters.", "content": "Intensive hypothermia in rats and hamsters whose breathing and heartbeat had stopped for 1-4 hours was used as a setting in which to study the 24-hour biological clock. Pre- and post-hypothermia analyses depended on behavior wherein spontaneous running activity in revolving drums was used as a \"hand\" of the biological clock. Hypothermia had various effects. In some cases the clock was temporaily stopped, i.e., reset. In others it was simply slowed. Some clocks were both reset and slowed. Others ran without interruption even though breathing and heartbeat had stopped for 3-4 hours.", "contents": "Deep hypothermia and its effect on the 24-hour clock of rats and hamsters. Intensive hypothermia in rats and hamsters whose breathing and heartbeat had stopped for 1-4 hours was used as a setting in which to study the 24-hour biological clock. Pre- and post-hypothermia analyses depended on behavior wherein spontaneous running activity in revolving drums was used as a \"hand\" of the biological clock. Hypothermia had various effects. In some cases the clock was temporaily stopped, i.e., reset. In others it was simply slowed. Some clocks were both reset and slowed. Others ran without interruption even though breathing and heartbeat had stopped for 3-4 hours.", "PMID": 1127837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10207", "title": "Aortic dissection fifteen years after surgical repair of aortic coarctation.", "content": "A case of fatal dissection of the aorta fifteen years following successful surgical repair of aortic coarctation is reported. Histologic secretions of the wall of the proximal aortic segment showed significant thickening and degenerative changes in the media which were not present in the distal aortic segment. This suggests that irreversible structural changes may have occurred prior to surgical repair of the coarctation and supports the view that early surgical repair of this condition is desirable.", "contents": "Aortic dissection fifteen years after surgical repair of aortic coarctation. A case of fatal dissection of the aorta fifteen years following successful surgical repair of aortic coarctation is reported. Histologic secretions of the wall of the proximal aortic segment showed significant thickening and degenerative changes in the media which were not present in the distal aortic segment. This suggests that irreversible structural changes may have occurred prior to surgical repair of the coarctation and supports the view that early surgical repair of this condition is desirable.", "PMID": 1127839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10208", "title": "Youthful hypercholesteremia: its associated characteristics and role in premature myocardial infarction.", "content": "Hypercholesteremic medical students were different from their normocholesteremic classmates in a variety of ways. When students are grouped by cholesterol level in medical school, gradients across the means of biological, physiological, physical, and psychological characteristics are found. The hypercholesteremic students were older, shorter, and heavier, with younger mothers, less depression, less anxiety and less overall nervous tension under stress. Compared with their normocholesteremic classmates, youthful hypercholesteremics were more than 30 times as susceptible to episodes of acute myocardial infarction occurring 13 to 21 years after the high cholesterol levels were measured. Ten male medical students who subsequently sustained a myocardial infarction, most of whom were known to have had hypercholesteremia in youth, were significantly different at the outset from their 103 hypercholesteremic classmates who have not had such an episode. On the average, the precoronary individuals in medical school were shorter in stature, were older, had more overall nervous tension under stress, were more tired on awakening and had lower academic standing. The combination of hypercholesteremia and a personality profile denoting sensitivity and vulnerability to stress best characterizes this group of ten subjects who sustained a myocardial infarction at an early age. These findings suggest that it may be possible to differentiate young hypercholesteremics who are highly susceptible to myocardial infarction from their hypercholesteremic peers with relatively low susceptibility on the basis of personality profile.", "contents": "Youthful hypercholesteremia: its associated characteristics and role in premature myocardial infarction. Hypercholesteremic medical students were different from their normocholesteremic classmates in a variety of ways. When students are grouped by cholesterol level in medical school, gradients across the means of biological, physiological, physical, and psychological characteristics are found. The hypercholesteremic students were older, shorter, and heavier, with younger mothers, less depression, less anxiety and less overall nervous tension under stress. Compared with their normocholesteremic classmates, youthful hypercholesteremics were more than 30 times as susceptible to episodes of acute myocardial infarction occurring 13 to 21 years after the high cholesterol levels were measured. Ten male medical students who subsequently sustained a myocardial infarction, most of whom were known to have had hypercholesteremia in youth, were significantly different at the outset from their 103 hypercholesteremic classmates who have not had such an episode. On the average, the precoronary individuals in medical school were shorter in stature, were older, had more overall nervous tension under stress, were more tired on awakening and had lower academic standing. The combination of hypercholesteremia and a personality profile denoting sensitivity and vulnerability to stress best characterizes this group of ten subjects who sustained a myocardial infarction at an early age. These findings suggest that it may be possible to differentiate young hypercholesteremics who are highly susceptible to myocardial infarction from their hypercholesteremic peers with relatively low susceptibility on the basis of personality profile.", "PMID": 1127840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10209", "title": "Diarrheagenic effect of volume expansion: intestinal fluid secretion without mucosal adenyl cyclase stimulation.", "content": "Rapid intravenous saline infusion causes secretion of isotonic fluid by the canine duodenum. The duodenal fluid secretion is not accompanied either by increased adenyl cyclase activity in the mucosal epithelial cells or by widening of the \"tight junctions\" between epithelial cells. These data clearly indicate that the diarrheagenic effect of volume expansion is not mediated by the adenyl cyclase system. Furthermore, these data provide support for the concept that, when increased mucosal adenyl cyclase activity is associated with gut fluid secretion, the adenyl cyclase stimulation is a primary event, and is not secondary to the transmucosal isotonic fluid movement.", "contents": "Diarrheagenic effect of volume expansion: intestinal fluid secretion without mucosal adenyl cyclase stimulation. Rapid intravenous saline infusion causes secretion of isotonic fluid by the canine duodenum. The duodenal fluid secretion is not accompanied either by increased adenyl cyclase activity in the mucosal epithelial cells or by widening of the \"tight junctions\" between epithelial cells. These data clearly indicate that the diarrheagenic effect of volume expansion is not mediated by the adenyl cyclase system. Furthermore, these data provide support for the concept that, when increased mucosal adenyl cyclase activity is associated with gut fluid secretion, the adenyl cyclase stimulation is a primary event, and is not secondary to the transmucosal isotonic fluid movement.", "PMID": 1127841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10210", "title": "Active and passive immunization to angiotensin in experimental acute renal failure.", "content": "A number of studies support, and others fail to support, the concept that the renin-angiotensin system plays a key role in the pathogenesis of acute renal failure. This study, employing active and passive immunization against angiotensin II, was designed to examine the primacy of circulating angiotensin as a mediator of this syndrome. Neither mode of immunization significantly affected the degree of azotemia or the marked reduction of inulin clearance expected in rats subjected to glycerol-induced myohemoglobinuria. Twenty-four hours after challenge, inulin clearance (Cin) in actively immunized rats fell to 3.2% of control and that of unimmunized rats given the same dose of glycerol was 2.5% of control. Although there was some variation among groups of passively immunized rats, Cin of one group being 18% of control, Cin of the other groups was less than 3% of control. The dose and binding capacity of the immune globulin used here were essentially the same as those reported in another study in which immunization was thought to be of prophylactic value in rats subjected to s.c. administered glycerol injections. Technologic differences unrelated to immunization are suggested to have caused the difference in results in the two studies, and it seems doubtful that circulating angiotensin plays a key role in the pathogenesis of myohemoglobinuric acute renal failure in the rat.", "contents": "Active and passive immunization to angiotensin in experimental acute renal failure. A number of studies support, and others fail to support, the concept that the renin-angiotensin system plays a key role in the pathogenesis of acute renal failure. This study, employing active and passive immunization against angiotensin II, was designed to examine the primacy of circulating angiotensin as a mediator of this syndrome. Neither mode of immunization significantly affected the degree of azotemia or the marked reduction of inulin clearance expected in rats subjected to glycerol-induced myohemoglobinuria. Twenty-four hours after challenge, inulin clearance (Cin) in actively immunized rats fell to 3.2% of control and that of unimmunized rats given the same dose of glycerol was 2.5% of control. Although there was some variation among groups of passively immunized rats, Cin of one group being 18% of control, Cin of the other groups was less than 3% of control. The dose and binding capacity of the immune globulin used here were essentially the same as those reported in another study in which immunization was thought to be of prophylactic value in rats subjected to s.c. administered glycerol injections. Technologic differences unrelated to immunization are suggested to have caused the difference in results in the two studies, and it seems doubtful that circulating angiotensin plays a key role in the pathogenesis of myohemoglobinuric acute renal failure in the rat.", "PMID": 1127861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10211", "title": "Nephron functional heterogeneity in the postobstructive kidney.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to determine the distribution of nephron filtration rates between superficial and juxtamedullary nephrons (S/J ratio) in kidneys studied immediately after relief of 24 hr total obstruction (acute) and after relief of prolonged partial obstruction (chronic). Injection of 14C-ferrocyanide and microdissection (modified Hanssen's technique) was used to provide an index of superficial and deep nephron glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and standard clearance determinations were done. In normal kidneys S/J ratio of 14C content (nephron GFR) was 0.73 plus or minus 0.03, a value similar to those obtained by other workers. After relief of acute obstruction, nephron GFR was too low for accurate measurement in 22% of superficial and 13% of deep nephrons. The mean S/J ratio of 14C content was similar to control, being 0.67 plus or minus 0.07, with only three of seven kidney showing loss of the normal S/J ratio. Since redistribution of nephron GFR was an inconsistent finding, while marked diuresis and natriuresis occurred in all rats, it appears that redistribution of nephron GFR is not an important factor in the phenomenon of postobstructive diuresis. After relief of chronic obstruction, diuresis and natriuresis were less marked but the mean S/J ratio of 14C content was 0.95 plus or minus 0.11, and in the majority of kidneys (six of eight), there was loss of distinction between superficial and deep nephron GFR. This redistribution of nephron function after relief of chronic, rather than acute, obstruction may be due to the more severe structural damage to the renal medulla of such kidneys and, although not responsible for postobstructive diuresis, it may be important in the diminished capacity of the chronically hydronephrotic kidney to conserve salt and water.", "contents": "Nephron functional heterogeneity in the postobstructive kidney. The purpose of this study was to determine the distribution of nephron filtration rates between superficial and juxtamedullary nephrons (S/J ratio) in kidneys studied immediately after relief of 24 hr total obstruction (acute) and after relief of prolonged partial obstruction (chronic). Injection of 14C-ferrocyanide and microdissection (modified Hanssen's technique) was used to provide an index of superficial and deep nephron glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and standard clearance determinations were done. In normal kidneys S/J ratio of 14C content (nephron GFR) was 0.73 plus or minus 0.03, a value similar to those obtained by other workers. After relief of acute obstruction, nephron GFR was too low for accurate measurement in 22% of superficial and 13% of deep nephrons. The mean S/J ratio of 14C content was similar to control, being 0.67 plus or minus 0.07, with only three of seven kidney showing loss of the normal S/J ratio. Since redistribution of nephron GFR was an inconsistent finding, while marked diuresis and natriuresis occurred in all rats, it appears that redistribution of nephron GFR is not an important factor in the phenomenon of postobstructive diuresis. After relief of chronic obstruction, diuresis and natriuresis were less marked but the mean S/J ratio of 14C content was 0.95 plus or minus 0.11, and in the majority of kidneys (six of eight), there was loss of distinction between superficial and deep nephron GFR. This redistribution of nephron function after relief of chronic, rather than acute, obstruction may be due to the more severe structural damage to the renal medulla of such kidneys and, although not responsible for postobstructive diuresis, it may be important in the diminished capacity of the chronically hydronephrotic kidney to conserve salt and water.", "PMID": 1127862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10212", "title": "The effect of ischemia on renal blood flow in the dog.", "content": "Renal blood flow (RBF) and the distribution of cortical blood flow (microspheres) were measured in the dog after 90 min of total unilateral renal ischemia. RBF was 21% greater than control 2 min after release of the renal artery occlusion, and returned toward control 60 min later. At 2 min after release there was a small but significant increment in deep cortical blood flow which reverted to control by 60 min. When renal artery occlusion was maintained for 180 min, return of blood flow was blunted at 2 min after release of the occlusion, but was not significantly different from control within 10 min after release. Clearance rates of inulin and para-aminohippurate (Cin and Cpah) were 81 and 82% below control after release of occlusion. These data demonstrate that in the dog there is prompt and complete return of blood flow to or above control levels after complete renal artery occlusion. There was no evidence for the \"no-reflow\" phenomenon.", "contents": "The effect of ischemia on renal blood flow in the dog. Renal blood flow (RBF) and the distribution of cortical blood flow (microspheres) were measured in the dog after 90 min of total unilateral renal ischemia. RBF was 21% greater than control 2 min after release of the renal artery occlusion, and returned toward control 60 min later. At 2 min after release there was a small but significant increment in deep cortical blood flow which reverted to control by 60 min. When renal artery occlusion was maintained for 180 min, return of blood flow was blunted at 2 min after release of the occlusion, but was not significantly different from control within 10 min after release. Clearance rates of inulin and para-aminohippurate (Cin and Cpah) were 81 and 82% below control after release of occlusion. These data demonstrate that in the dog there is prompt and complete return of blood flow to or above control levels after complete renal artery occlusion. There was no evidence for the \"no-reflow\" phenomenon.", "PMID": 1127863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10213", "title": "Lanthanum permeability of tight junctions along the collecting duct of the rat.", "content": "The permeability of the tight junctions (zonulae occludentes) was evaluated along the entire length of the collecting duct of the rat using a lanthanum tracer technique. Nine rats with hereditary hypothalamic diabetes insipidus were studied using standard micropuncture and clearance techniques. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) estimated from inulin clearance, urine and plasma osmolality (U/Posm) and urine flow rate (V) were determined in eight of nine animals. During either sustained diuresis (five animals) or vasopressin-induced antidiuresis (four animals), individual surface convolutions of distal convoluted tubules or early cortical collecting ducts were preserved for ultrastructural examination by intraluminal microperfusion with a glutaraldehyde-formaldehyde fixative followed by a second microperfusion with a lanthanum tracer. Mean GFR during diuresis was 6.31 plus or minus se 0.63 ml/min/kg of body wt and v=797 plus or minus se 108 mul/min/kg or 13.6 plus or minus se 2.2% of the filtered load of water. After administration of exogenous vasopressin, V fell to 311 plus or minus 157 mul/min/kg or 5.2 plus or minus se 3.8% of the filtered load of water and U/Posm rose from 0.658 plus or minus se 0.043 to 2.124 plus or minus 0.454. Tight junctions of cortical and outer medullary segments of the collecting duct resisted lanthanum penetration. Tight junctions of the inner medullary and papillary segments of the collecting duct were freely permeable to lanthanum suggesting the presence of a paracellular shunt pathway for solute and water movement. The results were independent of the presence or absence of vasopressin. Physiological studies have previously demonstrated that cortical and outer medullary segments of the collecting duct have a low urea permeability while inner medullary and papillary segments of the collecting duct have a relatively high urea permeability. The possibility is suggested that urea movement across the inner medullary and papillary segments of the collecting duct may occur, at least in part, via a paracellular pathway formed by the nonoccluding tight junction and the lateral intercellular space.", "contents": "Lanthanum permeability of tight junctions along the collecting duct of the rat. The permeability of the tight junctions (zonulae occludentes) was evaluated along the entire length of the collecting duct of the rat using a lanthanum tracer technique. Nine rats with hereditary hypothalamic diabetes insipidus were studied using standard micropuncture and clearance techniques. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) estimated from inulin clearance, urine and plasma osmolality (U/Posm) and urine flow rate (V) were determined in eight of nine animals. During either sustained diuresis (five animals) or vasopressin-induced antidiuresis (four animals), individual surface convolutions of distal convoluted tubules or early cortical collecting ducts were preserved for ultrastructural examination by intraluminal microperfusion with a glutaraldehyde-formaldehyde fixative followed by a second microperfusion with a lanthanum tracer. Mean GFR during diuresis was 6.31 plus or minus se 0.63 ml/min/kg of body wt and v=797 plus or minus se 108 mul/min/kg or 13.6 plus or minus se 2.2% of the filtered load of water. After administration of exogenous vasopressin, V fell to 311 plus or minus 157 mul/min/kg or 5.2 plus or minus se 3.8% of the filtered load of water and U/Posm rose from 0.658 plus or minus se 0.043 to 2.124 plus or minus 0.454. Tight junctions of cortical and outer medullary segments of the collecting duct resisted lanthanum penetration. Tight junctions of the inner medullary and papillary segments of the collecting duct were freely permeable to lanthanum suggesting the presence of a paracellular shunt pathway for solute and water movement. The results were independent of the presence or absence of vasopressin. Physiological studies have previously demonstrated that cortical and outer medullary segments of the collecting duct have a low urea permeability while inner medullary and papillary segments of the collecting duct have a relatively high urea permeability. The possibility is suggested that urea movement across the inner medullary and papillary segments of the collecting duct may occur, at least in part, via a paracellular pathway formed by the nonoccluding tight junction and the lateral intercellular space.", "PMID": 1127864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10214", "title": "Whole kidney volume/pressure relationships.", "content": "We measured changes in kidney volume and intrarenal pressure produced by step-wise, steady state increases and decreases in ureteral pressure (UP). The purpose of such maneuvers, termed exercises, was to examine the relationship between changes in kidney volume and the changes in intrarenal pressure responsible for those in kidney volume. Changes in kidney volume were assessed from directly measured changes in kidney weight. Changes in the intrarenal pressure distending the renal capsule (renal subcapsular pressure [RSCP]) were measured by a strain guage diaphragm-type microtransducer placed between cortex and capsule. We measured these whole kidney volume/pressure events before and after saline loading and examined their relationship to changes in renal function following saline loading. We found that after four \"exercises\", the kidney became more complaint, i.e., occupied a larger volume at any given UP or RSCP, and that the compliance of the kidney was further increased following saline loading. However, about one hour after saline loading, RSCP returned to or below pre-saline loading levels and renal volume returned to pre-saline loading levels; nevertheless, the natriuresis persisted. Thus, an increase in renal volume is not necessary to sustain increased sodium and water excretion in post-saline loading. Finally, we found evidence that the renal capsule provides the major force opposing expansion of outer cortex when intrarenal pressure is increased.", "contents": "Whole kidney volume/pressure relationships. We measured changes in kidney volume and intrarenal pressure produced by step-wise, steady state increases and decreases in ureteral pressure (UP). The purpose of such maneuvers, termed exercises, was to examine the relationship between changes in kidney volume and the changes in intrarenal pressure responsible for those in kidney volume. Changes in kidney volume were assessed from directly measured changes in kidney weight. Changes in the intrarenal pressure distending the renal capsule (renal subcapsular pressure [RSCP]) were measured by a strain guage diaphragm-type microtransducer placed between cortex and capsule. We measured these whole kidney volume/pressure events before and after saline loading and examined their relationship to changes in renal function following saline loading. We found that after four \"exercises\", the kidney became more complaint, i.e., occupied a larger volume at any given UP or RSCP, and that the compliance of the kidney was further increased following saline loading. However, about one hour after saline loading, RSCP returned to or below pre-saline loading levels and renal volume returned to pre-saline loading levels; nevertheless, the natriuresis persisted. Thus, an increase in renal volume is not necessary to sustain increased sodium and water excretion in post-saline loading. Finally, we found evidence that the renal capsule provides the major force opposing expansion of outer cortex when intrarenal pressure is increased.", "PMID": 1127865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10215", "title": "The ultrastructural identification of tissue basophils and mast cells in Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "Numerous basophils were identified ultrastructurally in a tumorous lymph node from one of 10 patients with Hodgkin's disease. The tissue basophils displayed the same morphologic characteristics as peripheral blood basophils and differed ultrastructurally from mast cells in the same specimen. Large numbers of mast cells were occasionally seen in tumor tissue of patients with Hodgkin's disease. Many of the mast cells in Hodgkin's tumor revealed structural alteration of granules as well as evidence of degranulation when compared with mast cells in tumor-free lymph nodes of patients with Hodgkin's disease. These results indicate that basophils and mast cells may play a role in the inflammatory response in Hodgkin's disease.", "contents": "The ultrastructural identification of tissue basophils and mast cells in Hodgkin's disease. Numerous basophils were identified ultrastructurally in a tumorous lymph node from one of 10 patients with Hodgkin's disease. The tissue basophils displayed the same morphologic characteristics as peripheral blood basophils and differed ultrastructurally from mast cells in the same specimen. Large numbers of mast cells were occasionally seen in tumor tissue of patients with Hodgkin's disease. Many of the mast cells in Hodgkin's tumor revealed structural alteration of granules as well as evidence of degranulation when compared with mast cells in tumor-free lymph nodes of patients with Hodgkin's disease. These results indicate that basophils and mast cells may play a role in the inflammatory response in Hodgkin's disease.", "PMID": 1127869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10216", "title": "Effects on platelet function of removal of platelet sialic acid by neuraminidase.", "content": "A number of investigators have implicated sialic acid on the surface of platelets in platelet function. In this study we have quantitated the amount of sialic acid removed by purified neuraminidase from the surface of washed platelets of man, rabbit, or pig and examined the effects of this removal. Purified neuraminidase did not induce the release of platelet granule contents. Platelets were pre-labeled with 14C-serotonin for measurement of the release reaction or with 51Cr for determination of adherence to a collagen-coated surface or damaged aortic surface, and for in vivo platelet survival studies. Washed, neuraminidase-treated platelets were resuspended in Tyrode's solution containing 0.35 per cent albumin or in citrated platelet-free plasma from the same species. Both resuspending fluids contained apyrase. Aggregating agents tested were ADP, acid-soluble collagen, thrombin, ristocetin (with human platelets), polylysine, and serotonin (with rabbit platelets). With all of these agents except polylysine, aggregation of neuraminidase-treated human or rabbit platelets was slightly enhanced compared with control platelets; aggregation of pig platelets was unchanged. When release-inducing agents were used, neuraminidase-treated platelets released more of their 14C-serotonin than control platelets. The extent to which rabbit platelets adhered to a collagen-coated surface or to the damaged surface of everted rabbit aorta was unchanged by pretreatment of platelets with neuraminidase. Therefore it seems unlikely that sialic acid is involved in platelet adherence to collagen. When more than 15 per cent of total sialic acid had been removed from rabbit platelets, they were completely cleared from the circulation within 1 hour of their injection into rabbits. When 8 to 10 per cent of total sialic acid had been removed, the platelets were not cleared immediately from the circulation but were cleared more quickly than control platelets. Thus, although removal of up to 65 per cent of platelet sialic acid has only a slightly enhancing effect on platelet aggregation and release in vitro, removal of as little as 8 to 10 per cent results in the recognition of platelets as \"foreign\" in vivo.", "contents": "Effects on platelet function of removal of platelet sialic acid by neuraminidase. A number of investigators have implicated sialic acid on the surface of platelets in platelet function. In this study we have quantitated the amount of sialic acid removed by purified neuraminidase from the surface of washed platelets of man, rabbit, or pig and examined the effects of this removal. Purified neuraminidase did not induce the release of platelet granule contents. Platelets were pre-labeled with 14C-serotonin for measurement of the release reaction or with 51Cr for determination of adherence to a collagen-coated surface or damaged aortic surface, and for in vivo platelet survival studies. Washed, neuraminidase-treated platelets were resuspended in Tyrode's solution containing 0.35 per cent albumin or in citrated platelet-free plasma from the same species. Both resuspending fluids contained apyrase. Aggregating agents tested were ADP, acid-soluble collagen, thrombin, ristocetin (with human platelets), polylysine, and serotonin (with rabbit platelets). With all of these agents except polylysine, aggregation of neuraminidase-treated human or rabbit platelets was slightly enhanced compared with control platelets; aggregation of pig platelets was unchanged. When release-inducing agents were used, neuraminidase-treated platelets released more of their 14C-serotonin than control platelets. The extent to which rabbit platelets adhered to a collagen-coated surface or to the damaged surface of everted rabbit aorta was unchanged by pretreatment of platelets with neuraminidase. Therefore it seems unlikely that sialic acid is involved in platelet adherence to collagen. When more than 15 per cent of total sialic acid had been removed from rabbit platelets, they were completely cleared from the circulation within 1 hour of their injection into rabbits. When 8 to 10 per cent of total sialic acid had been removed, the platelets were not cleared immediately from the circulation but were cleared more quickly than control platelets. Thus, although removal of up to 65 per cent of platelet sialic acid has only a slightly enhancing effect on platelet aggregation and release in vitro, removal of as little as 8 to 10 per cent results in the recognition of platelets as \"foreign\" in vivo.", "PMID": 1127870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10217", "title": "Acid phosphatase demonstrated ultrastructurally in mast cell granules altered by pinocytosis.", "content": "Rat peritoneal mast cells concentrate colloidal gold particles from the peritoneal fluid in subsurface vacuole-like spaces from which the particles are pinocytosed into small vesicles, into cytoplasmic granules that appear smaller than the specific granules and possess in homogeneous content, and into the specific cytoplasmic granules. Acid phosphatase activity was not consistently or unequivocally demonstrated in the specific granules of mast cells unexposed to colloidal gold. However, mast cells pinocytosing gold exhibited strong activity almost exclusively in the infrequent specific granules which contained gold particles, further indicating that these granules function as heterophagic secondary lysosomes. The pinocytic vesicles and small granules containing endocytosed gold spherules lacked acid phosphatase and apparently derived from an exogenous rather than a Golgi source. The small gold-laden granules appeared, therefore, not to represent an immature or precondensation stage of the specific cytoplasmic granule.", "contents": "Acid phosphatase demonstrated ultrastructurally in mast cell granules altered by pinocytosis. Rat peritoneal mast cells concentrate colloidal gold particles from the peritoneal fluid in subsurface vacuole-like spaces from which the particles are pinocytosed into small vesicles, into cytoplasmic granules that appear smaller than the specific granules and possess in homogeneous content, and into the specific cytoplasmic granules. Acid phosphatase activity was not consistently or unequivocally demonstrated in the specific granules of mast cells unexposed to colloidal gold. However, mast cells pinocytosing gold exhibited strong activity almost exclusively in the infrequent specific granules which contained gold particles, further indicating that these granules function as heterophagic secondary lysosomes. The pinocytic vesicles and small granules containing endocytosed gold spherules lacked acid phosphatase and apparently derived from an exogenous rather than a Golgi source. The small gold-laden granules appeared, therefore, not to represent an immature or precondensation stage of the specific cytoplasmic granule.", "PMID": 1127871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10218", "title": "Acute cholestasis induced by lithocholic acid in the rat. A freeze-fracture replica and thin section study.", "content": "Sodium lithocholate (LCA) was continuously infused intravenously (0.1 or 0.2 mumole per minute per 100 gm. body weight) in Wistar rats with a bile fistula for up to 4 hours. The higher dose induced complete cholestasis within 2 to 3 hours, whereas the low dose reduced the biliary output to less than 10 per cent of the preinfusion level by the 3rd hour. Ultrastructural changes which were primarily localized to the bile canaliculi and the pericanalicular region were seen 30 minutes after the onset of bile acid infusion. Dilation of the bile carnaliculi, loss of canalicular microvilli, prominence of the pericanalicular ectoplasm, and a characteristic lamellar transformation of the canalicular membrane developed, which became more prominent and widespread with progression of time. A freeze-fracture replica study revealed that the canalicular microvilli became transformed through widening and flattening into multilamellar foldings. Intramembranous granules of the canalicular membrane appeared to have become redistributed, being few or absent in the \"transformed\" regions. In addition, a sharply angulated, crystalline material was seen in occasional bile canaliculi. This material appeared as a negative image in thin sections, indicating its solubility in organic solvents which were used for dehydration. With the lower dose of LCA, subcellular changes were similar to, but less severe and which accompany an acute cholestasis induced by LCA is attributable to the accumulation of this compound in the bile canaliculus and its vicinity. LCA presumably causes an asymmetric perturbation in the molecular organization of the canalicular membrane which results in ultrastructural alterations and failure of fluid transport. In addition, precipitates of LCA appear to form in the bile canaliculi and may contribute to cholestasis.", "contents": "Acute cholestasis induced by lithocholic acid in the rat. A freeze-fracture replica and thin section study. Sodium lithocholate (LCA) was continuously infused intravenously (0.1 or 0.2 mumole per minute per 100 gm. body weight) in Wistar rats with a bile fistula for up to 4 hours. The higher dose induced complete cholestasis within 2 to 3 hours, whereas the low dose reduced the biliary output to less than 10 per cent of the preinfusion level by the 3rd hour. Ultrastructural changes which were primarily localized to the bile canaliculi and the pericanalicular region were seen 30 minutes after the onset of bile acid infusion. Dilation of the bile carnaliculi, loss of canalicular microvilli, prominence of the pericanalicular ectoplasm, and a characteristic lamellar transformation of the canalicular membrane developed, which became more prominent and widespread with progression of time. A freeze-fracture replica study revealed that the canalicular microvilli became transformed through widening and flattening into multilamellar foldings. Intramembranous granules of the canalicular membrane appeared to have become redistributed, being few or absent in the \"transformed\" regions. In addition, a sharply angulated, crystalline material was seen in occasional bile canaliculi. This material appeared as a negative image in thin sections, indicating its solubility in organic solvents which were used for dehydration. With the lower dose of LCA, subcellular changes were similar to, but less severe and which accompany an acute cholestasis induced by LCA is attributable to the accumulation of this compound in the bile canaliculus and its vicinity. LCA presumably causes an asymmetric perturbation in the molecular organization of the canalicular membrane which results in ultrastructural alterations and failure of fluid transport. In addition, precipitates of LCA appear to form in the bile canaliculi and may contribute to cholestasis.", "PMID": 1127872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10219", "title": "Anatomy and histology of aorta of White Carneau pigeon.", "content": "On the basis of anatomical and histologic studies, four distinct zones of the aorta of the atherosclerosis-prone White Carneau pigeon were defined. From its origin to about 1 cm. above the level of the celiac artery (the elastic zone), the aorta had a media composed of alternating lamellae of smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts with elastic plates between them. Distal to the elastic zone was the transitional zone, which was about 1 cm. long and ended at the level of the celiac artery. At this level there was an intimal cushion of longitudinally arranged smooth muscle cells that was present at birth but increased in thickness with age; an occasional lymphocyte-like cell was also present in the cushion. Typically, the atherosclerotic lesion originated in the smooth muscle cell cushion. In the transitional zone the media had an elastic architecture in the lateral third, the remainder being predominantly muscular. The segment of aorta from the celiac artery to the ischiadic arteries (hybrid zone) had a hybrid architecture with a thick muscular anterior wall and a thin elastic posterior wall. The structure distal to the ischiadic arteries was purely muscular (muscular zone). The presence of intimal smooth muscle cells in the transitional zone at birth, in the precise location where the \"classic\" atherosclerotic lesion develops months later, suggests that atherosclerosis develops within preexisting smooth muscle cell cushions which apparently represent a normal histologic feature of this area.", "contents": "Anatomy and histology of aorta of White Carneau pigeon. On the basis of anatomical and histologic studies, four distinct zones of the aorta of the atherosclerosis-prone White Carneau pigeon were defined. From its origin to about 1 cm. above the level of the celiac artery (the elastic zone), the aorta had a media composed of alternating lamellae of smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts with elastic plates between them. Distal to the elastic zone was the transitional zone, which was about 1 cm. long and ended at the level of the celiac artery. At this level there was an intimal cushion of longitudinally arranged smooth muscle cells that was present at birth but increased in thickness with age; an occasional lymphocyte-like cell was also present in the cushion. Typically, the atherosclerotic lesion originated in the smooth muscle cell cushion. In the transitional zone the media had an elastic architecture in the lateral third, the remainder being predominantly muscular. The segment of aorta from the celiac artery to the ischiadic arteries (hybrid zone) had a hybrid architecture with a thick muscular anterior wall and a thin elastic posterior wall. The structure distal to the ischiadic arteries was purely muscular (muscular zone). The presence of intimal smooth muscle cells in the transitional zone at birth, in the precise location where the \"classic\" atherosclerotic lesion develops months later, suggests that atherosclerosis develops within preexisting smooth muscle cell cushions which apparently represent a normal histologic feature of this area.", "PMID": 1127873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10220", "title": "Studies on liver regeneration. Deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in the isolated perfused liver after in vitro and in vivo partial hepatectomy.", "content": "A new method for studying liver regeneration has been introduced. In the isolated perfused liver partial hepatectomy has been performed and -3H-thymidine incorporation into DNA was observed. The short term incorporation observed in vitro was comparable to that observed in vivo under similar conditions. The results suggest that similar regenerative mechanisms are operating in vivo and in vitro, and that the liver is at least one source of the regenerating stimuli.", "contents": "Studies on liver regeneration. Deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in the isolated perfused liver after in vitro and in vivo partial hepatectomy. A new method for studying liver regeneration has been introduced. In the isolated perfused liver partial hepatectomy has been performed and -3H-thymidine incorporation into DNA was observed. The short term incorporation observed in vitro was comparable to that observed in vivo under similar conditions. The results suggest that similar regenerative mechanisms are operating in vivo and in vitro, and that the liver is at least one source of the regenerating stimuli.", "PMID": 1127874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10221", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of human and rhesus monkey kidneys.", "content": "Human kidney biopsies fixed by immersion fixation and a rhesus monkey kidney fixed by vascular perfusion were critical point-dried and studied by scanning electron microscopy. The surface morphologies of the parietal and visceral epithelial cells and cells lining the uriniferous tubules are described. Many instructive views of these cells as well as some new nephronal features are presented. This study demonstrated that both scanning and transmission electron microscopy may be undertaken on the same biopsy sample. In view of these results, the possibility of using scanning electron microscopy for routine diagnosis of human biopsies is discussed.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of human and rhesus monkey kidneys. Human kidney biopsies fixed by immersion fixation and a rhesus monkey kidney fixed by vascular perfusion were critical point-dried and studied by scanning electron microscopy. The surface morphologies of the parietal and visceral epithelial cells and cells lining the uriniferous tubules are described. Many instructive views of these cells as well as some new nephronal features are presented. This study demonstrated that both scanning and transmission electron microscopy may be undertaken on the same biopsy sample. In view of these results, the possibility of using scanning electron microscopy for routine diagnosis of human biopsies is discussed.", "PMID": 1127875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10222", "title": "Pathology of the liver in Reye's syndrome.", "content": "A study of six patients with Reye's syndrome indicated that, by light microscopy, inflammation and necrosis of liver cells are especially prominent in fatal cases. Contrary to previous reports, electron microscopic examination indicated that, aside from loss of matrix dense granules, alterations in mitochondrial structure were minimal or absent. Although an increase in the number of liver cell microbodies has been reported, no such increase was apparent in the present study. The most unusual ultrastructural change in microbodies in the present study was the appearance of noncrystalline cores in the matrix. No ultrastructural features served to distinguish patients who died from those who survived. Although derangement of mitochondrial function may be important in the pathogenesis of Reye's syndrome, such derangement is not necessary reflected in the ultrastructure of mitochondria.", "contents": "Pathology of the liver in Reye's syndrome. A study of six patients with Reye's syndrome indicated that, by light microscopy, inflammation and necrosis of liver cells are especially prominent in fatal cases. Contrary to previous reports, electron microscopic examination indicated that, aside from loss of matrix dense granules, alterations in mitochondrial structure were minimal or absent. Although an increase in the number of liver cell microbodies has been reported, no such increase was apparent in the present study. The most unusual ultrastructural change in microbodies in the present study was the appearance of noncrystalline cores in the matrix. No ultrastructural features served to distinguish patients who died from those who survived. Although derangement of mitochondrial function may be important in the pathogenesis of Reye's syndrome, such derangement is not necessary reflected in the ultrastructure of mitochondria.", "PMID": 1127876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10223", "title": "Alterations of rat liver lysosomes and somooth endoplasmic reticulum induced by the diazafluoranthen derivative AC-3579. III. Mechanism and site of action.", "content": "To elucidate the mode of action of AC-3579, a diazafluoranthen derivative, the effects of the drug were tested, in incubations with rat liver homogenates on three phospholipases: the endogenous microsomal phospholipase A and the exogenous phospholipases A2 and C. The rates of hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine, the main liver phospholipids, were significantly decreased in liver of treated animals. This inhibition was more marked in experiments with exogenous phospholipase A than with phospholipase C. For phospholipid the difference observed may be due to the decrease in activity of endogenous phospholipase A in livers of treated rats. On the other hand, the addition to the incubation media of AC-3579 or of homogenates of AC-3579-treated rat livers did not modify the action of the three phospholipases on phospholipids from normal rat liver homogenates. It is concluded that AC-3579 forms with the hydrophobic moiety of the phospholipids of smooth endoplasmic reticulum a reversible complex less accessible to the activity of phospholipase A. This mechanism accounts for the decrease in phospholipid catabolism, previously observed in vivo, which leads to hypertrophy of smooth endoplasmic reticulum and to the formation of lamellate cytosomes.", "contents": "Alterations of rat liver lysosomes and somooth endoplasmic reticulum induced by the diazafluoranthen derivative AC-3579. III. Mechanism and site of action. To elucidate the mode of action of AC-3579, a diazafluoranthen derivative, the effects of the drug were tested, in incubations with rat liver homogenates on three phospholipases: the endogenous microsomal phospholipase A and the exogenous phospholipases A2 and C. The rates of hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine, the main liver phospholipids, were significantly decreased in liver of treated animals. This inhibition was more marked in experiments with exogenous phospholipase A than with phospholipase C. For phospholipid the difference observed may be due to the decrease in activity of endogenous phospholipase A in livers of treated rats. On the other hand, the addition to the incubation media of AC-3579 or of homogenates of AC-3579-treated rat livers did not modify the action of the three phospholipases on phospholipids from normal rat liver homogenates. It is concluded that AC-3579 forms with the hydrophobic moiety of the phospholipids of smooth endoplasmic reticulum a reversible complex less accessible to the activity of phospholipase A. This mechanism accounts for the decrease in phospholipid catabolism, previously observed in vivo, which leads to hypertrophy of smooth endoplasmic reticulum and to the formation of lamellate cytosomes.", "PMID": 1127877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10224", "title": "The aortic tunica media of the developing rat. I. Quantitative stereologic and biochemical analysis.", "content": "The tunica media of thoracic aortas from female rats in age from newborn to 12 weeks were analyzed quantitatively by using stereologic techniques in the electron microscope. Collagen, elastin, smooth muscle, myofilaments, Golgi apparatus, ergastoplasm, and surface to volume ratios were among those components quantified. These parameters were correlated with measurements of medial thickness, blood pressure, and tangenital tension in the wall and with biochemical estimates of collagen and elastin. A progressive increase in morphologically recognizable collagen in the media was in parallel with the increasing tangenital wall tension. Biochemical analysis indicated the presence of much soluble collagen in the early stages of development. Elastin was the major component contributing to increasing wall thickness. The elastin laminae were completely formed by 4 weeks of age, but further elastin was laid down as branches extending between medial cells in the aortas of animals between 2 and 12 weeks of age. Smooth muscle cells were ovoid in young animals and contained large amounts of ergastoplasma and Golgi apparatus, but very few myofilaments. With advancing age, these cells became irregular in outline, and their surface to volume ratios doubled. The myofilament volume increased greatly during development, associated with a decrease in \"undifferentiated\" cytoplasm, ergastoplasm, and Golgi apparatus. The maximal development of the latter two organelles was coincident with large increases in the connective tissue components.", "contents": "The aortic tunica media of the developing rat. I. Quantitative stereologic and biochemical analysis. The tunica media of thoracic aortas from female rats in age from newborn to 12 weeks were analyzed quantitatively by using stereologic techniques in the electron microscope. Collagen, elastin, smooth muscle, myofilaments, Golgi apparatus, ergastoplasm, and surface to volume ratios were among those components quantified. These parameters were correlated with measurements of medial thickness, blood pressure, and tangenital tension in the wall and with biochemical estimates of collagen and elastin. A progressive increase in morphologically recognizable collagen in the media was in parallel with the increasing tangenital wall tension. Biochemical analysis indicated the presence of much soluble collagen in the early stages of development. Elastin was the major component contributing to increasing wall thickness. The elastin laminae were completely formed by 4 weeks of age, but further elastin was laid down as branches extending between medial cells in the aortas of animals between 2 and 12 weeks of age. Smooth muscle cells were ovoid in young animals and contained large amounts of ergastoplasma and Golgi apparatus, but very few myofilaments. With advancing age, these cells became irregular in outline, and their surface to volume ratios doubled. The myofilament volume increased greatly during development, associated with a decrease in \"undifferentiated\" cytoplasm, ergastoplasm, and Golgi apparatus. The maximal development of the latter two organelles was coincident with large increases in the connective tissue components.", "PMID": 1127878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10225", "title": "The aortic tunica media of the developing rat. II. Incorporation by medial cells 3-H-proline into collagen and elastin: autoradiographic and chemical studies.", "content": "Four-week-old rats received intraperitoneal injections of 3-H-proline, and their thoracic aortas were removed at various times after injection. Autoradiography at the electron microscopic level was carried out on this tissue, together with isolation and chemical analysis of tritiated proline and hydroxyproline from procollagen, and elastin fractions. Autoradiograpic results were expressed in terms of tissue component volumes as calculated by morphometry. Autoradiographic grains were concentrated over medial cells 15 minutes after injection of label. By 30 minutes after injection some extracellular label was present as well; at 3 hours postinjection, large numbers of grains were found overlying cell surfaces, as well as over collagen and elastic fibers. Most grains were present over collagen and elastic tissue 10 hours after injection, although some intracellular labeling persisted. On a grain per unit volume basis, intracellular label steadily decreased over the time interval studied. Collagen showed maximal labeling at 3 hours, but elastic tissue labeling increased up to 10 hours postinjection. Chemical isolation of 3-H-proline and 3-H-hydroxyproline from the three fractions showed that incorporation of label into collagen and elastin is, on a time basis, consistent with autoradiographic labeling and that the labeling products are, in fact, these proteins, to the exclusion of nonspecific labeling.", "contents": "The aortic tunica media of the developing rat. II. Incorporation by medial cells 3-H-proline into collagen and elastin: autoradiographic and chemical studies. Four-week-old rats received intraperitoneal injections of 3-H-proline, and their thoracic aortas were removed at various times after injection. Autoradiography at the electron microscopic level was carried out on this tissue, together with isolation and chemical analysis of tritiated proline and hydroxyproline from procollagen, and elastin fractions. Autoradiograpic results were expressed in terms of tissue component volumes as calculated by morphometry. Autoradiographic grains were concentrated over medial cells 15 minutes after injection of label. By 30 minutes after injection some extracellular label was present as well; at 3 hours postinjection, large numbers of grains were found overlying cell surfaces, as well as over collagen and elastic fibers. Most grains were present over collagen and elastic tissue 10 hours after injection, although some intracellular labeling persisted. On a grain per unit volume basis, intracellular label steadily decreased over the time interval studied. Collagen showed maximal labeling at 3 hours, but elastic tissue labeling increased up to 10 hours postinjection. Chemical isolation of 3-H-proline and 3-H-hydroxyproline from the three fractions showed that incorporation of label into collagen and elastin is, on a time basis, consistent with autoradiographic labeling and that the labeling products are, in fact, these proteins, to the exclusion of nonspecific labeling.", "PMID": 1127879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10226", "title": "Striated membranous structures in renal glomerular tufts. An electron microscopy study of 340 human renal biopsies.", "content": "Striated membranous structures are membranes 200 plus or minus 20 A thick. They are very common in both normal and pathologic human glomeruli, since they were found in 221 of 340 renal biopsies studied. Their appearance varies according to the plane of the section: on cross-section they resemble a pile of plates or double longitudinal bands. On tangential section they have an areolar appearance. Striated membranous structures are located in the basement membrane, mesangial matrix, or extracellular pathologic deposits such as amyloid or \"immune\" deposits. These membranes, probably double layered, are of unknown origin. They might derive from the focal or total lysis of cellular elements included within basement membrane-like material or extracellular deposits.", "contents": "Striated membranous structures in renal glomerular tufts. An electron microscopy study of 340 human renal biopsies. Striated membranous structures are membranes 200 plus or minus 20 A thick. They are very common in both normal and pathologic human glomeruli, since they were found in 221 of 340 renal biopsies studied. Their appearance varies according to the plane of the section: on cross-section they resemble a pile of plates or double longitudinal bands. On tangential section they have an areolar appearance. Striated membranous structures are located in the basement membrane, mesangial matrix, or extracellular pathologic deposits such as amyloid or \"immune\" deposits. These membranes, probably double layered, are of unknown origin. They might derive from the focal or total lysis of cellular elements included within basement membrane-like material or extracellular deposits.", "PMID": 1127880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10227", "title": "Hepatic lesions in mice after continuous inhalation exposure to 1,1,1-trichloroethane.", "content": "Male CF-1 mice (24 to 34 gm.) were exposed to either 250 p.p.m. or 1000 p.p.m. of 1,1,1-trichloroethane in air continuously for 14 weeks. Control mice were exposed to room air. Serial sacrifice of exposed and control mice from 1 to 14 weeks demonstrated significant changes in the centrilobular hepatocytes of animals in the 1000 p.p.m. group. Moderate liver triglyceride accumulation was evident in the 1000 p.p.m. group and peaked at 40 mg. per gm. of tissue (wet weight) after 7 weeks of exposure. Partial recovery was indicated by a decrease in the hepatic triglyceride level of 16 mg. per gm. by 14 weeks of exposure to 1000 p.p.m. Electron microscopic evaluation revealed that cytoplasmic altertions were most severe in centrilobular hepatocytes in the 1000 p.p.m. group and were mild to minimal in the 250 p.p.m. group. These alterations consisted of vesiculation of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, with loss of attached polyribosomes, increased smooth endoplasmic reticulum, microbodies, and triglyceride droplets. Some cells had ballooned cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Necrosis of individual hepatocytes occurred in 40 per cent of the mice exposed to 1000 p.p.m. for 12 weeks. This necrosis was associated with an acute inflammatory infiltrate and hypertrophy of Kupffer cells. Comparison of these findings to the results obtained by other investigators studying dichloromethane indicates that the pathologic alterations observed with 1,1,1-trichloroethane were similar to those observed with dichloromethane, except for different time courses of the effects and different degrees of recovery. The toxic effects of 1,1,1-trichloroethane were of a type similar to those produced by carbon tetrachloride, but they appeared to be much less severe.", "contents": "Hepatic lesions in mice after continuous inhalation exposure to 1,1,1-trichloroethane. Male CF-1 mice (24 to 34 gm.) were exposed to either 250 p.p.m. or 1000 p.p.m. of 1,1,1-trichloroethane in air continuously for 14 weeks. Control mice were exposed to room air. Serial sacrifice of exposed and control mice from 1 to 14 weeks demonstrated significant changes in the centrilobular hepatocytes of animals in the 1000 p.p.m. group. Moderate liver triglyceride accumulation was evident in the 1000 p.p.m. group and peaked at 40 mg. per gm. of tissue (wet weight) after 7 weeks of exposure. Partial recovery was indicated by a decrease in the hepatic triglyceride level of 16 mg. per gm. by 14 weeks of exposure to 1000 p.p.m. Electron microscopic evaluation revealed that cytoplasmic altertions were most severe in centrilobular hepatocytes in the 1000 p.p.m. group and were mild to minimal in the 250 p.p.m. group. These alterations consisted of vesiculation of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, with loss of attached polyribosomes, increased smooth endoplasmic reticulum, microbodies, and triglyceride droplets. Some cells had ballooned cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Necrosis of individual hepatocytes occurred in 40 per cent of the mice exposed to 1000 p.p.m. for 12 weeks. This necrosis was associated with an acute inflammatory infiltrate and hypertrophy of Kupffer cells. Comparison of these findings to the results obtained by other investigators studying dichloromethane indicates that the pathologic alterations observed with 1,1,1-trichloroethane were similar to those observed with dichloromethane, except for different time courses of the effects and different degrees of recovery. The toxic effects of 1,1,1-trichloroethane were of a type similar to those produced by carbon tetrachloride, but they appeared to be much less severe.", "PMID": 1127881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10228", "title": "The effects of acute cadmium administration in the liver and kidney of the rat. Light and electron microscopic studies.", "content": "A single injection of cadmium acetate givenintravenously to rats produced, at 16 hours, liver damage but no observable kidney changes. Ultrastructure of the liver revealed more profound changes in parenchymal cells than in Kupffer cells. The most prominent changes were single parenchymal cell necrosis, deterioration of rough endoplasmic reticulum, proliferation of smooth endoplasmic reticulum, autophagocytosis, and mitochondrial degenerative changes. Lesions of Kupffer cells were not prominent, although occasional areas of cytoplasmic degradation and increased vacuolation were observed. Dewquamation of these cells appears also to be a frequent finding in cadmium intoxication. Accumulation of platelets, cellular debris, inflammatory cells, and fibrin in the sinusoids may be the cause of the occasionally observed focal necrosis. Although the present experiment does not simulate any known clinical situation, these composite studies provide a morphologic basis for hepatic dysfunction following acute cadmium administration as well as an ultrastructural basis for thebetter understanding of the synergistic actionof cadmium with other substances such as endotoxins.", "contents": "The effects of acute cadmium administration in the liver and kidney of the rat. Light and electron microscopic studies. A single injection of cadmium acetate givenintravenously to rats produced, at 16 hours, liver damage but no observable kidney changes. Ultrastructure of the liver revealed more profound changes in parenchymal cells than in Kupffer cells. The most prominent changes were single parenchymal cell necrosis, deterioration of rough endoplasmic reticulum, proliferation of smooth endoplasmic reticulum, autophagocytosis, and mitochondrial degenerative changes. Lesions of Kupffer cells were not prominent, although occasional areas of cytoplasmic degradation and increased vacuolation were observed. Dewquamation of these cells appears also to be a frequent finding in cadmium intoxication. Accumulation of platelets, cellular debris, inflammatory cells, and fibrin in the sinusoids may be the cause of the occasionally observed focal necrosis. Although the present experiment does not simulate any known clinical situation, these composite studies provide a morphologic basis for hepatic dysfunction following acute cadmium administration as well as an ultrastructural basis for thebetter understanding of the synergistic actionof cadmium with other substances such as endotoxins.", "PMID": 1127882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10229", "title": "Ultrastructure of skeletal muscle in patients with Parkinson's disease and upper motor lesions.", "content": "Ultrastructural studies of muscle biopsies from the vastus lateralis of the quadriceps in seven patients with Parkinson's disease and six patients with upper motor lesions are presented. All patients showed varying degrees of mitochondrial changes. Loss of outer membranes or abnormal inner membranes were observed alone or in combination. A reduced number of mitochondria was also noted in some cases. A disorder of filaments was seen. It is assumed that the mitochondrial changes are connected with the altered oxidative capacity previously observed in these patients.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of skeletal muscle in patients with Parkinson's disease and upper motor lesions. Ultrastructural studies of muscle biopsies from the vastus lateralis of the quadriceps in seven patients with Parkinson's disease and six patients with upper motor lesions are presented. All patients showed varying degrees of mitochondrial changes. Loss of outer membranes or abnormal inner membranes were observed alone or in combination. A reduced number of mitochondria was also noted in some cases. A disorder of filaments was seen. It is assumed that the mitochondrial changes are connected with the altered oxidative capacity previously observed in these patients.", "PMID": 1127883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10230", "title": "Cost-benefit analysis of two decision criteria for spondee threshold measurements.", "content": "Normal-hearing subjects were tested and retested using two spondee threshold criteria: a strict 50 percent correct rule and a 50 percent or 75 percent correct (or both) rule. The 50 percent criterion produced lower thresholds at the cost of poorer test-retest reliability and longer test durations. Both decision rules gave lower threshold SPL values and required less testing time during the second trial. A proposed benefit-cost ratio model indicated that the 50 percent or 75 percent (or both) decision rule gives a better return on the investment of clinical effort.", "contents": "Cost-benefit analysis of two decision criteria for spondee threshold measurements. Normal-hearing subjects were tested and retested using two spondee threshold criteria: a strict 50 percent correct rule and a 50 percent or 75 percent correct (or both) rule. The 50 percent criterion produced lower thresholds at the cost of poorer test-retest reliability and longer test durations. Both decision rules gave lower threshold SPL values and required less testing time during the second trial. A proposed benefit-cost ratio model indicated that the 50 percent or 75 percent (or both) decision rule gives a better return on the investment of clinical effort.", "PMID": 1127896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10231", "title": "Pantomime recognition in aphasics.", "content": "A pantomime recognition test was developed to study the extent of impairment of pantomime recognition and the relationship between pantomime recognition and verbal deficits in asphasics. This test requires no verbal instructions to the subject and only a simple pointing response. A description and rationale for the test are presented. This new test and three tests of verbal abilities (Verbal Recognition Test, Naming Test, and the Porch Index of Communicative Ability) were administered to four groups of subjects: aphasics, right-hemisphere damaged, subcortically damaged, and normals. Results indicate (1) greater impairment of pantomime recognition ability in aphasics than the other groups of subjects and (2) high correlations between impairment of pantomime recognition and impairment of verbal abilities in aphasics. Our findings are consistent with previous clinical reports and experimental data showing that aphasics commonly demonstrate impairment in gesture and pantomime. We conclude that aphasia is best understood as a general impairment of symbolic communication that includes nonverbal as well as verbal deficits.", "contents": "Pantomime recognition in aphasics. A pantomime recognition test was developed to study the extent of impairment of pantomime recognition and the relationship between pantomime recognition and verbal deficits in asphasics. This test requires no verbal instructions to the subject and only a simple pointing response. A description and rationale for the test are presented. This new test and three tests of verbal abilities (Verbal Recognition Test, Naming Test, and the Porch Index of Communicative Ability) were administered to four groups of subjects: aphasics, right-hemisphere damaged, subcortically damaged, and normals. Results indicate (1) greater impairment of pantomime recognition ability in aphasics than the other groups of subjects and (2) high correlations between impairment of pantomime recognition and impairment of verbal abilities in aphasics. Our findings are consistent with previous clinical reports and experimental data showing that aphasics commonly demonstrate impairment in gesture and pantomime. We conclude that aphasia is best understood as a general impairment of symbolic communication that includes nonverbal as well as verbal deficits.", "PMID": 1127897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10232", "title": "Intraoral air pressure as a feedback cue in consonant production.", "content": "The effects of oral-sensory deprivation on the production of consonants was studied using narrow phonetic transcriptions and measurements of intraoral air pressure and duration. The speech materials were 20 bisyllabic words produced both in isolation and in sentences, and sentences that included words with 34 stop variants. These utterances were produced by four normal talkers and by the same talkers when deprived of oral sensation. The state of oral-sensory deprivation was induced by a series of mandibular, infraorbital, and palatal injections of 2 percent xylocaine. The talkers also scaled levels of effort used to produce the syllables /pa/ and /ba/, both with and without the anesthetic. In general, after the administration of the anesthetic, the characteristic tongue carriage of the talkers was shifted posteriorly, the rate of speech was slower, and there were minor imprecisions in articulation consisting primarily of alterations in lip and tongue activity. In addition, consonants were produced with slightly greater intraoral air pressures and longer durations. The talkers had no difficulty in scaling levels of effort in either the normal or the anesthetic conditions, and maintained a linear relationship between effort and intraoral air pressure in both conditions. The results suggest that the talkers used more effort in producing speech in the anesthetic condition and are untenable with the idea that intraoral air pressure constitutes an important feedback parameter in controlling articulation. The speech produced by the talkers while anesthetized (that is, while without sensation in the mouth) was reasonably precise and must be postulated to have been under the control of a pressure-sensing system other than a closed feedback loop.", "contents": "Intraoral air pressure as a feedback cue in consonant production. The effects of oral-sensory deprivation on the production of consonants was studied using narrow phonetic transcriptions and measurements of intraoral air pressure and duration. The speech materials were 20 bisyllabic words produced both in isolation and in sentences, and sentences that included words with 34 stop variants. These utterances were produced by four normal talkers and by the same talkers when deprived of oral sensation. The state of oral-sensory deprivation was induced by a series of mandibular, infraorbital, and palatal injections of 2 percent xylocaine. The talkers also scaled levels of effort used to produce the syllables /pa/ and /ba/, both with and without the anesthetic. In general, after the administration of the anesthetic, the characteristic tongue carriage of the talkers was shifted posteriorly, the rate of speech was slower, and there were minor imprecisions in articulation consisting primarily of alterations in lip and tongue activity. In addition, consonants were produced with slightly greater intraoral air pressures and longer durations. The talkers had no difficulty in scaling levels of effort in either the normal or the anesthetic conditions, and maintained a linear relationship between effort and intraoral air pressure in both conditions. The results suggest that the talkers used more effort in producing speech in the anesthetic condition and are untenable with the idea that intraoral air pressure constitutes an important feedback parameter in controlling articulation. The speech produced by the talkers while anesthetized (that is, while without sensation in the mouth) was reasonably precise and must be postulated to have been under the control of a pressure-sensing system other than a closed feedback loop.", "PMID": 1127898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10233", "title": "Acoustic-reflex response to sustain signals.", "content": "Acoustic-reflex activity was observed for 10 normal-hearing young adults using three sustained activating signals: 500-Hz tone, 4000-Hz tone, and broad-band noise. Reflex activity was observed over a period of three to five minutes at activator levels of 5, 10, and 15 dB above individual acoustic-reflex thresholds. General findings were that (1) acoustic-reflex adaptation was present to some degree for all three activating signals, (2) the amount of reflex adaptation varied with the spectrum of activating signals (reflex adaptation was greatest for the 4000-Hz activator, less for the noise activator, and least for the 500-Hz activating signal), (3) the rate of reflex adaptation differed with activator spectrum (reflex-adaptation rate was relatively rapid for the 4000-Hz activator, slower for noise, and much slower for the 500-Hz activating signal), and (4) reflex adaptation did not appear to vary systematically with activating-signal level except for the 500-Hz activator, in which case reflex adaptation appeared to begin earlier in time and to be of greater magnitude as the activating-signal level was increased.", "contents": "Acoustic-reflex response to sustain signals. Acoustic-reflex activity was observed for 10 normal-hearing young adults using three sustained activating signals: 500-Hz tone, 4000-Hz tone, and broad-band noise. Reflex activity was observed over a period of three to five minutes at activator levels of 5, 10, and 15 dB above individual acoustic-reflex thresholds. General findings were that (1) acoustic-reflex adaptation was present to some degree for all three activating signals, (2) the amount of reflex adaptation varied with the spectrum of activating signals (reflex adaptation was greatest for the 4000-Hz activator, less for the noise activator, and least for the 500-Hz activating signal), (3) the rate of reflex adaptation differed with activator spectrum (reflex-adaptation rate was relatively rapid for the 4000-Hz activator, slower for noise, and much slower for the 500-Hz activating signal), and (4) reflex adaptation did not appear to vary systematically with activating-signal level except for the 500-Hz activator, in which case reflex adaptation appeared to begin earlier in time and to be of greater magnitude as the activating-signal level was increased.", "PMID": 1127899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10234", "title": "Articulatory inconsistencies in the speech of normal children.", "content": "The spontaneous speech of three children about three years old was recorded and transcribed into CnV syllabic units. Cn represents any number of consonants preceding a vowel and is not lexically constrained. Inconsistent production of /s/ and /z/ was found to be related to motor sequencing constraints independent of word boundaries. The results support a model of speech physiology as well as theoretical formulations of child speech production within an adult phonological system.", "contents": "Articulatory inconsistencies in the speech of normal children. The spontaneous speech of three children about three years old was recorded and transcribed into CnV syllabic units. Cn represents any number of consonants preceding a vowel and is not lexically constrained. Inconsistent production of /s/ and /z/ was found to be related to motor sequencing constraints independent of word boundaries. The results support a model of speech physiology as well as theoretical formulations of child speech production within an adult phonological system.", "PMID": 1127900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10235", "title": "Measuring in-the-ear gain of hearing aids by the acoustic reflex method.", "content": "The gain of hearing aids is conventionally measured in a hard-walled 2-cc coupler. It has become increasingly apparent, however, that many interacting variables can affect the aid's behavior in an individual ear quite significantly. Therefore it is desirable that any departure from coupler response be known. A number of methods have been used to measure real-ear gain, some of which require expensive or nonstandard instrumentation. An alternative method is described, based on measurements of aided and unaided acoustic reflect thresholds that appears to have certain advantages over other methods. Sound-field intra-aural reflex thresholds for six one-third-octave noise bands were determined for 20 subjects using a postauricular aid under three conditions--unaided, aided/ear occluded, and aided/ear nonoccluded. Real-ear gain was defined as the difference in decibels between aided and unaided thresholds. Results showed wide individual differences in real-ear response. Average occluded real-ear gain was about 5 dB greater at 1.6 k Hz, and about 5 dB less at 3.15 k Hz, than the gain in the artificial ear. When the aid was coupled to the open ear, average real-ear response was down at all frequencies relative to the 2-cc coupler, although relative to the closed-ear response frequencies above 1.6 k Hz were emphasized. It is argued that real-ear response can be expected to vary considerably depending on the location and orientation of the microphone of the aid on the head or body. It is suggested therefore that real-ear measurements be part of every aid selection procedure, especially for persons with a reduced dynamic range. Response modifications might then be possible to enable the critical speech frequencies to be heard at a comfortable level.", "contents": "Measuring in-the-ear gain of hearing aids by the acoustic reflex method. The gain of hearing aids is conventionally measured in a hard-walled 2-cc coupler. It has become increasingly apparent, however, that many interacting variables can affect the aid's behavior in an individual ear quite significantly. Therefore it is desirable that any departure from coupler response be known. A number of methods have been used to measure real-ear gain, some of which require expensive or nonstandard instrumentation. An alternative method is described, based on measurements of aided and unaided acoustic reflect thresholds that appears to have certain advantages over other methods. Sound-field intra-aural reflex thresholds for six one-third-octave noise bands were determined for 20 subjects using a postauricular aid under three conditions--unaided, aided/ear occluded, and aided/ear nonoccluded. Real-ear gain was defined as the difference in decibels between aided and unaided thresholds. Results showed wide individual differences in real-ear response. Average occluded real-ear gain was about 5 dB greater at 1.6 k Hz, and about 5 dB less at 3.15 k Hz, than the gain in the artificial ear. When the aid was coupled to the open ear, average real-ear response was down at all frequencies relative to the 2-cc coupler, although relative to the closed-ear response frequencies above 1.6 k Hz were emphasized. It is argued that real-ear response can be expected to vary considerably depending on the location and orientation of the microphone of the aid on the head or body. It is suggested therefore that real-ear measurements be part of every aid selection procedure, especially for persons with a reduced dynamic range. Response modifications might then be possible to enable the critical speech frequencies to be heard at a comfortable level.", "PMID": 1127901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10236", "title": "Memory for speech and speech for memory.", "content": "Thirty kindergarteners, 15 who substituted /w/ for /r/ and 15 with correct articulation, received two perception tests and a memory test that included /w/ and /r/ in minimally contrastive syllables. Although both groups had nearly perfect perception of the experimenter's productions of /w/ and /r/, misarticulating subjects perceived their own tape-recorded w/r productions as /w/. In the memory task these same misarticulating subjects committed significantly more /w/-/r/ confusions in unspoken recall. The discussion considers why people subvocally rehearse; a developmental period in which children do not rehearse; ways subvocalization may aid recall, including motor and acoustic encoding; an echoic store that provides additional recall support if subjects rehearse vocally, and perception of self- and other- produced phonemes by misarticulating children-including its relevance to a motor theory of perception. Evidence is presented that speech for memory can be sufficiently impaired to cause memory disorder. Conceptions that restrict speech disorder to an impairment of communication are challenged.", "contents": "Memory for speech and speech for memory. Thirty kindergarteners, 15 who substituted /w/ for /r/ and 15 with correct articulation, received two perception tests and a memory test that included /w/ and /r/ in minimally contrastive syllables. Although both groups had nearly perfect perception of the experimenter's productions of /w/ and /r/, misarticulating subjects perceived their own tape-recorded w/r productions as /w/. In the memory task these same misarticulating subjects committed significantly more /w/-/r/ confusions in unspoken recall. The discussion considers why people subvocally rehearse; a developmental period in which children do not rehearse; ways subvocalization may aid recall, including motor and acoustic encoding; an echoic store that provides additional recall support if subjects rehearse vocally, and perception of self- and other- produced phonemes by misarticulating children-including its relevance to a motor theory of perception. Evidence is presented that speech for memory can be sufficiently impaired to cause memory disorder. Conceptions that restrict speech disorder to an impairment of communication are challenged.", "PMID": 1127902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10237", "title": "Some statistical characteristics of voice fundamental frequency.", "content": "Two experiments are reported in which the magnitude of sampling errors associated with estimates of the mean, median, and standard deviation of voice fundamental frequencies (fo) during oral reading is investigated as a function of sample size. In one experiment, voices are sampled with fixed time windows. In the other experiment, results of fo analysis are compared for single-sentence voice samples and paragraph voice samples. Overall shape of fo distributions as well as interrelationships among various distributional measures are discussed.", "contents": "Some statistical characteristics of voice fundamental frequency. Two experiments are reported in which the magnitude of sampling errors associated with estimates of the mean, median, and standard deviation of voice fundamental frequencies (fo) during oral reading is investigated as a function of sample size. In one experiment, voices are sampled with fixed time windows. In the other experiment, results of fo analysis are compared for single-sentence voice samples and paragraph voice samples. Overall shape of fo distributions as well as interrelationships among various distributional measures are discussed.", "PMID": 1127903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10238", "title": "Lip and jaw motor control during speech: responses to resistive loading of the jaw.", "content": "Resistive loads were applied to the jaw during speech production. Loads were initiated during the jaw closing movement associated with the production of bilabial stops, creating a situation in which bilabial closure would be disrupted if motor control were independent of peripheral feedback. Three subjects were observed during control and experimental conditions. In all utterances in which a load was appropriately introduced, closure of the lips was achieved and the bilabial stop was adequately produced. To assess the nature of this control, displacement of the upper lip, lower lip, and jaw, in the inferior-superior dimension, were recorded along with EMG from medial pterygoid, anterior temporalis, masseter, and orbicularis oris superior muscles. Based on observation of these variables, it appears that the muscles of the lips and jaw are capable of on-line compensatory motor reorganization.", "contents": "Lip and jaw motor control during speech: responses to resistive loading of the jaw. Resistive loads were applied to the jaw during speech production. Loads were initiated during the jaw closing movement associated with the production of bilabial stops, creating a situation in which bilabial closure would be disrupted if motor control were independent of peripheral feedback. Three subjects were observed during control and experimental conditions. In all utterances in which a load was appropriately introduced, closure of the lips was achieved and the bilabial stop was adequately produced. To assess the nature of this control, displacement of the upper lip, lower lip, and jaw, in the inferior-superior dimension, were recorded along with EMG from medial pterygoid, anterior temporalis, masseter, and orbicularis oris superior muscles. Based on observation of these variables, it appears that the muscles of the lips and jaw are capable of on-line compensatory motor reorganization.", "PMID": 1127904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10239", "title": "Expectancy as basically a short-term process.", "content": "Expectancy in stuttering is investigated under conditions that approximate more closely than in previous work the circumstances and mode in which expectancy is purported to operate. The results indicate that the currently accepted explanation of the expectancy phenomenon is inadequate and misleading. An alternative explanation more consistent wwth existent data is offered.", "contents": "Expectancy as basically a short-term process. Expectancy in stuttering is investigated under conditions that approximate more closely than in previous work the circumstances and mode in which expectancy is purported to operate. The results indicate that the currently accepted explanation of the expectancy phenomenon is inadequate and misleading. An alternative explanation more consistent wwth existent data is offered.", "PMID": 1127907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10240", "title": "A comparative computer content analysis of the verbal behavior of institutionalized and noninstitutionalized retarded children.", "content": "Previous studies have indicated structural language differences favoring the noninstitutionalized retarded when compared to matched institutionalized retarded children. In this study, a sociological and psychological deficit hypothesis for institutional retardates was explored by using a verbal content analysis system. Unstructured speech samples from 20 institutionalized and 20 noninstitutionalized retarded children were employed using the computerized General Inquirer System and the Harvard III Psychosociological Dictionary. Differences were found between the groups but all except two were negated or attenuated by additional extended manual analysis treatments. The findings of this study do not support a psychological or sociological deficit hypothesis for institutionalized educable retardates as measured by this content analysis system.", "contents": "A comparative computer content analysis of the verbal behavior of institutionalized and noninstitutionalized retarded children. Previous studies have indicated structural language differences favoring the noninstitutionalized retarded when compared to matched institutionalized retarded children. In this study, a sociological and psychological deficit hypothesis for institutional retardates was explored by using a verbal content analysis system. Unstructured speech samples from 20 institutionalized and 20 noninstitutionalized retarded children were employed using the computerized General Inquirer System and the Harvard III Psychosociological Dictionary. Differences were found between the groups but all except two were negated or attenuated by additional extended manual analysis treatments. The findings of this study do not support a psychological or sociological deficit hypothesis for institutionalized educable retardates as measured by this content analysis system.", "PMID": 1127908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10241", "title": "Diplacusis associated with bilateral high frequency hearing loss.", "content": "Seven normal-hearing subjects and seven subjects with mild bilateral high-frequency sensorineural hearing losses were studied to explore the presence of diplacusis. A tracking procedure of psychophysical method of adjustment-limits was used for pitch judgments rather than the traditional method of adjustment. Each subject was presented with a standard 4000-Hz tone for 500 msec and alternately a variable tone for 500 msec. Subjects were instructed to adjust the variable tone upward or downward in pitch to bracket the pitch sensation of the standard tone. Two intra-aural and two interaural listening conditions were studied. A graphic representation of the subjects' adjustments of the variable tone was obtained for each condition. The resulting tracing indicated frequency correlated to the pitch adjustments from which excursion width and constant error were calculated. Some hard-of-hearing subjects and one normal-hearing subject were found to have diplacusis. Subjects with hearing losses exhibited larger excursion widths for intra- and interaural listening conditions. Subjects with hearing losses tended to be less consistent in pitch judgments than normal-hearing subjects. These findings were interpreted to mean that bilaterally symmetrical hearing losses increase the incidence of pitch aberrations.", "contents": "Diplacusis associated with bilateral high frequency hearing loss. Seven normal-hearing subjects and seven subjects with mild bilateral high-frequency sensorineural hearing losses were studied to explore the presence of diplacusis. A tracking procedure of psychophysical method of adjustment-limits was used for pitch judgments rather than the traditional method of adjustment. Each subject was presented with a standard 4000-Hz tone for 500 msec and alternately a variable tone for 500 msec. Subjects were instructed to adjust the variable tone upward or downward in pitch to bracket the pitch sensation of the standard tone. Two intra-aural and two interaural listening conditions were studied. A graphic representation of the subjects' adjustments of the variable tone was obtained for each condition. The resulting tracing indicated frequency correlated to the pitch adjustments from which excursion width and constant error were calculated. Some hard-of-hearing subjects and one normal-hearing subject were found to have diplacusis. Subjects with hearing losses exhibited larger excursion widths for intra- and interaural listening conditions. Subjects with hearing losses tended to be less consistent in pitch judgments than normal-hearing subjects. These findings were interpreted to mean that bilaterally symmetrical hearing losses increase the incidence of pitch aberrations.", "PMID": 1127909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10242", "title": "Deaf and hearing children's use of language describing temporal order among events.", "content": "Six experiments are described in which deaf and hearing subjects decided the temporal order of events in picture series and in sentences. The deaf subjects, eight and 11 years old, performed as well as hearing children on a nonverbal picture seriation task. Both deaf and hearing subjects also described most picture series in the natural left-to-right order in which they were shown, and identified the left-hand picture in most series as happening first and the right-hand picture as happening last. In most respects, the deaf children's linguistic performance resembled that of much younger hearing children. Two major results were that deaf children generally used a sequence of simple sentences to describe the events shown in a picture series, and responded to most multiple-clause sentences presented as though the events being described had occurred in the order they were mentioned.", "contents": "Deaf and hearing children's use of language describing temporal order among events. Six experiments are described in which deaf and hearing subjects decided the temporal order of events in picture series and in sentences. The deaf subjects, eight and 11 years old, performed as well as hearing children on a nonverbal picture seriation task. Both deaf and hearing subjects also described most picture series in the natural left-to-right order in which they were shown, and identified the left-hand picture in most series as happening first and the right-hand picture as happening last. In most respects, the deaf children's linguistic performance resembled that of much younger hearing children. Two major results were that deaf children generally used a sequence of simple sentences to describe the events shown in a picture series, and responded to most multiple-clause sentences presented as though the events being described had occurred in the order they were mentioned.", "PMID": 1127910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10243", "title": "Pursuit auditory tracking of dichotically presented tonal amplitudes.", "content": "In pursuit auditory tracking tasks subjects match a continuously varying pure tone presented to one ear with a second tone presented to the other ear and controlled by unidimensional movements of part of their motor system. In previous studies in which tonal frequency was varied, performance was significantly better when the tone controlled by a speech articulator (tongue, jaw) was presented to the right ear, rather than the left, but not if the tone was hand controlled. In this study tonal amplitude was varied in mandibular and manual tracking by 30 normal right-handed subjects. Small right-ear advantage was found for both tracking modes although it did not reach statistical significance. Frequency modulated stimuli may more effectively differentiate speech from nonspeech tracking because we may, as a result of speech experience, possess a more developed lateralized auditory-sensorimotor algorithm for frequency-motor relationships involving the mandible than for amplitude-motor relationships. Testable consequences of this hypothesis are outlined.", "contents": "Pursuit auditory tracking of dichotically presented tonal amplitudes. In pursuit auditory tracking tasks subjects match a continuously varying pure tone presented to one ear with a second tone presented to the other ear and controlled by unidimensional movements of part of their motor system. In previous studies in which tonal frequency was varied, performance was significantly better when the tone controlled by a speech articulator (tongue, jaw) was presented to the right ear, rather than the left, but not if the tone was hand controlled. In this study tonal amplitude was varied in mandibular and manual tracking by 30 normal right-handed subjects. Small right-ear advantage was found for both tracking modes although it did not reach statistical significance. Frequency modulated stimuli may more effectively differentiate speech from nonspeech tracking because we may, as a result of speech experience, possess a more developed lateralized auditory-sensorimotor algorithm for frequency-motor relationships involving the mandible than for amplitude-motor relationships. Testable consequences of this hypothesis are outlined.", "PMID": 1127911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10244", "title": "Language performance of educable mentally retarded and normal children at five age levels.", "content": "The present study comprised an analysis and comparison of the language performance of educable mentally retarded and normal children at mental age levels six through 10 years. Both syntactic and functional performance variables were investigated. The results indicate language performance differences between the two groups with the primary discriminators being hesitation phenomena (false starts, filled pauses, and repeats) and clausal constructions (relative and subordinate clauses), resulting in a higher sentence elaboration level for normal children.", "contents": "Language performance of educable mentally retarded and normal children at five age levels. The present study comprised an analysis and comparison of the language performance of educable mentally retarded and normal children at mental age levels six through 10 years. Both syntactic and functional performance variables were investigated. The results indicate language performance differences between the two groups with the primary discriminators being hesitation phenomena (false starts, filled pauses, and repeats) and clausal constructions (relative and subordinate clauses), resulting in a higher sentence elaboration level for normal children.", "PMID": 1127912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10245", "title": "Acoustic redundancy and the perception of time-compressed speech.", "content": "An experiment is reported in which time-compressed sentences were heard spoken either in normal intonation or in intonation patterns that conflicted with their underlying syntactic structure. Although there was an overall decrement in intelligibility with increasing compression, sentences heard in normal intonation were significantly better able to withstand the debilitating effects of compression than those with anomalous intonation. An error analysis of subject responses suggests that intonation normally operates to supply supplemental cues for determining syntactic structures as a step in the perceptual coding of heard speech.", "contents": "Acoustic redundancy and the perception of time-compressed speech. An experiment is reported in which time-compressed sentences were heard spoken either in normal intonation or in intonation patterns that conflicted with their underlying syntactic structure. Although there was an overall decrement in intelligibility with increasing compression, sentences heard in normal intonation were significantly better able to withstand the debilitating effects of compression than those with anomalous intonation. An error analysis of subject responses suggests that intonation normally operates to supply supplemental cues for determining syntactic structures as a step in the perceptual coding of heard speech.", "PMID": 1127913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10246", "title": "Heparin therapy during extracorporeal circulation. I. Problems inherent in existing heparin protocols.", "content": "Five heparin protocols, representative of about 30 presently used throughout the country, were analyzed. The adequacy of anticoagulation during and the precision of protamine neutralization at the conclusion of extracorporeal circulation were studied. In each of 50 patient's age, height, weight, or surface area was of no help in predicting heparin kinetics. The study group consisted of the 2 patients with the longest and the 2 patients with the shortest heparin half lives, as well as the 2 patients who showed the greatest sensitivity to heparin and the 2 who showed the least. By computer simulation, each was managed according to the five protocols and by a monitoring procedure. The protocols failed to provide safe anticoagulation or precise protamine neutralization, whereas the simplified monitoring approach was uniformly successful.", "contents": "Heparin therapy during extracorporeal circulation. I. Problems inherent in existing heparin protocols. Five heparin protocols, representative of about 30 presently used throughout the country, were analyzed. The adequacy of anticoagulation during and the precision of protamine neutralization at the conclusion of extracorporeal circulation were studied. In each of 50 patient's age, height, weight, or surface area was of no help in predicting heparin kinetics. The study group consisted of the 2 patients with the longest and the 2 patients with the shortest heparin half lives, as well as the 2 patients who showed the greatest sensitivity to heparin and the 2 who showed the least. By computer simulation, each was managed according to the five protocols and by a monitoring procedure. The protocols failed to provide safe anticoagulation or precise protamine neutralization, whereas the simplified monitoring approach was uniformly successful.", "PMID": 1127966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10247", "title": "Heparin therapy during extracorporeal circulation. II. The use of a dose-response curve to individualize heparin and protamine dosage.", "content": "Because the administration of heparin and protamine according to a set protocol will fail to anticoagulate safely or neutralize appropriately a significant number of patients, a method of monitoring heparin therapy during cardiopulmonary bypass is presented. A dose response curve relating heparin dosage to its effect on the activated coagulation time (ACT) can be determined with sufficient accuracy for clinical purposes from three ACT's. Preparation of such a curve makes it possible to maintain anticoagulation in a safe range during bypass and minimizes the number of monitoring tests of coagulation required. At the conclusion of bypass, this curve can be used to predict the precise amount of protamine needed for neutralization. Freed from the confusing effects of hyperheparinemia or protamine excess, the physician can diagnose and treat postoperative bleeding problems much more readily.", "contents": "Heparin therapy during extracorporeal circulation. II. The use of a dose-response curve to individualize heparin and protamine dosage. Because the administration of heparin and protamine according to a set protocol will fail to anticoagulate safely or neutralize appropriately a significant number of patients, a method of monitoring heparin therapy during cardiopulmonary bypass is presented. A dose response curve relating heparin dosage to its effect on the activated coagulation time (ACT) can be determined with sufficient accuracy for clinical purposes from three ACT's. Preparation of such a curve makes it possible to maintain anticoagulation in a safe range during bypass and minimizes the number of monitoring tests of coagulation required. At the conclusion of bypass, this curve can be used to predict the precise amount of protamine needed for neutralization. Freed from the confusing effects of hyperheparinemia or protamine excess, the physician can diagnose and treat postoperative bleeding problems much more readily.", "PMID": 1127967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10248", "title": "The surgical anatomy of pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect: pseudotruncus.", "content": "This is a study of 172 heart specimens with pulmonary atresia and ventricular septal defect (VSD)--pseudotruncus. These are divided into simple and complicated types. In the simple type the following may be of importance from the surgical standpoint: (1) the size of the pulmonary arteries, (2) the origin of the aorta, (3) the amount of pulmonary flow, (4) the size of the left side of the heart, (5) the presence of bronchial and/or abnormal systemic supply to the lungs, (6) the coronary circulation, and (7) the presence of intra- and extracardiac associated abnormalities. The following factors may be important in the complicated types: (1) Complete transposition may accompany the complex; (2) instead of the VSD there may be a common atrioventricular (AV) orifice; (3) the pulmonary atresia with VSD may be associated with tricuspid or mitral atresia or with common or single ventricle; (4) the entity may be associated with abnormal position of the entire heart or some of its component chambers.", "contents": "The surgical anatomy of pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect: pseudotruncus. This is a study of 172 heart specimens with pulmonary atresia and ventricular septal defect (VSD)--pseudotruncus. These are divided into simple and complicated types. In the simple type the following may be of importance from the surgical standpoint: (1) the size of the pulmonary arteries, (2) the origin of the aorta, (3) the amount of pulmonary flow, (4) the size of the left side of the heart, (5) the presence of bronchial and/or abnormal systemic supply to the lungs, (6) the coronary circulation, and (7) the presence of intra- and extracardiac associated abnormalities. The following factors may be important in the complicated types: (1) Complete transposition may accompany the complex; (2) instead of the VSD there may be a common atrioventricular (AV) orifice; (3) the pulmonary atresia with VSD may be associated with tricuspid or mitral atresia or with common or single ventricle; (4) the entity may be associated with abnormal position of the entire heart or some of its component chambers.", "PMID": 1127970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10249", "title": "Pseudoaneurysm of the left ventricle after myocardial infarction: A curable form of myocardial rupture.", "content": "Rupture of the myocardium following an acute infarction is occasionally compatible with survival. In such cases, pre-existent pericardial adhesions confine the bleeding to a limited space within the pericardial sac and produce a  chamber which communicates with the left ventricular cavity. The chamber gradually enlarges and forms a pseudoaneurysm. Two cases are described in which the diagnosis was made preoperatively and the pseudoaneurysm was surgically resected. Twenty-one previously reported cases are reviewed, as well. The condition's progressive nature leading to death from heart failure or rupture of the pseudoaneurysm, and its amenability to surgical cure make it imperative that the diagnostic features be well known. The diagnosis should be suspected in cases of progressive heart failure developing shortly after the acute phase of myocardial infarction, in which chest roentgenograms show an enlarging heart shadow characterized by a distinct posterior or lateral bulge. The diagnosis can be confirmed by left ventriculography, which should be performed immediately in all suspected cases.", "contents": "Pseudoaneurysm of the left ventricle after myocardial infarction: A curable form of myocardial rupture. Rupture of the myocardium following an acute infarction is occasionally compatible with survival. In such cases, pre-existent pericardial adhesions confine the bleeding to a limited space within the pericardial sac and produce a  chamber which communicates with the left ventricular cavity. The chamber gradually enlarges and forms a pseudoaneurysm. Two cases are described in which the diagnosis was made preoperatively and the pseudoaneurysm was surgically resected. Twenty-one previously reported cases are reviewed, as well. The condition's progressive nature leading to death from heart failure or rupture of the pseudoaneurysm, and its amenability to surgical cure make it imperative that the diagnostic features be well known. The diagnosis should be suspected in cases of progressive heart failure developing shortly after the acute phase of myocardial infarction, in which chest roentgenograms show an enlarging heart shadow characterized by a distinct posterior or lateral bulge. The diagnosis can be confirmed by left ventriculography, which should be performed immediately in all suspected cases.", "PMID": 1127971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10250", "title": "Effects of acid-base imbalance on myocardial pacing thresholds.", "content": "The effects of acid-base imbalance on ventricular pacing thresholds were studied in anesthetized dogs with complete heart block with the use of an oscilloscope and current probe. Acidosis (base excess-15) and alkalosis (base excess + 15)both resulted in significant increases in threshold voltage and current requirements at all stimulus durations tested. Chronaxie, however, was not significantly affected by shifts in acid-base balance. Abnormalities of acid-base status may adversely affect the accuracy of threshold values obtained during evaluation of different electrode designs and during electrodes implantation for clinical cardiac pacing.", "contents": "Effects of acid-base imbalance on myocardial pacing thresholds. The effects of acid-base imbalance on ventricular pacing thresholds were studied in anesthetized dogs with complete heart block with the use of an oscilloscope and current probe. Acidosis (base excess-15) and alkalosis (base excess + 15)both resulted in significant increases in threshold voltage and current requirements at all stimulus durations tested. Chronaxie, however, was not significantly affected by shifts in acid-base balance. Abnormalities of acid-base status may adversely affect the accuracy of threshold values obtained during evaluation of different electrode designs and during electrodes implantation for clinical cardiac pacing.", "PMID": 1127972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10251", "title": "The pulmonary outflow tract in classically corrected transposition.", "content": "Twenty-one specimens of classically corrected transposition have been studied in order to elucidate the morphology of the pulmonary outflow tract and the nature and origin of structures which obstruct it. The tract is an oblique channel wedged deeply between the inverted mitral and tricuspid valves. As a consequence of septal malalignment, the pulmonary valve ring overrides the muscular ventricular septum. In most specimens, the left wall of the tract is patent owing to incomplete formation of the interventricular portion of the membranous septum. This permits communication of the pulmonary artery with the left-sided morphologic right ventricle. Obstruction to the pulmonary outflow tract may be valvular or muscular or may result from the presence of fibrous tissue tags. Obstruction or atresia was present in 12 specimens (57 per cent). Fibrous tags were the most common cause, and these originated from the intact or perforated membranous septum, the inverted tricuspid valve, or the pulmonary valve. The unusual anterior relationship of the cardiac conducting tissue to the outflow tract in the anomaly is emphasized.", "contents": "The pulmonary outflow tract in classically corrected transposition. Twenty-one specimens of classically corrected transposition have been studied in order to elucidate the morphology of the pulmonary outflow tract and the nature and origin of structures which obstruct it. The tract is an oblique channel wedged deeply between the inverted mitral and tricuspid valves. As a consequence of septal malalignment, the pulmonary valve ring overrides the muscular ventricular septum. In most specimens, the left wall of the tract is patent owing to incomplete formation of the interventricular portion of the membranous septum. This permits communication of the pulmonary artery with the left-sided morphologic right ventricle. Obstruction to the pulmonary outflow tract may be valvular or muscular or may result from the presence of fibrous tissue tags. Obstruction or atresia was present in 12 specimens (57 per cent). Fibrous tags were the most common cause, and these originated from the intact or perforated membranous septum, the inverted tricuspid valve, or the pulmonary valve. The unusual anterior relationship of the cardiac conducting tissue to the outflow tract in the anomaly is emphasized.", "PMID": 1127973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10252", "title": "Closed aortic valvotomy and simultaneous correction of associated anomalies in infants.", "content": "A small infant with severe congenital aortic stenosis presents a difficult therapeutic problem. Both operative and nonoperative treatment are hazardous--especially when other cardiovascular anomalies are present. This report describes a simple, effective technique for dilating the stenotic aortic valve and simultaneously repairing certain associated defects. The procedure has been used successfully in 3 infants with a postoperative follow-up of 6 months to 4 years. There were no deaths, and the functional results have been excellent. This technique is presented as an alternative to the more hazardous approach to open valvotomy and/or stage correction of associated anomalies.", "contents": "Closed aortic valvotomy and simultaneous correction of associated anomalies in infants. A small infant with severe congenital aortic stenosis presents a difficult therapeutic problem. Both operative and nonoperative treatment are hazardous--especially when other cardiovascular anomalies are present. This report describes a simple, effective technique for dilating the stenotic aortic valve and simultaneously repairing certain associated defects. The procedure has been used successfully in 3 infants with a postoperative follow-up of 6 months to 4 years. There were no deaths, and the functional results have been excellent. This technique is presented as an alternative to the more hazardous approach to open valvotomy and/or stage correction of associated anomalies.", "PMID": 1127974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10253", "title": "Double prosthetic aortic valve. Case report.", "content": "A 55-year-old man underwent insection of a Hufnagel valve into his descending thoracic aorta for aortic valve insufficiency 18 years ago. He remained asymptomatic for 16 years. Because of progressive left ventricular failure his incompetent aortic valve was replaced with a De Bakey carbon ball aortic valve prosthesis 2 years later. Currently, 21 months after the operation, he is doing well with two aortic valves. Review of the literature suggests that he is the first patient reported with two aortic valves functioning concomitantly and one of the longest surviving patients with a Hufnagel valve.", "contents": "Double prosthetic aortic valve. Case report. A 55-year-old man underwent insection of a Hufnagel valve into his descending thoracic aorta for aortic valve insufficiency 18 years ago. He remained asymptomatic for 16 years. Because of progressive left ventricular failure his incompetent aortic valve was replaced with a De Bakey carbon ball aortic valve prosthesis 2 years later. Currently, 21 months after the operation, he is doing well with two aortic valves. Review of the literature suggests that he is the first patient reported with two aortic valves functioning concomitantly and one of the longest surviving patients with a Hufnagel valve.", "PMID": 1127975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10254", "title": "First-degree atrioventricular block: a cause of false malfunction of a mitral disc-valve prosthesis. Case report.", "content": "Malfunction of a prosthetic mitral disc valve was clinically suspected on the basis of absent valve closing sound and an early opening click in a patient with first-degree atrioventricular (A-V) block. Premature closure and opening of the prosthetic valve was demonstrated by echocardiography. All abnormal auscultatory, phonocardiographic, and echocardiographic findings disappeared promptly upon spontaneous restoration of normal A-V conduction. The possible hemodynamic mechanism is discussed, and attention is drawn to this conduction abnormality as a cause of erroneous diagnosis of prosthetic mitral valve malfunction.", "contents": "First-degree atrioventricular block: a cause of false malfunction of a mitral disc-valve prosthesis. Case report. Malfunction of a prosthetic mitral disc valve was clinically suspected on the basis of absent valve closing sound and an early opening click in a patient with first-degree atrioventricular (A-V) block. Premature closure and opening of the prosthetic valve was demonstrated by echocardiography. All abnormal auscultatory, phonocardiographic, and echocardiographic findings disappeared promptly upon spontaneous restoration of normal A-V conduction. The possible hemodynamic mechanism is discussed, and attention is drawn to this conduction abnormality as a cause of erroneous diagnosis of prosthetic mitral valve malfunction.", "PMID": 1127976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10255", "title": "Radical surgical treatment of esophageal stenosis due to epidermolysis bullosa.", "content": "Stenotic lesions of the esophagus in epidermolysis bullosa are a rare cause of dysphagia. Even though 50 cases have been reported in the literature, only recently has surgical treatment been suggested for these patients. In our patients, who had an annular stenosis just distal to the pharyngoesophageal juncture, resection of a mucosal cylindrical segment with reanastomosis through a longitudinal esophageal myotomy was successful. This method of treatment is suggested for patients in whom the stenosis is localized.", "contents": "Radical surgical treatment of esophageal stenosis due to epidermolysis bullosa. Stenotic lesions of the esophagus in epidermolysis bullosa are a rare cause of dysphagia. Even though 50 cases have been reported in the literature, only recently has surgical treatment been suggested for these patients. In our patients, who had an annular stenosis just distal to the pharyngoesophageal juncture, resection of a mucosal cylindrical segment with reanastomosis through a longitudinal esophageal myotomy was successful. This method of treatment is suggested for patients in whom the stenosis is localized.", "PMID": 1127977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10256", "title": "Pulmonary insufficiency induced by oleic acid in the sheep: a model for investigation of extracorporeal oxygenation.", "content": "Most previous studies of the efficiency of bypass techniques for respiratory support have been conducted in hypoxic but otherwise normal animals. However, mechanisms of improved oxygenation by partial venoarterial bypass in the presence of acute respiratory insufficiency can be better studied with an appropriate pathophysiologic model; for this purpose, acute hemorrhagic pulmonary edema was induced in sheep by injection of oleic acid into the right atrium. The model presented a 3 hour period of elevated pulmonary shunting with stable hemodynamics. This preparation is being employed to the study of the mechanisms of extracorporeal oxygenation.", "contents": "Pulmonary insufficiency induced by oleic acid in the sheep: a model for investigation of extracorporeal oxygenation. Most previous studies of the efficiency of bypass techniques for respiratory support have been conducted in hypoxic but otherwise normal animals. However, mechanisms of improved oxygenation by partial venoarterial bypass in the presence of acute respiratory insufficiency can be better studied with an appropriate pathophysiologic model; for this purpose, acute hemorrhagic pulmonary edema was induced in sheep by injection of oleic acid into the right atrium. The model presented a 3 hour period of elevated pulmonary shunting with stable hemodynamics. This preparation is being employed to the study of the mechanisms of extracorporeal oxygenation.", "PMID": 1127978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10257", "title": "Traumatic avulsion of the trachea associated with cricoid fracture.", "content": "A 15-year-old girl sustained a cricoid fracture, avulsion of the trachea, and bilateral cord paralysis in a automobile injury. An airway was established by intubation, and primary repair was performed on the day of injury. A postoperative stricture was successfully managed by endoscopic dilatation and injection of triamcinolone into the stricture. Function of one vocal cord appears to be returning 6 months after the injury, and the patient is leading an active life.", "contents": "Traumatic avulsion of the trachea associated with cricoid fracture. A 15-year-old girl sustained a cricoid fracture, avulsion of the trachea, and bilateral cord paralysis in a automobile injury. An airway was established by intubation, and primary repair was performed on the day of injury. A postoperative stricture was successfully managed by endoscopic dilatation and injection of triamcinolone into the stricture. Function of one vocal cord appears to be returning 6 months after the injury, and the patient is leading an active life.", "PMID": 1127979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10258", "title": "Dissimilar metals in a rib spreader a surgical electrical hazard.", "content": "A case is presented and electrochemical theory is discussed in a situation in which a battery was produced between two dissimilar metals in a Finochietto rib spreader. The problem developed in the thorax of a patient undergoing transthoracic cervical sympathectomy and resection of the first rib. Caution is advised in the use of dissimilar metals in patients undergoing surgery.", "contents": "Dissimilar metals in a rib spreader a surgical electrical hazard. A case is presented and electrochemical theory is discussed in a situation in which a battery was produced between two dissimilar metals in a Finochietto rib spreader. The problem developed in the thorax of a patient undergoing transthoracic cervical sympathectomy and resection of the first rib. Caution is advised in the use of dissimilar metals in patients undergoing surgery.", "PMID": 1127980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10259", "title": "Mononeuritis multiplex: a complication of open-heart surgery.", "content": "A prospective examination of all patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass in one unit revealed that a number of peripheral nerve lesions occurred during the postoperative period. These were documented over a period of 20 months with follow-up of those patients so affected.", "contents": "Mononeuritis multiplex: a complication of open-heart surgery. A prospective examination of all patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass in one unit revealed that a number of peripheral nerve lesions occurred during the postoperative period. These were documented over a period of 20 months with follow-up of those patients so affected.", "PMID": 1127981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10260", "title": "Malignant tracheoesophageal fistula secondary to Hodgkin's disease. Successful surgical treatment with free fascia-muscle graft and left colon bypass.", "content": "A case of malignant tracheoesophageal fistula due to Hodgkin's disease at the mediastinum and mid-third of the esophagus is reported. The fistula developed after x-ray therapy (2,000 rads) to the medistinum. In another hospital, she had undergone two unsuccessful attempts to close the fistula surgically with muscle flap grafts, following tracheostomy and feeding gastrostomy. The third operation, performed successfully 2 months later at The Roosevelt Hospital, included division of the esophagus above the fistula with cervical esophagostomy. A free muscle graft was used to close the fistula in the trachea. One month later, subcutaneous antiperistaltic left colon bypass was performed in one stage to connect the cervical esophagus with the lower stomach. At the same time, distal closure of esophagus at the cardia, pyloroplasty, and splenectomy were done. These operations allowed that time, recurrence of the fistula necessitated a fourth operative repair. This time, a 2 inch square piece of fascia and its underlying muscle from the gluteus medius were used to reinforce the closure. The fistula remains closed to date.", "contents": "Malignant tracheoesophageal fistula secondary to Hodgkin's disease. Successful surgical treatment with free fascia-muscle graft and left colon bypass. A case of malignant tracheoesophageal fistula due to Hodgkin's disease at the mediastinum and mid-third of the esophagus is reported. The fistula developed after x-ray therapy (2,000 rads) to the medistinum. In another hospital, she had undergone two unsuccessful attempts to close the fistula surgically with muscle flap grafts, following tracheostomy and feeding gastrostomy. The third operation, performed successfully 2 months later at The Roosevelt Hospital, included division of the esophagus above the fistula with cervical esophagostomy. A free muscle graft was used to close the fistula in the trachea. One month later, subcutaneous antiperistaltic left colon bypass was performed in one stage to connect the cervical esophagus with the lower stomach. At the same time, distal closure of esophagus at the cardia, pyloroplasty, and splenectomy were done. These operations allowed that time, recurrence of the fistula necessitated a fourth operative repair. This time, a 2 inch square piece of fascia and its underlying muscle from the gluteus medius were used to reinforce the closure. The fistula remains closed to date.", "PMID": 1127982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10261", "title": "Anomalous right ventricular muscle bundle. Repair through the right atrium.", "content": "Anomalous muscle bundles within the right ventricle may cause obstruction to blood flow at the level of the outflow tract. This condition is usually associated with a ventricular septal defect. Although complete correction is usually approached through a right ventriculotomy, the anatomic configuration makes repair through a right atriotomy more suitable. The advantages of this approach are discussed and a case report is presented.", "contents": "Anomalous right ventricular muscle bundle. Repair through the right atrium. Anomalous muscle bundles within the right ventricle may cause obstruction to blood flow at the level of the outflow tract. This condition is usually associated with a ventricular septal defect. Although complete correction is usually approached through a right ventriculotomy, the anatomic configuration makes repair through a right atriotomy more suitable. The advantages of this approach are discussed and a case report is presented.", "PMID": 1127983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10262", "title": "Recurrent ulcer of the thoracic stomach penetrating the heart. Report of a case and review of the literature.", "content": "Recurrent and severe gastrointestinal bleeding caused the death of a 67-year-old man who had had resection of carcinoma of the cardiac end of the stomach. The hemorrhage was eventually found to be due to perforation of the wall of the left ventricle by a benign ulcer in the region of the esophagogastric anastomosis. At first, resection of the ulcer appeared to be successful, but recurrence of the penetrating ulcer caused fatal hemorrhage 4 1/2 months later. In our review of the literature, we found only one other instance in which an ulcer on an anastomosis perforated the heart. There were reports of 24 other cases of benign ulcers of the stomach or esophogus which penetrated the heart.", "contents": "Recurrent ulcer of the thoracic stomach penetrating the heart. Report of a case and review of the literature. Recurrent and severe gastrointestinal bleeding caused the death of a 67-year-old man who had had resection of carcinoma of the cardiac end of the stomach. The hemorrhage was eventually found to be due to perforation of the wall of the left ventricle by a benign ulcer in the region of the esophagogastric anastomosis. At first, resection of the ulcer appeared to be successful, but recurrence of the penetrating ulcer caused fatal hemorrhage 4 1/2 months later. In our review of the literature, we found only one other instance in which an ulcer on an anastomosis perforated the heart. There were reports of 24 other cases of benign ulcers of the stomach or esophogus which penetrated the heart.", "PMID": 1127984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10263", "title": "Results of emergency surgical management of hemorrhagic duodenal ulcer.", "content": "The results of emergency surgical operations carried out on 61 patients with massively beleding duodenal ulcers between the years 1960 and 1969 were reviewed. The most useful diagnostic tool was gastric roentgenography. However, celiac axis arteriography was not in use during this period. The basic procedure carried out was either gastric resection or vagotomy and pyloroplasty. The mortality between the two groups was similar. However, patients more than 60 years of age had a much greater morbidity after gastric resection. Complications were more likely to occur in patients who had a history of chronic ingestion of aspirin prior to the bleeding episode or in whom bleeding from their duodenal ulcer developed while they were recovering from some other surgical procedure.", "contents": "Results of emergency surgical management of hemorrhagic duodenal ulcer. The results of emergency surgical operations carried out on 61 patients with massively beleding duodenal ulcers between the years 1960 and 1969 were reviewed. The most useful diagnostic tool was gastric roentgenography. However, celiac axis arteriography was not in use during this period. The basic procedure carried out was either gastric resection or vagotomy and pyloroplasty. The mortality between the two groups was similar. However, patients more than 60 years of age had a much greater morbidity after gastric resection. Complications were more likely to occur in patients who had a history of chronic ingestion of aspirin prior to the bleeding episode or in whom bleeding from their duodenal ulcer developed while they were recovering from some other surgical procedure.", "PMID": 1127987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10264", "title": "Decreasing prevalence of tophaceous gout.", "content": "Retrospective analysis of newly diagnosed gout cases seen at the Mayo Clinic from 1949 through 1972 shows a progressive decline in tophaceous gout, from 14% to 3%. Gout diagnoses remained stable in a range of 1.5 to 2.2/1,000 patients seen.", "contents": "Decreasing prevalence of tophaceous gout. Retrospective analysis of newly diagnosed gout cases seen at the Mayo Clinic from 1949 through 1972 shows a progressive decline in tophaceous gout, from 14% to 3%. Gout diagnoses remained stable in a range of 1.5 to 2.2/1,000 patients seen.", "PMID": 1127988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10265", "title": "Biliary bile acid composition in Wilson's disease.", "content": "Biliary bile acid composition and pattern of bile acid conjugation with glycine or taurine were found to be within normal limits in six patients with documented Wilson's disease. Four patients had previous biopsy evidence of cirrhosis (three with active hepatitis), but most conventional liver function tests gave normal results at the time of the study. Serum levels of conjugates of cholic acid, measured by radioimmunoassay, were not increased. However, plasma disappearance if intravenously injected glycine conjugate of cholic acid was significantly delayed in all subjects, suggesting that this is a more sensitive test of hepatic excretory function and may be of value for assessing hepatic function in patients with this rare genetic disorder. No evidence of a primary disturbance in bile acid metabolism was found in these patients.", "contents": "Biliary bile acid composition in Wilson's disease. Biliary bile acid composition and pattern of bile acid conjugation with glycine or taurine were found to be within normal limits in six patients with documented Wilson's disease. Four patients had previous biopsy evidence of cirrhosis (three with active hepatitis), but most conventional liver function tests gave normal results at the time of the study. Serum levels of conjugates of cholic acid, measured by radioimmunoassay, were not increased. However, plasma disappearance if intravenously injected glycine conjugate of cholic acid was significantly delayed in all subjects, suggesting that this is a more sensitive test of hepatic excretory function and may be of value for assessing hepatic function in patients with this rare genetic disorder. No evidence of a primary disturbance in bile acid metabolism was found in these patients.", "PMID": 1127989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10266", "title": "The clinical significance of Bence Jones proteinuria.", "content": "The detection of monoclonal light chains in the urine by the Bence Jones heat test is a useful adjuvant to the diagnosis of myeloma and other related diseases. The test is particularly helpful when no serum spike is noted. Overall, it is positive in approximately half of all patients with myeloma. In order to assess the accuracy of the test, we reviewed the records of all patients with a positive heat test for Bence Jones proteinuria during a single calendar year. Myeloma accounted for 68%, but patients with amyloidosis, the adult Fanconi syndrome, and others also had positive results. One-fifth of the results were false positive in that urine protein electrophoresis showed no spike and immunoelectrophoresis, no monoclonal protein. This group consisted largely of patients with connective tissue diseases, chronic renal failure, or nonplasmacytic malignancies. We also have seen patients who had monoclonal light chains in their urine but failed to show positive results to the heat test and were thus considered false negative. Although the heat test for Bence Jones proteins is a useful clinical test, one must be aware of both false-positive and false-negative results. Electrophoresis and immunoelectrophoresis of concentrated urine are the methods of choice for detection of a monoclonal light chain in the urine.", "contents": "The clinical significance of Bence Jones proteinuria. The detection of monoclonal light chains in the urine by the Bence Jones heat test is a useful adjuvant to the diagnosis of myeloma and other related diseases. The test is particularly helpful when no serum spike is noted. Overall, it is positive in approximately half of all patients with myeloma. In order to assess the accuracy of the test, we reviewed the records of all patients with a positive heat test for Bence Jones proteinuria during a single calendar year. Myeloma accounted for 68%, but patients with amyloidosis, the adult Fanconi syndrome, and others also had positive results. One-fifth of the results were false positive in that urine protein electrophoresis showed no spike and immunoelectrophoresis, no monoclonal protein. This group consisted largely of patients with connective tissue diseases, chronic renal failure, or nonplasmacytic malignancies. We also have seen patients who had monoclonal light chains in their urine but failed to show positive results to the heat test and were thus considered false negative. Although the heat test for Bence Jones proteins is a useful clinical test, one must be aware of both false-positive and false-negative results. Electrophoresis and immunoelectrophoresis of concentrated urine are the methods of choice for detection of a monoclonal light chain in the urine.", "PMID": 1127990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10267", "title": "Studies of the dimensions of oligopeptides by singlet-singlet energy, transfer and theoretical calculations. I. Influence of glycine on the dimensions of tetrapeptides.", "content": "The efficiency of energy transfer between a fluorescent donor, L-tyrosine, and a fluorescent acceptor, L-tryptophan, has been determined in R'-L-Trp-L-Ala-L-Tyr-R\", R-L-Trp-L-Ala-L-Ala-L-Tyr-R\", and R'-L-Trp-Gly-L-Ala-L-Tyr-R\" in ethanol solution. The protecting groups R' and R\" were respectively tert-butyloxycarbonyl and methyl ester. A conformational theoretical analysis of molecules studied has been performed in parallel on the basis of semiempirical conformational potential energy function. In the theoretical models all the side chains have been represented by a methyl group. From the distribution of distances between chromophores obtained theoretically, transfer efficiencies have been computed assuming a random orientation of the chromophores (k-2 equals 2/3). The comparison of calculated efficiencies with the values determined experimentally for the same value of k-2 has been used as a check for the theoretical model. Both experimental and theoretical studies have been shown that the glycyl residue procudes a reduction of dimensions when it replaces in a tetrapeptide a residue with a beta-carbon atom such as the L-alanyl residue. However, only a qualitative agreement between experimental and theoretical values of the efficiencies has been obtained.", "contents": "Studies of the dimensions of oligopeptides by singlet-singlet energy, transfer and theoretical calculations. I. Influence of glycine on the dimensions of tetrapeptides. The efficiency of energy transfer between a fluorescent donor, L-tyrosine, and a fluorescent acceptor, L-tryptophan, has been determined in R'-L-Trp-L-Ala-L-Tyr-R\", R-L-Trp-L-Ala-L-Ala-L-Tyr-R\", and R'-L-Trp-Gly-L-Ala-L-Tyr-R\" in ethanol solution. The protecting groups R' and R\" were respectively tert-butyloxycarbonyl and methyl ester. A conformational theoretical analysis of molecules studied has been performed in parallel on the basis of semiempirical conformational potential energy function. In the theoretical models all the side chains have been represented by a methyl group. From the distribution of distances between chromophores obtained theoretically, transfer efficiencies have been computed assuming a random orientation of the chromophores (k-2 equals 2/3). The comparison of calculated efficiencies with the values determined experimentally for the same value of k-2 has been used as a check for the theoretical model. Both experimental and theoretical studies have been shown that the glycyl residue procudes a reduction of dimensions when it replaces in a tetrapeptide a residue with a beta-carbon atom such as the L-alanyl residue. However, only a qualitative agreement between experimental and theoretical values of the efficiencies has been obtained.", "PMID": 1127985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10268", "title": "Small-bowel obstruction secondary to endometriosis.", "content": "Though endometriosis is a frequent finding in females, it rarely causes obstruction of the small bowel. However, 11 patients with such obstruction were seen at the Mayo Clinic in the years 1950 through 1970. Their ages ranged from 27 years to 51. A portion of involved bowel had to be resected in every case, but most of the lesions were single. Generally the obstructions were subacute and did not produce surgical emergencies. But because the symptoms were neither specific nor acute, the diagnosis seldom was established prior to laparotomy and the majority of the resections were performed without bowel preparation. Nevertheless, morbidity was minor in most cases and there was no mortality. Small-bowel obstruction has not recurred. Endometriosis of the small bowel tends to be limited to the serosa and the muscular coats, not penetrating the mucosa; and obstruction is due to fibrosis and kinking of the bowel. The obstructed segment usually must be resected. If pelvic endometriosis is minimal, no further surgery is necessary. But if the pelvic lesions are extensive, or if multiple sites in the small and large intestines are involved, then more radical resection and bilateral oophorectomy are indicated.", "contents": "Small-bowel obstruction secondary to endometriosis. Though endometriosis is a frequent finding in females, it rarely causes obstruction of the small bowel. However, 11 patients with such obstruction were seen at the Mayo Clinic in the years 1950 through 1970. Their ages ranged from 27 years to 51. A portion of involved bowel had to be resected in every case, but most of the lesions were single. Generally the obstructions were subacute and did not produce surgical emergencies. But because the symptoms were neither specific nor acute, the diagnosis seldom was established prior to laparotomy and the majority of the resections were performed without bowel preparation. Nevertheless, morbidity was minor in most cases and there was no mortality. Small-bowel obstruction has not recurred. Endometriosis of the small bowel tends to be limited to the serosa and the muscular coats, not penetrating the mucosa; and obstruction is due to fibrosis and kinking of the bowel. The obstructed segment usually must be resected. If pelvic endometriosis is minimal, no further surgery is necessary. But if the pelvic lesions are extensive, or if multiple sites in the small and large intestines are involved, then more radical resection and bilateral oophorectomy are indicated.", "PMID": 1127991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10269", "title": "Side-chain interactions and conformation in alpha-helical poly(gamma-phenacyl L-glutamate). Aggregation in dilute solutions.", "content": "The behavior of alpha-helical poly(gamma-phenacyl L-glutamate) (PPLG) has been studied by hydrodynamic, optical rotation, dielectric, and nmr measurements in different solvents. Special attention has been paid to side-chain interactions which depend on the ease of solvation of the phenacyl chromophore. Thus, in hexafluoro-2-propanol the circular dichroism spectrum is very similar to that usually observed for an alpha helix, and hydrogen bonding was shown to occur between the solvent and phenacyl CO group. In other heliocogenic solvents, side chain-side chain interactions occur. In dimethylformamide and pyridine they give rise at low temperature and low concentrations to an aggregation phenomenon whose molecular mechanism implies a molecular weight dependent folding of the molecules. Models for the side-chain conformation are proposed for the polymer in the solid state on the basis of infrared dichroism.", "contents": "Side-chain interactions and conformation in alpha-helical poly(gamma-phenacyl L-glutamate). Aggregation in dilute solutions. The behavior of alpha-helical poly(gamma-phenacyl L-glutamate) (PPLG) has been studied by hydrodynamic, optical rotation, dielectric, and nmr measurements in different solvents. Special attention has been paid to side-chain interactions which depend on the ease of solvation of the phenacyl chromophore. Thus, in hexafluoro-2-propanol the circular dichroism spectrum is very similar to that usually observed for an alpha helix, and hydrogen bonding was shown to occur between the solvent and phenacyl CO group. In other heliocogenic solvents, side chain-side chain interactions occur. In dimethylformamide and pyridine they give rise at low temperature and low concentrations to an aggregation phenomenon whose molecular mechanism implies a molecular weight dependent folding of the molecules. Models for the side-chain conformation are proposed for the polymer in the solid state on the basis of infrared dichroism.", "PMID": 1127986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10270", "title": "Microcirculatory obstruction in focal cerebral ischemia. Relationship to neuronal alterations.", "content": "The cerbral microcirculation in squirrel monkeys was studied by the carbon perfusion technique after middle cerebral artery occlusion. No filling impairment was detected with 90 minutes of ischemia, and only slight impairment was detected with 3 hours of ischemia. Severe microcirculatory obstruction  was found after ischemia longer than 3 hours. The obstruction appeared to be at the capillary level and seemed partly the result of narrowing of cappillary channels by perivascular glial swelling and developing cerebral edema. The relationship between the developing microcirculatory obstruction and the distribution and severity of the neuronal alterations was studied. The results of this investigation using the same experimental model suggest that obstruction of parenchymal vessels does not play a major role in the production of an infarct in areas of acute focal ischemia.", "contents": "Microcirculatory obstruction in focal cerebral ischemia. Relationship to neuronal alterations. The cerbral microcirculation in squirrel monkeys was studied by the carbon perfusion technique after middle cerebral artery occlusion. No filling impairment was detected with 90 minutes of ischemia, and only slight impairment was detected with 3 hours of ischemia. Severe microcirculatory obstruction  was found after ischemia longer than 3 hours. The obstruction appeared to be at the capillary level and seemed partly the result of narrowing of cappillary channels by perivascular glial swelling and developing cerebral edema. The relationship between the developing microcirculatory obstruction and the distribution and severity of the neuronal alterations was studied. The results of this investigation using the same experimental model suggest that obstruction of parenchymal vessels does not play a major role in the production of an infarct in areas of acute focal ischemia.", "PMID": 1127992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10271", "title": "Drug-induced malabsorption.", "content": "Pharmacologic agents of diverse types may alter gastrointestinal absorption of nutrients and other substances. Mechanisms underlying drug-induced absorptive defects that have been documented include: (1) a direct toxic effect causing morphologic changes in the mucosa of the small intestine; (2) inhibition of mucosal enzymes with or without morphologic evidence of mucosal damage; (3) binding and precipitation of micellar components, such as bile acids and fatty acids; and (4) alteration of the physicochemical state of another drug or dietary ion. The malabsorptive effect generally is dose-related, rather than an idiosyncratic reaction, and usually involves multiple nutrients. Certain clinical states, such as in the malnourished alcoholic may predipose the gastrointestinal tract to a drug-induced absorptive defect. For this review we discuss in detail nine commonly used drugs or types of drugs that cause malabsorption of dietary nutrients or other medications.", "contents": "Drug-induced malabsorption. Pharmacologic agents of diverse types may alter gastrointestinal absorption of nutrients and other substances. Mechanisms underlying drug-induced absorptive defects that have been documented include: (1) a direct toxic effect causing morphologic changes in the mucosa of the small intestine; (2) inhibition of mucosal enzymes with or without morphologic evidence of mucosal damage; (3) binding and precipitation of micellar components, such as bile acids and fatty acids; and (4) alteration of the physicochemical state of another drug or dietary ion. The malabsorptive effect generally is dose-related, rather than an idiosyncratic reaction, and usually involves multiple nutrients. Certain clinical states, such as in the malnourished alcoholic may predipose the gastrointestinal tract to a drug-induced absorptive defect. For this review we discuss in detail nine commonly used drugs or types of drugs that cause malabsorption of dietary nutrients or other medications.", "PMID": 1127993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10272", "title": "Carotid endarterectomy. Complications and preoperative assessment of risk.", "content": "A system of grouping patients according to preoperative evaluation of risk of carotid endarterectomy is presented. The primary complications of this surgical procedure were myocardial infarction and residual mild to severe neurologic deficit. Neurologically stable patients without medical or angiographically determined risk factors (group 1, 129 patients) have a risk of 1%. Neurologically stable patients without medical risk but with angiographically determined risk (group 2, 56 patients) have a risk of 2%. Neurologically stable patients with significant medical illness and with or without angiographically determined risks (group 3, 76 patients) have a risk of 7%, primarily related to cardiac disease. Neurologically unstable patients (group 4, 70 patients) have a 10% risk for a neurologic deficit.", "contents": "Carotid endarterectomy. Complications and preoperative assessment of risk. A system of grouping patients according to preoperative evaluation of risk of carotid endarterectomy is presented. The primary complications of this surgical procedure were myocardial infarction and residual mild to severe neurologic deficit. Neurologically stable patients without medical or angiographically determined risk factors (group 1, 129 patients) have a risk of 1%. Neurologically stable patients without medical risk but with angiographically determined risk (group 2, 56 patients) have a risk of 2%. Neurologically stable patients with significant medical illness and with or without angiographically determined risks (group 3, 76 patients) have a risk of 7%, primarily related to cardiac disease. Neurologically unstable patients (group 4, 70 patients) have a 10% risk for a neurologic deficit.", "PMID": 1127994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10273", "title": "Familial hemiplegic migraine.", "content": "Ten members of one family had hemiplegic migraine. The typical attack was sterotyped from member to member. Three of the 10 members had hemiplegic migraine attacks associated with minor head trauma. One patient suffered premanent neurologic deficit. Therapy of hemiplegic mirgaine is briefly discussed.", "contents": "Familial hemiplegic migraine. Ten members of one family had hemiplegic migraine. The typical attack was sterotyped from member to member. Three of the 10 members had hemiplegic migraine attacks associated with minor head trauma. One patient suffered premanent neurologic deficit. Therapy of hemiplegic mirgaine is briefly discussed.", "PMID": 1127995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10274", "title": "Congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. Surgical experience.", "content": "Of 132 infants who underwent surgery for congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis during a 13-year period, 83% were males and 31% were firstborn males. Ninety-one percent of the patients presented with projctile vomiting after feeding, and an \"olive\" was palpated in 92%. Upper gastrointestinal studies were not obtained in 73%. Twenty patients had positive family histories. For the entire 13 years under review, the average total hospital was 6.14 days, and the average postoperative stay was 4.45 days. For the later period 1970 to 1974, the hospital stay was 5.2 and 3.7 days, respectively. Intravenous fluids were not used in 77% of the patients and were used but not needed from a surgical standpoint in 9%. No deaths resulted from the procedure for pyloric steonsis, but there were five complications. Only 13 patients had no vomiting after operaion, whereas 105 (79%) had modest regurgitation of mild vomiting. Specific preoperative, operative, and postoperative care is important in every case.", "contents": "Congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. Surgical experience. Of 132 infants who underwent surgery for congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis during a 13-year period, 83% were males and 31% were firstborn males. Ninety-one percent of the patients presented with projctile vomiting after feeding, and an \"olive\" was palpated in 92%. Upper gastrointestinal studies were not obtained in 73%. Twenty patients had positive family histories. For the entire 13 years under review, the average total hospital was 6.14 days, and the average postoperative stay was 4.45 days. For the later period 1970 to 1974, the hospital stay was 5.2 and 3.7 days, respectively. Intravenous fluids were not used in 77% of the patients and were used but not needed from a surgical standpoint in 9%. No deaths resulted from the procedure for pyloric steonsis, but there were five complications. Only 13 patients had no vomiting after operaion, whereas 105 (79%) had modest regurgitation of mild vomiting. Specific preoperative, operative, and postoperative care is important in every case.", "PMID": 1127996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10275", "title": "Mesenteric angiofollicular lymph node hyperplasia (lymphoid hamartoma) with nephroitc syndrome.", "content": "In an 18-year-old woman who presented with the nephrotic syndrome and an abdominal mass, removal of a benign mesenteric lymphoid tumor was associated with remission of the nephrotic syndrome without further recurrence (30 month follow-up). Biopsies of both kidneys showed  a minimal-change glomerular lesion. Clinical and pathologic characteristics of angiofollicular lymph node hyperplasia and its possible relationship to the nephrotic syndrome are discussed.", "contents": "Mesenteric angiofollicular lymph node hyperplasia (lymphoid hamartoma) with nephroitc syndrome. In an 18-year-old woman who presented with the nephrotic syndrome and an abdominal mass, removal of a benign mesenteric lymphoid tumor was associated with remission of the nephrotic syndrome without further recurrence (30 month follow-up). Biopsies of both kidneys showed  a minimal-change glomerular lesion. Clinical and pathologic characteristics of angiofollicular lymph node hyperplasia and its possible relationship to the nephrotic syndrome are discussed.", "PMID": 1127997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10276", "title": "Open-angle glaucoma associated with topical administraion of flurandrenolide to the eye.", "content": "Intraocular pressure was elevated in both eyes and a glaucomatous field defect developed in one eye of an 18-year-old Caucasian man after prolonged topical use of flurandrenolide. Spontaneous remission occurred in one eye, the eye with least drug exposure, within a few weeks. The other eye continued to show evidence of elevated intraocular pressure and further field loss developed over 4 years after discontinuation of the steroid. The most serverly affected eye became myopic. This case strongly suggests that chronic application of flurandrenolide into the conjuctival sac can produce corticosteroid-induced glaucoma in susceptible individuals. Although both eyes were normal before exposure to the steroid and elevations of the same level developed in both eyes at the peak of the disease, the eye with the least drug exposure underwent complete and spontaneous remission whereas the eye exposed more frequently appeared to show irreversible changes in the aqueous humor outflow pathway with subsequent loss of visual field.", "contents": "Open-angle glaucoma associated with topical administraion of flurandrenolide to the eye. Intraocular pressure was elevated in both eyes and a glaucomatous field defect developed in one eye of an 18-year-old Caucasian man after prolonged topical use of flurandrenolide. Spontaneous remission occurred in one eye, the eye with least drug exposure, within a few weeks. The other eye continued to show evidence of elevated intraocular pressure and further field loss developed over 4 years after discontinuation of the steroid. The most serverly affected eye became myopic. This case strongly suggests that chronic application of flurandrenolide into the conjuctival sac can produce corticosteroid-induced glaucoma in susceptible individuals. Although both eyes were normal before exposure to the steroid and elevations of the same level developed in both eyes at the peak of the disease, the eye with the least drug exposure underwent complete and spontaneous remission whereas the eye exposed more frequently appeared to show irreversible changes in the aqueous humor outflow pathway with subsequent loss of visual field.", "PMID": 1127998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10277", "title": "Microscopic and baceriologic analysis of expectorated sputum.", "content": "Samples of expectorated sputum were examined grossly and microscopically to determine their suitability for bacterial cultures. Microscopically, specimens were categorized according to the number of leukocytes and squamous epithelial cells (SEC) observed under low-power (times 100) in a Gram-stained smear. The mean number of species isolated was greater than 4 from specimens with more than 10 SEC per field, 2.7 from specimens with fewer than 10 SEC per field, and 2.4 from transtracheal aspirates. Oropharyngeal flora was isolated from nearly all of the specimens with more than 10 SEC per field, and potential pathogens were found in less than 15% of such specimens. The bacterial flora of specimens with fewer than 10 SEC per field closely resembled that of transtracheal aspirates.", "contents": "Microscopic and baceriologic analysis of expectorated sputum. Samples of expectorated sputum were examined grossly and microscopically to determine their suitability for bacterial cultures. Microscopically, specimens were categorized according to the number of leukocytes and squamous epithelial cells (SEC) observed under low-power (times 100) in a Gram-stained smear. The mean number of species isolated was greater than 4 from specimens with more than 10 SEC per field, 2.7 from specimens with fewer than 10 SEC per field, and 2.4 from transtracheal aspirates. Oropharyngeal flora was isolated from nearly all of the specimens with more than 10 SEC per field, and potential pathogens were found in less than 15% of such specimens. The bacterial flora of specimens with fewer than 10 SEC per field closely resembled that of transtracheal aspirates.", "PMID": 1127999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10278", "title": "Glutamine transport in dog kidney mitochondria: a new control mechanism in acidosis.", "content": "Experiments performed with isolated mitochondria from dog renal cortex provide evidence for a carrier for glutamine located in the inner mitochondrial membrane. This carrier transfers glutamine to glutaminase located in the inner membrane or matrix space and provides a site for regulation of glutamine metabolism and ammoniagenesis. Examination of glutamate formation by the carrier-glutaminase system in mitochondria and in submitochondrial preparations from acidotic and alkalotic dogs shows enhanced glutamate formation without accompanying alteration in glutaminase levels in preparations form acidotic animals. These findings suggest that the increased renal ammonia formation from glutamine during metabolic acidosis results from an adaptive increase in transport of glutamine by the inner membrane carrier.", "contents": "Glutamine transport in dog kidney mitochondria: a new control mechanism in acidosis. Experiments performed with isolated mitochondria from dog renal cortex provide evidence for a carrier for glutamine located in the inner mitochondrial membrane. This carrier transfers glutamine to glutaminase located in the inner membrane or matrix space and provides a site for regulation of glutamine metabolism and ammoniagenesis. Examination of glutamate formation by the carrier-glutaminase system in mitochondria and in submitochondrial preparations from acidotic and alkalotic dogs shows enhanced glutamate formation without accompanying alteration in glutaminase levels in preparations form acidotic animals. These findings suggest that the increased renal ammonia formation from glutamine during metabolic acidosis results from an adaptive increase in transport of glutamine by the inner membrane carrier.", "PMID": 1128012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10279", "title": "Enzymic synthesis of 1-alkyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylethanolamine through ethanolaminephosphotransferase activity in the neuronal and glial cells of rabbit in vitro.", "content": "The transfer of radioactivity from cytidine-5'-diphosphate ethanolamine into 1-alkyl-2-acyl-sn-glycerophosphorylethanolamine of neuronal and glial cells from adult rabbit brain cortex has been investigated in vitro. The synthesis of 1-alkyl-2-acyl-sn-glycerophosphorylethanolamine in both cell populations was stimulated 23-25-fold by the addition of 6 mM alkylacylglycerol. The neuronal cell-enriched fraction was found to possess/unit protein a 1.7-1.8-fold ethanolaminephosphotransferase activity (EC 2.7.8.1), as compared to the glial fraction, when saturating concentrations (6 mM) of alkylacylglycerols were added in the incubation system. The neuronal/glial ratio was 2.6-2.8 in the absence of lipid acceptor or with low concentrations of alkylacylglycerol. Under most favorable conditions, 6.4 and 3.3 nmoles 1-alkyl-2-acyl-sn-glycerophosphorylethanolamine/mg protein/30 min was obtained for neurons and glia, respectively. Various kinetic properties of the 1-alkyl-2-acyl-sn-glycerophosphorylethanolamine synthesizing phosphotransferase activity were found to be similar both in neurons and glia.", "contents": "Enzymic synthesis of 1-alkyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylethanolamine through ethanolaminephosphotransferase activity in the neuronal and glial cells of rabbit in vitro. The transfer of radioactivity from cytidine-5'-diphosphate ethanolamine into 1-alkyl-2-acyl-sn-glycerophosphorylethanolamine of neuronal and glial cells from adult rabbit brain cortex has been investigated in vitro. The synthesis of 1-alkyl-2-acyl-sn-glycerophosphorylethanolamine in both cell populations was stimulated 23-25-fold by the addition of 6 mM alkylacylglycerol. The neuronal cell-enriched fraction was found to possess/unit protein a 1.7-1.8-fold ethanolaminephosphotransferase activity (EC 2.7.8.1), as compared to the glial fraction, when saturating concentrations (6 mM) of alkylacylglycerols were added in the incubation system. The neuronal/glial ratio was 2.6-2.8 in the absence of lipid acceptor or with low concentrations of alkylacylglycerol. Under most favorable conditions, 6.4 and 3.3 nmoles 1-alkyl-2-acyl-sn-glycerophosphorylethanolamine/mg protein/30 min was obtained for neurons and glia, respectively. Various kinetic properties of the 1-alkyl-2-acyl-sn-glycerophosphorylethanolamine synthesizing phosphotransferase activity were found to be similar both in neurons and glia.", "PMID": 1128165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10280", "title": "Relationship between lipids in plasma and skin secretions of neonatal calf with particular reference to linoleic acid.", "content": "A study has been made on the lipid composition of the skin secretions and plasma of the neonatal calf. A significant proportion of the skin surface lipids was comprised of triglycerides. Saturated fatty acids comprised the major proportion of the fatty acids of the skin surface triglycerides at birth. Immediately after birth, the proportion of the saturated fatty acids decreased, and there was a concomittant increase in the proportion of 18:1. Some 3-4 weeks after birth, the proportion of 18:2 delta cis-9, cis-12 in the skin surface triglycerides increased to ca. 14 percent, and there was a decrease in the proportion of 18:1. The 18:2 was shown to be confined almost entirely to the 2 position of the triglycerides. During the first 5 weeks after birth, the concentrations of the cholesteryl esters and phospholipids in the plasma increased markedly and were accompanied by a rapid increase in the proportion of 18:2 within these 2 fractions. The results are discussed in relation to the known role of 18:2 in the metabolism of biological systems.", "contents": "Relationship between lipids in plasma and skin secretions of neonatal calf with particular reference to linoleic acid. A study has been made on the lipid composition of the skin secretions and plasma of the neonatal calf. A significant proportion of the skin surface lipids was comprised of triglycerides. Saturated fatty acids comprised the major proportion of the fatty acids of the skin surface triglycerides at birth. Immediately after birth, the proportion of the saturated fatty acids decreased, and there was a concomittant increase in the proportion of 18:1. Some 3-4 weeks after birth, the proportion of 18:2 delta cis-9, cis-12 in the skin surface triglycerides increased to ca. 14 percent, and there was a decrease in the proportion of 18:1. The 18:2 was shown to be confined almost entirely to the 2 position of the triglycerides. During the first 5 weeks after birth, the concentrations of the cholesteryl esters and phospholipids in the plasma increased markedly and were accompanied by a rapid increase in the proportion of 18:2 within these 2 fractions. The results are discussed in relation to the known role of 18:2 in the metabolism of biological systems.", "PMID": 1128166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10281", "title": "Some unusual fatty acids of Rhizobium.", "content": "A number of unusual fatty acids were identified after isolation from Rhizobium. They include 11-methyl-octadec-11-enoic, 12-methoxy-11-methyl- and 11-methoxy-12-methyloctadecanoic, and 11-methoxy- and 13-methoxynonadecanoic acids.", "contents": "Some unusual fatty acids of Rhizobium. A number of unusual fatty acids were identified after isolation from Rhizobium. They include 11-methyl-octadec-11-enoic, 12-methoxy-11-methyl- and 11-methoxy-12-methyloctadecanoic, and 11-methoxy- and 13-methoxynonadecanoic acids.", "PMID": 1128167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10282", "title": "Positional analysis of isovaleroyl triglycerides using proton magnetic resonance with Eu (fod) 3 and Pr (fod) 3 shift reagents: I. Model compounds.", "content": "The proton magnetic resonance spectra of isomeric triglycerides of isovaleric and palmitic acids in the presence of the downfield and upfield chemical shift reagents Eu(fod)(3) and Pr(fod)(3) were studied. The resonance profiles of the gamma-protons on the isovaleroyl chains are distinctive for each of the four possible triglyceride isomers at low shift reagent/triglyceride ratios. With either reagent, the well defined gamma-methyl isovalerate doublets can be used to identify 2-isovaleroyl and 1,3-isovaleroyl structures and to analyze isomeric mixtures. This technique will be useful for positional analysis of natural cetacean triglycerides containing isovaleric acid.", "contents": "Positional analysis of isovaleroyl triglycerides using proton magnetic resonance with Eu (fod) 3 and Pr (fod) 3 shift reagents: I. Model compounds. The proton magnetic resonance spectra of isomeric triglycerides of isovaleric and palmitic acids in the presence of the downfield and upfield chemical shift reagents Eu(fod)(3) and Pr(fod)(3) were studied. The resonance profiles of the gamma-protons on the isovaleroyl chains are distinctive for each of the four possible triglyceride isomers at low shift reagent/triglyceride ratios. With either reagent, the well defined gamma-methyl isovalerate doublets can be used to identify 2-isovaleroyl and 1,3-isovaleroyl structures and to analyze isomeric mixtures. This technique will be useful for positional analysis of natural cetacean triglycerides containing isovaleric acid.", "PMID": 1128168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10283", "title": "New application of high pressure reversed-phase liquid chromatography in lipids.", "content": "High pressure reverse-phase liquid chromatography has been used to separate saturated fatty acids, their methyl esters, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and triglycerides. Rapid separation of fatty acids differing in chain length and number of double bonds has been accomplished. Analysis time was less than 10 min in most cases. The high pressure reverse chromatography resulted in better separations of polyenoic acids than can be accomplished by conventional argentation silicic acid column chromatography. The analyses were carried out on a chemically bonded reverse phase packing, VYDAC reverse phase.", "contents": "New application of high pressure reversed-phase liquid chromatography in lipids. High pressure reverse-phase liquid chromatography has been used to separate saturated fatty acids, their methyl esters, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and triglycerides. Rapid separation of fatty acids differing in chain length and number of double bonds has been accomplished. Analysis time was less than 10 min in most cases. The high pressure reverse chromatography resulted in better separations of polyenoic acids than can be accomplished by conventional argentation silicic acid column chromatography. The analyses were carried out on a chemically bonded reverse phase packing, VYDAC reverse phase.", "PMID": 1128169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10284", "title": "Effect of low methionine, choline deficient diets upon major unsaturated phosphatidyl choline fractions of rat liver and plasma.", "content": "To see how the metabolism of specific phosphatidyl choline fractions might be affected when only a limited source of methyl groups was available, rats were fed for 7 days a low methionine, choline-deficient diet or one supplemented with either choline or methionine. Prior to killing, they were injected with -14C-methyl methionine and liver and plasma phosphatidyl choline isolated and separated by argentation chromatography into 3 major unsaturated fractions. Fatty acid composition and radioactivity of the fractions were determined. Deficient rats had reduced total liver phosphatidyl choline when compared with the supplemented groups, but the proportions of 20:4 and 22:6 fatty acids in the total phosphatidyl choline were unchanged. Plasma phosphatidyl choline also was reduced sharply by the deficiency, as was its proportion of 20:4 fatty acid. Specific activities of the liver 22:6, 20:4, and 18:2 phosphatidyl choline fractions showed that deficient rats had less radioactivity in their 20:4 and 18:2 phosphatidyl choline than did the supplemented animals. Plasma phosphatidyl choline fractions presented a similar pattern. Feeding methionine or choline nearly doubled radioactive methyl group incorporation into the 20:4 phosphatidyl choline fraction of liver and plasma, while incorporation into the 22:6 phosphatidyl choline was reduced or unchanged. The results suggested that, in the rat, limited availability of methyl groups altered the metabolism of liver and plasma phosphatidyl choline fractions. Methionine, as a source of labile methyl groups, appears necessary for the normal synthesis of certain unsaturated phosphatidyl choline fractions (particularly 20:4 phosphatidyl choline). Transmethylation of phosphatidyl ethanolamine molecular species to the corresponding phosphatidyl choline species may be an important reaction in normal lipid metabolism and transport. Relative affinities for incorporation of the labeled methyl groups into the phosphatidyl choline fractions of either deficient or supplemented rats were: 22:6 less than 20:4 less than 18:2.", "contents": "Effect of low methionine, choline deficient diets upon major unsaturated phosphatidyl choline fractions of rat liver and plasma. To see how the metabolism of specific phosphatidyl choline fractions might be affected when only a limited source of methyl groups was available, rats were fed for 7 days a low methionine, choline-deficient diet or one supplemented with either choline or methionine. Prior to killing, they were injected with -14C-methyl methionine and liver and plasma phosphatidyl choline isolated and separated by argentation chromatography into 3 major unsaturated fractions. Fatty acid composition and radioactivity of the fractions were determined. Deficient rats had reduced total liver phosphatidyl choline when compared with the supplemented groups, but the proportions of 20:4 and 22:6 fatty acids in the total phosphatidyl choline were unchanged. Plasma phosphatidyl choline also was reduced sharply by the deficiency, as was its proportion of 20:4 fatty acid. Specific activities of the liver 22:6, 20:4, and 18:2 phosphatidyl choline fractions showed that deficient rats had less radioactivity in their 20:4 and 18:2 phosphatidyl choline than did the supplemented animals. Plasma phosphatidyl choline fractions presented a similar pattern. Feeding methionine or choline nearly doubled radioactive methyl group incorporation into the 20:4 phosphatidyl choline fraction of liver and plasma, while incorporation into the 22:6 phosphatidyl choline was reduced or unchanged. The results suggested that, in the rat, limited availability of methyl groups altered the metabolism of liver and plasma phosphatidyl choline fractions. Methionine, as a source of labile methyl groups, appears necessary for the normal synthesis of certain unsaturated phosphatidyl choline fractions (particularly 20:4 phosphatidyl choline). Transmethylation of phosphatidyl ethanolamine molecular species to the corresponding phosphatidyl choline species may be an important reaction in normal lipid metabolism and transport. Relative affinities for incorporation of the labeled methyl groups into the phosphatidyl choline fractions of either deficient or supplemented rats were: 22:6 less than 20:4 less than 18:2.", "PMID": 1128170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10285", "title": "Effects of phenobarbital upon bile acid synthesis in two strains of rats.", "content": "Rats of the Wistar and Sprague-Dawley strains were injected with sodium phenobarbital (100 mg/kg body wt/day) for 8 days. Fecal bile acid excretion was measured on days 6 and 8 of the experiment, and biliary bile acid composition, hepatic microsomal cholesterol, 7alpha-hydroxylase, and 7alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one 12alpha-hydroxylase were determined at the end of the study. In the Wistar rat, injection of phenobarbital produced a doubling of fecal bile acid output (controls, 5.3 mg/rat/day; treated rats, 10.6 mg/rat/day) and a two-threefold increase in cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase. The fecal bile acid output of Sprague-Dawley rats increased 20% in response to phenobarbital (controls, 9,5 mg/rat/day; treated rats, 11.6 mg/rat/day). The activity of cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase remained unchanged. In both strains, phenobarbital treatment produced a decrease in the proportion of cholic acid in total bilary bile acids (controls, 85%; treated groups, 65%). This was associated with a decrease of 7alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one 12alpha-hydroxylase activity by ca. 50%. Biliary cholesterol concentrations were reduced in phenobarbital treated rats of both strains, but liver cholesterol concentrations remained unchanged. The drug produced a 25% increase in liver wt, on the average.", "contents": "Effects of phenobarbital upon bile acid synthesis in two strains of rats. Rats of the Wistar and Sprague-Dawley strains were injected with sodium phenobarbital (100 mg/kg body wt/day) for 8 days. Fecal bile acid excretion was measured on days 6 and 8 of the experiment, and biliary bile acid composition, hepatic microsomal cholesterol, 7alpha-hydroxylase, and 7alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one 12alpha-hydroxylase were determined at the end of the study. In the Wistar rat, injection of phenobarbital produced a doubling of fecal bile acid output (controls, 5.3 mg/rat/day; treated rats, 10.6 mg/rat/day) and a two-threefold increase in cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase. The fecal bile acid output of Sprague-Dawley rats increased 20% in response to phenobarbital (controls, 9,5 mg/rat/day; treated rats, 11.6 mg/rat/day). The activity of cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase remained unchanged. In both strains, phenobarbital treatment produced a decrease in the proportion of cholic acid in total bilary bile acids (controls, 85%; treated groups, 65%). This was associated with a decrease of 7alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one 12alpha-hydroxylase activity by ca. 50%. Biliary cholesterol concentrations were reduced in phenobarbital treated rats of both strains, but liver cholesterol concentrations remained unchanged. The drug produced a 25% increase in liver wt, on the average.", "PMID": 1128171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10286", "title": "Incorporation of radioactive polyunsaturated fatty acids into liver and brain of developing rat.", "content": "The incorporation of radioactivity from orally administered linoleic acid-1-14C, linolenic acid-1-14C, arachidonic acid-3H8, and docosahexaenoic acid-14C into the liver and brain lipids of suckling rats was studied. In both tissues, 22 hr after dosing, 2 distinct levels of incorporation were observed: a low uptake (from 18:2-1-14C and 18:3-1-14C) and a high uptake (from 20:4-3H8 and 22:6-14C). In adult rats, the incorporation of radioactivity into brain lipids from 18:2-1-14C and 20:4-3H was considerably lower than the incorporation into the brains of the young rats. In the livers of the suckling rats, the activity from the 18 carbon acids was associated mostly with the triglyceride fraction, whereas the activity from the 20:4-3H8 and 22:6-14C was concentrated in the phospholipid fraction. In the brain lipids, the activity from the different fatty apid fatty acids, some of the activity in the 18:2-1-14C and 18:3-1-14C experiments was associated with 20 and 22 carbon polyunsaturated fatty acids; however, radioactivity from orally administered 20:4-3H8 and 22:6-14C was incorporated intact into the tissue phospholipid to a much greater extent compared with the incorporation of radioactivity into 20:4 and 22:6 in the experiments where 18:2-1-14C and 18:3-1-14C, respectively, were administered. Possible reasons for these differences are discussed. Rat milk contains a wide spectrum of polyunsaturated fatty acids, including linoleate, linolenate, arachidonate, and docosahexaenoate. During the suckling period in the rat, there is a rapid deposition of 20:4 and 22:6 in the brain. The results of the present experiments suggested that dietary 20:4 and 22:6 were important sources of brain 20:4 and 22:6 in the developing rat.", "contents": "Incorporation of radioactive polyunsaturated fatty acids into liver and brain of developing rat. The incorporation of radioactivity from orally administered linoleic acid-1-14C, linolenic acid-1-14C, arachidonic acid-3H8, and docosahexaenoic acid-14C into the liver and brain lipids of suckling rats was studied. In both tissues, 22 hr after dosing, 2 distinct levels of incorporation were observed: a low uptake (from 18:2-1-14C and 18:3-1-14C) and a high uptake (from 20:4-3H8 and 22:6-14C). In adult rats, the incorporation of radioactivity into brain lipids from 18:2-1-14C and 20:4-3H was considerably lower than the incorporation into the brains of the young rats. In the livers of the suckling rats, the activity from the 18 carbon acids was associated mostly with the triglyceride fraction, whereas the activity from the 20:4-3H8 and 22:6-14C was concentrated in the phospholipid fraction. In the brain lipids, the activity from the different fatty apid fatty acids, some of the activity in the 18:2-1-14C and 18:3-1-14C experiments was associated with 20 and 22 carbon polyunsaturated fatty acids; however, radioactivity from orally administered 20:4-3H8 and 22:6-14C was incorporated intact into the tissue phospholipid to a much greater extent compared with the incorporation of radioactivity into 20:4 and 22:6 in the experiments where 18:2-1-14C and 18:3-1-14C, respectively, were administered. Possible reasons for these differences are discussed. Rat milk contains a wide spectrum of polyunsaturated fatty acids, including linoleate, linolenate, arachidonate, and docosahexaenoate. During the suckling period in the rat, there is a rapid deposition of 20:4 and 22:6 in the brain. The results of the present experiments suggested that dietary 20:4 and 22:6 were important sources of brain 20:4 and 22:6 in the developing rat.", "PMID": 1128172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10287", "title": "Rate of restoration of cardiolipin and other major phospholipids during liver regeneration in rat.", "content": "The rate of restoration of liver phospholipids, especially cardiolipin, during liver regeneration after two-thirds partial hepatectomy, was studied. Preoperative content of cardiolipin was not restored during the first week of regeneration, while this was the case for the other major liver phospholipids. The observations are discussed in relation to the morphogenesis of mitochondria during liver regeneration.", "contents": "Rate of restoration of cardiolipin and other major phospholipids during liver regeneration in rat. The rate of restoration of liver phospholipids, especially cardiolipin, during liver regeneration after two-thirds partial hepatectomy, was studied. Preoperative content of cardiolipin was not restored during the first week of regeneration, while this was the case for the other major liver phospholipids. The observations are discussed in relation to the morphogenesis of mitochondria during liver regeneration.", "PMID": 1128173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10288", "title": "Effect of dietary safflower oil upon lipogenesis in neonatal lamb.", "content": "The effect of dietary safflower oil upon lipogenesis has been investigated in neonatal lambs. Preliminary experiments with lambs suckled by their mothers showed that there was a 10-fold increase in the rate of incorporation of [14-C] from acetate into fatty acids in adipose tissue slices during the first 10 days post partum. Barely detectable rates of [14-C] acetate incorporation into fatty acids were found in liver slices from lambs during the same period. In lambs given cows' milk from birth untill 11 days of age, there was also a 10-fold increase in the rate of lipogenesis in adipose tissue slices. Supplementing the diet of cows' milk with safflower oil (5 ml/lamb/day) resulted in significantly lower rates of lipogenesis in adipose tissue slices from 11 day old lambs. Administration of safflower oil had no effect upon the concentration of unesterified fatty acids, including linoleic acid, in the lamb adipose tissue slices. The data show that lipogenesis in ovine adipose tissue, like that in rodent liver and adipose tissue, is sensitive to dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids, and that, for the neonatal lamb, the effect of polyunsaturated fatty acids upon lipogenesis is not dependent upon an increase in the tissue concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids.", "contents": "Effect of dietary safflower oil upon lipogenesis in neonatal lamb. The effect of dietary safflower oil upon lipogenesis has been investigated in neonatal lambs. Preliminary experiments with lambs suckled by their mothers showed that there was a 10-fold increase in the rate of incorporation of [14-C] from acetate into fatty acids in adipose tissue slices during the first 10 days post partum. Barely detectable rates of [14-C] acetate incorporation into fatty acids were found in liver slices from lambs during the same period. In lambs given cows' milk from birth untill 11 days of age, there was also a 10-fold increase in the rate of lipogenesis in adipose tissue slices. Supplementing the diet of cows' milk with safflower oil (5 ml/lamb/day) resulted in significantly lower rates of lipogenesis in adipose tissue slices from 11 day old lambs. Administration of safflower oil had no effect upon the concentration of unesterified fatty acids, including linoleic acid, in the lamb adipose tissue slices. The data show that lipogenesis in ovine adipose tissue, like that in rodent liver and adipose tissue, is sensitive to dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids, and that, for the neonatal lamb, the effect of polyunsaturated fatty acids upon lipogenesis is not dependent upon an increase in the tissue concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids.", "PMID": 1128174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10289", "title": "Brain free fatty levels in rats sacrificed by decapitation versus focused microwave irradiation.", "content": "Values are presented for whole brain free fatty acid levels of rats sacrificed by decapitation vs focused microwave irradiation. Free fatty acids were quantitated by specific colorimetric analysis. Within ca. 1 min of sacrifice by either decapitation or microwave, rat whole brain free fatty acid concentrations ranged from ca. 80-100 mug/g fresh tissue. If the brain remained in the head for a total of 5 min after decapitation, free fatty acid levels increased by over 100%. The free fatty acids at this time were enriched with arachidonic acid. The increase in free fatty acid levels following decapitation was completely absent in rats sacrificed by the microwave irradiation. This microwave technique could be a valuable tool in determining free fatty acid and other heat stable compounds in brain tissue.", "contents": "Brain free fatty levels in rats sacrificed by decapitation versus focused microwave irradiation. Values are presented for whole brain free fatty acid levels of rats sacrificed by decapitation vs focused microwave irradiation. Free fatty acids were quantitated by specific colorimetric analysis. Within ca. 1 min of sacrifice by either decapitation or microwave, rat whole brain free fatty acid concentrations ranged from ca. 80-100 mug/g fresh tissue. If the brain remained in the head for a total of 5 min after decapitation, free fatty acid levels increased by over 100%. The free fatty acids at this time were enriched with arachidonic acid. The increase in free fatty acid levels following decapitation was completely absent in rats sacrificed by the microwave irradiation. This microwave technique could be a valuable tool in determining free fatty acid and other heat stable compounds in brain tissue.", "PMID": 1128175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10290", "title": "Fatty acid and aldehyde composition of major phospholipids in salt gland of marine birds and spiny dogfish.", "content": "The lipophilic components of choline phosphoglycerides and ethanolamine phosphoglycerides obtained from the salt gland of herring gull and eider duck and from the rectal gland of spiny dogfish were investigated by means of thin-layer chromatography, gas chromatography, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. All phospholipids analyzed were shown to contain small amounts of plasmalogens, and mainly C16, C18, and C18:1 aldehyde was detected. The fatty acids were composed of saturated, unsaturated, straight chain, and branched chain types, ranging between 14-22 carbon atoms. The lipophilic composition of the rectal gland phospholipids showed a higher degree of unsaturation and the presence of more branched chain fatty acids than that of the birds, possibly related to body temperature.", "contents": "Fatty acid and aldehyde composition of major phospholipids in salt gland of marine birds and spiny dogfish. The lipophilic components of choline phosphoglycerides and ethanolamine phosphoglycerides obtained from the salt gland of herring gull and eider duck and from the rectal gland of spiny dogfish were investigated by means of thin-layer chromatography, gas chromatography, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. All phospholipids analyzed were shown to contain small amounts of plasmalogens, and mainly C16, C18, and C18:1 aldehyde was detected. The fatty acids were composed of saturated, unsaturated, straight chain, and branched chain types, ranging between 14-22 carbon atoms. The lipophilic composition of the rectal gland phospholipids showed a higher degree of unsaturation and the presence of more branched chain fatty acids than that of the birds, possibly related to body temperature.", "PMID": 1128176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10291", "title": "Incorporation of oxygen-18 into secondary alcohols of grasshopper Melanoplus sanguinipes.", "content": "Incorporation of 18-O2 and H2-18-O into the secondary alcohol moiety of wax esters in the grasshopper Melanoplus sanguinipes was determined by mass spectrometry. Results of this study show that oxygen-18 from 18-O2 was incorporated into the secondary alcohol, whereas no incorporation of oxygen-18 from H2-18-O was detected. The data suggest that the reaction, which hydroxylates n-alkanes at or near the center of the carbon chain, involves a mixed function oxidase type enzyme.", "contents": "Incorporation of oxygen-18 into secondary alcohols of grasshopper Melanoplus sanguinipes. Incorporation of 18-O2 and H2-18-O into the secondary alcohol moiety of wax esters in the grasshopper Melanoplus sanguinipes was determined by mass spectrometry. Results of this study show that oxygen-18 from 18-O2 was incorporated into the secondary alcohol, whereas no incorporation of oxygen-18 from H2-18-O was detected. The data suggest that the reaction, which hydroxylates n-alkanes at or near the center of the carbon chain, involves a mixed function oxidase type enzyme.", "PMID": 1128177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10292", "title": "Fluorescent pigments from uterus of vitamin E-deficient rats.", "content": "Spectrophotofluorometric analyses of the extracts of uterus from sterile rats maintained on a vitamin E-deficient diet for a prolonged period of time indicated that the brown ceroid-like pigments present were highly fluorescent, having characteristics typical of products formed during lipid peroxidation in vivo. The aqueous-methanol layer of the uteral extract from vitamin E-deficient animals had higher fluorescence than the corresponding chloroform layer, indicating the presence of more polar water-soluble pigments than those found in most other tissues so far examined.", "contents": "Fluorescent pigments from uterus of vitamin E-deficient rats. Spectrophotofluorometric analyses of the extracts of uterus from sterile rats maintained on a vitamin E-deficient diet for a prolonged period of time indicated that the brown ceroid-like pigments present were highly fluorescent, having characteristics typical of products formed during lipid peroxidation in vivo. The aqueous-methanol layer of the uteral extract from vitamin E-deficient animals had higher fluorescence than the corresponding chloroform layer, indicating the presence of more polar water-soluble pigments than those found in most other tissues so far examined.", "PMID": 1128178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10293", "title": "Use of internal vial for determining quench correction in scintillation counting of heterogeneous media.", "content": "An insert vial situated at the center of the counting medium and containing a standard count has been used for quench correction in the liquid scintillation counting of gels containing suspensions of silicic acid scrapings from thin layer chromatoplates. The method has provided a simple and direct means of routine count correction for a range of 14-C-labeled lipid classes following separation on thin layer chromatoplates. The use of insert vial provides several advantages over other methods for the count correction of these suspensions.", "contents": "Use of internal vial for determining quench correction in scintillation counting of heterogeneous media. An insert vial situated at the center of the counting medium and containing a standard count has been used for quench correction in the liquid scintillation counting of gels containing suspensions of silicic acid scrapings from thin layer chromatoplates. The method has provided a simple and direct means of routine count correction for a range of 14-C-labeled lipid classes following separation on thin layer chromatoplates. The use of insert vial provides several advantages over other methods for the count correction of these suspensions.", "PMID": 1128179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10294", "title": "Inhibition of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase by plasma and serum ultrafiltrates due in part to a low-molecular-weight, nonpeptide material.", "content": "In an attempt to verify the existence in the blood of a diabetogenic peptide (somantin) derived from growth hormone, ultrafiltrates from plasma and serum from normal and diabetic subjects were prepared. The freeze-dried residues of these ultrafiltrates inhibited glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase as somantin is claimed to do. However, the behavior of the inhibitory material on gel filtration on Sephadex G-10 indicated a molecular weight well below 700, rather than the considerably larger size claimed for somantin. The inhibitory material did not adsorb to Dowex 50W cation exchange resin at pH 2.5, while over 95 percent of ninhydrin-positive material was retained. Acid hydrolysis of the inhibitory material did not abolish its activity. Because of the presence of this low-molecular-weight, nonpeptide inhibitory material, inhibition of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase by a simple ultrafiltrate of plasma or serum is probably not a definitive measure of somantin.", "contents": "Inhibition of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase by plasma and serum ultrafiltrates due in part to a low-molecular-weight, nonpeptide material. In an attempt to verify the existence in the blood of a diabetogenic peptide (somantin) derived from growth hormone, ultrafiltrates from plasma and serum from normal and diabetic subjects were prepared. The freeze-dried residues of these ultrafiltrates inhibited glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase as somantin is claimed to do. However, the behavior of the inhibitory material on gel filtration on Sephadex G-10 indicated a molecular weight well below 700, rather than the considerably larger size claimed for somantin. The inhibitory material did not adsorb to Dowex 50W cation exchange resin at pH 2.5, while over 95 percent of ninhydrin-positive material was retained. Acid hydrolysis of the inhibitory material did not abolish its activity. Because of the presence of this low-molecular-weight, nonpeptide inhibitory material, inhibition of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase by a simple ultrafiltrate of plasma or serum is probably not a definitive measure of somantin.", "PMID": 1128227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10295", "title": "Development of the obese-hyperglycemic syndrome in mice with a growth hormone deficiency.", "content": "By mating mice heterozygous for the recessive gene, obese (ob/+) (+/+), with mice homozygous for the recessive gene, dwarf (+/+)(dw/dw), and subsequent mating of the offspring, mice homozygous for both the obese and dwarf gene were obtained. It was established that the genes for obese and dwarf mice belong to different linkage groups. The homozygous obese dwarf mice develop obesity and hyperinsulinemia. The degree of hyperglycemia developed by these homozygotes is not significantly different from that of nonobese dwarf mice. Because homozygous dwarf mice are deficient in growth hormone production, it was concluded that obesity and hyperinsulinemia can develop under conditions of extreme growth hormone deficiency.", "contents": "Development of the obese-hyperglycemic syndrome in mice with a growth hormone deficiency. By mating mice heterozygous for the recessive gene, obese (ob/+) (+/+), with mice homozygous for the recessive gene, dwarf (+/+)(dw/dw), and subsequent mating of the offspring, mice homozygous for both the obese and dwarf gene were obtained. It was established that the genes for obese and dwarf mice belong to different linkage groups. The homozygous obese dwarf mice develop obesity and hyperinsulinemia. The degree of hyperglycemia developed by these homozygotes is not significantly different from that of nonobese dwarf mice. Because homozygous dwarf mice are deficient in growth hormone production, it was concluded that obesity and hyperinsulinemia can develop under conditions of extreme growth hormone deficiency.", "PMID": 1128228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10296", "title": "Relationships of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and sodium balance to blood pressure regulation in chronic renal failure of polycystic kidney disease.", "content": "In 5 patients with polycystic kidney disease and creatinine clearances ranging from 4 to 40 ml/min, relationships between changes in blood pressure, sodium balance, body fluid compartments, plasma renin activity (PRA), urinary aldosterone excretion, and plasma aldosterone concentrations were studied during periods of low, medium, and high sodium intake. Total body water (TBW), total exchangeable body sodium (TEBS), and extracellular volume (ECV) were measured by isotope dilution techniques, plasma volume with Evan's blue dye, and PRA and aldosterone by radioimmunoassay. Low sodium intake reduced kidney function, blood pressure, and serum sodium, while PRA reached its highest levels. Subsequent increases in sodium intake improved kidney function and increased blood pressure. Plasma volume increased slightly and ECV markedly, while PRA dropped to 15 percent of the value noted after the low sodium intake. TBW and TEBS showed inconsistent changes. Aldosterone changes correlated closely with PRA. Blood pressure showed a negative correlation with PRA, but a positive one with body weight and cumulative sodium balance, and with plasma and extracellular volumes.it is suggested that whereas renin and aldosterone are involved in the maintenance of circulatory homeostasis during sodium loss, sodium retention causes an increase in blood pressure by concomitant changes in body fluids.", "contents": "Relationships of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and sodium balance to blood pressure regulation in chronic renal failure of polycystic kidney disease. In 5 patients with polycystic kidney disease and creatinine clearances ranging from 4 to 40 ml/min, relationships between changes in blood pressure, sodium balance, body fluid compartments, plasma renin activity (PRA), urinary aldosterone excretion, and plasma aldosterone concentrations were studied during periods of low, medium, and high sodium intake. Total body water (TBW), total exchangeable body sodium (TEBS), and extracellular volume (ECV) were measured by isotope dilution techniques, plasma volume with Evan's blue dye, and PRA and aldosterone by radioimmunoassay. Low sodium intake reduced kidney function, blood pressure, and serum sodium, while PRA reached its highest levels. Subsequent increases in sodium intake improved kidney function and increased blood pressure. Plasma volume increased slightly and ECV markedly, while PRA dropped to 15 percent of the value noted after the low sodium intake. TBW and TEBS showed inconsistent changes. Aldosterone changes correlated closely with PRA. Blood pressure showed a negative correlation with PRA, but a positive one with body weight and cumulative sodium balance, and with plasma and extracellular volumes.it is suggested that whereas renin and aldosterone are involved in the maintenance of circulatory homeostasis during sodium loss, sodium retention causes an increase in blood pressure by concomitant changes in body fluids.", "PMID": 1128229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10297", "title": "Relationship between local and total bone mass in osteoporosis.", "content": "The relationship between total body calcium (TBC) and local bone calcium mass (BCM) was studied in a group of osteoporotic patients (12 females and two males) with a wide range of body size. Two methods were used to estimate BCM: photon absorptiometry and radiographic morphometry. TBC was estimated by total-body neutron-activation analysis. Since 99 percent of TBC is located in the skeleton, it was assumed that TBC was essentially a measure of total skeletal (calcium) mass. TBC ranged from 482 to 1076 g. High correlations with r values from 0.84 to 0.94, p less than 0.001, were found between TBC and BCM measured by absorptiometry at six different sites of radius, ulna, and humerus. Additionally, high correlations with r values from 0.89 to 0.95, p less than 0.001, were found between BCM at the distal tenth of the radius and BCM at the five other sites. A high correlation was also found between body height and TBC, but partial correlations indicated that this accounted for very little of the correlation between TBC and BCM. In contrast to the above, correlations between BCM determined by radiographic morphometry and TBC were weak or nonsignificant. When TBC and BCM were expressed as percent of their mean value, the slopes of the estimating equations, describing the relationships between TBC and BCM, were essentially the same, but significantly less than one, which is the value of the slope expected if TBC and BCM had changed at the same relative rate. From these relationships, we conclude (1) that the rate of change in BCM was similar in the six sites examined, and (2) that the rate of change in these six sites was relatively more rapid than the change in total body calcium. Whether the change in rate of BCM was related to rate of increase during attainment of maximum BCM or subsequent rate of loss of BCM or both remains to be determined.", "contents": "Relationship between local and total bone mass in osteoporosis. The relationship between total body calcium (TBC) and local bone calcium mass (BCM) was studied in a group of osteoporotic patients (12 females and two males) with a wide range of body size. Two methods were used to estimate BCM: photon absorptiometry and radiographic morphometry. TBC was estimated by total-body neutron-activation analysis. Since 99 percent of TBC is located in the skeleton, it was assumed that TBC was essentially a measure of total skeletal (calcium) mass. TBC ranged from 482 to 1076 g. High correlations with r values from 0.84 to 0.94, p less than 0.001, were found between TBC and BCM measured by absorptiometry at six different sites of radius, ulna, and humerus. Additionally, high correlations with r values from 0.89 to 0.95, p less than 0.001, were found between BCM at the distal tenth of the radius and BCM at the five other sites. A high correlation was also found between body height and TBC, but partial correlations indicated that this accounted for very little of the correlation between TBC and BCM. In contrast to the above, correlations between BCM determined by radiographic morphometry and TBC were weak or nonsignificant. When TBC and BCM were expressed as percent of their mean value, the slopes of the estimating equations, describing the relationships between TBC and BCM, were essentially the same, but significantly less than one, which is the value of the slope expected if TBC and BCM had changed at the same relative rate. From these relationships, we conclude (1) that the rate of change in BCM was similar in the six sites examined, and (2) that the rate of change in these six sites was relatively more rapid than the change in total body calcium. Whether the change in rate of BCM was related to rate of increase during attainment of maximum BCM or subsequent rate of loss of BCM or both remains to be determined.", "PMID": 1128230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10298", "title": "Sympathetic control of hepatic glycogenolysis during glucopenia in man.", "content": "Liver glycogen stores may be mobilized during hypoglycemia by release of adrenomedullary catecholamines, by release of norepinephrine from sympathetic nerve endings and by release of glucagon. To clarify the nature of peripheral sympathetic control of hepatic glycogenolysis during glucopenia in man, 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2 DG), a competitive inhibitor of glucose metabolism, was infused intravenously (50 mg/kg) to nine normal volunteers and four adrenalectomized patients for 20 min. In normal volunteers, the initial elevation of free fatty acids (FFA) and growth hormone (HGH) correspond with the rise in total catecholamines, with maximal levels attained at 60 min; lactate and cortisol rose at a slower rate, no change in IRI was noted. Plasma glucose levels were 148 percent of preinfusion values by 120 min and remained elevated. In adrenalectomized subjects, despite no change in plasma FFA, lactate, catecholamines and glucagon, glucose rose 20 percent by 150 min; the growth hormone and insulin responses were similar to normals; A significant increase in glucose response from 60 min onward was found in the 2 DG infusion studies when compared to cortisone administration, alone. Thus, during glucopenia, plasma glucose rose in spite of unchanged adrenomedullary catecholamine and glucagon levels. The findings indicate that the sympathetic neurotransmitter, norepinephrine, contributes to counter-regulatory events during 2 DG-induced glucopenia presumably via its release from hepatic sympathetic nerve endings,", "contents": "Sympathetic control of hepatic glycogenolysis during glucopenia in man. Liver glycogen stores may be mobilized during hypoglycemia by release of adrenomedullary catecholamines, by release of norepinephrine from sympathetic nerve endings and by release of glucagon. To clarify the nature of peripheral sympathetic control of hepatic glycogenolysis during glucopenia in man, 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2 DG), a competitive inhibitor of glucose metabolism, was infused intravenously (50 mg/kg) to nine normal volunteers and four adrenalectomized patients for 20 min. In normal volunteers, the initial elevation of free fatty acids (FFA) and growth hormone (HGH) correspond with the rise in total catecholamines, with maximal levels attained at 60 min; lactate and cortisol rose at a slower rate, no change in IRI was noted. Plasma glucose levels were 148 percent of preinfusion values by 120 min and remained elevated. In adrenalectomized subjects, despite no change in plasma FFA, lactate, catecholamines and glucagon, glucose rose 20 percent by 150 min; the growth hormone and insulin responses were similar to normals; A significant increase in glucose response from 60 min onward was found in the 2 DG infusion studies when compared to cortisone administration, alone. Thus, during glucopenia, plasma glucose rose in spite of unchanged adrenomedullary catecholamine and glucagon levels. The findings indicate that the sympathetic neurotransmitter, norepinephrine, contributes to counter-regulatory events during 2 DG-induced glucopenia presumably via its release from hepatic sympathetic nerve endings,", "PMID": 1128231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10299", "title": "Effects of ethanol ingestion on glucose tolerance and insulin secretion in normal and diabetic subjects.", "content": "To investigate the effect of ethanol on carbohydrate homeostasis in circumstances in which food and ethanol are usually ingested, ethanol was administered hourly in the afternoon prior to the ingestion of a glucose load at 5:00 p.m. in a group of normal subjects and in mild diabetics. In both groups the blood glucose levels following the glucose load were 30-80 mg/100 ml lower and the early insulin secretory response (15-45 min) was 35 percent-40 percent higher after ethanol ingestion. In contrast, ethanol intake had no effect on the glucagon response to glucose ingestion; These data suggest that ethanol enhances glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. The dampened blood glucose rise observed with ethanol may be related to the augmented insulin response or to decreased gastrointestinal absorption of glucose. In mild diabetic patients, moderate intake of ethanol is without acute deleterious effects on carbohydrate homeostasis and may in some instances improve the blood glucose response to ingested carbohydrate.", "contents": "Effects of ethanol ingestion on glucose tolerance and insulin secretion in normal and diabetic subjects. To investigate the effect of ethanol on carbohydrate homeostasis in circumstances in which food and ethanol are usually ingested, ethanol was administered hourly in the afternoon prior to the ingestion of a glucose load at 5:00 p.m. in a group of normal subjects and in mild diabetics. In both groups the blood glucose levels following the glucose load were 30-80 mg/100 ml lower and the early insulin secretory response (15-45 min) was 35 percent-40 percent higher after ethanol ingestion. In contrast, ethanol intake had no effect on the glucagon response to glucose ingestion; These data suggest that ethanol enhances glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. The dampened blood glucose rise observed with ethanol may be related to the augmented insulin response or to decreased gastrointestinal absorption of glucose. In mild diabetic patients, moderate intake of ethanol is without acute deleterious effects on carbohydrate homeostasis and may in some instances improve the blood glucose response to ingested carbohydrate.", "PMID": 1128232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10300", "title": "Urinary metabolites characteristic of urea-cycle amino acid deficiency.", "content": "Experiments with 45-75-g male rats gave conclusive evidence that the simultaneous absence from the diet of arginine, ornithine, or citrulline caused an immediate and persistent elevation of orotic and citric acids in the urine. The experiments also demonstrated that a deficiency of no other individual amino acid increased urinary citrate and orotate. Elevated urinary excretion of orotic and citric acid occurred independently of the form of nonessential nitrogen. Replacement of arginine isonitrogenously with ornithine or citrulline prevented the rise in urinary orotic acid, but had different effects on growth, urinary citrate, and urinary urea. These differences were probably due to differential uptake of arginine, ornithine, and citrulline by tissues; In the reported experiments employing L-amino acids as sources of dietary nitrogen, a deficiency of any amino acid indispensable for growth and nitrogen balance or a deficiency of arginine, ornithine, or citrulline retarded growth, increased urinary urea, and decreased urinary ammonia. It is concluded that the severe loss of orotic acid during urea-cycle amino acid deficiency arises from a decreased capacity of the urea cycle to detoxify ammonia, thereby causing increased shunting of intramitochondrial carbamyl phosphate into pyrimidine synthesis. The similarities in metabolism during arginine deficiency and ammonia intoxication are discussed. The evidence shows that urinary orotic acid may be a valuable measure of arginine nutrition in mammals.", "contents": "Urinary metabolites characteristic of urea-cycle amino acid deficiency. Experiments with 45-75-g male rats gave conclusive evidence that the simultaneous absence from the diet of arginine, ornithine, or citrulline caused an immediate and persistent elevation of orotic and citric acids in the urine. The experiments also demonstrated that a deficiency of no other individual amino acid increased urinary citrate and orotate. Elevated urinary excretion of orotic and citric acid occurred independently of the form of nonessential nitrogen. Replacement of arginine isonitrogenously with ornithine or citrulline prevented the rise in urinary orotic acid, but had different effects on growth, urinary citrate, and urinary urea. These differences were probably due to differential uptake of arginine, ornithine, and citrulline by tissues; In the reported experiments employing L-amino acids as sources of dietary nitrogen, a deficiency of any amino acid indispensable for growth and nitrogen balance or a deficiency of arginine, ornithine, or citrulline retarded growth, increased urinary urea, and decreased urinary ammonia. It is concluded that the severe loss of orotic acid during urea-cycle amino acid deficiency arises from a decreased capacity of the urea cycle to detoxify ammonia, thereby causing increased shunting of intramitochondrial carbamyl phosphate into pyrimidine synthesis. The similarities in metabolism during arginine deficiency and ammonia intoxication are discussed. The evidence shows that urinary orotic acid may be a valuable measure of arginine nutrition in mammals.", "PMID": 1128233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10301", "title": "Hepatic steatosis and the elevated plasma insulin level in patients with endogenous hypertriglyceridemia.", "content": "Among 31 nonobese or obese patients with endogenous hypertriglyceridemia, hepatic steatosis was found by histologic examination of the biopsied specimen in 17 patients, and it was severe in six patients, They had no history of excessive alcohol intake. Chemical analysis revealed that the lipid accumulated in the liver was triglyceride. The hypertriglyceridemic patients, with or without histologic steatosis, showed significantly increased responses of both plasma insulin and blood glucose to oral glucose load compared with control subjects. The responses were more exaggerated in the hypertriglyceridemic patients with steatosis than in the hypertriglyceridemic patients without steatosis. Analysis of correlations between five variables (liver triglyceride, plasma insulin, blood glucose, body weight index, and serum triglyceride) was done on 15 subjects whose liver triglyceride values were quantified, and highly significant correlations were found between liver triglyceride and plasma insulin, blood glucose, or body weight index. A step wise multiple regression analysis performed on the five variables with liver triglyceride as the dependent variable revealed that the plasma insulin level was the most closely related variable, and the blood glucose level the next. The prediction equation for liver triglyceride as a function of plasma insulin and blood glucose levels (r = 0.91, p greater than 0.001) accounted for 84 percent of the total variance of liver triglyceride. It was shown that the decay of intravenously injected insulin in plasma was not delayed in the hypertriglyceridemic patients with steatosis, while the insulin sensitivity examined after intravenous insulin injection significantly decreased in the hypertriglyceridemic patients with or without steatosis, thus suggesting that the hyperinsulinemia in the hypertriglyceridemic patients was due to an increased insulin secretion associated with the decrease in the insulin sensitivity. Therefore, the elevated plasma insulin and blood glucose levels--or the insulin insensitivity by itself--might be the essential abnormalities in patients with endogenous hypertriglyceridemia, which, in extreme cases, might lead to massive triglyceride accumulation in the liver.", "contents": "Hepatic steatosis and the elevated plasma insulin level in patients with endogenous hypertriglyceridemia. Among 31 nonobese or obese patients with endogenous hypertriglyceridemia, hepatic steatosis was found by histologic examination of the biopsied specimen in 17 patients, and it was severe in six patients, They had no history of excessive alcohol intake. Chemical analysis revealed that the lipid accumulated in the liver was triglyceride. The hypertriglyceridemic patients, with or without histologic steatosis, showed significantly increased responses of both plasma insulin and blood glucose to oral glucose load compared with control subjects. The responses were more exaggerated in the hypertriglyceridemic patients with steatosis than in the hypertriglyceridemic patients without steatosis. Analysis of correlations between five variables (liver triglyceride, plasma insulin, blood glucose, body weight index, and serum triglyceride) was done on 15 subjects whose liver triglyceride values were quantified, and highly significant correlations were found between liver triglyceride and plasma insulin, blood glucose, or body weight index. A step wise multiple regression analysis performed on the five variables with liver triglyceride as the dependent variable revealed that the plasma insulin level was the most closely related variable, and the blood glucose level the next. The prediction equation for liver triglyceride as a function of plasma insulin and blood glucose levels (r = 0.91, p greater than 0.001) accounted for 84 percent of the total variance of liver triglyceride. It was shown that the decay of intravenously injected insulin in plasma was not delayed in the hypertriglyceridemic patients with steatosis, while the insulin sensitivity examined after intravenous insulin injection significantly decreased in the hypertriglyceridemic patients with or without steatosis, thus suggesting that the hyperinsulinemia in the hypertriglyceridemic patients was due to an increased insulin secretion associated with the decrease in the insulin sensitivity. Therefore, the elevated plasma insulin and blood glucose levels--or the insulin insensitivity by itself--might be the essential abnormalities in patients with endogenous hypertriglyceridemia, which, in extreme cases, might lead to massive triglyceride accumulation in the liver.", "PMID": 1128234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10302", "title": "Regional adipose tissue cellularity in relation to metabolism in young and middle-aged women.", "content": "Body composition and total number of fat cells were investigated in 31 randomly selected women 52 yr of age and in 13 young women (mean age 22 yr) whose body weights were within plus or minus 10% of the ideal weight. Two of the 52-year-old women were obviously obese and excluded. Regional determinations of adipose tissue thickness, fat cell size, and number were also determined. Middle-aged women had more body fat (BF) but a lower body cell mass (BCM) than the younger group. The increased BF in the middle-aged women was exclusively explained by larger fat cells, since the younger women had a significantly higher total number of fat cells. This increase was also found when differences in height, body weight, and body fat were matched out. Local fat cell number was also increased in the younger group. Local fat cell size was increased in all regions investigated in the middle-aged women, but the increase was particularly pronounced in the abdominal region. The highest degrees of correlation between fat cell sizes of different regions were found between the epigastric and hypogastric regions and between femoral and gluteal regions. Furthermore, the plasma insulin levels correlated with the fat cell sizes of the abdominal region but not with those of the femoral or gluteal regions. In conclusion, the data might indicate that the fat cells of the abdominal region are more sensitive to nutritional and/or hormonal factors than those of other regions. This may in turn indicate the existence of different fat cell populations.", "contents": "Regional adipose tissue cellularity in relation to metabolism in young and middle-aged women. Body composition and total number of fat cells were investigated in 31 randomly selected women 52 yr of age and in 13 young women (mean age 22 yr) whose body weights were within plus or minus 10% of the ideal weight. Two of the 52-year-old women were obviously obese and excluded. Regional determinations of adipose tissue thickness, fat cell size, and number were also determined. Middle-aged women had more body fat (BF) but a lower body cell mass (BCM) than the younger group. The increased BF in the middle-aged women was exclusively explained by larger fat cells, since the younger women had a significantly higher total number of fat cells. This increase was also found when differences in height, body weight, and body fat were matched out. Local fat cell number was also increased in the younger group. Local fat cell size was increased in all regions investigated in the middle-aged women, but the increase was particularly pronounced in the abdominal region. The highest degrees of correlation between fat cell sizes of different regions were found between the epigastric and hypogastric regions and between femoral and gluteal regions. Furthermore, the plasma insulin levels correlated with the fat cell sizes of the abdominal region but not with those of the femoral or gluteal regions. In conclusion, the data might indicate that the fat cells of the abdominal region are more sensitive to nutritional and/or hormonal factors than those of other regions. This may in turn indicate the existence of different fat cell populations.", "PMID": 1128235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10303", "title": "Labile methyl balances for normal humans on various dietary regimens.", "content": "Normal young adult male and female subjects were maintained on fixed dietary regimens which were either essentially normal or were semisynthetic and curtailed in methionine and choline intakes and virtually free of cystine. The subjects maintained stable weights and remained in positive nitrogen balance or within the zone of sulfur equilibrium. Choline intakes were calculated, and urinary excretions of creatinine, creatine, and sacrosine were measured. Creatinine excretions of male subjects on essentially normal diets outweighed the total intakes of labile methyl groups. Taking into account the excretions of additional methylated compounds, as judged from published values, it appears that methyl neogenesis must normally play a role in both males and females. When labile methyl intake is curtailed, de novo formation of methyl groups is quantitatively more significant than ingestion of preformed methyl moieties. On the normal diets used in these experiments, the average homocysteinyl moiety in males cycled between methionine and homocysteine at least 1.9 times before being converted to cystathionine. For females, the average number of cycles was at least 1.5. When labile methyl intake was curtailed, the average number of cycles rose to 3.9 for males and 3.0 for females under the conditions employed.", "contents": "Labile methyl balances for normal humans on various dietary regimens. Normal young adult male and female subjects were maintained on fixed dietary regimens which were either essentially normal or were semisynthetic and curtailed in methionine and choline intakes and virtually free of cystine. The subjects maintained stable weights and remained in positive nitrogen balance or within the zone of sulfur equilibrium. Choline intakes were calculated, and urinary excretions of creatinine, creatine, and sacrosine were measured. Creatinine excretions of male subjects on essentially normal diets outweighed the total intakes of labile methyl groups. Taking into account the excretions of additional methylated compounds, as judged from published values, it appears that methyl neogenesis must normally play a role in both males and females. When labile methyl intake is curtailed, de novo formation of methyl groups is quantitatively more significant than ingestion of preformed methyl moieties. On the normal diets used in these experiments, the average homocysteinyl moiety in males cycled between methionine and homocysteine at least 1.9 times before being converted to cystathionine. For females, the average number of cycles was at least 1.5. When labile methyl intake was curtailed, the average number of cycles rose to 3.9 for males and 3.0 for females under the conditions employed.", "PMID": 1128236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10304", "title": "Glycogen metabolism in muscle: its circadian and seasonal variations.", "content": "The glycogen content of mice diaphragm and 14-C-glucose incorporation into glycogen was studied around the clock at 4-hr intervals. It was found that glycogen content presents a circadian rhythm with a peak value around 4 hr; this rhythm was reproduced in four different months, but with changes both in the absolute values and in the range of oscillation around the 24-hr mean value. Although labeled glucose incorporation exhibited a circadian variation as well, it peak value was 180 degrees out of phase compared with the glycogen rhythm. When the animals were submitted to a 29-hr fasting, the glycogen-24 hr-variation was still present, with similar oscillation around the mean. However, the absolute glycogen values were one-third as high as the ones obtained in the control animals. Our results suggest that the rhythm of glycogen content is due, at least partly, to the circadian variation of its synthesis. Furthermore, food intake is not the main factor responsible for the above mentioned rhythm.", "contents": "Glycogen metabolism in muscle: its circadian and seasonal variations. The glycogen content of mice diaphragm and 14-C-glucose incorporation into glycogen was studied around the clock at 4-hr intervals. It was found that glycogen content presents a circadian rhythm with a peak value around 4 hr; this rhythm was reproduced in four different months, but with changes both in the absolute values and in the range of oscillation around the 24-hr mean value. Although labeled glucose incorporation exhibited a circadian variation as well, it peak value was 180 degrees out of phase compared with the glycogen rhythm. When the animals were submitted to a 29-hr fasting, the glycogen-24 hr-variation was still present, with similar oscillation around the mean. However, the absolute glycogen values were one-third as high as the ones obtained in the control animals. Our results suggest that the rhythm of glycogen content is due, at least partly, to the circadian variation of its synthesis. Furthermore, food intake is not the main factor responsible for the above mentioned rhythm.", "PMID": 1128237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10305", "title": "Skeletal turnover and total body elemental composition during extended calcitonin treatment of Paget's disease.", "content": "Twenty patients with generalized symptomatic Paget's disease had serial measurements of radiocalcium turnover and/or total body elemental composition by in vivo neutron activation analysis during long-term calcitonin therapy. Despite maintained clinical improvement, seven of 15 patients showed partial or total loss of the initial decelerating effect of calcitonin on skeletal turnover, whereas the remaining eight patients maintained the calcitonin-induced deceleration. The changes in skeletal turnover were roughly proportional to the induced changes in serum alkaline phosphatase and urinary hydroxyproline. However, disparities in the magnitude of the changes among the three parameters were not uncommon. Total body calcium was increased by a mean of 22% above predicted prior to calcitonin and decreased significantly by 4% during long-term calcitonin treatment. Total body phosphorus, nitrogen, and sodium also decreased. The phosphorus and sodium losses appeared to be mostly from the skeleton. These data confirm histologic evidence of the disappearance of pagetic bone, resumption of normal lamelar bone formation, and radiographic evidence of a decrease in bone volume during calcitonin treatment and incidate the relative magnitude of this effect. The action of calcitonin in this regard possibly represents a specific effect on Paget's disease beyond its general skeletal effect of reduce cellular activity.", "contents": "Skeletal turnover and total body elemental composition during extended calcitonin treatment of Paget's disease. Twenty patients with generalized symptomatic Paget's disease had serial measurements of radiocalcium turnover and/or total body elemental composition by in vivo neutron activation analysis during long-term calcitonin therapy. Despite maintained clinical improvement, seven of 15 patients showed partial or total loss of the initial decelerating effect of calcitonin on skeletal turnover, whereas the remaining eight patients maintained the calcitonin-induced deceleration. The changes in skeletal turnover were roughly proportional to the induced changes in serum alkaline phosphatase and urinary hydroxyproline. However, disparities in the magnitude of the changes among the three parameters were not uncommon. Total body calcium was increased by a mean of 22% above predicted prior to calcitonin and decreased significantly by 4% during long-term calcitonin treatment. Total body phosphorus, nitrogen, and sodium also decreased. The phosphorus and sodium losses appeared to be mostly from the skeleton. These data confirm histologic evidence of the disappearance of pagetic bone, resumption of normal lamelar bone formation, and radiographic evidence of a decrease in bone volume during calcitonin treatment and incidate the relative magnitude of this effect. The action of calcitonin in this regard possibly represents a specific effect on Paget's disease beyond its general skeletal effect of reduce cellular activity.", "PMID": 1128238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10306", "title": "Unususpected meningioma in a patient with pituitary gigantism. Case report with autopsy findings.", "content": "A unique example of a clinically unsuspected large parasellar meningioma is described in a 36-yr-old pituitary giant who had been treated initially with conventional irradiation, subsequently by surgical excision of an acidophil adenoma, and ultimately with medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) prior to his demise. The patient died of increased intracranial pressure resulting from a combined mass effect of the meningioma and recurrent tumor. The relationship between radiation and the development of the meningioma is discussed, as well as the fine ultrastructure of a highly functioning acidophil adenoma.", "contents": "Unususpected meningioma in a patient with pituitary gigantism. Case report with autopsy findings. A unique example of a clinically unsuspected large parasellar meningioma is described in a 36-yr-old pituitary giant who had been treated initially with conventional irradiation, subsequently by surgical excision of an acidophil adenoma, and ultimately with medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) prior to his demise. The patient died of increased intracranial pressure resulting from a combined mass effect of the meningioma and recurrent tumor. The relationship between radiation and the development of the meningioma is discussed, as well as the fine ultrastructure of a highly functioning acidophil adenoma.", "PMID": 1128239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10307", "title": "An instrument for the rapid determination of L-lactate in biological fluids.", "content": "An analyzer for lactate has been developed based upon an electrochemical-enzymatic method. It allows the determination of lactate within 2 to 3 minutes after sample collection. The instrument is capable of performing up to 20 measurements per hour. A minimum sample volume of 50 mul is needed. Except for the injection of the sample, all steps of the measurement are automated. The instrument is easy to operate and can also be used by nontechnical staff.", "contents": "An instrument for the rapid determination of L-lactate in biological fluids. An analyzer for lactate has been developed based upon an electrochemical-enzymatic method. It allows the determination of lactate within 2 to 3 minutes after sample collection. The instrument is capable of performing up to 20 measurements per hour. A minimum sample volume of 50 mul is needed. Except for the injection of the sample, all steps of the measurement are automated. The instrument is easy to operate and can also be used by nontechnical staff.", "PMID": 1128304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10308", "title": "Approximate identification and digital simulation of the respiration--heart-rate system.", "content": "This paper considers the problem of determining a digital computer model for the heart-rate system that includes nonrespiratory as well as respiratory effects on the heart rate. A sampled-data model is shown to be exact in certain cases and can be used with some errors for other cases. Several methods are developed for finding the model transfer function parameters as well as the parameters of a signal added to the system output. Linear and nonlinear models are considered.", "contents": "Approximate identification and digital simulation of the respiration--heart-rate system. This paper considers the problem of determining a digital computer model for the heart-rate system that includes nonrespiratory as well as respiratory effects on the heart rate. A sampled-data model is shown to be exact in certain cases and can be used with some errors for other cases. Several methods are developed for finding the model transfer function parameters as well as the parameters of a signal added to the system output. Linear and nonlinear models are considered.", "PMID": 1128305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10309", "title": "Temperature-dependent characteristics of Teflon membranes used in mass spectrometry.", "content": "In vitro information is provided on the gas partial pressure/temperature relationship and on the membrane permeability/temperature relationship, when a special type of Teflon membrane is used with a mass spectrometer. Monitored pressures of oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide in an equilibrating gas mixture decreased with stepwise decreases in temperature from 37 to 18 degrees C. Permeability of membranes to all gases also decreased with decreasing temperature. Observed partial pressure changes were apparently due to temperature-induced changes in Teflon membrane permeability characteristics.", "contents": "Temperature-dependent characteristics of Teflon membranes used in mass spectrometry. In vitro information is provided on the gas partial pressure/temperature relationship and on the membrane permeability/temperature relationship, when a special type of Teflon membrane is used with a mass spectrometer. Monitored pressures of oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide in an equilibrating gas mixture decreased with stepwise decreases in temperature from 37 to 18 degrees C. Permeability of membranes to all gases also decreased with decreasing temperature. Observed partial pressure changes were apparently due to temperature-induced changes in Teflon membrane permeability characteristics.", "PMID": 1128307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10310", "title": "A simulator for teaching electrical safety procedures in the hospital.", "content": "The dangers of accidental electrocution in the hospital, especially in the intensive care and coronary care units, have recently received much attention. The most important step in reducing such dangers is the proper training of hospital personnel in appropriate safety procedures. As a teaching aid for the training of V.A. personnel, a Simulator of Assorted Hazardous Malfunctions in Electrical Equipment (SAHMEE) was developed. With this simulator, safety hazards that might exist in a hospital environment can be shown, as well as the effects of electrical shock on a patient, and the effectiveness of various safety measures.", "contents": "A simulator for teaching electrical safety procedures in the hospital. The dangers of accidental electrocution in the hospital, especially in the intensive care and coronary care units, have recently received much attention. The most important step in reducing such dangers is the proper training of hospital personnel in appropriate safety procedures. As a teaching aid for the training of V.A. personnel, a Simulator of Assorted Hazardous Malfunctions in Electrical Equipment (SAHMEE) was developed. With this simulator, safety hazards that might exist in a hospital environment can be shown, as well as the effects of electrical shock on a patient, and the effectiveness of various safety measures.", "PMID": 1128310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10311", "title": "Automated system for measurement of mechanics of breathing.", "content": "We describe a complete automated system for measurement of total respiratory resistance and compliance, and of pulmonary resistance and compliance in humans and anesthetized animals. The device for testing the chest-lung system consists of a sinusoidal pump with a stroke adjustable from 20 ml to 600 ml over a cycling frequency of 0.3 to 30 Hz. Pressure and flow or volume are inputted into an analog network for wave shaping, then to an arithmetic unit composed of sample-and-hold amplifiers, peak, minimum and zero detecting circuits, an analog division circuit, and a digital logic processor. The computer takes the peak-to-peak amplitude of one of two sinusoidal inputs at 0.3 to 10 Hz and the corresponding amplitude of the other input in the presence of a.c. noise and d.c. shifts, divides one into the other, and displays an answer on a digital voltmeter. In addition, the analog output is displayed on the cathode-ray tube of a storage oscilloscope. Plots of total resistance and pulmonary resistance are recorded as a function of lung volume in both humans inspiring voluntarily as well as anesthetized dogs inflated by positive pressure from the test apparatus. Total and pulmonary dynamic compliance, as a function of breathing frequency, can only be measured by the computer if a symmetrical waveform is presented to it. This cannot be achieved in spontaneously breathing subjects but is accomplished in apneic animals by producing sinusoidal oscillations from the test apparatus. Our on-line method for measurement of total respiratory resistance is now used in the Clinical Pulmonary Laboratory for experimental work, and we are in the process of obtaining values in normal subjects.", "contents": "Automated system for measurement of mechanics of breathing. We describe a complete automated system for measurement of total respiratory resistance and compliance, and of pulmonary resistance and compliance in humans and anesthetized animals. The device for testing the chest-lung system consists of a sinusoidal pump with a stroke adjustable from 20 ml to 600 ml over a cycling frequency of 0.3 to 30 Hz. Pressure and flow or volume are inputted into an analog network for wave shaping, then to an arithmetic unit composed of sample-and-hold amplifiers, peak, minimum and zero detecting circuits, an analog division circuit, and a digital logic processor. The computer takes the peak-to-peak amplitude of one of two sinusoidal inputs at 0.3 to 10 Hz and the corresponding amplitude of the other input in the presence of a.c. noise and d.c. shifts, divides one into the other, and displays an answer on a digital voltmeter. In addition, the analog output is displayed on the cathode-ray tube of a storage oscilloscope. Plots of total resistance and pulmonary resistance are recorded as a function of lung volume in both humans inspiring voluntarily as well as anesthetized dogs inflated by positive pressure from the test apparatus. Total and pulmonary dynamic compliance, as a function of breathing frequency, can only be measured by the computer if a symmetrical waveform is presented to it. This cannot be achieved in spontaneously breathing subjects but is accomplished in apneic animals by producing sinusoidal oscillations from the test apparatus. Our on-line method for measurement of total respiratory resistance is now used in the Clinical Pulmonary Laboratory for experimental work, and we are in the process of obtaining values in normal subjects.", "PMID": 1128309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10312", "title": "An on-line system for measurement of opacity pulse propagation times in atraumatic screening of patients for occlusive vascular disease.", "content": "Measurement of opacity pulse propagation times to internal and external carotid vascular beds of the face and to upper extremities on either side of the body is a useful atraumatic method of screening patients for extracranial cerebrovascular disease. We describe a system for rapid measurement and on-line presentation of pulse propagation times that improves upon factors of measurement accuracy and time required to perform the procedure that had previously limited the clinical application of the method. Pulse propagation measurements evaluating common carotid, internal carotid, external carotid, and subclavian arteries can be carried out and results obtained in 10 to 15 minutes using this system. Correlations of data obtained with the system with results of four vessel angiography in patients are presented.", "contents": "An on-line system for measurement of opacity pulse propagation times in atraumatic screening of patients for occlusive vascular disease. Measurement of opacity pulse propagation times to internal and external carotid vascular beds of the face and to upper extremities on either side of the body is a useful atraumatic method of screening patients for extracranial cerebrovascular disease. We describe a system for rapid measurement and on-line presentation of pulse propagation times that improves upon factors of measurement accuracy and time required to perform the procedure that had previously limited the clinical application of the method. Pulse propagation measurements evaluating common carotid, internal carotid, external carotid, and subclavian arteries can be carried out and results obtained in 10 to 15 minutes using this system. Correlations of data obtained with the system with results of four vessel angiography in patients are presented.", "PMID": 1128317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10313", "title": "Dispersion-casting thin and ultrathin fabric-reinforced silicone rubber membrane for use in the membrane lung.", "content": "Pinholes in thin silicone rubber membrane have previously been traced to undispersed silica filer aggregates within the silicone rubber. This was overcome by centrifuging the dispersion to remove the aggregates prior to membrane fabrication. Thin (less than 75 mu) and ultra-thin (less than 25 mum) membrane could then be dispersion-cast. To facilitate handling and to increase mixing of blood in the membrane lung, it is often desirable to reinforce the silicone rubber membrane with fabric. Unfortunately, this process frequently introduces pinholes of its own. We have found than pinhole-free fabric-reinforced silicone rubber membrane can consistently be produced by the double-layer casting technique. First, the dispersion is cast onto aluminum foil, solvent evaporated, and partially cured. A second layer is next cast on top of it, followed by fabric. After solvent evaporation, final cure is under nitrogen using organic peroxide catalysts. This technique has permitted us to consistently cast strong pinhole-free membranes as thin as 9 mu.", "contents": "Dispersion-casting thin and ultrathin fabric-reinforced silicone rubber membrane for use in the membrane lung. Pinholes in thin silicone rubber membrane have previously been traced to undispersed silica filer aggregates within the silicone rubber. This was overcome by centrifuging the dispersion to remove the aggregates prior to membrane fabrication. Thin (less than 75 mu) and ultra-thin (less than 25 mum) membrane could then be dispersion-cast. To facilitate handling and to increase mixing of blood in the membrane lung, it is often desirable to reinforce the silicone rubber membrane with fabric. Unfortunately, this process frequently introduces pinholes of its own. We have found than pinhole-free fabric-reinforced silicone rubber membrane can consistently be produced by the double-layer casting technique. First, the dispersion is cast onto aluminum foil, solvent evaporated, and partially cured. A second layer is next cast on top of it, followed by fabric. After solvent evaporation, final cure is under nitrogen using organic peroxide catalysts. This technique has permitted us to consistently cast strong pinhole-free membranes as thin as 9 mu.", "PMID": 1128319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10314", "title": "Nondestructive measurements of the properties of healing burn scars.", "content": "A testing protocol and the requisite instrumentation have been developed to nondestructively monitor the temporal and mechanical properties of maturing scar. The maturing scar can become progressively and unpredictably adherent or contractured, producing varying degrees of functional impairment. By plotting these mechanical changes as a temporal function of limb motion history, more accurate prediction and control of the ultimate scarring may result. These same techniques could also be used to study normal skin aging. Extrapolation could be made to connective tissue scars in tendons, ligaments, and other structural elements. Scar contractures may develop slowly along lines of tension or areas of maximum skin defect in large maturing scars once the patient has recovered sufficiently to exercise the underlying joints. Since the present endeavor to monitor potential contractures requires measurement of the \"in-plane\" stresses and strains, we have chosen to utilize an in situ strip biaxial test configuration.", "contents": "Nondestructive measurements of the properties of healing burn scars. A testing protocol and the requisite instrumentation have been developed to nondestructively monitor the temporal and mechanical properties of maturing scar. The maturing scar can become progressively and unpredictably adherent or contractured, producing varying degrees of functional impairment. By plotting these mechanical changes as a temporal function of limb motion history, more accurate prediction and control of the ultimate scarring may result. These same techniques could also be used to study normal skin aging. Extrapolation could be made to connective tissue scars in tendons, ligaments, and other structural elements. Scar contractures may develop slowly along lines of tension or areas of maximum skin defect in large maturing scars once the patient has recovered sufficiently to exercise the underlying joints. Since the present endeavor to monitor potential contractures requires measurement of the \"in-plane\" stresses and strains, we have chosen to utilize an in situ strip biaxial test configuration.", "PMID": 1128323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10315", "title": "The coiled envelope-a disposable insert for coil dialysis.", "content": "The coiled envelope, a disposable pre-sterilized insert for coil dialysis, and its associated hardware were developed. In vitro and in vivo characterizations of the dialyzer were carried out and clinical dialyses performed. Clinical studies show the efficacy of the device and indicate advantages in its design. The dialyzer can be assembled in less than 5 minutes. The blood fluid path materials are replaceable in the coiled envelope kidney and can be certified sterile and pyrogen-free for each dialysis. This is a distinct advantage over the reuse of commercial dialyzers which can not be certified after their initial use. The disposable insert could be made available for patient use at a cost about one-half that of present commercial dialyzers.", "contents": "The coiled envelope-a disposable insert for coil dialysis. The coiled envelope, a disposable pre-sterilized insert for coil dialysis, and its associated hardware were developed. In vitro and in vivo characterizations of the dialyzer were carried out and clinical dialyses performed. Clinical studies show the efficacy of the device and indicate advantages in its design. The dialyzer can be assembled in less than 5 minutes. The blood fluid path materials are replaceable in the coiled envelope kidney and can be certified sterile and pyrogen-free for each dialysis. This is a distinct advantage over the reuse of commercial dialyzers which can not be certified after their initial use. The disposable insert could be made available for patient use at a cost about one-half that of present commercial dialyzers.", "PMID": 1128320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10316", "title": "A method for the in vitro measurement of tensions of blood gases with a mass spectrometer.", "content": "A specially designed cuvette with an in vivo catheter allows the in vitro measurement of gas tensions in heparinized samples of blood with a mass spectrometer. Approximately 1.5 cc of blood is required, half of which is used to clear the dead space of the cuvette. The partial pressures of oxygen (P-o2) and of carbon dioxide (Pco2) of arterial and venous samples obtained from the catheterized femoral arteries and veins of 10 mongrel dogs were measured with the mass spectometer and with a conventional pH/gass analyzer. Good agreement was obtained between the two methods. The range of validation for P-o2 was between 35 and 100 mmHg; for P-co2 it was between 20 and 88 mmHg. Depletion, temperature control, flow dependency, and calibration problems are discussed.", "contents": "A method for the in vitro measurement of tensions of blood gases with a mass spectrometer. A specially designed cuvette with an in vivo catheter allows the in vitro measurement of gas tensions in heparinized samples of blood with a mass spectrometer. Approximately 1.5 cc of blood is required, half of which is used to clear the dead space of the cuvette. The partial pressures of oxygen (P-o2) and of carbon dioxide (Pco2) of arterial and venous samples obtained from the catheterized femoral arteries and veins of 10 mongrel dogs were measured with the mass spectometer and with a conventional pH/gass analyzer. Good agreement was obtained between the two methods. The range of validation for P-o2 was between 35 and 100 mmHg; for P-co2 it was between 20 and 88 mmHg. Depletion, temperature control, flow dependency, and calibration problems are discussed.", "PMID": 1128321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10317", "title": "Standards-their impact upon the economics of instrumentation development.", "content": "The potential impact of the medical device amendments bill pending before Congress is analyzed in terms of its possible effects on 27 specific biomedical instrumentation and equipment markets. Characteristics, business opportunities, and growth potentials are evaluated for three tiers of device manufacturers, resulting in the development of several scenarios. The \"most likely\" scenario, according to the author, will result in strong growth for biomedical equipment and device markets but an uneven effect upon market participants.", "contents": "Standards-their impact upon the economics of instrumentation development. The potential impact of the medical device amendments bill pending before Congress is analyzed in terms of its possible effects on 27 specific biomedical instrumentation and equipment markets. Characteristics, business opportunities, and growth potentials are evaluated for three tiers of device manufacturers, resulting in the development of several scenarios. The \"most likely\" scenario, according to the author, will result in strong growth for biomedical equipment and device markets but an uneven effect upon market participants.", "PMID": 1128328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10318", "title": "Rationalization of standards for medical devices-Part 1.", "content": "Current practices for preparing standards in general-and standards for medical devices, instruments, and products in particular-are too slow, too expensive, and too cumbersome. There is a need, therefore, for establishing administrative mechanisms to expedite standards preparation. This paper addresses some administrative, conceptual, and methodological aspects of standards preparation and suggests actions that might contribute to improvements in the effectiveness of standards and in the methods of their preparation.", "contents": "Rationalization of standards for medical devices-Part 1. Current practices for preparing standards in general-and standards for medical devices, instruments, and products in particular-are too slow, too expensive, and too cumbersome. There is a need, therefore, for establishing administrative mechanisms to expedite standards preparation. This paper addresses some administrative, conceptual, and methodological aspects of standards preparation and suggests actions that might contribute to improvements in the effectiveness of standards and in the methods of their preparation.", "PMID": 1128329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10319", "title": "Human snake bite victims: the successful detection of circulating snake venom by radiommunoassay,.", "content": "A new solid-phase radioimmunoassay has been developed which allows positive identification of the type of snake venom in human tissue and fluids and its accurate quantitation. Tiger snake venom at a level of 210 ng/ml was detected post mortem in the serum of a child, and brown snake venom was detected in two adults bitten by unidentified snakes. Apart from forensic applications, the assay will be useful in studying clinical aspects of envenomation and the use of antivenenes.", "contents": "Human snake bite victims: the successful detection of circulating snake venom by radiommunoassay,. A new solid-phase radioimmunoassay has been developed which allows positive identification of the type of snake venom in human tissue and fluids and its accurate quantitation. Tiger snake venom at a level of 210 ng/ml was detected post mortem in the serum of a child, and brown snake venom was detected in two adults bitten by unidentified snakes. Apart from forensic applications, the assay will be useful in studying clinical aspects of envenomation and the use of antivenenes.", "PMID": 1128354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10320", "title": "Treatment of snake bite in Australia. Some observations and recommendations.", "content": "Amongst snake bite deaths in Australia there are a number which could be considered as avoidable. Prompt and adequate administration of the appropriate antivenene, when indicated, combined with a more intensive surveillance of snake bite victims, would decrease the number of fatalities.", "contents": "Treatment of snake bite in Australia. Some observations and recommendations. Amongst snake bite deaths in Australia there are a number which could be considered as avoidable. Prompt and adequate administration of the appropriate antivenene, when indicated, combined with a more intensive surveillance of snake bite victims, would decrease the number of fatalities.", "PMID": 1128355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10321", "title": "The effect of chest physiotherapy upon the FEV1 in chronic bronchitis.", "content": "Chest physiotherapy, including posturing the patient head downwards while the chest is percussed and vibrated, was used in the treatment of patients with an exacerbation of chronic bronchitis. In seven patients the mean FEV declined from 1.38 litres plus or minus 0.39 to 1.25 litres plus or minus 0.37 after postural drainage and percussion (P less than 0.001). Twenty minutes later the FEV rose to 1.37 litres plus or minus 0.33. The mean decline in the FEV1 was prevented by prior administration of salbutamol. The fall in the FEV1 did not occur in 10 patients who received the postural tipping without chest percussion. Also it was not induced by coughing every two minutes during posturing. It was considered that the fall in FEV1 after chest physiotherapy was due to bronchoconstriction caused by the chest percussion or vibration, particularly in patients with bronchoconstriction under basal conditions. The induced bronchoconstriction counter-balanced any improvement of the FEV due to freeing the airways of sputum, but in two patients with moderate to copious sputum an improvement of the FEV1 was repeatedly obtained in measurements made 20 minutes after the physiotherapy when the bronchoconstriction had presumably subsided. Although the immediate decline in FEV1 was not large, it is considered inadvisable to employ chest percussion and vibration in sick patients unless a bronchodilator is administered previously.", "contents": "The effect of chest physiotherapy upon the FEV1 in chronic bronchitis. Chest physiotherapy, including posturing the patient head downwards while the chest is percussed and vibrated, was used in the treatment of patients with an exacerbation of chronic bronchitis. In seven patients the mean FEV declined from 1.38 litres plus or minus 0.39 to 1.25 litres plus or minus 0.37 after postural drainage and percussion (P less than 0.001). Twenty minutes later the FEV rose to 1.37 litres plus or minus 0.33. The mean decline in the FEV1 was prevented by prior administration of salbutamol. The fall in the FEV1 did not occur in 10 patients who received the postural tipping without chest percussion. Also it was not induced by coughing every two minutes during posturing. It was considered that the fall in FEV1 after chest physiotherapy was due to bronchoconstriction caused by the chest percussion or vibration, particularly in patients with bronchoconstriction under basal conditions. The induced bronchoconstriction counter-balanced any improvement of the FEV due to freeing the airways of sputum, but in two patients with moderate to copious sputum an improvement of the FEV1 was repeatedly obtained in measurements made 20 minutes after the physiotherapy when the bronchoconstriction had presumably subsided. Although the immediate decline in FEV1 was not large, it is considered inadvisable to employ chest percussion and vibration in sick patients unless a bronchodilator is administered previously.", "PMID": 1128356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10322", "title": "Unusual chromosomal changes in polycythaemia vera.", "content": "Of 13 cases of polycythaemia vera in which direct bone marrow culture was carried out for chromosome analysis, a consistent count of 48 chromosomes was found in two on admission to the hospital. Neither patient showed evidence of blastic transformation.", "contents": "Unusual chromosomal changes in polycythaemia vera. Of 13 cases of polycythaemia vera in which direct bone marrow culture was carried out for chromosome analysis, a consistent count of 48 chromosomes was found in two on admission to the hospital. Neither patient showed evidence of blastic transformation.", "PMID": 1128357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10323", "title": "Tuberculous meningitis in childhood.", "content": "The 43 cases of tuberculous meningitis treated at the Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, over the 15-year period from January, 1954, to December, 1969, are reviewed in detail. With \"triple drug\" antituberculosis therapy, 19 patients made a full recovery and seven died. Of the other 17, 11 had major permanent sequelae. There was a strong correlation between the patient's state of consciousness at the time antituberculosis therapy was commenced and the ultimate result. Suggestions are made on how the mortality and morbidity can be reduced.", "contents": "Tuberculous meningitis in childhood. The 43 cases of tuberculous meningitis treated at the Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, over the 15-year period from January, 1954, to December, 1969, are reviewed in detail. With \"triple drug\" antituberculosis therapy, 19 patients made a full recovery and seven died. Of the other 17, 11 had major permanent sequelae. There was a strong correlation between the patient's state of consciousness at the time antituberculosis therapy was commenced and the ultimate result. Suggestions are made on how the mortality and morbidity can be reduced.", "PMID": 1128368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10324", "title": "Starch peritonitis--a hazard of surgical glove powder.", "content": "Starch peritonitis, a granulomatous reacton to surgical glove powder, is reported in four patients. The condition presents as a well defined clinical syndrome, and should perferably be diagnosed clinically to avoid reoperation and the risk of introduction of more starch. Studies show that a mean of 107 mg of starch per pair is present on the outside of Austrailn-made surgical gloves. It is suggested that gloves be rinsed and dried before operation and it is recommended that a warning to this effect be printed on glove packets.", "contents": "Starch peritonitis--a hazard of surgical glove powder. Starch peritonitis, a granulomatous reacton to surgical glove powder, is reported in four patients. The condition presents as a well defined clinical syndrome, and should perferably be diagnosed clinically to avoid reoperation and the risk of introduction of more starch. Studies show that a mean of 107 mg of starch per pair is present on the outside of Austrailn-made surgical gloves. It is suggested that gloves be rinsed and dried before operation and it is recommended that a warning to this effect be printed on glove packets.", "PMID": 1128369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10325", "title": "Acute interstitial nephritis following ampicillin hypersensitivity.", "content": "A case of acute anuric renal failure following hypersensitivity to ampicillin is presented. Renal biopsy showed severe interstitial nephritis. Treatment with prednisolone and heparin, together with supportive measures and peritoneal dialysis, was followed by rapid recovery of renal function. It is concluded that hypersensitivity to ampicillin can cause acute interstitial nephritis, analogous to that seen with penicillin and methicillin.", "contents": "Acute interstitial nephritis following ampicillin hypersensitivity. A case of acute anuric renal failure following hypersensitivity to ampicillin is presented. Renal biopsy showed severe interstitial nephritis. Treatment with prednisolone and heparin, together with supportive measures and peritoneal dialysis, was followed by rapid recovery of renal function. It is concluded that hypersensitivity to ampicillin can cause acute interstitial nephritis, analogous to that seen with penicillin and methicillin.", "PMID": 1128370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10326", "title": "Geochemistry and multiple sclerosis: a hypothesis.", "content": "A hypothesis is presented and evidence is adduced to show that high-risk areas of multiple sclerosis are related to the ability of the soils of the locality to obtain and fix molybdenum perferentially to copper. Soil conditons capable of such partition are known to be present characteristically in cool temperate zones and are significantly present in acid podsols of these regions. On the other hand, under tropical and subtropical conditions, molybdenum is normally highly mobile and leached from the environment. Copper may also be leached but can accumulate in caliche deposits. This hypothesis is notopposed to the theory of a viral aetology of multiple sclerosis, but rather seeks to show that certain individuals, if exposed to trace element imbalance at a critical period in life, may be rendered susceptible to a slow virus infection.", "contents": "Geochemistry and multiple sclerosis: a hypothesis. A hypothesis is presented and evidence is adduced to show that high-risk areas of multiple sclerosis are related to the ability of the soils of the locality to obtain and fix molybdenum perferentially to copper. Soil conditons capable of such partition are known to be present characteristically in cool temperate zones and are significantly present in acid podsols of these regions. On the other hand, under tropical and subtropical conditions, molybdenum is normally highly mobile and leached from the environment. Copper may also be leached but can accumulate in caliche deposits. This hypothesis is notopposed to the theory of a viral aetology of multiple sclerosis, but rather seeks to show that certain individuals, if exposed to trace element imbalance at a critical period in life, may be rendered susceptible to a slow virus infection.", "PMID": 1128372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10327", "title": "[Interaction between alcohol and drugs (author's transl)].", "content": "The interaction of ethanol with drugs becomes more and more important because of a constant increase of the consumption of both. While most of the commonly used drugs  do not alter the elimination of alcohol there exist a number of drugs which influence the degradation of ethanol by inhibition of the acetaldehyddehydrogenase. In combination with alcohol these drugs lead to an antabus-like reaction. In respect to the influence of ethanol on the metabolic degradation of drugs it must be destinguished between acute and chronic effects of alcohol. Upon acute influence of ethanol we observe an increased efficiency of many drugs. Chronical influence of ethanol on the other hand leads to a reduced action of drugs by enzyme inhibition. Besides the interaction on the level of biotransformation the interaction on the receptor-level is important. This mechanism especially leads to an increased efficiency of drugs which influence the central-nervous system.", "contents": "[Interaction between alcohol and drugs (author's transl)]. The interaction of ethanol with drugs becomes more and more important because of a constant increase of the consumption of both. While most of the commonly used drugs  do not alter the elimination of alcohol there exist a number of drugs which influence the degradation of ethanol by inhibition of the acetaldehyddehydrogenase. In combination with alcohol these drugs lead to an antabus-like reaction. In respect to the influence of ethanol on the metabolic degradation of drugs it must be destinguished between acute and chronic effects of alcohol. Upon acute influence of ethanol we observe an increased efficiency of many drugs. Chronical influence of ethanol on the other hand leads to a reduced action of drugs by enzyme inhibition. Besides the interaction on the level of biotransformation the interaction on the receptor-level is important. This mechanism especially leads to an increased efficiency of drugs which influence the central-nervous system.", "PMID": 1128426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10328", "title": "[1000 selective coronary angiographies (method of Sones) (author's transl)].", "content": "Complications during and after performance of selective coronary angiography are reported from the first 1000 patients examined in Frankfurt. All examinations were done according to the method of Sones after preparation of the right brachial artery. There was no lethal complication. The following serious complications were observed: infarction 2, oedema of the lung 6, ventricular fibrillation 13, severe bradycardia and temporary cardiac arrest 29, incompatibility of contrast medium 8. Complications concerning the used peripheral artery were very rare. Quantitative measurement of the blood flow in the forearm of patients did not show any decrease in maximal blood flow under exercise after arteriotomy in relation to the flow in the other arm of the patients. In about 98% of all cases the selective angiography of both the right and the left coronary artery was successful. The conclusion is that selective coronary arteriography with the Sones-technic is a reliable way of examining the coronary arteries with a very low complication rate if it is performed by two well trained cardiologists with experience and knowledge about the method and its possible complications.", "contents": "[1000 selective coronary angiographies (method of Sones) (author's transl)]. Complications during and after performance of selective coronary angiography are reported from the first 1000 patients examined in Frankfurt. All examinations were done according to the method of Sones after preparation of the right brachial artery. There was no lethal complication. The following serious complications were observed: infarction 2, oedema of the lung 6, ventricular fibrillation 13, severe bradycardia and temporary cardiac arrest 29, incompatibility of contrast medium 8. Complications concerning the used peripheral artery were very rare. Quantitative measurement of the blood flow in the forearm of patients did not show any decrease in maximal blood flow under exercise after arteriotomy in relation to the flow in the other arm of the patients. In about 98% of all cases the selective angiography of both the right and the left coronary artery was successful. The conclusion is that selective coronary arteriography with the Sones-technic is a reliable way of examining the coronary arteries with a very low complication rate if it is performed by two well trained cardiologists with experience and knowledge about the method and its possible complications.", "PMID": 1128431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10329", "title": "Studies on the immunochemistry of Staphylococcus aureus cell wall: antigenicity of pentaglycine bridges.", "content": "The specific antigenicity of pentaglycine bridges in cell walls of S. aureus was investigated. The antistaphylococcal sera (against 11 Oeding strains of S. aureus) were found to contain antibodies of two different specificities against polyglycyl peptides; one type reacted with polyglycyl peptides with a free amino terminus and the other with polyglycyl peptides with a free carboxyl terminus. These antibodies were assayed by passive hemagglutination with tanned sheep red cells sensitized with N-polyglycyl-BSA (containing polyglycyl peptides with a free amino terminus) or with C-poe antibodies against N-polyglycyl peptides were absorbed by S. aureus strains and by S. epidermidis. Heterologous bacterial species failed to absorb antibodies of either specificity. Antibodies against polyglycyl peptides were used to confirm the mechanism of action of penicillin on S. aureus cell wall.", "contents": "Studies on the immunochemistry of Staphylococcus aureus cell wall: antigenicity of pentaglycine bridges. The specific antigenicity of pentaglycine bridges in cell walls of S. aureus was investigated. The antistaphylococcal sera (against 11 Oeding strains of S. aureus) were found to contain antibodies of two different specificities against polyglycyl peptides; one type reacted with polyglycyl peptides with a free amino terminus and the other with polyglycyl peptides with a free carboxyl terminus. These antibodies were assayed by passive hemagglutination with tanned sheep red cells sensitized with N-polyglycyl-BSA (containing polyglycyl peptides with a free amino terminus) or with C-poe antibodies against N-polyglycyl peptides were absorbed by S. aureus strains and by S. epidermidis. Heterologous bacterial species failed to absorb antibodies of either specificity. Antibodies against polyglycyl peptides were used to confirm the mechanism of action of penicillin on S. aureus cell wall.", "PMID": 1128452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10330", "title": "Production of potent salmonella H antisera by immunization with flagellae, isolated by immunosorption.", "content": "For serotyping Salmonella H sera should exhibit a high H titer and preferably a low O titer which does not interfere with the H slide agglutination at the working dilution of the serum. By conventional immunization with motile bacteria OH sera are always produced. We isolated flagellae from highly motile Salmonella cultures, which were detached from the bacterial cells by a waring blendor, with an immunosorbent, i.e. cyanobromide-activated Sepharose to which the respective anti H antibody was coupled. The desorption of the flagella from the immunosorbent was done by lowering the pH to 2.3 with glycine-HC1 buffer. 4.2 mg of flagellar protein were recovered from 20 agar swarm plates. 10 mug of the antigen incorporated into complete Freund adjuvant was found to immunize a rabbit successfully. The H titers varied from 10,000-160,000 and the majority of the O titers did not exceed 160. Only one immunosorbent was necessary to isolate a group of related H antigens (i.e., lv, lw, lz13, lz28). After regeneration the immunosorbent can be reused many times.", "contents": "Production of potent salmonella H antisera by immunization with flagellae, isolated by immunosorption. For serotyping Salmonella H sera should exhibit a high H titer and preferably a low O titer which does not interfere with the H slide agglutination at the working dilution of the serum. By conventional immunization with motile bacteria OH sera are always produced. We isolated flagellae from highly motile Salmonella cultures, which were detached from the bacterial cells by a waring blendor, with an immunosorbent, i.e. cyanobromide-activated Sepharose to which the respective anti H antibody was coupled. The desorption of the flagella from the immunosorbent was done by lowering the pH to 2.3 with glycine-HC1 buffer. 4.2 mg of flagellar protein were recovered from 20 agar swarm plates. 10 mug of the antigen incorporated into complete Freund adjuvant was found to immunize a rabbit successfully. The H titers varied from 10,000-160,000 and the majority of the O titers did not exceed 160. Only one immunosorbent was necessary to isolate a group of related H antigens (i.e., lv, lw, lz13, lz28). After regeneration the immunosorbent can be reused many times.", "PMID": 1128453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10331", "title": "Absolute kilovoltage calibration of a diagnostic x-ray generator.", "content": "A method for absolute calibration of diagnostic x-ray generators is presented and discussed. The method employs a Ge(Li) detector and relies on the direct observation of the onset of fluorescence radiation from scattering foils placed in the primary beam.", "contents": "Absolute kilovoltage calibration of a diagnostic x-ray generator. A method for absolute calibration of diagnostic x-ray generators is presented and discussed. The method employs a Ge(Li) detector and relies on the direct observation of the onset of fluorescence radiation from scattering foils placed in the primary beam.", "PMID": 1128454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10332", "title": "Remote measurement of fluid volume by x-ray fluorescence.", "content": "A technique utilizing x-ray fluorescence has been used to measure remotely the volume and, thereby, the hydrostatic pressure of a cesium nitrate solution in vitro. The excitation radiation source was 99m-Tc, and the x-ray spectra were measured with a sodium iodide spectrometry system. This technique may be applicable to long term in vivo measurements of intracranial pressure for conditions such as hydrocephalus.", "contents": "Remote measurement of fluid volume by x-ray fluorescence. A technique utilizing x-ray fluorescence has been used to measure remotely the volume and, thereby, the hydrostatic pressure of a cesium nitrate solution in vitro. The excitation radiation source was 99m-Tc, and the x-ray spectra were measured with a sodium iodide spectrometry system. This technique may be applicable to long term in vivo measurements of intracranial pressure for conditions such as hydrocephalus.", "PMID": 1128455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10333", "title": "Hidden-part suppression on three-dimensional plots.", "content": "The conceptual and mathematical description of a method to draw a three-dimensional histographic surface in oblique projection, with the drawing of hidden parts suppressed, is given.", "contents": "Hidden-part suppression on three-dimensional plots. The conceptual and mathematical description of a method to draw a three-dimensional histographic surface in oblique projection, with the drawing of hidden parts suppressed, is given.", "PMID": 1128457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10334", "title": "Treatment planning with a graphics tablet.", "content": "A graphics-tablet treatment planning system is described. The cost effectiveness of this approach is especially attractive where time-sharing use of a central computer facility is available.", "contents": "Treatment planning with a graphics tablet. A graphics-tablet treatment planning system is described. The cost effectiveness of this approach is especially attractive where time-sharing use of a central computer facility is available.", "PMID": 1128458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10335", "title": "Penetration quality measurement for standardization of radiographic image quality.", "content": "Interchange or transfer of radiographic techniques through measurement of penetration quality is discussed. The usefulness of this achievement is verified using an aluminum step wedge. Also, the procedure described provides a method for performance evaluation of kVp compensation on diagnostic x-ray installations.", "contents": "Penetration quality measurement for standardization of radiographic image quality. Interchange or transfer of radiographic techniques through measurement of penetration quality is discussed. The usefulness of this achievement is verified using an aluminum step wedge. Also, the procedure described provides a method for performance evaluation of kVp compensation on diagnostic x-ray installations.", "PMID": 1128460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10336", "title": "Edge sharpness and enhancement of electron radiographs (ERGs) produced with powder cloud development.", "content": "Much renewed interest has developed in electrostatic imaging systems. This is partly because of their use of relatively inexpensive materials and their potential for improved diagnostic accuracy--a novel combination of image latitude with great detail contrast. All such systems can exhibit these image characteristics when developed by the generally used \"powder cloud\" technique or some similar partial development system. We have measured edge sharpness and enhancement of electron radiographs (ERGs) produced with the powder cloud technique. Edge sharpness can be excellent at low image-density levels, but deteriorates with increasing density. Edge enhancement is also appreciable; it appears to decrease somewhat with increasing image density, but no simple relationship has yet been shown.", "contents": "Edge sharpness and enhancement of electron radiographs (ERGs) produced with powder cloud development. Much renewed interest has developed in electrostatic imaging systems. This is partly because of their use of relatively inexpensive materials and their potential for improved diagnostic accuracy--a novel combination of image latitude with great detail contrast. All such systems can exhibit these image characteristics when developed by the generally used \"powder cloud\" technique or some similar partial development system. We have measured edge sharpness and enhancement of electron radiographs (ERGs) produced with the powder cloud technique. Edge sharpness can be excellent at low image-density levels, but deteriorates with increasing density. Edge enhancement is also appreciable; it appears to decrease somewhat with increasing image density, but no simple relationship has yet been shown.", "PMID": 1128456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10337", "title": "Computerized therapy registry: the Mayo Clinic experience.", "content": "Establishing a computerized tumor registry involves careful consideration of a number of factors. Included in this consideration are the cost of both software and hardware, the type and selection of data needed, and the ongoing cost of the program. A representative listing of the data to be collected for the radiotherapy tumor registry is included.", "contents": "Computerized therapy registry: the Mayo Clinic experience. Establishing a computerized tumor registry involves careful consideration of a number of factors. Included in this consideration are the cost of both software and hardware, the type and selection of data needed, and the ongoing cost of the program. A representative listing of the data to be collected for the radiotherapy tumor registry is included.", "PMID": 1128459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10338", "title": "The interaction of histones with native and denatured DNA.", "content": "A description is provided for the effects of various concentrations of NaCl, MgC12, and urea on the precipitation of native and denatured DNA by histones. The solubility of complexes between total histones and fractions F1, F2a, F2b, and F3 with denatured and partially denatured DNA was greater than that of the complexes between histones and native DNA. The complexes formed between histones and denatured DNA were soluble in excess histones, unlike those formed between histones and native DNA. Electrophoresis of the individual histone fractions through a polyacrylamide gel layer containing DNA led to the determination of the amount of histones bound to native and denatured DNA under conditions of saturation (0.04 ionic strength). It was established that 1 mug of native DNA binds 2.4, 2.8, and 2.5 mug of histones F1, F2a, F2b and F3, respectively. The denatured DNA binds 1.4-1.5 times less of each histone fraction than does native DNA, but the binding seems stronger. It has been demonstrated that the histones inhibit to a lesser extent the template activity of denatured and partially denatured (about 5% disruption of hydrogen bonds) DNA in comparison with native DNA in an RNA polymerase system. It has been suggested that the properties of the complexes formed between histones and denatured or partially denatured DNA, may underlie the control mechanism for genome activity in the cells of higher organisms.", "contents": "The interaction of histones with native and denatured DNA. A description is provided for the effects of various concentrations of NaCl, MgC12, and urea on the precipitation of native and denatured DNA by histones. The solubility of complexes between total histones and fractions F1, F2a, F2b, and F3 with denatured and partially denatured DNA was greater than that of the complexes between histones and native DNA. The complexes formed between histones and denatured DNA were soluble in excess histones, unlike those formed between histones and native DNA. Electrophoresis of the individual histone fractions through a polyacrylamide gel layer containing DNA led to the determination of the amount of histones bound to native and denatured DNA under conditions of saturation (0.04 ionic strength). It was established that 1 mug of native DNA binds 2.4, 2.8, and 2.5 mug of histones F1, F2a, F2b and F3, respectively. The denatured DNA binds 1.4-1.5 times less of each histone fraction than does native DNA, but the binding seems stronger. It has been demonstrated that the histones inhibit to a lesser extent the template activity of denatured and partially denatured (about 5% disruption of hydrogen bonds) DNA in comparison with native DNA in an RNA polymerase system. It has been suggested that the properties of the complexes formed between histones and denatured or partially denatured DNA, may underlie the control mechanism for genome activity in the cells of higher organisms.", "PMID": 1128501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10339", "title": "Renaturation of DNA from ultrasonically fragmented chromatin.", "content": "The rates of renaturation of ultrasonically treated DNA, isolated from fragments of rat liver chromatin, were compared. Chromatographic fractionation on hydroxylapatite was used to fractionate the denatured and renatured DNAs. It was shown that DNA fraction 1 renatures considerably faster than fraction 2. The results are compared with previously published data on the specificity coefficient of DNA, the content of basic amino acids and alkali-labile phosphorus of the protein in the corresponding fragments of the chromatin. The possible functional role of these fragments in the genome is discussed.", "contents": "Renaturation of DNA from ultrasonically fragmented chromatin. The rates of renaturation of ultrasonically treated DNA, isolated from fragments of rat liver chromatin, were compared. Chromatographic fractionation on hydroxylapatite was used to fractionate the denatured and renatured DNAs. It was shown that DNA fraction 1 renatures considerably faster than fraction 2. The results are compared with previously published data on the specificity coefficient of DNA, the content of basic amino acids and alkali-labile phosphorus of the protein in the corresponding fragments of the chromatin. The possible functional role of these fragments in the genome is discussed.", "PMID": 1128502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10340", "title": "The structure of hydrophobic cores of globins.", "content": "The contacts between bulky hydrophobic side chains (Val, Leu, Ile, Met, Phe, Tyr, and Trp) were studied in five globins with known three-dimensional structures. It is shown that a large majority of these side chains participate in such contacts, where most often one side chain makes contact with two to four nearby side chains. The \"recognition element\" of a helical region is most often a pair of bulky hydrophobic side chains belinging to neighboring turns of an alpha-helix. Such pairs most often make contact with bulky hydrophobic side chains brought in from the outside. An analysis is made of contacts between the hydrophobic side chains common to all five globins. It is shown that as a rule the most intense contacts in each globin are also common to the five globins. The role of these invariant contacts in the formation of the tertiary structure of globin molecules is considered. A suggestion is made that the apoglobin molecule consists of independently self-organizing halves, the internal structure of which is less subject to fluctuation than their mutual arrangement.", "contents": "The structure of hydrophobic cores of globins. The contacts between bulky hydrophobic side chains (Val, Leu, Ile, Met, Phe, Tyr, and Trp) were studied in five globins with known three-dimensional structures. It is shown that a large majority of these side chains participate in such contacts, where most often one side chain makes contact with two to four nearby side chains. The \"recognition element\" of a helical region is most often a pair of bulky hydrophobic side chains belinging to neighboring turns of an alpha-helix. Such pairs most often make contact with bulky hydrophobic side chains brought in from the outside. An analysis is made of contacts between the hydrophobic side chains common to all five globins. It is shown that as a rule the most intense contacts in each globin are also common to the five globins. The role of these invariant contacts in the formation of the tertiary structure of globin molecules is considered. A suggestion is made that the apoglobin molecule consists of independently self-organizing halves, the internal structure of which is less subject to fluctuation than their mutual arrangement.", "PMID": 1128503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10341", "title": "The formation of a complex between the membrane structures of the mitochondria and DNA of nonmitochondrial origin.", "content": "The ability of decomposed rat liver mitochondria, stripped of their outer membrane (fracton C) to bind 14C-DNA of phage T4 was demonstrated. The bound phage DNA is 10-15% resistant to treatment of fraction C with DNAase I. Treatment of fraction C with sarcosyl (final concentration 0.1%) and centrifugation in a linear sucrose gradient (20-50%) permits the detection of a label in the Mt-DNA-membrane complex, isolated at 35% sucrose. Further fractionation of the membrane complex on sepharose 4 B promotes the detection of the label in \"elementary particles of transcription\" [1], structural units of the inner membrane, containing specific centers for binding to DNA. The centers of binding of the elementary particles of transcription possess greatest affinity for Mt-DNA; however, they are also capable of binding DNA of various origin (both the DNA of eucaryotes and that of procaryotes). The significance of fixation of DNA of nonmitochondrial origin by the membrane structures of the mitochondria is discussed.", "contents": "The formation of a complex between the membrane structures of the mitochondria and DNA of nonmitochondrial origin. The ability of decomposed rat liver mitochondria, stripped of their outer membrane (fracton C) to bind 14C-DNA of phage T4 was demonstrated. The bound phage DNA is 10-15% resistant to treatment of fraction C with DNAase I. Treatment of fraction C with sarcosyl (final concentration 0.1%) and centrifugation in a linear sucrose gradient (20-50%) permits the detection of a label in the Mt-DNA-membrane complex, isolated at 35% sucrose. Further fractionation of the membrane complex on sepharose 4 B promotes the detection of the label in \"elementary particles of transcription\" [1], structural units of the inner membrane, containing specific centers for binding to DNA. The centers of binding of the elementary particles of transcription possess greatest affinity for Mt-DNA; however, they are also capable of binding DNA of various origin (both the DNA of eucaryotes and that of procaryotes). The significance of fixation of DNA of nonmitochondrial origin by the membrane structures of the mitochondria is discussed.", "PMID": 1128504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10342", "title": "The presence of an endonuclease acting on UV-irradiated and depurinized DNA in cells of Micrococcus lysodeikticus.", "content": "Enzymatic activity, hydrolyzing DNA treated with beta-isopropyl-bis-beta-chloroethylamine (HN2-DNA), HN2-DNA exposed at 50 degrees for 1 h, and DNA treated with acid, to acid-soluble fragments was found in extracts from cells of M. lysodeikticus. The endonucleolytic component ofthe indicated activity manifests chromatographic properties on DEAE- and CM-cellulose, close to those for UV-endonuclease. Activity is manifested by UV-irradiated DNA, proflavin, and cyanide. Two electrophoretically homogeneous fractions of UV-endonuclease (after chromatography on DEAE- and CM-cellulose), with molecular weights about 13,000 and 15,000 daltons, exhibit endonucleolytic activity with respect to HN2-DNA, exposed at 50 degrees for 1 h, and with respect to \"acid\" DNA, treated for 6 min at 70 degrees in citrate buffer, pH 3.5. The activity with respect to the latter substrate is competitively suppressed by UV-irradiated DNA. The most probable substrate of UV-endonuclease, in addition to cyclobutane dimers, is the depurinized region of DNA.", "contents": "The presence of an endonuclease acting on UV-irradiated and depurinized DNA in cells of Micrococcus lysodeikticus. Enzymatic activity, hydrolyzing DNA treated with beta-isopropyl-bis-beta-chloroethylamine (HN2-DNA), HN2-DNA exposed at 50 degrees for 1 h, and DNA treated with acid, to acid-soluble fragments was found in extracts from cells of M. lysodeikticus. The endonucleolytic component ofthe indicated activity manifests chromatographic properties on DEAE- and CM-cellulose, close to those for UV-endonuclease. Activity is manifested by UV-irradiated DNA, proflavin, and cyanide. Two electrophoretically homogeneous fractions of UV-endonuclease (after chromatography on DEAE- and CM-cellulose), with molecular weights about 13,000 and 15,000 daltons, exhibit endonucleolytic activity with respect to HN2-DNA, exposed at 50 degrees for 1 h, and with respect to \"acid\" DNA, treated for 6 min at 70 degrees in citrate buffer, pH 3.5. The activity with respect to the latter substrate is competitively suppressed by UV-irradiated DNA. The most probable substrate of UV-endonuclease, in addition to cyclobutane dimers, is the depurinized region of DNA.", "PMID": 1128505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10343", "title": "A study of the mechanism of action of phosphorylase B using isotope-labelled substrates.", "content": "We have measured the alpha-deuterium and alpha-tritium secondary kinetic isotope effects on the synthesis and phosphorolysis of glycogen catalyzed by glycogen phosphorylase B (EC 2.4.1.1). The isotope-labeled substrates glucose-1T-1-phosphate and 1C14-glucose-1D-1-phosphate were used in the experiments, together with 6T-glucose-1-phosphate and C14-glucose-1-phosphate as controls. Measurement by the double label technique showed that both effects studied were equal to zero within the limits of experimental error. The possible mechanism of action of phosphorylase B is discussed.", "contents": "A study of the mechanism of action of phosphorylase B using isotope-labelled substrates. We have measured the alpha-deuterium and alpha-tritium secondary kinetic isotope effects on the synthesis and phosphorolysis of glycogen catalyzed by glycogen phosphorylase B (EC 2.4.1.1). The isotope-labeled substrates glucose-1T-1-phosphate and 1C14-glucose-1D-1-phosphate were used in the experiments, together with 6T-glucose-1-phosphate and C14-glucose-1-phosphate as controls. Measurement by the double label technique showed that both effects studied were equal to zero within the limits of experimental error. The possible mechanism of action of phosphorylase B is discussed.", "PMID": 1128506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10344", "title": "Bouyant density of the DNA of sea urchin embryos at different stages of development.", "content": "Preparations of high-molecular nuclear DNA were obtained from embroys of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis at the stages of early and late blastula, gastrula, and pluteus. In an equilibrium cesium chloride density gradient, these preparations exhibit a single narrow symmetrical band at 1.695-1.703 g/cm3 with a maximum at l.699 plus or minus 0.001 g/cm3 and do not contain satellite components. Nuclear DNA of embroys at the stage of 128 blastomeres (morula), which has a molecular weight of 10-6, exhibits a single broad symmetrical band at 1.690-1.710 g/cm3 with a maximum at 1.699 g/cm3 in a density gradient. Fragments of blastula and pluteus DNA obtained as a result of treatment with ultrasound give an analogous distribution. Preparations of total DNA of unfertilized ovicells, total DNA of spermatozoids, and cytoplasmic DNA of the morula contain satellite components with buoyant densities of 1.717-1.725 g/cm3 side by side with the main band.", "contents": "Bouyant density of the DNA of sea urchin embryos at different stages of development. Preparations of high-molecular nuclear DNA were obtained from embroys of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis at the stages of early and late blastula, gastrula, and pluteus. In an equilibrium cesium chloride density gradient, these preparations exhibit a single narrow symmetrical band at 1.695-1.703 g/cm3 with a maximum at l.699 plus or minus 0.001 g/cm3 and do not contain satellite components. Nuclear DNA of embroys at the stage of 128 blastomeres (morula), which has a molecular weight of 10-6, exhibits a single broad symmetrical band at 1.690-1.710 g/cm3 with a maximum at 1.699 g/cm3 in a density gradient. Fragments of blastula and pluteus DNA obtained as a result of treatment with ultrasound give an analogous distribution. Preparations of total DNA of unfertilized ovicells, total DNA of spermatozoids, and cytoplasmic DNA of the morula contain satellite components with buoyant densities of 1.717-1.725 g/cm3 side by side with the main band.", "PMID": 1128507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10345", "title": "A study of the interaction of oligonucleotides with polynucleotides by the method of equilibrium gel filtration. The effect of magnesium ions and the composition of the oligonucleotides on the stability of the complex.", "content": "The interaction of the oligonucleotides ApApA, ApApU and ApApC with polyribouridylic acid and of hexariboinosinic acid with and without phosphate near the 3'-end with polyribocytidylic acid was studied by the method of equilibrium gel filtration through Sephadexes. The free energy, the energy and entropy of the complexing were calculated from isotherms of the adsorption of the oligonucleotides on the polynucleotides in relation to the composition of the oligonucleotides and the concentration of magnesium ions in the buffer. It was shown that in the case of the interaction of ApApA and ApApC with poly(U) a perfect triple complex is formed, while in the case of the interaction of ApApU with poly(U) the noncomplementary base is partially displaced from the complex. The free energy of the interaction of neighboring oligonucleotides in a complex with polynucleotides is from --1000 to --3000 cal/mole depending on the type of the complex. It was shown that after the interaction of hexainosinic acid with poly(C) a double complex is formed. The free energy of the interaction of neighboring oligonucleotides in this complex is formed. The free energy of the interaction of neighboring oligonucleotides in this complex is about --1200 cal/mole. Magnesium ions have a different effect on the formation of triple and double complexes in the interaction of oligonucleotides with polynucleotides.", "contents": "A study of the interaction of oligonucleotides with polynucleotides by the method of equilibrium gel filtration. The effect of magnesium ions and the composition of the oligonucleotides on the stability of the complex. The interaction of the oligonucleotides ApApA, ApApU and ApApC with polyribouridylic acid and of hexariboinosinic acid with and without phosphate near the 3'-end with polyribocytidylic acid was studied by the method of equilibrium gel filtration through Sephadexes. The free energy, the energy and entropy of the complexing were calculated from isotherms of the adsorption of the oligonucleotides on the polynucleotides in relation to the composition of the oligonucleotides and the concentration of magnesium ions in the buffer. It was shown that in the case of the interaction of ApApA and ApApC with poly(U) a perfect triple complex is formed, while in the case of the interaction of ApApU with poly(U) the noncomplementary base is partially displaced from the complex. The free energy of the interaction of neighboring oligonucleotides in a complex with polynucleotides is from --1000 to --3000 cal/mole depending on the type of the complex. It was shown that after the interaction of hexainosinic acid with poly(C) a double complex is formed. The free energy of the interaction of neighboring oligonucleotides in this complex is formed. The free energy of the interaction of neighboring oligonucleotides in this complex is about --1200 cal/mole. Magnesium ions have a different effect on the formation of triple and double complexes in the interaction of oligonucleotides with polynucleotides.", "PMID": 1128508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10346", "title": "Dependence of noncovalent interactions of benzene and adenine rings on distance between them in adenylyl-(5' yields N)-omega-arylalkylamines.", "content": "A series of adenylyl-(5' yields N)-omega-arylalkylamines, containing from one to six methylene groups in the amino component, was studied by methods of nuclear magnetic resonance and circular dichroism. It was shown that independently of the length of the aliphatic chain of the amine convergence of the adenine and benzene rings and a hydrophobic interaction between them occur. The plane of the benzene ring is inclined toward the adenine ring, which has an anticonformation relative to the ribose. The structure of the intramolecular complex and the energy of the interaction of the aromatic systems of the amine and nucleotide depend on the number of methylene groups in the amino component. Maximum interaction occurs in the presence of two methylene groups; weakening of the interaction occurs with an increase in the chain to four links, which does not change upon further lengthening of the chain. The conformation of adenylyl-(5' yields N)-benzylamine differs from the structure of the other compounds of the series investigated.", "contents": "Dependence of noncovalent interactions of benzene and adenine rings on distance between them in adenylyl-(5' yields N)-omega-arylalkylamines. A series of adenylyl-(5' yields N)-omega-arylalkylamines, containing from one to six methylene groups in the amino component, was studied by methods of nuclear magnetic resonance and circular dichroism. It was shown that independently of the length of the aliphatic chain of the amine convergence of the adenine and benzene rings and a hydrophobic interaction between them occur. The plane of the benzene ring is inclined toward the adenine ring, which has an anticonformation relative to the ribose. The structure of the intramolecular complex and the energy of the interaction of the aromatic systems of the amine and nucleotide depend on the number of methylene groups in the amino component. Maximum interaction occurs in the presence of two methylene groups; weakening of the interaction occurs with an increase in the chain to four links, which does not change upon further lengthening of the chain. The conformation of adenylyl-(5' yields N)-benzylamine differs from the structure of the other compounds of the series investigated.", "PMID": 1128509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10347", "title": "Diffuse scattering of x rays by polypeptides and proteins in solution. III. Analysis of scattering curve of sperm whale myoglobin.", "content": "X-ray scattering curves for the sperm whale myoglobin molecule and a model which includes only the helical regions of the polypeptide chain are calculated. The portion of the scattering curve associated with the packing of the helices inside the protein globule is analyzed. The model of the myoglobin molecule is used to investigate the sensitivity of the scattering curve to changes in the mutual packing of the helical regions.", "contents": "Diffuse scattering of x rays by polypeptides and proteins in solution. III. Analysis of scattering curve of sperm whale myoglobin. X-ray scattering curves for the sperm whale myoglobin molecule and a model which includes only the helical regions of the polypeptide chain are calculated. The portion of the scattering curve associated with the packing of the helices inside the protein globule is analyzed. The model of the myoglobin molecule is used to investigate the sensitivity of the scattering curve to changes in the mutual packing of the helical regions.", "PMID": 1128510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10348", "title": "The action of staphylococcal nuclease (EC-number 3. 1. 4. 7.) on thymus nucleohistone (TNH) and on some nucleoprotamines.", "content": "The biphasic nature of the time course of the action of staphylococcal nuclease on thymus nucleohistone was confirmed by studying the hydrolysis of this nucleoprotein at various enzyme concentrations. The transition from the rapid first to the sluggish second phase of the time course was particularly distinct at the highest enzyme concentrations. The rapid initial phase of the hydrolysis curve leveled off sharply when between 60 and 65 per cent of the total TNH phosphorus had been converted to acid-soluble phosphorus compounds. The insoluble complexes of TNH with protamines were found to be very resistant against the action of staphylococcal nuclease. The time course of the action of staphylococcal nuclease on a commercial nucleoprotamine of salmon testicles was found to become very sluggish when between 35 and 40 per cent of its total phosphorus had been converted to acid-soluble phosphorus compounds. When nucleoprotamines prepared in the laboratory from the secreted sperm cell suspension of Brown Brook Trout were digested with staphylococcal nuclease, only between 15 and 20 per cent of the total phosphorus were cleaved to acid-soluble phosphorus compounds during the rapid phase of the nuclease action. The respective values for the phosphorus fractions available for magnesium-binding and those susceptible to the rapid cleavage by staphylococcal nuclease were found to be very similar.", "contents": "The action of staphylococcal nuclease (EC-number 3. 1. 4. 7.) on thymus nucleohistone (TNH) and on some nucleoprotamines. The biphasic nature of the time course of the action of staphylococcal nuclease on thymus nucleohistone was confirmed by studying the hydrolysis of this nucleoprotein at various enzyme concentrations. The transition from the rapid first to the sluggish second phase of the time course was particularly distinct at the highest enzyme concentrations. The rapid initial phase of the hydrolysis curve leveled off sharply when between 60 and 65 per cent of the total TNH phosphorus had been converted to acid-soluble phosphorus compounds. The insoluble complexes of TNH with protamines were found to be very resistant against the action of staphylococcal nuclease. The time course of the action of staphylococcal nuclease on a commercial nucleoprotamine of salmon testicles was found to become very sluggish when between 35 and 40 per cent of its total phosphorus had been converted to acid-soluble phosphorus compounds. When nucleoprotamines prepared in the laboratory from the secreted sperm cell suspension of Brown Brook Trout were digested with staphylococcal nuclease, only between 15 and 20 per cent of the total phosphorus were cleaved to acid-soluble phosphorus compounds during the rapid phase of the nuclease action. The respective values for the phosphorus fractions available for magnesium-binding and those susceptible to the rapid cleavage by staphylococcal nuclease were found to be very similar.", "PMID": 1128511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10349", "title": "Protein composition of nuclear 14 S ribonucleoprotein particles containing poly (A).", "content": "Nuclear 14 S RNP particles containing poly (A) from Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells and rat liver were purified by re-sedimentation in sucrose gradients, by Cs2SO4 density gradient centrifugation and by affinity chromatography on a poly (dT)-Sepharose column. Proteins of these RNP particles were electrophoresed in urea and SDS-polyacrylamide gels. RNP particles of ascites carcinoma cells contain two main bands having molecular weights of 51 000 and 69 000 daltons, respectively, and two or three minor components.", "contents": "Protein composition of nuclear 14 S ribonucleoprotein particles containing poly (A). Nuclear 14 S RNP particles containing poly (A) from Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells and rat liver were purified by re-sedimentation in sucrose gradients, by Cs2SO4 density gradient centrifugation and by affinity chromatography on a poly (dT)-Sepharose column. Proteins of these RNP particles were electrophoresed in urea and SDS-polyacrylamide gels. RNP particles of ascites carcinoma cells contain two main bands having molecular weights of 51 000 and 69 000 daltons, respectively, and two or three minor components.", "PMID": 1128512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10350", "title": "The separation of rat liver endoplasmic reticulum membrane proteins by two dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.", "content": "The separation of rat liver endoplasmic reticulum membrane proteins by two dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis is described. By this method, the proteins of the rough membrane ribosomes could be separated from the other rough membrane proteins. Both rough and smooth membrane fractions contain at least 30 defined membranal proteins. The electro-phoretic patterns of rough and smooth membrane proteins are clearly different.", "contents": "The separation of rat liver endoplasmic reticulum membrane proteins by two dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The separation of rat liver endoplasmic reticulum membrane proteins by two dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis is described. By this method, the proteins of the rough membrane ribosomes could be separated from the other rough membrane proteins. Both rough and smooth membrane fractions contain at least 30 defined membranal proteins. The electro-phoretic patterns of rough and smooth membrane proteins are clearly different.", "PMID": 1128514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10351", "title": "Buoyant density centrifugation of sea urchin embryo chromatin on sucrose-glucose gradient.", "content": "Unsheared chromatin isolated from sea urchin embryos was submitted to buoyant density centrifugation in sucrose-glucose gradients. The main peak of blastula chromatin was at a density position of 1.299 plus or minus 0.028 plus or minus 0.009 g ml -minus 1 whereas at gastrula stage a shift to a lower bouoyant density position of (1.276 plus or minus 0.021 plus or minus 0.007 g ml minus 1) was observed. Besides the main peak, a small band with a density of 1.18 g ml minus 1 was noticed. The lighter fraction differed from the heavy one in a higher histone to DNA ratio, a lower proportion of the F-1 histone, and a lower nonhistone to DNA ratio. The most pronounced developmental alterations of proteins were observed at the level of nonhistone protein patterns of the light fractions.", "contents": "Buoyant density centrifugation of sea urchin embryo chromatin on sucrose-glucose gradient. Unsheared chromatin isolated from sea urchin embryos was submitted to buoyant density centrifugation in sucrose-glucose gradients. The main peak of blastula chromatin was at a density position of 1.299 plus or minus 0.028 plus or minus 0.009 g ml -minus 1 whereas at gastrula stage a shift to a lower bouoyant density position of (1.276 plus or minus 0.021 plus or minus 0.007 g ml minus 1) was observed. Besides the main peak, a small band with a density of 1.18 g ml minus 1 was noticed. The lighter fraction differed from the heavy one in a higher histone to DNA ratio, a lower proportion of the F-1 histone, and a lower nonhistone to DNA ratio. The most pronounced developmental alterations of proteins were observed at the level of nonhistone protein patterns of the light fractions.", "PMID": 1128515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10352", "title": "Different sensitivities of avian- and mammalian-haemoglobin synthesis to elevated temperatures.", "content": "Avian- and mammalian-haemoglobin synthesis show different sensitivities to elevated temperatures. Temperature-dependent, reversible polyribosome disaggregation in avian cells occurs only at 45 degrees C, which is 3 degrees higher than the temperature for mammalian cells, and seems to be due to a block in the initiation of new polypeptide chains. The implications of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "Different sensitivities of avian- and mammalian-haemoglobin synthesis to elevated temperatures. Avian- and mammalian-haemoglobin synthesis show different sensitivities to elevated temperatures. Temperature-dependent, reversible polyribosome disaggregation in avian cells occurs only at 45 degrees C, which is 3 degrees higher than the temperature for mammalian cells, and seems to be due to a block in the initiation of new polypeptide chains. The implications of these findings are discussed.", "PMID": 1128516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10353", "title": "The in vitro reconstitution of a functional rough membrane active in protein synthesis.", "content": "Rough endoplasmic reticulum was reconstituted from free polyribosomes and rough membrane stripped from its ribosomes by KCl and puromycin. The reconstituted rough membrane resembled the native rough membrane in the following aspects: RNA/protein ratio, buoyant density in a continuous sucrose gradient, amino acid incorporation capacity and sensitivity towards protein synthesis inhibitors. When the reconstitution was done with double labelled polyribosomes ([32-P] polyribosomes, [3-H] leucine labelling of nascent peptide chain before or after the attachment of the polyribosomes to the membrane) both labels banded together with the reconstituted rough membrane band. Hybrid rough membrane could be formed from rat liver stripped rough membrane and wheat germ ribosomes. This hybrid membrane could translate globin mRNA.", "contents": "The in vitro reconstitution of a functional rough membrane active in protein synthesis. Rough endoplasmic reticulum was reconstituted from free polyribosomes and rough membrane stripped from its ribosomes by KCl and puromycin. The reconstituted rough membrane resembled the native rough membrane in the following aspects: RNA/protein ratio, buoyant density in a continuous sucrose gradient, amino acid incorporation capacity and sensitivity towards protein synthesis inhibitors. When the reconstitution was done with double labelled polyribosomes ([32-P] polyribosomes, [3-H] leucine labelling of nascent peptide chain before or after the attachment of the polyribosomes to the membrane) both labels banded together with the reconstituted rough membrane band. Hybrid rough membrane could be formed from rat liver stripped rough membrane and wheat germ ribosomes. This hybrid membrane could translate globin mRNA.", "PMID": 1128517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10354", "title": "[Investigations on the Heredity of the Nephrotic Syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "The familial nephrotic syndrome has a frequency of 3%. There are 2  types of manifestation. A malignant form with probably autosomal recessive inheritance and bad prognosis, and a benign form with the histology of mimal change disease, complete recovery and a multifactorial inheritance. According to the literature and our own calculations there is in the BRD a yearly frequency of 9--14.4 families with a familial nephrotic syndrome, based on the assumption of 300--480 new cases of nephrotic syndrome per year.", "contents": "[Investigations on the Heredity of the Nephrotic Syndrome (author's transl)]. The familial nephrotic syndrome has a frequency of 3%. There are 2  types of manifestation. A malignant form with probably autosomal recessive inheritance and bad prognosis, and a benign form with the histology of mimal change disease, complete recovery and a multifactorial inheritance. According to the literature and our own calculations there is in the BRD a yearly frequency of 9--14.4 families with a familial nephrotic syndrome, based on the assumption of 300--480 new cases of nephrotic syndrome per year.", "PMID": 1128518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10355", "title": "[Long-Term Results of Surgical Treatment of Spinal Tumours in Children and Adolescents].", "content": "Catamneses of children up to the age of 16, operated on spinal tumours, are reported. Spinal tumours of this age account for about 15% of the total (all ages). There are about 50% intradural and 50% extradural tumours. The most frequent extradural tumours are sarcomas, followed by lipomas and dysontogenetic tumours like teratomas. Intradural tumours consist of intramedullary and extramedullary ones, about 50% each. Intramedullary tumours are gliomas, extramedullary ones may be neurinomas, meningeomas and vascular tumours. Time from onset of first diffuse symptoms up to clinical diagnosis depends on growth tendency of the tumour as well as on its localization. Hence, case history in cases of intramedullary gliomas usually covers two years, of sarcomas only a couple of months. In half of the cases, pain was the first symptom, followed by disturbed motor function. In more than 50% of the cases, complete restoration or significant improvement could be achieved by surgery. In the remaining half, there was either no change or even deterioration of the disturbed function.  It seems justified to replace the former pessimistic attitude towards therapy of spinal tumours in childhood by a discret optimism. If in addition other spinal diseases like disk herniation are taken into account, prognosis is even more favourable.", "contents": "[Long-Term Results of Surgical Treatment of Spinal Tumours in Children and Adolescents]. Catamneses of children up to the age of 16, operated on spinal tumours, are reported. Spinal tumours of this age account for about 15% of the total (all ages). There are about 50% intradural and 50% extradural tumours. The most frequent extradural tumours are sarcomas, followed by lipomas and dysontogenetic tumours like teratomas. Intradural tumours consist of intramedullary and extramedullary ones, about 50% each. Intramedullary tumours are gliomas, extramedullary ones may be neurinomas, meningeomas and vascular tumours. Time from onset of first diffuse symptoms up to clinical diagnosis depends on growth tendency of the tumour as well as on its localization. Hence, case history in cases of intramedullary gliomas usually covers two years, of sarcomas only a couple of months. In half of the cases, pain was the first symptom, followed by disturbed motor function. In more than 50% of the cases, complete restoration or significant improvement could be achieved by surgery. In the remaining half, there was either no change or even deterioration of the disturbed function.  It seems justified to replace the former pessimistic attitude towards therapy of spinal tumours in childhood by a discret optimism. If in addition other spinal diseases like disk herniation are taken into account, prognosis is even more favourable.", "PMID": 1128519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10356", "title": "[Correlation of obstetrical and clinical data with nevi flammei in the newborn (author's transl)].", "content": "Nevus flammeus (teleangiectaticus) is the most common variety of congenital nevus. Among 3961 infants checked at the ages of 3--7 days and again at 6 weeks 42% showed nevi flammei mediales in the nape and/or in the eyelids and glabella. The mothers of the infants presenting with n.fl. tended to be overweight, to have circulatory distrubances and prolonged duration of laor. The infants with n.fl. frequently had concomittant edema, navel hernia and minor degenerative stigmata. However malformations did not occur more commonly. This investigation suggests that exogenous factors such as diseases during pregnancy, intake of drugs and difficulties in delivery do not influence the genesis of n.fl. Only constitutional factors could be correlated with the incidence of n.fl. Since there was a higher frequency in female than in male infants and a lower frequency in premature than in term newborns it may be that hormonal inffluences increase the incidence of n.fl., too. These results were obtained from the prospective study: Schwanger-schaftsverlauf und Kindesentwickling (DFG).", "contents": "[Correlation of obstetrical and clinical data with nevi flammei in the newborn (author's transl)]. Nevus flammeus (teleangiectaticus) is the most common variety of congenital nevus. Among 3961 infants checked at the ages of 3--7 days and again at 6 weeks 42% showed nevi flammei mediales in the nape and/or in the eyelids and glabella. The mothers of the infants presenting with n.fl. tended to be overweight, to have circulatory distrubances and prolonged duration of laor. The infants with n.fl. frequently had concomittant edema, navel hernia and minor degenerative stigmata. However malformations did not occur more commonly. This investigation suggests that exogenous factors such as diseases during pregnancy, intake of drugs and difficulties in delivery do not influence the genesis of n.fl. Only constitutional factors could be correlated with the incidence of n.fl. Since there was a higher frequency in female than in male infants and a lower frequency in premature than in term newborns it may be that hormonal inffluences increase the incidence of n.fl., too. These results were obtained from the prospective study: Schwanger-schaftsverlauf und Kindesentwickling (DFG).", "PMID": 1128520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10357", "title": "[A new classification of urinary tract infection in children (author's transl)].", "content": "A classification of urinary tract infection based on severity of infection is presented. It is based primarily on the presence or absence of symptoms of urinary tract infection. The symptomatic infections are subdivided according to results of certain blood tests indicating general infection or not. Grade 1 covers asymptomatic bacteriuria, and grade 2 symptomatic infections with no signs of general infections. Grade 3 comprises symptomatic urinary tract infections with changes indicative of general infection. Elevated ESR and leucocytosis of the blood were regarded as criteria of general infection.", "contents": "[A new classification of urinary tract infection in children (author's transl)]. A classification of urinary tract infection based on severity of infection is presented. It is based primarily on the presence or absence of symptoms of urinary tract infection. The symptomatic infections are subdivided according to results of certain blood tests indicating general infection or not. Grade 1 covers asymptomatic bacteriuria, and grade 2 symptomatic infections with no signs of general infections. Grade 3 comprises symptomatic urinary tract infections with changes indicative of general infection. Elevated ESR and leucocytosis of the blood were regarded as criteria of general infection.", "PMID": 1128522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10358", "title": "[Fatigue fracture of the tibia and fibroma non ossificans in a girl (author's transl)].", "content": "Stress, fatigue or march fractures rarely occur in children. Usually the bones do not show any other pathological alterations. The authors observed a 10 year old girl with stress fracture of the tibia, and additional skeletal alterations like \"fibroma non ossificans\" which probably are not connected with the main disease.", "contents": "[Fatigue fracture of the tibia and fibroma non ossificans in a girl (author's transl)]. Stress, fatigue or march fractures rarely occur in children. Usually the bones do not show any other pathological alterations. The authors observed a 10 year old girl with stress fracture of the tibia, and additional skeletal alterations like \"fibroma non ossificans\" which probably are not connected with the main disease.", "PMID": 1128524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10359", "title": "[Epidemiology of Tuberculosis in Children from 1968 til 1973 in Schleswig-Holstein (author's transl)].", "content": "In Schleswig-Holstein 271 children (131 boys, 140 girls) were treated for tuberculosis between january 1968 and June 1973; 84% were aged 5--14 years, 14% between 1--4 years and 29% between 0--1 year. Each year, nearly the same number of infections occurred in the various districts of the country. In 246 children a primary form of tuberculosis was diagnosed (in 11 cases with pleurisy). 11 patients tuberculous meningitis, 3 patients miliary tuberculosis and 5 patients another form of the disease, 18 of 271 patients (7%) had been vaccinated against tuberculosis as newborns; in 4 of these children tubercle bacilli could be isolated. BCG vaccination had been done 8--12 years before disease in 11 cases and 1--5 years before disease in 7 cases. None of these vaccinated children had a hematogenous tuberculosis or died. Of the non-vaccinated children two patients had meninogencephalitis and died. The other children were cured by chemotherapy, 12 children by additional surgery. The morbidity of tuberculosis in Schleswig-Holstein was 7--10 per 100000 children. Therefore, further BCG vaccination, chemoprophylaxis or preventive chemotherapy seems necessary. Early recognition of tuberculosis in old persons may be of practical value to prevent infections in children.", "contents": "[Epidemiology of Tuberculosis in Children from 1968 til 1973 in Schleswig-Holstein (author's transl)]. In Schleswig-Holstein 271 children (131 boys, 140 girls) were treated for tuberculosis between january 1968 and June 1973; 84% were aged 5--14 years, 14% between 1--4 years and 29% between 0--1 year. Each year, nearly the same number of infections occurred in the various districts of the country. In 246 children a primary form of tuberculosis was diagnosed (in 11 cases with pleurisy). 11 patients tuberculous meningitis, 3 patients miliary tuberculosis and 5 patients another form of the disease, 18 of 271 patients (7%) had been vaccinated against tuberculosis as newborns; in 4 of these children tubercle bacilli could be isolated. BCG vaccination had been done 8--12 years before disease in 11 cases and 1--5 years before disease in 7 cases. None of these vaccinated children had a hematogenous tuberculosis or died. Of the non-vaccinated children two patients had meninogencephalitis and died. The other children were cured by chemotherapy, 12 children by additional surgery. The morbidity of tuberculosis in Schleswig-Holstein was 7--10 per 100000 children. Therefore, further BCG vaccination, chemoprophylaxis or preventive chemotherapy seems necessary. Early recognition of tuberculosis in old persons may be of practical value to prevent infections in children.", "PMID": 1128525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10360", "title": "Non-equivalence of YEPD and synthetic complete media in yeast reversion studies.", "content": "In yeast reversion studies, assay of the total number of cells is made by plating irradiated cells on agar plates containing yeast extract, peptone and dextrose (YEPD) medium. The number of revertants are scored by plating cells on synthetic complete (SC) medium deficient in the particular nutrient for which the reversion is tested. In this procedure equivalence for cell survival between the YEPD and the SC media is always assumed. However it is shown in this paper that this assumption is valid only up to dose levels where cell killing is not significant. At high doses, survivals on the two media differ significantly from each other for both high and low LET radiations. This difference influences the slope of the reversion frequency curve at high doses. Since the reversion frequency is expressed with reference to the number of survivors after a given radiation dose, it is essential to see that the same chance of survival is offered to the reverted and unreverted cells. Even though reversion is reported to vary linearly with dose, it is found that this linearity is restricted only to dose levels where cell killing is not significant. At higher doses, the reversion frequency varies in a very complex manner with dose for both high and low LET radiations. The complexity depends further on the reference medium chosen.", "contents": "Non-equivalence of YEPD and synthetic complete media in yeast reversion studies. In yeast reversion studies, assay of the total number of cells is made by plating irradiated cells on agar plates containing yeast extract, peptone and dextrose (YEPD) medium. The number of revertants are scored by plating cells on synthetic complete (SC) medium deficient in the particular nutrient for which the reversion is tested. In this procedure equivalence for cell survival between the YEPD and the SC media is always assumed. However it is shown in this paper that this assumption is valid only up to dose levels where cell killing is not significant. At high doses, survivals on the two media differ significantly from each other for both high and low LET radiations. This difference influences the slope of the reversion frequency curve at high doses. Since the reversion frequency is expressed with reference to the number of survivors after a given radiation dose, it is essential to see that the same chance of survival is offered to the reverted and unreverted cells. Even though reversion is reported to vary linearly with dose, it is found that this linearity is restricted only to dose levels where cell killing is not significant. At higher doses, the reversion frequency varies in a very complex manner with dose for both high and low LET radiations. The complexity depends further on the reference medium chosen.", "PMID": 1128538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10361", "title": "Mutation and nuclear stage in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. I. An experimental approach to the role of recombination in mutation induction.", "content": "A reverse mutation system using G1 and G2 cells of Schizosaccharomyces pombe is described. In order to enable the system to deal with the problem of mutation dependence on recombination, tests were performed on (i) the homogeneity of cell populations with respect to nuclear stage;(ii) the fate of cells during post-irradiation incubation;(iii) the colony-forming ability of G1 and G2 revertants, and (iv) cell viability on the mutation plates. On the basis of the results, it is thought that, using this system, information can be obtained on the role of recombinational events in the process of mutation induction.", "contents": "Mutation and nuclear stage in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. I. An experimental approach to the role of recombination in mutation induction. A reverse mutation system using G1 and G2 cells of Schizosaccharomyces pombe is described. In order to enable the system to deal with the problem of mutation dependence on recombination, tests were performed on (i) the homogeneity of cell populations with respect to nuclear stage;(ii) the fate of cells during post-irradiation incubation;(iii) the colony-forming ability of G1 and G2 revertants, and (iv) cell viability on the mutation plates. On the basis of the results, it is thought that, using this system, information can be obtained on the role of recombinational events in the process of mutation induction.", "PMID": 1128539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10362", "title": "Mutation and nuclear stage in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. II. Reverse mutations induced by x-rays in the absence of recombination.", "content": "Induction of mutations by X-rays in Schizosaccharomyces pombe cells in which sister-strand recombination appears to be excluded is offered as evidence against a requirement for recombination in radiation-induced mutagenesis.", "contents": "Mutation and nuclear stage in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. II. Reverse mutations induced by x-rays in the absence of recombination. Induction of mutations by X-rays in Schizosaccharomyces pombe cells in which sister-strand recombination appears to be excluded is offered as evidence against a requirement for recombination in radiation-induced mutagenesis.", "PMID": 1128540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10363", "title": "Analysis of the dominance effect of a spontaneous recessive lethal in the mouse on homozygous and heterozygous genetic background.", "content": "A spontaneous lethal (l-15) without detectable dominant phenotypical effects has been studied in F-4 offspring on a homozygous (CBA/CBA) or a heterozygous (CBA/Ajax) genetic background. No significant dominance effect resulting in increased intra-uterine death or decreased mating ability was found irrespective of the genetic background.", "contents": "Analysis of the dominance effect of a spontaneous recessive lethal in the mouse on homozygous and heterozygous genetic background. A spontaneous lethal (l-15) without detectable dominant phenotypical effects has been studied in F-4 offspring on a homozygous (CBA/CBA) or a heterozygous (CBA/Ajax) genetic background. No significant dominance effect resulting in increased intra-uterine death or decreased mating ability was found irrespective of the genetic background.", "PMID": 1128541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10364", "title": "Chromosomal rearrangements induced in mouse spermatogonia by 14.5-MeV neutrons.", "content": "Inbred CBA male mice were irradiated with 14.5MeV neutrons. Three acute doses, 75, 150 and 250 rad, and one chronic dose, 250 rad, were given. The percentages of affected spermatocytes as counted from reciprocal translocation which had been induced in spermatogonia were 0.7, 0.8 and 1.6 respectively for acute series and  2.2 after chronic exposure. The data could be fitted to a linear or concave curvilinear regression line. There seemed to be a slight increase of damage with dose, even if the percentages were generally lower than those reported earlier for fast neutrons with energies around 1 MeV. The existence of dose-relat effects is discussed, and the conclusion drawn so far is that there seems to be no such effect either for 1-MeV fast neutrons or 14.5-MeV high energy neutrons. The term \"reversed dose-rate effect\" as used earlier, relates to another phenomenon. The difference between the point estimates for the chronic and acute 250 rad series is not significant. The effectiveness of neutrons with energies around 14MeV versus neutrons with energies around 1 MeV is discussed.", "contents": "Chromosomal rearrangements induced in mouse spermatogonia by 14.5-MeV neutrons. Inbred CBA male mice were irradiated with 14.5MeV neutrons. Three acute doses, 75, 150 and 250 rad, and one chronic dose, 250 rad, were given. The percentages of affected spermatocytes as counted from reciprocal translocation which had been induced in spermatogonia were 0.7, 0.8 and 1.6 respectively for acute series and  2.2 after chronic exposure. The data could be fitted to a linear or concave curvilinear regression line. There seemed to be a slight increase of damage with dose, even if the percentages were generally lower than those reported earlier for fast neutrons with energies around 1 MeV. The existence of dose-relat effects is discussed, and the conclusion drawn so far is that there seems to be no such effect either for 1-MeV fast neutrons or 14.5-MeV high energy neutrons. The term \"reversed dose-rate effect\" as used earlier, relates to another phenomenon. The difference between the point estimates for the chronic and acute 250 rad series is not significant. The effectiveness of neutrons with energies around 14MeV versus neutrons with energies around 1 MeV is discussed.", "PMID": 1128542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10365", "title": "The yield of chromosomal aberrations in rabbit lymphocytes after irradiation in vitro and in vivo.", "content": "The culture time of rabbit lymphocytes (41-42h) that provides cells in their first post-stimulation mitosis, was estimated on the basis of the mitotic index, dicentric yield and presence of the cells with these aberrations unaccompanied by acentric fragments, studied as a function of culture duration. The cells obtained in metaphase from cultures terminated at this time displayed no donor-to-donor variation where induction of dicentrics by x-rays was concerned. Rabbit venous blood was irradiated in vitro with a range of X-and gamma-ray doses, and dose-effect curves were obtained by regression analysis. Sixteen rabbits were irradiated in vivo (uniform whole-body irradiation), and blood was sampled 10 min, 6, 24, and 48 h after exposure. The frequency of dicentrics in the lymphocytes cultured did not change significantly over the first 24 h after irradiation. Dose-effect relationships in vivo fell within one standard error confidence limits of the respective curves in vitro. The authors conclude that the latter may be used for estimation of dose in vivo under conditions of homogeneous whole-body irradiation.", "contents": "The yield of chromosomal aberrations in rabbit lymphocytes after irradiation in vitro and in vivo. The culture time of rabbit lymphocytes (41-42h) that provides cells in their first post-stimulation mitosis, was estimated on the basis of the mitotic index, dicentric yield and presence of the cells with these aberrations unaccompanied by acentric fragments, studied as a function of culture duration. The cells obtained in metaphase from cultures terminated at this time displayed no donor-to-donor variation where induction of dicentrics by x-rays was concerned. Rabbit venous blood was irradiated in vitro with a range of X-and gamma-ray doses, and dose-effect curves were obtained by regression analysis. Sixteen rabbits were irradiated in vivo (uniform whole-body irradiation), and blood was sampled 10 min, 6, 24, and 48 h after exposure. The frequency of dicentrics in the lymphocytes cultured did not change significantly over the first 24 h after irradiation. Dose-effect relationships in vivo fell within one standard error confidence limits of the respective curves in vitro. The authors conclude that the latter may be used for estimation of dose in vivo under conditions of homogeneous whole-body irradiation.", "PMID": 1128543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10366", "title": "The effect of methylxanthines on chromosomes of human lyphocytes in culture.", "content": "The effect of caffeine (I,3,7-trimethylxanthine), theophylline (I,3-dimethylxanthine), theobromine (3,7-dimethylxanthine), paraxanthine (I,7-dimethylxanthine) I-methylxanthine, 3-methylxanthine, and 7-methylxanthine added at the 48th h on the chromosomes of human lymphocytes in 72-h cultures has been investigated. Caffeine and the dimethylxanthines cause breakage at 750 mug/ml, with caffeine the most, and paraxanthine the least clastogenic. I-Methylxanthine and dimethylxanthines with a methyl group in the I-position are the most effective in depressing mitotic indices. No chromosome damage was exhibited by the monomethylxanthines.", "contents": "The effect of methylxanthines on chromosomes of human lyphocytes in culture. The effect of caffeine (I,3,7-trimethylxanthine), theophylline (I,3-dimethylxanthine), theobromine (3,7-dimethylxanthine), paraxanthine (I,7-dimethylxanthine) I-methylxanthine, 3-methylxanthine, and 7-methylxanthine added at the 48th h on the chromosomes of human lymphocytes in 72-h cultures has been investigated. Caffeine and the dimethylxanthines cause breakage at 750 mug/ml, with caffeine the most, and paraxanthine the least clastogenic. I-Methylxanthine and dimethylxanthines with a methyl group in the I-position are the most effective in depressing mitotic indices. No chromosome damage was exhibited by the monomethylxanthines.", "PMID": 1128545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10367", "title": "N-nitrosomorpholine and N-nitrosobutylamine-stimulated DNA synthesis in BHK-21/C13 cells.", "content": "Non-semiconservative DNA synthesis was examined in BHK-21/C13 cells after treatment with the aliphatic N-nitrosobutylamine (NB) and the heterocyclic N-nitrosomorpholine (NM). The extent of repair synthesis after alkylation was compared quentitatively and calculations were made of the amount of DNA damage per cell and number of bases inserted per damaged site. Of the chromosome aberrations caused by NM the most predominant were dicentrics. Other aberrations included fragments, gaps, breaks and exchanges of both the chromatid and chromosome type. Unlike NM, NB elicted a higher frequency of chromatid breaks.", "contents": "N-nitrosomorpholine and N-nitrosobutylamine-stimulated DNA synthesis in BHK-21/C13 cells. Non-semiconservative DNA synthesis was examined in BHK-21/C13 cells after treatment with the aliphatic N-nitrosobutylamine (NB) and the heterocyclic N-nitrosomorpholine (NM). The extent of repair synthesis after alkylation was compared quentitatively and calculations were made of the amount of DNA damage per cell and number of bases inserted per damaged site. Of the chromosome aberrations caused by NM the most predominant were dicentrics. Other aberrations included fragments, gaps, breaks and exchanges of both the chromatid and chromosome type. Unlike NM, NB elicted a higher frequency of chromatid breaks.", "PMID": 1128547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10368", "title": "Work activity and coronary heart mortality.", "content": "To appraise the role of physical activity in reducing coronary mortality among longshoremen, 6351 men, 35 to 74 years old upon entry, were followed for 22 years or to death or to the age of 75. Their longshoring experience was computed in terms of work-years according to categories of high, medium and low caloric output. Individual work assignments were reclassified annually to allow for effect of job transfers. The age-adjusted coronary death rate for the high-activity category was 26.9 per 10,000 work-years, and the medium and low catgories had rates of 46.3 and 49.0 which were little different from each other. This protective \"threshold\" effect was seen especially for the sudden-death syndrome, in which the death rate for heavy workers was 5.6, as contrasted with 19.9 for moderate and 15.7 for light workers. We conclude that repeated bursts of high energy output established a plateau of protection against coronary mortality, and that several different mechanisms may explain this finding.", "contents": "Work activity and coronary heart mortality. To appraise the role of physical activity in reducing coronary mortality among longshoremen, 6351 men, 35 to 74 years old upon entry, were followed for 22 years or to death or to the age of 75. Their longshoring experience was computed in terms of work-years according to categories of high, medium and low caloric output. Individual work assignments were reclassified annually to allow for effect of job transfers. The age-adjusted coronary death rate for the high-activity category was 26.9 per 10,000 work-years, and the medium and low catgories had rates of 46.3 and 49.0 which were little different from each other. This protective \"threshold\" effect was seen especially for the sudden-death syndrome, in which the death rate for heavy workers was 5.6, as contrasted with 19.9 for moderate and 15.7 for light workers. We conclude that repeated bursts of high energy output established a plateau of protection against coronary mortality, and that several different mechanisms may explain this finding.", "PMID": 1128551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10369", "title": "Hemolytic uremic syndrome in families.", "content": "The occurrence of the hemolytic uremic syndrome in three siblings prompted us to study this illness in families. Two groups of patients could be identified when 83 siblings with the syndrome in 41 families were examined. Siblings whose onset occurred within a short time of each other had a relatively good prognosis (19 per cent mortality); those whose onset was more than a year apart had a poorer prognosis (68 per cent mortality). We speculate that an environmental agent may have caused the syndrome in the first group, and that genetic factors may have been important in the second.", "contents": "Hemolytic uremic syndrome in families. The occurrence of the hemolytic uremic syndrome in three siblings prompted us to study this illness in families. Two groups of patients could be identified when 83 siblings with the syndrome in 41 families were examined. Siblings whose onset occurred within a short time of each other had a relatively good prognosis (19 per cent mortality); those whose onset was more than a year apart had a poorer prognosis (68 per cent mortality). We speculate that an environmental agent may have caused the syndrome in the first group, and that genetic factors may have been important in the second.", "PMID": 1128552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10370", "title": "Successful application of prenatal diagnosis in a pregnancy at risk for homozygous beta-thalassemia.", "content": "A Sicilian couple whose first child had homozygous beta-+-thalassemia requiring monthly transfusion requested prenatal diagnosis during the second pregnancy. Fully informed consent was obtained. The placenta was localized by ultra-sound at the 20th week of gestation, and was aspirated with a 20-gauge needle. Samples containing fetal red cells were obtained, and studies of globinchain synthesis showed a normal beta/gamma synthesis ratio for this gestational age. The conclusion that the child was not affected by beta-thalassemia was confirmed when an infant not affected with homozygous of heterozygous beta-thalassemia was born at term. Although more experience with this approach is necessary, this study demonstrates that prenatal diagnosis or exclusion of beta-thalassemia and sickle-cell anemia is feasible.", "contents": "Successful application of prenatal diagnosis in a pregnancy at risk for homozygous beta-thalassemia. A Sicilian couple whose first child had homozygous beta-+-thalassemia requiring monthly transfusion requested prenatal diagnosis during the second pregnancy. Fully informed consent was obtained. The placenta was localized by ultra-sound at the 20th week of gestation, and was aspirated with a 20-gauge needle. Samples containing fetal red cells were obtained, and studies of globinchain synthesis showed a normal beta/gamma synthesis ratio for this gestational age. The conclusion that the child was not affected by beta-thalassemia was confirmed when an infant not affected with homozygous of heterozygous beta-thalassemia was born at term. Although more experience with this approach is necessary, this study demonstrates that prenatal diagnosis or exclusion of beta-thalassemia and sickle-cell anemia is feasible.", "PMID": 1128553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10371", "title": "Indwelling arterial catheters as a source of nosocomial bacteremia. An outbreak caused by Flavobacterium Species.", "content": "Between mid-May and mid-October, 1973, 49 blood cultures from 14 patients in an intensive care unit were positive for flavobacterium species, Group II-b. We conducted an investigation to determine how patients were being infected with this unusual organism. Comparison of the 14 infected patients with 37 controls associated indwelling arterial catheters with subsequent flavobacterium bacteremia (p = 0.005). Risk of infection was greatest during the period in which blood gas determinations were done most frequently (the first three days of catheterization) and in which infected patients had more blood gas determinations than control patients with arterial catheters (p less than 0.05). Flavobacterium species was cultured from in-use arterial catheters, from stopcocks, and from ice in the intensive-care unit's ice machine; the catheters were probably contaminated by syringes that were cooled in ice before being used to obtain arterial specimens for blood gas determination. This outbreak calls attention to arterial monitoring systems as a potential source of nosocomial infection.", "contents": "Indwelling arterial catheters as a source of nosocomial bacteremia. An outbreak caused by Flavobacterium Species. Between mid-May and mid-October, 1973, 49 blood cultures from 14 patients in an intensive care unit were positive for flavobacterium species, Group II-b. We conducted an investigation to determine how patients were being infected with this unusual organism. Comparison of the 14 infected patients with 37 controls associated indwelling arterial catheters with subsequent flavobacterium bacteremia (p = 0.005). Risk of infection was greatest during the period in which blood gas determinations were done most frequently (the first three days of catheterization) and in which infected patients had more blood gas determinations than control patients with arterial catheters (p less than 0.05). Flavobacterium species was cultured from in-use arterial catheters, from stopcocks, and from ice in the intensive-care unit's ice machine; the catheters were probably contaminated by syringes that were cooled in ice before being used to obtain arterial specimens for blood gas determination. This outbreak calls attention to arterial monitoring systems as a potential source of nosocomial infection.", "PMID": 1128554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10372", "title": "Diminished ventilatory response to hypoxia and hypercapnia after morphine in normal man.", "content": "Although morphine depresses respiration the mechanism of this depression remains unknown. Accordingly, ventilatory responses to hypoxia and to hypercapnia were measured before and after administration of 7.5 mg of morphine sulfate subcutaneously in six normal subjects. This procedure produced resting hypoventilation manifested as a peak rise in alveolar carbon dioxide tension from 42.9 plus or minus 1.7 to 45.4 plus or minus 1.5 mm Hg (plus or minus S.E.M.) at 30 minutes ( greater than 0.01). Hypoxic ventilatory drive, measured by an index of the relation between ventilation and hypoxia (parameter A), decreased from a control of 108 plus or minus 17.6 to 42.8 plus or minus 5.3 at 60 minutes after morphine (p greater than 0.01); Hypercapnic ventilatory drive, measured as the slope of the ventilatory response to hypercapnia, also decreased from 1.69 plus or minus 0.24 to 0;98 plus or minus 0.20 (p greater than 0.01) 75 minutes after morphine. Decreased responsiveness to the chemical stimuli to breathing may contribute to the ventilatory depression frequently seen after administration of morphine.", "contents": "Diminished ventilatory response to hypoxia and hypercapnia after morphine in normal man. Although morphine depresses respiration the mechanism of this depression remains unknown. Accordingly, ventilatory responses to hypoxia and to hypercapnia were measured before and after administration of 7.5 mg of morphine sulfate subcutaneously in six normal subjects. This procedure produced resting hypoventilation manifested as a peak rise in alveolar carbon dioxide tension from 42.9 plus or minus 1.7 to 45.4 plus or minus 1.5 mm Hg (plus or minus S.E.M.) at 30 minutes ( greater than 0.01). Hypoxic ventilatory drive, measured by an index of the relation between ventilation and hypoxia (parameter A), decreased from a control of 108 plus or minus 17.6 to 42.8 plus or minus 5.3 at 60 minutes after morphine (p greater than 0.01); Hypercapnic ventilatory drive, measured as the slope of the ventilatory response to hypercapnia, also decreased from 1.69 plus or minus 0.24 to 0;98 plus or minus 0.20 (p greater than 0.01) 75 minutes after morphine. Decreased responsiveness to the chemical stimuli to breathing may contribute to the ventilatory depression frequently seen after administration of morphine.", "PMID": 1128555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10373", "title": "Development of an intravenous bile acid tolerance test. Plasma disappearance of cholylglycine in health.", "content": "To develop an intravenous bile acid tolerance test that might be useful for detecting impaired liver function or liver injury, the plasma disappearance of intravenously injected cholyglycine was characterized in healthy man by a radiommunoassay, specific for conjugates of cholic acid, on serial samples of venous blood. Cholylglycine disappearance was rapid (mean half-life plus or minus S.E. equals 2.6 plus or minus 0.1 minutes) and of first-order kinetics; the rate of disappearance was independent of dose between 2 and 15 mumoles per kilogram of body weight. A dose of 5 mumoles per kilogram was selected as an optimal dose, and its clearance was defined in 45 healthy subjects. After intravenous injection of this dose, conjugates of cholic acid increased 10-fold, but in all subjects the concentration of these bile acids had returned to 1 muM (the upper limit of normal, fasting state) by 10 minutes. No side effects were observed.", "contents": "Development of an intravenous bile acid tolerance test. Plasma disappearance of cholylglycine in health. To develop an intravenous bile acid tolerance test that might be useful for detecting impaired liver function or liver injury, the plasma disappearance of intravenously injected cholyglycine was characterized in healthy man by a radiommunoassay, specific for conjugates of cholic acid, on serial samples of venous blood. Cholylglycine disappearance was rapid (mean half-life plus or minus S.E. equals 2.6 plus or minus 0.1 minutes) and of first-order kinetics; the rate of disappearance was independent of dose between 2 and 15 mumoles per kilogram of body weight. A dose of 5 mumoles per kilogram was selected as an optimal dose, and its clearance was defined in 45 healthy subjects. After intravenous injection of this dose, conjugates of cholic acid increased 10-fold, but in all subjects the concentration of these bile acids had returned to 1 muM (the upper limit of normal, fasting state) by 10 minutes. No side effects were observed.", "PMID": 1128571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10374", "title": "Validity and sensitivity of an intravenous bile acid tolerance test in patients with liver disease.", "content": "A bile acid tolerance test, which measures the plasma disappearance rate of injected cholyglycine by radioimmunoassay, was studied in 36 patients with biopsy-proved chronic liver disease and compared to fasting-state levels of conjugated cholic acid and other conventional liver tests. In 25 patients in whom one or more of the conventional tests for liver disease showed abnormal results, fasting-state levels of conjugated cholic acid were increased in 20, but plasma disappearance of cholyglycine was delayed in all. Of the 11 other patients in whom conventional tests were within normal limits, fasting-state levels of conjugated cholic acid were increased in three of 10, but cholyglycine disappearance was dealyed in nine of 11. The bile acid tolerance test indicated liver disease more sensitively than the fasting-state level of conjugated cholic acid, which, in turn, was more sensitive than other conventional liver tests.", "contents": "Validity and sensitivity of an intravenous bile acid tolerance test in patients with liver disease. A bile acid tolerance test, which measures the plasma disappearance rate of injected cholyglycine by radioimmunoassay, was studied in 36 patients with biopsy-proved chronic liver disease and compared to fasting-state levels of conjugated cholic acid and other conventional liver tests. In 25 patients in whom one or more of the conventional tests for liver disease showed abnormal results, fasting-state levels of conjugated cholic acid were increased in 20, but plasma disappearance of cholyglycine was delayed in all. Of the 11 other patients in whom conventional tests were within normal limits, fasting-state levels of conjugated cholic acid were increased in three of 10, but cholyglycine disappearance was dealyed in nine of 11. The bile acid tolerance test indicated liver disease more sensitively than the fasting-state level of conjugated cholic acid, which, in turn, was more sensitive than other conventional liver tests.", "PMID": 1128572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10375", "title": "Failure of association of premature rupture of membranes with respiratory-distress syndrome.", "content": "Records on 16,458 consecutive births were examined to determine associations between the respiratory-distress syndrome of the newborn and cesarean section, maternal diabetes, ante-partum hemorrhage, toxemia of pregnancy, low one-minute Apgar scores and prolonged rupture of fetal membranes. Groups of infants were compared by four-week gestational age blocks. One-minute Apgar scores of less than 5 and of less than 8 were associated with a significant ( less than 0.05) increase in the incidence of respiratory-distress syndrome at gestational ages beyond 30 weeks. Cesarean section was associated with a significant increase after 34 weeks of gestation. There was no association between the syndrome and toxemia of pregnancy, ante-partum hemorrhage or prolonged rupture of fetal membranes. These data do not support the hypothesis that there is a lower incidence of the respiratory-distress syndrome in infants born after prolonged rupture of fetal membranes.", "contents": "Failure of association of premature rupture of membranes with respiratory-distress syndrome. Records on 16,458 consecutive births were examined to determine associations between the respiratory-distress syndrome of the newborn and cesarean section, maternal diabetes, ante-partum hemorrhage, toxemia of pregnancy, low one-minute Apgar scores and prolonged rupture of fetal membranes. Groups of infants were compared by four-week gestational age blocks. One-minute Apgar scores of less than 5 and of less than 8 were associated with a significant ( less than 0.05) increase in the incidence of respiratory-distress syndrome at gestational ages beyond 30 weeks. Cesarean section was associated with a significant increase after 34 weeks of gestation. There was no association between the syndrome and toxemia of pregnancy, ante-partum hemorrhage or prolonged rupture of fetal membranes. These data do not support the hypothesis that there is a lower incidence of the respiratory-distress syndrome in infants born after prolonged rupture of fetal membranes.", "PMID": 1128589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10376", "title": "Nonketotic hyperglycinemia. Glycine accumulation due to absence of glycerine cleavage in brain.", "content": "Glycine concentrations were measured in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid of five patients in different types of hyperglycinemia to determine why severe neurologic deterioration is confined to the so-called nonketotic form of hyperglycinemia. Glycine content and glycine-cleavage enzyme activity were also determined in brain obtained in autopsy from three of these patients. Spinal-fluid glycine concentrations were 15 to 30 times above normal in patients with nonketotic hyperglycinemia, but were normal in those with hyperglycinemias of undetermined type who had comparable elevations of plasma glycine. Glycine content was two to four times above normal in several brain regions, and brain glycine cleavage enzyme activity was absent in two patients dying of nonketotic hyperglycinemia. By contrast, glycine content was normal and glycine cleavage activity present in the brain of an infant who died of hyperglycinemia of unknown cause. These results suggest that elevated glycine levels may be harmless in blood, but lethal in brain.", "contents": "Nonketotic hyperglycinemia. Glycine accumulation due to absence of glycerine cleavage in brain. Glycine concentrations were measured in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid of five patients in different types of hyperglycinemia to determine why severe neurologic deterioration is confined to the so-called nonketotic form of hyperglycinemia. Glycine content and glycine-cleavage enzyme activity were also determined in brain obtained in autopsy from three of these patients. Spinal-fluid glycine concentrations were 15 to 30 times above normal in patients with nonketotic hyperglycinemia, but were normal in those with hyperglycinemias of undetermined type who had comparable elevations of plasma glycine. Glycine content was two to four times above normal in several brain regions, and brain glycine cleavage enzyme activity was absent in two patients dying of nonketotic hyperglycinemia. By contrast, glycine content was normal and glycine cleavage activity present in the brain of an infant who died of hyperglycinemia of unknown cause. These results suggest that elevated glycine levels may be harmless in blood, but lethal in brain.", "PMID": 1128590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10377", "title": "Time lapse between hypothesis and publication in the medical sciences.", "content": "We studied a number of factors involved in the publication of 103 papers by Mayo Clinic authors. Basic-science and clinical-research articles averaged about four years from initiating the research idea until publishing; case reports averaged about two years, and literature reviews three years. Of this time, 75 per cent was spent contemplating the basic idea, performing the research, and writing the paper. The rest was required for processing, from institutional editing through publication. Most clinical workers wrote at home, and most basic researchers at the office. In a suprising 23 per cent of papers, about three fourths of the manuscript was written by someone other than the first author. Of references cited, between 10 per cent and 20 per cent were to the authors' own work or to that of co-workers. Half the papers were revised or rejected at least once, prolonging the journal handling time only in papers rejected or requiring more than one revision.", "contents": "Time lapse between hypothesis and publication in the medical sciences. We studied a number of factors involved in the publication of 103 papers by Mayo Clinic authors. Basic-science and clinical-research articles averaged about four years from initiating the research idea until publishing; case reports averaged about two years, and literature reviews three years. Of this time, 75 per cent was spent contemplating the basic idea, performing the research, and writing the paper. The rest was required for processing, from institutional editing through publication. Most clinical workers wrote at home, and most basic researchers at the office. In a suprising 23 per cent of papers, about three fourths of the manuscript was written by someone other than the first author. Of references cited, between 10 per cent and 20 per cent were to the authors' own work or to that of co-workers. Half the papers were revised or rejected at least once, prolonging the journal handling time only in papers rejected or requiring more than one revision.", "PMID": 1128591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10378", "title": "Heat-labile enzymes in skin fibroblasts from subjects with progeria.", "content": "To characterize further the genetic basis of progeria, thermolability studies were performed on three genetically distinct enzymes in crude extracts of cultured skin fibroblasts derived from two subjects with that syndrome. At early passage the progeric fibroblasts, as compared to controls, contained a significantly higher percentage of heat-labile glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (12.83 plus or minus 1.72 vs 1.11 plus or minus 0.44 [mean plus or minus S.E.M.], p smaller than 0.001), 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (9.71 plus or minus 0.68 vs. 0.67 plus or minus 0.22, p smaller than 0.001), and hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (31.41 plus or minus 1.89 vs 7.67 plus or minus 1.71, p smaller than 0.001), and the differences were maintained throughout the in vitro life-span. These data, in conjunction with previous reports of defective HL-A antigens, indicate a widespread defect in genetic expression. The most likely cause appears to be an aberration in protein synthesis or degradation, or both, although multiple somatic mutations cannot be ruled out. Increased thermolability of enzymes in cultured cells may provide a screening test for persons predisposed to progeria and other disorders of premature aging.", "contents": "Heat-labile enzymes in skin fibroblasts from subjects with progeria. To characterize further the genetic basis of progeria, thermolability studies were performed on three genetically distinct enzymes in crude extracts of cultured skin fibroblasts derived from two subjects with that syndrome. At early passage the progeric fibroblasts, as compared to controls, contained a significantly higher percentage of heat-labile glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (12.83 plus or minus 1.72 vs 1.11 plus or minus 0.44 [mean plus or minus S.E.M.], p smaller than 0.001), 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (9.71 plus or minus 0.68 vs. 0.67 plus or minus 0.22, p smaller than 0.001), and hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (31.41 plus or minus 1.89 vs 7.67 plus or minus 1.71, p smaller than 0.001), and the differences were maintained throughout the in vitro life-span. These data, in conjunction with previous reports of defective HL-A antigens, indicate a widespread defect in genetic expression. The most likely cause appears to be an aberration in protein synthesis or degradation, or both, although multiple somatic mutations cannot be ruled out. Increased thermolability of enzymes in cultured cells may provide a screening test for persons predisposed to progeria and other disorders of premature aging.", "PMID": 1128606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10379", "title": "Effect of oxandrolone treatment on the activity of lipoprotein lipase, hepatic lipase and phospholipase A1 of human postheparin plasma.", "content": "The effect of a synthetic steroid, oxandrolone, on total postheparin plasma lipolytic activity, postherpain hepatic lipase activity, lipoprotein lipase and phospholipase A1 was studied in seven patients with hypertriglyceridemia. The mean total postheparin lipolytic activity increased 100 per cent during oxandrolone tratement (p smaller than 0.05). This change was caused mainly by postheparin hepatic lipase, whose activity increased on the average more than 2.5 times (p smaller than 0.001). The change in postheparin plasma-lipoprotein-lipase activity was insignificant. A highly significant correlation (r equals +0.87, p smaller than 0.01) was observed between the activities of postheparin hepatic lipase and phospholipase A1 before and during oxandrolone treatment. No relation was observed between serum triglyceride level and various postheparin lipase activities, or between the changes induced by oxandrolone in the level of serum lipids and the activities of postheparin lipases. We conclude that oxandrolone increases the activities of postheparin plasma hepatic lipase and phospholipase A1 but has little influence on lipoprotein lipase.", "contents": "Effect of oxandrolone treatment on the activity of lipoprotein lipase, hepatic lipase and phospholipase A1 of human postheparin plasma. The effect of a synthetic steroid, oxandrolone, on total postheparin plasma lipolytic activity, postherpain hepatic lipase activity, lipoprotein lipase and phospholipase A1 was studied in seven patients with hypertriglyceridemia. The mean total postheparin lipolytic activity increased 100 per cent during oxandrolone tratement (p smaller than 0.05). This change was caused mainly by postheparin hepatic lipase, whose activity increased on the average more than 2.5 times (p smaller than 0.001). The change in postheparin plasma-lipoprotein-lipase activity was insignificant. A highly significant correlation (r equals +0.87, p smaller than 0.01) was observed between the activities of postheparin hepatic lipase and phospholipase A1 before and during oxandrolone treatment. No relation was observed between serum triglyceride level and various postheparin lipase activities, or between the changes induced by oxandrolone in the level of serum lipids and the activities of postheparin lipases. We conclude that oxandrolone increases the activities of postheparin plasma hepatic lipase and phospholipase A1 but has little influence on lipoprotein lipase.", "PMID": 1128607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10380", "title": "Serum insulin and growth hormone response patterns in monozygotic twin siblings of patients with juvenile-onset diabetes.", "content": "To detect abnormalities in the secretion of insulin and growth hormone in monozygotic twin siblings of patients with juvenile-onset diabetes, their responses during oral, cortisone-primed oral, and intravenous, glucose tolerance tests and intravenous tolbutamide tests were compared to those of matched controls. The twins had higher mean serum insulin levels during all tests, but differences reached statistical significance (P less than 0.02) only in the cortisone-primed test. Growth hormone levels were higher in the twins (P less than 0.04) in the intravenous tolbutamide tolerance test. The frequency of abnormal oral glucose tolerance tests among controls, diabetic monozygotic twins and the offspring of two diabetic parents was also compared. Twins and controls had nearly the same frequency of normal tests; however, the diabetic offspring had a significantly higher (P less than 0.001) prevalence of abnormal tests. These data suggest that magnitudes of environmental and genetic factors operating in monozygotic \"pre-diabetic\" children of diabetic parents.", "contents": "Serum insulin and growth hormone response patterns in monozygotic twin siblings of patients with juvenile-onset diabetes. To detect abnormalities in the secretion of insulin and growth hormone in monozygotic twin siblings of patients with juvenile-onset diabetes, their responses during oral, cortisone-primed oral, and intravenous, glucose tolerance tests and intravenous tolbutamide tests were compared to those of matched controls. The twins had higher mean serum insulin levels during all tests, but differences reached statistical significance (P less than 0.02) only in the cortisone-primed test. Growth hormone levels were higher in the twins (P less than 0.04) in the intravenous tolbutamide tolerance test. The frequency of abnormal oral glucose tolerance tests among controls, diabetic monozygotic twins and the offspring of two diabetic parents was also compared. Twins and controls had nearly the same frequency of normal tests; however, the diabetic offspring had a significantly higher (P less than 0.001) prevalence of abnormal tests. These data suggest that magnitudes of environmental and genetic factors operating in monozygotic \"pre-diabetic\" children of diabetic parents.", "PMID": 1128640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10381", "title": "Detection and treatment of hypertension at the work site.", "content": "A program linking detection to treatment was designed to improve blood-pressure control among adults with asymptomatic, uncomplicated hypertension. Key elements of this program were provision of all diagnostic and therapeutic services at work site, integration of delivery system with the administration of a labor union, adherence to rigid protocol, and continuous patient surveillance by nurses and paraprofessionals. At the first program site, Gimbels's principal New York City department store, 84 per cent of 1850 employees were screened, and 65 per cent of 186 with confirmed hypertension elected the treatment program. Of the 94 patients followed for one year, 97 per cent remained under therapy, with no untoward effect, and 81 per cent of patients had satisfactory blood-pressure reduction. This approach appears to be a safe, effective, and acceptable method for hypertension control in large numbers of patients.", "contents": "Detection and treatment of hypertension at the work site. A program linking detection to treatment was designed to improve blood-pressure control among adults with asymptomatic, uncomplicated hypertension. Key elements of this program were provision of all diagnostic and therapeutic services at work site, integration of delivery system with the administration of a labor union, adherence to rigid protocol, and continuous patient surveillance by nurses and paraprofessionals. At the first program site, Gimbels's principal New York City department store, 84 per cent of 1850 employees were screened, and 65 per cent of 186 with confirmed hypertension elected the treatment program. Of the 94 patients followed for one year, 97 per cent remained under therapy, with no untoward effect, and 81 per cent of patients had satisfactory blood-pressure reduction. This approach appears to be a safe, effective, and acceptable method for hypertension control in large numbers of patients.", "PMID": 1128641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10382", "title": "[Aspergillus insulicola Sp. Nov].", "content": "A strain of Aspergillus sp. is described and proposed as a new species under the name \"Aspergillus insulicola sp. nov.\" Montemayor & Santiago, 1973. This strain was isolated from soil samples taken in \"Aves Island\" during a scientific expedition.--Aves Island, situated at 15 degrees, 40 feet, 42 inches N and 63 degrees, 36 feet, 47 inches W, about 665 Km of the coast of Venezuela, has very special ecological conditions. Due to its smallness: 550 m long and 40 to 120 m across and to its low profile only 3 m over sea level, it is swept by the sea during the periodical storms and hurricanes in the area. It has thus a very interesting fauna and flora. We took a series of soil samples to study its mycological flora. Forty samples were inoculated by dilution method. In this first paper a species is described and proposed as a new species because of its macroscopic and microscopic characteristics, as well as by its biological properties, under the name \"Aspergillus insulicola sp. nov.\". In its study we have tried to follow as closely as possible the methods recommended by Kennet B. Raper & Dorothy Fenell, world authorities on the genera Aspergillus and Penicillium. The strain is being kept in USB under the number T1, and has been sent to ATCC & CBSC to be incorporated in their collections.", "contents": "[Aspergillus insulicola Sp. Nov]. A strain of Aspergillus sp. is described and proposed as a new species under the name \"Aspergillus insulicola sp. nov.\" Montemayor & Santiago, 1973. This strain was isolated from soil samples taken in \"Aves Island\" during a scientific expedition.--Aves Island, situated at 15 degrees, 40 feet, 42 inches N and 63 degrees, 36 feet, 47 inches W, about 665 Km of the coast of Venezuela, has very special ecological conditions. Due to its smallness: 550 m long and 40 to 120 m across and to its low profile only 3 m over sea level, it is swept by the sea during the periodical storms and hurricanes in the area. It has thus a very interesting fauna and flora. We took a series of soil samples to study its mycological flora. Forty samples were inoculated by dilution method. In this first paper a species is described and proposed as a new species because of its macroscopic and microscopic characteristics, as well as by its biological properties, under the name \"Aspergillus insulicola sp. nov.\". In its study we have tried to follow as closely as possible the methods recommended by Kennet B. Raper & Dorothy Fenell, world authorities on the genera Aspergillus and Penicillium. The strain is being kept in USB under the number T1, and has been sent to ATCC & CBSC to be incorporated in their collections.", "PMID": 1128647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10383", "title": "Carbohydrate composition of the isolated cell walls of dermatophytes.", "content": "In an attempt to evaluate taxonomic character of sugar composition of dermatophytes, the purified cell walls from 13 species are analyzed on neutral sugar composition by gas liquid chromatography. The results were principally compatible with those obtained by conventional morphological examination. Neutral sugar components of dermatophytes cell walls were mannose and glucose in the ratio of 1:2.7 for Epidermophyton and 1:1.4 for Microsporum. There were two types in Trichophyton, in which the ratios of mannose to glucose were 1:1.6 and 1:3.8. The cases of Trichophyton ferrugineum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes were exceptional. The ratio of the former was 1:1.4, which implied the relation to Microsporum group, and the ratio of the latter was 1:2.3, which was supposed to be the intermediate of two types of Trichophyton group. Albino type cell wall of Epidermophyton floccosum was more rich in glucose than pigmented type one.", "contents": "Carbohydrate composition of the isolated cell walls of dermatophytes. In an attempt to evaluate taxonomic character of sugar composition of dermatophytes, the purified cell walls from 13 species are analyzed on neutral sugar composition by gas liquid chromatography. The results were principally compatible with those obtained by conventional morphological examination. Neutral sugar components of dermatophytes cell walls were mannose and glucose in the ratio of 1:2.7 for Epidermophyton and 1:1.4 for Microsporum. There were two types in Trichophyton, in which the ratios of mannose to glucose were 1:1.6 and 1:3.8. The cases of Trichophyton ferrugineum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes were exceptional. The ratio of the former was 1:1.4, which implied the relation to Microsporum group, and the ratio of the latter was 1:2.3, which was supposed to be the intermediate of two types of Trichophyton group. Albino type cell wall of Epidermophyton floccosum was more rich in glucose than pigmented type one.", "PMID": 1128648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10384", "title": "Experimentally induced mycetoma: species of Sporotrichum and Sporothrix.", "content": "The potential pathogenicity of four saprophytic species of Sporotrichum, viz; S. carnis, S. cerebriforme, S. pruinosum and S. thermophile were compared to S. schenckii and all could survive in vivo and S. pruinosum may possess limited virulence. Thielavia thermophila and Sporothrix albicans were able to cause local mycetoma.", "contents": "Experimentally induced mycetoma: species of Sporotrichum and Sporothrix. The potential pathogenicity of four saprophytic species of Sporotrichum, viz; S. carnis, S. cerebriforme, S. pruinosum and S. thermophile were compared to S. schenckii and all could survive in vivo and S. pruinosum may possess limited virulence. Thielavia thermophila and Sporothrix albicans were able to cause local mycetoma.", "PMID": 1128649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10385", "title": "Single dose metyrapone test: 11 beta-hydroxylase inhibition by metyrapone and reduced metyrapone assayed by radioimmunoassay.", "content": "To assess the effects of metyrapone and reduced metyrapone on 11 beta-hydroxylase inhibition, the plasma levels of cortisol, 11-deoxycortisol, and the inhibitors were measured by radioimmunoassays in 34 normal subjects 8 h after they received a single oral dose of metyrapone at midnight. The ratio of 11-deoxycortisol to cortisol, as an index of 11 beta-hydroxylase inhibition, was compared to plasma levels of metyrapone and reduced metyrapone. One subject received an infusion of metyrapone ditartrate in order to study the sequential conversion of metyrapone to reduced metyrapone. A new radioimmunoassay was developed for measurement of plasma concentrations of metyrapone and reduced metyrapone. Following intravenous administration of metyrapone, it is rapidly converted to an active metabolite, reduced metyrapone. At 8 h after a dose was given, the average reduced metyrapone level was 1.5 times higher than the average metyrapone level. Following oral administration of the drug, we found a high correlation when plasma levels of metyrapone were compared to reduced metyrapone and when the ratio of 11-deoxycortisol to cortisol was related to metyrapone or to total metyrapone levels. In conclusion, the conversion of metyrapone to reduced metyrapone is such that by 8 hours after a single oral dose, more than one-half of the inhibitory effect on 11 beta-hydroxylase appears to be produced by reduced metyrapone. The inhibitory action of metyrapone and reduced metyrapone on the enzyme system is reflected by their concentration  in plasma.", "contents": "Single dose metyrapone test: 11 beta-hydroxylase inhibition by metyrapone and reduced metyrapone assayed by radioimmunoassay. To assess the effects of metyrapone and reduced metyrapone on 11 beta-hydroxylase inhibition, the plasma levels of cortisol, 11-deoxycortisol, and the inhibitors were measured by radioimmunoassays in 34 normal subjects 8 h after they received a single oral dose of metyrapone at midnight. The ratio of 11-deoxycortisol to cortisol, as an index of 11 beta-hydroxylase inhibition, was compared to plasma levels of metyrapone and reduced metyrapone. One subject received an infusion of metyrapone ditartrate in order to study the sequential conversion of metyrapone to reduced metyrapone. A new radioimmunoassay was developed for measurement of plasma concentrations of metyrapone and reduced metyrapone. Following intravenous administration of metyrapone, it is rapidly converted to an active metabolite, reduced metyrapone. At 8 h after a dose was given, the average reduced metyrapone level was 1.5 times higher than the average metyrapone level. Following oral administration of the drug, we found a high correlation when plasma levels of metyrapone were compared to reduced metyrapone and when the ratio of 11-deoxycortisol to cortisol was related to metyrapone or to total metyrapone levels. In conclusion, the conversion of metyrapone to reduced metyrapone is such that by 8 hours after a single oral dose, more than one-half of the inhibitory effect on 11 beta-hydroxylase appears to be produced by reduced metyrapone. The inhibitory action of metyrapone and reduced metyrapone on the enzyme system is reflected by their concentration  in plasma.", "PMID": 1128651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10386", "title": "Modified nucleosides and bizarre 5'-termini in mouse myeloma mRNA.", "content": "Messenger RNAs from mouse myeloma cells contain N-6-methyl adenosine and novel 5' termini having 7-methy-guanosine in a 5', 5' triphosphate linkage with ribose-methylated nucleosides. Ten common 5'-terminal sequences of the forms m-7-G-5'-PPP-5'-NmpNp and m-7-G-5'-ppp-5'-NmpNmpNp are reported. Structures like this may be a general feature of mRNA in eukaryotes.", "contents": "Modified nucleosides and bizarre 5'-termini in mouse myeloma mRNA. Messenger RNAs from mouse myeloma cells contain N-6-methyl adenosine and novel 5' termini having 7-methy-guanosine in a 5', 5' triphosphate linkage with ribose-methylated nucleosides. Ten common 5'-terminal sequences of the forms m-7-G-5'-PPP-5'-NmpNp and m-7-G-5'-ppp-5'-NmpNmpNp are reported. Structures like this may be a general feature of mRNA in eukaryotes.", "PMID": 1128665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10387", "title": "Adequate dialysis.", "content": "Regular haemodialysis with the Kiil dialyser for 8-10 h three times a week is the present standard of adequate dialysis. In 100 patients treated by this regime there was no positive correlation between plasma urea and creatinine before or after dialysis and any of the symptoms of which these patients still complained. There are no grounds for believing that a further increase in dialysis would relieve residual symptoms. However, any reduction in current standards of dialysis should be justified by prolonged clinical trial of large groups of patients before they are accepted as equivalent in view of the infrequency of some uraemic manifestations such as pericarditis. The implications of the middle molecular hypothesis are discussed.", "contents": "Adequate dialysis. Regular haemodialysis with the Kiil dialyser for 8-10 h three times a week is the present standard of adequate dialysis. In 100 patients treated by this regime there was no positive correlation between plasma urea and creatinine before or after dialysis and any of the symptoms of which these patients still complained. There are no grounds for believing that a further increase in dialysis would relieve residual symptoms. However, any reduction in current standards of dialysis should be justified by prolonged clinical trial of large groups of patients before they are accepted as equivalent in view of the infrequency of some uraemic manifestations such as pericarditis. The implications of the middle molecular hypothesis are discussed.", "PMID": 1128745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10388", "title": "The present status of radical prostatectomy for stages A and B prostatic cancer.", "content": "The natural history of prostatic cancer is incompletely understood. Small cancers may have a very slow or rapid growthrate, and the majority are differentiated. Cells may leave the prostate by blood or lymph without penetrating capsule or invading the seminal vesicles. The predication of latency or of biologic activity in any givne case is impossible. Stage A cancer should be separated into A1 (focal) and A2 (diffuse). Stage A1 cancer that is low grade is best lfet alone. Stage A2 cancer and high grade cancer probably  should be treated by megavoltage radiation. Stage B includes many cancers that are microscopically stage C. If this stage is separated into clinical stage B1 (tumors grossly involving less than one lobe), and B2 (tumors involving one lobe or more) the underestimation of microscopic extent in B1 will be less than in 10 per cent of the cases. In clinical stage B2 cancer, 50 per cent are microscopically stage C. Radical prostatectomy for cure should be limited to clinical B1 cases without distant spread. It is not a cure-all, but it provides the best 15-year survival rate more completely, more quickly, less expensively, and with fewer discomforts than other methods. The alternative options are no treatment, endocrine treatment, and radiation. The first is risky in many instances and may allow an ac-ive cancer to get out of control. The second rarely destroys all of the cells in the total cell population and gives one a false sense of security. The last should be reserved for cases well beyond stage B1, but without distant metastases, where its usefulness exceeds that of radical excision.", "contents": "The present status of radical prostatectomy for stages A and B prostatic cancer. The natural history of prostatic cancer is incompletely understood. Small cancers may have a very slow or rapid growthrate, and the majority are differentiated. Cells may leave the prostate by blood or lymph without penetrating capsule or invading the seminal vesicles. The predication of latency or of biologic activity in any givne case is impossible. Stage A cancer should be separated into A1 (focal) and A2 (diffuse). Stage A1 cancer that is low grade is best lfet alone. Stage A2 cancer and high grade cancer probably  should be treated by megavoltage radiation. Stage B includes many cancers that are microscopically stage C. If this stage is separated into clinical stage B1 (tumors grossly involving less than one lobe), and B2 (tumors involving one lobe or more) the underestimation of microscopic extent in B1 will be less than in 10 per cent of the cases. In clinical stage B2 cancer, 50 per cent are microscopically stage C. Radical prostatectomy for cure should be limited to clinical B1 cases without distant spread. It is not a cure-all, but it provides the best 15-year survival rate more completely, more quickly, less expensively, and with fewer discomforts than other methods. The alternative options are no treatment, endocrine treatment, and radiation. The first is risky in many instances and may allow an ac-ive cancer to get out of control. The second rarely destroys all of the cells in the total cell population and gives one a false sense of security. The last should be reserved for cases well beyond stage B1, but without distant metastases, where its usefulness exceeds that of radical excision.", "PMID": 1128746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10389", "title": "Function of the kidney in adult patients with Cooley's disease. A preliminary report.", "content": "The function of the kidney in adult subjects with Cooley's disease has been hitherto inadequately investigated. In 10 patients suffering from thalassemia major, glomerular filtration rate, renal plasma flow, renal blood flow have been studied, together with urine concentration capacity. The authors emphasize certain pathological changes, such as the increase in renal plasma flow and the failure of the urine concentration ability. On the basis of renal biopsies, two pathogenetic theories are discussed: the functional impairment of the coutercurrent system and fibrosis of the medullary tissue.", "contents": "Function of the kidney in adult patients with Cooley's disease. A preliminary report. The function of the kidney in adult subjects with Cooley's disease has been hitherto inadequately investigated. In 10 patients suffering from thalassemia major, glomerular filtration rate, renal plasma flow, renal blood flow have been studied, together with urine concentration capacity. The authors emphasize certain pathological changes, such as the increase in renal plasma flow and the failure of the urine concentration ability. On the basis of renal biopsies, two pathogenetic theories are discussed: the functional impairment of the coutercurrent system and fibrosis of the medullary tissue.", "PMID": 1128749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10390", "title": "Glomerular-tubular balance for bicarbonate in man.", "content": "We recently showed in dogs that there is a close relationship between bicarbonate reabsorption and glomerular filtration rate (GFR). The present studies were designed to confirm these findings in five normal men. Bicarbonate titrations were done after ingesting a low protein diet for one week and were repeated following elevation of GFR 11-29 per cent by high protein diet and dexamethazone ingestion. In every casetubular reabsorption of bicarbonate increased in proportion to the increases in GFR. We conclude that glomerular-tubular balance for bicarbonate reabsorption is a characteristic of human, as well as canine kidneys.", "contents": "Glomerular-tubular balance for bicarbonate in man. We recently showed in dogs that there is a close relationship between bicarbonate reabsorption and glomerular filtration rate (GFR). The present studies were designed to confirm these findings in five normal men. Bicarbonate titrations were done after ingesting a low protein diet for one week and were repeated following elevation of GFR 11-29 per cent by high protein diet and dexamethazone ingestion. In every casetubular reabsorption of bicarbonate increased in proportion to the increases in GFR. We conclude that glomerular-tubular balance for bicarbonate reabsorption is a characteristic of human, as well as canine kidneys.", "PMID": 1128750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10391", "title": "Measurement of intra-arterial blood pressure and cardiac output through the bovine artegraft. Hemodynamic measurements through the bovine artegraft.", "content": "Serial hemodynamic studies have become increasingly important in hypertension research. These studies have been accomplished using the A-V shunt. The progressive decline in the number of A-V shunts in favor of the A-V fistula has limited the number of measure cardiac output, the intra-arterial blood pressure cannot be measured through it. The present paper describes a technique for measuring both the cardiac output and direct intra-arterial blood pressure using the bovine artegraft.", "contents": "Measurement of intra-arterial blood pressure and cardiac output through the bovine artegraft. Hemodynamic measurements through the bovine artegraft. Serial hemodynamic studies have become increasingly important in hypertension research. These studies have been accomplished using the A-V shunt. The progressive decline in the number of A-V shunts in favor of the A-V fistula has limited the number of measure cardiac output, the intra-arterial blood pressure cannot be measured through it. The present paper describes a technique for measuring both the cardiac output and direct intra-arterial blood pressure using the bovine artegraft.", "PMID": 1128751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10392", "title": "On the exudation of plasticizers from PVC haemodialysis tubings.", "content": "Prompted by a series of hepatitis-like cases in patients on regular haemodialysis treatment, the sets of polyvinylchloride (PVC) test tubings used were submitted to perfusion experiments. The perfusates from four commercially available tubings were also investigated. Diethylphthalate (DEP) could be identified by by IR and PMR spectrometry in the perfusate from the test tubings. UV spectrometry proved the presence of other non-identified substances in the perfusate from both the test tubings and from some of the other tubings.", "contents": "On the exudation of plasticizers from PVC haemodialysis tubings. Prompted by a series of hepatitis-like cases in patients on regular haemodialysis treatment, the sets of polyvinylchloride (PVC) test tubings used were submitted to perfusion experiments. The perfusates from four commercially available tubings were also investigated. Diethylphthalate (DEP) could be identified by by IR and PMR spectrometry in the perfusate from the test tubings. UV spectrometry proved the presence of other non-identified substances in the perfusate from both the test tubings and from some of the other tubings.", "PMID": 1128752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10393", "title": "Aminonucleoside nephrosis in rats. Ultrastructural findings in the glomerulus by concomitant influence of indomethacin and aminonucleoside.", "content": "The concomitant administration of Indomethacin reduced the biochemical signs of the nephrotic syndrome induced in rats by aminonucleoside; in the rats treated with both drugs a morphological picture suggesting activated function of podocytes was found at the electron microscopic examination of the renal glomerular structures, together with the lesions characteristic of the aminonucleoside nephrosis. The possibility is discussed that Indomethacin could modify the permeability of the glomerular capillary wall by stimulating the podocytes to synthesize basement membrane material.", "contents": "Aminonucleoside nephrosis in rats. Ultrastructural findings in the glomerulus by concomitant influence of indomethacin and aminonucleoside. The concomitant administration of Indomethacin reduced the biochemical signs of the nephrotic syndrome induced in rats by aminonucleoside; in the rats treated with both drugs a morphological picture suggesting activated function of podocytes was found at the electron microscopic examination of the renal glomerular structures, together with the lesions characteristic of the aminonucleoside nephrosis. The possibility is discussed that Indomethacin could modify the permeability of the glomerular capillary wall by stimulating the podocytes to synthesize basement membrane material.", "PMID": 1128753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10394", "title": "Effect of prostaglandin a1 on acute renal failure in the rat.", "content": "In an attempt to alter the natural course of glycerol and uranyl nitrate induced acute ranal failure in the rat, the vasodilator, prostaglandin A1 was adminstered systemically at varying times during the induction phase of renal failure.  According to the method used, no significant beneficial effect could be demonstrated in either experimental model.", "contents": "Effect of prostaglandin a1 on acute renal failure in the rat. In an attempt to alter the natural course of glycerol and uranyl nitrate induced acute ranal failure in the rat, the vasodilator, prostaglandin A1 was adminstered systemically at varying times during the induction phase of renal failure.  According to the method used, no significant beneficial effect could be demonstrated in either experimental model.", "PMID": 1128755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10395", "title": "Comparison of the role of testosterone and methyltestosterone in developing chloroform-induced renal tubular necrosis in mice.", "content": "The presence of testosterone is a prerequisite for the development of chloroform-induced renal tubular necrosis in mice.  The purpose of this study was to check whether methyltestosterone exerts the same influence.  Castrated males and females were treated with one of these compounds: those treated with testosterone developed renal tubular necrosis after chloroform injection, those which received methyltestosterone were free of this lesion.", "contents": "Comparison of the role of testosterone and methyltestosterone in developing chloroform-induced renal tubular necrosis in mice. The presence of testosterone is a prerequisite for the development of chloroform-induced renal tubular necrosis in mice.  The purpose of this study was to check whether methyltestosterone exerts the same influence.  Castrated males and females were treated with one of these compounds: those treated with testosterone developed renal tubular necrosis after chloroform injection, those which received methyltestosterone were free of this lesion.", "PMID": 1128757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10396", "title": "Ineffectiveness of hemodialysis in copper sulphate poisoning.", "content": "A fatal case of severe copper sulphate poisoning is reported in whom hemodialysis was performed 13 h after ingestion.  At autopsy a significant amount of copper was found in the brain, heart, liver, kidney, spleen and adrenals.  This case indicates sopper is nondialysable and that hemodialysis is ineffective in the treatment of acute copper sulphate poisoning.", "contents": "Ineffectiveness of hemodialysis in copper sulphate poisoning. A fatal case of severe copper sulphate poisoning is reported in whom hemodialysis was performed 13 h after ingestion.  At autopsy a significant amount of copper was found in the brain, heart, liver, kidney, spleen and adrenals.  This case indicates sopper is nondialysable and that hemodialysis is ineffective in the treatment of acute copper sulphate poisoning.", "PMID": 1128758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10397", "title": "Prognosis of chronic renal failure.  III. Survival after one peritoneal dialysis.", "content": "Survival after serum creatinine exceeded 10.0 mg/100 ml was increased if one peritoneal dialysis was performed.  After one peritoneal dialysis 'survival' of 62 patients to the present time, death or the next dialysis averaged 119 days; median survival was 28 days.  Characteristics of prolonged survivors were persistent reduction of serum creatinine below the predialysis concentration, tubulointerstitial diseases, i.e. polycystic kidneys, pyelonephritis or obstructive nephropathy, potentially reversibel complications such as urinary tract infection or extracellular volume depletion, and high urine volume, and low blood pressure.  Occasional pateints with survival exceeding 2 years suggest the possibility of prolonged benefit after a single dialysis at least in those wiht characteristics favoring longer survival.", "contents": "Prognosis of chronic renal failure.  III. Survival after one peritoneal dialysis. Survival after serum creatinine exceeded 10.0 mg/100 ml was increased if one peritoneal dialysis was performed.  After one peritoneal dialysis 'survival' of 62 patients to the present time, death or the next dialysis averaged 119 days; median survival was 28 days.  Characteristics of prolonged survivors were persistent reduction of serum creatinine below the predialysis concentration, tubulointerstitial diseases, i.e. polycystic kidneys, pyelonephritis or obstructive nephropathy, potentially reversibel complications such as urinary tract infection or extracellular volume depletion, and high urine volume, and low blood pressure.  Occasional pateints with survival exceeding 2 years suggest the possibility of prolonged benefit after a single dialysis at least in those wiht characteristics favoring longer survival.", "PMID": 1128760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10398", "title": "[Evaluation of hepatic encephalopathy in portacaval shunts and mesenterico-caval bypass with the jugular vein].", "content": "Data relating to 30 patients subjected to side-to-side porta-cava anastomosis and 30 to mesenterico-cava by-pass with the internal jugular vein are presented. At follow-up after a period of over 1 yr, encephalopathy was observed in 40% and 21% of the two groups respectively. Angiography of the coeliac tripod and superior mesenteric showed the existence of a post-operative hepatopetal flow in 80% of porta-cava cases. This incidence was only 30% in the mesenterico-cava group. The relation between the clinical and angiographic data is briefly discussed and neuropsychiatric findings in patients with a picture of hepatic encephalopathy are also presented.", "contents": "[Evaluation of hepatic encephalopathy in portacaval shunts and mesenterico-caval bypass with the jugular vein]. Data relating to 30 patients subjected to side-to-side porta-cava anastomosis and 30 to mesenterico-cava by-pass with the internal jugular vein are presented. At follow-up after a period of over 1 yr, encephalopathy was observed in 40% and 21% of the two groups respectively. Angiography of the coeliac tripod and superior mesenteric showed the existence of a post-operative hepatopetal flow in 80% of porta-cava cases. This incidence was only 30% in the mesenterico-cava group. The relation between the clinical and angiographic data is briefly discussed and neuropsychiatric findings in patients with a picture of hepatic encephalopathy are also presented.", "PMID": 1128785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10399", "title": "[Classification of congenital aortic stenosis].", "content": "Recent epidemiological data relating congenital stenosis of the aorta are cited. An anatomical criterion is used in the formation of three classification groups, each containing a number of different types. There are no clear-cut clinical pictures corresponding to these anatomical varieties, however, so that differential diagnosis is dependent on the haemodynamic and contrastographic data. There are, on the other hand, clinical signs that serve as pointers to the site of the stenosis.", "contents": "[Classification of congenital aortic stenosis]. Recent epidemiological data relating congenital stenosis of the aorta are cited. An anatomical criterion is used in the formation of three classification groups, each containing a number of different types. There are no clear-cut clinical pictures corresponding to these anatomical varieties, however, so that differential diagnosis is dependent on the haemodynamic and contrastographic data. There are, on the other hand, clinical signs that serve as pointers to the site of the stenosis.", "PMID": 1128786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10400", "title": "[Our experience with peripheral arterial embolectomy].", "content": "34 cases of acute peripheral ischaemia examined in recent years at the University of Messina General Surgery Clinic are presented. 16 were subjected to embolectomy according to Fogarty. The remaining 18 received protracted medical therapy. Some successes were obtained. In other cases, gangrene necessitated amputation of the affected limb. Satisfactory results were observed in 70% of the operated series. Success was more marked when only a short interval was left between the embolic episode, with progressively poorer results as the penalty for delay. The long-term results of embolectomy are related to the nature of the underlying disease and the treatment given after surgery.", "contents": "[Our experience with peripheral arterial embolectomy]. 34 cases of acute peripheral ischaemia examined in recent years at the University of Messina General Surgery Clinic are presented. 16 were subjected to embolectomy according to Fogarty. The remaining 18 received protracted medical therapy. Some successes were obtained. In other cases, gangrene necessitated amputation of the affected limb. Satisfactory results were observed in 70% of the operated series. Success was more marked when only a short interval was left between the embolic episode, with progressively poorer results as the penalty for delay. The long-term results of embolectomy are related to the nature of the underlying disease and the treatment given after surgery.", "PMID": 1128787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10401", "title": "[The association of local radiation therapy and systemic chemotherapy in the treatment of clinically localized Ewing's sarcoma].", "content": "The results obtained in 12 cases of still clinically localized Ewing's sarcoma by associating radiation therapy of the primary focus with intermittent systematic chemotherapy are reported. Two of these patients presented pulmonary and bone metastases 12 and 14 months respectively after bioptic diagnosis while the remaining ten were in good health and free from metastasis at between 6 and 28 months (average 16 months) after biopsy. Although it is considered necessary to make further observations before the association's validity is certain, it is considered that on this basis and on the basis of the few cases reported in the literature than the association of rationally conducted systematic chemotherapy with local radiation therapy will extend the onset time of metastasis and so increase average survival in Ewing's sarcoma.", "contents": "[The association of local radiation therapy and systemic chemotherapy in the treatment of clinically localized Ewing's sarcoma]. The results obtained in 12 cases of still clinically localized Ewing's sarcoma by associating radiation therapy of the primary focus with intermittent systematic chemotherapy are reported. Two of these patients presented pulmonary and bone metastases 12 and 14 months respectively after bioptic diagnosis while the remaining ten were in good health and free from metastasis at between 6 and 28 months (average 16 months) after biopsy. Although it is considered necessary to make further observations before the association's validity is certain, it is considered that on this basis and on the basis of the few cases reported in the literature than the association of rationally conducted systematic chemotherapy with local radiation therapy will extend the onset time of metastasis and so increase average survival in Ewing's sarcoma.", "PMID": 1128796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10402", "title": "[Measurement of the intradermal reaction to PPD in chronic hepatitis and in cirrhosis. Basic research].", "content": "Personal experience on the PPD-test in 154 patients with chronic liver disease is reported. The results show a frequent hyperergic response. The comparison with a similar group of patients previously studied in the same Clinic employing the old tubercolin shows the advantages of PPD in discriminating the differential degrees of reactivitty. The hyperergic response is important not only from a theoretical point of view, confirming the presence of an abnormal immunologic equilibrium in chronic liver diseases, but it may also be of therapeutic relevance particularly in the cases where the result of the test is strong exceedingly strong.", "contents": "[Measurement of the intradermal reaction to PPD in chronic hepatitis and in cirrhosis. Basic research]. Personal experience on the PPD-test in 154 patients with chronic liver disease is reported. The results show a frequent hyperergic response. The comparison with a similar group of patients previously studied in the same Clinic employing the old tubercolin shows the advantages of PPD in discriminating the differential degrees of reactivitty. The hyperergic response is important not only from a theoretical point of view, confirming the presence of an abnormal immunologic equilibrium in chronic liver diseases, but it may also be of therapeutic relevance particularly in the cases where the result of the test is strong exceedingly strong.", "PMID": 1128798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10403", "title": "[Ice hockey accidents].", "content": "The present study is based on 2680 ice hockey accidents encountered in Switzerland over a period of 5 years: 1880 injuries during matches are compared with 800 that took place in training. Age: the athletes injuried during training were younger that 20 in 40% of cases; 38% of injuries in matches occurred to players aged between 20 and 24. 25% of accidents were caused by blows from the stick, particularly as a result of \"high sticking\"; 5% by skates; 17% by the puck (hard rubber); 17% by collisions; the remainder by crashing against the barrier, falls on the ice, body checking, etc. The most frequent injuries (42%) involved head and face: 740 dental injuries about of the 1460 facial injuries and 160 cases of concussion. The injuries affected: the legs in 21% of cases; the feet in 11%; the arms in 11%; the hands in 7% and the trunk in 8%. The commonest types of injuries were crushings and bruisings; during matches, 13% of the 1880 lesions involved fractures, a quarter of which were the result of collisions. Preventive measures would require all players to wear a helmet to protect their head, face and mouth; protective barriers should be sufficiently high; the game and rules should be taught from school age on and fair play should be instilled.", "contents": "[Ice hockey accidents]. The present study is based on 2680 ice hockey accidents encountered in Switzerland over a period of 5 years: 1880 injuries during matches are compared with 800 that took place in training. Age: the athletes injuried during training were younger that 20 in 40% of cases; 38% of injuries in matches occurred to players aged between 20 and 24. 25% of accidents were caused by blows from the stick, particularly as a result of \"high sticking\"; 5% by skates; 17% by the puck (hard rubber); 17% by collisions; the remainder by crashing against the barrier, falls on the ice, body checking, etc. The most frequent injuries (42%) involved head and face: 740 dental injuries about of the 1460 facial injuries and 160 cases of concussion. The injuries affected: the legs in 21% of cases; the feet in 11%; the arms in 11%; the hands in 7% and the trunk in 8%. The commonest types of injuries were crushings and bruisings; during matches, 13% of the 1880 lesions involved fractures, a quarter of which were the result of collisions. Preventive measures would require all players to wear a helmet to protect their head, face and mouth; protective barriers should be sufficiently high; the game and rules should be taught from school age on and fair play should be instilled.", "PMID": 1128801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10404", "title": "[Polygraphic changes in relation to active and passive upright position after myocardial infarct].", "content": "In 33 patients on the 15th day after the onset of myocardial infarct, without complications, the effects of active and passive gravitational stress on left ventricular efficiency were studied by measuring systolic intervals. It is concluded that the semivertical passive position means an unfavourable course for left ventricular dynamism wompared with thehorizontal position and that active rising, from this point of view, can be considered more physiological than passive rising.", "contents": "[Polygraphic changes in relation to active and passive upright position after myocardial infarct]. In 33 patients on the 15th day after the onset of myocardial infarct, without complications, the effects of active and passive gravitational stress on left ventricular efficiency were studied by measuring systolic intervals. It is concluded that the semivertical passive position means an unfavourable course for left ventricular dynamism wompared with thehorizontal position and that active rising, from this point of view, can be considered more physiological than passive rising.", "PMID": 1128803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10405", "title": "[Lymphomas: clinical stages].", "content": "The degree of diffusion and the histological type are the two main features of lymphoma that determine its course and prognosis, and influence its treatment programme. Recognition of the anatomoclinical stage is now made more certain by the adoption of diagnostic procedures to be applied to all patients in the pre-treatment phase in accordance with rational criteria of choice. Attention is directed to several of such methods: lymphography, photolymphoscintigraphy, scintiscanning with 67-Ga, bone biopsy and exploratory laparotomy with splenectomy. The advantages and limitations of each method are considered.", "contents": "[Lymphomas: clinical stages]. The degree of diffusion and the histological type are the two main features of lymphoma that determine its course and prognosis, and influence its treatment programme. Recognition of the anatomoclinical stage is now made more certain by the adoption of diagnostic procedures to be applied to all patients in the pre-treatment phase in accordance with rational criteria of choice. Attention is directed to several of such methods: lymphography, photolymphoscintigraphy, scintiscanning with 67-Ga, bone biopsy and exploratory laparotomy with splenectomy. The advantages and limitations of each method are considered.", "PMID": 1128805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10406", "title": "[Therapy of senile diabetes].", "content": "Changes in intermediate metabolism (amino acids, carbohydrates and plasma NEFA) noted in diabetes, obesity and old age are discussed.  Results obtained in a series of 1200 cases treated with sulphanylurea with or without biguanides are presented.  Metabolic compensation was obtained with the association in a larger number of obese and aged diabetics (about 15%).", "contents": "[Therapy of senile diabetes]. Changes in intermediate metabolism (amino acids, carbohydrates and plasma NEFA) noted in diabetes, obesity and old age are discussed.  Results obtained in a series of 1200 cases treated with sulphanylurea with or without biguanides are presented.  Metabolic compensation was obtained with the association in a larger number of obese and aged diabetics (about 15%).", "PMID": 1128807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10407", "title": "[The association of diabetic disease with Friedreich's disease in members of the same family].", "content": "Friedreigh's disease is only rarely associated with diabetes mellitus and only few cases are to be found in the literature, especially as regards siblings.  Three cases of this association in members of two different families are reported.  Two of the patients died from cardiovascular complication; the third case is that of a 32-yr-old woman who was able to complete a pregnancy.  The pathogenesis of the association is discussed and a number of theories are put forward.  The most generally accepted genetic hypothesis makes it possible to explain under a common metabolic denominator neurological disturbances and those in other systems.  The association is not a purely casual event but is perhaps dependent on either two different genes or on a single gene with pleitropic effect.  Heart signs are frequent in Friedreich's disease and brief mention is made of these.", "contents": "[The association of diabetic disease with Friedreich's disease in members of the same family]. Friedreigh's disease is only rarely associated with diabetes mellitus and only few cases are to be found in the literature, especially as regards siblings.  Three cases of this association in members of two different families are reported.  Two of the patients died from cardiovascular complication; the third case is that of a 32-yr-old woman who was able to complete a pregnancy.  The pathogenesis of the association is discussed and a number of theories are put forward.  The most generally accepted genetic hypothesis makes it possible to explain under a common metabolic denominator neurological disturbances and those in other systems.  The association is not a purely casual event but is perhaps dependent on either two different genes or on a single gene with pleitropic effect.  Heart signs are frequent in Friedreich's disease and brief mention is made of these.", "PMID": 1128808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10408", "title": "[Simple glaucoma and diabetic disease].", "content": "Blood sugar, blood insulin and the insulinogenic index after oral glucose were studied in 41 subjects with simple glaucoma.  Clinical diabetes was present in 9.76% and asymptomatic diabetes in 21.95%.  It is suggested that a high incidence of diabetes may be expected in simple glaucoma, probably as expressions of a common genetic disorder.", "contents": "[Simple glaucoma and diabetic disease]. Blood sugar, blood insulin and the insulinogenic index after oral glucose were studied in 41 subjects with simple glaucoma.  Clinical diabetes was present in 9.76% and asymptomatic diabetes in 21.95%.  It is suggested that a high incidence of diabetes may be expected in simple glaucoma, probably as expressions of a common genetic disorder.", "PMID": 1128809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10409", "title": "[Adriamycin in chemotherapy of solid tumors].", "content": "From one to eight, 7 or more day spaced, three-day 0,5 mg/kg/day cycles of adriamycin (an anthracycline antiblastic very similar to daunomycin) were administered to 50 adults with various solid tumour forms.  Toxic signs were constant and sometimes compelled abandonment.  The main residual signs were leucopenia, alopecia and stomatitis.  The drug also displayed a cardiotoxic effect, though this was less than observed with daunomycin.  It is felt that the theoretical interest aroused in adriamycin as an inhibitor nucleic acid systhesis, together with its marked anti-neoplastic efficacy in the experimental animal, have been betrayed by this performance in the management of solid tumors.", "contents": "[Adriamycin in chemotherapy of solid tumors]. From one to eight, 7 or more day spaced, three-day 0,5 mg/kg/day cycles of adriamycin (an anthracycline antiblastic very similar to daunomycin) were administered to 50 adults with various solid tumour forms.  Toxic signs were constant and sometimes compelled abandonment.  The main residual signs were leucopenia, alopecia and stomatitis.  The drug also displayed a cardiotoxic effect, though this was less than observed with daunomycin.  It is felt that the theoretical interest aroused in adriamycin as an inhibitor nucleic acid systhesis, together with its marked anti-neoplastic efficacy in the experimental animal, have been betrayed by this performance in the management of solid tumors.", "PMID": 1128811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10410", "title": "[Changes in some plasma parameters in the course of dextran 40].", "content": "Changes in certainplasma parameters (Hc, arterial and venous VP, creatinine clearance, potassium, PA and FC) induced by Dextran 40 perfusions (500 ml at 40 drops/min and 250 ml at 20 drops/min) were examined in 50 patients.  The expander effect was more intense, though less protracted when the larger quantity was used.  A rebound effect 24 hr after the test was also more frequent percentage-wise in this group.  Significant changes in Hc were not observed for 24 hr and 96 hr respectively with the higher and the lower dose.  The venous district was primarily concerned.  There were also increases in blood potassium, FC and max PA, while min PA and blood proteins fell.  No relation could be demonstrated between creatinine clearance and diuresis at the end of the test with respect to the amount of Dextran employed.  None of these latter modifications was significant.  There were no signs of intolerance.", "contents": "[Changes in some plasma parameters in the course of dextran 40]. Changes in certainplasma parameters (Hc, arterial and venous VP, creatinine clearance, potassium, PA and FC) induced by Dextran 40 perfusions (500 ml at 40 drops/min and 250 ml at 20 drops/min) were examined in 50 patients.  The expander effect was more intense, though less protracted when the larger quantity was used.  A rebound effect 24 hr after the test was also more frequent percentage-wise in this group.  Significant changes in Hc were not observed for 24 hr and 96 hr respectively with the higher and the lower dose.  The venous district was primarily concerned.  There were also increases in blood potassium, FC and max PA, while min PA and blood proteins fell.  No relation could be demonstrated between creatinine clearance and diuresis at the end of the test with respect to the amount of Dextran employed.  None of these latter modifications was significant.  There were no signs of intolerance.", "PMID": 1128815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10411", "title": "[Metabolic aspects of obesity].", "content": "Classification of obesity in accordance with a new anatomical and functional criterion means that a hyperplastic and a hypertrophic form can be distinguished.  The distinction is of both academic and practical significance, since different metabolic changes are observed in the two forms.  Hyperplastic obesity appears early in life and is particularly intractable.  It is not usually accompanied by dysmetabolic signs, however.  Hypertrophic obesity, on the other hand, is accompanied by endocrine and metabolic alterations, marked by insulin resistance, sugar intolerance, hyperinsulinaemia, hypertriglyceridaemia, and hyperuricaemia.  Recent data are cited for the proposition that these changes constitute a closed pathogenetic concatenation creating a vicious circle.  Fatty acids play a particularly important part in this context, since they are synthetized, released, presented and oxidated to a pathological degree.", "contents": "[Metabolic aspects of obesity]. Classification of obesity in accordance with a new anatomical and functional criterion means that a hyperplastic and a hypertrophic form can be distinguished.  The distinction is of both academic and practical significance, since different metabolic changes are observed in the two forms.  Hyperplastic obesity appears early in life and is particularly intractable.  It is not usually accompanied by dysmetabolic signs, however.  Hypertrophic obesity, on the other hand, is accompanied by endocrine and metabolic alterations, marked by insulin resistance, sugar intolerance, hyperinsulinaemia, hypertriglyceridaemia, and hyperuricaemia.  Recent data are cited for the proposition that these changes constitute a closed pathogenetic concatenation creating a vicious circle.  Fatty acids play a particularly important part in this context, since they are synthetized, released, presented and oxidated to a pathological degree.", "PMID": 1128820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10412", "title": "[Importance of enzymes in the synovial fluid.  Progress report].", "content": "The significance and importance of investigation of the synovial fluid enzymes in the main arthropathies are explanined.  Tables are given for the main enzymes studied, the cell compartments of origin, and data for their values in rheumatic diseases (as reported in the literature).  Stress is laid on the importance of enzymes belonging to the lysosomial compartment, both in the pathogenesis of the underlying inflammation and in the relation to anatomopathological lesions in the joints.  Attention is directed to the most widely accepted hypotheses.  These ten to see enzymes increases in breakdown of condrocytes, as inflammatory arthritis attributable to synoviocytes and leukocytes.  A personal opinion based on prior research is also presented.  Further work in this sector is urged a mean of learning more about the pathology of rheumatic diseases.", "contents": "[Importance of enzymes in the synovial fluid.  Progress report]. The significance and importance of investigation of the synovial fluid enzymes in the main arthropathies are explanined.  Tables are given for the main enzymes studied, the cell compartments of origin, and data for their values in rheumatic diseases (as reported in the literature).  Stress is laid on the importance of enzymes belonging to the lysosomial compartment, both in the pathogenesis of the underlying inflammation and in the relation to anatomopathological lesions in the joints.  Attention is directed to the most widely accepted hypotheses.  These ten to see enzymes increases in breakdown of condrocytes, as inflammatory arthritis attributable to synoviocytes and leukocytes.  A personal opinion based on prior research is also presented.  Further work in this sector is urged a mean of learning more about the pathology of rheumatic diseases.", "PMID": 1128821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10413", "title": "[Experimental analysis of some cardiovascular effects of Verapamil].", "content": "In vivo and in vitro experiments showed that Verapamil dilates the coronaries, prevents coronary spasm, produces Ca++-antagonism, offers protection against myocardial necrosis, prevents arrhythmia, reduces pressure, increases the purinergic reactivity and produces inhibition of platelet aggregation. It was devoid of competitive-adrenolytic activity in the heart and vessels. A methoxy derivative of the drug (D-600) had a negative inotropic and chronotropic action and was more hypotensive than Verapamil.", "contents": "[Experimental analysis of some cardiovascular effects of Verapamil]. In vivo and in vitro experiments showed that Verapamil dilates the coronaries, prevents coronary spasm, produces Ca++-antagonism, offers protection against myocardial necrosis, prevents arrhythmia, reduces pressure, increases the purinergic reactivity and produces inhibition of platelet aggregation. It was devoid of competitive-adrenolytic activity in the heart and vessels. A methoxy derivative of the drug (D-600) had a negative inotropic and chronotropic action and was more hypotensive than Verapamil.", "PMID": 1128822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10414", "title": "[The calcium-antagonistic fundamental effects of Verapamil on myocardial fibers and smooth muscle cells of the blood vessels].", "content": "Ca ions regulate the amount of ATP which is metabolized in the contractile system to produce mechanical energy. Since the consumption of ATP quantitatively determines the myocardial respiration rate, oxygen consumption is also Ca-dependent. Therefore, Ca-antagonistic compounds such as verapamil, D600 or nifedipine, by reducing the Ca supply to the beating heart, not only restrict ATP breakdown and mechanical activity but also myocardial oxygen demand. Moreover, Ca-antagonistic drugs lower the tone of vascular smooth muscle. This action leads to coronary vasodilation and a reduction in heart load because the peripheral vascular resistance is also diminished. All these factors contribute to an improvement of the cardiac energy balance in patients with coronary disease.", "contents": "[The calcium-antagonistic fundamental effects of Verapamil on myocardial fibers and smooth muscle cells of the blood vessels]. Ca ions regulate the amount of ATP which is metabolized in the contractile system to produce mechanical energy. Since the consumption of ATP quantitatively determines the myocardial respiration rate, oxygen consumption is also Ca-dependent. Therefore, Ca-antagonistic compounds such as verapamil, D600 or nifedipine, by reducing the Ca supply to the beating heart, not only restrict ATP breakdown and mechanical activity but also myocardial oxygen demand. Moreover, Ca-antagonistic drugs lower the tone of vascular smooth muscle. This action leads to coronary vasodilation and a reduction in heart load because the peripheral vascular resistance is also diminished. All these factors contribute to an improvement of the cardiac energy balance in patients with coronary disease.", "PMID": 1128823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10415", "title": "[Key-role of intracellular calcium overload in acute necrosis of the myocardium. Cardioprotection with verapamil].", "content": "Ca ions are highly cardiotoxic if their influx into the myocardial fibres becomes abundant. The intracellular Ca overload initiates a deleterious high-energy phosphate deficiency by excessive activation of Ca-dependent intracellular ATPases and by impairing the phosphorylating capacity of mitochondria. This Ca-induced high-energy phosphate exhaustion is a crucial point in the etiology of the myocardial fibre necroses produced in rats by large doses of beta-adrenergic catecholamines, particularly isoproterenol, or by a number of other cardiotoxic agents. Accordinly, the myocardium is sensitized to necrotization by factors which favour Ca overload (dihydrotachysterol, 9alpha-flourocortisol acetate, NaH2PO4). Conversely, the structural integrity of the hearts can be protected by any substance or procedure which prevents an excessive intracellular Ca accumulation, particularly by inhibitors of the transmembrane Ca influx, such as verapamil, D 600 or prenylamine.", "contents": "[Key-role of intracellular calcium overload in acute necrosis of the myocardium. Cardioprotection with verapamil]. Ca ions are highly cardiotoxic if their influx into the myocardial fibres becomes abundant. The intracellular Ca overload initiates a deleterious high-energy phosphate deficiency by excessive activation of Ca-dependent intracellular ATPases and by impairing the phosphorylating capacity of mitochondria. This Ca-induced high-energy phosphate exhaustion is a crucial point in the etiology of the myocardial fibre necroses produced in rats by large doses of beta-adrenergic catecholamines, particularly isoproterenol, or by a number of other cardiotoxic agents. Accordinly, the myocardium is sensitized to necrotization by factors which favour Ca overload (dihydrotachysterol, 9alpha-flourocortisol acetate, NaH2PO4). Conversely, the structural integrity of the hearts can be protected by any substance or procedure which prevents an excessive intracellular Ca accumulation, particularly by inhibitors of the transmembrane Ca influx, such as verapamil, D 600 or prenylamine.", "PMID": 1128824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10416", "title": "[Venous infusion of nerapamil in the treatment of refractory angina pectoris and arrhythmia due to associated electric instability].", "content": "The therapeutic effect of Verapamil in 45 patients with angina that had failed to respond to other drugs is described. Angina was distinguished in terms of its clinical and ECG features. Verapamil was administered i.v., usually in infusions of 10-250 mg/day over periods of hours or days; alternatively, direct injections of 2,5-5 mg were employed. The effect on arterial pressure is particularly stressed. In the great majority of cases, there was a marked improvement in the symptomatology and in arrhythmic changes arising during angina. The importance of the therapeutic effects of the drug is examined and its possible mechanisms of action are discussed.", "contents": "[Venous infusion of nerapamil in the treatment of refractory angina pectoris and arrhythmia due to associated electric instability]. The therapeutic effect of Verapamil in 45 patients with angina that had failed to respond to other drugs is described. Angina was distinguished in terms of its clinical and ECG features. Verapamil was administered i.v., usually in infusions of 10-250 mg/day over periods of hours or days; alternatively, direct injections of 2,5-5 mg were employed. The effect on arterial pressure is particularly stressed. In the great majority of cases, there was a marked improvement in the symptomatology and in arrhythmic changes arising during angina. The importance of the therapeutic effects of the drug is examined and its possible mechanisms of action are discussed.", "PMID": 1128826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10417", "title": "[The hemodynamic effect of verapamil by intravenous administration in middle-aged, subjectively healthy subjects at rest and during exercise].", "content": "After an intravenous injection of 0.1 mg Verapamil per kg body weight and during an infusion of 0.007 mg Verapamil per kg body weight and minute the heart rate increased, P,Q,-time increased, pulmonary vascular pressures increased. Aortic pressures decreased. No change in maximum dp/dt of the aortic pressure. The word maximum is still missing. Pre-ejection period decreased. During an exercise on a load of 650 kpm/min on average heart rate after Verapamil was increased, aortic pressures decreased, stroke work decreased and there were no signs of any negative inotropic effect.", "contents": "[The hemodynamic effect of verapamil by intravenous administration in middle-aged, subjectively healthy subjects at rest and during exercise]. After an intravenous injection of 0.1 mg Verapamil per kg body weight and during an infusion of 0.007 mg Verapamil per kg body weight and minute the heart rate increased, P,Q,-time increased, pulmonary vascular pressures increased. Aortic pressures decreased. No change in maximum dp/dt of the aortic pressure. The word maximum is still missing. Pre-ejection period decreased. During an exercise on a load of 650 kpm/min on average heart rate after Verapamil was increased, aortic pressures decreased, stroke work decreased and there were no signs of any negative inotropic effect.", "PMID": 1128828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10418", "title": "[Anti-arrhythmic therapy with verapamil by intravenous infusion].", "content": "Rapid and slow venous infusion of various doses of Verapamil in a mixed series of 185 cases of arrhythmia since 1968 is reported. Results and electrophysiological and ECG changes observed for each type of arrhythmia examined are considered separately: atrial fibrillation-flutter, supraventricular paroxystic tachycardia (atrial and/or junctional), and hyperkinetic ventricular arrhythmia. An association of i.v. Verapamil and a quinidine salt per os is suggested as an alternative to cardioversion in cases of recent atrial fibrillation-flutter. Results obtained in the treatment of arrhythmia due to electrical instability following angina and of angina following arrhythmia are also described. A study of His potentials as the premiss for using Verapamil in subjects with stimulus conductivity changes, including W.P.W. syndrome, is also reported. I.v. Verapamil was used in association with atrial and/or ventricular electrostimulation, and/or with electrical counter-shock in cases of arrhythmia (mostly supraventricular) that were especially refractory. Attention is drawn to the use of Verapamil in the control of arrhythmia after electrical cardioversion.", "contents": "[Anti-arrhythmic therapy with verapamil by intravenous infusion]. Rapid and slow venous infusion of various doses of Verapamil in a mixed series of 185 cases of arrhythmia since 1968 is reported. Results and electrophysiological and ECG changes observed for each type of arrhythmia examined are considered separately: atrial fibrillation-flutter, supraventricular paroxystic tachycardia (atrial and/or junctional), and hyperkinetic ventricular arrhythmia. An association of i.v. Verapamil and a quinidine salt per os is suggested as an alternative to cardioversion in cases of recent atrial fibrillation-flutter. Results obtained in the treatment of arrhythmia due to electrical instability following angina and of angina following arrhythmia are also described. A study of His potentials as the premiss for using Verapamil in subjects with stimulus conductivity changes, including W.P.W. syndrome, is also reported. I.v. Verapamil was used in association with atrial and/or ventricular electrostimulation, and/or with electrical counter-shock in cases of arrhythmia (mostly supraventricular) that were especially refractory. Attention is drawn to the use of Verapamil in the control of arrhythmia after electrical cardioversion.", "PMID": 1128829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10419", "title": "[Clinical results with verapamil in intravenous administration in the emergency therapy of cardiac arrhythmias].", "content": "Verapamil was administered intravenously to 250 patients aged between 14 and 85, suffering from tachyarrhythmia of various type. The commonest heart conditions were hypertensive cardiopathy, acquired valvular defects, and ischaemic cardiopathy. The antiarrhythmia effectiveness of the treatment is shown by the excellent results obtained in sinus tachycardia, supraventricular paroxysmal tachycardia, high frequency atrial fibrillations and even in a patient with WPW syndrome and supraventricular paroxysmal tachycardia and in one of the 5 patients with ventricular tachycardia. Generally speaking, the treatment was continued orally in a dose of 240 mg per day, and it was possible to control the clinical situation with no side effects.", "contents": "[Clinical results with verapamil in intravenous administration in the emergency therapy of cardiac arrhythmias]. Verapamil was administered intravenously to 250 patients aged between 14 and 85, suffering from tachyarrhythmia of various type. The commonest heart conditions were hypertensive cardiopathy, acquired valvular defects, and ischaemic cardiopathy. The antiarrhythmia effectiveness of the treatment is shown by the excellent results obtained in sinus tachycardia, supraventricular paroxysmal tachycardia, high frequency atrial fibrillations and even in a patient with WPW syndrome and supraventricular paroxysmal tachycardia and in one of the 5 patients with ventricular tachycardia. Generally speaking, the treatment was continued orally in a dose of 240 mg per day, and it was possible to control the clinical situation with no side effects.", "PMID": 1128830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10420", "title": "[Verapamil: an original anti-arrhythmic agent].", "content": "Verapamil was initially known for its anti-angina effect. When given in higher doses, it displays pharmacologically unusual anti-arrhythmic effects, since it opens up a new path in this still limited category of drugs. Experience gained in 310 cases has enabled useful doses to be established and had shown that Verapamil is very effective in the management of supraventricular rhythm disturbances. Its high dose administration modality in patients with primary insufficiency and in the aged was also determined.", "contents": "[Verapamil: an original anti-arrhythmic agent]. Verapamil was initially known for its anti-angina effect. When given in higher doses, it displays pharmacologically unusual anti-arrhythmic effects, since it opens up a new path in this still limited category of drugs. Experience gained in 310 cases has enabled useful doses to be established and had shown that Verapamil is very effective in the management of supraventricular rhythm disturbances. Its high dose administration modality in patients with primary insufficiency and in the aged was also determined.", "PMID": 1128831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10421", "title": "Denervation supersensitivity in Horner's Syndrome.", "content": "The mechanism of denervation supersensitivity was investigated, using the pupillary system as an experimental model. A pharmacological study was carried out in six patients with Horner's syndrome due to postganglionic lesions. Administration of cocaine 4 percent resulted in dilatation of the normal pupil, while subsequent instillation of phenylephrine (2.5-5 percent) produced equal dilatation in both eyes. The results of the study indicate that denervation supersensitivity of the pupil can be explained solely by impaired reabsorption of catecholamines.", "contents": "Denervation supersensitivity in Horner's Syndrome. The mechanism of denervation supersensitivity was investigated, using the pupillary system as an experimental model. A pharmacological study was carried out in six patients with Horner's syndrome due to postganglionic lesions. Administration of cocaine 4 percent resulted in dilatation of the normal pupil, while subsequent instillation of phenylephrine (2.5-5 percent) produced equal dilatation in both eyes. The results of the study indicate that denervation supersensitivity of the pupil can be explained solely by impaired reabsorption of catecholamines.", "PMID": 1128870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10422", "title": "Corneal anesthesia induced by soaps and surfactants, lack of correlation in rabbits and humans.", "content": "Five commonly marketed bath and facial soaps and four commercially available hair shampoos were studied for their anesthetic effect on human and rabbit corneas. These compounds all produced anesthesia comparable to that induced by tetracaine hydrochloride 0.5 percent but lasting several hours longer in rabbits. None of the soaps or shampoos produced corneal anesthesia in humans. Studies of corneal anesthesia in rabbits may not be extrapolated to the human eye.", "contents": "Corneal anesthesia induced by soaps and surfactants, lack of correlation in rabbits and humans. Five commonly marketed bath and facial soaps and four commercially available hair shampoos were studied for their anesthetic effect on human and rabbit corneas. These compounds all produced anesthesia comparable to that induced by tetracaine hydrochloride 0.5 percent but lasting several hours longer in rabbits. None of the soaps or shampoos produced corneal anesthesia in humans. Studies of corneal anesthesia in rabbits may not be extrapolated to the human eye.", "PMID": 1128871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10423", "title": "[Findings in the fundus oculi in gangrene].", "content": "A case of gas gangrene is described where gas was seen in retinal vessels. The suspicion of gas gangrene in this case arose through ophthalmoscopy.", "contents": "[Findings in the fundus oculi in gangrene]. A case of gas gangrene is described where gas was seen in retinal vessels. The suspicion of gas gangrene in this case arose through ophthalmoscopy.", "PMID": 1128872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10424", "title": "Amyloid deposits of internal elastic lamina in temporal arteritis.", "content": "Ten biopsy specimens from patients with temporal arteritis showed amyloid deposits replacing the arterial internal elastic lamina. In three cases the inflammatory reaction was very mild, but amyloidosis was advanced, thus suggesting a primary pathogenetic role for amyloid degeneration in temporal arteritis. The findings are compatible with those of systemic amyloidosis in patients with arteritis temporalispolymyalgia rheumatica syndrome in a few isolated instances.", "contents": "Amyloid deposits of internal elastic lamina in temporal arteritis. Ten biopsy specimens from patients with temporal arteritis showed amyloid deposits replacing the arterial internal elastic lamina. In three cases the inflammatory reaction was very mild, but amyloidosis was advanced, thus suggesting a primary pathogenetic role for amyloid degeneration in temporal arteritis. The findings are compatible with those of systemic amyloidosis in patients with arteritis temporalispolymyalgia rheumatica syndrome in a few isolated instances.", "PMID": 1128873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10425", "title": "Prevention of experimental obstructions in the retinal microcirculation. Arterial Fluorescein Studies.", "content": "Platelet aggregates were formed in flowing blood by infusing ADP in the carotid artery of the dog. Under fluorographic examination, these aggregates were seen to lodge in retina vessels. Previous administration of gliclazide helped maintain normal retina circulation.", "contents": "Prevention of experimental obstructions in the retinal microcirculation. Arterial Fluorescein Studies. Platelet aggregates were formed in flowing blood by infusing ADP in the carotid artery of the dog. Under fluorographic examination, these aggregates were seen to lodge in retina vessels. Previous administration of gliclazide helped maintain normal retina circulation.", "PMID": 1128874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10426", "title": "The fibrinolytic system in patients with diabetes mellitus with special reference to diabetic retinopathy.", "content": "The fibrinolytic system has been studied in 168 patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) and compared to that of a group of 153 sex- and age-matched control subjects. The following determination were made: spontaneous fibrinolytic activity of the blood; fibrinolytic response to standardized venous stasis (stimulated fibrinolytic activity, \"fibrinolytic capacity\"); histochemical determination of fibrinolytic activators in the walls of superficial veins collected by biopsy. Diabetic patients were found as a group to have an impaired fibrinolytic system with the above fibrinolytic parameters decreased to various degrees in comparison with those of the controls. Less clear differences were observed between patients with and without ophthalmoscopically visible diabetic changes of the retina. However, patients with beginning angiopathy were found to have a significantly higher amount of fibrinolytic activators in their vessel walls than patients with more advanced retinopathy and without ophthalmoscopically detectable retinopathy. Furthermore, unlike patients without retinopathy, patients with retinopathy increased less or did not increase at all their spontaneous and stimulated fibrinolytic activity along the duration of the disease. The defective fibrinolytic system of diabetic patients may contribute to the occurrence of the vascular complications frequently seen in this disease. In the diabetic group, those patients who develop retinopathy show an impaired fibrinolytic defense with the duration of the disease.", "contents": "The fibrinolytic system in patients with diabetes mellitus with special reference to diabetic retinopathy. The fibrinolytic system has been studied in 168 patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) and compared to that of a group of 153 sex- and age-matched control subjects. The following determination were made: spontaneous fibrinolytic activity of the blood; fibrinolytic response to standardized venous stasis (stimulated fibrinolytic activity, \"fibrinolytic capacity\"); histochemical determination of fibrinolytic activators in the walls of superficial veins collected by biopsy. Diabetic patients were found as a group to have an impaired fibrinolytic system with the above fibrinolytic parameters decreased to various degrees in comparison with those of the controls. Less clear differences were observed between patients with and without ophthalmoscopically visible diabetic changes of the retina. However, patients with beginning angiopathy were found to have a significantly higher amount of fibrinolytic activators in their vessel walls than patients with more advanced retinopathy and without ophthalmoscopically detectable retinopathy. Furthermore, unlike patients without retinopathy, patients with retinopathy increased less or did not increase at all their spontaneous and stimulated fibrinolytic activity along the duration of the disease. The defective fibrinolytic system of diabetic patients may contribute to the occurrence of the vascular complications frequently seen in this disease. In the diabetic group, those patients who develop retinopathy show an impaired fibrinolytic defense with the duration of the disease.", "PMID": 1128875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10427", "title": "[Hemorrhagic macular choroidopathy in young subjects].", "content": "The haemorrhagic macular choroidopathy is a characteristic and rather frequent disease, which is seen in young subjects. We observed it in 23 patients, aged between 12 and 51 years. The disease resembles the presumed histoplasmin choroiditis, described in the American literature. In our cases, histoplasmosis can nevertheless be excluded and in the American cases it is not proven. In fact, the etiology is still unknown, but in 13 of our cases the origin may have been a disseminated choroiditis.", "contents": "[Hemorrhagic macular choroidopathy in young subjects]. The haemorrhagic macular choroidopathy is a characteristic and rather frequent disease, which is seen in young subjects. We observed it in 23 patients, aged between 12 and 51 years. The disease resembles the presumed histoplasmin choroiditis, described in the American literature. In our cases, histoplasmosis can nevertheless be excluded and in the American cases it is not proven. In fact, the etiology is still unknown, but in 13 of our cases the origin may have been a disseminated choroiditis.", "PMID": 1128878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10428", "title": "[Clinical-neurological and electromyographical studies of inpatients isolated with selective pigmentary retinopathy].", "content": "1. 37 patients with pigmentary retinopathy, seeming otherwise healthy, were thoroughly examined for fine symptoms in other parts of the body, in particular for neuropathies and for blood chemistry peculiarities. 2. In 19 cases some constitutional pathology was discovered, in 4 cases hearing was affected by inner ear changes. 3. Clinically patients behaviour was changed and with electroencephalgraphy an encephalopathy was found in 7 cases. 4. Electroencephalograms were in more than 50% of cases slightly abnormal. 5. A myastenic reaction, confirmed by electromyography, occurred in one case (but not in its sibling who had also a pigmentary retinopathy.) 6. In 14 cases electromyogram was showing a neurogenic damage. Motor nerve conduction speed was lowered in 2 cases, in 5 cases it was at the lower limit of normal. In 6 cases very long distal latence times were noted. In 2 cases action potential was shortened but this could not be considered as  a myopathy for certain. 7. In 6 cases a hyperlipoproteinaemia occurred.  In 2 cases a mild diabetes mellitus, in 7 cases uric acid level in serum was raised. The number of cases was too small to give a statistical importance to those findings. 8. Cerebrospinal fluid was found normal in all cases. 9. This study should lead to further investigations. In spite of the small number of cases one can presume that pigmentary retinopathy is not an independent defect but is a phenomenon of a polygenetic entity.", "contents": "[Clinical-neurological and electromyographical studies of inpatients isolated with selective pigmentary retinopathy]. 1. 37 patients with pigmentary retinopathy, seeming otherwise healthy, were thoroughly examined for fine symptoms in other parts of the body, in particular for neuropathies and for blood chemistry peculiarities. 2. In 19 cases some constitutional pathology was discovered, in 4 cases hearing was affected by inner ear changes. 3. Clinically patients behaviour was changed and with electroencephalgraphy an encephalopathy was found in 7 cases. 4. Electroencephalograms were in more than 50% of cases slightly abnormal. 5. A myastenic reaction, confirmed by electromyography, occurred in one case (but not in its sibling who had also a pigmentary retinopathy.) 6. In 14 cases electromyogram was showing a neurogenic damage. Motor nerve conduction speed was lowered in 2 cases, in 5 cases it was at the lower limit of normal. In 6 cases very long distal latence times were noted. In 2 cases action potential was shortened but this could not be considered as  a myopathy for certain. 7. In 6 cases a hyperlipoproteinaemia occurred.  In 2 cases a mild diabetes mellitus, in 7 cases uric acid level in serum was raised. The number of cases was too small to give a statistical importance to those findings. 8. Cerebrospinal fluid was found normal in all cases. 9. This study should lead to further investigations. In spite of the small number of cases one can presume that pigmentary retinopathy is not an independent defect but is a phenomenon of a polygenetic entity.", "PMID": 1128879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10429", "title": "[Exudative diabetic retinopathy. A fluorescence angiography study].", "content": "For elucidation of the pathogenesis of the lipoidic depostis due to diabetic retinopathy, 40 patients (44 eyes) were submitted to fluorescence angiography in intervals of 4-6 months; the follow-up covered 1-3 years, the average time being 1.75 years. In 43 of 44 cases, disturbances of the permeability of retinal blood vessels were found, their extent correlating with the size of the exudate foci. An increased perfound, thier extent correlating with the size of the exudate foci. An increased permeation of the dye was closely connected with an increased exudation, and a decreased vascular permeability was connected with a regression of lipoidic deposits.", "contents": "[Exudative diabetic retinopathy. A fluorescence angiography study]. For elucidation of the pathogenesis of the lipoidic depostis due to diabetic retinopathy, 40 patients (44 eyes) were submitted to fluorescence angiography in intervals of 4-6 months; the follow-up covered 1-3 years, the average time being 1.75 years. In 43 of 44 cases, disturbances of the permeability of retinal blood vessels were found, their extent correlating with the size of the exudate foci. An increased perfound, thier extent correlating with the size of the exudate foci. An increased permeation of the dye was closely connected with an increased exudation, and a decreased vascular permeability was connected with a regression of lipoidic deposits.", "PMID": 1128880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10430", "title": "Total glenohumeral joint replacement.", "content": "Some of the anatomical considerations of the glenohumeral joint with respect to prosthetic replacement have been discussed. One approach to prosthetic design has been presented along with the early clinical experience with this design. It is hoped that this information will serve as a reference point for future work to be done in this area.", "contents": "Total glenohumeral joint replacement. Some of the anatomical considerations of the glenohumeral joint with respect to prosthetic replacement have been discussed. One approach to prosthetic design has been presented along with the early clinical experience with this design. It is hoped that this information will serve as a reference point for future work to be done in this area.", "PMID": 1128882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10431", "title": "The rheumatoid shoulder.", "content": "The rheumatoid shoulder is a frequent manifestation in the rheumatoid patient. Most of the symptoms are of a mild to moderate degree and can usually be ameliorated by heat, massage, and gently exercise. Local injection therapy may be of value in selected cases. Strenuous exercise or manipulation is contraindicated. Tendon ruptures and rotator cuff tears are not amenable to surgical reconstruction and are adequately treated with a conservative regimen. Prophylactic synovectomy is not performed as a routine, because the majority of patients do not develop disabling symptoms. This procedure is usually restricted to the few patients who exhibit uncontrollable proliferative synovitis. Prosthetic replacement is employed for intractable pain with full anticipation of limitied mobility. Various designs of a \"total shoulder\" are undergoing clinical evaluation, but their application has not been defined.", "contents": "The rheumatoid shoulder. The rheumatoid shoulder is a frequent manifestation in the rheumatoid patient. Most of the symptoms are of a mild to moderate degree and can usually be ameliorated by heat, massage, and gently exercise. Local injection therapy may be of value in selected cases. Strenuous exercise or manipulation is contraindicated. Tendon ruptures and rotator cuff tears are not amenable to surgical reconstruction and are adequately treated with a conservative regimen. Prophylactic synovectomy is not performed as a routine, because the majority of patients do not develop disabling symptoms. This procedure is usually restricted to the few patients who exhibit uncontrollable proliferative synovitis. Prosthetic replacement is employed for intractable pain with full anticipation of limitied mobility. Various designs of a \"total shoulder\" are undergoing clinical evaluation, but their application has not been defined.", "PMID": 1128884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10432", "title": "The effect of moisture stress upon the hatching of Nematodirus battus larvae.", "content": "An experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of soil moisture stress upon the hatching behaviour of Nematodirus battus. The method involved the use of polyethylene glycol solutions to maintain a steady osmotic pressure around a soil containing N. battus eggs, which were ready to hatch. Different concentrations of polyethylene glycol (creating different moisture stresses) were found to affect the numbers and the rate of egg hatching markedly.", "contents": "The effect of moisture stress upon the hatching of Nematodirus battus larvae. An experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of soil moisture stress upon the hatching behaviour of Nematodirus battus. The method involved the use of polyethylene glycol solutions to maintain a steady osmotic pressure around a soil containing N. battus eggs, which were ready to hatch. Different concentrations of polyethylene glycol (creating different moisture stresses) were found to affect the numbers and the rate of egg hatching markedly.", "PMID": 1128917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10433", "title": "Variations in the water content of the larvae of Nematodirus battus during the hatching process.", "content": "During a series of experiments on the ecology of Nematodirus battus observations were made on the uptake of water by eggs containing third-stage larvae.  It was found that, as they approached hatching, the water content of the larvae increased markedly, then fell immediately after they escaped from the shell.  The method of measuring the water content, using interferometry, is also described.", "contents": "Variations in the water content of the larvae of Nematodirus battus during the hatching process. During a series of experiments on the ecology of Nematodirus battus observations were made on the uptake of water by eggs containing third-stage larvae.  It was found that, as they approached hatching, the water content of the larvae increased markedly, then fell immediately after they escaped from the shell.  The method of measuring the water content, using interferometry, is also described.", "PMID": 1128918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10434", "title": "Intestinal pathology associated with Trichostrongylus colubriformis infection in sheep: histology.", "content": "Observations were made on the histology of tissues from the first 6-10 m of the small intestine from both sheep infected with Trichostrongylus colubriformis and from uninfected controls.  In uninfected animals, and in distal samples from infected lambs, villi were tall and covered by tall columnar epithelium, the intestinal crypts were convoluted and the lamina propria was only moderately cellular.  In tissues with sub-total villus atrophy and a convoluted surface, the superficial epithelium was usually low columnar, often with an indistinct brush border.  More severely affected mucosa was flat, with low surface epithelium and protruding crypt openings.  The flat surfaces frequently had leaks of eosinophilic material and polymorphonuclear cells between enterocytes, or through erosions in the epithelium.  Such defects were smaller and less frequent in mucosa with a convoluted surface.  There were increased mitoses in intestinal crypts and a heavy inflammatory cell infiltrate in the lamina propria.  Mast cell, globule leucocyte and theliolymphocyte numbers were not increased in infected sheep.", "contents": "Intestinal pathology associated with Trichostrongylus colubriformis infection in sheep: histology. Observations were made on the histology of tissues from the first 6-10 m of the small intestine from both sheep infected with Trichostrongylus colubriformis and from uninfected controls.  In uninfected animals, and in distal samples from infected lambs, villi were tall and covered by tall columnar epithelium, the intestinal crypts were convoluted and the lamina propria was only moderately cellular.  In tissues with sub-total villus atrophy and a convoluted surface, the superficial epithelium was usually low columnar, often with an indistinct brush border.  More severely affected mucosa was flat, with low surface epithelium and protruding crypt openings.  The flat surfaces frequently had leaks of eosinophilic material and polymorphonuclear cells between enterocytes, or through erosions in the epithelium.  Such defects were smaller and less frequent in mucosa with a convoluted surface.  There were increased mitoses in intestinal crypts and a heavy inflammatory cell infiltrate in the lamina propria.  Mast cell, globule leucocyte and theliolymphocyte numbers were not increased in infected sheep.", "PMID": 1128919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10435", "title": "Intestinal pathology associated with Trichostrongylus colubriformis infection in sheep: vascular permeability and ultrastructure of the mucosa.", "content": "Increased permeability of capillaries and venules, labelled with colloidal carbon, was observed in the superficial mucosa of the small intestine of sheep infected with Trichostrongylus colubriformis.  The labelled vessels were restricted to infected portions of the gut, and the intensity of labelling appeared to be related to density of the worm population.  Open junctions were seen between endothelial cells in permeable vessels.  In moderately atrophic infected intestine, enterocytes were domed, had sparse, short, distorted microvilli and many polyribosomes.  Tight junctions between enterocytes seemed to be intact and distended intercellular spaces were seen.  In more severely atrophic mucosa, enterocytes had distended mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum, bizarre shapes, and the continuity of the epithelial sheet was occasionally disrupted.  There was oedema in the lamina propria and neutrophils were seen in migration to the lumen of the gut.  The possible mechanisms inducing these changes and their significance in terms of plasma protein loss and intestinal function are discussed.", "contents": "Intestinal pathology associated with Trichostrongylus colubriformis infection in sheep: vascular permeability and ultrastructure of the mucosa. Increased permeability of capillaries and venules, labelled with colloidal carbon, was observed in the superficial mucosa of the small intestine of sheep infected with Trichostrongylus colubriformis.  The labelled vessels were restricted to infected portions of the gut, and the intensity of labelling appeared to be related to density of the worm population.  Open junctions were seen between endothelial cells in permeable vessels.  In moderately atrophic infected intestine, enterocytes were domed, had sparse, short, distorted microvilli and many polyribosomes.  Tight junctions between enterocytes seemed to be intact and distended intercellular spaces were seen.  In more severely atrophic mucosa, enterocytes had distended mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum, bizarre shapes, and the continuity of the epithelial sheet was occasionally disrupted.  There was oedema in the lamina propria and neutrophils were seen in migration to the lumen of the gut.  The possible mechanisms inducing these changes and their significance in terms of plasma protein loss and intestinal function are discussed.", "PMID": 1128920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10436", "title": "Studies on immunity with three species of avian trypanosomes.", "content": "The ability of three species of avian trypanosome, Trypanosoma corvi, T. bouffardi and T. everetti, to protect against heterologous and homologous challenge has been studied in susceptible birds.  None protects against challenge with either or both of the other two species and mixed infections can be obtained experimentally.  With T. bouffardi, both apparently sterile and premune states exist after initial infection and the host is immune to challenge with homologous strains; heterologous strains sometimes break this immunity and produce shorter, lower parasitaemias.  T. everetti remains in the circulating blood for long periods at low levels and challenge doses with the homologous strain result in a slightly elevated parasitaemia for a few days.  T. corvi produces a degree of immunity after the initial infection which usually results in a reduced second parasitaemic peak of shorter duration when birds are challenged with a homologous strain.", "contents": "Studies on immunity with three species of avian trypanosomes. The ability of three species of avian trypanosome, Trypanosoma corvi, T. bouffardi and T. everetti, to protect against heterologous and homologous challenge has been studied in susceptible birds.  None protects against challenge with either or both of the other two species and mixed infections can be obtained experimentally.  With T. bouffardi, both apparently sterile and premune states exist after initial infection and the host is immune to challenge with homologous strains; heterologous strains sometimes break this immunity and produce shorter, lower parasitaemias.  T. everetti remains in the circulating blood for long periods at low levels and challenge doses with the homologous strain result in a slightly elevated parasitaemia for a few days.  T. corvi produces a degree of immunity after the initial infection which usually results in a reduced second parasitaemic peak of shorter duration when birds are challenged with a homologous strain.", "PMID": 1128921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10437", "title": "Observations on the bionomics of Pseudolynchia canariensis (Diptera: Hippoboscidae).", "content": "Host suitability, reproduction, effects of temperature on reproduction and pupal development, effects of humidity on pupal development and the effects of photoperoid on puparial deposition, pupal development and adult emergence were studied in a laboratory colony of Pseudolynchia canariensis.  Flies were observed to lack strong host specificity.  Puparia were produced at regular 24 h intervals by flies maintained at 30 degrees C, averaging 8-8 puparia per female.  Optimum temperature for colony maintenance was observed to range between 26-6 and 30-0 degrees C.  Temperatures of 13 and 37 degrees C were lethal to pupae.  Humidity and photoperiod did not markedly affect pupal development.  Puparial deposition and adult emergence occurred only during the photoperiod.", "contents": "Observations on the bionomics of Pseudolynchia canariensis (Diptera: Hippoboscidae). Host suitability, reproduction, effects of temperature on reproduction and pupal development, effects of humidity on pupal development and the effects of photoperoid on puparial deposition, pupal development and adult emergence were studied in a laboratory colony of Pseudolynchia canariensis.  Flies were observed to lack strong host specificity.  Puparia were produced at regular 24 h intervals by flies maintained at 30 degrees C, averaging 8-8 puparia per female.  Optimum temperature for colony maintenance was observed to range between 26-6 and 30-0 degrees C.  Temperatures of 13 and 37 degrees C were lethal to pupae.  Humidity and photoperiod did not markedly affect pupal development.  Puparial deposition and adult emergence occurred only during the photoperiod.", "PMID": 1128922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10438", "title": "Laboratory studies with some recent anticoccidials.", "content": "The activities of monensin, lasalocid and halofuginone against Eimeria tenella, E. brunetti and E. necatrix have been studied under laboratory conditions.  Complete control of experimental infections in the chick, separable from toxicity, was not obtained with monensin, but was achieved with the other two compounds at levels of 150 and 6 ppm in the food respectively.  All three compounds appear to inhibit coccidial development very early in the life-cycle, and to have a fairly rapid lethal effect, monensin and lasalocid more so than the febrifugine derivative.  In vivo observations have been supplemented with in vitro studies.  Some discussion of the difficulties of relating laboratory experiments to field performance is given.", "contents": "Laboratory studies with some recent anticoccidials. The activities of monensin, lasalocid and halofuginone against Eimeria tenella, E. brunetti and E. necatrix have been studied under laboratory conditions.  Complete control of experimental infections in the chick, separable from toxicity, was not obtained with monensin, but was achieved with the other two compounds at levels of 150 and 6 ppm in the food respectively.  All three compounds appear to inhibit coccidial development very early in the life-cycle, and to have a fairly rapid lethal effect, monensin and lasalocid more so than the febrifugine derivative.  In vivo observations have been supplemented with in vitro studies.  Some discussion of the difficulties of relating laboratory experiments to field performance is given.", "PMID": 1128923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10439", "title": "Fine structure and development of schizonts, merozoites and macrogamonts of Eimeria acervulina in the goblet cells of the duodenal epithelium of experimentally infected birds.", "content": "The fine structure of trophozoites, schizonts, merozoites and macrogamonts of Eimeria acervulina found in goblet cells of the duodenal epithelium of chicks is described and compared with the corresponding stages formed in other epithelial cells.  Complete schizogony, with the formation of mature merozoites, occurred freely in goblet cells.  Developing macrogamonts (but no microgamonts) were rarely found in goblet cells.  The stages observed were confined to the cytoplasm of the host cell above the Golgi apparatus and were usually seen between the mucous granules.  The stages seen appeared normal, and contained similar structures to corresponding stages developing in other cells.  The finding of developing stages of E. acervulina in goblet cells provides further evidence that site specificity of Eimeria at the cellular level is not as strict as previously thought.", "contents": "Fine structure and development of schizonts, merozoites and macrogamonts of Eimeria acervulina in the goblet cells of the duodenal epithelium of experimentally infected birds. The fine structure of trophozoites, schizonts, merozoites and macrogamonts of Eimeria acervulina found in goblet cells of the duodenal epithelium of chicks is described and compared with the corresponding stages formed in other epithelial cells.  Complete schizogony, with the formation of mature merozoites, occurred freely in goblet cells.  Developing macrogamonts (but no microgamonts) were rarely found in goblet cells.  The stages observed were confined to the cytoplasm of the host cell above the Golgi apparatus and were usually seen between the mucous granules.  The stages seen appeared normal, and contained similar structures to corresponding stages developing in other cells.  The finding of developing stages of E. acervulina in goblet cells provides further evidence that site specificity of Eimeria at the cellular level is not as strict as previously thought.", "PMID": 1128924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10440", "title": "Genetic factors in susceptibility of Biomphalaria glabrata for different strains of Schistosoma mansoni.", "content": "Biomphalaria glabrata selected for genetic differences in susceptibility to infection with a Puerto Rican strain of Schistosoma mansoni were exposed to miracidia of a strain of S. mansoni from St Lucia.  The St Lucian strain was less infective than the Puerto Rican.  Results suggested that in snails susceptible to the Puerto Rican S. mansoni differences in susceptibility to the St Lucian straing were determined by a single gene, with insusceptibility dominant.", "contents": "Genetic factors in susceptibility of Biomphalaria glabrata for different strains of Schistosoma mansoni. Biomphalaria glabrata selected for genetic differences in susceptibility to infection with a Puerto Rican strain of Schistosoma mansoni were exposed to miracidia of a strain of S. mansoni from St Lucia.  The St Lucian strain was less infective than the Puerto Rican.  Results suggested that in snails susceptible to the Puerto Rican S. mansoni differences in susceptibility to the St Lucian straing were determined by a single gene, with insusceptibility dominant.", "PMID": 1128925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10441", "title": "Feeding of Boophilus microplus larvae on a partially defined medium through thin slices of cattle skin.", "content": "Larvae of the cattle tick Boophilus microplus will attach to thin (0-3--0-5 mm) slices of cattle skin and engorge on a partially defined medium at 35 degrees C.  Forty-seven to 83 per cent of the larvae had engorged by 8 days, and 51--71 per cent of these moulted to nymphs.  Tissue culture medium alone allowed little growth unless supplemented with dialysed, freeze dried bovine serum (7 per cent, w/v).  This medium could be further difined by substituting purified bovine serum albumin (Cohn fraction V) for the dialysed bovine serum.  In one experiment, nymphs of Haemaphysalis longicornis engorged and later moulted to adults.  Skin slices were used fresh or after freeze-drying and storing at --25 degrees C.  The possible uses of the culture method are discussed.", "contents": "Feeding of Boophilus microplus larvae on a partially defined medium through thin slices of cattle skin. Larvae of the cattle tick Boophilus microplus will attach to thin (0-3--0-5 mm) slices of cattle skin and engorge on a partially defined medium at 35 degrees C.  Forty-seven to 83 per cent of the larvae had engorged by 8 days, and 51--71 per cent of these moulted to nymphs.  Tissue culture medium alone allowed little growth unless supplemented with dialysed, freeze dried bovine serum (7 per cent, w/v).  This medium could be further difined by substituting purified bovine serum albumin (Cohn fraction V) for the dialysed bovine serum.  In one experiment, nymphs of Haemaphysalis longicornis engorged and later moulted to adults.  Skin slices were used fresh or after freeze-drying and storing at --25 degrees C.  The possible uses of the culture method are discussed.", "PMID": 1128926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10442", "title": "The number and morphology of trypanosomes in the blood and lymph of rats infected with Trypanosoma brucei and T. congolense.", "content": "The thoracic lymph duct of rats infected with Trypanosoma brucei and with T. congolense was cannulated at different stages of infection.  Trypanosomes were always present in the lymph of rats infected with T. brucei, wheras they were absent or very scarce in the lymph of rats infected with T. congolense.  There were greater fluctuations in the numbers of trypanosomes in the blood than in the lymph.  The intra- and extravascular populations of T. brucei differed: stumpy forms were present only in blood; dividing forms were usually more numerous in lymph.", "contents": "The number and morphology of trypanosomes in the blood and lymph of rats infected with Trypanosoma brucei and T. congolense. The thoracic lymph duct of rats infected with Trypanosoma brucei and with T. congolense was cannulated at different stages of infection.  Trypanosomes were always present in the lymph of rats infected with T. brucei, wheras they were absent or very scarce in the lymph of rats infected with T. congolense.  There were greater fluctuations in the numbers of trypanosomes in the blood than in the lymph.  The intra- and extravascular populations of T. brucei differed: stumpy forms were present only in blood; dividing forms were usually more numerous in lymph.", "PMID": 1128927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10443", "title": "Nematode parasites of Puerto Rican tree frogs, Eleutherodactylus spp: two new species and a proposal of Poekilostrongylus gen. nov. (Trichostrongylidae).", "content": "Poekilostrongylus puertoricensis gen.nov., sp.nov. is proposed for nematodes recovered from Eleutherodactylus coqui, in Puerto Rico.  The new genus is similar to Oswaldocruzia Travassos, 1917, but lacks longitudinal ridges on the cuticle.  Oswaldocruzia lenteixierai Viqueras, 1938, is partially redescribed, and a key to the genera of the Oswaldocruziinae is given.  Thelandros (Parathelandros) garciai sp.nov. is described from E. antillensis and E. portoricensis.  Strongyloides sp. was found in E. antillensis and Aplectana spp. (females) were recovered from E. locustus, E. richmondi and E. coqui.", "contents": "Nematode parasites of Puerto Rican tree frogs, Eleutherodactylus spp: two new species and a proposal of Poekilostrongylus gen. nov. (Trichostrongylidae). Poekilostrongylus puertoricensis gen.nov., sp.nov. is proposed for nematodes recovered from Eleutherodactylus coqui, in Puerto Rico.  The new genus is similar to Oswaldocruzia Travassos, 1917, but lacks longitudinal ridges on the cuticle.  Oswaldocruzia lenteixierai Viqueras, 1938, is partially redescribed, and a key to the genera of the Oswaldocruziinae is given.  Thelandros (Parathelandros) garciai sp.nov. is described from E. antillensis and E. portoricensis.  Strongyloides sp. was found in E. antillensis and Aplectana spp. (females) were recovered from E. locustus, E. richmondi and E. coqui.", "PMID": 1128929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10444", "title": "The lethal effect of mebendazole on secondary Echinococcus granulosus, cysticerci of Taenia pisiformis and tetrathyridia of Mesocestoides corti.", "content": "Oral administration of mebendazole at a rate of 1 g/kg feed (approximately 50 mg/kg body weight/day) for 14 days killed mature and immature cysticerci of Taenia pisiformis in rabbits, and multiplying tetrathyridia of Mesocestoides corti in mice.  Progressive degrees of parasite damage caused by mebendazole treatment could be assessed by histological examination of calcereous corpuscles.  A single subcutaneous injection of 10 percent mebendazole in carrier, at a rate of 100 mg/kg body weight, resulted in the death of all M. corti tetrathyridia in mice within 4 weeks, but the drug in saline was slowly mobilized and was relatively ineffective.  Neither subcutaneous injections of mebendazole in saline or in carrier could kill cysticerci of T. pisiformis within 5 weeks, but the drug in carrier was effective after several months.  Mebendazole in saline was effective when injected intraperitoneally, but adhesions often resulted from this route of administration.  Echinococcus granulosus protoscoleces administered to mice by intraperitoneal injection were rapidly encapsulated by host lymphoid cells.  The vesiculating protoscoleces were all contained within a fibrous capsule for more than 2 months after infection, but by 4 months almost all had grown free of the host reaction.  Treatment of the encapsulated protoscoleces with mebendazole in feed for 14-21 days caused collapse of the outer cysts and death of the germinal membrane of all but the innermost protoscoleces.  Six weeks later, however, cysts had regrown from surviving germinal tissue and a further treatment with mebendazole in feed for 14-21 days again did not destroy all germinal cells.  Treatment of the 4-month-old scoleces with mebendazole in feed for 14 days caused all cysts to collapse and destroyed practically all E. granulosus germinal tissue.  Three subcutaneous injections of mebendazole at fortnightly intervals, of drug in saline at 500 mg/kg body weight, or in carrier at 100 mg/dg body weight, were required in order apparently to kill all secondary cysts of E. granulosus.  Host lymphoid cells were not able to traverse the laminated membrane of either untreated or collapsed cysts, and it has been shown that only a small amount of living germinative tissue is required to produce a new E. granulosus cyst.  These factors could contribute to the relative ability of E. granulosus cysts to recover from mebendazole treatment, compared with cysticerci or tetrathyridia.  The effectiveness of mebendazole thus seemed to depend on the formulation of the drug and its route of administration.  Mebendazole is probably the first anthelmintic to have a lethal effect on larval cestodes.  When applied orally there do not appear to be any adverse effects due to treatment.", "contents": "The lethal effect of mebendazole on secondary Echinococcus granulosus, cysticerci of Taenia pisiformis and tetrathyridia of Mesocestoides corti. Oral administration of mebendazole at a rate of 1 g/kg feed (approximately 50 mg/kg body weight/day) for 14 days killed mature and immature cysticerci of Taenia pisiformis in rabbits, and multiplying tetrathyridia of Mesocestoides corti in mice.  Progressive degrees of parasite damage caused by mebendazole treatment could be assessed by histological examination of calcereous corpuscles.  A single subcutaneous injection of 10 percent mebendazole in carrier, at a rate of 100 mg/kg body weight, resulted in the death of all M. corti tetrathyridia in mice within 4 weeks, but the drug in saline was slowly mobilized and was relatively ineffective.  Neither subcutaneous injections of mebendazole in saline or in carrier could kill cysticerci of T. pisiformis within 5 weeks, but the drug in carrier was effective after several months.  Mebendazole in saline was effective when injected intraperitoneally, but adhesions often resulted from this route of administration.  Echinococcus granulosus protoscoleces administered to mice by intraperitoneal injection were rapidly encapsulated by host lymphoid cells.  The vesiculating protoscoleces were all contained within a fibrous capsule for more than 2 months after infection, but by 4 months almost all had grown free of the host reaction.  Treatment of the encapsulated protoscoleces with mebendazole in feed for 14-21 days caused collapse of the outer cysts and death of the germinal membrane of all but the innermost protoscoleces.  Six weeks later, however, cysts had regrown from surviving germinal tissue and a further treatment with mebendazole in feed for 14-21 days again did not destroy all germinal cells.  Treatment of the 4-month-old scoleces with mebendazole in feed for 14 days caused all cysts to collapse and destroyed practically all E. granulosus germinal tissue.  Three subcutaneous injections of mebendazole at fortnightly intervals, of drug in saline at 500 mg/kg body weight, or in carrier at 100 mg/dg body weight, were required in order apparently to kill all secondary cysts of E. granulosus.  Host lymphoid cells were not able to traverse the laminated membrane of either untreated or collapsed cysts, and it has been shown that only a small amount of living germinative tissue is required to produce a new E. granulosus cyst.  These factors could contribute to the relative ability of E. granulosus cysts to recover from mebendazole treatment, compared with cysticerci or tetrathyridia.  The effectiveness of mebendazole thus seemed to depend on the formulation of the drug and its route of administration.  Mebendazole is probably the first anthelmintic to have a lethal effect on larval cestodes.  When applied orally there do not appear to be any adverse effects due to treatment.", "PMID": 1128928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10445", "title": "Latrogenesis imperfecta--a new pediatric problem.", "content": "In this medical age which relies heavily on electronic and technologic advances, the physician is often willing to place unwarranted confidence in laboratory data regarding his patients. In those unusual situations in which the patient is not directly examined, e.g., prospective screening or prenatal diagnosis, treatment errors can be made. These acts of commissions are initiated by interpretation of laboratory data and can result in detrimental effects to the patient. The term iatrogenesis imperfecta has been designated to describe this situation.", "contents": "Latrogenesis imperfecta--a new pediatric problem. In this medical age which relies heavily on electronic and technologic advances, the physician is often willing to place unwarranted confidence in laboratory data regarding his patients. In those unusual situations in which the patient is not directly examined, e.g., prospective screening or prenatal diagnosis, treatment errors can be made. These acts of commissions are initiated by interpretation of laboratory data and can result in detrimental effects to the patient. The term iatrogenesis imperfecta has been designated to describe this situation.", "PMID": 1128952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10446", "title": "The pathology of neonatal osteomyelitis.", "content": "The examination of multiple bones from a child who died of complications of septicemia and osteomyelitis elucidated the pathologic processes of infantile osteomyelitis. From a metaphyseal focus, there is spread in several directions. Most important, the infection can spread across the growth plate, along transphyseal vessels, to penetrate the epiphysis. Areas of direct destruction of growth plate were frequent findings, and allowed another route into the epiphysis.", "contents": "The pathology of neonatal osteomyelitis. The examination of multiple bones from a child who died of complications of septicemia and osteomyelitis elucidated the pathologic processes of infantile osteomyelitis. From a metaphyseal focus, there is spread in several directions. Most important, the infection can spread across the growth plate, along transphyseal vessels, to penetrate the epiphysis. Areas of direct destruction of growth plate were frequent findings, and allowed another route into the epiphysis.", "PMID": 1128955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10447", "title": "Maternal thyroid status and the incidence of respiratory distress syndrome: evaluation of a proposed relationship.", "content": "In order to establish whether maternal thyroid hormones cross the placenta and produce surfactant in the fetus, possibly reducing the incidence of respiratory distress syndrome (RDD), a retrospective analysis of low-birthweight infants was undertaken. Results indicate that maternal thyroid hormones play a negligible role and that any thyroid mediation would result from fetal thyroid activity.", "contents": "Maternal thyroid status and the incidence of respiratory distress syndrome: evaluation of a proposed relationship. In order to establish whether maternal thyroid hormones cross the placenta and produce surfactant in the fetus, possibly reducing the incidence of respiratory distress syndrome (RDD), a retrospective analysis of low-birthweight infants was undertaken. Results indicate that maternal thyroid hormones play a negligible role and that any thyroid mediation would result from fetal thyroid activity.", "PMID": 1128956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10448", "title": "Plasma corticoids in the respiratory distress syndrome and in normal infants.", "content": "Serial plasma samples for corticoid determination were obtained during the neonatal period in 16 infants with RDS (eight of whom died) and 44 healthy babies. The median corticoid level in the eight infants with RDS who was considerably higher than that of patients with RDS who survived, or the normal babies. The median corticoid level in the surviving RDS infants was statistically greater than that of the normal controls, but the actual difference was only 1.9 mug/100 ml. Simultaneous pH, PCO2, PO2, HCO3- and corticoid measurements were obtained serially in five patients with fatal RDS. However, the correlation between plasma corticoids and the acid-base determination was poor in all but one infant. It is concluded that infants are able to respond to severe physical stress in the neonatal period with an appropriate rise in plasma corticoid concentration, but lesser degrees of illness may cause only minimal changes in corticoid levels.", "contents": "Plasma corticoids in the respiratory distress syndrome and in normal infants. Serial plasma samples for corticoid determination were obtained during the neonatal period in 16 infants with RDS (eight of whom died) and 44 healthy babies. The median corticoid level in the eight infants with RDS who was considerably higher than that of patients with RDS who survived, or the normal babies. The median corticoid level in the surviving RDS infants was statistically greater than that of the normal controls, but the actual difference was only 1.9 mug/100 ml. Simultaneous pH, PCO2, PO2, HCO3- and corticoid measurements were obtained serially in five patients with fatal RDS. However, the correlation between plasma corticoids and the acid-base determination was poor in all but one infant. It is concluded that infants are able to respond to severe physical stress in the neonatal period with an appropriate rise in plasma corticoid concentration, but lesser degrees of illness may cause only minimal changes in corticoid levels.", "PMID": 1128957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10449", "title": "Neonatal bromide intoxication: prenatal ingestion of a large quantity of bromides with transplacental accumulation in the fetus.", "content": "A 27-year-old woman who was 34 weeks pregnant was admitted in a semicomatose state. Five days later she gave birth to an infant who demonstrated significant CNS depression. Elevated blood levels confirmed bromide intoxication in both the mother and infant secondary to chronic maternal bromide ingestion (Nervine). Simultaneous determinations revealed a higher initial serum bromide level in the infant compared to that of the mother in spite of a subsequent more rapid rate of disappearance in the neonate. It is suggested that the drug history obtained from the pregnant woman include nonprescription medications containing bromides. This possibility should also be included in the differential diagnosis in infants exhibiting evidence of CNS depression, particularly those born to mothers classified as neurotic or psychotic.", "contents": "Neonatal bromide intoxication: prenatal ingestion of a large quantity of bromides with transplacental accumulation in the fetus. A 27-year-old woman who was 34 weeks pregnant was admitted in a semicomatose state. Five days later she gave birth to an infant who demonstrated significant CNS depression. Elevated blood levels confirmed bromide intoxication in both the mother and infant secondary to chronic maternal bromide ingestion (Nervine). Simultaneous determinations revealed a higher initial serum bromide level in the infant compared to that of the mother in spite of a subsequent more rapid rate of disappearance in the neonate. It is suggested that the drug history obtained from the pregnant woman include nonprescription medications containing bromides. This possibility should also be included in the differential diagnosis in infants exhibiting evidence of CNS depression, particularly those born to mothers classified as neurotic or psychotic.", "PMID": 1128958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10450", "title": "Hemophilus influenzae meningitis at the Children's Hospital Medical Center in Boston, 1958 to 1973.", "content": "Three hundred ninety-seven children were admitted to the Children's Hospital Medical Center, Boston between 1958 and 1973 with H. influenzae meningitis. The annual rate of admission and the percent of all cases of bacterial meningitis were not changed from that of the preceding decade. The age incidence was strikingly similar to that reported from this hospital for 1920 to 1932.", "contents": "Hemophilus influenzae meningitis at the Children's Hospital Medical Center in Boston, 1958 to 1973. Three hundred ninety-seven children were admitted to the Children's Hospital Medical Center, Boston between 1958 and 1973 with H. influenzae meningitis. The annual rate of admission and the percent of all cases of bacterial meningitis were not changed from that of the preceding decade. The age incidence was strikingly similar to that reported from this hospital for 1920 to 1932.", "PMID": 1128959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10451", "title": "Treatment of severe apnea in prematures with orally administered theophylline.", "content": "Twelve premature infants with primary apnea were treated with theophylline as an alternative to mechanical ventilation.  There was a significant (P smaller than .005) reduction in the mean daily number and the severity of apneic episodes after treatment.  The only significant side effect noted was a rise in heart rate.", "contents": "Treatment of severe apnea in prematures with orally administered theophylline. Twelve premature infants with primary apnea were treated with theophylline as an alternative to mechanical ventilation.  There was a significant (P smaller than .005) reduction in the mean daily number and the severity of apneic episodes after treatment.  The only significant side effect noted was a rise in heart rate.", "PMID": 1128984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10452", "title": "The pediatric pneumogram: a new method for detecting and quantitating apnea in infants.", "content": "A clinically useful diagnostic method has been developed for detecting and quantitating periods of apnea in pediatric patients.  This procedure, called the pediatric pneumogram, permits the continuous recording on magnetic tape, for periods of up to 13 hours, of the respiratory pattern of infants utilizing an impedance technique.  This test has been employed successfully in a variety of infants to evaluate respiratory activity and has permitted the objective documentation of apneic and cyanotic episodes, as well as an assessment of the eff ectiveness of therapy.", "contents": "The pediatric pneumogram: a new method for detecting and quantitating apnea in infants. A clinically useful diagnostic method has been developed for detecting and quantitating periods of apnea in pediatric patients.  This procedure, called the pediatric pneumogram, permits the continuous recording on magnetic tape, for periods of up to 13 hours, of the respiratory pattern of infants utilizing an impedance technique.  This test has been employed successfully in a variety of infants to evaluate respiratory activity and has permitted the objective documentation of apneic and cyanotic episodes, as well as an assessment of the eff ectiveness of therapy.", "PMID": 1128985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10453", "title": "Chemoreceptor reflexes in preterm infants: I. The effect of gestational and postnatal age on the ventilatory response to inhalation of 100% and 15% oxygen.", "content": "We studied 16 \"healthy\" preterm infants (birthweight, 1,000 to 2,000 gm) 94 times during postnatal life to define the effect of gestational and postnatal age on the ventilatory response to 100% and 15% oxygen. They were given air, then 100% oxygen for two and five minutes respectively (No.=63) or 21%, 15% and then 21% oxygen for five minutes each (No.=31). We measured respiratory minute and tidal volumes, frequency, heart rate, and alveolar PCO2 and PO2. We used the magnitude of the immediate change in ventilation during during 100% and 15% oxygen breathing to test peripheral chemoreceptor function. The immediate decrease in ventilation with 100% oxygen and the immediate increase in ventilation with 15% oxygen were statistically similar at different gestational and postnatal ages. The late increase in ventilation (five minutes) with 100% oxygen was also similar at different ages. However, the late decrease in ventilation with 15% oxygen was not present at 18 days of age. These findings suggest that: (1) the peripheral chemo-receptors are active at least from 28 weeks of gestation and are probably not important in triggering periodic breathing or apnea in preterm infants, and (2) the preterm infant matures his response to hypoxia and is able to sustain hyperventilation with low oxygen by 18 days of age.", "contents": "Chemoreceptor reflexes in preterm infants: I. The effect of gestational and postnatal age on the ventilatory response to inhalation of 100% and 15% oxygen. We studied 16 \"healthy\" preterm infants (birthweight, 1,000 to 2,000 gm) 94 times during postnatal life to define the effect of gestational and postnatal age on the ventilatory response to 100% and 15% oxygen. They were given air, then 100% oxygen for two and five minutes respectively (No.=63) or 21%, 15% and then 21% oxygen for five minutes each (No.=31). We measured respiratory minute and tidal volumes, frequency, heart rate, and alveolar PCO2 and PO2. We used the magnitude of the immediate change in ventilation during during 100% and 15% oxygen breathing to test peripheral chemoreceptor function. The immediate decrease in ventilation with 100% oxygen and the immediate increase in ventilation with 15% oxygen were statistically similar at different gestational and postnatal ages. The late increase in ventilation (five minutes) with 100% oxygen was also similar at different ages. However, the late decrease in ventilation with 15% oxygen was not present at 18 days of age. These findings suggest that: (1) the peripheral chemo-receptors are active at least from 28 weeks of gestation and are probably not important in triggering periodic breathing or apnea in preterm infants, and (2) the preterm infant matures his response to hypoxia and is able to sustain hyperventilation with low oxygen by 18 days of age.", "PMID": 1128986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10454", "title": "Chemoreceptor reflexes in preterm infants: II. The effect of gestational and postnatal age on the ventilatory response to inhaled carbon dioxide.", "content": "We studied nine \"healthy\" preterm infants (birthweight, 1,000 to 2,000 gm) 58 times during postnatal life to define the effects of gestational and postnatal age on the ventilatory response to carbon dioxide. The infants were given air and 2% and 4% carbon dioxide in air to breathe for five minutes each. We determined respiratory minute and tidal volumes, frequency,heart rate, and alveolar PCO2 and PO2. We measured ventilation with a nosepiece and a screen flowmeter, using a constant flow-through to eliminate valves and reduce diad space. Analysis were made during the fifth minute while the baby breathed the various gas mistures. The slope of the carbon dioxide response increased 42% from 32 to 37 weeks gestation (P smaller than .05) and 62% from 2 to 27 days of age (P smaller than. 025). However, the intercept at .3 liter/min/kg was the same at different gestational ages, but significantly greater at 2 compared with 27 days of age (P smaller than.05). We sugest that the unresposiveness primarily dependent on the mechanical abnormalities of the lung.", "contents": "Chemoreceptor reflexes in preterm infants: II. The effect of gestational and postnatal age on the ventilatory response to inhaled carbon dioxide. We studied nine \"healthy\" preterm infants (birthweight, 1,000 to 2,000 gm) 58 times during postnatal life to define the effects of gestational and postnatal age on the ventilatory response to carbon dioxide. The infants were given air and 2% and 4% carbon dioxide in air to breathe for five minutes each. We determined respiratory minute and tidal volumes, frequency,heart rate, and alveolar PCO2 and PO2. We measured ventilation with a nosepiece and a screen flowmeter, using a constant flow-through to eliminate valves and reduce diad space. Analysis were made during the fifth minute while the baby breathed the various gas mistures. The slope of the carbon dioxide response increased 42% from 32 to 37 weeks gestation (P smaller than .05) and 62% from 2 to 27 days of age (P smaller than. 025). However, the intercept at .3 liter/min/kg was the same at different gestational ages, but significantly greater at 2 compared with 27 days of age (P smaller than.05). We sugest that the unresposiveness primarily dependent on the mechanical abnormalities of the lung.", "PMID": 1128987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10455", "title": "Rapid diagnosis of sickle cell disease at birth by microcolumn chromatography.", "content": "Accurate specific diagnosis of sickle cell disease can now be made at birth on routinely obtained cord blood samples by microcolumn chromatography.  The method uses a small column of a cation ion exchange resin, CM-Sephadex, and a single developer that allows definitive rapid distinction of hemoglobin SS, AS, AC, SC, and CC, within two hours.  Seventy-five samples or more per day have been analyzed by one technician in a laboratory without special precautions or equipment.  In a program which has been initiated on a large, totally unpredictable obstetrical service in Los Angeles, 10,401 consecutively born infants have been studied for hemoglobin type without regard to racial origin.  Three SS infants, 1 SC, 143 AS infants, and 37 AC infants as well as several with other abnormal hemoglobins have been identified without interfering with the routine operation of the delivery rooms of the obstetrical service.  The diagnosis of sickle cell disease has been confirmed on subsequent examinations of the infants.  The feasibility of using microcolumn chromatography as a rapid, accurate, inexpensive, and easy method for the rapid diagnosis of sickle cell disease in newborns has now been established.", "contents": "Rapid diagnosis of sickle cell disease at birth by microcolumn chromatography. Accurate specific diagnosis of sickle cell disease can now be made at birth on routinely obtained cord blood samples by microcolumn chromatography.  The method uses a small column of a cation ion exchange resin, CM-Sephadex, and a single developer that allows definitive rapid distinction of hemoglobin SS, AS, AC, SC, and CC, within two hours.  Seventy-five samples or more per day have been analyzed by one technician in a laboratory without special precautions or equipment.  In a program which has been initiated on a large, totally unpredictable obstetrical service in Los Angeles, 10,401 consecutively born infants have been studied for hemoglobin type without regard to racial origin.  Three SS infants, 1 SC, 143 AS infants, and 37 AC infants as well as several with other abnormal hemoglobins have been identified without interfering with the routine operation of the delivery rooms of the obstetrical service.  The diagnosis of sickle cell disease has been confirmed on subsequent examinations of the infants.  The feasibility of using microcolumn chromatography as a rapid, accurate, inexpensive, and easy method for the rapid diagnosis of sickle cell disease in newborns has now been established.", "PMID": 1128988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10456", "title": "Percutaneous carciac catheterization of the neonate.", "content": "A modified Seldinger percutaneous approach for catheterization was used for cardiac evaluation and monitoring of infants weighing less than 4,520 gm. From January 1968, through April 1971, 160 left- and 230 right-sided cardiac procedures were done. After July 1969 81% of all left-and 42% of all right-sided procedures were done percutaneously. After October 1969 catheters were also inserted percutaneously in 20 infants for intensive care monitoring. During this period three children were noted to have dimished pulse on discharge, two were noted to have vascular thrombosis, and two had episodes of bleeding from the catheter site requiring transfusion of fresh blood. Both instances of vascular thrombosis occurred in infants with monitoring catheters. The percutaneous method of catheter insertion into the femoral vessels offers a safe method for cardiac catheterization of the neonate and of insertion of monitoring catheters where the umbilical route is not feasible. Vessel continuity is also preserved, providing a route for repeated studies if necessary.", "contents": "Percutaneous carciac catheterization of the neonate. A modified Seldinger percutaneous approach for catheterization was used for cardiac evaluation and monitoring of infants weighing less than 4,520 gm. From January 1968, through April 1971, 160 left- and 230 right-sided cardiac procedures were done. After July 1969 81% of all left-and 42% of all right-sided procedures were done percutaneously. After October 1969 catheters were also inserted percutaneously in 20 infants for intensive care monitoring. During this period three children were noted to have dimished pulse on discharge, two were noted to have vascular thrombosis, and two had episodes of bleeding from the catheter site requiring transfusion of fresh blood. Both instances of vascular thrombosis occurred in infants with monitoring catheters. The percutaneous method of catheter insertion into the femoral vessels offers a safe method for cardiac catheterization of the neonate and of insertion of monitoring catheters where the umbilical route is not feasible. Vessel continuity is also preserved, providing a route for repeated studies if necessary.", "PMID": 1128989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10457", "title": "The application of acoustic impedance measurements to pediatric clinical practice.", "content": "This article provides background information on acoustic impedance testing and illustrates utilization of test results in pediatric clinical practice.  Acoustic impedance measurement devices are presently being used successfully by hearing screening programs and by otorhinolaryngologists in clinical and hospital settings.  As a diagnostic tool, the acoustic impedance bridge can have particular applicability in dealing withe young children and other  difficult-to-test populations.  Impedance measurements can provide physicians with objective information about the condition of the middle ear, oftentimes more accurately than either otoscopic examination or standard audiometry.  The technique described can assist physicians in diagnosing middle-ear diseases and in monitoring the effects of otological treatment.", "contents": "The application of acoustic impedance measurements to pediatric clinical practice. This article provides background information on acoustic impedance testing and illustrates utilization of test results in pediatric clinical practice.  Acoustic impedance measurement devices are presently being used successfully by hearing screening programs and by otorhinolaryngologists in clinical and hospital settings.  As a diagnostic tool, the acoustic impedance bridge can have particular applicability in dealing withe young children and other  difficult-to-test populations.  Impedance measurements can provide physicians with objective information about the condition of the middle ear, oftentimes more accurately than either otoscopic examination or standard audiometry.  The technique described can assist physicians in diagnosing middle-ear diseases and in monitoring the effects of otological treatment.", "PMID": 1128990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10458", "title": "Relationship of maternal and infant iron stores as assessed by determination of plasma ferritin.", "content": "Using plasma ferritin derminations, iron stores have been evaluated at the end of pregnancy in 26 women and followed sequentially in their healthy, full-term infants.  It has been shown that the iron storage status of the mother does not affect the iron status of the infant.  Determinations of plasma ferritin in the infants have demonstrated that by 6 months of age the iron status of the infant reflects the adequacy of the dietary intake of iron.  In the absence of effective iron supplementation during the first six months, plasma ferritin levels fall to low levels, indicating the depletion of iron stores in the infant.", "contents": "Relationship of maternal and infant iron stores as assessed by determination of plasma ferritin. Using plasma ferritin derminations, iron stores have been evaluated at the end of pregnancy in 26 women and followed sequentially in their healthy, full-term infants.  It has been shown that the iron storage status of the mother does not affect the iron status of the infant.  Determinations of plasma ferritin in the infants have demonstrated that by 6 months of age the iron status of the infant reflects the adequacy of the dietary intake of iron.  In the absence of effective iron supplementation during the first six months, plasma ferritin levels fall to low levels, indicating the depletion of iron stores in the infant.", "PMID": 1128991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10459", "title": "The modification of pediatrician activity following the addition of the pediatric nurse practitioner to the ambulatory care setting: a time-and motion study.", "content": "Time and motion studies were performed before and after PNPs began working in the offices of three pediatricians and the emergency room of a municipal general hospital.  Pediatricians' activities changed in different ways, but all benefited by the generation of available time.  The three pediatricians in office settings gained the equivalents of 21.6%, 21.7%, and 36% of the working day by the addition of the PNP.  Physicians working in the emergency room gained 14.7% during that time of day the PNP was present.  PNP visits with patients were longer than those of the pediatricians, the average length of time being related directly to that of the associate physician.  Patients interviewed perceived no difference in personal characteristics between pediatricians and PNPs in three of the four settings.  In the fourth setting, both were at high levels, but the pediatrician ranked higher than the PNP.", "contents": "The modification of pediatrician activity following the addition of the pediatric nurse practitioner to the ambulatory care setting: a time-and motion study. Time and motion studies were performed before and after PNPs began working in the offices of three pediatricians and the emergency room of a municipal general hospital.  Pediatricians' activities changed in different ways, but all benefited by the generation of available time.  The three pediatricians in office settings gained the equivalents of 21.6%, 21.7%, and 36% of the working day by the addition of the PNP.  Physicians working in the emergency room gained 14.7% during that time of day the PNP was present.  PNP visits with patients were longer than those of the pediatricians, the average length of time being related directly to that of the associate physician.  Patients interviewed perceived no difference in personal characteristics between pediatricians and PNPs in three of the four settings.  In the fourth setting, both were at high levels, but the pediatrician ranked higher than the PNP.", "PMID": 1128992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10460", "title": "DiGeorge's or the III-IV pharyngeal pouch syndrome: pathology and a theory of pathogenesis.", "content": "Six new cases of the III-IV pharyngeal pouch syndrome were encountered at autopsy among 897 consecutive pediatric autoposies. All occurred in patients with conotruncal cardiac anomalies. The anatomic characteristics of the heart defect suggest a possible mechanism for the pathogenesis of this developmental anomaly. It is postulated that premature involution of the thyroidea ima artery, which is the principal embryonic blood source to the 3rd and 4th pharyngeal pouches and the ultimobranchial body, may be the critical event in the embryogenesis of the syndrome. Hemodynamic alterations in the course of anomalous morphogenesis of conotruncal anomalies may favor premature involution of certain vessels including the left 4th aortic arch and the thyroidea ima. Deficiencies of thymus, parathyroid glands and ultimobranchial tissue (\"C\" cells) may be the consequence of vascular deprivation during embryogenesis. These cases are discussed with regard to the proposed mechanism of pathogenesis and the influence of varying quantities of thymus upon peripheral lymphoid tissue. Both embryologic and clinical data support the possibility of a deficiency of ultimobranchial tissue. The range of minor and inconstant anomalies seen in patients with this syndrome is presented.", "contents": "DiGeorge's or the III-IV pharyngeal pouch syndrome: pathology and a theory of pathogenesis. Six new cases of the III-IV pharyngeal pouch syndrome were encountered at autopsy among 897 consecutive pediatric autoposies. All occurred in patients with conotruncal cardiac anomalies. The anatomic characteristics of the heart defect suggest a possible mechanism for the pathogenesis of this developmental anomaly. It is postulated that premature involution of the thyroidea ima artery, which is the principal embryonic blood source to the 3rd and 4th pharyngeal pouches and the ultimobranchial body, may be the critical event in the embryogenesis of the syndrome. Hemodynamic alterations in the course of anomalous morphogenesis of conotruncal anomalies may favor premature involution of certain vessels including the left 4th aortic arch and the thyroidea ima. Deficiencies of thymus, parathyroid glands and ultimobranchial tissue (\"C\" cells) may be the consequence of vascular deprivation during embryogenesis. These cases are discussed with regard to the proposed mechanism of pathogenesis and the influence of varying quantities of thymus upon peripheral lymphoid tissue. Both embryologic and clinical data support the possibility of a deficiency of ultimobranchial tissue. The range of minor and inconstant anomalies seen in patients with this syndrome is presented.", "PMID": 1129030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10461", "title": "[Chemotherapeutic combinations of mutually potentializing drugs. 1-Application to the treatment of breast cancers].", "content": "27 patients suffering from disseminated carcinoma of the breast with at least two visceral metastases, and two had become resistant to conventional chemotherpy and hormones, received a combination of, in the present trial, vincristine followed by cyclophosphamide with 5-fluoro-uracil. Chemotherapy was administered intermittently: each cycle of treatment lasted 6 days and was followed by a period without treatment of 25 days. Haematological tolerance was satisfactory. No serious incidents occurred during two years use of the combination. 20 out of 27 patients showed objective tumour regression of more than 50 p.cent lasting for more than 6 months, whilst 9 showed apparent complete regression of the malignant lesions. There was one complete failure. Chemotherapy was continued in all cases after regression of the neoplastic process was obtained.", "contents": "[Chemotherapeutic combinations of mutually potentializing drugs. 1-Application to the treatment of breast cancers]. 27 patients suffering from disseminated carcinoma of the breast with at least two visceral metastases, and two had become resistant to conventional chemotherpy and hormones, received a combination of, in the present trial, vincristine followed by cyclophosphamide with 5-fluoro-uracil. Chemotherapy was administered intermittently: each cycle of treatment lasted 6 days and was followed by a period without treatment of 25 days. Haematological tolerance was satisfactory. No serious incidents occurred during two years use of the combination. 20 out of 27 patients showed objective tumour regression of more than 50 p.cent lasting for more than 6 months, whilst 9 showed apparent complete regression of the malignant lesions. There was one complete failure. Chemotherapy was continued in all cases after regression of the neoplastic process was obtained.", "PMID": 1129034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10462", "title": "[Chemotherapeutic combinations of mutually potentiating drugs. 2-Application to the treatment of bronchial cancers].", "content": "16 patients suffering from primary bronchial tumours which had recurred after surgery and/or radiotherapy and with spread involving at least one visceral or lymphatic metastasis received chemotherapy consisting of the administration of vincristine followed by a combination of CCNU and 5-fluorouracil. Each cycle of treatment lasted 6 days and was restarted only after an interval of 30 days on average, this being necessary for haematological recovery. With the doses of CCNU used, thrombocytopaenia occurred only during the fifth cycle of treatment and made it necessary to increase the interval between subsequent courses to five weeks. All of the patients included in the study have now been followed up for between six and eighteen months. Two patients are presently in complete remission without apparent radiological, clinical or bronchoscopic signs. In seven other patients there was tumour regression greater than 50 p.cent persisting for four to six months. In seven, the therapeutic effect was transient or nil.", "contents": "[Chemotherapeutic combinations of mutually potentiating drugs. 2-Application to the treatment of bronchial cancers]. 16 patients suffering from primary bronchial tumours which had recurred after surgery and/or radiotherapy and with spread involving at least one visceral or lymphatic metastasis received chemotherapy consisting of the administration of vincristine followed by a combination of CCNU and 5-fluorouracil. Each cycle of treatment lasted 6 days and was restarted only after an interval of 30 days on average, this being necessary for haematological recovery. With the doses of CCNU used, thrombocytopaenia occurred only during the fifth cycle of treatment and made it necessary to increase the interval between subsequent courses to five weeks. All of the patients included in the study have now been followed up for between six and eighteen months. Two patients are presently in complete remission without apparent radiological, clinical or bronchoscopic signs. In seven other patients there was tumour regression greater than 50 p.cent persisting for four to six months. In seven, the therapeutic effect was transient or nil.", "PMID": 1129035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10463", "title": "[Cancer of the transverse colon: a cancer diagnosed too late].", "content": "Study of 48 cases carcinoma of the transverse colon, undergoing surgery over a period of 6 years from 1968 to 1973 led to the following conclusions: diagnosis is often later because of the calibre of this part of the colon and hence little occlusive tendency. The best operation appears to be right and transverse hemicolectomy with ileo-colic anastamosis and resection of the gastrocolic ligament, where recurrences occur, along the edge of the greater curve of the stomach.", "contents": "[Cancer of the transverse colon: a cancer diagnosed too late]. Study of 48 cases carcinoma of the transverse colon, undergoing surgery over a period of 6 years from 1968 to 1973 led to the following conclusions: diagnosis is often later because of the calibre of this part of the colon and hence little occlusive tendency. The best operation appears to be right and transverse hemicolectomy with ileo-colic anastamosis and resection of the gastrocolic ligament, where recurrences occur, along the edge of the greater curve of the stomach.", "PMID": 1129036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10464", "title": "[Postoperative intraabdominal suppurations due to Ristella. Clinical, bacteriological and therapeutic characteristics].", "content": "From 1972 to 1974, 8 intraabdominal postoperative suppurations due to Bacteroides have been observed at Hospital Beaujon. Three characteristic features of such infections have been analysed: the high frequency of associated jaundice; the difficulty of isolation of the Bacteroides; their specific sensitivity to some antibiotics. In 5 patients, jaundice related to the bacterial infection has been observed; jaundice was of the cholestatic type; it was mainly due to conjugated hyperbilirubinemia; in approximately 50 p.cent of the cases, serum alkalin phosphatases activity and serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase activity were moderately elevated; the presence of jaundice did not seem to have any influence on the prognosis. The frequent association to Bacteroids of enterobacteria makes isolation of the Bacteroides difficult. The necessity of some precautions in the handling (storage at 4 degrees C or immediate inoculation in anaerobic conditions) is emphasized. Bacteroides are always resistant to penicillin and to the other broad spectrum antibiotics usually effective enterobacteria. They are sensitive to tetracyclins (5/8), lincomycin (2/4), clindamycin (2/3), rifampicin (8/8), pristinamycin (7/7), carbenicillin (3/3), erythromycin (8/8) and chloramphenicol (8/8).", "contents": "[Postoperative intraabdominal suppurations due to Ristella. Clinical, bacteriological and therapeutic characteristics]. From 1972 to 1974, 8 intraabdominal postoperative suppurations due to Bacteroides have been observed at Hospital Beaujon. Three characteristic features of such infections have been analysed: the high frequency of associated jaundice; the difficulty of isolation of the Bacteroides; their specific sensitivity to some antibiotics. In 5 patients, jaundice related to the bacterial infection has been observed; jaundice was of the cholestatic type; it was mainly due to conjugated hyperbilirubinemia; in approximately 50 p.cent of the cases, serum alkalin phosphatases activity and serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase activity were moderately elevated; the presence of jaundice did not seem to have any influence on the prognosis. The frequent association to Bacteroids of enterobacteria makes isolation of the Bacteroides difficult. The necessity of some precautions in the handling (storage at 4 degrees C or immediate inoculation in anaerobic conditions) is emphasized. Bacteroides are always resistant to penicillin and to the other broad spectrum antibiotics usually effective enterobacteria. They are sensitive to tetracyclins (5/8), lincomycin (2/4), clindamycin (2/3), rifampicin (8/8), pristinamycin (7/7), carbenicillin (3/3), erythromycin (8/8) and chloramphenicol (8/8).", "PMID": 1129059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10465", "title": "[Gentic study of paroxystic familial polyseritis. 72 cases].", "content": "Study of the mode of hereditary transmission of familial paroxystic polyserositis in Lebanon led us to conclude that the disease was transmitted in a dominant fashion. In almost one third of our families, dominant transmission was certain or probable. In the other families, dominant heredity was not excluded if the hypothesis, supported by many facts, of incomplete penetrance is accepted. The possibility that certain forms of the disease are dominant and others recessive cannot be rejected, but in the absence of biological proff of this genetic heterogeneity it cannot be confirmed. The majority of the patients, as is usual in the disease, were male. The highest risk groups in the Lebanese population are Armenians and Shiite Moslems", "contents": "[Gentic study of paroxystic familial polyseritis. 72 cases]. Study of the mode of hereditary transmission of familial paroxystic polyserositis in Lebanon led us to conclude that the disease was transmitted in a dominant fashion. In almost one third of our families, dominant transmission was certain or probable. In the other families, dominant heredity was not excluded if the hypothesis, supported by many facts, of incomplete penetrance is accepted. The possibility that certain forms of the disease are dominant and others recessive cannot be rejected, but in the absence of biological proff of this genetic heterogeneity it cannot be confirmed. The majority of the patients, as is usual in the disease, were male. The highest risk groups in the Lebanese population are Armenians and Shiite Moslems", "PMID": 1129060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10466", "title": "[\"Pearl-string artery\" with mesenteric localization].", "content": "Angiorgrams sometimes show regular and symetrical corrugations of the arterial outline. The shadows have been given various names: pearl string arter, bamboo pattern and so on. Involved arteries are mostly those of the extremities, especially the lower limbs. The authors have found a case involving the mesenteric artery. Usually, there is no pathological state of the arterial wall. Thus, surgical action is unnecessary.", "contents": "[\"Pearl-string artery\" with mesenteric localization]. Angiorgrams sometimes show regular and symetrical corrugations of the arterial outline. The shadows have been given various names: pearl string arter, bamboo pattern and so on. Involved arteries are mostly those of the extremities, especially the lower limbs. The authors have found a case involving the mesenteric artery. Usually, there is no pathological state of the arterial wall. Thus, surgical action is unnecessary.", "PMID": 1129070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10467", "title": "[Arterialization technic of the venous net work in the foot].", "content": "The amputation of the lower extermity can be avoided in many patients, particularly in diabetics by means of the arterialization of thevenous net of the foot, whenever the classic techniques of revascularization cannot been used for the magnitud of the arterial lesions below the knee. This arterialization uses two venous autografts: one in the leg functionning as a channel and the second functionning as a regulator or a temporary discharge. This technique, used in three diabetic patients with gangrenous lesions of the foot, has allowed to avoid amputation in two of them.", "contents": "[Arterialization technic of the venous net work in the foot]. The amputation of the lower extermity can be avoided in many patients, particularly in diabetics by means of the arterialization of thevenous net of the foot, whenever the classic techniques of revascularization cannot been used for the magnitud of the arterial lesions below the knee. This arterialization uses two venous autografts: one in the leg functionning as a channel and the second functionning as a regulator or a temporary discharge. This technique, used in three diabetic patients with gangrenous lesions of the foot, has allowed to avoid amputation in two of them.", "PMID": 1129071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10468", "title": "[Hypovolemic shocks simulating severe pulmonary embolism. 20 cases].", "content": "Twenty cases of hypovolemic shock of various etiologies in which initial diagnosis was massive pulmonary embolism are analyzed. The error was due to intensity of respiratory failure symptoms and electrocardiographic changes suggesting acute cor pulmonale. However, although constant, hypoxemia was mild and easily corrected by oxygen administration. Hypovolemia was confirmed by low central venous pressure (CPV EQUALS 1, 3 cm H20); in 7 patients, right heart catheterism showed lowered cardiac output associated to low ventricular filling pressures (VFP). Rapid blood volume expansion simultaneously corrected in all cases both shock and clinical signs of \"respiratory failure\", while CVP increased only slightly. These findings suggest that CVP must be carefully checked when faced with a clinical picture of massive pulmonary embolism and if low, rapid blood volume expansion must be performed under CVP monitoring, in order to rule out hypovolemic shock.", "contents": "[Hypovolemic shocks simulating severe pulmonary embolism. 20 cases]. Twenty cases of hypovolemic shock of various etiologies in which initial diagnosis was massive pulmonary embolism are analyzed. The error was due to intensity of respiratory failure symptoms and electrocardiographic changes suggesting acute cor pulmonale. However, although constant, hypoxemia was mild and easily corrected by oxygen administration. Hypovolemia was confirmed by low central venous pressure (CPV EQUALS 1, 3 cm H20); in 7 patients, right heart catheterism showed lowered cardiac output associated to low ventricular filling pressures (VFP). Rapid blood volume expansion simultaneously corrected in all cases both shock and clinical signs of \"respiratory failure\", while CVP increased only slightly. These findings suggest that CVP must be carefully checked when faced with a clinical picture of massive pulmonary embolism and if low, rapid blood volume expansion must be performed under CVP monitoring, in order to rule out hypovolemic shock.", "PMID": 1129072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10469", "title": "[Right renal arteriovenous fistula after nephrectomy with streptococcal endarteritis].", "content": "The authors add a new case, to the 41 already published, of arterio-venous fistula of the renal pedicle after nephrectomy, with the peculiarity of its presentation as a prolonged fever resulting from streptococcal bacterial endarteritis at the site of the fistula (3rd case in the literature). Surgical treatment in association with massive and prolonged antibiotic therapy resulted in recovery.", "contents": "[Right renal arteriovenous fistula after nephrectomy with streptococcal endarteritis]. The authors add a new case, to the 41 already published, of arterio-venous fistula of the renal pedicle after nephrectomy, with the peculiarity of its presentation as a prolonged fever resulting from streptococcal bacterial endarteritis at the site of the fistula (3rd case in the literature). Surgical treatment in association with massive and prolonged antibiotic therapy resulted in recovery.", "PMID": 1129073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10470", "title": "[Pericardial effusions and mediastinal radiotherapy. 4 cases].", "content": "The authors report 4 cases of chronic pericardial effus-ons appearing several months after high dose mediastinal irradiation for Hodgkin's disease. They describe their clinical characteristics and course. The difficulties of differential diagnosis are mentioned, in particular recurrence of malignancy and tuberculosis. They stress the reserved long term prognosis and the absence of any specific therapeutic approach. The increasing use of madiastinal radiotherapy suggests that the incidence of such manifestations will increase.", "contents": "[Pericardial effusions and mediastinal radiotherapy. 4 cases]. The authors report 4 cases of chronic pericardial effus-ons appearing several months after high dose mediastinal irradiation for Hodgkin's disease. They describe their clinical characteristics and course. The difficulties of differential diagnosis are mentioned, in particular recurrence of malignancy and tuberculosis. They stress the reserved long term prognosis and the absence of any specific therapeutic approach. The increasing use of madiastinal radiotherapy suggests that the incidence of such manifestations will increase.", "PMID": 1129075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10471", "title": "[Quantitative functional exploration of the salivary glands. Measurement of salivary elimination of technetium 99].", "content": "The authors propose a method for the quantitative functional exploration of the salivary glands using two objective criteria, on the one hand the level of fixation in the parotid of technetium 99m injected in the form of its pertechnate and on the other hand by the fraction of radioactivity found in different specimens of saliva collected in the course of a test carried out using a pharmacological agent free of toxic effects--lemon juice. The quantitative results obtained and its simplicity render the method particularly useful in evaluating the course of salivary function in all forms of disorder, pathological or iatrogenic.", "contents": "[Quantitative functional exploration of the salivary glands. Measurement of salivary elimination of technetium 99]. The authors propose a method for the quantitative functional exploration of the salivary glands using two objective criteria, on the one hand the level of fixation in the parotid of technetium 99m injected in the form of its pertechnate and on the other hand by the fraction of radioactivity found in different specimens of saliva collected in the course of a test carried out using a pharmacological agent free of toxic effects--lemon juice. The quantitative results obtained and its simplicity render the method particularly useful in evaluating the course of salivary function in all forms of disorder, pathological or iatrogenic.", "PMID": 1129092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10472", "title": "[Catheterization in orificial aortic stenosis].", "content": "By virtue of its relative simplicity and its rapidity, the investigation of aortic stenosis recently perfected (and used with a satisfactory percentage of success and without important incident) deserves wide usage in haemodynamic and angiograpnic laboratories. Even if it does not always provide the solution to a particularly delicate problem, which is often of vital importance, it provides data which, modifiable and better used, should provide an adequate notion of the anatomical and physiopathological state in aortic stenosis.", "contents": "[Catheterization in orificial aortic stenosis]. By virtue of its relative simplicity and its rapidity, the investigation of aortic stenosis recently perfected (and used with a satisfactory percentage of success and without important incident) deserves wide usage in haemodynamic and angiograpnic laboratories. Even if it does not always provide the solution to a particularly delicate problem, which is often of vital importance, it provides data which, modifiable and better used, should provide an adequate notion of the anatomical and physiopathological state in aortic stenosis.", "PMID": 1129093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10473", "title": "[Reversible encephalopathies caused by bismuth salts. 5 further cases].", "content": "The authors report five new cases of myoclonic encephalopathy caused by bismuth salts with a characteristic and constant clinical picture. The signs regressed when treatment was stopped.", "contents": "[Reversible encephalopathies caused by bismuth salts. 5 further cases]. The authors report five new cases of myoclonic encephalopathy caused by bismuth salts with a characteristic and constant clinical picture. The signs regressed when treatment was stopped.", "PMID": 1129094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10474", "title": "[Septicemias of superinfection in resucitation. Their prevention by restriction of antibiotics].", "content": "Nosocomial septicemias supervened during the 15 trimesters following the opening of a new built critical care unit were reviewed. During the five first trimesters the incidence of nosocomial septicemias was 5.9 p.cent. It increases to 10.7 p.cent (p smaller than 0.001) during the five following trimesters. Then a drastic restriction in antibiotic administration was performed, including withdrawal of any prophylactic antibiotherapy, preferential use of penicilline G to prevent infection by Clostridium and cocci Gram positive species surinfection, and, in case of bacterial proved infection, use of a narrow spectrum adapted antibiotic for a time as short as possible. During the 5 trimesters following the application of this antibiotic restriction, the incidence of nosocomial septicemias dropped to 5.7 p.cent (p smaller than 0.001). This phenomenon was related to the lowered incidence of the Gram negative bacilli septicemias from 11.1 p.cent to 4.8 p.cent (p smaller than 0.001) while the incidence of Gram positive cocci septicemias remained unchanged. These results strongly suggest the responsibility of the overuse of antibiotics in the determination of nosocomial septicemias and the efficiency of a drastic antibiotic restriction upon the surinfection of patients hospitalized in a critical care unit.", "contents": "[Septicemias of superinfection in resucitation. Their prevention by restriction of antibiotics]. Nosocomial septicemias supervened during the 15 trimesters following the opening of a new built critical care unit were reviewed. During the five first trimesters the incidence of nosocomial septicemias was 5.9 p.cent. It increases to 10.7 p.cent (p smaller than 0.001) during the five following trimesters. Then a drastic restriction in antibiotic administration was performed, including withdrawal of any prophylactic antibiotherapy, preferential use of penicilline G to prevent infection by Clostridium and cocci Gram positive species surinfection, and, in case of bacterial proved infection, use of a narrow spectrum adapted antibiotic for a time as short as possible. During the 5 trimesters following the application of this antibiotic restriction, the incidence of nosocomial septicemias dropped to 5.7 p.cent (p smaller than 0.001). This phenomenon was related to the lowered incidence of the Gram negative bacilli septicemias from 11.1 p.cent to 4.8 p.cent (p smaller than 0.001) while the incidence of Gram positive cocci septicemias remained unchanged. These results strongly suggest the responsibility of the overuse of antibiotics in the determination of nosocomial septicemias and the efficiency of a drastic antibiotic restriction upon the surinfection of patients hospitalized in a critical care unit.", "PMID": 1129104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10475", "title": "[Chronic pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer: differenciation by ultrasonics].", "content": "Analysis of the ultrasound patterns obtained in 63 pancreatic tumours and 147 cases of chronic pancreatis shows a considerable difference in the two conditions. The echostructure is mainly dense and reflexogenic in chronic pancreatitis and trans-sonic in carcinomata.", "contents": "[Chronic pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer: differenciation by ultrasonics]. Analysis of the ultrasound patterns obtained in 63 pancreatic tumours and 147 cases of chronic pancreatis shows a considerable difference in the two conditions. The echostructure is mainly dense and reflexogenic in chronic pancreatitis and trans-sonic in carcinomata.", "PMID": 1129110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10476", "title": "[Diagnosis of hyperparathyroidism: value of jugular catheterization for radioimmunologic determination of parathormone. 1st results].", "content": "Value of venous blood sampling by jugular catheterisation with radioimmunological estimation of parathormone in the diagnosis of hyperparathyroidism. Initial results.", "contents": "[Diagnosis of hyperparathyroidism: value of jugular catheterization for radioimmunologic determination of parathormone. 1st results]. Value of venous blood sampling by jugular catheterisation with radioimmunological estimation of parathormone in the diagnosis of hyperparathyroidism. Initial results.", "PMID": 1129111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10477", "title": "[Approach to the dorso-lumbar joint by sub-pleuro-peritoneal route].", "content": "The authors expose an access to the dorsal-lumbar spine through sub pleuro-peritoneal way. There are two interesting points to it: - A very wide open access allowing every surgical gesture from D9 to L3 according to the necessities. - The relative mildness of post-operative sequels, regarding the extra serous form of this way. The use of this access should allow to widden the surgical informations relative to the dorso-lumbar articulation.", "contents": "[Approach to the dorso-lumbar joint by sub-pleuro-peritoneal route]. The authors expose an access to the dorsal-lumbar spine through sub pleuro-peritoneal way. There are two interesting points to it: - A very wide open access allowing every surgical gesture from D9 to L3 according to the necessities. - The relative mildness of post-operative sequels, regarding the extra serous form of this way. The use of this access should allow to widden the surgical informations relative to the dorso-lumbar articulation.", "PMID": 1129126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10478", "title": "A model for chromatin sub-structure incorporating symmetry considerations of histone oligomers.", "content": "Symmetry considerations of the kind of structures which can be generated when dimers of histones f2al-f3 and f2a2-f2b interact lead to the following conclusions: chromatin subunits based on closed-shell structures give rise to discrete, non-interacting nucleoprotein subunits with the histones arranged at random along the DNA chain; open structures based on infinite helices give rise to highly ordered, regular arrangements of dimers. A model is proposed in which helical polymers of f2al-f3 and f2b-f2a2 form a central core with the DNA helically arranged around it. The helical repeat contains 9.6 turns of B-form DNA and one molecule each of f2al, f2a2, f2b, f3 and f1. The pitch of the helix is 53Angstrom and the other diameter 130Angstrom. The protein molecular repeat is 106Angstrom.", "contents": "A model for chromatin sub-structure incorporating symmetry considerations of histone oligomers. Symmetry considerations of the kind of structures which can be generated when dimers of histones f2al-f3 and f2a2-f2b interact lead to the following conclusions: chromatin subunits based on closed-shell structures give rise to discrete, non-interacting nucleoprotein subunits with the histones arranged at random along the DNA chain; open structures based on infinite helices give rise to highly ordered, regular arrangements of dimers. A model is proposed in which helical polymers of f2al-f3 and f2b-f2a2 form a central core with the DNA helically arranged around it. The helical repeat contains 9.6 turns of B-form DNA and one molecule each of f2al, f2a2, f2b, f3 and f1. The pitch of the helix is 53Angstrom and the other diameter 130Angstrom. The protein molecular repeat is 106Angstrom.", "PMID": 1129140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10479", "title": "Preparation and separation of d(pT)-10-n oligonucleotides.", "content": "A series of oligomers having the general formula d(pT)-10-n, n varying from 2 to 20, has been prepared by enzymatic joining of d(pT)-10, annealed on poly dA, employing T-4 polynucleotide ligase. The oligomers could be separated on 8 or 12% polyacrylamide gels. Such oligomers may prove useful as molecular weight markers and initiators for various polymerases.", "contents": "Preparation and separation of d(pT)-10-n oligonucleotides. A series of oligomers having the general formula d(pT)-10-n, n varying from 2 to 20, has been prepared by enzymatic joining of d(pT)-10, annealed on poly dA, employing T-4 polynucleotide ligase. The oligomers could be separated on 8 or 12% polyacrylamide gels. Such oligomers may prove useful as molecular weight markers and initiators for various polymerases.", "PMID": 1129141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10480", "title": "The use of s-2-cyanoethyl phosphorothioate in the preparation of oligo 5'-deoxy-5'-thiothymidylates.", "content": "An improvement of our strategy for the stepwise synthesis of oligo 5'-deoxy-5'-thiodeoxyribonucleotides [Chladek and Nagyvary (1972) J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 94, 2079] involves the use of 5'-O-tosylthymidine 3'-S-2-cyanoethyl phosphorothioate. The displacement of the tosylate by thymidine 3'-phosphorothioate and subsequent alkaline deblocking afforded the dinucleotide (Tps)2. The process of displacement and deblocking was repeated three more times at an average yield of 30 percent per step. The corresponding bifunctional derivative of deoxyadenosine was found much less reactive and practically unsuitable for repeated chain elongation. The ORD and CD spectra of the analogs are similar to those of the natural oligonucleotides.", "contents": "The use of s-2-cyanoethyl phosphorothioate in the preparation of oligo 5'-deoxy-5'-thiothymidylates. An improvement of our strategy for the stepwise synthesis of oligo 5'-deoxy-5'-thiodeoxyribonucleotides [Chladek and Nagyvary (1972) J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 94, 2079] involves the use of 5'-O-tosylthymidine 3'-S-2-cyanoethyl phosphorothioate. The displacement of the tosylate by thymidine 3'-phosphorothioate and subsequent alkaline deblocking afforded the dinucleotide (Tps)2. The process of displacement and deblocking was repeated three more times at an average yield of 30 percent per step. The corresponding bifunctional derivative of deoxyadenosine was found much less reactive and practically unsuitable for repeated chain elongation. The ORD and CD spectra of the analogs are similar to those of the natural oligonucleotides.", "PMID": 1129142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10481", "title": "Studies on the structure of replicative intermediates in bacteriophage M13 single stranded DNA synthesis.", "content": "Pulse-labeled replicative intermediates in M 13 single stranded DNA synthesis can be separated by dye-buoyant density centrifugation into two major fractions: Supercoiled molecules (RI I) containing viral strands of more than one genome length, and \"relaxed\" molecules (RI II) with labeled DNA chains shorter than unit length. It is postulated that RI II molecules might be formed in vivo by site-specific nicking of RF I molecules.", "contents": "Studies on the structure of replicative intermediates in bacteriophage M13 single stranded DNA synthesis. Pulse-labeled replicative intermediates in M 13 single stranded DNA synthesis can be separated by dye-buoyant density centrifugation into two major fractions: Supercoiled molecules (RI I) containing viral strands of more than one genome length, and \"relaxed\" molecules (RI II) with labeled DNA chains shorter than unit length. It is postulated that RI II molecules might be formed in vivo by site-specific nicking of RF I molecules.", "PMID": 1129143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10482", "title": "A possible role of the 5' terminal sequence of 16S ribosomal RNA in the recognition of initiation sequences for protein synthesis.", "content": "Extensive complementarity is found between the 5' end of 16S ribosomal RNA and protein synthesis initiation sites of bacteriophage RNA. Hybrids can be constructed from base sequences of 16S-RNA and two initiation regions on phage RNA. A model is proposed for the involvement of 16S-RNA in the unfolding of hairpin loops containing the initiation codon AUG.", "contents": "A possible role of the 5' terminal sequence of 16S ribosomal RNA in the recognition of initiation sequences for protein synthesis. Extensive complementarity is found between the 5' end of 16S ribosomal RNA and protein synthesis initiation sites of bacteriophage RNA. Hybrids can be constructed from base sequences of 16S-RNA and two initiation regions on phage RNA. A model is proposed for the involvement of 16S-RNA in the unfolding of hairpin loops containing the initiation codon AUG.", "PMID": 1129144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10483", "title": "Polynucleotide fragments from the 28S ribosomal RNA of insects.", "content": "If RNA is extracted from the ribosomes which had been isolated from frozen-thawed tissue of Galleria mellonella, the 28 S RNA, when heated or treated with urea, dissociates into seven different species of polynucleotide fragments. They were designated as R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, and R7, whose molecular weights were estimated to be 1.15x10-6, 0.75x10-6, 0.55x10-6, 0.40x10-6, 0.30x10-6, 0.25x10-6, 0.20x10-6 daltons, respectively. It is likely that R1 and R5 arise from a single nick in original 38 S rRNA. Experiments with isolated R1 suggest that it is made up of a hydrogen-bonded complex of R2 and R4. R5 is a complex of R6 and an unidentified species, X. It is suggested that these fragments result from nicks which are introduced, secondarily, in the phosphodiester bonds by an endogenous endonuclease(s). Since the secondary nicks are limited in number and located in specific points of the molecule, it appears that the reaction is quite specific. It was also shown that the 28 S aphid RNA, which apparently lacks the primary nick, is susceptible to nicking.", "contents": "Polynucleotide fragments from the 28S ribosomal RNA of insects. If RNA is extracted from the ribosomes which had been isolated from frozen-thawed tissue of Galleria mellonella, the 28 S RNA, when heated or treated with urea, dissociates into seven different species of polynucleotide fragments. They were designated as R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, and R7, whose molecular weights were estimated to be 1.15x10-6, 0.75x10-6, 0.55x10-6, 0.40x10-6, 0.30x10-6, 0.25x10-6, 0.20x10-6 daltons, respectively. It is likely that R1 and R5 arise from a single nick in original 38 S rRNA. Experiments with isolated R1 suggest that it is made up of a hydrogen-bonded complex of R2 and R4. R5 is a complex of R6 and an unidentified species, X. It is suggested that these fragments result from nicks which are introduced, secondarily, in the phosphodiester bonds by an endogenous endonuclease(s). Since the secondary nicks are limited in number and located in specific points of the molecule, it appears that the reaction is quite specific. It was also shown that the 28 S aphid RNA, which apparently lacks the primary nick, is susceptible to nicking.", "PMID": 1129145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10484", "title": "[Quantitative analysis of polypeptides by disc electrophoresis in pore gradients].", "content": "The quantitation of components in a complex mixture of proteins of Pseudomonas denitrificans separated by disc-electrophoresis in the linear pore gradient of polyacrylamide gel was studied. The problem of a poor staining of proteins in the presence of a detergent was solved by a high resolving power photography. A linear correlation between the amount of protein in the fraction and the intensity of amide black staining was extablished. In comparison to the wild type of P. denitrificans the aldehyde negative mutant showed significant changes in protein fractions amounting to 30% of total protein, according to the densitometrical data. It is suggested that the changes are related to the protein migration in fractions rather than to an additional synthesis in different protein fractions.", "contents": "[Quantitative analysis of polypeptides by disc electrophoresis in pore gradients]. The quantitation of components in a complex mixture of proteins of Pseudomonas denitrificans separated by disc-electrophoresis in the linear pore gradient of polyacrylamide gel was studied. The problem of a poor staining of proteins in the presence of a detergent was solved by a high resolving power photography. A linear correlation between the amount of protein in the fraction and the intensity of amide black staining was extablished. In comparison to the wild type of P. denitrificans the aldehyde negative mutant showed significant changes in protein fractions amounting to 30% of total protein, according to the densitometrical data. It is suggested that the changes are related to the protein migration in fractions rather than to an additional synthesis in different protein fractions.", "PMID": 1129223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10485", "title": "[Determination of the total quantity of carbohydrates in dried yeast].", "content": "Different colourimetric methods for measuring carbohydrates in yeast have been compared.  A method using 5% phenol aqueous solution in the presence of concentrated sulphuric acid has been developed to quantitate carbohydrates.  The method has been described as applied to an analysis of dry yeast.", "contents": "[Determination of the total quantity of carbohydrates in dried yeast]. Different colourimetric methods for measuring carbohydrates in yeast have been compared.  A method using 5% phenol aqueous solution in the presence of concentrated sulphuric acid has been developed to quantitate carbohydrates.  The method has been described as applied to an analysis of dry yeast.", "PMID": 1129224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10486", "title": "[Selection of fungi--alkaloid producers--by the method of thin layer chromatography].", "content": "Microscopical fungi of the Penicillium genus were studied by thin-layer chromatography to select potential producers of alkaloids.  A procedure for selection was developed to include microbial cultivation, extraction and conduct of qualitative and quantitative reactions on thin-layer chromatograms with routine alkaloid reagents.  The cultures furnishing these reactions were selected for futher isolation and identification of products.", "contents": "[Selection of fungi--alkaloid producers--by the method of thin layer chromatography]. Microscopical fungi of the Penicillium genus were studied by thin-layer chromatography to select potential producers of alkaloids.  A procedure for selection was developed to include microbial cultivation, extraction and conduct of qualitative and quantitative reactions on thin-layer chromatograms with routine alkaloid reagents.  The cultures furnishing these reactions were selected for futher isolation and identification of products.", "PMID": 1129225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10487", "title": "[Use of the SF-4 spectrophotometer as a universal densitometer during column chromatography and gel filtration].", "content": "The paper describes an installation consisting of an SF-4 (SF-4a) spectrophotometer equipped with a flow cuvette and of an ink recorder.  The installation allows registration of biological substances during their fractionation on columns.", "contents": "[Use of the SF-4 spectrophotometer as a universal densitometer during column chromatography and gel filtration]. The paper describes an installation consisting of an SF-4 (SF-4a) spectrophotometer equipped with a flow cuvette and of an ink recorder.  The installation allows registration of biological substances during their fractionation on columns.", "PMID": 1129226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10488", "title": "[Use of a freeze-drief culture of Leuconostoc mesenteroides for the synthesis of dextran].", "content": "The influence of a prolonged storage of the freeze-dried culture Leuconostoc mesenteroides strain SF-4 on its capacity for the dextrane synthesis has been studied. The culture has maintained its normal viability for 12 years (the observation time) without changes in the cell morphology and capacity for the dextrane synthesis. The structure of dextrane synthesized by the revived culture L. mesenteroides has been similar to that of dextrane synthesized by the culture L. mesenteroides preserved via passages.", "contents": "[Use of a freeze-drief culture of Leuconostoc mesenteroides for the synthesis of dextran]. The influence of a prolonged storage of the freeze-dried culture Leuconostoc mesenteroides strain SF-4 on its capacity for the dextrane synthesis has been studied. The culture has maintained its normal viability for 12 years (the observation time) without changes in the cell morphology and capacity for the dextrane synthesis. The structure of dextrane synthesized by the revived culture L. mesenteroides has been similar to that of dextrane synthesized by the culture L. mesenteroides preserved via passages.", "PMID": 1129227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10489", "title": "[Phosphorus metabolism in yeasts, oxidizing hydrocarbons during active aeration of the medium].", "content": "Variations in the phosphorus and nitrogen assimilation by hydrocarbon oxidizing yeast C. guilliermondii K-5 were followed upon an active aeration of the medium  Changes in the phosphate forms of the acid-soluble and acid-insoluble fractions were found.  By the end of the lag-phase the content of all phosphate forms, except stable polyphosphates, increased.  At the onset of the active budding the content of labile phosphates, belonging to acid-soluble phosphates, increased.  As the culture developed, the content of these forms decreased and increased slightly in the growth phase with a negative acceleration.  Acid-insoluble polyphosphates were accumulated in the culture as long as it grew.  In the growth phase with a negative acceleration these polyphosphates were hydrolyzed.  This was responsible for an increment of all phosphates in the acid-soluble fraction.  The same pattern occurred in the dying phase of the culture.", "contents": "[Phosphorus metabolism in yeasts, oxidizing hydrocarbons during active aeration of the medium]. Variations in the phosphorus and nitrogen assimilation by hydrocarbon oxidizing yeast C. guilliermondii K-5 were followed upon an active aeration of the medium  Changes in the phosphate forms of the acid-soluble and acid-insoluble fractions were found.  By the end of the lag-phase the content of all phosphate forms, except stable polyphosphates, increased.  At the onset of the active budding the content of labile phosphates, belonging to acid-soluble phosphates, increased.  As the culture developed, the content of these forms decreased and increased slightly in the growth phase with a negative acceleration.  Acid-insoluble polyphosphates were accumulated in the culture as long as it grew.  In the growth phase with a negative acceleration these polyphosphates were hydrolyzed.  This was responsible for an increment of all phosphates in the acid-soluble fraction.  The same pattern occurred in the dying phase of the culture.", "PMID": 1129229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10490", "title": "[Methods of increasing the activity of extracellular esterase, beta-fructofuranosidase and proteases of wine yeast].", "content": "Upon regular fermentation changes in the activity of the enzymes esterase, beta-fructofuranosidase and protease of the yeast Saccharomyces mini of the Parkent I race were examined.  The maximum activity of the enzymes occurred in the stationary phase of the yeast growth.  An increase in the activity of the above enzymes was shown possible during a prolonged stabilization of the stationary conditions in the process of a continuous chemostat cultivation of wine yeast.", "contents": "[Methods of increasing the activity of extracellular esterase, beta-fructofuranosidase and proteases of wine yeast]. Upon regular fermentation changes in the activity of the enzymes esterase, beta-fructofuranosidase and protease of the yeast Saccharomyces mini of the Parkent I race were examined.  The maximum activity of the enzymes occurred in the stationary phase of the yeast growth.  An increase in the activity of the above enzymes was shown possible during a prolonged stabilization of the stationary conditions in the process of a continuous chemostat cultivation of wine yeast.", "PMID": 1129228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10491", "title": "[Effect of temperature on the activity of enzymes hydrolyzing non-starch polysaccharides].", "content": "The temperature optimum and thermal stability of endo-beta-glucanase, beta-glucanase, pentosanase and cellobiase from the enzymic preparations used in the brewing industry to treat high amounts of unmalted barley--citorosemin Px, citorosemin P10x, amylosubtilin G10x and brew-n-zyme--were measured.  In order to determine the termerature optimum the enzyme activity was assayed under standard conditions.  It was found that the temperature optimum for endo-beta-glucanase of all preparations was 50 degrees, for beta-glucanase and pentosanase--40 degrees, for cellobiase--70 degrees C.  The thermal stability of endo-beta-glucanase from amylosubtilin G10x and brew-n-zyme in the aqueous solution was higher than that from ditorosemin Px and P10x.  The thermal stability of the latter preparations noticeably increased in the presence of substrates.", "contents": "[Effect of temperature on the activity of enzymes hydrolyzing non-starch polysaccharides]. The temperature optimum and thermal stability of endo-beta-glucanase, beta-glucanase, pentosanase and cellobiase from the enzymic preparations used in the brewing industry to treat high amounts of unmalted barley--citorosemin Px, citorosemin P10x, amylosubtilin G10x and brew-n-zyme--were measured.  In order to determine the termerature optimum the enzyme activity was assayed under standard conditions.  It was found that the temperature optimum for endo-beta-glucanase of all preparations was 50 degrees, for beta-glucanase and pentosanase--40 degrees, for cellobiase--70 degrees C.  The thermal stability of endo-beta-glucanase from amylosubtilin G10x and brew-n-zyme in the aqueous solution was higher than that from ditorosemin Px and P10x.  The thermal stability of the latter preparations noticeably increased in the presence of substrates.", "PMID": 1129230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10492", "title": "[Synthesis of mucolytic enzymes by thermophilic strains of microorganisms].", "content": "The paper presents data on the accumulation of biomass and the rate of enzyme synthesis on nutrient media of different composition by two thermophilic microorganisms isolated from soil--Bacterium sp. 1641 and Actinomyces sp. 10.", "contents": "[Synthesis of mucolytic enzymes by thermophilic strains of microorganisms]. The paper presents data on the accumulation of biomass and the rate of enzyme synthesis on nutrient media of different composition by two thermophilic microorganisms isolated from soil--Bacterium sp. 1641 and Actinomyces sp. 10.", "PMID": 1129231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10493", "title": "[Effect of cyclic compounds on pigment formation in Aspergillus niger cultures].", "content": "The mycelial pigment os Asp. niger VP has been fractionated into four fractions ehose solubility is similar to melanin pigments obtained from other sources.  The addition of pyrocatechol, L-aspartic, benzoic, kojic and salicylic acids to the liquid Capek medium stimulates the fungal growth but diminishes the yield of fractions of the melanin pigment from the mycelium.  Cinnamic acid does not influence the growth but also decreases the yield of the pigment.  DL-tyrosine stimulates the fungal growth and produces no influence on the total yield of fractions 2, 3 and 4 from the mycelial pigment.  All the cyclic compounds enhance the pigmentation of the culture liquid and give rise to the formation of fractions 2 and 3 of the melanin pigment.  This latter constitutes a substantial portion of the dry matter of the fungal cell.  The pigment content in the mycelium is much higher than that in the culture liquid of the corresponding culture.", "contents": "[Effect of cyclic compounds on pigment formation in Aspergillus niger cultures]. The mycelial pigment os Asp. niger VP has been fractionated into four fractions ehose solubility is similar to melanin pigments obtained from other sources.  The addition of pyrocatechol, L-aspartic, benzoic, kojic and salicylic acids to the liquid Capek medium stimulates the fungal growth but diminishes the yield of fractions of the melanin pigment from the mycelium.  Cinnamic acid does not influence the growth but also decreases the yield of the pigment.  DL-tyrosine stimulates the fungal growth and produces no influence on the total yield of fractions 2, 3 and 4 from the mycelial pigment.  All the cyclic compounds enhance the pigmentation of the culture liquid and give rise to the formation of fractions 2 and 3 of the melanin pigment.  This latter constitutes a substantial portion of the dry matter of the fungal cell.  The pigment content in the mycelium is much higher than that in the culture liquid of the corresponding culture.", "PMID": 1129232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10494", "title": "[Effect of yeast disintegration conditions on protein properties].", "content": "The influence of the cellular treatment with the aid of a vibrocolloidal mill on the model proteins--albumin and yeast glutelin was studied.  The treatment of the model proteins in methylene chloride using the vibrocolloidal mill did not change the protein solubility.  By analytical centrifugation, electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel and gel filtration it was shown that these proteins underwent no destruction.", "contents": "[Effect of yeast disintegration conditions on protein properties]. The influence of the cellular treatment with the aid of a vibrocolloidal mill on the model proteins--albumin and yeast glutelin was studied.  The treatment of the model proteins in methylene chloride using the vibrocolloidal mill did not change the protein solubility.  By analytical centrifugation, electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel and gel filtration it was shown that these proteins underwent no destruction.", "PMID": 1129234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10495", "title": "[Study of the fractional composition of protein substances in gluten by the gel-chromatographic method].", "content": "The fractional composition of protein substances of the gluten was studied by gel chromatography.  The gluten proteins from the mormal wheat flour and eurygaster damaged wheat flour were compared.  The content of the high molicular weight fraction was measured for the gluten of weak and normal flour.  The fractional composition of gliadin from the normal and weak flour was investigated.  The molecular weight of gliadin from eurygaster damaged grain was shown to change during autolysis.", "contents": "[Study of the fractional composition of protein substances in gluten by the gel-chromatographic method]. The fractional composition of protein substances of the gluten was studied by gel chromatography.  The gluten proteins from the mormal wheat flour and eurygaster damaged wheat flour were compared.  The content of the high molicular weight fraction was measured for the gluten of weak and normal flour.  The fractional composition of gliadin from the normal and weak flour was investigated.  The molecular weight of gliadin from eurygaster damaged grain was shown to change during autolysis.", "PMID": 1129235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10496", "title": "[Detection of retinaldehyde in mouse liver].", "content": "Vitamin A metabolites were studied in the liver of white mice, hamsters, guinea-pigs and rabbits after a single administration of retinyl acetate per os.  In addition to retinol and retinyl palmitate, the mouse showed retinaldehyde which accumulated in the liver in the maximum concentration 3 hours later after the vitamin administration.  Retinaldehyde isolated on aluminium oxide by means of TCA was examined with respect to absorption spectra in the UV-light, NaBH4 reduction with subsequent isolation of anhydrovitamin A from the reduced product as well as to absorption peaks in reactions with SbCl3 and thiobarbituric acid.", "contents": "[Detection of retinaldehyde in mouse liver]. Vitamin A metabolites were studied in the liver of white mice, hamsters, guinea-pigs and rabbits after a single administration of retinyl acetate per os.  In addition to retinol and retinyl palmitate, the mouse showed retinaldehyde which accumulated in the liver in the maximum concentration 3 hours later after the vitamin administration.  Retinaldehyde isolated on aluminium oxide by means of TCA was examined with respect to absorption spectra in the UV-light, NaBH4 reduction with subsequent isolation of anhydrovitamin A from the reduced product as well as to absorption peaks in reactions with SbCl3 and thiobarbituric acid.", "PMID": 1129233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10497", "title": "[Fatty acid composition of polar lipid fractions of ripening wheat].", "content": "By thin-layer chromatography on silica gel L (Czechoslovakia) monoglycerides, diglycerides, free fatty acids and triglycerides were isolated from free lipids of ripeining wheat.  The composition of free fatty acids of these fractions was studied by gas-liquid chromatography.  The following fatty acids were identified and quantified: C10:0; C12:0; 14:0; C14:1; X15:0; C16:0; C17:0; C18:1; C18:2; C18:3; C20:09  Linoleic, palmitnic, oleic, stearic and linolenic acids accured in large quantities.  The wheat ripeinig was followed by a decrease in the sum total of saturated and an increase of the sum total of unsaturated fatty acids.  During ripening the content of biologically important linoleic acid increased: in monoglycerides from 42.6 to 19.5%, diglycerides from 51.0 to 62.4%, in free fatty acids from 48.8 to 51.0% and in triglycerides from 54.5 to 61.1%, whereas the content of palmitinic and linolenic acids diminished.", "contents": "[Fatty acid composition of polar lipid fractions of ripening wheat]. By thin-layer chromatography on silica gel L (Czechoslovakia) monoglycerides, diglycerides, free fatty acids and triglycerides were isolated from free lipids of ripeining wheat.  The composition of free fatty acids of these fractions was studied by gas-liquid chromatography.  The following fatty acids were identified and quantified: C10:0; C12:0; 14:0; C14:1; X15:0; C16:0; C17:0; C18:1; C18:2; C18:3; C20:09  Linoleic, palmitnic, oleic, stearic and linolenic acids accured in large quantities.  The wheat ripeinig was followed by a decrease in the sum total of saturated and an increase of the sum total of unsaturated fatty acids.  During ripening the content of biologically important linoleic acid increased: in monoglycerides from 42.6 to 19.5%, diglycerides from 51.0 to 62.4%, in free fatty acids from 48.8 to 51.0% and in triglycerides from 54.5 to 61.1%, whereas the content of palmitinic and linolenic acids diminished.", "PMID": 1129236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10498", "title": "[Isolation and properties of saponins from rhizomes of Dioscorea deltoidea Wall].", "content": "From the rhizome D. deltoidea a new trisaccharide of diosgenine has been isolated.  This compound is diosgenine-3 (alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl (1-->2gl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->4 gl)-beta-D-glucopyranoside.  This trisaccharide has been termed deltonine.  The rhizome D. deltoidea has also displayed furostanolic tetrasaccharide which is a mixture of delta5-furostene-3beta, 22, 26-triol-3beta-deltotrioside-26beta-D-glucopyranoside and its alkoxyderivative.  This tetrasaccharide has been termed deltoside.  The rhizome has also small quantities of diosgenine-3-beta-D-glucopyranosyl (1-->4)-beta-D-glucopyranoside.", "contents": "[Isolation and properties of saponins from rhizomes of Dioscorea deltoidea Wall]. From the rhizome D. deltoidea a new trisaccharide of diosgenine has been isolated.  This compound is diosgenine-3 (alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl (1-->2gl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->4 gl)-beta-D-glucopyranoside.  This trisaccharide has been termed deltonine.  The rhizome D. deltoidea has also displayed furostanolic tetrasaccharide which is a mixture of delta5-furostene-3beta, 22, 26-triol-3beta-deltotrioside-26beta-D-glucopyranoside and its alkoxyderivative.  This tetrasaccharide has been termed deltoside.  The rhizome has also small quantities of diosgenine-3-beta-D-glucopyranosyl (1-->4)-beta-D-glucopyranoside.", "PMID": 1129237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10499", "title": "[Correlated interrelationships between the concentrations of chorionic gonadotropin, progesterone and estriol in normal pregnancy].", "content": "A study was made of 151 healthy pregnant women at periods of from 4 to 41 weeks of pregnancy. There was revealed no correlation between the level of excretion of the CG and estriol, and also of the CG and pregnandiol from the 7th to the 41st weeks of pregnancy; consequently CG played no role in the regulation of steroidogenesis in the placenta. Between the levels of CH and progesterone in the blood there existed a significant positive association from the 4th to the 7th week of pregnancy; this correlation disappeared from the 8th week. Consequently, the CG retained its steroidogenic action on the corpus luteum of pregnancy. The activity of the corpus luteum in respect to progesterone production decreased considerably as soon as the 7th week of pregnancy.", "contents": "[Correlated interrelationships between the concentrations of chorionic gonadotropin, progesterone and estriol in normal pregnancy]. A study was made of 151 healthy pregnant women at periods of from 4 to 41 weeks of pregnancy. There was revealed no correlation between the level of excretion of the CG and estriol, and also of the CG and pregnandiol from the 7th to the 41st weeks of pregnancy; consequently CG played no role in the regulation of steroidogenesis in the placenta. Between the levels of CH and progesterone in the blood there existed a significant positive association from the 4th to the 7th week of pregnancy; this correlation disappeared from the 8th week. Consequently, the CG retained its steroidogenic action on the corpus luteum of pregnancy. The activity of the corpus luteum in respect to progesterone production decreased considerably as soon as the 7th week of pregnancy.", "PMID": 1129240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10500", "title": "[The functional state of the sympathetic-adrenal and pituitary-adrenocortical systems during chronic neuro-emotional stress].", "content": "A study was made of the function of the sympatho-adrenal and hypophysio-adrenocortical systems by the indices of catecholamine and corticosteroid urinary excretion in the dispatchers of railway lines during the day and night, at rest and shift work associated with the nervous-emotional strain.  The working activity both during the day and night produced a 1.5--3-fold increase in catecholamine and corticosteroid excretion.  Night work was accompanied by disturbance of the normal circadian variations in the activity of the systems under study  After work the function of the hypophyseo-adrenocortical system was restored on the second day of rest; as the the sympathico-adrenal system function--it failed to become completely normalized during the mentioned time.", "contents": "[The functional state of the sympathetic-adrenal and pituitary-adrenocortical systems during chronic neuro-emotional stress]. A study was made of the function of the sympatho-adrenal and hypophysio-adrenocortical systems by the indices of catecholamine and corticosteroid urinary excretion in the dispatchers of railway lines during the day and night, at rest and shift work associated with the nervous-emotional strain.  The working activity both during the day and night produced a 1.5--3-fold increase in catecholamine and corticosteroid excretion.  Night work was accompanied by disturbance of the normal circadian variations in the activity of the systems under study  After work the function of the hypophyseo-adrenocortical system was restored on the second day of rest; as the the sympathico-adrenal system function--it failed to become completely normalized during the mentioned time.", "PMID": 1129239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10501", "title": "[Clinico-roentgenologic studies in toxoplasmosis patients with various endocrine diseases].", "content": "The authors present clinical and roentgenological characteristics of toxoplasmosis revealed in 46 of 128 patients with neuro-endocrine form of diencephalic syndrome, cerebro-hypophyseal nanism and hypogenitalism, examined for toxoplasmosis.  Congenital toxoplasmosis was found in 29 and chronic acquired--in 17 cases.  It was noted that the clinical picture of both the congenital and of the chronic acquired toxoplasmosis in patients with endocrine diseases was varied due to affection of different organs and systems of the organism.  Of great significance in the complex clinico-laboratory diagnosis of congenital and chronic acquired toxoplasmosis was the roentgenological method of study.  Roentgenological changes in the skull of the patients with endocrine diseases and toxoplasmosis were expressed in the presence of calcifications of various shape and size (from 2 mm to 2 cm), calcification of the dura mater in the frontal portion and the area of the sella turcica, and hyperostosis.  Diagnosis of congenital and chronic acquired toxoplasmosis in patients with endocrine disturbances should be based on the results of complex clinico-roentgenological and laboratory studies.", "contents": "[Clinico-roentgenologic studies in toxoplasmosis patients with various endocrine diseases]. The authors present clinical and roentgenological characteristics of toxoplasmosis revealed in 46 of 128 patients with neuro-endocrine form of diencephalic syndrome, cerebro-hypophyseal nanism and hypogenitalism, examined for toxoplasmosis.  Congenital toxoplasmosis was found in 29 and chronic acquired--in 17 cases.  It was noted that the clinical picture of both the congenital and of the chronic acquired toxoplasmosis in patients with endocrine diseases was varied due to affection of different organs and systems of the organism.  Of great significance in the complex clinico-laboratory diagnosis of congenital and chronic acquired toxoplasmosis was the roentgenological method of study.  Roentgenological changes in the skull of the patients with endocrine diseases and toxoplasmosis were expressed in the presence of calcifications of various shape and size (from 2 mm to 2 cm), calcification of the dura mater in the frontal portion and the area of the sella turcica, and hyperostosis.  Diagnosis of congenital and chronic acquired toxoplasmosis in patients with endocrine disturbances should be based on the results of complex clinico-roentgenological and laboratory studies.", "PMID": 1129241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10502", "title": "Insulin effect on creatine transport in skelatal muscle (38464).", "content": "Isulin is shown to directly enhance both the rate of transport and the uptake of cretine in vitro in isolated rat skeletal muscle. This action of the hormone on creatine transport is similar to that reported for the transport of some amino acids and sugars.", "contents": "Insulin effect on creatine transport in skelatal muscle (38464). Isulin is shown to directly enhance both the rate of transport and the uptake of cretine in vitro in isolated rat skeletal muscle. This action of the hormone on creatine transport is similar to that reported for the transport of some amino acids and sugars.", "PMID": 1129249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10503", "title": "The inhibition of macrophage migration inhibtory factor (38485).", "content": "Analogs of EACA were capable of inhibiting the in vitro activity of macrophage migration  inhibitory factor (MIF). The most active analog of EACA  in terms of MIF inhibition had four methyl groups separating an acetylated amino group from a free carboxyl group. This compound, acetylated 5-amino valeric acid, was capable of inhibiting completely MIF activity in vitro at a concentration of less than 10-6 M without demonstrating any appreciable antitryptic activity, even at 10-3 M. Antitryptically active EACA did not inhibit MIF except at very high concentrations (10-2M). Further, the most purified preparations of MIF obtained from aqueous extracts of thymus that we have studied contained no significant proteolytic activity upon denatured hemoglobin at pH 3-8. Therefore, we do not correlate anti-tryptic with anti-MIF activity in vitro.", "contents": "The inhibition of macrophage migration inhibtory factor (38485). Analogs of EACA were capable of inhibiting the in vitro activity of macrophage migration  inhibitory factor (MIF). The most active analog of EACA  in terms of MIF inhibition had four methyl groups separating an acetylated amino group from a free carboxyl group. This compound, acetylated 5-amino valeric acid, was capable of inhibiting completely MIF activity in vitro at a concentration of less than 10-6 M without demonstrating any appreciable antitryptic activity, even at 10-3 M. Antitryptically active EACA did not inhibit MIF except at very high concentrations (10-2M). Further, the most purified preparations of MIF obtained from aqueous extracts of thymus that we have studied contained no significant proteolytic activity upon denatured hemoglobin at pH 3-8. Therefore, we do not correlate anti-tryptic with anti-MIF activity in vitro.", "PMID": 1129250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10504", "title": "[The dynamics of changes in the concentration of luteinizing hormone in the pituitary and the blood during postnatal development of male rats].", "content": "The authors describe a specific and sensitive biological method of determination of luteinizing hormone (LH).  There was shown a linear relationship between the LH dose gradient and the amount of testosterone determined in the blood flowing from the testes.  Sensitivity of the method--5 nanogram/ml.  Linear dependence--5--45 nanogram/ml.  Dynamics of the changes in the LH concentration in the hypophysis and the blood of male rats in the course of postnatal development--from the 1st to the 43rd day was studied.  There were distinguished 6 peaks of increase in the LH content in the hypophysis: on the 4th, 7th, 19th, 27th, 37th and the 43rd day after birth; blood LH concentration persisted at a relatively constant level--within the range of 1.33--4.39 gamma per cent.  No LH was revealed in the blood on the 4th, 19th, and 24th days after birth.", "contents": "[The dynamics of changes in the concentration of luteinizing hormone in the pituitary and the blood during postnatal development of male rats]. The authors describe a specific and sensitive biological method of determination of luteinizing hormone (LH).  There was shown a linear relationship between the LH dose gradient and the amount of testosterone determined in the blood flowing from the testes.  Sensitivity of the method--5 nanogram/ml.  Linear dependence--5--45 nanogram/ml.  Dynamics of the changes in the LH concentration in the hypophysis and the blood of male rats in the course of postnatal development--from the 1st to the 43rd day was studied.  There were distinguished 6 peaks of increase in the LH content in the hypophysis: on the 4th, 7th, 19th, 27th, 37th and the 43rd day after birth; blood LH concentration persisted at a relatively constant level--within the range of 1.33--4.39 gamma per cent.  No LH was revealed in the blood on the 4th, 19th, and 24th days after birth.", "PMID": 1129246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10505", "title": "A simple method for long-term drug infusion in mice: evaluation of guanazole as a model (38488).", "content": "A simplified technique for iv infusion in unrestricted DBA/2-J inbred mice has been described. The method, which involves direct cannulation of the tail vein with polyethylene tubing, is suitable for routine use. Guanazole, an antileukemic agent with a short plasma half-life, was evaluated as a model compound. After administration for 47 hr at the rate  of 0.3  ml/hr, guanazole (30 mg/ml) caused a marked inhibition of incorporation of 14 C-uridine, administered 15 min before sacrifice, primarily into DNA of spleen, thymus and bone marrow in decreasing order. Inhibition of incorporation into RNA was less marked but followed a similar pattern. The effects on the incorporation of uridine in nucleic acids of kidney, heart and brain were minimal. Increased incorporations into RNA and DNA occurred in liver. The data for the hemopoietic and lymphoid organs, namely spleen, thymus and marrow, are consistent with the reported immunosuppressive and mylelosuppressive effects of the drug and also with the inhibition of ribonucleoside diphosphate reducaste by guanazole.", "contents": "A simple method for long-term drug infusion in mice: evaluation of guanazole as a model (38488). A simplified technique for iv infusion in unrestricted DBA/2-J inbred mice has been described. The method, which involves direct cannulation of the tail vein with polyethylene tubing, is suitable for routine use. Guanazole, an antileukemic agent with a short plasma half-life, was evaluated as a model compound. After administration for 47 hr at the rate  of 0.3  ml/hr, guanazole (30 mg/ml) caused a marked inhibition of incorporation of 14 C-uridine, administered 15 min before sacrifice, primarily into DNA of spleen, thymus and bone marrow in decreasing order. Inhibition of incorporation into RNA was less marked but followed a similar pattern. The effects on the incorporation of uridine in nucleic acids of kidney, heart and brain were minimal. Increased incorporations into RNA and DNA occurred in liver. The data for the hemopoietic and lymphoid organs, namely spleen, thymus and marrow, are consistent with the reported immunosuppressive and mylelosuppressive effects of the drug and also with the inhibition of ribonucleoside diphosphate reducaste by guanazole.", "PMID": 1129251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10506", "title": "Plasma abnormal prothrombin and microsomal prothrombin precursor in various species (38492).", "content": "Abnormal, biologically inactive forms of prothrombin have previously been shown to appear in the plasma of cows or humans given coumarin anticoagulants. We have previously shown that a protein with similar properties increases in the liver of rats given these vitamin K antagonists, and have postulated that this protein represents the liver precursor to plasma prothrombin. Eight species, rats, mice, guinea pigs, hamsters, rabbits, calves, dogs, and chickens, have now been surveyed for both plasma abnormal prothrombin and liver precursor activity. Large amounts of plasma abnormal prothrombin were found in the bovine, substantial amounts were seen in the chick, and small amounts in rat and mouse plasma. With the exception of the bovine, all anticoagulant treated animals showed elevated levels of liver precursor activity in microsomal preparations. The relationship of these observations to the mechanism of action of vitamin K is discussed.", "contents": "Plasma abnormal prothrombin and microsomal prothrombin precursor in various species (38492). Abnormal, biologically inactive forms of prothrombin have previously been shown to appear in the plasma of cows or humans given coumarin anticoagulants. We have previously shown that a protein with similar properties increases in the liver of rats given these vitamin K antagonists, and have postulated that this protein represents the liver precursor to plasma prothrombin. Eight species, rats, mice, guinea pigs, hamsters, rabbits, calves, dogs, and chickens, have now been surveyed for both plasma abnormal prothrombin and liver precursor activity. Large amounts of plasma abnormal prothrombin were found in the bovine, substantial amounts were seen in the chick, and small amounts in rat and mouse plasma. With the exception of the bovine, all anticoagulant treated animals showed elevated levels of liver precursor activity in microsomal preparations. The relationship of these observations to the mechanism of action of vitamin K is discussed.", "PMID": 1129252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10507", "title": "[Pyruvate kinase isoenzymes in the kidneys of rabbits with insular insufficiency].", "content": "Two isoenzymes of pyruvate kinase--PK-1 and PK-2 were obtained from the cortical layer of rabbit kidney by the method of chromatography on DEAE-cellulose.  Starvation of rabbits for 10--16 days and alloxan diabetes produced no significant changes in the specific activity of PK in the soluble fraction obtained from the cortical layer of rabbit kidney.  However, there were significant shifts in the isoenzymatic spectrum of the PK of the kidneys in rabbits with alloxan diabetes: the activity of the PK-1 increased considerably and significantly, and the isoenzyme PK-2 disappeared almost completely.", "contents": "[Pyruvate kinase isoenzymes in the kidneys of rabbits with insular insufficiency]. Two isoenzymes of pyruvate kinase--PK-1 and PK-2 were obtained from the cortical layer of rabbit kidney by the method of chromatography on DEAE-cellulose.  Starvation of rabbits for 10--16 days and alloxan diabetes produced no significant changes in the specific activity of PK in the soluble fraction obtained from the cortical layer of rabbit kidney.  However, there were significant shifts in the isoenzymatic spectrum of the PK of the kidneys in rabbits with alloxan diabetes: the activity of the PK-1 increased considerably and significantly, and the isoenzyme PK-2 disappeared almost completely.", "PMID": 1129247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10508", "title": "Postnantal cerebellar hypoplasia and dysfunction following methylazoxymethanol acetate treatment (38495).", "content": "Swiss albino mice were injected postnatally with 0.05 ul of MAM-ac/g body weight. The mice were sacrificed at 0, 5,10, 15,20, and 25 days. Cerebellar, whole brain and body weights were determined. The treated mice generally showed smaller body weights reflecting the general toxicity of MAM-ac. There was no statistical difference between the whole brain weights of the two groups, when the loss of cerebellar weight was taken into account. Significant differences between the cerebellar weights of control and treated animals were shown at each sacrifice time. It is the conclusion of this study that those differences in weight reflect the destruction induced by MAM-ac during the first 5 days of postnatal life and are not due to a continued degeneration. As for general developmental and behavioral dysfunctions,the treated mice showed delayed eye opening and fur appearance, and by day 25, exhibited a tremorous altered gait.", "contents": "Postnantal cerebellar hypoplasia and dysfunction following methylazoxymethanol acetate treatment (38495). Swiss albino mice were injected postnatally with 0.05 ul of MAM-ac/g body weight. The mice were sacrificed at 0, 5,10, 15,20, and 25 days. Cerebellar, whole brain and body weights were determined. The treated mice generally showed smaller body weights reflecting the general toxicity of MAM-ac. There was no statistical difference between the whole brain weights of the two groups, when the loss of cerebellar weight was taken into account. Significant differences between the cerebellar weights of control and treated animals were shown at each sacrifice time. It is the conclusion of this study that those differences in weight reflect the destruction induced by MAM-ac during the first 5 days of postnatal life and are not due to a continued degeneration. As for general developmental and behavioral dysfunctions,the treated mice showed delayed eye opening and fur appearance, and by day 25, exhibited a tremorous altered gait.", "PMID": 1129253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10509", "title": "[Changes in the subcommissural organ of white rats with age].", "content": "Histological and histochemical methods were applied to the study of 82 male rats of different age (newborn, 1-, 2-, 5-, and 17-month-old).  Microstructure of the subcomissural organ (SCO) was investigated; the height of its ependyma was measured.  In rats at all the age groups studied ependymocytes secreted substances of glucoproteid nature; a moderate content of RNA persisted in the cells, and also a high activity of non-specific esterases.  Secretory activity of ependymocytes increased with the growth of the animals, remaining high in adult rats; it  fell in the old animals.  Age changes of the SCO consisted in the reduction of the height of the ependyma, of the number of cell layers in it and atrophy of the villi.", "contents": "[Changes in the subcommissural organ of white rats with age]. Histological and histochemical methods were applied to the study of 82 male rats of different age (newborn, 1-, 2-, 5-, and 17-month-old).  Microstructure of the subcomissural organ (SCO) was investigated; the height of its ependyma was measured.  In rats at all the age groups studied ependymocytes secreted substances of glucoproteid nature; a moderate content of RNA persisted in the cells, and also a high activity of non-specific esterases.  Secretory activity of ependymocytes increased with the growth of the animals, remaining high in adult rats; it  fell in the old animals.  Age changes of the SCO consisted in the reduction of the height of the ependyma, of the number of cell layers in it and atrophy of the villi.", "PMID": 1129245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10510", "title": "[The reaction of the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus and diuresis during thyroid gland restitution following discontinuation of 6-methylthiouracil].", "content": "There is a marked reduction of diuresis (revealed by water load) during the action of 6-methylthiouracil (MTU). In the course of the thyroid gland restitution (after the discontinuance of the 6-MTU action) the diuresis at first becomes intensified and then it repeatedly either becomes diminished or enhanced. Secretory activity of the cells of the supraoptic nucleus of the anterior hypothalamus also becomes alternately enhanced and diminished. Dynamics of the shifts in this activity failed to correlate with the \"ricochet\" enhancement of the thyrotropic function of the hypophysis, which occurred on the 11th restitution day and corresponded to the \"ricochet\" enhancement of iodine consumption by the thyroid gland. Thus, there was no association between the state of the cells of the supraoptic nucleus and the changes in the thyrotropic function of the hypophysis.", "contents": "[The reaction of the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus and diuresis during thyroid gland restitution following discontinuation of 6-methylthiouracil]. There is a marked reduction of diuresis (revealed by water load) during the action of 6-methylthiouracil (MTU). In the course of the thyroid gland restitution (after the discontinuance of the 6-MTU action) the diuresis at first becomes intensified and then it repeatedly either becomes diminished or enhanced. Secretory activity of the cells of the supraoptic nucleus of the anterior hypothalamus also becomes alternately enhanced and diminished. Dynamics of the shifts in this activity failed to correlate with the \"ricochet\" enhancement of the thyrotropic function of the hypophysis, which occurred on the 11th restitution day and corresponded to the \"ricochet\" enhancement of iodine consumption by the thyroid gland. Thus, there was no association between the state of the cells of the supraoptic nucleus and the changes in the thyrotropic function of the hypophysis.", "PMID": 1129244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10511", "title": "[The function of thyroid glands subjected to deep freezing (--196 degrees)].", "content": "The function of the thyroid gland transplanted after being frozen to --196 degrees C was studied in experiments on rats.  The gland was transplanted to thyroidectomized animals.  Glands frozen without the use of cryoprotective agents and also in the presence of a cryoprotector--polyethyleneoxide with a mol. wt. of 400 (PEO-400) were used.  Besides, a study was made of the effect of different rates of chilling on the thyroid gland.  In assessment of the gland function a determination was made of tissue respiration, of I-131 consumption, and blood thyroid hormone content.  To assess the cryoprotective effect of PEO-400 and for the choice of its optimal concentration the NMR method and roentgenostructural analysis werea applied.  The thyroid gland proved to take and to retain its capacity to hormone formation after its freezing to the temperature of --196 degrees C according to a special program in the presence of PEO-400.", "contents": "[The function of thyroid glands subjected to deep freezing (--196 degrees)]. The function of the thyroid gland transplanted after being frozen to --196 degrees C was studied in experiments on rats.  The gland was transplanted to thyroidectomized animals.  Glands frozen without the use of cryoprotective agents and also in the presence of a cryoprotector--polyethyleneoxide with a mol. wt. of 400 (PEO-400) were used.  Besides, a study was made of the effect of different rates of chilling on the thyroid gland.  In assessment of the gland function a determination was made of tissue respiration, of I-131 consumption, and blood thyroid hormone content.  To assess the cryoprotective effect of PEO-400 and for the choice of its optimal concentration the NMR method and roentgenostructural analysis werea applied.  The thyroid gland proved to take and to retain its capacity to hormone formation after its freezing to the temperature of --196 degrees C according to a special program in the presence of PEO-400.", "PMID": 1129248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10512", "title": "Cell surface: transfer of cellular adhesive properties from cell to cell by induced membrand altrations (38496).", "content": "Lymphocytes formed aggregates around Sepharose beads to which Concanavalin A had been coupled. Many of these aggregates consisted of multilayers of cells. The cell-cell interactions distal to the beads appeared to be a result of an induced membrane change at the cell-Sepharose bead interface.", "contents": "Cell surface: transfer of cellular adhesive properties from cell to cell by induced membrand altrations (38496). Lymphocytes formed aggregates around Sepharose beads to which Concanavalin A had been coupled. Many of these aggregates consisted of multilayers of cells. The cell-cell interactions distal to the beads appeared to be a result of an induced membrane change at the cell-Sepharose bead interface.", "PMID": 1129254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10513", "title": "Colon cancer induction in mice by intrarectal instillation of N-methylnitosorurea (38498).", "content": "The same total dose of 9 mg of N-methylintrosourea (MNU) was given intracetally to two groups of ICR/Ha mice by  by varing the dose rate and frequency. Thirty individual doses of 0.3 mg each three times per week induced large bowel neoplasms with high incidence after the 17th week, compared with six doses of  1.5 mg each three times per week which also led to leukemia in all mice until the  18th week. Small adenomatous nodules of the lung appeared in almost all mice of both groups. In the large intestine, adenocarcinomas and adenomas were found in the distal colon and rectum, and squamous cell carcinomas at the anal canal. Intrarectal instillation of carcinogenic chemicals such as MNU to mice is a good method to develop animal models for colon carcinogenesis,and also other target organs.", "contents": "Colon cancer induction in mice by intrarectal instillation of N-methylnitosorurea (38498). The same total dose of 9 mg of N-methylintrosourea (MNU) was given intracetally to two groups of ICR/Ha mice by  by varing the dose rate and frequency. Thirty individual doses of 0.3 mg each three times per week induced large bowel neoplasms with high incidence after the 17th week, compared with six doses of  1.5 mg each three times per week which also led to leukemia in all mice until the  18th week. Small adenomatous nodules of the lung appeared in almost all mice of both groups. In the large intestine, adenocarcinomas and adenomas were found in the distal colon and rectum, and squamous cell carcinomas at the anal canal. Intrarectal instillation of carcinogenic chemicals such as MNU to mice is a good method to develop animal models for colon carcinogenesis,and also other target organs.", "PMID": 1129255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10514", "title": "The inhibitory effect of theophylline on the incorporation of 3H-deoxycytidine and 3H-thymidine into thymocyte DNA.", "content": "In short term cultures of rat thymic lymphocytes, theophylline caused an early inhibition of incorporation of 3-H deoxycytidine into DNA without influencing the incorporation of 3-H-thymidine. Over a 4-hr incubation period, the inhibitory effect of theophylline on 3-H-deoxycytidine uptake into DNA remained at approximately 40%, while the suppression of 3-H-thymidine uptake increased to 20%. The results indicate that since there is a difference in the effect of the ophylline on the incorporation of 3-H-deoxycytidine and 3-H-thymidine into the DNA of thymus lymphocytes, inhibition of uptake of these deoxynucleosides by theophylline does not necessarily reflect inhibition of DNA synthesis or cell turnover.", "contents": "The inhibitory effect of theophylline on the incorporation of 3H-deoxycytidine and 3H-thymidine into thymocyte DNA. In short term cultures of rat thymic lymphocytes, theophylline caused an early inhibition of incorporation of 3-H deoxycytidine into DNA without influencing the incorporation of 3-H-thymidine. Over a 4-hr incubation period, the inhibitory effect of theophylline on 3-H-deoxycytidine uptake into DNA remained at approximately 40%, while the suppression of 3-H-thymidine uptake increased to 20%. The results indicate that since there is a difference in the effect of the ophylline on the incorporation of 3-H-deoxycytidine and 3-H-thymidine into the DNA of thymus lymphocytes, inhibition of uptake of these deoxynucleosides by theophylline does not necessarily reflect inhibition of DNA synthesis or cell turnover.", "PMID": 1129256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10515", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of serum pancreatic amylase in normal and pancreatectomized pigs (38504).", "content": "A double antibody radioimmunoassay has been developed that is capable of assaying and discriminating small amounts of pancreatic amylase even in the presence of amylase isoenzymes. Assays on adult pigs indicate a mean serum concentration of pancreatic amylase of 2.4mug/ml. To date, no other technique can offer such a discrimination of the pancreatic amylase in the circulation. Following pancreatectomy, the amount of radioimmunoassayable amylase in the circulation disappeared within 48 hr. This was reflected by a simultaneous decline in the serum amylase enzyme activity. Within 48 hr after pancreatectomy, the serum amylase enzyme activity had declined 60%. Thus, in pigs, the pancreas contributes significantly to the circulating amylase levels.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of serum pancreatic amylase in normal and pancreatectomized pigs (38504). A double antibody radioimmunoassay has been developed that is capable of assaying and discriminating small amounts of pancreatic amylase even in the presence of amylase isoenzymes. Assays on adult pigs indicate a mean serum concentration of pancreatic amylase of 2.4mug/ml. To date, no other technique can offer such a discrimination of the pancreatic amylase in the circulation. Following pancreatectomy, the amount of radioimmunoassayable amylase in the circulation disappeared within 48 hr. This was reflected by a simultaneous decline in the serum amylase enzyme activity. Within 48 hr after pancreatectomy, the serum amylase enzyme activity had declined 60%. Thus, in pigs, the pancreas contributes significantly to the circulating amylase levels.", "PMID": 1129257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10516", "title": "Myocardial extraction of labeled long-chain fatty acid analogs (38509).", "content": "The single circulation myocardial extraction of terminally iodinated hexadecenoic acid (77 plus or minus 11.0%) is approximately two times the extraction of 18 carbon fatty acids (33 plus or minus 5.2%) prepared by iodination of double bonds. The results compare favorably with natural 28 carbon steraic (70 plus or minus 7.5%) and oleic (61 plus or minus 7.8%) acids labeled with carbon-11 in the carboxyl group. It is concluded that terminally radioiodinated long chain fatty acids can be used as substitues for in vivo investigations of fatty acid distribution and in particular may be useful as a regional mycardial blood flow indicator.", "contents": "Myocardial extraction of labeled long-chain fatty acid analogs (38509). The single circulation myocardial extraction of terminally iodinated hexadecenoic acid (77 plus or minus 11.0%) is approximately two times the extraction of 18 carbon fatty acids (33 plus or minus 5.2%) prepared by iodination of double bonds. The results compare favorably with natural 28 carbon steraic (70 plus or minus 7.5%) and oleic (61 plus or minus 7.8%) acids labeled with carbon-11 in the carboxyl group. It is concluded that terminally radioiodinated long chain fatty acids can be used as substitues for in vivo investigations of fatty acid distribution and in particular may be useful as a regional mycardial blood flow indicator.", "PMID": 1129258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10517", "title": "Infantile auditory exposure and unusual response to antipsychiotic drugs (38510).", "content": "Reserpine and prochlorperazine were administered in separate experiments to adult CAW:CF1 mice and to adult LVG:LAK hamsters that had recovered from audiosensitization induced by 30 sec of doorbell sound during a critical period of infantile development. In contrast to controls that showed tranquilization in response to these drugs, the previously audiosensitized animals o both species responded with a high incidence of convulsive seizures. The proconvulsant effect of reserpine and prochlorperazine in previously audiosensitized mice was present one hour after drug administration, but had subsided 20 hr post-administration. The proconvulsant effect of reserpine in previously audiosensitized mice was shown to be dose-dependent. The proconvulsant effect of reserpine in previously sensitized hamsters was present 100 days after reserpine and prochlorperazine are poorly understood, possible mechanisms are discussed. Environmental noise during early inantile development appears to have significant residual effects persisting into adult life. This study has shown that idiosyncratic responses to antipsychotic drugs in adult laboratory animals can result from infantile auditory exposure, and it is speculated that human idiosyncrasies to psychoactive drugs may be similarly based.", "contents": "Infantile auditory exposure and unusual response to antipsychiotic drugs (38510). Reserpine and prochlorperazine were administered in separate experiments to adult CAW:CF1 mice and to adult LVG:LAK hamsters that had recovered from audiosensitization induced by 30 sec of doorbell sound during a critical period of infantile development. In contrast to controls that showed tranquilization in response to these drugs, the previously audiosensitized animals o both species responded with a high incidence of convulsive seizures. The proconvulsant effect of reserpine and prochlorperazine in previously audiosensitized mice was present one hour after drug administration, but had subsided 20 hr post-administration. The proconvulsant effect of reserpine in previously audiosensitized mice was shown to be dose-dependent. The proconvulsant effect of reserpine in previously sensitized hamsters was present 100 days after reserpine and prochlorperazine are poorly understood, possible mechanisms are discussed. Environmental noise during early inantile development appears to have significant residual effects persisting into adult life. This study has shown that idiosyncratic responses to antipsychotic drugs in adult laboratory animals can result from infantile auditory exposure, and it is speculated that human idiosyncrasies to psychoactive drugs may be similarly based.", "PMID": 1129259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10518", "title": "Prostaglandin administration to pregnant rats: effects on pituitary-target gland systems of mother, fetus and neonate (38512).", "content": "Acute administration of PGE-1 in graded doses (0.25-1.0 mg) to pregnant rats in late gestation (21st day) induced significant release of TSH, prolactin and LH from the maternal, pituitary. Plasma levels of PRL and TSH were elevated (three- to fivefold) in cesarean sectioned mothers given 4-5 sc injections of PGE-1; higher doses also stimulated LH release. Comparable increases in blood TSH and PRL levels were also found in their newborn but no indication of enhanced hormone release from the fetal hypophysis was noted. Histologic alterations were observed in the ovary (luteal cell hypertrophy, cytopasmic clearing, nuclear condensation, sinusoidal distension) of mothers receiving PGE-1 treatment. Thyroidal radioiodine accumulation in mother, fetus and neonate were usually decreased whereas thyroid: blood radioactivity ratios were consistently incrased. It is concluded that PGE-1 treatment of th pregnant rat near term stimulates release of hormones from the pituitary in mothers (TSH, LH, PRL) and in their newborn (TSH, PRL). The results also strongly suggest that PGE-1 administration may induce morphologic and functional changes in target endocrines (ovary, thyroid) by direct and separate actions.", "contents": "Prostaglandin administration to pregnant rats: effects on pituitary-target gland systems of mother, fetus and neonate (38512). Acute administration of PGE-1 in graded doses (0.25-1.0 mg) to pregnant rats in late gestation (21st day) induced significant release of TSH, prolactin and LH from the maternal, pituitary. Plasma levels of PRL and TSH were elevated (three- to fivefold) in cesarean sectioned mothers given 4-5 sc injections of PGE-1; higher doses also stimulated LH release. Comparable increases in blood TSH and PRL levels were also found in their newborn but no indication of enhanced hormone release from the fetal hypophysis was noted. Histologic alterations were observed in the ovary (luteal cell hypertrophy, cytopasmic clearing, nuclear condensation, sinusoidal distension) of mothers receiving PGE-1 treatment. Thyroidal radioiodine accumulation in mother, fetus and neonate were usually decreased whereas thyroid: blood radioactivity ratios were consistently incrased. It is concluded that PGE-1 treatment of th pregnant rat near term stimulates release of hormones from the pituitary in mothers (TSH, LH, PRL) and in their newborn (TSH, PRL). The results also strongly suggest that PGE-1 administration may induce morphologic and functional changes in target endocrines (ovary, thyroid) by direct and separate actions.", "PMID": 1129260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10519", "title": "Functional anatomy of the testicular vascular pedicle in the rhesus monkey: evidence  for a local testosterone concentrating mechanism (38513).", "content": "The detailed anatomy of arteries and veins in the testicular pedicle of the rhesus monkey, with special emphasis on an area of extensive surface contact between these vessels in the spermatic cord, is described. The mean plasma testosterone concentration in blood from the testicular artery was significantly greater than the mean for samples collected simultaneously from the contralateral femoral artery in 11 monkeys. These observations are interpreted as supportive of the hypothesis that a hormone concentrating mechanism involving the local transfer of testoterone between the vessels of the pampiniform plexus and the spermatic artery exists in the male-rhesus monkey.", "contents": "Functional anatomy of the testicular vascular pedicle in the rhesus monkey: evidence  for a local testosterone concentrating mechanism (38513). The detailed anatomy of arteries and veins in the testicular pedicle of the rhesus monkey, with special emphasis on an area of extensive surface contact between these vessels in the spermatic cord, is described. The mean plasma testosterone concentration in blood from the testicular artery was significantly greater than the mean for samples collected simultaneously from the contralateral femoral artery in 11 monkeys. These observations are interpreted as supportive of the hypothesis that a hormone concentrating mechanism involving the local transfer of testoterone between the vessels of the pampiniform plexus and the spermatic artery exists in the male-rhesus monkey.", "PMID": 1129261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10520", "title": "Arachidonic acid and bocine corpus luteum function (38514).", "content": "Injections of arachidonic acid directly into the corpora lutea of normal cattle at the 12th or 13th day of the estrous cycle resulted in (a) a decline in jugular vein plasma progesterone levels from an average of 6 ng/ml to 2.5 ng/ml (p smaller than0.05), (b) an immediate rise in PGF levels in ovarian venous plasma, and (c) a sharp rise in jugular vein plasma estrogen levels. Jugular plasma estrogen peaks were associated with each ovarian vein PGF Peak in each animal; jugular plasma LH levels did not change. These results show that the bovine ovary can convert arachidonic acid to PGF and that arachidonic acid administered directly into the corpus luteum results in partial regression of the corpus luteum.PGF appears to stimulate estrogen production by the ovary in the absence of measurable changes of plasma LH.", "contents": "Arachidonic acid and bocine corpus luteum function (38514). Injections of arachidonic acid directly into the corpora lutea of normal cattle at the 12th or 13th day of the estrous cycle resulted in (a) a decline in jugular vein plasma progesterone levels from an average of 6 ng/ml to 2.5 ng/ml (p smaller than0.05), (b) an immediate rise in PGF levels in ovarian venous plasma, and (c) a sharp rise in jugular vein plasma estrogen levels. Jugular plasma estrogen peaks were associated with each ovarian vein PGF Peak in each animal; jugular plasma LH levels did not change. These results show that the bovine ovary can convert arachidonic acid to PGF and that arachidonic acid administered directly into the corpus luteum results in partial regression of the corpus luteum.PGF appears to stimulate estrogen production by the ovary in the absence of measurable changes of plasma LH.", "PMID": 1129262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10521", "title": "Dextran potentiation of the canine lymphocyte response to plant mitogens (38515).", "content": "Peripheral blood lymphocytes from Beagle dogs were separated using a dextran sedimentation technique. Lymphocyte cultures were stimulated by the plant mitogens phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and pokeweed mitogen (PWM), both in the presence of dextran and after dextran had been removed from the medium. It was found that dextran acted synergistically with both PHA and PWN and greatly potentiated the mitogenic response of the lymphocytes. The routine use of dextran in separating blood lymphocytes for culture purposes should be reevaluated in light of these findings.", "contents": "Dextran potentiation of the canine lymphocyte response to plant mitogens (38515). Peripheral blood lymphocytes from Beagle dogs were separated using a dextran sedimentation technique. Lymphocyte cultures were stimulated by the plant mitogens phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and pokeweed mitogen (PWM), both in the presence of dextran and after dextran had been removed from the medium. It was found that dextran acted synergistically with both PHA and PWN and greatly potentiated the mitogenic response of the lymphocytes. The routine use of dextran in separating blood lymphocytes for culture purposes should be reevaluated in light of these findings.", "PMID": 1129263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10522", "title": "Vasoactive intestinal polypoptide: inactivation in liver and potentiation in lung of anesthetized dogs (384699).", "content": "The role of the liver and the lung in the inactivation or potentiation of the biological activity of the vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) was examined in five anesthetized dogs. Infusions of the peptide were made into the right ventricle, the left ventricle, and the portal vein. Each animal received 4 doses, ranging from 0.29 to 2.23 mug/kg. Systemic arterial blood pressure, tidal volume, breathing frequency, and minute ventilation were continually monitored. The biological effects of the peptide were measured in terms of (a) the fall in arterial blood pressure; and (b) respiratory stimulation. Infusions of the peptide into the portal vein produced either no effect or significantly weaker effects (p smaller than 0.01) than infusions into the right  ventricle. The latter infusions were moderately more potent (p smaller than 0.05) than infusions into the left ventricle VIP thus appears to be effectively inactivated during passage through the liver. The apparent increase in biological potency of the peptide during its passage through the lung may be attributable to the release of additional vasodilator substances, or to further activation of the peptide.", "contents": "Vasoactive intestinal polypoptide: inactivation in liver and potentiation in lung of anesthetized dogs (384699). The role of the liver and the lung in the inactivation or potentiation of the biological activity of the vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) was examined in five anesthetized dogs. Infusions of the peptide were made into the right ventricle, the left ventricle, and the portal vein. Each animal received 4 doses, ranging from 0.29 to 2.23 mug/kg. Systemic arterial blood pressure, tidal volume, breathing frequency, and minute ventilation were continually monitored. The biological effects of the peptide were measured in terms of (a) the fall in arterial blood pressure; and (b) respiratory stimulation. Infusions of the peptide into the portal vein produced either no effect or significantly weaker effects (p smaller than 0.01) than infusions into the right  ventricle. The latter infusions were moderately more potent (p smaller than 0.05) than infusions into the left ventricle VIP thus appears to be effectively inactivated during passage through the liver. The apparent increase in biological potency of the peptide during its passage through the lung may be attributable to the release of additional vasodilator substances, or to further activation of the peptide.", "PMID": 1129264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10523", "title": "The disposition of dapsone and monoacetyldapsone in the dog (38516).", "content": "Four female dogs receiving 1.0 mg dapsone (DDS)/kg iv exhibited logarithmic decline of plasma levels of DDS with a mean half-time of disappearance (T-1/2 of 11.7 hr. No evidence of acetylation of DDS to monoacetyl DDS (MADDS) was found. An equimolar dose of MADDS was deacetylated slowly to DDS by the same dogs. The mean T 1/2 of MADDS was 6.5 hr, significantly less than that of DDS. In 2-hr plasma samples after these doses of drugs, protein-binding of DDS and MADDS averaged 71 and 84%, respectively. Tests of protein-binding of the two drugs in vitro confirmed the observations in vivo.", "contents": "The disposition of dapsone and monoacetyldapsone in the dog (38516). Four female dogs receiving 1.0 mg dapsone (DDS)/kg iv exhibited logarithmic decline of plasma levels of DDS with a mean half-time of disappearance (T-1/2 of 11.7 hr. No evidence of acetylation of DDS to monoacetyl DDS (MADDS) was found. An equimolar dose of MADDS was deacetylated slowly to DDS by the same dogs. The mean T 1/2 of MADDS was 6.5 hr, significantly less than that of DDS. In 2-hr plasma samples after these doses of drugs, protein-binding of DDS and MADDS averaged 71 and 84%, respectively. Tests of protein-binding of the two drugs in vitro confirmed the observations in vivo.", "PMID": 1129265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10524", "title": "Neutral amino acid transport in cultivated human skin fibrovlasts (38521).", "content": "The accumulation of neutral amino acids was studied in cultivated human skin fibroblasts. Transport was blocked by sulfhydryl binding agents, but proceeded without inhibition in the presence of metabolic blocking agents. Both sodium dependent and sodium independent compononets of neutral amino acid accumulation were found. The sodium dependent component preferentially transports short chain amino acids, while the sodium independent system transports long chain amino acids. These components operate simultaneously and with overlap of substrate specificity. Both may function as parts of a single neutral amino acid transport system.", "contents": "Neutral amino acid transport in cultivated human skin fibrovlasts (38521). The accumulation of neutral amino acids was studied in cultivated human skin fibroblasts. Transport was blocked by sulfhydryl binding agents, but proceeded without inhibition in the presence of metabolic blocking agents. Both sodium dependent and sodium independent compononets of neutral amino acid accumulation were found. The sodium dependent component preferentially transports short chain amino acids, while the sodium independent system transports long chain amino acids. These components operate simultaneously and with overlap of substrate specificity. Both may function as parts of a single neutral amino acid transport system.", "PMID": 1129266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10525", "title": "Serum hexosaminidase activity in man under simulated diving conditions (38523).", "content": "The activities of serum hexosaminidases from human divers before, during and after simulated dives was measured. Decreases in hexosaminidase A activities were observed in the 1000 FSW saturation dive, whereas an increase in hexosaminidase A activity was observed during decompression in the subsaturation dives at 400 FSW and 650 FSW.", "contents": "Serum hexosaminidase activity in man under simulated diving conditions (38523). The activities of serum hexosaminidases from human divers before, during and after simulated dives was measured. Decreases in hexosaminidase A activities were observed in the 1000 FSW saturation dive, whereas an increase in hexosaminidase A activity was observed during decompression in the subsaturation dives at 400 FSW and 650 FSW.", "PMID": 1129267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10526", "title": "Induction of extra nephrons in unilaterally nephrectomized immature rats (38525).", "content": "The normal number of glomeruli per kidney in the rat rises from about 10-4 at birth to approximately 35 times 10-3 at 50 days of age. When one kidney is removed at birth the remaining one produces an average of 63% more nephrons than normal by 70 days. Unilateral nephrectomy of successively older rats results in progressively less augmentation of the nephron complement in the remaining kidney up to 50 days, beyond which age the kidney loses its ability to  produce new nephrons.", "contents": "Induction of extra nephrons in unilaterally nephrectomized immature rats (38525). The normal number of glomeruli per kidney in the rat rises from about 10-4 at birth to approximately 35 times 10-3 at 50 days of age. When one kidney is removed at birth the remaining one produces an average of 63% more nephrons than normal by 70 days. Unilateral nephrectomy of successively older rats results in progressively less augmentation of the nephron complement in the remaining kidney up to 50 days, beyond which age the kidney loses its ability to  produce new nephrons.", "PMID": 1129268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10527", "title": "Human adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase: comparison of assay methods and expressions of activity.", "content": "There was a positive correlation in normal man between heparin releasable lipoprotein lipase and lipoprotein lipase of ammonium hydroxide homongenate of acetoneether powder in adipose tissue. Heparin releasable as lipoprotein lipase activity was about twice as high as the enzymatic activity in acetone powder, even though 40-70% of the original activity remained in the tissue after incubation with heparin. This might indicate that activation of the enzyme is associated with its release by heparin from tissue. The lipoprotein lipase activity per unit weight and per fat cell were affected differently by obesity: In obese subjects lipoprotein lipase per unit weight was propotionally lower than the activity per fat  cell. The expression of activity per fat cell appears to avoid the effect of obesity, and hence increased fat cell size, on values obtained.", "contents": "Human adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase: comparison of assay methods and expressions of activity. There was a positive correlation in normal man between heparin releasable lipoprotein lipase and lipoprotein lipase of ammonium hydroxide homongenate of acetoneether powder in adipose tissue. Heparin releasable as lipoprotein lipase activity was about twice as high as the enzymatic activity in acetone powder, even though 40-70% of the original activity remained in the tissue after incubation with heparin. This might indicate that activation of the enzyme is associated with its release by heparin from tissue. The lipoprotein lipase activity per unit weight and per fat cell were affected differently by obesity: In obese subjects lipoprotein lipase per unit weight was propotionally lower than the activity per fat  cell. The expression of activity per fat cell appears to avoid the effect of obesity, and hence increased fat cell size, on values obtained.", "PMID": 1129269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10528", "title": "Increased hypothalamic norepinephrine in genetically hypertensive rats following administration of diphenylhydantoin (38407).", "content": "DPH administration to GH rats caused changes in NE concentration in the hypothalamus, cerebellum and medial lower brainstem which resulted in circadian differences in the effect of this drug on the catecholamine. These effects have not been reported previously. Further investigations on the effect of DPH on neurotransmitters are fully warranted.", "contents": "Increased hypothalamic norepinephrine in genetically hypertensive rats following administration of diphenylhydantoin (38407). DPH administration to GH rats caused changes in NE concentration in the hypothalamus, cerebellum and medial lower brainstem which resulted in circadian differences in the effect of this drug on the catecholamine. These effects have not been reported previously. Further investigations on the effect of DPH on neurotransmitters are fully warranted.", "PMID": 1129270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10529", "title": "Chemotactic deactivation of human eosinophils by the eosinophil chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis (38527).", "content": "Purified human eosinophils demonstrate diminished chemotactic responsiveness (deactivation) after incubation with the eosinophil chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis (ECF-A). The deactivation is rapid and selective in that ECF-A deactivated human eosinophils more markedly than neutrophilic or mononuclear leukocytes. The eosinophil can also be deactivated by C5a which is eosinophilotactic, and there is cross deactivation between C5a and ECF-A. Deactivation may be an important physiologic control mechanism enabling the eosinophil to remain at sites of ECF-A release in order to manifest its regulatory functions in immediate hypersensitivity reactions.", "contents": "Chemotactic deactivation of human eosinophils by the eosinophil chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis (38527). Purified human eosinophils demonstrate diminished chemotactic responsiveness (deactivation) after incubation with the eosinophil chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis (ECF-A). The deactivation is rapid and selective in that ECF-A deactivated human eosinophils more markedly than neutrophilic or mononuclear leukocytes. The eosinophil can also be deactivated by C5a which is eosinophilotactic, and there is cross deactivation between C5a and ECF-A. Deactivation may be an important physiologic control mechanism enabling the eosinophil to remain at sites of ECF-A release in order to manifest its regulatory functions in immediate hypersensitivity reactions.", "PMID": 1129271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10530", "title": "Development of thyroidal responsiveness to  estrogen in the maturing rat (38471).", "content": "The incidence of thyroid disorders around the time of puberty is frequent in human females. The  influence of estrogen on thyroid function during this period has been controversial. Female rats hypophysectomized at 21, 30 or 50 days of age were treated with either 17beta-estradiol (E-2) or TSH or a mixture of E-2 and TSH. Determinations were then made of thyrodial 131I-uptake, organic 131I, and 131I excretory patterns. In 21-day old animals, E-2 alone had no effect on thyroidal 131 I uptake, whereas in 30-day or older animals E-2 significantly increased 131I uptake. TSH or TSH-E-2 combinations markedly increased 131I uptake in both groups. Thyroidal 131I was shown to be almost exclusively protein-bound in each instance. No difference was observed between 21 and 30-day old rats with respect to 131I excretory patterns,except for decreased urinary output in the TSH-E-2 groups; this decrease, however, appeared to be partially attributable to an increased thyroidal uptake of iodine in these animals. The results suggest that the thyroid gland becomes responsive to estrogen only at or around the time of puberty.", "contents": "Development of thyroidal responsiveness to  estrogen in the maturing rat (38471). The incidence of thyroid disorders around the time of puberty is frequent in human females. The  influence of estrogen on thyroid function during this period has been controversial. Female rats hypophysectomized at 21, 30 or 50 days of age were treated with either 17beta-estradiol (E-2) or TSH or a mixture of E-2 and TSH. Determinations were then made of thyrodial 131I-uptake, organic 131I, and 131I excretory patterns. In 21-day old animals, E-2 alone had no effect on thyroidal 131 I uptake, whereas in 30-day or older animals E-2 significantly increased 131I uptake. TSH or TSH-E-2 combinations markedly increased 131I uptake in both groups. Thyroidal 131I was shown to be almost exclusively protein-bound in each instance. No difference was observed between 21 and 30-day old rats with respect to 131I excretory patterns,except for decreased urinary output in the TSH-E-2 groups; this decrease, however, appeared to be partially attributable to an increased thyroidal uptake of iodine in these animals. The results suggest that the thyroid gland becomes responsive to estrogen only at or around the time of puberty.", "PMID": 1129272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10531", "title": "Hormone and glucose responses to serial cardiac puncture in rats (38465).", "content": "Serial, apparently basal radio-immunoassayable plasma insulin and growth-hormone values were obtained when fast-knock down ether anesthesia was used. Radioimmunoassayable prolactin was elevated at the second, third, and fourth bleedings but cause no apparent increase in circulating insulin levels. The elevation in plasma glucose may also have been a transient effect of sympathetic stimulation which simultaneous inhibited insulin release.", "contents": "Hormone and glucose responses to serial cardiac puncture in rats (38465). Serial, apparently basal radio-immunoassayable plasma insulin and growth-hormone values were obtained when fast-knock down ether anesthesia was used. Radioimmunoassayable prolactin was elevated at the second, third, and fourth bleedings but cause no apparent increase in circulating insulin levels. The elevation in plasma glucose may also have been a transient effect of sympathetic stimulation which simultaneous inhibited insulin release.", "PMID": 1129273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10532", "title": "Metablism of aldosterone in dogs with renovascular hypertension (38476).", "content": "The rate of metabolism of aldosterone was measured in seven normal dogs, 4 dogs with chronic renal hypertension and five dogs with malignant renal hypertension. Tritiated aldosterone was injected intravenously and the rate of disappearance of authentic aldosterone was determined. The disappearance curves were resolved into two exponential components and the plasma half-life was measured from the slow component which reflects the rate of metabolism of aldosterone. The half-life of aldosterone was essentially the same for the three groups of dogs. It is concluded, therefore, that the rate of aldosterone metabolism is normal in dogs with experimental renal hypertension.", "contents": "Metablism of aldosterone in dogs with renovascular hypertension (38476). The rate of metabolism of aldosterone was measured in seven normal dogs, 4 dogs with chronic renal hypertension and five dogs with malignant renal hypertension. Tritiated aldosterone was injected intravenously and the rate of disappearance of authentic aldosterone was determined. The disappearance curves were resolved into two exponential components and the plasma half-life was measured from the slow component which reflects the rate of metabolism of aldosterone. The half-life of aldosterone was essentially the same for the three groups of dogs. It is concluded, therefore, that the rate of aldosterone metabolism is normal in dogs with experimental renal hypertension.", "PMID": 1129274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10533", "title": "Rhythmic patterns of endogenous LH release in castrate sheep receiving exogenous LH (38477).", "content": "Exogenous ovine LH was constantly infused during 6-hr experimental sequences in order to determine the effect of elevated levels of plasma LH on the pulsatile discharges of pituitary LH characteristic of ovariectomized sheep. Plasma LH concentrations (exogenous plusendogenous) in sequential 10-min samples continued to fluctuate significantly as did plasma LH (endogenous only) during control periods. The temporal patterns of plasma LH during LH infusion were at least as as rhythmic as they were in the controls. Furthermore, the mean periods for extremely rhythmic frequencies were equivalent in control and LH-infusion sequences. These data refute the original hypothesis that inhibitory short-looped feedback of circulating LH governs the timing of subsequent LH discharges in ovariectomized sheep.", "contents": "Rhythmic patterns of endogenous LH release in castrate sheep receiving exogenous LH (38477). Exogenous ovine LH was constantly infused during 6-hr experimental sequences in order to determine the effect of elevated levels of plasma LH on the pulsatile discharges of pituitary LH characteristic of ovariectomized sheep. Plasma LH concentrations (exogenous plusendogenous) in sequential 10-min samples continued to fluctuate significantly as did plasma LH (endogenous only) during control periods. The temporal patterns of plasma LH during LH infusion were at least as as rhythmic as they were in the controls. Furthermore, the mean periods for extremely rhythmic frequencies were equivalent in control and LH-infusion sequences. These data refute the original hypothesis that inhibitory short-looped feedback of circulating LH governs the timing of subsequent LH discharges in ovariectomized sheep.", "PMID": 1129275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10534", "title": "The site of zinc absorption in the rat small intestine (38481).", "content": "Rats fed a zinc-adequate diet exhibited a nonuniform distribution of zinc in the small intestine. The zinc content of zinc-deficient rat small intestine was reduced, particularly in the duodenum and distal ileum. It is possible that the difference in the intestinal zinc content may reflect the rate of zinc absorption in the tissue. Uptake of 65-Zn by intestinal segments in vitro showed that the pattern of absorption obtained is dependent upon the parameters used for quantitation. This observation could account for the variation between the results obtained by different experimental methods of determining the site and rate of absorption of the nutrient.", "contents": "The site of zinc absorption in the rat small intestine (38481). Rats fed a zinc-adequate diet exhibited a nonuniform distribution of zinc in the small intestine. The zinc content of zinc-deficient rat small intestine was reduced, particularly in the duodenum and distal ileum. It is possible that the difference in the intestinal zinc content may reflect the rate of zinc absorption in the tissue. Uptake of 65-Zn by intestinal segments in vitro showed that the pattern of absorption obtained is dependent upon the parameters used for quantitation. This observation could account for the variation between the results obtained by different experimental methods of determining the site and rate of absorption of the nutrient.", "PMID": 1129277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10535", "title": "Blood volume responses of rats adppted to different barometric pressures (38482).", "content": "The total blood volume, circulating red cell volume (CRCV), and plasma volume of rats exposed for 30 days to either 480 or 380 mmHg were quite different. At the lower altitude 480 mmHg) total blood volume was similar to that found in sea level controls of a similar weight and age, while CRCV was increased and plasma volume was decreased. However, at the higher altitude CRCV was increased to a much greater extent, with the result that the total blood volume was approximately 44% greater than at 480 mmHg. The differences in response to the two barometric pressures became even more striking when the rats adapted to 380 mmHg were compared with their age- and weight-matched controls. Diet restrictions in the absence of hypoxia resulted in significant decreases in CRCV, plasma volume, and total blood volume. Consequently, when compared to these animals, rats adapted to 380 mmHg had a 100% greater total blood volume due primarily to a higher CRCV, but also to a higher plasma volume.", "contents": "Blood volume responses of rats adppted to different barometric pressures (38482). The total blood volume, circulating red cell volume (CRCV), and plasma volume of rats exposed for 30 days to either 480 or 380 mmHg were quite different. At the lower altitude 480 mmHg) total blood volume was similar to that found in sea level controls of a similar weight and age, while CRCV was increased and plasma volume was decreased. However, at the higher altitude CRCV was increased to a much greater extent, with the result that the total blood volume was approximately 44% greater than at 480 mmHg. The differences in response to the two barometric pressures became even more striking when the rats adapted to 380 mmHg were compared with their age- and weight-matched controls. Diet restrictions in the absence of hypoxia resulted in significant decreases in CRCV, plasma volume, and total blood volume. Consequently, when compared to these animals, rats adapted to 380 mmHg had a 100% greater total blood volume due primarily to a higher CRCV, but also to a higher plasma volume.", "PMID": 1129278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10536", "title": "Studies on an inhibitor of erythropoiesis. II. Inhibitory effects of serum from uremic rabbits on heme synthesis in rabbit bone marrow cultures (38483).", "content": "The effects of sera from anephric rabbits on the rate of heme synthesis in erythroid cells were studied in vitro in rabbit bone marrow cultures. Sera from nephrectomized rabbits significantly (p smaller than 0.05) inhibited 59-Fe incorporation into heme in normal rabbit bone marrow cultures incubated with erythropoietin (ESF) when compared with the response in control culutres with normal serum and ESF. This inhibitory activity increased exponentially with increasing concentrations of the serum  in cultures suggesting that a higher concentration of the inhibitor is present in uremia and may be the result of the failure to excrete the inhibitor. This suggests that the retention of this inhibitor may play an important role in the mechanism of the anemia of uremia. The inhibitor of heme synthesis is a low molecular weight substance.", "contents": "Studies on an inhibitor of erythropoiesis. II. Inhibitory effects of serum from uremic rabbits on heme synthesis in rabbit bone marrow cultures (38483). The effects of sera from anephric rabbits on the rate of heme synthesis in erythroid cells were studied in vitro in rabbit bone marrow cultures. Sera from nephrectomized rabbits significantly (p smaller than 0.05) inhibited 59-Fe incorporation into heme in normal rabbit bone marrow cultures incubated with erythropoietin (ESF) when compared with the response in control culutres with normal serum and ESF. This inhibitory activity increased exponentially with increasing concentrations of the serum  in cultures suggesting that a higher concentration of the inhibitor is present in uremia and may be the result of the failure to excrete the inhibitor. This suggests that the retention of this inhibitor may play an important role in the mechanism of the anemia of uremia. The inhibitor of heme synthesis is a low molecular weight substance.", "PMID": 1129279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10537", "title": "The effect of sodium benzoate and taurocholic acid feeding on human bile composition.", "content": "Four patients were fed sodium benzoate after stabilization following common bile duct exploration. Bile collections revealed no change in the output of glycine conjugated bile acids. Three patients had taurocholic acid added to the regimen after 3 days and demonstrated a significant increase in total and taurine conjugated bile acid output with marked reduction of the G/T ratio. These latter changes are similar to those produced by taurocholic acid feeding alone and therefore no benefit of the combination of drugs on bile salt excretion or conjugation ratio was demonstrated.", "contents": "The effect of sodium benzoate and taurocholic acid feeding on human bile composition. Four patients were fed sodium benzoate after stabilization following common bile duct exploration. Bile collections revealed no change in the output of glycine conjugated bile acids. Three patients had taurocholic acid added to the regimen after 3 days and demonstrated a significant increase in total and taurine conjugated bile acid output with marked reduction of the G/T ratio. These latter changes are similar to those produced by taurocholic acid feeding alone and therefore no benefit of the combination of drugs on bile salt excretion or conjugation ratio was demonstrated.", "PMID": 1129280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10538", "title": "Contractility of renal cortex following complete ureteral obstruction.", "content": "Contractility of strips of renal cortex obtained from rabbit kidneys obstructed by complete ureteral ligation for 8 and 32 days was tested and compared with control tissue.  Concentration-response data were obtained for norepinephrine, angiotensin, and 5-hydroxytrypamine, and were expressed as mg tension/cm of tissue.  Control tissue tested simultaneously revealed minimal responses, but obstructed tissue containing modified interstital cells revealed statistically significant evidence of contraction in response to all three drugs studied.  The response to norepinephrine could be blocked by the alpha adrenergic antagonist, phenoxybenzamine, but this drug did not significantly affect the response to angiotensin or 5-hydroxytryptamine.  The findings are related to similar observations reported in stimulated fibroblasts of granulation tissue and are discussed in terms of the possible role this phenomenon may play in the pathogenesis of renal interstitial injury.", "contents": "Contractility of renal cortex following complete ureteral obstruction. Contractility of strips of renal cortex obtained from rabbit kidneys obstructed by complete ureteral ligation for 8 and 32 days was tested and compared with control tissue.  Concentration-response data were obtained for norepinephrine, angiotensin, and 5-hydroxytrypamine, and were expressed as mg tension/cm of tissue.  Control tissue tested simultaneously revealed minimal responses, but obstructed tissue containing modified interstital cells revealed statistically significant evidence of contraction in response to all three drugs studied.  The response to norepinephrine could be blocked by the alpha adrenergic antagonist, phenoxybenzamine, but this drug did not significantly affect the response to angiotensin or 5-hydroxytryptamine.  The findings are related to similar observations reported in stimulated fibroblasts of granulation tissue and are discussed in terms of the possible role this phenomenon may play in the pathogenesis of renal interstitial injury.", "PMID": 1129281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10539", "title": "Renin release, an artifact of anesthesia and its implications in rats.", "content": "In our attempt to find an anesthetic agent which did not influence the renin-angiotensin system in the rat, the effect of widely used injectable and gaseous anesthetics and narcotic agents on renin release was chacterized.  All of the agents studied induced dose- and time-related increases in serum renin activity when administered in anesthetic doses.  Preliminary experiments in anesthetic doses.  Preliminary experiments indicated that cardiovascular effects were highly variable, giving little insight into the relationship between renin release and cardiovascular changes.  Propranolol impaired most of the anesthesia-induced renin release and impaired aldosterone release with the one agent (urethane) studied.  Renin release by two anesthetic agents (ketamine and urethane) appeared to be mediated premarily through the beta-adrenermediated primarily through the beta-adrenergic receptor mechanism, but equivocal results were obtained with other agents (pentobarbital and morphine).  It is possible that other anesthetics, as with urethane, may induce aldosterone release by way of renin release.  This anesthesia-induced renin release and the extensive biologic activities of angiotensin and aldosterone suggest a potential for influencing many investigations, particularly those involving cardiovascular and endocrine systems.", "contents": "Renin release, an artifact of anesthesia and its implications in rats. In our attempt to find an anesthetic agent which did not influence the renin-angiotensin system in the rat, the effect of widely used injectable and gaseous anesthetics and narcotic agents on renin release was chacterized.  All of the agents studied induced dose- and time-related increases in serum renin activity when administered in anesthetic doses.  Preliminary experiments in anesthetic doses.  Preliminary experiments indicated that cardiovascular effects were highly variable, giving little insight into the relationship between renin release and cardiovascular changes.  Propranolol impaired most of the anesthesia-induced renin release and impaired aldosterone release with the one agent (urethane) studied.  Renin release by two anesthetic agents (ketamine and urethane) appeared to be mediated premarily through the beta-adrenermediated primarily through the beta-adrenergic receptor mechanism, but equivocal results were obtained with other agents (pentobarbital and morphine).  It is possible that other anesthetics, as with urethane, may induce aldosterone release by way of renin release.  This anesthesia-induced renin release and the extensive biologic activities of angiotensin and aldosterone suggest a potential for influencing many investigations, particularly those involving cardiovascular and endocrine systems.", "PMID": 1129282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10540", "title": "Rabbit muscle triosephosphate isomerase: activity and inactivation by sulfhydryl reagents as affected by enzyme concentration.", "content": "Progressive increase of enzymatic activity with time occurs after dilution of a crystalline suspension of rabbit muscle TIM. The concentration of p-MB required to inhibit the enzyme is higher the greater the concentration of enzyme. With the lowest concentrations of mercurial that are ultimately inhibitory to the enzyme in dilute solution, there is a lag period before inactivation begins. With higher concentrations of mercurial, some degree of inactivation occurs almost immediately, and enzymatic activity thereafter decreases at a slower rate. With an enzyme concentration of 32 ng/ml, a low concentration of p-MB decreases Vmax without change KM. A higher concentration of mercurial also increases KM. With an enzyme concentration of 1 mg/ml, iodoace begins to inactivate it only after a lag period. In enzyme solutions containing 8 ng/ml, inactivation by iodoacetate progresses without significant initial lag. Discrepancies between the present work and that of other authors can probably be accounted for by differences in the concentrations of enzyme used. It is suggested that the conformation of rabbit muscle TIM in solution is dependent on its concentration. In more dilute solutions the enzyme assumes a conformation in which it is catalytically more active and in which its sulfhydryl groups are more accessible to chemical attack.", "contents": "Rabbit muscle triosephosphate isomerase: activity and inactivation by sulfhydryl reagents as affected by enzyme concentration. Progressive increase of enzymatic activity with time occurs after dilution of a crystalline suspension of rabbit muscle TIM. The concentration of p-MB required to inhibit the enzyme is higher the greater the concentration of enzyme. With the lowest concentrations of mercurial that are ultimately inhibitory to the enzyme in dilute solution, there is a lag period before inactivation begins. With higher concentrations of mercurial, some degree of inactivation occurs almost immediately, and enzymatic activity thereafter decreases at a slower rate. With an enzyme concentration of 32 ng/ml, a low concentration of p-MB decreases Vmax without change KM. A higher concentration of mercurial also increases KM. With an enzyme concentration of 1 mg/ml, iodoace begins to inactivate it only after a lag period. In enzyme solutions containing 8 ng/ml, inactivation by iodoacetate progresses without significant initial lag. Discrepancies between the present work and that of other authors can probably be accounted for by differences in the concentrations of enzyme used. It is suggested that the conformation of rabbit muscle TIM in solution is dependent on its concentration. In more dilute solutions the enzyme assumes a conformation in which it is catalytically more active and in which its sulfhydryl groups are more accessible to chemical attack.", "PMID": 1129283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10541", "title": "Metabolic effects of exercise.  I. Effect of exercise on serum lipids and lipogenesis in rats.", "content": "To evaluate the metabolic effects of exercise, three groups of exercised male rats were compared to their sedentary controls at the end of 10 wk of voluntary exercise in rodent activity cages.  Exercises rats consumed more food than sedentary rats but had greater weight gain only at the higher levels of activity.  Exercised rats had significanlty lower serum triglycerides and higher values of adipose tissue alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase activity.  At higher levels of physical activity, the exercised rats enhibited larger adrenal glands and lower values of hepatic glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase.  It is concluded that specific levels of voluntary exercise are needed to achieve specific metabolic effects.", "contents": "Metabolic effects of exercise.  I. Effect of exercise on serum lipids and lipogenesis in rats. To evaluate the metabolic effects of exercise, three groups of exercised male rats were compared to their sedentary controls at the end of 10 wk of voluntary exercise in rodent activity cages.  Exercises rats consumed more food than sedentary rats but had greater weight gain only at the higher levels of activity.  Exercised rats had significanlty lower serum triglycerides and higher values of adipose tissue alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase activity.  At higher levels of physical activity, the exercised rats enhibited larger adrenal glands and lower values of hepatic glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase.  It is concluded that specific levels of voluntary exercise are needed to achieve specific metabolic effects.", "PMID": 1129284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10542", "title": "Metabolic effects of exercise.  II. Residual metabolic effects of exercise in rats.", "content": "This report described the duration of changes in serum lipids, adrenal weight and hepatic G-6-PD activity in rats following the termination of 10 weeks of voluntary activity in a revolving drum. Exercised rats had lower weight gain, larger adrenal glands, lower serum cholesterol, lower serum triglycerides and lower liver glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) activity than the sedentary controls. The differences between exercise and control rats in adrenal gland weight, body weight and G-6-PD tend to disappear within 3 wk after termination of the exercise. These experiments provide evidence that exercise can affect lipid metabolism and have a beneficial effect on the lowering of serum lipids. It also shows that this effect will persist for up to 3 wk after the exercise is terminated, under the experimental conditions of this study.", "contents": "Metabolic effects of exercise.  II. Residual metabolic effects of exercise in rats. This report described the duration of changes in serum lipids, adrenal weight and hepatic G-6-PD activity in rats following the termination of 10 weeks of voluntary activity in a revolving drum. Exercised rats had lower weight gain, larger adrenal glands, lower serum cholesterol, lower serum triglycerides and lower liver glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) activity than the sedentary controls. The differences between exercise and control rats in adrenal gland weight, body weight and G-6-PD tend to disappear within 3 wk after termination of the exercise. These experiments provide evidence that exercise can affect lipid metabolism and have a beneficial effect on the lowering of serum lipids. It also shows that this effect will persist for up to 3 wk after the exercise is terminated, under the experimental conditions of this study.", "PMID": 1129285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10543", "title": "Comparative response of castrate and intact male rats to diethylstilbestrol.", "content": "Treatment of castrate and intact male rats with DES in the feed was used to note its comparative effect on feed intake vesicle, testicle, spleen and liver weights, and DES similarly reduced gain and feed efficiently in both castrate and intact male rats. Thus, there appears to be a basic difference in the response of rats to DES, compared to cattle and sheep, that does not depend on whether they are intact or castrate males.", "contents": "Comparative response of castrate and intact male rats to diethylstilbestrol. Treatment of castrate and intact male rats with DES in the feed was used to note its comparative effect on feed intake vesicle, testicle, spleen and liver weights, and DES similarly reduced gain and feed efficiently in both castrate and intact male rats. Thus, there appears to be a basic difference in the response of rats to DES, compared to cattle and sheep, that does not depend on whether they are intact or castrate males.", "PMID": 1129286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10544", "title": "Effect of arginine deficiency on normal and dystrophic chickens.", "content": "Normal and genetically dystrophic chickens were fed diets deficient in arginine or further aggravated by the addition of lysine. Growth of dystrophic chicks is depressed less by a deficiency of arginine than that of normal chicks. Muscular ability of dystrophic chicks was improved by feeding them an arginine deficient diet but this effect may be related to the size of the bird. The total creatinine content of the pectoral muscle of dystrophic chicks was reduced more with a deficiency of arginine than was that of normal chickens.", "contents": "Effect of arginine deficiency on normal and dystrophic chickens. Normal and genetically dystrophic chickens were fed diets deficient in arginine or further aggravated by the addition of lysine. Growth of dystrophic chicks is depressed less by a deficiency of arginine than that of normal chicks. Muscular ability of dystrophic chicks was improved by feeding them an arginine deficient diet but this effect may be related to the size of the bird. The total creatinine content of the pectoral muscle of dystrophic chicks was reduced more with a deficiency of arginine than was that of normal chickens.", "PMID": 1129287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10545", "title": "Vascular and extravascular volume changes due to elevated venous pressure.", "content": "Abrupt elevation of venous pressure causes an initial rapid and a secondary slow increase in total tissue volume (plethysmography).  Changes in total tissue volume and blood conductivity from the isovolumetric state were determined to assess what factors determined the two components of the tissue volume change.  The initial component of the plethysmograph record would appear to be 90% vascular volume change and 10% extra-vascular  volume change.  Since the two techniques measured identical amounts of capillary filtration during the second component of the recording there would seem to be no slow component of vascular volume increase following venous pressure elevation.  Evidence that elevation of venous pressure causes myogenic closure of precapillary vessels isolating a segment of the microvasculature is presented.", "contents": "Vascular and extravascular volume changes due to elevated venous pressure. Abrupt elevation of venous pressure causes an initial rapid and a secondary slow increase in total tissue volume (plethysmography).  Changes in total tissue volume and blood conductivity from the isovolumetric state were determined to assess what factors determined the two components of the tissue volume change.  The initial component of the plethysmograph record would appear to be 90% vascular volume change and 10% extra-vascular  volume change.  Since the two techniques measured identical amounts of capillary filtration during the second component of the recording there would seem to be no slow component of vascular volume increase following venous pressure elevation.  Evidence that elevation of venous pressure causes myogenic closure of precapillary vessels isolating a segment of the microvasculature is presented.", "PMID": 1129288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10546", "title": "Neurogenic influence on pulmonary surface tension and cholesterol in cats.", "content": "Previous work showed that stress involving the sympathetic nervous system via mechanical head injury and hyperbaric oxygen results in a decreased lung compliance and altered alveolar surfactants. Similar changes were associated with sympathetic nerve stimulation via the stellate ganglion. In view of reports that the minimum surface tension attained by lung wash fluid is increased by very small amounts of cholesterol content of the alveoli. The results show a nearly 200% increase in intra-alveolar cholesterol as well as high minimum surface tensions following sympathetic nerve stimulation. Such changes developed in the absence of any increase in lung wet wt/dry wt ratios. The results from the present study suggest that the previously reported decreased lung compliance and increased minimum surface tension associated with sympathetic stimulation may be due at least in part to contamination of the alveolar surfactants with large amounts of cholesterol.", "contents": "Neurogenic influence on pulmonary surface tension and cholesterol in cats. Previous work showed that stress involving the sympathetic nervous system via mechanical head injury and hyperbaric oxygen results in a decreased lung compliance and altered alveolar surfactants. Similar changes were associated with sympathetic nerve stimulation via the stellate ganglion. In view of reports that the minimum surface tension attained by lung wash fluid is increased by very small amounts of cholesterol content of the alveoli. The results show a nearly 200% increase in intra-alveolar cholesterol as well as high minimum surface tensions following sympathetic nerve stimulation. Such changes developed in the absence of any increase in lung wet wt/dry wt ratios. The results from the present study suggest that the previously reported decreased lung compliance and increased minimum surface tension associated with sympathetic stimulation may be due at least in part to contamination of the alveolar surfactants with large amounts of cholesterol.", "PMID": 1129289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10547", "title": "Hematologic observations on the yak.", "content": "The uak has two hemoglobins sharing a common globin chain.  Hb slow appears unique to the yak among the ruminants studied.  It is not known if Hb slow is important in high altitude adaptation, but physilogic rather than hematolgoic adjustments may be more important agter acute blood loss, as 2,3-DPG remains nit and no disproportionate hemolgoin production occurs.", "contents": "Hematologic observations on the yak. The uak has two hemoglobins sharing a common globin chain.  Hb slow appears unique to the yak among the ruminants studied.  It is not known if Hb slow is important in high altitude adaptation, but physilogic rather than hematolgoic adjustments may be more important agter acute blood loss, as 2,3-DPG remains nit and no disproportionate hemolgoin production occurs.", "PMID": 1129290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10548", "title": "Histochemical measurements of rat kidney hexokinase.", "content": "HK has been measured in substructures of the developing rat nephron.  Reactions were carried on samples dissected from freeze dried kidney and assayed in 1 mul reaction volume utilizing the \"oil-well\" technique.  Samples from 4 days prenatal to 44-day adult were analyzed.  Activity during development decreased in G, PCT, and it increased in ALH.  There was little change in PRT, DCT and CT.  Activity in small arteries decreased.", "contents": "Histochemical measurements of rat kidney hexokinase. HK has been measured in substructures of the developing rat nephron.  Reactions were carried on samples dissected from freeze dried kidney and assayed in 1 mul reaction volume utilizing the \"oil-well\" technique.  Samples from 4 days prenatal to 44-day adult were analyzed.  Activity during development decreased in G, PCT, and it increased in ALH.  There was little change in PRT, DCT and CT.  Activity in small arteries decreased.", "PMID": 1129291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10549", "title": "A model for ultracentrifugal quantification of (35-S) bromosulphthalein-binding to plasma proteins in the presence of radioimpurities.", "content": "Sloutions of (35S)bromosulphthalein ((35S)BSP) in heparinized canine plasma, in the proportions established in vivo after injecting BSP intravenously to test liver function, were ultracentrifugated at 226,000 g for 24 hr at 5 degrees.  Protein-free supernatant was replaced by Krebs-Ringer buffer (pH 7.40), the protein sediment resuspended, and the mixture recentrifugated.  That process was repeated several times, and the radio-activity of each resulting supernatant was measured. Since (35-S)BSP could not be adequately purified, supernatant radioactivities reflected both (35-S)BSP and radioimpurity.  Therfore, a model was derived that (i) interpreted the rapid decrease in supernatant radioactivities of initial centrifugations and the gradual fall therafter; and (ii) allowed us to determine picomoles of non-protein-bound (35-S)BSP. Results indicated that only 0.053% (SD .0013%) of BSP in our system was not protein-bound.", "contents": "A model for ultracentrifugal quantification of (35-S) bromosulphthalein-binding to plasma proteins in the presence of radioimpurities. Sloutions of (35S)bromosulphthalein ((35S)BSP) in heparinized canine plasma, in the proportions established in vivo after injecting BSP intravenously to test liver function, were ultracentrifugated at 226,000 g for 24 hr at 5 degrees.  Protein-free supernatant was replaced by Krebs-Ringer buffer (pH 7.40), the protein sediment resuspended, and the mixture recentrifugated.  That process was repeated several times, and the radio-activity of each resulting supernatant was measured. Since (35-S)BSP could not be adequately purified, supernatant radioactivities reflected both (35-S)BSP and radioimpurity.  Therfore, a model was derived that (i) interpreted the rapid decrease in supernatant radioactivities of initial centrifugations and the gradual fall therafter; and (ii) allowed us to determine picomoles of non-protein-bound (35-S)BSP. Results indicated that only 0.053% (SD .0013%) of BSP in our system was not protein-bound.", "PMID": 1129292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10550", "title": "Renin and distal tubule Na during stop flow in dogs.", "content": "Using radioimmunoassay techniques, arteria (A) and renal venous (RV) plasma renin activities were measured in sodium pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs during clearance and stop-flow periods. Changes in RV-A renin were used to estimate changes in renin secretion. RV-A renin increased during stop flow from its average value during clearance periods, whether 10% mannitol in 0.15 M NaCl or 10% mannitol in 0.1 M Na2SO4 was being administered intravenously. However, RV-A renin during mannitol + NaCl stop-flow periods was significantly greater than during mannitol + Na2SO4 stop-flow periods. Distal tubular fluid Na concentrations as indicated by stop-flow analysis were higher during the latter. These observations suggest that a macula densa stimulus, Na concentration, and/or load, may control renin secretion during ureteral occlusion.", "contents": "Renin and distal tubule Na during stop flow in dogs. Using radioimmunoassay techniques, arteria (A) and renal venous (RV) plasma renin activities were measured in sodium pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs during clearance and stop-flow periods. Changes in RV-A renin were used to estimate changes in renin secretion. RV-A renin increased during stop flow from its average value during clearance periods, whether 10% mannitol in 0.15 M NaCl or 10% mannitol in 0.1 M Na2SO4 was being administered intravenously. However, RV-A renin during mannitol + NaCl stop-flow periods was significantly greater than during mannitol + Na2SO4 stop-flow periods. Distal tubular fluid Na concentrations as indicated by stop-flow analysis were higher during the latter. These observations suggest that a macula densa stimulus, Na concentration, and/or load, may control renin secretion during ureteral occlusion.", "PMID": 1129293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10551", "title": "Environmental lighting and human salivary gland function.", "content": "Three experiments were conducted to (a) determine the effect of light deprivation on submandibular flow, (b) test for accommodation in darkness-induced parotid flow-rate depression, and (c) evaluate the effects of lights of widely varying intensities on parotid flow. Light deprivation decreased submandibular flow rate from 0.146 ml/min to 0.045 ml/min, a decrease of 69%. It is suggested that photic input through the retina provides stimulation to the salivary glands in the human through the superior cervical ganglion in a system similar to that present for the pineal. This implies that the sympathetic nervous system functions in the regulation of a component of the resting flow from both the parotid and submandibular glands. Series of parotid saliva samples collected in darkness did not reveal a pattern suggestive of accommodation to darkness. The effect of darkness on flow is as strong in the first sample as in those collected later under darkness. Reinstitution of light brings immediate restoration of the routine level of unstimulated salivary flow. A light intensity as low as 0.1 fc is sufficient to maintain the usual level of resting parotid flow. Increasing intensity up to 150 fc did not significantly increase this rate of flow.", "contents": "Environmental lighting and human salivary gland function. Three experiments were conducted to (a) determine the effect of light deprivation on submandibular flow, (b) test for accommodation in darkness-induced parotid flow-rate depression, and (c) evaluate the effects of lights of widely varying intensities on parotid flow. Light deprivation decreased submandibular flow rate from 0.146 ml/min to 0.045 ml/min, a decrease of 69%. It is suggested that photic input through the retina provides stimulation to the salivary glands in the human through the superior cervical ganglion in a system similar to that present for the pineal. This implies that the sympathetic nervous system functions in the regulation of a component of the resting flow from both the parotid and submandibular glands. Series of parotid saliva samples collected in darkness did not reveal a pattern suggestive of accommodation to darkness. The effect of darkness on flow is as strong in the first sample as in those collected later under darkness. Reinstitution of light brings immediate restoration of the routine level of unstimulated salivary flow. A light intensity as low as 0.1 fc is sufficient to maintain the usual level of resting parotid flow. Increasing intensity up to 150 fc did not significantly increase this rate of flow.", "PMID": 1129295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10552", "title": "Adrenal rhythmicity in the immature pseudopregnant rat.", "content": "A daily rhythm of serum corticosterone persists in 31 day old immature female rats in which pseudopregnancy has been induced by means of 25 IU pregnant mare's serum gonadotrophin (PMS) given at 26 days of age. There is, in addition, a daily rhythm of progesterone in 31-day old controls with a rise during the day and a fall during the dark portion of the photoperiod. PMS-injected rats had a much higher level of progesterone but no rhythm.", "contents": "Adrenal rhythmicity in the immature pseudopregnant rat. A daily rhythm of serum corticosterone persists in 31 day old immature female rats in which pseudopregnancy has been induced by means of 25 IU pregnant mare's serum gonadotrophin (PMS) given at 26 days of age. There is, in addition, a daily rhythm of progesterone in 31-day old controls with a rise during the day and a fall during the dark portion of the photoperiod. PMS-injected rats had a much higher level of progesterone but no rhythm.", "PMID": 1129296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10553", "title": "Effect of blood volume expansion on tubule sodium transport in the isolated dog kidney.", "content": "Nonrecollection end-proximal tubule micropuncture technique and the microsphere method for estimating fractional distribution of renal cortical blood flow were applied to further define the mechanism of the natriuresis in the isolated dog kidney in response to volume expansion with equilibrated blood. Following volume expansion sodium excretion increased +79 plus or minus 24 muEq/min (P less than 0.01) in the face of significant decreases in inulin clearance (C IN) and renal blood flow (RBF) and in the absence of changes in renal perfusion pressure, plasma protein concentration or packed cell volume. (TF/P)IN of end-proximal tubular fluid decreased from 1.65 plus or minus 0.03 to 1.53 plus or minus 0.04, P less than 0.025, and proximal tubule absolute reabsorption decreased from 36 plus or minus 3 to 29 plus or minus 2 nl/min, P less than 0.05. The decrease in absolute reabsorption, however, was balanced by a decrease in single nephron GFR (SNGFR) so that no increase in distal delivery of fluid (V TF) out of the proximal tubule was detected. SNGFR/C-IN remained constant. No change in fractional distribution of RBF was detected. The data indicate that volume expansion with equilibrated blood depresses proximal tubule fractional and absolute reabsorptive rates in the isolated kidney but since V-TF did not increase, they imply that the natriuresis derives from a decrease in sodium transport along more distal nephron segments.", "contents": "Effect of blood volume expansion on tubule sodium transport in the isolated dog kidney. Nonrecollection end-proximal tubule micropuncture technique and the microsphere method for estimating fractional distribution of renal cortical blood flow were applied to further define the mechanism of the natriuresis in the isolated dog kidney in response to volume expansion with equilibrated blood. Following volume expansion sodium excretion increased +79 plus or minus 24 muEq/min (P less than 0.01) in the face of significant decreases in inulin clearance (C IN) and renal blood flow (RBF) and in the absence of changes in renal perfusion pressure, plasma protein concentration or packed cell volume. (TF/P)IN of end-proximal tubular fluid decreased from 1.65 plus or minus 0.03 to 1.53 plus or minus 0.04, P less than 0.025, and proximal tubule absolute reabsorption decreased from 36 plus or minus 3 to 29 plus or minus 2 nl/min, P less than 0.05. The decrease in absolute reabsorption, however, was balanced by a decrease in single nephron GFR (SNGFR) so that no increase in distal delivery of fluid (V TF) out of the proximal tubule was detected. SNGFR/C-IN remained constant. No change in fractional distribution of RBF was detected. The data indicate that volume expansion with equilibrated blood depresses proximal tubule fractional and absolute reabsorptive rates in the isolated kidney but since V-TF did not increase, they imply that the natriuresis derives from a decrease in sodium transport along more distal nephron segments.", "PMID": 1129297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10554", "title": "Polycythemia induced in rats by intrarenal injection of nickel sulfide Ni3S2.", "content": "In rats, injection of nickel sulfide (5 mg) into each pole of one kidney, unlike intramuscular administration, elicits a plethoric condition a few weeks later.  The resulting hematologic changes (increased hematocrit, hemoglobin, erythrocytes and circulating erythrocyte mass with normal plasma volume) indicate that the plethoric condition is due to polycythemia, which is not associated with alterations in the 2,3-diphosphoglyceric acid content of erythrocytes.  Removal of the treated kidney, following the development of the polycythemia, as well as the tumor growth and expansion in the renal parenchyma, reverse the plethoric condition, suggesting that the erythropoietic changes derive from nickel-induced renal lesions.  Further studies are required to elucidate the nature and mechanisms of the cellular alterations.", "contents": "Polycythemia induced in rats by intrarenal injection of nickel sulfide Ni3S2. In rats, injection of nickel sulfide (5 mg) into each pole of one kidney, unlike intramuscular administration, elicits a plethoric condition a few weeks later.  The resulting hematologic changes (increased hematocrit, hemoglobin, erythrocytes and circulating erythrocyte mass with normal plasma volume) indicate that the plethoric condition is due to polycythemia, which is not associated with alterations in the 2,3-diphosphoglyceric acid content of erythrocytes.  Removal of the treated kidney, following the development of the polycythemia, as well as the tumor growth and expansion in the renal parenchyma, reverse the plethoric condition, suggesting that the erythropoietic changes derive from nickel-induced renal lesions.  Further studies are required to elucidate the nature and mechanisms of the cellular alterations.", "PMID": 1129298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10555", "title": "Differential binding to Sepharose-Con A of B12-binding proteins from human gastric juice.", "content": "Human gastric juice was found to contain at least two vitamin B-12 binding substances.  One of the proteins which formed a complex with B12 was found to bind to a column containing Sepharose-ConA.  Since the protein which bound to Sepharose-ConA was absent in the gastric juice of pernicious anemia patients it was concluded that this protein was intrinsic factor.  The ability of intrinsic factor to bind to Sepharose-ConA offers a potential means by which intrinsic factor could be separated from other B-12 binding proteins in gastric juice.  The ConA binding properties of intrinsic factor might be exploited in the development of a diagnostic test for pernicious anemia.", "contents": "Differential binding to Sepharose-Con A of B12-binding proteins from human gastric juice. Human gastric juice was found to contain at least two vitamin B-12 binding substances.  One of the proteins which formed a complex with B12 was found to bind to a column containing Sepharose-ConA.  Since the protein which bound to Sepharose-ConA was absent in the gastric juice of pernicious anemia patients it was concluded that this protein was intrinsic factor.  The ability of intrinsic factor to bind to Sepharose-ConA offers a potential means by which intrinsic factor could be separated from other B-12 binding proteins in gastric juice.  The ConA binding properties of intrinsic factor might be exploited in the development of a diagnostic test for pernicious anemia.", "PMID": 1129299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10556", "title": "Radioimmunoassay for GH-release inhibiting hormone.", "content": "The synthetic growth hormone release inhibiting hormone (GH-RIH) was conjugated with human serum globulin using glutaraldehyde and administered to rabbits. An antiserum thus generated 70% of 125I-Tyr1-GH-RIH. The binding was inhibited by unlabelled GH-RIH and the inhibition was dose-related, enabling us to establish a radioimmunoassay method for GH-RIH. The minimum detectable dose was 4 pg. A linearity was demonstrated for immunoreactive GH-RIH of extracts of rat and pig hypothalami, indicating that they contained substance(s) indistinguishable from GH-RIH. Various hypothalamic and pituitary hormones did not interfere with the radioimmunoassay, but considerable cross-reaction was observed for linear GH-RIH and the ring portion of GIH-RIH, suggesting that the antigenic determinant involved the amino acid sequence from position 3-14 of GH-RIH or part of it. Plasma protein appears to contain substance(s) immunologically indistinguishable from GH-RIH or to interfere, in a nonspecific manner, with the radioimmunoassay system for GH-RIH.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay for GH-release inhibiting hormone. The synthetic growth hormone release inhibiting hormone (GH-RIH) was conjugated with human serum globulin using glutaraldehyde and administered to rabbits. An antiserum thus generated 70% of 125I-Tyr1-GH-RIH. The binding was inhibited by unlabelled GH-RIH and the inhibition was dose-related, enabling us to establish a radioimmunoassay method for GH-RIH. The minimum detectable dose was 4 pg. A linearity was demonstrated for immunoreactive GH-RIH of extracts of rat and pig hypothalami, indicating that they contained substance(s) indistinguishable from GH-RIH. Various hypothalamic and pituitary hormones did not interfere with the radioimmunoassay, but considerable cross-reaction was observed for linear GH-RIH and the ring portion of GIH-RIH, suggesting that the antigenic determinant involved the amino acid sequence from position 3-14 of GH-RIH or part of it. Plasma protein appears to contain substance(s) immunologically indistinguishable from GH-RIH or to interfere, in a nonspecific manner, with the radioimmunoassay system for GH-RIH.", "PMID": 1129301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10557", "title": "Aging and ovarian delta5-3beta-hydroxysteroid dehyrogenase in rats.", "content": "Ovarian delta5-3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activiety and protein content were determined in long-evans rate 1-24 mo of age.  Activity of the enzyme per miligram of protein was maximal between 2 and gram of protein was maximal between 2 and 4 mo of age and declined theragter.  Ovarian enzyme activity of the 24-mo old rat was significantly less than that of the prepubertal animal.  Total ovarian enzyme acitivity was maximal in 4-mo old rats.  A decline in ovarian protein was noted between 4 and 24 mo of age.", "contents": "Aging and ovarian delta5-3beta-hydroxysteroid dehyrogenase in rats. Ovarian delta5-3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activiety and protein content were determined in long-evans rate 1-24 mo of age.  Activity of the enzyme per miligram of protein was maximal between 2 and gram of protein was maximal between 2 and 4 mo of age and declined theragter.  Ovarian enzyme activity of the 24-mo old rat was significantly less than that of the prepubertal animal.  Total ovarian enzyme acitivity was maximal in 4-mo old rats.  A decline in ovarian protein was noted between 4 and 24 mo of age.", "PMID": 1129302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10558", "title": "The use of 51Cr for sheep red blood cell survival studies.", "content": "The red blood cell half-life as determined by 51Cr-labelled autologous cells in five adult sheep was 13.7 days.  In contrast, the red blood cell life span measured by cohort 59Fe-labelling in six adult sheep was 111.7 days.  The rapid loss of 51Cr-activity from the circulation appears to result from rapid elution of the label from the circulating red cells.  51Cr does not appear to be a suitable isotope for erythrokinetic studies in sheep.", "contents": "The use of 51Cr for sheep red blood cell survival studies. The red blood cell half-life as determined by 51Cr-labelled autologous cells in five adult sheep was 13.7 days.  In contrast, the red blood cell life span measured by cohort 59Fe-labelling in six adult sheep was 111.7 days.  The rapid loss of 51Cr-activity from the circulation appears to result from rapid elution of the label from the circulating red cells.  51Cr does not appear to be a suitable isotope for erythrokinetic studies in sheep.", "PMID": 1129303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10559", "title": "Platelet recovery after induction of acute thrombocytopenia.", "content": "After mild thrombocytopenia (about 50-100% of control platelet level), induced by injection of antiplatelet serum (APS), platelets increased at a fairly constant and moderate rate for about 4 days and reached a maximum count, greater than pretreatment levels, on the fifth day. After moderate to severe thrombocytopenia, an early moderate rate of platelet increase was succeeded within 2 days by a second more rapid rate that persisted for about 3 days. The maximum overshoot of the platelet count was usually less than twice the pretreatment level. After the largest doses of APS, the platelet count remained depressed for several days. Platelet response after acute thrombocytopenia induced with antiserum is therefore variable, depending on the level and duration of thrombocytopenia.", "contents": "Platelet recovery after induction of acute thrombocytopenia. After mild thrombocytopenia (about 50-100% of control platelet level), induced by injection of antiplatelet serum (APS), platelets increased at a fairly constant and moderate rate for about 4 days and reached a maximum count, greater than pretreatment levels, on the fifth day. After moderate to severe thrombocytopenia, an early moderate rate of platelet increase was succeeded within 2 days by a second more rapid rate that persisted for about 3 days. The maximum overshoot of the platelet count was usually less than twice the pretreatment level. After the largest doses of APS, the platelet count remained depressed for several days. Platelet response after acute thrombocytopenia induced with antiserum is therefore variable, depending on the level and duration of thrombocytopenia.", "PMID": 1129306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10560", "title": "Effects of several antianginal agents on pacing-induced S-T Segment depression in the atherosclerotic rabbit.", "content": "Several agents used clinically in the treatment of angina pectoris were studied in an atherosclerotic rabbit model previously shown to be useful in differentiating antianginal drug activity.  Intravenously administered isosorbide dinitrate afforded protection against pacing-induced S-T segment depression in a dose-related manner.  Drugs with no protective effect included pentaerythritol tetranitrate, chromonar, and papaverine.  Propranolol also did not prevent pacing-induced S-T segment depression, due in part to the overriding of the beneficial negative chronotropic effect of this drug by pacing.", "contents": "Effects of several antianginal agents on pacing-induced S-T Segment depression in the atherosclerotic rabbit. Several agents used clinically in the treatment of angina pectoris were studied in an atherosclerotic rabbit model previously shown to be useful in differentiating antianginal drug activity.  Intravenously administered isosorbide dinitrate afforded protection against pacing-induced S-T segment depression in a dose-related manner.  Drugs with no protective effect included pentaerythritol tetranitrate, chromonar, and papaverine.  Propranolol also did not prevent pacing-induced S-T segment depression, due in part to the overriding of the beneficial negative chronotropic effect of this drug by pacing.", "PMID": 1129307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10561", "title": "The effect of mineralocorticoid deficiency on renal concentrating and diluting capacity.", "content": "To examine the effect of mineralocorticoid deficiency on sodium transport by the ascending limb of the loop of Henle, free water clearance and reabsorption were measured in the same six dogs under conditions of aldosterone deficiency and mineralocorticoid sufficiency.  Aldosterone deficiency was induced by bilateral adrenalectomy with dexamethasone replacement.  H2O/100 ML GFR ranged from 4.0 to 19.5 in the aldosterone deficient dogs and 4.5-18.6 in the mineralocorticoid sufficient dogs.  H2O/100 ML GFR plotted against V/100 ML GFR showed no significant difference between the two groups.  H2O/100 ml GFR ranged from 1.2 to 6.5 in the mineralocorticoid sufficient group and 2.4-8.5 in the mineralcorticoid sufficient group and 2.4-8.5 in the aldosterone deficient group. TC-H2O/100 GFR plotted against Osm/100 ml GFR revealed no significant urine concentration in the mineralocorticoid sufficient group was 1356 mOsm/kg plus or minus 254 (SD) and 1386 mOsm/kg plus or minus 331 (SD) for the aldosterne deficient group; the difference is not significant.  This study failed to demonstrate any effect of aldosterone deficiency on renal concentrating and diluting capacity and thus provides inferential evidence against an effect of aldosterone on ascending limb sodium reabsorption.", "contents": "The effect of mineralocorticoid deficiency on renal concentrating and diluting capacity. To examine the effect of mineralocorticoid deficiency on sodium transport by the ascending limb of the loop of Henle, free water clearance and reabsorption were measured in the same six dogs under conditions of aldosterone deficiency and mineralocorticoid sufficiency.  Aldosterone deficiency was induced by bilateral adrenalectomy with dexamethasone replacement.  H2O/100 ML GFR ranged from 4.0 to 19.5 in the aldosterone deficient dogs and 4.5-18.6 in the mineralocorticoid sufficient dogs.  H2O/100 ML GFR plotted against V/100 ML GFR showed no significant difference between the two groups.  H2O/100 ml GFR ranged from 1.2 to 6.5 in the mineralocorticoid sufficient group and 2.4-8.5 in the mineralcorticoid sufficient group and 2.4-8.5 in the aldosterone deficient group. TC-H2O/100 GFR plotted against Osm/100 ml GFR revealed no significant urine concentration in the mineralocorticoid sufficient group was 1356 mOsm/kg plus or minus 254 (SD) and 1386 mOsm/kg plus or minus 331 (SD) for the aldosterne deficient group; the difference is not significant.  This study failed to demonstrate any effect of aldosterone deficiency on renal concentrating and diluting capacity and thus provides inferential evidence against an effect of aldosterone on ascending limb sodium reabsorption.", "PMID": 1129308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10562", "title": "Effect of 1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide (ribavirin) on Friend leukemia virus infections in mice.", "content": "Ribavirin, when administered intraperitoneally to mice infected with Friend leukemia virus, significantly inhibited development of the disease as determined by inhibition of virus-induced splenomegaly and viable virus titers in the spleen and plasma of the infected animals.  The drug was effective whether administered ip in multiple daily treatments, treatments every three days, or single injection.  Greatest efficacy was seen when therapy began early in the infection, presumably while the virus was in its eclipse phase.", "contents": "Effect of 1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide (ribavirin) on Friend leukemia virus infections in mice. Ribavirin, when administered intraperitoneally to mice infected with Friend leukemia virus, significantly inhibited development of the disease as determined by inhibition of virus-induced splenomegaly and viable virus titers in the spleen and plasma of the infected animals.  The drug was effective whether administered ip in multiple daily treatments, treatments every three days, or single injection.  Greatest efficacy was seen when therapy began early in the infection, presumably while the virus was in its eclipse phase.", "PMID": 1129309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10563", "title": "Placental transport of creating in the rat.", "content": "Pregnant rats near term were injected iv with creatine-1-14C or creatinine-1-14C and the distribution of radioactivity was studied in maternal and fetal blood as well as in the visceralyolk sacs and chorioallantoic placentae. After injection of creatine-1-14C into the dam, the level of radioactivity in fetal blood was somewhat higher than that inmaternal blood at 30 min, reached maximal levels after 30 min, and remained essentially constant for at least 4 hr. The radioactivity in the labyrinth and junctional zone portions of the chorioallantoic placenta and the yolk sac was maximal after 30-6- min and was always considerably higher than that in the fetal and maternal blood. Furthermore, the level of radioactivity in the labyrinth was several times higher than that in the junctional zone portion of the chorioallantoic placenta and the yolk sac in which the radioactivity remained essentially constant after 1 hr. On the other hand, the radioactivity in the labyrinth declined rapidly after the first hour and reached levels which were about one-third of the maximal value after 4 hr. When labeled creatine was injected into the dam, 90% of the radioactivity present in the fetal blood and chorioallantoic placenta was found in free creatine as shown by paper chromatography in three different systems. Ancillary studies showed that the creatine concentration in fetal blood was several times higher than that in the maternal blood on the 21st-22 day of gestation. Creatine concentration in both portions of the chorioallantoic placenta as well as the visceral yolk sac was higher than that in the fetal blood, indicating that a downhill concentration gradient existed between creatine in placental tissues and that in the fetal circulation. When creatinine-1-14C was injected iv into pregnant rats, the level of radioactivity in fetal blood rose to a maximum after 5-15 min, but the radioactivity in the maternal blood was considerably higher than that in either the fetal blood or the chorioallantoic placenta and yolk sac. These studies indicate that creatine is actively accumulated and released by the placental unit to the growing rat fetus, while creatinine is passively transported from mother to conceptus across the placentae, at least during the later stages of rat gestation.", "contents": "Placental transport of creating in the rat. Pregnant rats near term were injected iv with creatine-1-14C or creatinine-1-14C and the distribution of radioactivity was studied in maternal and fetal blood as well as in the visceralyolk sacs and chorioallantoic placentae. After injection of creatine-1-14C into the dam, the level of radioactivity in fetal blood was somewhat higher than that inmaternal blood at 30 min, reached maximal levels after 30 min, and remained essentially constant for at least 4 hr. The radioactivity in the labyrinth and junctional zone portions of the chorioallantoic placenta and the yolk sac was maximal after 30-6- min and was always considerably higher than that in the fetal and maternal blood. Furthermore, the level of radioactivity in the labyrinth was several times higher than that in the junctional zone portion of the chorioallantoic placenta and the yolk sac in which the radioactivity remained essentially constant after 1 hr. On the other hand, the radioactivity in the labyrinth declined rapidly after the first hour and reached levels which were about one-third of the maximal value after 4 hr. When labeled creatine was injected into the dam, 90% of the radioactivity present in the fetal blood and chorioallantoic placenta was found in free creatine as shown by paper chromatography in three different systems. Ancillary studies showed that the creatine concentration in fetal blood was several times higher than that in the maternal blood on the 21st-22 day of gestation. Creatine concentration in both portions of the chorioallantoic placenta as well as the visceral yolk sac was higher than that in the fetal blood, indicating that a downhill concentration gradient existed between creatine in placental tissues and that in the fetal circulation. When creatinine-1-14C was injected iv into pregnant rats, the level of radioactivity in fetal blood rose to a maximum after 5-15 min, but the radioactivity in the maternal blood was considerably higher than that in either the fetal blood or the chorioallantoic placenta and yolk sac. These studies indicate that creatine is actively accumulated and released by the placental unit to the growing rat fetus, while creatinine is passively transported from mother to conceptus across the placentae, at least during the later stages of rat gestation.", "PMID": 1129310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10564", "title": "The effect of hyperbaric exposure of 20 atmospheres-absolute (He-O2) on sphingoglycolipids of rat tissues.", "content": "The effect of hyperbaric exposure of helium-oxygen at 20 atmospheres-absolute (ATA) on sphingoglycolipids of rat liver, kidney, lung and spleen was studied.  No changes were found in the total lipids of the tissues of rats held in ambient air, helium-oxygen mixtures at 1 ATA and 20 ATA.  The amounts of three glycolipids in the spleen and the monoglycosyl ceramide in the lung were decreased in the stressed animals.  There were changes in the fatty acid profiles of glycolipids between groups of animals held in ambient air and He-O2 at 1 ATA. Greater changes were observed in the amount of glycolipids from liver and kidney of animals held at 1 ATA and 20 ATA, providing additional evidence that helium can affect cellular metablism at ambient pressure.  Chain elongation of fatty acids was observed in glycolipids of liver, kidney and spleen of rats exposed to helium-oxygen at 20 ATA compared to animals held in helium-oxygen at 1 ATA.", "contents": "The effect of hyperbaric exposure of 20 atmospheres-absolute (He-O2) on sphingoglycolipids of rat tissues. The effect of hyperbaric exposure of helium-oxygen at 20 atmospheres-absolute (ATA) on sphingoglycolipids of rat liver, kidney, lung and spleen was studied.  No changes were found in the total lipids of the tissues of rats held in ambient air, helium-oxygen mixtures at 1 ATA and 20 ATA.  The amounts of three glycolipids in the spleen and the monoglycosyl ceramide in the lung were decreased in the stressed animals.  There were changes in the fatty acid profiles of glycolipids between groups of animals held in ambient air and He-O2 at 1 ATA. Greater changes were observed in the amount of glycolipids from liver and kidney of animals held at 1 ATA and 20 ATA, providing additional evidence that helium can affect cellular metablism at ambient pressure.  Chain elongation of fatty acids was observed in glycolipids of liver, kidney and spleen of rats exposed to helium-oxygen at 20 ATA compared to animals held in helium-oxygen at 1 ATA.", "PMID": 1129311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10565", "title": "Antiprostatic effects of a nitrogen mustard of estriol.", "content": "The chemical ester of a nitrogen mustard with estriol was tested for its antiprostatic effects in dogs and rats.  The E33-mustard was shown to interfere with the uptake of labeled estriol in the dog prostate and by the ventral prostate of the rat; and to increase the uptake of the radioactivity associated with testosterone in the dog prostate.  The weights of the ventral and dorsolateral prostates of the rat were significantly reduced following the administration of E3-mustard for 2 days.  The results are interpreted to be very similar to those obtained with the mustard of E (Estracyt) and the effects are probably a combination of the actions of the released estrogen (D) and/or mustard, either adding individually or in concert.", "contents": "Antiprostatic effects of a nitrogen mustard of estriol. The chemical ester of a nitrogen mustard with estriol was tested for its antiprostatic effects in dogs and rats.  The E33-mustard was shown to interfere with the uptake of labeled estriol in the dog prostate and by the ventral prostate of the rat; and to increase the uptake of the radioactivity associated with testosterone in the dog prostate.  The weights of the ventral and dorsolateral prostates of the rat were significantly reduced following the administration of E3-mustard for 2 days.  The results are interpreted to be very similar to those obtained with the mustard of E (Estracyt) and the effects are probably a combination of the actions of the released estrogen (D) and/or mustard, either adding individually or in concert.", "PMID": 1129313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10566", "title": "Accumulation of 3H-estradiol in the vaginas and pituitary glands of mice of inbred strains.", "content": "The sensitivity of the vaginal epithelium of ovariectomized mice of the A and C57 strains to estradiol differ approximately fivefold.  The vaginas of the more sensitive C57 strain did accumulate more 333H-E2 at 1 hr in two or three experiments but the retention at 6 and 12 hr was not significantly different.  The pituitary accumulation of H-E2 by the pituitary-tumor susceptable C57 mice, although not significantly greater than that of the nonsusceptable A strain mice at 1 hr was higher at 6 and 12 hr after the injection.  Most of the toluene extractable radioactivity from pituitary glands and vaginas was estradiol with no strain differences.  The accumulation of H-E2 in other tissues was not significantly different in mice of the two strains.", "contents": "Accumulation of 3H-estradiol in the vaginas and pituitary glands of mice of inbred strains. The sensitivity of the vaginal epithelium of ovariectomized mice of the A and C57 strains to estradiol differ approximately fivefold.  The vaginas of the more sensitive C57 strain did accumulate more 333H-E2 at 1 hr in two or three experiments but the retention at 6 and 12 hr was not significantly different.  The pituitary accumulation of H-E2 by the pituitary-tumor susceptable C57 mice, although not significantly greater than that of the nonsusceptable A strain mice at 1 hr was higher at 6 and 12 hr after the injection.  Most of the toluene extractable radioactivity from pituitary glands and vaginas was estradiol with no strain differences.  The accumulation of H-E2 in other tissues was not significantly different in mice of the two strains.", "PMID": 1129314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10567", "title": "Effects of vitamin E deficiency on GSH-induced swelling of rat liver  mitochondria.", "content": "Liver mitochondria from alphatocopherol deficient rats swell more rapidly, both spontaneously and in the presence of GSH, than those from control animals.  The increased swelling of deficient mitochondria induced by GSH was completely eliminated when mitochondria were left longer than two hours at 0 degrees in the suspending medium. GSH-induced swelling of liver mitochondria from alpha-tocopherol deficient rats is reversed by ATP, polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) and by oral administration alpha-tocopherol (2 mg/day per rat).  Swelling of mitochondria in the above system was completely inhibited by the respiratory chain inhibitor, cyanide (.001 M), and partially by azide (0.001 M).  We suggest that the swelling tendency of liver mitochondria from alpha-tocopherol deficient rats might be associated with an altered respiratory mechanism and/or an alteration in membrane permeability.", "contents": "Effects of vitamin E deficiency on GSH-induced swelling of rat liver  mitochondria. Liver mitochondria from alphatocopherol deficient rats swell more rapidly, both spontaneously and in the presence of GSH, than those from control animals.  The increased swelling of deficient mitochondria induced by GSH was completely eliminated when mitochondria were left longer than two hours at 0 degrees in the suspending medium. GSH-induced swelling of liver mitochondria from alpha-tocopherol deficient rats is reversed by ATP, polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) and by oral administration alpha-tocopherol (2 mg/day per rat).  Swelling of mitochondria in the above system was completely inhibited by the respiratory chain inhibitor, cyanide (.001 M), and partially by azide (0.001 M).  We suggest that the swelling tendency of liver mitochondria from alpha-tocopherol deficient rats might be associated with an altered respiratory mechanism and/or an alteration in membrane permeability.", "PMID": 1129315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10568", "title": "Effect of relaxin on mammary gland growth and lactation in the rat.", "content": "Mammary DNA, RNA and RNA/DNA were measured in groups of 10 ovariectomized rats treated for 20 days with relaxin (R) in doses of 20 and 90 guinea pig units (GPU) alone or in combination with 1 mug estradiol benzoate (EB) or EB plus 3 mg progsterone (P).  No treatment, EB only, and EB plus P served as control groups.  Twenty GPU R alone significantly increased DNA over the no treatment group while 90 GPU did not increase DNA  any higher.  Although DNA values for the EB group were higher than no treatment and EB plus P higher than EB, R was not effective in increasing DNA in combination with either EB or EB plus P.R alone at either level did not change RNA from the no treatment group, but 90 GPU R in association with EB and both levels of R in association with EB plus P significantly reduced RNA in relation to the approiate control groups.  Relaxin acts synergistically with estrogen and progesterone to develop the mammary apparatus and at the same time to suppress lactation.  Removing the inhibitory effects of relaxin at parturition may be an important prelude to lactogenesis.", "contents": "Effect of relaxin on mammary gland growth and lactation in the rat. Mammary DNA, RNA and RNA/DNA were measured in groups of 10 ovariectomized rats treated for 20 days with relaxin (R) in doses of 20 and 90 guinea pig units (GPU) alone or in combination with 1 mug estradiol benzoate (EB) or EB plus 3 mg progsterone (P).  No treatment, EB only, and EB plus P served as control groups.  Twenty GPU R alone significantly increased DNA over the no treatment group while 90 GPU did not increase DNA  any higher.  Although DNA values for the EB group were higher than no treatment and EB plus P higher than EB, R was not effective in increasing DNA in combination with either EB or EB plus P.R alone at either level did not change RNA from the no treatment group, but 90 GPU R in association with EB and both levels of R in association with EB plus P significantly reduced RNA in relation to the approiate control groups.  Relaxin acts synergistically with estrogen and progesterone to develop the mammary apparatus and at the same time to suppress lactation.  Removing the inhibitory effects of relaxin at parturition may be an important prelude to lactogenesis.", "PMID": 1129316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10569", "title": "Improved hatch rate in helium-oxygen by reducing shell diffusion area.", "content": "For eggs incubating in a He atmosphere (79% He/21% O2), covering approximately 50% of the shell with melted paraffin improves hatch rate to control values (from 20% to 74%) and decreases egg weight loss to control values (from 17% to 9%). In air (79% N2/21% O2) the same paraffin treatment depresses hatch rate. The role of the inert gases in incubation appears to be an indirect one related to their modification of the rate of gaseous flux across the shell with the adverse effects of He due to excessively rapid diffusion.", "contents": "Improved hatch rate in helium-oxygen by reducing shell diffusion area. For eggs incubating in a He atmosphere (79% He/21% O2), covering approximately 50% of the shell with melted paraffin improves hatch rate to control values (from 20% to 74%) and decreases egg weight loss to control values (from 17% to 9%). In air (79% N2/21% O2) the same paraffin treatment depresses hatch rate. The role of the inert gases in incubation appears to be an indirect one related to their modification of the rate of gaseous flux across the shell with the adverse effects of He due to excessively rapid diffusion.", "PMID": 1129317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10570", "title": "Inhibition of estradiol-induced intranuclear inclusions by an anti-estrogen (nafoxidine) in mammotrophs of the Mongolian gerbil.", "content": "Nafoxidine, an anti-estrogen, inhibited the induction of intranuclear inclusions by estradiol in mammotrophs of the male Mongolian gerbil. No inclusions were observed with inhibitor alone or in control-injected gerbils. Estrogen may well act directly on mammotrophs in induction of nuclear inclusions.", "contents": "Inhibition of estradiol-induced intranuclear inclusions by an anti-estrogen (nafoxidine) in mammotrophs of the Mongolian gerbil. Nafoxidine, an anti-estrogen, inhibited the induction of intranuclear inclusions by estradiol in mammotrophs of the male Mongolian gerbil. No inclusions were observed with inhibitor alone or in control-injected gerbils. Estrogen may well act directly on mammotrophs in induction of nuclear inclusions.", "PMID": 1129319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10571", "title": "Factors affecting the initial extraction of ovine gonadotropins.", "content": "The method of tissue homogenization as well as the solvents used for extraction influenced the protein yield, the specific activity of the oLH and oFSH, and the total units of each hormone recovered. Use of the Tekmar homogenizer (Method 2) produced a fivefold increase in the total yield of oLH per Kg glands (2390 units, Method 2; 474 units, Method 1) and the relative potency of this partially purified LH from the 80% ethanol precipitate was increased (0.16 times NIH-LH-S18, Method 2). By combining the aqueous extraction--ammonium sulfate precipitation with a subsequent ethanolic acetate extraction (Methods 3 and 4) the combined yields provided a 2.4-fold increase in oLH and 1.4-fold increase in oFSH. Thus the total units recovered of oFSH and oLH can be increased simply by changing the methods of homogenization and extraction.", "contents": "Factors affecting the initial extraction of ovine gonadotropins. The method of tissue homogenization as well as the solvents used for extraction influenced the protein yield, the specific activity of the oLH and oFSH, and the total units of each hormone recovered. Use of the Tekmar homogenizer (Method 2) produced a fivefold increase in the total yield of oLH per Kg glands (2390 units, Method 2; 474 units, Method 1) and the relative potency of this partially purified LH from the 80% ethanol precipitate was increased (0.16 times NIH-LH-S18, Method 2). By combining the aqueous extraction--ammonium sulfate precipitation with a subsequent ethanolic acetate extraction (Methods 3 and 4) the combined yields provided a 2.4-fold increase in oLH and 1.4-fold increase in oFSH. Thus the total units recovered of oFSH and oLH can be increased simply by changing the methods of homogenization and extraction.", "PMID": 1129320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10572", "title": "Effects of magnesium deficiency and thyroparathyroidectomy on calcium active transport by rat duodenum.", "content": "Mg deficiency was produced in rats by feeding a Mg-free diet. Ten days of dietary Mg depletion led to an increase in active duodenal Ca absorption in sham-operated animals, but this increase was abolished by thyroparathyroidectomy (TPTX). In addition, TPTX reduced Ca absorption in control aminals fed a Mg-containing diet. More prolonged Mg deficiency was produced by feeding sham-operated animals the Mg-free diet for 19 days. This condition resulted in more marked hypomagnesemia and a depression of Ca transport rates to the level observed in the TPTX groups. These results are consistent with the concept that adaptation of duodenal Ca transport in response to Mg deficiency occurs through an increase in parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion; however, direct blood PTH measurements will be required to prove this point.", "contents": "Effects of magnesium deficiency and thyroparathyroidectomy on calcium active transport by rat duodenum. Mg deficiency was produced in rats by feeding a Mg-free diet. Ten days of dietary Mg depletion led to an increase in active duodenal Ca absorption in sham-operated animals, but this increase was abolished by thyroparathyroidectomy (TPTX). In addition, TPTX reduced Ca absorption in control aminals fed a Mg-containing diet. More prolonged Mg deficiency was produced by feeding sham-operated animals the Mg-free diet for 19 days. This condition resulted in more marked hypomagnesemia and a depression of Ca transport rates to the level observed in the TPTX groups. These results are consistent with the concept that adaptation of duodenal Ca transport in response to Mg deficiency occurs through an increase in parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion; however, direct blood PTH measurements will be required to prove this point.", "PMID": 1129321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10573", "title": "Effect of chronic ethanol ingestion on mitochondrial protein synthesis in Sinclair(S-1) miniature swine.", "content": "The effect of chronic ethanol ingestion on hepatic mitochondrial protein synthesis in miniature swine was investigated. After 3 wk on test, there was no decrease in the rate of amino acid incorporation between livers of control and ethanol consuming pigs. After 6 wk on test, there was a 33% decrease in rate of hepatic mitochondrial membrane protein synthesis in livers of experimental pigs, as compared with controls. When analyzed by SDS-gel electrophoresis, a decrease in labeling of the 40,000 mol wt peak, from both whole membrane protein and proteolipid protein profiles, was observed for livers from ethanol consuming pigs as compared with controls.", "contents": "Effect of chronic ethanol ingestion on mitochondrial protein synthesis in Sinclair(S-1) miniature swine. The effect of chronic ethanol ingestion on hepatic mitochondrial protein synthesis in miniature swine was investigated. After 3 wk on test, there was no decrease in the rate of amino acid incorporation between livers of control and ethanol consuming pigs. After 6 wk on test, there was a 33% decrease in rate of hepatic mitochondrial membrane protein synthesis in livers of experimental pigs, as compared with controls. When analyzed by SDS-gel electrophoresis, a decrease in labeling of the 40,000 mol wt peak, from both whole membrane protein and proteolipid protein profiles, was observed for livers from ethanol consuming pigs as compared with controls.", "PMID": 1129322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10574", "title": "Different responses of two mouse strains to 650 rads and protection by surgical stress.", "content": "Radiation survival of C57B1/6J mice after 650 rads improved from 1.7% to 66% when mice were stressed surgically one week before irradiation. Surgical stress one or three weeks before irradiation increased endogenous CFUs and decreased exogenous CFUs in C57B1/6J and DBA/1J mice. Survival may be related to the proportion of stem cells in different phases of the cell cycle, which was abnormal in C57B1/6J mice and compensated for by a greater number of nucleated cells per femur.", "contents": "Different responses of two mouse strains to 650 rads and protection by surgical stress. Radiation survival of C57B1/6J mice after 650 rads improved from 1.7% to 66% when mice were stressed surgically one week before irradiation. Surgical stress one or three weeks before irradiation increased endogenous CFUs and decreased exogenous CFUs in C57B1/6J and DBA/1J mice. Survival may be related to the proportion of stem cells in different phases of the cell cycle, which was abnormal in C57B1/6J mice and compensated for by a greater number of nucleated cells per femur.", "PMID": 1129323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10575", "title": "Alleviation of silver toxicity by selenite in the rat in relation to tissue glutathione peroxidase.", "content": "Dietary Se (0.5 ppm Se supplied as sodium selenite to a casein-based diet containing 0.02 ppm Se and lacking in vitamin E) prevented the growth depression observed in rats receiving 76 ppm Ag in the water supply and markedly improved growth and survival of those given 751 ppm Ag. The Ag concentration of liver and possibly of kidney was increased by Se. Liver glutathione peroxidase activities from rats fed 0.5 ppm Se and given 76 and 751 ppm Ag for 52 days in their water were, respectively, 30% and 4% of those from control rats fed 0.5 ppmSe without Ag. In rats fed a diet, adequate in vitamin E (100 IU/kg) and Se (0.5 ppm as sodium selenite), administration of 751 ppm Ag in the water for 15 wk reduced liver GSH-Px activity to 5% of that from control rats receiving no Ag. GSH-Px activity of erythrocytes and kidney was decreased by Ag to 37% and 38%, respectively, of control values. It is concluded that in vivo administration of Ag dramatically decreased liver GSH-Px in rats fed Se-supplemented diets with or without vitamin E. Furthermore, supplemental Se (0.5 ppm) prevented the growth depression and mortality caused by Ag in rats fed a diet lacking vitamin E, while increasing the Ag concentration of liver and kidney.", "contents": "Alleviation of silver toxicity by selenite in the rat in relation to tissue glutathione peroxidase. Dietary Se (0.5 ppm Se supplied as sodium selenite to a casein-based diet containing 0.02 ppm Se and lacking in vitamin E) prevented the growth depression observed in rats receiving 76 ppm Ag in the water supply and markedly improved growth and survival of those given 751 ppm Ag. The Ag concentration of liver and possibly of kidney was increased by Se. Liver glutathione peroxidase activities from rats fed 0.5 ppm Se and given 76 and 751 ppm Ag for 52 days in their water were, respectively, 30% and 4% of those from control rats fed 0.5 ppmSe without Ag. In rats fed a diet, adequate in vitamin E (100 IU/kg) and Se (0.5 ppm as sodium selenite), administration of 751 ppm Ag in the water for 15 wk reduced liver GSH-Px activity to 5% of that from control rats receiving no Ag. GSH-Px activity of erythrocytes and kidney was decreased by Ag to 37% and 38%, respectively, of control values. It is concluded that in vivo administration of Ag dramatically decreased liver GSH-Px in rats fed Se-supplemented diets with or without vitamin E. Furthermore, supplemental Se (0.5 ppm) prevented the growth depression and mortality caused by Ag in rats fed a diet lacking vitamin E, while increasing the Ag concentration of liver and kidney.", "PMID": 1129324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10576", "title": "Prolonged production of ovarian progesterone in pseudopregnant hamsters bearing deciduomata.", "content": "Decidual tissue in pseudopregnant hamsters prolonged ovarian progesterone release by one full day. The terminal decline in circulating progesterone occurred abruptly overnight in experimental and control animals and was synchronous with termination of hyperemia. During the hours immediately preceding luteal regression the mean progesterone level was significantly higher in hamsters with decidual tissue.", "contents": "Prolonged production of ovarian progesterone in pseudopregnant hamsters bearing deciduomata. Decidual tissue in pseudopregnant hamsters prolonged ovarian progesterone release by one full day. The terminal decline in circulating progesterone occurred abruptly overnight in experimental and control animals and was synchronous with termination of hyperemia. During the hours immediately preceding luteal regression the mean progesterone level was significantly higher in hamsters with decidual tissue.", "PMID": 1129325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10577", "title": "Rat immunoglobulins in serum and secretions: comparison of IgM, IgA and IgG in serum, colostrum, milk and saliva of protein malnourished and normal rats.", "content": "Immunoglobulin levels in colostrum and milk of normal and protein malnourished rat dams and in serum and saliva of their offspring were quantitated by radial immunodiffusion employing purified anti-rat alpha, gamma and mu. In general, no significant difference was observed in the level of colostral IgA in malnourished as compared to normal rat dams or in the level of serum IgA and IgM and salivary IgA and IgG2a of their offspring. On the other hand, malnourished mothers demonstrated approximately twofold lower levels of colostral IgG2a than normal mothers throughout the entire period of lactation. In addition, at every interval tested, the level of IgG was approximately 1.5- to 2-fold less in malnourished as compared to normal offspring.", "contents": "Rat immunoglobulins in serum and secretions: comparison of IgM, IgA and IgG in serum, colostrum, milk and saliva of protein malnourished and normal rats. Immunoglobulin levels in colostrum and milk of normal and protein malnourished rat dams and in serum and saliva of their offspring were quantitated by radial immunodiffusion employing purified anti-rat alpha, gamma and mu. In general, no significant difference was observed in the level of colostral IgA in malnourished as compared to normal rat dams or in the level of serum IgA and IgM and salivary IgA and IgG2a of their offspring. On the other hand, malnourished mothers demonstrated approximately twofold lower levels of colostral IgG2a than normal mothers throughout the entire period of lactation. In addition, at every interval tested, the level of IgG was approximately 1.5- to 2-fold less in malnourished as compared to normal offspring.", "PMID": 1129326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10578", "title": "Germ-free status and colon tumor induction by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine.", "content": "Female germfree and conventional rats of 50 days of age were injected intrarectally with MNNG for 20 wk (total dose, 48 mg/rat) and autopsied 30 wk after last injection. The colon adenomas induced by MNNG were doubled in germfree rats compared to conventional animals. However, germfree status had no effect on the incidence of adenocarcinomas. It is concluded that pharmacodynamics and metabolism of carcinogen play a role greater than the immune status of the animal in the action of carcinogens such as MNNG.", "contents": "Germ-free status and colon tumor induction by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. Female germfree and conventional rats of 50 days of age were injected intrarectally with MNNG for 20 wk (total dose, 48 mg/rat) and autopsied 30 wk after last injection. The colon adenomas induced by MNNG were doubled in germfree rats compared to conventional animals. However, germfree status had no effect on the incidence of adenocarcinomas. It is concluded that pharmacodynamics and metabolism of carcinogen play a role greater than the immune status of the animal in the action of carcinogens such as MNNG.", "PMID": 1129327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10579", "title": "Phytohemagglutinin committed lymphocytes: the mitotic activity of the phytohemagglutinin stimulated lymphocytes.", "content": "The purpose of these experiments was to find out why there was a decrease in the mitotic activity in the prolonged PHA stimulated lymphocyte cultures. The present observations suggested that the decrease in the mitotic rate in the prolonged PHA-stimulated lymphocytes was not due to a deficiency in the essential material in the culture medium to sustain a maximum mitotic response, nor was it due to an accumulation of the metabolites that might inhibit the lymphocytes to undergo further division. However, the results obtained suggest that there may be a limitation in the number of generation cycles in which the T lymphocytes can be stimulated with the PHA. They also suggest that a second dose of PHA may stimulate some of the original noncommitted lymphocytes to undergo mitosis thus attempting to maintain the in vitro lymphocyte population.", "contents": "Phytohemagglutinin committed lymphocytes: the mitotic activity of the phytohemagglutinin stimulated lymphocytes. The purpose of these experiments was to find out why there was a decrease in the mitotic activity in the prolonged PHA stimulated lymphocyte cultures. The present observations suggested that the decrease in the mitotic rate in the prolonged PHA-stimulated lymphocytes was not due to a deficiency in the essential material in the culture medium to sustain a maximum mitotic response, nor was it due to an accumulation of the metabolites that might inhibit the lymphocytes to undergo further division. However, the results obtained suggest that there may be a limitation in the number of generation cycles in which the T lymphocytes can be stimulated with the PHA. They also suggest that a second dose of PHA may stimulate some of the original noncommitted lymphocytes to undergo mitosis thus attempting to maintain the in vitro lymphocyte population.", "PMID": 1129328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10580", "title": "Control of cell division in the cornea of rats II. Age-dependent effects of dexamethasone upon circadian mitotic activity.", "content": "Data are presented here which verify that immature rats exhibit no circadian fluctuation of mitoses in the corneal epithelium prior to the third week of life. These data indicate that dexamethasone administration induces age-dependent alterations in the circadian mitotic pattern of the corneal epithelium. Nine day old animals still revealed no rhythmic component in circadian mitotic activity after dexamethasone treatment. Eleven-, 12- and 13-day old animals treated with dexamethasone exhibited circadian cycles which looked qualitatively like the circadian rhythm of the 15-day old animal. Fifteen-day old animals responded with a synchrony of mitotic activity at 0700 hr and a generalized decrease in mitotic activity. The possible dependence of these responses upon existing circadian mitotic activity and maturation of the central nervous system and/or the glucocorticoid target tissue is discussed.", "contents": "Control of cell division in the cornea of rats II. Age-dependent effects of dexamethasone upon circadian mitotic activity. Data are presented here which verify that immature rats exhibit no circadian fluctuation of mitoses in the corneal epithelium prior to the third week of life. These data indicate that dexamethasone administration induces age-dependent alterations in the circadian mitotic pattern of the corneal epithelium. Nine day old animals still revealed no rhythmic component in circadian mitotic activity after dexamethasone treatment. Eleven-, 12- and 13-day old animals treated with dexamethasone exhibited circadian cycles which looked qualitatively like the circadian rhythm of the 15-day old animal. Fifteen-day old animals responded with a synchrony of mitotic activity at 0700 hr and a generalized decrease in mitotic activity. The possible dependence of these responses upon existing circadian mitotic activity and maturation of the central nervous system and/or the glucocorticoid target tissue is discussed.", "PMID": 1129329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10581", "title": "Metabolic studies in eviscerated rats with functional livers.", "content": "A new technique is described for evisceration in the rat in which liver function is preserved. These animals lack all known sources of glucagon and insulin and are capable of active gluconeogenesis, urea formation and ketone body production by the liver. Measurements of blood levels of the metabolites of the caloric substrates showed that, unlike the classical eviscerate preparation, these animals maintain high blood glucose, urea and ketone body levels for up to 72 hr as contrasted with the profound decrease in these constituents in the absence of the liver. Survival time is also significantly extended from about 6 hr in rats lacking liver function to 72 hr or more when the liver is viable. This new surgical preparation is a valuable tool for studying the role of the liver in absence of the known gastroentero-pancreatic hormones. It would also be utilized as a model of \"acute\" diabetes.", "contents": "Metabolic studies in eviscerated rats with functional livers. A new technique is described for evisceration in the rat in which liver function is preserved. These animals lack all known sources of glucagon and insulin and are capable of active gluconeogenesis, urea formation and ketone body production by the liver. Measurements of blood levels of the metabolites of the caloric substrates showed that, unlike the classical eviscerate preparation, these animals maintain high blood glucose, urea and ketone body levels for up to 72 hr as contrasted with the profound decrease in these constituents in the absence of the liver. Survival time is also significantly extended from about 6 hr in rats lacking liver function to 72 hr or more when the liver is viable. This new surgical preparation is a valuable tool for studying the role of the liver in absence of the known gastroentero-pancreatic hormones. It would also be utilized as a model of \"acute\" diabetes.", "PMID": 1129330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10582", "title": "Effects of indomethacin on furosemide-induced changes in renal blood flow.", "content": "The effects of indomethacin on furosemide induced changes in renal blood flow were determined in dogs. Furosemide alone caused an increase in total renal blood flow while indomethacin alone decreased renal blood flow. When furosemide was administered to animals pretreated with indomethacin the increase in renal blood flow was blocked. Changes in intrarenal blood flow distribution were also measured using radioactive microspheres. The pattern of blood flow distribution after furosemide was modified in some of the animals pretreated with indomethacin. Stimulation of renin secretion occurred after furosemide in indomethacin-treated animals. The data suggest that the changes in renal blood flow produced by furosemide may be modulated by the prostaglandin system.", "contents": "Effects of indomethacin on furosemide-induced changes in renal blood flow. The effects of indomethacin on furosemide induced changes in renal blood flow were determined in dogs. Furosemide alone caused an increase in total renal blood flow while indomethacin alone decreased renal blood flow. When furosemide was administered to animals pretreated with indomethacin the increase in renal blood flow was blocked. Changes in intrarenal blood flow distribution were also measured using radioactive microspheres. The pattern of blood flow distribution after furosemide was modified in some of the animals pretreated with indomethacin. Stimulation of renin secretion occurred after furosemide in indomethacin-treated animals. The data suggest that the changes in renal blood flow produced by furosemide may be modulated by the prostaglandin system.", "PMID": 1129331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10583", "title": "Metabolic response after isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in arteriosclerotic breeder vs nonarteriosclerotic virgin intact and gonadectomized male rats.", "content": "Male, nonarteriosclerotic (virgin) intact and castrated, Sprague-Dawley rats and male, arteriosclerotic (breeder) rats were subjected to an acute and massive myocardial infarct, by treating them with two large, subcutaneous doses of isoproterenol, spaced 24 hr apart. Serum insulin and glucose rose abruptly after the first injection of isoproterenol, but not after the second injection. Free fatty acids rose, most markedly, in the intact, nonarteriosclerotic rats, less in the arteriosclerotic breeders, and least in the castrates. These changes in free fatty acids coincided with numerical survival, i.e., greatest number of survivors in castrates. The castrated males also manifested the least amount of congestive heart failure and showed the greatest capacity to affect myocardial repair. It is suggested that reduced androgen levels may have an ameliorative effect on the usual pathogenesis of isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in rats.", "contents": "Metabolic response after isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in arteriosclerotic breeder vs nonarteriosclerotic virgin intact and gonadectomized male rats. Male, nonarteriosclerotic (virgin) intact and castrated, Sprague-Dawley rats and male, arteriosclerotic (breeder) rats were subjected to an acute and massive myocardial infarct, by treating them with two large, subcutaneous doses of isoproterenol, spaced 24 hr apart. Serum insulin and glucose rose abruptly after the first injection of isoproterenol, but not after the second injection. Free fatty acids rose, most markedly, in the intact, nonarteriosclerotic rats, less in the arteriosclerotic breeders, and least in the castrates. These changes in free fatty acids coincided with numerical survival, i.e., greatest number of survivors in castrates. The castrated males also manifested the least amount of congestive heart failure and showed the greatest capacity to affect myocardial repair. It is suggested that reduced androgen levels may have an ameliorative effect on the usual pathogenesis of isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in rats.", "PMID": 1129332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10584", "title": "Aortic histomine syntesis in experimental neurogenic hypertension.", "content": "Aortic histamine synthesis of normotensive rats has been compared to that of rats rendered hypertensive via production carotid sinus ischemia and to animals additionally subjected to bilateral adrenalectomy. Results indicate that the aortic histamine-forming capacities (HFC's) of rats sacrificed 24 hr after surgical treatment were elevated 83% and 103% for hypertensive rats and those additionally subjected to adrenalectomy, respectively. At an 8-day postoperative interval, the respective aortic HFC's were elevated over control by 33% and 45%, although at this time interval animals were not considered hypertensive. This study thus offers suggestive evidence that hypertension causes increased vascular permeability by increasing the histamine-forming capacity of the vessel wall.", "contents": "Aortic histomine syntesis in experimental neurogenic hypertension. Aortic histamine synthesis of normotensive rats has been compared to that of rats rendered hypertensive via production carotid sinus ischemia and to animals additionally subjected to bilateral adrenalectomy. Results indicate that the aortic histamine-forming capacities (HFC's) of rats sacrificed 24 hr after surgical treatment were elevated 83% and 103% for hypertensive rats and those additionally subjected to adrenalectomy, respectively. At an 8-day postoperative interval, the respective aortic HFC's were elevated over control by 33% and 45%, although at this time interval animals were not considered hypertensive. This study thus offers suggestive evidence that hypertension causes increased vascular permeability by increasing the histamine-forming capacity of the vessel wall.", "PMID": 1129333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10585", "title": "Release of transcobalamin II by canine organs.", "content": "The output of vitamin B12 transport proteins by canine tissues was determined from isolated, perfused organs. Transcobalamin II as identified by four techniques was released by the spleen, heart, liver, and kidney. When related to perfused weight, the greatest output occurred from the kidney.", "contents": "Release of transcobalamin II by canine organs. The output of vitamin B12 transport proteins by canine tissues was determined from isolated, perfused organs. Transcobalamin II as identified by four techniques was released by the spleen, heart, liver, and kidney. When related to perfused weight, the greatest output occurred from the kidney.", "PMID": 1129334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10586", "title": "Serum vitamin B12- binding proteins in neutropenia.", "content": "Serum unsaturated vitamin B12-binding capacity (UBBC) has been shown to fluctuate with neutrophil levels and has been reported to correlate with TBGP in normal and hyperleukocytic states. However, the present report demonstrates that the above relationship is not present in neutropenia, suggesting that some of our concepts regarding UBBC may have to be reexamined, since factors other than TBGP appear to be operative. There was a wide scatter of UBBC values among the 39 neutropenic subjects studied, the mean being significantly above normal. There were few low values. High UBBC was primarily confined to subjects with transient neutropenia. Normal values were generally seen in steady neutropenia. The difference in UBBC was primarily due to Transcobalamin I, the other serum binders being similar in both groups. No other significant diagnostic pattern of UBBC was found. Recovery from neutropenia was accompanied by a rise in UBBC in all cases except in four patients whose UBBC was initially very high and fell with recovery. No discernible pattern of serum B12 levels existed, although subnormal levels without evidence of B12 deficiency were found in three of the seven patients with aplastic anemia. Serum B12 levels did not change with recovery in approximately half of the neutropenic subjects, change being variable in the others. Neither serum B12, UBBC, total B12-binding capacity, or any of the three serum B12 binders correlated with neutrophil count, bone marrow findings, TBGP, or granulocyte turnover rate.", "contents": "Serum vitamin B12- binding proteins in neutropenia. Serum unsaturated vitamin B12-binding capacity (UBBC) has been shown to fluctuate with neutrophil levels and has been reported to correlate with TBGP in normal and hyperleukocytic states. However, the present report demonstrates that the above relationship is not present in neutropenia, suggesting that some of our concepts regarding UBBC may have to be reexamined, since factors other than TBGP appear to be operative. There was a wide scatter of UBBC values among the 39 neutropenic subjects studied, the mean being significantly above normal. There were few low values. High UBBC was primarily confined to subjects with transient neutropenia. Normal values were generally seen in steady neutropenia. The difference in UBBC was primarily due to Transcobalamin I, the other serum binders being similar in both groups. No other significant diagnostic pattern of UBBC was found. Recovery from neutropenia was accompanied by a rise in UBBC in all cases except in four patients whose UBBC was initially very high and fell with recovery. No discernible pattern of serum B12 levels existed, although subnormal levels without evidence of B12 deficiency were found in three of the seven patients with aplastic anemia. Serum B12 levels did not change with recovery in approximately half of the neutropenic subjects, change being variable in the others. Neither serum B12, UBBC, total B12-binding capacity, or any of the three serum B12 binders correlated with neutrophil count, bone marrow findings, TBGP, or granulocyte turnover rate.", "PMID": 1129335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10587", "title": "Chromosomal instability in cell lines derived from patients with xeroderma pigmentosum.", "content": "The chromosomes of four cell lines derived from skin biopsies of four patients with xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) were studied and compared with corresponding controls. In the early passages, all XP lines had normal chromosome constitution with rates of polyploidy and chromosome aberrations within the range found in the controls. In the later passages, the XP cell lines had higher levels of chromosome abnormalities. The degree of abnormalities varied greatly among the XP lines; two lines had very high level of polyploidy (up to 50%) and cells with chromosome aberrations (up to 79%), the other two XP lines had a normal level of polyploidy and a slightly higher incidence of cells with chromosome aberrations than normal. The most common type of aberration was dicentrics.", "contents": "Chromosomal instability in cell lines derived from patients with xeroderma pigmentosum. The chromosomes of four cell lines derived from skin biopsies of four patients with xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) were studied and compared with corresponding controls. In the early passages, all XP lines had normal chromosome constitution with rates of polyploidy and chromosome aberrations within the range found in the controls. In the later passages, the XP cell lines had higher levels of chromosome abnormalities. The degree of abnormalities varied greatly among the XP lines; two lines had very high level of polyploidy (up to 50%) and cells with chromosome aberrations (up to 79%), the other two XP lines had a normal level of polyploidy and a slightly higher incidence of cells with chromosome aberrations than normal. The most common type of aberration was dicentrics.", "PMID": 1129337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10588", "title": "Cardiovascular and platelet responses in the dog to the monoenoic prostaglandin precursor dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid.", "content": "The monoenoic prostaglandin precursor, dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (DGLA), in a single dose intravenously (2.0 mg/kg) in dogs, produced a biphasic alteration in systemic arterial pressure (SAP) with a predominant and marked depressor effect. This SAP response is approximately equidepre-sor to the effect of PGE1 5 mug/kg. DGLA had a positive inotropic effect, causing a greater increase in myocardial contractility than PGE1 in an equidepressor dose. The effect of DGLA on MC was not altered by ganglion blockade or beta-adrenergic blockade. Aspirin blocked the sustained depressor response to DGLA but not an initial drop in SAP and increase of MC of very short duration. Aspirin had no effect on PGE1 or PGF1 alpha responses. DGLA caused no thrombocytopenia, but caused a decrease in sensitivity to platelet aggregation. Control fatty acid injections produced variable effects with no resemblances to DGLA responses. It is concluded that DGLA produces direct depressor and positive inotropic responses as well as responses which may be due to conversion to an endoperoxide formed in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. In contrast, in equidepressor doses, arachidonic acid (AA), the bisenoic prostaglandin precursor, produces a delayed, single-phase depressor effect which may be due to endoperoxide formation alone. Further, the effect of AA on MC is reflex and is blocked by hexamethonium.", "contents": "Cardiovascular and platelet responses in the dog to the monoenoic prostaglandin precursor dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid. The monoenoic prostaglandin precursor, dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (DGLA), in a single dose intravenously (2.0 mg/kg) in dogs, produced a biphasic alteration in systemic arterial pressure (SAP) with a predominant and marked depressor effect. This SAP response is approximately equidepre-sor to the effect of PGE1 5 mug/kg. DGLA had a positive inotropic effect, causing a greater increase in myocardial contractility than PGE1 in an equidepressor dose. The effect of DGLA on MC was not altered by ganglion blockade or beta-adrenergic blockade. Aspirin blocked the sustained depressor response to DGLA but not an initial drop in SAP and increase of MC of very short duration. Aspirin had no effect on PGE1 or PGF1 alpha responses. DGLA caused no thrombocytopenia, but caused a decrease in sensitivity to platelet aggregation. Control fatty acid injections produced variable effects with no resemblances to DGLA responses. It is concluded that DGLA produces direct depressor and positive inotropic responses as well as responses which may be due to conversion to an endoperoxide formed in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. In contrast, in equidepressor doses, arachidonic acid (AA), the bisenoic prostaglandin precursor, produces a delayed, single-phase depressor effect which may be due to endoperoxide formation alone. Further, the effect of AA on MC is reflex and is blocked by hexamethonium.", "PMID": 1129338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10589", "title": "Kaluresis and cardiac sensitivity to hyperkalaemia in intact and adrenalectomized rabbits.", "content": "Rabbits K loaded by infusion of 2 meq KCl/kg/hr excrete over 55% of the administered K in the urine and do not develop prelethal ECG  changes until mean serum K attains to 14.9 meq/liter, i.e., 11.8 meq/liter above the average preinfusion level. Four hours after bilateral adrenalectomy there is a profound diminution of urinary K loss in K loaded rabbits--less than 7% of the infused K is excreted. There is, however, no significant change in cardiac sensitivity to hyperkalemia. K loaded dogs lose only about 20% of infused K in the urine and develop prelethal ECG  changes at similar to 10.2 meq/liter, i.e., 5.6meq/liter above the mean of the preinfusion levels. After adrenalectomy, urinary K loss is only moderately diminished (12%  of infused K is still found in the urine), but cardiac sensitivity to K is markedly increased: prelethal ECG changes appear at a serum K level of similar to 7.6 meq/liter--about 2.9 meg/liter above the preinfusion value.", "contents": "Kaluresis and cardiac sensitivity to hyperkalaemia in intact and adrenalectomized rabbits. Rabbits K loaded by infusion of 2 meq KCl/kg/hr excrete over 55% of the administered K in the urine and do not develop prelethal ECG  changes until mean serum K attains to 14.9 meq/liter, i.e., 11.8 meq/liter above the average preinfusion level. Four hours after bilateral adrenalectomy there is a profound diminution of urinary K loss in K loaded rabbits--less than 7% of the infused K is excreted. There is, however, no significant change in cardiac sensitivity to hyperkalemia. K loaded dogs lose only about 20% of infused K in the urine and develop prelethal ECG  changes at similar to 10.2 meq/liter, i.e., 5.6meq/liter above the mean of the preinfusion levels. After adrenalectomy, urinary K loss is only moderately diminished (12%  of infused K is still found in the urine), but cardiac sensitivity to K is markedly increased: prelethal ECG changes appear at a serum K level of similar to 7.6 meq/liter--about 2.9 meg/liter above the preinfusion value.", "PMID": 1129339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10590", "title": "Concentration of serotonin in intestine and factors affecting its release.", "content": "The concentration of serotonin in the female chicken intestine (10.79 mug/g wet tissue) was significantly higher than in the male (7.98 mug/g). The release of serotonin from an isolated perfused intestine was studied. The intestine continually releases serotonin at the rate of 10 ng per g/min. A number of substances, including glycine, epinephrine, and acetylcholine, caused a significant release of serotonin, with acetylcholine having the greatest effect. Histamine or electrical stimulation did not affect the release of serotonin.", "contents": "Concentration of serotonin in intestine and factors affecting its release. The concentration of serotonin in the female chicken intestine (10.79 mug/g wet tissue) was significantly higher than in the male (7.98 mug/g). The release of serotonin from an isolated perfused intestine was studied. The intestine continually releases serotonin at the rate of 10 ng per g/min. A number of substances, including glycine, epinephrine, and acetylcholine, caused a significant release of serotonin, with acetylcholine having the greatest effect. Histamine or electrical stimulation did not affect the release of serotonin.", "PMID": 1129340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10591", "title": "Renal clearance of human and rat albumins in the rat.", "content": "Experiments were done to investigate whether molecular discrimination occurred in the renal handling of two species of serum albumin. Human albumin, 40 mg,  was infused into rats; it was removed from serum (t1/2 equal to 15.8 hr) more rapidly than previously reported measurements of removal of endogenous rat albumin (t1/2 equal to 46 hr). Human albumin was cleared by the rat kidney at a constant rate of 0.0026 mul/min--a value virtually identical to that of rat albumin (0.0020 mul/min). In rats with proteinuria following the single iv injection of puromycin aminonucleoside, human albumin was removed from serum with a half-life of 17.6 hr. During the development of the nephrotic syndrome, the renal clearances of human and rat albumin increased proportionately. Despite the difference in the serum concentration and rates of removal of the two species of albumin, renal handling of the two species was similar. Thus the kidney did not appear to discriminate in its handling of these two proteins.", "contents": "Renal clearance of human and rat albumins in the rat. Experiments were done to investigate whether molecular discrimination occurred in the renal handling of two species of serum albumin. Human albumin, 40 mg,  was infused into rats; it was removed from serum (t1/2 equal to 15.8 hr) more rapidly than previously reported measurements of removal of endogenous rat albumin (t1/2 equal to 46 hr). Human albumin was cleared by the rat kidney at a constant rate of 0.0026 mul/min--a value virtually identical to that of rat albumin (0.0020 mul/min). In rats with proteinuria following the single iv injection of puromycin aminonucleoside, human albumin was removed from serum with a half-life of 17.6 hr. During the development of the nephrotic syndrome, the renal clearances of human and rat albumin increased proportionately. Despite the difference in the serum concentration and rates of removal of the two species of albumin, renal handling of the two species was similar. Thus the kidney did not appear to discriminate in its handling of these two proteins.", "PMID": 1129341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10592", "title": "Discriminative stimulus properties of mescaline: mescaline or metabolite?", "content": "The purpose of this study was to investigate possible similarities in the interoceptive stimuli produced by mescaline and its metabolites. Rats were trained in a 2 lever operant chamber to discriminate between the drugged state (mescaline 25 mg/kg) and the nondrugged state (saline). Following acquisition of discriminative response control the rats were pretreated with either saline, aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitors or amine oxidase inhibitors and tested stimulus generalization produced by i.p. injections of 3, 4, 5-trimethoxyphenylethanol (TMPE), 3, 4, 5-trimethoxyphenylacetaldehyde (TMPA), N-acetylmescaline, mescaline or saline. The results indicated that both aldehyde dehydrogenase and amine oxidase inhibitors enhanced the effects of mescaline, while TMPE, TMPA and N-acetylmescaline failed to exhibit generalization to the mescaline state, regardless of pretreatment. These findings do not indicate the role of a metabolite in the interoceptive cue produced by mescaline.", "contents": "Discriminative stimulus properties of mescaline: mescaline or metabolite? The purpose of this study was to investigate possible similarities in the interoceptive stimuli produced by mescaline and its metabolites. Rats were trained in a 2 lever operant chamber to discriminate between the drugged state (mescaline 25 mg/kg) and the nondrugged state (saline). Following acquisition of discriminative response control the rats were pretreated with either saline, aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitors or amine oxidase inhibitors and tested stimulus generalization produced by i.p. injections of 3, 4, 5-trimethoxyphenylethanol (TMPE), 3, 4, 5-trimethoxyphenylacetaldehyde (TMPA), N-acetylmescaline, mescaline or saline. The results indicated that both aldehyde dehydrogenase and amine oxidase inhibitors enhanced the effects of mescaline, while TMPE, TMPA and N-acetylmescaline failed to exhibit generalization to the mescaline state, regardless of pretreatment. These findings do not indicate the role of a metabolite in the interoceptive cue produced by mescaline.", "PMID": 1129346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10593", "title": "Dilutional hyponatremia due to diazoxide-produced polydipsia.", "content": "Subcutaneous injection of diazoxide every 3 hr for a total of 5 doses in 15 hr produced a state of elevated drinking and antidiuresis in rats resulting in a massive, positive, self-imposed water load. Dilutional hyponatremia was present, but not serum hyposmolality, owing to the increased serum glucose and BUN. The mechanism by which diazoxide produces a polydipsia even in the presence of an accumulating water load may illuminate the genesis of other pathophysiological dilutional states.", "contents": "Dilutional hyponatremia due to diazoxide-produced polydipsia. Subcutaneous injection of diazoxide every 3 hr for a total of 5 doses in 15 hr produced a state of elevated drinking and antidiuresis in rats resulting in a massive, positive, self-imposed water load. Dilutional hyponatremia was present, but not serum hyposmolality, owing to the increased serum glucose and BUN. The mechanism by which diazoxide produces a polydipsia even in the presence of an accumulating water load may illuminate the genesis of other pathophysiological dilutional states.", "PMID": 1129347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10594", "title": "Relation of rat brain acetylcholine levels to duration of self-stimulation and escape behavior.", "content": "Total brain acetylcholine (ACh) was assayed in groups of animals after various periods of operant responding maintained by electrical stimulation of the lateral posterior hypothalamus or of escape behavior induced by electrical stimulation of the midbrain tegmentum. Different groups of trained rats were placed in identical Skinner boxes for periods of 1 to 24 hr. The following groups were studied: controls, self-stimulators receiving electrical stimulation, escapers from brain stimulation or peripherally applied aversive stimulation, self-stimulators not receiving electrical stimulation prior to decapitation, tubocurarine-paralyzed respired rats with electrodes in the posterior-lateral hypothalamus not receiving stimulation, and a group of tubocurarine-paralyzed, respired rats receiving electrical stimulation automatically. It was found that brain stimulation decreased total brain ACh, regardless of whether the stimulation was positive, as during self-stimulation behavior, or negative, as during escape behavior. Animals that receivied positive stimulation while being paralyzed showed similar decreases in total brain ACh, but the change in ACh was smaller. No changes occurred in animals that were paralyzed that recieved no electrical stimulation. It is concluded that brain usage produced by electrical stimulation of discrete functional pathways causes a reduction of total ACh, but this is unrelated to the specific motivational properties of the electrical stimuli.", "contents": "Relation of rat brain acetylcholine levels to duration of self-stimulation and escape behavior. Total brain acetylcholine (ACh) was assayed in groups of animals after various periods of operant responding maintained by electrical stimulation of the lateral posterior hypothalamus or of escape behavior induced by electrical stimulation of the midbrain tegmentum. Different groups of trained rats were placed in identical Skinner boxes for periods of 1 to 24 hr. The following groups were studied: controls, self-stimulators receiving electrical stimulation, escapers from brain stimulation or peripherally applied aversive stimulation, self-stimulators not receiving electrical stimulation prior to decapitation, tubocurarine-paralyzed respired rats with electrodes in the posterior-lateral hypothalamus not receiving stimulation, and a group of tubocurarine-paralyzed, respired rats receiving electrical stimulation automatically. It was found that brain stimulation decreased total brain ACh, regardless of whether the stimulation was positive, as during self-stimulation behavior, or negative, as during escape behavior. Animals that receivied positive stimulation while being paralyzed showed similar decreases in total brain ACh, but the change in ACh was smaller. No changes occurred in animals that were paralyzed that recieved no electrical stimulation. It is concluded that brain usage produced by electrical stimulation of discrete functional pathways causes a reduction of total ACh, but this is unrelated to the specific motivational properties of the electrical stimuli.", "PMID": 1129345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10595", "title": "Time course for plasma 11-hydroxycorticosteroid elevation in rats during stress.", "content": "The time course of plasma 11-hydroxysteroid elevation was studied in two stress situations: regular unsignalled foot shock which produces an intermediate steroid elevation and irregular signalled foot shock with the possibility of escape, which produces an extreme steroid elevation. The initial time course for steroid elevation followed a similar pattern for both treatment groups with the exception that in the irregular signalled group the plasma steroid elevation was more pronounced and there was an indication of biphasic response. The results are discussed in terms of possible inhibitory feedback pathways.", "contents": "Time course for plasma 11-hydroxycorticosteroid elevation in rats during stress. The time course of plasma 11-hydroxysteroid elevation was studied in two stress situations: regular unsignalled foot shock which produces an intermediate steroid elevation and irregular signalled foot shock with the possibility of escape, which produces an extreme steroid elevation. The initial time course for steroid elevation followed a similar pattern for both treatment groups with the exception that in the irregular signalled group the plasma steroid elevation was more pronounced and there was an indication of biphasic response. The results are discussed in terms of possible inhibitory feedback pathways.", "PMID": 1129351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10596", "title": "A method of direct chemical brain stimulation in behavioral studies using microiontophoresis.", "content": "A method of microiontophoresis for direct chemical brain stimulation in chronic, awake animals for behavioral studies is described. Carbachol-induced drinking was employed to test the method. Fluid-filled micropipettes (tip diameters: 5-15 mu) were stereotaxically implanted in the region of the nucleus of the diagonal band. Up to 3 weeks after recovery, ions could be ejected directly into the brain of awake animals by passing a direct current through the pipette. Iontophoretic ejection of carbachol in doses as low as 0.05 mug elicited drinking. This effect could be blocked by intraperitoneal injection of 0.5 mg/kg scopolamine. Passage of choline ions produced no detectable effect. The microiontophoretic technique allows direct chemical brain stimulation in chronic, awake animals without major changes in tonicity or volume that can occur with crystalline or fluid implants through cannulae. Additionally, the technique allows precise localization, precise control of dosage, and minimal damage at the site of stimulation.", "contents": "A method of direct chemical brain stimulation in behavioral studies using microiontophoresis. A method of microiontophoresis for direct chemical brain stimulation in chronic, awake animals for behavioral studies is described. Carbachol-induced drinking was employed to test the method. Fluid-filled micropipettes (tip diameters: 5-15 mu) were stereotaxically implanted in the region of the nucleus of the diagonal band. Up to 3 weeks after recovery, ions could be ejected directly into the brain of awake animals by passing a direct current through the pipette. Iontophoretic ejection of carbachol in doses as low as 0.05 mug elicited drinking. This effect could be blocked by intraperitoneal injection of 0.5 mg/kg scopolamine. Passage of choline ions produced no detectable effect. The microiontophoretic technique allows direct chemical brain stimulation in chronic, awake animals without major changes in tonicity or volume that can occur with crystalline or fluid implants through cannulae. Additionally, the technique allows precise localization, precise control of dosage, and minimal damage at the site of stimulation.", "PMID": 1129349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10597", "title": "Alterations in brain monoaminergic functioning associated with septal lesion induced hyperreactivity.", "content": "Thirty male albino rats, individually housed and receiving food and water ad lib were rated on 3 consecutive days for reactivity to handling. The animals were then assigned to behaviorally equivalent groups and received either bilateral septal lesions or a sham operation. Following two days of recovery, all animals received an additional behavioral testing session. Immediately following this last test, norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) levels, instantaneous rate constants (k), turnover times (TT) and utilization rates (K) as well as the levels of serotonin (5-HT) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) in the hypothalamus, limbic system, cortex and pons-medulla were determined fluorometrically. Postoperatively, animals with septal lesions were significantly more reactive to handling, while the behavior of sham-operated controls remained essentially unchanged. Significant reductions in hypothalamic NE and DA and limbic DA were observed in the septal lesion animals. Catecholamine levels in other brain parts were unaffected as were 5-HT and 5-HIAA levels in all brain areas. Ratios of NE/5-HT in the limbic system were significantly reduced in animals which received septal lesions. Measures of catecholamine dynamics (k, TT, K) were unaltered by septal lesions. These results support the hypothesis of a catecholaminergic involvement in affective behavior but do not demonstrate any alteration in the functional dynamics of the brain monoamines associated with the hyperreactivity induced by septal lesions.", "contents": "Alterations in brain monoaminergic functioning associated with septal lesion induced hyperreactivity. Thirty male albino rats, individually housed and receiving food and water ad lib were rated on 3 consecutive days for reactivity to handling. The animals were then assigned to behaviorally equivalent groups and received either bilateral septal lesions or a sham operation. Following two days of recovery, all animals received an additional behavioral testing session. Immediately following this last test, norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) levels, instantaneous rate constants (k), turnover times (TT) and utilization rates (K) as well as the levels of serotonin (5-HT) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) in the hypothalamus, limbic system, cortex and pons-medulla were determined fluorometrically. Postoperatively, animals with septal lesions were significantly more reactive to handling, while the behavior of sham-operated controls remained essentially unchanged. Significant reductions in hypothalamic NE and DA and limbic DA were observed in the septal lesion animals. Catecholamine levels in other brain parts were unaffected as were 5-HT and 5-HIAA levels in all brain areas. Ratios of NE/5-HT in the limbic system were significantly reduced in animals which received septal lesions. Measures of catecholamine dynamics (k, TT, K) were unaltered by septal lesions. These results support the hypothesis of a catecholaminergic involvement in affective behavior but do not demonstrate any alteration in the functional dynamics of the brain monoamines associated with the hyperreactivity induced by septal lesions.", "PMID": 1129348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10598", "title": "Self-stimulation and local injections of 6-hydroxydopamine into the rat brain: enhanced behavioral depressive effects of alpha-methylparatyrosine.", "content": "The effects of intracerebral injections of 6-OHDA on self-stimulation were examined. Small amounts of 6-OHDA were injected either in the area ventralis tegmenti (AVT) or laterally in the pedonculus cerebellaris superior (PCS), then all rats were implanted in the AVT. In spite of marked depletion of brain catecholamines, self-stimulation learning was not altered by PCS 6-OHDA injections, whereas, AVT 6-OHDA injections produced a small perturbance. The administration of low doses of AMPT which had no observable effect in control rats, produced a severe depression of self-stimulation rates in 6-OHDA pretreated rats. The depressive effect of AMPT is always more important in rats injected with 6-OHDA in the AVT than those injected at the level of PCS. The respective role of noradrenergic and dopaminergic neurons in AVT self-stimulation are discussed.", "contents": "Self-stimulation and local injections of 6-hydroxydopamine into the rat brain: enhanced behavioral depressive effects of alpha-methylparatyrosine. The effects of intracerebral injections of 6-OHDA on self-stimulation were examined. Small amounts of 6-OHDA were injected either in the area ventralis tegmenti (AVT) or laterally in the pedonculus cerebellaris superior (PCS), then all rats were implanted in the AVT. In spite of marked depletion of brain catecholamines, self-stimulation learning was not altered by PCS 6-OHDA injections, whereas, AVT 6-OHDA injections produced a small perturbance. The administration of low doses of AMPT which had no observable effect in control rats, produced a severe depression of self-stimulation rates in 6-OHDA pretreated rats. The depressive effect of AMPT is always more important in rats injected with 6-OHDA in the AVT than those injected at the level of PCS. The respective role of noradrenergic and dopaminergic neurons in AVT self-stimulation are discussed.", "PMID": 1129352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10599", "title": "Localization of the antinociceptive action of morphine in primate brain.", "content": "Microinjections of morphine sulfate (20-40 mu g) were made into various subcortical regions of the rhesus monkey brain. The effects of these injections were evaluated on the nociceptive threshold as defined by the shock titration technique. The results of this preliminary investigation indicate that the region of maximal antinociceptive sensitivity to morphine in the primate is the periventricular-periaqueductal gray matter. It is tentatively suggested that morphine lowers that affective tone or the aversive component of pain by its action on the midbrain central gray and periventricular areas--both important projection and integration areas of the extralemniscal somatosensory system.", "contents": "Localization of the antinociceptive action of morphine in primate brain. Microinjections of morphine sulfate (20-40 mu g) were made into various subcortical regions of the rhesus monkey brain. The effects of these injections were evaluated on the nociceptive threshold as defined by the shock titration technique. The results of this preliminary investigation indicate that the region of maximal antinociceptive sensitivity to morphine in the primate is the periventricular-periaqueductal gray matter. It is tentatively suggested that morphine lowers that affective tone or the aversive component of pain by its action on the midbrain central gray and periventricular areas--both important projection and integration areas of the extralemniscal somatosensory system.", "PMID": 1129350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10600", "title": "A modification of the jump-flinch technique for measuring pain sensitivity in rats.", "content": "The jump-flinch procedure provides a sensivite alternative to the hot-plate and tail-flick procedures. Analysis of the components of motor responses to increasing intensity of foot shock presentation has allowed the observational discrimination of five reliably elicited categories of unlearned responses to inescapable foot shock. Morphine sulfate differentially altered response category thresholds in rats. Response category thresholds also differed between Wistar and Fisher strain rats in analgesic effects of morphine sulfate.", "contents": "A modification of the jump-flinch technique for measuring pain sensitivity in rats. The jump-flinch procedure provides a sensivite alternative to the hot-plate and tail-flick procedures. Analysis of the components of motor responses to increasing intensity of foot shock presentation has allowed the observational discrimination of five reliably elicited categories of unlearned responses to inescapable foot shock. Morphine sulfate differentially altered response category thresholds in rats. Response category thresholds also differed between Wistar and Fisher strain rats in analgesic effects of morphine sulfate.", "PMID": 1129354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10601", "title": "Efficiency of muscular work: some clinical implications.", "content": "The concept of mechanical efficiency is briefly reviewed.  Biochemical considerations set a maximum potential efficiency of 25 percent, but, in some instances, storage of energy in elastic tissue may yield a higher apparent efficiency.  Comparisons of efficiency between normal and handicapped individuals can be made in terms of the oxygen cost of specific activities, or, if due regard is paid to the effects of the primary disease, the simpler indexes of pulse rate and ventilation may be used.  Measurements of efficiency can be helpful in improving the working technique of both the healthy individual and the handicapped person,  Useful gains of efficiency can result only if tasks initially have an efficiency substantially below the theoretical ultimate of 25 percent.", "contents": "Efficiency of muscular work: some clinical implications. The concept of mechanical efficiency is briefly reviewed.  Biochemical considerations set a maximum potential efficiency of 25 percent, but, in some instances, storage of energy in elastic tissue may yield a higher apparent efficiency.  Comparisons of efficiency between normal and handicapped individuals can be made in terms of the oxygen cost of specific activities, or, if due regard is paid to the effects of the primary disease, the simpler indexes of pulse rate and ventilation may be used.  Measurements of efficiency can be helpful in improving the working technique of both the healthy individual and the handicapped person,  Useful gains of efficiency can result only if tasks initially have an efficiency substantially below the theoretical ultimate of 25 percent.", "PMID": 1129361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10602", "title": "Effects of delta-9-THC and a water soluble ester of delta-9-THC on schedule-controlled behavior.", "content": "delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (delta-9-THC) and one of its water soluble esters (SP-111) decreased the rates of responding by pigeons working under a variable interval 3-min schedule of food presentation, or a multiple fixed-ratio 30, fixed-interavl 5-min schedule of food presentation. delta-9-THC was 3-6 times more potent than SP-111 and had a faster onset of effects on behavior.", "contents": "Effects of delta-9-THC and a water soluble ester of delta-9-THC on schedule-controlled behavior. delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (delta-9-THC) and one of its water soluble esters (SP-111) decreased the rates of responding by pigeons working under a variable interval 3-min schedule of food presentation, or a multiple fixed-ratio 30, fixed-interavl 5-min schedule of food presentation. delta-9-THC was 3-6 times more potent than SP-111 and had a faster onset of effects on behavior.", "PMID": 1129353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10603", "title": "Comparison of 2, 5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine (DOM) and d-amphetamine for in vivo efflux of catecholamines from rat brain.", "content": "The neurochemical effects of DOM and d-amphetamine were compared under several conditions in unanesthetized rats implanted with chronic-indwelling push-pull cannulae in a cerebral lateral ventricle. Brain catecholamine storage sites were previously pulse-labelled with 14-C-norepinephrine administered intraventricularly. During the perfusion of the lateral ventricles with artificial cerebrospinal fluid, the animals were injected i.p. with 1.5 mg/kg of DOM, 2.0 mg/kg of d-amphetamine or 1.0 ml/kg of isotonic saline. Analysis of the perfusate in successive samples indicated an increased efflux of 14-C-radioactivity in rats administered DOM or d-amphetamine. Increased proportions of 14-C-norepinephrine and 14-C-normetanephrine were detected in samples of perfusate 15 to 30 min after drug injection. Pretreatment of other animals with 6-hydroxydopamine intraventricularly, which decreased brain levels of both norepinephrine and dopamine, blocked the increased efflux of 14-C-radioactivity induced by DOM or d-amphetamine. Pretreatment of rats with 6-hydroxydopa i.p., which depleted brain norepinephrine selectively, reduced to about half the d-amphetamine-induced efflux of 14-C-radioactivity for all samples during the time course of the effect. However, animals pretreated with 6-hydroxydopa and then tested for DOM effects showed a different pattern of 14-C-radioactivity efflux. The efflux for the initial samples was increased as with the DOM control, but the 6-hydroxydopa pretreatment attuated the DOM-induced efflux for the later samples. The results suggest DOM and d-amphetamine share qualitatively similar effects in releasing and/or blocking the reuptake of catecholamines at brain periventricular nerve terminals. Nevertheless, DOM appears to differ from d-amphetamine in the temporal pattern of net catecholamine release.", "contents": "Comparison of 2, 5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine (DOM) and d-amphetamine for in vivo efflux of catecholamines from rat brain. The neurochemical effects of DOM and d-amphetamine were compared under several conditions in unanesthetized rats implanted with chronic-indwelling push-pull cannulae in a cerebral lateral ventricle. Brain catecholamine storage sites were previously pulse-labelled with 14-C-norepinephrine administered intraventricularly. During the perfusion of the lateral ventricles with artificial cerebrospinal fluid, the animals were injected i.p. with 1.5 mg/kg of DOM, 2.0 mg/kg of d-amphetamine or 1.0 ml/kg of isotonic saline. Analysis of the perfusate in successive samples indicated an increased efflux of 14-C-radioactivity in rats administered DOM or d-amphetamine. Increased proportions of 14-C-norepinephrine and 14-C-normetanephrine were detected in samples of perfusate 15 to 30 min after drug injection. Pretreatment of other animals with 6-hydroxydopamine intraventricularly, which decreased brain levels of both norepinephrine and dopamine, blocked the increased efflux of 14-C-radioactivity induced by DOM or d-amphetamine. Pretreatment of rats with 6-hydroxydopa i.p., which depleted brain norepinephrine selectively, reduced to about half the d-amphetamine-induced efflux of 14-C-radioactivity for all samples during the time course of the effect. However, animals pretreated with 6-hydroxydopa and then tested for DOM effects showed a different pattern of 14-C-radioactivity efflux. The efflux for the initial samples was increased as with the DOM control, but the 6-hydroxydopa pretreatment attuated the DOM-induced efflux for the later samples. The results suggest DOM and d-amphetamine share qualitatively similar effects in releasing and/or blocking the reuptake of catecholamines at brain periventricular nerve terminals. Nevertheless, DOM appears to differ from d-amphetamine in the temporal pattern of net catecholamine release.", "PMID": 1129355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10604", "title": "Reduction of skin bacterial load with use of the therapeutic whirlpool.", "content": "Effects of immersion time, water temperature, and three whirlpool treatment techniques on the reduction of bacterial load on the plantar surface of feet were examined.  When cultures were taken before and after treatment, water temperature was found not to be a significant factor when removal of bacteria is the primary objective in a vascularly uncompromised limb.  Maximum reduction of bacterial count in water at 37.7 degrees Celsius appeared to be obtained after immersion about twenty minutes.  Although agitation of the water was significantly better than either spraying or soaking the foot, agitation followed by spraying was significantly better than any single technique in removing bacteria.", "contents": "Reduction of skin bacterial load with use of the therapeutic whirlpool. Effects of immersion time, water temperature, and three whirlpool treatment techniques on the reduction of bacterial load on the plantar surface of feet were examined.  When cultures were taken before and after treatment, water temperature was found not to be a significant factor when removal of bacteria is the primary objective in a vascularly uncompromised limb.  Maximum reduction of bacterial count in water at 37.7 degrees Celsius appeared to be obtained after immersion about twenty minutes.  Although agitation of the water was significantly better than either spraying or soaking the foot, agitation followed by spraying was significantly better than any single technique in removing bacteria.", "PMID": 1129362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10605", "title": "Anticonvulsant effects of 6-methoxy-1, 2, 3, 4-tetrahydro-alpha-carboline on audiogenic and electroconvulsive seizures in mice.", "content": "6-Methoxy-1, 2, 3, 4, -tetrahydro-beta-carboline (6-MeO-THBC) was tested for anticonvulsant properties against audiogenic seizures in DBA/2J and primed C57BL/6J mice (i.e., mice given a prior auditory exposure) and aginast electroconvulsive seizures in DBA/2J mice. 6-MeO-THBC (100 mg/kg) was found to attenuate both types of behavioral seizures 2 hr after injection as compared to saline controls. In addition, 6-MeO-THBC increased whole brain serotonin and decreased whole brain 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid 2 hr after injection. These results support previous reports which suggest a serotonergic involvement in behavioral seizures.", "contents": "Anticonvulsant effects of 6-methoxy-1, 2, 3, 4-tetrahydro-alpha-carboline on audiogenic and electroconvulsive seizures in mice. 6-Methoxy-1, 2, 3, 4, -tetrahydro-beta-carboline (6-MeO-THBC) was tested for anticonvulsant properties against audiogenic seizures in DBA/2J and primed C57BL/6J mice (i.e., mice given a prior auditory exposure) and aginast electroconvulsive seizures in DBA/2J mice. 6-MeO-THBC (100 mg/kg) was found to attenuate both types of behavioral seizures 2 hr after injection as compared to saline controls. In addition, 6-MeO-THBC increased whole brain serotonin and decreased whole brain 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid 2 hr after injection. These results support previous reports which suggest a serotonergic involvement in behavioral seizures.", "PMID": 1129356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10606", "title": "Tricyclic antidepressants: effects on extinction and fear learning.", "content": "Rats trained to run an alley for a food reward were extinguished following injections of different antidepressants. When retested several days later, the animals extinguished following pretreatment with the NE reuptake blocker protriptyline showed faster running speeds than did the other groups. Other rats given electrical shocks following pretreatment with protriptyline avoided the compartment in which they had been shocked less than did animals shocked following pretreatment with other antidepressants. This implies an interferance with some aspect of the learning or consolidation process which is correlated with the degree of NE reuptake blockage. It is hypothesized that NE terminals are deactivated following frustrative nonreward or punishment by the conversion and reuptake of the released NE to an altered extinction molecule.", "contents": "Tricyclic antidepressants: effects on extinction and fear learning. Rats trained to run an alley for a food reward were extinguished following injections of different antidepressants. When retested several days later, the animals extinguished following pretreatment with the NE reuptake blocker protriptyline showed faster running speeds than did the other groups. Other rats given electrical shocks following pretreatment with protriptyline avoided the compartment in which they had been shocked less than did animals shocked following pretreatment with other antidepressants. This implies an interferance with some aspect of the learning or consolidation process which is correlated with the degree of NE reuptake blockage. It is hypothesized that NE terminals are deactivated following frustrative nonreward or punishment by the conversion and reuptake of the released NE to an altered extinction molecule.", "PMID": 1129357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10607", "title": "Neural activity changes correlated with central anticholinergic blockade of cholinergically-induced drinking.", "content": "In the rat, microinjections of carbachol into the septal area elicited water ingestion and increased multiple unit activity at this site and also the noninjected lateral hypothalamus. Carbachol injection into the lateral hypothalamus also elicited water ingestion, but multiple unit activity did not increase in this structure, although it did in the noninjected septal area. If carbachol was injected into one of these sites and isotonic saline into the other (conditions comparable to those for which drinking has been previously demonstrated), increased multiple unit activity was still found. However, if carbachol was injected into one of these sites and atropine into the other (conditions comparable to those for which the blockade of drinking has been previously demonstrated), the increases in multiple unit activity were blocked. Carbachol-elicited drinking may result from neural activity changes similar to those recorded in this study, and atropine may inhibit carbachol-elicited drinking by inhibiting such neural firing changes.", "contents": "Neural activity changes correlated with central anticholinergic blockade of cholinergically-induced drinking. In the rat, microinjections of carbachol into the septal area elicited water ingestion and increased multiple unit activity at this site and also the noninjected lateral hypothalamus. Carbachol injection into the lateral hypothalamus also elicited water ingestion, but multiple unit activity did not increase in this structure, although it did in the noninjected septal area. If carbachol was injected into one of these sites and isotonic saline into the other (conditions comparable to those for which drinking has been previously demonstrated), increased multiple unit activity was still found. However, if carbachol was injected into one of these sites and atropine into the other (conditions comparable to those for which the blockade of drinking has been previously demonstrated), the increases in multiple unit activity were blocked. Carbachol-elicited drinking may result from neural activity changes similar to those recorded in this study, and atropine may inhibit carbachol-elicited drinking by inhibiting such neural firing changes.", "PMID": 1129358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10608", "title": "Characteristics of hospital provisions for continuing education for physical therapists in California.", "content": "The authors surveyed 197 acute general hospitals in California to determine characteristics of hospital provisions for continuing education for physical therapists.  Most hospitals in California were found to provide continuing education opportunities for physical therapists, but physical therapists in small hospitals and in private-profit hospitals could be at a disadvantage financially if continuing education becomes compulsory for relicensure.  A relatively low proportion of physical therapy departments in hospitals with less than one hundred beds budgeted continuing education, but a relatively high proportion of the same facilities required that therapists take time off without pay or use vacation time and pay their own expenses for continuing education.  Similar circumstances characterized private-profit hospitals.", "contents": "Characteristics of hospital provisions for continuing education for physical therapists in California. The authors surveyed 197 acute general hospitals in California to determine characteristics of hospital provisions for continuing education for physical therapists.  Most hospitals in California were found to provide continuing education opportunities for physical therapists, but physical therapists in small hospitals and in private-profit hospitals could be at a disadvantage financially if continuing education becomes compulsory for relicensure.  A relatively low proportion of physical therapy departments in hospitals with less than one hundred beds budgeted continuing education, but a relatively high proportion of the same facilities required that therapists take time off without pay or use vacation time and pay their own expenses for continuing education.  Similar circumstances characterized private-profit hospitals.", "PMID": 1129364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10609", "title": "Anorexigenic effects of d-amphetamine and l-DOPA in the rat.", "content": "The effect of amphetamine and l-dopa was compared in 22-hr food- and water-deprived rats. Amphetamine produced marked anorexia, and l-dopa significantly reduced food intake at 200 mg/kg. Following pretreatment with RO 4-4602, a decarboxylase inhibitor, 100 mg/kg of l-dopa, a dose that did not significantly affect eating, produced marked anorexia. The anorectic effect of both amphetamine and l-dopa was antagonized by propranolol, a beta adrenergic antagonist. Phentolamine, an alpha-adrenergic antagonist, potentiated the anorectic effect of amphetamine and l-dopa. Haloperidol (0.1 mg/kg), a dopamine antagonist, failed to prevent the anorexia due to amphetamine but accentuated that due to l-dopa. Methysergide, a serotonin antagonist, also failed to prevent the anorexigenic effect of amphetamine. Finally, the administration of l-dopa with or without peripheral decarboxylase inhibition resulted in more than twice the increase in hypothalamic dopamine levels without significant changes in 5-HT or norepinephrine levels. The data show that the anorexigenic effect of amphetamine and l-dopa are similar and indicate a functional role for both norepinephrine and dopamine neurons in feeding behaviour in the rat.", "contents": "Anorexigenic effects of d-amphetamine and l-DOPA in the rat. The effect of amphetamine and l-dopa was compared in 22-hr food- and water-deprived rats. Amphetamine produced marked anorexia, and l-dopa significantly reduced food intake at 200 mg/kg. Following pretreatment with RO 4-4602, a decarboxylase inhibitor, 100 mg/kg of l-dopa, a dose that did not significantly affect eating, produced marked anorexia. The anorectic effect of both amphetamine and l-dopa was antagonized by propranolol, a beta adrenergic antagonist. Phentolamine, an alpha-adrenergic antagonist, potentiated the anorectic effect of amphetamine and l-dopa. Haloperidol (0.1 mg/kg), a dopamine antagonist, failed to prevent the anorexia due to amphetamine but accentuated that due to l-dopa. Methysergide, a serotonin antagonist, also failed to prevent the anorexigenic effect of amphetamine. Finally, the administration of l-dopa with or without peripheral decarboxylase inhibition resulted in more than twice the increase in hypothalamic dopamine levels without significant changes in 5-HT or norepinephrine levels. The data show that the anorexigenic effect of amphetamine and l-dopa are similar and indicate a functional role for both norepinephrine and dopamine neurons in feeding behaviour in the rat.", "PMID": 1129359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10610", "title": "Electrophoresis of acid soluble proteins from rat liver nuclei and polysomes on large two-dimensional polyacrylamide gels.", "content": "Increased resolution of 0.4 N H(2)SO(4) soluble rat liver polysomal and nuclear proteins was achieved by initial electrophoresis on 15 percent polyacrylamide disc gels (25 times 0.5 cm) followed by electrophoresis on 16 percent polyacrylamide gel slabs (25 times 15 cm). With this method, it was found that the histones were resolved into 12 spots, the polysomal proteins A1 and A9 were each resolved into two components, and polysomal proteins A1, A1 and A1 with molecular weights of approximately 14,000 were separated from the other proteins by their rapid migration in the first dimension. Moreover, no histones were found in the acid extracts of the polysomes.", "contents": "Electrophoresis of acid soluble proteins from rat liver nuclei and polysomes on large two-dimensional polyacrylamide gels. Increased resolution of 0.4 N H(2)SO(4) soluble rat liver polysomal and nuclear proteins was achieved by initial electrophoresis on 15 percent polyacrylamide disc gels (25 times 0.5 cm) followed by electrophoresis on 16 percent polyacrylamide gel slabs (25 times 15 cm). With this method, it was found that the histones were resolved into 12 spots, the polysomal proteins A1 and A9 were each resolved into two components, and polysomal proteins A1, A1 and A1 with molecular weights of approximately 14,000 were separated from the other proteins by their rapid migration in the first dimension. Moreover, no histones were found in the acid extracts of the polysomes.", "PMID": 1129375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10611", "title": "Osmotic pressure variations used to elicit oscillations and changes in stiffness of muscle fibers.", "content": "By observing diffraction spectra produced by passing a laser beam through stimulated muscle fibers, the magnitude of sarcomere length change and the relative rate of filament sliding were found to decrease in hypertonic solutions. The first order diffraction for both resting and stimulated muscle fibers faded and then returned to its original intensity as the bathing solution was changed from isotonic to hypertonic and then back to isotonic. This is explained as being due to a change in optical contrast between the A and I bands. 7 Hz oscillations were detected at 4 degrees C during stimulation as the fibers equilibrated in hypertonic solutions. The stiffness of resting muscle in the hypertonic solutions increased while the stiffness of stimulated muscle decreased until at a concentration of 3.10 R they were equal. All processes were reversible.", "contents": "Osmotic pressure variations used to elicit oscillations and changes in stiffness of muscle fibers. By observing diffraction spectra produced by passing a laser beam through stimulated muscle fibers, the magnitude of sarcomere length change and the relative rate of filament sliding were found to decrease in hypertonic solutions. The first order diffraction for both resting and stimulated muscle fibers faded and then returned to its original intensity as the bathing solution was changed from isotonic to hypertonic and then back to isotonic. This is explained as being due to a change in optical contrast between the A and I bands. 7 Hz oscillations were detected at 4 degrees C during stimulation as the fibers equilibrated in hypertonic solutions. The stiffness of resting muscle in the hypertonic solutions increased while the stiffness of stimulated muscle decreased until at a concentration of 3.10 R they were equal. All processes were reversible.", "PMID": 1129376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10612", "title": "Biochemical profiles of cancer cells: I. Computerized analysis of mouse leukemic cellular RNA on polyacrylamide gels.", "content": "Recent studies in this laboratory have been directed at investigating the cellular and subcellular metabolism of RNA in leukemic cells which have been characterized with respect to their degree and type of sensitivity/resistance to specific chemotherapeutic agents. In the present report, electrophoretic patterns on several types of SDS-polyacrylamide gels are presented using total cellular RNA preparations from a subline of L1210 mouse leukemia found to be resistant to cytosine arabinoside (L1210/Ara-C). These studies have been facilitated by using a computerized-spectrophotometric system for quantitative and qualitative comparisons of these profiles. The results suggest that patterns of RNA metabolism may be a useful biochemical test in leukemia.", "contents": "Biochemical profiles of cancer cells: I. Computerized analysis of mouse leukemic cellular RNA on polyacrylamide gels. Recent studies in this laboratory have been directed at investigating the cellular and subcellular metabolism of RNA in leukemic cells which have been characterized with respect to their degree and type of sensitivity/resistance to specific chemotherapeutic agents. In the present report, electrophoretic patterns on several types of SDS-polyacrylamide gels are presented using total cellular RNA preparations from a subline of L1210 mouse leukemia found to be resistant to cytosine arabinoside (L1210/Ara-C). These studies have been facilitated by using a computerized-spectrophotometric system for quantitative and qualitative comparisons of these profiles. The results suggest that patterns of RNA metabolism may be a useful biochemical test in leukemia.", "PMID": 1129377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10613", "title": "Effect of alpha-tocopherol on the rate of photohemolysis of human erythrocytes.", "content": "The results of this study demonstrate that alpha-tocopherol has a significant ability in vivo to prohibit the production of cholesterol hydroperoxide in the erythrocyte membrane, and also significantly reduce the degree of cell membrane deformation upon exposure of the blood to light and oxygen (photooxygenation conditions). This study suggests that alpha-tocopherol prohibits the production of cholesterol hydroperoxide in the membrane which if produced leads to a weakened membrane observed as a \"budded\" cell in the electron micrographs.", "contents": "Effect of alpha-tocopherol on the rate of photohemolysis of human erythrocytes. The results of this study demonstrate that alpha-tocopherol has a significant ability in vivo to prohibit the production of cholesterol hydroperoxide in the erythrocyte membrane, and also significantly reduce the degree of cell membrane deformation upon exposure of the blood to light and oxygen (photooxygenation conditions). This study suggests that alpha-tocopherol prohibits the production of cholesterol hydroperoxide in the membrane which if produced leads to a weakened membrane observed as a \"budded\" cell in the electron micrographs.", "PMID": 1129378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10614", "title": "A potent new mesodermal growth factor from mouse submaxillary gland. A quantitative, comparative study with previously described submaxillary gland growth factors.", "content": "A new growth factor with potent growth stimulating effects on connective tissue cells of the cornea has been isolated and partially purified from mouse submaxillary glands. A computerized image analysis system has been used to quantitate the growth responses of connective tissue fibroblasts to this new growth factor and to compare its activity with that of four previously described growth factors [nerve growth factor (NGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), mesodermal growth factor (MGF), and thymocyte-transforming factor (TTF)] also obtained from mouse submaxillary glands. The new factor is as potent a growth stimulator as the previously described MGF. All five of the growth factors possessed esteropeptidase activity (trypsin-like) and general proteolytic activity. There was no correlation between the degree of growth stimulation of the connective tissue cells and either the esteropeptidase or general proteolytic activities of any of the growth factors.", "contents": "A potent new mesodermal growth factor from mouse submaxillary gland. A quantitative, comparative study with previously described submaxillary gland growth factors. A new growth factor with potent growth stimulating effects on connective tissue cells of the cornea has been isolated and partially purified from mouse submaxillary glands. A computerized image analysis system has been used to quantitate the growth responses of connective tissue fibroblasts to this new growth factor and to compare its activity with that of four previously described growth factors [nerve growth factor (NGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), mesodermal growth factor (MGF), and thymocyte-transforming factor (TTF)] also obtained from mouse submaxillary glands. The new factor is as potent a growth stimulator as the previously described MGF. All five of the growth factors possessed esteropeptidase activity (trypsin-like) and general proteolytic activity. There was no correlation between the degree of growth stimulation of the connective tissue cells and either the esteropeptidase or general proteolytic activities of any of the growth factors.", "PMID": 1129379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10615", "title": "A variation of the Biesenberger technique of reduction mammaplasty.", "content": "A variation of the Biesenberger technique of reduction mammaplasty is presented. The medial and lateral blood supply is preserved in a \"cut as you go\" technique. The results in 68 widely varying cases have been most satisfactory.", "contents": "A variation of the Biesenberger technique of reduction mammaplasty. A variation of the Biesenberger technique of reduction mammaplasty is presented. The medial and lateral blood supply is preserved in a \"cut as you go\" technique. The results in 68 widely varying cases have been most satisfactory.", "PMID": 1129384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10616", "title": "Xeroradiography examinations in orbitonasal surgery. Preliminary report.", "content": "The use of xeroradiography for graphic visualization of both the bony and soft tissue structures of the head is presented. The advantages and indications are discussed.", "contents": "Xeroradiography examinations in orbitonasal surgery. Preliminary report. The use of xeroradiography for graphic visualization of both the bony and soft tissue structures of the head is presented. The advantages and indications are discussed.", "PMID": 1129385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10617", "title": "Intracranial use of a breast prosthesis to temporarily stabilize a reduction cranioplasty.", "content": "We present a method of correcting cranial vault collapse after total reduction cranioplasty.", "contents": "Intracranial use of a breast prosthesis to temporarily stabilize a reduction cranioplasty. We present a method of correcting cranial vault collapse after total reduction cranioplasty.", "PMID": 1129386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10618", "title": "The etiological significance of the primal scene in perversions.", "content": "The etiological significance of the actually observed primal scene in fetishism and other perversions is discussed.  The impact of the primal scene on the pathology of part object relationships, self and object image, and on the development of superego structures in perversion is stressed.", "contents": "The etiological significance of the primal scene in perversions. The etiological significance of the actually observed primal scene in fetishism and other perversions is discussed.  The impact of the primal scene on the pathology of part object relationships, self and object image, and on the development of superego structures in perversion is stressed.", "PMID": 1129388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10619", "title": "Evaluation of progress in supervision.", "content": "Evaluation is an ongoing process in psychoanalytic education and is most active during supervision.  Here we formulate five learning objectives relevant to evaluating competence in analyzing that can be used by both supervisor and candidate to assess progress throughout the supervisory experience.  Session-by-session evaluation produces the core material for periodic progress reports.", "contents": "Evaluation of progress in supervision. Evaluation is an ongoing process in psychoanalytic education and is most active during supervision.  Here we formulate five learning objectives relevant to evaluating competence in analyzing that can be used by both supervisor and candidate to assess progress throughout the supervisory experience.  Session-by-session evaluation produces the core material for periodic progress reports.", "PMID": 1129389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10620", "title": "Some observations on transitional object and infantile fetish.", "content": "Observations of a girl's development are presented to demonstrate the role of the transitional object in coping with the normal strains implicit in the separation-individuation thrust and in the anal-urinary and early sexual stages of development.  When at eighteen months a separation experience led to a serious preoedipal castration reaction, the transitional object no longer was capable of serving its ordinary function and was replaced by a fetishistic object.", "contents": "Some observations on transitional object and infantile fetish. Observations of a girl's development are presented to demonstrate the role of the transitional object in coping with the normal strains implicit in the separation-individuation thrust and in the anal-urinary and early sexual stages of development.  When at eighteen months a separation experience led to a serious preoedipal castration reaction, the transitional object no longer was capable of serving its ordinary function and was replaced by a fetishistic object.", "PMID": 1129390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10621", "title": "Idosophobia: a form of pregenital conversion.", "content": "The origins of idrosophobia (profuse sweating) in a young man are traced to his oedipal resolution and his pathological regressions and defenses.  Idrosophobia, which resembles erythrophobia, is described as a syndrome of pregenital conversion.", "contents": "Idosophobia: a form of pregenital conversion. The origins of idrosophobia (profuse sweating) in a young man are traced to his oedipal resolution and his pathological regressions and defenses.  Idrosophobia, which resembles erythrophobia, is described as a syndrome of pregenital conversion.", "PMID": 1129391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10622", "title": "The square left ventricle: an angiographic and radionuclide sign of left ventricular thrombus.", "content": "The association of mural thrombus with left ventricular aneurysm is well documented, though angiographic documentation of left ventricular thrombus can be difficult. The authors describe the unique appearance of the left ventricular cavity in 5 patients. In all cases, ventriculograms obtained in the right anterior oblique position showed a squared apex. In 2 patients this phenomenon was also demonstrated by radionuclide angiocardiography. All 5 patients were found to have left ventricular thrombus at operation or autopsy.", "contents": "The square left ventricle: an angiographic and radionuclide sign of left ventricular thrombus. The association of mural thrombus with left ventricular aneurysm is well documented, though angiographic documentation of left ventricular thrombus can be difficult. The authors describe the unique appearance of the left ventricular cavity in 5 patients. In all cases, ventriculograms obtained in the right anterior oblique position showed a squared apex. In 2 patients this phenomenon was also demonstrated by radionuclide angiocardiography. All 5 patients were found to have left ventricular thrombus at operation or autopsy.", "PMID": 1129459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10623", "title": "Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH): Forestier's disease with extraspinal manifestations.", "content": "The extraspinal manifestations of Forestier's disease are described in 21 consecutive cases; diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) is suggested as a more appropriate description of this ossifying diathesis. Characteristic roentgen abnormalities of the spine were present in all individuals and associated with significant axial clinical complaints. In extraspinal locations, hyperostosis at ligament attachments usually occurs in the pelvis, calcaneus, tarsal bones, ulnar olecranon and patella, and is occasionally associated with clinical signs and symptoms requiring surgery. The radiographic appearance in the peripheral skeleton is frequently distinctive and allows the radiologist to suggest the correct diagnosis, even in the absence of axial radiographs.", "contents": "Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH): Forestier's disease with extraspinal manifestations. The extraspinal manifestations of Forestier's disease are described in 21 consecutive cases; diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) is suggested as a more appropriate description of this ossifying diathesis. Characteristic roentgen abnormalities of the spine were present in all individuals and associated with significant axial clinical complaints. In extraspinal locations, hyperostosis at ligament attachments usually occurs in the pelvis, calcaneus, tarsal bones, ulnar olecranon and patella, and is occasionally associated with clinical signs and symptoms requiring surgery. The radiographic appearance in the peripheral skeleton is frequently distinctive and allows the radiologist to suggest the correct diagnosis, even in the absence of axial radiographs.", "PMID": 1129458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10624", "title": "Pneumoperitoneum, pneumomediastinum and pneumopericardium following dental extraction.", "content": "Pneumoperitoneum, pneumomediastinum, pneumopericardium and subcutaneous emphysema developed in a patient following simple dental extraction. Other causes of this unusual complication, such as pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis, insufflation of fallopian tubes, pulmonary-peritoneal fistula, post-partum knee-chest exercises, laparotomy, paracentesis and peritoneal dialysis should be considered when peritoneal signs are absent so that unnecessary laparotomy can be avoided.", "contents": "Pneumoperitoneum, pneumomediastinum and pneumopericardium following dental extraction. Pneumoperitoneum, pneumomediastinum, pneumopericardium and subcutaneous emphysema developed in a patient following simple dental extraction. Other causes of this unusual complication, such as pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis, insufflation of fallopian tubes, pulmonary-peritoneal fistula, post-partum knee-chest exercises, laparotomy, paracentesis and peritoneal dialysis should be considered when peritoneal signs are absent so that unnecessary laparotomy can be avoided.", "PMID": 1129460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10625", "title": "Gallstone in the lung.", "content": "A gallstone was found in the lung in a 70-year-old woman. The authors suggest that it perforated the gallbladder, subsequently penetrating the diaphragm and eroding into a right-lower-lobe bronchus.", "contents": "Gallstone in the lung. A gallstone was found in the lung in a 70-year-old woman. The authors suggest that it perforated the gallbladder, subsequently penetrating the diaphragm and eroding into a right-lower-lobe bronchus.", "PMID": 1129461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10626", "title": "Bilateral renal-cell carcinomas.", "content": "The incidence of 5 cases of bilateral renal-cell carcinomas and one case of possible bilateral angiomyoliposarcomas over a period of 16 years suggests than these entities may be more frequent that previously thought. One patient successfully underwent surgery via the \"workbench\" technique, in which the tumor was dissected from one kidney which was then reinserted as an autograft. It is suggested that renal angiography should always be performed bilaterally when attempting to diagnose or exclude renal masses.", "contents": "Bilateral renal-cell carcinomas. The incidence of 5 cases of bilateral renal-cell carcinomas and one case of possible bilateral angiomyoliposarcomas over a period of 16 years suggests than these entities may be more frequent that previously thought. One patient successfully underwent surgery via the \"workbench\" technique, in which the tumor was dissected from one kidney which was then reinserted as an autograft. It is suggested that renal angiography should always be performed bilaterally when attempting to diagnose or exclude renal masses.", "PMID": 1129462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10627", "title": "Percutaneous management of renal cysts: results of a four-year study.", "content": "A standardized technique for percutaneous therapeutic management of renal cysts is described. After partial aspiration of the cyst fluid, the fluid is replaced with Pantopaque, Renografin 60 and air. Fifty-six renal cysts so treated were followed at intervals of up to four years and 68% showed a 50% or more decrease in cyst volume. Only 13% of a control group of 15 renal cysts which were percutaneously punctured but did not have Pantopaque instilled showed a 50% or more decrease in cyst volume. The results suggest that instillation of Pantopaque into a renal cyst can alter the natural history of the cyst by causing it to decrease in size.", "contents": "Percutaneous management of renal cysts: results of a four-year study. A standardized technique for percutaneous therapeutic management of renal cysts is described. After partial aspiration of the cyst fluid, the fluid is replaced with Pantopaque, Renografin 60 and air. Fifty-six renal cysts so treated were followed at intervals of up to four years and 68% showed a 50% or more decrease in cyst volume. Only 13% of a control group of 15 renal cysts which were percutaneously punctured but did not have Pantopaque instilled showed a 50% or more decrease in cyst volume. The results suggest that instillation of Pantopaque into a renal cyst can alter the natural history of the cyst by causing it to decrease in size.", "PMID": 1129463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10628", "title": "Venous angiography of hemodialysis fistulas. Experience with 52 studies.", "content": "The authors describe a simple outpatient venous angiographic method of delineating arteriovenous fistulas constructed for chronic hemodialysis, and variations of the basic technique are offered to solve the problems of overlapping vessels and obscured anastomoses. A normal fistula produces enlargement of the involved artery only, but there may be enlargement of multiple veins in the extremity in which the fistula is constructed. Stenoses, occlusions, surgical variations, aneurysms, functional abnormalities in the direction and quantity of flow, and inadequate positioning of the dialysis needles are discussed.", "contents": "Venous angiography of hemodialysis fistulas. Experience with 52 studies. The authors describe a simple outpatient venous angiographic method of delineating arteriovenous fistulas constructed for chronic hemodialysis, and variations of the basic technique are offered to solve the problems of overlapping vessels and obscured anastomoses. A normal fistula produces enlargement of the involved artery only, but there may be enlargement of multiple veins in the extremity in which the fistula is constructed. Stenoses, occlusions, surgical variations, aneurysms, functional abnormalities in the direction and quantity of flow, and inadequate positioning of the dialysis needles are discussed.", "PMID": 1129464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10629", "title": "The columnar epithelial-lined lower esophagus and its association with adenocarcinoma of the esophagus.", "content": "Four cases of columnar epithelial-lined lower esophagus are presented. The condition can be complicated by esophagitis, ulceration, perforation, and adenocarcinoma of the esophagus. When the squamocolumnar junction is involved by peptic esophagitis, the area of mucosal transition appears as a tapered, strictured segment or a ring-line constriction some distance proximal to the muscular esophagogastric junction. Hiatal incompetence with massive gastroesophageal reflux was evident in 1 case. A deep penetrating ulcer may occur anywhere along the columnar epithelium, identical to peptic gastric ulceration. The columnar-lined lower esophagus should probably be considered a premalignant condition. Two of these patients had associated esophageal adenocarcinoma.", "contents": "The columnar epithelial-lined lower esophagus and its association with adenocarcinoma of the esophagus. Four cases of columnar epithelial-lined lower esophagus are presented. The condition can be complicated by esophagitis, ulceration, perforation, and adenocarcinoma of the esophagus. When the squamocolumnar junction is involved by peptic esophagitis, the area of mucosal transition appears as a tapered, strictured segment or a ring-line constriction some distance proximal to the muscular esophagogastric junction. Hiatal incompetence with massive gastroesophageal reflux was evident in 1 case. A deep penetrating ulcer may occur anywhere along the columnar epithelium, identical to peptic gastric ulceration. The columnar-lined lower esophagus should probably be considered a premalignant condition. Two of these patients had associated esophageal adenocarcinoma.", "PMID": 1129465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10630", "title": "The diagnostic accuracy of barium studies of the stomach and duodenum--correlation with endoscopy.", "content": "Radiologic and endoscopic diagnoses were compared in 240 patients. In 175 patients examined by a standard barium contrast technique there were 39 radiological errors (22%). The most common causes of error were failure to detect an abnormality on the radiograph and prominent mucosal folds which could either mask or simulate small lesions. In 65 patients examined by a formal double contrast technique using effervescent pills and a thick barium suspension, there were 4 radiological errors (6%). In addition, superficial gastric erosions were demonstrated in 7 patients. Double contrast radiography appears to offer the potential for significant improvements in diagnostic accuracy.", "contents": "The diagnostic accuracy of barium studies of the stomach and duodenum--correlation with endoscopy. Radiologic and endoscopic diagnoses were compared in 240 patients. In 175 patients examined by a standard barium contrast technique there were 39 radiological errors (22%). The most common causes of error were failure to detect an abnormality on the radiograph and prominent mucosal folds which could either mask or simulate small lesions. In 65 patients examined by a formal double contrast technique using effervescent pills and a thick barium suspension, there were 4 radiological errors (6%). In addition, superficial gastric erosions were demonstrated in 7 patients. Double contrast radiography appears to offer the potential for significant improvements in diagnostic accuracy.", "PMID": 1129466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10631", "title": "Fluoroscopy of the upper gastrointestinal tract by the radiological technologist.", "content": "A pilot program was established to train an experienced radiological technologist to perform fluorescopy of the upper gastrointestinal tract. Patients were prescreened and films reviewed by a staff radiologist. The quality of the films obtained by the technologist equaled that of the department's resident radiologists.", "contents": "Fluoroscopy of the upper gastrointestinal tract by the radiological technologist. A pilot program was established to train an experienced radiological technologist to perform fluorescopy of the upper gastrointestinal tract. Patients were prescreened and films reviewed by a staff radiologist. The quality of the films obtained by the technologist equaled that of the department's resident radiologists.", "PMID": 1129467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10632", "title": "Pedunculated malignant colonic polyps with superficial invasion of the stalks.", "content": "Malignant colonic polyps on substantial stalks were seen in 3 patients. In each case the base of the pedicle was free of tumor. The author suggests that these were initially benign adenomatous polyps but subsequently became malignant. These findings suggest that initially benign colonic polyps can become malignant over a period of time and that the presence of a substantial stalk may not always be pathognomonic of benignity.", "contents": "Pedunculated malignant colonic polyps with superficial invasion of the stalks. Malignant colonic polyps on substantial stalks were seen in 3 patients. In each case the base of the pedicle was free of tumor. The author suggests that these were initially benign adenomatous polyps but subsequently became malignant. These findings suggest that initially benign colonic polyps can become malignant over a period of time and that the presence of a substantial stalk may not always be pathognomonic of benignity.", "PMID": 1129468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10633", "title": "Gastric bullae. An early roentgen finding in corrosive gastritis following alkali ingestion.", "content": "In most cases of alkali ingestion, the stomach is protected from injury by its contents and gastric acidity, so that the esophagus is usually the main site of injury. The authors describe a case of severe corrosive gastritis following ingestion of a large amount of alkali. Huge gastric bullae, an unusual manifestation, were an early roentgen finding. As healing occurred, the stomach was reduced to a shrunken, aperistaltic pouch.", "contents": "Gastric bullae. An early roentgen finding in corrosive gastritis following alkali ingestion. In most cases of alkali ingestion, the stomach is protected from injury by its contents and gastric acidity, so that the esophagus is usually the main site of injury. The authors describe a case of severe corrosive gastritis following ingestion of a large amount of alkali. Huge gastric bullae, an unusual manifestation, were an early roentgen finding. As healing occurred, the stomach was reduced to a shrunken, aperistaltic pouch.", "PMID": 1129469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10634", "title": "Nonsurgical treatment of arteriovenous malformations of the trunk and limb by transcatheter arterial embolization.", "content": "Two patients with large arteriovenous malformations (AVM) were successfully treated by transcatheter selective arterial embolization with Gelfoam. An extensive lumbar retroperitoneal acquired AVM was markedly reduced, eliminating any clinical evidence of a persistent left-to-right shunt. A large localized congenital AVM of the thigh in the second patient completely disappeared. Transient post-procedure fever developed in the first patient. Prolonged fever and pulmonary infarction complicated the second case with complete recovery in three weeks. The advantages of Gelfoam as an embolizing agent are discussed. The technique appears to be a reasonable alternative to extensive and sometimes mutilative surgery.", "contents": "Nonsurgical treatment of arteriovenous malformations of the trunk and limb by transcatheter arterial embolization. Two patients with large arteriovenous malformations (AVM) were successfully treated by transcatheter selective arterial embolization with Gelfoam. An extensive lumbar retroperitoneal acquired AVM was markedly reduced, eliminating any clinical evidence of a persistent left-to-right shunt. A large localized congenital AVM of the thigh in the second patient completely disappeared. Transient post-procedure fever developed in the first patient. Prolonged fever and pulmonary infarction complicated the second case with complete recovery in three weeks. The advantages of Gelfoam as an embolizing agent are discussed. The technique appears to be a reasonable alternative to extensive and sometimes mutilative surgery.", "PMID": 1129470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10635", "title": "Popliteal cysts: presentation as thrombophlebitis.", "content": "Synovial-lined cysts in the popliteal space associated with rheumatoid arthritis or meniscal tears may compress the popliteal vein and produce signs and symptoms suggestive of thrombophlebitis. Because of a presumptive diagnosis of thrombophlebitis, venography may be performed initially and demonstrate compression of the popliteal vein by an extrinsic mass. The correct diagnosis of a popliteal cyst can easily be made with B-mode ultrasonography, and, if desired, confirmed by arthrography. Four cases are presented which emphasize these features.", "contents": "Popliteal cysts: presentation as thrombophlebitis. Synovial-lined cysts in the popliteal space associated with rheumatoid arthritis or meniscal tears may compress the popliteal vein and produce signs and symptoms suggestive of thrombophlebitis. Because of a presumptive diagnosis of thrombophlebitis, venography may be performed initially and demonstrate compression of the popliteal vein by an extrinsic mass. The correct diagnosis of a popliteal cyst can easily be made with B-mode ultrasonography, and, if desired, confirmed by arthrography. Four cases are presented which emphasize these features.", "PMID": 1129471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10636", "title": "Validity of the sesamoid index in the diagnosis of acromegaly.", "content": "Sesamoid indices of 100 control and 10 acromegalic subjects were determined and the results compared with previous studies. It was found that a substantial overlap of values exists between the two groups and that the range of values for both groups is substantially wider than previous studies have indicated.", "contents": "Validity of the sesamoid index in the diagnosis of acromegaly. Sesamoid indices of 100 control and 10 acromegalic subjects were determined and the results compared with previous studies. It was found that a substantial overlap of values exists between the two groups and that the range of values for both groups is substantially wider than previous studies have indicated.", "PMID": 1129472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10637", "title": "Lymphatic visualization during hip arthrography.", "content": "Lymphatic visualization at arthrography has been reported previously in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The authors describe this phenomenon in 4 patients undergoing arthrography of the hip following prosthetic surgery, only one of whom had a history of rheumatoid arthritis. It is suggested that lymphatic visualization is not a reliable indicator of any specific type of arthritis, but rather an ancillary sign of inflammation, and that it may occur whenever lymphatic hyperplasia or increased synovial membrane permeability is present.", "contents": "Lymphatic visualization during hip arthrography. Lymphatic visualization at arthrography has been reported previously in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The authors describe this phenomenon in 4 patients undergoing arthrography of the hip following prosthetic surgery, only one of whom had a history of rheumatoid arthritis. It is suggested that lymphatic visualization is not a reliable indicator of any specific type of arthritis, but rather an ancillary sign of inflammation, and that it may occur whenever lymphatic hyperplasia or increased synovial membrane permeability is present.", "PMID": 1129473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10638", "title": "Radiographic manifestations of Japanese acupuncture.", "content": "The radiographic manifestations of Hari, a peculiar type of acupuncture currently practiced in Japan, are described. This acupuncture method consists of inserting multiple fine gold needles through the skin into the subcutaneous tissue. The needle is cut off at the skin surface and left in the subcutaneous tissue for the life of the patient. These multiple needles present curious, frequently unsuspected findings on radiographs obtained for reasons unrelated to acupuncture.", "contents": "Radiographic manifestations of Japanese acupuncture. The radiographic manifestations of Hari, a peculiar type of acupuncture currently practiced in Japan, are described. This acupuncture method consists of inserting multiple fine gold needles through the skin into the subcutaneous tissue. The needle is cut off at the skin surface and left in the subcutaneous tissue for the life of the patient. These multiple needles present curious, frequently unsuspected findings on radiographs obtained for reasons unrelated to acupuncture.", "PMID": 1129474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10639", "title": "Some new angiographic observations in patients with Chiari type I and II malformations.", "content": "Angiographic abnormalities of the lower hindbrain seen in 13 cases of Chiari Type I and Type II malformations are described. Previously reported findings are assessed, particularly deformities of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA). Caudal displacement of the cerebellar tonsils without other angiographic localizing signs of an expanding intracranial mass suggest a Chiari malformation. In such cases it is helpful to demonstrate a low cephalic loop of the PICA, reflecting caudal displacement of the fourth ventricle. Associated angiographic demonstration of significant intraspinal localization of the brainstem is pathognomonic of Chiari malformation.", "contents": "Some new angiographic observations in patients with Chiari type I and II malformations. Angiographic abnormalities of the lower hindbrain seen in 13 cases of Chiari Type I and Type II malformations are described. Previously reported findings are assessed, particularly deformities of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA). Caudal displacement of the cerebellar tonsils without other angiographic localizing signs of an expanding intracranial mass suggest a Chiari malformation. In such cases it is helpful to demonstrate a low cephalic loop of the PICA, reflecting caudal displacement of the fourth ventricle. Associated angiographic demonstration of significant intraspinal localization of the brainstem is pathognomonic of Chiari malformation.", "PMID": 1129475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10640", "title": "Compression of superior sagittal sinus by neonatal calvarial molding.", "content": "Compression of the superior sagittal sinus may result from overlapping of the parietal and occipital bones in the newborn infant. Such compression has been documented angiographically and the resultant decreased blood flow confirmed with a Doppler ultrasound probe. This compression may increase intracerebral venous pressures and thereby contribute to the high incidence of intracerebral hemorrhage in premature infants with respiratory distress syndrome.", "contents": "Compression of superior sagittal sinus by neonatal calvarial molding. Compression of the superior sagittal sinus may result from overlapping of the parietal and occipital bones in the newborn infant. Such compression has been documented angiographically and the resultant decreased blood flow confirmed with a Doppler ultrasound probe. This compression may increase intracerebral venous pressures and thereby contribute to the high incidence of intracerebral hemorrhage in premature infants with respiratory distress syndrome.", "PMID": 1129476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10641", "title": "Venous channels within the intracranial dural partitions.", "content": "Complete dura maters exclusive of their midline basilar attachments were obtained by autopsy from persons of all age groups. Vinylite casts of the venous channels in the diaphragma sellae, falx cerebelli, falx cerebri, and tentorium cerebelli were made by injecting a mixture of Vinylite and acetone, after which the specimens were fixed in formalin and subsequently corroded with concentrated hydrochloric acid. Studies showed that the size and position of the channels within the diaphragma sellae were quite constant. Large venous lakes were present in the falx cerebelli and contiguous suboccipital dura mater, and venous pools were also seen connecting the caudal end of the inferior sagittal sinus and the superior sagittal sinus. A great variety of channels were observed in the tentorium cerebelli.", "contents": "Venous channels within the intracranial dural partitions. Complete dura maters exclusive of their midline basilar attachments were obtained by autopsy from persons of all age groups. Vinylite casts of the venous channels in the diaphragma sellae, falx cerebelli, falx cerebri, and tentorium cerebelli were made by injecting a mixture of Vinylite and acetone, after which the specimens were fixed in formalin and subsequently corroded with concentrated hydrochloric acid. Studies showed that the size and position of the channels within the diaphragma sellae were quite constant. Large venous lakes were present in the falx cerebelli and contiguous suboccipital dura mater, and venous pools were also seen connecting the caudal end of the inferior sagittal sinus and the superior sagittal sinus. A great variety of channels were observed in the tentorium cerebelli.", "PMID": 1129477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10642", "title": "Cerebral angiographic changes associated with tuberous sclerosis.", "content": "Two patients with tuberous sclerosis were examined angiographically. In one, direct left carotid angiography showed a contralateral shift of the anterior cerebral artery and lateral displacement of the middle cerebral artery. On the lateral series, increase in the sweep of the anterior cerebral artery as well as stretching of the opercular branches of the middle cerebral artery were noted in the early arterial phase. In the later arterial phase, there was marked hypervascularity, with the contrast substance temporarily pooling in small, rounded collections. In the mid-arterial phase of the second case, pooling of the  the contrast medium within the tumor and many small, berry-like outpunchings were noted. There was no evidence of early venous drainage in either case.", "contents": "Cerebral angiographic changes associated with tuberous sclerosis. Two patients with tuberous sclerosis were examined angiographically. In one, direct left carotid angiography showed a contralateral shift of the anterior cerebral artery and lateral displacement of the middle cerebral artery. On the lateral series, increase in the sweep of the anterior cerebral artery as well as stretching of the opercular branches of the middle cerebral artery were noted in the early arterial phase. In the later arterial phase, there was marked hypervascularity, with the contrast substance temporarily pooling in small, rounded collections. In the mid-arterial phase of the second case, pooling of the  the contrast medium within the tumor and many small, berry-like outpunchings were noted. There was no evidence of early venous drainage in either case.", "PMID": 1129478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10643", "title": "Traumatic vertebral artery pseudoaneurysm following chiropractic manipulation.", "content": "A vertebral artery pseudoaneurysm accompanied by serious neurological injury was seen in a 42-year-old woman who had undergone chiropractic manipulation of the neck. Such manipulation is a potential cause of neurological injury due to trauma to the cervical spine and the major vessels of the neck. The arterial pattern in this case was similar to that of angiodysplasia except for narrowing and irregularity of the vertebral artery.", "contents": "Traumatic vertebral artery pseudoaneurysm following chiropractic manipulation. A vertebral artery pseudoaneurysm accompanied by serious neurological injury was seen in a 42-year-old woman who had undergone chiropractic manipulation of the neck. Such manipulation is a potential cause of neurological injury due to trauma to the cervical spine and the major vessels of the neck. The arterial pattern in this case was similar to that of angiodysplasia except for narrowing and irregularity of the vertebral artery.", "PMID": 1129479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10644", "title": "99mTc-pertechnetate thyroid scintigraphy in patients predisposed to thyroid neoplasms by prior radiotherapy to the head and neck.", "content": "Histories, physical examinations and 99mTc-pertechnetate imaging were used to evaluate 1,452 persons who had had x-ray therapy to the neck region for benign conditions 18 to 35 years previously. Thyroid abnormalities were found in 301 patients (21%) and thyroid malignancy was found in 29% of 193 patients with abnormal studies who were explored surgically. Thyroid imaging detected 96% of these abnormalities, 40% of which would not have been unequivocally established by physical examination alone. Nuclear imaging could not distinguish benign from malignant lesions.", "contents": "99mTc-pertechnetate thyroid scintigraphy in patients predisposed to thyroid neoplasms by prior radiotherapy to the head and neck. Histories, physical examinations and 99mTc-pertechnetate imaging were used to evaluate 1,452 persons who had had x-ray therapy to the neck region for benign conditions 18 to 35 years previously. Thyroid abnormalities were found in 301 patients (21%) and thyroid malignancy was found in 29% of 193 patients with abnormal studies who were explored surgically. Thyroid imaging detected 96% of these abnormalities, 40% of which would not have been unequivocally established by physical examination alone. Nuclear imaging could not distinguish benign from malignant lesions.", "PMID": 1129480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10645", "title": "Detection of craniosynostosis by bone scanning.", "content": "Growth patterns of the cranial sutures were studied by bone scanning in 29 children, 13 of whom had craniosynostosis. Primary craniosynostosis was initiated by localized bony fusion across a suture, associated with an abnormal accumulation of bone-seeking radiopharmaceuticals. As the abnormal fusion process extended along the suture, there was a corresponding spread of radionuclide. With complete fusion, uptake diminished. In addition to calvarial scanning, three abnormal sutures were scanned following surgical excision, which allowed direct comparison in vivo and in vitro. Calvarial bone scanning is helpful in the early detection of primary craniosynostosis.", "contents": "Detection of craniosynostosis by bone scanning. Growth patterns of the cranial sutures were studied by bone scanning in 29 children, 13 of whom had craniosynostosis. Primary craniosynostosis was initiated by localized bony fusion across a suture, associated with an abnormal accumulation of bone-seeking radiopharmaceuticals. As the abnormal fusion process extended along the suture, there was a corresponding spread of radionuclide. With complete fusion, uptake diminished. In addition to calvarial scanning, three abnormal sutures were scanned following surgical excision, which allowed direct comparison in vivo and in vitro. Calvarial bone scanning is helpful in the early detection of primary craniosynostosis.", "PMID": 1129481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10646", "title": "Decompression hyperostosis: cranial hyperostosis mimicking bilateral subdural hematoma on brain scintigraphy.", "content": "Scintraphic findings suggestive of bilateral subdural hematoma developed after successful decompression of communicating hydrocephalus. These findings were secondary to cranial hyperostosis. The similarity of brain scintigraphic findings in the two disorders is pointed out, and the necessity of correlating brain scintigraphs is stressed.", "contents": "Decompression hyperostosis: cranial hyperostosis mimicking bilateral subdural hematoma on brain scintigraphy. Scintraphic findings suggestive of bilateral subdural hematoma developed after successful decompression of communicating hydrocephalus. These findings were secondary to cranial hyperostosis. The similarity of brain scintigraphic findings in the two disorders is pointed out, and the necessity of correlating brain scintigraphs is stressed.", "PMID": 1129482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10647", "title": "Ultrasonic diagnosis of hypernephroma extending into the inferior vena cava.", "content": "Extension of hypernephroma into the inferior vena cava was demonstrated by ultrasound. When a solid renal lesion is encountered, it is suggested that the inferior vena cava be scanned. The possible significance of gray scale scanning as a more precise diagnostic tool and its use in tumor staging are discussed.", "contents": "Ultrasonic diagnosis of hypernephroma extending into the inferior vena cava. Extension of hypernephroma into the inferior vena cava was demonstrated by ultrasound. When a solid renal lesion is encountered, it is suggested that the inferior vena cava be scanned. The possible significance of gray scale scanning as a more precise diagnostic tool and its use in tumor staging are discussed.", "PMID": 1129484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10648", "title": "Scintigraphic findings in primary amyloidosis. An analysis of 7 cases.", "content": "Images of 7 patients with primary amyloidosis revealed organomegaly with regions of decreased tracer accumulation due to infiltration and replacement of normal tissue by the amyloid complex. These scintigraphic changes in the clinical setting of multisystem disease should suggest amyloidosis as a possible diagnosis.", "contents": "Scintigraphic findings in primary amyloidosis. An analysis of 7 cases. Images of 7 patients with primary amyloidosis revealed organomegaly with regions of decreased tracer accumulation due to infiltration and replacement of normal tissue by the amyloid complex. These scintigraphic changes in the clinical setting of multisystem disease should suggest amyloidosis as a possible diagnosis.", "PMID": 1129483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10649", "title": "Analysis of sites and causes of failures of irradiation in invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the intact uterine cervix.", "content": "An analysis of the records of 916 patients who received radiotherapy for invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the intact uterine cervix from January 1964 through December 1969 revealed that 94% of the central and regional failures will occur within 3 years of treatment. Survival rates were as follows: Stage I, 91%; Stage IIA, 82%; Stage IIB, 65%; Stage IIIA, 54%; and Stage IIIB, 40%. The incidences of central and regional failures in Stages I through III are: Stages I and IIA; central 2% and regional 4.5%; Stage IIB; central 5% and regional 13%; Stage III: central 14% and regional 19%. In stages IIB, IIIA, and IIIB, the main cause of failures, either centrally or in the parametria, is the presence of massive disease.", "contents": "Analysis of sites and causes of failures of irradiation in invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the intact uterine cervix. An analysis of the records of 916 patients who received radiotherapy for invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the intact uterine cervix from January 1964 through December 1969 revealed that 94% of the central and regional failures will occur within 3 years of treatment. Survival rates were as follows: Stage I, 91%; Stage IIA, 82%; Stage IIB, 65%; Stage IIIA, 54%; and Stage IIIB, 40%. The incidences of central and regional failures in Stages I through III are: Stages I and IIA; central 2% and regional 4.5%; Stage IIB; central 5% and regional 13%; Stage III: central 14% and regional 19%. In stages IIB, IIIA, and IIIB, the main cause of failures, either centrally or in the parametria, is the presence of massive disease.", "PMID": 1129485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10650", "title": "Radiation therapy of brain tumors in children.", "content": "The case histories of 124 children irradiated for brain tumors were reviewed to determine survival rate and functional prognosis, with special reference to somatic growth. Five-year survival rates (29% of 97 patients with gliomas and 70% of 27 patients with non-gliomatous tumors) were approximately the same as in our adult series, despite the differences in histology and predilection. Although 70% of 42 long-term survivors had active, useful lives, stunted growth was observed in 15 of them. More attention should be directed to the growth of children irradiated for brain tumors.", "contents": "Radiation therapy of brain tumors in children. The case histories of 124 children irradiated for brain tumors were reviewed to determine survival rate and functional prognosis, with special reference to somatic growth. Five-year survival rates (29% of 97 patients with gliomas and 70% of 27 patients with non-gliomatous tumors) were approximately the same as in our adult series, despite the differences in histology and predilection. Although 70% of 42 long-term survivors had active, useful lives, stunted growth was observed in 15 of them. More attention should be directed to the growth of children irradiated for brain tumors.", "PMID": 1129486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10651", "title": "Early and late radiation changes following a second course of irradiation.", "content": "The effect of two 10-fraction courses of irradiation separated by intervals varying from 1 to 10 months on both the early skin reaction and late deformity of the leg was studied in mice. It was found that the \"memory\" of the first course was much greater for the late end point (deformity) than for early skin reactions at all intervals between the two courses. The extent of the late deformity reaction following a second course was predicted fairly well from the Ellis formula for decay of partial tolerance, but it also appeared to be more complex than is evident from the formula. Evaluation of early vs. late reactions showed that the extent of the deformity is not governed entirely by the level of the early skin reaction; rather, it depends critically on the previous radiation history of the tissue.", "contents": "Early and late radiation changes following a second course of irradiation. The effect of two 10-fraction courses of irradiation separated by intervals varying from 1 to 10 months on both the early skin reaction and late deformity of the leg was studied in mice. It was found that the \"memory\" of the first course was much greater for the late end point (deformity) than for early skin reactions at all intervals between the two courses. The extent of the late deformity reaction following a second course was predicted fairly well from the Ellis formula for decay of partial tolerance, but it also appeared to be more complex than is evident from the formula. Evaluation of early vs. late reactions showed that the extent of the deformity is not governed entirely by the level of the early skin reaction; rather, it depends critically on the previous radiation history of the tissue.", "PMID": 1129487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10652", "title": "Detail enhancement in prints of radiographs. Use of a linear radial transmission filter.", "content": "A simple, inexpensive technique using a linear radial transmission filter for selectively enhancing fine detail when making prints from radiographs is described. Fine detail is often better on the enhanced print than on the original radiograph.", "contents": "Detail enhancement in prints of radiographs. Use of a linear radial transmission filter. A simple, inexpensive technique using a linear radial transmission filter for selectively enhancing fine detail when making prints from radiographs is described. Fine detail is often better on the enhanced print than on the original radiograph.", "PMID": 1129488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10653", "title": "Reducing the operating temperatures of thin viewboxes.", "content": "Several manufacturers' thin viewboxes operate at excessively high temperatures. The measured equilibrium ballast temperature was 95 degrees C in a 25 degrees C room. Canadian standards limit ballast surface temperatures to 90 degrees C. The ballast cover plate reaches 47 degrees C. Temperatures were reduced to 67 degrees and 37 degrees C by substituting a more efficient ballast and painting the outer surface of the polished metab cover plate.", "contents": "Reducing the operating temperatures of thin viewboxes. Several manufacturers' thin viewboxes operate at excessively high temperatures. The measured equilibrium ballast temperature was 95 degrees C in a 25 degrees C room. Canadian standards limit ballast surface temperatures to 90 degrees C. The ballast cover plate reaches 47 degrees C. Temperatures were reduced to 67 degrees and 37 degrees C by substituting a more efficient ballast and painting the outer surface of the polished metab cover plate.", "PMID": 1129489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10654", "title": "Talocalcaneonavicular joint arthrography for sustentacular-talar tarsal coalitions.", "content": "Sustentacular-talar tarsal coalitions can be difficult to detect radiographically. The sustentacular-talar articulation is a part of the talocalcaneonavicular joint. Thus, arthrography of this joint, combined with tangential views of the sustentaculotalar articulation (Harris views), provides a new and simple method to detect or exclude talocalcaneal tarsal coalitions.", "contents": "Talocalcaneonavicular joint arthrography for sustentacular-talar tarsal coalitions. Sustentacular-talar tarsal coalitions can be difficult to detect radiographically. The sustentacular-talar articulation is a part of the talocalcaneonavicular joint. Thus, arthrography of this joint, combined with tangential views of the sustentaculotalar articulation (Harris views), provides a new and simple method to detect or exclude talocalcaneal tarsal coalitions.", "PMID": 1129490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10655", "title": "New grid design for a fluoroscopic spot film device.", "content": "A new grid design for a fluoroscopic spot film device is presented. Fluoroscopy is achieved with a conventional low ratio grid, while spot filming is done with a high ratio criss-cross grid. The result is a low patient radiation dose during fluoroscopy, while the high ratio grid during spot filming provides a significant increase in subject contrast.", "contents": "New grid design for a fluoroscopic spot film device. A new grid design for a fluoroscopic spot film device is presented. Fluoroscopy is achieved with a conventional low ratio grid, while spot filming is done with a high ratio criss-cross grid. The result is a low patient radiation dose during fluoroscopy, while the high ratio grid during spot filming provides a significant increase in subject contrast.", "PMID": 1129491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10656", "title": "Bifurcation level of the aorta: landmark for pelvic irradiation.", "content": "The position of the aortic bifurcation in women in relation to the lumbar vertebral bodies was determined in 100 pelvic arteriograms to provide some help in teleradiation therapy planning for pelvic malignancies. It was found that in order to cover the area of the aortic bifurcation, the radiation field should extend to the top of the body of the fourth lumbar vertebra.", "contents": "Bifurcation level of the aorta: landmark for pelvic irradiation. The position of the aortic bifurcation in women in relation to the lumbar vertebral bodies was determined in 100 pelvic arteriograms to provide some help in teleradiation therapy planning for pelvic malignancies. It was found that in order to cover the area of the aortic bifurcation, the radiation field should extend to the top of the body of the fourth lumbar vertebra.", "PMID": 1129492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10657", "title": "A new technique for urethrography.", "content": "The male urethra can be demonstrated following intravenous urography by having the patient void against the partial obstruction produced by a penile clamp. The clamp is useful for both the normal or stenosed male urethra.", "contents": "A new technique for urethrography. The male urethra can be demonstrated following intravenous urography by having the patient void against the partial obstruction produced by a penile clamp. The clamp is useful for both the normal or stenosed male urethra.", "PMID": 1129493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10658", "title": "A simple afterloading applicator for intracavitary irradiation of carcinoma of the nasopharynx.", "content": "A simple, disposable afterloading applicator for intracavitary irradiation of carcinoma of the nasopharynx has been found useful as a supplementary radiation boost to the primary site. Hopefully, local tumor control can be enhanced by employing this technique.", "contents": "A simple afterloading applicator for intracavitary irradiation of carcinoma of the nasopharynx. A simple, disposable afterloading applicator for intracavitary irradiation of carcinoma of the nasopharynx has been found useful as a supplementary radiation boost to the primary site. Hopefully, local tumor control can be enhanced by employing this technique.", "PMID": 1129494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10659", "title": "A new calculator for radiotherapy treatment planning.", "content": "Comparison of speed and costs of the programmable desk calculator and the minocomputer reveals that although the desk calculator is slower, most operations are simple dose and treatment time calculations in which the turn-around time is essentially immediate. Assuming a five-year equipment capitalization of the initial $24,000 cost and $1,700 per annum maintenance charge with a workload of 800 plans per year, the cost per plan is about $8.00. This does not include programmer salaries.", "contents": "A new calculator for radiotherapy treatment planning. Comparison of speed and costs of the programmable desk calculator and the minocomputer reveals that although the desk calculator is slower, most operations are simple dose and treatment time calculations in which the turn-around time is essentially immediate. Assuming a five-year equipment capitalization of the initial $24,000 cost and $1,700 per annum maintenance charge with a workload of 800 plans per year, the cost per plan is about $8.00. This does not include programmer salaries.", "PMID": 1129495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10660", "title": "The characterisation of Campylobacter sputorum subspecies mucosalis isolated from pigs.", "content": "A comparison is made between the recognised subspecies of Campylobacter sputorum isolated from humans and cattle and the previously unrecognised catalase negative vibrios isolated from porcine intestinal adenomatosis. The characters of the porcine strains warrant their inclusion within the species Campylobacter sputorum. Differentiation between all three is possible in the laboratory and we propose that, in addition to the recognised subspecies, sputorum and bubulus, the pig strains be accorded subspecies rank and called mucosalis. Other porcine strains characterised as C coli formed a heterogeneous group but could be differentiated from porcine C sputorum strains by their pigment and catalase production, sodium chloride tolerance, antigenic and a number of other characters.", "contents": "The characterisation of Campylobacter sputorum subspecies mucosalis isolated from pigs. A comparison is made between the recognised subspecies of Campylobacter sputorum isolated from humans and cattle and the previously unrecognised catalase negative vibrios isolated from porcine intestinal adenomatosis. The characters of the porcine strains warrant their inclusion within the species Campylobacter sputorum. Differentiation between all three is possible in the laboratory and we propose that, in addition to the recognised subspecies, sputorum and bubulus, the pig strains be accorded subspecies rank and called mucosalis. Other porcine strains characterised as C coli formed a heterogeneous group but could be differentiated from porcine C sputorum strains by their pigment and catalase production, sodium chloride tolerance, antigenic and a number of other characters.", "PMID": 1129532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10661", "title": "A radiographic study of rostral tooth development in young Friesian cattle.", "content": "Twenty-nine British Friesian cattle fed the same diet, slaughtered at various weights and including bulls, steers (castrated males) and females (heifers) were examined. The stage of their rostral tooth development was recorded both visually and radiographically. Insufficient animals were present in each sex and slaughter weight treatment group to allow any comparison between them. When the data for each sex were compared, no statistically significant differences were seen between the mean ages at which bulls, steers and heifers attained each stage of dental development as determined from their radiographs. The results for all 29 cattle were then combined. This combined data showed a relationship between age and those stages of tooth formation which could be differentiated by examination of the X-ray films. As most phases of tooth formation occurred within well defined limits, it is suggested that radiographs of rostral tooth development might be used to estimate the age of cattle.", "contents": "A radiographic study of rostral tooth development in young Friesian cattle. Twenty-nine British Friesian cattle fed the same diet, slaughtered at various weights and including bulls, steers (castrated males) and females (heifers) were examined. The stage of their rostral tooth development was recorded both visually and radiographically. Insufficient animals were present in each sex and slaughter weight treatment group to allow any comparison between them. When the data for each sex were compared, no statistically significant differences were seen between the mean ages at which bulls, steers and heifers attained each stage of dental development as determined from their radiographs. The results for all 29 cattle were then combined. This combined data showed a relationship between age and those stages of tooth formation which could be differentiated by examination of the X-ray films. As most phases of tooth formation occurred within well defined limits, it is suggested that radiographs of rostral tooth development might be used to estimate the age of cattle.", "PMID": 1129533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10662", "title": "The rate of mitotic division in regenerating epithelium in the dog.", "content": "An account is given of the changes which took place in the rate of mitotic division of the epithelial cells, over and around healing unprotected circular full-thickness excised skin wounds in the thoracic and metatarsal regions of the dog. The rate of division increased during the first 24 h and the maximum rate in the epidermis around the wound was reached after two to six days when 4-7 to 6-0 per cent of the cells were dividing. Mitotic figures were seen in the migrating epithelium on the second day. As the mitotic rate in the epidermis around the wound became less the rate in the newly-formed epidermis over the wound increased.", "contents": "The rate of mitotic division in regenerating epithelium in the dog. An account is given of the changes which took place in the rate of mitotic division of the epithelial cells, over and around healing unprotected circular full-thickness excised skin wounds in the thoracic and metatarsal regions of the dog. The rate of division increased during the first 24 h and the maximum rate in the epidermis around the wound was reached after two to six days when 4-7 to 6-0 per cent of the cells were dividing. Mitotic figures were seen in the migrating epithelium on the second day. As the mitotic rate in the epidermis around the wound became less the rate in the newly-formed epidermis over the wound increased.", "PMID": 1129534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10663", "title": "An interaction between diet and blood group upon serum alkaline phosphatase activity in lambs.", "content": "Serum alkaline phosphatase activity was studied in groups of lambs fed diets containing different amounts of wheat grain and lucerne hay with different levels of supplementation with formaldehyde treated casein-sunflower seed. Total serum alkaline phosphatase activity increased more in groups fed 100 per cent wheat or 67 per cent wheat 33 per cent lucerne than in those fed 33 per cent wheat 67 per cent lucerne or 100 per cent lucerne. Supplementation of the diets with the casein-sunflower seed preparation resulted in an increase in the heat resistant proportion of serum alkaline phosphatase activity. This effect was more apparent in lambs of the r blood group (R-r-i blood group system) than in R lambs. These finds are discussed in relation to the relative heat resistance of tissue isoenzymes of alkaline phosphatase.", "contents": "An interaction between diet and blood group upon serum alkaline phosphatase activity in lambs. Serum alkaline phosphatase activity was studied in groups of lambs fed diets containing different amounts of wheat grain and lucerne hay with different levels of supplementation with formaldehyde treated casein-sunflower seed. Total serum alkaline phosphatase activity increased more in groups fed 100 per cent wheat or 67 per cent wheat 33 per cent lucerne than in those fed 33 per cent wheat 67 per cent lucerne or 100 per cent lucerne. Supplementation of the diets with the casein-sunflower seed preparation resulted in an increase in the heat resistant proportion of serum alkaline phosphatase activity. This effect was more apparent in lambs of the r blood group (R-r-i blood group system) than in R lambs. These finds are discussed in relation to the relative heat resistance of tissue isoenzymes of alkaline phosphatase.", "PMID": 1129535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10664", "title": "Treatment of crenosomiasis in dogs.", "content": "Dogs were infected with the lungworm Crenosoma vulpis. The efficacy of four drugs in the treatment of the disease was examined using a controlled test. Levamisole and diethylcarbamazine proved to be highly effective.", "contents": "Treatment of crenosomiasis in dogs. Dogs were infected with the lungworm Crenosoma vulpis. The efficacy of four drugs in the treatment of the disease was examined using a controlled test. Levamisole and diethylcarbamazine proved to be highly effective.", "PMID": 1129536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10665", "title": "Physiological variations in levels of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate in horse erythrocytes.", "content": "The levels of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG), which affects the transport of oxygen by haemoglobin, were examined in horse blood. Resting levels of erythrocyte 2,3-DPG were established in thoroughbred horses, and levels of 2,3-DPG together with haemoglobin levels, were examined in a variety of conditions. A negative correlation was observed between erythrocyte 2,3-DPG and haemoglobin levels. Mares had higher erythrocyte 2,3-DPG levels was observed during training, and this variation may have a significant effect on haemoglobin oxygen transport. Erythrocyte 2,3-DPG levels were not affected by age or exercise.", "contents": "Physiological variations in levels of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate in horse erythrocytes. The levels of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG), which affects the transport of oxygen by haemoglobin, were examined in horse blood. Resting levels of erythrocyte 2,3-DPG were established in thoroughbred horses, and levels of 2,3-DPG together with haemoglobin levels, were examined in a variety of conditions. A negative correlation was observed between erythrocyte 2,3-DPG and haemoglobin levels. Mares had higher erythrocyte 2,3-DPG levels was observed during training, and this variation may have a significant effect on haemoglobin oxygen transport. Erythrocyte 2,3-DPG levels were not affected by age or exercise.", "PMID": 1129537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10666", "title": "Studies on tibial dyschondroplasia in ducks.", "content": "A high incidence of tibial dyschondroplasia was present naturally in a variety of strains of ducks. The incidence was higher in heavy strains than in light strains and both incidence and severity were markedly reduced by early restriction of growth rate. The incidence and severity differed somewhat in groups of ducks of the same strain and growing at the same rate on two different commercial rations. The abnormality was not dramatically reduced by feeding a ration containing a high bicarbonate mineral mix. The histological development of the lesion is described and possible aetiologies discussed. Despite the high incidence, tibial dyschondroplasia seldom caused significant economic loss.", "contents": "Studies on tibial dyschondroplasia in ducks. A high incidence of tibial dyschondroplasia was present naturally in a variety of strains of ducks. The incidence was higher in heavy strains than in light strains and both incidence and severity were markedly reduced by early restriction of growth rate. The incidence and severity differed somewhat in groups of ducks of the same strain and growing at the same rate on two different commercial rations. The abnormality was not dramatically reduced by feeding a ration containing a high bicarbonate mineral mix. The histological development of the lesion is described and possible aetiologies discussed. Despite the high incidence, tibial dyschondroplasia seldom caused significant economic loss.", "PMID": 1129538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10667", "title": "The effect of Imidocarb treatment on Babesia in the bovine and the tick (Boophilus microplus).", "content": "Treatment of calves with 5 mg/kg Imidocarb (3,3-1-bis-(2 - imidazolin - 2 - yl)carbanilide dipropionate) given intramuscularly 14 days before and 14 days after exposure to Babesia infected Boophilus microplus larvae rendered the next generation of larvae incapable of transmitting Babesia infection. When administered to calves 14 or 28 days before tick exposure, the drug prevented the development of clinical babesiosis; the larval progeny of ticks  reared on the calf which was treated 28 days before infestation were infective. Treatment of a calf 42 days before exposure to infective larvae did not prevent the development of a Babesia parasitaemia but appeared to reduce the severity of infection.", "contents": "The effect of Imidocarb treatment on Babesia in the bovine and the tick (Boophilus microplus). Treatment of calves with 5 mg/kg Imidocarb (3,3-1-bis-(2 - imidazolin - 2 - yl)carbanilide dipropionate) given intramuscularly 14 days before and 14 days after exposure to Babesia infected Boophilus microplus larvae rendered the next generation of larvae incapable of transmitting Babesia infection. When administered to calves 14 or 28 days before tick exposure, the drug prevented the development of clinical babesiosis; the larval progeny of ticks  reared on the calf which was treated 28 days before infestation were infective. Treatment of a calf 42 days before exposure to infective larvae did not prevent the development of a Babesia parasitaemia but appeared to reduce the severity of infection.", "PMID": 1129539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10668", "title": "Corynebacterium bovis as a pathogen in rabbits.", "content": "A Corynebacterium identified as Corynebacterium bovis has been isolated from a chronic testicular abscess and the lung of a laboratory rabbit. The strain, on intravenous injection, reproduced a similar disease in the inguinal and vulval region of an experimental rabbit. Sera from both animals showed increasing titres of agglutinating antibody for the isolated Corynebacterium and for kaolin particles sensitised with the phosphatide antigen of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is suggested that the pathogenicity of C bovis for dairy animals be re-evaluated in view of the uncertainty in the literature.", "contents": "Corynebacterium bovis as a pathogen in rabbits. A Corynebacterium identified as Corynebacterium bovis has been isolated from a chronic testicular abscess and the lung of a laboratory rabbit. The strain, on intravenous injection, reproduced a similar disease in the inguinal and vulval region of an experimental rabbit. Sera from both animals showed increasing titres of agglutinating antibody for the isolated Corynebacterium and for kaolin particles sensitised with the phosphatide antigen of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is suggested that the pathogenicity of C bovis for dairy animals be re-evaluated in view of the uncertainty in the literature.", "PMID": 1129540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10669", "title": "Effect of changes in ambient temperature on maternal plasma and allantoic fluid from chronically catheterised ewes during the last two months of pregnancy.", "content": "At ambient temperatures of 17-22 degrees C hypoglycaemia (plasma glucose levels smaller than 45 mg/100 ml) in pregnant sheep was associated with rising potassium concentrations in allantoic fluid, while at temperatures below 12 degrees C glucose levels were higher and coincided with falling potassium values. It is suggested that the fetus is sensitive to changes in maternal glucose balance induced by variations in anbient temperature, and this indicates the need to consider the environmental temperature in metabolic studies of fetal sheep.", "contents": "Effect of changes in ambient temperature on maternal plasma and allantoic fluid from chronically catheterised ewes during the last two months of pregnancy. At ambient temperatures of 17-22 degrees C hypoglycaemia (plasma glucose levels smaller than 45 mg/100 ml) in pregnant sheep was associated with rising potassium concentrations in allantoic fluid, while at temperatures below 12 degrees C glucose levels were higher and coincided with falling potassium values. It is suggested that the fetus is sensitive to changes in maternal glucose balance induced by variations in anbient temperature, and this indicates the need to consider the environmental temperature in metabolic studies of fetal sheep.", "PMID": 1129541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10670", "title": "Chronic catheterisation of the aorta and umbilical vessels of fetal sheep.", "content": "Methods for cathetersing the fetal aorta and tributaries of the umbilical vessels are described by which daily samples of fetal blood were obtained for up to 53 days and up to 42 days, respectively. This represents a considerable advance on previously reported techniques.", "contents": "Chronic catheterisation of the aorta and umbilical vessels of fetal sheep. Methods for cathetersing the fetal aorta and tributaries of the umbilical vessels are described by which daily samples of fetal blood were obtained for up to 53 days and up to 42 days, respectively. This represents a considerable advance on previously reported techniques.", "PMID": 1129542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10671", "title": "The use of mouse protection tests in the diagnosis of caseous lymphadenitis in sheep.", "content": "Mouse protection tests gave promising results in the diagnosis of caseous lymphadenitis in sheep especially those presenting no external lesions. The test was specific since sera of infected sheep were capable of neutralising Corynebacterium ovis toxin while sera of healthy sheep failed to do so. Better results were obtained with 1-0 ml than 0-5 or 0-25 ml serum of infected sheep to neutralise 2 MLD of the toxin through mice.", "contents": "The use of mouse protection tests in the diagnosis of caseous lymphadenitis in sheep. Mouse protection tests gave promising results in the diagnosis of caseous lymphadenitis in sheep especially those presenting no external lesions. The test was specific since sera of infected sheep were capable of neutralising Corynebacterium ovis toxin while sera of healthy sheep failed to do so. Better results were obtained with 1-0 ml than 0-5 or 0-25 ml serum of infected sheep to neutralise 2 MLD of the toxin through mice.", "PMID": 1129543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10672", "title": "Some implications of ternary diffusion in the lung.", "content": "Diffusion in the lung normally involves three gases and the governing laws are Stefan-Maxwell equations rather than the more familiar Fick's law. A simple gas film model is studied mathematically to (1) demonstrate that the rate of diffusion of a component gas may be zero even though its concentration gradient is not zero (known as \"diffusion barrier\"), that the rate of diffusion of a component gas may not be zero even though its concentration gradient is zero (\"osmotic diffusion\"), and that a component gas may diffuse against the gradient of its concentration (\"reverse diffusion\"); (2) compare the discrepancy between results obtained by binary and ternary laws separately; (3) determine the importance of ternary diffusion at high pressure. The findings from the model study suggest that the effects of ternary diffusion may not be pronounced when air is breathed under normal conditions, but the behavior of helium mixtures deviate significantly from that described by binary diffusion laws.", "contents": "Some implications of ternary diffusion in the lung. Diffusion in the lung normally involves three gases and the governing laws are Stefan-Maxwell equations rather than the more familiar Fick's law. A simple gas film model is studied mathematically to (1) demonstrate that the rate of diffusion of a component gas may be zero even though its concentration gradient is not zero (known as \"diffusion barrier\"), that the rate of diffusion of a component gas may not be zero even though its concentration gradient is zero (\"osmotic diffusion\"), and that a component gas may diffuse against the gradient of its concentration (\"reverse diffusion\"); (2) compare the discrepancy between results obtained by binary and ternary laws separately; (3) determine the importance of ternary diffusion at high pressure. The findings from the model study suggest that the effects of ternary diffusion may not be pronounced when air is breathed under normal conditions, but the behavior of helium mixtures deviate significantly from that described by binary diffusion laws.", "PMID": 1129544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10673", "title": "Respiratory frequency control during external elastic loading and chest compression.", "content": "Experiments were conducted to determine if extravagal (i.e. chest wall) respiratory mechanoreceptors are involved in the control of respiratory frequency during steady-state external elastic loading (EEL) and chest compression (CC) in the anesthetized (Dial), vagotomized cat and dog.  Frequency versus PaCo2 curves obtained by breathing CO2 mixtures were compared with curves obtained during elastic loading  and chest compression.  There was no significant difference between the CO2  and EEL curves in cats or dogs indicating there is no extravagal mechanoreceptor information contributing to the control of respiratory frequency during EEL. Comparison of curves obtained with chest compression and CO2 breathing show that dogs respond to chest compression with an extravagal (i.e. involving chest wall mechanoreceptors) neural reflex increase in frequency.", "contents": "Respiratory frequency control during external elastic loading and chest compression. Experiments were conducted to determine if extravagal (i.e. chest wall) respiratory mechanoreceptors are involved in the control of respiratory frequency during steady-state external elastic loading (EEL) and chest compression (CC) in the anesthetized (Dial), vagotomized cat and dog.  Frequency versus PaCo2 curves obtained by breathing CO2 mixtures were compared with curves obtained during elastic loading  and chest compression.  There was no significant difference between the CO2  and EEL curves in cats or dogs indicating there is no extravagal mechanoreceptor information contributing to the control of respiratory frequency during EEL. Comparison of curves obtained with chest compression and CO2 breathing show that dogs respond to chest compression with an extravagal (i.e. involving chest wall mechanoreceptors) neural reflex increase in frequency.", "PMID": 1129545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10674", "title": "Role of the red cell membrane in oxygen uptake.", "content": "The rate at which red blood cells take up O2 or CO as measured in a rapid reaction apparatus is considerably less than predicted from solution of the equations for diffusion and chemical reaction in a layer of hemoglobin solution about the same thickness as the red cell. Nicolson and Roughton (1951) showed that this discrepancy could be accounted for by postulating that the red cell membrane is an important barrier to gas uptake. Sinha (1969) measured the rate of O2 uptake by single red cells located near a gas-plasma interface. The equations for diffusion and chemical reaction of O2 in a membraneless layer of hemoglobin solution for conditions that correspond to Sinha's experiments are solved. The calculated time course of O2 uptake fits the experimental data sufficiently well to suggest that the resistance of the red cell membrane to O2 diffusion is not an important limiting factor. Also analyzed in this way is the data of Carlson and Comroe (1958). The author finds that calculations predict a faster rate of CO uptake by biconcave disc shaped red cells than was observed experimentally, but that calculations for sphered red cells agree well enough with experimental data that membrane CO permeability may not be primary in limiting CO uptake by spherocytes.", "contents": "Role of the red cell membrane in oxygen uptake. The rate at which red blood cells take up O2 or CO as measured in a rapid reaction apparatus is considerably less than predicted from solution of the equations for diffusion and chemical reaction in a layer of hemoglobin solution about the same thickness as the red cell. Nicolson and Roughton (1951) showed that this discrepancy could be accounted for by postulating that the red cell membrane is an important barrier to gas uptake. Sinha (1969) measured the rate of O2 uptake by single red cells located near a gas-plasma interface. The equations for diffusion and chemical reaction of O2 in a membraneless layer of hemoglobin solution for conditions that correspond to Sinha's experiments are solved. The calculated time course of O2 uptake fits the experimental data sufficiently well to suggest that the resistance of the red cell membrane to O2 diffusion is not an important limiting factor. Also analyzed in this way is the data of Carlson and Comroe (1958). The author finds that calculations predict a faster rate of CO uptake by biconcave disc shaped red cells than was observed experimentally, but that calculations for sphered red cells agree well enough with experimental data that membrane CO permeability may not be primary in limiting CO uptake by spherocytes.", "PMID": 1129546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10675", "title": "Vagal modulation of respiratory control during exercise.", "content": "Vagal modulation of chemical control of ventilation during rest and exercise was studied in 15 anesthetized mongrel dogs. Arterial chemical stimuli--hypoxic, hypercapnic or a combination of both, increased ventilation by increasing both rate and depth of breathing during rest and exercise in the intact dogs. After bilateral vagotomy chemical drive increased ventilation mostly by depth and little by rate. The ventilatory response to the chemical drive, therefore, reached a plateau when tidal volume approached its maximal value ata relatively unchanged breath frequency. Muscular exercise, however, largely restored frequency response in the vagotomized animals. Since the rate response to chemical stimuli but not to exercise was impaired by vagotomy, we concluded that hyperpnea of exercise could occur through a mechanism not shared by the chemical control of ventilation. The relationship between tidal volume and breath cycle during chemical stimulation was modulated by the volume related vagal reflex. During exercise, another mechanism, presumably bulbo-pontine, is activated to influence the relationship independent of the lung volume.", "contents": "Vagal modulation of respiratory control during exercise. Vagal modulation of chemical control of ventilation during rest and exercise was studied in 15 anesthetized mongrel dogs. Arterial chemical stimuli--hypoxic, hypercapnic or a combination of both, increased ventilation by increasing both rate and depth of breathing during rest and exercise in the intact dogs. After bilateral vagotomy chemical drive increased ventilation mostly by depth and little by rate. The ventilatory response to the chemical drive, therefore, reached a plateau when tidal volume approached its maximal value ata relatively unchanged breath frequency. Muscular exercise, however, largely restored frequency response in the vagotomized animals. Since the rate response to chemical stimuli but not to exercise was impaired by vagotomy, we concluded that hyperpnea of exercise could occur through a mechanism not shared by the chemical control of ventilation. The relationship between tidal volume and breath cycle during chemical stimulation was modulated by the volume related vagal reflex. During exercise, another mechanism, presumably bulbo-pontine, is activated to influence the relationship independent of the lung volume.", "PMID": 1129547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10676", "title": "Hyperoxic hyperventilation in carotid-deafferented cats.", "content": "Ventilation when breathing air and during exposure to hyperoxia (PAO2 equal to 400-450 mm Hg) was studied in unanesthetized cats before and after carotid sinus nerve section (chemo-deafferentation). Chemo-deafferentation resulted in lowered values of measured ventilation, tidal volume, and respiratory frequency, during air breathing PACO2 increased by an average of 7.9 mm Hg. In intact animals, ventilation after 10 minutes of exposure to hyperoxia was similar in magnitude and pattern to that measured during air breathing. Exposure of chemo-deafferented animals to hyperoxia resulted in an increased ventilation, due entirely to augmented tidal volume. Increased ventilation was accompanied by a decrease in PACO2. This response to hyperoxia developed gradually duringa 3-4-minute period, the rise in ventilation and fall in PACO2 invariably stabilizing by 5 minutes. It is concluded that carotid body chemoreceptor activity is essential for the maintenance of normal values of ventilation and PACO2 in unanesthetized cats. In addition, central mechanisms responsible for tidal volume production may, in the absence of carotid body afferent input, be depressed by the PO2 characteristic of normal arterial blood. The significance of these findings to the chemical control of breathing is discussed.", "contents": "Hyperoxic hyperventilation in carotid-deafferented cats. Ventilation when breathing air and during exposure to hyperoxia (PAO2 equal to 400-450 mm Hg) was studied in unanesthetized cats before and after carotid sinus nerve section (chemo-deafferentation). Chemo-deafferentation resulted in lowered values of measured ventilation, tidal volume, and respiratory frequency, during air breathing PACO2 increased by an average of 7.9 mm Hg. In intact animals, ventilation after 10 minutes of exposure to hyperoxia was similar in magnitude and pattern to that measured during air breathing. Exposure of chemo-deafferented animals to hyperoxia resulted in an increased ventilation, due entirely to augmented tidal volume. Increased ventilation was accompanied by a decrease in PACO2. This response to hyperoxia developed gradually duringa 3-4-minute period, the rise in ventilation and fall in PACO2 invariably stabilizing by 5 minutes. It is concluded that carotid body chemoreceptor activity is essential for the maintenance of normal values of ventilation and PACO2 in unanesthetized cats. In addition, central mechanisms responsible for tidal volume production may, in the absence of carotid body afferent input, be depressed by the PO2 characteristic of normal arterial blood. The significance of these findings to the chemical control of breathing is discussed.", "PMID": 1129548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10677", "title": "Hypoxia-induced tachypnea in carotid-deafferented cats.", "content": "Ventilation while breathing air and in response to hypoxia was studied in unanesthetized cats after carotid body chemo-defferentation. Hypoxic exposure (FIO2 equal to 0.07-0.12) of chemo-deafferented animals rapidly produced a high frequency, low tidal volume tachypnea. Tachypneic breathing, although usually associated with an increased expired ventilation, was accompanied by an increase in PACO2. In contrast to intact cats, behavioral arousal during hypoxic exposure was not observed after chemo-deafferentation. The response to milder hypoxia (FIO2 equal to 0.14-0.16) occurred with an increased latency, and there resulted a less marked depression of tidal volume and stimulation of respiratory frequency. Elevation of PACO2 to 5 mm Hg above the resting value, by addition of CO2 to the inspired gas, prevented the appearance of tachypnea upon subsequent reduction of FIO2 from 0.21 to 0.07. Depletion of central catecholamine stores, by administration of reserpine, did not prevent the tachypneic response to hypoxia. Following administration of anesthesia (pentobarbital, 30 mg/kg, IP), hypoxic exposure (FIO2 equal to 0.10) led to depression of both respiratory frequency and tidal volume, resulting in apnea within 1.5 minutes. It is concluded that hypoxia (FLO2  equal to  0.07-0.16) acts, in a concentration-related manner, as a powerful stimulant to central respiratory frequency generation and as a depressant of the tidal volume in the unanesthetized cat.", "contents": "Hypoxia-induced tachypnea in carotid-deafferented cats. Ventilation while breathing air and in response to hypoxia was studied in unanesthetized cats after carotid body chemo-defferentation. Hypoxic exposure (FIO2 equal to 0.07-0.12) of chemo-deafferented animals rapidly produced a high frequency, low tidal volume tachypnea. Tachypneic breathing, although usually associated with an increased expired ventilation, was accompanied by an increase in PACO2. In contrast to intact cats, behavioral arousal during hypoxic exposure was not observed after chemo-deafferentation. The response to milder hypoxia (FIO2 equal to 0.14-0.16) occurred with an increased latency, and there resulted a less marked depression of tidal volume and stimulation of respiratory frequency. Elevation of PACO2 to 5 mm Hg above the resting value, by addition of CO2 to the inspired gas, prevented the appearance of tachypnea upon subsequent reduction of FIO2 from 0.21 to 0.07. Depletion of central catecholamine stores, by administration of reserpine, did not prevent the tachypneic response to hypoxia. Following administration of anesthesia (pentobarbital, 30 mg/kg, IP), hypoxic exposure (FIO2 equal to 0.10) led to depression of both respiratory frequency and tidal volume, resulting in apnea within 1.5 minutes. It is concluded that hypoxia (FLO2  equal to  0.07-0.16) acts, in a concentration-related manner, as a powerful stimulant to central respiratory frequency generation and as a depressant of the tidal volume in the unanesthetized cat.", "PMID": 1129549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10678", "title": "Carbon monoxide elimination.", "content": "The elimination rates of carbon monoxide in anesthetized, spontaneously breathing dogs were determined following acute inhalation of varying amounts of this gas. Blood levels of carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) induced ranged between 5 and 43%. Following the administration of carbon monoxide, the decline in arterial blood %COHb was biphasic. The decline in the blood %COHb level could be described as an initial distribution curve which was exponential in nature, followed by an elimination curve which was linear for 90 min. Prediction equations for elimination of CO from blood according to the initial levels of COHb are presented. Animals having low (5-16%) and high (20-43%) COHb levels eliminated 50% of their total load in 190 plus or minus 6.4 and 134 plus or minus 5.3 min, respectively.", "contents": "Carbon monoxide elimination. The elimination rates of carbon monoxide in anesthetized, spontaneously breathing dogs were determined following acute inhalation of varying amounts of this gas. Blood levels of carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) induced ranged between 5 and 43%. Following the administration of carbon monoxide, the decline in arterial blood %COHb was biphasic. The decline in the blood %COHb level could be described as an initial distribution curve which was exponential in nature, followed by an elimination curve which was linear for 90 min. Prediction equations for elimination of CO from blood according to the initial levels of COHb are presented. Animals having low (5-16%) and high (20-43%) COHb levels eliminated 50% of their total load in 190 plus or minus 6.4 and 134 plus or minus 5.3 min, respectively.", "PMID": 1129550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10679", "title": "Respiratory effects of pneumotaxic center lesions and subsequent vagotomy in chronic cats.", "content": "Ventilation was monitored in awake and anesthetized cats breathing air or CO2 mixtures, both before and after lesions in the pneumotaxic center region and after subsequent bilateral vagotomy. Cats with pontile lesions had, relative to intact state, a prolonged inspiratory duration and an increase in tidal volume and expiration duration. The changes seen on the spirogram differed quantitatively according to the region of the pneumotaxic system which was destroyed. After subsequent bilateral vagotomy, respiratory phases and tidal volume were greatly increased. These results indicate that the pneumotaxic center would control the sensitivity of Breuer-Hering reflex and that the inspiratory activity is released by the successive suppression of the two inspiratory-inhibitory mechanisms, i.e., the pneumotaxic center and the vagal pulmonary afferents.", "contents": "Respiratory effects of pneumotaxic center lesions and subsequent vagotomy in chronic cats. Ventilation was monitored in awake and anesthetized cats breathing air or CO2 mixtures, both before and after lesions in the pneumotaxic center region and after subsequent bilateral vagotomy. Cats with pontile lesions had, relative to intact state, a prolonged inspiratory duration and an increase in tidal volume and expiration duration. The changes seen on the spirogram differed quantitatively according to the region of the pneumotaxic system which was destroyed. After subsequent bilateral vagotomy, respiratory phases and tidal volume were greatly increased. These results indicate that the pneumotaxic center would control the sensitivity of Breuer-Hering reflex and that the inspiratory activity is released by the successive suppression of the two inspiratory-inhibitory mechanisms, i.e., the pneumotaxic center and the vagal pulmonary afferents.", "PMID": 1129551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10680", "title": "Stress-strain relationships during uniform and non uniform expansion of isolated lungs.", "content": "Stress-strain relationships in various directions were determined on isolated rabbit and cat lungs both during unrestrained and restrained expansion, the latter approximating the condition of cylindrical deformation. Under this condition the distortion due to the weight supported at the lung surface was also studied. Experimental data did not fit the equilibrium equations for a continuum solid, except for relatively small distortions of lung parenchyma. On the contrary, over the full range of lung distortions they fitted a model made up by a three-dimensional network of interconnected springs. While distortions produced even at relatively low lung volumes caused substantial changes of surface pressure distribution, the distorting effects of the weight were negligible under this respect. These results support the conclusion that pleural surface pressure distribution in rabbits, cats and dogs is mainly due to the lung distortion caused by the mismatching between lung and chest wall inherent shapes, while that caused by the lung weight plays only a minor role.", "contents": "Stress-strain relationships during uniform and non uniform expansion of isolated lungs. Stress-strain relationships in various directions were determined on isolated rabbit and cat lungs both during unrestrained and restrained expansion, the latter approximating the condition of cylindrical deformation. Under this condition the distortion due to the weight supported at the lung surface was also studied. Experimental data did not fit the equilibrium equations for a continuum solid, except for relatively small distortions of lung parenchyma. On the contrary, over the full range of lung distortions they fitted a model made up by a three-dimensional network of interconnected springs. While distortions produced even at relatively low lung volumes caused substantial changes of surface pressure distribution, the distorting effects of the weight were negligible under this respect. These results support the conclusion that pleural surface pressure distribution in rabbits, cats and dogs is mainly due to the lung distortion caused by the mismatching between lung and chest wall inherent shapes, while that caused by the lung weight plays only a minor role.", "PMID": 1129552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10681", "title": "[What was the condition in 1972 of patients operated by Voss' method between 1959 to 1966?].", "content": "The authors describe the condition in 1972 of patients who were operated on by the Voss technique between 1959 and 1966 and who had been studied first in 1967. Four patients out of 10 remained satisfactory for 6 to 10 years after surgery but the progressive deterioration in the results shows that this operation does not withstand the test of time and that it has a very weak pathogenic basis.", "contents": "[What was the condition in 1972 of patients operated by Voss' method between 1959 to 1966?]. The authors describe the condition in 1972 of patients who were operated on by the Voss technique between 1959 and 1966 and who had been studied first in 1967. Four patients out of 10 remained satisfactory for 6 to 10 years after surgery but the progressive deterioration in the results shows that this operation does not withstand the test of time and that it has a very weak pathogenic basis.", "PMID": 1129573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10682", "title": "[Articular complications of Kahler's disease. Results of a survey of 1953 cases of plasmocytic myelomas].", "content": "The authors confirm the great rarity of joint complications in patients with Kahler's disease. Among the records of 1953 cases the following complications were the only one found: 2 cases of proved articular amylosis, 2 cases of probable articular amylosis, 3 cases of possible articular amylosis, 20 cases of arthropathy that were impossible to classify, 27 cases of compression of the median nerve in the carpan canal, 6 cases of gouty arthritis, and 3 cases of septic arthritis. The data on symptoms obtained in the course of this enquiry are in conformity with the data in the literature. Articular amylosis often takes on the appearance of a polyarthritic syndrome of progressive installation and extension, involving in particular the hands and the wrists, but sometimes involving in a symmetrical bilateral manner the elbows, the shoulders, and the knees. The affected joints are swollen, stiff, and painful. Local signs of inflammation are, however, often absent. The deformations characteristic of rheumatoid arthritis do not develop. The joints do not show radiological signs for most of the time. In addition, it is not possible to detect the rheumatoid factor in the serum. The arthropathies can also assume an oligo-articular topography. Articular discharges are very frequent: they are usually of a mechanical nature. Whatever the clinical appearance, an exact diagnosis can be established only by means of anatomo-pathological examination of the synovial membrane or of certain para-articular amyloid nodules. Myelomas complicated by amyloid articular deposits are often light chain, with only little increase in the erythrocyte sedimentation rate, discrete hyperproteinaemia, moderate medullary plasmocytosis, and rare or limited radiological lesions. The carpal canal syndrome is either isolated or included within the framework of a polyarthropathy. Compression of the median nerve is due to amyloid infiltration into the synovial sheath of the tendons of the finger flexors, proof of which is not always easy. Gout is rare despite the frequency of hyperuricacidaemia caused by renal insufficiency. Septic arthritis is often caused by renal insufficiency. Septic arthritis is often caused by pneumococci to which those with a myeloma appear particularly suceptible.", "contents": "[Articular complications of Kahler's disease. Results of a survey of 1953 cases of plasmocytic myelomas]. The authors confirm the great rarity of joint complications in patients with Kahler's disease. Among the records of 1953 cases the following complications were the only one found: 2 cases of proved articular amylosis, 2 cases of probable articular amylosis, 3 cases of possible articular amylosis, 20 cases of arthropathy that were impossible to classify, 27 cases of compression of the median nerve in the carpan canal, 6 cases of gouty arthritis, and 3 cases of septic arthritis. The data on symptoms obtained in the course of this enquiry are in conformity with the data in the literature. Articular amylosis often takes on the appearance of a polyarthritic syndrome of progressive installation and extension, involving in particular the hands and the wrists, but sometimes involving in a symmetrical bilateral manner the elbows, the shoulders, and the knees. The affected joints are swollen, stiff, and painful. Local signs of inflammation are, however, often absent. The deformations characteristic of rheumatoid arthritis do not develop. The joints do not show radiological signs for most of the time. In addition, it is not possible to detect the rheumatoid factor in the serum. The arthropathies can also assume an oligo-articular topography. Articular discharges are very frequent: they are usually of a mechanical nature. Whatever the clinical appearance, an exact diagnosis can be established only by means of anatomo-pathological examination of the synovial membrane or of certain para-articular amyloid nodules. Myelomas complicated by amyloid articular deposits are often light chain, with only little increase in the erythrocyte sedimentation rate, discrete hyperproteinaemia, moderate medullary plasmocytosis, and rare or limited radiological lesions. The carpal canal syndrome is either isolated or included within the framework of a polyarthropathy. Compression of the median nerve is due to amyloid infiltration into the synovial sheath of the tendons of the finger flexors, proof of which is not always easy. Gout is rare despite the frequency of hyperuricacidaemia caused by renal insufficiency. Septic arthritis is often caused by renal insufficiency. Septic arthritis is often caused by pneumococci to which those with a myeloma appear particularly suceptible.", "PMID": 1129574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10683", "title": "[Radiographic study of the hand in 50 cases of primary articular chondrocalcinosis. Comparison with a control series of 100 subjects].", "content": "The authors analysed radiograms of the hands of 50 patients suffering from primary articular chondrocalcinosis (ACC) and compared them with those of 100 control subjects of similar sex and age. There were 40 women and 10 men, with an average age of 69.6 years (plus or minus 9.82). A chalky incrustation of the semilunar pyramidal interspace was observed in 40 percent of cases. The frequency of this incrustation was next in order of importance to incrustation of the triangular ligament which occurred in 52 percent of cases. The difference from the controls was highly significant (p less than 0.001). Voluminous geodes affecting one or more of the bone of the wrist were present in 20 percent of the patients with ACC and in 5 percent of the controls. The difference was significant (p less than 0.01). Chalky deposits were found in the soft tissues immediately next to a metacarpo-phalangeal articulation in 22 percent of the ACC patients but not in any of the controls. The difference was highly significant (p less than 0.001). These chalky deposits next to metacarpo-phalangeal articulations were always associated with chalky incrustation of the radio-carpal joint. As regards the radiological lesions, considered as being typical images of arthrosis and affecting the trapezo-metacarpal, metacarpo-phalangeal, and interphalangeal articulations, the chondrocalcinosis patients appeared to be more frequently affected than the controls, but the difference was not significant. On the other hand, a type of arthropathy occurs in ACC patients which also resembles an arthrosis radiologically but which was 5 times more frequent in them than in the controls and which in this series occurred without nearby trapezo-metacarpal arthropathy only in ACC patients (16 percent as against 0 percent in the controls: p less than 0.001); this was scapho-trapezial arthropathy. The finding of this kind of radiological lesion, particularly when it is not associated with lesions in the trapezo-metacarpal articulations should indicate the possibility of a diagnosis of ACC and should lead to radiological investigation of other sites.", "contents": "[Radiographic study of the hand in 50 cases of primary articular chondrocalcinosis. Comparison with a control series of 100 subjects]. The authors analysed radiograms of the hands of 50 patients suffering from primary articular chondrocalcinosis (ACC) and compared them with those of 100 control subjects of similar sex and age. There were 40 women and 10 men, with an average age of 69.6 years (plus or minus 9.82). A chalky incrustation of the semilunar pyramidal interspace was observed in 40 percent of cases. The frequency of this incrustation was next in order of importance to incrustation of the triangular ligament which occurred in 52 percent of cases. The difference from the controls was highly significant (p less than 0.001). Voluminous geodes affecting one or more of the bone of the wrist were present in 20 percent of the patients with ACC and in 5 percent of the controls. The difference was significant (p less than 0.01). Chalky deposits were found in the soft tissues immediately next to a metacarpo-phalangeal articulation in 22 percent of the ACC patients but not in any of the controls. The difference was highly significant (p less than 0.001). These chalky deposits next to metacarpo-phalangeal articulations were always associated with chalky incrustation of the radio-carpal joint. As regards the radiological lesions, considered as being typical images of arthrosis and affecting the trapezo-metacarpal, metacarpo-phalangeal, and interphalangeal articulations, the chondrocalcinosis patients appeared to be more frequently affected than the controls, but the difference was not significant. On the other hand, a type of arthropathy occurs in ACC patients which also resembles an arthrosis radiologically but which was 5 times more frequent in them than in the controls and which in this series occurred without nearby trapezo-metacarpal arthropathy only in ACC patients (16 percent as against 0 percent in the controls: p less than 0.001); this was scapho-trapezial arthropathy. The finding of this kind of radiological lesion, particularly when it is not associated with lesions in the trapezo-metacarpal articulations should indicate the possibility of a diagnosis of ACC and should lead to radiological investigation of other sites.", "PMID": 1129575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10684", "title": "[Needle puncture of the intervertebral disk foci in the bacteriological diagnosis of infectious spondylodiscitis. Technic and results].", "content": "Clinical, laboratory, and radiological data do not make possible a certain diagnosis of infectious spondylitis: errors are thus possible, even frequent, and are harmful to the patient. In order to ensure a certain diagnosis and to avoid exploratory surgery as far as possible, the authors propose systematic needle puncture of the inververtebral disk--a technique that is simple and inoffensive to carry out in all disks below T4, and that, in a series of 18 cases, gave a success rate of 2 out of 3 (11 positive results). The technique, the results and the factors essential for success are described and analysed.", "contents": "[Needle puncture of the intervertebral disk foci in the bacteriological diagnosis of infectious spondylodiscitis. Technic and results]. Clinical, laboratory, and radiological data do not make possible a certain diagnosis of infectious spondylitis: errors are thus possible, even frequent, and are harmful to the patient. In order to ensure a certain diagnosis and to avoid exploratory surgery as far as possible, the authors propose systematic needle puncture of the inververtebral disk--a technique that is simple and inoffensive to carry out in all disks below T4, and that, in a series of 18 cases, gave a success rate of 2 out of 3 (11 positive results). The technique, the results and the factors essential for success are described and analysed.", "PMID": 1129576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10685", "title": "[Cylindrical osteotomy of the upper extremity of the tibia with advancement of the patellar ligament. Biomechanical treatment of gonarthrosis].", "content": "The authors recall briefly the applications of Pauwel's theories concerning surgery in cases of gonarthrosis, which must be surgery to relieve restrictions on movement and not surgery to restore shape. They describe briefly the main biomechanical principles which must guide the pre-operative investigations and report their experience with a technique proposed by Blaimont and perfected by Maquet, the advantage of which is the exactness of the surgical correction. The technique is also useful in cases of femoro-patellar arthrosis. Among 120 osteotomies carried out using this method, the authors obtained very good or good results in 85 per cent of cases, and fairly good or poor results in 15 per cent of the patients. This method makes it possible to avoid in the great majority of cases recourse to total prostheses of the knee.", "contents": "[Cylindrical osteotomy of the upper extremity of the tibia with advancement of the patellar ligament. Biomechanical treatment of gonarthrosis]. The authors recall briefly the applications of Pauwel's theories concerning surgery in cases of gonarthrosis, which must be surgery to relieve restrictions on movement and not surgery to restore shape. They describe briefly the main biomechanical principles which must guide the pre-operative investigations and report their experience with a technique proposed by Blaimont and perfected by Maquet, the advantage of which is the exactness of the surgical correction. The technique is also useful in cases of femoro-patellar arthrosis. Among 120 osteotomies carried out using this method, the authors obtained very good or good results in 85 per cent of cases, and fairly good or poor results in 15 per cent of the patients. This method makes it possible to avoid in the great majority of cases recourse to total prostheses of the knee.", "PMID": 1129577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10686", "title": "[The place of intertrochanteral valgus osteotomy (Pauwels II) in the surgical treatment of coxarthrosis. Biomechanical principles. Results. Apropos of a homogeneous series of 80 cases].", "content": "The authors report their experience of treating certain forms of coxarthrosis by valgus osteotomy (Pauwel's operation II). Their study was carried out on 80 patients in whom the disease was of sufficient duration. The authors recall the main principles of biomechanics that must be strictly applied following careful and detailed study of the radiological films and of the results of the pre-operative test: failure to do this will lead to failure in treatment. The cases that are usually improved by the Pauwels II operation are those arthroses with a flattened head or with gout, often dislocated. The authors describe the surgical technique and the postoperative treatment. They obtained very good or good results in 85 percent of cases, and unsatisfactory results in 15 percent of patients, mainly because of errors at beginning of the series. As with varus, osteotomy, these operations must be regarded as surgery to relieve restrictions on movement and not surgery to restore shape.", "contents": "[The place of intertrochanteral valgus osteotomy (Pauwels II) in the surgical treatment of coxarthrosis. Biomechanical principles. Results. Apropos of a homogeneous series of 80 cases]. The authors report their experience of treating certain forms of coxarthrosis by valgus osteotomy (Pauwel's operation II). Their study was carried out on 80 patients in whom the disease was of sufficient duration. The authors recall the main principles of biomechanics that must be strictly applied following careful and detailed study of the radiological films and of the results of the pre-operative test: failure to do this will lead to failure in treatment. The cases that are usually improved by the Pauwels II operation are those arthroses with a flattened head or with gout, often dislocated. The authors describe the surgical technique and the postoperative treatment. They obtained very good or good results in 85 percent of cases, and unsatisfactory results in 15 percent of patients, mainly because of errors at beginning of the series. As with varus, osteotomy, these operations must be regarded as surgery to relieve restrictions on movement and not surgery to restore shape.", "PMID": 1129578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10687", "title": "[Osteonecrosis, alcoholism and liver steatosis].", "content": "Ethylism represents at the present time one of the most frequent etiological factors of primitive osteonecrosis of the femoral head. In relation to a case of osteonecrosis of the femoral head associated with multiple bone infarcts in a chronic alcoholic, also presenting recurring jaundice, alcohol-sensitive hyperlipidaemia, and moderate anaemia, the authors review the role of fatty embolisms in the formation of primitive osteonecrosis of the femoral head. These fatty embolisms may be the result of alcohol-induced hyperlipidaemia, possibly an associated pancreatic disorders, or in particular of hepatic steatosis. A systematic histological study of 10 recent unselected cases of primitive osteonecrosis of the femoral head confirmed the extreme frequency of such embolisms (8 cases out of 10).", "contents": "[Osteonecrosis, alcoholism and liver steatosis]. Ethylism represents at the present time one of the most frequent etiological factors of primitive osteonecrosis of the femoral head. In relation to a case of osteonecrosis of the femoral head associated with multiple bone infarcts in a chronic alcoholic, also presenting recurring jaundice, alcohol-sensitive hyperlipidaemia, and moderate anaemia, the authors review the role of fatty embolisms in the formation of primitive osteonecrosis of the femoral head. These fatty embolisms may be the result of alcohol-induced hyperlipidaemia, possibly an associated pancreatic disorders, or in particular of hepatic steatosis. A systematic histological study of 10 recent unselected cases of primitive osteonecrosis of the femoral head confirmed the extreme frequency of such embolisms (8 cases out of 10).", "PMID": 1129580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10688", "title": "[Several synovial enzymes in rheumatoid arthritis].", "content": "The authors show that although the enzyme variations are nil or unimportant in the mechanical joint fluids, they are of some importance in the inflammation fluids, particularly in cases of rheumatoid arthritis. Of those studied so far, the variations are most notable in the dehydrogenases and the phosphatases, the variations being highly significant and related to one another and to the sedimentation rate.", "contents": "[Several synovial enzymes in rheumatoid arthritis]. The authors show that although the enzyme variations are nil or unimportant in the mechanical joint fluids, they are of some importance in the inflammation fluids, particularly in cases of rheumatoid arthritis. Of those studied so far, the variations are most notable in the dehydrogenases and the phosphatases, the variations being highly significant and related to one another and to the sedimentation rate.", "PMID": 1129585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10689", "title": "Studies on a fraction of human gastric mucosa containing intrinsic factor isoproteins typical of mucosa.", "content": "A mucosal fraction containing isoproteins of the vitamin B12-intrinsic factor complex with high isoelectric points (pH 5.95-6.52) was prepared, using DEAE-cellulose chromatography. It possessed biological and immunological intrinsic factor activity, and its molecular weight was about 2,000 daltons smaller than that of the isoprotein assembly of gastric juice. Neuraminidase digestion of the gastric juice complex produced a biologically active product containing the high pI isoproteins typical of mucosa. Thus the high pI fraction is deficient in sialic acid, apparently consisting of 'incomplete' molecules not yet ready to be secreted.", "contents": "Studies on a fraction of human gastric mucosa containing intrinsic factor isoproteins typical of mucosa. A mucosal fraction containing isoproteins of the vitamin B12-intrinsic factor complex with high isoelectric points (pH 5.95-6.52) was prepared, using DEAE-cellulose chromatography. It possessed biological and immunological intrinsic factor activity, and its molecular weight was about 2,000 daltons smaller than that of the isoprotein assembly of gastric juice. Neuraminidase digestion of the gastric juice complex produced a biologically active product containing the high pI isoproteins typical of mucosa. Thus the high pI fraction is deficient in sialic acid, apparently consisting of 'incomplete' molecules not yet ready to be secreted.", "PMID": 1129589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10690", "title": "Platelet reactivity ex vivo and in vivo after acute and chronic treatment with sodium caprylate.", "content": "The effect of sodium caprylate on platelet function and other hematological parameters was studied, using rabbits as experimental animals. Intravenous administration of caprylate resulted in a pronounced, although transient, inhibition of platelet reactivity as measured by the laser technique. A single oral dose of caprylate had no effect on platelet adhesiveness. Long-term oral administration of caprylate (2 and 3 weeks) to rabbits resulted in a progressive and significant decrease in platelet adhesiveness in these animals compared to that in a control group receiving saline. However, the platelet reactivity to laser damage was not changed after administration of caprylate for 3 weeks. Other hematological parameters such as hematocrit, plasma cholesterol, triglycerides, and ketone body concentrations were not altered by the treatment.", "contents": "Platelet reactivity ex vivo and in vivo after acute and chronic treatment with sodium caprylate. The effect of sodium caprylate on platelet function and other hematological parameters was studied, using rabbits as experimental animals. Intravenous administration of caprylate resulted in a pronounced, although transient, inhibition of platelet reactivity as measured by the laser technique. A single oral dose of caprylate had no effect on platelet adhesiveness. Long-term oral administration of caprylate (2 and 3 weeks) to rabbits resulted in a progressive and significant decrease in platelet adhesiveness in these animals compared to that in a control group receiving saline. However, the platelet reactivity to laser damage was not changed after administration of caprylate for 3 weeks. Other hematological parameters such as hematocrit, plasma cholesterol, triglycerides, and ketone body concentrations were not altered by the treatment.", "PMID": 1129590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10691", "title": "Factor V (proaccelerin) concentration in 1016 blood donors. The effects of age, sex, and ABO blood groups.", "content": "Factor V (proaccelerin) concentration was measured in the plasma of 1016 regular and controlled blood donors. Age had a highly significant effect on factor V concentration. The median rose from 99 per cent at the age of 20 to 123 at the age of 60 years. Minor effects of sex and ABO blood groups were suggested. Interactions between these factors were found negligible. Accuracy and precision of the assay method and the use of percentiles in the laboratory reports are discussed. The results may support the hypothesis of relation between high concentration of coagulation factor V and predisposition to thrombosis.", "contents": "Factor V (proaccelerin) concentration in 1016 blood donors. The effects of age, sex, and ABO blood groups. Factor V (proaccelerin) concentration was measured in the plasma of 1016 regular and controlled blood donors. Age had a highly significant effect on factor V concentration. The median rose from 99 per cent at the age of 20 to 123 at the age of 60 years. Minor effects of sex and ABO blood groups were suggested. Interactions between these factors were found negligible. Accuracy and precision of the assay method and the use of percentiles in the laboratory reports are discussed. The results may support the hypothesis of relation between high concentration of coagulation factor V and predisposition to thrombosis.", "PMID": 1129591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10692", "title": "Plasma aldosterone by radioimmunoassay determination in normal man and in patients on maintenance haemodialysis.", "content": "The plasma aldosterone concentration was measured by a radioimmunoassay in which paper chromatography was used for separation of the steroids. The method had a low blank value (1.3 plus or minus 2.8 pg/ml), and the sensitivity was 6 pg/ml. The variation coefficients for interassay and intraassay determinations were 13.0% and 9.4%, respectively. An accuracy study on fixed amounts of unlabelled aldosterone added to pool-plasma gave a linear correlation (slope equals 0.9973). In a normal material, the mean plasma aldosterone concentration was found to be 120 pg/ml. In 26 patients on maintenance haemodialysis the mean plasma aldosterone concentration was 68 pg/ml, in the group of anephric patients 36 pg/ml, and in the non-nephrectomized group 91 pg/ml. There was a significant difference (P smaller than 0.01) between the two groups as well as between the total group of patients on maintenance haemodialysis and the normal subjects.", "contents": "Plasma aldosterone by radioimmunoassay determination in normal man and in patients on maintenance haemodialysis. The plasma aldosterone concentration was measured by a radioimmunoassay in which paper chromatography was used for separation of the steroids. The method had a low blank value (1.3 plus or minus 2.8 pg/ml), and the sensitivity was 6 pg/ml. The variation coefficients for interassay and intraassay determinations were 13.0% and 9.4%, respectively. An accuracy study on fixed amounts of unlabelled aldosterone added to pool-plasma gave a linear correlation (slope equals 0.9973). In a normal material, the mean plasma aldosterone concentration was found to be 120 pg/ml. In 26 patients on maintenance haemodialysis the mean plasma aldosterone concentration was 68 pg/ml, in the group of anephric patients 36 pg/ml, and in the non-nephrectomized group 91 pg/ml. There was a significant difference (P smaller than 0.01) between the two groups as well as between the total group of patients on maintenance haemodialysis and the normal subjects.", "PMID": 1129592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10693", "title": "Increased metabolic turnover rate and transcapillary escape rate of albumin in long-term juvenile diabetics.", "content": "The metabolic turnover rate and transcapillary escape rate of albumin were studied with 131I-labelled human albumin in nine patients with long-term diabetes mellitus. Retinopathy was present in all patients and nephropathy in four. Plasma albumin concentration and plasma volume were reduced (P smaller than 0.05). The previously reported decrease in the intravascular albumin mass in long-term diabetics was thus confirmed by an average of 59.0 g/m2 surface area, compared with a normal value of 71.7 g/m2-(minus18%) (P smaller than 0.005). The albumin metabolic rate was increased, the fractional disappearance rate being an average 13.2% of the intravascular albumin mass per 24 hr, compared with a normal value of 8.4% (+ 57%) (P smaller 0.001). The rate of synthesis was 7.7 g - 24 h-1 - m-2 in contrast to a normal rate of 6.2 g - 24 h-1 - m-2 (+24%) (P smaller 0.001). Total body albumin mass was decreased proportionally to the intravascular mass. Confirming previous observations, we found an increase in the transcapillary escape rate of albumin (fraction of intravascular albumin mass passing to the extravascular space per unit time) from a normal average of 5.6% - hr-1 to 7.4% - hr-1 (+32%) (P ssmaller than 0.001). This finding can best be explained by an increased microvascular permeability to plasma proteins. A positive correlation between the transcapillary escape rate and fractional disappearance rate of albumin was demonstrated ( r equals 0.74; P smaller than 0.01). This supports the concept that albumin is catabolized in connection with its permeation through the microvascular endothelium.", "contents": "Increased metabolic turnover rate and transcapillary escape rate of albumin in long-term juvenile diabetics. The metabolic turnover rate and transcapillary escape rate of albumin were studied with 131I-labelled human albumin in nine patients with long-term diabetes mellitus. Retinopathy was present in all patients and nephropathy in four. Plasma albumin concentration and plasma volume were reduced (P smaller than 0.05). The previously reported decrease in the intravascular albumin mass in long-term diabetics was thus confirmed by an average of 59.0 g/m2 surface area, compared with a normal value of 71.7 g/m2-(minus18%) (P smaller than 0.005). The albumin metabolic rate was increased, the fractional disappearance rate being an average 13.2% of the intravascular albumin mass per 24 hr, compared with a normal value of 8.4% (+ 57%) (P smaller 0.001). The rate of synthesis was 7.7 g - 24 h-1 - m-2 in contrast to a normal rate of 6.2 g - 24 h-1 - m-2 (+24%) (P smaller 0.001). Total body albumin mass was decreased proportionally to the intravascular mass. Confirming previous observations, we found an increase in the transcapillary escape rate of albumin (fraction of intravascular albumin mass passing to the extravascular space per unit time) from a normal average of 5.6% - hr-1 to 7.4% - hr-1 (+32%) (P ssmaller than 0.001). This finding can best be explained by an increased microvascular permeability to plasma proteins. A positive correlation between the transcapillary escape rate and fractional disappearance rate of albumin was demonstrated ( r equals 0.74; P smaller than 0.01). This supports the concept that albumin is catabolized in connection with its permeation through the microvascular endothelium.", "PMID": 1129593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10694", "title": "Effects of nicotine and inhalation of cigarette smoke on total body oxygen consumption in dogs.", "content": "The effects on total body oxygen consumption of nicotine infused intravenously and of simulated cigarette smoking were studied in intact anesthetized dogs. Nicotine infusion and simulated cigarette smoking raised total body oxygen consumption by 9 plus or minus 2% (mean plus or minus S.E.M.; P smaller than 0.02) and 6 plus or minus 2% (P smaller than 0.05), respectively, and arterial concentration of free fatty acids (FFA) by 29 plus or minus 9% (P smaller than 0.05) and 12 plus or minus 3% (P smaller than 0.01). When nicotine infusion and simulated cigarette smoking were repeated during inhibition of lipolysis with beta-pyridylcarbinol, no rise in total body oxygen consumption occurred, although the mean aortic blood pressure and heart rate remained elevated to levels similar to those during intact lipolysis. It is concluded that the rise in total body oxygen consumption induced by intravenously infused nicotine or simulated cigarette smoking was probably mediated through increased mobilization and consumption of FFA.", "contents": "Effects of nicotine and inhalation of cigarette smoke on total body oxygen consumption in dogs. The effects on total body oxygen consumption of nicotine infused intravenously and of simulated cigarette smoking were studied in intact anesthetized dogs. Nicotine infusion and simulated cigarette smoking raised total body oxygen consumption by 9 plus or minus 2% (mean plus or minus S.E.M.; P smaller than 0.02) and 6 plus or minus 2% (P smaller than 0.05), respectively, and arterial concentration of free fatty acids (FFA) by 29 plus or minus 9% (P smaller than 0.05) and 12 plus or minus 3% (P smaller than 0.01). When nicotine infusion and simulated cigarette smoking were repeated during inhibition of lipolysis with beta-pyridylcarbinol, no rise in total body oxygen consumption occurred, although the mean aortic blood pressure and heart rate remained elevated to levels similar to those during intact lipolysis. It is concluded that the rise in total body oxygen consumption induced by intravenously infused nicotine or simulated cigarette smoking was probably mediated through increased mobilization and consumption of FFA.", "PMID": 1129594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10695", "title": "Metabolic activity of skeletal muscle in patients with peripheral arterial insufficiency. Effect of arterial reconstructive surgery.", "content": "The metabolic capacity of leg muscles was determined in 12 patients with peripheral arterial insufficiency before and 6 months after vascular surgery. Succinic oxidase activity and the incorporation rates of glucose-carbon into glycogen, lipids, lacate, and CO2 were determined as a measure of metabolic capacity. Leg muscles from patients with intermittent claudication had high metabolic capacity, as shown previously. This capacity was reduced towards control values after successful revascularizations, while it remained unchanged if the surgery failed. In patients with gangrene the preoperative values of leg muscles' metabolic capacity were subnormal, and increased towards control values if surgery was successful. In 2 patients with limb gangrene the vascular surgery was only partially successful i.e. the gangrene threat was changed into intermittent claudication. In these 2 patients the metabolic capacity of leg muscles changed from sub- to supracontrol values. In 2 patients the vascular surgery failed, and the patients had no benefit from the operation. In these 2 patients the metabolic capacity of leg muscles remained unchanged. These results support the theory that changes in the amount of blood flow, i.e. the supply of oxygen and substrates to the leg, govern the level of metabolic capacity of the skeletal muscles. The results seem to justify the recommendation that reconstructive arterial surgery in patients with intermittent claudication ought to be followed by physical training to preserve the high metabolic capacity in the skeletal muscles.", "contents": "Metabolic activity of skeletal muscle in patients with peripheral arterial insufficiency. Effect of arterial reconstructive surgery. The metabolic capacity of leg muscles was determined in 12 patients with peripheral arterial insufficiency before and 6 months after vascular surgery. Succinic oxidase activity and the incorporation rates of glucose-carbon into glycogen, lipids, lacate, and CO2 were determined as a measure of metabolic capacity. Leg muscles from patients with intermittent claudication had high metabolic capacity, as shown previously. This capacity was reduced towards control values after successful revascularizations, while it remained unchanged if the surgery failed. In patients with gangrene the preoperative values of leg muscles' metabolic capacity were subnormal, and increased towards control values if surgery was successful. In 2 patients with limb gangrene the vascular surgery was only partially successful i.e. the gangrene threat was changed into intermittent claudication. In these 2 patients the metabolic capacity of leg muscles changed from sub- to supracontrol values. In 2 patients the vascular surgery failed, and the patients had no benefit from the operation. In these 2 patients the metabolic capacity of leg muscles remained unchanged. These results support the theory that changes in the amount of blood flow, i.e. the supply of oxygen and substrates to the leg, govern the level of metabolic capacity of the skeletal muscles. The results seem to justify the recommendation that reconstructive arterial surgery in patients with intermittent claudication ought to be followed by physical training to preserve the high metabolic capacity in the skeletal muscles.", "PMID": 1129595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10696", "title": "The effect of circulatory occlusion on isometric exercise capacity and energy metabolism of the quadriceps muscle in man.", "content": "Occlusion of the circulation to the quadriceps muscle for 20 min resulted in decreases in the muscle ATP and phosphorylcreatine (PC) contents of 1 and 32 per cent, respectively, and increases in ADP and AMP of 7 and 37 per cent. Decrease in PC was statistically significant after 4 min of occlusion, suggesting that the local intramuscular oxygen store was sufficiently depleted at this time as to be limiting to normal mitochondrial function. Pyruvate and lactate concentrations in muscle and the lactate to pyruvate ratio were significantly increased after 15 min of occlusion but not before. The calculated local oxygen store in the muscle was 2.0 mmol O2 - (kg dry muscle)-1. Local oxygen store depletion after 4 and 10 min of occlusion was estimated to be 40-50 and 90-100 per cent complete. Increasing time of pre-exercise occlusion resulted in decreased isometric endurance capacity. The observed decreases in endurance, however, were far greater than could be accounted for by any parallel decrease in the local muscle energy stores.", "contents": "The effect of circulatory occlusion on isometric exercise capacity and energy metabolism of the quadriceps muscle in man. Occlusion of the circulation to the quadriceps muscle for 20 min resulted in decreases in the muscle ATP and phosphorylcreatine (PC) contents of 1 and 32 per cent, respectively, and increases in ADP and AMP of 7 and 37 per cent. Decrease in PC was statistically significant after 4 min of occlusion, suggesting that the local intramuscular oxygen store was sufficiently depleted at this time as to be limiting to normal mitochondrial function. Pyruvate and lactate concentrations in muscle and the lactate to pyruvate ratio were significantly increased after 15 min of occlusion but not before. The calculated local oxygen store in the muscle was 2.0 mmol O2 - (kg dry muscle)-1. Local oxygen store depletion after 4 and 10 min of occlusion was estimated to be 40-50 and 90-100 per cent complete. Increasing time of pre-exercise occlusion resulted in decreased isometric endurance capacity. The observed decreases in endurance, however, were far greater than could be accounted for by any parallel decrease in the local muscle energy stores.", "PMID": 1129596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10697", "title": "Static and functional morphology of the pathological platelets in primary myelofibrosis and myeloproliferative syndrome.", "content": "Native and functioning platelets in patients with primary myelofibrosis and myeloproliferative syndrome were examined by transmission electron microscopy. Among various types of ultrastructural abnormalities in the platelets, three features were emphasized: hypoplasia of the surface connecting system (SCS) with few orifices, hyperplasia of the dense tubular system, and considerable variety in numbers of granule. Morphological analysis was made on platelets of these patients and of normal subjects. Functional morphology of the abnormal platelets was examined in the aggregate samples either by ADP or collagen and the effluent blood from platelet retention test. The abnormal platelets were more or less indifferent from the aggregates and underwent only to a slight degree the changes observed in normal platelets. They frequently retained their native, round, smooth-surfaced form without pseudpod, and did not show the inward shift of organelles; furthermore, they retained more granules than did normal platelets. From these morphological findings we speculated that these ultrastructurally abnormal platelets had an impaired release reaction as a result of the dysfunction of SCS in passing released substances, of the inability of microfilaments to constrict in expelling these substances and sometimes because of a lack of granules as the sources.", "contents": "Static and functional morphology of the pathological platelets in primary myelofibrosis and myeloproliferative syndrome. Native and functioning platelets in patients with primary myelofibrosis and myeloproliferative syndrome were examined by transmission electron microscopy. Among various types of ultrastructural abnormalities in the platelets, three features were emphasized: hypoplasia of the surface connecting system (SCS) with few orifices, hyperplasia of the dense tubular system, and considerable variety in numbers of granule. Morphological analysis was made on platelets of these patients and of normal subjects. Functional morphology of the abnormal platelets was examined in the aggregate samples either by ADP or collagen and the effluent blood from platelet retention test. The abnormal platelets were more or less indifferent from the aggregates and underwent only to a slight degree the changes observed in normal platelets. They frequently retained their native, round, smooth-surfaced form without pseudpod, and did not show the inward shift of organelles; furthermore, they retained more granules than did normal platelets. From these morphological findings we speculated that these ultrastructurally abnormal platelets had an impaired release reaction as a result of the dysfunction of SCS in passing released substances, of the inability of microfilaments to constrict in expelling these substances and sometimes because of a lack of granules as the sources.", "PMID": 1129598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10698", "title": "The role of the local health officer--why not a nurse?", "content": "Examination of the role of the public health officer indicates that registered nurses with a master's degree in public health have, in many cases, more training and experience than physicians to function effectively in this role. It is suggested that, give the current physician shortage, the changes in scope of public health practices, and the use of other professionals capable of fulfilling the role, the selection of physicians as local health officers should be viewed as only one of several alternatives.", "contents": "The role of the local health officer--why not a nurse? Examination of the role of the public health officer indicates that registered nurses with a master's degree in public health have, in many cases, more training and experience than physicians to function effectively in this role. It is suggested that, give the current physician shortage, the changes in scope of public health practices, and the use of other professionals capable of fulfilling the role, the selection of physicians as local health officers should be viewed as only one of several alternatives.", "PMID": 1129613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10699", "title": "Breast cancer: a critical review of a patient sample with a ten-year follow-up.", "content": "Records of 407 patients with primary breast cancer treated at the M.D. Anderson Hospital in 1958 and 1959 were reviewed with regard to patient characteristics, treatment, and results. These patients presented with relatively advanced disease (42% were inoperable on initial evaluation). Black and Chicano patients had significantly more advanced disease on admission than did white patients. Approximately 61% of patients received treatment appropriate to their clinical category indicating that multiple factors influence therapy selection. Absolute ten-year survival free of disease was 21%. Black and Chicano patients with early disease (categories 1 and 2) had significantly worse survival than did white patients. Problems with retrospective studies are multiple and limit the validity of conclusions. Randomized controlled studies are essential to answer critical questions.", "contents": "Breast cancer: a critical review of a patient sample with a ten-year follow-up. Records of 407 patients with primary breast cancer treated at the M.D. Anderson Hospital in 1958 and 1959 were reviewed with regard to patient characteristics, treatment, and results. These patients presented with relatively advanced disease (42% were inoperable on initial evaluation). Black and Chicano patients had significantly more advanced disease on admission than did white patients. Approximately 61% of patients received treatment appropriate to their clinical category indicating that multiple factors influence therapy selection. Absolute ten-year survival free of disease was 21%. Black and Chicano patients with early disease (categories 1 and 2) had significantly worse survival than did white patients. Problems with retrospective studies are multiple and limit the validity of conclusions. Randomized controlled studies are essential to answer critical questions.", "PMID": 1129615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10700", "title": "Some marital-sexual concomitants of carcinoma of the cervix.", "content": "The responses of 50 cervical cancer patients to questions about marital and sexual adjustment are discussed. The subjects were predominantly poor, white women from rural areas or small towns. They had to travel 50 to 150 miles to a hospital where half were treated by radiotherapy and half by surgery. Their interview responses suggest five phases in attitudes and feelings from the time of the diagnosis until six months after treatment. Of 30 subjects who had a sex partner available and who completed the third of four interviews, 70% had either as much or more desire for coitus after treatment than before illness, and 57% had coitus either as frequently or more frequently after treatment than before illness.", "contents": "Some marital-sexual concomitants of carcinoma of the cervix. The responses of 50 cervical cancer patients to questions about marital and sexual adjustment are discussed. The subjects were predominantly poor, white women from rural areas or small towns. They had to travel 50 to 150 miles to a hospital where half were treated by radiotherapy and half by surgery. Their interview responses suggest five phases in attitudes and feelings from the time of the diagnosis until six months after treatment. Of 30 subjects who had a sex partner available and who completed the third of four interviews, 70% had either as much or more desire for coitus after treatment than before illness, and 57% had coitus either as frequently or more frequently after treatment than before illness.", "PMID": 1129616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10701", "title": "Experience with total hip replacement at Ochsner Clinic.", "content": "Eighty-four patients had 97 total hip replacement procedures. Standard M\u00fcller components were used in the first 40 operations; the Aufranc-Turner acetabular component was used with the M\u00fcller-femoral component in the final 57 procedures. The trochanter was detached only in exceptional circumstances. Seventy-six patients with 87 replacements were followed up for 12 to 34 months. Complications, occasionally multiple, occurred in more than one third of our patients; thromboembolic disease was the most frequent. No significant wound complications occurred; there was no infection. In 71 replacements the results were excellent; in 15, good; and in 1 fair.", "contents": "Experience with total hip replacement at Ochsner Clinic. Eighty-four patients had 97 total hip replacement procedures. Standard M\u00fcller components were used in the first 40 operations; the Aufranc-Turner acetabular component was used with the M\u00fcller-femoral component in the final 57 procedures. The trochanter was detached only in exceptional circumstances. Seventy-six patients with 87 replacements were followed up for 12 to 34 months. Complications, occasionally multiple, occurred in more than one third of our patients; thromboembolic disease was the most frequent. No significant wound complications occurred; there was no infection. In 71 replacements the results were excellent; in 15, good; and in 1 fair.", "PMID": 1129617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10702", "title": "The sick sinus syndrome: treatment by permanent transvenous atrial pacing (a new approach).", "content": "\"Sick sinus syndrome\" is characterized by alternating tachyarrhythmias and bradyarrhythmias, diverse origin, generalized conduction abnormalities, and symptoms of heart failure, systemic embolization, and syncope. Proper treatment requires demand atrial or ventricular pacing. A patient with this syndrome was treated with a new transvenous atrial electrode catheter which has successfully controlled her symptoms for 33 months with unrestricted physical activity and without further paroxysms of atrial arrhythmia.", "contents": "The sick sinus syndrome: treatment by permanent transvenous atrial pacing (a new approach). \"Sick sinus syndrome\" is characterized by alternating tachyarrhythmias and bradyarrhythmias, diverse origin, generalized conduction abnormalities, and symptoms of heart failure, systemic embolization, and syncope. Proper treatment requires demand atrial or ventricular pacing. A patient with this syndrome was treated with a new transvenous atrial electrode catheter which has successfully controlled her symptoms for 33 months with unrestricted physical activity and without further paroxysms of atrial arrhythmia.", "PMID": 1129618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10703", "title": "Removal of nonmagnetic and magnetic intraocular foreign bodies with constant visualization.", "content": "A method of removing intraocular foreign bodies, magnetic or nonmagnetic, that are invisible to ordinary viewing procedures is presented. Intraocular foreign bodies are associated with media which is opaque from the blood and debris of trauma. Early removal of nonmagnetic particles usually is impossible, while localization of magnetic foreign bodies changes with movement of the patient or the eyeball, causing wrong magnet application and additional intraocular damage. All of this is resolved by placing the inside of the eye on a \"television screen\" where the foreign body and the forceps are seen constantly in a two dimensional aspect, allowing removal of the object with minimal trauma.", "contents": "Removal of nonmagnetic and magnetic intraocular foreign bodies with constant visualization. A method of removing intraocular foreign bodies, magnetic or nonmagnetic, that are invisible to ordinary viewing procedures is presented. Intraocular foreign bodies are associated with media which is opaque from the blood and debris of trauma. Early removal of nonmagnetic particles usually is impossible, while localization of magnetic foreign bodies changes with movement of the patient or the eyeball, causing wrong magnet application and additional intraocular damage. All of this is resolved by placing the inside of the eye on a \"television screen\" where the foreign body and the forceps are seen constantly in a two dimensional aspect, allowing removal of the object with minimal trauma.", "PMID": 1129619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10704", "title": "Hammertoe surgery: waist resection of the proximal phalanx, a more simplified procedure.", "content": "A technic for correcting hammertoe and other toe deformities by waist resection of the proximal phalanges of the toes effectively corrected these conditions in 95 patients and 466 toes. This procedure can be done quickly and easily with low morbidity. Through a very short incision over the waist of the proximal phalanx, a subperiosteal resection is carried out which permits settling of the resected bone ends together within the periosteal tube, resulting in bony union. The proximal phalanx is effectively shortened and the imbalance of the tendon length to the bony arch, which originally produced these deformities, is thereby corrected.", "contents": "Hammertoe surgery: waist resection of the proximal phalanx, a more simplified procedure. A technic for correcting hammertoe and other toe deformities by waist resection of the proximal phalanges of the toes effectively corrected these conditions in 95 patients and 466 toes. This procedure can be done quickly and easily with low morbidity. Through a very short incision over the waist of the proximal phalanx, a subperiosteal resection is carried out which permits settling of the resected bone ends together within the periosteal tube, resulting in bony union. The proximal phalanx is effectively shortened and the imbalance of the tendon length to the bony arch, which originally produced these deformities, is thereby corrected.", "PMID": 1129620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10705", "title": "131-I rose bengal liver scanning in the differential diagnosis of neonatal jaundice.", "content": "Results of a series of 2i liver scans with 131-I rose bengal in 21 patients who developed progressive jaundice in the neonatal period are described. Using the 131-I rose bengal scan alone, an attempt was made to separate the patients into two groups, the first with total bile obstruction (biliary atresia) and the second with only partial biliary tract obstruction (intrinsic liver disease). The diagnostic accuracy of the scan was 82%. An additional diagnostic criterion, the count radio, is suggested. The determination of this ratio requires no additional effort or expense and would improve the diagnostic accuracy of the scan used alone in this series of patients.", "contents": "131-I rose bengal liver scanning in the differential diagnosis of neonatal jaundice. Results of a series of 2i liver scans with 131-I rose bengal in 21 patients who developed progressive jaundice in the neonatal period are described. Using the 131-I rose bengal scan alone, an attempt was made to separate the patients into two groups, the first with total bile obstruction (biliary atresia) and the second with only partial biliary tract obstruction (intrinsic liver disease). The diagnostic accuracy of the scan was 82%. An additional diagnostic criterion, the count radio, is suggested. The determination of this ratio requires no additional effort or expense and would improve the diagnostic accuracy of the scan used alone in this series of patients.", "PMID": 1129621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10706", "title": "Goals and teaching methods of the urologic core curriculum at the University of Missouri, Columbia.", "content": "Urology is a highly specialized surgical subspecialty, but most urologic patients present to the primary physician with variable signs and symptoms. As medical school educators, we are obligated to furnish the students with the knowledge and skills required to handle the patient's initial problem, and refer the patient to a urologic specialist at the optimal time. The Section of Urology, University of Missouri, Columbia, has developed a core urologic curriculum for junior and senior medical students. The goals and methods used to accomplish these goals are presented in conjunction with the goals for the Department of Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia.", "contents": "Goals and teaching methods of the urologic core curriculum at the University of Missouri, Columbia. Urology is a highly specialized surgical subspecialty, but most urologic patients present to the primary physician with variable signs and symptoms. As medical school educators, we are obligated to furnish the students with the knowledge and skills required to handle the patient's initial problem, and refer the patient to a urologic specialist at the optimal time. The Section of Urology, University of Missouri, Columbia, has developed a core urologic curriculum for junior and senior medical students. The goals and methods used to accomplish these goals are presented in conjunction with the goals for the Department of Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia.", "PMID": 1129622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10707", "title": "Practical approach to pediatric hearing problems.", "content": "The identification and measurement of suspected hearing loss in pediatric patients presents a formidable challenge to the physician. Since he is responsible not only for determining the nature and extent of the hearing deficit, but also for overall management throughout the patient's learning life, an early and accurate diagnosis of the loss is mandatory.", "contents": "Practical approach to pediatric hearing problems. The identification and measurement of suspected hearing loss in pediatric patients presents a formidable challenge to the physician. Since he is responsible not only for determining the nature and extent of the hearing deficit, but also for overall management throughout the patient's learning life, an early and accurate diagnosis of the loss is mandatory.", "PMID": 1129623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10708", "title": "Obstructive uropathy secondary to a false aneurysm in 12 years after abdominal aneurysmectomy.", "content": "Long-tern follow-up of patients having abdominal aneurysmectomy and graft replacement will show that a considerable number develop false aneurysms at the anastomotic sites. This is the particularly true in situations in which silk suture was used for the vascular anastomoses. Successful management of this problem necessitates an awareness that unsuspected, asymptomatic ureteral obstruction can be a complicating factor. Preoperative work-up of all abdominal aortic problems should include an intravenous pyelogram. When evidence of ureteral obstruction is encountered, retrograde ureteral catheterization is important to precisely identify the point of obstruction and to aid in the ureterolysis at the time of operation. Inadvertent injury and contamination from an obstructed ureter is a situation which must be avoided when prosthetic grafting is anticipated.", "contents": "Obstructive uropathy secondary to a false aneurysm in 12 years after abdominal aneurysmectomy. Long-tern follow-up of patients having abdominal aneurysmectomy and graft replacement will show that a considerable number develop false aneurysms at the anastomotic sites. This is the particularly true in situations in which silk suture was used for the vascular anastomoses. Successful management of this problem necessitates an awareness that unsuspected, asymptomatic ureteral obstruction can be a complicating factor. Preoperative work-up of all abdominal aortic problems should include an intravenous pyelogram. When evidence of ureteral obstruction is encountered, retrograde ureteral catheterization is important to precisely identify the point of obstruction and to aid in the ureterolysis at the time of operation. Inadvertent injury and contamination from an obstructed ureter is a situation which must be avoided when prosthetic grafting is anticipated.", "PMID": 1129624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10709", "title": "Shunt surgery in Meniere's disease.", "content": "This is a clinical study of the results of endolymphatic sac shunt surgery for Meniere's disease in 28 patients. Postoperative audiometric results and clinical evaluation of vertigo and tinnitus were analyzed to determine the effectiveness of this form of treatment. Although this is a small study and the time interval since operation is of only moderate duration (6 to 46 months), the results are encouraging: 79% of the patients showed improvement or stabilization of hearing as well as control of vertigo.", "contents": "Shunt surgery in Meniere's disease. This is a clinical study of the results of endolymphatic sac shunt surgery for Meniere's disease in 28 patients. Postoperative audiometric results and clinical evaluation of vertigo and tinnitus were analyzed to determine the effectiveness of this form of treatment. Although this is a small study and the time interval since operation is of only moderate duration (6 to 46 months), the results are encouraging: 79% of the patients showed improvement or stabilization of hearing as well as control of vertigo.", "PMID": 1129625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10710", "title": "Perforation of duodenal stump ten years after partial gastrectomy.", "content": "Described is a patient who developed spontaneous perforation of the duodenal stump of a Billroth II anastomosis done ten years ago. This catastrophe is thought to have resulted from acute afferent-loop obstruction, a rare but recognized late postgastrectomy complication. The patient died of hemodialysis disequilibrium syndrome.", "contents": "Perforation of duodenal stump ten years after partial gastrectomy. Described is a patient who developed spontaneous perforation of the duodenal stump of a Billroth II anastomosis done ten years ago. This catastrophe is thought to have resulted from acute afferent-loop obstruction, a rare but recognized late postgastrectomy complication. The patient died of hemodialysis disequilibrium syndrome.", "PMID": 1129626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10711", "title": "Spontaneous pyeloduodenal and renocolic fistulas.", "content": "Twenty-seven previously reported cases of pyeloduodenal fistulas are reviewed and the first case of a simultaneously occurring pyeloduodenal and renocolic fistula is reported. Pyeloduodenal fistulas appear to result from an inflammatory process originating in the kidney, frequently are associated with calculi, and are best managed surgically with nephrectomy and closure of the fistula.", "contents": "Spontaneous pyeloduodenal and renocolic fistulas. Twenty-seven previously reported cases of pyeloduodenal fistulas are reviewed and the first case of a simultaneously occurring pyeloduodenal and renocolic fistula is reported. Pyeloduodenal fistulas appear to result from an inflammatory process originating in the kidney, frequently are associated with calculi, and are best managed surgically with nephrectomy and closure of the fistula.", "PMID": 1129627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10712", "title": "Arm ischemia due to fibromuscular hyperplasia of the axillary artery.", "content": "A case of fibromuscular hyperplasia of the left axillary artery is reported. The lesion was bypassed using autogenous saphenous vein. At present writing, nine months after grafting, excellent pulses are present in the arm and the patient has been completely relieved of the ischemic symptoms.", "contents": "Arm ischemia due to fibromuscular hyperplasia of the axillary artery. A case of fibromuscular hyperplasia of the left axillary artery is reported. The lesion was bypassed using autogenous saphenous vein. At present writing, nine months after grafting, excellent pulses are present in the arm and the patient has been completely relieved of the ischemic symptoms.", "PMID": 1129628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10713", "title": "Renocolic fistula.", "content": "A case of left renocolic fistula secondary to chronic pyonephrosis has been reported. Neprectomy, excision of the fistulous tract, and closure of the colon is the treatment of choice. This was accomplished in this case with excellent results.", "contents": "Renocolic fistula. A case of left renocolic fistula secondary to chronic pyonephrosis has been reported. Neprectomy, excision of the fistulous tract, and closure of the colon is the treatment of choice. This was accomplished in this case with excellent results.", "PMID": 1129630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10714", "title": "Retinal sparing in diabetic retinopathy.", "content": "Asymmetrical involvement of the retinas in diabetic retinopathy is rare. The cause of this \"sparing\" of one retina is important in terms of the possibility of coexisting or superimposed ocular or vascular disease. Asymmetrical retinal involvement also reflects a pathophysiologic element in the progression of diabetic retinopathy, namely, the concept of net retinal vascular pressure as it affects the degree of observable retinal disease in diabetics. An illustrative case was presented, along with a review of similar cases reported in the literature.", "contents": "Retinal sparing in diabetic retinopathy. Asymmetrical involvement of the retinas in diabetic retinopathy is rare. The cause of this \"sparing\" of one retina is important in terms of the possibility of coexisting or superimposed ocular or vascular disease. Asymmetrical retinal involvement also reflects a pathophysiologic element in the progression of diabetic retinopathy, namely, the concept of net retinal vascular pressure as it affects the degree of observable retinal disease in diabetics. An illustrative case was presented, along with a review of similar cases reported in the literature.", "PMID": 1129631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10715", "title": "Rupture of the gallbladder after blunt abdominal trauma.", "content": "The diagnosis of traumatic injury of the gallbladder may only be discovered at the time of celiotomy. The patient initially may be asymptomatic; later, he may develop nausea, vomiting, or paralytic ileus. Hemoconcentration, leukocytosis, and biliurea all have been observed, but are inconstant findings. However, increasing abdominal distention without a change in hematocrit value, jaundice, dark urine, or acholic stools accompanied by a rising bilirubin level should aid in diagnosis. Although the treatment of traumatic rupture of the gallbladder may be altered to fit the clinical situation and degree of anatomic disruption, most authors agree that cholecystectomy is the method of choice.", "contents": "Rupture of the gallbladder after blunt abdominal trauma. The diagnosis of traumatic injury of the gallbladder may only be discovered at the time of celiotomy. The patient initially may be asymptomatic; later, he may develop nausea, vomiting, or paralytic ileus. Hemoconcentration, leukocytosis, and biliurea all have been observed, but are inconstant findings. However, increasing abdominal distention without a change in hematocrit value, jaundice, dark urine, or acholic stools accompanied by a rising bilirubin level should aid in diagnosis. Although the treatment of traumatic rupture of the gallbladder may be altered to fit the clinical situation and degree of anatomic disruption, most authors agree that cholecystectomy is the method of choice.", "PMID": 1129632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10716", "title": "Fertilization of the eggs of bivalve mollusks with different insemination conditions.", "content": "Eggs of the bivalve mollusks Ostrea gigas, Spisula sachalinensis, and Mactra sulcataria taken from the ovary and placed in sea water are capable of maturation: the nuclear membrane dissolves and polar body I is released. The percentage of such spontaneously ripening eggs differs widely in different females and apparently characterizes the degree of roe maturity. The fertilization rate of roe containing a small percentage of spontaneously maturing eggs increases considerably during holding in sea water and remains at a high level for several hours. Maximum percentage fertilization can be obtained only over a narrow range of sperm concentrations in suspension for the species studied. A concentration of 10-6 or 10-7 sperm/cm-3 is usually optimum; a decrease or increase in sperm concentration by an order of magnitude (in comparison with the optimum level) reduces percentage fertilization. It was shown that sperm in suspensions with concentrations above the optimum level are activated to a lesser extent and their speed of movement is less than at high dilutions.", "contents": "Fertilization of the eggs of bivalve mollusks with different insemination conditions. Eggs of the bivalve mollusks Ostrea gigas, Spisula sachalinensis, and Mactra sulcataria taken from the ovary and placed in sea water are capable of maturation: the nuclear membrane dissolves and polar body I is released. The percentage of such spontaneously ripening eggs differs widely in different females and apparently characterizes the degree of roe maturity. The fertilization rate of roe containing a small percentage of spontaneously maturing eggs increases considerably during holding in sea water and remains at a high level for several hours. Maximum percentage fertilization can be obtained only over a narrow range of sperm concentrations in suspension for the species studied. A concentration of 10-6 or 10-7 sperm/cm-3 is usually optimum; a decrease or increase in sperm concentration by an order of magnitude (in comparison with the optimum level) reduces percentage fertilization. It was shown that sperm in suspensions with concentrations above the optimum level are activated to a lesser extent and their speed of movement is less than at high dilutions.", "PMID": 1129634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10717", "title": "Distribution of neoblasts and mitoses during the asexual reproduction of the planarian Dugesia tigrina (Girard).", "content": "The neoblast distribution in the prepharyngeal portion of the body remains unchanged during the asexual reproduction of planaria. During the first few days after fission, the number of neoblasts decreases in the portion of the body immediately adjoining the site of daughter zooid detachment and considerably increases in the regenerative bud. Starting with the fourth day after division, there is an increase in the number of neoblasts in the region of future fission, which can be regarded as one preparatory mechanism for the next fission. The mitosis distribution pattern is just the reverse: the regions of the body with the highest neoblast density are characterized by a low mitotic index or no dividing cells at all. The neoblast and mitosis distributions in the daughter zooid during its asexual reproduction cycle duplicate those observed in the maternal zooid.", "contents": "Distribution of neoblasts and mitoses during the asexual reproduction of the planarian Dugesia tigrina (Girard). The neoblast distribution in the prepharyngeal portion of the body remains unchanged during the asexual reproduction of planaria. During the first few days after fission, the number of neoblasts decreases in the portion of the body immediately adjoining the site of daughter zooid detachment and considerably increases in the regenerative bud. Starting with the fourth day after division, there is an increase in the number of neoblasts in the region of future fission, which can be regarded as one preparatory mechanism for the next fission. The mitosis distribution pattern is just the reverse: the regions of the body with the highest neoblast density are characterized by a low mitotic index or no dividing cells at all. The neoblast and mitosis distributions in the daughter zooid during its asexual reproduction cycle duplicate those observed in the maternal zooid.", "PMID": 1129635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10718", "title": "Incorporation of labeled amino acids into proteins of the cell organelles of muscle tissue during the restoration of the regenerative capacity of the limbs of axolotl, suppressed by x-irradiation.", "content": "The incorporation of labeled amino acids into the total proteins of muscle tissue and cell organelles during the regeneration of limbs of axolotls and after the suppression of the regenerative capacity by x-irradiation and its experimental restoration were investigated. In the case of suppression of the regenerative capacity of the limbs by x-irradiation, the protein synthesis in the muscle tissue is impaired. The intensity of the incorporation of labeled amino acids into the proteins of a homogenate of muscle tissue, nuclei, mitochondria, and the mitochondria-free fraction is reduced in comparison with normal regeneration. Under the influence of biopreparations (a salt extract from a homogenate of the rat gastrocnemius muscle), a restoration of protein synthesis, processes of differentiation, and the formation of regenerates was observed. C-14-lysine was incorporated most intensively into the proteins of the mitochondria-free fraction and nuclei at the spatula stage (exceeding this index in the series with irradiation of the limbs without treatment with the biopreparation by 5 and 7-fold, respectively).", "contents": "Incorporation of labeled amino acids into proteins of the cell organelles of muscle tissue during the restoration of the regenerative capacity of the limbs of axolotl, suppressed by x-irradiation. The incorporation of labeled amino acids into the total proteins of muscle tissue and cell organelles during the regeneration of limbs of axolotls and after the suppression of the regenerative capacity by x-irradiation and its experimental restoration were investigated. In the case of suppression of the regenerative capacity of the limbs by x-irradiation, the protein synthesis in the muscle tissue is impaired. The intensity of the incorporation of labeled amino acids into the proteins of a homogenate of muscle tissue, nuclei, mitochondria, and the mitochondria-free fraction is reduced in comparison with normal regeneration. Under the influence of biopreparations (a salt extract from a homogenate of the rat gastrocnemius muscle), a restoration of protein synthesis, processes of differentiation, and the formation of regenerates was observed. C-14-lysine was incorporated most intensively into the proteins of the mitochondria-free fraction and nuclei at the spatula stage (exceeding this index in the series with irradiation of the limbs without treatment with the biopreparation by 5 and 7-fold, respectively).", "PMID": 1129636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10719", "title": "Connection between the mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum in oocytes of loach (Misgurnus fossilis L.)", "content": "A considerable number of mitochondria (10-20 percent) are closely connected with the granular endoplasmic reticulum at the early stages of oogenesis in loach. The number of ribosomes on sections of the endoplasmic reticulum turned toward the mitochondria is considerably greater than on other sectors of the membranes. The work discusses the role played by contacts between the mitochondria and the granular endoplasmic reticulum in the biogenesis of oocyte mitochondria at the early stages of oogenesis.", "contents": "Connection between the mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum in oocytes of loach (Misgurnus fossilis L.). A considerable number of mitochondria (10-20 percent) are closely connected with the granular endoplasmic reticulum at the early stages of oogenesis in loach. The number of ribosomes on sections of the endoplasmic reticulum turned toward the mitochondria is considerably greater than on other sectors of the membranes. The work discusses the role played by contacts between the mitochondria and the granular endoplasmic reticulum in the biogenesis of oocyte mitochondria at the early stages of oogenesis.", "PMID": 1129637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10720", "title": "The effect of the splotch gene on the parameters of the cell cycle in the brain and spinal cord of mouse embryos.", "content": "The parameters of the cell cycle were determined in 10-day-old mouse embryos, homozygous for the splotch (Sp) gene, by the radioautographic method with H-3-thymidine. Normal embryos (+/+)with a similar genetic environment were used as the control. In the brain and spinal cord of Sp/Sp embryos the mitotic indices were more than twice as high as those in +/+ embryos. The rate of cell proliferation increased identically in both the dorsal and ventral parts of the neural tube. The generation time of the brain and spinal cord cells of Sp/Sp embryos was 8 h and that of normal embryos 9 h. The Sp gene decreased the duration of the S phase 1.5 h (25 percent). In addition, this gene increased the duration of the G(1) phase 0.5 h. The Sp gene evidently acts in the G(1) phase, as a result of which the duration of this phase increases while that of the S phase decreases considerably. This leads to an increase in the rate of cell proliferation and to the development of abnormalities of the CNS of homozygous embryos.", "contents": "The effect of the splotch gene on the parameters of the cell cycle in the brain and spinal cord of mouse embryos. The parameters of the cell cycle were determined in 10-day-old mouse embryos, homozygous for the splotch (Sp) gene, by the radioautographic method with H-3-thymidine. Normal embryos (+/+)with a similar genetic environment were used as the control. In the brain and spinal cord of Sp/Sp embryos the mitotic indices were more than twice as high as those in +/+ embryos. The rate of cell proliferation increased identically in both the dorsal and ventral parts of the neural tube. The generation time of the brain and spinal cord cells of Sp/Sp embryos was 8 h and that of normal embryos 9 h. The Sp gene decreased the duration of the S phase 1.5 h (25 percent). In addition, this gene increased the duration of the G(1) phase 0.5 h. The Sp gene evidently acts in the G(1) phase, as a result of which the duration of this phase increases while that of the S phase decreases considerably. This leads to an increase in the rate of cell proliferation and to the development of abnormalities of the CNS of homozygous embryos.", "PMID": 1129638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10721", "title": "Incorporation of H-3-thymidine into mitochondrial DNA of quail oocytes and eggs.", "content": "The amount of mitochondrial DNA and its synthesis were investigated in quail oocytes during the last 20 days of their growth. As the oocyte grows the amount of DNA in it increases rapidly, but at the end of oogenesis the increase in the amount of DNA lags considerably behind the rate of increase in the volume of the oocyte. As the oocyte grows the incorporation of H-3-thymidine into mitochondrial DNA decreases. The synthesis of mitochondrial DNA in cells of the quail embryo in early stages of development takes place at the same rate as the synthesis of nuclear DNA and far more rapidly than is more inhibited by ethidium bromide and mitomycin than the synthesis of nuclear DNA.", "contents": "Incorporation of H-3-thymidine into mitochondrial DNA of quail oocytes and eggs. The amount of mitochondrial DNA and its synthesis were investigated in quail oocytes during the last 20 days of their growth. As the oocyte grows the amount of DNA in it increases rapidly, but at the end of oogenesis the increase in the amount of DNA lags considerably behind the rate of increase in the volume of the oocyte. As the oocyte grows the incorporation of H-3-thymidine into mitochondrial DNA decreases. The synthesis of mitochondrial DNA in cells of the quail embryo in early stages of development takes place at the same rate as the synthesis of nuclear DNA and far more rapidly than is more inhibited by ethidium bromide and mitomycin than the synthesis of nuclear DNA.", "PMID": 1129639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10722", "title": "Change in myoglobin content in rabbit and chicken muscles in ontogenesis.", "content": "The accumulation of myoglobin in the muscles was studied in the ontogenesis of rabbits and chickens. A connection was found between the myoglobin content and the degree of the functional load of the muscles in different age periods. Myoglobin appears first in the myocardium. In the femoral muscles of chick embryos myoglobin is first found on the 16th day of incubation. Myoglobin is not detected quantitatively in the masseter and femoral muscles of the rabbit during prenatal development. The myoglobin content is highest in the gizzard of a mature hen.", "contents": "Change in myoglobin content in rabbit and chicken muscles in ontogenesis. The accumulation of myoglobin in the muscles was studied in the ontogenesis of rabbits and chickens. A connection was found between the myoglobin content and the degree of the functional load of the muscles in different age periods. Myoglobin appears first in the myocardium. In the femoral muscles of chick embryos myoglobin is first found on the 16th day of incubation. Myoglobin is not detected quantitatively in the masseter and femoral muscles of the rabbit during prenatal development. The myoglobin content is highest in the gizzard of a mature hen.", "PMID": 1129640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10723", "title": "Presence of modified fibroblasts in ischemic contracture of the intrinsic musculature of the hand.", "content": "Biopsies of fibrotic interosseous muscles were obtained from three patients with ischemic contracture of the intrinsic muscles of the hand. Control biopsies were taken from normal contralateral interossei and from normal interossei crushed three weeks earlier. Examination of the specimens from the affected muscles under the electron microscope demonstrated large numbers of modified fibroblasts with ultrastructural features of both fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells. The atypical fibroblasts observed resembled myofibroblasts seen in contracting wounds, Dupuytren's contracture, stenosing tenosynovitis, and idiopathic carpel tunnel syndrome. Biopsies from normal muscle and crushed normal muscle contained normal fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells but no modified fibroblasts. Active contraction of modified fibroblasts could be responsible for progressive muscle shortening seen in intrinsic contracture.", "contents": "Presence of modified fibroblasts in ischemic contracture of the intrinsic musculature of the hand. Biopsies of fibrotic interosseous muscles were obtained from three patients with ischemic contracture of the intrinsic muscles of the hand. Control biopsies were taken from normal contralateral interossei and from normal interossei crushed three weeks earlier. Examination of the specimens from the affected muscles under the electron microscope demonstrated large numbers of modified fibroblasts with ultrastructural features of both fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells. The atypical fibroblasts observed resembled myofibroblasts seen in contracting wounds, Dupuytren's contracture, stenosing tenosynovitis, and idiopathic carpel tunnel syndrome. Biopsies from normal muscle and crushed normal muscle contained normal fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells but no modified fibroblasts. Active contraction of modified fibroblasts could be responsible for progressive muscle shortening seen in intrinsic contracture.", "PMID": 1129660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10724", "title": "Surgical management of shotgun injuries of the face.", "content": "The surgical reconstruction of patients with self-inflicted gun blast injuries to the face requires the most efficient management. There was a uniform pattern of tissue loss in the patients studied. The repair sequence was subjected to a retrospective analysis to indicate the most efficient co-ordination and return to a functional state. Emphasis must be upon the principle of initial salvage of as much bony structure as possible. Primary flap transfer or early mobilization of flaps for soft tissue repair are desirable in speeding restoration.", "contents": "Surgical management of shotgun injuries of the face. The surgical reconstruction of patients with self-inflicted gun blast injuries to the face requires the most efficient management. There was a uniform pattern of tissue loss in the patients studied. The repair sequence was subjected to a retrospective analysis to indicate the most efficient co-ordination and return to a functional state. Emphasis must be upon the principle of initial salvage of as much bony structure as possible. Primary flap transfer or early mobilization of flaps for soft tissue repair are desirable in speeding restoration.", "PMID": 1129661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10725", "title": "Transcervical thymectomy in myasthenia gravis.", "content": "Since 1967, transcervical thymectomy has been the procedure of choice for all patients with nonthymomatous myasthenia gravis and a selected group of patients with thymomatous myasthenia gravis operated upon at the Mount Sinai Hospital. A total of 180 transcervical thymectomies have been performed. In 12 patients, a pre-existing tracheostomy was present. Morbidity was minimal, limited to three instances of bleeding, five of pneumothorax, one of self-limited chylothorax, and one wound infection. One postoperative death from an unrelated cause occurred in 1967. The postoperative course has been smoother and the management of the myasthenia gravis considerably easier than those following transthoracic approaches. Consequently, routine elective tracheostomy at the time of thymectomy has been abandoned. The average period of hospitalization does not exceed one week. As a result of the minimal risk involved, indications for thymectomy now include all patients with generalized myasthenia gravis, and the procedure is performed earlier in the course of disease. Postoperative electromyographic findings show immediate improvement in the majority of patients operated upon during the first year in which symptoms occur. Transcervical thymectomy arrests the progress of the disease, decreases the mortality rate, and has long term results equal to those of transthoracic approaches. Earlier remissions, fewer germinal centers, and a smaller number of thymomas were noted in patients operated upon early in the course of the disease. A decrease in neoplasms outside the thymus gland  and in neonatal myasthenia gravis was also noted following thymectomy.", "contents": "Transcervical thymectomy in myasthenia gravis. Since 1967, transcervical thymectomy has been the procedure of choice for all patients with nonthymomatous myasthenia gravis and a selected group of patients with thymomatous myasthenia gravis operated upon at the Mount Sinai Hospital. A total of 180 transcervical thymectomies have been performed. In 12 patients, a pre-existing tracheostomy was present. Morbidity was minimal, limited to three instances of bleeding, five of pneumothorax, one of self-limited chylothorax, and one wound infection. One postoperative death from an unrelated cause occurred in 1967. The postoperative course has been smoother and the management of the myasthenia gravis considerably easier than those following transthoracic approaches. Consequently, routine elective tracheostomy at the time of thymectomy has been abandoned. The average period of hospitalization does not exceed one week. As a result of the minimal risk involved, indications for thymectomy now include all patients with generalized myasthenia gravis, and the procedure is performed earlier in the course of disease. Postoperative electromyographic findings show immediate improvement in the majority of patients operated upon during the first year in which symptoms occur. Transcervical thymectomy arrests the progress of the disease, decreases the mortality rate, and has long term results equal to those of transthoracic approaches. Earlier remissions, fewer germinal centers, and a smaller number of thymomas were noted in patients operated upon early in the course of the disease. A decrease in neoplasms outside the thymus gland  and in neonatal myasthenia gravis was also noted following thymectomy.", "PMID": 1129662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10726", "title": "Fiberoptic bronchoscopy following thermal injury.", "content": "In a series of 25 burned patients, 15 had inhalation injury as evidenced by fiberbronchoscopic examination. The criteria for post-thermal pulmonary injury were airway edema and inflammation, mucosal necrosis and presence of soot and charring in the airways. This technique of direct visualization of the pulmonary tree can be performed easily, without complications, and provides an objective means for the early diagnosis of inhalation injury in burned patients and prompt institution of treatment.", "contents": "Fiberoptic bronchoscopy following thermal injury. In a series of 25 burned patients, 15 had inhalation injury as evidenced by fiberbronchoscopic examination. The criteria for post-thermal pulmonary injury were airway edema and inflammation, mucosal necrosis and presence of soot and charring in the airways. This technique of direct visualization of the pulmonary tree can be performed easily, without complications, and provides an objective means for the early diagnosis of inhalation injury in burned patients and prompt institution of treatment.", "PMID": 1129663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10727", "title": "Further experience with circle tube nephroureterostomy urinary diversion.", "content": "Circle tube nephroureterostomy as an alternative method of urinary diversion has now been used in 80 patients, representing a wide variety of clinical problems. The technique offers several advantages over nephrostomy or intubated ureterostomy. Additional extensive experience with the procedure has substantiated the initially favorable impressions.", "contents": "Further experience with circle tube nephroureterostomy urinary diversion. Circle tube nephroureterostomy as an alternative method of urinary diversion has now been used in 80 patients, representing a wide variety of clinical problems. The technique offers several advantages over nephrostomy or intubated ureterostomy. Additional extensive experience with the procedure has substantiated the initially favorable impressions.", "PMID": 1129664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10728", "title": "Acute vascular compression of the duodenum following cast application.", "content": "It is suggested that only those patients in whom symptoms begin within two weeks after application of the cast should be included in the cast syndrome. Early diagnosis with prompt treatment in the form of replacement therapy and a nasogastric tube is important. Operation should be reserved for those patients in whom conservative treatment fails or the cast cannot be removed.", "contents": "Acute vascular compression of the duodenum following cast application. It is suggested that only those patients in whom symptoms begin within two weeks after application of the cast should be included in the cast syndrome. Early diagnosis with prompt treatment in the form of replacement therapy and a nasogastric tube is important. Operation should be reserved for those patients in whom conservative treatment fails or the cast cannot be removed.", "PMID": 1129665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10729", "title": "Oral glucose tolerance in patients with jaundice.", "content": "A glucose tolerance test was performed on 21 patients with jaundice. The glucose tolerance patterns were principally classified into a parabolic pattern characterized by the return toward normal within 120 minutes and a linear pattern with long-standing increase for more than 120 minutes. Of these, 13 patients showed the parabolic pattern and tolerated the operation well. The other eight patients showed the linear pattern. Of the latter, four patients died within three weeks postoperatively, and the others died without leaving the hospital following operation. From the results, it was suggested that the parabolic glucose tolerance pattern is indicative of compensated damage to the liver, while the linear glucose tolerance pattern shows critically decreased hepatic functional reserve. Experimentally, the close relationship between the severity of the derangement of metabolism in the mitochondria of the liver and the degree of glucose intolerance was studied in rats and rabbits with jaundice subjected to the ligation of the common bile duct. In rats with jaundice in which the phosphorylative activity is significantly higher than that in the mitochondria from the tissues of the liver deprived of endogenous insulin through portal blood, the parabolic patterns develop. In rabbits with jaundice in which the phosphorylative activity is considerably lower than that in the mitochondria from tissues of the liver deprived of endogenous insulin, the linear pattern occurs. It was suggested that the two distinct patterns in patients with jaundice are closely related to the severity of the derangement of the phosphorylative activity of the mitochondria.", "contents": "Oral glucose tolerance in patients with jaundice. A glucose tolerance test was performed on 21 patients with jaundice. The glucose tolerance patterns were principally classified into a parabolic pattern characterized by the return toward normal within 120 minutes and a linear pattern with long-standing increase for more than 120 minutes. Of these, 13 patients showed the parabolic pattern and tolerated the operation well. The other eight patients showed the linear pattern. Of the latter, four patients died within three weeks postoperatively, and the others died without leaving the hospital following operation. From the results, it was suggested that the parabolic glucose tolerance pattern is indicative of compensated damage to the liver, while the linear glucose tolerance pattern shows critically decreased hepatic functional reserve. Experimentally, the close relationship between the severity of the derangement of metabolism in the mitochondria of the liver and the degree of glucose intolerance was studied in rats and rabbits with jaundice subjected to the ligation of the common bile duct. In rats with jaundice in which the phosphorylative activity is significantly higher than that in the mitochondria from the tissues of the liver deprived of endogenous insulin through portal blood, the parabolic patterns develop. In rabbits with jaundice in which the phosphorylative activity is considerably lower than that in the mitochondria from tissues of the liver deprived of endogenous insulin, the linear pattern occurs. It was suggested that the two distinct patterns in patients with jaundice are closely related to the severity of the derangement of the phosphorylative activity of the mitochondria.", "PMID": 1129666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10730", "title": "Arterialization of the liver in combination with a portacaval shunt in the dog.", "content": "A dog preparation has been developed combining an end-to-side portacaval shunt with arterialization of the hepatic portion of the portal vein through an anastomosis between the inferior branch of the splenic artery and the stump of the portal vein. In this dog preparation, total hepatic blood flow, perfusion of the intrahepatic portal vein, and sinusoidal pressure remained within the preoperative range in the majority of the dogs. The data presented indicate that arterialization of the liver, under those conditions, resulted in no histologic damage or atrophy of the parenchyma of the liver and was effective in achieving significant prolongation of life and prevention of most of the adverse metabolic sequelae that follow a portacaval shunt in dogs. The indocyanine green extraction was restored to normal. The extraction of ammonia was impaired in all dogs with shunts; however, a significantly better ammonia extraction was seen in dogs with arterialization of the liver. It is being postulated that the dual perfusion of the liver through the hepatic artery and the portal vein is essential for the maintenance of the normal morphologic and functional states of the liver in dogs. The avoidance of hyperfusion of the sinusoidal bed with arterial blood is the most critical factor in preventing morphologic damage of the liver if arterialization of the portal vein is used.", "contents": "Arterialization of the liver in combination with a portacaval shunt in the dog. A dog preparation has been developed combining an end-to-side portacaval shunt with arterialization of the hepatic portion of the portal vein through an anastomosis between the inferior branch of the splenic artery and the stump of the portal vein. In this dog preparation, total hepatic blood flow, perfusion of the intrahepatic portal vein, and sinusoidal pressure remained within the preoperative range in the majority of the dogs. The data presented indicate that arterialization of the liver, under those conditions, resulted in no histologic damage or atrophy of the parenchyma of the liver and was effective in achieving significant prolongation of life and prevention of most of the adverse metabolic sequelae that follow a portacaval shunt in dogs. The indocyanine green extraction was restored to normal. The extraction of ammonia was impaired in all dogs with shunts; however, a significantly better ammonia extraction was seen in dogs with arterialization of the liver. It is being postulated that the dual perfusion of the liver through the hepatic artery and the portal vein is essential for the maintenance of the normal morphologic and functional states of the liver in dogs. The avoidance of hyperfusion of the sinusoidal bed with arterial blood is the most critical factor in preventing morphologic damage of the liver if arterialization of the portal vein is used.", "PMID": 1129667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10731", "title": "The value of biliary endoscopy.", "content": "The value of biliary endoscopy was determined in 100 consecutive patients undergoing choledochotomy. Using a compact, rigid, right-angled choledochoscope with a rod-lens optical system the biliary tract was inspected for residual stomes following conventional exploration. Completion operative cholangiography and postoperative T-tube cholangiography were performed in all patients. Of 52 patients undergoing primary choledocholithotomy, the duct was cleared of all calculi in 51. A small residual stone was found by postoperative cholangiography in one patient. Exploration revealed no calculi in the ducts of the remaining 30 patients. Biliary endoscopy was of benefit to the surgeon in the majority of patients. In 17 patients, calculi missed by standard exploration were detected; in five of these, the calculi could be retrieved only under endoscopic control. In 11 patients, interpretation of operative cholangiograms was aided, while in three the endoscopic findings clarified operative strategy. The use of biliary endoscopy did not increase the postoperative morbidity or mortality rates beyond those oridinarily encountered in choledocholithotomy. Current experience indicates that the new choledhchoscope overcomes limitations of previous endoscopes and should serve as the definitive diagnostic tool for operative biliary endoscopy. The addition of this technique to the armamentarium of the biliary surgeon will play a significant role in overcoming the age-old problem of the retained common duct stone.", "contents": "The value of biliary endoscopy. The value of biliary endoscopy was determined in 100 consecutive patients undergoing choledochotomy. Using a compact, rigid, right-angled choledochoscope with a rod-lens optical system the biliary tract was inspected for residual stomes following conventional exploration. Completion operative cholangiography and postoperative T-tube cholangiography were performed in all patients. Of 52 patients undergoing primary choledocholithotomy, the duct was cleared of all calculi in 51. A small residual stone was found by postoperative cholangiography in one patient. Exploration revealed no calculi in the ducts of the remaining 30 patients. Biliary endoscopy was of benefit to the surgeon in the majority of patients. In 17 patients, calculi missed by standard exploration were detected; in five of these, the calculi could be retrieved only under endoscopic control. In 11 patients, interpretation of operative cholangiograms was aided, while in three the endoscopic findings clarified operative strategy. The use of biliary endoscopy did not increase the postoperative morbidity or mortality rates beyond those oridinarily encountered in choledocholithotomy. Current experience indicates that the new choledhchoscope overcomes limitations of previous endoscopes and should serve as the definitive diagnostic tool for operative biliary endoscopy. The addition of this technique to the armamentarium of the biliary surgeon will play a significant role in overcoming the age-old problem of the retained common duct stone.", "PMID": 1129668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10732", "title": "Nongenital pelvic tumors found at gynecologic operations.", "content": "Sixty-nine nongenital pelvic tumors were foudn unexpectedly at gynecologic operations performed between 1960 and 1969, during which period 60,930 patients were examined in the gynecologic departments. The two largest groups of tumors were those of the colon, 18 instances, and retroperitoneum, 15.", "contents": "Nongenital pelvic tumors found at gynecologic operations. Sixty-nine nongenital pelvic tumors were foudn unexpectedly at gynecologic operations performed between 1960 and 1969, during which period 60,930 patients were examined in the gynecologic departments. The two largest groups of tumors were those of the colon, 18 instances, and retroperitoneum, 15.", "PMID": 1129669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10733", "title": "The posterior approach to rectal anastomoses.", "content": "The posterior approach to the rectum provides excellent exposure for benign lesions which are too high to be excised through the anus but too low to be excised transabdominally. As an adjunct to low anterior resection, it broadens the scope of the procedure without compromising the requirements of a proper operation for cancer.", "contents": "The posterior approach to rectal anastomoses. The posterior approach to the rectum provides excellent exposure for benign lesions which are too high to be excised through the anus but too low to be excised transabdominally. As an adjunct to low anterior resection, it broadens the scope of the procedure without compromising the requirements of a proper operation for cancer.", "PMID": 1129672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10734", "title": "Technique and results of fifty-five open renal biopsies in children.", "content": "Amodification of the Hamburger technique of renal biopsy has been used to obtain 55 biopsies in 47 high risk children. The kidney is exposed through a vertical 2 to 3 centimeter incision just caudad from the 12th rib. The speciimen is taken with a biopsy-needle under direct vision. Specimens obtained nine to 93 glomeruli suitable for examination, and all were suitable for diagnosis. There were no significant complications, and all patients had recovered completely within 24 hours.", "contents": "Technique and results of fifty-five open renal biopsies in children. Amodification of the Hamburger technique of renal biopsy has been used to obtain 55 biopsies in 47 high risk children. The kidney is exposed through a vertical 2 to 3 centimeter incision just caudad from the 12th rib. The speciimen is taken with a biopsy-needle under direct vision. Specimens obtained nine to 93 glomeruli suitable for examination, and all were suitable for diagnosis. There were no significant complications, and all patients had recovered completely within 24 hours.", "PMID": 1129673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10735", "title": "Comparison of two methods of postoperative pulmonary care.", "content": "A new apparatus for postoperative pulmonary care was compared to one in common use. Vital capacity, a common clinical indicator of pulmonary status in the postoperative patient, was used as an index of improvement or deterioration. In patients using the device with increased dead space and expiratory pressure, there was a significantly greater increase in vital capacity than in those of the group who used blow bottles. Since increased vital capacity is indicative of improved pulmonary function, it is suggested that the use of the dead space-expiratory pressure device should result in a decreased incidence of postoperative pulmonary complications.", "contents": "Comparison of two methods of postoperative pulmonary care. A new apparatus for postoperative pulmonary care was compared to one in common use. Vital capacity, a common clinical indicator of pulmonary status in the postoperative patient, was used as an index of improvement or deterioration. In patients using the device with increased dead space and expiratory pressure, there was a significantly greater increase in vital capacity than in those of the group who used blow bottles. Since increased vital capacity is indicative of improved pulmonary function, it is suggested that the use of the dead space-expiratory pressure device should result in a decreased incidence of postoperative pulmonary complications.", "PMID": 1129674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10736", "title": "Pulmonary edema in patients with sepsis.", "content": "Fifteen critically ill patients with sepsis, 12 of whom had significant pulmonary dysfunction develop, were investigated with regard to changes in pulmonary capillary pressure, in serum oncotic pressure and on roentgenograms of the chest. It could not be shown that the pulmonary edema, which is a major characteristic of the septic lung lesion, was due to changes only in oncotic and hydrostatic pressures. Nor was there evidence that increased capillary permeability was the sole explanation of the edema. A significant relationship was found which consisted of increasing severity of the lung lesion, decreasing serum oncotic pressure and increasing pulmonary pressure. When patients with sepsis require resuscitation with fluids, the administration of moderate amounts of albumin along with monitoring of pulmonary capillary pressure appears to be a rational approach to therapy.", "contents": "Pulmonary edema in patients with sepsis. Fifteen critically ill patients with sepsis, 12 of whom had significant pulmonary dysfunction develop, were investigated with regard to changes in pulmonary capillary pressure, in serum oncotic pressure and on roentgenograms of the chest. It could not be shown that the pulmonary edema, which is a major characteristic of the septic lung lesion, was due to changes only in oncotic and hydrostatic pressures. Nor was there evidence that increased capillary permeability was the sole explanation of the edema. A significant relationship was found which consisted of increasing severity of the lung lesion, decreasing serum oncotic pressure and increasing pulmonary pressure. When patients with sepsis require resuscitation with fluids, the administration of moderate amounts of albumin along with monitoring of pulmonary capillary pressure appears to be a rational approach to therapy.", "PMID": 1129675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10737", "title": "Evidence of nonvagal neural stimulation of canine gastric acid secretion.", "content": "In this study, we confirmed our original findings that central vagus stimulation is significantly associated with a subsequent increase in gastric mucus secretion. Central vagus stimulation following phenoxybenzamine hydrochloride administration was associated significantly with protracted elevations in secretory volume and titratable acid. We were unable to conclude that phenoxybenzamine itself in several pharmacologic dosages was associated with an increase in titratable acid. The acid secretory responses could be abolished by transection of the splanchnic nerves. Electrical stimulation of the peripheral part of the splanchnic nerve following administration of phenoxybenzamine was also associated with significant increases in secretory volume and titrable acidity. These secretory responses were not blocked by atropine but were diminished by burimamide. It is concluded that, in the dog, a largely heretofore unsuspected second neural pathway exists which is capable of influencing gastric acid secretion.", "contents": "Evidence of nonvagal neural stimulation of canine gastric acid secretion. In this study, we confirmed our original findings that central vagus stimulation is significantly associated with a subsequent increase in gastric mucus secretion. Central vagus stimulation following phenoxybenzamine hydrochloride administration was associated significantly with protracted elevations in secretory volume and titratable acid. We were unable to conclude that phenoxybenzamine itself in several pharmacologic dosages was associated with an increase in titratable acid. The acid secretory responses could be abolished by transection of the splanchnic nerves. Electrical stimulation of the peripheral part of the splanchnic nerve following administration of phenoxybenzamine was also associated with significant increases in secretory volume and titrable acidity. These secretory responses were not blocked by atropine but were diminished by burimamide. It is concluded that, in the dog, a largely heretofore unsuspected second neural pathway exists which is capable of influencing gastric acid secretion.", "PMID": 1129676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10738", "title": "Acute cholecystitis.", "content": "The mortality rate for acute cholecystitis was 9.4 per cent. Those patients who underwent cholecystostomy had a mortality rate of 27.3 per cent, cholecystectomy 2.2 per cent, cholecystectomy and choledochotomy 7.4 per cent. Factors found to have an adverse effect on mortality in acute cholecystitis included sphincterotomy, perforation or gangrene of the gallbladder and cholagitis. Cholecystectomy is the operation of choice in acute cholecystitis in the absence of or history of jaundice or evidence of a common duct stone or cholangitis. Operative cholangiography and pressure and flow measurements through the cystic duct are advocated to avoid a retained common duct stone. Cholecystostomy should be reserved for the critically ill patient or a patient who deteriorates during operation, and it should be done only if the operator visualizes clear bile returning through the cystic duct.", "contents": "Acute cholecystitis. The mortality rate for acute cholecystitis was 9.4 per cent. Those patients who underwent cholecystostomy had a mortality rate of 27.3 per cent, cholecystectomy 2.2 per cent, cholecystectomy and choledochotomy 7.4 per cent. Factors found to have an adverse effect on mortality in acute cholecystitis included sphincterotomy, perforation or gangrene of the gallbladder and cholagitis. Cholecystectomy is the operation of choice in acute cholecystitis in the absence of or history of jaundice or evidence of a common duct stone or cholangitis. Operative cholangiography and pressure and flow measurements through the cystic duct are advocated to avoid a retained common duct stone. Cholecystostomy should be reserved for the critically ill patient or a patient who deteriorates during operation, and it should be done only if the operator visualizes clear bile returning through the cystic duct.", "PMID": 1129677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10739", "title": "Associated diagnoses which complicate rehabilitation of the patient with bilateral lower extremity amputations.", "content": "Cardiopulmonary problems were the most common limiting factor in the rehabilitation of 42 bilateral lower limb amputees. Diabetes mellitus and local stump problems, most common in below knee amputees, delayed rehabilitation but, subsequently, obtained the highest goals. Thirty of the 42 amputees finally were self sufficient; the average time required was 30 weeks to maximum benefit.", "contents": "Associated diagnoses which complicate rehabilitation of the patient with bilateral lower extremity amputations. Cardiopulmonary problems were the most common limiting factor in the rehabilitation of 42 bilateral lower limb amputees. Diabetes mellitus and local stump problems, most common in below knee amputees, delayed rehabilitation but, subsequently, obtained the highest goals. Thirty of the 42 amputees finally were self sufficient; the average time required was 30 weeks to maximum benefit.", "PMID": 1129678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10740", "title": "The influences of changes in temperature on intestinal lymph flow and relationship to operations for carcinoma of the intestine.", "content": "The effect of cooling, freezing and warming temperatures on the flow of lymph from the intestines was studied in dogs. When intestinal temperatures were dropped to an average of approximately 40 degrees F., an immediate decrease in lymph flow occurred to a mean value 33 per cent of control levels. With rewarming, lymph flow increased rapidly, rebounding to a level almost twice as great as that in controls. When the intestines were subjected to hypothermia to the point of freezing, lymph flow decreased immediately with flow rates dropping to only 6.6 per cent of control levels. Techniques for achieving freezing in these studies were inefficient, and uniform freezing was not always obtained. Again, with rewarming there was an immediate rise in lymph flow to levels significantly above those in controls. In hyperthermic studies to temperatures of 103 degrees F., a biphasic reaction was noted with an initial increase in lymph flow averaging 71 per cent higher than that in controls followed rapidly by a drop in lymph flow significantly below control levels. These experiments demonstrate that hypothermia, particularly below freezing temperatures, may rapidly decrease and virtually stop lymph flow from an intestinal segment. This suggests that hypothermia might be useful as an adjunctive measure in the operative management of patients with carcinomas of the gastrointestinal tract.", "contents": "The influences of changes in temperature on intestinal lymph flow and relationship to operations for carcinoma of the intestine. The effect of cooling, freezing and warming temperatures on the flow of lymph from the intestines was studied in dogs. When intestinal temperatures were dropped to an average of approximately 40 degrees F., an immediate decrease in lymph flow occurred to a mean value 33 per cent of control levels. With rewarming, lymph flow increased rapidly, rebounding to a level almost twice as great as that in controls. When the intestines were subjected to hypothermia to the point of freezing, lymph flow decreased immediately with flow rates dropping to only 6.6 per cent of control levels. Techniques for achieving freezing in these studies were inefficient, and uniform freezing was not always obtained. Again, with rewarming there was an immediate rise in lymph flow to levels significantly above those in controls. In hyperthermic studies to temperatures of 103 degrees F., a biphasic reaction was noted with an initial increase in lymph flow averaging 71 per cent higher than that in controls followed rapidly by a drop in lymph flow significantly below control levels. These experiments demonstrate that hypothermia, particularly below freezing temperatures, may rapidly decrease and virtually stop lymph flow from an intestinal segment. This suggests that hypothermia might be useful as an adjunctive measure in the operative management of patients with carcinomas of the gastrointestinal tract.", "PMID": 1129679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10741", "title": "Use of peritoneal lavage in the diagnosis of experimental acute pancreatitis.", "content": "Twenty-four dogs were divided into five groups. Under pentothal sodium anesthesia, those in the control group received no further manipulation; another group underwent laparotomy only; and dogs in the last three groups had induced pancreatitis, intestinal ischemia and duodenal perforation, respectively. An analysis was made of serum and peritoneal lavage fluid in the dog of each group at 30 minute intervals for four and one-half hours. Parameters which were significantly elevated in dogs with pancreatitis compared with other groups included fluid amylase, lactate dehydrogenase, proteolytic activity and intestinal alkaline phosphatase and serum amylase. We judge that these biochemical differences in the lavage fluid, when taken with the physical characteristics of the fluid and the clinical symptoms, can significantly aid the clinician in arriving at the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis.", "contents": "Use of peritoneal lavage in the diagnosis of experimental acute pancreatitis. Twenty-four dogs were divided into five groups. Under pentothal sodium anesthesia, those in the control group received no further manipulation; another group underwent laparotomy only; and dogs in the last three groups had induced pancreatitis, intestinal ischemia and duodenal perforation, respectively. An analysis was made of serum and peritoneal lavage fluid in the dog of each group at 30 minute intervals for four and one-half hours. Parameters which were significantly elevated in dogs with pancreatitis compared with other groups included fluid amylase, lactate dehydrogenase, proteolytic activity and intestinal alkaline phosphatase and serum amylase. We judge that these biochemical differences in the lavage fluid, when taken with the physical characteristics of the fluid and the clinical symptoms, can significantly aid the clinician in arriving at the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis.", "PMID": 1129680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10742", "title": "Technetium bone scanning as an aid in the diagnosis of atypical acute osteomyelitis in children.", "content": "Technetium bone scanning is a simple, safe and accurate method for the diagnosis of acute osteomyelitis in children whose presenting clinical findings are atypical of bone infection. Bone scanning was effective in the localization of the exact site of osteomyelitis, thus facilitating needle aspiration as well as subsequent surgical decompression. Tehcnetium bone scanning is a diagnostic technique for determining bone infection in children who are unable to communicate adequately or in those whose signs have been modified by previous inadequate antibacterial therapy.", "contents": "Technetium bone scanning as an aid in the diagnosis of atypical acute osteomyelitis in children. Technetium bone scanning is a simple, safe and accurate method for the diagnosis of acute osteomyelitis in children whose presenting clinical findings are atypical of bone infection. Bone scanning was effective in the localization of the exact site of osteomyelitis, thus facilitating needle aspiration as well as subsequent surgical decompression. Tehcnetium bone scanning is a diagnostic technique for determining bone infection in children who are unable to communicate adequately or in those whose signs have been modified by previous inadequate antibacterial therapy.", "PMID": 1129681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10743", "title": "Flow through the bile duct after cholecystectomy.", "content": "The human bile duct has no intrinsic motility, but following cholecystectomy, flow through the bile duct is governed by the intraductal pressure generated by the liver, by the resistance to flow through the duct and sphincter at the terminal end of bile duct and by intraduodenal pressure. Pressure-flow experiments were performed upon 50 patients with biliary T-tube drainage following cholecystectomy and choledochostomy; nine patients had also undergone transduodenal sphincterotomy. Saline solution was introduced into the bile duct at controlled pressures, ranging from zero to 30 centimeters of water, while recordings were made of the flow rate of saline solution, intraduodenal pressure and respiratory movements. Although the flow rate of saline solution increased as its perfusion pressure was increased, three types of variation in flow were also recorded: rhythmic arrests of flow, occurring four to eight times per minute, believed to be due sphincteric contractions; nonrhythmic arrests of flow, lasting up to one minute, believed to be due to sphincteric contraction, and variations in flow associated with changes in intraduodenal pressure. The resistance to the flow of saline solution and the variations in flow rate were also similar in the patients who had undergone sphincterotomy. This study supports the view that sphincteric activity is present followingcholecystectomy, that the choledochal sphincter has rhythmic activity which differs from that of duodenal motility and that sphincter probably opens and closes continuously in a rhythmic manner during fasting periods in patients who have undergone cholecystectomy.", "contents": "Flow through the bile duct after cholecystectomy. The human bile duct has no intrinsic motility, but following cholecystectomy, flow through the bile duct is governed by the intraductal pressure generated by the liver, by the resistance to flow through the duct and sphincter at the terminal end of bile duct and by intraduodenal pressure. Pressure-flow experiments were performed upon 50 patients with biliary T-tube drainage following cholecystectomy and choledochostomy; nine patients had also undergone transduodenal sphincterotomy. Saline solution was introduced into the bile duct at controlled pressures, ranging from zero to 30 centimeters of water, while recordings were made of the flow rate of saline solution, intraduodenal pressure and respiratory movements. Although the flow rate of saline solution increased as its perfusion pressure was increased, three types of variation in flow were also recorded: rhythmic arrests of flow, occurring four to eight times per minute, believed to be due sphincteric contractions; nonrhythmic arrests of flow, lasting up to one minute, believed to be due to sphincteric contraction, and variations in flow associated with changes in intraduodenal pressure. The resistance to the flow of saline solution and the variations in flow rate were also similar in the patients who had undergone sphincterotomy. This study supports the view that sphincteric activity is present followingcholecystectomy, that the choledochal sphincter has rhythmic activity which differs from that of duodenal motility and that sphincter probably opens and closes continuously in a rhythmic manner during fasting periods in patients who have undergone cholecystectomy.", "PMID": 1129682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10744", "title": "Quantitative morphologic assessment of immunoreactivity in regional lymph nodes of patients with carcinoma of the breast.", "content": "The main quantitative problem in the pathologic evaluation of carcinoma of the breast is how to appraise host resistance. To study this in 107 patients with radically excised carcinoma of the breast, the axillary lymph nodes were weighed, the average sinus histiocytosis was estimated, and the plasma cells in the medullary cords were counted and expressed as a plasma cell index. The product of the lymphoid weight, the average sinus histiocytosis and the plasma cell index multiplied by 0.1 is called the hyperplasia index, which expresses quantitatively the cell mediated immunity and the humoral immunity in the axillary lymph nodes. The hyperplasia index was correlated with the metastatic tumor weight in the primary tumor with blood vessel invasion, lymphoid infiltration and volume of the tumor. There was a significant inverse relationship, p smaller than 0.001, between the hyperplasia index and the ratio of metastatic tumor weight to lymphoid weight. A significant direct relationship was found in the women with blood vessel invasion and low hyperplasia index values with increased metastatic tumor weight ratio to lymphoid weight, p smaller than 0.01. In patients without metastatic lymph nodes, there was a direct relationship between high hyperplasia indexes and lymphoid infiltration of the frank tumor, p smaller than 0.05. The hyperplasia index is considered a quantitative morphologic evaluation of the regional host defense reaction in the axillary lymph nodes, reflecting the antigenic strength of the tumor and the immune response to it.", "contents": "Quantitative morphologic assessment of immunoreactivity in regional lymph nodes of patients with carcinoma of the breast. The main quantitative problem in the pathologic evaluation of carcinoma of the breast is how to appraise host resistance. To study this in 107 patients with radically excised carcinoma of the breast, the axillary lymph nodes were weighed, the average sinus histiocytosis was estimated, and the plasma cells in the medullary cords were counted and expressed as a plasma cell index. The product of the lymphoid weight, the average sinus histiocytosis and the plasma cell index multiplied by 0.1 is called the hyperplasia index, which expresses quantitatively the cell mediated immunity and the humoral immunity in the axillary lymph nodes. The hyperplasia index was correlated with the metastatic tumor weight in the primary tumor with blood vessel invasion, lymphoid infiltration and volume of the tumor. There was a significant inverse relationship, p smaller than 0.001, between the hyperplasia index and the ratio of metastatic tumor weight to lymphoid weight. A significant direct relationship was found in the women with blood vessel invasion and low hyperplasia index values with increased metastatic tumor weight ratio to lymphoid weight, p smaller than 0.01. In patients without metastatic lymph nodes, there was a direct relationship between high hyperplasia indexes and lymphoid infiltration of the frank tumor, p smaller than 0.05. The hyperplasia index is considered a quantitative morphologic evaluation of the regional host defense reaction in the axillary lymph nodes, reflecting the antigenic strength of the tumor and the immune response to it.", "PMID": 1129683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10745", "title": "Cystadenoma of the pancreas.", "content": "Five patients with cystadenoma of the pancreas were seen during a period of 22 years at this institute. This rare benign tumor occurred predominantly in middle age women, with the presenting symptoms of pain and an epigastric mass, but without a history suggestive of pancreatitis or abdominal trauma. Selective celiac and superior mesenteric antiography is helpful in establishing the diagnosis. If this cystic tumor is not recognized and adequately treated, the surgeon may miss the opportunity for cure. Cystadenoma should be suspected when a cystic mass arising from the body or tail of the pancreas is encountered without evidence of metastases. Although surgical extirpation is the preferable treatment, undue risks should not be undertaken because of the slow growth rate of this benign tumor. Due to the known association of this tumor with other malignant lesions, diabetes mellitus as well as multicystic tumors of the liver and kidneys, these patients should be thoroughtly investigated.", "contents": "Cystadenoma of the pancreas. Five patients with cystadenoma of the pancreas were seen during a period of 22 years at this institute. This rare benign tumor occurred predominantly in middle age women, with the presenting symptoms of pain and an epigastric mass, but without a history suggestive of pancreatitis or abdominal trauma. Selective celiac and superior mesenteric antiography is helpful in establishing the diagnosis. If this cystic tumor is not recognized and adequately treated, the surgeon may miss the opportunity for cure. Cystadenoma should be suspected when a cystic mass arising from the body or tail of the pancreas is encountered without evidence of metastases. Although surgical extirpation is the preferable treatment, undue risks should not be undertaken because of the slow growth rate of this benign tumor. Due to the known association of this tumor with other malignant lesions, diabetes mellitus as well as multicystic tumors of the liver and kidneys, these patients should be thoroughtly investigated.", "PMID": 1129684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10746", "title": "The effect of suture materials on healing wounds of the bladder.", "content": "The healing pattern of bladder tissue and its response to various suture materials were studied and compared with data reported previously on skin, stomach and colon wounds. Tensile strength, biochemical data and histologic reactions were used as parameters of wound healing measurement. The healing pattern of urinary bladder wounds resembles that observed for stomach and colon. However, wounds of the urinary bladder wall regain strength equal to unwounded bladder wall within 21 days, whereas wounds of stomach and colon do not achieve more than 70 per cent of unwounded tissue strength after 120 days. The rate of collagen synthesis in bladder wounds reaches a peak at five days and returns to that of normal unwounded tissue by 70 days. Colon and stomach wounds, on the other hand, showed elevated rates of collagen synthesis even at 120 days. As with colon and stomach, absorbable sutures appear to lower the strength of both the wound and unwounded tissue. However, in stomach and colon this effect is only observed during the first 21 days of healing; in the bladder it persists throughout the 120 day observation period. No histologic evidence of smooth muscle regeneration was seen in bladder wounds. Noncollagenous protein synthesis was not increased in the wound, also suggesting smooth muscle regeneration does not occur. Silk and Mersilene sutures produced the greatest tissue reaction; if the sutures were exposed in the lumen of the bladder, stone formation was observed. This was not observed with monofilament polypropylene sutures. Plain catgut produced the least tissue reaction, but both plain aions comparable with chromic catgut but were regularly absorbed between 28 and 70 days. Since the bladder is well healed by 21 days, polyglactin-910 may be an ideal suture for use in the bladder.", "contents": "The effect of suture materials on healing wounds of the bladder. The healing pattern of bladder tissue and its response to various suture materials were studied and compared with data reported previously on skin, stomach and colon wounds. Tensile strength, biochemical data and histologic reactions were used as parameters of wound healing measurement. The healing pattern of urinary bladder wounds resembles that observed for stomach and colon. However, wounds of the urinary bladder wall regain strength equal to unwounded bladder wall within 21 days, whereas wounds of stomach and colon do not achieve more than 70 per cent of unwounded tissue strength after 120 days. The rate of collagen synthesis in bladder wounds reaches a peak at five days and returns to that of normal unwounded tissue by 70 days. Colon and stomach wounds, on the other hand, showed elevated rates of collagen synthesis even at 120 days. As with colon and stomach, absorbable sutures appear to lower the strength of both the wound and unwounded tissue. However, in stomach and colon this effect is only observed during the first 21 days of healing; in the bladder it persists throughout the 120 day observation period. No histologic evidence of smooth muscle regeneration was seen in bladder wounds. Noncollagenous protein synthesis was not increased in the wound, also suggesting smooth muscle regeneration does not occur. Silk and Mersilene sutures produced the greatest tissue reaction; if the sutures were exposed in the lumen of the bladder, stone formation was observed. This was not observed with monofilament polypropylene sutures. Plain catgut produced the least tissue reaction, but both plain aions comparable with chromic catgut but were regularly absorbed between 28 and 70 days. Since the bladder is well healed by 21 days, polyglactin-910 may be an ideal suture for use in the bladder.", "PMID": 1129685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10747", "title": "Experience with detailed surveillance of nosocomial infection.", "content": "Infection rates have been determined in a 332 bed university hospital using an efficient surveillance program. This computerized program analyzed, summarized and returned infection reports in six days. The efficiency rate of this system was 80 per cent as determined by prevalence survey. The mean nosocomial infection rate for the 12 month study period was 10.8 per cent. Neurology, medicine, neurosurgery, surgery and urology ahd the highest attack rates. Urinary tract infections composed 44 per cent of the total and predominated on seven of the 11 services. Escherichia coli predominated in infections of the urinary tract, surgical wounds and blood and ranked third in respiratory infections. Escherichia coli, klebsiella, pseudomonas and proteus mirabilis accounted for 61 per cent of the isolates. There is a need for efficient reporting of hospital infections to establish effective preventives.", "contents": "Experience with detailed surveillance of nosocomial infection. Infection rates have been determined in a 332 bed university hospital using an efficient surveillance program. This computerized program analyzed, summarized and returned infection reports in six days. The efficiency rate of this system was 80 per cent as determined by prevalence survey. The mean nosocomial infection rate for the 12 month study period was 10.8 per cent. Neurology, medicine, neurosurgery, surgery and urology ahd the highest attack rates. Urinary tract infections composed 44 per cent of the total and predominated on seven of the 11 services. Escherichia coli predominated in infections of the urinary tract, surgical wounds and blood and ranked third in respiratory infections. Escherichia coli, klebsiella, pseudomonas and proteus mirabilis accounted for 61 per cent of the isolates. There is a need for efficient reporting of hospital infections to establish effective preventives.", "PMID": 1129686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10748", "title": "Intraoperative demonstration of the mesenteric lymph channels.", "content": "The mesenteric lymphatic channels are readily demonstrated at laparotomy by injecting methylene blue directly into the mesenteric lymph nodes. Flow through the lymphatic system can be augmented by temporarily compressing the superior mesenteric vein.", "contents": "Intraoperative demonstration of the mesenteric lymph channels. The mesenteric lymphatic channels are readily demonstrated at laparotomy by injecting methylene blue directly into the mesenteric lymph nodes. Flow through the lymphatic system can be augmented by temporarily compressing the superior mesenteric vein.", "PMID": 1129688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10749", "title": "Technical details in the surgical correction of extrahepatic biliary atresia.", "content": "As in any new operation, what appear to be minor variations in surgical methods may be crucial to the success or failure of the procedure. Extended biliary drainage has been achieved in infants with extrahepatic biliary atresia by adherence to the details of the surgical technique just described. To date, results appear to be better in those infants having the definitive operation at the time of the initial exploration. Consequently, it appears that surgeons undertaking operative exploration should be able to carry out the porticoenterostomy procedures.", "contents": "Technical details in the surgical correction of extrahepatic biliary atresia. As in any new operation, what appear to be minor variations in surgical methods may be crucial to the success or failure of the procedure. Extended biliary drainage has been achieved in infants with extrahepatic biliary atresia by adherence to the details of the surgical technique just described. To date, results appear to be better in those infants having the definitive operation at the time of the initial exploration. Consequently, it appears that surgeons undertaking operative exploration should be able to carry out the porticoenterostomy procedures.", "PMID": 1129689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10750", "title": "The hemodynamics of portal hypertension revisited: determinants and significance of occluded portal pressures.", "content": "We bring up to date our series of direct measurements of portal flow and pressure in patients with cirrhosis of the liver. In 153 patients the portal flow averaged 447 plus or minus 350 ml. Hg per minute and the portal pressure 28.5 plus or minus 4 mm. Hg (approximately 387 mm. H2O). Both quantities compare favorably with our previous measurements in smaller groups of patients. In 80 of our patients we had also measurements of pressure on the hepatic and splanchnic sides of a clamp occluding the portal vein. Nine of these patients had an hepatic occluded portal pressure higher than either or both the free portal pressure and the splanchnic occluded portal pressure. Of these nine patients with reversed pressure differences, two had stagnant portal flow and the remaining seven had forward flow into the liver measuring from 80 to 1,116 ml. Hg per minute.", "contents": "The hemodynamics of portal hypertension revisited: determinants and significance of occluded portal pressures. We bring up to date our series of direct measurements of portal flow and pressure in patients with cirrhosis of the liver. In 153 patients the portal flow averaged 447 plus or minus 350 ml. Hg per minute and the portal pressure 28.5 plus or minus 4 mm. Hg (approximately 387 mm. H2O). Both quantities compare favorably with our previous measurements in smaller groups of patients. In 80 of our patients we had also measurements of pressure on the hepatic and splanchnic sides of a clamp occluding the portal vein. Nine of these patients had an hepatic occluded portal pressure higher than either or both the free portal pressure and the splanchnic occluded portal pressure. Of these nine patients with reversed pressure differences, two had stagnant portal flow and the remaining seven had forward flow into the liver measuring from 80 to 1,116 ml. Hg per minute.", "PMID": 1129690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10751", "title": "Degradation of adenine nucleotides by the soleus muscle in hemorrhagic shock.", "content": "Our previous studies have shown a salutary effect of adenosine triphosphate-magnesium chloride (ATP-MgCl2) administered to animals in shock. The presence of adenine nucleotide converting enzymes on cell surfaces and the ability of nucleotides to act at the cell surface have been recognized also. To investigate the fate of administered or externally applied ATP and to determine whether it would be subjected to increased degradation with shock, the soteus muscles from rats subjected to hemorrhagic shock and from control animals were incubated in the presence of ATP, adenosine diphosphate (ADP), or adenosine monophosphate (AMP) with MgCl2. Comparable degradation of the added nucleotides was observed with both control muscles and those from bled animals. Adenylate kinase activity was detected to the same extent in the medium after incubation with both groups of muscles, but other enzymes were not, suggesting that the latter enzymes were located on the exterior surface of the muscle cell. Thus with shock there was no increase in the breakdown of the nucleotides by the enzymes on the muscle surface (ATPase, AMPdeaminase) or the cellular enzyme, adenylate kinase.", "contents": "Degradation of adenine nucleotides by the soleus muscle in hemorrhagic shock. Our previous studies have shown a salutary effect of adenosine triphosphate-magnesium chloride (ATP-MgCl2) administered to animals in shock. The presence of adenine nucleotide converting enzymes on cell surfaces and the ability of nucleotides to act at the cell surface have been recognized also. To investigate the fate of administered or externally applied ATP and to determine whether it would be subjected to increased degradation with shock, the soteus muscles from rats subjected to hemorrhagic shock and from control animals were incubated in the presence of ATP, adenosine diphosphate (ADP), or adenosine monophosphate (AMP) with MgCl2. Comparable degradation of the added nucleotides was observed with both control muscles and those from bled animals. Adenylate kinase activity was detected to the same extent in the medium after incubation with both groups of muscles, but other enzymes were not, suggesting that the latter enzymes were located on the exterior surface of the muscle cell. Thus with shock there was no increase in the breakdown of the nucleotides by the enzymes on the muscle surface (ATPase, AMPdeaminase) or the cellular enzyme, adenylate kinase.", "PMID": 1129691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10752", "title": "Mortality rate following lower limb arterial embolectomy: causative factors.", "content": "The series reported includes 85 patients who underwent arterial embolectomy for 101 embolic events. The over-all hospital mortality rate following embolectomy was 41 percent. The etiological factors for this high mortality rate are analyzed. The group includes 58 patients who had arteriosclerotic heart disease and 27 patients with rheumatic valvular disease. The mortality rate encountered in the arteriosclerotic group of patients was 52.9 percent, whereas that in the rheumatic group of patients was 18 percent. The major cause of death was cardiorespiratory failure (51 percent). Factors which weighed heavily on the final outcome were previous myocardial infarction, hypertension, diabetes, cardiac decompensation, and rhythm disturbances. Limb salvage was accomplished in 51 patients (60 percent). Amputation was performed in 17 patients (20 percent).", "contents": "Mortality rate following lower limb arterial embolectomy: causative factors. The series reported includes 85 patients who underwent arterial embolectomy for 101 embolic events. The over-all hospital mortality rate following embolectomy was 41 percent. The etiological factors for this high mortality rate are analyzed. The group includes 58 patients who had arteriosclerotic heart disease and 27 patients with rheumatic valvular disease. The mortality rate encountered in the arteriosclerotic group of patients was 52.9 percent, whereas that in the rheumatic group of patients was 18 percent. The major cause of death was cardiorespiratory failure (51 percent). Factors which weighed heavily on the final outcome were previous myocardial infarction, hypertension, diabetes, cardiac decompensation, and rhythm disturbances. Limb salvage was accomplished in 51 patients (60 percent). Amputation was performed in 17 patients (20 percent).", "PMID": 1129692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10753", "title": "Fat and solid filtration in clinical perfusions.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to define the fat filtration characteristics of a packed polyester wool filter when used alone in the cardiotomy suction (12 cases) and the arterial lines (10 cases) during clinical hemodilution, extracorporeal circulation. The pressure gradient-flow relationship and the efficiency of removal of fibrin microparticles were first ascertained in vitro. Total fat was extracted from the polyester wool with a Soxhlet device. Whole blood and plasma lipids were measured before and after bypass. The results showed a 23 mm. Hg pressure drop across a wool filter with a water flow rate of 5 L. per minute and a 40 to 52 percent efficiency for fibrin microparticles 15 to 250 mu. The total lipid extracted from the cardiotomy filters averaged 376 plus or minus 72 mg. compared with 512 plus or minus 95 mg. in the arterial line filters, although there was no statistically significant difference. Additionally 245 plus or minus 101 mg. of nonlipid material were extracted from the arterial line filters. The postperfusion whole blood contained a higher concentration of lipid than the preperfusion blood when corrected for dilution. It was concluded that significant quantities of solids, two thirds of which were fat, were removed by packed polyester wool filters during total body perfusions. Most of the fat was derived from the cardiotomy suction system. The amount of filtered fat and solids increased with perfusion time. These findings endorse the concept of cardiotomy filtration during extracorporeal circulation.", "contents": "Fat and solid filtration in clinical perfusions. The purpose of this study was to define the fat filtration characteristics of a packed polyester wool filter when used alone in the cardiotomy suction (12 cases) and the arterial lines (10 cases) during clinical hemodilution, extracorporeal circulation. The pressure gradient-flow relationship and the efficiency of removal of fibrin microparticles were first ascertained in vitro. Total fat was extracted from the polyester wool with a Soxhlet device. Whole blood and plasma lipids were measured before and after bypass. The results showed a 23 mm. Hg pressure drop across a wool filter with a water flow rate of 5 L. per minute and a 40 to 52 percent efficiency for fibrin microparticles 15 to 250 mu. The total lipid extracted from the cardiotomy filters averaged 376 plus or minus 72 mg. compared with 512 plus or minus 95 mg. in the arterial line filters, although there was no statistically significant difference. Additionally 245 plus or minus 101 mg. of nonlipid material were extracted from the arterial line filters. The postperfusion whole blood contained a higher concentration of lipid than the preperfusion blood when corrected for dilution. It was concluded that significant quantities of solids, two thirds of which were fat, were removed by packed polyester wool filters during total body perfusions. Most of the fat was derived from the cardiotomy suction system. The amount of filtered fat and solids increased with perfusion time. These findings endorse the concept of cardiotomy filtration during extracorporeal circulation.", "PMID": 1129693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10754", "title": "An attempt at forming an effective gastroesophageal mucosal valve.", "content": "A technique for the prevention of esophageal reflux has been studied in dogs and successfully applied to two patients. It consists of stripping the distal 2 to 3 cm. of the esophagus of its musculature and then closing the muscular gap, thus infolding the mucosa of the denuded segment. Experimentally and clinically the mucosal valve thus formed has proved effective in preventing reflux without producing obstruction.", "contents": "An attempt at forming an effective gastroesophageal mucosal valve. A technique for the prevention of esophageal reflux has been studied in dogs and successfully applied to two patients. It consists of stripping the distal 2 to 3 cm. of the esophagus of its musculature and then closing the muscular gap, thus infolding the mucosa of the denuded segment. Experimentally and clinically the mucosal valve thus formed has proved effective in preventing reflux without producing obstruction.", "PMID": 1129694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10755", "title": "Jejunal absorption of bile salts after resection of the ileum.", "content": "Malabsorption of bile salts plays a major role in the pathogenesis of diarrhea after resection of the ileum, but the diarrhea usually improves with the passage of time. To test the hypothesis that this improvement may occur as a result of increased absorptive capacity for bile salts in the jejunal remnant, everted sacs of jejunal remnants were prepared 3 months after ileectomy. The mean serosal to mucosal concentration ratio of taurocholate found in the experimental jejunal sacs was increased approximately 70 percent over the mean ratios of normal and sham-resected jejunal preparations (p smaller than 0.05). This change may be a manifestation of cellular adaptation in transport function, suggesting that the scope of intestinal adaptation in short gut syndrome goes beyond morphological hypertrophy and hyperplasia.", "contents": "Jejunal absorption of bile salts after resection of the ileum. Malabsorption of bile salts plays a major role in the pathogenesis of diarrhea after resection of the ileum, but the diarrhea usually improves with the passage of time. To test the hypothesis that this improvement may occur as a result of increased absorptive capacity for bile salts in the jejunal remnant, everted sacs of jejunal remnants were prepared 3 months after ileectomy. The mean serosal to mucosal concentration ratio of taurocholate found in the experimental jejunal sacs was increased approximately 70 percent over the mean ratios of normal and sham-resected jejunal preparations (p smaller than 0.05). This change may be a manifestation of cellular adaptation in transport function, suggesting that the scope of intestinal adaptation in short gut syndrome goes beyond morphological hypertrophy and hyperplasia.", "PMID": 1129695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10756", "title": "Patient selection and improved technical factors in small-vessel bypass procedures of the lower extremity.", "content": "Thirty-two small-vessel bypasses were constructed as limb-salvage procedures. The one month patency rate was 72 percent and the one year cumulative patency rate was 55 percent. Preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative angiography was performed in most cases and the results correlated with the ultimate fate of the graft. Preoperative angiography is critical in determining the location of a suitable small vessel, including the peroneal artery, and the quality of the runoff. Intraoperative angiography is required to delineate correctable intraoperative defects usually appearing at the distal anastomotic area. Additionally, failure to demonstrate runoff or a pedal arch can help support a decision not to re-explore a graft should early closure occur. Postoperative angiography is essential to validate clinical success with graft patency and function. It also serves to discover potential graft defects that might otherwise lead to closure and potential limb loss. Selected cases of failed small-vessel bypass grafts may be salvaged by thrombectomy with or without graft revision. Small-vessel bypass is generally contraindicated if there is extensive tissue necrosis and infection extending into the proximal foot. In cases where the necrotizing infection is localized, particularly to the forefoot, then open drainage, debridement, or amputation should be performed together with small-vessel bypass. Finally, the risks indigenous to small-vessel bypass procedures demand optimal patient selection and exquisite operative technique.", "contents": "Patient selection and improved technical factors in small-vessel bypass procedures of the lower extremity. Thirty-two small-vessel bypasses were constructed as limb-salvage procedures. The one month patency rate was 72 percent and the one year cumulative patency rate was 55 percent. Preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative angiography was performed in most cases and the results correlated with the ultimate fate of the graft. Preoperative angiography is critical in determining the location of a suitable small vessel, including the peroneal artery, and the quality of the runoff. Intraoperative angiography is required to delineate correctable intraoperative defects usually appearing at the distal anastomotic area. Additionally, failure to demonstrate runoff or a pedal arch can help support a decision not to re-explore a graft should early closure occur. Postoperative angiography is essential to validate clinical success with graft patency and function. It also serves to discover potential graft defects that might otherwise lead to closure and potential limb loss. Selected cases of failed small-vessel bypass grafts may be salvaged by thrombectomy with or without graft revision. Small-vessel bypass is generally contraindicated if there is extensive tissue necrosis and infection extending into the proximal foot. In cases where the necrotizing infection is localized, particularly to the forefoot, then open drainage, debridement, or amputation should be performed together with small-vessel bypass. Finally, the risks indigenous to small-vessel bypass procedures demand optimal patient selection and exquisite operative technique.", "PMID": 1129696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10757", "title": "The effect of vagal stimulation on gastrin release and acid secretion.", "content": "Canines with vagally innervated fundic pouches and chronic esophageal fistulas were subjected to sham feeding experiments during which pouch acid output and peripheral serum gastrin levels were measured. These dogs then underwent construction of vagally innervated antral pouches. The sham feeding experiments were repeated after recovery. Preoperatively sham feeding provoked a substantial increase in acid output accompanied by a small serum gastrin increase which did not achieve statistical significance. After creation of the innervated antral pouches, sham feeding evoked an acid secretory response similar to control values. Serum gastrins, however, increased nearly 500 percent in response to sham feeding. Our data support the concept that direct vagal stimulation of the parietal cell mass is the major mechanism by which sham feeding increased acid secretion.", "contents": "The effect of vagal stimulation on gastrin release and acid secretion. Canines with vagally innervated fundic pouches and chronic esophageal fistulas were subjected to sham feeding experiments during which pouch acid output and peripheral serum gastrin levels were measured. These dogs then underwent construction of vagally innervated antral pouches. The sham feeding experiments were repeated after recovery. Preoperatively sham feeding provoked a substantial increase in acid output accompanied by a small serum gastrin increase which did not achieve statistical significance. After creation of the innervated antral pouches, sham feeding evoked an acid secretory response similar to control values. Serum gastrins, however, increased nearly 500 percent in response to sham feeding. Our data support the concept that direct vagal stimulation of the parietal cell mass is the major mechanism by which sham feeding increased acid secretion.", "PMID": 1129697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10758", "title": "Autogenous vein bypass grafts: biological effects of mechanical dilatation and adventitial stripping in dogs.", "content": "To evaluate whether mechanical vein dilatation and stripping of adventitia at the time of harvest may adversely alter the long-term fate of autogenous vein grafts, dogs were subjected to reversed femoral vein interposition grafting with either normal veins, mechanically dilated veins, or adventitially stripped veins. Vein segments taken before grafting and veins exposed in situ but not grafted served as controls. Animals were killed at 3 months, and five vein segments in each category were evaluated for gross and microscopic changes. All grafts subjected to arterial interposition displayed marked neointimal proliferation and fibrosis of the media and adventitia. Notably, both dilated and stripped veins appeared to be similar and were indistinguishable from normal veins that had been subjected to arterial interposition for the same duration. Veins exposed in situ but not subjected to arterial flow remained essentially normal. Adverse alterations attributed to vein dilatation or adventitial stripping were not apparent and should not be invoked in the mechanism of graft failure at 3 months' duration.", "contents": "Autogenous vein bypass grafts: biological effects of mechanical dilatation and adventitial stripping in dogs. To evaluate whether mechanical vein dilatation and stripping of adventitia at the time of harvest may adversely alter the long-term fate of autogenous vein grafts, dogs were subjected to reversed femoral vein interposition grafting with either normal veins, mechanically dilated veins, or adventitially stripped veins. Vein segments taken before grafting and veins exposed in situ but not grafted served as controls. Animals were killed at 3 months, and five vein segments in each category were evaluated for gross and microscopic changes. All grafts subjected to arterial interposition displayed marked neointimal proliferation and fibrosis of the media and adventitia. Notably, both dilated and stripped veins appeared to be similar and were indistinguishable from normal veins that had been subjected to arterial interposition for the same duration. Veins exposed in situ but not subjected to arterial flow remained essentially normal. Adverse alterations attributed to vein dilatation or adventitial stripping were not apparent and should not be invoked in the mechanism of graft failure at 3 months' duration.", "PMID": 1129698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10759", "title": "Platelet response to regional and systemic shock.", "content": "Hemorrhage in dogs to 30 mm. Hg did not produce platelet aggregation. Significant platelet aggregation was shown in stored blood delivered through the standard blood administration set, in the splanchnic circulation in endotoxic shock, and in the inferior vena cava following three hours of aortic cross-clamping. Pulmonary trapping of platelet aggregates could not be shown by serial screen filtration pressure measurements.", "contents": "Platelet response to regional and systemic shock. Hemorrhage in dogs to 30 mm. Hg did not produce platelet aggregation. Significant platelet aggregation was shown in stored blood delivered through the standard blood administration set, in the splanchnic circulation in endotoxic shock, and in the inferior vena cava following three hours of aortic cross-clamping. Pulmonary trapping of platelet aggregates could not be shown by serial screen filtration pressure measurements.", "PMID": 1129699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10760", "title": "Extrathoracic axillary-iliac bypass substitution of a resected descending thoracic aorta.", "content": "Resection of a dissecting aneurysm of the descending thoracic aorta (Type III) was accomplished in a uremic patient on hemodialysis with reconstruction of blood flow through extrathoracic bilateral axillary-subclavian-iliac Dacron grafts. Review of the literature revealed no similar operation reported before. Other potential uses for this operation, such as infected aortic grafts and resections of the arch and descending thoracic aorta in high-risk patients, are discussed. Despite complete rehabilitation of this patient 10 months after operation, the application of this procedure must await longer term follow-up. The operative procedure described thus far was applied only in one patient and should be considered only in special circumstances, as discussed.", "contents": "Extrathoracic axillary-iliac bypass substitution of a resected descending thoracic aorta. Resection of a dissecting aneurysm of the descending thoracic aorta (Type III) was accomplished in a uremic patient on hemodialysis with reconstruction of blood flow through extrathoracic bilateral axillary-subclavian-iliac Dacron grafts. Review of the literature revealed no similar operation reported before. Other potential uses for this operation, such as infected aortic grafts and resections of the arch and descending thoracic aorta in high-risk patients, are discussed. Despite complete rehabilitation of this patient 10 months after operation, the application of this procedure must await longer term follow-up. The operative procedure described thus far was applied only in one patient and should be considered only in special circumstances, as discussed.", "PMID": 1129700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10761", "title": "Replacement of portal vein during pancreatectomy for carcinoma.", "content": "Three patients are described in whom the portal vein, surrounded but not penetrated by pancreatic carcinoma, was resected and replaced by an expanded Teflon (Gore-Tex) tube. One patient, who has survived 32 months without recurrence of disease, had a radiographically patent graft at 2 and 17 months after operation. A second survivor has a patent graft at 8 months. The third patient died 10 days after operation with an open prosthesis. Excision of involved portal vein during pancreatoduodenectomy for carcinoma of the pancreas is justified in the absence of metastases. Vein grafting is the best means of portal vein reconstruction. Gore-Tex appears to be a suitable prosthesis when the portal vein must be sacrificed. Its clinical success in terms of patency substantiates previous experience in experimental animals.", "contents": "Replacement of portal vein during pancreatectomy for carcinoma. Three patients are described in whom the portal vein, surrounded but not penetrated by pancreatic carcinoma, was resected and replaced by an expanded Teflon (Gore-Tex) tube. One patient, who has survived 32 months without recurrence of disease, had a radiographically patent graft at 2 and 17 months after operation. A second survivor has a patent graft at 8 months. The third patient died 10 days after operation with an open prosthesis. Excision of involved portal vein during pancreatoduodenectomy for carcinoma of the pancreas is justified in the absence of metastases. Vein grafting is the best means of portal vein reconstruction. Gore-Tex appears to be a suitable prosthesis when the portal vein must be sacrificed. Its clinical success in terms of patency substantiates previous experience in experimental animals.", "PMID": 1129701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10762", "title": "Evaluation of palliative resection in advanced carcinoma of the stomach.", "content": "A retrospective study of 140 patients with adenocarcinoma of the stomach seen at Roswell Park Memorial Institute during a 5 year period revealed that 112 patients were TNM Stages III or IV. A palliative resection of the stomach was done in 39 patients; the other 73 did not undergo resection. Patients who had palliative resection for stages III and IV carcinoma of the stomach had a prolonged mean survival rate, as compared with those with similar stage of disease who did not have palliative resection, regardless of an additional treatment such as feeding procedures, gastroenterostomy, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. This significance was noticed regardless of age, sex, and histological differentiation of the tumor. Chemotherapy significantly increased the survival rate in the unresected group but failed to show this effect in the resected group.", "contents": "Evaluation of palliative resection in advanced carcinoma of the stomach. A retrospective study of 140 patients with adenocarcinoma of the stomach seen at Roswell Park Memorial Institute during a 5 year period revealed that 112 patients were TNM Stages III or IV. A palliative resection of the stomach was done in 39 patients; the other 73 did not undergo resection. Patients who had palliative resection for stages III and IV carcinoma of the stomach had a prolonged mean survival rate, as compared with those with similar stage of disease who did not have palliative resection, regardless of an additional treatment such as feeding procedures, gastroenterostomy, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. This significance was noticed regardless of age, sex, and histological differentiation of the tumor. Chemotherapy significantly increased the survival rate in the unresected group but failed to show this effect in the resected group.", "PMID": 1129702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10763", "title": "Saphenous nerve entrapment simulating vascular disorder.", "content": "Saphenous nerve entrapment may cause a painful syndrome simulating vascular disorder of the leg. The anatomical relationship of the saphenous nerve is described to explain the pathogenesis of the syndrome. The clinical features, diagnosis, and results of treatment of 32 patients are reported. The differential diagnosis of the syndrome is discussed. It is concluded that entrapment of the saphenous nerve should be considered when other known syndromes are unable to explain the symptomatology.", "contents": "Saphenous nerve entrapment simulating vascular disorder. Saphenous nerve entrapment may cause a painful syndrome simulating vascular disorder of the leg. The anatomical relationship of the saphenous nerve is described to explain the pathogenesis of the syndrome. The clinical features, diagnosis, and results of treatment of 32 patients are reported. The differential diagnosis of the syndrome is discussed. It is concluded that entrapment of the saphenous nerve should be considered when other known syndromes are unable to explain the symptomatology.", "PMID": 1129703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10764", "title": "Decisions to hospitalize and operate: a socioeconomic perspective in an urban state.", "content": "Rates of hospital discharges for selected surgical procedures and some medical conditions were compared by socioeconomic status (SES) of patients for all 1972 hospital discharges from the 13 voluntary general hospitals located in Rhode Island. Socioeconomic status was determined by scoring the census tract of patient residence with such variables as median family income, housing status, etc. Many frequently performed surgical procedures had similar rates for the high, middle, low, and poverty socioeconomic groups. Procedures performed more frequently on the poverty than on the high SES group were tonsillectomy and upper gastrointestinal, heart, hemorrhoid, and cataract procedures. Dental procedures were performed more frequently on the high SES group. The over-all rate of hospital admissions showed a steady decline from the rate of 156 per 1,000 for the poverty census tracts to 104 for the high SES census tracts. This trend was reflected in the admission rates for several conditions requiring primary medical management, such as infections, diabetes, and skin problems. The population-based frame of reference used in this study can be a useful tool for raising pertinent questions for both professional standards review organizations and health planning groups.", "contents": "Decisions to hospitalize and operate: a socioeconomic perspective in an urban state. Rates of hospital discharges for selected surgical procedures and some medical conditions were compared by socioeconomic status (SES) of patients for all 1972 hospital discharges from the 13 voluntary general hospitals located in Rhode Island. Socioeconomic status was determined by scoring the census tract of patient residence with such variables as median family income, housing status, etc. Many frequently performed surgical procedures had similar rates for the high, middle, low, and poverty socioeconomic groups. Procedures performed more frequently on the poverty than on the high SES group were tonsillectomy and upper gastrointestinal, heart, hemorrhoid, and cataract procedures. Dental procedures were performed more frequently on the high SES group. The over-all rate of hospital admissions showed a steady decline from the rate of 156 per 1,000 for the poverty census tracts to 104 for the high SES census tracts. This trend was reflected in the admission rates for several conditions requiring primary medical management, such as infections, diabetes, and skin problems. The population-based frame of reference used in this study can be a useful tool for raising pertinent questions for both professional standards review organizations and health planning groups.", "PMID": 1129704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10765", "title": "Inadvertent femoral artery \"stripping\": surgical management.", "content": "Following \"vein stripping\" for varicosities, two patients were referred to our service for evaluation of arterial insufficiency of the lower extremities. Both patients had had surgical interruption of the femoral arterial system which required reconstruction. This paper emphasizes the importance of understanding surgical anatomy and presents the techniques of successful surgical management of both cases.", "contents": "Inadvertent femoral artery \"stripping\": surgical management. Following \"vein stripping\" for varicosities, two patients were referred to our service for evaluation of arterial insufficiency of the lower extremities. Both patients had had surgical interruption of the femoral arterial system which required reconstruction. This paper emphasizes the importance of understanding surgical anatomy and presents the techniques of successful surgical management of both cases.", "PMID": 1129705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10766", "title": "Eosinophilic infiltration of duodenum and pancreatic head: report of a case studied arteriographically.", "content": "A case of tumorlike eosinophilic infiltration of the duodenum and pancreas is reported. Arteriography and hypotonic duodenography indicated a large lesion involving both the pancreatic head and the second portion of the duodenum without encasement or obstruction of the intrinsic vasculature. This is the first reported use of angiography in this condition. The combination of findings described should suggest a benign infiltrative process.", "contents": "Eosinophilic infiltration of duodenum and pancreatic head: report of a case studied arteriographically. A case of tumorlike eosinophilic infiltration of the duodenum and pancreas is reported. Arteriography and hypotonic duodenography indicated a large lesion involving both the pancreatic head and the second portion of the duodenum without encasement or obstruction of the intrinsic vasculature. This is the first reported use of angiography in this condition. The combination of findings described should suggest a benign infiltrative process.", "PMID": 1129706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10767", "title": "Substernal goiter with superior vena caval obstruction.", "content": "Substernal goiter with vena caval obstruction remains an interesting diagnostic and therapeutic problem. Since 85 to 90 percent of superior vena caval obstructions are due to a malignant disease, an intrathoracic goiter represents one of the benign, curable causes of this syndrome. This report describes the clinical course of a 44-year-old woman who presented with this entity and was successfully corrected by surgical intervention. A discussion of diagnostic, operative, and prognostic considerations is presented.", "contents": "Substernal goiter with superior vena caval obstruction. Substernal goiter with vena caval obstruction remains an interesting diagnostic and therapeutic problem. Since 85 to 90 percent of superior vena caval obstructions are due to a malignant disease, an intrathoracic goiter represents one of the benign, curable causes of this syndrome. This report describes the clinical course of a 44-year-old woman who presented with this entity and was successfully corrected by surgical intervention. A discussion of diagnostic, operative, and prognostic considerations is presented.", "PMID": 1129707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10768", "title": "[The dynamics of thyrotoxic heart development in experimental thyrotoxicosis].", "content": "Thyreoidin intoxication was modelled in 12 rabbits, 39 rabbits served as controls. ON THE 3RD, 7TH AND 14TH DAY OF THE EXPERIMENT PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL INVESTIGATIONS WERE CARRIED OUT IN ORDER TO DETERMINE THE FUNCTION OF THE LEFT VENTRICLE OF THE HEART AND CONTENTS OF ADRENALIN AND NORADRENALIN IN THE MYOCARDIUM. At the same periods an electron microscopy investigation of the contractile myocardium of the left ventricle of the heart with subsequent quanitative analysis of electronograms were carried out. It was shown that clear-cut changes in the ultrastructure of the contractile myocardium and in the heart function, accompanied with accumulation of sympathetic amines in the cardiac muscle, take place already at the early periods of the experiment. The changes in the muscle cell ultrastructure were caused by a hyperfunction of the retained organells, mitochondria in particular, due to the weakening of conjugated respiration and phosphorilation processes, as well as to the exclusion from functioning of a part of mitochondria and to an increase in the loading on the myocardium. As a result, energy deficit of the cardiac muscle originated and continued to increase. Because of inclusion of the compensatory-adaptative mechanisms, which reached their maximum by the 14th day of the experiment, the processes of plastics and energy formation at the expense of hyperplasia and hypertrophy of mitochondria, were drastically intensified, which allowed the heart to function under conditions of the increasing thyreoidin intoxication.", "contents": "[The dynamics of thyrotoxic heart development in experimental thyrotoxicosis]. Thyreoidin intoxication was modelled in 12 rabbits, 39 rabbits served as controls. ON THE 3RD, 7TH AND 14TH DAY OF THE EXPERIMENT PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL INVESTIGATIONS WERE CARRIED OUT IN ORDER TO DETERMINE THE FUNCTION OF THE LEFT VENTRICLE OF THE HEART AND CONTENTS OF ADRENALIN AND NORADRENALIN IN THE MYOCARDIUM. At the same periods an electron microscopy investigation of the contractile myocardium of the left ventricle of the heart with subsequent quanitative analysis of electronograms were carried out. It was shown that clear-cut changes in the ultrastructure of the contractile myocardium and in the heart function, accompanied with accumulation of sympathetic amines in the cardiac muscle, take place already at the early periods of the experiment. The changes in the muscle cell ultrastructure were caused by a hyperfunction of the retained organells, mitochondria in particular, due to the weakening of conjugated respiration and phosphorilation processes, as well as to the exclusion from functioning of a part of mitochondria and to an increase in the loading on the myocardium. As a result, energy deficit of the cardiac muscle originated and continued to increase. Because of inclusion of the compensatory-adaptative mechanisms, which reached their maximum by the 14th day of the experiment, the processes of plastics and energy formation at the expense of hyperplasia and hypertrophy of mitochondria, were drastically intensified, which allowed the heart to function under conditions of the increasing thyreoidin intoxication.", "PMID": 1129711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10769", "title": "[The influence of the rhythm of the damaging agent on the character of hepatic reparative regeneration].", "content": "The effect of frequency of administration of tetrachloride of carbon (CCl4) on synthesis of DNA by hepacytes and cells of the stroma, as well as on composition and magnitude of infiltrates in the liver of mice was studied. For this purpose autoradiographic and histological studies of the liver tissue in animals injected with poison once a week, twice a week and every day were carried out dayly. Periodic increases in number of hepacytes tagged with thymidin-H3 and an increase in the number of cells in infiltrates were observed. The rhythm of these changes corresponded to the frequency of administration of CCl4. With the rise in the frequency of injections of the poison the rate of increase in number of cells in infiltrates rose and synthesis of DNA in hepacytes became more intensive. The time interval, however, between the injection of the toxin and the rise of DNA synthesis in hepacytes remained constant irrespective of the frequency of exposure to the damaging factor.", "contents": "[The influence of the rhythm of the damaging agent on the character of hepatic reparative regeneration]. The effect of frequency of administration of tetrachloride of carbon (CCl4) on synthesis of DNA by hepacytes and cells of the stroma, as well as on composition and magnitude of infiltrates in the liver of mice was studied. For this purpose autoradiographic and histological studies of the liver tissue in animals injected with poison once a week, twice a week and every day were carried out dayly. Periodic increases in number of hepacytes tagged with thymidin-H3 and an increase in the number of cells in infiltrates were observed. The rhythm of these changes corresponded to the frequency of administration of CCl4. With the rise in the frequency of injections of the poison the rate of increase in number of cells in infiltrates rose and synthesis of DNA in hepacytes became more intensive. The time interval, however, between the injection of the toxin and the rise of DNA synthesis in hepacytes remained constant irrespective of the frequency of exposure to the damaging factor.", "PMID": 1129712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10770", "title": "Human lymphocyte antigen, HL-A27, in Japanese patients with ankylosing spondylitis.", "content": "A high association of HL-A27 specificity with ankylosing spondylitis was found in Japanese patients in spite of a very low frequency of this specificity in a normal Japanese population. These findings coincide well with those in Caucasian patients, and indicate the strong relationship between the susceptibility to ankylosing spondylitis and HL-A27 specificity beyond racial differences. No particular HL-A patterns were noted in patients with the ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament of the cervical vertebrae. This observation provides an evidence that this disease is etiologically different from ankylosing spondylitis.", "contents": "Human lymphocyte antigen, HL-A27, in Japanese patients with ankylosing spondylitis. A high association of HL-A27 specificity with ankylosing spondylitis was found in Japanese patients in spite of a very low frequency of this specificity in a normal Japanese population. These findings coincide well with those in Caucasian patients, and indicate the strong relationship between the susceptibility to ankylosing spondylitis and HL-A27 specificity beyond racial differences. No particular HL-A patterns were noted in patients with the ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament of the cervical vertebrae. This observation provides an evidence that this disease is etiologically different from ankylosing spondylitis.", "PMID": 1129750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10771", "title": "HL-A phenotyping in an Indonesian population.", "content": "The frequencies of 30 HL-A antigens were studied in an Indonesian population of 95 individuals from the city of Jakarta. The antigens HL-A9, or more precisely W24, and HL-A11 (first series) and W15 (second series) occurred with high frequencies, whereas HL-A8, W14 and W22 were completely absent. These results are consistent with previous reports of HL-A typing in South East Asian populations.", "contents": "HL-A phenotyping in an Indonesian population. The frequencies of 30 HL-A antigens were studied in an Indonesian population of 95 individuals from the city of Jakarta. The antigens HL-A9, or more precisely W24, and HL-A11 (first series) and W15 (second series) occurred with high frequencies, whereas HL-A8, W14 and W22 were completely absent. These results are consistent with previous reports of HL-A typing in South East Asian populations.", "PMID": 1129751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10772", "title": "Histocompatibility antigens (HL-A) in leprosy.", "content": "HL-A antigens of 70 leprosy patients and 40 normal healthy individuals were determined by the standard microlymphocytotoxicity test. Both lepromatous and non-lepromatous leprosy patients were tested for the presence of 11 HL-A antigens, and the frequency of each specificity was compared with that in a normal population of the same ethnic group. Although the statistical significance of HL-A8 specificity was found to be marginal in lepromatous leprosy patients, when using ordinary 2 times 2 statistics, there did seem to be a decreased frequency of HL-A9 among the non-lepromatous type. Other antigens tested did not reveal any significant differences between the two groups of subjects.", "contents": "Histocompatibility antigens (HL-A) in leprosy. HL-A antigens of 70 leprosy patients and 40 normal healthy individuals were determined by the standard microlymphocytotoxicity test. Both lepromatous and non-lepromatous leprosy patients were tested for the presence of 11 HL-A antigens, and the frequency of each specificity was compared with that in a normal population of the same ethnic group. Although the statistical significance of HL-A8 specificity was found to be marginal in lepromatous leprosy patients, when using ordinary 2 times 2 statistics, there did seem to be a decreased frequency of HL-A9 among the non-lepromatous type. Other antigens tested did not reveal any significant differences between the two groups of subjects.", "PMID": 1129752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10773", "title": "On the heterogeneity of linkage estimations between LA and four loci of the HL-A system,.", "content": "Three cases of crossing over between the LA and FOUR loci of HL-A system are presented in this note. Recombination fractions between those two loci are also calculated from familial data kindly provided by other European laboratories. It is suggested that differences found in maternal and paternal recombination frequency are due to the heterogeneity of estimates of each laboratory.", "contents": "On the heterogeneity of linkage estimations between LA and four loci of the HL-A system,. Three cases of crossing over between the LA and FOUR loci of HL-A system are presented in this note. Recombination fractions between those two loci are also calculated from familial data kindly provided by other European laboratories. It is suggested that differences found in maternal and paternal recombination frequency are due to the heterogeneity of estimates of each laboratory.", "PMID": 1129753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10774", "title": "Generalized paroxysmal discharges induced by visual stimuli and eye movements.", "content": "The generalized paroxysmal discharges (GPDs) induced by the visuo-sensory and oculomotor activations in a total of 30 patients were investigated. The patients consisted of 27 epileptics and 3 with sequelae of head trauma; all of them showed photoconvulsive response. The visuo-sensory activation with red-flicker of 15 cycles/sec or with visual stimuli containing patterns, \"pattern,\" was carried out under the constant condition of 20 cd/m-2. In 22 cases (73%), G-type (simultaneous occurrence of GPD over all the areas) was induced by red-flicker, while in 28 cases (93%) P-type (GPD was preceded by posterior spikes) was induced by \"pattern.\" With the oculomotor activation, paroxysmal discharges were induced in 11 cases of photogenic epilepsy; 10 cases (91%) were of A-type (GPD was preceded by anterior spikes), and one case (9%) showed focal spikes over the right frontal area. In 21 cases (70%), the type of GPD changed from G-type to P-type as the red-flicker activation was replaced by the \"pattern\" activation. Further, in seven (33%) out of the 21 cases it changed from P-type to A-type as the activation with \"pattern\" was replaced by the oculomotor activation. It was suggested that the non-specific thalamo-cortical system, the visual cortex, and the frontal eye field are chiefly concerned with the occurrences of G-type, P-type, and A-type, respectively, when such stimuli as described above are given independently.", "contents": "Generalized paroxysmal discharges induced by visual stimuli and eye movements. The generalized paroxysmal discharges (GPDs) induced by the visuo-sensory and oculomotor activations in a total of 30 patients were investigated. The patients consisted of 27 epileptics and 3 with sequelae of head trauma; all of them showed photoconvulsive response. The visuo-sensory activation with red-flicker of 15 cycles/sec or with visual stimuli containing patterns, \"pattern,\" was carried out under the constant condition of 20 cd/m-2. In 22 cases (73%), G-type (simultaneous occurrence of GPD over all the areas) was induced by red-flicker, while in 28 cases (93%) P-type (GPD was preceded by posterior spikes) was induced by \"pattern.\" With the oculomotor activation, paroxysmal discharges were induced in 11 cases of photogenic epilepsy; 10 cases (91%) were of A-type (GPD was preceded by anterior spikes), and one case (9%) showed focal spikes over the right frontal area. In 21 cases (70%), the type of GPD changed from G-type to P-type as the red-flicker activation was replaced by the \"pattern\" activation. Further, in seven (33%) out of the 21 cases it changed from P-type to A-type as the activation with \"pattern\" was replaced by the oculomotor activation. It was suggested that the non-specific thalamo-cortical system, the visual cortex, and the frontal eye field are chiefly concerned with the occurrences of G-type, P-type, and A-type, respectively, when such stimuli as described above are given independently.", "PMID": 1129754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10775", "title": "Red cell count in hereditary spherocytosis with nephrotic hypercholesterolemia.", "content": "Positive correlation between red blood cell count and serum cholesterol level was found in a case of hereditary spherocytosis associated with nephrotic syndrome. Red blood cell cholesterol content varied with serum cholesterol level.", "contents": "Red cell count in hereditary spherocytosis with nephrotic hypercholesterolemia. Positive correlation between red blood cell count and serum cholesterol level was found in a case of hereditary spherocytosis associated with nephrotic syndrome. Red blood cell cholesterol content varied with serum cholesterol level.", "PMID": 1129755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10776", "title": "High epinephrine content in the adrenal tumors from Sipple's syndrome.", "content": "Percent of epinephrine content to total catecholamine is low in pheochromocytomas irrespective of unilateral or bilateral adrenal origin when they have no medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. However, epinephrine content higher than norepinephrine has been noted in the adrenal tumors from the patients with Sipple's syndrome. Although an exact reason for this remained unknown, our data could suggest that the adrenal tumors in Sipple's syndrome are primarily different from other types of pheochromocytoma, and thorough examinations for detecting the thyroid carcinoma should be necessary when the adrenal tumor is rich in epinephrine.", "contents": "High epinephrine content in the adrenal tumors from Sipple's syndrome. Percent of epinephrine content to total catecholamine is low in pheochromocytomas irrespective of unilateral or bilateral adrenal origin when they have no medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. However, epinephrine content higher than norepinephrine has been noted in the adrenal tumors from the patients with Sipple's syndrome. Although an exact reason for this remained unknown, our data could suggest that the adrenal tumors in Sipple's syndrome are primarily different from other types of pheochromocytoma, and thorough examinations for detecting the thyroid carcinoma should be necessary when the adrenal tumor is rich in epinephrine.", "PMID": 1129756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10777", "title": "A further study on fast and slow principal cells of rat lateral geniculate body: an analysis of flash-evoked responses.", "content": "In the lateral geniculate body (LGB) of urethane-anesthetized and Flaxedil-immobilized rats, unit responses of principal cells (P-cells) were recorded by using flash stimulation of the eyes. By measuring response latencies to electrical stimulation of the optic tract, all P-cells were classified into the fastor slow group according to the criterion established by Fukuda. Flash-evoked unit responses consisted of the two kinds of discharges, i.e. the early discharge (ED) with latencies less than 100 msec and the late discharges of spike burst (LDs) often recurring twice or more (LD1, LD2 and so on). Cells' firings were suppressed during the interval between ED and LD1 and those between successive LDs. The ED- and LD1-latencies, measured in dark with strong flashes, were shorter in the fast cells than in the slow one. The interval between ED and LD1 was shorter in the fast cells than in the slow ones. It was common to the both types of P-cells that as flash intensity was reduced, the ED-latency increased and the LD1-latency decreased. However, the ED-LD1 interval remained shorter in the fast cells than in the slow ones. Upon shifting from dark to light, the LD1-latency markedly increased or decreased in the slow cells, whereas such was not seen in the fast cells. These findings seem to provide a further support for the classification of P-cells into the fast and slow types.", "contents": "A further study on fast and slow principal cells of rat lateral geniculate body: an analysis of flash-evoked responses. In the lateral geniculate body (LGB) of urethane-anesthetized and Flaxedil-immobilized rats, unit responses of principal cells (P-cells) were recorded by using flash stimulation of the eyes. By measuring response latencies to electrical stimulation of the optic tract, all P-cells were classified into the fastor slow group according to the criterion established by Fukuda. Flash-evoked unit responses consisted of the two kinds of discharges, i.e. the early discharge (ED) with latencies less than 100 msec and the late discharges of spike burst (LDs) often recurring twice or more (LD1, LD2 and so on). Cells' firings were suppressed during the interval between ED and LD1 and those between successive LDs. The ED- and LD1-latencies, measured in dark with strong flashes, were shorter in the fast cells than in the slow one. The interval between ED and LD1 was shorter in the fast cells than in the slow ones. It was common to the both types of P-cells that as flash intensity was reduced, the ED-latency increased and the LD1-latency decreased. However, the ED-LD1 interval remained shorter in the fast cells than in the slow ones. Upon shifting from dark to light, the LD1-latency markedly increased or decreased in the slow cells, whereas such was not seen in the fast cells. These findings seem to provide a further support for the classification of P-cells into the fast and slow types.", "PMID": 1129757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10778", "title": "Globoid cell leukodystrophy: the first case with antemortem diagnosis in Japan.", "content": "A Japanese boy was diagnosed as globoid cell leukodystrophy on the basis of a marked decrease in the galactocerebroside beta-galactosidase activity in the leukocytes and the serum when one year and two months old. At autopsy when 1 year and 10 months, microscopic findings were characteristic for those of globoid cell leukodystrophy. Galactocerebroside beta-galactosidase activities of leukocytes and sera of his father and mother were found to be half those of control subjects, thus it suggested the parents being heterozygotes of the disease.", "contents": "Globoid cell leukodystrophy: the first case with antemortem diagnosis in Japan. A Japanese boy was diagnosed as globoid cell leukodystrophy on the basis of a marked decrease in the galactocerebroside beta-galactosidase activity in the leukocytes and the serum when one year and two months old. At autopsy when 1 year and 10 months, microscopic findings were characteristic for those of globoid cell leukodystrophy. Galactocerebroside beta-galactosidase activities of leukocytes and sera of his father and mother were found to be half those of control subjects, thus it suggested the parents being heterozygotes of the disease.", "PMID": 1129758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10779", "title": "Sequence of heme decomposition by the coupled oxidation of myoglobin with ascorbic acid.", "content": "Occurrence of a biliverdin-iron complex or verdoheme as the final oxidation product of heme moiety in the coupled oxidation of myoglobin and ascorbic acid in air was evidenced and the sequence of heme decomposition in this reaction system was concluded to proceed in the order of protoheme, hydroxyheme and biliverdin-iron complex or verdoheme. The final oxidation product usually remains attaached to globin and appears to give a diffuse absorption possibly with a peak at 760 nm at neutral pH. In alkaline solution the compound exhibits an absorption peak at 840 nm, and when reduced with Na(2)S(2)O(4), it is readily converted to biliverdin which exhibits a large absorption with a peak originally at 800 nm, being followed by a gradual shift to 760 nm.", "contents": "Sequence of heme decomposition by the coupled oxidation of myoglobin with ascorbic acid. Occurrence of a biliverdin-iron complex or verdoheme as the final oxidation product of heme moiety in the coupled oxidation of myoglobin and ascorbic acid in air was evidenced and the sequence of heme decomposition in this reaction system was concluded to proceed in the order of protoheme, hydroxyheme and biliverdin-iron complex or verdoheme. The final oxidation product usually remains attaached to globin and appears to give a diffuse absorption possibly with a peak at 760 nm at neutral pH. In alkaline solution the compound exhibits an absorption peak at 840 nm, and when reduced with Na(2)S(2)O(4), it is readily converted to biliverdin which exhibits a large absorption with a peak originally at 800 nm, being followed by a gradual shift to 760 nm.", "PMID": 1129759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10780", "title": "Electroencephalographic findings in a case of globoid cell leukodystrophy.", "content": "An increased slow wave pattern of the EEG basic waves without epileptogenic discharges was observed in an early stage of a case of Krabbe's disease. In the later stage of the illness, spikes and sharp waves were mixed with. The peculiar runs of fast activity which were described by Kliemann et al. (1969) were not observed during the course of our patient.", "contents": "Electroencephalographic findings in a case of globoid cell leukodystrophy. An increased slow wave pattern of the EEG basic waves without epileptogenic discharges was observed in an early stage of a case of Krabbe's disease. In the later stage of the illness, spikes and sharp waves were mixed with. The peculiar runs of fast activity which were described by Kliemann et al. (1969) were not observed during the course of our patient.", "PMID": 1129760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10781", "title": "Impetus to transferring non-motile sperm in the seminiferous tubules into the epididymis.", "content": "Effect of intratesticular pressure was examined on non-motile sperms in the testis whether they move toward the epididymis when it is raised. The head portion of the epididymis of the dog was cut apart at the proximal portion to the testis fully exposing the lumen of the epididymis. The electric stimulation of perivascular nerves of the spermatic cord caused spermatozoa to flow out onto the incision site at 5 min. The number of them increased progressively, almost innumerable at 15 min. These results support the view that the elevated intratesticular pressure by electric stimulation surely works to transfer non-motile sperm in the seminiferous tubules into the epididymis.", "contents": "Impetus to transferring non-motile sperm in the seminiferous tubules into the epididymis. Effect of intratesticular pressure was examined on non-motile sperms in the testis whether they move toward the epididymis when it is raised. The head portion of the epididymis of the dog was cut apart at the proximal portion to the testis fully exposing the lumen of the epididymis. The electric stimulation of perivascular nerves of the spermatic cord caused spermatozoa to flow out onto the incision site at 5 min. The number of them increased progressively, almost innumerable at 15 min. These results support the view that the elevated intratesticular pressure by electric stimulation surely works to transfer non-motile sperm in the seminiferous tubules into the epididymis.", "PMID": 1129761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10782", "title": "An unexpected incidence of convulsive attack in male mice after long-term isolated condition.", "content": "Unexpected convulsive attacks were observed in male dd-D mice which were reared for a long-term experiment. After three months from the onset of rearing, some of mice showed convulsive attacks when they were handled in such routine laboratory procedures as weighing, clearing of cage and feeding. The convulsive attack was observed only among the mice being reared individually in each of sections of cage and did not occur in the mice which had been reared as a colony. The incidence rate of convulsive attack increased as the rearing period was prolonged. Our finding was similar to King and coworkers' report (1955) in which convulsions were observed in the singly housed C3H mice. The one thing particular in our observation was the difference of incidence rate according to the extent of isolation, i.e., the higher rate was observed on the condition of mice without other mice in the neighbouring sections than those with neighbouring mate. The neighbouring mate acted some roles to change susceptibility to convulsive attack, even though separated by a sheet of wire-netting.", "contents": "An unexpected incidence of convulsive attack in male mice after long-term isolated condition. Unexpected convulsive attacks were observed in male dd-D mice which were reared for a long-term experiment. After three months from the onset of rearing, some of mice showed convulsive attacks when they were handled in such routine laboratory procedures as weighing, clearing of cage and feeding. The convulsive attack was observed only among the mice being reared individually in each of sections of cage and did not occur in the mice which had been reared as a colony. The incidence rate of convulsive attack increased as the rearing period was prolonged. Our finding was similar to King and coworkers' report (1955) in which convulsions were observed in the singly housed C3H mice. The one thing particular in our observation was the difference of incidence rate according to the extent of isolation, i.e., the higher rate was observed on the condition of mice without other mice in the neighbouring sections than those with neighbouring mate. The neighbouring mate acted some roles to change susceptibility to convulsive attack, even though separated by a sheet of wire-netting.", "PMID": 1129762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10783", "title": "Histochemical and electron microscopic studies of the human cutaneous lymphatic capillary.", "content": "The light microscopic characteristics of the normal cutaneous lymphatic capillary of man are the presence of elastic fibers around the vessel and a sudden change in contour of the lumen as observed on serial sections. Both are useful characteristics for differentiating the lymphatic from the blood capillary. Electron microscopic investigation is necessary to identify definitely vessels as lymphatic capillaries by demonstrating the absent or scanty basal lamina of the endothelial cell.", "contents": "Histochemical and electron microscopic studies of the human cutaneous lymphatic capillary. The light microscopic characteristics of the normal cutaneous lymphatic capillary of man are the presence of elastic fibers around the vessel and a sudden change in contour of the lumen as observed on serial sections. Both are useful characteristics for differentiating the lymphatic from the blood capillary. Electron microscopic investigation is necessary to identify definitely vessels as lymphatic capillaries by demonstrating the absent or scanty basal lamina of the endothelial cell.", "PMID": 1129763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10784", "title": "Effect of unilateral lesion of amygdala on unmanifested response to Matatabi (Actinidia polygama) in cats.", "content": "The experiment was designed to elucidate the question whether the unilateral ablation of the amygdala significantly affects sexual behavior or not. For this purpose, the effect of the unilateral amygdalectomy upon Matatabi-response was investigated in the cat (R-cat), particularly in cats which showed unmanifested Matatabi-response in the innate status (NR-cat). Following the unilateral damage to the amygdala, NR-cats showed a significant manifestation in their Matatabi-response behavior, while R-cats indicated no change in it, their performance level being the same as preoperatively. It is concluded from the present results that even the unilateral ablation of the amygdala affects sexual behavior significantly, this being in contrast to many previous reprots. The present finding implies that individual differences in sexual behavior appear to depend on the neural basis of the amygdala, supporting an assumption that the amygdala is a controlling center of sexual and emotional behaviors.", "contents": "Effect of unilateral lesion of amygdala on unmanifested response to Matatabi (Actinidia polygama) in cats. The experiment was designed to elucidate the question whether the unilateral ablation of the amygdala significantly affects sexual behavior or not. For this purpose, the effect of the unilateral amygdalectomy upon Matatabi-response was investigated in the cat (R-cat), particularly in cats which showed unmanifested Matatabi-response in the innate status (NR-cat). Following the unilateral damage to the amygdala, NR-cats showed a significant manifestation in their Matatabi-response behavior, while R-cats indicated no change in it, their performance level being the same as preoperatively. It is concluded from the present results that even the unilateral ablation of the amygdala affects sexual behavior significantly, this being in contrast to many previous reprots. The present finding implies that individual differences in sexual behavior appear to depend on the neural basis of the amygdala, supporting an assumption that the amygdala is a controlling center of sexual and emotional behaviors.", "PMID": 1129764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10785", "title": "Statistical analysis on toxicity of a nitrofuran derivative, 2-(2-furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)acrylamide.", "content": "A food additive, furylfuramide or AF-2, which had been used in Japan since 1965 and structurally is composed of 5-nitro-2-furyl radical and acrylamide, was re-examined mainly on chronic toxicity by statistically reviewing published data. The conclusions are as follows: 1) The maximum safety dosage which shows no demonstrable change in rats must be corrected at least to 1/170 of the value which has been accepted by the Ministry of Health and Welfare of Japan (MHW). 2) The minimum effective dose to bacterial growth in food can not be lowered below the standard usage level with MHW determined, because the inactivation factor in food, decreasing effectivity to 1/20, must be taken into consideration. 3) In view of these two facts, AF-2 is found to be unacceptable as a food additive. 4) Great importance must also be attached to the possibility of mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of AF-2, pointed out recently. Both neurotoxicity and dermatitis observed in tofu (soybean curd) makers are also memtioned.", "contents": "Statistical analysis on toxicity of a nitrofuran derivative, 2-(2-furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)acrylamide. A food additive, furylfuramide or AF-2, which had been used in Japan since 1965 and structurally is composed of 5-nitro-2-furyl radical and acrylamide, was re-examined mainly on chronic toxicity by statistically reviewing published data. The conclusions are as follows: 1) The maximum safety dosage which shows no demonstrable change in rats must be corrected at least to 1/170 of the value which has been accepted by the Ministry of Health and Welfare of Japan (MHW). 2) The minimum effective dose to bacterial growth in food can not be lowered below the standard usage level with MHW determined, because the inactivation factor in food, decreasing effectivity to 1/20, must be taken into consideration. 3) In view of these two facts, AF-2 is found to be unacceptable as a food additive. 4) Great importance must also be attached to the possibility of mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of AF-2, pointed out recently. Both neurotoxicity and dermatitis observed in tofu (soybean curd) makers are also memtioned.", "PMID": 1129765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10786", "title": "Role of adenosine or AMP as a probable mediator of blood flow regulation in canine hindlimb muscles.", "content": "Canine hindlimb muscles were perfused with arterial blood from a donor at a constant pressure or at a constant flow rate. Blood samples were analyzed for adenosine, oxygen and potassium during load-free twitch contractions (2 cps) and/or after 3-min ischemia. (1) During exercise hyperemia A-V oxygen (p smaller than 0.001) and V-A potassium (p smaller than 0.001) differences increased in both perfusion systems. Under the constant pressure total amount of adenosine and/or AMP released (TAAR) remained constant at 34.4 plus or minus 7.8 (mean plus or minus S.D.) nmoles/ml of blood compared with 31.0 plus or minus 5.6 at rest, whereas under the constant flow rate the value increased from 32.8 plus or minus 9.4 to 74.6 plus or minus 15.7 (p smaller than 0.001). (2) In reactive hyperemia A-V difference of oxygen increased (p smaller than 0.001) and TAAR remained at 33.0 plus or minus 8.3 under the constant pressure. Under the constant flow rate TAAR increased from 32.8 plus or minus 9.4 to 48.1 plus or minus 12.6 (p smaller than 0.001). (3) After ischemic contractions TAAR remained constant under the constant pressure perfusion. Under the constant flow rate, however, TAAR showed definite decrease compared with that during exercise hyperemia with intact flow (p smaller than 0.001). (4) The authors think that adenosine and/or AMP is the mediator of exercise hyperemia, supported by potassium ions and local hypoxia. Adenosine and/or AMP, and local hypoxia are responsible for reactive hyperemia. In ischemic contractions, no special circulatory mediator was found.", "contents": "Role of adenosine or AMP as a probable mediator of blood flow regulation in canine hindlimb muscles. Canine hindlimb muscles were perfused with arterial blood from a donor at a constant pressure or at a constant flow rate. Blood samples were analyzed for adenosine, oxygen and potassium during load-free twitch contractions (2 cps) and/or after 3-min ischemia. (1) During exercise hyperemia A-V oxygen (p smaller than 0.001) and V-A potassium (p smaller than 0.001) differences increased in both perfusion systems. Under the constant pressure total amount of adenosine and/or AMP released (TAAR) remained constant at 34.4 plus or minus 7.8 (mean plus or minus S.D.) nmoles/ml of blood compared with 31.0 plus or minus 5.6 at rest, whereas under the constant flow rate the value increased from 32.8 plus or minus 9.4 to 74.6 plus or minus 15.7 (p smaller than 0.001). (2) In reactive hyperemia A-V difference of oxygen increased (p smaller than 0.001) and TAAR remained at 33.0 plus or minus 8.3 under the constant pressure. Under the constant flow rate TAAR increased from 32.8 plus or minus 9.4 to 48.1 plus or minus 12.6 (p smaller than 0.001). (3) After ischemic contractions TAAR remained constant under the constant pressure perfusion. Under the constant flow rate, however, TAAR showed definite decrease compared with that during exercise hyperemia with intact flow (p smaller than 0.001). (4) The authors think that adenosine and/or AMP is the mediator of exercise hyperemia, supported by potassium ions and local hypoxia. Adenosine and/or AMP, and local hypoxia are responsible for reactive hyperemia. In ischemic contractions, no special circulatory mediator was found.", "PMID": 1129766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10787", "title": "Surveillance system of chromosome abnormalities in early embryonic stage of induced abortions.", "content": "Chromosome analysis was made in induced abortions within 12 gestational weeks after the first day of the last menstrual period. There were 22 cases (7.3%) of gross chromosome anomalies in 300 materials. About a half of aberrant embryos were born to mothers who had positive histories of drug treatments or X-irradiation for various reasons.", "contents": "Surveillance system of chromosome abnormalities in early embryonic stage of induced abortions. Chromosome analysis was made in induced abortions within 12 gestational weeks after the first day of the last menstrual period. There were 22 cases (7.3%) of gross chromosome anomalies in 300 materials. About a half of aberrant embryos were born to mothers who had positive histories of drug treatments or X-irradiation for various reasons.", "PMID": 1129767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10788", "title": "Reovirus-like particles in jejunal mucosa of a Japanese infant with acute infectious non-bacterial gastroenteritis.", "content": "In a two-month old Japanese boy with acute infectious non-bacterial gastroenteritis, reovirus-like particles were detected by electron microscopy in columnar epithelial cells, goblet cells and cells which infiltrated in the lamina propria of the upper jejunum which had been taken by peroral biopsy 90 hr after the onset of the illness.", "contents": "Reovirus-like particles in jejunal mucosa of a Japanese infant with acute infectious non-bacterial gastroenteritis. In a two-month old Japanese boy with acute infectious non-bacterial gastroenteritis, reovirus-like particles were detected by electron microscopy in columnar epithelial cells, goblet cells and cells which infiltrated in the lamina propria of the upper jejunum which had been taken by peroral biopsy 90 hr after the onset of the illness.", "PMID": 1129768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10789", "title": "Sex-difference in the response to different kinds of dietary carbohydrates in rats.", "content": "Each twenty male and female young rats (Donryu) were divided into five groups. Four groups of each sex were fed fat-free diet with different carbohydrates; cornstarch, glucose, sucrose, or fructose. The remaining one group of each sex was fed a commercial diet. After rearing for one month, hemoglobin content, level of blood sugar, weight of organs, and content and composition of lipids in serum and liver were measured. (1) Among the female carbohydrate-groups, the variation in the weight of organs was significantly large only in carcass and adrenals. Contents of hepatic lipids were similar among the carbohydrate-groups. The lowest content of serum lipids was found in the glucose group. (2) In the male, significant variations were found in the weights of carcass, spleen and kidneys. The highest content of hepatic lipids was in the starch group, but the highest content of serum lipids was in the fructose group. (3) The present experimental conditions were particular in that fat and fatty acids were excluded from diet in comparison with similar experiments reported, and the sex-difference in the response of rats to different kinds of carbohydrates found in the present study was similar to that being already noted.", "contents": "Sex-difference in the response to different kinds of dietary carbohydrates in rats. Each twenty male and female young rats (Donryu) were divided into five groups. Four groups of each sex were fed fat-free diet with different carbohydrates; cornstarch, glucose, sucrose, or fructose. The remaining one group of each sex was fed a commercial diet. After rearing for one month, hemoglobin content, level of blood sugar, weight of organs, and content and composition of lipids in serum and liver were measured. (1) Among the female carbohydrate-groups, the variation in the weight of organs was significantly large only in carcass and adrenals. Contents of hepatic lipids were similar among the carbohydrate-groups. The lowest content of serum lipids was found in the glucose group. (2) In the male, significant variations were found in the weights of carcass, spleen and kidneys. The highest content of hepatic lipids was in the starch group, but the highest content of serum lipids was in the fructose group. (3) The present experimental conditions were particular in that fat and fatty acids were excluded from diet in comparison with similar experiments reported, and the sex-difference in the response of rats to different kinds of carbohydrates found in the present study was similar to that being already noted.", "PMID": 1129769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10790", "title": "Change of pyrophosphatase activity in the chicken serum during the course of development.", "content": "The change of pyrophosphatase activity in the chicken serum was studied during the course of development. The enzyme activity was higher at the age of rapid growth than at the age of maturation. This finding suggests the participation of pyrophosphatase and pyrophosphate in controlling the calcification process.", "contents": "Change of pyrophosphatase activity in the chicken serum during the course of development. The change of pyrophosphatase activity in the chicken serum was studied during the course of development. The enzyme activity was higher at the age of rapid growth than at the age of maturation. This finding suggests the participation of pyrophosphatase and pyrophosphate in controlling the calcification process.", "PMID": 1129770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10791", "title": "Lactate formation by the avian lung tissue.", "content": "The activities of formation of lactate and pyruvate were studied along with the development of chickens, Gallus domestica. In the lung the activity of lactate formation was highest in the embryo at 13th to 16th days of incubation, then the activity decreased as the development went on and continued to decrease even after the hatching. The change of the activity of pyruvate formation was almost parallel with that of lactate formation. On the other hand, in the liver the activities of formation of lactate and pyruvate remained constant and did not show such changes as observed for the lung.", "contents": "Lactate formation by the avian lung tissue. The activities of formation of lactate and pyruvate were studied along with the development of chickens, Gallus domestica. In the lung the activity of lactate formation was highest in the embryo at 13th to 16th days of incubation, then the activity decreased as the development went on and continued to decrease even after the hatching. The change of the activity of pyruvate formation was almost parallel with that of lactate formation. On the other hand, in the liver the activities of formation of lactate and pyruvate remained constant and did not show such changes as observed for the lung.", "PMID": 1129771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10792", "title": "RNA content in the heart muscle cells following adrenalectomy and additional overload in the rat.", "content": "RNA content in the heart muscle cells of the adrenalectomized rats and those with aortic constriction was measured by microspectrophotometry. In the adrenalectomized rats, the RNA content decreased about 32% below that of the intact control rats by 7 days after operation. On the other hand, it decreased more abruptly in the adrenalectomized rats with aortic constriction. These results suggested that in the adrenalectomized rats, hypoplasia of the heart was caused by reduction of RNA content and myocardial compensatory hypertrophy was never induced even by overloading to the heart. The fact that the reduction of RNA content preceded the decrease of the heart weight per 100 g body weight suggests that in the cases of sudden unexpected death by unknown cause, the measurement of RNA content of heart muscle cells may be a clue to judge whether the cause of death is concerned with the heart or not.", "contents": "RNA content in the heart muscle cells following adrenalectomy and additional overload in the rat. RNA content in the heart muscle cells of the adrenalectomized rats and those with aortic constriction was measured by microspectrophotometry. In the adrenalectomized rats, the RNA content decreased about 32% below that of the intact control rats by 7 days after operation. On the other hand, it decreased more abruptly in the adrenalectomized rats with aortic constriction. These results suggested that in the adrenalectomized rats, hypoplasia of the heart was caused by reduction of RNA content and myocardial compensatory hypertrophy was never induced even by overloading to the heart. The fact that the reduction of RNA content preceded the decrease of the heart weight per 100 g body weight suggests that in the cases of sudden unexpected death by unknown cause, the measurement of RNA content of heart muscle cells may be a clue to judge whether the cause of death is concerned with the heart or not.", "PMID": 1129772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10793", "title": "A comparison of free amino acid components in the human adenoid and palatine tonsil.", "content": "Free amino acids in the tissue of the palatine tonsil and the adenoid were analyzed using a JEOL 6-AS Type Auto-Analyzer, and comparative examination was made on 26 kinds of amino acids discovered. Of these, 23 amino acids showed significantly high values in the palatine tonsil, but hydroxyproline and tryptophan showed somewhat higher values in the adenoid. These results suggest that the metabolism in the palatine tonsil is more active than in the adenoid.", "contents": "A comparison of free amino acid components in the human adenoid and palatine tonsil. Free amino acids in the tissue of the palatine tonsil and the adenoid were analyzed using a JEOL 6-AS Type Auto-Analyzer, and comparative examination was made on 26 kinds of amino acids discovered. Of these, 23 amino acids showed significantly high values in the palatine tonsil, but hydroxyproline and tryptophan showed somewhat higher values in the adenoid. These results suggest that the metabolism in the palatine tonsil is more active than in the adenoid.", "PMID": 1129773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10794", "title": "Pheochromocytomas occurring in 3 members in a family.", "content": "Three members of a kindred exhibiting bilateral adrenal pheochromocytomas are presented together with previously reported 15 familial cases in Japan. The rate of tumor growth, the stage of asymptomatic or chemical pheochromocytoma and the importance of urinary catecholamine assay for detection and diagnosis in this type of tumor are particularly emphasized.", "contents": "Pheochromocytomas occurring in 3 members in a family. Three members of a kindred exhibiting bilateral adrenal pheochromocytomas are presented together with previously reported 15 familial cases in Japan. The rate of tumor growth, the stage of asymptomatic or chemical pheochromocytoma and the importance of urinary catecholamine assay for detection and diagnosis in this type of tumor are particularly emphasized.", "PMID": 1129774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10795", "title": "Statistical analysis of diverticulosis of the colon.", "content": "Forty-four cases of diverticulosis of the colon were detected among 2,662 cases examined by barium enema in Tohoku University. This corresponds to 1.7% in frequency. On the other hand, 21 cases were found among 1,511 cases examined in Hirosaki University, giving 1.4% in frequency. It was more frequent in the male. The frequency, as calculated on the basis of the numbers of cases examined by barium enema in separate age groups, showed the gradual increase with age except for above the eighth decade. The location where the diverticulum was most frequently seen was the right colon; namely, cases in which the diverticulum occurred from the cecum to the ascending colon and those in which it was found only in the ascending colon occupied 61.4 and 71.4% of the total cases, respectively. Diverticulitis as a complication was rare, while coincidence of polyp or carcinoma was sometimes observed. Furthermore, the value of fiberscopy for the diagnosis of diverticulosis of the colon was discussed, and its usefulness for the detection of complication was emphasized.", "contents": "Statistical analysis of diverticulosis of the colon. Forty-four cases of diverticulosis of the colon were detected among 2,662 cases examined by barium enema in Tohoku University. This corresponds to 1.7% in frequency. On the other hand, 21 cases were found among 1,511 cases examined in Hirosaki University, giving 1.4% in frequency. It was more frequent in the male. The frequency, as calculated on the basis of the numbers of cases examined by barium enema in separate age groups, showed the gradual increase with age except for above the eighth decade. The location where the diverticulum was most frequently seen was the right colon; namely, cases in which the diverticulum occurred from the cecum to the ascending colon and those in which it was found only in the ascending colon occupied 61.4 and 71.4% of the total cases, respectively. Diverticulitis as a complication was rare, while coincidence of polyp or carcinoma was sometimes observed. Furthermore, the value of fiberscopy for the diagnosis of diverticulosis of the colon was discussed, and its usefulness for the detection of complication was emphasized.", "PMID": 1129775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10796", "title": "Light-induced permanent changes in electric resistance and standing potential observed in neonatal chick eyes.", "content": "A group of neonatal chicks (subject) was kept in complete darkness before and after hatching, whereas another group (control) was raised under normal light conditions. The electric resistance and standing potential across the eyeball were measured between the cornea and occipital area on the 3-5 day after hatching. Under dark adaptation, the resistance of the subject group was much higher than that of the control. The standing potential of the subject group showed a large negativity of 4-15 mV on the cornea side, whereas that of the control group showed a slight positivity of 0.1-1.5 mV. The resistance and standing potential of the control eyeballs showed only a slight change during the light adaptation, whereas those of the subject group markedly decreased during the initial light adaptation. Ultimately, they became the same as the control group. These observed changes were irreversible, suggesting a certain structural change in the retina produced by the initial exposure to light. The results were discussed in relation to the morphological changes in photoreceptors observed after the initial exposure to light.", "contents": "Light-induced permanent changes in electric resistance and standing potential observed in neonatal chick eyes. A group of neonatal chicks (subject) was kept in complete darkness before and after hatching, whereas another group (control) was raised under normal light conditions. The electric resistance and standing potential across the eyeball were measured between the cornea and occipital area on the 3-5 day after hatching. Under dark adaptation, the resistance of the subject group was much higher than that of the control. The standing potential of the subject group showed a large negativity of 4-15 mV on the cornea side, whereas that of the control group showed a slight positivity of 0.1-1.5 mV. The resistance and standing potential of the control eyeballs showed only a slight change during the light adaptation, whereas those of the subject group markedly decreased during the initial light adaptation. Ultimately, they became the same as the control group. These observed changes were irreversible, suggesting a certain structural change in the retina produced by the initial exposure to light. The results were discussed in relation to the morphological changes in photoreceptors observed after the initial exposure to light.", "PMID": 1129776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10797", "title": "Fibercolonoscopy for the diagnosis of granulomatous colitis.", "content": "In order to clarify the significance of fibercolonoscopy in diagnosis of granulomatous colitis, the pathological, radiological, endoscopic and clinical differences between granulomatous colitis and ulcerative colitis were investigated on 12 cases of granulomatous colitis and 23 cases of ulcerative colitis, which underwent colonic resections between 1954 and 1973. The comparative studies have revealed considerable differences in their characteristic features besides the overlapping spectrum. As a consequence of assessments made of the various diagnostic techniques as to usefulness in differential diagnosis between the two colitis conditions, it was noted that fibercolonoscopy and biopsy under direct vision, when applied in conjunction with the conventional procedures, readily facilitate the differential diagnosis without any surgical intervention in all aspects, excepting the depth of inflammatory involvement and the presence of lymphangiectasia. However, the depth of the inflammed lesion as well as lymphangiectasia can also be estimated indirectly. Therefore, it seems that it is possible to make the differential diagnosis between the two colitis conditions even prior to colectomy, with the exception of atypical forms which represent overlapping findings.", "contents": "Fibercolonoscopy for the diagnosis of granulomatous colitis. In order to clarify the significance of fibercolonoscopy in diagnosis of granulomatous colitis, the pathological, radiological, endoscopic and clinical differences between granulomatous colitis and ulcerative colitis were investigated on 12 cases of granulomatous colitis and 23 cases of ulcerative colitis, which underwent colonic resections between 1954 and 1973. The comparative studies have revealed considerable differences in their characteristic features besides the overlapping spectrum. As a consequence of assessments made of the various diagnostic techniques as to usefulness in differential diagnosis between the two colitis conditions, it was noted that fibercolonoscopy and biopsy under direct vision, when applied in conjunction with the conventional procedures, readily facilitate the differential diagnosis without any surgical intervention in all aspects, excepting the depth of inflammatory involvement and the presence of lymphangiectasia. However, the depth of the inflammed lesion as well as lymphangiectasia can also be estimated indirectly. Therefore, it seems that it is possible to make the differential diagnosis between the two colitis conditions even prior to colectomy, with the exception of atypical forms which represent overlapping findings.", "PMID": 1129777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10798", "title": "The effect of visual sexual stimulation on urinary excretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline in impotent patients.", "content": "In 15 impotent patients, the effect of visual sexual stimulation was evaluated by measuring their urinary levels of adrenaline and noradrenaline, before and after stimulation. Both adrenaline and noradrenaline increased in the urine over the base levels in response to the visual sexual stimulation. The average increases were 1.5 times for adrenaline, and 1.4 times for noradrenaline. There was an evident correlation between the degree of sexual excitation and the excretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline into urine.", "contents": "The effect of visual sexual stimulation on urinary excretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline in impotent patients. In 15 impotent patients, the effect of visual sexual stimulation was evaluated by measuring their urinary levels of adrenaline and noradrenaline, before and after stimulation. Both adrenaline and noradrenaline increased in the urine over the base levels in response to the visual sexual stimulation. The average increases were 1.5 times for adrenaline, and 1.4 times for noradrenaline. There was an evident correlation between the degree of sexual excitation and the excretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline into urine.", "PMID": 1129778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10799", "title": "Methacholine: a 7-day inhalation toxicity study with primates.", "content": "The acute and sub-acute inhalation toxicity of methacholine to cynomolgus monkeys was assessed by exposure of animals to an aerosol of a 2% solution of the material in sterile saline. The acute response was characterized by a decrease in tidal volume, increase in respiratory rate, a fall in dynamic compliance and an increased pulmonary resistance. Onset of the acute response was rapid, reached a peak after 2-3 min of exposure and recovery appeared to be complete after 30 min following termination of an exposure. The sub-acute inhalation toxicity of methacholine was assessed by single daily aerosol exposure of primates to graded doses of the compound for 7 days. Pre- and post-exposure measurements of haematology and blood biochemistry, urinalysis, blood gas analysis and ECG showed no changes which could be attributed to exposure to methacholine. Nor were treatment-related histopathological changes observed in exposed animals. Distinct changes were seen in the mechanical characteristics of the lungs of exposed animals. Pulmonary resistances, measured on the day following final exposure, were increased in all animals exposed to the methacholine aerosol. During 9 weeks following the last of the daily exposures, increased pulmonary resistance values persisted in the animals retained for this period, although there was some indication of a gradual return to pre-exposure resistance values.", "contents": "Methacholine: a 7-day inhalation toxicity study with primates. The acute and sub-acute inhalation toxicity of methacholine to cynomolgus monkeys was assessed by exposure of animals to an aerosol of a 2% solution of the material in sterile saline. The acute response was characterized by a decrease in tidal volume, increase in respiratory rate, a fall in dynamic compliance and an increased pulmonary resistance. Onset of the acute response was rapid, reached a peak after 2-3 min of exposure and recovery appeared to be complete after 30 min following termination of an exposure. The sub-acute inhalation toxicity of methacholine was assessed by single daily aerosol exposure of primates to graded doses of the compound for 7 days. Pre- and post-exposure measurements of haematology and blood biochemistry, urinalysis, blood gas analysis and ECG showed no changes which could be attributed to exposure to methacholine. Nor were treatment-related histopathological changes observed in exposed animals. Distinct changes were seen in the mechanical characteristics of the lungs of exposed animals. Pulmonary resistances, measured on the day following final exposure, were increased in all animals exposed to the methacholine aerosol. During 9 weeks following the last of the daily exposures, increased pulmonary resistance values persisted in the animals retained for this period, although there was some indication of a gradual return to pre-exposure resistance values.", "PMID": 1129803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10800", "title": "Absorption, metabolism and excretion by goldfish of the anionic detergent sodium lauryl sulphate.", "content": "The route of absorption, tissue distribution, metabolism route of excretion, and excretion rate of the anionic detergent sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) in goldfish was investigated using [35-S] or [1-14-C] SLS. It has been shown that goldfish absorb SLS from solution principally through the gills, and that SLS is rapidly distributed throughout the body tissues, the highest concentration being found in the gall bladder. SLS was metabolised by the fish to butyric acid-4-sulphate, and was excreted by the kidney. Over a 24-h period 68% and 38% of a prescribed dose was excreted from freely fed and unfed fish, respectively.", "contents": "Absorption, metabolism and excretion by goldfish of the anionic detergent sodium lauryl sulphate. The route of absorption, tissue distribution, metabolism route of excretion, and excretion rate of the anionic detergent sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) in goldfish was investigated using [35-S] or [1-14-C] SLS. It has been shown that goldfish absorb SLS from solution principally through the gills, and that SLS is rapidly distributed throughout the body tissues, the highest concentration being found in the gall bladder. SLS was metabolised by the fish to butyric acid-4-sulphate, and was excreted by the kidney. Over a 24-h period 68% and 38% of a prescribed dose was excreted from freely fed and unfed fish, respectively.", "PMID": 1129804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10801", "title": "The role of the World Health Organization in pesticide research.", "content": "For many years the World Health Organization (WHO), a specialized agency of the United Nations, has been involved in activities related to pesticide chemicals such as toxicological evaluation of pesticides used in agriculture, recommendation of limits for pesticide residues in foods, application of pesticides used in public health (including recommending methods and specifications for equipment) and detection of resistance to pesticides. The use of substances toxic to man and to a variety of forms of life comprises an overall health problem, and the participation of WHO at the international level in this area should be regarded as part of its responsibility for promoting the health of all people. During the course of its engagement in these activities the Organization played, and plays, an important role, either by directly sponsoring research projects according to its limited budgetary capabilities or, and mostly, by assisting in the promotion, guidance and coordination of research programmes on a world-wide basis. This paper provides a brief description of the most important activities of WHO and outlines the Organization's involvement in stimulating research in the field of pesticide chemicals. References are made to the \"modus operandi\" of Expert Committees.", "contents": "The role of the World Health Organization in pesticide research. For many years the World Health Organization (WHO), a specialized agency of the United Nations, has been involved in activities related to pesticide chemicals such as toxicological evaluation of pesticides used in agriculture, recommendation of limits for pesticide residues in foods, application of pesticides used in public health (including recommending methods and specifications for equipment) and detection of resistance to pesticides. The use of substances toxic to man and to a variety of forms of life comprises an overall health problem, and the participation of WHO at the international level in this area should be regarded as part of its responsibility for promoting the health of all people. During the course of its engagement in these activities the Organization played, and plays, an important role, either by directly sponsoring research projects according to its limited budgetary capabilities or, and mostly, by assisting in the promotion, guidance and coordination of research programmes on a world-wide basis. This paper provides a brief description of the most important activities of WHO and outlines the Organization's involvement in stimulating research in the field of pesticide chemicals. References are made to the \"modus operandi\" of Expert Committees.", "PMID": 1129805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10802", "title": "Effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol administered subcutaneously to rabbits for 28 days.", "content": "Subcutaneous (s.c.) administration of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta-9-THC) to rabbits produced dose-related cumulative toxicity. Five groups of three New Zealand albino rabbits each received 28 daily treatments with isotonic saline, sesame oil of 15.9, 45.0 or 153.4 mg/kg/day of delta-9-THC dissolved in sesame oil. Dose-related dermal responses included erythema, edema, ulceration and nodule formation. Some of the granulomatous nodules contained an oily substance and exhibited liquefactive necrosis. The severities of erythema and ulceration were generally maximal during the first week of treatment, but edema and nodule formation were most severe after days 12 and 14, respectively. All rabbits survived treatment, but body weights, liver weights and liver glycogen levels were decreased in a dose-related manner. Maximal body weight effects occurred after day 19. Hemochemical changes occurred only in rabbits treated with 153.4 mg/kg/day and included decreased blood sugar and alkaline phosphatase, and increased serum potassium. Hematology parameters were normal throughout the treatment period. No drug-related pathological lesions occurred in internal organs. The cumulative body weight changes, significantly decreased hepatic glycogen levels and reduced blood sugar and alkaline phosphatase values may have indicated drug-induced metabolic changes.", "contents": "Effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol administered subcutaneously to rabbits for 28 days. Subcutaneous (s.c.) administration of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta-9-THC) to rabbits produced dose-related cumulative toxicity. Five groups of three New Zealand albino rabbits each received 28 daily treatments with isotonic saline, sesame oil of 15.9, 45.0 or 153.4 mg/kg/day of delta-9-THC dissolved in sesame oil. Dose-related dermal responses included erythema, edema, ulceration and nodule formation. Some of the granulomatous nodules contained an oily substance and exhibited liquefactive necrosis. The severities of erythema and ulceration were generally maximal during the first week of treatment, but edema and nodule formation were most severe after days 12 and 14, respectively. All rabbits survived treatment, but body weights, liver weights and liver glycogen levels were decreased in a dose-related manner. Maximal body weight effects occurred after day 19. Hemochemical changes occurred only in rabbits treated with 153.4 mg/kg/day and included decreased blood sugar and alkaline phosphatase, and increased serum potassium. Hematology parameters were normal throughout the treatment period. No drug-related pathological lesions occurred in internal organs. The cumulative body weight changes, significantly decreased hepatic glycogen levels and reduced blood sugar and alkaline phosphatase values may have indicated drug-induced metabolic changes.", "PMID": 1129806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10803", "title": "The joint toxic action of perchloroethylene with benzene or toluene in rats.", "content": "The joint toxic action of mixtures of perchloroethylene with benzene or toluene was tested at five dose levels for each of six binary combinations with 20 rats per dose. LD50 data with 95% fiducial limits are reported for each mixture and tests for additive joint toxicity were made. The results indicate that the mixtures of perchloroethylene and benzene gave values for the LD50 which were slightly less than additive while perchloroethylene and toluene mixtures had LD50 values which could not be predicted by an additive model.", "contents": "The joint toxic action of perchloroethylene with benzene or toluene in rats. The joint toxic action of mixtures of perchloroethylene with benzene or toluene was tested at five dose levels for each of six binary combinations with 20 rats per dose. LD50 data with 95% fiducial limits are reported for each mixture and tests for additive joint toxicity were made. The results indicate that the mixtures of perchloroethylene and benzene gave values for the LD50 which were slightly less than additive while perchloroethylene and toluene mixtures had LD50 values which could not be predicted by an additive model.", "PMID": 1129807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10804", "title": "A teratologic study with the dyes amaranth and Ponceau 4R in mice.", "content": "A teratology study on amaranth and Ponceau 4R was carried out in NMRI mice. The substances were given by gavage either from day 0 through day 7 or from day 6 through day 18 in doses of 7.5, 30 or 100 mg/kg. Distilled water was given by gavage to the control dams from day 0 through day 18. The foetuses were removed on day 18 for detailed examinations. No effect of treatment with the dyes could be observed with regard to number of implantations, frequency of foetal death and resorptions, gross malformations, skeletal or internal malformations or retarded growth as judged by foetal weight. The results are discussed with particular reference to the evaluation of teratologic studies on food colouring in general and the various regulation proposals from the National Food Administration.", "contents": "A teratologic study with the dyes amaranth and Ponceau 4R in mice. A teratology study on amaranth and Ponceau 4R was carried out in NMRI mice. The substances were given by gavage either from day 0 through day 7 or from day 6 through day 18 in doses of 7.5, 30 or 100 mg/kg. Distilled water was given by gavage to the control dams from day 0 through day 18. The foetuses were removed on day 18 for detailed examinations. No effect of treatment with the dyes could be observed with regard to number of implantations, frequency of foetal death and resorptions, gross malformations, skeletal or internal malformations or retarded growth as judged by foetal weight. The results are discussed with particular reference to the evaluation of teratologic studies on food colouring in general and the various regulation proposals from the National Food Administration.", "PMID": 1129808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10805", "title": "Protection against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity by pretreatment with methylmercury hydroxide.", "content": "Pretreatment of rats with methylmercury hydroxide (MMH) (15 mg/kg s.c. for 2 days) protected against hepatotoxicity due to the inhalation of CCl4 vapor (4800-6100 ppm for 2 h). This was evidenced by lessening of the changes due to CCl4 in liver glucose-6-phosphatase, serum glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), serum isocitrate dehydrogenase and serum sorbitol dehydrogenase. Decreases in p-nitroanisole demethylation and cytochrome P-450 were also altered. Lipid peroxidation due to CCl4 was decreased by MMH. These biochemical indices of protection were supported by histopathological observations. These results lend further support to the concept that metabolism of CCl4 is necessary for its hepatoxicity.", "contents": "Protection against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity by pretreatment with methylmercury hydroxide. Pretreatment of rats with methylmercury hydroxide (MMH) (15 mg/kg s.c. for 2 days) protected against hepatotoxicity due to the inhalation of CCl4 vapor (4800-6100 ppm for 2 h). This was evidenced by lessening of the changes due to CCl4 in liver glucose-6-phosphatase, serum glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), serum isocitrate dehydrogenase and serum sorbitol dehydrogenase. Decreases in p-nitroanisole demethylation and cytochrome P-450 were also altered. Lipid peroxidation due to CCl4 was decreased by MMH. These biochemical indices of protection were supported by histopathological observations. These results lend further support to the concept that metabolism of CCl4 is necessary for its hepatoxicity.", "PMID": 1129809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10806", "title": "Long-term toxicity and reproduction studies with metaldehyde in rats.", "content": "Rats received 0, 200, 1000 and 5000 ppm metaldehyde in the diet for 2 years. Reproduction studies over three generations using the same dietary levels were carried out. In the third litter of each generation attention was paid to possible embryotoxic or teratogenic effects. The parameters studied included growth, food intake, behaviour and survival, haematology, clinical biochemistry, organ weight, histopathology, reproductive performance and teratogenicity. At 5000 ppm the relative liver weight was increased and this was accompanied by an increase in liver microsomal enzyme activity. The most striking observation was a dose-related development of posterior paralysis in females due to a transverse lesion of the spinal cord. The latency period was more than 550 days. Three rats with posterior paralysis showed a transverse lesion of the spinal cord. No significant histological damage to other organs was seen. The tumour incidence was not increased in any of the metaldehyde dosage groups. The reproduction study confirmed the findings of the long-term test. Posterior paralysis appeared in at least 50% of the females on 5000 ppm metaldehyde in all 3 generations. Some were affected at 1000 ppm but none at 200 ppm. Histologically, a fracture or distortion of thoracic vertebrae and subsequent compression of the spinal cord was found. The onset of paralysis was related to the time of delivery. The reproductive performance was susceptibility in this respect to metaldehyde. Apart from one male rat on 200 ppm with clinical posterior paralysis without transverse lesions in the spinal cord, this level was without toxic effects both in the long-term and 3-generation reproduction study.", "contents": "Long-term toxicity and reproduction studies with metaldehyde in rats. Rats received 0, 200, 1000 and 5000 ppm metaldehyde in the diet for 2 years. Reproduction studies over three generations using the same dietary levels were carried out. In the third litter of each generation attention was paid to possible embryotoxic or teratogenic effects. The parameters studied included growth, food intake, behaviour and survival, haematology, clinical biochemistry, organ weight, histopathology, reproductive performance and teratogenicity. At 5000 ppm the relative liver weight was increased and this was accompanied by an increase in liver microsomal enzyme activity. The most striking observation was a dose-related development of posterior paralysis in females due to a transverse lesion of the spinal cord. The latency period was more than 550 days. Three rats with posterior paralysis showed a transverse lesion of the spinal cord. No significant histological damage to other organs was seen. The tumour incidence was not increased in any of the metaldehyde dosage groups. The reproduction study confirmed the findings of the long-term test. Posterior paralysis appeared in at least 50% of the females on 5000 ppm metaldehyde in all 3 generations. Some were affected at 1000 ppm but none at 200 ppm. Histologically, a fracture or distortion of thoracic vertebrae and subsequent compression of the spinal cord was found. The onset of paralysis was related to the time of delivery. The reproductive performance was susceptibility in this respect to metaldehyde. Apart from one male rat on 200 ppm with clinical posterior paralysis without transverse lesions in the spinal cord, this level was without toxic effects both in the long-term and 3-generation reproduction study.", "PMID": 1129810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10807", "title": "Conversion of progesterone-1,2-3-H to 5beta-pregnane-3,20-dione by brain tissue.", "content": "The presence of a 5beta-reductase acting to convert progesterone to 5beta-pregnane-3,20-dione is described in the soluble 105,000 x g fraction of a preparation of dog cerebral cortex. The function of this enzymatic activity is obscure but may be important in regulation of sensorium. 5beta-pregnane compounds are potent depressors of the central nervous system.", "contents": "Conversion of progesterone-1,2-3-H to 5beta-pregnane-3,20-dione by brain tissue. The presence of a 5beta-reductase acting to convert progesterone to 5beta-pregnane-3,20-dione is described in the soluble 105,000 x g fraction of a preparation of dog cerebral cortex. The function of this enzymatic activity is obscure but may be important in regulation of sensorium. 5beta-pregnane compounds are potent depressors of the central nervous system.", "PMID": 1129827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10808", "title": "Steroid interference in iron-cholesterol reactions: a comparative study.", "content": "Interference from various physiological and non-physiological steroids in the spectrophotometric determination of cholesterol by the Zak method (ferric chloride) and the method of Parekh and Jung (ferric acetate) was quantitatively measured. Contribution of the steroids at the specific absorption maxima of the cholesterol assays was determined by employing the steroids (40 mg/dl) alone, or added to a serum pool of known cholesterol content. The results show that the method of Parekh and Jung is less influenced by the presence of steroids than the Zak method. Observations on the structural specificity of the iron-cholesterol reaction are discussed.", "contents": "Steroid interference in iron-cholesterol reactions: a comparative study. Interference from various physiological and non-physiological steroids in the spectrophotometric determination of cholesterol by the Zak method (ferric chloride) and the method of Parekh and Jung (ferric acetate) was quantitatively measured. Contribution of the steroids at the specific absorption maxima of the cholesterol assays was determined by employing the steroids (40 mg/dl) alone, or added to a serum pool of known cholesterol content. The results show that the method of Parekh and Jung is less influenced by the presence of steroids than the Zak method. Observations on the structural specificity of the iron-cholesterol reaction are discussed.", "PMID": 1129828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10809", "title": "Gas chromatography profile of estrogens: application to pregnancy urine.", "content": "A method for the simultaneous quantitation of 7 estrogens in pregnancy urine is described. It involves enzymatic hydrolysis extraction of free steroids, ion-exchange column chromatography and quantitation of the trimethylsilyl derivatives by gas chromatography on OV 1. Data obtained from normal and twin pregnancies and from women with anencephalic fetus or intra uterine fetal death are analysed. The sensibility of the method is about 40 mug of each estrogen by liter of urine.", "contents": "Gas chromatography profile of estrogens: application to pregnancy urine. A method for the simultaneous quantitation of 7 estrogens in pregnancy urine is described. It involves enzymatic hydrolysis extraction of free steroids, ion-exchange column chromatography and quantitation of the trimethylsilyl derivatives by gas chromatography on OV 1. Data obtained from normal and twin pregnancies and from women with anencephalic fetus or intra uterine fetal death are analysed. The sensibility of the method is about 40 mug of each estrogen by liter of urine.", "PMID": 1129829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10810", "title": "Simplification of the methods for adding and removing glycerol during freeze-preservation of human red blood cells with the high or low glycerol methods: biochemical modification prior to freezing.", "content": "Simple methods have been developed for adding and removing glycerol during freeze-preservation with 20 per cent W/V glycerol at minus 150 C, or with 40 per cent W/V glycerol at minus 80 C. A one-step method with a 35 per cent W/V glycerol solution is used to prepare 20 per cent W/V glycerolized red blood cells, and a two-step method with a 57 per cent W/V glycerol solution is used to prepare 40 per cent W/V glycerolized red blood cells. The systems for washing glycerolized red blood cells have been simplified. This method consists of dilution of the thawed glycerolized red blood cells prior to recovery, followed by on-line dilution of these red blood cells with wash solutions during continuous flow centrifugation. This can be done in any of three commercially available washing systems, and they all use the same sodium chloride solutions. For the 40 per cent W/V glycerolized red blood cells, this process takes about 30 minutes and uses 2.2 to 3.2 liters of the sodium chloride solutions, whereas the 20 per cent W/V glycerolized red blood cells can be processed in about 20 minutes using 1.5 to 2.5 liters. After storage in CPD for three days at 4 C, red blood cells can be freeze-preserved with 40 per cent W/V glycerol at minus 80 C or with 20 per cent W/V glycerol at minus 150 C. When the thawed red blood cells are washed in the Fenwal Elutramatic, the IBM Blood Processor, or the Haemonetics Blood Processor and stored at 4 C in sodium chloride-glucose-phosphate for at least 24 hours before transfusion, they have excellent posttransfusion survival values and normal or slightly decreased oxygen transport function. Alternatively, these red blood cells can be rejuvenated before freeze-preservation so that their 2,3-DPG levels are increased and their affinity for oxygen is reduced. Red blood cells that are stored in CPD at 4 C for as long as 28 days can be rejuvenated with a solution containing pyruvate, inosine, glucose, phosphate, and adenine (PIGPA, Solution A) before freeze-preservation with 40 per cent W/V glycerol at minus 80 C. Any one of the above systems can be used to wash these red blood cells and they can be stored at 4 C in a sodium.", "contents": "Simplification of the methods for adding and removing glycerol during freeze-preservation of human red blood cells with the high or low glycerol methods: biochemical modification prior to freezing. Simple methods have been developed for adding and removing glycerol during freeze-preservation with 20 per cent W/V glycerol at minus 150 C, or with 40 per cent W/V glycerol at minus 80 C. A one-step method with a 35 per cent W/V glycerol solution is used to prepare 20 per cent W/V glycerolized red blood cells, and a two-step method with a 57 per cent W/V glycerol solution is used to prepare 40 per cent W/V glycerolized red blood cells. The systems for washing glycerolized red blood cells have been simplified. This method consists of dilution of the thawed glycerolized red blood cells prior to recovery, followed by on-line dilution of these red blood cells with wash solutions during continuous flow centrifugation. This can be done in any of three commercially available washing systems, and they all use the same sodium chloride solutions. For the 40 per cent W/V glycerolized red blood cells, this process takes about 30 minutes and uses 2.2 to 3.2 liters of the sodium chloride solutions, whereas the 20 per cent W/V glycerolized red blood cells can be processed in about 20 minutes using 1.5 to 2.5 liters. After storage in CPD for three days at 4 C, red blood cells can be freeze-preserved with 40 per cent W/V glycerol at minus 80 C or with 20 per cent W/V glycerol at minus 150 C. When the thawed red blood cells are washed in the Fenwal Elutramatic, the IBM Blood Processor, or the Haemonetics Blood Processor and stored at 4 C in sodium chloride-glucose-phosphate for at least 24 hours before transfusion, they have excellent posttransfusion survival values and normal or slightly decreased oxygen transport function. Alternatively, these red blood cells can be rejuvenated before freeze-preservation so that their 2,3-DPG levels are increased and their affinity for oxygen is reduced. Red blood cells that are stored in CPD at 4 C for as long as 28 days can be rejuvenated with a solution containing pyruvate, inosine, glucose, phosphate, and adenine (PIGPA, Solution A) before freeze-preservation with 40 per cent W/V glycerol at minus 80 C. Any one of the above systems can be used to wash these red blood cells and they can be stored at 4 C in a sodium.", "PMID": 1129830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10811", "title": "Occurrence of granulocyte cytotoxins and agglutinins.", "content": "Granulocyte cytotoxic activity in sera from over 257 patients was shown to be distinct from HL-A lymphocytoxic activity. Granulocyte cytotoxins occur in approximately 25 per cent of sera from patients having leukemia, 45 per cent with aplastic anemia, 22 per cent with kidney disease on hemodialysis, and 19 per cent of pregnant women. By testing sera on the same panel of cells, the granulocyte cytotoxic activity was shown not to be associated with granulocyte agglutination activity or lymphocytotoxic acitivty. It is likely that granulocyte cytotoxins and granulocyte agglutinins will be useful in transfusion and bone marrow transplantation as a separate tool from the more widely used lymphocyte cytotoxicity reaction.", "contents": "Occurrence of granulocyte cytotoxins and agglutinins. Granulocyte cytotoxic activity in sera from over 257 patients was shown to be distinct from HL-A lymphocytoxic activity. Granulocyte cytotoxins occur in approximately 25 per cent of sera from patients having leukemia, 45 per cent with aplastic anemia, 22 per cent with kidney disease on hemodialysis, and 19 per cent of pregnant women. By testing sera on the same panel of cells, the granulocyte cytotoxic activity was shown not to be associated with granulocyte agglutination activity or lymphocytotoxic acitivty. It is likely that granulocyte cytotoxins and granulocyte agglutinins will be useful in transfusion and bone marrow transplantation as a separate tool from the more widely used lymphocyte cytotoxicity reaction.", "PMID": 1129831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10812", "title": "Some observations on \"Bombay\" bloods, with comments on evidence for the existence of two different Oh phenotypes.", "content": "Bloods from three individuals, one each of the phenotypes Oh-A, Oh-B and Oh-O have been studied. The work of Dzierzkowa-Borodej, et al.-10 was confirmed when it was shown that all three samples of Oh red blood cells had increased I antigen strength. The i, Sd-a, Le-a and Le-x antigens were not found to be increased. Attempts were made to adsorb and elute anti-A, anti-B and anti-A,B with the Oh red blood cells, using sera that contained high titered anti-I antibodies. This was done in the belief that previously reported positive results in such tests might be due to the high level of I on the Oh red blood cells, anti-I in the sera containing the ABO antibodies, and the Matuhasi-Ogata phenomenon. However, in no instance were we able to adsorb an ABO antibody onto the Oh red blood cells. Contrary to the report of others-10 the titers of anti-A, anti-B and anti-H in the sera of the three Oh individuals studied did not differ significantly. We suggest that the evidence from our findings and the work of others is sufficient to show that at least two forms of the Oh phenotype exist: one representing total suppression of H, A, and B antigens, and the other marked but not total suppression, with partial inhibition of antibody production.", "contents": "Some observations on \"Bombay\" bloods, with comments on evidence for the existence of two different Oh phenotypes. Bloods from three individuals, one each of the phenotypes Oh-A, Oh-B and Oh-O have been studied. The work of Dzierzkowa-Borodej, et al.-10 was confirmed when it was shown that all three samples of Oh red blood cells had increased I antigen strength. The i, Sd-a, Le-a and Le-x antigens were not found to be increased. Attempts were made to adsorb and elute anti-A, anti-B and anti-A,B with the Oh red blood cells, using sera that contained high titered anti-I antibodies. This was done in the belief that previously reported positive results in such tests might be due to the high level of I on the Oh red blood cells, anti-I in the sera containing the ABO antibodies, and the Matuhasi-Ogata phenomenon. However, in no instance were we able to adsorb an ABO antibody onto the Oh red blood cells. Contrary to the report of others-10 the titers of anti-A, anti-B and anti-H in the sera of the three Oh individuals studied did not differ significantly. We suggest that the evidence from our findings and the work of others is sufficient to show that at least two forms of the Oh phenotype exist: one representing total suppression of H, A, and B antigens, and the other marked but not total suppression, with partial inhibition of antibody production.", "PMID": 1129832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10813", "title": "Compatibility of common intravenous solutions with CPD blood.", "content": "Blood anticoagulated with CPD was mixed with lactated Ringer's solution, 5 per cent aqueous dextrose, 5 per cent dextrose in 0.225 per cent saline, 5 per cent dextrose in 0.9 per cent saline, and 0.9 per cent saline solution in varying concentrations and incubated at room temperature and 37 C. Clots formed in the blood-lactated Ringer's mixture after five minutes at a citrate:calcium molar ratio of 4:1 or lower. Aqueous dextrose-blood mixtures showed immediate clumping with gross hemolysis after 30 minutes incubation. Blood mixed with 5 per cent dextrose and 0.225 per cent saline hemolyzed within ten minutes incubation at 37 C. No hemolysis occurred in blood mixed with 5 per cent dextrose in 0.9 per cent saline or with 0.9 per cent saline. Traces of solutions labeled with Evans blue dye remained in intravenous administration tubing even 30 minutes after a simulated transfusion was begun. Lactated Ringer's solution and 5 per cent dextrose in 0.225 per cent saline should not be administered concurrently with blood. Lactated Ringer's solution may also be harmful when used to start transfusions as it rapidly produces clots when mixed with CPD blood.", "contents": "Compatibility of common intravenous solutions with CPD blood. Blood anticoagulated with CPD was mixed with lactated Ringer's solution, 5 per cent aqueous dextrose, 5 per cent dextrose in 0.225 per cent saline, 5 per cent dextrose in 0.9 per cent saline, and 0.9 per cent saline solution in varying concentrations and incubated at room temperature and 37 C. Clots formed in the blood-lactated Ringer's mixture after five minutes at a citrate:calcium molar ratio of 4:1 or lower. Aqueous dextrose-blood mixtures showed immediate clumping with gross hemolysis after 30 minutes incubation. Blood mixed with 5 per cent dextrose and 0.225 per cent saline hemolyzed within ten minutes incubation at 37 C. No hemolysis occurred in blood mixed with 5 per cent dextrose in 0.9 per cent saline or with 0.9 per cent saline. Traces of solutions labeled with Evans blue dye remained in intravenous administration tubing even 30 minutes after a simulated transfusion was begun. Lactated Ringer's solution and 5 per cent dextrose in 0.225 per cent saline should not be administered concurrently with blood. Lactated Ringer's solution may also be harmful when used to start transfusions as it rapidly produces clots when mixed with CPD blood.", "PMID": 1129833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10814", "title": "Successful transfusion of Chido-positive blood to two patients with anti-Chido.", "content": "Two cases are described in this report in which patients with anti-Chido in the serum were transfused with Chido-positive blood. Since there was evidence of normal survival of the transfused red blood cells, these findings do not support a suggestion that patients with anti-Chido may require transfusion with Chido-negative blood. In spite of the apparently normal survival of the Chido-positive blood, a previous report in which it was shown that weakly Chido-positive blood can stimulate the production of anti-Chido was confirmed.", "contents": "Successful transfusion of Chido-positive blood to two patients with anti-Chido. Two cases are described in this report in which patients with anti-Chido in the serum were transfused with Chido-positive blood. Since there was evidence of normal survival of the transfused red blood cells, these findings do not support a suggestion that patients with anti-Chido may require transfusion with Chido-negative blood. In spite of the apparently normal survival of the Chido-positive blood, a previous report in which it was shown that weakly Chido-positive blood can stimulate the production of anti-Chido was confirmed.", "PMID": 1129834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10815", "title": "Observations on the Gy-a and Hy antigens and the antibodies that define them.", "content": "Two high frequency antigens, Hy (Holley) and Gy-a (Gregory), show an apparent association. All individuals lacking Gy-a are whites and these individuals are Hy-negative. A second group of Hy-negative individuals are blacks. All of these react weakly with anti-Gy-a. Neither Gy-a nor Hy are well developed on cord cells, although antibodies to both factors have been stimulated by pregnancy. Anti-Gy-a and anti-Hy antibodies react best in the antihuman globulin test. These antibodies have low avidity, high titers, and have been implicated as causing transfusion reactions.", "contents": "Observations on the Gy-a and Hy antigens and the antibodies that define them. Two high frequency antigens, Hy (Holley) and Gy-a (Gregory), show an apparent association. All individuals lacking Gy-a are whites and these individuals are Hy-negative. A second group of Hy-negative individuals are blacks. All of these react weakly with anti-Gy-a. Neither Gy-a nor Hy are well developed on cord cells, although antibodies to both factors have been stimulated by pregnancy. Anti-Gy-a and anti-Hy antibodies react best in the antihuman globulin test. These antibodies have low avidity, high titers, and have been implicated as causing transfusion reactions.", "PMID": 1129835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10816", "title": "Attitudes underlying reluctance to donate blood.", "content": "Attitudes underlying reluctance to donate blood were examined in two samples, college and general public, by means of direct and indirect questionnaires. Results were highly consistent across samples and sexes, and indicated that personal and emotional concerns, such as fear of the needle, fear of the sight of blood, fear of dizziness, inconvenience, and possibly ill effects on health, contribute more heavily to reluctance than people can (or will) recognize. Forthright handling of these fears and concerns by blood collection agencies is advocated.", "contents": "Attitudes underlying reluctance to donate blood. Attitudes underlying reluctance to donate blood were examined in two samples, college and general public, by means of direct and indirect questionnaires. Results were highly consistent across samples and sexes, and indicated that personal and emotional concerns, such as fear of the needle, fear of the sight of blood, fear of dizziness, inconvenience, and possibly ill effects on health, contribute more heavily to reluctance than people can (or will) recognize. Forthright handling of these fears and concerns by blood collection agencies is advocated.", "PMID": 1129836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10817", "title": "The development of a recruiting-drawing-inventory model for a community blood bank system.", "content": "A community blood bank system is a multiorganizational program that is designed to supply the blood needs of a community. Participating in such a program are hospitals, a central blood bank, industrial donor groups, the American Red Cross, advisory committees, and the community at large. The underlying determinant of the community's success or failure with its blood program is the degree of cooperation among the various organizations. Intertwined with organizational considerations are the management problems associated with the operation of a responsive and efficient inventory control system. This paper reports on the development of a system for a community blood bank that is in its third year of operation. The system that has been developed can be operated manually by a part-time clerk. Details of the model include an integration of the donor scheduling function and the inventory control function. Simulated testing of the model has been conducted and full-scale implementation is awaiting the expansion of the known donor base.", "contents": "The development of a recruiting-drawing-inventory model for a community blood bank system. A community blood bank system is a multiorganizational program that is designed to supply the blood needs of a community. Participating in such a program are hospitals, a central blood bank, industrial donor groups, the American Red Cross, advisory committees, and the community at large. The underlying determinant of the community's success or failure with its blood program is the degree of cooperation among the various organizations. Intertwined with organizational considerations are the management problems associated with the operation of a responsive and efficient inventory control system. This paper reports on the development of a system for a community blood bank that is in its third year of operation. The system that has been developed can be operated manually by a part-time clerk. Details of the model include an integration of the donor scheduling function and the inventory control function. Simulated testing of the model has been conducted and full-scale implementation is awaiting the expansion of the known donor base.", "PMID": 1129839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10818", "title": "A computer-based frozen blood inventory and information system.", "content": "A computer-based, time-sharing data processing system was developed to assist in maintaining information regarding units of red blood cells frozen for eventual transfusion. An automated system has been programmed to compile and retrieve data concerning stored units, prepare shipping documents as required, and maintain transfusion records in a retrievable manner for thawed or shipped units. Requests for frozen red blood cells are processed through this system. Units are selected by the computer to meet requirements specified by the operator of a keyboard terminal. These requirements include method of cryopreservation, specific antigenic characteristics required, and the number of units requested. The computer prints out on the keyboard terminal the units meeting the requirements and the keyboard operator then indicates to the computer the name of the requesting facility, if these units are to be shipped. This input initiates a programmed routine that generates a shipping invoice and a new file for these units in a permanent transfusion record which can by acessed by either donor number or the frozen blood cell code.", "contents": "A computer-based frozen blood inventory and information system. A computer-based, time-sharing data processing system was developed to assist in maintaining information regarding units of red blood cells frozen for eventual transfusion. An automated system has been programmed to compile and retrieve data concerning stored units, prepare shipping documents as required, and maintain transfusion records in a retrievable manner for thawed or shipped units. Requests for frozen red blood cells are processed through this system. Units are selected by the computer to meet requirements specified by the operator of a keyboard terminal. These requirements include method of cryopreservation, specific antigenic characteristics required, and the number of units requested. The computer prints out on the keyboard terminal the units meeting the requirements and the keyboard operator then indicates to the computer the name of the requesting facility, if these units are to be shipped. This input initiates a programmed routine that generates a shipping invoice and a new file for these units in a permanent transfusion record which can by acessed by either donor number or the frozen blood cell code.", "PMID": 1129837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10819", "title": "External herniae: ventral herniae and summary.", "content": "1. In three articles, inguinal, femoral, and ventral herniae have been discussed, one of the aims being to draw the attention of those who are new to surgery in the tropics to some of the things the author thought were peculiar to these herniae. Experiences in the 1,100-bed Korle Bu Hospital, Accra, where a retrospective survey showed that 609 external herniaw were mended in 15 months, formed the basis of the discussions. 2. The applied anatomy of the inguinal canal of adult Ghanaians was described. Three things were pointed out: the infantile type of inguinal hernia was the rule not the exception; the floor and the conjoint tendon were well developed and useful for repair; the pubic branch of the inferior epigastric artery was normal not aberrant. 3. IN Accra inguinal herniae are big and a man's disease. The differential diagnosis of scrotal hernia includes vaginal hydrocele, scrotal elephantiasis, testicular tumours, and tuberculous epididymoorchitis. A case was made in favour of differentiating between direct and indirect inguinal herniae preoperatively. 4. Elective herniorrhaphy was recommended as the treatment of choice and operative techniques were described. The suture material to employ for the Bassini repair must be non-absorbable, e.g. silk or nylon. Whereas herniotomy is adequate in children, in women herniorrhaphy is combined with clearance and obliteration of the inguinal canal. 5. The author did not recommend a truss for an inguinal let alone a femoral hernia. There is suggestive evidence that even in the tropics a man's hernia could be safely repaired on an out-patient basis. 6. Since femoral hernia is rare, it was recommended that in the interest of the patients, skillful surgeons should repair them. 7. The surgical anatomy of the femoral canal, and clinical features of femoral hernia were described. The differential diagnosis included inguinal hernia, abscesses in the groin, hydrocele of the femoral canal, saphena varix, lymphadenopathy, simple tumours and aneurysm of the femoral artery. 8. The treatment of choic is a surgical operation of which three were named and one described (\"the low\" operation of Lockwood). Recurrence is rare...", "contents": "External herniae: ventral herniae and summary. 1. In three articles, inguinal, femoral, and ventral herniae have been discussed, one of the aims being to draw the attention of those who are new to surgery in the tropics to some of the things the author thought were peculiar to these herniae. Experiences in the 1,100-bed Korle Bu Hospital, Accra, where a retrospective survey showed that 609 external herniaw were mended in 15 months, formed the basis of the discussions. 2. The applied anatomy of the inguinal canal of adult Ghanaians was described. Three things were pointed out: the infantile type of inguinal hernia was the rule not the exception; the floor and the conjoint tendon were well developed and useful for repair; the pubic branch of the inferior epigastric artery was normal not aberrant. 3. IN Accra inguinal herniae are big and a man's disease. The differential diagnosis of scrotal hernia includes vaginal hydrocele, scrotal elephantiasis, testicular tumours, and tuberculous epididymoorchitis. A case was made in favour of differentiating between direct and indirect inguinal herniae preoperatively. 4. Elective herniorrhaphy was recommended as the treatment of choice and operative techniques were described. The suture material to employ for the Bassini repair must be non-absorbable, e.g. silk or nylon. Whereas herniotomy is adequate in children, in women herniorrhaphy is combined with clearance and obliteration of the inguinal canal. 5. The author did not recommend a truss for an inguinal let alone a femoral hernia. There is suggestive evidence that even in the tropics a man's hernia could be safely repaired on an out-patient basis. 6. Since femoral hernia is rare, it was recommended that in the interest of the patients, skillful surgeons should repair them. 7. The surgical anatomy of the femoral canal, and clinical features of femoral hernia were described. The differential diagnosis included inguinal hernia, abscesses in the groin, hydrocele of the femoral canal, saphena varix, lymphadenopathy, simple tumours and aneurysm of the femoral artery. 8. The treatment of choic is a surgical operation of which three were named and one described (\"the low\" operation of Lockwood). Recurrence is rare...", "PMID": 1129850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10820", "title": "Health and society in Amazonian Peru.", "content": "During his work in a jungle hospital of the Amazonian part of Peru, the author was able to study the health care delivery system in the area. He was impressed by its inadequacy, which seemed to be due less to medical, technological, and manpower deficiencies than to social and economic factors. An attempt is made to identify and classify these constraints. A systems view of the health care insufficiencies is outlined, showing how some barriers prevent the patient from making contact with the health system (input level), how others interfere with its working (processor level), while others limit the efficiency of its actions (output level). Finally, some measures for its improvement are considered.", "contents": "Health and society in Amazonian Peru. During his work in a jungle hospital of the Amazonian part of Peru, the author was able to study the health care delivery system in the area. He was impressed by its inadequacy, which seemed to be due less to medical, technological, and manpower deficiencies than to social and economic factors. An attempt is made to identify and classify these constraints. A systems view of the health care insufficiencies is outlined, showing how some barriers prevent the patient from making contact with the health system (input level), how others interfere with its working (processor level), while others limit the efficiency of its actions (output level). Finally, some measures for its improvement are considered.", "PMID": 1129855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10821", "title": "[Ultrastructural and functional expression of the hepatocyte genome in conditions of prolonged inhibition of protein biosynthesis with cycloheximide. II].", "content": "The correlation of changes in sedimentary properties of polysome preparation and ultrastructure of the rough endoplasmatic reticulum in the rat liver cells was found in dynamics of the protein biosynthesis inhibition by cycloheximide (CH1). In particular, 6 hrs after CHI introduction the greatest fragmentation of the reticulum is accompanied by the greatest destruction of polysomes; however at the end of the 24-hour period a tendency is observed to restore the studied components of the protein synthesis system.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural and functional expression of the hepatocyte genome in conditions of prolonged inhibition of protein biosynthesis with cycloheximide. II]. The correlation of changes in sedimentary properties of polysome preparation and ultrastructure of the rough endoplasmatic reticulum in the rat liver cells was found in dynamics of the protein biosynthesis inhibition by cycloheximide (CH1). In particular, 6 hrs after CHI introduction the greatest fragmentation of the reticulum is accompanied by the greatest destruction of polysomes; however at the end of the 24-hour period a tendency is observed to restore the studied components of the protein synthesis system.", "PMID": 1129857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10822", "title": "Torsion of spermatic cord in neonate.", "content": "Torsion of the spermatic cord in the neonate should no longer be considered a clinical rarity. Effectual diagnosis is totally dependent on prompt detection of an asymptomatic, irreducible scrotal swelling that fails to transilluminate. Immediate surgical exploration is indicated. Detorsion and careful inspection for signs of circulatory return should be undertaken in every case. Frankly necrotic testes should probably be removed, but conservation of testicular tissue is otherwise strongly recommended, even in the borderline cases. After detorsion testis must be firmly fixed in proper position. Prophylactic contralateral orchiopexy appears to be advisable, unless a congenital hydrocele intervenes. Most importantly, to avert the grim prognosis this condition bears, we must continually alert our colleagues responsible for neonatal care to the possibility of torsion of the spermatic cord in the immediate postpartum examination of every newborn male infant.", "contents": "Torsion of spermatic cord in neonate. Torsion of the spermatic cord in the neonate should no longer be considered a clinical rarity. Effectual diagnosis is totally dependent on prompt detection of an asymptomatic, irreducible scrotal swelling that fails to transilluminate. Immediate surgical exploration is indicated. Detorsion and careful inspection for signs of circulatory return should be undertaken in every case. Frankly necrotic testes should probably be removed, but conservation of testicular tissue is otherwise strongly recommended, even in the borderline cases. After detorsion testis must be firmly fixed in proper position. Prophylactic contralateral orchiopexy appears to be advisable, unless a congenital hydrocele intervenes. Most importantly, to avert the grim prognosis this condition bears, we must continually alert our colleagues responsible for neonatal care to the possibility of torsion of the spermatic cord in the immediate postpartum examination of every newborn male infant.", "PMID": 1129863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10823", "title": "[Kinetics of protein metabolism in the thoracic duct wall. II].", "content": "Endothelial, muscular cells and fibroblasts of the albino rat thoracic duct show a great similarity in localization and functioning intensity of the protein-synthesing apparatus. The main by the mass of production protein syntheses occur in cytoplasm. The nucleus is also of great importance in protein production: a relatively high level of proteinosynthesis is registered radioautographically in it.", "contents": "[Kinetics of protein metabolism in the thoracic duct wall. II]. Endothelial, muscular cells and fibroblasts of the albino rat thoracic duct show a great similarity in localization and functioning intensity of the protein-synthesing apparatus. The main by the mass of production protein syntheses occur in cytoplasm. The nucleus is also of great importance in protein production: a relatively high level of proteinosynthesis is registered radioautographically in it.", "PMID": 1129858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10824", "title": "[The nervous system and the genetic apparatus of cells].", "content": "Electric stimulation of paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus results in intensification of RNA synthesis in rat brain. Content of acid proteins and RNA in liver and brain chromatin of geese changes in the period of sexual activity controlled by hypothalamus. With long introduction of hydrocortisone content of non-histone proteins of chromatine and RNA as well as total content of RNA in rat liver cells increases. These and other facts confirm the supposition that the central nervous system has an influence on the function of organs and tissues by means of genetical apparatus of cells.", "contents": "[The nervous system and the genetic apparatus of cells]. Electric stimulation of paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus results in intensification of RNA synthesis in rat brain. Content of acid proteins and RNA in liver and brain chromatin of geese changes in the period of sexual activity controlled by hypothalamus. With long introduction of hydrocortisone content of non-histone proteins of chromatine and RNA as well as total content of RNA in rat liver cells increases. These and other facts confirm the supposition that the central nervous system has an influence on the function of organs and tissues by means of genetical apparatus of cells.", "PMID": 1129859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10825", "title": "Extracorporeal renal surgery. Work bench surgery.", "content": "In cases in which renal repair through conventional in situ surgery is not possible, we have proceeded to remove the organ outside of the human body and placed in on a work bench where exsitu repair is aided by microsurgery, x-ray films, and image amplifiers. In most cases the damaged kidney has recovered its function and a grave problem has been solved. Extracorporeal surgery means a new tactical solution to extreme situations.", "contents": "Extracorporeal renal surgery. Work bench surgery. In cases in which renal repair through conventional in situ surgery is not possible, we have proceeded to remove the organ outside of the human body and placed in on a work bench where exsitu repair is aided by microsurgery, x-ray films, and image amplifiers. In most cases the damaged kidney has recovered its function and a grave problem has been solved. Extracorporeal surgery means a new tactical solution to extreme situations.", "PMID": 1129864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10826", "title": "Radon in treatment of infiltrating carcinoma of urinary bladder.", "content": "Shown here are the results from the use of radon in the treatment of 146 patients with infiltrating carcinoma of the bladder. Ninety-four per cent of the tumors had invaded the muscle of the bladder; 54 per cent were Stage B2 or worse. Ninety per cent of the radon implantations were done cystoscopically. Twenty-one per cent of the patients survived five years or longer, free of recurrence. An additional 8 per cent were cured by follow-up treatment of recurrences. Complications and morbidity are minimal. Survival results compare favorably with more dangerous and debilitating methods of treatment.", "contents": "Radon in treatment of infiltrating carcinoma of urinary bladder. Shown here are the results from the use of radon in the treatment of 146 patients with infiltrating carcinoma of the bladder. Ninety-four per cent of the tumors had invaded the muscle of the bladder; 54 per cent were Stage B2 or worse. Ninety per cent of the radon implantations were done cystoscopically. Twenty-one per cent of the patients survived five years or longer, free of recurrence. An additional 8 per cent were cured by follow-up treatment of recurrences. Complications and morbidity are minimal. Survival results compare favorably with more dangerous and debilitating methods of treatment.", "PMID": 1129865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10827", "title": "Priapism in boys. Management with cavernosaphenous shunt.", "content": "Two children with priapism are presented; one case was secondary to trauma and the other was idiopathic in nature. Both boys were effectively treated by bilateral corporosaphenous shunts. The mechanism of normal erection and the pathophysiology of priapism are discussed.", "contents": "Priapism in boys. Management with cavernosaphenous shunt. Two children with priapism are presented; one case was secondary to trauma and the other was idiopathic in nature. Both boys were effectively treated by bilateral corporosaphenous shunts. The mechanism of normal erection and the pathophysiology of priapism are discussed.", "PMID": 1129866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10828", "title": "[Species characteristics of sperm morphology in representatives of the Carnivora order in relation to their hybridization].", "content": "Spermium morphology was studied in 7 species of Carnivora representatives. Their clear distinctions reflecting genetic relations between certain species of animals in the zoological series are established. Genetical determination of the spermium morphology is confirmed by the data of the hybridization analysis.", "contents": "[Species characteristics of sperm morphology in representatives of the Carnivora order in relation to their hybridization]. Spermium morphology was studied in 7 species of Carnivora representatives. Their clear distinctions reflecting genetic relations between certain species of animals in the zoological series are established. Genetical determination of the spermium morphology is confirmed by the data of the hybridization analysis.", "PMID": 1129860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10829", "title": "[Stereoscopic study of chromosome arrangement in the cell cycle. II].", "content": "The results obtained testify to the dependence of the interpretation of the interphase nucleus structure on the nucleus axis orientation respective to preparation plane. Variations in arrangement of nucleolus and perinucleolar vacuole with respect to the achromatic pole and centromeric ring are demonstrated.", "contents": "[Stereoscopic study of chromosome arrangement in the cell cycle. II]. The results obtained testify to the dependence of the interpretation of the interphase nucleus structure on the nucleus axis orientation respective to preparation plane. Variations in arrangement of nucleolus and perinucleolar vacuole with respect to the achromatic pole and centromeric ring are demonstrated.", "PMID": 1129862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10830", "title": "Metastatic carcinoma of penis complicated by hypercalcemia.", "content": "A fifty-three-year-old man with epidermoid carcinoma of the penis metastatic to the right inguinal lymph nodes and adjacent areas was found to have persistent hypercalcemia. Associated with this biochemical abnormality was an elevated parathormone activity in the absence of any bony metastases. Other than a transient response to furosemide-inducded diuresis he was refractory to treatment with oral inorganic phosphates and mithramycin. Ablation of the primary tumor did not affect his hypercalcemia. However, when therapy using external irradiation and parenteral bleomycin was directed to the metastases, his serum calcium stabilized and became normal and remained so until further progression of his humor. We postulate that the penile cancer metastases were elaborating parathyroid hormone-like substances responsible for the hypercalcemia and suppression of normal parathyroid activity.", "contents": "Metastatic carcinoma of penis complicated by hypercalcemia. A fifty-three-year-old man with epidermoid carcinoma of the penis metastatic to the right inguinal lymph nodes and adjacent areas was found to have persistent hypercalcemia. Associated with this biochemical abnormality was an elevated parathormone activity in the absence of any bony metastases. Other than a transient response to furosemide-inducded diuresis he was refractory to treatment with oral inorganic phosphates and mithramycin. Ablation of the primary tumor did not affect his hypercalcemia. However, when therapy using external irradiation and parenteral bleomycin was directed to the metastases, his serum calcium stabilized and became normal and remained so until further progression of his humor. We postulate that the penile cancer metastases were elaborating parathyroid hormone-like substances responsible for the hypercalcemia and suppression of normal parathyroid activity.", "PMID": 1129868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10831", "title": "[Classification of condensed structures of chromatin in interphase nuclei].", "content": "A new classification of condensed structures is suggested based on the analysis of modern data and ideas of the structure and functional transformations of chromosomes in cells of eucaryotes for the cellular cycle under conditions of individual and historical development.", "contents": "[Classification of condensed structures of chromatin in interphase nuclei]. A new classification of condensed structures is suggested based on the analysis of modern data and ideas of the structure and functional transformations of chromosomes in cells of eucaryotes for the cellular cycle under conditions of individual and historical development.", "PMID": 1129861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10832", "title": "Treatment of retrograde ejaculation with brompheniramine.", "content": "The retrograde ejaculation experienced by a juvenile diabetic man was successfully treated with brompheniramine, a drug having antihistaminic and anticholinergic properties. A possible mechanism of action is suggested.", "contents": "Treatment of retrograde ejaculation with brompheniramine. The retrograde ejaculation experienced by a juvenile diabetic man was successfully treated with brompheniramine, a drug having antihistaminic and anticholinergic properties. A possible mechanism of action is suggested.", "PMID": 1129870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10833", "title": "Spontaneous perirenal hemorrhage in patients on hemodialysis.", "content": "Spontaneous perirenal hemorrhage is a rare complication in patients on hemodialysis. Two cases of this condition are described. The diagnosis was confirmed by selective renal arteriogram, and exploration and nephrectomy was the treatment of choice.", "contents": "Spontaneous perirenal hemorrhage in patients on hemodialysis. Spontaneous perirenal hemorrhage is a rare complication in patients on hemodialysis. Two cases of this condition are described. The diagnosis was confirmed by selective renal arteriogram, and exploration and nephrectomy was the treatment of choice.", "PMID": 1129871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10834", "title": "Infected hydrocele in neonate.", "content": "A case of infected hydrocele associated with epididymal microabscess in a neonate is presented. Only 1 similar case is described and that was asssociated with a ruptured appendix. Attention is called to the unusual cause in this case, and emphasis is placed on the need for hospitalization and surgical exploration in cases of scrotal pathology in infants.", "contents": "Infected hydrocele in neonate. A case of infected hydrocele associated with epididymal microabscess in a neonate is presented. Only 1 similar case is described and that was asssociated with a ruptured appendix. Attention is called to the unusual cause in this case, and emphasis is placed on the need for hospitalization and surgical exploration in cases of scrotal pathology in infants.", "PMID": 1129872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10835", "title": "Adenocarcinoma of kidney implicated by urinary cytologic study.", "content": "Adenocarcinoma of the kidney in children and adolescents is believed to be a rare disease. Although only 57 cases 1,2 have been described in the world literature, many others, no doubt, have occurred and have not been reported. Herein reported is an unusual case of a very small neoplasm in which urinary cytologic study aided in the diagnosis.", "contents": "Adenocarcinoma of kidney implicated by urinary cytologic study. Adenocarcinoma of the kidney in children and adolescents is believed to be a rare disease. Although only 57 cases 1,2 have been described in the world literature, many others, no doubt, have occurred and have not been reported. Herein reported is an unusual case of a very small neoplasm in which urinary cytologic study aided in the diagnosis.", "PMID": 1129876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10836", "title": "Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome. Urologist's view.", "content": "Two patients had hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia with hematuria. Characteristic telangiectasia was demonstrated in the bladder, prostate, and prostatic urethra of 1 patient; the other had a bladder tumor. Pathophysiologic aspects and treatment of the syndrome are discussed. Hematuria in patients with  hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia demands urologic investigation to rule out the common causes of urinary tract bleeding; conversely, this disease should be included among possible diagnoses in patients with hematuria of obscure origin.", "contents": "Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome. Urologist's view. Two patients had hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia with hematuria. Characteristic telangiectasia was demonstrated in the bladder, prostate, and prostatic urethra of 1 patient; the other had a bladder tumor. Pathophysiologic aspects and treatment of the syndrome are discussed. Hematuria in patients with  hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia demands urologic investigation to rule out the common causes of urinary tract bleeding; conversely, this disease should be included among possible diagnoses in patients with hematuria of obscure origin.", "PMID": 1129877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10837", "title": "Fibroepithelial polyps of ureter. A benign ureteral tumor.", "content": "The authors believe that it is difficult to differentiate benign from malignant ureteral tumors unless the clinical course or cytologic diagnostics are grossly positive. Therefore, they are of the opinion that unless one's index of suspicion is low, treatment of ureteral tumors should be aggressive unless benignancy is assured. A case in point is reported, and 49 cases of nonepithelial polyps found in the literature are reviewed.", "contents": "Fibroepithelial polyps of ureter. A benign ureteral tumor. The authors believe that it is difficult to differentiate benign from malignant ureteral tumors unless the clinical course or cytologic diagnostics are grossly positive. Therefore, they are of the opinion that unless one's index of suspicion is low, treatment of ureteral tumors should be aggressive unless benignancy is assured. A case in point is reported, and 49 cases of nonepithelial polyps found in the literature are reviewed.", "PMID": 1129878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10838", "title": "Transitional cell papilloma of ureter in young boy.", "content": "A case of transitional cell papilloma of the ureter is reported in a seven-year-old boy who had a history of severe flank pain and was found to have hydronephrosis of the left kidney. A brief review of the literature has revealed that transitional cell papilloma of the ureter is extremely rare in children.", "contents": "Transitional cell papilloma of ureter in young boy. A case of transitional cell papilloma of the ureter is reported in a seven-year-old boy who had a history of severe flank pain and was found to have hydronephrosis of the left kidney. A brief review of the literature has revealed that transitional cell papilloma of the ureter is extremely rare in children.", "PMID": 1129879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10839", "title": "Adrenal myelolipoma.", "content": "A myelolipoma of the adrenal gland is reported. Diagnostic features include (1) hyperlucent mass on intravenous pyelography with renal displacement, (2) an avascular mass on arteriography and venography, (3) solid tissue mass on B-mode ultrasonography, and (4) no clinical or chemical evidence of adrenal hyperfunction.", "contents": "Adrenal myelolipoma. A myelolipoma of the adrenal gland is reported. Diagnostic features include (1) hyperlucent mass on intravenous pyelography with renal displacement, (2) an avascular mass on arteriography and venography, (3) solid tissue mass on B-mode ultrasonography, and (4) no clinical or chemical evidence of adrenal hyperfunction.", "PMID": 1129880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10840", "title": "Infarction of testicle and Schistosoma mansoni.", "content": "The first case of clinical involvement and infarction of the testes caused the Schistosoma mansoni is reported. Although a rare rhenomenon, one must consider this in the differential diagnosis of testicular disease in patients who have resided in endemic areas of S. mansoni.", "contents": "Infarction of testicle and Schistosoma mansoni. The first case of clinical involvement and infarction of the testes caused the Schistosoma mansoni is reported. Although a rare rhenomenon, one must consider this in the differential diagnosis of testicular disease in patients who have resided in endemic areas of S. mansoni.", "PMID": 1129881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10841", "title": "Renal pseudotumor. Importance of selective arteriogram.", "content": "A typical case of hypertrophy of the columns of Bertin is presented, with special consideration given the importance of the selective renal arteriogram which is, in our experience, the only diagnostic procedure of accuracy. With this in mind we have avoided renal exploration. The embryogenic origin of this entity is reviewed.", "contents": "Renal pseudotumor. Importance of selective arteriogram. A typical case of hypertrophy of the columns of Bertin is presented, with special consideration given the importance of the selective renal arteriogram which is, in our experience, the only diagnostic procedure of accuracy. With this in mind we have avoided renal exploration. The embryogenic origin of this entity is reviewed.", "PMID": 1129883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10842", "title": "Cystometry. (2). Central nervous system organization of detrusor reflex.", "content": "Micturition is a brain stem reflex dependent on the integrity of reticulospinal and sensory pathways in a manner similar to respiration and blood pressure regulation. The detrusor reflex which is evoked by bladder distention and may appear in the normal cystometrogram is a result of the integrity of the circuit. Interruption of the spinal cord pathways of this loop by trauma or by spinal cord tumors results in abolition of detrusor reflex. Partial interruption results in an uninhibited detrusor reflex.", "contents": "Cystometry. (2). Central nervous system organization of detrusor reflex. Micturition is a brain stem reflex dependent on the integrity of reticulospinal and sensory pathways in a manner similar to respiration and blood pressure regulation. The detrusor reflex which is evoked by bladder distention and may appear in the normal cystometrogram is a result of the integrity of the circuit. Interruption of the spinal cord pathways of this loop by trauma or by spinal cord tumors results in abolition of detrusor reflex. Partial interruption results in an uninhibited detrusor reflex.", "PMID": 1129885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10843", "title": "Ureteroileosigmoidostomy.  Long-term results.", "content": "Ureteroileosigmoidostomy has been performed on 86 patients during the past twenty years, primarily for carcinoma of the bladder. Twenty-seven patients survived longer than five years. Severe complications occurred in 25 cases, and 11 per cent of the series required subsequent surgery. Hydronephrosis developed in 10 per cent. Ureteral reflux could be demonstrated by diatrizoate meglumine (Gastrografin) enema in 6 patients only.", "contents": "Ureteroileosigmoidostomy.  Long-term results. Ureteroileosigmoidostomy has been performed on 86 patients during the past twenty years, primarily for carcinoma of the bladder. Twenty-seven patients survived longer than five years. Severe complications occurred in 25 cases, and 11 per cent of the series required subsequent surgery. Hydronephrosis developed in 10 per cent. Ureteral reflux could be demonstrated by diatrizoate meglumine (Gastrografin) enema in 6 patients only.", "PMID": 1129886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10844", "title": "Posterior approach to the kidney.", "content": "We describe a posterior approach to surgery involving the renal pelvis or upper ureter which is quicker, more direct, and considerably less mutilating than the standard flank incision.  Our five years' experience with this technique is summarized.", "contents": "Posterior approach to the kidney. We describe a posterior approach to surgery involving the renal pelvis or upper ureter which is quicker, more direct, and considerably less mutilating than the standard flank incision.  Our five years' experience with this technique is summarized.", "PMID": 1129887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10845", "title": "Observations on interstitial cystitis.", "content": "Interstitial cystitis is more common in young women than previously believed.  Findings typical of the disease are a history of diurnal and nocturnal pollakiuria, pelvic discomfort increases with bladder distention, marked bladder tenderness on gentle palpation of the anterior later vaginal fornices, less than normal bladder capacity, and a negative urinalysis except for many epithelial cells.", "contents": "Observations on interstitial cystitis. Interstitial cystitis is more common in young women than previously believed.  Findings typical of the disease are a history of diurnal and nocturnal pollakiuria, pelvic discomfort increases with bladder distention, marked bladder tenderness on gentle palpation of the anterior later vaginal fornices, less than normal bladder capacity, and a negative urinalysis except for many epithelial cells.", "PMID": 1129888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10846", "title": "Ephedrine in treatment of urinary incontinence.", "content": "Patients with urinary incontinence caused by various urologic disorders were evaluated and treated with oral ephedrine sulfate.  The drug was found to improve continence in those patients with mild degrees of wetting due to urethral dysfunction regardless of cause.  The failures occurred in severely damaged posterior urethras or denervated bladders and urogenital diaphragms.", "contents": "Ephedrine in treatment of urinary incontinence. Patients with urinary incontinence caused by various urologic disorders were evaluated and treated with oral ephedrine sulfate.  The drug was found to improve continence in those patients with mild degrees of wetting due to urethral dysfunction regardless of cause.  The failures occurred in severely damaged posterior urethras or denervated bladders and urogenital diaphragms.", "PMID": 1129889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10847", "title": "Ureteroduodenal fistula.", "content": "A patient with pneumaturia was found to have a ureteroduodenal fistula, only the fourth such lesion reported.  However, this patient is unique in that a fistula developed between the stump of a ureter and the duodenum in the absence of a kidney on that side.  This case was namaged with a distal skin ureterostomy, thereby avoiding extremely hazardous surgery in the area of the duodenum.  This successful conservative managemant offers a sharp contrast to the recommended management of reno-alimentary fistulas.  The possible cause in this case based on roentgenographic analysis is discussed.", "contents": "Ureteroduodenal fistula. A patient with pneumaturia was found to have a ureteroduodenal fistula, only the fourth such lesion reported.  However, this patient is unique in that a fistula developed between the stump of a ureter and the duodenum in the absence of a kidney on that side.  This case was namaged with a distal skin ureterostomy, thereby avoiding extremely hazardous surgery in the area of the duodenum.  This successful conservative managemant offers a sharp contrast to the recommended management of reno-alimentary fistulas.  The possible cause in this case based on roentgenographic analysis is discussed.", "PMID": 1129890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10848", "title": "Emphysema of male genitalia following hemorrhoidectomy.", "content": "This is a case report of genital emphysema following a hemorrhoidectomy.  The case resolved itself spontaneously without surgery or antibiotics.", "contents": "Emphysema of male genitalia following hemorrhoidectomy. This is a case report of genital emphysema following a hemorrhoidectomy.  The case resolved itself spontaneously without surgery or antibiotics.", "PMID": 1129891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10849", "title": "Adenocarcinoma of kidney in a child.  Tumor rupture following trauma.", "content": "A ten-year-old white girl with Stage I clear cell adenocarcinoma of the kidney was seen after local trauma had produced a renal laceration with rupture of the tumor.  She was treated with nephrectomy followed by a second exploration several months later.  No adjunctive therapy was used.", "contents": "Adenocarcinoma of kidney in a child.  Tumor rupture following trauma. A ten-year-old white girl with Stage I clear cell adenocarcinoma of the kidney was seen after local trauma had produced a renal laceration with rupture of the tumor.  She was treated with nephrectomy followed by a second exploration several months later.  No adjunctive therapy was used.", "PMID": 1129892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10850", "title": "Carcinoma in isolated bladder after ileoconduit diversion.", "content": "A thirty-six-year-old Caucasian male paraplegic of sixteen years' duration, who was found to have carcinoma of the bladder about twenty-three months after an ileoconduit diversion had been performed for decompensated neurogenic bladder is presented.  Chronic infection and residual urine may irritate or accelerate the process of neoplastic change in transitional epithelium.  Obviously the supravesical diversion of urine in this patient did not avoid the occurrence of cancer.  A plea is made for periodic checks using bladder exfoliative cytology and cystoscopy of the isolated bladder for early detection of vesical neoplasm.", "contents": "Carcinoma in isolated bladder after ileoconduit diversion. A thirty-six-year-old Caucasian male paraplegic of sixteen years' duration, who was found to have carcinoma of the bladder about twenty-three months after an ileoconduit diversion had been performed for decompensated neurogenic bladder is presented.  Chronic infection and residual urine may irritate or accelerate the process of neoplastic change in transitional epithelium.  Obviously the supravesical diversion of urine in this patient did not avoid the occurrence of cancer.  A plea is made for periodic checks using bladder exfoliative cytology and cystoscopy of the isolated bladder for early detection of vesical neoplasm.", "PMID": 1129893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10851", "title": "Malignant lymphoma with genitourinary symptoms.", "content": "Two cases are reported of patients with widespread intra-abdominal malignant lymphoma who althoug they initially presented with urologic complaints had no evidence of direct genitourinary involvement.  Transrectal biopsy established the diagnosis in both cases.  This unusual presentation of lymphoma is discussed together with a review of urologic involvement.  The necessity for accurate diagnosis is stressed since effective treatment with radiation and chemotherapy is available.", "contents": "Malignant lymphoma with genitourinary symptoms. Two cases are reported of patients with widespread intra-abdominal malignant lymphoma who althoug they initially presented with urologic complaints had no evidence of direct genitourinary involvement.  Transrectal biopsy established the diagnosis in both cases.  This unusual presentation of lymphoma is discussed together with a review of urologic involvement.  The necessity for accurate diagnosis is stressed since effective treatment with radiation and chemotherapy is available.", "PMID": 1129894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10852", "title": "Urologic trauma by compressed gas.", "content": "A case of urologic trauma by compressed gas is reported.  Emergency treatment consisting of surgical exploration of the peritoneum and cystostomy was required.  Subsequently, the stricture which caused the trauma was treated.", "contents": "Urologic trauma by compressed gas. A case of urologic trauma by compressed gas is reported.  Emergency treatment consisting of surgical exploration of the peritoneum and cystostomy was required.  Subsequently, the stricture which caused the trauma was treated.", "PMID": 1129895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10853", "title": "Inverted papilloma of bladder.", "content": "The fifth reported case of a rare variant of transitional papillary tumor of the bladder termed inverted papilloma is reported with a brief review of the literature.  This tumor is likely to be confused with invasive malignant papillary carcinoma although it has adistinct histologic pattern, and it is for this reason that attention is drawn to the entity.", "contents": "Inverted papilloma of bladder. The fifth reported case of a rare variant of transitional papillary tumor of the bladder termed inverted papilloma is reported with a brief review of the literature.  This tumor is likely to be confused with invasive malignant papillary carcinoma although it has adistinct histologic pattern, and it is for this reason that attention is drawn to the entity.", "PMID": 1129900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10854", "title": "Adrenocortical neoplasms.  Prognosis and morphology.", "content": "The clinical data and morphologic findings in 16 cases of adrenocortical carcinoma were compared with those in 11 cases of surgically removed functional adenomas and 12 cases of nonfunctional adenomas found at autopsy.  Histopathologic changes of architectural disarray, pleomorphism, increased mitotic activity, vascular invasion, hemorrhage, or necrosis were generally reliable criteria for diagnosis of malignancy.  However, weight was the parameter that most consistently correlated with outcome, since all patients with tumors under 50 Gm. survived and all lesions of 95 Gm. or over proved to be malignant.", "contents": "Adrenocortical neoplasms.  Prognosis and morphology. The clinical data and morphologic findings in 16 cases of adrenocortical carcinoma were compared with those in 11 cases of surgically removed functional adenomas and 12 cases of nonfunctional adenomas found at autopsy.  Histopathologic changes of architectural disarray, pleomorphism, increased mitotic activity, vascular invasion, hemorrhage, or necrosis were generally reliable criteria for diagnosis of malignancy.  However, weight was the parameter that most consistently correlated with outcome, since all patients with tumors under 50 Gm. survived and all lesions of 95 Gm. or over proved to be malignant.", "PMID": 1129901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10855", "title": "Intratesticular epidermoid cyst.  A rare benign tumor.", "content": "Epidermoid cysts rarely arise within the testis.  The incidental discovery of a distinct, intratesticular epidermoid cyst in a nineteen-year-old man is reported.  Management by radical orchiectomy is stressed because grossly the tumor is indistinguishable from a malignant testicular tumor.", "contents": "Intratesticular epidermoid cyst.  A rare benign tumor. Epidermoid cysts rarely arise within the testis.  The incidental discovery of a distinct, intratesticular epidermoid cyst in a nineteen-year-old man is reported.  Management by radical orchiectomy is stressed because grossly the tumor is indistinguishable from a malignant testicular tumor.", "PMID": 1129902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10856", "title": "Renal ectopia and fusion.  Embryologic Basis.", "content": "To determine when horseshoe kidneys and crossed fused ectopic kidneys might develop, the authors studied the Carnegie collection of human embryos.  They found that renal fusion must occur before the kidneys ascend between the umbilical arteries.", "contents": "Renal ectopia and fusion.  Embryologic Basis. To determine when horseshoe kidneys and crossed fused ectopic kidneys might develop, the authors studied the Carnegie collection of human embryos.  They found that renal fusion must occur before the kidneys ascend between the umbilical arteries.", "PMID": 1129903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10857", "title": "Uncomplicated hypospadias and anomalies of upper urinary tract.  Need for screening?", "content": "In a series of 200 patients with uncomplicated hypospadias, 6 (3 per cent) had an anomaly of the upper urinary tract.  However, even this low figure is an overestimate of the usefulness of the intravenous pyelogram as a screening procedure since none of the patients has had related symptoms and none has required treatment for his anomaly.  The implication of this review is that the intravenous urogram is not a necessary part of the evaluation, for management purposes, of the asymptomatic patient with uncomplicated hypospadias.  Occasionally, some interesting information may be obtained.", "contents": "Uncomplicated hypospadias and anomalies of upper urinary tract.  Need for screening? In a series of 200 patients with uncomplicated hypospadias, 6 (3 per cent) had an anomaly of the upper urinary tract.  However, even this low figure is an overestimate of the usefulness of the intravenous pyelogram as a screening procedure since none of the patients has had related symptoms and none has required treatment for his anomaly.  The implication of this review is that the intravenous urogram is not a necessary part of the evaluation, for management purposes, of the asymptomatic patient with uncomplicated hypospadias.  Occasionally, some interesting information may be obtained.", "PMID": 1129905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10858", "title": "Spindle-cell sarcoma of the equine para-nasal sinuses and nasal chamber.", "content": "A case of spindle cell sarcoma of the equine para-nasal sinuses is described and discussd in relation to similar tumours recorded in the literature.", "contents": "Spindle-cell sarcoma of the equine para-nasal sinuses and nasal chamber. A case of spindle cell sarcoma of the equine para-nasal sinuses is described and discussd in relation to similar tumours recorded in the literature.", "PMID": 1129920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10859", "title": "Practitioners'--breeders' approach to canine parturition.", "content": "Both veterinary surgeon and dog breeder should be involved in assessing the whelping capability of brood bitches as one essential point in the selection of sound stock. Normal parturition is described in a manner that might be used in the instruction of breeders and nursing auxiliaries in midwifery. In its classical three stages, the mechanics and hydraulics are explained in simple terms and the hormonal changes discussed in relation to each stage. The type of co-operation desired between veterinary surgeon and breeder is discussed and the instruction to be given on the recognition of dystocia is outlined. Some commonly met dystocias are described. Simple digitally-assisted delivery by the midwife/breeder is described as are the forceps techniques which may be applied by the veterinary surgeon in the course of diagnosis and delivery.", "contents": "Practitioners'--breeders' approach to canine parturition. Both veterinary surgeon and dog breeder should be involved in assessing the whelping capability of brood bitches as one essential point in the selection of sound stock. Normal parturition is described in a manner that might be used in the instruction of breeders and nursing auxiliaries in midwifery. In its classical three stages, the mechanics and hydraulics are explained in simple terms and the hormonal changes discussed in relation to each stage. The type of co-operation desired between veterinary surgeon and breeder is discussed and the instruction to be given on the recognition of dystocia is outlined. Some commonly met dystocias are described. Simple digitally-assisted delivery by the midwife/breeder is described as are the forceps techniques which may be applied by the veterinary surgeon in the course of diagnosis and delivery.", "PMID": 1129928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10860", "title": "Accidental hypothermia during anaesthesia in dogs and cats.", "content": "The rectal temperature of 15 cats and 18 dogs was recoded during anaesthesia and surgery.  There was a mean decrease of 3-4 degrees C in animals weighing less than 10kg and of 1-5 degrees C in animals weighing on average 30-2kg.  In four dogs which were protected from accidental hypothermia by the use of a circulating warm water blanket, the mean decrease in rectal temperature was 0-5 degrees C.", "contents": "Accidental hypothermia during anaesthesia in dogs and cats. The rectal temperature of 15 cats and 18 dogs was recoded during anaesthesia and surgery.  There was a mean decrease of 3-4 degrees C in animals weighing less than 10kg and of 1-5 degrees C in animals weighing on average 30-2kg.  In four dogs which were protected from accidental hypothermia by the use of a circulating warm water blanket, the mean decrease in rectal temperature was 0-5 degrees C.", "PMID": 1129929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10861", "title": "Hemivertebra in the dog: clinical and pathological observations.", "content": "The clinical and radiographic findings associated with the presence of hemivertebra (\"wedge-shaped\"vertebra) in small and brachycephalic breeds of dogs are reported together with the results of post mortem examination in the availabel cases.  The condition is characterised clinically by progressive hind-leg weakness, spinal pain, abnormalities of the nervous system and evidence of muscle atrophy or other abnormalities of conformation.  Confirmation of the clinical diagnosis is by radiography.  It is suggested that the condition is congenital in origin.  Breed incidences are reported.  The occurrence of the disorder in certain families of dogs suggests also that it may be hereditary.  Other congenital abnormalities are seen in some dogs affected by hemivertebrae.", "contents": "Hemivertebra in the dog: clinical and pathological observations. The clinical and radiographic findings associated with the presence of hemivertebra (\"wedge-shaped\"vertebra) in small and brachycephalic breeds of dogs are reported together with the results of post mortem examination in the availabel cases.  The condition is characterised clinically by progressive hind-leg weakness, spinal pain, abnormalities of the nervous system and evidence of muscle atrophy or other abnormalities of conformation.  Confirmation of the clinical diagnosis is by radiography.  It is suggested that the condition is congenital in origin.  Breed incidences are reported.  The occurrence of the disorder in certain families of dogs suggests also that it may be hereditary.  Other congenital abnormalities are seen in some dogs affected by hemivertebrae.", "PMID": 1129930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10862", "title": "[Chronic zinc-bacitracin toxicity in chickens].", "content": "The administration of zink-bacitracin, mainly bacipharmin, at rates of 300 mg per kg with the feed did not produce toxic effects in birds: there were no changes in the general condition and the blood picture, the activity of SGPT and SGOT, the blood level of sugar, and the microstructure of the viscera over a period of 90 days. However, doses of 1000 mg/kg of the preparation given with the feed to chickens led to sporadic cases of slightly expressed karyopycnosis in the renal tubules. Established was a growth-stimulating effect. By the end of the experimental period the relaive weight of the adrenal glands, kidneys, liver, and heart in the treated birds was lower in most of the cases as compared with the weight of the same organs in the control birds.", "contents": "[Chronic zinc-bacitracin toxicity in chickens]. The administration of zink-bacitracin, mainly bacipharmin, at rates of 300 mg per kg with the feed did not produce toxic effects in birds: there were no changes in the general condition and the blood picture, the activity of SGPT and SGOT, the blood level of sugar, and the microstructure of the viscera over a period of 90 days. However, doses of 1000 mg/kg of the preparation given with the feed to chickens led to sporadic cases of slightly expressed karyopycnosis in the renal tubules. Established was a growth-stimulating effect. By the end of the experimental period the relaive weight of the adrenal glands, kidneys, liver, and heart in the treated birds was lower in most of the cases as compared with the weight of the same organs in the control birds.", "PMID": 1129935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10863", "title": "[Determination of biologically active protein fractions and their polypeptide chains in pseudoplague virus (NDV)].", "content": "The protein fractions of the intact Newcastle disease virus as well as those of a disintegrated NDV (treatment with tween 80, ether and triton times 100) were separated through electrophoresis on polyacrylamid gel. Determined were the biologic activity, molecular weight and number of polypeptid chains of each fraction. It was found that 5 of the fractions obtained are composed of aggregates of 3 polypeptid chains, and 2 of the fractions represent single polypeptide chains. The haemagglutination and neuraminidase activity of the virus were found to be linked with the aggregates having molecular weight within the range of from 144,000 to 180,000 daltons. The complement-fixing activity observed is possessed by the single polypeptid having molecular weight of 62,000 daltons. It was demonstrated that the NDV strain that is not pathogenic for birds possesses a polypeptide with a molecular weight of 70,000 daltons, at is is not involved in the building of the protein aggregates.", "contents": "[Determination of biologically active protein fractions and their polypeptide chains in pseudoplague virus (NDV)]. The protein fractions of the intact Newcastle disease virus as well as those of a disintegrated NDV (treatment with tween 80, ether and triton times 100) were separated through electrophoresis on polyacrylamid gel. Determined were the biologic activity, molecular weight and number of polypeptid chains of each fraction. It was found that 5 of the fractions obtained are composed of aggregates of 3 polypeptid chains, and 2 of the fractions represent single polypeptide chains. The haemagglutination and neuraminidase activity of the virus were found to be linked with the aggregates having molecular weight within the range of from 144,000 to 180,000 daltons. The complement-fixing activity observed is possessed by the single polypeptid having molecular weight of 62,000 daltons. It was demonstrated that the NDV strain that is not pathogenic for birds possesses a polypeptide with a molecular weight of 70,000 daltons, at is is not involved in the building of the protein aggregates.", "PMID": 1129936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10864", "title": "[Morphologic characteristics of the udder in healthy cows and in those with subclinical mastitis].", "content": "Studied were the values of 26 linear measurements of the udder in 50 normal cows and in 50 cows affected with subclinical mastitis, the animals used being of the Bulgarian Brown breed. A total of 19 indexes were established for each group.", "contents": "[Morphologic characteristics of the udder in healthy cows and in those with subclinical mastitis]. Studied were the values of 26 linear measurements of the udder in 50 normal cows and in 50 cows affected with subclinical mastitis, the animals used being of the Bulgarian Brown breed. A total of 19 indexes were established for each group.", "PMID": 1129937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10865", "title": "[Epiphysiolysis in cattle].", "content": "Rentgenologically and clinically established cases of epiphysiolysis and apophysiolysis are described. They are observed primarily in cattle aged from 7--8 months to three years. Highest percentage of epiphysiolysis cases has been established with the distal epiphysis of the metatarsal bones (82.6%), and a negligible one has been observed (3 cases) in the distal epiphysis of the metacarpal bones. A single case has been established in the distal part of the tibia. The case of apophysiolysis concern the apophysis of the heel processus, tuber calcanei. Contributing factors are said to be the mechanical and traumatic influences, and predisposing ones are the distrubances in the bone-formation processes.", "contents": "[Epiphysiolysis in cattle]. Rentgenologically and clinically established cases of epiphysiolysis and apophysiolysis are described. They are observed primarily in cattle aged from 7--8 months to three years. Highest percentage of epiphysiolysis cases has been established with the distal epiphysis of the metatarsal bones (82.6%), and a negligible one has been observed (3 cases) in the distal epiphysis of the metacarpal bones. A single case has been established in the distal part of the tibia. The case of apophysiolysis concern the apophysis of the heel processus, tuber calcanei. Contributing factors are said to be the mechanical and traumatic influences, and predisposing ones are the distrubances in the bone-formation processes.", "PMID": 1129938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10866", "title": "[Administration of streptomycin to the uterus by electrophoresis].", "content": "Comparative experimental studies on female dogs and rabbits revealed the extent to which the penetration and deposition of streptomycin in the tissues of the uterus, oviducts, mesometrium, ovaries, the blood serum and other organs take place. The antibiotic is applied i/m, via the uterus through electrohoresis following a method developed by the authors and through simple introduction into the uterus. Results have shown that the electrophoretic introduction of streptomycin is advantageous in terms of a readily achieved depot in the tissues mentioned above which remains active at values above the therapeutic concentrations 24 to 48 hours following the application of the antibiotic.", "contents": "[Administration of streptomycin to the uterus by electrophoresis]. Comparative experimental studies on female dogs and rabbits revealed the extent to which the penetration and deposition of streptomycin in the tissues of the uterus, oviducts, mesometrium, ovaries, the blood serum and other organs take place. The antibiotic is applied i/m, via the uterus through electrohoresis following a method developed by the authors and through simple introduction into the uterus. Results have shown that the electrophoretic introduction of streptomycin is advantageous in terms of a readily achieved depot in the tissues mentioned above which remains active at values above the therapeutic concentrations 24 to 48 hours following the application of the antibiotic.", "PMID": 1129939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10867", "title": "[Bacterial contamination of salted ocean mackerel during the production process].", "content": "Studied were the more important sources of bacterial contamination. Examined were the Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scomburs) -- both its skin surface and the musculature prior to and after thawing, cleaning and washing and salting. Tested were also the cooking salt used, the brine, the conveyer bands, the vats for salting, the hands and clothing of the workers engaged as well as the water in the shop. The microbiologic study concerned the total bacterial count per gram of tissue (1 cu. cm, 1 squ. cm), the counts of coliforms, bacilli, moulds, yeasts, Salmonellae, and pathogenic staphylococci. It was found that during processing the microbial contamination of fish considerably rises. Some more important sources of primary microflora are the raw fish, the salt, brine, conveyers, and the workers' hands and overalls. The vats for salting and the water rank second as bacterial sources. Salmonellae and pathogenic staphylococci were not isolated. A considerable rise in fish microflora was observed during the process of thawing. Some changes are suggested for the technology of thawing as well as some measures to improve the sanitary and hygiene requirements to be observed during the production process.", "contents": "[Bacterial contamination of salted ocean mackerel during the production process]. Studied were the more important sources of bacterial contamination. Examined were the Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scomburs) -- both its skin surface and the musculature prior to and after thawing, cleaning and washing and salting. Tested were also the cooking salt used, the brine, the conveyer bands, the vats for salting, the hands and clothing of the workers engaged as well as the water in the shop. The microbiologic study concerned the total bacterial count per gram of tissue (1 cu. cm, 1 squ. cm), the counts of coliforms, bacilli, moulds, yeasts, Salmonellae, and pathogenic staphylococci. It was found that during processing the microbial contamination of fish considerably rises. Some more important sources of primary microflora are the raw fish, the salt, brine, conveyers, and the workers' hands and overalls. The vats for salting and the water rank second as bacterial sources. Salmonellae and pathogenic staphylococci were not isolated. A considerable rise in fish microflora was observed during the process of thawing. Some changes are suggested for the technology of thawing as well as some measures to improve the sanitary and hygiene requirements to be observed during the production process.", "PMID": 1129940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10868", "title": "(Vitamin B-12 in ground meat)", "content": "Studied was the vitamin B12 activity of minced meat obtained under productional conditions from freshly cooled (24 hours after slaughter) veal and pork. It was  found that the vitamin B12 content of the minced meat one hour after it had been obtained varied within the range of 0.0373 to 0.0432 micrograms per 100 g of dry matter. Later in the production process its activity turned out to be closely related to the temperature and period of storage as well as to the microbial content of meat. Cyanocobalamin is said to be the fraction that is most often established in mined meat, and very rarely some other fractions are found, such as Factor I (B12--Factor III).", "contents": "(Vitamin B-12 in ground meat). Studied was the vitamin B12 activity of minced meat obtained under productional conditions from freshly cooled (24 hours after slaughter) veal and pork. It was  found that the vitamin B12 content of the minced meat one hour after it had been obtained varied within the range of 0.0373 to 0.0432 micrograms per 100 g of dry matter. Later in the production process its activity turned out to be closely related to the temperature and period of storage as well as to the microbial content of meat. Cyanocobalamin is said to be the fraction that is most often established in mined meat, and very rarely some other fractions are found, such as Factor I (B12--Factor III).", "PMID": 1129941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10869", "title": "[A comparative study of the anti-anemic effect of new Bulgarian iron-dextran complexes with miofer-100 and ferroglucin-75 in rats and swine].", "content": "It was found that the A-100 preparation (obtained from oxidized dextrane) produces highest antianaemic effects. It is to be used advantageously in cases of pigs born with negligible supplies of irod. Studied were the possibilities of inducing iron deficiency anemia in young rats through feeding with cow milk and macaroni having no eggs. The reticulocyte count rise and the drop in the haemoglobin level in the blood were shown to demonstrate most clearly the iron deficiency anaemia in albino rats. The anemia induced is said to be instrumental in the study of ferrodextrane preparations.", "contents": "[A comparative study of the anti-anemic effect of new Bulgarian iron-dextran complexes with miofer-100 and ferroglucin-75 in rats and swine]. It was found that the A-100 preparation (obtained from oxidized dextrane) produces highest antianaemic effects. It is to be used advantageously in cases of pigs born with negligible supplies of irod. Studied were the possibilities of inducing iron deficiency anemia in young rats through feeding with cow milk and macaroni having no eggs. The reticulocyte count rise and the drop in the haemoglobin level in the blood were shown to demonstrate most clearly the iron deficiency anaemia in albino rats. The anemia induced is said to be instrumental in the study of ferrodextrane preparations.", "PMID": 1129942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10870", "title": "[Characteristics of staphylococci isolated from slaughtered birds].", "content": "Studied were some biologic properties of 76 strains of staphylococci isolated from slaughtered chickens. It was established that coagulase-positive staphylococci posses the basic properties of Staphylococcus aureus--they ferment mannite and glucose, can produce phosphatase, desoxyribonuclease, and hemolysines. By some of their properties -- type of hemolysines, coagulation of sheep and bovine plasta, production of fibrolysines, type of colonies as established by means of the crystal-violet test -- staphylococcus cultures isolated from slaughtered poultry differ from isolated from human beings, cattle and sheep. Besides, the studied strains of Staphylococcus aureus are lysed to a very low percent by the phages of the bovine set and the phages for typing the staphylococci, isolated from humans.  It may be assumed that the staphylococci occasionally found in birds can form a special group that require further studies.", "contents": "[Characteristics of staphylococci isolated from slaughtered birds]. Studied were some biologic properties of 76 strains of staphylococci isolated from slaughtered chickens. It was established that coagulase-positive staphylococci posses the basic properties of Staphylococcus aureus--they ferment mannite and glucose, can produce phosphatase, desoxyribonuclease, and hemolysines. By some of their properties -- type of hemolysines, coagulation of sheep and bovine plasta, production of fibrolysines, type of colonies as established by means of the crystal-violet test -- staphylococcus cultures isolated from slaughtered poultry differ from isolated from human beings, cattle and sheep. Besides, the studied strains of Staphylococcus aureus are lysed to a very low percent by the phages of the bovine set and the phages for typing the staphylococci, isolated from humans.  It may be assumed that the staphylococci occasionally found in birds can form a special group that require further studies.", "PMID": 1129943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10871", "title": "[The pathogenesis of swine plague. The hepato-cerebral syndrome].", "content": "A total of 106 pigs were artificially infected with a pathogenic virus of swine fever band were later on killed at the time they had developed a characteristic clinical picture of acute fever. The post-mortem examination revealed that in sixteen animals there was equally expressed hemorrhagic diathesis, five of which had clinical icterus, five manifested subclinical icterus, and six showed no icterus. Histophathologic study was performed of the liver, the cerebrum, the cerebellum, the medulla oblongata and the spinal cord. A correlation was found to exist between the extent to which the lesions had spread in the liver and the cerebrum, especially in the cases manifesting icterus (both clinical and subclinical). It gave grounds to assume that in animals affected with swine fever there exists the so-called cerebrum syndrome as described in the case of some other diseases.", "contents": "[The pathogenesis of swine plague. The hepato-cerebral syndrome]. A total of 106 pigs were artificially infected with a pathogenic virus of swine fever band were later on killed at the time they had developed a characteristic clinical picture of acute fever. The post-mortem examination revealed that in sixteen animals there was equally expressed hemorrhagic diathesis, five of which had clinical icterus, five manifested subclinical icterus, and six showed no icterus. Histophathologic study was performed of the liver, the cerebrum, the cerebellum, the medulla oblongata and the spinal cord. A correlation was found to exist between the extent to which the lesions had spread in the liver and the cerebrum, especially in the cases manifesting icterus (both clinical and subclinical). It gave grounds to assume that in animals affected with swine fever there exists the so-called cerebrum syndrome as described in the case of some other diseases.", "PMID": 1129944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10872", "title": "[Sheep placenta water-soluble proteins].", "content": "Immunoelectrophoretic investigations were carried out with water-sault extractions from the placentae of 100 in-lamb ewes manifesting normal pregnancy, studying 20 animals during each month of pregnancy. The placentae were taken immediately after slaughter. The same investigations were performed also on a total of 40 placentae of ewes that had miscarried. Precipitation was carried out with hyperimmune sera against placental protein of the first and fifth month of pregnancy. Results showed that the placenta can synthetize proteins. In the first two months of pregnancy protein synthesis is at a lower stage, but in the 3rd, 4th and 5th month it becomes more intense. Each month's proteins are characterized by a specific immunoelectrophoretic picture. At the end of the first month as many as four fractions are established electrophoretically in the placental proteins, which, by the end of the pregnancy period rise up to ten. In the course of pregnancy, along with the organospecific proteins stage-specific ones are also synthetized. These can be demonstrated through active anaphylaxis in guinea pigs. Abortions in ewes are said to disturb the normal synthesis of proteins. The \"immunoelectrophoregrams\" of ewes that have miscarried in the 3rd, 4th and 5th month of pregnancy reveal the drop in the intensity of the albumin fraction and the number of arcs (from 10 to 5) in the section of the alpha, beta and gamma globulins.", "contents": "[Sheep placenta water-soluble proteins]. Immunoelectrophoretic investigations were carried out with water-sault extractions from the placentae of 100 in-lamb ewes manifesting normal pregnancy, studying 20 animals during each month of pregnancy. The placentae were taken immediately after slaughter. The same investigations were performed also on a total of 40 placentae of ewes that had miscarried. Precipitation was carried out with hyperimmune sera against placental protein of the first and fifth month of pregnancy. Results showed that the placenta can synthetize proteins. In the first two months of pregnancy protein synthesis is at a lower stage, but in the 3rd, 4th and 5th month it becomes more intense. Each month's proteins are characterized by a specific immunoelectrophoretic picture. At the end of the first month as many as four fractions are established electrophoretically in the placental proteins, which, by the end of the pregnancy period rise up to ten. In the course of pregnancy, along with the organospecific proteins stage-specific ones are also synthetized. These can be demonstrated through active anaphylaxis in guinea pigs. Abortions in ewes are said to disturb the normal synthesis of proteins. The \"immunoelectrophoregrams\" of ewes that have miscarried in the 3rd, 4th and 5th month of pregnancy reveal the drop in the intensity of the albumin fraction and the number of arcs (from 10 to 5) in the section of the alpha, beta and gamma globulins.", "PMID": 1129945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10873", "title": "[The role of x-ray studies in the diagnosis of soft tissue tumors of the axillary space].", "content": "Clinico-roentgenological findings in 148 patients with an axillary location of tumor are described. Thirty two of them had benign tumors (lipomas, fibromas, angiomas), 8-malignant (sarcomas), 57-systemic diseases associated with increased lymph nodes (lymphogranulomatosis, leucosis, etc), 18-inflammatory processes (tuberculosis, abscess), 35-accessory lobes of mammary glands. It was found that the method in question permitted, taking into account clinical data, in most cases to establish a differential diagnosis between various tumor processes of this localization.", "contents": "[The role of x-ray studies in the diagnosis of soft tissue tumors of the axillary space]. Clinico-roentgenological findings in 148 patients with an axillary location of tumor are described. Thirty two of them had benign tumors (lipomas, fibromas, angiomas), 8-malignant (sarcomas), 57-systemic diseases associated with increased lymph nodes (lymphogranulomatosis, leucosis, etc), 18-inflammatory processes (tuberculosis, abscess), 35-accessory lobes of mammary glands. It was found that the method in question permitted, taking into account clinical data, in most cases to establish a differential diagnosis between various tumor processes of this localization.", "PMID": 1130005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10874", "title": "[The ultrastructure of lymph node cells in lymphogranulomatosis].", "content": "An electron-microscopic study of lymph node cells in patients with lymphogranulomatosis has shown that the ultrastructure of these cells undergo some changes consisting in increased variability of the form and size of cellular organoids, and also being manifested in reticular cells to a greater degree than in lymphoid ones. A compparative study of cell ultrastructure at different stages of maturation and the analysis of literature data on ultrastructural changes in the process of differentiation of various cell types enabled to pinpoint further a conception of the morphological basis of differentiation at a subcellular level and to represent it schematically.", "contents": "[The ultrastructure of lymph node cells in lymphogranulomatosis]. An electron-microscopic study of lymph node cells in patients with lymphogranulomatosis has shown that the ultrastructure of these cells undergo some changes consisting in increased variability of the form and size of cellular organoids, and also being manifested in reticular cells to a greater degree than in lymphoid ones. A compparative study of cell ultrastructure at different stages of maturation and the analysis of literature data on ultrastructural changes in the process of differentiation of various cell types enabled to pinpoint further a conception of the morphological basis of differentiation at a subcellular level and to represent it schematically.", "PMID": 1130006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10875", "title": "[Mass fluorographic studies and their role in detecting breast cancer].", "content": "The authors report their experience with the organization of mass fluorographic surveys of breast cancer conducted in the complex with check fluorography of the chest. The results of clinico-roentgenological investigations in 856 females, chosen with a suspicion to focal process in the mammary gland, among 17,000 females subjected to large film fluorgraphy are reported. Per each 1000 investigations there were revealed 22 cases of cancer and 8.1 cases of benign tumors and cysts of the mammary gland. Mass fluorographic survey for breast cancer is an efficient method of recognizing tumors of this localization.", "contents": "[Mass fluorographic studies and their role in detecting breast cancer]. The authors report their experience with the organization of mass fluorographic surveys of breast cancer conducted in the complex with check fluorography of the chest. The results of clinico-roentgenological investigations in 856 females, chosen with a suspicion to focal process in the mammary gland, among 17,000 females subjected to large film fluorgraphy are reported. Per each 1000 investigations there were revealed 22 cases of cancer and 8.1 cases of benign tumors and cysts of the mammary gland. Mass fluorographic survey for breast cancer is an efficient method of recognizing tumors of this localization.", "PMID": 1130007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10876", "title": "[Pre-albumins of cancerous tissue of the stomach].", "content": "Studies of water soluble proteins of mucous and cancer tissue of the stomach were conducted by a method of electrophoresis in a polyacrylamid block. Under study were 18 postresection specimens (12--gastric cancer, 5--gastric ulcer, 1--duodenal ulcer). 5--7 prealbumin fractions were found in normal mucosa and that with histological changes typical for superficial and, sometimes, moderately pronounced atrophic gastritis. Gastric mucous membrane in marked atrophic, gastritis and of cancerous tissue were characterized by disappearance of the first 2,3, 4 prealbumin fractions or reduction of their peaks.", "contents": "[Pre-albumins of cancerous tissue of the stomach]. Studies of water soluble proteins of mucous and cancer tissue of the stomach were conducted by a method of electrophoresis in a polyacrylamid block. Under study were 18 postresection specimens (12--gastric cancer, 5--gastric ulcer, 1--duodenal ulcer). 5--7 prealbumin fractions were found in normal mucosa and that with histological changes typical for superficial and, sometimes, moderately pronounced atrophic gastritis. Gastric mucous membrane in marked atrophic, gastritis and of cancerous tissue were characterized by disappearance of the first 2,3, 4 prealbumin fractions or reduction of their peaks.", "PMID": 1130008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10877", "title": "[Pneumomammography in the diagnosis of breast diseases].", "content": "An analysis of the efficacy of pneumomammography for diagnosis of different affections of the mammary gland in female and male individuals is presented. The former is based on 488 pneumographies.. A clinical and experimental experience with the use of pneumomammography has supported a high efficacy of pneumocystomammography.", "contents": "[Pneumomammography in the diagnosis of breast diseases]. An analysis of the efficacy of pneumomammography for diagnosis of different affections of the mammary gland in female and male individuals is presented. The former is based on 488 pneumographies.. A clinical and experimental experience with the use of pneumomammography has supported a high efficacy of pneumocystomammography.", "PMID": 1130009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10878", "title": "[Hydroxycorticosteroids and the binding capacity of transcrotin in sarcoma 45].", "content": "In sarcoma 45 growth the concentration of all fractions of 11-oxycorticosteroids (11--OCS) was found to be increased. Maximum increase in concentration of total and bound 11--OCS was noted on the 7th and 10th day after transplantation. The content of total and bound  11 -- OCS on the 15th and 20th day of tumor growth was close to control values, however, the concentration of free 11 -- OCS exceeded the control level. At the 30th day of the experiment the values of total and bound 11 -- OCS were reliably decreased. While the free hormone content was within control limits. In a progressing malignant growth the binding capacity of transcortin is reduced up to 18.5% (the 30th day of the experiment) that makes 25% of the control value. The content of bound exogenic corticosterone in vitro ranged from 7.7 to 45.2 Mg% in the process of sarcorna 45 growth.", "contents": "[Hydroxycorticosteroids and the binding capacity of transcrotin in sarcoma 45]. In sarcoma 45 growth the concentration of all fractions of 11-oxycorticosteroids (11--OCS) was found to be increased. Maximum increase in concentration of total and bound 11--OCS was noted on the 7th and 10th day after transplantation. The content of total and bound  11 -- OCS on the 15th and 20th day of tumor growth was close to control values, however, the concentration of free 11 -- OCS exceeded the control level. At the 30th day of the experiment the values of total and bound 11 -- OCS were reliably decreased. While the free hormone content was within control limits. In a progressing malignant growth the binding capacity of transcortin is reduced up to 18.5% (the 30th day of the experiment) that makes 25% of the control value. The content of bound exogenic corticosterone in vitro ranged from 7.7 to 45.2 Mg% in the process of sarcorna 45 growth.", "PMID": 1130010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10879", "title": "[Conservative treatment of lung cancer].", "content": "393 inoperable patients with lung cancer of stage III and IV were given two or three chemical substances according to the schemes applied or one of cytostatics with telegamma therapy. Control patients were administered only cyclophosphan or subjected to telegamma therapy. The best immediate and late results were noted in objects receiving either three substances or gamma-radiation with antimetabolites, 5-fluoruracil in particular, An efficacy of the treatment was estimated depending on the morphological structure of a tumor. A toxic effect of the therapy employed on the gastrointestinal tract, hemopoiesis was studied.", "contents": "[Conservative treatment of lung cancer]. 393 inoperable patients with lung cancer of stage III and IV were given two or three chemical substances according to the schemes applied or one of cytostatics with telegamma therapy. Control patients were administered only cyclophosphan or subjected to telegamma therapy. The best immediate and late results were noted in objects receiving either three substances or gamma-radiation with antimetabolites, 5-fluoruracil in particular, An efficacy of the treatment was estimated depending on the morphological structure of a tumor. A toxic effect of the therapy employed on the gastrointestinal tract, hemopoiesis was studied.", "PMID": 1130013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10880", "title": "[Cancer from the remnants of the thyrolingual duct].", "content": "Brief literature data on the incidence and difficulties of diagnosis of cancer arising in remnants of the thyroglossal duct are reported. Three personal authors' observations are described. The correct diagnosis was not established prior to surgery. Tumor removal with resection of the sublingual bone is recommended as the most rational method of treatment.", "contents": "[Cancer from the remnants of the thyrolingual duct]. Brief literature data on the incidence and difficulties of diagnosis of cancer arising in remnants of the thyroglossal duct are reported. Three personal authors' observations are described. The correct diagnosis was not established prior to surgery. Tumor removal with resection of the sublingual bone is recommended as the most rational method of treatment.", "PMID": 1130014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10881", "title": "[Color scanning in the topical and differential diagnosis of kidney tumors].", "content": "Tre results of careful investigation in 36 patients with tumors of the renal parenchyma, operated upon during the period since 1969 to 1972, are described, Extirpation of the kidney was performed in 34 patients, tentative lumbotomy and biopsy--in 2. In all patients along with the use of roentgenological, laboratory and cytologic methods of investigation also radioisotope renography and color scanning have been accomplished.", "contents": "[Color scanning in the topical and differential diagnosis of kidney tumors]. Tre results of careful investigation in 36 patients with tumors of the renal parenchyma, operated upon during the period since 1969 to 1972, are described, Extirpation of the kidney was performed in 34 patients, tentative lumbotomy and biopsy--in 2. In all patients along with the use of roentgenological, laboratory and cytologic methods of investigation also radioisotope renography and color scanning have been accomplished.", "PMID": 1130015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10882", "title": "[Development of cancer of the corpus uteri against a background of adenomatosis].", "content": "An attempt was made to differentiate various types of development of corpus uteri adenomatosis in the clinico-morphological aspect. Three forms of adenomatosis were differentiated: focal, diffuse and malignant adenomatosis. Studies of curetting specimens from the uterine body revealed adenomatosis in 3.4% of cases. Malignant adenoma of the corpus uteri was defined by the author as a malignantly transformed adenomatosis. Mos frequently adenomatosis developed at the age of 35-55 years, its transition to \"adenomatous cancer\" was noted in 30-40% of cases and more often in females aged 55-77 years.", "contents": "[Development of cancer of the corpus uteri against a background of adenomatosis]. An attempt was made to differentiate various types of development of corpus uteri adenomatosis in the clinico-morphological aspect. Three forms of adenomatosis were differentiated: focal, diffuse and malignant adenomatosis. Studies of curetting specimens from the uterine body revealed adenomatosis in 3.4% of cases. Malignant adenoma of the corpus uteri was defined by the author as a malignantly transformed adenomatosis. Mos frequently adenomatosis developed at the age of 35-55 years, its transition to \"adenomatous cancer\" was noted in 30-40% of cases and more often in females aged 55-77 years.", "PMID": 1130016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10883", "title": "[Exploratory thoracotomies in lung cancer].", "content": "The causes of tentative thoractomies were analyzed in 56 patients with pulmonary cancer. Retrospectively, operative findings were compared with the results of clinicoroentgenological, bronchological studies and mediastinoscopy, The most frequent causes of uneffective interventions were as follows: massive metastatic involvement of lymph nodes of the lung hilus and mediastinum (in 26 patients) and perivasal tumor dissemination (in 18 patients).", "contents": "[Exploratory thoracotomies in lung cancer]. The causes of tentative thoractomies were analyzed in 56 patients with pulmonary cancer. Retrospectively, operative findings were compared with the results of clinicoroentgenological, bronchological studies and mediastinoscopy, The most frequent causes of uneffective interventions were as follows: massive metastatic involvement of lymph nodes of the lung hilus and mediastinum (in 26 patients) and perivasal tumor dissemination (in 18 patients).", "PMID": 1130017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10884", "title": "[Blast transformation of the peripheral lymphocytes in cervical cancer during the radiotherapy process].", "content": "The reaction of blast-transformation of peripheral blood lymphocytes was studied in 60 patients with cervical cancer depending on a stage and radiotherapy applied. A progression of the tumor process reduces the capacity of peripheral blood lymphocytes for blasttransformation in the FHA stimulated culture. The conducted radiotherapy would enhance a suppression of functional properties of T-lymphocytes. The use of the blasttransformation reaction seems to be possible for estimation of changes in the cellular immunity in oncological patients during radiotherapy.", "contents": "[Blast transformation of the peripheral lymphocytes in cervical cancer during the radiotherapy process]. The reaction of blast-transformation of peripheral blood lymphocytes was studied in 60 patients with cervical cancer depending on a stage and radiotherapy applied. A progression of the tumor process reduces the capacity of peripheral blood lymphocytes for blasttransformation in the FHA stimulated culture. The conducted radiotherapy would enhance a suppression of functional properties of T-lymphocytes. The use of the blasttransformation reaction seems to be possible for estimation of changes in the cellular immunity in oncological patients during radiotherapy.", "PMID": 1130018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10885", "title": "Copper and iron content and the ceruloplasmin activity in the leukocytes, erythrocytes and blood serum in uterin fibromyoam before after surgery.", "content": "Fourty two patients with uterine fibromyoma aged from 21 to 68 years have been investigated prior to surgery and after it. The iron content and ceruloplasmin activity in blood serum are considerably higher than normal before the operation and markedly decreased after it. The iron content in blood serum and leucocytes pre- and postoperatively is lower while in erythrocytes higher than normal. There is some parellelism in redistribution of iron between serum and the formed elements of blood in the postoperative period.", "contents": "Copper and iron content and the ceruloplasmin activity in the leukocytes, erythrocytes and blood serum in uterin fibromyoam before after surgery. Fourty two patients with uterine fibromyoma aged from 21 to 68 years have been investigated prior to surgery and after it. The iron content and ceruloplasmin activity in blood serum are considerably higher than normal before the operation and markedly decreased after it. The iron content in blood serum and leucocytes pre- and postoperatively is lower while in erythrocytes higher than normal. There is some parellelism in redistribution of iron between serum and the formed elements of blood in the postoperative period.", "PMID": 1130019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10886", "title": "[Transformational activity of the oncornaviruses isolated from RH and Hep-2 cell lines].", "content": "Oncornaviruses isolated from transplantable cell cultures Hep-2 and RH were used for inoculating primary tripsinized cell cultures of human foetal kidney (HFK) and human embryonic fibroblasts (HEF). In all 15 cases no transformation of HEF cells was noted. In inoculation of HFK with oncornaviruses isolated from RH cell culture in 2 of 16 cases there were obtained transformed cell cultures: HFK+VRH and HFK+VRH Mc) occurred twice as fast. The transformed cell cultures have gone through 15-23 passages and were characterized by a high mitotic activity, production of oncornaviruses, type A and B, and absence of contact inhibition, a capacity for multistratum three-dimensional growth, the modal number of chromosomes 64 and a mixed type AB of electrophoretic mobility of glucoso-6-phosphate dehydrogenase.", "contents": "[Transformational activity of the oncornaviruses isolated from RH and Hep-2 cell lines]. Oncornaviruses isolated from transplantable cell cultures Hep-2 and RH were used for inoculating primary tripsinized cell cultures of human foetal kidney (HFK) and human embryonic fibroblasts (HEF). In all 15 cases no transformation of HEF cells was noted. In inoculation of HFK with oncornaviruses isolated from RH cell culture in 2 of 16 cases there were obtained transformed cell cultures: HFK+VRH and HFK+VRH Mc) occurred twice as fast. The transformed cell cultures have gone through 15-23 passages and were characterized by a high mitotic activity, production of oncornaviruses, type A and B, and absence of contact inhibition, a capacity for multistratum three-dimensional growth, the modal number of chromosomes 64 and a mixed type AB of electrophoretic mobility of glucoso-6-phosphate dehydrogenase.", "PMID": 1130020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10887", "title": "[Effect of the degree of hypothermia on the intensity of DNA, RNA and protein synthesis in a tumor and in normal tissue].", "content": "In rats were Heren carcinoma at the initial stage of hypothermia (30-31 degrees C) in hepatic tissues there was observed at a greater intensity of protein and nucleic acids synthesis contrary to its marked reduction in tumor tissues. In tumor tissues a cessation of protein synthesis was observed at 20-21 degrees C. while that of nucleic acids at 14-15 degrees C. Under these regimens of hypothermia no complete cessation of protein and nucleic acids synthesis in hepatic tissue occurred. However, their synthesis was markedly suppressed.", "contents": "[Effect of the degree of hypothermia on the intensity of DNA, RNA and protein synthesis in a tumor and in normal tissue]. In rats were Heren carcinoma at the initial stage of hypothermia (30-31 degrees C) in hepatic tissues there was observed at a greater intensity of protein and nucleic acids synthesis contrary to its marked reduction in tumor tissues. In tumor tissues a cessation of protein synthesis was observed at 20-21 degrees C. while that of nucleic acids at 14-15 degrees C. Under these regimens of hypothermia no complete cessation of protein and nucleic acids synthesis in hepatic tissue occurred. However, their synthesis was markedly suppressed.", "PMID": 1130021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10888", "title": "[Carcinogenic activity of a 4,4-diaminobiphenyl ester].", "content": "4,4'-diaminodiphenyl ether (dadpe) was injected subcutaneously (once a week) or given per orally (1-5 times a week) in rats in a dose of 25 mg/per rat and in mice of line CC57W in a dose of 5 mg/per mouse. Administration of the substance produced in mice and rats under study renal lesions of the nephrosis type with a nephritic component. In later stages of the experiment some rats showed adenomatous regeneration and formation of renal cysts, in one rat hypernephroid cancer of the kidney was observed. Tumors of different localizations were found in 44% of rats (in 7 of 16 animals), and in 57% of mice (in 8 of 14 animals) in experiments with peroral administration of the substance; in 18% of rats (in 7 of 39 animals) and in 33% of mice (in 3 of 9 animals) in experiments with subcutaneous injection of the substance. The results of the experiments have evidenced an insignificant blastomogenic action of 4,4'-diaminodiphenyl ether.", "contents": "[Carcinogenic activity of a 4,4-diaminobiphenyl ester]. 4,4'-diaminodiphenyl ether (dadpe) was injected subcutaneously (once a week) or given per orally (1-5 times a week) in rats in a dose of 25 mg/per rat and in mice of line CC57W in a dose of 5 mg/per mouse. Administration of the substance produced in mice and rats under study renal lesions of the nephrosis type with a nephritic component. In later stages of the experiment some rats showed adenomatous regeneration and formation of renal cysts, in one rat hypernephroid cancer of the kidney was observed. Tumors of different localizations were found in 44% of rats (in 7 of 16 animals), and in 57% of mice (in 8 of 14 animals) in experiments with peroral administration of the substance; in 18% of rats (in 7 of 39 animals) and in 33% of mice (in 3 of 9 animals) in experiments with subcutaneous injection of the substance. The results of the experiments have evidenced an insignificant blastomogenic action of 4,4'-diaminodiphenyl ether.", "PMID": 1130022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10889", "title": "[Adrenal cortical function in the combined treatment of lung cancer].", "content": "Ninety five patients with pulmonary cancer were investigated. It was found that in lung cancer a correlation of total 17-ketosteroids and 17-oxycorticosteroids is changed on account of decreased androgenic hormones and increased glucocorticoid hormones. A response to the operative trauma is not the same in different objects. Following radiotherapy in most patients a reliable inhibition of the glucocorticoid function of the adrenal cortex was observed.", "contents": "[Adrenal cortical function in the combined treatment of lung cancer]. Ninety five patients with pulmonary cancer were investigated. It was found that in lung cancer a correlation of total 17-ketosteroids and 17-oxycorticosteroids is changed on account of decreased androgenic hormones and increased glucocorticoid hormones. A response to the operative trauma is not the same in different objects. Following radiotherapy in most patients a reliable inhibition of the glucocorticoid function of the adrenal cortex was observed.", "PMID": 1130023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10890", "title": "Isoniazid-associated hepatitis--serum enzyme determinations and histologic features.", "content": "A prospective study of 208 patients treated for up to 12 months with isoniazid (INH((R))) for tuberculosis prophylaxis was made. Levels of serum glutamic oxaloacetic acid transaminase (SGOT) became elevated in 20 percent of the adults followed and in 30 percent predominantly nonspecific symptoms developed, in 11 percent simultaneously with SGOT elevation; SGOT levels became elevated in two of 33 children and 1 was symptomatic. Mild SGOT elevations in asymptomatic adults were self-limited; however, a small percentage of symptomatic adults showed prolonged SGOT elevation for months after INH was completed. Results of liver biopsy studies in the early stages of SGOT elevation generally showed portal and periportal lymphocytic infiltrations with lesser numbers of plasma cells, neutrophils and eosinophils.", "contents": "Isoniazid-associated hepatitis--serum enzyme determinations and histologic features. A prospective study of 208 patients treated for up to 12 months with isoniazid (INH((R))) for tuberculosis prophylaxis was made. Levels of serum glutamic oxaloacetic acid transaminase (SGOT) became elevated in 20 percent of the adults followed and in 30 percent predominantly nonspecific symptoms developed, in 11 percent simultaneously with SGOT elevation; SGOT levels became elevated in two of 33 children and 1 was symptomatic. Mild SGOT elevations in asymptomatic adults were self-limited; however, a small percentage of symptomatic adults showed prolonged SGOT elevation for months after INH was completed. Results of liver biopsy studies in the early stages of SGOT elevation generally showed portal and periportal lymphocytic infiltrations with lesser numbers of plasma cells, neutrophils and eosinophils.", "PMID": 1130028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10891", "title": "The consequences of habitual knuckle cracking.", "content": "Habitual knuckle cracking in children has been considered a cause of arthritis. A survey of a geriatric patient population with a history of knuckle cracking failed to show a correlation between knuckle cracking and degenerative changes of the metacarpal phalangeal joints.", "contents": "The consequences of habitual knuckle cracking. Habitual knuckle cracking in children has been considered a cause of arthritis. A survey of a geriatric patient population with a history of knuckle cracking failed to show a correlation between knuckle cracking and degenerative changes of the metacarpal phalangeal joints.", "PMID": 1130029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10892", "title": "Optimal fluoridation--The concept and its application to municipal water fluoridation.", "content": "Optimal fluoridation has been defined as that fluoride exposure which confers maximal cariostasis with minimal toxicity and its values have been previously determined to be 0.5 to 1 mg per day for infants and 1 to 1.5 mg per day for an average child. Total fluoride ingestion and urine excretion were studied in Marin County, California, children in 1973 before municipal water fluoridation. Results showed fluoride exposure to be higher than anticipated and fulfilled previously accepted criteria for optimal fluoridation. Present and future water fluoridation plans need to be reevaluated in light of total environmental fluoride exposure.", "contents": "Optimal fluoridation--The concept and its application to municipal water fluoridation. Optimal fluoridation has been defined as that fluoride exposure which confers maximal cariostasis with minimal toxicity and its values have been previously determined to be 0.5 to 1 mg per day for infants and 1 to 1.5 mg per day for an average child. Total fluoride ingestion and urine excretion were studied in Marin County, California, children in 1973 before municipal water fluoridation. Results showed fluoride exposure to be higher than anticipated and fulfilled previously accepted criteria for optimal fluoridation. Present and future water fluoridation plans need to be reevaluated in light of total environmental fluoride exposure.", "PMID": 1130041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10893", "title": "Inhalation therapy--A joint accord on the role of respiratory (inhalation) therapy personnel in airway management and endotracheal intubation.", "content": "Joint Accord on the Role of Respiratory (Inhalation) Therapy Personnel in Airway Management and Endotracheal Intubation endorsed by the California Medical Association, the California Hospital Association, the California Society for Respiratory Therapy, the California Society of Anesthesiologists and the California Thoracic Society.", "contents": "Inhalation therapy--A joint accord on the role of respiratory (inhalation) therapy personnel in airway management and endotracheal intubation. Joint Accord on the Role of Respiratory (Inhalation) Therapy Personnel in Airway Management and Endotracheal Intubation endorsed by the California Medical Association, the California Hospital Association, the California Society for Respiratory Therapy, the California Society of Anesthesiologists and the California Thoracic Society.", "PMID": 1130044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10894", "title": "[Biosynthesis of collagen and mode of action of D-penicillamine (author's transl)].", "content": "The biosynthesis and metabolism of collagen are complex processes and are regulated by different enzyme systems. In theory these processes can be influenced at a number of different stages. The therapeutic prevention of excessive collagen and fibril synthesis is a desirable aim, although there is a lack of substances suitable for this purpose. One substance employed is D-penicillamine (D-PA), which blocks aldehyde condensation, inhibits the cross-linking of the peptide chains and the formation of collagen fibrils. Other characteristics of D-PA which are of therapeutic interest are chelate formation with heavy metals and the depolymerizing action on macroglobulins. D-PA may possibly by of some value in the chemotherapy of certain tumours and for sensitizing tumour cells to irradiation. It remains to be investigated whether D-PA or similar substances could be of therapeutic value in arteriosclerosis, in which an increased deposition of collagen in the basal membranes is the fundamental process. The successful therapeutic use of D-PA in rheumatoid arthritis and chronic active cirrhoses of the liver justifies the hope that this substance may favourably influence disorders of collagen metabolism.", "contents": "[Biosynthesis of collagen and mode of action of D-penicillamine (author's transl)]. The biosynthesis and metabolism of collagen are complex processes and are regulated by different enzyme systems. In theory these processes can be influenced at a number of different stages. The therapeutic prevention of excessive collagen and fibril synthesis is a desirable aim, although there is a lack of substances suitable for this purpose. One substance employed is D-penicillamine (D-PA), which blocks aldehyde condensation, inhibits the cross-linking of the peptide chains and the formation of collagen fibrils. Other characteristics of D-PA which are of therapeutic interest are chelate formation with heavy metals and the depolymerizing action on macroglobulins. D-PA may possibly by of some value in the chemotherapy of certain tumours and for sensitizing tumour cells to irradiation. It remains to be investigated whether D-PA or similar substances could be of therapeutic value in arteriosclerosis, in which an increased deposition of collagen in the basal membranes is the fundamental process. The successful therapeutic use of D-PA in rheumatoid arthritis and chronic active cirrhoses of the liver justifies the hope that this substance may favourably influence disorders of collagen metabolism.", "PMID": 1130072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10895", "title": "[Biochemical and clinical findings in congenital abnormalities of galactose metabolism (author's transl)].", "content": "Current knowledge of the biochemical basis of abnormalities in galactose metabolism are discussed. The clinical picture, analysis of frequency and therapy are described. Although the galactokinase defect hat been described only rarely, abundant literature has been published on the Gal-1-PUT defect. Five variations of this defect are known (Duarte, Los Angeles, Rennes, Indiana and Negro variants), but these simulate only partially the clinical picture of galactosaemia. The UDP-Gal-4-epimerase defect has only once been described. Defects in galactose metabolism which show autosomal recessive inheritance are demonstrated in milk-fed infants by means of the Guthrie test. If the clinical picture arouses the suspicion of a defect in Gal-1-PUT or galactokinase, then a milk-free diet should be given until the diagnosis has been verified by enzyme analysis. Children who have been fed on a lactose-free diet show normal physical and mental development. If possible the entire family of the proband should undergo enzyme analysis in order to detect and to counsel all the heterozygotes in the family. Genetic counselling is considered to be absolutely indicated in this case. Termination of pregnancy is not indicated under any circumstances.", "contents": "[Biochemical and clinical findings in congenital abnormalities of galactose metabolism (author's transl)]. Current knowledge of the biochemical basis of abnormalities in galactose metabolism are discussed. The clinical picture, analysis of frequency and therapy are described. Although the galactokinase defect hat been described only rarely, abundant literature has been published on the Gal-1-PUT defect. Five variations of this defect are known (Duarte, Los Angeles, Rennes, Indiana and Negro variants), but these simulate only partially the clinical picture of galactosaemia. The UDP-Gal-4-epimerase defect has only once been described. Defects in galactose metabolism which show autosomal recessive inheritance are demonstrated in milk-fed infants by means of the Guthrie test. If the clinical picture arouses the suspicion of a defect in Gal-1-PUT or galactokinase, then a milk-free diet should be given until the diagnosis has been verified by enzyme analysis. Children who have been fed on a lactose-free diet show normal physical and mental development. If possible the entire family of the proband should undergo enzyme analysis in order to detect and to counsel all the heterozygotes in the family. Genetic counselling is considered to be absolutely indicated in this case. Termination of pregnancy is not indicated under any circumstances.", "PMID": 1130073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10896", "title": "[The influence of acupuncture analgesia on the sensation and feeling of pain and the autonomic state of the organism (author's transl)].", "content": "This study reports the effect of acupuncture on the sensation of pain, feeling of pain and on the autonomic state of the organism. In order to elucidate the problem physiological and psychological parameters were employed. It was observed that the insertion of the needles with electrical stimulation raised the pain threshold. The rise occurred whether a classical acupuncture point or a placebo acupuncture point was used. When the pain was assessed subjectively, it was found that the needling of a classical acupuncture point favourably influenced the experience of pain. Furthermore, persons in whom acupuncture worked well were characterized by a low subjective and objective pain threshold, a slow pulse rate and a high anxiety score.", "contents": "[The influence of acupuncture analgesia on the sensation and feeling of pain and the autonomic state of the organism (author's transl)]. This study reports the effect of acupuncture on the sensation of pain, feeling of pain and on the autonomic state of the organism. In order to elucidate the problem physiological and psychological parameters were employed. It was observed that the insertion of the needles with electrical stimulation raised the pain threshold. The rise occurred whether a classical acupuncture point or a placebo acupuncture point was used. When the pain was assessed subjectively, it was found that the needling of a classical acupuncture point favourably influenced the experience of pain. Furthermore, persons in whom acupuncture worked well were characterized by a low subjective and objective pain threshold, a slow pulse rate and a high anxiety score.", "PMID": 1130074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10897", "title": "[Basis and clinical application of the \"contingent negative variation\" in \"evoked response audiometry\" (author's transl)].", "content": "After repeated stimulation with an indicative stimulus and a second imperative stimulus, a slow negative potential shife, the \"Contingent Negative Variation\" (CNV), can be recorded in the EEG before the second stimulus. On account of the main features of CNV two qualitative tests can be used in audiometry. \"Tone-CNV\" is an objective test of perception of a pure-tone. The indicative pure-tone is followed regularly by a second imperative stimulus, a flash of light or a slide. The appearance of CNV is the positive sign of perception, even if the \"acoustically evoked potential\" (AEP) is difficult to define. Adults and children (5 to 12 years) with normal hearing or suffering from several forms of hearing loss developed a CNV, except those patients with severe brain damage. The advantage of this method is the short testing time and accentuation of AEPs. The test can be also done under sedation. In \"Objective Speech Audiometry\", a proof of concept discrimination, only words of one concept are combined with a second imperative stimulus. The other group of words of the second concept remains \"unreinforced\". After correct discrimination all normal subjects developed a CNV before the second stimulus and after the \"unreinforced\" concept a \"Discriminative Positive Variation\" (DPV). Thus, this method can be used for clinical purposes. Loss of discrimination, perseveration phenomena and hemispheric differences were observed in aphasic patients.", "contents": "[Basis and clinical application of the \"contingent negative variation\" in \"evoked response audiometry\" (author's transl)]. After repeated stimulation with an indicative stimulus and a second imperative stimulus, a slow negative potential shife, the \"Contingent Negative Variation\" (CNV), can be recorded in the EEG before the second stimulus. On account of the main features of CNV two qualitative tests can be used in audiometry. \"Tone-CNV\" is an objective test of perception of a pure-tone. The indicative pure-tone is followed regularly by a second imperative stimulus, a flash of light or a slide. The appearance of CNV is the positive sign of perception, even if the \"acoustically evoked potential\" (AEP) is difficult to define. Adults and children (5 to 12 years) with normal hearing or suffering from several forms of hearing loss developed a CNV, except those patients with severe brain damage. The advantage of this method is the short testing time and accentuation of AEPs. The test can be also done under sedation. In \"Objective Speech Audiometry\", a proof of concept discrimination, only words of one concept are combined with a second imperative stimulus. The other group of words of the second concept remains \"unreinforced\". After correct discrimination all normal subjects developed a CNV before the second stimulus and after the \"unreinforced\" concept a \"Discriminative Positive Variation\" (DPV). Thus, this method can be used for clinical purposes. Loss of discrimination, perseveration phenomena and hemispheric differences were observed in aphasic patients.", "PMID": 1130075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10898", "title": "[The rhinosurgical management of nasal liquorrhoea (author's transl)].", "content": "Rhinoliquorrhoea is the leading symptome of an osteodural defect of the base of the skull, the pneumatic system of the rhinobasis being affected. Surgical attention to these defects is largely the responsibility of the rhinosurgeon. Following a description of the under-lying causes of this condition in the patients treated by us, details are given of the procedures undertaken to establish diagnosis of liquorrhoea, its localization. The indications, timing and technique of rhinosurgical treatment are discussed. Finally, some characteristic clinical cases are reported.", "contents": "[The rhinosurgical management of nasal liquorrhoea (author's transl)]. Rhinoliquorrhoea is the leading symptome of an osteodural defect of the base of the skull, the pneumatic system of the rhinobasis being affected. Surgical attention to these defects is largely the responsibility of the rhinosurgeon. Following a description of the under-lying causes of this condition in the patients treated by us, details are given of the procedures undertaken to establish diagnosis of liquorrhoea, its localization. The indications, timing and technique of rhinosurgical treatment are discussed. Finally, some characteristic clinical cases are reported.", "PMID": 1130076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10899", "title": "[The treatment of the \"mobile\" vocal cord carcinoma: cordectomy versus irradiation (author's transl)].", "content": "In the literature, cordectomy and irradiation each give an about 80% 5-year cure rate in cases of stage I carcinoma of the vocal cords. Between 1955 and 1969 49 patients were cordectomized and 71 patients were subjected to irradiation (5-year absence of recurrence in 75%) and 68.8% of cases respectively. 6 out of 9 criteria are in favour of cordectomy and only 3 in favour of radiotherapy in a comparison of both forms of treatment. In favour of cordectomy: 1. Direct examination of the tumour. 2. Immediate histological control during the operation. 3. Duration of treatment: 7 to 10 days (irradiation: 4 to 5 weeks). 4. Short healing period. Irradiation may entail chronic after effects. 5. Perichondritis: not observed after operation but may follow irradiation. 6. Treatment of tumour recurrence: After cordectomy: non-irradiated area and, if required, full radiation dose possible or operation in ordinary tissue. After irradiation: full radiation dose not possible, operation only in irradiated tissue. In favour or irradiation: 1. Medical contra-indications to surgery. 2. Tracheotomy: required prophylactically in case of cordectomy for 1 to 3 days, usually not necessary in case of irradiation. 3. Voice quality: Clearly better after irradiation than after operation. Irradiation is preferable in patients who have to use their voice very much. The problem should be thoroughly discussed with the patient. In general, cordectomy is the treatment of choice.", "contents": "[The treatment of the \"mobile\" vocal cord carcinoma: cordectomy versus irradiation (author's transl)]. In the literature, cordectomy and irradiation each give an about 80% 5-year cure rate in cases of stage I carcinoma of the vocal cords. Between 1955 and 1969 49 patients were cordectomized and 71 patients were subjected to irradiation (5-year absence of recurrence in 75%) and 68.8% of cases respectively. 6 out of 9 criteria are in favour of cordectomy and only 3 in favour of radiotherapy in a comparison of both forms of treatment. In favour of cordectomy: 1. Direct examination of the tumour. 2. Immediate histological control during the operation. 3. Duration of treatment: 7 to 10 days (irradiation: 4 to 5 weeks). 4. Short healing period. Irradiation may entail chronic after effects. 5. Perichondritis: not observed after operation but may follow irradiation. 6. Treatment of tumour recurrence: After cordectomy: non-irradiated area and, if required, full radiation dose possible or operation in ordinary tissue. After irradiation: full radiation dose not possible, operation only in irradiated tissue. In favour or irradiation: 1. Medical contra-indications to surgery. 2. Tracheotomy: required prophylactically in case of cordectomy for 1 to 3 days, usually not necessary in case of irradiation. 3. Voice quality: Clearly better after irradiation than after operation. Irradiation is preferable in patients who have to use their voice very much. The problem should be thoroughly discussed with the patient. In general, cordectomy is the treatment of choice.", "PMID": 1130077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10900", "title": "[Legal foundations for the processing of iodine 125 in radioimmunological laboratory tests, exemplified by the phadebas RAST and phadebas RIST tests (author's transl)].", "content": "The processing of iodine 125 poses legal and technical problems that can be solved if the respective guidelines are taken into consideration. The test projects have to be notified to, and approved by the authorities. In addition, the reagents have to be isolated and locked away in a suitable place and the requisite laboratory bench space locked up when not in use. If no more than 2 test kits are processed at the same time, the demands on the personnel and working place are minimal and the removal of wastes is unproblematic.", "contents": "[Legal foundations for the processing of iodine 125 in radioimmunological laboratory tests, exemplified by the phadebas RAST and phadebas RIST tests (author's transl)]. The processing of iodine 125 poses legal and technical problems that can be solved if the respective guidelines are taken into consideration. The test projects have to be notified to, and approved by the authorities. In addition, the reagents have to be isolated and locked away in a suitable place and the requisite laboratory bench space locked up when not in use. If no more than 2 test kits are processed at the same time, the demands on the personnel and working place are minimal and the removal of wastes is unproblematic.", "PMID": 1130078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10901", "title": "[Total laryngeal extirpation in tumour recurrence following chordectomy (author's transl)].", "content": "A review of 18 cases of laryngectomy on account of tumour recurrence following chordectomy revealed a high incidence of post-operative salivary fistulae. The tumour recurrence was extensive, as seen from the extirpated larynx specimen, in spite of regular laryngological check-up examinations. Tumour recurrence rends to be localized in the anterior commissure and sometimes infiltrates into the prelaryngeal area. The poor long-term prognosis is stressed.", "contents": "[Total laryngeal extirpation in tumour recurrence following chordectomy (author's transl)]. A review of 18 cases of laryngectomy on account of tumour recurrence following chordectomy revealed a high incidence of post-operative salivary fistulae. The tumour recurrence was extensive, as seen from the extirpated larynx specimen, in spite of regular laryngological check-up examinations. Tumour recurrence rends to be localized in the anterior commissure and sometimes infiltrates into the prelaryngeal area. The poor long-term prognosis is stressed.", "PMID": 1130079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10902", "title": "[Detection of sex-chromosome anomalies in newborn infants (author's transl)].", "content": "6084 consecutive newborn infants were screened for the purpose of evaluation of the X- and Y-chromatin in the cells of the buccal mucosa to detect sex-chromosome anomalies. An anomaly was discovered in 14 newborn infants (0.23%). Among 3184 male infants 8 cases of Klinefelter's syndrome, 2 cases of XYY syndrome and 1 case of a rare structural anomaly of the Y-chromosome were detected. Among 2900 female infants there was 1 child with Turner's syndrome and 2 children with the Triplo-X syndrome. The following clinical features were frequently observed: low birth weight, small size, dystrophy, signs of dysmaturity and increased maternal age. A gonosomal anomaly should be suspected in all cases presenting these characteristic clinical features and the necessary investigations carried out. By these means X-chromosome aberrations, at least, could be partly diagnosed.", "contents": "[Detection of sex-chromosome anomalies in newborn infants (author's transl)]. 6084 consecutive newborn infants were screened for the purpose of evaluation of the X- and Y-chromatin in the cells of the buccal mucosa to detect sex-chromosome anomalies. An anomaly was discovered in 14 newborn infants (0.23%). Among 3184 male infants 8 cases of Klinefelter's syndrome, 2 cases of XYY syndrome and 1 case of a rare structural anomaly of the Y-chromosome were detected. Among 2900 female infants there was 1 child with Turner's syndrome and 2 children with the Triplo-X syndrome. The following clinical features were frequently observed: low birth weight, small size, dystrophy, signs of dysmaturity and increased maternal age. A gonosomal anomaly should be suspected in all cases presenting these characteristic clinical features and the necessary investigations carried out. By these means X-chromosome aberrations, at least, could be partly diagnosed.", "PMID": 1130080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10903", "title": "[The effect of Iscador (Viscum praeparatum M.) on the Walker carcinosarcoma of the rat (author's transl)].", "content": "This paper reports the effects of a drug obtained from mistletoe (Iscador) on tumour growth of the Walker carcinosarcoma in rats under different conditions. No inhibitory effect on the growth of this tumour was observed.", "contents": "[The effect of Iscador (Viscum praeparatum M.) on the Walker carcinosarcoma of the rat (author's transl)]. This paper reports the effects of a drug obtained from mistletoe (Iscador) on tumour growth of the Walker carcinosarcoma in rats under different conditions. No inhibitory effect on the growth of this tumour was observed.", "PMID": 1130081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10904", "title": "[The treatment of the pseudocroup syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "The results of the implementation of Myoscain E/Holzinger in the treatment of the \"pseudocroup syndrome\" (laryngitis catarrhalis) are reported. The generally prompt action of the drug is stressed. It is pointed out that non-response to the compound suggests a more serious form of the disease necessitating close observation. A list of diseases involved in the differential diagnosis is added.", "contents": "[The treatment of the pseudocroup syndrome (author's transl)]. The results of the implementation of Myoscain E/Holzinger in the treatment of the \"pseudocroup syndrome\" (laryngitis catarrhalis) are reported. The generally prompt action of the drug is stressed. It is pointed out that non-response to the compound suggests a more serious form of the disease necessitating close observation. A list of diseases involved in the differential diagnosis is added.", "PMID": 1130082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10905", "title": "Combined hepatic vein, umbilicoportal vein, and superior mesenteric artery catheterization in portal hypertension: estimation of the portal fraction of total hepatic blood flow in cirrhotic patients.", "content": "Hemodynamic data were obtained in 13 cirrhotic patients with severe portal hypertension, undergoing combined hepatic vein, umbilicoportal vein, and superior mesenteric artery catheterization. The relative clearance of indocyanine green, the portohepatic gradient (difference between the free portal venous pressure and the free hepatic venous pressure), and the estimated hepatic blood flow were measured. The portal fraction (PF) of total hepatic blood flow was calculated in all patients using indicator dilution curves obtained from the portal bifurcation, a right hepatic vein, and when possible a left hepatic vein (six cases) after injection of (51)Cr-labeled red blood cells ((51)Cr RBC) into the superior mesenteric artery. Flows were overestimated because of loss of indicator through spontaneous portosystemic shunts; however, the ratio between hepatic and portal indicator dilution curves can be used to calculate the portal fraction of total hepatic blood flow since no extrahepatic shunts existed after the bifurcation of the portal vein (as shown on portography). In 10 patients, 15 series of curves were calculable and the PF varied between 30.1 and 100% (mean \u00b1 SE: 71.1 \u00b1 6.2%). In the three other patients, only delayed activity from recirculation was detected from portal and hepatic vein samples and PF was 0%; in these three cases, portography and arteriography revealed spontaneous portacaval shunting with reverse and/or stagnant circulation in the portal vein. In the 13 patients, no correlation existed between PF and the relative clearance of indocyanine green or the portohepatic gradient, parameters generally used as indices of severity in cirrhosis. In 10 patients, no correlation was found between PF and the estimated hepatic blood flow.These data indicate that (51)Cr RBC dilution curves can be used for the estimation of the portal fraction of total hepatic blood flow in conscious cirrhotic patients before portacaval shunts. Using this methodology, it could be assessed whether any critical level of portal fraction exists above which poor clinical results occur after portacaval shunting. This measurement could eventually be helpful in determining the appropriate surgical procedure to be applied in individual cases.", "contents": "Combined hepatic vein, umbilicoportal vein, and superior mesenteric artery catheterization in portal hypertension: estimation of the portal fraction of total hepatic blood flow in cirrhotic patients. Hemodynamic data were obtained in 13 cirrhotic patients with severe portal hypertension, undergoing combined hepatic vein, umbilicoportal vein, and superior mesenteric artery catheterization. The relative clearance of indocyanine green, the portohepatic gradient (difference between the free portal venous pressure and the free hepatic venous pressure), and the estimated hepatic blood flow were measured. The portal fraction (PF) of total hepatic blood flow was calculated in all patients using indicator dilution curves obtained from the portal bifurcation, a right hepatic vein, and when possible a left hepatic vein (six cases) after injection of (51)Cr-labeled red blood cells ((51)Cr RBC) into the superior mesenteric artery. Flows were overestimated because of loss of indicator through spontaneous portosystemic shunts; however, the ratio between hepatic and portal indicator dilution curves can be used to calculate the portal fraction of total hepatic blood flow since no extrahepatic shunts existed after the bifurcation of the portal vein (as shown on portography). In 10 patients, 15 series of curves were calculable and the PF varied between 30.1 and 100% (mean \u00b1 SE: 71.1 \u00b1 6.2%). In the three other patients, only delayed activity from recirculation was detected from portal and hepatic vein samples and PF was 0%; in these three cases, portography and arteriography revealed spontaneous portacaval shunting with reverse and/or stagnant circulation in the portal vein. In the 13 patients, no correlation existed between PF and the relative clearance of indocyanine green or the portohepatic gradient, parameters generally used as indices of severity in cirrhosis. In 10 patients, no correlation was found between PF and the estimated hepatic blood flow.These data indicate that (51)Cr RBC dilution curves can be used for the estimation of the portal fraction of total hepatic blood flow in conscious cirrhotic patients before portacaval shunts. Using this methodology, it could be assessed whether any critical level of portal fraction exists above which poor clinical results occur after portacaval shunting. This measurement could eventually be helpful in determining the appropriate surgical procedure to be applied in individual cases.", "PMID": 1130101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10906", "title": "Primary hypomagnesemia. I. Absorption Studies.", "content": "The clinical course of 2 patients with primary hypomagnesemia is reported. In one male patient, 5 months old, measurements of magnesium retention, intestinal absorption, fecal excretion and renal clearance were performed. The retention (2.8%) and absorption (7.8%) of 28-Mg were markedly reduced in comparsion to controls (average retention 25% and average absorption 28%). The retention values of the parents and other realtives did not differ from those of healthy adults. The examined patient was sucessfully treated with trimagnesium dicitrate containing 1.75 g magnesium per day.", "contents": "Primary hypomagnesemia. I. Absorption Studies. The clinical course of 2 patients with primary hypomagnesemia is reported. In one male patient, 5 months old, measurements of magnesium retention, intestinal absorption, fecal excretion and renal clearance were performed. The retention (2.8%) and absorption (7.8%) of 28-Mg were markedly reduced in comparsion to controls (average retention 25% and average absorption 28%). The retention values of the parents and other realtives did not differ from those of healthy adults. The examined patient was sucessfully treated with trimagnesium dicitrate containing 1.75 g magnesium per day.", "PMID": 1130118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10907", "title": "[Vaccination of children against influenza].", "content": "In 19 children of 1-7 years of age hemagglutination inhibiting antibodies were measured before and after vaccination against influenza. Before vaccination the serum titers have been markedly lower than in adults. A single vaccination with Alorbat, a vaccine of representative strains of influenza virus inactivated and adsorbed to aluminumoxide, was followed by the same rise of titer as in adults. Therefore with this vaccine a single vaccination is effective in children, and a booster 4 weeks later, as recommended otherwise, is not necessary.", "contents": "[Vaccination of children against influenza]. In 19 children of 1-7 years of age hemagglutination inhibiting antibodies were measured before and after vaccination against influenza. Before vaccination the serum titers have been markedly lower than in adults. A single vaccination with Alorbat, a vaccine of representative strains of influenza virus inactivated and adsorbed to aluminumoxide, was followed by the same rise of titer as in adults. Therefore with this vaccine a single vaccination is effective in children, and a booster 4 weeks later, as recommended otherwise, is not necessary.", "PMID": 1130119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10908", "title": "Permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus: a case report with plasma insulin studies.", "content": "The 11th case of permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus appearing during the first month of life is reported. A critical review of the literature is also presented. The permanence of diabetes is demonstrated by the duration of insulin therapy still necessary after 30 months. Insulin-stimulation tests have been performed some for the first time in such a young diabetic. They have shown a nearly total failure in beta-cell response, only very high doses of glucagon provoking a moderate insulin secretion. The absence of acetonuria is discussed. It can perhaps be explained by the hyperglycemia which, by a mass effect, brings about cellular glucose penetration and this stops liberation of Nefa's from adipose tissue.", "contents": "Permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus: a case report with plasma insulin studies. The 11th case of permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus appearing during the first month of life is reported. A critical review of the literature is also presented. The permanence of diabetes is demonstrated by the duration of insulin therapy still necessary after 30 months. Insulin-stimulation tests have been performed some for the first time in such a young diabetic. They have shown a nearly total failure in beta-cell response, only very high doses of glucagon provoking a moderate insulin secretion. The absence of acetonuria is discussed. It can perhaps be explained by the hyperglycemia which, by a mass effect, brings about cellular glucose penetration and this stops liberation of Nefa's from adipose tissue.", "PMID": 1130120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10909", "title": "Intestinal iron absorption under the influence of available storage iron and erythroblastic hyperplasia. Comparative studies in children with hereditary spherocytosis, nonspherocytic enzymopenic hemolytic anemia, acquired hemolytic anemia, vitamin B12 deficiency induced megaloblastic anemia, erythroblastic hypoplasia and aplastic anemia.", "content": "A high negative correlation (coefficient similar to 0.9) between increased 59Fe absorption from a diagnostic 0.56 mg 59Fe2+ dose and the depletion of available storage iron was observed in menstruating and pregnant women, fullterm and premature infants, blood donors, patients with infections, inflammations, tumors, hepatic cirrhosis, gastric surgery, increased urogenital or gastrointestinal blood loss. The increased diagnostic 59Fe2+ absorption is a reliable and sensitive indicator of at least depleted iron stores or prelatent iron deficiency as caused by iron malnutrition or maldigestion, increased iron requirement in pregnancy, infancy, urogenital or gastrointestinal blood loss. Although the messenger system which signalyzes the depletion of iron stores to the iron absorbing enterocytes of the duodenal and jejunal mucosa is not yet known available storage iron seems to control intestinal iron absorption under normal and the great majority o pathological condition in humans. Anemia per se or high erythropoietin levels in blood do not influence iron absorption since patients with even severe erythroblastic hypoplasia, aplastic anemia and megaloblastic anemia due to vitamin B12 deficiency absorb iron according to their iron stores. An only mild hyperplasia of the erythropoietic system in the bone marrow does also not effect iron absorption which was still under the control of available storage iron in patients with hereditary spherocytosis, nonspherocytic congenital hemolytic anemia due to glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, acquired hemolytic anemia and vitamin B12 deficiency induced megaloblastic anemia..", "contents": "Intestinal iron absorption under the influence of available storage iron and erythroblastic hyperplasia. Comparative studies in children with hereditary spherocytosis, nonspherocytic enzymopenic hemolytic anemia, acquired hemolytic anemia, vitamin B12 deficiency induced megaloblastic anemia, erythroblastic hypoplasia and aplastic anemia. A high negative correlation (coefficient similar to 0.9) between increased 59Fe absorption from a diagnostic 0.56 mg 59Fe2+ dose and the depletion of available storage iron was observed in menstruating and pregnant women, fullterm and premature infants, blood donors, patients with infections, inflammations, tumors, hepatic cirrhosis, gastric surgery, increased urogenital or gastrointestinal blood loss. The increased diagnostic 59Fe2+ absorption is a reliable and sensitive indicator of at least depleted iron stores or prelatent iron deficiency as caused by iron malnutrition or maldigestion, increased iron requirement in pregnancy, infancy, urogenital or gastrointestinal blood loss. Although the messenger system which signalyzes the depletion of iron stores to the iron absorbing enterocytes of the duodenal and jejunal mucosa is not yet known available storage iron seems to control intestinal iron absorption under normal and the great majority o pathological condition in humans. Anemia per se or high erythropoietin levels in blood do not influence iron absorption since patients with even severe erythroblastic hypoplasia, aplastic anemia and megaloblastic anemia due to vitamin B12 deficiency absorb iron according to their iron stores. An only mild hyperplasia of the erythropoietic system in the bone marrow does also not effect iron absorption which was still under the control of available storage iron in patients with hereditary spherocytosis, nonspherocytic congenital hemolytic anemia due to glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, acquired hemolytic anemia and vitamin B12 deficiency induced megaloblastic anemia..", "PMID": 1130121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10910", "title": "[Coagulation tests from capillary blood. Determination of thromboplastin time, thrombin time, fibrinogen, factor II (prothrombin), factor V (accelerin) and factor X (Stuart-Prower factor) from capillary blood].", "content": "Methods are described for the determination of the thromboplastin time, the thrombin time, for fibrinogen and factor II, V and X from capillary blood. These methods are easy to perform and comparison of the results from venous and capillary blood showed a very good correlation. The described methods seem suitable for routine coagulation tests in pediatrics.", "contents": "[Coagulation tests from capillary blood. Determination of thromboplastin time, thrombin time, fibrinogen, factor II (prothrombin), factor V (accelerin) and factor X (Stuart-Prower factor) from capillary blood]. Methods are described for the determination of the thromboplastin time, the thrombin time, for fibrinogen and factor II, V and X from capillary blood. These methods are easy to perform and comparison of the results from venous and capillary blood showed a very good correlation. The described methods seem suitable for routine coagulation tests in pediatrics.", "PMID": 1130122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10911", "title": "A case of leprechaunism and an analysis of some clinical manifestations of this syndrome.", "content": "A case of Leprechaunismm is reported. The parents were not consanguineous. The patient had two female and one male sibling. The patient was female and one sister was normal but the brother was also affected by Leprechaunismm. Another sister was possibly affected by Leprechaunis. The laboratory and autopsy examination showed various abnormal results, but few correlation was noted between the findings of the investigations and the clinical manifestations. The abnormality of the carbohydrate metabolism in Leprechauism may be due to the delay of insulin-release from pancreatic islets, from the abnormality of insulin receptors, or an abnormality of the biological activity of insulin.", "contents": "A case of leprechaunism and an analysis of some clinical manifestations of this syndrome. A case of Leprechaunismm is reported. The parents were not consanguineous. The patient had two female and one male sibling. The patient was female and one sister was normal but the brother was also affected by Leprechaunismm. Another sister was possibly affected by Leprechaunis. The laboratory and autopsy examination showed various abnormal results, but few correlation was noted between the findings of the investigations and the clinical manifestations. The abnormality of the carbohydrate metabolism in Leprechauism may be due to the delay of insulin-release from pancreatic islets, from the abnormality of insulin receptors, or an abnormality of the biological activity of insulin.", "PMID": 1130123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10912", "title": "[Influence of spontaneous collaterals on the fibrillation threshold of the heart following acute coronary occlusion].", "content": "Fibrillation threshold (FS) were determined in 27 mongrel dogs by direct electrical stimulation of the myocardium by 50 Hz AC impulses of 0.20-0.28 sec during the vulnerable period. The FS is the current which just suffices to produce ventricular fibrillation. Sinus rhythm was restored 10 sec after onset of ventricular fibrillation by defibrillation. Determinations of FS were carried out for each animal repeatedly before and 3 min after acute ligation of the circumflex ramus respectively the descendens ramus of the left coronary artery. Post mortem selective coronary angiography was performed in all cases and the extent of spontaneous collateral vessels was estimated by the rate of retrograde contrast radiography of the ligated coronary artery. The FS fell appreciably following acute ligation of both the circumflex ramus and the sescendens ramus. Beside the size of the ligated area (the circumflex ramus supplies a larger area of the myocardium in the dog than the ramus descendens) the extent of collateral supply was the determining factor for the reductions of the FS: Following coronary ligation of the circumflex ramus the FS fell on the average from 24.0 mA to 4.1 mA if no collateral vessels were detectable; in the animals with well developed collaterals the FS was reduced from 24.8 to only 14.1 mA. After acute occlusion of the descendens ramus the FS fell from 27.9 mA to 11.5 mA in the group with not sufficient collateral supply and from 31.2 mA to only 21.5 mA in the group with well developed collaterals. The comparison of the different decreases of the FS after coronary occlusion clearly shows that the influence of the in size differing ischemic areas on the decrease of the FS is particularly evident if no collateral vessels are existent. If collateral vessels are well developed this difference is not significant. These results demonstrate that the influence of well developed collaterals on the decrease of the FS after coronary occlusion exceeds the dependence on the size of the ischemic area.", "contents": "[Influence of spontaneous collaterals on the fibrillation threshold of the heart following acute coronary occlusion]. Fibrillation threshold (FS) were determined in 27 mongrel dogs by direct electrical stimulation of the myocardium by 50 Hz AC impulses of 0.20-0.28 sec during the vulnerable period. The FS is the current which just suffices to produce ventricular fibrillation. Sinus rhythm was restored 10 sec after onset of ventricular fibrillation by defibrillation. Determinations of FS were carried out for each animal repeatedly before and 3 min after acute ligation of the circumflex ramus respectively the descendens ramus of the left coronary artery. Post mortem selective coronary angiography was performed in all cases and the extent of spontaneous collateral vessels was estimated by the rate of retrograde contrast radiography of the ligated coronary artery. The FS fell appreciably following acute ligation of both the circumflex ramus and the sescendens ramus. Beside the size of the ligated area (the circumflex ramus supplies a larger area of the myocardium in the dog than the ramus descendens) the extent of collateral supply was the determining factor for the reductions of the FS: Following coronary ligation of the circumflex ramus the FS fell on the average from 24.0 mA to 4.1 mA if no collateral vessels were detectable; in the animals with well developed collaterals the FS was reduced from 24.8 to only 14.1 mA. After acute occlusion of the descendens ramus the FS fell from 27.9 mA to 11.5 mA in the group with not sufficient collateral supply and from 31.2 mA to only 21.5 mA in the group with well developed collaterals. The comparison of the different decreases of the FS after coronary occlusion clearly shows that the influence of the in size differing ischemic areas on the decrease of the FS is particularly evident if no collateral vessels are existent. If collateral vessels are well developed this difference is not significant. These results demonstrate that the influence of well developed collaterals on the decrease of the FS after coronary occlusion exceeds the dependence on the size of the ischemic area.", "PMID": 1130125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10913", "title": "[Influence of acute preload changes on the mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening of the left ventricle].", "content": "The cineangiographically determined mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening (-vcf) has been used as a measure of basal cardiac contractility in man. In order to test the effect of acute changes in preload on -vcf, dextran was administered i.v. in steps of plus 2 percent, plus 4 percent and plus 6 percent of body weight to 8 closed-chest anesthetized dogs after minimizing cardiac reflex adjustments by 0.5 mg/kg propranolol i.v. and by cutting the vagi. -vcf, end-diastolic and end-systolic volume were estimated from left ventricular (LV) monoplane cinefilms in the right anterior oblique projection. At plus 2 percent and plus 4 percent of dextran -vcf remained unchanged as compared to control, i.e. after autonomic blockade. At plus 6 percent -vcf decreased significantly. LV max dP/dt increased significantly up to the step of plus 4 percent and decreased then slightly despite a further significant increase of LV end-diastolic pressure. In additional 6 dogs the largest volume load (plus 6 percent) was applied as the first step after control. Under these conditions there was no significant change in -vcf. In conclusion, -vcf appears to be essentially independent of changes in preload. Its usefulness as a measure of contractility is however limited by the negative inotropic effect of repeated injections of contrast dye.", "contents": "[Influence of acute preload changes on the mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening of the left ventricle]. The cineangiographically determined mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening (-vcf) has been used as a measure of basal cardiac contractility in man. In order to test the effect of acute changes in preload on -vcf, dextran was administered i.v. in steps of plus 2 percent, plus 4 percent and plus 6 percent of body weight to 8 closed-chest anesthetized dogs after minimizing cardiac reflex adjustments by 0.5 mg/kg propranolol i.v. and by cutting the vagi. -vcf, end-diastolic and end-systolic volume were estimated from left ventricular (LV) monoplane cinefilms in the right anterior oblique projection. At plus 2 percent and plus 4 percent of dextran -vcf remained unchanged as compared to control, i.e. after autonomic blockade. At plus 6 percent -vcf decreased significantly. LV max dP/dt increased significantly up to the step of plus 4 percent and decreased then slightly despite a further significant increase of LV end-diastolic pressure. In additional 6 dogs the largest volume load (plus 6 percent) was applied as the first step after control. Under these conditions there was no significant change in -vcf. In conclusion, -vcf appears to be essentially independent of changes in preload. Its usefulness as a measure of contractility is however limited by the negative inotropic effect of repeated injections of contrast dye.", "PMID": 1130126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10914", "title": "[Cineangiographic left ventricular dimensional analysis in normal subjects and patients with coronary disease].", "content": "The cineangiographically determined left ventricular function was studied in normals and in CAD-patients with one- and three-vessel disease. From single plane RAO-LV-cineangiograms following parameters were calculated; LV-volumes (EDV, ESV) according to the area-length method, ejection fraction (EF), percentage shortening of the medial perpendicular short axis delta (M,deltaMpl), mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening (V(CF), V(CFPL)). It can be concluded that there is 1. no correlation between the severity of coronary heart disease and the morphological left ventricular wall lesions, 2. a depressed left ventricular function in coronary heart disease and normal ventriculograms, 3. a more impaired left ventricular function when cineangiograms show hypokinesis or aneurysms, 4. hypokinesis or aneurysms in the anterior wall leads to a more depressed left ventricular function than the same lesions in the posterior wall.", "contents": "[Cineangiographic left ventricular dimensional analysis in normal subjects and patients with coronary disease]. The cineangiographically determined left ventricular function was studied in normals and in CAD-patients with one- and three-vessel disease. From single plane RAO-LV-cineangiograms following parameters were calculated; LV-volumes (EDV, ESV) according to the area-length method, ejection fraction (EF), percentage shortening of the medial perpendicular short axis delta (M,deltaMpl), mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening (V(CF), V(CFPL)). It can be concluded that there is 1. no correlation between the severity of coronary heart disease and the morphological left ventricular wall lesions, 2. a depressed left ventricular function in coronary heart disease and normal ventriculograms, 3. a more impaired left ventricular function when cineangiograms show hypokinesis or aneurysms, 4. hypokinesis or aneurysms in the anterior wall leads to a more depressed left ventricular function than the same lesions in the posterior wall.", "PMID": 1130127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10915", "title": "[Hemodynamic differences between maximal treadmill and bicycle ergometer test in coronary disease].", "content": "9 patients with diagnosis of coronary heart disease (CHD) and typical angina pectoris (AP) were studied by means of a multistage, symptom-limited treadmill test and a similar bicycle ergometer (bike)-test. The sequence of tests was determined by chance. Between the tests, the patients rested one hour. Oxygen uptake (vo2) was determined by the Douglas-bag-method, blood pressures were measured via catheters placed in a pulmonary and a brachial or radial artery, respectively. Cardiac output (Q) was calculated by the direct Fick principle. In all tests, with the exception of one bike-test, all patients were limited by AP. They attained high VO2 (mean 1316 ml/min) on the treadmill (TM) while on the TM their mean arterial blood pressure (BP) was significantly (P greater than 0.05), namely 10 mm Hg as an average, lower. Comparing the final minute -3 of the TM-test with the final minute -1 of the bike-test in 5 patients, we found heart rate (HR), BP and pressure rate product (HR times BP) lower on the TM (P greater than 0.05), whereas VO2 was the same. Patients, whose exercise performance is limited by angina pectoris on bike and TM, achieve higher VO2 on the treadmill, together with lower BP. This may be of clinical importance in exercise-testing and -training of patients with CHD.", "contents": "[Hemodynamic differences between maximal treadmill and bicycle ergometer test in coronary disease]. 9 patients with diagnosis of coronary heart disease (CHD) and typical angina pectoris (AP) were studied by means of a multistage, symptom-limited treadmill test and a similar bicycle ergometer (bike)-test. The sequence of tests was determined by chance. Between the tests, the patients rested one hour. Oxygen uptake (vo2) was determined by the Douglas-bag-method, blood pressures were measured via catheters placed in a pulmonary and a brachial or radial artery, respectively. Cardiac output (Q) was calculated by the direct Fick principle. In all tests, with the exception of one bike-test, all patients were limited by AP. They attained high VO2 (mean 1316 ml/min) on the treadmill (TM) while on the TM their mean arterial blood pressure (BP) was significantly (P greater than 0.05), namely 10 mm Hg as an average, lower. Comparing the final minute -3 of the TM-test with the final minute -1 of the bike-test in 5 patients, we found heart rate (HR), BP and pressure rate product (HR times BP) lower on the TM (P greater than 0.05), whereas VO2 was the same. Patients, whose exercise performance is limited by angina pectoris on bike and TM, achieve higher VO2 on the treadmill, together with lower BP. This may be of clinical importance in exercise-testing and -training of patients with CHD.", "PMID": 1130128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10916", "title": "[Course of coronary disease. Evaluation of prognosis and progression of coronary insufficiency with atrial pacing and ergometry].", "content": "Significant reduction of angina threshold (145 Imp./min to 134 Imp./min) and increase of ST-segment depression (0.13 to 0.17 mV) indicating progression of coronary artery disease was seen in 34 subjects studied by atrial pacing at intervals betion (0.22 mV to 0.12 mV) during exercise, which correlated significantly with decrease of heart rate (121 to 110 beats/min), is interpreted as consequence of diminished sympathetic activity and myocardial O(2)-demand. The change of hemodynamic parameters during controlled exercise does not allow evaluation concerning the progress of coronary artery disease, whereas cardiac stress test with atrial pacing is reproducible. There was no difference in relation to reduction of angina threshold between the group after combined longterm medication with nitrate and ss-blocking agent and the control group. Plasma lipid abnormalities were predictive of subsequent reduction of angina threshold. Severe 2 and 3 vessel obstruction was seen more frequently in patients exhibiting reduction of angina threshold. Level of uric acid, obesity, hypertension, age, combination of risk factors, the initially studied myocardial lactate production and angina threshold during exercise and atrial pacing had no predictive value concerning reduction of angina threshold.", "contents": "[Course of coronary disease. Evaluation of prognosis and progression of coronary insufficiency with atrial pacing and ergometry]. Significant reduction of angina threshold (145 Imp./min to 134 Imp./min) and increase of ST-segment depression (0.13 to 0.17 mV) indicating progression of coronary artery disease was seen in 34 subjects studied by atrial pacing at intervals betion (0.22 mV to 0.12 mV) during exercise, which correlated significantly with decrease of heart rate (121 to 110 beats/min), is interpreted as consequence of diminished sympathetic activity and myocardial O(2)-demand. The change of hemodynamic parameters during controlled exercise does not allow evaluation concerning the progress of coronary artery disease, whereas cardiac stress test with atrial pacing is reproducible. There was no difference in relation to reduction of angina threshold between the group after combined longterm medication with nitrate and ss-blocking agent and the control group. Plasma lipid abnormalities were predictive of subsequent reduction of angina threshold. Severe 2 and 3 vessel obstruction was seen more frequently in patients exhibiting reduction of angina threshold. Level of uric acid, obesity, hypertension, age, combination of risk factors, the initially studied myocardial lactate production and angina threshold during exercise and atrial pacing had no predictive value concerning reduction of angina threshold.", "PMID": 1130129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10917", "title": "[Polar vectors in the posterior-inferior parietal myocardial infarct and left anterior hemiblock].", "content": "The Frank's ECG leads and the polar vectors have been quantified in 165 normal and abnormal cases. The abnormal cases were: postero-diaphragmatical infarctions, left anterior hemiblocks, postero-diaphragmatical infarctions and left anterior hemiblocks together. Our examinations were made with triaxicardiometer (TCM) analogue computer. We formed the numerical averages of the patients' groups into graphical algorithms. According to our examinated abnormal groups the X and the Y ECG derivations and the elevation angles (V degrees) of the polar vectors (triaxicardiograms) have the greatest diagnostical values.", "contents": "[Polar vectors in the posterior-inferior parietal myocardial infarct and left anterior hemiblock]. The Frank's ECG leads and the polar vectors have been quantified in 165 normal and abnormal cases. The abnormal cases were: postero-diaphragmatical infarctions, left anterior hemiblocks, postero-diaphragmatical infarctions and left anterior hemiblocks together. Our examinations were made with triaxicardiometer (TCM) analogue computer. We formed the numerical averages of the patients' groups into graphical algorithms. According to our examinated abnormal groups the X and the Y ECG derivations and the elevation angles (V degrees) of the polar vectors (triaxicardiograms) have the greatest diagnostical values.", "PMID": 1130130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10918", "title": "Comparison between Wilson's thoracic leads and the telemetrically transmitted lead CM6 in patients with heart diseases during exertion.", "content": "In 76 patients suffering from heart diseases and 19 healthy men simultaneously the chest leads V(2), V(4) and V(5) were recorded and the bipolar lead CM(6) (Manubrium sterni-Apex cordis, 6th intercostal space) transmitted telemetrically during increasing exercise load on the bicycle ergometer. The lead CM(6) was most similar to chest lead V(5) with regard to R/S-ratio, ST-depression, form and amplitude of the T-wave, QX-QT-ratio and ST-elevation. ST-depressions of V(5) were found nearly without exception in CM(6), mostly more pronounced. Ascending ST-depressions are more frequent in CM(6) than in V(5), in single patients also ST-depressions with horizontal or downward slope. ST-elevations registrated in V(2) and V(4) are not reliably reproduced in CM(6). It is concluded that the wireless transmission of the bipolar chest lead CM(6) is sufficient for the diagnosis of coronary insufficiency during exercise,", "contents": "Comparison between Wilson's thoracic leads and the telemetrically transmitted lead CM6 in patients with heart diseases during exertion. In 76 patients suffering from heart diseases and 19 healthy men simultaneously the chest leads V(2), V(4) and V(5) were recorded and the bipolar lead CM(6) (Manubrium sterni-Apex cordis, 6th intercostal space) transmitted telemetrically during increasing exercise load on the bicycle ergometer. The lead CM(6) was most similar to chest lead V(5) with regard to R/S-ratio, ST-depression, form and amplitude of the T-wave, QX-QT-ratio and ST-elevation. ST-depressions of V(5) were found nearly without exception in CM(6), mostly more pronounced. Ascending ST-depressions are more frequent in CM(6) than in V(5), in single patients also ST-depressions with horizontal or downward slope. ST-elevations registrated in V(2) and V(4) are not reliably reproduced in CM(6). It is concluded that the wireless transmission of the bipolar chest lead CM(6) is sufficient for the diagnosis of coronary insufficiency during exercise,", "PMID": 1130131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10919", "title": "[Coronary fistula into the sinus coronarius. Hemodynamics, clinical aspects, therapy].", "content": "Coronary artery fistulas are rare, inborn anomalies which will be diagnosed more often as the diagnostic method of coronary arteriography is increasing. This report concerns a preoperatively diagnosed coronary arteriovenous fistula of the right coronary artery to the sinus coronarius; Frequency, pathological physiology, clinical symptoms, differential diagnosis, prognosis and treatment are discussed. The importance of using selective coronary arteriography to outline the anatomy of these malformations is stressed. Surgical treatment is the only effective way of therapy and should be performed after diagnosis, even if in an early stage of the disease the ECG does not show any changes in spite of a large fistula.", "contents": "[Coronary fistula into the sinus coronarius. Hemodynamics, clinical aspects, therapy]. Coronary artery fistulas are rare, inborn anomalies which will be diagnosed more often as the diagnostic method of coronary arteriography is increasing. This report concerns a preoperatively diagnosed coronary arteriovenous fistula of the right coronary artery to the sinus coronarius; Frequency, pathological physiology, clinical symptoms, differential diagnosis, prognosis and treatment are discussed. The importance of using selective coronary arteriography to outline the anatomy of these malformations is stressed. Surgical treatment is the only effective way of therapy and should be performed after diagnosis, even if in an early stage of the disease the ECG does not show any changes in spite of a large fistula.", "PMID": 1130132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10920", "title": "Trypanosoma rhodesiense: folate levels in sera and tissues of normal and folic acid-deficient rats.", "content": "An experimental model composed of the folic acid deficient Sprague-Dawley rat and Trypanosoma rhodesiense was used to study folate levels in sera and tissues. Serum folate levels in well fed rats inoculated on day 21 averaged 21 plus or minus ng/ml; well fed normal rats averaged 18 plus or minus 4 ng/ml. In rats given the pair-fed control diet, serum folate levels averaged 17.2 plus or minus 4 ng/ml for trypanosome-free animals and 20.2 plus or minus 3 ng/ml for infected ones. In rats given the folic acid-deficient diet, serum folate levels averaged 8.6 plus or minus 2 ng/ml for noninfected control animals and 9.3 plus or minus 2 ng/ml for trypanosome-infected ones. Regardless of diet, the infected animals inoculated on day 56 had higher serum folate levels over the controls on the last day of observation (day 5 of infection). Livers from rats fed complete and pair-fed diets and inoculated on day 21 showed no significant differences in folate content when compared to control animals. However, livers of rats on a deficient diet showed significantly more folate when compared with uninfected controls, reaching a maximum of 362% of day 25. Liver folate levels of rats (regardless of the dietary regimen) inoculated on day 56 showed significantly higher values than the controls on day 60. Irrespective of the time of inoculation or diet, brain and spinal cord of T. rhodesiense-infected rats had significantly higher folate values than their controls on day 5 of infection. The folate level of the brain and spinal cord, at this time, ranged up to 58 and 107% respectively.", "contents": "Trypanosoma rhodesiense: folate levels in sera and tissues of normal and folic acid-deficient rats. An experimental model composed of the folic acid deficient Sprague-Dawley rat and Trypanosoma rhodesiense was used to study folate levels in sera and tissues. Serum folate levels in well fed rats inoculated on day 21 averaged 21 plus or minus ng/ml; well fed normal rats averaged 18 plus or minus 4 ng/ml. In rats given the pair-fed control diet, serum folate levels averaged 17.2 plus or minus 4 ng/ml for trypanosome-free animals and 20.2 plus or minus 3 ng/ml for infected ones. In rats given the folic acid-deficient diet, serum folate levels averaged 8.6 plus or minus 2 ng/ml for noninfected control animals and 9.3 plus or minus 2 ng/ml for trypanosome-infected ones. Regardless of diet, the infected animals inoculated on day 56 had higher serum folate levels over the controls on the last day of observation (day 5 of infection). Livers from rats fed complete and pair-fed diets and inoculated on day 21 showed no significant differences in folate content when compared to control animals. However, livers of rats on a deficient diet showed significantly more folate when compared with uninfected controls, reaching a maximum of 362% of day 25. Liver folate levels of rats (regardless of the dietary regimen) inoculated on day 56 showed significantly higher values than the controls on day 60. Irrespective of the time of inoculation or diet, brain and spinal cord of T. rhodesiense-infected rats had significantly higher folate values than their controls on day 5 of infection. The folate level of the brain and spinal cord, at this time, ranged up to 58 and 107% respectively.", "PMID": 1130134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10921", "title": "Routine angiographic follow-up examinations after vascular surgery.", "content": "In 28 (i.e. 11.8 percent) of 237 primary vascular reconstructions stenoses of the reconstructed vascular segment caused by technical errors could be verified by post-operative follow-up angiography. These errors very often cannot be recognized intra-operatively, but since they disturb the haemodynamics, they can be regarded as the cause of re-occlusions. Immediate reoperation is indicated. Though the routine performance of follow-up angiography requires additional efforts, they seem to be justified by the results obtained. The pictures show typical post-operative angiographies, which shall illustrate our study.", "contents": "Routine angiographic follow-up examinations after vascular surgery. In 28 (i.e. 11.8 percent) of 237 primary vascular reconstructions stenoses of the reconstructed vascular segment caused by technical errors could be verified by post-operative follow-up angiography. These errors very often cannot be recognized intra-operatively, but since they disturb the haemodynamics, they can be regarded as the cause of re-occlusions. Immediate reoperation is indicated. Though the routine performance of follow-up angiography requires additional efforts, they seem to be justified by the results obtained. The pictures show typical post-operative angiographies, which shall illustrate our study.", "PMID": 1130135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10922", "title": "Anomalous coronary artery origin and bicuspid aortic valve.", "content": "A patient presenting with signs and symptoms suggesting myocardial ischemia was found to have anomalous origin of his right coronary artery from the left aortic sinus of valsalva associated with a bicuspid aortic valve. Abnormal left ventricular function with anaerobic myocardial metabolism was documented in the absence of significant coronary artery disease or aortic obstruction. The possible relationship of these findings to the coronary artery anomaly and bicuspid aortic valve is considered. The necessity of identification of the origin of the coronary arteries is re-emphasized in the evaluation of patients with bicuspid aortic valves coming to cardiac catheterization. Anomalous origin of a coronary artery is a rare occurrence. The association of this anomaly with a bicuspid aortic valve has not been emphasized and the possible clinical consequences of this combination of malformations have not been described. We recently evaluated a patient with anomalous origin of right coronary artery from the left coronary ostium and a bicuspid aortic valve. A description of these findings follows.", "contents": "Anomalous coronary artery origin and bicuspid aortic valve. A patient presenting with signs and symptoms suggesting myocardial ischemia was found to have anomalous origin of his right coronary artery from the left aortic sinus of valsalva associated with a bicuspid aortic valve. Abnormal left ventricular function with anaerobic myocardial metabolism was documented in the absence of significant coronary artery disease or aortic obstruction. The possible relationship of these findings to the coronary artery anomaly and bicuspid aortic valve is considered. The necessity of identification of the origin of the coronary arteries is re-emphasized in the evaluation of patients with bicuspid aortic valves coming to cardiac catheterization. Anomalous origin of a coronary artery is a rare occurrence. The association of this anomaly with a bicuspid aortic valve has not been emphasized and the possible clinical consequences of this combination of malformations have not been described. We recently evaluated a patient with anomalous origin of right coronary artery from the left coronary ostium and a bicuspid aortic valve. A description of these findings follows.", "PMID": 1130136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10923", "title": "Results of treatment of experimental pulmonary embolism, as determined by radioactive microspheres.", "content": "In this experimental study seventeen dogs subjected to pulmonary embolism were treated with either saline, heparine or streptokinase. Regional blood distribution was calculated in both, the healthy and infarcted lung tissue by means at the sequental injection of radioactive microspheres. Results of fibrinolytic treatment compare favourable over heparine or saline administration.", "contents": "Results of treatment of experimental pulmonary embolism, as determined by radioactive microspheres. In this experimental study seventeen dogs subjected to pulmonary embolism were treated with either saline, heparine or streptokinase. Regional blood distribution was calculated in both, the healthy and infarcted lung tissue by means at the sequental injection of radioactive microspheres. Results of fibrinolytic treatment compare favourable over heparine or saline administration.", "PMID": 1130138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10924", "title": "On the mechanism of maleate action on rat kidney mitochondria. Effect on substrate-level phosphorylation.", "content": "1. Maleate inhibits the substrate-level phosphorylation linked to anaerobic dismutation of 2-oxoglutarate in rat kidney mitochondria. 2. Phosphate and magnesium diminish the inhibitory effect of maleate. Arsenate also relieves the inhibition of 2-oxoglutarate consumption but only at low (1 mM) phosphate concentration; at higher concentrations, the action of phosphate and arsenate is competitive. 3. Acetoacetate, malonate and succinate, the substrates of CoA-transferase, relieve the inhibition of 2-oxoglutarate metabolism by maleate both in the respiring mitochondria and in the \"anaerobic\" system containing antimycin and rotenone. 4. The interference in succinyl-CoA metabolism by maleate is discussed as a possible mechanism of the inhibitory action of this compound.", "contents": "On the mechanism of maleate action on rat kidney mitochondria. Effect on substrate-level phosphorylation. 1. Maleate inhibits the substrate-level phosphorylation linked to anaerobic dismutation of 2-oxoglutarate in rat kidney mitochondria. 2. Phosphate and magnesium diminish the inhibitory effect of maleate. Arsenate also relieves the inhibition of 2-oxoglutarate consumption but only at low (1 mM) phosphate concentration; at higher concentrations, the action of phosphate and arsenate is competitive. 3. Acetoacetate, malonate and succinate, the substrates of CoA-transferase, relieve the inhibition of 2-oxoglutarate metabolism by maleate both in the respiring mitochondria and in the \"anaerobic\" system containing antimycin and rotenone. 4. The interference in succinyl-CoA metabolism by maleate is discussed as a possible mechanism of the inhibitory action of this compound.", "PMID": 1130157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10925", "title": "Intracellular localization and some properties of UDPG: sterol glucosyltransferase from Calendula officinalis.", "content": "UDPG: sterol glucosyltransferase is localized in the 2-week-old C. officinalis seedling in the membrane structures, separated from chloroplasts and mitochondria, and consisting probably of fragments of the Golgi apparatus. A minor part of the enzyme activity is associated with the microsomal fraction. A number of synthetic detergents stimulate the activity of the membrane-bound enzyme causing its solubilization. The enzyme preparation purified about 70-fold is strongly inhibited by HgCl2 and p-chloromercuribenzoate; it is markedly stimulated by mercaptoethanol and dithiothreitol, and to a lesser extent by Mg2+ and Ca2+ as well as by some chelating and reducing agents. UMP stimulates and UDP and UTP markedly inhibit the enzyme activity. The enzyme does not act on 4-methylsterols although it utilizes a number of 4-demethylsterols. It seems that the presence of a double bond in ring B enhances the affinity of the substrate for the enzyme. Delta-5-Sterols are utilized at a higher rate than delta-7-sterols. Saturated sterols and delta-25-sterols are poor substrates.", "contents": "Intracellular localization and some properties of UDPG: sterol glucosyltransferase from Calendula officinalis. UDPG: sterol glucosyltransferase is localized in the 2-week-old C. officinalis seedling in the membrane structures, separated from chloroplasts and mitochondria, and consisting probably of fragments of the Golgi apparatus. A minor part of the enzyme activity is associated with the microsomal fraction. A number of synthetic detergents stimulate the activity of the membrane-bound enzyme causing its solubilization. The enzyme preparation purified about 70-fold is strongly inhibited by HgCl2 and p-chloromercuribenzoate; it is markedly stimulated by mercaptoethanol and dithiothreitol, and to a lesser extent by Mg2+ and Ca2+ as well as by some chelating and reducing agents. UMP stimulates and UDP and UTP markedly inhibit the enzyme activity. The enzyme does not act on 4-methylsterols although it utilizes a number of 4-demethylsterols. It seems that the presence of a double bond in ring B enhances the affinity of the substrate for the enzyme. Delta-5-Sterols are utilized at a higher rate than delta-7-sterols. Saturated sterols and delta-25-sterols are poor substrates.", "PMID": 1130158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10926", "title": "Molecular properties of the inducible lupanine hydroxylase from growing cultures of Pseudomonas lupanini.", "content": "An improved method for isolation of lupanine hydroxylase, giving a 450-fold purification, is presented. The molecular weight of the enzyme is about 72 000, and the sedimentation coefficient S20, W 5.05. The enzyme contains a component similar to Pseudomonas cytochromes c. Its oxidation-reduction potential was found to be below + 45 mV.", "contents": "Molecular properties of the inducible lupanine hydroxylase from growing cultures of Pseudomonas lupanini. An improved method for isolation of lupanine hydroxylase, giving a 450-fold purification, is presented. The molecular weight of the enzyme is about 72 000, and the sedimentation coefficient S20, W 5.05. The enzyme contains a component similar to Pseudomonas cytochromes c. Its oxidation-reduction potential was found to be below + 45 mV.", "PMID": 1130159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10927", "title": "Thrombocytopenia complicating infectious hepatitis.", "content": "A patient of 50 years is admitted to hospital. He is found to be suffering from infectious hepatitis complicated by thrombocytopenia, the initial platelet count being 10 000 per mul soon falling to 2000 per mul. A prompt increase in the number of platelets is seen during treatment with prednisone, but a sudden fall is observed after a gradual reduction of prednisone to zero, the reaction for hepatitis associated antigen at that point still being positive. After a renewed therapy with adrenocortical steroid, the platelet count is within normal limits, and the patient is discharged with a small dose of prednisone. At the time of discharging, the HAA reaction had been negative for 3 weeks. After treatment with a small dose of prednisone for 2 months, the patient was taken into hospital. In the course of one week the dose of prednisone was gradually reduced without any fall in the platelet count. The possibility of lysis of a platelet-virus antigen as an explanation of thrombocytopenia complicating infectious hepatitis is discussed.", "contents": "Thrombocytopenia complicating infectious hepatitis. A patient of 50 years is admitted to hospital. He is found to be suffering from infectious hepatitis complicated by thrombocytopenia, the initial platelet count being 10 000 per mul soon falling to 2000 per mul. A prompt increase in the number of platelets is seen during treatment with prednisone, but a sudden fall is observed after a gradual reduction of prednisone to zero, the reaction for hepatitis associated antigen at that point still being positive. After a renewed therapy with adrenocortical steroid, the platelet count is within normal limits, and the patient is discharged with a small dose of prednisone. At the time of discharging, the HAA reaction had been negative for 3 weeks. After treatment with a small dose of prednisone for 2 months, the patient was taken into hospital. In the course of one week the dose of prednisone was gradually reduced without any fall in the platelet count. The possibility of lysis of a platelet-virus antigen as an explanation of thrombocytopenia complicating infectious hepatitis is discussed.", "PMID": 1130162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10928", "title": "Dermatitis herpetiformis and small intestinal lesion--no strict association in german patients.", "content": "Dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) has been reported to be associated with various degrees of intestinal villous atrophy in 19 to 68 percent of the cases studied.  This was true particularly in British and American populations.  The present investigation deals with morphological and functional characteristics of small intestinal mucosa in a group of German DH patients (n=16): No case of villous atrophy could be detected, whereas interepithelial lymphocytes were shown to be slightly but significantly elevated.  Intestinal disaccharidase activities were not statistically different from those of healthy control subjects, and oral lactose tolerance tests were normal in each of 8 patients tested.  Genetical and immunological differences between our DH patients and those studied by British and American authors may be responsible for the basically different results as to \"dermatogenic enteropathy\".", "contents": "Dermatitis herpetiformis and small intestinal lesion--no strict association in german patients. Dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) has been reported to be associated with various degrees of intestinal villous atrophy in 19 to 68 percent of the cases studied.  This was true particularly in British and American populations.  The present investigation deals with morphological and functional characteristics of small intestinal mucosa in a group of German DH patients (n=16): No case of villous atrophy could be detected, whereas interepithelial lymphocytes were shown to be slightly but significantly elevated.  Intestinal disaccharidase activities were not statistically different from those of healthy control subjects, and oral lactose tolerance tests were normal in each of 8 patients tested.  Genetical and immunological differences between our DH patients and those studied by British and American authors may be responsible for the basically different results as to \"dermatogenic enteropathy\".", "PMID": 1130163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10929", "title": "Xylose absorption test before and after surgical repair of coarctation of the aorta.", "content": "The aim of the study was to ascertain whether the acceleration of physical development in children after operation for coarctation of the aorta is due to the improved intestinal absorption.  Lowered values of the oral xylose absorption test were found in all 9 patients before surgery.  In all the patients who had been operated on, sphigmo-oscillometry revealed an increased pulsatile character of the blood flow, pulsatile volume in the lower extremities, and a rise of mean arterial blood pressure in this area.  On the other hand, surgical repair had no influence on the renal blood flow as evidenced by PAH clearance and isotope renography.  There was no correlation of diuresis and the xylose excretion test.  Increased values of the xylose test after operation for coarctation of the aorta are due to the increased intestinal absorption rather than to improved renal function.  Improved intestinal absorption may be a factor responsible for the accelerated physical development of children operated on for coarctation of the aorta.", "contents": "Xylose absorption test before and after surgical repair of coarctation of the aorta. The aim of the study was to ascertain whether the acceleration of physical development in children after operation for coarctation of the aorta is due to the improved intestinal absorption.  Lowered values of the oral xylose absorption test were found in all 9 patients before surgery.  In all the patients who had been operated on, sphigmo-oscillometry revealed an increased pulsatile character of the blood flow, pulsatile volume in the lower extremities, and a rise of mean arterial blood pressure in this area.  On the other hand, surgical repair had no influence on the renal blood flow as evidenced by PAH clearance and isotope renography.  There was no correlation of diuresis and the xylose excretion test.  Increased values of the xylose test after operation for coarctation of the aorta are due to the increased intestinal absorption rather than to improved renal function.  Improved intestinal absorption may be a factor responsible for the accelerated physical development of children operated on for coarctation of the aorta.", "PMID": 1130164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10930", "title": "The effects of aminoacetonitrile and its derivative on components of hepatic connective tissue in rats with chronic hepatic injury.", "content": "Aminoacetonitrile (AAN) and its derivative, p-carboxyphenylglycyl-aminoacetonitrile (p-CPGAAN) were given to rats with chronic liver injury induced by carbon tetrachloride and their effects of the components of the hepatic connective tissue were studied.  1. Both AAN and p-CPGAAN markedly inhibited an increase in the amount of collagen in injured liver and in addition these agents interferred with an increase in the amount of hepatic glycosaminoglycans, particularly of the sulfated fraction.  2. In the AAN-treated group, such side effects attributable to AAN as loss of the body weight, depilation and exostosis were observed and an increase in the hepatic collagen solubility was also noted.  However, no apparent side effect was found in the p-CPGAAN-treated group, and there was no difference in the solubility profile of hepatic collagen between the p-CPGAAN-treated and control groups.  3. It is assumed that p-CPGAAN has an action to prevent the hepatic fibrosis via a mechanism different from that of the lathyrogenic action.", "contents": "The effects of aminoacetonitrile and its derivative on components of hepatic connective tissue in rats with chronic hepatic injury. Aminoacetonitrile (AAN) and its derivative, p-carboxyphenylglycyl-aminoacetonitrile (p-CPGAAN) were given to rats with chronic liver injury induced by carbon tetrachloride and their effects of the components of the hepatic connective tissue were studied.  1. Both AAN and p-CPGAAN markedly inhibited an increase in the amount of collagen in injured liver and in addition these agents interferred with an increase in the amount of hepatic glycosaminoglycans, particularly of the sulfated fraction.  2. In the AAN-treated group, such side effects attributable to AAN as loss of the body weight, depilation and exostosis were observed and an increase in the hepatic collagen solubility was also noted.  However, no apparent side effect was found in the p-CPGAAN-treated group, and there was no difference in the solubility profile of hepatic collagen between the p-CPGAAN-treated and control groups.  3. It is assumed that p-CPGAAN has an action to prevent the hepatic fibrosis via a mechanism different from that of the lathyrogenic action.", "PMID": 1130166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10931", "title": "The carbon-tetrachloride-hepatotoxicity as a model of liver damage.  First report: Long-time biochemical changes.", "content": "176 Growing female Wistar rats get injections of 1 ml CCl4 per kg twice a week.  Seven days after the beginning of the experiment over a period of eight weeks blood samples were collected after the decapitation of the animals for liver function tests.  The CCl4-hepatotoxicity seems to have a three or four phased course.  The first phase of two or three weeks is characterised by a necrosis, demonstrated by the rising enzymes values, and a beginning damage of the liver as shown by the decreasing value of the pseudocholinesterasis.  The second phase of two or three weeks is charcterised by as massive fatty infiltration and an increasing necrosis, demonstrated by the high plateau of the triglycerides, the increase of SGOT and the BSP-retention and the decrease of the pseudocholinesterases.  These values may correspond to a liver fibrosis at the end, too.  The third phase is marked by more increasing values of the SGOT, hydroxyproline, triglycerides and BSP-retention.  The final decrease of the pseudocholinesterasis and liver weight demonstrate a reduced synthetical ability and an atrophy of the liver.  The rats were in this last phase in a nearly pre-final state. --These biochemical changes of the CCl4-hepatotoxicity which correspond to histological damages reported elsewhere seem to be a good measure to characterise liver damage quantitatively and qualitatively.  The therefore may be used as a model for systematical studies in the repair of a disturbed liver function.", "contents": "The carbon-tetrachloride-hepatotoxicity as a model of liver damage.  First report: Long-time biochemical changes. 176 Growing female Wistar rats get injections of 1 ml CCl4 per kg twice a week.  Seven days after the beginning of the experiment over a period of eight weeks blood samples were collected after the decapitation of the animals for liver function tests.  The CCl4-hepatotoxicity seems to have a three or four phased course.  The first phase of two or three weeks is characterised by a necrosis, demonstrated by the rising enzymes values, and a beginning damage of the liver as shown by the decreasing value of the pseudocholinesterasis.  The second phase of two or three weeks is charcterised by as massive fatty infiltration and an increasing necrosis, demonstrated by the high plateau of the triglycerides, the increase of SGOT and the BSP-retention and the decrease of the pseudocholinesterases.  These values may correspond to a liver fibrosis at the end, too.  The third phase is marked by more increasing values of the SGOT, hydroxyproline, triglycerides and BSP-retention.  The final decrease of the pseudocholinesterasis and liver weight demonstrate a reduced synthetical ability and an atrophy of the liver.  The rats were in this last phase in a nearly pre-final state. --These biochemical changes of the CCl4-hepatotoxicity which correspond to histological damages reported elsewhere seem to be a good measure to characterise liver damage quantitatively and qualitatively.  The therefore may be used as a model for systematical studies in the repair of a disturbed liver function.", "PMID": 1130167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10932", "title": "Statistical correlations of diffuse cerebral atrophy, with special reference to diagnostic and aetiological clues.", "content": "To evaluate diagnostic and aetiological clues for diffuse cerebral atrophy, the statistical correlations between 35 pneumoencephalographic and 97 clinical variables in 268 patients were analysed. Each case of diffuce cerebral atrophy was originally of unknown cause, and all had pneumoencephalography. Ventricular diffuse atrophy correlated positively with psychic and co-ordinative impairment and dysarthria, and cortical diffuse cerebral atrophy with psychic impairment (P smaller than 0.01 to 0.001). There was a close correlation (P smaller than 0.001) of cortical diffuse cerebral atrophy with use of vibrating tools at work. Psychic impairment combined with co-ordinative dysfunction and dysarthria is an unspecific syndrome, but should make one think of diffuse cerebral atrophy, Arteriosclerosis, abuse of alcohol, and vibrating tools at work appear to have aetiological significance for some types of diffuse cerebral atrophy. Thus the number of patients with idiopathic diffuse cerebral atrophy may rapidly decline.", "contents": "Statistical correlations of diffuse cerebral atrophy, with special reference to diagnostic and aetiological clues. To evaluate diagnostic and aetiological clues for diffuse cerebral atrophy, the statistical correlations between 35 pneumoencephalographic and 97 clinical variables in 268 patients were analysed. Each case of diffuce cerebral atrophy was originally of unknown cause, and all had pneumoencephalography. Ventricular diffuse atrophy correlated positively with psychic and co-ordinative impairment and dysarthria, and cortical diffuse cerebral atrophy with psychic impairment (P smaller than 0.01 to 0.001). There was a close correlation (P smaller than 0.001) of cortical diffuse cerebral atrophy with use of vibrating tools at work. Psychic impairment combined with co-ordinative dysfunction and dysarthria is an unspecific syndrome, but should make one think of diffuse cerebral atrophy, Arteriosclerosis, abuse of alcohol, and vibrating tools at work appear to have aetiological significance for some types of diffuse cerebral atrophy. Thus the number of patients with idiopathic diffuse cerebral atrophy may rapidly decline.", "PMID": 1130168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10933", "title": "The degree of alpha asymmetry and its relation to handedness in neuropsychiatric referrals.", "content": "While alpha rhythm asymmetry among normals is thoroughly documented, the significance of this finding in patients is not well known. The occurrences of alpha amplitude asymmetry in 82 clinical referrals of neuropsychiatric patients was studied in this research. Two separate means of quantifying the alpha asymmetry were used: The first by visual inspection; and the second by measurement in a standard manner. A handedness questionaire was administered and indicated that 77 of the sample were right- and five were left-handed patients. By measurement, the mean overall differences in the alpha amplitude between the hemisphere was small (4 per cent) and non-significant. Seventeen patients showed a difference of 15 per cent or greater, and in two the difference reached 33 per cent. It was concluded that alpha asymmetry must be interpreted with care because it was found that there was an association between left-temporal abnormalities and ipsilateral alpha enhancement, and the greater degrees of asymmetry were found in normal EEGs.", "contents": "The degree of alpha asymmetry and its relation to handedness in neuropsychiatric referrals. While alpha rhythm asymmetry among normals is thoroughly documented, the significance of this finding in patients is not well known. The occurrences of alpha amplitude asymmetry in 82 clinical referrals of neuropsychiatric patients was studied in this research. Two separate means of quantifying the alpha asymmetry were used: The first by visual inspection; and the second by measurement in a standard manner. A handedness questionaire was administered and indicated that 77 of the sample were right- and five were left-handed patients. By measurement, the mean overall differences in the alpha amplitude between the hemisphere was small (4 per cent) and non-significant. Seventeen patients showed a difference of 15 per cent or greater, and in two the difference reached 33 per cent. It was concluded that alpha asymmetry must be interpreted with care because it was found that there was an association between left-temporal abnormalities and ipsilateral alpha enhancement, and the greater degrees of asymmetry were found in normal EEGs.", "PMID": 1130169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10934", "title": "The effect of dantrium on spasticity of hemiplegic patients.", "content": "The effect of a new peripherally acting muscle relaxant drug Dantrium, on spasticity tested on 11 hemiplegic patients. The effect was evaluated both with regular clinical examination and with electromyographic technique. The latter concerned a quantitative analysis of the patients' voluntary control of fine neuromuscular activity both with and without the drug. The results indicated that spasticity was initially markedly reduced in the majority of the patients without, however, meaningfully increasing the daily-living functions of the patients. After a few months, the medication could be discontinued without any immediate increase in the spasticity. No severe side-effects were noted. In some cases, the medication had to be discontinued due to marked tiredness. Electromyographically, it was found that the ability of the patients to control fine neuromuscular activity with the paretic muscles was increased significantly with Dantrium, indicating that the reduction of the spasticity increased the ability for fine control of the muscles.", "contents": "The effect of dantrium on spasticity of hemiplegic patients. The effect of a new peripherally acting muscle relaxant drug Dantrium, on spasticity tested on 11 hemiplegic patients. The effect was evaluated both with regular clinical examination and with electromyographic technique. The latter concerned a quantitative analysis of the patients' voluntary control of fine neuromuscular activity both with and without the drug. The results indicated that spasticity was initially markedly reduced in the majority of the patients without, however, meaningfully increasing the daily-living functions of the patients. After a few months, the medication could be discontinued without any immediate increase in the spasticity. No severe side-effects were noted. In some cases, the medication had to be discontinued due to marked tiredness. Electromyographically, it was found that the ability of the patients to control fine neuromuscular activity with the paretic muscles was increased significantly with Dantrium, indicating that the reduction of the spasticity increased the ability for fine control of the muscles.", "PMID": 1130170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10935", "title": "Hereditary ataxia, photomyoclonus, skeletal deformities and lipoma.", "content": "An account is given of a form of hereditary, cerebellar ataxia and photomyoclonus. Eight cases from 5 generations were affected. The disease seemed to be transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait. The age at onset usually varied between 35 to 40 years. The symptoms and signs consisted of a cerebellar ataxia, dysarthria and intention tremor. There was no nystagmus. All patients exhibited photomyoclonus and were extremely sensitive to photic stimuli. Other signs were dementia, kyphosis, pes cavus and lipoma localized in the nape of the neck, shoulders and back. Two patients had a partial syndrome with photonyoclonus and skeletal deformities. None of the patients suffered from epilepsy, In one case, histopathological examination revealed atrophy within the cerebellar cortex, dentate nucleus and the posterior columns of the spinal cord. It is concluded that this syndrome belongs to a groups of hereditary ataxias and myoclonus, and differs from myoclonic cerebellar dyssynergia (Ramsay Hunt) and alos from a variety of familial myoclonus and ataxia (Gilbert et al. 1963);", "contents": "Hereditary ataxia, photomyoclonus, skeletal deformities and lipoma. An account is given of a form of hereditary, cerebellar ataxia and photomyoclonus. Eight cases from 5 generations were affected. The disease seemed to be transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait. The age at onset usually varied between 35 to 40 years. The symptoms and signs consisted of a cerebellar ataxia, dysarthria and intention tremor. There was no nystagmus. All patients exhibited photomyoclonus and were extremely sensitive to photic stimuli. Other signs were dementia, kyphosis, pes cavus and lipoma localized in the nape of the neck, shoulders and back. Two patients had a partial syndrome with photonyoclonus and skeletal deformities. None of the patients suffered from epilepsy, In one case, histopathological examination revealed atrophy within the cerebellar cortex, dentate nucleus and the posterior columns of the spinal cord. It is concluded that this syndrome belongs to a groups of hereditary ataxias and myoclonus, and differs from myoclonic cerebellar dyssynergia (Ramsay Hunt) and alos from a variety of familial myoclonus and ataxia (Gilbert et al. 1963);", "PMID": 1130171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10936", "title": "Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (cholestanolosis). Investigations on two sisters and their family.", "content": "Two sisters, aged 38 and 32, suffering from cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis are described. The most important clinical findings were xanthomas, central nervous affection with motor and mental dysfunction, EEG changes and juvenile cataract. The diagnosis was established by the demonstration of increased amounts of cholestanol in serum. Both sisters had amenorrhea, and their excretion of dehydroepiandrosterone in the urine was increased. In the elder sister, the levels of urinary 17-keto steroids, androsterone and estradiol were also increased. Other unusual features of the disease in the elder sister were hyper-prebeta-lipoproteinemia and serum cholesterol in the higher normal range.", "contents": "Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (cholestanolosis). Investigations on two sisters and their family. Two sisters, aged 38 and 32, suffering from cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis are described. The most important clinical findings were xanthomas, central nervous affection with motor and mental dysfunction, EEG changes and juvenile cataract. The diagnosis was established by the demonstration of increased amounts of cholestanol in serum. Both sisters had amenorrhea, and their excretion of dehydroepiandrosterone in the urine was increased. In the elder sister, the levels of urinary 17-keto steroids, androsterone and estradiol were also increased. Other unusual features of the disease in the elder sister were hyper-prebeta-lipoproteinemia and serum cholesterol in the higher normal range.", "PMID": 1130172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10937", "title": "Use of nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) test in the differentiation between pyelonephritis and cystitis.", "content": "NBT tests were performed on blood from 37 patients with urinary tract infections caused by coliform bacteria. The level of infections was evaluated by the clinical signs, ESR, renal concentrating capacity and titre of antibodies against the strains of E. coli isolated in their urine. Elevated proportions of NBT-positive neutrophils were found in 11 of 14 patients with pyelonephritis and in 3 of 23 patients with cystitis or asymptomatic bacteriuria (ABU). The total number of NBT-positive neutrophils was 1000 or more per mm3 blood in 11 of 13 patients considered to have pyelonephritis, while it was 800 or less in all the patients investigated, evaluated as having cystitis or asymptomatic bacteriuria. The NBT test is recommended as an adjunct in the level diagnosis or urinary tract infections in children. The utility of the test in smouldering pyelonephritis is presently being investigated.", "contents": "Use of nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) test in the differentiation between pyelonephritis and cystitis. NBT tests were performed on blood from 37 patients with urinary tract infections caused by coliform bacteria. The level of infections was evaluated by the clinical signs, ESR, renal concentrating capacity and titre of antibodies against the strains of E. coli isolated in their urine. Elevated proportions of NBT-positive neutrophils were found in 11 of 14 patients with pyelonephritis and in 3 of 23 patients with cystitis or asymptomatic bacteriuria (ABU). The total number of NBT-positive neutrophils was 1000 or more per mm3 blood in 11 of 13 patients considered to have pyelonephritis, while it was 800 or less in all the patients investigated, evaluated as having cystitis or asymptomatic bacteriuria. The NBT test is recommended as an adjunct in the level diagnosis or urinary tract infections in children. The utility of the test in smouldering pyelonephritis is presently being investigated.", "PMID": 1130173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10938", "title": "The changing panorama of cerebral palsy in Sweden 1954-1970. I. Analysis of the general changes.", "content": "From an unselected series of 560 cases of cerebral palsy in Sweden, born 1954-70, the changes in incidence through the four periods 1954-58, 1959-62, 1963-66 and 1967-70 were analyzed. The total incidence successively and significantly decreased from 2.2% in the first period to 1.3% in the last. This decrease was mainly related to (1) the syndromes of spastic and ataxic diplegia, (2) the low birth weight babies, and (3) the group with perinatal causes. The decrease was not related to any special intelligence quotient or geographical region.", "contents": "The changing panorama of cerebral palsy in Sweden 1954-1970. I. Analysis of the general changes. From an unselected series of 560 cases of cerebral palsy in Sweden, born 1954-70, the changes in incidence through the four periods 1954-58, 1959-62, 1963-66 and 1967-70 were analyzed. The total incidence successively and significantly decreased from 2.2% in the first period to 1.3% in the last. This decrease was mainly related to (1) the syndromes of spastic and ataxic diplegia, (2) the low birth weight babies, and (3) the group with perinatal causes. The decrease was not related to any special intelligence quotient or geographical region.", "PMID": 1130174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10939", "title": "The changing panorama of cerebral palsy in Sweden 1954-1970. II. Analysis of the various syndromes.", "content": "From an unselected series of 560 Swedish cases of cerebral palsy, born 1954-1970, various data of etiologic and pathogenetic interest were analyzed in detail. Untraceable and prenatal factors were found to dominate within the group of spastic hemiplegia. Placental dysfunction in small-for-date babies and severe asphyxia were thought to be the two main pathogenetic factors among the patients with spastic tetraplegia. In spite of a significant decrease in the number of low birth weight children within the group of spastic diplegia, this syndrome was still very characteristic for the child born immature. Ataxic diplegic forms were found to have greater pathogenic similarities to spastic diplegia than to simple ataxia. In two-thirds of the children the latter syndrome was characterized by normal pregnancy, delivery and birth weight and an untraceable (genetic?) factor. Dyskinetic syndromes were mostly encountered after perinatal asphyxia.", "contents": "The changing panorama of cerebral palsy in Sweden 1954-1970. II. Analysis of the various syndromes. From an unselected series of 560 Swedish cases of cerebral palsy, born 1954-1970, various data of etiologic and pathogenetic interest were analyzed in detail. Untraceable and prenatal factors were found to dominate within the group of spastic hemiplegia. Placental dysfunction in small-for-date babies and severe asphyxia were thought to be the two main pathogenetic factors among the patients with spastic tetraplegia. In spite of a significant decrease in the number of low birth weight children within the group of spastic diplegia, this syndrome was still very characteristic for the child born immature. Ataxic diplegic forms were found to have greater pathogenic similarities to spastic diplegia than to simple ataxia. In two-thirds of the children the latter syndrome was characterized by normal pregnancy, delivery and birth weight and an untraceable (genetic?) factor. Dyskinetic syndromes were mostly encountered after perinatal asphyxia.", "PMID": 1130175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10940", "title": "A new form of prolonged transient tyrosinemia presenting with severe metabolic acidosis.", "content": "Yet another form of tyrosinemia is described, in a young baby who developed metabolic acidosis and ceased to grow when weaned from breast milk onto a higher protein formula. Severe tyrosyluria and mild tyrosinemia cleared on a low-protein diet which also corrected the acidosis. However, restoration of growth required a normal protein intake with very greatly reduced amounts of phenylalanine and tyrosine. The metabolic fault later resolved spontaneously at about 12 months of age. Mental development appears normal and liver disease was never apparent. The patient and her mother both excrete quite large quantities of an unidentified peptide.", "contents": "A new form of prolonged transient tyrosinemia presenting with severe metabolic acidosis. Yet another form of tyrosinemia is described, in a young baby who developed metabolic acidosis and ceased to grow when weaned from breast milk onto a higher protein formula. Severe tyrosyluria and mild tyrosinemia cleared on a low-protein diet which also corrected the acidosis. However, restoration of growth required a normal protein intake with very greatly reduced amounts of phenylalanine and tyrosine. The metabolic fault later resolved spontaneously at about 12 months of age. Mental development appears normal and liver disease was never apparent. The patient and her mother both excrete quite large quantities of an unidentified peptide.", "PMID": 1130176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10941", "title": "Cystine deficiency during dietotherapy of homocystinemia.", "content": "Cystine deficiency was inadvertently produced in a boy receiving specific dietary therapy for homocystinuria. This was manifested as a loss in weight, the reappearance of significant amounts of homocystine in the plasma and urine, and the elevation of the plasma methionine level. In addition, there was a significant reduction in the level of cystine in the plasma. This reduction in plasma cystine level differentiates cystine deficiency from loss of biochemical control due to failure to keep the prescribed diet. The addition of cystine to the regime of this child, without any other dietary modification, resulted in a complete remission.", "contents": "Cystine deficiency during dietotherapy of homocystinemia. Cystine deficiency was inadvertently produced in a boy receiving specific dietary therapy for homocystinuria. This was manifested as a loss in weight, the reappearance of significant amounts of homocystine in the plasma and urine, and the elevation of the plasma methionine level. In addition, there was a significant reduction in the level of cystine in the plasma. This reduction in plasma cystine level differentiates cystine deficiency from loss of biochemical control due to failure to keep the prescribed diet. The addition of cystine to the regime of this child, without any other dietary modification, resulted in a complete remission.", "PMID": 1130177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10942", "title": "Iatrogenic osteomalacia in epileptic children. A controlled therapeutic trial.", "content": "Bone mineral content (BMC) ub tge forearms (related to total body calcium) was measured for a controlled therapeutic trial in 25 epileptic children on long-term treatment with phenytoin and in 22 normal children before and during treatment with vitamin D or placebo. In the epileptic children, hypocalcaemia and elevated serum alkaline phosphatase was found in 20% and 16%, respectively. The group of epileptic children treated with vitamin D2 (2000 IU daily) for 3 months showed a significant increase in bone mineral content, 5% on average. The epileptic children treated with placebo showed a significant decrease, 2% on average, while the normal children treated with vitamin D or placebo showed no change in bone mineral content. The results indicate a possible benefit of prophylactic vitamin D treatment in epileptic children.", "contents": "Iatrogenic osteomalacia in epileptic children. A controlled therapeutic trial. Bone mineral content (BMC) ub tge forearms (related to total body calcium) was measured for a controlled therapeutic trial in 25 epileptic children on long-term treatment with phenytoin and in 22 normal children before and during treatment with vitamin D or placebo. In the epileptic children, hypocalcaemia and elevated serum alkaline phosphatase was found in 20% and 16%, respectively. The group of epileptic children treated with vitamin D2 (2000 IU daily) for 3 months showed a significant increase in bone mineral content, 5% on average. The epileptic children treated with placebo showed a significant decrease, 2% on average, while the normal children treated with vitamin D or placebo showed no change in bone mineral content. The results indicate a possible benefit of prophylactic vitamin D treatment in epileptic children.", "PMID": 1130178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10943", "title": "Health and behaviour in four-year-old children.", "content": "A health control of an unselected population of 2447 4-year-old-children included a thorough somatic examination as well as an analysis of child upbringing practice and problems. The relation between the children's physical health, as defined by presence or absence or \"functionally important health problems\" and the children's behaviour, as reported by their mothers, was elucidated. On the whole, children with health problems were not perceived as more troublesome, although children with some special kinds of disturbances, e.g. neurological and dental, constituted problems in certain areas, e.g. toilet training and hyperactivity. The use of blame as a method of upbringing was very frequent and especially frequent in children with dental defects and visual disturbances. The perception of behaviour problems and the use of methods in upbringing were the same in children with newly detected health problems as in children with previously known health problems. The implications for the Child Health Service are to identify these risk-groups, to advise and support them in order to reduce parent-child conflicts.", "contents": "Health and behaviour in four-year-old children. A health control of an unselected population of 2447 4-year-old-children included a thorough somatic examination as well as an analysis of child upbringing practice and problems. The relation between the children's physical health, as defined by presence or absence or \"functionally important health problems\" and the children's behaviour, as reported by their mothers, was elucidated. On the whole, children with health problems were not perceived as more troublesome, although children with some special kinds of disturbances, e.g. neurological and dental, constituted problems in certain areas, e.g. toilet training and hyperactivity. The use of blame as a method of upbringing was very frequent and especially frequent in children with dental defects and visual disturbances. The perception of behaviour problems and the use of methods in upbringing were the same in children with newly detected health problems as in children with previously known health problems. The implications for the Child Health Service are to identify these risk-groups, to advise and support them in order to reduce parent-child conflicts.", "PMID": 1130179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10944", "title": "An epidemiological study of child health and nutrition in a northern Swedish county. VII. A comparative study of general and dental health, food habits and socio-economic conditions in 4-year-old children.", "content": "A study of the general and dental health and the food habits of randomly selected 4-year-old Swedish urban children was performed. The results were compared with the findings of an investigation carried out four years earlier in the same area. In comparison with the earlier study no significant differences were found in haemoglobin values, packed red cell volume, microsedimentation rate and anthropometric measurements. The food habits had altered. A reduction in the frequency of between-meal consumption, particularly of sweets and soft drinks, as well as a reduction of the frequency of meat, fish and egg consumption was found. The children had an increased sandwich and milk consumption. The caries frequency was markedly reduced, which might be explained by the decreased between-meal consumption and an increased consumption of fluoride tablets. The food habits and the caries situation were generally influenced by the parents' socio-economic conditions, especially their educational level.", "contents": "An epidemiological study of child health and nutrition in a northern Swedish county. VII. A comparative study of general and dental health, food habits and socio-economic conditions in 4-year-old children. A study of the general and dental health and the food habits of randomly selected 4-year-old Swedish urban children was performed. The results were compared with the findings of an investigation carried out four years earlier in the same area. In comparison with the earlier study no significant differences were found in haemoglobin values, packed red cell volume, microsedimentation rate and anthropometric measurements. The food habits had altered. A reduction in the frequency of between-meal consumption, particularly of sweets and soft drinks, as well as a reduction of the frequency of meat, fish and egg consumption was found. The children had an increased sandwich and milk consumption. The caries frequency was markedly reduced, which might be explained by the decreased between-meal consumption and an increased consumption of fluoride tablets. The food habits and the caries situation were generally influenced by the parents' socio-economic conditions, especially their educational level.", "PMID": 1130180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10945", "title": "Absence of insulin resistance in 4 cases of mild juvenile diabetes. A preliminary report.", "content": "Four children with a mild non-insulin-requiring diabetes were studied. They had no insulin response at intravenous glucose tolerance test. When insulin was infused at a rate which simulated a normal early insulin response to intravenous glucose, blood glucose decreased to the same extent as it did in healthy subjects. When a normal early insulin response was simulated during the intravenous glucose tolerance test, the glucose assimilation rate was normalized. These results suggests that a peripheral resistance to insulin is unlikely in mild juvenile diabetes, and that the primary defect is a deficient release of insulin.", "contents": "Absence of insulin resistance in 4 cases of mild juvenile diabetes. A preliminary report. Four children with a mild non-insulin-requiring diabetes were studied. They had no insulin response at intravenous glucose tolerance test. When insulin was infused at a rate which simulated a normal early insulin response to intravenous glucose, blood glucose decreased to the same extent as it did in healthy subjects. When a normal early insulin response was simulated during the intravenous glucose tolerance test, the glucose assimilation rate was normalized. These results suggests that a peripheral resistance to insulin is unlikely in mild juvenile diabetes, and that the primary defect is a deficient release of insulin.", "PMID": 1130181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10946", "title": "Submaximal blood flow and blood viscosity in newborn infants.", "content": "In newborn infants with varying hematocrit values the submaximal blood flow has been studied by the use of strain gauge plethysmography under standardized conditions. Submaximal flow was defined as the flow obtained after 4 minutes of suprasystolic occlusion. With increasing hematocrit there was a decreasing maximal flow. Capillary filtration coefficient seemed to decrease with increasing hematocrit. The relation between circulatory failure in newborns due to abnormally high hematocrit and low capacity to increase blood flow upon demand has been discussed.", "contents": "Submaximal blood flow and blood viscosity in newborn infants. In newborn infants with varying hematocrit values the submaximal blood flow has been studied by the use of strain gauge plethysmography under standardized conditions. Submaximal flow was defined as the flow obtained after 4 minutes of suprasystolic occlusion. With increasing hematocrit there was a decreasing maximal flow. Capillary filtration coefficient seemed to decrease with increasing hematocrit. The relation between circulatory failure in newborns due to abnormally high hematocrit and low capacity to increase blood flow upon demand has been discussed.", "PMID": 1130182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10947", "title": "Temperature regulation in children during exercise.", "content": "Rectal and skin temperature and sweat rate were measured in eight 11-year-old boys exercising one hour on a bicycle ergometer at each of three different work loads. Rectal temperature rose according to the relative work load and reached a steady state level after a shorter time than had been previously observed in adult subjects. A good relationship was observed between the levelling off value of rectal temperature during work and the relative work load, but the value of rectal temperature at rest just before the start of work affects this steady state value. The average skin temperature was kept fairly constant during exercise except on the heaviest work load (70%), during which it rose about 1 degree C mainly as a result of the rise in skin temperature on the arm, hand and thigh. Temperature increases on skin locations in general were minimal except on the back where the temperature decreased slightly. Sweat rate showed a close relationship to the absolute work load, and in this report the conclusion is supported that the 11-year-old boys regulate their body temperature during exercise at constant work load in the same way as do adult subjects.", "contents": "Temperature regulation in children during exercise. Rectal and skin temperature and sweat rate were measured in eight 11-year-old boys exercising one hour on a bicycle ergometer at each of three different work loads. Rectal temperature rose according to the relative work load and reached a steady state level after a shorter time than had been previously observed in adult subjects. A good relationship was observed between the levelling off value of rectal temperature during work and the relative work load, but the value of rectal temperature at rest just before the start of work affects this steady state value. The average skin temperature was kept fairly constant during exercise except on the heaviest work load (70%), during which it rose about 1 degree C mainly as a result of the rise in skin temperature on the arm, hand and thigh. Temperature increases on skin locations in general were minimal except on the back where the temperature decreased slightly. Sweat rate showed a close relationship to the absolute work load, and in this report the conclusion is supported that the 11-year-old boys regulate their body temperature during exercise at constant work load in the same way as do adult subjects.", "PMID": 1130183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10948", "title": "Growing pains and restless legs.", "content": "Growing pains is a common and distressing symptom in children, but has aroused little interest. There is a similarity between growing pains and the painful form of restless legs, but it is not known if these two conditions are identical. I have recently observed a family in which the mother has growing pains since her childhood. The pain persists in adult age, which is unusual. She also has typical restless legs. Her three sons have severe growing pains. The study of this family has convinced me that growing pains and restless legs are different conditions.", "contents": "Growing pains and restless legs. Growing pains is a common and distressing symptom in children, but has aroused little interest. There is a similarity between growing pains and the painful form of restless legs, but it is not known if these two conditions are identical. I have recently observed a family in which the mother has growing pains since her childhood. The pain persists in adult age, which is unusual. She also has typical restless legs. Her three sons have severe growing pains. The study of this family has convinced me that growing pains and restless legs are different conditions.", "PMID": 1130184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10949", "title": "Chemically defined diet in the treatment of kwashiorkor.", "content": "Kwashkorkor is associated with malabsorption of energy and nutrients. Standard diets often initiate diarrhea and a high mortality is still prevalent. A synthetic monomolecular formula has been evaluated and compared with a standard diet in the early rehabilitation phase of 21 children with kwashiorkor. The formula group had significantly less vomiting and reached minimum weight faster than the group on standard diet. Weight gain and diarrhea were similar. The rise of albumin and BUN was faster on standard diet. A significant increase in haemoglobin was seen only in the formula group. A rise in body temperature after a meal was evident in most patients and significantly more pronounced in the formula group. The lower total nitrogen content of the formula may explain the observed slower rise in albumin and BUN but the ready utilization was indicated by the favourable weight changes as well as the rise in rectal temperature. As high energy per volume was desirable the formula was not diluted to isoosmolality. However, the high glucose concentration in the experimental diet probably caused some negative effects.", "contents": "Chemically defined diet in the treatment of kwashiorkor. Kwashkorkor is associated with malabsorption of energy and nutrients. Standard diets often initiate diarrhea and a high mortality is still prevalent. A synthetic monomolecular formula has been evaluated and compared with a standard diet in the early rehabilitation phase of 21 children with kwashiorkor. The formula group had significantly less vomiting and reached minimum weight faster than the group on standard diet. Weight gain and diarrhea were similar. The rise of albumin and BUN was faster on standard diet. A significant increase in haemoglobin was seen only in the formula group. A rise in body temperature after a meal was evident in most patients and significantly more pronounced in the formula group. The lower total nitrogen content of the formula may explain the observed slower rise in albumin and BUN but the ready utilization was indicated by the favourable weight changes as well as the rise in rectal temperature. As high energy per volume was desirable the formula was not diluted to isoosmolality. However, the high glucose concentration in the experimental diet probably caused some negative effects.", "PMID": 1130185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10950", "title": "Endocrinological aspects at follow-up studies in neonatal hypoglycaemia.", "content": "Thirty-seven cases of neonatal hypoglycaemia were studied at follow-up at the age of 2 6/12-r 9/12 years. Two of them had had hypoglycaemia were stuafter the newborn period, and another patient died in a hypoglycaemic state following surgery at 10 weeks of age. Twenty-three children had oral glucose tolerance tests and intravenous insulin tolerance tests performed. Diabetic glucose tolerance was noted in 3 children. None of them showed symptoms of diabetes mellitus, neither was there any family history of diabetes. One of these patients had experienced hypoglycaemia after the newborn period and responded with hyperinsulinism during the glucose tolerance test. The other hypoglycaemic patient showed an exaggerated insulin release in response to tolbutamide. Deficient serum cortisol response to insulin-induced hypoglycaemia was demonstrated in 7 patients and 6 of these had concomitant minimal growth hormone response. One of these patients also had a diabetic glucose tolerance. None were of short stature. It is probable that a disturbance in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis may contribute to an impaired carbohydrate metabolism in some patients with neonatal hypoglycaemia.", "contents": "Endocrinological aspects at follow-up studies in neonatal hypoglycaemia. Thirty-seven cases of neonatal hypoglycaemia were studied at follow-up at the age of 2 6/12-r 9/12 years. Two of them had had hypoglycaemia were stuafter the newborn period, and another patient died in a hypoglycaemic state following surgery at 10 weeks of age. Twenty-three children had oral glucose tolerance tests and intravenous insulin tolerance tests performed. Diabetic glucose tolerance was noted in 3 children. None of them showed symptoms of diabetes mellitus, neither was there any family history of diabetes. One of these patients had experienced hypoglycaemia after the newborn period and responded with hyperinsulinism during the glucose tolerance test. The other hypoglycaemic patient showed an exaggerated insulin release in response to tolbutamide. Deficient serum cortisol response to insulin-induced hypoglycaemia was demonstrated in 7 patients and 6 of these had concomitant minimal growth hormone response. One of these patients also had a diabetic glucose tolerance. None were of short stature. It is probable that a disturbance in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis may contribute to an impaired carbohydrate metabolism in some patients with neonatal hypoglycaemia.", "PMID": 1130186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10951", "title": "The effect of various therapeutic trials on the prophyrin excretion in a case of congenital erythropoietic prophyria.", "content": "A patient with a biochemically \"new\" type of congenital erythropoietic porphyria has been studied under various therapeutic trials. Splenectomy had no demonstrable effect on porphyrin excretion or clinical picture. Vitamin E caused a moderate fall in porphyrin excretion, however, there was no significant improvement in light tolerance and tendency to hemolysis. Beta-carotene reduced skin photosensitivity appreciably, while total porphyrin excretion remained unchanged and the tendency to develop hemolytic anemia showed only slight improvement. Red cell transfusion caused a rapid, dramatic fall in prophyrin excretion (in 4-5 days) and a transient increase in light tolerance, while the distribution of the different porphyrins excreted remained unchanged. These observations indicate that all or nearly the abnormal porphyrins excreted are of erythropoietic origin, and that the overwhelming part of the porphyrins originate from an abnormal population of shortlived red cells. Findings on fluorescence microscopy of blood and bone marrow support this view. Meticulous protection against light of the shorter wavelengths caused a similar rise in hemoglobin level as produced by red cell transfusion, however, in this instance the total excretion of porphyrins did not fall. It is suggested that the inhibitory effect of transfusion on erythropoiesis (and thereby porphyrin excretion) might be due partly to a depression of erythropoietin formation, partly to the presence of an erythropoiesis inhibiting factor (chalone) in the transfused red cells.", "contents": "The effect of various therapeutic trials on the prophyrin excretion in a case of congenital erythropoietic prophyria. A patient with a biochemically \"new\" type of congenital erythropoietic porphyria has been studied under various therapeutic trials. Splenectomy had no demonstrable effect on porphyrin excretion or clinical picture. Vitamin E caused a moderate fall in porphyrin excretion, however, there was no significant improvement in light tolerance and tendency to hemolysis. Beta-carotene reduced skin photosensitivity appreciably, while total porphyrin excretion remained unchanged and the tendency to develop hemolytic anemia showed only slight improvement. Red cell transfusion caused a rapid, dramatic fall in prophyrin excretion (in 4-5 days) and a transient increase in light tolerance, while the distribution of the different porphyrins excreted remained unchanged. These observations indicate that all or nearly the abnormal porphyrins excreted are of erythropoietic origin, and that the overwhelming part of the porphyrins originate from an abnormal population of shortlived red cells. Findings on fluorescence microscopy of blood and bone marrow support this view. Meticulous protection against light of the shorter wavelengths caused a similar rise in hemoglobin level as produced by red cell transfusion, however, in this instance the total excretion of porphyrins did not fall. It is suggested that the inhibitory effect of transfusion on erythropoiesis (and thereby porphyrin excretion) might be due partly to a depression of erythropoietin formation, partly to the presence of an erythropoiesis inhibiting factor (chalone) in the transfused red cells.", "PMID": 1130187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10952", "title": "Studies on photopherapy in newborn infants. Influence on protein binding of bilirubin and salicylate and on activity of acetylsalicylic acid esterase.", "content": "Phototherapy of newborn infants with hyperbilirubinemia was shown to result in an increase in hematocrit values and in the activity of the erythrocyte enzyme acetylsalicylic acid esterase. The elevation of the enzyme activity also could be produced in light-treated rabbits and in vitro after illumination of blood from adult volunteers. The binding of bilirubin to serum albumin and of salicylate to plasma proteins did not alter, nor did the concentrations of albumin or total proteins in plasma. It is concluded that light does not increase the unbound fraction of bilirubin in blood.", "contents": "Studies on photopherapy in newborn infants. Influence on protein binding of bilirubin and salicylate and on activity of acetylsalicylic acid esterase. Phototherapy of newborn infants with hyperbilirubinemia was shown to result in an increase in hematocrit values and in the activity of the erythrocyte enzyme acetylsalicylic acid esterase. The elevation of the enzyme activity also could be produced in light-treated rabbits and in vitro after illumination of blood from adult volunteers. The binding of bilirubin to serum albumin and of salicylate to plasma proteins did not alter, nor did the concentrations of albumin or total proteins in plasma. It is concluded that light does not increase the unbound fraction of bilirubin in blood.", "PMID": 1130188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10953", "title": "Hypertension associated with unilateral renal disease in childhood. Report of two cases and review of the literature.", "content": "Two girls are described, aged 7 and 10 years respectively, who presented with arterial hypertension associated with unilateral kidney disease. Both were cured by nephrectomy, according to criteria for cure which are described in the paper. Only 45 similar cases could be found in the literature; these results are summarized and compared with those obtained in adult patients. The cure rate in children was 76%; similar large series including patients of all ages, but consisting predominantly of adults, show cure rates of only about 25%. It is inferred that the age of the patient is an important factor in determining prognosis, and should be considered in the selection of patients for nephrectomy. Methods of investigation of these patients, and possible mechanisms concerned in the pathogenesis of the hypertension, are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Hypertension associated with unilateral renal disease in childhood. Report of two cases and review of the literature. Two girls are described, aged 7 and 10 years respectively, who presented with arterial hypertension associated with unilateral kidney disease. Both were cured by nephrectomy, according to criteria for cure which are described in the paper. Only 45 similar cases could be found in the literature; these results are summarized and compared with those obtained in adult patients. The cure rate in children was 76%; similar large series including patients of all ages, but consisting predominantly of adults, show cure rates of only about 25%. It is inferred that the age of the patient is an important factor in determining prognosis, and should be considered in the selection of patients for nephrectomy. Methods of investigation of these patients, and possible mechanisms concerned in the pathogenesis of the hypertension, are briefly discussed.", "PMID": 1130189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10954", "title": "Exchange transfusions with concentrated ACD-blood. II. Effects on bilirubin, total protein, chloride, phosphate, calcium, magnesium and potassium.", "content": "During ten exchange transfusions with ACD-blood (NIH, sol. B), newborn infants' bilirubin, plasma protein and electrolyte gain or loss were studied quantitatively. The loss of bilirubin was closely correlated to the pre-exchange bilirubin concentration. On the average, there was a significant loss of plasma chloride of 3.21 mmol per kg bodyweight. There were no significant gains or losses of plasma protein or sodium, potassium, magnesium and calcium of whole blood during the ET. There was a calculated significant inflow of whole blood calcium from the extravascular space of 0.02 mmol per kg bodyweight together with a calculated significant increase of plasma phosphate of 0.06 mmol per kg bodyweight.", "contents": "Exchange transfusions with concentrated ACD-blood. II. Effects on bilirubin, total protein, chloride, phosphate, calcium, magnesium and potassium. During ten exchange transfusions with ACD-blood (NIH, sol. B), newborn infants' bilirubin, plasma protein and electrolyte gain or loss were studied quantitatively. The loss of bilirubin was closely correlated to the pre-exchange bilirubin concentration. On the average, there was a significant loss of plasma chloride of 3.21 mmol per kg bodyweight. There were no significant gains or losses of plasma protein or sodium, potassium, magnesium and calcium of whole blood during the ET. There was a calculated significant inflow of whole blood calcium from the extravascular space of 0.02 mmol per kg bodyweight together with a calculated significant increase of plasma phosphate of 0.06 mmol per kg bodyweight.", "PMID": 1130190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10955", "title": "Histological and biochemical changes in neonatal thyroid tissues.", "content": "The thyroid tissues of 17 infants who died between 3 hours and 46 days after birth were studied by histological and biochemical techniques. The morphological aspect and the iodine content of these tissues are not related to the gestational age of the neonates, but they are related to the survival time. There are dramatic events early after birth: desquamation of the epithelium and absence of colloid, low iodine content of tissue extract (less than 1 mu g 127I per mg of protein) and low percentage of thryoglobulin (less than 10%). 24 hours after birth, the vesicles fill with colloid and the epithelium is cuboidal; the iodine content of the protein increases (between 1 and 2 mu g 127I per mg protein) as well as the thyroglobulin percentate (around 20%). One week after birth, there is a maximum of colloid and flat epithelium; the iodine content of the protein extract is much higher (more than 2 mu g 127I per mg protein) as is thyroglobulin percentage (up to 40%). Our studies of thyroid tissues of neonates suggest that a leakage of colloid, iodine and thyroglobulin takes place in the perinatal period, this phenomenon being followed by their rapid repletion.", "contents": "Histological and biochemical changes in neonatal thyroid tissues. The thyroid tissues of 17 infants who died between 3 hours and 46 days after birth were studied by histological and biochemical techniques. The morphological aspect and the iodine content of these tissues are not related to the gestational age of the neonates, but they are related to the survival time. There are dramatic events early after birth: desquamation of the epithelium and absence of colloid, low iodine content of tissue extract (less than 1 mu g 127I per mg of protein) and low percentage of thryoglobulin (less than 10%). 24 hours after birth, the vesicles fill with colloid and the epithelium is cuboidal; the iodine content of the protein increases (between 1 and 2 mu g 127I per mg protein) as well as the thyroglobulin percentate (around 20%). One week after birth, there is a maximum of colloid and flat epithelium; the iodine content of the protein extract is much higher (more than 2 mu g 127I per mg protein) as is thyroglobulin percentage (up to 40%). Our studies of thyroid tissues of neonates suggest that a leakage of colloid, iodine and thyroglobulin takes place in the perinatal period, this phenomenon being followed by their rapid repletion.", "PMID": 1130191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10956", "title": "Abnormal proteolysis in sick newborns.", "content": "87 newborn infants were studied on their first day of life for defects in the coagulation and fibrinolytic systems. The infants were divided into two diagnostic groups, one with IRDS, the other with mixed neonatal disorders. Factor V, fibrinogen and fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products (FDP) were abnormal more often than any of the other factors examined. The presence or absence of \"multiple defects\" appeared to depend on the severity of the illness and its ultimate course. Thus 28% of the surviving infants or 85% of those who died had \"multiple defects\". The pattern of abnormalities did not differ between the infants with IRDS and those with mixed disorders. The \"multiple defects\" are ascribed to the following mechanisms: (1) impaired synthesis due to vitamin K deficiency and/or liver damage, (2) abnormal proteolytic activity stimulated by tissue damage and causing (a) an activation of the coagulation process (b) activation of the fibrinolytic system, or (c) of both the coagulation and the fibrinolytic systems. Differentiation between these pathways to defective haemostasis are important when deciding upon therapeutic measures in addition to the basic treatment.", "contents": "Abnormal proteolysis in sick newborns. 87 newborn infants were studied on their first day of life for defects in the coagulation and fibrinolytic systems. The infants were divided into two diagnostic groups, one with IRDS, the other with mixed neonatal disorders. Factor V, fibrinogen and fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products (FDP) were abnormal more often than any of the other factors examined. The presence or absence of \"multiple defects\" appeared to depend on the severity of the illness and its ultimate course. Thus 28% of the surviving infants or 85% of those who died had \"multiple defects\". The pattern of abnormalities did not differ between the infants with IRDS and those with mixed disorders. The \"multiple defects\" are ascribed to the following mechanisms: (1) impaired synthesis due to vitamin K deficiency and/or liver damage, (2) abnormal proteolytic activity stimulated by tissue damage and causing (a) an activation of the coagulation process (b) activation of the fibrinolytic system, or (c) of both the coagulation and the fibrinolytic systems. Differentiation between these pathways to defective haemostasis are important when deciding upon therapeutic measures in addition to the basic treatment.", "PMID": 1130192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10957", "title": "Renal biopsy studies in 150 children with non-specific glomerulopathy.", "content": "The experience with light microscopic examination of kidney biopsies in 150 children with nonspecific glomerulopathy is reported. Most major types of glomerular lesions, as they are at present known, were observed but in a very uneven distribution. Four groups of clinical symptoms were observed in the primary as well as in the associated non-specific glomerulopathies: hematuria, proteinuria, acute nephritic syndrome and nephrotic syndrome. Although in a number of instances, the histologic lesion was suggested by the clinical picture, a correlation was lacking in most instances. More information was obtained from the histology when the evolution was considered, particularly in the primary nephrotic syndrome and the Sch\u00f6nlein-Henoch nephropathy.", "contents": "Renal biopsy studies in 150 children with non-specific glomerulopathy. The experience with light microscopic examination of kidney biopsies in 150 children with nonspecific glomerulopathy is reported. Most major types of glomerular lesions, as they are at present known, were observed but in a very uneven distribution. Four groups of clinical symptoms were observed in the primary as well as in the associated non-specific glomerulopathies: hematuria, proteinuria, acute nephritic syndrome and nephrotic syndrome. Although in a number of instances, the histologic lesion was suggested by the clinical picture, a correlation was lacking in most instances. More information was obtained from the histology when the evolution was considered, particularly in the primary nephrotic syndrome and the Sch\u00f6nlein-Henoch nephropathy.", "PMID": 1130193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10958", "title": "Oxygen affinity of haemoglobin and red cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate in childhood diabetes.", "content": "Red cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) and the oxygen haemoglobin dissociation curve (ODC) were determined in 32 ambulatory, non-acidotic diabetic children and in 49 healthy children. Despite the fact that the diabetic children had, on average, an increased haemoglobin concentration, their erythrocytes contained significantly more 2,3-DPG than normal. Both in diabetic and in healthy children a negative relationship was found between the content of 2,3-DPG and the haemoglobin concentrations. No relationship was present between the plasma glucose and the 2,3-DPG concentration. The concentration of plasma inorganic phosphate (Pi) in the diabetic children was significantly higher than in the control children, and for all children there was a significant relationship between the 2,3-DPG and the Pi. In the diabetics 2,3-DPG was positively correlated to the P50 (7.40) and to the P50 (in vivo ph) of the ODC. However, despite the significant increase in 2,3-DPG among the diabetic children the average P50 (7.40) and P50 (in vivo pH) was not increased as compared with the control children. The inhibitory factor preventing the oxygen affinity from decreasing among the diabetics was strongly correlated to an increase in the mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration. The result of this study suggests the presence of an increased amount of haemoglobin fraction with high oxygen affinity (haemoglobin Alc) in the red cells of juvenile diabetics.", "contents": "Oxygen affinity of haemoglobin and red cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate in childhood diabetes. Red cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) and the oxygen haemoglobin dissociation curve (ODC) were determined in 32 ambulatory, non-acidotic diabetic children and in 49 healthy children. Despite the fact that the diabetic children had, on average, an increased haemoglobin concentration, their erythrocytes contained significantly more 2,3-DPG than normal. Both in diabetic and in healthy children a negative relationship was found between the content of 2,3-DPG and the haemoglobin concentrations. No relationship was present between the plasma glucose and the 2,3-DPG concentration. The concentration of plasma inorganic phosphate (Pi) in the diabetic children was significantly higher than in the control children, and for all children there was a significant relationship between the 2,3-DPG and the Pi. In the diabetics 2,3-DPG was positively correlated to the P50 (7.40) and to the P50 (in vivo ph) of the ODC. However, despite the significant increase in 2,3-DPG among the diabetic children the average P50 (7.40) and P50 (in vivo pH) was not increased as compared with the control children. The inhibitory factor preventing the oxygen affinity from decreasing among the diabetics was strongly correlated to an increase in the mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration. The result of this study suggests the presence of an increased amount of haemoglobin fraction with high oxygen affinity (haemoglobin Alc) in the red cells of juvenile diabetics.", "PMID": 1130194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10959", "title": "Infantile genetic agranulocytosis. A review with presentation of ten new cases.", "content": "A review of the literature on the subject since 1956 is made in connection with a presentation of ten new cases from northern Sweden. Nine of these are related to the main pedigree published in 1956. Consanguinity between the parents has been established in two of the new families. The clinical course was identical to that described in 1956. A few additional details are presented. The granulocytopenia is present on the first day of life and the granulocyte count subsequently rapidly decreases during the first week. The existence of a diaplacental factor is regarded highly probable. It is assumed that the maturation defect in the granulocyte precursors may be due to deficiency of a serum factor. The fact that many cases of infantile genetic agranulocytosis occur sporadically is finally explained.", "contents": "Infantile genetic agranulocytosis. A review with presentation of ten new cases. A review of the literature on the subject since 1956 is made in connection with a presentation of ten new cases from northern Sweden. Nine of these are related to the main pedigree published in 1956. Consanguinity between the parents has been established in two of the new families. The clinical course was identical to that described in 1956. A few additional details are presented. The granulocytopenia is present on the first day of life and the granulocyte count subsequently rapidly decreases during the first week. The existence of a diaplacental factor is regarded highly probable. It is assumed that the maturation defect in the granulocyte precursors may be due to deficiency of a serum factor. The fact that many cases of infantile genetic agranulocytosis occur sporadically is finally explained.", "PMID": 1130195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10960", "title": "Renal vein thrombosis in neonates. Report of three cases treated with nephrectomy.", "content": "Three neonates with unilateral renal vein thrombosis successfully treated with nephrectomy are reported. One of them also received Heparin therapy before and after surgery because of evidence of consumptive coagulopathy. All were well at follow-up.", "contents": "Renal vein thrombosis in neonates. Report of three cases treated with nephrectomy. Three neonates with unilateral renal vein thrombosis successfully treated with nephrectomy are reported. One of them also received Heparin therapy before and after surgery because of evidence of consumptive coagulopathy. All were well at follow-up.", "PMID": 1130196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10961", "title": "The occurrence of mycoplasmas in the urinary tract of patients with chronic pyelonephritis.", "content": "Two groups of patients, each consisting of 40, were investigated for the occurrence of mycoplasmas in the urethra, bladder and upper urinary tract. Mycoplasmas were isolated significantly more frequently from the bladder urine of patients with chronic pyelonephritis than from patients with non-infectious urinary tract diseases. Furthermore, mycoplasmas were isolated from the upper urinary tract of 5 patients with chronic pyelonephritis, while mycoplasmas could not be cultivated from the upper urinary tract of patients with non-infectious urinary tract diseases.", "contents": "The occurrence of mycoplasmas in the urinary tract of patients with chronic pyelonephritis. Two groups of patients, each consisting of 40, were investigated for the occurrence of mycoplasmas in the urethra, bladder and upper urinary tract. Mycoplasmas were isolated significantly more frequently from the bladder urine of patients with chronic pyelonephritis than from patients with non-infectious urinary tract diseases. Furthermore, mycoplasmas were isolated from the upper urinary tract of 5 patients with chronic pyelonephritis, while mycoplasmas could not be cultivated from the upper urinary tract of patients with non-infectious urinary tract diseases.", "PMID": 1130197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10962", "title": "Application of electrophoresis for separation of trimethoprim and sulphamethoxazole in combined therapy.", "content": "Determination of the concentration of each drug in the combination trimethoprim: sulphamethoxazole was performed in patient sera by separation of the drugs by electrophoresis in agarose-gel followed by microbiological assay. The electrophoretic method was equivalent to the methods used in the routine and showed good reproducibility,", "contents": "Application of electrophoresis for separation of trimethoprim and sulphamethoxazole in combined therapy. Determination of the concentration of each drug in the combination trimethoprim: sulphamethoxazole was performed in patient sera by separation of the drugs by electrophoresis in agarose-gel followed by microbiological assay. The electrophoretic method was equivalent to the methods used in the routine and showed good reproducibility,", "PMID": 1130198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10963", "title": "Studies on the pathogenicity for rat of a mycoplasma isolated from rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "The pathogenicity for rat of M. arthritidis strain Jasmin and strain 20-P from rheumatoid synovial tissue were studied. Only strain Jasmin produced signs of illness in four of the 12 rats infected. A mycoplasma was isolated from three tissue specimens. Ten of the 48 rats investigated showed mycoplasma antibodies. Five rats showed minor inflammatory changes in the distal joints of the limbs. The failure to induce arthritic symptoms in rats inoculated with strain 20-P from rheumatoid arthritis may be due to its 10-year long storage outside the animal host.", "contents": "Studies on the pathogenicity for rat of a mycoplasma isolated from rheumatoid arthritis. The pathogenicity for rat of M. arthritidis strain Jasmin and strain 20-P from rheumatoid synovial tissue were studied. Only strain Jasmin produced signs of illness in four of the 12 rats infected. A mycoplasma was isolated from three tissue specimens. Ten of the 48 rats investigated showed mycoplasma antibodies. Five rats showed minor inflammatory changes in the distal joints of the limbs. The failure to induce arthritic symptoms in rats inoculated with strain 20-P from rheumatoid arthritis may be due to its 10-year long storage outside the animal host.", "PMID": 1130199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10964", "title": "Glycogen content in the brain stem neurons during hyperthermia in cats.", "content": "Using the histochemical method of McManus the authors investigated the glycogen content in neurons in the reticular formation of brain stem in animals subjected to hyperthermia. For comparison certain nuclei outside the reticular formation were tested in the same region. A significant fall in glycogen content of reticular formation neurons was observed in hyperthermic animals. Changes in the neurons outside the reticular formation were negligible.", "contents": "Glycogen content in the brain stem neurons during hyperthermia in cats. Using the histochemical method of McManus the authors investigated the glycogen content in neurons in the reticular formation of brain stem in animals subjected to hyperthermia. For comparison certain nuclei outside the reticular formation were tested in the same region. A significant fall in glycogen content of reticular formation neurons was observed in hyperthermic animals. Changes in the neurons outside the reticular formation were negligible.", "PMID": 1130216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10965", "title": "Differences in the composition of leucoyctes in the splenic artery and vein in rabbits, and dogs.", "content": "Differences in the composition of leucocytes in the splenic artery and vein in rabbits, and dogs. Acta Physiol. Pol. 1975, 26 (1): 33-39. Blood samples were taken from the splenic artery and splenic vein of 14 rabbits and 9 dogs under general anaesthesia (with hexobarbital sodium in rabbits and Eunarcon in dogs) to compare the quantitative and qualitative composition of white blood cells. It was found that the rabbit spleen releases into the circulation mononuclear cells which do not differ in their size from cells of the blood flowing into the spleen, and that it can retain or release granulocytes, probably due to their intravascular margination. The dog spleen can retain or release granulocytes and mononuclears simultaneously or separately, probably due to the mechanism which includes spontaneous contraction of the spleen.", "contents": "Differences in the composition of leucoyctes in the splenic artery and vein in rabbits, and dogs. Differences in the composition of leucocytes in the splenic artery and vein in rabbits, and dogs. Acta Physiol. Pol. 1975, 26 (1): 33-39. Blood samples were taken from the splenic artery and splenic vein of 14 rabbits and 9 dogs under general anaesthesia (with hexobarbital sodium in rabbits and Eunarcon in dogs) to compare the quantitative and qualitative composition of white blood cells. It was found that the rabbit spleen releases into the circulation mononuclear cells which do not differ in their size from cells of the blood flowing into the spleen, and that it can retain or release granulocytes, probably due to their intravascular margination. The dog spleen can retain or release granulocytes and mononuclears simultaneously or separately, probably due to the mechanism which includes spontaneous contraction of the spleen.", "PMID": 1130217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10966", "title": "Influence of sodium palmitate on the cellular action of potentials of the left ventricle of isolated, perfused guinea-pig heart.", "content": "Influence of sodium palmitate on the cellular action potentials of the left ventricle of isolated, perfused guinea-pig heart. Acta Physiol. Pol. 1975, 26 (1): 1-11. Transmembrane action potentials (APs) were recorded from the left ventricle and glucose uptake was estimated in the isolated guinea-pig hearts perfused with Langendorff method. After the control period the perfusion fluid was changed for the solution of altered composition containing: 1) 0.5 mM of palmitate complexed with 4% albumin and no glucose; 2) 0.1 mM or 0.5 mM of palmitate added to solution containing 11 mM of glucose; 3) substrate-free solution; 4) solution equilibrated with 5% CO-2 + 95% N-2. In all experimental groups marked shortening of AP duration was observed accompanied by the shortening of the functional refractory period and by the desynchronization of repolarization. The effect of perfusion with the substrate-free solution was similar to that evoked by substituting palmitate for glucose. In all the groups except for anoxia, fibrillation either occurred spontaneously or it was evoked by early extra stimuli. Fibrillation was reversible in all groups except for substitution 0.5 mM palmitate for glucose. Under anoxic conditions loss of excitability was observed, and shortening of AP was smaller than under palmitate. Glucose uptake was inhibited by 30% in the presence of 0.5 mM of palmitate, but not by 0.1 mM of palmitate. Thus changes in the shape of AP are not related to the glucose uptake. The possible effect of palmitate on inhibition of cellular respiration and glycolysis is discussed.", "contents": "Influence of sodium palmitate on the cellular action of potentials of the left ventricle of isolated, perfused guinea-pig heart. Influence of sodium palmitate on the cellular action potentials of the left ventricle of isolated, perfused guinea-pig heart. Acta Physiol. Pol. 1975, 26 (1): 1-11. Transmembrane action potentials (APs) were recorded from the left ventricle and glucose uptake was estimated in the isolated guinea-pig hearts perfused with Langendorff method. After the control period the perfusion fluid was changed for the solution of altered composition containing: 1) 0.5 mM of palmitate complexed with 4% albumin and no glucose; 2) 0.1 mM or 0.5 mM of palmitate added to solution containing 11 mM of glucose; 3) substrate-free solution; 4) solution equilibrated with 5% CO-2 + 95% N-2. In all experimental groups marked shortening of AP duration was observed accompanied by the shortening of the functional refractory period and by the desynchronization of repolarization. The effect of perfusion with the substrate-free solution was similar to that evoked by substituting palmitate for glucose. In all the groups except for anoxia, fibrillation either occurred spontaneously or it was evoked by early extra stimuli. Fibrillation was reversible in all groups except for substitution 0.5 mM palmitate for glucose. Under anoxic conditions loss of excitability was observed, and shortening of AP was smaller than under palmitate. Glucose uptake was inhibited by 30% in the presence of 0.5 mM of palmitate, but not by 0.1 mM of palmitate. Thus changes in the shape of AP are not related to the glucose uptake. The possible effect of palmitate on inhibition of cellular respiration and glycolysis is discussed.", "PMID": 1130215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10967", "title": "Acetylcholine content in the brain and heart of developing rats.", "content": "Acetylcholine content in the brain and heart of developing rats. Acta Physiol. Pol. 1975, 26 (1): 41-44. The content of acetylcholine was determined in four parts of the brain and in the heart of developing rats. It was found that changes in acetylcholine level were not parallel in the examined brain stuctures and in the heart in the time period from birth to 18 months of age of the rats.", "contents": "Acetylcholine content in the brain and heart of developing rats. Acetylcholine content in the brain and heart of developing rats. Acta Physiol. Pol. 1975, 26 (1): 41-44. The content of acetylcholine was determined in four parts of the brain and in the heart of developing rats. It was found that changes in acetylcholine level were not parallel in the examined brain stuctures and in the heart in the time period from birth to 18 months of age of the rats.", "PMID": 1130218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10968", "title": "The effect of reserpine on acetylcholine synthesis, choline acetylase and cholinesterase activity.", "content": "The effect of reserpine on acetylcholine synthesis, choline acetylase and cholinesterase activity. Acta Physiol. Pol. 1975, 26 (1): 55-61. Reserpine-induced changes in ACh content in various tissues of white rats (cerebral cortex and brain stem, stomach, lungs, heart, spleen) and the effects of reserpine on the synthesis, enzymatic breakdown of ACh, and ChAc activity were studied. Reserpine administered subcutaneously caused a singificant rise in ACh content of the cerebral cortex and insignificant rise in the heart and spleen. Reserpine (in a concentration of 0.25 mug/ml) had no effect on ACh synthesis in vitro. Reserpine in vivo increased significantly ACh synthesis in the brain. No effect of reserpine on ChAc and AChE activity was demonstrated.", "contents": "The effect of reserpine on acetylcholine synthesis, choline acetylase and cholinesterase activity. The effect of reserpine on acetylcholine synthesis, choline acetylase and cholinesterase activity. Acta Physiol. Pol. 1975, 26 (1): 55-61. Reserpine-induced changes in ACh content in various tissues of white rats (cerebral cortex and brain stem, stomach, lungs, heart, spleen) and the effects of reserpine on the synthesis, enzymatic breakdown of ACh, and ChAc activity were studied. Reserpine administered subcutaneously caused a singificant rise in ACh content of the cerebral cortex and insignificant rise in the heart and spleen. Reserpine (in a concentration of 0.25 mug/ml) had no effect on ACh synthesis in vitro. Reserpine in vivo increased significantly ACh synthesis in the brain. No effect of reserpine on ChAc and AChE activity was demonstrated.", "PMID": 1130219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10969", "title": "The effects of neurohormones and biogenic amines on contractile reactivity of the rabbit spleen in vitro.", "content": "The effects of adrenaline, noradrenaline, isoproterenol, Alupent, histamine, acetylcholine and serotonin on the isolated rabbit spleen were studied in vitro. The myographic method of recording was used. It was found that all these substances with the exception of Alupent evoked contraction of the rabbit spleen. The contractile response of the spleen was greatest after adrenaline, insignificantly smaller after noradrenaline, very small after isoproterenol and absent after Alupent. A still smaller response was observed after histamine, acetylcholine and serotonin.", "contents": "The effects of neurohormones and biogenic amines on contractile reactivity of the rabbit spleen in vitro. The effects of adrenaline, noradrenaline, isoproterenol, Alupent, histamine, acetylcholine and serotonin on the isolated rabbit spleen were studied in vitro. The myographic method of recording was used. It was found that all these substances with the exception of Alupent evoked contraction of the rabbit spleen. The contractile response of the spleen was greatest after adrenaline, insignificantly smaller after noradrenaline, very small after isoproterenol and absent after Alupent. A still smaller response was observed after histamine, acetylcholine and serotonin.", "PMID": 1130221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10970", "title": "The effect of peptone shock on oliguric-hypertensive bladder reflex.", "content": "The effects of peptone shock on changes in the arterial blood pressure, respiration and urine excretion induced by bladder distension were investigated in 8 anaesthetized female dogs. It was found that during shock when the arterial blood pressure reaches its lowest value no effect can be induced. Later on, when the arterial blood pressure rose to intermediate values the intensity of the reflex effects were proportional to the value of arterial blood pressure. After shock when the arterial pressure was normal again the reflex effects were slightly less intenisve than the control ones obtained before shock, and they were dependent on biochemical changes affecting the nervous centres participating in the reflex.", "contents": "The effect of peptone shock on oliguric-hypertensive bladder reflex. The effects of peptone shock on changes in the arterial blood pressure, respiration and urine excretion induced by bladder distension were investigated in 8 anaesthetized female dogs. It was found that during shock when the arterial blood pressure reaches its lowest value no effect can be induced. Later on, when the arterial blood pressure rose to intermediate values the intensity of the reflex effects were proportional to the value of arterial blood pressure. After shock when the arterial pressure was normal again the reflex effects were slightly less intenisve than the control ones obtained before shock, and they were dependent on biochemical changes affecting the nervous centres participating in the reflex.", "PMID": 1130220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10971", "title": "Investigations on the effects of vibration on the neurosecretory cerebral system using 3-H-methionine.", "content": "The effects of vibration on the neurosecretory system of the brain were studied using the method of autoradiography. Both control and exposed to vibration (for 6 or 12 days) guinea pigs were injected with tritiated methionine and the uptake of the isotope was determined after 1, 6, 12, 24 h. Some differences were found in the number of silver grains in the brain neurosecretory system between the controls and both experimental groups. These differences, were however, not statistically significant.", "contents": "Investigations on the effects of vibration on the neurosecretory cerebral system using 3-H-methionine. The effects of vibration on the neurosecretory system of the brain were studied using the method of autoradiography. Both control and exposed to vibration (for 6 or 12 days) guinea pigs were injected with tritiated methionine and the uptake of the isotope was determined after 1, 6, 12, 24 h. Some differences were found in the number of silver grains in the brain neurosecretory system between the controls and both experimental groups. These differences, were however, not statistically significant.", "PMID": 1130222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10972", "title": "The effect of X-irradiation on the alanine--and aspartate aminotransferase activity in the liver, kidney and spleen of mouse.", "content": "The effect of X-irradiation on the alanine- and aspartate aminotransferase activity in the liver, kidney and spleen of mouse. Acta Physiol. Pol. 1975, 26 (1): 95-101. The alanine- and aspartate aminotransferase (GOT and GPT) activities and the protein content were measured in the liver, kidney and spleen homogenates of mice exposed to a single whole body X-irradiation with a 900 r dose. The assays were performed in 6 h intervals during the first day and 24 h intervals from the 2nd until the 6th day after the exposure. Significant differences in the enzymatic activity were found in the course of 24 h in control animals and a marked increase of this activity was found after irradiation. This may be explained by changes in the permeability of the mitochondrial membrane for enzyme molecules.", "contents": "The effect of X-irradiation on the alanine--and aspartate aminotransferase activity in the liver, kidney and spleen of mouse. The effect of X-irradiation on the alanine- and aspartate aminotransferase activity in the liver, kidney and spleen of mouse. Acta Physiol. Pol. 1975, 26 (1): 95-101. The alanine- and aspartate aminotransferase (GOT and GPT) activities and the protein content were measured in the liver, kidney and spleen homogenates of mice exposed to a single whole body X-irradiation with a 900 r dose. The assays were performed in 6 h intervals during the first day and 24 h intervals from the 2nd until the 6th day after the exposure. Significant differences in the enzymatic activity were found in the course of 24 h in control animals and a marked increase of this activity was found after irradiation. This may be explained by changes in the permeability of the mitochondrial membrane for enzyme molecules.", "PMID": 1130224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10973", "title": "Investigations on the effect of vibration on the neurosecretory cerebral system using 35-S-cysteine.", "content": "The investigations were carried out on guniea pigs subjected to vibration of varying parameters and varying duration. Isotope method with 35-S-cysteine administered suboccipitally was used, and the investigated material included supraoptic nuclei and the pars nervosa of the hypophysis. Exposure to vibration was followed by more rapid release of labelled cysteine as demonstrated by reduction in the number of silver grains in autoradiograms.", "contents": "Investigations on the effect of vibration on the neurosecretory cerebral system using 35-S-cysteine. The investigations were carried out on guniea pigs subjected to vibration of varying parameters and varying duration. Isotope method with 35-S-cysteine administered suboccipitally was used, and the investigated material included supraoptic nuclei and the pars nervosa of the hypophysis. Exposure to vibration was followed by more rapid release of labelled cysteine as demonstrated by reduction in the number of silver grains in autoradiograms.", "PMID": 1130223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10974", "title": "The catecholamine-responsive adenylate cyclase system and its modification by 5'guanylylimidodiphosphate.", "content": "The frog erythrocyte adenylate cyclase system was inhibited by addition of acidic phospholipids. The ratio of activity produced by isoproterenol to that produced by norepinephrine was not significantly changed by addition of various phospholipids and lipid extracts. Addition of isoproterenol plus Gpp(NH)p to the frog erythrocyte membranes produced an adenylate cyclase activity much higher than the sum of activities produced by these reagents when tested separately. The same high rate was still obtained after preincubation of the enzyme with isoproterenol plus Gpp(NH)p followed by exhaustive washing of the preparation. ATP and Mg++ were not required for the preincubation. When isoproterenol alone was preincubated with the enzyme, a persistent active state was not produced; dilution or washing readily reduced the activity to the low basal level. Formation of the persistent active state by preincubation with Gpp(NH)p plus isoproterenol was prevented by the beta-receptor blocking agent propranolol which reduced the activity to that obtained by Gpp(NH)p alone. However, propranolol completely failed to inhibit the activity if added after the enzyme had been preincubated with the catecholamine plus the nucleotide. Propranolol readily blocked the activity when added to enzyme which had been preincubated with isoproterenol alone. The findings lead to the tentative conclusion that the hormone acts by facilitating the action of Gpp(NH)p and that, having done so, the hormone perhaps plays no further role. It is further suggested that in the case of the natural nucleotide GTP, the hormone is required continuously for activation in order to maintain GTP at a regulatory site.", "contents": "The catecholamine-responsive adenylate cyclase system and its modification by 5'guanylylimidodiphosphate. The frog erythrocyte adenylate cyclase system was inhibited by addition of acidic phospholipids. The ratio of activity produced by isoproterenol to that produced by norepinephrine was not significantly changed by addition of various phospholipids and lipid extracts. Addition of isoproterenol plus Gpp(NH)p to the frog erythrocyte membranes produced an adenylate cyclase activity much higher than the sum of activities produced by these reagents when tested separately. The same high rate was still obtained after preincubation of the enzyme with isoproterenol plus Gpp(NH)p followed by exhaustive washing of the preparation. ATP and Mg++ were not required for the preincubation. When isoproterenol alone was preincubated with the enzyme, a persistent active state was not produced; dilution or washing readily reduced the activity to the low basal level. Formation of the persistent active state by preincubation with Gpp(NH)p plus isoproterenol was prevented by the beta-receptor blocking agent propranolol which reduced the activity to that obtained by Gpp(NH)p alone. However, propranolol completely failed to inhibit the activity if added after the enzyme had been preincubated with the catecholamine plus the nucleotide. Propranolol readily blocked the activity when added to enzyme which had been preincubated with isoproterenol alone. The findings lead to the tentative conclusion that the hormone acts by facilitating the action of Gpp(NH)p and that, having done so, the hormone perhaps plays no further role. It is further suggested that in the case of the natural nucleotide GTP, the hormone is required continuously for activation in order to maintain GTP at a regulatory site.", "PMID": 1130230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10975", "title": "Prostaglandins and the eye.", "content": "Prostaglandins are present in the iris and cilliary body and are synthesized in these tissues. Prostaglandins are released into the aqueous following a variety of insults to the eye, and the results of such trauma can be reproduced by the application of prostaglandins to the eye. Prostaglandins have been detected in the aqueous of patients suffering from endogenous uveitis and it is probable that the anti-inflammatory effects of drugs such as aspirin and indomethacin are due to their prostaglandin antagonistic actions. little is known yet concerning the physiological role of prostaglandins in the eye, but their association with adrenergic mechanisms, which is now being studied, may produce some clarification. The relationship between prostaglandins and antidromic stimulation of sensory nerves and the so-called axon reflex is still obscure and it would be ironic if the miosis following stimulation of the Vth nerve, which was the starting-point for the discovery of irin and its subsequent identification with prostaglandins, is not in fact due to prostaglandin but to some other chemical mediator.", "contents": "Prostaglandins and the eye. Prostaglandins are present in the iris and cilliary body and are synthesized in these tissues. Prostaglandins are released into the aqueous following a variety of insults to the eye, and the results of such trauma can be reproduced by the application of prostaglandins to the eye. Prostaglandins have been detected in the aqueous of patients suffering from endogenous uveitis and it is probable that the anti-inflammatory effects of drugs such as aspirin and indomethacin are due to their prostaglandin antagonistic actions. little is known yet concerning the physiological role of prostaglandins in the eye, but their association with adrenergic mechanisms, which is now being studied, may produce some clarification. The relationship between prostaglandins and antidromic stimulation of sensory nerves and the so-called axon reflex is still obscure and it would be ironic if the miosis following stimulation of the Vth nerve, which was the starting-point for the discovery of irin and its subsequent identification with prostaglandins, is not in fact due to prostaglandin but to some other chemical mediator.", "PMID": 1130238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10976", "title": "Electronic tonometry in the newborn.", "content": "Mackay-Marg electronic tonometry was performed without any kind of drugs in 604 eyes of newborn babies (up to 4 days of age). The first 100 cases were eliminated from the sample due to the significantly higher intraocular pressures obtained, attributed to small number of tonometries in each eye. The decision is fully discussed. The remaining cases (504 eyes) gave a mean of 12.41 mm Hg and a standard deviation of 2.58. The most important finding was the extreme and continuous variations found in newborn intraocular pressure; some hypotheses are discussed in this regard. The concept of 'basal intraocular pressure' is introduced to use the lowest intraocular pressure as a more homogenous comparative level than the ones previously used. Standardized anesthetic procedure is recommended for baby tonometry. While the possibilities of the Mackay-Marg electronic tonometer are recognized, the Goldmann tonometer (manual model) is found to be more reliable for clinical decisons in babies.", "contents": "Electronic tonometry in the newborn. Mackay-Marg electronic tonometry was performed without any kind of drugs in 604 eyes of newborn babies (up to 4 days of age). The first 100 cases were eliminated from the sample due to the significantly higher intraocular pressures obtained, attributed to small number of tonometries in each eye. The decision is fully discussed. The remaining cases (504 eyes) gave a mean of 12.41 mm Hg and a standard deviation of 2.58. The most important finding was the extreme and continuous variations found in newborn intraocular pressure; some hypotheses are discussed in this regard. The concept of 'basal intraocular pressure' is introduced to use the lowest intraocular pressure as a more homogenous comparative level than the ones previously used. Standardized anesthetic procedure is recommended for baby tonometry. While the possibilities of the Mackay-Marg electronic tonometer are recognized, the Goldmann tonometer (manual model) is found to be more reliable for clinical decisons in babies.", "PMID": 1130240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10977", "title": "Temporary transvenous pacemakers in the community hospital.", "content": "The use of temporary transvenous pacemakers has become firmly established. While the technique of temporary pacing is by no means the answer to all problems associated with myocardial infarction, it has clearly been lifesaving for certain patients treated in the community hospital. Temporary pacing is a simple and safe procedure with relatively few complications. It can be done in the community hospital by the faimly physician who has an interest in cardiology.", "contents": "Temporary transvenous pacemakers in the community hospital. The use of temporary transvenous pacemakers has become firmly established. While the technique of temporary pacing is by no means the answer to all problems associated with myocardial infarction, it has clearly been lifesaving for certain patients treated in the community hospital. Temporary pacing is a simple and safe procedure with relatively few complications. It can be done in the community hospital by the faimly physician who has an interest in cardiology.", "PMID": 1130246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10978", "title": "Organophosphates--a pediatric hazard.", "content": "These agents act as anticholinesterases. Signs of toxicity are: overactivity of the parasympathetic nervous system, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, sweating, abdominal cramps and copious secretions. Large doses may cause sustained depolarization of the motor end plate, leading to muscular paralysis. Death may ensue from respiratory failure. The extensive and often careless use of insecticides, fungicides and pesticides makes organophosphates a particular pediatric hazard. Atropine and pralidoxime chloride are effective for therapy.", "contents": "Organophosphates--a pediatric hazard. These agents act as anticholinesterases. Signs of toxicity are: overactivity of the parasympathetic nervous system, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, sweating, abdominal cramps and copious secretions. Large doses may cause sustained depolarization of the motor end plate, leading to muscular paralysis. Death may ensue from respiratory failure. The extensive and often careless use of insecticides, fungicides and pesticides makes organophosphates a particular pediatric hazard. Atropine and pralidoxime chloride are effective for therapy.", "PMID": 1130247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10979", "title": "Diazoxide for hypertensive crisis.", "content": "Diazoxide is a potent and safe antipressor agent for parenteral administration in hypertensive emergencies. Its rapidity of effect provides distinct advantages. Drug resistance does not develop in responsive patients and adverse effects are mild and infrequent. The minor changes in blood urea concentration, despite a marked reduction in blood pressure, enhance the usefulness of diazoxide in azotemic hypertensive patients.", "contents": "Diazoxide for hypertensive crisis. Diazoxide is a potent and safe antipressor agent for parenteral administration in hypertensive emergencies. Its rapidity of effect provides distinct advantages. Drug resistance does not develop in responsive patients and adverse effects are mild and infrequent. The minor changes in blood urea concentration, despite a marked reduction in blood pressure, enhance the usefulness of diazoxide in azotemic hypertensive patients.", "PMID": 1130248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10980", "title": "Axillary nerve blocks.", "content": "Axillary nerve block is a safe and reliable method of providing anesthesia for the upper extremity. It is particularly useful because it can be applied in cases of traumatic injury where general anesthesia might present particular hazards. The use of a large volume of anesthetic solution is important, particularly when it is essential to block the musculocutaneous or axillary nerve.", "contents": "Axillary nerve blocks. Axillary nerve block is a safe and reliable method of providing anesthesia for the upper extremity. It is particularly useful because it can be applied in cases of traumatic injury where general anesthesia might present particular hazards. The use of a large volume of anesthetic solution is important, particularly when it is essential to block the musculocutaneous or axillary nerve.", "PMID": 1130249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10981", "title": "Psychologic aspects of depression.", "content": "In managing depressed patients, the physician deals with impairment of moods, capacity to think and ability to function. Along with psychopharmacologic approaches, there is an initial necessity to provide a hopeful and consistent relationship. The patient uses physical symptoms and as long as these symptoms attract attention, an effective psychotherapeutic relationship is avoided. An important therapeutic approach is to challenge distorted thought processes such as exaggerated self-deprecation and delusional convictions or guilt. Too often, as symptoms recede, treatment ends.", "contents": "Psychologic aspects of depression. In managing depressed patients, the physician deals with impairment of moods, capacity to think and ability to function. Along with psychopharmacologic approaches, there is an initial necessity to provide a hopeful and consistent relationship. The patient uses physical symptoms and as long as these symptoms attract attention, an effective psychotherapeutic relationship is avoided. An important therapeutic approach is to challenge distorted thought processes such as exaggerated self-deprecation and delusional convictions or guilt. Too often, as symptoms recede, treatment ends.", "PMID": 1130254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10982", "title": "Coffee treat or trick?", "content": "The popularity of coffee is due not only to its pleasant taste and aroma but also to its physiologic and psychologic effects. These effects are caused mainly by the caffeine provided in the beverage. However, caffeine may have adverse effects as well, including stimulation of gastric acid secretion. A relationship between heavy coffee ingestion and myocardial infarction has not yet been established but it is a bothersome possibility.", "contents": "Coffee treat or trick? The popularity of coffee is due not only to its pleasant taste and aroma but also to its physiologic and psychologic effects. These effects are caused mainly by the caffeine provided in the beverage. However, caffeine may have adverse effects as well, including stimulation of gastric acid secretion. A relationship between heavy coffee ingestion and myocardial infarction has not yet been established but it is a bothersome possibility.", "PMID": 1130255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10983", "title": "Routine telescopic laryngoscopy.", "content": "Routine laryngoscopy can be performed easily and quickly utilizing a right-angle telescope with a specially designed holder. In 1,000 consecutive laryngoscopies done on patients without laryngeal symptoms, abnormalities were found in 173 patients (17.3 percent). Among the abnormalities was an asymptomatic carcinoma which, thanks to early detection, was successfully treated by radiation.", "contents": "Routine telescopic laryngoscopy. Routine laryngoscopy can be performed easily and quickly utilizing a right-angle telescope with a specially designed holder. In 1,000 consecutive laryngoscopies done on patients without laryngeal symptoms, abnormalities were found in 173 patients (17.3 percent). Among the abnormalities was an asymptomatic carcinoma which, thanks to early detection, was successfully treated by radiation.", "PMID": 1130258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10984", "title": "Lomotil ingestions in children.", "content": "Although the incidence of adverse reactions is relatively low in adults, Lomotil may result in serious toxicity in children. Early effects are often due to the atropine present in the compound, while the narcotic-like actions of diphenoxylate HCI tend to occur later. Respiratory depression is the most threatening reaction and should be treated with naloxone.", "contents": "Lomotil ingestions in children. Although the incidence of adverse reactions is relatively low in adults, Lomotil may result in serious toxicity in children. Early effects are often due to the atropine present in the compound, while the narcotic-like actions of diphenoxylate HCI tend to occur later. Respiratory depression is the most threatening reaction and should be treated with naloxone.", "PMID": 1130259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10985", "title": "Myocardial perfusion imaging with 99m-Tc or 113m-In macroaggregated albumin: correlation of the perfusion image with clinical, angiographic, surgical, and histologic findings.", "content": "Scintillation camera myocardial perfusion images were performed in 77 patients with proved or suspected ischemic heart disease following the intracoronary injection of 1.5 mCi 99m-Tc or 113m-In macroaggregated albumin. Perfusion images were classified as normal (36) or abnormal (41), and the location of abnormality was noted. Thirty-seven out of 41 patients with abnormal images had prior myocardial infarction based on history (30), ECG Q-waves (27), local contraction pattern abnormality (23), or direct surgical (9) or histologic (4) inspection, either singly or in combination. Three out of five patients with pre-infarction angina had image defects-none had evidence of infarction by ECG, ventriculogram, or surgical inspection. Coronary artery stenosis correlated with image defects to the extent that myocardial infarction was associated; 28 out of 29 patients with total occlusions and other evidence of infarction had image defects, four patients with complete occlusions but without other evidence of infarction had normal images. We conclude that, excepting patients with pre-infarction angina, this technique is more sensitive and direct in the identification of myocardial scar than standard ECG, clinical evaluation, or biplane left ventriculography.", "contents": "Myocardial perfusion imaging with 99m-Tc or 113m-In macroaggregated albumin: correlation of the perfusion image with clinical, angiographic, surgical, and histologic findings. Scintillation camera myocardial perfusion images were performed in 77 patients with proved or suspected ischemic heart disease following the intracoronary injection of 1.5 mCi 99m-Tc or 113m-In macroaggregated albumin. Perfusion images were classified as normal (36) or abnormal (41), and the location of abnormality was noted. Thirty-seven out of 41 patients with abnormal images had prior myocardial infarction based on history (30), ECG Q-waves (27), local contraction pattern abnormality (23), or direct surgical (9) or histologic (4) inspection, either singly or in combination. Three out of five patients with pre-infarction angina had image defects-none had evidence of infarction by ECG, ventriculogram, or surgical inspection. Coronary artery stenosis correlated with image defects to the extent that myocardial infarction was associated; 28 out of 29 patients with total occlusions and other evidence of infarction had image defects, four patients with complete occlusions but without other evidence of infarction had normal images. We conclude that, excepting patients with pre-infarction angina, this technique is more sensitive and direct in the identification of myocardial scar than standard ECG, clinical evaluation, or biplane left ventriculography.", "PMID": 1130263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10986", "title": "Cardia venous blood flow in atrial pacing versus exercise-induced angina pectoris.", "content": "Thirteen patients with angina pectoris underwent measurements of great cardiac vein blood flow at rest, with the onset of angina pectoris induced by atrial pacing, and again during angina pectoris induced by exercise in order to compare the regional coronary blood flow response to differing myocardial stresses. All patients had significant obstructions of the left anterior descending artery. Exercise-induced angina, compared to pacing-induced angina, was associated with a higher systolic pressure, higher left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, and a lower heart rate. Indices of myocardial oxygen demand, that is, the systolic pressure-heart rate product and the tension-time index, increased to a similar degree during both types of myocardial stress and great cardiac vein blood flow paralleled these changes. We conclude that in a given patient the level of regional coronary blood flow is similar at the onset of either pacing- or exercise-induced angina, despite significant differences in the hemodynamic response to these myocardial stresses.", "contents": "Cardia venous blood flow in atrial pacing versus exercise-induced angina pectoris. Thirteen patients with angina pectoris underwent measurements of great cardiac vein blood flow at rest, with the onset of angina pectoris induced by atrial pacing, and again during angina pectoris induced by exercise in order to compare the regional coronary blood flow response to differing myocardial stresses. All patients had significant obstructions of the left anterior descending artery. Exercise-induced angina, compared to pacing-induced angina, was associated with a higher systolic pressure, higher left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, and a lower heart rate. Indices of myocardial oxygen demand, that is, the systolic pressure-heart rate product and the tension-time index, increased to a similar degree during both types of myocardial stress and great cardiac vein blood flow paralleled these changes. We conclude that in a given patient the level of regional coronary blood flow is similar at the onset of either pacing- or exercise-induced angina, despite significant differences in the hemodynamic response to these myocardial stresses.", "PMID": 1130264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10987", "title": "Circulating renin in essential hypertension: an evaluation of its significance in the Japanese population.", "content": "Plasma renin activity (PRA) was measured in 139 healthy subjects and 200 patients with essential hypertension. There was an obvious relationship between the PRA levels and aging. Elevated PRA values were obtained only in younger subjects under 20 years of age, while the PRA levels were very low only in advanced ages over 60 years. In essential hypertensive subjects, subnormal resting PRA was found in 23.5 per cent, normal PRA in 64.5 per cent, and high PRA in 12 per cent. A marked impairment of renal function and severe retinal changes were observed in the patient with high resting PRA values. On the contrary, hypertensive complications of the kidney and ocular fundi were mild in the patients with low resting PRA values. A reaction of renin secretion was studied in 161 patients with essential hypertension. There were no apparent relationships between the responsiveness of the renin system to intravenous furosemide following upright posture and hypertensive vascular injury.", "contents": "Circulating renin in essential hypertension: an evaluation of its significance in the Japanese population. Plasma renin activity (PRA) was measured in 139 healthy subjects and 200 patients with essential hypertension. There was an obvious relationship between the PRA levels and aging. Elevated PRA values were obtained only in younger subjects under 20 years of age, while the PRA levels were very low only in advanced ages over 60 years. In essential hypertensive subjects, subnormal resting PRA was found in 23.5 per cent, normal PRA in 64.5 per cent, and high PRA in 12 per cent. A marked impairment of renal function and severe retinal changes were observed in the patient with high resting PRA values. On the contrary, hypertensive complications of the kidney and ocular fundi were mild in the patients with low resting PRA values. A reaction of renin secretion was studied in 161 patients with essential hypertension. There were no apparent relationships between the responsiveness of the renin system to intravenous furosemide following upright posture and hypertensive vascular injury.", "PMID": 1130265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10988", "title": "Packed cells, platelet-rich plasma, and adenosine diphosphate in the production of occlusive vascular changes in lungs of rabbits.", "content": "An experimental study to simulate the lesions of primary pulmonary hypertension was under-taken in rabbits. Five groups were made, each having six animals and these were given separately packed cells (3 per cent suspension of homologous erythrocytes in physiologic saline), plasma rich in platelets, plasma without platelets, ADP solution, and normal saline injections biweekly for a period of three months. Clinical, electrocardiographic, and histologic examination of the lungs were made. It was noted that animals given packed cells, plasma rich in platelets, and ADP solution developed electrocardiographic changes and histologic lesions in the lungs suggestive of pulmonary hypertension.", "contents": "Packed cells, platelet-rich plasma, and adenosine diphosphate in the production of occlusive vascular changes in lungs of rabbits. An experimental study to simulate the lesions of primary pulmonary hypertension was under-taken in rabbits. Five groups were made, each having six animals and these were given separately packed cells (3 per cent suspension of homologous erythrocytes in physiologic saline), plasma rich in platelets, plasma without platelets, ADP solution, and normal saline injections biweekly for a period of three months. Clinical, electrocardiographic, and histologic examination of the lungs were made. It was noted that animals given packed cells, plasma rich in platelets, and ADP solution developed electrocardiographic changes and histologic lesions in the lungs suggestive of pulmonary hypertension.", "PMID": 1130268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10989", "title": "Effect of autonomic neural influences on the cardiovascular changes induced by coronary occlusion.", "content": "The influence of vagal stimulation and/or beta-adrenergic receptor blockade on the heart rate, blood pressure, contractile force, and cardiac rhythm was evaluated in chloralose-anesthetized cats subjected to occlusion of the anterior descending coronary artery. Occlusion performed in 25 control animals produced significant decreases in heart rate (minus 22.9 plus or minus 4.4 beats per minute), blood pressure (minus 19.2 plus or minus 2.4 mm. Hg), and contractile force (minus 21.6 plus or minus 6.3 per cent). Death due to ventricular fibrillation occurred in five out of 25 animals. Coronary occlusion performed in the presence of vagal nerve stimulation resulted in similar decreases in blood pressure, whereas the decreases in contractile force were significantly greater than in control animals. In addition, the time to onset of the arrhythmias occurring in the vagus-stimulated group was increased. Death due to ventricular fibrillation was similar to control animals (i.e., two of seven, or 28 per cent). Blockade of beta-adrenergic receptors with propranol (0.75 mg. per kilogram) resulted in the usual decreases in rate, pressure, and force with occlusion but the duration of arrhythmias was shortened. The incidence of ventricular fibrillation was not different from that of the control animals. The combination of propranolol and vagal stimulation also failed to confer protection against ventricular fibrillation. Propranolol was observed to prevent the large decrease in contractile force seen with vagal stimulation. These results suggest that: (1) increasing vagal tone above the level existing after acute myocardial infarction does not decrease mortality, (2) propranolol pretreatment does not affect the incidence of ventricular fibrillation induced by coronary occlusion, (3) the duration of the arrhythmia after coronary occlusion is effectively shortened with propranolol, and (4) cardiac beta-adrenergic receptors do not appear to be involved in the decreases in heart rate, blood pressure, and contractile force seen with coronary occlusion.", "contents": "Effect of autonomic neural influences on the cardiovascular changes induced by coronary occlusion. The influence of vagal stimulation and/or beta-adrenergic receptor blockade on the heart rate, blood pressure, contractile force, and cardiac rhythm was evaluated in chloralose-anesthetized cats subjected to occlusion of the anterior descending coronary artery. Occlusion performed in 25 control animals produced significant decreases in heart rate (minus 22.9 plus or minus 4.4 beats per minute), blood pressure (minus 19.2 plus or minus 2.4 mm. Hg), and contractile force (minus 21.6 plus or minus 6.3 per cent). Death due to ventricular fibrillation occurred in five out of 25 animals. Coronary occlusion performed in the presence of vagal nerve stimulation resulted in similar decreases in blood pressure, whereas the decreases in contractile force were significantly greater than in control animals. In addition, the time to onset of the arrhythmias occurring in the vagus-stimulated group was increased. Death due to ventricular fibrillation was similar to control animals (i.e., two of seven, or 28 per cent). Blockade of beta-adrenergic receptors with propranol (0.75 mg. per kilogram) resulted in the usual decreases in rate, pressure, and force with occlusion but the duration of arrhythmias was shortened. The incidence of ventricular fibrillation was not different from that of the control animals. The combination of propranolol and vagal stimulation also failed to confer protection against ventricular fibrillation. Propranolol was observed to prevent the large decrease in contractile force seen with vagal stimulation. These results suggest that: (1) increasing vagal tone above the level existing after acute myocardial infarction does not decrease mortality, (2) propranolol pretreatment does not affect the incidence of ventricular fibrillation induced by coronary occlusion, (3) the duration of the arrhythmia after coronary occlusion is effectively shortened with propranolol, and (4) cardiac beta-adrenergic receptors do not appear to be involved in the decreases in heart rate, blood pressure, and contractile force seen with coronary occlusion.", "PMID": 1130269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10990", "title": "A demonstration of differential refractoriness within a single fascicle of the human ventricular specialized conduction system.", "content": "In 15 patients with left bundle branch block (LBBB), atrial (A), His bundle (H), and ventricular (V) electrograms were recorded. Successively more premature atrial depolarizations were introduced via a catheter in the right antrium. In eight patients, the ventricular specialized conducting system (VSCS) was the most refractory portion of the entire atrioventricular conducting system (AVCS) and A-V conduction, which had been occurring via the right bundle branch (RBB), failed below the His bundle as the effective refractory period (ERP) of the VSCS was reached. In two of these eight patients, after the ERP of the VSCS was exceeded, further shortening of the H1-H2 interval (by 40 to 50 msec.) resulted in an unexpected resumption of A-V conduction, but with markedly prolonged H-V intervals (160 to 230 msec.). This demonstrates that differential refractoriness exists within the RBB of these patients. A zone of maximal refractoriness was initially encountered within the RBB when the premature impulse first blocked below the His bundle. In relative terms, this zone was distal to a more proximal area of the RBB where, with further shortening of the H1-H2 interval, sufficient conduction delay occurred to permit recovery of excitability distally and the resumption of A-V conduction.", "contents": "A demonstration of differential refractoriness within a single fascicle of the human ventricular specialized conduction system. In 15 patients with left bundle branch block (LBBB), atrial (A), His bundle (H), and ventricular (V) electrograms were recorded. Successively more premature atrial depolarizations were introduced via a catheter in the right antrium. In eight patients, the ventricular specialized conducting system (VSCS) was the most refractory portion of the entire atrioventricular conducting system (AVCS) and A-V conduction, which had been occurring via the right bundle branch (RBB), failed below the His bundle as the effective refractory period (ERP) of the VSCS was reached. In two of these eight patients, after the ERP of the VSCS was exceeded, further shortening of the H1-H2 interval (by 40 to 50 msec.) resulted in an unexpected resumption of A-V conduction, but with markedly prolonged H-V intervals (160 to 230 msec.). This demonstrates that differential refractoriness exists within the RBB of these patients. A zone of maximal refractoriness was initially encountered within the RBB when the premature impulse first blocked below the His bundle. In relative terms, this zone was distal to a more proximal area of the RBB where, with further shortening of the H1-H2 interval, sufficient conduction delay occurred to permit recovery of excitability distally and the resumption of A-V conduction.", "PMID": 1130270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10991", "title": "Heat stress limits for the sedentary worker.", "content": "Performance on four sedentary tasks was monitored during temperatures of 85 degrees f,  95 degrees F, and 105 degrees F WBGT for work periods up to 2 hours. Results were compared with limits recommedned for occupational safety and health regulations. It is suggested that this limit is not a single line, but rather a range of temperture-time combinations. Further, man's compensating nature during short exposures supports a higher temperature limit for brief work bouts.", "contents": "Heat stress limits for the sedentary worker. Performance on four sedentary tasks was monitored during temperatures of 85 degrees f,  95 degrees F, and 105 degrees F WBGT for work periods up to 2 hours. Results were compared with limits recommedned for occupational safety and health regulations. It is suggested that this limit is not a single line, but rather a range of temperture-time combinations. Further, man's compensating nature during short exposures supports a higher temperature limit for brief work bouts.", "PMID": 1130278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10992", "title": "The use of activiated carbon for sampling industrial environs.", "content": "This paper describes techniques employed at a large semiconductor manufacturing plant to analyze for organic contaminants in production areas. Activated carbon was employed in the sampling procedure as the collection medium. Vapors of a number of common industrial solvents were absorbed and collected on the activated carbon surface at concentrations in the ppm and sub-ppm range. Analyses of the collected samples, stripped from the carbon surfaces with carbon disulfide, were performed by gas chromatography using a number of different colum packings. Also discussed is work carried out using a gas chromatograph-mass spectometer system to separate and then identify individual constituents. Other related applications of activated carbon sampling are also reported.", "contents": "The use of activiated carbon for sampling industrial environs. This paper describes techniques employed at a large semiconductor manufacturing plant to analyze for organic contaminants in production areas. Activated carbon was employed in the sampling procedure as the collection medium. Vapors of a number of common industrial solvents were absorbed and collected on the activated carbon surface at concentrations in the ppm and sub-ppm range. Analyses of the collected samples, stripped from the carbon surfaces with carbon disulfide, were performed by gas chromatography using a number of different colum packings. Also discussed is work carried out using a gas chromatograph-mass spectometer system to separate and then identify individual constituents. Other related applications of activated carbon sampling are also reported.", "PMID": 1130279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10993", "title": "Certain non-auditory physiological responses to noises.", "content": "The non-auditory physiological effects of extended exposure of pilots to high intensity noise were investigated. The health records of 22 professional pilots (FAA) were examined for recorded measurements of heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, serum cholesterol, and glucsoe. These data were compared to records of the same measurements from 29 non-flying FAA personnel of the same age, social and economic status as the pilots. The yearly means for each parameter were analyzed for changes with time, within the same population, and for differences between the two study groups. Audiometric histories were tabulated and compared, and noise levels inside aircraft were determined. Although it was demonstrated that FAA pilots were exposed to high occupational noise levels there was no indication that their exposure produced any significant non-auditory physiological response.", "contents": "Certain non-auditory physiological responses to noises. The non-auditory physiological effects of extended exposure of pilots to high intensity noise were investigated. The health records of 22 professional pilots (FAA) were examined for recorded measurements of heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, serum cholesterol, and glucsoe. These data were compared to records of the same measurements from 29 non-flying FAA personnel of the same age, social and economic status as the pilots. The yearly means for each parameter were analyzed for changes with time, within the same population, and for differences between the two study groups. Audiometric histories were tabulated and compared, and noise levels inside aircraft were determined. Although it was demonstrated that FAA pilots were exposed to high occupational noise levels there was no indication that their exposure produced any significant non-auditory physiological response.", "PMID": 1130280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10994", "title": "The adsorption of water and benzene on amosite and chrysotile asbestos.", "content": "In previous work the authors showed that chrysoltile is more porous than amostie and consequentd benzene with a high molecular cross-section are used as adsorbates. Benzene adsorption is extremely slow on both adsorbents with each point taking from 4 to 24 hours for equilibration. Evidently, the larger benzene molecule has a more difficult ime working its way thrugh the small pores. The water adsorption is predominait. In both cases hysteresis was found. Benzene adsorption on amosite resembled Type IV which relfects capillary condensation phenomena. With chrysotile some chemisorption may have occurred. BET surface areas and heats of adsorption are calculated.", "contents": "The adsorption of water and benzene on amosite and chrysotile asbestos. In previous work the authors showed that chrysoltile is more porous than amostie and consequentd benzene with a high molecular cross-section are used as adsorbates. Benzene adsorption is extremely slow on both adsorbents with each point taking from 4 to 24 hours for equilibration. Evidently, the larger benzene molecule has a more difficult ime working its way thrugh the small pores. The water adsorption is predominait. In both cases hysteresis was found. Benzene adsorption on amosite resembled Type IV which relfects capillary condensation phenomena. With chrysotile some chemisorption may have occurred. BET surface areas and heats of adsorption are calculated.", "PMID": 1130281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10995", "title": "Industrial survey of lost time injuries.", "content": "An attempt to discover factors affecting lost time injuries under varying government programs involved visits to a sampling of industries in six provinces and six states. The resulting observations are used to illustrate some variables, many of which have previously been ignored, but which must be considered in any objective study of man at work.", "contents": "Industrial survey of lost time injuries. An attempt to discover factors affecting lost time injuries under varying government programs involved visits to a sampling of industries in six provinces and six states. The resulting observations are used to illustrate some variables, many of which have previously been ignored, but which must be considered in any objective study of man at work.", "PMID": 1130282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10996", "title": "Ragweed pollen generation and sampling methods for filtration studies.", "content": "The means of generating and measuring the concentration of ragweed pollen particles for air filtration studies is discussed. The development of an inexpensive in-line impaction type sampler which collects the sample on filter paper is described. The advantages of the total particle count method when using this sampler are also defined. The effect of sampling an air steam without using an isokinetic probe was investigated; a non isokinetic sampling train was found to give results with accuracy comparable to isokinetic data. Another part of the study was to examine the \"shadowing\" effect of one sampling probe. Means are given for adjusting data for this effect.", "contents": "Ragweed pollen generation and sampling methods for filtration studies. The means of generating and measuring the concentration of ragweed pollen particles for air filtration studies is discussed. The development of an inexpensive in-line impaction type sampler which collects the sample on filter paper is described. The advantages of the total particle count method when using this sampler are also defined. The effect of sampling an air steam without using an isokinetic probe was investigated; a non isokinetic sampling train was found to give results with accuracy comparable to isokinetic data. Another part of the study was to examine the \"shadowing\" effect of one sampling probe. Means are given for adjusting data for this effect.", "PMID": 1130283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10997", "title": "Aerobic capacity of dock workers in Bombay.", "content": "The aerobic capacity (VO2max) of 61 healthy loaders from Bombay Docks actively engaged in heavy manual work of lifting and carrying of food grains bags was estimated by an extrapolation technique based on linear relationship between heart rate and oxygen uptake at different levels of physical work. The average VO2max was found to be 2572 plus or minus 54 ml (S.E.)/min.(STPD) or 46.6 plus or minus 0.96 (S.E.) ml.min.-1 kg-1 (STPD) which is high in many cases when compared to the values reported by other Indian workers among different occupational groups. The possible reasons are discussed. The results further reveal that the VO2max is negatively correlated with age and that this relationship is more pronounced with subjects, aged 31-49 years. The gradual fall in aerobic capacity was observed beyond 33 years of age.", "contents": "Aerobic capacity of dock workers in Bombay. The aerobic capacity (VO2max) of 61 healthy loaders from Bombay Docks actively engaged in heavy manual work of lifting and carrying of food grains bags was estimated by an extrapolation technique based on linear relationship between heart rate and oxygen uptake at different levels of physical work. The average VO2max was found to be 2572 plus or minus 54 ml (S.E.)/min.(STPD) or 46.6 plus or minus 0.96 (S.E.) ml.min.-1 kg-1 (STPD) which is high in many cases when compared to the values reported by other Indian workers among different occupational groups. The possible reasons are discussed. The results further reveal that the VO2max is negatively correlated with age and that this relationship is more pronounced with subjects, aged 31-49 years. The gradual fall in aerobic capacity was observed beyond 33 years of age.", "PMID": 1130284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10998", "title": "Cardiac pathology after valve replacement by disc prosthesis. A study of 61 necropsy patients.", "content": "Clinical and necropsy observations are described in 61 patients who had one or more cardiac valves replaced with a discoid prosthesis of the Hufnagel type. The most common (31 percent) cause of death among the 45 patients who died early (less than 65 days after operation) appeared to be prosthetic disproportion; that is, the prothesis was too big for the aorta or ventricular cavity into which it was inserted so that inadequate space was present between the margins of the disc and the endocardium of ventricle or intima of aorta. Prosthetic thrombosis occurred in only 3 of the 45 patients who died early, but poppet movement appeared considerably altered in each. In contrast, thrombi were observed on a prosthesis in 14 of the 16 patients who died late (4 to 47 months [average 21] postoperatively), but in none did the thrombi appear of sufficient size to alter poppet function. Escessive bleeding occurred in 11 (24 percent) of the 45 early deaths and was primarily related to the insertion of a patch in the root of the aorta. Uncorrected valvular disease either by itself or by its ability to alter function of the prosthesis appeared responsible for death in 6 (13 percent) of the 45 patients who died early and in 2 (6 percent) of the 16 who died late. Insertion of a mitral poppet disc in a patient with uncorrected aortic regurgitation, even of mild degree, may be hazardous because the aortic regurgitant jet stream may interfere with proper function of the mitral disc. Likewise, insertion of a poppet disc only in the aortic valve position in a patient with combined aortic and mitral regurgitation may considerably increase the degree of mitral incompetence because the aortic prosthesis is intrinsically obstructive. Disc wear or variance was observed in all but one prosthesis in place for more than 1 year. Although hemolytic anemia of significant degree was not observed in any of the 16 patients who died late, the occurrence of renal hemosiderosis in 13 of the 16 patients indicates that the poppet disc prosthesis is considerably traumatic to erythrocytes. Thus, this type of prosthesis is not an ideal substitute cardiac valve. It clots, despite anticoagulant therapy, it is intrinsically stenotic, portions of it, that is, the disc, degenerate, and it causes hemolysis to erythrocytes.", "contents": "Cardiac pathology after valve replacement by disc prosthesis. A study of 61 necropsy patients. Clinical and necropsy observations are described in 61 patients who had one or more cardiac valves replaced with a discoid prosthesis of the Hufnagel type. The most common (31 percent) cause of death among the 45 patients who died early (less than 65 days after operation) appeared to be prosthetic disproportion; that is, the prothesis was too big for the aorta or ventricular cavity into which it was inserted so that inadequate space was present between the margins of the disc and the endocardium of ventricle or intima of aorta. Prosthetic thrombosis occurred in only 3 of the 45 patients who died early, but poppet movement appeared considerably altered in each. In contrast, thrombi were observed on a prosthesis in 14 of the 16 patients who died late (4 to 47 months [average 21] postoperatively), but in none did the thrombi appear of sufficient size to alter poppet function. Escessive bleeding occurred in 11 (24 percent) of the 45 early deaths and was primarily related to the insertion of a patch in the root of the aorta. Uncorrected valvular disease either by itself or by its ability to alter function of the prosthesis appeared responsible for death in 6 (13 percent) of the 45 patients who died early and in 2 (6 percent) of the 16 who died late. Insertion of a mitral poppet disc in a patient with uncorrected aortic regurgitation, even of mild degree, may be hazardous because the aortic regurgitant jet stream may interfere with proper function of the mitral disc. Likewise, insertion of a poppet disc only in the aortic valve position in a patient with combined aortic and mitral regurgitation may considerably increase the degree of mitral incompetence because the aortic prosthesis is intrinsically obstructive. Disc wear or variance was observed in all but one prosthesis in place for more than 1 year. Although hemolytic anemia of significant degree was not observed in any of the 16 patients who died late, the occurrence of renal hemosiderosis in 13 of the 16 patients indicates that the poppet disc prosthesis is considerably traumatic to erythrocytes. Thus, this type of prosthesis is not an ideal substitute cardiac valve. It clots, despite anticoagulant therapy, it is intrinsically stenotic, portions of it, that is, the disc, degenerate, and it causes hemolysis to erythrocytes.", "PMID": 1130285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_10999", "title": "Ischemia in aortic stenosis: hemodynamic prediction.", "content": "The records of 12 patients with aortic stenosis previously studied by Fallen et al. in 1967 before and after infusion of isoproterenol were reviewed to assess the value of hemodynamic indexes in predicting myocardial ischemia--defined as less than 5 percent transmyocardial lactate extraction or lactate production. Potential subendocardial blood supply was estimated from a diastolic pressure-time index (DPTI), calculated from the tension-time index (TTI). The ratio DPTI/TTI was used to estimate the supply/demand relation. Of eight patients with aortic stenosis but without associated coronary artery disease, four (Group A) metabolized lactate normally after administration of isoproterenol, and four (Group B) had biochemical evidence of ischemia. Three of four patients (Group C) with aortic stenosis and associated coronary artery disease had abnormal glycolysis after administration of isoproterenol. Calculated aortic valve areas were comparable in all groups. In patients with aortic stenosis alone, abnormal lactate metabolism occurred whenever DPTI/TTI was less than 0.30 (P smaller than 0.01) (Group B). Two of three patients with aortic stenosis and associated coronary artery disease (Group C) showed abnormal lactate metabolism when DPTI/TTI was greater than 0.6; this ratio was below 0.3 in the third patient. These results suggest that the supply/demand relation calculated from these readily obtained indexes may be useful (1) in predicting in which patients with aortic stenosis ischemia will develop, (2) in distinguishing the role played by associated coronary artery disease, and (3) as an adjunct to calculation of valve area since the quantitation of associated aortic regurgitation is not necessary.", "contents": "Ischemia in aortic stenosis: hemodynamic prediction. The records of 12 patients with aortic stenosis previously studied by Fallen et al. in 1967 before and after infusion of isoproterenol were reviewed to assess the value of hemodynamic indexes in predicting myocardial ischemia--defined as less than 5 percent transmyocardial lactate extraction or lactate production. Potential subendocardial blood supply was estimated from a diastolic pressure-time index (DPTI), calculated from the tension-time index (TTI). The ratio DPTI/TTI was used to estimate the supply/demand relation. Of eight patients with aortic stenosis but without associated coronary artery disease, four (Group A) metabolized lactate normally after administration of isoproterenol, and four (Group B) had biochemical evidence of ischemia. Three of four patients (Group C) with aortic stenosis and associated coronary artery disease had abnormal glycolysis after administration of isoproterenol. Calculated aortic valve areas were comparable in all groups. In patients with aortic stenosis alone, abnormal lactate metabolism occurred whenever DPTI/TTI was less than 0.30 (P smaller than 0.01) (Group B). Two of three patients with aortic stenosis and associated coronary artery disease (Group C) showed abnormal lactate metabolism when DPTI/TTI was greater than 0.6; this ratio was below 0.3 in the third patient. These results suggest that the supply/demand relation calculated from these readily obtained indexes may be useful (1) in predicting in which patients with aortic stenosis ischemia will develop, (2) in distinguishing the role played by associated coronary artery disease, and (3) as an adjunct to calculation of valve area since the quantitation of associated aortic regurgitation is not necessary.", "PMID": 1130286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11000", "title": "Abnormal segmental contraction velocity in coronary artery disease produced by isometric exercise and atrial pacing.", "content": "Since isometric exercise by sustained handgrip leads to a sizable increase in aortic pressure this maneuver was used in addition to atrial pacing to increase the imbalance between oxygen demand and supply in two groups of patients. Both groups were studied by left heart catheterization and cineangiography in the right anterior oblique projection, at rest, during atrial pacing and during combined pacing and handgrip exercise. Group 1, the control group, consisted of 10 patients without coronary artery disease having an ejection fraction of 0.61 to 0.82. Group 2 was composed of 10 patients with definite obstructive disease of one or more of the three main coronary arteries. At rest, ejection fraction was normal or nearly normal (range 0.54 to 0.78). Regional myocardial contraction performance was assessed by determining mean segmental shortening velocities at the basal (VSB), middle (VSM) and apical (VSA) short ventricular axes. Whereas at rest there was no significant difference between the two groups or any of the three velocities, during pacing, VSM and VSA were significantly smaller in Group 2 than in Group 1 (P smaller than 0.02). During pacing combined with handgrip exercise the difference between the two groups was clearly accentuated, all three velocities being highly significantly decreased in Group 2 (VSB, P smaller than 0.01; VSM and VSA, P smaller than 0.001). When evaluated individually the patients of Group 2 had in 9 segments during pacing values for VSB, VSM and VSA that were below the range of the normal subjects. During pacing combined with handgrip a newly abnormal shortening velocity was observed in 12 segments (VSB abnormal in 3 of 7, VSM in 4 of 7 and VSA in 5 of 7 instances). In conclusion, the combination of atrial pacing and handgrip exercise appears to be a useful stress maneuver to identify temporarily dysfunctioning segments in patients with coronary artery disease in whom atrial pacing alone is not sufficient to induce ischemic contraction disorders.", "contents": "Abnormal segmental contraction velocity in coronary artery disease produced by isometric exercise and atrial pacing. Since isometric exercise by sustained handgrip leads to a sizable increase in aortic pressure this maneuver was used in addition to atrial pacing to increase the imbalance between oxygen demand and supply in two groups of patients. Both groups were studied by left heart catheterization and cineangiography in the right anterior oblique projection, at rest, during atrial pacing and during combined pacing and handgrip exercise. Group 1, the control group, consisted of 10 patients without coronary artery disease having an ejection fraction of 0.61 to 0.82. Group 2 was composed of 10 patients with definite obstructive disease of one or more of the three main coronary arteries. At rest, ejection fraction was normal or nearly normal (range 0.54 to 0.78). Regional myocardial contraction performance was assessed by determining mean segmental shortening velocities at the basal (VSB), middle (VSM) and apical (VSA) short ventricular axes. Whereas at rest there was no significant difference between the two groups or any of the three velocities, during pacing, VSM and VSA were significantly smaller in Group 2 than in Group 1 (P smaller than 0.02). During pacing combined with handgrip exercise the difference between the two groups was clearly accentuated, all three velocities being highly significantly decreased in Group 2 (VSB, P smaller than 0.01; VSM and VSA, P smaller than 0.001). When evaluated individually the patients of Group 2 had in 9 segments during pacing values for VSB, VSM and VSA that were below the range of the normal subjects. During pacing combined with handgrip a newly abnormal shortening velocity was observed in 12 segments (VSB abnormal in 3 of 7, VSM in 4 of 7 and VSA in 5 of 7 instances). In conclusion, the combination of atrial pacing and handgrip exercise appears to be a useful stress maneuver to identify temporarily dysfunctioning segments in patients with coronary artery disease in whom atrial pacing alone is not sufficient to induce ischemic contraction disorders.", "PMID": 1130287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11001", "title": "Effects of hypoxemia on the extent of myocardial necrosis after experimental coronary occlusion.", "content": "Arterial oxygen tension is variable in patients with acute myocardial infarction, and the effect of hypoxemia on the extent of myocardial necrosis after coronary occlusion has not been defined. In 11 anesthetized open chest dogs the left anterior descending coronary artery or one of its major branches was occluded for 20 minutes, and 10 to 15 epicardial electrocardiographic leads were recorded in the distribution and vicinity of the site of occlusion. Average S-T segment elevation and the number of sites showing S-T segment elevation greater than 2 mv, 15 minutes after occlusion were used as indexes of the severity and extent of ischemic injury. After occlusion with an inspired oxygen concentration of 20 percent these indexes were, respectively, 2.0 plus or minus 0.5 mv (mean plus or minus standard error) and 3.6 plus or minus 0.8 sites; the respective values increased to 3.3 plus or minus 0.5 mv (P smaller than 0.01) and 6.7 plus or minus 0.7 sites (P smaller than 0.01) after occlusion with an inspired oxygen concentration of 10 percent, and arterial partial pressure of oxygen decreased from 92 plus or minus 5 to 45 plus or minus 3 mm Hg. In 23 dogs the occlusion was maintained for 24 hours and the S-T segment elevation 15 minutes after occlusion was compared with myocardial creatine phosphokinase (CPK) activity and histologic appearance 24 hours later. In control dogs (inspired oxygen concentration of 20 percent) sites with no S-T segment elevation 15 minutes after occlusion showed normal myocardial CPK activity 24 hours later, whereas in sites with S-T segment elevation exceeding 2 mv there was an inverse relation between S-T segment elevation in each site and its myocardial CPK activity 24 hours later. Histologic examination revealed early myocardial necrosis in 98 percent (82 of 84) of sites with S-T segment elevation greater than 2 mv. In experimental dogs (inhaling a 10 percent oxygen concentration for the first 8 of the 24 hours of occlusion) many sites that showed no S-T segment elevation before hypoxemia was induced exhibited S-T segment elevation before hypoxemia was induced exhibited S-T segment elevations 30 minutes later and showed abnormally low CPK activity and histologic evidence of early necrosis. We conclude that after experimental coronary occlusion, hypoxemia is deleterious because it substantially increases myocardial damage.", "contents": "Effects of hypoxemia on the extent of myocardial necrosis after experimental coronary occlusion. Arterial oxygen tension is variable in patients with acute myocardial infarction, and the effect of hypoxemia on the extent of myocardial necrosis after coronary occlusion has not been defined. In 11 anesthetized open chest dogs the left anterior descending coronary artery or one of its major branches was occluded for 20 minutes, and 10 to 15 epicardial electrocardiographic leads were recorded in the distribution and vicinity of the site of occlusion. Average S-T segment elevation and the number of sites showing S-T segment elevation greater than 2 mv, 15 minutes after occlusion were used as indexes of the severity and extent of ischemic injury. After occlusion with an inspired oxygen concentration of 20 percent these indexes were, respectively, 2.0 plus or minus 0.5 mv (mean plus or minus standard error) and 3.6 plus or minus 0.8 sites; the respective values increased to 3.3 plus or minus 0.5 mv (P smaller than 0.01) and 6.7 plus or minus 0.7 sites (P smaller than 0.01) after occlusion with an inspired oxygen concentration of 10 percent, and arterial partial pressure of oxygen decreased from 92 plus or minus 5 to 45 plus or minus 3 mm Hg. In 23 dogs the occlusion was maintained for 24 hours and the S-T segment elevation 15 minutes after occlusion was compared with myocardial creatine phosphokinase (CPK) activity and histologic appearance 24 hours later. In control dogs (inspired oxygen concentration of 20 percent) sites with no S-T segment elevation 15 minutes after occlusion showed normal myocardial CPK activity 24 hours later, whereas in sites with S-T segment elevation exceeding 2 mv there was an inverse relation between S-T segment elevation in each site and its myocardial CPK activity 24 hours later. Histologic examination revealed early myocardial necrosis in 98 percent (82 of 84) of sites with S-T segment elevation greater than 2 mv. In experimental dogs (inhaling a 10 percent oxygen concentration for the first 8 of the 24 hours of occlusion) many sites that showed no S-T segment elevation before hypoxemia was induced exhibited S-T segment elevation before hypoxemia was induced exhibited S-T segment elevations 30 minutes later and showed abnormally low CPK activity and histologic evidence of early necrosis. We conclude that after experimental coronary occlusion, hypoxemia is deleterious because it substantially increases myocardial damage.", "PMID": 1130288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11002", "title": "Digitalis in experimental acute myocardial infarction. Differential effects on contractile performance of ischemic, border and nonischemic ventricular zones in the dog.", "content": "The effects of digoxin priming dose of 0.04 mg/kg body weight followed by infusion of 0.02 mg/kg per min) on local tension and length characteristics of the nonischemic, border and ischemic left ventricular zones were studied in 30 dogs using Walton-Brodie strain gauge arches and mercury-in-Silastic segment length gauges. Total tension in the nonischemic zone increased to 130.9 plus or minus 5.3 percent (P smaller than 0.001) of the control level in association with parallel changes in preejection and ejection tension and rate of rise of tension when infusion of digoxin was instituted 15 to 30 minutes after ligation. Consistent increases in tension variables were noticed when infusion of digitalis was initiated 45 to 60 minutes or 2 to 3 hours after ligation. Segment length remained unchanged. In the border zone, total tension decreased to 68.9 plus or minus 5.9 percent (P smaller than 0.01) after infusion of digitalis. When infusion of digitalis was instituted 45 to 60 minutes or 2 to 3 hours after occlusion, similar increases in total tension and other tension variables were seen. Segment length again showed no significant changes. There was an increase in total tension in 5 of the 12 ischemic zones studied when digitalis was infused 15 to 30 minutes after coronary arterial ligation, whereas a consistent (3 to 5 percent) decrease in tension was observed when infusion of digitalis was instituted 45 to 60 minutes and 2 to 3 hours after coronary occlusion. There was no increase in segment length. In summary, digitalis uniformly increased contraction of the nonischemic and border zones after coronary arterial ligation, but the effects on contraction and aneurysmal bulging in the ischemic zone were minimal.", "contents": "Digitalis in experimental acute myocardial infarction. Differential effects on contractile performance of ischemic, border and nonischemic ventricular zones in the dog. The effects of digoxin priming dose of 0.04 mg/kg body weight followed by infusion of 0.02 mg/kg per min) on local tension and length characteristics of the nonischemic, border and ischemic left ventricular zones were studied in 30 dogs using Walton-Brodie strain gauge arches and mercury-in-Silastic segment length gauges. Total tension in the nonischemic zone increased to 130.9 plus or minus 5.3 percent (P smaller than 0.001) of the control level in association with parallel changes in preejection and ejection tension and rate of rise of tension when infusion of digoxin was instituted 15 to 30 minutes after ligation. Consistent increases in tension variables were noticed when infusion of digitalis was initiated 45 to 60 minutes or 2 to 3 hours after ligation. Segment length remained unchanged. In the border zone, total tension decreased to 68.9 plus or minus 5.9 percent (P smaller than 0.01) after infusion of digitalis. When infusion of digitalis was instituted 45 to 60 minutes or 2 to 3 hours after occlusion, similar increases in total tension and other tension variables were seen. Segment length again showed no significant changes. There was an increase in total tension in 5 of the 12 ischemic zones studied when digitalis was infused 15 to 30 minutes after coronary arterial ligation, whereas a consistent (3 to 5 percent) decrease in tension was observed when infusion of digitalis was instituted 45 to 60 minutes and 2 to 3 hours after coronary occlusion. There was no increase in segment length. In summary, digitalis uniformly increased contraction of the nonischemic and border zones after coronary arterial ligation, but the effects on contraction and aneurysmal bulging in the ischemic zone were minimal.", "PMID": 1130289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11003", "title": "Left axis deviation and left anterior hemiblock among 8,000 Japanese-American men.", "content": "Electrocardiographic patterns of left axis deviation and left anterior hemiblock, defined by a frontal plane QRS axis of minus 30 degrees to minus 44 degrees and minus 45 degrees to minus 90 degrees, respectively, with normal QRS duration, were found to be fairly common (2.6 and 1.5 percent, respectively) in a community population of 8,000 Japanese-American men aged 45 to 69 years. More than 60 percent of men with these electrocardiographic patterns had no other cardiovascular abnormalities, and the incidence of fatal or nonfatal coronary heart disease and stroke in this group during observation periods of 3 to 6 years was not significantly different from that of control normal men. A significant association was found between these electrocardiographic patterns and the prevalence of hypertension, myocardial infarction and stroke. However, the association of myocardial infarction with left anterior hemiblock appeared to be coincidental and was attributed largely to the similarity of the electrocardiographic manifestations of left anterior hemiblock and inferior wall myocardial infarction. Men with left axis deviation were fatter and had higher blood pressure than the control population. No such difference could be demonstrated for men with left anterior hemiblock although this group was significantly older than control subjects and men with left axis deviation. The results of our study suggest that there are qualitative differences between the causative mechanisms and clinical features of left axis deviation and those of left anterior hemiblock.", "contents": "Left axis deviation and left anterior hemiblock among 8,000 Japanese-American men. Electrocardiographic patterns of left axis deviation and left anterior hemiblock, defined by a frontal plane QRS axis of minus 30 degrees to minus 44 degrees and minus 45 degrees to minus 90 degrees, respectively, with normal QRS duration, were found to be fairly common (2.6 and 1.5 percent, respectively) in a community population of 8,000 Japanese-American men aged 45 to 69 years. More than 60 percent of men with these electrocardiographic patterns had no other cardiovascular abnormalities, and the incidence of fatal or nonfatal coronary heart disease and stroke in this group during observation periods of 3 to 6 years was not significantly different from that of control normal men. A significant association was found between these electrocardiographic patterns and the prevalence of hypertension, myocardial infarction and stroke. However, the association of myocardial infarction with left anterior hemiblock appeared to be coincidental and was attributed largely to the similarity of the electrocardiographic manifestations of left anterior hemiblock and inferior wall myocardial infarction. Men with left axis deviation were fatter and had higher blood pressure than the control population. No such difference could be demonstrated for men with left anterior hemiblock although this group was significantly older than control subjects and men with left axis deviation. The results of our study suggest that there are qualitative differences between the causative mechanisms and clinical features of left axis deviation and those of left anterior hemiblock.", "PMID": 1130290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11004", "title": "Optimal resources for ultrasonic examination of the heart.", "content": "The echocardiographic examination is described and the current status of ultrasound in cardiac diagnosis is summarized. Planning guidelines are provided for hospital-based echocardiographic laboratories including resource criteria for professional personnel and training, equipment, space and support systems. Minimal case loads for maintaining quality performance of the examiner are recommended and various administrative patterns for organizing an echocardiographic service are discussed. Approaches for establishing professional fees and emerging applications of diagnostic ultrasound in cardiovascular medicine are briefly reviewed. There is a description of the procedure for conducting an adequate cardiographic examination in children and adults.", "contents": "Optimal resources for ultrasonic examination of the heart. The echocardiographic examination is described and the current status of ultrasound in cardiac diagnosis is summarized. Planning guidelines are provided for hospital-based echocardiographic laboratories including resource criteria for professional personnel and training, equipment, space and support systems. Minimal case loads for maintaining quality performance of the examiner are recommended and various administrative patterns for organizing an echocardiographic service are discussed. Approaches for establishing professional fees and emerging applications of diagnostic ultrasound in cardiovascular medicine are briefly reviewed. There is a description of the procedure for conducting an adequate cardiographic examination in children and adults.", "PMID": 1130291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11005", "title": "Bacterial endocarditis with ruptured sinus of Valsalva and aorticocardiac fistula.", "content": "A case is presented of bacterial endocarditis with a ruptured sinus of Valsalva and formation of an aorticocardiac fistula from the right coronary sinus into the right atrium and right ventricle. The pathologic, clinical and surgical aspects of bacterial endocarditis complicated by a ruptured sinus of Valsalva and an aorticocardiac fistula are analyzed. This complication of bacterial endocarditis is still uncommon, but alertness to its diagnosis makes possible early and successful surgical treatment.", "contents": "Bacterial endocarditis with ruptured sinus of Valsalva and aorticocardiac fistula. A case is presented of bacterial endocarditis with a ruptured sinus of Valsalva and formation of an aorticocardiac fistula from the right coronary sinus into the right atrium and right ventricle. The pathologic, clinical and surgical aspects of bacterial endocarditis complicated by a ruptured sinus of Valsalva and an aorticocardiac fistula are analyzed. This complication of bacterial endocarditis is still uncommon, but alertness to its diagnosis makes possible early and successful surgical treatment.", "PMID": 1130292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11006", "title": "Unruptured sinus of Valsalva aneurysm.", "content": "An unruptured congenital sinus of Valsalva aneurysm (behind the right aortic valve cusp) is described as an incidental necropsy finding in an 82 year old man. Review of previous reports on aneurysms involving only one of the three aortic sinuses discloses that few cases have been described, and that these lesions are rarely diagnosed during life. It is probable, however, that unruptured aortic sinus aneurysm (involving only one sinus) is more common than previous reports indicate, but that, among patients with congenital sinus aneurysm, rupture is likely to occur.", "contents": "Unruptured sinus of Valsalva aneurysm. An unruptured congenital sinus of Valsalva aneurysm (behind the right aortic valve cusp) is described as an incidental necropsy finding in an 82 year old man. Review of previous reports on aneurysms involving only one of the three aortic sinuses discloses that few cases have been described, and that these lesions are rarely diagnosed during life. It is probable, however, that unruptured aortic sinus aneurysm (involving only one sinus) is more common than previous reports indicate, but that, among patients with congenital sinus aneurysm, rupture is likely to occur.", "PMID": 1130293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11007", "title": "Recurrent myocardial infarction and angina in a woman with normal coronary angiograms.", "content": "A case is reported of recurrent myocardial infarction and angina pectoris in a woman with normal coronary arteries documented by coronary angiogram. The recurrence of infarction in contiguous areas of the heart supplied by the left anterior descending coronary artery and the association of the anginal syndrome implicate coronary arterial spasm as the probable cause.", "contents": "Recurrent myocardial infarction and angina in a woman with normal coronary angiograms. A case is reported of recurrent myocardial infarction and angina pectoris in a woman with normal coronary arteries documented by coronary angiogram. The recurrence of infarction in contiguous areas of the heart supplied by the left anterior descending coronary artery and the association of the anginal syndrome implicate coronary arterial spasm as the probable cause.", "PMID": 1130294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11008", "title": "A complex junctional system in endothelial and connective tissue cells of the choroid plexus.", "content": "Endothelial and connective tissue cells of the choroid plexus have been studied by the freeze-etching technique. The endothelial cells of pre- and postcapillary segments are coupled by a complex junctional system consisting of a combination of tight and gap junctions. Connective tissue cells revealed the same intercellular contacts. Furthermore two different types of gap junctions occurring in membranes of the connective tissue cells are described.", "contents": "A complex junctional system in endothelial and connective tissue cells of the choroid plexus. Endothelial and connective tissue cells of the choroid plexus have been studied by the freeze-etching technique. The endothelial cells of pre- and postcapillary segments are coupled by a complex junctional system consisting of a combination of tight and gap junctions. Connective tissue cells revealed the same intercellular contacts. Furthermore two different types of gap junctions occurring in membranes of the connective tissue cells are described.", "PMID": 1130297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11009", "title": "The mode of lymphocyte migration through postcapillary venule endothelium in lymph node.", "content": "The pathway of migration of lymphocytes across the walls of the postcapillary venules was studied in lymph nodes of rats. By means of serial sections, it was determined that lymphocytes enter the venule wall through the endothelial cells and not through the intercellular spaces. After the endothelial cell has been penetrated, the lymphocytes enter the intercellular spaces, from where they gain access to the lymphatic parenchyma. It cannot be excluded, however, that in some instances the path of migration of a lymphocyte is entirely through an endothelial cell from lumen to subendothelial space. While perforating an endothelial cell, a migrating lymphocyte may be in simultaneous contact with the vascular lumen, the intercellular space, and the subendothelial tissue.", "contents": "The mode of lymphocyte migration through postcapillary venule endothelium in lymph node. The pathway of migration of lymphocytes across the walls of the postcapillary venules was studied in lymph nodes of rats. By means of serial sections, it was determined that lymphocytes enter the venule wall through the endothelial cells and not through the intercellular spaces. After the endothelial cell has been penetrated, the lymphocytes enter the intercellular spaces, from where they gain access to the lymphatic parenchyma. It cannot be excluded, however, that in some instances the path of migration of a lymphocyte is entirely through an endothelial cell from lumen to subendothelial space. While perforating an endothelial cell, a migrating lymphocyte may be in simultaneous contact with the vascular lumen, the intercellular space, and the subendothelial tissue.", "PMID": 1130298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11010", "title": "Renal morphology of freshwater trout.", "content": "The nephron of the euryhaline freshwater salmonids is composed of the renal corpuscle and the renal tubules. Throughout much of the renal corpuscle, only the lamina densa separates the fenestrated processes of the endothelial cells from the foot processes of the visceral epithelium. The renal tubule consists of five distinct segments. The neck segment is short and intermittently ciliated; it lacks the mucous cells which appear in the neck segment of some teleosts. The proximal segment bears a dense bruch border and is both structurally and functionally divisible into a first and a second segment. The first portion is typified by the presence of short apical tubules, variously sized apical vacuoles, and numerous lysosomes. The second proximal segment is distinguished by the abundance and distribution of mitochondria throughout the cytoplasm. Infoldings of the basilar plasmalemma are especially prominent in this region. A cilated intermidate segment intervenes briefly between the proximal and distal portions of the tubule. The distal segment consists of cuboidal cells which bear scattered, short microvilli, small vesicles and multivesicular bodies. Renal tissue from several species of trout was examined in order to establish the basis for a common pattern of histological and ultrastructural characteristics within the family Salmonidae. In all species examined, renal structure was very similar and could readily be compared with that previously described in other freshwater and marine species.", "contents": "Renal morphology of freshwater trout. The nephron of the euryhaline freshwater salmonids is composed of the renal corpuscle and the renal tubules. Throughout much of the renal corpuscle, only the lamina densa separates the fenestrated processes of the endothelial cells from the foot processes of the visceral epithelium. The renal tubule consists of five distinct segments. The neck segment is short and intermittently ciliated; it lacks the mucous cells which appear in the neck segment of some teleosts. The proximal segment bears a dense bruch border and is both structurally and functionally divisible into a first and a second segment. The first portion is typified by the presence of short apical tubules, variously sized apical vacuoles, and numerous lysosomes. The second proximal segment is distinguished by the abundance and distribution of mitochondria throughout the cytoplasm. Infoldings of the basilar plasmalemma are especially prominent in this region. A cilated intermidate segment intervenes briefly between the proximal and distal portions of the tubule. The distal segment consists of cuboidal cells which bear scattered, short microvilli, small vesicles and multivesicular bodies. Renal tissue from several species of trout was examined in order to establish the basis for a common pattern of histological and ultrastructural characteristics within the family Salmonidae. In all species examined, renal structure was very similar and could readily be compared with that previously described in other freshwater and marine species.", "PMID": 1130299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11011", "title": "Effect of an energy-reduced dietary regimen in relation to adipose tissue cellularity in obese women.", "content": "Twenty-eight obese women were divided after arbitrary statistical guidelines obtained from control studies into hyperplastic (increase in fat cell number) (n equal to 10), hypertrophic obesity (increase in average fat cell size) (n equal to 11), and a remaining group (n equal to 7). All these subjects were treated on an outpatient basis with an energy-reduced diet (1,100 kcal/day) until weight decrease failure occurred. The fat cells of the femoral and gluteal regions were larger than in the abdominal region in hypertrophic obese subjects. This regional fat cell size profile was found also in middle-aged and young controls. The hyperplastic obese subjects on the other hand had larger fat cells in the abdominal site. At failure of therapy enlarged fat cells in either of the two obesity groups had decreased to the size of fat cells of controls. Fat cell number remained unchanged. Thus the hypertrophic obese patients ended up with a normal body fat while hyperplastic obese subjects had a pronounced remaining obesity. The results suggest that when the fat cell size in different regions of an individual are known, as well as the total fat cell number, the success of an energy-reduced dietary regimen might be approximately predicted both in terms of remaining total body fat and in regional fat depot decrease.", "contents": "Effect of an energy-reduced dietary regimen in relation to adipose tissue cellularity in obese women. Twenty-eight obese women were divided after arbitrary statistical guidelines obtained from control studies into hyperplastic (increase in fat cell number) (n equal to 10), hypertrophic obesity (increase in average fat cell size) (n equal to 11), and a remaining group (n equal to 7). All these subjects were treated on an outpatient basis with an energy-reduced diet (1,100 kcal/day) until weight decrease failure occurred. The fat cells of the femoral and gluteal regions were larger than in the abdominal region in hypertrophic obese subjects. This regional fat cell size profile was found also in middle-aged and young controls. The hyperplastic obese subjects on the other hand had larger fat cells in the abdominal site. At failure of therapy enlarged fat cells in either of the two obesity groups had decreased to the size of fat cells of controls. Fat cell number remained unchanged. Thus the hypertrophic obese patients ended up with a normal body fat while hyperplastic obese subjects had a pronounced remaining obesity. The results suggest that when the fat cell size in different regions of an individual are known, as well as the total fat cell number, the success of an energy-reduced dietary regimen might be approximately predicted both in terms of remaining total body fat and in regional fat depot decrease.", "PMID": 1130302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11012", "title": "Regional variation in glycolytic enzyme adaptation to dietary sugars in rat small intestine.", "content": "This investigation evaluated the adaptive response of the glycolytic enzymes, fructose-1-phosphate aldolase, fructose-1, 6-diphosphate aldolase, and pyruvate kinase, to dietary sugars throughout the small intestine. In addition, the effect of prior diet on this adaptive response and on the enzyme distribution pattern along the small intestine was studied. Rats were fed 40% glucose, 68% sucrose or carbohydrate-free diets for 6 days (baseline diet), followed by one of three isocaloric test diets (40% glucose, 68% sucrose or carbohydrate-free for 3 days. In other groups of tats isocaloric diets of 68% glucose, 68% fructose or 34% glucose + 34% fructose, fed for 4 days, were compared. Enzymes were assayed in the mucosa of the duodenum (D),and in 5 equal (by length) segments from the Ligament of Treitz to the ileocecal valve (J1, J2, J3, I1 and I2). Enzyme specific activities  were significantly higher in the proximal (D-J1-J2) than distal segments (J3-I1-I2) on all diets (P smaller than 0.001). Enzyme activities after test diet periods were determined only by the test diet, and were independent of the baseline diet for all segments. The 68% carbohydrate diets increased enzyme activities significantly more (P smaller than 0.001) than the 40% glucose or carbohydrate free diets, in all segments. On the 40% glucose diet, activities were significantly higher (P smaller than 0.05) than on the carbohydrate free diet in D and J1, but not distally. The data suggest that there is an intrinsic gradient of enzyme activity from the proximal to the distal small intestine which persists despite dietary manipulation, and that all segments of the small bowel show adaptive increases to dietary sugars.", "contents": "Regional variation in glycolytic enzyme adaptation to dietary sugars in rat small intestine. This investigation evaluated the adaptive response of the glycolytic enzymes, fructose-1-phosphate aldolase, fructose-1, 6-diphosphate aldolase, and pyruvate kinase, to dietary sugars throughout the small intestine. In addition, the effect of prior diet on this adaptive response and on the enzyme distribution pattern along the small intestine was studied. Rats were fed 40% glucose, 68% sucrose or carbohydrate-free diets for 6 days (baseline diet), followed by one of three isocaloric test diets (40% glucose, 68% sucrose or carbohydrate-free for 3 days. In other groups of tats isocaloric diets of 68% glucose, 68% fructose or 34% glucose + 34% fructose, fed for 4 days, were compared. Enzymes were assayed in the mucosa of the duodenum (D),and in 5 equal (by length) segments from the Ligament of Treitz to the ileocecal valve (J1, J2, J3, I1 and I2). Enzyme specific activities  were significantly higher in the proximal (D-J1-J2) than distal segments (J3-I1-I2) on all diets (P smaller than 0.001). Enzyme activities after test diet periods were determined only by the test diet, and were independent of the baseline diet for all segments. The 68% carbohydrate diets increased enzyme activities significantly more (P smaller than 0.001) than the 40% glucose or carbohydrate free diets, in all segments. On the 40% glucose diet, activities were significantly higher (P smaller than 0.05) than on the carbohydrate free diet in D and J1, but not distally. The data suggest that there is an intrinsic gradient of enzyme activity from the proximal to the distal small intestine which persists despite dietary manipulation, and that all segments of the small bowel show adaptive increases to dietary sugars.", "PMID": 1130303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11013", "title": "Prevention of folate deficiency by food fortification. III. Effect in pregnant subjects of varying amounts of added folic acid.", "content": "Maise meal fortified with folic acid was administered to subjects in late pregnancy in a daily dose of either 500 or 300 mug of folic acid. Changes in hematological and folate nutritonal status were compared to those in subjects receiving 300 mug folic acid/day in tablet form, and also in subjects in a previous study who received unfortified maize meal (control group) or meal containing 1,000 mug folic acid/day. In all groups receiving folic acid, red cell and serum folate levels rose progressively, and the rate of rise increased with increasing doses of folic acid. Maize meal containing a daily dose of 500 mug folic acid produced an effect similar to that of 300 mug daily in tablet form. Maize containing 300 mug added folic acid daily was effective in preventing the progression of folate depletion in late pregnancy.", "contents": "Prevention of folate deficiency by food fortification. III. Effect in pregnant subjects of varying amounts of added folic acid. Maise meal fortified with folic acid was administered to subjects in late pregnancy in a daily dose of either 500 or 300 mug of folic acid. Changes in hematological and folate nutritonal status were compared to those in subjects receiving 300 mug folic acid/day in tablet form, and also in subjects in a previous study who received unfortified maize meal (control group) or meal containing 1,000 mug folic acid/day. In all groups receiving folic acid, red cell and serum folate levels rose progressively, and the rate of rise increased with increasing doses of folic acid. Maize meal containing a daily dose of 500 mug folic acid produced an effect similar to that of 300 mug daily in tablet form. Maize containing 300 mug added folic acid daily was effective in preventing the progression of folate depletion in late pregnancy.", "PMID": 1130304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11014", "title": "Prevention of folate deficiency by food fortification. IV. Identification of target groups in addition to pregnant women in an adult rural population.", "content": "In a rural Negro population subsisting on a predominantly maize meal diet, the incidence of folate deficiency was 43.8% in nonanaemic women in late pregnancy, 32.1% in nonpregnant women, and 18.6% in adult males. More than one-third of all subjects older than 60 were deficient. No instance of unequivocal vitamin B12 deficiency was revealed in 431 subjects sampled, and it is considered that the hazards of giving a small daily dose of folic acid in this population are negligible. These findings warrant food fortification with folic acid in this and similar population groups.", "contents": "Prevention of folate deficiency by food fortification. IV. Identification of target groups in addition to pregnant women in an adult rural population. In a rural Negro population subsisting on a predominantly maize meal diet, the incidence of folate deficiency was 43.8% in nonanaemic women in late pregnancy, 32.1% in nonpregnant women, and 18.6% in adult males. More than one-third of all subjects older than 60 were deficient. No instance of unequivocal vitamin B12 deficiency was revealed in 431 subjects sampled, and it is considered that the hazards of giving a small daily dose of folic acid in this population are negligible. These findings warrant food fortification with folic acid in this and similar population groups.", "PMID": 1130305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11015", "title": "Effect of maternal malnutrition on the bone density of the neonates.", "content": "Bone density measurements were made in 15 paried mothers and neonates of well-to-do group and in 21 age and parity matched mothers and their neonates of the poor socioeconomic community using radiodensitometry. Radiodensities of all bones studied in the mothers and neonates of high income group were significantly higher than those of corresponding bones of the mothers and neonates of poor community. This may be a reflection of maternal malnutrition on the intrauterine development of the bone. A close correlation was observed between the bone density of mothers and neonates in the poor income group. Bone density had no relation with birth weight.", "contents": "Effect of maternal malnutrition on the bone density of the neonates. Bone density measurements were made in 15 paried mothers and neonates of well-to-do group and in 21 age and parity matched mothers and their neonates of the poor socioeconomic community using radiodensitometry. Radiodensities of all bones studied in the mothers and neonates of high income group were significantly higher than those of corresponding bones of the mothers and neonates of poor community. This may be a reflection of maternal malnutrition on the intrauterine development of the bone. A close correlation was observed between the bone density of mothers and neonates in the poor income group. Bone density had no relation with birth weight.", "PMID": 1130306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11016", "title": "Effect of milk and casein on the absorption of supplemental iron in the mouse and chick.", "content": "Milk is an attractive vehicle for introducing iron supplements into iron-deficient infants and children. This study compares the effects of milk and caseins on the whole-body absorption of radioactive iron complexes in an attempt to resolve the controversy over whether milk and its constituent phosphoproteins seriously impair iron absorption. Evidence is presented to clarify the role of the calcium-casein micelles of cow's milk in binding iron donated by the ferric-nitrilotriacetate (NTA) complex. The absorption of iron from isolated Fe(III)-casein complexes was studied in mice as a function of the casein--to--Fe ratio and was compared with the absorption of Fe(III)-NTA at equivalent levels. Even at casein--to--Fe ratios higher than those found in conventional iron-supplemented cow's milk (10-15 mg Fe/qt; casein P:Fe congruent to 34), absorption of iron(III) from the casein or NTA complex was not significantly different. There was no significant difference in the absorption of iron administered to mice and chicks as ferrous ion, ferric-NTA, or ferric fructose; nonfat cow's milk did not inhibit the absorption of these iron compounds. For the chick, in fact, milk significantly enhanced the absorption of iron from the ferric-NTA chelate. In order to affect iron absorption significantly casein would have to be present considerably in excess of that found in conventionally supplemented cow's milk.", "contents": "Effect of milk and casein on the absorption of supplemental iron in the mouse and chick. Milk is an attractive vehicle for introducing iron supplements into iron-deficient infants and children. This study compares the effects of milk and caseins on the whole-body absorption of radioactive iron complexes in an attempt to resolve the controversy over whether milk and its constituent phosphoproteins seriously impair iron absorption. Evidence is presented to clarify the role of the calcium-casein micelles of cow's milk in binding iron donated by the ferric-nitrilotriacetate (NTA) complex. The absorption of iron from isolated Fe(III)-casein complexes was studied in mice as a function of the casein--to--Fe ratio and was compared with the absorption of Fe(III)-NTA at equivalent levels. Even at casein--to--Fe ratios higher than those found in conventional iron-supplemented cow's milk (10-15 mg Fe/qt; casein P:Fe congruent to 34), absorption of iron(III) from the casein or NTA complex was not significantly different. There was no significant difference in the absorption of iron administered to mice and chicks as ferrous ion, ferric-NTA, or ferric fructose; nonfat cow's milk did not inhibit the absorption of these iron compounds. For the chick, in fact, milk significantly enhanced the absorption of iron from the ferric-NTA chelate. In order to affect iron absorption significantly casein would have to be present considerably in excess of that found in conventionally supplemented cow's milk.", "PMID": 1130307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11017", "title": "Protein requirements of men in a hot climate: decreased urinary nitrogen losses concomitant with increased sweat nitrogen losses during exposure to high environmental temperature.", "content": "In two separate experiments 8 healthy young men were given an egg-milk formula at a level of 0.7 g protein/kg per day, and were exposed to high environmental temperature (34--37 C, 7 hours daily) or cool temperature (21--26 C, all day), alternately. In the first experiment a 16-day hot period was followed by a 20-day cool period and finally by a 20-day hot period. Daily urinary nitrogen (N) loss of the last 8 days of cool period, 82.2 mg/kg, was significantly higher than that of the last 8 days of the 20-day hot period 69.7 mg/kg. Daily skin N loss was significantly lower during the last 8 days of the cool period (3.5 mg/kg) than during the last 8 days of the 20-day hot period (11.9 mg/kg). Urinary N and skin N lossess were negatively correlated (r equal to -0.905) in these periods. In the second experiment a 28 day hot period was followed by a 20-day cool period. Skin N loss diminished from 12.3 mg/kg daily during the last 12 days of the 28-day hot period to 4.1 mg/kg during the last 12-days of the cool period. At the same time, urinary N loss increased significantly from 81.4 mg/kg during the 28-day hot period to 95.2 mg/kg during a cool period. Urinary N and skin N losses were again negatively correlated (r equal to -0.620) during these periods. Results of these studies indicate that when skin N loss increases during high temperature, urinary N loss decreases gradually, but total N loss does not increase.", "contents": "Protein requirements of men in a hot climate: decreased urinary nitrogen losses concomitant with increased sweat nitrogen losses during exposure to high environmental temperature. In two separate experiments 8 healthy young men were given an egg-milk formula at a level of 0.7 g protein/kg per day, and were exposed to high environmental temperature (34--37 C, 7 hours daily) or cool temperature (21--26 C, all day), alternately. In the first experiment a 16-day hot period was followed by a 20-day cool period and finally by a 20-day hot period. Daily urinary nitrogen (N) loss of the last 8 days of cool period, 82.2 mg/kg, was significantly higher than that of the last 8 days of the 20-day hot period 69.7 mg/kg. Daily skin N loss was significantly lower during the last 8 days of the cool period (3.5 mg/kg) than during the last 8 days of the 20-day hot period (11.9 mg/kg). Urinary N and skin N lossess were negatively correlated (r equal to -0.905) in these periods. In the second experiment a 28 day hot period was followed by a 20-day cool period. Skin N loss diminished from 12.3 mg/kg daily during the last 12 days of the 28-day hot period to 4.1 mg/kg during the last 12-days of the cool period. At the same time, urinary N loss increased significantly from 81.4 mg/kg during the 28-day hot period to 95.2 mg/kg during a cool period. Urinary N and skin N losses were again negatively correlated (r equal to -0.620) during these periods. Results of these studies indicate that when skin N loss increases during high temperature, urinary N loss decreases gradually, but total N loss does not increase.", "PMID": 1130308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11018", "title": "Effect on fecal output of various dietary nitrogen sources in pig-tailed monkeys (Macaca nemestrina) fed fiber-free, semisynthetic diets.", "content": "Fiber-free liquid diets containing isonitrogenous amounts of various dietary nitrogen sources were fed to five adult male pig-tailed monkeys (Macaca nemestrina) with a mean weight of approximately 10 kg. All liquid diets supplied 3.0 g N/DAY PER MONKEY AND MAINTAINED THE ANIMALS IN A POSTIVE NITROGEN BALANCE. Initial baseline fecal output data were obtained by feeding the animals a commercial solid monkey chow. The dietary nitrogen sources fed were a) egg white protein, b) an enzymatic hydrolysate of fish protein supplemented with L-amino acids to simulate the egg albumin pattern, c) a mixture of pure L-amino acids simulating the egg pattern, d) a casein hydrolysate supplemented with amino acids, and e) an amino acid mixture with Rose's pattern. Total fecal matter, dry fecal matter, percent of moisture, fecal  nitrogen, lipids and ash were determined for a 10-day period for each experimental diet. A very significant difference (P smaller than 0.001) was noted between each liquid diet and the solid chow, but no significant differences were found between the various fiber-free liquid diets, pointing to the effect of fiber as a major factor affecting fecal output. Monkeys fed liquid diets excreted fecal matter with a mean of 12.9 g/day, of which 4.7 g/day was dry feces (fecal dry matter 28.5%). Fecal nitrogen was found to be 0.25 g, fecal lipids were 0.19 g, and fecal ash was 0.59 g/day per monkey, respectively.", "contents": "Effect on fecal output of various dietary nitrogen sources in pig-tailed monkeys (Macaca nemestrina) fed fiber-free, semisynthetic diets. Fiber-free liquid diets containing isonitrogenous amounts of various dietary nitrogen sources were fed to five adult male pig-tailed monkeys (Macaca nemestrina) with a mean weight of approximately 10 kg. All liquid diets supplied 3.0 g N/DAY PER MONKEY AND MAINTAINED THE ANIMALS IN A POSTIVE NITROGEN BALANCE. Initial baseline fecal output data were obtained by feeding the animals a commercial solid monkey chow. The dietary nitrogen sources fed were a) egg white protein, b) an enzymatic hydrolysate of fish protein supplemented with L-amino acids to simulate the egg albumin pattern, c) a mixture of pure L-amino acids simulating the egg pattern, d) a casein hydrolysate supplemented with amino acids, and e) an amino acid mixture with Rose's pattern. Total fecal matter, dry fecal matter, percent of moisture, fecal  nitrogen, lipids and ash were determined for a 10-day period for each experimental diet. A very significant difference (P smaller than 0.001) was noted between each liquid diet and the solid chow, but no significant differences were found between the various fiber-free liquid diets, pointing to the effect of fiber as a major factor affecting fecal output. Monkeys fed liquid diets excreted fecal matter with a mean of 12.9 g/day, of which 4.7 g/day was dry feces (fecal dry matter 28.5%). Fecal nitrogen was found to be 0.25 g, fecal lipids were 0.19 g, and fecal ash was 0.59 g/day per monkey, respectively.", "PMID": 1130309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11019", "title": "Metabolic effects of glucose in brief and prolonged fasted man.", "content": "The protein-sparing capability of glucose was investigated in overweight subjects prior to and during the performance of prolonged therapeutic fasts. Blood (for hormones and substrates) and urine (for nitrogen and ketoacids) specimens were collected prior to, during, and subsequent to the performance of the following studies. Three subjects ingested, as their only source of calories, 37.5 g of glucose every 6 hours for 7 days (glucose I). The same group of subjects was then fasted for 3 weeks following which the above glucose protocol was repeated (glucose II). In both groups, glucose administration diminished nitrogen excretion, urea being decreased in the first group and ammonia in the second.", "contents": "Metabolic effects of glucose in brief and prolonged fasted man. The protein-sparing capability of glucose was investigated in overweight subjects prior to and during the performance of prolonged therapeutic fasts. Blood (for hormones and substrates) and urine (for nitrogen and ketoacids) specimens were collected prior to, during, and subsequent to the performance of the following studies. Three subjects ingested, as their only source of calories, 37.5 g of glucose every 6 hours for 7 days (glucose I). The same group of subjects was then fasted for 3 weeks following which the above glucose protocol was repeated (glucose II). In both groups, glucose administration diminished nitrogen excretion, urea being decreased in the first group and ammonia in the second.", "PMID": 1130310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11020", "title": "Vitamin B6 requirements of women using oral contraceptives.", "content": "Fifteen women who used combined estrogen-progestogen oral contraceptives and nine control women were given a vitamin B6-deficient diet for 4 weeks and the same diet supplemented with 0.8, 2.0, or 20.0 mg of pyridoxine hydrochloride for an additional 4 weeks. At weekly intervals a variety of indices of vitamin B6 nutrition were measured to determine rates of depletion and repletion. The tryptophan load test (2.0 g) was significantly different in the contraceptive users. However, other indices, including urinary cystathionine (3.0 g L-methionine load), urinary 4-pyridoxic acid, plasma phosphate, and erythrocyte alanine and aspartate aminotransferases, were not significantly different. Since altered tryptophan metabolism persisted in contraceptive users even when other indices of vitamin B6 nutrition were normal, we suggest that the use of oral contraceptives specifically affects tryptophan metabolism by some means other than through a vitamin B6 deficiency.", "contents": "Vitamin B6 requirements of women using oral contraceptives. Fifteen women who used combined estrogen-progestogen oral contraceptives and nine control women were given a vitamin B6-deficient diet for 4 weeks and the same diet supplemented with 0.8, 2.0, or 20.0 mg of pyridoxine hydrochloride for an additional 4 weeks. At weekly intervals a variety of indices of vitamin B6 nutrition were measured to determine rates of depletion and repletion. The tryptophan load test (2.0 g) was significantly different in the contraceptive users. However, other indices, including urinary cystathionine (3.0 g L-methionine load), urinary 4-pyridoxic acid, plasma phosphate, and erythrocyte alanine and aspartate aminotransferases, were not significantly different. Since altered tryptophan metabolism persisted in contraceptive users even when other indices of vitamin B6 nutrition were normal, we suggest that the use of oral contraceptives specifically affects tryptophan metabolism by some means other than through a vitamin B6 deficiency.", "PMID": 1130311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11021", "title": "Dietary levels of vitamin E and polyunsaturated fatty acids and plasma vitamin E.", "content": "Seventeen daily diets (breakfast, lunch, and dinner) were analyzed from a 35-day menu cycle fed to students, under contract in the University dining halls. This 35-day menu cycle was repeated 6.6 times over the course of two 15-week semesters and registration and final examination periods. The average 2, 500 kcal diet collected during the sixth and seventh menu cycles contained 96 plus or minus 26 g fat of which 19.5 plus or minus 1.8% was linoleate and 28.7 plus or minus 14.2 mg total tocopherol of which 7.5 plus or minus 3.5 mg was RRR-alpha-tocopherol. Blood samples obtained from 26 female undergraduate student volunteers contained adequate levels of plasma total vitamin E, 1.09 plus or minus 0.25 mg/100 ml, despite the observation that 71% and 65% of the diets analyzed did not meet the value tabluated in the eighth edition of \"Recommended Dietary Allowances\" for adult females in terms of RRR-alpha-tocopherol or total vitamin E activity, respectively. These data emphasize the importance of the average long-term consumption of this fat-soluble vitamin rather than daily intake.", "contents": "Dietary levels of vitamin E and polyunsaturated fatty acids and plasma vitamin E. Seventeen daily diets (breakfast, lunch, and dinner) were analyzed from a 35-day menu cycle fed to students, under contract in the University dining halls. This 35-day menu cycle was repeated 6.6 times over the course of two 15-week semesters and registration and final examination periods. The average 2, 500 kcal diet collected during the sixth and seventh menu cycles contained 96 plus or minus 26 g fat of which 19.5 plus or minus 1.8% was linoleate and 28.7 plus or minus 14.2 mg total tocopherol of which 7.5 plus or minus 3.5 mg was RRR-alpha-tocopherol. Blood samples obtained from 26 female undergraduate student volunteers contained adequate levels of plasma total vitamin E, 1.09 plus or minus 0.25 mg/100 ml, despite the observation that 71% and 65% of the diets analyzed did not meet the value tabluated in the eighth edition of \"Recommended Dietary Allowances\" for adult females in terms of RRR-alpha-tocopherol or total vitamin E activity, respectively. These data emphasize the importance of the average long-term consumption of this fat-soluble vitamin rather than daily intake.", "PMID": 1130316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11022", "title": "Recommended dietary allowance for vitamin E: relation to dietary, erythrocyte and adipose tissue linoleate.", "content": "The general trend toward increased consumption of polyunsaturated fatty acids is apparent in the linoleate level of adipose tissue (13.0 plus or minus 1.3%) and erythrocyte lipids (14.0 plus or minus 1.9%) in the present group of female undergraduate student volunteers compared to values reported in the early 1960's. On the basis of the level of linoleate in their diets (19.5 plus or minus 0.8%), it is also apparent that further increases in tissue lipid linoleate levels are to be anticipated, which in turn will result in an increased requirement for vitamin E. It is suggested that adipose tissue linoleate levels in the general population be used as a baseline for the periodic evaluation and revision of the recommended dietary allowance for vitamin E. The recommended dietary allowance could then be phrased in terms of the quantity of vitamin E activity to be consumed per gram linoleate in 100 g adipose tissue fatty acids. A recommendation of 0.6 IU vitamin E activity/g linoleate in 100 g adipose tissue fatty acids is tentatively suggested.", "contents": "Recommended dietary allowance for vitamin E: relation to dietary, erythrocyte and adipose tissue linoleate. The general trend toward increased consumption of polyunsaturated fatty acids is apparent in the linoleate level of adipose tissue (13.0 plus or minus 1.3%) and erythrocyte lipids (14.0 plus or minus 1.9%) in the present group of female undergraduate student volunteers compared to values reported in the early 1960's. On the basis of the level of linoleate in their diets (19.5 plus or minus 0.8%), it is also apparent that further increases in tissue lipid linoleate levels are to be anticipated, which in turn will result in an increased requirement for vitamin E. It is suggested that adipose tissue linoleate levels in the general population be used as a baseline for the periodic evaluation and revision of the recommended dietary allowance for vitamin E. The recommended dietary allowance could then be phrased in terms of the quantity of vitamin E activity to be consumed per gram linoleate in 100 g adipose tissue fatty acids. A recommendation of 0.6 IU vitamin E activity/g linoleate in 100 g adipose tissue fatty acids is tentatively suggested.", "PMID": 1130317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11023", "title": "Carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in the Alaskan Arctic Eskimo.", "content": "The effect of a low total carbohydrate low sucrose diet on various parameters of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism was studied among residents of a North Slope Alaskan Eskimo village. For comparative purposes a group of Eskimo youths consuming a higher carbohydrate institutional diet was also stidied. Those Eskimos consuming their native diet had unusually low serum triglycerides and very low density lipoproteins and normal glucose and tolbutamide tolerance tests. Eskimos on a higher carbohydrate diet exhibited significant elevations of triglycerides and minor alterations in glucose tolerance testing. Differences in cholesterol intake between these groups were accompanied by changes in serum cholesterol and low density lipoprotein levels. Unusually high levels of free fatty acids without ketonemia in the North Slope sample were noted as well.", "contents": "Carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in the Alaskan Arctic Eskimo. The effect of a low total carbohydrate low sucrose diet on various parameters of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism was studied among residents of a North Slope Alaskan Eskimo village. For comparative purposes a group of Eskimo youths consuming a higher carbohydrate institutional diet was also stidied. Those Eskimos consuming their native diet had unusually low serum triglycerides and very low density lipoproteins and normal glucose and tolbutamide tolerance tests. Eskimos on a higher carbohydrate diet exhibited significant elevations of triglycerides and minor alterations in glucose tolerance testing. Differences in cholesterol intake between these groups were accompanied by changes in serum cholesterol and low density lipoprotein levels. Unusually high levels of free fatty acids without ketonemia in the North Slope sample were noted as well.", "PMID": 1130318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11024", "title": "Titrating dietary linoleate to in vivo platelet function in man.", "content": "Platelet aggregation time significantly increased within 48 hours in response to an increase in dietary linoleate of 4% of calories while disaggregation time decreased significantly in 96 hours. A change as small as 0.5% of calories was associated with significant alterations within 4 days. In this group, dietary linoleate appears to be related to platelet function by the equations Aggregation time equals 41.14 plus 2.79 linoleate Disaggregation time equals 11.04 minus 25.52 linoleate.", "contents": "Titrating dietary linoleate to in vivo platelet function in man. Platelet aggregation time significantly increased within 48 hours in response to an increase in dietary linoleate of 4% of calories while disaggregation time decreased significantly in 96 hours. A change as small as 0.5% of calories was associated with significant alterations within 4 days. In this group, dietary linoleate appears to be related to platelet function by the equations Aggregation time equals 41.14 plus 2.79 linoleate Disaggregation time equals 11.04 minus 25.52 linoleate.", "PMID": 1130319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11025", "title": "Effect of oral contraceptive agents on vitamin nutrition status.", "content": "Effects of low estrogen combination type oral contraceptives on some of the biochemical parameters used for assessing vitamin nutritional status were investigated in a group of women who had used the pill for 6 to 12 months. Another group of women was examined initially and then at one or more points of time within the first 6 months of treatment. Following changes were observed in women treated with oral contraceptives: 1) increased excretion of kynurenic acid and xanthurenic acid following tryptophan load; 2) increased EGOT activity and also an increase in vitro stimulation of EGOT with added PALP; 3) increased plasma vitamin A levels; 4) fall in erythrocyte folate levels; 5) fall in erythrocyte transketolase activity with no change in vitro stimulation with TPP; and 6) fall in erythrocyte riboflavin concentration associated with a decrease in erythrocyte glutathione reductase activity and increase in vitro stimulation with FAD. Most of these changes were observed during the first few cycles of oral contraceptive treatment.", "contents": "Effect of oral contraceptive agents on vitamin nutrition status. Effects of low estrogen combination type oral contraceptives on some of the biochemical parameters used for assessing vitamin nutritional status were investigated in a group of women who had used the pill for 6 to 12 months. Another group of women was examined initially and then at one or more points of time within the first 6 months of treatment. Following changes were observed in women treated with oral contraceptives: 1) increased excretion of kynurenic acid and xanthurenic acid following tryptophan load; 2) increased EGOT activity and also an increase in vitro stimulation of EGOT with added PALP; 3) increased plasma vitamin A levels; 4) fall in erythrocyte folate levels; 5) fall in erythrocyte transketolase activity with no change in vitro stimulation with TPP; and 6) fall in erythrocyte riboflavin concentration associated with a decrease in erythrocyte glutathione reductase activity and increase in vitro stimulation with FAD. Most of these changes were observed during the first few cycles of oral contraceptive treatment.", "PMID": 1130320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11026", "title": "Insulin, glucose and triglyceride relationships in obese African subjects.", "content": "Aspects of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism were studied in 50 nondiabetic African subjects living in Johannesburg. Twenty-six of them were overweight, invariably associated with a high-carbohydrate intake. In general, the obese group demonstrated significantly raised serum insulin levels, normal glucose tolerance, normal fasting serum triglycerides, and significantly elevated serum cholesterol concentrations. However, the degree of obesity was not significantly correlated with any of these metabolic variables--notably basal or stimulated insulin levels. This suggests that the obese state, per se, was not the major cause of the hyperinsulinemia, and that other factors influenced individual insulin responses or sensitivity. Inconsistently excessive dietary carbohydrate ingestion and an unusual degree of physical activity may have been important. A striking correlation emerged between fasting serum triglycerides and insulin concentrations (both basal and stimulated); the possibility that this reflects acceleration of hepatic triglyceride synthesis by insulin is discussed. The concept of obesity invariably producing insulin resistance and progressive compensatory hyperinsulinism may not apply in all environmental conditions.", "contents": "Insulin, glucose and triglyceride relationships in obese African subjects. Aspects of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism were studied in 50 nondiabetic African subjects living in Johannesburg. Twenty-six of them were overweight, invariably associated with a high-carbohydrate intake. In general, the obese group demonstrated significantly raised serum insulin levels, normal glucose tolerance, normal fasting serum triglycerides, and significantly elevated serum cholesterol concentrations. However, the degree of obesity was not significantly correlated with any of these metabolic variables--notably basal or stimulated insulin levels. This suggests that the obese state, per se, was not the major cause of the hyperinsulinemia, and that other factors influenced individual insulin responses or sensitivity. Inconsistently excessive dietary carbohydrate ingestion and an unusual degree of physical activity may have been important. A striking correlation emerged between fasting serum triglycerides and insulin concentrations (both basal and stimulated); the possibility that this reflects acceleration of hepatic triglyceride synthesis by insulin is discussed. The concept of obesity invariably producing insulin resistance and progressive compensatory hyperinsulinism may not apply in all environmental conditions.", "PMID": 1130321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11027", "title": "The structure of cell membranes involved in intercellular communication.", "content": "The molecular structure of mouse hepatocyte gap junctions is investigated with corrlated electron microscopy, biochemistry, and x-ray diffraction technics. These studies reveal that the gap junction is composed of a hexagonal lattice of protein subunits, connexons, which pierce the hydrophobic membrane and establish a structural basis for intercellular hydrophilic channels or pores. By digesting liver-cell membranes with trypsin, a preparation of open- and closed-gap junction vesicles can be generated; this preparation will permit direct permeability measurements across the gap junction membranes in an in-vitro system.", "contents": "The structure of cell membranes involved in intercellular communication. The molecular structure of mouse hepatocyte gap junctions is investigated with corrlated electron microscopy, biochemistry, and x-ray diffraction technics. These studies reveal that the gap junction is composed of a hexagonal lattice of protein subunits, connexons, which pierce the hydrophobic membrane and establish a structural basis for intercellular hydrophilic channels or pores. By digesting liver-cell membranes with trypsin, a preparation of open- and closed-gap junction vesicles can be generated; this preparation will permit direct permeability measurements across the gap junction membranes in an in-vitro system.", "PMID": 1130322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11028", "title": "Modifying the immunogenicity of cell membrane antigens. Tumors and transplants.", "content": "The immunogenicity of an antigenic cell is a distinctly different property from its antigenic composition. Two clinical problems might well be beneficially affected by modifying the immunogenicity of cell membrane antigens: Can the immunogenicity of tumor-specific antigens on malignant cells be increased so that effective immunity to the tumor will lead to its destruction? Conversely, can the immunogenicity of histocompatibility antigens on grafted organs be minimized so that they will survive a foreign host? Evidence is accumulating to indicate that under certain conditions a tumor vaccine can be developed utilizing autochthonous tumor cells, removed from the host, chemically modified in vitro, and reinjected into the original host which will effectively, augment specific immunologic defenses against residual tumor cells. Similarly, the moderately immunosuppressed host will tolerate grafts after suitable immunogenic modification in vitro. Both approaches may have ready clinical application, even before the mechanisms have been worked.", "contents": "Modifying the immunogenicity of cell membrane antigens. Tumors and transplants. The immunogenicity of an antigenic cell is a distinctly different property from its antigenic composition. Two clinical problems might well be beneficially affected by modifying the immunogenicity of cell membrane antigens: Can the immunogenicity of tumor-specific antigens on malignant cells be increased so that effective immunity to the tumor will lead to its destruction? Conversely, can the immunogenicity of histocompatibility antigens on grafted organs be minimized so that they will survive a foreign host? Evidence is accumulating to indicate that under certain conditions a tumor vaccine can be developed utilizing autochthonous tumor cells, removed from the host, chemically modified in vitro, and reinjected into the original host which will effectively, augment specific immunologic defenses against residual tumor cells. Similarly, the moderately immunosuppressed host will tolerate grafts after suitable immunogenic modification in vitro. Both approaches may have ready clinical application, even before the mechanisms have been worked.", "PMID": 1130323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11029", "title": "Effectiveness of an early secondary prevention program in an inner-city elementary school.", "content": "The adaptation of an early secondary prevention program to an inner-city elementary school is described. The program utilizes nonprofessional workers as the primary helping agents with maladapting children in kindergarten through third grade classes. The program also involves consultation with classroom teachers and parents and an after-school activity group. A community advisory board helps provide accountability to the community and increased program impact in the community. Evaluation of the program provides support for program effectiveness in improving the adaptation of program children.", "contents": "Effectiveness of an early secondary prevention program in an inner-city elementary school. The adaptation of an early secondary prevention program to an inner-city elementary school is described. The program utilizes nonprofessional workers as the primary helping agents with maladapting children in kindergarten through third grade classes. The program also involves consultation with classroom teachers and parents and an after-school activity group. A community advisory board helps provide accountability to the community and increased program impact in the community. Evaluation of the program provides support for program effectiveness in improving the adaptation of program children.", "PMID": 1130324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11030", "title": "Brief hotline training. An effort to examine impact on volunteers.", "content": "In response to community needs and pressures, increasing numbers of small crisis centers and hotline services have emerged. This emergence of services has been possible in part because of the mounting number of eager and interested volunteers. These services want and need training for the volunteers. This article examines the problem of evaluating the kind of information and the kind of training that hotline volunteers were given in a brief training program.", "contents": "Brief hotline training. An effort to examine impact on volunteers. In response to community needs and pressures, increasing numbers of small crisis centers and hotline services have emerged. This emergence of services has been possible in part because of the mounting number of eager and interested volunteers. These services want and need training for the volunteers. This article examines the problem of evaluating the kind of information and the kind of training that hotline volunteers were given in a brief training program.", "PMID": 1130325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11031", "title": "Planning primary prevention strategy. A survey of the effects of business location on Indian reservation life.", "content": "It was hypothesized that the introductions of a new business or industry into a high-poverty-level Indian reservation community would produce conditions that could have both positive and negative effects on mental health. A questionnaire surveying the impact of business location on reservation life was sent to all field offices of the Bureau of Indian Affairs. Survey results supported the expectation that business development may affect community life in a variety of ways. Respondents cited approximately twice as many positive effects as negative ones. Furthermore, it was found that relatively few Indians were actually employed and consequently exposed to either type of effect. Implications of the survey for planning primary prevention strategies which would minimize the pathogenic influences of business development are discussed.", "contents": "Planning primary prevention strategy. A survey of the effects of business location on Indian reservation life. It was hypothesized that the introductions of a new business or industry into a high-poverty-level Indian reservation community would produce conditions that could have both positive and negative effects on mental health. A questionnaire surveying the impact of business location on reservation life was sent to all field offices of the Bureau of Indian Affairs. Survey results supported the expectation that business development may affect community life in a variety of ways. Respondents cited approximately twice as many positive effects as negative ones. Furthermore, it was found that relatively few Indians were actually employed and consequently exposed to either type of effect. Implications of the survey for planning primary prevention strategies which would minimize the pathogenic influences of business development are discussed.", "PMID": 1130326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11032", "title": "Childhood sarcoidosis. Progressive systemic illness with micronodular pulmonary involvement.", "content": "A 9-year-old black girl had progressive generalized sarcoidosis. Chest roentgenograms disclosed severe, disseminated micronodular infiltrates, and pulmonary function was severely decreased. Results of a liver biopsy disclosed granulomas consistent with sarcoidosis. She responded dramatically to corticosteroid therapy, both clinically and radiologically.", "contents": "Childhood sarcoidosis. Progressive systemic illness with micronodular pulmonary involvement. A 9-year-old black girl had progressive generalized sarcoidosis. Chest roentgenograms disclosed severe, disseminated micronodular infiltrates, and pulmonary function was severely decreased. Results of a liver biopsy disclosed granulomas consistent with sarcoidosis. She responded dramatically to corticosteroid therapy, both clinically and radiologically.", "PMID": 1130327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11033", "title": "Cardiophrenic adenopathy in Hodgkin disease.", "content": "Hodgkin disease can involve diaphragmatic lymph nodes adjacent to the heart. When nodes at the cardiac apex are involved, the roentgenographic appearance simulates  that of the normal pericardial fat pad. Though, to our knowledge, no cases have been reported in which this was the only intrathoracic manifestation of Hodgkin disease at the time the patient was first seen and the condition was diagnosed, it may be the only manifestation of relapse, as was true in the case presented.", "contents": "Cardiophrenic adenopathy in Hodgkin disease. Hodgkin disease can involve diaphragmatic lymph nodes adjacent to the heart. When nodes at the cardiac apex are involved, the roentgenographic appearance simulates  that of the normal pericardial fat pad. Though, to our knowledge, no cases have been reported in which this was the only intrathoracic manifestation of Hodgkin disease at the time the patient was first seen and the condition was diagnosed, it may be the only manifestation of relapse, as was true in the case presented.", "PMID": 1130328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11034", "title": "A new arthrogryposis syndrome with facial and limb anomalies.", "content": "A new familial syndrome of facial and limb anomalies was shown in a 4-month-old girl. Small mouth and jaw with limited jaw movement were seen in infancy, with growth to relatively normal size and movement in adulthood, but with a persistent, deep, horizontal depression just above the chin. Mild short stature and microcephaly as well as large ears with lack of the anthelix were present in family members. Severe flexion contractures of the hands and feet were present and led to subluxation of fingers and club feet in the most severely affect child. Marked variability among family members was seen, but a dominant inheritance seems likely.", "contents": "A new arthrogryposis syndrome with facial and limb anomalies. A new familial syndrome of facial and limb anomalies was shown in a 4-month-old girl. Small mouth and jaw with limited jaw movement were seen in infancy, with growth to relatively normal size and movement in adulthood, but with a persistent, deep, horizontal depression just above the chin. Mild short stature and microcephaly as well as large ears with lack of the anthelix were present in family members. Severe flexion contractures of the hands and feet were present and led to subluxation of fingers and club feet in the most severely affect child. Marked variability among family members was seen, but a dominant inheritance seems likely.", "PMID": 1130329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11035", "title": "Systemic lupus erythematosus in a 1-year-old child.", "content": "An 11-month-old girl had systemic lupus erythematosus with a widespread skin rash. She manifested five of the criteria necessary for the diagnosis: oral ulcerations, alopecia, positive lupus erythematosus preparations, convulsions, and thrombocytopenia with leukopenia. Direct immunofluorescence showed deposits of IgG and C3 at the dermoepidermal junction of both abnormal and clinically uninvolved skin, and in subepithelial deposits along the glomerular basement membrane.", "contents": "Systemic lupus erythematosus in a 1-year-old child. An 11-month-old girl had systemic lupus erythematosus with a widespread skin rash. She manifested five of the criteria necessary for the diagnosis: oral ulcerations, alopecia, positive lupus erythematosus preparations, convulsions, and thrombocytopenia with leukopenia. Direct immunofluorescence showed deposits of IgG and C3 at the dermoepidermal junction of both abnormal and clinically uninvolved skin, and in subepithelial deposits along the glomerular basement membrane.", "PMID": 1130330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11036", "title": "Inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion in an infant with severe pneumonia.", "content": "A 6-week-old boy with severe pneumonia developed hyponatremia as a result of the syndrome of inapropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH). Cerebral edema and seizures occurred after administration of fluids and diuretics. Fluid restriction and resolution of the pneumonia corrected the severe electrolyte imbalance. The possibility of SIADH should be considered in cases of severe and resistant pneumonia in infancy.", "contents": "Inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion in an infant with severe pneumonia. A 6-week-old boy with severe pneumonia developed hyponatremia as a result of the syndrome of inapropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH). Cerebral edema and seizures occurred after administration of fluids and diuretics. Fluid restriction and resolution of the pneumonia corrected the severe electrolyte imbalance. The possibility of SIADH should be considered in cases of severe and resistant pneumonia in infancy.", "PMID": 1130331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11037", "title": "Critical weight at menarche. Critique of a hypothesis.", "content": "The critical weight hypothesis in relation to menarche, which is known as the Frisch-Revelle model, has been examined. Since, in eight samples, girls reached menarche at weights spanning a 71.4-kg (157-lb) range, Frisch and Revelle's concept of a critical weight of 47 to 48 kg (104 to 106 lb) cannot be applied meaningfully to individuals. Neither can the suggestion of an invariant mean weight be accepted, because significant differences occur among the mean menarcheal weights for several samples of normal white girls. Finally, when stature is held constant, there is some evidence that girls who reach menarche at younger ages are heavier than those who begin menstruating at older ages. Apparent reductions in variability when the estimated amount of total body water is used instead of body weight may result from statistical artifacts associated with regression analysis.", "contents": "Critical weight at menarche. Critique of a hypothesis. The critical weight hypothesis in relation to menarche, which is known as the Frisch-Revelle model, has been examined. Since, in eight samples, girls reached menarche at weights spanning a 71.4-kg (157-lb) range, Frisch and Revelle's concept of a critical weight of 47 to 48 kg (104 to 106 lb) cannot be applied meaningfully to individuals. Neither can the suggestion of an invariant mean weight be accepted, because significant differences occur among the mean menarcheal weights for several samples of normal white girls. Finally, when stature is held constant, there is some evidence that girls who reach menarche at younger ages are heavier than those who begin menstruating at older ages. Apparent reductions in variability when the estimated amount of total body water is used instead of body weight may result from statistical artifacts associated with regression analysis.", "PMID": 1130340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11038", "title": "Ambulatory pediatric fellowship programs.", "content": "Pediatric ambulatory fellowships are post-residency training program designed to prepare pediatricians to deliver, organize, and evaluate primary pediatric care. A survey of the members of the ambulatory Pediatric Association details the funding, structure, content, and outcome of these training programs. The Ambulatory Pediatric Association has recently approved guidelines for the standards and content of these fellowship programs.", "contents": "Ambulatory pediatric fellowship programs. Pediatric ambulatory fellowships are post-residency training program designed to prepare pediatricians to deliver, organize, and evaluate primary pediatric care. A survey of the members of the ambulatory Pediatric Association details the funding, structure, content, and outcome of these training programs. The Ambulatory Pediatric Association has recently approved guidelines for the standards and content of these fellowship programs.", "PMID": 1130341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11039", "title": "Fetal electroencephalography. Relationship to neonatal and one-year developmental neurological examinations in high-risk infants.", "content": "Sharp wave activity in fetal electroencephalograms was found to have a significant relation to neurological findings at 1 year of age but not to neurological findings obtained during the neonatal period. Neonatal neurological findings were significantly related to those at 1 year of age.", "contents": "Fetal electroencephalography. Relationship to neonatal and one-year developmental neurological examinations in high-risk infants. Sharp wave activity in fetal electroencephalograms was found to have a significant relation to neurological findings at 1 year of age but not to neurological findings obtained during the neonatal period. Neonatal neurological findings were significantly related to those at 1 year of age.", "PMID": 1130342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11040", "title": "Pneumatoceles following hydrocarbon ingestion. Report of three cases and review of the literature.", "content": "Three cases of pneumatocele formation secondary to hydrocarbon ingestion are reported and analyzed along with 12 from the literature. The cases display a spectrum of clinical severity. After a period of 3 to 15 days, during which most patients became asymptomatic, pneumatoceles were noted radiologically, usually as an unexpected finding on follow-up roentgenograms. No instances of pneumothorax or empyema were noted. Resolution has been observed radiologically after periods varying from 15 days to 21 months. The incidence of this complication is probably greater than previously realized.", "contents": "Pneumatoceles following hydrocarbon ingestion. Report of three cases and review of the literature. Three cases of pneumatocele formation secondary to hydrocarbon ingestion are reported and analyzed along with 12 from the literature. The cases display a spectrum of clinical severity. After a period of 3 to 15 days, during which most patients became asymptomatic, pneumatoceles were noted radiologically, usually as an unexpected finding on follow-up roentgenograms. No instances of pneumothorax or empyema were noted. Resolution has been observed radiologically after periods varying from 15 days to 21 months. The incidence of this complication is probably greater than previously realized.", "PMID": 1130343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11041", "title": "Infants with congenital heart disease. Food intake, body weight, and energy metabolism.", "content": "Growth failure in infants with congenital heart disease was investigated by studies of food intake, change in body weight, oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production, and lean body mass. Infants with congenital heart disease weighed less initially and gained less weight during observation than normal infants. The daily intake of calories per kilogram body weight was inadequate for some infants and considered generally adequate for others. Lean body mass was normal, and the quantity of oxygen used for metabolism was similar in both groups. Infants with congenital heart disease were not found to be hypermetabolic when oxygen consumption was related to lean body mass. The growth failure seen in these infants appears to be most appropriately related to inadequate calorie intake rather than to any other factor studied.", "contents": "Infants with congenital heart disease. Food intake, body weight, and energy metabolism. Growth failure in infants with congenital heart disease was investigated by studies of food intake, change in body weight, oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production, and lean body mass. Infants with congenital heart disease weighed less initially and gained less weight during observation than normal infants. The daily intake of calories per kilogram body weight was inadequate for some infants and considered generally adequate for others. Lean body mass was normal, and the quantity of oxygen used for metabolism was similar in both groups. Infants with congenital heart disease were not found to be hypermetabolic when oxygen consumption was related to lean body mass. The growth failure seen in these infants appears to be most appropriately related to inadequate calorie intake rather than to any other factor studied.", "PMID": 1130344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11042", "title": "Neonatal familial hypercholesterolemia.", "content": "Hypercholesterolemic and normal neonates from hypercholesterolemic kindreds were studied for 6 to 30 months. Sixteen of 22 hypercholesterolemic neonates and eight of 11 normal neonates came from families with \"monogenic\" hyperlipoproteinemia. At 6 or 12 months of age, plasma cholesterol level was greater than 200 mg/100 ml in eight of the 16 neonates with hypercholesterolemia. Four of these eight had cholesterol levels greater than or equal to 290 mg/100 ml at ages 6 to 18 months. On low cholesterol intake, at ages 6 to 12 months, five of seven infants with hypercholesterolemia had cholesterol levels less than 200 mg/100 ml. One of eight normal neonates from families with hypercholesterolemia had cholesterol levels greater than 200 mg/100 ml at ages 6 to 12 months. Neonatal diagnosis of familial hypercholesterolemia provides an opportunity for long-term primary prevention in a group at high genetic risk for premature is chemic heart disease.", "contents": "Neonatal familial hypercholesterolemia. Hypercholesterolemic and normal neonates from hypercholesterolemic kindreds were studied for 6 to 30 months. Sixteen of 22 hypercholesterolemic neonates and eight of 11 normal neonates came from families with \"monogenic\" hyperlipoproteinemia. At 6 or 12 months of age, plasma cholesterol level was greater than 200 mg/100 ml in eight of the 16 neonates with hypercholesterolemia. Four of these eight had cholesterol levels greater than or equal to 290 mg/100 ml at ages 6 to 18 months. On low cholesterol intake, at ages 6 to 12 months, five of seven infants with hypercholesterolemia had cholesterol levels less than 200 mg/100 ml. One of eight normal neonates from families with hypercholesterolemia had cholesterol levels greater than 200 mg/100 ml at ages 6 to 12 months. Neonatal diagnosis of familial hypercholesterolemia provides an opportunity for long-term primary prevention in a group at high genetic risk for premature is chemic heart disease.", "PMID": 1130345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11043", "title": "Androgen Therapy in an \"excessively\" tall boy.", "content": "An \"excessively\" tall, early pubertal boy was treated with androgen for a period of 33 months. Sexual development and fusion of epiphyses was accelerated with achievement of shorter stature than that predicted prior to therapy. Testicular size did not appear to be impaired by the therapy. Androgen administration in this young boy appeared to be effective in shortening the eventual adult stature.", "contents": "Androgen Therapy in an \"excessively\" tall boy. An \"excessively\" tall, early pubertal boy was treated with androgen for a period of 33 months. Sexual development and fusion of epiphyses was accelerated with achievement of shorter stature than that predicted prior to therapy. Testicular size did not appear to be impaired by the therapy. Androgen administration in this young boy appeared to be effective in shortening the eventual adult stature.", "PMID": 1130347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11044", "title": "Pacemaker therapy in children with complete heart block.", "content": "Permanent pacemaker therapy in children with complete heart block is necessary occasionally. Ten patients ranging in age from 8 months to 15 years were treated with an implanted P-wave, synchronous epicardial pacemaker. Indications for implantation were persisting postsurgical heart block, congestive failure, syncopal attacks, and arrhythmias. There were two deaths not attributed to pacemaker malfunction. The remaining eight children have been followed up for 38 to 108 months. There have been 27 pulse generator replacements. Twenty-three were for battery exhaustion, three for electromechanical failure, and one was due to arrhythmia. Rhythm disturbances have occurred on eight occasions. There have been no infections. It is concluded that the implanted P-wave synchronous pacemaker is an effective method of therapy when indicated for children with complete heart block.", "contents": "Pacemaker therapy in children with complete heart block. Permanent pacemaker therapy in children with complete heart block is necessary occasionally. Ten patients ranging in age from 8 months to 15 years were treated with an implanted P-wave, synchronous epicardial pacemaker. Indications for implantation were persisting postsurgical heart block, congestive failure, syncopal attacks, and arrhythmias. There were two deaths not attributed to pacemaker malfunction. The remaining eight children have been followed up for 38 to 108 months. There have been 27 pulse generator replacements. Twenty-three were for battery exhaustion, three for electromechanical failure, and one was due to arrhythmia. Rhythm disturbances have occurred on eight occasions. There have been no infections. It is concluded that the implanted P-wave synchronous pacemaker is an effective method of therapy when indicated for children with complete heart block.", "PMID": 1130355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11045", "title": "Occlusive vertebrobasilar artery disease associated with cervical spine anomaly.", "content": "A 6-year-old boy developed a flaccid hemiplegia and dysarthria following several transient episodes of nausea, vomiting, and ataxia. An anomly of the dens was discovered, permitting subluxation of C-1 on C-2. A segmental occlusion of the right vertebral artery and an aneurysm of the left vertebral artery were found at the C-2 level, as well as a thromboembolic occlusion of the rostral end of the basilar artery. It appeared that the repeated cervical subluxation produced occlusive, aneurysmal, and embolic vascular disease, and that clinical symptoms were the result of ischemia in the territory perfused by the vertebrobasilar arteries.", "contents": "Occlusive vertebrobasilar artery disease associated with cervical spine anomaly. A 6-year-old boy developed a flaccid hemiplegia and dysarthria following several transient episodes of nausea, vomiting, and ataxia. An anomly of the dens was discovered, permitting subluxation of C-1 on C-2. A segmental occlusion of the right vertebral artery and an aneurysm of the left vertebral artery were found at the C-2 level, as well as a thromboembolic occlusion of the rostral end of the basilar artery. It appeared that the repeated cervical subluxation produced occlusive, aneurysmal, and embolic vascular disease, and that clinical symptoms were the result of ischemia in the territory perfused by the vertebrobasilar arteries.", "PMID": 1130356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11046", "title": "Ampicillin-associated diarrhea--A prospective study.", "content": "A prospective study of 200 consecutive patients receiving ampicillin for various reasons revealed that bowel habits changed in 16% and diarrhea occurred in 4.5%. No case of pseudomembranous colitis was found. The incidence with which bowel habits changed increased with larger total doses of antibiotic. Oral and intravenous routes causedthe same incidence of altered bowel habits. This study provides a proper comparison group to place clindamycin-associated colitis in proper perspective.", "contents": "Ampicillin-associated diarrhea--A prospective study. A prospective study of 200 consecutive patients receiving ampicillin for various reasons revealed that bowel habits changed in 16% and diarrhea occurred in 4.5%. No case of pseudomembranous colitis was found. The incidence with which bowel habits changed increased with larger total doses of antibiotic. Oral and intravenous routes causedthe same incidence of altered bowel habits. This study provides a proper comparison group to place clindamycin-associated colitis in proper perspective.", "PMID": 1130357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11047", "title": "Effect of increased intraabdominal pressure on lower esophageal sphincter pressure.", "content": "This study evaluates the effect of intraabdominal pressure increases on lower esophageal sphincter (LES) pressure in normal subjects and in patients with reflux esophagitis. Intraabdominal and intragastric pressure were increased by abdominal compression, the Valsalva maneuver, and leg raising. In normal subjects changes in pressure recorded from the LES equaled the changes in gastric pressure induced by abdominal compression and Valsalva. Consquently the LES-gastric pressure gradient remained unchanged. During leg raising, pressure recorded from the LES increased more than gastric pressure, thereby increasing the LES-gastric pressure gradient. Although statistically significant, the LES pressure increases associated with leg raising were modest, unrelated to initial sphincter pressure, and unaffected by atropine. When individuals demonstrating a \"common cavity\" phenomenon were exculed, LES pressure changes during abdominal compression were similar in patients with esophagitis and in normal volunteers. Consequently, response of the LES to abdominal compression generally does not separate patients with esophagitis from normal subjects. We believe that the LES responses to increased intra-abdominal pressure observed in this study are better accounted for by mechanical factors than by a physiologic adaptive response of intrinsic LES tone.", "contents": "Effect of increased intraabdominal pressure on lower esophageal sphincter pressure. This study evaluates the effect of intraabdominal pressure increases on lower esophageal sphincter (LES) pressure in normal subjects and in patients with reflux esophagitis. Intraabdominal and intragastric pressure were increased by abdominal compression, the Valsalva maneuver, and leg raising. In normal subjects changes in pressure recorded from the LES equaled the changes in gastric pressure induced by abdominal compression and Valsalva. Consquently the LES-gastric pressure gradient remained unchanged. During leg raising, pressure recorded from the LES increased more than gastric pressure, thereby increasing the LES-gastric pressure gradient. Although statistically significant, the LES pressure increases associated with leg raising were modest, unrelated to initial sphincter pressure, and unaffected by atropine. When individuals demonstrating a \"common cavity\" phenomenon were exculed, LES pressure changes during abdominal compression were similar in patients with esophagitis and in normal volunteers. Consequently, response of the LES to abdominal compression generally does not separate patients with esophagitis from normal subjects. We believe that the LES responses to increased intra-abdominal pressure observed in this study are better accounted for by mechanical factors than by a physiologic adaptive response of intrinsic LES tone.", "PMID": 1130358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11048", "title": "Exocrine pancreatic function in juvenile diabetics.", "content": "In 11 juvenile diabetics and 13 control subjects, the secretin-pancreozymin test was performed. Duodenal-volume losses were corrected by use of radioactive vitamin B12 as marker substance. As compared to normal subjects, juvenile diabetics had significantly decreased pancreatic outputs of amylase, trypsin, chymotrypsin, and to a lesser degree, of bicarbonate. Clinical evidence of disease of the exocrine pancreas was missing. There was no discernible relationship between the abnormality of external pancreatic function and the duration of diabetes mellitus or the dose of insulin required. Possible factors that may be responsible for the exocrine deficiency of the pancreas in juvenile diabetics are discussed.", "contents": "Exocrine pancreatic function in juvenile diabetics. In 11 juvenile diabetics and 13 control subjects, the secretin-pancreozymin test was performed. Duodenal-volume losses were corrected by use of radioactive vitamin B12 as marker substance. As compared to normal subjects, juvenile diabetics had significantly decreased pancreatic outputs of amylase, trypsin, chymotrypsin, and to a lesser degree, of bicarbonate. Clinical evidence of disease of the exocrine pancreas was missing. There was no discernible relationship between the abnormality of external pancreatic function and the duration of diabetes mellitus or the dose of insulin required. Possible factors that may be responsible for the exocrine deficiency of the pancreas in juvenile diabetics are discussed.", "PMID": 1130359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11049", "title": "Oropharyngeal dysphagia Manometric and cine esophagraphic findings.", "content": "The manometric and cineradiographic features of 14 patients with oropharyngeal dysphagia are described. Failure of the upper-esophageal sphincter (UES) to relax completely and incoordination of UES relaxation with pharyngeal contraction were noted as was poor initiation of swallows and disorganization of pharyngeal contraction. The relative merits of cine esophagography and esophageal manometry in evaluating oropharyngeal dysphagia are assessed, and a functional classification for this disorder is proposed. Clinical improvement in 4 of 5 patients who underwent UES myotomy for severe intractable dysphagia did not always correlate with improvement in manometric and cine studies.", "contents": "Oropharyngeal dysphagia Manometric and cine esophagraphic findings. The manometric and cineradiographic features of 14 patients with oropharyngeal dysphagia are described. Failure of the upper-esophageal sphincter (UES) to relax completely and incoordination of UES relaxation with pharyngeal contraction were noted as was poor initiation of swallows and disorganization of pharyngeal contraction. The relative merits of cine esophagography and esophageal manometry in evaluating oropharyngeal dysphagia are assessed, and a functional classification for this disorder is proposed. Clinical improvement in 4 of 5 patients who underwent UES myotomy for severe intractable dysphagia did not always correlate with improvement in manometric and cine studies.", "PMID": 1130360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11050", "title": "Inflammatory pseudotumors (inflammatory fibrous polyps) of the small intestine: A clinicopathologic study.", "content": "The clinical and pathologic features of 25 inflammatory pseudotumors of the small intestine are reported. These rare lesions, which clinically may simulate neoplasms, consist of localized, frequently polypoid masses composed of inflamed fibrous and granulation tissue. Inflammatory pseudotumors may produce intussusception and small-bowel obstruction. Some are found at laparotomy performed for other reasons. The diagnosis of inflammatory pseudotumor usually can not be made until the lesion is examined histogically. Their etiology remains unknown, but their relationship to intestinal ulceration is discussed. Problems in differential histologic diagnosis are considered.", "contents": "Inflammatory pseudotumors (inflammatory fibrous polyps) of the small intestine: A clinicopathologic study. The clinical and pathologic features of 25 inflammatory pseudotumors of the small intestine are reported. These rare lesions, which clinically may simulate neoplasms, consist of localized, frequently polypoid masses composed of inflamed fibrous and granulation tissue. Inflammatory pseudotumors may produce intussusception and small-bowel obstruction. Some are found at laparotomy performed for other reasons. The diagnosis of inflammatory pseudotumor usually can not be made until the lesion is examined histogically. Their etiology remains unknown, but their relationship to intestinal ulceration is discussed. Problems in differential histologic diagnosis are considered.", "PMID": 1130361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11051", "title": "Transplantation antigens in Crohn's disease: Linkage of associated ankylosing spondylitis with HL-Aw27.", "content": "The complete HL-A antigen profile was examined in 77 patients with Crohn's disease,11 of whom had unequivocal ankylosing spondylitis. There was no significant difference in the frequencies of the HL-A antigens between these 77 patients and 600 normal controls. 10 male patients with Crohn's disease possessed HL-Aw27; all of these had unequivocal ankylosing spondylitis. This antigen may, therefore, be a useful marker of spondylitis in Crohn's disease.", "contents": "Transplantation antigens in Crohn's disease: Linkage of associated ankylosing spondylitis with HL-Aw27. The complete HL-A antigen profile was examined in 77 patients with Crohn's disease,11 of whom had unequivocal ankylosing spondylitis. There was no significant difference in the frequencies of the HL-A antigens between these 77 patients and 600 normal controls. 10 male patients with Crohn's disease possessed HL-Aw27; all of these had unequivocal ankylosing spondylitis. This antigen may, therefore, be a useful marker of spondylitis in Crohn's disease.", "PMID": 1130362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11052", "title": "The role of bile reflux in the development of cold-restraint gastric lesions.", "content": "The study was designed to test whether or not bile reflux is necessary for the development of gastric mucosal lesions during cold-restraint stress in the rat. 40 male Sprague-Dawley rats were studied. They were randomized into 4 groups. Group 1 underwent sham operations with no cold-restraint stress. Group 2 underwent sham operations. Group 3 underwent pyloric ligation. Group 4 underwent bile duct ligation. Groups 2, 3, and 4 were subjected to cold-restraint stress for 3 hours at 4-6 degrees C in a Bollman cage. After the experimental procedure, the stomachs were removed under ether anesthesia, the severity of lesions was recorded, and blood from the hearts was obtained for hematocrit readings. The mean lesion scores of all groups exposed to cold-restraint stress were similar and much higher than that of the unrestrained sham-operated group (P smaller than 0.001). Also, mean hematocrit readings in all groups exposed to cold-restraint stress were lower than in the control group (P smaller than 0.05). There was a correlation between severity of mucosal lesions and hematocrit reading (rs=0.57, P smaller than 0.001). The results obtained allow the following conclusions: (1) Bile reflux is not necessary for formation of cold-restraint stress lesions in the rat. (2) Hematocrit readings appear to be a useful measure of blood loss secondary to experimental mucosal lesions.", "contents": "The role of bile reflux in the development of cold-restraint gastric lesions. The study was designed to test whether or not bile reflux is necessary for the development of gastric mucosal lesions during cold-restraint stress in the rat. 40 male Sprague-Dawley rats were studied. They were randomized into 4 groups. Group 1 underwent sham operations with no cold-restraint stress. Group 2 underwent sham operations. Group 3 underwent pyloric ligation. Group 4 underwent bile duct ligation. Groups 2, 3, and 4 were subjected to cold-restraint stress for 3 hours at 4-6 degrees C in a Bollman cage. After the experimental procedure, the stomachs were removed under ether anesthesia, the severity of lesions was recorded, and blood from the hearts was obtained for hematocrit readings. The mean lesion scores of all groups exposed to cold-restraint stress were similar and much higher than that of the unrestrained sham-operated group (P smaller than 0.001). Also, mean hematocrit readings in all groups exposed to cold-restraint stress were lower than in the control group (P smaller than 0.05). There was a correlation between severity of mucosal lesions and hematocrit reading (rs=0.57, P smaller than 0.001). The results obtained allow the following conclusions: (1) Bile reflux is not necessary for formation of cold-restraint stress lesions in the rat. (2) Hematocrit readings appear to be a useful measure of blood loss secondary to experimental mucosal lesions.", "PMID": 1130363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11053", "title": "Use and abuse of gastric function tests by British and American gastric surgeons.", "content": "The use of gastric function tests by American and British gastroenterologic surgeons in different clinical situations has been studied by questionnaire. Clinical practice on both sides of the Atlantic is generally similar. The major difference in the type of test employed is that pentagastrin cannot be used in clinical practice in the United States. Surgeons in the USA were much more liberal in their indications for gastric secretory tests than were their British counterparts. Significantly more tests were used by American surgeons, if x-ray evidence of duodenal or gastric ulcer existed, and to evaluate a post-gastrectomy patient, whether symptomatic or not. The British surgeonswere much less likely to allow the results of secretory tests to influence their surgical approach. The authors discuss indications for and the clinical value of gastric secretion tests and conclude that in most instances far too many tests are being employed.", "contents": "Use and abuse of gastric function tests by British and American gastric surgeons. The use of gastric function tests by American and British gastroenterologic surgeons in different clinical situations has been studied by questionnaire. Clinical practice on both sides of the Atlantic is generally similar. The major difference in the type of test employed is that pentagastrin cannot be used in clinical practice in the United States. Surgeons in the USA were much more liberal in their indications for gastric secretory tests than were their British counterparts. Significantly more tests were used by American surgeons, if x-ray evidence of duodenal or gastric ulcer existed, and to evaluate a post-gastrectomy patient, whether symptomatic or not. The British surgeonswere much less likely to allow the results of secretory tests to influence their surgical approach. The authors discuss indications for and the clinical value of gastric secretion tests and conclude that in most instances far too many tests are being employed.", "PMID": 1130364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11054", "title": "Lower-esophageal webs.", "content": "A case of a true lower-esophageal web is reported. The web was not visualized on radiological examination, but was visualized and removed by endoscopy. The purpose of this report is to point out that true lower-esophageal webs are different from lower-esophageal rings. Lower-esophageal webs occur much less frequently than lower-esophageal rings but must be included in the differential diagnosis of dysphagia.", "contents": "Lower-esophageal webs. A case of a true lower-esophageal web is reported. The web was not visualized on radiological examination, but was visualized and removed by endoscopy. The purpose of this report is to point out that true lower-esophageal webs are different from lower-esophageal rings. Lower-esophageal webs occur much less frequently than lower-esophageal rings but must be included in the differential diagnosis of dysphagia.", "PMID": 1130366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11055", "title": "Leukocyte migration test in Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, and ankylosing spondylitis using Crohn's colon homogenate, mitochondrial, and microsomal fractions.", "content": "Leukocytes from 33 patients with Crohn's disease, 20 patients with ulcerative colitis, and 20 patients with ankylosing spondylitis were tested for evidence of abnormal migration in the presence of preparations of colon from a patient with Crohn's disease. None of the patients was on treatment with immunosuppressive drugs. The test was also performed with leucocytes from 12 health subjects. Significant alteration was seen in the Crohn's disease group, particularly when the antigen used was mitochondrial or microsomal fraction of colon mucosa, whereas the patients in the ulcerative colitis group showed reactivity only with the whole colon homogenate and not with the subcellular fractions. The ankylosing spondylitis group showed no statistical difference from the normal controls with any of the antigens.", "contents": "Leukocyte migration test in Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, and ankylosing spondylitis using Crohn's colon homogenate, mitochondrial, and microsomal fractions. Leukocytes from 33 patients with Crohn's disease, 20 patients with ulcerative colitis, and 20 patients with ankylosing spondylitis were tested for evidence of abnormal migration in the presence of preparations of colon from a patient with Crohn's disease. None of the patients was on treatment with immunosuppressive drugs. The test was also performed with leucocytes from 12 health subjects. Significant alteration was seen in the Crohn's disease group, particularly when the antigen used was mitochondrial or microsomal fraction of colon mucosa, whereas the patients in the ulcerative colitis group showed reactivity only with the whole colon homogenate and not with the subcellular fractions. The ankylosing spondylitis group showed no statistical difference from the normal controls with any of the antigens.", "PMID": 1130367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11056", "title": "The immune response to phi chi 174 in man. II. Primary and secondary antibody production in patients with Crohn's disease.", "content": "10 patients with Crohn's disease in various states of activity have been injected with 3.3 times 10-9 plaque-forming units of the bacteriophage phi chi 174, as a test for their capacity to produce antibodies. 9 patients had a completely normal primary and secondary antibody response. One patient had higher levels of preimmunization antibodies than have been encountered in normal subjects and developed a secondary (IgG) response to the first dose of antigen. We conclude that there is no evidence of a general disturbance of antibody-producing capacity in subjects with Crohn's disease.", "contents": "The immune response to phi chi 174 in man. II. Primary and secondary antibody production in patients with Crohn's disease. 10 patients with Crohn's disease in various states of activity have been injected with 3.3 times 10-9 plaque-forming units of the bacteriophage phi chi 174, as a test for their capacity to produce antibodies. 9 patients had a completely normal primary and secondary antibody response. One patient had higher levels of preimmunization antibodies than have been encountered in normal subjects and developed a secondary (IgG) response to the first dose of antigen. We conclude that there is no evidence of a general disturbance of antibody-producing capacity in subjects with Crohn's disease.", "PMID": 1130368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11057", "title": "Significance of gastric secretory changes in the pathogenesis of stress ulcers.", "content": "Analyses of gastric juice withdrawn 3 hours after the pylorus was ligated and of plasma corticosterone and blood glucose after animals were exposed to rotational stress revealed that gastric secretion was highest in controls, intermediate in stressed rats that developed ulcers, and lowest in stressed rats that did not develop ulcers. Neither high nor low gastric secretion correlated with stress-ulcer formation. When initial mucosal ischemia and secretory inhibition, which occurred in all stressed rats, were considered, those that developed ulcers manifested gastric hypersecretion when compared with those that did not develop ulcers. The pathogenetic significance of gastric hypersecretion in stress-ulcer formation is discussed and correlated with mucosal microvascular changes during stress. Mean plasma corticosterone was highest in stressed rats that developed ulcers, next highest in stressed rats that did not develop ulcers, and lowest in control rats. Compared with normal rats, mean blood glucose was lowest in stressed rats and highest in controls. Hypoglycemic changes were more marked in stressed rats that developed ulcers than in stressed rats that did not develop ulcers.", "contents": "Significance of gastric secretory changes in the pathogenesis of stress ulcers. Analyses of gastric juice withdrawn 3 hours after the pylorus was ligated and of plasma corticosterone and blood glucose after animals were exposed to rotational stress revealed that gastric secretion was highest in controls, intermediate in stressed rats that developed ulcers, and lowest in stressed rats that did not develop ulcers. Neither high nor low gastric secretion correlated with stress-ulcer formation. When initial mucosal ischemia and secretory inhibition, which occurred in all stressed rats, were considered, those that developed ulcers manifested gastric hypersecretion when compared with those that did not develop ulcers. The pathogenetic significance of gastric hypersecretion in stress-ulcer formation is discussed and correlated with mucosal microvascular changes during stress. Mean plasma corticosterone was highest in stressed rats that developed ulcers, next highest in stressed rats that did not develop ulcers, and lowest in control rats. Compared with normal rats, mean blood glucose was lowest in stressed rats and highest in controls. Hypoglycemic changes were more marked in stressed rats that developed ulcers than in stressed rats that did not develop ulcers.", "PMID": 1130369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11058", "title": "Effect of intragastric infusion of tobacco powder on DNA content of gastric aspirate.", "content": "The DNA content in gastric aspirate was measured before and during intragastric infusion of 0.1 or 0.2 g/hr tobacco powder. The infusion of 0.1 g/hr caused an insignificant rise in the DNA content but infusion of 0.2 g/hr of tobacco caused a marked and rapid rise in the DNA content of gastric aspirate during the hour of infusion. The effect of tobacco was transient (ie, only during the period of infusion). These observations indicate that the increased exfoliation of surface epithelial cells of human gastric mucosa with tobacco infusion is dose related.", "contents": "Effect of intragastric infusion of tobacco powder on DNA content of gastric aspirate. The DNA content in gastric aspirate was measured before and during intragastric infusion of 0.1 or 0.2 g/hr tobacco powder. The infusion of 0.1 g/hr caused an insignificant rise in the DNA content but infusion of 0.2 g/hr of tobacco caused a marked and rapid rise in the DNA content of gastric aspirate during the hour of infusion. The effect of tobacco was transient (ie, only during the period of infusion). These observations indicate that the increased exfoliation of surface epithelial cells of human gastric mucosa with tobacco infusion is dose related.", "PMID": 1130370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11059", "title": "Radioselenium pancreozymin-secretin test as a clinical test for pancreatic exocrine function.", "content": "The appearance of radioselenium in the protein fraction of duodenal aspirates has been studied after an intravenous injection of 75-Se-selenomethionine. The continuous flow of pancreatic juice was stimulated by pancreozymin at 120 minutes and by secretin at 140 minutes. A good distinction between normal subjects and patients with pancreatic disease was obtained by measuring 75-Se-radioactivity in the protein fraction of duodenal aspirates; either cumulative radioactivity during the combined 80-minute post-pancreozymin-secretin period, or maximum 75-Se-specific activity during the postsecretin period was used as an index. The test presented here might be a useful and sufficiently reliable method for detecting abnormal pancreatic exocrine function. This test can be performed along with the conventional pancreozymin-secretin test, serum enzyme response to pancreozymin and secretin, and pancreatic scintiscanning.", "contents": "Radioselenium pancreozymin-secretin test as a clinical test for pancreatic exocrine function. The appearance of radioselenium in the protein fraction of duodenal aspirates has been studied after an intravenous injection of 75-Se-selenomethionine. The continuous flow of pancreatic juice was stimulated by pancreozymin at 120 minutes and by secretin at 140 minutes. A good distinction between normal subjects and patients with pancreatic disease was obtained by measuring 75-Se-radioactivity in the protein fraction of duodenal aspirates; either cumulative radioactivity during the combined 80-minute post-pancreozymin-secretin period, or maximum 75-Se-specific activity during the postsecretin period was used as an index. The test presented here might be a useful and sufficiently reliable method for detecting abnormal pancreatic exocrine function. This test can be performed along with the conventional pancreozymin-secretin test, serum enzyme response to pancreozymin and secretin, and pancreatic scintiscanning.", "PMID": 1130371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11060", "title": "Lowered serum cholesterol following the ingestion of a hydrophilic colloid.", "content": "An attempt was made to test the possible clinical application of the cholesterol-lowering effect of hydrophilic colloids. 10 patients with high mean serum cholesterol levels during a 3-week control period and 9 with normal mean levels were each fed 11.5 g daily of undiluted hydrophilic colloid for 5 weeks. Serum cholesterol decreased significantly in 8 of the 10 (80%) patients with control-period hypercholesteremia and 6 of the 9 (66 2/3%) with control-period normal levels. These findings tend to confirm the observation that a simple and commonly used type of medication for chronic constipation, particularly in the elderly, may be a useful adjunct in the management of hypercholesterolemia.", "contents": "Lowered serum cholesterol following the ingestion of a hydrophilic colloid. An attempt was made to test the possible clinical application of the cholesterol-lowering effect of hydrophilic colloids. 10 patients with high mean serum cholesterol levels during a 3-week control period and 9 with normal mean levels were each fed 11.5 g daily of undiluted hydrophilic colloid for 5 weeks. Serum cholesterol decreased significantly in 8 of the 10 (80%) patients with control-period hypercholesteremia and 6 of the 9 (66 2/3%) with control-period normal levels. These findings tend to confirm the observation that a simple and commonly used type of medication for chronic constipation, particularly in the elderly, may be a useful adjunct in the management of hypercholesterolemia.", "PMID": 1130372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11061", "title": "Inflammatory pseudotumors (inflammatory fibrous polyps) of the esophagus. A clinicopathologic study.", "content": "When they involve the gastrointestinal tract, inflammatory pseudotumors, composed of inflamed fibrous and granulation tissue, produce localized, frequently polypoid, masses. These rare lesions have been described in the stomach, small intestine, and colon. Only two have been previously reported in the esophagus. In this paper, 4 cases of inflammatory pseudotumor involving the esophagus are presented. These lesions usually occur in the esophagus as raised, occasionally pedunculated, masses and may be mistaken on radiologic examination and in the operating room for a neoplasm, usually a leiomyoma. Theories concerning pathogenesis of these lesions are considered and the differential diagnostic criteria are discussed.", "contents": "Inflammatory pseudotumors (inflammatory fibrous polyps) of the esophagus. A clinicopathologic study. When they involve the gastrointestinal tract, inflammatory pseudotumors, composed of inflamed fibrous and granulation tissue, produce localized, frequently polypoid, masses. These rare lesions have been described in the stomach, small intestine, and colon. Only two have been previously reported in the esophagus. In this paper, 4 cases of inflammatory pseudotumor involving the esophagus are presented. These lesions usually occur in the esophagus as raised, occasionally pedunculated, masses and may be mistaken on radiologic examination and in the operating room for a neoplasm, usually a leiomyoma. Theories concerning pathogenesis of these lesions are considered and the differential diagnostic criteria are discussed.", "PMID": 1130373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11062", "title": "Variability of serum gastrin levels in Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Studies with two antisera to gastrin.", "content": "A patient with recurrent peptic ulceration and presumed Zollinger-Ellison syndrome whose serum gastrin concentration varied widely is reported. Two antisera, one directed predominantly against nonsulfated gastrin and the other measuring both sulfated and nonsulfated gastrin, showed that in addition to wide variation in gastrin levels, this patient secreted his gastrin predominantly in the sulfated G34 form. The possibility of variable serum gastrin levels, which may reflect either spontaneous vaiation in gastrin output from Z-E tumors or differing specificity of the antiserum utilized in the immunoassay, may be of importance in the diagnosis and management of patients with the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Because of gastrin heterogeneity in the Z-E syndrome, this study reinforces the concept that a broad spectrum antibody, detecting all gastrin components should be routinely used in detection of patients suspected of having the Z-E syndrome.", "contents": "Variability of serum gastrin levels in Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Studies with two antisera to gastrin. A patient with recurrent peptic ulceration and presumed Zollinger-Ellison syndrome whose serum gastrin concentration varied widely is reported. Two antisera, one directed predominantly against nonsulfated gastrin and the other measuring both sulfated and nonsulfated gastrin, showed that in addition to wide variation in gastrin levels, this patient secreted his gastrin predominantly in the sulfated G34 form. The possibility of variable serum gastrin levels, which may reflect either spontaneous vaiation in gastrin output from Z-E tumors or differing specificity of the antiserum utilized in the immunoassay, may be of importance in the diagnosis and management of patients with the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Because of gastrin heterogeneity in the Z-E syndrome, this study reinforces the concept that a broad spectrum antibody, detecting all gastrin components should be routinely used in detection of patients suspected of having the Z-E syndrome.", "PMID": 1130377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11063", "title": "Primary adenocarcinoma of the esophagus arising in a columnar-lined esophagus.", "content": "A patient presenting with dysphagia and weight loss was found to have a large midesophageal mass. Five biopsies indicated only adenoma but a brush cytology specimen under direct vision was diagnostic of adenocarcinoma. Esophagotomy and resection of tumor, with follow-up radiotherapy were performed; histologic examination confirmed the diagnosis. To date, there has been no recurrence of the tumor. This patient was subsequently found to have a columnar-lined esophagus. Since columnar-lined esophagus may predispose to malignancy, this case illustrates the diagnostic importance of direct-vision cytology in patients with columnar-lined esophagus.", "contents": "Primary adenocarcinoma of the esophagus arising in a columnar-lined esophagus. A patient presenting with dysphagia and weight loss was found to have a large midesophageal mass. Five biopsies indicated only adenoma but a brush cytology specimen under direct vision was diagnostic of adenocarcinoma. Esophagotomy and resection of tumor, with follow-up radiotherapy were performed; histologic examination confirmed the diagnosis. To date, there has been no recurrence of the tumor. This patient was subsequently found to have a columnar-lined esophagus. Since columnar-lined esophagus may predispose to malignancy, this case illustrates the diagnostic importance of direct-vision cytology in patients with columnar-lined esophagus.", "PMID": 1130379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11064", "title": "Silent pancreatic pseudocyst. An unusual cause of extrahepatic biliary obstruction.", "content": "Extrahepatic biliary obstruction due to mechanical obstruction of the common bile duct is a relatively rare complication of pancreatic pseudocyst. When jaundice does occur, clinical or laboratory evidence of associated primary hepatobiliary disease or acute pancreatitis has invariably been present. The patient described had a 3-month history of painless juandice, 40-lb weight loss, pruritus, and hepatomegaly, but no clinical or biochemical evidence of acute or chronic pancreatitis. After initial evaluation, including an abdominal echogram and a transhepatic cholangiogram, carcinoma of the head of the pancreas was diagnosed preoperatively. At laparotomy, a small pancreatic pseudocyst obstructed the terminal portion of the common bile duct. This case illustrates that a pancreatic pseudocyst should be considered in the differential diagnosis of obstructive jaundice, even in the absence of clinical evidence of pancreatitis or pseudocyst formation.", "contents": "Silent pancreatic pseudocyst. An unusual cause of extrahepatic biliary obstruction. Extrahepatic biliary obstruction due to mechanical obstruction of the common bile duct is a relatively rare complication of pancreatic pseudocyst. When jaundice does occur, clinical or laboratory evidence of associated primary hepatobiliary disease or acute pancreatitis has invariably been present. The patient described had a 3-month history of painless juandice, 40-lb weight loss, pruritus, and hepatomegaly, but no clinical or biochemical evidence of acute or chronic pancreatitis. After initial evaluation, including an abdominal echogram and a transhepatic cholangiogram, carcinoma of the head of the pancreas was diagnosed preoperatively. At laparotomy, a small pancreatic pseudocyst obstructed the terminal portion of the common bile duct. This case illustrates that a pancreatic pseudocyst should be considered in the differential diagnosis of obstructive jaundice, even in the absence of clinical evidence of pancreatitis or pseudocyst formation.", "PMID": 1130380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11065", "title": "Hormonal control of gastrointestinal motility.", "content": "The motor responses of the gastrointestinal tract to a meal are tuned to provide the optimal conditions for digestion and absorption of food. Hormones released from the mucosa of the intestinal tract play an important role in regulating and integrating the various motor events which occur. Complex feedbacks, both nervous and humoral, control the release of intestinal hormones and also modify their actions. Preliminary studies suggest that abnormalities in the secretion or action of various gastrointestinal hormones may play an important role in the production of motor disorders of the gastrointestinal tract.", "contents": "Hormonal control of gastrointestinal motility. The motor responses of the gastrointestinal tract to a meal are tuned to provide the optimal conditions for digestion and absorption of food. Hormones released from the mucosa of the intestinal tract play an important role in regulating and integrating the various motor events which occur. Complex feedbacks, both nervous and humoral, control the release of intestinal hormones and also modify their actions. Preliminary studies suggest that abnormalities in the secretion or action of various gastrointestinal hormones may play an important role in the production of motor disorders of the gastrointestinal tract.", "PMID": 1130378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11066", "title": "Diffuse small bowel involvement in malignant histiocytosis.", "content": "The extremely unusual patient reported here had malignant histiocytosis with extensive gastrointestinal involvement. The presenting symptoms were those of a gastrointestinal disorder and barium studies of the upper gastrointestinal tract revealed an infiltrative process of the entire small bowel. A biopsy of the small bowel demonstrated abnormal malignant cells and the diagnosis of malignant histiocytosis was considered and confirmed at postmortem. Strongyloidiasis, which was also found in this patient, may represent a hyperinfestation phenomenon due to altered host-parasite balance.", "contents": "Diffuse small bowel involvement in malignant histiocytosis. The extremely unusual patient reported here had malignant histiocytosis with extensive gastrointestinal involvement. The presenting symptoms were those of a gastrointestinal disorder and barium studies of the upper gastrointestinal tract revealed an infiltrative process of the entire small bowel. A biopsy of the small bowel demonstrated abnormal malignant cells and the diagnosis of malignant histiocytosis was considered and confirmed at postmortem. Strongyloidiasis, which was also found in this patient, may represent a hyperinfestation phenomenon due to altered host-parasite balance.", "PMID": 1130388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11067", "title": "The Nonreflux Determinant of Esophagitis.", "content": "Fifty randomly selected patients were examined clinically, esophagoscopically and biopsy specimens were taken transesophagoscopically from the lower third of the esophagus. In addition, upper gastrointestinal series and gastro-secretory studies were done in all subjects. In 15 cases, in vitro DNA synthesis using tritiated thymidine was measured. No clear correlation was found between clinical manifestations, esophagoscopic appearances and histopathologic findings (Table III). Eleven (27.5%) of the 40 patients with normal esophagoscopy showed abnormal histology, whereas two of the remaining 10 patients with esophagitis by esophagoscopic criteria showed normal histology. Thus, without biopsy about one-third of the cases of histologic esophagitis can be overlooked. In the over all series, there were 19 (38%) cases with histologic esophagitis. In eight (42%) of the 19 patients with histologic esophagitis, the lesion was confined to the lamina propria. In addition to inflammatory infiltrate and fibrosis, a thickened epithelial basal layer and relatively lengthened papillae were found to be important histological signs of esophagitis. Cases with thickened basal layer showed marked labeling with radioactive DNA precursor (H3 Thymidine) after two hours of incubation, compared with the other group of patients (normal esophageal mucosa histologically or histologic esophagitis without a thickened basal layer). This is thought to be a sign of increased regeneration and repair capacity. The lamina propria did not show any labeling in either group of patients at the end of two hours. Therefore, it is concluded that the esophageal epithelium has greater regenerative capacity and can repair itself and return to a normal appearance while the inflammatory process is ongoing in the lamina propria. Besides predisposing factors such as esophagogastric sphincter dysfunction and reflux of digestive enzymes, a local tissue reaction or cell proliferation and repair capacity of theesophageal epithelium must play an important role in the development of nonspecific \"peptic\" esophagitis.", "contents": "The Nonreflux Determinant of Esophagitis. Fifty randomly selected patients were examined clinically, esophagoscopically and biopsy specimens were taken transesophagoscopically from the lower third of the esophagus. In addition, upper gastrointestinal series and gastro-secretory studies were done in all subjects. In 15 cases, in vitro DNA synthesis using tritiated thymidine was measured. No clear correlation was found between clinical manifestations, esophagoscopic appearances and histopathologic findings (Table III). Eleven (27.5%) of the 40 patients with normal esophagoscopy showed abnormal histology, whereas two of the remaining 10 patients with esophagitis by esophagoscopic criteria showed normal histology. Thus, without biopsy about one-third of the cases of histologic esophagitis can be overlooked. In the over all series, there were 19 (38%) cases with histologic esophagitis. In eight (42%) of the 19 patients with histologic esophagitis, the lesion was confined to the lamina propria. In addition to inflammatory infiltrate and fibrosis, a thickened epithelial basal layer and relatively lengthened papillae were found to be important histological signs of esophagitis. Cases with thickened basal layer showed marked labeling with radioactive DNA precursor (H3 Thymidine) after two hours of incubation, compared with the other group of patients (normal esophageal mucosa histologically or histologic esophagitis without a thickened basal layer). This is thought to be a sign of increased regeneration and repair capacity. The lamina propria did not show any labeling in either group of patients at the end of two hours. Therefore, it is concluded that the esophageal epithelium has greater regenerative capacity and can repair itself and return to a normal appearance while the inflammatory process is ongoing in the lamina propria. Besides predisposing factors such as esophagogastric sphincter dysfunction and reflux of digestive enzymes, a local tissue reaction or cell proliferation and repair capacity of theesophageal epithelium must play an important role in the development of nonspecific \"peptic\" esophagitis.", "PMID": 1130389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11068", "title": "Electrocardiographic monitoring during coloscopy.", "content": "Electrocardiographic abnormalities were observed in 15 of 23 patients (65%), five with known heart disease, who were monitored for one hour prior to, during and for one hour after coloscopy. In one patient, ischemic S-T depression, 2 mm. below the resting level, persisted during the one hour following coloscopy. In all other patients, the electrocariographic abnormalities disappeared before the end of the monitoring period.", "contents": "Electrocardiographic monitoring during coloscopy. Electrocardiographic abnormalities were observed in 15 of 23 patients (65%), five with known heart disease, who were monitored for one hour prior to, during and for one hour after coloscopy. In one patient, ischemic S-T depression, 2 mm. below the resting level, persisted during the one hour following coloscopy. In all other patients, the electrocariographic abnormalities disappeared before the end of the monitoring period.", "PMID": 1130390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11069", "title": "Idiopathic intestinal pseudo-obstruction.", "content": "This is a case report of a patient with a variant of idiopathic intestinal pseudo-obstruction (IIPO). The patient, a 53-year old female with polycystic kidney disease, had intermittent episodes of intestinal distention with megaduodenum and megasigmoid noted at roentgen study and postmortem examination. The etiology of this abnormality is unclear and no significant changes in the innervation of the bowel were noted on gross or histologic study.", "contents": "Idiopathic intestinal pseudo-obstruction. This is a case report of a patient with a variant of idiopathic intestinal pseudo-obstruction (IIPO). The patient, a 53-year old female with polycystic kidney disease, had intermittent episodes of intestinal distention with megaduodenum and megasigmoid noted at roentgen study and postmortem examination. The etiology of this abnormality is unclear and no significant changes in the innervation of the bowel were noted on gross or histologic study.", "PMID": 1130391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11070", "title": "Arteriographic diagnosis of a juvenile colon polyp.", "content": "A juvenile colon polyp was demonstrated by inferior mesenteric arteriography in a 21-year old man with recurrent, massive, unexplained gastrointestinal bleeding. The arteriogram demonstrated a mucosal blush at the tip of the polyp along with a solitary prominent draining vein in the stalk and a nest of draining veins at the base of the stalk.", "contents": "Arteriographic diagnosis of a juvenile colon polyp. A juvenile colon polyp was demonstrated by inferior mesenteric arteriography in a 21-year old man with recurrent, massive, unexplained gastrointestinal bleeding. The arteriogram demonstrated a mucosal blush at the tip of the polyp along with a solitary prominent draining vein in the stalk and a nest of draining veins at the base of the stalk.", "PMID": 1130392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11071", "title": "Diverticulosis in an unused colon.", "content": "It has been suggested that diverticulosis is the result of uncoordinated muscle activity of the colon in response to normal physiologic stimuli such as eating, emotions and the urge to defecate. This results in spasm of the longitudinal muscle with the heaping up of circular muscle bundles, creating interhaustral folds along the colonic wall adjacent to the mesentery. Narrowing of the lumen and shortening of the colon results which is enhanced by a low residue diet and prevented by a bulky diet. Segmentation results when muscular contraction approximates these interhaustral folds. Higher intraluminal pressure is produced in the areas of segmentation which enhances the development of diverticulosis in the bowel between interhaustral folds where there is a thinning of the circular muscles and where vessels pierce the colonic wall. The case presented herein supports these hypothesis in that the patient has experienced the extreme in a low residue diet for 50 years.", "contents": "Diverticulosis in an unused colon. It has been suggested that diverticulosis is the result of uncoordinated muscle activity of the colon in response to normal physiologic stimuli such as eating, emotions and the urge to defecate. This results in spasm of the longitudinal muscle with the heaping up of circular muscle bundles, creating interhaustral folds along the colonic wall adjacent to the mesentery. Narrowing of the lumen and shortening of the colon results which is enhanced by a low residue diet and prevented by a bulky diet. Segmentation results when muscular contraction approximates these interhaustral folds. Higher intraluminal pressure is produced in the areas of segmentation which enhances the development of diverticulosis in the bowel between interhaustral folds where there is a thinning of the circular muscles and where vessels pierce the colonic wall. The case presented herein supports these hypothesis in that the patient has experienced the extreme in a low residue diet for 50 years.", "PMID": 1130393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11072", "title": "Analysis of the mechanism of action of calcium-induced exocrine pancreatic secretory changes in the dog.", "content": "In conscious dogs, provided with gastric and duodenal fistulas (Thomas cannula), the effect of an acute i.v. calcium infusion (10 mg./kg./hr.) on the plateau levels of secretin-induced (GIH, 1 CU./kg./hr.) pancreatic juice parameters were analyzed without or with previous cholingergic blockade by a continuous atropine perfusion (1.5 mg./hr.). In the former condition, i.v. calcium raised all pancreatic juice parameters, mainly protein concentration (148%) and output (173%). During atropine blockade, i.v. calcium changed neither flow rate nor bicarbonate output of secretin-induced pancreatic secretion. On the other hand, i.v. calcium exerted a reduced but still evident effect on protein concentration (85%) and output (40%). Intravenous calcium enhances secretin-induced pancreatic secretion plateau values through two mechanisms, mainly by raising the cholinergic tone of the whole \"pancreon\" and, partially, through a direct stimulus-secretion coupling effect on the acinar cells. Acute hypercalcemia induces the formation of protein plugs in the pancreatic secretion. They are excreted in the course of many days in both basal and secretin-stimulated pancreatic juice.", "contents": "Analysis of the mechanism of action of calcium-induced exocrine pancreatic secretory changes in the dog. In conscious dogs, provided with gastric and duodenal fistulas (Thomas cannula), the effect of an acute i.v. calcium infusion (10 mg./kg./hr.) on the plateau levels of secretin-induced (GIH, 1 CU./kg./hr.) pancreatic juice parameters were analyzed without or with previous cholingergic blockade by a continuous atropine perfusion (1.5 mg./hr.). In the former condition, i.v. calcium raised all pancreatic juice parameters, mainly protein concentration (148%) and output (173%). During atropine blockade, i.v. calcium changed neither flow rate nor bicarbonate output of secretin-induced pancreatic secretion. On the other hand, i.v. calcium exerted a reduced but still evident effect on protein concentration (85%) and output (40%). Intravenous calcium enhances secretin-induced pancreatic secretion plateau values through two mechanisms, mainly by raising the cholinergic tone of the whole \"pancreon\" and, partially, through a direct stimulus-secretion coupling effect on the acinar cells. Acute hypercalcemia induces the formation of protein plugs in the pancreatic secretion. They are excreted in the course of many days in both basal and secretin-stimulated pancreatic juice.", "PMID": 1130394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11073", "title": "The retrogastric transventricular approach for drainage of the \"supragastric\" pancreatic pseudocyst.", "content": "The majority of pancreatic pseudocysts develop in a retrogastric situation and are amenable to transgastric cystogastrostomy through the anterior gastric wall. We have encountered two pseudocysts in an unusual situation, in which adherence of the anterior gastric wall to the anterior parietal peritoneum precluded this approach. A retrogastric exposure through the lesser sac allowed for the creation of a cystogastrostomy through the superior aspects of the anterior and posterior gastric walls, adjacent to the lesser curvature of the stomach. This type of drainage is successful despite the theoretical failure to satisfy the dictum of dependent drainage.", "contents": "The retrogastric transventricular approach for drainage of the \"supragastric\" pancreatic pseudocyst. The majority of pancreatic pseudocysts develop in a retrogastric situation and are amenable to transgastric cystogastrostomy through the anterior gastric wall. We have encountered two pseudocysts in an unusual situation, in which adherence of the anterior gastric wall to the anterior parietal peritoneum precluded this approach. A retrogastric exposure through the lesser sac allowed for the creation of a cystogastrostomy through the superior aspects of the anterior and posterior gastric walls, adjacent to the lesser curvature of the stomach. This type of drainage is successful despite the theoretical failure to satisfy the dictum of dependent drainage.", "PMID": 1130396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11074", "title": "Comparison of the effect of different forms of a protein test meal on gastric acid and gastrin secretion.", "content": "In three mongrel dogs with fundic pouches, the effect of a chopped versus a blenderized test meal on gastric acid output and gastrin secretion was investigated. The blenderized test meal caused a greater increase in acid output and gastrin secretion than the chopped test meal.", "contents": "Comparison of the effect of different forms of a protein test meal on gastric acid and gastrin secretion. In three mongrel dogs with fundic pouches, the effect of a chopped versus a blenderized test meal on gastric acid output and gastrin secretion was investigated. The blenderized test meal caused a greater increase in acid output and gastrin secretion than the chopped test meal.", "PMID": 1130397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11075", "title": "Concomitant acute lupus erythematosus and primary pneumococcal peritonitis.", "content": "The acute surgical abdomen, a synonym for peritonitis requiring surgical intervention, can be mimicked by lupus peritonitis and, in children, by pneumococcal peritonitis. The former is best treated by systemic steroids and, the latter by penicillin; neither is well served by surgical intervention. We have reported here a young woman with the concomitant occurrence of both conditions. If peritoneal tap and immediate bacteriologic gram staining of recovered aspirate were carried out in patients with a history of acute lupus, such similar cases could be detected preoperatively. An attempt at antibiotic treatment could then be instituted as a first measure.", "contents": "Concomitant acute lupus erythematosus and primary pneumococcal peritonitis. The acute surgical abdomen, a synonym for peritonitis requiring surgical intervention, can be mimicked by lupus peritonitis and, in children, by pneumococcal peritonitis. The former is best treated by systemic steroids and, the latter by penicillin; neither is well served by surgical intervention. We have reported here a young woman with the concomitant occurrence of both conditions. If peritoneal tap and immediate bacteriologic gram staining of recovered aspirate were carried out in patients with a history of acute lupus, such similar cases could be detected preoperatively. An attempt at antibiotic treatment could then be instituted as a first measure.", "PMID": 1130398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11076", "title": "The radiology corner. Gastric myeloma.", "content": "Gastric myeloma is a rare malignant tumor composed of atypical plasma cells and represents, as a rule, only the initial manifestation of widespread myelomatous proliferation. Roentgenographically, it may be indistinguishable from carcinoma of the stomach or it may present as a large intramural mass, often situated along the greater curvature of the stomach. The association of a malignant looking gastric lesion with clinical or radiographic evidence of multiple myeloma should strongly suggest the diagnosis.", "contents": "The radiology corner. Gastric myeloma. Gastric myeloma is a rare malignant tumor composed of atypical plasma cells and represents, as a rule, only the initial manifestation of widespread myelomatous proliferation. Roentgenographically, it may be indistinguishable from carcinoma of the stomach or it may present as a large intramural mass, often situated along the greater curvature of the stomach. The association of a malignant looking gastric lesion with clinical or radiographic evidence of multiple myeloma should strongly suggest the diagnosis.", "PMID": 1130400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11077", "title": "Medical observations and bias.", "content": "Many clinical and epidemiologic studies are based on different physicians' readings. A method to calibrate the various examinations is described. The standard reader's and others' results are plotted in a correlation diagram. Their readings are characterized by three parameters: frequency of agreement, average difference in size, and variance. In each study, the acceptable range of deviation from the standard reader should be decided. The standard reader is characterized by two requirements: a) that he is consistent, i.e., that a second reading shows a high rate of agreement, a small difference and a small variance between the two readings, and b) that he is reproducible, i.e., that other experienced doctors accept his classification and arrive at the same result. When statistical tests are used, it is understood that systematic errors are not present in the basic data. If this is not the case, the validity of the statistical tests is lost and results distorted or even meaningless. The second part of the study discusses types of bias encountered in epidemiologic studies and gives examples showing that the quantitative significance of bias can be considerable.", "contents": "Medical observations and bias. Many clinical and epidemiologic studies are based on different physicians' readings. A method to calibrate the various examinations is described. The standard reader's and others' results are plotted in a correlation diagram. Their readings are characterized by three parameters: frequency of agreement, average difference in size, and variance. In each study, the acceptable range of deviation from the standard reader should be decided. The standard reader is characterized by two requirements: a) that he is consistent, i.e., that a second reading shows a high rate of agreement, a small difference and a small variance between the two readings, and b) that he is reproducible, i.e., that other experienced doctors accept his classification and arrive at the same result. When statistical tests are used, it is understood that systematic errors are not present in the basic data. If this is not the case, the validity of the statistical tests is lost and results distorted or even meaningless. The second part of the study discusses types of bias encountered in epidemiologic studies and gives examples showing that the quantitative significance of bias can be considerable.", "PMID": 1130402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11078", "title": "Epidemiologic survey of rubella in a military recruit population.", "content": "A seroepidemiologic surveillance of rubella infections in arriving male and female Navy recruits indicated that from 82-90% of young adults have hemagglutination (HA) titers of 1:10 or greater. Subsequent to the establishment of a new male recruit camp, there was a 10- to 11-month hiatus of low level rubella infection in the population. Once endemic rubella was established, more than 73.3 per cent of those with no detectable initial titer seroconverted. There was no reported rubella infection at an isolated female recruit camp of about 500 women even though the proportion of susceptibles was similar. However, once the female recruit camp was relocated within the male camp, their experience with rubella became comparable. A small (6.8% men, 5.6% women) number of recruits with pre-existing HA antibody titers had a four-fold or greater rise in titer during training. The great transmissibility of rubella virus in a closed population was illustrated and the ineffectiveness of herd immunity in this setting was evident.", "contents": "Epidemiologic survey of rubella in a military recruit population. A seroepidemiologic surveillance of rubella infections in arriving male and female Navy recruits indicated that from 82-90% of young adults have hemagglutination (HA) titers of 1:10 or greater. Subsequent to the establishment of a new male recruit camp, there was a 10- to 11-month hiatus of low level rubella infection in the population. Once endemic rubella was established, more than 73.3 per cent of those with no detectable initial titer seroconverted. There was no reported rubella infection at an isolated female recruit camp of about 500 women even though the proportion of susceptibles was similar. However, once the female recruit camp was relocated within the male camp, their experience with rubella became comparable. A small (6.8% men, 5.6% women) number of recruits with pre-existing HA antibody titers had a four-fold or greater rise in titer during training. The great transmissibility of rubella virus in a closed population was illustrated and the ineffectiveness of herd immunity in this setting was evident.", "PMID": 1130403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11079", "title": "Role of the pharmacist in an allergy clinic.", "content": "The duties performed by pharmacy residents assigned to an allergy clinic, on a rotating basis, are described.  The pharmacists are responsible for preparation and control of allergenic extracts, obtaining patient histories, performing allergy testing procedures, refering patients to community health clinics, and patient consultation.", "contents": "Role of the pharmacist in an allergy clinic. The duties performed by pharmacy residents assigned to an allergy clinic, on a rotating basis, are described.  The pharmacists are responsible for preparation and control of allergenic extracts, obtaining patient histories, performing allergy testing procedures, refering patients to community health clinics, and patient consultation.", "PMID": 1130412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11080", "title": "A pocket aide-memoire on drug interactions.", "content": "A pocket size \"slide-rule\" type device designed to be used by physicians, pharmacists and nurses as a memory aid on potential drug-drug interactions is described.  Color-coded symbols on the device indicate both the type and clinical significance of the potential interactions involving 56 drugs or groups of drugs.", "contents": "A pocket aide-memoire on drug interactions. A pocket size \"slide-rule\" type device designed to be used by physicians, pharmacists and nurses as a memory aid on potential drug-drug interactions is described.  Color-coded symbols on the device indicate both the type and clinical significance of the potential interactions involving 56 drugs or groups of drugs.", "PMID": 1130413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11081", "title": "Hyperosmolar cold storage kidney preservative solution.", "content": "A hyperosmolar kidney preservative solution which can maintain kidneys from experimental animals viable for up to 72 hours is described.  Using the criterion of a one-month failure rate, the cold storage preservation method was found to be superior to machine preservation methods.  Sachs' solution was found to be superior to all other cold storage solutions.  The most important aspect of the hyperosmolar kidney preservative solution appears to be its ability to maintain normal intracellular electrolyte composition and to prevent cellular damage due to swelling.  The present formula requires that the basic solution and a magnesium chloride additive solution be prepared separately and combined before use.  A stable combined solution is proposed which can be sterilized by membrane filtration.", "contents": "Hyperosmolar cold storage kidney preservative solution. A hyperosmolar kidney preservative solution which can maintain kidneys from experimental animals viable for up to 72 hours is described.  Using the criterion of a one-month failure rate, the cold storage preservation method was found to be superior to machine preservation methods.  Sachs' solution was found to be superior to all other cold storage solutions.  The most important aspect of the hyperosmolar kidney preservative solution appears to be its ability to maintain normal intracellular electrolyte composition and to prevent cellular damage due to swelling.  The present formula requires that the basic solution and a magnesium chloride additive solution be prepared separately and combined before use.  A stable combined solution is proposed which can be sterilized by membrane filtration.", "PMID": 1130414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11082", "title": "Acute psychotic reaction to procaine penicillin.", "content": "A case of a 23-year old black female admitted for treatment of an acute psychotic episode 48 hours after being treated with i.m. procaine penicillin G is reported.  Literature reports of nonallergic psychotic responses to i.m. injections of aqueous procaine penicillin G are reviewed.  Possible mechanisms for the reaction are discussed.  Recommended drugs for treatment of the reaction include phenobarbital and chlorpromazine.", "contents": "Acute psychotic reaction to procaine penicillin. A case of a 23-year old black female admitted for treatment of an acute psychotic episode 48 hours after being treated with i.m. procaine penicillin G is reported.  Literature reports of nonallergic psychotic responses to i.m. injections of aqueous procaine penicillin G are reviewed.  Possible mechanisms for the reaction are discussed.  Recommended drugs for treatment of the reaction include phenobarbital and chlorpromazine.", "PMID": 1130415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11083", "title": "Online drug interaction surveillance.", "content": "An online computer-based system to monitor prospectively for potential drug interactions in a hospital setting is described.  The system, developed at Stanford University Medical Center, is fully operational and is used to inform pharmacists, nurses and physicians as to the severity and speed of onset of potential drug interactions.  In addition, the system can produce prescription labels and patient-drug profiles for the pharmacy and serves as a retrieval source of drug interaction information.  Each report provides information regarnding the pharmacological effect and mechanism of the interactions, as well as statements involving relevant clinical findings associated with these interactions.", "contents": "Online drug interaction surveillance. An online computer-based system to monitor prospectively for potential drug interactions in a hospital setting is described.  The system, developed at Stanford University Medical Center, is fully operational and is used to inform pharmacists, nurses and physicians as to the severity and speed of onset of potential drug interactions.  In addition, the system can produce prescription labels and patient-drug profiles for the pharmacy and serves as a retrieval source of drug interaction information.  Each report provides information regarnding the pharmacological effect and mechanism of the interactions, as well as statements involving relevant clinical findings associated with these interactions.", "PMID": 1130416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11084", "title": "Semiquantitative test for iodine vapor above \"complexed\" iodine solutions.", "content": "A test to determine the extent to which free iodine exists in the vapor phase above the surface of \"complexed iodine\" solutions is described. The procedure is based on the qualitative starch-iodine test. The results can be related to the degree of complexation occurring between the polymer used in the preparation and iodine. Four products were tested: nonylphenoxypoly ethanol-iodine complex; polyvinyl pyrrolidine-iodine complex; popoxamer-iodine complex; and nonylphenoxypoly ethanol and polyvinyl pyrrolidone iodine complex. Free iodine in the vapor phase of the first product was detected in 90 minutes; the time for the other three was five days. For the tincture of iodine control, the time was 30 minutes.", "contents": "Semiquantitative test for iodine vapor above \"complexed\" iodine solutions. A test to determine the extent to which free iodine exists in the vapor phase above the surface of \"complexed iodine\" solutions is described. The procedure is based on the qualitative starch-iodine test. The results can be related to the degree of complexation occurring between the polymer used in the preparation and iodine. Four products were tested: nonylphenoxypoly ethanol-iodine complex; polyvinyl pyrrolidine-iodine complex; popoxamer-iodine complex; and nonylphenoxypoly ethanol and polyvinyl pyrrolidone iodine complex. Free iodine in the vapor phase of the first product was detected in 90 minutes; the time for the other three was five days. For the tincture of iodine control, the time was 30 minutes.", "PMID": 1130417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11085", "title": "The clinical spectrum of light chain myeloma. A study of 35 patients with special reference to the occurrence of amyloidosis.", "content": "During a 40 month interval, 35 patients were seen with a plasma cell dyscrasia in which the only detectable monoclonal immunoglobulin abnormality consisted of excess production of either type kappa or type lambda light chains (Bence Jones protein). This group constituted 17.3 per cent of the total number of patients with plasma cell dyscrasias and 25.7 per cent of the patients with myeloma identified during the same period. Variable initial clinical presentation, the absence of a typical monoclonal serum spike and the unreliability of commonly used urine protein tests made recognition of the disorder difficult in many patients. Sulfosalicylic acid and p-toluene sulfonic acid proved valuable in screening for ueine protein. Definition of \"proteinuria\" by quantitative, electrophoretic and immunochemical studies was essential for diagnosis. Bence Jones proteinemia was present in 80 per cent of the patients; panhypogammaglobulinemia and lytic bone lesions were demonstrable in more than 60 per cent. Although no specific morphologic abnormality of marrow plasma cells was evident by light microscopy, the absence of rouleau on peripheral blood smear was a helpful diagnostic clue. Although patients with lambda light chains presented with more Bence Jones proteinuria, this did not correlate with the severity of initial renal functional impairment or with survival when compared to patients with kappa light chains. No other clinical or laboratory observation differentiated the groups with kappa light chains from those with lambda light chains. Amyloid was identified in seven patients. Their course was dominated by the features of primary systemic amyloidosis instead of the usual findings of classic myeloma. Patients with amyloidosis had lower initial serum albumin levels, fewer lytic bone lesions and reduced survival compared to patients without amyloidosis.", "contents": "The clinical spectrum of light chain myeloma. A study of 35 patients with special reference to the occurrence of amyloidosis. During a 40 month interval, 35 patients were seen with a plasma cell dyscrasia in which the only detectable monoclonal immunoglobulin abnormality consisted of excess production of either type kappa or type lambda light chains (Bence Jones protein). This group constituted 17.3 per cent of the total number of patients with plasma cell dyscrasias and 25.7 per cent of the patients with myeloma identified during the same period. Variable initial clinical presentation, the absence of a typical monoclonal serum spike and the unreliability of commonly used urine protein tests made recognition of the disorder difficult in many patients. Sulfosalicylic acid and p-toluene sulfonic acid proved valuable in screening for ueine protein. Definition of \"proteinuria\" by quantitative, electrophoretic and immunochemical studies was essential for diagnosis. Bence Jones proteinemia was present in 80 per cent of the patients; panhypogammaglobulinemia and lytic bone lesions were demonstrable in more than 60 per cent. Although no specific morphologic abnormality of marrow plasma cells was evident by light microscopy, the absence of rouleau on peripheral blood smear was a helpful diagnostic clue. Although patients with lambda light chains presented with more Bence Jones proteinuria, this did not correlate with the severity of initial renal functional impairment or with survival when compared to patients with kappa light chains. No other clinical or laboratory observation differentiated the groups with kappa light chains from those with lambda light chains. Amyloid was identified in seven patients. Their course was dominated by the features of primary systemic amyloidosis instead of the usual findings of classic myeloma. Patients with amyloidosis had lower initial serum albumin levels, fewer lytic bone lesions and reduced survival compared to patients without amyloidosis.", "PMID": 1130419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11086", "title": "Central nervous system disease in systemic lupus erythematosus. Therapy and prognosis.", "content": "The effect of corticosteroid therapy in 28 patients with 52 episodes of neuropyciatric disease in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) was elevated. Categories of organic central nervous system disease were seizures (eight patients), organic brain syndromes (nine patients), aseptic meningitis (four patients) and a variety of focal neurologic findings (seven patinets). Fourteen pateints had 15 episodes of functional psychosis without other evidence of neurologic disease. Although there was a general correlation between clinical and serologic evidnce of active SLE and the development of organic neurolgic disease, there was no evidence that therapy with very large doses of corticosteroids was beneficial. Of the deaths in this series, two were due to probable active SLE involving the central nervous system wheras five were attributable to complications of therapy. The long-term morbidity, likewise, was high in the patients who recieved large doses of corticosteroids. In all, 12 patients had major complications of corticosteroid therapy. Functional psychosis was usually preciptated by corticsoteroid therapy and respond to a reduction in steroid dosage and administration of psychotropic drugs.", "contents": "Central nervous system disease in systemic lupus erythematosus. Therapy and prognosis. The effect of corticosteroid therapy in 28 patients with 52 episodes of neuropyciatric disease in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) was elevated. Categories of organic central nervous system disease were seizures (eight patients), organic brain syndromes (nine patients), aseptic meningitis (four patients) and a variety of focal neurologic findings (seven patinets). Fourteen pateints had 15 episodes of functional psychosis without other evidence of neurologic disease. Although there was a general correlation between clinical and serologic evidnce of active SLE and the development of organic neurolgic disease, there was no evidence that therapy with very large doses of corticosteroids was beneficial. Of the deaths in this series, two were due to probable active SLE involving the central nervous system wheras five were attributable to complications of therapy. The long-term morbidity, likewise, was high in the patients who recieved large doses of corticosteroids. In all, 12 patients had major complications of corticosteroid therapy. Functional psychosis was usually preciptated by corticsoteroid therapy and respond to a reduction in steroid dosage and administration of psychotropic drugs.", "PMID": 1130420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11087", "title": "Treatment of Wegener's granulomatosis of lung.", "content": "Thirteen patients with Wegener's granulomatosis have been treated with cytotoxic agents. Only one died from the disease whereas two died of infectious complications of therapy and one of heart disease. Seven of the nine survivors are well without medication; one is alive with renal insufficiency and one is in the 5th year of treatment. Cholorambucil was least toxic and should be tried first. Cyclophosphamide was more effective than cholorambucil or azathioprine but, because of side effects, should rarely be used initially. Differentiation of Wegener's granulomatosis from lymphomatiod granumatosis, which it resembles clinically, roentgenologically and pathologically, is important since the latter disease responds differently to cytoxic drug therapy.", "contents": "Treatment of Wegener's granulomatosis of lung. Thirteen patients with Wegener's granulomatosis have been treated with cytotoxic agents. Only one died from the disease whereas two died of infectious complications of therapy and one of heart disease. Seven of the nine survivors are well without medication; one is alive with renal insufficiency and one is in the 5th year of treatment. Cholorambucil was least toxic and should be tried first. Cyclophosphamide was more effective than cholorambucil or azathioprine but, because of side effects, should rarely be used initially. Differentiation of Wegener's granulomatosis from lymphomatiod granumatosis, which it resembles clinically, roentgenologically and pathologically, is important since the latter disease responds differently to cytoxic drug therapy.", "PMID": 1130421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11088", "title": "Surface alterations due to endotracheal intubation.", "content": "The varied complication of prolonged endotracheal intubation, including tracheal stenosis, stricture and tracheomalacia, are thought to be directly related to lateral tracheal wall pressure. To investigate the initiation, relevance and duration of these changes, studies were undertaken to assess the effects of intubation on the surface anatomy of the trachea by scanning electron microscopy. Tracheal mucosal morphology was studies in (1) anesthetized \"normal\" dogs; (2) d-ogs sacrificed 2 hours after intubation with cuff deflated or inflated to the \"just seal\" point using a cuff system producing the lowest tracheal wall pressure; and (3) dogs intubated for 2 hours and then examined at 2 and 7 days after extubation. Intubation without cuff inflation resulted in distinct linear areas of nearly complete ciliary denudation along the tract of tubal insertion within 2 hours. Inflated cuffs produced similar but more widespread changes especially over tracheal rings, indicating that pressure in areas of least resiliency significantly contributes to these alterations. Regeneration of cilia could be seen 2 days after extubation, but many anatomic features remained distorted; at 7 days, regeneration was nearly complete, but isolated areas of denudation could still be identified. Scanning electron micrographs of human tracheas taken at autopsy from patients who had had prolonged intubation with the same cuff system correlated well with those obtained from dogs.", "contents": "Surface alterations due to endotracheal intubation. The varied complication of prolonged endotracheal intubation, including tracheal stenosis, stricture and tracheomalacia, are thought to be directly related to lateral tracheal wall pressure. To investigate the initiation, relevance and duration of these changes, studies were undertaken to assess the effects of intubation on the surface anatomy of the trachea by scanning electron microscopy. Tracheal mucosal morphology was studies in (1) anesthetized \"normal\" dogs; (2) d-ogs sacrificed 2 hours after intubation with cuff deflated or inflated to the \"just seal\" point using a cuff system producing the lowest tracheal wall pressure; and (3) dogs intubated for 2 hours and then examined at 2 and 7 days after extubation. Intubation without cuff inflation resulted in distinct linear areas of nearly complete ciliary denudation along the tract of tubal insertion within 2 hours. Inflated cuffs produced similar but more widespread changes especially over tracheal rings, indicating that pressure in areas of least resiliency significantly contributes to these alterations. Regeneration of cilia could be seen 2 days after extubation, but many anatomic features remained distorted; at 7 days, regeneration was nearly complete, but isolated areas of denudation could still be identified. Scanning electron micrographs of human tracheas taken at autopsy from patients who had had prolonged intubation with the same cuff system correlated well with those obtained from dogs.", "PMID": 1130422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11089", "title": "An appraisal of the nitroblue tetrazolium reduction test.", "content": "The available literature on the nitroblue tetrazolium reduction test is reviewed. The mechanism of this test is poorly understood. There are two basic methods of performing the test, namely, the stimulated and the spontaneous methods. However, the test procedure has not been standardized, and numerous modifications have ensued resulting in a number of technics. The stimulated test has proved to be valuable for screening patients or carriers with chronic granulomatous disease of childhood. It is one of the useful tests in studying neutrophil dysfunction. On the other hand, extensive accumulated data indicate that this test, be it stimulted or spontaneous, cannot be relied upon as an absolute test to differentiate bacterial from nonbacterial infectious disease as there have been numerous false-positive and false-negative results. When this test is used, the result should be interpreted in the context of other laboratory test results and the clinical picture of the patient. Preliminary data indicate that in certain diseases, if the initial test is positive in a particular patient, it may be useful as one of the follow-up tests to ascertain the activity of the disease process.", "contents": "An appraisal of the nitroblue tetrazolium reduction test. The available literature on the nitroblue tetrazolium reduction test is reviewed. The mechanism of this test is poorly understood. There are two basic methods of performing the test, namely, the stimulated and the spontaneous methods. However, the test procedure has not been standardized, and numerous modifications have ensued resulting in a number of technics. The stimulated test has proved to be valuable for screening patients or carriers with chronic granulomatous disease of childhood. It is one of the useful tests in studying neutrophil dysfunction. On the other hand, extensive accumulated data indicate that this test, be it stimulted or spontaneous, cannot be relied upon as an absolute test to differentiate bacterial from nonbacterial infectious disease as there have been numerous false-positive and false-negative results. When this test is used, the result should be interpreted in the context of other laboratory test results and the clinical picture of the patient. Preliminary data indicate that in certain diseases, if the initial test is positive in a particular patient, it may be useful as one of the follow-up tests to ascertain the activity of the disease process.", "PMID": 1130423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11090", "title": "Anterior myocardial infarction patterns in the mitral valve prolapse-systolic click sydrome.", "content": "Two young women with the mitral valve prolapse-systolic click (MVP-SC) syndrome had electrocardiographic and vectorcardiographic evidence of transmural anterior myocardial infarction in the absence of clinical and arteriographic evidence of coronary disease.", "contents": "Anterior myocardial infarction patterns in the mitral valve prolapse-systolic click sydrome. Two young women with the mitral valve prolapse-systolic click (MVP-SC) syndrome had electrocardiographic and vectorcardiographic evidence of transmural anterior myocardial infarction in the absence of clinical and arteriographic evidence of coronary disease.", "PMID": 1130425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11091", "title": "Erythropoietin assay by hemagglutination-inhibition.", "content": "The immunochemical assay (HAI) for erythropoietin is accurate enough to detect small quantities and sensitive enough to demonstrate consistently and quantitatively the presence of erythropoietin in serum and urine. It will be the purpose of this report to describe in detail the procedure for the assay, the usefulness and value of erythropoietin testing in the clinical laboratory. The relationship of erythropoietin levels in serum and urine in the classification of diseases of the red blood cells are discussed. There is presently no  other method available for the measurement of erythropoietin that permits the detection of extremely small differences, sensitive enough to demonstrate consistently and quantitatively the presence of small amounts of erythropoietin.", "contents": "Erythropoietin assay by hemagglutination-inhibition. The immunochemical assay (HAI) for erythropoietin is accurate enough to detect small quantities and sensitive enough to demonstrate consistently and quantitatively the presence of erythropoietin in serum and urine. It will be the purpose of this report to describe in detail the procedure for the assay, the usefulness and value of erythropoietin testing in the clinical laboratory. The relationship of erythropoietin levels in serum and urine in the classification of diseases of the red blood cells are discussed. There is presently no  other method available for the measurement of erythropoietin that permits the detection of extremely small differences, sensitive enough to demonstrate consistently and quantitatively the presence of small amounts of erythropoietin.", "PMID": 1130426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11092", "title": "Determination of normal values from a hospital population.", "content": "With multi-channel biochemical screening becoming more widely used, it is necessary that normal values be established that will pertain to the population being screened. Statistically, results derived from a sample can be applied only to the population from which the sample was drawn. Thus, normal values derived from the typical sample of \"young American volunteers employed in the hospital and apparently healthy\" cannot validly be applied to members of a hospital population. Logically, it would be more valid to examine the values of a large sample of patients and determine the normal values by use of statistical methods. Presented in this paper are sections of an extensive statistical study performed on a hospital population using the SMA-12/60. It is hoped that this study may serve as useful guidelines for those technologists who believe that normal values should be established for a given laboratory, method and population.", "contents": "Determination of normal values from a hospital population. With multi-channel biochemical screening becoming more widely used, it is necessary that normal values be established that will pertain to the population being screened. Statistically, results derived from a sample can be applied only to the population from which the sample was drawn. Thus, normal values derived from the typical sample of \"young American volunteers employed in the hospital and apparently healthy\" cannot validly be applied to members of a hospital population. Logically, it would be more valid to examine the values of a large sample of patients and determine the normal values by use of statistical methods. Presented in this paper are sections of an extensive statistical study performed on a hospital population using the SMA-12/60. It is hoped that this study may serve as useful guidelines for those technologists who believe that normal values should be established for a given laboratory, method and population.", "PMID": 1130427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11093", "title": "An investigation of continuing education hypotheses about laboratory personnel.", "content": "The Kendall-Tau test with ties was utilized in testing for both level of significance and direction of relationship in hypotheses on continuing education for working laboratory personnel in the State of Iowa. Findings reported from a response group of 422 active laboratory personnel indicated that: (i) all educational levels of personnel are interested in continuing education; (ii) all laboratory personnel based on year of certification are interested in continuing education; (iii) supervisory personnel have a more marked interest in continuing education than line technologists/technicians; (iv) females are less willing to sacrifice for participation in continuing education than males; and (v) personnel in smaller hospitals have an interest in continuing education that is perhaps less than those in larger hospitals.", "contents": "An investigation of continuing education hypotheses about laboratory personnel. The Kendall-Tau test with ties was utilized in testing for both level of significance and direction of relationship in hypotheses on continuing education for working laboratory personnel in the State of Iowa. Findings reported from a response group of 422 active laboratory personnel indicated that: (i) all educational levels of personnel are interested in continuing education; (ii) all laboratory personnel based on year of certification are interested in continuing education; (iii) supervisory personnel have a more marked interest in continuing education than line technologists/technicians; (iv) females are less willing to sacrifice for participation in continuing education than males; and (v) personnel in smaller hospitals have an interest in continuing education that is perhaps less than those in larger hospitals.", "PMID": 1130428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11094", "title": "The safe use of dimethyl sulfoxide in the laboratory.", "content": "Dimethyl sulfoxide is being increasingly utilized in medical laboratories and in experimental clinical situations. The drug must be considered dangerous since there has been one reported case of fatal allergic reaction and numerous reports of liver damage following exposure to dimethyl sulfoxide.  Caution must be exercised in the handling of the drug as it can aid the entry of other drugs into the human body. Although dimethyl sulfoxide is not highly flammable, normal safety precautions used with any flammable solvent are the minimal requirements for safe use of this drug.", "contents": "The safe use of dimethyl sulfoxide in the laboratory. Dimethyl sulfoxide is being increasingly utilized in medical laboratories and in experimental clinical situations. The drug must be considered dangerous since there has been one reported case of fatal allergic reaction and numerous reports of liver damage following exposure to dimethyl sulfoxide.  Caution must be exercised in the handling of the drug as it can aid the entry of other drugs into the human body. Although dimethyl sulfoxide is not highly flammable, normal safety precautions used with any flammable solvent are the minimal requirements for safe use of this drug.", "PMID": 1130429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11095", "title": "Primary renal candidiasis with renal granulomata and salt-losing nephropathy.", "content": "A patient is reported whose illness was characterized by chronic renal failure associated with persistent salt-wasting, chronic nephrolithiasis, and candiduria which was documented to be arising from the upper urinary tract. Intravenous amphotericin B was effective in eradicating candiduria. However, bilateral nephrectomy was ultimately performed which revealed extensive involvement of the renal parenchyma with classic caseating granulomas apparently related to renal candidiasis. Severe medullary erosion and tissue loss existed which appeared to result in disproportionate medullary destruction which was probably the most significant factor in explaining the patient's salt-losing state. The patient has since been satisfactorily managed with maintenance hemodialysis.", "contents": "Primary renal candidiasis with renal granulomata and salt-losing nephropathy. A patient is reported whose illness was characterized by chronic renal failure associated with persistent salt-wasting, chronic nephrolithiasis, and candiduria which was documented to be arising from the upper urinary tract. Intravenous amphotericin B was effective in eradicating candiduria. However, bilateral nephrectomy was ultimately performed which revealed extensive involvement of the renal parenchyma with classic caseating granulomas apparently related to renal candidiasis. Severe medullary erosion and tissue loss existed which appeared to result in disproportionate medullary destruction which was probably the most significant factor in explaining the patient's salt-losing state. The patient has since been satisfactorily managed with maintenance hemodialysis.", "PMID": 1130431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11096", "title": "Still's disease in an adult: A link between juvenile and adult rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "A 52-year-old man developed rheumatoid factor negative, chronic, symmetrical polyarthritis associated with high intermittent fever and morbilliform evanescent rash at the onset. A detailed investigation and follow-up for two years failed to reveal any secondary cause. The onset and course resemble Still's disease in children. The synovial membrane histology and electron microscopy were consistent with early rheumatoid arthritis. Adult onset Still's disease reported in the literature is reviewed and compared with Still's disease in children.", "contents": "Still's disease in an adult: A link between juvenile and adult rheumatoid arthritis. A 52-year-old man developed rheumatoid factor negative, chronic, symmetrical polyarthritis associated with high intermittent fever and morbilliform evanescent rash at the onset. A detailed investigation and follow-up for two years failed to reveal any secondary cause. The onset and course resemble Still's disease in children. The synovial membrane histology and electron microscopy were consistent with early rheumatoid arthritis. Adult onset Still's disease reported in the literature is reviewed and compared with Still's disease in children.", "PMID": 1130432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11097", "title": "Cardiac performance during pregnancy: serial evaluation using external systolic time intervals.", "content": "Indirect systolic time indices were used to evaluate serial changes in left ventricular function during pregnancy in 13 normal patients and five patients with compensated cardiac conditions. Changes in both groups tended to parallel each other. In both groups, serial LVET index decreased, PEP index increased, and PEP/LVET ratio increased. Q-S2 index decreased in the normal group in midpregnancy and was inconsistent in the cardiac group. In the immediate postpartum period, LVET index returned to baseline values but PEP and PEP/LVET remained increased in both groups. Results of multiple comparison tests demonstrated that the largest (or smallest) value of each systolic time interval during pregnancy was observed in either the periods of the weeks 28 to 34 or 34 to 38. No significant differences were noted in intergroup comparison between the normal and cardiac groups. These data suggest that consistent changes in cardiac function may be determined during pregnancy by the noninvasive technique of indirect systolic time interval evaluation. These changes may reflect a change in left ventricular contractility, preload or afterload. The differences may persist even in the immediate postpartum period when cardiac output and heart rate have decreased to normal, suggesting residual changes in intrinsic left ventricular function. In patients with compensated heart disease, indirect tests of left ventricular function generally reflect the changes in normal pregnant women.", "contents": "Cardiac performance during pregnancy: serial evaluation using external systolic time intervals. Indirect systolic time indices were used to evaluate serial changes in left ventricular function during pregnancy in 13 normal patients and five patients with compensated cardiac conditions. Changes in both groups tended to parallel each other. In both groups, serial LVET index decreased, PEP index increased, and PEP/LVET ratio increased. Q-S2 index decreased in the normal group in midpregnancy and was inconsistent in the cardiac group. In the immediate postpartum period, LVET index returned to baseline values but PEP and PEP/LVET remained increased in both groups. Results of multiple comparison tests demonstrated that the largest (or smallest) value of each systolic time interval during pregnancy was observed in either the periods of the weeks 28 to 34 or 34 to 38. No significant differences were noted in intergroup comparison between the normal and cardiac groups. These data suggest that consistent changes in cardiac function may be determined during pregnancy by the noninvasive technique of indirect systolic time interval evaluation. These changes may reflect a change in left ventricular contractility, preload or afterload. The differences may persist even in the immediate postpartum period when cardiac output and heart rate have decreased to normal, suggesting residual changes in intrinsic left ventricular function. In patients with compensated heart disease, indirect tests of left ventricular function generally reflect the changes in normal pregnant women.", "PMID": 1130438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11098", "title": "Relapse of staphylococcal endocarditis after clindamycin therapy.", "content": "A 25-year-old black female heroin addict presented with Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis. Because of a history of penicillin allergy, therapy was gegun with cephalothin (Keflin); lack of clinical response led to the use of clindamycin. Response was excellent. After six weeks of treatment she was discharged well, only to return six days later with recurrent endocarditis. The organism, confirmed by sensitivity and phage typing, was identifcal to that causing the inital episode. This patient illustrates the apparent failure of clindamycin to eradicate a deep-seated intravascular infection with a sensitive organism.", "contents": "Relapse of staphylococcal endocarditis after clindamycin therapy. A 25-year-old black female heroin addict presented with Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis. Because of a history of penicillin allergy, therapy was gegun with cephalothin (Keflin); lack of clinical response led to the use of clindamycin. Response was excellent. After six weeks of treatment she was discharged well, only to return six days later with recurrent endocarditis. The organism, confirmed by sensitivity and phage typing, was identifcal to that causing the inital episode. This patient illustrates the apparent failure of clindamycin to eradicate a deep-seated intravascular infection with a sensitive organism.", "PMID": 1130433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11099", "title": "Antibodies to spermatozoa. V. Antibody activity in human cervical mucus.", "content": "Efforts were made to seek sperm antibody activity in human cervical mucus (C.M.). A procedure of extraction was developed, as well as methods for measurement of total protein and of immunoglubulin level. The antibody testing was done by the Kibrick (K-B-M) and F-D methods. In clear contrast with negative control serum and negative C.M. samples, positive activity could be found in the C.M. extracts from several infertile women. Some of these manifestations were seen as positive K-B-M agglutination, whereas some were seen either as agglutination or immobilization in the F-D test; hence, three kinds of observation can be indicative of sperm antibody in extracts of cervical mucus.", "contents": "Antibodies to spermatozoa. V. Antibody activity in human cervical mucus. Efforts were made to seek sperm antibody activity in human cervical mucus (C.M.). A procedure of extraction was developed, as well as methods for measurement of total protein and of immunoglubulin level. The antibody testing was done by the Kibrick (K-B-M) and F-D methods. In clear contrast with negative control serum and negative C.M. samples, positive activity could be found in the C.M. extracts from several infertile women. Some of these manifestations were seen as positive K-B-M agglutination, whereas some were seen either as agglutination or immobilization in the F-D test; hence, three kinds of observation can be indicative of sperm antibody in extracts of cervical mucus.", "PMID": 1130439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11100", "title": "The physiologic significance of portal vs. peripheral injection of insulin in man.", "content": "The site and rate of entry of insulin into the body may affect its metabolic actions. This study tested for the first time in man the hypothesis that the mode of action of endogenous insulin differs from peripherally injected insulin. In 11 nondiabetic and six diabetic patients we compared the effects on peripheral glucose utilization (PGU) and degree of hypoglycemia of the following: (1) glucagon-free insulin rapidly injected and slowly infused into the portal circulation via percutaneous splenic puncture; (2) peripheral intravenous inslin; (3) peripheral intravenous sodium tolbutamide. The arteriovenous glucose difference (A-V) and (A-V)/A ratios were calculated as parameters for measuring PGU. In nondiabetics our experiments showed: (1) similar magnitudes of hypoglycemia for insulin given by both routes, and (2) a significantly smaller (A-V)/A and therefore PGU, after the intraportal route, particularly after a slow infusion. Intravenous tolbutamide produced marked hypoglycemia and a small PGU comparable to that of slow intraportal infusion of insulin. In diabetics, results were similar. These findings suggest that, compared to the action of peripherally administered insulin, intraportally injected exogenous insulin or tolbutamide-induced endogenous insulin has a greater hepatic and a lesser peripheral effect on glucose metabolism.", "contents": "The physiologic significance of portal vs. peripheral injection of insulin in man. The site and rate of entry of insulin into the body may affect its metabolic actions. This study tested for the first time in man the hypothesis that the mode of action of endogenous insulin differs from peripherally injected insulin. In 11 nondiabetic and six diabetic patients we compared the effects on peripheral glucose utilization (PGU) and degree of hypoglycemia of the following: (1) glucagon-free insulin rapidly injected and slowly infused into the portal circulation via percutaneous splenic puncture; (2) peripheral intravenous inslin; (3) peripheral intravenous sodium tolbutamide. The arteriovenous glucose difference (A-V) and (A-V)/A ratios were calculated as parameters for measuring PGU. In nondiabetics our experiments showed: (1) similar magnitudes of hypoglycemia for insulin given by both routes, and (2) a significantly smaller (A-V)/A and therefore PGU, after the intraportal route, particularly after a slow infusion. Intravenous tolbutamide produced marked hypoglycemia and a small PGU comparable to that of slow intraportal infusion of insulin. In diabetics, results were similar. These findings suggest that, compared to the action of peripherally administered insulin, intraportally injected exogenous insulin or tolbutamide-induced endogenous insulin has a greater hepatic and a lesser peripheral effect on glucose metabolism.", "PMID": 1130434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11101", "title": "Assessment of diagnostic aspiration curettage as an outpatient procedure.", "content": "Aspiration curettage proved acceptable to patients and medical staff when incorporated into a busy outpatient practice. The diagnostic reliability of curettings obtained was shown to be 93.5 per cent accurate. In all patients where mucus only is obtained, where symptoms persist or recur, or when aspiration curettage is too distressing, conventional curettage is mandatory.", "contents": "Assessment of diagnostic aspiration curettage as an outpatient procedure. Aspiration curettage proved acceptable to patients and medical staff when incorporated into a busy outpatient practice. The diagnostic reliability of curettings obtained was shown to be 93.5 per cent accurate. In all patients where mucus only is obtained, where symptoms persist or recur, or when aspiration curettage is too distressing, conventional curettage is mandatory.", "PMID": 1130440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11102", "title": "The autonomous nodule of the thyroid: correlation of patient age, nodule size and functional status.", "content": "In light of new techniques for measuring circulating thyroid hormones and for studying the thyroid gland, we present our experience with 35 patients with solitary autonomous nodules of the thyroid to define more precisely the clinical course of patients with this disorder. The patients ranged in age from 19 to 80 years and 31 of the 35 were female. Younger patients were generally euthyroid and sought attention because of a thyroid mass; virtually all older patients were hyperthyroid. Eighteen had obvious clinical features of hyperthyroidism and 5 over age 70 had apathetic hyperthyroidism; all 5 of the elderly and 13 of the 18 under age 70 had elevated thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) levels. Isolated elevation of T3 and elevated basal metabolic rate were observed in 5 previously untreated clinically hyperthyroid young patients. In each of these, thyroid uptake of 131-I was not suppressible with exogenous T3 and BMR was elevated in those tested. Two elderly patients, who had previously been treated for conventional hyperthyroidism with radioactive iodine, had T3 toxicosis when hypoethyroidism recurred. There was a strong positive correlation between the age of the patient, the size of the nodule and the thyroid functional state. The mean area of the nodules projected on 131-I rectilinear scan for euthyroid patients was 5.1 cm2. The mean area of the nodules in hyperthryoid subjects was significantly higher, 13.4 cm-2 in patients with T3 toxicosis and 19.3 cm-2 in subjects with conventional hyperthyroidism. Progression from a euthyroid state to hyperthyroidism was observed four patients. One of these became thyrotoxic within days after an injection of iodinated contrast medium. Spontaneous resolution of nodules occurred in two patients.", "contents": "The autonomous nodule of the thyroid: correlation of patient age, nodule size and functional status. In light of new techniques for measuring circulating thyroid hormones and for studying the thyroid gland, we present our experience with 35 patients with solitary autonomous nodules of the thyroid to define more precisely the clinical course of patients with this disorder. The patients ranged in age from 19 to 80 years and 31 of the 35 were female. Younger patients were generally euthyroid and sought attention because of a thyroid mass; virtually all older patients were hyperthyroid. Eighteen had obvious clinical features of hyperthyroidism and 5 over age 70 had apathetic hyperthyroidism; all 5 of the elderly and 13 of the 18 under age 70 had elevated thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) levels. Isolated elevation of T3 and elevated basal metabolic rate were observed in 5 previously untreated clinically hyperthyroid young patients. In each of these, thyroid uptake of 131-I was not suppressible with exogenous T3 and BMR was elevated in those tested. Two elderly patients, who had previously been treated for conventional hyperthyroidism with radioactive iodine, had T3 toxicosis when hypoethyroidism recurred. There was a strong positive correlation between the age of the patient, the size of the nodule and the thyroid functional state. The mean area of the nodules projected on 131-I rectilinear scan for euthyroid patients was 5.1 cm2. The mean area of the nodules in hyperthryoid subjects was significantly higher, 13.4 cm-2 in patients with T3 toxicosis and 19.3 cm-2 in subjects with conventional hyperthyroidism. Progression from a euthyroid state to hyperthyroidism was observed four patients. One of these became thyrotoxic within days after an injection of iodinated contrast medium. Spontaneous resolution of nodules occurred in two patients.", "PMID": 1130435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11103", "title": "Culdoscopic ligation as an outpatient procedure.", "content": "The increasing demand for abortion and sexual sterilization has caused the need to perform such operations on an outpatient basis. The University Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Singapore, started a prospective study of culdoscopic ligation as an outpatient procedure in November, 1972. To date, over 600 operations have been performed. Analysis of the first 405 cases showed a low complication rate of 2.4 per cent. This study showed that culdoscopic ligation performed in the hospital outpatient is safe and feasible.", "contents": "Culdoscopic ligation as an outpatient procedure. The increasing demand for abortion and sexual sterilization has caused the need to perform such operations on an outpatient basis. The University Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Singapore, started a prospective study of culdoscopic ligation as an outpatient procedure in November, 1972. To date, over 600 operations have been performed. Analysis of the first 405 cases showed a low complication rate of 2.4 per cent. This study showed that culdoscopic ligation performed in the hospital outpatient is safe and feasible.", "PMID": 1130441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11104", "title": "Sickle cell anemia- clinical manifestations in 100 patients and review of the literature.", "content": "The clinical and hematological features of 100 patients with sickle cell anemia are reviewed. The heart was enlarged and a murmur was heard in nearly 80 percent of patients. Pneumonia and pulmonary infarction occurred in 43 percent and 12 percent of patients, respectively. Musculoskeletal involvement included the hand-foot syndrome (15 percent), leg ulcers (55 percent), aseptic necrosis ofbone (11 percent), and osteomyelitis (4 percent). Symptoms and signs related to the gastrointestinal system included jaundice (55 percent), hepatomegaly (50 percent), splenomegaly (23 percent), hepatitis (11 percent) and gallstones (9 percent). Three patients underwent cholecystectomy and three patients had their spleens removed. Pyelonephritis occurred in 17 patients, priapism in five and hematuria in seven. Nineteen women had 39 pregnancies, of which 35 resulted in the birth of healthy infants. At least 328 painful crises occurred in 73 patients. There were also 13 hemolytic crises, eight sequestration crises, and five aplastic crises. A trail of alkali therapy in 33 crises in children failed to produce beneficial effects greater than hydration and analgesics alone as used in the control group. Laboratory findings in the 100 patients were comparable to those previously reported in the literature. The renal concentrating defect in most patients was confirmed.  There were six deaths: hepatic coma secondary to post-transfusion hepatitis, thrombosis of inferior vena cava, congestive heart failure, exsanguination from erosion of the pancreaticoduodenal artery, extensive bronchopneumonia, and pulmonary infarction.", "contents": "Sickle cell anemia- clinical manifestations in 100 patients and review of the literature. The clinical and hematological features of 100 patients with sickle cell anemia are reviewed. The heart was enlarged and a murmur was heard in nearly 80 percent of patients. Pneumonia and pulmonary infarction occurred in 43 percent and 12 percent of patients, respectively. Musculoskeletal involvement included the hand-foot syndrome (15 percent), leg ulcers (55 percent), aseptic necrosis ofbone (11 percent), and osteomyelitis (4 percent). Symptoms and signs related to the gastrointestinal system included jaundice (55 percent), hepatomegaly (50 percent), splenomegaly (23 percent), hepatitis (11 percent) and gallstones (9 percent). Three patients underwent cholecystectomy and three patients had their spleens removed. Pyelonephritis occurred in 17 patients, priapism in five and hematuria in seven. Nineteen women had 39 pregnancies, of which 35 resulted in the birth of healthy infants. At least 328 painful crises occurred in 73 patients. There were also 13 hemolytic crises, eight sequestration crises, and five aplastic crises. A trail of alkali therapy in 33 crises in children failed to produce beneficial effects greater than hydration and analgesics alone as used in the control group. Laboratory findings in the 100 patients were comparable to those previously reported in the literature. The renal concentrating defect in most patients was confirmed.  There were six deaths: hepatic coma secondary to post-transfusion hepatitis, thrombosis of inferior vena cava, congestive heart failure, exsanguination from erosion of the pancreaticoduodenal artery, extensive bronchopneumonia, and pulmonary infarction.", "PMID": 1130436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11105", "title": "The effects of self-monitoring by patients on the control of hypertension.", "content": "The effects of self-monitoring of blood pressure on the control of hypertension were examined in this study. Failure of patients to comply with treatment is presumably attributable in part to the fact that hypertension usually is asymptomatic until complications develop. Self-monitoring might make visible an otherwise asymptomatic condition, and thereby increase motivation. One hundred hypertensive patients beginning outpatient treatment were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. Subjects were given a sphygmomanometer and instructed in its use. Both groups were given similar antihypertensive medications. After six months of treatment, mean systolic pressure was significantly lower (11.4 mm Hg, p smaller than 0.05) in the experimental than in the control subjects. However, the mean baseline systolic pressure in the control group was 3.9 mm Hg less than that of the experimental group. If this value is substracted from the difference between the last mean systolic pressures in the two groups, the 7.5 mm Hg difference is seen as a very modest effect of self-monitoring. Diastolic blood pressure was insignificantly lower for experimental subjects. Compared to the potent effectiveness of drugs in reducing blood pressure, self-monitoring was of little value.", "contents": "The effects of self-monitoring by patients on the control of hypertension. The effects of self-monitoring of blood pressure on the control of hypertension were examined in this study. Failure of patients to comply with treatment is presumably attributable in part to the fact that hypertension usually is asymptomatic until complications develop. Self-monitoring might make visible an otherwise asymptomatic condition, and thereby increase motivation. One hundred hypertensive patients beginning outpatient treatment were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. Subjects were given a sphygmomanometer and instructed in its use. Both groups were given similar antihypertensive medications. After six months of treatment, mean systolic pressure was significantly lower (11.4 mm Hg, p smaller than 0.05) in the experimental than in the control subjects. However, the mean baseline systolic pressure in the control group was 3.9 mm Hg less than that of the experimental group. If this value is substracted from the difference between the last mean systolic pressures in the two groups, the 7.5 mm Hg difference is seen as a very modest effect of self-monitoring. Diastolic blood pressure was insignificantly lower for experimental subjects. Compared to the potent effectiveness of drugs in reducing blood pressure, self-monitoring was of little value.", "PMID": 1130437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11106", "title": "Observations on a model of the biology of carcinoma of the cervix: a poor fit between observation and theory.", "content": "The role of the mathematical model is to express the biological theory in the form of a set of numerical predictions which can be reconciled with data. We have fitted the model implicit in current theory, and the predictions from that do not fit the observed facts. Either the theory or the observed facts (or both) are wrong. If the facts are right, then our final model (Model II) points to the changes in the theoretical concept which are necessary. Increasing conversion from carcinoma in situ to invasive carcinoma with age must be accepted and explained. The fall in prevalence of dysplasia and carcinoma in situ before the major onset of invasive cancer must be fully appreciated and explained. The regression of carcinoma in situ to dysplasia or normal in large numbers must be accepted and explained either biologically or by error in categorization, or both.", "contents": "Observations on a model of the biology of carcinoma of the cervix: a poor fit between observation and theory. The role of the mathematical model is to express the biological theory in the form of a set of numerical predictions which can be reconciled with data. We have fitted the model implicit in current theory, and the predictions from that do not fit the observed facts. Either the theory or the observed facts (or both) are wrong. If the facts are right, then our final model (Model II) points to the changes in the theoretical concept which are necessary. Increasing conversion from carcinoma in situ to invasive carcinoma with age must be accepted and explained. The fall in prevalence of dysplasia and carcinoma in situ before the major onset of invasive cancer must be fully appreciated and explained. The regression of carcinoma in situ to dysplasia or normal in large numbers must be accepted and explained either biologically or by error in categorization, or both.", "PMID": 1130442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11107", "title": "Amniotic fluid creatinine in pregnancies complicated by diabetes.", "content": "Amniotic fluid (AF) creatinine concentrations, determined in 353 samples from 167 pregnancies complicated by maternal diabetes, are similar to those found at comparable gestation in uncomplicated pregnancy. Added maternal vascular disease significantly raises AF creatinine to such a degree that overestimation of fetal (renal) maturity is a clinical hazard if based solely on this parameter. Relative concentrations of creatinine in AF and maternal plasma (AF/MP ratio) are related to gestational age. Failure of AF creatinine to rise consistently on successive serial samples accompanies an increased risk of perinatal death in the pregnancy complicated by diabetes, four of five deaths in the present series following declines in this measurement.", "contents": "Amniotic fluid creatinine in pregnancies complicated by diabetes. Amniotic fluid (AF) creatinine concentrations, determined in 353 samples from 167 pregnancies complicated by maternal diabetes, are similar to those found at comparable gestation in uncomplicated pregnancy. Added maternal vascular disease significantly raises AF creatinine to such a degree that overestimation of fetal (renal) maturity is a clinical hazard if based solely on this parameter. Relative concentrations of creatinine in AF and maternal plasma (AF/MP ratio) are related to gestational age. Failure of AF creatinine to rise consistently on successive serial samples accompanies an increased risk of perinatal death in the pregnancy complicated by diabetes, four of five deaths in the present series following declines in this measurement.", "PMID": 1130443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11108", "title": "Reduction of cervical resistance by prostaglandin suppositories prior to dilatation for induced abortion.", "content": "Several recent reports citing increased rates of prematurity among women who have had induced first-trimester abortion suggest that forceful cervical dilatation may result in cervical incompetence in future pregnancy. There appear to be conflicting clinical impressions regarding the effectiveness on cervical softening and the reduction of cervical resistance produced by various prostaglandins. The development of the Electronic Force Monitor which is capable of precise measurement of the forces encountered in overcoming resistance during dilatation provided objective evidence with which to evaluate the effects of vaginally administered prostaglandin E2 and F2alpha suppositories. Suppositories were administered 3 hours prior to cervical dilatation, after which suction curettage was performed. Compared to the nonmedicated control group, patients receiving PGF2alpha suppositories exhibited greatly reduced cervical resistance, in some cases permitting direct introduction of the suction curette without need for any preliminary dilatation. Those patients receiving PGE2 suppositories showed an intermediate degree of cervical softening.", "contents": "Reduction of cervical resistance by prostaglandin suppositories prior to dilatation for induced abortion. Several recent reports citing increased rates of prematurity among women who have had induced first-trimester abortion suggest that forceful cervical dilatation may result in cervical incompetence in future pregnancy. There appear to be conflicting clinical impressions regarding the effectiveness on cervical softening and the reduction of cervical resistance produced by various prostaglandins. The development of the Electronic Force Monitor which is capable of precise measurement of the forces encountered in overcoming resistance during dilatation provided objective evidence with which to evaluate the effects of vaginally administered prostaglandin E2 and F2alpha suppositories. Suppositories were administered 3 hours prior to cervical dilatation, after which suction curettage was performed. Compared to the nonmedicated control group, patients receiving PGF2alpha suppositories exhibited greatly reduced cervical resistance, in some cases permitting direct introduction of the suction curette without need for any preliminary dilatation. Those patients receiving PGE2 suppositories showed an intermediate degree of cervical softening.", "PMID": 1130444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11109", "title": "A comparison of methods for collecting clean-catch urine specimens in a clinic population of obstetric patients.", "content": "A descriptive study comparing the use of the gram-positive skin cleansers Zephiran and hexachlorophene to Prepodyne, a gram-negative cleanser, was performed upon 1, 469 specimens from patients attending the prenatal clinic of a large university hospital. The period prevalence rate of symptomatic and asymptomatic bacteriuria in 1, 350 patients was 11.5 per cent. Group teaching compared to individualized teaching of the patients to collect their own aliquots did not appear to have a measurable effect upon the levels of bacteriuria. Significant differences were found at p equals 0.05 between all the serially sampled groups using the different cleansers. No significant difference was found between the two groups using only hexachlorophene when compared for differences between patient-collected and nurse-collected specimens; nevertheless, the patient-collected specimens had greater proportions of low bacterial counts than those collected by the nurses. This study indicates that carefully instructed patients in large clinic populations are more efficient than the nurses when they collect their own midstream specimens, using an adequate cleansing agent. An analysis of the rates disclosed that Zephiran cleansing had high contamination levels, whereas Prepodyne significantly reduced contamination of the specimens. However, the possible reduction of the rate of 10-5 specimens to 9.1 per cent in the group using Prepodyne did not rule out the possibility of reduced specificity, and the hazard of false-negative results occuring with the use of gram-negative skin cleansers requires further study.", "contents": "A comparison of methods for collecting clean-catch urine specimens in a clinic population of obstetric patients. A descriptive study comparing the use of the gram-positive skin cleansers Zephiran and hexachlorophene to Prepodyne, a gram-negative cleanser, was performed upon 1, 469 specimens from patients attending the prenatal clinic of a large university hospital. The period prevalence rate of symptomatic and asymptomatic bacteriuria in 1, 350 patients was 11.5 per cent. Group teaching compared to individualized teaching of the patients to collect their own aliquots did not appear to have a measurable effect upon the levels of bacteriuria. Significant differences were found at p equals 0.05 between all the serially sampled groups using the different cleansers. No significant difference was found between the two groups using only hexachlorophene when compared for differences between patient-collected and nurse-collected specimens; nevertheless, the patient-collected specimens had greater proportions of low bacterial counts than those collected by the nurses. This study indicates that carefully instructed patients in large clinic populations are more efficient than the nurses when they collect their own midstream specimens, using an adequate cleansing agent. An analysis of the rates disclosed that Zephiran cleansing had high contamination levels, whereas Prepodyne significantly reduced contamination of the specimens. However, the possible reduction of the rate of 10-5 specimens to 9.1 per cent in the group using Prepodyne did not rule out the possibility of reduced specificity, and the hazard of false-negative results occuring with the use of gram-negative skin cleansers requires further study.", "PMID": 1130445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11110", "title": "Fetal stress from methadone withdrawal.", "content": "A pregnant patient in the midtrimester of pregnancy was begun on a methadone detoxification program. The fetal neurobiologic response was monitored by serial amniotic fluid amines (epinephrine and norepinephrine). The detoxification program showed a marked fetal response of the adrenal gland (E) and sympathetic nervous system (NE) that was blunted when the methadone dose was increased. Detoxification during pregnancy is not recommended unless the fetus can be biochemically monitored.", "contents": "Fetal stress from methadone withdrawal. A pregnant patient in the midtrimester of pregnancy was begun on a methadone detoxification program. The fetal neurobiologic response was monitored by serial amniotic fluid amines (epinephrine and norepinephrine). The detoxification program showed a marked fetal response of the adrenal gland (E) and sympathetic nervous system (NE) that was blunted when the methadone dose was increased. Detoxification during pregnancy is not recommended unless the fetus can be biochemically monitored.", "PMID": 1130446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11111", "title": "Fetal crown-rump length and biparietal diameter in the second trimester of pregnancy.", "content": "This study examines the relationships between fetal size (biparietal diameter and crown-rump length) and gestational age among subjects aborted by hypertonic saline in the second trimester of pregnancy. With a confidence of 90 per cent, biparietal diameter can be used to predict gestational age within plus or minus 2 weeks, and crown-rump length can be used to predict gestational age within plus or minus 3 weeks.", "contents": "Fetal crown-rump length and biparietal diameter in the second trimester of pregnancy. This study examines the relationships between fetal size (biparietal diameter and crown-rump length) and gestational age among subjects aborted by hypertonic saline in the second trimester of pregnancy. With a confidence of 90 per cent, biparietal diameter can be used to predict gestational age within plus or minus 2 weeks, and crown-rump length can be used to predict gestational age within plus or minus 3 weeks.", "PMID": 1130447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11112", "title": "Hydatidiform mole with coexistent fetus.", "content": "Eight cases of hydatidiform mole with coexistent fetus are presented with special considerations of diagnosis and management. Although the incidence of this condition was one in 22,000 pregnancies, it is emphasized that the combination of a mole with a fetus should be included in the differential diagnosis of patients who have signs and symptoms of gestational trophoblastic disease in the presence of a fetus. Recommended treatment is immediate termination of the pregnancy. Appropriate follow-up with a sensitive and specific gonadotropin assay is required to differentiate minimal tumor activity rom normal levels of pituitary luteinizing hormone. None of the patients in this series developed maligant trophoblastic neoplasia.", "contents": "Hydatidiform mole with coexistent fetus. Eight cases of hydatidiform mole with coexistent fetus are presented with special considerations of diagnosis and management. Although the incidence of this condition was one in 22,000 pregnancies, it is emphasized that the combination of a mole with a fetus should be included in the differential diagnosis of patients who have signs and symptoms of gestational trophoblastic disease in the presence of a fetus. Recommended treatment is immediate termination of the pregnancy. Appropriate follow-up with a sensitive and specific gonadotropin assay is required to differentiate minimal tumor activity rom normal levels of pituitary luteinizing hormone. None of the patients in this series developed maligant trophoblastic neoplasia.", "PMID": 1130449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11113", "title": "Biodegradable polylactate as a steroid-releasing polymer: intrauterine administration of d-norgestrel.", "content": "Polylactate film containing 30 per cent or 4.5 mg. of d-norgestrel was fixed around a plain T-IUD and the device was inserted into the uterine cavity. Norgestrel was gradually released into the systemic circulation, blood levels being highest during menstruation. Plasma estradiol and progesterone determinations revealed that cyclic ovarian function was maintained during the intrauterine administration of norgestrel; however, marked local effects on the endometrium resulted. The amount of menstrual bleeding was reduced.", "contents": "Biodegradable polylactate as a steroid-releasing polymer: intrauterine administration of d-norgestrel. Polylactate film containing 30 per cent or 4.5 mg. of d-norgestrel was fixed around a plain T-IUD and the device was inserted into the uterine cavity. Norgestrel was gradually released into the systemic circulation, blood levels being highest during menstruation. Plasma estradiol and progesterone determinations revealed that cyclic ovarian function was maintained during the intrauterine administration of norgestrel; however, marked local effects on the endometrium resulted. The amount of menstrual bleeding was reduced.", "PMID": 1130448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11114", "title": "The effect of actinomycin D on estrogen-induced uterine blood flow.", "content": "The effect of actinomycin D on estrogen-induced uterine blood flow was studied in four nonpregnant, oophorectomized sheep, utilizing electromagnetic flow probes chronically implanted around the uterine arteris. Two hours after the intravenous injection of 1 mug of estradiol-17beta per kilogram of body weight, incorporation of [3H]-uridine into RNA was two- to threefold higher (2.7 plus or minus 0.4 S.E.M.) in the control horn than the uterine horn that had received an intra-arterial injection of actinomycin D. Actinomycin D had no effect on the estrogen-induced increase in uterine blood flow.", "contents": "The effect of actinomycin D on estrogen-induced uterine blood flow. The effect of actinomycin D on estrogen-induced uterine blood flow was studied in four nonpregnant, oophorectomized sheep, utilizing electromagnetic flow probes chronically implanted around the uterine arteris. Two hours after the intravenous injection of 1 mug of estradiol-17beta per kilogram of body weight, incorporation of [3H]-uridine into RNA was two- to threefold higher (2.7 plus or minus 0.4 S.E.M.) in the control horn than the uterine horn that had received an intra-arterial injection of actinomycin D. Actinomycin D had no effect on the estrogen-induced increase in uterine blood flow.", "PMID": 1130450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11115", "title": "Effects of fetal sex and weight and placental weight on maternal serum progesterone and chorionic gonadotropin concentrations.", "content": "A prospective study of 268 normal pregnant women at term was undertaken in which serum concentrations of progesterone (P) and chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) were determined zero to four days before spontaneous labor. Neither HCG nor P changed significantly during these four days, although they were not measured serially in most women. There was no correlation between the HCG level and either the placental or infant weight, infant sex, or maternal serum progesterone concentration. The maternal serum P level was slightly but significantly correlated with the weight of the placenta (r equal to  0.24; p smaller than 0.001) but not with the fetal weight or infant sex. Thus, although the mass of trophoblastic tissue contributed in part to P concentration, other intracellular factors such as the cyclic adenosine monophosphate system are probably more important regulating mechanisms.", "contents": "Effects of fetal sex and weight and placental weight on maternal serum progesterone and chorionic gonadotropin concentrations. A prospective study of 268 normal pregnant women at term was undertaken in which serum concentrations of progesterone (P) and chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) were determined zero to four days before spontaneous labor. Neither HCG nor P changed significantly during these four days, although they were not measured serially in most women. There was no correlation between the HCG level and either the placental or infant weight, infant sex, or maternal serum progesterone concentration. The maternal serum P level was slightly but significantly correlated with the weight of the placenta (r equal to  0.24; p smaller than 0.001) but not with the fetal weight or infant sex. Thus, although the mass of trophoblastic tissue contributed in part to P concentration, other intracellular factors such as the cyclic adenosine monophosphate system are probably more important regulating mechanisms.", "PMID": 1130451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11116", "title": "Suprapubic vs. periumbilical amniocentesis.", "content": "Amniocentesis has assumed a major and increasing role in the proper management of highrisk pregnancies but the procedure is not without complications. This study was undertaken to compare the suprapubic with the periumblical or \"small-parts\"approach. A total of 308 amniocenteses were included. The suprapubic method had fewer failures and fewer complications. The rate of premature rupture of the membranes was identifical with both approaches; in fact, following either type of amniocentesis, the percentage of premature ruptured membranes was no differnet from the anticipated spontaneous rate. In all cases of premature rupture of the membranes there were no cases of respiratory distress syndrome, maternal infection, or neonatal infection.", "contents": "Suprapubic vs. periumbilical amniocentesis. Amniocentesis has assumed a major and increasing role in the proper management of highrisk pregnancies but the procedure is not without complications. This study was undertaken to compare the suprapubic with the periumblical or \"small-parts\"approach. A total of 308 amniocenteses were included. The suprapubic method had fewer failures and fewer complications. The rate of premature rupture of the membranes was identifical with both approaches; in fact, following either type of amniocentesis, the percentage of premature ruptured membranes was no differnet from the anticipated spontaneous rate. In all cases of premature rupture of the membranes there were no cases of respiratory distress syndrome, maternal infection, or neonatal infection.", "PMID": 1130452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11117", "title": "Relationship between cortisol and lecithin/sphingomyelin ratios in human amniotic fluid.", "content": "Amniotic fluid was obtained from 85 women during the last trimester of gastation and analyzed for cortisol by a radioimmunoassay procedure and for lecithin/sphingomyelin (L/S) ratios by a combined thin-layer chromatography densitometer scanning technique. A total of 114 samples were examined. Cortisol values ranged from 38 to 438  ng. per milliliter; L/S ratios ranged from 0.3 to 9.2. Comparison of cortisol levels with L/S ratios by multiple regression analysis gave an \"r\" value of 0.371. From less than 32 weeks' gestation to 41 or 42 weeks there was an increase in cortisol levels from 139 plus or minus 124 to 290 plus or minus 78 ng. per milliliter whereas the L/S ratios increased from 1.8 plus or minus 2.3 to 3.9 plus or minus 2.0. These data indicate that there is no good correlation between cortisol and L/S ratios in the samples of amniotic fluid analyzed.", "contents": "Relationship between cortisol and lecithin/sphingomyelin ratios in human amniotic fluid. Amniotic fluid was obtained from 85 women during the last trimester of gastation and analyzed for cortisol by a radioimmunoassay procedure and for lecithin/sphingomyelin (L/S) ratios by a combined thin-layer chromatography densitometer scanning technique. A total of 114 samples were examined. Cortisol values ranged from 38 to 438  ng. per milliliter; L/S ratios ranged from 0.3 to 9.2. Comparison of cortisol levels with L/S ratios by multiple regression analysis gave an \"r\" value of 0.371. From less than 32 weeks' gestation to 41 or 42 weeks there was an increase in cortisol levels from 139 plus or minus 124 to 290 plus or minus 78 ng. per milliliter whereas the L/S ratios increased from 1.8 plus or minus 2.3 to 3.9 plus or minus 2.0. These data indicate that there is no good correlation between cortisol and L/S ratios in the samples of amniotic fluid analyzed.", "PMID": 1130453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11118", "title": "Discordant severe cranial defects in monozygous twins.", "content": "Three cases of monozygous male twins having exencephaly, anencephaly, and acephaly, with their cotwins being normal, are reported. Monozygosity of the twins was demonstrated by pathologic examination and in one case corroborated by blood group antigen testing. A constellation of abnormalities including adrenal hypoplasia in one of a pair of monozygous male twins with chorionic vascular anastomoses, together with the unusual racial background in each case, are in support of the possibility that environmental factors may play an etiologic role.", "contents": "Discordant severe cranial defects in monozygous twins. Three cases of monozygous male twins having exencephaly, anencephaly, and acephaly, with their cotwins being normal, are reported. Monozygosity of the twins was demonstrated by pathologic examination and in one case corroborated by blood group antigen testing. A constellation of abnormalities including adrenal hypoplasia in one of a pair of monozygous male twins with chorionic vascular anastomoses, together with the unusual racial background in each case, are in support of the possibility that environmental factors may play an etiologic role.", "PMID": 1130454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11119", "title": "Effect of folic acid supplement on birth weights of infants.", "content": "Earlier observations from this Institute have indicated that the infants born to mothers receiving folic acid supplements in addition to iron during pregnancy were heavier than those born to mothers receiving iron alone. Since birth weights are influenced by maternal factors like height and parity, a trial was carried on in matched controls with iron and iron and folic acid during the last 12 to 16 weeks of pregnancy. Simultaneously, placental function was also assessed. The effect of the folic acid supplements was more marked on first born children. Incidence of small-for-dates births was half in the iron and folate-supplemented group as compared with the iron-supplemented group. The heights of mothers did not make any difference on the effect of folate supplement. The improvement in the birth weights seem to have been brought about by increase in placental size, cell number, and protein content in the folate supplement group. In view of multivariant deficiency and practical problems in implementing food supplement programs to expectant mothers, supplements of folate and iron to expectant mothers in large scale may bring about an improvement in the incidence of pregnancy anemia and also reduce the infant morbidity and mortality rate due to the high incidence of low-birth weight babies.", "contents": "Effect of folic acid supplement on birth weights of infants. Earlier observations from this Institute have indicated that the infants born to mothers receiving folic acid supplements in addition to iron during pregnancy were heavier than those born to mothers receiving iron alone. Since birth weights are influenced by maternal factors like height and parity, a trial was carried on in matched controls with iron and iron and folic acid during the last 12 to 16 weeks of pregnancy. Simultaneously, placental function was also assessed. The effect of the folic acid supplements was more marked on first born children. Incidence of small-for-dates births was half in the iron and folate-supplemented group as compared with the iron-supplemented group. The heights of mothers did not make any difference on the effect of folate supplement. The improvement in the birth weights seem to have been brought about by increase in placental size, cell number, and protein content in the folate supplement group. In view of multivariant deficiency and practical problems in implementing food supplement programs to expectant mothers, supplements of folate and iron to expectant mothers in large scale may bring about an improvement in the incidence of pregnancy anemia and also reduce the infant morbidity and mortality rate due to the high incidence of low-birth weight babies.", "PMID": 1130456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11120", "title": "Oral conception and uterine size-ultrasonic study.", "content": "The effect of oral contraceptives on uterine size has been examined by B-mode ultrasonography. The subjects were 39 women (mean age 21) with regular menstrual cycles. None of them had taken the pill previously. The combined pill (E-con or Neo-Primovlar) was prescribed for 21 and the progestogen-only pill (Exluton) for 18 of the participants. The uterine size  was measured with the help of B-scanning prior to the pill and after it was taken for three and six months. All three ultrasound examinations were carried out on the same day of the cycle plus or minus one day). No difference can be observed between the three measurements of uterine size either in the women on the combined pills or those on th progestogen-only pill (p greater than 0.05). The study will be continued. So far six women have been examined by ultrasound after having taken oral contraceptives for 12 months. Uterine size has remained unchanged in each case.", "contents": "Oral conception and uterine size-ultrasonic study. The effect of oral contraceptives on uterine size has been examined by B-mode ultrasonography. The subjects were 39 women (mean age 21) with regular menstrual cycles. None of them had taken the pill previously. The combined pill (E-con or Neo-Primovlar) was prescribed for 21 and the progestogen-only pill (Exluton) for 18 of the participants. The uterine size  was measured with the help of B-scanning prior to the pill and after it was taken for three and six months. All three ultrasound examinations were carried out on the same day of the cycle plus or minus one day). No difference can be observed between the three measurements of uterine size either in the women on the combined pills or those on th progestogen-only pill (p greater than 0.05). The study will be continued. So far six women have been examined by ultrasound after having taken oral contraceptives for 12 months. Uterine size has remained unchanged in each case.", "PMID": 1130457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11121", "title": "Mangement of vaginal carcinoma after hysterectomy.", "content": "Vaginal carcinoma after hysterectomy occasionally has developed into an invasive lesion. Three cases, all treated differently, are described. The means of preventing further disease and for differently treating the vaginal lesion are discussed. Radiotherapy is recommended for invasive lesions and surgery or surveillance for noninvasive lesions.", "contents": "Mangement of vaginal carcinoma after hysterectomy. Vaginal carcinoma after hysterectomy occasionally has developed into an invasive lesion. Three cases, all treated differently, are described. The means of preventing further disease and for differently treating the vaginal lesion are discussed. Radiotherapy is recommended for invasive lesions and surgery or surveillance for noninvasive lesions.", "PMID": 1130458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11122", "title": "Erythrocytosis due to erythropoietin-producing uterine fibromyoma.", "content": "Erythrocytosis has been observed to occur infrequently in association with uterine fibromyomas. Study of this case revealed erythrocytosis prior to surgery and a remission was noted after myomectomy. Elevated erythropoietin activity in this patient's serum was demonstrated. The erythropoietin activity in the tumor tissue extract was 10 times higher than in the control tissue extract. We postulate that the tumor itself was responsible for the erythrocytosis observed. The mechanisms proposed to explain polycythemia in such a tumor were revised and our conclusion is that the tumor produced the erythropoietin autonomously and is not subjected to feedback control mechanism.", "contents": "Erythrocytosis due to erythropoietin-producing uterine fibromyoma. Erythrocytosis has been observed to occur infrequently in association with uterine fibromyomas. Study of this case revealed erythrocytosis prior to surgery and a remission was noted after myomectomy. Elevated erythropoietin activity in this patient's serum was demonstrated. The erythropoietin activity in the tumor tissue extract was 10 times higher than in the control tissue extract. We postulate that the tumor itself was responsible for the erythrocytosis observed. The mechanisms proposed to explain polycythemia in such a tumor were revised and our conclusion is that the tumor produced the erythropoietin autonomously and is not subjected to feedback control mechanism.", "PMID": 1130459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11123", "title": "Construction of shoulder and breast prostheses.", "content": "The usual surgical treatment for patients who have osteogenic sarcoma of the humerus is forequarter amputation. Hence, a prosthetic shoulder is needed in order to compensate for the resulting deformity. Occasionally, female patients must also undergo a radical mastectomy and as a result require a comination breast-shoulder prosthesis. The occupational therapy staff at M.D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute devised a procedure for the construction of shoulder and/or breast prostheses. Methods of fabrication and problems encountered are discussed. As medical treatments improve and survival times are lengthened, more cancer patients will require rehabilitation services. This article may provide assistance for therapists who are faced with similar problems in the rehabilitative process.", "contents": "Construction of shoulder and breast prostheses. The usual surgical treatment for patients who have osteogenic sarcoma of the humerus is forequarter amputation. Hence, a prosthetic shoulder is needed in order to compensate for the resulting deformity. Occasionally, female patients must also undergo a radical mastectomy and as a result require a comination breast-shoulder prosthesis. The occupational therapy staff at M.D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute devised a procedure for the construction of shoulder and/or breast prostheses. Methods of fabrication and problems encountered are discussed. As medical treatments improve and survival times are lengthened, more cancer patients will require rehabilitation services. This article may provide assistance for therapists who are faced with similar problems in the rehabilitative process.", "PMID": 1130461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11124", "title": "The effectiveness of master's degree programs for occupational therapists.", "content": "Are graduates of master's degree programs in occupational therapy satisfied with the content of their programs and the results of their studies? Are these programs commensurate with the needs of the occupational therapy profession in the development of skilled practitioners, educators, administrators, and researchers. These two questions provided the framework for an investigation to determine the needs, trends, strengths, and weaknesses of graduate study in occupational therapy in the United States today. The responses of 100 occupational therapists from 12 universities, 61.4 per cent of those who received questionnaires, were tabulated and analyzed. The results presented a composite picture of master's degree programs in occupational therapy and other graduate programs such as education, vocational rehabilitation, and special education. The conclusions suggest that requirements of the master's programs encourage independent inquiry, provide for the individual's academic needs, and prepare researchers. However, the programs are only partially fulfilling the requirements of the profession for skilled practitioners and educators.", "contents": "The effectiveness of master's degree programs for occupational therapists. Are graduates of master's degree programs in occupational therapy satisfied with the content of their programs and the results of their studies? Are these programs commensurate with the needs of the occupational therapy profession in the development of skilled practitioners, educators, administrators, and researchers. These two questions provided the framework for an investigation to determine the needs, trends, strengths, and weaknesses of graduate study in occupational therapy in the United States today. The responses of 100 occupational therapists from 12 universities, 61.4 per cent of those who received questionnaires, were tabulated and analyzed. The results presented a composite picture of master's degree programs in occupational therapy and other graduate programs such as education, vocational rehabilitation, and special education. The conclusions suggest that requirements of the master's programs encourage independent inquiry, provide for the individual's academic needs, and prepare researchers. However, the programs are only partially fulfilling the requirements of the profession for skilled practitioners and educators.", "PMID": 1130462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11125", "title": "Peer review & record review systems.", "content": "This paper describes the implementation of both peer review and record review systems as initiated at the University Hospitals of Cleveland occupational therapy department. Peer review evaluations can be used to ascertain a therapist's need for continuing education in a specific area, to evaluate and improve standards of practice, to gather statistics on professional objectives, and to develop Professional Standards Review Organization criteria. The system of peer review stimulated an improvement in documentation of services provided by occupational therapists, as well as in critical self-awareness of individual strengths and weaknesses. A separate method of record review was instituted to provide a basis for evaluating individual performance for either recognition or disciplinary purposes. Unlike peer review, record review results become incorporated into the therapist's personnel record.", "contents": "Peer review & record review systems. This paper describes the implementation of both peer review and record review systems as initiated at the University Hospitals of Cleveland occupational therapy department. Peer review evaluations can be used to ascertain a therapist's need for continuing education in a specific area, to evaluate and improve standards of practice, to gather statistics on professional objectives, and to develop Professional Standards Review Organization criteria. The system of peer review stimulated an improvement in documentation of services provided by occupational therapists, as well as in critical self-awareness of individual strengths and weaknesses. A separate method of record review was instituted to provide a basis for evaluating individual performance for either recognition or disciplinary purposes. Unlike peer review, record review results become incorporated into the therapist's personnel record.", "PMID": 1130463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11126", "title": "AOTA Human Resources Project. The education study.", "content": "This article is the second in a series describing the American Occupational Therapy Association's Human Resources Project. The project, comprised of several interrelated studies, is aimed at identifying the supply of occupational therapists and assistants in the United States as of December 1973, and at describing the projected requirements for their services. The present report describes the initial phase of the Education Study, the objective of which is to define the total supply of occupational therapy manpower, regardless of membership status in the AOTA.", "contents": "AOTA Human Resources Project. The education study. This article is the second in a series describing the American Occupational Therapy Association's Human Resources Project. The project, comprised of several interrelated studies, is aimed at identifying the supply of occupational therapists and assistants in the United States as of December 1973, and at describing the projected requirements for their services. The present report describes the initial phase of the Education Study, the objective of which is to define the total supply of occupational therapy manpower, regardless of membership status in the AOTA.", "PMID": 1130468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11127", "title": "Some considerations of ocular rotations.", "content": "Our eyes and their extraocular motility muscles are a marvelously engineered system for external data gathering. On teleological grounds alone, it would appear that ocular versions and rotations take place, in many cases, along geodesics of least energy and that paths of higher energy are only taken for reasons of binocular near vision. This paper examines ocular versions and rotations from this viewpoint and \"explains\" Listings' and Donders' laws and also uses a model eye to demonstrate some resulting consequences. Finally, a common misconception about eye movements is laid to rest, and a suggestion made for further laboratory corroboration.", "contents": "Some considerations of ocular rotations. Our eyes and their extraocular motility muscles are a marvelously engineered system for external data gathering. On teleological grounds alone, it would appear that ocular versions and rotations take place, in many cases, along geodesics of least energy and that paths of higher energy are only taken for reasons of binocular near vision. This paper examines ocular versions and rotations from this viewpoint and \"explains\" Listings' and Donders' laws and also uses a model eye to demonstrate some resulting consequences. Finally, a common misconception about eye movements is laid to rest, and a suggestion made for further laboratory corroboration.", "PMID": 1130471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11128", "title": "A supplementary technique for balancing refraction.", "content": "The customary technique for balancing the refractive (subjective) correction lenses requires the subject to compare the clarity of two images. If there is an inequality in the best acuity attainable for each eye, this technique does not give valid results. An alternate technique is described that does not depend upon maximal acuity for each eye.", "contents": "A supplementary technique for balancing refraction. The customary technique for balancing the refractive (subjective) correction lenses requires the subject to compare the clarity of two images. If there is an inequality in the best acuity attainable for each eye, this technique does not give valid results. An alternate technique is described that does not depend upon maximal acuity for each eye.", "PMID": 1130473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11129", "title": "Comparison of soflens contact lenses (polymacon) with hard contact lenses and spectacles.", "content": "A study, comparing Soflens TM contact lenses (polymacon) with hard contact lenses and spectacles, and using 150 male and female patients, has been done. Volunteers qualified for the study if they had healthy eyes and had worn one type of corrective lenses for six months before they were interviewed and examined. During each patient's examination, his type of correction was not known. Such matters as visual acuity, corneal measurements and average wearing time were considered. (Soflens contact lenses were felt to be safer than hard contact lenses.)", "contents": "Comparison of soflens contact lenses (polymacon) with hard contact lenses and spectacles. A study, comparing Soflens TM contact lenses (polymacon) with hard contact lenses and spectacles, and using 150 male and female patients, has been done. Volunteers qualified for the study if they had healthy eyes and had worn one type of corrective lenses for six months before they were interviewed and examined. During each patient's examination, his type of correction was not known. Such matters as visual acuity, corneal measurements and average wearing time were considered. (Soflens contact lenses were felt to be safer than hard contact lenses.)", "PMID": 1130474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11130", "title": "On the nature of accommodative micropsia.", "content": "Both an increase in convergence and an increase in accommodation result in a decrease in the apparent size of objects of a fixed retinal image size (micropsia). The present study demonstrates that the accommodative micropsia produced by a minus sphere lens is due to the retinal image minification introduced by the lens and to the change in convergence accompanying accommodation. The accommodative act itself apparently does not result directly in micropsia.", "contents": "On the nature of accommodative micropsia. Both an increase in convergence and an increase in accommodation result in a decrease in the apparent size of objects of a fixed retinal image size (micropsia). The present study demonstrates that the accommodative micropsia produced by a minus sphere lens is due to the retinal image minification introduced by the lens and to the change in convergence accompanying accommodation. The accommodative act itself apparently does not result directly in micropsia.", "PMID": 1130477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11131", "title": "Peripheral visual response time and retinal luminance-area relations.", "content": "Button pressing response time was measured in five trained subjects to the onset of small visual stimuli imaged across the horizontal retinal meridian at 10 degrees arc intervals from 90 degrees arc right to 90 degrees arc left of the line of sight. Four stimulus luminance conditions were presented at each peripheral retinal location, a low luminance condition (approx. 2.6 ft-L),  a high luminance condition (arox. 22.2 ft-L), and two conditions in which luminance was varied systematically from low to moderately intense levels from one side of the visual field to the other. The  two variable luminance conditions were included to see if it is possible to compensate for the progressive decrease in retinal stimulus image area caused by the apparent pupil. The results indicated that response time to stimuli imaged within approximately 70 degrees arc from the fovea does not differ significantly when all possess about the same luminance. Mean response time is significantly faster to stimuli imaged beyond about 70 degrees arc from the fovea when their luminance is increased by an amount equal to the foveal stimulus luminance multiplied by the cosine of the angle between the peripheral stimuli and the line of sight. These data are discussed in relation to previous psychophysical data and to possible response mechanisms.", "contents": "Peripheral visual response time and retinal luminance-area relations. Button pressing response time was measured in five trained subjects to the onset of small visual stimuli imaged across the horizontal retinal meridian at 10 degrees arc intervals from 90 degrees arc right to 90 degrees arc left of the line of sight. Four stimulus luminance conditions were presented at each peripheral retinal location, a low luminance condition (approx. 2.6 ft-L),  a high luminance condition (arox. 22.2 ft-L), and two conditions in which luminance was varied systematically from low to moderately intense levels from one side of the visual field to the other. The  two variable luminance conditions were included to see if it is possible to compensate for the progressive decrease in retinal stimulus image area caused by the apparent pupil. The results indicated that response time to stimuli imaged within approximately 70 degrees arc from the fovea does not differ significantly when all possess about the same luminance. Mean response time is significantly faster to stimuli imaged beyond about 70 degrees arc from the fovea when their luminance is increased by an amount equal to the foveal stimulus luminance multiplied by the cosine of the angle between the peripheral stimuli and the line of sight. These data are discussed in relation to previous psychophysical data and to possible response mechanisms.", "PMID": 1130478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11132", "title": "Predicting aniseikonia in anisometropia.", "content": "In estimating the amount of aniseikonia that may be present in any given case of anisometropia, it is usual to apply the \"rule of thumb\" approach. The \"rule\" states that for each diopter of anisometropia, the amount of aniseikonia to be expected is 1 1/2 to 2 percent. The rule is based upon an average value computed for theoretical amounts of aniseikonia in many possible situations that can occur, some of which have little likelihood of being found in everyday clinical practice. Applied to many cases of anisometropia that are common, the rule leads to extreme overstimates and is grossly misleading, often resulting in the mishandling of patients. In this paper, a number of typical cases are dealt with in the refutation of the use of \"the rule.\"", "contents": "Predicting aniseikonia in anisometropia. In estimating the amount of aniseikonia that may be present in any given case of anisometropia, it is usual to apply the \"rule of thumb\" approach. The \"rule\" states that for each diopter of anisometropia, the amount of aniseikonia to be expected is 1 1/2 to 2 percent. The rule is based upon an average value computed for theoretical amounts of aniseikonia in many possible situations that can occur, some of which have little likelihood of being found in everyday clinical practice. Applied to many cases of anisometropia that are common, the rule leads to extreme overstimates and is grossly misleading, often resulting in the mishandling of patients. In this paper, a number of typical cases are dealt with in the refutation of the use of \"the rule.\"", "PMID": 1130479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11133", "title": "Corneal edema and vertical striae accompanying the wearing of hydrogel lenses.", "content": "Changes in corneal thickness and the ocurrence of vertical striae were monitored on 27 patients who wore both the \"F\" and \"N\" series Bausch and Lomb Soflens-TM (polymacon) contact lenses. Changes in corneal thickness were observed with both lenses; however, the \"N\" series lens caused slightly more corneal swelling. Vertical striae occurred in about 50% of the patients and was correlated with the development of corneal edema. In most cases where significant corneal edema was measured, it was possible to observe the edema using the biomicroscope.", "contents": "Corneal edema and vertical striae accompanying the wearing of hydrogel lenses. Changes in corneal thickness and the ocurrence of vertical striae were monitored on 27 patients who wore both the \"F\" and \"N\" series Bausch and Lomb Soflens-TM (polymacon) contact lenses. Changes in corneal thickness were observed with both lenses; however, the \"N\" series lens caused slightly more corneal swelling. Vertical striae occurred in about 50% of the patients and was correlated with the development of corneal edema. In most cases where significant corneal edema was measured, it was possible to observe the edema using the biomicroscope.", "PMID": 1130480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11134", "title": "Effects of hyperbaric air pressure on keratometry.", "content": "Following reports of vision blur by scuba divers at depth below 100 feet, keratometric readings were taken on volunteers inside a hyperbaric chamber at the USAF School of Aerospace Medicine. It was found that as the pressure within the chamber increased, the corneal reading showed an increased dioptric value. This change in refractive condition also occurred in measurement on test steel balls. Whether this dynamic response was due to increased atmospheric index, or displacement of instrument optics, was explored.", "contents": "Effects of hyperbaric air pressure on keratometry. Following reports of vision blur by scuba divers at depth below 100 feet, keratometric readings were taken on volunteers inside a hyperbaric chamber at the USAF School of Aerospace Medicine. It was found that as the pressure within the chamber increased, the corneal reading showed an increased dioptric value. This change in refractive condition also occurred in measurement on test steel balls. Whether this dynamic response was due to increased atmospheric index, or displacement of instrument optics, was explored.", "PMID": 1130481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11135", "title": "Driving with a bioptic telescope: an interdisciplinary approach.", "content": "Six low vision patients were fitted with bioptic telescopes in order to obtain driver's licenses. They were given intensive coordinated training to prepare them for the complexities of driving a motor vehicle.", "contents": "Driving with a bioptic telescope: an interdisciplinary approach. Six low vision patients were fitted with bioptic telescopes in order to obtain driver's licenses. They were given intensive coordinated training to prepare them for the complexities of driving a motor vehicle.", "PMID": 1130482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11136", "title": "A clinical and epidemiological evaluation of tonometry as a screening test.", "content": "Because of their differences in emphasis, clinical practitioners and clinical epidemiologists often employ different terms and concepts in comparing and rating health screening tests. The apparent inconsistency of a high error rate (96 to 99% over-referrals) yet good test sensitivity and specificity (40% and 95% respectively) for tonometry can be explained by a complete analysis of tonometric screening, encompassing both the clinical and epidemiological view-points. This paper reviews basic terminology, explains the clinical and epidemiological approaches, and demonstrates both of these methods of analysis in a comprehensive evaluation of tonometry using real data from recent clinical investigations.", "contents": "A clinical and epidemiological evaluation of tonometry as a screening test. Because of their differences in emphasis, clinical practitioners and clinical epidemiologists often employ different terms and concepts in comparing and rating health screening tests. The apparent inconsistency of a high error rate (96 to 99% over-referrals) yet good test sensitivity and specificity (40% and 95% respectively) for tonometry can be explained by a complete analysis of tonometric screening, encompassing both the clinical and epidemiological view-points. This paper reviews basic terminology, explains the clinical and epidemiological approaches, and demonstrates both of these methods of analysis in a comprehensive evaluation of tonometry using real data from recent clinical investigations.", "PMID": 1130483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11137", "title": "Racial differences in color vision: do they exist?", "content": "The present experiment investigated the possibility that variation in fundus pigmentation among individuals may be related to differential color sensitivity. Fifty black and white observers representing a wide range of skin (and fundus) pigmentation made direct heterochromatic brightness matches for a white standard field against each of five chromatic comparison fields. Results indicated that pigment (i.e., racial) differences in color vision do not exist, as measured by the two psychophysical methods used. The data showed that the heterochromatic matches were less reliable for the more saturated colors, violet and red, and also that the psychophysical methods used to obtain the matching data differentially influenced the results for the more saturated colors.", "contents": "Racial differences in color vision: do they exist? The present experiment investigated the possibility that variation in fundus pigmentation among individuals may be related to differential color sensitivity. Fifty black and white observers representing a wide range of skin (and fundus) pigmentation made direct heterochromatic brightness matches for a white standard field against each of five chromatic comparison fields. Results indicated that pigment (i.e., racial) differences in color vision do not exist, as measured by the two psychophysical methods used. The data showed that the heterochromatic matches were less reliable for the more saturated colors, violet and red, and also that the psychophysical methods used to obtain the matching data differentially influenced the results for the more saturated colors.", "PMID": 1130484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11138", "title": "Juvenile glaucoma - a case report.", "content": "A case report of incipient juvenile glaucoma is presented. Clinical data obtained during the optometric examination indicating possible glaucoma were confirmed by an ophthalmological evaluation. Early detection of glaucoma in the young adult may help prevent significant visual impairment and disability in his later years. Screening patients of all ages for glaucoma is recommended.", "contents": "Juvenile glaucoma - a case report. A case report of incipient juvenile glaucoma is presented. Clinical data obtained during the optometric examination indicating possible glaucoma were confirmed by an ophthalmological evaluation. Early detection of glaucoma in the young adult may help prevent significant visual impairment and disability in his later years. Screening patients of all ages for glaucoma is recommended.", "PMID": 1130485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11139", "title": "A nomogram for computing BP/IOP ratios.", "content": "Clinical estimates of ocular blood flow, based on a comparison of systemic blood pressure and intraocular pressure, appear to be better predictors of glaucomatous visual field loss than are tonometric estimates alone. One index of ocular hemodynamic status is the blood pressure/intraocular pressure ratio (BP/IOP). A nomogram is presented to aid in calculating this index.", "contents": "A nomogram for computing BP/IOP ratios. Clinical estimates of ocular blood flow, based on a comparison of systemic blood pressure and intraocular pressure, appear to be better predictors of glaucomatous visual field loss than are tonometric estimates alone. One index of ocular hemodynamic status is the blood pressure/intraocular pressure ratio (BP/IOP). A nomogram is presented to aid in calculating this index.", "PMID": 1130486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11140", "title": "The accommodative response in amblyopia.", "content": "The accommodative response of normal and amblyopic subjects was measured over a range of stimulus values from two to seven D with a laser optometer incorporating the Badal system. The stimulus and response were found to be linearly related for both normal and amblyopic eyes, but the response of the amblyopic eye to the higher values of stimulus was reduced.", "contents": "The accommodative response in amblyopia. The accommodative response of normal and amblyopic subjects was measured over a range of stimulus values from two to seven D with a laser optometer incorporating the Badal system. The stimulus and response were found to be linearly related for both normal and amblyopic eyes, but the response of the amblyopic eye to the higher values of stimulus was reduced.", "PMID": 1130487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11141", "title": "Pattern and depth discrimination from random dot stereograms.", "content": "The discrimination of depth and pattern was investigated using random dot stereograms. For all four subjects, the psychometric function for depth judgments (probability of correct response) was clearly superior to pattern judgments over a range of ten crossed or uncrossed binocular disparity values. Degrading the visual images, either monocularly or binocularly, with various convex lens power (fogging lenses) reduced both depth and pattern discrimination across all disparity values, rather than simply increasing the thresholds. The results are discussed with reference to current theories of stereopsis, and the question of the hierarchial processing of depth and pattern information is considered.", "contents": "Pattern and depth discrimination from random dot stereograms. The discrimination of depth and pattern was investigated using random dot stereograms. For all four subjects, the psychometric function for depth judgments (probability of correct response) was clearly superior to pattern judgments over a range of ten crossed or uncrossed binocular disparity values. Degrading the visual images, either monocularly or binocularly, with various convex lens power (fogging lenses) reduced both depth and pattern discrimination across all disparity values, rather than simply increasing the thresholds. The results are discussed with reference to current theories of stereopsis, and the question of the hierarchial processing of depth and pattern information is considered.", "PMID": 1130488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11142", "title": "Ray tracing through a toric refracting surface.", "content": "A procedure has been developed for tracing a ray through a toric refracting surface. The surface is defined in terms of a rectangular coordinate system. The ray is specified by the rectangular coordinates of a point through which it passes and its direction-cosines.", "contents": "Ray tracing through a toric refracting surface. A procedure has been developed for tracing a ray through a toric refracting surface. The surface is defined in terms of a rectangular coordinate system. The ray is specified by the rectangular coordinates of a point through which it passes and its direction-cosines.", "PMID": 1130489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11143", "title": "The effect of stimulus duration and monocular viewing on the \"oblique effect\" in peripheral vision.", "content": "Luminance thresholds were obtained for narrow bars of light in vertical, horizontal and oblique orientations. From 5 degrees to 60 degrees into the periphery, a small but significant elevation in threshold was found for stimuli in oblique orientations. The monocularly obtained data replicate an earlier report using binocular presentations and a stimulus duration of 100 msec. When exposure time was 10 msec or 500 msec, this effect of orientation broke down. Theoretical implications are discussed.", "contents": "The effect of stimulus duration and monocular viewing on the \"oblique effect\" in peripheral vision. Luminance thresholds were obtained for narrow bars of light in vertical, horizontal and oblique orientations. From 5 degrees to 60 degrees into the periphery, a small but significant elevation in threshold was found for stimuli in oblique orientations. The monocularly obtained data replicate an earlier report using binocular presentations and a stimulus duration of 100 msec. When exposure time was 10 msec or 500 msec, this effect of orientation broke down. Theoretical implications are discussed.", "PMID": 1130490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11144", "title": "Hysterical amblyopia: electrodiagnostic and clinical evaluation.", "content": "Six hysterical amblyopes and six controls, matched for age and sex, were evaluated as to acuity, color vision, visual fields, dark adaptometry and visual evoked responses (VER). Although the hysterical amblyopes all showed reduced acuity and constricted visual fields, no statistically significant differences were found for the dark adaptation final thresholds when compared to the control group. VERs to stimuli which were varied with respect to brightness, color, frequency and pattern, did not statistically differentiate hysterical amblyopes from the control group. The results appear to indicate the intactness of the visual pathways up to and including cortical area 17 in hysterical amblyopia.", "contents": "Hysterical amblyopia: electrodiagnostic and clinical evaluation. Six hysterical amblyopes and six controls, matched for age and sex, were evaluated as to acuity, color vision, visual fields, dark adaptometry and visual evoked responses (VER). Although the hysterical amblyopes all showed reduced acuity and constricted visual fields, no statistically significant differences were found for the dark adaptation final thresholds when compared to the control group. VERs to stimuli which were varied with respect to brightness, color, frequency and pattern, did not statistically differentiate hysterical amblyopes from the control group. The results appear to indicate the intactness of the visual pathways up to and including cortical area 17 in hysterical amblyopia.", "PMID": 1130491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11145", "title": "Adverse effects of commonly used systemic drugs on the human eye. Part III.", "content": "Four tables are presented listing the adverse effects of commonly used drugs on the human eye. Both brand names and generic names of drugs are used. The optometrist using the tables can look up either the drug (to find the adverse effects) or the symptom (to find the drugs that might cause it).", "contents": "Adverse effects of commonly used systemic drugs on the human eye. Part III. Four tables are presented listing the adverse effects of commonly used drugs on the human eye. Both brand names and generic names of drugs are used. The optometrist using the tables can look up either the drug (to find the adverse effects) or the symptom (to find the drugs that might cause it).", "PMID": 1130492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11146", "title": "National health and optometry--a survey of public attitudes.", "content": "A stratified probability sample of the Houston, Texas population was interviewed to assess public opinion of national health care and public awareness of vision care and its role in a national health care system. Over 80% of the population surveyed are in favor of a national health care bill, with a large percentage of the population favoring inclusion of vision care. Demographic trends are reported as they relate to various questions in the survey, and comparisons are made to a similar questionnaire one year earlier.", "contents": "National health and optometry--a survey of public attitudes. A stratified probability sample of the Houston, Texas population was interviewed to assess public opinion of national health care and public awareness of vision care and its role in a national health care system. Over 80% of the population surveyed are in favor of a national health care bill, with a large percentage of the population favoring inclusion of vision care. Demographic trends are reported as they relate to various questions in the survey, and comparisons are made to a similar questionnaire one year earlier.", "PMID": 1130493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11147", "title": "Analysis of photometric data.", "content": "This paper describes how information about the configuration of the cornea can be derived from the raw data obtained with telecentric photokeratometers, and how such data can be expressed and used. It also deals with the interrelations of the different ways of expressing the data.", "contents": "Analysis of photometric data. This paper describes how information about the configuration of the cornea can be derived from the raw data obtained with telecentric photokeratometers, and how such data can be expressed and used. It also deals with the interrelations of the different ways of expressing the data.", "PMID": 1130494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11148", "title": "Corneal curvature and refractive error changes associated with wearing hydrogel contact lenses.", "content": "To determine if there are corneal curvature and refractive error changes associated with hydrogel lens wear, 27 patients wearing F series Bausch & Lomb SOFLENS-TM contact lenses were examined regularly for nine months. During the first month of lens wear, a mean corneal steepening of 0.23 DK plus or minus 0.18 and an increase in with-the-rule toricity were found, which persisted during the following eight months of wear. A mean increase in myopia of 0.35 DS plus or minus .211 DS was found after nine months of lens wear for five randomly selected patients. This amount of change was statistically significant and was highly correlated with the observed corneal steepening. Their lenses were removed after nine months of lens wear. Both corneal changes and the increase in myopia persisted during the 14 days after lens removal. If long term studies with larger samples show similar results, the effect of hydrogel lenses on corneal curvature and refractive error will have to be considered in the decision to fit this type of lens.", "contents": "Corneal curvature and refractive error changes associated with wearing hydrogel contact lenses. To determine if there are corneal curvature and refractive error changes associated with hydrogel lens wear, 27 patients wearing F series Bausch & Lomb SOFLENS-TM contact lenses were examined regularly for nine months. During the first month of lens wear, a mean corneal steepening of 0.23 DK plus or minus 0.18 and an increase in with-the-rule toricity were found, which persisted during the following eight months of wear. A mean increase in myopia of 0.35 DS plus or minus .211 DS was found after nine months of lens wear for five randomly selected patients. This amount of change was statistically significant and was highly correlated with the observed corneal steepening. Their lenses were removed after nine months of lens wear. Both corneal changes and the increase in myopia persisted during the 14 days after lens removal. If long term studies with larger samples show similar results, the effect of hydrogel lenses on corneal curvature and refractive error will have to be considered in the decision to fit this type of lens.", "PMID": 1130495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11149", "title": "The birefringence fallacy.", "content": "In recent years it has become common for the birefringence pattern of a thermally toughened glass lens to be examined, and for a judgmental opinion of the impact resistance of that lens to be based on the regularity of the observed pattern. Laboratory experiments were carried out to determine the validity of this practice. Commercially available and specially-generated lenses were subjected to modified heat treatments in the laboratory. The birefringence patterns were then examined and the impact resistances determined: these were then compared with those of control groups, tested simultaneously. In these experiments there was no correlation between impact resistance and regularity of birefringence pattern. Reliance on such a correlation for assessing strength is therefore thought to be unjustified and, in some cases, even dangerous. Replication of this work by others is suggested.", "contents": "The birefringence fallacy. In recent years it has become common for the birefringence pattern of a thermally toughened glass lens to be examined, and for a judgmental opinion of the impact resistance of that lens to be based on the regularity of the observed pattern. Laboratory experiments were carried out to determine the validity of this practice. Commercially available and specially-generated lenses were subjected to modified heat treatments in the laboratory. The birefringence patterns were then examined and the impact resistances determined: these were then compared with those of control groups, tested simultaneously. In these experiments there was no correlation between impact resistance and regularity of birefringence pattern. Reliance on such a correlation for assessing strength is therefore thought to be unjustified and, in some cases, even dangerous. Replication of this work by others is suggested.", "PMID": 1130496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11150", "title": "Validity of the laser refraction technique for determining cylindrical error.", "content": "Employing a laser refraction technique, spherical error was determined for each of three meridans in 50 eyes. The measurements were used to calculate spherical error and cylindrical axis and power, and the findings were compared with standard methods of measurement. Correlations between the laser and non-laser methods indicated that the laser technique is a valid method for determining spherical error. Correlations between the findings for laser and non-laser cylindrical measurements were not high enough to warrant use of this laser technique in clinical practice. Differential laser validity findings for against-the-rule astigmatism are also discussed.", "contents": "Validity of the laser refraction technique for determining cylindrical error. Employing a laser refraction technique, spherical error was determined for each of three meridans in 50 eyes. The measurements were used to calculate spherical error and cylindrical axis and power, and the findings were compared with standard methods of measurement. Correlations between the laser and non-laser methods indicated that the laser technique is a valid method for determining spherical error. Correlations between the findings for laser and non-laser cylindrical measurements were not high enough to warrant use of this laser technique in clinical practice. Differential laser validity findings for against-the-rule astigmatism are also discussed.", "PMID": 1130497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11151", "title": "Training a patient to drive with telescopic lenses.", "content": "An interdisciplinary approach to licensing partially-sighted individuals to drive is presented. The model includes the participation of optometry, special education, and the department of motor vehicles.", "contents": "Training a patient to drive with telescopic lenses. An interdisciplinary approach to licensing partially-sighted individuals to drive is presented. The model includes the participation of optometry, special education, and the department of motor vehicles.", "PMID": 1130498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11152", "title": "The Myopter viewer: an instrument for treating and preventing myopia.", "content": "A new instrument has been developed for utilization in attempts at myopia therapy and control. The inventor discusses instrument design and treatment procedures, and suggests an explanation for the movement of juvenile eyes from hypermetropia into myopia.", "contents": "The Myopter viewer: an instrument for treating and preventing myopia. A new instrument has been developed for utilization in attempts at myopia therapy and control. The inventor discusses instrument design and treatment procedures, and suggests an explanation for the movement of juvenile eyes from hypermetropia into myopia.", "PMID": 1130499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11153", "title": "A protocol for hypertension screening and referral.", "content": "The current nationwide attack on hypertension, with its emphasis on early detection and prevention, has served to reinforce optometry's commitment to vision-related health screening and referral. The current status of this multidisciplinary program is reviewed, and the major risk factors are presented, in a hypertension screening/referral form designed to improve the screening/referral process.", "contents": "A protocol for hypertension screening and referral. The current nationwide attack on hypertension, with its emphasis on early detection and prevention, has served to reinforce optometry's commitment to vision-related health screening and referral. The current status of this multidisciplinary program is reviewed, and the major risk factors are presented, in a hypertension screening/referral form designed to improve the screening/referral process.", "PMID": 1130500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11154", "title": "Development of the triadic junction in skeletal muscle fibers of fetal and postnatal rats.", "content": "Electron microscope examinations of the developing triadic junction in fibers from leg muscles of fetal and postnatal rats reveal a range of complexity from no structural connections across the space between apposed membranes of T and SR to all of the junctional structures visible in adult rat muscle fibers. In triads showing no connections, faintly stained projections from the apposed membranes of T and SR are seen. The simplest form of junctional structure is a series of faintly stained strands that make connections across the space between apposing membranes. Junctional structures stained more intensely show periodic bridges traversing the space plus an intermediate dense line (intermediate density) running parallel to the apposed membranes of T and SR and bisecting the space between apposed membranes. The intermediate density is continuous across the periodic bridges and interbridge spaces and it appears to be connected to the apposed membranes of T and SR. It is suggested that projections from T and SR are precursors of the connections and that the projections interact to form the intermediate density. It is also suggested that bridge and interbridge junctional structures might form compartments isolated from the sarcoplasm and thus enhance the flow of electrical current from T to apposed SR by reducing low-resistance shunting of current flow into the sarcoplasm,", "contents": "Development of the triadic junction in skeletal muscle fibers of fetal and postnatal rats. Electron microscope examinations of the developing triadic junction in fibers from leg muscles of fetal and postnatal rats reveal a range of complexity from no structural connections across the space between apposed membranes of T and SR to all of the junctional structures visible in adult rat muscle fibers. In triads showing no connections, faintly stained projections from the apposed membranes of T and SR are seen. The simplest form of junctional structure is a series of faintly stained strands that make connections across the space between apposing membranes. Junctional structures stained more intensely show periodic bridges traversing the space plus an intermediate dense line (intermediate density) running parallel to the apposed membranes of T and SR and bisecting the space between apposed membranes. The intermediate density is continuous across the periodic bridges and interbridge spaces and it appears to be connected to the apposed membranes of T and SR. It is suggested that projections from T and SR are precursors of the connections and that the projections interact to form the intermediate density. It is also suggested that bridge and interbridge junctional structures might form compartments isolated from the sarcoplasm and thus enhance the flow of electrical current from T to apposed SR by reducing low-resistance shunting of current flow into the sarcoplasm,", "PMID": 1130501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11155", "title": "Electrical activity in muscle pain.", "content": "The concept of muscle pain-spasm-pain vicious cycle has been challenged on the basis of inability to find electrical activity in the presence of palpable changes in fibrositic muscle. We produced muscle pain in the wrist extensor and paravertebral muscle groups of seven healthy subjects by injection of hypertonic saline (0.3 ml of 6% NaCl solution). The time course of the integrated muscle action potentials, roughly paralleled the time course of the developed pain in all but one subject for each muscle group. EMG recordings were made on one subject using both surface electrodes with amplifier sensitivity of 10 muV/cm and needle electrodes with an amplifier sensitivity of 100 muV/cm. Sequential recording showed clear evidence of electrical activity from the surface electrode and high sensitivity whereas the combination of the needle electrode with lower sensitivity showed no electrical activity whatever. We conclude that even mild muscle spasm is accompanied by muscular hyperactivity which can be evaluated by appropriate EMG techniques. There appears to be no reason to challenge the widely accepted concept of pain-spasm-pain as stated by Travell, Rinzler and Herman.", "contents": "Electrical activity in muscle pain. The concept of muscle pain-spasm-pain vicious cycle has been challenged on the basis of inability to find electrical activity in the presence of palpable changes in fibrositic muscle. We produced muscle pain in the wrist extensor and paravertebral muscle groups of seven healthy subjects by injection of hypertonic saline (0.3 ml of 6% NaCl solution). The time course of the integrated muscle action potentials, roughly paralleled the time course of the developed pain in all but one subject for each muscle group. EMG recordings were made on one subject using both surface electrodes with amplifier sensitivity of 10 muV/cm and needle electrodes with an amplifier sensitivity of 100 muV/cm. Sequential recording showed clear evidence of electrical activity from the surface electrode and high sensitivity whereas the combination of the needle electrode with lower sensitivity showed no electrical activity whatever. We conclude that even mild muscle spasm is accompanied by muscular hyperactivity which can be evaluated by appropriate EMG techniques. There appears to be no reason to challenge the widely accepted concept of pain-spasm-pain as stated by Travell, Rinzler and Herman.", "PMID": 1130502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11156", "title": "Excretion of Na and H2 O and hypertension after adrenal enucleation or compression.", "content": "An attempt was made to analyze the participation of the several independent variables that must contribute to the reproted inability of large male adrenal-enucleate rats withintact kidneys to normally excrete sodium following a light oral sodium load. This was prompted by a desire to understand whether the phenomenon was improtant to development of adrenal-regeneration hypertension (ARH). The results indicated that sdoium retention required the presence of both  kidneys as it was not evident in unilaterally nephrectomized rats. The failure of ARH to develop in rats having both kidneys argues against a cause-and-effect relationship between the two phenomena. Sex does not appear to be important to sodium retention. Various fasting periods were employed, but  with none of them did rats with a single kidney exhibit sodium retention. Since the conditions necessary to elicit imparied sodium  excretion are incompatible with the induction of ARH and those essential to development of ARH prevent significant sodium retention, the two must be considered as independent manifestations of distrubed glandular function.", "contents": "Excretion of Na and H2 O and hypertension after adrenal enucleation or compression. An attempt was made to analyze the participation of the several independent variables that must contribute to the reproted inability of large male adrenal-enucleate rats withintact kidneys to normally excrete sodium following a light oral sodium load. This was prompted by a desire to understand whether the phenomenon was improtant to development of adrenal-regeneration hypertension (ARH). The results indicated that sdoium retention required the presence of both  kidneys as it was not evident in unilaterally nephrectomized rats. The failure of ARH to develop in rats having both kidneys argues against a cause-and-effect relationship between the two phenomena. Sex does not appear to be important to sodium retention. Various fasting periods were employed, but  with none of them did rats with a single kidney exhibit sodium retention. Since the conditions necessary to elicit imparied sodium  excretion are incompatible with the induction of ARH and those essential to development of ARH prevent significant sodium retention, the two must be considered as independent manifestations of distrubed glandular function.", "PMID": 1130503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11157", "title": "Absorption of trace metals in the zinc-deficient rat.", "content": "The effects of zinc deficiency on the whole-body absorption and intestinal content of Zn, Cd, Cu, Co, Fe, Mn, and Cr were determined in the rat 1 h after oral administration of the isotopes. Both the absorption and intestinal content of Zn and Cr were increased in zinc-deficient rats, and the intestinal content of Feand Co was also increased in the zinc-deficient animals. Zinc administered orally with Cr decreased both absorption and intestinal content of the isotope in zinc-deficient rats. Chromium administered orally with Zn decreased intestinal content and absorption of Zn in zinc-deficient rats. Fractionation of mucosal supernatants by gel filtration showed that both zinc and chromium eluted in the same low molecular weight fraction. The elution patterns of zinc and cadmium from that of zinc-supplemented animals. These experiments provide some insight into the specificity of the zinc absorption pathway and present some explanations for the interaction or lack of interaction among trace elements.", "contents": "Absorption of trace metals in the zinc-deficient rat. The effects of zinc deficiency on the whole-body absorption and intestinal content of Zn, Cd, Cu, Co, Fe, Mn, and Cr were determined in the rat 1 h after oral administration of the isotopes. Both the absorption and intestinal content of Zn and Cr were increased in zinc-deficient rats, and the intestinal content of Feand Co was also increased in the zinc-deficient animals. Zinc administered orally with Cr decreased both absorption and intestinal content of the isotope in zinc-deficient rats. Chromium administered orally with Zn decreased intestinal content and absorption of Zn in zinc-deficient rats. Fractionation of mucosal supernatants by gel filtration showed that both zinc and chromium eluted in the same low molecular weight fraction. The elution patterns of zinc and cadmium from that of zinc-supplemented animals. These experiments provide some insight into the specificity of the zinc absorption pathway and present some explanations for the interaction or lack of interaction among trace elements.", "PMID": 1130504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11158", "title": "Temperature responses of lambs after centrally injected prostaglandins and pyrogens.", "content": "It has been proposed that pyrogens may produce their febrile response by the release of prostaglandins in the hypothalamus. To test this theory, prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) was injected into a lateral ventricle in dosages of 2-200 ug into conscious newborn lambs, ages 4-168 h. Fiifteen of 40 injections were followed by rises in rectal temperature but the remainder were followed either by no change or by falls. Temperature responses did not appear to be related to age and a variation in responses to the same dosage of PGE was  often observed. Some lambs were able to develop fevers in response to intravenous bacterial pyrogen yet did not develop fever after intraventricular PGE 1. Intraventricular bacterial pyrogen (3 ng) produced no change in body temperature, whereas three of four injections of 300 ng pyrogen caused fever. The results suggest that the newborn lamb may be able to develop a fever independently of the central involvement of PGE1. Alternatively, the intraventricular approach may not be useful  for the study of the central control of body temperature in the newborn lamb.", "contents": "Temperature responses of lambs after centrally injected prostaglandins and pyrogens. It has been proposed that pyrogens may produce their febrile response by the release of prostaglandins in the hypothalamus. To test this theory, prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) was injected into a lateral ventricle in dosages of 2-200 ug into conscious newborn lambs, ages 4-168 h. Fiifteen of 40 injections were followed by rises in rectal temperature but the remainder were followed either by no change or by falls. Temperature responses did not appear to be related to age and a variation in responses to the same dosage of PGE was  often observed. Some lambs were able to develop fevers in response to intravenous bacterial pyrogen yet did not develop fever after intraventricular PGE 1. Intraventricular bacterial pyrogen (3 ng) produced no change in body temperature, whereas three of four injections of 300 ng pyrogen caused fever. The results suggest that the newborn lamb may be able to develop a fever independently of the central involvement of PGE1. Alternatively, the intraventricular approach may not be useful  for the study of the central control of body temperature in the newborn lamb.", "PMID": 1130505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11159", "title": "Carbohydrate metabolism and its response to catecholamines as modified in alkalotic rat.", "content": "Metabolic activities and their responses to catecholamines were studied in fasted rats exposed to simulated altitudes. Analysis of hepatic levels of gluconeogenic intermediates revealed the inhibition of gluconeogenesis between glyceric acid 3-P and fructose 6-P associated with a rise of the ratios of redox pairs such as lactate to pyruvate in livers of alkalotic rats. Inhibition of gluconeogenesis was indicated also by the suppressed incorporation of glutamate 14C into blood glucose. Since no activation was detected on glycolytic pathway of skeletal muscles, marked hyperlactacidemia during alkalosis appeared to result from the suppression of hepatic gluconeogenesis. Most of metabolic actions of epinephrine and isoproterenal known to be mediated via the beta receptor were significantly reduced but not completely abolished during alkalosis. Exceptionally, hyperinsulinemia induced by isoproterenol was completely  reversed and replaced by hypoinsulinemia during alkalosis. Despite hypoinsulinemia, hyperglycemia induced by glucose load decreased more rapidly in alkalotic than in normal rats. In view of the fact that the adrenergic alpha receptor is involved in theinhibition of insulin secretion, the observed irregular modifications of catecholamine actions could be explained on the basis of a postulate that the adrenergic alpha-receptor functions are potentiated in alkalosis.", "contents": "Carbohydrate metabolism and its response to catecholamines as modified in alkalotic rat. Metabolic activities and their responses to catecholamines were studied in fasted rats exposed to simulated altitudes. Analysis of hepatic levels of gluconeogenic intermediates revealed the inhibition of gluconeogenesis between glyceric acid 3-P and fructose 6-P associated with a rise of the ratios of redox pairs such as lactate to pyruvate in livers of alkalotic rats. Inhibition of gluconeogenesis was indicated also by the suppressed incorporation of glutamate 14C into blood glucose. Since no activation was detected on glycolytic pathway of skeletal muscles, marked hyperlactacidemia during alkalosis appeared to result from the suppression of hepatic gluconeogenesis. Most of metabolic actions of epinephrine and isoproterenal known to be mediated via the beta receptor were significantly reduced but not completely abolished during alkalosis. Exceptionally, hyperinsulinemia induced by isoproterenol was completely  reversed and replaced by hypoinsulinemia during alkalosis. Despite hypoinsulinemia, hyperglycemia induced by glucose load decreased more rapidly in alkalotic than in normal rats. In view of the fact that the adrenergic alpha receptor is involved in theinhibition of insulin secretion, the observed irregular modifications of catecholamine actions could be explained on the basis of a postulate that the adrenergic alpha-receptor functions are potentiated in alkalosis.", "PMID": 1130506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11160", "title": "Local specialization at ileocecal junction of the cat and opossum.", "content": "In 10 cats and 10 opossums, serial transverse strips of muscularis propria 2 mm wide, from about 1.5 cm above to about 1.5 cm below the ileocecal mucosal junction, were separately stretched to discover the relationship between length and tension and were separately subjected to electrical field stimulation. In both species, ileal strips showed stimulus relaxations, sometimes accompanied by contractions after the stimulus trains (off responses), whereas colonic strips generally did not. These responses were abolished by tetrodotoxin, 3 times 10-7 M in the opossum, 3 times 10-6 M in the cat. Length-tension slopes were greatest just above the ileocecal junction where stimulus relaxation occurred. Tetrodotoxin at 3 times 10-7 M raised basal tension in ileal strips in both species and in colonic strips only in the cat. Muscle of the ileocecal junction resembles that of the esophagogastric and gastroduodenal junctions in showing a relatively high degree of resistance to stretch and prominent neurogenic stimulus relaxation. However, the ileocecal junction, in contrast, also possesses a tonic inhibitory innervation.", "contents": "Local specialization at ileocecal junction of the cat and opossum. In 10 cats and 10 opossums, serial transverse strips of muscularis propria 2 mm wide, from about 1.5 cm above to about 1.5 cm below the ileocecal mucosal junction, were separately stretched to discover the relationship between length and tension and were separately subjected to electrical field stimulation. In both species, ileal strips showed stimulus relaxations, sometimes accompanied by contractions after the stimulus trains (off responses), whereas colonic strips generally did not. These responses were abolished by tetrodotoxin, 3 times 10-7 M in the opossum, 3 times 10-6 M in the cat. Length-tension slopes were greatest just above the ileocecal junction where stimulus relaxation occurred. Tetrodotoxin at 3 times 10-7 M raised basal tension in ileal strips in both species and in colonic strips only in the cat. Muscle of the ileocecal junction resembles that of the esophagogastric and gastroduodenal junctions in showing a relatively high degree of resistance to stretch and prominent neurogenic stimulus relaxation. However, the ileocecal junction, in contrast, also possesses a tonic inhibitory innervation.", "PMID": 1130507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11161", "title": "Changes in vascular ionic content and distribution across aortic coarctation in the dog.", "content": "Eight dogs were subjected to 80-90 percent coarctation of thoracic aorta, which produced a mean blood pressure gradient of 40 mmHg; six normal dogs were used as controls. Proximal aorta was compared with distal aorta, and carotid and femoral arteries removed after coarctation were compared against the contralateral vessels removed before coarctation. After 4 wk of coarctation, proximal aorta contained more total and intracellular Na (derived from 24Na fluxes and space measurements), more Mg, Cl, hydrolyzable SO4 equals to, and H2O than distal aorta. Hydrolyzable SO4 equals to was also higher in proximal than in distal noncoarcted aorta. Carotid arteries removed after coarctation had higher total and \"noninulin\" Na, higher Ca, and similar hydrolyzable SO4equals to and total hexosamine than the contralateral normal vessels. Aortic coarctation had no effect on ionic composition of femoral arteries. The data suggest that an increase in intravascular pressure has direct effects on vascular ionic composition. Although ionic changes may vary in different vessels, increased intracellular Na seems to be the most consistent finding.", "contents": "Changes in vascular ionic content and distribution across aortic coarctation in the dog. Eight dogs were subjected to 80-90 percent coarctation of thoracic aorta, which produced a mean blood pressure gradient of 40 mmHg; six normal dogs were used as controls. Proximal aorta was compared with distal aorta, and carotid and femoral arteries removed after coarctation were compared against the contralateral vessels removed before coarctation. After 4 wk of coarctation, proximal aorta contained more total and intracellular Na (derived from 24Na fluxes and space measurements), more Mg, Cl, hydrolyzable SO4 equals to, and H2O than distal aorta. Hydrolyzable SO4 equals to was also higher in proximal than in distal noncoarcted aorta. Carotid arteries removed after coarctation had higher total and \"noninulin\" Na, higher Ca, and similar hydrolyzable SO4equals to and total hexosamine than the contralateral normal vessels. Aortic coarctation had no effect on ionic composition of femoral arteries. The data suggest that an increase in intravascular pressure has direct effects on vascular ionic composition. Although ionic changes may vary in different vessels, increased intracellular Na seems to be the most consistent finding.", "PMID": 1130508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11162", "title": "Respiratory fluctuations in pupil size.", "content": "Regular fluctuations in pupil size of the cat were measured and the properties, nervous pathways, and origin of these oscillations were investigated. The rhythm of pupil movements under control conditions appeared to be either locked to the central respiratory cycle or to the artificial ventilatory cycle. These movements were only seen in lightly anesthetized or tranquilized cats, but not in alert or deeply anesthetized cats (ether, halothane or pentobarbital). The fluctuations proved to be independent of sympathetic innervation but related to variations in parasympathetic outflow. At least two sources for pupil oscillations appeared to be involved: central respiratory activity and respiratory blood pressure fluctuations that modulated pupil width via sinoaortic baroreceptors. Lung movements per se, as a third possible factor, did not modulate pupil width, whereas electrical stimulation of the afferent lung vagi did; therefore the role of this mechanical factor is not clear. A review of the pertinent literature shows that in the organism there are many phenomena exhibiting respiratory oscillations. It seems likely that these oscillations have the same origin as the respiratory pupil fluctuations.", "contents": "Respiratory fluctuations in pupil size. Regular fluctuations in pupil size of the cat were measured and the properties, nervous pathways, and origin of these oscillations were investigated. The rhythm of pupil movements under control conditions appeared to be either locked to the central respiratory cycle or to the artificial ventilatory cycle. These movements were only seen in lightly anesthetized or tranquilized cats, but not in alert or deeply anesthetized cats (ether, halothane or pentobarbital). The fluctuations proved to be independent of sympathetic innervation but related to variations in parasympathetic outflow. At least two sources for pupil oscillations appeared to be involved: central respiratory activity and respiratory blood pressure fluctuations that modulated pupil width via sinoaortic baroreceptors. Lung movements per se, as a third possible factor, did not modulate pupil width, whereas electrical stimulation of the afferent lung vagi did; therefore the role of this mechanical factor is not clear. A review of the pertinent literature shows that in the organism there are many phenomena exhibiting respiratory oscillations. It seems likely that these oscillations have the same origin as the respiratory pupil fluctuations.", "PMID": 1130509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11163", "title": "Passage of glucose through the cell membrane of capillary endothelium.", "content": "The mechanisms of glucose passage through the cell membrane of vascular endothelium were studied in vitro with a preparation of pure blood capillaries isolated from the rete mirabile of the eel swimbladder. In countertransport experiments, no competition for a common carrier could be detected between D-glucose and 3-O-methylglucose or between D-glucose and L-glucose. In the endothelial cells, inward and outward fluxes of labeled sugars were not changed when studied against concentration gradients of corresponding unlabeled sugars. The distribution of 3-O-methylglucose-14C and L-glucose-14C at equilibrium between intracellular and extracellular water was not modified by reducing their specific activity in the medium over a wide range. The addition to the medium of phlorizin 10-5 or 10-7 M, 3-O-methylglucose 60 mM, or L-glucose 60 mM did not reduce the rate of glucose utilization by the capillary tissue. The temperature coefficient for glucose uptake between 27 and 37 degrees C averaged 1.4. Insulin had no effect on the initial rate of 3-O-methylglucose-14C entry into cellular water. It is concluded that in the eel capillaries the mechanism of glucose passage into the vascular endothelial cell is compatible with the kinetics of free diffusion.", "contents": "Passage of glucose through the cell membrane of capillary endothelium. The mechanisms of glucose passage through the cell membrane of vascular endothelium were studied in vitro with a preparation of pure blood capillaries isolated from the rete mirabile of the eel swimbladder. In countertransport experiments, no competition for a common carrier could be detected between D-glucose and 3-O-methylglucose or between D-glucose and L-glucose. In the endothelial cells, inward and outward fluxes of labeled sugars were not changed when studied against concentration gradients of corresponding unlabeled sugars. The distribution of 3-O-methylglucose-14C and L-glucose-14C at equilibrium between intracellular and extracellular water was not modified by reducing their specific activity in the medium over a wide range. The addition to the medium of phlorizin 10-5 or 10-7 M, 3-O-methylglucose 60 mM, or L-glucose 60 mM did not reduce the rate of glucose utilization by the capillary tissue. The temperature coefficient for glucose uptake between 27 and 37 degrees C averaged 1.4. Insulin had no effect on the initial rate of 3-O-methylglucose-14C entry into cellular water. It is concluded that in the eel capillaries the mechanism of glucose passage into the vascular endothelial cell is compatible with the kinetics of free diffusion.", "PMID": 1130510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11164", "title": "Kaluresis and diuresis after administration of antidiuretic hormone to hyperkalemic dogs.", "content": "Dogs infused with 2 meq KCl/kg per h exhibit electrocardiographic evidence of prelethal cardiotoxicity in about 3 h when serum potassium reaches a level between 10.2-10.5 meq/liter. During this time, their urine output of 30 ml/h is equal to the volume of KCl infused. Studies of the potassium distribution in these animals indicate that 20 percent of the infused ion is added to the extracellular fluid and red blood cell mass, 20 percent is excreted in the urine, while the remaining 60 percent is unaccounted for and presumably transferred to intracellular fluid. Dogs treated with moderately large doses of antidiuretic hormone intramuscularly before and during KCl infusion delay development of prelethal cardiotoxicity for about 5 h, with serum potassium levels comparable to those of untreated dogs. In addition, treated animals display a considerable diuresis and kaluresis with urine volumes nearly 4 times that of the volume infused. The potassium ion distribution in animals given antidiuretic hormone is much different from that of untreated dogs, with 55 percent of the infused ion found in the urine, about 15 percent in extracellular fluid and red blood cell mass, and only 30 percent presumably transferred to intracellular fluid. Transfer of potassium to intracellular fluid was calculated to be 3.1 plus or minus 0.7 meq/kg in antidiuretic-hormone-treated animals and 3.8 plus or minus 0.7 meq/kg in untreated (control) animals. Since these values are, within experimental error, quite comparable, it is possible that antidiuretic-hormone-induced kaluresis and diuresis are involved in protecting some animals from the effects of hyperkalemia by delaying the attainment of cardiotoxic blood levels.", "contents": "Kaluresis and diuresis after administration of antidiuretic hormone to hyperkalemic dogs. Dogs infused with 2 meq KCl/kg per h exhibit electrocardiographic evidence of prelethal cardiotoxicity in about 3 h when serum potassium reaches a level between 10.2-10.5 meq/liter. During this time, their urine output of 30 ml/h is equal to the volume of KCl infused. Studies of the potassium distribution in these animals indicate that 20 percent of the infused ion is added to the extracellular fluid and red blood cell mass, 20 percent is excreted in the urine, while the remaining 60 percent is unaccounted for and presumably transferred to intracellular fluid. Dogs treated with moderately large doses of antidiuretic hormone intramuscularly before and during KCl infusion delay development of prelethal cardiotoxicity for about 5 h, with serum potassium levels comparable to those of untreated dogs. In addition, treated animals display a considerable diuresis and kaluresis with urine volumes nearly 4 times that of the volume infused. The potassium ion distribution in animals given antidiuretic hormone is much different from that of untreated dogs, with 55 percent of the infused ion found in the urine, about 15 percent in extracellular fluid and red blood cell mass, and only 30 percent presumably transferred to intracellular fluid. Transfer of potassium to intracellular fluid was calculated to be 3.1 plus or minus 0.7 meq/kg in antidiuretic-hormone-treated animals and 3.8 plus or minus 0.7 meq/kg in untreated (control) animals. Since these values are, within experimental error, quite comparable, it is possible that antidiuretic-hormone-induced kaluresis and diuresis are involved in protecting some animals from the effects of hyperkalemia by delaying the attainment of cardiotoxic blood levels.", "PMID": 1130511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11165", "title": "Valinomycin shortening of action potential of embryonic chick hearts.", "content": "The effects of valinomycin, an agent known to increase the K+ conductance (gK) of lipid bilayer membranes and to be an uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation, were examined on young (3 days old) and old (15-19 days old) embryonic chick hearts. In the old hearts, valinomycin produced pronounced shortening of the action potential plateau, and often only the spike component remained. The rate of rise of the action potential was usually not affected (slightly diminished sometimes). Addition of dimethylsulfoxide (2 percent), the vehicle for the valinomycin, did not cause shortening of the plateau. The diminution of the plateau by valinomycin at 1 mug/ml was usually obtained after incubation for 1 h; larger doses produced prominent effects within 15 min. The threshold concentration was about 0.1 mug/ml. Cooling, isoproterenol, Ba++, Sr++, and tetraethylammonium partially relengthened the plateau shortened by valinomycin. Lowering of external K+ also lengthened the plateau slightly in the presence of valinomycin. Young embryonic hearts were more resistant to valinomycin, and it was necessary to incubate with 20-40 mug/ml for 1-2 h to produce a significant diminution in plateau. In both young and old hearts, the resting potential was not increased by valinomycin, even though young hearts have a low resting potential (similar to minus 40 mV) mainly because of a low gK. These results suggest that the kinetics of the changes in gK during the action potential plateau may be more greatly affected by valinomycin than the steady-state gK of the resting membrane. In addition to such a direct effect on the sarcolemma, valinomycin could also exert an indirect effect by blocking the slow inward current through ATP depletion.", "contents": "Valinomycin shortening of action potential of embryonic chick hearts. The effects of valinomycin, an agent known to increase the K+ conductance (gK) of lipid bilayer membranes and to be an uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation, were examined on young (3 days old) and old (15-19 days old) embryonic chick hearts. In the old hearts, valinomycin produced pronounced shortening of the action potential plateau, and often only the spike component remained. The rate of rise of the action potential was usually not affected (slightly diminished sometimes). Addition of dimethylsulfoxide (2 percent), the vehicle for the valinomycin, did not cause shortening of the plateau. The diminution of the plateau by valinomycin at 1 mug/ml was usually obtained after incubation for 1 h; larger doses produced prominent effects within 15 min. The threshold concentration was about 0.1 mug/ml. Cooling, isoproterenol, Ba++, Sr++, and tetraethylammonium partially relengthened the plateau shortened by valinomycin. Lowering of external K+ also lengthened the plateau slightly in the presence of valinomycin. Young embryonic hearts were more resistant to valinomycin, and it was necessary to incubate with 20-40 mug/ml for 1-2 h to produce a significant diminution in plateau. In both young and old hearts, the resting potential was not increased by valinomycin, even though young hearts have a low resting potential (similar to minus 40 mV) mainly because of a low gK. These results suggest that the kinetics of the changes in gK during the action potential plateau may be more greatly affected by valinomycin than the steady-state gK of the resting membrane. In addition to such a direct effect on the sarcolemma, valinomycin could also exert an indirect effect by blocking the slow inward current through ATP depletion.", "PMID": 1130512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11166", "title": "Phosphorylated beta-guanidinopropionate as a substitute for phosphocreatine in rat muscle.", "content": "To evaluate phosphorylated beta-guanidinopropionate (beta-GPAP) as a substitute for phosphocreatine (PC), hypoxic tibialis anterior muscles were stimulated to contract isometrically in situ until twitch tension fell to 25 percent of the peak value. Muscles from rats fed beta-guanidinopropionic acid (beta-GPA) failed to exhibit the staircase phenomenon, and they developed 28 percent less tension than control muscles. In control muscles lactate increased from 0.75 to 20.99, ADP increased from 0.89 to 1.20, ATP decreased from 5.09 to 2.73, and PC decreased from 15.78 to 1.52 mumol/g. In muscles from rats fed beta-GPA, lactate increased from 0.85 to 14.31, ADP increased from 0.86 to 1.05, ATP decreased from 2.69 to 1.71, PC decreased from 0.73 to 0.30, and beta-GPAP decreased from 30.34 to 19.45 mumol/g. From these measurements, the use of high-energy phosphate was calculated to be reduced 32 percent in muscles from rats fed beta-GPA. The relationships between the use of high-energy phosphate was calculated to be reduced 32 percent in muscles from rats fed beta-GPA. The relationships between the use of high-energy phosphate and tension development confirm experimentally the ability of beta-GPAP to substitute for PC as a source of energy to sustain muscle contraction.", "contents": "Phosphorylated beta-guanidinopropionate as a substitute for phosphocreatine in rat muscle. To evaluate phosphorylated beta-guanidinopropionate (beta-GPAP) as a substitute for phosphocreatine (PC), hypoxic tibialis anterior muscles were stimulated to contract isometrically in situ until twitch tension fell to 25 percent of the peak value. Muscles from rats fed beta-guanidinopropionic acid (beta-GPA) failed to exhibit the staircase phenomenon, and they developed 28 percent less tension than control muscles. In control muscles lactate increased from 0.75 to 20.99, ADP increased from 0.89 to 1.20, ATP decreased from 5.09 to 2.73, and PC decreased from 15.78 to 1.52 mumol/g. In muscles from rats fed beta-GPA, lactate increased from 0.85 to 14.31, ADP increased from 0.86 to 1.05, ATP decreased from 2.69 to 1.71, PC decreased from 0.73 to 0.30, and beta-GPAP decreased from 30.34 to 19.45 mumol/g. From these measurements, the use of high-energy phosphate was calculated to be reduced 32 percent in muscles from rats fed beta-GPA. The relationships between the use of high-energy phosphate was calculated to be reduced 32 percent in muscles from rats fed beta-GPA. The relationships between the use of high-energy phosphate and tension development confirm experimentally the ability of beta-GPAP to substitute for PC as a source of energy to sustain muscle contraction.", "PMID": 1130513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11167", "title": "Inhibition of renal vasoconstriction by elevated ureteral pressure.", "content": "These experiments were prompted by the observation that elevated ureteral pressure inhibited renal vasoconstrictions elicited by electrical stimulation of \"defense regions\" of the central nervous system (DNS) in cats. Experiments were designed to detect the relative contributions to this inhibition of CNS reflexes and interactions between autoregulatory and neural controls of the renal circulation. Cats were anesthetized with either chloralose or pentobarbital. Renal blood flow was measured electromagnetically. Elevated ureteral pressure lowered prestimulus renal vascular resistance. Renal vasoconstrictions elicited by electrical stimulation of the CNS or the peripheral renal nerves and by infusion of catecholamines into the renal artery were equally inhibited by elevated ureteral pressure. Equal inhibition of CNS and renal nerve-evoked vasoconstrictions suggested that a reflex was not involved. Equal inhibition of vasoconstrictions elicited by renal nerve stimulation and by catecholamine infusions suggested that elevated ureteral pressure acted primarily at a postsynaptic site. Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis by indomethacin diminished, but did not abolish, the ureteral pressure-induced inhibition of neurogenic vasoconstrictions.", "contents": "Inhibition of renal vasoconstriction by elevated ureteral pressure. These experiments were prompted by the observation that elevated ureteral pressure inhibited renal vasoconstrictions elicited by electrical stimulation of \"defense regions\" of the central nervous system (DNS) in cats. Experiments were designed to detect the relative contributions to this inhibition of CNS reflexes and interactions between autoregulatory and neural controls of the renal circulation. Cats were anesthetized with either chloralose or pentobarbital. Renal blood flow was measured electromagnetically. Elevated ureteral pressure lowered prestimulus renal vascular resistance. Renal vasoconstrictions elicited by electrical stimulation of the CNS or the peripheral renal nerves and by infusion of catecholamines into the renal artery were equally inhibited by elevated ureteral pressure. Equal inhibition of CNS and renal nerve-evoked vasoconstrictions suggested that a reflex was not involved. Equal inhibition of vasoconstrictions elicited by renal nerve stimulation and by catecholamine infusions suggested that elevated ureteral pressure acted primarily at a postsynaptic site. Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis by indomethacin diminished, but did not abolish, the ureteral pressure-induced inhibition of neurogenic vasoconstrictions.", "PMID": 1130514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11168", "title": "Distribution of H+ and HCO3 minus between CSF and blood during metabolic alkalosis in dogs.", "content": "In anesthetized, paralyzed dogs ventilated to maintain a normal PaCO2, metabolic alkalosis was induced and held constant over 6 h by infusion of sodium bicarbonate. Determination of pH, PCO2, (HCO3 minus), and (lactate) in cisternal and lumbar cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and in arterial plasma together with measurement of the CSF/plasma DC potential differences permitted calculation of the electrochemical potential difference (mu) for H+ and HCO3 minus; measurements were made prior to induction of metabolic alkalosis at pHa equal to 7.40, as soon after induction as stable arterial values were achieved and 3, 4.5, and 6 h thereafter. A steady state for ion distribution was reached by 4.5 h. Values of mu for H+ and HCO3 minus returned to +0.1 and +0.9 mV of control at 6 h for cisternal CSF and +0.6 and minus 0.4 mV for lumbar CSF. This return of muH+ and muHCO3 minus close to control in the steady state is compatible with passive distribution of these ions between brain extracellular fluid and blood.", "contents": "Distribution of H+ and HCO3 minus between CSF and blood during metabolic alkalosis in dogs. In anesthetized, paralyzed dogs ventilated to maintain a normal PaCO2, metabolic alkalosis was induced and held constant over 6 h by infusion of sodium bicarbonate. Determination of pH, PCO2, (HCO3 minus), and (lactate) in cisternal and lumbar cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and in arterial plasma together with measurement of the CSF/plasma DC potential differences permitted calculation of the electrochemical potential difference (mu) for H+ and HCO3 minus; measurements were made prior to induction of metabolic alkalosis at pHa equal to 7.40, as soon after induction as stable arterial values were achieved and 3, 4.5, and 6 h thereafter. A steady state for ion distribution was reached by 4.5 h. Values of mu for H+ and HCO3 minus returned to +0.1 and +0.9 mV of control at 6 h for cisternal CSF and +0.6 and minus 0.4 mV for lumbar CSF. This return of muH+ and muHCO3 minus close to control in the steady state is compatible with passive distribution of these ions between brain extracellular fluid and blood.", "PMID": 1130515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11169", "title": "Liver uptake of amino acids and carbohydrates during a single circulatory passage.", "content": "The uptake of 14C-labeled amino acids and carbohydrates by liver following rapid injection into the portal vein was measured relative to a simultaneously injected highly diffusible reference, tritium-labeled water, (3HOH). A 0.25-ml bolus of buffered Ringer solution containing 1-2 muCi of the 14C-labeled test substance and 3-6 muCi of 3HOH was administered by rabid portal injection in anesthetized rats. Circulation was terminated after a single passage of the bolus through the hepatic microvasculature and the tissue was immediately macerated, solubilized, and subjected to liquid scintillation counting. Liver uptake indices (LUI) were calculated from the ratio of 14C to 3H in liver tissue relative to the same ratio in the injection mixture. LUI's of five carbohydrates were measured: sucrose (24.3 percent), inulin (27.7 percent), D-mannitol (80.2 percent), D-glucose (96.8 percent) and L-glucose (26.7 percent). The LUI for cholic acid was 127.1 percent. Among 18 amino acids tested, the LUI's were the highest for the acidic ones (L-aspartic acid, 100.0 percent and L-glutamic acid, 86.4 percent) and lowest for the basic ones (L-arginine, 37.4 percent and L-lysine, 31.4 percent). Stereospecificity for glucose and alanine uptake, saturation kinetics for glutamic acid (Km equal to 4.8 mM) and aspartic acid (Km equal to 2.7 mM), and cross-inhibition among uptake of the acidic amino acids were observed. These findings confirmed the applicability of a technique which was originally developed for studies of amino acid uptake in brain to characterization of transport systems in liver.", "contents": "Liver uptake of amino acids and carbohydrates during a single circulatory passage. The uptake of 14C-labeled amino acids and carbohydrates by liver following rapid injection into the portal vein was measured relative to a simultaneously injected highly diffusible reference, tritium-labeled water, (3HOH). A 0.25-ml bolus of buffered Ringer solution containing 1-2 muCi of the 14C-labeled test substance and 3-6 muCi of 3HOH was administered by rabid portal injection in anesthetized rats. Circulation was terminated after a single passage of the bolus through the hepatic microvasculature and the tissue was immediately macerated, solubilized, and subjected to liquid scintillation counting. Liver uptake indices (LUI) were calculated from the ratio of 14C to 3H in liver tissue relative to the same ratio in the injection mixture. LUI's of five carbohydrates were measured: sucrose (24.3 percent), inulin (27.7 percent), D-mannitol (80.2 percent), D-glucose (96.8 percent) and L-glucose (26.7 percent). The LUI for cholic acid was 127.1 percent. Among 18 amino acids tested, the LUI's were the highest for the acidic ones (L-aspartic acid, 100.0 percent and L-glutamic acid, 86.4 percent) and lowest for the basic ones (L-arginine, 37.4 percent and L-lysine, 31.4 percent). Stereospecificity for glucose and alanine uptake, saturation kinetics for glutamic acid (Km equal to 4.8 mM) and aspartic acid (Km equal to 2.7 mM), and cross-inhibition among uptake of the acidic amino acids were observed. These findings confirmed the applicability of a technique which was originally developed for studies of amino acid uptake in brain to characterization of transport systems in liver.", "PMID": 1130516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11170", "title": "Effect of extragastric and truncal vagotomy on pancreatic secretion in the dog.", "content": "In four dogs with chronic pancreatic and gastric fistulas, dose-response studies of pancreatic bicarbonate and protein secretion were done with intravenous infusions of secretin, octapeptide of cholecystokinin (OP-CCK), and 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG). The pancreatic response to a meal and to duodenal perfusion of graded concentrations of HCl, sodium oleate, and tryptophan were also studied. These observations were repeated after division of both the hepatic and celiac vagal branches to produce extragastric vagotomy, and subsequently after transthoracic truncal vagotomy. The responses to secretin, OP-CCK, and to duodenal perfusion of HCl were either unaltered or only slightly decreased by either extragastric or truncal vagotomy. Basal pancreatic secretion and the responses to duodenal perfusion of oleate and tryptophan were markedly depressed by extragastric vagotomy. These findings indicate that tonic vagal activity contributes to basal pancreatic secretion but has little effect on the response of the pancreas to secretin or CCK or on the release of secretin from the intestine. The decreased pancreatic response to intestinally perfused oleate and tryptophan seen after extragastric vagotomy could be caused either by interruption of reflex paths between gut and pancreas or by interference with CCK release. Extragastric vagotomy reduced pancreatic responses to a meal and to 2-DG and subsequent truncal vagotomy caused still further reduction, possibly, at least in part, by depressing release of antral gastrin.", "contents": "Effect of extragastric and truncal vagotomy on pancreatic secretion in the dog. In four dogs with chronic pancreatic and gastric fistulas, dose-response studies of pancreatic bicarbonate and protein secretion were done with intravenous infusions of secretin, octapeptide of cholecystokinin (OP-CCK), and 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG). The pancreatic response to a meal and to duodenal perfusion of graded concentrations of HCl, sodium oleate, and tryptophan were also studied. These observations were repeated after division of both the hepatic and celiac vagal branches to produce extragastric vagotomy, and subsequently after transthoracic truncal vagotomy. The responses to secretin, OP-CCK, and to duodenal perfusion of HCl were either unaltered or only slightly decreased by either extragastric or truncal vagotomy. Basal pancreatic secretion and the responses to duodenal perfusion of oleate and tryptophan were markedly depressed by extragastric vagotomy. These findings indicate that tonic vagal activity contributes to basal pancreatic secretion but has little effect on the response of the pancreas to secretin or CCK or on the release of secretin from the intestine. The decreased pancreatic response to intestinally perfused oleate and tryptophan seen after extragastric vagotomy could be caused either by interruption of reflex paths between gut and pancreas or by interference with CCK release. Extragastric vagotomy reduced pancreatic responses to a meal and to 2-DG and subsequent truncal vagotomy caused still further reduction, possibly, at least in part, by depressing release of antral gastrin.", "PMID": 1130517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11171", "title": "Alterations in hepatic chromatin template availability during infection.", "content": "Hepatic chromatin was isolated from rats at various times after inoculation with either live or heat-killed bacteria. The chromatin was assayed under conditions that allow determination of the DNA template available to support in vitro transcription. Both a fulminant Diplococcus pneumoniae and a milder Salmonella typhimurium infection produced time-related increases in hepatic chromatin template availability when compared to chromatin isolated from rats inoculated with heat-killed bacteria. Both timing and magnitude of increased template availability correlated with the severity of the infection. The earliest change observed was a 50 percent rise in availability noted 4 h after inoculation with D. pneumoniae. This preceded the onset of fever, as well as other known heaptic consequences of systemic infection. After 24 h of infection the maximum rise of 90 percent occurred. Similar changes developed during S. typhimurium infection, but were slower in onset and smaller in magnitude. Adrenalectomy prior to infection enhanced the severity of the disease but markedly blunted the increase in template availability. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that systemic infection regulates the hepatic metabolic response to infection through transcriptional control and that a permissive or stimulatory action of glucocorticoids is involved in the increases in template availability effected.", "contents": "Alterations in hepatic chromatin template availability during infection. Hepatic chromatin was isolated from rats at various times after inoculation with either live or heat-killed bacteria. The chromatin was assayed under conditions that allow determination of the DNA template available to support in vitro transcription. Both a fulminant Diplococcus pneumoniae and a milder Salmonella typhimurium infection produced time-related increases in hepatic chromatin template availability when compared to chromatin isolated from rats inoculated with heat-killed bacteria. Both timing and magnitude of increased template availability correlated with the severity of the infection. The earliest change observed was a 50 percent rise in availability noted 4 h after inoculation with D. pneumoniae. This preceded the onset of fever, as well as other known heaptic consequences of systemic infection. After 24 h of infection the maximum rise of 90 percent occurred. Similar changes developed during S. typhimurium infection, but were slower in onset and smaller in magnitude. Adrenalectomy prior to infection enhanced the severity of the disease but markedly blunted the increase in template availability. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that systemic infection regulates the hepatic metabolic response to infection through transcriptional control and that a permissive or stimulatory action of glucocorticoids is involved in the increases in template availability effected.", "PMID": 1130518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11172", "title": "Kinetics of Na+ uptake and transcellular transit by the pancreas.", "content": "22Na uptake into strips of rabbit pancreas was measured for up to 10 min. The uptake curve was characterized by the presence of two plateaus separated by an inflexion point; a first \"plateau\" or an approximation of steady-state uptake was observed between 1 and 3 min; betwen 3 and 4 min the slope of the uptake curve increased again, finally decreasing to a new and higher steady-state uptake between 4 and 6 min. The data suggest that the first part of the uptake curve (from 0 to 3 min) represents uptake into most if not all cells, and the second part (from 3 to 10 min) represents the sum of \"quasi\" steady-state cellular uptake and of the equilibration of the ductal compartment in series with the cells. In this model a substantial delay (2.5-3.25 min) elapses between the filling of cellular and ductal compartments which is apparently of intracellular origin, implying restricted Na+ diffusion within the cytoplasm and an intracellular Na+ gradient. If this model is correct, then the mean transit time for Na+ across the whole organ should be approximately 3-4 min and be primarily the result of transcellular transit. The mean transit time for Na+ across the whole organ in vitro was measured and found to be 3.5 min on the average. The step that accounts for most of this time appears to be the transepithelial transit of Na+.", "contents": "Kinetics of Na+ uptake and transcellular transit by the pancreas. 22Na uptake into strips of rabbit pancreas was measured for up to 10 min. The uptake curve was characterized by the presence of two plateaus separated by an inflexion point; a first \"plateau\" or an approximation of steady-state uptake was observed between 1 and 3 min; betwen 3 and 4 min the slope of the uptake curve increased again, finally decreasing to a new and higher steady-state uptake between 4 and 6 min. The data suggest that the first part of the uptake curve (from 0 to 3 min) represents uptake into most if not all cells, and the second part (from 3 to 10 min) represents the sum of \"quasi\" steady-state cellular uptake and of the equilibration of the ductal compartment in series with the cells. In this model a substantial delay (2.5-3.25 min) elapses between the filling of cellular and ductal compartments which is apparently of intracellular origin, implying restricted Na+ diffusion within the cytoplasm and an intracellular Na+ gradient. If this model is correct, then the mean transit time for Na+ across the whole organ should be approximately 3-4 min and be primarily the result of transcellular transit. The mean transit time for Na+ across the whole organ in vitro was measured and found to be 3.5 min on the average. The step that accounts for most of this time appears to be the transepithelial transit of Na+.", "PMID": 1130519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11173", "title": "Hypothalamic stimulation induces acid secretion, hypoglycemia, and hyperinsulinemia.", "content": "Electrical stimulation of the posterior hypothalamus brought about an increase in plasma insulin accompanied by a fall in blood glucose. If glucose fell below 55 mg/100 ml, gastric secretion of HCl ensued. The same relationship between acid secretion and glucose was observed when hypoglycemia was induced by intravenous injection of insulin. Stimulation outside the posterior hypothalamus did not give either a fall in glucose or an increase in gastric acid secretion. It is concluded that posterior hypothalamic stimulation causes gastric acid secretion by inducing insulin release and a consequent hypoglycemia.", "contents": "Hypothalamic stimulation induces acid secretion, hypoglycemia, and hyperinsulinemia. Electrical stimulation of the posterior hypothalamus brought about an increase in plasma insulin accompanied by a fall in blood glucose. If glucose fell below 55 mg/100 ml, gastric secretion of HCl ensued. The same relationship between acid secretion and glucose was observed when hypoglycemia was induced by intravenous injection of insulin. Stimulation outside the posterior hypothalamus did not give either a fall in glucose or an increase in gastric acid secretion. It is concluded that posterior hypothalamic stimulation causes gastric acid secretion by inducing insulin release and a consequent hypoglycemia.", "PMID": 1130520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11174", "title": "Cyclic changes in ionic composition of digesta in the equine intestinal tract.", "content": "Effects of diet and time after feeding on osmolality and inorganic ion content of gastrointestinal digesta were studied in 24 ponies. Animals, fed either a conventional or a low-protein, high-cellulose diet, were sacrificed 2, 4, 8, or 12 h after a meal. Animals fed the conventional diet showed cyclic variations in the ionic composition and osmolality of digesta with time after feeding. The most marked variations were seen in the contents of the stomach and small colon. However, results also indicated a cyclic appearance and disappearance of Na in large intestinal contents that correlated with net appearance and disappearance of volatile fatty acid (VFA) and H2O. Since Na and VFA were the major solutes absorbed from the cecum and colon, the ionic composition and water content of large intestinal digesta appeared largely dependent on the rate of microbial digestion. Although the large intestine of animals fed the experimental diet contained approximately twice the quanity of Na, K, Cl, VFA, and H2O, COMPENSATORY ABSORPTION BY THE MOre distal segments of colon resulted in little additional loss of these in the feces.", "contents": "Cyclic changes in ionic composition of digesta in the equine intestinal tract. Effects of diet and time after feeding on osmolality and inorganic ion content of gastrointestinal digesta were studied in 24 ponies. Animals, fed either a conventional or a low-protein, high-cellulose diet, were sacrificed 2, 4, 8, or 12 h after a meal. Animals fed the conventional diet showed cyclic variations in the ionic composition and osmolality of digesta with time after feeding. The most marked variations were seen in the contents of the stomach and small colon. However, results also indicated a cyclic appearance and disappearance of Na in large intestinal contents that correlated with net appearance and disappearance of volatile fatty acid (VFA) and H2O. Since Na and VFA were the major solutes absorbed from the cecum and colon, the ionic composition and water content of large intestinal digesta appeared largely dependent on the rate of microbial digestion. Although the large intestine of animals fed the experimental diet contained approximately twice the quanity of Na, K, Cl, VFA, and H2O, COMPENSATORY ABSORPTION BY THE MOre distal segments of colon resulted in little additional loss of these in the feces.", "PMID": 1130521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11175", "title": "Dynamic analysis of gravimetric response of isolated dog hindlimb.", "content": "Previous gravimetric studies of transcapillary fluid movement have been based on capillary filtration coefficient (CFC) estimates. In these studies only a single CFC value is estimated for the entire isolated vascular bed. We have analyzed the dynamic gravimetric responses of isolated dog hindlimb to venous pressure steps and found it possible to estimate two different CFC values. Under control conditions, one CFC value averaged .0049 ml/mmHg min per 100g tissue wt, whichagrees with results of previous investigators. The other CFC value averaged 90304, which is very close to estimates we have previously made by an independent frequency-response methods. Changes in hindlimb properties to intra-arterial infusions of acetylcholine, papaverine, isoproterenol, and norepinephrine were also studied. Drug infusion results and the presence of similar dynamic components in experiments on gracilis muscle support the existence of inhomogeneous pathwaysin tissue, which lead to fluid-exchange nonuniformity.", "contents": "Dynamic analysis of gravimetric response of isolated dog hindlimb. Previous gravimetric studies of transcapillary fluid movement have been based on capillary filtration coefficient (CFC) estimates. In these studies only a single CFC value is estimated for the entire isolated vascular bed. We have analyzed the dynamic gravimetric responses of isolated dog hindlimb to venous pressure steps and found it possible to estimate two different CFC values. Under control conditions, one CFC value averaged .0049 ml/mmHg min per 100g tissue wt, whichagrees with results of previous investigators. The other CFC value averaged 90304, which is very close to estimates we have previously made by an independent frequency-response methods. Changes in hindlimb properties to intra-arterial infusions of acetylcholine, papaverine, isoproterenol, and norepinephrine were also studied. Drug infusion results and the presence of similar dynamic components in experiments on gracilis muscle support the existence of inhomogeneous pathwaysin tissue, which lead to fluid-exchange nonuniformity.", "PMID": 1130522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11176", "title": "Effects of flow rate and potassium intake on distal tubular potassium transfer.", "content": "Potassium transport was studied across proximal and distal tubular epithelium in rats on a normal, low- and high-potassium intake during progressive loading with isotonic saline (150 mM) or a moderately hypersomotic urea (200 mM) sodium chloride (100 mM) solution. Free-flow micropuncture and recollection techniques were used during the development of diruesis and tubular fluid (TF) analyzed for inulin-14C, potassium (K) and sodium (Na). Tubular puncture sites were localized by neoprene filling and microdissection. During the large increase in tubular flow rates (10 times): 1) fractional potassium reabsorption fell along the proximal tubule, 2) TFk along the distal tubule remained constant and independent of flow rate in control and high-k rats; thus, net potassium secretion increased in proportion to and was limited by flow rate. 3) In low-K rats TF k fell; with increasing flow rates distal K secretion was not effectively stimulated. 4) Distal tubular sodium reabsorption increased in all animals with flow rate, but tubular Na-K exchange ratios varied greatly. It is suggested that whenever sodium delivery stimulates distal tubular potassium secretion it does so by 1) increasing volume  distal tubular potasssium secretion and by 2) augmenting the transepithelial electrical potential difference (lumen negative).", "contents": "Effects of flow rate and potassium intake on distal tubular potassium transfer. Potassium transport was studied across proximal and distal tubular epithelium in rats on a normal, low- and high-potassium intake during progressive loading with isotonic saline (150 mM) or a moderately hypersomotic urea (200 mM) sodium chloride (100 mM) solution. Free-flow micropuncture and recollection techniques were used during the development of diruesis and tubular fluid (TF) analyzed for inulin-14C, potassium (K) and sodium (Na). Tubular puncture sites were localized by neoprene filling and microdissection. During the large increase in tubular flow rates (10 times): 1) fractional potassium reabsorption fell along the proximal tubule, 2) TFk along the distal tubule remained constant and independent of flow rate in control and high-k rats; thus, net potassium secretion increased in proportion to and was limited by flow rate. 3) In low-K rats TF k fell; with increasing flow rates distal K secretion was not effectively stimulated. 4) Distal tubular sodium reabsorption increased in all animals with flow rate, but tubular Na-K exchange ratios varied greatly. It is suggested that whenever sodium delivery stimulates distal tubular potassium secretion it does so by 1) increasing volume  distal tubular potasssium secretion and by 2) augmenting the transepithelial electrical potential difference (lumen negative).", "PMID": 1130523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11177", "title": "Effects of graded solute diuresis on renal tubular sodium transport in the rat.", "content": "Sodium transport was studied across proximal and distal tubules of rats undergoing progressive intravenous loading with either isomotic saline or urea (200 mosmol)-saline (100 mosmol) solutions. Free-flow as well as recollection micropuncture techniques were used, and tubular fluid (TF) samples were analyzed for inulin-14C and sodium (Na). With administration of progressively larger intravenous saline loads, the delivery of fluid and sodium into the distal tubule rose. Concomitantly, the normally observed decline of tubular sodium concentrations along the distal tubule became attenuated until it was abolished at the highest infusion rates of saline solutions. Absolute reabsorption rates of Na across the distal tubule increased in proportion to tubular flow rate, and no tubular maximum (Tm) was observed. It is suggested that the delivery of increased amounts of sodium to the normally unsaturated later parts of the distal tubule and the elevated tubular sodium concentration after saline loading account for the observed stimulation of distal tubular net sodium transport. The extent of transport stimulation is also subject to control by the amount of urea accumulation along the distal tubule. As the latter declines, sodium reabsorption is proportionately enhanced.", "contents": "Effects of graded solute diuresis on renal tubular sodium transport in the rat. Sodium transport was studied across proximal and distal tubules of rats undergoing progressive intravenous loading with either isomotic saline or urea (200 mosmol)-saline (100 mosmol) solutions. Free-flow as well as recollection micropuncture techniques were used, and tubular fluid (TF) samples were analyzed for inulin-14C and sodium (Na). With administration of progressively larger intravenous saline loads, the delivery of fluid and sodium into the distal tubule rose. Concomitantly, the normally observed decline of tubular sodium concentrations along the distal tubule became attenuated until it was abolished at the highest infusion rates of saline solutions. Absolute reabsorption rates of Na across the distal tubule increased in proportion to tubular flow rate, and no tubular maximum (Tm) was observed. It is suggested that the delivery of increased amounts of sodium to the normally unsaturated later parts of the distal tubule and the elevated tubular sodium concentration after saline loading account for the observed stimulation of distal tubular net sodium transport. The extent of transport stimulation is also subject to control by the amount of urea accumulation along the distal tubule. As the latter declines, sodium reabsorption is proportionately enhanced.", "PMID": 1130524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11178", "title": "Renal glutaminases: Diamox inhibition of glutamyltransferase.", "content": "Ammonia (NH3) production by the rat kidney was studied after an acute administration of acetazolamide (Diamox). Diamox reduced renal ammonia release (renal vein NH3 + urine NH3 - arterial NH3) 60 PERCENT IN The intact functioning kidney. Ammonia production by whole-kidney homogenates was decreased by Diamox, confirming the drug's action as inhibiting glutaminase activity. Additional studies demonstrated the inhibited glutaminase was localized in the cytoplasm; the glutaminase activity of the mitochondrial fraction was unaffected by Diamox. Isolated perfused kidneys from Diamox-treated rats confirmed that the drug reduced ammonia production by inhibiting glutamyltransferase; in addition, inhibition was shown to be of a competitive nature. We therefore conclude that cytoplasmic glutamyltransferase is the major producer of ammonia in the nonacidotic rat kidney and that it is competitively inhibited by Diamox.", "contents": "Renal glutaminases: Diamox inhibition of glutamyltransferase. Ammonia (NH3) production by the rat kidney was studied after an acute administration of acetazolamide (Diamox). Diamox reduced renal ammonia release (renal vein NH3 + urine NH3 - arterial NH3) 60 PERCENT IN The intact functioning kidney. Ammonia production by whole-kidney homogenates was decreased by Diamox, confirming the drug's action as inhibiting glutaminase activity. Additional studies demonstrated the inhibited glutaminase was localized in the cytoplasm; the glutaminase activity of the mitochondrial fraction was unaffected by Diamox. Isolated perfused kidneys from Diamox-treated rats confirmed that the drug reduced ammonia production by inhibiting glutamyltransferase; in addition, inhibition was shown to be of a competitive nature. We therefore conclude that cytoplasmic glutamyltransferase is the major producer of ammonia in the nonacidotic rat kidney and that it is competitively inhibited by Diamox.", "PMID": 1130525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11179", "title": "Hemodynimic effects of systemic and central administration of clonidine in the monkey.", "content": "Systemic and regional hemodynamic changes were measured in restrained, conscious rhesus monkeys with indwelling arterial and venous catheters before and after clonidine (5 and 15 mug/kg) was slowly infused intravenously or smaller doses (2 mug/kg) were injected into a lateral cerebral ventricle. Dye-dilution cardiac outputs and the complete distribution of cardiac output were obtained intermittently with the use of the radioactive microsphere method. After the higher intravenous dose and the intraventricular injection, systemic arterial pressure was significantly lowered for 30-45 min. Both of these groups had similar changes in the redistribution of cardiac output and blood flow that outlasted the hypotensive period. Blood flow was maintained or increased in the hepatic and renal arteries at the expense of skin; flow to skeletal muscle and brain also decreased during the first hour. These data support previous studies that indicate that the primary action of clonidine is in the central nervous system and, in addition, add new information about the regional blood flow changes evoked by clonidine.", "contents": "Hemodynimic effects of systemic and central administration of clonidine in the monkey. Systemic and regional hemodynamic changes were measured in restrained, conscious rhesus monkeys with indwelling arterial and venous catheters before and after clonidine (5 and 15 mug/kg) was slowly infused intravenously or smaller doses (2 mug/kg) were injected into a lateral cerebral ventricle. Dye-dilution cardiac outputs and the complete distribution of cardiac output were obtained intermittently with the use of the radioactive microsphere method. After the higher intravenous dose and the intraventricular injection, systemic arterial pressure was significantly lowered for 30-45 min. Both of these groups had similar changes in the redistribution of cardiac output and blood flow that outlasted the hypotensive period. Blood flow was maintained or increased in the hepatic and renal arteries at the expense of skin; flow to skeletal muscle and brain also decreased during the first hour. These data support previous studies that indicate that the primary action of clonidine is in the central nervous system and, in addition, add new information about the regional blood flow changes evoked by clonidine.", "PMID": 1130526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11180", "title": "Defective gastrointestinal recovery after irradiation in W/Wv mice.", "content": "W/Wv mice are white, sterile, and have macrocytic anemia, all due to defective function of pertinent stem cell compartments. Sterility and coat color reflect stem cell failure during embryogenesis, while anemia results from a defective hematopoietic stem cell system which is active throughout life. Studies of radiation damage and recovery were undertaken to determine if the stem cell compartment of the intestinal mucosa, also active throughout life, is likewise affected. W/Wv mice \"cured\" of their hematopoietic defect, and normal littermates were exposed to 1,250 rads of whole-body irradiation. Mean survival time of controls was 8.4 plus or minus 0.31 days compared to only 5.85 plus or minus 0.18 days (P = LESS THAN0.001) FOR W/Wv. Incorporation of 3HTdR into mucosal cells of controls was minimum 2 days after exposure and exceeded nonirradiated levels by day 3, W/Wv values were lower than controls on days 2-4 and never significantly exceeded nonirradiated values. Changes in gut weight followed the same pattern. These studies suggest that the W/Wv defect involves stem cells of the gut and that the defect is a failure to proliferate and/or differentiate.", "contents": "Defective gastrointestinal recovery after irradiation in W/Wv mice. W/Wv mice are white, sterile, and have macrocytic anemia, all due to defective function of pertinent stem cell compartments. Sterility and coat color reflect stem cell failure during embryogenesis, while anemia results from a defective hematopoietic stem cell system which is active throughout life. Studies of radiation damage and recovery were undertaken to determine if the stem cell compartment of the intestinal mucosa, also active throughout life, is likewise affected. W/Wv mice \"cured\" of their hematopoietic defect, and normal littermates were exposed to 1,250 rads of whole-body irradiation. Mean survival time of controls was 8.4 plus or minus 0.31 days compared to only 5.85 plus or minus 0.18 days (P = LESS THAN0.001) FOR W/Wv. Incorporation of 3HTdR into mucosal cells of controls was minimum 2 days after exposure and exceeded nonirradiated levels by day 3, W/Wv values were lower than controls on days 2-4 and never significantly exceeded nonirradiated values. Changes in gut weight followed the same pattern. These studies suggest that the W/Wv defect involves stem cells of the gut and that the defect is a failure to proliferate and/or differentiate.", "PMID": 1130527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11181", "title": "Free-feeding patterns of rats: effects of pyrogen and dietary protein content.", "content": "Infusion of bacterial pyrogen (Priomen) was accompanied by an increase in body temperature, an increase in heat production, and a decrease in the voluntary food intake ofrats fed high-as well as low-protein diets. The magnitude of this pyrogen-induced depression of food intake was comparable for both diets. However, in rats fed high-protein diets, this decrease was additive to that normally seen following administration of such diets. These data indicate that the control of food intake cannot be explained in terms of a behavioral the more regulatory response.", "contents": "Free-feeding patterns of rats: effects of pyrogen and dietary protein content. Infusion of bacterial pyrogen (Priomen) was accompanied by an increase in body temperature, an increase in heat production, and a decrease in the voluntary food intake ofrats fed high-as well as low-protein diets. The magnitude of this pyrogen-induced depression of food intake was comparable for both diets. However, in rats fed high-protein diets, this decrease was additive to that normally seen following administration of such diets. These data indicate that the control of food intake cannot be explained in terms of a behavioral the more regulatory response.", "PMID": 1130528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11182", "title": "Kinetics of renin-antirenin reaction: micromethods for the assay of renin and antirenin.", "content": "Indirect micromethods were designed for the assay of human renin (lower limit 0.25 times 10-4 U and of antirenin to human renin (lower limit 3 times 10-4 U), with the rat used for the bioassay of the angiotensin produced by the action of renin on renin substrate. This made possible the assay of unusually small amounts (0.01 mu1) of serum for antirenin. The Michaelis-Menten concept of a dissociating complex can be applied to the antireninrenin reaction: the rate constants for the formation and for the breakdown of the complex were k1 equal to 1.65 (ml/U antirenin per min) and k3 equal to 1.97 times 10-3 (U inactivated renin/U antirenin per min), respectively; the apparent Michaelis constant was 12 times 10-4 (U renin/ml). A second method of analysis was also applied by assuming the formation of a rather tight complex, with antirenin functioning as an irreversible inactivator of renin. Both methods of analysis yielded practically the same rate constant (k1 equal to 1.65 and k1 equal to 1.71), but the treatment according to the Michaelis-Menten equation affords a slightly better fit of the experimental data (accuracy equal to plus or minus 15.5 percent) than the second method of calculation (accuracy equal to plus or minus 21.6 percent).", "contents": "Kinetics of renin-antirenin reaction: micromethods for the assay of renin and antirenin. Indirect micromethods were designed for the assay of human renin (lower limit 0.25 times 10-4 U and of antirenin to human renin (lower limit 3 times 10-4 U), with the rat used for the bioassay of the angiotensin produced by the action of renin on renin substrate. This made possible the assay of unusually small amounts (0.01 mu1) of serum for antirenin. The Michaelis-Menten concept of a dissociating complex can be applied to the antireninrenin reaction: the rate constants for the formation and for the breakdown of the complex were k1 equal to 1.65 (ml/U antirenin per min) and k3 equal to 1.97 times 10-3 (U inactivated renin/U antirenin per min), respectively; the apparent Michaelis constant was 12 times 10-4 (U renin/ml). A second method of analysis was also applied by assuming the formation of a rather tight complex, with antirenin functioning as an irreversible inactivator of renin. Both methods of analysis yielded practically the same rate constant (k1 equal to 1.65 and k1 equal to 1.71), but the treatment according to the Michaelis-Menten equation affords a slightly better fit of the experimental data (accuracy equal to plus or minus 15.5 percent) than the second method of calculation (accuracy equal to plus or minus 21.6 percent).", "PMID": 1130529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11183", "title": "Release of antirenin to human renin by anaphylactic shock or by antihypertensive agents.", "content": "In dogs that have had repeated intravascular injections of small doses of human renin, even for long periods, the development of antirenin to human renin in the blood has not been previously noted, and their pressor response (30 mmHg) to 1 U of human renin has remained unchanged for years. In such dogs, however, a profound, abrupt fall of the systemic blood pressure, due to an anaphylactic reaction to human renin, or to the infusion of depressor agents, such as Arfonad, histamine, or diazoxide, resulted in the appearance in the blood of an inhibitor specific for human renin. This inhibitor was suddenly released into the blood-stream from the tissues in which it presumably had been stored, and it persisted, in a relatively high concentration, in some animals for months. It did not occur in dogs that had not previously received many injections of human renin. This study has shown that the inhibitor has all of the properties of antirenin to human renin. It abolished the pressor response to hog, dog, and rat renin or to angiotensin and norepinephrine. It inactivated human renin, but not dog renin, duringits incubation with renin substrate to form angiotensin.", "contents": "Release of antirenin to human renin by anaphylactic shock or by antihypertensive agents. In dogs that have had repeated intravascular injections of small doses of human renin, even for long periods, the development of antirenin to human renin in the blood has not been previously noted, and their pressor response (30 mmHg) to 1 U of human renin has remained unchanged for years. In such dogs, however, a profound, abrupt fall of the systemic blood pressure, due to an anaphylactic reaction to human renin, or to the infusion of depressor agents, such as Arfonad, histamine, or diazoxide, resulted in the appearance in the blood of an inhibitor specific for human renin. This inhibitor was suddenly released into the blood-stream from the tissues in which it presumably had been stored, and it persisted, in a relatively high concentration, in some animals for months. It did not occur in dogs that had not previously received many injections of human renin. This study has shown that the inhibitor has all of the properties of antirenin to human renin. It abolished the pressor response to hog, dog, and rat renin or to angiotensin and norepinephrine. It inactivated human renin, but not dog renin, duringits incubation with renin substrate to form angiotensin.", "PMID": 1130530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11184", "title": "Adrenergic mechanisms in cerebral circulation of the goat.", "content": "The effects of electrical stimulation of the cervical sympathetic nerves and tyramine on cerebral blood flow (CBF) were investigated in 13 unanesthetized goats in which electromagnetic flow probes had been previously implanted on the internal maxillary artery. Nerve stimulation (1.5-12 cycles/s) produced frequency-dependent reductions in CBF, a decrease of 50 percent occurring with the highest frequency. Injections of tyramine (50-500 mug) into the internal maxillary artery produced dose-dependent reductions in CBF, a decrease of 36 percent occurring with the highest dose. Both reserpine and phentolamine diminished the vasoconstriction induced by nerve stimulation and tyramine. Cocaine partially abolished the effects of tyramine and did not alter those of nerve stimulation. In addition, phentolamine produced cerebral vasodilatation, which was greatly reduced by previous treatment with reserpine. These results show that sympathetic stimulation and tyramine produce cerebral vasoconstriction by the release of the transmitter from the perivascular nerve endings, and they suggest the presence of a tonic sympathetic activity in the cerebral vessels.", "contents": "Adrenergic mechanisms in cerebral circulation of the goat. The effects of electrical stimulation of the cervical sympathetic nerves and tyramine on cerebral blood flow (CBF) were investigated in 13 unanesthetized goats in which electromagnetic flow probes had been previously implanted on the internal maxillary artery. Nerve stimulation (1.5-12 cycles/s) produced frequency-dependent reductions in CBF, a decrease of 50 percent occurring with the highest frequency. Injections of tyramine (50-500 mug) into the internal maxillary artery produced dose-dependent reductions in CBF, a decrease of 36 percent occurring with the highest dose. Both reserpine and phentolamine diminished the vasoconstriction induced by nerve stimulation and tyramine. Cocaine partially abolished the effects of tyramine and did not alter those of nerve stimulation. In addition, phentolamine produced cerebral vasodilatation, which was greatly reduced by previous treatment with reserpine. These results show that sympathetic stimulation and tyramine produce cerebral vasoconstriction by the release of the transmitter from the perivascular nerve endings, and they suggest the presence of a tonic sympathetic activity in the cerebral vessels.", "PMID": 1130531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11185", "title": "Polyuria and imparied ADH release following medial preoptic lesioning in the rat.", "content": "Studies were carried out in the rat to detemine if hypothalamic lesions which caused polydipsia and polyuria had their effect mediated through an alteration of the ability of the neurohypophyseal system to release ADH. Rats with medial preoptic lesions hadincreased water intake while on ad libitum access to water and slightly impaired ability to conserve water following dehydration, but with no impairment of urine-concentrating ability. These were associated with an increase in plasma osmolality both during ad libitum fluid intake and after dehydration. Urinary ADH excretion was at leastas great as in shamoperated controls during ad libitum water intake, but failed to increase during dehydration in spite of a marked increase in plasma osmolality. Pituitary ADH content did not differ from control animals either during ad libitum water intake of after dehydration. Animals with lesions in the lateral preoptic and septal areas did not differ from control animals during ad libitum fluid intake and after dehydration even though lateral preoptic lesions produced polydipsia. In all animals, lesions were remote from the supraoptic nuclei, which showed no histological evidence of damage. It is concluded thatareas of the central nervous system away from the supraoptic nuclei are involved in the regulation of both water intake and ADH release.", "contents": "Polyuria and imparied ADH release following medial preoptic lesioning in the rat. Studies were carried out in the rat to detemine if hypothalamic lesions which caused polydipsia and polyuria had their effect mediated through an alteration of the ability of the neurohypophyseal system to release ADH. Rats with medial preoptic lesions hadincreased water intake while on ad libitum access to water and slightly impaired ability to conserve water following dehydration, but with no impairment of urine-concentrating ability. These were associated with an increase in plasma osmolality both during ad libitum fluid intake and after dehydration. Urinary ADH excretion was at leastas great as in shamoperated controls during ad libitum water intake, but failed to increase during dehydration in spite of a marked increase in plasma osmolality. Pituitary ADH content did not differ from control animals either during ad libitum water intake of after dehydration. Animals with lesions in the lateral preoptic and septal areas did not differ from control animals during ad libitum fluid intake and after dehydration even though lateral preoptic lesions produced polydipsia. In all animals, lesions were remote from the supraoptic nuclei, which showed no histological evidence of damage. It is concluded thatareas of the central nervous system away from the supraoptic nuclei are involved in the regulation of both water intake and ADH release.", "PMID": 1130532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11186", "title": "Depression of pulmonary 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake by metabolic inhibitors.", "content": "Energy requirements for uptake of 14-C labeled 5-hydroxytryptamine ([14-C]5-HT) were studied in isolated guinea pig lungs, ventilated with 95% O2-5% CO2 and perfused in a recirculating system with Krebs-Ringer-bicarbonate solution containing 4% bovine serum albumin and 5 mM glucose. After 14 min preincubation with various inhibitors, lungs were perfused for 30 min with 0.25 times 10- minus 6 M [14-C]5-HT. Aliquots of perfusate were analyzed for [14-C]5-HT and metabolic products. Control lungs had a fractional serotonin clearance of 0.57 plus or minus 0.04. The rate of removal of [14-C]5-HT was inhibited 96% by imipramine, 88% by chlorpromazine, and 65% by ouabain, but was unaffected by iproniazid. Anoxia and cyanide each inhibited uptake by 68%. Omitting glucose from the perfusate reduced uptake by 30%. 2-Deoxyglucose and iodoacetate decreased the rate of [14-C]5-HT removal by 44 and 70%, respectively. Uptake was not affected by lung weight gain nor by changes in lung mechanical properties produced by [14-C]5-HT. [14-C]5-HT uptake by guinea pig lung requires a metabolic source of energy providing additional evidence for transport by an active process.", "contents": "Depression of pulmonary 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake by metabolic inhibitors. Energy requirements for uptake of 14-C labeled 5-hydroxytryptamine ([14-C]5-HT) were studied in isolated guinea pig lungs, ventilated with 95% O2-5% CO2 and perfused in a recirculating system with Krebs-Ringer-bicarbonate solution containing 4% bovine serum albumin and 5 mM glucose. After 14 min preincubation with various inhibitors, lungs were perfused for 30 min with 0.25 times 10- minus 6 M [14-C]5-HT. Aliquots of perfusate were analyzed for [14-C]5-HT and metabolic products. Control lungs had a fractional serotonin clearance of 0.57 plus or minus 0.04. The rate of removal of [14-C]5-HT was inhibited 96% by imipramine, 88% by chlorpromazine, and 65% by ouabain, but was unaffected by iproniazid. Anoxia and cyanide each inhibited uptake by 68%. Omitting glucose from the perfusate reduced uptake by 30%. 2-Deoxyglucose and iodoacetate decreased the rate of [14-C]5-HT removal by 44 and 70%, respectively. Uptake was not affected by lung weight gain nor by changes in lung mechanical properties produced by [14-C]5-HT. [14-C]5-HT uptake by guinea pig lung requires a metabolic source of energy providing additional evidence for transport by an active process.", "PMID": 1130533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11187", "title": "Electrolyte excretion and free-water production during onset of acute diuresis.", "content": "The concentration of major urinary solutes was studied in ureteral urine collected at 15- to 30-s intervals at the onset of acute diuresis induced in anesthetized dogs either by high-ceiling diuretics (mainly ethacrynic acid) or by osmotic diuretics. Phosphate/inulin clearance ratios remained unchanged; potassium/inulin clearance ratios rose rapidly. Principal attention is given to the mechanisms underlying a transient rise in urinary sodium and chloride concentrations during the onset of diuresis. When the data are corrected for washout artifacts from the pelvis and ureter, it can be shown that the initial collection periods are associated with a transient increase in free-water production and by the simultaneous secretion of urea from the interstitium into the tubular fluid. The former coincides in time with the rise in urinary chloride concentration and represents an augmentation of water reabsorbed in the collecting duct, which is relatively impermeable to chloride. Both responses are quantitatively consistent with the transition from a hyperosmotic to isosmotic medullary interstitium.", "contents": "Electrolyte excretion and free-water production during onset of acute diuresis. The concentration of major urinary solutes was studied in ureteral urine collected at 15- to 30-s intervals at the onset of acute diuresis induced in anesthetized dogs either by high-ceiling diuretics (mainly ethacrynic acid) or by osmotic diuretics. Phosphate/inulin clearance ratios remained unchanged; potassium/inulin clearance ratios rose rapidly. Principal attention is given to the mechanisms underlying a transient rise in urinary sodium and chloride concentrations during the onset of diuresis. When the data are corrected for washout artifacts from the pelvis and ureter, it can be shown that the initial collection periods are associated with a transient increase in free-water production and by the simultaneous secretion of urea from the interstitium into the tubular fluid. The former coincides in time with the rise in urinary chloride concentration and represents an augmentation of water reabsorbed in the collecting duct, which is relatively impermeable to chloride. Both responses are quantitatively consistent with the transition from a hyperosmotic to isosmotic medullary interstitium.", "PMID": 1130534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11188", "title": "Development of glomerular perfusion rate and nephron filtration rate in rats 17-60 days old.", "content": "The development of filtration rate and perfusion rate in superficial nephrons has been studied in 17- to 60-day-old rats with micropuncture and microsphere techniques. Recordings have also been made of total renal blood flow (RBF), cardiac output (CO), arterial blood pressure, and hematocrit. Sincle-nephron glomerular filtration rate (SNGFR) as well as glomerular perfusion rate (GPR) and RBF described a similar developmental pattern with a slower rise from 17 to 30 days of age and a faster rise thereafter. No plateau was observed. The quotient between SNGFR and GPR was constant from at least 22 days of age. Since the hematocrit was also constant after 22 days this implies a constant filtration fraction. On the basis of those findings it is suggested that GPR is the main determinator for the development of GFR. The fraction of cardiac output perfusing the kidneys increased continuously in 17- to 60-day-old rats, suggesting that the increase in RBF and GPR is due to intrarenal factors: renal vasodilatation and increase in renal vascular volume.", "contents": "Development of glomerular perfusion rate and nephron filtration rate in rats 17-60 days old. The development of filtration rate and perfusion rate in superficial nephrons has been studied in 17- to 60-day-old rats with micropuncture and microsphere techniques. Recordings have also been made of total renal blood flow (RBF), cardiac output (CO), arterial blood pressure, and hematocrit. Sincle-nephron glomerular filtration rate (SNGFR) as well as glomerular perfusion rate (GPR) and RBF described a similar developmental pattern with a slower rise from 17 to 30 days of age and a faster rise thereafter. No plateau was observed. The quotient between SNGFR and GPR was constant from at least 22 days of age. Since the hematocrit was also constant after 22 days this implies a constant filtration fraction. On the basis of those findings it is suggested that GPR is the main determinator for the development of GFR. The fraction of cardiac output perfusing the kidneys increased continuously in 17- to 60-day-old rats, suggesting that the increase in RBF and GPR is due to intrarenal factors: renal vasodilatation and increase in renal vascular volume.", "PMID": 1130535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11189", "title": "Micromanipulation of pressure in terminal lymphatics in the mesentery.", "content": "The terminal lymphatics are a network of highly previous vessels that are distributed in a loose association with the blood capillary bed, in particular along with the collecting venules. The base-line pressure in these lymphatics is close to atmospheric, but after they converge to form valved collecting channels PL is increased with a pressure differential of 1-2 cmH20 built up across each valve. This increment in lymphatic pressure is clearly related to the presence of one-way valves, the contractile activity of the collecting channels, and the comparative impermeability of these channels. The pressure differential required to draw fluid from the interstitium into the lymphatics would appear to reside in the vasomotor activity of the collecting channels, although the data do not rule out changes in Pt coincident with net capillary filtration or absorption.", "contents": "Micromanipulation of pressure in terminal lymphatics in the mesentery. The terminal lymphatics are a network of highly previous vessels that are distributed in a loose association with the blood capillary bed, in particular along with the collecting venules. The base-line pressure in these lymphatics is close to atmospheric, but after they converge to form valved collecting channels PL is increased with a pressure differential of 1-2 cmH20 built up across each valve. This increment in lymphatic pressure is clearly related to the presence of one-way valves, the contractile activity of the collecting channels, and the comparative impermeability of these channels. The pressure differential required to draw fluid from the interstitium into the lymphatics would appear to reside in the vasomotor activity of the collecting channels, although the data do not rule out changes in Pt coincident with net capillary filtration or absorption.", "PMID": 1130536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11190", "title": "Concentration of urine by the hibernating marmot.", "content": "Studies wer performed with marmots (Marmota flaviventris) of both sexes that had chronic arterial, venous, and bladder catheters. Urine collection was performed during hibernation and urine osmolalities (611.6 not equal to 166.1 SD) were found to be lower than those of aroused animals (1264 not equal to 472.9 SD), but hypertonic to plasma. Peak osmolality of meduallary slices was found to be in the range of osmotic pressures of urine obtained from hibernating or aroused animals. After single injections of a mixture of rho-aminohippurate and inulin, or during constant infusion of inulin, steady-state excretion by hibernators was not achieved for several days. Indirect evidence indicateds that the hibernating marmot is capable of PAH secretion.", "contents": "Concentration of urine by the hibernating marmot. Studies wer performed with marmots (Marmota flaviventris) of both sexes that had chronic arterial, venous, and bladder catheters. Urine collection was performed during hibernation and urine osmolalities (611.6 not equal to 166.1 SD) were found to be lower than those of aroused animals (1264 not equal to 472.9 SD), but hypertonic to plasma. Peak osmolality of meduallary slices was found to be in the range of osmotic pressures of urine obtained from hibernating or aroused animals. After single injections of a mixture of rho-aminohippurate and inulin, or during constant infusion of inulin, steady-state excretion by hibernators was not achieved for several days. Indirect evidence indicateds that the hibernating marmot is capable of PAH secretion.", "PMID": 1130537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11191", "title": "Metabolic adaptation of the chick embryo to chronic hypoxia.", "content": "In a colony of white leghorn chickens maintained at 3,800 m successive generations exhibited an increasing hatchability of fertile eggs incubated at elevation of 3,100m. Embryonated eggs produced by the high-altitude-adapted line (WM) and by genetically similar but unselected stocks at sea level (D) were incubated at 3,100 m and at sea level, and the oxygen consumption was measured on individual eggs after the 17th day of incubation. At sea level, oxygen consumption rates of WM strain were less than that of SL stocks during late embryonic development. At 3,100 m, embryonic respriation of all strains was reduced, but to a much lesser degree in the high-altitude strain. It appears that a decreased metabolic activity of the late embryo coupled with a slower rate of embryonic developement is an important factor in the adaptation of the domestic fowl to high altitude.", "contents": "Metabolic adaptation of the chick embryo to chronic hypoxia. In a colony of white leghorn chickens maintained at 3,800 m successive generations exhibited an increasing hatchability of fertile eggs incubated at elevation of 3,100m. Embryonated eggs produced by the high-altitude-adapted line (WM) and by genetically similar but unselected stocks at sea level (D) were incubated at 3,100 m and at sea level, and the oxygen consumption was measured on individual eggs after the 17th day of incubation. At sea level, oxygen consumption rates of WM strain were less than that of SL stocks during late embryonic development. At 3,100 m, embryonic respriation of all strains was reduced, but to a much lesser degree in the high-altitude strain. It appears that a decreased metabolic activity of the late embryo coupled with a slower rate of embryonic developement is an important factor in the adaptation of the domestic fowl to high altitude.", "PMID": 1130538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11192", "title": "Pathway mediating hypotension elicited by stimulation of the amygdala in the rat.", "content": "Cardiovascular responses were elicited from 372 histologically verified sites in the amygdala and closely adjacent structures in 82 rats under urethan or chloralose anesthesia. Arterial hypotension was elicited at low current intensities from the medial, central, lateral, and basal nuclei of rats under either anesthetic; the hypotension was still elicited in artificially respired paralyzed rats. Stimulation of the cortical nucleus produced variable changes in arterial pressure. The hypotension elicited under urethan was not found to be correlated with changes in the frequency of electrical activity of hippocampus, amygdala, or septum or to be associated with electrical seizures. Hypertension was usually elicited from the medial nucleus at high current intensities and was attributed to current spread to the cortex ventral to the medial nucleus from which hypertension was elicited at low current intensities. Stimulation of the central, basal, and lateral nuclei under chloralose elicited bradycardia. Lesions of the stria terminalis had no effect on the hypotension, whereas lesions of the ipsilateral medial forebrain bundle abolished this response.", "contents": "Pathway mediating hypotension elicited by stimulation of the amygdala in the rat. Cardiovascular responses were elicited from 372 histologically verified sites in the amygdala and closely adjacent structures in 82 rats under urethan or chloralose anesthesia. Arterial hypotension was elicited at low current intensities from the medial, central, lateral, and basal nuclei of rats under either anesthetic; the hypotension was still elicited in artificially respired paralyzed rats. Stimulation of the cortical nucleus produced variable changes in arterial pressure. The hypotension elicited under urethan was not found to be correlated with changes in the frequency of electrical activity of hippocampus, amygdala, or septum or to be associated with electrical seizures. Hypertension was usually elicited from the medial nucleus at high current intensities and was attributed to current spread to the cortex ventral to the medial nucleus from which hypertension was elicited at low current intensities. Stimulation of the central, basal, and lateral nuclei under chloralose elicited bradycardia. Lesions of the stria terminalis had no effect on the hypotension, whereas lesions of the ipsilateral medial forebrain bundle abolished this response.", "PMID": 1130539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11193", "title": "Transport of plasma FFA in cats; effect of hypothalamic stimulation.", "content": "Two tracer methods, repetitive single injection of [3-H]palmitate and continuous infusion of [1 minus 14-C]palmitate, were applied simultaneously to study tracer kinetics of the free fatty acid (FFA) miscible pool in anesthetized cats before, during, and after electrical stimulation of the hypothalamus. The results indicated that the FFA pool of the cat behaved as though it consisted of two compartments which exchange FFA with each other. The data were analyzed according to a two-compartmental mammillary system model. The space of the central compartment which represents the plasma was found to be 74 ml/kg body wt. No anatomical significance could be unequivocally ascribed to the peripheral compartment. The variables of the model system were determined for each cat, and a highly significant positive linear relationship between the net FFA transport (mumol/min) and the total quantity of FFA (mumol) in both compartments was established by a regression analysis of the control data. No significant changes were observed in this relationship during or following hypothalamic stimulation which had a significant effect on the plasma FFA level. This result suggests that hypothalamic stimulation affects FFA mobilization by modifying the rate of FFA inflow into the circulation, while the mechanisms for clearing FFA from the plasma are not altered.", "contents": "Transport of plasma FFA in cats; effect of hypothalamic stimulation. Two tracer methods, repetitive single injection of [3-H]palmitate and continuous infusion of [1 minus 14-C]palmitate, were applied simultaneously to study tracer kinetics of the free fatty acid (FFA) miscible pool in anesthetized cats before, during, and after electrical stimulation of the hypothalamus. The results indicated that the FFA pool of the cat behaved as though it consisted of two compartments which exchange FFA with each other. The data were analyzed according to a two-compartmental mammillary system model. The space of the central compartment which represents the plasma was found to be 74 ml/kg body wt. No anatomical significance could be unequivocally ascribed to the peripheral compartment. The variables of the model system were determined for each cat, and a highly significant positive linear relationship between the net FFA transport (mumol/min) and the total quantity of FFA (mumol) in both compartments was established by a regression analysis of the control data. No significant changes were observed in this relationship during or following hypothalamic stimulation which had a significant effect on the plasma FFA level. This result suggests that hypothalamic stimulation affects FFA mobilization by modifying the rate of FFA inflow into the circulation, while the mechanisms for clearing FFA from the plasma are not altered.", "PMID": 1130540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11194", "title": "Interaction of respiratory cell discharge patterns and spontaneous resporatory rate.", "content": "Potentials from single respiratory cells in the inspiratory and expiratory populations of the medulla were recorded by extracellular microelectrodes in spontaneously breathing cats anesthetized with pentobarbital. Experiments were designed to follow alterations in single-cell discharge patterns after modification of the respiratory rate by either barbiturate depression or doxapram activation. Unit activity was quantitated by a computerized mathematical technique based on the sequential arrangement of interspike intervls. From this analysis several discharge parameters were derived which successfully quantitated initial (frequency increase), middle (frequency plateau), and terminal (frequency decrease) phases of spike activity. Discharge parameters were correlated with respiratory rate by the use of linear and curvilinear regression analyses. Theoretical discharge patterns for both inspiratory and expiratory populations were reconstructed at selected respiratory rates by interpolation from regression equations. These data, demonstrating average quantitative shifts in cell activation and deactivation phases as a function of respiratory rate, suggested several possibilities for the modulation of the respiratory frequency.", "contents": "Interaction of respiratory cell discharge patterns and spontaneous resporatory rate. Potentials from single respiratory cells in the inspiratory and expiratory populations of the medulla were recorded by extracellular microelectrodes in spontaneously breathing cats anesthetized with pentobarbital. Experiments were designed to follow alterations in single-cell discharge patterns after modification of the respiratory rate by either barbiturate depression or doxapram activation. Unit activity was quantitated by a computerized mathematical technique based on the sequential arrangement of interspike intervls. From this analysis several discharge parameters were derived which successfully quantitated initial (frequency increase), middle (frequency plateau), and terminal (frequency decrease) phases of spike activity. Discharge parameters were correlated with respiratory rate by the use of linear and curvilinear regression analyses. Theoretical discharge patterns for both inspiratory and expiratory populations were reconstructed at selected respiratory rates by interpolation from regression equations. These data, demonstrating average quantitative shifts in cell activation and deactivation phases as a function of respiratory rate, suggested several possibilities for the modulation of the respiratory frequency.", "PMID": 1130541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11195", "title": "Estimate of relative thickness of peritubular interstitial space in Necturus kidney.", "content": "Electrophysiological techniques were used to evaluate volume changes of compartments interposed between the peritubular membrane of proximal tubue cells and capillary wall or peritoneal surface of Necturus kidney. The time courseof potassium-induced peritubular membrane depolarization was measured during a switch from 3- to 90-meq potassium sulfate solution in superfusion as well as in vascular perfusion experiments. When superfusion fluids contained 6, 2, and 0 g dextran/100 ml, mean half times of depolarization in normal kidneys were 4.1, 1.9, and 5.8 s. Decreasing the colloid osmotic pressure of superfusion fluids resulted in a significant increase in half-time values. Similar results were obtained in saline expansion. In controls the mean half time was 4.5s; in saline expansion it was 7.7 s. In vascular perfusions, mean half-time values were 225, 350, 355, and 450 s for dextran concentrations of 6, 4, 2, and 0 g/100 ml, respectively. These results indicate that the half time of depolarization increases significantly as the colloid osmotic pressure of perfusion fluids decreases. Estimates of effective unstirred-layer thickness on the peritubular side of proximal tubular epithelium indicate a decrease by about 25% when vascular colloid osmotic pressure is increased from 0 to 54 mmHg.", "contents": "Estimate of relative thickness of peritubular interstitial space in Necturus kidney. Electrophysiological techniques were used to evaluate volume changes of compartments interposed between the peritubular membrane of proximal tubue cells and capillary wall or peritoneal surface of Necturus kidney. The time courseof potassium-induced peritubular membrane depolarization was measured during a switch from 3- to 90-meq potassium sulfate solution in superfusion as well as in vascular perfusion experiments. When superfusion fluids contained 6, 2, and 0 g dextran/100 ml, mean half times of depolarization in normal kidneys were 4.1, 1.9, and 5.8 s. Decreasing the colloid osmotic pressure of superfusion fluids resulted in a significant increase in half-time values. Similar results were obtained in saline expansion. In controls the mean half time was 4.5s; in saline expansion it was 7.7 s. In vascular perfusions, mean half-time values were 225, 350, 355, and 450 s for dextran concentrations of 6, 4, 2, and 0 g/100 ml, respectively. These results indicate that the half time of depolarization increases significantly as the colloid osmotic pressure of perfusion fluids decreases. Estimates of effective unstirred-layer thickness on the peritubular side of proximal tubular epithelium indicate a decrease by about 25% when vascular colloid osmotic pressure is increased from 0 to 54 mmHg.", "PMID": 1130542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11196", "title": "Renal sodium reabsorption during saline loading and distal blockade in newborn dogs.", "content": "The ability of the proximal tubule to respond to saline expansion and varying filtered sodium loads was studied in 27 neonatal dogs aged 1-23 days. Sodium reabsorption beyond the proximal tubule was blocked with ethacrynic acid and chlorothiazide. When puppies received an intravenous load of 0.9% saline for 1.5 h, fractional sodium reabsorption averaged 0.985. After the addition of distal blockade to the saline infusion fractional Na reabsorption fell to 0.512. During distal blockade alone fractional Na reabsorption was 0.701, and after 1.5 h of saline expansion added to distal blockade fractional Na reabsorption fell to 0.493. Thus, there was a significant decrease in proximal tubular fractional Na reabsorption after saline expansion in neonatal dogs, and the high fractional Na reabsorption and low Na excretion during saline loading without distal blockade must be due to a large distal Na reabsorption. When filtered sodium load was varied by raising and lowering the glomerular filtration rate during distal blockade, there was excellent correlation between amount of filtered and reabsorbed sodium (r = 0.92). Thus, glomerulotubular balance exists in newborn dogs when there is no saline expansion.", "contents": "Renal sodium reabsorption during saline loading and distal blockade in newborn dogs. The ability of the proximal tubule to respond to saline expansion and varying filtered sodium loads was studied in 27 neonatal dogs aged 1-23 days. Sodium reabsorption beyond the proximal tubule was blocked with ethacrynic acid and chlorothiazide. When puppies received an intravenous load of 0.9% saline for 1.5 h, fractional sodium reabsorption averaged 0.985. After the addition of distal blockade to the saline infusion fractional Na reabsorption fell to 0.512. During distal blockade alone fractional Na reabsorption was 0.701, and after 1.5 h of saline expansion added to distal blockade fractional Na reabsorption fell to 0.493. Thus, there was a significant decrease in proximal tubular fractional Na reabsorption after saline expansion in neonatal dogs, and the high fractional Na reabsorption and low Na excretion during saline loading without distal blockade must be due to a large distal Na reabsorption. When filtered sodium load was varied by raising and lowering the glomerular filtration rate during distal blockade, there was excellent correlation between amount of filtered and reabsorbed sodium (r = 0.92). Thus, glomerulotubular balance exists in newborn dogs when there is no saline expansion.", "PMID": 1130543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11197", "title": "Uptake and compartmental distribution of fatty acid by rat small intestine in vivo.", "content": "The uptake and esterification of micellar [3-H]oleate and [14-C] palmitate were uniform along the entire length of the small intestine in vivo. Fatty acids (FA) radioactivity taken up by the small intestine could be described in terms of four functionally distinct compartments analogous to those described in vitro. The KRP-extractable compartment (KEC) and albumin-extractable compartment (AEC) contained reversibly adherent unesterified FA radioactivity, while the tissue free and esterified FA compartments contained irreversibly bound radioactivity. Wheras 27% and 63% of FA uptake were reversibly bound in the KEC and AEC by the most proximal and most distal regions of the small intestine in vitro (15), less than 10% was contained in these compartments in vivo, independent of location. Linear inverse relationships were found betweeen tissue FA esterification and proportion of FA radioactivity present in the KEC,AEC, and the tissue free FA compartment in vivo. These observations allow for the possibility that FA molecules pass through these compartments prior to esterification.", "contents": "Uptake and compartmental distribution of fatty acid by rat small intestine in vivo. The uptake and esterification of micellar [3-H]oleate and [14-C] palmitate were uniform along the entire length of the small intestine in vivo. Fatty acids (FA) radioactivity taken up by the small intestine could be described in terms of four functionally distinct compartments analogous to those described in vitro. The KRP-extractable compartment (KEC) and albumin-extractable compartment (AEC) contained reversibly adherent unesterified FA radioactivity, while the tissue free and esterified FA compartments contained irreversibly bound radioactivity. Wheras 27% and 63% of FA uptake were reversibly bound in the KEC and AEC by the most proximal and most distal regions of the small intestine in vitro (15), less than 10% was contained in these compartments in vivo, independent of location. Linear inverse relationships were found betweeen tissue FA esterification and proportion of FA radioactivity present in the KEC,AEC, and the tissue free FA compartment in vivo. These observations allow for the possibility that FA molecules pass through these compartments prior to esterification.", "PMID": 1130544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11198", "title": "Salicylate, tryptophan, and tyrosine hypothermia.", "content": "The intraperitoneal administration of sodium salicylate, L-tryptophan, and tyrosine resulted in significant hypothermia when rats were exposed to a 4degree C ambient temperature. Salicylate and tryptophan increased plasma levels of nonprotein-bound tryptophan while total and bound tryptophan were reduced in salicylate-treated rats. Tryptophan  concentrations were unaffected by tyrosine administration. Concomitant with increases in free plasma tryptophan, there occurred significant rises in brain levels of tryptophan in both groups of rats, while brain tyrosine levels were increased in those rats receiving tyrosine. Similarly, significant increments in hypothalamic serotonin levels in rats receiving salicylate or L-tryptophan and increases in hypothalamic norepinephrine in tyrosine-treated rats seem to reflect the increased availability of tryptophan and tyrosine for monamine synthesis. However, alternative mechanisms of hypothermiaseem to be operative since oxygen consumption studies demonstrate dissimilar results for tryptophan and salicylate administration.", "contents": "Salicylate, tryptophan, and tyrosine hypothermia. The intraperitoneal administration of sodium salicylate, L-tryptophan, and tyrosine resulted in significant hypothermia when rats were exposed to a 4degree C ambient temperature. Salicylate and tryptophan increased plasma levels of nonprotein-bound tryptophan while total and bound tryptophan were reduced in salicylate-treated rats. Tryptophan  concentrations were unaffected by tyrosine administration. Concomitant with increases in free plasma tryptophan, there occurred significant rises in brain levels of tryptophan in both groups of rats, while brain tyrosine levels were increased in those rats receiving tyrosine. Similarly, significant increments in hypothalamic serotonin levels in rats receiving salicylate or L-tryptophan and increases in hypothalamic norepinephrine in tyrosine-treated rats seem to reflect the increased availability of tryptophan and tyrosine for monamine synthesis. However, alternative mechanisms of hypothermiaseem to be operative since oxygen consumption studies demonstrate dissimilar results for tryptophan and salicylate administration.", "PMID": 1130545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11199", "title": "Reversible hemodynamic defect in glomerular filtration rate after ischemic injury.", "content": "In Wistar rats with surface glomeruli 3 h of nearly complete occlusion of the left renal artery resulted in uniform falls (similar to50%) in ipsilateral whole-kidney glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and single-nephron GFR (SNGFR) and in urinary findings consistent with impaired water reabsorption. Since the fall in SNGFR was accompanied by a proportional fall in glomerular plasma flow rate (GPF), and since net ultrafiltration pressure at afferent and efferent ends of the glomerular capillary was unchanged from preischemic levels, these findings suggest that the fall in SNGFR was a hemodynamic consequence of the fall in GPF. To test this hypothesis, GPF was restored to preischemic levels by means of acute infusion of homologous, isoncotic plasma. GPF and SNGFR uniformly increased, on average to preischemic levels, whereas net ultrafiltration pressure at afferent and efferent ends of the glomerular capillary again remained essentially unchanged. These studies demonstrate that the fall in SNGFR in this model of ischemic injury is causally related to the accompanying fall in GPF. Of interest, despite this reversal of the defect in GFR, fractional water reabsorption remained impaired. This restoration of GFR but not reabsorption by plasma infusion abruptly converts this ischemic lesion from nondiuretic to diuretic.", "contents": "Reversible hemodynamic defect in glomerular filtration rate after ischemic injury. In Wistar rats with surface glomeruli 3 h of nearly complete occlusion of the left renal artery resulted in uniform falls (similar to50%) in ipsilateral whole-kidney glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and single-nephron GFR (SNGFR) and in urinary findings consistent with impaired water reabsorption. Since the fall in SNGFR was accompanied by a proportional fall in glomerular plasma flow rate (GPF), and since net ultrafiltration pressure at afferent and efferent ends of the glomerular capillary was unchanged from preischemic levels, these findings suggest that the fall in SNGFR was a hemodynamic consequence of the fall in GPF. To test this hypothesis, GPF was restored to preischemic levels by means of acute infusion of homologous, isoncotic plasma. GPF and SNGFR uniformly increased, on average to preischemic levels, whereas net ultrafiltration pressure at afferent and efferent ends of the glomerular capillary again remained essentially unchanged. These studies demonstrate that the fall in SNGFR in this model of ischemic injury is causally related to the accompanying fall in GPF. Of interest, despite this reversal of the defect in GFR, fractional water reabsorption remained impaired. This restoration of GFR but not reabsorption by plasma infusion abruptly converts this ischemic lesion from nondiuretic to diuretic.", "PMID": 1130546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11200", "title": "Cardiorenal effects of lidocaine and procaine amide in the conscious dog.", "content": "Simultaneous measurements of hemodynamics, arterioventricular (AV) conduction, and renal functioner were obtained in conscious dogs. Catheters were implanted for the long-term measurement of central aortic, right ventricular, and pulmonary artery pressure. AV conduction was assessed following surgical implantation of multipolar electrode plaques in the area of the bundle of His, as well as on the epicardium of the right and left atria and ventricles. Renal function was assessed utilizing standard techniques. Following control measurements, lidocaine, 1 mg/kg, or procaine amide, 10 mg/kg, was administered intravenously. Subsequently, serial measurements were obtained for a 90-min period. No significant changes in hemodynamics were observed following either drug. Procaine amide produced a significant increase in heart rate and a minimal increase in QRS duration associated with a decrease in low right atrial to His bundle conduction time. However, no significant changes in cardiac conduction were observed after lidocaine administration. Renal function was unaffected by lidocaine but significantly depressed by procaine amide, as demonstrated by a decrease in GFR and effective renal flow. In summary, acute administration of procaine amide significantly alters renal function in the conscious dog with minimal effects on AV conduction and hemodynamics.", "contents": "Cardiorenal effects of lidocaine and procaine amide in the conscious dog. Simultaneous measurements of hemodynamics, arterioventricular (AV) conduction, and renal functioner were obtained in conscious dogs. Catheters were implanted for the long-term measurement of central aortic, right ventricular, and pulmonary artery pressure. AV conduction was assessed following surgical implantation of multipolar electrode plaques in the area of the bundle of His, as well as on the epicardium of the right and left atria and ventricles. Renal function was assessed utilizing standard techniques. Following control measurements, lidocaine, 1 mg/kg, or procaine amide, 10 mg/kg, was administered intravenously. Subsequently, serial measurements were obtained for a 90-min period. No significant changes in hemodynamics were observed following either drug. Procaine amide produced a significant increase in heart rate and a minimal increase in QRS duration associated with a decrease in low right atrial to His bundle conduction time. However, no significant changes in cardiac conduction were observed after lidocaine administration. Renal function was unaffected by lidocaine but significantly depressed by procaine amide, as demonstrated by a decrease in GFR and effective renal flow. In summary, acute administration of procaine amide significantly alters renal function in the conscious dog with minimal effects on AV conduction and hemodynamics.", "PMID": 1130547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11201", "title": "Neonatal changes in renal blood flow distribution in puppies.", "content": "The intrarenal distribution of blood flow was studied in 31 newborn mongrel puppies from 18 h to 70 days using xenon washout and krypton autoradiography. Mean renal blood flow increased from 0.39 plus or minus 0.05 ml/g per min (SE) the 1st wk to 2.06 plus or minus 0.12 ml/g per min at 6 wk. During the 1st wk of life renal cortex was perfused homo-geneously at 0.88 plus or minus 0.19 ml/g per min (SE) and accounted for 35 plus or minus 4% of the renal blood flow. During the 2nd wk a narrow, rapidly perfused zone of outer cortex was identified which was perfused at 3.35 plus or minus 0.26 ml/g per min, received 19.53 plus or minus 5.05% of the total renal blood flow, and represented 15 plus or minus 4% of the mass of the total cortex. The inner cortex and outer medulla at this time received 53.40 plus or minus 4.12% of the flow at 1.07 plus or minus 0.08 ml/g per min. Outer cortical flow increased with age reaching adult values by about 6-10 wk when the rapidly perfused area represented 40 plus or minus 8% of the cortex. These changes are parallel to the results of previously reported studies with microspheres in newborn puppies and are compatible with the well established maturational changes noted in neonates of several species. They represent the first gas-washout studies in animals during the first 6 wk of life.", "contents": "Neonatal changes in renal blood flow distribution in puppies. The intrarenal distribution of blood flow was studied in 31 newborn mongrel puppies from 18 h to 70 days using xenon washout and krypton autoradiography. Mean renal blood flow increased from 0.39 plus or minus 0.05 ml/g per min (SE) the 1st wk to 2.06 plus or minus 0.12 ml/g per min at 6 wk. During the 1st wk of life renal cortex was perfused homo-geneously at 0.88 plus or minus 0.19 ml/g per min (SE) and accounted for 35 plus or minus 4% of the renal blood flow. During the 2nd wk a narrow, rapidly perfused zone of outer cortex was identified which was perfused at 3.35 plus or minus 0.26 ml/g per min, received 19.53 plus or minus 5.05% of the total renal blood flow, and represented 15 plus or minus 4% of the mass of the total cortex. The inner cortex and outer medulla at this time received 53.40 plus or minus 4.12% of the flow at 1.07 plus or minus 0.08 ml/g per min. Outer cortical flow increased with age reaching adult values by about 6-10 wk when the rapidly perfused area represented 40 plus or minus 8% of the cortex. These changes are parallel to the results of previously reported studies with microspheres in newborn puppies and are compatible with the well established maturational changes noted in neonates of several species. They represent the first gas-washout studies in animals during the first 6 wk of life.", "PMID": 1130548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11202", "title": "Myocardial performance during hemorrhagic shock in the pancreatectomized dog.", "content": "Myocardial performance was evaluated in nine pancreatectomized and 12 nonpancreatectomized dogs by measuring left ventricular pressure (LVP), maximal dP/dt (max dP/dt), left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP), pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP), aortic pressure (AoP), and lead II of the electrocardiogram during standardized hemorrhagic shock. Cardiac output (CO) and hematocrit were determined before hemorrhage, after 4 h of oligemia, when postinfusion mean blood pressure declined to 60 mmHg. Left ventricular function curves were obtained, by varying preload, in control dogs and 2 h after reinfusion of the shed blood in those dogs subjected to shock. Both groups of dogs showed identical responses to the shock procedure. In the immediate postinfusion period, LVP, max dP/dt, LVEDP, and mean blood pressure returned to near-control values, while PAP was significantly elevated. The postinfusion decline (after 60-90 min) in AoP was accompanied by a similar reduction in LVEDP. Left ventricular performance in hemorrhagic shock did not differ significantly from that seen in control dogs. In addition, there was no electrocardiographic indication of myocardial ischemia. The data indicate that terminal hemorrhagic shock need not be accompanied by myocardial depression whether or not the pancreas is intact.", "contents": "Myocardial performance during hemorrhagic shock in the pancreatectomized dog. Myocardial performance was evaluated in nine pancreatectomized and 12 nonpancreatectomized dogs by measuring left ventricular pressure (LVP), maximal dP/dt (max dP/dt), left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP), pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP), aortic pressure (AoP), and lead II of the electrocardiogram during standardized hemorrhagic shock. Cardiac output (CO) and hematocrit were determined before hemorrhage, after 4 h of oligemia, when postinfusion mean blood pressure declined to 60 mmHg. Left ventricular function curves were obtained, by varying preload, in control dogs and 2 h after reinfusion of the shed blood in those dogs subjected to shock. Both groups of dogs showed identical responses to the shock procedure. In the immediate postinfusion period, LVP, max dP/dt, LVEDP, and mean blood pressure returned to near-control values, while PAP was significantly elevated. The postinfusion decline (after 60-90 min) in AoP was accompanied by a similar reduction in LVEDP. Left ventricular performance in hemorrhagic shock did not differ significantly from that seen in control dogs. In addition, there was no electrocardiographic indication of myocardial ischemia. The data indicate that terminal hemorrhagic shock need not be accompanied by myocardial depression whether or not the pancreas is intact.", "PMID": 1130549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11203", "title": "Adenosine metabolism in cultured chick-embryo heart cells.", "content": "Adenosine, a coronary vasodilator, in involved in the regulation of coronary blood flow, but the mechanism (s) of vasodilation especially with respect to the influence of dipyridamole and aminophylline are not clearly understood. Cultured cardiac cells of 16-day-old chick embryos were used as a model for the mammalian heart. Hypoxia produced a twofold increase in the production of adenosine and its metabolic products in this preparation, indicating that the source of adenosine in the hypoxic heart is the myocardial cell. Neither dipyridamole (1 times 10-minus 6M) nor aminophylline (1 times 10-minus 5M) blocked the release of adenosine from the myocardial cells, but dipyridamole aminophylline was without effect. These data suggest that dipyridamole exerts its vasodilator effect by blocking the uptake of adenosine into the cells, thereby increasing its extracellular levels and the concentration of adenosine in the vicinity of coronary resistance vessels. The mechanism whereby aminophylline attenuates the vasodilation produced by adenosine is not known. However, aminophylline does not interfere with the release or uptake of adenosine.", "contents": "Adenosine metabolism in cultured chick-embryo heart cells. Adenosine, a coronary vasodilator, in involved in the regulation of coronary blood flow, but the mechanism (s) of vasodilation especially with respect to the influence of dipyridamole and aminophylline are not clearly understood. Cultured cardiac cells of 16-day-old chick embryos were used as a model for the mammalian heart. Hypoxia produced a twofold increase in the production of adenosine and its metabolic products in this preparation, indicating that the source of adenosine in the hypoxic heart is the myocardial cell. Neither dipyridamole (1 times 10-minus 6M) nor aminophylline (1 times 10-minus 5M) blocked the release of adenosine from the myocardial cells, but dipyridamole aminophylline was without effect. These data suggest that dipyridamole exerts its vasodilator effect by blocking the uptake of adenosine into the cells, thereby increasing its extracellular levels and the concentration of adenosine in the vicinity of coronary resistance vessels. The mechanism whereby aminophylline attenuates the vasodilation produced by adenosine is not known. However, aminophylline does not interfere with the release or uptake of adenosine.", "PMID": 1130550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11204", "title": "Prostaglandin F and E levels during endotoxin-induced pulmonary hypertension in calves.", "content": "Prostaglandin F and E (PGF and PGE) concentrations in sequential blood samples obtained simultaneously from the pulmonary artery (PA) and pulmonary vein (PV) during endotoxin-induced pulmonary hypertension in calves were determined by radioimmunoassay. Three groups of calves were studied. In nine control calves in which no endotoxin was given PA pressure and PGF and PGE concentrations in four pairs of samples taken at 0, 5, 15, and 45 min did not change. In 17 calves given 1 mg E. coli endotoxin, PGF concentrations were increased significantly in the PV and to a lesser degree in the PA in the 15-and 45-min samples. The increased PGF concentration in the 15-min sample corresponded to an increased PA pressure of 74 plus or minus 4 mmHg (mean plus or minus SE). In three of the endotoxin-treated calves studied a second time and three separate calves indomethacin pretreatment completely blocked the hemodynamic effect of endotoxin as well as PGF release. PGE concentrations did not change in either group. These data suggest that endotoxin-induced pulmonary hypertension may be mediated by PGF, a known pulmonary pressor agent in the bovine, and that blockade of this effect by indomethacin may be due to inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis and/or release.", "contents": "Prostaglandin F and E levels during endotoxin-induced pulmonary hypertension in calves. Prostaglandin F and E (PGF and PGE) concentrations in sequential blood samples obtained simultaneously from the pulmonary artery (PA) and pulmonary vein (PV) during endotoxin-induced pulmonary hypertension in calves were determined by radioimmunoassay. Three groups of calves were studied. In nine control calves in which no endotoxin was given PA pressure and PGF and PGE concentrations in four pairs of samples taken at 0, 5, 15, and 45 min did not change. In 17 calves given 1 mg E. coli endotoxin, PGF concentrations were increased significantly in the PV and to a lesser degree in the PA in the 15-and 45-min samples. The increased PGF concentration in the 15-min sample corresponded to an increased PA pressure of 74 plus or minus 4 mmHg (mean plus or minus SE). In three of the endotoxin-treated calves studied a second time and three separate calves indomethacin pretreatment completely blocked the hemodynamic effect of endotoxin as well as PGF release. PGE concentrations did not change in either group. These data suggest that endotoxin-induced pulmonary hypertension may be mediated by PGF, a known pulmonary pressor agent in the bovine, and that blockade of this effect by indomethacin may be due to inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis and/or release.", "PMID": 1130551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11205", "title": "Phrenic and recurrent laryngeal discharge patterns and the Hering-Breuer reflex.", "content": "In decerebrate, spontaneously breathing cats, whole-nerve recordings of efferent phrenic (Phr) and recurrent laryngeal (Lar) discharge were analyzed with an average-response computer. The Phr inspiratory (I) burst starts abruptly and has an augmenting discharge pattern which reaches a maximum at the end of the I phase. The Lar I burst starts before onset of the Phr burst (median delay 40ms), reaches an approximately constant level till the end of the I phase. These differences are functionally appropriate for the differing respiratory roles of the innervated muscles (diaphragm and glottis dilators). The Hering-Breuer reflex, produced by occulsion at minimum lung volume (start of the I phase), lengthens the I phase and disinhibits I discarge, but differently for Lar and for Phr activity. Lar activity was increased almost from the start of the I phase. In contrast, occlusion produced no change in the Phr augmenting pattern (slope of activity increase) for most or all of the I phase, indicating that normally vagal inhibitory input shuts off Phr activity in a trigger-like manner.", "contents": "Phrenic and recurrent laryngeal discharge patterns and the Hering-Breuer reflex. In decerebrate, spontaneously breathing cats, whole-nerve recordings of efferent phrenic (Phr) and recurrent laryngeal (Lar) discharge were analyzed with an average-response computer. The Phr inspiratory (I) burst starts abruptly and has an augmenting discharge pattern which reaches a maximum at the end of the I phase. The Lar I burst starts before onset of the Phr burst (median delay 40ms), reaches an approximately constant level till the end of the I phase. These differences are functionally appropriate for the differing respiratory roles of the innervated muscles (diaphragm and glottis dilators). The Hering-Breuer reflex, produced by occulsion at minimum lung volume (start of the I phase), lengthens the I phase and disinhibits I discarge, but differently for Lar and for Phr activity. Lar activity was increased almost from the start of the I phase. In contrast, occlusion produced no change in the Phr augmenting pattern (slope of activity increase) for most or all of the I phase, indicating that normally vagal inhibitory input shuts off Phr activity in a trigger-like manner.", "PMID": 1130552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11206", "title": "Localization of thirst and antidiuretic osmoreceptors by intracranial injections in rats.", "content": "Eighty-six intracranial cannula placements in 51 rats were tested with unilateral, 2-mul injections of a 0.60-osmol/kg solution, sucrose dissolved in isotonic sodium chloride. To assess antidiuretic hormone (ADH) release, a water diuresis was induced and spontaneous urinations were collected and analyzed for sodium by flame photometry. On alternate test days the 0.60-osmol/kg solution was injected into sleeping rats, and latencies to drink and volume drunk were recorded. Injections at 42 placements elicited neither drinking nor adtidiuresis on two separate test days each; at 15, both antidiuresis and drinking on at least two of three tests each; at 19, drinking but not antidiuresis; at 10, antidiuresis but not drinking. Positive drinking and ADH placements were not distinctly separated. They clustered in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, the preoptic areas, and the anterior portions of the hypothalamus. Placements in the medial forebrain bundle and dorsal to the anterior hypothalamic area elicited thirst but not ADH release for the most part. Placements nearest the supraoptic nucleus were weak or negative for ADH release. Central nervous system osmo-receptors exist and seem not to be the neurosecretorycells. Thirst osmoreceptors and antidiuretic osmoreceptors seem to be contiguous, but distinct.", "contents": "Localization of thirst and antidiuretic osmoreceptors by intracranial injections in rats. Eighty-six intracranial cannula placements in 51 rats were tested with unilateral, 2-mul injections of a 0.60-osmol/kg solution, sucrose dissolved in isotonic sodium chloride. To assess antidiuretic hormone (ADH) release, a water diuresis was induced and spontaneous urinations were collected and analyzed for sodium by flame photometry. On alternate test days the 0.60-osmol/kg solution was injected into sleeping rats, and latencies to drink and volume drunk were recorded. Injections at 42 placements elicited neither drinking nor adtidiuresis on two separate test days each; at 15, both antidiuresis and drinking on at least two of three tests each; at 19, drinking but not antidiuresis; at 10, antidiuresis but not drinking. Positive drinking and ADH placements were not distinctly separated. They clustered in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, the preoptic areas, and the anterior portions of the hypothalamus. Placements in the medial forebrain bundle and dorsal to the anterior hypothalamic area elicited thirst but not ADH release for the most part. Placements nearest the supraoptic nucleus were weak or negative for ADH release. Central nervous system osmo-receptors exist and seem not to be the neurosecretorycells. Thirst osmoreceptors and antidiuretic osmoreceptors seem to be contiguous, but distinct.", "PMID": 1130553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11207", "title": "Myo-inositol transport in the central nervous system.", "content": "Free myo-inositol (inositol) transport into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), brain, and choroid plexus and out of the cerebrospinal fluid was measured in rabbits. In vivo, inositol transport from blood into choroid plexus, CSF, and brain was saturable with an apparent affinity constant (K-t) of approximately 0.1 mM. The relative turnover of free inositol in choroid plexus (16 percent/h) was higher than in CSF 4percent/h) and brain (0.3percent/h) when meausred by tissue penetration of tracer [3-H]-labeled inositol injected into blood. However, the passage of tracer inositol was not greater than the passage of mannitol into brain when measured 15 s after a rapid injection of inositol and mannitol into the left common carotid artery. From the CSF, the clearance of inositol relative to inulin was saturable after the intraventricular injection of various concentrations of inositol and inulin. Moreover, a portion of the inositol cleared from the CSF entered brain by a saturable mechanism. In vitro, choroid plexuses, isolated from rabbits and incubated in artificial CSF, accumulated [3-H-labeled myo-inositol against a concentration gradient by a specific, active, saturable process with a K-t of 0.2 mM inositol. These results were interpreted as showing that the entry of inositol into the central nervous system from blood is regulated by a saturable transport system, and that the locus of this system may be, in part, in the choroid plexus.", "contents": "Myo-inositol transport in the central nervous system. Free myo-inositol (inositol) transport into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), brain, and choroid plexus and out of the cerebrospinal fluid was measured in rabbits. In vivo, inositol transport from blood into choroid plexus, CSF, and brain was saturable with an apparent affinity constant (K-t) of approximately 0.1 mM. The relative turnover of free inositol in choroid plexus (16 percent/h) was higher than in CSF 4percent/h) and brain (0.3percent/h) when meausred by tissue penetration of tracer [3-H]-labeled inositol injected into blood. However, the passage of tracer inositol was not greater than the passage of mannitol into brain when measured 15 s after a rapid injection of inositol and mannitol into the left common carotid artery. From the CSF, the clearance of inositol relative to inulin was saturable after the intraventricular injection of various concentrations of inositol and inulin. Moreover, a portion of the inositol cleared from the CSF entered brain by a saturable mechanism. In vitro, choroid plexuses, isolated from rabbits and incubated in artificial CSF, accumulated [3-H-labeled myo-inositol against a concentration gradient by a specific, active, saturable process with a K-t of 0.2 mM inositol. These results were interpreted as showing that the entry of inositol into the central nervous system from blood is regulated by a saturable transport system, and that the locus of this system may be, in part, in the choroid plexus.", "PMID": 1130554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11208", "title": "Shivering and nonshivering thermogenic responses of cold-exposed rats to hypothalamic warming.", "content": "The concurrent neural control of two thermoregulatory responses, shivering thermogenesis (ST) and nonshivering thermogenesis (NST), was investigated in chronically implanted cold-exposed rats. The effects of heating the preoptic/anterior hypothalamus (POAH) on shivering and on the rate of oxygen consumption (Vo2) were measured in these unanesthetized animals. With ambient temperature maintained constant (at some value between 10 and 16 degrees C), warming the hypothalamus 2-3 degrees C resulted in a significant decrease in Vo2 (Psmaller than 0.001) and an increase in shivering (Psmaller than .01), these responses being reversed on cessation of hypothalamic warming. These results are consistent with the proposal that, in the cold-exposed animal, elevated POAH temperatures directly inhibit NST even though shivering may increase (possibly as a compensation for the decrease in nonshivering heat production). They also rule out the possibility that, in the rat, signals from cutaneous and hypothalamic thermoreceptors are integrated in an indentical manner by the neural controllers for ST and NST.", "contents": "Shivering and nonshivering thermogenic responses of cold-exposed rats to hypothalamic warming. The concurrent neural control of two thermoregulatory responses, shivering thermogenesis (ST) and nonshivering thermogenesis (NST), was investigated in chronically implanted cold-exposed rats. The effects of heating the preoptic/anterior hypothalamus (POAH) on shivering and on the rate of oxygen consumption (Vo2) were measured in these unanesthetized animals. With ambient temperature maintained constant (at some value between 10 and 16 degrees C), warming the hypothalamus 2-3 degrees C resulted in a significant decrease in Vo2 (Psmaller than 0.001) and an increase in shivering (Psmaller than .01), these responses being reversed on cessation of hypothalamic warming. These results are consistent with the proposal that, in the cold-exposed animal, elevated POAH temperatures directly inhibit NST even though shivering may increase (possibly as a compensation for the decrease in nonshivering heat production). They also rule out the possibility that, in the rat, signals from cutaneous and hypothalamic thermoreceptors are integrated in an indentical manner by the neural controllers for ST and NST.", "PMID": 1130555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11209", "title": "Rapid effects of insulin on uridine metabolism in mammary gland explants.", "content": "A study was made of the early actions of insulin on uridine metabolism in mammary glang explants. A stimulation of both labeled uridine uptake and its incorporation into RNA was demonstrated as early as 15 min after addition of insulin to medium bathing the tissue; these effects persisted for several hours. The metabolic fate of [3-H] uridine to UMP, UDP, and UTP was observed, whereas insulin had no effect on the quantity of 3-H present as uridine or uracil in these tissues. Further studies were performed in which insulin was also shown to have a rapid stimulatory effect on the incorporation of [32-P] phosphate into RNA; however, the uptake of the labeled phosphate was not affected by insulin. Experiments were also carried out to determine whether  the effects of insulin on labeled uridine uptake require ongoing RNA and protein synthesis and whether uridine incorporation depends on concomitant protein synthesis. Incubation of explants with antibiotics which inhibit protein synthesis resulted in the complete suppression of the effects of insulin on labeled uridine uptake and its  incorporation into RNA. In contrast, the effect of insulin on labeled uridine uptake does not appear to require ongoing RNA synthesis, since this effect persisted when RNA synthesis was significantly reduced by the presence of actinomycin D.", "contents": "Rapid effects of insulin on uridine metabolism in mammary gland explants. A study was made of the early actions of insulin on uridine metabolism in mammary glang explants. A stimulation of both labeled uridine uptake and its incorporation into RNA was demonstrated as early as 15 min after addition of insulin to medium bathing the tissue; these effects persisted for several hours. The metabolic fate of [3-H] uridine to UMP, UDP, and UTP was observed, whereas insulin had no effect on the quantity of 3-H present as uridine or uracil in these tissues. Further studies were performed in which insulin was also shown to have a rapid stimulatory effect on the incorporation of [32-P] phosphate into RNA; however, the uptake of the labeled phosphate was not affected by insulin. Experiments were also carried out to determine whether  the effects of insulin on labeled uridine uptake require ongoing RNA and protein synthesis and whether uridine incorporation depends on concomitant protein synthesis. Incubation of explants with antibiotics which inhibit protein synthesis resulted in the complete suppression of the effects of insulin on labeled uridine uptake and its  incorporation into RNA. In contrast, the effect of insulin on labeled uridine uptake does not appear to require ongoing RNA synthesis, since this effect persisted when RNA synthesis was significantly reduced by the presence of actinomycin D.", "PMID": 1130556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11210", "title": "Modulation of carotid sinus baroreceptor reflex by sciatic nerve stimulation.", "content": "In anethetized, immobilized, and vagotomized cats we analyzed the effect of sciatic nerve stimulation (SNS) on the relationships between intrasinus pressure (ISP) and arterial pressure (AP) and between ISP and heart rate (HR). At each of seven ISP levels between 60 and 240 mmHg, AP and HR before and 20 s after the onset of SNS were plotted against ISP to obtain the ISP-AP and ISP-HR relationships before and during SNA. SNA caused increases in AP, HR, and total peripheral resistance (TPR) and a decrease in cardiac output (CO). SNS raised the equilibrium pressure (the value of AP at which AP equaled ISP), but it significantly (P smaller than 0.005) decreased the slope (or gain) of the ISP-AP relationship at ISP's between 90 and 150 mmHg. SNS also significantly (P smaller than 0.05) diminished the gain of ISP-HR relationship at ISP's between 120 and 210 mmHg. Modulation of the gain of ISP-AP relationship was ascribable to that of CO but not of TPR. We conclude that in vagotomized cats 1) SNS attenuates the sensitivity of AP and HR responses in the carotid sinus baroreceptor reflex, and 2) the inhibition of the reflex AP response was caused by modulation of the reflex CO response.", "contents": "Modulation of carotid sinus baroreceptor reflex by sciatic nerve stimulation. In anethetized, immobilized, and vagotomized cats we analyzed the effect of sciatic nerve stimulation (SNS) on the relationships between intrasinus pressure (ISP) and arterial pressure (AP) and between ISP and heart rate (HR). At each of seven ISP levels between 60 and 240 mmHg, AP and HR before and 20 s after the onset of SNS were plotted against ISP to obtain the ISP-AP and ISP-HR relationships before and during SNA. SNA caused increases in AP, HR, and total peripheral resistance (TPR) and a decrease in cardiac output (CO). SNS raised the equilibrium pressure (the value of AP at which AP equaled ISP), but it significantly (P smaller than 0.005) decreased the slope (or gain) of the ISP-AP relationship at ISP's between 90 and 150 mmHg. SNS also significantly (P smaller than 0.05) diminished the gain of ISP-HR relationship at ISP's between 120 and 210 mmHg. Modulation of the gain of ISP-AP relationship was ascribable to that of CO but not of TPR. We conclude that in vagotomized cats 1) SNS attenuates the sensitivity of AP and HR responses in the carotid sinus baroreceptor reflex, and 2) the inhibition of the reflex AP response was caused by modulation of the reflex CO response.", "PMID": 1130557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11211", "title": "Effect of prolactin on lipoprotein lipase in crop sac and adipose tissue of pigeons.", "content": "The effect of prolactin on lipoprotein lipase activity of crop sac, omental adipose tissue, and esophagus was studied in adult female pigeons. Prolactin injected for 4 days, 1 mg/day, increased lipoprotein lipase activity from 17 to 177 U/g in crop sac and from 68 to 118 U/g in adipose tissue, but had no effect on the activity in esophagus, 4 U/g. (10 = 1 mumol of chylomicron triglyceride hydrolyzed to free fatty acid and glycerol per hour.? Prolactin increased the weight of crop sac from 1.4 to 7.2 G. The effect of prolactin on lipoprotein lipase activity and weight of crop sac occurred mostly during the 3rd and 4th days of treatment, whereas the effect on the activity of adipose tissue occurred later, during the 4th day of treatment. Crop \"milk\" collected from pigeons injected with 2 mg of prolactin daily for 4 days contained a small amount of lipoprotein lipase activity, 12 U/g, is smaller than 10% of that found in crop sac. The finding of markedly increased lipoprotein lipase activity in crop sac of prolactin-treated pigeons suggests that blood triglyceride may be used by crop sac for the formation of crop milk lipid.", "contents": "Effect of prolactin on lipoprotein lipase in crop sac and adipose tissue of pigeons. The effect of prolactin on lipoprotein lipase activity of crop sac, omental adipose tissue, and esophagus was studied in adult female pigeons. Prolactin injected for 4 days, 1 mg/day, increased lipoprotein lipase activity from 17 to 177 U/g in crop sac and from 68 to 118 U/g in adipose tissue, but had no effect on the activity in esophagus, 4 U/g. (10 = 1 mumol of chylomicron triglyceride hydrolyzed to free fatty acid and glycerol per hour.? Prolactin increased the weight of crop sac from 1.4 to 7.2 G. The effect of prolactin on lipoprotein lipase activity and weight of crop sac occurred mostly during the 3rd and 4th days of treatment, whereas the effect on the activity of adipose tissue occurred later, during the 4th day of treatment. Crop \"milk\" collected from pigeons injected with 2 mg of prolactin daily for 4 days contained a small amount of lipoprotein lipase activity, 12 U/g, is smaller than 10% of that found in crop sac. The finding of markedly increased lipoprotein lipase activity in crop sac of prolactin-treated pigeons suggests that blood triglyceride may be used by crop sac for the formation of crop milk lipid.", "PMID": 1130558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11212", "title": "Magnesium effects in rabbit ventricle.", "content": "Ten to twenty millimoles per liter Mg did not affect 42-K exchange in control isolated blood-perfused rabbit septa, but abolished acetyl strophanthidin (ACS)-induced net 42-K loss (constant heart rate) without attenuating the mechanical response. In six septa ACS-induced net K loss was reduced from 159.3 plus or minus 45 to 43.5 plus or minus 35 mumol/kg tissue water (P smaller than 0.05) by increasing Mg from 1.0 to 20 mM without a change in inotropic response. Ten to twenty millimoles per liter Mg did not reverse ACS inhibition of 42-K5 tissue uptake. In eight septa 16 mM K doubled the efflux rate for 42-K in 1mM Mg. Twenty millimoles per liter Mg abolished this effect. Sixteen millimoles per liter K increase 42-K effluent counts by 99.5 plus or minus 18.5 percent of control in 1.0 mM Mg, but by 44.9 plus or minus 14.1 percent (P smaller than 0.001) in 20 mM Mg. Mg inhibited 42-K exchange at sites that became rate limiting after ACS treatment. These sites were activated by 16mM K. ACS inotrophy was not quantitatively related to net K loss. The Mg effect during digitalis exposure did not result from reversal of ACS inhibition of NA-K-ATPase activity but from a separate effect on K efflux.", "contents": "Magnesium effects in rabbit ventricle. Ten to twenty millimoles per liter Mg did not affect 42-K exchange in control isolated blood-perfused rabbit septa, but abolished acetyl strophanthidin (ACS)-induced net 42-K loss (constant heart rate) without attenuating the mechanical response. In six septa ACS-induced net K loss was reduced from 159.3 plus or minus 45 to 43.5 plus or minus 35 mumol/kg tissue water (P smaller than 0.05) by increasing Mg from 1.0 to 20 mM without a change in inotropic response. Ten to twenty millimoles per liter Mg did not reverse ACS inhibition of 42-K5 tissue uptake. In eight septa 16 mM K doubled the efflux rate for 42-K in 1mM Mg. Twenty millimoles per liter Mg abolished this effect. Sixteen millimoles per liter K increase 42-K effluent counts by 99.5 plus or minus 18.5 percent of control in 1.0 mM Mg, but by 44.9 plus or minus 14.1 percent (P smaller than 0.001) in 20 mM Mg. Mg inhibited 42-K exchange at sites that became rate limiting after ACS treatment. These sites were activated by 16mM K. ACS inotrophy was not quantitatively related to net K loss. The Mg effect during digitalis exposure did not result from reversal of ACS inhibition of NA-K-ATPase activity but from a separate effect on K efflux.", "PMID": 1130559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11213", "title": "Effect of angiotensin II and an angiotensin II inhibitor on renin secretion in the dog.", "content": "This study examined the effect of angiotensin II (AII) and (Sar-1Gly-8) AII, a competitive inhibitor of AII, on renin release in anesthetized dogs. An intravenous infusion of AII (25 ng/kg per min) raised BP 24 mmHg and lowered plasma renin activity (PRA) from 18.8 plus or minus 2.8 to 6.2 plus or minus 1. 3 ng/ml per h (P smaller than .001). When the intravenous infusion of AII inhibitor (1.0 mug/kg per min) was superimposed on the AII infusion, PRA rose from 6.5 plus or minus 22 to 12.3 plus or minus 3.6 ng/ml per h (P smaller than .02). Renal hemodynamics, BP, and urinary sodium excretion (UNaV) reverted toward pre-AII control values. A small dose of AII inhibitor (0.1 mu/kg per min) was then infused into one renal artery in animals receiving the constant intravenous infusion of AII. Renin secretion rate (RSR) increased significantly, not only in the infused kidney, but also in the contralateral kidney. In the latter there were no changes in renal hemodynamics or UNaV, and RSR was unimpaired by denervation of that kidney. The results suggest that the AII inhibitor blocks both the vascular and the renin-suppressing actions of AII and that the latter effect is more susceptible to inhibition.", "contents": "Effect of angiotensin II and an angiotensin II inhibitor on renin secretion in the dog. This study examined the effect of angiotensin II (AII) and (Sar-1Gly-8) AII, a competitive inhibitor of AII, on renin release in anesthetized dogs. An intravenous infusion of AII (25 ng/kg per min) raised BP 24 mmHg and lowered plasma renin activity (PRA) from 18.8 plus or minus 2.8 to 6.2 plus or minus 1. 3 ng/ml per h (P smaller than .001). When the intravenous infusion of AII inhibitor (1.0 mug/kg per min) was superimposed on the AII infusion, PRA rose from 6.5 plus or minus 22 to 12.3 plus or minus 3.6 ng/ml per h (P smaller than .02). Renal hemodynamics, BP, and urinary sodium excretion (UNaV) reverted toward pre-AII control values. A small dose of AII inhibitor (0.1 mu/kg per min) was then infused into one renal artery in animals receiving the constant intravenous infusion of AII. Renin secretion rate (RSR) increased significantly, not only in the infused kidney, but also in the contralateral kidney. In the latter there were no changes in renal hemodynamics or UNaV, and RSR was unimpaired by denervation of that kidney. The results suggest that the AII inhibitor blocks both the vascular and the renin-suppressing actions of AII and that the latter effect is more susceptible to inhibition.", "PMID": 1130560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11214", "title": "Heart rate response to sympathetic stimulation before and after sodium pentobarbital.", "content": "Heart rate response to electrical stimulation of the right stellate ganglion of vagotomized cats was studied before and after the administration of sodium pentobarbital. The increase and decrease of heart rate with the initiation and cessation of sympathetic stimulation  could be accurately described by separate exponential time functions. The time constants of rise and decline, the maximum steady-state heart rate, and the time between cessation of stimulation and initial decrease of heart rate (lag) were functions of the frequency and voltage of stimulation. The main effects of sodium pentobarbital were: 1) to prolong the rise of heart rate by 20-30 percent (P smaller than 0.0001),2) to prolong the decay of heart rate by 36-56 percent (P smaller than 0.005), and 3) to decrease the resting heart rate. The effects were observed 10 min after administration of the drug and lasted at least 4 h.", "contents": "Heart rate response to sympathetic stimulation before and after sodium pentobarbital. Heart rate response to electrical stimulation of the right stellate ganglion of vagotomized cats was studied before and after the administration of sodium pentobarbital. The increase and decrease of heart rate with the initiation and cessation of sympathetic stimulation  could be accurately described by separate exponential time functions. The time constants of rise and decline, the maximum steady-state heart rate, and the time between cessation of stimulation and initial decrease of heart rate (lag) were functions of the frequency and voltage of stimulation. The main effects of sodium pentobarbital were: 1) to prolong the rise of heart rate by 20-30 percent (P smaller than 0.0001),2) to prolong the decay of heart rate by 36-56 percent (P smaller than 0.005), and 3) to decrease the resting heart rate. The effects were observed 10 min after administration of the drug and lasted at least 4 h.", "PMID": 1130561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11215", "title": "Fibrinogen levels after inflammation or endotoxin in normal and hypophysectomized rats.", "content": "The hypothesis that pituitary hormones are required for increased fibrinogen synthesis after inflammation or endotoxin was tested by measuring plasma fibrinogen concentrations after inflammation or endotoxin in normal and hypophysectomized rats. Animals were divide into groups receiving no exogenous adrenal steroids, low-dose adrenal steroids, or high-dose adrenal steroids. Hypophysectomy failed to prevent fibrinogen levels from rising after intramuscular turpentine (mean 240 mg/100 ml prior to and 556 mg/100 ml 24 h after turpentine). Steroids did not suppress this rise. Endotoxin, 5 mug/100 g, caused a marked rise in fibrinogen in normal rats at 24 h (mean 296 mg/100 ml before endotoxin and 554 mg/100 ml after endotoxin). This dose of endotoxin killed hypophysectomized rats within 12 h. Hoevr, if hypophysectomized rats were protected with high-dose adrenal steroids, then 5 mug of endotoxin per 100 g caused the same fibrinogen rise as in normal rats (mean 299 mg/100 ml before endotoxin and 587 mg/100 ml after endotoxin). Aparently, pituitary hormones are not necessay for increased fibrinogen synthesis after either inflammation or endotoxin in the rat.", "contents": "Fibrinogen levels after inflammation or endotoxin in normal and hypophysectomized rats. The hypothesis that pituitary hormones are required for increased fibrinogen synthesis after inflammation or endotoxin was tested by measuring plasma fibrinogen concentrations after inflammation or endotoxin in normal and hypophysectomized rats. Animals were divide into groups receiving no exogenous adrenal steroids, low-dose adrenal steroids, or high-dose adrenal steroids. Hypophysectomy failed to prevent fibrinogen levels from rising after intramuscular turpentine (mean 240 mg/100 ml prior to and 556 mg/100 ml 24 h after turpentine). Steroids did not suppress this rise. Endotoxin, 5 mug/100 g, caused a marked rise in fibrinogen in normal rats at 24 h (mean 296 mg/100 ml before endotoxin and 554 mg/100 ml after endotoxin). This dose of endotoxin killed hypophysectomized rats within 12 h. Hoevr, if hypophysectomized rats were protected with high-dose adrenal steroids, then 5 mug of endotoxin per 100 g caused the same fibrinogen rise as in normal rats (mean 299 mg/100 ml before endotoxin and 587 mg/100 ml after endotoxin). Aparently, pituitary hormones are not necessay for increased fibrinogen synthesis after either inflammation or endotoxin in the rat.", "PMID": 1130562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11216", "title": "Effect of infusion of insulin into portal vein on hepatic extraction of insulin in anesthetized dogs.", "content": "Hepatic extraction of insulin was examined in anesthetized dogs before and after constant infusion of insulin (20 and 50 mU/min) with use of samples from the portal vein, mesenteric vein, left common hepatic vein, and the femoral artery. In 19 dogs, measurement of portal vein insulin concentration indicated an overall recovery of 110% of the insulin infused. The range varied from 9 to 303%, indicating the potential for serious error in sampling the portal vein. Equilibrium arterial insulin concentrations were achieved 20 min after starting the infusion. Prior to insulin infusion, hepatic extraction of insulin averaged 4.56 plus or minus 0.43 mUmin, representing an extraction coefficient of 0.42 of the insulin presented to the liver. The proportion of insulin extracted by the liver did not change significantly during insulin infusion despite a 10-fold increase in portal vein insulin concentrations. During the infusion of insulin, a significant proportion of the extraheptic clearance of insulin occurred in the mesenteric circulation. Infusion of insulin was associated with a significant increase in insulin extraction by tissues other than the liver and splanchnic beds. Initially, hepatic glucose output average 36 plus or minus 3 mg/min; by 20 min after insulin infusion, it was 16 plus or minus 5 mg/min. Despite continuation of insulin infusion, hepatic glucose output returned to control values even though arterial glucose concentration continued to fall. Hepatic glucose output increased with termination of insulin infusion.", "contents": "Effect of infusion of insulin into portal vein on hepatic extraction of insulin in anesthetized dogs. Hepatic extraction of insulin was examined in anesthetized dogs before and after constant infusion of insulin (20 and 50 mU/min) with use of samples from the portal vein, mesenteric vein, left common hepatic vein, and the femoral artery. In 19 dogs, measurement of portal vein insulin concentration indicated an overall recovery of 110% of the insulin infused. The range varied from 9 to 303%, indicating the potential for serious error in sampling the portal vein. Equilibrium arterial insulin concentrations were achieved 20 min after starting the infusion. Prior to insulin infusion, hepatic extraction of insulin averaged 4.56 plus or minus 0.43 mUmin, representing an extraction coefficient of 0.42 of the insulin presented to the liver. The proportion of insulin extracted by the liver did not change significantly during insulin infusion despite a 10-fold increase in portal vein insulin concentrations. During the infusion of insulin, a significant proportion of the extraheptic clearance of insulin occurred in the mesenteric circulation. Infusion of insulin was associated with a significant increase in insulin extraction by tissues other than the liver and splanchnic beds. Initially, hepatic glucose output average 36 plus or minus 3 mg/min; by 20 min after insulin infusion, it was 16 plus or minus 5 mg/min. Despite continuation of insulin infusion, hepatic glucose output returned to control values even though arterial glucose concentration continued to fall. Hepatic glucose output increased with termination of insulin infusion.", "PMID": 1130563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11217", "title": "Micropuncture study of uric acid transport in rat kidney.", "content": "Free-flow micropuncture studies were perfromed to evaluated uric acid transport in the rat kidney. In all studies (a-minus 14C) uric acid and (methoxy-3H) inulin wereadministered. A simple two-step, column-chromatographic technique was utilized to separate (2-minus 14C) uric acid from its labeled oxidation product in plasma, urine, and tubular fluid. Tubular fluid collections were obtained from the early-and late-proximal tubule under control conditions and during subsequent volume expansion induced with 0.9 per-cent sodium chloride. These studies indicate bidirectional, possible active, uric acidtransport in the proximal tubule undr control conditions, with net reabsorption evident early and net decretion apparent late in this nephron segment. In association with volumeexpansion net uric acid reabsorption and secretion both decreased. No significant nettransport was evident beyond the accessible portion of the late-proximal tubule in either experimental state.", "contents": "Micropuncture study of uric acid transport in rat kidney. Free-flow micropuncture studies were perfromed to evaluated uric acid transport in the rat kidney. In all studies (a-minus 14C) uric acid and (methoxy-3H) inulin wereadministered. A simple two-step, column-chromatographic technique was utilized to separate (2-minus 14C) uric acid from its labeled oxidation product in plasma, urine, and tubular fluid. Tubular fluid collections were obtained from the early-and late-proximal tubule under control conditions and during subsequent volume expansion induced with 0.9 per-cent sodium chloride. These studies indicate bidirectional, possible active, uric acidtransport in the proximal tubule undr control conditions, with net reabsorption evident early and net decretion apparent late in this nephron segment. In association with volumeexpansion net uric acid reabsorption and secretion both decreased. No significant nettransport was evident beyond the accessible portion of the late-proximal tubule in either experimental state.", "PMID": 1130564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11218", "title": "Magnesium-neurohypophyseal hormone interactions in contraction of vascular smooth muscle.", "content": "The contractile responses of helically cut rat aortic strips to neurohypophyseal hormones and synthetic analogues in the presence and absence of 1.2 mM external magnesium ions [Mg++]o was studied. These experiments demonstrate that 1) [Mg++]o potentiates the contractile actions of a variety of neurohypophyseal peptides on vascular smooth muscle. 2) [Mg++]o can alter both the ED50s (i.e., hormone-receptor affinities) and intrinsic activities (or maximum contractile responses) of these molecules on vascular muscle. 3) The amino acid moieties in positions 1, 2, 3, and 8 of the vasopressin molecule interact, differentially, with [Mg++] to produce contraction of vascular muscle. 4) The length of the side chain, and basicity, in position 8 of the vasopressin molecule are probably important in Mg potentiation in mammalian vascular muscle. 5) Interaction of Mg with an aromatic group in position 3 might be critical for potency of vasopressin hormones of mammalian vascular muscle; the ED50 for oxytocin is not shifted to lower concentrations in the presence of [Mg++]o. Collectively, these data suggest that Mg probably acts at more than one site in vascular smooth muscle in the production of neurohypophyseal peptide-activated contractions. In addition, the present findings indicate that the Mg dependence of these peptides on at least one vascular muscle, rat aorta, is a direct function of the rat pressor potency of the molecules.", "contents": "Magnesium-neurohypophyseal hormone interactions in contraction of vascular smooth muscle. The contractile responses of helically cut rat aortic strips to neurohypophyseal hormones and synthetic analogues in the presence and absence of 1.2 mM external magnesium ions [Mg++]o was studied. These experiments demonstrate that 1) [Mg++]o potentiates the contractile actions of a variety of neurohypophyseal peptides on vascular smooth muscle. 2) [Mg++]o can alter both the ED50s (i.e., hormone-receptor affinities) and intrinsic activities (or maximum contractile responses) of these molecules on vascular muscle. 3) The amino acid moieties in positions 1, 2, 3, and 8 of the vasopressin molecule interact, differentially, with [Mg++] to produce contraction of vascular muscle. 4) The length of the side chain, and basicity, in position 8 of the vasopressin molecule are probably important in Mg potentiation in mammalian vascular muscle. 5) Interaction of Mg with an aromatic group in position 3 might be critical for potency of vasopressin hormones of mammalian vascular muscle; the ED50 for oxytocin is not shifted to lower concentrations in the presence of [Mg++]o. Collectively, these data suggest that Mg probably acts at more than one site in vascular smooth muscle in the production of neurohypophyseal peptide-activated contractions. In addition, the present findings indicate that the Mg dependence of these peptides on at least one vascular muscle, rat aorta, is a direct function of the rat pressor potency of the molecules.", "PMID": 1130565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11219", "title": "Local ventricular repolarization changes due to sympathetic nerve-branch stimulation.", "content": "Functional distributions of individual cardiac nerves distal to the stellate ganglia were determined in 30 open-chest, anesthetized dogs by mapping sites of refractory-period shortening during stimulation of the nerves. On the right, recurrent cardiac nerve stimulation produced marked shortening of refractory periods in the interventricular septum, and lesser changes on the anterior heart surface. On the left, ventromedial cardiac nerve stimulation shortened refractory periods in a similar distribution, but changes were not marked as with the recurrent cardiac nerve. The other left-side nerve that produced repolarization changes, the ventrolateral cardiac nerve, produced marked refractory-period changes on the posterior heart surface. Its distribution showed little overlap with that of the ventromedial or recurrent cardiac nerves. T waves inverted in an electrocardiographic Y lead during recurrent cardiac and ventromedial cardiac nerve stimulation, while ventrolateral cardiac nerve stimulation increased the positivity of T waves in that lead. The cardiac distributions of individual nerves documented in this study provide an anatomical basis for localized alterations in ventricular electrophysiologic properties.", "contents": "Local ventricular repolarization changes due to sympathetic nerve-branch stimulation. Functional distributions of individual cardiac nerves distal to the stellate ganglia were determined in 30 open-chest, anesthetized dogs by mapping sites of refractory-period shortening during stimulation of the nerves. On the right, recurrent cardiac nerve stimulation produced marked shortening of refractory periods in the interventricular septum, and lesser changes on the anterior heart surface. On the left, ventromedial cardiac nerve stimulation shortened refractory periods in a similar distribution, but changes were not marked as with the recurrent cardiac nerve. The other left-side nerve that produced repolarization changes, the ventrolateral cardiac nerve, produced marked refractory-period changes on the posterior heart surface. Its distribution showed little overlap with that of the ventromedial or recurrent cardiac nerves. T waves inverted in an electrocardiographic Y lead during recurrent cardiac and ventromedial cardiac nerve stimulation, while ventrolateral cardiac nerve stimulation increased the positivity of T waves in that lead. The cardiac distributions of individual nerves documented in this study provide an anatomical basis for localized alterations in ventricular electrophysiologic properties.", "PMID": 1130566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11220", "title": "HMOs and health education.", "content": "HMOs, by their stated purpose and nature, have a necessary and central involvement with health education. The specific characteristics of any HMO determine the extent and quality of health education. An HMO has the responsibility to identify its educational objectives, as well as the educational components of any of its other objectives. The more professional the educational guidance, the better it is integrated into the organization, and the greater its financial and administrative support, the more likely will be the success in achieving objectives. In brief, every HMO has the need and potential for a health education effort. The extent and quality of that effort will reflect the mix of administrative philosophy, organizational characteristics, the degree to which professional educators are involved, and the amount and stability of financial support.", "contents": "HMOs and health education. HMOs, by their stated purpose and nature, have a necessary and central involvement with health education. The specific characteristics of any HMO determine the extent and quality of health education. An HMO has the responsibility to identify its educational objectives, as well as the educational components of any of its other objectives. The more professional the educational guidance, the better it is integrated into the organization, and the greater its financial and administrative support, the more likely will be the success in achieving objectives. In brief, every HMO has the need and potential for a health education effort. The extent and quality of that effort will reflect the mix of administrative philosophy, organizational characteristics, the degree to which professional educators are involved, and the amount and stability of financial support.", "PMID": 1130568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11221", "title": "Parental failure and consequences for children. The drug-abusing mother whose children are in foster care.", "content": "The developmental progress of children of drug-abusing mothers was assessed in a study of foster children. Cognitive abilities and personal adjustment appeared to be normal but significantly poorer school adjustment patterns were observed. Such children are disproportionately locked into foster care.", "contents": "Parental failure and consequences for children. The drug-abusing mother whose children are in foster care. The developmental progress of children of drug-abusing mothers was assessed in a study of foster children. Cognitive abilities and personal adjustment appeared to be normal but significantly poorer school adjustment patterns were observed. Such children are disproportionately locked into foster care.", "PMID": 1130581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11222", "title": "Radiological practice in Hiroshima and Nagasaki: trents from 1964 to 1970.", "content": "Use of X-ray in Hiroshima and Nagasaki from 1964 to 1970 was assessed according to numbers of films consumed, and the radiographic, fluoroscopic, and photofluorographic examinations performed. Except for chest photofluorography, a steady increase in the use of medical X-ray since Workd War II is demonstrated.", "contents": "Radiological practice in Hiroshima and Nagasaki: trents from 1964 to 1970. Use of X-ray in Hiroshima and Nagasaki from 1964 to 1970 was assessed according to numbers of films consumed, and the radiographic, fluoroscopic, and photofluorographic examinations performed. Except for chest photofluorography, a steady increase in the use of medical X-ray since Workd War II is demonstrated.", "PMID": 1130583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11223", "title": "Pulmonary embolism associated with surgically proved deep venous thrombosis.", "content": "In a prospective study, thrombosis of the femoral or popoliteal veins was discovered at operation in nine of eighty-one patients requiring amputation of a lower extremity for arterial insufficiency. One week postoperatively, all nine patients had evidence of pulmonary embolism on the lung scan. Embolization was documented by arteriography in two patients and at autopsy in a third patient. In none of these patients was there clinical evidence of venous thrombosis prior to operation. Two of the subjects with proved thrombosis died during study, a mortality of 22 percent, whereas the mortality for the entire group was 10 percent. It is concluded that the deep venous system of patients requiring amputation for ischemia should be examined carefully at operation. These patients have a high incidence of deep venous thrombosis and the discovery of thrombus at the time of operation places them in a particularly high risk group.", "contents": "Pulmonary embolism associated with surgically proved deep venous thrombosis. In a prospective study, thrombosis of the femoral or popoliteal veins was discovered at operation in nine of eighty-one patients requiring amputation of a lower extremity for arterial insufficiency. One week postoperatively, all nine patients had evidence of pulmonary embolism on the lung scan. Embolization was documented by arteriography in two patients and at autopsy in a third patient. In none of these patients was there clinical evidence of venous thrombosis prior to operation. Two of the subjects with proved thrombosis died during study, a mortality of 22 percent, whereas the mortality for the entire group was 10 percent. It is concluded that the deep venous system of patients requiring amputation for ischemia should be examined carefully at operation. These patients have a high incidence of deep venous thrombosis and the discovery of thrombus at the time of operation places them in a particularly high risk group.", "PMID": 1130588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11224", "title": "Surgical management of 100 consecutive abdominal aortic aneurysms.", "content": "One hundred consecutive elective abdominal aortic aneurysmorrhaphies were performed at Walter Reed Army Medical Center from 1966 to 1973. The overall hospital mortality was 3 percent. There were no operative deaths in patients with aneurysms smaller than 9 cm. In view of our favorable overall statistics, we recommend elective abdominal aortic aneurysmorrhaphy in all cases unless there is severe associated cardiac and pulmonary disease. Preoperative carotid endarterectomy is recommended for symptomatic cerebrovascular insufficiency or for asymptomatic carotid brutis and/or hemodynamically significant carotid stenosis. When necessary, associatedgastrointestinal procedures can be accomplished without increased risk of infections.", "contents": "Surgical management of 100 consecutive abdominal aortic aneurysms. One hundred consecutive elective abdominal aortic aneurysmorrhaphies were performed at Walter Reed Army Medical Center from 1966 to 1973. The overall hospital mortality was 3 percent. There were no operative deaths in patients with aneurysms smaller than 9 cm. In view of our favorable overall statistics, we recommend elective abdominal aortic aneurysmorrhaphy in all cases unless there is severe associated cardiac and pulmonary disease. Preoperative carotid endarterectomy is recommended for symptomatic cerebrovascular insufficiency or for asymptomatic carotid brutis and/or hemodynamically significant carotid stenosis. When necessary, associatedgastrointestinal procedures can be accomplished without increased risk of infections.", "PMID": 1130589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11225", "title": "Glucose intolerance after massive liver resection in man and other mammals.", "content": "The relationship between changes in glucose tolerance and in mitochondrial phosphorylative activity was studied after massive liver resection. In rabbits twenty-four hours after hepatectomy, when the phosphorylative activity in the mitochondria of the remnant liver was enhanced maximally, the blood glucose level did not increase significantly after glucose administration. Forty-eight hours after hepatectomy, when the phosphorylative activity decreased to a submaximal level, the blood glucose level increased gradually but without a return toward normal. About six weeks after partial hepatectomy, mitochondrial function returned gradually to normal levels and the glucose tolerance test results returned to within normal limits. Considering the previous report that an enhancement of mitochondrial phosphorylative activity is required for a later increase in nuclear DNA synthesis, it was suggested that the plateau pattern, with hypoglycemia, and the gradual increase, with a prolonged return toward normal, in the glucose tolerance test are indicative or marked enhancement of mitochondrial phosphorylative activity preceding an increase in nuclear DNA synthesis. The changes in the glucose tolerance test results in hepatectomized rabbits also were observed in rats and in man; however, they were more rapid in rats and slower in man. From these results it was suggested that the glucose tolerance test is very useful in the evaluation of the stage of regeneration in the liver remnant after massive liver resection.", "contents": "Glucose intolerance after massive liver resection in man and other mammals. The relationship between changes in glucose tolerance and in mitochondrial phosphorylative activity was studied after massive liver resection. In rabbits twenty-four hours after hepatectomy, when the phosphorylative activity in the mitochondria of the remnant liver was enhanced maximally, the blood glucose level did not increase significantly after glucose administration. Forty-eight hours after hepatectomy, when the phosphorylative activity decreased to a submaximal level, the blood glucose level increased gradually but without a return toward normal. About six weeks after partial hepatectomy, mitochondrial function returned gradually to normal levels and the glucose tolerance test results returned to within normal limits. Considering the previous report that an enhancement of mitochondrial phosphorylative activity is required for a later increase in nuclear DNA synthesis, it was suggested that the plateau pattern, with hypoglycemia, and the gradual increase, with a prolonged return toward normal, in the glucose tolerance test are indicative or marked enhancement of mitochondrial phosphorylative activity preceding an increase in nuclear DNA synthesis. The changes in the glucose tolerance test results in hepatectomized rabbits also were observed in rats and in man; however, they were more rapid in rats and slower in man. From these results it was suggested that the glucose tolerance test is very useful in the evaluation of the stage of regeneration in the liver remnant after massive liver resection.", "PMID": 1130591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11226", "title": "Primary hyperparathyroidism in children.", "content": "Three cases of primary hyperparathyroidism in children are presented and the literature reviewed. Symptoms of nausea, weight loss, and personality changes are more common in children than in adults with this disease. Children may have the diagnosis delayed because of failure to consider hyperparathyroidism. Surgery has been demonstrated to be most effective in treating this condition.", "contents": "Primary hyperparathyroidism in children. Three cases of primary hyperparathyroidism in children are presented and the literature reviewed. Symptoms of nausea, weight loss, and personality changes are more common in children than in adults with this disease. Children may have the diagnosis delayed because of failure to consider hyperparathyroidism. Surgery has been demonstrated to be most effective in treating this condition.", "PMID": 1130592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11227", "title": "The thyroid nodule. View from the community hospital.", "content": "Most operative procedures, including those on the thyroid, are performed in community hospitals but reported on from large medical centers. For comparison, therefore, 651 patients who underwent operation for nodular goiter in a community hospital over a twenty-one year period are analyzed. The incidence of carcinoma in patients undergoing operation for nodular goiter increased from 8.7 per cent in the early years to 20.4 per cent in the past four years. The value of frozen section study and thyroid scanning is documented.", "contents": "The thyroid nodule. View from the community hospital. Most operative procedures, including those on the thyroid, are performed in community hospitals but reported on from large medical centers. For comparison, therefore, 651 patients who underwent operation for nodular goiter in a community hospital over a twenty-one year period are analyzed. The incidence of carcinoma in patients undergoing operation for nodular goiter increased from 8.7 per cent in the early years to 20.4 per cent in the past four years. The value of frozen section study and thyroid scanning is documented.", "PMID": 1130593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11228", "title": "Immunologic reactions after experimental cryosurgery to the reproductive system of the male rabbit. I. The humoral response.", "content": "Single cryoinjuries to the accessory reproductive organs and to the gonads of normal adult male rabbits elicit antibody responses in 35.8 and 11.9 per cent of the cases, respectively. The antibodies display agglutinating and precipitating properties against extracts of the organ that underwent the freezing injury, but do not react in the presence of extracts of other organs of the rabbit. Repeated cryoinjuries raise both the percentage of reacting animals (up to 100 per cent after four successive cryostimulations, in some cases) and the titer of the humoral responses, which, in addition, endure longer in blood than do responses to single stimuli. These humoral phenomena are the expression of immunologic reactions mounted by the host animals against \"self\" components, regarded, however, as \"nonself\" by their surveillance apparatus.", "contents": "Immunologic reactions after experimental cryosurgery to the reproductive system of the male rabbit. I. The humoral response. Single cryoinjuries to the accessory reproductive organs and to the gonads of normal adult male rabbits elicit antibody responses in 35.8 and 11.9 per cent of the cases, respectively. The antibodies display agglutinating and precipitating properties against extracts of the organ that underwent the freezing injury, but do not react in the presence of extracts of other organs of the rabbit. Repeated cryoinjuries raise both the percentage of reacting animals (up to 100 per cent after four successive cryostimulations, in some cases) and the titer of the humoral responses, which, in addition, endure longer in blood than do responses to single stimuli. These humoral phenomena are the expression of immunologic reactions mounted by the host animals against \"self\" components, regarded, however, as \"nonself\" by their surveillance apparatus.", "PMID": 1130594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11229", "title": "Gallstone ileus. Review of the literature and presentation of thirty-four new cases.", "content": "An analysis of thirty-four patients with gallstone ileus is integrated with a review of the literature on the subject. Surgical treatment was carried out in thirty-two patients, with an overall operative mortality of 19 per cent. Three patients were treated by one stage enterolithotomy, fistula repair, and cholecystectomy without operative mortality, emphasizing the merit of one stage treatment in selected, well prepared patients. A 6 per cent incidence of carcinoma of the gallbladder was noted in this series of patients.", "contents": "Gallstone ileus. Review of the literature and presentation of thirty-four new cases. An analysis of thirty-four patients with gallstone ileus is integrated with a review of the literature on the subject. Surgical treatment was carried out in thirty-two patients, with an overall operative mortality of 19 per cent. Three patients were treated by one stage enterolithotomy, fistula repair, and cholecystectomy without operative mortality, emphasizing the merit of one stage treatment in selected, well prepared patients. A 6 per cent incidence of carcinoma of the gallbladder was noted in this series of patients.", "PMID": 1130595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11230", "title": "Recurrent inguinal hernia. Follow-up study of 100 postoperative patients.", "content": "This review of recurrent inguinal hernia evaluates the possible causes of recurrence and the most effective operative procedures for successful repair. Emphasis is placed upon precise dissection technic so that whatever fascia is available after the primary operation may be utilized for the subsequent repair. A detailed study is devoted to the histologic features of fascia, emphasizing its lack of vascularization as the possible reason for its strength and permanency throughout life. In operations for recurrent inguinal hernia, rectus sheath pedunculated grafts should be used more frequently, and in extreme cases cord excision may be required. A follow-up study of one hundred postoperative cases, with a failure rate of 7 per cent, is presented.", "contents": "Recurrent inguinal hernia. Follow-up study of 100 postoperative patients. This review of recurrent inguinal hernia evaluates the possible causes of recurrence and the most effective operative procedures for successful repair. Emphasis is placed upon precise dissection technic so that whatever fascia is available after the primary operation may be utilized for the subsequent repair. A detailed study is devoted to the histologic features of fascia, emphasizing its lack of vascularization as the possible reason for its strength and permanency throughout life. In operations for recurrent inguinal hernia, rectus sheath pedunculated grafts should be used more frequently, and in extreme cases cord excision may be required. A follow-up study of one hundred postoperative cases, with a failure rate of 7 per cent, is presented.", "PMID": 1130596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11231", "title": "Surgery of left paraduodenal hernia.", "content": "The clinical presentation, embryologic and etiologic factors, and repair of left paraduodenal hernia are presented. A new operative procedure for cure of left paraduodenal hernia is presented that deals effectively with the sac and predisposing arch containing the inferior mesenteric vein without section of the vein. Repair is based upon the embryologically normal anatomy with restoration of the inferior mesenteric vein to its normal retroperitoneal position. This procedure has been successfully utilized in a case in which the paraduodenal hernia of small bowel was encountered concomitantly with a perforated duodenal ulcer.", "contents": "Surgery of left paraduodenal hernia. The clinical presentation, embryologic and etiologic factors, and repair of left paraduodenal hernia are presented. A new operative procedure for cure of left paraduodenal hernia is presented that deals effectively with the sac and predisposing arch containing the inferior mesenteric vein without section of the vein. Repair is based upon the embryologically normal anatomy with restoration of the inferior mesenteric vein to its normal retroperitoneal position. This procedure has been successfully utilized in a case in which the paraduodenal hernia of small bowel was encountered concomitantly with a perforated duodenal ulcer.", "PMID": 1130597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11232", "title": "Strangulated diaphragmatic hernia. A clinical study.", "content": "Symptoms, signs, and definitions of strangulation and incarceration in diaphragmatic herniation are surveyed, and four patients with strangulated diaphragmatic hernia are reported on. Although the symptoms may be uncharacteristic, the diagnosis is easily made, if kept in mind. X-ray examination of the chest, possibly supplemented by a barium meal, usually indicates the diagnosis. The mortality rate in our series was high, similar to the findings in other series in the literature. Since approximately half of the cases of incarcerated and/or strangulated diaphragmatic hernia are due to overlooked traumatic diaphragmatic rupture, we stress the importance of diagnosing and treating such rupture promptly to reduce the mortality rate. Strangulated diaphragmatic hernia is a clinical entity on the borderline between the fields of thoracic and general surgery. The disorder is often overlooked or improperly treated, possibly because most units have limited experience with this particular phenomenon.", "contents": "Strangulated diaphragmatic hernia. A clinical study. Symptoms, signs, and definitions of strangulation and incarceration in diaphragmatic herniation are surveyed, and four patients with strangulated diaphragmatic hernia are reported on. Although the symptoms may be uncharacteristic, the diagnosis is easily made, if kept in mind. X-ray examination of the chest, possibly supplemented by a barium meal, usually indicates the diagnosis. The mortality rate in our series was high, similar to the findings in other series in the literature. Since approximately half of the cases of incarcerated and/or strangulated diaphragmatic hernia are due to overlooked traumatic diaphragmatic rupture, we stress the importance of diagnosing and treating such rupture promptly to reduce the mortality rate. Strangulated diaphragmatic hernia is a clinical entity on the borderline between the fields of thoracic and general surgery. The disorder is often overlooked or improperly treated, possibly because most units have limited experience with this particular phenomenon.", "PMID": 1130598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11233", "title": "Acute prolonged renal arterial infarction. Return of function after thromboendarterectomy.", "content": "This report describes a case of complete occlusion of the right renal artery. Arteriography and intravenous pyelography demonstrated no kidney function. The occlusion was treated by endarterectomy, and eleven days later another intravenous pyelogram revealed that renal function had been restored. A review of the literature also suggests that acute occlusion (caused by embolism) or chronic occlusion (caused by atherosclerosis) should be treated surgically to perserve renal function, reserving nephrectomy only if that should fail.", "contents": "Acute prolonged renal arterial infarction. Return of function after thromboendarterectomy. This report describes a case of complete occlusion of the right renal artery. Arteriography and intravenous pyelography demonstrated no kidney function. The occlusion was treated by endarterectomy, and eleven days later another intravenous pyelogram revealed that renal function had been restored. A review of the literature also suggests that acute occlusion (caused by embolism) or chronic occlusion (caused by atherosclerosis) should be treated surgically to perserve renal function, reserving nephrectomy only if that should fail.", "PMID": 1130599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11234", "title": "Shortened small bowel syndrome. Mackby's operation.", "content": "Intestinal infarction is a condition with a high rate of mortality. Progress in the fields of anesthesia, maintenance of electrolyte balance, and intensive postoperative care has made survival possible in a number of patients subjected to extensive resection of the small intestine. Many of these patients, however, later succumb to the effects of malabsorption. In this paper we report on a patient who has undergone massive intestinal resection, because of venous intestinal infarction, and Mackby's operation, with favorable results twelve months postoperatively.", "contents": "Shortened small bowel syndrome. Mackby's operation. Intestinal infarction is a condition with a high rate of mortality. Progress in the fields of anesthesia, maintenance of electrolyte balance, and intensive postoperative care has made survival possible in a number of patients subjected to extensive resection of the small intestine. Many of these patients, however, later succumb to the effects of malabsorption. In this paper we report on a patient who has undergone massive intestinal resection, because of venous intestinal infarction, and Mackby's operation, with favorable results twelve months postoperatively.", "PMID": 1130600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11235", "title": "Fournier's syndrome: synergistic gangrene of the scrotum.", "content": "Progressive spread of necrosis in the skin and subcutaneous tissues of the scrotum is the key feature of idiopathic scrotal gangrene. The disease may present initially as an acute abdomen, but laparotomy should be avoided. Usually an anaerobic Streptococcus is found, acting in synergism with aerobic, frequently gram-negative, bacilli. As in other synergistic gangrenes, wide dibridement with drainage of all sinus tracts is required. Although the testicles are frequently bared, they are usually not necrotic and should not be amputated. Once the infection has resolved, a surprising amount of skin coverage, including coverage of the testicles, can often be obtained from the scrotal remnants.", "contents": "Fournier's syndrome: synergistic gangrene of the scrotum. Progressive spread of necrosis in the skin and subcutaneous tissues of the scrotum is the key feature of idiopathic scrotal gangrene. The disease may present initially as an acute abdomen, but laparotomy should be avoided. Usually an anaerobic Streptococcus is found, acting in synergism with aerobic, frequently gram-negative, bacilli. As in other synergistic gangrenes, wide dibridement with drainage of all sinus tracts is required. Although the testicles are frequently bared, they are usually not necrotic and should not be amputated. Once the infection has resolved, a surprising amount of skin coverage, including coverage of the testicles, can often be obtained from the scrotal remnants.", "PMID": 1130601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11236", "title": "Femorotibial bypass in the diabetic patient for salvage of the ischemic lower extremity.", "content": "Severe ischemia of the lower extremity in diabetic patients without runoff in the popliteal artery should not deter an aggressive diagnostic and therapeutic approach. Femorotibial or femoroperoneal bypass can effect limb salvage and avoid primary amputation if distal small vessel patency can be demonstrated by arteriography.", "contents": "Femorotibial bypass in the diabetic patient for salvage of the ischemic lower extremity. Severe ischemia of the lower extremity in diabetic patients without runoff in the popliteal artery should not deter an aggressive diagnostic and therapeutic approach. Femorotibial or femoroperoneal bypass can effect limb salvage and avoid primary amputation if distal small vessel patency can be demonstrated by arteriography.", "PMID": 1130605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11237", "title": "Femoral arteriography in outpatients.", "content": "Sixty-four femoral arteriograms were taken on an outpatient, ambulatory basis in sixty-two patients. There were no complications. It is believed that this method, when applicable, should effect substantial savings in health delivery cost and medical manpower and should facilitate adequate follow-up examinations in certain cases.", "contents": "Femoral arteriography in outpatients. Sixty-four femoral arteriograms were taken on an outpatient, ambulatory basis in sixty-two patients. There were no complications. It is believed that this method, when applicable, should effect substantial savings in health delivery cost and medical manpower and should facilitate adequate follow-up examinations in certain cases.", "PMID": 1130606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11238", "title": "Appraisal of operative treatment for chronic pancreatitis. With special reference to side to side pancreaticojejunostomy.", "content": "A total of sixty-one operations were performed in sixty of seventy-one patients with chronic pancreatitis, with the following results. 1. The procedures used were side to side pancreaticojejunostomy in twenty-four patients, caudal pancreatectomy in ten, pancreaticoduodenectomy in six, total pancreatectomy in one, removal of pancreatic calculi in four, cystojejunostomy in two, biliary tract procedures in twelve, and drainage of pancreatic abscess in one. Operative fatality occurred in six patients, with fifty-four surviving operation. 2. Of fifty-three patients surviving operation (excluding the one who underwent only exploratory laparotomy), forty-seven (88 per cent) had relief of pain. With the exception of two patients with complicating cancer of the pancreas at the time of operation, of fifty-two patients surviving operation, thirty-nine (75 per cent) had satisfactory results at follow-up study. 3. Sixteen of twenty-four patients (66.7 per cent) undergoing side to side pancreaticojejunostomy had satisfactory follow-up results. 4. Comparison of pre- and postoperative body weight levels in twenty-one patients undergoing side to side pancreaticojejunostomy showed a postoperative loss of less than 10 per cent in seven, unchanged weight in two, and a gain in eleven patients, including five with more than 10 per cent gain. However, fat absorption examination in these patients showed no distinct postoperative improvement in digestion and absorption. 5. Histologic evidence in one patient at autopsy four years and eleven months after side to side pancreaticojejunostomy indicated improvement in fibrosis of the pancreas as compared with the findings at operation.", "contents": "Appraisal of operative treatment for chronic pancreatitis. With special reference to side to side pancreaticojejunostomy. A total of sixty-one operations were performed in sixty of seventy-one patients with chronic pancreatitis, with the following results. 1. The procedures used were side to side pancreaticojejunostomy in twenty-four patients, caudal pancreatectomy in ten, pancreaticoduodenectomy in six, total pancreatectomy in one, removal of pancreatic calculi in four, cystojejunostomy in two, biliary tract procedures in twelve, and drainage of pancreatic abscess in one. Operative fatality occurred in six patients, with fifty-four surviving operation. 2. Of fifty-three patients surviving operation (excluding the one who underwent only exploratory laparotomy), forty-seven (88 per cent) had relief of pain. With the exception of two patients with complicating cancer of the pancreas at the time of operation, of fifty-two patients surviving operation, thirty-nine (75 per cent) had satisfactory results at follow-up study. 3. Sixteen of twenty-four patients (66.7 per cent) undergoing side to side pancreaticojejunostomy had satisfactory follow-up results. 4. Comparison of pre- and postoperative body weight levels in twenty-one patients undergoing side to side pancreaticojejunostomy showed a postoperative loss of less than 10 per cent in seven, unchanged weight in two, and a gain in eleven patients, including five with more than 10 per cent gain. However, fat absorption examination in these patients showed no distinct postoperative improvement in digestion and absorption. 5. Histologic evidence in one patient at autopsy four years and eleven months after side to side pancreaticojejunostomy indicated improvement in fibrosis of the pancreas as compared with the findings at operation.", "PMID": 1130607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11239", "title": "Diagnosis of chronic and postoperative osteomyelitis with gallium 67 citrate scans.", "content": "The effectiveness of gallium 67 citrate in diagnosing the exacerbations of chronic osteomyelitis or postoperative osteomyelitis secondary to open reduction of fractures was tested in thirteen patients. This isotope demonstrated an area of infection in every case in which such an area existed. The control subjects consisted of patients with noninfected wounds after open reduction. In this group, gallium was not incorporated into the post-operative hematoma. No false-negative results were observed in our series, demonstrating that this element is useful in the early diagnosis of bone infections.", "contents": "Diagnosis of chronic and postoperative osteomyelitis with gallium 67 citrate scans. The effectiveness of gallium 67 citrate in diagnosing the exacerbations of chronic osteomyelitis or postoperative osteomyelitis secondary to open reduction of fractures was tested in thirteen patients. This isotope demonstrated an area of infection in every case in which such an area existed. The control subjects consisted of patients with noninfected wounds after open reduction. In this group, gallium was not incorporated into the post-operative hematoma. No false-negative results were observed in our series, demonstrating that this element is useful in the early diagnosis of bone infections.", "PMID": 1130608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11240", "title": "B-mode ultrasound scanning in the diagnosis of renal lesions.", "content": "The use and value of a relatively new diagnostic modality, ultrasound, in the diagnosis of renal masses are discussed. Several examples are presented.", "contents": "B-mode ultrasound scanning in the diagnosis of renal lesions. The use and value of a relatively new diagnostic modality, ultrasound, in the diagnosis of renal masses are discussed. Several examples are presented.", "PMID": 1130609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11241", "title": "Prediction of intestinal viability using Doppler ultrasound technics.", "content": "The determination of intestinal viability intraoperatively remains difficult. Intestinal blood flow can be demonstrated in the serosa and mesentery-bowel junction by use of the Doppler ultrasound flow detector. The presence of flow in these areas after an ischemic episode correlates well with ultimate viability of the intestine. This technic may be useful clinically to assist in determining viability and the limits of resection of previously ischemic intestine.", "contents": "Prediction of intestinal viability using Doppler ultrasound technics. The determination of intestinal viability intraoperatively remains difficult. Intestinal blood flow can be demonstrated in the serosa and mesentery-bowel junction by use of the Doppler ultrasound flow detector. The presence of flow in these areas after an ischemic episode correlates well with ultimate viability of the intestine. This technic may be useful clinically to assist in determining viability and the limits of resection of previously ischemic intestine.", "PMID": 1130610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11242", "title": "Diseases of the colon and rectum in Bolivia.", "content": "A review of the surgical and autopsy records from two general hospitals in La Paz, Bolivia, discloses an incidence of colon and rectal disease, excluding hemorrhoids, of 0.6 per cent (138 of 22,361 surgical cases) and 2.5 per cent (16 of 640 consecutive autopsies). Acquired megacolon complicated by volvulus represented more than half of all cases in the surgical series. Ulcerative colitis, diverticular disease, and neoplastic polyps represented less than 10 per cent of the cases of colonic disease. Only ten cases of carcinoma of the colon were seen, whereas five cases of granulomatous colitis or ileocolitis were detected in the same surgical material. Among sixty-four lesions of the rectum, so-called retention polyps accounted for 54.5 per cent of the cases, with carcinoma next in frequency (25 per cent), and the remainder being different varieties of inflammatory conditions. In the autopsy material almost half of the cases were infectious conditions, followed by congenital malformations and complicated acquired megacolon. No case of diverticular disease of the colon or neoplastic polyps was seen, and there was only one case of cancer of the large bowel. Because of the high incidence of acquired megacolon and the low incidence of cancer, ulcerative colitis, adenomatous polyps, and diverticular disease of the colon, possible etiopathogenic factors of these conditions are discussed in comparison with their incidence in other developed and developing countries of the world.", "contents": "Diseases of the colon and rectum in Bolivia. A review of the surgical and autopsy records from two general hospitals in La Paz, Bolivia, discloses an incidence of colon and rectal disease, excluding hemorrhoids, of 0.6 per cent (138 of 22,361 surgical cases) and 2.5 per cent (16 of 640 consecutive autopsies). Acquired megacolon complicated by volvulus represented more than half of all cases in the surgical series. Ulcerative colitis, diverticular disease, and neoplastic polyps represented less than 10 per cent of the cases of colonic disease. Only ten cases of carcinoma of the colon were seen, whereas five cases of granulomatous colitis or ileocolitis were detected in the same surgical material. Among sixty-four lesions of the rectum, so-called retention polyps accounted for 54.5 per cent of the cases, with carcinoma next in frequency (25 per cent), and the remainder being different varieties of inflammatory conditions. In the autopsy material almost half of the cases were infectious conditions, followed by congenital malformations and complicated acquired megacolon. No case of diverticular disease of the colon or neoplastic polyps was seen, and there was only one case of cancer of the large bowel. Because of the high incidence of acquired megacolon and the low incidence of cancer, ulcerative colitis, adenomatous polyps, and diverticular disease of the colon, possible etiopathogenic factors of these conditions are discussed in comparison with their incidence in other developed and developing countries of the world.", "PMID": 1130611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11243", "title": "Progressive hypovolemia leading to shock after continuous hemorrhage and 3:1 crystalloid replacement.", "content": "Dogs subjected to arterial hemorrhage and infused with 3:1 volumes of lactated Ringer's solution became progressively hypovolemic, to the point of frank shock. Stability and normovolemia were restored only after additional fluid delivery, in a net ratio of 8:1. These were the mathematically predicted values that satisfied Starling's hypothesis.", "contents": "Progressive hypovolemia leading to shock after continuous hemorrhage and 3:1 crystalloid replacement. Dogs subjected to arterial hemorrhage and infused with 3:1 volumes of lactated Ringer's solution became progressively hypovolemic, to the point of frank shock. Stability and normovolemia were restored only after additional fluid delivery, in a net ratio of 8:1. These were the mathematically predicted values that satisfied Starling's hypothesis.", "PMID": 1130612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11244", "title": "Traumatic perforation of the sigmoid colon through schistosomal ulcerations.", "content": "A case is presented in which the colon was perforated through a S. mansoni ulcer after blunt abdominal trauma. This is believed to be a unique situation. The colonic complications of schistosomiasis are discussed, and it is expected that they will be seen more frequently in the United States.", "contents": "Traumatic perforation of the sigmoid colon through schistosomal ulcerations. A case is presented in which the colon was perforated through a S. mansoni ulcer after blunt abdominal trauma. This is believed to be a unique situation. The colonic complications of schistosomiasis are discussed, and it is expected that they will be seen more frequently in the United States.", "PMID": 1130614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11245", "title": "Carcinoma arising in a mesenteric cyst.", "content": "A report is presented in which a mesenteric cyst underwent a malignant change. A survey of the origin, symptoms, and treatment of mesenteric cysts is also included. The histologic picture of the case is described, the origin of the cyst discussed, and a comparison made with the two similar cases reported in the literature.", "contents": "Carcinoma arising in a mesenteric cyst. A report is presented in which a mesenteric cyst underwent a malignant change. A survey of the origin, symptoms, and treatment of mesenteric cysts is also included. The histologic picture of the case is described, the origin of the cyst discussed, and a comparison made with the two similar cases reported in the literature.", "PMID": 1130615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11246", "title": "Extending the usefulness of self-retaining retraction.", "content": "Self-retaining retractors are a great aid in surgery since they assist in obtaining and maintaining the exposure necessary to accomplish the goal of surgery. The purpose of this retractor-retaining ring and clamp set is to increase the versatility of the self-retaining retractor and to make its advantages more generally available by a drastic reduction in cost. This is accomplished by using a simple, easily obtained clamp that can be adapted to the retractors presently available in any operating suite in combination with any of the three ring sizes to produce a self-retaining retractor that can easily accommodate variables such as the size of the patient and the type of operation.", "contents": "Extending the usefulness of self-retaining retraction. Self-retaining retractors are a great aid in surgery since they assist in obtaining and maintaining the exposure necessary to accomplish the goal of surgery. The purpose of this retractor-retaining ring and clamp set is to increase the versatility of the self-retaining retractor and to make its advantages more generally available by a drastic reduction in cost. This is accomplished by using a simple, easily obtained clamp that can be adapted to the retractors presently available in any operating suite in combination with any of the three ring sizes to produce a self-retaining retractor that can easily accommodate variables such as the size of the patient and the type of operation.", "PMID": 1130616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11247", "title": "A new filtered sump tube for wound drainage.", "content": "A new filtered sump tube has been designed for drainage of collections of fluids from wounds without the danger of infection by airborne contaminants. A two-staged filter has been attached to the vent lumen that removes particulate matter and bacteria from the air that passes through the filter. A clinical evaluation of this tube confirms the superiority of sump drainage as compared with closed suction drainage in the removal of fluids from wounds or cavities.", "contents": "A new filtered sump tube for wound drainage. A new filtered sump tube has been designed for drainage of collections of fluids from wounds without the danger of infection by airborne contaminants. A two-staged filter has been attached to the vent lumen that removes particulate matter and bacteria from the air that passes through the filter. A clinical evaluation of this tube confirms the superiority of sump drainage as compared with closed suction drainage in the removal of fluids from wounds or cavities.", "PMID": 1130617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11248", "title": "Estimation of plasma diazepam. Critique of a method using gas-liquid chromatography and benzene extraction.", "content": "Plasma diazepam can be reliably estimated using a simple benzene extraction and gas-liquid chromatography with griseofulvin as internal standard. This gives reproducible results within the clinical range of plasma levels. Storage at minus 20 degrees C is recommended but is not essential for the 1st week.", "contents": "Estimation of plasma diazepam. Critique of a method using gas-liquid chromatography and benzene extraction. Plasma diazepam can be reliably estimated using a simple benzene extraction and gas-liquid chromatography with griseofulvin as internal standard. This gives reproducible results within the clinical range of plasma levels. Storage at minus 20 degrees C is recommended but is not essential for the 1st week.", "PMID": 1130623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11249", "title": "Methaemoglobinaemia following treatment dispensed by witch doctors. Two cases of potassium permanganate poisoning.", "content": "Two cases of acute acquired methaemoglobinaemia following the ingestion of witch doctor's preparations, are presented. Chemical analysis of the ingested powder revealed a mixture of soot and potassium permanganate. Both patients were comatose and deeply cyanosed but the response to oxygen, methylene blue and vitamin C was good.", "contents": "Methaemoglobinaemia following treatment dispensed by witch doctors. Two cases of potassium permanganate poisoning. Two cases of acute acquired methaemoglobinaemia following the ingestion of witch doctor's preparations, are presented. Chemical analysis of the ingested powder revealed a mixture of soot and potassium permanganate. Both patients were comatose and deeply cyanosed but the response to oxygen, methylene blue and vitamin C was good.", "PMID": 1130624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11250", "title": "Respiratory failure following gastroscopy.", "content": "A 61-year-old, bronchitic male developed respiratory failure due to a pneumoperitoneum following gastroscopy. The management of this case and the possible complications following gastroscopy are described and discussed.", "contents": "Respiratory failure following gastroscopy. A 61-year-old, bronchitic male developed respiratory failure due to a pneumoperitoneum following gastroscopy. The management of this case and the possible complications following gastroscopy are described and discussed.", "PMID": 1130625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11251", "title": "An evaluation of the Lex-O2-Con oxygen content analyser.", "content": "The accuracy of the Lex-O2-Con apparatus is compared with the classical method of Van Slyke & Neill (1924) and the inaccuracies introduced by the presence of volatile anaesthetics in the sample are evaluated. The absolute levels of oxygen content depend upon the flow rate of carrier gas through the instrument.", "contents": "An evaluation of the Lex-O2-Con oxygen content analyser. The accuracy of the Lex-O2-Con apparatus is compared with the classical method of Van Slyke & Neill (1924) and the inaccuracies introduced by the presence of volatile anaesthetics in the sample are evaluated. The absolute levels of oxygen content depend upon the flow rate of carrier gas through the instrument.", "PMID": 1130626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11252", "title": "Twenty-two cases of autotransfusion.", "content": "Twenty cases of ruptured ectopic pregnancy and two cases of haemothorax which have been given autotransfusion by a simple technique are reported. No deaths or complications occurred. The advantages of autotransfusion particularly in circumstances where laboratory facilities are minimal are discussed. Haemoglobin levels before and after transfusion and other investigations are recorded.", "contents": "Twenty-two cases of autotransfusion. Twenty cases of ruptured ectopic pregnancy and two cases of haemothorax which have been given autotransfusion by a simple technique are reported. No deaths or complications occurred. The advantages of autotransfusion particularly in circumstances where laboratory facilities are minimal are discussed. Haemoglobin levels before and after transfusion and other investigations are recorded.", "PMID": 1130627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11253", "title": "[The metabolism of pancuronium in man].", "content": "The metabolic disposition of pancuronium was investigated in man under clinical condition. Pancuronium and its desacetylated derivatives were determined in body fluids using the previously described bromophenol blue method (3). The metabolites were isolated by thin layer chromatography. One minute after the intravenous injection of a mg of pancuronium the drug reaches a serum concentration of 2,2 plus or minus 0,2mug/ml. As an exponential function the concentration curve then falls to half of the initial value during the first 30 to 60 min. The end of the neuromuscular block conincides with a concentration of 0,1 to 0,3 mug/ml serum which is reached about 2 hours after the injection. After 3 to 4 hours no more pancuronium can be detected in the serum. The renal elimination of pancuronium can be folowed up for 12 hours. On average half of the injected dose is recovered in the urine. 80% of this proportion is unchanged pancuronium and 20% desacetylated metabolites. The monodesacetylated derivatives of pancuronium are still pharmacologically active. The biliary excretion 24 hours after the administration of pancuronium accounts for 5 to 10% of the injected dose...", "contents": "[The metabolism of pancuronium in man]. The metabolic disposition of pancuronium was investigated in man under clinical condition. Pancuronium and its desacetylated derivatives were determined in body fluids using the previously described bromophenol blue method (3). The metabolites were isolated by thin layer chromatography. One minute after the intravenous injection of a mg of pancuronium the drug reaches a serum concentration of 2,2 plus or minus 0,2mug/ml. As an exponential function the concentration curve then falls to half of the initial value during the first 30 to 60 min. The end of the neuromuscular block conincides with a concentration of 0,1 to 0,3 mug/ml serum which is reached about 2 hours after the injection. After 3 to 4 hours no more pancuronium can be detected in the serum. The renal elimination of pancuronium can be folowed up for 12 hours. On average half of the injected dose is recovered in the urine. 80% of this proportion is unchanged pancuronium and 20% desacetylated metabolites. The monodesacetylated derivatives of pancuronium are still pharmacologically active. The biliary excretion 24 hours after the administration of pancuronium accounts for 5 to 10% of the injected dose...", "PMID": 1130635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11254", "title": "[The influence of inhalation anaesthetics on catecholamine secretion from the adrenal medulla in vivo].", "content": "The influence of chloroform and ether on the catecholamine (CA) secretion from the adrenal medulla was investigated in cats in order to compare these effects to those of halothane and methoxyflurane studied previously. The CA concentrations in the blood of the adrenolumbar vein were measured spectrofluorometrically. During inhalation of chloroform (1.0-1.5%) no significant changes of spontaneous CA secretion were observed; contrary to that, the secretion evoked by splanchnic nerve stimulation was decreased. During inhalation of ether (4.0-6.0%) spontaneous CA output was increased and the CA release evoked by splanchnic nerve stimulation was inhibited. The results differ qualitatively from those obtained with methoxyflurane and halothane; these anesthetics caused a pronounced inhibition of spontaneous CA output. The inhibition by ether of CA secretion evoked by splanchnic nerve stimulation was less pronounced than that caused by the other anaesthetics. By comparison of the effects of four inhalation anaesthetics we evaluated, which circulatory side effects depend on changes of CA output.", "contents": "[The influence of inhalation anaesthetics on catecholamine secretion from the adrenal medulla in vivo]. The influence of chloroform and ether on the catecholamine (CA) secretion from the adrenal medulla was investigated in cats in order to compare these effects to those of halothane and methoxyflurane studied previously. The CA concentrations in the blood of the adrenolumbar vein were measured spectrofluorometrically. During inhalation of chloroform (1.0-1.5%) no significant changes of spontaneous CA secretion were observed; contrary to that, the secretion evoked by splanchnic nerve stimulation was decreased. During inhalation of ether (4.0-6.0%) spontaneous CA output was increased and the CA release evoked by splanchnic nerve stimulation was inhibited. The results differ qualitatively from those obtained with methoxyflurane and halothane; these anesthetics caused a pronounced inhibition of spontaneous CA output. The inhibition by ether of CA secretion evoked by splanchnic nerve stimulation was less pronounced than that caused by the other anaesthetics. By comparison of the effects of four inhalation anaesthetics we evaluated, which circulatory side effects depend on changes of CA output.", "PMID": 1130636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11255", "title": "[Influence of halothane on the effects of endogenous and exogenous noradrenaline on the isolated rabbit heart perfused at constant pressure].", "content": "The influence of halothane on the release of noradrenaline from synpathetic nerve endings was studied in isolated rabbit hearts with an intact postganglionic sympathetic nerve supply. In addition we investigated the influence of this anaesthetic on the effects of noradrenaline released from the nerve endings or infused into the aortic cannula. Halothane did not alter the noradrenaline release evoked by electrical stimulation of the postganglionic sympathetic nerve fibres. Although halothane directly diminished the rate of the isolated rabbit heart, the positive chronotropic effect of noradrenaline was not influenced by this anaesthetic. The coronary flow decreased during application of halothane. Both stimulation of postganglionic sympathetic nerve fibres and noradrenaline infusion (250ng/min, lasting for 2 min) evoked a decline in coronary flow; the decrease in coronary flow caused by noradrenaline was markedly attenuated by halothane. This effect of halothane did probably not depend on alterations of the myocardial component of coronary resistance, but on the fact that the vasoconstrictor effect of noradrenaline on the coronary vessels was decreased by this anaesthetic.", "contents": "[Influence of halothane on the effects of endogenous and exogenous noradrenaline on the isolated rabbit heart perfused at constant pressure]. The influence of halothane on the release of noradrenaline from synpathetic nerve endings was studied in isolated rabbit hearts with an intact postganglionic sympathetic nerve supply. In addition we investigated the influence of this anaesthetic on the effects of noradrenaline released from the nerve endings or infused into the aortic cannula. Halothane did not alter the noradrenaline release evoked by electrical stimulation of the postganglionic sympathetic nerve fibres. Although halothane directly diminished the rate of the isolated rabbit heart, the positive chronotropic effect of noradrenaline was not influenced by this anaesthetic. The coronary flow decreased during application of halothane. Both stimulation of postganglionic sympathetic nerve fibres and noradrenaline infusion (250ng/min, lasting for 2 min) evoked a decline in coronary flow; the decrease in coronary flow caused by noradrenaline was markedly attenuated by halothane. This effect of halothane did probably not depend on alterations of the myocardial component of coronary resistance, but on the fact that the vasoconstrictor effect of noradrenaline on the coronary vessels was decreased by this anaesthetic.", "PMID": 1130637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11256", "title": "[Telemetric ECG data (biorhythms) during operations under acupuncture analgesia in the People's Republic of China (author's transl)].", "content": "On an educational journey to China, we were able to record and accumulate electrocardiograms during operations under acupuncture analgesia with the aid of a self-developed apparatus. To elaborate this among others the amplitude of the QRS-complex as well as the time period between two cardiac cycles were electronically measrued and registered. With examples from the comprehensive material it is possible to draw the following conclusions: 1. The patients were in conditions ranging from restlessness and irritation to weariness and drowsiness. A condition similar to that resulting from narcosis must be excluded. 2. A pre-operatively undertaken strong psychological sedation by means of drugs can be excluded with certainty. 3. The massive reaction to events such as the washing out of the operative field refutes, at least partly, our concept of \"Asiatic indifference\". 4. Acupuncture is not able to depress reflexes. 5. Finally, the hypothesis that acupuncture has a stabilizing effect on the circulation is not valid.", "contents": "[Telemetric ECG data (biorhythms) during operations under acupuncture analgesia in the People's Republic of China (author's transl)]. On an educational journey to China, we were able to record and accumulate electrocardiograms during operations under acupuncture analgesia with the aid of a self-developed apparatus. To elaborate this among others the amplitude of the QRS-complex as well as the time period between two cardiac cycles were electronically measrued and registered. With examples from the comprehensive material it is possible to draw the following conclusions: 1. The patients were in conditions ranging from restlessness and irritation to weariness and drowsiness. A condition similar to that resulting from narcosis must be excluded. 2. A pre-operatively undertaken strong psychological sedation by means of drugs can be excluded with certainty. 3. The massive reaction to events such as the washing out of the operative field refutes, at least partly, our concept of \"Asiatic indifference\". 4. Acupuncture is not able to depress reflexes. 5. Finally, the hypothesis that acupuncture has a stabilizing effect on the circulation is not valid.", "PMID": 1130638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11257", "title": "[The peripheral perfusion pressure: a new non-invasive parameter for the circulatory monitoring of patients (author's transl)].", "content": "Heating of a skin area to a temperature of 42 degrees to 44 degrees C produces a certain physiological condition which induces maximal vasodilatation. Detailed experiments have shown that local peripheral vascular resistance of such an area remains constant for several hours. The flow in this area is proportional to the actual perfusion pressure. Relative flow was measured by means of a new type of electrode fixed to the skin like and ECG electrode, and compared with simultaneous intra-arterial blood pressure measruements. The changes in arterial blood pressure were also recorded by the skin electrode. This new parameter is defined as \"peripheral perfusion pressure\". It is appropiate for non-invasive continuous monitoring of the circulatory system of patients.", "contents": "[The peripheral perfusion pressure: a new non-invasive parameter for the circulatory monitoring of patients (author's transl)]. Heating of a skin area to a temperature of 42 degrees to 44 degrees C produces a certain physiological condition which induces maximal vasodilatation. Detailed experiments have shown that local peripheral vascular resistance of such an area remains constant for several hours. The flow in this area is proportional to the actual perfusion pressure. Relative flow was measured by means of a new type of electrode fixed to the skin like and ECG electrode, and compared with simultaneous intra-arterial blood pressure measruements. The changes in arterial blood pressure were also recorded by the skin electrode. This new parameter is defined as \"peripheral perfusion pressure\". It is appropiate for non-invasive continuous monitoring of the circulatory system of patients.", "PMID": 1130639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11258", "title": "[A method for the symmetrical pre-stretching of cuffs of plastic tubes (author's transl)[].", "content": "We describe a method to prestretch symmetrically cuffs of plastic endotracheal tubes. The tracheal wall pressure will be lower than the capillary pressure of the mucous membranes in tow third of the cases, if correctly prestrecthed cuffs are used. The importance of using truly high volume low pressure cuffs with a cuff diameter of a least 25 to 30 mm is stressed.", "contents": "[A method for the symmetrical pre-stretching of cuffs of plastic tubes (author's transl)[]. We describe a method to prestretch symmetrically cuffs of plastic endotracheal tubes. The tracheal wall pressure will be lower than the capillary pressure of the mucous membranes in tow third of the cases, if correctly prestrecthed cuffs are used. The importance of using truly high volume low pressure cuffs with a cuff diameter of a least 25 to 30 mm is stressed.", "PMID": 1130641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11259", "title": "Unilateral pulmonary oedema following re-expansion of pneumothorax.", "content": "Unilateral pulmonary oedema is a rare complication in the routine management of spontaneous pneumothorax. Previous reports have emphasized excessive negative intrapleural pressure, rapid re-expansion of the lungs and bronchial obstruction as major factors in the pathogenesis. We have encountered four cases, and at least one of these factors have been absent in each case. Review of the literature, and our own experience suggests that the major factor is chronic and total lung collapse resulting in hypoxia and increased alveolar-capillary membrane permeability. Other factors which may be contributory are discussed.", "contents": "Unilateral pulmonary oedema following re-expansion of pneumothorax. Unilateral pulmonary oedema is a rare complication in the routine management of spontaneous pneumothorax. Previous reports have emphasized excessive negative intrapleural pressure, rapid re-expansion of the lungs and bronchial obstruction as major factors in the pathogenesis. We have encountered four cases, and at least one of these factors have been absent in each case. Review of the literature, and our own experience suggests that the major factor is chronic and total lung collapse resulting in hypoxia and increased alveolar-capillary membrane permeability. Other factors which may be contributory are discussed.", "PMID": 1130642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11260", "title": "A comparison of two heated water-bath humidifiers.", "content": "The performance of two heated water-bath humidifiers was examined in terms of airway temperatures and humidities. These were the simple heated tank (Marshall and Spalding, 1953) and the Fisher and Paykel No. 328 (Spence and Melville, 1972), both of which had the potential to deliver gases at temperatures above 40 degrees C, and with a moisture content in excess of 50 mg/litre. The major advantage of the No. 328 was its heating wire in the delivery tube. This lessened or prevented condensation within the tube, and allowed the water bath to be maintained at lower temperatures. Independent heat controls for the water bath and the delivery tubing allow precision of humidities in the gases provided for inspiration through an artificial airway. When condensation is prevented, the temperature of the saturated gases leaving the humidifier limits the absolute humidity supplied. Monitoring and adjustment of airway temperature of the patient then allows selection of temperature and relative humidity in the inspired gas.", "contents": "A comparison of two heated water-bath humidifiers. The performance of two heated water-bath humidifiers was examined in terms of airway temperatures and humidities. These were the simple heated tank (Marshall and Spalding, 1953) and the Fisher and Paykel No. 328 (Spence and Melville, 1972), both of which had the potential to deliver gases at temperatures above 40 degrees C, and with a moisture content in excess of 50 mg/litre. The major advantage of the No. 328 was its heating wire in the delivery tube. This lessened or prevented condensation within the tube, and allowed the water bath to be maintained at lower temperatures. Independent heat controls for the water bath and the delivery tubing allow precision of humidities in the gases provided for inspiration through an artificial airway. When condensation is prevented, the temperature of the saturated gases leaving the humidifier limits the absolute humidity supplied. Monitoring and adjustment of airway temperature of the patient then allows selection of temperature and relative humidity in the inspired gas.", "PMID": 1130644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11261", "title": "The biomedical engineer and the doctor.", "content": "The appearance of engineers with special training in biology has occurred only in the past fifteen years, and the spectacular contributions they can make to patient care have been confined mainly to the years since solid-state electronic circuitry became available. It is timely to review the relationships between them and the clinicians, and to indicate the growing interdependence they have on each other. The three points at which their interests converge most noticeably are: 1. in the collection, storage and display of data, 2. in the maintenance of electrical safety and the proper functioning of apparatus, and 3. in the design of electro-medical equipment.", "contents": "The biomedical engineer and the doctor. The appearance of engineers with special training in biology has occurred only in the past fifteen years, and the spectacular contributions they can make to patient care have been confined mainly to the years since solid-state electronic circuitry became available. It is timely to review the relationships between them and the clinicians, and to indicate the growing interdependence they have on each other. The three points at which their interests converge most noticeably are: 1. in the collection, storage and display of data, 2. in the maintenance of electrical safety and the proper functioning of apparatus, and 3. in the design of electro-medical equipment.", "PMID": 1130645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11262", "title": "The biomedical engineer in the hospital.", "content": "The role of the hospital biomedical engineer is described with reference to design and development of equipment and its maintenance, provision of a technical advisory service, and teaching.", "contents": "The biomedical engineer in the hospital. The role of the hospital biomedical engineer is described with reference to design and development of equipment and its maintenance, provision of a technical advisory service, and teaching.", "PMID": 1130648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11263", "title": "End-tidal carbon dioxide levels in the early detection of air embolism.", "content": "Two cases of air embolism in patients anaesthetized in the sitting position are described. The emboli, though producing no signs and therefore probably small, were readily detected by the fall in the end tidal CO2 fraction. Techniques for the detection of air emboli are briefly reviewed.", "contents": "End-tidal carbon dioxide levels in the early detection of air embolism. Two cases of air embolism in patients anaesthetized in the sitting position are described. The emboli, though producing no signs and therefore probably small, were readily detected by the fall in the end tidal CO2 fraction. Techniques for the detection of air emboli are briefly reviewed.", "PMID": 1130649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11264", "title": "A prospective study of coronary care in a rural city.", "content": "The results of a two-year prospective study of myocardial infarction in a rural city is reported. In the under 70 years age group there was a 10 per cent mortality of patients whilst being nursed in the coronary care area. Later deaths after transfer to the general wards raised the overall hospital mortality rate to 15 per cent. These figures compare favourably with other series.", "contents": "A prospective study of coronary care in a rural city. The results of a two-year prospective study of myocardial infarction in a rural city is reported. In the under 70 years age group there was a 10 per cent mortality of patients whilst being nursed in the coronary care area. Later deaths after transfer to the general wards raised the overall hospital mortality rate to 15 per cent. These figures compare favourably with other series.", "PMID": 1130652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11265", "title": "Acupuncture and placebo: Effects on delaying the terminating response to a painful stimulus.", "content": "An experiment was performed to determine whether needles inserted into appropriate acupuncture points could delay onset of a pain-terminating response more than needles inserted as placebos into inappropriate points could. A heat source contained in a modified Hardy-Wolff-Goodell dolorimeter was used as a stimulus to produce pain on the posterolateral aspects of the left forearms of volunteer subjects. Subjects pressed a switch as soon as pain was experienced, and the latency between stimulus onset and response was measured to the nearest hundredth of a second. Response latencies were recorded before and after needling, which included electrical stimulation. Needles placed in specific acupuncture points called Ho-Ku and Wai-Kaun delayed onset of the pain-terminating response slightly more than needles inserted as placebos. Even with needles in appropriate acupuncture points, analgesia was slight and subjects still experienced pain.", "contents": "Acupuncture and placebo: Effects on delaying the terminating response to a painful stimulus. An experiment was performed to determine whether needles inserted into appropriate acupuncture points could delay onset of a pain-terminating response more than needles inserted as placebos into inappropriate points could. A heat source contained in a modified Hardy-Wolff-Goodell dolorimeter was used as a stimulus to produce pain on the posterolateral aspects of the left forearms of volunteer subjects. Subjects pressed a switch as soon as pain was experienced, and the latency between stimulus onset and response was measured to the nearest hundredth of a second. Response latencies were recorded before and after needling, which included electrical stimulation. Needles placed in specific acupuncture points called Ho-Ku and Wai-Kaun delayed onset of the pain-terminating response slightly more than needles inserted as placebos. Even with needles in appropriate acupuncture points, analgesia was slight and subjects still experienced pain.", "PMID": 1130717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11266", "title": "Acupuncture compared with 33 per cent nitrous oxide for dental analgesia: A sensory decision theory evaluation.", "content": "Responses to electrical stimulation of the tooth pulp were obtained in both baseline and test sessions for subjects receiving acupuncture, 33 per cent nitrous oxide, or control conditions. A signal-detection analysis across sessions showed that both treatment groups demonstrated reduced sensitivity to stimulation, and increases in bias against reporting strong stimuli as painful. (Key words: Acupuncture; Anesthetics, gases, nitrous oxide; Measurement techniques, sensory decision theory; Pain, sensory decision theory).", "contents": "Acupuncture compared with 33 per cent nitrous oxide for dental analgesia: A sensory decision theory evaluation. Responses to electrical stimulation of the tooth pulp were obtained in both baseline and test sessions for subjects receiving acupuncture, 33 per cent nitrous oxide, or control conditions. A signal-detection analysis across sessions showed that both treatment groups demonstrated reduced sensitivity to stimulation, and increases in bias against reporting strong stimuli as painful. (Key words: Acupuncture; Anesthetics, gases, nitrous oxide; Measurement techniques, sensory decision theory; Pain, sensory decision theory).", "PMID": 1130718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11267", "title": "The renin--angiotensin--aldosterone system during cardiac surgery with morphine--nitrous oxide anesthesia.", "content": "Ten consecutive adult patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery with extracorporeal circulation were anesthetized using morphine (1-3 mg/kg) and nitrous oxide. Pre-bypass plasma renin activity showed a 3.5-fold elevation (P smaller than 0.001) over baseline values. This correlated with maximal blood pressure elevation. Plasma renin activity remained elevated during bypass. High baseline aldosterone levels increased 3.4-fold (P smaller than 0.001) after 15 minutes on bypass and 4.0-fold by the end of bypass. Plasma potassium decreased from 3.9 mEq/1 before bypass to 3.2 mEq/1 (P smaller 0.0001) during bypass, and the fractional urinary excretion of potassium was 32 per cent before bypass with a mean of 34.4 per cent during bypass. Urinary output remained high during bypass despite a progressive decrease in glomerular filtration rate. Catecholamine levels showed no significant change. The data suggest that the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system may play a role in blood pressure regulation during cardiopulmonary bypass and may result in the excessive urinary excretion of potassium and decrease in plasma potassium levels.", "contents": "The renin--angiotensin--aldosterone system during cardiac surgery with morphine--nitrous oxide anesthesia. Ten consecutive adult patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery with extracorporeal circulation were anesthetized using morphine (1-3 mg/kg) and nitrous oxide. Pre-bypass plasma renin activity showed a 3.5-fold elevation (P smaller than 0.001) over baseline values. This correlated with maximal blood pressure elevation. Plasma renin activity remained elevated during bypass. High baseline aldosterone levels increased 3.4-fold (P smaller than 0.001) after 15 minutes on bypass and 4.0-fold by the end of bypass. Plasma potassium decreased from 3.9 mEq/1 before bypass to 3.2 mEq/1 (P smaller 0.0001) during bypass, and the fractional urinary excretion of potassium was 32 per cent before bypass with a mean of 34.4 per cent during bypass. Urinary output remained high during bypass despite a progressive decrease in glomerular filtration rate. Catecholamine levels showed no significant change. The data suggest that the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system may play a role in blood pressure regulation during cardiopulmonary bypass and may result in the excessive urinary excretion of potassium and decrease in plasma potassium levels.", "PMID": 1130719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11268", "title": "Plasma protein binding of thiopental in patients with impaired renal or hepatic function.", "content": "Binding of thiopental to proteins in plasma from healthy, cirrhotic, and uremic subjects was studied using equilibrium dialysis. In plasma from healthy volunteers 28.0 plus or minus 0.9 per cent of thiopental was unbound. In plasma from patients with hepatic disease 53.0 plus or minus 2.1 per cent was unbound, while in patients with renal disease 55.7 plus or minus 1.5 per cent remained unbound. The decreased binding in uremia could not be explained completely by competitive displacement by nitrogenous end products or by hypoalbuminemia, although hypoalbuminemia may account for the decreased binding in cirrhotic patients.", "contents": "Plasma protein binding of thiopental in patients with impaired renal or hepatic function. Binding of thiopental to proteins in plasma from healthy, cirrhotic, and uremic subjects was studied using equilibrium dialysis. In plasma from healthy volunteers 28.0 plus or minus 0.9 per cent of thiopental was unbound. In plasma from patients with hepatic disease 53.0 plus or minus 2.1 per cent was unbound, while in patients with renal disease 55.7 plus or minus 1.5 per cent remained unbound. The decreased binding in uremia could not be explained completely by competitive displacement by nitrogenous end products or by hypoalbuminemia, although hypoalbuminemia may account for the decreased binding in cirrhotic patients.", "PMID": 1130720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11269", "title": "Potencies of doxapram and hypoxia in stimulating carotid-body chemoreceptors and ventilation in anesthetized cats.", "content": "The effects of doxapram on carotid chemoreceptor activity and on ventilation (phrenic-nerve activity) were tested before and after denervation of the peripheral chemoreceptors in cats. Doxapram was found to be a potent stimulus to the carotid chemoreceptors; the stimulation produced by 1.0 mg/kg doxapram, iv, equalled that produced by a Pao2 of 38 torr. Doxapram also increased phrenic-nerve activity in doses as low as 0.2 mg/kg, iv. After denervation of the peripheral chemoreceptors, doxapram in doses as large as 6 mg/kg failed to stimulate ventilation. It is concluded that (in anesthetized cats) doxapram in doses of less than 6 mg/kg increases ventilation by direct stimulation of the carotid, and, probably, the aortic, chemoreceptors, not by a direct effect on the medullary respiratory center.", "contents": "Potencies of doxapram and hypoxia in stimulating carotid-body chemoreceptors and ventilation in anesthetized cats. The effects of doxapram on carotid chemoreceptor activity and on ventilation (phrenic-nerve activity) were tested before and after denervation of the peripheral chemoreceptors in cats. Doxapram was found to be a potent stimulus to the carotid chemoreceptors; the stimulation produced by 1.0 mg/kg doxapram, iv, equalled that produced by a Pao2 of 38 torr. Doxapram also increased phrenic-nerve activity in doses as low as 0.2 mg/kg, iv. After denervation of the peripheral chemoreceptors, doxapram in doses as large as 6 mg/kg failed to stimulate ventilation. It is concluded that (in anesthetized cats) doxapram in doses of less than 6 mg/kg increases ventilation by direct stimulation of the carotid, and, probably, the aortic, chemoreceptors, not by a direct effect on the medullary respiratory center.", "PMID": 1130721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11270", "title": "Hemodynamic consequences of the combination of isoflurane anesthesia (1 MAC) and beta-adrenergic blockade in the dog.", "content": "The hemodynamic response to the combination of isoflurane (1 MAC) and propranolol (0.5 mg/kg) was studied in 12 intact ventilated dogs following basal anesthesia with chloralose-urethane. When propranolol was administered during isoflurane anesthesia, stroke volume was maintained with a higher pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (3.2 plus or minus 0.7 mm Hg to 6.3 plus or minus 1.4 mm Hg), while systemic vascular resistance remained unchanged. When isoflurane was administered to the previously beta-adrenergically blocked dog, there were declines in systemic pressure and cardiac output (P smaller than 0.01) and in pulmonary arterial pressure and stroke volume (P smaller then 0.05), without change in systemic vascular resistance. When isoflurane was subsequently discontinued, these changes were reversed, and in addition, systemic vascular resistance increased (P smaller than 0.05). These data indicate that isoflurane has pharmacologic properties compatible with a peripheral beta-adrenergic stimulating action.", "contents": "Hemodynamic consequences of the combination of isoflurane anesthesia (1 MAC) and beta-adrenergic blockade in the dog. The hemodynamic response to the combination of isoflurane (1 MAC) and propranolol (0.5 mg/kg) was studied in 12 intact ventilated dogs following basal anesthesia with chloralose-urethane. When propranolol was administered during isoflurane anesthesia, stroke volume was maintained with a higher pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (3.2 plus or minus 0.7 mm Hg to 6.3 plus or minus 1.4 mm Hg), while systemic vascular resistance remained unchanged. When isoflurane was administered to the previously beta-adrenergically blocked dog, there were declines in systemic pressure and cardiac output (P smaller than 0.01) and in pulmonary arterial pressure and stroke volume (P smaller then 0.05), without change in systemic vascular resistance. When isoflurane was subsequently discontinued, these changes were reversed, and in addition, systemic vascular resistance increased (P smaller than 0.05). These data indicate that isoflurane has pharmacologic properties compatible with a peripheral beta-adrenergic stimulating action.", "PMID": 1130722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11271", "title": "Effects of anesthetics on ponto-geniculo-occipital waves from the oculomotor nucleus of the cat.", "content": "Effects of anesthetics and doxapram on pontogeniculo-occipital (PGO) waves from the oculomotor nucleus were studied in acute experiments in cats paralyzed by gallamine triethiodide. The anesthetic agents studied in the present experiment (thiopental, ketamine, Innovar, nitrous oxide, and halothane) decreased, while doxapram increased, the total number of PGO waves. As the doses of anesthetics increased, PGO waves were abolished, but they returned to control levels or below control levels when the concentrations of anesthetics were decreased. The results indicate that the anesthetics studied inhibit the activity of the central mechanism associated with the oculomotor system. PGO waves may prove a useful index of the level of anesthesia.", "contents": "Effects of anesthetics on ponto-geniculo-occipital waves from the oculomotor nucleus of the cat. Effects of anesthetics and doxapram on pontogeniculo-occipital (PGO) waves from the oculomotor nucleus were studied in acute experiments in cats paralyzed by gallamine triethiodide. The anesthetic agents studied in the present experiment (thiopental, ketamine, Innovar, nitrous oxide, and halothane) decreased, while doxapram increased, the total number of PGO waves. As the doses of anesthetics increased, PGO waves were abolished, but they returned to control levels or below control levels when the concentrations of anesthetics were decreased. The results indicate that the anesthetics studied inhibit the activity of the central mechanism associated with the oculomotor system. PGO waves may prove a useful index of the level of anesthesia.", "PMID": 1130723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11272", "title": "Increased serum bromide concentration after halothane anesthesia in man.", "content": "Seven healthy male volunteers received 6.6 plus or minus 0.5 (SE) per cent-hours of halothane-oxygen anesthesia without surgery. Serum bromide concentrations increased from 0.6 plus or minus 0.1 before anesthesia to 2.9 plus or minus 0.2 mEq/l on the second day after anesthesia. On the ninth day serum bromide was still elevated to 2.5 plus or minus 0.1 mEq/l. These bromide concentrations represent psychoactive levels and may account for previously recognized prolonged changes in mood and intellectual function after halothane. Plasma and urinary fluoride concentrations did not increase significantly.", "contents": "Increased serum bromide concentration after halothane anesthesia in man. Seven healthy male volunteers received 6.6 plus or minus 0.5 (SE) per cent-hours of halothane-oxygen anesthesia without surgery. Serum bromide concentrations increased from 0.6 plus or minus 0.1 before anesthesia to 2.9 plus or minus 0.2 mEq/l on the second day after anesthesia. On the ninth day serum bromide was still elevated to 2.5 plus or minus 0.1 mEq/l. These bromide concentrations represent psychoactive levels and may account for previously recognized prolonged changes in mood and intellectual function after halothane. Plasma and urinary fluoride concentrations did not increase significantly.", "PMID": 1130724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11273", "title": "Soda-lime dust contamination of breathing circuits.", "content": "A case report of soda-lime dust contamination of the breathing circuit of an anesthesia machine causing bronchospasm in a patient is presented. Various factors in absorber design and increased dusting of soda lime due to high-flow techniques and lack of wetting are described. A modification of the Fraser-Sweatman absorber leading the fresh gas into an area free of dust accumulation has resulted in near-complete elimination of the problem.", "contents": "Soda-lime dust contamination of breathing circuits. A case report of soda-lime dust contamination of the breathing circuit of an anesthesia machine causing bronchospasm in a patient is presented. Various factors in absorber design and increased dusting of soda lime due to high-flow techniques and lack of wetting are described. A modification of the Fraser-Sweatman absorber leading the fresh gas into an area free of dust accumulation has resulted in near-complete elimination of the problem.", "PMID": 1130729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11274", "title": "The anesthetic effect of air at atmospheric pressure.", "content": "Nitrogen has recognized narcotic potential at hyperbaric pressures. No narcotic effect of helium has been demonstrated at any pressure. We evaluated the effect of nitrogen in air at one atmosphere on human performance by comparing it with helium-oxygen using a four-alternative divided-attention task that requires rapid response to auditory and visual signal changes. There was a 9.3 per cent decrease in response time when subjects breathed helium-oxygen, a signigicant change (P less than 0.001). This change could not be ascribed to practice since the order of presentation of gases did not have a significant effect. It concluded that the nitrogen in ambient air slightly but measurable impairs human performance compared with a non-anesthetic gas such as helium.", "contents": "The anesthetic effect of air at atmospheric pressure. Nitrogen has recognized narcotic potential at hyperbaric pressures. No narcotic effect of helium has been demonstrated at any pressure. We evaluated the effect of nitrogen in air at one atmosphere on human performance by comparing it with helium-oxygen using a four-alternative divided-attention task that requires rapid response to auditory and visual signal changes. There was a 9.3 per cent decrease in response time when subjects breathed helium-oxygen, a signigicant change (P less than 0.001). This change could not be ascribed to practice since the order of presentation of gases did not have a significant effect. It concluded that the nitrogen in ambient air slightly but measurable impairs human performance compared with a non-anesthetic gas such as helium.", "PMID": 1130736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11275", "title": "Neuromuscular blocking effects of succinylcholine in infants and children.", "content": "The neuromuscular blocking effects and recovery times following two doses of succinylcholine on a weight basis were evaluated in 16 infants and 16 children. Infants had less profound neuromuscular blockade than children at both 0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg doses. Succinylcholine, 1 mg/kg, in infants produced blockade equal to that produced by 0.5 mg/kg in children; at these equipotent doses there was no statistically significant difference between the times to recover to 10 and 90 per cent neuromuscular transmission in the two groups. However, the rate of recovery from 50 per cent neuromuscular transmission to 90 per cent neuromuscular transmission was 69.1 per cent/min in children, as opposed to 46.4 per cent/min in infants. When dosage was calculated on a surface area basis, there was a linear relationship for infants and children as a single group between the log dose and the times to recover to 50 and 90 per cent neuromuscular transmission. Similarly, there was a linear relationship between the log dose (mg/m2) and the maximum intensity of neuromuscular blockade.", "contents": "Neuromuscular blocking effects of succinylcholine in infants and children. The neuromuscular blocking effects and recovery times following two doses of succinylcholine on a weight basis were evaluated in 16 infants and 16 children. Infants had less profound neuromuscular blockade than children at both 0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg doses. Succinylcholine, 1 mg/kg, in infants produced blockade equal to that produced by 0.5 mg/kg in children; at these equipotent doses there was no statistically significant difference between the times to recover to 10 and 90 per cent neuromuscular transmission in the two groups. However, the rate of recovery from 50 per cent neuromuscular transmission to 90 per cent neuromuscular transmission was 69.1 per cent/min in children, as opposed to 46.4 per cent/min in infants. When dosage was calculated on a surface area basis, there was a linear relationship for infants and children as a single group between the log dose and the times to recover to 50 and 90 per cent neuromuscular transmission. Similarly, there was a linear relationship between the log dose (mg/m2) and the maximum intensity of neuromuscular blockade.", "PMID": 1130737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11276", "title": "Intravenous delta9-Tetrahydrocannabinol: Effects of ventilatory control and cardiovascular dynamics.", "content": "Delta9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the active component of marijuana, was studies to determine whether it might be useful for preanesthetic medication. Ten healthy subjects received THC intravenously in logarithmically spaced incremental doses. Four subjects received a total cumulatine dose of 135 mug/kg and four others, 201 mug/kg, Two of the ten subjects discontinued the study because of anxiety reactions. Ventilatory minute volume at a controlled elevated CO2 tension, 48 plus or minus 2 (SD) torr, changed minimally with TCH, -0.49 1/min/50 per cent increase in dose. TCH shifted the ventilatory response to CO22.7 torr destrad at 20 1/min without a change in slope. Dose-related tachycardia was the most marked cardiovascular effect. Heart rates increased to more than 100/min in five of six subjects. Cardiac index increased from 4.04 plus or minus 0.62 1/min/m-2 before TCH to 6.92 plus or minus 2.34 1/min/m-2 after 134 mug/kg. Mean arterial pressure increased slightly, and total peripheral resistance fell. The cardiovascular changes suggest beta-adrenergic stimulation. Intense mental effects and anxiety prohibited higher THC doses.", "contents": "Intravenous delta9-Tetrahydrocannabinol: Effects of ventilatory control and cardiovascular dynamics. Delta9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the active component of marijuana, was studies to determine whether it might be useful for preanesthetic medication. Ten healthy subjects received THC intravenously in logarithmically spaced incremental doses. Four subjects received a total cumulatine dose of 135 mug/kg and four others, 201 mug/kg, Two of the ten subjects discontinued the study because of anxiety reactions. Ventilatory minute volume at a controlled elevated CO2 tension, 48 plus or minus 2 (SD) torr, changed minimally with TCH, -0.49 1/min/50 per cent increase in dose. TCH shifted the ventilatory response to CO22.7 torr destrad at 20 1/min without a change in slope. Dose-related tachycardia was the most marked cardiovascular effect. Heart rates increased to more than 100/min in five of six subjects. Cardiac index increased from 4.04 plus or minus 0.62 1/min/m-2 before TCH to 6.92 plus or minus 2.34 1/min/m-2 after 134 mug/kg. Mean arterial pressure increased slightly, and total peripheral resistance fell. The cardiovascular changes suggest beta-adrenergic stimulation. Intense mental effects and anxiety prohibited higher THC doses.", "PMID": 1130738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11277", "title": "Decamethonium and serum potassium in man.", "content": "Decamethonium and succinylcholine were used to study the effects of depolarizing muscle relaxants on serum potassium in 60 patinets, free of neuromuscular disease, during major orthopedic surgery. Significant increases in serum K+ were found after administration of decamethonium or succinylcholine in the usual clinical doses. The abnormal elevations of serum K+ found in patients with burns, massive trauma, or muscle denervation are thus accentuations of the process that occurs in normal man following use of these depolarizing drugs. The administration of any depolarizing agent to these abnormal patient groups would, therefore, appear contraindicated.", "contents": "Decamethonium and serum potassium in man. Decamethonium and succinylcholine were used to study the effects of depolarizing muscle relaxants on serum potassium in 60 patinets, free of neuromuscular disease, during major orthopedic surgery. Significant increases in serum K+ were found after administration of decamethonium or succinylcholine in the usual clinical doses. The abnormal elevations of serum K+ found in patients with burns, massive trauma, or muscle denervation are thus accentuations of the process that occurs in normal man following use of these depolarizing drugs. The administration of any depolarizing agent to these abnormal patient groups would, therefore, appear contraindicated.", "PMID": 1130739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11278", "title": "Newborn blood levels of lidocaine and mepivacaine in the first postnatal day following maternal epidural anesthesia.", "content": "Distribution and elimination of lidocaine and mepivacaine were studies in 114 subjects after obstetric epidural anesthesia, Epinephrine significantly lowered the concentrations of lidocaine in the mothers' circulations by about 33 per cent, and the concentrations of mepivacaine by about 22 per cent. It also significantly altered their concentrations in the newborns' circulations at delivery and in the first 4 hours after birth. More mepivacaine than lidocaine crossed the placenta. The mepivacaine concentration in the cord blood was 36 to 47 per cent higher, and the mean fetal to maternal ratio for mepivacaine without epinephrine was 0.64, in contrast to 0.52 for the equivalent lidocaine group. Of importance was the long persistance of either drug in the newborns' circulation. Detectable levels of lidocaine and mepivacaine were present until 8 and 24 hours after birth, respectively. Pharmacokinetic models revealed that the long-term rate of disappearance of lidocaine was approximately three times as fast as that of mepivacaine. Computed half-times averaged 3 hours for lidocaine and 9 hours for mepivacaine.", "contents": "Newborn blood levels of lidocaine and mepivacaine in the first postnatal day following maternal epidural anesthesia. Distribution and elimination of lidocaine and mepivacaine were studies in 114 subjects after obstetric epidural anesthesia, Epinephrine significantly lowered the concentrations of lidocaine in the mothers' circulations by about 33 per cent, and the concentrations of mepivacaine by about 22 per cent. It also significantly altered their concentrations in the newborns' circulations at delivery and in the first 4 hours after birth. More mepivacaine than lidocaine crossed the placenta. The mepivacaine concentration in the cord blood was 36 to 47 per cent higher, and the mean fetal to maternal ratio for mepivacaine without epinephrine was 0.64, in contrast to 0.52 for the equivalent lidocaine group. Of importance was the long persistance of either drug in the newborns' circulation. Detectable levels of lidocaine and mepivacaine were present until 8 and 24 hours after birth, respectively. Pharmacokinetic models revealed that the long-term rate of disappearance of lidocaine was approximately three times as fast as that of mepivacaine. Computed half-times averaged 3 hours for lidocaine and 9 hours for mepivacaine.", "PMID": 1130740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11279", "title": "Neurokinetics of lidocaine in the infraorbital nerve of the rat in vivo: Relation to sensory block.", "content": "The kinetics of neural uptake and efflux of lidocaine hydrochloride were studies by means of a standardized technique for blocking the intraorbital nerve of the rat, using a palatal jig. Following injection of 14-C-labeled local anesthetic, groups of ten animals were saccraficed at incipient recovery from sensory block or at othertimes. The nerves were weighed and assayed for radioactivity. The lengths of nerve containing high levels of lidocaine varied inversely with the times elapsed since onset of block. In experiments where a fixed quantity (2 mg) drug was injected, the incidence of block 2 hours later was concentrated-dependent, occuring in 80 per cent of animals after 2 per cent, in 40 per cent after 1 per cent, and in none after 0.5 per cent lidocaine. Epinephrine, 1:200,000, prolonged by 80 per cent the block effected with 0.2 ml of 1 per cent lidocaine. At the onset of recovery the neural contents of lidocaine at the sites of injection were 484 plus or minus 404 ng/mg of nerve in epinephrine-treated nerves, and 274 plus or minus 218 ng/mg in nonepinephrine-treated nerved (N.S., P greater than 0.05). Quantitative comparisons of in-vivo effectiveness of local anesthetic solutions can be made with this technique.", "contents": "Neurokinetics of lidocaine in the infraorbital nerve of the rat in vivo: Relation to sensory block. The kinetics of neural uptake and efflux of lidocaine hydrochloride were studies by means of a standardized technique for blocking the intraorbital nerve of the rat, using a palatal jig. Following injection of 14-C-labeled local anesthetic, groups of ten animals were saccraficed at incipient recovery from sensory block or at othertimes. The nerves were weighed and assayed for radioactivity. The lengths of nerve containing high levels of lidocaine varied inversely with the times elapsed since onset of block. In experiments where a fixed quantity (2 mg) drug was injected, the incidence of block 2 hours later was concentrated-dependent, occuring in 80 per cent of animals after 2 per cent, in 40 per cent after 1 per cent, and in none after 0.5 per cent lidocaine. Epinephrine, 1:200,000, prolonged by 80 per cent the block effected with 0.2 ml of 1 per cent lidocaine. At the onset of recovery the neural contents of lidocaine at the sites of injection were 484 plus or minus 404 ng/mg of nerve in epinephrine-treated nerves, and 274 plus or minus 218 ng/mg in nonepinephrine-treated nerved (N.S., P greater than 0.05). Quantitative comparisons of in-vivo effectiveness of local anesthetic solutions can be made with this technique.", "PMID": 1130741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11280", "title": "Lidocaine effects on brain mitochondrial metabolism in vitro.", "content": "Both lidocaine and anoxia inhibit rapid axonal transport. In an attempt to elucidate the mechanism of this action of lidocaine, its effect on mitochondrial respiration was studies. The local anesthetic produces a dose-dependent inhibition of oxygen consumption (50 per cent inhibition at 8mM) by porcine brain mitochondria when glutamate, but not when succinate, serves as the substrate. This indicates electron transport is blocked at the NADH dehydrogenase level. Potent uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation is observed with both substrates. All of the effects are readily reversible upon removal of the anesthetic. It is concluded that lidocaine apparently inhibits rapid axonal transport by depressing oxidative metabolism.", "contents": "Lidocaine effects on brain mitochondrial metabolism in vitro. Both lidocaine and anoxia inhibit rapid axonal transport. In an attempt to elucidate the mechanism of this action of lidocaine, its effect on mitochondrial respiration was studies. The local anesthetic produces a dose-dependent inhibition of oxygen consumption (50 per cent inhibition at 8mM) by porcine brain mitochondria when glutamate, but not when succinate, serves as the substrate. This indicates electron transport is blocked at the NADH dehydrogenase level. Potent uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation is observed with both substrates. All of the effects are readily reversible upon removal of the anesthetic. It is concluded that lidocaine apparently inhibits rapid axonal transport by depressing oxidative metabolism.", "PMID": 1130742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11281", "title": "Normal hemoglobin-oxygen affinity.", "content": "Hemoglobin-xoygen affinity is known to vary in a number of disease states. The authors measured the continuous affinity of blood from healthy subjects and, using mathematical data reduction techniques, calculated coefficients for rational function models of average normal affinity, plus or minus 2 standard deviations, and 95 per cent confidence limits. Average normal P50 was 27.10 torr, with a two-standard-deviation range of 25.85 to 28.35; P50s of the 95 per cent confidence limits were 26.69 and 27.53 torr. The affinity usually accepted as standard lay between or very near to the 95% confidence limits of normal throughout its range. It is concluded that the range of normal affinity is narrow and that, for most practical purposes, standard affinity adequately represents normal affinity. There should be little difficulty in distinguishing from normal the shifts that occur in certain disease conditions.", "contents": "Normal hemoglobin-oxygen affinity. Hemoglobin-xoygen affinity is known to vary in a number of disease states. The authors measured the continuous affinity of blood from healthy subjects and, using mathematical data reduction techniques, calculated coefficients for rational function models of average normal affinity, plus or minus 2 standard deviations, and 95 per cent confidence limits. Average normal P50 was 27.10 torr, with a two-standard-deviation range of 25.85 to 28.35; P50s of the 95 per cent confidence limits were 26.69 and 27.53 torr. The affinity usually accepted as standard lay between or very near to the 95% confidence limits of normal throughout its range. It is concluded that the range of normal affinity is narrow and that, for most practical purposes, standard affinity adequately represents normal affinity. There should be little difficulty in distinguishing from normal the shifts that occur in certain disease conditions.", "PMID": 1130743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11282", "title": "Determining patency of palmar arches by retrograde radial pulsation.", "content": "The patency of palmar arches must be ascertained before radial-artery cannulation is performed. A simple test in which digital pulsation is felt after proximal occlusion of the radial artery has been devised for that purpose. The method is reliable, does not require active patient cooperation, and can be carried out in all clinical situations where the radial artery can be felt.", "contents": "Determining patency of palmar arches by retrograde radial pulsation. The patency of palmar arches must be ascertained before radial-artery cannulation is performed. A simple test in which digital pulsation is felt after proximal occlusion of the radial artery has been devised for that purpose. The method is reliable, does not require active patient cooperation, and can be carried out in all clinical situations where the radial artery can be felt.", "PMID": 1130747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11283", "title": "Comparison of proteolytic enzyme activity in pulmonary alveolar macrophages and blood leukocytes in smokers and nonsmokers.", "content": "Proteolysis (or more specifically, elastolysis) of the lung may be involved in the pathogenesis of pulmonary emphysema. To investigate the human alveolar macrophage as a potential mediator of lung damage, elastase-like esterase and protease activity was determined in these cells as well as in alveolar lavage fluid and in peripheral blood leukocytes. Bronchoalveolar lavage was used to obtain alveolar cells and fluid in normal volunteers who were divided into two groups according to cigarette smoking history, nonsmokers and smokers. Results of these studies revealed that human alveolar macrophages possess a high activity of both elastase-like esterase and protease. Furthermore, the alveolar macrophages of cigarette smokers has a significantly greater elastase-like esterase and protease activity than those of nonsmokers. When the 4- to 5-fold increase in the number of macrophages found cigaretts smokers is taken into account there was approximately 10 times more elastase-like esterase activity and 18 times more protease activity within macrophages in the alveolar spaces of cigarette smokers' lungs. This makes the alveolar macrophage a poten potential source of proteolytic enzymes in man.", "contents": "Comparison of proteolytic enzyme activity in pulmonary alveolar macrophages and blood leukocytes in smokers and nonsmokers. Proteolysis (or more specifically, elastolysis) of the lung may be involved in the pathogenesis of pulmonary emphysema. To investigate the human alveolar macrophage as a potential mediator of lung damage, elastase-like esterase and protease activity was determined in these cells as well as in alveolar lavage fluid and in peripheral blood leukocytes. Bronchoalveolar lavage was used to obtain alveolar cells and fluid in normal volunteers who were divided into two groups according to cigarette smoking history, nonsmokers and smokers. Results of these studies revealed that human alveolar macrophages possess a high activity of both elastase-like esterase and protease. Furthermore, the alveolar macrophages of cigarette smokers has a significantly greater elastase-like esterase and protease activity than those of nonsmokers. When the 4- to 5-fold increase in the number of macrophages found cigaretts smokers is taken into account there was approximately 10 times more elastase-like esterase activity and 18 times more protease activity within macrophages in the alveolar spaces of cigarette smokers' lungs. This makes the alveolar macrophage a poten potential source of proteolytic enzymes in man.", "PMID": 1130751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11284", "title": "Predictability of the radioallergosorbent test (RAST) in ragweed pollenosis.", "content": "The radioallergosorbent test was compared with currently accepted allergy diagnostic techniques in ragweed-sensitive and unselected patients. The radioallergosorbent test was positive in 28 of 30 patients with proved histories, positive scratch tests, and positive nasal provation tests to ragweed. The radioallergosorbent test was also positive in 69 per cent of 40 clinically sensitive patients whose diagnoses were corroborated by scratch tests alone. In unselected patients evaluated by intracutaneous testing with short ragweed extract, 10 minus 3 g per ml, the incidence of positive radioallergosorbent test scores was reduced to 43 per cent. No false positive results were encountered in these studies. A good relationship was observed between radioallergosorbent test scores and the maximal tolerable dose of ragweed administered during a course of \"rush\" immunotherapy in clinically allergic patients. These results suggest that the radioallergosorbent test has several unique advantages in assessing clinical sensitivity to ragweed.", "contents": "Predictability of the radioallergosorbent test (RAST) in ragweed pollenosis. The radioallergosorbent test was compared with currently accepted allergy diagnostic techniques in ragweed-sensitive and unselected patients. The radioallergosorbent test was positive in 28 of 30 patients with proved histories, positive scratch tests, and positive nasal provation tests to ragweed. The radioallergosorbent test was also positive in 69 per cent of 40 clinically sensitive patients whose diagnoses were corroborated by scratch tests alone. In unselected patients evaluated by intracutaneous testing with short ragweed extract, 10 minus 3 g per ml, the incidence of positive radioallergosorbent test scores was reduced to 43 per cent. No false positive results were encountered in these studies. A good relationship was observed between radioallergosorbent test scores and the maximal tolerable dose of ragweed administered during a course of \"rush\" immunotherapy in clinically allergic patients. These results suggest that the radioallergosorbent test has several unique advantages in assessing clinical sensitivity to ragweed.", "PMID": 1130752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11285", "title": "Open thoracotomy for pneumothorax in cystic fibrosis.", "content": "The results of open thoractomy and pleurectomy or pleural abrasion for 17 episodes of pneumothorax in patients with cystic fibrosis were compared with the results of observation, closed thoracostomy, and closed thoracostomy with sclerosing agents. Open thoracotomy had the advantage of insuring prompt resolution of the pneumothorax. A small incision minimized postoperative morbidity. The average hospital stay was 15 days after open thoracotomy and 19 days after closed thoracostomy, with or without sclerosing agents. Complications of all treatments were infrequent. A limited symptomatic recurrence was observed in 2 of 17 pneumothoraces successfully treated with open thoracotomy. Recurrence also occurred in 1 of 8 treated with observation, 3 of 9 treated with closed thoracostomy, and 1 of 14 treated with closed thoracostomy and sclerosing agents. A loss of vital capacity was usually noted 4 to 18 months after resolution, regardless of treatment. Forty per cent of patients in both operative and nonoperative groups survived 3 years. In our experience, open thoracotomy can be used safely for treatment of unresolved or recurrent pneumothorax and warrants further evaluation as a primary therapy for pneumothorax in patients with cystic fibrosis.", "contents": "Open thoracotomy for pneumothorax in cystic fibrosis. The results of open thoractomy and pleurectomy or pleural abrasion for 17 episodes of pneumothorax in patients with cystic fibrosis were compared with the results of observation, closed thoracostomy, and closed thoracostomy with sclerosing agents. Open thoracotomy had the advantage of insuring prompt resolution of the pneumothorax. A small incision minimized postoperative morbidity. The average hospital stay was 15 days after open thoracotomy and 19 days after closed thoracostomy, with or without sclerosing agents. Complications of all treatments were infrequent. A limited symptomatic recurrence was observed in 2 of 17 pneumothoraces successfully treated with open thoracotomy. Recurrence also occurred in 1 of 8 treated with observation, 3 of 9 treated with closed thoracostomy, and 1 of 14 treated with closed thoracostomy and sclerosing agents. A loss of vital capacity was usually noted 4 to 18 months after resolution, regardless of treatment. Forty per cent of patients in both operative and nonoperative groups survived 3 years. In our experience, open thoracotomy can be used safely for treatment of unresolved or recurrent pneumothorax and warrants further evaluation as a primary therapy for pneumothorax in patients with cystic fibrosis.", "PMID": 1130753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11286", "title": "Functional abnormalities in young asymptomatic smokers with special reference to flow volume curves breathing various gases.", "content": "Functional abnormalities have been described in healthy, asymptomatic young smokers. Fifteen subjects between 22 and 30 years of age, who smoked but were completely asymptomatic, were compared with 10 nonsmokers of the same age group using lung volumes, maximal expiratory flow rates, closing volumes, and maximal expiratory flow volume curves breathing air and a helium-oxygen mixture. Lower maximal mid-expiratory flow rates, higher closing volumes, and significant differences in flow volume curves with the helium-oxygen mixture were found in smokers. Special attention was given to the volume expressed as percentage of vital capacity at which the flows with air and the helium-oxygen mixture were equal for each subject (\"equal-flow volume\"). This volume was found to be significantly higher for smokers than nonsmokers. The authors offer explanations for these differences and suggest that smoking may alter compliance, as reflected by abnormal closing volumes, and resistance of the small airways as determined by differing responses in flow rates after helium-oxygen breathing at low volumes.", "contents": "Functional abnormalities in young asymptomatic smokers with special reference to flow volume curves breathing various gases. Functional abnormalities have been described in healthy, asymptomatic young smokers. Fifteen subjects between 22 and 30 years of age, who smoked but were completely asymptomatic, were compared with 10 nonsmokers of the same age group using lung volumes, maximal expiratory flow rates, closing volumes, and maximal expiratory flow volume curves breathing air and a helium-oxygen mixture. Lower maximal mid-expiratory flow rates, higher closing volumes, and significant differences in flow volume curves with the helium-oxygen mixture were found in smokers. Special attention was given to the volume expressed as percentage of vital capacity at which the flows with air and the helium-oxygen mixture were equal for each subject (\"equal-flow volume\"). This volume was found to be significantly higher for smokers than nonsmokers. The authors offer explanations for these differences and suggest that smoking may alter compliance, as reflected by abnormal closing volumes, and resistance of the small airways as determined by differing responses in flow rates after helium-oxygen breathing at low volumes.", "PMID": 1130754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11287", "title": "Response to exercise in upper airway obstruction.", "content": "Mild excerice in 7 patients with upper airway obstruction but without diffuse lung disease caused a mean decrease in arterial oxygen tension of 11 mm Hg. Exercise hypoxemia disappeared after surgical removal of obstruction in 3 patients tested. Exercise hypoxemia due to relative alveolar hypoventilation was observed in 4 normal subjects with external combined inspiratory and expiratory resistance. Analysis of mechanics of air flow through an orifice suggests that exertional dyspnea is caused by manifold increase of airway resistance during exercise; acute respiratory failure might be precipitated by further minimal reduction in airway lumen once it has reached a diameter of 8 mm. Clinicians should be alert to the possibility of upper airway obstruction in any symptomatic patient who has had tracheal intubation or in patients with obscure wheezing, especially on exercise.", "contents": "Response to exercise in upper airway obstruction. Mild excerice in 7 patients with upper airway obstruction but without diffuse lung disease caused a mean decrease in arterial oxygen tension of 11 mm Hg. Exercise hypoxemia disappeared after surgical removal of obstruction in 3 patients tested. Exercise hypoxemia due to relative alveolar hypoventilation was observed in 4 normal subjects with external combined inspiratory and expiratory resistance. Analysis of mechanics of air flow through an orifice suggests that exertional dyspnea is caused by manifold increase of airway resistance during exercise; acute respiratory failure might be precipitated by further minimal reduction in airway lumen once it has reached a diameter of 8 mm. Clinicians should be alert to the possibility of upper airway obstruction in any symptomatic patient who has had tracheal intubation or in patients with obscure wheezing, especially on exercise.", "PMID": 1130755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11288", "title": "Extrapulmonary tuberculosis in Oklahoma, 1965 to 1973.", "content": "Three hundred seventy cases of extrapulmonary tuberculosis were reported to the Oklahoma State Department of Health between January 1, 1965 and December 31, 1973. The annual number of cases reported showed no tendency to decrease with time. A greater proportion of cases reported in recent years had bacteriologic confirmation. When compared to the distribution of all newly diagnosed cases of tuberculosis in the population, a greater proportion of newly diagnosed cases of extrapulmonary tuberculosis occurred in nonwhites. This was especially true to tuberculous meningitis, tuberculous lymphadenitis, and miliary tuberculosis. Possible reasons for the failure of the number of newly reported cases of extrapulmonary tuberculosis to decrease in recent years are presented.", "contents": "Extrapulmonary tuberculosis in Oklahoma, 1965 to 1973. Three hundred seventy cases of extrapulmonary tuberculosis were reported to the Oklahoma State Department of Health between January 1, 1965 and December 31, 1973. The annual number of cases reported showed no tendency to decrease with time. A greater proportion of cases reported in recent years had bacteriologic confirmation. When compared to the distribution of all newly diagnosed cases of tuberculosis in the population, a greater proportion of newly diagnosed cases of extrapulmonary tuberculosis occurred in nonwhites. This was especially true to tuberculous meningitis, tuberculous lymphadenitis, and miliary tuberculosis. Possible reasons for the failure of the number of newly reported cases of extrapulmonary tuberculosis to decrease in recent years are presented.", "PMID": 1130756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11289", "title": "Antibiotics as an aid in the prevention of infections after peripheral arterial surgery.", "content": "Patients having arterial reconstructive operations appear to have a comparatively high attack rate of hospital-acquired infections. A protocol for administration of antibiotic prophylaxis to such patients was designed to minimize major adverse effects while evaluating the effect on attack rate of hospital acquired infections. Short intensive therapy with an appropriate antibiotic during a period of time surrounding the operative procedure itself is emphasized. The attack rate of nosocomial infections declined from approximately 12 to approximately 3 per cent and wound infections occurred in only seven of 811 patients. Administration of antibiotics according to this protocol appears to reduce the expected attack rate of nosocomial infections.", "contents": "Antibiotics as an aid in the prevention of infections after peripheral arterial surgery. Patients having arterial reconstructive operations appear to have a comparatively high attack rate of hospital-acquired infections. A protocol for administration of antibiotic prophylaxis to such patients was designed to minimize major adverse effects while evaluating the effect on attack rate of hospital acquired infections. Short intensive therapy with an appropriate antibiotic during a period of time surrounding the operative procedure itself is emphasized. The attack rate of nosocomial infections declined from approximately 12 to approximately 3 per cent and wound infections occurred in only seven of 811 patients. Administration of antibiotics according to this protocol appears to reduce the expected attack rate of nosocomial infections.", "PMID": 1130762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11290", "title": "Treatment of surgical infections with tobramcin.", "content": "A survey of the safety and effectiveness of tobramycin, a newly developed aminoglycoside antibiotic, was assessed in 116 septic surgical patients. For comparison, the final 52 cases were randomized with 51 similarly infected patients who were treated with gentamicin. The two antibiotics gave equally good results when evaluated bacteriologically and clinically. Nevertheless, gram-negative infections appeared more likely to be susceptible to tobramycin than to gentamicin. No toxicity to the liver or bone marrow was observed. Although there were 13 cases of nephrotoxicity and 4 of ototoxicity, only one instance of such an adverse drug reaction could be attributed to parenterally administered aminoglycoside alone. In fact, topical neomycin and established renal damage caused by prior episodes of shock or dehydration appeared to be significantly more responsible for such adverse effects.", "contents": "Treatment of surgical infections with tobramcin. A survey of the safety and effectiveness of tobramycin, a newly developed aminoglycoside antibiotic, was assessed in 116 septic surgical patients. For comparison, the final 52 cases were randomized with 51 similarly infected patients who were treated with gentamicin. The two antibiotics gave equally good results when evaluated bacteriologically and clinically. Nevertheless, gram-negative infections appeared more likely to be susceptible to tobramycin than to gentamicin. No toxicity to the liver or bone marrow was observed. Although there were 13 cases of nephrotoxicity and 4 of ototoxicity, only one instance of such an adverse drug reaction could be attributed to parenterally administered aminoglycoside alone. In fact, topical neomycin and established renal damage caused by prior episodes of shock or dehydration appeared to be significantly more responsible for such adverse effects.", "PMID": 1130763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11291", "title": "Mechanism of heightened tumor immunity induced by cryosurgery.", "content": "Sarcoma-bearing mice treated with cryosurgery demonstrated significantly greater tumor immunity (as measured by lymphocytoxicity assays) than untreated tumor-bearing mice (p less than .001). However, cryosurgically treated mice did not show greater cytotoxicity than tumor-bearing and tumor-amputated mice which were treated with frozen exogenous tumor antigen. These results suggested that the mechanism by which cryosurgery stimulates systemic tumor immunity is through the release of antigen from the neoplasm. Thus, tumor-bearing mice treated with cryosurgery in these experiments underwent definitive ablative therapy while at the same time they received active tumor immunotherapy.", "contents": "Mechanism of heightened tumor immunity induced by cryosurgery. Sarcoma-bearing mice treated with cryosurgery demonstrated significantly greater tumor immunity (as measured by lymphocytoxicity assays) than untreated tumor-bearing mice (p less than .001). However, cryosurgically treated mice did not show greater cytotoxicity than tumor-bearing and tumor-amputated mice which were treated with frozen exogenous tumor antigen. These results suggested that the mechanism by which cryosurgery stimulates systemic tumor immunity is through the release of antigen from the neoplasm. Thus, tumor-bearing mice treated with cryosurgery in these experiments underwent definitive ablative therapy while at the same time they received active tumor immunotherapy.", "PMID": 1130764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11292", "title": "Projectile injuries from rotary power lawn mowers.", "content": "Two case reports of projectile injuries to bystanders from rotary power lawn mowers are presented. The surgeon must think in terms of entrance and exit wounds and tentative trajectory. Roentgenograms are invaluable. Treatment follows the same surgical principles that are applicable to civilian gunshot wound.", "contents": "Projectile injuries from rotary power lawn mowers. Two case reports of projectile injuries to bystanders from rotary power lawn mowers are presented. The surgeon must think in terms of entrance and exit wounds and tentative trajectory. Roentgenograms are invaluable. Treatment follows the same surgical principles that are applicable to civilian gunshot wound.", "PMID": 1130765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11293", "title": "Upper gastrointestinal fiberendoscopy: an analysis of 100 consecutive procedures.", "content": "Upper gastrointestinal fiberendoscopy has significantly advanced the diagnostic and therapeutic capabilities of physicians as seen in this study of 100 consecutive examinations. The indications for this procedure in the areas of diagnosis, confirmation follow-up, and treatment are reviewed and evaluated. Materials and methodology are described.", "contents": "Upper gastrointestinal fiberendoscopy: an analysis of 100 consecutive procedures. Upper gastrointestinal fiberendoscopy has significantly advanced the diagnostic and therapeutic capabilities of physicians as seen in this study of 100 consecutive examinations. The indications for this procedure in the areas of diagnosis, confirmation follow-up, and treatment are reviewed and evaluated. Materials and methodology are described.", "PMID": 1130766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11294", "title": "Silastic and gelatin film sheeting in tympanoplasty.", "content": "In 78 patients, representing 10% of the most severe case of chronic otitis media and in whom the mucosa from the promontory had been removed or severely damaged, the promontory was covered in one-stage mastoidectomy-tympanoplasty with a large piece of thin silastic or of Gelfilm. The results in the silastic group, comprising 50 patients, and in the Gelfilm group, comprising 28 patients, were compared on the basis of various criteria. The results proved better in the Gelfilm group. In particular, the percentage of recurrent perforations was considerably lower than in the silastic group. In one-stage operations, which we prefer, it is therefore recommended to use Gelfilm rather that silastic.", "contents": "Silastic and gelatin film sheeting in tympanoplasty. In 78 patients, representing 10% of the most severe case of chronic otitis media and in whom the mucosa from the promontory had been removed or severely damaged, the promontory was covered in one-stage mastoidectomy-tympanoplasty with a large piece of thin silastic or of Gelfilm. The results in the silastic group, comprising 50 patients, and in the Gelfilm group, comprising 28 patients, were compared on the basis of various criteria. The results proved better in the Gelfilm group. In particular, the percentage of recurrent perforations was considerably lower than in the silastic group. In one-stage operations, which we prefer, it is therefore recommended to use Gelfilm rather that silastic.", "PMID": 1130779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11295", "title": "Structure of the avian tectorial membrane.", "content": "The avian tectorial membrane is a thick massive-appearing structure permeated by cavities, which probably facilitate the diffusion of endolymph. As revealed by scanning and transmission electron microscopy, the cavities are arranged in a characteristic honeycomb-like pattern and each hair bundle is enclosed in an alveolus. The open ends of the alveoli show the impressions of sensory hairs on one side. The rims about the cavities are attached to the microvilli of the supporting cells by means of fibrous material. These morphological aspects are compared with those reptiles and mammals, and the functional significance of the fibrillar anchors is discussed.", "contents": "Structure of the avian tectorial membrane. The avian tectorial membrane is a thick massive-appearing structure permeated by cavities, which probably facilitate the diffusion of endolymph. As revealed by scanning and transmission electron microscopy, the cavities are arranged in a characteristic honeycomb-like pattern and each hair bundle is enclosed in an alveolus. The open ends of the alveoli show the impressions of sensory hairs on one side. The rims about the cavities are attached to the microvilli of the supporting cells by means of fibrous material. These morphological aspects are compared with those reptiles and mammals, and the functional significance of the fibrillar anchors is discussed.", "PMID": 1130778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11296", "title": "Visual suppression of vestibular nystagmus after cerebellar lesions.", "content": "Visual suppression of calorically induced vestibular nystagmus was observed following discrete lesions of various structures in the cerebellum. Unilateral lesions of the flocculus resulted in a complete loss or a significant reduction in visual suppression when the quick phase of the nystagmus was directed to the ipsilateral side of the lesions, and bilateral flocculus lesions caused a bilateral loss of suppression. Nodulus lesions resulted in a loss of suppression, and this loss tended to recover in time. Lesions of the dentate nucleus resulted in a very short term loss of suppression. Extirpation or lesions of the uvula, vermis, para-flocculus, cerebellar cortex, or the fastigial or interpositus nuclei had no observed effect on the visual suppression of vestibular nystagmus. The results of this study suggest that the flocculus and nodulus function as intermediators through which the visual system can modify or alter vestibular reflexes. Also, this phenomenon, that is, loss of visual suppression after the flocculus and nodulus lesion, is very useful to diagnose the localized lesion in the cerebellum.", "contents": "Visual suppression of vestibular nystagmus after cerebellar lesions. Visual suppression of calorically induced vestibular nystagmus was observed following discrete lesions of various structures in the cerebellum. Unilateral lesions of the flocculus resulted in a complete loss or a significant reduction in visual suppression when the quick phase of the nystagmus was directed to the ipsilateral side of the lesions, and bilateral flocculus lesions caused a bilateral loss of suppression. Nodulus lesions resulted in a loss of suppression, and this loss tended to recover in time. Lesions of the dentate nucleus resulted in a very short term loss of suppression. Extirpation or lesions of the uvula, vermis, para-flocculus, cerebellar cortex, or the fastigial or interpositus nuclei had no observed effect on the visual suppression of vestibular nystagmus. The results of this study suggest that the flocculus and nodulus function as intermediators through which the visual system can modify or alter vestibular reflexes. Also, this phenomenon, that is, loss of visual suppression after the flocculus and nodulus lesion, is very useful to diagnose the localized lesion in the cerebellum.", "PMID": 1130780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11297", "title": "Chordomas: nasopharyngeal presentation and atypical long survival.", "content": "Atypical clinical and pathological features of a cranio-cervical chordomas have prompted a review of these neoplasms at the University of Michigan Medical Center. Contrary to prior investigations, 92% of the spheno-occipital chordomas reported in this study clinically presented with a nasopharyngeal or intranasal mass. This high incidence indicates the requirement for an otorhinologic examination on all patients presenting with the neuro-ophthalmologic syndrome and roentgenologic findings characteristic of chordomas in this anatomical region. Special attenion is called to a histologically distinctive variant of chordoma - the \"chondroid chordoma.' Apparently restricted to the cranio-cervical region, this variant has been associated with long survival.", "contents": "Chordomas: nasopharyngeal presentation and atypical long survival. Atypical clinical and pathological features of a cranio-cervical chordomas have prompted a review of these neoplasms at the University of Michigan Medical Center. Contrary to prior investigations, 92% of the spheno-occipital chordomas reported in this study clinically presented with a nasopharyngeal or intranasal mass. This high incidence indicates the requirement for an otorhinologic examination on all patients presenting with the neuro-ophthalmologic syndrome and roentgenologic findings characteristic of chordomas in this anatomical region. Special attenion is called to a histologically distinctive variant of chordoma - the \"chondroid chordoma.' Apparently restricted to the cranio-cervical region, this variant has been associated with long survival.", "PMID": 1130781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11298", "title": "A tympanometric pressure swallow test for assessment of eustachian tube function.", "content": "Normal Eustachian tube function is necessary for maintaining healthy middle ear conditions. A tympanometric pressure swallow test is proposed which can be used to assess Eustachian tube function behind an intact tympanic membrane. In general, after recording a baseline tympanogram, mechanically created positive and negative air pressures are created in a hermetically sealed ear canal causing increased pressure on the middle ear air cushion. The patient is then asked to swallow. Preliminary clinical findings in ears with apparent normal Eustachian tube function show that a shift in the peak pressure point of the tympanogram occurs when the tympanogram is recorded again, implying that the Eustachian tube opens and equalizes middle ear air pressure. Positive canal pressure swallow maneuvers show a peak pressure shift to a negative value, whereas negative pressure swallow maneuvers show a peak pressure shift to a positive value.", "contents": "A tympanometric pressure swallow test for assessment of eustachian tube function. Normal Eustachian tube function is necessary for maintaining healthy middle ear conditions. A tympanometric pressure swallow test is proposed which can be used to assess Eustachian tube function behind an intact tympanic membrane. In general, after recording a baseline tympanogram, mechanically created positive and negative air pressures are created in a hermetically sealed ear canal causing increased pressure on the middle ear air cushion. The patient is then asked to swallow. Preliminary clinical findings in ears with apparent normal Eustachian tube function show that a shift in the peak pressure point of the tympanogram occurs when the tympanogram is recorded again, implying that the Eustachian tube opens and equalizes middle ear air pressure. Positive canal pressure swallow maneuvers show a peak pressure shift to a negative value, whereas negative pressure swallow maneuvers show a peak pressure shift to a positive value.", "PMID": 1130782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11299", "title": "Effect of microaerosol inhalation on the pattern of breathing.", "content": "Microaerosol stimulation of the trachea and bronchi appears to have no effect on the pattern of breathing. However, laryngeal stimulation with microaerosol produces consistent changes characterized by slowing of the inspiratory effort. The reflex response can be abolished by either bilateral superior laryngeal nerve section or topical anesthesia of the laryngeal mucous membranes. Nasal stiumulation with saline microaerosol results in marked slowing of inspiration. This response can also be blocked by topical anesthesia of the nasal mucosa. The decreased breathing rate results from both increased t insp. and t exp. During inspiration the build-up phrenic discharge activity, the phrenic slope, decreases. The phrenic peak, however, remains unchanged. The nose and larynx, therefore, appear to play significant roles in the modification of the breathing pattern in response to a nonirritating solution delivered as a microaersol. Slower breathing, relexly produced in the human being by such a method, might benefit partial airway obstruction by reducing turbulence and therefore the work of breathing. It is speculated that in a marginally competent upper airway, this benefit might be a critical factor in survival.", "contents": "Effect of microaerosol inhalation on the pattern of breathing. Microaerosol stimulation of the trachea and bronchi appears to have no effect on the pattern of breathing. However, laryngeal stimulation with microaerosol produces consistent changes characterized by slowing of the inspiratory effort. The reflex response can be abolished by either bilateral superior laryngeal nerve section or topical anesthesia of the laryngeal mucous membranes. Nasal stiumulation with saline microaerosol results in marked slowing of inspiration. This response can also be blocked by topical anesthesia of the nasal mucosa. The decreased breathing rate results from both increased t insp. and t exp. During inspiration the build-up phrenic discharge activity, the phrenic slope, decreases. The phrenic peak, however, remains unchanged. The nose and larynx, therefore, appear to play significant roles in the modification of the breathing pattern in response to a nonirritating solution delivered as a microaersol. Slower breathing, relexly produced in the human being by such a method, might benefit partial airway obstruction by reducing turbulence and therefore the work of breathing. It is speculated that in a marginally competent upper airway, this benefit might be a critical factor in survival.", "PMID": 1130783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11300", "title": "Disconjugate eye movements during electronstagmographic testing in patients with known central nervous system lesions.", "content": "A tacit assumption underlying current ENG testing is that the eyes move conjugately. However, considering the intricate neuroanotomical pathways within the ocular motor system in addition to the elaborate vestibulo-ocular connections, we think it reasonable that disconjugate eye movements may result with certain CNS lesions. Recently we have employed independent eye movement measuring techniques in order to assess the movement of each eye separately during our ENG valuations. The preliminary work has revealed that disconjugate eye movements occurred even with extra-axial lesions which spared the medial longitudinal fasciculus. These data may be valuable for the neurotologist with regard to differential diagnosis and prescription of a treatment plan for the patient. The eye movement patterns of patients with confirmed CNS lesions and other interesting findings are presented.", "contents": "Disconjugate eye movements during electronstagmographic testing in patients with known central nervous system lesions. A tacit assumption underlying current ENG testing is that the eyes move conjugately. However, considering the intricate neuroanotomical pathways within the ocular motor system in addition to the elaborate vestibulo-ocular connections, we think it reasonable that disconjugate eye movements may result with certain CNS lesions. Recently we have employed independent eye movement measuring techniques in order to assess the movement of each eye separately during our ENG valuations. The preliminary work has revealed that disconjugate eye movements occurred even with extra-axial lesions which spared the medial longitudinal fasciculus. These data may be valuable for the neurotologist with regard to differential diagnosis and prescription of a treatment plan for the patient. The eye movement patterns of patients with confirmed CNS lesions and other interesting findings are presented.", "PMID": 1130785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11301", "title": "Giant cell tumor of the spenoid bone.", "content": "The clinical features of the giant cell tumor of the sphenoid bone have been discussed and a case report has been added to the fourteen cases reported in the literature. Such cases may first report to an ophthalmologist, an otolaryngologist, a neurologist, or an internist. They should consider this condition in a patient who complains of headache, ocular symptoms such as diplopia, and diminution of vision progressing to complete blindness. The presence of multiple cranial nerve palsies involving II, III, IV, V, and VI nerves in various combinations and the sellar erosion in the lateral x-ray of the skull are quite suggestive of this tumor which should be confirmed by biopsy. The telecobalt therapy appears to give the best results.", "contents": "Giant cell tumor of the spenoid bone. The clinical features of the giant cell tumor of the sphenoid bone have been discussed and a case report has been added to the fourteen cases reported in the literature. Such cases may first report to an ophthalmologist, an otolaryngologist, a neurologist, or an internist. They should consider this condition in a patient who complains of headache, ocular symptoms such as diplopia, and diminution of vision progressing to complete blindness. The presence of multiple cranial nerve palsies involving II, III, IV, V, and VI nerves in various combinations and the sellar erosion in the lateral x-ray of the skull are quite suggestive of this tumor which should be confirmed by biopsy. The telecobalt therapy appears to give the best results.", "PMID": 1130784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11302", "title": "Brain step tumor and otoneurologic manifestations: report of a case with autopsy.", "content": "The otoneurologic findings in a 30-year-old male patient who died of a brain stem tumor have been correlated with the histopathology of the temporal bones and brain. The patient was examined on two occasions. A sensorineural hearing loss, which was moderate in the right ear and mild in the left ear, was found. Abnormal vestibular function, indicative of central pathology, was also demonstrated. The right side of the medulla oblongata and pons was largely replaced by the tumor. The cochlear and vestibular nuclei and their connecting fibers were involved with the tumor. Histopathological changes were more prominent in the right cochlea and VII nerve than in the left and were minimal in the vestibular portion of the labyrinths. The otoneurological finding suggested a central nervous system (CNS) lesion, and the morphologic observations confirmed the central origin of the symptoms and signs. Manifestations of lesions of the central auditory and vestibular pathways are discussed.", "contents": "Brain step tumor and otoneurologic manifestations: report of a case with autopsy. The otoneurologic findings in a 30-year-old male patient who died of a brain stem tumor have been correlated with the histopathology of the temporal bones and brain. The patient was examined on two occasions. A sensorineural hearing loss, which was moderate in the right ear and mild in the left ear, was found. Abnormal vestibular function, indicative of central pathology, was also demonstrated. The right side of the medulla oblongata and pons was largely replaced by the tumor. The cochlear and vestibular nuclei and their connecting fibers were involved with the tumor. Histopathological changes were more prominent in the right cochlea and VII nerve than in the left and were minimal in the vestibular portion of the labyrinths. The otoneurological finding suggested a central nervous system (CNS) lesion, and the morphologic observations confirmed the central origin of the symptoms and signs. Manifestations of lesions of the central auditory and vestibular pathways are discussed.", "PMID": 1130786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11303", "title": "Tachyphylaxis to the action of topically applied corticosteroids.", "content": "A previously unrecognized pharmacological event, acute tolerance to the vasoconstrictive action of topically applied glucocorticosteroids, has been discovered in human skin. Thus, potent topical glucocorticosteroids will cause vasoconstriction when first applied to human skin but with subsequent applications the production of vasoconstriction rapidly diminishes. However, after a rest period of a few days, the same initial vasoconstrictive effect may be produced again, but this will also disappear if the steroid is again continued topically. These observations have important applications to optimum timing in the clinical topical use of glucocorticosteroids for maximum therapeutic advantage.", "contents": "Tachyphylaxis to the action of topically applied corticosteroids. A previously unrecognized pharmacological event, acute tolerance to the vasoconstrictive action of topically applied glucocorticosteroids, has been discovered in human skin. Thus, potent topical glucocorticosteroids will cause vasoconstriction when first applied to human skin but with subsequent applications the production of vasoconstriction rapidly diminishes. However, after a rest period of a few days, the same initial vasoconstrictive effect may be produced again, but this will also disappear if the steroid is again continued topically. These observations have important applications to optimum timing in the clinical topical use of glucocorticosteroids for maximum therapeutic advantage.", "PMID": 1130802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11304", "title": "Multiple basal cell carcinoma and internal malignant tumors.", "content": "One hundred ninety-six patients with multiple basal cell carcinoma were studied to clarify the relationship between multiple basal cell carcinoma and internal malignant neoplasms. No substantial deviations between the expected number and the observed number of cases of internal malignant neoplasms were found. On examination of patients who had histories of arsenic intake, a markedly high number of internal tumors were found in women but not in men. The figures are too low to prove that arsenic treatment can cause an increase in the incidence of internal malignant neoplasm, but they do indicate that more comprehensive studies are needed.", "contents": "Multiple basal cell carcinoma and internal malignant tumors. One hundred ninety-six patients with multiple basal cell carcinoma were studied to clarify the relationship between multiple basal cell carcinoma and internal malignant neoplasms. No substantial deviations between the expected number and the observed number of cases of internal malignant neoplasms were found. On examination of patients who had histories of arsenic intake, a markedly high number of internal tumors were found in women but not in men. The figures are too low to prove that arsenic treatment can cause an increase in the incidence of internal malignant neoplasm, but they do indicate that more comprehensive studies are needed.", "PMID": 1130803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11305", "title": "Adamantinoid basal cell epithelioma. A histological variant.", "content": "Twenty-three instances of a histological variant of basal cell epithelioma are presented for the first time in the American literature, to our knowledge. This variant has been termed adamantinoid basal cell epithelioma because of its histological resemblance to adamantinoma (ameloblastoma) of the oral cavity.", "contents": "Adamantinoid basal cell epithelioma. A histological variant. Twenty-three instances of a histological variant of basal cell epithelioma are presented for the first time in the American literature, to our knowledge. This variant has been termed adamantinoid basal cell epithelioma because of its histological resemblance to adamantinoma (ameloblastoma) of the oral cavity.", "PMID": 1130804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11306", "title": "Multiple primary cutaneous melanomas.", "content": "Of 1,444 patients with primary cutaneous melanomas, 57 (3.9%) developed more than one. Most had two primary lesions but one had six. Every effort was made to insure that all melanomas were primary tumors. Most patients developed new primary melanonas within five years of the original operation, but an appreciable number developed them many years later. In the largest group, second and subsequent primary tumors developed in different areas of the body at later times. The subsequent tumors were not diagnosed at an earlier biological stage than the original tumors. Patients with primary cutaneous melanoma should be made aware of increased risk of developing another primary melanoma and physicians should do careful examinations for new primary melanomas as well as for recurrences of the original melanoma.", "contents": "Multiple primary cutaneous melanomas. Of 1,444 patients with primary cutaneous melanomas, 57 (3.9%) developed more than one. Most had two primary lesions but one had six. Every effort was made to insure that all melanomas were primary tumors. Most patients developed new primary melanonas within five years of the original operation, but an appreciable number developed them many years later. In the largest group, second and subsequent primary tumors developed in different areas of the body at later times. The subsequent tumors were not diagnosed at an earlier biological stage than the original tumors. Patients with primary cutaneous melanoma should be made aware of increased risk of developing another primary melanoma and physicians should do careful examinations for new primary melanomas as well as for recurrences of the original melanoma.", "PMID": 1130805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11307", "title": "Psoriasis on tumor.", "content": "Indicators of the relative contribution of epidermis and dermis to the pathogenesis of psoriasis may be obtained from clinical observation. We studied a case of clinically characteristic and histologically identifiable plaque of chronic psoriasis occurring over transitional cell carcinoma metastatic to the dermis. The tumor substantially replaced the usual fibrous structure of the dermis, showing that a normally structured dermis is not requisite for the presence of psoriasis.", "contents": "Psoriasis on tumor. Indicators of the relative contribution of epidermis and dermis to the pathogenesis of psoriasis may be obtained from clinical observation. We studied a case of clinically characteristic and histologically identifiable plaque of chronic psoriasis occurring over transitional cell carcinoma metastatic to the dermis. The tumor substantially replaced the usual fibrous structure of the dermis, showing that a normally structured dermis is not requisite for the presence of psoriasis.", "PMID": 1130806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11308", "title": "Candidiasis and multiple endocrinopathy. With oral squamous cell carcinoma complications.", "content": "A 26-year-old man having multiple endocrinopathy (pernicious anemia, hypothyroidism, hypoadrenocorticism, gonadal failure, and diabetes mellitus) and chronic candidiasis developed several rapidly growing primary tumors on the oral mucosa. Histologically, the tumors appeared to be very well differentiated squamous cell carcinomas. Yet, in spite of all therapeutic attempts, the tumors rapidly progressed and within eight months resulted in disseminated carcinomatosis and death. At autopsy the patient was found to have had a miniscule dysplastic thymus. It is postulated that in chronic candidiasis and polyendocrinopathy a defect may exist in immunologic cellular surveillance for recognition and destruction of aberrant cells.", "contents": "Candidiasis and multiple endocrinopathy. With oral squamous cell carcinoma complications. A 26-year-old man having multiple endocrinopathy (pernicious anemia, hypothyroidism, hypoadrenocorticism, gonadal failure, and diabetes mellitus) and chronic candidiasis developed several rapidly growing primary tumors on the oral mucosa. Histologically, the tumors appeared to be very well differentiated squamous cell carcinomas. Yet, in spite of all therapeutic attempts, the tumors rapidly progressed and within eight months resulted in disseminated carcinomatosis and death. At autopsy the patient was found to have had a miniscule dysplastic thymus. It is postulated that in chronic candidiasis and polyendocrinopathy a defect may exist in immunologic cellular surveillance for recognition and destruction of aberrant cells.", "PMID": 1130807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11309", "title": "The importance of being visually literate. Observations on the art and science of making a morphological diagnosis in dermatology.", "content": "Morphology (or living gross pathology) is being neglected in contemporary dermatology. It is high time for a renaissance of the teaching of the art and science of seeing, so that students, residents, and physicians can learn about basic morphological changes in the skin, the raison d'etre of the speciality of dermatology. How do we see? How can what we see be recorded? What do these recordings tell us when applied to morphological diagnosis? Basing my arguments on the studies of Thomas and others, I will discuss the significance of how much a physician actually sees, the effect of certain emotional states and blind spots, the ability to synthesize visually, and the influence of prior knowledge.", "contents": "The importance of being visually literate. Observations on the art and science of making a morphological diagnosis in dermatology. Morphology (or living gross pathology) is being neglected in contemporary dermatology. It is high time for a renaissance of the teaching of the art and science of seeing, so that students, residents, and physicians can learn about basic morphological changes in the skin, the raison d'etre of the speciality of dermatology. How do we see? How can what we see be recorded? What do these recordings tell us when applied to morphological diagnosis? Basing my arguments on the studies of Thomas and others, I will discuss the significance of how much a physician actually sees, the effect of certain emotional states and blind spots, the ability to synthesize visually, and the influence of prior knowledge.", "PMID": 1130808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11310", "title": "Survey of malpractice claims in dermatology.", "content": "A statistical survey of malpractice claims asserted against dermatologists was made. The subject matter of the claims was divided into eight major categories: (1) drug reactions, (2) x-ray burns, (3) poor cosmetic result following surgery, (4) poor cosmetic result following medication, (5) failure to diagnose cancer, (6) improper diagnosis, (7) infection from treatment, and (8) miscellaneous. The study showed that a group of \"serious\" damage cases, which accounted for 34% of total claims, generated 94% of total dollar losses. The problem areas for malpractice claims appeared to be drug reactions, cosmetic chemosurgery, and failure to diagnose cancer.", "contents": "Survey of malpractice claims in dermatology. A statistical survey of malpractice claims asserted against dermatologists was made. The subject matter of the claims was divided into eight major categories: (1) drug reactions, (2) x-ray burns, (3) poor cosmetic result following surgery, (4) poor cosmetic result following medication, (5) failure to diagnose cancer, (6) improper diagnosis, (7) infection from treatment, and (8) miscellaneous. The study showed that a group of \"serious\" damage cases, which accounted for 34% of total claims, generated 94% of total dollar losses. The problem areas for malpractice claims appeared to be drug reactions, cosmetic chemosurgery, and failure to diagnose cancer.", "PMID": 1130809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11311", "title": "Long-term prognosis in children with recurrent abdominal pain.", "content": "The present study is a follow-up of 34 cases admitted to a paediatric department with recurrent abdominal pain (RAP) in 1942 and 1943. 45 persons without a history of RAP were selected at random and included as controls. Using a questionnaire, there was a higher incidence of gastrointestinal symptoms among persons with a history of RAP during childhood than among controls (P less than 0.05). 18 of the original 34 cases who still had symptoms were re-examined; 11 had a clinical picture consistent with a diagnosis of irritable colon, 5 had a picture compatible with both irritable colon and peptic ulcer/gastritis, and 2 had duodenal ulcer. Abdominal pains occurred no more frequently among children of parents who had had RAP during childhood than among children of parents without such a history. However, there was a higher incidence of abdominal pain among children of parents who were complaining of abdominal discomfort at the time of the investigation than among children whose parents were without such symptoms (P less than 0.005).", "contents": "Long-term prognosis in children with recurrent abdominal pain. The present study is a follow-up of 34 cases admitted to a paediatric department with recurrent abdominal pain (RAP) in 1942 and 1943. 45 persons without a history of RAP were selected at random and included as controls. Using a questionnaire, there was a higher incidence of gastrointestinal symptoms among persons with a history of RAP during childhood than among controls (P less than 0.05). 18 of the original 34 cases who still had symptoms were re-examined; 11 had a clinical picture consistent with a diagnosis of irritable colon, 5 had a picture compatible with both irritable colon and peptic ulcer/gastritis, and 2 had duodenal ulcer. Abdominal pains occurred no more frequently among children of parents who had had RAP during childhood than among children of parents without such a history. However, there was a higher incidence of abdominal pain among children of parents who were complaining of abdominal discomfort at the time of the investigation than among children whose parents were without such symptoms (P less than 0.005).", "PMID": 1130815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11312", "title": "Childhood organic neurological disease presenting as psychiatric disorder.", "content": "Over a period of one year 12 children with complaints which had been diagnosed as due to a psychiatric disorder presented to a paediatric neurological unit where neurological disease was diagnosed. The group was characterized by behavioural symptoms such as deteriorating school performance, visual loss, and postural disturbance, which are unusual in children attending child psychiatric departments. It is suggested that where there is diagnostic uncertainty the presence of these physical symptoms calls for periodic neurological reassessment, and attention is drawn to the rare but serious disorders which may thus be diagnosed. Making an organic diagnosis, however, should not preclude psychosocial management of emotional reactions in these families.", "contents": "Childhood organic neurological disease presenting as psychiatric disorder. Over a period of one year 12 children with complaints which had been diagnosed as due to a psychiatric disorder presented to a paediatric neurological unit where neurological disease was diagnosed. The group was characterized by behavioural symptoms such as deteriorating school performance, visual loss, and postural disturbance, which are unusual in children attending child psychiatric departments. It is suggested that where there is diagnostic uncertainty the presence of these physical symptoms calls for periodic neurological reassessment, and attention is drawn to the rare but serious disorders which may thus be diagnosed. Making an organic diagnosis, however, should not preclude psychosocial management of emotional reactions in these families.", "PMID": 1130816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11313", "title": "Neonatal secretion of secretin.", "content": "The plasma levels of secretin have been measured in mothers after labour, and in their babies at birth and on day 4 of life. The mean cord venous level was higher than the maternal level, and there was a significant correlation between the individual maternal and cord values. The level had again increased by day 4, and at this time the secretin level was inversely proportional to the blood glucose level.", "contents": "Neonatal secretion of secretin. The plasma levels of secretin have been measured in mothers after labour, and in their babies at birth and on day 4 of life. The mean cord venous level was higher than the maternal level, and there was a significant correlation between the individual maternal and cord values. The level had again increased by day 4, and at this time the secretin level was inversely proportional to the blood glucose level.", "PMID": 1130817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11314", "title": "Revised standards for triceps and subscapular skinfolds in British children.", "content": "Revised centile standards are given for triceps and subscapular skinfold measurements in boys and girls aged from one month to 19 years. The school age data are based on London measurements made in 1966, and the infant data on Midland Infant Welfare Clinic figures in 1966-67. All centiles are above those given in the earlier standards published in 1962, and particularly so in infancy. It is emphasized that the standards represent what is, not what ought to be.", "contents": "Revised standards for triceps and subscapular skinfolds in British children. Revised centile standards are given for triceps and subscapular skinfold measurements in boys and girls aged from one month to 19 years. The school age data are based on London measurements made in 1966, and the infant data on Midland Infant Welfare Clinic figures in 1966-67. All centiles are above those given in the earlier standards published in 1962, and particularly so in infancy. It is emphasized that the standards represent what is, not what ought to be.", "PMID": 1130819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11315", "title": "Venous thromboembolism in infancy and childhood.", "content": "A retrospective study of Scottish hospital inpatients aged 15 years or less has revealed, over a 4-year period, 36 cases of venous thrombosis or phlebitis. Of these 10 were considered to have deep venous thrombosis; 2 cases were associated with obvious pulmonary embolism and 2 cases developed chronic venous insufficiency. change in the coding allocations are proposed. There are \"high risk\" situations in childhood disease in which a diagnosis of venous thromboembolic disease should be considered and investigated.", "contents": "Venous thromboembolism in infancy and childhood. A retrospective study of Scottish hospital inpatients aged 15 years or less has revealed, over a 4-year period, 36 cases of venous thrombosis or phlebitis. Of these 10 were considered to have deep venous thrombosis; 2 cases were associated with obvious pulmonary embolism and 2 cases developed chronic venous insufficiency. change in the coding allocations are proposed. There are \"high risk\" situations in childhood disease in which a diagnosis of venous thromboembolic disease should be considered and investigated.", "PMID": 1130820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11316", "title": "Effect of seasonal variation in daylight on bilirubin level in premature infants.", "content": "The effect of daylight on the serum bilirubin level of preterm infants (birthweight less than 2500 g) during the first 10 days of life was studied in a district of Finland (Oulu, latitude 65 degrees \u013a) with large seasonal variations in the length of daylight (range 3 to 22 h). 86 preterm infants born consecutively during one calendar year were studied in incubators where they were completely exposed except for nappies. A significantly lower bilirubin value from the fifth day of life onwards was recorded ih the group of infants born during the light half of the year, compared with the infants born during the dark half of the year. Only 4 infants developed total bilirubin levels higher than 255 mumol/l in the \"light group\", as compared with 10 in the \"dark group\". 2 infants in the light group required exchange transfusion, while 4 in the dark group did. It is concluded than natural light conditions are of importance in the design of wards for newborn infants.", "contents": "Effect of seasonal variation in daylight on bilirubin level in premature infants. The effect of daylight on the serum bilirubin level of preterm infants (birthweight less than 2500 g) during the first 10 days of life was studied in a district of Finland (Oulu, latitude 65 degrees \u013a) with large seasonal variations in the length of daylight (range 3 to 22 h). 86 preterm infants born consecutively during one calendar year were studied in incubators where they were completely exposed except for nappies. A significantly lower bilirubin value from the fifth day of life onwards was recorded ih the group of infants born during the light half of the year, compared with the infants born during the dark half of the year. Only 4 infants developed total bilirubin levels higher than 255 mumol/l in the \"light group\", as compared with 10 in the \"dark group\". 2 infants in the light group required exchange transfusion, while 4 in the dark group did. It is concluded than natural light conditions are of importance in the design of wards for newborn infants.", "PMID": 1130821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11317", "title": "The histoid variety of lepromatous leprosy.", "content": "Three cases of the so-called \"histoid variety\" of lepromatous leprosy are reported. This variety has definite clinical features, associated with characteristic histological and bacteriological findings. Some of the features presented by our patients are similar to those described originally by Wade, especially the resistance to treatment. Considering the discrepancies existing among the authors which studied the subject, our opinion is that further studies should be done in order to elucidate the controversial points,", "contents": "The histoid variety of lepromatous leprosy. Three cases of the so-called \"histoid variety\" of lepromatous leprosy are reported. This variety has definite clinical features, associated with characteristic histological and bacteriological findings. Some of the features presented by our patients are similar to those described originally by Wade, especially the resistance to treatment. Considering the discrepancies existing among the authors which studied the subject, our opinion is that further studies should be done in order to elucidate the controversial points,", "PMID": 1130823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11318", "title": "Nerves and nerve endings in pigmented nevi. Part I.", "content": "Electron microscopic investigations revealed numerous unmyelinated nerve fibres in different types of pigmented nevi. The structure of these fibres was similar to the cutaneous unmyelinated fibres. Axon terminals were observed between nevus cells and smooth muscle cells, the former proved to be efferent-type free endings. Pure receptor-type endings were rarely seen. The contradiction between the receptor-like construction ov nevic corpuscles and the abundance of the effector-type endings is discussed.", "contents": "Nerves and nerve endings in pigmented nevi. Part I. Electron microscopic investigations revealed numerous unmyelinated nerve fibres in different types of pigmented nevi. The structure of these fibres was similar to the cutaneous unmyelinated fibres. Axon terminals were observed between nevus cells and smooth muscle cells, the former proved to be efferent-type free endings. Pure receptor-type endings were rarely seen. The contradiction between the receptor-like construction ov nevic corpuscles and the abundance of the effector-type endings is discussed.", "PMID": 1130824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11319", "title": "[Effect of ultraviolet light on human chromosomes (author's transl)].", "content": "Lymphocytes were cultured in quartz flasks and irradiated by UV light. Time of exposure and moment of application varied. After UV treatment, pulverization of the chromosomes occurred and larger nuclear fragments which might be products of an abnormally proceeding mitosis with chromatin confluence were observed. The usual chromosome aberrations such as breaks, special segments, abnormal chromosomes and polyploidy have been rarely observed, but are found more often in those cultures where pulverization and nuclear fragments are less abundant. A number of mitoses in the irradiated cultures, however, shows no chromosomal aberrations. The ratio of unaffected to unaffected mitoses is dose-dependent. Chromosome fragmentation can result from UV irradiation occurring at any instance during the time of culture. One finds maximum and minimum amounts of damage when a constant dose is applied at various times.", "contents": "[Effect of ultraviolet light on human chromosomes (author's transl)]. Lymphocytes were cultured in quartz flasks and irradiated by UV light. Time of exposure and moment of application varied. After UV treatment, pulverization of the chromosomes occurred and larger nuclear fragments which might be products of an abnormally proceeding mitosis with chromatin confluence were observed. The usual chromosome aberrations such as breaks, special segments, abnormal chromosomes and polyploidy have been rarely observed, but are found more often in those cultures where pulverization and nuclear fragments are less abundant. A number of mitoses in the irradiated cultures, however, shows no chromosomal aberrations. The ratio of unaffected to unaffected mitoses is dose-dependent. Chromosome fragmentation can result from UV irradiation occurring at any instance during the time of culture. One finds maximum and minimum amounts of damage when a constant dose is applied at various times.", "PMID": 1130826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11320", "title": "[The chemotactic effect of blister roof, blister fluid and blister floor on polymorphonuclear leucocytes in dermatitis herpetiformis Duhring (author's transl)].", "content": "The chemotactic response of polymorphonuclear leucocytes to the blister roof, the blister fluid and the floor of the bulla, the underlying papillary dermis with the basement membrnae, were studied by a modified Boyden-assay in four patients with dermatitis herpetiformis. In the same way experimental suction blisters of the peri-lesional skin were investigated. The blister roofs showed no chemotactic activity contrary to the blister fluid and especially the underlying papillary dermis which attracted polymorphonuclear leucocytes in a high degree.", "contents": "[The chemotactic effect of blister roof, blister fluid and blister floor on polymorphonuclear leucocytes in dermatitis herpetiformis Duhring (author's transl)]. The chemotactic response of polymorphonuclear leucocytes to the blister roof, the blister fluid and the floor of the bulla, the underlying papillary dermis with the basement membrnae, were studied by a modified Boyden-assay in four patients with dermatitis herpetiformis. In the same way experimental suction blisters of the peri-lesional skin were investigated. The blister roofs showed no chemotactic activity contrary to the blister fluid and especially the underlying papillary dermis which attracted polymorphonuclear leucocytes in a high degree.", "PMID": 1130827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11321", "title": "[The effect of some solvents on the epidermis (author's transl)].", "content": "The ultrastructure of epidermis pretreated with 0,1 N sofium hydroxide, ether-ethanol mixture and 0,5 M sodium thioglycolate was studied. Sodium hydroxide dissolves the keratohyalin granules and the inter fibrillar material in the keratin. It has no effect on the epidermal and keratin fibers and on the marginal dense band of the horny cells. It \"produces\" a keratin pattern in the psoriatic horny layer. After sodium thioglycolate treatment the keratohyalin disappears, the epidermal and keratin fibers show a periodicity and the cementing material in the horny cells is more opaque. After lipid extraction the structure of keratohyalin becomes inhomogenous. The effect is somewhat similar to that of sodium thioglycolate but there is no periodicity in the horny layer. The intercellular contact layers of desmosomes as well as the Selby-Odland bodies disappear after each kind of treatment, The different effect of sodium thioglycolate on the horny layer and on the keratohyalin implies that the material of the keratohyalin and of the cementing substance are not identical.", "contents": "[The effect of some solvents on the epidermis (author's transl)]. The ultrastructure of epidermis pretreated with 0,1 N sofium hydroxide, ether-ethanol mixture and 0,5 M sodium thioglycolate was studied. Sodium hydroxide dissolves the keratohyalin granules and the inter fibrillar material in the keratin. It has no effect on the epidermal and keratin fibers and on the marginal dense band of the horny cells. It \"produces\" a keratin pattern in the psoriatic horny layer. After sodium thioglycolate treatment the keratohyalin disappears, the epidermal and keratin fibers show a periodicity and the cementing material in the horny cells is more opaque. After lipid extraction the structure of keratohyalin becomes inhomogenous. The effect is somewhat similar to that of sodium thioglycolate but there is no periodicity in the horny layer. The intercellular contact layers of desmosomes as well as the Selby-Odland bodies disappear after each kind of treatment, The different effect of sodium thioglycolate on the horny layer and on the keratohyalin implies that the material of the keratohyalin and of the cementing substance are not identical.", "PMID": 1130828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11322", "title": "Cholinesterase (ChE) response and related mortality among birds fed ChE inhibitors.", "content": "Patterns of mortality and inhibition of brain and plasma ChE in birds treated with ChE inhibitors were studied in an attempt to determine the validity of using ChE activity as a monitoring and diagnostic technique. Analysis of brain ChE activity proved to be reliable for diagnosing and monitoring effects of selected ChE inhibitors in birds. Brain ChE inhibition exceeding 20 percent indicated exposure, and inhibition greater than 50 percent was sufficient for diagnosing cause of death. Individuals that died from dietary exposure to parathion-1 or carbofuran had brain ChE activities below 55 percent of normal; although individuals could survive with brain ChE activity lower than 50 percent. Problems associated with collection, storage, and analysis of tissues for ChE activity are discussed.", "contents": "Cholinesterase (ChE) response and related mortality among birds fed ChE inhibitors. Patterns of mortality and inhibition of brain and plasma ChE in birds treated with ChE inhibitors were studied in an attempt to determine the validity of using ChE activity as a monitoring and diagnostic technique. Analysis of brain ChE activity proved to be reliable for diagnosing and monitoring effects of selected ChE inhibitors in birds. Brain ChE inhibition exceeding 20 percent indicated exposure, and inhibition greater than 50 percent was sufficient for diagnosing cause of death. Individuals that died from dietary exposure to parathion-1 or carbofuran had brain ChE activities below 55 percent of normal; although individuals could survive with brain ChE activity lower than 50 percent. Problems associated with collection, storage, and analysis of tissues for ChE activity are discussed.", "PMID": 1130829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11323", "title": "The persistence of ethion and zolone residues on grape folliage in the central valley of California.", "content": "The hazard of serious intoxication of agricultural field workers by organophosphate insecticide residues has led to the establishment of reentry intervals in California. In the attempt to extend this concept nationally, it has been found that there is a lack of relevant field data for setting of such standards. In an effort to expand knowledge of the relationship between foliar residue levels and occupational hazard, an examination of the persistence and transport of ethion, Zolone, and their oxygen analogs on grape foliage was conducted. Both dislodgeable and penetrated residues were followed for 28 days post-application for both insecticides while soil surface residues were followed for ethion only. A marked difference is seen in the decay rates of the dislodgeable vs. the penetrated residues of ethion, the dislodgeable residues decaying more quickly. This difference is not apparent for Zolone. Of particular significance to worker hazard is the finding that the oxones of both ethion and Zolone in the dislodgeable residues reach a plateau after approximately seven days and do not degrade further by day 28.", "contents": "The persistence of ethion and zolone residues on grape folliage in the central valley of California. The hazard of serious intoxication of agricultural field workers by organophosphate insecticide residues has led to the establishment of reentry intervals in California. In the attempt to extend this concept nationally, it has been found that there is a lack of relevant field data for setting of such standards. In an effort to expand knowledge of the relationship between foliar residue levels and occupational hazard, an examination of the persistence and transport of ethion, Zolone, and their oxygen analogs on grape foliage was conducted. Both dislodgeable and penetrated residues were followed for 28 days post-application for both insecticides while soil surface residues were followed for ethion only. A marked difference is seen in the decay rates of the dislodgeable vs. the penetrated residues of ethion, the dislodgeable residues decaying more quickly. This difference is not apparent for Zolone. Of particular significance to worker hazard is the finding that the oxones of both ethion and Zolone in the dislodgeable residues reach a plateau after approximately seven days and do not degrade further by day 28.", "PMID": 1130830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11324", "title": "A multiclass, multiresidue analytical method for determining pesticide residues in air.", "content": "A multiresidue method for chlorinated, organophosphate and N-methyl carbamate insecticides has been developed for use in the National Air Monitoring Program. The method involves partitioning and extracting the pesticides from the ethylene glycol trapping solvent with methylene chloride followed by fractionation and cleanup by elution through a silica gel column. The chlorinated compounds are determined by electron capture GC, phosphate compounds by flame photometric GC, and carbamates by electron capture GC after derivatization with pentafluoropropionic anhydride. Recovery data and limits of detectability are presented for 11 chlorinated, 7 phosphate, and 7 carbamate pesticides at high and low levels. It is expected that the method will be applicable to many other compounds not successfully determined by the present analytical procedure, and that it may be adaptable for the analysis of pesticide residues in foods and other environmental samples.", "contents": "A multiclass, multiresidue analytical method for determining pesticide residues in air. A multiresidue method for chlorinated, organophosphate and N-methyl carbamate insecticides has been developed for use in the National Air Monitoring Program. The method involves partitioning and extracting the pesticides from the ethylene glycol trapping solvent with methylene chloride followed by fractionation and cleanup by elution through a silica gel column. The chlorinated compounds are determined by electron capture GC, phosphate compounds by flame photometric GC, and carbamates by electron capture GC after derivatization with pentafluoropropionic anhydride. Recovery data and limits of detectability are presented for 11 chlorinated, 7 phosphate, and 7 carbamate pesticides at high and low levels. It is expected that the method will be applicable to many other compounds not successfully determined by the present analytical procedure, and that it may be adaptable for the analysis of pesticide residues in foods and other environmental samples.", "PMID": 1130831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11325", "title": "The effect of mirex on reproduction of Japanesequail and on characteristics of eggs from Japanese quail and chickens.", "content": "Laying White Leghorn chickens were fed mirex at 0, 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, and 160 ppm for 12 weeks, and laying Japanese quail were fed mirex at 0, 5, 40, and 80 ppm for 12weeks. The data suggest that dietary mirex at these levels did not affect egg production, egg weight, shell thickness, shell calcium, the proportion of broken eggs, or the proportion of soft-shelled eggs of either chickens or quail. Statistical significance (P greater than 0.05) associated with dietary mirex was detected in the analysis of eggshell weight for chickens; however, because a dose-response relationship of shell weight vs. level of mirex fed was not evident, this observation was attributed to chance. The data suggest that dietary mirex did not affect eggshell weight, fertility, or hatchability of quail. Mirex accumulation in eggs and carcasses of both species was proportional to dose and was slightly higher in quail than in chickens.", "contents": "The effect of mirex on reproduction of Japanesequail and on characteristics of eggs from Japanese quail and chickens. Laying White Leghorn chickens were fed mirex at 0, 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, and 160 ppm for 12 weeks, and laying Japanese quail were fed mirex at 0, 5, 40, and 80 ppm for 12weeks. The data suggest that dietary mirex at these levels did not affect egg production, egg weight, shell thickness, shell calcium, the proportion of broken eggs, or the proportion of soft-shelled eggs of either chickens or quail. Statistical significance (P greater than 0.05) associated with dietary mirex was detected in the analysis of eggshell weight for chickens; however, because a dose-response relationship of shell weight vs. level of mirex fed was not evident, this observation was attributed to chance. The data suggest that dietary mirex did not affect eggshell weight, fertility, or hatchability of quail. Mirex accumulation in eggs and carcasses of both species was proportional to dose and was slightly higher in quail than in chickens.", "PMID": 1130832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11326", "title": "High altitude stress and retinal hemorrhage: relation to vascular headache mechanisms.", "content": "Retinal hemorrhage occurred in 36% of 39 subjects exposed to altitudes at or above 14,200 feet. In subjects with a history of vascular headaches at sea level, there was a higher incidence of and more severe altitude headache, as well as a higher incidence of retinal hemorrhage than among those previously headache-free. In subjects without altitude headache, none had retinal hemorrhage. In subjects with altitude headache, 42% had retinal hemorrhage. A progressive rise in the incidence of retinal hemorrhage was correlated with progressively greater intensity of altitude headache. Factors that intensified the rate or degree of exposure, including rapid ascent and strenuous exertion, appeared to increase the likelihood of hemorrhage. An optimal balance between acclimatization and subsequent altitude stress appeared to prevent retinal hemorrhage. Increased retinal blood flow, retinal vessel engorgement, increased retinal vein and prevenous capillary pressure, and possibly decreased intraocular pressure may contribute to the pathogenesis of retinal hemorrhage.", "contents": "High altitude stress and retinal hemorrhage: relation to vascular headache mechanisms. Retinal hemorrhage occurred in 36% of 39 subjects exposed to altitudes at or above 14,200 feet. In subjects with a history of vascular headaches at sea level, there was a higher incidence of and more severe altitude headache, as well as a higher incidence of retinal hemorrhage than among those previously headache-free. In subjects without altitude headache, none had retinal hemorrhage. In subjects with altitude headache, 42% had retinal hemorrhage. A progressive rise in the incidence of retinal hemorrhage was correlated with progressively greater intensity of altitude headache. Factors that intensified the rate or degree of exposure, including rapid ascent and strenuous exertion, appeared to increase the likelihood of hemorrhage. An optimal balance between acclimatization and subsequent altitude stress appeared to prevent retinal hemorrhage. Increased retinal blood flow, retinal vessel engorgement, increased retinal vein and prevenous capillary pressure, and possibly decreased intraocular pressure may contribute to the pathogenesis of retinal hemorrhage.", "PMID": 1130833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11327", "title": "Responses to cotton dust.", "content": "Twelve cotton textile workers were studied: (1) to compare standard measures of volume and expiratory flow, maximal expiratory flow volume (MEFV) curves, closing volume (CV), and closing capacity (CC) in detection of airway narrowing with cotton dust exposure; (2) to evaluate the response of arterial blood gases to exposure; (3) to measure changes in leukocytes in peripheral blood and airway secretions; and (4) to assess the temporal relationships and correlations between measures. Change in expiratory flow (FEV) most consistently and significantly discriminated between the control and cotton dust exposures. Vmax50%FVC was a more sensitive indicator, but variance was increased proportionately. CV and CC changed inconsistently with relatively large variances. The PaO-2 decreased overall and two subjects had large decrements. Peripheral blood and polymorphonuclear cell counts increased with exposure to cotton dust and polymorphonuclear leukocytes were recruited to the nasal mucosa. Chest tightness and decreased flow were temporally correlated with leukocyte recruitment that may be important in respiratory disease among cotton textile workers and therefore deserves further investigation.", "contents": "Responses to cotton dust. Twelve cotton textile workers were studied: (1) to compare standard measures of volume and expiratory flow, maximal expiratory flow volume (MEFV) curves, closing volume (CV), and closing capacity (CC) in detection of airway narrowing with cotton dust exposure; (2) to evaluate the response of arterial blood gases to exposure; (3) to measure changes in leukocytes in peripheral blood and airway secretions; and (4) to assess the temporal relationships and correlations between measures. Change in expiratory flow (FEV) most consistently and significantly discriminated between the control and cotton dust exposures. Vmax50%FVC was a more sensitive indicator, but variance was increased proportionately. CV and CC changed inconsistently with relatively large variances. The PaO-2 decreased overall and two subjects had large decrements. Peripheral blood and polymorphonuclear cell counts increased with exposure to cotton dust and polymorphonuclear leukocytes were recruited to the nasal mucosa. Chest tightness and decreased flow were temporally correlated with leukocyte recruitment that may be important in respiratory disease among cotton textile workers and therefore deserves further investigation.", "PMID": 1130834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11328", "title": "Geographic distribution of selenium in human milk.", "content": "Data were collected on the selenium concentration in human mature milk from a total of 241 subjects who resided in or near cities located in 17 states across the United State. The overall mean value for the selenium content of mature human milk was 0.018 ppm Se. Most of the individual values for selenium in human milk fell within the narrow range of 0.007 to 0.033 ppm Se, yet there was evidence for geographic variations in the selenium content of milk collected from the various cities.", "contents": "Geographic distribution of selenium in human milk. Data were collected on the selenium concentration in human mature milk from a total of 241 subjects who resided in or near cities located in 17 states across the United State. The overall mean value for the selenium content of mature human milk was 0.018 ppm Se. Most of the individual values for selenium in human milk fell within the narrow range of 0.007 to 0.033 ppm Se, yet there was evidence for geographic variations in the selenium content of milk collected from the various cities.", "PMID": 1130835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11329", "title": "Prevention of Ozonide-Induced Heinz Bodies in human Erythrocytes by Vitamin E.", "content": "Methyl oleate ozonide, a proposed intermediary in ozone intoxication, produced Heinz  body inclusions in human erythrocytes at concentrations of from 10-4 to 2 x 10-3 M. Daily oral supplementation with either 100 mg or 200 mg of D-alpha-tocopheryl acetate prevented Heinz body formation by methyl oleate ozonide. These observations suggest that the protective effects of vitamin E against ozone-produced toxicants occurs in man as well as in animals.", "contents": "Prevention of Ozonide-Induced Heinz Bodies in human Erythrocytes by Vitamin E. Methyl oleate ozonide, a proposed intermediary in ozone intoxication, produced Heinz  body inclusions in human erythrocytes at concentrations of from 10-4 to 2 x 10-3 M. Daily oral supplementation with either 100 mg or 200 mg of D-alpha-tocopheryl acetate prevented Heinz body formation by methyl oleate ozonide. These observations suggest that the protective effects of vitamin E against ozone-produced toxicants occurs in man as well as in animals.", "PMID": 1130836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11330", "title": "Effects of formaldehyde and ozone on the trigeminal nasal sensory system.", "content": "The effects of formaldehyde and ozone on the electrical activity of the nasopalatine nerve were studied in anesthetized rats. The response (increase in action potential frequency) of nasopalatine and ethmoidal nerves to brief presentations of formaldehyde, ozone, or amyl alcohol was a power function of stimulus concentration. When formaldehyde was presented continuously for one hour, it produced a decrease in nasopalatine nerve response to amyl alcohol that varied directly with the formaldehyde concentrations employed. Perfusion of the nasal cavities with air for one hour following the formaldehyde exposure resulted in a partial recovery of the neural response to amyl alcohol. Ozone exposures of 5 ppm lasting one hour produced an increase in nasopalatine nerve response to amyl alcohol. Air perfusion following the ozone exposure reduced the neural response to amyl alcohol, but not to preexposure levels.", "contents": "Effects of formaldehyde and ozone on the trigeminal nasal sensory system. The effects of formaldehyde and ozone on the electrical activity of the nasopalatine nerve were studied in anesthetized rats. The response (increase in action potential frequency) of nasopalatine and ethmoidal nerves to brief presentations of formaldehyde, ozone, or amyl alcohol was a power function of stimulus concentration. When formaldehyde was presented continuously for one hour, it produced a decrease in nasopalatine nerve response to amyl alcohol that varied directly with the formaldehyde concentrations employed. Perfusion of the nasal cavities with air for one hour following the formaldehyde exposure resulted in a partial recovery of the neural response to amyl alcohol. Ozone exposures of 5 ppm lasting one hour produced an increase in nasopalatine nerve response to amyl alcohol. Air perfusion following the ozone exposure reduced the neural response to amyl alcohol, but not to preexposure levels.", "PMID": 1130837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11331", "title": "Multielement residues in tissues of guinea pigs fed sweet clover grown on fly ash.", "content": "Yellow sweet clover (Melilotus officinalis) was harvested from fly ash dumped in a landfill site at Lansing, NY. This clover was chopped, dried, and formulated at 45% into an otherwise purified diet and fed to six guinea pigs for 90 days. Control sweet clover was harvested from gravelly subsoil and processed and fed to another group of guinea pigs for the same period. Samples of fly ash, gravelly subsoil, sweet clover, liver, kidneys, and left-rear gastrocnemius muscle of all guinea pigs were freeze-dried and analyzed for 35 elements by neutron activation analysis. The fly ash contained 28 elements at higher levels than the gravelly subsoil, while the clover harvested from fly ash contained 19 elements in increased amounts over those in the clover harvested from the gravel soil. Growth rate of both groups of guinea pigs was similar. Rubidium and selenium were present at higher levels in the tissues of guinea pigs fed the fly ash clover.", "contents": "Multielement residues in tissues of guinea pigs fed sweet clover grown on fly ash. Yellow sweet clover (Melilotus officinalis) was harvested from fly ash dumped in a landfill site at Lansing, NY. This clover was chopped, dried, and formulated at 45% into an otherwise purified diet and fed to six guinea pigs for 90 days. Control sweet clover was harvested from gravelly subsoil and processed and fed to another group of guinea pigs for the same period. Samples of fly ash, gravelly subsoil, sweet clover, liver, kidneys, and left-rear gastrocnemius muscle of all guinea pigs were freeze-dried and analyzed for 35 elements by neutron activation analysis. The fly ash contained 28 elements at higher levels than the gravelly subsoil, while the clover harvested from fly ash contained 19 elements in increased amounts over those in the clover harvested from the gravel soil. Growth rate of both groups of guinea pigs was similar. Rubidium and selenium were present at higher levels in the tissues of guinea pigs fed the fly ash clover.", "PMID": 1130838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11332", "title": "Tracheal mucous transport in Beagles after long-term exposure to 1 ppm sulfur dioxide.", "content": "Tracheal mucous velocity was determined in eight purebred beagle dogs exposed intermittently to 1 ppm sulfur dioxide for 12 months. Three control dogs were also studied. Teflon disks filmed at constant speed through a bronchofiberscope served as indicators of mucous motion. An average of 16 disks were analyzed in each dog. Although there was no significant difference in average velocity for controls and the SO-2-exposed animals, the frequency distribution curve of individual disk velocities in SO-2-exposed dogs revealed significant slowing. No significant differences in mechanics of breathing and gas exchange were found between the two groups. It appears that long-term exposure to low levels of SO-2 produces an impairment of mucociliary activity as one of the first signs of pulmonary dysfunction.", "contents": "Tracheal mucous transport in Beagles after long-term exposure to 1 ppm sulfur dioxide. Tracheal mucous velocity was determined in eight purebred beagle dogs exposed intermittently to 1 ppm sulfur dioxide for 12 months. Three control dogs were also studied. Teflon disks filmed at constant speed through a bronchofiberscope served as indicators of mucous motion. An average of 16 disks were analyzed in each dog. Although there was no significant difference in average velocity for controls and the SO-2-exposed animals, the frequency distribution curve of individual disk velocities in SO-2-exposed dogs revealed significant slowing. No significant differences in mechanics of breathing and gas exchange were found between the two groups. It appears that long-term exposure to low levels of SO-2 produces an impairment of mucociliary activity as one of the first signs of pulmonary dysfunction.", "PMID": 1130839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11333", "title": "Long-term exposure to sulfur dioxide, sulfuric acid mist, fly ash, and their mixtures. Results of Studies in Monkeys and guinea pigs.", "content": "Groups of cynomolgus monkeys and guinea pigs were exposed to mixtures of sulfur dioxide, fly ash, and sulfuric acid mist. The exposure concentrations varied between 0.1 and 5.0 ppm for sulfur dioxide, 0.1 and 1 mg/cu m for sulfuric acid mist, while a concentration of approximately 0.5 mg/cu m was used for fly ash. The duration of exposure was 52 weeks for guinea-pigs and 78 weeks for monkeys. Pulmonary function tests and serum biochemical and hematological analyses were conducted prior to and periodically during the exposure period. At the termination of exposure, the lungs were examined microscopically. Analysis of the data revealed that in groups exposed to the mixtures of pollutants, sulfuric acid mist was responsible for the effects observed. No synergistic action between the pollutants was detected.", "contents": "Long-term exposure to sulfur dioxide, sulfuric acid mist, fly ash, and their mixtures. Results of Studies in Monkeys and guinea pigs. Groups of cynomolgus monkeys and guinea pigs were exposed to mixtures of sulfur dioxide, fly ash, and sulfuric acid mist. The exposure concentrations varied between 0.1 and 5.0 ppm for sulfur dioxide, 0.1 and 1 mg/cu m for sulfuric acid mist, while a concentration of approximately 0.5 mg/cu m was used for fly ash. The duration of exposure was 52 weeks for guinea-pigs and 78 weeks for monkeys. Pulmonary function tests and serum biochemical and hematological analyses were conducted prior to and periodically during the exposure period. At the termination of exposure, the lungs were examined microscopically. Analysis of the data revealed that in groups exposed to the mixtures of pollutants, sulfuric acid mist was responsible for the effects observed. No synergistic action between the pollutants was detected.", "PMID": 1130840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11334", "title": "First rib fracture: a hallmark of severe trauma.", "content": "First rib fractures occurred in 55 patients. This injury is a harbinger of major trauma with 35 patients suffering a major chest injury, and abdominal and cardiac injuries occurring in 18 and eight patients respectively. The mortality associated with this injury was high (36.3%). Neurologic lesions accounted for the majority of deaths, however, unrecognized abdominal injuries and pulmonary complications were significant causes of mortality. Brachial plexus injury (5) and Horner's syndrome (3) occurred in survivors. Three patients had an associated injury of the subclavian artery, and the importance of this association is stressed. One late-developing post-traumatic thoracic outlet syndrome occurred. A fracture of the first rib is a hallmark of severe trauma; its presence should alert the clinician to: 1) generalized massive trauma with abdominal, chest, and cardiac injuries; 2) local injury to the subclavian artery and brachial plexus and; 3) necessity of long-term followup for late-developing sequelae.", "contents": "First rib fracture: a hallmark of severe trauma. First rib fractures occurred in 55 patients. This injury is a harbinger of major trauma with 35 patients suffering a major chest injury, and abdominal and cardiac injuries occurring in 18 and eight patients respectively. The mortality associated with this injury was high (36.3%). Neurologic lesions accounted for the majority of deaths, however, unrecognized abdominal injuries and pulmonary complications were significant causes of mortality. Brachial plexus injury (5) and Horner's syndrome (3) occurred in survivors. Three patients had an associated injury of the subclavian artery, and the importance of this association is stressed. One late-developing post-traumatic thoracic outlet syndrome occurred. A fracture of the first rib is a hallmark of severe trauma; its presence should alert the clinician to: 1) generalized massive trauma with abdominal, chest, and cardiac injuries; 2) local injury to the subclavian artery and brachial plexus and; 3) necessity of long-term followup for late-developing sequelae.", "PMID": 1130843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11335", "title": "Effectiveness of peritoneal lavage in blunt abdominal trauma.", "content": "To analyze the effectiveness of peritoneal lavage and to define its limitations in the evaluation of patients who have sustained blunt abdominal trauma, a prospective study of 500 such patients was undertaken by the Trauma Service at the Naval Hospital, San Diego. Utilizing a qualitative colorometric method to evaluate the degree of hemoperitoneum, patients could rapidly be divided into three clinical groups: strongly positive, weakly positive, and negative. Using this method, patients with a strongly positive peritoneal lavage had a 94% incidence of significant intra-abdominal injuries. In 333 patients with a negative lavage, there was no documented incidence of significant intra-abdominal injuries. Visceral angiography and abdominal echography were utilized in this group of patients to identify those with significant intra-abdominal injuries. By utilizing this approach, there were only eight unnecessary celiotomies in the total group of 500 patients. It is concluded, therefore, that peritoneal lavage is a safe, rapid, and effective means of evaluating patients who have sustained blunt abdominal trauma.", "contents": "Effectiveness of peritoneal lavage in blunt abdominal trauma. To analyze the effectiveness of peritoneal lavage and to define its limitations in the evaluation of patients who have sustained blunt abdominal trauma, a prospective study of 500 such patients was undertaken by the Trauma Service at the Naval Hospital, San Diego. Utilizing a qualitative colorometric method to evaluate the degree of hemoperitoneum, patients could rapidly be divided into three clinical groups: strongly positive, weakly positive, and negative. Using this method, patients with a strongly positive peritoneal lavage had a 94% incidence of significant intra-abdominal injuries. In 333 patients with a negative lavage, there was no documented incidence of significant intra-abdominal injuries. Visceral angiography and abdominal echography were utilized in this group of patients to identify those with significant intra-abdominal injuries. By utilizing this approach, there were only eight unnecessary celiotomies in the total group of 500 patients. It is concluded, therefore, that peritoneal lavage is a safe, rapid, and effective means of evaluating patients who have sustained blunt abdominal trauma.", "PMID": 1130844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11336", "title": "Cricopharyngeal myotomy: treatment of dysphagia.", "content": "Six patients are presented who underwent cricopharyngeus myotomy for dysphagia. The clinical history and cine studies appear to be the most useful assessments in defining patients with dysphagia who may improve after a myotomy. Etiological factors which may precipitate poor coordination of the swallowing mechanism and a relative cricopharyngeus muscle obstruction include neuromuscular disorders, radical oral surgery, central nervous disease, and idiopathic disorders, although the exact physiology of the cricopharyngeus muscle in health and disease is not as yet delineated, the muscle is being implicated in many problems as the inciting factor of upper esophageal dysphagia. The operation of cricopharyngeus myotomy is a relatively simple procedure and should be done with little morbidity and mortality in properly selected cases.", "contents": "Cricopharyngeal myotomy: treatment of dysphagia. Six patients are presented who underwent cricopharyngeus myotomy for dysphagia. The clinical history and cine studies appear to be the most useful assessments in defining patients with dysphagia who may improve after a myotomy. Etiological factors which may precipitate poor coordination of the swallowing mechanism and a relative cricopharyngeus muscle obstruction include neuromuscular disorders, radical oral surgery, central nervous disease, and idiopathic disorders, although the exact physiology of the cricopharyngeus muscle in health and disease is not as yet delineated, the muscle is being implicated in many problems as the inciting factor of upper esophageal dysphagia. The operation of cricopharyngeus myotomy is a relatively simple procedure and should be done with little morbidity and mortality in properly selected cases.", "PMID": 1130845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11337", "title": "Spinal ischemia following abdominal aortic surgery.", "content": "Serious spinal cord ischemia may follow infrarenal abdominal aortic surgery. Five cases are summarized and added to the 23 previously published cases in order to identify this syndrome, emphasize its importance, and draw attention to the possibility of spontaneous recovery which may occur. The multifactorial complex which comprises each patient's clinical picture clouds a precise and specific cause for paraplegia in these cases. However, neither hypotension, steal phenomena nor emboli are necessary for completion of the syndrome. The relevant spinal cord arterial anatomy indicates that the common anomalies which occur favor development of spinal cord ischemia in the arteriosclerotic population which requires aortic surgery. No means of prevention is possible at this time.", "contents": "Spinal ischemia following abdominal aortic surgery. Serious spinal cord ischemia may follow infrarenal abdominal aortic surgery. Five cases are summarized and added to the 23 previously published cases in order to identify this syndrome, emphasize its importance, and draw attention to the possibility of spontaneous recovery which may occur. The multifactorial complex which comprises each patient's clinical picture clouds a precise and specific cause for paraplegia in these cases. However, neither hypotension, steal phenomena nor emboli are necessary for completion of the syndrome. The relevant spinal cord arterial anatomy indicates that the common anomalies which occur favor development of spinal cord ischemia in the arteriosclerotic population which requires aortic surgery. No means of prevention is possible at this time.", "PMID": 1130846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11338", "title": "Primary peritonitis in infancy and childhood.", "content": "Primary peritonitis, rarely diagnosed preoperatively, is an uncommon disease accounting for 2.1% of all pediatric abdominal emergencies. It is often associated with urinary or hepatic pathology, the former the source of the infecting organism in the majority of cases, and presents with characteristic symptoms depending upon whether it occurs in infancy or childhood. The symptoms and signs which allow for a positive prospective diagnosis are illustrated by comparing this disease to those entities with which it is most often confused, e.g. diffuse peritonitis of other etiologies, and include a short duration of symptoms, associated urinary tract infection and an absence of free air on abdominal roentgenograms. In the past, gram positive organisms were the most common infecting agent; however, in this series gram negative bacteria accounted for 69% or the organisms. Antibiotics with a gram negative spectrum and exploratory laparotomy with appendectomy are the hallmarks of therapy, the latter replaced by abdominal tap only in the patient who satisfies the criteria for primary peritonitis and in whom an associated disease makes the risk of surgery prohibitive.", "contents": "Primary peritonitis in infancy and childhood. Primary peritonitis, rarely diagnosed preoperatively, is an uncommon disease accounting for 2.1% of all pediatric abdominal emergencies. It is often associated with urinary or hepatic pathology, the former the source of the infecting organism in the majority of cases, and presents with characteristic symptoms depending upon whether it occurs in infancy or childhood. The symptoms and signs which allow for a positive prospective diagnosis are illustrated by comparing this disease to those entities with which it is most often confused, e.g. diffuse peritonitis of other etiologies, and include a short duration of symptoms, associated urinary tract infection and an absence of free air on abdominal roentgenograms. In the past, gram positive organisms were the most common infecting agent; however, in this series gram negative bacteria accounted for 69% or the organisms. Antibiotics with a gram negative spectrum and exploratory laparotomy with appendectomy are the hallmarks of therapy, the latter replaced by abdominal tap only in the patient who satisfies the criteria for primary peritonitis and in whom an associated disease makes the risk of surgery prohibitive.", "PMID": 1130847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11339", "title": "Amylase clearance in differentiating acute pancreatitis from peptic ulcer with hyperamylasemia.", "content": "Thirty-four patients with abdominal pain, tenderness, and hyperamylasemia suggesting acute pancreatitis were studied prospectively to elucidate the relationship between peptic ulcer disease and pancreatitis. Confirming evidence of pancreatitis and/or ulcer was obtained either at laparotomy of by upper gastrointestinal roentgenograms. The presence or absence of pancreatitis was substantiated by measurement of the amylase/creatinine clearance ratio, which is significantly higher (p less than 0.001) in patients with acute pancreatitis (9.3 plus or minus 0.9), than in patients without pancreatitis (3.1 plus or minus 0.2). Nine of the 34 patients were found to have gastric or duodenal ulcers. However, seven of the nine, despite an elevated serum amylase, had no sign of pancreatitis at surgery, on radiological examination, or by elevation of the amylase/creatinine clearance ratio (3.1 plus or minus 0.4). It is suggested that hyperamylasemia associated with peptic ulcer disease is most often not indicative of acute pancreatitis and that treatment is most appropriately directed at the ulcer.", "contents": "Amylase clearance in differentiating acute pancreatitis from peptic ulcer with hyperamylasemia. Thirty-four patients with abdominal pain, tenderness, and hyperamylasemia suggesting acute pancreatitis were studied prospectively to elucidate the relationship between peptic ulcer disease and pancreatitis. Confirming evidence of pancreatitis and/or ulcer was obtained either at laparotomy of by upper gastrointestinal roentgenograms. The presence or absence of pancreatitis was substantiated by measurement of the amylase/creatinine clearance ratio, which is significantly higher (p less than 0.001) in patients with acute pancreatitis (9.3 plus or minus 0.9), than in patients without pancreatitis (3.1 plus or minus 0.2). Nine of the 34 patients were found to have gastric or duodenal ulcers. However, seven of the nine, despite an elevated serum amylase, had no sign of pancreatitis at surgery, on radiological examination, or by elevation of the amylase/creatinine clearance ratio (3.1 plus or minus 0.4). It is suggested that hyperamylasemia associated with peptic ulcer disease is most often not indicative of acute pancreatitis and that treatment is most appropriately directed at the ulcer.", "PMID": 1130848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11340", "title": "Cardiopulmonary adjustments following single high dosage administration of methylprednisolone in traumatized man.", "content": "Pharmacologic doses of methylprednisolone sodium succinate were administered to 10 critically ill patients when the steroid was the only variable. Measurements of respiratory and circulatory physiologic parameters were obtained in all patients prior to injection and at 30 and 90 minutes following injection of methylprednisolone sodium succinate. A significant increase in Cardiac Index was seen (P less than .01) which appeared to be in association with a decrease in pulmonary vascular resistance (P less than .01) at a time when physiologic shunting of blood through the lungs increased (P less than .01). These changes imply improved perfusion of non- or poorly ventilated portions of the lungs. Four of ten patients demonstrated removal of lactate by the lung during the control period. Following methylprednisolone sodium succinate injection, 9 of 10 patients demonstrated production or a washout of lactate from the lungs.", "contents": "Cardiopulmonary adjustments following single high dosage administration of methylprednisolone in traumatized man. Pharmacologic doses of methylprednisolone sodium succinate were administered to 10 critically ill patients when the steroid was the only variable. Measurements of respiratory and circulatory physiologic parameters were obtained in all patients prior to injection and at 30 and 90 minutes following injection of methylprednisolone sodium succinate. A significant increase in Cardiac Index was seen (P less than .01) which appeared to be in association with a decrease in pulmonary vascular resistance (P less than .01) at a time when physiologic shunting of blood through the lungs increased (P less than .01). These changes imply improved perfusion of non- or poorly ventilated portions of the lungs. Four of ten patients demonstrated removal of lactate by the lung during the control period. Following methylprednisolone sodium succinate injection, 9 of 10 patients demonstrated production or a washout of lactate from the lungs.", "PMID": 1130849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11341", "title": "Abdominal aneurysm and horseshoe kidney: a review.", "content": "Two patients with aortic abdominal aneurysms in association with horseshoe kidney are presented, making a total of 34 cases recorded in the literature. In 29 patients, the aneurysm was resected and five patients were non-resectable. Because of the abnormalities in vascular supply to the abnormal kidney, it is important to diagnose the combination of aneurysm and horseshoe kidney preoperatively. An error in diagnosis should be unusual if an intravenous pyelogram is routinely obtained on all patients. This study may reveal abnormalities which will allow the diagnosis of horseshoe kidney to be made or suspected. If the intravenous pyelogram is abnormal, it should be followed by an aortogram. This may substantiate the diagnosis of aneurysm and horseshoe kidney and provide the necessary detailed information regarding the pattern of blood supply and its relationship to functioning tissue. The amount and disposition of functioning renal parenchyma may be further amplified by renal scan. If this sequence is followed, the unanticipated combination of abdominal aneurysm and horseshoe kidney should be rare.", "contents": "Abdominal aneurysm and horseshoe kidney: a review. Two patients with aortic abdominal aneurysms in association with horseshoe kidney are presented, making a total of 34 cases recorded in the literature. In 29 patients, the aneurysm was resected and five patients were non-resectable. Because of the abnormalities in vascular supply to the abnormal kidney, it is important to diagnose the combination of aneurysm and horseshoe kidney preoperatively. An error in diagnosis should be unusual if an intravenous pyelogram is routinely obtained on all patients. This study may reveal abnormalities which will allow the diagnosis of horseshoe kidney to be made or suspected. If the intravenous pyelogram is abnormal, it should be followed by an aortogram. This may substantiate the diagnosis of aneurysm and horseshoe kidney and provide the necessary detailed information regarding the pattern of blood supply and its relationship to functioning tissue. The amount and disposition of functioning renal parenchyma may be further amplified by renal scan. If this sequence is followed, the unanticipated combination of abdominal aneurysm and horseshoe kidney should be rare.", "PMID": 1130850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11342", "title": "The effect of dextran on the lysability of ex vivo thrombi.", "content": "The lysability was determined of thrombi formed in Chandler tubes before and after infusion of 500 ml dextran 70 to patients undergoing cholecystectomy. 125I-labelled fibrinogen was given the day before operation. Following incubation of the thrombi formed in plasmin, radioactivity remaining in the thrombi and released to the supernatant was determined, as well as fibrinolytic degradation products in the supernatant, using an immunoelectrophoretic method. The dextran infusion was found to increase the radioactivity released from the thrombi to the supernatant from 15.5 plus or minus 7.6% to a maximum of 27.3 plus or minus 8.2% four hours after the infusion (P less than 0.001). A corresponding significant rise of the FDP concentration in the supernatant from 16.8 mug/ml to 44.1 mug/ml was found at the same time. After 24 hours the radioactivity had returned to initial values. The results indicate that dextran infused into patients during surgery increases the lysability of thrombi. It is suggested that this finding at least partly explains the antithrombotic effect of dextran.", "contents": "The effect of dextran on the lysability of ex vivo thrombi. The lysability was determined of thrombi formed in Chandler tubes before and after infusion of 500 ml dextran 70 to patients undergoing cholecystectomy. 125I-labelled fibrinogen was given the day before operation. Following incubation of the thrombi formed in plasmin, radioactivity remaining in the thrombi and released to the supernatant was determined, as well as fibrinolytic degradation products in the supernatant, using an immunoelectrophoretic method. The dextran infusion was found to increase the radioactivity released from the thrombi to the supernatant from 15.5 plus or minus 7.6% to a maximum of 27.3 plus or minus 8.2% four hours after the infusion (P less than 0.001). A corresponding significant rise of the FDP concentration in the supernatant from 16.8 mug/ml to 44.1 mug/ml was found at the same time. After 24 hours the radioactivity had returned to initial values. The results indicate that dextran infused into patients during surgery increases the lysability of thrombi. It is suggested that this finding at least partly explains the antithrombotic effect of dextran.", "PMID": 1130851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11343", "title": "Antitumor immune response following injection of neuraminidase-treated sarcoma cells.", "content": "Mice inoculated with MCA-10 sarcoma cells which had previously been incubated with Vibrio cholerae neuraminidase (VCN) demonstrated a significantly lower tumor incidence (9/26) than mice injected with untreated sarcoma cells (10/10) or sarcoma cells incubated with heat-inactivated neuraminidase (28/29) p less than .05. Rechallenge of nontumor-bearing mice from the VCN group with untreated sarcoma cells resulted in a low tumor incidence (4/11), indicating that these mice had developed systemic immunity following the initial injection of VCN-treated tumor cells. These mice also demonstrated significant lymphocytotoxicity against MCA-10 target cells compared with normal control mice (p less than .05). Subsequent cytotoxicity experiments, utilizing groin lymph node and splenic lymphocytes from mice five days following leg injection of VCN-treated, heat-inactivated VCN-treated or untreated MCA-10 cells, demonstrated that the mice injected with VCN-treated tumor cells demonstrated greater antitumor immunity both locally and systemically. This magnification of tumor immunity is postulated as the mechanism by which neuraminidase treated MCA-10 sarcoma cells grew less well in C57 mice than cells incubated with heat-inactivated VCN or cells left untreated.", "contents": "Antitumor immune response following injection of neuraminidase-treated sarcoma cells. Mice inoculated with MCA-10 sarcoma cells which had previously been incubated with Vibrio cholerae neuraminidase (VCN) demonstrated a significantly lower tumor incidence (9/26) than mice injected with untreated sarcoma cells (10/10) or sarcoma cells incubated with heat-inactivated neuraminidase (28/29) p less than .05. Rechallenge of nontumor-bearing mice from the VCN group with untreated sarcoma cells resulted in a low tumor incidence (4/11), indicating that these mice had developed systemic immunity following the initial injection of VCN-treated tumor cells. These mice also demonstrated significant lymphocytotoxicity against MCA-10 target cells compared with normal control mice (p less than .05). Subsequent cytotoxicity experiments, utilizing groin lymph node and splenic lymphocytes from mice five days following leg injection of VCN-treated, heat-inactivated VCN-treated or untreated MCA-10 cells, demonstrated that the mice injected with VCN-treated tumor cells demonstrated greater antitumor immunity both locally and systemically. This magnification of tumor immunity is postulated as the mechanism by which neuraminidase treated MCA-10 sarcoma cells grew less well in C57 mice than cells incubated with heat-inactivated VCN or cells left untreated.", "PMID": 1130852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11344", "title": "Acute renal insufficiency complicating major cardiovascular surgery.", "content": "Thirty-one patients underwent hemodialysis for renal failure as a complication of major cardiovascular surgery at the University of Minnesota (1968-1973). Only eight patients (26%) survived. A review of the literature shows that since the beginning of hemodialysis the mortality of those patients has not improved. Infection was the overwhelming cause of death. The infections were difficult to diagnosis because they were frequently associated with abdominal abscesses that were almost uniformly overlooked. Several possible ways of improving these patients survival are: 1) the use of early operative interventions of second look type; 2) improved hygenic measures in the care of these patients; 3) more selective antibiotic treatment based on frequent reculturing; and 4) daily short dialysis in association with hyperalimentation.", "contents": "Acute renal insufficiency complicating major cardiovascular surgery. Thirty-one patients underwent hemodialysis for renal failure as a complication of major cardiovascular surgery at the University of Minnesota (1968-1973). Only eight patients (26%) survived. A review of the literature shows that since the beginning of hemodialysis the mortality of those patients has not improved. Infection was the overwhelming cause of death. The infections were difficult to diagnosis because they were frequently associated with abdominal abscesses that were almost uniformly overlooked. Several possible ways of improving these patients survival are: 1) the use of early operative interventions of second look type; 2) improved hygenic measures in the care of these patients; 3) more selective antibiotic treatment based on frequent reculturing; and 4) daily short dialysis in association with hyperalimentation.", "PMID": 1130853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11345", "title": "Gastrocolic and gastrojejunocolic fistulae: report of twelve cases and review of the literature.", "content": "Seven gastrocolic and five gastrojejunocolic fistulae were recorded at Charity Hospital between 1940 and 1970. Such fistulae occurred in males more often than females. In this series, as in others, the most common cause was gastric surgery for peptic ulcer disease. Pain, diarrhea, and weight loss were clinical findings in half the patients; anemia, leukocytosis, electrolyte disturbances and hypoalbuminemia were common laboratory findings. A fistula was demonstrated radiologically in nine of the twelve patients, management of these patients included no operation (3); two-stage procedure (2); and one-stage procedure (7); with a recent trend toward the one-stage procedure. A case report of a fistula resulting from postoperative complications of perforative appendicitis in which a successful combination of hyperalimentation and diverting colostomy was used is presented.", "contents": "Gastrocolic and gastrojejunocolic fistulae: report of twelve cases and review of the literature. Seven gastrocolic and five gastrojejunocolic fistulae were recorded at Charity Hospital between 1940 and 1970. Such fistulae occurred in males more often than females. In this series, as in others, the most common cause was gastric surgery for peptic ulcer disease. Pain, diarrhea, and weight loss were clinical findings in half the patients; anemia, leukocytosis, electrolyte disturbances and hypoalbuminemia were common laboratory findings. A fistula was demonstrated radiologically in nine of the twelve patients, management of these patients included no operation (3); two-stage procedure (2); and one-stage procedure (7); with a recent trend toward the one-stage procedure. A case report of a fistula resulting from postoperative complications of perforative appendicitis in which a successful combination of hyperalimentation and diverting colostomy was used is presented.", "PMID": 1130854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11346", "title": "The role of inflammation in bronchial stump healing.", "content": "The roles of inflammatory response and closure technique in the development of bronchopleural fistula were evaluated. Canine bronchial stumps closed with 3-0 silk and studied 14 days later were characterized by a dense inflammatory infiltrate. Stumps closed with 3-0 chromic catgut suture showed a moderate inflammatory response with disintegration of suture material. However, stumps closed with the automatic stapling device (TA-30) showed the best healing and a minimal degree of inflammation. These findings correlated well with leakage pressures. The average leakage pressure for the silk closed stumps was 139.44 mm Hg plus or minus 78.9 SD. This was significantly lower (P less than 0.02) than the average leakage pressure for staple closed stumps (251.25 mm Hg plus or minus 82.9 SD). It is concluded that the minimal amount of inflammation following staple closure will be associated with improved bronchial stump healing and a lower incidence of bronchopleural fistula.", "contents": "The role of inflammation in bronchial stump healing. The roles of inflammatory response and closure technique in the development of bronchopleural fistula were evaluated. Canine bronchial stumps closed with 3-0 silk and studied 14 days later were characterized by a dense inflammatory infiltrate. Stumps closed with 3-0 chromic catgut suture showed a moderate inflammatory response with disintegration of suture material. However, stumps closed with the automatic stapling device (TA-30) showed the best healing and a minimal degree of inflammation. These findings correlated well with leakage pressures. The average leakage pressure for the silk closed stumps was 139.44 mm Hg plus or minus 78.9 SD. This was significantly lower (P less than 0.02) than the average leakage pressure for staple closed stumps (251.25 mm Hg plus or minus 82.9 SD). It is concluded that the minimal amount of inflammation following staple closure will be associated with improved bronchial stump healing and a lower incidence of bronchopleural fistula.", "PMID": 1130855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11347", "title": "The diagnosis of jaundice by the minilaparotomy open transhepatic cholangiogram.", "content": "The precise diagnosis of the etiology of jaundice is of considerable value to the clinician in caring for the icteric patient. A series of twenty-three patients who underwent minilaparotomy (open transhepatic cholangiogram) is presented. This procedure allows for inspection, biopsy, cholangiography and omental venography under direct visualization and at minimal risk to the patient. In this series the cause of jaundice was successfully determined in 96% of the cases. Cholangiography was used to visualize the ducts in 20 patients and in 2 others, the diagnosis was made by inspection and liver biopsy. The literature on alternative diagnostic methods is reviewed and compared to other procedures the minilaparotomy has relatively few contraindications and many advantages. It is a useful and safe technique in the face of abnormal clotting factors, obstructive jaundice, ascites or hepatitis. By using the multiple diagnostic modalities available in a minilaparotomy, the rate of successful diagnosis equals or exceeds that of the other procedures. It is therefore recommended that this approach be considered as a diagnostic tool in the evaluation of jaundice.", "contents": "The diagnosis of jaundice by the minilaparotomy open transhepatic cholangiogram. The precise diagnosis of the etiology of jaundice is of considerable value to the clinician in caring for the icteric patient. A series of twenty-three patients who underwent minilaparotomy (open transhepatic cholangiogram) is presented. This procedure allows for inspection, biopsy, cholangiography and omental venography under direct visualization and at minimal risk to the patient. In this series the cause of jaundice was successfully determined in 96% of the cases. Cholangiography was used to visualize the ducts in 20 patients and in 2 others, the diagnosis was made by inspection and liver biopsy. The literature on alternative diagnostic methods is reviewed and compared to other procedures the minilaparotomy has relatively few contraindications and many advantages. It is a useful and safe technique in the face of abnormal clotting factors, obstructive jaundice, ascites or hepatitis. By using the multiple diagnostic modalities available in a minilaparotomy, the rate of successful diagnosis equals or exceeds that of the other procedures. It is therefore recommended that this approach be considered as a diagnostic tool in the evaluation of jaundice.", "PMID": 1130856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11348", "title": "Studies on bile salt deconjugation following small bowel bypass procedures.", "content": "Using the glycine-l-14C-cholic acid (14C-GCA) test, bile salt deconjugation and excretion were studied in 26 subjects with morbid exogenous obesity before and at selected intervals after jejuno-ileal bypass. In the preoperative group there was no malabsorption or intestinal bacterial deconjugation of the bile salts. In the immediate postoperative period (with relative sterilization of the bowel) there was only a trace of 14C in the breath, but the fecal 14C was highly elevated, indicating severe malabsorption without bacterial activity. In the 8 to 10 day postoperative period both the breath and fecal 14C content were highly elevated, indicating malabsorption and normal bacterial activity. Five to 8 months postoperatively both the breath and fecal 14C content showed only moderate elevation, indicating adaptation. It is suggested that the 14C-GCA test is useful in evaluating the adequacy of small bowel bypass procedures and also in following the adaptive response after the bypass. A significant increase in the breath and fecal 14C soon after surgery followed by rapid decrease suggests an adequate bypass and unusually fast adaptation. If the increase in the breath and fecal 14C soon after the bypass is only moderate, then that suggests an inadequate bypass.", "contents": "Studies on bile salt deconjugation following small bowel bypass procedures. Using the glycine-l-14C-cholic acid (14C-GCA) test, bile salt deconjugation and excretion were studied in 26 subjects with morbid exogenous obesity before and at selected intervals after jejuno-ileal bypass. In the preoperative group there was no malabsorption or intestinal bacterial deconjugation of the bile salts. In the immediate postoperative period (with relative sterilization of the bowel) there was only a trace of 14C in the breath, but the fecal 14C was highly elevated, indicating severe malabsorption without bacterial activity. In the 8 to 10 day postoperative period both the breath and fecal 14C content were highly elevated, indicating malabsorption and normal bacterial activity. Five to 8 months postoperatively both the breath and fecal 14C content showed only moderate elevation, indicating adaptation. It is suggested that the 14C-GCA test is useful in evaluating the adequacy of small bowel bypass procedures and also in following the adaptive response after the bypass. A significant increase in the breath and fecal 14C soon after surgery followed by rapid decrease suggests an adequate bypass and unusually fast adaptation. If the increase in the breath and fecal 14C soon after the bypass is only moderate, then that suggests an inadequate bypass.", "PMID": 1130857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11349", "title": "Urea production related to intraperitoneal inflammation.", "content": "To eluicdate a possible connection between the amount of urea production and degree of intraperitoneal complication 24 hour urea production was studied in patients having undergone appendectomy. The base material consisting of 60 patients with an uncomplicated postoperative course was divided into three groups: 1) 20 patients with a normal appendix without any infection, 2) 20 patients with acute appendicitis without perforation, and 3) 20 patients with acute appendicitis with perforation and varying degrees of peritonitis. Twenty-four hour urea production was determined from the second to seventh postoperative day. A significant difference in postoperative urea production was found between the three groups mentioned, the patients in group 3 had the highest and the patients in group 1 the lowest urea production. Further, all three groups showed a gradual, significant decrease in urea production from second to seventh postoperative day. Two patients with intraperitoneal complications after appendectomy had a significantly increased urea production.", "contents": "Urea production related to intraperitoneal inflammation. To eluicdate a possible connection between the amount of urea production and degree of intraperitoneal complication 24 hour urea production was studied in patients having undergone appendectomy. The base material consisting of 60 patients with an uncomplicated postoperative course was divided into three groups: 1) 20 patients with a normal appendix without any infection, 2) 20 patients with acute appendicitis without perforation, and 3) 20 patients with acute appendicitis with perforation and varying degrees of peritonitis. Twenty-four hour urea production was determined from the second to seventh postoperative day. A significant difference in postoperative urea production was found between the three groups mentioned, the patients in group 3 had the highest and the patients in group 1 the lowest urea production. Further, all three groups showed a gradual, significant decrease in urea production from second to seventh postoperative day. Two patients with intraperitoneal complications after appendectomy had a significantly increased urea production.", "PMID": 1130858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11350", "title": "Twenty-four hour left ventricular bypass with a centrifugal blood pump.", "content": "A new centrifugal blood pump system has been developed for left ventricular bypass by the addition of non-thrombogenic blood surface materials and an ultrathin-walled cannula for the retrograde cannulation of the left ventricle. Partial LV bypass at 3 to 6 L/min was undertaken in 55 calves without thoracotomy. In 20 it was continued for 24 hours, with 13 survivors who were eventually sacrificed. Eleven of the last 14 experiments were completed without mishap. Heparin was employed only during pump insertion. Hematologic changes were limited to moderate platelet depression, and tolerable hemolysis (average serum level 21 mg% in the last 13 experiments). Normal clotting parameters and the absence of significant fibrin split product formation correlated with the absence of gross thrombosis and few minor renal emboli observed at autopsy. This pump system appears to have several advantages over previously described equipment for LV bypass.", "contents": "Twenty-four hour left ventricular bypass with a centrifugal blood pump. A new centrifugal blood pump system has been developed for left ventricular bypass by the addition of non-thrombogenic blood surface materials and an ultrathin-walled cannula for the retrograde cannulation of the left ventricle. Partial LV bypass at 3 to 6 L/min was undertaken in 55 calves without thoracotomy. In 20 it was continued for 24 hours, with 13 survivors who were eventually sacrificed. Eleven of the last 14 experiments were completed without mishap. Heparin was employed only during pump insertion. Hematologic changes were limited to moderate platelet depression, and tolerable hemolysis (average serum level 21 mg% in the last 13 experiments). Normal clotting parameters and the absence of significant fibrin split product formation correlated with the absence of gross thrombosis and few minor renal emboli observed at autopsy. This pump system appears to have several advantages over previously described equipment for LV bypass.", "PMID": 1130859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11351", "title": "Barium granuloma of the rectum: an uncommon complication of barium enema.", "content": "Barium sulfate granuloma of the rectum may develop when this contrast material is forced through a discontinuity in the rectal mucosa. The ensuing mass may be confused with carcinoma. Preoperative biopsy and attention to plain films will prevent unnecessary inappropriate surgery.", "contents": "Barium granuloma of the rectum: an uncommon complication of barium enema. Barium sulfate granuloma of the rectum may develop when this contrast material is forced through a discontinuity in the rectal mucosa. The ensuing mass may be confused with carcinoma. Preoperative biopsy and attention to plain films will prevent unnecessary inappropriate surgery.", "PMID": 1130860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11352", "title": "Axillary-femoral bypass graft patency without aorto-femoral pressure differential: disuse atrophy of ipsilateral ileo-femoral segment.", "content": "Differential aorto-femoral pressure gradient is not required to assure axillary-femoral bypass graft patency for a brief period of time. One-hundred twenty-three days elapsed from axillary-femoral graft construction to elective removal of the functioning conduit in an individual without aorto-femoral pressure differential. During this time, reversible \"disuse atrophy\" of the ipsilateral ileo-femoral arterial system occurred. It is suggested that phasic differences in pulse wave propagation between the aorto-iliac-femoral and axillary-femoral circuits maintained graft patency and accompanying decreased flow volume in the ileo-femoral arterial circuit resulted in \"disuse atrophy.\"", "contents": "Axillary-femoral bypass graft patency without aorto-femoral pressure differential: disuse atrophy of ipsilateral ileo-femoral segment. Differential aorto-femoral pressure gradient is not required to assure axillary-femoral bypass graft patency for a brief period of time. One-hundred twenty-three days elapsed from axillary-femoral graft construction to elective removal of the functioning conduit in an individual without aorto-femoral pressure differential. During this time, reversible \"disuse atrophy\" of the ipsilateral ileo-femoral arterial system occurred. It is suggested that phasic differences in pulse wave propagation between the aorto-iliac-femoral and axillary-femoral circuits maintained graft patency and accompanying decreased flow volume in the ileo-femoral arterial circuit resulted in \"disuse atrophy.\"", "PMID": 1130861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11353", "title": "A new variant of intra-abdominal hernia.", "content": "A new variant of intra-abdominal hernia is presented. Available evidence suggests that this type of intra-abdominal hernia may be more prevalent than previously reported. Patients suffering from crampy, intermittent abdominal pain whose routine radiographic gastrointestinal studies are unrevealing often are labeled as having psychogenic disorders. Three cases are present giving similar histories and routine findings in which mesenteric arteriography coupled with careful small bowel series has revealed a surgically curable lesion. Such patients should have judicious mesenteric angiography coupled with routine radiographic gastrointestinal studies in search of small intramesenteric herniae which are readily correctible.", "contents": "A new variant of intra-abdominal hernia. A new variant of intra-abdominal hernia is presented. Available evidence suggests that this type of intra-abdominal hernia may be more prevalent than previously reported. Patients suffering from crampy, intermittent abdominal pain whose routine radiographic gastrointestinal studies are unrevealing often are labeled as having psychogenic disorders. Three cases are present giving similar histories and routine findings in which mesenteric arteriography coupled with careful small bowel series has revealed a surgically curable lesion. Such patients should have judicious mesenteric angiography coupled with routine radiographic gastrointestinal studies in search of small intramesenteric herniae which are readily correctible.", "PMID": 1130862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11354", "title": "Boerhaave syndrome: report of a case treated non-operatively.", "content": "An unique case of Boerhaave's Syndrome is presented in which the patient survived without any surgical treatment. We believe that this was due to non-contamination of the mediastinal and pleural cavities as shown by serial contrast roentgenograms of the esophagus.", "contents": "Boerhaave syndrome: report of a case treated non-operatively. An unique case of Boerhaave's Syndrome is presented in which the patient survived without any surgical treatment. We believe that this was due to non-contamination of the mediastinal and pleural cavities as shown by serial contrast roentgenograms of the esophagus.", "PMID": 1130863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11355", "title": "Marginal ulcer in achlorhydric patients.", "content": "Recurrent gastrojejunal ulceration is reported in three patients with histamine-fast achlorhydria. In none of these patients was extruding suture material responsible for the ulceration. However, all three patients had a history of alcohol abuse, and one abused aspirin as well. These cases demonstrate that achlorhydria does not protect against anastomotic ulceration. It is suggested that surgical manipulation produces an increased susceptibility to mucosal damage, and that it is erroneous to consider all anastomotic ulceration as a continuation or recurrence of acid peptic disease.", "contents": "Marginal ulcer in achlorhydric patients. Recurrent gastrojejunal ulceration is reported in three patients with histamine-fast achlorhydria. In none of these patients was extruding suture material responsible for the ulceration. However, all three patients had a history of alcohol abuse, and one abused aspirin as well. These cases demonstrate that achlorhydria does not protect against anastomotic ulceration. It is suggested that surgical manipulation produces an increased susceptibility to mucosal damage, and that it is erroneous to consider all anastomotic ulceration as a continuation or recurrence of acid peptic disease.", "PMID": 1130864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11356", "title": "The effect of bile acid synthesis on cholesterol secretion into the bile.", "content": "Cholesterol secretion into the bile has been shown to be related to the bile acid secretion rate. It has been suggested that the availability of bile acid micelles controls the entry of cholesterol into the bile. However, previous data could have been interpreted to indicate that  bile acid synthesis controls cholesterol secretion into the bile. To discover whether bile acid synthesis has a significant influence on cholesterol secretion, Rhesus monkeys were studied during the period of increasing bile acid secretion and bile acid synthesis, which begins 6-10 hours following interruption of the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids. This is the only condition in which bile acid synthesis and bile acid secretion increase simultaneously. The cholesterol secretion rate fell signficantly during this period, and this effect was enhanced by phenobarbital administration. An increasing cholesterol secretion rate would have been expected if micellar attraction controlled cholesterol secretion under these conditions. Bile acid synthesis appears to have an important influence upon cholesterol secretion into the bile.", "contents": "The effect of bile acid synthesis on cholesterol secretion into the bile. Cholesterol secretion into the bile has been shown to be related to the bile acid secretion rate. It has been suggested that the availability of bile acid micelles controls the entry of cholesterol into the bile. However, previous data could have been interpreted to indicate that  bile acid synthesis controls cholesterol secretion into the bile. To discover whether bile acid synthesis has a significant influence on cholesterol secretion, Rhesus monkeys were studied during the period of increasing bile acid secretion and bile acid synthesis, which begins 6-10 hours following interruption of the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids. This is the only condition in which bile acid synthesis and bile acid secretion increase simultaneously. The cholesterol secretion rate fell signficantly during this period, and this effect was enhanced by phenobarbital administration. An increasing cholesterol secretion rate would have been expected if micellar attraction controlled cholesterol secretion under these conditions. Bile acid synthesis appears to have an important influence upon cholesterol secretion into the bile.", "PMID": 1130865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11357", "title": "Microcirculation of the normal and inflamed canine pancreas.", "content": "Pancreas of normal dogs and the inflamed gland of experimental pancreatitis were studied by intra-arterial injection of Microfil, a silicone-rubber compound especially suited for study of the microcirculation. Duodenal vasculature and lobular vessels of the pancreas were studied as were those supplying the duct. Inter-lobular vessels were well visualized in the normal pancreas and intralobular vessels formed a fine reticular pattern throughout the cleared lobules. A complex network of vessels in the pancreatic duct was observed using this technique, apparently derived from the interlobular vessels. The blood supply of each layer of the duodenum was evaluated. Intraductal trypsin injection produced focal areas of pancreatitis associated with edema, poor vascular filling and spastic changes of the lobular vessels. Extravasation of Microfil, although not apparent on normal specimens, was prominent in inflamed specimens and suggested vascular weakness and disruption. Pancreatic lobules adjacent to inflammatory areas showed definite evidence of dilatation. The inflamed pancreatic ducts were markedly edematous, thickned, and showed incomplete vascular filling. When the duodenum adjacent to pancreatitis was injected with Microfil, edema and vasoconstriction were especially prominent in the duodenal muscular layer.", "contents": "Microcirculation of the normal and inflamed canine pancreas. Pancreas of normal dogs and the inflamed gland of experimental pancreatitis were studied by intra-arterial injection of Microfil, a silicone-rubber compound especially suited for study of the microcirculation. Duodenal vasculature and lobular vessels of the pancreas were studied as were those supplying the duct. Inter-lobular vessels were well visualized in the normal pancreas and intralobular vessels formed a fine reticular pattern throughout the cleared lobules. A complex network of vessels in the pancreatic duct was observed using this technique, apparently derived from the interlobular vessels. The blood supply of each layer of the duodenum was evaluated. Intraductal trypsin injection produced focal areas of pancreatitis associated with edema, poor vascular filling and spastic changes of the lobular vessels. Extravasation of Microfil, although not apparent on normal specimens, was prominent in inflamed specimens and suggested vascular weakness and disruption. Pancreatic lobules adjacent to inflammatory areas showed definite evidence of dilatation. The inflamed pancreatic ducts were markedly edematous, thickned, and showed incomplete vascular filling. When the duodenum adjacent to pancreatitis was injected with Microfil, edema and vasoconstriction were especially prominent in the duodenal muscular layer.", "PMID": 1130866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11358", "title": "Renal cell carcinoma presenting as right atrial tumor with successful removal using cardiopulmonary bypass.", "content": "A 58-year-old male presented with signs and symptoms of right sided heart failure. Diagnostic evaluation revealed a right renal cell carcinoma with extension into the vena cava and right atrium. Surgical management included radical right nephrectomy with retroperitoneal lymph node dissection, inferior vena caval resection, and removal of the intra-atrial tumor thrombus using a cardiopulmonary bypass. Two years after surgery the patient is alive and well with no evidence of recurrent disease.", "contents": "Renal cell carcinoma presenting as right atrial tumor with successful removal using cardiopulmonary bypass. A 58-year-old male presented with signs and symptoms of right sided heart failure. Diagnostic evaluation revealed a right renal cell carcinoma with extension into the vena cava and right atrium. Surgical management included radical right nephrectomy with retroperitoneal lymph node dissection, inferior vena caval resection, and removal of the intra-atrial tumor thrombus using a cardiopulmonary bypass. Two years after surgery the patient is alive and well with no evidence of recurrent disease.", "PMID": 1130867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11359", "title": "Occult inguinal hernia in the female.", "content": "Inguinal hernioplasty was performed in a series of 14 female patients with occult inguinal hernias over a period of five years. During this time 194 herniorrhaphies were performed and thus the incidence of repair for occult hernia was 8%. These patients represent a definite syndrome which has not been sufficiently documented in the surgical literature. The condition is defined and the anatomic pathology documented photographically. The mean age in this series was 20 years with a range of 15-45 years. Thirteen of the 14 cases were followed a mean of 10 months postoperatively. Ten of these were considered excellent results and were symptom-free. The remaining three cases were judged as good results but objective evaluation was less conclusive. There have been no recurrences. The anatomic basis for this syndrome has been documented by others. The absence of an impulse on clinical examination is explained on the basis of size of the hernias and the difference in the anatomy between males and females. Occult inguinal hernia in the female is clinically recognizable on the basis of intermittency, character, and localization of pain and after the exclusion of other pathologic conditions. This syndrome should be entertained in the differential diagnosis of lower abdominal pain in the female. Hernioplasty is safe and effective therapy and returns the patient to normal activity.", "contents": "Occult inguinal hernia in the female. Inguinal hernioplasty was performed in a series of 14 female patients with occult inguinal hernias over a period of five years. During this time 194 herniorrhaphies were performed and thus the incidence of repair for occult hernia was 8%. These patients represent a definite syndrome which has not been sufficiently documented in the surgical literature. The condition is defined and the anatomic pathology documented photographically. The mean age in this series was 20 years with a range of 15-45 years. Thirteen of the 14 cases were followed a mean of 10 months postoperatively. Ten of these were considered excellent results and were symptom-free. The remaining three cases were judged as good results but objective evaluation was less conclusive. There have been no recurrences. The anatomic basis for this syndrome has been documented by others. The absence of an impulse on clinical examination is explained on the basis of size of the hernias and the difference in the anatomy between males and females. Occult inguinal hernia in the female is clinically recognizable on the basis of intermittency, character, and localization of pain and after the exclusion of other pathologic conditions. This syndrome should be entertained in the differential diagnosis of lower abdominal pain in the female. Hernioplasty is safe and effective therapy and returns the patient to normal activity.", "PMID": 1130868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11360", "title": "Traumatic injury to the portal vein.", "content": "Traumatic injuries to the upper abdominal vasculature pose difficult management problems related to both exposure and associated injuries. Among those injuries that are more difficult to manage are those involving the portal vein. While occurring rarely, portal vein injuries require specific therapeutic considerations. Between January, 1968, and July, 1974, over 2000 patients were treated operatively for abdominal trauma at the Ben Taub General Hospital. Among these patients, 22 had injury to the portal vein. Seventeen portal vein injuries were secondary to gunshot wounds, 3 to stab wounds, and 2 to blunt trauma. Associated injuries to the inferior vena cava, pancreas, liver and bile ducts were common. Three patients had associated abdominal aortic injuries, two with acute aorto-caval fistulae. Nine patients died from from failure to control hemorrhage. Eleven were long-term survivors, including two who required pancreataico-duodenectomy as well as portal venorrhaphy. Late complications were rare. The operative approach to patients with traumatic injuries to multiple organs in the upper abdomen, including the portal vein, requires aggressive management and predetermined sequential methods of repair. In spite of innumerable associated injuries, portal vein injuries can be successfully managed in a significant number of patients using generally available surgical techniques and several adjunctive maneuvers.", "contents": "Traumatic injury to the portal vein. Traumatic injuries to the upper abdominal vasculature pose difficult management problems related to both exposure and associated injuries. Among those injuries that are more difficult to manage are those involving the portal vein. While occurring rarely, portal vein injuries require specific therapeutic considerations. Between January, 1968, and July, 1974, over 2000 patients were treated operatively for abdominal trauma at the Ben Taub General Hospital. Among these patients, 22 had injury to the portal vein. Seventeen portal vein injuries were secondary to gunshot wounds, 3 to stab wounds, and 2 to blunt trauma. Associated injuries to the inferior vena cava, pancreas, liver and bile ducts were common. Three patients had associated abdominal aortic injuries, two with acute aorto-caval fistulae. Nine patients died from from failure to control hemorrhage. Eleven were long-term survivors, including two who required pancreataico-duodenectomy as well as portal venorrhaphy. Late complications were rare. The operative approach to patients with traumatic injuries to multiple organs in the upper abdomen, including the portal vein, requires aggressive management and predetermined sequential methods of repair. In spite of innumerable associated injuries, portal vein injuries can be successfully managed in a significant number of patients using generally available surgical techniques and several adjunctive maneuvers.", "PMID": 1130870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11361", "title": "New diagnostic and therapeutic techniques in the management of pyogenic liver abscesses.", "content": "An unexplained increase in the frequency of pyogenic liver abscesses of unknown etiology has, fourtunately, been paralleled by significant advances in diagnostic and therapeutic methods. This report reviews experience with 14 patients operated upon at NYU Medical Center since 1971. Eight cases (57%) were cryptogenic. Other abscesses were associated with biliary disease (3); abdominal sepsis (2); and trauma (1). Abscesses were present on hospitalization in 12 patients. Clinical findings included fever (101-108 F); 100%; leucocytosis, 71%; anorexia and vomiting, 50%; localized tenderness and hepatomegaly, 50%; hypoalbuminemia, 86%; hypocholesterolemia, 78%; elevated SGOT, 71%; and elevated aikaline phosphatase, 43%. Technetium hepatic scintiscans showed focal defects in 10 of 12 patients (83%), but did not detect multiple abscesses in 2 of these. Hepatic arteriography performed in 10 patients was highly accurate, outlining single abscesses in 6 and multiple abscesses in 4. Furthermore, in one patient a false positive scintiscan was demonstrated by negative arteriography, confirmed by autopsy. In 4 patients, arteriography indicated an abscess in the posterior-superior area of the right hepatic lobe. With precise anatomical localization, a trans-thoracic approach permitted uncomplicated drainage in each case. This approach provides excellent exposure and direct drainage for abscesses in this area. An additional therapeutic adjunct in two patients, with 4 and 11 abscesses each, was postoperative intraportal infusion of antibiotics through the umbilical vein. Thirteen patients (83%) recovered, one dying from pulmonary embolism. Primary hepatic abscesses occur with increasing frequency. Primary hepatic abscesses occur with increasing frequency. Primary hepatic abscesses occur with increasing frequency. The methods described allow more precise preoperative diagnosis and direct surgical drainage.", "contents": "New diagnostic and therapeutic techniques in the management of pyogenic liver abscesses. An unexplained increase in the frequency of pyogenic liver abscesses of unknown etiology has, fourtunately, been paralleled by significant advances in diagnostic and therapeutic methods. This report reviews experience with 14 patients operated upon at NYU Medical Center since 1971. Eight cases (57%) were cryptogenic. Other abscesses were associated with biliary disease (3); abdominal sepsis (2); and trauma (1). Abscesses were present on hospitalization in 12 patients. Clinical findings included fever (101-108 F); 100%; leucocytosis, 71%; anorexia and vomiting, 50%; localized tenderness and hepatomegaly, 50%; hypoalbuminemia, 86%; hypocholesterolemia, 78%; elevated SGOT, 71%; and elevated aikaline phosphatase, 43%. Technetium hepatic scintiscans showed focal defects in 10 of 12 patients (83%), but did not detect multiple abscesses in 2 of these. Hepatic arteriography performed in 10 patients was highly accurate, outlining single abscesses in 6 and multiple abscesses in 4. Furthermore, in one patient a false positive scintiscan was demonstrated by negative arteriography, confirmed by autopsy. In 4 patients, arteriography indicated an abscess in the posterior-superior area of the right hepatic lobe. With precise anatomical localization, a trans-thoracic approach permitted uncomplicated drainage in each case. This approach provides excellent exposure and direct drainage for abscesses in this area. An additional therapeutic adjunct in two patients, with 4 and 11 abscesses each, was postoperative intraportal infusion of antibiotics through the umbilical vein. Thirteen patients (83%) recovered, one dying from pulmonary embolism. Primary hepatic abscesses occur with increasing frequency. Primary hepatic abscesses occur with increasing frequency. Primary hepatic abscesses occur with increasing frequency. The methods described allow more precise preoperative diagnosis and direct surgical drainage.", "PMID": 1130869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11362", "title": "Results of radical resection for periampullary cancer.", "content": "This report concerns 348 pancreatoduodenectomies, including 13 total pancreatectomies. Operative mortality over 30 years was 15%, operative mortality since 1962, 10%. Precise factors influencing operability, mortality, morbidity, and long-term palliation or cure are emphasized. The necessity for making a distinction among tumors arising in the ampulla of Vater, the intrapancreatic portion of the common bile duct, and the duodenum surrounding the papilla of Vater and carcinomas arising in the head of the pancreas is the most important factor in the approach to periampullary malignant tumors. Even with this large experience, the impression of the operating surgeon at the time of resection was incorrect in 10% of the patients in whom a reons who do not resect carcinomas arising in the head of the pancreas and who may have had less experience in this specialized field may be rejecting an even larger per cent of patients with more favorable periampullary malignant tumors. The influence of previous exploration, manipulation, and biopsy on morbidity, mortality, and survival is discussed. The significance of nodal involvement and residual tumor at the neck of the pancreas and the point of division of the common bile duct and the uncinate process is discussed. These data justify continued selective application of pancreatoduodenectomy for periampullary cancer and identify areas where further improvement can be made.", "contents": "Results of radical resection for periampullary cancer. This report concerns 348 pancreatoduodenectomies, including 13 total pancreatectomies. Operative mortality over 30 years was 15%, operative mortality since 1962, 10%. Precise factors influencing operability, mortality, morbidity, and long-term palliation or cure are emphasized. The necessity for making a distinction among tumors arising in the ampulla of Vater, the intrapancreatic portion of the common bile duct, and the duodenum surrounding the papilla of Vater and carcinomas arising in the head of the pancreas is the most important factor in the approach to periampullary malignant tumors. Even with this large experience, the impression of the operating surgeon at the time of resection was incorrect in 10% of the patients in whom a reons who do not resect carcinomas arising in the head of the pancreas and who may have had less experience in this specialized field may be rejecting an even larger per cent of patients with more favorable periampullary malignant tumors. The influence of previous exploration, manipulation, and biopsy on morbidity, mortality, and survival is discussed. The significance of nodal involvement and residual tumor at the neck of the pancreas and the point of division of the common bile duct and the uncinate process is discussed. These data justify continued selective application of pancreatoduodenectomy for periampullary cancer and identify areas where further improvement can be made.", "PMID": 1130871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11363", "title": "Pancreaticogastrostomy: a further evaluation.", "content": "The anastomosis between the remaining pancreas and the intestinal tract after various types of pancreatic resection has been the site of complications responsible for considerable morbidity and mortality. After Whipple resections reestablishment of pancreatic-intestinal continuity has generally been accomplished in some manner between the pancreas and upper jejunum. This suture line has at times failed, often as the result of postoperative pancreatitis, giving rise to hemorrhage, abscess, and fistula formation. Since 1963, 25 patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenal resection have had some portion of their pancreas implanted into the back wall of the stomach. The operations have been done by the resident and senior staff of the Department of Surgery at the University of Pennsylvania. Morbidity has decreased and operative mortality has fallen from 20-30% to 8%. The technique is not difficult and there seems to be less tendency for the anastomosis to leak. Pancreatic function is usually adequate. The procedure is useful after radical resection of the pancreaticoduodenal region or at times after pancreatic trauma.", "contents": "Pancreaticogastrostomy: a further evaluation. The anastomosis between the remaining pancreas and the intestinal tract after various types of pancreatic resection has been the site of complications responsible for considerable morbidity and mortality. After Whipple resections reestablishment of pancreatic-intestinal continuity has generally been accomplished in some manner between the pancreas and upper jejunum. This suture line has at times failed, often as the result of postoperative pancreatitis, giving rise to hemorrhage, abscess, and fistula formation. Since 1963, 25 patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenal resection have had some portion of their pancreas implanted into the back wall of the stomach. The operations have been done by the resident and senior staff of the Department of Surgery at the University of Pennsylvania. Morbidity has decreased and operative mortality has fallen from 20-30% to 8%. The technique is not difficult and there seems to be less tendency for the anastomosis to leak. Pancreatic function is usually adequate. The procedure is useful after radical resection of the pancreaticoduodenal region or at times after pancreatic trauma.", "PMID": 1130872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11364", "title": "Changing patterns in the management of pancreatic pseudocysts.", "content": "The records of patients treated from 1938 through June, 1974, for pancreatic cysts have been reviewed. There was 205 cysts including 168 pseudocysts, 21 neoplastic, 13 retention, and 3 congenital pseudocysts. An analysis of two eras has been made: cysts treated prior to 1962 (56 patients) and cysts treated after 1962 (98 patients). In the earlier era 66.4% of patients were treated by external drainage and 34% by excision or internal drainage. By marked contrast in the more recent era only 27% were treated by external drainage and 73% by excision or internal drainage. The recurrence rate fell from 27% in the earlier era to 6% in the modern era. Improved morbidity was evidenced by a reduction from 32.2% to 15.3% in additional procedures required. Individualization in the treatment of pseudocyts with adherence to establish criteria for procedure selection with increased reliance on excision or internal drainage, as well as early diagnosis and timely intervention have improved the results of surgical therapy in this disease.", "contents": "Changing patterns in the management of pancreatic pseudocysts. The records of patients treated from 1938 through June, 1974, for pancreatic cysts have been reviewed. There was 205 cysts including 168 pseudocysts, 21 neoplastic, 13 retention, and 3 congenital pseudocysts. An analysis of two eras has been made: cysts treated prior to 1962 (56 patients) and cysts treated after 1962 (98 patients). In the earlier era 66.4% of patients were treated by external drainage and 34% by excision or internal drainage. By marked contrast in the more recent era only 27% were treated by external drainage and 73% by excision or internal drainage. The recurrence rate fell from 27% in the earlier era to 6% in the modern era. Improved morbidity was evidenced by a reduction from 32.2% to 15.3% in additional procedures required. Individualization in the treatment of pseudocyts with adherence to establish criteria for procedure selection with increased reliance on excision or internal drainage, as well as early diagnosis and timely intervention have improved the results of surgical therapy in this disease.", "PMID": 1130873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11365", "title": "Conservative surgical treatment of reflux esophagitis and esophageal stricture.", "content": "During a recent 3-year period, 17 consecutive patients were seen with advanced fibrotic esophageal strictures secondary to alkaline-acid-pepsin reflux. From detailed preoperative evaluations alone it was impossible to determine whether therapy should consist of excisional surgery, esophagogastroplasty or intra-operative dilatation with correction of reflux. Only at operation could the length, extent, degree and severity of the stricture be fully determined. Each of the 17 patients was treated by controlled dilatation, coupled with an antireflux procedure. This simplified approach proved successful on strictures thought preoperatively to be undilatable. It appears that this conservative approach is applicable to many advanced strictures and excisional and plastic procedures should be reserved for those cases that prove unyielding to intraoperative dilatation. The true appraisal of a reflux stricture and the choice of surgical procedure is best determined at the operating table.", "contents": "Conservative surgical treatment of reflux esophagitis and esophageal stricture. During a recent 3-year period, 17 consecutive patients were seen with advanced fibrotic esophageal strictures secondary to alkaline-acid-pepsin reflux. From detailed preoperative evaluations alone it was impossible to determine whether therapy should consist of excisional surgery, esophagogastroplasty or intra-operative dilatation with correction of reflux. Only at operation could the length, extent, degree and severity of the stricture be fully determined. Each of the 17 patients was treated by controlled dilatation, coupled with an antireflux procedure. This simplified approach proved successful on strictures thought preoperatively to be undilatable. It appears that this conservative approach is applicable to many advanced strictures and excisional and plastic procedures should be reserved for those cases that prove unyielding to intraoperative dilatation. The true appraisal of a reflux stricture and the choice of surgical procedure is best determined at the operating table.", "PMID": 1130874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11366", "title": "Cardiac contusion: a capricious syndrome.", "content": "Cardiac contusions are being recognized with frequency. Among 507 patients with non-penetrating chest injuries, 210 had serial electrocardiograms sufficient to evaluate the heart. Forty-five of these 210 patients (21%) had cardiac contusions. These 45 patients and 3 others who were confirmed to have cardiac contusions at necropsy, comprise the 48 patients in this series. Life-indangering cardiac complications occurred in 14 (29%) of the 48 patients, and 4 patients died. The development of cardiac complications following cardiac contusions appears to have a significant relationship to the presence of shock, hypoxia and to factors related to the severity of multiple injuries. These observations have therapeutic implications in management of patients with cardiac contusions through prevention of hypovolemia and hypoxia and avoidance of fluid overload as well as treatment of specific cardiac complications.", "contents": "Cardiac contusion: a capricious syndrome. Cardiac contusions are being recognized with frequency. Among 507 patients with non-penetrating chest injuries, 210 had serial electrocardiograms sufficient to evaluate the heart. Forty-five of these 210 patients (21%) had cardiac contusions. These 45 patients and 3 others who were confirmed to have cardiac contusions at necropsy, comprise the 48 patients in this series. Life-indangering cardiac complications occurred in 14 (29%) of the 48 patients, and 4 patients died. The development of cardiac complications following cardiac contusions appears to have a significant relationship to the presence of shock, hypoxia and to factors related to the severity of multiple injuries. These observations have therapeutic implications in management of patients with cardiac contusions through prevention of hypovolemia and hypoxia and avoidance of fluid overload as well as treatment of specific cardiac complications.", "PMID": 1130875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11367", "title": "Management of thoracic outlet syndrome.", "content": "This overall management program for thoracic outlet compression syndrome is based upon experience with 153 extremities in 149 patients and the results of others. The following conclusions are documented and discussed. 1) Diagnosis is based chiefly upon history; physical signs are inconstant and often absent. 2) Major vascular problems are unusual; angiography is not always necessary. 3) Electromyography is not always critical but does aid in diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome. 4) Non-operative treatment relieves most patients; operative decompression is indicated for a minority. 5) Transxillary first rib resection, with removal of cervical rib is the best operation. 6) Carpal tunnel decompression should be done concomitantly when needed. 7) Operation is relatively safe.", "contents": "Management of thoracic outlet syndrome. This overall management program for thoracic outlet compression syndrome is based upon experience with 153 extremities in 149 patients and the results of others. The following conclusions are documented and discussed. 1) Diagnosis is based chiefly upon history; physical signs are inconstant and often absent. 2) Major vascular problems are unusual; angiography is not always necessary. 3) Electromyography is not always critical but does aid in diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome. 4) Non-operative treatment relieves most patients; operative decompression is indicated for a minority. 5) Transxillary first rib resection, with removal of cervical rib is the best operation. 6) Carpal tunnel decompression should be done concomitantly when needed. 7) Operation is relatively safe.", "PMID": 1130876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11368", "title": "Hepatic portoenterostomy: an assessment of its value in the treatment of biliary atresia.", "content": "A series of 12 infants undergoing hepatic portoenterostomy for incorrectable-type biliary atresia is reviewed. There has been no evidence of a sustained postoperative increase in bile excretion or improvement in biliary cirrhosis in any patient. Survival statistics for the group as a whole are poor with a mean postop survival time of 11 months and a mean total survival time of 15.3 months. These survival times are worse than that previously reported for infants with untreated biliary atresia. Our disappointing results with hepatic portoenterostomy raise doubts concerning its value in the treatment of biliary atresia.", "contents": "Hepatic portoenterostomy: an assessment of its value in the treatment of biliary atresia. A series of 12 infants undergoing hepatic portoenterostomy for incorrectable-type biliary atresia is reviewed. There has been no evidence of a sustained postoperative increase in bile excretion or improvement in biliary cirrhosis in any patient. Survival statistics for the group as a whole are poor with a mean postop survival time of 11 months and a mean total survival time of 15.3 months. These survival times are worse than that previously reported for infants with untreated biliary atresia. Our disappointing results with hepatic portoenterostomy raise doubts concerning its value in the treatment of biliary atresia.", "PMID": 1130877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11369", "title": "An analysis of twenty years' experience with operations for carcinoma of the stomach.", "content": "We analyzed the records of 242 consecutive patients with adenocarcinoma of the stomach operated on for cure. We correlated survival with several factors, including the type of primary lesion, the operation performed, operative mortality, state of regional lymph nodes, margins of the resected specimens, and duration of preoperative symptoms. Overall survival at 5 years was only 18.6% and at 10 years was 7.1%. Patients with small malignant gastric ulcers, however, enjoyed increased survival at 5 years (53.8%) and at 10 years (15.0%). Overall operative mortality was 7.1%, but was 0% for patients with small malignant gastric ulcers. Even with large or high-lying lesions, radical operation can be accomplished with acceptable mortality and definite chance for cure. Thirteen of 45 five-year survivors had positive lymph nodes, and 7 of the 45 had positive margins of resection. Longer symptomatic preoperative periods, correlated positively with increased survival. Thirty patients with preoperative symptomatic periods exceeding 24 months had a 30.0% 5-year survival. Perhaps some of these lesions underwent malignant change in areas of symptomatic benign disease. We advocate early operation for gastric ulcers which do not heal promptly and stay healed.", "contents": "An analysis of twenty years' experience with operations for carcinoma of the stomach. We analyzed the records of 242 consecutive patients with adenocarcinoma of the stomach operated on for cure. We correlated survival with several factors, including the type of primary lesion, the operation performed, operative mortality, state of regional lymph nodes, margins of the resected specimens, and duration of preoperative symptoms. Overall survival at 5 years was only 18.6% and at 10 years was 7.1%. Patients with small malignant gastric ulcers, however, enjoyed increased survival at 5 years (53.8%) and at 10 years (15.0%). Overall operative mortality was 7.1%, but was 0% for patients with small malignant gastric ulcers. Even with large or high-lying lesions, radical operation can be accomplished with acceptable mortality and definite chance for cure. Thirteen of 45 five-year survivors had positive lymph nodes, and 7 of the 45 had positive margins of resection. Longer symptomatic preoperative periods, correlated positively with increased survival. Thirty patients with preoperative symptomatic periods exceeding 24 months had a 30.0% 5-year survival. Perhaps some of these lesions underwent malignant change in areas of symptomatic benign disease. We advocate early operation for gastric ulcers which do not heal promptly and stay healed.", "PMID": 1130878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11370", "title": "Chemotherapy as an adjuvant to surgery for colorectal cancer.", "content": "A combined intraoperative and postoperative adjuvant program of 5 minus Fluorouracil (5 FU) for patients undergoing \"curative\" resection for adenocarcinoma of the colon and rectum was initiated as a randomized clinical trial in January 1968. Patients at the Medical College of Virginia and the University of Virginia were randomly assigned to an intraluminal 5 FU or intraluminal control (Saline) group and were so treated at the time of surgical resection if findings at operation indicated that all gross neoplastic disease could be resected. Patients with operative findings denoting incurability were eliminated from the study after surgical exploration. Those patients receiving intraluminal 5 FU (30mg/kg) received intravenous 5 FU (10mg/kg) on each of the two first postoperative days and 5 subsequent postoperative courses of oral 5FU (90 mg/kg in each 18 day course) over a one year period. By December 31, 1973 (6 years) 156 patients undergoing \"curative\" resection were entered into the study. SU therapy with the control or \"No Treat\" group reveal no significant benefit from this intensive adjuvant course of 5 FU thus far. Continued assessment of these patient groups and their subgroups will be required to develop confidence in these findings but the data thus far suggest no potential benefit from this particular adjuvant program.", "contents": "Chemotherapy as an adjuvant to surgery for colorectal cancer. A combined intraoperative and postoperative adjuvant program of 5 minus Fluorouracil (5 FU) for patients undergoing \"curative\" resection for adenocarcinoma of the colon and rectum was initiated as a randomized clinical trial in January 1968. Patients at the Medical College of Virginia and the University of Virginia were randomly assigned to an intraluminal 5 FU or intraluminal control (Saline) group and were so treated at the time of surgical resection if findings at operation indicated that all gross neoplastic disease could be resected. Patients with operative findings denoting incurability were eliminated from the study after surgical exploration. Those patients receiving intraluminal 5 FU (30mg/kg) received intravenous 5 FU (10mg/kg) on each of the two first postoperative days and 5 subsequent postoperative courses of oral 5FU (90 mg/kg in each 18 day course) over a one year period. By December 31, 1973 (6 years) 156 patients undergoing \"curative\" resection were entered into the study. SU therapy with the control or \"No Treat\" group reveal no significant benefit from this intensive adjuvant course of 5 FU thus far. Continued assessment of these patient groups and their subgroups will be required to develop confidence in these findings but the data thus far suggest no potential benefit from this particular adjuvant program.", "PMID": 1130879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11371", "title": "Is childhood thyroid cancer a lethal disease?", "content": "The clinical, pathological, surgical, postoperative findings and survivorship of 58 patients younger and 513 patients older than 21 years at the time of diagnosis with thyroid neoplasms are reported. The younger patients have a predominance of well differentiated carcinomas which are more likely to be follicular. The lesions tend to be more advanced at the time of diagnosis, are treated by more aggressive surgery in the younger patients and are associated with a much better prognosis. Lack of progression of well to poorly differentiated neoplasms and a greater sensitivity to and dependence upon TSH in young patients, are two factors which may contribute to the striking difference in the prognosis of well differentiated thyroid carcinoma related to age.", "contents": "Is childhood thyroid cancer a lethal disease? The clinical, pathological, surgical, postoperative findings and survivorship of 58 patients younger and 513 patients older than 21 years at the time of diagnosis with thyroid neoplasms are reported. The younger patients have a predominance of well differentiated carcinomas which are more likely to be follicular. The lesions tend to be more advanced at the time of diagnosis, are treated by more aggressive surgery in the younger patients and are associated with a much better prognosis. Lack of progression of well to poorly differentiated neoplasms and a greater sensitivity to and dependence upon TSH in young patients, are two factors which may contribute to the striking difference in the prognosis of well differentiated thyroid carcinoma related to age.", "PMID": 1130880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11372", "title": "Aortic and other arterial injuries.", "content": "Three hundred sixty arterial injuries in 353 patients are reviewed. They covered a wide spectrum of injuries and included 36 aortic injuries and 19 cases of carotid truama. The mortality rate of 12% was in large part due to aortic injuries. Shock was the predominant cause of death. Infection was the most frequent non-fatal complication. Pulmonary complications were surprisingly uncommon. With methods and techniques discussed in the paper, 90% satisfactory end results were achieved. The amputation rate was 6% where extremity injuries were involved.", "contents": "Aortic and other arterial injuries. Three hundred sixty arterial injuries in 353 patients are reviewed. They covered a wide spectrum of injuries and included 36 aortic injuries and 19 cases of carotid truama. The mortality rate of 12% was in large part due to aortic injuries. Shock was the predominant cause of death. Infection was the most frequent non-fatal complication. Pulmonary complications were surprisingly uncommon. With methods and techniques discussed in the paper, 90% satisfactory end results were achieved. The amputation rate was 6% where extremity injuries were involved.", "PMID": 1130881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11373", "title": "Stenotic and obstructive lesions in acute dissecting thoracic aortic aneurysms.", "content": "The present study of 33 operatively treated patients, 88 per cent of whom survived the procedure, is concerned with an important problem associated with acute thoracic aortic dissection, the stenotic and obstructive lesions of the aorta and its branches. Their variety and nature are described, as are the additional operative procedures deemed necessary at the time of the operation, immediately thereafter, or later on. Much has been learned about these difficulties from clinical and autopsy observations and especially from careful arteriographic surveys. They seem to be generally well withstood following resectional and grafting procedures upon the affected segment of the thoracic aorta. Occasionally, additional operative manipulations may be necessary at the same time, for example, interpolation of grafts between the ascending aortic graft and a coronary when the origin of the latter is sheared off by the dissection, and distal arterial manipulations when the patient still has ischemic lower extremities immediately after the primary procedure. Later operations must sometimes be performed because of persistence of complaints such as intermittent claudication. It is extremely rare that immediate reoperation is advisable because of indications of intra-abdominal ischemia. Much more can be learned from careful pre- and postoperative arteriographic study.", "contents": "Stenotic and obstructive lesions in acute dissecting thoracic aortic aneurysms. The present study of 33 operatively treated patients, 88 per cent of whom survived the procedure, is concerned with an important problem associated with acute thoracic aortic dissection, the stenotic and obstructive lesions of the aorta and its branches. Their variety and nature are described, as are the additional operative procedures deemed necessary at the time of the operation, immediately thereafter, or later on. Much has been learned about these difficulties from clinical and autopsy observations and especially from careful arteriographic surveys. They seem to be generally well withstood following resectional and grafting procedures upon the affected segment of the thoracic aorta. Occasionally, additional operative manipulations may be necessary at the same time, for example, interpolation of grafts between the ascending aortic graft and a coronary when the origin of the latter is sheared off by the dissection, and distal arterial manipulations when the patient still has ischemic lower extremities immediately after the primary procedure. Later operations must sometimes be performed because of persistence of complaints such as intermittent claudication. It is extremely rare that immediate reoperation is advisable because of indications of intra-abdominal ischemia. Much more can be learned from careful pre- and postoperative arteriographic study.", "PMID": 1130882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11374", "title": "The changing pattern of post-traumatic respiratory distress syndrome.", "content": "During a one year period, 78 patients at the Denver General Hospital required mechanical ventilation following injury. Thirteen patients were judged to have Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Of these, 9 had classic early onset RDS but, with intravenous fluid restriction following resuscitation, diuretics and careful mechanical ventilation, all recovered. Six patients, all of whom were septic, developed late onset RDS 5 or more days after injury; 5 died. Disparity between early and late onset of RDS is emphasized; the one with good, the other with dismal prognosis. The current need is to improve treatment of late onset RDS, which frequently is associated with bacterial infection.", "contents": "The changing pattern of post-traumatic respiratory distress syndrome. During a one year period, 78 patients at the Denver General Hospital required mechanical ventilation following injury. Thirteen patients were judged to have Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Of these, 9 had classic early onset RDS but, with intravenous fluid restriction following resuscitation, diuretics and careful mechanical ventilation, all recovered. Six patients, all of whom were septic, developed late onset RDS 5 or more days after injury; 5 died. Disparity between early and late onset of RDS is emphasized; the one with good, the other with dismal prognosis. The current need is to improve treatment of late onset RDS, which frequently is associated with bacterial infection.", "PMID": 1130883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11375", "title": "The influence of diet on response to hemorrhagic shock.", "content": "Prior nutrition is known to influence tolerance to hypovolemic shock. This study was undertaken to determine the influence of dietary composition on the response of animals subjected to hypovolemic shock. Particular attention was directed to the role of high and low protein diet content with a proportionate change in carbohydrate content to yield isocaloric diets. Rats were placed on one of three diets and were subsequently subjected to shock either by 1) hemorrhage to a pre-determined mean arterial blood pressure, or by 2) hemorrhage of a pre-determined volume of blood based on per cent of body weight. Serial measurements were made of blood pressure, blood volume removed, survival time,hematocrit, blood glucose, pH and blood gases. The results indicate that a high protein diet does not prolong tolerance to recurrent blood loss but there is a greatly reduced tolerance to hemorrhage shock in rats whose body weight was maintained on a low protein/high carbohydrate diet. The latter animals also exhibited impaired refill of plasma volume and a paradoxical, continuing hyperglycemic response during hypovolemia. This study suggests that although an abundant supply of blood glucose is available as an energy source, glucose uptake in the peripheral tissues is inhibited during hypovolemia by unknown mechanisms and thus homeostasis is curtailed. The protein content of the diet may be a critical factor in carbohydrate use during shock.", "contents": "The influence of diet on response to hemorrhagic shock. Prior nutrition is known to influence tolerance to hypovolemic shock. This study was undertaken to determine the influence of dietary composition on the response of animals subjected to hypovolemic shock. Particular attention was directed to the role of high and low protein diet content with a proportionate change in carbohydrate content to yield isocaloric diets. Rats were placed on one of three diets and were subsequently subjected to shock either by 1) hemorrhage to a pre-determined mean arterial blood pressure, or by 2) hemorrhage of a pre-determined volume of blood based on per cent of body weight. Serial measurements were made of blood pressure, blood volume removed, survival time,hematocrit, blood glucose, pH and blood gases. The results indicate that a high protein diet does not prolong tolerance to recurrent blood loss but there is a greatly reduced tolerance to hemorrhage shock in rats whose body weight was maintained on a low protein/high carbohydrate diet. The latter animals also exhibited impaired refill of plasma volume and a paradoxical, continuing hyperglycemic response during hypovolemia. This study suggests that although an abundant supply of blood glucose is available as an energy source, glucose uptake in the peripheral tissues is inhibited during hypovolemia by unknown mechanisms and thus homeostasis is curtailed. The protein content of the diet may be a critical factor in carbohydrate use during shock.", "PMID": 1130884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11376", "title": "Incidence and significance of intraperitoneal anaerobic bacteria.", "content": "To amplify recent interest in anaerobic infections following abdominal disease, trauma, or surgery, 512 consecutive patients subjected to emergency celiotomy had both aerobic and anaerobic cultures taken of peritoneal fluid as well as all complicating wound and intra-abdominal infections. Average time between peritoneal entry of abscess drainage and specimen incubating under anaerobic conditions was less than two minutes. During 4 of the seven study months, patients had antibiotic therapy randomized, with clindaymcin or cephalothin being sole parenteral agents and given intravenously prior to operation and for 5 days thereafter. Results demonstrated that anaerobes uniformly contaminate the peritoneal cavity whenever distal or obstructed intestine has been perforated, irrespective of the cause. Although all but one of the 123 complicating wound and intra-abdominal infections were due solely or at least in part to aerobic pathogens, 2/3 of such infections also contained one or more different anaerobic species acting in synergism with the aerobes. No significant difference in incidence of postoperative infection or in infecting bacteria could be found with respect to antibiotic administered or etiology of perforation. Indeed, duration of bacterial exposure to atmospheric oxygen was the most critical factor influencing culture recoverability of anaerobic organisms, likelihood of ensuing wound or peritoneal sepsis participated in by an anaerobe, and success in control of established infections harboring anaerobes.", "contents": "Incidence and significance of intraperitoneal anaerobic bacteria. To amplify recent interest in anaerobic infections following abdominal disease, trauma, or surgery, 512 consecutive patients subjected to emergency celiotomy had both aerobic and anaerobic cultures taken of peritoneal fluid as well as all complicating wound and intra-abdominal infections. Average time between peritoneal entry of abscess drainage and specimen incubating under anaerobic conditions was less than two minutes. During 4 of the seven study months, patients had antibiotic therapy randomized, with clindaymcin or cephalothin being sole parenteral agents and given intravenously prior to operation and for 5 days thereafter. Results demonstrated that anaerobes uniformly contaminate the peritoneal cavity whenever distal or obstructed intestine has been perforated, irrespective of the cause. Although all but one of the 123 complicating wound and intra-abdominal infections were due solely or at least in part to aerobic pathogens, 2/3 of such infections also contained one or more different anaerobic species acting in synergism with the aerobes. No significant difference in incidence of postoperative infection or in infecting bacteria could be found with respect to antibiotic administered or etiology of perforation. Indeed, duration of bacterial exposure to atmospheric oxygen was the most critical factor influencing culture recoverability of anaerobic organisms, likelihood of ensuing wound or peritoneal sepsis participated in by an anaerobe, and success in control of established infections harboring anaerobes.", "PMID": 1130885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11377", "title": "Subcutaneous extraperitoneal repair of ventral hernias: a biological basis for fascial transplantation.", "content": "Two fundamental biological differences between normal fascia and scar tissue are rate of collagen turnover and physical weave of collagen subunits. Both factors account for unsatisfactory results following ventral hernia repair unless scar tissue is excised and normal fiscia used. Removal of scar and identification of normal fascia often require extensive dissection, entrance into the peritoneal cavity, and sometimes requires lysis of intestinal adhesions with occasional injury to bowel. Simple imbrication of the hernia sac, as in treatment of a direct inguinal hernia, without excision usually results in recurrence of the hernia because of remodeling and attenuation of scar tissue. A new procedure, based upon the technique of direct inguinal hernia repair without opening peritoneum, has been performed on 12 patients with large ventral hernias. The procedures, performed entirely in a subcutaneous plane, involves imbrication of scar, transfer of a massive fascial onlay graft, and use of an internal stent. Patients have been followed for one to 5 years; there have been no recurrences. Inductive influence of the fascial transplant has been measured in two patients; a tenfold increase in net collagen synthesis and deposition occurs for at least one year following transplantation of fascia to an imbricated scar recipient area.", "contents": "Subcutaneous extraperitoneal repair of ventral hernias: a biological basis for fascial transplantation. Two fundamental biological differences between normal fascia and scar tissue are rate of collagen turnover and physical weave of collagen subunits. Both factors account for unsatisfactory results following ventral hernia repair unless scar tissue is excised and normal fiscia used. Removal of scar and identification of normal fascia often require extensive dissection, entrance into the peritoneal cavity, and sometimes requires lysis of intestinal adhesions with occasional injury to bowel. Simple imbrication of the hernia sac, as in treatment of a direct inguinal hernia, without excision usually results in recurrence of the hernia because of remodeling and attenuation of scar tissue. A new procedure, based upon the technique of direct inguinal hernia repair without opening peritoneum, has been performed on 12 patients with large ventral hernias. The procedures, performed entirely in a subcutaneous plane, involves imbrication of scar, transfer of a massive fascial onlay graft, and use of an internal stent. Patients have been followed for one to 5 years; there have been no recurrences. Inductive influence of the fascial transplant has been measured in two patients; a tenfold increase in net collagen synthesis and deposition occurs for at least one year following transplantation of fascia to an imbricated scar recipient area.", "PMID": 1130886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11378", "title": "The use of the TDMAC-heparin shunt in replacement of the descending thoracic aorta.", "content": "The use of a flexible polyvinyl tube bonded with tridodecylmethylammonium-heparin (Gott) as a temporary shunt during the resection of lesions of the descending thoracic aorta has proven a safe and simple means of providing adequate circulation to the abdominal viscera and spinal cord. This technique avoids the metabolic consequences of ischemia to the lower body, diminishes left ventricular afterload during aortic clamping, and obviates the requirement for systemic anticoagulation associated with pump bypass. Between September 1970 and October 1974, 24 patients have been operated using the TDMAC shunt. There were two deaths (9%) among the 22 patients undergoing elective resections. Two patients with acutely dissecting and ruptured aneurysms expired. Followup data has been obtained on all patients from one to 46 months postoperative. The ease with which the shunt is inserted and its adaptability to varied clinical and anatomic situations is stressed. We feel that TDMAC-Heparin shunt provides the best method of circulatory support for elective operative procedures on the descending thoracic aorta.", "contents": "The use of the TDMAC-heparin shunt in replacement of the descending thoracic aorta. The use of a flexible polyvinyl tube bonded with tridodecylmethylammonium-heparin (Gott) as a temporary shunt during the resection of lesions of the descending thoracic aorta has proven a safe and simple means of providing adequate circulation to the abdominal viscera and spinal cord. This technique avoids the metabolic consequences of ischemia to the lower body, diminishes left ventricular afterload during aortic clamping, and obviates the requirement for systemic anticoagulation associated with pump bypass. Between September 1970 and October 1974, 24 patients have been operated using the TDMAC shunt. There were two deaths (9%) among the 22 patients undergoing elective resections. Two patients with acutely dissecting and ruptured aneurysms expired. Followup data has been obtained on all patients from one to 46 months postoperative. The ease with which the shunt is inserted and its adaptability to varied clinical and anatomic situations is stressed. We feel that TDMAC-Heparin shunt provides the best method of circulatory support for elective operative procedures on the descending thoracic aorta.", "PMID": 1130887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11379", "title": "Resection of the ascending aorta using profound local hypothermia for myocardial protection.", "content": "Resection of the ascending aorta with or without aortic valve replacement requires prolonged interruption of myocardial blood flow. Profound local cardiac hypothermia was used in 8 patients, 5 of whom had simultaneous aortic valve replacement. Three patients with acute dissections were encountered, one with cardiac tamponade secondary to intrapericardial rupture. The duration of aortic cross-clamp time varied from 43 to 122 minutes. There were no complications related to the cooling technique. There were no operative or hospital deaths. One patient died of myocardial infarction at 6 weeks. These results coupled with the experience of others suggest that coronary perfusion during periods of obligatory anoxia in unnecessary. Local cardiac hypothermia offers a satisfactory alternative for myocardial protection during prolonged aortic crossclamping.", "contents": "Resection of the ascending aorta using profound local hypothermia for myocardial protection. Resection of the ascending aorta with or without aortic valve replacement requires prolonged interruption of myocardial blood flow. Profound local cardiac hypothermia was used in 8 patients, 5 of whom had simultaneous aortic valve replacement. Three patients with acute dissections were encountered, one with cardiac tamponade secondary to intrapericardial rupture. The duration of aortic cross-clamp time varied from 43 to 122 minutes. There were no complications related to the cooling technique. There were no operative or hospital deaths. One patient died of myocardial infarction at 6 weeks. These results coupled with the experience of others suggest that coronary perfusion during periods of obligatory anoxia in unnecessary. Local cardiac hypothermia offers a satisfactory alternative for myocardial protection during prolonged aortic crossclamping.", "PMID": 1130888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11380", "title": "Quality, quantity and distribution of medical education and care: regulation by the private sector or mandate by government?", "content": "The public, the federal government and most state governments have become increasingly concerned with the lack of access to primary care as well as the specialty and geographic maldistribution problems. Currently, there is a race in progress between the private sector and the federal government to devise solutions to these problems. In the federal sector, varying pieces of legislation are under active consideration to mandate the correction of specialty and geographic maldistribution; proposals include: 1) setting up federal machinery to regulate the numbers and types of residencies; 2) make obligatory the creation of Departments of Family Practice in each medical school; 3) withdraw current education support from medical schools causing tuition levels to increase substantially--federal student loans would then provide the necessary leverage to obligate the borrower to two years of service in an under-served area in exchange for loan forgiveness. In the private sector, for the first time in the history of the United States, the five major organizations involved in medical care have organized to form the Coordinating Council on Medical Education (CCME) and the Liaison Committee on Graduate Medical Education (LCGME). One of the initial major endeavors of the CCME has been to address itself to the problem of specialty maldistribution. The LCGME has been tooling up to become the accrediting group for residency training thus providing an overview of the quality and quantity of specialty training. It will be the intent of this presentation to bring the membership of the Southern Surgical Association an up-to-date report on these parallel efforts. The author's personal hope is that the private sector can move sufficiently rapidly to set up its own regulatory mechanisms and avert another federally controlled bureaucracy that will forever change the character of the medical profession in the United States.", "contents": "Quality, quantity and distribution of medical education and care: regulation by the private sector or mandate by government? The public, the federal government and most state governments have become increasingly concerned with the lack of access to primary care as well as the specialty and geographic maldistribution problems. Currently, there is a race in progress between the private sector and the federal government to devise solutions to these problems. In the federal sector, varying pieces of legislation are under active consideration to mandate the correction of specialty and geographic maldistribution; proposals include: 1) setting up federal machinery to regulate the numbers and types of residencies; 2) make obligatory the creation of Departments of Family Practice in each medical school; 3) withdraw current education support from medical schools causing tuition levels to increase substantially--federal student loans would then provide the necessary leverage to obligate the borrower to two years of service in an under-served area in exchange for loan forgiveness. In the private sector, for the first time in the history of the United States, the five major organizations involved in medical care have organized to form the Coordinating Council on Medical Education (CCME) and the Liaison Committee on Graduate Medical Education (LCGME). One of the initial major endeavors of the CCME has been to address itself to the problem of specialty maldistribution. The LCGME has been tooling up to become the accrediting group for residency training thus providing an overview of the quality and quantity of specialty training. It will be the intent of this presentation to bring the membership of the Southern Surgical Association an up-to-date report on these parallel efforts. The author's personal hope is that the private sector can move sufficiently rapidly to set up its own regulatory mechanisms and avert another federally controlled bureaucracy that will forever change the character of the medical profession in the United States.", "PMID": 1130889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11381", "title": "Surgical management of Menetrier's disease with protein-losing gastropathy.", "content": "Three patients with Menetrier's disease and protein-losing gastropathy who were studied during a 12 year period have been presented. The characteristic findings which differentiate them from patients with hypertrophic hypersecretory gastropathy, including the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, are: 1) hypertrophy of gastric mucosa with giant rugal folds involving the fundus, cardia and body of the stomach but sparing the antrum; 2) muscosal hypertrophy consisting of gastric mjcus-secreting cells while parietal cells and chief cells are diminished in number and may be absent from many microscopic sections; 3) gastric secretion of large volume containing excess mucus, low to absent hydrochloric acid and protein concentration 5 or 6 times normal (1.7 mg/ml); 4) hypoalbuminemia and hypoglobulinemia due to loss of serum proteins fron gastric mucosa into the gastric lumen; 5) rare association with gastric ulcer. Unlike the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome none of our patients had duodenal ucler or multiple endocrine adenomatosis or a family history of these conditions. We have found no authenticated reports in the literature which document a relationship of Menetrier's disease ( as defined above) with multiple endocrine adenomatosis. Menetrier's disease with protein-losing gastropathy is a potentially lethal disorder of unknown cause with no specific treatment. Resection of the site of gastric protein losses as first done by Waugh is logical and effective. One of our three patients died in hospital before gastrectomy was done. Two others have done well for 11 months and 12 years, respectively, after total gastrectomy with Roux-en-Y esophagojejunostomy and Hunt-Lawrence jejunal pouch.", "contents": "Surgical management of Menetrier's disease with protein-losing gastropathy. Three patients with Menetrier's disease and protein-losing gastropathy who were studied during a 12 year period have been presented. The characteristic findings which differentiate them from patients with hypertrophic hypersecretory gastropathy, including the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, are: 1) hypertrophy of gastric mucosa with giant rugal folds involving the fundus, cardia and body of the stomach but sparing the antrum; 2) muscosal hypertrophy consisting of gastric mjcus-secreting cells while parietal cells and chief cells are diminished in number and may be absent from many microscopic sections; 3) gastric secretion of large volume containing excess mucus, low to absent hydrochloric acid and protein concentration 5 or 6 times normal (1.7 mg/ml); 4) hypoalbuminemia and hypoglobulinemia due to loss of serum proteins fron gastric mucosa into the gastric lumen; 5) rare association with gastric ulcer. Unlike the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome none of our patients had duodenal ucler or multiple endocrine adenomatosis or a family history of these conditions. We have found no authenticated reports in the literature which document a relationship of Menetrier's disease ( as defined above) with multiple endocrine adenomatosis. Menetrier's disease with protein-losing gastropathy is a potentially lethal disorder of unknown cause with no specific treatment. Resection of the site of gastric protein losses as first done by Waugh is logical and effective. One of our three patients died in hospital before gastrectomy was done. Two others have done well for 11 months and 12 years, respectively, after total gastrectomy with Roux-en-Y esophagojejunostomy and Hunt-Lawrence jejunal pouch.", "PMID": 1130890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11382", "title": "Blood transfusions in elective operations: comparison of whole blood versus packed red cells.", "content": "For some years the use of packed red cells in elective operations has been encouraged on an empirical basis. From the clinical and laboratory information gathered in this prospective, randomized, but unblined study of 294 patients subjected to elective general, thoracic, or gynecologic operations, the use of packed cells in such situations appears rational. Such practices minimize demand upon a unique human resource, may give patients fewer undersirable elements in blood transfusions, and do not increase the morbidity or mortality of patients receiving transfusion.", "contents": "Blood transfusions in elective operations: comparison of whole blood versus packed red cells. For some years the use of packed red cells in elective operations has been encouraged on an empirical basis. From the clinical and laboratory information gathered in this prospective, randomized, but unblined study of 294 patients subjected to elective general, thoracic, or gynecologic operations, the use of packed cells in such situations appears rational. Such practices minimize demand upon a unique human resource, may give patients fewer undersirable elements in blood transfusions, and do not increase the morbidity or mortality of patients receiving transfusion.", "PMID": 1130891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11383", "title": "Viability properties in autologous fascia lata heart valve grafts: a transmission electron microscopical study.", "content": "Four frame-mounted autologous fascia lata heart valve grafts in situ for 18 to 41 months as well as one free-mounted fascia cusp in situ for 10 years were examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In all cusps, areas of well-preserved subcellular structures were found as well as areas with degeneration and fragmentation of both nuclear and collagen fibers. Fibrocytes, fibroblasts, and a special cell form, the myofibroblast, were encountered. The appearance of this last cell form may explain the shrinkage phenomenon encountered in these valves, all retrieved at reoperation because of valve dysfunction. Some of the fascial cells thus stayed alive within the bloodstream for up to 10 years.", "contents": "Viability properties in autologous fascia lata heart valve grafts: a transmission electron microscopical study. Four frame-mounted autologous fascia lata heart valve grafts in situ for 18 to 41 months as well as one free-mounted fascia cusp in situ for 10 years were examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In all cusps, areas of well-preserved subcellular structures were found as well as areas with degeneration and fragmentation of both nuclear and collagen fibers. Fibrocytes, fibroblasts, and a special cell form, the myofibroblast, were encountered. The appearance of this last cell form may explain the shrinkage phenomenon encountered in these valves, all retrieved at reoperation because of valve dysfunction. Some of the fascial cells thus stayed alive within the bloodstream for up to 10 years.", "PMID": 1130893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11384", "title": "Complications associated with membrane lung support by venoarterial perfusion.", "content": "A series of patients supported with long-term venoarterial perfusion is presented. Gas exchange was achieved with a membrane oxygenator at flows usually in excess of 50% of the patient's baseline cardiac output. Perfusions were maintained for 7 to 12 days. Two major complications were encountered: thromboembolic myocardial infarction and liquefaction necrosis of the lung. Possible etiologies and suggestions for prevention are discussed.", "contents": "Complications associated with membrane lung support by venoarterial perfusion. A series of patients supported with long-term venoarterial perfusion is presented. Gas exchange was achieved with a membrane oxygenator at flows usually in excess of 50% of the patient's baseline cardiac output. Perfusions were maintained for 7 to 12 days. Two major complications were encountered: thromboembolic myocardial infarction and liquefaction necrosis of the lung. Possible etiologies and suggestions for prevention are discussed.", "PMID": 1130894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11385", "title": "An abdominal left ventricular assist device: preclinical studies.", "content": "An abdominally positioned left ventricular assist device (ALVAD) has been evaluated in our most recent series of 25 calves weighing 99 plus or minus 12 kg. The ALVAD is a pneumatically actuated bladder pump, positioned subdiaphragmatically and connected between the left ventricular apex and the infrarenal abdominal aorta. The mean survival time in the calves was 41 days and the longest 65 days. The major effects of the pump are reduction of all indices of left ventricular work and increases in systemic perfusion. In the awake, unanesthetized calf, left ventricular pressure, dP/dt, and stroke work were decreased while peak aortic pressure, stroke volume, and cardiac output increased. These effects were corroborated at cardiac catheterization two to four weeks postoperatively; left ventriculograms also showed increases in ejection fraction. These data demonstrate the ALVAD's effectiveness in assuming left ventricular function and support over extended periods. The device has been developed for short-term postoperative clinical use in patients with reversible left ventricular failure.", "contents": "An abdominal left ventricular assist device: preclinical studies. An abdominally positioned left ventricular assist device (ALVAD) has been evaluated in our most recent series of 25 calves weighing 99 plus or minus 12 kg. The ALVAD is a pneumatically actuated bladder pump, positioned subdiaphragmatically and connected between the left ventricular apex and the infrarenal abdominal aorta. The mean survival time in the calves was 41 days and the longest 65 days. The major effects of the pump are reduction of all indices of left ventricular work and increases in systemic perfusion. In the awake, unanesthetized calf, left ventricular pressure, dP/dt, and stroke work were decreased while peak aortic pressure, stroke volume, and cardiac output increased. These effects were corroborated at cardiac catheterization two to four weeks postoperatively; left ventriculograms also showed increases in ejection fraction. These data demonstrate the ALVAD's effectiveness in assuming left ventricular function and support over extended periods. The device has been developed for short-term postoperative clinical use in patients with reversible left ventricular failure.", "PMID": 1130895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11386", "title": "Management of spontaneous pneumothorax.", "content": "Recurrence is the most common complication of spontaneous pneumothorax. Open thoracotomy with resection of obliteration of blebs and parietal pleurectomy provides the best protection against recurrence. Twenty-seven consecutive patients underwent open thoracotomy for recurrent pneumothorax with no mortality and minimum morbidity and have remained free from recurrence. We believe that thoracotomy should be more widely used in the treatment of what is called spontaneous pneumothorax, since this treatment may remove the real cause of the disease.", "contents": "Management of spontaneous pneumothorax. Recurrence is the most common complication of spontaneous pneumothorax. Open thoracotomy with resection of obliteration of blebs and parietal pleurectomy provides the best protection against recurrence. Twenty-seven consecutive patients underwent open thoracotomy for recurrent pneumothorax with no mortality and minimum morbidity and have remained free from recurrence. We believe that thoracotomy should be more widely used in the treatment of what is called spontaneous pneumothorax, since this treatment may remove the real cause of the disease.", "PMID": 1130896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11387", "title": "A new operation for d-loop transposition of the great vessels.", "content": "Transposition of the great vessels remains a major problem for the cardiac surgeons. Although the Mustard (intraatrial baffle) procedure has provided the means for physiological correction of this anomaly, there are many complications that plague the lives of the survivors. This report describes an operation that is essentially extracardiac and achieves the desired goal of simple switching of the great vessels. Future revisions of the outflow tract prosthesis may become a major problem, but probably less of one than the complications that have been and will be associated with the intraatrial baffle procedure.", "contents": "A new operation for d-loop transposition of the great vessels. Transposition of the great vessels remains a major problem for the cardiac surgeons. Although the Mustard (intraatrial baffle) procedure has provided the means for physiological correction of this anomaly, there are many complications that plague the lives of the survivors. This report describes an operation that is essentially extracardiac and achieves the desired goal of simple switching of the great vessels. Future revisions of the outflow tract prosthesis may become a major problem, but probably less of one than the complications that have been and will be associated with the intraatrial baffle procedure.", "PMID": 1130897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11388", "title": "Muscular ventricular septal defect repair made easy.", "content": "Correction of the unique problem of congenital muscular ventricular septal defects is facilitated by approaching through an incision in the apex of the left ventricle parallel to the septum. This incision seems to be well tolerated by the heart, as borne out by our experience and that of others.", "contents": "Muscular ventricular septal defect repair made easy. Correction of the unique problem of congenital muscular ventricular septal defects is facilitated by approaching through an incision in the apex of the left ventricle parallel to the septum. This incision seems to be well tolerated by the heart, as borne out by our experience and that of others.", "PMID": 1130898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11389", "title": "The use of vein allografts as sidearms for intraaortic balloon insertion.", "content": "Femoral artery cannulation for intraaortic balloon counterpulsation may be attended by difficulties due to changes in the vessel wall and the inherent stiffness of Dacron grafts. A substitute technique utilizing venous allografts is described. The advantages are enumerated and are related to allograft pliability. Fifty-nine such procedures have been done without related complications.", "contents": "The use of vein allografts as sidearms for intraaortic balloon insertion. Femoral artery cannulation for intraaortic balloon counterpulsation may be attended by difficulties due to changes in the vessel wall and the inherent stiffness of Dacron grafts. A substitute technique utilizing venous allografts is described. The advantages are enumerated and are related to allograft pliability. Fifty-nine such procedures have been done without related complications.", "PMID": 1130899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11390", "title": "Chondroma of the trachea: report of a case and review of the literature.", "content": "Chondroma of the trachea is an extremely rare neoplasm. A patient is described who required surgical treatment for this abnormality on three separate occasions over a nineteen-year period. The last two instances represent either local recurrence or new primary growths. The most recent presentation was that of a very large mediastinal mass causing tracheal compression, dysphagia, and superior vena caval obstruction. The clinical and pathological features of chondromas of the tracheobronchial tree are discussed. Because of its recognized potential for local recurrence, a localized chondroma of the trachea is best managed by tracheal resection.", "contents": "Chondroma of the trachea: report of a case and review of the literature. Chondroma of the trachea is an extremely rare neoplasm. A patient is described who required surgical treatment for this abnormality on three separate occasions over a nineteen-year period. The last two instances represent either local recurrence or new primary growths. The most recent presentation was that of a very large mediastinal mass causing tracheal compression, dysphagia, and superior vena caval obstruction. The clinical and pathological features of chondromas of the tracheobronchial tree are discussed. Because of its recognized potential for local recurrence, a localized chondroma of the trachea is best managed by tracheal resection.", "PMID": 1130900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11391", "title": "Balanced drainage of the contaminated pneumonectomy space.", "content": "The patient who needs a pneumonectomy but has an infected pleural cavity faces the probability of an empyema of the pneumonectomy space. Balanced drainage of a contaminated space may avoid this very serious complication. A patient with obstructing bronchogenic carcinoma associated with distal parenchymal suppuration and empyema is discussed. A pneumonectomy with balanced drainage of the pleural space was performed. After three weeks the mediastinum was stable, and daily irrigation of the space with antibiotic solution was begun. Following foourteen days of irrigation, the cavity was filled with antibiotic solution and closed. Follow-up has shown no subsequent space problems or infection. Balanced drainage is a useful method of dealing with a contaminated pneumonectomy space.", "contents": "Balanced drainage of the contaminated pneumonectomy space. The patient who needs a pneumonectomy but has an infected pleural cavity faces the probability of an empyema of the pneumonectomy space. Balanced drainage of a contaminated space may avoid this very serious complication. A patient with obstructing bronchogenic carcinoma associated with distal parenchymal suppuration and empyema is discussed. A pneumonectomy with balanced drainage of the pleural space was performed. After three weeks the mediastinum was stable, and daily irrigation of the space with antibiotic solution was begun. Following foourteen days of irrigation, the cavity was filled with antibiotic solution and closed. Follow-up has shown no subsequent space problems or infection. Balanced drainage is a useful method of dealing with a contaminated pneumonectomy space.", "PMID": 1130901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11392", "title": "Cardiac and pulmonary diseases. A pathophysiologic interelationship.", "content": "Left heart diseases, in particular mitral stenosis, are often associated with anatomic and functional alterations of the lung. According to the pulmonary structures involved they could be named chronic secondary intersticial and vascular lung diseases. Congenital heart diseases with pre- or post-tricuspid shunts are also often associated with anatomic and functional alterations of the lung. This condition also constitutes a chronic secondary vascular lung disease (atrial septal defect) or a chronic primary vascular lung disease ( ventricular septal defect, patent ductus arteriosus). Primary lung diseases (interstitial pulmonary fibrosis, pulmonary emphysema, recurrent pulmonary embolism) are often associated with right ventricular hypertrophy with or without dilation, a condition commonly named chronic cor pulmonale. On the whole the interrelationships between heart and lung diseases are as follows: a) anatomic and functional alterations of the lung due to left heart diseases are mediated through pulmonary venous hypertension; b) anatomic and functional alterations of the lung due to congenital heart diseases are mediated through the increased pulmonary blood flow with or without transmission of the systemic blood pressure to the pulmonary vasculature, and c) anatomic and functional alterations of the right ventricle due to primary or secondary lung diseases are mediated through arterial pulmonary hypertension. In summary, the interrelationships between heart and lung diseases are mainly mediated through the pulmonary venous or pulmonary arterial hypertension.", "contents": "Cardiac and pulmonary diseases. A pathophysiologic interelationship. Left heart diseases, in particular mitral stenosis, are often associated with anatomic and functional alterations of the lung. According to the pulmonary structures involved they could be named chronic secondary intersticial and vascular lung diseases. Congenital heart diseases with pre- or post-tricuspid shunts are also often associated with anatomic and functional alterations of the lung. This condition also constitutes a chronic secondary vascular lung disease (atrial septal defect) or a chronic primary vascular lung disease ( ventricular septal defect, patent ductus arteriosus). Primary lung diseases (interstitial pulmonary fibrosis, pulmonary emphysema, recurrent pulmonary embolism) are often associated with right ventricular hypertrophy with or without dilation, a condition commonly named chronic cor pulmonale. On the whole the interrelationships between heart and lung diseases are as follows: a) anatomic and functional alterations of the lung due to left heart diseases are mediated through pulmonary venous hypertension; b) anatomic and functional alterations of the lung due to congenital heart diseases are mediated through the increased pulmonary blood flow with or without transmission of the systemic blood pressure to the pulmonary vasculature, and c) anatomic and functional alterations of the right ventricle due to primary or secondary lung diseases are mediated through arterial pulmonary hypertension. In summary, the interrelationships between heart and lung diseases are mainly mediated through the pulmonary venous or pulmonary arterial hypertension.", "PMID": 1130907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11393", "title": "[Respiratory changes in obesity. Functional and clinical aspects. Study of 26 cases].", "content": "A study was made, at the altitude of Mexico City, of the clinic aspects and of the pulmonary function of 26 obese subjects more than 45% overweight. This excess weight habitually produces severe disturbances in pulmonary and/or heart function. In 50% of the patients, clinic, radiologic and electrocardiographic manifestations were found which suggested the existence of pulmonary arterial hypertension. This provoked right heart failure in 19% of the cases. The most constant alterations in the pulmonary volumes was the decrease in the VER, which occurred in 96% of the cases. Most of the patients had hypoxemia (92.5), which was produced mainly by the increase in venoarterial shunts. Although the clinic manifestations were similar to those described in Pickwick's syndrome, alveolar hypoventilation was presented in only a minority of the cases. No relationship was found between the degree of obesity and alveolar hypoventilation. Altitudes of 2,200 meters or more apparently favor hypoxemia in obese patients, and \"protects\" them from the hypercapnea. The altitude of Mexico City may be one of the reasons why alveolar hypoventilation is observed in only 15% of the cases.", "contents": "[Respiratory changes in obesity. Functional and clinical aspects. Study of 26 cases]. A study was made, at the altitude of Mexico City, of the clinic aspects and of the pulmonary function of 26 obese subjects more than 45% overweight. This excess weight habitually produces severe disturbances in pulmonary and/or heart function. In 50% of the patients, clinic, radiologic and electrocardiographic manifestations were found which suggested the existence of pulmonary arterial hypertension. This provoked right heart failure in 19% of the cases. The most constant alterations in the pulmonary volumes was the decrease in the VER, which occurred in 96% of the cases. Most of the patients had hypoxemia (92.5), which was produced mainly by the increase in venoarterial shunts. Although the clinic manifestations were similar to those described in Pickwick's syndrome, alveolar hypoventilation was presented in only a minority of the cases. No relationship was found between the degree of obesity and alveolar hypoventilation. Altitudes of 2,200 meters or more apparently favor hypoxemia in obese patients, and \"protects\" them from the hypercapnea. The altitude of Mexico City may be one of the reasons why alveolar hypoventilation is observed in only 15% of the cases.", "PMID": 1130908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11394", "title": "[Comparison of 2 angiographic methods to determine the expulsion fraction of the left ventricle].", "content": "Left ventricular volume and ejection fraction were determined by two methods of one plane angiography in 50 cases of ischemic heart disease. Statistical analysis of the results obtained by both methods showed no significant differences.", "contents": "[Comparison of 2 angiographic methods to determine the expulsion fraction of the left ventricle]. Left ventricular volume and ejection fraction were determined by two methods of one plane angiography in 50 cases of ischemic heart disease. Statistical analysis of the results obtained by both methods showed no significant differences.", "PMID": 1130909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11395", "title": "[Bradyarrhythmias in the acute phase of myocardial infarct].", "content": "The functioning of the Intensive Care Units has permitted a better study and treatment of the arrhythmias which complicate the acute phase of myocardial infarction. 1,100 charts of patients admitted to the Coronary Unit of the National Institute of Cardiology of Mexico were reviewed. Acute myocardial infarction was demonstrated in 819 of them by the usual methods. The frequency and characteristics of the following bradiarrhythmias were studied: sinus bradicardia, sinus stoppage, seno-atrial block, migration of the atrial pacing, union rhythm and slow ventricular tachycardia. Sinus bradicardia was presented in 23.7% of the infarctions, sinus stoppage in 2.4%, migration of the atrial pacing in 9.4%, nodal rhythm in 7.2% and slow ventricular tachycardia in 7.8%. Bradiarrhythmias, generally considered as \"lesser\" arrhythmias, favor the appearance of lethal arrhythmias, regardless of the degree of mechanical failure, and thus should be treated actively.", "contents": "[Bradyarrhythmias in the acute phase of myocardial infarct]. The functioning of the Intensive Care Units has permitted a better study and treatment of the arrhythmias which complicate the acute phase of myocardial infarction. 1,100 charts of patients admitted to the Coronary Unit of the National Institute of Cardiology of Mexico were reviewed. Acute myocardial infarction was demonstrated in 819 of them by the usual methods. The frequency and characteristics of the following bradiarrhythmias were studied: sinus bradicardia, sinus stoppage, seno-atrial block, migration of the atrial pacing, union rhythm and slow ventricular tachycardia. Sinus bradicardia was presented in 23.7% of the infarctions, sinus stoppage in 2.4%, migration of the atrial pacing in 9.4%, nodal rhythm in 7.2% and slow ventricular tachycardia in 7.8%. Bradiarrhythmias, generally considered as \"lesser\" arrhythmias, favor the appearance of lethal arrhythmias, regardless of the degree of mechanical failure, and thus should be treated actively.", "PMID": 1130910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11396", "title": "[Familial congenital cardiopathy].", "content": "1. The authors report on the frequency of family congenital heart disease in a consecutive series of 380 congenital patients, studied in the lapse of one year in the Pediatric Cardiology Service of the National Institute of Cardiology of Mexico. 2. They report that of 380 families with one member with congenital heart disease, 13 had two or more members with heart malformations. 3. They point out that the index of frequency of family congenital heart disease was 34 per 1,000, a figure higher than that of other authors 6,40 (18 and 20 per 1,000). 4. They demonstrated that in families with an affected member, the possibility that there is another member with heart disease rises 5 to 7 times above the figure of prevalence expected for the general population. 5. They comment that the greater the numbers of patients with congenital heart disease in a family, the greater the probability is that there will be a descendent with cardiovascular malformation. 6. They make note that the normality of the chromosomatic studies of this and other investigations should not be an obstacle for postulating the genetic component in the multifactorial ethiology of congenital heart diseases. 7. Finally, they emphasize the importance of performing a complete cardiologic study of the family having a member with congenital heart disease.", "contents": "[Familial congenital cardiopathy]. 1. The authors report on the frequency of family congenital heart disease in a consecutive series of 380 congenital patients, studied in the lapse of one year in the Pediatric Cardiology Service of the National Institute of Cardiology of Mexico. 2. They report that of 380 families with one member with congenital heart disease, 13 had two or more members with heart malformations. 3. They point out that the index of frequency of family congenital heart disease was 34 per 1,000, a figure higher than that of other authors 6,40 (18 and 20 per 1,000). 4. They demonstrated that in families with an affected member, the possibility that there is another member with heart disease rises 5 to 7 times above the figure of prevalence expected for the general population. 5. They comment that the greater the numbers of patients with congenital heart disease in a family, the greater the probability is that there will be a descendent with cardiovascular malformation. 6. They make note that the normality of the chromosomatic studies of this and other investigations should not be an obstacle for postulating the genetic component in the multifactorial ethiology of congenital heart diseases. 7. Finally, they emphasize the importance of performing a complete cardiologic study of the family having a member with congenital heart disease.", "PMID": 1130911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11397", "title": "[Indications and radiological measurements in the evaluation of pulmonary artery hypertension].", "content": "Different radiologic indexes and measurements proposed in the evaluation of pulmonary artery hypertensi\u00f3n (PAH) were reviewed. The postero-anterior chest roentgenograms of 250 subjects were studied. In all cases the pulmonary artery pressure was known from cardiac catheterization. The diameter of the right pulmonary artery was larger than 1.7 mm. in 45% of cases with PAH. The pulmonary-lobar-transverse-thoracic index (PL/T) was abnormal (+38%) in 74% of cases with PAH, and normal in cases with increased pulmonary flow. The index of Ozawa, distance between the midline and the more prominent portion of the pulmonary arch, related to the transverse diameter of the left hemithorax overestimated the mean pulmonary pressure when normal and underestimated the same with PAH. A new index is described. The relation of the right pulmonary artery with the transverse diameter of the hemithorax on the same side (r/h index). It was abnormal in 24% of the cases with PAH and it was always normal in cases with increased pulmonary flow. The more sensitive and specific measurement seems to be the PL/T index.", "contents": "[Indications and radiological measurements in the evaluation of pulmonary artery hypertension]. Different radiologic indexes and measurements proposed in the evaluation of pulmonary artery hypertensi\u00f3n (PAH) were reviewed. The postero-anterior chest roentgenograms of 250 subjects were studied. In all cases the pulmonary artery pressure was known from cardiac catheterization. The diameter of the right pulmonary artery was larger than 1.7 mm. in 45% of cases with PAH. The pulmonary-lobar-transverse-thoracic index (PL/T) was abnormal (+38%) in 74% of cases with PAH, and normal in cases with increased pulmonary flow. The index of Ozawa, distance between the midline and the more prominent portion of the pulmonary arch, related to the transverse diameter of the left hemithorax overestimated the mean pulmonary pressure when normal and underestimated the same with PAH. A new index is described. The relation of the right pulmonary artery with the transverse diameter of the hemithorax on the same side (r/h index). It was abnormal in 24% of the cases with PAH and it was always normal in cases with increased pulmonary flow. The more sensitive and specific measurement seems to be the PL/T index.", "PMID": 1130912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11398", "title": "[Radiography of the left cavities of the heart using the levophase of pulmonary angiography. Preliminary study].", "content": "The method for visualizing the left cavities of the heart by means of levophase of pulmonary angiography is described. Its indications and advantages, and the simplicity of the technique are described, and the low risk this procedure places on the patient are emphasized.", "contents": "[Radiography of the left cavities of the heart using the levophase of pulmonary angiography. Preliminary study]. The method for visualizing the left cavities of the heart by means of levophase of pulmonary angiography is described. Its indications and advantages, and the simplicity of the technique are described, and the low risk this procedure places on the patient are emphasized.", "PMID": 1130913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11399", "title": "[Dopamine in essential arterial hypertension: excretion of its metabolite homovanillic acid].", "content": "The results obtained in a group of 66 hypertensive patients in which the AHV values were 5.7 plus and minus 0.4 mM/24 hrs., were reported. These values were compared to those obtained in 42 healthy subjects: 7.0 plus and minus 0.5 mM/24 hrs. The difference was statistically significant P less than 0.05. The values of excretion of urinary dopamine in both groups were also presented. A value of 225.7 plus and minus 13.0 mug/24 hrs. was obtained for the hypertensives, while the value for the healthy groups was 361.2 plus and minus 16.5. The statistical study in this case showed a high significance p smaller or less than 0.001. There were no changes in the levels of adrenaline and noradrenaline nor in the metabolite of these two amines, that is, AVM.", "contents": "[Dopamine in essential arterial hypertension: excretion of its metabolite homovanillic acid]. The results obtained in a group of 66 hypertensive patients in which the AHV values were 5.7 plus and minus 0.4 mM/24 hrs., were reported. These values were compared to those obtained in 42 healthy subjects: 7.0 plus and minus 0.5 mM/24 hrs. The difference was statistically significant P less than 0.05. The values of excretion of urinary dopamine in both groups were also presented. A value of 225.7 plus and minus 13.0 mug/24 hrs. was obtained for the hypertensives, while the value for the healthy groups was 361.2 plus and minus 16.5. The statistical study in this case showed a high significance p smaller or less than 0.001. There were no changes in the levels of adrenaline and noradrenaline nor in the metabolite of these two amines, that is, AVM.", "PMID": 1130915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11400", "title": "[Anatomo-vectorcardiographic correlation in ventricular growth in congenital heart diseases].", "content": "Anatomo-vectorcardiographic correlations were studied in 59 cases of congenital heart disease. In the group with interventricular septal defect and pulmonary hypertensi\u00f3n, a statistically significant correlation between the thickness of the free right ventricular wall, at its outflow tract, and the inscription time of the vertex of the S loop, was found. In the group of Fallot's tetralogy, the segmentary hypertrophy of the right ventricle, which is the most frequent, explains very well the terminal portion of frontal and sagittal vectorcardiograms located below the 0 point. In the group with interatrial septal defect and pulmonary hypertension, a statistically significant correlation between the thickness of the antero-lateral superior third of the free right ventricular wall and the inscription time of the vertex of the S loop, was shown. In the group of congenital malformations with repercussion on the left ventricle (interventricular septal defect, patent ductus arteriosus and coarctation of aorta), a statistically significant correlation between the anatomical findings of a hypertrophied superior third of this ventricle and the inscription time of the vertex of the R loop, was observed.", "contents": "[Anatomo-vectorcardiographic correlation in ventricular growth in congenital heart diseases]. Anatomo-vectorcardiographic correlations were studied in 59 cases of congenital heart disease. In the group with interventricular septal defect and pulmonary hypertensi\u00f3n, a statistically significant correlation between the thickness of the free right ventricular wall, at its outflow tract, and the inscription time of the vertex of the S loop, was found. In the group of Fallot's tetralogy, the segmentary hypertrophy of the right ventricle, which is the most frequent, explains very well the terminal portion of frontal and sagittal vectorcardiograms located below the 0 point. In the group with interatrial septal defect and pulmonary hypertension, a statistically significant correlation between the thickness of the antero-lateral superior third of the free right ventricular wall and the inscription time of the vertex of the S loop, was shown. In the group of congenital malformations with repercussion on the left ventricle (interventricular septal defect, patent ductus arteriosus and coarctation of aorta), a statistically significant correlation between the anatomical findings of a hypertrophied superior third of this ventricle and the inscription time of the vertex of the R loop, was observed.", "PMID": 1130914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11401", "title": "[Acute coronary oclussion and cardiogenic shock. Experimental study with closed thorax].", "content": "Nineteen dogs in whom an intent to produce cardiogenic shock due to acute myocardial infarction are studied. The dogs are maintained with closed chest and acute myocardial infarction is produced by injecting a bolus of metalic mercury in the left circumflex coronary artery using two different methods. Comparatively, the results show that a more selective embolism is obtained with the double catheter technique than by the introduction of a single coronary arteriograph catheter. Eight of the 19 dogs died. Six due to accidental introduction of mercury in the anterior interventricular artery together with the left circumflex artery, and 2 due to rupture of the ascending aorta during the maneuvre of placing the coronary arteriograph catheter. In the eleven dogs that survived the following parameters were taken every hour during a period of four to six hours. a) Hemodynamic: Left ventricle pressure, cardiac output by thermodilution, maximum dp/dt and Vmax, central venous pressure, cardiac rate and diuresis; b) Metabolic: Gases and lactate in arterial, venous and coronary sinus blood. Cortisol blood levels. All dogs were anaesthetized with thiobarbital during the venous cutdown and later sedated with morfine. They were maintained breathing atmospheric air. Cardiogenic shock was established when the diuresis fell from 170 cc/hour to an average of 43 cc/hour, the mean arterial pressure fell by 20%, the cardiac output by 58%, Vmax descending 20%, the telediastolic pressure of the left ventricle rose from 2.8 mm. Hg to 19.6 mm. Hg and the presence of acidoses was demonstrated by metabolic studies. Since the dog is maintained with a closed chest and breathing atmospheric air, this is an excellent method for the production of cardiogenic shock in conditions similar to the humain without the influence of other variables. In this way a better knowledge of shock is obtained and different terapeutic measures can be studied.", "contents": "[Acute coronary oclussion and cardiogenic shock. Experimental study with closed thorax]. Nineteen dogs in whom an intent to produce cardiogenic shock due to acute myocardial infarction are studied. The dogs are maintained with closed chest and acute myocardial infarction is produced by injecting a bolus of metalic mercury in the left circumflex coronary artery using two different methods. Comparatively, the results show that a more selective embolism is obtained with the double catheter technique than by the introduction of a single coronary arteriograph catheter. Eight of the 19 dogs died. Six due to accidental introduction of mercury in the anterior interventricular artery together with the left circumflex artery, and 2 due to rupture of the ascending aorta during the maneuvre of placing the coronary arteriograph catheter. In the eleven dogs that survived the following parameters were taken every hour during a period of four to six hours. a) Hemodynamic: Left ventricle pressure, cardiac output by thermodilution, maximum dp/dt and Vmax, central venous pressure, cardiac rate and diuresis; b) Metabolic: Gases and lactate in arterial, venous and coronary sinus blood. Cortisol blood levels. All dogs were anaesthetized with thiobarbital during the venous cutdown and later sedated with morfine. They were maintained breathing atmospheric air. Cardiogenic shock was established when the diuresis fell from 170 cc/hour to an average of 43 cc/hour, the mean arterial pressure fell by 20%, the cardiac output by 58%, Vmax descending 20%, the telediastolic pressure of the left ventricle rose from 2.8 mm. Hg to 19.6 mm. Hg and the presence of acidoses was demonstrated by metabolic studies. Since the dog is maintained with a closed chest and breathing atmospheric air, this is an excellent method for the production of cardiogenic shock in conditions similar to the humain without the influence of other variables. In this way a better knowledge of shock is obtained and different terapeutic measures can be studied.", "PMID": 1130916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11402", "title": "Pathophysiology of ventricular tachycardia in man.", "content": "Programmed electrical stimulation of the heart as a method to study mechanisms of arrthythmias is discussed in patients with ventricular tachycardia. Chronic recurrent ventricular tachycardia seems to be based on a reentry mechanism. Observations in patients with ventricular tachycardia during the first 24 hours after myocardial infarction suggest a focal origin of the arrhythmia.", "contents": "Pathophysiology of ventricular tachycardia in man. Programmed electrical stimulation of the heart as a method to study mechanisms of arrthythmias is discussed in patients with ventricular tachycardia. Chronic recurrent ventricular tachycardia seems to be based on a reentry mechanism. Observations in patients with ventricular tachycardia during the first 24 hours after myocardial infarction suggest a focal origin of the arrhythmia.", "PMID": 1130922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11403", "title": "Provoking factors in bronchial asthma.", "content": "Asthmatic patients were identified as having asthma on the basis of lung function studies (76%), objective physical findings of asthma (11%), or a strong history of asthma (13%). Each of the 234 patients so identified was assigned to an asthma subgroup determined by careful clinical assessment of the major provoking factor or factors for his asthmatic episodes; minor provoking factors were also identified. Only 20% of the patients had asthmatic episodes provoked by a single factor. Most asthmatics had at least one major and one or more minor provoking factor(s). Reagin-mediated mechanisms constituted the major provoking factor in 25% of patients and were a minor provoking factor in an additional 20% of the patients. Thus, in only 45% of the patients, were reaginic mechanisms responsible for some part of their asthmatic episodes.", "contents": "Provoking factors in bronchial asthma. Asthmatic patients were identified as having asthma on the basis of lung function studies (76%), objective physical findings of asthma (11%), or a strong history of asthma (13%). Each of the 234 patients so identified was assigned to an asthma subgroup determined by careful clinical assessment of the major provoking factor or factors for his asthmatic episodes; minor provoking factors were also identified. Only 20% of the patients had asthmatic episodes provoked by a single factor. Most asthmatics had at least one major and one or more minor provoking factor(s). Reagin-mediated mechanisms constituted the major provoking factor in 25% of patients and were a minor provoking factor in an additional 20% of the patients. Thus, in only 45% of the patients, were reaginic mechanisms responsible for some part of their asthmatic episodes.", "PMID": 1130923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11404", "title": "Nephrotoxicity associated with cephalothin administration.", "content": "Variable degrees of acute renal failure developed in three patients receiving therapy with cephalothin sodium. The course and findings were consistent with acute tubular necrosis of the oliguric and nonoliguric types. One patient had protracted oliguria, a second experienced transient oliguria, and one had normal urine output. All had urinary sediment changes consistent with tubular necrosis, and the two oliguric patients had elevated urine sodium concentrations. No other causes for renal failure could be detected, and all recovered after discontinuation of cephalothin therapy, although peritoneal dialysis was required in one patient. These observations indicate that cephalothin is capable of inducing renal damage in man.", "contents": "Nephrotoxicity associated with cephalothin administration. Variable degrees of acute renal failure developed in three patients receiving therapy with cephalothin sodium. The course and findings were consistent with acute tubular necrosis of the oliguric and nonoliguric types. One patient had protracted oliguria, a second experienced transient oliguria, and one had normal urine output. All had urinary sediment changes consistent with tubular necrosis, and the two oliguric patients had elevated urine sodium concentrations. No other causes for renal failure could be detected, and all recovered after discontinuation of cephalothin therapy, although peritoneal dialysis was required in one patient. These observations indicate that cephalothin is capable of inducing renal damage in man.", "PMID": 1130924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11405", "title": "Indomethacin treatment of pericarditis in chronic hemodialysis patients.", "content": "Symptomatic pericarditis occurs in the course of maintenance hemodialysis and often requires pericardiectomy in addition to other conventional measures. Three of 11 such patients were treated with frequent dialysis and general supportive treatment. Two of these required pericardiocentesis. The other eight received indomethacin; this was followed by prompt defervescence and abatement of pain within 6 to 24 hours. Only one patient required pericardiocentesis. On every occasion when treatment was discontinued during the first week, symptoms recurred. After three weeks to four months, the drug dosage could be tapered and discontinued. The pericardial aspirate was hemorrhagic in all three patients who required pericardiocentesis. Indomethacin appears to be effective in the treatment of the pericarditis associated with dialysis and precludes the need for invasive procedures.", "contents": "Indomethacin treatment of pericarditis in chronic hemodialysis patients. Symptomatic pericarditis occurs in the course of maintenance hemodialysis and often requires pericardiectomy in addition to other conventional measures. Three of 11 such patients were treated with frequent dialysis and general supportive treatment. Two of these required pericardiocentesis. The other eight received indomethacin; this was followed by prompt defervescence and abatement of pain within 6 to 24 hours. Only one patient required pericardiocentesis. On every occasion when treatment was discontinued during the first week, symptoms recurred. After three weeks to four months, the drug dosage could be tapered and discontinued. The pericardial aspirate was hemorrhagic in all three patients who required pericardiocentesis. Indomethacin appears to be effective in the treatment of the pericarditis associated with dialysis and precludes the need for invasive procedures.", "PMID": 1130925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11406", "title": "Major factors in the development of diabetes mellitus in 10,000 men.", "content": "The average annual incidence of diabetes among 8,688 adult men followed up for five years was 8.0/1,000 with Asian, African and Israeli-born having higher rates than European-born. Multivariate analysis of the findings suggested the following: the most significant variables associated with the development of diabetes are overweight and peripheral vascular disease; the high incidence of diabetes in immigrants from Asia and Africa might be an example of Neel's \"thrifty genotype\" or failure of adaptation to relatively rapid environmental changes; serum cholesterol level, blood pressure, uric acid level, and education were important also; and the probability of developing diabetes within five years rises from 17/1,000 (when the major variables are low or absent) to 450/1,000 (when they are high and present). This has important clinical implications.", "contents": "Major factors in the development of diabetes mellitus in 10,000 men. The average annual incidence of diabetes among 8,688 adult men followed up for five years was 8.0/1,000 with Asian, African and Israeli-born having higher rates than European-born. Multivariate analysis of the findings suggested the following: the most significant variables associated with the development of diabetes are overweight and peripheral vascular disease; the high incidence of diabetes in immigrants from Asia and Africa might be an example of Neel's \"thrifty genotype\" or failure of adaptation to relatively rapid environmental changes; serum cholesterol level, blood pressure, uric acid level, and education were important also; and the probability of developing diabetes within five years rises from 17/1,000 (when the major variables are low or absent) to 450/1,000 (when they are high and present). This has important clinical implications.", "PMID": 1130926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11407", "title": "Insulin therapy in patients with systemic insulin allergy.", "content": "Insulin was administered to 12 of 15 patients with systemic insulin hypersensitivity. Eight patients with a history of a systemic reaction to insulin but not receiving current therapy were skin-tested and desensitized. Four receiving insulin had temporary dose reduction followed by slow increase to therapeutic levels. No noticeable reactions recurred in any of them. Levels of IgE antibodies against insulin were determined in 12. Substantial elevations were found in eight. These levels declined rapidly in three desensitized patients who were studied in contrast to the slower decline in three patients who were not desensitized. Insulin can be cautiously administered if necessary to patients with prior systemic insulin hypersensitivity. Evidence that IgE antibodies are against the insulin molecule in at least some patients indicates the need for a desensitization regimen.", "contents": "Insulin therapy in patients with systemic insulin allergy. Insulin was administered to 12 of 15 patients with systemic insulin hypersensitivity. Eight patients with a history of a systemic reaction to insulin but not receiving current therapy were skin-tested and desensitized. Four receiving insulin had temporary dose reduction followed by slow increase to therapeutic levels. No noticeable reactions recurred in any of them. Levels of IgE antibodies against insulin were determined in 12. Substantial elevations were found in eight. These levels declined rapidly in three desensitized patients who were studied in contrast to the slower decline in three patients who were not desensitized. Insulin can be cautiously administered if necessary to patients with prior systemic insulin hypersensitivity. Evidence that IgE antibodies are against the insulin molecule in at least some patients indicates the need for a desensitization regimen.", "PMID": 1130927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11408", "title": "Hereditary pancreatitis. Nonspecificity of aminoaciduria and diagnosis of occult disease.", "content": "Hereditary pancreatitis appears in many different ways and in a variety of age groups, spanning both pediatric and adult medicine. The variable expression of hereditary pancreatitis is emphasized by the difficulty in diagnosing it in a patient obviously at risk because of a severely affected father and son. The morphine prostigmine test and hypotonic duodenogram were most helpful. Aminoaciduria previously associated with this disorder is coincidental or nonspecifically related to acute pancreatic inflammation. The increased risk for pancreatic carcinoma (about 20%) is emphasized by the concern for that complication in the proband's grandfather.", "contents": "Hereditary pancreatitis. Nonspecificity of aminoaciduria and diagnosis of occult disease. Hereditary pancreatitis appears in many different ways and in a variety of age groups, spanning both pediatric and adult medicine. The variable expression of hereditary pancreatitis is emphasized by the difficulty in diagnosing it in a patient obviously at risk because of a severely affected father and son. The morphine prostigmine test and hypotonic duodenogram were most helpful. Aminoaciduria previously associated with this disorder is coincidental or nonspecifically related to acute pancreatic inflammation. The increased risk for pancreatic carcinoma (about 20%) is emphasized by the concern for that complication in the proband's grandfather.", "PMID": 1130928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11409", "title": "Thyroid function after radiation and surgery for head and neck cancer.", "content": "Preoperative radiation followed by surgical excision is accepted therapy for head and neck cancer. The effects of these modalities on thyroid function were evaluated in a prospective study. Sixty-one patients were given cobalt 60 radiation. Results showed that 41 patients (67%) were euthyroid, 12 patients (20%) were clinically and chemically hypothyroid, and 8 patients (13%) had transient loss of thyroid reserve. Permanent hypothyroidism occurred frequently in patients with hemithyroidectomy, but rarely in those treated with radiation alone. Onset of hypothyroidism was zero to six months, with transient loss of thyroid reserve occurring up to 18 months. This constitutes the initial report of an ongoing systematic study of thyroid function in such patients. The high incidence of hypothyroidism indicates a need for careful periodic evaluation.", "contents": "Thyroid function after radiation and surgery for head and neck cancer. Preoperative radiation followed by surgical excision is accepted therapy for head and neck cancer. The effects of these modalities on thyroid function were evaluated in a prospective study. Sixty-one patients were given cobalt 60 radiation. Results showed that 41 patients (67%) were euthyroid, 12 patients (20%) were clinically and chemically hypothyroid, and 8 patients (13%) had transient loss of thyroid reserve. Permanent hypothyroidism occurred frequently in patients with hemithyroidectomy, but rarely in those treated with radiation alone. Onset of hypothyroidism was zero to six months, with transient loss of thyroid reserve occurring up to 18 months. This constitutes the initial report of an ongoing systematic study of thyroid function in such patients. The high incidence of hypothyroidism indicates a need for careful periodic evaluation.", "PMID": 1130929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11410", "title": "Nephrotoxicity of combined cephalothin-gentamicin regimen.", "content": "Two patients developed acute tubular necrosis, characterized clinically by acute oliguric renal failure, while they were receiving a combination of cephalothin sodium and gentamicin sulfate therapy. Patients who are given this drug regimen should be observed very carefully for early signs of nephrotoxicity. High doses of this antibiotic combination should be avoided especially in elderly patients. Patients with renal insufficiency should not be given this regimen.", "contents": "Nephrotoxicity of combined cephalothin-gentamicin regimen. Two patients developed acute tubular necrosis, characterized clinically by acute oliguric renal failure, while they were receiving a combination of cephalothin sodium and gentamicin sulfate therapy. Patients who are given this drug regimen should be observed very carefully for early signs of nephrotoxicity. High doses of this antibiotic combination should be avoided especially in elderly patients. Patients with renal insufficiency should not be given this regimen.", "PMID": 1130930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11411", "title": "Howell-Jolly bodies. A clue to splenic infarction.", "content": "A 74-year-old woman with secondary erythrocytosis was found to have Howell-Jolly bodies in peripheral blood erythrocytes following acute splenic infarction. The Howell-Jolly bodies were a transitory finding and disappeared six days after the infarction, although the spleen remained abnormal by isotope scanning for several weeks. Careful inspection of the peripheral blood film may be an aid in the diagnosis of acute splenic infarction.", "contents": "Howell-Jolly bodies. A clue to splenic infarction. A 74-year-old woman with secondary erythrocytosis was found to have Howell-Jolly bodies in peripheral blood erythrocytes following acute splenic infarction. The Howell-Jolly bodies were a transitory finding and disappeared six days after the infarction, although the spleen remained abnormal by isotope scanning for several weeks. Careful inspection of the peripheral blood film may be an aid in the diagnosis of acute splenic infarction.", "PMID": 1130931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11412", "title": "Renin-secreting clear cell carcinoma of the kidney.", "content": "A young woman with mild to moderate hypertension and normal PRA, serum potassium levels, and urinary aldosterone excretion rate was found to have a renal tumor by selective renal arteriogram. Renal vein renin activity indicated an increased production of renin from the kidney containing the tumor. At surgery, a clear cell carcinoma of the kidney was found that contained renin activity in excess of the surrounding kidney tissue. The renin activity appeared identical to human kidney renin. Previous renin-producing tumors have been associated with severe hypertension, elevated plasma renin activity, hypokalemia, and elevated urinary aldosterone excretion. This case should call attention to the renin-secreting tumor as a cause of even mild hypertension.", "contents": "Renin-secreting clear cell carcinoma of the kidney. A young woman with mild to moderate hypertension and normal PRA, serum potassium levels, and urinary aldosterone excretion rate was found to have a renal tumor by selective renal arteriogram. Renal vein renin activity indicated an increased production of renin from the kidney containing the tumor. At surgery, a clear cell carcinoma of the kidney was found that contained renin activity in excess of the surrounding kidney tissue. The renin activity appeared identical to human kidney renin. Previous renin-producing tumors have been associated with severe hypertension, elevated plasma renin activity, hypokalemia, and elevated urinary aldosterone excretion. This case should call attention to the renin-secreting tumor as a cause of even mild hypertension.", "PMID": 1130932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11413", "title": "Hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia associated with a neurofibrosarcoma.", "content": "A patient with a posterior mediastinal malignant neurofibrosarcoma and recurrent episodes of severe hypoglycemia was demonstrated to have basal hyperinsulinemia on repeated study. Despite hypoglycemia, there was no glucagon response to aminogenic stimulation. No immunoreactive insulin was detected on extraction of the tumor and no secretory granules of beta type were seen on electron microscopic examination of tumor tissue. Following tumor removal, plasma glucose and insulin levels returned to normal. Alpha cell function improved. These findings suggest stimulation of pancreatic beta cell secretion and possible inhibition of alpha cell response by an extrapancreatic tumor.", "contents": "Hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia associated with a neurofibrosarcoma. A patient with a posterior mediastinal malignant neurofibrosarcoma and recurrent episodes of severe hypoglycemia was demonstrated to have basal hyperinsulinemia on repeated study. Despite hypoglycemia, there was no glucagon response to aminogenic stimulation. No immunoreactive insulin was detected on extraction of the tumor and no secretory granules of beta type were seen on electron microscopic examination of tumor tissue. Following tumor removal, plasma glucose and insulin levels returned to normal. Alpha cell function improved. These findings suggest stimulation of pancreatic beta cell secretion and possible inhibition of alpha cell response by an extrapancreatic tumor.", "PMID": 1130933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11414", "title": "Narcissism and the readiness for psychotherapy termination.", "content": "The readiness for termination of psychotherapy is considered from the perspective of the importance of the narcissistic features. After a guiding theoretical orientation, several case vignettes are presented that illustrate outstanding changes in the patient's self seen during the terminal phase of psychotherapy. These include the re-experiencing of narcissistic injury, a differert response to interpretation, and a substantial alteration in the reaction to disappointment.", "contents": "Narcissism and the readiness for psychotherapy termination. The readiness for termination of psychotherapy is considered from the perspective of the importance of the narcissistic features. After a guiding theoretical orientation, several case vignettes are presented that illustrate outstanding changes in the patient's self seen during the terminal phase of psychotherapy. These include the re-experiencing of narcissistic injury, a differert response to interpretation, and a substantial alteration in the reaction to disappointment.", "PMID": 1130934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11415", "title": "Differentiating criteria for acute-chronic distinction in schizophrenia.", "content": "Type of onset, presence of precipitating events, mental status, and premorbid instrumental functioning, commonly associated with prognosis in schizophrenia, were studied in relation to the acute-chronic distinction and short-term outcome in 641 schizophrenic patients. Contrary to the general position held by some researchers, none of the clinical predictors (type of onset, precipitating crises, and mental status) appeared to distinguish the two types of schizophrenics, or to contribute substantially to the prediction of readmission. Preadmission social functioning of the two patient groups was more similar than generally indicated by previous reserach. As regards prediction of short-term rehospitalization, the study identified poor relationships with parents, friends, and opposite-sexed peers as important factors for acute patients and antisocial behavior and inability to relate to the opposite sex and others in the community as important variables for chronic patients.", "contents": "Differentiating criteria for acute-chronic distinction in schizophrenia. Type of onset, presence of precipitating events, mental status, and premorbid instrumental functioning, commonly associated with prognosis in schizophrenia, were studied in relation to the acute-chronic distinction and short-term outcome in 641 schizophrenic patients. Contrary to the general position held by some researchers, none of the clinical predictors (type of onset, precipitating crises, and mental status) appeared to distinguish the two types of schizophrenics, or to contribute substantially to the prediction of readmission. Preadmission social functioning of the two patient groups was more similar than generally indicated by previous reserach. As regards prediction of short-term rehospitalization, the study identified poor relationships with parents, friends, and opposite-sexed peers as important factors for acute patients and antisocial behavior and inability to relate to the opposite sex and others in the community as important variables for chronic patients.", "PMID": 1130935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11416", "title": "Amphetamine-induced dopaminergic hypersensitivity in guinea pigs. Implications in psychosis and human movement disorders.", "content": "Following chronic amphetamine pretreatment, guinea pigs demonstrate an increased sensitivity to both d-amphetamine sulfate- and apomorphine hydrochloride-induced stereotyped behavior. This observation suggests that chronic exposure to high doses of a dopamine agonist (d-amphetamine) alters the response of the brain to the subsequent administration of both indirect (d-amphetamine) and direct (apomorphine) dopamine agonists. This altered response may be due to the development of dopamine receptor site hypersensitivity. Clinical evidence suggests that a similar agonist-induced hypersensitivity may play a role in the development of dyskinetic movement disorders and psychoses in humans following the chronic use of such dopamine agonists as amphetamine and levodopa.", "contents": "Amphetamine-induced dopaminergic hypersensitivity in guinea pigs. Implications in psychosis and human movement disorders. Following chronic amphetamine pretreatment, guinea pigs demonstrate an increased sensitivity to both d-amphetamine sulfate- and apomorphine hydrochloride-induced stereotyped behavior. This observation suggests that chronic exposure to high doses of a dopamine agonist (d-amphetamine) alters the response of the brain to the subsequent administration of both indirect (d-amphetamine) and direct (apomorphine) dopamine agonists. This altered response may be due to the development of dopamine receptor site hypersensitivity. Clinical evidence suggests that a similar agonist-induced hypersensitivity may play a role in the development of dyskinetic movement disorders and psychoses in humans following the chronic use of such dopamine agonists as amphetamine and levodopa.", "PMID": 1130936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11417", "title": "Hypothalamic-pituitary function in anorexia nervosa.", "content": "We studied nine patients with anorexia nervosa: five were \"undernourished\" and four were \"well-nourished\". The undernourished patients had significantly higher plasma growth hormone (GH) levels in a fasting state and higher GH rebounds following glucose administration. In four of these patients, GH levels decreased to normal after weight restoration. Decreased urinary follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) in three and plasma luteinizing hormone in six patients were not related to nutritional status; however, positive correlation was found between duration of illness and urinary FSH. Other results included decreased plasma testosterone in the one male, elevated plasma cortisol in five, and decreased 17-ketosteroid excretion in five patients. The results support elevated GH as secondary to starvation of anorexia nervosa and not an independent hypothalamic-pituitary disturbance. Other endocrine findings indicate hypothalamic-pituitary malfunction is not confined to GH.", "contents": "Hypothalamic-pituitary function in anorexia nervosa. We studied nine patients with anorexia nervosa: five were \"undernourished\" and four were \"well-nourished\". The undernourished patients had significantly higher plasma growth hormone (GH) levels in a fasting state and higher GH rebounds following glucose administration. In four of these patients, GH levels decreased to normal after weight restoration. Decreased urinary follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) in three and plasma luteinizing hormone in six patients were not related to nutritional status; however, positive correlation was found between duration of illness and urinary FSH. Other results included decreased plasma testosterone in the one male, elevated plasma cortisol in five, and decreased 17-ketosteroid excretion in five patients. The results support elevated GH as secondary to starvation of anorexia nervosa and not an independent hypothalamic-pituitary disturbance. Other endocrine findings indicate hypothalamic-pituitary malfunction is not confined to GH.", "PMID": 1130937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11418", "title": "The impact of mass transfer on patient release.", "content": "In 1971, budget restrictions in New York State provided the impetus for the transfer of 2,174 patients among state hospitals in the mental hygiene system. The discharge rate was greatly increased over what would have been expected, but varied greatly among the receiving hospitals. The major factor relating to this difference appears to be the values and beliefs of the receiving hospitals as to the proper placement of patients. The patient's return to the hospital after discharge did not relate to a liberal discharge policy, but seemed to depend on whether or not the patient was physically healthy and could meet minimal social role expectations. Factor usually associated with probability of discharge are analyzed, but while some, such as age, affect chances of discharge, none are as potent predictors as the type of hospital.", "contents": "The impact of mass transfer on patient release. In 1971, budget restrictions in New York State provided the impetus for the transfer of 2,174 patients among state hospitals in the mental hygiene system. The discharge rate was greatly increased over what would have been expected, but varied greatly among the receiving hospitals. The major factor relating to this difference appears to be the values and beliefs of the receiving hospitals as to the proper placement of patients. The patient's return to the hospital after discharge did not relate to a liberal discharge policy, but seemed to depend on whether or not the patient was physically healthy and could meet minimal social role expectations. Factor usually associated with probability of discharge are analyzed, but while some, such as age, affect chances of discharge, none are as potent predictors as the type of hospital.", "PMID": 1130938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11419", "title": "Effeminacy. I. A quantitative rating scale.", "content": "Although effeminacy is recognized to be a complex and important phenomenon, until now it has been only scantily studied, and has not been clearly defined or measured. In this paper, we review the literature and present an Effeminacy Rating Scale that quantifies the behavioral fragments comprising the overall clinical picture of effeminacy. We also present data obtained in a trial of the scale on a sample of 16 homosexual and 16 heterosexual males. The scale was found to have a high interrater reliability (0.93) and can therefore be used to study effeminacy quantitatively.", "contents": "Effeminacy. I. A quantitative rating scale. Although effeminacy is recognized to be a complex and important phenomenon, until now it has been only scantily studied, and has not been clearly defined or measured. In this paper, we review the literature and present an Effeminacy Rating Scale that quantifies the behavioral fragments comprising the overall clinical picture of effeminacy. We also present data obtained in a trial of the scale on a sample of 16 homosexual and 16 heterosexual males. The scale was found to have a high interrater reliability (0.93) and can therefore be used to study effeminacy quantitatively.", "PMID": 1130977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11420", "title": "Effeminacy. II. Variation with social context.", "content": "In Part II, effeminacy in an in vivo social situation was studied and the Effeminacy Scale described in Part I was tested. Nineteen subjects were studied and videotaped while participating in four encounter groups, of which two were homosexual and two heterosexual. There were large situational variations in expressivity of effeminacy during group meetings. High-frequency levels of effeminate responses were observed to parallel high levels of anxiety or anger. At other times, effeminate responses were observed which seemed to subserve sexual signaling functions or which seemed related to narcissistic retreat (self-cuddling) or castration anxiety (e.g., cupping the genitals). Interrater reliability with the Effeminacy Scale for two nonprofessional raters viewing the same videotaped material from the group was 0.93 (Pearson r).", "contents": "Effeminacy. II. Variation with social context. In Part II, effeminacy in an in vivo social situation was studied and the Effeminacy Scale described in Part I was tested. Nineteen subjects were studied and videotaped while participating in four encounter groups, of which two were homosexual and two heterosexual. There were large situational variations in expressivity of effeminacy during group meetings. High-frequency levels of effeminate responses were observed to parallel high levels of anxiety or anger. At other times, effeminate responses were observed which seemed to subserve sexual signaling functions or which seemed related to narcissistic retreat (self-cuddling) or castration anxiety (e.g., cupping the genitals). Interrater reliability with the Effeminacy Scale for two nonprofessional raters viewing the same videotaped material from the group was 0.93 (Pearson r).", "PMID": 1130978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11421", "title": "Traumatic phallic amputation during infancy.", "content": "An unusual case of phallic amputation is reported because it highlights the complex issues involved in considering transsexual surgery during early life. The lack of ambiguity regarding this patient's physiological gender at the age of 15 months permitted his management to rest solely on the long-range social and developmental implications of his phallic defect. The impact of this event on the child's family, on the community, and on professional workers was profound, leading to a series of circumstances that affected objectivity and the decision-making process. The decision to retain the male gender was based on the uncertain long-range effects of the loss of capacity for procreation and the surgical procedures and hormone therapy necessitated by gender change.", "contents": "Traumatic phallic amputation during infancy. An unusual case of phallic amputation is reported because it highlights the complex issues involved in considering transsexual surgery during early life. The lack of ambiguity regarding this patient's physiological gender at the age of 15 months permitted his management to rest solely on the long-range social and developmental implications of his phallic defect. The impact of this event on the child's family, on the community, and on professional workers was profound, leading to a series of circumstances that affected objectivity and the decision-making process. The decision to retain the male gender was based on the uncertain long-range effects of the loss of capacity for procreation and the surgical procedures and hormone therapy necessitated by gender change.", "PMID": 1130979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11422", "title": "Ablatio penis: normal male infant sex-reassigned as a girl.", "content": "Forty-five cases of genetic males were assigned and habilitated as females, 43 because of a congenitally defective penis (micropenis with or without hypospadias), and two because of infantile ablatio penis. One of the latter has an identical twin brother as a control. Now 9 years old, she has differentiated a female gender identity in marked contrast to the male gender identity of her brother. Some of the other patients are now adolescent or adult in age. They demonstrate that the twin can expect to be feminine in erotic expression and sexual life. Maintained on estrogen therapy, she will have normal feminine physique and a sexually attractive appearance. She will be able to establish motherhood by adoption.", "contents": "Ablatio penis: normal male infant sex-reassigned as a girl. Forty-five cases of genetic males were assigned and habilitated as females, 43 because of a congenitally defective penis (micropenis with or without hypospadias), and two because of infantile ablatio penis. One of the latter has an identical twin brother as a control. Now 9 years old, she has differentiated a female gender identity in marked contrast to the male gender identity of her brother. Some of the other patients are now adolescent or adult in age. They demonstrate that the twin can expect to be feminine in erotic expression and sexual life. Maintained on estrogen therapy, she will have normal feminine physique and a sexually attractive appearance. She will be able to establish motherhood by adoption.", "PMID": 1130980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11423", "title": "Premarital coitus and commitment among college students.", "content": "In contrast to some popular speculations about a massive increase in sexual behavior labeled \"permissiveness without commitment,\" this survey of 2453 undergraduate students from four geographical areas in the United States provides data which suggest a behavioral pattern of \"permissiveness with commitment.\" This pattern of \"coitus with commitment\" was evident not only for females, but for males as well. With minor exceptions, the pattern was detected for both sexes in all four geographical regions. Speculation is made about ways in which this pattern may be one outcome of the alleged intersex convergence in sexual attitudes and behavior among American college youth. Implications are drawn for the increment of theory.", "contents": "Premarital coitus and commitment among college students. In contrast to some popular speculations about a massive increase in sexual behavior labeled \"permissiveness without commitment,\" this survey of 2453 undergraduate students from four geographical areas in the United States provides data which suggest a behavioral pattern of \"permissiveness with commitment.\" This pattern of \"coitus with commitment\" was evident not only for females, but for males as well. With minor exceptions, the pattern was detected for both sexes in all four geographical regions. Speculation is made about ways in which this pattern may be one outcome of the alleged intersex convergence in sexual attitudes and behavior among American college youth. Implications are drawn for the increment of theory.", "PMID": 1130981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11424", "title": "Transsexualism in Vietnam.", "content": "The case described is that of a man raised in the Vietnamese peasant countryside who clearly fits the transsexual syndrome. On physical examination he appears to be a normal male, yet he insists that he is a female. He dresses as a woman and is able to successfully \"pass\" in society. He relates that he felt he was a female from earliest childhood. He prefers nonhomosexual men, denies any heterosexual experience, and has an all-consuming desire for the sexual transformation operation. This paper focuses on the social aspect of transsexualism and the manner a society, particularly the Vietnamese, may handle transsexual behavior. These ways can be seen to fall into a continuum. On one end, sexual role reversal is institutionalized and transsexual-like behavior is carried on according to a prescribed cultural pattern. The Vietnamese \"hermaphroditic witch\" could be included in this category. In the middle of the continuum, the idiosyncratic transsexual is provided an acceptable cultural role, and he therefore should be visible when he occurs. The Vietnamese young person who cross-dresses could perhaps be in this category. On the other extreme, the transsexual role is not conceivable or, at best, is very marginal. Here, the transsexual remains hidden in the general culture and can only be detected, as the person described in this paper, by accident.", "contents": "Transsexualism in Vietnam. The case described is that of a man raised in the Vietnamese peasant countryside who clearly fits the transsexual syndrome. On physical examination he appears to be a normal male, yet he insists that he is a female. He dresses as a woman and is able to successfully \"pass\" in society. He relates that he felt he was a female from earliest childhood. He prefers nonhomosexual men, denies any heterosexual experience, and has an all-consuming desire for the sexual transformation operation. This paper focuses on the social aspect of transsexualism and the manner a society, particularly the Vietnamese, may handle transsexual behavior. These ways can be seen to fall into a continuum. On one end, sexual role reversal is institutionalized and transsexual-like behavior is carried on according to a prescribed cultural pattern. The Vietnamese \"hermaphroditic witch\" could be included in this category. In the middle of the continuum, the idiosyncratic transsexual is provided an acceptable cultural role, and he therefore should be visible when he occurs. The Vietnamese young person who cross-dresses could perhaps be in this category. On the other extreme, the transsexual role is not conceivable or, at best, is very marginal. Here, the transsexual remains hidden in the general culture and can only be detected, as the person described in this paper, by accident.", "PMID": 1130982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11425", "title": "Sexuality in Samoan art forms.", "content": "This article explores the manifestations of sexuality in Samona as they are revealed through songs, poetry, dance, gestures, verbal expressions, stories, and games. For each of these art forms, texts, and translations of original material are presented, as an aid to discerning the uses and functions of sexuality as they are applied by Samoans for Samoans; to this end, formulalized joking of various types is seen as the medium through which the humorous element of sexuality is expressed. Elsewhere, sexuality functions to achieve and sustain individual attention. The explicitly sexuality functions to achieve and sustain individual attention. The explicitly sexual references in duneral and marriage songs, on the other hand, constitute affirmations of social values, incorporated in long-established rites. In what is tantamount to artistic license, performance of song, poetry, and dance containing sexual elements or references that would be prohibited in other contexts is constituted as acceptable behavior. In marked contrast to nineteenth-century writings, and the opinions of the popular press, sexuality in Samoa is far from free in its modes of expression, but rather adheres to traditional formalized patterns which determine its occasions, participants, and verbal and kinetic limits. Although not indispensable as a means of personal expression, it generally provides additional opportunities for the creative and aggressive individual to demonstarate his artistic talents and therby contribute to his own social elevation. As an element of verbalized group sentiment, it is a positive assertion of Samoan values, astatement of social solidarity.", "contents": "Sexuality in Samoan art forms. This article explores the manifestations of sexuality in Samona as they are revealed through songs, poetry, dance, gestures, verbal expressions, stories, and games. For each of these art forms, texts, and translations of original material are presented, as an aid to discerning the uses and functions of sexuality as they are applied by Samoans for Samoans; to this end, formulalized joking of various types is seen as the medium through which the humorous element of sexuality is expressed. Elsewhere, sexuality functions to achieve and sustain individual attention. The explicitly sexuality functions to achieve and sustain individual attention. The explicitly sexual references in duneral and marriage songs, on the other hand, constitute affirmations of social values, incorporated in long-established rites. In what is tantamount to artistic license, performance of song, poetry, and dance containing sexual elements or references that would be prohibited in other contexts is constituted as acceptable behavior. In marked contrast to nineteenth-century writings, and the opinions of the popular press, sexuality in Samoa is far from free in its modes of expression, but rather adheres to traditional formalized patterns which determine its occasions, participants, and verbal and kinetic limits. Although not indispensable as a means of personal expression, it generally provides additional opportunities for the creative and aggressive individual to demonstarate his artistic talents and therby contribute to his own social elevation. As an element of verbalized group sentiment, it is a positive assertion of Samoan values, astatement of social solidarity.", "PMID": 1130983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11426", "title": "Cognitive and hormonal factors accecting coital frequency.", "content": "Sexual behavior of female undergraduates was assessed by daily questionnaries. Of the 24 subjects, 13 were taking oral contraceptives (\"pill\" subjects) and 11 were using other methods of birth control (\"nonpill\" subjects), primarily diaphragm or male prophylactic methods. Three main results were obtained: (1) Intercourse rates were lowest during menstruation and highest immediately following menstruation. (2) Self-rated sexual arousal on a given day correlated with the type of heterosexual encouters on that day rather than with period of the menstrual cycle. (3) Pill subjects reported intercourse on more days than nonpill subjects but reported a lower number of intercourse sessions on day with intercourse than nonpill subjects. These results are interpreted within a general framework of sexual behavior which recognizes the sexual behavior of humans as primarily influenced by cultural and cognitive factors. The possibility is discussed that female sexual behavior might also be found to be affected by hormones if more sensitive measures were used.", "contents": "Cognitive and hormonal factors accecting coital frequency. Sexual behavior of female undergraduates was assessed by daily questionnaries. Of the 24 subjects, 13 were taking oral contraceptives (\"pill\" subjects) and 11 were using other methods of birth control (\"nonpill\" subjects), primarily diaphragm or male prophylactic methods. Three main results were obtained: (1) Intercourse rates were lowest during menstruation and highest immediately following menstruation. (2) Self-rated sexual arousal on a given day correlated with the type of heterosexual encouters on that day rather than with period of the menstrual cycle. (3) Pill subjects reported intercourse on more days than nonpill subjects but reported a lower number of intercourse sessions on day with intercourse than nonpill subjects. These results are interpreted within a general framework of sexual behavior which recognizes the sexual behavior of humans as primarily influenced by cultural and cognitive factors. The possibility is discussed that female sexual behavior might also be found to be affected by hormones if more sensitive measures were used.", "PMID": 1130984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11427", "title": "Secondary orgasmic dysfunction. I. Analysis and strategies for treatment.", "content": "Following treatment of six cases of primary orgasmic dysfunction and six cases of secondary orgasmic dysfunction, an analysis of assessment and outcome data indicated that (1)clients with secondary orgasmic dysfunction and those with primary orgasmic dysfunction did not differ significantly in most aspects of sexual behavior before treatment; (2) before treatment, secondary orgasmic dysfunction tended to be associated with a disturbed marital relationship, while primary orgasmic dysfunction did not; (3) following a behavioral treatment program focused on anxiety reduction and sexual skill training, organism in coitus was attained by clients with primary orgasmic dysfunction but not by clients with secondary orgasmic dysfunction. Based on these findings, suggestions for effective treatment of secondary orgasmic dysfunction are made.", "contents": "Secondary orgasmic dysfunction. I. Analysis and strategies for treatment. Following treatment of six cases of primary orgasmic dysfunction and six cases of secondary orgasmic dysfunction, an analysis of assessment and outcome data indicated that (1)clients with secondary orgasmic dysfunction and those with primary orgasmic dysfunction did not differ significantly in most aspects of sexual behavior before treatment; (2) before treatment, secondary orgasmic dysfunction tended to be associated with a disturbed marital relationship, while primary orgasmic dysfunction did not; (3) following a behavioral treatment program focused on anxiety reduction and sexual skill training, organism in coitus was attained by clients with primary orgasmic dysfunction but not by clients with secondary orgasmic dysfunction. Based on these findings, suggestions for effective treatment of secondary orgasmic dysfunction are made.", "PMID": 1130985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11428", "title": "Secondary orgasmic dysfunction. II. Case study.", "content": "The treatment of a case of secondary orgasmic dysfunction is described. In this case, a direct behavioral retraining program was employed to increase the couple's repertoire of effective sexual behaviors. An extinction and successive approximation procedure was used to transfer ortasmic responsiveness from solitary masturbation to heterosexual coitus. Since other data have indicated that nonsexual marriage problems contribute to the maintenance of secondary orgasmic dysfunction, a direct, confrontive intervention into the marital relationship was made concurrent with the sexual retraining program. Outcome data are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the reatment procedures.", "contents": "Secondary orgasmic dysfunction. II. Case study. The treatment of a case of secondary orgasmic dysfunction is described. In this case, a direct behavioral retraining program was employed to increase the couple's repertoire of effective sexual behaviors. An extinction and successive approximation procedure was used to transfer ortasmic responsiveness from solitary masturbation to heterosexual coitus. Since other data have indicated that nonsexual marriage problems contribute to the maintenance of secondary orgasmic dysfunction, a direct, confrontive intervention into the marital relationship was made concurrent with the sexual retraining program. Outcome data are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the reatment procedures.", "PMID": 1130986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11429", "title": "The sex offenses of blacks and whites.", "content": "Little is currently known about differences in the sex offenses of blacks and whites ii the 1nited states. Many major studies of sexual behavior and of sex offenders have purposely excluded data on blacks. This paper presents comparative data on 47 black and 47 white sex offenders in terms of the nature of the offense and victim characteristics. It was found that black offenders weremore likely than white offenders to engage invaginal intercourse with their victims, showed a trend to use force in their offenses, and were more likely to select adult female victims. These differences, however, appear to be due primarily to class rather than racial differences. Limitations of these dataare discussed.", "contents": "The sex offenses of blacks and whites. Little is currently known about differences in the sex offenses of blacks and whites ii the 1nited states. Many major studies of sexual behavior and of sex offenders have purposely excluded data on blacks. This paper presents comparative data on 47 black and 47 white sex offenders in terms of the nature of the offense and victim characteristics. It was found that black offenders weremore likely than white offenders to engage invaginal intercourse with their victims, showed a trend to use force in their offenses, and were more likely to select adult female victims. These differences, however, appear to be due primarily to class rather than racial differences. Limitations of these dataare discussed.", "PMID": 1130987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11430", "title": "The fetish object:  phylogenetic considerations.", "content": "Direct observations of behavior evoked by a fetish object (wet shoe) in one patient are reported. The intrinsic qualities of an object endowing it with fetish power are reported. The intrinsic qualities of an object endowing it with fetish power are examined. Such qualities may be related to human perceptual preferences, a product of phylogeny, stemming from such factors as the primate interest in body parts and extracorporeal objects. The capicity to relate to an inanimate object including the assimilation of the object by variedmotor acts reflects the crucial role of objects (tools) in hominid evolution. Also phylogenetically based is the human capacity to assign mutiple meanings to an object.", "contents": "The fetish object:  phylogenetic considerations. Direct observations of behavior evoked by a fetish object (wet shoe) in one patient are reported. The intrinsic qualities of an object endowing it with fetish power are reported. The intrinsic qualities of an object endowing it with fetish power are examined. Such qualities may be related to human perceptual preferences, a product of phylogeny, stemming from such factors as the primate interest in body parts and extracorporeal objects. The capicity to relate to an inanimate object including the assimilation of the object by variedmotor acts reflects the crucial role of objects (tools) in hominid evolution. Also phylogenetically based is the human capacity to assign mutiple meanings to an object.", "PMID": 1130988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11431", "title": "Drug-induced colitis mimicking an acute surgical condition of the abdomen.", "content": "Pseudomembranous colitis secondary to antibiotic therapy has received increasing recognition. During a one-year period, eight of 42 patients with this entity had findings closely resembling an acute surgical condition of the abdomen manifested by fever, leukocytosis, and severe abdominal pain and tenderness. All eight patients received clindamycin and two were also given lincomycin hydrochloride monohydrate. Differentiation from an acute surgical condition of the abdomen was difficult until the characteristic findings of pseudomembranous colitis were noted on proctoscopic examination. Unnecessary celiotomy was averted in all patients. Seven of eight patients responded to discontinuation of the antibiotic and supportive measures; one required a diverting ileostomy. Drug-induced colitis must be an important consideration in any patient recently receiving antibiotics who develops fever, abdominal pain, and diarrhea.", "contents": "Drug-induced colitis mimicking an acute surgical condition of the abdomen. Pseudomembranous colitis secondary to antibiotic therapy has received increasing recognition. During a one-year period, eight of 42 patients with this entity had findings closely resembling an acute surgical condition of the abdomen manifested by fever, leukocytosis, and severe abdominal pain and tenderness. All eight patients received clindamycin and two were also given lincomycin hydrochloride monohydrate. Differentiation from an acute surgical condition of the abdomen was difficult until the characteristic findings of pseudomembranous colitis were noted on proctoscopic examination. Unnecessary celiotomy was averted in all patients. Seven of eight patients responded to discontinuation of the antibiotic and supportive measures; one required a diverting ileostomy. Drug-induced colitis must be an important consideration in any patient recently receiving antibiotics who develops fever, abdominal pain, and diarrhea.", "PMID": 1130991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11432", "title": "Secondary arterial repair. The management of late failures in reconstructive arterial surgery.", "content": "The incidence and success of secondary operations after reconstructive arterial surgery were studied in a series of 4,247 cases of aneurysmal and occlusive arterial disease. Postoperative complications requiring secondary operations occurred, in order of frequency, as the result of defective healing (including infection), deterioration of the arterial implant, and degenerative arterial changes in the site of surgical intervention. A large variety of surgical techniques were used for correction, such as total replacement, segmental resection and replacement, remote bypass, thrombectomy, and partial excision and reanastomosis. Wth the exception of complications due to infection, the results of repair were good in 60% to 90% of the various categories; only 40% of the infected grafts could be managed without the loss of life or limb. The results appear to justify the trend noted in recent years to a more aggressive use of secondary, salvage operations.", "contents": "Secondary arterial repair. The management of late failures in reconstructive arterial surgery. The incidence and success of secondary operations after reconstructive arterial surgery were studied in a series of 4,247 cases of aneurysmal and occlusive arterial disease. Postoperative complications requiring secondary operations occurred, in order of frequency, as the result of defective healing (including infection), deterioration of the arterial implant, and degenerative arterial changes in the site of surgical intervention. A large variety of surgical techniques were used for correction, such as total replacement, segmental resection and replacement, remote bypass, thrombectomy, and partial excision and reanastomosis. Wth the exception of complications due to infection, the results of repair were good in 60% to 90% of the various categories; only 40% of the infected grafts could be managed without the loss of life or limb. The results appear to justify the trend noted in recent years to a more aggressive use of secondary, salvage operations.", "PMID": 1130992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11433", "title": "Vascular injuries associated with fractures of the femur.", "content": "Over a five-year period, 21 patients were seen with vascular injuries associated with fractures of the femur. In 19, vascular repair was performed at the time of the acute injury. The average interval from injury to repair was 15 hours. Arterial injuries included transection, intimal flap, laceration, avulsion, and false aneurysm. End-to-end repair was done in 11 cases, and autogenous vein grafting in nine. One artery was ligated for false aneurysm. In the 19 acute cases, internal fixation was used in eight; this method of immobilization resulted in two major amputations and three cases of anterior tibial compartment necrosis. Of 11 patients who had external immobilization, two eventually required amputation because of massive soft tissue injury. Internal bone fixation is not necessary for successful vascular repair and seemed to cause greater limb and tissue loss, probably due to prolonged ischemia time. If internal bone fixation is used, the artery should be repaired before the bone.", "contents": "Vascular injuries associated with fractures of the femur. Over a five-year period, 21 patients were seen with vascular injuries associated with fractures of the femur. In 19, vascular repair was performed at the time of the acute injury. The average interval from injury to repair was 15 hours. Arterial injuries included transection, intimal flap, laceration, avulsion, and false aneurysm. End-to-end repair was done in 11 cases, and autogenous vein grafting in nine. One artery was ligated for false aneurysm. In the 19 acute cases, internal fixation was used in eight; this method of immobilization resulted in two major amputations and three cases of anterior tibial compartment necrosis. Of 11 patients who had external immobilization, two eventually required amputation because of massive soft tissue injury. Internal bone fixation is not necessary for successful vascular repair and seemed to cause greater limb and tissue loss, probably due to prolonged ischemia time. If internal bone fixation is used, the artery should be repaired before the bone.", "PMID": 1130993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11434", "title": "Pseudocysts of the pancreas. Review of 71 cases.", "content": "During the period of 1962 to 1972, 71 patients underwent surgical treatment of pancreatic pseudocysts. Internal drainage was performed in 73% of these patients in comparison to only 20% in a series during the previous decade. From an analysis of results, it would appear that the treatment of choice is internal drainage via either cystogastrostomy or cystojejunostomy. Postoperative bleeding and sepsis were of negligible consequence. An unexpected finding was that the long-term results of these patients seemed to be better than those of patients with pancreatitis in whom pseudocysts did not develop.", "contents": "Pseudocysts of the pancreas. Review of 71 cases. During the period of 1962 to 1972, 71 patients underwent surgical treatment of pancreatic pseudocysts. Internal drainage was performed in 73% of these patients in comparison to only 20% in a series during the previous decade. From an analysis of results, it would appear that the treatment of choice is internal drainage via either cystogastrostomy or cystojejunostomy. Postoperative bleeding and sepsis were of negligible consequence. An unexpected finding was that the long-term results of these patients seemed to be better than those of patients with pancreatitis in whom pseudocysts did not develop.", "PMID": 1130994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11435", "title": "Acute renal failure complicating ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm.", "content": "Ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm complicated by renal failure is associated with a mortality greater than 90%. Aggressive management, which included the early use of hemodialysis, was employed. Between 1970 and 1973, a total of 43 patients had surgery for proved ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm. Fourteen patients developed acute and fixed renal failure. Nine of these 14 patients had undergone hemodialysis with treatments beginning as early as the second postoperative day and lasting as long as ten weeks. There were six survivors, with a hospital mortality of 33%. This represents an improvement in survival compared with our earlier experience where the mortality in this type of patient was 93%. Early use of hemodialysis in the postoperative management of patients with acute renal failure complicating ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm is recommended.", "contents": "Acute renal failure complicating ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm. Ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm complicated by renal failure is associated with a mortality greater than 90%. Aggressive management, which included the early use of hemodialysis, was employed. Between 1970 and 1973, a total of 43 patients had surgery for proved ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm. Fourteen patients developed acute and fixed renal failure. Nine of these 14 patients had undergone hemodialysis with treatments beginning as early as the second postoperative day and lasting as long as ten weeks. There were six survivors, with a hospital mortality of 33%. This represents an improvement in survival compared with our earlier experience where the mortality in this type of patient was 93%. Early use of hemodialysis in the postoperative management of patients with acute renal failure complicating ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm is recommended.", "PMID": 1130995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11436", "title": "Acute perforated duodenal ulcer. An evaluation of surgical management.", "content": "The surgical management of acute perforated duodenal ulcer has been evaluated in 360 patients. Simple closure was done in 254 patients, with a mortality of 6.7%, a morbidity of 21%, and an average hospital stay of 11.9 days. In 106 patients (29%) who underwent definitive operation for treatment of duodenal ulcer disease at time of perforation, the mortality was 2.8%, the morbidity was 15%, and the average hospital stay was nine days. Follow-up studies of simple closure in patients with no previous ulcer symptoms showed that 72% of the patients remained asymptomatic; in patients with previous ulcer symptoms, only 23% were asymptomatic. Definitive operation for acute perforation is indicated in good-risk patients who have a history of ulcers. Parietal cell vagotomy and simple closure was used in four patients with excellent early results.", "contents": "Acute perforated duodenal ulcer. An evaluation of surgical management. The surgical management of acute perforated duodenal ulcer has been evaluated in 360 patients. Simple closure was done in 254 patients, with a mortality of 6.7%, a morbidity of 21%, and an average hospital stay of 11.9 days. In 106 patients (29%) who underwent definitive operation for treatment of duodenal ulcer disease at time of perforation, the mortality was 2.8%, the morbidity was 15%, and the average hospital stay was nine days. Follow-up studies of simple closure in patients with no previous ulcer symptoms showed that 72% of the patients remained asymptomatic; in patients with previous ulcer symptoms, only 23% were asymptomatic. Definitive operation for acute perforation is indicated in good-risk patients who have a history of ulcers. Parietal cell vagotomy and simple closure was used in four patients with excellent early results.", "PMID": 1130996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11437", "title": "Management of the recurrent ulcer.", "content": "One hundred seventeen patients with recurrent ulcer were treated at the University of Michigan Medical Center. The most satisfactory results were obtained when vagotomy was employed in the surgical therapy. Seventy-one of 91 patients treated by operation had a satisfactory result. In nine patients a second operation was required, and three patients underwent a third operative procedure. Twenty-one additional patients were satisfactorily treated medically so that, overall, 92 of 117 patients (79%) had a good result. Twelve patients had residual symptoms and 13 were lost to follow-up. There were no deaths attributable to recurrent ulcer in the entire series.", "contents": "Management of the recurrent ulcer. One hundred seventeen patients with recurrent ulcer were treated at the University of Michigan Medical Center. The most satisfactory results were obtained when vagotomy was employed in the surgical therapy. Seventy-one of 91 patients treated by operation had a satisfactory result. In nine patients a second operation was required, and three patients underwent a third operative procedure. Twenty-one additional patients were satisfactorily treated medically so that, overall, 92 of 117 patients (79%) had a good result. Twelve patients had residual symptoms and 13 were lost to follow-up. There were no deaths attributable to recurrent ulcer in the entire series.", "PMID": 1130997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11438", "title": "Lobular carcinoma of the breast in situ. Are we too radical in its treatment?", "content": "Twenty-four patients (average age, 46 years) with 29 instances of lobular carcinoma in situ of the breast have been treated from 1952 to 1971 at the Henry Ford Hospital (incidence, 1%). Six patients had bilateral lesions, one synchronous and 5 metachronous. The initial complaint in 23 of 24 patients was a mass in the breast. Diagnosis was based on permanent histologic section as mammorgraphy and frozen section analysis were inconclusive. Treatment consisted of radical mastectomy in six, modified radical mastectomy in five, and simple mastectomy in 20. All lymph nodes recovered showed no metastatic disease. All patients are alive and well with no evidence of disease. Based on our experience, we recommend a simple mastectomy for treatment of lobular carcinoma in situ with contraleteral bipsy examination in those instances when clinical or roentgenographic evidence suggests a pathologic process.", "contents": "Lobular carcinoma of the breast in situ. Are we too radical in its treatment? Twenty-four patients (average age, 46 years) with 29 instances of lobular carcinoma in situ of the breast have been treated from 1952 to 1971 at the Henry Ford Hospital (incidence, 1%). Six patients had bilateral lesions, one synchronous and 5 metachronous. The initial complaint in 23 of 24 patients was a mass in the breast. Diagnosis was based on permanent histologic section as mammorgraphy and frozen section analysis were inconclusive. Treatment consisted of radical mastectomy in six, modified radical mastectomy in five, and simple mastectomy in 20. All lymph nodes recovered showed no metastatic disease. All patients are alive and well with no evidence of disease. Based on our experience, we recommend a simple mastectomy for treatment of lobular carcinoma in situ with contraleteral bipsy examination in those instances when clinical or roentgenographic evidence suggests a pathologic process.", "PMID": 1130998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11439", "title": "Acute acalculous cholecystitis. Complication of other illnesses in childhood.", "content": "Seventy-four cases of acalculous cholecystitis in infants and children (seven personal cases and 67 from the literature) were analyzed. In 45 cases the cholecystitis appeared as a complication of another illness. The primary illnesses in our patients were leptospirosis (four cases), diarrhea (two cases), and third-degree burns (one case). All seven children were critically ill. Abdominal pain and an abdominal mass were present in all. Fever was present in six of the seven patients, jaundice in four. Tube cholecystostomies were done in all cases. After recovery from their illness, the five surviving patients had normal bilary tracts when studied by cholangiography via the tube. Acute acalculous cholecystitis in infancey and childhood as a complication of injury or illness should be treated as an undrained abcess.", "contents": "Acute acalculous cholecystitis. Complication of other illnesses in childhood. Seventy-four cases of acalculous cholecystitis in infants and children (seven personal cases and 67 from the literature) were analyzed. In 45 cases the cholecystitis appeared as a complication of another illness. The primary illnesses in our patients were leptospirosis (four cases), diarrhea (two cases), and third-degree burns (one case). All seven children were critically ill. Abdominal pain and an abdominal mass were present in all. Fever was present in six of the seven patients, jaundice in four. Tube cholecystostomies were done in all cases. After recovery from their illness, the five surviving patients had normal bilary tracts when studied by cholangiography via the tube. Acute acalculous cholecystitis in infancey and childhood as a complication of injury or illness should be treated as an undrained abcess.", "PMID": 1130999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11440", "title": "Hepatic cell adenomas, spontaneous liver rupture, and oral contraceptives.", "content": "During the past decade, an increasing number of hepatic cell adenomas have been reported. Sppntaneous rupture, a life-threatening complication of this rare tumor, has been noted more frequently. Eight patients with hepatic cell adenomas have been treated at our center. Three patients first developed symptoms from hemoperitoneum. Palpable tumors were discovered in three asymptomatic patients during routine examinations. Two patients had upper abdominal pain from intrahepatic hemorrhage. All patients were young women using oral contraceptive agents. Emergent hepatic lobectomy was performed in the three patients with rupture. The other five patients underwent selective angiographic studies, prior to elective liver resections. All survived operation and have done well since. The increased incidence of hepatic cell adenomas may be related to the use of oral contraceptive agents.", "contents": "Hepatic cell adenomas, spontaneous liver rupture, and oral contraceptives. During the past decade, an increasing number of hepatic cell adenomas have been reported. Sppntaneous rupture, a life-threatening complication of this rare tumor, has been noted more frequently. Eight patients with hepatic cell adenomas have been treated at our center. Three patients first developed symptoms from hemoperitoneum. Palpable tumors were discovered in three asymptomatic patients during routine examinations. Two patients had upper abdominal pain from intrahepatic hemorrhage. All patients were young women using oral contraceptive agents. Emergent hepatic lobectomy was performed in the three patients with rupture. The other five patients underwent selective angiographic studies, prior to elective liver resections. All survived operation and have done well since. The increased incidence of hepatic cell adenomas may be related to the use of oral contraceptive agents.", "PMID": 1131000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11441", "title": "Arterial fibrodysplasia. Histopathologic character and current etiologic concepts.", "content": "Arterial fibrodysplasia affected 196 patients (172 females, 24 males) harboring a total of 316 diseased vessels. Renal artery lesions were documented in 152 adult and 25 pediatric patients. Superior mesenteric, celiac, common hepatic, and external iliac arteries were occasionally involved. Intimal fibroplasia and medial hyperplasia are uncommon types of arterial dysplasia. Medical fibroplasia represents a continum of disease, including pathologic processes heretofore categorized as subadventital or perimedial fibroplasia. A previously unrecognized form of perimedial dysplasia, characterized by dense accumulations of elastic tissue about the periphery of the media, is reported as a distinct pathologic entity. Hormonal influences, traction-stretch stresses, and peculiarities in distribution of vasa vasorum in vessels affected by dysplastic processes may be prerequisite to the evolution of arterial fibrodysplasia.", "contents": "Arterial fibrodysplasia. Histopathologic character and current etiologic concepts. Arterial fibrodysplasia affected 196 patients (172 females, 24 males) harboring a total of 316 diseased vessels. Renal artery lesions were documented in 152 adult and 25 pediatric patients. Superior mesenteric, celiac, common hepatic, and external iliac arteries were occasionally involved. Intimal fibroplasia and medial hyperplasia are uncommon types of arterial dysplasia. Medical fibroplasia represents a continum of disease, including pathologic processes heretofore categorized as subadventital or perimedial fibroplasia. A previously unrecognized form of perimedial dysplasia, characterized by dense accumulations of elastic tissue about the periphery of the media, is reported as a distinct pathologic entity. Hormonal influences, traction-stretch stresses, and peculiarities in distribution of vasa vasorum in vessels affected by dysplastic processes may be prerequisite to the evolution of arterial fibrodysplasia.", "PMID": 1131001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11442", "title": "A series of 20 successful Warren shunts.", "content": "Recent reports suggest that the distal splenorenal shunt does fulfill its physiological promises. The portal and the gastroesophagealsplenic areas are divided into separate \"venous watersheds.\" As a result, varices are decompressed but portal hypertension is preserved. It should, therefore, have its greatest advantage for patients with the most severe impairment of hepatic reserve. In this evaluation, the procedure was considered the operation of choice for all shunt candidates who had a patent splenic vein. A series of 20 patients, 12 with La\u00ebnnec cirrhosis, seven with postnecrotic cirrhosis, and one with Wilson disease, survived shunting and were discharged from the hospital. One patient died of hepatic coma eight weeks after operation. If lengthy follow-up studies confirm its capacity to prevent hemorrhage, the distal splenorenal shunt may be the safest elective shunt operation for patients with cirrhosis.", "contents": "A series of 20 successful Warren shunts. Recent reports suggest that the distal splenorenal shunt does fulfill its physiological promises. The portal and the gastroesophagealsplenic areas are divided into separate \"venous watersheds.\" As a result, varices are decompressed but portal hypertension is preserved. It should, therefore, have its greatest advantage for patients with the most severe impairment of hepatic reserve. In this evaluation, the procedure was considered the operation of choice for all shunt candidates who had a patent splenic vein. A series of 20 patients, 12 with La\u00ebnnec cirrhosis, seven with postnecrotic cirrhosis, and one with Wilson disease, survived shunting and were discharged from the hospital. One patient died of hepatic coma eight weeks after operation. If lengthy follow-up studies confirm its capacity to prevent hemorrhage, the distal splenorenal shunt may be the safest elective shunt operation for patients with cirrhosis.", "PMID": 1131002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11443", "title": "Acute gastric disease after cutaneous thermal injury.", "content": "Diffuse erosive \"gastritis\" was discovered as early as five hours postinjury in 45 of 54 burn patients (83.5%) evaluated by gastroduodenoscopy. Acute ulcers were identified in 14 patients (26%); concomitant duodenal disease was present in 34 patients (76%). Microvascular fibrin thrombi were not demonstrated even though five patients had disseminated intravascular coagulation. Seven patients were examined before nasogastric intubation; four, with a mean burn size of 59.6% total body surface, had diffuse \"gastritis.\" Low total serum protein levels were measured in 81% of tested patients, but were not predictive of mucosal disease. Hemorrhage followed the clinical deterioration of six patients (11.1%); one ulcer perforated. Whereas coagulation abnormalities, nasogastric intubation, and hypoproteinemia may augment mucosal injury, the morphologic and histologic examinations of the lesions suggested a primary ischemic cause resulting from the opening of submucosal shunts or local vasoconstriction.", "contents": "Acute gastric disease after cutaneous thermal injury. Diffuse erosive \"gastritis\" was discovered as early as five hours postinjury in 45 of 54 burn patients (83.5%) evaluated by gastroduodenoscopy. Acute ulcers were identified in 14 patients (26%); concomitant duodenal disease was present in 34 patients (76%). Microvascular fibrin thrombi were not demonstrated even though five patients had disseminated intravascular coagulation. Seven patients were examined before nasogastric intubation; four, with a mean burn size of 59.6% total body surface, had diffuse \"gastritis.\" Low total serum protein levels were measured in 81% of tested patients, but were not predictive of mucosal disease. Hemorrhage followed the clinical deterioration of six patients (11.1%); one ulcer perforated. Whereas coagulation abnormalities, nasogastric intubation, and hypoproteinemia may augment mucosal injury, the morphologic and histologic examinations of the lesions suggested a primary ischemic cause resulting from the opening of submucosal shunts or local vasoconstriction.", "PMID": 1131003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11444", "title": "Radioisotope detection of venous thrombosis. Venous scan vs fibrinogen uptake test.", "content": "Experience with the fibrinogen uptake test and the technetium Tc 99m albumin aggregated venous scan in 89 patients showed the latter to be adequate for simultaneous screening for plumonary embolism and venous thrombosis of the lower extremities and pelvis. Because the fibrinogen uptake test differentiated active from inactive venous thrombosis, it is indicated when anticoagulation is considered for patients with a history of thrombophlebitis and equivocal clinical findings of acute activity. It can also be used to monitor high-risk patients and to detect proximal propagation of thrombi. The results of the technetium venous scan were abnormal in 97% of patients with venous thrombosis and the fibrinogen uptake test detected 100% of patients with acute activity. Both tests react to different aspects of the thrombotic disease, thus complementing each other. Because of their reliability, indications for phlebography are now less frequent.", "contents": "Radioisotope detection of venous thrombosis. Venous scan vs fibrinogen uptake test. Experience with the fibrinogen uptake test and the technetium Tc 99m albumin aggregated venous scan in 89 patients showed the latter to be adequate for simultaneous screening for plumonary embolism and venous thrombosis of the lower extremities and pelvis. Because the fibrinogen uptake test differentiated active from inactive venous thrombosis, it is indicated when anticoagulation is considered for patients with a history of thrombophlebitis and equivocal clinical findings of acute activity. It can also be used to monitor high-risk patients and to detect proximal propagation of thrombi. The results of the technetium venous scan were abnormal in 97% of patients with venous thrombosis and the fibrinogen uptake test detected 100% of patients with acute activity. Both tests react to different aspects of the thrombotic disease, thus complementing each other. Because of their reliability, indications for phlebography are now less frequent.", "PMID": 1131004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11445", "title": "Management of parathyroid glands in surgery for medullary thyroid carcinoma.", "content": "Of  13 patients treated surgically for familial medullary thyroid carcinoma in whom parathyroid tissue was availabe, the majority showed parathyroid abnormalities (hyperplasia in sis, tumors in five). Two patients had had renal calculi. No correlation was evident between the presence of the parathyroid tumors and peripheral blood levels of parathyroid hormone. Hyperparathyroidism is usually mild, but occasionally it results in complications of hypercalcemia. Hyperparathyroidism has not appeared to date following removal of medullary thyroid carcinoma associated with normal-sized but microscopically hyperplastic parathyroids. Evidence of parathyroid abnormalities has not been recognized in eight patients with sporadic medullary carcinoma, making genetic factors dominant in explaining the association of parathyroid hyperplasia and this carcinoma. At operation, parathyroid glands should be evaluated and those that are grossly enlarged removed while preserving parathyroid function.", "contents": "Management of parathyroid glands in surgery for medullary thyroid carcinoma. Of  13 patients treated surgically for familial medullary thyroid carcinoma in whom parathyroid tissue was availabe, the majority showed parathyroid abnormalities (hyperplasia in sis, tumors in five). Two patients had had renal calculi. No correlation was evident between the presence of the parathyroid tumors and peripheral blood levels of parathyroid hormone. Hyperparathyroidism is usually mild, but occasionally it results in complications of hypercalcemia. Hyperparathyroidism has not appeared to date following removal of medullary thyroid carcinoma associated with normal-sized but microscopically hyperplastic parathyroids. Evidence of parathyroid abnormalities has not been recognized in eight patients with sporadic medullary carcinoma, making genetic factors dominant in explaining the association of parathyroid hyperplasia and this carcinoma. At operation, parathyroid glands should be evaluated and those that are grossly enlarged removed while preserving parathyroid function.", "PMID": 1131005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11446", "title": "Success rate of cervical exploration for hyperparathyroidism.", "content": "In a three-year experience with 361 patients who underwent exploratory surgery for hyperparathyroidism, the success rate for primary cervical operations was 95% and that for secondary operations (cervical and mediastinal) was 62%; for all operations, it was 94%. The three most important factors in determining successful cervical exploration of the parathyroid glands are correct preoperative diagnosis, meticulous surgical technique, and accurate determination of abnormal locations of pathologic conditions. Ancillary studies or techniques for preoperative localization of parathyroid tissue were utilized in only a few patients who had unusually complicated problems. The results of this study suggest that, because of cost, time involvement, and potential risk, selective venous sampling with radioimmunoassay of parathyroid hormone or arteriography or both should be reserved for complicated problems and for patients being considered for a second or third exploratory operation.", "contents": "Success rate of cervical exploration for hyperparathyroidism. In a three-year experience with 361 patients who underwent exploratory surgery for hyperparathyroidism, the success rate for primary cervical operations was 95% and that for secondary operations (cervical and mediastinal) was 62%; for all operations, it was 94%. The three most important factors in determining successful cervical exploration of the parathyroid glands are correct preoperative diagnosis, meticulous surgical technique, and accurate determination of abnormal locations of pathologic conditions. Ancillary studies or techniques for preoperative localization of parathyroid tissue were utilized in only a few patients who had unusually complicated problems. The results of this study suggest that, because of cost, time involvement, and potential risk, selective venous sampling with radioimmunoassay of parathyroid hormone or arteriography or both should be reserved for complicated problems and for patients being considered for a second or third exploratory operation.", "PMID": 1131006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11447", "title": "Esophageal stricture secondary to reflux esophagitis.", "content": "Since 1966 we have used esophageal dilation plus Nissen fundoplication as our sole method of treating esophageal strictures caused by reflux esophagitis. Twenty-six patients were treated for esophageal strictures. Dysphagia, vomiting, and weight loss were the main complaints. All had roentgenographic evidence of esophageal stricture confirmed by endoscopy. All patients had preoperative or intraoperative dilation of the stenotic segment with a Hurst dilator, followed by Nissen fundoplication as the antireflux operation of choice. This more conservative approach, which corrects both the reflux and stricture problem, has not been associated with mortality nor has there been any morbidity associated with the dilation procedure. All patients thus treated have remained asymptomatic on normal alimentation for the follow-up period, which ranges from six months to seven years.", "contents": "Esophageal stricture secondary to reflux esophagitis. Since 1966 we have used esophageal dilation plus Nissen fundoplication as our sole method of treating esophageal strictures caused by reflux esophagitis. Twenty-six patients were treated for esophageal strictures. Dysphagia, vomiting, and weight loss were the main complaints. All had roentgenographic evidence of esophageal stricture confirmed by endoscopy. All patients had preoperative or intraoperative dilation of the stenotic segment with a Hurst dilator, followed by Nissen fundoplication as the antireflux operation of choice. This more conservative approach, which corrects both the reflux and stricture problem, has not been associated with mortality nor has there been any morbidity associated with the dilation procedure. All patients thus treated have remained asymptomatic on normal alimentation for the follow-up period, which ranges from six months to seven years.", "PMID": 1131007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11448", "title": "Posterior resection of selected rectal tumors.", "content": "Villous adenoma is an unusual tumor  of the colon, occuring largely in the rectum, that can usually be cured by adequate local excision. Over a five-year period, seven patients with villous adenoma of the retroperitoneal rectum and one poor-risk patient with adenocarcinoma were treated by posterior local excision of the tumor. All of them had large tumors with a wide base of attachment. Their average age was 67 years and they have been observed for an average of 36 months. There were no deaths and no substantial complications except a fecal fistula in one patient that required a temporary colostomy. One patient had a local recurrence of the benign villous adenoma after 47 months. The technique of posterior resection is simple and well tolerated. Posterior resection should not be used for adenocarcinoma of the rectum of a more radical procedure is possible.", "contents": "Posterior resection of selected rectal tumors. Villous adenoma is an unusual tumor  of the colon, occuring largely in the rectum, that can usually be cured by adequate local excision. Over a five-year period, seven patients with villous adenoma of the retroperitoneal rectum and one poor-risk patient with adenocarcinoma were treated by posterior local excision of the tumor. All of them had large tumors with a wide base of attachment. Their average age was 67 years and they have been observed for an average of 36 months. There were no deaths and no substantial complications except a fecal fistula in one patient that required a temporary colostomy. One patient had a local recurrence of the benign villous adenoma after 47 months. The technique of posterior resection is simple and well tolerated. Posterior resection should not be used for adenocarcinoma of the rectum of a more radical procedure is possible.", "PMID": 1131008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11449", "title": "Metabolic intestinal surgery. Its complications and management.", "content": "From November 1970 to August 1974 small intestinal bypass was performed in 475 patients for morbid obesity with an operative mortality of 1.6%. Immediate postoperative complications were superficial wound infection (17 patients), pulmonary complications (seven patients), cardiac complications (five patients), wound dehiscence (nine patients), intestinal tract fistula (four patients), and miscellaneous complications (14 patients). Delayed complications included hypokalemia (28%), hypocalcemia (9%), anemia (11%), calcium oxalate urinary calculi (6%), gout (2%), and hepatic failure (1.4%). Fourteen patients died of late complications. Ventral incisional hernia occurred in 3% of the patients; failure to lose sufficient weight in 21%, all but one occurring in patients with end-to-side shunts. Thirteen end-to-side shunts have been converted to end-to-end shunts because of insufficient weight loss. A team concept is important in the handling of the morbidly obese. Small bowel bypass is effective in producing sustained weight reduction in these patients. Careful and continued study of these patients for the rest of their lives is of paramount importance.", "contents": "Metabolic intestinal surgery. Its complications and management. From November 1970 to August 1974 small intestinal bypass was performed in 475 patients for morbid obesity with an operative mortality of 1.6%. Immediate postoperative complications were superficial wound infection (17 patients), pulmonary complications (seven patients), cardiac complications (five patients), wound dehiscence (nine patients), intestinal tract fistula (four patients), and miscellaneous complications (14 patients). Delayed complications included hypokalemia (28%), hypocalcemia (9%), anemia (11%), calcium oxalate urinary calculi (6%), gout (2%), and hepatic failure (1.4%). Fourteen patients died of late complications. Ventral incisional hernia occurred in 3% of the patients; failure to lose sufficient weight in 21%, all but one occurring in patients with end-to-side shunts. Thirteen end-to-side shunts have been converted to end-to-end shunts because of insufficient weight loss. A team concept is important in the handling of the morbidly obese. Small bowel bypass is effective in producing sustained weight reduction in these patients. Careful and continued study of these patients for the rest of their lives is of paramount importance.", "PMID": 1131009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11450", "title": "[Structure of the neurons of the spiral and vestibular ganglia and changes in them under conditions of adequate stimulation].", "content": "The ganglionic cells of the eighth nerve ganglia were studied. The cells of the vestibular and spiral ganglion were similar in structure. Changes in the ultrastructure involving the mitochondrial apparatus, and squamous endoplasmic reticulum and the nucleus took place in the ganglionic cells under effects of stimulation (sound, angular accelerations, vibration). These shifts appear to be morphological manifestations of the ganglionic cell metabolism under the influence of a specific stimulus.", "contents": "[Structure of the neurons of the spiral and vestibular ganglia and changes in them under conditions of adequate stimulation]. The ganglionic cells of the eighth nerve ganglia were studied. The cells of the vestibular and spiral ganglion were similar in structure. Changes in the ultrastructure involving the mitochondrial apparatus, and squamous endoplasmic reticulum and the nucleus took place in the ganglionic cells under effects of stimulation (sound, angular accelerations, vibration). These shifts appear to be morphological manifestations of the ganglionic cell metabolism under the influence of a specific stimulus.", "PMID": 1131028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11451", "title": "[The state of the neural elements of the intestine in the aging organism].", "content": "The small intestine of the ageing human (15 cases from 70 to 88 years of age) and dogs (20 cases from 15 to 20 years of age) was treated by histological and neuro-histological methods. Vacuolic dystrophy of neurons and hyperplasia, thickening of their processes were found. Different formations up to 15 in number and from 20 to 60 mkm in size were revealed in the dog small intestine wall along the course of the nerve fibre. They were of pear-like, oval or round shape. Inside these formations sometimes there occur disfibration of neurofibrilles resulting in formation of structures which resemble incapsulated sensory apparatus. In the human small intestine the bodies and processes of neurons suffer most of all, while in the dog the nerve conductors do.", "contents": "[The state of the neural elements of the intestine in the aging organism]. The small intestine of the ageing human (15 cases from 70 to 88 years of age) and dogs (20 cases from 15 to 20 years of age) was treated by histological and neuro-histological methods. Vacuolic dystrophy of neurons and hyperplasia, thickening of their processes were found. Different formations up to 15 in number and from 20 to 60 mkm in size were revealed in the dog small intestine wall along the course of the nerve fibre. They were of pear-like, oval or round shape. Inside these formations sometimes there occur disfibration of neurofibrilles resulting in formation of structures which resemble incapsulated sensory apparatus. In the human small intestine the bodies and processes of neurons suffer most of all, while in the dog the nerve conductors do.", "PMID": 1131029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11452", "title": "[The role of the buds and myoblasts in reparative regeneration of muscle fibers of the skeletal type].", "content": "The reparative regeneration of the tibial muscle of the frog was studied. Both light proper-muscular nuclei and dark subsarcolemmal ones (from the author's point of view--the nuclei of cells-satellites) take part in it. The former are not labelled with H-3-thymidine do not divide mitotically, do not incorporate H-3-uridine and multiply by fragmentation. During the latter they lyse. From them the end buds are formed which develop into \"primary\" myosymplasts. The second type nuclei, when secreting RNA and DNA, form myoblasts which divide mitotically. The primary myosymplasts serve as a framework along which the myoblasts move and participate in the myofibrilles formation. New muscle fibres develop through a confluence of myoblasts with one another, first forming sharply basophilic \"secondary\" myosymplasts on the surface of slightly basophilic \"primary\" ones. They become thicker through multiple deposition of joining myoblasts on the surface. The last of them remain isolated, apparently, in the role of new satellites.", "contents": "[The role of the buds and myoblasts in reparative regeneration of muscle fibers of the skeletal type]. The reparative regeneration of the tibial muscle of the frog was studied. Both light proper-muscular nuclei and dark subsarcolemmal ones (from the author's point of view--the nuclei of cells-satellites) take part in it. The former are not labelled with H-3-thymidine do not divide mitotically, do not incorporate H-3-uridine and multiply by fragmentation. During the latter they lyse. From them the end buds are formed which develop into \"primary\" myosymplasts. The second type nuclei, when secreting RNA and DNA, form myoblasts which divide mitotically. The primary myosymplasts serve as a framework along which the myoblasts move and participate in the myofibrilles formation. New muscle fibres develop through a confluence of myoblasts with one another, first forming sharply basophilic \"secondary\" myosymplasts on the surface of slightly basophilic \"primary\" ones. They become thicker through multiple deposition of joining myoblasts on the surface. The last of them remain isolated, apparently, in the role of new satellites.", "PMID": 1131031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11453", "title": "[The histological structure of the adrenals in three species of desert rodents].", "content": "Distinctions of the histological structure of the adrenal gland are especially pronounced in the order of rodents where even the generally accepted scheme of the zonal nature of the adrenal cortex proves to be insufficient for description. Under study was the histological structure of the adrenal of the gopher Spermophilopsis leptodactylus L., jerboa Dipus sagitta Pall.  and gerbil Rhombomys opimus. The material of the study consisted of the adrenals of animals at different age and sex from the Kyzyl-Kum desert. The conditions of field collecting did not allow histochemical treatment of the material and only general histological analysis was undertaken. Characteristic features of the gopher adrenals are: a peculiar compression zone, absence of a pronounced juxtamedullary zone while a connective tissue layer being present between the cortex and medulla, availability in the medulla of one type of cells producing adrenaline. The adrenal of the jerboa is characterized by absence of a compression and a juxta-medullary zone, as well as of a connective tissue layer between the cortex and medulla, availability of two different types of cells in the medulla which produce different catecholamines. The adrenal of the gerbil is characterized  by a less, as compared with other rodents, lipid in the cortex, absence of a pronounced reticular zone and presence of two types of cells in the medulla.", "contents": "[The histological structure of the adrenals in three species of desert rodents]. Distinctions of the histological structure of the adrenal gland are especially pronounced in the order of rodents where even the generally accepted scheme of the zonal nature of the adrenal cortex proves to be insufficient for description. Under study was the histological structure of the adrenal of the gopher Spermophilopsis leptodactylus L., jerboa Dipus sagitta Pall.  and gerbil Rhombomys opimus. The material of the study consisted of the adrenals of animals at different age and sex from the Kyzyl-Kum desert. The conditions of field collecting did not allow histochemical treatment of the material and only general histological analysis was undertaken. Characteristic features of the gopher adrenals are: a peculiar compression zone, absence of a pronounced juxtamedullary zone while a connective tissue layer being present between the cortex and medulla, availability in the medulla of one type of cells producing adrenaline. The adrenal of the jerboa is characterized by absence of a compression and a juxta-medullary zone, as well as of a connective tissue layer between the cortex and medulla, availability of two different types of cells in the medulla which produce different catecholamines. The adrenal of the gerbil is characterized  by a less, as compared with other rodents, lipid in the cortex, absence of a pronounced reticular zone and presence of two types of cells in the medulla.", "PMID": 1131032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11454", "title": "[A morphofunctional analysis of the exocrine division of the pancreas subjected to disrupted innervation].", "content": "The functional state of the pancreas of the cat was studied light and electron microscopically 14 days after a removal of the solar plexus at different periods after feeding. It was established that disturbed innervation retained the capacity of the gland to respond to a food stimulus, but resulted in development of certain neurodystrophical changes in the organ which could be divided into two categories: 1) disorders observed permanently at both microscopic and submicroscopic levels and having degenerative character and involving an inconsiderable part of the organ. 2) Ultrastructural lesions involving more expansive zones of the organ parenchyma and developing in pancreacytes during their functioning. These processes did not result in  death of the gland cell but disturbed its normal secretory activity. Possible mechanisms of the found changes are discussed.", "contents": "[A morphofunctional analysis of the exocrine division of the pancreas subjected to disrupted innervation]. The functional state of the pancreas of the cat was studied light and electron microscopically 14 days after a removal of the solar plexus at different periods after feeding. It was established that disturbed innervation retained the capacity of the gland to respond to a food stimulus, but resulted in development of certain neurodystrophical changes in the organ which could be divided into two categories: 1) disorders observed permanently at both microscopic and submicroscopic levels and having degenerative character and involving an inconsiderable part of the organ. 2) Ultrastructural lesions involving more expansive zones of the organ parenchyma and developing in pancreacytes during their functioning. These processes did not result in  death of the gland cell but disturbed its normal secretory activity. Possible mechanisms of the found changes are discussed.", "PMID": 1131033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11455", "title": "[Characteristics of the vascular-capillary network and the relationship between capillaries and cells in the nucleus of Luys in the cat during postnatal ontogenesis].", "content": "The development of the Luy's nucleus of the cat is not accomplished by birth-time. Complex relationships between nerve cell and capillaries continue to change during postnatal ontogenesis. The function of the Luy's nucleus becomes perfect by the third month. It should be noted that maturation of nerve cells and the vascular network goes not in parallel: the enlargement of the nerve cell occurs smoothly while the increase of the vascular-capillary network density is undulatory. There are three peaks in the development of vascular-capillary network: the 20th day, one month and a half, adult cat.", "contents": "[Characteristics of the vascular-capillary network and the relationship between capillaries and cells in the nucleus of Luys in the cat during postnatal ontogenesis]. The development of the Luy's nucleus of the cat is not accomplished by birth-time. Complex relationships between nerve cell and capillaries continue to change during postnatal ontogenesis. The function of the Luy's nucleus becomes perfect by the third month. It should be noted that maturation of nerve cells and the vascular network goes not in parallel: the enlargement of the nerve cell occurs smoothly while the increase of the vascular-capillary network density is undulatory. There are three peaks in the development of vascular-capillary network: the 20th day, one month and a half, adult cat.", "PMID": 1131034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11456", "title": "[Ultrastructural changes in the capillaries of the renal glomeruli and parenchyma following acute ischemia].", "content": "The ultrastructural changes of the capillaries of the renal glomerule and the parenchyma of the kidney were studied in 20 albino rats after clamping the vascular peduncle of the left kidney for 30 minutes, 1, 2 and 3 hours without a following recovery of the blood flow. In 30 minutes pinocytosis was increased in the cytoplasm of endothelial cells of glomerule capillaries. In the cytopodia there appeared vacuoles. The brush border was swallen, its separate growings acquired a bulb-like shape. Microplasmatosis of the internal plasmolemma of the endothelium appeared after 1--2--3-hour ischemia. The basal layer of capillaries became wider, with uneven contours and partly homogenized. Cytopodia became deformed and more close. The brush border was rejected in some places. Mitochondria were swallen, crists lost their parallelism, their amount became less.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural changes in the capillaries of the renal glomeruli and parenchyma following acute ischemia]. The ultrastructural changes of the capillaries of the renal glomerule and the parenchyma of the kidney were studied in 20 albino rats after clamping the vascular peduncle of the left kidney for 30 minutes, 1, 2 and 3 hours without a following recovery of the blood flow. In 30 minutes pinocytosis was increased in the cytoplasm of endothelial cells of glomerule capillaries. In the cytopodia there appeared vacuoles. The brush border was swallen, its separate growings acquired a bulb-like shape. Microplasmatosis of the internal plasmolemma of the endothelium appeared after 1--2--3-hour ischemia. The basal layer of capillaries became wider, with uneven contours and partly homogenized. Cytopodia became deformed and more close. The brush border was rejected in some places. Mitochondria were swallen, crists lost their parallelism, their amount became less.", "PMID": 1131035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11457", "title": "[Morphofunctional characteristics of the microcirculatory bed of the cochlear portion of the otic labyrinth].", "content": "It has been shown that the microcirculatory system of the cohlear portion of the labyrinth is a complex of vessels adapted to the organ function. The analysis of the blood passages in the cochlear channel has shown that in accordance with the organ structure there occurs a spacious subdivision of the micrcirculatory bed into working units (segments) which are functionally integrated into a single microcirculatory system. Quantitative estimation of the microcirculatory system parameters has shown that 1) the blood volume which comes into the microcirculatory system is distributed between the vessels as following: 26%--arterioles: 8%--precapillaries; 29%--capillaries; 8%--postcapillaries and 29%--venules. 2) 639 capillaries fall on 1 mm-2 of the vascular strip and their diffuse surface is 1,3 mm-2.", "contents": "[Morphofunctional characteristics of the microcirculatory bed of the cochlear portion of the otic labyrinth]. It has been shown that the microcirculatory system of the cohlear portion of the labyrinth is a complex of vessels adapted to the organ function. The analysis of the blood passages in the cochlear channel has shown that in accordance with the organ structure there occurs a spacious subdivision of the micrcirculatory bed into working units (segments) which are functionally integrated into a single microcirculatory system. Quantitative estimation of the microcirculatory system parameters has shown that 1) the blood volume which comes into the microcirculatory system is distributed between the vessels as following: 26%--arterioles: 8%--precapillaries; 29%--capillaries; 8%--postcapillaries and 29%--venules. 2) 639 capillaries fall on 1 mm-2 of the vascular strip and their diffuse surface is 1,3 mm-2.", "PMID": 1131036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11458", "title": "[An roentgeno-anatomic study of intrafamilial similarities in the development of the human skeleton and soft tissues].", "content": "Correlation coefficients of the size of the hand bones and the thickness of soft tissues of the shoulder and forearm were calculated for different combinations of close relative pairs. The relation of the mother with children proved to be closer than that of the father. According to osteometrical signs of the hand the similarity in pairs father/daughter was more pronounced than in pairs father/son. A greater degree of relation in pairs father/son was characteristic of the thickness of soft tissues of the shoulder and forearm. The gonosomal inheritance of osteometrical signs and autosomal inheritance of the soft tissue development is suggested.", "contents": "[An roentgeno-anatomic study of intrafamilial similarities in the development of the human skeleton and soft tissues]. Correlation coefficients of the size of the hand bones and the thickness of soft tissues of the shoulder and forearm were calculated for different combinations of close relative pairs. The relation of the mother with children proved to be closer than that of the father. According to osteometrical signs of the hand the similarity in pairs father/daughter was more pronounced than in pairs father/son. A greater degree of relation in pairs father/son was characteristic of the thickness of soft tissues of the shoulder and forearm. The gonosomal inheritance of osteometrical signs and autosomal inheritance of the soft tissue development is suggested.", "PMID": 1131037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11459", "title": "[The arterial bed of the spinal cord in newborn infants following segmental artery ligation].", "content": "The aim of the investigation was to find out the number of ligated segmental arteries which did not cause neurological spinal complications. The segmental arteries were ligated at different distances from the aorta and in different numbers. A unilateral ligation of 1--8 segmental arteries near their branching from the aorta did not result in alterations of the arterial bed of the spinal cord. A bilateral symmetrical ligation of 4--5 segmental arteries next to aorta caused a poor filling of root vessels. Uni- and bilateral ligations of 3--4 intercostal and lumbar arteries near the aorta and at the level of intervertebral foramens resulted in both root arteries and the anterior spinal artery being not filled with an opaque substance.", "contents": "[The arterial bed of the spinal cord in newborn infants following segmental artery ligation]. The aim of the investigation was to find out the number of ligated segmental arteries which did not cause neurological spinal complications. The segmental arteries were ligated at different distances from the aorta and in different numbers. A unilateral ligation of 1--8 segmental arteries near their branching from the aorta did not result in alterations of the arterial bed of the spinal cord. A bilateral symmetrical ligation of 4--5 segmental arteries next to aorta caused a poor filling of root vessels. Uni- and bilateral ligations of 3--4 intercostal and lumbar arteries near the aorta and at the level of intervertebral foramens resulted in both root arteries and the anterior spinal artery being not filled with an opaque substance.", "PMID": 1131038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11460", "title": "[Individual anatomic variability of the subthalamic nucleus in frontal sections].", "content": "The paper presents the results of studying individual variability of the shape, size and disposition of the subthalamic nucleus. Under investigation were 100 preparations. The structure was studied in serial frontal sections of the diencephalon and midbrain taken 1 mm apart. A considerable variability of the disposition of the subthalamic nucleus was revealed relative to intracerebral reference--points used in stereotaxic operations. The limits are outlined within which stereotaxical lesions should be avoided.", "contents": "[Individual anatomic variability of the subthalamic nucleus in frontal sections]. The paper presents the results of studying individual variability of the shape, size and disposition of the subthalamic nucleus. Under investigation were 100 preparations. The structure was studied in serial frontal sections of the diencephalon and midbrain taken 1 mm apart. A considerable variability of the disposition of the subthalamic nucleus was revealed relative to intracerebral reference--points used in stereotaxic operations. The limits are outlined within which stereotaxical lesions should be avoided.", "PMID": 1131039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11461", "title": "[The effect of training regimes on the vascular bed of the rabbit medulla, pons and midbrain].", "content": "The aim of the work was: 1) comparison of training results on two schedules of rotation and 2) establishment of the maximum period when the positive effect of the training was kept. The work was performed in 46 rabbits (42 of them were taken in experiments). All stresses were made in an electrocentrifuge with a 1 m radius. The blood vessels of the medulla oblongata, pons and midbrain studied by methods of injection and clearing of horizontal sections (120 mu) were taken as morphological control. It was shown that morphological control considerably confirms the picture of training of the organism to stresses. Schedule N2 (18 rotations without a preliminary limbering-up) proved to be more effective. The trained state of rabbits obtained in the process of training by this schedule retains for 3 weeks.", "contents": "[The effect of training regimes on the vascular bed of the rabbit medulla, pons and midbrain]. The aim of the work was: 1) comparison of training results on two schedules of rotation and 2) establishment of the maximum period when the positive effect of the training was kept. The work was performed in 46 rabbits (42 of them were taken in experiments). All stresses were made in an electrocentrifuge with a 1 m radius. The blood vessels of the medulla oblongata, pons and midbrain studied by methods of injection and clearing of horizontal sections (120 mu) were taken as morphological control. It was shown that morphological control considerably confirms the picture of training of the organism to stresses. Schedule N2 (18 rotations without a preliminary limbering-up) proved to be more effective. The trained state of rabbits obtained in the process of training by this schedule retains for 3 weeks.", "PMID": 1131040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11462", "title": "[Lens cell growth in tissue culture].", "content": "The epitheliomorphous zones of growth of piece explants of the mammalian embryonic lenses are comparable with those of neuroectodermal origin in formation of the rosette-shaped, perle-like and neuroretinal structures. They differ from the epidermal epithelia by absence of keratinization. The cambial and differentiated cells of the lens in the culture retained their specificity and differentiated. Comparison of the personal and literature data confirms N. G. Chlopin's idea of a necessary inclusion of the lens tissue in the group of tissues of the ependimo-glial type.", "contents": "[Lens cell growth in tissue culture]. The epitheliomorphous zones of growth of piece explants of the mammalian embryonic lenses are comparable with those of neuroectodermal origin in formation of the rosette-shaped, perle-like and neuroretinal structures. They differ from the epidermal epithelia by absence of keratinization. The cambial and differentiated cells of the lens in the culture retained their specificity and differentiated. Comparison of the personal and literature data confirms N. G. Chlopin's idea of a necessary inclusion of the lens tissue in the group of tissues of the ependimo-glial type.", "PMID": 1131041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11463", "title": "[Oncocytes--a system of serotoninocytes].", "content": "Oncocytes, irrespectes, irrespective of their localization in this or that organ, possess only one active function inherent in all cells of the given type; this function depends on serotonin cantained therein.  Consequently, oncocytes are not afunctional perishing cells, as was thought up to this time, but represent a group of serotoninocytes appearing in the form of a widely spread in the organism of the diffuse peripheral neuro-endocrine system, the activity of which is associated with the function of the givern biogenic monoamine.", "contents": "[Oncocytes--a system of serotoninocytes]. Oncocytes, irrespectes, irrespective of their localization in this or that organ, possess only one active function inherent in all cells of the given type; this function depends on serotonin cantained therein.  Consequently, oncocytes are not afunctional perishing cells, as was thought up to this time, but represent a group of serotoninocytes appearing in the form of a widely spread in the organism of the diffuse peripheral neuro-endocrine system, the activity of which is associated with the function of the givern biogenic monoamine.", "PMID": 1131053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11464", "title": "[Renal dysplasias].", "content": "The article presents an analysis of world literature on cysplasia of the kidneys (KD).  The authors consider as morphological characteristics the following signs: combination of primitive ducts, tubules, glomeruli, collecting tubules, cysts and immature mesenchyme with foci of cartilage and muscles.  An attempt is made to systematize individual forms of DK according to the degree of morphological changes (simple and cystic), extension (focal, segmental and total, mono- and bilateral) and localization (cortical, medullar and cortico-medullar or mixed) of the process.  From the group of cystic DK primary (aplastic and multicystic variants) and secondary (obstructive) ones were singled out.  The problems of morphology, incidence, complications, concomitant anomalies, causal and formal genesis of DK were also considered.", "contents": "[Renal dysplasias]. The article presents an analysis of world literature on cysplasia of the kidneys (KD).  The authors consider as morphological characteristics the following signs: combination of primitive ducts, tubules, glomeruli, collecting tubules, cysts and immature mesenchyme with foci of cartilage and muscles.  An attempt is made to systematize individual forms of DK according to the degree of morphological changes (simple and cystic), extension (focal, segmental and total, mono- and bilateral) and localization (cortical, medullar and cortico-medullar or mixed) of the process.  From the group of cystic DK primary (aplastic and multicystic variants) and secondary (obstructive) ones were singled out.  The problems of morphology, incidence, complications, concomitant anomalies, causal and formal genesis of DK were also considered.", "PMID": 1131054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11465", "title": "[The international classification of bone tumors and some remarks concerning it].", "content": "The international histological classification of bones has been issued by the World Health Organization in 1972.  The article discusses merits of the classification, its importance in unification of the nomenclature on bone tumours, in studies of their nature and histogenesis, etc.  At the same time some drawbacks of the classification are noted: lack of accuracy with respect to the nomenclature and grouping of the so-called giant-cell tumours of bones, with respect to the group of tumours of the \"bone marrow\", the group of mesenchymomas, etc.  The author makes his critical notes on the basis of the experience gained by his co-workers and by himself.", "contents": "[The international classification of bone tumors and some remarks concerning it]. The international histological classification of bones has been issued by the World Health Organization in 1972.  The article discusses merits of the classification, its importance in unification of the nomenclature on bone tumours, in studies of their nature and histogenesis, etc.  At the same time some drawbacks of the classification are noted: lack of accuracy with respect to the nomenclature and grouping of the so-called giant-cell tumours of bones, with respect to the group of tumours of the \"bone marrow\", the group of mesenchymomas, etc.  The author makes his critical notes on the basis of the experience gained by his co-workers and by himself.", "PMID": 1131055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11466", "title": "[The mitotic division of cardiac muscle cells].", "content": "A damage of the myocardium inflicted in the early post-natal period of the development of a rat, i. e. when there exists a high mitotic activity of the muscle cells of the heart, did not heal at the expense of filling of the focus of damage by newly formed muscular cells.  The myocardium of the auricles in adult animals does not possess any special capabilities for proliferation of muscular elements by means of mitosis, as compared with the myocardium of the ventricles.", "contents": "[The mitotic division of cardiac muscle cells]. A damage of the myocardium inflicted in the early post-natal period of the development of a rat, i. e. when there exists a high mitotic activity of the muscle cells of the heart, did not heal at the expense of filling of the focus of damage by newly formed muscular cells.  The myocardium of the auricles in adult animals does not possess any special capabilities for proliferation of muscular elements by means of mitosis, as compared with the myocardium of the ventricles.", "PMID": 1131056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11467", "title": "[Histoenzymatic characteristics of fibroblasts during organization of myocardial micronecroses].", "content": "The activity of dehydrogenase of succinate, lactate, glutamate, malate (NAD- and NADP dependent), alpha-glycerophosphate (NAD-dependent), glucoso-6-phosphate, NAD- and NADP-dyaphorase was studied in adult and old rats with the help of histoenzymatic methods in normal cardiac fibroblasts and under conditions of reparative regeneration developing in the places of foci of myocardial micronecroses caused by administration of adrenaline.  Analysis of the activity of enzymes in normal fibroblasts revealed the predominance therein of an anaerobic way of metabolism.  In the process of reparative regeneration the level of metabolism of fibroblasts rose with inclusion of the acitvity of pentose shunt and Krebs' cycle.  No age differences in the activity of enzymes under study were revealed.  The data obtained are discussed in connection with the problem of ascertaining inter-enzymatic relationships ensuring metabolism of the connective tissue in the process of its maturation.", "contents": "[Histoenzymatic characteristics of fibroblasts during organization of myocardial micronecroses]. The activity of dehydrogenase of succinate, lactate, glutamate, malate (NAD- and NADP dependent), alpha-glycerophosphate (NAD-dependent), glucoso-6-phosphate, NAD- and NADP-dyaphorase was studied in adult and old rats with the help of histoenzymatic methods in normal cardiac fibroblasts and under conditions of reparative regeneration developing in the places of foci of myocardial micronecroses caused by administration of adrenaline.  Analysis of the activity of enzymes in normal fibroblasts revealed the predominance therein of an anaerobic way of metabolism.  In the process of reparative regeneration the level of metabolism of fibroblasts rose with inclusion of the acitvity of pentose shunt and Krebs' cycle.  No age differences in the activity of enzymes under study were revealed.  The data obtained are discussed in connection with the problem of ascertaining inter-enzymatic relationships ensuring metabolism of the connective tissue in the process of its maturation.", "PMID": 1131057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11468", "title": "[The effect of duodenitis on the healing of chronic duodenal ulcers].", "content": "Dependence of healing of a chronic ulcer of the duodenum on structural changes of its mucosa was studied.  A total of 95 patients with ulcerated lesions localized in the duodenal bulb at the stage of exacerbation were examined.  Morphological changes were determined on the basis of the data of duodenoscopy and those of a histological investigation of the material obtained by the method of spot biopsy.  The majority of patients examined showed the presence of duodenitis of a various degree of manifestation and mostly in the duodenal bulb in the distance from the ulcer.  A clear-cut dependence of healing of ulcer on the presence and degree of gravity of changes in the duodenum was noted: in patients with unhealed ulcer duodenitis was more pronounced and persisted during the whole period of hospitalization of the patients despite the administered course of anti-ulcerous therapy.", "contents": "[The effect of duodenitis on the healing of chronic duodenal ulcers]. Dependence of healing of a chronic ulcer of the duodenum on structural changes of its mucosa was studied.  A total of 95 patients with ulcerated lesions localized in the duodenal bulb at the stage of exacerbation were examined.  Morphological changes were determined on the basis of the data of duodenoscopy and those of a histological investigation of the material obtained by the method of spot biopsy.  The majority of patients examined showed the presence of duodenitis of a various degree of manifestation and mostly in the duodenal bulb in the distance from the ulcer.  A clear-cut dependence of healing of ulcer on the presence and degree of gravity of changes in the duodenum was noted: in patients with unhealed ulcer duodenitis was more pronounced and persisted during the whole period of hospitalization of the patients despite the administered course of anti-ulcerous therapy.", "PMID": 1131058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11469", "title": "[Alcoholic lesions of the liver (morphology and several questions concerning pathogenesis)].", "content": "On the basis of morphological studies of 130 puncture material of the liver in 100 patients with chronic alcoholism the three morphological forms of its lesion were identified: dystrophic changes in hepacytes; alcoholic hepatitis (acute and chronic); cirrhosis of the liver.  It is suggested that the morphological forms mentioned above represent the stages of one process--developing alcoholic hepatopathy.  Progressing of the process in the liver in chronic alcoholism is connected with necroses of hepacytes as a result of toxic effect of alcohol with a subsequent reaction of the cells of the portal stroma and sinusoids.  Gravity of lesions of the liver depends largerly on individual sensitivity to alcohol, one of the main factor of which may be the capacity of the liver to reproduce ADG.", "contents": "[Alcoholic lesions of the liver (morphology and several questions concerning pathogenesis)]. On the basis of morphological studies of 130 puncture material of the liver in 100 patients with chronic alcoholism the three morphological forms of its lesion were identified: dystrophic changes in hepacytes; alcoholic hepatitis (acute and chronic); cirrhosis of the liver.  It is suggested that the morphological forms mentioned above represent the stages of one process--developing alcoholic hepatopathy.  Progressing of the process in the liver in chronic alcoholism is connected with necroses of hepacytes as a result of toxic effect of alcohol with a subsequent reaction of the cells of the portal stroma and sinusoids.  Gravity of lesions of the liver depends largerly on individual sensitivity to alcohol, one of the main factor of which may be the capacity of the liver to reproduce ADG.", "PMID": 1131059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11470", "title": "[The role of several occupational factors in the development of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (an experimental study)].", "content": "The article deals with results of morphological and electron-microscopy studies of the lungs in experimental pulmonary alveolar proteinosis in rats.  The disease was reproduced in experiments on 500 animals by means of chronic inhalation of electro-welding copper-containing aerosols, condensations (smokes) which may develop under similar concentrations during electric welding.  The lungs were investigated at intervals ranging from several days to two years from the beginning of the experiment, the duration of which was 9 months, the dayly exposure of the animals in inhalation cameras being three hours.  The intra-alveolar content was composed of products of accelerated life activity of the cells of the alveolar epithelium as well as of perished phagocytes (proteins, lipids).  The degree of manifestation of the process depended upon concentration of aerosol and duration of the experiment.  In the zones of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis there were observed thickenings of the basal membranes, sclerosis of interalveolar partitions, slow replacement of perished macrophages by new ones, which were the causes of prolonged resolution of the alveols content.  Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (lipoproteinosis) should not be considered as a variety of pneumonia or edema of alveols.", "contents": "[The role of several occupational factors in the development of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (an experimental study)]. The article deals with results of morphological and electron-microscopy studies of the lungs in experimental pulmonary alveolar proteinosis in rats.  The disease was reproduced in experiments on 500 animals by means of chronic inhalation of electro-welding copper-containing aerosols, condensations (smokes) which may develop under similar concentrations during electric welding.  The lungs were investigated at intervals ranging from several days to two years from the beginning of the experiment, the duration of which was 9 months, the dayly exposure of the animals in inhalation cameras being three hours.  The intra-alveolar content was composed of products of accelerated life activity of the cells of the alveolar epithelium as well as of perished phagocytes (proteins, lipids).  The degree of manifestation of the process depended upon concentration of aerosol and duration of the experiment.  In the zones of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis there were observed thickenings of the basal membranes, sclerosis of interalveolar partitions, slow replacement of perished macrophages by new ones, which were the causes of prolonged resolution of the alveols content.  Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (lipoproteinosis) should not be considered as a variety of pneumonia or edema of alveols.", "PMID": 1131060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11471", "title": "[Clinico-morphologic characteristics of periodic disease].", "content": "The article deals with clinico-anatomical characteristics of two observations over periodical disease.  Peculiar features of the developing in this case of genetic amyloidosis, which is considered as a disease of accumulation, are analysed.", "contents": "[Clinico-morphologic characteristics of periodic disease]. The article deals with clinico-anatomical characteristics of two observations over periodical disease.  Peculiar features of the developing in this case of genetic amyloidosis, which is considered as a disease of accumulation, are analysed.", "PMID": 1131061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11472", "title": "[Free cells of the connective tissue in pathological proliferation of the epithelium and in tumor growth].", "content": "The article presents a review of literature data and the authors' own investigations dealing with the dynamics of accumulation and distribution of free cells of the connective tissue in various forms of pathological proliferation of the epithelium (inflammatory overgrowth, disharmonal hyperplasia, tumours).  Despite the availability of numerous data on morphological characteristics and functional significance of free cells, there are no reliable data on regularities of accumulation and distribution of individual cellular forms depending upon the character of a pathological process, its localization and extent of changes in the parenchymatous elements of the organ.  But implementation of a local immunological control and maintenance of structural homeostasis should be linked first of all with reactions of free cells of the stroma.  Elucidation of the role of cellular reactions in the stroma of tumour formations is of importance for prognostic evaluation of a possible progression.  The authors showed that in experimental reproduction of disharmonal hyperplasia and tumours of the uterus and mammary gland there was a correlation between accumulation and distribution of eosinophilic leucocytes and plasmatic cells and the extent of changes in the epithelium.  The presence of the cells of the immunocompetent series may be considered as an evidence of immunological reactions occurring as a responce to changes in antigenic properties of the epithelium in the course of malignization.  The authors believe that knowledge of conjugated reactions of the stroma and epithelium in inflammatory, hormonal, and tumour growth may contribute to better understanding of the mechanisms of correlation of tissues in the course of a proliferative process and to ascertaining the causes of impairment of this correlation.", "contents": "[Free cells of the connective tissue in pathological proliferation of the epithelium and in tumor growth]. The article presents a review of literature data and the authors' own investigations dealing with the dynamics of accumulation and distribution of free cells of the connective tissue in various forms of pathological proliferation of the epithelium (inflammatory overgrowth, disharmonal hyperplasia, tumours).  Despite the availability of numerous data on morphological characteristics and functional significance of free cells, there are no reliable data on regularities of accumulation and distribution of individual cellular forms depending upon the character of a pathological process, its localization and extent of changes in the parenchymatous elements of the organ.  But implementation of a local immunological control and maintenance of structural homeostasis should be linked first of all with reactions of free cells of the stroma.  Elucidation of the role of cellular reactions in the stroma of tumour formations is of importance for prognostic evaluation of a possible progression.  The authors showed that in experimental reproduction of disharmonal hyperplasia and tumours of the uterus and mammary gland there was a correlation between accumulation and distribution of eosinophilic leucocytes and plasmatic cells and the extent of changes in the epithelium.  The presence of the cells of the immunocompetent series may be considered as an evidence of immunological reactions occurring as a responce to changes in antigenic properties of the epithelium in the course of malignization.  The authors believe that knowledge of conjugated reactions of the stroma and epithelium in inflammatory, hormonal, and tumour growth may contribute to better understanding of the mechanisms of correlation of tissues in the course of a proliferative process and to ascertaining the causes of impairment of this correlation.", "PMID": 1131063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11473", "title": "[Morphogenesis of congestive fibrosis of the liver].", "content": "Genesis of the muscatel-like fibrosis of the liver was studied on section and experimental material.  The methods of histological, histochemical and electron microscopy analysis were used.  It was established that the rise of pressure in the system of hepatic veins in chronic cardiac decompensation was accompanied by drastic venous congestion, hemorrhages and necrosis of hepacytes in the circumference of the central and collecting veins and along the lines of their junction which resulted in inversion of the hepatic lobes.  In the zones of venous congestion pericentral fibrosis developed, which occasionally may be accompanied by priportal fibrosis.  At later stages, muscatel-like cirrhosis of the liver was formed.  The latter was underlaid by an elevated tropocollagenous activity of cells, this activity apart from fibroplasts, may be fulfilled also by Dupffer's cells.  In chronic hepatic congestion a number of compensatory-adaptive changes in the vessels may occur.", "contents": "[Morphogenesis of congestive fibrosis of the liver]. Genesis of the muscatel-like fibrosis of the liver was studied on section and experimental material.  The methods of histological, histochemical and electron microscopy analysis were used.  It was established that the rise of pressure in the system of hepatic veins in chronic cardiac decompensation was accompanied by drastic venous congestion, hemorrhages and necrosis of hepacytes in the circumference of the central and collecting veins and along the lines of their junction which resulted in inversion of the hepatic lobes.  In the zones of venous congestion pericentral fibrosis developed, which occasionally may be accompanied by priportal fibrosis.  At later stages, muscatel-like cirrhosis of the liver was formed.  The latter was underlaid by an elevated tropocollagenous activity of cells, this activity apart from fibroplasts, may be fulfilled also by Dupffer's cells.  In chronic hepatic congestion a number of compensatory-adaptive changes in the vessels may occur.", "PMID": 1131064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11474", "title": "[Elasticity of the lymphatic bed of the human esophageal wall in liver cirrhosis].", "content": "The maximal density of lymphatic capillaries in venous stasis was observed in persons of mature age and the minimal one--in elderly people.  In adolescents and young people the number of lymphatic capillaries under conditions of the said pathology was found to be increased.  The lymphatic bed of the oesophagus wall at early stages of the development of cirrhosis of the liver, apparently, ensured the outflow of the liquid from the organ tissues.  As the disease developed, transudation of the liquid from sanguiferous capillaries exceeded the transport possibilities of the lymphatic bed, which led to the development of dynamic insufficiency of the lymphatic system.", "contents": "[Elasticity of the lymphatic bed of the human esophageal wall in liver cirrhosis]. The maximal density of lymphatic capillaries in venous stasis was observed in persons of mature age and the minimal one--in elderly people.  In adolescents and young people the number of lymphatic capillaries under conditions of the said pathology was found to be increased.  The lymphatic bed of the oesophagus wall at early stages of the development of cirrhosis of the liver, apparently, ensured the outflow of the liquid from the organ tissues.  As the disease developed, transudation of the liquid from sanguiferous capillaries exceeded the transport possibilities of the lymphatic bed, which led to the development of dynamic insufficiency of the lymphatic system.", "PMID": 1131065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11475", "title": "[Effect of experimental inflammation of the appendix on immunogenesis].", "content": "Effects of an operation trauma and inflammation of the appendix caused by ligation of appendicular vessels on immunogenesis were studied in experiment on rabbits.  A number of antibody-containing cells of plasmatic series in the blood serum and their percentage interrelation in the appendices were determined.  A stimulating effect of laparotomy on the quantitative content of antibodies in the blood was established.  Accelerated differentiation and restitution of the percentage interrelationship of antibody-containing cells in the appendix were noted at earlier periods as compared with controls in which similar phenomena were observed at later terms.  The development of inflammation in the appendix in the majority of animals revealed itself in an increase of the antibody content in the blood at earlier periods and a decrease thereof at later periods.  In the appendix the accelerated differentiation at earlier periods wes not completed subsequently by restitution of the percentage interrelationship of antibody-containing cellular forms.", "contents": "[Effect of experimental inflammation of the appendix on immunogenesis]. Effects of an operation trauma and inflammation of the appendix caused by ligation of appendicular vessels on immunogenesis were studied in experiment on rabbits.  A number of antibody-containing cells of plasmatic series in the blood serum and their percentage interrelation in the appendices were determined.  A stimulating effect of laparotomy on the quantitative content of antibodies in the blood was established.  Accelerated differentiation and restitution of the percentage interrelationship of antibody-containing cells in the appendix were noted at earlier periods as compared with controls in which similar phenomena were observed at later terms.  The development of inflammation in the appendix in the majority of animals revealed itself in an increase of the antibody content in the blood at earlier periods and a decrease thereof at later periods.  In the appendix the accelerated differentiation at earlier periods wes not completed subsequently by restitution of the percentage interrelationship of antibody-containing cellular forms.", "PMID": 1131066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11476", "title": "[Pathomorphology of experimental chronic skin ulcers].", "content": "Dynamics of morphological and some histochemical changes was shown on an experimental model of chronic ulcer of the skin (25 guinea-pigs).  On the previously epilated and scaridied skin of animals consisting of 4 groups (5 animals in each group) applications of \"chromin alkali\" with various concentrations of bichromates of potassium and sodium were made; biopsy specimens were taken at 1, 4, 7, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 days.  The results obtained made it possible to identify 4 stages in the development of chromic ulcer (prenecrotic, necrotic, chromic ulcer, healing), each stage being characterized by its own peculiar features of the clinical course and morphological changes.", "contents": "[Pathomorphology of experimental chronic skin ulcers]. Dynamics of morphological and some histochemical changes was shown on an experimental model of chronic ulcer of the skin (25 guinea-pigs).  On the previously epilated and scaridied skin of animals consisting of 4 groups (5 animals in each group) applications of \"chromin alkali\" with various concentrations of bichromates of potassium and sodium were made; biopsy specimens were taken at 1, 4, 7, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 days.  The results obtained made it possible to identify 4 stages in the development of chromic ulcer (prenecrotic, necrotic, chromic ulcer, healing), each stage being characterized by its own peculiar features of the clinical course and morphological changes.", "PMID": 1131067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11477", "title": "[Cytoplasmic cross links of erythrocytes (observations in scanning electron microscopy)].", "content": "Erthyrocytes can form cytoplasmatic bridged connecting with each other individual cells or a great number of cells into a conglomerate.  The cytoplasmatic bridges--is a peculiar form of existance of erythrocytes which differ from the forms described earlier: thorm-like (spheroechinocytes) and myelino-like forms having nothing in common with the mechanism of agglutination.  The cytoplasmatic bridges of erythrocytes were found in man, dogs and guinea-pigs irrespective of a disease or conditions of an experiment, i.e. they may be referred to as a common biological system.  The cytoplasmatic bridges may desintegrate, i.e. to be subjected to reverse development, which in a overwhelming majority of cases, as well as their formation, does not effect materiality the size and form of red corpuscles.  Erythrocytes are united by means of cytoplasmatic bridges only with erthrocytes (predominantly with young ones) and never with any other cells of the blood.", "contents": "[Cytoplasmic cross links of erythrocytes (observations in scanning electron microscopy)]. Erthyrocytes can form cytoplasmatic bridged connecting with each other individual cells or a great number of cells into a conglomerate.  The cytoplasmatic bridges--is a peculiar form of existance of erythrocytes which differ from the forms described earlier: thorm-like (spheroechinocytes) and myelino-like forms having nothing in common with the mechanism of agglutination.  The cytoplasmatic bridges of erythrocytes were found in man, dogs and guinea-pigs irrespective of a disease or conditions of an experiment, i.e. they may be referred to as a common biological system.  The cytoplasmatic bridges may desintegrate, i.e. to be subjected to reverse development, which in a overwhelming majority of cases, as well as their formation, does not effect materiality the size and form of red corpuscles.  Erythrocytes are united by means of cytoplasmatic bridges only with erthrocytes (predominantly with young ones) and never with any other cells of the blood.", "PMID": 1131068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11478", "title": "Cerebellar infarction. A clinicopathological study.", "content": "The clinical and pathological features of 28 fatal cases of acute uncomplicated massive cerebellar infarction are reviewed. Although infarcts may involve any portion of the cerebellum, they predominantly involve the posteroinferior half of one cerebellar hemisphere. The frequency of acute uncomplicated fatal cerebellar infarction is much greater than previously appreciated, approximating that of acute fatal cerebellar hemorrhage. All patients were past middle age. Atherosclerosis and acute vertebral artery occlusion were the most common etiological factors. The onset was sudden in most cases, with vomiting, dizziness, vertigo, and cerebellar dysfunction. All patients died with progressive brain stem dysfunction and medullary respiratory failure secondary to compression by a swollen cerebellum. Death usually occurred between the third and sixth days following the onset of symptoms, but only six to 30 hours after the onset of obtundation; therefore, decompressive therapy must be instituted promptly.", "contents": "Cerebellar infarction. A clinicopathological study. The clinical and pathological features of 28 fatal cases of acute uncomplicated massive cerebellar infarction are reviewed. Although infarcts may involve any portion of the cerebellum, they predominantly involve the posteroinferior half of one cerebellar hemisphere. The frequency of acute uncomplicated fatal cerebellar infarction is much greater than previously appreciated, approximating that of acute fatal cerebellar hemorrhage. All patients were past middle age. Atherosclerosis and acute vertebral artery occlusion were the most common etiological factors. The onset was sudden in most cases, with vomiting, dizziness, vertigo, and cerebellar dysfunction. All patients died with progressive brain stem dysfunction and medullary respiratory failure secondary to compression by a swollen cerebellum. Death usually occurred between the third and sixth days following the onset of symptoms, but only six to 30 hours after the onset of obtundation; therefore, decompressive therapy must be instituted promptly.", "PMID": 1131069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11479", "title": "Acute cerebellar infarction in the PICA territory.", "content": "Although old or recent infarcts of a cerebellar hemisphere in the territories of the posterior inferior (PICA), superior, or anterior inferior cerebellar arteries are commonplace autopsy findings, in no case have corresponding clinical symptoms been clearly identified. We have studied three cases, two clinocaopthologically and one clinicosurgically, in which an acute infarct involving only the cerebellum lay in the PICA territory distal to the branches to the medulla oblongata. The clinical manifestations consisted of rotatory dizziness intensified by motion, nausea, vomiting, imbalance, and nystagmus. In two cases, the clinical diagnosis had been a benign labyrinthine disorder. Recognition of a syndrome corresponding to cerebellar infarction in the PICA territory is important insofar as it assists in the differential diagnosis of dizziness. It becomes of crucial importance when cerebellar infarction is the prelude to cerebellar swelling and brain stem conpression leading to coma and death unless surgically relieved.", "contents": "Acute cerebellar infarction in the PICA territory. Although old or recent infarcts of a cerebellar hemisphere in the territories of the posterior inferior (PICA), superior, or anterior inferior cerebellar arteries are commonplace autopsy findings, in no case have corresponding clinical symptoms been clearly identified. We have studied three cases, two clinocaopthologically and one clinicosurgically, in which an acute infarct involving only the cerebellum lay in the PICA territory distal to the branches to the medulla oblongata. The clinical manifestations consisted of rotatory dizziness intensified by motion, nausea, vomiting, imbalance, and nystagmus. In two cases, the clinical diagnosis had been a benign labyrinthine disorder. Recognition of a syndrome corresponding to cerebellar infarction in the PICA territory is important insofar as it assists in the differential diagnosis of dizziness. It becomes of crucial importance when cerebellar infarction is the prelude to cerebellar swelling and brain stem conpression leading to coma and death unless surgically relieved.", "PMID": 1131070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11480", "title": "Hypocapnia and intracranial volume-pressure relationship. A clinical and experimental study.", "content": "The effect of induced hypocapnia was observed, during intraventricular pressure monitoring, in five patients with chronically increased intracranial pressure (ICP) and in five baboons with acutely raised ICP. The volume-pressure response (VPR) was used as a measure of intracranial elastance (inverse compliance), an index of residual compensatory capacity. The VPR is the acute increase in mean ICP that occurs in response to a constant volume increment to ventricular cerebrospinal fluid. In the patients, hypocapnia produced a decrease in the VPR that was proportional to the decrease in ICP; in the baboons, ICP was substantially decreased with minimal change in the VPR. Both observations indicate that hypocapnia, though it decreases ICP, does not selectively decrease intracranial elastance. This may be a limiting factor in the use of hypocapnia in the management of raised ICP.", "contents": "Hypocapnia and intracranial volume-pressure relationship. A clinical and experimental study. The effect of induced hypocapnia was observed, during intraventricular pressure monitoring, in five patients with chronically increased intracranial pressure (ICP) and in five baboons with acutely raised ICP. The volume-pressure response (VPR) was used as a measure of intracranial elastance (inverse compliance), an index of residual compensatory capacity. The VPR is the acute increase in mean ICP that occurs in response to a constant volume increment to ventricular cerebrospinal fluid. In the patients, hypocapnia produced a decrease in the VPR that was proportional to the decrease in ICP; in the baboons, ICP was substantially decreased with minimal change in the VPR. Both observations indicate that hypocapnia, though it decreases ICP, does not selectively decrease intracranial elastance. This may be a limiting factor in the use of hypocapnia in the management of raised ICP.", "PMID": 1131071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11481", "title": "No-flow state following cerebral ischemia. Role of increase in potassium concentration in brain interstitial fluid.", "content": "Rats were subjected to total cerebral ischemia by occluding outflow from the heart. In control experiments and following different periods of ischemia, potassium concentration was measured in cisternal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). It rose to 19.4 mEq/liter following 16 minutes of ischemia. Changes in cerebrovascular resistance (CVR) were also assessed by measuring the cerebral perfusion rate (CPR). Following two minutes of ischemia, CVR was decreased to half control value. After 8 and 16 minutes of ischemia, CVR was markedly increased, and \"no-flow\" state was approached after 16 minutes of ischemia. The CVR increased concomitantly with increase in potassium concentration in cisternal CSF. We suggest that the increase in CVR following cerebral ischemia is due to increase in potassium concentration in brain extracellular fluid and is part of a vicious circle that leads to brain death.", "contents": "No-flow state following cerebral ischemia. Role of increase in potassium concentration in brain interstitial fluid. Rats were subjected to total cerebral ischemia by occluding outflow from the heart. In control experiments and following different periods of ischemia, potassium concentration was measured in cisternal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). It rose to 19.4 mEq/liter following 16 minutes of ischemia. Changes in cerebrovascular resistance (CVR) were also assessed by measuring the cerebral perfusion rate (CPR). Following two minutes of ischemia, CVR was decreased to half control value. After 8 and 16 minutes of ischemia, CVR was markedly increased, and \"no-flow\" state was approached after 16 minutes of ischemia. The CVR increased concomitantly with increase in potassium concentration in cisternal CSF. We suggest that the increase in CVR following cerebral ischemia is due to increase in potassium concentration in brain extracellular fluid and is part of a vicious circle that leads to brain death.", "PMID": 1131072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11482", "title": "The Dandy-Walker and Arnold-Chiari malformations. Clinical, developmental, and teratological considerations.", "content": "Five patients with the Dandy-Walker syndrome had dysgenesis of the cerebellar vermis, cystic dilatation of the fourth ventricle, and a high position of the tentorium cerebelli. When only these features are present, the patient may lead a normal life. Additional defects usually account for the prominent clinical and pathological features of this syndrome. In this series, one patient had aqueductal stenosis, four had agenesis of the corpus callosum, two had hydrocephalus, one had cerebral abiotrophy, and one (a 72-year-old man) had no additional defects and no symptoms from his Dandy-Walker syndrome. An analysis of development and teratological considerations indicates that the Dandy-Walker and Arnold-Chiari malformations are complex disorders that have different causes and mechanisms and begin at different times in the emryonic period. The causes are still unknown.", "contents": "The Dandy-Walker and Arnold-Chiari malformations. Clinical, developmental, and teratological considerations. Five patients with the Dandy-Walker syndrome had dysgenesis of the cerebellar vermis, cystic dilatation of the fourth ventricle, and a high position of the tentorium cerebelli. When only these features are present, the patient may lead a normal life. Additional defects usually account for the prominent clinical and pathological features of this syndrome. In this series, one patient had aqueductal stenosis, four had agenesis of the corpus callosum, two had hydrocephalus, one had cerebral abiotrophy, and one (a 72-year-old man) had no additional defects and no symptoms from his Dandy-Walker syndrome. An analysis of development and teratological considerations indicates that the Dandy-Walker and Arnold-Chiari malformations are complex disorders that have different causes and mechanisms and begin at different times in the emryonic period. The causes are still unknown.", "PMID": 1131073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11483", "title": "Appparent familial multiple sclerosis in three generations. Report of a family with histocompatibility antigen typing.", "content": "Three members of an unusual family were affected with apparent multiple sclerosis in a direct line over three successive generations. Each affected member had clinical remissions and exacerbations and evidence of lesions disseminated in space. One affected member had a cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis and elevated gamma-globulin level. The genetically determined histocompatibility antigen (HL-A) types are reported for 13 family members. The three affected members had HL-A types 11 and W16 in common.", "contents": "Appparent familial multiple sclerosis in three generations. Report of a family with histocompatibility antigen typing. Three members of an unusual family were affected with apparent multiple sclerosis in a direct line over three successive generations. Each affected member had clinical remissions and exacerbations and evidence of lesions disseminated in space. One affected member had a cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis and elevated gamma-globulin level. The genetically determined histocompatibility antigen (HL-A) types are reported for 13 family members. The three affected members had HL-A types 11 and W16 in common.", "PMID": 1131074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11484", "title": "Retinal changes in Himalayan climbers.", "content": "Changes in the fundus of the eye were studied in 15 members of a mountaineering expedition to Dhaulagiri, Nepal (elevation, 8,167 meters [26,795 ft]). Retinal photographs were taken at sea level and at 5,883 meters (19,300) after each climber had descended from his highest point. Five Nepali Sherpas and an additional American climber who came to the base camp late in the climb were also studied. Vascular engorgement with tortuosity, a 24% increase in arterial diameter, and a 23% increase in venous diameter were observed. Retinal hemorrhages were seen in five American climbers (33%), but in none of the Sherpas. The high incidence is striking, but the cause is unknown. We suggest that the hypoxic vasodilatation makes retinal vessels more vulnerable to sudden rises in intravascular pressure.", "contents": "Retinal changes in Himalayan climbers. Changes in the fundus of the eye were studied in 15 members of a mountaineering expedition to Dhaulagiri, Nepal (elevation, 8,167 meters [26,795 ft]). Retinal photographs were taken at sea level and at 5,883 meters (19,300) after each climber had descended from his highest point. Five Nepali Sherpas and an additional American climber who came to the base camp late in the climb were also studied. Vascular engorgement with tortuosity, a 24% increase in arterial diameter, and a 23% increase in venous diameter were observed. Retinal hemorrhages were seen in five American climbers (33%), but in none of the Sherpas. The high incidence is striking, but the cause is unknown. We suggest that the hypoxic vasodilatation makes retinal vessels more vulnerable to sudden rises in intravascular pressure.", "PMID": 1131077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11485", "title": "High altitude retinal hemorrhage.", "content": "The accessibility of high-altitude areas presents the risk of high altitude retinal hemorrhages (HARH). Four cases reported illustrate localized macular, diffuse, and familial incidence of HARH. Fluorescein angiography indicated no leakage, and a superficial retinal location of the hemorrhages. Marked retinal artery and vein dilation occurs. Ophthalmodynamometry showed retinal vascular hypertension in the presence of HARH. The complete resolution of hemorrhages occurs in most cases. Despite the return of visual acuity to normal, visual function studies indicate the persistance of defects.", "contents": "High altitude retinal hemorrhage. The accessibility of high-altitude areas presents the risk of high altitude retinal hemorrhages (HARH). Four cases reported illustrate localized macular, diffuse, and familial incidence of HARH. Fluorescein angiography indicated no leakage, and a superficial retinal location of the hemorrhages. Marked retinal artery and vein dilation occurs. Ophthalmodynamometry showed retinal vascular hypertension in the presence of HARH. The complete resolution of hemorrhages occurs in most cases. Despite the return of visual acuity to normal, visual function studies indicate the persistance of defects.", "PMID": 1131078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11486", "title": "High altitude retinopathy in mountain climbers.", "content": "Retinal hemorrhages appear to be a frequent, though often unappreciated, occurrence in unacclimated climbers experiencing prolonged exposure to altitudes above approximately 3,658 meters (12,000 ft), heights frequently attained by American moutaineers. This condition has not received attention in the ophthalmologic literature, though several reports of retinal and vitreous hemorrhages have appeared in nonophthalmologic journals. Of six surviving members of a climbing expedition of Mt. Aconcagua, four had retinal hemorrhages. Two had permanently disturbed vision with paracentral scotomas plotted on a tangent screen.", "contents": "High altitude retinopathy in mountain climbers. Retinal hemorrhages appear to be a frequent, though often unappreciated, occurrence in unacclimated climbers experiencing prolonged exposure to altitudes above approximately 3,658 meters (12,000 ft), heights frequently attained by American moutaineers. This condition has not received attention in the ophthalmologic literature, though several reports of retinal and vitreous hemorrhages have appeared in nonophthalmologic journals. Of six surviving members of a climbing expedition of Mt. Aconcagua, four had retinal hemorrhages. Two had permanently disturbed vision with paracentral scotomas plotted on a tangent screen.", "PMID": 1131079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11487", "title": "The visual field and nerve head in angle-closure glaucoma. A comparison of the effects of acute and chronic angle closure.", "content": "Eighteen unilaterally affected acute angle-closure glaucoma patients were seen a period of time after the acute episode, and 11 unilateral chronic angle-closure patients were seen while under control. Visual fields, optic nerve heads, and vision were assessed using the normal eye as a control. Nerve fiber bundle defects were seen in seven of the acute and nine of the chronic angle-closure cases. None of the acute, but five of the chronic angle-closure patients, showed asymmetry of cupping, while pallor was seen in seven of the acute and nine of the chronic patients. No significant difference in reduction of vision was seen between the two groups. The duration of pressure is a possible reason for cupping in glaucoma.", "contents": "The visual field and nerve head in angle-closure glaucoma. A comparison of the effects of acute and chronic angle closure. Eighteen unilaterally affected acute angle-closure glaucoma patients were seen a period of time after the acute episode, and 11 unilateral chronic angle-closure patients were seen while under control. Visual fields, optic nerve heads, and vision were assessed using the normal eye as a control. Nerve fiber bundle defects were seen in seven of the acute and nine of the chronic angle-closure cases. None of the acute, but five of the chronic angle-closure patients, showed asymmetry of cupping, while pallor was seen in seven of the acute and nine of the chronic patients. No significant difference in reduction of vision was seen between the two groups. The duration of pressure is a possible reason for cupping in glaucoma.", "PMID": 1131080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11488", "title": "Cycloplegics and mydriatics. Tolerance, habituation, and addiction to topical administration.", "content": "A patient had tolerance, habituation, and addiction to the topical use of a combination of cyclopentolate hydrochloride and tropicamide. He also developed a blotchy, diffuse epithelial keratitis that disappeared when the drugs were discontinued.", "contents": "Cycloplegics and mydriatics. Tolerance, habituation, and addiction to topical administration. A patient had tolerance, habituation, and addiction to the topical use of a combination of cyclopentolate hydrochloride and tropicamide. He also developed a blotchy, diffuse epithelial keratitis that disappeared when the drugs were discontinued.", "PMID": 1131081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11489", "title": "Penetration of fluorometholone into the cornea and aqueous humor.", "content": "In each of the experimental conditions studied, fluorometholone penetrated into the cornea and aqueous humor following topical administration of a standard drop. The amount of drug measured in each location was less than that previously documented for dexamethasone and prednisolone preparations. In contrast to these more conventional steroids, the ocular penetration of fluorometholone appeared to be unaffected by the presence or absence of the corneal epithelium or of intraocular inflammation.", "contents": "Penetration of fluorometholone into the cornea and aqueous humor. In each of the experimental conditions studied, fluorometholone penetrated into the cornea and aqueous humor following topical administration of a standard drop. The amount of drug measured in each location was less than that previously documented for dexamethasone and prednisolone preparations. In contrast to these more conventional steroids, the ocular penetration of fluorometholone appeared to be unaffected by the presence or absence of the corneal epithelium or of intraocular inflammation.", "PMID": 1131082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11490", "title": "Scleral bursting strength. Results after treatment with ruby laser, cryotherapy, or diathermy.", "content": "A study has been performed testing the relative bursting strength of sclera in rabbits treated with diathermy, cryotherapy, or ruby laser energy. Neither the cryotherapy nor laser appeared to weaken the strength of sclera, whereas the diathermy appeared to cause an appreciable loss of scleral bursting strength.", "contents": "Scleral bursting strength. Results after treatment with ruby laser, cryotherapy, or diathermy. A study has been performed testing the relative bursting strength of sclera in rabbits treated with diathermy, cryotherapy, or ruby laser energy. Neither the cryotherapy nor laser appeared to weaken the strength of sclera, whereas the diathermy appeared to cause an appreciable loss of scleral bursting strength.", "PMID": 1131083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11491", "title": "Mastoid Obliteration. Histopathologucal Study of Three Temporal Bones.", "content": "Three temporal bones were serially sectioned to study the postoperative fate of the meatally based postauricular musculoperiosteal flap. In all three ears, the flap sealed off the middle ear effectively from the mastoid cavity and in one, with resected canal wall, formed a new soft posterior wall with good meatus. All flaps contained viable muscle, fat, collagen, reticulin, and elastin, and were richly vascularized. In two flaps, small granulating foci of infection were noted. In two temporal bones, from a child with hypogammaglobulinemia, small cholesterol cysts formed behind the falp during the delayed healing of the mastoid wounds.", "contents": "Mastoid Obliteration. Histopathologucal Study of Three Temporal Bones. Three temporal bones were serially sectioned to study the postoperative fate of the meatally based postauricular musculoperiosteal flap. In all three ears, the flap sealed off the middle ear effectively from the mastoid cavity and in one, with resected canal wall, formed a new soft posterior wall with good meatus. All flaps contained viable muscle, fat, collagen, reticulin, and elastin, and were richly vascularized. In two flaps, small granulating foci of infection were noted. In two temporal bones, from a child with hypogammaglobulinemia, small cholesterol cysts formed behind the falp during the delayed healing of the mastoid wounds.", "PMID": 1131086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11492", "title": "Schirmer test of lacrimation. Its clinical importance.", "content": "Lacrimation was tested by a modified Schrimer test, ie, by the soaking of strips of filter paper hooked into th lower conjunctival sac. The test is advocated for the topical diagnosis of facial-nerve lesions. Lacrimation was found to be independent of age and sex. There were, however, large inter- and intra-subject variations. Nevertheless, the difference between the two eyes of a given healthy person was much less than that between the eyes of two different persons, making the test clinically useful. In a given patient, a bilateral difference may be assumed to be significant when the lesser value does not exceed 27% of the larger one. Such a test result is indicative of a supraganglionic facial-nerve lesion.", "contents": "Schirmer test of lacrimation. Its clinical importance. Lacrimation was tested by a modified Schrimer test, ie, by the soaking of strips of filter paper hooked into th lower conjunctival sac. The test is advocated for the topical diagnosis of facial-nerve lesions. Lacrimation was found to be independent of age and sex. There were, however, large inter- and intra-subject variations. Nevertheless, the difference between the two eyes of a given healthy person was much less than that between the eyes of two different persons, making the test clinically useful. In a given patient, a bilateral difference may be assumed to be significant when the lesser value does not exceed 27% of the larger one. Such a test result is indicative of a supraganglionic facial-nerve lesion.", "PMID": 1131087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11493", "title": "Acousticofacial anastomoses in Meniere disorder.", "content": "It is possible that acute labyrinthine hydrops characteristic of Meniere disorder is related to hyperparasympathetic tone analogous to that observe in rhinorrhea or nasal congestion. This new hypothesis is is supported by anatomical, clinical, and surgical arguments. Anatomically, the ear is supplied by a parasympathetic pathway from the acousticofacial anastomoses of Wrisberg intermediate nerve and the vestibular nerve. These anastomoses are of great importance and appear at a very early stage of embryonal development, much earlier than other parts of the parasympathetic component of the facial nerve. Surgically, vestibular neurectomy via the middle fossa route conserves the anatomy of the inner ear. Together with the vestibular nerve, the acousticofacial anastomoses are removed. This operation results in an improvement of hearing that is far from negligible.", "contents": "Acousticofacial anastomoses in Meniere disorder. It is possible that acute labyrinthine hydrops characteristic of Meniere disorder is related to hyperparasympathetic tone analogous to that observe in rhinorrhea or nasal congestion. This new hypothesis is is supported by anatomical, clinical, and surgical arguments. Anatomically, the ear is supplied by a parasympathetic pathway from the acousticofacial anastomoses of Wrisberg intermediate nerve and the vestibular nerve. These anastomoses are of great importance and appear at a very early stage of embryonal development, much earlier than other parts of the parasympathetic component of the facial nerve. Surgically, vestibular neurectomy via the middle fossa route conserves the anatomy of the inner ear. Together with the vestibular nerve, the acousticofacial anastomoses are removed. This operation results in an improvement of hearing that is far from negligible.", "PMID": 1131088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11494", "title": "Surface-active agent in Eustachian Tube Function.", "content": "Using 15 fresh guinea pig temporal bones, Eustachian tubal function was tested repeatedly before and after saline washing to demonstrate the effect of surface-active agent. Although tubal opening pressures for the 15 ears varied considerably, in each ear tested, a higher pressure was required to open the Eustachian tube after saline washing (P less than .001). A significant statistical difference in Eustachian tube opening pressure was also found between consecutive trials before washing the Eustachian tube with saline (P less than .001). This phenomenon disappeared after saline washing. It is possible that these phenomena occurred as a result of surface-active agent (surfactant) functioning in the Eustachian tube.", "contents": "Surface-active agent in Eustachian Tube Function. Using 15 fresh guinea pig temporal bones, Eustachian tubal function was tested repeatedly before and after saline washing to demonstrate the effect of surface-active agent. Although tubal opening pressures for the 15 ears varied considerably, in each ear tested, a higher pressure was required to open the Eustachian tube after saline washing (P less than .001). A significant statistical difference in Eustachian tube opening pressure was also found between consecutive trials before washing the Eustachian tube with saline (P less than .001). This phenomenon disappeared after saline washing. It is possible that these phenomena occurred as a result of surface-active agent (surfactant) functioning in the Eustachian tube.", "PMID": 1131089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11495", "title": "Directional microphone in hearing aids. Effects on speech discrimination in noise.", "content": "This study was designed to investigate the amount of directionality among three directional aids of different brands and to compare speech discrimination ability of hearing-impaired persons using directional and nondirectional hearing aids in competing background noise. For each hearing aid under study, the full-on gain curves were obtained at 45, 135, 225,, and 315 degree azimuths in an anechoic chamber. Thirty-two hearing aid users were included. Discrimination ability was assessed, using commercially available W-22 disc recordings. Findings indicate directionality varies among directioalaids. The hearing aid that shows the greatest directional effect was found to provide the listeners with best speech discrimination ability under relatively difficult listening conditions. However, it is inadvisable to recommend just any directional aid without careful evaluation of its directional capability under competing noise.", "contents": "Directional microphone in hearing aids. Effects on speech discrimination in noise. This study was designed to investigate the amount of directionality among three directional aids of different brands and to compare speech discrimination ability of hearing-impaired persons using directional and nondirectional hearing aids in competing background noise. For each hearing aid under study, the full-on gain curves were obtained at 45, 135, 225,, and 315 degree azimuths in an anechoic chamber. Thirty-two hearing aid users were included. Discrimination ability was assessed, using commercially available W-22 disc recordings. Findings indicate directionality varies among directioalaids. The hearing aid that shows the greatest directional effect was found to provide the listeners with best speech discrimination ability under relatively difficult listening conditions. However, it is inadvisable to recommend just any directional aid without careful evaluation of its directional capability under competing noise.", "PMID": 1131090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11496", "title": "A method of stapedectomy in the fenestrated ear.", "content": "Two consequences of a previous fenestration militate against successful stapledectomy. They are the lessened depth of the middle ear over the stapes, and the missing incus. Twelve years' experience of using the stapedectomy for fenestrated ears in 62 patients has given generally disappointing results until, in 1962, technique of using cartilage blocks to increase the depth of the middle ear was devised.", "contents": "A method of stapedectomy in the fenestrated ear. Two consequences of a previous fenestration militate against successful stapledectomy. They are the lessened depth of the middle ear over the stapes, and the missing incus. Twelve years' experience of using the stapedectomy for fenestrated ears in 62 patients has given generally disappointing results until, in 1962, technique of using cartilage blocks to increase the depth of the middle ear was devised.", "PMID": 1131091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11497", "title": "Parapharyngeal rhabdomyoma.", "content": "Rhabdomyoma is a benign tumor of striated muscle origin that is very rare in young children. Review of the world literature revealed 20 cases of extracardiac adult-type rhabdomyoma in the head and neck area. All reported cases have been encapsulated and easily excised. A 22 1/2-month-old girl with a parapharyngeal rhabdomyoma is unique in that her tumor had atypical histology and lacked a capsule; it could not be \"shelled-out\".", "contents": "Parapharyngeal rhabdomyoma. Rhabdomyoma is a benign tumor of striated muscle origin that is very rare in young children. Review of the world literature revealed 20 cases of extracardiac adult-type rhabdomyoma in the head and neck area. All reported cases have been encapsulated and easily excised. A 22 1/2-month-old girl with a parapharyngeal rhabdomyoma is unique in that her tumor had atypical histology and lacked a capsule; it could not be \"shelled-out\".", "PMID": 1131092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11498", "title": "Aberrant course of the facial nerve.", "content": "In our patient the facial nerve was situated in the external bony ear canal without bony protection just below the skin in the lower part of the external ear canal 2 to 3 mm lateral to the tympanic membrane. This abnormal position involves a greate risk of damage to the facial nerve by incisions in the ear canal prior to surgical intervention of the middle ear.", "contents": "Aberrant course of the facial nerve. In our patient the facial nerve was situated in the external bony ear canal without bony protection just below the skin in the lower part of the external ear canal 2 to 3 mm lateral to the tympanic membrane. This abnormal position involves a greate risk of damage to the facial nerve by incisions in the ear canal prior to surgical intervention of the middle ear.", "PMID": 1131093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11499", "title": "Recovery of crossed acoustic reflexes in brain stem auditory disorder.", "content": "Crossed acoustic reflexes were serially monitored in a patient receiving radiotherapy for an intra-axial brain stem tumor. Analysis revealed a pattern of systematic recovery as the brain stem lesion responded to therapy. Crossed reflexes were observed at more and more test frequencies, until responses were present on both ears for all test signals. Pure-tone sensitivity and speech intelligibility remained within the normal range throughout the observation period.", "contents": "Recovery of crossed acoustic reflexes in brain stem auditory disorder. Crossed acoustic reflexes were serially monitored in a patient receiving radiotherapy for an intra-axial brain stem tumor. Analysis revealed a pattern of systematic recovery as the brain stem lesion responded to therapy. Crossed reflexes were observed at more and more test frequencies, until responses were present on both ears for all test signals. Pure-tone sensitivity and speech intelligibility remained within the normal range throughout the observation period.", "PMID": 1131094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11500", "title": "Benign congential neoplasms: dermoids and teratomas.", "content": "Congential tumors in the head and neck are usually benign dermoids or teratomas. These rare neoplasms are first noticed in neonates or infants and frequently rapid diagnosis and treatment may be lifesaving. Since they are rare tumors periodic case reports are worthwhile to remind us to include them in our differential diagnosis.", "contents": "Benign congential neoplasms: dermoids and teratomas. Congential tumors in the head and neck are usually benign dermoids or teratomas. These rare neoplasms are first noticed in neonates or infants and frequently rapid diagnosis and treatment may be lifesaving. Since they are rare tumors periodic case reports are worthwhile to remind us to include them in our differential diagnosis.", "PMID": 1131095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11501", "title": "Diagnostic value of meatocisternography.", "content": "Based on a review of 123 consecutive examinations a classification of ten types of meatocisternograms is proposed. Surgical correlation in 53 of these cases has shown that other causes of intrameatal filling defects may mimic acoustic neurinoma presence. Furthermore, grouping of these 123 patients into three clinical groups on the basis of symptoms and findings has not resulted in a clear type correlation when using a mixture of the ethyl esters of 9- and 10- monoiodostearates (Duroliopaque). Based on an experience using this classification in well over 500 meatocisternograms, several proposals are made for the clinical management of cases of clear-cut or suspect acoustic neurinomas.", "contents": "Diagnostic value of meatocisternography. Based on a review of 123 consecutive examinations a classification of ten types of meatocisternograms is proposed. Surgical correlation in 53 of these cases has shown that other causes of intrameatal filling defects may mimic acoustic neurinoma presence. Furthermore, grouping of these 123 patients into three clinical groups on the basis of symptoms and findings has not resulted in a clear type correlation when using a mixture of the ethyl esters of 9- and 10- monoiodostearates (Duroliopaque). Based on an experience using this classification in well over 500 meatocisternograms, several proposals are made for the clinical management of cases of clear-cut or suspect acoustic neurinomas.", "PMID": 1131099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11502", "title": "Middle ear reflex activity in the startle reaction.", "content": "By means of extratympanic phonometry, the middle ear muscular reflex activity in the startle reaction was measured in a control series, in patients with otosclerosis and in patients with operation cavaties without a functioning tensor tympani muscle. In comparison with the stapedius reflex, the startle reflex was found to be much more variable regarding latency, amplitude, and configuration. It was characterized by pronounced fatigue and a high alertness dependence. The period of latency was about 60 msec. It was possible to elicit a distinct startle reflex in operation cavities without a functioning tensor tympani muscle, probably because of contraction of the Eustachian tube muscles.", "contents": "Middle ear reflex activity in the startle reaction. By means of extratympanic phonometry, the middle ear muscular reflex activity in the startle reaction was measured in a control series, in patients with otosclerosis and in patients with operation cavaties without a functioning tensor tympani muscle. In comparison with the stapedius reflex, the startle reflex was found to be much more variable regarding latency, amplitude, and configuration. It was characterized by pronounced fatigue and a high alertness dependence. The period of latency was about 60 msec. It was possible to elicit a distinct startle reflex in operation cavities without a functioning tensor tympani muscle, probably because of contraction of the Eustachian tube muscles.", "PMID": 1131100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11503", "title": "Spontaneous nystagmus direction does not indicate laterality.", "content": "There have been conflicting statements made in the literature on electronystagmograms (ENG) concerning the direction of beating of spontaneous nystagmus in the presence of a damaged labyrinth. This report presents a retrospective examination of 1,220 ENGs done at Stanford over the past four years with regard to the direction of spontaneous nystagmus and the side of the diseased labyrinth. The diseased labyrinth is indicated by a hypoactive caloric response. The study showed that one cannot predict the side of the labyrinthine lesion from the direction of beating of the spontaneous nystagmus.", "contents": "Spontaneous nystagmus direction does not indicate laterality. There have been conflicting statements made in the literature on electronystagmograms (ENG) concerning the direction of beating of spontaneous nystagmus in the presence of a damaged labyrinth. This report presents a retrospective examination of 1,220 ENGs done at Stanford over the past four years with regard to the direction of spontaneous nystagmus and the side of the diseased labyrinth. The diseased labyrinth is indicated by a hypoactive caloric response. The study showed that one cannot predict the side of the labyrinthine lesion from the direction of beating of the spontaneous nystagmus.", "PMID": 1131101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11504", "title": "Rheumatoid nodules of the larynx.", "content": "The clinical presentation and histologic appearance of three cases of laryngeal rheumatoid nodules are the subject of this report. In one of these cases, the lesions differed from the classic appearance of the rheumatoid nodule in that they were strongly reminiscent of granulation tissue or a pyogenic granuloma. These vascular lesions are interpreted as immature rheumatoid nodules. Although there are no clinical clues that would lead to the preoperative diagnosis of rheumatoid nodule of the vocal cord and larynx, the index of suspicion should be high in patients with rheumatoid arthritis who are hoarse. However, overt joint symptoms do not appear to be a necessary concomitant of these lesions.", "contents": "Rheumatoid nodules of the larynx. The clinical presentation and histologic appearance of three cases of laryngeal rheumatoid nodules are the subject of this report. In one of these cases, the lesions differed from the classic appearance of the rheumatoid nodule in that they were strongly reminiscent of granulation tissue or a pyogenic granuloma. These vascular lesions are interpreted as immature rheumatoid nodules. Although there are no clinical clues that would lead to the preoperative diagnosis of rheumatoid nodule of the vocal cord and larynx, the index of suspicion should be high in patients with rheumatoid arthritis who are hoarse. However, overt joint symptoms do not appear to be a necessary concomitant of these lesions.", "PMID": 1131102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11505", "title": "Personality characteristics in patients with vertigo.", "content": "The role of emotional factors in patients with vertigo has been widely debated. Patients with vertigo, as well as patients in two separate control groups, were tested with the Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI), the Cornell Medical Index (CMI), and a questionarie designed to evaluate the severity of the patients symptoms in order to further investigate the role of personality and its relationship to the symptom of vertigo. In patients with Meniere disease, a strong positive correlation was found between the severity of vertigo and the EPI and CMI scores. The concept of the psychological vulnerability\" is useful in explaining these findings.", "contents": "Personality characteristics in patients with vertigo. The role of emotional factors in patients with vertigo has been widely debated. Patients with vertigo, as well as patients in two separate control groups, were tested with the Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI), the Cornell Medical Index (CMI), and a questionarie designed to evaluate the severity of the patients symptoms in order to further investigate the role of personality and its relationship to the symptom of vertigo. In patients with Meniere disease, a strong positive correlation was found between the severity of vertigo and the EPI and CMI scores. The concept of the psychological vulnerability\" is useful in explaining these findings.", "PMID": 1131103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11506", "title": "Bekesy test results in patients with eighth-nerve lesions. Forward reverse- and fixed-frequency tracings.", "content": "Sweep-frequency Bekesy tracings, both forward (low to high frequency) and reverse (high to low frequency), as well as fixed-frequency tracings, were obtained from 18 patients who had eighth-nerve tumors (subsequently confirmed surgically). In general, reverse-sweep frequency tracings revealed greater adaptation for continuous tone stimuli than did forward-sweep frequency tracings. However, if a search for excess adaptation (greater than 20 dB) is the sole purpose for administering Bekesy audiometry to a given patient, then fixed-frequency tracings yield adequate differential information.", "contents": "Bekesy test results in patients with eighth-nerve lesions. Forward reverse- and fixed-frequency tracings. Sweep-frequency Bekesy tracings, both forward (low to high frequency) and reverse (high to low frequency), as well as fixed-frequency tracings, were obtained from 18 patients who had eighth-nerve tumors (subsequently confirmed surgically). In general, reverse-sweep frequency tracings revealed greater adaptation for continuous tone stimuli than did forward-sweep frequency tracings. However, if a search for excess adaptation (greater than 20 dB) is the sole purpose for administering Bekesy audiometry to a given patient, then fixed-frequency tracings yield adequate differential information.", "PMID": 1131104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11507", "title": "Middle ear function in neonates.", "content": "This study was designed to investigate the middle ear function of neonates during the first few hours of life. Twenty normal babies, ranging in age from 2.5 to 20 hours old, were tested witn an electroacoustic impedance bridge. Measurements of the acoustic compliance of the tympanic membrane and tympanometry were obtained on both ears of each child. Results of compliance measurements indicated a median of 1,2 cu cm with a range of 0.25 to 1.65 cucm. Tympanometry results showed smooth notched-shaped tympanograms in most cases although afew M-shaped tympanograms were observed. All of the infants demonstrated normal middle ear pressures and mobile middle ear systems. The finding of normal middle ear function in these neonates suggest that mucus is not commonly present and therefore not a factor in infants' response to sound.", "contents": "Middle ear function in neonates. This study was designed to investigate the middle ear function of neonates during the first few hours of life. Twenty normal babies, ranging in age from 2.5 to 20 hours old, were tested witn an electroacoustic impedance bridge. Measurements of the acoustic compliance of the tympanic membrane and tympanometry were obtained on both ears of each child. Results of compliance measurements indicated a median of 1,2 cu cm with a range of 0.25 to 1.65 cucm. Tympanometry results showed smooth notched-shaped tympanograms in most cases although afew M-shaped tympanograms were observed. All of the infants demonstrated normal middle ear pressures and mobile middle ear systems. The finding of normal middle ear function in these neonates suggest that mucus is not commonly present and therefore not a factor in infants' response to sound.", "PMID": 1131105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11508", "title": "Dichotic pursuit auditory tracking after anterior temporal lobectomy.", "content": "Patients with left or right anterior temporal lobectomies show severe deficits on the ear contralateral to the lesion in responding to dichotic speech stimuli. One patient with a left and one with a right anterior temporal lobectomy were tested on a dichotic pursuit auditory tracking task. There were no severe performance deficits that would have indicated difficulty in processing either pure tone stimulus; The resected areas were apparently not necessary for relatively efficient processing of these simple nonspeech stimuli, either because other parts of the damaged hemisphere were sufficient for task performance or because ipsilateral auditory transmission pathways can be used in this task. Both patients showed a speech-related right ear advantage for the jaw generated tone but not for the hand generated tone.", "contents": "Dichotic pursuit auditory tracking after anterior temporal lobectomy. Patients with left or right anterior temporal lobectomies show severe deficits on the ear contralateral to the lesion in responding to dichotic speech stimuli. One patient with a left and one with a right anterior temporal lobectomy were tested on a dichotic pursuit auditory tracking task. There were no severe performance deficits that would have indicated difficulty in processing either pure tone stimulus; The resected areas were apparently not necessary for relatively efficient processing of these simple nonspeech stimuli, either because other parts of the damaged hemisphere were sufficient for task performance or because ipsilateral auditory transmission pathways can be used in this task. Both patients showed a speech-related right ear advantage for the jaw generated tone but not for the hand generated tone.", "PMID": 1131106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11509", "title": "Subglottic hemorrhage following translaryngeal needle aspiration. Report of a case.", "content": "A patient experienced an acute, brisk, endolaryngeal hemorrhage following an attempt at translaryngeal aspiration of tracheobronchial secretions. The bleeding was probably due to injury of the perforating branch of the cricothyroid artery or vein. The hemorrhage was controlled by a subglottic pack and tracheostomy.", "contents": "Subglottic hemorrhage following translaryngeal needle aspiration. Report of a case. A patient experienced an acute, brisk, endolaryngeal hemorrhage following an attempt at translaryngeal aspiration of tracheobronchial secretions. The bleeding was probably due to injury of the perforating branch of the cricothyroid artery or vein. The hemorrhage was controlled by a subglottic pack and tracheostomy.", "PMID": 1131107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11510", "title": "Pneumocele of the maxillary sinus. A second case report.", "content": "The term pneumocele refers to an expansile bone destructive air containing cyst-like lesion involving the sinus cavity proper, presumably due to obstruction of the major sinus ostium. It differs from pneumoceles described previously that have all been air pockets beyond a paranasal air sinus due to an abnormal fistulous communication, rather than expansion of the sinus cavity itself. In adding this second case to the literature we believe that this rare lesion may be encountered from time to time, and should be considered when an expanded maxillary antrum is found to contain air rather than fluid or soft tissue content.", "contents": "Pneumocele of the maxillary sinus. A second case report. The term pneumocele refers to an expansile bone destructive air containing cyst-like lesion involving the sinus cavity proper, presumably due to obstruction of the major sinus ostium. It differs from pneumoceles described previously that have all been air pockets beyond a paranasal air sinus due to an abnormal fistulous communication, rather than expansion of the sinus cavity itself. In adding this second case to the literature we believe that this rare lesion may be encountered from time to time, and should be considered when an expanded maxillary antrum is found to contain air rather than fluid or soft tissue content.", "PMID": 1131108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11511", "title": "Rectal biopsy in clindamycin-associated colitis. An analysis of 23 cases.", "content": "The findings on rectal biopsy and proctoscopic examination in 23 cases of clindamycin-associated pseudomembranous colitis are summarized. On proctoscopic examination, discrete 2- to 5-mm raised plaques are seen adherent ot an edematous, friable mucosa. Rectal biopsy shows pseudomembrane formation and inflammation of the underlying rectal mucosa. Necrosis of the surface epithelium is a frequent finding; however, true ulcers were not observed. Vasculitis or thrombosis is not a feature of any of the cases. Frequently, the pseudomembrane is observed to be dislodged from the mucosal surface. In five of 23 cases, characteristic pseudomembranes are not present in the biopsy specimen in spite of the fact that they are evident proctoscopically.", "contents": "Rectal biopsy in clindamycin-associated colitis. An analysis of 23 cases. The findings on rectal biopsy and proctoscopic examination in 23 cases of clindamycin-associated pseudomembranous colitis are summarized. On proctoscopic examination, discrete 2- to 5-mm raised plaques are seen adherent ot an edematous, friable mucosa. Rectal biopsy shows pseudomembrane formation and inflammation of the underlying rectal mucosa. Necrosis of the surface epithelium is a frequent finding; however, true ulcers were not observed. Vasculitis or thrombosis is not a feature of any of the cases. Frequently, the pseudomembrane is observed to be dislodged from the mucosal surface. In five of 23 cases, characteristic pseudomembranes are not present in the biopsy specimen in spite of the fact that they are evident proctoscopically.", "PMID": 1131112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11512", "title": "Rytand-Lipsitch syndrome.", "content": "An 84-year-old woman had Rytand-Lipsitch syndrome, ie, total atrioventricular block resulting from destruction of the central areas of the conducting system due to extension of calcification from the fibrous ring of the mitral valve. In a postmortem coronary arteriographic study of 500 hearts, degenerative calcification of the fibrous ring of the mitral valve was demonstrated in 4.4% (95% confidence limits--2.8% to 6.6%), rheumatic valvular changes not being included. There were significantly more women than men with calcification of the mitral valve apparatus (P less than .00005). Division of the material into two groups larger than or equal to 70 years and less than 70 years showed a statistically significant sex difference in the former group (P les than .005), whereas the sex difference was of borderline significance in the latter group (.1 greater than P greater than .05).", "contents": "Rytand-Lipsitch syndrome. An 84-year-old woman had Rytand-Lipsitch syndrome, ie, total atrioventricular block resulting from destruction of the central areas of the conducting system due to extension of calcification from the fibrous ring of the mitral valve. In a postmortem coronary arteriographic study of 500 hearts, degenerative calcification of the fibrous ring of the mitral valve was demonstrated in 4.4% (95% confidence limits--2.8% to 6.6%), rheumatic valvular changes not being included. There were significantly more women than men with calcification of the mitral valve apparatus (P less than .00005). Division of the material into two groups larger than or equal to 70 years and less than 70 years showed a statistically significant sex difference in the former group (P les than .005), whereas the sex difference was of borderline significance in the latter group (.1 greater than P greater than .05).", "PMID": 1131113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11513", "title": "Multiple primary tumors. Four distinct head and neck tumors.", "content": "The case history of a 70-year-old woman with the simultaneous occurrence of mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the parotid gland, thyroid carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity, and a Warthin tumor is described. The simultaneous occurrence of three histologically distinct malignant tumors is a rare event amounting to approximately 1% of cases of multiple primary tumors. This case is unusual in that the tumors occurred in three separate organs and in association with a papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum. While difficult to evaluate, prognosis and treatment should be approached with respect to each of the tumors as individual entities.", "contents": "Multiple primary tumors. Four distinct head and neck tumors. The case history of a 70-year-old woman with the simultaneous occurrence of mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the parotid gland, thyroid carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity, and a Warthin tumor is described. The simultaneous occurrence of three histologically distinct malignant tumors is a rare event amounting to approximately 1% of cases of multiple primary tumors. This case is unusual in that the tumors occurred in three separate organs and in association with a papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum. While difficult to evaluate, prognosis and treatment should be approached with respect to each of the tumors as individual entities.", "PMID": 1131114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11514", "title": "Sarcoid granulomas in CBA/J mice. Histologic response after inoculation with sarcoid and nonsarcoid tissue homogenates.", "content": "Homogenates of lymph node and skin biopsy specimens and lymphocyte suspensions from patients with sarcoidosis and control subjects were injected into the footpads of CBA/J mice; histologic response was examined at intervals of 15 to 360 days. Kveim tests and complete autopsies were performed on animals of each group. Granulomas or equivocal granulomas were observed in 14.8% of biopsy specimens from animals that received sarcoid tissue homogenates and in 14.8% of control animals. No granulomas were observed after injection of lymphocytes from patients with sarcoidosis or from control subjects. Kveim tests were negative in all animals and autopsies were unremarkable. These studies fail to confirm previous reports of a \"transmissible agent\" in sarcoidosis and demonstrate that by the use of these techniques, such an agent is not invariably present in sarcoid granulomas.", "contents": "Sarcoid granulomas in CBA/J mice. Histologic response after inoculation with sarcoid and nonsarcoid tissue homogenates. Homogenates of lymph node and skin biopsy specimens and lymphocyte suspensions from patients with sarcoidosis and control subjects were injected into the footpads of CBA/J mice; histologic response was examined at intervals of 15 to 360 days. Kveim tests and complete autopsies were performed on animals of each group. Granulomas or equivocal granulomas were observed in 14.8% of biopsy specimens from animals that received sarcoid tissue homogenates and in 14.8% of control animals. No granulomas were observed after injection of lymphocytes from patients with sarcoidosis or from control subjects. Kveim tests were negative in all animals and autopsies were unremarkable. These studies fail to confirm previous reports of a \"transmissible agent\" in sarcoidosis and demonstrate that by the use of these techniques, such an agent is not invariably present in sarcoid granulomas.", "PMID": 1131115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11515", "title": "Vascular (\"arteriovenous\") malformations of the choroid plexus.", "content": "Two cases of arteriovenous malformation of the choroid plexus are presented, bringing the number of such cases reported to 16. One of these was successfully removed surgically after two episodes of intraventricular hemorrhage. The other was found incidently at autopsy and had produced an asymmetric hydrocephalus. Overproduction with a more forceful propulsion of cerebrospinal fluid may be the mechanism producing this effect. These lesions should be considered in cases of unexplained intraventricular hemorrhage.", "contents": "Vascular (\"arteriovenous\") malformations of the choroid plexus. Two cases of arteriovenous malformation of the choroid plexus are presented, bringing the number of such cases reported to 16. One of these was successfully removed surgically after two episodes of intraventricular hemorrhage. The other was found incidently at autopsy and had produced an asymmetric hydrocephalus. Overproduction with a more forceful propulsion of cerebrospinal fluid may be the mechanism producing this effect. These lesions should be considered in cases of unexplained intraventricular hemorrhage.", "PMID": 1131116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11516", "title": "Electrocochleography during noise-induced temporary threshold shifts.", "content": "The responses of the auditory nerve and brain stem auditory nuclei were recorded non-traumatically in human subjects by means of electrocochleography before, during and after exposure to white noise intensities which produced temporary threshold shifts. The largest decrement (amplitude decrease and latency increase) was seen in the response of the auditory nerve. Large intersubject variability was seen in the effects of the noise exposure on response amplitude, latency and recovery rates.", "contents": "Electrocochleography during noise-induced temporary threshold shifts. The responses of the auditory nerve and brain stem auditory nuclei were recorded non-traumatically in human subjects by means of electrocochleography before, during and after exposure to white noise intensities which produced temporary threshold shifts. The largest decrement (amplitude decrease and latency increase) was seen in the response of the auditory nerve. Large intersubject variability was seen in the effects of the noise exposure on response amplitude, latency and recovery rates.", "PMID": 1131118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11517", "title": "Physical and auditory specifications of third-octave clicks.", "content": "Physical: measurements of third-octave clicks (produced by ringing a commercial third-octave filter having a rejection rate of 50 dB in the first octave) show that waveform and spectral shape of the clicks remain the same through the range of audiometric frequencies. Auditory: relations between click and tonal thresholds are developed by (a) comparing click and tone thresholds at a repetition rate of 5/sec and (b) determining changes in click threshold for a range of repetition rates between 1 and 10/sec. Tonal thresholds are about 10 dB more sensitive at the 5/sec rate; a click repetition of 10/sec lowers the threshold, reducing the difference between tone and click audibility, while a repetition rate of 1/sec raises click threshold and increases the difference.", "contents": "Physical and auditory specifications of third-octave clicks. Physical: measurements of third-octave clicks (produced by ringing a commercial third-octave filter having a rejection rate of 50 dB in the first octave) show that waveform and spectral shape of the clicks remain the same through the range of audiometric frequencies. Auditory: relations between click and tonal thresholds are developed by (a) comparing click and tone thresholds at a repetition rate of 5/sec and (b) determining changes in click threshold for a range of repetition rates between 1 and 10/sec. Tonal thresholds are about 10 dB more sensitive at the 5/sec rate; a click repetition of 10/sec lowers the threshold, reducing the difference between tone and click audibility, while a repetition rate of 1/sec raises click threshold and increases the difference.", "PMID": 1131119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11518", "title": "Pure tone audiometry in noise with auraldomes.", "content": "Pure tone thresholds were obtained using a TDH-39 driver mounted in a standard (MX-41/AR) cushion and an Auraldome (AR-100-R) circumaural enclosure. Thresholds were recorded in quiet and in the presence of broad band sound field noise at 50, 60, and 70 dB SPL. No significant differences were observed between the two earphone conditions in the presence of any of the ambient broad band noise levels. However, thresholds were found to be statistically different in the quiet condition. These results raise questions regarding the calibration of intensity for Auraldomes and indicate that this particular circumaural cushion provides no advantage over standard cushions in the presence of ambient noise above 50 dB SPL.", "contents": "Pure tone audiometry in noise with auraldomes. Pure tone thresholds were obtained using a TDH-39 driver mounted in a standard (MX-41/AR) cushion and an Auraldome (AR-100-R) circumaural enclosure. Thresholds were recorded in quiet and in the presence of broad band sound field noise at 50, 60, and 70 dB SPL. No significant differences were observed between the two earphone conditions in the presence of any of the ambient broad band noise levels. However, thresholds were found to be statistically different in the quiet condition. These results raise questions regarding the calibration of intensity for Auraldomes and indicate that this particular circumaural cushion provides no advantage over standard cushions in the presence of ambient noise above 50 dB SPL.", "PMID": 1131120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11519", "title": "White noise as a pretest sensitizer for neonatal hearing screening.", "content": "To determine the effects of white noise as a pretest sensitizer in neonatal hearing screening, 450 neonates were tested under 18 test conditions which also permitted examination of infant state and criterion stimuli (warble tone versus narrow band noise) as variables. There were three pretest conditions: No pretest sensitizer; 90 dB pretest sensitizer, and 100 dB pretest sensitizer. Each pretest condition was followed by either a 90 or a 100 dB criterion stimulus. Analysis concerned an increase in the number and in the strength of the responses. Generally, there was no benefit associated with the use of white noise as a pretest sensitizer.", "contents": "White noise as a pretest sensitizer for neonatal hearing screening. To determine the effects of white noise as a pretest sensitizer in neonatal hearing screening, 450 neonates were tested under 18 test conditions which also permitted examination of infant state and criterion stimuli (warble tone versus narrow band noise) as variables. There were three pretest conditions: No pretest sensitizer; 90 dB pretest sensitizer, and 100 dB pretest sensitizer. Each pretest condition was followed by either a 90 or a 100 dB criterion stimulus. Analysis concerned an increase in the number and in the strength of the responses. Generally, there was no benefit associated with the use of white noise as a pretest sensitizer.", "PMID": 1131121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11520", "title": "Paradoxical compliances in otosclerosis.", "content": "Results of impedancemetry have been compared with operative findings in 1 867 cases of otosclerosis, 1 583 of which were pure otosclerosis. This comparison indicated that: (1) with present techniques, the results of impedancemetry are only of a relative value in otosclerosis; it is thus necessary to asses the various connected anatomical elements in the middle ear with extreme rigor; (2) impedancemetry data have an absolute value in all disorders of the middle ear with closed eardrum associated with otosclerosis; (3) relative impedancemetry often gives informative results when it concurs with the other elements of clinical and audiometrical diagnosis; (4) impedancemetry data are a valuable element of early diagnosis of otosclerosis before the first audiometric expression, either by a lowering of compliance or, most of all, by appearance of an on-off effect (diphasic impedance change) or by disappearance of the stapedius reflex; (5) parallel or crossed paradoxical compliances are only apparently paradoxical and are usually the sign of either an early stapedo-vestibular fixation (before its audiometric expression) or an associated factor in the middle ear, both of which may have been unnoticed; (6) the problem of compliance value in otosclerosis will be solved only when the proper stapes frequency is found and when it is possible to test this frequency. This problem is the subject of our current research.", "contents": "Paradoxical compliances in otosclerosis. Results of impedancemetry have been compared with operative findings in 1 867 cases of otosclerosis, 1 583 of which were pure otosclerosis. This comparison indicated that: (1) with present techniques, the results of impedancemetry are only of a relative value in otosclerosis; it is thus necessary to asses the various connected anatomical elements in the middle ear with extreme rigor; (2) impedancemetry data have an absolute value in all disorders of the middle ear with closed eardrum associated with otosclerosis; (3) relative impedancemetry often gives informative results when it concurs with the other elements of clinical and audiometrical diagnosis; (4) impedancemetry data are a valuable element of early diagnosis of otosclerosis before the first audiometric expression, either by a lowering of compliance or, most of all, by appearance of an on-off effect (diphasic impedance change) or by disappearance of the stapedius reflex; (5) parallel or crossed paradoxical compliances are only apparently paradoxical and are usually the sign of either an early stapedo-vestibular fixation (before its audiometric expression) or an associated factor in the middle ear, both of which may have been unnoticed; (6) the problem of compliance value in otosclerosis will be solved only when the proper stapes frequency is found and when it is possible to test this frequency. This problem is the subject of our current research.", "PMID": 1131117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11521", "title": "Some effects of prestimulus activity and length of prestimulus observation judgements of infants' auditory behaviour.", "content": "The auditory responses of nine 6-week-old and ten 6-month-old infants were assessed subjectively by a group of four observers. These responses were evaluated as a function of (1) prestimulus activity level and (2) duration of prestimulus observation. Response assessment for both ages was significantly affected by the first but not by the second. The percentage of responses for both ages tended to decrease with increasing prestimulus activity state. The findings are compared with the similar study of Langford et al. [1974] on neonates.", "contents": "Some effects of prestimulus activity and length of prestimulus observation judgements of infants' auditory behaviour. The auditory responses of nine 6-week-old and ten 6-month-old infants were assessed subjectively by a group of four observers. These responses were evaluated as a function of (1) prestimulus activity level and (2) duration of prestimulus observation. Response assessment for both ages was significantly affected by the first but not by the second. The percentage of responses for both ages tended to decrease with increasing prestimulus activity state. The findings are compared with the similar study of Langford et al. [1974] on neonates.", "PMID": 1131122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11522", "title": "Ototoxicity with children caused by streptomycin.", "content": "In the hospital for pulmonary tuberculosis in children, a group of 975 children treated with streptomycin sulphate was audiologically examined and in 36% of children ototoxic lesions were defined. From these, in 24% the damage affected only the vestibular labyrinth, in 8% both the vestibular labyrinth and the organ of Corti and in 4% the organ of Corti alone.", "contents": "Ototoxicity with children caused by streptomycin. In the hospital for pulmonary tuberculosis in children, a group of 975 children treated with streptomycin sulphate was audiologically examined and in 36% of children ototoxic lesions were defined. From these, in 24% the damage affected only the vestibular labyrinth, in 8% both the vestibular labyrinth and the organ of Corti and in 4% the organ of Corti alone.", "PMID": 1131123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11523", "title": "+Gz tolerance in man after 14-day bedrest periods with isometric and isotonic exercise conditioning.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of isometric or isotonic exercise training on post-bedrest +Gz tolerance. Seven male volunteers, 19-22 years, underwent accelerations of +2.1 Gz (740 s), +3.2 Gz (327 s), and +3.8 Gz (312 s) in a selected, randomized order; the ramp to peak acceleration was 1.8 G/min. The centrifugation runs were terminated by loss of central vision (blackout) to a white light with a luminance of 3.15 times 10-5 log candle/cm-2 (0.092 ft-lambert). The study began with a 14-d ambulatory control period, followed by three 14-d bedrest periods (each separated by a 21-d recovery period) and then a final week of recovery. During the ambulatory periods, the subjects exercised on a bicycle ergometer at 50% of their maximal oxygen uptake (max VO2) for 1 h/d. During two of the three bedrest periods, the subjects performed in the supine position one of two routines, either isometric exercise (21% of max leg extension force for 1 min followed by 1-min rest) or isotonic exercise (68% of max VO2) for 0.5 in the morning and afternoon. During the third bedrest period, no exercise was performed. In general +Gz tolerance was reduced by 24% to 35% (p less than or equal to 0.05) after bedrest. Compared with control values, there were significant reductions in average tolerance times after bedrest with no exercise and isotonic exercise at all G levels. With isometric exercise, there was a significant decrease in tolerance at 2.1 Gz but not at 3.2 Gz or 3.8 Gz, even though the latter tolerances were reduced 15.6% and 10.0%, respectively. Both exercise regimens maintained tolerance at levels equal to or above that obtained with no exercise. Compared with control values, average tolerances were lower (p less than or equal to 0.05) after the two recovery periods between the bedrest periods (minus 24% to minus 26% at 3.2 Gz and 3.8 Gz), indicating that 3 weeks of ambulation was not sufficient time for full recovery from the deconditioning induced in this study. A prediction equation was constructed with data from all comparable studies utilizing deconditioned men riding relaxed without protective garments: Tolerance (in seconds) equals minus 334 + (1715/+Gz level). From this equation, the calculated tolerance after bedrest is 13.5 min at 1.5 G, and the point of zero tolerance is 5.1 Gz.", "contents": "+Gz tolerance in man after 14-day bedrest periods with isometric and isotonic exercise conditioning. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of isometric or isotonic exercise training on post-bedrest +Gz tolerance. Seven male volunteers, 19-22 years, underwent accelerations of +2.1 Gz (740 s), +3.2 Gz (327 s), and +3.8 Gz (312 s) in a selected, randomized order; the ramp to peak acceleration was 1.8 G/min. The centrifugation runs were terminated by loss of central vision (blackout) to a white light with a luminance of 3.15 times 10-5 log candle/cm-2 (0.092 ft-lambert). The study began with a 14-d ambulatory control period, followed by three 14-d bedrest periods (each separated by a 21-d recovery period) and then a final week of recovery. During the ambulatory periods, the subjects exercised on a bicycle ergometer at 50% of their maximal oxygen uptake (max VO2) for 1 h/d. During two of the three bedrest periods, the subjects performed in the supine position one of two routines, either isometric exercise (21% of max leg extension force for 1 min followed by 1-min rest) or isotonic exercise (68% of max VO2) for 0.5 in the morning and afternoon. During the third bedrest period, no exercise was performed. In general +Gz tolerance was reduced by 24% to 35% (p less than or equal to 0.05) after bedrest. Compared with control values, there were significant reductions in average tolerance times after bedrest with no exercise and isotonic exercise at all G levels. With isometric exercise, there was a significant decrease in tolerance at 2.1 Gz but not at 3.2 Gz or 3.8 Gz, even though the latter tolerances were reduced 15.6% and 10.0%, respectively. Both exercise regimens maintained tolerance at levels equal to or above that obtained with no exercise. Compared with control values, average tolerances were lower (p less than or equal to 0.05) after the two recovery periods between the bedrest periods (minus 24% to minus 26% at 3.2 Gz and 3.8 Gz), indicating that 3 weeks of ambulation was not sufficient time for full recovery from the deconditioning induced in this study. A prediction equation was constructed with data from all comparable studies utilizing deconditioned men riding relaxed without protective garments: Tolerance (in seconds) equals minus 334 + (1715/+Gz level). From this equation, the calculated tolerance after bedrest is 13.5 min at 1.5 G, and the point of zero tolerance is 5.1 Gz.", "PMID": 1131130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11524", "title": "Responses to speech audiometry and phonemic discrimination patterns in the elderly.", "content": "A new approach to the assessment of the hearing of speech has been used with a group of the elderly and certain phonemic discrimination difficulties accompanying the ageing process have been examined by both conventional and automated testing systems. The results from both these test systems are displayed in directed graph form and these digraphs (directed graph) show marked asymmetry in both young and old. This datum differs in its symmetry aspects from classical confusion studies; reasons for this are discussed. Some evidence is produced which suggests that accompanying the ageing process in some individuals is a reduction in the number or availability of phoneme categories which they can handle.", "contents": "Responses to speech audiometry and phonemic discrimination patterns in the elderly. A new approach to the assessment of the hearing of speech has been used with a group of the elderly and certain phonemic discrimination difficulties accompanying the ageing process have been examined by both conventional and automated testing systems. The results from both these test systems are displayed in directed graph form and these digraphs (directed graph) show marked asymmetry in both young and old. This datum differs in its symmetry aspects from classical confusion studies; reasons for this are discussed. Some evidence is produced which suggests that accompanying the ageing process in some individuals is a reduction in the number or availability of phoneme categories which they can handle.", "PMID": 1131125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11525", "title": "Extra- and intra-axial brain stem auditory disorders.", "content": "Auditory symptoms of brain stem disorder depend on the nature of the lesion. This study compared auditory test results in 28 patients with extra-axial, 11 patients with intra-axial, and 6 patients with combined extra-axial and intra-axial brain stem disorders. Patients with extra-axial lesions usually demonstrated (1) sensitivity loss, (2) marked adaptation on B\u00e9k\u00e9sy audiometry, (3) impairment in PBmax scores, and (4) auditory symptoms on the ear ipsilateral to the radiographic abnormality. Patients with intra-axial brain stem lesions usually showed (1) slight, if any, sensitivity loss, (2) normal B\u00e9k\u00e9sy audiograms, (3) relatively good PBmax scores, and (4) suditory symptoms on both ears or on the ear contralateral to the radiographic disorders. In the patients with combined extra-axial and intra-axial disorders, auditory findings varied in relation to the extent of extra-axial involvement.", "contents": "Extra- and intra-axial brain stem auditory disorders. Auditory symptoms of brain stem disorder depend on the nature of the lesion. This study compared auditory test results in 28 patients with extra-axial, 11 patients with intra-axial, and 6 patients with combined extra-axial and intra-axial brain stem disorders. Patients with extra-axial lesions usually demonstrated (1) sensitivity loss, (2) marked adaptation on B\u00e9k\u00e9sy audiometry, (3) impairment in PBmax scores, and (4) auditory symptoms on the ear ipsilateral to the radiographic abnormality. Patients with intra-axial brain stem lesions usually showed (1) slight, if any, sensitivity loss, (2) normal B\u00e9k\u00e9sy audiograms, (3) relatively good PBmax scores, and (4) suditory symptoms on both ears or on the ear contralateral to the radiographic disorders. In the patients with combined extra-axial and intra-axial disorders, auditory findings varied in relation to the extent of extra-axial involvement.", "PMID": 1131124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11526", "title": "Physiological response to exercise after space flight--Apollo 14 through Apollo 17.", "content": "Submaximal exercise stress tests were conducted preflight and postflight on the Apollo 14-17 crewmen. A bicycle ergometer was utilized to evoke target heart rates up to 160 beats/min while respiratory gas exchange, blood pressure, and cardiac output were measured. Three preflight tests were conducted during the month prior to flight to establish baseline values for postflight comparisons. Tachycardia was evidenced at rest and during exercise immediately postflight. This transitory tachycardia compensated for reduced stroke volume. Systolic blood pressure was reduced during exercise stress, but no consistent changes were observed in diastolic blood pressure. With the exception of the Apollo 15 crewmen, all crewmen had returned to preflight response levels by the day of following recovery. No changes were observed in mechanical or respiratory efficiency immediately postflight.", "contents": "Physiological response to exercise after space flight--Apollo 14 through Apollo 17. Submaximal exercise stress tests were conducted preflight and postflight on the Apollo 14-17 crewmen. A bicycle ergometer was utilized to evoke target heart rates up to 160 beats/min while respiratory gas exchange, blood pressure, and cardiac output were measured. Three preflight tests were conducted during the month prior to flight to establish baseline values for postflight comparisons. Tachycardia was evidenced at rest and during exercise immediately postflight. This transitory tachycardia compensated for reduced stroke volume. Systolic blood pressure was reduced during exercise stress, but no consistent changes were observed in diastolic blood pressure. With the exception of the Apollo 15 crewmen, all crewmen had returned to preflight response levels by the day of following recovery. No changes were observed in mechanical or respiratory efficiency immediately postflight.", "PMID": 1131131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11527", "title": "Control of health hazards from airborne lasers.", "content": "The use of lasers in tactical military aircraft present eye hazards to personnel in aircraft and on the ground. Biomedical scientists and engineers are often asked for advice for controlling these hazards. Methods are given for applying ocular exposure criteria to the solution of practical field safety problems. Laser pointing accuracy and the extent of hazardous specular reflections from flat glass and from standing areas of water are the principal determinations required to develop safe laser operations. Special considerations may be required for scanning lasers and laser arrays.", "contents": "Control of health hazards from airborne lasers. The use of lasers in tactical military aircraft present eye hazards to personnel in aircraft and on the ground. Biomedical scientists and engineers are often asked for advice for controlling these hazards. Methods are given for applying ocular exposure criteria to the solution of practical field safety problems. Laser pointing accuracy and the extent of hazardous specular reflections from flat glass and from standing areas of water are the principal determinations required to develop safe laser operations. Special considerations may be required for scanning lasers and laser arrays.", "PMID": 1131132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11528", "title": "Head diffraction effects on ear-level hearing aids.", "content": "In this paper, head baffle and head shadow effects were measured at a front-oriented and at a back-oriented microphone in a hearing aid casing when worn by human subjects and when placed on a dummy head. Some differences in head baffle and head shadow effects were observed for the front-and back-oriented microphones in that greater head baffle effects were observed at the front microphone than at the back microphone while the reverse was true in terms of head shadow effects. Results obtained with the hearing aid mounted on a dummy head were similar in some respects and in other respects they differed from those observed when the hearing aid was worn by six subjects. Comparison of the results obtained in this study with the data of WIENER measured at the entrance to the ear canal indicated smaller head baffle effects but larger head shadow effects at the hearing aid microphone than at the canal entrance. Finally, it is suggested that reproduction of frequencies above 2 000 HZ and that a resonance peak at about 3 000 HZ in the frequency response curve of a hearing aid may be beneficial to the wearer.", "contents": "Head diffraction effects on ear-level hearing aids. In this paper, head baffle and head shadow effects were measured at a front-oriented and at a back-oriented microphone in a hearing aid casing when worn by human subjects and when placed on a dummy head. Some differences in head baffle and head shadow effects were observed for the front-and back-oriented microphones in that greater head baffle effects were observed at the front microphone than at the back microphone while the reverse was true in terms of head shadow effects. Results obtained with the hearing aid mounted on a dummy head were similar in some respects and in other respects they differed from those observed when the hearing aid was worn by six subjects. Comparison of the results obtained in this study with the data of WIENER measured at the entrance to the ear canal indicated smaller head baffle effects but larger head shadow effects at the hearing aid microphone than at the canal entrance. Finally, it is suggested that reproduction of frequencies above 2 000 HZ and that a resonance peak at about 3 000 HZ in the frequency response curve of a hearing aid may be beneficial to the wearer.", "PMID": 1131128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11529", "title": "Response of local vascular volumes to lower body negative pressure stress.", "content": "The present study involved an intravenous injection of radio-active iodinated serum albumin, equilibration of this isotope within the vascular space, and the continuous measurement of isotope activity over selected anatomical areas before, during and following multiple human LBNP tests. Both rate and magnitude of vascular pooling were distinctly different within each of five selected lower body anatomical areas. In the upper body, all areas except the abdomen showed depletions from their resting vascular volumes during LBNP. The presence of uniquely different pooling patterns in the lower body, the apparent stability of abdominal vascular volumes, and a possible decrease in cerebral blood volume during LBNP represent the major findings of this study.", "contents": "Response of local vascular volumes to lower body negative pressure stress. The present study involved an intravenous injection of radio-active iodinated serum albumin, equilibration of this isotope within the vascular space, and the continuous measurement of isotope activity over selected anatomical areas before, during and following multiple human LBNP tests. Both rate and magnitude of vascular pooling were distinctly different within each of five selected lower body anatomical areas. In the upper body, all areas except the abdomen showed depletions from their resting vascular volumes during LBNP. The presence of uniquely different pooling patterns in the lower body, the apparent stability of abdominal vascular volumes, and a possible decrease in cerebral blood volume during LBNP represent the major findings of this study.", "PMID": 1131133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11530", "title": "Comments on the relations between auditory fatigue and iris pigmentation.", "content": "It has been reported that subjects with highly pigmented irises (brown) experience significantly less temporary threshold shift (TTS) than subjects with less pigmented irises (blue), and that those with green-gray pigmentation display intermediate amounts of TTS. TOTA and BOCCI noted the high correlation between the melanin content in the stria vascularis and that found in the pigmentation of the iris; they attributed their TTS differences across eye colour to the protective effects of melanin. TTS data are reported in this paper as a function of eye colour for exposure stimulus parameters almost identical to those used by TOTA and BOCCI (1 000 HZ at 110 dB SPL for 3 min). The present results do not support the hypothesis that individuals with highly pigmented irises (brown-eyed) are more resistant to auditory fatigue than those with less pigmentation of the iris (blue-eyed). Median TTS at 20 sec post-exposure among brown, green-gray, and blue iris categories did not differ by more than 1.8 dB, and the median TTS at 2 min post-exposure among those iris categories did not differ by more than 0.2 dB.", "contents": "Comments on the relations between auditory fatigue and iris pigmentation. It has been reported that subjects with highly pigmented irises (brown) experience significantly less temporary threshold shift (TTS) than subjects with less pigmented irises (blue), and that those with green-gray pigmentation display intermediate amounts of TTS. TOTA and BOCCI noted the high correlation between the melanin content in the stria vascularis and that found in the pigmentation of the iris; they attributed their TTS differences across eye colour to the protective effects of melanin. TTS data are reported in this paper as a function of eye colour for exposure stimulus parameters almost identical to those used by TOTA and BOCCI (1 000 HZ at 110 dB SPL for 3 min). The present results do not support the hypothesis that individuals with highly pigmented irises (brown-eyed) are more resistant to auditory fatigue than those with less pigmentation of the iris (blue-eyed). Median TTS at 20 sec post-exposure among brown, green-gray, and blue iris categories did not differ by more than 1.8 dB, and the median TTS at 2 min post-exposure among those iris categories did not differ by more than 0.2 dB.", "PMID": 1131127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11531", "title": "Noise-excluding enclosure for audiometry.", "content": "Excessive ambient noise adversely effects the efficiency of hearing conservation programs. Noise-excluding enclosures generally reduce the masking effects of such noise more effectively than standard earphones only. Research has shown, however, that pure-tone thresholds obtained with some enclosures may not be valid. The present study examines one particular type of enclosure, the Audiocup. The results revealed (1) that pure-tone thresholds obtained with Audiocups are almost identical to those measured with standard earphones only and (2) Audiocups more effectively reduce the masking influence of white noise. It is concluded that Audiocups may be used for screening and for threshold audiometry in less than ideal testing environments without fear of invalidating the results.", "contents": "Noise-excluding enclosure for audiometry. Excessive ambient noise adversely effects the efficiency of hearing conservation programs. Noise-excluding enclosures generally reduce the masking effects of such noise more effectively than standard earphones only. Research has shown, however, that pure-tone thresholds obtained with some enclosures may not be valid. The present study examines one particular type of enclosure, the Audiocup. The results revealed (1) that pure-tone thresholds obtained with Audiocups are almost identical to those measured with standard earphones only and (2) Audiocups more effectively reduce the masking influence of white noise. It is concluded that Audiocups may be used for screening and for threshold audiometry in less than ideal testing environments without fear of invalidating the results.", "PMID": 1131126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11532", "title": "Tolerance of small animals to acceleration.", "content": "Mice, rats, rabbits, finches, pigeons, and roosters were exposed to +Gz, minus Gz, and minus Gx inertial forces due to acceleration. The range of body weight of all animals was from 14 g to 1.6 kg. The magnitude of G and duration of exposure time were within 130 G and 20 min and the average rate of changes of G was 2.8 G/s. The G tolerances of these animals were compared with one another at 50% mortality. The tolerance of each species was expressed as the area under the tolerance curve. Changes of tolerance were obtained by the changes of direction of G force. The tolerance ratio of minus Gz to +Gz force was 0.58 and that of minus Gx to +Gz was 2.12. Body weight was inversely related to the threshold G-value at which animals are resistant to the prolonged acceleration.", "contents": "Tolerance of small animals to acceleration. Mice, rats, rabbits, finches, pigeons, and roosters were exposed to +Gz, minus Gz, and minus Gx inertial forces due to acceleration. The range of body weight of all animals was from 14 g to 1.6 kg. The magnitude of G and duration of exposure time were within 130 G and 20 min and the average rate of changes of G was 2.8 G/s. The G tolerances of these animals were compared with one another at 50% mortality. The tolerance of each species was expressed as the area under the tolerance curve. Changes of tolerance were obtained by the changes of direction of G force. The tolerance ratio of minus Gz to +Gz force was 0.58 and that of minus Gx to +Gz was 2.12. Body weight was inversely related to the threshold G-value at which animals are resistant to the prolonged acceleration.", "PMID": 1131134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11533", "title": "Changes in serum and sweat magnesium levels during work in the heat.", "content": "Serial changes in serum magnesium (Mg2+) were assessed in unacclimatized males during treadmill exercise in a hot (49 degrees/27 degrees C, dry/wet bulb) environment. Eight subjects walked at 5.6 km/h on a 0% grade, and at 90 min of exercise had a mean heart rate of increase of 70 plus or minus 5 (S.E.) beats/min, rise in rectal temperature of 2.1 degrees plus or minus 0.1 degrees C, and a weight loss of 2.07 plus or minus 0.10 kg. There was a significant (p less than 0.01) decrease in mean serum Mg2+ concentration (control: 1.87 plus or minus 0.06 mEq/I; 45 min: 1.81 plus or minus 0.07; 90 min: 1.72 plus or minus 0.08). The Mg2+ concentration in sweat samples collected over 90 min of work in the heat averaged 0.28 mEq/I (range 0.13 to 0.45). Thus, in normal man, exercise in an hot, dry environment resulted in a fall in serum magnesium which was not wholly explicable on the basis of sweat loss of this ion.", "contents": "Changes in serum and sweat magnesium levels during work in the heat. Serial changes in serum magnesium (Mg2+) were assessed in unacclimatized males during treadmill exercise in a hot (49 degrees/27 degrees C, dry/wet bulb) environment. Eight subjects walked at 5.6 km/h on a 0% grade, and at 90 min of exercise had a mean heart rate of increase of 70 plus or minus 5 (S.E.) beats/min, rise in rectal temperature of 2.1 degrees plus or minus 0.1 degrees C, and a weight loss of 2.07 plus or minus 0.10 kg. There was a significant (p less than 0.01) decrease in mean serum Mg2+ concentration (control: 1.87 plus or minus 0.06 mEq/I; 45 min: 1.81 plus or minus 0.07; 90 min: 1.72 plus or minus 0.08). The Mg2+ concentration in sweat samples collected over 90 min of work in the heat averaged 0.28 mEq/I (range 0.13 to 0.45). Thus, in normal man, exercise in an hot, dry environment resulted in a fall in serum magnesium which was not wholly explicable on the basis of sweat loss of this ion.", "PMID": 1131135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11534", "title": "Variable venting valve for earmolds.", "content": "The frequency response and loudness reduction characteristics of earmolds with variable venting valves (VVV) were investigated. Both side-branch and laterally vented earmolds were employed. Sound pressures were measured at 44 frequencies from 100 to 4 000 HZ in a modified HA-2 coupler with the VVV in four stages of opening: closed; 1/3 open; 2/3 open and 3/3 open. The effect of venting is primarily in the low frequencies. Little or no reduction in intensity is observed in the 'speech frequency' range and a modest amount is noted in the higher frequencies. The side-branch vented earmolds were more effective than the laterally vented earmolds. Calculated loudness reductions in phons were small. The effectiveness of the VVV, whether assessed by the frequency response or loudness reduction characteristics, is achieved within the first 1/3 of opening: further opening has little effect. The utility of the VVV, especially to the geriatric hearing aid user, is questionable.", "contents": "Variable venting valve for earmolds. The frequency response and loudness reduction characteristics of earmolds with variable venting valves (VVV) were investigated. Both side-branch and laterally vented earmolds were employed. Sound pressures were measured at 44 frequencies from 100 to 4 000 HZ in a modified HA-2 coupler with the VVV in four stages of opening: closed; 1/3 open; 2/3 open and 3/3 open. The effect of venting is primarily in the low frequencies. Little or no reduction in intensity is observed in the 'speech frequency' range and a modest amount is noted in the higher frequencies. The side-branch vented earmolds were more effective than the laterally vented earmolds. Calculated loudness reductions in phons were small. The effectiveness of the VVV, whether assessed by the frequency response or loudness reduction characteristics, is achieved within the first 1/3 of opening: further opening has little effect. The utility of the VVV, especially to the geriatric hearing aid user, is questionable.", "PMID": 1131129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11535", "title": "Flight behaviour of pigeons in the weightless phase of parabolic flight.", "content": "Pigeons were subjected to changes in G-loading during parabolic flight with special attention to their flight behaviour in the weightless periods. Experiments were performed 1) with the eyes covered, 2) with the legs tied to the body, 3) with eyes covered and legs tied, and 4) with none of these handicaps. In all these situations the flight behaviour of the birds was observed. Special attention was paid to the tumble-phenomenon, which appeared birds with covered eyes. The results are discussed and comparisons are made with the behaviour of man and fish under similar conditions.", "contents": "Flight behaviour of pigeons in the weightless phase of parabolic flight. Pigeons were subjected to changes in G-loading during parabolic flight with special attention to their flight behaviour in the weightless periods. Experiments were performed 1) with the eyes covered, 2) with the legs tied to the body, 3) with eyes covered and legs tied, and 4) with none of these handicaps. In all these situations the flight behaviour of the birds was observed. Special attention was paid to the tumble-phenomenon, which appeared birds with covered eyes. The results are discussed and comparisons are made with the behaviour of man and fish under similar conditions.", "PMID": 1131136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11536", "title": "Effect of noise exposure during primary flight training on the conventional and high-frequency hearing of student pilots.", "content": "This investigation was part of a larger study conducted by Memphis State University. This laboratory's portion of the study focused on administering conventional audiometry (manual and self-recording), high-frequency audiometry (4 kHz-18 kHz), and a speech intelligibility test in noise to 108 Naval Aviation Officer Candidates prior to and following primary flight training in T-34 aircraft. Hearing protection consisted of either the APH-6C or APH-6D flight helmet. Cockpit noise levels in the T-34 range from 96-115 dBA; during cruise the noise level is approximately 100 dBA. Results indicate no significant change in hearing sensitivity or speech discrimination that could be attributed to noise exposure during primary flight training. Pre- and postprimary hearing levels obtained for the high frequencies compare favorably with high-frequency hearing levels obtained by Northern et al. (1968) for males in the age range 20-29 years. Questionnaire data indicated that a considerable number of the subjects had been exposed to potentially harzardous noise before entry into military service.", "contents": "Effect of noise exposure during primary flight training on the conventional and high-frequency hearing of student pilots. This investigation was part of a larger study conducted by Memphis State University. This laboratory's portion of the study focused on administering conventional audiometry (manual and self-recording), high-frequency audiometry (4 kHz-18 kHz), and a speech intelligibility test in noise to 108 Naval Aviation Officer Candidates prior to and following primary flight training in T-34 aircraft. Hearing protection consisted of either the APH-6C or APH-6D flight helmet. Cockpit noise levels in the T-34 range from 96-115 dBA; during cruise the noise level is approximately 100 dBA. Results indicate no significant change in hearing sensitivity or speech discrimination that could be attributed to noise exposure during primary flight training. Pre- and postprimary hearing levels obtained for the high frequencies compare favorably with high-frequency hearing levels obtained by Northern et al. (1968) for males in the age range 20-29 years. Questionnaire data indicated that a considerable number of the subjects had been exposed to potentially harzardous noise before entry into military service.", "PMID": 1131137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11537", "title": "Reduced carbohydrate intake in the preparatory diet and the reliability of the oral glucose tolerance test.", "content": "Two USAF flying populatins of 622 subjects each were subjected to the oral glucose tolerance test. One of these populations was prepared for the test by the ingestion of at least 300 grams per day (g/d) of dietary carbohydrate for the 3 d preceding the test; the other by 150 g/d of dietary carbohydrate. Statistical analysis of the data obtained from these populations revealed no change in the reliability of the oral glucose tolerance test as a diagnostic tool. Thaf school of Aerospace Medicine Consultation Service on all patients undergoing oral glucose tolerance tests.", "contents": "Reduced carbohydrate intake in the preparatory diet and the reliability of the oral glucose tolerance test. Two USAF flying populatins of 622 subjects each were subjected to the oral glucose tolerance test. One of these populations was prepared for the test by the ingestion of at least 300 grams per day (g/d) of dietary carbohydrate for the 3 d preceding the test; the other by 150 g/d of dietary carbohydrate. Statistical analysis of the data obtained from these populations revealed no change in the reliability of the oral glucose tolerance test as a diagnostic tool. Thaf school of Aerospace Medicine Consultation Service on all patients undergoing oral glucose tolerance tests.", "PMID": 1131138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11538", "title": "Interpretation of an abnormal oral glucose tolerance test encountered during multiphasic laboratory screening.", "content": "We have studied 162 healthy male flyers who had repeat glucose tolerance tests at intervals of 6 months to 2 years. On the premise that an abnormal oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was not reproducible because standard criteria were not strict enough, we evaluated 11 different criteria for diagnosing an abnormal OGTT. The number of abnormal tests varied according to the criteria but, no matter how the criteria were varied, the best reproducibility of any abnormal test on repeat testing was 50%. Factors affecting the reproducibility of an abnormal test are discussed. We conclude that a single, standard 2-h oral glucose tolerance test should be considered only as a screening test for diabetes mellitus, and that a final diagnosis of chemical diabetes mellitus should be made only if the carbohydrate in-tolerance consistently worsens or if insulin curves show hypofunction of the Islets of Langerhans. Our recommendations for followup studies of a patient with an initial abnormal OGTT are outlined. This study illustrates the importance of basic definitions of diagnostic criteria for diseases which have a long-term effect on the health of the flying population.", "contents": "Interpretation of an abnormal oral glucose tolerance test encountered during multiphasic laboratory screening. We have studied 162 healthy male flyers who had repeat glucose tolerance tests at intervals of 6 months to 2 years. On the premise that an abnormal oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was not reproducible because standard criteria were not strict enough, we evaluated 11 different criteria for diagnosing an abnormal OGTT. The number of abnormal tests varied according to the criteria but, no matter how the criteria were varied, the best reproducibility of any abnormal test on repeat testing was 50%. Factors affecting the reproducibility of an abnormal test are discussed. We conclude that a single, standard 2-h oral glucose tolerance test should be considered only as a screening test for diabetes mellitus, and that a final diagnosis of chemical diabetes mellitus should be made only if the carbohydrate in-tolerance consistently worsens or if insulin curves show hypofunction of the Islets of Langerhans. Our recommendations for followup studies of a patient with an initial abnormal OGTT are outlined. This study illustrates the importance of basic definitions of diagnostic criteria for diseases which have a long-term effect on the health of the flying population.", "PMID": 1131139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11539", "title": "Proposal for improving ejection seats with respect to sitting comfort and ejection posture.", "content": "It is generally accepted that in the case of ejection, the flexion posture is often the reason for vertebral body fracture, but to maintain the right egress posture (this means an erect or even hyperextended position) throughtout the entire duration of flight would increase pilot complaints about validly criticized misalignment of the seat profile. X-ray controlled seat studies led to the conclusion that an acceptable egress position does not allow relaxed sitting posture during normal cockpit activities over long periods. Therefore, an attempt at solution is being made by a seat device whose comfort is guaranteed by a back-rest construction variable at will. For emergency case, the posture will be optimized automatically and synchronically with the action of the power retraction unit. A schematic design outlines the construction.", "contents": "Proposal for improving ejection seats with respect to sitting comfort and ejection posture. It is generally accepted that in the case of ejection, the flexion posture is often the reason for vertebral body fracture, but to maintain the right egress posture (this means an erect or even hyperextended position) throughtout the entire duration of flight would increase pilot complaints about validly criticized misalignment of the seat profile. X-ray controlled seat studies led to the conclusion that an acceptable egress position does not allow relaxed sitting posture during normal cockpit activities over long periods. Therefore, an attempt at solution is being made by a seat device whose comfort is guaranteed by a back-rest construction variable at will. For emergency case, the posture will be optimized automatically and synchronically with the action of the power retraction unit. A schematic design outlines the construction.", "PMID": 1131140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11540", "title": "Hearing and para-airport children.", "content": "Audiometric screening was carried out on 3,322 elementary and high school students living in the vicinity of Logan International Airport, Boston, in an effort to determine whether noise from aircraft had any measurable effect on their hearing. Followup examinations and additional data on children failing the screening examination made it possible to classify the hearing losses as conductive, sensorineural, or mixed. The incidence of bilateral sensorineural or mixed hearing loss in the group living directly under flight paths or immediately adjacent to runways was not significantly different from the overall average. In normal subjects, the average sensorineural gap, a newly defined measure of high-tone loss, was not found to be significantly affected by the degree or duration of exposure to aircraft noise.", "contents": "Hearing and para-airport children. Audiometric screening was carried out on 3,322 elementary and high school students living in the vicinity of Logan International Airport, Boston, in an effort to determine whether noise from aircraft had any measurable effect on their hearing. Followup examinations and additional data on children failing the screening examination made it possible to classify the hearing losses as conductive, sensorineural, or mixed. The incidence of bilateral sensorineural or mixed hearing loss in the group living directly under flight paths or immediately adjacent to runways was not significantly different from the overall average. In normal subjects, the average sensorineural gap, a newly defined measure of high-tone loss, was not found to be significantly affected by the degree or duration of exposure to aircraft noise.", "PMID": 1131141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11541", "title": "A longitudinal study of spatial ability.", "content": "A number of studies have lent support to the sex-linked major gene theory of spatial ability. Expectations arising from this theory (although not necessarily unique to it) are that spatial ability can be measured in children, that it is the same as spatial ability in adults, and that an individual's position in a distribution of spatial ability remains unchanged over time. Results of a longitudinal experiment utilizing test scores of 76 high school students and their earliertest scores provide confirmatory evidence for these expectations.", "contents": "A longitudinal study of spatial ability. A number of studies have lent support to the sex-linked major gene theory of spatial ability. Expectations arising from this theory (although not necessarily unique to it) are that spatial ability can be measured in children, that it is the same as spatial ability in adults, and that an individual's position in a distribution of spatial ability remains unchanged over time. Results of a longitudinal experiment utilizing test scores of 76 high school students and their earliertest scores provide confirmatory evidence for these expectations.", "PMID": 1131143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11542", "title": "A theoretical note on sex linkage and race differences in spatial visualization ability.", "content": "Evidence on the poorer spatial visualization ability in various Negro populations compared to the white populations and on the direction and magnitude of sex difference in spatial ability relative to other abilities suggests the genetic hypothesis that spatial ability is enhanced by a sex-linked recessive gene and that, since the 20-30 percent admixture of Caucasian genes in American Negroes came mostly from male white ancestors, relatively fewer X-linked than autosomal Caucasian genes were transmitted to the American Negro gene pool. The genetic model as explicitly formulated indicates the kinds of data which could substantiate or disporve the theory, but which do not now exist.", "contents": "A theoretical note on sex linkage and race differences in spatial visualization ability. Evidence on the poorer spatial visualization ability in various Negro populations compared to the white populations and on the direction and magnitude of sex difference in spatial ability relative to other abilities suggests the genetic hypothesis that spatial ability is enhanced by a sex-linked recessive gene and that, since the 20-30 percent admixture of Caucasian genes in American Negroes came mostly from male white ancestors, relatively fewer X-linked than autosomal Caucasian genes were transmitted to the American Negro gene pool. The genetic model as explicitly formulated indicates the kinds of data which could substantiate or disporve the theory, but which do not now exist.", "PMID": 1131144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11543", "title": "Congenital adrenal hyperplasia I. Family studies of IQ.", "content": "Thirty-one patients diagnosed as having congenital adrenal hyperplasia were given standardized IQ tests.  Patients' IQ was found not to be significantly higher than the IQ of nonaffected siblings or the expected IQ from parental values.  Thus the adrenogenital syndrome appears to confer no IQ advantage independent of family IQ level.", "contents": "Congenital adrenal hyperplasia I. Family studies of IQ. Thirty-one patients diagnosed as having congenital adrenal hyperplasia were given standardized IQ tests.  Patients' IQ was found not to be significantly higher than the IQ of nonaffected siblings or the expected IQ from parental values.  Thus the adrenogenital syndrome appears to confer no IQ advantage independent of family IQ level.", "PMID": 1131145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11544", "title": "Congenital adrenal hyperplasia. II. Cognitive and behavioral studies.", "content": "A sample of 31 patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia was matched to a control group by sex, age, height, full-scale IQ score, and urban/rural site of residence. Patients and matched controls were tested on measures of masculinity and femininity and on sex-typed tests of cognitive ability. The two groups did not differ significantly on these measures. The finding is in disagreement with earlier reports of \"masculinization\" of behavior in female patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia.", "contents": "Congenital adrenal hyperplasia. II. Cognitive and behavioral studies. A sample of 31 patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia was matched to a control group by sex, age, height, full-scale IQ score, and urban/rural site of residence. Patients and matched controls were tested on measures of masculinity and femininity and on sex-typed tests of cognitive ability. The two groups did not differ significantly on these measures. The finding is in disagreement with earlier reports of \"masculinization\" of behavior in female patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia.", "PMID": 1131146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11545", "title": "Photobehavioral differentiation in natural populations of Drosophila pseudoobscura and Drosophila persimilis.", "content": "The photoresponses of natural populations of D. pseudoobscura and D. persimilis, occurring sympatrically, are measured in two environmental conditions (\"at rest\" and \"disturbed\"). Comparisons of the responses, intraspecifically and interspecifically, lead to the following conclusions. These must be considered within the confines of the operational nature of the measurement of laboratory photoresponses. (1) Within each species population, significant nonenvironmental differentiation has been allowed or produced by selection in the \"at rest\" photoresponse. No significant nonenvironmental differentiation is found in the photoresponse measured in a disturbed condition. (2) Within each species population, a higher mean \"disturbed\" photoresponse has been favored. The intensities or patterns of selection acting on these two photoresponses have differed such that more intrapopulation differentiation has been allowed or produced in the \"at rest\" photoresponse. (3) A higher mean photoresponse has been favored in D. persimilis for both conditions. The intensities or patterns of selection acting between these two species populations on the \"at rest\" photoresponse have differed such that more intrapopulation differentiation has been allowed or produced in D. persimilis. (4) Comparisons of this study with one on intraspecific and interspecific differentiation in wing length lead to the conclusion that the selective differences inferred above have acted at a level more specifically attuned to photobehavior.", "contents": "Photobehavioral differentiation in natural populations of Drosophila pseudoobscura and Drosophila persimilis. The photoresponses of natural populations of D. pseudoobscura and D. persimilis, occurring sympatrically, are measured in two environmental conditions (\"at rest\" and \"disturbed\"). Comparisons of the responses, intraspecifically and interspecifically, lead to the following conclusions. These must be considered within the confines of the operational nature of the measurement of laboratory photoresponses. (1) Within each species population, significant nonenvironmental differentiation has been allowed or produced by selection in the \"at rest\" photoresponse. No significant nonenvironmental differentiation is found in the photoresponse measured in a disturbed condition. (2) Within each species population, a higher mean \"disturbed\" photoresponse has been favored. The intensities or patterns of selection acting on these two photoresponses have differed such that more intrapopulation differentiation has been allowed or produced in the \"at rest\" photoresponse. (3) A higher mean photoresponse has been favored in D. persimilis for both conditions. The intensities or patterns of selection acting between these two species populations on the \"at rest\" photoresponse have differed such that more intrapopulation differentiation has been allowed or produced in D. persimilis. (4) Comparisons of this study with one on intraspecific and interspecific differentiation in wing length lead to the conclusion that the selective differences inferred above have acted at a level more specifically attuned to photobehavior.", "PMID": 1131147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11546", "title": "Children's resemblance to their biological and adopting parents in two ethnic groups.", "content": "This study tested the hypothesis that adopted children's individual IQs are more related to the individual social status ranks of their biological parents than to those of their adopting parents. Data from 20 Mexican-American and 21 white biological and adopting families in which the IQ score of the adopted child was available show that (1) there was no significant selective placement of these children in adopting homes, (2) there was no significant correlation between the midparent social-education rank of the adopting parents and their adopted children's IQ, and (3) there was a strong correlation between the midparent social-education rank of the biological parents and their children's individual intelligence ranks.", "contents": "Children's resemblance to their biological and adopting parents in two ethnic groups. This study tested the hypothesis that adopted children's individual IQs are more related to the individual social status ranks of their biological parents than to those of their adopting parents. Data from 20 Mexican-American and 21 white biological and adopting families in which the IQ score of the adopted child was available show that (1) there was no significant selective placement of these children in adopting homes, (2) there was no significant correlation between the midparent social-education rank of the adopting parents and their adopted children's IQ, and (3) there was a strong correlation between the midparent social-education rank of the biological parents and their children's individual intelligence ranks.", "PMID": 1131149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11547", "title": "Relative mating activity of the sexes in homokaryotypes of Drosophila persimilis from a Redwoods population.", "content": "Previous tests for mating activity of Drosophila persimilis homokaryotype KL (Klamath) and MD (Mendocino) chromosomal arrangements (northern California population: Redwoods) had shown KL to mate faster on the average than MD in homogamic tests. A strain (double-cross hybrid of four KL lines from the same population) with reliable high mating activity was developed for testing the sexes separately. Five pairs of KL-MD homokaryotype strains were chosen to be tested by the criterion that each pair had been derived from a separate wild KL/MD progenitor. Strains were crossed within arrangements in a diallelic design (20 inter- and five intrastrain crosses tested in 16 replicates per cross) to provide mating activity indices of four sets: KL females, KL males, MD females, MD males. Mating tests employed ten virgin experimental flies with ten tester (double-cross hybrid) flies of the opposite sex in 30-min observation periods. All flies were matured for 5 days at 25 degrees C before testing. Among parental strains, females were consistently higher in mating activity than males for both KL and MD arrangements. Most interstrain hybrids were heterotic, with KL and MD females not significantly different. However, hybrid MD males displayed greatest variation and had lowest mating activity, while KL males were the least variable and highest in mating activity. With heterosis in the hybrids, there was no predictability (additivity) from performance of parental strains to hybrid offspring. Mating activities of the two sexes were uncorrelated, indicating either that the sexes have independent genetic systems controlling mating activity or that the expression of the same genetic system is influenced by sex. Since the hybrid males of the two karyotypes displayed different courtship activity while the females were at about an equal level of receptivity, intrasexual selection among males is likely to be important in nature.", "contents": "Relative mating activity of the sexes in homokaryotypes of Drosophila persimilis from a Redwoods population. Previous tests for mating activity of Drosophila persimilis homokaryotype KL (Klamath) and MD (Mendocino) chromosomal arrangements (northern California population: Redwoods) had shown KL to mate faster on the average than MD in homogamic tests. A strain (double-cross hybrid of four KL lines from the same population) with reliable high mating activity was developed for testing the sexes separately. Five pairs of KL-MD homokaryotype strains were chosen to be tested by the criterion that each pair had been derived from a separate wild KL/MD progenitor. Strains were crossed within arrangements in a diallelic design (20 inter- and five intrastrain crosses tested in 16 replicates per cross) to provide mating activity indices of four sets: KL females, KL males, MD females, MD males. Mating tests employed ten virgin experimental flies with ten tester (double-cross hybrid) flies of the opposite sex in 30-min observation periods. All flies were matured for 5 days at 25 degrees C before testing. Among parental strains, females were consistently higher in mating activity than males for both KL and MD arrangements. Most interstrain hybrids were heterotic, with KL and MD females not significantly different. However, hybrid MD males displayed greatest variation and had lowest mating activity, while KL males were the least variable and highest in mating activity. With heterosis in the hybrids, there was no predictability (additivity) from performance of parental strains to hybrid offspring. Mating activities of the two sexes were uncorrelated, indicating either that the sexes have independent genetic systems controlling mating activity or that the expression of the same genetic system is influenced by sex. Since the hybrid males of the two karyotypes displayed different courtship activity while the females were at about an equal level of receptivity, intrasexual selection among males is likely to be important in nature.", "PMID": 1131148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11548", "title": "Response of Drosophila persimilis to phototactic and geotactic selection.", "content": "The initial experimental population of Drosophila persimilis was photopositive and slightly geonegative. In this respect, the initial population of D. persimilis differed from the experimental population of D. pseudoobscura, described by others, which was close to photo- and geotactic neutrality. In D. persimilis as in D. pseudoobscura, photo- and geotactic selection was efficient in both positive and negative directions. In D. persimilis, unlike in D. pseudoobscura, the responses to geotactic and phototactic selection were clearly asymmetrical. As a result of such responses, selection practically eliminated interspecific difference in geotaxis and almost eliminated interspecific difference in phototaxis. The realized heritabilities of photo- and geotaxis over the first ten generations of selection in D. persimilis are between 6 and 7 percent. Practically, these heritabilities in D. persimilis have the same value, whereas in D. pseudoobscura the heritabilities are clearly different. These findings suggest that D. persimilis differs considerably from D. pseudoobscura in the composition of the genes determining photo- and geotactic behavior, most probably reflecting adaptations of these sibling species to different ecological niches. However, both species are capable of reacting quickly to external stresses by reorganizing their gene pools and by correspondingly changing their behavior.", "contents": "Response of Drosophila persimilis to phototactic and geotactic selection. The initial experimental population of Drosophila persimilis was photopositive and slightly geonegative. In this respect, the initial population of D. persimilis differed from the experimental population of D. pseudoobscura, described by others, which was close to photo- and geotactic neutrality. In D. persimilis as in D. pseudoobscura, photo- and geotactic selection was efficient in both positive and negative directions. In D. persimilis, unlike in D. pseudoobscura, the responses to geotactic and phototactic selection were clearly asymmetrical. As a result of such responses, selection practically eliminated interspecific difference in geotaxis and almost eliminated interspecific difference in phototaxis. The realized heritabilities of photo- and geotaxis over the first ten generations of selection in D. persimilis are between 6 and 7 percent. Practically, these heritabilities in D. persimilis have the same value, whereas in D. pseudoobscura the heritabilities are clearly different. These findings suggest that D. persimilis differs considerably from D. pseudoobscura in the composition of the genes determining photo- and geotactic behavior, most probably reflecting adaptations of these sibling species to different ecological niches. However, both species are capable of reacting quickly to external stresses by reorganizing their gene pools and by correspondingly changing their behavior.", "PMID": 1131150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11549", "title": "Open-field activity in mice as a function of ceiling height:  A genotype-environment interaction.", "content": "Three inbred strains of mice, C57BL/6, DAB/2, and BALB/c, were run in the standard McClearn-type open-field with l-, 1 5/8-, and 36-inch ceiling heights. Although all strains showed increased activity as a function of lowered ceiling height, an interaction between strain and ceiling height was obtained: while BALB/c mice were the least active strain in the 36-inch-ceiling-height field, they were the most active strain in the 1-inch condition. Implications of this strain times environment interaction for the well-established low open-field activity of BALB/c and other albino strains are discussed.", "contents": "Open-field activity in mice as a function of ceiling height:  A genotype-environment interaction. Three inbred strains of mice, C57BL/6, DAB/2, and BALB/c, were run in the standard McClearn-type open-field with l-, 1 5/8-, and 36-inch ceiling heights. Although all strains showed increased activity as a function of lowered ceiling height, an interaction between strain and ceiling height was obtained: while BALB/c mice were the least active strain in the 36-inch-ceiling-height field, they were the most active strain in the 1-inch condition. Implications of this strain times environment interaction for the well-established low open-field activity of BALB/c and other albino strains are discussed.", "PMID": 1131151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11550", "title": "Sex-linked major-gene influences on selected types of spatial performance.", "content": "Four paper-and-pencil spatial tests, measuring two- and three-dimesional spatial visualization and spatial orientation, were administered to 2508 Caucasian high-school students. Sibling correlations and within-sex score distributions were examined for the influence of a major sex-linked gene. Sex-linked influences were most clear on the test of two-dimensional visualization and on an average of the standard scores on all the tests. For those tests best fitting the genetic model, estimates of the frequency of the recessive gene (contributing to good performance) we-re near 0.45. There was evidence of incomplete dominance in females. Environmental or non-sex-linked genetic factors influenced spatial performance but did not systematically improve performance with age.", "contents": "Sex-linked major-gene influences on selected types of spatial performance. Four paper-and-pencil spatial tests, measuring two- and three-dimesional spatial visualization and spatial orientation, were administered to 2508 Caucasian high-school students. Sibling correlations and within-sex score distributions were examined for the influence of a major sex-linked gene. Sex-linked influences were most clear on the test of two-dimensional visualization and on an average of the standard scores on all the tests. For those tests best fitting the genetic model, estimates of the frequency of the recessive gene (contributing to good performance) we-re near 0.45. There was evidence of incomplete dominance in females. Environmental or non-sex-linked genetic factors influenced spatial performance but did not systematically improve performance with age.", "PMID": 1131152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11551", "title": "Alteration of the rabbit aorta following feeding of cholesterol diet in combination with sheathing of aortic segments by polyethylen tubes.", "content": "Nutritional disturbance and blockage of drainage of the vascular wall which were considered to play an impoetant role in the pathogenesis of arteriosclerosis were experimentally produced by aortic sheathing previously (Huth et al., 1974).  Alteration of the rabbit aorta following feeding of cholesterol diet in combination with sheathing of aortic segments by polyethylen tubes is reported in this paper.  The results were as follows: 1. When rabbtis were fed a cholesterol diet, atherosclerotic lesions formed in the intima of the aorta.  2. When rabbits were fed a cholesterol diet with simultaneous aortic sheathing, aortic atherosclerosis was also produced within the sheathed segments.  3. When rabbits were fed a cholesterol diet after formation of intimal thickenings within the sheathed segments, lipid deposition was scarce within these segments.  The results suggest that among the pathogenetic factors of atherosclerosis a disturbance of vascular nutrition and a blockage of vascular drainage may be of greater importance than hypercholesterolemia.", "contents": "Alteration of the rabbit aorta following feeding of cholesterol diet in combination with sheathing of aortic segments by polyethylen tubes. Nutritional disturbance and blockage of drainage of the vascular wall which were considered to play an impoetant role in the pathogenesis of arteriosclerosis were experimentally produced by aortic sheathing previously (Huth et al., 1974).  Alteration of the rabbit aorta following feeding of cholesterol diet in combination with sheathing of aortic segments by polyethylen tubes is reported in this paper.  The results were as follows: 1. When rabbtis were fed a cholesterol diet, atherosclerotic lesions formed in the intima of the aorta.  2. When rabbits were fed a cholesterol diet with simultaneous aortic sheathing, aortic atherosclerosis was also produced within the sheathed segments.  3. When rabbits were fed a cholesterol diet after formation of intimal thickenings within the sheathed segments, lipid deposition was scarce within these segments.  The results suggest that among the pathogenetic factors of atherosclerosis a disturbance of vascular nutrition and a blockage of vascular drainage may be of greater importance than hypercholesterolemia.", "PMID": 1131153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11552", "title": "[Morphological effects of intraperitoneal oily fatty acids on the intestine and peritoneum of rats].", "content": "Changes of the mucosa of the small intestine in animal experiments can be produced by a variety of methods. The direct application of numerous chemical agents on the epithelium of the mucosa and parenteral administration of cytostatics as well as an indirect damage by experimental intestinal lymphatic obstruction lead to mucosal lesions with atrophy of the villi. Our paper presents a simple indirect method for induction of structural mucosa changes in rats using experimentally produced peritoneal alterations as a precursor. The first experimental group with 108 male wistar rats was divided into 5 subgroups and treated as follows: 43 rats got continuous daily intraperitoneal injections of 3-3 ml/kg body weight sesame oil DAB 6 which contains 50% oleic acid, 36% linolic acid, 1% free fatty acids, 0.1% lecithin and portions of stearic, palmitic and arachic acid; 6 rats got 6.6 ml sesame oil per kg i.p., 43 animals received daily doses of 3-3 ml oil/kg per orally by a pharyngeal tube, 6 rats of each group were sacrificed after 68 and 92 days, all the rest were killed after 100 days of continuous daily treatment. Aortic blood was used for determination of the total cholesterol serum concentration. Blocks of tissue of every organ were fixed in 4% formalin, sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, hematoxylin-sudan and by the periodic acid Schiff (PAS-) method. For the purpose of autoradiographic determination of the 3H-thymidine labelling index the rats were administered i.p. 2 mCi 3H-thymidine/kg 40 minutes prior to death. Autoradiographs were prepared from sections of the small intestine by using liquid photoemulsion Ilford K5. In the second experimental group 7 rats got a single i.p. injection of 5 ml, 5 rats of the 10 ml and 9 rats of 20 ml sesame oil per animal; 4 rats were administered 8 ml daily for 5 days...", "contents": "[Morphological effects of intraperitoneal oily fatty acids on the intestine and peritoneum of rats]. Changes of the mucosa of the small intestine in animal experiments can be produced by a variety of methods. The direct application of numerous chemical agents on the epithelium of the mucosa and parenteral administration of cytostatics as well as an indirect damage by experimental intestinal lymphatic obstruction lead to mucosal lesions with atrophy of the villi. Our paper presents a simple indirect method for induction of structural mucosa changes in rats using experimentally produced peritoneal alterations as a precursor. The first experimental group with 108 male wistar rats was divided into 5 subgroups and treated as follows: 43 rats got continuous daily intraperitoneal injections of 3-3 ml/kg body weight sesame oil DAB 6 which contains 50% oleic acid, 36% linolic acid, 1% free fatty acids, 0.1% lecithin and portions of stearic, palmitic and arachic acid; 6 rats got 6.6 ml sesame oil per kg i.p., 43 animals received daily doses of 3-3 ml oil/kg per orally by a pharyngeal tube, 6 rats of each group were sacrificed after 68 and 92 days, all the rest were killed after 100 days of continuous daily treatment. Aortic blood was used for determination of the total cholesterol serum concentration. Blocks of tissue of every organ were fixed in 4% formalin, sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, hematoxylin-sudan and by the periodic acid Schiff (PAS-) method. For the purpose of autoradiographic determination of the 3H-thymidine labelling index the rats were administered i.p. 2 mCi 3H-thymidine/kg 40 minutes prior to death. Autoradiographs were prepared from sections of the small intestine by using liquid photoemulsion Ilford K5. In the second experimental group 7 rats got a single i.p. injection of 5 ml, 5 rats of the 10 ml and 9 rats of 20 ml sesame oil per animal; 4 rats were administered 8 ml daily for 5 days...", "PMID": 1131154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11553", "title": "Effects of maternal hypoxia on incorporation of 3-H-thymidine into DNA of neural tube matrix cells in the mouse embryo (an autoradiographic study).", "content": "The effect of maternal hypoxia on DNA synthesis of neural tube matrix cells has been studied in the ten-day old mouse embryo.  The experiments were carried out by means of the autoradiographic technique.  The relative uptake of 3-H-thymidine into nuclear DNA was determined by means of the silver grain count present in the nuclei and of the labeling index of neural tube matrix cells in the telencephalon of normal and hypoxia-exposed mouse embryo on the 10th day of gestation.  The results are summarized as follows; 1. The thymidine incorporation and labeling index were noticeably reduced under maternal hypoxia of 6 percent O2 for 1 hour.  When 3-H-thymidine was injected immediately following hypoxia for 6 hours, matrix cells showed almost normal thymidine uptake and labeling index.  However, when thymidine was injected 2 hours after the same hypoxia, the matrix cells showed a definite reduction of thymidine incorporation and also of labeling index.  There were regional differences in reduction of nuclear DNA synthesis throughout the cerebral structure, and it was most marked in the telencephalon in this developmental stage.  The matrix cells in the di-, mes- and metencephalon appeared less or not at all affected by maternal hypoxia.  2. In mouse embryo exposed to hypoxia of 6 percent O2 for 6 hours on the 7th day of gestation and sacrificed 1 hour after thymidine injection on the 10th day, matrix cells showed a marked reduction of grain count and an increase of labeling index.  The effect was larger than that seen on the 8th or 9th day of gestation.  3. Qualitative examination revealed focal loss of 3-H-thymidine label around pyknotic nuclei in the neural tube of some of the embryos after hypoxia of 6 percent O2 for 6 hours.  4. The significance of the disturbance of DNA synthesis of embryonic neural tube cells by maternal hypoxia was briefly discussed in relation to teratogenesis.", "contents": "Effects of maternal hypoxia on incorporation of 3-H-thymidine into DNA of neural tube matrix cells in the mouse embryo (an autoradiographic study). The effect of maternal hypoxia on DNA synthesis of neural tube matrix cells has been studied in the ten-day old mouse embryo.  The experiments were carried out by means of the autoradiographic technique.  The relative uptake of 3-H-thymidine into nuclear DNA was determined by means of the silver grain count present in the nuclei and of the labeling index of neural tube matrix cells in the telencephalon of normal and hypoxia-exposed mouse embryo on the 10th day of gestation.  The results are summarized as follows; 1. The thymidine incorporation and labeling index were noticeably reduced under maternal hypoxia of 6 percent O2 for 1 hour.  When 3-H-thymidine was injected immediately following hypoxia for 6 hours, matrix cells showed almost normal thymidine uptake and labeling index.  However, when thymidine was injected 2 hours after the same hypoxia, the matrix cells showed a definite reduction of thymidine incorporation and also of labeling index.  There were regional differences in reduction of nuclear DNA synthesis throughout the cerebral structure, and it was most marked in the telencephalon in this developmental stage.  The matrix cells in the di-, mes- and metencephalon appeared less or not at all affected by maternal hypoxia.  2. In mouse embryo exposed to hypoxia of 6 percent O2 for 6 hours on the 7th day of gestation and sacrificed 1 hour after thymidine injection on the 10th day, matrix cells showed a marked reduction of grain count and an increase of labeling index.  The effect was larger than that seen on the 8th or 9th day of gestation.  3. Qualitative examination revealed focal loss of 3-H-thymidine label around pyknotic nuclei in the neural tube of some of the embryos after hypoxia of 6 percent O2 for 6 hours.  4. The significance of the disturbance of DNA synthesis of embryonic neural tube cells by maternal hypoxia was briefly discussed in relation to teratogenesis.", "PMID": 1131155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11554", "title": "[Pathogenesis of Wallenberg's syndrome].", "content": "In 1895 Wallenberg described a syndrome characterized by neurological symptoms produced by unilateral softening of the dorsolateral medulla oblongata. In the majority of cases the softening was caused by an arteriosclerotic-thrombotic occlusion of the homolateral intracranial vertebral artery or posterior inferior cerebellar artery, respectively. Occasionally an occlusion of the basilar artery or of the distal extracranial vertebral artery was responsible. In contradiction to the original thesis of Wallenberg, an embolic arterial occlusion could rarely be diagnosed. In particular cases the syndrome was caused by syphilitic vascular changes, tumors, metastases or encephalitis in the region of the dorsolateral medulla oblongata. This paper describes two cases of Wallenberg's syndrome. In the first case (70-year-old-male) the softening of the dorsolateral medulla oblongata was caused by occlusive thrombosis of the homolateral posterior inferior cerebellar artery with concomitant severe arteriosclerosis of the extracerebral brain arteries. The latter variation is characteristic for hypertensive vascular diseases. Thus Wallenberg's syndrome must be classified in similar cases as a complication of hypertensive peripheral cerebral arteriosclerosis. The second observation refers to a 51-year-old-male with bronchiectasis and chronic bronchitis. Metastatic encephalitis was found in several parts of the mid-brain, including the medulla oblongata. The dorsolateral medulla oblongata was destroyed by septic softenings (pneumococci). In this case, however, arteriosclerotic stenosis or thrombosis of the cerebral arteries could not be found. According to the literature metastatic encephalitis, as described in the last case, is an extremely rare cause of Wallenberg's syndrome.", "contents": "[Pathogenesis of Wallenberg's syndrome]. In 1895 Wallenberg described a syndrome characterized by neurological symptoms produced by unilateral softening of the dorsolateral medulla oblongata. In the majority of cases the softening was caused by an arteriosclerotic-thrombotic occlusion of the homolateral intracranial vertebral artery or posterior inferior cerebellar artery, respectively. Occasionally an occlusion of the basilar artery or of the distal extracranial vertebral artery was responsible. In contradiction to the original thesis of Wallenberg, an embolic arterial occlusion could rarely be diagnosed. In particular cases the syndrome was caused by syphilitic vascular changes, tumors, metastases or encephalitis in the region of the dorsolateral medulla oblongata. This paper describes two cases of Wallenberg's syndrome. In the first case (70-year-old-male) the softening of the dorsolateral medulla oblongata was caused by occlusive thrombosis of the homolateral posterior inferior cerebellar artery with concomitant severe arteriosclerosis of the extracerebral brain arteries. The latter variation is characteristic for hypertensive vascular diseases. Thus Wallenberg's syndrome must be classified in similar cases as a complication of hypertensive peripheral cerebral arteriosclerosis. The second observation refers to a 51-year-old-male with bronchiectasis and chronic bronchitis. Metastatic encephalitis was found in several parts of the mid-brain, including the medulla oblongata. The dorsolateral medulla oblongata was destroyed by septic softenings (pneumococci). In this case, however, arteriosclerotic stenosis or thrombosis of the cerebral arteries could not be found. According to the literature metastatic encephalitis, as described in the last case, is an extremely rare cause of Wallenberg's syndrome.", "PMID": 1131156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11555", "title": "Ballistocardiographic and electrocardiographic changes in men working with lead.", "content": "Early ECG and Bcg changes in workers exposed to lead have been described. The changes are a consequence of disturbed myocardial metabolism, momentary coronary spasms and neurovegatative dystonia.", "contents": "Ballistocardiographic and electrocardiographic changes in men working with lead. Early ECG and Bcg changes in workers exposed to lead have been described. The changes are a consequence of disturbed myocardial metabolism, momentary coronary spasms and neurovegatative dystonia.", "PMID": 1131161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11556", "title": "Kinetics of the left and right heart ventricles revealed by precardial cardiography as manifestations of compensatory reaction in myocardial infarction.", "content": "A comparative study of the function of the left hand and right ventricles in different myocardial infarction periods was carried out in 100 patients. The principal method used for specific analysis of the phase structure in the function of the left and right ventricles was that of precardial cardiography. The data obtained indicate that in the acute infarction stage both ventricles function hypodynamically. Later, some asynchronism in the restoration of the affected contractile function of both ventricles is observed. The study of the kinetics of the left and right heart ventricles enables one to evaluate the markedness of the compensatory processes and some of their mechanisms.", "contents": "Kinetics of the left and right heart ventricles revealed by precardial cardiography as manifestations of compensatory reaction in myocardial infarction. A comparative study of the function of the left hand and right ventricles in different myocardial infarction periods was carried out in 100 patients. The principal method used for specific analysis of the phase structure in the function of the left and right ventricles was that of precardial cardiography. The data obtained indicate that in the acute infarction stage both ventricles function hypodynamically. Later, some asynchronism in the restoration of the affected contractile function of both ventricles is observed. The study of the kinetics of the left and right heart ventricles enables one to evaluate the markedness of the compensatory processes and some of their mechanisms.", "PMID": 1131162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11557", "title": "Ballistocardiographic changes after carbon dioxide baths.", "content": "Ballistocardiography was used for following up the changes in cardiovascular dynamics in 2 groups of patients suffering from hypertensive disease stage II. In a group of hypertensive patients who took CO2 baths for 28 days, or improvement of the pathologically altered Bcg showed with a simultaneous decrease in blood pressure and pulse rate for a better dynamics of the cardiac function. In the group of hypertensive patients taking isothermic tap-water baths under identical conditions, the same trend in the Bcg changes was found, but these changes were not statistically significant.", "contents": "Ballistocardiographic changes after carbon dioxide baths. Ballistocardiography was used for following up the changes in cardiovascular dynamics in 2 groups of patients suffering from hypertensive disease stage II. In a group of hypertensive patients who took CO2 baths for 28 days, or improvement of the pathologically altered Bcg showed with a simultaneous decrease in blood pressure and pulse rate for a better dynamics of the cardiac function. In the group of hypertensive patients taking isothermic tap-water baths under identical conditions, the same trend in the Bcg changes was found, but these changes were not statistically significant.", "PMID": 1131163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11558", "title": "Ballistocardiography in sanatorial and health resort rehabilitation of patients after myocardial infarction.", "content": "A sanatorial and health resort rehabilitation was carried out in patients after myocardial infarction. The rehabilitation program included exercise therapy and carbonic acid baths. The ballistocardiographic studies conducted with a diagnostic purpose indicate that carbonic acid balneotherapy may be used in patients after the third month following the onset of myocardial infarction. Clinico-physiological investigations indicate that ballistocardiography may serve to control the effectiveness of sanatorial and health resort rehabilitation and to determine the mechanism of action of the physical factors involved.", "contents": "Ballistocardiography in sanatorial and health resort rehabilitation of patients after myocardial infarction. A sanatorial and health resort rehabilitation was carried out in patients after myocardial infarction. The rehabilitation program included exercise therapy and carbonic acid baths. The ballistocardiographic studies conducted with a diagnostic purpose indicate that carbonic acid balneotherapy may be used in patients after the third month following the onset of myocardial infarction. Clinico-physiological investigations indicate that ballistocardiography may serve to control the effectiveness of sanatorial and health resort rehabilitation and to determine the mechanism of action of the physical factors involved.", "PMID": 1131164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11559", "title": "Hemodynamic syndromes in apex-cardiography.", "content": "The results from 8,000 investigations and comparative studies between mean and systolic pressures in the left atrium and changes in the diastole portion of the apex-cardiogram are presented. A correlation is established between the mean pressure and OF duration for post-puberty ages. A similar dependence is also found between the amplitude value of the atrial wave and the systolic pressure in the left atrium. The physiological variations are outlined. Three distinct, pathological hemodynamic syndromes, expressing the dependence between the magnitudes of systolic and mean pressures, are established.", "contents": "Hemodynamic syndromes in apex-cardiography. The results from 8,000 investigations and comparative studies between mean and systolic pressures in the left atrium and changes in the diastole portion of the apex-cardiogram are presented. A correlation is established between the mean pressure and OF duration for post-puberty ages. A similar dependence is also found between the amplitude value of the atrial wave and the systolic pressure in the left atrium. The physiological variations are outlined. Three distinct, pathological hemodynamic syndromes, expressing the dependence between the magnitudes of systolic and mean pressures, are established.", "PMID": 1131165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11560", "title": "Apex-cardiographic approaches applicable to incipient myocardial failure in preclinical periods.", "content": "A survey is made of present-day methods proving myocardial failure, and a new indirect method is set forth based on apex-cardiography. After consideration of the physiological variations of the 'a' wave and OF interval, they are checked in an after-exercise state. It is established that the slow normalization of 'a' wave, which follows the restoration of the pulse rate initial values, is an indication of incipient myocardial failure. This regularity is observed for all diseases involving some failure of the myocardial functions.", "contents": "Apex-cardiographic approaches applicable to incipient myocardial failure in preclinical periods. A survey is made of present-day methods proving myocardial failure, and a new indirect method is set forth based on apex-cardiography. After consideration of the physiological variations of the 'a' wave and OF interval, they are checked in an after-exercise state. It is established that the slow normalization of 'a' wave, which follows the restoration of the pulse rate initial values, is an indication of incipient myocardial failure. This regularity is observed for all diseases involving some failure of the myocardial functions.", "PMID": 1131166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11561", "title": "Evaluation of cardiac pump performance and heart muscle mechanics from the apex cardiogramm. Theoretical considerations.", "content": "Theoretical grounds are outlined for assessing the pump action of the heart and myocardial mechanics, respectively, in terms of ACG displacement ventricular function curve and displacement percentage amplitude-rate of ascent curve. These displacement relationship curves compare the a% of the ACG with the ACG-derived stroke volume, on the one hand, and the isovolumetric percentage amplitudes with the rate of ascent of the slope, on the other. They indicate the expected direction changes in the ventricular function and in the force-velocity relation curves.", "contents": "Evaluation of cardiac pump performance and heart muscle mechanics from the apex cardiogramm. Theoretical considerations. Theoretical grounds are outlined for assessing the pump action of the heart and myocardial mechanics, respectively, in terms of ACG displacement ventricular function curve and displacement percentage amplitude-rate of ascent curve. These displacement relationship curves compare the a% of the ACG with the ACG-derived stroke volume, on the one hand, and the isovolumetric percentage amplitudes with the rate of ascent of the slope, on the other. They indicate the expected direction changes in the ventricular function and in the force-velocity relation curves.", "PMID": 1131167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11562", "title": "The value of quantitative apex-cardiography as compared to intracardiac functional diagnostics of the left ventricle.", "content": "A quantitative procedure of recording the apex impulse as regards its duration, force and rate of development of force requires a DC amplification ensured by a semiconductor strain-gauge transducer. In addition, impact and diameter or stamp and internal diameter of the contact ring must be defined. Comparative measurements show a good correlation between timing, absolute values and the first derivatives.", "contents": "The value of quantitative apex-cardiography as compared to intracardiac functional diagnostics of the left ventricle. A quantitative procedure of recording the apex impulse as regards its duration, force and rate of development of force requires a DC amplification ensured by a semiconductor strain-gauge transducer. In addition, impact and diameter or stamp and internal diameter of the contact ring must be defined. Comparative measurements show a good correlation between timing, absolute values and the first derivatives.", "PMID": 1131168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11563", "title": "Apex cardiographic evaluation of the velocity of contractile element shortening at aortic valve opening (ACG-VCE-E).", "content": "The average values of the velocity of contractile element shortening at opening of the aortic valve, assessed apex-cardiographically in 100 normal subjects and in 63 patients with previous myocardial infarction were 0.60 and 0.53; with correction for preload and values became 0.11 and 0.049 (psmaller than 0.0000006). It is concluded that the proposed concept of expressing myocardial mechanics in terms of displacement curves and indices approaches the problem clinically in a safe way.", "contents": "Apex cardiographic evaluation of the velocity of contractile element shortening at aortic valve opening (ACG-VCE-E). The average values of the velocity of contractile element shortening at opening of the aortic valve, assessed apex-cardiographically in 100 normal subjects and in 63 patients with previous myocardial infarction were 0.60 and 0.53; with correction for preload and values became 0.11 and 0.049 (psmaller than 0.0000006). It is concluded that the proposed concept of expressing myocardial mechanics in terms of displacement curves and indices approaches the problem clinically in a safe way.", "PMID": 1131169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11564", "title": "Use of ballistocardiography for determining the hyperfunction of the left ventricle.", "content": "A study of patients with patent ductus arteriosus and atrium septum defect, by use ofdirect body Bcg showed that an increased IJ amplitude is due to an increased stroke volume of the left and not of the right ventricle. High IJ amplitude is observed in patients with cardiovascular diseases, causing an increased output of the left ventricle ofover 50% above normal.", "contents": "Use of ballistocardiography for determining the hyperfunction of the left ventricle. A study of patients with patent ductus arteriosus and atrium septum defect, by use ofdirect body Bcg showed that an increased IJ amplitude is due to an increased stroke volume of the left and not of the right ventricle. High IJ amplitude is observed in patients with cardiovascular diseases, causing an increased output of the left ventricle ofover 50% above normal.", "PMID": 1131170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11565", "title": "On the total relaxation of the left ventricle in primary rheumocarditis in children. Apex-cardiographic studies.", "content": "Apexcardiographic studies were carried out on 100 healthy children and 120 children, aged 3-14 years, with primary rheumocarditis. An analysis of the results indicate that the duration of total relaxation of the left ventricle is prolonged in the group of children suffering from primary rheumocarditis. The prolongation of TR is due to the increased PD interval, as well as to the prolonged IVR. The changes described lead to a certain phasic delay of the aortal and opening of the mitral valves.", "contents": "On the total relaxation of the left ventricle in primary rheumocarditis in children. Apex-cardiographic studies. Apexcardiographic studies were carried out on 100 healthy children and 120 children, aged 3-14 years, with primary rheumocarditis. An analysis of the results indicate that the duration of total relaxation of the left ventricle is prolonged in the group of children suffering from primary rheumocarditis. The prolongation of TR is due to the increased PD interval, as well as to the prolonged IVR. The changes described lead to a certain phasic delay of the aortal and opening of the mitral valves.", "PMID": 1131172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11566", "title": "Quantitative analysis of the carotid sphygmogram in atherosclerosis.", "content": "A study has been made, by means of quantitative analysis, of the changes in the CSG of 355 persons-131 healthy, 112 with ischemic heart disease and 112 with hypertension. The quantitative analysis includes: (1) coefficient of declination, pointing to the declivity of the anacrotic limb; (2) coefficient of propulsion, pointing to the time of formation of the maximum peak and (3) level of indentation, pointing to the height of the valve notch. These 3 indices regularly increase along with progressive induration of the arterial wall and serve as quantitative criteria for a more accurate differentiation of the separate types of CSG used in clinical practice.", "contents": "Quantitative analysis of the carotid sphygmogram in atherosclerosis. A study has been made, by means of quantitative analysis, of the changes in the CSG of 355 persons-131 healthy, 112 with ischemic heart disease and 112 with hypertension. The quantitative analysis includes: (1) coefficient of declination, pointing to the declivity of the anacrotic limb; (2) coefficient of propulsion, pointing to the time of formation of the maximum peak and (3) level of indentation, pointing to the height of the valve notch. These 3 indices regularly increase along with progressive induration of the arterial wall and serve as quantitative criteria for a more accurate differentiation of the separate types of CSG used in clinical practice.", "PMID": 1131175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11567", "title": "The relation between aortic elasticity and systolic complex of the direct body ballistocardiogram.", "content": "On the basis of the analysis of 60 clinically healthy men divided into 2 age groups according to the degree of aortic elasticity, it was found that the diminution of elasticity was accompanied by reduction of the amplitude of I, J and K waves, increase of the gamma-index (gamma=aK/aJ) and shortening of the H-K interval. The subjects were divided into analysed groups according to the cardiographic indices of atheromatosis and their age. Similar types of change, especially for the decrease of I, J and K wave amplitudes, can be an effect of the diminution of cardiac contractility. Consequently, the correct evaluation of a pathologic Bcg (especially in older people) requires additional information as to the condition of aortic elasticity.", "contents": "The relation between aortic elasticity and systolic complex of the direct body ballistocardiogram. On the basis of the analysis of 60 clinically healthy men divided into 2 age groups according to the degree of aortic elasticity, it was found that the diminution of elasticity was accompanied by reduction of the amplitude of I, J and K waves, increase of the gamma-index (gamma=aK/aJ) and shortening of the H-K interval. The subjects were divided into analysed groups according to the cardiographic indices of atheromatosis and their age. Similar types of change, especially for the decrease of I, J and K wave amplitudes, can be an effect of the diminution of cardiac contractility. Consequently, the correct evaluation of a pathologic Bcg (especially in older people) requires additional information as to the condition of aortic elasticity.", "PMID": 1131176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11568", "title": "Changes in the ballistocardiogram in pulmonary hypertension.", "content": "A comparison of Bcg changes was made between a group of healthy individuals, a group of pneumopaths with normal blood pressure in the pulmonary artery at rest and another group of pneumopaths with pulmonary hypertension at rest. The tension in the pulmonary artery was measured by venous catheterization. It was found that: (1) the H wave of the Bcg was significantly higher in both groups of pneumopaths than in the group of healthy individuals, and (2) the L wave was significantly higher in pneumopathics with pulmonary hypertension at rest than in pneumopaths with pulmonary normotension and healthy individuals.", "contents": "Changes in the ballistocardiogram in pulmonary hypertension. A comparison of Bcg changes was made between a group of healthy individuals, a group of pneumopaths with normal blood pressure in the pulmonary artery at rest and another group of pneumopaths with pulmonary hypertension at rest. The tension in the pulmonary artery was measured by venous catheterization. It was found that: (1) the H wave of the Bcg was significantly higher in both groups of pneumopaths than in the group of healthy individuals, and (2) the L wave was significantly higher in pneumopathics with pulmonary hypertension at rest than in pneumopaths with pulmonary normotension and healthy individuals.", "PMID": 1131178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11569", "title": "Ballistocardiogram studies compared with an analysis of the left-ventricular systole in patients with stage II hypertension.", "content": "Studies were made on Bcg changes in 46 patients suffering from hypertensive disease stage II. These were compared to the phase changes in the systole of the left ventricle. It was established that more substantial phase changes in the systole of the left ventricle corresponded to a higher degree of changes in the Bcg. Emphasis is laid on the significance of complex cardiographic investigations in patients with hypertensive disease, as a comparatively easily accessible method for evaluating the mechanics of contractility of the  myocardium. The method is a useful addition to the overall clinical picture of the disease.", "contents": "Ballistocardiogram studies compared with an analysis of the left-ventricular systole in patients with stage II hypertension. Studies were made on Bcg changes in 46 patients suffering from hypertensive disease stage II. These were compared to the phase changes in the systole of the left ventricle. It was established that more substantial phase changes in the systole of the left ventricle corresponded to a higher degree of changes in the Bcg. Emphasis is laid on the significance of complex cardiographic investigations in patients with hypertensive disease, as a comparatively easily accessible method for evaluating the mechanics of contractility of the  myocardium. The method is a useful addition to the overall clinical picture of the disease.", "PMID": 1131179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11570", "title": "Rheographic estimation of peripheral diabetic angiopathy.", "content": "Longitudinal rheography was used for investigation of 294 diabetics and 176 healthy controls aged 3-82 years. It was found that the vascular lesions in the lower extremities in diabetics are bilaterally similar, and that they are 3-14 times more frequent in comparison with nondiabetic controls. Whereas the diabetics are certainly threatened by severe vascular obliteration with advanced age, the same is not necessary for the nondiabetics. Lighter vascular lesions were found even in diabetic children under 5 years of age. A conclusion is reached that rheography is a reliable method for investigation of vascular lesions in diabetic patients.", "contents": "Rheographic estimation of peripheral diabetic angiopathy. Longitudinal rheography was used for investigation of 294 diabetics and 176 healthy controls aged 3-82 years. It was found that the vascular lesions in the lower extremities in diabetics are bilaterally similar, and that they are 3-14 times more frequent in comparison with nondiabetic controls. Whereas the diabetics are certainly threatened by severe vascular obliteration with advanced age, the same is not necessary for the nondiabetics. Lighter vascular lesions were found even in diabetic children under 5 years of age. A conclusion is reached that rheography is a reliable method for investigation of vascular lesions in diabetic patients.", "PMID": 1131183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11571", "title": "Age-dependent changes in the complex of impedance plethysmographic and hemodynamic indices of the lung and aorta.", "content": "The author has tested 2 groups, each consisting of 30 healthy individuals aged 21-40 and 41-60 years, respectively, by means of IPG records of the lung and aorta. The LIPG has not shown any essential changes with the advance in age, wherease the AIPG showed a decrease of the Q-a interval, as well as the Vmaxt of quick blood filling and of the rheographic systolic index without morphological changes.", "contents": "Age-dependent changes in the complex of impedance plethysmographic and hemodynamic indices of the lung and aorta. The author has tested 2 groups, each consisting of 30 healthy individuals aged 21-40 and 41-60 years, respectively, by means of IPG records of the lung and aorta. The LIPG has not shown any essential changes with the advance in age, wherease the AIPG showed a decrease of the Q-a interval, as well as the Vmaxt of quick blood filling and of the rheographic systolic index without morphological changes.", "PMID": 1131184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11572", "title": "Changes in the asynchronous contraction of the left ventricle in primary rheumocarditis in children.", "content": "An attempt has been made at studying in greater detail the changes in the AC of the left ventricle in primary rheumocarditis. The changes, evaluated with the help of an ACG, have been differentiated from such in the EMI and those in IVC. The studies werecarried out on 220 children, aged 3-14, divided into 2 groups: 100 healthy controls and 120 with primary rheumocarditis. An analysis of the results shows that the rheumatic process in the myocardium modifies the normal transformation of electrical events into mechanical ones, and prolongs the AC phase. The latter is due to the increase of EMI duration. IVC is practically unchanged. The prolonged duration of EMI may be connected with a certain compensatory reaction.", "contents": "Changes in the asynchronous contraction of the left ventricle in primary rheumocarditis in children. An attempt has been made at studying in greater detail the changes in the AC of the left ventricle in primary rheumocarditis. The changes, evaluated with the help of an ACG, have been differentiated from such in the EMI and those in IVC. The studies werecarried out on 220 children, aged 3-14, divided into 2 groups: 100 healthy controls and 120 with primary rheumocarditis. An analysis of the results shows that the rheumatic process in the myocardium modifies the normal transformation of electrical events into mechanical ones, and prolongs the AC phase. The latter is due to the increase of EMI duration. IVC is practically unchanged. The prolonged duration of EMI may be connected with a certain compensatory reaction.", "PMID": 1131186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11573", "title": "Correlation between the duration of the cardiac cycle and the complex of impedance plethysmographic hemodynamic indices of the lung and aorta.", "content": "Rheographic studies of the lung and aorta have been performed on 20 patients with atrial fibrillation and on 30 normal individuals before and after Valsalva's manoever. The findings disclose a strongly expressed positive correlation between the duration of the cardiac cycle and the rheographic systolic index, a Vmax., a Vm and a negative correlation with the Q-a interval and the ab/RR of the lung and the aorta.", "contents": "Correlation between the duration of the cardiac cycle and the complex of impedance plethysmographic hemodynamic indices of the lung and aorta. Rheographic studies of the lung and aorta have been performed on 20 patients with atrial fibrillation and on 30 normal individuals before and after Valsalva's manoever. The findings disclose a strongly expressed positive correlation between the duration of the cardiac cycle and the rheographic systolic index, a Vmax., a Vm and a negative correlation with the Q-a interval and the ab/RR of the lung and the aorta.", "PMID": 1131187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11574", "title": "High-frequency (acceleration) direct body ballistocardiography. Representation of the carotid pulse, phono- and apex-cardiogram in the Bcg.", "content": "The carotid pulse PCG, ACG and Bcg appear to represent the same basic dynamic expression whether of atrial or ventricular origin. The early isometric and ejection waves are comparably delineated. The points of A2, P2 and S3 can be detected, particularly,in CP2, ACG2 and df-Bcg. The gain, thereby, in the significance of the Bcg is encouraging.", "contents": "High-frequency (acceleration) direct body ballistocardiography. Representation of the carotid pulse, phono- and apex-cardiogram in the Bcg. The carotid pulse PCG, ACG and Bcg appear to represent the same basic dynamic expression whether of atrial or ventricular origin. The early isometric and ejection waves are comparably delineated. The points of A2, P2 and S3 can be detected, particularly,in CP2, ACG2 and df-Bcg. The gain, thereby, in the significance of the Bcg is encouraging.", "PMID": 1131191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11575", "title": "Simulation of catecholamine action in an improved electrical model.", "content": "A further development of an electrical model of circulation is presented. The progress consists in: (1) the ventricles are represented as a changing capacity; (2) a constant amount of charge is re-circulating in the system; (3) the contractility of the heart can be varied; (4) the valves are represented by relays, and (5) the pulse wave velocity can be represented. Catecholamine action is studied by changing the heart rate, contractility, elastic resistance and peripheral resistance; the influence on systolic, diastolic pulse pressure and flow pulse in different parts of the arterial system is measured. In the discussion the importance of the concept of deformation-capacity-internal surface of the ventricles for the understanding of the cardiovascular system as a unity is stressed.", "contents": "Simulation of catecholamine action in an improved electrical model. A further development of an electrical model of circulation is presented. The progress consists in: (1) the ventricles are represented as a changing capacity; (2) a constant amount of charge is re-circulating in the system; (3) the contractility of the heart can be varied; (4) the valves are represented by relays, and (5) the pulse wave velocity can be represented. Catecholamine action is studied by changing the heart rate, contractility, elastic resistance and peripheral resistance; the influence on systolic, diastolic pulse pressure and flow pulse in different parts of the arterial system is measured. In the discussion the importance of the concept of deformation-capacity-internal surface of the ventricles for the understanding of the cardiovascular system as a unity is stressed.", "PMID": 1131192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11576", "title": "The role of kinetocardiography in the complex study of the mechanical cardiac activity in ischemic heart disease.", "content": "The complex study of mechanical manifestations of cardiac activity by kinetocardiography, along with a complete clinical examination, is suggested as a rather sensitive method which precisely detects the changes of cardiodynamics in disturbances of the coronary circulation, rendering information useful in diagnosis and prognosis.", "contents": "The role of kinetocardiography in the complex study of the mechanical cardiac activity in ischemic heart disease. The complex study of mechanical manifestations of cardiac activity by kinetocardiography, along with a complete clinical examination, is suggested as a rather sensitive method which precisely detects the changes of cardiodynamics in disturbances of the coronary circulation, rendering information useful in diagnosis and prognosis.", "PMID": 1131194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11577", "title": "Technical principles of spectral- and vectorkinetocardiography.", "content": "The use of calibrated spectral, narrow-band spectral abd vectorkinetocardiography is suggested for clinical practice. Dependence of the KCG frequency characteristics and vector orientation on the functional state of the myocardium was established. The numerical characteristics of spectral kinetocardiographic data proved to be fit for use during treatment. They provide for a more objective estimation of the mechanical cardiac activity including machine-data processing.", "contents": "Technical principles of spectral- and vectorkinetocardiography. The use of calibrated spectral, narrow-band spectral abd vectorkinetocardiography is suggested for clinical practice. Dependence of the KCG frequency characteristics and vector orientation on the functional state of the myocardium was established. The numerical characteristics of spectral kinetocardiographic data proved to be fit for use during treatment. They provide for a more objective estimation of the mechanical cardiac activity including machine-data processing.", "PMID": 1131195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11578", "title": "A portable ballistocardiograph.", "content": "The instrument consists of a pneumatic accelerometer which is worn on the top of the head, secured by a strap under the chin. It is connected by a tube to a sensitive capacitance manometer, the signals from which are amplified and displayed on a meter. Connection can also be made to an ECG recorder to display waveform. The apparatus is battery-operated and fully portable, so that it is possible to record Bcg on patients in their own beds.", "contents": "A portable ballistocardiograph. The instrument consists of a pneumatic accelerometer which is worn on the top of the head, secured by a strap under the chin. It is connected by a tube to a sensitive capacitance manometer, the signals from which are amplified and displayed on a meter. Connection can also be made to an ECG recorder to display waveform. The apparatus is battery-operated and fully portable, so that it is possible to record Bcg on patients in their own beds.", "PMID": 1131196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11579", "title": "Semiautomatic-planimetric analysis of the BCG (by means of an electrointegrationset).", "content": "The present invention is based on the use of two ballistic galvanometers in connection with an ECG-Bcg set, making it unnecessary to change poles mechanically each time in order to take in surface values above and below the zero line. A further advantage is that surface portions above and below can be dealt with simultaneously, i.e. with the same surface and without having to wait for the subsequent one(s), which already could have changed. The indicated values of the ballistic galvanometer can, on the one hand, be read directLy or, on the other hand, be documented mechanically by means of a film camera or by a photographic camera with or without different adjustable time delays or by electronic coupling after applying the measurement(s).", "contents": "Semiautomatic-planimetric analysis of the BCG (by means of an electrointegrationset). The present invention is based on the use of two ballistic galvanometers in connection with an ECG-Bcg set, making it unnecessary to change poles mechanically each time in order to take in surface values above and below the zero line. A further advantage is that surface portions above and below can be dealt with simultaneously, i.e. with the same surface and without having to wait for the subsequent one(s), which already could have changed. The indicated values of the ballistic galvanometer can, on the one hand, be read directLy or, on the other hand, be documented mechanically by means of a film camera or by a photographic camera with or without different adjustable time delays or by electronic coupling after applying the measurement(s).", "PMID": 1131198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11580", "title": "The calibration of stethoscopes and phonocardiographic microphones.", "content": "The response of stethoscopes and chest microphones depends on the impedance of the sound source, which must therefore have the same impedance as the body, and must emit a signal related to the sound intensity in the body when no instrument is applied. Body impedance depends on the geometry of the instrument and on the force of application, etc. The source impedance must, therefore, be variable to suit test conditions. Unexplained discrepancies in published impedance measurements hinder standardisation of source impedance. The impedance of an electromagnetic vibrator can be modified electronically to meet these requirements.", "contents": "The calibration of stethoscopes and phonocardiographic microphones. The response of stethoscopes and chest microphones depends on the impedance of the sound source, which must therefore have the same impedance as the body, and must emit a signal related to the sound intensity in the body when no instrument is applied. Body impedance depends on the geometry of the instrument and on the force of application, etc. The source impedance must, therefore, be variable to suit test conditions. Unexplained discrepancies in published impedance measurements hinder standardisation of source impedance. The impedance of an electromagnetic vibrator can be modified electronically to meet these requirements.", "PMID": 1131199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11581", "title": "A comparison between noninvasive and bloody methods for use in the continuous estimation of cardiac contractility.", "content": "Simultaneous measurements of the blood pressure in arteria carotis with a catheter device and a new noninvasive continuously recording method were carried out in 7 rabbits with a chronically isolated arteria carotis loop. Results show good correspondence between both methods for pulse curve and blood pressure over a long period and a wide range,as well as good reproducibility. An absolute calibration for the noninvasive method is impossible. The new method is quite suitable for studying the dynamics of pressure pulse and pressure behavior.", "contents": "A comparison between noninvasive and bloody methods for use in the continuous estimation of cardiac contractility. Simultaneous measurements of the blood pressure in arteria carotis with a catheter device and a new noninvasive continuously recording method were carried out in 7 rabbits with a chronically isolated arteria carotis loop. Results show good correspondence between both methods for pulse curve and blood pressure over a long period and a wide range,as well as good reproducibility. An absolute calibration for the noninvasive method is impossible. The new method is quite suitable for studying the dynamics of pressure pulse and pressure behavior.", "PMID": 1131200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11582", "title": "The ballistocardiogram in myocardial infarction.", "content": "ECG and Bcg studies have been carried out on 40 youths, aged 18-23, suffering from mycoplasmic pneumonia; in 19 of them mild Bcg changes were established. The frequencyof ECG changes is less-12 patients. The pathological deflections in Ecg and Bcg in all patients normalize before the control examination, which takes place 30 days after discharge of the patients from hospital.", "contents": "The ballistocardiogram in myocardial infarction. ECG and Bcg studies have been carried out on 40 youths, aged 18-23, suffering from mycoplasmic pneumonia; in 19 of them mild Bcg changes were established. The frequencyof ECG changes is less-12 patients. The pathological deflections in Ecg and Bcg in all patients normalize before the control examination, which takes place 30 days after discharge of the patients from hospital.", "PMID": 1131201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11583", "title": "Cardiac lesions caused by mycoplasmic pneumonia in youths according to ballistocardiographic and electrocardiographic data.", "content": "ECG and Bcg studies have been carried out on 40 youths, aged 18-23, suffering from mycoplasmic pneumonia; in 19 of them mild Bcg changes were established. The frequency of ECG changes is less - 12 patients. The pathological deflections in Ecg and Bcg in all patients normalize before the control examination, which takes place 30 days after discharge of the patients from hospital.", "contents": "Cardiac lesions caused by mycoplasmic pneumonia in youths according to ballistocardiographic and electrocardiographic data. ECG and Bcg studies have been carried out on 40 youths, aged 18-23, suffering from mycoplasmic pneumonia; in 19 of them mild Bcg changes were established. The frequency of ECG changes is less - 12 patients. The pathological deflections in Ecg and Bcg in all patients normalize before the control examination, which takes place 30 days after discharge of the patients from hospital.", "PMID": 1131202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11584", "title": "Echographic detection and localization of BB shots in the eye and orbit.", "content": "BB shots and other spherical foreign bodies produce long chains of rapidly successive echo spikes which gradually decrease in height. These patterns are specific for this type of foreign bodies and allow their reliable detection and accurate localization. A-scan echography has become a very useful addition to X-ray examination in order to determine whether such foreign bodies are intra- or extraocular. Echography also helps to localize such foreign bodies during surgery and to evaluate the posterior segment of the eye in the presence of opaque ocular media (hemorrhages, cataract). Although it is sometimes possible to demonstrate specific B-scan patterns of spherical foreign bodies, A-scan echography is the method of choice since it is faster, more reliable and more accurate.", "contents": "Echographic detection and localization of BB shots in the eye and orbit. BB shots and other spherical foreign bodies produce long chains of rapidly successive echo spikes which gradually decrease in height. These patterns are specific for this type of foreign bodies and allow their reliable detection and accurate localization. A-scan echography has become a very useful addition to X-ray examination in order to determine whether such foreign bodies are intra- or extraocular. Echography also helps to localize such foreign bodies during surgery and to evaluate the posterior segment of the eye in the presence of opaque ocular media (hemorrhages, cataract). Although it is sometimes possible to demonstrate specific B-scan patterns of spherical foreign bodies, A-scan echography is the method of choice since it is faster, more reliable and more accurate.", "PMID": 1131204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11585", "title": "Ocular tumor patterns.", "content": "The use of choroidal excavation and vascular pulsations in the ultrasonic diagnosis of tumors has been a helpful diagnostic feature. Evaluation of choroidal tumors is presently performed with A-, B- and M-scan techniques. Solid tumors of high homogeneity produce characteristic hollows or acoustic quiet zones that replace the normal choroidal pattern. M-scan patterns of vascular pulsations are also useful in demonstrating vascularity or choroidal tumors. Color displays accentuate amplitude variations in ocular tumors.", "contents": "Ocular tumor patterns. The use of choroidal excavation and vascular pulsations in the ultrasonic diagnosis of tumors has been a helpful diagnostic feature. Evaluation of choroidal tumors is presently performed with A-, B- and M-scan techniques. Solid tumors of high homogeneity produce characteristic hollows or acoustic quiet zones that replace the normal choroidal pattern. M-scan patterns of vascular pulsations are also useful in demonstrating vascularity or choroidal tumors. Color displays accentuate amplitude variations in ocular tumors.", "PMID": 1131209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11586", "title": "Relation between histological structure and ultrasonogram in malignant melanoblastoma of the choroid.", "content": "The extreme polymorphy of the histological structure of the malignant melanoblastoma of the choroid, and the diverse forms of the tumor echogram stimulated the comparative investigation of such tumors in 22 cases. The complicated combination of different histological details cannot be revealed through clinical echo-ophthalmography. However, connections between the histological preparation and the interference picture can be demonstrated subsequently.", "contents": "Relation between histological structure and ultrasonogram in malignant melanoblastoma of the choroid. The extreme polymorphy of the histological structure of the malignant melanoblastoma of the choroid, and the diverse forms of the tumor echogram stimulated the comparative investigation of such tumors in 22 cases. The complicated combination of different histological details cannot be revealed through clinical echo-ophthalmography. However, connections between the histological preparation and the interference picture can be demonstrated subsequently.", "PMID": 1131212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11587", "title": "Cavernous hemangioma of the orbit. A differential diagnosis in clinical echography.", "content": "Cavernous hemangiomas of the orbit produce echographic A-scan patterns which allow their detection, localization, measurement, and differentiation from all other orbital lesions with a high degree of accuracy. Specific echograms, however, of these tumors can only be obtained with optimized and standardized A-scan instruments providing specific settings of the sensitivity, amplifier characteristics, dynamic range, expansion of the screen display, filtering, etc. When instruments other than these are used, both differentiation and detection of this tumor become difficult or impossible. The more an A-scan instrument differs from the optimized and standardized type, the less successful the diagnosis of cavernous hemangiomas becomes, B-scan techniques add to the A-scan examination by better demonstrating the round shape and the topographic relationship to the globe, the optic nerve and the orbital wall.", "contents": "Cavernous hemangioma of the orbit. A differential diagnosis in clinical echography. Cavernous hemangiomas of the orbit produce echographic A-scan patterns which allow their detection, localization, measurement, and differentiation from all other orbital lesions with a high degree of accuracy. Specific echograms, however, of these tumors can only be obtained with optimized and standardized A-scan instruments providing specific settings of the sensitivity, amplifier characteristics, dynamic range, expansion of the screen display, filtering, etc. When instruments other than these are used, both differentiation and detection of this tumor become difficult or impossible. The more an A-scan instrument differs from the optimized and standardized type, the less successful the diagnosis of cavernous hemangiomas becomes, B-scan techniques add to the A-scan examination by better demonstrating the round shape and the topographic relationship to the globe, the optic nerve and the orbital wall.", "PMID": 1131222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11588", "title": "A determination of the velocity of ultrasound in cataractous lenses.", "content": "The velocity of sound determinations made in this study are the result of measurements accurate to 0.5 m/sec. The velocity of sound in a series of 50 cataractous lenses was found to be an average of 1,629 m/sec, 11 m/sec slower than that of normal adult lenses. The velocity of sound found in a smaller series of child lenses was 1,659 m/sec, 30 m/sec faster than the cataractous adult lens. It is postulated that this represents a trend of decreasing velocity of sound in the lens with increasing age.", "contents": "A determination of the velocity of ultrasound in cataractous lenses. The velocity of sound determinations made in this study are the result of measurements accurate to 0.5 m/sec. The velocity of sound in a series of 50 cataractous lenses was found to be an average of 1,629 m/sec, 11 m/sec slower than that of normal adult lenses. The velocity of sound found in a smaller series of child lenses was 1,659 m/sec, 30 m/sec faster than the cataractous adult lens. It is postulated that this represents a trend of decreasing velocity of sound in the lens with increasing age.", "PMID": 1131223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11589", "title": "Methodical and clinical aspects of the echo-oculography.", "content": "The pros and cons of the various B-scan modes are discussed, and the preferences of the combination of the linear scan and the arc scan is eludicated with experimental results. Some techniques of modulation of the intensity of the B-scan oscilloscope are compared, the starting point being an A-scan equipment with a logarithmic gain amplifier. It is concluded that either a differentiated video signal, or a system employing standard pulses are differentiation of the video signal, or a system employing standard pulses after differentiation of the video signal enhances the anatomical outlining of the B-scan pictures. In order to provide quantitative information of the echo-pattern, A-scan pictures have to be made. These pictures are taken at positions with the B-scan display.", "contents": "Methodical and clinical aspects of the echo-oculography. The pros and cons of the various B-scan modes are discussed, and the preferences of the combination of the linear scan and the arc scan is eludicated with experimental results. Some techniques of modulation of the intensity of the B-scan oscilloscope are compared, the starting point being an A-scan equipment with a logarithmic gain amplifier. It is concluded that either a differentiated video signal, or a system employing standard pulses are differentiation of the video signal, or a system employing standard pulses after differentiation of the video signal enhances the anatomical outlining of the B-scan pictures. In order to provide quantitative information of the echo-pattern, A-scan pictures have to be made. These pictures are taken at positions with the B-scan display.", "PMID": 1131224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11590", "title": "Comparative ultrasound oculometry. TAU-measurements of thirty eyes with three standard equipments.", "content": "Ultrasound oculometry (A mode) was performed in 30 eyes with three different standard equipments and great effort was made to make the three sets of measurements comparable. In spite of careful calibration procedures significant inter-equipment differences were found: anterior chamber depths and lens thicknesses showed the greatest discrepancies. These findings should be kept in mind when oculometric results of different authors are compared. A standardized eye-like phantom is desirable as a common reference for all who work in ultrasonic oculometry.", "contents": "Comparative ultrasound oculometry. TAU-measurements of thirty eyes with three standard equipments. Ultrasound oculometry (A mode) was performed in 30 eyes with three different standard equipments and great effort was made to make the three sets of measurements comparable. In spite of careful calibration procedures significant inter-equipment differences were found: anterior chamber depths and lens thicknesses showed the greatest discrepancies. These findings should be kept in mind when oculometric results of different authors are compared. A standardized eye-like phantom is desirable as a common reference for all who work in ultrasonic oculometry.", "PMID": 1131227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11591", "title": "Ten-year study on clinical echography in intraocular disease.", "content": "During the past 10 years, clinical echography has been developed to a valuable and even indispensable examination method with which more than 25 various conditions and diseases or groups of lesions within the globe can be differentiated (the majority of them with a high degree of realiability and accuracy). Two signigicant steps to this end were the optimizing of both instrumentation and examination techniques as well as the standardization of the A-scan method. A few of the major conditions and diseases of the posterior segment of the globe, e.g. retinal detachments and retinoblastomas, are discussed in detail in this study, while ocular foreign bodies, malignant melanomas and other choroidal tumors and pseudo-tumors are discussed in two other studies presented in these proceedings (see pp. 109,141). At the end of this 10-year period, clinical echography, although quite mature, is still a very young examination method which can and will be further improved to an even more reliable and at the same time easier technique. Both A-and B-scan techniques are important for the diagnosis of intraocular diseases: the (standardized) A-scan method for a reliable detection as well as quantitative and kinetic evaluation, the B-scan technique for a better demonstration of the shape and topographic relationship of lesions in the vitreous and at the posterior pole.", "contents": "Ten-year study on clinical echography in intraocular disease. During the past 10 years, clinical echography has been developed to a valuable and even indispensable examination method with which more than 25 various conditions and diseases or groups of lesions within the globe can be differentiated (the majority of them with a high degree of realiability and accuracy). Two signigicant steps to this end were the optimizing of both instrumentation and examination techniques as well as the standardization of the A-scan method. A few of the major conditions and diseases of the posterior segment of the globe, e.g. retinal detachments and retinoblastomas, are discussed in detail in this study, while ocular foreign bodies, malignant melanomas and other choroidal tumors and pseudo-tumors are discussed in two other studies presented in these proceedings (see pp. 109,141). At the end of this 10-year period, clinical echography, although quite mature, is still a very young examination method which can and will be further improved to an even more reliable and at the same time easier technique. Both A-and B-scan techniques are important for the diagnosis of intraocular diseases: the (standardized) A-scan method for a reliable detection as well as quantitative and kinetic evaluation, the B-scan technique for a better demonstration of the shape and topographic relationship of lesions in the vitreous and at the posterior pole.", "PMID": 1131240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11592", "title": "Retinoschisis and retinal detachment, an ultrasonic comparison.", "content": "The ultrasonic appearance of retinoschisis is a single echo similar to, but of smaller amplitude than that of retinal detachment and separated from the scleral echo by a silent space representing subretinal fluid . Quantitative ultrasonic measurements were made in a series of patients and show a statistically significant difference between the acoustic reflectivities of the separated retina in retinoschisis and retinal detachment.", "contents": "Retinoschisis and retinal detachment, an ultrasonic comparison. The ultrasonic appearance of retinoschisis is a single echo similar to, but of smaller amplitude than that of retinal detachment and separated from the scleral echo by a silent space representing subretinal fluid . Quantitative ultrasonic measurements were made in a series of patients and show a statistically significant difference between the acoustic reflectivities of the separated retina in retinoschisis and retinal detachment.", "PMID": 1131241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11593", "title": "Clinical ultrasonography of intraocular foreign bodies.", "content": "92 eyes have been examined with A-scan ultrasonography (8 MHz, Kretz-Technik apparatus 7100 MA and 7200 MA). Ultrasonic location of nonmagnetic and magnetic foreign bodies is compared to Comberg's radiographs and to intraoperative methods usch as stereoradioscopy or transillumination with the glass fiber diaphanoscope. Definitely corresponding results have been obtained in 60 cases. Ultrasonic location was difficult with small foreign bodies (reflecting surface less than 2 mm-2) within the orbit, the sclera, or within less than 2 mm from the sclera, as well as in severe vitreous clouding. Such cases should be evaluated with all location procedures available before considering further management.", "contents": "Clinical ultrasonography of intraocular foreign bodies. 92 eyes have been examined with A-scan ultrasonography (8 MHz, Kretz-Technik apparatus 7100 MA and 7200 MA). Ultrasonic location of nonmagnetic and magnetic foreign bodies is compared to Comberg's radiographs and to intraoperative methods usch as stereoradioscopy or transillumination with the glass fiber diaphanoscope. Definitely corresponding results have been obtained in 60 cases. Ultrasonic location was difficult with small foreign bodies (reflecting surface less than 2 mm-2) within the orbit, the sclera, or within less than 2 mm from the sclera, as well as in severe vitreous clouding. Such cases should be evaluated with all location procedures available before considering further management.", "PMID": 1131246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11594", "title": "Role of early synovectomy of the knee joint in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "The prospective study of 32 knees in 26 patients with rheumatoid arthritis was carried out with an average followup of 3 years. Relief of pain and control of inflammation locally were obtained in 22 of 32 knees (69%). Articular cartilage was preserved in 20 of 28 knees (71%) and the synovitis recurred in 9 knees (28%), 7 of which showed progressive loss of cartilage. Therefore, it appears that synovectomy, if performed at a stage in which articular cartilage is still normal and after medical therapy has failed, is a very effective method for preserving articular cartilage and controlling inflammation locally. However, with a longer followup the disease with loss of articular cartilage will recur in a large number of cases. In patients whose disease progresses rapidly, no form of therapy effectively controls joint destruction.", "contents": "Role of early synovectomy of the knee joint in rheumatoid arthritis. The prospective study of 32 knees in 26 patients with rheumatoid arthritis was carried out with an average followup of 3 years. Relief of pain and control of inflammation locally were obtained in 22 of 32 knees (69%). Articular cartilage was preserved in 20 of 28 knees (71%) and the synovitis recurred in 9 knees (28%), 7 of which showed progressive loss of cartilage. Therefore, it appears that synovectomy, if performed at a stage in which articular cartilage is still normal and after medical therapy has failed, is a very effective method for preserving articular cartilage and controlling inflammation locally. However, with a longer followup the disease with loss of articular cartilage will recur in a large number of cases. In patients whose disease progresses rapidly, no form of therapy effectively controls joint destruction.", "PMID": 1131280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11595", "title": "Metastatic adenocarcinoma of synovium presenting as an acute arthritis. Diagnosis by closed synovial biopsy.", "content": "An acute arthritis may accompany the onset of cancer. A case of metastatic adenocarcinoma of the synovium presenting as an acute arthritis is described. The diagnostic importance of a careful synovial fluid analysis and the use of closed synovial biopsy are emphasized.", "contents": "Metastatic adenocarcinoma of synovium presenting as an acute arthritis. Diagnosis by closed synovial biopsy. An acute arthritis may accompany the onset of cancer. A case of metastatic adenocarcinoma of the synovium presenting as an acute arthritis is described. The diagnostic importance of a careful synovial fluid analysis and the use of closed synovial biopsy are emphasized.", "PMID": 1131279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11596", "title": "Extensive phalangeal cystic lesions: sarcoidosis limited to the hands and feet?", "content": "A young black man is presented with a 33-month course of insidious but eventually striking hand deformity and limitation of motion in the absence of any other symptoms. Radiologic and histologic findings of the digits support the diagnosis of sarcoidosis, though physical, laboratory, and chest x-ray examination show no evidence of this multisystem disease.", "contents": "Extensive phalangeal cystic lesions: sarcoidosis limited to the hands and feet? A young black man is presented with a 33-month course of insidious but eventually striking hand deformity and limitation of motion in the absence of any other symptoms. Radiologic and histologic findings of the digits support the diagnosis of sarcoidosis, though physical, laboratory, and chest x-ray examination show no evidence of this multisystem disease.", "PMID": 1131281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11597", "title": "Influence of cyclophosphamide and other immunosuppressive drugs on immune disorders and neoplasia in NZB/NZW mice.", "content": "NZB/NZW mice were treated with various immunosuppressive drugs used in human SLE. Cyclophosphamide (5 mg/kg 6 days out of 7), alone or with prednisolone, was better than azathioprine, prednisolone, or azathioprine-plus-prednisolone, in prolonging survival and/or reducing proteinuria, Coomb's antibodies, antinuclear antibodies, and glomerular deposits of gamma-globulin. Intermittent bolus therapy with cyclophosphamide (59 mg/kg/10 days) was as effective as daily therapy. However, 61% of the mice receiving any cyclophosphamide regimen developed malignant tumors compared to none in the other groups.", "contents": "Influence of cyclophosphamide and other immunosuppressive drugs on immune disorders and neoplasia in NZB/NZW mice. NZB/NZW mice were treated with various immunosuppressive drugs used in human SLE. Cyclophosphamide (5 mg/kg 6 days out of 7), alone or with prednisolone, was better than azathioprine, prednisolone, or azathioprine-plus-prednisolone, in prolonging survival and/or reducing proteinuria, Coomb's antibodies, antinuclear antibodies, and glomerular deposits of gamma-globulin. Intermittent bolus therapy with cyclophosphamide (59 mg/kg/10 days) was as effective as daily therapy. However, 61% of the mice receiving any cyclophosphamide regimen developed malignant tumors compared to none in the other groups.", "PMID": 1131283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11598", "title": "Efficacy of lithium in rheumatoid arthritis with granulocytopenia (felty's syndrome). A preliminary report.", "content": "Lithium carbonate was given orally for 6 weeks in varying doses to 10 patients with Felty's syndrome. All patients receiving 900 mg of lithium daily showed statistically significant elevations in granulocyte count during therapy. The effect was usually noted within a week and did not persist when the drug was withdrawn. The percentage increase in mean absolute granulocyte count varied between 138% and 617% of control value in different patients; the lower values were observed in those patients with basal serum lithium concentrations less than 0.5 mEq/liter. It is concluded that a consistent rise in peripheral blood granulocytes was achieved by lithium carbonate in a dosage of 900 mg daily in patients with Felty's syndrome.", "contents": "Efficacy of lithium in rheumatoid arthritis with granulocytopenia (felty's syndrome). A preliminary report. Lithium carbonate was given orally for 6 weeks in varying doses to 10 patients with Felty's syndrome. All patients receiving 900 mg of lithium daily showed statistically significant elevations in granulocyte count during therapy. The effect was usually noted within a week and did not persist when the drug was withdrawn. The percentage increase in mean absolute granulocyte count varied between 138% and 617% of control value in different patients; the lower values were observed in those patients with basal serum lithium concentrations less than 0.5 mEq/liter. It is concluded that a consistent rise in peripheral blood granulocytes was achieved by lithium carbonate in a dosage of 900 mg daily in patients with Felty's syndrome.", "PMID": 1131284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11599", "title": "Effects of acute cartilaginous injury on serum and cartilage lysozyme levels.", "content": "Acute cartilage degradation was produced in rabbits by the intravenous injection of crude papain. This resulted in a significant rise in serum lysozyme in 97% of the animals, as well as a fall in the residual lysozyme content of auricular and costal cartilage. The rise in serum lysozyme paralleled the rise in serum chondroitin sulfate. The source of the rise in lysozyme appeared to be the release of extracellular, nonlysosomal lysozyme from the cartilage matrix. Serum lysozyme elevation in arthritic disorders may reflect cartilage degradation.", "contents": "Effects of acute cartilaginous injury on serum and cartilage lysozyme levels. Acute cartilage degradation was produced in rabbits by the intravenous injection of crude papain. This resulted in a significant rise in serum lysozyme in 97% of the animals, as well as a fall in the residual lysozyme content of auricular and costal cartilage. The rise in serum lysozyme paralleled the rise in serum chondroitin sulfate. The source of the rise in lysozyme appeared to be the release of extracellular, nonlysosomal lysozyme from the cartilage matrix. Serum lysozyme elevation in arthritic disorders may reflect cartilage degradation.", "PMID": 1131282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11600", "title": "The hyperviscosity syndrome in rheumatoid arthritis due to intermediate complexes formed by self-association of IgG-rheumatoid factors.", "content": "Three patients with rheumatoid arthritis and abundant circulating intermediate complexes were studied. Two of these patients presented with the hyperviscosity syndrome. All 3 patients had markedly elevated plasma and blood viscosity, and the intermediate complexes were thought to be responsible for the increased viscosity. Studies on the isolated intermediate complexes revealed that they were formed by self-association of IgG-rheumatoid factors.", "contents": "The hyperviscosity syndrome in rheumatoid arthritis due to intermediate complexes formed by self-association of IgG-rheumatoid factors. Three patients with rheumatoid arthritis and abundant circulating intermediate complexes were studied. Two of these patients presented with the hyperviscosity syndrome. All 3 patients had markedly elevated plasma and blood viscosity, and the intermediate complexes were thought to be responsible for the increased viscosity. Studies on the isolated intermediate complexes revealed that they were formed by self-association of IgG-rheumatoid factors.", "PMID": 1131287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11601", "title": "Aortic endothelial mitosis and Evans blue uptake in cholesterol-fed subscorbutic guinea-pigs.", "content": "Groups of ovalbumin sensitised, subscorbutic guinea-pigs were subjected to various regimens for 8-10 weeks. Group 1 were given 0.25 mg/100 g body wt. cholesterol by mouth daily and were stressed with intraperitoneal injections of ovalbumin twice weekly. Group 2 received the cholesterol only and Group 3 were stressed only. Group 4 on the low vitamin C diet only acted as controls. Evans blue uptake tests and tritiated thymidine autoradiographs of H\u00e4utchen preparations of aortic endothelium were made on each animal. Endothelial mitosis was greatest in those areas of the aorta that had taken up the Evans blue most avidly. This was most apparent in Group 1, though to a lesser extent in Groups 2 and 3 also. Group 4 showed no dye uptake and the mitotic index was not raised. Blood ascorbic acid and plasma cholesterol levels are given for the various groups.", "contents": "Aortic endothelial mitosis and Evans blue uptake in cholesterol-fed subscorbutic guinea-pigs. Groups of ovalbumin sensitised, subscorbutic guinea-pigs were subjected to various regimens for 8-10 weeks. Group 1 were given 0.25 mg/100 g body wt. cholesterol by mouth daily and were stressed with intraperitoneal injections of ovalbumin twice weekly. Group 2 received the cholesterol only and Group 3 were stressed only. Group 4 on the low vitamin C diet only acted as controls. Evans blue uptake tests and tritiated thymidine autoradiographs of H\u00e4utchen preparations of aortic endothelium were made on each animal. Endothelial mitosis was greatest in those areas of the aorta that had taken up the Evans blue most avidly. This was most apparent in Group 1, though to a lesser extent in Groups 2 and 3 also. Group 4 showed no dye uptake and the mitotic index was not raised. Blood ascorbic acid and plasma cholesterol levels are given for the various groups.", "PMID": 1131296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11602", "title": "Influence of dietary fats on atherosclerosis, coagulation and platelet phospholipids in rabbits.", "content": "Male rabbits were fed for six months diets comprising cholesterol (0.1%) and either butter alone (10%) or butter (5%) plus cacao butter, coconut oil, olive oil, or corn oil (4.5%). These fats could be classified according to their atherogenicity as follows, in decreasing order: butter, olive oil, coconut oil, cacao butter, and corn oil. The severity of the atherosclerotic lesions was correlated with the plasma cholesterol. By contrast, concerning their effect on the recalcification plasma (platelet-rich) clotting time (PCT), These fats could be classified in the following way: cacao butter, butter,, coconut oil, olive oil and corn oil. The values of the PCT were significantly correlated with the ratio stearic/linoleic acid in the dietary fats, the clotting activity and the fatty acid composition of the platelet phospholipid fractions examined (phosphatidyl serine plus phosphatidyl inositol), but not with the concentration of these fractions in platelets. Butter was the only fat able to induce severe alterations at the same time in coagulation (presumably through an increase in the activity of certain platelet phospholipids), lipemia and arterial wall morphology.", "contents": "Influence of dietary fats on atherosclerosis, coagulation and platelet phospholipids in rabbits. Male rabbits were fed for six months diets comprising cholesterol (0.1%) and either butter alone (10%) or butter (5%) plus cacao butter, coconut oil, olive oil, or corn oil (4.5%). These fats could be classified according to their atherogenicity as follows, in decreasing order: butter, olive oil, coconut oil, cacao butter, and corn oil. The severity of the atherosclerotic lesions was correlated with the plasma cholesterol. By contrast, concerning their effect on the recalcification plasma (platelet-rich) clotting time (PCT), These fats could be classified in the following way: cacao butter, butter,, coconut oil, olive oil and corn oil. The values of the PCT were significantly correlated with the ratio stearic/linoleic acid in the dietary fats, the clotting activity and the fatty acid composition of the platelet phospholipid fractions examined (phosphatidyl serine plus phosphatidyl inositol), but not with the concentration of these fractions in platelets. Butter was the only fat able to induce severe alterations at the same time in coagulation (presumably through an increase in the activity of certain platelet phospholipids), lipemia and arterial wall morphology.", "PMID": 1131297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11603", "title": "Effect of the essential oils of garlic and onion on alimentary hyperlipemia.", "content": "The effect of garlic and onion on alimentary hyperlipemia, induced by feeding 100 g butter, has been studied in 10 healthy subjects. The freshly extracted juice of 50 g of garlic or onion, as well as an equivalent amount of their ether-extracted essential oils, was administered randomly on four different days during a one-week period. Garlic and onion have a significant protective action against fat-induced increases in serum cholesterol and plasma fibrinogen and decreases in coagulation time and fibrinolytic activity. The essential oil fraction, which contains all the taste and odour, exactly duplicated the beneficial effects of whole garlic and onion. It is, therefore, concluded that the active principle of garlic and onion is the essential oil, which chemically is a combination of sulphur-containing compounds, mainly allyl propyl disulphide and diallyl disulphide.", "contents": "Effect of the essential oils of garlic and onion on alimentary hyperlipemia. The effect of garlic and onion on alimentary hyperlipemia, induced by feeding 100 g butter, has been studied in 10 healthy subjects. The freshly extracted juice of 50 g of garlic or onion, as well as an equivalent amount of their ether-extracted essential oils, was administered randomly on four different days during a one-week period. Garlic and onion have a significant protective action against fat-induced increases in serum cholesterol and plasma fibrinogen and decreases in coagulation time and fibrinolytic activity. The essential oil fraction, which contains all the taste and odour, exactly duplicated the beneficial effects of whole garlic and onion. It is, therefore, concluded that the active principle of garlic and onion is the essential oil, which chemically is a combination of sulphur-containing compounds, mainly allyl propyl disulphide and diallyl disulphide.", "PMID": 1131298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11604", "title": "Relationship of raised atherosclerotic lesions to fatty streaks in 19 location-race groups.", "content": "Atherosclerosis was graded by gross inspection of Sudan-stained arterial intimal surfaces estimating percent surface involved by raised lesions (R), fatty streaks (F), and no lesions (N). The right coronary artery and abdominal aorta of over 20,000 cases, 25-69 years of age, from 19 location-race groups were used. Cases were classed by sex, broad cause of death categories, and age. Raised lesions expressed as a percentage of all types of lesions was found at each age to have approximately a constant ratio to the percentage surface involved with all types of lesions. This was true over the range of surface involvement within age, sex, and cause of death classes, but between classes the ratio was not constant. Comparisons among location-race groups indicated marked differences in mean involvement by all types of lesions and by raised lesions expressed as a percentage of all lesions. The variation among groups in the fraction of raised among lesions was found to be partly related to parallel variability in average involvement by all types of lesions. However, some groups stood out as having too much or too little of raised lesions for their degree of involvement by all types of lesions. For instance Manila had extensive raised lesions with little fatty streaking while Bogota had more fatty streaking but not so much of raised lesions. In the sequence N yields F yields R, Class A causes act at both stages of atherogenesis while Class B causes act at stage I or stage II but not both. Class A and Class B causes both revealed important variation among location-race, sex, and cause of death groups.", "contents": "Relationship of raised atherosclerotic lesions to fatty streaks in 19 location-race groups. Atherosclerosis was graded by gross inspection of Sudan-stained arterial intimal surfaces estimating percent surface involved by raised lesions (R), fatty streaks (F), and no lesions (N). The right coronary artery and abdominal aorta of over 20,000 cases, 25-69 years of age, from 19 location-race groups were used. Cases were classed by sex, broad cause of death categories, and age. Raised lesions expressed as a percentage of all types of lesions was found at each age to have approximately a constant ratio to the percentage surface involved with all types of lesions. This was true over the range of surface involvement within age, sex, and cause of death classes, but between classes the ratio was not constant. Comparisons among location-race groups indicated marked differences in mean involvement by all types of lesions and by raised lesions expressed as a percentage of all lesions. The variation among groups in the fraction of raised among lesions was found to be partly related to parallel variability in average involvement by all types of lesions. However, some groups stood out as having too much or too little of raised lesions for their degree of involvement by all types of lesions. For instance Manila had extensive raised lesions with little fatty streaking while Bogota had more fatty streaking but not so much of raised lesions. In the sequence N yields F yields R, Class A causes act at both stages of atherogenesis while Class B causes act at stage I or stage II but not both. Class A and Class B causes both revealed important variation among location-race, sex, and cause of death groups.", "PMID": 1131299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11605", "title": "Arteriosclerosis in the African elephant: Part 2. Medial sclerosis.", "content": "A type of spontaneous arteriosclerosis, described as medial sclerosis and quite distinct from atherosclerosis, was found in the aortas, coronary arteries and aortic branch arteries of free-living elephants (Loxodonta africana) in Uganda and Kenya. The lesions took the form of calcified fibrotic plaques in the inner tunica media. The calcification appeared to commence in the internal elastic lamina and was associated with atrophy of medial smooth muscle fibres and their replacement by fibrous tissue. In the aorta, medial sclerosis was found to be associated with aortic dilatation, decreased wall thickness and decreased extensibility. These changes were shown to result in substantial increases in the tangential stresses carried by the tissues of the aorta and coronary arteries. As with atherosclerosis, medial sclerosis increased progressively with age; and the approximate involvement of the aorta at different ages could be predicted from linear regression equations. There was no difference in the severity of lesions between male and female animals. Biochemically, the lesions of medial sclerosis were associated with decreased amounts of elastin and increased amounts of collagen in arterial walls. Arterial tissue showing medial calcification always contained less than 30% elastin by weight. In addition, the severity of medial sclerosis in individual elephants was found to be positively correlated with the concentration of calcium in their sera. The pathogenesis of these lesions is discussed and it is suggested that mechanical stress, medial anoxia and high serum calcium levels all contribute to the aetiology of medial sclerosis.", "contents": "Arteriosclerosis in the African elephant: Part 2. Medial sclerosis. A type of spontaneous arteriosclerosis, described as medial sclerosis and quite distinct from atherosclerosis, was found in the aortas, coronary arteries and aortic branch arteries of free-living elephants (Loxodonta africana) in Uganda and Kenya. The lesions took the form of calcified fibrotic plaques in the inner tunica media. The calcification appeared to commence in the internal elastic lamina and was associated with atrophy of medial smooth muscle fibres and their replacement by fibrous tissue. In the aorta, medial sclerosis was found to be associated with aortic dilatation, decreased wall thickness and decreased extensibility. These changes were shown to result in substantial increases in the tangential stresses carried by the tissues of the aorta and coronary arteries. As with atherosclerosis, medial sclerosis increased progressively with age; and the approximate involvement of the aorta at different ages could be predicted from linear regression equations. There was no difference in the severity of lesions between male and female animals. Biochemically, the lesions of medial sclerosis were associated with decreased amounts of elastin and increased amounts of collagen in arterial walls. Arterial tissue showing medial calcification always contained less than 30% elastin by weight. In addition, the severity of medial sclerosis in individual elephants was found to be positively correlated with the concentration of calcium in their sera. The pathogenesis of these lesions is discussed and it is suggested that mechanical stress, medial anoxia and high serum calcium levels all contribute to the aetiology of medial sclerosis.", "PMID": 1131300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11606", "title": "The participation of aortic proteins in the formation of complexes between low density lipoproteins and intima-media extracts.", "content": "A factor of protein nature that forms specific complexes with low density lipoproteins (LDL) has been detected in extracts of aortic intima-media from men and rabbits. Although the formation of complexes is maximal at low ionic strength, it is still observed under physiological conditions. Gel electrophoresis of the complex formed between the extracts and LDL proteins indicates that the insoluble material is an aggregate of the lipoproteins with some of the proteins present in the extracts. Pretreatment of the intima-media extract with proteases greatly diminishes its complexing ability. The interaction was also observed between the extracts and sera. The sera from patients with myocardial infarct formed more insoluble complexes than the sera from a control group. The lipoprotein complexing agent was found in intima-media of aorta and coronary arteries but not in that of veins, pulmonary arteries or in the adventitia of arteries or veins.", "contents": "The participation of aortic proteins in the formation of complexes between low density lipoproteins and intima-media extracts. A factor of protein nature that forms specific complexes with low density lipoproteins (LDL) has been detected in extracts of aortic intima-media from men and rabbits. Although the formation of complexes is maximal at low ionic strength, it is still observed under physiological conditions. Gel electrophoresis of the complex formed between the extracts and LDL proteins indicates that the insoluble material is an aggregate of the lipoproteins with some of the proteins present in the extracts. Pretreatment of the intima-media extract with proteases greatly diminishes its complexing ability. The interaction was also observed between the extracts and sera. The sera from patients with myocardial infarct formed more insoluble complexes than the sera from a control group. The lipoprotein complexing agent was found in intima-media of aorta and coronary arteries but not in that of veins, pulmonary arteries or in the adventitia of arteries or veins.", "PMID": 1131302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11607", "title": "Endothelial injury. Association with elevations of serum bile acid and cholesterol concentration in biliary-obstructed rats.", "content": "An association between atherosclerosis, biliary obstruction and hyperlipidemia has been reported in the literature. In previous study from this laboratory, ultrastructural evidence of coronary artery endothelial damage was obtained in rats following ligation-induced biliary obstruction. In the present investigation, serum bile acids, total cholesterol and alkaline phosphatase levels were studied in association with similarly induced biliary obstruction and related to electron-microscopic observations of coronary artery endothelium. The results disclosed marked elevation of all serum parameters in as short a time as 24 hr following ligation compared with shamoperated controls. Animals exhibiting increases of serum bile acids and cholesterol also revealed severe configurational changes of endothelial cells which manifesed as buckling, detachment from the underlying internal elastic lamina, and vacuole formation. The role of elevated circulating bile acids and hypercholesterolemia as possible factors in producing arterial injury through membrane interaction is discussed. These observations suggest that biliary obstruction, even of short duration, may act as a potentially atherogenic mechanism in the experimental animal.", "contents": "Endothelial injury. Association with elevations of serum bile acid and cholesterol concentration in biliary-obstructed rats. An association between atherosclerosis, biliary obstruction and hyperlipidemia has been reported in the literature. In previous study from this laboratory, ultrastructural evidence of coronary artery endothelial damage was obtained in rats following ligation-induced biliary obstruction. In the present investigation, serum bile acids, total cholesterol and alkaline phosphatase levels were studied in association with similarly induced biliary obstruction and related to electron-microscopic observations of coronary artery endothelium. The results disclosed marked elevation of all serum parameters in as short a time as 24 hr following ligation compared with shamoperated controls. Animals exhibiting increases of serum bile acids and cholesterol also revealed severe configurational changes of endothelial cells which manifesed as buckling, detachment from the underlying internal elastic lamina, and vacuole formation. The role of elevated circulating bile acids and hypercholesterolemia as possible factors in producing arterial injury through membrane interaction is discussed. These observations suggest that biliary obstruction, even of short duration, may act as a potentially atherogenic mechanism in the experimental animal.", "PMID": 1131304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11608", "title": "Atherosclerosis in familial lines of pigeons fed exogenous cholesterol.", "content": "Exogenous cholesterol was fed to F1 pigeons of high and low serum cholesterol differentiated lines of White Carneau and Racing Homer pigeons that had previously been developed by selection and positive assortive mating. The serum cholesterol response of the various high and low lines was dependent upon the breed and the amount of cholesterol in the diet. Racing Homer pigeons were found to be more resistant to aortic atherosclerosis and more susceptible to coronary atherosclerosis than White Carneau pigeons. Data from necropsy examinations showed significant differences in both aortic and coronary atherosclerosis between lines within the White Carneau breed, but no differences between lines of the Racing Homer breed. Mean organ weights for the 4 lines of pigeons were reported.", "contents": "Atherosclerosis in familial lines of pigeons fed exogenous cholesterol. Exogenous cholesterol was fed to F1 pigeons of high and low serum cholesterol differentiated lines of White Carneau and Racing Homer pigeons that had previously been developed by selection and positive assortive mating. The serum cholesterol response of the various high and low lines was dependent upon the breed and the amount of cholesterol in the diet. Racing Homer pigeons were found to be more resistant to aortic atherosclerosis and more susceptible to coronary atherosclerosis than White Carneau pigeons. Data from necropsy examinations showed significant differences in both aortic and coronary atherosclerosis between lines within the White Carneau breed, but no differences between lines of the Racing Homer breed. Mean organ weights for the 4 lines of pigeons were reported.", "PMID": 1131305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11609", "title": "Effect of cigarette smoking on lipids, lipoproteins, blood coagulation, fibrinolysis and cellular components of human blood.", "content": "A group of 187 volunteers aged 30-60 years were divided into heavy and light smokers and non-smokers. Heavy smokers smoked over 20 cigarettes per day and light smokers between 5-15, averaging about 7 cigarettes per day. (1) Compared with male non-smokers (N.S.), the male heavy smokers (H.S.) had a higher fasting serum turbidity, higher levels of cholesterol (mainly confined to the ester cholesterol fraction) and higher levels of serum phospholipids and triglycerides. In this H.S. group, the esterified fatty acid index (EFI) of beta and pre-beta lipoprotein were also raised as shown by paper and cellulose acetate electrophoresis. The Stypven clotting times were also shorter than for the N.S. group. (2) Increased levels of triglycerides, pre-beta EFI, longer fibrinolysis times and shorter Stypven times were recorded in the group of female heavy smokers. Changes in cholesterol levels, beta EFI, phospholipids and fasting serum turbidity were not seen in this group. (3) Again, in the male heavy smokers, haematocrit and haemoglobin levels and mean corpuscular volumes were raised. The white cell count (WBC) was very significantly raised and a differential count indicated rises in neutrophils and lymphocytes. These changes were not significant in the female H.S. group. (4) No significant changes were found in the group of light smokers but a trend was usually seen that suggested that these changes were influenced by the number of cigarettes smoked.", "contents": "Effect of cigarette smoking on lipids, lipoproteins, blood coagulation, fibrinolysis and cellular components of human blood. A group of 187 volunteers aged 30-60 years were divided into heavy and light smokers and non-smokers. Heavy smokers smoked over 20 cigarettes per day and light smokers between 5-15, averaging about 7 cigarettes per day. (1) Compared with male non-smokers (N.S.), the male heavy smokers (H.S.) had a higher fasting serum turbidity, higher levels of cholesterol (mainly confined to the ester cholesterol fraction) and higher levels of serum phospholipids and triglycerides. In this H.S. group, the esterified fatty acid index (EFI) of beta and pre-beta lipoprotein were also raised as shown by paper and cellulose acetate electrophoresis. The Stypven clotting times were also shorter than for the N.S. group. (2) Increased levels of triglycerides, pre-beta EFI, longer fibrinolysis times and shorter Stypven times were recorded in the group of female heavy smokers. Changes in cholesterol levels, beta EFI, phospholipids and fasting serum turbidity were not seen in this group. (3) Again, in the male heavy smokers, haematocrit and haemoglobin levels and mean corpuscular volumes were raised. The white cell count (WBC) was very significantly raised and a differential count indicated rises in neutrophils and lymphocytes. These changes were not significant in the female H.S. group. (4) No significant changes were found in the group of light smokers but a trend was usually seen that suggested that these changes were influenced by the number of cigarettes smoked.", "PMID": 1131301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11610", "title": "Loss of cholesterol from muscle and skin of monkeys treated with nicotinic acid.", "content": "In Rhesus monkeys, nicotinic acid given daily by subcutaneous injection for 5 weeks brought about a reversible decrease in total cholesterol concentration in skeletal muscle and skin to about half the normal value. The decrease in cholesterol concentration was due to a net loss of cholesterol from muscle, since the treatment had no effect on the water content or on the percentage of DNA or protein in fresh tissue. In muscle, free cholesterol was lost in preference to esterified cholesteol, but in skin both cholesterol fraction were affected to about the same extent. Analysis of the cholesterol content of subcellular fractions of homogenates of muscle showed that loss of cholesterol occurred mainly from the soluble fraction and the 800-g sediment, with no significant loss from the mitochondrial or microsomal fractions.", "contents": "Loss of cholesterol from muscle and skin of monkeys treated with nicotinic acid. In Rhesus monkeys, nicotinic acid given daily by subcutaneous injection for 5 weeks brought about a reversible decrease in total cholesterol concentration in skeletal muscle and skin to about half the normal value. The decrease in cholesterol concentration was due to a net loss of cholesterol from muscle, since the treatment had no effect on the water content or on the percentage of DNA or protein in fresh tissue. In muscle, free cholesterol was lost in preference to esterified cholesteol, but in skin both cholesterol fraction were affected to about the same extent. Analysis of the cholesterol content of subcellular fractions of homogenates of muscle showed that loss of cholesterol occurred mainly from the soluble fraction and the 800-g sediment, with no significant loss from the mitochondrial or microsomal fractions.", "PMID": 1131307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11611", "title": "Rabbit aortic histamine synthesis following short-term cholesterol feeding.", "content": "The histidine decarboxylase (HD) activity of thoracic and abdominal aortic segments obtained from male, Dutch-belted rabbits fed a diet containing 0.5 per cent cholesterol for periods of either 2 or 4 weeks was examined. Mean thoracic aortic HD activities, expressed as histamine-forming capacity (HFC), were 3911 plus or minus 492, 6254 plus or minus 656, and 6215 plus or minus 878 dpm/100 mg benzenesulfonylhistamine (BSH) for the control group and from rabbits fed cholesterol for 2 and 4 weeks, respectively. Both treatment means were significantly higher than the control (P smaller than 0.05). Similar examination of abdominal aortic HD activities yielded mean HFC's of 4029 plus or minus 399, 5694 plus or minus 521, and 4762 plus or minus 902 dpm/100 mg BSH for control animals and those of the 2- and 4-week treatment groups, respectively. The difference between mean HFC's of the control and 2-week treatment group was significant (P smaller than 0.05). All increases occurred in the absence of either aortic structural alterations or any lipid deposition. These results give credence to the concept that the atherogenic process represents, at least in part, a delayed-prolonged inflammatory response phenomenon of the arterial wall.", "contents": "Rabbit aortic histamine synthesis following short-term cholesterol feeding. The histidine decarboxylase (HD) activity of thoracic and abdominal aortic segments obtained from male, Dutch-belted rabbits fed a diet containing 0.5 per cent cholesterol for periods of either 2 or 4 weeks was examined. Mean thoracic aortic HD activities, expressed as histamine-forming capacity (HFC), were 3911 plus or minus 492, 6254 plus or minus 656, and 6215 plus or minus 878 dpm/100 mg benzenesulfonylhistamine (BSH) for the control group and from rabbits fed cholesterol for 2 and 4 weeks, respectively. Both treatment means were significantly higher than the control (P smaller than 0.05). Similar examination of abdominal aortic HD activities yielded mean HFC's of 4029 plus or minus 399, 5694 plus or minus 521, and 4762 plus or minus 902 dpm/100 mg BSH for control animals and those of the 2- and 4-week treatment groups, respectively. The difference between mean HFC's of the control and 2-week treatment group was significant (P smaller than 0.05). All increases occurred in the absence of either aortic structural alterations or any lipid deposition. These results give credence to the concept that the atherogenic process represents, at least in part, a delayed-prolonged inflammatory response phenomenon of the arterial wall.", "PMID": 1131303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11612", "title": "Diagnosis of familial hypercholesterolemia by measurement of sterol synthesis in cultured skin fibroblasts.", "content": "The incorporation of radioactive acetate into the digitonin precipitable fraction (cholesterol) was measured in monolayers of primary cultures of skin fibroblasts. Mean incorporation was increased approximately 20-fold in 4 subjects homozygous for familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) and 4-fold in 6 heterozygotes derived from the immediate family of homozygotes. Incorporation was normal in 4 subjects with Type IV and V hyperlipoproteinemia. In cells that had been preincubated in lipid free medium, incorporation by cells from homozygotes was equal to controls, denoting a derangement in the feedback inhibition of cholesterol synthesis by medium lipids in paralleled the values obtained for sterol synthesis. The assay described could be useful in making an \"etiologic\" diagnosis of familial hypercholesterolemia and could possible identify variants of monogenic hyperbetalipoproteinemia.", "contents": "Diagnosis of familial hypercholesterolemia by measurement of sterol synthesis in cultured skin fibroblasts. The incorporation of radioactive acetate into the digitonin precipitable fraction (cholesterol) was measured in monolayers of primary cultures of skin fibroblasts. Mean incorporation was increased approximately 20-fold in 4 subjects homozygous for familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) and 4-fold in 6 heterozygotes derived from the immediate family of homozygotes. Incorporation was normal in 4 subjects with Type IV and V hyperlipoproteinemia. In cells that had been preincubated in lipid free medium, incorporation by cells from homozygotes was equal to controls, denoting a derangement in the feedback inhibition of cholesterol synthesis by medium lipids in paralleled the values obtained for sterol synthesis. The assay described could be useful in making an \"etiologic\" diagnosis of familial hypercholesterolemia and could possible identify variants of monogenic hyperbetalipoproteinemia.", "PMID": 1131306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11613", "title": "The purpose of occupational medicine.", "content": "The purposes of occupational medicine are described in terms of its clinical medical, environmental medical, research, and administrative content. Each of these components is essential in different proportions in comprehensive occupational health services for different industries, and can only be satisfactorily provided by occupational physicians and occupational health nurses who are an integral part of their organizations. Two-thirds of the working population in the United Kingdom are without the benefits of occupational medicine. The reorganization of the National Health Service and of local government presents the opportunity to extend occupational health services to many more workers who need them. It is suggested that area health authorities should provide occupational health services for all National Health Service staff and, on an agency basis, for local government and associated services, eventually extending to local industry. Such area health authority based services, merged with the Employment Medical Advisory Service, could conveniently then be part of the National Health Service, as recommended by the British Medical Association, the Society of Occupational Medicine, and the Medical Services Review Committee.", "contents": "The purpose of occupational medicine. The purposes of occupational medicine are described in terms of its clinical medical, environmental medical, research, and administrative content. Each of these components is essential in different proportions in comprehensive occupational health services for different industries, and can only be satisfactorily provided by occupational physicians and occupational health nurses who are an integral part of their organizations. Two-thirds of the working population in the United Kingdom are without the benefits of occupational medicine. The reorganization of the National Health Service and of local government presents the opportunity to extend occupational health services to many more workers who need them. It is suggested that area health authorities should provide occupational health services for all National Health Service staff and, on an agency basis, for local government and associated services, eventually extending to local industry. Such area health authority based services, merged with the Employment Medical Advisory Service, could conveniently then be part of the National Health Service, as recommended by the British Medical Association, the Society of Occupational Medicine, and the Medical Services Review Committee.", "PMID": 1131336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11614", "title": "Circadian variation in physiological responses to exercise on a stationary bicycle ergometer.", "content": "The responses of six healthy male subjects to submaximal and maximal exercise on a stationary bicycle ergometer have been investigated over a 24-hour period. Measurements were made on each subject at approximately three-hourly intervals and they included minute ventilation at a carbon dioxide output of 1-5 1 min-minus 1 (VE 1-5), tidal volume at a fixed VE of 30 1 min-minus 1 (VT 30), oxygen intake (VO2) at a work load (W) of 150 W (VO2 150), tympanic temperature (Tty) and cardiac frequency at a VO2 of 1-5 1 min-minus 1 (fH 1-5). The experiments were conducted in three parts: on the first occasion two subjects were measured during exercise; on the second occasion a further four subjects were observed in a similar way but starting from a baseline of zero load, and the measurements also included an estimate of cardiac output (Q) using a rebreathing technique. Finally the maximum aerobic power output (VO2max) was measured in three of the subjects in early morning and late evening. Diet and habitual physical activity were held constant between the exercise test on all three occasions. The results show that in the first two subjects fH 1-5 and Tty had a rhythmic pattern of variation with time of day whereas VE 1-5, VT30, and VO2 150 remained fairly constant. The variation in fH 1-5 was associated with Tty; the two variables reached a minimum at similar to 0500 hr and a maximum at similar 1200 hr. These results were confirmed on the remaining subjects but the changes in fH 1-5 and Tty were shown to be more variable and reduced in magnitude. Further, if the changes were calculated from a baseline of zero load, it was shown that the absolute changes observed in fH 1-5 and Tty were not due to the exercise per se but to changes in the basal level from which each subject operated. In addition it was shown that VO2 max and Q remained constant and were independent of the time of day. It is concluded that provided the exercise test conditions are rigidly standardized and subjects exercise from a controlled baseline there is no evidence for circadian variation in the change of responses to work at submaximal or maximal effort.", "contents": "Circadian variation in physiological responses to exercise on a stationary bicycle ergometer. The responses of six healthy male subjects to submaximal and maximal exercise on a stationary bicycle ergometer have been investigated over a 24-hour period. Measurements were made on each subject at approximately three-hourly intervals and they included minute ventilation at a carbon dioxide output of 1-5 1 min-minus 1 (VE 1-5), tidal volume at a fixed VE of 30 1 min-minus 1 (VT 30), oxygen intake (VO2) at a work load (W) of 150 W (VO2 150), tympanic temperature (Tty) and cardiac frequency at a VO2 of 1-5 1 min-minus 1 (fH 1-5). The experiments were conducted in three parts: on the first occasion two subjects were measured during exercise; on the second occasion a further four subjects were observed in a similar way but starting from a baseline of zero load, and the measurements also included an estimate of cardiac output (Q) using a rebreathing technique. Finally the maximum aerobic power output (VO2max) was measured in three of the subjects in early morning and late evening. Diet and habitual physical activity were held constant between the exercise test on all three occasions. The results show that in the first two subjects fH 1-5 and Tty had a rhythmic pattern of variation with time of day whereas VE 1-5, VT30, and VO2 150 remained fairly constant. The variation in fH 1-5 was associated with Tty; the two variables reached a minimum at similar to 0500 hr and a maximum at similar 1200 hr. These results were confirmed on the remaining subjects but the changes in fH 1-5 and Tty were shown to be more variable and reduced in magnitude. Further, if the changes were calculated from a baseline of zero load, it was shown that the absolute changes observed in fH 1-5 and Tty were not due to the exercise per se but to changes in the basal level from which each subject operated. In addition it was shown that VO2 max and Q remained constant and were independent of the time of day. It is concluded that provided the exercise test conditions are rigidly standardized and subjects exercise from a controlled baseline there is no evidence for circadian variation in the change of responses to work at submaximal or maximal effort.", "PMID": 1131337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11615", "title": "Carboxyhaemoglobin levels of smokers and non-smokers working in the City of London.", "content": "The carboxyhaemoglobin (COHb) levels of two groups of workers in the City of London were determined. The mean COHb in smokers (5-8%) was significantly greater than that of the non-smoking group (1-3%). In general, cigarette consumption could be directly related to the COHb level but there was considerable individual variation. The mean COHb level of manual workers was significantly lower than that of sedentary workers even though the former group tended to smoke more heavily.", "contents": "Carboxyhaemoglobin levels of smokers and non-smokers working in the City of London. The carboxyhaemoglobin (COHb) levels of two groups of workers in the City of London were determined. The mean COHb in smokers (5-8%) was significantly greater than that of the non-smoking group (1-3%). In general, cigarette consumption could be directly related to the COHb level but there was considerable individual variation. The mean COHb level of manual workers was significantly lower than that of sedentary workers even though the former group tended to smoke more heavily.", "PMID": 1131338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11616", "title": "A comparison of concentrations of lead in human tissues.", "content": "This postmortem study of lead concentrations in the tissues of 129 subjects is an extension to a report by Barry and Mossman (1970). Lead concentrations in bone greatly exceeded the concentrations in soft tissues and were highest in the dense bones. Bone lead concentrations increased with age in both sexes, more especially in male subjects and in dense bone, varying between mean values of 2-16 ppm in the ribs of children to over 50 ppm in the dense petrous temporal bones of elderly male adults. Male adults contained over 30% more lead in their bones than females. Mean concentrations of lead in the soft tissues varied from less than 0-1 ppm in organs such as muscle and heart to over 2 ppm in the aorta. In most tissues with lead values in excess of 0-2 ppm the male concentrations exceeded female values by about 30%. With the exception of the aorta, spleen, lung, and prostate, lead concentrations did not increase with age in the soft tissues of either sex after about the second decade of life. Children showed concentrations of lead in their soft tissues comparable to female adults, but the concentrations in bone were much lower. It is suggested that children do not possess the same capacity as adults to retain lead in bone. In male adults occupationally exposed to lead the concentrations of lead in bone exceeded the concentrations in unexposed male adults within the same age group by two-to three-fold. Soft tissue lead concentrations between the two groups were less divergent. An assessment of the total body burden of lead revealed higher levels in adult male subjects than in females at mean values of 164-8 mg compared to 103-6 mg, respectively. Over 90% of the total body burden of lead in adults was in bone, of which over 70% was in dense bone. Male adults occupationally exposed to lead had mean total body burdens of 566-4 mg Pb, of which 97% was in bone. The release of lead from bone in conjunction with calcium was not considered to be of physiological significance. Lead concentrations of hair and nails were higher than soft tissue lead concentrations and varied widely. Hair lead measurements were not considered to provide a reliable assessment of lead absorption. The concentrations of lead in tissues of a mixed group of subjects with no known occupational exposure to lead have been shown to be comparable to the findings in earlier studies. Present levels of lead in the environment are not considered to be a hazard to the health of the population in general.", "contents": "A comparison of concentrations of lead in human tissues. This postmortem study of lead concentrations in the tissues of 129 subjects is an extension to a report by Barry and Mossman (1970). Lead concentrations in bone greatly exceeded the concentrations in soft tissues and were highest in the dense bones. Bone lead concentrations increased with age in both sexes, more especially in male subjects and in dense bone, varying between mean values of 2-16 ppm in the ribs of children to over 50 ppm in the dense petrous temporal bones of elderly male adults. Male adults contained over 30% more lead in their bones than females. Mean concentrations of lead in the soft tissues varied from less than 0-1 ppm in organs such as muscle and heart to over 2 ppm in the aorta. In most tissues with lead values in excess of 0-2 ppm the male concentrations exceeded female values by about 30%. With the exception of the aorta, spleen, lung, and prostate, lead concentrations did not increase with age in the soft tissues of either sex after about the second decade of life. Children showed concentrations of lead in their soft tissues comparable to female adults, but the concentrations in bone were much lower. It is suggested that children do not possess the same capacity as adults to retain lead in bone. In male adults occupationally exposed to lead the concentrations of lead in bone exceeded the concentrations in unexposed male adults within the same age group by two-to three-fold. Soft tissue lead concentrations between the two groups were less divergent. An assessment of the total body burden of lead revealed higher levels in adult male subjects than in females at mean values of 164-8 mg compared to 103-6 mg, respectively. Over 90% of the total body burden of lead in adults was in bone, of which over 70% was in dense bone. Male adults occupationally exposed to lead had mean total body burdens of 566-4 mg Pb, of which 97% was in bone. The release of lead from bone in conjunction with calcium was not considered to be of physiological significance. Lead concentrations of hair and nails were higher than soft tissue lead concentrations and varied widely. Hair lead measurements were not considered to provide a reliable assessment of lead absorption. The concentrations of lead in tissues of a mixed group of subjects with no known occupational exposure to lead have been shown to be comparable to the findings in earlier studies. Present levels of lead in the environment are not considered to be a hazard to the health of the population in general.", "PMID": 1131339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11617", "title": "Effects of a single exposure to carbon disulphide on the rate of urea production and on plasma free fatty acid and glucose concentrations in the rat.", "content": "The concentration of plasma free fatty acids in rats was significantly increased after a short period of exposure to inhalation of carbon disulphide (4 h, 2 mg/1). In contrast, after a longer period of exposure (15 h overnight, 2 mg/1) the concentration of plasma free fatty acid was significantly decreased despite a small hypoglycaemia. At the same time plasma urea concentration was significantly higher in CS2-treated rats. The total esterified fatty acid content of plasma was lower after exposure, but there was no change in plasma glycerol. Following an intragastric water load, no differences were observed in urine flow rate nor in renal clearances of urea and inulin between control and treated rats. It is concluded that the rate of urea production is significantly increased during acute CS2-intoxication, and it is suggested that two factors contribute to this effect: first, an increased breakdown of proteins with which CS2 or its metabolic products have reacted; and secondly an increased rate of utilization of plasma glucose associated with increased gluconeogenesis from amino acid precursors. It is further suggested that the stress effects of CS2 dominate in the short term before being overcome by a diminished sympathetic response. When rats were exposed to CS2 overnight without free access to water, the great vessel haematocrit was significantly lower than in corresponding controls. This was shown to be accounted for by differences in plasma volume. No such difference was observed when rats had free access to water during exposure. These effects probably reflect differing rates of water loss under mildly dehydrating conditions, but a direct effect of CS2 on the cardiovascular system is not excluded.", "contents": "Effects of a single exposure to carbon disulphide on the rate of urea production and on plasma free fatty acid and glucose concentrations in the rat. The concentration of plasma free fatty acids in rats was significantly increased after a short period of exposure to inhalation of carbon disulphide (4 h, 2 mg/1). In contrast, after a longer period of exposure (15 h overnight, 2 mg/1) the concentration of plasma free fatty acid was significantly decreased despite a small hypoglycaemia. At the same time plasma urea concentration was significantly higher in CS2-treated rats. The total esterified fatty acid content of plasma was lower after exposure, but there was no change in plasma glycerol. Following an intragastric water load, no differences were observed in urine flow rate nor in renal clearances of urea and inulin between control and treated rats. It is concluded that the rate of urea production is significantly increased during acute CS2-intoxication, and it is suggested that two factors contribute to this effect: first, an increased breakdown of proteins with which CS2 or its metabolic products have reacted; and secondly an increased rate of utilization of plasma glucose associated with increased gluconeogenesis from amino acid precursors. It is further suggested that the stress effects of CS2 dominate in the short term before being overcome by a diminished sympathetic response. When rats were exposed to CS2 overnight without free access to water, the great vessel haematocrit was significantly lower than in corresponding controls. This was shown to be accounted for by differences in plasma volume. No such difference was observed when rats had free access to water during exposure. These effects probably reflect differing rates of water loss under mildly dehydrating conditions, but a direct effect of CS2 on the cardiovascular system is not excluded.", "PMID": 1131340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11618", "title": "Dust exposure in manual flax processing in Egypt.", "content": "Manual flax processing originated in Egypt in 2 000 BC. In the present study a representative sample of the workers involved in this trade, where flax is processed in small workshops or homes, was examined, and their dust exposure was evaluated. The study showed that workers handling and processing flax are exposed to high concentrations of dust; the levels of dust at hackling and combing are considerably higher than at batting and spinning. Byssinosis prevailed in 22-9% of the examined workers, and 18-4% of them had their forced expiratory volume in one second reduced by more than 10% at the end of the first morning work period (4 hours) of the week. Both the rates and the grades of these syndromes increased with duration of exposure. Smoking appeared to be one of the important contributory factors in the production of byssinosis. The relationship between dust concentration and prevalence of byssinosis seems to be curvilinear.", "contents": "Dust exposure in manual flax processing in Egypt. Manual flax processing originated in Egypt in 2 000 BC. In the present study a representative sample of the workers involved in this trade, where flax is processed in small workshops or homes, was examined, and their dust exposure was evaluated. The study showed that workers handling and processing flax are exposed to high concentrations of dust; the levels of dust at hackling and combing are considerably higher than at batting and spinning. Byssinosis prevailed in 22-9% of the examined workers, and 18-4% of them had their forced expiratory volume in one second reduced by more than 10% at the end of the first morning work period (4 hours) of the week. Both the rates and the grades of these syndromes increased with duration of exposure. Smoking appeared to be one of the important contributory factors in the production of byssinosis. The relationship between dust concentration and prevalence of byssinosis seems to be curvilinear.", "PMID": 1131341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11619", "title": "Application of blood cadmium determination to industry using a punched disc technique.", "content": "A paper disc flameless atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) method is described for the determination of cadmium (Cd) in blood, enabling difficulties in sample preparation to be minimized. By control of the ashing step the matrix can be removed without loss of cadmium. Problems with the fast signal response during atomization can be met by spectral band width and temperature control. At the 106 pg level (471 nmol Cd/1 blood; 5-3 mug/100 ml) the relative standard deviation (RSD) was 0-06. Results in four industrial situations are reported. This description of the method should facilitate further investigation of its application to industry using capillary or venous blood.", "contents": "Application of blood cadmium determination to industry using a punched disc technique. A paper disc flameless atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) method is described for the determination of cadmium (Cd) in blood, enabling difficulties in sample preparation to be minimized. By control of the ashing step the matrix can be removed without loss of cadmium. Problems with the fast signal response during atomization can be met by spectral band width and temperature control. At the 106 pg level (471 nmol Cd/1 blood; 5-3 mug/100 ml) the relative standard deviation (RSD) was 0-06. Results in four industrial situations are reported. This description of the method should facilitate further investigation of its application to industry using capillary or venous blood.", "PMID": 1131342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11620", "title": "Effects of general anaesthesia on the intraocular pressure in man. Trichloroethylene in nitrous oxide and oxygen.", "content": "The effect of TCE on the intraocular pressure was investigated in eight patients under thiopentone nitrous oxide/oxygen anaesthesia, using a muscle relaxant (pancuronium bromide). Pulmonary ventilation was controlled and the end-tidal carbon dioxide was maintained at 5 per cent. In every patient the intraocular pressure was observed to rise as TCE was administered and then to return to the initial level when the administration of TCE ceased.", "contents": "Effects of general anaesthesia on the intraocular pressure in man. Trichloroethylene in nitrous oxide and oxygen. The effect of TCE on the intraocular pressure was investigated in eight patients under thiopentone nitrous oxide/oxygen anaesthesia, using a muscle relaxant (pancuronium bromide). Pulmonary ventilation was controlled and the end-tidal carbon dioxide was maintained at 5 per cent. In every patient the intraocular pressure was observed to rise as TCE was administered and then to return to the initial level when the administration of TCE ceased.", "PMID": 1131344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11621", "title": "Biochemical investigation of the subretinal fluid.", "content": "The level of total protein, protein fractions, sialic acids, and hexosamines was studied in the subretinal fluid (SRF) and blood of patients with retinal detachment. The level of these components in the SRF varied over a considerable range. A low level of total protein, sialic acids, and hexosamines was characteristic of patients with relatively recent clinical forms of retinal detachment, following the most favourable course, and with the best response to surgery. Higher indices were found in patients with marked changes in the fundus oculi, gross destruction of the vitreous body, considerable pathology of the crystalline lens, and correspondingly worse response to surgery. As the pathological changes develop in retinal detachment, there is a parallel increase in the protein levels in the SRF. However, exceptions to this rule indicate that the pathological process may vary. An inverse correlation is found between the level of total protein in the SRF and the electrical sensitivity of the retina. A comparison of the biochemical investigation with the clinical examination suggests that the occurrence of retinal tears and the increase of protein in the SRF are due to the same degenerative processes.", "contents": "Biochemical investigation of the subretinal fluid. The level of total protein, protein fractions, sialic acids, and hexosamines was studied in the subretinal fluid (SRF) and blood of patients with retinal detachment. The level of these components in the SRF varied over a considerable range. A low level of total protein, sialic acids, and hexosamines was characteristic of patients with relatively recent clinical forms of retinal detachment, following the most favourable course, and with the best response to surgery. Higher indices were found in patients with marked changes in the fundus oculi, gross destruction of the vitreous body, considerable pathology of the crystalline lens, and correspondingly worse response to surgery. As the pathological changes develop in retinal detachment, there is a parallel increase in the protein levels in the SRF. However, exceptions to this rule indicate that the pathological process may vary. An inverse correlation is found between the level of total protein in the SRF and the electrical sensitivity of the retina. A comparison of the biochemical investigation with the clinical examination suggests that the occurrence of retinal tears and the increase of protein in the SRF are due to the same degenerative processes.", "PMID": 1131346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11622", "title": "Retinal vascular occlusions in open heart surgery.", "content": "This study describes microthrombotic emboli (with their ultrastructure) and emboli of fat and of dimethylpolysiloxane with silica in the retinal microcirculation of two patients who died-each after his second open heart operation. The presence of silica was confirmed by electron probe x-ray micro-analysis.", "contents": "Retinal vascular occlusions in open heart surgery. This study describes microthrombotic emboli (with their ultrastructure) and emboli of fat and of dimethylpolysiloxane with silica in the retinal microcirculation of two patients who died-each after his second open heart operation. The presence of silica was confirmed by electron probe x-ray micro-analysis.", "PMID": 1131348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11623", "title": "Surgical treatment of chronic papilloedema in children.", "content": "A surgical technique for optic nerve decompression in children is described and contrasted with other techniques described in the literature. The operation was effective in relieving long-standing disc oedema in two cases in which the swelling was due to raised intracranial pressure. Photographic evidence is presented. The indications for surgery and how its effect is exerted are discussed.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of chronic papilloedema in children. A surgical technique for optic nerve decompression in children is described and contrasted with other techniques described in the literature. The operation was effective in relieving long-standing disc oedema in two cases in which the swelling was due to raised intracranial pressure. Photographic evidence is presented. The indications for surgery and how its effect is exerted are discussed.", "PMID": 1131349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11624", "title": "Laser-phakopuncture in the treatment of soft cataracts.", "content": "A new method of treating soft cataracts by laser irradiation is described (\"laser-phakopuncture\"). Rupture of the lens capsule can be produced by a strong laser pulse focused on the anterior surface of the lens. This is followed by gradual reabsorption of the lens substance (in much the same manner as with a conventional discission procedure). Pigment deposits on the capsule are usually necessary to ensure sufficient absorption of light energy at the target point. The laser beam can also be employed in a preliminary procedure to produce such pigmented spots, and to prepare the eye for a subsequent laser-phakopuncture. The method was first investigated experimentally on animal eyes. The so-called Q-switched lasers proved to be most effective in producing a tear in the capsule. It was then tried clinically in nine juvenile patients and reabsorption of the lens substance was the eventual result in all cases, although full visual acuity was achieved in only tow of them. These of lasers offers a completely new approach to the treatment of cataract without surgery.", "contents": "Laser-phakopuncture in the treatment of soft cataracts. A new method of treating soft cataracts by laser irradiation is described (\"laser-phakopuncture\"). Rupture of the lens capsule can be produced by a strong laser pulse focused on the anterior surface of the lens. This is followed by gradual reabsorption of the lens substance (in much the same manner as with a conventional discission procedure). Pigment deposits on the capsule are usually necessary to ensure sufficient absorption of light energy at the target point. The laser beam can also be employed in a preliminary procedure to produce such pigmented spots, and to prepare the eye for a subsequent laser-phakopuncture. The method was first investigated experimentally on animal eyes. The so-called Q-switched lasers proved to be most effective in producing a tear in the capsule. It was then tried clinically in nine juvenile patients and reabsorption of the lens substance was the eventual result in all cases, although full visual acuity was achieved in only tow of them. These of lasers offers a completely new approach to the treatment of cataract without surgery.", "PMID": 1131350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11625", "title": "Long-term results of the Choyce anterior chamber lens implants Marks V, VII, and VIII.", "content": "68 eyes in which Choyce Mark VIII anterior chamber lenses had been implanted were examined, all surgery having been performed by Mr. Choyce. The average time since implantation was 5-5 years aand in 85 per cent. of eyes the corrected visual acuity was 6/12 or better. Bullous keratopathy, corneal epithelial oedema, and peripheral anterior synechiae giving rise to glaucoma were the most serious complications. Visual result, binocular function, and patient satisfaction were generally very good.", "contents": "Long-term results of the Choyce anterior chamber lens implants Marks V, VII, and VIII. 68 eyes in which Choyce Mark VIII anterior chamber lenses had been implanted were examined, all surgery having been performed by Mr. Choyce. The average time since implantation was 5-5 years aand in 85 per cent. of eyes the corrected visual acuity was 6/12 or better. Bullous keratopathy, corneal epithelial oedema, and peripheral anterior synechiae giving rise to glaucoma were the most serious complications. Visual result, binocular function, and patient satisfaction were generally very good.", "PMID": 1131351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11626", "title": "Fibrillary lines of the cornea. A clinical sign in keratoconus.", "content": "Fibrillary lines, whether in the normal cornea or in keratoconus, are faint structures which must be searched for diligently with the appropriate biomicroscopical settings, using a high magnification and oblique focal illumination of high intensity. They are unlikely to be confused with other superficial linear changes in the cornea, such as mare's tail epithelial lines, fingerprint lines and their variants, ring lines, and so on. A detailed description of these and other entities is given elsewhere (Brown and Bron, in preparation).", "contents": "Fibrillary lines of the cornea. A clinical sign in keratoconus. Fibrillary lines, whether in the normal cornea or in keratoconus, are faint structures which must be searched for diligently with the appropriate biomicroscopical settings, using a high magnification and oblique focal illumination of high intensity. They are unlikely to be confused with other superficial linear changes in the cornea, such as mare's tail epithelial lines, fingerprint lines and their variants, ring lines, and so on. A detailed description of these and other entities is given elsewhere (Brown and Bron, in preparation).", "PMID": 1131353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11627", "title": "Calcium deposition as a cause of spoilation of hydrophilic soft contact lenses.", "content": "A series of 75 spoilt soft lenses with opacities (mostly manifesting as discrete spots or as large areas of cloudiness, chalk-white in appearance) were subjected to histochemical, electron microscopical, electron probe x-ray microanalytical, x-ray diffraction, atomic absorption spectro-photometric, and biochemical analyses. The results showed that in many cases calcium was implicated in the deposit formation and that a broad correlation existed between the amount of calcium present and the degree of opacification. The possible mode of calcium deposition and resulting implications in lens intolerance are discussed. It is advocated that a search should be made for a modified or new soft lens material which does not permit calcium deposition, and that the medical practitioner should strive towards improved assessment of the systemic and ocular conditions which may help in identifying patients at risk of early lens failure.", "contents": "Calcium deposition as a cause of spoilation of hydrophilic soft contact lenses. A series of 75 spoilt soft lenses with opacities (mostly manifesting as discrete spots or as large areas of cloudiness, chalk-white in appearance) were subjected to histochemical, electron microscopical, electron probe x-ray microanalytical, x-ray diffraction, atomic absorption spectro-photometric, and biochemical analyses. The results showed that in many cases calcium was implicated in the deposit formation and that a broad correlation existed between the amount of calcium present and the degree of opacification. The possible mode of calcium deposition and resulting implications in lens intolerance are discussed. It is advocated that a search should be made for a modified or new soft lens material which does not permit calcium deposition, and that the medical practitioner should strive towards improved assessment of the systemic and ocular conditions which may help in identifying patients at risk of early lens failure.", "PMID": 1131354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11628", "title": "Tolosa-Hunt syndrome. The dangers of an eponym.", "content": "Two cases of painful ophthalmoplegia are described which were initially thought to be examples of the Tolosa-Hunt syndrome. Both were partially responsive to steroid treatment. Subsequent investigations showed that in one case the condition was due to an aneurysm and in the other to a malignant lymphoma.", "contents": "Tolosa-Hunt syndrome. The dangers of an eponym. Two cases of painful ophthalmoplegia are described which were initially thought to be examples of the Tolosa-Hunt syndrome. Both were partially responsive to steroid treatment. Subsequent investigations showed that in one case the condition was due to an aneurysm and in the other to a malignant lymphoma.", "PMID": 1131355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11629", "title": "Solitary choroidal metastasis from bronchial carcinoid.", "content": "This report describes the clinical, light microscopical, and electron microscopical features of a metastasis from a bronchial carcinoid tumour occurring in a 29-year-old white woman. The eye lesions was diagnosed 30months after resection of the primary pulmonary tumour. Ophthalmoscopically the patient was observed to have a solid choroidal mass. Enucleation was carried out because of the possibility that the tumour was a primary choroidal melanoma. Enucleation was also indicated because of the relatively good prognosis for long-term survival in patients following excision of metastases from a bronchial carcinoid tumour. By light microscopy the metastasis was seen to be composed of cords; and ribbons of cells which showed positive staining characteristics for argentophilia. On electron microscopical study, neurosecretory vesicles, numerous microvilli, mitochondria, and light and dark cells, characteristic of endocrine tissue in different states of activity were noted.", "contents": "Solitary choroidal metastasis from bronchial carcinoid. This report describes the clinical, light microscopical, and electron microscopical features of a metastasis from a bronchial carcinoid tumour occurring in a 29-year-old white woman. The eye lesions was diagnosed 30months after resection of the primary pulmonary tumour. Ophthalmoscopically the patient was observed to have a solid choroidal mass. Enucleation was carried out because of the possibility that the tumour was a primary choroidal melanoma. Enucleation was also indicated because of the relatively good prognosis for long-term survival in patients following excision of metastases from a bronchial carcinoid tumour. By light microscopy the metastasis was seen to be composed of cords; and ribbons of cells which showed positive staining characteristics for argentophilia. On electron microscopical study, neurosecretory vesicles, numerous microvilli, mitochondria, and light and dark cells, characteristic of endocrine tissue in different states of activity were noted.", "PMID": 1131356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11630", "title": "Filarial worm (Loa loa) in the anterior chamber. Report of two cases.", "content": "Two Nigerian patients with intraocular parasitism by adult Loa loa worms are reported. Whereas Loa loa infestation of the subcutaneous tissues around the eye usually has no permanent effect on visual acuity, in the two cases reported the affected eye became blind.", "contents": "Filarial worm (Loa loa) in the anterior chamber. Report of two cases. Two Nigerian patients with intraocular parasitism by adult Loa loa worms are reported. Whereas Loa loa infestation of the subcutaneous tissues around the eye usually has no permanent effect on visual acuity, in the two cases reported the affected eye became blind.", "PMID": 1131358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11631", "title": "Anomaly in visual acuity testing in children.", "content": "A popular and widely used method of visual acuity testing of young children is criticized on the grounds that it often fails to elicit amblyopia. The results obtained when the visual acuity of thirty amblyopic children was tested by different methods show that monotype testing gives an apparent acuity averaging three grades better than those derived from the standard Snellen's test.", "contents": "Anomaly in visual acuity testing in children. A popular and widely used method of visual acuity testing of young children is criticized on the grounds that it often fails to elicit amblyopia. The results obtained when the visual acuity of thirty amblyopic children was tested by different methods show that monotype testing gives an apparent acuity averaging three grades better than those derived from the standard Snellen's test.", "PMID": 1131359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11632", "title": "The capacity for arylsulfatase synthesis in synchronous and synchronized cultures of Chlamydomonas reinhardti.", "content": "The green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardti synthesizes arylsulfatase (arylsulfate sulfohydrolase EC 3.1.6.1) by derepression when the concentration of SO4-2-minus in the growth medium is less than about 5-10-minus 5 M. The following observations indicate that the arylsulfatase enzyme is stable while its mRNA was unstable: (1) The increase in enzyme activity stopped and remained constant after addition of cycloheximide to derepressed cells. (2) After readdition of SO4-2-minus the increase in enzyme activity continued at a lower rate whereafter it remained constant. (3) No decay of radioactivity was observed after readdition of SO4 2-minus in labelled enzyme protein isolated from pulse-labelled --S cells. The maximum rate of arylsulfatase synthesis. Measurements of this capacity in cells taken at different developmental stages from a selection synchronous and from a light-dark synchronized culture showed that: (1) Arylsulfatase was derepressible at all stages of the life cycle. (2) The same periodic capacity patterns were found, both with the synchronized and the synchronous cells. Furthermore, the rate of accummulation of RNA and protein changed in the same periodic manner during the life cycle as did the enzyme capacity.", "contents": "The capacity for arylsulfatase synthesis in synchronous and synchronized cultures of Chlamydomonas reinhardti. The green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardti synthesizes arylsulfatase (arylsulfate sulfohydrolase EC 3.1.6.1) by derepression when the concentration of SO4-2-minus in the growth medium is less than about 5-10-minus 5 M. The following observations indicate that the arylsulfatase enzyme is stable while its mRNA was unstable: (1) The increase in enzyme activity stopped and remained constant after addition of cycloheximide to derepressed cells. (2) After readdition of SO4-2-minus the increase in enzyme activity continued at a lower rate whereafter it remained constant. (3) No decay of radioactivity was observed after readdition of SO4 2-minus in labelled enzyme protein isolated from pulse-labelled --S cells. The maximum rate of arylsulfatase synthesis. Measurements of this capacity in cells taken at different developmental stages from a selection synchronous and from a light-dark synchronized culture showed that: (1) Arylsulfatase was derepressible at all stages of the life cycle. (2) The same periodic capacity patterns were found, both with the synchronized and the synchronous cells. Furthermore, the rate of accummulation of RNA and protein changed in the same periodic manner during the life cycle as did the enzyme capacity.", "PMID": 1131360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11633", "title": "On the application of affinity chromatography to turnover studies on the lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes.", "content": "1. The suitability of a combined application of the techniques of affinity chromatography, double labelling and gel electrophoresis in the determination of the turnover characteristics of the lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes (L-lactate:NAD+ oxidoreductase EC 1.1.1.27) in rat tissues has been studied. 2. Affinity chromatography was established as affording the advantages of rapidity, high yield and purity to such studies, and the double-labelling procedure was modified to encompass the differential decay kinetics in the separate rat tissues. In addition, a convenient method for the resolution and separate collection of radioactively labelled isoenzymes has been described. 3. Using this methodology, comparative turnover values for the isoenzymes of lactate dehydrogenase and for total soluble protein have been determined. 4. The comparability of these results with other methodologies, and the advantages of this approach in facilitating broad comparative studies on turnover are discussed.", "contents": "On the application of affinity chromatography to turnover studies on the lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes. 1. The suitability of a combined application of the techniques of affinity chromatography, double labelling and gel electrophoresis in the determination of the turnover characteristics of the lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes (L-lactate:NAD+ oxidoreductase EC 1.1.1.27) in rat tissues has been studied. 2. Affinity chromatography was established as affording the advantages of rapidity, high yield and purity to such studies, and the double-labelling procedure was modified to encompass the differential decay kinetics in the separate rat tissues. In addition, a convenient method for the resolution and separate collection of radioactively labelled isoenzymes has been described. 3. Using this methodology, comparative turnover values for the isoenzymes of lactate dehydrogenase and for total soluble protein have been determined. 4. The comparability of these results with other methodologies, and the advantages of this approach in facilitating broad comparative studies on turnover are discussed.", "PMID": 1131361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11634", "title": "Formation of phagolysosomes containing dextran and Triton WR 1339 in mouse liver.", "content": "After injection of Triton WR 1339 and dextran into mice, phagolysosomes containing both compounds were obtained from the liver regardless of the order of injection of these materials. This suggests that phagososomes containing the other material. The recoveries of various lysosomal enzymes differed in phagolysosomes after injection of Triton WR 1339 with or without dextran: recoveries of beta-glucuronidase, beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase and arylsulfatase were high, and that of acid phosphatase was low.", "contents": "Formation of phagolysosomes containing dextran and Triton WR 1339 in mouse liver. After injection of Triton WR 1339 and dextran into mice, phagolysosomes containing both compounds were obtained from the liver regardless of the order of injection of these materials. This suggests that phagososomes containing the other material. The recoveries of various lysosomal enzymes differed in phagolysosomes after injection of Triton WR 1339 with or without dextran: recoveries of beta-glucuronidase, beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase and arylsulfatase were high, and that of acid phosphatase was low.", "PMID": 1131362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11635", "title": "On the stimulation of gluconeogenesis by L-lysine in isolated rat kidney cortex tubules.", "content": "1. L-Lysins (2 mM) stimulates (30-50%) gluconeogenesis in isolated kidney cortex tubules from 24-h-starved rats in the presence of lactate and Krebs cycle intermediates, but not pyruvate and glutamate. The stimulation of renal gluconeogenesis by L-lysine is a short-term effect. The effect is of catalytic nature, but not due to sparing of substrate. L-lysine caused a decrease of lactate/pyruvate ratio. 2. Apart from L-lysine, 1-10 mM NH-4Cl (16-40%) and 2 mM aspartate (66%) were capable to stimulate gluconeogenesis from lactate. Other amino acids tested did not stimulate renal gluconeogenesis, except L-alanine. The stimulation of gluconeogenesis by lysine was not additive to the stimulation by NH-4Cl. Likewise, there was no stimulation of gluconeogenesis from lactate by L-lysine in the presence of glutamate or arnithine. Levels of ammonia, glutamate and aspartate were elevated in the presence of L-lysine, NH-4Cl or glutamate about two-fold, were capable to stimulate gluconeogenesis. 3. The stimulation of gluconeogenesis by L-lysine from malate, succinate and oxoglutarate was abolished in the presence of amino oxy-acetate (0.05 mM), whereas controls were not significantly affected. 4. After 1 h of incubation about 5% of added [U-14C] lysine was recovered as 14-CO-2. The extra ammonia formed in the presence of L-lysine would also correspond with about 5-10% of added lysine being metabolized. 5. 14-CO-2 formation from [1-14C] butyrate and [1-14C] palmitate was inhibited by 20-30% in the presence of 2 mM L-lysine. 6. O-2 uptake and cellular levels of K+ were not significantly affected by L-lysine. 14-CO-2 fixation from pyruvate and 14-CO-2 formation from [1-14C]-pyruvate by isolated, intact rat liver mitochondria remained unchanged by L-lysine. Likewise no direct effect of L-lysine on enzyme activities could be detected. 7. The data seem compatible with the assumption that stimulation of gluconeogenesis in isolated kidney cortex tubules by L-lysine is due to a stimulation of the malate-aspartate shuttle as a consequence of an increased provision of glutamate and aspartate.", "contents": "On the stimulation of gluconeogenesis by L-lysine in isolated rat kidney cortex tubules. 1. L-Lysins (2 mM) stimulates (30-50%) gluconeogenesis in isolated kidney cortex tubules from 24-h-starved rats in the presence of lactate and Krebs cycle intermediates, but not pyruvate and glutamate. The stimulation of renal gluconeogenesis by L-lysine is a short-term effect. The effect is of catalytic nature, but not due to sparing of substrate. L-lysine caused a decrease of lactate/pyruvate ratio. 2. Apart from L-lysine, 1-10 mM NH-4Cl (16-40%) and 2 mM aspartate (66%) were capable to stimulate gluconeogenesis from lactate. Other amino acids tested did not stimulate renal gluconeogenesis, except L-alanine. The stimulation of gluconeogenesis by lysine was not additive to the stimulation by NH-4Cl. Likewise, there was no stimulation of gluconeogenesis from lactate by L-lysine in the presence of glutamate or arnithine. Levels of ammonia, glutamate and aspartate were elevated in the presence of L-lysine, NH-4Cl or glutamate about two-fold, were capable to stimulate gluconeogenesis. 3. The stimulation of gluconeogenesis by L-lysine from malate, succinate and oxoglutarate was abolished in the presence of amino oxy-acetate (0.05 mM), whereas controls were not significantly affected. 4. After 1 h of incubation about 5% of added [U-14C] lysine was recovered as 14-CO-2. The extra ammonia formed in the presence of L-lysine would also correspond with about 5-10% of added lysine being metabolized. 5. 14-CO-2 formation from [1-14C] butyrate and [1-14C] palmitate was inhibited by 20-30% in the presence of 2 mM L-lysine. 6. O-2 uptake and cellular levels of K+ were not significantly affected by L-lysine. 14-CO-2 fixation from pyruvate and 14-CO-2 formation from [1-14C]-pyruvate by isolated, intact rat liver mitochondria remained unchanged by L-lysine. Likewise no direct effect of L-lysine on enzyme activities could be detected. 7. The data seem compatible with the assumption that stimulation of gluconeogenesis in isolated kidney cortex tubules by L-lysine is due to a stimulation of the malate-aspartate shuttle as a consequence of an increased provision of glutamate and aspartate.", "PMID": 1131363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11636", "title": "Rat pancreas adenylate cyclase. III. Its role in pancreatic secretion assessed by means of choleara toxin.", "content": "1. The role of adenylate cyclase in rat pancreas is further investigated by means of cholera toxin, which is known to activate the enzyme in several tissues. 2. Cholera toxin activates rat pancreatic adenylate cyclase in vitro upon preincubation of tissue slices with the toxin for more than 30 min, but not when it is merely present during the enzyme assay. The maximal effect is reached after 90 min pre-incubation. The half-maximally activating concentration is 3.5 mu-g/ml upon pre-incubation for 90 min. 3. After pre-treatment of pancreatic tissue slices with 2 mu-g/ml cholera toxin, further stimulation of adenylate cyclase activity can be obtained by adding pancreozymin-C-octapeptide, secretin, or fluoride to the assay medium, but the final activity with maximally effective concentrations of the hormones is not higher, and with fluoride even less, than that without the toxin pre-treatment. 4. The in vivo effects of the two hormones and of cholera toxin have been studied after cannulation of the pancreas. Pancreozymin-C-octapeptide (intravenously) markedly stimulates both flow rate and rate of protein secretion. Synthetic secretin (intravenously), in addition to its expected effect on flow rate, slightly stimulates protein secretion, which is not due to a wash-out effect. Cholera toxin, topically applied to the cannulated rat pancreas, causes a steady increase of the flow rate after a delay of 20--30 min. The rate of protein secretion is not affected or slightly decreased by the toxin. Pancreozymin-C-octapeptide, given intravenously 1 h after cholera toxin application, causes the same increase in flow rate and rate of protein secretion as would be expected without cholera toxin treatment. 5. The sodium and potassium levels in the pancreatic fluid after administration of secretin or cholera toxin do not change, while the chloride level decreases in both cases. 6. These observations indicate that the rat pancreas adenylate cyclase activity is a rate-limiting factor in the regulation of water and electrolyte secretion. A possible auxiliary role in the regulation of enzyme secretion cannot yet be excluded.", "contents": "Rat pancreas adenylate cyclase. III. Its role in pancreatic secretion assessed by means of choleara toxin. 1. The role of adenylate cyclase in rat pancreas is further investigated by means of cholera toxin, which is known to activate the enzyme in several tissues. 2. Cholera toxin activates rat pancreatic adenylate cyclase in vitro upon preincubation of tissue slices with the toxin for more than 30 min, but not when it is merely present during the enzyme assay. The maximal effect is reached after 90 min pre-incubation. The half-maximally activating concentration is 3.5 mu-g/ml upon pre-incubation for 90 min. 3. After pre-treatment of pancreatic tissue slices with 2 mu-g/ml cholera toxin, further stimulation of adenylate cyclase activity can be obtained by adding pancreozymin-C-octapeptide, secretin, or fluoride to the assay medium, but the final activity with maximally effective concentrations of the hormones is not higher, and with fluoride even less, than that without the toxin pre-treatment. 4. The in vivo effects of the two hormones and of cholera toxin have been studied after cannulation of the pancreas. Pancreozymin-C-octapeptide (intravenously) markedly stimulates both flow rate and rate of protein secretion. Synthetic secretin (intravenously), in addition to its expected effect on flow rate, slightly stimulates protein secretion, which is not due to a wash-out effect. Cholera toxin, topically applied to the cannulated rat pancreas, causes a steady increase of the flow rate after a delay of 20--30 min. The rate of protein secretion is not affected or slightly decreased by the toxin. Pancreozymin-C-octapeptide, given intravenously 1 h after cholera toxin application, causes the same increase in flow rate and rate of protein secretion as would be expected without cholera toxin treatment. 5. The sodium and potassium levels in the pancreatic fluid after administration of secretin or cholera toxin do not change, while the chloride level decreases in both cases. 6. These observations indicate that the rat pancreas adenylate cyclase activity is a rate-limiting factor in the regulation of water and electrolyte secretion. A possible auxiliary role in the regulation of enzyme secretion cannot yet be excluded.", "PMID": 1131364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11637", "title": "The dependence of glucose formation from lactate on the adenosine triphosphate content in the isolated perfused rat liver.", "content": "Bilateral intercollicular lesions in the chick abolish or depress notonly calling, but also those phases of behavior when calling would have been occurring. These include: long bouts of excited feeding immediately after food is made available;examining and pecking moving targets and novel objects;  persistent scanning, and inhibitionof other behaviour in a novel environment.  Deaf birds behave precisely like controls,so that possible auditory deficits are not involved.  During calling phases significantvisual stimuli are treated as if they were startling or conspicuous.  Conversely,continuousexamination of a stimulus causes calling to diminish or disappear even though responsecontinues;  a brief period when the stimulus is not seen causes calling to begin againwhen it is once more perceived.  In addition to the increased effectiveness of relevantvisual stimuli, motor facilitation is usual in calling phases, as is inhibition ofirrelevant responses.  Emotioanl behaviour in man and other mammals is composed tocalling phases in the chick", "contents": "The dependence of glucose formation from lactate on the adenosine triphosphate content in the isolated perfused rat liver. Bilateral intercollicular lesions in the chick abolish or depress notonly calling, but also those phases of behavior when calling would have been occurring. These include: long bouts of excited feeding immediately after food is made available;examining and pecking moving targets and novel objects;  persistent scanning, and inhibitionof other behaviour in a novel environment.  Deaf birds behave precisely like controls,so that possible auditory deficits are not involved.  During calling phases significantvisual stimuli are treated as if they were startling or conspicuous.  Conversely,continuousexamination of a stimulus causes calling to diminish or disappear even though responsecontinues;  a brief period when the stimulus is not seen causes calling to begin againwhen it is once more perceived.  In addition to the increased effectiveness of relevantvisual stimuli, motor facilitation is usual in calling phases, as is inhibition ofirrelevant responses.  Emotioanl behaviour in man and other mammals is composed tocalling phases in the chick", "PMID": 1131365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11638", "title": "Chondroitin sulphate of calf knee-joint cartilage.", "content": "Chondroitin sulphate from different layers of calf knee-joint cartilage has been isolated and purified. Analysis for hexosamine, uronic acid, sulphate and relative proportions of the 4- and 6-isomers revealed no differences between the layers. However, an increase in the average molecular weight of the chondroitin sulphate was found to correspond with distance from the articular surface. In particular, the average molecular weight in the epiphyseal cartilage was significantly higher than that in the articular cartilage. The chondroitin sulphate of the 40-mu-mthick articular surface layer was found to have a higher molecular weight than the rest of the articular part of the cartilage and also to be more polydisperse. These results, regarding molecular size, are in agreement with the cetylpyridinium chloride cellulose microcolumn fractionation patterns.", "contents": "Chondroitin sulphate of calf knee-joint cartilage. Chondroitin sulphate from different layers of calf knee-joint cartilage has been isolated and purified. Analysis for hexosamine, uronic acid, sulphate and relative proportions of the 4- and 6-isomers revealed no differences between the layers. However, an increase in the average molecular weight of the chondroitin sulphate was found to correspond with distance from the articular surface. In particular, the average molecular weight in the epiphyseal cartilage was significantly higher than that in the articular cartilage. The chondroitin sulphate of the 40-mu-mthick articular surface layer was found to have a higher molecular weight than the rest of the articular part of the cartilage and also to be more polydisperse. These results, regarding molecular size, are in agreement with the cetylpyridinium chloride cellulose microcolumn fractionation patterns.", "PMID": 1131366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11639", "title": "The transfer of galactose from UDP-galactose to endogenous lipid acceptors in liver microsomes.", "content": "When the microsomal fraction of beef liver is incubated with UDP-[14-C]-galactose in the presence of an inhibitor of nucleotide pyrophosphatase, there is an incorporation of the [14-C]galactose into glycoprotein and into two lipid components, one soluble in chloroform and the other in chloroform/methanol/water (1:1:0.3). Chromatography of the chloroform fraction on DEAE-cellulose or Kieselguhr G gives a single peak with behavior identical to that of dolichol phosphate mannose. Hydrolysis of the chloroform fraction released free galactose. It seems, therefore, that galactose, like glucose, mannose, and N-acetylglucosamine, can be transferred from its respective sugar nucleotide to glycoprotein via dolichol intermediates.", "contents": "The transfer of galactose from UDP-galactose to endogenous lipid acceptors in liver microsomes. When the microsomal fraction of beef liver is incubated with UDP-[14-C]-galactose in the presence of an inhibitor of nucleotide pyrophosphatase, there is an incorporation of the [14-C]galactose into glycoprotein and into two lipid components, one soluble in chloroform and the other in chloroform/methanol/water (1:1:0.3). Chromatography of the chloroform fraction on DEAE-cellulose or Kieselguhr G gives a single peak with behavior identical to that of dolichol phosphate mannose. Hydrolysis of the chloroform fraction released free galactose. It seems, therefore, that galactose, like glucose, mannose, and N-acetylglucosamine, can be transferred from its respective sugar nucleotide to glycoprotein via dolichol intermediates.", "PMID": 1131367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11640", "title": "Electrical capacity of black lipid films and of lipid bilayers made from monolayers.", "content": "Planar bilayer membranes were formed from monolayers of a series of mono-unsaturated monoglycerides and lecithins. The hydrocarbon thickness of these membranes, as calculated from the electrical capacity, increases with the length of the fatty acid chain. The specific capacity of monoolein bilayers was found to be 0.745 muF/cm-2 which is nearly twice that of a monoolein black film made in the presence of decane, but is close to that obtained after freezing out the solvent from the black film. The hydrocarbon thickness of the bilayer, as calculated with a dielectric constant of 2.1, is considerably less than twice the length of the extended hydrocarbon chain of the monoglyceride. The specific capacity (Cm) of bilayers made from monoolein monolayers showed a negligible voltage dependence, whereas the Cm increased significantly at a voltage of 150 mV in the case of Mueller-Rudin-type monoolein films with n-decane as a solvent.", "contents": "Electrical capacity of black lipid films and of lipid bilayers made from monolayers. Planar bilayer membranes were formed from monolayers of a series of mono-unsaturated monoglycerides and lecithins. The hydrocarbon thickness of these membranes, as calculated from the electrical capacity, increases with the length of the fatty acid chain. The specific capacity of monoolein bilayers was found to be 0.745 muF/cm-2 which is nearly twice that of a monoolein black film made in the presence of decane, but is close to that obtained after freezing out the solvent from the black film. The hydrocarbon thickness of the bilayer, as calculated with a dielectric constant of 2.1, is considerably less than twice the length of the extended hydrocarbon chain of the monoglyceride. The specific capacity (Cm) of bilayers made from monoolein monolayers showed a negligible voltage dependence, whereas the Cm increased significantly at a voltage of 150 mV in the case of Mueller-Rudin-type monoolein films with n-decane as a solvent.", "PMID": 1131368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11641", "title": "Kinetics of a Ca-2+-triggered membrane aggregation reaction of phospholipid membranes.", "content": "Ca-2+ and other divalent cations can trigger aggregation of phospholipid vesicles containing phosphatidic acid or phosphatidylserine. The reaction, which can be detected by an increase in light scattering, has a critical dependence on the Ca-2+ concentration, with a threshold near 4 mM Ca-2+. This is the concentration for half-saturation of the polar head groups and for full neutralization of the membrane surface charge. The aggregation proceeds as a \"polymerization\" reaction, eventually forming such large aggregates that the vesicles precipitate. The stopped-flow rapid mixing technique was used to study the vesicle dimerization reaction which is the first step in the overall aggregation process. Vesicle dimerization resulted in a doubling of light scattering and had a vesicle concentration-dependent time constant (t1/2) which varied between 0.4 and 2.0s under the conditions of the study. Analysis of the dependence of the reaction amplitude and l/t 1/2 on the concentrations of vesicles and Ca-2+ showed that the Ca-2+ binding is fast, and that the dimerization proceeds by a mechanism in which the vesicles first collide to form an encounter complex followed by a slower conversion of the encounter complex to a stable complex. For phosphatidic acid vesicles, about 200-700 collisions are necessary to achieve a stable dimer. The rate-limiting step in the overall reaction is thus the transformation of the encounter complex into a stable complex, requiring 0.5 and 1.0 ms. The above-mentioned results are relatively insensitive insensitive to the type of divalent cation or to the choice of negatively charged lipid (phosphatidic acid or phosphatidylserine). Evidence is given that the stable complex is effected by Ca-2+-mediated salt bridges between the two membranes and that the rate constant of the transformation step derives from the statistics of the distribution and the rate of redistribution of Ca-2+-occupied polar head groups on the membrane surfaces. The relevance of these results to the problem of Ca-2+-induced fusion of biological membranes is discussed.", "contents": "Kinetics of a Ca-2+-triggered membrane aggregation reaction of phospholipid membranes. Ca-2+ and other divalent cations can trigger aggregation of phospholipid vesicles containing phosphatidic acid or phosphatidylserine. The reaction, which can be detected by an increase in light scattering, has a critical dependence on the Ca-2+ concentration, with a threshold near 4 mM Ca-2+. This is the concentration for half-saturation of the polar head groups and for full neutralization of the membrane surface charge. The aggregation proceeds as a \"polymerization\" reaction, eventually forming such large aggregates that the vesicles precipitate. The stopped-flow rapid mixing technique was used to study the vesicle dimerization reaction which is the first step in the overall aggregation process. Vesicle dimerization resulted in a doubling of light scattering and had a vesicle concentration-dependent time constant (t1/2) which varied between 0.4 and 2.0s under the conditions of the study. Analysis of the dependence of the reaction amplitude and l/t 1/2 on the concentrations of vesicles and Ca-2+ showed that the Ca-2+ binding is fast, and that the dimerization proceeds by a mechanism in which the vesicles first collide to form an encounter complex followed by a slower conversion of the encounter complex to a stable complex. For phosphatidic acid vesicles, about 200-700 collisions are necessary to achieve a stable dimer. The rate-limiting step in the overall reaction is thus the transformation of the encounter complex into a stable complex, requiring 0.5 and 1.0 ms. The above-mentioned results are relatively insensitive insensitive to the type of divalent cation or to the choice of negatively charged lipid (phosphatidic acid or phosphatidylserine). Evidence is given that the stable complex is effected by Ca-2+-mediated salt bridges between the two membranes and that the rate constant of the transformation step derives from the statistics of the distribution and the rate of redistribution of Ca-2+-occupied polar head groups on the membrane surfaces. The relevance of these results to the problem of Ca-2+-induced fusion of biological membranes is discussed.", "PMID": 1131369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11642", "title": "Solubilization of brush borders of hamster small intestine and fractionation of some of the components.", "content": "About 90% of the protein of hamster intestinal brush borders was solubilised in 0.25% (w/v) sodium dodecyl sulphate without total loss of biological activity. Detergent-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the solubilised proteins separated 10-15 bands and partially resolved maltase, lactase, sucrase-maltase, trehalase and alkaline phosphatase activities. The disaccharidases, which were associated with the higher molecular weight proteins, were preferentially solubilised with 0.1%. (w/v) Triton X-100, butanol or papain, whereas Tris and NaI extracted only the lower molecular weight proteins, possible derived from the core filaments. Electrophoresis of brush border proteins metabolically labelled with [14-C] glucosamine suggested that many of the membrane-bound enzymes are glycoproteins. However, chromatography of a papain digest on Sephadex G-200 showed that the sucrase-maltase complex can be separated nearly free of carbohydrate without total loss of activity. The importance of characterizing membrane proteins solubilised by a number of techniques is discussed.", "contents": "Solubilization of brush borders of hamster small intestine and fractionation of some of the components. About 90% of the protein of hamster intestinal brush borders was solubilised in 0.25% (w/v) sodium dodecyl sulphate without total loss of biological activity. Detergent-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the solubilised proteins separated 10-15 bands and partially resolved maltase, lactase, sucrase-maltase, trehalase and alkaline phosphatase activities. The disaccharidases, which were associated with the higher molecular weight proteins, were preferentially solubilised with 0.1%. (w/v) Triton X-100, butanol or papain, whereas Tris and NaI extracted only the lower molecular weight proteins, possible derived from the core filaments. Electrophoresis of brush border proteins metabolically labelled with [14-C] glucosamine suggested that many of the membrane-bound enzymes are glycoproteins. However, chromatography of a papain digest on Sephadex G-200 showed that the sucrase-maltase complex can be separated nearly free of carbohydrate without total loss of activity. The importance of characterizing membrane proteins solubilised by a number of techniques is discussed.", "PMID": 1131370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11643", "title": "Release and uptake of haemoglobin and ions in red blood cells induced by dielectric breakdown.", "content": "External electric field strengths of the order of 10-3 minus10-4 v-cm-minus1 induce potassium release and concomitant sodium uptake in human and bovine red blood cells, as demonstrated in an electrolytic discharge chamber. The reversible increase of the membrane permeability once the critical membrane potential is reached is caused by dielectric breakdown of the membrane. The values of the critical membrane potential differences calculated from the potassium release and sodium uptake curves are close to those which were calculated from dielectric breakdown measurements in a hydrodynamic focussing Coulter Counter using the Laplace equation. With bovine red blood cells, the potassium release and the concomitant sodium uptake is coupled with haemoglobin release from the cells, while with human red blood cells much higher external electric field strengths are required for haemoglobin release. The external electric field strength required for solute release and uptake in bovine and human red blood cells depends on the pulse length, particularly below a value of about 10 mus, when a strong increase in the field strength occurs with decreasing pulse lengths. At 50-100 mus pulse lengths an asymptotic value of the critical electrical field strength of 2.6 kV-cm-minus1 for the modal volume of human red blood cells and 2.8 kV-cm-minus1 for the modal volume of bovine red blood cells is reached, corresponding to a critical membrane potential difference of about 1.1 V for both species. This value is close to that measured directly for dielectric breakdown of the membranes of Valonia utricularis (0.85 V, 20 degrees C). The increase in electric field strength with decreasing pulse length can be explained by the capacitance of the membrane, which becomes the rate limiting step for the temporal build-up of the electric potential across the membrane. The time constant of this process was determined to be approx. 10 mus. The critical membrane potential difference for breakdown is therefore pulse-length independent. The breakdown of the membrane can be interpreted by an electromechanical collapse of the membrane material. Numerical considerations of the dynamics of this membrane collapse predict that the breakdown time is a very rapid process.", "contents": "Release and uptake of haemoglobin and ions in red blood cells induced by dielectric breakdown. External electric field strengths of the order of 10-3 minus10-4 v-cm-minus1 induce potassium release and concomitant sodium uptake in human and bovine red blood cells, as demonstrated in an electrolytic discharge chamber. The reversible increase of the membrane permeability once the critical membrane potential is reached is caused by dielectric breakdown of the membrane. The values of the critical membrane potential differences calculated from the potassium release and sodium uptake curves are close to those which were calculated from dielectric breakdown measurements in a hydrodynamic focussing Coulter Counter using the Laplace equation. With bovine red blood cells, the potassium release and the concomitant sodium uptake is coupled with haemoglobin release from the cells, while with human red blood cells much higher external electric field strengths are required for haemoglobin release. The external electric field strength required for solute release and uptake in bovine and human red blood cells depends on the pulse length, particularly below a value of about 10 mus, when a strong increase in the field strength occurs with decreasing pulse lengths. At 50-100 mus pulse lengths an asymptotic value of the critical electrical field strength of 2.6 kV-cm-minus1 for the modal volume of human red blood cells and 2.8 kV-cm-minus1 for the modal volume of bovine red blood cells is reached, corresponding to a critical membrane potential difference of about 1.1 V for both species. This value is close to that measured directly for dielectric breakdown of the membranes of Valonia utricularis (0.85 V, 20 degrees C). The increase in electric field strength with decreasing pulse length can be explained by the capacitance of the membrane, which becomes the rate limiting step for the temporal build-up of the electric potential across the membrane. The time constant of this process was determined to be approx. 10 mus. The critical membrane potential difference for breakdown is therefore pulse-length independent. The breakdown of the membrane can be interpreted by an electromechanical collapse of the membrane material. Numerical considerations of the dynamics of this membrane collapse predict that the breakdown time is a very rapid process.", "PMID": 1131371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11644", "title": "Influence on fetal carbohydrate and fat metabolism and on acid-base balance of glucose administration to the mother during labour.", "content": "Parturients during normal labour were given glucose. The maternal-fetal difference of glucose increased with increasing maternal glucose level. Glucose load caused a rapid early response of maternal insulin release. A parallel rise in plasma lactate and pyruvate occurred in both fetus and mother. The basal maternal hydroxybutyrate and glycerol concentrations decreased significantly during glucose load. The study demonstrated that at term, components of lipid metabolism in fetal and maternal plasma-in contrast to glucose -vary independently. No major disturbances of the fetal acid-base balance were found.", "contents": "Influence on fetal carbohydrate and fat metabolism and on acid-base balance of glucose administration to the mother during labour. Parturients during normal labour were given glucose. The maternal-fetal difference of glucose increased with increasing maternal glucose level. Glucose load caused a rapid early response of maternal insulin release. A parallel rise in plasma lactate and pyruvate occurred in both fetus and mother. The basal maternal hydroxybutyrate and glycerol concentrations decreased significantly during glucose load. The study demonstrated that at term, components of lipid metabolism in fetal and maternal plasma-in contrast to glucose -vary independently. No major disturbances of the fetal acid-base balance were found.", "PMID": 1131378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11645", "title": "Changes in cellular growth in newborn rats and rabbits exposed to photoirradiation.", "content": "Effects of photoirradiation from lamps currently used in phototherapy on growth in newborn rats and rabbits were studied. The newborn animals subjected to 96 h of phototherapy were found to be smaller than comparable nonirradiated animals. Mean organ weight of the brain, liver, heart and kidney was lower in the photoirradiated groups than in the nonirradiated group. DNA, protein content, protein/DNA ratio, cell number and cell size were also significantly reduced (p= less than 0.01) in the photoirradiated groups when compared to the nonirradiated group. The degree of growth retardation was more pronounced in rats subjected to continuous photoirradiation than intermittent photoirradiation (12 h on and 12 h off).", "contents": "Changes in cellular growth in newborn rats and rabbits exposed to photoirradiation. Effects of photoirradiation from lamps currently used in phototherapy on growth in newborn rats and rabbits were studied. The newborn animals subjected to 96 h of phototherapy were found to be smaller than comparable nonirradiated animals. Mean organ weight of the brain, liver, heart and kidney was lower in the photoirradiated groups than in the nonirradiated group. DNA, protein content, protein/DNA ratio, cell number and cell size were also significantly reduced (p= less than 0.01) in the photoirradiated groups when compared to the nonirradiated group. The degree of growth retardation was more pronounced in rats subjected to continuous photoirradiation than intermittent photoirradiation (12 h on and 12 h off).", "PMID": 1131379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11646", "title": "Some physical and biochemical parameters during normal labour.", "content": "A statistical study of parameters of uterine contraction, fetal heart rate, acid-base balance and glycaemia has been made in 30 patients during spontaneous and clinically normal labour for each 2 cm of cervical dilatation. The study of uterine contractility gives the mean values and 95% limits of parameters of uterine contraction as labour progresses. The fetal heart rate is stable during dilation, on the other hand, during the expulsive phase, alterations of fetal heart rate appear, modifications which give evidence of trial that expulsive phase is for the fetus. The study of fetal and maternal acid-base balance shows little change during cervical dilatation, changes towards acidosis during expulsive phase, as importance of feto-maternal relationships. These relationships meet again on the study of glycaemia.", "contents": "Some physical and biochemical parameters during normal labour. A statistical study of parameters of uterine contraction, fetal heart rate, acid-base balance and glycaemia has been made in 30 patients during spontaneous and clinically normal labour for each 2 cm of cervical dilatation. The study of uterine contractility gives the mean values and 95% limits of parameters of uterine contraction as labour progresses. The fetal heart rate is stable during dilation, on the other hand, during the expulsive phase, alterations of fetal heart rate appear, modifications which give evidence of trial that expulsive phase is for the fetus. The study of fetal and maternal acid-base balance shows little change during cervical dilatation, changes towards acidosis during expulsive phase, as importance of feto-maternal relationships. These relationships meet again on the study of glycaemia.", "PMID": 1131380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11647", "title": "Characterization and quantitation of the five major plasma protein fractions in seven-day-old piglets.", "content": "Cellulose acetate electrophoresis was applied to resolve, characterize and quantitate the five major plasma protein fractions of 7-day-old pigs. Purified Cohn fractions were added to the piglets plasma and the individual fractions characterized by similarities in mobilities. All mobilities were expressed relative to albumin. Relative percentages and concentrations of the electrophoretically separated plasma proteins were also calculated. The respective mean values for the plasma concentration of albumin, alpha-, beta, gamma-globulin and fibrinogen obtained from 45 piglets were 1.98, 0.93, 0.27, 0.60 and 1.49 g/100 ml, respectively.", "contents": "Characterization and quantitation of the five major plasma protein fractions in seven-day-old piglets. Cellulose acetate electrophoresis was applied to resolve, characterize and quantitate the five major plasma protein fractions of 7-day-old pigs. Purified Cohn fractions were added to the piglets plasma and the individual fractions characterized by similarities in mobilities. All mobilities were expressed relative to albumin. Relative percentages and concentrations of the electrophoretically separated plasma proteins were also calculated. The respective mean values for the plasma concentration of albumin, alpha-, beta, gamma-globulin and fibrinogen obtained from 45 piglets were 1.98, 0.93, 0.27, 0.60 and 1.49 g/100 ml, respectively.", "PMID": 1131381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11648", "title": "Maximum thermogenic response to cold in relation to the proportion of brown adipose tissue and skeletal muscle in the body and to other parameters in young lambs.", "content": "No relationship was apparent between the maximum thermogenic response of lambs to cold (summit metabolism) and the dissectable brown adipose tissue content, or the chemically extractable lipid content of the whole animal or the weight of various skeletal muscles. Correlations of summit metabolism with other parameters also suggested that the level of glucose, FFA and glycerol in the circulation, and the glycogen stores in liver and muscle, did not limit summit metabolism. However, significant correlations of summit metabolism with cardiac output and arteriovenous differences in oxygen content of blood focused attention on the possible role of the cardiovascular system and on the metabolic capability of the thermogenic tissues in determining summit metabolism.", "contents": "Maximum thermogenic response to cold in relation to the proportion of brown adipose tissue and skeletal muscle in the body and to other parameters in young lambs. No relationship was apparent between the maximum thermogenic response of lambs to cold (summit metabolism) and the dissectable brown adipose tissue content, or the chemically extractable lipid content of the whole animal or the weight of various skeletal muscles. Correlations of summit metabolism with other parameters also suggested that the level of glucose, FFA and glycerol in the circulation, and the glycogen stores in liver and muscle, did not limit summit metabolism. However, significant correlations of summit metabolism with cardiac output and arteriovenous differences in oxygen content of blood focused attention on the possible role of the cardiovascular system and on the metabolic capability of the thermogenic tissues in determining summit metabolism.", "PMID": 1131382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11649", "title": "Quantity and calculated oxygen consumption during summit metabolism of brown adipose tissue in new-born lambs.", "content": "Macroscopic dissection of new-born lambs of several breeds revealed that brown adipose tissue comprised approximately 1.5% of the body weight. The perirenal-abdominal and prescapular-cervical depots were by far the largest, and the overall distribution was largely consistent with that reported for other species, although there was no significant interscapular depot. The oxygen consumption of the brown adipose tissue in lambs was calculated to reach 70 ml/(g-h), which is consistent with published data for rabbit brown adipose tissue, in vivo, but 35 times higher than that for the same tissue in vitro. It was also calculated that a substantial portion, perhaps two thirds, of the lipid available for metabolism was stored outside the adipose tissue. The study also made it possible to examine the validity of methods of estimating blood flow through brown adipose tissue. Untenable venous blood oxygen saturations were calculated from results obtained using 86-Rb, but saturation calculated from results with the radio-active microsphere method were entirely plausible.", "contents": "Quantity and calculated oxygen consumption during summit metabolism of brown adipose tissue in new-born lambs. Macroscopic dissection of new-born lambs of several breeds revealed that brown adipose tissue comprised approximately 1.5% of the body weight. The perirenal-abdominal and prescapular-cervical depots were by far the largest, and the overall distribution was largely consistent with that reported for other species, although there was no significant interscapular depot. The oxygen consumption of the brown adipose tissue in lambs was calculated to reach 70 ml/(g-h), which is consistent with published data for rabbit brown adipose tissue, in vivo, but 35 times higher than that for the same tissue in vitro. It was also calculated that a substantial portion, perhaps two thirds, of the lipid available for metabolism was stored outside the adipose tissue. The study also made it possible to examine the validity of methods of estimating blood flow through brown adipose tissue. Untenable venous blood oxygen saturations were calculated from results obtained using 86-Rb, but saturation calculated from results with the radio-active microsphere method were entirely plausible.", "PMID": 1131383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11650", "title": "Experimental intrauterine growth retardation.", "content": "The effects of experimental intrauterine growth retardation on subsequent fetal development, especially with respect to brain development, were studied in a new animal model. The rabbit was chosen since it has a perinatal pattern of brain development similar to that of the human. Experimental ischemia was induced during the last trimester by ligation of spiral arterioles and the differential effects on fetal development at term (30th gestational day) are reported. Specific brain regions were examined for wet weight, total cell number (DNA) and total protein content. Highly significant decreases in all these parameters were found in both the cortex and cerebellum following experimental intrauterine growth retardation; these two organs were differentially affected. The prospects and advantages of using this animal model for the study of the postnatal \"catch-up growth\" are discussed.", "contents": "Experimental intrauterine growth retardation. The effects of experimental intrauterine growth retardation on subsequent fetal development, especially with respect to brain development, were studied in a new animal model. The rabbit was chosen since it has a perinatal pattern of brain development similar to that of the human. Experimental ischemia was induced during the last trimester by ligation of spiral arterioles and the differential effects on fetal development at term (30th gestational day) are reported. Specific brain regions were examined for wet weight, total cell number (DNA) and total protein content. Highly significant decreases in all these parameters were found in both the cortex and cerebellum following experimental intrauterine growth retardation; these two organs were differentially affected. The prospects and advantages of using this animal model for the study of the postnatal \"catch-up growth\" are discussed.", "PMID": 1131384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11651", "title": "Estimation of red blood cell volume in premature infants with and without respiratory distress syndrome.", "content": "Red blood cell volume was estimated indirectly from plasma volume and venous hematocrit measurements in 262 consecutively delivered premature infants of less than 37 weeks' gestation. Infants with respiratory distress syndrome averaged lower red cell volumes (P0.02) than those without. Fatal cases had the lowest volumes. There was a 10.3% mortality from RDS (respiratory distress syndrome) among the one third of infants with the smallest red cell volumes, and only a 2.3% mortality among the one third with the largest volumes. Red cell volume was shown to be a direct correlate of time of cord clamping and thereby of the amount of placental transfusion, both in infants with and without RDS. From this study it is probable that delayed cord clamping, by allowing placental transfusion, decreases the risk of death from RDS in premature infants. Delay in clamping the umbilical cord for 1-1.5 min is advised in premature births.", "contents": "Estimation of red blood cell volume in premature infants with and without respiratory distress syndrome. Red blood cell volume was estimated indirectly from plasma volume and venous hematocrit measurements in 262 consecutively delivered premature infants of less than 37 weeks' gestation. Infants with respiratory distress syndrome averaged lower red cell volumes (P0.02) than those without. Fatal cases had the lowest volumes. There was a 10.3% mortality from RDS (respiratory distress syndrome) among the one third of infants with the smallest red cell volumes, and only a 2.3% mortality among the one third with the largest volumes. Red cell volume was shown to be a direct correlate of time of cord clamping and thereby of the amount of placental transfusion, both in infants with and without RDS. From this study it is probable that delayed cord clamping, by allowing placental transfusion, decreases the risk of death from RDS in premature infants. Delay in clamping the umbilical cord for 1-1.5 min is advised in premature births.", "PMID": 1131385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11652", "title": "Studies on normal and precocious appearance of jejunal sucrase in suckling rats.", "content": "Some of the cellular and molecular events involved in the normal and precocious appearance of sucrase in jejunum of infant rats have been studied. Actinomycin D has been shown to inhibit (by 79%) the rise in sucrase activity usually seen after administration of hydrocortisone to 9-day-old rats. The precocious appearance of sucrase has also been studied with respect to the cytological localization of enzyme activity in the intestinal mucosa. Tissue was sectioned in a cryostat (transverse to the villi) and sucrase was assayed in homogenates prepared from the sections. By 24 h after administration of hydrocortisone to 9-day-old animals, sucrase was detectable only at the bases of the villi. During the subsequent 72 h the enzyme activity increased and spread along the villi at a rate consistent with that of cell migration. These data have lead to the conclusion that the action of glucocorticoids on enterocytes can occur only when the cells are in their proliferative phase. An ontogenic study of the ability of hydrocortisone to elicit jejunal sucrase showed that the tissue becomes increasingly responsive to the hormone with increasing age through the first and second postnatal weeks. Various hypotheses to explain this increase have been examined.", "contents": "Studies on normal and precocious appearance of jejunal sucrase in suckling rats. Some of the cellular and molecular events involved in the normal and precocious appearance of sucrase in jejunum of infant rats have been studied. Actinomycin D has been shown to inhibit (by 79%) the rise in sucrase activity usually seen after administration of hydrocortisone to 9-day-old rats. The precocious appearance of sucrase has also been studied with respect to the cytological localization of enzyme activity in the intestinal mucosa. Tissue was sectioned in a cryostat (transverse to the villi) and sucrase was assayed in homogenates prepared from the sections. By 24 h after administration of hydrocortisone to 9-day-old animals, sucrase was detectable only at the bases of the villi. During the subsequent 72 h the enzyme activity increased and spread along the villi at a rate consistent with that of cell migration. These data have lead to the conclusion that the action of glucocorticoids on enterocytes can occur only when the cells are in their proliferative phase. An ontogenic study of the ability of hydrocortisone to elicit jejunal sucrase showed that the tissue becomes increasingly responsive to the hormone with increasing age through the first and second postnatal weeks. Various hypotheses to explain this increase have been examined.", "PMID": 1131386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11653", "title": "Quantitative evaluation of the maternal-fetal transfer of free fatty acids in the rat.", "content": "On the 21st day of pregnancy the amount of fatty acids transferred from the mother to the fetuses was determined using the tracer technique and a mathematical model. The present study showed that 0.19 mu-mol fatty acids/min pass into the fetuses from the maternal circulation. The amount of fatty acids required for the growth and development of the rat fetuses amounts to 0.25 mu-mol fatty acids/min. From these data one can conclude that the maternal circulation is an even more important source of fetal fatty acids than the fatty acid synthesis in fetal tissue.", "contents": "Quantitative evaluation of the maternal-fetal transfer of free fatty acids in the rat. On the 21st day of pregnancy the amount of fatty acids transferred from the mother to the fetuses was determined using the tracer technique and a mathematical model. The present study showed that 0.19 mu-mol fatty acids/min pass into the fetuses from the maternal circulation. The amount of fatty acids required for the growth and development of the rat fetuses amounts to 0.25 mu-mol fatty acids/min. From these data one can conclude that the maternal circulation is an even more important source of fetal fatty acids than the fatty acid synthesis in fetal tissue.", "PMID": 1131387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11654", "title": "Identification of alkaloids; the condensation products of biogenic amines with formaldehyde, enzymatically formed from 5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid.", "content": "The use of thin-layer chromatography has demonstrated that incubations of indoleamines with 5-methyl[14-C]tetrahydrofolic acid and an enzyme previously described as an N-methyltransferase, do not yield Nw, N1, or O-methylated products. Further elucidation by thin-layer chromatography, gas chromatography, mass spectrometry and selected ion monitoring enabled us to identify the reaction products as tetrahydroisoquinolines and tetrahydro-beta-carbolines in mixtures incubated respectively with catecholamines and indoleamines in the presence of 5-methyl[14-C]tetrahydrofolic acid and enzyme. The alkaloids have been shown to originate from a spontaneous condensation of the corresponding amines with formaldehyde, this latter being formed in the first stage of the reaction by enzymatic conversion from 5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid.", "contents": "Identification of alkaloids; the condensation products of biogenic amines with formaldehyde, enzymatically formed from 5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid. The use of thin-layer chromatography has demonstrated that incubations of indoleamines with 5-methyl[14-C]tetrahydrofolic acid and an enzyme previously described as an N-methyltransferase, do not yield Nw, N1, or O-methylated products. Further elucidation by thin-layer chromatography, gas chromatography, mass spectrometry and selected ion monitoring enabled us to identify the reaction products as tetrahydroisoquinolines and tetrahydro-beta-carbolines in mixtures incubated respectively with catecholamines and indoleamines in the presence of 5-methyl[14-C]tetrahydrofolic acid and enzyme. The alkaloids have been shown to originate from a spontaneous condensation of the corresponding amines with formaldehyde, this latter being formed in the first stage of the reaction by enzymatic conversion from 5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid.", "PMID": 1131388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11655", "title": "A reproducible gas chromatographic mass spectrometric assay for low levels of methylphenidate and ritalinic acid in blood and urine.", "content": "A rapid, sensitive method of analysis for methylphenidate and ritalinic acid in blood and urine has been developed using gas chromatography mass spectrometry and selected ion monitoring for separation and detection. The methylphenidate is isolated by solvent extraction into chloroform and the ritalinic acid is isolated by salting out into isopropyl alcohol, followed by methylation and subsequent solvent extraction. The method has been applied to the study of methylphenidate metabolism and excretion in adults and hyperactive children undergoing treatment with methylphenidate.", "contents": "A reproducible gas chromatographic mass spectrometric assay for low levels of methylphenidate and ritalinic acid in blood and urine. A rapid, sensitive method of analysis for methylphenidate and ritalinic acid in blood and urine has been developed using gas chromatography mass spectrometry and selected ion monitoring for separation and detection. The methylphenidate is isolated by solvent extraction into chloroform and the ritalinic acid is isolated by salting out into isopropyl alcohol, followed by methylation and subsequent solvent extraction. The method has been applied to the study of methylphenidate metabolism and excretion in adults and hyperactive children undergoing treatment with methylphenidate.", "PMID": 1131389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11656", "title": "The rapid identification of a new metabolite of warfarin via a chemical ionization mass spectrometry ion doublet technique.", "content": "An ion doublet chemical ionization mass spectrometry technique was utilized for the rapid detection and elucidation of the structure of a new hydroxylated metabolite of the oral anticoagulant warfarin. This technique involves the use of a 50:50 mixture of stable isotope labeled and unlabeled drug. With this procedure ions found in the mass spectrum which are associated with the administered drug can be identified unambiguously. The unknown metabolite from rat liver microsomal preparations was identified as benzylic hydroxywarfarin by reincubating the microsomes with warfarin specifically labeled in the benzylic position and observing the subsequent loss of label in the product. The ion doublet technique was also employed in a single human study, and benzylic hydroxywarfarin was detected and identified.", "contents": "The rapid identification of a new metabolite of warfarin via a chemical ionization mass spectrometry ion doublet technique. An ion doublet chemical ionization mass spectrometry technique was utilized for the rapid detection and elucidation of the structure of a new hydroxylated metabolite of the oral anticoagulant warfarin. This technique involves the use of a 50:50 mixture of stable isotope labeled and unlabeled drug. With this procedure ions found in the mass spectrum which are associated with the administered drug can be identified unambiguously. The unknown metabolite from rat liver microsomal preparations was identified as benzylic hydroxywarfarin by reincubating the microsomes with warfarin specifically labeled in the benzylic position and observing the subsequent loss of label in the product. The ion doublet technique was also employed in a single human study, and benzylic hydroxywarfarin was detected and identified.", "PMID": 1131390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11657", "title": "The application of quadrupole mass filters in field desorption mass spectrometry.", "content": "The advantages and limitations which quadrupole mass filters afford to the field desorption technique with respect to use for routine work are discussed and experimentally confirmed by the analyses of some drugs using a field desorption quadrupole mass spectrometer. The possibility of fast identification of drug intoxication is demonstrated by the analysis of the chloroform extract of urine in a case of overdose of hypnotics.", "contents": "The application of quadrupole mass filters in field desorption mass spectrometry. The advantages and limitations which quadrupole mass filters afford to the field desorption technique with respect to use for routine work are discussed and experimentally confirmed by the analyses of some drugs using a field desorption quadrupole mass spectrometer. The possibility of fast identification of drug intoxication is demonstrated by the analysis of the chloroform extract of urine in a case of overdose of hypnotics.", "PMID": 1131391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11658", "title": "The mass spectra of permethylated oligosaccharides.", "content": "The electron impact mass spectra of permethyl ethers of twenty-five highly purified oligosaccharides, containing first, aldohexose units only and second, at least one fructose unite, have been determined. It is concluded that spectra of these derivatives can yield considerable structural information, especially in relation to the detection of fructose units, the pyranose/furanose ratio and the position of the glycosidic linkage, and are to be preferred from this point of view to the mass spectra of trimethylsilyl ethers.", "contents": "The mass spectra of permethylated oligosaccharides. The electron impact mass spectra of permethyl ethers of twenty-five highly purified oligosaccharides, containing first, aldohexose units only and second, at least one fructose unite, have been determined. It is concluded that spectra of these derivatives can yield considerable structural information, especially in relation to the detection of fructose units, the pyranose/furanose ratio and the position of the glycosidic linkage, and are to be preferred from this point of view to the mass spectra of trimethylsilyl ethers.", "PMID": 1131392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11659", "title": "Isolation and mass spectral identification of blood metabolites of cyclophosphamide: evidence for phosphoramide mustard as the biologically active metabolite.", "content": "Thin-layer chromatography and mass spectrometry were used to isolate and identify cyclophosphamide metabolites present in blood of mice. Blood was removed 5, 15, 30 and 45 minutes after intraperitoneal administration and extracted with chloroform followed by methanol. Thin-layer chromatography of the two extracts and the residual solid with or without prior methylation, collection of resulting alkylating components, determination of radioactivity and mass spectral analysis, served to identify cyclophosphamide, 4-ketocyclophosphamide, alcophosphamide, N-dechloroethylcyclophosphamide, carboxyphosphamide, phosphoramide mustard and nor-HN2. The absence of detectable levels of 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide or aldophosphamide in the blood of cyclophosphamide-treated mice suggests that cyclophosphamide is converted rapidly in the liver to carboxyphosphamide, 4-ketocyclophosphamide, phosphoramide mustard and nor-HN2. Direct administration of synthetic 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide to mice and extraction of blood with chloroform demonstrated the recovery of this metabolite in vivo. Analysis of extracts of blood from mice treated with phosphoramide mustard indicated the presence of nor-HN2, 3-(2-chloroethyl)-1,3-oxazolidin-2-one and unchanged drug. Consideration of blood levels, cytotoxicity and alkylating activity of metabolites identified, in or inferred from, this study, implicates phosphoramide mustard as a leading condidate for the biologically active form of cyclophosphamide.", "contents": "Isolation and mass spectral identification of blood metabolites of cyclophosphamide: evidence for phosphoramide mustard as the biologically active metabolite. Thin-layer chromatography and mass spectrometry were used to isolate and identify cyclophosphamide metabolites present in blood of mice. Blood was removed 5, 15, 30 and 45 minutes after intraperitoneal administration and extracted with chloroform followed by methanol. Thin-layer chromatography of the two extracts and the residual solid with or without prior methylation, collection of resulting alkylating components, determination of radioactivity and mass spectral analysis, served to identify cyclophosphamide, 4-ketocyclophosphamide, alcophosphamide, N-dechloroethylcyclophosphamide, carboxyphosphamide, phosphoramide mustard and nor-HN2. The absence of detectable levels of 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide or aldophosphamide in the blood of cyclophosphamide-treated mice suggests that cyclophosphamide is converted rapidly in the liver to carboxyphosphamide, 4-ketocyclophosphamide, phosphoramide mustard and nor-HN2. Direct administration of synthetic 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide to mice and extraction of blood with chloroform demonstrated the recovery of this metabolite in vivo. Analysis of extracts of blood from mice treated with phosphoramide mustard indicated the presence of nor-HN2, 3-(2-chloroethyl)-1,3-oxazolidin-2-one and unchanged drug. Consideration of blood levels, cytotoxicity and alkylating activity of metabolites identified, in or inferred from, this study, implicates phosphoramide mustard as a leading condidate for the biologically active form of cyclophosphamide.", "PMID": 1131393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11660", "title": "Species differences in the metabolism of alpha-1-trans-4-dimethylaminotetrahydro-3-furyl-cyclohexanephenylglycolate, an experimental anticholinergic agent.", "content": "Metabolism studies in the rat, dog and cat have demonstrated a definite species difference in biotransformation and elimination of alpha-1-trans-4-dimethylaminotetrahydro-3-furylcyclohexanephenylglycolate (Lilly 82537), an experimental anticholinergic agent. Separation and identification of urinary and biliary metabolites by gas chromatographic mass spectrometric analysis has shown three mechanisms to be involved in the metabolism of Lilly 82537 in these species; N-demethylation, aliphatic hydroxylation ahd ester hydrolysis. A major portion of the drug administered was eliminated unaltered in the cat and dog, while only trace quantities of parent drug were observed in the urine and bile of rats. These metabolic differences may be responsible for observed species differences in the pharmacologic activity of Lilly 82537.", "contents": "Species differences in the metabolism of alpha-1-trans-4-dimethylaminotetrahydro-3-furyl-cyclohexanephenylglycolate, an experimental anticholinergic agent. Metabolism studies in the rat, dog and cat have demonstrated a definite species difference in biotransformation and elimination of alpha-1-trans-4-dimethylaminotetrahydro-3-furylcyclohexanephenylglycolate (Lilly 82537), an experimental anticholinergic agent. Separation and identification of urinary and biliary metabolites by gas chromatographic mass spectrometric analysis has shown three mechanisms to be involved in the metabolism of Lilly 82537 in these species; N-demethylation, aliphatic hydroxylation ahd ester hydrolysis. A major portion of the drug administered was eliminated unaltered in the cat and dog, while only trace quantities of parent drug were observed in the urine and bile of rats. These metabolic differences may be responsible for observed species differences in the pharmacologic activity of Lilly 82537.", "PMID": 1131394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11661", "title": "Plasma amino acid analysis by isotope ratio gas chromatography mass spectrometry computer techniques.", "content": "A routine analysis for micro samples of plasma amino acids by a gas chromatography mass spectrometry computer system has been developed. Isotope ratio determination was used as the quantitating technique via multiple internal standards. The speed of the analysis is increased by omitting the ion exchange purification step and its flexibility is maximized by using repetitive scanning rather than selective ion monitoring. This procedure yields excellent precision and accuracy, as demonstrated by the analysis of a known amino acid mixture and of neonatal plasma.", "contents": "Plasma amino acid analysis by isotope ratio gas chromatography mass spectrometry computer techniques. A routine analysis for micro samples of plasma amino acids by a gas chromatography mass spectrometry computer system has been developed. Isotope ratio determination was used as the quantitating technique via multiple internal standards. The speed of the analysis is increased by omitting the ion exchange purification step and its flexibility is maximized by using repetitive scanning rather than selective ion monitoring. This procedure yields excellent precision and accuracy, as demonstrated by the analysis of a known amino acid mixture and of neonatal plasma.", "PMID": 1131397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11662", "title": "Gamma heavy chain disease: rapid, sustained response to cyclophosphamide and prednisone.", "content": "A patient, CAL, with gamma heavy chain disease is presented who has had a complete remission lasting over 2 yr with combination chemotherapy consisting of pulsatile cyclophosphamide and prednisone. The patient exhibited many features of an atuoimmune process including a vasculitis, low serum complement levels, a positive antiglobulin (Coombs) test, Raynaud's phenomenon, and keratoconjunctivitis sicca. The CAL paraprotein was found to have several previously undescribed characteristics. It reacted with antisera to Fd, Fab, and Fab', suggesting that most of the Fd portion of the molecule was intace. CAL protein consists of two polypeptide chains of molecular weight 49,000 covalently linked to form a dimer of 95,000 molecular weight. The covalent linkage suggests that the hinge region of this gamma heavy chain is intact.", "contents": "Gamma heavy chain disease: rapid, sustained response to cyclophosphamide and prednisone. A patient, CAL, with gamma heavy chain disease is presented who has had a complete remission lasting over 2 yr with combination chemotherapy consisting of pulsatile cyclophosphamide and prednisone. The patient exhibited many features of an atuoimmune process including a vasculitis, low serum complement levels, a positive antiglobulin (Coombs) test, Raynaud's phenomenon, and keratoconjunctivitis sicca. The CAL paraprotein was found to have several previously undescribed characteristics. It reacted with antisera to Fd, Fab, and Fab', suggesting that most of the Fd portion of the molecule was intace. CAL protein consists of two polypeptide chains of molecular weight 49,000 covalently linked to form a dimer of 95,000 molecular weight. The covalent linkage suggests that the hinge region of this gamma heavy chain is intact.", "PMID": 1131420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11663", "title": "Ethnic variation in red cell glutathione peroxidase activity.", "content": "Glutathione peroxidase activity was measured in blood and cultured fibroblasts from healthy persons of several different population groups. Individuals of Jewish ancestry and others of Mediterranean origin were found to manifest a decrease of red cell but not of leukocyte or fibroblast enzyme activity. Oriental populations differed in that the scatter in red cell enzyme activity was significantly lower than in Occidental populations. The erythrocyte enzyme of individuals with low activity was found to be less stable to heating than was the enzyme from persons with high activity. As a possible explanation for these data, a provisional genetic model is presented: a low GSH Px allele with a frequency of 0.556 in the Jewish population and of only 0.181 in the United States-Northern European population. Our results suggest that an association between GSH Px deficiency and hemolytic anemia need not represent a cause-and-effect relationship.", "contents": "Ethnic variation in red cell glutathione peroxidase activity. Glutathione peroxidase activity was measured in blood and cultured fibroblasts from healthy persons of several different population groups. Individuals of Jewish ancestry and others of Mediterranean origin were found to manifest a decrease of red cell but not of leukocyte or fibroblast enzyme activity. Oriental populations differed in that the scatter in red cell enzyme activity was significantly lower than in Occidental populations. The erythrocyte enzyme of individuals with low activity was found to be less stable to heating than was the enzyme from persons with high activity. As a possible explanation for these data, a provisional genetic model is presented: a low GSH Px allele with a frequency of 0.556 in the Jewish population and of only 0.181 in the United States-Northern European population. Our results suggest that an association between GSH Px deficiency and hemolytic anemia need not represent a cause-and-effect relationship.", "PMID": 1131421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11664", "title": "Active transport of GSSG from reconstituted erythrocyte ghosts.", "content": "Human erythrocyte ghosts were loaded with 35S-labeled GSSG and with a sucrose marker, and the transport of GSSG to the suspending medium was studied. GSSG transport from ghosts occurred only when ATP was also present in the ghosts, proceeded against a concentration gradient, and was inhibited by fluoride. The rate of transport was dependent upon the intracellular concentration of GSSG. The relationship between GSSG concentration and rate of transport was sigmoidal. Half-maximal transport was observed at a GSSG concentration of approximately 9.6mM. The maximal velocity was estimated to be in the range of 0.27 umole GSSG per ml of ghosts per hr. These data suggest that the rate of GSSG transport a physiologic concentrations of GSSG is not sufficiently rapid to account for the turnover of glutathione by red cells. It seems more likely that the GSSG transport system serves an emergency function of erythrocytes.", "contents": "Active transport of GSSG from reconstituted erythrocyte ghosts. Human erythrocyte ghosts were loaded with 35S-labeled GSSG and with a sucrose marker, and the transport of GSSG to the suspending medium was studied. GSSG transport from ghosts occurred only when ATP was also present in the ghosts, proceeded against a concentration gradient, and was inhibited by fluoride. The rate of transport was dependent upon the intracellular concentration of GSSG. The relationship between GSSG concentration and rate of transport was sigmoidal. Half-maximal transport was observed at a GSSG concentration of approximately 9.6mM. The maximal velocity was estimated to be in the range of 0.27 umole GSSG per ml of ghosts per hr. These data suggest that the rate of GSSG transport a physiologic concentrations of GSSG is not sufficiently rapid to account for the turnover of glutathione by red cells. It seems more likely that the GSSG transport system serves an emergency function of erythrocytes.", "PMID": 1131422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11665", "title": "Content and thrombin-induced release of acid hydrolases in gel-filtered platelets from patients with storage pool disease.", "content": "The levels of four acid hydrolases, beta-N-acetyl glucosaminidase, beta-glucuronidase, beta-galactosidase, and acid phosphatase, and the extent of their release (release II) by thrombin was determined in platelets from nine normal subjects, nine patients with storage pool disease, and in normal platelets which had been exposed to aspirin. The levels of all four hydrolases were normal in patients with SPD. However, release of three of these hydrolases (acid phosphatase was an exception) by low concentrations of thrombin (0.015 and 0.04 U/ml) was decreased in the patients as a group, although considerable variation in the extent of release of each enzyme was noted. In contrast, aspirin failed to inhibit release II in normal platelets (except for a slight impairment in the release of beta-N-acetyl glucosaminidase), although release I (serotonin, ATP and ADP) was inhibited. All release defects could be overcome by using higher concentrations of thrombin (0.2 U/ml). The normal levels of acid hydrolases in the platelets of patients with SPD (who are deficient in the platelet dense granules) suggest that these enzymes are not normally stored in the dense granules, but rather in alpha-granules. The findings also support the conclusions of previous studies that the release reaction is impaired in SPD. This release defect appears to be different from that seen in normal platelets after exposure to aspirin.", "contents": "Content and thrombin-induced release of acid hydrolases in gel-filtered platelets from patients with storage pool disease. The levels of four acid hydrolases, beta-N-acetyl glucosaminidase, beta-glucuronidase, beta-galactosidase, and acid phosphatase, and the extent of their release (release II) by thrombin was determined in platelets from nine normal subjects, nine patients with storage pool disease, and in normal platelets which had been exposed to aspirin. The levels of all four hydrolases were normal in patients with SPD. However, release of three of these hydrolases (acid phosphatase was an exception) by low concentrations of thrombin (0.015 and 0.04 U/ml) was decreased in the patients as a group, although considerable variation in the extent of release of each enzyme was noted. In contrast, aspirin failed to inhibit release II in normal platelets (except for a slight impairment in the release of beta-N-acetyl glucosaminidase), although release I (serotonin, ATP and ADP) was inhibited. All release defects could be overcome by using higher concentrations of thrombin (0.2 U/ml). The normal levels of acid hydrolases in the platelets of patients with SPD (who are deficient in the platelet dense granules) suggest that these enzymes are not normally stored in the dense granules, but rather in alpha-granules. The findings also support the conclusions of previous studies that the release reaction is impaired in SPD. This release defect appears to be different from that seen in normal platelets after exposure to aspirin.", "PMID": 1131424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11666", "title": "Metal ion contents of gel-filtered platelets from patients with storage pool disease.", "content": "Platelets from nine patients with storage pool disease (SPD) and from ten control subjects were isolated by gel filtration into a suspension medium permitting the direct determination of platelet Mg-2+, Ca-2+, and K+ levels. The total intracellular levels of ATP and ADP, as well as the incorporation patterns of 14-C-adenine into the metabolic nucleotide pool, were also determined in these platelet suspensions. The gel-filtered platelets (GFP) from SPD patients exhibited slightly lowered levels of ATP and substantially reduced amounts of ADP, in agreement with previous studies using PRP suspensions. Diminished aggregation responses to ADP, epinephrine, and to collagen in particular, similar to those observed previously in PRP, were obtained in GFP from SPD patients. However, GFP from the patients exhibited more variable aggregation responses to addition of ADP and epinephrine than did GFP from the control subjects. Increases in the extent of radioactive hypoxanthine formation, observed previously in normal platelets as a result of isolation into the suspension medium used in these studies, were significantly reduced in the GFP from SPD patients. The levels of platelet Mg-2+ and K+ determined in GFP from the patients were not significantly different from the levels of these ions in GFP from control subjects. However, substantial reductions in platelet Ca-2+ were found in the SPD platelets. A strong correlation was obtained between this reduction in platelet Ca-2+ and the reduction in ADP in these platelets. No such correlation was apparent between the ATP and Ca-2+ deficiencies. These results suggest that a major portion of platelet Ca-2+ may be located in the dense granules and support previous hypotheses that granular ADP and/or Ca-2+ may play a role in the release reaction. The finding of normal levels of platelet Mg-2+ and K+ in SPD platelets, however, suggests that these latter ions are not located in the dense granules.", "contents": "Metal ion contents of gel-filtered platelets from patients with storage pool disease. Platelets from nine patients with storage pool disease (SPD) and from ten control subjects were isolated by gel filtration into a suspension medium permitting the direct determination of platelet Mg-2+, Ca-2+, and K+ levels. The total intracellular levels of ATP and ADP, as well as the incorporation patterns of 14-C-adenine into the metabolic nucleotide pool, were also determined in these platelet suspensions. The gel-filtered platelets (GFP) from SPD patients exhibited slightly lowered levels of ATP and substantially reduced amounts of ADP, in agreement with previous studies using PRP suspensions. Diminished aggregation responses to ADP, epinephrine, and to collagen in particular, similar to those observed previously in PRP, were obtained in GFP from SPD patients. However, GFP from the patients exhibited more variable aggregation responses to addition of ADP and epinephrine than did GFP from the control subjects. Increases in the extent of radioactive hypoxanthine formation, observed previously in normal platelets as a result of isolation into the suspension medium used in these studies, were significantly reduced in the GFP from SPD patients. The levels of platelet Mg-2+ and K+ determined in GFP from the patients were not significantly different from the levels of these ions in GFP from control subjects. However, substantial reductions in platelet Ca-2+ were found in the SPD platelets. A strong correlation was obtained between this reduction in platelet Ca-2+ and the reduction in ADP in these platelets. No such correlation was apparent between the ATP and Ca-2+ deficiencies. These results suggest that a major portion of platelet Ca-2+ may be located in the dense granules and support previous hypotheses that granular ADP and/or Ca-2+ may play a role in the release reaction. The finding of normal levels of platelet Mg-2+ and K+ in SPD platelets, however, suggests that these latter ions are not located in the dense granules.", "PMID": 1131423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11667", "title": "Modulation of murine granulocyte proliferation in diffusion chamber cultures.", "content": "Normal mouse marrow cells were cultured in Millipore diffusion chambers for long periods of time and at a variety of cell concentrations. All cultures showed a pattern of granulocyte proliferation characterized by logarithmic growth followed by prolonged stabilization of cell number starting a 7 days thereafter. The height of this \"plateau\" varied in relationship to the level of cell input and characteristically was far lower than the maximum cell density that can be maintained in this culture system. Additional studies showed that the plateau represented a steady state of granulocyte turnover and was not due to alterations in the diffusion chambers or the host mice. Regulatory mechanisms intrinsic to the cultured cell population appeared to play a primary role in maintaining this stable plateau. Modulation of granulocyte proliferation was partly due to increasing cell density; particularly with high input concentrations. In addition, differential cell counts suggested that critical changes in the relationship between immature and mature granulocytes partially accounted for this apparent autoregulation of cell growth. The plateau period in diffusion chamber cultures in many ways resembles granulocyte proliferation in normal mouse bone marrow and is a useful model for the study of regulatory functions in granulocytopoiesis.", "contents": "Modulation of murine granulocyte proliferation in diffusion chamber cultures. Normal mouse marrow cells were cultured in Millipore diffusion chambers for long periods of time and at a variety of cell concentrations. All cultures showed a pattern of granulocyte proliferation characterized by logarithmic growth followed by prolonged stabilization of cell number starting a 7 days thereafter. The height of this \"plateau\" varied in relationship to the level of cell input and characteristically was far lower than the maximum cell density that can be maintained in this culture system. Additional studies showed that the plateau represented a steady state of granulocyte turnover and was not due to alterations in the diffusion chambers or the host mice. Regulatory mechanisms intrinsic to the cultured cell population appeared to play a primary role in maintaining this stable plateau. Modulation of granulocyte proliferation was partly due to increasing cell density; particularly with high input concentrations. In addition, differential cell counts suggested that critical changes in the relationship between immature and mature granulocytes partially accounted for this apparent autoregulation of cell growth. The plateau period in diffusion chamber cultures in many ways resembles granulocyte proliferation in normal mouse bone marrow and is a useful model for the study of regulatory functions in granulocytopoiesis.", "PMID": 1131425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11668", "title": "The effect of azathioprine (Imuran) on the kinetics of monocytes and macrophages during the normal steady state and an acute inflammatory reaction.", "content": "The effect of azathioprine on the kinetics of peripheral blood monocytes and peritoneal macrophages was studied in normal mice and in mice in which an inflammatory reaction was provoked. Two dosage levels were used: a high dose of 200mg/kg which is the maximum tolerated daily dose in mice, and low dose of 3 mg/kg which is about equivalent to a nontoxic, immunosuppressive, anti-inflammatory dose in man. The number of peripheral blood monocytes decreases gradually during azathioprine treatment of normal mice, the extent and duration being dependent on the dose and duration of administered over a period of 9 days  gives an almost complete reduction, and a low dose (3 mg/kg) given for the same period results in a reduction of about 50%. This effect seems to be reversible, because when treatment is stopped the number of monocytes starts to increase 24-48 hr later. The number of peritoneal macrophages is only affected when a high dose (200 mg/kg) is given over a long period; a low dose has virtually no effect. In mice in which an inflammatory reaction was prevoked in the peritoneal cavity, the normally occurring increase in the numbers of both peripheral blood monocytes and peritoneal macrophages was suppressed, the extent being dependent on the dose of azathioprine administered. Labeling studies with 3H-thymidine indicated that the reduction of peripheral blood monocytes and peritoneal macrophages in the inflammatory exudate is due to a diminished monocyte production.", "contents": "The effect of azathioprine (Imuran) on the kinetics of monocytes and macrophages during the normal steady state and an acute inflammatory reaction. The effect of azathioprine on the kinetics of peripheral blood monocytes and peritoneal macrophages was studied in normal mice and in mice in which an inflammatory reaction was provoked. Two dosage levels were used: a high dose of 200mg/kg which is the maximum tolerated daily dose in mice, and low dose of 3 mg/kg which is about equivalent to a nontoxic, immunosuppressive, anti-inflammatory dose in man. The number of peripheral blood monocytes decreases gradually during azathioprine treatment of normal mice, the extent and duration being dependent on the dose and duration of administered over a period of 9 days  gives an almost complete reduction, and a low dose (3 mg/kg) given for the same period results in a reduction of about 50%. This effect seems to be reversible, because when treatment is stopped the number of monocytes starts to increase 24-48 hr later. The number of peritoneal macrophages is only affected when a high dose (200 mg/kg) is given over a long period; a low dose has virtually no effect. In mice in which an inflammatory reaction was prevoked in the peritoneal cavity, the normally occurring increase in the numbers of both peripheral blood monocytes and peritoneal macrophages was suppressed, the extent being dependent on the dose of azathioprine administered. Labeling studies with 3H-thymidine indicated that the reduction of peripheral blood monocytes and peritoneal macrophages in the inflammatory exudate is due to a diminished monocyte production.", "PMID": 1131426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11669", "title": "The relative spatial distributions of CFUs and CFUc in the normal mouse femur.", "content": "Femoral bone marrow was divided longitudinally into two groups of cells of varying size. By assaying CFU and CFU in the two zones of the marrow, their distributions across the diameter of the femur was determined. It is shown that the concentration of CFU increases from the femoral axis (15 CFU/105 bone marrow cells) to the bone surface (44 CFU/105 cells), obeying approximately a square-law relationship. The CFU concentration, on the other hand, increases from the femoral axis (32CFU/105 cells) to a peak value (260 CFU/105 cells) at about 330 um from the axis and thence falls off against to the bone surface (77 CFU/105 cells). Selective kinning cells in DNA synthesis using the tritiated thymidine suicide technique, in vivo, showed that CFU, near the bone surface are proliferating at a faster rate than those more distant from bone, but that CFU have a fast proliferation rate irrespective of their position in the distribution. Thus, bone marrow cell populations are shown to conform to a well-defined spatial organization corresponding to the chronologic relationships between marrow cells.", "contents": "The relative spatial distributions of CFUs and CFUc in the normal mouse femur. Femoral bone marrow was divided longitudinally into two groups of cells of varying size. By assaying CFU and CFU in the two zones of the marrow, their distributions across the diameter of the femur was determined. It is shown that the concentration of CFU increases from the femoral axis (15 CFU/105 bone marrow cells) to the bone surface (44 CFU/105 cells), obeying approximately a square-law relationship. The CFU concentration, on the other hand, increases from the femoral axis (32CFU/105 cells) to a peak value (260 CFU/105 cells) at about 330 um from the axis and thence falls off against to the bone surface (77 CFU/105 cells). Selective kinning cells in DNA synthesis using the tritiated thymidine suicide technique, in vivo, showed that CFU, near the bone surface are proliferating at a faster rate than those more distant from bone, but that CFU have a fast proliferation rate irrespective of their position in the distribution. Thus, bone marrow cell populations are shown to conform to a well-defined spatial organization corresponding to the chronologic relationships between marrow cells.", "PMID": 1131427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11670", "title": "The factors controlling stem cell recirculation. i. Migration of hemopoietic stem cells in adrenalectomized mice.", "content": "The influence of bilateral adrenalectomy on hemopoietic stem cell (CFU) migration in mice has been studied. Formation of endogenous spleen colonies in lethally irradiated, leg-shielded mice was sharply increased by prior adrenalectomy, and this increase was not dependent on the volume of shielded bone marrow. Adrenalectomy was shown to increase endogenous spleen colony formation in sublethally irradiated mice as well. However, it had no affect on formation of spleen colonies in lethally irradiated mice injected with syngeneic bone marrow. The CFU content of murine bone marrow decreased acutely after removal of the adrenals, and this decrease was accompanied by a concomitant increase in the peripheral blood and splenic CFU. Thus, adrenalectomy appeared to have no affect on the splenic plating efficiency or proliferative rate of hemopoietic stem cells, but it did result in increased migration of stem cells from the bone marrow to the blood, and thence to the spleen. It is concluded that the adrenal steroids may be of physiologic importance in the regulation of ehmopoietic stem cell migration.", "contents": "The factors controlling stem cell recirculation. i. Migration of hemopoietic stem cells in adrenalectomized mice. The influence of bilateral adrenalectomy on hemopoietic stem cell (CFU) migration in mice has been studied. Formation of endogenous spleen colonies in lethally irradiated, leg-shielded mice was sharply increased by prior adrenalectomy, and this increase was not dependent on the volume of shielded bone marrow. Adrenalectomy was shown to increase endogenous spleen colony formation in sublethally irradiated mice as well. However, it had no affect on formation of spleen colonies in lethally irradiated mice injected with syngeneic bone marrow. The CFU content of murine bone marrow decreased acutely after removal of the adrenals, and this decrease was accompanied by a concomitant increase in the peripheral blood and splenic CFU. Thus, adrenalectomy appeared to have no affect on the splenic plating efficiency or proliferative rate of hemopoietic stem cells, but it did result in increased migration of stem cells from the bone marrow to the blood, and thence to the spleen. It is concluded that the adrenal steroids may be of physiologic importance in the regulation of ehmopoietic stem cell migration.", "PMID": 1131428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11671", "title": "In vitro production of erythropoietin by mouse fetal liver.", "content": "Mouse fetal liver tissue has been cultured and shown to produce and release into the culture medium an erythropoietically active substance for up to 30 days of culture. Since this substance can be completely neutralized by an antiserum to erythropoietin and shows a dose--response relationship in the plethoric mouse assay, it is suggested that the culture medium contains erythropoietin, a hormone important in the regulation of erythropoiesis. Using this procedure, we have obtained the equivalent of about 20.7 unites of erythropoietin from five T-flasks (75 sq cm) over the 30-day culture period.", "contents": "In vitro production of erythropoietin by mouse fetal liver. Mouse fetal liver tissue has been cultured and shown to produce and release into the culture medium an erythropoietically active substance for up to 30 days of culture. Since this substance can be completely neutralized by an antiserum to erythropoietin and shows a dose--response relationship in the plethoric mouse assay, it is suggested that the culture medium contains erythropoietin, a hormone important in the regulation of erythropoiesis. Using this procedure, we have obtained the equivalent of about 20.7 unites of erythropoietin from five T-flasks (75 sq cm) over the 30-day culture period.", "PMID": 1131429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11672", "title": "A feeding study with the herbicide, Kerb (N-(1, 1 dimethylpropynyl)-3,5-dichlorobenzamide, in the dairy cow.", "content": "The herbicide, Kerb ((N-(1,1 dimethylpropynyl)-3,5-dichlorobezamide) was fed to a lactating cow at a concentration of 5 ppm in the ration for four days. Excretion of residues of equivalent herbicide in milk, urine and feces were found to be, respectively, 0.19, 44.38 and 4.46% of the total dose.", "contents": "A feeding study with the herbicide, Kerb (N-(1, 1 dimethylpropynyl)-3,5-dichlorobenzamide, in the dairy cow. The herbicide, Kerb ((N-(1,1 dimethylpropynyl)-3,5-dichlorobezamide) was fed to a lactating cow at a concentration of 5 ppm in the ration for four days. Excretion of residues of equivalent herbicide in milk, urine and feces were found to be, respectively, 0.19, 44.38 and 4.46% of the total dose.", "PMID": 1131447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11673", "title": "The non-teratogenicity of 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta).", "content": "The herbicide 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T) containing 0.05 ppm of tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, was administered to pregnant rhesus monkeys daily from Day 22 through Day 38 of gestation. At the dose levels administered, 0.05 mg/kg, 1 mg/kg, and 10 mg/kg, no evidence of toxicity was seen in the mother and no evidence of teratogenicity was seen in any of the offspring. Observations of the infants for 1 year following birth indicated that there was no toxicity due to the 2,4,5-T.", "contents": "The non-teratogenicity of 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta). The herbicide 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T) containing 0.05 ppm of tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, was administered to pregnant rhesus monkeys daily from Day 22 through Day 38 of gestation. At the dose levels administered, 0.05 mg/kg, 1 mg/kg, and 10 mg/kg, no evidence of toxicity was seen in the mother and no evidence of teratogenicity was seen in any of the offspring. Observations of the infants for 1 year following birth indicated that there was no toxicity due to the 2,4,5-T.", "PMID": 1131451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11674", "title": "Avoidance of fenitrothion by goldfish (Carassius auratus).", "content": "Goldfish (Carassius auratus) avoided water containing the pesticide fenitrothion. The response was graded over the tested concentration range of 5 orders of magnitude, with a threshold around 10 mug/1, equivalent to 3.5 times 10-minus 8 M.", "contents": "Avoidance of fenitrothion by goldfish (Carassius auratus). Goldfish (Carassius auratus) avoided water containing the pesticide fenitrothion. The response was graded over the tested concentration range of 5 orders of magnitude, with a threshold around 10 mug/1, equivalent to 3.5 times 10-minus 8 M.", "PMID": 1131454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11675", "title": "Diurnal variation in logical reasoning.", "content": "Subjects performed two tests of logical reasoning at each of six different times of day. In terms of speed, preformance on both tests was found to improve markedly from 08.00 to 14.00 and then to fall off fairly rapidly. Accuracy was found to decrease fairly linearly over the day. The results are interpreted as indicating that the different functions relating performance efficiency to time of day found by previous workers are due to differences in task demands rather than to individual differences. It is suggested that the larger the short-term memory component of a task the earlier in the day performance peaks.", "contents": "Diurnal variation in logical reasoning. Subjects performed two tests of logical reasoning at each of six different times of day. In terms of speed, preformance on both tests was found to improve markedly from 08.00 to 14.00 and then to fall off fairly rapidly. Accuracy was found to decrease fairly linearly over the day. The results are interpreted as indicating that the different functions relating performance efficiency to time of day found by previous workers are due to differences in task demands rather than to individual differences. It is suggested that the larger the short-term memory component of a task the earlier in the day performance peaks.", "PMID": 1131476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11676", "title": "Temporal numerosity discrimination: intermodal comparisons revisited.", "content": "Temporal numerosity discrimination was investigated for visual, auditory and tactile senses. Trains of two to nine signals (flashes, clicks, taps) were presented at rates of from 3 per sec. to 8 per se. The subjects were instructed specifically to report only the number of signals counted. Significant modality differences were obtained. Auditory counts were almost perfectly accurate inder all conditions. Visual judgement of number, which were consistently the least accurate, were underestimated. The error increased appreciably as the rate increased from 3 per sec. to 6 per sec. but decreased with rates of 7 per sec. and 8 per sec. Tactile reports also underestimated the actual number of signals, the underestimation increasing linearly as a function of rate.", "contents": "Temporal numerosity discrimination: intermodal comparisons revisited. Temporal numerosity discrimination was investigated for visual, auditory and tactile senses. Trains of two to nine signals (flashes, clicks, taps) were presented at rates of from 3 per sec. to 8 per se. The subjects were instructed specifically to report only the number of signals counted. Significant modality differences were obtained. Auditory counts were almost perfectly accurate inder all conditions. Visual judgement of number, which were consistently the least accurate, were underestimated. The error increased appreciably as the rate increased from 3 per sec. to 6 per sec. but decreased with rates of 7 per sec. and 8 per sec. Tactile reports also underestimated the actual number of signals, the underestimation increasing linearly as a function of rate.", "PMID": 1131477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11677", "title": "Extraversion, neuroticism, and verbal reasoning ability as determinants of paired-associates learning.", "content": "Predictions based on theories of verbal learning proposed by Spence and Eysenck were compared by using a non-competitive list of paired-associates formed from seven synonym pairs, and a competitive list formed by pairing each of the seven S words with a R word with which it was not synonymous. Each list was presented in a 2x2x2 design to groups of primary school children differing in extraversion, neuroticism, and verbal reasoning ability. Performance on both lists was related to ability level and extraversion, and these relationships did not interact with the stage of learning. It is concluded in support of Eysenck's theory that differences in extraversion are of importance in determining performance on such tasks.", "contents": "Extraversion, neuroticism, and verbal reasoning ability as determinants of paired-associates learning. Predictions based on theories of verbal learning proposed by Spence and Eysenck were compared by using a non-competitive list of paired-associates formed from seven synonym pairs, and a competitive list formed by pairing each of the seven S words with a R word with which it was not synonymous. Each list was presented in a 2x2x2 design to groups of primary school children differing in extraversion, neuroticism, and verbal reasoning ability. Performance on both lists was related to ability level and extraversion, and these relationships did not interact with the stage of learning. It is concluded in support of Eysenck's theory that differences in extraversion are of importance in determining performance on such tasks.", "PMID": 1131478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11678", "title": "Handedness and controlled movement.", "content": "Subjects classified according to degree of hand perference were tested with both hands on two tasks of controlled movement. Strongly lateralized subjects (both left- and right-handers) showed greater skill with their better hand than ambilaterals on a visually controlled aiming test (faster speed and equal errors), but there was no marked differences between groups with the other hand. Between-hand differences were also greater in lateralized subjects. On a ballistic rhythmical tapping test, no marked differences in speed were found, but ambilaterals made slightly fewer errors with the better hand. It is argued (i) that for ballistic movements the hands are equipotential, and skill is a direct function of practice, (ii) that the essential dexterity difference between the preferred and non-preferred hands is in the sensory or feedback control of movements rather than in motor function per se, and (iii) ambilaterals, especially those with very mixed preferences, have virtually two non-preferred hands in continuously controlled movement tasks, and may therefore reply on ballistic movements more than do pronounced sinistrals and dextrals.", "contents": "Handedness and controlled movement. Subjects classified according to degree of hand perference were tested with both hands on two tasks of controlled movement. Strongly lateralized subjects (both left- and right-handers) showed greater skill with their better hand than ambilaterals on a visually controlled aiming test (faster speed and equal errors), but there was no marked differences between groups with the other hand. Between-hand differences were also greater in lateralized subjects. On a ballistic rhythmical tapping test, no marked differences in speed were found, but ambilaterals made slightly fewer errors with the better hand. It is argued (i) that for ballistic movements the hands are equipotential, and skill is a direct function of practice, (ii) that the essential dexterity difference between the preferred and non-preferred hands is in the sensory or feedback control of movements rather than in motor function per se, and (iii) ambilaterals, especially those with very mixed preferences, have virtually two non-preferred hands in continuously controlled movement tasks, and may therefore reply on ballistic movements more than do pronounced sinistrals and dextrals.", "PMID": 1131479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11679", "title": "The effects of noise and incentives upon attention in short-term memory.", "content": "Recent work concerned with task performance under conditions of high arousal has emphasized the changes that appear to occur in the allocation of attention to different components of the task. Hockey (1970 a, b), for example, has shown that loud noise, which may be considered to raise arousal level (Broadbent, 1971; Davies, 1968; Hockey, 1969), biases attention towards high-priority task components and away from low-prioposed that an increase in arousal level brings about a restriction of the range of cues trity ones. This result agrees with a suggestion made by Easterbrook (1959), who proposed that an increase in arousal level brings about a restriction of the range of cues that a subject utilizes in performing a task. Easterbrook arg ued that when arousal level is low, selectivity in the utilization of cues is also low, and irrelevant cues may be accepted uncritically. As arousal level increases, so does selectivity, and attention is diverted away from irrelevant task components. Further increases in arousal diminish still further the range of usable cues, so that eventually some relevant cues are no longer utilized and task performance deteriorates.", "contents": "The effects of noise and incentives upon attention in short-term memory. Recent work concerned with task performance under conditions of high arousal has emphasized the changes that appear to occur in the allocation of attention to different components of the task. Hockey (1970 a, b), for example, has shown that loud noise, which may be considered to raise arousal level (Broadbent, 1971; Davies, 1968; Hockey, 1969), biases attention towards high-priority task components and away from low-prioposed that an increase in arousal level brings about a restriction of the range of cues trity ones. This result agrees with a suggestion made by Easterbrook (1959), who proposed that an increase in arousal level brings about a restriction of the range of cues that a subject utilizes in performing a task. Easterbrook arg ued that when arousal level is low, selectivity in the utilization of cues is also low, and irrelevant cues may be accepted uncritically. As arousal level increases, so does selectivity, and attention is diverted away from irrelevant task components. Further increases in arousal diminish still further the range of usable cues, so that eventually some relevant cues are no longer utilized and task performance deteriorates.", "PMID": 1131480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11680", "title": "Extraversion and variety-seeking in a monotonous task.", "content": "It is hypothesized on the basis of Eysenck's theory of extraversion that extraverts should build more variety into their performance at a monotonous task than introverts. The performance of a group of extravets (n = 16) and a group of introverts (n = 16) on a simple repetitive task was compared. Comparisons were made on two measures of response variety: firstly, a simple measure of number of alternations among possible responses and, secondly, a measure of variety taken from information theory-the average entropy of the set of responses made. The hypothesis was confirmed on both measures. The results are interpreted as adding further support to Eysenck's work linking differences in extraversion to differences in arousal.", "contents": "Extraversion and variety-seeking in a monotonous task. It is hypothesized on the basis of Eysenck's theory of extraversion that extraverts should build more variety into their performance at a monotonous task than introverts. The performance of a group of extravets (n = 16) and a group of introverts (n = 16) on a simple repetitive task was compared. Comparisons were made on two measures of response variety: firstly, a simple measure of number of alternations among possible responses and, secondly, a measure of variety taken from information theory-the average entropy of the set of responses made. The hypothesis was confirmed on both measures. The results are interpreted as adding further support to Eysenck's work linking differences in extraversion to differences in arousal.", "PMID": 1131481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11681", "title": "Effect of length, density, and angel between arms of Gestalt grouping.", "content": "In three experiments, subjects viewed two lines (arms) of dots in which one dot was shared by both arms, then judged with which arm the shared dot appeared to group. Length of an arm, density of the dots in the arm, and angle between arms were manipulated. Increasing the density of an arm increased grouping with that arm regardless of the angle between arms. Increasing the length of an arm however, increased grouping when arms met at 30 degree but not at 180 degree; intermediate angles produced intermediate effects. Advantage of the present method's simplification of the stimulus display are discussed.", "contents": "Effect of length, density, and angel between arms of Gestalt grouping. In three experiments, subjects viewed two lines (arms) of dots in which one dot was shared by both arms, then judged with which arm the shared dot appeared to group. Length of an arm, density of the dots in the arm, and angle between arms were manipulated. Increasing the density of an arm increased grouping with that arm regardless of the angle between arms. Increasing the length of an arm however, increased grouping when arms met at 30 degree but not at 180 degree; intermediate angles produced intermediate effects. Advantage of the present method's simplification of the stimulus display are discussed.", "PMID": 1131482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11682", "title": "Evaluation of acetabular anteversion following total hip arthroplasty: necessity of proper centring.", "content": "To assess accurately the degree of anteversion of the acetabular component following total hip arthroplasty, the radiologist must obtain a view with the central ray directed over the hip, and not rely solely on frontal views of the pelvis.", "contents": "Evaluation of acetabular anteversion following total hip arthroplasty: necessity of proper centring. To assess accurately the degree of anteversion of the acetabular component following total hip arthroplasty, the radiologist must obtain a view with the central ray directed over the hip, and not rely solely on frontal views of the pelvis.", "PMID": 1131483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11683", "title": "Optimum photon energies for the measurement of bone mineral and fat fractions.", "content": "Relative error functions have been calculated for the various single and double photon energy techniques used for the measurement of linear bone mineral and fat mass in vivo. By considering only those errors arising from statistical fluctuations in photon counting useful information for guidance in the most efficient operation of the method is obtained. The results indicate that statistically the single energy method is always significantly better than the double energy method for measurement of both bone and fat fractions in soft tissue at total thicknesses up to 15 g/cm-2. In those circumstances where it may be necessary to use the double-photon energy technique there is an optimum sample thickness of 5 g/cm-2 for minimum error. Values of photon energy which permit measurement with the maximum precision in the minimum count time are deduced for a wide range of practical conditions and are presented along with a table of potentially suitable radioisotopes.", "contents": "Optimum photon energies for the measurement of bone mineral and fat fractions. Relative error functions have been calculated for the various single and double photon energy techniques used for the measurement of linear bone mineral and fat mass in vivo. By considering only those errors arising from statistical fluctuations in photon counting useful information for guidance in the most efficient operation of the method is obtained. The results indicate that statistically the single energy method is always significantly better than the double energy method for measurement of both bone and fat fractions in soft tissue at total thicknesses up to 15 g/cm-2. In those circumstances where it may be necessary to use the double-photon energy technique there is an optimum sample thickness of 5 g/cm-2 for minimum error. Values of photon energy which permit measurement with the maximum precision in the minimum count time are deduced for a wide range of practical conditions and are presented along with a table of potentially suitable radioisotopes.", "PMID": 1131484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11684", "title": "Kidney position and the measurement of relative uptake of 131-I Hippuran in renography.", "content": "The distribution of kidney position in the sitting posture has been determined in a series of patients presenting for renography, using radiographic and ultrasonic techniques. Both the craniocaudal distribution of kidney centre positions and the distribution of the differences in depth below the posterior skin surface of the two kidney centres have been found to have a significant standard deviation. The effect of these distributions on the measurement of relative effective renal plasma flow by 131-I Hippuran probe renography has been calculated for the situation in which no kidney localizing techniques are used. The resulting error distribution has an SD of 21.7 per cent in the case of equally divided function.", "contents": "Kidney position and the measurement of relative uptake of 131-I Hippuran in renography. The distribution of kidney position in the sitting posture has been determined in a series of patients presenting for renography, using radiographic and ultrasonic techniques. Both the craniocaudal distribution of kidney centre positions and the distribution of the differences in depth below the posterior skin surface of the two kidney centres have been found to have a significant standard deviation. The effect of these distributions on the measurement of relative effective renal plasma flow by 131-I Hippuran probe renography has been calculated for the situation in which no kidney localizing techniques are used. The resulting error distribution has an SD of 21.7 per cent in the case of equally divided function.", "PMID": 1131485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11685", "title": "Kidney depth measurements using a double isotope technique.", "content": "Differences in kidney depth, particularly between the two kidneys of an individual patient, may lead to distortions of the renogram owing to attenuation and geometrical factors. A method of assessing the magnitude of these variations was developed. A double isotope technique was used, employing 125-I and 131-I Hippuran, the kidney depth being a function of the ratio of the count-rates from the two isotopes. It was necessary to apply a correction for extrarenal activity, based on a third detector and doubly labelled human serum albumin. The average kidney depth observed was 7.3 cm; in only two cases out of 13 did the difference in depth of the two kidneys exceed 1 cm. It is concluded that when 131-I Hippuran is used the consequent distortion of the renogram is acceptable. With 125-I the distortion may be excessive, even though the contribution of extrarenal activity is then reduced. There was frequently an apparent increase in the depth of activity during the renogram attributable to intrarenal translocation of the tracer.", "contents": "Kidney depth measurements using a double isotope technique. Differences in kidney depth, particularly between the two kidneys of an individual patient, may lead to distortions of the renogram owing to attenuation and geometrical factors. A method of assessing the magnitude of these variations was developed. A double isotope technique was used, employing 125-I and 131-I Hippuran, the kidney depth being a function of the ratio of the count-rates from the two isotopes. It was necessary to apply a correction for extrarenal activity, based on a third detector and doubly labelled human serum albumin. The average kidney depth observed was 7.3 cm; in only two cases out of 13 did the difference in depth of the two kidneys exceed 1 cm. It is concluded that when 131-I Hippuran is used the consequent distortion of the renogram is acceptable. With 125-I the distortion may be excessive, even though the contribution of extrarenal activity is then reduced. There was frequently an apparent increase in the depth of activity during the renogram attributable to intrarenal translocation of the tracer.", "PMID": 1131486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11686", "title": "A simple after-loading technique for the treatment of cancer of the cervix.", "content": "A simple manual after-loading system for the treatment of carcinoma of the cervix has been developed. Radiochemical Centre J-type caesium sources are used made up in PVC tubes which can be inserted into PVC uterine tubes or rubber ovoids after these have been packed in position in the patient. Radiation exposure to theatre staff has been reduced by a factor of about four.", "contents": "A simple after-loading technique for the treatment of cancer of the cervix. A simple manual after-loading system for the treatment of carcinoma of the cervix has been developed. Radiochemical Centre J-type caesium sources are used made up in PVC tubes which can be inserted into PVC uterine tubes or rubber ovoids after these have been packed in position in the patient. Radiation exposure to theatre staff has been reduced by a factor of about four.", "PMID": 1131487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11687", "title": "Protection problems in radionuclide therapy: the patient as a gamma-radiation source.", "content": "Estimates have been made of the rate of uptake, metabolism and excretion of radioiodine given in treatments of patients with hyperthyroidism or thyroid carcinoma. Average values for the exposures to be expected at a given distance from such patients, and the variability of such exposures, are derived from these data. The mean exposure of a patient in an adjacent bed, at 2.5 m bed spacing, following typical therapeutic doses of 131-I in the treatment of hyperthyroidism or thyroid carcinoma, is estimated to be about 0.02 or 0.08 R respectively. Variations in the metabolic parameters would increase these exposures to about 0.03 and 0.14 R, at the 90 percentile values. Exposures following treatments with 100 mCi of 198-Au, or of 300 mg days of -226Ra would be about 0.2 and 0.6 R.", "contents": "Protection problems in radionuclide therapy: the patient as a gamma-radiation source. Estimates have been made of the rate of uptake, metabolism and excretion of radioiodine given in treatments of patients with hyperthyroidism or thyroid carcinoma. Average values for the exposures to be expected at a given distance from such patients, and the variability of such exposures, are derived from these data. The mean exposure of a patient in an adjacent bed, at 2.5 m bed spacing, following typical therapeutic doses of 131-I in the treatment of hyperthyroidism or thyroid carcinoma, is estimated to be about 0.02 or 0.08 R respectively. Variations in the metabolic parameters would increase these exposures to about 0.03 and 0.14 R, at the 90 percentile values. Exposures following treatments with 100 mCi of 198-Au, or of 300 mg days of -226Ra would be about 0.2 and 0.6 R.", "PMID": 1131488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11688", "title": "The staging of renal parenchymal tumours.", "content": "The relation between the anatomical features in the development of renal parenchymal tumours and the prognosis are analysed. It is suggested that the clinical and anatomical classification must be revised.", "contents": "The staging of renal parenchymal tumours. The relation between the anatomical features in the development of renal parenchymal tumours and the prognosis are analysed. It is suggested that the clinical and anatomical classification must be revised.", "PMID": 1131494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11689", "title": "Conservative renal surgery for adenocarcinoma. The place of bench surgery.", "content": "A brief review of reported cases of tumours in solitary kidneys and of bilateral simultaneously occurring tumours is reported. 1 case of bilateral simultaneously occurring tumour ana 3 cases of tumour occurring in solitary kidneys are reported. The treatment of these cases by simple partial nephrectomy under regional hypothermia is described. The palce of ex vivo \"Bench Surgery\" for this condition is discussed.", "contents": "Conservative renal surgery for adenocarcinoma. The place of bench surgery. A brief review of reported cases of tumours in solitary kidneys and of bilateral simultaneously occurring tumours is reported. 1 case of bilateral simultaneously occurring tumour ana 3 cases of tumour occurring in solitary kidneys are reported. The treatment of these cases by simple partial nephrectomy under regional hypothermia is described. The palce of ex vivo \"Bench Surgery\" for this condition is discussed.", "PMID": 1131495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11690", "title": "Ultrasound in the staging of bladder tumours.", "content": "The ultrasonic features of 162 bladder tumours are described. Comparing clinical staging by the TNM system and the ultrasonic appearances, there is a high degree of accuracy in staging by ultrasound. The use of this painless non-invasive technique is assessed and should be used in staging bladder tumours only in conjunction with other established methods, and not in isolation.", "contents": "Ultrasound in the staging of bladder tumours. The ultrasonic features of 162 bladder tumours are described. Comparing clinical staging by the TNM system and the ultrasonic appearances, there is a high degree of accuracy in staging by ultrasound. The use of this painless non-invasive technique is assessed and should be used in staging bladder tumours only in conjunction with other established methods, and not in isolation.", "PMID": 1131496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11691", "title": "A critical review of the management of bladder neoplasia using a modified form of Helmstein's pressure therapy.", "content": "30 patients with proven bladder malignant disease have been treated by Helmstein's hydrostatic pressure technique. Massive necrosis of tumour tissue has been shown to occur at cystoscopy, cytologically and on histological examination. Double contrast cystography can indicate reduction in tumour size within 2 weeks of treatment Haematuria is usually stopped with diminution of frequency and dysuria. This treatment is suitable for large bulky T1 tumours and advanced T4 growths where palliation is the only treatment possible but not for TI and T3 growths. Elderly and ill patients can tolerate this therapy easily and there were no serious side-effects in this series.", "contents": "A critical review of the management of bladder neoplasia using a modified form of Helmstein's pressure therapy. 30 patients with proven bladder malignant disease have been treated by Helmstein's hydrostatic pressure technique. Massive necrosis of tumour tissue has been shown to occur at cystoscopy, cytologically and on histological examination. Double contrast cystography can indicate reduction in tumour size within 2 weeks of treatment Haematuria is usually stopped with diminution of frequency and dysuria. This treatment is suitable for large bulky T1 tumours and advanced T4 growths where palliation is the only treatment possible but not for TI and T3 growths. Elderly and ill patients can tolerate this therapy easily and there were no serious side-effects in this series.", "PMID": 1131497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11692", "title": "A study of the bladder blood flow during distension in rabbits.", "content": "This study has shown that there is a linear relationship between bladder blood flow and bladder pressure. At a bladder pressure of 80 mm Hg (blood pressure in rabbits varying from 90/60-100/70 mm Hg) the blood flow in the bladder is minimal. It is suggested that bladder distension at 80 mm Hg in rabbits leads to hypoxia in the bladder wall as a result of the reduced blood flow. Prolonged bladder wall hypoxia occurring as a result of prolonged bladder distension may be responsible for selective necrosis of bladder tumours.", "contents": "A study of the bladder blood flow during distension in rabbits. This study has shown that there is a linear relationship between bladder blood flow and bladder pressure. At a bladder pressure of 80 mm Hg (blood pressure in rabbits varying from 90/60-100/70 mm Hg) the blood flow in the bladder is minimal. It is suggested that bladder distension at 80 mm Hg in rabbits leads to hypoxia in the bladder wall as a result of the reduced blood flow. Prolonged bladder wall hypoxia occurring as a result of prolonged bladder distension may be responsible for selective necrosis of bladder tumours.", "PMID": 1131498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11693", "title": "Is urography necessary for patients with acute retention of urine before prostatectomy?", "content": "In 180 urograms performed on 203 patients admitted to hospital with acute or acute-on-chronic retention of urine 38 abnormalities were noted, most of them being related to upper tract obstruction. Of 4 diverticula detected only one needed treatment. Waiting for the urogram imposed an extra delay of more than 3 days between admission and operation and an equal prolongation of the whole hospital stay. There appears to be no justification for routine urography prior to prostatectomy in the patient admitted with urinary retention.", "contents": "Is urography necessary for patients with acute retention of urine before prostatectomy? In 180 urograms performed on 203 patients admitted to hospital with acute or acute-on-chronic retention of urine 38 abnormalities were noted, most of them being related to upper tract obstruction. Of 4 diverticula detected only one needed treatment. Waiting for the urogram imposed an extra delay of more than 3 days between admission and operation and an equal prolongation of the whole hospital stay. There appears to be no justification for routine urography prior to prostatectomy in the patient admitted with urinary retention.", "PMID": 1131499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11694", "title": "Identification of a prostate in female praomys (Mastomys) natalensis using 3-H steroids.", "content": "The female of the species Praomys (Mastomys) Natalensis has a ventral prostate similar both in position and in histological appearance to the ventral lobe of the male prostate. The hormonal uptake of this female prostate has been investigated using (3-H) testosterone and (3-H) oestradiol. The results showed that the uptake of these steroid hormones by the prostate was identically to our findings in the male prostate. The potential value of a female prostate in prostatic research is discussed.", "contents": "Identification of a prostate in female praomys (Mastomys) natalensis using 3-H steroids. The female of the species Praomys (Mastomys) Natalensis has a ventral prostate similar both in position and in histological appearance to the ventral lobe of the male prostate. The hormonal uptake of this female prostate has been investigated using (3-H) testosterone and (3-H) oestradiol. The results showed that the uptake of these steroid hormones by the prostate was identically to our findings in the male prostate. The potential value of a female prostate in prostatic research is discussed.", "PMID": 1131500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11695", "title": "The diagnostic and prognostic significance of delayed hypersensitivity skin testing in patients with urological cancer.", "content": "The responses to several skin test antigens of patients with bladder or prostatic cancer has been compared with responses of normal controls. All of the controls and all of the patients with prostatic cancer (irrespective of the stage of the tumour or the method of treatment) showed responses to dinitrochlorbenzene. 80% of all patients with bladder cancer responded to DNCB, but a highly significant number of patients with advanced disease showed no response. This test appears especially useful in predicting the prognosis in patients with bladder tumours and its routine use is recommended. Response to candida extract, streptokinase/streptodornase (SKSD) and purified protein derivative (PPD) were also studied. No conclusion could be drawn as to their value as a prognostic index.", "contents": "The diagnostic and prognostic significance of delayed hypersensitivity skin testing in patients with urological cancer. The responses to several skin test antigens of patients with bladder or prostatic cancer has been compared with responses of normal controls. All of the controls and all of the patients with prostatic cancer (irrespective of the stage of the tumour or the method of treatment) showed responses to dinitrochlorbenzene. 80% of all patients with bladder cancer responded to DNCB, but a highly significant number of patients with advanced disease showed no response. This test appears especially useful in predicting the prognosis in patients with bladder tumours and its routine use is recommended. Response to candida extract, streptokinase/streptodornase (SKSD) and purified protein derivative (PPD) were also studied. No conclusion could be drawn as to their value as a prognostic index.", "PMID": 1131501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11696", "title": "The importance of environmental conditions, especially temperature, in the operating room and intensive care ward.", "content": "Although most patients are essentially well enough to be able to resist or to adapt to unfavourable ambient conditions, this may not be so with an ill patient or one who is having or has had a serious operation. The climatic conditions necessary in the operating room to give an optimal environment are discussed. These are second in importance only to control of infectivity. Air-conditioning in operating suites should be obligatory; there is even official acceptance of this. Earlier recommendations that the operating room should be heated to up to 80 degree F (27-9 degree C) are obsolete. The temperature most favoured by surgeons is 18-5-21 degree C; some prefer a range of 21-22 degre C. The critical ambient temperature desirable is 21 degree C. For infants and children this may be increased up to 24 degree C. It is difficult or impossible to achieve climatic conditions in the operating room that are acceptable to all. The needs of the patient are of special importance and are largely neglected; he alone is unable to speak for himself. The disposition of air inlets in the operating room is fully discussed. Climatic conditions in the intensive care unit are of great importance and are discussed. The need for full air-conditioning is absolute although this is often ignored. The delivery of conditioned air within the intensive care unit is also fully presented, especially the need to avoid direct chilling of the patient. The advantages of horizontal laminar air flow are presented.", "contents": "The importance of environmental conditions, especially temperature, in the operating room and intensive care ward. Although most patients are essentially well enough to be able to resist or to adapt to unfavourable ambient conditions, this may not be so with an ill patient or one who is having or has had a serious operation. The climatic conditions necessary in the operating room to give an optimal environment are discussed. These are second in importance only to control of infectivity. Air-conditioning in operating suites should be obligatory; there is even official acceptance of this. Earlier recommendations that the operating room should be heated to up to 80 degree F (27-9 degree C) are obsolete. The temperature most favoured by surgeons is 18-5-21 degree C; some prefer a range of 21-22 degre C. The critical ambient temperature desirable is 21 degree C. For infants and children this may be increased up to 24 degree C. It is difficult or impossible to achieve climatic conditions in the operating room that are acceptable to all. The needs of the patient are of special importance and are largely neglected; he alone is unable to speak for himself. The disposition of air inlets in the operating room is fully discussed. Climatic conditions in the intensive care unit are of great importance and are discussed. The need for full air-conditioning is absolute although this is often ignored. The delivery of conditioned air within the intensive care unit is also fully presented, especially the need to avoid direct chilling of the patient. The advantages of horizontal laminar air flow are presented.", "PMID": 1131502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11697", "title": "Some observations on peripheral venous pressure using a non-invasive technique: a preliminary report.", "content": "Observations are presented which suggest that peripheral venous pressure can be measured indirectly by a non-invasive technique at the bedside, using a portable Doppler ultrasound flowmeter. The pressure at which the audio signals are heard over veins on release of the occluding cuff seems to be a measure of peripheral venous pressure. This is supported by showing a correlation between the method and conditions in which raised venous pressure in the lower limb are known to exist. The results of a few direct venous pressure measurements are reported which appear to give added support. It is suggested that this simple non-invasive technique may be of value in detecting certain cases of deep vein thrombosis of the lower extremities.", "contents": "Some observations on peripheral venous pressure using a non-invasive technique: a preliminary report. Observations are presented which suggest that peripheral venous pressure can be measured indirectly by a non-invasive technique at the bedside, using a portable Doppler ultrasound flowmeter. The pressure at which the audio signals are heard over veins on release of the occluding cuff seems to be a measure of peripheral venous pressure. This is supported by showing a correlation between the method and conditions in which raised venous pressure in the lower limb are known to exist. The results of a few direct venous pressure measurements are reported which appear to give added support. It is suggested that this simple non-invasive technique may be of value in detecting certain cases of deep vein thrombosis of the lower extremities.", "PMID": 1131503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11698", "title": "Report of a family with inherited medullary carcinoma of the thyroid and phaeochromocytoma.", "content": "A family in which several members have medullary carcinoma and phaeochromocytoma is described. Four of the 5 patients in this family who had a phaeochromocytoma have died; in one of these the medullary carcinoma may have contributed to death but in general the thyroid cancers were slow growing. In our experience successful diagnosis and treatment of the phaeochromocytomas have presented the greatest challenge. The welfare of future generations with this syndrome would seem to depend upon regular clinical and biochemical surveillance of the individuals and expeditious diagnosis and treatment of their tumours, particularly the phaeochromocytomas.", "contents": "Report of a family with inherited medullary carcinoma of the thyroid and phaeochromocytoma. A family in which several members have medullary carcinoma and phaeochromocytoma is described. Four of the 5 patients in this family who had a phaeochromocytoma have died; in one of these the medullary carcinoma may have contributed to death but in general the thyroid cancers were slow growing. In our experience successful diagnosis and treatment of the phaeochromocytomas have presented the greatest challenge. The welfare of future generations with this syndrome would seem to depend upon regular clinical and biochemical surveillance of the individuals and expeditious diagnosis and treatment of their tumours, particularly the phaeochromocytomas.", "PMID": 1131504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11699", "title": "Neoplastic change in duplications of the alimentary tract.", "content": "Two cases of adenocarcinoma arising in sequestrated duplications of the bowel in adults are reported. The literature is reviewed and a tendency for duplications to present in early childhood is noted. Although relatively few of these anomalies persist into adult life 8 cases of neoplastic change have now been reported. The histological features of many of the duplications undergoing malignant degeneration suggest the presence of underlying epithelial instability in this condition. It is postulated that duplications of the large bowel have malignant potential.", "contents": "Neoplastic change in duplications of the alimentary tract. Two cases of adenocarcinoma arising in sequestrated duplications of the bowel in adults are reported. The literature is reviewed and a tendency for duplications to present in early childhood is noted. Although relatively few of these anomalies persist into adult life 8 cases of neoplastic change have now been reported. The histological features of many of the duplications undergoing malignant degeneration suggest the presence of underlying epithelial instability in this condition. It is postulated that duplications of the large bowel have malignant potential.", "PMID": 1131505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11700", "title": "Operative biopsy of the pancreas.", "content": "A review has been undertaken of the 47 patients who have had open pancreatic biopsy performed at the Royal Free Hospital between 1967 and 1972. It is concluded that not only is the procedure safe when using the technique described but also it is a valuable and accurate diagnostic procedure.", "contents": "Operative biopsy of the pancreas. A review has been undertaken of the 47 patients who have had open pancreatic biopsy performed at the Royal Free Hospital between 1967 and 1972. It is concluded that not only is the procedure safe when using the technique described but also it is a valuable and accurate diagnostic procedure.", "PMID": 1131506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11701", "title": "Bacteria in flower vase water: incidence and significance in general ward practice.", "content": "Culture of flower vase water from wards in the David Lewis Northern Hospital, Liverpool, revealed large numbers of potentially pathogenic bacteria. The types of organisms isolated may reflect the particular ecology of this hospital as they differed in some ways from those reported from other centres. The incidence of wound infections during the period of study was low (5-2 per cent) despite the regular overgrowth of bacteria in flower vases, and there did not appear to be any definite correlation between the types of bacteria isolated from flower vase water and those responsible for wound infections. The addition of hydrogen peroxide to flower vases proved a very effective antiseptic and is recommended for general use as a precautionary measure.", "contents": "Bacteria in flower vase water: incidence and significance in general ward practice. Culture of flower vase water from wards in the David Lewis Northern Hospital, Liverpool, revealed large numbers of potentially pathogenic bacteria. The types of organisms isolated may reflect the particular ecology of this hospital as they differed in some ways from those reported from other centres. The incidence of wound infections during the period of study was low (5-2 per cent) despite the regular overgrowth of bacteria in flower vases, and there did not appear to be any definite correlation between the types of bacteria isolated from flower vase water and those responsible for wound infections. The addition of hydrogen peroxide to flower vases proved a very effective antiseptic and is recommended for general use as a precautionary measure.", "PMID": 1131507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11702", "title": "Analgesic abuse in urological practice.", "content": "Thirty-three patients seen in a urological department had taken large doses of analgesic for prolonged periods of time. In 9 cases a diagnosis of pyramidal necrosis was established, while 4 other had pyelographic evidence of pyelonephritis, and analgesic abuse was probably an important aetiological factor in their renal condition. Analgesic nephropathy is easily overlooked unless patients are questioned routinely regarding their intake of analgesic. It is important to identify the group of patients without evidence of serious renal disease who are taking excessive quantities of analgesic and to urge them to abandon the practice.", "contents": "Analgesic abuse in urological practice. Thirty-three patients seen in a urological department had taken large doses of analgesic for prolonged periods of time. In 9 cases a diagnosis of pyramidal necrosis was established, while 4 other had pyelographic evidence of pyelonephritis, and analgesic abuse was probably an important aetiological factor in their renal condition. Analgesic nephropathy is easily overlooked unless patients are questioned routinely regarding their intake of analgesic. It is important to identify the group of patients without evidence of serious renal disease who are taking excessive quantities of analgesic and to urge them to abandon the practice.", "PMID": 1131508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11703", "title": "Subphrenic abscess in children.", "content": "Nineteen consecutive cases of subphrenic abscess which were treated in the Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Glasgow, from 1962 to 1972 are analyzed. This complication of intra-abdominal suppuration of surgery still carries a grave prognosis. Four of the patients died (21 per cent); 2 deaths were related to the subphrenic abscess while the remaining 2 were not directly related to the abscess. The mean hospital stay of the survivors was 59 days (range 30-122 days). The changing patterns of aetiology and presentation which have recently been emphasized in general surgical practice are not reflected in this paediatric series.", "contents": "Subphrenic abscess in children. Nineteen consecutive cases of subphrenic abscess which were treated in the Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Glasgow, from 1962 to 1972 are analyzed. This complication of intra-abdominal suppuration of surgery still carries a grave prognosis. Four of the patients died (21 per cent); 2 deaths were related to the subphrenic abscess while the remaining 2 were not directly related to the abscess. The mean hospital stay of the survivors was 59 days (range 30-122 days). The changing patterns of aetiology and presentation which have recently been emphasized in general surgical practice are not reflected in this paediatric series.", "PMID": 1131509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11704", "title": "The cause and treatment of postvagotomy diarrhoea.", "content": "Six patients with watery postvagotomy diarrhoea and 4 patients with intractable diabetic diarrhoea were treated with cholestyramine. The diarrhoea responded completely to therapy, during which the stool content of water, sodium, postassium and magnesium fell. Two of the patients, while receiving cholestyramine, had a rise in faecal fat, but this was not accompanied by diarrhoea, the stools being well formed. Evidence is presented which suggests that the mechanism of diarrhoea is similar in both disorders and is due to division or neuropathy of the hepatic fibres of the vagus nerve. This results is distension of the gallbladder, contraction of which expels increased quantities of bile salts, which swamp the reabsorptive capacity of the small intestine and induce diarrhoea by direct action on the colon. If this theory is valid, cholecystectomy, by preventing large quantities of concentrated bile salts from suddenly entering the gut, may result in improvement of postvagotomy and diabetic diarrhoea.", "contents": "The cause and treatment of postvagotomy diarrhoea. Six patients with watery postvagotomy diarrhoea and 4 patients with intractable diabetic diarrhoea were treated with cholestyramine. The diarrhoea responded completely to therapy, during which the stool content of water, sodium, postassium and magnesium fell. Two of the patients, while receiving cholestyramine, had a rise in faecal fat, but this was not accompanied by diarrhoea, the stools being well formed. Evidence is presented which suggests that the mechanism of diarrhoea is similar in both disorders and is due to division or neuropathy of the hepatic fibres of the vagus nerve. This results is distension of the gallbladder, contraction of which expels increased quantities of bile salts, which swamp the reabsorptive capacity of the small intestine and induce diarrhoea by direct action on the colon. If this theory is valid, cholecystectomy, by preventing large quantities of concentrated bile salts from suddenly entering the gut, may result in improvement of postvagotomy and diabetic diarrhoea.", "PMID": 1131510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11705", "title": "The cholecystokinin test: an assessment.", "content": "A cholecystokinin (CCK) test was performed on 13 female patients who were thought to be having attacks of gallbladder pain and in whom at least one cholecystogram had been normal. In 10 of these patients the CCK test was performed during the course of a repeat cholecystogram in order to assess the effect of CCK on gallbladder contraction. There was no constant relationship between a positive test and gallbladder contraction as measured radiographically. Cholecystectomy was undertaken in 9 patients and of these, 4 had been CCK positive, 4 had been CCK negative and 1 had reacted equivocally. None of the CCK positive patients had stones at operation, whereas 2 of the CCK negative patients had one or two small stones. In this small series cholecystectomy relieved both the CCK negative and CCK positive patients of pain with equal frequency. It is concluded that a negative CCK test by no means excludes the presence of symptomatic gallstones in patients with X-ray negative gallbladder pain.", "contents": "The cholecystokinin test: an assessment. A cholecystokinin (CCK) test was performed on 13 female patients who were thought to be having attacks of gallbladder pain and in whom at least one cholecystogram had been normal. In 10 of these patients the CCK test was performed during the course of a repeat cholecystogram in order to assess the effect of CCK on gallbladder contraction. There was no constant relationship between a positive test and gallbladder contraction as measured radiographically. Cholecystectomy was undertaken in 9 patients and of these, 4 had been CCK positive, 4 had been CCK negative and 1 had reacted equivocally. None of the CCK positive patients had stones at operation, whereas 2 of the CCK negative patients had one or two small stones. In this small series cholecystectomy relieved both the CCK negative and CCK positive patients of pain with equal frequency. It is concluded that a negative CCK test by no means excludes the presence of symptomatic gallstones in patients with X-ray negative gallbladder pain.", "PMID": 1131511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11706", "title": "Intra-abdominal symptoms arising from spinal osteophytes.", "content": "A case of abdominal pain caused by irritation of a segment of jejunum and another due to irritation of the ureter are reported. In both cases the cause of the irritation was established to be osteophytic growth from the 4th lumbar vertebra. After its excision the symptoms disappeared in both cases. To the best of our knowledge, osteophytes have not been reported before to be the cause of intestinal and ureteric pain, and its is therefore urged that in cases of intractable pain these must be considered as a possible cause.", "contents": "Intra-abdominal symptoms arising from spinal osteophytes. A case of abdominal pain caused by irritation of a segment of jejunum and another due to irritation of the ureter are reported. In both cases the cause of the irritation was established to be osteophytic growth from the 4th lumbar vertebra. After its excision the symptoms disappeared in both cases. To the best of our knowledge, osteophytes have not been reported before to be the cause of intestinal and ureteric pain, and its is therefore urged that in cases of intractable pain these must be considered as a possible cause.", "PMID": 1131512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11707", "title": "Tuberculous peripheral lymphadenitis in the Igbos of Nigeria.", "content": "Peripheral lymphadenitis is a leading manifestation of tuberculosis. Among the Igbos, who constitute one of the largest ethnic groups in Nigeria, it presents most commonly in the neck, as in other parts of the world. An inguinal presentation, however, is also common. The nodes are often of considerable size. The maximal incidence occurs in the 10-29-year age group, males outnumbering females slightly. It is only the 40-59-year range that tuberculosis is less common than lymphoma or carcinoma of the peripheral lymph nodes.", "contents": "Tuberculous peripheral lymphadenitis in the Igbos of Nigeria. Peripheral lymphadenitis is a leading manifestation of tuberculosis. Among the Igbos, who constitute one of the largest ethnic groups in Nigeria, it presents most commonly in the neck, as in other parts of the world. An inguinal presentation, however, is also common. The nodes are often of considerable size. The maximal incidence occurs in the 10-29-year age group, males outnumbering females slightly. It is only the 40-59-year range that tuberculosis is less common than lymphoma or carcinoma of the peripheral lymph nodes.", "PMID": 1131513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11708", "title": "Gynaecomastia.", "content": "There are two different types of male breast enlargement-gynaecomastia and mammaplasia. A series of 53 consecutive patients with one of these conditions is presented. In the younger age group treatment has usually been conservative, surgery only being advocated when the diagnosis was in doubt or for cosmetic reasons. In the older age group the diagnostic must be confirmed histologically. The incidence of underlying conditions is much higher in this series than in any previously reported.", "contents": "Gynaecomastia. There are two different types of male breast enlargement-gynaecomastia and mammaplasia. A series of 53 consecutive patients with one of these conditions is presented. In the younger age group treatment has usually been conservative, surgery only being advocated when the diagnosis was in doubt or for cosmetic reasons. In the older age group the diagnostic must be confirmed histologically. The incidence of underlying conditions is much higher in this series than in any previously reported.", "PMID": 1131514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11709", "title": "Cavernous haemangioma of the frontal bone: case report.", "content": "A rare of haemangioma of the frontal bone is presented together with a review of the literature. Carotid angiography was found to be a useful diagnostic aid to differentiate if from other lesions of the frontal bone. The best treatment is to excise both tables containing the haemangioma together with a rim of healthy bone in one block.", "contents": "Cavernous haemangioma of the frontal bone: case report. A rare of haemangioma of the frontal bone is presented together with a review of the literature. Carotid angiography was found to be a useful diagnostic aid to differentiate if from other lesions of the frontal bone. The best treatment is to excise both tables containing the haemangioma together with a rim of healthy bone in one block.", "PMID": 1131515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11710", "title": "Psychosocial effects of disaster: birth rate in Aberfan.", "content": "An increased birth rate occurred in Aberfan during the five years after the disaster there in 1966. It was not confined to the bereaved parents.", "contents": "Psychosocial effects of disaster: birth rate in Aberfan. An increased birth rate occurred in Aberfan during the five years after the disaster there in 1966. It was not confined to the bereaved parents.", "PMID": 1131520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11711", "title": "Clinical trial of mebendazole, a broad-spectrum anthelminthic.", "content": "Eighty-five children aged 5-14 years who were infested with worms were treated with mebendazole 100 mg twice daily for three days. The percentage cure rates were ascaris 100%, trichuris 94%, hookworm 82%, and hymenolepis 39%. The drug was well tolerated and with its broad activity should be very useful in treating those with multiple infestations.", "contents": "Clinical trial of mebendazole, a broad-spectrum anthelminthic. Eighty-five children aged 5-14 years who were infested with worms were treated with mebendazole 100 mg twice daily for three days. The percentage cure rates were ascaris 100%, trichuris 94%, hookworm 82%, and hymenolepis 39%. The drug was well tolerated and with its broad activity should be very useful in treating those with multiple infestations.", "PMID": 1131521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11712", "title": "Electrical requirements for ventricular defibrillation.", "content": "Most deaths from ischaemic heart disease are sudden, occur outside hospital, and result from ventricular fibrillation. But defibrillators have only limited availability because of their size and weight. A miniature defibrillator has been developed. A singe low-energy shock succeeded in removing ventricular fibrillation in 73 out of 82 episodes, and a further shock was successful in seven more episodes. Primary ventricular fibrillation probably always responds to low-energy electrical shocks, which challenges the conventional view that correction of ventricular fibrillation requires high-energy direct-current shock. Thus even smaller and lighter defibrillators are possible. Furthermore low-energy shocks cause less myocardial damage.", "contents": "Electrical requirements for ventricular defibrillation. Most deaths from ischaemic heart disease are sudden, occur outside hospital, and result from ventricular fibrillation. But defibrillators have only limited availability because of their size and weight. A miniature defibrillator has been developed. A singe low-energy shock succeeded in removing ventricular fibrillation in 73 out of 82 episodes, and a further shock was successful in seven more episodes. Primary ventricular fibrillation probably always responds to low-energy electrical shocks, which challenges the conventional view that correction of ventricular fibrillation requires high-energy direct-current shock. Thus even smaller and lighter defibrillators are possible. Furthermore low-energy shocks cause less myocardial damage.", "PMID": 1131522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11713", "title": "Necropsy rates in the United Birmingham Hospitals.", "content": "The necropsy rate in the United Birmingham Hospital has fallen from 74-4% in 1958 to 46-0% in 1972. In the Birmingham region as a whole the rate is 27-3%, approximately equal to the national rate. Most clinicians in the group who replied to a standard questionary considered that the necropsy still has an important part to play in their own practice and in undergraduate training, and they viewed the declining rate as a matter for concern. Some measure of disagreement was found between the ante-mortem and post-mortem diagnoses of patients in the two largest hospitals in the group. This suggests that the necropsy has a role to play in medical audit and that attempts to reverse the declining trend should be encouraged.", "contents": "Necropsy rates in the United Birmingham Hospitals. The necropsy rate in the United Birmingham Hospital has fallen from 74-4% in 1958 to 46-0% in 1972. In the Birmingham region as a whole the rate is 27-3%, approximately equal to the national rate. Most clinicians in the group who replied to a standard questionary considered that the necropsy still has an important part to play in their own practice and in undergraduate training, and they viewed the declining rate as a matter for concern. Some measure of disagreement was found between the ante-mortem and post-mortem diagnoses of patients in the two largest hospitals in the group. This suggests that the necropsy has a role to play in medical audit and that attempts to reverse the declining trend should be encouraged.", "PMID": 1131528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11714", "title": "Fibrillation of head of radius as one cause of tennis elbow.", "content": "Twenty-five patients with resistant tennis elbow were treated by exploration of the radio-humeral joint. Twenty cases showed abnormalities of the cartilage of the head of the radius. Division of the orbicular ligament and excision of the abnormal cartilage gave good results in 19 to 20 cases seen recently. We believe fibrillation of the head of the radius is an important cause of tennis elbow, and the arguments to support this theory are enumerated.", "contents": "Fibrillation of head of radius as one cause of tennis elbow. Twenty-five patients with resistant tennis elbow were treated by exploration of the radio-humeral joint. Twenty cases showed abnormalities of the cartilage of the head of the radius. Division of the orbicular ligament and excision of the abnormal cartilage gave good results in 19 to 20 cases seen recently. We believe fibrillation of the head of the radius is an important cause of tennis elbow, and the arguments to support this theory are enumerated.", "PMID": 1131529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11715", "title": "Fibrinolytic capacity of arm and leg veins after femoral shaft fracture and acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "The local fibrinolytic activity generated in the leg and arm veins during venous occlusion (fibrinolytic capacity) and the systemic fibrinolytic activity were measured at intervals in 11 patients after fracture of the femoral shaft and in 11 patients after acute myocardial infarction. In both groups the fibrinolytic capacity of the leg veins and the systemic fibrinolytic activity were significantly reduced two days after the onset of tissue injury. The fibrinolytic capacity of the arm veins was not altered. These results provide a possible explanation for the predilection of venous thrombosis for the leg veins after accidental trauma and acute myocardial infarction.", "contents": "Fibrinolytic capacity of arm and leg veins after femoral shaft fracture and acute myocardial infarction. The local fibrinolytic activity generated in the leg and arm veins during venous occlusion (fibrinolytic capacity) and the systemic fibrinolytic activity were measured at intervals in 11 patients after fracture of the femoral shaft and in 11 patients after acute myocardial infarction. In both groups the fibrinolytic capacity of the leg veins and the systemic fibrinolytic activity were significantly reduced two days after the onset of tissue injury. The fibrinolytic capacity of the arm veins was not altered. These results provide a possible explanation for the predilection of venous thrombosis for the leg veins after accidental trauma and acute myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 1131546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11716", "title": "Doppler ultrasound and fetal activity.", "content": "The possibility that Doppler ultrasound, as used in routine fetal monitoring by external cardiotocography, might stimulate fetal activity was investigated. A mean increase in fetal activity of over 90% was found, as judged by the fetal movement count.", "contents": "Doppler ultrasound and fetal activity. The possibility that Doppler ultrasound, as used in routine fetal monitoring by external cardiotocography, might stimulate fetal activity was investigated. A mean increase in fetal activity of over 90% was found, as judged by the fetal movement count.", "PMID": 1131547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11717", "title": "Accumulation of storage iron in patients treated for iron-deficiency anaemia.", "content": "The repletion of iron stores after treatment was studied in 38 patients with uncomplicated iron-deficiency anaemia. The serum ferritin concentration rose significantly when oral treatment was continued for two months after the attainment of a normal haemoglobin concentration. Patients treated with a total-dose infusion of iron dextran had thehighest final serum levels, which were significantly greater than in patients given Ferro-Gradumet. Oral ferrous sulphate was almost as effective as parenteral iron in producing iron stores.", "contents": "Accumulation of storage iron in patients treated for iron-deficiency anaemia. The repletion of iron stores after treatment was studied in 38 patients with uncomplicated iron-deficiency anaemia. The serum ferritin concentration rose significantly when oral treatment was continued for two months after the attainment of a normal haemoglobin concentration. Patients treated with a total-dose infusion of iron dextran had thehighest final serum levels, which were significantly greater than in patients given Ferro-Gradumet. Oral ferrous sulphate was almost as effective as parenteral iron in producing iron stores.", "PMID": 1131548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11718", "title": "Analgesic abuse, ureteric obstruction, and retroperitoneal fibrosis.", "content": "We report two cases of unusual ureteric obstruction in patients with an excessive consumption of analgesics. In a retrospective survey of seven cases of non-malignant retroperitoneal fibrosis seen in the last 15 years it was found that four had taken excessive amounts of analgesics. A careful drug history should be taken in all patients with restroperitoneal fibrosis and ureteric obstruction.", "contents": "Analgesic abuse, ureteric obstruction, and retroperitoneal fibrosis. We report two cases of unusual ureteric obstruction in patients with an excessive consumption of analgesics. In a retrospective survey of seven cases of non-malignant retroperitoneal fibrosis seen in the last 15 years it was found that four had taken excessive amounts of analgesics. A careful drug history should be taken in all patients with restroperitoneal fibrosis and ureteric obstruction.", "PMID": 1131554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11719", "title": "The medical student as behavioural psychotherapist.", "content": "A group of medical students were randomly selected from a larger group to carry out behaviour therapy under supervision. Ten patients with phobic disorders and two with obsessive-compulsive neurosis were treated, and the results, assessed by ratings of proved reliability, compared favourably with other studies in which psychiatrists or nurses acted as therapists. A questionnaire survey showed that students involved in therapy had a more favourable opinion about this kind of treatment than those receiving only theoretical instruction. The results suggested not only that medical students make good behavioural psychotherapists but also that the subject is a worthwhile training experience which warrants inclusion in the curriculum.", "contents": "The medical student as behavioural psychotherapist. A group of medical students were randomly selected from a larger group to carry out behaviour therapy under supervision. Ten patients with phobic disorders and two with obsessive-compulsive neurosis were treated, and the results, assessed by ratings of proved reliability, compared favourably with other studies in which psychiatrists or nurses acted as therapists. A questionnaire survey showed that students involved in therapy had a more favourable opinion about this kind of treatment than those receiving only theoretical instruction. The results suggested not only that medical students make good behavioural psychotherapists but also that the subject is a worthwhile training experience which warrants inclusion in the curriculum.", "PMID": 1131555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11720", "title": "Behaviour of the dying patient.", "content": "One hundred and ten dying patients were studied during the 24 hours before death and 250 patients during the weeks before death: 60% were well orientated in time and space 24 hours before death and 26% at 15 minutes before death. A control group of patients with serious, but not fatal, illness were also studied. There was a contrast in attitude to death between the dying patients and the ill but not dying controls. The dying were resigned to their approaching death, experienced little or no fear, and did not wish to know about their illness, whereas the control patients wanted information about their condition and feared death, though few thought they would actually die. The relief of physical symptoms in the dying is important. There was often a brief improvement in condition, with reduced need for analgesic, shortly before death.", "contents": "Behaviour of the dying patient. One hundred and ten dying patients were studied during the 24 hours before death and 250 patients during the weeks before death: 60% were well orientated in time and space 24 hours before death and 26% at 15 minutes before death. A control group of patients with serious, but not fatal, illness were also studied. There was a contrast in attitude to death between the dying patients and the ill but not dying controls. The dying were resigned to their approaching death, experienced little or no fear, and did not wish to know about their illness, whereas the control patients wanted information about their condition and feared death, though few thought they would actually die. The relief of physical symptoms in the dying is important. There was often a brief improvement in condition, with reduced need for analgesic, shortly before death.", "PMID": 1131556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11721", "title": "Maintenance of labour.", "content": "In 160 women large but variable amounts of intravenous oxytocin were needed to induce labour within a reasonable time interval to 5 cm cervical dilatation. Thereafter 7 mU of oxytocin/min would maintain progress. Since large maintenance doses may cause obstetric problems it is recommended that a maintenance regimen should be used once labour has progressed to this stage.", "contents": "Maintenance of labour. In 160 women large but variable amounts of intravenous oxytocin were needed to induce labour within a reasonable time interval to 5 cm cervical dilatation. Thereafter 7 mU of oxytocin/min would maintain progress. Since large maintenance doses may cause obstetric problems it is recommended that a maintenance regimen should be used once labour has progressed to this stage.", "PMID": 1131573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11722", "title": "Recovery from Goodpasture's syndrome after immunosuppressive treatment and plasmapheresis.", "content": "A patient with Goodpasture's syndrome has recovered after treatment with immunosuppressive drugs (cyclophosphamide and prednisolone) and removal of circulating antibodies by plasma exchange. This was performed on seven occasions and seems to have hastened the decline in circulating antibody levels. Undertaken early in the course of the disease plasmapheresis could prove a useful addition to its therapy.", "contents": "Recovery from Goodpasture's syndrome after immunosuppressive treatment and plasmapheresis. A patient with Goodpasture's syndrome has recovered after treatment with immunosuppressive drugs (cyclophosphamide and prednisolone) and removal of circulating antibodies by plasma exchange. This was performed on seven occasions and seems to have hastened the decline in circulating antibody levels. Undertaken early in the course of the disease plasmapheresis could prove a useful addition to its therapy.", "PMID": 1131574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11723", "title": "Microcephaly following baby battering and shaking.", "content": "Three cases of microcephaly following the rough handling of babies are described. If detailed social and psychiatric information had not been available, these three children would have become part of the large proportion of individuals in subnormality hospitals who have unsatisfactory and incomplete diagnoses.", "contents": "Microcephaly following baby battering and shaking. Three cases of microcephaly following the rough handling of babies are described. If detailed social and psychiatric information had not been available, these three children would have become part of the large proportion of individuals in subnormality hospitals who have unsatisfactory and incomplete diagnoses.", "PMID": 1131578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11724", "title": "Reorganization of a nutrition unit in Papua New Guinea.", "content": "Adequate nutrition is a medical priority. It has been estimated that more than half the children in the Chimbu District of Papua New Guinea are malnourished. A practical scheme combat poor nutrition there was based on emphasizing the value of breast-feeding and of locally grown foods. The daily menu given was the same, with three meals each day. The scheme's underlying principles can be adapted for any developing country or for migrant and other minority groups in a developed country.", "contents": "Reorganization of a nutrition unit in Papua New Guinea. Adequate nutrition is a medical priority. It has been estimated that more than half the children in the Chimbu District of Papua New Guinea are malnourished. A practical scheme combat poor nutrition there was based on emphasizing the value of breast-feeding and of locally grown foods. The daily menu given was the same, with three meals each day. The scheme's underlying principles can be adapted for any developing country or for migrant and other minority groups in a developed country.", "PMID": 1131580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11725", "title": "Aspirin and coronary heart disease: findings of a prospective study.", "content": "Over 1 000 000 men and women answered a confidential questionnaire and were traced for up to six years afterwards. Among other questions each person was asked how often he or she took aspirin-\"never\", \"seldom,\" or \"often.\" Coronary heart disease death rates were no lower among people who took aspirin often than among those who did not do so.", "contents": "Aspirin and coronary heart disease: findings of a prospective study. Over 1 000 000 men and women answered a confidential questionnaire and were traced for up to six years afterwards. Among other questions each person was asked how often he or she took aspirin-\"never\", \"seldom,\" or \"often.\" Coronary heart disease death rates were no lower among people who took aspirin often than among those who did not do so.", "PMID": 1131582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11726", "title": "Disappearing diabetes.", "content": "For five years a nurse was treated for diabetes mellitus. She was found to have tampered with her blood and urine tests and later was believed to have fabricated her condition from the outset.", "contents": "Disappearing diabetes. For five years a nurse was treated for diabetes mellitus. She was found to have tampered with her blood and urine tests and later was believed to have fabricated her condition from the outset.", "PMID": 1131604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11727", "title": "Cost-benefit analysis of long-term haemodialysis for chronic renal failure.", "content": "A cost-benefit analysis of long-term maintenance haemodialysis indicates that there is a large gulf between the cost of the service and \"economic\" benefit. The difference may be considered to represent one estimate of the price society is prepared to pay to maintain life. Using \"best estimates\" from available data we found the implicit social value of maintaining a patient on haemodialysis to be approximately pounds 4720 per annum in hospital or pounds 2600 at home. The analysis would suggest that society must look carefully at alternative uses for health expenditure before extending indiscriminately to large sections of the population these treatment programmes or other similarly expensive.", "contents": "Cost-benefit analysis of long-term haemodialysis for chronic renal failure. A cost-benefit analysis of long-term maintenance haemodialysis indicates that there is a large gulf between the cost of the service and \"economic\" benefit. The difference may be considered to represent one estimate of the price society is prepared to pay to maintain life. Using \"best estimates\" from available data we found the implicit social value of maintaining a patient on haemodialysis to be approximately pounds 4720 per annum in hospital or pounds 2600 at home. The analysis would suggest that society must look carefully at alternative uses for health expenditure before extending indiscriminately to large sections of the population these treatment programmes or other similarly expensive.", "PMID": 1131608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11728", "title": "Individual differences in selecting patients for regular haemodialysis.", "content": "Eight clinicians in a renal dialysis unit were asked to classify the suitability of 100 cases (some real, some simulated) for regulat haemodialysis. Seven categories were used, ranging from \"excellent prospect: accept without reservation\" to \"unequivocal rejection,\" based on 18 items of information previously agreed on as sufficient for the purpose. The ways in which they classified the cases different considerably; only six cases were placed in the same category by all eight clinicians, and this was the \"unequivocal rejection\" category. Analysis of the extent to which they made effective use of the items showed that between three and nine items were used to a sufficient extent to reach significance for the 100 cases.", "contents": "Individual differences in selecting patients for regular haemodialysis. Eight clinicians in a renal dialysis unit were asked to classify the suitability of 100 cases (some real, some simulated) for regulat haemodialysis. Seven categories were used, ranging from \"excellent prospect: accept without reservation\" to \"unequivocal rejection,\" based on 18 items of information previously agreed on as sufficient for the purpose. The ways in which they classified the cases different considerably; only six cases were placed in the same category by all eight clinicians, and this was the \"unequivocal rejection\" category. Analysis of the extent to which they made effective use of the items showed that between three and nine items were used to a sufficient extent to reach significance for the 100 cases.", "PMID": 1131609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11729", "title": "Reduced secretory antibody response to live attenuated measles and poliovirus vaccines in malnourished children.", "content": "Serum and nasopharyngeal IgA antibody levels were estimated in 20 malnourished children and 20 matched healthy controls after immunization with a single dose of live attenuated measles or poliovirus vaccine. Seroconversion and serum neutralizing antibody titres were comparable in the two groups. Secretory IgA antibody was detected significantly less often in undernourished children; the time of its first appearance was delayed-and its maximum level was significantly lower. Impaired secretory antibody response in malnourished children may contribute to slow inadequate recovery from viral and enterobacterial infections and predispose to lifethreatening complications.", "contents": "Reduced secretory antibody response to live attenuated measles and poliovirus vaccines in malnourished children. Serum and nasopharyngeal IgA antibody levels were estimated in 20 malnourished children and 20 matched healthy controls after immunization with a single dose of live attenuated measles or poliovirus vaccine. Seroconversion and serum neutralizing antibody titres were comparable in the two groups. Secretory IgA antibody was detected significantly less often in undernourished children; the time of its first appearance was delayed-and its maximum level was significantly lower. Impaired secretory antibody response in malnourished children may contribute to slow inadequate recovery from viral and enterobacterial infections and predispose to lifethreatening complications.", "PMID": 1131622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11730", "title": "Cardiovascular control in diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Heart rate variability and the changes in heart rate and blood pressure which occur on standing were measured in 21 diabetics. These simple measures distinguished four groups of patients, with loss of parasympathetic activity being commoner than loss of sympathetic activity.", "contents": "Cardiovascular control in diabetes mellitus. Heart rate variability and the changes in heart rate and blood pressure which occur on standing were measured in 21 diabetics. These simple measures distinguished four groups of patients, with loss of parasympathetic activity being commoner than loss of sympathetic activity.", "PMID": 1131623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11731", "title": "Vagal impairment of gastric secretion in diabetic autonomic neuropathy.", "content": "Gastric acid output in response to insulin-induced hypoglycaemia and pentagastrin was measured in 18 diabetic patients with symptoms of autonomic neuropathy. Two patients had achlorhydria but the rest responded normally to pentagastrin. The acid output evoked by insulin-induced hypoglycaemia was low in 10 of the 16 patients who secreted acid in response to pentagastrin. These changes suggest that vagal impairment is common in diabetics with autonomic symptoms, which might explain the infrequency of duodenal ulcer in diabetics.", "contents": "Vagal impairment of gastric secretion in diabetic autonomic neuropathy. Gastric acid output in response to insulin-induced hypoglycaemia and pentagastrin was measured in 18 diabetic patients with symptoms of autonomic neuropathy. Two patients had achlorhydria but the rest responded normally to pentagastrin. The acid output evoked by insulin-induced hypoglycaemia was low in 10 of the 16 patients who secreted acid in response to pentagastrin. These changes suggest that vagal impairment is common in diabetics with autonomic symptoms, which might explain the infrequency of duodenal ulcer in diabetics.", "PMID": 1131624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11732", "title": "Localized avascular necrosis of lesser curve of stomach complicating highly selective vagotomy.", "content": "The fourth case of localized avascular necrosis of the lesser curve of the stomach after highly selective vagotomy is reported. The pathogeneses was probably related to the relative poverty of the submucosal blood supply along the lesser curve. This complication may be prevented by peritonealizing the lesser curve before closing the abdominal wall.", "contents": "Localized avascular necrosis of lesser curve of stomach complicating highly selective vagotomy. The fourth case of localized avascular necrosis of the lesser curve of the stomach after highly selective vagotomy is reported. The pathogeneses was probably related to the relative poverty of the submucosal blood supply along the lesser curve. This complication may be prevented by peritonealizing the lesser curve before closing the abdominal wall.", "PMID": 1131625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11733", "title": "Protein-losing enteropathy and malabsorption in acute measles enteritis.", "content": "Gastrointestinal protein loss and xylose and lactose absorption were both abnormal in underweight children with acute measles and diarrhoea. The protein loss was equivalent to a mean absolute albumin loss of 1.68 plus or minus 0.21 g/day, while the mean one-hour blood xylose level was 0.93 plus or minus 0.38 mmol/l (14.0 plus or minus 5.7 mg/100 ml) in the acute stage and 1.71 plus or minus 0.43 mmol/l (25.6 plus or minus 6.5 mg/100 ml) after recovery (P less than 0.01). Lactose intolerance was found in four children out of 17 tested. Thus faecal protein loss and malabsorption may contribute significantly to the development of malnutrition after measles.", "contents": "Protein-losing enteropathy and malabsorption in acute measles enteritis. Gastrointestinal protein loss and xylose and lactose absorption were both abnormal in underweight children with acute measles and diarrhoea. The protein loss was equivalent to a mean absolute albumin loss of 1.68 plus or minus 0.21 g/day, while the mean one-hour blood xylose level was 0.93 plus or minus 0.38 mmol/l (14.0 plus or minus 5.7 mg/100 ml) in the acute stage and 1.71 plus or minus 0.43 mmol/l (25.6 plus or minus 6.5 mg/100 ml) after recovery (P less than 0.01). Lactose intolerance was found in four children out of 17 tested. Thus faecal protein loss and malabsorption may contribute significantly to the development of malnutrition after measles.", "PMID": 1131626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11734", "title": "Interaction of phenytoin and primidone.", "content": "The ratio of derived phenobarbitone to unmetabolized primidone in the serum was significantly higher in 50 epileptic patients on a combination of primidone and phenytoin than in 12 patients on primidone alone, though the dose and serum levels of primidone were similar in the two groups. Out of 253 patients attending a seizure clinic 47% were taking a combination of these two anticonvulsants. The effect of phenytoin on the metabolism of primidone may have clinical implications in view of the frequency of their combined use.", "contents": "Interaction of phenytoin and primidone. The ratio of derived phenobarbitone to unmetabolized primidone in the serum was significantly higher in 50 epileptic patients on a combination of primidone and phenytoin than in 12 patients on primidone alone, though the dose and serum levels of primidone were similar in the two groups. Out of 253 patients attending a seizure clinic 47% were taking a combination of these two anticonvulsants. The effect of phenytoin on the metabolism of primidone may have clinical implications in view of the frequency of their combined use.", "PMID": 1131627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11735", "title": "Cardiac tamponade and central venous catheters.", "content": "An analysis of the reports on 16 patients who developed cardiac tamponade, complicating the use of central venous catheters, showed that 14 died. The two survivors were treated by removal of the catheter and needle aspiration of the pericardial fluid. Some patients complained of warning symptoms such as nausea, pain, and dyspnoea, and the combination of tachycardia, hypotension, and raised venous pressure was common. We suggest that awareness of the hazard, radiographic visualization of the catheter tip, and expeditious treatment would reduce the mortality.", "contents": "Cardiac tamponade and central venous catheters. An analysis of the reports on 16 patients who developed cardiac tamponade, complicating the use of central venous catheters, showed that 14 died. The two survivors were treated by removal of the catheter and needle aspiration of the pericardial fluid. Some patients complained of warning symptoms such as nausea, pain, and dyspnoea, and the combination of tachycardia, hypotension, and raised venous pressure was common. We suggest that awareness of the hazard, radiographic visualization of the catheter tip, and expeditious treatment would reduce the mortality.", "PMID": 1131628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11736", "title": "Comparison of use of the Dalkon Shield in Dublin and Southampton.", "content": "The results of fitting Dalkon Shield I.U.D.s in Southampton and Dublin were compared. At 12 months the continuation rates were 77.4% and 93.4% respectively. There were also differences between the two cities in the major complication rates associated with the use of the device. At 12 months these rates for Southampton and Dublin were: pregnancy 5.6% and 1.4%, expulsion 4.0% and 0.9%, and removal for pain and/or bleeding 12.1% and 3.0%, respectively. Possible reasons for the difference in performance may include the older average age of the users in Dublin, and the greater number and more varied experience of the medical staff responsible for fitting in Southampton. We recommend that population factors be taken into account when comparing data relating to fertility regulation.", "contents": "Comparison of use of the Dalkon Shield in Dublin and Southampton. The results of fitting Dalkon Shield I.U.D.s in Southampton and Dublin were compared. At 12 months the continuation rates were 77.4% and 93.4% respectively. There were also differences between the two cities in the major complication rates associated with the use of the device. At 12 months these rates for Southampton and Dublin were: pregnancy 5.6% and 1.4%, expulsion 4.0% and 0.9%, and removal for pain and/or bleeding 12.1% and 3.0%, respectively. Possible reasons for the difference in performance may include the older average age of the users in Dublin, and the greater number and more varied experience of the medical staff responsible for fitting in Southampton. We recommend that population factors be taken into account when comparing data relating to fertility regulation.", "PMID": 1131631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11737", "title": "Screening for hypothyroidism in elderly inpatients.", "content": "Routine biochemical screening for hypothyroidism in 2000 geriatric inpatients proved valuable and practicable and yielded 46 cases (2.3%). A non-specific clinical picture was particularly common, with less than a third of the cases showing \"typical\" signs and symptoms. Psychiatric manifestations, especially depression, were important and frequent and responded well to thyroxine. There was a preponderance of female cases of hypothyroidism and a strong association with other autoimmune diseases, notably pernicious anaemia and rheumatoid arthritis.", "contents": "Screening for hypothyroidism in elderly inpatients. Routine biochemical screening for hypothyroidism in 2000 geriatric inpatients proved valuable and practicable and yielded 46 cases (2.3%). A non-specific clinical picture was particularly common, with less than a third of the cases showing \"typical\" signs and symptoms. Psychiatric manifestations, especially depression, were important and frequent and responded well to thyroxine. There was a preponderance of female cases of hypothyroidism and a strong association with other autoimmune diseases, notably pernicious anaemia and rheumatoid arthritis.", "PMID": 1131632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11738", "title": "Chlormethiazole in treatment of status epilepticus.", "content": "Chlormethiazole (Heminevrin) was successful in controlling fits in seven out of nine episodes of intractable status epilepticus. It was administered as a constant intravenous injection at rates of up to 0.7g/h. No serious side effects were encountered, and the drug deserves wider recognition as a useful therapeutic agent in the management of status epilepticus.", "contents": "Chlormethiazole in treatment of status epilepticus. Chlormethiazole (Heminevrin) was successful in controlling fits in seven out of nine episodes of intractable status epilepticus. It was administered as a constant intravenous injection at rates of up to 0.7g/h. No serious side effects were encountered, and the drug deserves wider recognition as a useful therapeutic agent in the management of status epilepticus.", "PMID": 1131633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11739", "title": "Improvement of oral glucose tolerance in gestational diabetes by pyridoxine.", "content": "Fourteen pregnant women were shown by the oral glucose tolerance test to have gestational diabetes. In 13 an increased urinary xanthurenic-acid excretion after an oral load of L-tryptophan indicated a relative pyridoxine deficiency. All patients were treated with vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) 100 mg/day for 14 days by mouth, after which the pyridoxine deficiency disappeared and the oral glucose tolerance improved considerably. Only two patients then had sufficiently impaired glucose tolerance to justify the diagnosis of gestational diabetes; Our results substantiated our hypothesis that increased xanthurenic-acid synthesis during pregnancy may cause gestational diabetes. Treatment with vitamin B6 makes the production of xanthurenic-acid normal by restoring tryptophan metabolism and improves the oral glucose tolerance in patients with gestational diabetes.", "contents": "Improvement of oral glucose tolerance in gestational diabetes by pyridoxine. Fourteen pregnant women were shown by the oral glucose tolerance test to have gestational diabetes. In 13 an increased urinary xanthurenic-acid excretion after an oral load of L-tryptophan indicated a relative pyridoxine deficiency. All patients were treated with vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) 100 mg/day for 14 days by mouth, after which the pyridoxine deficiency disappeared and the oral glucose tolerance improved considerably. Only two patients then had sufficiently impaired glucose tolerance to justify the diagnosis of gestational diabetes; Our results substantiated our hypothesis that increased xanthurenic-acid synthesis during pregnancy may cause gestational diabetes. Treatment with vitamin B6 makes the production of xanthurenic-acid normal by restoring tryptophan metabolism and improves the oral glucose tolerance in patients with gestational diabetes.", "PMID": 1131652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11740", "title": "Defective innervation of heart in diabetic autonomic neuropathy.", "content": "Heart rate responses to autonomic stimulation and inhibition were studied in 13 diabetic autonomic neuropathy. Parasympathetic function was impaired in all patients and sympathetic function in most. One patient's heart appeared to be totally denervated. The consequences of cardiac denervation include tachycardia, a fixed heart rate, and a possible tendency to cardiac dysrhythmias, which caused spontaneous cardiac arrests in three patients.", "contents": "Defective innervation of heart in diabetic autonomic neuropathy. Heart rate responses to autonomic stimulation and inhibition were studied in 13 diabetic autonomic neuropathy. Parasympathetic function was impaired in all patients and sympathetic function in most. One patient's heart appeared to be totally denervated. The consequences of cardiac denervation include tachycardia, a fixed heart rate, and a possible tendency to cardiac dysrhythmias, which caused spontaneous cardiac arrests in three patients.", "PMID": 1131653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11741", "title": "Cellular immunity in cancer: comparison of delayed hypersensitivity skin tests in three common cancers.", "content": "Cellular immunity was studied in three homogenous groups of patients with cancer to determine whether the pattern of depression of immune competence varied between solid tumours with different patterns of clinical behaviour. Delayed hypersensitivity skin responses were measured in patients with carcinoma of the breast, stomach, and colon and matched controls. Response to 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) was used as an indication of primary responses and the Mantoux reaction as an index of recall responses. Responses were diminished in all three cancer groups, but there were significant differences between each type of cancer and even between different control groups. Cellular immunity was lost earliest and to the greatest extent in patients with colonic cancers and tended to be retained until a late stage in breast cancer, with gastric cancer occupying an intermediate position. Thus, while there was some degree of correlation between depressed immunity and prognosis our results gave no evidence that general host immune competence could explain the worse prognosis of gastric than colonic cancer. Paradoxical findings in patients with breast cancer suggested a great complexity in the host tumour interaction. Assessments of immune competence in cancer patients must be related to specific types of neoplasms with appropriate control groups if the results are to be meaningful.", "contents": "Cellular immunity in cancer: comparison of delayed hypersensitivity skin tests in three common cancers. Cellular immunity was studied in three homogenous groups of patients with cancer to determine whether the pattern of depression of immune competence varied between solid tumours with different patterns of clinical behaviour. Delayed hypersensitivity skin responses were measured in patients with carcinoma of the breast, stomach, and colon and matched controls. Response to 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) was used as an indication of primary responses and the Mantoux reaction as an index of recall responses. Responses were diminished in all three cancer groups, but there were significant differences between each type of cancer and even between different control groups. Cellular immunity was lost earliest and to the greatest extent in patients with colonic cancers and tended to be retained until a late stage in breast cancer, with gastric cancer occupying an intermediate position. Thus, while there was some degree of correlation between depressed immunity and prognosis our results gave no evidence that general host immune competence could explain the worse prognosis of gastric than colonic cancer. Paradoxical findings in patients with breast cancer suggested a great complexity in the host tumour interaction. Assessments of immune competence in cancer patients must be related to specific types of neoplasms with appropriate control groups if the results are to be meaningful.", "PMID": 1131654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11742", "title": "Needle aspiration of breast cysts.", "content": "A total of 149 breast cysts have been treated with primary aspiration. Findings were abnormal in 36 patients, 30 of whom underwent excision of the breast cyst with cancer being found in four. Careful examination of the breast after aspiration and follow-up are necessary, but, provided these precautions are observed, this type of treatment is simple, safe, and cheap besides often giving the patient relief at the first consultation.", "contents": "Needle aspiration of breast cysts. A total of 149 breast cysts have been treated with primary aspiration. Findings were abnormal in 36 patients, 30 of whom underwent excision of the breast cyst with cancer being found in four. Careful examination of the breast after aspiration and follow-up are necessary, but, provided these precautions are observed, this type of treatment is simple, safe, and cheap besides often giving the patient relief at the first consultation.", "PMID": 1131662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11743", "title": "Approach to rapid problem solving in clinical medicine.", "content": "Problem-orientated flow charts have been developed to teach paramedical workers the skills of making diagnoses in outpatient clinics in Tanzania. The charts give high levels of repeatability, accuracy, and rapidity and their use may lead to improved standards of medical care.", "contents": "Approach to rapid problem solving in clinical medicine. Problem-orientated flow charts have been developed to teach paramedical workers the skills of making diagnoses in outpatient clinics in Tanzania. The charts give high levels of repeatability, accuracy, and rapidity and their use may lead to improved standards of medical care.", "PMID": 1131664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11744", "title": "Very early termination of pregnancy (menstrual extraction).", "content": "Very early termination of pregnancy was performed on 424 women in three London teaching hospitals. Altogether 90% of the women were no more than 14 days overdue, and 67% of these had histological evidence of pregnancy. The procedure differed little in technique or its acceptability to the patient from termination done later in the first trimester. The similar incidence of complications suggested that it is not an alternative to conventional contraception. The response of patients, general practitioners, and referral agencies, however, indicated that there is a definite need in the community for a very early termination service.", "contents": "Very early termination of pregnancy (menstrual extraction). Very early termination of pregnancy was performed on 424 women in three London teaching hospitals. Altogether 90% of the women were no more than 14 days overdue, and 67% of these had histological evidence of pregnancy. The procedure differed little in technique or its acceptability to the patient from termination done later in the first trimester. The similar incidence of complications suggested that it is not an alternative to conventional contraception. The response of patients, general practitioners, and referral agencies, however, indicated that there is a definite need in the community for a very early termination service.", "PMID": 1131678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11745", "title": "Schistosomiasis of the urinary bladder. A case report.", "content": "The case is reported of a man with schistosomiasis of the bladder which gave rise to non-gonococcal urethritis. Diagnosis was confirmed by finding the characteristic terminal-spined Schistosoma haematobium ova in the urine deposit. The cystoscopic appearances further confirmed the disease and its stage. The patient responded satisfactorily to treatment although the follow-up period was short.", "contents": "Schistosomiasis of the urinary bladder. A case report. The case is reported of a man with schistosomiasis of the bladder which gave rise to non-gonococcal urethritis. Diagnosis was confirmed by finding the characteristic terminal-spined Schistosoma haematobium ova in the urine deposit. The cystoscopic appearances further confirmed the disease and its stage. The patient responded satisfactorily to treatment although the follow-up period was short.", "PMID": 1131679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11746", "title": "Syphilitic balanitis of Follmann developing after the appearance of the primary chancre. A case report.", "content": "A case of primary syphilitic chancre of the coronal sulcus with subsequent development of syphilitic balanitis of Follmann is described. The histopathological picture and preponderantly intraepidermal localization of T. pallidum in the lesions is discussed.", "contents": "Syphilitic balanitis of Follmann developing after the appearance of the primary chancre. A case report. A case of primary syphilitic chancre of the coronal sulcus with subsequent development of syphilitic balanitis of Follmann is described. The histopathological picture and preponderantly intraepidermal localization of T. pallidum in the lesions is discussed.", "PMID": 1131680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11747", "title": "Syphilitic myositis.", "content": "A case of myositis associated with secondary syphilis is described. Complete recovery occurred after antisyphilitic treatment.", "contents": "Syphilitic myositis. A case of myositis associated with secondary syphilis is described. Complete recovery occurred after antisyphilitic treatment.", "PMID": 1131681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11748", "title": "Changes in regional blood flow and cardiodynamics associated with electrically and chemically induced epilepsy in cat.", "content": "Changes in cardiodynamics and regional blood flow were examined in chronically prepared paralyzed cats during seizures induced electrically by transcerebral or direct cortical stimulation or by administration of flurothyl ether (Indoklon) or pentylenetetrazol (Metrazol). Transcerebral and chemical stimuli produced the greatest vascular responses. During seizures there was an abrupt elevation of arterial pressure unassociated with consistent changes in heart rate. Vascular resistance was increased in femoral, renal and mesenteric arteries with variable reductions in blood flow. Resistance was decreased and flow passively increased in the common carotid artery reflecting the loss of cerebral autoregulation. Cardiac output was unchanged. With seizures associated with large elevations of arterial pressure, the central venous and left ventricular end-diastolic pressures were markedly increased indicating incipient congestive failure. The pressor response was blocked by alpha-adrenergic blockade with phentolamine. Increased regional vascular resistance was abolished by regional sympathectomy. While either adrenalectomy or treatment with 6-hydroxydopamine alone failed to abolish the pressor response, combined, they did. Such treatment unmasked an atropine-sensitive bradycardia. The pressor response with seizures is a consequence of increased vascular resistance in viscera and muscles due to widespread activation of sympathetic neurons and release of adrenomedullary catecholamines. Co-activation of cardiovagal and cardiosympathetic neurons may underlie some associated arrhythmias. Cardiovascular events may severe, by redistribution of the cardiac output, to assure increased availability of oxygen and nutrients to brain to meet the metabolic demands of convulsions.", "contents": "Changes in regional blood flow and cardiodynamics associated with electrically and chemically induced epilepsy in cat. Changes in cardiodynamics and regional blood flow were examined in chronically prepared paralyzed cats during seizures induced electrically by transcerebral or direct cortical stimulation or by administration of flurothyl ether (Indoklon) or pentylenetetrazol (Metrazol). Transcerebral and chemical stimuli produced the greatest vascular responses. During seizures there was an abrupt elevation of arterial pressure unassociated with consistent changes in heart rate. Vascular resistance was increased in femoral, renal and mesenteric arteries with variable reductions in blood flow. Resistance was decreased and flow passively increased in the common carotid artery reflecting the loss of cerebral autoregulation. Cardiac output was unchanged. With seizures associated with large elevations of arterial pressure, the central venous and left ventricular end-diastolic pressures were markedly increased indicating incipient congestive failure. The pressor response was blocked by alpha-adrenergic blockade with phentolamine. Increased regional vascular resistance was abolished by regional sympathectomy. While either adrenalectomy or treatment with 6-hydroxydopamine alone failed to abolish the pressor response, combined, they did. Such treatment unmasked an atropine-sensitive bradycardia. The pressor response with seizures is a consequence of increased vascular resistance in viscera and muscles due to widespread activation of sympathetic neurons and release of adrenomedullary catecholamines. Co-activation of cardiovagal and cardiosympathetic neurons may underlie some associated arrhythmias. Cardiovascular events may severe, by redistribution of the cardiac output, to assure increased availability of oxygen and nutrients to brain to meet the metabolic demands of convulsions.", "PMID": 1131682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11749", "title": "Visual discrimination of flux-equated figures by cats with brain lesions.", "content": "Cats with various brain lesions were compared in their abilities to learn or relearn for food reward to a strict performance criterion a simple dark--light discrimination and 3 sets of discriminations between pairs of triangle equated for overall luminous flux. The results revealed a spectrum of deficits in visual learning by cats with different lesions and indicate: (1) cats with bilateral lesions of the superior colliculus-pretectum can learn dark-light and geometric figure discriminations in approximately the same number of training trials as unoperated cats or as cats with bilateral lesions of the lateral-posterolateral and splenial gyri; (2) cats with bilateral lesions of the superior colliculus-pretectum can learn to discriminate from a distance between geometric figures equated for overall luminous flux; (3) cats with bilateral lesions of the suprasylvian and ectosylvian gyri in addition to the lateral-posterolateral and splenial gyri require more training to learn both types of visual discriminations than unoperated cats or cats with lesions either of the superior colliculus-pretectum or of the lateral-posterolateral and splenial gyri; (4) cats require either an intact superior colliculus-pretectum or intact lateral-posterolateral and splenial gyri in order to discriminate between geometric figures; (5) cats with bilateral lesions of the posterior two-thirds--three-fourths of the neocortex and most of the superior colliculus-pretectum can learn a simple dark-light discrimination after prolonged training.", "contents": "Visual discrimination of flux-equated figures by cats with brain lesions. Cats with various brain lesions were compared in their abilities to learn or relearn for food reward to a strict performance criterion a simple dark--light discrimination and 3 sets of discriminations between pairs of triangle equated for overall luminous flux. The results revealed a spectrum of deficits in visual learning by cats with different lesions and indicate: (1) cats with bilateral lesions of the superior colliculus-pretectum can learn dark-light and geometric figure discriminations in approximately the same number of training trials as unoperated cats or as cats with bilateral lesions of the lateral-posterolateral and splenial gyri; (2) cats with bilateral lesions of the superior colliculus-pretectum can learn to discriminate from a distance between geometric figures equated for overall luminous flux; (3) cats with bilateral lesions of the suprasylvian and ectosylvian gyri in addition to the lateral-posterolateral and splenial gyri require more training to learn both types of visual discriminations than unoperated cats or cats with lesions either of the superior colliculus-pretectum or of the lateral-posterolateral and splenial gyri; (4) cats require either an intact superior colliculus-pretectum or intact lateral-posterolateral and splenial gyri in order to discriminate between geometric figures; (5) cats with bilateral lesions of the posterior two-thirds--three-fourths of the neocortex and most of the superior colliculus-pretectum can learn a simple dark-light discrimination after prolonged training.", "PMID": 1131689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11750", "title": "A conditioned eyeblink obtained by using electrical stimulation of the facial nerve as the unconditioned stimulus.", "content": "Cats acquired a conditioned eyeblink (CR) in a situation where the conditioned stimulus (CS) was a click and the unconditioned stimulus (US) was unilateral electrical stimulation of the zygomatic orbital branch of the facial nerve, which is a motor nerve. In a discrimitive training program, cats received both a click paired with a nerve stimulation and an interspersed unpaired hiss delivered randomly; these cats developed a CR only to the click. No CR developed in cats trained with random presentation of both click and nerve stimulation. Of those cases in which a CR was present, as measured electromyographically, this CR was distinguishable from background noise unilaterally approximately 50% of the time and was bilaterally distinguishable the remained of the time. This CR could be extinguished and easily relearned and was specific for blink musculature. Acquisition rates for the CR were somewhat, but not significantly, slower than rates for cats trained with glabella tap US. Cats with a trigeminal rhizotomy on the side for facial stimulation developed a CR, indicating that inadvertent stimulation of trigeminal afferents cannot account for CR development. Experiments on cats with both Vth and VIIth nerves cut unilaterally indicated that other possible afferents were unlikely to be involved. Thus, the sensory excitation ordninarily produced by the US appears to be unnecessary in this case, and firing of facial motoneurons at a suitable interval after the click CS is a sufficient condition for development of this CR.", "contents": "A conditioned eyeblink obtained by using electrical stimulation of the facial nerve as the unconditioned stimulus. Cats acquired a conditioned eyeblink (CR) in a situation where the conditioned stimulus (CS) was a click and the unconditioned stimulus (US) was unilateral electrical stimulation of the zygomatic orbital branch of the facial nerve, which is a motor nerve. In a discrimitive training program, cats received both a click paired with a nerve stimulation and an interspersed unpaired hiss delivered randomly; these cats developed a CR only to the click. No CR developed in cats trained with random presentation of both click and nerve stimulation. Of those cases in which a CR was present, as measured electromyographically, this CR was distinguishable from background noise unilaterally approximately 50% of the time and was bilaterally distinguishable the remained of the time. This CR could be extinguished and easily relearned and was specific for blink musculature. Acquisition rates for the CR were somewhat, but not significantly, slower than rates for cats trained with glabella tap US. Cats with a trigeminal rhizotomy on the side for facial stimulation developed a CR, indicating that inadvertent stimulation of trigeminal afferents cannot account for CR development. Experiments on cats with both Vth and VIIth nerves cut unilaterally indicated that other possible afferents were unlikely to be involved. Thus, the sensory excitation ordninarily produced by the US appears to be unnecessary in this case, and firing of facial motoneurons at a suitable interval after the click CS is a sufficient condition for development of this CR.", "PMID": 1131690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11751", "title": "The release of [3-H]gamma-aminobutyric acid and neurophysin from the isolated rat posterior pituitary.", "content": "The efflux of [3-H]GABA from glial cells in the rat posterior pituitary was followed in isolated glands incubated in the presence of 10-minus 5 M aminooxyacetic acid which is known to inhibit GABA metabolism. Electrical stimulation of the pituitary stalk evoked an increase in the rate of efflux of [3-H]GABA as did elevation of the extracellular potassium concentration. The release of neurophysin from nerve terminals in the gland was also increased by electrical stimulation. The increase in [3-H]GABA efflux appeared to be independent of frequency at 2, 5, or 25 HZ if the number of pulses delivered was kept constant, although stimulation at 10 HZ was more effective than either 2 or 25 HZ. The efflux of [3-H]GABA evoked by 56 mM K+ was inhibited by 50% when calcium was removed from the washing fluid and 3 mM EGTA added, while the response evoked by electrical stimulation was unaffected by this procedure. The electrically induced efflux of [3-H]GABA was inhibited by 50% when choline chloride was substituted for sodium chloride in the washing medium, although it was unaffected by tetrodotoxin (0.8 times 10-minus 6 g/ml). The release of exogenous GABA from the pituicyte glia is compared with that of neurophysin from the nerve terminals in the posterior pituitary, and the results are discussed with reference to possible mechanisms of the glial release process.", "contents": "The release of [3-H]gamma-aminobutyric acid and neurophysin from the isolated rat posterior pituitary. The efflux of [3-H]GABA from glial cells in the rat posterior pituitary was followed in isolated glands incubated in the presence of 10-minus 5 M aminooxyacetic acid which is known to inhibit GABA metabolism. Electrical stimulation of the pituitary stalk evoked an increase in the rate of efflux of [3-H]GABA as did elevation of the extracellular potassium concentration. The release of neurophysin from nerve terminals in the gland was also increased by electrical stimulation. The increase in [3-H]GABA efflux appeared to be independent of frequency at 2, 5, or 25 HZ if the number of pulses delivered was kept constant, although stimulation at 10 HZ was more effective than either 2 or 25 HZ. The efflux of [3-H]GABA evoked by 56 mM K+ was inhibited by 50% when calcium was removed from the washing fluid and 3 mM EGTA added, while the response evoked by electrical stimulation was unaffected by this procedure. The electrically induced efflux of [3-H]GABA was inhibited by 50% when choline chloride was substituted for sodium chloride in the washing medium, although it was unaffected by tetrodotoxin (0.8 times 10-minus 6 g/ml). The release of exogenous GABA from the pituicyte glia is compared with that of neurophysin from the nerve terminals in the posterior pituitary, and the results are discussed with reference to possible mechanisms of the glial release process.", "PMID": 1131691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11752", "title": "The auditory cortical projections onto the medial geniculate body in the cat. An experimental anatomical study with silver and autoradiographic methods.", "content": "The auditory cortical projections to the medial geniculate body (MGB) were studied in the cat. Lesions carefully restricted to each one of the subdivisions of the auditory and peri-auditory cortex were made and degenerating fibres were mapped in the MGB. In other experiments L-[4-5-3-H]leucine was injected into the cortex of AI, AII and SF and its transport to the MGB was studied by autoradiography. The results show that fibres arise in the deep layers of the cortex of AI, pass through the deep subdivision of the dorsal nucleus of the MGB as well as through the magnocellular MGB. and end in the pars lateralis of the ventral nucleus of the MGB, Arising from AII, axons pass through the magnocellular MGB and end in the superficial and deep subdivisions of the dorsal nucleus extending to the most caudal part of the MGB. The ectosylvian posterior auditory cortex projects diffusely to all subdivisions of the MGB as well as to its magnocellular part. Of the peri-auditory areas, only the suprasylvian fringe projects to the parvicellular MGB, and it sends axons to the dorsal nucleus of the MGB. The SF and the ectosylvian anterior periauditory area send fibres to the magnocellular MGB. The insular cortex does not project to the MGB but sends heavy projections to lower nuclei of the auditory pathway. The complementary use of degeneration and autoradiographic methods shows that each method may be used to eliminate the drawbacks of the other. This strategy appears as being most adequate for the study of reciprocal projections such as those found between the MGB and the three auditory areas AI, AII, and the ectosylvian posterior auditory area.", "contents": "The auditory cortical projections onto the medial geniculate body in the cat. An experimental anatomical study with silver and autoradiographic methods. The auditory cortical projections to the medial geniculate body (MGB) were studied in the cat. Lesions carefully restricted to each one of the subdivisions of the auditory and peri-auditory cortex were made and degenerating fibres were mapped in the MGB. In other experiments L-[4-5-3-H]leucine was injected into the cortex of AI, AII and SF and its transport to the MGB was studied by autoradiography. The results show that fibres arise in the deep layers of the cortex of AI, pass through the deep subdivision of the dorsal nucleus of the MGB as well as through the magnocellular MGB. and end in the pars lateralis of the ventral nucleus of the MGB, Arising from AII, axons pass through the magnocellular MGB and end in the superficial and deep subdivisions of the dorsal nucleus extending to the most caudal part of the MGB. The ectosylvian posterior auditory cortex projects diffusely to all subdivisions of the MGB as well as to its magnocellular part. Of the peri-auditory areas, only the suprasylvian fringe projects to the parvicellular MGB, and it sends axons to the dorsal nucleus of the MGB. The SF and the ectosylvian anterior periauditory area send fibres to the magnocellular MGB. The insular cortex does not project to the MGB but sends heavy projections to lower nuclei of the auditory pathway. The complementary use of degeneration and autoradiographic methods shows that each method may be used to eliminate the drawbacks of the other. This strategy appears as being most adequate for the study of reciprocal projections such as those found between the MGB and the three auditory areas AI, AII, and the ectosylvian posterior auditory area.", "PMID": 1131700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11753", "title": "Spectral analysis of the EEG recorded during stimulation of the human fovea.", "content": "Computer spectral analysis was performed on the EEGs of 6 subjects recorded during monocular foveal stimulation. Stimulus wavelength and subjective brightness were varied independently to determine their importance to changes in the ongoing EEG. The contribution of oculomotor control to these effects and the retinal area of their origin were also investigated. The major results were as follows. (1) Stimulation of the fovea reduced the amplitude of the EEG and the coherence between hemispheres at all frequencies, but most dramatically in the alpha band. (2) It increased the variance of EEG amplitudes and widths of spectral peaks in the alpha band and shifted these peaks to lower frequencies. (3) Auto-spectral intensities in the alpha band were enhanced slightly at brightness levels near photopic threshold, but were unaffected by changes in stimulus wavelength. (4) The fovea appeared to be the most effective retinal area in which irradiation attenuated ongoing alpha activity.", "contents": "Spectral analysis of the EEG recorded during stimulation of the human fovea. Computer spectral analysis was performed on the EEGs of 6 subjects recorded during monocular foveal stimulation. Stimulus wavelength and subjective brightness were varied independently to determine their importance to changes in the ongoing EEG. The contribution of oculomotor control to these effects and the retinal area of their origin were also investigated. The major results were as follows. (1) Stimulation of the fovea reduced the amplitude of the EEG and the coherence between hemispheres at all frequencies, but most dramatically in the alpha band. (2) It increased the variance of EEG amplitudes and widths of spectral peaks in the alpha band and shifted these peaks to lower frequencies. (3) Auto-spectral intensities in the alpha band were enhanced slightly at brightness levels near photopic threshold, but were unaffected by changes in stimulus wavelength. (4) The fovea appeared to be the most effective retinal area in which irradiation attenuated ongoing alpha activity.", "PMID": 1131701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11754", "title": "Responses of muscle spindles in a tortoise.", "content": "Responses were recorded from muscle spindles in the extensor digitorum longus muscle of the freshwater tortoise Chelodina longicollis. Most spindles showed no resting discharge unless the muscle was stretched up to a millimetre beyond the minimum body length. The firing rate then increased by 2-5 imp./sec/mm extension. All spindles were relatively insensitive to the rate of change of muscle length. The dynamic index was small and increased in direct proportion to the rate of stretch. Stimulation of selected filaments of the nerve produced a response from the spindle that was attributed to intrafusal contraction. A comparison of the response of the spindle to muscle stretch with the response during simultaneous stretch and stimulation of a motor filament revealed two distinct types of behaviour. In the first, a dynamic effect, motor stimulation greatly increased the response of the spindle to the velocity component of stretch. Other filaments had a static action: an increase in firing of the spindle with the muscle at constant length, but little change in the response to the velocity component of stretch. Stimulation of up to 7 different filaments produced an effect on a spindle. When the motor effects for a given spindle could be clearly characterised, they were all static or all dynamic. Both static and dynamic effects on the one spindle were seen only rarely.", "contents": "Responses of muscle spindles in a tortoise. Responses were recorded from muscle spindles in the extensor digitorum longus muscle of the freshwater tortoise Chelodina longicollis. Most spindles showed no resting discharge unless the muscle was stretched up to a millimetre beyond the minimum body length. The firing rate then increased by 2-5 imp./sec/mm extension. All spindles were relatively insensitive to the rate of change of muscle length. The dynamic index was small and increased in direct proportion to the rate of stretch. Stimulation of selected filaments of the nerve produced a response from the spindle that was attributed to intrafusal contraction. A comparison of the response of the spindle to muscle stretch with the response during simultaneous stretch and stimulation of a motor filament revealed two distinct types of behaviour. In the first, a dynamic effect, motor stimulation greatly increased the response of the spindle to the velocity component of stretch. Other filaments had a static action: an increase in firing of the spindle with the muscle at constant length, but little change in the response to the velocity component of stretch. Stimulation of up to 7 different filaments produced an effect on a spindle. When the motor effects for a given spindle could be clearly characterised, they were all static or all dynamic. Both static and dynamic effects on the one spindle were seen only rarely.", "PMID": 1131702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11755", "title": "Analysis of various factors involved in EEG synchronization during milk drinking in the cat.", "content": "Electroencephalographic (EEG) and multineuronal activity (MUA) from several brain structures were recorded in 11 adult cats during milk drinking. Milk drinking elicited parietal and hippocampal EEG synchronization and inhibited multiunit discharge in several brain regions. The proportion of EEG synchronization varied considerably between animals, but remained more or less constant for each cat after several testing days. Neither modification of milk concentration nor fasting influenced the proportions of EEG synchronization during milk drinking. Adaptation of the animals to the experimental environment facilitated the appearance of EEG synchronization during milk drinking. Chlorpromazine (3 mg/kg) significantly increased the proportion of EEG synchronization observed during milk drinking. By contrast, displacement of the head, neck or postural body adjustments during milk drinking blocked EEG synchronization. Amphetamine also had a suppressive effect on the EEG parietal and hippocampal synchronic activity observed during milk drinking. Our results suggest that development of parietal EEG synchronization in response to pleasant stimulation is a complex phenomenon requiring a relaxed condition of the animal, including its adaptation to the experimental environment and relative immobility with the concomitant diminution of afferent inflow from some of the muscles involved in locomotion.", "contents": "Analysis of various factors involved in EEG synchronization during milk drinking in the cat. Electroencephalographic (EEG) and multineuronal activity (MUA) from several brain structures were recorded in 11 adult cats during milk drinking. Milk drinking elicited parietal and hippocampal EEG synchronization and inhibited multiunit discharge in several brain regions. The proportion of EEG synchronization varied considerably between animals, but remained more or less constant for each cat after several testing days. Neither modification of milk concentration nor fasting influenced the proportions of EEG synchronization during milk drinking. Adaptation of the animals to the experimental environment facilitated the appearance of EEG synchronization during milk drinking. Chlorpromazine (3 mg/kg) significantly increased the proportion of EEG synchronization observed during milk drinking. By contrast, displacement of the head, neck or postural body adjustments during milk drinking blocked EEG synchronization. Amphetamine also had a suppressive effect on the EEG parietal and hippocampal synchronic activity observed during milk drinking. Our results suggest that development of parietal EEG synchronization in response to pleasant stimulation is a complex phenomenon requiring a relaxed condition of the animal, including its adaptation to the experimental environment and relative immobility with the concomitant diminution of afferent inflow from some of the muscles involved in locomotion.", "PMID": 1131703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11756", "title": "The pontine taste area in the rat.", "content": "The pontine taste area relays gustatory information from the rostral pole of the solitary nucleus to both the thalamus and ventral forebrain. An electrophysiological investigation of this area was carried out in 3 stages. First, multiunit responses from the dorsal pons were mapped using sapid, thermal, and tactile stimuli applied to the anterior tongue. The gustatory zone lies within and just dorsal and ventral to the brachium conjunctivum as it enters the pons from the cerebellum. Second, gustatory stimuli were applied independently to the anterior and posterior tongue to determine whether receptors in both fields are represented in the pons. Responses with characteristics similar to those obtained from the glossopharyngeal nerve were located on the dorsal edge of the pontine gustatory zone. More ventrally the responses from the posterior tongue mimicked anterior tongue responses, but were of lesser amplitude than the largest anterior responses occurring at the ventral edge of the gustatory zone. Third, 71 single units were isolated in the dorsal pons, and tested for sensitivity to gustatory stimulation of the anterior and posterior tongue separately. More than half the units responded to gustatory stimuli--some from the anterior tongue alone, some from the posterior alone, but most responded to stimuli applied to either field. In the latter instance 7 of 10 units tested continued to respond after anesthetizing the chorda tympani with Xylocaine instilled into the middle ear, thus demonstrating a true glossopharyngeal input. This proves that gustatory information from two distinct receptive fields may converge on the same central neuron.", "contents": "The pontine taste area in the rat. The pontine taste area relays gustatory information from the rostral pole of the solitary nucleus to both the thalamus and ventral forebrain. An electrophysiological investigation of this area was carried out in 3 stages. First, multiunit responses from the dorsal pons were mapped using sapid, thermal, and tactile stimuli applied to the anterior tongue. The gustatory zone lies within and just dorsal and ventral to the brachium conjunctivum as it enters the pons from the cerebellum. Second, gustatory stimuli were applied independently to the anterior and posterior tongue to determine whether receptors in both fields are represented in the pons. Responses with characteristics similar to those obtained from the glossopharyngeal nerve were located on the dorsal edge of the pontine gustatory zone. More ventrally the responses from the posterior tongue mimicked anterior tongue responses, but were of lesser amplitude than the largest anterior responses occurring at the ventral edge of the gustatory zone. Third, 71 single units were isolated in the dorsal pons, and tested for sensitivity to gustatory stimulation of the anterior and posterior tongue separately. More than half the units responded to gustatory stimuli--some from the anterior tongue alone, some from the posterior alone, but most responded to stimuli applied to either field. In the latter instance 7 of 10 units tested continued to respond after anesthetizing the chorda tympani with Xylocaine instilled into the middle ear, thus demonstrating a true glossopharyngeal input. This proves that gustatory information from two distinct receptive fields may converge on the same central neuron.", "PMID": 1131704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11757", "title": "On the structure of chromosome ends as revealed by trypsin treatment of Locusta migratoria chromosomes.", "content": "Anaphase chromosomes exhibit two longitudinal structures which are connected at their ends in a U-shaped closed configuration. The U-shaped ends might be part of the chromosome characterized by a relatively dense condensation of chromosomal material or part of the loop-like structure of the chromosome per se.", "contents": "On the structure of chromosome ends as revealed by trypsin treatment of Locusta migratoria chromosomes. Anaphase chromosomes exhibit two longitudinal structures which are connected at their ends in a U-shaped closed configuration. The U-shaped ends might be part of the chromosome characterized by a relatively dense condensation of chromosomal material or part of the loop-like structure of the chromosome per se.", "PMID": 1131707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11758", "title": "Heterochromatin and multiple inversions in a Drosophila chromosome.", "content": "A chromosomal polymorphism is described from a Maui (Hawaii) population of D. disjuncta. The acquisition of an extra heterochromatic segment in a mitotic chromosome is specifically associated with the presence of multiple inversions in the same chromosome. This suggests the possible effect of a chromosomal break-point within the area of centromeric heterochromatin in causing an increase in the amount of repetitive DNA. The possibility exists that the extra heterochromatin may play a role in the suppression of gene recombination in a certain region of the chromosome and/or in strengthening pairing of the inversion-laden chromosome with its normal homologue. This may reduce the changes of sterility due to nondisjunction during meiosis.", "contents": "Heterochromatin and multiple inversions in a Drosophila chromosome. A chromosomal polymorphism is described from a Maui (Hawaii) population of D. disjuncta. The acquisition of an extra heterochromatic segment in a mitotic chromosome is specifically associated with the presence of multiple inversions in the same chromosome. This suggests the possible effect of a chromosomal break-point within the area of centromeric heterochromatin in causing an increase in the amount of repetitive DNA. The possibility exists that the extra heterochromatin may play a role in the suppression of gene recombination in a certain region of the chromosome and/or in strengthening pairing of the inversion-laden chromosome with its normal homologue. This may reduce the changes of sterility due to nondisjunction during meiosis.", "PMID": 1131708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11759", "title": "Chromosome cytology and polymorphism in the California High Sierra golden trout (Salmo aguabonita).", "content": "The population variability in chromosome karyotype was examined in six samples of California High Sierra golden trout, Salmo aguabonita. From the analysis of 1,318 cells from anterior kidney tissue of 92 specimens, the modal diploid chromosome number was 2n equals 58 with 104 chromosome arms. Of cells with 2n equals 58 chromosomes, the typical karyotype was one containing 44 chromosomes with median centromeres, 2 chromosomes with submedian centromeres, 2 with subterminal centromeres and 10 with terminal centromeres. In addition, many cells contained a chromosome with a prominent satellite. Variability in chromosome number within the six populations followed a Robertsonian pattern and permitted the identification of two distinct population distributions. One population, made up of two samples, was more variable than the other and supported the hypothesis that this population was of golden trout times rainbow trout hybrid origin. Texamination of metaphase 1 cells from testes showed numerous ring and rod multivalents consistent with the random nature of Robertsonian variability.", "contents": "Chromosome cytology and polymorphism in the California High Sierra golden trout (Salmo aguabonita). The population variability in chromosome karyotype was examined in six samples of California High Sierra golden trout, Salmo aguabonita. From the analysis of 1,318 cells from anterior kidney tissue of 92 specimens, the modal diploid chromosome number was 2n equals 58 with 104 chromosome arms. Of cells with 2n equals 58 chromosomes, the typical karyotype was one containing 44 chromosomes with median centromeres, 2 chromosomes with submedian centromeres, 2 with subterminal centromeres and 10 with terminal centromeres. In addition, many cells contained a chromosome with a prominent satellite. Variability in chromosome number within the six populations followed a Robertsonian pattern and permitted the identification of two distinct population distributions. One population, made up of two samples, was more variable than the other and supported the hypothesis that this population was of golden trout times rainbow trout hybrid origin. Texamination of metaphase 1 cells from testes showed numerous ring and rod multivalents consistent with the random nature of Robertsonian variability.", "PMID": 1131709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11760", "title": "Sex differences in gene expression for pupa weight in long term selected lines of Tribolium.", "content": "Full-sib matings in two populations of Tribolium which had been selected for increased pupa weight for more than 85 generations resulted in a significant inbreeding depression in male progeny but showed no effect in the female progeny. An analysis of variance of a population produced by backcrossing the selected populations to the inbred lines originally used to establish the select populations (Design-III) indicated some genes were still segregating which produce dominance effects in males but not in females. The data support the hypothesis that a class of genes exists, associated with the autosomes, that differ in their dominance effects of pupa weight in the two sexes.", "contents": "Sex differences in gene expression for pupa weight in long term selected lines of Tribolium. Full-sib matings in two populations of Tribolium which had been selected for increased pupa weight for more than 85 generations resulted in a significant inbreeding depression in male progeny but showed no effect in the female progeny. An analysis of variance of a population produced by backcrossing the selected populations to the inbred lines originally used to establish the select populations (Design-III) indicated some genes were still segregating which produce dominance effects in males but not in females. The data support the hypothesis that a class of genes exists, associated with the autosomes, that differ in their dominance effects of pupa weight in the two sexes.", "PMID": 1131710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11761", "title": "Effects of selection for postweaning gain on testicular function in mice.", "content": "Changes in testicular and epididymal function and selected endocrine organ size were examined in a line of mice selected for rapid postweaning gain (M16) and in reciprocal crosses with an unselected pedigree control line (ICR). The larger body weight of the M16 line was accompanied by larger testes, epididymides, seminal vesicle, pituitary, thyroid and adrenal weights (P smaller than .01) although the testes, epididymides, seminal vesicle and adrenal weights of M16 mice, expressed per gram body weight, actually decreased (P smaller than .01) relative to the ICR line. Testicular and epididymal sperm reserves were higher in M16 mice but the difference was not significant. However, when adjusted for gland size, testicular and epididymal sperm reserves were lower in the M16 line (P smaller than .01). Absolute and relative weights of testes, epididymides and pituitary were larger (P smaller than .01) in M16 male times ICR female crosses than in ICR male times M16 female crosses. Although testicular and epididymal sperm reserves were higher in M16 male times ICR female males the reciprocal difference was significant only for testicular sperm (P smaller than .05). Heterotic effects were significant for both absolute and relative weights of testes, epididymides (P smaller than.01), pituitary (P smaller than .05) and relative weight of siminal vesicles (P smaller than .05). Although percent heterosis was 8.5 for testicular and epididymal sperm reserves, significant heterotic effects were found only for epididymal sperm (P smaller than .05).", "contents": "Effects of selection for postweaning gain on testicular function in mice. Changes in testicular and epididymal function and selected endocrine organ size were examined in a line of mice selected for rapid postweaning gain (M16) and in reciprocal crosses with an unselected pedigree control line (ICR). The larger body weight of the M16 line was accompanied by larger testes, epididymides, seminal vesicle, pituitary, thyroid and adrenal weights (P smaller than .01) although the testes, epididymides, seminal vesicle and adrenal weights of M16 mice, expressed per gram body weight, actually decreased (P smaller than .01) relative to the ICR line. Testicular and epididymal sperm reserves were higher in M16 mice but the difference was not significant. However, when adjusted for gland size, testicular and epididymal sperm reserves were lower in the M16 line (P smaller than .01). Absolute and relative weights of testes, epididymides and pituitary were larger (P smaller than .01) in M16 male times ICR female crosses than in ICR male times M16 female crosses. Although testicular and epididymal sperm reserves were higher in M16 male times ICR female males the reciprocal difference was significant only for testicular sperm (P smaller than .05). Heterotic effects were significant for both absolute and relative weights of testes, epididymides (P smaller than.01), pituitary (P smaller than .05) and relative weight of siminal vesicles (P smaller than .05). Although percent heterosis was 8.5 for testicular and epididymal sperm reserves, significant heterotic effects were found only for epididymal sperm (P smaller than .05).", "PMID": 1131711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11762", "title": "[Reconstructive laryngectomy].", "content": "Following a brief historical review of the sporadic attempts to improve the total laryngectomy, the author presents a technique for reconstructive laryngectomy. This technique should be restricted to one part of the cricoid and, according to certain modifications, to the free part of the epiglottis. Using these modifications, this technique allows the neck to be closed completely, thus avoiding a permanent tracheostomy. Relearning phonation and swallowing is spontaneous. Four cases are presented -- two successful. In the two failures, it was noted that one death was due to a hepatic deficiency and one to failure in relearning to swallow, which was attributable to senility.", "contents": "[Reconstructive laryngectomy]. Following a brief historical review of the sporadic attempts to improve the total laryngectomy, the author presents a technique for reconstructive laryngectomy. This technique should be restricted to one part of the cricoid and, according to certain modifications, to the free part of the epiglottis. Using these modifications, this technique allows the neck to be closed completely, thus avoiding a permanent tracheostomy. Relearning phonation and swallowing is spontaneous. Four cases are presented -- two successful. In the two failures, it was noted that one death was due to a hepatic deficiency and one to failure in relearning to swallow, which was attributable to senility.", "PMID": 1131716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11763", "title": "Identification of the facial nerve in parotid surgery.", "content": "A short outline of anatomical relations leads to a discussion of the various techniques of facial nerve identification as they present in the literature. Particular attention was given to a relatively unknown technique that has served as a valuable manoeuvre in 14 consecutive cases of superficial parotidectomy.", "contents": "Identification of the facial nerve in parotid surgery. A short outline of anatomical relations leads to a discussion of the various techniques of facial nerve identification as they present in the literature. Particular attention was given to a relatively unknown technique that has served as a valuable manoeuvre in 14 consecutive cases of superficial parotidectomy.", "PMID": 1131717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11764", "title": "Management and prevention of primary perilymph fistula in otosclerosis surgery.", "content": "Management of 10 cases of primary perilymph fistula is described. The modified technique of stapedectomy described in this article, seems to prevent primary perilymph fistula; time will tell if it will prevent secondary fistula. The hearing gain obtained with this technique is slightly inferior to the gain obtained with Gelfoam-wire prosthesis, but most significant is the fact that discrimination score is excellent in all cases. The author is convinced that the extra time and dexterity required to perform this procedure are well justified by the safety provided and the results obtained.", "contents": "Management and prevention of primary perilymph fistula in otosclerosis surgery. Management of 10 cases of primary perilymph fistula is described. The modified technique of stapedectomy described in this article, seems to prevent primary perilymph fistula; time will tell if it will prevent secondary fistula. The hearing gain obtained with this technique is slightly inferior to the gain obtained with Gelfoam-wire prosthesis, but most significant is the fact that discrimination score is excellent in all cases. The author is convinced that the extra time and dexterity required to perform this procedure are well justified by the safety provided and the results obtained.", "PMID": 1131718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11765", "title": "Laryngeal tuberculosis in an age of chemotherapy.", "content": "Twenty-one cases of laryngeal tuberculosis were found while surveying 1,383 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis, giving an incidence of 1.5 per cent. All had abnormal chest films and tubercle bacilli in their sputum. Symptoms were variable. Patients with pain were relieved within seven days of triple therapy. All but one patient's laryngeal appearance was normal after two months' therapy.", "contents": "Laryngeal tuberculosis in an age of chemotherapy. Twenty-one cases of laryngeal tuberculosis were found while surveying 1,383 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis, giving an incidence of 1.5 per cent. All had abnormal chest films and tubercle bacilli in their sputum. Symptoms were variable. Patients with pain were relieved within seven days of triple therapy. All but one patient's laryngeal appearance was normal after two months' therapy.", "PMID": 1131719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11766", "title": "Case report: Chylous fistula following right radical neck dissection.", "content": "Two unusual cases of chylous fistulae following right radical neck dissection are presented. Treatment in the second case consisted of pressure dressing and replacing the regular blended tube feeding diet with one containing medium chain triglycerides to replace ordinary lipids (long chain triglycerides). Caloric intake was supplemented with parenteral protein and fat infusions. This resulted in prompt cessation of the leak. Other methods of controlling fistulae such as re-operation and oversewing the area or using muscle flaps, or direct packing of the wound often lead to other complications and frequently require considerable time to control the leak.", "contents": "Case report: Chylous fistula following right radical neck dissection. Two unusual cases of chylous fistulae following right radical neck dissection are presented. Treatment in the second case consisted of pressure dressing and replacing the regular blended tube feeding diet with one containing medium chain triglycerides to replace ordinary lipids (long chain triglycerides). Caloric intake was supplemented with parenteral protein and fat infusions. This resulted in prompt cessation of the leak. Other methods of controlling fistulae such as re-operation and oversewing the area or using muscle flaps, or direct packing of the wound often lead to other complications and frequently require considerable time to control the leak.", "PMID": 1131720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11767", "title": "Case report: Cystic lymphangioma of the vallecula.", "content": "The incidence of vallecular cysts is low. They deserve full awareness of their existence because clinically they may produce upper airway obstruction. The case of a 20 month old infant in whom the large vallecular cyst was incidentally found on a routine examination is presented with a review of the literature.", "contents": "Case report: Cystic lymphangioma of the vallecula. The incidence of vallecular cysts is low. They deserve full awareness of their existence because clinically they may produce upper airway obstruction. The case of a 20 month old infant in whom the large vallecular cyst was incidentally found on a routine examination is presented with a review of the literature.", "PMID": 1131722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11768", "title": "Elevated plasma CEA during radiotherapy for glottic carcinoma of the larynx.", "content": "Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels in plasma were determined serially during radiotherapy in 10 patients with glottic carcinoma of the larynx. There were moderate high levels initially in three patients, all of clinical stage T1. Elevation during irradiation was noted in seven patients at a tumor dose of around 4000 rad. At this does the tumors were no longer visible and it is possible that the raised CEA represents circulating breakdown products from them. As raised levels were not seen in all patients, it is less likely that irradiation of laryngeal tissue by itself raises CEA plasma levels. After treatment, CEA normalized to the initial levels.", "contents": "Elevated plasma CEA during radiotherapy for glottic carcinoma of the larynx. Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels in plasma were determined serially during radiotherapy in 10 patients with glottic carcinoma of the larynx. There were moderate high levels initially in three patients, all of clinical stage T1. Elevation during irradiation was noted in seven patients at a tumor dose of around 4000 rad. At this does the tumors were no longer visible and it is possible that the raised CEA represents circulating breakdown products from them. As raised levels were not seen in all patients, it is less likely that irradiation of laryngeal tissue by itself raises CEA plasma levels. After treatment, CEA normalized to the initial levels.", "PMID": 1131725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11769", "title": "Current advances in radiological diagnosis of laryngeal cancer - \"optimum\" method, exposure data, projection.", "content": "An acceptable roentgenologic evaluation of the laryngeal status can only be made at present with the use of contrast medium. Further, a high potential technique should be used, combined, if possible, with a p.a. projection. Lesions of 1-2 mm size should be detectable with this technique. Xeroradiography is not at present superior to conventional roentgenography and involves an increased radiation hazard.", "contents": "Current advances in radiological diagnosis of laryngeal cancer - \"optimum\" method, exposure data, projection. An acceptable roentgenologic evaluation of the laryngeal status can only be made at present with the use of contrast medium. Further, a high potential technique should be used, combined, if possible, with a p.a. projection. Lesions of 1-2 mm size should be detectable with this technique. Xeroradiography is not at present superior to conventional roentgenography and involves an increased radiation hazard.", "PMID": 1131726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11770", "title": "Roentgen examination of laryngeal cancer: a critical evaluation.", "content": "In the management of laryngeal cancer, roentgen examination is imperative in the evaluation of every lesion. The currently most commonly used roentgen techniques are lateral soft tissue roentgenography of the neck, frontal tomography of the larnyx, and contrast laryngography. Clinical application of these techniques depends upon the character and site of the lesion. Lateral soft tissue roentgenography of the neck can reveal tumor mass located mainly in the sagittal plane of the larynx. In addition, it is often relied upon for the detection of destruction of the thyroid cartilage. Frontal tomography is a static study of the larynx and usually demonstrates tumor mass in profile. Contrast laryngography allows a dynamic study of the larynx and is the most reliable roentgen technique for a precise delineation of the anatomical abnormalities and a clear evaluation of the functional alteration of the involved structures of the larynx. When used in combination, particularly lateral soft tissue roentgenography of the neck and contrast laryngography, these techniques yield invaluable information in the diagnosis of the laryngeal cancer.", "contents": "Roentgen examination of laryngeal cancer: a critical evaluation. In the management of laryngeal cancer, roentgen examination is imperative in the evaluation of every lesion. The currently most commonly used roentgen techniques are lateral soft tissue roentgenography of the neck, frontal tomography of the larnyx, and contrast laryngography. Clinical application of these techniques depends upon the character and site of the lesion. Lateral soft tissue roentgenography of the neck can reveal tumor mass located mainly in the sagittal plane of the larynx. In addition, it is often relied upon for the detection of destruction of the thyroid cartilage. Frontal tomography is a static study of the larynx and usually demonstrates tumor mass in profile. Contrast laryngography allows a dynamic study of the larynx and is the most reliable roentgen technique for a precise delineation of the anatomical abnormalities and a clear evaluation of the functional alteration of the involved structures of the larynx. When used in combination, particularly lateral soft tissue roentgenography of the neck and contrast laryngography, these techniques yield invaluable information in the diagnosis of the laryngeal cancer.", "PMID": 1131728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11771", "title": "The value of tantalum powder as a contrast medium in laryngography.", "content": "Dionosil and powdered tantalum laryngograms are compared in 18 patients with known laryngeal cancer. Dionosil more reliably defined the epiglottis, valleculae, and pyriform fossae. The glottic and subglottic regions were more clearly visualized with the use of tantalum. Both agents were equally effective in the evaluation of the supraglottis.", "contents": "The value of tantalum powder as a contrast medium in laryngography. Dionosil and powdered tantalum laryngograms are compared in 18 patients with known laryngeal cancer. Dionosil more reliably defined the epiglottis, valleculae, and pyriform fossae. The glottic and subglottic regions were more clearly visualized with the use of tantalum. Both agents were equally effective in the evaluation of the supraglottis.", "PMID": 1131730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11772", "title": "Radiologic-pathologic correlations in laryngeal carcinoma.", "content": "Radiological examinations are a prerequisite for accurate assessment of laryngeal tumors, especially when contemplating partial (voice conservation) surgery. The clinical assessments and preoperative radiographs from five cases have been compared with the histologic findings in whole organ serial sections of the laryngectomy specimens. These studies demonstrated both the accuracies and the deficiencies of the present clinical and radiologic examination methods. The mucosal extension of tumor is accurately assessed by a combination of direct laryngoscopy and radiography. The latter mainly gives information concerning the vertical extent of tumor, especially contrast laryngography. Xeroradiography may give additional information. Deep invasion of tumor with cartilage destruction and spread outside the larynx is often not assessable preoperatively. Circumferential and symmetrical lesions may be missed radiologically as much of the interpretation is based on asymmetry. New methods must be developed to assess the deep invasion of tumor. The necessity of a close liaison between the laryngologist, radiologist, and clinical pathologist is stressed.", "contents": "Radiologic-pathologic correlations in laryngeal carcinoma. Radiological examinations are a prerequisite for accurate assessment of laryngeal tumors, especially when contemplating partial (voice conservation) surgery. The clinical assessments and preoperative radiographs from five cases have been compared with the histologic findings in whole organ serial sections of the laryngectomy specimens. These studies demonstrated both the accuracies and the deficiencies of the present clinical and radiologic examination methods. The mucosal extension of tumor is accurately assessed by a combination of direct laryngoscopy and radiography. The latter mainly gives information concerning the vertical extent of tumor, especially contrast laryngography. Xeroradiography may give additional information. Deep invasion of tumor with cartilage destruction and spread outside the larynx is often not assessable preoperatively. Circumferential and symmetrical lesions may be missed radiologically as much of the interpretation is based on asymmetry. New methods must be developed to assess the deep invasion of tumor. The necessity of a close liaison between the laryngologist, radiologist, and clinical pathologist is stressed.", "PMID": 1131731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11773", "title": "Appearances of the larynx after radiation therapy.", "content": "Laryngeal tomography and lateral Xerox radiographs from 21 cases of carcinoma of the larynx previously treated by irradiation were analyzed. Although false negatives and false positives did occur, radiology made a useful contribution to the diagnosis or exclusion of recurrence in a number of cases. The most relevant positive findings were: 1. Ulceration, 2. Asymmetrical swelling, 3. Failure of tumor mass to shrink.", "contents": "Appearances of the larynx after radiation therapy. Laryngeal tomography and lateral Xerox radiographs from 21 cases of carcinoma of the larynx previously treated by irradiation were analyzed. Although false negatives and false positives did occur, radiology made a useful contribution to the diagnosis or exclusion of recurrence in a number of cases. The most relevant positive findings were: 1. Ulceration, 2. Asymmetrical swelling, 3. Failure of tumor mass to shrink.", "PMID": 1131732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11774", "title": "Relative prognostic significance of vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage.", "content": "A retrospective analysis of 274 patients with intracranial aneurysms, diagnosed either angiographically or at autopsy between 1968 and 1973 at the University of Alberta, was carried out. One hundred and forty-six patients had intracranial clipping of the aneurysm. Clinical and radiologic data were abstracted from the chart and the angiographic studies. Probability of survival curves were constructed. Associations between various clinical factors and survival at two months were demonstrated. The most important prognostic factors were the clinical grade at angiography or surgery, followed by the presence of preoperative spasm, hematoma or focal edema, elevated blood pressure on admission, time of interval from hemorrhage to surgery and age. The data lends some support to the policy of operating on patients in good neurological condition, even if their pre-operative angiogram shows spasm.", "contents": "Relative prognostic significance of vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage. A retrospective analysis of 274 patients with intracranial aneurysms, diagnosed either angiographically or at autopsy between 1968 and 1973 at the University of Alberta, was carried out. One hundred and forty-six patients had intracranial clipping of the aneurysm. Clinical and radiologic data were abstracted from the chart and the angiographic studies. Probability of survival curves were constructed. Associations between various clinical factors and survival at two months were demonstrated. The most important prognostic factors were the clinical grade at angiography or surgery, followed by the presence of preoperative spasm, hematoma or focal edema, elevated blood pressure on admission, time of interval from hemorrhage to surgery and age. The data lends some support to the policy of operating on patients in good neurological condition, even if their pre-operative angiogram shows spasm.", "PMID": 1131734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11775", "title": "The Chiari malformation in adults.", "content": "The clinical features of the Chiari Malformation in seven adult patients are presented. It is suggested that the clinical syndromes associated with this malformation, in adults, can be classified as (a) compression of structures at the level of foramen magnum (with or without radiologically demonstrable associated bony anomaly at the cranio-vertebral junction (b) increased intracranial pressure or obstructive hydrocephalus and (c) intramedullary cervical cord syndrome. The usefulness of tomography, and demonstration of the vertebro-basilar circulation in the neuro-radiologic investigation of these patients is emphasized. The surgical procedures performed in the management of these patients are outlined.", "contents": "The Chiari malformation in adults. The clinical features of the Chiari Malformation in seven adult patients are presented. It is suggested that the clinical syndromes associated with this malformation, in adults, can be classified as (a) compression of structures at the level of foramen magnum (with or without radiologically demonstrable associated bony anomaly at the cranio-vertebral junction (b) increased intracranial pressure or obstructive hydrocephalus and (c) intramedullary cervical cord syndrome. The usefulness of tomography, and demonstration of the vertebro-basilar circulation in the neuro-radiologic investigation of these patients is emphasized. The surgical procedures performed in the management of these patients are outlined.", "PMID": 1131735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11776", "title": "Meningo-encephalomyelitis due to the saprophagous nematode, Micronema deletrix.", "content": "A five-year-old boy succumbed 24 days following an unusual farm accident in which considerable manure was deposited in multiple lacerations. Death was due to an extensive meningo-encephalomyelitis caused by a nematode that is ordinarily saprophagous.", "contents": "Meningo-encephalomyelitis due to the saprophagous nematode, Micronema deletrix. A five-year-old boy succumbed 24 days following an unusual farm accident in which considerable manure was deposited in multiple lacerations. Death was due to an extensive meningo-encephalomyelitis caused by a nematode that is ordinarily saprophagous.", "PMID": 1131736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11777", "title": "Giant intracranial dermoid cyst: Case report and review of the literature on intracranial dermoids and epidermoids.", "content": "A 45-year old man was referred to the Johns Hopkins Hospital with a seven-year history of repeated episodes of light-headedness, increasing irriability and forgetfulness. Examinations revealed a right superior, incongruous quadrantanopsia. EEG showed an abnormality in the left temporal lobe, and a cerebral angiogram outlined an avascular mass in the left cerebral hemisphere. At operation, the patient was found to have a giant dermoid cyst involving the left frontal, temporal and parietal lobes. Over the last 30 years we have encountered only 6 cases of intracranial epidermoids and 3 cases of intracranial dermoids. These cases are cited, and a discussion of the embryology, histology, clinical characteristics, and treatment of these lesions with a review of the literature is undertaken.", "contents": "Giant intracranial dermoid cyst: Case report and review of the literature on intracranial dermoids and epidermoids. A 45-year old man was referred to the Johns Hopkins Hospital with a seven-year history of repeated episodes of light-headedness, increasing irriability and forgetfulness. Examinations revealed a right superior, incongruous quadrantanopsia. EEG showed an abnormality in the left temporal lobe, and a cerebral angiogram outlined an avascular mass in the left cerebral hemisphere. At operation, the patient was found to have a giant dermoid cyst involving the left frontal, temporal and parietal lobes. Over the last 30 years we have encountered only 6 cases of intracranial epidermoids and 3 cases of intracranial dermoids. These cases are cited, and a discussion of the embryology, histology, clinical characteristics, and treatment of these lesions with a review of the literature is undertaken.", "PMID": 1131737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11778", "title": "Compression of the cauda equina due to a necrobiotic granuloma of ligamentum flavum.", "content": "A 56 year old woman developed symptoms of lumbar nerve root compression caused by a granuloma arising in the ligamentum flavum. The histological features of the lesion are discussed and the clinical and radiological findings of the patient are described.", "contents": "Compression of the cauda equina due to a necrobiotic granuloma of ligamentum flavum. A 56 year old woman developed symptoms of lumbar nerve root compression caused by a granuloma arising in the ligamentum flavum. The histological features of the lesion are discussed and the clinical and radiological findings of the patient are described.", "PMID": 1131738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11779", "title": "Fetal cerebellar tissue associated with a primitive neuro-epithelial tumor in an ovarian teratoma.", "content": "This is a single case report of an ovarian teratoma. It is a unique case of a primitive neuroepithelial tumor with many similarities to a medullo-blastoma arising in a ovarian teratoma, and the second report of fetal cerebellum occurring in a teratoma of the ovary.", "contents": "Fetal cerebellar tissue associated with a primitive neuro-epithelial tumor in an ovarian teratoma. This is a single case report of an ovarian teratoma. It is a unique case of a primitive neuroepithelial tumor with many similarities to a medullo-blastoma arising in a ovarian teratoma, and the second report of fetal cerebellum occurring in a teratoma of the ovary.", "PMID": 1131739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11780", "title": "Isolated spinal cord arteritis.", "content": "This patient presented as a subacute progressive cervical myelopathy and the differential diagnosis included cervical spondylotic myelopathy and intramedullary mass. Microscopically, vascular lesions plus a patchy myelomalacia indicated a vasculitis. However, there was no suggestion of a generalized vasculitis at autopsy and the only supporting laboratory study was a raised erythrocyte sedimentation rate. It would seem that a vasculitis similar to polyarteritis nodosa or other collagen disease may be confined to the spinal cord.", "contents": "Isolated spinal cord arteritis. This patient presented as a subacute progressive cervical myelopathy and the differential diagnosis included cervical spondylotic myelopathy and intramedullary mass. Microscopically, vascular lesions plus a patchy myelomalacia indicated a vasculitis. However, there was no suggestion of a generalized vasculitis at autopsy and the only supporting laboratory study was a raised erythrocyte sedimentation rate. It would seem that a vasculitis similar to polyarteritis nodosa or other collagen disease may be confined to the spinal cord.", "PMID": 1131740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11781", "title": "Plasma progesterone and aldosterone in pregnancy.", "content": "Plasma progesterone, aldosterone and renin activity were measured simultaneously in seven women during normal pregnancy. Beginning at the 2nd trimester and until approximately 4 weeks before delivery there was a constant increase in plasma progesterone concentration. There was a significant correlation between weight gain and duration of pregnancy and between weight gain and plasma progesterone concentration. There was also an increase in plasma aldosterone concentration although this was less consistent than that of progesterone. And there was a significant correlation between plasma progesterone and aldosterone concentrations and between the progesterone/aldosterone ratio and duration of pregnancy and weight gain.", "contents": "Plasma progesterone and aldosterone in pregnancy. Plasma progesterone, aldosterone and renin activity were measured simultaneously in seven women during normal pregnancy. Beginning at the 2nd trimester and until approximately 4 weeks before delivery there was a constant increase in plasma progesterone concentration. There was a significant correlation between weight gain and duration of pregnancy and between weight gain and plasma progesterone concentration. There was also an increase in plasma aldosterone concentration although this was less consistent than that of progesterone. And there was a significant correlation between plasma progesterone and aldosterone concentrations and between the progesterone/aldosterone ratio and duration of pregnancy and weight gain.", "PMID": 1131766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11782", "title": "Sensorimotor and physiological effects of various alcoholic beverages.", "content": "Effects of a standard dose of alcohol (1.3 g/kg) in the form of Canadian rye whisky, Canadian beer and a sparkling table wine were compared with those of a nonalcoholic carbonated control beverage. Sixteen young male and eight female subjects, all moderate drinkers, were tested in a Latin square design. Measurements were made on the pursuit rotor and quantitative Romberg tests, and of skin temperature, heart rate, malar flush and blood alcohol concentration during the prealcohol baseline period and at regular intervals over the 4-hour drinking period. The three alcoholic beverages produced blood alcohol curves that did not differ significantly. All three alcoholic beverages produced increasing sensorimotor impairment over time, which corresponded in degree to the increasing blood alcohol concentration. There were no significant differences between the three beverages on either the sensorimotor or physiological measures at any blood alcohol value. The results of this study indicate that the degree of impairment after alcohol ingestion in a socially relevant manner is not dependent on the type of beverage consumed, but only on the resulting blood alcohol concentration.", "contents": "Sensorimotor and physiological effects of various alcoholic beverages. Effects of a standard dose of alcohol (1.3 g/kg) in the form of Canadian rye whisky, Canadian beer and a sparkling table wine were compared with those of a nonalcoholic carbonated control beverage. Sixteen young male and eight female subjects, all moderate drinkers, were tested in a Latin square design. Measurements were made on the pursuit rotor and quantitative Romberg tests, and of skin temperature, heart rate, malar flush and blood alcohol concentration during the prealcohol baseline period and at regular intervals over the 4-hour drinking period. The three alcoholic beverages produced blood alcohol curves that did not differ significantly. All three alcoholic beverages produced increasing sensorimotor impairment over time, which corresponded in degree to the increasing blood alcohol concentration. There were no significant differences between the three beverages on either the sensorimotor or physiological measures at any blood alcohol value. The results of this study indicate that the degree of impairment after alcohol ingestion in a socially relevant manner is not dependent on the type of beverage consumed, but only on the resulting blood alcohol concentration.", "PMID": 1131767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11783", "title": "Emergency department use at two Hamilton hospitals.", "content": "This report compares emergency department use at two urban Hamilton hospitals. One mainly serves lower socioeconomic and industrial groups and the other predominantly suburban residents. Although the groups served are different, the patterns of use at both hospitals were found to be similar. Over one third of visits at both are classified as nonurgent. The urban industrial hospital has higher proportions of visits that are nonurgent, by men and due to trauma. However, other parameters such as arrival time, use of ambulance, proportion admitted, percentage of emergencies, percentage of repeat visits, use of radiology and laboratory facilities and proportions of visits in different categories of presenting complaint were similar at the two hospitals. Similarities in use patterns may be due to universal health insurance, for 90% of users have medical insurance and have family doctors.", "contents": "Emergency department use at two Hamilton hospitals. This report compares emergency department use at two urban Hamilton hospitals. One mainly serves lower socioeconomic and industrial groups and the other predominantly suburban residents. Although the groups served are different, the patterns of use at both hospitals were found to be similar. Over one third of visits at both are classified as nonurgent. The urban industrial hospital has higher proportions of visits that are nonurgent, by men and due to trauma. However, other parameters such as arrival time, use of ambulance, proportion admitted, percentage of emergencies, percentage of repeat visits, use of radiology and laboratory facilities and proportions of visits in different categories of presenting complaint were similar at the two hospitals. Similarities in use patterns may be due to universal health insurance, for 90% of users have medical insurance and have family doctors.", "PMID": 1131768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11784", "title": "Mitral stenosis with posterior diastolic movement of posterior leaflet.", "content": "The echocardiographic diagnosis of mitral stenosis depends in part on the demonstration of abnormal posterior leaflet movement to distinguish it from other conditions that similarly affect anterior leaflet motion. In mitral stenosis the posterior leaflet has been shown to move anteriorly in diastole rather than in the normal posterior direction. A patient presented with clinical evidence of moderate mitral stenosis. The anterior leaflet echo was typical but the posterior leaflet showed posterior diastolic movement. At catheterization moderate mitral stenosis was confirmed. To our knowledge this is the first report of the echocardiographic demonstration of posterior diastolic movement of the posterior mitral leaflet in documented mitral stenosis.", "contents": "Mitral stenosis with posterior diastolic movement of posterior leaflet. The echocardiographic diagnosis of mitral stenosis depends in part on the demonstration of abnormal posterior leaflet movement to distinguish it from other conditions that similarly affect anterior leaflet motion. In mitral stenosis the posterior leaflet has been shown to move anteriorly in diastole rather than in the normal posterior direction. A patient presented with clinical evidence of moderate mitral stenosis. The anterior leaflet echo was typical but the posterior leaflet showed posterior diastolic movement. At catheterization moderate mitral stenosis was confirmed. To our knowledge this is the first report of the echocardiographic demonstration of posterior diastolic movement of the posterior mitral leaflet in documented mitral stenosis.", "PMID": 1131769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11785", "title": "Adenocarcinoma of the endometrium in a teenager.", "content": "Endometrial carcinoma developed in a teenager with obesity, hypertension, hyperestrinism and lack of diurnal variation of plasma cortisol concentration. She underwent total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy and is receiving estrogen therapy. Her six obese sisters and her mother, who are at risk for endometrial carcinoma, are being managed conservatively.", "contents": "Adenocarcinoma of the endometrium in a teenager. Endometrial carcinoma developed in a teenager with obesity, hypertension, hyperestrinism and lack of diurnal variation of plasma cortisol concentration. She underwent total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy and is receiving estrogen therapy. Her six obese sisters and her mother, who are at risk for endometrial carcinoma, are being managed conservatively.", "PMID": 1131770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11786", "title": "Disaggregation of prostates and purification of epithelial cells from normal and cancerous prostates using sedimentation in an isokinetic density gradient of Ficoll in tissue culture medium.", "content": "A brief summary of our work on the separation of epithelial cells from prostates and prostatic carcinomas is presented. Epithelial cells have been obtained from hamster prostates, human prostates, and human prostatic carcinomas in greater than 95 percent purity.", "contents": "Disaggregation of prostates and purification of epithelial cells from normal and cancerous prostates using sedimentation in an isokinetic density gradient of Ficoll in tissue culture medium. A brief summary of our work on the separation of epithelial cells from prostates and prostatic carcinomas is presented. Epithelial cells have been obtained from hamster prostates, human prostates, and human prostatic carcinomas in greater than 95 percent purity.", "PMID": 1131801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11787", "title": "Specificity of cell membrane antigens in prostatic cancer.", "content": "Mice bearing a 3-methylcholanthrene-induced fibrosarcoma (MCAM-7) transplant in the right leg underwent surgical excision of the tumor and showed specific resistance to subsequent challenges with that identical tumor line. An in vivo response to tumor-specific antigens (MCAM-7 antigen) solubilized by hypertonic potassium chloride was measured by 24-hour footpad swelling response in mice immunized to the tumor from which the antigens were extracted. These observations suggested that the transplantable MCAM-7 fibrosarcoma could produce immunity toward the solubilized MCAM-7 tumor antigens and that this tumor immunity could be measured by footpad swelling response to injection of the solubilized antigens, an indication of cell-mediated immunity. The footpad swelling response was also minotored in relation to the extent of tumor growth. Mice received MCAM-7 tumor transplants by injection of 5 times 10-6 tumor cells and were tested for footpad swelling response at intervals following tumor transfer. A significant footpad response to injected MCAM-7 antigens was present 10 days following tumor transfer; at this time signs of tumor growth were only minimally detectable. The footpad swelling response to injected antigens disappeared by 28 days following initial tumor transfer; at this time the tumor diameters were in excess of 1.0 cm. Surgical removal of tumor at this point promptly restored footpad responses within 24 hours. Similar techniques have been applied to patients bearing adenocarcinoma of the prostate, where skin testing was substituted for the measurement of footpad swelling in animals. Seven patients with known prostatic carcinoma were given intradermal injections of soluble tumor antigens extracted from their own tumors. Three of the seven patients exhibited a cutaneous delayed type hypersensitivity response to the injected autologous tumor extracts. No positivereactions were observed in response to solubilized components of control tissues, including benign prostatic hyperplasia. The significance of the demonstrated concomitant immunity in these patients has not been resolved. However, these observations suggest that some patients bearing adenocarcinoma of the prostate can exhibit an immunologic response to specific antigens present in their own neoplasms.", "contents": "Specificity of cell membrane antigens in prostatic cancer. Mice bearing a 3-methylcholanthrene-induced fibrosarcoma (MCAM-7) transplant in the right leg underwent surgical excision of the tumor and showed specific resistance to subsequent challenges with that identical tumor line. An in vivo response to tumor-specific antigens (MCAM-7 antigen) solubilized by hypertonic potassium chloride was measured by 24-hour footpad swelling response in mice immunized to the tumor from which the antigens were extracted. These observations suggested that the transplantable MCAM-7 fibrosarcoma could produce immunity toward the solubilized MCAM-7 tumor antigens and that this tumor immunity could be measured by footpad swelling response to injection of the solubilized antigens, an indication of cell-mediated immunity. The footpad swelling response was also minotored in relation to the extent of tumor growth. Mice received MCAM-7 tumor transplants by injection of 5 times 10-6 tumor cells and were tested for footpad swelling response at intervals following tumor transfer. A significant footpad response to injected MCAM-7 antigens was present 10 days following tumor transfer; at this time signs of tumor growth were only minimally detectable. The footpad swelling response to injected antigens disappeared by 28 days following initial tumor transfer; at this time the tumor diameters were in excess of 1.0 cm. Surgical removal of tumor at this point promptly restored footpad responses within 24 hours. Similar techniques have been applied to patients bearing adenocarcinoma of the prostate, where skin testing was substituted for the measurement of footpad swelling in animals. Seven patients with known prostatic carcinoma were given intradermal injections of soluble tumor antigens extracted from their own tumors. Three of the seven patients exhibited a cutaneous delayed type hypersensitivity response to the injected autologous tumor extracts. No positivereactions were observed in response to solubilized components of control tissues, including benign prostatic hyperplasia. The significance of the demonstrated concomitant immunity in these patients has not been resolved. However, these observations suggest that some patients bearing adenocarcinoma of the prostate can exhibit an immunologic response to specific antigens present in their own neoplasms.", "PMID": 1131799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11788", "title": "Initial chemotherapeutic trials in patients with inoperable or recurrent cancer of the prostate.", "content": "This paper describes a random study being conducted to compare the value of 5-fluorouracil plus diethylstilbestrol vs diethylstilbestrol alone and the value of 5-fluorouracil vs CCNU in the treatment of stage D adenocarcinoma of the prostate. We have established that similar normal values of acid phosphatase are encountered in serum and bone marrow of patients with nonmalignant and malignant diseases without osseous metastasis.", "contents": "Initial chemotherapeutic trials in patients with inoperable or recurrent cancer of the prostate. This paper describes a random study being conducted to compare the value of 5-fluorouracil plus diethylstilbestrol vs diethylstilbestrol alone and the value of 5-fluorouracil vs CCNU in the treatment of stage D adenocarcinoma of the prostate. We have established that similar normal values of acid phosphatase are encountered in serum and bone marrow of patients with nonmalignant and malignant diseases without osseous metastasis.", "PMID": 1131804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11789", "title": "Potential test systems for drugs against prostatic cancer.", "content": "A number of chemotherapeutic agents have been tested in two systems which could be useful as models in the search for effective drugs for cancer of the prostate. One system involved the effects of the administered drugs on rat prostatic 5 alpha-reductase and arginase activities. Since both enzymic systems are androgen dependent and essential for prostatic function and anatomy, the effectiveness of a drug in these systems could be indicative of its value in the treatment of prostatic cancer. Michaelis constants were obtained with Lineweaver-Burk plots and the conclusions are based on a comparison of these plots with those of the controls. Thus, the following results were obtained: (a) isophosphamide, bleomycin, and procarbazine produced definite inhibition of 5 alpha-reductase in either or both the ventral and dorsolateral glands of the rat; (b) 5-fluorouracil, vincristine, bleomycin, procarbazine, adriamycin, and hexamethyl-melamine inhibited arginase activity significantly in both glands; (c) streptozotocin and 5-(3,3-dimethyl-1-triazeno)imidazole-4-carboxamide (NSC-45388) produced inhibition of arginase in the ventral gland only; (d) in contrast to the noncompetitive or uncompetitive inhibition of most of the drugs, particularly in the ventral gland, procarbazine, hexamethylmelamine, bleomycin, adriamycin, and NSC-45388 produced competitive inhibition of arginase in the dorsolateral gland; and (e) seven of the drugs led to an activation of 5 alpha-reductase (5-fluorouracil, vincristine, NSC-45388, hexamethylmelamine, CCNU, streptozotocin, and diglycolaldehyde). The second model system utilized the deposition of labeled estriol and testosterone in the dog prostate and the effects of drug therapy as a possible index of effectiveness in prostatic cancer. Streptozotocin and procarbazine definitely interfered with the deposition of both estriol and testosterone. On the basis of the data obtained, the model systems investigated by us could potentially serve as reliable indicators for the clinical use of drugs against cancer of the prostate.", "contents": "Potential test systems for drugs against prostatic cancer. A number of chemotherapeutic agents have been tested in two systems which could be useful as models in the search for effective drugs for cancer of the prostate. One system involved the effects of the administered drugs on rat prostatic 5 alpha-reductase and arginase activities. Since both enzymic systems are androgen dependent and essential for prostatic function and anatomy, the effectiveness of a drug in these systems could be indicative of its value in the treatment of prostatic cancer. Michaelis constants were obtained with Lineweaver-Burk plots and the conclusions are based on a comparison of these plots with those of the controls. Thus, the following results were obtained: (a) isophosphamide, bleomycin, and procarbazine produced definite inhibition of 5 alpha-reductase in either or both the ventral and dorsolateral glands of the rat; (b) 5-fluorouracil, vincristine, bleomycin, procarbazine, adriamycin, and hexamethyl-melamine inhibited arginase activity significantly in both glands; (c) streptozotocin and 5-(3,3-dimethyl-1-triazeno)imidazole-4-carboxamide (NSC-45388) produced inhibition of arginase in the ventral gland only; (d) in contrast to the noncompetitive or uncompetitive inhibition of most of the drugs, particularly in the ventral gland, procarbazine, hexamethylmelamine, bleomycin, adriamycin, and NSC-45388 produced competitive inhibition of arginase in the dorsolateral gland; and (e) seven of the drugs led to an activation of 5 alpha-reductase (5-fluorouracil, vincristine, NSC-45388, hexamethylmelamine, CCNU, streptozotocin, and diglycolaldehyde). The second model system utilized the deposition of labeled estriol and testosterone in the dog prostate and the effects of drug therapy as a possible index of effectiveness in prostatic cancer. Streptozotocin and procarbazine definitely interfered with the deposition of both estriol and testosterone. On the basis of the data obtained, the model systems investigated by us could potentially serve as reliable indicators for the clinical use of drugs against cancer of the prostate.", "PMID": 1131803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11790", "title": "Estimating \"safe\" levels, a hazardous undertaking.", "content": "Various problems beset the question of identifying chemical carcinogens in the environment or setting permissible levels for potential carcinogens. Issues arising are cost-benefit questions, existence of thresholds, appropriate experimental designs, how to extrapolate to man, results from tests on laboratory animals, etc. Certain approaches implicitly involve use of a double standard, with much more stringent measures taken when clearer evidence of carcinogenicity is found. Such double standards may discourage careful testing of carcinogens as this could more probably lead to imposition of the stricter measure. Even-handed application of devices like that recommended by Mantel and Bryan for setting \"safe\" levels could avoid this difficulty and would encourage more adequate testing. Why laboratory testing should be at high or moderately high levels is explained and the futility of \"mega-mouse\" experiments at very low dose levels is indicated. A surface-area rule for extrapolating dose levels from laboratory animal to man is suggested, but this is indicated to lead approximately to direct equivalence when dose levels are expressed as dietary concentrations.", "contents": "Estimating \"safe\" levels, a hazardous undertaking. Various problems beset the question of identifying chemical carcinogens in the environment or setting permissible levels for potential carcinogens. Issues arising are cost-benefit questions, existence of thresholds, appropriate experimental designs, how to extrapolate to man, results from tests on laboratory animals, etc. Certain approaches implicitly involve use of a double standard, with much more stringent measures taken when clearer evidence of carcinogenicity is found. Such double standards may discourage careful testing of carcinogens as this could more probably lead to imposition of the stricter measure. Even-handed application of devices like that recommended by Mantel and Bryan for setting \"safe\" levels could avoid this difficulty and would encourage more adequate testing. Why laboratory testing should be at high or moderately high levels is explained and the futility of \"mega-mouse\" experiments at very low dose levels is indicated. A surface-area rule for extrapolating dose levels from laboratory animal to man is suggested, but this is indicated to lead approximately to direct equivalence when dose levels are expressed as dietary concentrations.", "PMID": 1131812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11791", "title": "In vitro evaluation of in vivo brain tumor chemotherapy with 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea.", "content": "An in vitro colony formation assay was used to determine the efficacy of in vitro therapy with 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) on a rat brain tumor. The fraction of clonogenic cells surviving in vivo therapy was determined by a comparison between the in vitro colony-forming capacity of cells derived from previously treated and untreated tumors. With this intracerebral solid tumor a direct correlation was found between the surviving fraction of cells and animal survival, implying that the in vitro assay system is a reliable test of therapeutic effect. The BCNU dose-response curve was exponential up to a dose of 0.75 times the LD10 dose with little additional cell kill noted at higher drug levels. This plateau does not appear to represent a resistant subpopulation of cells, since retreatment of tumors derived from cells surviving an LD10 dose were as sensitive to BCNU as those with no prior drug exposure. Instead, it may represent, at least in part, failure of the drug to reach and/or enter cells in all parts of solid tumors. On the average BCNU doses of 0.75 times the LD10 dose or greater resulted in slightly more than a 3-log cell kill and doubled the life-span for our tumor-bearing animals. The finding that an increase in animal life-span requires at least a 1-log tumor cell kill indicates that survival studies with intracranial tumor models may be insensitive to single courses of many chemotherapeutic agents with modest but significant antitumor activity.", "contents": "In vitro evaluation of in vivo brain tumor chemotherapy with 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea. An in vitro colony formation assay was used to determine the efficacy of in vitro therapy with 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) on a rat brain tumor. The fraction of clonogenic cells surviving in vivo therapy was determined by a comparison between the in vitro colony-forming capacity of cells derived from previously treated and untreated tumors. With this intracerebral solid tumor a direct correlation was found between the surviving fraction of cells and animal survival, implying that the in vitro assay system is a reliable test of therapeutic effect. The BCNU dose-response curve was exponential up to a dose of 0.75 times the LD10 dose with little additional cell kill noted at higher drug levels. This plateau does not appear to represent a resistant subpopulation of cells, since retreatment of tumors derived from cells surviving an LD10 dose were as sensitive to BCNU as those with no prior drug exposure. Instead, it may represent, at least in part, failure of the drug to reach and/or enter cells in all parts of solid tumors. On the average BCNU doses of 0.75 times the LD10 dose or greater resulted in slightly more than a 3-log cell kill and doubled the life-span for our tumor-bearing animals. The finding that an increase in animal life-span requires at least a 1-log tumor cell kill indicates that survival studies with intracranial tumor models may be insensitive to single courses of many chemotherapeutic agents with modest but significant antitumor activity.", "PMID": 1131813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11792", "title": "Nonspecific inhibition of DNA repair synthesis by tumor promoters in human diploid fibroblasts damaged with N-acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene.", "content": "The effects of selected tumor-promoting agents and their nonpromoting analogs on DNA repair synthesis were examined in human diploid fibroblasts (WI-38) damaged with N-acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene. Over a range of doses, three promoters (croton oil, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate, and anthralin) were found to inhibit DNA repair synthesis while their nonpromoting analogs (phorbol and 1,8-dihydroxyanthraquinone) had little effect. Another tumor promoter, phenol, inhibited DNA repair synthesis only at very high concentrations while an analog, 4-nitrophenol, produced inhibition of DNA repair synthesis at molar concentrations at which phenol had no effect. To investigate the specificity of this phenomenon, the effects of these agents on DNA-replicative synthesis, RNA synthesis, protein synthesis, and cell morphology were evaluated. At equimolar concentrations, tumor promoters were found to inhibit DNA-replicative synthesis as effectively as repair synthesis. RNA and protein synthesis were similarly inhibited over the same range of concentrations. Extensive morphological changes, interpreted as evidence of toxicity, were seen at concentrations of promoters that inhibited the macromolecular syntheses studied. The nonpromoting analogs, with the exception of nitrophenol, had little effect on these processes and showed only slight morphological damage. Thus tumor-promoting agents appeared to inhibit a number of macromolecular synthetic events, including DNA repair synthesis. It is suggested that the effect of tumor promoters on DNA repair synthesis is part of a general response to cellular injury rather than a selective response involving a single metabolic pathway. Furthermore, it is unlikely that the inhibition of repair synthesis represents the major mode of action of promoting agents in the carcinogenic process.", "contents": "Nonspecific inhibition of DNA repair synthesis by tumor promoters in human diploid fibroblasts damaged with N-acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene. The effects of selected tumor-promoting agents and their nonpromoting analogs on DNA repair synthesis were examined in human diploid fibroblasts (WI-38) damaged with N-acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene. Over a range of doses, three promoters (croton oil, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate, and anthralin) were found to inhibit DNA repair synthesis while their nonpromoting analogs (phorbol and 1,8-dihydroxyanthraquinone) had little effect. Another tumor promoter, phenol, inhibited DNA repair synthesis only at very high concentrations while an analog, 4-nitrophenol, produced inhibition of DNA repair synthesis at molar concentrations at which phenol had no effect. To investigate the specificity of this phenomenon, the effects of these agents on DNA-replicative synthesis, RNA synthesis, protein synthesis, and cell morphology were evaluated. At equimolar concentrations, tumor promoters were found to inhibit DNA-replicative synthesis as effectively as repair synthesis. RNA and protein synthesis were similarly inhibited over the same range of concentrations. Extensive morphological changes, interpreted as evidence of toxicity, were seen at concentrations of promoters that inhibited the macromolecular syntheses studied. The nonpromoting analogs, with the exception of nitrophenol, had little effect on these processes and showed only slight morphological damage. Thus tumor-promoting agents appeared to inhibit a number of macromolecular synthetic events, including DNA repair synthesis. It is suggested that the effect of tumor promoters on DNA repair synthesis is part of a general response to cellular injury rather than a selective response involving a single metabolic pathway. Furthermore, it is unlikely that the inhibition of repair synthesis represents the major mode of action of promoting agents in the carcinogenic process.", "PMID": 1131814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11793", "title": "Effects of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (NSC 119875) on murine and human hemopoietic precursor cells.", "content": "The effects of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (NSC 119875) on murine and human hemopoietic precursor cells were studied in culture. When murine cells from normal and actively regenerating marrows were exposed to cis-diamminedichloroplatinum in culture, washed free of the agent, and assayed for the surviving hemopoietic precursor cells, similar sensitivity curves were obtained. This result indicates the absence of cell-cycle dependency of cis-diaminedichloroplatinum. When marrow cells were exposed to cis-diamminedichloroplatinum in culture at various temperatures, only minimal reduction of cytotoxicity was noted at 4 degrees. This observation, unlike that from the experiment with nitrogen mustard, suggests that the transport of this agent is by passive diffusion. Finally, when the sensitivity of human hemopoietic precursor cells to this agent was assessed using similar conditions and compared to that of murine hemopoietic precursor cells, a significant species difference was observed.", "contents": "Effects of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (NSC 119875) on murine and human hemopoietic precursor cells. The effects of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (NSC 119875) on murine and human hemopoietic precursor cells were studied in culture. When murine cells from normal and actively regenerating marrows were exposed to cis-diamminedichloroplatinum in culture, washed free of the agent, and assayed for the surviving hemopoietic precursor cells, similar sensitivity curves were obtained. This result indicates the absence of cell-cycle dependency of cis-diaminedichloroplatinum. When marrow cells were exposed to cis-diamminedichloroplatinum in culture at various temperatures, only minimal reduction of cytotoxicity was noted at 4 degrees. This observation, unlike that from the experiment with nitrogen mustard, suggests that the transport of this agent is by passive diffusion. Finally, when the sensitivity of human hemopoietic precursor cells to this agent was assessed using similar conditions and compared to that of murine hemopoietic precursor cells, a significant species difference was observed.", "PMID": 1131815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11794", "title": "Human prostatic tumors in conditioned animals and culture.", "content": "A nude mouse colony has been established with a capacity of over 1000 mice. These mice have been injected with human prostatic tumors. A spleen injection method has been developed which enables us to follow the growth of tumor cells in the animal for short periods of time and to assess the effects of hormones on this growth. We have also studied the behavior of several animal cell lines in culture and in nude mice as possible models for a hormone-dependent human prostatic tumor. By using nude mice, we have been able to show that apparent \"normal\" revertants of cancer cells are actually antigenic variants which can be used to immunize animals against the original tumor cells. A melanoma cell line has been developed whose growth appears to be markedly enhanced by androgens. Rat ovarian cell lines have been developed whose growth and viability are hormone dependent in vivo and in vitro.", "contents": "Human prostatic tumors in conditioned animals and culture. A nude mouse colony has been established with a capacity of over 1000 mice. These mice have been injected with human prostatic tumors. A spleen injection method has been developed which enables us to follow the growth of tumor cells in the animal for short periods of time and to assess the effects of hormones on this growth. We have also studied the behavior of several animal cell lines in culture and in nude mice as possible models for a hormone-dependent human prostatic tumor. By using nude mice, we have been able to show that apparent \"normal\" revertants of cancer cells are actually antigenic variants which can be used to immunize animals against the original tumor cells. A melanoma cell line has been developed whose growth appears to be markedly enhanced by androgens. Rat ovarian cell lines have been developed whose growth and viability are hormone dependent in vivo and in vitro.", "PMID": 1131807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11795", "title": "Characterization of prostatic carcinoma among blacks: a preliminary report.", "content": "This study was designed to compare United States (Washington, DC) black prostatic carcinoma patients (high-risk group) with Nigerian (Ibadan) black prostatic carcinoma patients (low-risk group). Although the material is meager, preliminary analyses suggest that carcinoma of the prostate is a common disease in both US black men (196 of 1000 autopsies) and in Nigerian black men (67 of 1000 autopsies). The tumor tends to be of a higher histologic grade (less well differentiated) and the carcinomatous foci are more numerous in the Nigerian patients. Fifty-three percent of US patients are in stages I and II when the disease is first discovered. Plasma testosterone, estrone, and estradiol concentrations did not differ significantly between US patients and controls. A statistically significant positive association is indicated between carcinoma of the prostate and the following epidemiologic variables: racial admixture, age of puberty, and age of first coitus. The median age of necropsy cases with carcinoma was 50.0 years in Nigeria and 68.3 years in the US.", "contents": "Characterization of prostatic carcinoma among blacks: a preliminary report. This study was designed to compare United States (Washington, DC) black prostatic carcinoma patients (high-risk group) with Nigerian (Ibadan) black prostatic carcinoma patients (low-risk group). Although the material is meager, preliminary analyses suggest that carcinoma of the prostate is a common disease in both US black men (196 of 1000 autopsies) and in Nigerian black men (67 of 1000 autopsies). The tumor tends to be of a higher histologic grade (less well differentiated) and the carcinomatous foci are more numerous in the Nigerian patients. Fifty-three percent of US patients are in stages I and II when the disease is first discovered. Plasma testosterone, estrone, and estradiol concentrations did not differ significantly between US patients and controls. A statistically significant positive association is indicated between carcinoma of the prostate and the following epidemiologic variables: racial admixture, age of puberty, and age of first coitus. The median age of necropsy cases with carcinoma was 50.0 years in Nigeria and 68.3 years in the US.", "PMID": 1131806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11796", "title": "Serum inhibition of in vitro 67Ga binding by L1210 leukemic cells.", "content": "The influence of human serum on in vitro 67Ga uptake by L1210 leukemic lymphoblasts has been investigated. Both high- and low-molecular-weight serum components inhibit cellular uptake of the isotope. Inhibition by the high-molecular-weight serum fraction correlates closely with the extent of binding of the radionuclide. Although transferring participates in high-molecular-weight inhibition, it accounts for 10 percent or less of the inhibitory and binding capacity. Similarly, various low-molecular-weight serum components, including citrate, phosphate, glutamate, and others, contribute to inhibition. This inhibition of 67Ca uptake by serum results from the presence of several, perhaps many, inhibitory components.", "contents": "Serum inhibition of in vitro 67Ga binding by L1210 leukemic cells. The influence of human serum on in vitro 67Ga uptake by L1210 leukemic lymphoblasts has been investigated. Both high- and low-molecular-weight serum components inhibit cellular uptake of the isotope. Inhibition by the high-molecular-weight serum fraction correlates closely with the extent of binding of the radionuclide. Although transferring participates in high-molecular-weight inhibition, it accounts for 10 percent or less of the inhibitory and binding capacity. Similarly, various low-molecular-weight serum components, including citrate, phosphate, glutamate, and others, contribute to inhibition. This inhibition of 67Ca uptake by serum results from the presence of several, perhaps many, inhibitory components.", "PMID": 1131816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11797", "title": "Identification of phosphorodiamidic acid mustard as a human metabolite of cyclop  hosphamide.", "content": "An active metabolite of cyclophosphamide, N,N-bis(2-chloroethyl)phosphorodiamidic acid, has been confirmed as a circulating and excreted metabolite in patients receiving the drug in therapy, by selected ion monitoring on a gas chromatograph mass spectrometer.", "contents": "Identification of phosphorodiamidic acid mustard as a human metabolite of cyclop  hosphamide. An active metabolite of cyclophosphamide, N,N-bis(2-chloroethyl)phosphorodiamidic acid, has been confirmed as a circulating and excreted metabolite in patients receiving the drug in therapy, by selected ion monitoring on a gas chromatograph mass spectrometer.", "PMID": 1131817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11798", "title": "The aqueous solution conformation of tubercidin and tubercidin 5'-phosphate.", "content": "The backbone of tubercidin and tubercidin 5'-phosphate in aqueous solution has a flexible molecular framework with preference for 2E-gg and 2E-gg-g'g' conformations, respectively. The glycosyl bond is unusually flexible and no definite preference for either anti or syn conformation could be detected. It is proposed that the incorporation of tubercidin 5'-phosphate into nucleic acids will disrupt the polymeric structure because of the high accessibility of syn conformation, and this might be related to the reported inhibition of nucleic acid and protein synthesis.", "contents": "The aqueous solution conformation of tubercidin and tubercidin 5'-phosphate. The backbone of tubercidin and tubercidin 5'-phosphate in aqueous solution has a flexible molecular framework with preference for 2E-gg and 2E-gg-g'g' conformations, respectively. The glycosyl bond is unusually flexible and no definite preference for either anti or syn conformation could be detected. It is proposed that the incorporation of tubercidin 5'-phosphate into nucleic acids will disrupt the polymeric structure because of the high accessibility of syn conformation, and this might be related to the reported inhibition of nucleic acid and protein synthesis.", "PMID": 1131818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11799", "title": "Vitamin A and benzo(a)pyrene carcinogenesis in the respiratory tract of hamsters fed a semisynthetic diet.", "content": "Male Syrian golden hamsters were fed a semisynthetic diet, given 12 weekly intratracheal instillation of 3 mg benzo(a)pyrene adherent to 3 mg Fe2O3, and then given either 100, 1600, or 2400 mu-g retinyl acetate (RA) per week intragastrically in 2 divided doses. One-half of the animals in each group were housed conventionally; the other half were housed in laminar flow units. Hepatic and serum vitamin A levels were markedly increased in hamsters given 1600 or 2400 mu-g RA per week compared to controls given 100 mu-g, which is adequate for growth and maintenance. In hamsters housed conventionally, increased RA intake was associated with an increased incidence of benign respiratory tract tumors. In all groups of hamster housed in laminar flow units there was a longer period to death with respiratory tract tumor than in conventionally housed hamsters; increased RA intake was associated with a somewhat lower incidence of respiratory tract tumors. Laminar flow housing significantly reduced the incidence of respiratory tract infection in non-tumor-bearing hamsters. Squamous papillomas of the forestomach were significantly reduced in all groups of hamsters given high levels of RA, regardless of housing.", "contents": "Vitamin A and benzo(a)pyrene carcinogenesis in the respiratory tract of hamsters fed a semisynthetic diet. Male Syrian golden hamsters were fed a semisynthetic diet, given 12 weekly intratracheal instillation of 3 mg benzo(a)pyrene adherent to 3 mg Fe2O3, and then given either 100, 1600, or 2400 mu-g retinyl acetate (RA) per week intragastrically in 2 divided doses. One-half of the animals in each group were housed conventionally; the other half were housed in laminar flow units. Hepatic and serum vitamin A levels were markedly increased in hamsters given 1600 or 2400 mu-g RA per week compared to controls given 100 mu-g, which is adequate for growth and maintenance. In hamsters housed conventionally, increased RA intake was associated with an increased incidence of benign respiratory tract tumors. In all groups of hamster housed in laminar flow units there was a longer period to death with respiratory tract tumor than in conventionally housed hamsters; increased RA intake was associated with a somewhat lower incidence of respiratory tract tumors. Laminar flow housing significantly reduced the incidence of respiratory tract infection in non-tumor-bearing hamsters. Squamous papillomas of the forestomach were significantly reduced in all groups of hamsters given high levels of RA, regardless of housing.", "PMID": 1131819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11800", "title": "Isolation of an immunosuppressive peptide fraction from the serum of cancer patients.", "content": "An immunosuppressive peptide fraction was isolated by means of gel filtration, membrane partition, and ion-exchange chromatography from the sera of patients hospitalized for cancer. The resulting peptide fraction, which was heterogeneous as judged by high-voltage electrophoresis, was found to suppress both phytohemagglutinin-induced proliferation of lymphocytes in vitro and the in vivo induction of splenic plaque-forming cells in mice. The specific activity of the peptide fraction, which was isolated from the sera of cancer patients, was significantly increased over that of the unfractionated starting material. Moreover, in control experiments, when the sera of normals or non-cancer-bearing hospitalized individuals were subjected to the same chromatographic techniques, no active peptide fraction could be obtained.", "contents": "Isolation of an immunosuppressive peptide fraction from the serum of cancer patients. An immunosuppressive peptide fraction was isolated by means of gel filtration, membrane partition, and ion-exchange chromatography from the sera of patients hospitalized for cancer. The resulting peptide fraction, which was heterogeneous as judged by high-voltage electrophoresis, was found to suppress both phytohemagglutinin-induced proliferation of lymphocytes in vitro and the in vivo induction of splenic plaque-forming cells in mice. The specific activity of the peptide fraction, which was isolated from the sera of cancer patients, was significantly increased over that of the unfractionated starting material. Moreover, in control experiments, when the sera of normals or non-cancer-bearing hospitalized individuals were subjected to the same chromatographic techniques, no active peptide fraction could be obtained.", "PMID": 1131820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11801", "title": "Enzyme activities at the surface of intact Ehrlich tumor cells with albumin in the isotonic assay medium.", "content": "Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase and 3-phosphoglycerate kinase are, together with some other enzymes, present on the surface of intact Ehrlich tumor cells. Aldolase, on the contrary, represents cytoplasmic enzymes not present at all on the external surface, provided 2.5 percent of bovine albumin is included in the isotonic assay medium. A flux of aldolase from the cell interior to the cell exterior could be demonstrated in the absence of albumin. Therefore, any enzymatic activity monitored when keeping the Ehrlich tumor cells in the isotonic assay medium containing 2.5 percent albumin was considered to be primarily related to the outside of the plasma membrane. Of the total glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, 0.7 percent was located on the outer surface of the tumor cell, while the corresponding figure for 3-phospoglycerate kinase was 2.7 percent. Eighty percent of this surface-located 3-phosphoglycerate kinase was released into the assay medium during incubation, while the release of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, at the same time, was minimal. A plasma membrane preparation of Ehrlich cells, mainly consisting of vesicles, showed the presence of 3-phosphoglycerate kinase but the absence of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Because of the vesicular nature of the membrane preparation, it was assumed that only one side of the membrane was exposed during assay. The specific binding properties of the two enzymes to the plasma membrane, as well as possible differences in their intramembranous location, are discussed.", "contents": "Enzyme activities at the surface of intact Ehrlich tumor cells with albumin in the isotonic assay medium. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase and 3-phosphoglycerate kinase are, together with some other enzymes, present on the surface of intact Ehrlich tumor cells. Aldolase, on the contrary, represents cytoplasmic enzymes not present at all on the external surface, provided 2.5 percent of bovine albumin is included in the isotonic assay medium. A flux of aldolase from the cell interior to the cell exterior could be demonstrated in the absence of albumin. Therefore, any enzymatic activity monitored when keeping the Ehrlich tumor cells in the isotonic assay medium containing 2.5 percent albumin was considered to be primarily related to the outside of the plasma membrane. Of the total glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, 0.7 percent was located on the outer surface of the tumor cell, while the corresponding figure for 3-phospoglycerate kinase was 2.7 percent. Eighty percent of this surface-located 3-phosphoglycerate kinase was released into the assay medium during incubation, while the release of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, at the same time, was minimal. A plasma membrane preparation of Ehrlich cells, mainly consisting of vesicles, showed the presence of 3-phosphoglycerate kinase but the absence of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Because of the vesicular nature of the membrane preparation, it was assumed that only one side of the membrane was exposed during assay. The specific binding properties of the two enzymes to the plasma membrane, as well as possible differences in their intramembranous location, are discussed.", "PMID": 1131821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11802", "title": "The enhanced cytotoxicity of combinations of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine and methotrexate.", "content": "Although both 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C) and methotrexate are presumed to be toxic as a result of their interference with DNA synthesis, results obtained with L1210 cells in vivo suggest that the combination of ara-C and methotrexate is capable of killing cells by a mechanism not related simply to DNA synthesis inhibition. Simultaneous administration of ara-C and methotrexate, or administration of these two agents within a 10-hr interval, independent of order, produces a synergistic cell kill of L1210 cells but a less than additive effect on normal hematopoietic stem cells. The extent of synergy seems dependent upon the dose of ara-C.", "contents": "The enhanced cytotoxicity of combinations of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine and methotrexate. Although both 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C) and methotrexate are presumed to be toxic as a result of their interference with DNA synthesis, results obtained with L1210 cells in vivo suggest that the combination of ara-C and methotrexate is capable of killing cells by a mechanism not related simply to DNA synthesis inhibition. Simultaneous administration of ara-C and methotrexate, or administration of these two agents within a 10-hr interval, independent of order, produces a synergistic cell kill of L1210 cells but a less than additive effect on normal hematopoietic stem cells. The extent of synergy seems dependent upon the dose of ara-C.", "PMID": 1131822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11803", "title": "Localization of polycyclic hydrocarbon carcinogens in the lung following intratracheal instillation in gelatin solution.", "content": "The deposition and localization of benzo(a)pyrene (BP) suspended in a gelatin-0.9 percent NaCl solution was studied in hamster lungs by ultraviolet fluorescence microscopy. BP was deposited primarily in the alveolar region of the lung. Although large numbers of BP-filled macrophages were seen in the upper airways by 24 hr after an instillation, little BP appeared to penetrate into the bronchial epithelium. The intratracheal instillation of polycyclic hydrocarbons in a gelatin-0.9 percent NaCl solution appears to be a useful model when it is desired to deliver the carcinogen dose to the peripheral lung.", "contents": "Localization of polycyclic hydrocarbon carcinogens in the lung following intratracheal instillation in gelatin solution. The deposition and localization of benzo(a)pyrene (BP) suspended in a gelatin-0.9 percent NaCl solution was studied in hamster lungs by ultraviolet fluorescence microscopy. BP was deposited primarily in the alveolar region of the lung. Although large numbers of BP-filled macrophages were seen in the upper airways by 24 hr after an instillation, little BP appeared to penetrate into the bronchial epithelium. The intratracheal instillation of polycyclic hydrocarbons in a gelatin-0.9 percent NaCl solution appears to be a useful model when it is desired to deliver the carcinogen dose to the peripheral lung.", "PMID": 1131823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11804", "title": "Cyclophosphamide-adriamycin combination chemotherapy of transplantable murine tumors.", "content": "The two-drug combination of cyclophosphamide plus adriamycin was found to be therapeutically potentiating against four different C3H mammary tumor lines, the B16 melanoma, the Ridgway osteogenic sarcoma, and the P388 leukemia. The potentiation was not schedule dependent.", "contents": "Cyclophosphamide-adriamycin combination chemotherapy of transplantable murine tumors. The two-drug combination of cyclophosphamide plus adriamycin was found to be therapeutically potentiating against four different C3H mammary tumor lines, the B16 melanoma, the Ridgway osteogenic sarcoma, and the P388 leukemia. The potentiation was not schedule dependent.", "PMID": 1131824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11805", "title": "Carcinogenesis from polyurethans.", "content": "Seventeen polyurethans, containing various substituent groups, and a polyethylene were implanted i.p. in groups of male black Bethesda rats and were evaluated for carcinogenesis over a 2-year period. Thirteen of the polyurethans and the polyethylene were similarly studied in females. Tumor development in these animals was expressed in terms of the incidence in the at-risk population, and the tumorigenic latent period was approximated for each sample. Twenty months after implantation, the relative tumorigenicity (area under the corrected cumulative tumor mortality versus time curve) in the males ranged from 0 (for the unimplanted controls) to 6.18 (for Y-238); for female rats this range was 0.29 (for unimplanted controls) to 5.72 (for Y-238). Estimated latent periods in the males ranged from 5 months (for Y-304) to 16 months (for Y-303), and 22.5 months for the unimplanted controls; for the females, the range was from 9 months (for Y-290) to 13.5 months (for Y-217), and 14 months for the unimplanted controls. The relative tumorigenicity of each sample was also compared to its in vitro activation energy for thermal decomposition. These data are discussed in terms of solid-state versus chemical carcinogenesis.", "contents": "Carcinogenesis from polyurethans. Seventeen polyurethans, containing various substituent groups, and a polyethylene were implanted i.p. in groups of male black Bethesda rats and were evaluated for carcinogenesis over a 2-year period. Thirteen of the polyurethans and the polyethylene were similarly studied in females. Tumor development in these animals was expressed in terms of the incidence in the at-risk population, and the tumorigenic latent period was approximated for each sample. Twenty months after implantation, the relative tumorigenicity (area under the corrected cumulative tumor mortality versus time curve) in the males ranged from 0 (for the unimplanted controls) to 6.18 (for Y-238); for female rats this range was 0.29 (for unimplanted controls) to 5.72 (for Y-238). Estimated latent periods in the males ranged from 5 months (for Y-304) to 16 months (for Y-303), and 22.5 months for the unimplanted controls; for the females, the range was from 9 months (for Y-290) to 13.5 months (for Y-217), and 14 months for the unimplanted controls. The relative tumorigenicity of each sample was also compared to its in vitro activation energy for thermal decomposition. These data are discussed in terms of solid-state versus chemical carcinogenesis.", "PMID": 1131825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11806", "title": "Species differences in the effect of benzo(alpha)pyrene-ferric oxide on the respiratory tract of rats and hamsters.", "content": "When given intratracheal injections of a suspension of benzo(alpha)pyrene-ferric oxide, rats and hamsters showed striking species differences in the response of their respiratory tracts to the carcinogen. Hamsters produced squamous metaplasia of the trachea and large bronchi; in contrast, squamous cell nodules of bronchioloalveolar origin developed in rats within a few weeks after carcinogen application. The different sites of the early proliferative and metaplastic responses correlated in their location with the sites of later tumor development. There were no obvious differences between the two species in retention of benzo(alpha)pyrene in the lungs or tracheas. A species difference was observed, however, in the localization of the benzo(alpha)pyrene in the tracheal tissues using ultraviolet fluorescence microscopy. Carcinogen was found to be present in the epithelium of hamsters but not in the epithelium of rats, suggesting a species difference in penetration of carcinogen from the lumen into the tracheal tissues.", "contents": "Species differences in the effect of benzo(alpha)pyrene-ferric oxide on the respiratory tract of rats and hamsters. When given intratracheal injections of a suspension of benzo(alpha)pyrene-ferric oxide, rats and hamsters showed striking species differences in the response of their respiratory tracts to the carcinogen. Hamsters produced squamous metaplasia of the trachea and large bronchi; in contrast, squamous cell nodules of bronchioloalveolar origin developed in rats within a few weeks after carcinogen application. The different sites of the early proliferative and metaplastic responses correlated in their location with the sites of later tumor development. There were no obvious differences between the two species in retention of benzo(alpha)pyrene in the lungs or tracheas. A species difference was observed, however, in the localization of the benzo(alpha)pyrene in the tracheal tissues using ultraviolet fluorescence microscopy. Carcinogen was found to be present in the epithelium of hamsters but not in the epithelium of rats, suggesting a species difference in penetration of carcinogen from the lumen into the tracheal tissues.", "PMID": 1131827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11807", "title": "Effects of allopurinol on the therapeutic efficacy of methotrexate.", "content": "The antitumor effects of methotrexate against early leukemia L1210 were partially reversed by the coadministration of allopurinol in vivo, even though allopurinol did not alter the growth-inhibitory effects of methotrexate against L1210 cells in culture. These data suggest that this alteration in antitumor activity results from a decreased catabolism of preformed systemic purines by allopurinol, a potent inhibitor of xanthine oxidase. On the other hand, the therapeutic effect of methotrexate against the P288 leukemia was not significantly altered by allopurinol did not significantly alter the toxicity of methotrexate that, in the mouse, the antileukemic effects of methotrexate are more related to a purineless rather than a thymineless death.", "contents": "Effects of allopurinol on the therapeutic efficacy of methotrexate. The antitumor effects of methotrexate against early leukemia L1210 were partially reversed by the coadministration of allopurinol in vivo, even though allopurinol did not alter the growth-inhibitory effects of methotrexate against L1210 cells in culture. These data suggest that this alteration in antitumor activity results from a decreased catabolism of preformed systemic purines by allopurinol, a potent inhibitor of xanthine oxidase. On the other hand, the therapeutic effect of methotrexate against the P288 leukemia was not significantly altered by allopurinol did not significantly alter the toxicity of methotrexate that, in the mouse, the antileukemic effects of methotrexate are more related to a purineless rather than a thymineless death.", "PMID": 1131828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11808", "title": "Cell-surface antigens induced by Friend and Rauscher virus complexes and their associated lymphatic leukemia viruses in the rat.", "content": "The WKA/Mk rat tumors induced by Friend virus complex, Rauscher virus complex, and their associated lymphatic leukemia viruses were investigated for their antigenic relationhips with transplantation experiments and cytotoxicity tests. It was found that Friend lymphatic leukemia virus-induced tumors lacked part of the tumor-associated transplantation antigens (TATA's) on Friend virus complex-induced tumors, and the former did not express the type-specific (Friend) TATA for the latter not shared by Rauscher virus complex-induced tumors, which was previously reported by the authors. In contrast, the antigenic differences between TATA's of Rauscher virus complex-induced tumors and those of Rauscher lymphatic leukemia virus-induced tumors were not clearly demonstrated. Furthermore, these studies indicated that Rauscher lymphatic leukemia virus-induced tumors had a weak type-specific TATA not shared by the tumors induced by Friend lymphatic leukemia virus. These results of transplantation studies were also serologically supported by cytotoxicity tests.", "contents": "Cell-surface antigens induced by Friend and Rauscher virus complexes and their associated lymphatic leukemia viruses in the rat. The WKA/Mk rat tumors induced by Friend virus complex, Rauscher virus complex, and their associated lymphatic leukemia viruses were investigated for their antigenic relationhips with transplantation experiments and cytotoxicity tests. It was found that Friend lymphatic leukemia virus-induced tumors lacked part of the tumor-associated transplantation antigens (TATA's) on Friend virus complex-induced tumors, and the former did not express the type-specific (Friend) TATA for the latter not shared by Rauscher virus complex-induced tumors, which was previously reported by the authors. In contrast, the antigenic differences between TATA's of Rauscher virus complex-induced tumors and those of Rauscher lymphatic leukemia virus-induced tumors were not clearly demonstrated. Furthermore, these studies indicated that Rauscher lymphatic leukemia virus-induced tumors had a weak type-specific TATA not shared by the tumors induced by Friend lymphatic leukemia virus. These results of transplantation studies were also serologically supported by cytotoxicity tests.", "PMID": 1131829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11809", "title": "Acute, chronic and terminal toxicity to 4'-demethylepipodophyllotoxin thenylidene glucoside (VM26) in mice.", "content": "The development of toxicity to 4'-demethylepipodophyllotoxin-9-(4,6,-O-thenylidene-beta-glucopyranoside) an epipodophyllotoxin with oncolytic activity, was characterized in mice treated three times at 3-day intervals with 10 mg of drug i.p. per kg of body weight. Changes in organ function and general metabolism were determined by measuring 18 constituents of blood for up to 10 weeks after drug administration. The results indicate three distinct phases of toxicity to 4'-demethylepipodophyllotoxin 9-(4,6-O-2-thenylidene-beta-glucopyranoside). Acute toxicity developed within the first 10 days and was expressed by a depressed hematocrit and elevated plasma levels of glutamate-pyruvate transaminase, glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase, lactic dehydrogenase, amylase, lipase, and uric acid. By 4 weeks, levels ahd returned to normal. The acute phase was followed by a chronic phase, which was characterized by progressive decreases in plasma levels of glucose, cholesterol, albumin, and total protein. Finally, about 7 weeks after treatment, a terminal phase indicated by correlated increases in glutamate-pyruvate transaminase, glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase, lactic dehydrogenase, and blood urea nitrogen became apparent. Plasma levels of creatine phosphokinase, calcium, inorganic phosphate, total bilirubin, ketones, and alkaline phosphatase did not change. Although the pancreas liver and marrow were all affected during acute toxicity, boserved changes in blood components during the chronic and terminal phases correlate best with continued hepatotoxicity. The present evidence on delayed toxicity to 4'-demethylepipodophyllotoxin 9-(4,6-o-2-thenylidene-beta-D-glucopyranoside) is most compatible with irreversible hepatotoxocity which leads to metabolic deficiencies and terminates in death of mice.", "contents": "Acute, chronic and terminal toxicity to 4'-demethylepipodophyllotoxin thenylidene glucoside (VM26) in mice. The development of toxicity to 4'-demethylepipodophyllotoxin-9-(4,6,-O-thenylidene-beta-glucopyranoside) an epipodophyllotoxin with oncolytic activity, was characterized in mice treated three times at 3-day intervals with 10 mg of drug i.p. per kg of body weight. Changes in organ function and general metabolism were determined by measuring 18 constituents of blood for up to 10 weeks after drug administration. The results indicate three distinct phases of toxicity to 4'-demethylepipodophyllotoxin 9-(4,6-O-2-thenylidene-beta-glucopyranoside). Acute toxicity developed within the first 10 days and was expressed by a depressed hematocrit and elevated plasma levels of glutamate-pyruvate transaminase, glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase, lactic dehydrogenase, amylase, lipase, and uric acid. By 4 weeks, levels ahd returned to normal. The acute phase was followed by a chronic phase, which was characterized by progressive decreases in plasma levels of glucose, cholesterol, albumin, and total protein. Finally, about 7 weeks after treatment, a terminal phase indicated by correlated increases in glutamate-pyruvate transaminase, glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase, lactic dehydrogenase, and blood urea nitrogen became apparent. Plasma levels of creatine phosphokinase, calcium, inorganic phosphate, total bilirubin, ketones, and alkaline phosphatase did not change. Although the pancreas liver and marrow were all affected during acute toxicity, boserved changes in blood components during the chronic and terminal phases correlate best with continued hepatotoxicity. The present evidence on delayed toxicity to 4'-demethylepipodophyllotoxin 9-(4,6-o-2-thenylidene-beta-D-glucopyranoside) is most compatible with irreversible hepatotoxocity which leads to metabolic deficiencies and terminates in death of mice.", "PMID": 1131830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11810", "title": "Pharmacological and therapeutic efficacy of daunomycin:DNA complex in mice.", "content": "The pharmacological and therapeutic effects of the daunomycin (DNM):DNA complex were compared with those of free DNM in mice. A complex formation between dnm and DNA (1:11.7, w/w) resulted in a 79% decrease in DNM complex was dialyzable. The DNM fluorescence was completely recovered from the complex in 0.3 N HCl and 50% ethanol solution, and a short contact with biological tissues studied did not quench DNM fluorescence after extraction. The plasma fluorescence (DNM equivalent) 5 min after the i.v. injection of DNM:DNA complex at a dose of 20 mg/kg was 60-fold higher than that of an equivalent amount of free DNM. The complex was cleared for plasma with an initial half-life of 20 min. In spite of an initally higher blood generally similar except in liver and spleen, where DNM equivalent were significantly higher than those of free DNM. The uptake of DNM:DNA into L1210 cells in vitro was low and, at 1 hr, was about one-twentieth of that from DNM. Treatment of DBA/2 mice bearing i.p. L1210 leukemia transplant (initial cell number, 10-3) with DNM:DNA complex resulted in identical increases in life-span as occurred with free DNM. When routes of cell transplant and treatment were different, no therapeutic advantage of DNM:DNA over DNM was seen.", "contents": "Pharmacological and therapeutic efficacy of daunomycin:DNA complex in mice. The pharmacological and therapeutic effects of the daunomycin (DNM):DNA complex were compared with those of free DNM in mice. A complex formation between dnm and DNA (1:11.7, w/w) resulted in a 79% decrease in DNM complex was dialyzable. The DNM fluorescence was completely recovered from the complex in 0.3 N HCl and 50% ethanol solution, and a short contact with biological tissues studied did not quench DNM fluorescence after extraction. The plasma fluorescence (DNM equivalent) 5 min after the i.v. injection of DNM:DNA complex at a dose of 20 mg/kg was 60-fold higher than that of an equivalent amount of free DNM. The complex was cleared for plasma with an initial half-life of 20 min. In spite of an initally higher blood generally similar except in liver and spleen, where DNM equivalent were significantly higher than those of free DNM. The uptake of DNM:DNA into L1210 cells in vitro was low and, at 1 hr, was about one-twentieth of that from DNM. Treatment of DBA/2 mice bearing i.p. L1210 leukemia transplant (initial cell number, 10-3) with DNM:DNA complex resulted in identical increases in life-span as occurred with free DNM. When routes of cell transplant and treatment were different, no therapeutic advantage of DNM:DNA over DNM was seen.", "PMID": 1131831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11811", "title": "Damage and repair of DNA in various tissues of the rat induced 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide.", "content": "4-Nitroquinoline 1-oxide induces pulmonary tumors when given by a s.c. route or skin cancer by repeated local applications. This carcinogen is absorbed by the lung more readily than other tissues. Therefore, we have compared the ability of 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide to damage DNA of the liver, lung, and kidney in the intact animal. A differential effect of DNA damage was detected in all three organs, with the lung showing the greatest amount of damage. All three tissues were able to repair the damaged DNA. The preferential damage of rat lung DNA by 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide correlates with the specificity of this carcinogen to induce pulmonary tumors.", "contents": "Damage and repair of DNA in various tissues of the rat induced 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide. 4-Nitroquinoline 1-oxide induces pulmonary tumors when given by a s.c. route or skin cancer by repeated local applications. This carcinogen is absorbed by the lung more readily than other tissues. Therefore, we have compared the ability of 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide to damage DNA of the liver, lung, and kidney in the intact animal. A differential effect of DNA damage was detected in all three organs, with the lung showing the greatest amount of damage. All three tissues were able to repair the damaged DNA. The preferential damage of rat lung DNA by 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide correlates with the specificity of this carcinogen to induce pulmonary tumors.", "PMID": 1131832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11812", "title": "The surface of the pecten oculi in the pigeon.", "content": "A scanning electron microscopic study of the pecten reveals the rib-like character of the pectinal folds, the nature of their connections with the base and bridge of the pecten as well as the presence of interconnections between the bundles of superficial collagenous fibers. It has been suggested that the pecten may have a mechanical significance, namely protection of the retina from the excessive movements of the vitreous humour. The relationship between the superficial membrane of the folds which is continuous, the intercellular spaces and the process of diffussion has also been discussed.", "contents": "The surface of the pecten oculi in the pigeon. A scanning electron microscopic study of the pecten reveals the rib-like character of the pectinal folds, the nature of their connections with the base and bridge of the pecten as well as the presence of interconnections between the bundles of superficial collagenous fibers. It has been suggested that the pecten may have a mechanical significance, namely protection of the retina from the excessive movements of the vitreous humour. The relationship between the superficial membrane of the folds which is continuous, the intercellular spaces and the process of diffussion has also been discussed.", "PMID": 1131853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11813", "title": "The projection of ocellar neurons within the brain of the locust, Schistocerca gregaria.", "content": "Cobalt iontophoresis of the median and lateral ocellar nerves of Schistocerca gregaria, combined with silver impregnated sections of the brain, has demonstrated the projection area of the large and medium-sized ocellar afferent neurons. These neurons terminate within the brain and their cell bodies lie within the protocerebrum. Ocellar neurons project to two discrete areas on each side of the brain, each area receiving input from a different set of fibres. Both postero-dorsal complexes receive an imput from two large ipsilateral and two large median fibres. Their dendritic fields maintain an ordered spatial array relative to one another. The two antero-lateral complexes receive an imput from one large ipsilateral fibre and medium-sized ipsilateral and medium small-field afferent fibres. Each lateral ocellus has two large fibres in common with the median ocellus. These lateromedial fibres receive photoreceptor input from both ocelli but form no major arborisations within the brain. The lateral ocellar tracts appear to form a third ocellar association area since higher-order neurons branch amongst the lateral and latero-medial fibres within the tract. The axons of the higher-order neurons descend to the ventral cord via the circumoesophageal commissures.", "contents": "The projection of ocellar neurons within the brain of the locust, Schistocerca gregaria. Cobalt iontophoresis of the median and lateral ocellar nerves of Schistocerca gregaria, combined with silver impregnated sections of the brain, has demonstrated the projection area of the large and medium-sized ocellar afferent neurons. These neurons terminate within the brain and their cell bodies lie within the protocerebrum. Ocellar neurons project to two discrete areas on each side of the brain, each area receiving input from a different set of fibres. Both postero-dorsal complexes receive an imput from two large ipsilateral and two large median fibres. Their dendritic fields maintain an ordered spatial array relative to one another. The two antero-lateral complexes receive an imput from one large ipsilateral fibre and medium-sized ipsilateral and medium small-field afferent fibres. Each lateral ocellus has two large fibres in common with the median ocellus. These lateromedial fibres receive photoreceptor input from both ocelli but form no major arborisations within the brain. The lateral ocellar tracts appear to form a third ocellar association area since higher-order neurons branch amongst the lateral and latero-medial fibres within the tract. The axons of the higher-order neurons descend to the ventral cord via the circumoesophageal commissures.", "PMID": 1131854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11814", "title": "Correlated changes in the structure of the anterior pituitary gland, testes and interrenal tissue during sexual maturation of male lizards.", "content": "The anterior pituitary gland, testes and interrenal glands of a series of young males of the teiid Cnemidophorus l. lemniscatus (L.) have been studied by light microscopy in order to correlate the changes occurring during sexual maturation. In the testes of the smallest animals, spermatogenesis does not progress beyond primary spermatocytes and there is no differentiated interstitial tissue. In medium-sized animals, spermatids and some interstital cells appear, and in the largest lizards, spermatogenesis is completely established and Leydig cells abound. Simultaneously with the development of the testes, interrenal glands undergo great hypertrophy and hyperplasia, especially in the peripheral reactive zone. Starting in animals of intermediate size, the anterior hypophysis exhibits a considerable hypertrophy of two rostral cell types: the chromophobic corticotrophs and the acidophilic PAS-positive cells considered to be interstitiotrophs, These cells show large, vesicular nuclei and prominent nucleoli, signs of enhanced cellular activity. The hypertrophy begins in the dorso-rostral region of the gland close to the median eminence, at the site of entry of the portal vessels. This suggests a hypothalamic influence on the function of these pars distalis cells. The scattered basophilic gonadotrophs or folliculotrophs are scarce, small, and do not vary appreciably among the animals studied. The hyperactivity of corticotrophs may account for enlargement of the interrenal glands. Testicular development is apparently related to an increased activity of interstitiotrophs but to a stable level of activity in folliculotrophs.", "contents": "Correlated changes in the structure of the anterior pituitary gland, testes and interrenal tissue during sexual maturation of male lizards. The anterior pituitary gland, testes and interrenal glands of a series of young males of the teiid Cnemidophorus l. lemniscatus (L.) have been studied by light microscopy in order to correlate the changes occurring during sexual maturation. In the testes of the smallest animals, spermatogenesis does not progress beyond primary spermatocytes and there is no differentiated interstitial tissue. In medium-sized animals, spermatids and some interstital cells appear, and in the largest lizards, spermatogenesis is completely established and Leydig cells abound. Simultaneously with the development of the testes, interrenal glands undergo great hypertrophy and hyperplasia, especially in the peripheral reactive zone. Starting in animals of intermediate size, the anterior hypophysis exhibits a considerable hypertrophy of two rostral cell types: the chromophobic corticotrophs and the acidophilic PAS-positive cells considered to be interstitiotrophs, These cells show large, vesicular nuclei and prominent nucleoli, signs of enhanced cellular activity. The hypertrophy begins in the dorso-rostral region of the gland close to the median eminence, at the site of entry of the portal vessels. This suggests a hypothalamic influence on the function of these pars distalis cells. The scattered basophilic gonadotrophs or folliculotrophs are scarce, small, and do not vary appreciably among the animals studied. The hyperactivity of corticotrophs may account for enlargement of the interrenal glands. Testicular development is apparently related to an increased activity of interstitiotrophs but to a stable level of activity in folliculotrophs.", "PMID": 1131855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11815", "title": "Absorption and transport of ferritin and exogenous horseradish peroxidase in the opisthonephric kidney of the sey lamprey II. The tubular nephron.", "content": "The tubular nephrons in the opisthonephric kidney of the sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus L., were demonstrated to absorb and transport exogenous protein. The proximal convoluted segment is the major site of protein absorption from the tubular lumen and the process involved is similar to that described for the proximal convoluted segment in the kidneys of other vertebrates. The lateral intercellular spaces are a possible channel for the transport of intact proteins in this segment. The cilated neck segment, the intermediate segment, and the collecting segment demonstrate only limited involvement with protein tracers and likely are not involved in the absorption of protein from the glomerular filtrate. A substantial involvement of the distal segment with the absorption and transport of protein is suggested. Diffusion of tracers from the peritubular capillaries and sinusoids through the basement membrane into the lateral intercellular spaces and smooth vesicles of cells in both the proximal and distal segments indicates that retrograde transport likely occurrs. This also demonstrates that the cytoplasm of these cells contains a complex endomembranous system continuous with the plasma membrane. The significance of these findings is discussed in relation to possible functions of the kidney in osmoregulation of the sea lamprey in both freshwater and saltwater environments.", "contents": "Absorption and transport of ferritin and exogenous horseradish peroxidase in the opisthonephric kidney of the sey lamprey II. The tubular nephron. The tubular nephrons in the opisthonephric kidney of the sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus L., were demonstrated to absorb and transport exogenous protein. The proximal convoluted segment is the major site of protein absorption from the tubular lumen and the process involved is similar to that described for the proximal convoluted segment in the kidneys of other vertebrates. The lateral intercellular spaces are a possible channel for the transport of intact proteins in this segment. The cilated neck segment, the intermediate segment, and the collecting segment demonstrate only limited involvement with protein tracers and likely are not involved in the absorption of protein from the glomerular filtrate. A substantial involvement of the distal segment with the absorption and transport of protein is suggested. Diffusion of tracers from the peritubular capillaries and sinusoids through the basement membrane into the lateral intercellular spaces and smooth vesicles of cells in both the proximal and distal segments indicates that retrograde transport likely occurrs. This also demonstrates that the cytoplasm of these cells contains a complex endomembranous system continuous with the plasma membrane. The significance of these findings is discussed in relation to possible functions of the kidney in osmoregulation of the sea lamprey in both freshwater and saltwater environments.", "PMID": 1131856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11816", "title": "Diffusion of horseradish peroxidase perfused through the lateral ventricle of the chick telencephalon.", "content": "Horseradish peroxidase, perfused into the lateral ventricle of chick brain, freely and slowly diffuses through the cerebral extracellular spaces. The layer of astrocytic end-feet surrounding blood capillaries does not consitute a barrier to the tracer which permeates the basal lamina, diffuses between the pericytic cells and finally accumulates in the intercellular space beneath the tight junctions between contiguous endothelial cells. No evidence was found for transport by micropinocytotic vesicles from the cerebral parenchyma to the capillary lumen.", "contents": "Diffusion of horseradish peroxidase perfused through the lateral ventricle of the chick telencephalon. Horseradish peroxidase, perfused into the lateral ventricle of chick brain, freely and slowly diffuses through the cerebral extracellular spaces. The layer of astrocytic end-feet surrounding blood capillaries does not consitute a barrier to the tracer which permeates the basal lamina, diffuses between the pericytic cells and finally accumulates in the intercellular space beneath the tight junctions between contiguous endothelial cells. No evidence was found for transport by micropinocytotic vesicles from the cerebral parenchyma to the capillary lumen.", "PMID": 1131857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11817", "title": "Effects of induced pinocytotic activity and extreme temperatures on the morphology of Golgi bodies in Amoeba proteus.", "content": "The morphology of the Golgi apparatus of Amoeba proteus can be influenced by substances inducing pinocytotic activity as well as by extreme temperatures. During the ingestion of a solution of 0.5% egg white the number of Golgi bodies decreases from 100% measured in control cells to 82% measured in cells showing induced pinocytosis. Simultaneously the ratio of the surface area  of the cisternae at the proximal face to that of the vesicles at the distal face of single dictyosomes remains constant (1.74-1.72). The decrease and increase of the temperature of the culture medium to 4 degrees C and 30 degrees C respectively, causes the disappearance of most of the dictyosomes. After keeping the cells for 3-10 h at these temperatures the number of Golgi bodies was only 5-10% of the controls. A continued treatment with cold or warm culture medium leads to a partial reorganization of dictyosomes. After 15 h the number of Golgi bodies counted per cell returned to 57% at 4 degrees C and 38% at 30 degrees C. The ratio of the surface area of the Golgi cisternae to the surface area of the Golgi vesicles also alters under the influence of extreme temperatures. The values measured after treating the cells for 3h, 4 h 10 h and 15 h at 4 degrees C and 30 degrees C amounted to 0.75, 0.85, 1.14 1.53 and 0.93, 0.38, 0.88, 1.60, respectively, compared to 1.72 of control amoebae. The different values of the ratio of the surface area of cisternae to that of vesicles indicate that there are strong morphological changes of single dictyosomes.", "contents": "Effects of induced pinocytotic activity and extreme temperatures on the morphology of Golgi bodies in Amoeba proteus. The morphology of the Golgi apparatus of Amoeba proteus can be influenced by substances inducing pinocytotic activity as well as by extreme temperatures. During the ingestion of a solution of 0.5% egg white the number of Golgi bodies decreases from 100% measured in control cells to 82% measured in cells showing induced pinocytosis. Simultaneously the ratio of the surface area  of the cisternae at the proximal face to that of the vesicles at the distal face of single dictyosomes remains constant (1.74-1.72). The decrease and increase of the temperature of the culture medium to 4 degrees C and 30 degrees C respectively, causes the disappearance of most of the dictyosomes. After keeping the cells for 3-10 h at these temperatures the number of Golgi bodies was only 5-10% of the controls. A continued treatment with cold or warm culture medium leads to a partial reorganization of dictyosomes. After 15 h the number of Golgi bodies counted per cell returned to 57% at 4 degrees C and 38% at 30 degrees C. The ratio of the surface area of the Golgi cisternae to the surface area of the Golgi vesicles also alters under the influence of extreme temperatures. The values measured after treating the cells for 3h, 4 h 10 h and 15 h at 4 degrees C and 30 degrees C amounted to 0.75, 0.85, 1.14 1.53 and 0.93, 0.38, 0.88, 1.60, respectively, compared to 1.72 of control amoebae. The different values of the ratio of the surface area of cisternae to that of vesicles indicate that there are strong morphological changes of single dictyosomes.", "PMID": 1131858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11818", "title": "Brain tissue transplanted to the anterior chanber of the eye: 2. Fluorescence histochemistry of immature catecholamine- and 5-hydroxytryptamine neurons innervating the rat vas deferens.", "content": "Small pieces of the wall of the rat vas deferens were homologously transplanted to the anterior chamber of the eye together with small pieces of embryonic brain stem containing either developing noradrenaline (NA) cells of the locus coeruleus or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) neurons of the developing raphe system. The eyes of the recipients were sympathetically denervated. The double transplants became rapidly vascularized from the host iris. After 3 1/2 months the irides, together with their two transplants were analyzed by Falck-Hillarp fluorescent microscopy. Both the NA and the 5-HT neurons had survived and matured in the eye. Fluorescent varicose nerve terminals of the NA and 5-HT type respectively were found in all three potential receptor areas, i.e. within the CNS transplants, in the host irides and in the vas deferens transplants. In the latter, the newly formed monoamine nerve terminals arborized mainly within a well developed smooth muscle layer. The density of such new fibres was higher than or similar to that of the normally present sympathetic plexus in areas of the transplant close to the CNS transplant and lower in areas at a distance from the CNS transplant. It is concluded that immature central NA and 5-HT fibres are able to grow simultaneously into different types of sympathetically denervated smooth muscle tissues to form networks of fibres in the receptor organs resembling the normal sympathetic innervation.", "contents": "Brain tissue transplanted to the anterior chanber of the eye: 2. Fluorescence histochemistry of immature catecholamine- and 5-hydroxytryptamine neurons innervating the rat vas deferens. Small pieces of the wall of the rat vas deferens were homologously transplanted to the anterior chamber of the eye together with small pieces of embryonic brain stem containing either developing noradrenaline (NA) cells of the locus coeruleus or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) neurons of the developing raphe system. The eyes of the recipients were sympathetically denervated. The double transplants became rapidly vascularized from the host iris. After 3 1/2 months the irides, together with their two transplants were analyzed by Falck-Hillarp fluorescent microscopy. Both the NA and the 5-HT neurons had survived and matured in the eye. Fluorescent varicose nerve terminals of the NA and 5-HT type respectively were found in all three potential receptor areas, i.e. within the CNS transplants, in the host irides and in the vas deferens transplants. In the latter, the newly formed monoamine nerve terminals arborized mainly within a well developed smooth muscle layer. The density of such new fibres was higher than or similar to that of the normally present sympathetic plexus in areas of the transplant close to the CNS transplant and lower in areas at a distance from the CNS transplant. It is concluded that immature central NA and 5-HT fibres are able to grow simultaneously into different types of sympathetically denervated smooth muscle tissues to form networks of fibres in the receptor organs resembling the normal sympathetic innervation.", "PMID": 1131859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11819", "title": "The aminergic innervation of the pituitary gland in the roach Leuciscus rutilus.", "content": "Fluorescent (aminergic) fibers were demonstrated by the Falck-Hillarp technique in all parts of the neurohypophysis (NH) in the roach (Leuciscus rutilus). The fibers are very thin and few in number in the rostral (RNH) and proximal neurohypophysis (PNH) but slightly more numerous in the NH adjacent to the pars intermedia (PI). The fibers occur in normal fish as well as in specimens pre-treated with gamma-methyl-noradrenaline. It is proposed that all parts of the adenohypophysis have a very sparse aminergic innervation. There is no correlation between the number of type \"B' fibers and fluorescent fibers in the roach NH. The technical difficulties in obtaining good and reliable results in teleost material are discussed.", "contents": "The aminergic innervation of the pituitary gland in the roach Leuciscus rutilus. Fluorescent (aminergic) fibers were demonstrated by the Falck-Hillarp technique in all parts of the neurohypophysis (NH) in the roach (Leuciscus rutilus). The fibers are very thin and few in number in the rostral (RNH) and proximal neurohypophysis (PNH) but slightly more numerous in the NH adjacent to the pars intermedia (PI). The fibers occur in normal fish as well as in specimens pre-treated with gamma-methyl-noradrenaline. It is proposed that all parts of the adenohypophysis have a very sparse aminergic innervation. There is no correlation between the number of type \"B' fibers and fluorescent fibers in the roach NH. The technical difficulties in obtaining good and reliable results in teleost material are discussed.", "PMID": 1131860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11820", "title": "An investigation of the foetal rat spinal cord. I. Ultrastructural observations on the onset of synaptogenesis.", "content": "Ultrastructural studies on the foetal rat spinal cord show that during synaptogeneis there is difficulty in recognizing true synaptic precursors. Symmetric densities are found at unusual sites forming, for example, somato-dendritic and somato-somatic junctions. They are also found between neurons and possible glial processes. Symmetric densities occur between nerve cells but may be confused with desmosomes. Profiles exhibiting membrane density, cleft material and 50 nm vesicles, which are the most reliable indicators of presumptive synapses, are found between neurones, but also at junctions between neurons and what may be glial processes. The picture is further confused by the presence of degeneration axodendritic synapses at early foetal stages. Caution must be exercised in defining an apparent synapse or precursor in foetal cord as that of a presumptive functional synapse because of the observed degenerating profiles and because of our knowledge, somato-somatic, somato-dendritic, and neurono-glial synapses have not been observed in adult cord. It is not known whether these structures are an unwanted consequence of development or play a role in guiding development.", "contents": "An investigation of the foetal rat spinal cord. I. Ultrastructural observations on the onset of synaptogenesis. Ultrastructural studies on the foetal rat spinal cord show that during synaptogeneis there is difficulty in recognizing true synaptic precursors. Symmetric densities are found at unusual sites forming, for example, somato-dendritic and somato-somatic junctions. They are also found between neurons and possible glial processes. Symmetric densities occur between nerve cells but may be confused with desmosomes. Profiles exhibiting membrane density, cleft material and 50 nm vesicles, which are the most reliable indicators of presumptive synapses, are found between neurones, but also at junctions between neurons and what may be glial processes. The picture is further confused by the presence of degeneration axodendritic synapses at early foetal stages. Caution must be exercised in defining an apparent synapse or precursor in foetal cord as that of a presumptive functional synapse because of the observed degenerating profiles and because of our knowledge, somato-somatic, somato-dendritic, and neurono-glial synapses have not been observed in adult cord. It is not known whether these structures are an unwanted consequence of development or play a role in guiding development.", "PMID": 1131861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11821", "title": "An investigation of the foetal rat spinal cord. II. An ultrastructural study on the development of synapses with the aid of observations on some electrophysiological properties.", "content": "Electrophysiological and ultrastructural studies were carried out on foetal rat spinal cord. The electrophysiological observations allowed certain identification of the site of second order sensory neurones, regions of the most functionally mature ventral horn cells and the adequacy of reflex conduction at 18 days. In the ultrastructural studies we made use of these identifications. No definitive synapses were found at 13-14.5 days in dorsal and ventral horn neuropil though some possible precursors were seen. Immature axodendritic synapses are found first in both dorsal and ventral marginal zones at 14.5 days and in both dorsal and ventral neuropil regions at 15-16 days. At 17 days there is an abrupt increase in frequency and maturity of synaptic profiles in all regions; synapses containing pleomorphic populations of vesicles are first seen in the ventral horn neuropil at this age as rare axo-somatic synapses. At 18 days the synapses population increases and multiple contacts involving axons or dendrites commonly occur. Furthermore, axo-somatic synapses are seen for the first time in the dorsal horn. From 20 days onwards mature synapses were commonplace and all earlier stages can be found. In addition axo-dendritic synapses with pleomorphic populations of vesicles were first seen in the dorsal horn. Axo-somatic synapses in the dorsal horn remained immature in appearance at this time. These findings are discussed particularly in relationship to previous studies by others on the development of motility in the rat. It appears that in the rat lumbar cord, onset of formation of different synapse types in specific locations precedes the onset of possible related functions by 1-2 days.", "contents": "An investigation of the foetal rat spinal cord. II. An ultrastructural study on the development of synapses with the aid of observations on some electrophysiological properties. Electrophysiological and ultrastructural studies were carried out on foetal rat spinal cord. The electrophysiological observations allowed certain identification of the site of second order sensory neurones, regions of the most functionally mature ventral horn cells and the adequacy of reflex conduction at 18 days. In the ultrastructural studies we made use of these identifications. No definitive synapses were found at 13-14.5 days in dorsal and ventral horn neuropil though some possible precursors were seen. Immature axodendritic synapses are found first in both dorsal and ventral marginal zones at 14.5 days and in both dorsal and ventral neuropil regions at 15-16 days. At 17 days there is an abrupt increase in frequency and maturity of synaptic profiles in all regions; synapses containing pleomorphic populations of vesicles are first seen in the ventral horn neuropil at this age as rare axo-somatic synapses. At 18 days the synapses population increases and multiple contacts involving axons or dendrites commonly occur. Furthermore, axo-somatic synapses are seen for the first time in the dorsal horn. From 20 days onwards mature synapses were commonplace and all earlier stages can be found. In addition axo-dendritic synapses with pleomorphic populations of vesicles were first seen in the dorsal horn. Axo-somatic synapses in the dorsal horn remained immature in appearance at this time. These findings are discussed particularly in relationship to previous studies by others on the development of motility in the rat. It appears that in the rat lumbar cord, onset of formation of different synapse types in specific locations precedes the onset of possible related functions by 1-2 days.", "PMID": 1131862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11822", "title": "Ultrastructural study of the prothoracic glands of Galleria mellonella L. in the penultimate last larval, and pupal stages.", "content": "The prothoracic gland (PGL) of Galleria mellonella is a Y-shaped, paired organ, consisting of 45-50 polyploid giant cells. The PGL cells are supplied by neurosecretory axons; release of neurosecretory granules (1000-1300 A in diameter) directly on the surface of PGL cells was frequently observed. Based on ultrastructure, the last two larval instars can be divided into three phases: 1) restitutive phase immediately after moulting; 2) gradual activation in mid-intermoult as indicated by the logarithmic cell growth, decrease of nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio, increase in the number of cell organelles participating in protein synthesis, and the structural changes of these organelles; 3) \"release' period preceding moulting, characterized mainly by the extreme dilatation of peripheral invaginations. From the prepupal stage onward cellular activity is asynchronous. Part of the cells already show the signs of involution, while others histolyse only after the activation phase subsequent to moulting. PGL in G. mellonella is one of the larval tissues. In the course of activation its ultrastructure changes as a function of juvenile hormone (JH) cocentration, in the absence of which it histolyses. Accordingly, it has seemed to us to be a suitable model for the cytological study of JH activity.", "contents": "Ultrastructural study of the prothoracic glands of Galleria mellonella L. in the penultimate last larval, and pupal stages. The prothoracic gland (PGL) of Galleria mellonella is a Y-shaped, paired organ, consisting of 45-50 polyploid giant cells. The PGL cells are supplied by neurosecretory axons; release of neurosecretory granules (1000-1300 A in diameter) directly on the surface of PGL cells was frequently observed. Based on ultrastructure, the last two larval instars can be divided into three phases: 1) restitutive phase immediately after moulting; 2) gradual activation in mid-intermoult as indicated by the logarithmic cell growth, decrease of nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio, increase in the number of cell organelles participating in protein synthesis, and the structural changes of these organelles; 3) \"release' period preceding moulting, characterized mainly by the extreme dilatation of peripheral invaginations. From the prepupal stage onward cellular activity is asynchronous. Part of the cells already show the signs of involution, while others histolyse only after the activation phase subsequent to moulting. PGL in G. mellonella is one of the larval tissues. In the course of activation its ultrastructure changes as a function of juvenile hormone (JH) cocentration, in the absence of which it histolyses. Accordingly, it has seemed to us to be a suitable model for the cytological study of JH activity.", "PMID": 1131863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11823", "title": "A human lymphoid cell line secreting immunoglobulin G and retaining immunoglobulin M in the plasma membrane.", "content": "A selected clone, LA 85.2, of a human lymphoid cell line produces, mu gamma, and light chains. The cells secrete IgG but not IgM. Assembly of mu chains and light chains produces 8S IgM which is retained in the plasma membrane. IgM is produced at a slow rate and in lesser amounts than IgG. LA 85.2 cells produce a plasma membrane protein which can bind to antibody-antigen precipitates. It is suggested that this protein plays a role in holding the surface IgM in the plasma membrane.", "contents": "A human lymphoid cell line secreting immunoglobulin G and retaining immunoglobulin M in the plasma membrane. A selected clone, LA 85.2, of a human lymphoid cell line produces, mu gamma, and light chains. The cells secrete IgG but not IgM. Assembly of mu chains and light chains produces 8S IgM which is retained in the plasma membrane. IgM is produced at a slow rate and in lesser amounts than IgG. LA 85.2 cells produce a plasma membrane protein which can bind to antibody-antigen precipitates. It is suggested that this protein plays a role in holding the surface IgM in the plasma membrane.", "PMID": 1131864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11824", "title": "Response of type B atrial vagal receptors to changes in wall tension during atrial filling.", "content": "In anesthetized curarized cats with their chests open, we recorded the activity of type B right atrial vagal stretch receptors, right atrial pressure, and instantaneous dimensional changes of the right atrium. The nervous activity was analyzed during alterations in atrial dynamics produced by acute volume loading of the right atrium under control conditions and during sympathetic and vagal stimulations. Our results demonstrated that the mean frequency of discharge in the burst was dependent on the absolute tension and the rate of change in tension developed in atrial muscles during filling. The responses of different receptors to changes in atrial dynamics were qualitatively similar but characteristic for each receptor studied. In some experiments nervous activity was recorded after the cats had been killed: static and dynamic changes in atrial tension were then produced by injecting blood into the right atrium. Under these conditions dynamic stimuli always activated the receptors at tensions below the threshold for static stimuli. During dynamic stimuli the instantaneous firing rate was always higher than it was during static stimuli applied at the same level of tension. This study indicates that the nervous activity of type B atrial vagal receptors is closely dependent on static and dynamic changes in atrial wall tension.", "contents": "Response of type B atrial vagal receptors to changes in wall tension during atrial filling. In anesthetized curarized cats with their chests open, we recorded the activity of type B right atrial vagal stretch receptors, right atrial pressure, and instantaneous dimensional changes of the right atrium. The nervous activity was analyzed during alterations in atrial dynamics produced by acute volume loading of the right atrium under control conditions and during sympathetic and vagal stimulations. Our results demonstrated that the mean frequency of discharge in the burst was dependent on the absolute tension and the rate of change in tension developed in atrial muscles during filling. The responses of different receptors to changes in atrial dynamics were qualitatively similar but characteristic for each receptor studied. In some experiments nervous activity was recorded after the cats had been killed: static and dynamic changes in atrial tension were then produced by injecting blood into the right atrium. Under these conditions dynamic stimuli always activated the receptors at tensions below the threshold for static stimuli. During dynamic stimuli the instantaneous firing rate was always higher than it was during static stimuli applied at the same level of tension. This study indicates that the nervous activity of type B atrial vagal receptors is closely dependent on static and dynamic changes in atrial wall tension.", "PMID": 1132063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11825", "title": "Depolarization-induced movement of Mn 2 cations across the cell membrane in the guinea pig myocardium.", "content": "The effects of Mn-2+-containing solutions on the mechanical and electrical responses of myocardial tissue were studied on guinea pig ventricular strips. At a concentration of 10 mM, Mn-2+ abolished the twitch responses and caused the development of a contracture in stimulated preparations but not in resting or in Ca-2+-depleted preparations. The duration of action potentials was shortened, and dV/dt-max was decreased. In Ca-2+-depleted (0.1 mM), Mg-2+-free medium, Mn-2+ also increased the amplitude of the overshoot; the increase was due to a slow phase of depolarization. Measurement of the Mn-2+ uptake showed an increased influx of these ions in stimulated preparations compared with that in quiescent preparations. These results suggest that Mn-2+ (1) generates a transmembrane current in guinea pig myocardial cells and (2) interferes with the excitation-contraction coupling process at two levels: the cell membrane and an intracellular site.", "contents": "Depolarization-induced movement of Mn 2 cations across the cell membrane in the guinea pig myocardium. The effects of Mn-2+-containing solutions on the mechanical and electrical responses of myocardial tissue were studied on guinea pig ventricular strips. At a concentration of 10 mM, Mn-2+ abolished the twitch responses and caused the development of a contracture in stimulated preparations but not in resting or in Ca-2+-depleted preparations. The duration of action potentials was shortened, and dV/dt-max was decreased. In Ca-2+-depleted (0.1 mM), Mg-2+-free medium, Mn-2+ also increased the amplitude of the overshoot; the increase was due to a slow phase of depolarization. Measurement of the Mn-2+ uptake showed an increased influx of these ions in stimulated preparations compared with that in quiescent preparations. These results suggest that Mn-2+ (1) generates a transmembrane current in guinea pig myocardial cells and (2) interferes with the excitation-contraction coupling process at two levels: the cell membrane and an intracellular site.", "PMID": 1132064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11826", "title": "Differentiation of neurogenic and myocardial angiotensin II receptors in isolated rabbit atria.", "content": "The effect of angiotensin on the action of tyramine was studied in isolated rabbit left atria paced by point and field stimulation to more clearly define the interaction of angiotensin with the sympathetic nervous system. Administration of angiotensin resulted in similar increases in contractility in both point- and field-stimulated atria. In point-stimulated preparations only the muscle is stimulated to contract, whereas in field-stimulated preparations both nerve and muscle are stimulated. 1-Sar-8-Ala-angiotensin II completely blocked the direct inotropic effect of angiotensin in a molar dose ratio of 3:1 in both point- and field-stimulated preparations. However, angiotensin (0.05-10 ng/ml) potentiated the inotropic effect of tyramine in field-stimulated atria only. This facilitatory effect was not inhibited by 1-Sar-8-Ala-angiotensin II at a molar dose ratio of 3:1; indeed, a ratio of 500:1 was necessary for complete blockade of this angiotensin-induced potentiation. This antagonist in odses of 0.1-1000 ng/ml was without contractile effect in any preparation, regardless of whether tyramine was present. The data suggest the presence of (1) a presynaptic angiotensin receptor that, in the presence of sympathetic nerve stimulation, modulates the release of norepinephrine and (2) a second angiotensin receptor in cardiac tissue that directly influences myocardial contractility.", "contents": "Differentiation of neurogenic and myocardial angiotensin II receptors in isolated rabbit atria. The effect of angiotensin on the action of tyramine was studied in isolated rabbit left atria paced by point and field stimulation to more clearly define the interaction of angiotensin with the sympathetic nervous system. Administration of angiotensin resulted in similar increases in contractility in both point- and field-stimulated atria. In point-stimulated preparations only the muscle is stimulated to contract, whereas in field-stimulated preparations both nerve and muscle are stimulated. 1-Sar-8-Ala-angiotensin II completely blocked the direct inotropic effect of angiotensin in a molar dose ratio of 3:1 in both point- and field-stimulated preparations. However, angiotensin (0.05-10 ng/ml) potentiated the inotropic effect of tyramine in field-stimulated atria only. This facilitatory effect was not inhibited by 1-Sar-8-Ala-angiotensin II at a molar dose ratio of 3:1; indeed, a ratio of 500:1 was necessary for complete blockade of this angiotensin-induced potentiation. This antagonist in odses of 0.1-1000 ng/ml was without contractile effect in any preparation, regardless of whether tyramine was present. The data suggest the presence of (1) a presynaptic angiotensin receptor that, in the presence of sympathetic nerve stimulation, modulates the release of norepinephrine and (2) a second angiotensin receptor in cardiac tissue that directly influences myocardial contractility.", "PMID": 1132065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11827", "title": "Inotropic effects of different calcium ion concentration on the embryonic chick ventricle. Comparison of single cultured cells and intact muscle strips.", "content": "The effects of changes in the calcium ion concentration in the medium bathin single beating cultured chick embryo ventricular cells were determined using an electro-optical monitoring technique for measuring the amplitude and velocity of cell wall motion. Although single cells showed significant decreases in the amplitude and velocity of cell wall motion during contraction when the calcium ion concentration was lowered from 1.8 mM to 0.9 mM, there were no significant changes in these parameters when the concentration was increased from 1.8 mM to 3.6 mM, and the magnitude of this response increased with increasing embryonic age. These results suggest that there is a reduced positive inotropic responsiveness in young chick embryo ventricular cells, which is particularly marked in the single cultured cell preparation because of the tendency of culturing techniques to select out immature cell populations.", "contents": "Inotropic effects of different calcium ion concentration on the embryonic chick ventricle. Comparison of single cultured cells and intact muscle strips. The effects of changes in the calcium ion concentration in the medium bathin single beating cultured chick embryo ventricular cells were determined using an electro-optical monitoring technique for measuring the amplitude and velocity of cell wall motion. Although single cells showed significant decreases in the amplitude and velocity of cell wall motion during contraction when the calcium ion concentration was lowered from 1.8 mM to 0.9 mM, there were no significant changes in these parameters when the concentration was increased from 1.8 mM to 3.6 mM, and the magnitude of this response increased with increasing embryonic age. These results suggest that there is a reduced positive inotropic responsiveness in young chick embryo ventricular cells, which is particularly marked in the single cultured cell preparation because of the tendency of culturing techniques to select out immature cell populations.", "PMID": 1132066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11828", "title": "Pressure drop across artificially induced stenoses in the femoral arteries of dogs.", "content": "Stenoses were artificially induced in 13 large mongrel dogs by implanting small hollow cylindrical plugs in their femoral arteries. The instantaneous pressure drop across the stenosis and the flow rate were measured for a series of stenoses varying in severity from 52.3 to 92.2%. Mean pressure drops ranged from approximately 2 to 30 mm Hg with peak pressure drops ranging from 9 to 53 mm Hg. The pressure drop could be estimated from a relatively simple equation that was originally developed for flow through model stenoses. With this equation, the effects of several factors that contribute to the pressure drop, including stenosis size and shape, artery lumen diameter, blood density, blood viscosity, and velocity and acceleration of flow, could be clearly delineated. For severe stenoses, unsteady flow effects were small and flow could be treated as quasi-steady. Calculations based on data obtained from the dog experiments revealed that the mean pressure drop across a stenosis increased nonlinearly with percent stenosis and showed quantitatively that the value of critical stenosis decreased with increasing demand for blood flow.", "contents": "Pressure drop across artificially induced stenoses in the femoral arteries of dogs. Stenoses were artificially induced in 13 large mongrel dogs by implanting small hollow cylindrical plugs in their femoral arteries. The instantaneous pressure drop across the stenosis and the flow rate were measured for a series of stenoses varying in severity from 52.3 to 92.2%. Mean pressure drops ranged from approximately 2 to 30 mm Hg with peak pressure drops ranging from 9 to 53 mm Hg. The pressure drop could be estimated from a relatively simple equation that was originally developed for flow through model stenoses. With this equation, the effects of several factors that contribute to the pressure drop, including stenosis size and shape, artery lumen diameter, blood density, blood viscosity, and velocity and acceleration of flow, could be clearly delineated. For severe stenoses, unsteady flow effects were small and flow could be treated as quasi-steady. Calculations based on data obtained from the dog experiments revealed that the mean pressure drop across a stenosis increased nonlinearly with percent stenosis and showed quantitatively that the value of critical stenosis decreased with increasing demand for blood flow.", "PMID": 1132067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11829", "title": "Correlation of the glycoside response, the force staircase, and the action potential configuration in the neonatal rat heart.", "content": "The rat heart demonstrates marked alterations in its responses to ouabain and increased frequencies of stimulation and in the duration of its action potential during the initial 21 days of life. At an age of 6.2 days 5 times 10- minus 5M ouabain produced a 158.2% increase in dP/dt compared with a 17.2% increase at 21.1 days (P less than 0.001). At 6.2 days dP/dt increased by 53.4% when the heart rate was accelerated from 30 to 90 beats/min compared with an increase of 12.2% at 21.1 days (P less than 0.005). The positive glycoside and staircase responses at the younger age were virtually eliminated when the hearts were perfused with a solution containing 50% [Na+]o and 25% [Ca-2+]o ([Ca-2+]o/[Na+]o-2 maintained constant). The duration of the ventricular action potential progressively decreased from 350-400 msec at birth to 100-150 msec at 21 days of life. This decrease was due to a shortening and a decrease in the potential level of the plateau phase. The prominent plateau typical of the early neonatal period was significantly diminished by perfusion with 50% [Na+]o. The results suggest that Na+ flux through a slow membrane channel plays a significant role in the positive staircase and glycoside responses of the early neonatal rat heart. As the heart matures and becomes functionally anomalous relative to other mammalian species, the slow channel progressively closes.", "contents": "Correlation of the glycoside response, the force staircase, and the action potential configuration in the neonatal rat heart. The rat heart demonstrates marked alterations in its responses to ouabain and increased frequencies of stimulation and in the duration of its action potential during the initial 21 days of life. At an age of 6.2 days 5 times 10- minus 5M ouabain produced a 158.2% increase in dP/dt compared with a 17.2% increase at 21.1 days (P less than 0.001). At 6.2 days dP/dt increased by 53.4% when the heart rate was accelerated from 30 to 90 beats/min compared with an increase of 12.2% at 21.1 days (P less than 0.005). The positive glycoside and staircase responses at the younger age were virtually eliminated when the hearts were perfused with a solution containing 50% [Na+]o and 25% [Ca-2+]o ([Ca-2+]o/[Na+]o-2 maintained constant). The duration of the ventricular action potential progressively decreased from 350-400 msec at birth to 100-150 msec at 21 days of life. This decrease was due to a shortening and a decrease in the potential level of the plateau phase. The prominent plateau typical of the early neonatal period was significantly diminished by perfusion with 50% [Na+]o. The results suggest that Na+ flux through a slow membrane channel plays a significant role in the positive staircase and glycoside responses of the early neonatal rat heart. As the heart matures and becomes functionally anomalous relative to other mammalian species, the slow channel progressively closes.", "PMID": 1132068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11830", "title": "Inhibition of coronary blood flow by a vascular waterfall mechanism.", "content": "The mechanism whereby systole inhibits coronary blood flow was examined. A branch of the left coronary artery was maximally dilated with an adenosine infusion, and the pressure-flow relationship was obtained for beating and arrested states. The pressure-flow curve for the arrested state was shifted toward higher pressures and in the range of pressures above peak ventricular pressure was linear and parallel to that for the arrested state. Below this range the curve for the beating state converged toward that for the arrested state and was convex to the pressure axis. These results were compared with a model of the coronary vasculature that consisted of numerous parallel channels, each responding to local intramyocardial pressure by forming vascular waterfalls. When intramyocardial pressure in the model was assigned values from zero at the epicardium to peak ventricular pressure at the endocardium, pressure-flow curves similar to the experimental ones resulted. Thus, we conclude that systole inhibits coronary perfusion by the formation of vascular waterfalls and that the intramyocardial pressures responsible for this inhibition do not significantly exceed peak ventricular pressure.", "contents": "Inhibition of coronary blood flow by a vascular waterfall mechanism. The mechanism whereby systole inhibits coronary blood flow was examined. A branch of the left coronary artery was maximally dilated with an adenosine infusion, and the pressure-flow relationship was obtained for beating and arrested states. The pressure-flow curve for the arrested state was shifted toward higher pressures and in the range of pressures above peak ventricular pressure was linear and parallel to that for the arrested state. Below this range the curve for the beating state converged toward that for the arrested state and was convex to the pressure axis. These results were compared with a model of the coronary vasculature that consisted of numerous parallel channels, each responding to local intramyocardial pressure by forming vascular waterfalls. When intramyocardial pressure in the model was assigned values from zero at the epicardium to peak ventricular pressure at the endocardium, pressure-flow curves similar to the experimental ones resulted. Thus, we conclude that systole inhibits coronary perfusion by the formation of vascular waterfalls and that the intramyocardial pressures responsible for this inhibition do not significantly exceed peak ventricular pressure.", "PMID": 1132069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11831", "title": "Reduced myocardial reflow and increased coronary vascular resistance following prolonged myocardial ischemia in the dog.", "content": "Studies were performed to determine whether an alteration in coronary vascular resistance and a reduction in the reflow phenomenon occurred in the blood-perfused, heparinized canine heart after various periods of myocaridal ischemia. Regional myocardial blood flow was measured with radioactive microspheres. Proximal left anterior descending coronary artery blood flow was measured with a periarterial flow transducer. Reduced reflow to the ischemic portion of the left ventricle and increased resistance in the left anterior descending coronary artery were present after 120 minutes of myocardial ischemia. The reduction in reflow was specific to the subendocardium of the ischemic area. Saline and isosorbide dinitrate (Isordi) did not prevent the increase in coronary vascular resistance or the significant reduction in reflow to the subendocardial portion of the ischemic area. Hypertonic mannitol given so as to increase serum osmolality 40 mosmoles/kg prevented the increase in coronary vascular resistance and modified the reduction in the reflow phenomenon to the subendocardial portion of the ischemic area. Thus, both an increase in coronary vascular resistance and a significant reduction in reflow to the subendocardial portion of the ischemic area occur in the canine heart after 120 minutes of myocardial ischemia. Moreover, the increase in coronary vascular resistance can be prevented and the reduction in reflow to the subendocardial portion of the ischemic area can be modified by the administration of hypertonic mannitol.", "contents": "Reduced myocardial reflow and increased coronary vascular resistance following prolonged myocardial ischemia in the dog. Studies were performed to determine whether an alteration in coronary vascular resistance and a reduction in the reflow phenomenon occurred in the blood-perfused, heparinized canine heart after various periods of myocaridal ischemia. Regional myocardial blood flow was measured with radioactive microspheres. Proximal left anterior descending coronary artery blood flow was measured with a periarterial flow transducer. Reduced reflow to the ischemic portion of the left ventricle and increased resistance in the left anterior descending coronary artery were present after 120 minutes of myocardial ischemia. The reduction in reflow was specific to the subendocardium of the ischemic area. Saline and isosorbide dinitrate (Isordi) did not prevent the increase in coronary vascular resistance or the significant reduction in reflow to the subendocardial portion of the ischemic area. Hypertonic mannitol given so as to increase serum osmolality 40 mosmoles/kg prevented the increase in coronary vascular resistance and modified the reduction in the reflow phenomenon to the subendocardial portion of the ischemic area. Thus, both an increase in coronary vascular resistance and a significant reduction in reflow to the subendocardial portion of the ischemic area occur in the canine heart after 120 minutes of myocardial ischemia. Moreover, the increase in coronary vascular resistance can be prevented and the reduction in reflow to the subendocardial portion of the ischemic area can be modified by the administration of hypertonic mannitol.", "PMID": 1132070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11832", "title": "Determinants of fast- and slow-pathway conduction in patients with dual atrioventricular nodal pathways.", "content": "Electrophysiological studies were performed in two patients with documented paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia and dual atrioventricular (AV) nodal pathways as defined by the atrial extra-stimulus technique. Both patients manifested two ranges of A-H intervals (AV nodal conduction times) at critical cycle lengths, reflecting fast- and slow-pathway conduction. The occurrence of fast- and slow-pathway conduction at the same cycle length depended on a long fast-pathway effective refractory period relative to the spontaneous or driven cycle length. At critical cycle lengths with fast-pathway conduction, a shift to slow-pathway conduction could be induced by a premature atrial impulse falling within the effective refractory period of the fast pathway. Repetitive retrograde concealed conduction to the fast pathway then maintained antegrade slow-pathway conduction. Resumption of fast-pathway conduction was induced with premature atrial impulses falling within the effective refractory periods of both the fast and the slow pathways, allowing recovery of the fast pathway for antegrade conduction. Atrial echoes and AV nodal reentrant paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia occurred when sufficient slow-pathway delay was achieved to allow recovery of the fast pathway for retrograde conduction.", "contents": "Determinants of fast- and slow-pathway conduction in patients with dual atrioventricular nodal pathways. Electrophysiological studies were performed in two patients with documented paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia and dual atrioventricular (AV) nodal pathways as defined by the atrial extra-stimulus technique. Both patients manifested two ranges of A-H intervals (AV nodal conduction times) at critical cycle lengths, reflecting fast- and slow-pathway conduction. The occurrence of fast- and slow-pathway conduction at the same cycle length depended on a long fast-pathway effective refractory period relative to the spontaneous or driven cycle length. At critical cycle lengths with fast-pathway conduction, a shift to slow-pathway conduction could be induced by a premature atrial impulse falling within the effective refractory period of the fast pathway. Repetitive retrograde concealed conduction to the fast pathway then maintained antegrade slow-pathway conduction. Resumption of fast-pathway conduction was induced with premature atrial impulses falling within the effective refractory periods of both the fast and the slow pathways, allowing recovery of the fast pathway for antegrade conduction. Atrial echoes and AV nodal reentrant paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia occurred when sufficient slow-pathway delay was achieved to allow recovery of the fast pathway for retrograde conduction.", "PMID": 1132071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11833", "title": "Mesenteric hemodynamics in early experimental renal hypertension in dogs.", "content": "To investigate mesenteric hemodynamics in early perinephritic hypertension, we measured blood flows and intravascular pressures in innvervated, collateral-free, naturally perfused loops of ileum in 50 male mongrel dogs anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital. In addition, we studied venous pressure-volume relationships in temporarily occluded segments of mesenteric veins in vivo and in excised segments of mesenteric veins in vitro. In 10 dogs (group H-1), one kidney was wrapped in silk 11 days before study; in 15 other dogs (group H-2), one kidney was wrapped 4 weeks before study and the other was removed 2 weeks before study. Twenty-five additional dogs were prepared as normotensive controls: in 10 one kidney was sham-wrapped (group C-1), and in 15 one kidney was sham-wrapped and the other was removed (group C-2). A significant rise in mean arterial blood pressure occurred in groups H-1 and H-2. Compared to controls, (1) ileal blood flow in the hypertensive dogs (H-1 plus H-2) was increased by 17% (P smaller than 0.05), (2) calculated ileal vascular resistances (total and segmental) were unchanged (P smaller than 0.05), and (3) in vivo and in vitro mesenteric vein pressure-volume curves of H-2 (but not of H-1) hypertensive dogs were shifted in the direction of the pressure axis (P smaller than 0.05). These data suggest that in the early stages of perinephritic hypertension in dogs (1) ileal blood flow is increased. (2) ileal vascular resistance is not elevated, and (3) mesenteric venous compliance is reduced. Analysis of the venous pressure-volume curves suggests that the decreased venous compliance is attributable to factors other than smooth muscle contraction.", "contents": "Mesenteric hemodynamics in early experimental renal hypertension in dogs. To investigate mesenteric hemodynamics in early perinephritic hypertension, we measured blood flows and intravascular pressures in innvervated, collateral-free, naturally perfused loops of ileum in 50 male mongrel dogs anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital. In addition, we studied venous pressure-volume relationships in temporarily occluded segments of mesenteric veins in vivo and in excised segments of mesenteric veins in vitro. In 10 dogs (group H-1), one kidney was wrapped in silk 11 days before study; in 15 other dogs (group H-2), one kidney was wrapped 4 weeks before study and the other was removed 2 weeks before study. Twenty-five additional dogs were prepared as normotensive controls: in 10 one kidney was sham-wrapped (group C-1), and in 15 one kidney was sham-wrapped and the other was removed (group C-2). A significant rise in mean arterial blood pressure occurred in groups H-1 and H-2. Compared to controls, (1) ileal blood flow in the hypertensive dogs (H-1 plus H-2) was increased by 17% (P smaller than 0.05), (2) calculated ileal vascular resistances (total and segmental) were unchanged (P smaller than 0.05), and (3) in vivo and in vitro mesenteric vein pressure-volume curves of H-2 (but not of H-1) hypertensive dogs were shifted in the direction of the pressure axis (P smaller than 0.05). These data suggest that in the early stages of perinephritic hypertension in dogs (1) ileal blood flow is increased. (2) ileal vascular resistance is not elevated, and (3) mesenteric venous compliance is reduced. Analysis of the venous pressure-volume curves suggests that the decreased venous compliance is attributable to factors other than smooth muscle contraction.", "PMID": 1132072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11834", "title": "Urinary kallikrein excretion in spontaneously hypertensive rats.", "content": "Urinary kallikrein was similar in 16-week-old Wistar/Kyoto (W/Ky) and spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats, but at 23 weeks the SH rats excreted significantly less kallikrein. When dietary sodium was restricted, kallikrein excretion increased in the W/Ky but not in the SH rats. On high dietary sodium the opposite occurred: kallidrein excretion increased in the SH but not in the W/Ky rats. The pattern of urinary kallikrein excretion has some similarity to that seen in human hypertensive disease, i.e., the SH rat excretes less kallikrein than the normotensive control at 23 weeks of age and does not show an increased excretion when fed a low sodium diet. However, the rise in kallikrein shown by the SH rat on a high sodium diet is unique for this hypertensive model.", "contents": "Urinary kallikrein excretion in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Urinary kallikrein was similar in 16-week-old Wistar/Kyoto (W/Ky) and spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats, but at 23 weeks the SH rats excreted significantly less kallikrein. When dietary sodium was restricted, kallikrein excretion increased in the W/Ky but not in the SH rats. On high dietary sodium the opposite occurred: kallidrein excretion increased in the SH but not in the W/Ky rats. The pattern of urinary kallikrein excretion has some similarity to that seen in human hypertensive disease, i.e., the SH rat excretes less kallikrein than the normotensive control at 23 weeks of age and does not show an increased excretion when fed a low sodium diet. However, the rise in kallikrein shown by the SH rat on a high sodium diet is unique for this hypertensive model.", "PMID": 1132073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11835", "title": "Identification of angiotensinogenic hypertension in man using 1-sar-8-ala-angiotensin II (Saralasin, P-113).", "content": "Peripheral plasma renin activity (PRA) is not invariably elevated in patients whose ischemic renal lesion is causing hypertension. Infusions of an angiotensin II antagonist, 1-sar-8-ala-angiotensin II (P-113), have been used to determine whether the blood pressure responses might indicate angiotensin dependence in 221 consecutive hypertensive patients. In 32 patients P-113 infusion reversibly reduced blood pressure, and almost all of these \"P-113 responders\" had elevated renal vein and/or peripheral PRA levels, together with evidence of renal ischemia. Among the 189 \"P-113 nonresponders,\" peripheral PRA was elevated in seven (3.8%), and renal vein PRA ratio was abnormal in two patients, who might represent exceptions to the otherwise successful record of the P-113 response in identifying \"angiotensinoginic\" hypertensives.", "contents": "Identification of angiotensinogenic hypertension in man using 1-sar-8-ala-angiotensin II (Saralasin, P-113). Peripheral plasma renin activity (PRA) is not invariably elevated in patients whose ischemic renal lesion is causing hypertension. Infusions of an angiotensin II antagonist, 1-sar-8-ala-angiotensin II (P-113), have been used to determine whether the blood pressure responses might indicate angiotensin dependence in 221 consecutive hypertensive patients. In 32 patients P-113 infusion reversibly reduced blood pressure, and almost all of these \"P-113 responders\" had elevated renal vein and/or peripheral PRA levels, together with evidence of renal ischemia. Among the 189 \"P-113 nonresponders,\" peripheral PRA was elevated in seven (3.8%), and renal vein PRA ratio was abnormal in two patients, who might represent exceptions to the otherwise successful record of the P-113 response in identifying \"angiotensinoginic\" hypertensives.", "PMID": 1132074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11836", "title": "Effect of varying perfusion pressures on the output of sodium and renin and the vascular resistance in kidneys of rats with \"post-salt\" hypertension and Kyoto spontaneous hypertension.", "content": "Isolated kidneys from both \"post-salt\" normotensive and hypertensive rats were perfused with blood from donor rats at varying pressures. At 130 mm Hg inflow pressure 15 \"post-salt normotensive\" kidneys put out 0.75 muEq Na/min/g kidney while 14 \"post-salt hypertensive\" kidneys put out 0.28 mu-Eq Na/min/g (P less than 0.001), a 63% reduction. They also put out 55% less water (P less than 0.002). Thus, if \"hypertensive\" kidneys are perfused at normal pressures, they put out subnormal amounts of Na and H-2-O. Such Na and H-2-O retention maintains the hypertensive state. Normal Na output in these kidneys was only reached at hypertensive (160) inflow pressures. This shift in the \"pressure natriuresis\" curve explains in part how some \"hypertensive\" kidneys maintain hypertension. These \"hypertensive\" kidneys have grossly abnormal autoregulation curves, each increment of pressure actually producing progressively greater increments of blood flow. Isolated kidneys from Kyoto hypertensive and normotensive rats showed no difference in Na and H-2-O excretion at 130 mm Hg inflow pressure. Thus, a tendency to Na retention demonstrable in the isolated kidney is apparently not supporting Kyoto hypertension. Moreover, isolated kidneys form Kyoto hypertensive rats released significantly lower amounts of renin at all levels of inflow pressure, averaging a 70% lower rate than Kyoto normotensive kidneys (P less than 0.01). Hence, Kyoto hypertension is not supported by a supernormal renin release inherent in the kidney. One can speculate that Kyoto hypertensive rats normally have an elevated sympathetic tone which stimulates release of renin. The denervation which occurs in isolating kidneys might therefore produce a proportionally greater percentage loss of sympathetic influence in these kidneys, which could possibly account for some of their reduced renin release. These Kyoto hypertensive kidneys are apparently not \"reset\" to maintain hypertension with either Na or renin.", "contents": "Effect of varying perfusion pressures on the output of sodium and renin and the vascular resistance in kidneys of rats with \"post-salt\" hypertension and Kyoto spontaneous hypertension. Isolated kidneys from both \"post-salt\" normotensive and hypertensive rats were perfused with blood from donor rats at varying pressures. At 130 mm Hg inflow pressure 15 \"post-salt normotensive\" kidneys put out 0.75 muEq Na/min/g kidney while 14 \"post-salt hypertensive\" kidneys put out 0.28 mu-Eq Na/min/g (P less than 0.001), a 63% reduction. They also put out 55% less water (P less than 0.002). Thus, if \"hypertensive\" kidneys are perfused at normal pressures, they put out subnormal amounts of Na and H-2-O. Such Na and H-2-O retention maintains the hypertensive state. Normal Na output in these kidneys was only reached at hypertensive (160) inflow pressures. This shift in the \"pressure natriuresis\" curve explains in part how some \"hypertensive\" kidneys maintain hypertension. These \"hypertensive\" kidneys have grossly abnormal autoregulation curves, each increment of pressure actually producing progressively greater increments of blood flow. Isolated kidneys from Kyoto hypertensive and normotensive rats showed no difference in Na and H-2-O excretion at 130 mm Hg inflow pressure. Thus, a tendency to Na retention demonstrable in the isolated kidney is apparently not supporting Kyoto hypertension. Moreover, isolated kidneys form Kyoto hypertensive rats released significantly lower amounts of renin at all levels of inflow pressure, averaging a 70% lower rate than Kyoto normotensive kidneys (P less than 0.01). Hence, Kyoto hypertension is not supported by a supernormal renin release inherent in the kidney. One can speculate that Kyoto hypertensive rats normally have an elevated sympathetic tone which stimulates release of renin. The denervation which occurs in isolating kidneys might therefore produce a proportionally greater percentage loss of sympathetic influence in these kidneys, which could possibly account for some of their reduced renin release. These Kyoto hypertensive kidneys are apparently not \"reset\" to maintain hypertension with either Na or renin.", "PMID": 1132075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11837", "title": "Evidence for the existence of an acetone soluble renin inhibiting factor in normal human plasma.", "content": "After addition of exogenous human renin, the in vitro rate of angiotensin I generation is faster in plasma of patients with chronic renal insufficiency and, to a lesser extent, in plasma of patients with essential hypertension than in plasma from normotensive control subjects. The increased reactivity of renin in hypertensive and uremic plasma is not related to differences of endogenous renin activity, angiotensinase activity, renin substrate concentration, or substrate reactivity. Addition of normal, hypertensive, and uremic plasma to a human renin-sheep renin substrate system inhibited the rate of angiotensin generation, although significantly less inhibition was observed with uremic plasma. The reactivity of renin increased in normal plasma but not in uremic plasma after treatment with 95% acetone. After acetone extraction renin reactivity in normal and plasma inhibited the rate of angiotensin generation in a renin-renin substrate system. Less inhibition occurred with the acetone extract from a pool of uremic plasma. These results provide evidence for the existence of a naturally occurring acetone soluble renin inhibiting factor in normal and uremic plasma. The increased reactivity of renin in uremic plasma may be related to a deficiency of this factor.", "contents": "Evidence for the existence of an acetone soluble renin inhibiting factor in normal human plasma. After addition of exogenous human renin, the in vitro rate of angiotensin I generation is faster in plasma of patients with chronic renal insufficiency and, to a lesser extent, in plasma of patients with essential hypertension than in plasma from normotensive control subjects. The increased reactivity of renin in hypertensive and uremic plasma is not related to differences of endogenous renin activity, angiotensinase activity, renin substrate concentration, or substrate reactivity. Addition of normal, hypertensive, and uremic plasma to a human renin-sheep renin substrate system inhibited the rate of angiotensin generation, although significantly less inhibition was observed with uremic plasma. The reactivity of renin increased in normal plasma but not in uremic plasma after treatment with 95% acetone. After acetone extraction renin reactivity in normal and plasma inhibited the rate of angiotensin generation in a renin-renin substrate system. Less inhibition occurred with the acetone extract from a pool of uremic plasma. These results provide evidence for the existence of a naturally occurring acetone soluble renin inhibiting factor in normal and uremic plasma. The increased reactivity of renin in uremic plasma may be related to a deficiency of this factor.", "PMID": 1132076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11838", "title": "Plasma renin and sodium balance during development of moderate and severe renal hypertension in rats.", "content": "The changes in systolic blood pressure, plasma renin activity (PRA), and sodium balance were studied during the first 3 weeks of the development of renal hypertension in rats with an undisturbed contralateral kidney. Moderate hypertension (160 to 180 mm Hg) was reached after application of a 0.25-mm solid clip; severe hypertension (200 to 230 mm Hg) developed after application of a 0.20-mm solid clip. Basal levels of PRA in peripheral blood increased only in rats with a 0.20-mm clip, when blood pressure had already risen to 160 to 180 mm Hg. Elevated peripheral PRA, however, may have contributed to the initial increase of blood pressure in both groups of hypertensive rats, as indicated by higher late-afternoon PRA values at the peak of the normal diurnal rhythm of PRA. PRA in renal venous blood from the clipped kidney increased during the development of both moderate and severe hypertension at a rate quantitatively related to the rise in blood pressure. During the first 8 to 10 days after application of both sizes of clips, sodium retention per gram gain in body weight was significantly higher than in the sham-operated controls. Subsequently, sodium balance and blood pressure stabilized in animals with a 0.25-mm clip. In the rats with a 0.20-mm clip, sodium balance returned to control levels and became even lower than in the sham-operated group. Despite this negative sodium balance, blood pressure showed a further rise. These results suggest that in rats with an undisturbed contralateral kidney, a positive sodium balance has a role in the early phase of the development of renal hypertension. The enhanced plasma renin activity also probably contributes to the early phase, but appears to make a major contribution to the further development of severe hypertension.", "contents": "Plasma renin and sodium balance during development of moderate and severe renal hypertension in rats. The changes in systolic blood pressure, plasma renin activity (PRA), and sodium balance were studied during the first 3 weeks of the development of renal hypertension in rats with an undisturbed contralateral kidney. Moderate hypertension (160 to 180 mm Hg) was reached after application of a 0.25-mm solid clip; severe hypertension (200 to 230 mm Hg) developed after application of a 0.20-mm solid clip. Basal levels of PRA in peripheral blood increased only in rats with a 0.20-mm clip, when blood pressure had already risen to 160 to 180 mm Hg. Elevated peripheral PRA, however, may have contributed to the initial increase of blood pressure in both groups of hypertensive rats, as indicated by higher late-afternoon PRA values at the peak of the normal diurnal rhythm of PRA. PRA in renal venous blood from the clipped kidney increased during the development of both moderate and severe hypertension at a rate quantitatively related to the rise in blood pressure. During the first 8 to 10 days after application of both sizes of clips, sodium retention per gram gain in body weight was significantly higher than in the sham-operated controls. Subsequently, sodium balance and blood pressure stabilized in animals with a 0.25-mm clip. In the rats with a 0.20-mm clip, sodium balance returned to control levels and became even lower than in the sham-operated group. Despite this negative sodium balance, blood pressure showed a further rise. These results suggest that in rats with an undisturbed contralateral kidney, a positive sodium balance has a role in the early phase of the development of renal hypertension. The enhanced plasma renin activity also probably contributes to the early phase, but appears to make a major contribution to the further development of severe hypertension.", "PMID": 1132077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11839", "title": "Role of renin in the pathogenesis of renal hypertension.", "content": "To test the hypothesis that renin is circulating in pressor amounts in renal hypertension, two-kidney Goldblatt hypertension was produced in rats. After hypertension had been present for a variable period of time (4 to 21 days), the ischemic kidney was removed, and an infusion of rat renin was started immediately to replace the endogenous renin that the ischemic kidney had been releasing. Since the amount of renin released by the clipped kidney was not known, the amount infused was regulated by a feedback mechanism set to keep the mean blood pressure at the same level as before ipsilateral nephrectomy. Hypertension remission was therefore prevented by this procedure. The PRA at the end of the renin infusion was similar to that prior to the ipsilateral nephrectomy. This finding indicates that the levels of the PRA circulating in renal hypertension are within the pressor range, thus supporting the hypothesis that renin plays a role in the pathogenesis of the acute or semiacute phase of renal hypertension. However, the participation of other factors cannot be ruled out since no correlation was found between PRA and blood pressure.", "contents": "Role of renin in the pathogenesis of renal hypertension. To test the hypothesis that renin is circulating in pressor amounts in renal hypertension, two-kidney Goldblatt hypertension was produced in rats. After hypertension had been present for a variable period of time (4 to 21 days), the ischemic kidney was removed, and an infusion of rat renin was started immediately to replace the endogenous renin that the ischemic kidney had been releasing. Since the amount of renin released by the clipped kidney was not known, the amount infused was regulated by a feedback mechanism set to keep the mean blood pressure at the same level as before ipsilateral nephrectomy. Hypertension remission was therefore prevented by this procedure. The PRA at the end of the renin infusion was similar to that prior to the ipsilateral nephrectomy. This finding indicates that the levels of the PRA circulating in renal hypertension are within the pressor range, thus supporting the hypothesis that renin plays a role in the pathogenesis of the acute or semiacute phase of renal hypertension. However, the participation of other factors cannot be ruled out since no correlation was found between PRA and blood pressure.", "PMID": 1132078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11840", "title": "Effects of high and low sodium intake on arterial pressure and forearm vasular resistance in borderline hypertension. A preliminary report.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to evaluate effects of high and low sodium intake on arterial pressure and forearm vascular resistance in subjects with borderline hypertension and to compare responses to sodium excess in these subjects with responses in a recent study in normotensive subjects. Six subjects with borderline hypertension were studied after ten days of high (410 mEq/24hr) and low (10mEq/24hr) sodium intake. Potassium intake was constant. In five of six subjects, high sodium intake decreased forearm blood flow and increased forearm vascular resistance and arterial pressure. During low and high sodium intake forearm blood flow averaged 7.8 plus or minus 1.2 (SE) and 5.9 plus or minus 0.8 ml/min x 100 ml, respectively; forearm vascular resistance averaged 13.5 plus or minus 2.2 and 19.1 plus or minus 3.0 units, respectively; and mean arterial pressure averaged 89 plus or minus 3 and 98 plus or minus 2 mm Hg, respectively. High sodium intake augmented forearm vasoconstrictor responses to lower body negative pressure, a stimulus to neurogenic vasoconstriction. The results contrast with our earlier results in normotensive subjects in whom sodium excess produced forearm vasodilatation and failed to increase arterial pressure significantly. Decreases in renin and aldosterone with high sodium intake were similar in the two groups. The results suggest that excessive sodium intake in subjects with borderline hypertension produces abnormal increases in forearm vascular resistance, neurogenic vasoconstriction, and arterial pressure. The reasons for the contrast between the borderline hypertensives and normotensives are unknown, but they do not seem to be related to the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.", "contents": "Effects of high and low sodium intake on arterial pressure and forearm vasular resistance in borderline hypertension. A preliminary report. The purpose of this study was to evaluate effects of high and low sodium intake on arterial pressure and forearm vascular resistance in subjects with borderline hypertension and to compare responses to sodium excess in these subjects with responses in a recent study in normotensive subjects. Six subjects with borderline hypertension were studied after ten days of high (410 mEq/24hr) and low (10mEq/24hr) sodium intake. Potassium intake was constant. In five of six subjects, high sodium intake decreased forearm blood flow and increased forearm vascular resistance and arterial pressure. During low and high sodium intake forearm blood flow averaged 7.8 plus or minus 1.2 (SE) and 5.9 plus or minus 0.8 ml/min x 100 ml, respectively; forearm vascular resistance averaged 13.5 plus or minus 2.2 and 19.1 plus or minus 3.0 units, respectively; and mean arterial pressure averaged 89 plus or minus 3 and 98 plus or minus 2 mm Hg, respectively. High sodium intake augmented forearm vasoconstrictor responses to lower body negative pressure, a stimulus to neurogenic vasoconstriction. The results contrast with our earlier results in normotensive subjects in whom sodium excess produced forearm vasodilatation and failed to increase arterial pressure significantly. Decreases in renin and aldosterone with high sodium intake were similar in the two groups. The results suggest that excessive sodium intake in subjects with borderline hypertension produces abnormal increases in forearm vascular resistance, neurogenic vasoconstriction, and arterial pressure. The reasons for the contrast between the borderline hypertensives and normotensives are unknown, but they do not seem to be related to the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.", "PMID": 1132079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11841", "title": "Altered cardiac responsiveness and regulation in the normal cardiac output type of borderlind hlpertension.", "content": "Of 145 patients with borderline hypertension, 30% had increased resting cardiac index (QI), whereas the remainder had normal values. The specific aim of this study was to investigate cardiac regulation in patients who had normal resting QI. Eighty-five control subjects were used for comparison. At rest, patients with normal QI showed evidence of decreased parasympathetic inhibition; the QI after injection of atropine increased less than in control subjects. After complete cardiac autonomic blockade with propranolol and atropine, QI and stroke volume were significantly lower in patients than in control subjects. The mechanism of this low QI was further analyzed. Central blood volume, which strongly correlates with stroke volume, was used as an estimate of the cardiac venous filling. After blockade, stroke volume was decreased in patients, but central blood volume was normal. Patients also showed a decreased heart rate and QI response to infusion of isoproterenol. It is therefore postulated that two components may be responsible for the low QI in the \"denervated\" heart: patients exhibit a decreased responsiveness to sympathetic stimulation, and they may also be less responsive to venous filling. Behind the facade of cardiac normality in these borderline hypertensive patients with normal cardiac output, there is evidence of altered autonomic control of the heart (decreased vagal inhibition) and of changed cardiac response to sympathetic stimulation and possibly to venous filling.", "contents": "Altered cardiac responsiveness and regulation in the normal cardiac output type of borderlind hlpertension. Of 145 patients with borderline hypertension, 30% had increased resting cardiac index (QI), whereas the remainder had normal values. The specific aim of this study was to investigate cardiac regulation in patients who had normal resting QI. Eighty-five control subjects were used for comparison. At rest, patients with normal QI showed evidence of decreased parasympathetic inhibition; the QI after injection of atropine increased less than in control subjects. After complete cardiac autonomic blockade with propranolol and atropine, QI and stroke volume were significantly lower in patients than in control subjects. The mechanism of this low QI was further analyzed. Central blood volume, which strongly correlates with stroke volume, was used as an estimate of the cardiac venous filling. After blockade, stroke volume was decreased in patients, but central blood volume was normal. Patients also showed a decreased heart rate and QI response to infusion of isoproterenol. It is therefore postulated that two components may be responsible for the low QI in the \"denervated\" heart: patients exhibit a decreased responsiveness to sympathetic stimulation, and they may also be less responsive to venous filling. Behind the facade of cardiac normality in these borderline hypertensive patients with normal cardiac output, there is evidence of altered autonomic control of the heart (decreased vagal inhibition) and of changed cardiac response to sympathetic stimulation and possibly to venous filling.", "PMID": 1132080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11842", "title": "Mechanism of vascular hyperresponsiveness in the spontaneously hypertensive rat.", "content": "Hyperresponsiveness of resistance vessels has been described in various vascular beds of spontaneously hypertensive rats perfused with artificial medium. This change has been attributed to altered vascular dimensions secondary to the development of hypertension. To test the possibility that true changes in sensitivity might contribute independently to vasoconstrictor hyperresponsiveness in spontaneously hypertensive rats, threshold vasoconstrictor doses of norepinephrine and barium chloride were determined in denervated hindquarters of rats perfused at constant flow with autologous blood. Threshold constrictor responses to norepinephrine were elicited in the hypertensive rats at concentrations averaging less than one-third that required in controls. Threshold vasoconstrictor concentrations of barium were not significantly different between the two groups. The ratio of norepinephrine/barium sensitivity was also significantly elevated in the hypertensive group. These data suggest that in the presence of a full humoral complement, excitability (barium sensitivity) in resistance vessels of spontaneously hypertensive rats is not altered, whereas the smooth muscle is hypersensitive to norepinephrine. Thus, it appears that changes in sensitivity as well as altered vascular geometry are important in the production of vascular hyperresponsiveness in the spontaneously hypertensive rat.", "contents": "Mechanism of vascular hyperresponsiveness in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. Hyperresponsiveness of resistance vessels has been described in various vascular beds of spontaneously hypertensive rats perfused with artificial medium. This change has been attributed to altered vascular dimensions secondary to the development of hypertension. To test the possibility that true changes in sensitivity might contribute independently to vasoconstrictor hyperresponsiveness in spontaneously hypertensive rats, threshold vasoconstrictor doses of norepinephrine and barium chloride were determined in denervated hindquarters of rats perfused at constant flow with autologous blood. Threshold constrictor responses to norepinephrine were elicited in the hypertensive rats at concentrations averaging less than one-third that required in controls. Threshold vasoconstrictor concentrations of barium were not significantly different between the two groups. The ratio of norepinephrine/barium sensitivity was also significantly elevated in the hypertensive group. These data suggest that in the presence of a full humoral complement, excitability (barium sensitivity) in resistance vessels of spontaneously hypertensive rats is not altered, whereas the smooth muscle is hypersensitive to norepinephrine. Thus, it appears that changes in sensitivity as well as altered vascular geometry are important in the production of vascular hyperresponsiveness in the spontaneously hypertensive rat.", "PMID": 1132081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11843", "title": "Angiotensin III:  (DES-Aspartic Acid-1)-Angiotensin II. Evidence and speculation for its role as an important agonist in the renin - angiotensin system.", "content": "Evidence is reviewed that three and possibly four peptides formed from renin substrate have biological activity that merits their recognition as agonists. The decepeptide angiotensin I affects sites in the central nervous system and adrenal medulla. The octapeptide angiotensin II affects vascular and cardiac sites that mediate acute pressor responses, and also causes direct feedback inhibition of renin release. The heptapeptide (des-asp-1)-angiotensin II (\"angiotensin III\") stimulates aldosterone release.. It may exert its effects intracellularly at the adrenal glomerulosa and other sites. The fourth candidate is the (des-asp-1)-angiotensin I nonapeptide, but nothing is known of its activity or circulating levels. This formulation of the angiotensin reaction sequence and the effects of its individual congeners suggests several experiments. It also permits simple explanations for previously confusing data, such as the inability of immunization and anti-angiotensin II to prevent aldosterone responses, and the paradoxical preservation of adrenal responsiveness in Bartter's syndrome.", "contents": "Angiotensin III:  (DES-Aspartic Acid-1)-Angiotensin II. Evidence and speculation for its role as an important agonist in the renin - angiotensin system. Evidence is reviewed that three and possibly four peptides formed from renin substrate have biological activity that merits their recognition as agonists. The decepeptide angiotensin I affects sites in the central nervous system and adrenal medulla. The octapeptide angiotensin II affects vascular and cardiac sites that mediate acute pressor responses, and also causes direct feedback inhibition of renin release. The heptapeptide (des-asp-1)-angiotensin II (\"angiotensin III\") stimulates aldosterone release.. It may exert its effects intracellularly at the adrenal glomerulosa and other sites. The fourth candidate is the (des-asp-1)-angiotensin I nonapeptide, but nothing is known of its activity or circulating levels. This formulation of the angiotensin reaction sequence and the effects of its individual congeners suggests several experiments. It also permits simple explanations for previously confusing data, such as the inability of immunization and anti-angiotensin II to prevent aldosterone responses, and the paradoxical preservation of adrenal responsiveness in Bartter's syndrome.", "PMID": 1132082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11844", "title": "Role of angiotensin II and potassium in the long-term regulation of aldosterone secretion in intact conscious dogs.", "content": "The aldosterone response to long-term infusion of angiotensin II and potassium was studied in intact conscious dogs. Plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC), plasma renin activity (PRA), and plasma cortisol concentration (PCC) were determined by radioimmunoassay. In ten dogs maintained on angiotension II infusion (5 ng/kg min-1) for 14 days, PAC increased from 6.9 plus or minus 2.9 to 18.6 plus or minus 4.7 ng/100 ml plasma (mean plus or minus SE) within ten minutes after beginning the infusion, reached a maximum level of 28.3 plus or minus 6.8 ng/100 ml plasma by one hour, and returned to control levels by six hours. PCC increased from 0.6 plus or minus 0.2 to 3.9 plus or minus 1.0 mu-g/ 100 ml plasma within one hour after angiotensin II infusion and returned to control levels by six hours. During the next 14 days of angiotensin infusion, PAC remained at control levels, PRA was undetectable by radioimmunoassay, and mean arterial blood pressure was elevated 29 plus or minus 4 mm Hg above control levels. In ten dogs maintained on KCL infusion (250 mEg/day) for 15 days, PAC increased from 6.8 plus or minus 2.4 to 13.6 plus or minus 3.4 ng/100 ml plasma within 24 hours, averaged 22.4 plus or minus 4.3 ng/100 ml plasma by 48 hours, and remained elevated for the next 12 days, averaging 21.8 plus or minus 5.6 ng/100 ml plasma. During the next 14 days of KCL infusion, serum Kn increased from 4.1 plus or minus 0.3 to 4.9 plus or minus 0.5 ME1/L, and PRA decreased from 1.25 plus or minus 0.3 to 0.65 plus or minus 0.2 ng/ml/hr. PCC averaged 0.73 plus or minus 0.4 mu-g/100 ml plasma in the control samples and failed to change significantly during KCL infusion. These data indicate that chronic angiotensin II infusion into intact conscious dogs at rates capable of maintaining elevated arterial blood pressure results in a transient increase in aldosterone secretion that lasts only a few hours, while chronic infusion of potassium ions at rates that produce a minor increase in serum Kn results in a sustained increase in aldosterone secretion.", "contents": "Role of angiotensin II and potassium in the long-term regulation of aldosterone secretion in intact conscious dogs. The aldosterone response to long-term infusion of angiotensin II and potassium was studied in intact conscious dogs. Plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC), plasma renin activity (PRA), and plasma cortisol concentration (PCC) were determined by radioimmunoassay. In ten dogs maintained on angiotension II infusion (5 ng/kg min-1) for 14 days, PAC increased from 6.9 plus or minus 2.9 to 18.6 plus or minus 4.7 ng/100 ml plasma (mean plus or minus SE) within ten minutes after beginning the infusion, reached a maximum level of 28.3 plus or minus 6.8 ng/100 ml plasma by one hour, and returned to control levels by six hours. PCC increased from 0.6 plus or minus 0.2 to 3.9 plus or minus 1.0 mu-g/ 100 ml plasma within one hour after angiotensin II infusion and returned to control levels by six hours. During the next 14 days of angiotensin infusion, PAC remained at control levels, PRA was undetectable by radioimmunoassay, and mean arterial blood pressure was elevated 29 plus or minus 4 mm Hg above control levels. In ten dogs maintained on KCL infusion (250 mEg/day) for 15 days, PAC increased from 6.8 plus or minus 2.4 to 13.6 plus or minus 3.4 ng/100 ml plasma within 24 hours, averaged 22.4 plus or minus 4.3 ng/100 ml plasma by 48 hours, and remained elevated for the next 12 days, averaging 21.8 plus or minus 5.6 ng/100 ml plasma. During the next 14 days of KCL infusion, serum Kn increased from 4.1 plus or minus 0.3 to 4.9 plus or minus 0.5 ME1/L, and PRA decreased from 1.25 plus or minus 0.3 to 0.65 plus or minus 0.2 ng/ml/hr. PCC averaged 0.73 plus or minus 0.4 mu-g/100 ml plasma in the control samples and failed to change significantly during KCL infusion. These data indicate that chronic angiotensin II infusion into intact conscious dogs at rates capable of maintaining elevated arterial blood pressure results in a transient increase in aldosterone secretion that lasts only a few hours, while chronic infusion of potassium ions at rates that produce a minor increase in serum Kn results in a sustained increase in aldosterone secretion.", "PMID": 1132083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11845", "title": "Prostaglandin synthesis by bovine mesenteric arteries and veins.", "content": "Prostaglandins (PG) were synthesized at similar rates by bovine mesenteric arteries and veins; viz., ca. 200 ng/g wet weight after one hour of incubation. After synthesis, PGE and PGF compounds were released from slices of arteries and veins into the incubating medium; PG were not detected in the walls of these blood vessels. Arachidonic acid, the precursor to PGE-2 and PGF-2-alpha, did not affect PG synthesis, whereas meclofenamate, an aspirin-like agent, decreased synthesis in arteries and veins by 90%. The PG biosynthetic capacity of these blood vessels is high, as indicated by greater than 20% conversion of (1-14C)-arachidonic acid to radiolabeled PG. Under control conditions in both arteries and veins, synthesis of PGE-2 exceeded that of PGF-2-alpha twofold. Bradykinin selectively increased the synthesis of a PGE-like substance in arteries and of a PGE-like substance in veins.", "contents": "Prostaglandin synthesis by bovine mesenteric arteries and veins. Prostaglandins (PG) were synthesized at similar rates by bovine mesenteric arteries and veins; viz., ca. 200 ng/g wet weight after one hour of incubation. After synthesis, PGE and PGF compounds were released from slices of arteries and veins into the incubating medium; PG were not detected in the walls of these blood vessels. Arachidonic acid, the precursor to PGE-2 and PGF-2-alpha, did not affect PG synthesis, whereas meclofenamate, an aspirin-like agent, decreased synthesis in arteries and veins by 90%. The PG biosynthetic capacity of these blood vessels is high, as indicated by greater than 20% conversion of (1-14C)-arachidonic acid to radiolabeled PG. Under control conditions in both arteries and veins, synthesis of PGE-2 exceeded that of PGF-2-alpha twofold. Bradykinin selectively increased the synthesis of a PGE-like substance in arteries and of a PGE-like substance in veins.", "PMID": 1132084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11846", "title": "Renal prostaglandin synthesis in the Goldblatt hypertensive rat.", "content": "The role of prostaglandins in blood pressure regulation was studied in normal rats and in animals with renal artery constriction. The effects of chronic inhibition of prostaglandin (PG) synthesis on arterial pressure were observed, and renal medullary PG synthesis was measured in vitro. The prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor indomethacin was given in a dose of 2 mg/kg/day by mouth to one of two groups of male Wistar rats with a unilateral renal artery constriction and the other kidney untouched, and to one of two sham-clipped groups. Systolic blood pressures were higher in indomethacin-treated clipped rats than in non-indomethacin-treated clipped animals, and at 18 days averaged 188 mm Hg (plus or minus SEM 5.9, n = 36) and 162 mm Hg (plus or minus SEM 7.6, n = 34), respectively (P less than 0.005 for data pooled from two experiments). Indomethacin did not affect pressures of sham-clipped animals treated for 40 days. Analysis of PG synthesis by gas-liquid chromatography in renal medullary slices incubated for 30 minutes in Krebs-Henseleit buffer showed: (1) 40% suppression of PGE synthesis in hypertensive animals (P less than 0.001): (2) no differences between clipped and untouched kidneys; (3) chronic indomethacin treatment did not affect PGE synthesis in the in vitro buffer system; and (4) no PGA synthesis was detected. In a further experiment in which medullary slices were incubated in plasma of rats treated with equivalent doses of indomethacin, PGE synthesis was suppressed by 35%. The experiments support the concept that prostaglandins modulate pressor mechanisms which come into play when renal blood flow is drastically reduced. The effects could be mediated by PG synthesis in the kidney and/or in other systemic vascular beds.", "contents": "Renal prostaglandin synthesis in the Goldblatt hypertensive rat. The role of prostaglandins in blood pressure regulation was studied in normal rats and in animals with renal artery constriction. The effects of chronic inhibition of prostaglandin (PG) synthesis on arterial pressure were observed, and renal medullary PG synthesis was measured in vitro. The prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor indomethacin was given in a dose of 2 mg/kg/day by mouth to one of two groups of male Wistar rats with a unilateral renal artery constriction and the other kidney untouched, and to one of two sham-clipped groups. Systolic blood pressures were higher in indomethacin-treated clipped rats than in non-indomethacin-treated clipped animals, and at 18 days averaged 188 mm Hg (plus or minus SEM 5.9, n = 36) and 162 mm Hg (plus or minus SEM 7.6, n = 34), respectively (P less than 0.005 for data pooled from two experiments). Indomethacin did not affect pressures of sham-clipped animals treated for 40 days. Analysis of PG synthesis by gas-liquid chromatography in renal medullary slices incubated for 30 minutes in Krebs-Henseleit buffer showed: (1) 40% suppression of PGE synthesis in hypertensive animals (P less than 0.001): (2) no differences between clipped and untouched kidneys; (3) chronic indomethacin treatment did not affect PGE synthesis in the in vitro buffer system; and (4) no PGA synthesis was detected. In a further experiment in which medullary slices were incubated in plasma of rats treated with equivalent doses of indomethacin, PGE synthesis was suppressed by 35%. The experiments support the concept that prostaglandins modulate pressor mechanisms which come into play when renal blood flow is drastically reduced. The effects could be mediated by PG synthesis in the kidney and/or in other systemic vascular beds.", "PMID": 1132085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11847", "title": "A clinical and follow-up study of right and left bundle branch block.", "content": "The experience with bundle branch block at the USAF School of Aerospace Medicine was reviewed. The clinical and follow-up status was evaluated in 394 subjects with right bundle branch block (RBBB) and 125 subjects with left bundle branch block (LBBB). The majority of subjects were asymptomatic at the time of bundle branch block diagnosis. The subjects were divided into subfroups based on electrocardiographic (EEG) findings to determine if any one subfroup was at higher risk for initial or follow-up morbidity of cardiobascular disease or follow-up mortality. At initial diagnosis and clinical evaluation, 94% of RBBB and 89% of LBBB subjects had no evidence of cardiobascular disease. In the RBBB group, 3 and 2%  had cornary heart disease and hypertension, respectively; in LBBB subjects, 9 and 7% had cornary heart disease and hypertension, respectively. No one ECG subfroup in either the RBBB or LBBB group had a higher incidence of cardiobascular disease. Complete follow-up information was available in 94% of the RBBB subgroup subjects and 91% of the LBBB group. In the follow-up period, new cases of coronary heart disease and hypertension occurred in 6% of the RBBB group and 5 and 8%, respectively, in the LBBB group. Fourteen (4%) RBBB and nine (8%) LBBB subjects died during the follow-up period. No differences for follow-up groups. Progressive electrical dysfunction in the form of complete heart block occurred in one subject each absence, and degree of associated cardiobascular disease. Furthermore, within the age limits of the present aeromedical implications of bundle block are discussed.", "contents": "A clinical and follow-up study of right and left bundle branch block. The experience with bundle branch block at the USAF School of Aerospace Medicine was reviewed. The clinical and follow-up status was evaluated in 394 subjects with right bundle branch block (RBBB) and 125 subjects with left bundle branch block (LBBB). The majority of subjects were asymptomatic at the time of bundle branch block diagnosis. The subjects were divided into subfroups based on electrocardiographic (EEG) findings to determine if any one subfroup was at higher risk for initial or follow-up morbidity of cardiobascular disease or follow-up mortality. At initial diagnosis and clinical evaluation, 94% of RBBB and 89% of LBBB subjects had no evidence of cardiobascular disease. In the RBBB group, 3 and 2%  had cornary heart disease and hypertension, respectively; in LBBB subjects, 9 and 7% had cornary heart disease and hypertension, respectively. No one ECG subfroup in either the RBBB or LBBB group had a higher incidence of cardiobascular disease. Complete follow-up information was available in 94% of the RBBB subgroup subjects and 91% of the LBBB group. In the follow-up period, new cases of coronary heart disease and hypertension occurred in 6% of the RBBB group and 5 and 8%, respectively, in the LBBB group. Fourteen (4%) RBBB and nine (8%) LBBB subjects died during the follow-up period. No differences for follow-up groups. Progressive electrical dysfunction in the form of complete heart block occurred in one subject each absence, and degree of associated cardiobascular disease. Furthermore, within the age limits of the present aeromedical implications of bundle block are discussed.", "PMID": 1132086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11848", "title": "Echocardiographic observations on ventricular septal rupture complicating acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "Echocardiograms were performed on three patients with ventricular septal rupture complicating myocardial infarction. The pulmonary artery mean pressure was 30 mm Hg or more in all three patients. The size of the ventricular septal defect, determined at operation or autopsy, was 2 cm or greater in each patient. The salient echocardiographic abnormality was dilatation of the right ventricle. The direction of septal motion was normal in all the patients. The left atrial diameter was slightly increased in one patient and was normal in the other two. In one patient, and unusual pattern of mitral valve motion was seen. Complete closure of the reopening of the valve. This pattern was suggestive of increased blood flow through the mitral valve. Although some of these findings are nosspecific, the combination of echocardiographic findings may provide useful clues to the diagnosis of septal perforation.", "contents": "Echocardiographic observations on ventricular septal rupture complicating acute myocardial infarction. Echocardiograms were performed on three patients with ventricular septal rupture complicating myocardial infarction. The pulmonary artery mean pressure was 30 mm Hg or more in all three patients. The size of the ventricular septal defect, determined at operation or autopsy, was 2 cm or greater in each patient. The salient echocardiographic abnormality was dilatation of the right ventricle. The direction of septal motion was normal in all the patients. The left atrial diameter was slightly increased in one patient and was normal in the other two. In one patient, and unusual pattern of mitral valve motion was seen. Complete closure of the reopening of the valve. This pattern was suggestive of increased blood flow through the mitral valve. Although some of these findings are nosspecific, the combination of echocardiographic findings may provide useful clues to the diagnosis of septal perforation.", "PMID": 1132087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11849", "title": "True and false left ventricular aneurysms. Propensity for the altter to rupture.", "content": "Two cases are described of sudden death resulting from rupture of small chronic false aneurysm of the left ventricle with secondary hemopericardium. The cases support the point that rupture of chronic false left ventricular aneurysm tends to occur. This appears to be contrary to the potential for chronic true aneurysms of the left ventricle which tend not to rupture. Rupture of true left ventriuclar aneurysm in its deveoping stahe may, however,  occur.", "contents": "True and false left ventricular aneurysms. Propensity for the altter to rupture. Two cases are described of sudden death resulting from rupture of small chronic false aneurysm of the left ventricle with secondary hemopericardium. The cases support the point that rupture of chronic false left ventricular aneurysm tends to occur. This appears to be contrary to the potential for chronic true aneurysms of the left ventricle which tend not to rupture. Rupture of true left ventriuclar aneurysm in its deveoping stahe may, however,  occur.", "PMID": 1132088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11850", "title": "Electroide cather recording during malignant ventricular arrythmia following experimental acute myocardial ischemia. Evidence for re-entry due to conduction delay and block in ischemic myocardium.", "content": "In 20 anesthetized opened-chest dogs, plunge wire and electrode catheter recordings of the this bundle electrogram which also showed septal activation, were monitored before and after ligation of the anterior septal artery. The average time to onset of ventricular tachycardia after ligation was 5-1/2 min. The evolution of the arrhythmia was temporally related to progressive fragmentation and delay of the septal potential, resulting in a marked increase in total ventricular activation time (up to 335 msec). In six experiments the fragmented, delayed septal depolarization was inscribed well beyond the T wave of the surface QRS prior to the onset of arrhythmias. Various conduction disorders involving the ischemic septal myocardium were observed which closely correlated to the patterns of conduction disorder in the ischemic proximal His-Purkinje system. First degree block, 2 degree block of the Mobitz II and Wenckebach types, higher degree block and paroxysmal complete block occurred. The onset of the arrhythmia was characteristically associated with a Wenckebach pattern of conduction delay of a part of the septal deflection. Conduction disorders of the ischemic myocardium were tachycardia-dependent. Bradycardia resulted in recovery of form, duration, and timing of the septal potential with the coincident disappearance of ventricular arrhythmias. The study shows that the basic prerequisites for re-entry do exist during the early period following occlusion of a major coronary artery and can explain the malignant phase of ventricular arrhythmias. Similar disorders in man may be detected by intracardiac electrode catheter recordings.", "contents": "Electroide cather recording during malignant ventricular arrythmia following experimental acute myocardial ischemia. Evidence for re-entry due to conduction delay and block in ischemic myocardium. In 20 anesthetized opened-chest dogs, plunge wire and electrode catheter recordings of the this bundle electrogram which also showed septal activation, were monitored before and after ligation of the anterior septal artery. The average time to onset of ventricular tachycardia after ligation was 5-1/2 min. The evolution of the arrhythmia was temporally related to progressive fragmentation and delay of the septal potential, resulting in a marked increase in total ventricular activation time (up to 335 msec). In six experiments the fragmented, delayed septal depolarization was inscribed well beyond the T wave of the surface QRS prior to the onset of arrhythmias. Various conduction disorders involving the ischemic septal myocardium were observed which closely correlated to the patterns of conduction disorder in the ischemic proximal His-Purkinje system. First degree block, 2 degree block of the Mobitz II and Wenckebach types, higher degree block and paroxysmal complete block occurred. The onset of the arrhythmia was characteristically associated with a Wenckebach pattern of conduction delay of a part of the septal deflection. Conduction disorders of the ischemic myocardium were tachycardia-dependent. Bradycardia resulted in recovery of form, duration, and timing of the septal potential with the coincident disappearance of ventricular arrhythmias. The study shows that the basic prerequisites for re-entry do exist during the early period following occlusion of a major coronary artery and can explain the malignant phase of ventricular arrhythmias. Similar disorders in man may be detected by intracardiac electrode catheter recordings.", "PMID": 1132089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11851", "title": "Transient ST-segment in unstable angina. Clinical and hemodynamic significance.", "content": "The significance of the direction of the ST-segment shifts on the 12-lead electrocardiogram was evaluated in 82 consecutive patients with unstable angina. Eighteen patients with ST-segment elevation (group I) were compared with 64 patients with ST-segment depression (group II). There was no difference between group I and group II with regard to age, sex, or history of previous myocardial infarction. There also was no difference in the angiographic extent, location or severity of the coronary artery disease, collaterals, or resting hemodynamics. A larger proportion of patients in group I presented with recent onset angina. Life-threatening arrhythmias were more frequent in group I but were uncommon in both groups. A normal resting electrocardiogram was associated with normal ventricular function in both group I and group II  but was associated with single vessel disease only in group I. An abnormal resting electrocardiogram was associated with multiple coronary vessel disease and abnormal ventricular function in both groups. Single vessel disease was encountered twice as frequently in group I but this difference was not statistically significant. Left main coronary artery disease was found only in group II.", "contents": "Transient ST-segment in unstable angina. Clinical and hemodynamic significance. The significance of the direction of the ST-segment shifts on the 12-lead electrocardiogram was evaluated in 82 consecutive patients with unstable angina. Eighteen patients with ST-segment elevation (group I) were compared with 64 patients with ST-segment depression (group II). There was no difference between group I and group II with regard to age, sex, or history of previous myocardial infarction. There also was no difference in the angiographic extent, location or severity of the coronary artery disease, collaterals, or resting hemodynamics. A larger proportion of patients in group I presented with recent onset angina. Life-threatening arrhythmias were more frequent in group I but were uncommon in both groups. A normal resting electrocardiogram was associated with normal ventricular function in both group I and group II  but was associated with single vessel disease only in group I. An abnormal resting electrocardiogram was associated with multiple coronary vessel disease and abnormal ventricular function in both groups. Single vessel disease was encountered twice as frequently in group I but this difference was not statistically significant. Left main coronary artery disease was found only in group II.", "PMID": 1132090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11852", "title": "Double accessory pathways in Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome.", "content": "Intracardiac electrophysiological studies were performed in two patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome. Atrial pacing at increasing rates or shorter coupling intervals produced inscription of the forward His bundle deflection at progressively longer intervals after the onset of ventricular depolarization. There was an associated increase in QRS duration without any change in the P-R (or St-V) interval. This response was consistent with a Kent bundle. Case 1 also had a short A-H interval which did not show the expected prolongation with stimulation at progressively faster rates. This suggested the presence of a James bundle in addition to the Kent bundle. In case 2 beats conducted exclusively through the atrioventricular (A-V) node had a short H-V interval but a delta wave was not inscribed. Absence of an initial slurring was attributed to the existence of an infra-His bundle bypass of the Mahaim type causing only slight pre-excitation, which was not of sufficient magnitude to be recorded by body surface leads. However, the existence of a congenitally short anterosuperior division of the left bundle could nt be excluded.", "contents": "Double accessory pathways in Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Intracardiac electrophysiological studies were performed in two patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome. Atrial pacing at increasing rates or shorter coupling intervals produced inscription of the forward His bundle deflection at progressively longer intervals after the onset of ventricular depolarization. There was an associated increase in QRS duration without any change in the P-R (or St-V) interval. This response was consistent with a Kent bundle. Case 1 also had a short A-H interval which did not show the expected prolongation with stimulation at progressively faster rates. This suggested the presence of a James bundle in addition to the Kent bundle. In case 2 beats conducted exclusively through the atrioventricular (A-V) node had a short H-V interval but a delta wave was not inscribed. Absence of an initial slurring was attributed to the existence of an infra-His bundle bypass of the Mahaim type causing only slight pre-excitation, which was not of sufficient magnitude to be recorded by body surface leads. However, the existence of a congenitally short anterosuperior division of the left bundle could nt be excluded.", "PMID": 1132091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11853", "title": "Postoperative left anterior hemiblock and right bundle branch block following repair of tetralogy of Fallot. Clinical and etiologic considerations.", "content": "Previous reports have indicated an incidence of right bundle branch block (RBBB) and left anterior hemiblock (LAH) pattern varying from 8-22% following corrective surgery in patients with tetralogy of Fallot. Among 207 patients with tetralogy of Fallot operated on at our institution, 8.7% developed an ECG pattern of RBBB and LAH. These patients were followed for 1-13 years (mean 6.2 years) for a total of 111 patient years. All patients are alive and none have had documented late atrioventricular dissociation, syncope, or other symptoms. Transient heart block was present in one patient in the immediate postoperative period but has not recurred. This group of patients differs significantly from other series in which such an ECG pattern was associated with a marked increase in morbidity and mortality. These data and the experimental evidence suggest that two distinct groups of patients exist: 1) a group in which this ECG pattern is secondary to lesions within the bundle of His and 2) a group in which the pattern is caused by lesions in the peripheral conduction system. It is postulated that these two groups which demonstrate the same ECG pattern may carry significantly different prognoses. Analysis of H-V intervals postoperatively may help identify patients at risk.", "contents": "Postoperative left anterior hemiblock and right bundle branch block following repair of tetralogy of Fallot. Clinical and etiologic considerations. Previous reports have indicated an incidence of right bundle branch block (RBBB) and left anterior hemiblock (LAH) pattern varying from 8-22% following corrective surgery in patients with tetralogy of Fallot. Among 207 patients with tetralogy of Fallot operated on at our institution, 8.7% developed an ECG pattern of RBBB and LAH. These patients were followed for 1-13 years (mean 6.2 years) for a total of 111 patient years. All patients are alive and none have had documented late atrioventricular dissociation, syncope, or other symptoms. Transient heart block was present in one patient in the immediate postoperative period but has not recurred. This group of patients differs significantly from other series in which such an ECG pattern was associated with a marked increase in morbidity and mortality. These data and the experimental evidence suggest that two distinct groups of patients exist: 1) a group in which this ECG pattern is secondary to lesions within the bundle of His and 2) a group in which the pattern is caused by lesions in the peripheral conduction system. It is postulated that these two groups which demonstrate the same ECG pattern may carry significantly different prognoses. Analysis of H-V intervals postoperatively may help identify patients at risk.", "PMID": 1132092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11854", "title": "Purkinje repolarization as a possible cause of the U wave in the electrocardiogram.", "content": "Our recent clinical studies suggest that the U wave represents Purkinje repolarization. To test this hypothesis, transmembrane potentials of Purkinje fibers (P) and the ventricular muscle (V) were simultaneously recorded from canine P-V preparations perfused in a tissue bath, and effects of various factors causing prominent U waves were studied. These include low stimulating frequency (bracycardia), low potassium (K) concentration, hypothermia, and quinidine. Bracycardia increased the difference between action potential duration of P and V, and decreased the rate of repolarization in P. Similarly, the difference of P and V action potential duration was increased markedly by low K and hypothermia, and slightly by quinidine, while the slope of phase 3 was significantly decreased by all these factors. In several intact animals either hypokalemia or hypothermia was produced using hemodialysis or extracorporeal circulation, and recorded electrocardiograms were compared with the P and V action potentials obtained under similar perfusing conditions in subsequent tissue bath study. Such comparison revealed a good temporal correlation between phase 3 repolarization in P and the electrocardiographic U wave. These results, although indirect, appear to support the theory that P repolarization caused the genesis of the U wave.", "contents": "Purkinje repolarization as a possible cause of the U wave in the electrocardiogram. Our recent clinical studies suggest that the U wave represents Purkinje repolarization. To test this hypothesis, transmembrane potentials of Purkinje fibers (P) and the ventricular muscle (V) were simultaneously recorded from canine P-V preparations perfused in a tissue bath, and effects of various factors causing prominent U waves were studied. These include low stimulating frequency (bracycardia), low potassium (K) concentration, hypothermia, and quinidine. Bracycardia increased the difference between action potential duration of P and V, and decreased the rate of repolarization in P. Similarly, the difference of P and V action potential duration was increased markedly by low K and hypothermia, and slightly by quinidine, while the slope of phase 3 was significantly decreased by all these factors. In several intact animals either hypokalemia or hypothermia was produced using hemodialysis or extracorporeal circulation, and recorded electrocardiograms were compared with the P and V action potentials obtained under similar perfusing conditions in subsequent tissue bath study. Such comparison revealed a good temporal correlation between phase 3 repolarization in P and the electrocardiographic U wave. These results, although indirect, appear to support the theory that P repolarization caused the genesis of the U wave.", "PMID": 1132093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11855", "title": "Follow-up of mass screening for coronary risk factors in 1817 adults.", "content": "The prevalence of coronary risk factors was assessed in 1,817 asymptomatic adults in Long Beach, California, at the beginning and end of a 10-11 month interval. The risk factors evaluated were hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hypertension, smoking, hyperglycemia, and marked obesity. The results of the tests were sent to the participants and to their physicians. An educational program aimed at reducing coronary risk factors was offered to the first 1,250 persons screened. Eight hundred and seventy-two of those 1,250 allocated to the education group returned for a second screening. The prevalence of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 coronary risk factors did not change significantly between the two screens in either the total group of 1,817 adults or in the 872 adults in the educational program. The Long Beach Heart Association mass screening program for coronary risk factors was ineffective in reducing the number of coronary risk factors.", "contents": "Follow-up of mass screening for coronary risk factors in 1817 adults. The prevalence of coronary risk factors was assessed in 1,817 asymptomatic adults in Long Beach, California, at the beginning and end of a 10-11 month interval. The risk factors evaluated were hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hypertension, smoking, hyperglycemia, and marked obesity. The results of the tests were sent to the participants and to their physicians. An educational program aimed at reducing coronary risk factors was offered to the first 1,250 persons screened. Eight hundred and seventy-two of those 1,250 allocated to the education group returned for a second screening. The prevalence of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 coronary risk factors did not change significantly between the two screens in either the total group of 1,817 adults or in the 872 adults in the educational program. The Long Beach Heart Association mass screening program for coronary risk factors was ineffective in reducing the number of coronary risk factors.", "PMID": 1132094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11856", "title": "The effect of cold air inhalation on again pectoris and myocardial oxygen supply.", "content": "Inhalation of cold air (-20 degrees C) for four minutes provoked angina pectoris in four of 17 coronary disease patients at rest and in four of seven of the patients while they were paced at a heart rate level which was subanginal at room temperature. The cold air did not increase myocardial O2 consumption significantly, and the accompanying changes in systemic hemodynamic factors known to influence myocardial O2 consumption were minor. Coronary blood flow determined by the xenon clearance method did not change significantly. In 18 patients, cold air inhalation for 1 1/2 minutes caused no detectable constriction of coronary arteries visualized arteriographically. We conclude that angina pectoris induced by breathing cold air cannot be explained satisfactorily by a concurrent increase in myocardial work and O2 consumption. Although neither large coronary artery constriction nor generalized coronary arteriole constriction seem to be involved, some other specific effect of cold air inhalation on coronary vasomotion, perhaps affecting collaterals or coronary blood flow distribution, is suspected.", "contents": "The effect of cold air inhalation on again pectoris and myocardial oxygen supply. Inhalation of cold air (-20 degrees C) for four minutes provoked angina pectoris in four of 17 coronary disease patients at rest and in four of seven of the patients while they were paced at a heart rate level which was subanginal at room temperature. The cold air did not increase myocardial O2 consumption significantly, and the accompanying changes in systemic hemodynamic factors known to influence myocardial O2 consumption were minor. Coronary blood flow determined by the xenon clearance method did not change significantly. In 18 patients, cold air inhalation for 1 1/2 minutes caused no detectable constriction of coronary arteries visualized arteriographically. We conclude that angina pectoris induced by breathing cold air cannot be explained satisfactorily by a concurrent increase in myocardial work and O2 consumption. Although neither large coronary artery constriction nor generalized coronary arteriole constriction seem to be involved, some other specific effect of cold air inhalation on coronary vasomotion, perhaps affecting collaterals or coronary blood flow distribution, is suspected.", "PMID": 1132095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11857", "title": "Pathology of stable and unstable angina pectoris.", "content": "The clinical and pathological data from 46 patients who died during or shortly after coronary bypass surgery and one patient who died shortly after angiography were studied. Each patient was placed into one of three clinical categories of angina pectoris. Twelve were classified as having unstable angina pectoris, 20 as stable severe angina, and 15 as stable moderate angina. No significant difference was found between the three catagories whem age, sex, presence of hypertension, lipid abnormalities, diabetes, smoking, family history of myocardial infarction, or history of previous mycardial infarction were examined. Most patients in all classes of angina had extensive atherosclerotic coronary disease: 12 patients had triple vessel plus left main disease; 25, triple vessel disease; nine double vessel disease; and only one, single vessel disease. There was no difference in severity or distribution of coronary disease when the three catagories of angina were compared. Thirty-six of the 47 patients had evidence of scarring of one or more aspects of the left ventricular wall. There was likewise no significant difference between extent and distribution of myocardial scarring between the three clinical categories. Four of the 12 patients with unstable angina pectoris had pathologic evidence of preoperative myocardial infarction, whereas this was not found in any of the 35 patients with stable angina.", "contents": "Pathology of stable and unstable angina pectoris. The clinical and pathological data from 46 patients who died during or shortly after coronary bypass surgery and one patient who died shortly after angiography were studied. Each patient was placed into one of three clinical categories of angina pectoris. Twelve were classified as having unstable angina pectoris, 20 as stable severe angina, and 15 as stable moderate angina. No significant difference was found between the three catagories whem age, sex, presence of hypertension, lipid abnormalities, diabetes, smoking, family history of myocardial infarction, or history of previous mycardial infarction were examined. Most patients in all classes of angina had extensive atherosclerotic coronary disease: 12 patients had triple vessel plus left main disease; 25, triple vessel disease; nine double vessel disease; and only one, single vessel disease. There was no difference in severity or distribution of coronary disease when the three catagories of angina were compared. Thirty-six of the 47 patients had evidence of scarring of one or more aspects of the left ventricular wall. There was likewise no significant difference between extent and distribution of myocardial scarring between the three clinical categories. Four of the 12 patients with unstable angina pectoris had pathologic evidence of preoperative myocardial infarction, whereas this was not found in any of the 35 patients with stable angina.", "PMID": 1132096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11858", "title": "Hemodynamic and prognostic findings in patients with transmural and nontransmural infarction.", "content": "One hundred and eleven patients with transmural (TMI) and 49 with nontransmural myocardial infarction (NTMI) underwent hemodynamic investigation within 24 hours of onset of symptoms. Patients with NTMI were subdivided into those with ST-segment or T-wave changes alone with a normal QRS complex (NTMI-A) and a group with QRS abnormalities that did not satisfy the criteria for TMI (NTMI-B). Those with TMI had a significantly higher peak creatine phosphokinase (CPK) than those with NTMI: 840 plus or minus 99 and 336 plus or minus 69, respectively, P smaller than 0.05. There was not difference in peak CPK between those with NTMI-A and B. The incidence of arrhythmias and cardiac failure, and routine hemodynamic findings except for left ventricular filling pressure were similar in those with TMI and NTMI. There was not significant difference in in-hospital mortality between those with TMI (22%) and NTMI (33%). There was however a significant difference in in-hospital mortality between those with NTMI-A (0%) and NTMI-B (27%, P smaller than 0.05). The late mortality in those surviving their initial hospitalization was also not different between those with TMI (18%) and NTMI (19%) during a mean follow-up period of 20.2 months. In contrast to the in-hospital mortality those with NTMI-A had a late mortality similar to those with NTMI-B and those with TMI.", "contents": "Hemodynamic and prognostic findings in patients with transmural and nontransmural infarction. One hundred and eleven patients with transmural (TMI) and 49 with nontransmural myocardial infarction (NTMI) underwent hemodynamic investigation within 24 hours of onset of symptoms. Patients with NTMI were subdivided into those with ST-segment or T-wave changes alone with a normal QRS complex (NTMI-A) and a group with QRS abnormalities that did not satisfy the criteria for TMI (NTMI-B). Those with TMI had a significantly higher peak creatine phosphokinase (CPK) than those with NTMI: 840 plus or minus 99 and 336 plus or minus 69, respectively, P smaller than 0.05. There was not difference in peak CPK between those with NTMI-A and B. The incidence of arrhythmias and cardiac failure, and routine hemodynamic findings except for left ventricular filling pressure were similar in those with TMI and NTMI. There was not significant difference in in-hospital mortality between those with TMI (22%) and NTMI (33%). There was however a significant difference in in-hospital mortality between those with NTMI-A (0%) and NTMI-B (27%, P smaller than 0.05). The late mortality in those surviving their initial hospitalization was also not different between those with TMI (18%) and NTMI (19%) during a mean follow-up period of 20.2 months. In contrast to the in-hospital mortality those with NTMI-A had a late mortality similar to those with NTMI-B and those with TMI.", "PMID": 1132097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11859", "title": "Compensatory changes of the distal coronary vascular bed during progressive coronary constriction.", "content": "The degree and effectiveness of compensatory changes in the distal coronary vascular bed during progressive proximal coronary stenosis have not been described. In this study, coronary vascular bed resistance and pressure gradient-flow relationships were determined for 157 different stenoses in nine opened-chest dogs by measuring coronary flow, aortic pressure, and coronary pressure distal to a coronary constrictor while flow was varied from resting to maximal values by the intracoronary injection of Hypaque-M, 75% (previously shown to cause transient, maximal vasodilatation comparable to ten second occlusion). This approach provided a means of hemodynamically characterizing coronary stenoses in a standary, experimental manner for quantitative analysis of different arteries at different flow rates as found in the intact coronary circulation. The results show that 1) pressure gradient-flow characteristics or hydraulic resistance of stenoses do not become abnormal enough to alter normal resting coronary flow nor to elicit compensatory changes for stenoses up to constriction of approximately 60% of the diameter, 2) compensatory vasodilatation of the distal coronary vascular bed maintains near normal resting flow for lesions between 60% and 85% diameter stenosis but adaptive vasodilatation fails to compensate for the high resistance of lesions greater than 85% diameter stenosis, and 3) there is vasodilator reserve still present when total coronary artery flow is reduced below normal by a stenosis. This vasodilator reserve probably exists in the epicardium since the endocardium is characteristically underperfused due to the low coronary pressure caused by stenosis and is therefore likely to be maximally vasodilated with no remaining vasodilator reserve.", "contents": "Compensatory changes of the distal coronary vascular bed during progressive coronary constriction. The degree and effectiveness of compensatory changes in the distal coronary vascular bed during progressive proximal coronary stenosis have not been described. In this study, coronary vascular bed resistance and pressure gradient-flow relationships were determined for 157 different stenoses in nine opened-chest dogs by measuring coronary flow, aortic pressure, and coronary pressure distal to a coronary constrictor while flow was varied from resting to maximal values by the intracoronary injection of Hypaque-M, 75% (previously shown to cause transient, maximal vasodilatation comparable to ten second occlusion). This approach provided a means of hemodynamically characterizing coronary stenoses in a standary, experimental manner for quantitative analysis of different arteries at different flow rates as found in the intact coronary circulation. The results show that 1) pressure gradient-flow characteristics or hydraulic resistance of stenoses do not become abnormal enough to alter normal resting coronary flow nor to elicit compensatory changes for stenoses up to constriction of approximately 60% of the diameter, 2) compensatory vasodilatation of the distal coronary vascular bed maintains near normal resting flow for lesions between 60% and 85% diameter stenosis but adaptive vasodilatation fails to compensate for the high resistance of lesions greater than 85% diameter stenosis, and 3) there is vasodilator reserve still present when total coronary artery flow is reduced below normal by a stenosis. This vasodilator reserve probably exists in the epicardium since the endocardium is characteristically underperfused due to the low coronary pressure caused by stenosis and is therefore likely to be maximally vasodilated with no remaining vasodilator reserve.", "PMID": 1132098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11860", "title": "Influence of hypertonic mannitol on ventricular performance and coronary blood flow in patients.", "content": "The influence of a relatively small increase in serum osmolality produced by hypertonic mannitol on ventricular and systemic arterial hemodynamics and coronary blood flow was studied in 20 patients undergoing cardiac catheterization. Mannitol given to increase serum osmolality 10 mOsm resulted in a small but significant increase in mean systemic arterial pressure, maximum LV dp/dt, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and cardiac output but no significant change in heart rate or hematocrit. The most prominent change in the patients studied, however, was in coronary blood flow which increased 39% after mannitol. Patients with severe two and three vessel coronary artery disease had increased in coronary blood flow similar to those in patients without coronary artery disease. The data suggest the need to further evaluate the physiological importance of the increase in coronary blood flow produced by mannitol in patients with coronary artery disease and indicate the possibility that mannitol might be of value in treating certain problems in patients with coronary artery disease,", "contents": "Influence of hypertonic mannitol on ventricular performance and coronary blood flow in patients. The influence of a relatively small increase in serum osmolality produced by hypertonic mannitol on ventricular and systemic arterial hemodynamics and coronary blood flow was studied in 20 patients undergoing cardiac catheterization. Mannitol given to increase serum osmolality 10 mOsm resulted in a small but significant increase in mean systemic arterial pressure, maximum LV dp/dt, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and cardiac output but no significant change in heart rate or hematocrit. The most prominent change in the patients studied, however, was in coronary blood flow which increased 39% after mannitol. Patients with severe two and three vessel coronary artery disease had increased in coronary blood flow similar to those in patients without coronary artery disease. The data suggest the need to further evaluate the physiological importance of the increase in coronary blood flow produced by mannitol in patients with coronary artery disease and indicate the possibility that mannitol might be of value in treating certain problems in patients with coronary artery disease,", "PMID": 1132099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11861", "title": "Continuous recording of direct arterial pressure in unrestricted patients. Its role in the diagnosis and management of high blood pressure.", "content": "We have compared casual indirect measurements of arterial pressure obtained 1) by the general practitioner (GP) and 2) in the outpatient clinic (OPC) with 24 hour continuous recording of direct arterial pressure in two selected group of unrestricted patients. 1) Eight asymptomatic, untreated patients with suspected hypertension. 2) Eight asymptomatic, treated patients whose indirect pressure readings seemed inappropriately high when considered against a general absence of target organ damage. Both groups showed that usually there was good agreement between arterial pressure recorded indirectly by GP and OPC while continuous recording showed wide variability of systolic and diastolic pressures over 24 hours and a significant fall during sleep. The first groups with suspected hypertension showed that the indirect measurements were not significantly different from the 24 hour direct recording. The second group of patients on treatment for hypertension showed a discrepancy, the direct readings being significantly lower than the indirect. This difference (approixmately 30 mm Hg mean arterial pressure) would explain the lack of target organ damage and may have been due to the effect of exercise augmenting the hypotensive action of drugs or due to a well developed defense reflex which biased the indirect readings.", "contents": "Continuous recording of direct arterial pressure in unrestricted patients. Its role in the diagnosis and management of high blood pressure. We have compared casual indirect measurements of arterial pressure obtained 1) by the general practitioner (GP) and 2) in the outpatient clinic (OPC) with 24 hour continuous recording of direct arterial pressure in two selected group of unrestricted patients. 1) Eight asymptomatic, untreated patients with suspected hypertension. 2) Eight asymptomatic, treated patients whose indirect pressure readings seemed inappropriately high when considered against a general absence of target organ damage. Both groups showed that usually there was good agreement between arterial pressure recorded indirectly by GP and OPC while continuous recording showed wide variability of systolic and diastolic pressures over 24 hours and a significant fall during sleep. The first groups with suspected hypertension showed that the indirect measurements were not significantly different from the 24 hour direct recording. The second group of patients on treatment for hypertension showed a discrepancy, the direct readings being significantly lower than the indirect. This difference (approixmately 30 mm Hg mean arterial pressure) would explain the lack of target organ damage and may have been due to the effect of exercise augmenting the hypotensive action of drugs or due to a well developed defense reflex which biased the indirect readings.", "PMID": 1132100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11862", "title": "Smoking and fibrinolysis.", "content": "In order to study the fibrinolytic activity of vein walls in smokers and nonsmokers, 71 randomly selected heavy smokers, i.e., smoking more than 15 g tobacco per day, and 41 nonsmokers from the population group \"Men born in 1914 residing in Malmo\" were invited to undergo a health examination. When examined after 12 hours' abstention from tobacco, the smokers were found to have the same fibrinolytic activity as nonsmokers. Out of the 71 heavy smokers, 31 refrained from smoking during 8-9 weeks (as monitored with questionaire and COHb-determinations). Neither in those who had abstained from smoking nor in the controls did the fibrinolytic activity differ from that initially recorded. In a randomly selected subsample of 19 individuals examined after only one week's abstention from tobacco, the fibrinolytic activity, after venous occlusion of forearms, tended to be lower in the blood as well as in superficial hand veins, but the difference was not significant. The effect of smoking six cigarettes during three hours was measured. This level of smoking was associated with an increased fibrinolytic activity in blood, measured as euglobulin clot lysis time, and in superficial hand veins. This increase is probably due to the combined effects of nicotine and carbon monoxide.", "contents": "Smoking and fibrinolysis. In order to study the fibrinolytic activity of vein walls in smokers and nonsmokers, 71 randomly selected heavy smokers, i.e., smoking more than 15 g tobacco per day, and 41 nonsmokers from the population group \"Men born in 1914 residing in Malmo\" were invited to undergo a health examination. When examined after 12 hours' abstention from tobacco, the smokers were found to have the same fibrinolytic activity as nonsmokers. Out of the 71 heavy smokers, 31 refrained from smoking during 8-9 weeks (as monitored with questionaire and COHb-determinations). Neither in those who had abstained from smoking nor in the controls did the fibrinolytic activity differ from that initially recorded. In a randomly selected subsample of 19 individuals examined after only one week's abstention from tobacco, the fibrinolytic activity, after venous occlusion of forearms, tended to be lower in the blood as well as in superficial hand veins, but the difference was not significant. The effect of smoking six cigarettes during three hours was measured. This level of smoking was associated with an increased fibrinolytic activity in blood, measured as euglobulin clot lysis time, and in superficial hand veins. This increase is probably due to the combined effects of nicotine and carbon monoxide.", "PMID": 1132101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11863", "title": "Great vessel, cardiac chamber, and wall growth patterns in normal children.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to establish normal echocardiographic measurements of valvular motion, cavity dimensions, great vessel diameters, and right, left and septal wall thicknesses of children ranging in size from infants to full growth. The study group was composed of 205 normal, healthy children for whom echocardiograms and subsequent measurements were performed in a standardized manner. The following measurements were performed: left ventricular end-diastolic and end-systolic dimension, right ventricular end-diastolic cavity dimension, right ventricular end-diastolic anterior wall thickness, left ventricular end-diastolic posterior wall thickness, ventricular septal end-diastolic thickness, maximal left atrail dimension, end-diastolic aortic and pulmonary artery diameter, end-diastolic cardiac and septal depth, maximal aortic leaflet separation, and maximal anterior mitral and anterior tricupsid amplitude. Data are grouped into the fifth, fiftieth, and ninety-fifty percentiles according to body surface area. These graphs allow measurements of a single patient to be compared to normal measurements of individuals with similar body surface area.", "contents": "Great vessel, cardiac chamber, and wall growth patterns in normal children. The purpose of this study was to establish normal echocardiographic measurements of valvular motion, cavity dimensions, great vessel diameters, and right, left and septal wall thicknesses of children ranging in size from infants to full growth. The study group was composed of 205 normal, healthy children for whom echocardiograms and subsequent measurements were performed in a standardized manner. The following measurements were performed: left ventricular end-diastolic and end-systolic dimension, right ventricular end-diastolic cavity dimension, right ventricular end-diastolic anterior wall thickness, left ventricular end-diastolic posterior wall thickness, ventricular septal end-diastolic thickness, maximal left atrail dimension, end-diastolic aortic and pulmonary artery diameter, end-diastolic cardiac and septal depth, maximal aortic leaflet separation, and maximal anterior mitral and anterior tricupsid amplitude. Data are grouped into the fifth, fiftieth, and ninety-fifty percentiles according to body surface area. These graphs allow measurements of a single patient to be compared to normal measurements of individuals with similar body surface area.", "PMID": 1132102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11864", "title": "The basis for differences in ethanol-induced myocardial depression in normal subjects.", "content": "The acute effects of ethanol (ETOH) on cardiac function in 32 normal subjects has been studied utilizing systolic time intervals. Seven (group I) 13 (group II), and 12 subjects (group III), reported an average daily consumption of less than 1 oz, 1-2 oz, and more than 2 oz of ETOH, respectively. Progressively higher control values from group I to group III in PEP, PEPI, ICT and PET/LVET were observed (PEP-I vs PEPI-III: P smaller than 0.05; PEP/LVET-I vs PEP/LVET-II and PEP/LVET-III: P smaller than 0.05). There was progressively less change in these variables following acute ETOH (P smaller than 0.02-0.05 in group I; P equals NS in group III, group II intermediate). This indicates some degree of chronic myocardial impairment in group II and especially in group III, which tends to be proportionate to the degree of chronic ETOH exposure. These data are not necessarily disparate with previous reports of little or even a salutary hemodynamic effect of ETOH in normal subjects. Thus, the relative stability of LVET post ETOH, coupled with the observed increase in heart rate, is consistent with previous reports of ETOH-induced rate-dependent increments in cardiac output with unchanging stroke volumes, in spite of the presence of acute myocardial depression. The observations reported herein demonstrate the probable incremental influence of ETOH consumption in a chain of events which may culminate in alcoholic cardiomyopathy.", "contents": "The basis for differences in ethanol-induced myocardial depression in normal subjects. The acute effects of ethanol (ETOH) on cardiac function in 32 normal subjects has been studied utilizing systolic time intervals. Seven (group I) 13 (group II), and 12 subjects (group III), reported an average daily consumption of less than 1 oz, 1-2 oz, and more than 2 oz of ETOH, respectively. Progressively higher control values from group I to group III in PEP, PEPI, ICT and PET/LVET were observed (PEP-I vs PEPI-III: P smaller than 0.05; PEP/LVET-I vs PEP/LVET-II and PEP/LVET-III: P smaller than 0.05). There was progressively less change in these variables following acute ETOH (P smaller than 0.02-0.05 in group I; P equals NS in group III, group II intermediate). This indicates some degree of chronic myocardial impairment in group II and especially in group III, which tends to be proportionate to the degree of chronic ETOH exposure. These data are not necessarily disparate with previous reports of little or even a salutary hemodynamic effect of ETOH in normal subjects. Thus, the relative stability of LVET post ETOH, coupled with the observed increase in heart rate, is consistent with previous reports of ETOH-induced rate-dependent increments in cardiac output with unchanging stroke volumes, in spite of the presence of acute myocardial depression. The observations reported herein demonstrate the probable incremental influence of ETOH consumption in a chain of events which may culminate in alcoholic cardiomyopathy.", "PMID": 1132103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11865", "title": "The effects of right atrial and ventricular pacing on the auscultatory findings in patients with mitral valve prolapse.", "content": "Fifteen patients with midsystolic clicks associated with mitral valve prolapse were studied in order to assess changed in ausculatatory findings produced by pacing-induced variations in cardiac rate, rhythm, and conduction. As the heart rate was increased in stepwise intervals to the maximum possible extent by right atrial pacing (RAP) in 14 patients, the interval between the Q wave and the click (Q-C) decreased in all cases (21 plus or minus msec/10 beats/min; P smaller than 0.001). In two patients, RAP at rates of and above 118 and 159 per minute, respectively, resulted in disappearance of the click. During right ventricular pacing (RVP) without evidence of atrioventricular (A-V) dissociation on the surface ECG in ten patients, the click was inaudible at all pacing rates in three instances. In all seven of the cases in which the click was audible at the lowest rate of RVP with VA conduction, Q-C was greater and C-S2 less than that in sinus rhythm. As the rate of RVP was increased, Q-C was noted to decrease (26 plus or minus 4 msec/10 beats/min) and C-S2 to increase (19 plus or minus 7 msec/10 beats/min) in all patients. In three patients in whom RVP induced atrioventricular dissociation, the click was seen only in beats closely preceded by a P wave. In ten of 11 patients the click occurred earlier in systole with a postextrasystolic or post tachycardia beat as compared to its appearance after a sinus beat when a shorter preceding diastolic filling period was present (P smaller than 0.001). In the eleventh patient a loud systolic murmur was present during a postextrasystolic cycles. It is concluded that pacing-induced rhythm disturbances can result in disappearance of a midsystolic click or can alter its timing and cause it to mimic sonic phenomena seen in other disease states. The possibility of similar changes taking place as a result of spontaneously occurring disturbances of rate, rhythm, and conduction should be recognized in order that the possible diagnosis of mitral valve prolapse not be overlooked.", "contents": "The effects of right atrial and ventricular pacing on the auscultatory findings in patients with mitral valve prolapse. Fifteen patients with midsystolic clicks associated with mitral valve prolapse were studied in order to assess changed in ausculatatory findings produced by pacing-induced variations in cardiac rate, rhythm, and conduction. As the heart rate was increased in stepwise intervals to the maximum possible extent by right atrial pacing (RAP) in 14 patients, the interval between the Q wave and the click (Q-C) decreased in all cases (21 plus or minus msec/10 beats/min; P smaller than 0.001). In two patients, RAP at rates of and above 118 and 159 per minute, respectively, resulted in disappearance of the click. During right ventricular pacing (RVP) without evidence of atrioventricular (A-V) dissociation on the surface ECG in ten patients, the click was inaudible at all pacing rates in three instances. In all seven of the cases in which the click was audible at the lowest rate of RVP with VA conduction, Q-C was greater and C-S2 less than that in sinus rhythm. As the rate of RVP was increased, Q-C was noted to decrease (26 plus or minus 4 msec/10 beats/min) and C-S2 to increase (19 plus or minus 7 msec/10 beats/min) in all patients. In three patients in whom RVP induced atrioventricular dissociation, the click was seen only in beats closely preceded by a P wave. In ten of 11 patients the click occurred earlier in systole with a postextrasystolic or post tachycardia beat as compared to its appearance after a sinus beat when a shorter preceding diastolic filling period was present (P smaller than 0.001). In the eleventh patient a loud systolic murmur was present during a postextrasystolic cycles. It is concluded that pacing-induced rhythm disturbances can result in disappearance of a midsystolic click or can alter its timing and cause it to mimic sonic phenomena seen in other disease states. The possibility of similar changes taking place as a result of spontaneously occurring disturbances of rate, rhythm, and conduction should be recognized in order that the possible diagnosis of mitral valve prolapse not be overlooked.", "PMID": 1132108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11866", "title": "Unusual examples of supraventricular re-entrant tachycardias.", "content": "Programmed electrical stimulation of the heart uncovered unusual findings in four patients suffering from supraventricular tachycardias. They included 1) two supraventricular tachycardias of different location and frequency in the same patient, 2) increase in rate of a re-entrant atrioventricular (A-V) nodal tachycardia followed by the development of 2-to-1 A-V block, 3) a \"gap\" in A-V conduction and A-V nodal re-entrant tachycardia with 2-to-1 A-V block, and 4) the initiation of atrial re-entrant tachycardia by ventricular premature beats. The examples are given to help elucidate the understanding of mechanisms involved in re-entrant tachycardias and to localize the site of the re-entry circuit.", "contents": "Unusual examples of supraventricular re-entrant tachycardias. Programmed electrical stimulation of the heart uncovered unusual findings in four patients suffering from supraventricular tachycardias. They included 1) two supraventricular tachycardias of different location and frequency in the same patient, 2) increase in rate of a re-entrant atrioventricular (A-V) nodal tachycardia followed by the development of 2-to-1 A-V block, 3) a \"gap\" in A-V conduction and A-V nodal re-entrant tachycardia with 2-to-1 A-V block, and 4) the initiation of atrial re-entrant tachycardia by ventricular premature beats. The examples are given to help elucidate the understanding of mechanisms involved in re-entrant tachycardias and to localize the site of the re-entry circuit.", "PMID": 1132109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11867", "title": "Report of the Inter-Society Commission for Heart Disease Resources. Optimal resource guidelines for radioactive tracer studies of the heart and circulation.", "content": "The status of radioactive tracer studies in cardiovascular diagnosis is summarized. Planning guidelines are suggested for a hospital nuclear medical service including a central nuclear medical facility and satellite units, and resource criteria are given for professional personnel including training and duties, equipment, space, and support system. The administrative organization of a nuclear medical service and case loads are discussed. Guidelines for equipment maintenance and quality controls are described.", "contents": "Report of the Inter-Society Commission for Heart Disease Resources. Optimal resource guidelines for radioactive tracer studies of the heart and circulation. The status of radioactive tracer studies in cardiovascular diagnosis is summarized. Planning guidelines are suggested for a hospital nuclear medical service including a central nuclear medical facility and satellite units, and resource criteria are given for professional personnel including training and duties, equipment, space, and support system. The administrative organization of a nuclear medical service and case loads are discussed. Guidelines for equipment maintenance and quality controls are described.", "PMID": 1132110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11868", "title": "Cardiopulmonary bypass. Microembolization and platelet aggregation.", "content": "Particulate microemboli and in vitro platelet aggregation were studied in blood of patients during cardiac operations with an electronic particle size analyzer. A small gradient of microemboli developed on passage of blood through a bubble oxygenator but not through a membrane oxygenator. However, with both types of oxygenators, there was a sustained increase in the volume of microemboli in cardiotomy return blood which was much greater than in aterial blood. After cardiopulmonary bypass with both oxygenators, there was a comparable reduction in the volume of circulating platelets which exceeded that of the hemoglobin concentration, indicating platelet loss exceeded that that expected from hemodilution alone. However, the total volume and mean size of platelet aggregates induced in blood of patients after membrane oxygenation was significantly greater than similar measurements after bubble  oxygenation. This study shows that membrane oxygenation reduces particulate microembolization and preserves platelet function in patients undergoing cardiac operations when compared to bubble oxygenation.", "contents": "Cardiopulmonary bypass. Microembolization and platelet aggregation. Particulate microemboli and in vitro platelet aggregation were studied in blood of patients during cardiac operations with an electronic particle size analyzer. A small gradient of microemboli developed on passage of blood through a bubble oxygenator but not through a membrane oxygenator. However, with both types of oxygenators, there was a sustained increase in the volume of microemboli in cardiotomy return blood which was much greater than in aterial blood. After cardiopulmonary bypass with both oxygenators, there was a comparable reduction in the volume of circulating platelets which exceeded that of the hemoglobin concentration, indicating platelet loss exceeded that that expected from hemodilution alone. However, the total volume and mean size of platelet aggregates induced in blood of patients after membrane oxygenation was significantly greater than similar measurements after bubble  oxygenation. This study shows that membrane oxygenation reduces particulate microembolization and preserves platelet function in patients undergoing cardiac operations when compared to bubble oxygenation.", "PMID": 1132112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11869", "title": "Surgical management of large bronchial collateral arteries with pulmonary stenosis or atresia.", "content": "Single or multiple large bronchial collateral arteries may provide all or some of the pulmonary arterial blood flow in patients with proximal atresia of the pulmonary artery, and even in patients with only pulmonary stenosis. At the time of corrective surgery such arteries must be ligated in order to provide favorable operating conditions, to avoid cardiac overdistention during repair, and to prevent left-to-right intrapulmonary shunting postoperatively. Their ligation and control require precise preoperative definition of their number, origin, and course, and special intraoperative methods for their exposure. Associated hypoplasia of the pulmonary arteries may be severe enough to preclude corrective operation, but these hypoplastic arteries may enlarge in response to increase of blood flow through them resulting from a surgically created shunt. Experience with 14 surgically managed cases of this type forms the basis for the report.", "contents": "Surgical management of large bronchial collateral arteries with pulmonary stenosis or atresia. Single or multiple large bronchial collateral arteries may provide all or some of the pulmonary arterial blood flow in patients with proximal atresia of the pulmonary artery, and even in patients with only pulmonary stenosis. At the time of corrective surgery such arteries must be ligated in order to provide favorable operating conditions, to avoid cardiac overdistention during repair, and to prevent left-to-right intrapulmonary shunting postoperatively. Their ligation and control require precise preoperative definition of their number, origin, and course, and special intraoperative methods for their exposure. Associated hypoplasia of the pulmonary arteries may be severe enough to preclude corrective operation, but these hypoplastic arteries may enlarge in response to increase of blood flow through them resulting from a surgically created shunt. Experience with 14 surgically managed cases of this type forms the basis for the report.", "PMID": 1132113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11870", "title": "Blood calcium levels in the presence of arteriographic contrast material.", "content": "One of the complications of coronary angiography is a sudden and persistant fall in blood pressure. This may be due to the presence of calcium chelating agents in the vehicle of the radio-opaque compounds. Depressed ambient calcium levels are associated with decreased myocardial contractility and when low enough cause electromechanical dissociation. Simultaneous measurements of radial artery and coronary sinus ionized calcium levels in nine patients during intracoronary injection of the contrast agent revealed a lowering of the level of ionized calcium in the coronary sinus to a point that can be expected to be associated with a decrease in myocardial contractility. This ionized calcium depression was more marked and prolonged in patients with arteriosclerosis, some reaching levels which, if persistent, could result in electromechanical dissociation.", "contents": "Blood calcium levels in the presence of arteriographic contrast material. One of the complications of coronary angiography is a sudden and persistant fall in blood pressure. This may be due to the presence of calcium chelating agents in the vehicle of the radio-opaque compounds. Depressed ambient calcium levels are associated with decreased myocardial contractility and when low enough cause electromechanical dissociation. Simultaneous measurements of radial artery and coronary sinus ionized calcium levels in nine patients during intracoronary injection of the contrast agent revealed a lowering of the level of ionized calcium in the coronary sinus to a point that can be expected to be associated with a decrease in myocardial contractility. This ionized calcium depression was more marked and prolonged in patients with arteriosclerosis, some reaching levels which, if persistent, could result in electromechanical dissociation.", "PMID": 1132114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11871", "title": "Left ventricular wall motion response to intravenous propranolol.", "content": "The effects of intravenous propranolol on left ventricular wall motion and hemodynamics were studied in 16 patients, 12 with significant coronary artery disease and four with chest pain but no coronary disease. Eight patients received 0.10 mg/kg and eight received 0.15 mg/kg of propranolol intravenously. All underwent atrial pacing at a constant rate. Left ventricular angiograms were performed before and 20 minutes after propranolol. At both doses, propranolol caused no significant change in left ventricular systolic or diastolic pressures, either before or immediately following ventriculography. Cardiac index fell significantly (3.4 plus or minus 0.2 [SEM] to 2.6 plus or minus 0.1 L/min/m-2) with the higher dose only. Of the ten patients with coronary artery disease and adequate ventriculograms, one patient had a normal left ventricle, two had regional hypokinesis, only three had areas of hypokinesis and akinesis, two had dyskinetic and akinetic areas, and two had areas of hypokinesis, akinesis and dyskinesis. No changes in regional contractility occurred with propranolol except for a minimal increase in hypokinesis in one patient at each dosage and equivocal development of a new area of slight hypokinesis in one patient and minimal apex of dyskinesis in another at the higher dosage. Of the four patients without coronary artery disease, two were affected by propranolol, one with initial regional akinesis and dyskinesis had slight worsening with propranolol and one with regional hypokinesis developed a definite new area of hypokinesis. Therefore, propranolol, even in large intravenous doses, resulted in no significant change in left ventricular wall motion in patients with coronary artery disease.", "contents": "Left ventricular wall motion response to intravenous propranolol. The effects of intravenous propranolol on left ventricular wall motion and hemodynamics were studied in 16 patients, 12 with significant coronary artery disease and four with chest pain but no coronary disease. Eight patients received 0.10 mg/kg and eight received 0.15 mg/kg of propranolol intravenously. All underwent atrial pacing at a constant rate. Left ventricular angiograms were performed before and 20 minutes after propranolol. At both doses, propranolol caused no significant change in left ventricular systolic or diastolic pressures, either before or immediately following ventriculography. Cardiac index fell significantly (3.4 plus or minus 0.2 [SEM] to 2.6 plus or minus 0.1 L/min/m-2) with the higher dose only. Of the ten patients with coronary artery disease and adequate ventriculograms, one patient had a normal left ventricle, two had regional hypokinesis, only three had areas of hypokinesis and akinesis, two had dyskinetic and akinetic areas, and two had areas of hypokinesis, akinesis and dyskinesis. No changes in regional contractility occurred with propranolol except for a minimal increase in hypokinesis in one patient at each dosage and equivocal development of a new area of slight hypokinesis in one patient and minimal apex of dyskinesis in another at the higher dosage. Of the four patients without coronary artery disease, two were affected by propranolol, one with initial regional akinesis and dyskinesis had slight worsening with propranolol and one with regional hypokinesis developed a definite new area of hypokinesis. Therefore, propranolol, even in large intravenous doses, resulted in no significant change in left ventricular wall motion in patients with coronary artery disease.", "PMID": 1132115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11872", "title": "Systemic hemodynamic effects of bethanidine in essential hypertension.", "content": "Although available elsewhere, bethanidine remains under study in the U.S. and its hemodynamic effects are unreported. Therefore, 29 patients with moderately severe essential hypertension received one of four oral dose levels (0.10, 0.25, 0.35, or 0.50 mg/kg) of the postganglionic sympatholytic drug. Blood pressure was reduced only in the 14 patients receiving the highest dose. This was demonstrated within three hours, first by a significant postural hypotension (upright tilt: +14 before vs -19 mm Hg after, P less than 0.001). This orthostatic hypotension effect was associated with a greater fall in cardiac output (13 vs 22%, P less than 0.025) and a diminished reflective increase in total peripheral resistance (19 vs 6%, P less than 0.01); an attenuated Valsalva maneuver overshoot in the supine position was also observed (42 vs 10%, P less than 0.001). Eight of these 14 patients demonstrated supine hypotension associated with either reduced output and/or resistance. Hence, bethanidine is a rather rapidly acting oral sympatholytic agent which reduces blood pressure by producing: (1) decreasec venous return (especially in upright position), suggesting venodilation; (2) arteriolar dilation (supine and upright) reducing peripheral vascular resistance; and (3) attenuated cardiovascular sympathetic reflective adjustments.", "contents": "Systemic hemodynamic effects of bethanidine in essential hypertension. Although available elsewhere, bethanidine remains under study in the U.S. and its hemodynamic effects are unreported. Therefore, 29 patients with moderately severe essential hypertension received one of four oral dose levels (0.10, 0.25, 0.35, or 0.50 mg/kg) of the postganglionic sympatholytic drug. Blood pressure was reduced only in the 14 patients receiving the highest dose. This was demonstrated within three hours, first by a significant postural hypotension (upright tilt: +14 before vs -19 mm Hg after, P less than 0.001). This orthostatic hypotension effect was associated with a greater fall in cardiac output (13 vs 22%, P less than 0.025) and a diminished reflective increase in total peripheral resistance (19 vs 6%, P less than 0.01); an attenuated Valsalva maneuver overshoot in the supine position was also observed (42 vs 10%, P less than 0.001). Eight of these 14 patients demonstrated supine hypotension associated with either reduced output and/or resistance. Hence, bethanidine is a rather rapidly acting oral sympatholytic agent which reduces blood pressure by producing: (1) decreasec venous return (especially in upright position), suggesting venodilation; (2) arteriolar dilation (supine and upright) reducing peripheral vascular resistance; and (3) attenuated cardiovascular sympathetic reflective adjustments.", "PMID": 1132116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11873", "title": "Venous flow velocity, venous volume and arterial blood flow.", "content": "The relationship of arterial blood flow and venous volume to venous flow velocity was studied in normal subjects. The effects of current modes of treatment in venous thrombosis and of a vasodilator drug on venous flow velocity were also investigated. Total calf flow and venous volume were measured by venous occlusion plethysmography while venous flow axial velocity was determined by the transit time of 131-I albumin from calf to inguinal region. Local intravenous epinephrine administration induced venoconstriction and increased venous flow velocity. Intra-arterial isoproterenol and angiotensin increased and decreased arterial flow, respectively, with no change in venous flow velocity of volume, but local heat increased arterial flow and venous flow velocity with no change in venous volume. Local cold, despite venoconstriction, decreased venous flow velocity accompanied by a decreased arterial flow. Intravenous heparin did not affect venous flow velocity. Intravenous but not oral nylidrin increased venous flow velocity. Therefore venous flow velocity can be significantly increased by venocontriction, by large increases in arterial flow (local heat), and by a parenteral vasodilator drug. These experiements indicate that there is a basis for applying heat but not cold in the prevention and treatment of venous thrombosis.", "contents": "Venous flow velocity, venous volume and arterial blood flow. The relationship of arterial blood flow and venous volume to venous flow velocity was studied in normal subjects. The effects of current modes of treatment in venous thrombosis and of a vasodilator drug on venous flow velocity were also investigated. Total calf flow and venous volume were measured by venous occlusion plethysmography while venous flow axial velocity was determined by the transit time of 131-I albumin from calf to inguinal region. Local intravenous epinephrine administration induced venoconstriction and increased venous flow velocity. Intra-arterial isoproterenol and angiotensin increased and decreased arterial flow, respectively, with no change in venous flow velocity of volume, but local heat increased arterial flow and venous flow velocity with no change in venous volume. Local cold, despite venoconstriction, decreased venous flow velocity accompanied by a decreased arterial flow. Intravenous heparin did not affect venous flow velocity. Intravenous but not oral nylidrin increased venous flow velocity. Therefore venous flow velocity can be significantly increased by venocontriction, by large increases in arterial flow (local heat), and by a parenteral vasodilator drug. These experiements indicate that there is a basis for applying heat but not cold in the prevention and treatment of venous thrombosis.", "PMID": 1132117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11874", "title": "Blood pressure, sodium intake, and sodium related hormones in the Yanomamo Indians, a \"no-salt\" culture.", "content": "The Yanomamo Indians are an unacculturated tribe inhabiting the tropical equatorial rain forest of northern Brazil and southern Venezuela who do not use salt in their diet. The group therefore presented an unusual opportunity to study the hormonal regulation of sodium metabolism in a culture with life-long extreme restriction of dietary sodium, with parallel observations on blood pressure. Blood pressures increased from the first to second decade but, in constrast to civilized populations, do not systematically increase during subsequent years of life. In twenty-four hour urine collections on adult male Indians, excretion of sodium averaged only 1 plus or minus 1.5 (SD) mEq. Simultaneous plasma renin activities were elevated and comparable to those of civilized subjects placed for brief periods on 10 mEq sodium diets. Similarly, excretion rates of aldosterone equaled those of acculturated subjects on low sodium diets. The findings suggest that the hormonal adjustments to life-long low sodium intakes are similar to those achieved in acute sodium restriction of civilized man. Parenthetically, these elevated levels of aldosterone and renin were probably the norm for man during much of human evolution and suggest that the values observed in civilized controls are depressed by an excessive salt intake in contemporary diets.", "contents": "Blood pressure, sodium intake, and sodium related hormones in the Yanomamo Indians, a \"no-salt\" culture. The Yanomamo Indians are an unacculturated tribe inhabiting the tropical equatorial rain forest of northern Brazil and southern Venezuela who do not use salt in their diet. The group therefore presented an unusual opportunity to study the hormonal regulation of sodium metabolism in a culture with life-long extreme restriction of dietary sodium, with parallel observations on blood pressure. Blood pressures increased from the first to second decade but, in constrast to civilized populations, do not systematically increase during subsequent years of life. In twenty-four hour urine collections on adult male Indians, excretion of sodium averaged only 1 plus or minus 1.5 (SD) mEq. Simultaneous plasma renin activities were elevated and comparable to those of civilized subjects placed for brief periods on 10 mEq sodium diets. Similarly, excretion rates of aldosterone equaled those of acculturated subjects on low sodium diets. The findings suggest that the hormonal adjustments to life-long low sodium intakes are similar to those achieved in acute sodium restriction of civilized man. Parenthetically, these elevated levels of aldosterone and renin were probably the norm for man during much of human evolution and suggest that the values observed in civilized controls are depressed by an excessive salt intake in contemporary diets.", "PMID": 1132118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11875", "title": "Evaluation of precordial electrocardiographic mapping as a means of assessing changes in myocardial ischemic injury.", "content": "Precordial electrocardiographic mapping has been proposed as a method for evaluating the extent of myocardial injury in patients with acute myocardial infarction. To assess the relationship between direct measures of myocardial cell damage and findings obtained by precordial mapping, the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) was occluded in dogs instrumented for simultaneous recording of epicardial and precordial electrocardiograms. The sum in millivolts of ST-segment elevation recorded from 30 electrodes placed in a Silastic grid sutured to the epicardium (EPIsigmaST) was compared to that recorded from 30 precordial electrodes (PresigmaST). While ischemic injury was: 1) maintained constant with a fixed occlusion; 2) reduced by partial reperfusion; 3) increased by addition of a second occlusion; or 4) increased repeatedly by intermittent infusions of isoproterenol, EPIsigmaST and PresigmaST were always closely correlated in each of the 16 dogs studied: r equal 0.92 plus or minus 0.01 (SEM). In seven control dogs, 30 minutes after coronary occlusion, PresigmaST had fallen to 77.4 plus or minus 6.6% of its value 15 minutes postocclusion. In seven experimental dogs, two branches of the LAD were occluded. Fifteen minutes after double occlusion, one occlusion was released; 30 min after the initial occlusion PresigmaST had fallen significantly more than control, to 43.1 plus or minus 13.1% of its value 15 minutes postocclusion. Simultaneously, epicardial sites in the reperfused area also showed normalization of ST segments and 24 hours later exhibited normal myocardial creatine phosphokinase activity and normal histologic appearance. During the same experiment, the mean  precordial R wave voltage of sites with ST-segment elevations exceeding 0.15 mV 15 minutes following occlusion fell significantly (P less than 0.05) more in the control group (from 1.14 plus or minus 0.15 to 0.75 plus or minus 0.06 mV) than in the reperfused group (from 1.06 plus or minus 0.09 to 0.96 plus or minus 0.17 mV) during the ensuing 45 minutes. Thus, more rapid normalization of PresigmaST or preservation of precordial R wave voltage reflected the actual prevention of myocardial necrosis by reperfusion. These findings demonstrate the usefulness of precordial electrocardiographic mapping for evaluation changes in myocardial ischemic injury. Sites at which appearance of epicardial ST segment is not a reliable index of ischemic injury were associated with the development of intraventricular conduction blocks with Q to intrinsic deflection intervals exceeding 40 mesc or QRS durations exceeding 65 msec; these changes were associated with precordial RSR' configurations. Such sites, whether recorded from precordial or epicardial leads, should be excluded from ST-segment measurements used in the assessment of myocardial ischemia.", "contents": "Evaluation of precordial electrocardiographic mapping as a means of assessing changes in myocardial ischemic injury. Precordial electrocardiographic mapping has been proposed as a method for evaluating the extent of myocardial injury in patients with acute myocardial infarction. To assess the relationship between direct measures of myocardial cell damage and findings obtained by precordial mapping, the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) was occluded in dogs instrumented for simultaneous recording of epicardial and precordial electrocardiograms. The sum in millivolts of ST-segment elevation recorded from 30 electrodes placed in a Silastic grid sutured to the epicardium (EPIsigmaST) was compared to that recorded from 30 precordial electrodes (PresigmaST). While ischemic injury was: 1) maintained constant with a fixed occlusion; 2) reduced by partial reperfusion; 3) increased by addition of a second occlusion; or 4) increased repeatedly by intermittent infusions of isoproterenol, EPIsigmaST and PresigmaST were always closely correlated in each of the 16 dogs studied: r equal 0.92 plus or minus 0.01 (SEM). In seven control dogs, 30 minutes after coronary occlusion, PresigmaST had fallen to 77.4 plus or minus 6.6% of its value 15 minutes postocclusion. In seven experimental dogs, two branches of the LAD were occluded. Fifteen minutes after double occlusion, one occlusion was released; 30 min after the initial occlusion PresigmaST had fallen significantly more than control, to 43.1 plus or minus 13.1% of its value 15 minutes postocclusion. Simultaneously, epicardial sites in the reperfused area also showed normalization of ST segments and 24 hours later exhibited normal myocardial creatine phosphokinase activity and normal histologic appearance. During the same experiment, the mean  precordial R wave voltage of sites with ST-segment elevations exceeding 0.15 mV 15 minutes following occlusion fell significantly (P less than 0.05) more in the control group (from 1.14 plus or minus 0.15 to 0.75 plus or minus 0.06 mV) than in the reperfused group (from 1.06 plus or minus 0.09 to 0.96 plus or minus 0.17 mV) during the ensuing 45 minutes. Thus, more rapid normalization of PresigmaST or preservation of precordial R wave voltage reflected the actual prevention of myocardial necrosis by reperfusion. These findings demonstrate the usefulness of precordial electrocardiographic mapping for evaluation changes in myocardial ischemic injury. Sites at which appearance of epicardial ST segment is not a reliable index of ischemic injury were associated with the development of intraventricular conduction blocks with Q to intrinsic deflection intervals exceeding 40 mesc or QRS durations exceeding 65 msec; these changes were associated with precordial RSR' configurations. Such sites, whether recorded from precordial or epicardial leads, should be excluded from ST-segment measurements used in the assessment of myocardial ischemia.", "PMID": 1132119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11876", "title": "Digitalis and the sick sinus syndrome. Clinical and electrophysiologic documentation of severe toxic effect on sinus node function.", "content": "Digoxin, in a common clinical dose and at a low serum level, brought out severe manifestations of sinus node dysfunction in a patient who had previously undergone successful mitral valve replacement. This report presents the results of extensive clinical and electrophysiologic studies of this patient before and after a digoxin challenge. In the absence of cardiac glycoside, the only demonstrable abnormalities of sinus node function were mild resting sinus bradycardia and failure to respond to atropine administration. Responses to isoproterenol administration, programmed premature atrial stimulation, and overdrive pacing at several cycle lengths were normal. Following the administration of intravenous digoxin, 1.025 mg/24 hrs, the resting sinus cycle length increased and the response to overdrive pacing became markedly abnormal. The latter was followed by sinus pauses in excess of six seconds, even at relatively slow overdrive pacing rates. The electrophysiologic and clinical implications of these data are discussed. It is suggested that despite previous reports that digitalis preparations are relatively well tolerated by patients with sick sinus syndrome, caution should be used when administering these drugs to this group of patients.", "contents": "Digitalis and the sick sinus syndrome. Clinical and electrophysiologic documentation of severe toxic effect on sinus node function. Digoxin, in a common clinical dose and at a low serum level, brought out severe manifestations of sinus node dysfunction in a patient who had previously undergone successful mitral valve replacement. This report presents the results of extensive clinical and electrophysiologic studies of this patient before and after a digoxin challenge. In the absence of cardiac glycoside, the only demonstrable abnormalities of sinus node function were mild resting sinus bradycardia and failure to respond to atropine administration. Responses to isoproterenol administration, programmed premature atrial stimulation, and overdrive pacing at several cycle lengths were normal. Following the administration of intravenous digoxin, 1.025 mg/24 hrs, the resting sinus cycle length increased and the response to overdrive pacing became markedly abnormal. The latter was followed by sinus pauses in excess of six seconds, even at relatively slow overdrive pacing rates. The electrophysiologic and clinical implications of these data are discussed. It is suggested that despite previous reports that digitalis preparations are relatively well tolerated by patients with sick sinus syndrome, caution should be used when administering these drugs to this group of patients.", "PMID": 1132120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11877", "title": "Coronary ostial stenosis.", "content": "Symptomatic, nonsyphilitic, acquired coronary ostial stenosis is a rare angiographic finding and was found in 0.13% of 3000 coronary angiograms. Three females with this lesion have been treated surgically. Two had left coronary ostial involvement. Coronary angiography may result in catheter tip occulsion of the ostium with chest pain, dyspnea, diaphoresis, systemic hypotension and abrupt fall in pressure at the catheter tip. Recognition of this entity is necessary for safe coronary angiography. Involvement of the left ostium carries the same serious prognosis as does left main coronary disease.", "contents": "Coronary ostial stenosis. Symptomatic, nonsyphilitic, acquired coronary ostial stenosis is a rare angiographic finding and was found in 0.13% of 3000 coronary angiograms. Three females with this lesion have been treated surgically. Two had left coronary ostial involvement. Coronary angiography may result in catheter tip occulsion of the ostium with chest pain, dyspnea, diaphoresis, systemic hypotension and abrupt fall in pressure at the catheter tip. Recognition of this entity is necessary for safe coronary angiography. Involvement of the left ostium carries the same serious prognosis as does left main coronary disease.", "PMID": 1132121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11878", "title": "The role of an accessory atrioventricular pathway in reciprocal tachycardia. Observations in patients with and without the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome.", "content": "To study the pathway of tachycardia in patients with the Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome and reciprocal tachycardias, results from intracavitary recordings and atrial and ventricular stimulation were reviewed in 71 patients with the WPW syndrome and 54 patients without pre-excitation. In all patients a reproducible tachycardia could be initated and terminated by appropriately timed electrical stimuli. The following findings were accepted as suggesting the participation of an accessory pathway in the tachycardia circuit: 1) no increase in ventriculo-atrial conduction (V-A C) time following ventricular stimuli given with increasing prematurity; 2) activation of right or left atrium (depending upon the location of the atrial end of the accessory pathway) prior to activation of atrium in the His bundle lead; 3) slowing of tachycardia following bundle branch block to the ventricle in which the accessory pathway inserts; 4) V-A C time of early stimuli on the ventricle during the tachycardia equal to or less than the V-A c time following QRS complexes during tachycardia; 5) inability to initiate tachycardia or slowing of tachycardia following the administration of drugs affecting the accessory pathway. Accepted as suggestive for atrioventricular (A-V) nodal re-entry were the following factors: 1) activation of atrium following initiation of tachycardia by a single atrial premature beat after activation of the bundle of His but before or simultaneous with ventricular activation in first and subsequent beats of tachycardia; 2) initiation of tachycardia following a gradual increase in V-A C time with the appearance of a His bundle electrogram in between the premature beat and retrograde atrial activation; 3) gradual increase in V-A C time with the appearance of a His bundle electrogram following ventricular premature beats given with increasing prematurity; 4) two-to-one block distal to the A-V node or His bundle with persistance of tachycardia. If only positive findings were accepted, 51 patients of the WPW group used their accessory pathway during tachycardia. In eight patients re-entry was confined to the A-V node. In the remaining 12 patients the mechanism was not clear. Of the patients not showing pre-excitation in A-V direction, 47 patients seemed to have their re-entry circuit in the A-V node, five patients used an accessory pathway in V-A direction, and in two patients the pathway of tachycardia could not be identified.", "contents": "The role of an accessory atrioventricular pathway in reciprocal tachycardia. Observations in patients with and without the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. To study the pathway of tachycardia in patients with the Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome and reciprocal tachycardias, results from intracavitary recordings and atrial and ventricular stimulation were reviewed in 71 patients with the WPW syndrome and 54 patients without pre-excitation. In all patients a reproducible tachycardia could be initated and terminated by appropriately timed electrical stimuli. The following findings were accepted as suggesting the participation of an accessory pathway in the tachycardia circuit: 1) no increase in ventriculo-atrial conduction (V-A C) time following ventricular stimuli given with increasing prematurity; 2) activation of right or left atrium (depending upon the location of the atrial end of the accessory pathway) prior to activation of atrium in the His bundle lead; 3) slowing of tachycardia following bundle branch block to the ventricle in which the accessory pathway inserts; 4) V-A C time of early stimuli on the ventricle during the tachycardia equal to or less than the V-A c time following QRS complexes during tachycardia; 5) inability to initiate tachycardia or slowing of tachycardia following the administration of drugs affecting the accessory pathway. Accepted as suggestive for atrioventricular (A-V) nodal re-entry were the following factors: 1) activation of atrium following initiation of tachycardia by a single atrial premature beat after activation of the bundle of His but before or simultaneous with ventricular activation in first and subsequent beats of tachycardia; 2) initiation of tachycardia following a gradual increase in V-A C time with the appearance of a His bundle electrogram in between the premature beat and retrograde atrial activation; 3) gradual increase in V-A C time with the appearance of a His bundle electrogram following ventricular premature beats given with increasing prematurity; 4) two-to-one block distal to the A-V node or His bundle with persistance of tachycardia. If only positive findings were accepted, 51 patients of the WPW group used their accessory pathway during tachycardia. In eight patients re-entry was confined to the A-V node. In the remaining 12 patients the mechanism was not clear. Of the patients not showing pre-excitation in A-V direction, 47 patients seemed to have their re-entry circuit in the A-V node, five patients used an accessory pathway in V-A direction, and in two patients the pathway of tachycardia could not be identified.", "PMID": 1132122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11879", "title": "Arrhythmias in patients with mitral valve prolapse.", "content": "Resting ECGs, exercise treadmill tests and 24-hour ambulatory ECGs were recorded and analyzed in 24 unselected patients with mitral valve prolapse. Arrhythmias were frequent. There were three distinct groups of patients, defined on the basis of total number of premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) during the 24 hours; there were no PVCs in 25%, and frequent PVCs in 50%. Complex ventricular arrhythmias, including ventricular tachycardia in five patients, were found almost exclusively in the group with frequent PVCs. Fifteen of the 24 patients demonstrated atrial premature contractions (APCs) during the 24 hours. Complex atrial arrhythmias were found among patients with infrequent, as well as those with frequent, APCs. Supraventricular tachycardia was detected in seven of these patients. The incidence of ACPs decreased during sleep in 67% of the patients and showed no change during sleep in 33%. A poor correlation was found between symptoms recorded in patient diaries and changes noted on 24-hour ECG recordings. The peak PVCs/15 min and peak ACPs/15 min during a 24-hour period of monitoring was found to be an excellent guide to the total number of PVCs and APCs occurring during that period. This permits an accurate prediction of the total number of PVCs in 24 hours after performing an exact PVC count on only 15 minutes of ECG data. Finally, the 24-hour ambulatory ECG was sensitive than the treadmill test and both were superior to the 12-lead ECG for detecting arrhythmias in these patients.", "contents": "Arrhythmias in patients with mitral valve prolapse. Resting ECGs, exercise treadmill tests and 24-hour ambulatory ECGs were recorded and analyzed in 24 unselected patients with mitral valve prolapse. Arrhythmias were frequent. There were three distinct groups of patients, defined on the basis of total number of premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) during the 24 hours; there were no PVCs in 25%, and frequent PVCs in 50%. Complex ventricular arrhythmias, including ventricular tachycardia in five patients, were found almost exclusively in the group with frequent PVCs. Fifteen of the 24 patients demonstrated atrial premature contractions (APCs) during the 24 hours. Complex atrial arrhythmias were found among patients with infrequent, as well as those with frequent, APCs. Supraventricular tachycardia was detected in seven of these patients. The incidence of ACPs decreased during sleep in 67% of the patients and showed no change during sleep in 33%. A poor correlation was found between symptoms recorded in patient diaries and changes noted on 24-hour ECG recordings. The peak PVCs/15 min and peak ACPs/15 min during a 24-hour period of monitoring was found to be an excellent guide to the total number of PVCs and APCs occurring during that period. This permits an accurate prediction of the total number of PVCs in 24 hours after performing an exact PVC count on only 15 minutes of ECG data. Finally, the 24-hour ambulatory ECG was sensitive than the treadmill test and both were superior to the 12-lead ECG for detecting arrhythmias in these patients.", "PMID": 1132123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11880", "title": "Surgical bifascicular block.", "content": "Electrophysiological studies were performed in 18 patients who developed bifascicular block after repair of ventricular septal defect (VSD) or tetralogy of Fallot (TF). Two had transient complete heart block (CHB) in the immediate postoperative period. The P-A intervals were normal in all. A-H and H-V intervals were prolonged in three and four cases, respectively. Atrial pacing at progressively increasing heart rates was performed in 15 patients; two developed type II block distal to the His bundle (H). The effective and functional refractory periods (ERP and FRP) of the atrium (11 cases) were normal in all. The ERP of the A-V node (seven cases) was prolonged in found and the FRP was increased in three. The ERP of the ventricular specialized conduction system was measured in two cases and was prolonged in one. In all, seven cases had abnormalities indicating disease of the A-V node and/or His-Purkinje system. Recording of intervals, atrial pacing, and determination of refractory periods (RPs) was necessary to reveal all conduction abnormalities. One patient died of unrelated causes. The others are alive and in sinus rhythm with intact conduction 3 to 16.5 years following surgery (mean follow-up of 8.3 plus or minus 0.95 years). The clinical course in patients with normal and abnormal findings was equally benign. Prophylactic insertion of demand pacemakers does not appear indicated in these patients.", "contents": "Surgical bifascicular block. Electrophysiological studies were performed in 18 patients who developed bifascicular block after repair of ventricular septal defect (VSD) or tetralogy of Fallot (TF). Two had transient complete heart block (CHB) in the immediate postoperative period. The P-A intervals were normal in all. A-H and H-V intervals were prolonged in three and four cases, respectively. Atrial pacing at progressively increasing heart rates was performed in 15 patients; two developed type II block distal to the His bundle (H). The effective and functional refractory periods (ERP and FRP) of the atrium (11 cases) were normal in all. The ERP of the A-V node (seven cases) was prolonged in found and the FRP was increased in three. The ERP of the ventricular specialized conduction system was measured in two cases and was prolonged in one. In all, seven cases had abnormalities indicating disease of the A-V node and/or His-Purkinje system. Recording of intervals, atrial pacing, and determination of refractory periods (RPs) was necessary to reveal all conduction abnormalities. One patient died of unrelated causes. The others are alive and in sinus rhythm with intact conduction 3 to 16.5 years following surgery (mean follow-up of 8.3 plus or minus 0.95 years). The clinical course in patients with normal and abnormal findings was equally benign. Prophylactic insertion of demand pacemakers does not appear indicated in these patients.", "PMID": 1132124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11881", "title": "The scope of mass spectrometry in clinical chemistry.", "content": "Several aspects of mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry are reviewed, including ionization methods, repetitive scanning, selected ion monitoring, and stable isotope measurement. I discuss the application of these and other mass spectrometry methods to the investigation of compound classes relevant to clinical chemistry, to the assessment of inborn errors of metabolism, and to clinical studies. The latter include consideration of volatiles in body fluids, respiration and blood gases, stable-isotope applications, clinical toxicology, and drugs.", "contents": "The scope of mass spectrometry in clinical chemistry. Several aspects of mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry are reviewed, including ionization methods, repetitive scanning, selected ion monitoring, and stable isotope measurement. I discuss the application of these and other mass spectrometry methods to the investigation of compound classes relevant to clinical chemistry, to the assessment of inborn errors of metabolism, and to clinical studies. The latter include consideration of volatiles in body fluids, respiration and blood gases, stable-isotope applications, clinical toxicology, and drugs.", "PMID": 1132130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11882", "title": "Citrate synthesis by lymphocytes.", "content": "The important role of lymphocytes in humoral and cell-mediated immunity indicates that they need a readily available intracellular source of energy. Here, we demonstrate that these cells contain enzymes involved in citrate formation. The citrate is oxidized through the tricarboxylic acid cycle to furnish energy. A newly devised, simple radiometric method was used to determine the condensation of labeled acetate or acetyl CoA with oxaloacetate to form citrate. The de novo synthesized citrate was oxidized to pentabromoacetone, and radioactivity of the resulting CO2 was directly related to the amount of citrate synthesized. Both lymphocytes from chronic lymphatic leukemia patients and cultured lymphoblasts possess this active citrate-synthesizing apparatus, although the lymphoblasts appeared to have a considerably higher activity, perhaps because they are larger.", "contents": "Citrate synthesis by lymphocytes. The important role of lymphocytes in humoral and cell-mediated immunity indicates that they need a readily available intracellular source of energy. Here, we demonstrate that these cells contain enzymes involved in citrate formation. The citrate is oxidized through the tricarboxylic acid cycle to furnish energy. A newly devised, simple radiometric method was used to determine the condensation of labeled acetate or acetyl CoA with oxaloacetate to form citrate. The de novo synthesized citrate was oxidized to pentabromoacetone, and radioactivity of the resulting CO2 was directly related to the amount of citrate synthesized. Both lymphocytes from chronic lymphatic leukemia patients and cultured lymphoblasts possess this active citrate-synthesizing apparatus, although the lymphoblasts appeared to have a considerably higher activity, perhaps because they are larger.", "PMID": 1132131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11883", "title": "Computer-controlled automation of radioimmunoassay based on gel entrapment of antibody.", "content": "We describe a new, broadly applicable approach to radioimmunoassay. Solid-phase binding reagent is prepared by entrapping antibody in polyacrylamide gel. This gel is then fragmented, sieved, and dehydrated in 95 percent ethanol. Upon evaporation of the ethanol, the dry antibody-gel particles are dispensed into miniature disposable plastic columns. A unidirectional flowing stream configuration is used to construct a standard curve for the polypeptide hormone, angiotensin I, used here to exemplify the technique. Good reproducibility of this standard curve is demonstrated. The analytical system includes a computer-controlled sample turntable, digital pipet, and liquid-switching assembly.", "contents": "Computer-controlled automation of radioimmunoassay based on gel entrapment of antibody. We describe a new, broadly applicable approach to radioimmunoassay. Solid-phase binding reagent is prepared by entrapping antibody in polyacrylamide gel. This gel is then fragmented, sieved, and dehydrated in 95 percent ethanol. Upon evaporation of the ethanol, the dry antibody-gel particles are dispensed into miniature disposable plastic columns. A unidirectional flowing stream configuration is used to construct a standard curve for the polypeptide hormone, angiotensin I, used here to exemplify the technique. Good reproducibility of this standard curve is demonstrated. The analytical system includes a computer-controlled sample turntable, digital pipet, and liquid-switching assembly.", "PMID": 1132132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11884", "title": "Rapid analysis for theophylline in serum by use of high-pressure cation-exchange chromatography.", "content": "We have developed a quantitative assay for serum theophylline by high-pressure cation-exchange chromatography. As little as 0.1-ml aliquots of serum were prepared for analysis simply by diluting them with a solution of the internal standard (8-chlorotheophylline). Theophylline and the internal standard were eluted in 17 and 27.5 min, respectively, and the peaks for them were distinct from those of other xanthines and uric acids. We encountered no interference when we used: (a) plasma obtained from blood anticoagulated with citrate; (b) hemolyzed, lipemic, or icteric serum; or (c) 52 samples from patients who were receiving various other medications. An analysis of calibration suggested that errors greater than plus or minus 2.6 mg/liter, a clinically acceptable range, were highly unlikely. Sensitivity was sufficient to identify less than 2.5 mg/liter. This assay was compared with the usual method involving solvent extraction and absorbance measurement in the ultraviolet and found to have similar accuracy, although it is easier, faster, requires less sample, and potentially is more specific.", "contents": "Rapid analysis for theophylline in serum by use of high-pressure cation-exchange chromatography. We have developed a quantitative assay for serum theophylline by high-pressure cation-exchange chromatography. As little as 0.1-ml aliquots of serum were prepared for analysis simply by diluting them with a solution of the internal standard (8-chlorotheophylline). Theophylline and the internal standard were eluted in 17 and 27.5 min, respectively, and the peaks for them were distinct from those of other xanthines and uric acids. We encountered no interference when we used: (a) plasma obtained from blood anticoagulated with citrate; (b) hemolyzed, lipemic, or icteric serum; or (c) 52 samples from patients who were receiving various other medications. An analysis of calibration suggested that errors greater than plus or minus 2.6 mg/liter, a clinically acceptable range, were highly unlikely. Sensitivity was sufficient to identify less than 2.5 mg/liter. This assay was compared with the usual method involving solvent extraction and absorbance measurement in the ultraviolet and found to have similar accuracy, although it is easier, faster, requires less sample, and potentially is more specific.", "PMID": 1132133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11885", "title": "Gas-liquid chromatographic measurement of guanidino acids.", "content": "We present a method for separating and measuring guanidino acids by gas-liquid chromatography. Compared to ion-exchange techniques, this system is faster, more sensitive, requires smaller sample volumes, is independent of colorimetric reactions, and permits simultaneous determination of both amino and guanidino acids. N-Trifluoracetyl-n-butyl esters are formed and then are separated by using a column containing a mixed silicone liquid phase coated on Chromosorb W-HP. Analytical recoveries from plasma ranged from 86 to 112% and were done without prior protein precipitation. Speculations as to the cause of this interference by protein include coprecipitation, protein-binding, and cyclization of the guanidines in the acids used for denaturation. Evidence presented suggests that all three occur: ultrafiltrability is diminished in the presence of protein and nuclear magnetic resonance demonstrates cyclization of some of these esters.", "contents": "Gas-liquid chromatographic measurement of guanidino acids. We present a method for separating and measuring guanidino acids by gas-liquid chromatography. Compared to ion-exchange techniques, this system is faster, more sensitive, requires smaller sample volumes, is independent of colorimetric reactions, and permits simultaneous determination of both amino and guanidino acids. N-Trifluoracetyl-n-butyl esters are formed and then are separated by using a column containing a mixed silicone liquid phase coated on Chromosorb W-HP. Analytical recoveries from plasma ranged from 86 to 112% and were done without prior protein precipitation. Speculations as to the cause of this interference by protein include coprecipitation, protein-binding, and cyclization of the guanidines in the acids used for denaturation. Evidence presented suggests that all three occur: ultrafiltrability is diminished in the presence of protein and nuclear magnetic resonance demonstrates cyclization of some of these esters.", "PMID": 1132134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11886", "title": "Rapid separation of plasma creatine kinase isoenzymes by batch adsorption on glass beads.", "content": "To separate the MM and MB creatine kinase (EC 2.7.3.2) isoenzymes in small plasma samples, we developed a simple, rapid ion-exchange batch-adsorption procedure with \"DEAE Glycophase\" glass beads (Corning). All separative steps are performed in a single test tube and can be completed within a few minutes. Results of measurements of isoenzymes in plasma samples from patients with acute myocardial infarction were compared to those obtained with an independent quantitative assay method previously reported. Additional measurements were performed on standard plasma samples containing mixtures of MM and MB isoenzyme purified from human myocardium. Results by the two independent assay procedures agreed well, as did measured isoenzyme activities and activities predicted from the amounts of isoenzyme added. Activities in the fractions containing separated isoenzymes were measured by a direct kinetic fluorometric assay. MB activities in normal plasma averaged 1.6 plus and minus 0.28 U/liter (mean plus and minus SD).", "contents": "Rapid separation of plasma creatine kinase isoenzymes by batch adsorption on glass beads. To separate the MM and MB creatine kinase (EC 2.7.3.2) isoenzymes in small plasma samples, we developed a simple, rapid ion-exchange batch-adsorption procedure with \"DEAE Glycophase\" glass beads (Corning). All separative steps are performed in a single test tube and can be completed within a few minutes. Results of measurements of isoenzymes in plasma samples from patients with acute myocardial infarction were compared to those obtained with an independent quantitative assay method previously reported. Additional measurements were performed on standard plasma samples containing mixtures of MM and MB isoenzyme purified from human myocardium. Results by the two independent assay procedures agreed well, as did measured isoenzyme activities and activities predicted from the amounts of isoenzyme added. Activities in the fractions containing separated isoenzymes were measured by a direct kinetic fluorometric assay. MB activities in normal plasma averaged 1.6 plus and minus 0.28 U/liter (mean plus and minus SD).", "PMID": 1132135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11887", "title": "Evaluation of the revised serum calcium procedure used with the Du Pont automatic clinical analyzer.", "content": "We evaluated a revised serum calcium method (o-cresolphthalein complexone) used with the Du Pont aca. Our results correlated well with those obtained by atomic absorption spectrometry. Within-run and day-to-day coefficients of variation were 0.5 and 1.5%, respectively. Color produced and calcium concentration are linearly related and the relation is not affected by hemolysis, lipemia, or icterus.", "contents": "Evaluation of the revised serum calcium procedure used with the Du Pont automatic clinical analyzer. We evaluated a revised serum calcium method (o-cresolphthalein complexone) used with the Du Pont aca. Our results correlated well with those obtained by atomic absorption spectrometry. Within-run and day-to-day coefficients of variation were 0.5 and 1.5%, respectively. Color produced and calcium concentration are linearly related and the relation is not affected by hemolysis, lipemia, or icterus.", "PMID": 1132136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11888", "title": "Direct method for measuring lipoprotein-X in serum.", "content": "We describe a fast and easy method for routine quantitation of the abnormal lipoprotein, lipoprotein-X. The procedure is based on densitometry of precipitation areas obtained for it after serum electrophoresis in agar gel followed by precipitation with polyanions. The coefficient of variation was less than 3% in one series. Results were linearly related to concentration in the range 0.063 to 6.3 g/liter.", "contents": "Direct method for measuring lipoprotein-X in serum. We describe a fast and easy method for routine quantitation of the abnormal lipoprotein, lipoprotein-X. The procedure is based on densitometry of precipitation areas obtained for it after serum electrophoresis in agar gel followed by precipitation with polyanions. The coefficient of variation was less than 3% in one series. Results were linearly related to concentration in the range 0.063 to 6.3 g/liter.", "PMID": 1132137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11889", "title": "Use of high-resolution open tubular glass capillary columns to separate acidic metabolites in urine.", "content": "We used high-resolution glass capillary columns to study the trimethylsilyl derivatives of some acidic metabolites found in pooled urine specimens form control and postpartum subjects. About 30 compounds were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-computer techniques. In general, open tubular capillary columns effect better resolution of trimethylsilyl derivatives of organic acids than do conventional packed columns. GESE-30 proved to be a good general-purpose stationary phase, whereas OV-17 offered certain advantages in resolving aromatic acid components.", "contents": "Use of high-resolution open tubular glass capillary columns to separate acidic metabolites in urine. We used high-resolution glass capillary columns to study the trimethylsilyl derivatives of some acidic metabolites found in pooled urine specimens form control and postpartum subjects. About 30 compounds were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-computer techniques. In general, open tubular capillary columns effect better resolution of trimethylsilyl derivatives of organic acids than do conventional packed columns. GESE-30 proved to be a good general-purpose stationary phase, whereas OV-17 offered certain advantages in resolving aromatic acid components.", "PMID": 1132138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11890", "title": "Correction for spectral interference with determination of lead in blood by non-flame atomic absorption spectrometry.", "content": "A non-flame atomizer incorporating a graphite tube and cup is used to determine lead in whole blood and packed erythrocytes. In a direct method, a 2-mu-l sample is treated in situ in the cup with 1 mu-l of concentrated nitric acid. The oxidized sample can then be dried, ashed, and atomized without leaving a residue. The nitric acid treatment obviates correction for nonselective absorption, something previously necessary in the determination of lead in blood by non-flame techniques. The resulting chemical conversion of the matrix compounds frees the lead atomic absorption peak from the spectral interference. Alternatively, a 50-mu-l sample of blood or erythrocytes is treated with 50 mu-l of concentrated nitric acid and a 1.5-mu-l aliquot is analyzed with use of the graphite tube.", "contents": "Correction for spectral interference with determination of lead in blood by non-flame atomic absorption spectrometry. A non-flame atomizer incorporating a graphite tube and cup is used to determine lead in whole blood and packed erythrocytes. In a direct method, a 2-mu-l sample is treated in situ in the cup with 1 mu-l of concentrated nitric acid. The oxidized sample can then be dried, ashed, and atomized without leaving a residue. The nitric acid treatment obviates correction for nonselective absorption, something previously necessary in the determination of lead in blood by non-flame techniques. The resulting chemical conversion of the matrix compounds frees the lead atomic absorption peak from the spectral interference. Alternatively, a 50-mu-l sample of blood or erythrocytes is treated with 50 mu-l of concentrated nitric acid and a 1.5-mu-l aliquot is analyzed with use of the graphite tube.", "PMID": 1132139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11891", "title": "Rate of decrease in serum ethchlorvynol concentrations after extreme overdosage-a case study.", "content": "Ethchlorvynol is a commonly abused sedative hypnotic. I report here a seven-day study of serum ethchlorvynol concentrations in a patient who had received an extreme overdose. These concentrations were correlated with the patient's response to stimuli. Serum ethchlorvynol concentrations were logarithmically related to time, a fact that can be useful in predicting when a patient's serum ethchlorvynol concentration will return to a therapeutic concentration. In this case the decrease was about 35% per 24h.", "contents": "Rate of decrease in serum ethchlorvynol concentrations after extreme overdosage-a case study. Ethchlorvynol is a commonly abused sedative hypnotic. I report here a seven-day study of serum ethchlorvynol concentrations in a patient who had received an extreme overdose. These concentrations were correlated with the patient's response to stimuli. Serum ethchlorvynol concentrations were logarithmically related to time, a fact that can be useful in predicting when a patient's serum ethchlorvynol concentration will return to a therapeutic concentration. In this case the decrease was about 35% per 24h.", "PMID": 1132140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11892", "title": "Venous serum, capillary serum, and capillary plasma compared for use in determination of lactate dehydrogenase and aspartate aminotransferase activities.", "content": "Lactate dehydrogenase and aspartate aminotransferase activities in capillary serum or plasma were significantly greater than in simultaneously assayed venous serum, the greatest differences being between capillary and venous serum. Although some difference is attributable to tissue fluid contributions, platelets seem to account for most of it, with possible small contributions from leukocytes. Capillary tube size and type appear to be important factors. We recommend that when capillary blood is to be used for enzyme assay, it should be processed as plasma.", "contents": "Venous serum, capillary serum, and capillary plasma compared for use in determination of lactate dehydrogenase and aspartate aminotransferase activities. Lactate dehydrogenase and aspartate aminotransferase activities in capillary serum or plasma were significantly greater than in simultaneously assayed venous serum, the greatest differences being between capillary and venous serum. Although some difference is attributable to tissue fluid contributions, platelets seem to account for most of it, with possible small contributions from leukocytes. Capillary tube size and type appear to be important factors. We recommend that when capillary blood is to be used for enzyme assay, it should be processed as plasma.", "PMID": 1132141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11893", "title": "Inhibitory effect of fluoride on glucose tests with glucose oxidase strips.", "content": "Sodium fluoride was inadvertently added as a preservative to the urine of an eight-year-old boy with diabetes mellitus before urinary glucose was measured. On preliminary screening of the urine, the test by glucose oxidase paper reagent strip gave a negative reading for glucose, whereas quantitative urinary glucose assay by the coupled enzyme reaction (hexokinase-glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase) gave a glucose concentration of 81.5 g/liter. Inadvertent use of sodium fluoride as a urine preservative may cause a falsely negative result with the glucose tests involving oxidase.", "contents": "Inhibitory effect of fluoride on glucose tests with glucose oxidase strips. Sodium fluoride was inadvertently added as a preservative to the urine of an eight-year-old boy with diabetes mellitus before urinary glucose was measured. On preliminary screening of the urine, the test by glucose oxidase paper reagent strip gave a negative reading for glucose, whereas quantitative urinary glucose assay by the coupled enzyme reaction (hexokinase-glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase) gave a glucose concentration of 81.5 g/liter. Inadvertent use of sodium fluoride as a urine preservative may cause a falsely negative result with the glucose tests involving oxidase.", "PMID": 1132142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11894", "title": "A new convenient, rapid and accurate method for determination of total lipids in feces.", "content": "1. A new, simple and rapid colorimetric micromethod for determination of total lipids in the petroleum ether extract of feces is proposed. The method, based on the sulfophosphovanillin reaction, was found to be of satisfactory precision and accuracy. 2. The concentration of total lipids determined in meconium of 40 healthy newborns in the first five days of life, was 1 to 15 g/100 ml of feces.", "contents": "A new convenient, rapid and accurate method for determination of total lipids in feces. 1. A new, simple and rapid colorimetric micromethod for determination of total lipids in the petroleum ether extract of feces is proposed. The method, based on the sulfophosphovanillin reaction, was found to be of satisfactory precision and accuracy. 2. The concentration of total lipids determined in meconium of 40 healthy newborns in the first five days of life, was 1 to 15 g/100 ml of feces.", "PMID": 1132143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11895", "title": "Studies on non-haemoglobin erythrocyte iron; the influence of haemolysis on plasma iron determinations.", "content": "Approximately 2% of iron contained in mouse erythrocytes is transferred into supernatant when haemolysed erythrocytes are precipitated with trichloroacetic acid. The component unprecipitable with trichloroacetic acid is probably bound predominantly to reticulocytes and it is larger the younger is the reticulocyte. Under the conditions of postirradiation suppression of erythropoiesis this component grows strongly and in the phase of overrecovery of erythropoiesis decreases. The numerical values determined in the paper can be used for a correction of the disturbing influence of haemolysis on concentration and radioactivity of plasma iron in the resting state of erythropoiesis, if a preliminary precipitation of a sample with trichloroacetic acid was carried out.", "contents": "Studies on non-haemoglobin erythrocyte iron; the influence of haemolysis on plasma iron determinations. Approximately 2% of iron contained in mouse erythrocytes is transferred into supernatant when haemolysed erythrocytes are precipitated with trichloroacetic acid. The component unprecipitable with trichloroacetic acid is probably bound predominantly to reticulocytes and it is larger the younger is the reticulocyte. Under the conditions of postirradiation suppression of erythropoiesis this component grows strongly and in the phase of overrecovery of erythropoiesis decreases. The numerical values determined in the paper can be used for a correction of the disturbing influence of haemolysis on concentration and radioactivity of plasma iron in the resting state of erythropoiesis, if a preliminary precipitation of a sample with trichloroacetic acid was carried out.", "PMID": 1132144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11896", "title": "Comparison of the chemical composition of glomerular and tubular basement membranes obtained from human kidneys of diabetics and non-diabetics.", "content": "Glomerular basement membrane (GBM) and tubular basement membrane (TBM) were prepared from human kidneys of diabetics and non-diabetics, and their chemical composition was compared. GBM from diabetics contained a larger amount of hydroxyproline than that from non-diabetics, and smaller amounts of half-cystine, glucose, mannose and sialic acid. On the other hand, TBM from diabetics contained larger amounts of hydroxylysine, methionine, galactose, hexosamine and phospholipid phosphorus than non-diabetics, and smaller amounts of half-cystine, valine, leucine, lysine and histidine. No significant difference was observed in the contents of other components examined in this study between the corresponding membrane obtained from diabetics and non-diabetics. The observed changes may be due to alteration of the tissues in diabetes mellitus.", "contents": "Comparison of the chemical composition of glomerular and tubular basement membranes obtained from human kidneys of diabetics and non-diabetics. Glomerular basement membrane (GBM) and tubular basement membrane (TBM) were prepared from human kidneys of diabetics and non-diabetics, and their chemical composition was compared. GBM from diabetics contained a larger amount of hydroxyproline than that from non-diabetics, and smaller amounts of half-cystine, glucose, mannose and sialic acid. On the other hand, TBM from diabetics contained larger amounts of hydroxylysine, methionine, galactose, hexosamine and phospholipid phosphorus than non-diabetics, and smaller amounts of half-cystine, valine, leucine, lysine and histidine. No significant difference was observed in the contents of other components examined in this study between the corresponding membrane obtained from diabetics and non-diabetics. The observed changes may be due to alteration of the tissues in diabetes mellitus.", "PMID": 1132145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11897", "title": "Vitamin B-1, B-2 and B-6 deficiencies in geriatric patients, measured by coenzyme stimulation of enzyme activities.", "content": "The vitamin B-1, B-2 and B-6 nutritional status of 153 geriatric patients was determined by measurement of the activities of transketolase (TK), glutathione reductase (GR) and glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) from hemolyzed erythrocytes before and after in vitro stimulation with their respective coenzymes. The change in enzyme activity after incubation of the hemolysate with the coenzyme was used to determine the activation coefficient, which was taken as an index for the vitamin B-1, B-2 and B-6 nutritional status. Determination of the normal values in 54 healthy blood donors showed that activation coefficients of TK greater than 1.27 indicated a biochemical vitamin B-1 deficiency. Activation coefficients of GR greater than 1.29 and GOT greater than 1.86 indicated, respectively, deficiencies of vitamins B-2 and B-6. On the basis of these findings 22.9% of the geriatric patients appeared to suffer from vitamin B-1 deficiency, 11.7% from vitamin B-2 deficiency and 19.0% from vitamin B-6 deficiency. Of the total number of patients, 44% showed a deficiency of one or more of these three vitamins. Oral administration of vitamin B-1 (20 mg/day), vitamin B-2 (10 mg/day) and vitamin B-6 (20 mg/day) for twelve days normalized nearly all activation coefficients. Determination of enzyme activities without coenzyme stimulation revealed significantly lower values in the deficient patients as compared with the blood donors. However, the distribution of activities for both groups overlapped to a great extent. Oral administration of vitamins raised the enzyme activities to normal values.", "contents": "Vitamin B-1, B-2 and B-6 deficiencies in geriatric patients, measured by coenzyme stimulation of enzyme activities. The vitamin B-1, B-2 and B-6 nutritional status of 153 geriatric patients was determined by measurement of the activities of transketolase (TK), glutathione reductase (GR) and glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) from hemolyzed erythrocytes before and after in vitro stimulation with their respective coenzymes. The change in enzyme activity after incubation of the hemolysate with the coenzyme was used to determine the activation coefficient, which was taken as an index for the vitamin B-1, B-2 and B-6 nutritional status. Determination of the normal values in 54 healthy blood donors showed that activation coefficients of TK greater than 1.27 indicated a biochemical vitamin B-1 deficiency. Activation coefficients of GR greater than 1.29 and GOT greater than 1.86 indicated, respectively, deficiencies of vitamins B-2 and B-6. On the basis of these findings 22.9% of the geriatric patients appeared to suffer from vitamin B-1 deficiency, 11.7% from vitamin B-2 deficiency and 19.0% from vitamin B-6 deficiency. Of the total number of patients, 44% showed a deficiency of one or more of these three vitamins. Oral administration of vitamin B-1 (20 mg/day), vitamin B-2 (10 mg/day) and vitamin B-6 (20 mg/day) for twelve days normalized nearly all activation coefficients. Determination of enzyme activities without coenzyme stimulation revealed significantly lower values in the deficient patients as compared with the blood donors. However, the distribution of activities for both groups overlapped to a great extent. Oral administration of vitamins raised the enzyme activities to normal values.", "PMID": 1132146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11898", "title": "[Changes of blood-flow properties in patients with chronic liver disease (author's transl)].", "content": "The determination of plasma viscosity in 37 patients with liver disease allowed their subdivision into three groups. Firstly, decreased viscosity (hypoviscosity) was found in patients with cirrhosis, marked portal hypertension and esophageal varices. Secondly, normal viscosity (normoviscosity) was found in patients with inactive cirrhosis without portal hypertension, and thirdly, increased viscosity (hyperviscosity) was found in patients with active cirrhosis and chronic progressive hepatitis. The concentrations of total serum protein, of fibrinogen and of IgG were found to influence plasma viscosity. A detailed differentiation revealed that increased plasma viscosity is caused by increased levels of IgG while decreased viscosity correlates with low fibrinogen levels. Furthermore a close correlation exists between plasma viscosity and the enzymatic activity of SGOT, SGPT and GLDH. In 5 patients with chronic progressive hepatitis treated with corticosteroids the plasma viscosity normalized in parallel with improvement of the hepato-cellular damage. These findings will be discussed in detail. Hyperviscosity might possibly serve as an additional parameter to characterize chronic progressive hepatitis and to indicate steroid treatment.", "contents": "[Changes of blood-flow properties in patients with chronic liver disease (author's transl)]. The determination of plasma viscosity in 37 patients with liver disease allowed their subdivision into three groups. Firstly, decreased viscosity (hypoviscosity) was found in patients with cirrhosis, marked portal hypertension and esophageal varices. Secondly, normal viscosity (normoviscosity) was found in patients with inactive cirrhosis without portal hypertension, and thirdly, increased viscosity (hyperviscosity) was found in patients with active cirrhosis and chronic progressive hepatitis. The concentrations of total serum protein, of fibrinogen and of IgG were found to influence plasma viscosity. A detailed differentiation revealed that increased plasma viscosity is caused by increased levels of IgG while decreased viscosity correlates with low fibrinogen levels. Furthermore a close correlation exists between plasma viscosity and the enzymatic activity of SGOT, SGPT and GLDH. In 5 patients with chronic progressive hepatitis treated with corticosteroids the plasma viscosity normalized in parallel with improvement of the hepato-cellular damage. These findings will be discussed in detail. Hyperviscosity might possibly serve as an additional parameter to characterize chronic progressive hepatitis and to indicate steroid treatment.", "PMID": 1132147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11899", "title": "Glucose consumption by red cells of diabetic patients and normal subjects. Effect of ethanol.", "content": "Glucose consumption was measured in the red cells of 15 diabetic patients and 13 normal subjects. The red cells were incubated in autologous serum with the glucose concentration adjusted to approximately 500 mg per 100 ml. Mean glucose consumption, both total and via the pentose phosphate pathway, by the red cells of the diabetic patients was not significantly different from that by the red cells of the normal subjects. Stimulation of the pentose phosphate pathway with ascorbate or methylene blue similarly revealed no difference between the two groups. Exposure of the red cells to ethanol in the incubation medium had no discernible effect on total glucose consumption but caused a decrease in glucose consumption by the pentose phosphate pathway. An effect of ethanol on glucose consumption by the pentose phosphate pathway was not evident in the presence of ascorbate or methylene blue. No difference in response to ethanol by the red cells of the diabetic patients and normal subjects was observed.", "contents": "Glucose consumption by red cells of diabetic patients and normal subjects. Effect of ethanol. Glucose consumption was measured in the red cells of 15 diabetic patients and 13 normal subjects. The red cells were incubated in autologous serum with the glucose concentration adjusted to approximately 500 mg per 100 ml. Mean glucose consumption, both total and via the pentose phosphate pathway, by the red cells of the diabetic patients was not significantly different from that by the red cells of the normal subjects. Stimulation of the pentose phosphate pathway with ascorbate or methylene blue similarly revealed no difference between the two groups. Exposure of the red cells to ethanol in the incubation medium had no discernible effect on total glucose consumption but caused a decrease in glucose consumption by the pentose phosphate pathway. An effect of ethanol on glucose consumption by the pentose phosphate pathway was not evident in the presence of ascorbate or methylene blue. No difference in response to ethanol by the red cells of the diabetic patients and normal subjects was observed.", "PMID": 1132148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11900", "title": "Some properties of alkaline-phosphatases in parenchymal and biliary tract cells separated from rat liver.", "content": "Livers of both normal and bile-duct ligated rats have been separated into parenchymal cells and fractions enriched in biliary tract cells. The specific activity of alkaline phosphatase increases in both types of cells after occlusion of the bile duct but the increase is more marked in the case of parenchymal cells. The enzyme from parenchymal cells migrates as a single zone on electrophoresis, whereas additional zones of lower anodal mobility occur in extracts of biliary tract preparations. The alkaline phosphatase activity of the slower zones is significantly less stable to heat than that of the zone characteristic of parenchymal cells. It is postulated that the increase in heat stability of alkaline phosphate in extracts of whole rat liver after bile-duct ligation is due to an increase in the proportion of the more stable form of the enzyme predominant in parenchymal cells.", "contents": "Some properties of alkaline-phosphatases in parenchymal and biliary tract cells separated from rat liver. Livers of both normal and bile-duct ligated rats have been separated into parenchymal cells and fractions enriched in biliary tract cells. The specific activity of alkaline phosphatase increases in both types of cells after occlusion of the bile duct but the increase is more marked in the case of parenchymal cells. The enzyme from parenchymal cells migrates as a single zone on electrophoresis, whereas additional zones of lower anodal mobility occur in extracts of biliary tract preparations. The alkaline phosphatase activity of the slower zones is significantly less stable to heat than that of the zone characteristic of parenchymal cells. It is postulated that the increase in heat stability of alkaline phosphate in extracts of whole rat liver after bile-duct ligation is due to an increase in the proportion of the more stable form of the enzyme predominant in parenchymal cells.", "PMID": 1132149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11901", "title": "An improved radioimmunoassay of serum gastrin using commercial kit.", "content": "Our experience with a commercially available kit for the measurement of serum gastrin has been reported. Significant non-specific interference was noted by the addition of serum contents in the assay which lead to erroneous results. Use of gastrin free serum as a diluent in the standard curve was found to improve the mean recovery of added gastrin. With this modification the procedure was evaluated for its clinical application. In 30 normal subjects, the fasting mean gastrin level was 78.7 plus or minus 31.9 (S.D.) pg/ml; in 18 of these individuals the postprandial mean level was 118.3 plus or minus 26.7 (S.D.) pg/ml. In 15 patients with pernicious anemia the mean level was 912 plus or minus 779 pg/ml; and in 4 patients with Zollinger-Ellison (ZE) syndrome the mean gastrin level was 1950 plus or minus 379 (S.D.) pg/ml. A significant rise in gastrin level was noted in patients with kidney failure during and after dialysis (p smaller than 0.05).", "contents": "An improved radioimmunoassay of serum gastrin using commercial kit. Our experience with a commercially available kit for the measurement of serum gastrin has been reported. Significant non-specific interference was noted by the addition of serum contents in the assay which lead to erroneous results. Use of gastrin free serum as a diluent in the standard curve was found to improve the mean recovery of added gastrin. With this modification the procedure was evaluated for its clinical application. In 30 normal subjects, the fasting mean gastrin level was 78.7 plus or minus 31.9 (S.D.) pg/ml; in 18 of these individuals the postprandial mean level was 118.3 plus or minus 26.7 (S.D.) pg/ml. In 15 patients with pernicious anemia the mean level was 912 plus or minus 779 pg/ml; and in 4 patients with Zollinger-Ellison (ZE) syndrome the mean gastrin level was 1950 plus or minus 379 (S.D.) pg/ml. A significant rise in gastrin level was noted in patients with kidney failure during and after dialysis (p smaller than 0.05).", "PMID": 1132150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11902", "title": "Zinc and copper urinary excretions in children with burns and scalds.", "content": "The daily urinary losses of zinc and copper have been measured over periods of up to 12 days following thermal injury in 18 children. Comparison with measurements of zinc and copper excretions in 35 control children showed that after injury by burning or scalding, the urinary excretions of both metals were increased in many of the patients. After severe injury, high urinary outputs of zinc and copper persisted for up to two months following injury.", "contents": "Zinc and copper urinary excretions in children with burns and scalds. The daily urinary losses of zinc and copper have been measured over periods of up to 12 days following thermal injury in 18 children. Comparison with measurements of zinc and copper excretions in 35 control children showed that after injury by burning or scalding, the urinary excretions of both metals were increased in many of the patients. After severe injury, high urinary outputs of zinc and copper persisted for up to two months following injury.", "PMID": 1132151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11903", "title": "Plasma amino acids and protein levels in chronic renal failure and changes caused by oral supplements of essential amino acids.", "content": "1. Plasma amino acids and six proteins have been measured in patients with chronic renal failure receiving low protein diets before and after oral supplementation with essential amino acids. 2. All the patients on low protein diets had a lower percentage of essential amino acids in their plasma than normal subjects but after supplementation, plasma levels increased significantly with minimal increase in non-essential amino acids or urea nitrogen. 3. Mean levels of plasma transferrin, complement C3 and globulin Gc were lower and plasma prealbumin higher in patients than in normal subjects. Plasma complement C4 and albumin were not different from normal. 4. Seven out of nine patients who tolerated the supplementation showed a significant increase in plasma transferrin, prealbumin and complement C3 but not in complement C4, globulin Gc or albumin. 5. Correlations between the percentage of essential amino acids and each of plasma transferrin, prealbumin and complement C3 and also between several of the plasma proteins further substantiate their value in the assessment of dietary intake in chronic renal failure. 6. The value of amino acid supplementation on low protein diets in chronic renal failure is discussed in relation to these observations.", "contents": "Plasma amino acids and protein levels in chronic renal failure and changes caused by oral supplements of essential amino acids. 1. Plasma amino acids and six proteins have been measured in patients with chronic renal failure receiving low protein diets before and after oral supplementation with essential amino acids. 2. All the patients on low protein diets had a lower percentage of essential amino acids in their plasma than normal subjects but after supplementation, plasma levels increased significantly with minimal increase in non-essential amino acids or urea nitrogen. 3. Mean levels of plasma transferrin, complement C3 and globulin Gc were lower and plasma prealbumin higher in patients than in normal subjects. Plasma complement C4 and albumin were not different from normal. 4. Seven out of nine patients who tolerated the supplementation showed a significant increase in plasma transferrin, prealbumin and complement C3 but not in complement C4, globulin Gc or albumin. 5. Correlations between the percentage of essential amino acids and each of plasma transferrin, prealbumin and complement C3 and also between several of the plasma proteins further substantiate their value in the assessment of dietary intake in chronic renal failure. 6. The value of amino acid supplementation on low protein diets in chronic renal failure is discussed in relation to these observations.", "PMID": 1132152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11904", "title": "Plasma carnosinase deficiency in patients with urea cycle defects.", "content": "A complete absence of plasma carnosinase activity was observed in a series of patients with proven urea cycle defects. This finding could not be explained by age of patients, low protein intake, or inhibition of the enzyme by glutamine or carbamyl phosphate.", "contents": "Plasma carnosinase deficiency in patients with urea cycle defects. A complete absence of plasma carnosinase activity was observed in a series of patients with proven urea cycle defects. This finding could not be explained by age of patients, low protein intake, or inhibition of the enzyme by glutamine or carbamyl phosphate.", "PMID": 1132153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11905", "title": "Adrenocortical response during examination.", "content": "The stressful effect of a written and oral examination was studied in twenty-two doctors sitting a postgraduate examination. The rise in the plasma cortisol was not significant in the written examination and reverted to normal values  after an hour. On the other hand, there was a significant rise in the plasma cortisol during the oral examination with a pre-entry rise in blood sugar and a fall in alpha-amino nitrogen. It is concluded that whereas a written examination is not a stressful situation, an oral examination is stressful enough to be comparable to rowing and flying.", "contents": "Adrenocortical response during examination. The stressful effect of a written and oral examination was studied in twenty-two doctors sitting a postgraduate examination. The rise in the plasma cortisol was not significant in the written examination and reverted to normal values  after an hour. On the other hand, there was a significant rise in the plasma cortisol during the oral examination with a pre-entry rise in blood sugar and a fall in alpha-amino nitrogen. It is concluded that whereas a written examination is not a stressful situation, an oral examination is stressful enough to be comparable to rowing and flying.", "PMID": 1132156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11906", "title": "Incontinentia pigmenti.", "content": "Four new cases of incontinentia pigmenti are presented, including chromosome studies of one family. An increased number of chromosome breakages was found in the blood of affected as well as unaffected members of this family.", "contents": "Incontinentia pigmenti. Four new cases of incontinentia pigmenti are presented, including chromosome studies of one family. An increased number of chromosome breakages was found in the blood of affected as well as unaffected members of this family.", "PMID": 1132157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11907", "title": "A new form of hereditary short limbed dwarfism with microcephalus.", "content": "Siblings, one female and one male, were each born approximately 1 month prematurely and showed microcephalus, shortness, and short limbs plus a receding forehead and one peculiarly positioned small toe. Each failed to thrive, and neither made any developmental progress beyond the newborn status. Each exhibited a similar leukemoid reaction, and one died of respiratory infection at 3 months, the other of seizures and central nervous system infection at 5 months. At autopsy, each had a small brain, hydrocephalus, and bony anomaly of the cranium, the one of the posterior fossa and the other of the foramen magnum; in addition, one had absence of the corpus callosum. The long bones were considered atypical of chondrodystrophy. The combination of midly shortened bones of the extremities, moderately anomalous ribs, and slightly flattened vertebrae with microcrania does not resemble any of the previously recognized forms of short limbed dwarfism. We propose determination by a single, rare, autosomal recessive gene. The parents had greatly different ancestry and their apparent heterozygosity for such a gene made their mating particularly unusual.", "contents": "A new form of hereditary short limbed dwarfism with microcephalus. Siblings, one female and one male, were each born approximately 1 month prematurely and showed microcephalus, shortness, and short limbs plus a receding forehead and one peculiarly positioned small toe. Each failed to thrive, and neither made any developmental progress beyond the newborn status. Each exhibited a similar leukemoid reaction, and one died of respiratory infection at 3 months, the other of seizures and central nervous system infection at 5 months. At autopsy, each had a small brain, hydrocephalus, and bony anomaly of the cranium, the one of the posterior fossa and the other of the foramen magnum; in addition, one had absence of the corpus callosum. The long bones were considered atypical of chondrodystrophy. The combination of midly shortened bones of the extremities, moderately anomalous ribs, and slightly flattened vertebrae with microcrania does not resemble any of the previously recognized forms of short limbed dwarfism. We propose determination by a single, rare, autosomal recessive gene. The parents had greatly different ancestry and their apparent heterozygosity for such a gene made their mating particularly unusual.", "PMID": 1132158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11908", "title": "A familial F/G translocation [t(p-; 22q+)] observed in three generations.", "content": "A family is described in which a translocation between chromosomes 20 and 22 has been observed in three generations. Two first cousins with remarkably similar malformations and mental retardation have identical karyotypes which, after chromosome banding, were interpreted as partially trisomic for the short arm of chromosome No. 20.", "contents": "A familial F/G translocation [t(p-; 22q+)] observed in three generations. A family is described in which a translocation between chromosomes 20 and 22 has been observed in three generations. Two first cousins with remarkably similar malformations and mental retardation have identical karyotypes which, after chromosome banding, were interpreted as partially trisomic for the short arm of chromosome No. 20.", "PMID": 1132159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11909", "title": "Cystic fibrosis heterozygote detection: a study on a normal population.", "content": "Detection of the cystic fibrosis (CF) heterozygote by testing for cystic fibrosis factor activity (CFFA) in serum samples using bioassays had been reported to give unreliable results. The present study was undertaken to find whether the use of medium from short term white blood cell or skin fibroblast cultures, rather than serum, as the test sample would eliminate such inconsistencies. Short term white blood cell cultures were established from 107 normal, healthy individuals. Cultures from 97 had no CFFA, six (No. 1-6) showed variable results and four (No. 7-10) had activity in all four tests done on a single sample. When the assays were repeated 3 months later on new cultures from these four positive CFFA individuals, two showed activity (Nos. 7 & 9) and two did not (Nos. 8 & 10). All 10 individuals whose cultures showed CFFA has histories of allergies. The association of CFFA in the culture medium derived from individuals having allergies with the intermittent presence of this activity suggested that environmental factors induced a CFF-like activity in such white blood cell cultures. The oyster ciliary assay, using medium from white blood cell cultures, cannot be used for screening for the CF heterozygote since the substitution of culture medium for serum did not eliminate inconsistent results and CFFA was not specific by this assay for the CF gene. Of the fibroblast lines established from the four persons whose initial white blood cell cultures consistently showed CFFA, only one (No. 7) showed the CF culture phenotype (CFFA positive and metachromasia).", "contents": "Cystic fibrosis heterozygote detection: a study on a normal population. Detection of the cystic fibrosis (CF) heterozygote by testing for cystic fibrosis factor activity (CFFA) in serum samples using bioassays had been reported to give unreliable results. The present study was undertaken to find whether the use of medium from short term white blood cell or skin fibroblast cultures, rather than serum, as the test sample would eliminate such inconsistencies. Short term white blood cell cultures were established from 107 normal, healthy individuals. Cultures from 97 had no CFFA, six (No. 1-6) showed variable results and four (No. 7-10) had activity in all four tests done on a single sample. When the assays were repeated 3 months later on new cultures from these four positive CFFA individuals, two showed activity (Nos. 7 & 9) and two did not (Nos. 8 & 10). All 10 individuals whose cultures showed CFFA has histories of allergies. The association of CFFA in the culture medium derived from individuals having allergies with the intermittent presence of this activity suggested that environmental factors induced a CFF-like activity in such white blood cell cultures. The oyster ciliary assay, using medium from white blood cell cultures, cannot be used for screening for the CF heterozygote since the substitution of culture medium for serum did not eliminate inconsistent results and CFFA was not specific by this assay for the CF gene. Of the fibroblast lines established from the four persons whose initial white blood cell cultures consistently showed CFFA, only one (No. 7) showed the CF culture phenotype (CFFA positive and metachromasia).", "PMID": 1132160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11910", "title": "A new case of the trisomy 9P syndrome. Report of a patient with unusual chromosome findings (46,XX/47,XX, +  i (9p) and a peculiar congenital heart defect.", "content": "A girl is described for whom an unusual chromosome constitution was found and who had a peculiar congenital heart defect. The girl showed the main clinical features of the trisomy 9p syndrome, such as psychomotor retardation, microcephaly and brachycephaly, enophthalmos, antimongoloid eye slant, hypertelorism, abnormal ears, a globulous nose, downward slanting mouth, hypoplasia of phalanges and abnormal palmar creases. In addition, the girl had an incomplete harelip, a cleft palate and a peculiar congenital heart defect, a ventricular septal defect with pulmonary valve stenosis and a marked hypoplasia of the pulmonary trunk, including the bifurcation. Chromosome analysis revealed a mosaicism with normal and abnormal mitoses (47 chromosomes). The extra chromosome was a metacentric E16-like chromosome, which on the basis of the G, R, Q and Giemsa-11-banding could be identified as an isochromosome of the short arm of chromosome 9 (46,XX/47,XX, +i (9) (pter leads to cen leads to pter)). The patient consequently had a partial tetrasomy of the short arm of chromosome 9.", "contents": "A new case of the trisomy 9P syndrome. Report of a patient with unusual chromosome findings (46,XX/47,XX, +  i (9p) and a peculiar congenital heart defect. A girl is described for whom an unusual chromosome constitution was found and who had a peculiar congenital heart defect. The girl showed the main clinical features of the trisomy 9p syndrome, such as psychomotor retardation, microcephaly and brachycephaly, enophthalmos, antimongoloid eye slant, hypertelorism, abnormal ears, a globulous nose, downward slanting mouth, hypoplasia of phalanges and abnormal palmar creases. In addition, the girl had an incomplete harelip, a cleft palate and a peculiar congenital heart defect, a ventricular septal defect with pulmonary valve stenosis and a marked hypoplasia of the pulmonary trunk, including the bifurcation. Chromosome analysis revealed a mosaicism with normal and abnormal mitoses (47 chromosomes). The extra chromosome was a metacentric E16-like chromosome, which on the basis of the G, R, Q and Giemsa-11-banding could be identified as an isochromosome of the short arm of chromosome 9 (46,XX/47,XX, +i (9) (pter leads to cen leads to pter)). The patient consequently had a partial tetrasomy of the short arm of chromosome 9.", "PMID": 1132161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11911", "title": "Familial primary vesicoureteral reflux.", "content": "Two families with all children affected by primary vesicoureteral reflux are reported. Both sets of parents were examined and only in one family the mother was also affected by unilateral reflux. This congenital lesion has only recently been recognized  as a common disease, but because diagnosis depends on voiding cystography, it is not made until the child or adult becomes symptomatic or presents with end-stage renal disease. As most cases are sporadic, a multiple factorial mode of inheritance is most probable, but an autosomal dominant or recessive gene cannot be excluded as the cause of the disease in some families. It is recommended that all first degree relatives of the patients should be investigated, in order to detect asymptomatic cases of this condition, which is likely to cause progressive renal damage and may have fatal termination due to renal failure.", "contents": "Familial primary vesicoureteral reflux. Two families with all children affected by primary vesicoureteral reflux are reported. Both sets of parents were examined and only in one family the mother was also affected by unilateral reflux. This congenital lesion has only recently been recognized  as a common disease, but because diagnosis depends on voiding cystography, it is not made until the child or adult becomes symptomatic or presents with end-stage renal disease. As most cases are sporadic, a multiple factorial mode of inheritance is most probable, but an autosomal dominant or recessive gene cannot be excluded as the cause of the disease in some families. It is recommended that all first degree relatives of the patients should be investigated, in order to detect asymptomatic cases of this condition, which is likely to cause progressive renal damage and may have fatal termination due to renal failure.", "PMID": 1132162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11912", "title": "Isochromosome for the short arm of X: a human mosaic 45,x/46,XXpi.", "content": "An 18 year female patient with short stature, amenorrhoea and poorly developed secondary sexual characteristics, has subnormal oestrogen excretion and increased levels of plasma gonadotrophin. Laparoscopy revealed streak ovaries. A reduced number of buccal mucosal cells showed positive sex chromatin. Chromosome studies of blood lymphocytes indicated mosaicism: the major cell line was characterized by an isochromosome for the X short arm, 46,XXpi; the minor cell line had a single X chromosome, 45,X.", "contents": "Isochromosome for the short arm of X: a human mosaic 45,x/46,XXpi. An 18 year female patient with short stature, amenorrhoea and poorly developed secondary sexual characteristics, has subnormal oestrogen excretion and increased levels of plasma gonadotrophin. Laparoscopy revealed streak ovaries. A reduced number of buccal mucosal cells showed positive sex chromatin. Chromosome studies of blood lymphocytes indicated mosaicism: the major cell line was characterized by an isochromosome for the X short arm, 46,XXpi; the minor cell line had a single X chromosome, 45,X.", "PMID": 1132163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11913", "title": "An XX male: cytogenetic and endocrine studies.", "content": "A 3 year old black male with ambiguous genitalia had a 46, XY karyotype in a bone marrow culture and an intermediate buccal smear result, suggestive of a mosaic of chromatin positive and chromatin negative cells. Upon re-evaluation at age 15 years, he has a 30% positive buccal smear and a 46, XX karyotype in cultures of peripheral blood lymphocytes, skin fibroblasts, bone marrow, and testis. No Y-body fluorescence was detectable in interphase cells from the testicular biopsy or the various cultures. The testicular biopsy appeared similar to that of XXY males, and primary hypogonadism was documented by elevated LH (107 mIU/ml) and FSH (57 mIU/ml) levels in conjunction with low testosterone (142 ng/100 ml). Administration of hCG produced qualitatively normal acute responses of testosterone and estrogens. The cytogenetic data provide support for the theory that at least some XX males once had a Y-containing cell line which was subsequently lost.", "contents": "An XX male: cytogenetic and endocrine studies. A 3 year old black male with ambiguous genitalia had a 46, XY karyotype in a bone marrow culture and an intermediate buccal smear result, suggestive of a mosaic of chromatin positive and chromatin negative cells. Upon re-evaluation at age 15 years, he has a 30% positive buccal smear and a 46, XX karyotype in cultures of peripheral blood lymphocytes, skin fibroblasts, bone marrow, and testis. No Y-body fluorescence was detectable in interphase cells from the testicular biopsy or the various cultures. The testicular biopsy appeared similar to that of XXY males, and primary hypogonadism was documented by elevated LH (107 mIU/ml) and FSH (57 mIU/ml) levels in conjunction with low testosterone (142 ng/100 ml). Administration of hCG produced qualitatively normal acute responses of testosterone and estrogens. The cytogenetic data provide support for the theory that at least some XX males once had a Y-containing cell line which was subsequently lost.", "PMID": 1132164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11914", "title": "A possible major contribution to mental retardation in the general population by the gene for microcephaly.", "content": "In a study of 13 families with genetic microcephaly, it was found that 11 of 24 parents (two fathers not ascertained) and 11 of 33 non-microcephalic siblings were of subnormal intelligence. In a rare autosomal recessive condition, all parents and two-thirds of unaffected siblings are presumed carriers of the gene. It so, nearly 50% of all presumed heterozygotes in the present study were mentally retarded. The proportion agrees well with the other major study of microcephaly in North America, but differs from the Dutch study. On the basis of pooled data from the three studies and the estimated incidence of 1:40000 for genetic microcephaly, it is postulated that (1) about 0.34% of the general population is mentally retarded because it is carrying the gene for microcephaly and (2) about one of nine mentally retarded individuals is heterozygous for the gene for microcephaly.", "contents": "A possible major contribution to mental retardation in the general population by the gene for microcephaly. In a study of 13 families with genetic microcephaly, it was found that 11 of 24 parents (two fathers not ascertained) and 11 of 33 non-microcephalic siblings were of subnormal intelligence. In a rare autosomal recessive condition, all parents and two-thirds of unaffected siblings are presumed carriers of the gene. It so, nearly 50% of all presumed heterozygotes in the present study were mentally retarded. The proportion agrees well with the other major study of microcephaly in North America, but differs from the Dutch study. On the basis of pooled data from the three studies and the estimated incidence of 1:40000 for genetic microcephaly, it is postulated that (1) about 0.34% of the general population is mentally retarded because it is carrying the gene for microcephaly and (2) about one of nine mentally retarded individuals is heterozygous for the gene for microcephaly.", "PMID": 1132165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11915", "title": "Familial D/D translocation t(13q;14q). Eight members in four generations.", "content": "Eight family members spanning four generations were found to have 45 chromosome count D/D trnaslocation identified by Giemsa-trypsin banding as t(13q;14q). The only mature male is believed to be infertile on the basis of a very low sperm count with reduced motility. This is believed to be related to the chromosome aberration and not to be coincidental. Aside from this, all were clinically normal except the index case, a young girl with unusual facies and moderate to severe retardation of growth and development. It is believed that her abnormalities were coincidental to the chromosome translocation and fortuitous in locating this family and initiating the pedigree. This example of essentially benign (some males are fertile) Robertsonian centric fusion in humans lends itself to interesting speculations about the results from chance matings between such translocation carriers.", "contents": "Familial D/D translocation t(13q;14q). Eight members in four generations. Eight family members spanning four generations were found to have 45 chromosome count D/D trnaslocation identified by Giemsa-trypsin banding as t(13q;14q). The only mature male is believed to be infertile on the basis of a very low sperm count with reduced motility. This is believed to be related to the chromosome aberration and not to be coincidental. Aside from this, all were clinically normal except the index case, a young girl with unusual facies and moderate to severe retardation of growth and development. It is believed that her abnormalities were coincidental to the chromosome translocation and fortuitous in locating this family and initiating the pedigree. This example of essentially benign (some males are fertile) Robertsonian centric fusion in humans lends itself to interesting speculations about the results from chance matings between such translocation carriers.", "PMID": 1132166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11916", "title": "Genetics of acheiropodia (the handless and footless families of Brazil).", "content": "The acheiropodia data are shown to be consistent with the hypothesis of a fully penetrant gene in the homozygous state. The expressivity is shown to be generally constant, with some minor variation between individuals as well as between the two sides of the same affected person.", "contents": "Genetics of acheiropodia (the handless and footless families of Brazil). The acheiropodia data are shown to be consistent with the hypothesis of a fully penetrant gene in the homozygous state. The expressivity is shown to be generally constant, with some minor variation between individuals as well as between the two sides of the same affected person.", "PMID": 1132167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11917", "title": "Scanning and angiography in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism.", "content": "Lung scanning is a safe and simple procedure which, when correlated with chest roentgenograms and clinical picture, is a valuable tool in diagnosing pulmonary embolism. Pulmonary arteriography is a valuable diagnostic procedure and should be employed when serious doubt exists as to the presence or absence of pulmonary emboli. It should also be used whenever surgical treatment is under consideration.", "contents": "Scanning and angiography in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism. Lung scanning is a safe and simple procedure which, when correlated with chest roentgenograms and clinical picture, is a valuable tool in diagnosing pulmonary embolism. Pulmonary arteriography is a valuable diagnostic procedure and should be employed when serious doubt exists as to the presence or absence of pulmonary emboli. It should also be used whenever surgical treatment is under consideration.", "PMID": 1132169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11918", "title": "An evaluation of cervical and lumbar discography.", "content": "Discography as a diagnostic method is not a panacea and has distinct limitations. It should not replace myelography but is a useful adjunct, particularly in those cases in which myelography has not been helpful and in which conservative management has failed to produce improvement. It is particularly helpful in determining the level of fusion and selection of patients with cervical disks that need to be fused.", "contents": "An evaluation of cervical and lumbar discography. Discography as a diagnostic method is not a panacea and has distinct limitations. It should not replace myelography but is a useful adjunct, particularly in those cases in which myelography has not been helpful and in which conservative management has failed to produce improvement. It is particularly helpful in determining the level of fusion and selection of patients with cervical disks that need to be fused.", "PMID": 1132170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11919", "title": "The use of tomography in the diagnosis of skeletal disorders.", "content": "Tomography has definite proven value as a technique in studying objects obscured by overlying shadows. It is an adjunct study to conventional radiographs when the necessary detail for diagnosis is lacking in the routine examination. Particularly in skeletal tumors, tomography can be helpful in disclosing lesions too small to be noticed in the routine radiograph or resolve details in question in the conventional film that are pertinent to the diagnosis. This technique has also been of great benefit in detailing the anatomic structures of the spine, temporomandibular joints and sternoclavicular articulations. It has been of particular value in the evaluation of fracture-healing or the presence of pseudarthrosis and arthritis affecting the larger joints of the body.", "contents": "The use of tomography in the diagnosis of skeletal disorders. Tomography has definite proven value as a technique in studying objects obscured by overlying shadows. It is an adjunct study to conventional radiographs when the necessary detail for diagnosis is lacking in the routine examination. Particularly in skeletal tumors, tomography can be helpful in disclosing lesions too small to be noticed in the routine radiograph or resolve details in question in the conventional film that are pertinent to the diagnosis. This technique has also been of great benefit in detailing the anatomic structures of the spine, temporomandibular joints and sternoclavicular articulations. It has been of particular value in the evaluation of fracture-healing or the presence of pseudarthrosis and arthritis affecting the larger joints of the body.", "PMID": 1132171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11920", "title": "Fluoride-18 scintigraphy in avascular necrotic disorders of bone.", "content": "Fluoride-18 scintigraphy is a simple, safe method for evaluating perfusion to bone, and obviates objections to earlier techniques. The scintillation camera with positron detection represents a unique instrumentation system because of its tomographic effect, relative insensitivity to vascular radioactivity in the surrounding skeleton, and excellent spatial resolution despite low counting efficiency. In 75 patients with avascular disorders about the hip, knee, elbow, foot and hand, the impressions obtained from fluoride-18 scintigraphy were correlated with clinical findings and roentgenograms and when possible confirmed by tetracycline labeling and histological examination. Fluoride-18 scintigraphy was useful: in determining the vascularity of the femoral head following femoral neck fractures; in determining results of treatment; and in diagnosing early the various avascular necrotic disorders of the bone.", "contents": "Fluoride-18 scintigraphy in avascular necrotic disorders of bone. Fluoride-18 scintigraphy is a simple, safe method for evaluating perfusion to bone, and obviates objections to earlier techniques. The scintillation camera with positron detection represents a unique instrumentation system because of its tomographic effect, relative insensitivity to vascular radioactivity in the surrounding skeleton, and excellent spatial resolution despite low counting efficiency. In 75 patients with avascular disorders about the hip, knee, elbow, foot and hand, the impressions obtained from fluoride-18 scintigraphy were correlated with clinical findings and roentgenograms and when possible confirmed by tetracycline labeling and histological examination. Fluoride-18 scintigraphy was useful: in determining the vascularity of the femoral head following femoral neck fractures; in determining results of treatment; and in diagnosing early the various avascular necrotic disorders of the bone.", "PMID": 1132172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11921", "title": "18-F scintimetric diagnosis of osteoid osteoma of the carpal scaphoid bone.", "content": "In a patient with symptoms suggestive of osteoid osteoma of the carpal scaphoid, 18-F scintimetry supported the diagnosis in the absence of clear cut roentgenographic signs. High concentration of 18-F in the area of the lesion allowed direct surgical approach and extirpation. The diagnosis was proven by histology.", "contents": "18-F scintimetric diagnosis of osteoid osteoma of the carpal scaphoid bone. In a patient with symptoms suggestive of osteoid osteoma of the carpal scaphoid, 18-F scintimetry supported the diagnosis in the absence of clear cut roentgenographic signs. High concentration of 18-F in the area of the lesion allowed direct surgical approach and extirpation. The diagnosis was proven by histology.", "PMID": 1132173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11922", "title": "A single stage osteotomy and epiphysiodesis for treatment of moderately displaced femoral capital epiphyses.", "content": "Epiphysiodesis and subtrochanteric osteotomy have long been recognized as valuable procedures in the treatment of the patient with a moderately or markedly displaced femoral capital epiphysis. Typically these have been performed individually or sequentially. The operation herein described combines the two in one single-stage procedure. Using a stainless steel Lorenzo Screw, the epiphyseal plate is transfixed and further capital displacement prevented. The subtrochanteric compensatory osteotomy is performed using simple visual clinical guidelines and is held rigidly immobilized with a variable angle sideplate affixed to the Lorenzo Screw. The firm fixation enables one to dispense with plaster immobilization and begin the patient on an early exercise program. Restoration of a more normal range of motion, especially regarding rotation internally, abduction, and flexion is easily obtained. Radiographic correction of varus and posterior tilting are thereby secured.", "contents": "A single stage osteotomy and epiphysiodesis for treatment of moderately displaced femoral capital epiphyses. Epiphysiodesis and subtrochanteric osteotomy have long been recognized as valuable procedures in the treatment of the patient with a moderately or markedly displaced femoral capital epiphysis. Typically these have been performed individually or sequentially. The operation herein described combines the two in one single-stage procedure. Using a stainless steel Lorenzo Screw, the epiphyseal plate is transfixed and further capital displacement prevented. The subtrochanteric compensatory osteotomy is performed using simple visual clinical guidelines and is held rigidly immobilized with a variable angle sideplate affixed to the Lorenzo Screw. The firm fixation enables one to dispense with plaster immobilization and begin the patient on an early exercise program. Restoration of a more normal range of motion, especially regarding rotation internally, abduction, and flexion is easily obtained. Radiographic correction of varus and posterior tilting are thereby secured.", "PMID": 1132174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11923", "title": "Epithelioid sarcoma involving bone.", "content": "This is a report of a case of extension of an epithelioid sarcoma into the medullary cavity-a fact that may alter the relatively good prognosis of this entity, and seems not to have been reported previously. It is important to add epithelial sarcoma to the differential diagnosis of tumor masses on the extremities. A cure may be achieved by wide local excision at an early stage of the disease.", "contents": "Epithelioid sarcoma involving bone. This is a report of a case of extension of an epithelioid sarcoma into the medullary cavity-a fact that may alter the relatively good prognosis of this entity, and seems not to have been reported previously. It is important to add epithelial sarcoma to the differential diagnosis of tumor masses on the extremities. A cure may be achieved by wide local excision at an early stage of the disease.", "PMID": 1132175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11924", "title": "Roentgenographic detection of preventable occult pseudarthrosis in treatment of scoliosis.", "content": "Occut pseudarthrosis is the most likely cause of loss of correction of scoliosis. Prompt detection by serial roentgenograms and treatment of occult pseudarthrosis can prevent deformities which could develop with further spinal growth.", "contents": "Roentgenographic detection of preventable occult pseudarthrosis in treatment of scoliosis. Occut pseudarthrosis is the most likely cause of loss of correction of scoliosis. Prompt detection by serial roentgenograms and treatment of occult pseudarthrosis can prevent deformities which could develop with further spinal growth.", "PMID": 1132176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11925", "title": "A new patella prosthesis. Design and application.", "content": "The new patella prosthesis design is based on an anatomical study of 80 arthritic patellas and on the normal patellofemoral contact area under loading in cadaver knees. The metal dome-shaped prosthesis is attached by a central pin. The patellar prosthesis is constructed either of metal or plastic for use in combination with the Hospital for Special Surgery design of total knee prosthesis. Methylmethacrylate is used to supplement the fixation after resection of the abnormal patellar articular surface. The fixation tests gave excellent laboratory results for contact area and stability. The prosthesis has been used in 19 cases with encouraging early results.", "contents": "A new patella prosthesis. Design and application. The new patella prosthesis design is based on an anatomical study of 80 arthritic patellas and on the normal patellofemoral contact area under loading in cadaver knees. The metal dome-shaped prosthesis is attached by a central pin. The patellar prosthesis is constructed either of metal or plastic for use in combination with the Hospital for Special Surgery design of total knee prosthesis. Methylmethacrylate is used to supplement the fixation after resection of the abnormal patellar articular surface. The fixation tests gave excellent laboratory results for contact area and stability. The prosthesis has been used in 19 cases with encouraging early results.", "PMID": 1132177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11926", "title": "Degeneration and rupture of the Achilles tendon.", "content": "An analysis was perfomed on 32 operative cases of Achilles tendon disease. Two patient classifications emerged. One group suffering an acute rupture of the Achilles tendon with no antecedent complaints, and the second group had a history of chronic pain, weakness and functional loss. This latter group could be further differentiated by the occurrence of tendon failure in 10 of 22 cases. Surgical exploration in the group with chronic complaints demonstrated a high incidence of diffuse reactive changes such as fibrinoid and myxomatous degeneration, fibroisis and metaplastic calcification. Degenerative disease of the Achilles tendon should be recognized and treated not as a simple injury but as a pathological lesion.", "contents": "Degeneration and rupture of the Achilles tendon. An analysis was perfomed on 32 operative cases of Achilles tendon disease. Two patient classifications emerged. One group suffering an acute rupture of the Achilles tendon with no antecedent complaints, and the second group had a history of chronic pain, weakness and functional loss. This latter group could be further differentiated by the occurrence of tendon failure in 10 of 22 cases. Surgical exploration in the group with chronic complaints demonstrated a high incidence of diffuse reactive changes such as fibrinoid and myxomatous degeneration, fibroisis and metaplastic calcification. Degenerative disease of the Achilles tendon should be recognized and treated not as a simple injury but as a pathological lesion.", "PMID": 1132178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11927", "title": "The Mitchell distal metatarsal osteotomy in the treatment of hallux valgus.", "content": "Many of the fair and poor results are directly traceable to errors in technique. Patient selection is also important. The operation can be done in adolescents since there is no growth plate at the distal end of the first metatarsal. We do not currently recommend this procedure for those over 60, for those with first metatarsophalangeal osteoarthritis or hallux rigidus or for those with moderate or severe rheumatoid arthritis. For these patients we usually do a Keller excisional arthroplasty. Our use of the osteotomy-bunionectomy operation for the patient with hallux valgus with an associated metatarsalgia or short first metatarsal has now become more cautious. We feel that the operation is not indicated for those with significant preoperative metatarsalgia, especially if the first metatarsal is shorter than the second, or for those whose first metatarsal is more than 4 or 5 millimeters shorter than the second, regardless of preoperative metatarsalgia. In these patients a McBride procedure or a proximal opening-wedge osteotomy is done.", "contents": "The Mitchell distal metatarsal osteotomy in the treatment of hallux valgus. Many of the fair and poor results are directly traceable to errors in technique. Patient selection is also important. The operation can be done in adolescents since there is no growth plate at the distal end of the first metatarsal. We do not currently recommend this procedure for those over 60, for those with first metatarsophalangeal osteoarthritis or hallux rigidus or for those with moderate or severe rheumatoid arthritis. For these patients we usually do a Keller excisional arthroplasty. Our use of the osteotomy-bunionectomy operation for the patient with hallux valgus with an associated metatarsalgia or short first metatarsal has now become more cautious. We feel that the operation is not indicated for those with significant preoperative metatarsalgia, especially if the first metatarsal is shorter than the second, or for those whose first metatarsal is more than 4 or 5 millimeters shorter than the second, regardless of preoperative metatarsalgia. In these patients a McBride procedure or a proximal opening-wedge osteotomy is done.", "PMID": 1132179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11928", "title": "The effect of growth hormone on established cartilage lesions. A presidential address to the Association of Bone and Joint Surgeons, 1974.", "content": "The major problem in osteoarthritis research today is our inability to promote effective cartilage regeneration in the presence of adult chondromalacia. Yet such regeneration is consistently present in acromegalics. The present study of experimentally damaged rabbit knee cartilage measures numbers of cells, mitoses, tritiated thymidine incorporation, DNA content, collagen presence under polarized light and sulfated protein polysaccharides histologically. Under growth hormone stimulation cell counts nearly double as compared to controls, TTI increases, DNA content triples or more. Matrix healing is evident histologically. The addition of salicylate has a mild additive effect on cell counts and on retention of matrix. The above data appear to be the first reported demonstration of these effects of growth hormone on experimentally damaged cartilage and may gain importance for clinical use when human growth hormone or substitutes for it become available.", "contents": "The effect of growth hormone on established cartilage lesions. A presidential address to the Association of Bone and Joint Surgeons, 1974. The major problem in osteoarthritis research today is our inability to promote effective cartilage regeneration in the presence of adult chondromalacia. Yet such regeneration is consistently present in acromegalics. The present study of experimentally damaged rabbit knee cartilage measures numbers of cells, mitoses, tritiated thymidine incorporation, DNA content, collagen presence under polarized light and sulfated protein polysaccharides histologically. Under growth hormone stimulation cell counts nearly double as compared to controls, TTI increases, DNA content triples or more. Matrix healing is evident histologically. The addition of salicylate has a mild additive effect on cell counts and on retention of matrix. The above data appear to be the first reported demonstration of these effects of growth hormone on experimentally damaged cartilage and may gain importance for clinical use when human growth hormone or substitutes for it become available.", "PMID": 1132180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11929", "title": "An experimental study of surface injury to articular cartilage and enzyme responses within the joint.", "content": "An experimental model of degenerative joint disease on chondromalacia consists of a surgically-scarified articular surface of the adult dog knee joint. In 52 dogs, evaluated by histologic and enzymatic assays over a period of 1 to 110 weeks post-surgery, the levels of acid hydrolase activity varied on various areas of articular cartilage within the same joint. There was a transient rise in most of the acid hydrolases in the synovium as a response to arthrotomy of the knee joint. All of the acid hydrolases studied did not respond uniformly to surgically created trauma. There was evidence of repair of the cartilage lacerations even when the subchondral zone was not breached. Lacerations in the central portion of the patella rarely showed healing in contrast to those placed more to the periphery of the articular surface. There was no gross or histologic evidence of progressive degenerative joint disease up to 2 years post-surgery. Thus an injury inflicted to the surface of the articular cartilage may be in itself insufficient in severity to produce destructive changes in the joint. This should not be too surprising, since, clinically, all joint surface injury does not lead to degenerative arthritis. The joint seems to have an injury threshold whereby chondrocytes are capable of repairing surface injury if the damage is not massive or repetitive. Insofar as lacerations in the center of the patella rarely healed, while the peripheral ones showed consistent signs of healing, the site of injury, as well as the magnitude of injury, may be critical.", "contents": "An experimental study of surface injury to articular cartilage and enzyme responses within the joint. An experimental model of degenerative joint disease on chondromalacia consists of a surgically-scarified articular surface of the adult dog knee joint. In 52 dogs, evaluated by histologic and enzymatic assays over a period of 1 to 110 weeks post-surgery, the levels of acid hydrolase activity varied on various areas of articular cartilage within the same joint. There was a transient rise in most of the acid hydrolases in the synovium as a response to arthrotomy of the knee joint. All of the acid hydrolases studied did not respond uniformly to surgically created trauma. There was evidence of repair of the cartilage lacerations even when the subchondral zone was not breached. Lacerations in the central portion of the patella rarely showed healing in contrast to those placed more to the periphery of the articular surface. There was no gross or histologic evidence of progressive degenerative joint disease up to 2 years post-surgery. Thus an injury inflicted to the surface of the articular cartilage may be in itself insufficient in severity to produce destructive changes in the joint. This should not be too surprising, since, clinically, all joint surface injury does not lead to degenerative arthritis. The joint seems to have an injury threshold whereby chondrocytes are capable of repairing surface injury if the damage is not massive or repetitive. Insofar as lacerations in the center of the patella rarely healed, while the peripheral ones showed consistent signs of healing, the site of injury, as well as the magnitude of injury, may be critical.", "PMID": 1132181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11930", "title": "The biochemical activity of fracture callus in relation to bone production.", "content": "Quantitative microchemical study of the tissues comprising fracture callus has been undertaken to correlate the biochemical activity of the bone repair process with its previously established morphological features. Areas of proliferating fibrous tissue, hypertrophic cartilage, new bone and undifferentiated granulation tissue were analyzed for their content of carbohydrate metabolizing and phosphatase enzymes. Fracture callus cartilage is biochemically similar to epiphyseal cartilage. Carbohydrate metabolism provides structural intermediates and energy for bone repair. Inorganic pyrophosphatase removes the inorganic pyrophosphate which accumulates from structural synthesis and prevents its inhibition of new bone calcification. The individual parts of the callus have identical biochemical function regardless of the age or healing time of the fracture callus.", "contents": "The biochemical activity of fracture callus in relation to bone production. Quantitative microchemical study of the tissues comprising fracture callus has been undertaken to correlate the biochemical activity of the bone repair process with its previously established morphological features. Areas of proliferating fibrous tissue, hypertrophic cartilage, new bone and undifferentiated granulation tissue were analyzed for their content of carbohydrate metabolizing and phosphatase enzymes. Fracture callus cartilage is biochemically similar to epiphyseal cartilage. Carbohydrate metabolism provides structural intermediates and energy for bone repair. Inorganic pyrophosphatase removes the inorganic pyrophosphate which accumulates from structural synthesis and prevents its inhibition of new bone calcification. The individual parts of the callus have identical biochemical function regardless of the age or healing time of the fracture callus.", "PMID": 1132182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11931", "title": "Circulatory depression in bone after acrylic implantation.", "content": "Because of the continuing hazard of post-operative sepsis in joint replacement surgery and the possibility that persistent bone ischemia may be a contributing factor, it is desirable to know the hemodynamic consequences in bone of the implantation of orthopedic acrylic cement. Experiments were carried out on 60 rats. In 30, a bore-hole was made, unilaterally, in the tibia. In another 30, a bore-hole was made in the tibia and a small amount of polymethylmethacrylate cement (Surgical Simplex P) was implanted into the marrow cavity through the bore-hole. By means of 51-Cr labeled red cells and 59-Fe labeled resin particles, the blood volume and blood flow rate in the tibiae were calculated simultaneously as a percentage of the values in the contralateral tibiae. The results showed that at 14 days and 112 days postoperatively, both blood volume and flow were significantly depressed in tibiae in which acrylic cement had been implanted, as compared with tibiae in which only a bore-hole had been made. It was concluded that orthopedic cement implanted into bone renders the bone hypovascular.", "contents": "Circulatory depression in bone after acrylic implantation. Because of the continuing hazard of post-operative sepsis in joint replacement surgery and the possibility that persistent bone ischemia may be a contributing factor, it is desirable to know the hemodynamic consequences in bone of the implantation of orthopedic acrylic cement. Experiments were carried out on 60 rats. In 30, a bore-hole was made, unilaterally, in the tibia. In another 30, a bore-hole was made in the tibia and a small amount of polymethylmethacrylate cement (Surgical Simplex P) was implanted into the marrow cavity through the bore-hole. By means of 51-Cr labeled red cells and 59-Fe labeled resin particles, the blood volume and blood flow rate in the tibiae were calculated simultaneously as a percentage of the values in the contralateral tibiae. The results showed that at 14 days and 112 days postoperatively, both blood volume and flow were significantly depressed in tibiae in which acrylic cement had been implanted, as compared with tibiae in which only a bore-hole had been made. It was concluded that orthopedic cement implanted into bone renders the bone hypovascular.", "PMID": 1132183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11932", "title": "Ultrastructure of a mixed form of calcinosis.", "content": "An unusual form of calcinosis is described presenting a joint occurrence of calcinosis circumscripta and calcinosis universalis. Ultrastructurally, the mineral constituent is of much higher crystallinity than that of normal bone, and includes a rare kind of carbonate apatite. The crystals of the specimen were needle-like and hexagonal, in juxtaposition to normal collagen fibrils. Supposedly, the development of the calcifiable matrix is different in calcinosis and bone tissue.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of a mixed form of calcinosis. An unusual form of calcinosis is described presenting a joint occurrence of calcinosis circumscripta and calcinosis universalis. Ultrastructurally, the mineral constituent is of much higher crystallinity than that of normal bone, and includes a rare kind of carbonate apatite. The crystals of the specimen were needle-like and hexagonal, in juxtaposition to normal collagen fibrils. Supposedly, the development of the calcifiable matrix is different in calcinosis and bone tissue.", "PMID": 1132184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11933", "title": "Impaired osteoclastic function and linear bone erosion rate in secondary hyperparathyroidism associated with chronic renal failure.", "content": "Osteoclastic function, as estimated by the speed with which the haversian cutting cones advance through the compacta of the rib (linear erosion) was found significantly decreased (27.97-SE 0.8 mu/day versus normal 43.61-SE 0.7 mu/day) in dogs rendered chronically uremic (BUN between 36-89 mg/100 ml). The cause of the impairment of osteoclasts' function was tentatively ascribed to the chronic excess of the circulating parathyroid hormone. A decrease in the linear erosion rate, such as observed in this study, will produce predictable morphological changes. As the time necessary to erode a cavity increases, so does the lifespan of cavities, their number and consequently the bone surface area (or in the bone section the perimeter length) covered by Howship's lacunae. Thus, the increased total bone erosion perimeter in secondary hyperparathyroidism associated with moderate uremia does not necessarily reflect an accelerated tissue level erosion rate or even bone loss. As the remodeling sites in both adult man and dog have a similar standard configuration and dimensions, these observations may be extrapolated to disease in man.", "contents": "Impaired osteoclastic function and linear bone erosion rate in secondary hyperparathyroidism associated with chronic renal failure. Osteoclastic function, as estimated by the speed with which the haversian cutting cones advance through the compacta of the rib (linear erosion) was found significantly decreased (27.97-SE 0.8 mu/day versus normal 43.61-SE 0.7 mu/day) in dogs rendered chronically uremic (BUN between 36-89 mg/100 ml). The cause of the impairment of osteoclasts' function was tentatively ascribed to the chronic excess of the circulating parathyroid hormone. A decrease in the linear erosion rate, such as observed in this study, will produce predictable morphological changes. As the time necessary to erode a cavity increases, so does the lifespan of cavities, their number and consequently the bone surface area (or in the bone section the perimeter length) covered by Howship's lacunae. Thus, the increased total bone erosion perimeter in secondary hyperparathyroidism associated with moderate uremia does not necessarily reflect an accelerated tissue level erosion rate or even bone loss. As the remodeling sites in both adult man and dog have a similar standard configuration and dimensions, these observations may be extrapolated to disease in man.", "PMID": 1132185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11934", "title": "Vascular radiological procedures in orthopedic surgery.", "content": "Angiographic procedures are valuable in the analysis of trauma, postoperative situation, congenital lesions, tumors, and vascular conditions producing bone and soft tissue alterations. Angiography following trauma is most helpful in determining the status of the integrity of vessels when the clinical findings are not clear, when a vascular lesion without obstruction is suspected, to establish the status of distal vessels following repair of a proximal injury and to evaluate multiple injuries in the same limb. Vascular damage is possible even when the overlying soft tissue has not been lacerated. Embolization techniques to control hemorrhage have been recently developed. Immediate or delayed effects of intraoperative damage to the vessels can be verified by angiography. Most commonly traumatic arteriovenous communications and pseudoaneurysms are discovered by angiographic means. Congenital vascular lesions may be classified as localized arteriovenous malformations, small vessel arteriovenous malformations, diffuse arteriovenous malformations, or venous malformations. Angiography localizes and defines the extent of such lesions. Skeletal or muscular congenital anomalies secondarily involving the vessels can best be defined by angiographic means. Angiography of tumors is most helpful in defining the location and extent of tumors and the site for most productive biopsy. With rare exceptions, the angiogram is not helpful in defining the histologic nature of the lesion. The angiographic studies are most helpful in lesions involving the pelvis and retroperitoneal spaces. Vascular diseases producing bone and soft tissue alterations can best be defined as to extent by angiographic means. In particular, the diabetic patient with limb ischemia should be afforded the benefit of an arteriogram to establish the presence or absence of any surgically remedial lesions in the proximal vascular supply to the limb.", "contents": "Vascular radiological procedures in orthopedic surgery. Angiographic procedures are valuable in the analysis of trauma, postoperative situation, congenital lesions, tumors, and vascular conditions producing bone and soft tissue alterations. Angiography following trauma is most helpful in determining the status of the integrity of vessels when the clinical findings are not clear, when a vascular lesion without obstruction is suspected, to establish the status of distal vessels following repair of a proximal injury and to evaluate multiple injuries in the same limb. Vascular damage is possible even when the overlying soft tissue has not been lacerated. Embolization techniques to control hemorrhage have been recently developed. Immediate or delayed effects of intraoperative damage to the vessels can be verified by angiography. Most commonly traumatic arteriovenous communications and pseudoaneurysms are discovered by angiographic means. Congenital vascular lesions may be classified as localized arteriovenous malformations, small vessel arteriovenous malformations, diffuse arteriovenous malformations, or venous malformations. Angiography localizes and defines the extent of such lesions. Skeletal or muscular congenital anomalies secondarily involving the vessels can best be defined by angiographic means. Angiography of tumors is most helpful in defining the location and extent of tumors and the site for most productive biopsy. With rare exceptions, the angiogram is not helpful in defining the histologic nature of the lesion. The angiographic studies are most helpful in lesions involving the pelvis and retroperitoneal spaces. Vascular diseases producing bone and soft tissue alterations can best be defined as to extent by angiographic means. In particular, the diabetic patient with limb ischemia should be afforded the benefit of an arteriogram to establish the presence or absence of any surgically remedial lesions in the proximal vascular supply to the limb.", "PMID": 1132187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11935", "title": "Upper extremity arthrography.", "content": "Arthrography is a proven and well-established diagnostic aid in the evaluation and treatment of lesions in several joints; it provides useful information in the treatment of shoulder and wrist lesions. The procedure can be used whenever the cause of shoulder pain is in doubt. Arthrography of the shoulder can aid in the diagnosis of a variety of lesions: rotator cuff tear, subluxation of the shoulder, recurrent dislocation, subluxation and tear of the biceps tendon, the frozen shoulder, anterior capsular derangements, and combinations of these abnormalities. Arthrography has occasional, but definite use in the wrist, particularly in recurrent ganglion, painful ganglion on the flexor aspect of the wrist, and in the evaluation of the post-traumatic wrist with unexplained pain.", "contents": "Upper extremity arthrography. Arthrography is a proven and well-established diagnostic aid in the evaluation and treatment of lesions in several joints; it provides useful information in the treatment of shoulder and wrist lesions. The procedure can be used whenever the cause of shoulder pain is in doubt. Arthrography of the shoulder can aid in the diagnosis of a variety of lesions: rotator cuff tear, subluxation of the shoulder, recurrent dislocation, subluxation and tear of the biceps tendon, the frozen shoulder, anterior capsular derangements, and combinations of these abnormalities. Arthrography has occasional, but definite use in the wrist, particularly in recurrent ganglion, painful ganglion on the flexor aspect of the wrist, and in the evaluation of the post-traumatic wrist with unexplained pain.", "PMID": 1132188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11936", "title": "Popliteal artery obstruction following Shiers total knee replacement. A case report.", "content": "Popliteal artery obstruction may occur following total knee replacement in cases of ankylosis with severe flexion contractures.  Immediate recognition and documentation by arteriography is essential.  Release of the musculofascial structures in the popliteal area with division of branches of the artery (without exposure of the joint or femur) may relieve the obstruction.", "contents": "Popliteal artery obstruction following Shiers total knee replacement. A case report. Popliteal artery obstruction may occur following total knee replacement in cases of ankylosis with severe flexion contractures.  Immediate recognition and documentation by arteriography is essential.  Release of the musculofascial structures in the popliteal area with division of branches of the artery (without exposure of the joint or femur) may relieve the obstruction.", "PMID": 1132189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11937", "title": "A simple technique for internal fixation of the clavicle.  A long term evaluation.", "content": "A simple, effective technique for internal fixation of the clavicle with Knowles threaded pins is described in 11 patients with 1 to 21 year results. The method is applicable to fresh fractures of non-union and provides secure compression-fixation. The threads prevent migration of the pin, reduce the period of external immobilization, and obviate the need for removal of the pin.", "contents": "A simple technique for internal fixation of the clavicle.  A long term evaluation. A simple, effective technique for internal fixation of the clavicle with Knowles threaded pins is described in 11 patients with 1 to 21 year results. The method is applicable to fresh fractures of non-union and provides secure compression-fixation. The threads prevent migration of the pin, reduce the period of external immobilization, and obviate the need for removal of the pin.", "PMID": 1132190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11938", "title": "Post-traumatic osteolysis of the distal clavicle.", "content": "Five cases of painful bone resorption from the distal clavicle following shoulder trauma are reported to demonstrate that the lesion is generally benign.  Surgical excision is curative.  The multiplicity of circumstances leading to clavicular osteolysis suggest that the balance between bone accretion and resorption is precarious in this region of the skeleton.", "contents": "Post-traumatic osteolysis of the distal clavicle. Five cases of painful bone resorption from the distal clavicle following shoulder trauma are reported to demonstrate that the lesion is generally benign.  Surgical excision is curative.  The multiplicity of circumstances leading to clavicular osteolysis suggest that the balance between bone accretion and resorption is precarious in this region of the skeleton.", "PMID": 1132191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11939", "title": "Rupture of the pectoralis major.  Report of 2 cases.", "content": "Two cases of rupture of the pectoralis major are reported, one caused by excessive tension and direct violence, while the other was a result of direct violence alone.  The site of the rupture was at the lateral third portion of the pectoralis major in one and at the musculotendinous junction in the other.  Both patients were treated surgically, and regained full function of their shoulders.  Review of the literature suggests that surgical repair is generally advisable and more gratifying than conservative management.", "contents": "Rupture of the pectoralis major.  Report of 2 cases. Two cases of rupture of the pectoralis major are reported, one caused by excessive tension and direct violence, while the other was a result of direct violence alone.  The site of the rupture was at the lateral third portion of the pectoralis major in one and at the musculotendinous junction in the other.  Both patients were treated surgically, and regained full function of their shoulders.  Review of the literature suggests that surgical repair is generally advisable and more gratifying than conservative management.", "PMID": 1132192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11940", "title": "Delayed repair of a ruptured pectoralis major muscle.", "content": "A repair of the pectoralis major avulsion injury to the tendinous insertion into the humerus was successfully performed 6 months after the initial injury.  The critical clinical observation was the presence of some intact tendon.  In order to properly test for the presence of this tendon, it is necessary to abduct the arm so an attenuated band will be under tension.  The presence of any remaining tendon is a favorable factor in consideration of delayed repair of this injury because it may have prevented full retraction of the muscle mass.", "contents": "Delayed repair of a ruptured pectoralis major muscle. A repair of the pectoralis major avulsion injury to the tendinous insertion into the humerus was successfully performed 6 months after the initial injury.  The critical clinical observation was the presence of some intact tendon.  In order to properly test for the presence of this tendon, it is necessary to abduct the arm so an attenuated band will be under tension.  The presence of any remaining tendon is a favorable factor in consideration of delayed repair of this injury because it may have prevented full retraction of the muscle mass.", "PMID": 1132193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11941", "title": "Treatment of recurrent anterior dislocation and subluxation of the glenohumeral joint in athletes.", "content": "This series of 93 Putti-Platt arthroplasties performed on 88 athletes without a recurrence and with the return of each athlete to full participation demonstrates the excellence of this procedure. The 5 year average follow-up further confirms this. Only one valid objection was found. This procedure performed on the dominant shoulder definitely restricts the athlete in throwing a baseball or passing a football, and is not advocated where either of these two functions must be preserved. From this series it was found that operative limitation of external rotation to about", "contents": "Treatment of recurrent anterior dislocation and subluxation of the glenohumeral joint in athletes. This series of 93 Putti-Platt arthroplasties performed on 88 athletes without a recurrence and with the return of each athlete to full participation demonstrates the excellence of this procedure. The 5 year average follow-up further confirms this. Only one valid objection was found. This procedure performed on the dominant shoulder definitely restricts the athlete in throwing a baseball or passing a football, and is not advocated where either of these two functions must be preserved. From this series it was found that operative limitation of external rotation to about", "PMID": 1132194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11942", "title": "Cast brace for the upper extremity.", "content": "Management of a traumatized elbow or intra-articular fracture with concomitant upper extremity long bone fracture is tedious, especially when early elbow motion is desirable. An adaptation of the lower extremity hinged cast brace to the elbow provides controlled flexion while protecting against varus/valgus stress and translation forces. A cast brace is constructed from readily-available materials, and can be applied in an out-patiet clinic. The functional results obtainable in a variety of upper extremity injuries are excellent, and the patients generally accept the elbow cast brace very well.", "contents": "Cast brace for the upper extremity. Management of a traumatized elbow or intra-articular fracture with concomitant upper extremity long bone fracture is tedious, especially when early elbow motion is desirable. An adaptation of the lower extremity hinged cast brace to the elbow provides controlled flexion while protecting against varus/valgus stress and translation forces. A cast brace is constructed from readily-available materials, and can be applied in an out-patiet clinic. The functional results obtainable in a variety of upper extremity injuries are excellent, and the patients generally accept the elbow cast brace very well.", "PMID": 1132195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11943", "title": "End result study of Stone bunionectomies.", "content": "The Stone bunionectomy is an oblique resection of the metatarsal head designed to preserve the weight-bearing margin of the metatarsal shaft.  In 132 patients treated by the Stone operation, only 77 per cent were satisfied with the overall results and 19 per cent had persistent pain.  In addition, only 69 per cent were considered by the authors to have had an excellent result.  These results do not compare favorably with those reported for the Keller procedure.  Consequently, the Stone bunionectomy is not recommended.", "contents": "End result study of Stone bunionectomies. The Stone bunionectomy is an oblique resection of the metatarsal head designed to preserve the weight-bearing margin of the metatarsal shaft.  In 132 patients treated by the Stone operation, only 77 per cent were satisfied with the overall results and 19 per cent had persistent pain.  In addition, only 69 per cent were considered by the authors to have had an excellent result.  These results do not compare favorably with those reported for the Keller procedure.  Consequently, the Stone bunionectomy is not recommended.", "PMID": 1132197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11944", "title": "Longitudinal amputation for the treatment of soft tissue fibrosarcoma.", "content": "Methods of treating fibrosarcoma are difficult to assess because of the slow growth and relative infrequency of the tumor and individual variability.  Longitudinal amputation, a method of complete origin to insertion compartmental excision of a soft tissue fibrosarcoma, is presented along with a discussion of indications, contraindications, and surgical technique.", "contents": "Longitudinal amputation for the treatment of soft tissue fibrosarcoma. Methods of treating fibrosarcoma are difficult to assess because of the slow growth and relative infrequency of the tumor and individual variability.  Longitudinal amputation, a method of complete origin to insertion compartmental excision of a soft tissue fibrosarcoma, is presented along with a discussion of indications, contraindications, and surgical technique.", "PMID": 1132198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11945", "title": "Synovial chondrometaplasia.  A case report.", "content": "Synovial chondrometaplasia is an uncommon benign lesion most commonly affecting males in the 20 to 60 age range.  The youngest heretofore reported patient is 14 years of age.  In a male patient of 7 years, 2 months, with a bone age of 5 years with left elbow involvement, there was no history of antecedent trauma.  The presenting complaint was enlargement of the elbow with limitation of motion.  At surgery 54 osteocartilaginous bodies were removed, some of which were still covered with synovium.  Eighteen months following an anterior synovectomy, there was 5 degrees to 128 degrees of pain-free elbow flexion and full painless forearm pronation and supination with no recurrence of the disease.", "contents": "Synovial chondrometaplasia.  A case report. Synovial chondrometaplasia is an uncommon benign lesion most commonly affecting males in the 20 to 60 age range.  The youngest heretofore reported patient is 14 years of age.  In a male patient of 7 years, 2 months, with a bone age of 5 years with left elbow involvement, there was no history of antecedent trauma.  The presenting complaint was enlargement of the elbow with limitation of motion.  At surgery 54 osteocartilaginous bodies were removed, some of which were still covered with synovium.  Eighteen months following an anterior synovectomy, there was 5 degrees to 128 degrees of pain-free elbow flexion and full painless forearm pronation and supination with no recurrence of the disease.", "PMID": 1132199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11946", "title": "cis-hydroxyproline limits work necessary to flex a digit after tendon injury.", "content": "Present surgical procedures for the repair of tendon injury are complicated by formation of peritendinous collagenous adhesions which restrict tendon gliding. Several sensitive biomechanical tests have been developed to quantitate peritendinous restriction of gliding. Using these tests it was found that cis-hydroxyproline significantly limits net collagen accumulation following tendon injury in a rat model and decreases the adhesive restraints to tendon gliding. cis-Hydroxyproline and other proline analoques offer a method for specifically preventing excessive collagen formation.", "contents": "cis-hydroxyproline limits work necessary to flex a digit after tendon injury. Present surgical procedures for the repair of tendon injury are complicated by formation of peritendinous collagenous adhesions which restrict tendon gliding. Several sensitive biomechanical tests have been developed to quantitate peritendinous restriction of gliding. Using these tests it was found that cis-hydroxyproline significantly limits net collagen accumulation following tendon injury in a rat model and decreases the adhesive restraints to tendon gliding. cis-Hydroxyproline and other proline analoques offer a method for specifically preventing excessive collagen formation.", "PMID": 1132201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11947", "title": "The effect of local cooling on postfracture swelling.  A controlled study.", "content": "Observations on rabbit hindlimbs following tibial fracture suggest that no regimen of cooling lessens swelling.  Temperatures of 5 degrees to 15 degrees led to significantly increased swelling when applied for 24 hours.  Increased swelling is the product of the perfusion of vessels rendered hyperpermeable by cold induced ischemia, and indicates that controlled investigations are needed to establish the validity of local cooling in orthopedic management.", "contents": "The effect of local cooling on postfracture swelling.  A controlled study. Observations on rabbit hindlimbs following tibial fracture suggest that no regimen of cooling lessens swelling.  Temperatures of 5 degrees to 15 degrees led to significantly increased swelling when applied for 24 hours.  Increased swelling is the product of the perfusion of vessels rendered hyperpermeable by cold induced ischemia, and indicates that controlled investigations are needed to establish the validity of local cooling in orthopedic management.", "PMID": 1132202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11948", "title": "Soft tissue injuries of the neck.", "content": "Soft tissue injuries of the neck are a frequent and important cause of disability and as such deserve close attention and concern.  Patient management following this injury should not be left to the therapist but instead should be controlled closely by the physician to promote rapid recovery and avoid psychosomatic problems.  Despite all methods of treatment there are patients who continue to complain of neck symptoms and others who develop degenerative disk changes in the years after injury.", "contents": "Soft tissue injuries of the neck. Soft tissue injuries of the neck are a frequent and important cause of disability and as such deserve close attention and concern.  Patient management following this injury should not be left to the therapist but instead should be controlled closely by the physician to promote rapid recovery and avoid psychosomatic problems.  Despite all methods of treatment there are patients who continue to complain of neck symptoms and others who develop degenerative disk changes in the years after injury.", "PMID": 1132204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11949", "title": "Injuries of the cervical spine in football.", "content": "The neck is a vulnerable area in contact sports in general and in football in particular. The type of injuries encountered often vary with the age and development of the players. Five well-established mechanisms of injury have been identified. Most injuries appear to occur during the act of tackling when the well protected head sustains violent trauma which is transferred directly to the neck. The most dangerous single mechanism is that of flexion, but lateral deviation, extension and impaction also have been identified as mechanisms of injury. The pattern of injuries would suggest that several measures should be undertaken. First, coaches, officials and doctors associated with football teams need to be aware of the dangers of head-on tackling and the value of \"heads-up\" football to avoid flexion injuries. Deliberately butting players with the head or \"spearing\" is illegal but head-on tackling and blocking of the so-called \"stick-blocking\" type is specifically taught at the high school and college levels. In the immature neck this is a dangerous maneuver and should be discouraged. The development of strong neck musculature could reasonably be expected to prevent many neck injuries and isometric and resistance exercises to develop neck strength should be a part of all preseason conditioning. All players who have neck symptoms should be thoroughly evaluated both clinically and radiologically to rule out damage or predisposing structural weakness. This is particularly important in the atlanto-axial area in immature players. Finally, it is recommended that protective collars be worn by all players with a history of neck injury. The authors have gained the impression in surveying a large number of injuries that most serious neck injuries, particularly those involving fracture-dislocation are incurred in the act of open field tackling by defensive players making head-on tackles. Neck flexion is the usual mechanism. A light-weight sponge rubber collar is presently available. It is designed to be used to prevent extension and lateral flexion but it can be easily modified to extend anteriorly where it should aid in preventing the extreme flexion which is responsible for many serious injuries in the young players at the high school level.", "contents": "Injuries of the cervical spine in football. The neck is a vulnerable area in contact sports in general and in football in particular. The type of injuries encountered often vary with the age and development of the players. Five well-established mechanisms of injury have been identified. Most injuries appear to occur during the act of tackling when the well protected head sustains violent trauma which is transferred directly to the neck. The most dangerous single mechanism is that of flexion, but lateral deviation, extension and impaction also have been identified as mechanisms of injury. The pattern of injuries would suggest that several measures should be undertaken. First, coaches, officials and doctors associated with football teams need to be aware of the dangers of head-on tackling and the value of \"heads-up\" football to avoid flexion injuries. Deliberately butting players with the head or \"spearing\" is illegal but head-on tackling and blocking of the so-called \"stick-blocking\" type is specifically taught at the high school and college levels. In the immature neck this is a dangerous maneuver and should be discouraged. The development of strong neck musculature could reasonably be expected to prevent many neck injuries and isometric and resistance exercises to develop neck strength should be a part of all preseason conditioning. All players who have neck symptoms should be thoroughly evaluated both clinically and radiologically to rule out damage or predisposing structural weakness. This is particularly important in the atlanto-axial area in immature players. Finally, it is recommended that protective collars be worn by all players with a history of neck injury. The authors have gained the impression in surveying a large number of injuries that most serious neck injuries, particularly those involving fracture-dislocation are incurred in the act of open field tackling by defensive players making head-on tackles. Neck flexion is the usual mechanism. A light-weight sponge rubber collar is presently available. It is designed to be used to prevent extension and lateral flexion but it can be easily modified to extend anteriorly where it should aid in preventing the extreme flexion which is responsible for many serious injuries in the young players at the high school level.", "PMID": 1132205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11950", "title": "The acute cervical disk.", "content": "Acute cervical disk herniations represent one facet of the broad spectrum of cervical disk degeneration.  It is productive of symptoms through mechanical compression and biochemical inflammation of the nerve roots and spinal cord.  The majority of patients will respond to a conscientiously applied course of conservative treatment.  In those individuals who fail to respond to conservative treatment in terms of pain relief or in whom a significant neurologic deficit occurs surgical decompression of the neural elements should be undertaken.", "contents": "The acute cervical disk. Acute cervical disk herniations represent one facet of the broad spectrum of cervical disk degeneration.  It is productive of symptoms through mechanical compression and biochemical inflammation of the nerve roots and spinal cord.  The majority of patients will respond to a conscientiously applied course of conservative treatment.  In those individuals who fail to respond to conservative treatment in terms of pain relief or in whom a significant neurologic deficit occurs surgical decompression of the neural elements should be undertaken.", "PMID": 1132206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11951", "title": "Cervical spondylosis.", "content": "Cervical disk degeneration (CDD) can give rise to segmental instability and may appear as pain referred to the arm without any evidence of root compression.  CDD can give rise to root pressure either by permitting the development of a disk rupture of by provoking the development of a neurocentral osteophyte, compressing the root in the root canal.  Such osteophytes may also compress the vertebral artery.  Primary treatment is always conservative.  When operative intervention is necessary an anterior cervical discectomy and fusion is preferable to a posterior decompression.", "contents": "Cervical spondylosis. Cervical disk degeneration (CDD) can give rise to segmental instability and may appear as pain referred to the arm without any evidence of root compression.  CDD can give rise to root pressure either by permitting the development of a disk rupture of by provoking the development of a neurocentral osteophyte, compressing the root in the root canal.  Such osteophytes may also compress the vertebral artery.  Primary treatment is always conservative.  When operative intervention is necessary an anterior cervical discectomy and fusion is preferable to a posterior decompression.", "PMID": 1132207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11952", "title": "Biomechanical analysis of clinical stability in the cervical spine.", "content": "This study was undertaken because there is a dearth of objective information in the literature on the clinical instability of the cervical spine below C2. To our knowledge, it is the first biomechanical investigation designed to analyze clinical stability. We have carried out a quantitative analysis of the behavior of the spine as a function of the systematic destruction of various anatomic elements. Under controlled conditions designed to maintain the biological integrity of the specimens, 17 motion segments from 8 cervical spines were analyzed. The spines were studied with either flexion or extension simulated using physiologic loads. Some of the more important findings are: (1) In sectioning the ligaments, one observes small increments of change followed without warning by sudden, complete disruption of the spine; (2) Removal of the facets alters the motion segment such that in flexion, there is less angular displacement and more horizontal displacement; (3) The anterior ligaments contribute more to stability in extension than the posterior ligaments and in flexion, the converse is true; (4) The adult cervical spine is unstable, or on the brink of instability, when any of the following conditions are present: a) All the anterior or all the posterior elements are destroyed or unable to function. b) More than 3.5 mm horizontal displacement of one vertebra in relation to an adjacent vertebra measured on lateral roentgenograms (resting or flexion-extension). c) More than 11 degrees of rotation difference to that of either adjacent vertebra measured on a resting lateral or flexion-extension roentgenogram. These findings can be aptly applied to clinical situations and when instability as determined by the above criteria is present, surgical fusion or some other method to achieve stability should be seriously considered. Work is continuing on this problem as we do not consider this to be altogether complete or definitive. Hopefully, this initial study will stimulate further scientific and clinical investigations.", "contents": "Biomechanical analysis of clinical stability in the cervical spine. This study was undertaken because there is a dearth of objective information in the literature on the clinical instability of the cervical spine below C2. To our knowledge, it is the first biomechanical investigation designed to analyze clinical stability. We have carried out a quantitative analysis of the behavior of the spine as a function of the systematic destruction of various anatomic elements. Under controlled conditions designed to maintain the biological integrity of the specimens, 17 motion segments from 8 cervical spines were analyzed. The spines were studied with either flexion or extension simulated using physiologic loads. Some of the more important findings are: (1) In sectioning the ligaments, one observes small increments of change followed without warning by sudden, complete disruption of the spine; (2) Removal of the facets alters the motion segment such that in flexion, there is less angular displacement and more horizontal displacement; (3) The anterior ligaments contribute more to stability in extension than the posterior ligaments and in flexion, the converse is true; (4) The adult cervical spine is unstable, or on the brink of instability, when any of the following conditions are present: a) All the anterior or all the posterior elements are destroyed or unable to function. b) More than 3.5 mm horizontal displacement of one vertebra in relation to an adjacent vertebra measured on lateral roentgenograms (resting or flexion-extension). c) More than 11 degrees of rotation difference to that of either adjacent vertebra measured on a resting lateral or flexion-extension roentgenogram. These findings can be aptly applied to clinical situations and when instability as determined by the above criteria is present, surgical fusion or some other method to achieve stability should be seriously considered. Work is continuing on this problem as we do not consider this to be altogether complete or definitive. Hopefully, this initial study will stimulate further scientific and clinical investigations.", "PMID": 1132209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11953", "title": "Roentgenographic signs of cervical injury.", "content": "The injured cervical spine may be completely examined without patient movement by positioning the X-ray tube relative to the injured patient.  The prevertebral soft tissue in the cervical area is extremely important in the evaluation of injury, and a thickness of 5 mm or more at the level of the anterior inferior border of the body of C3 is indirect evidence of osseous injury.  In hyperextension rotation cervical spine injuries the pillar view should always be taken.  Anterior displacement of one vertical body upon another may be normal or secondary to trauma.  Straightening or reversal of the cervical ordotic curve may be normal for the individual.", "contents": "Roentgenographic signs of cervical injury. The injured cervical spine may be completely examined without patient movement by positioning the X-ray tube relative to the injured patient.  The prevertebral soft tissue in the cervical area is extremely important in the evaluation of injury, and a thickness of 5 mm or more at the level of the anterior inferior border of the body of C3 is indirect evidence of osseous injury.  In hyperextension rotation cervical spine injuries the pillar view should always be taken.  Anterior displacement of one vertical body upon another may be normal or secondary to trauma.  Straightening or reversal of the cervical ordotic curve may be normal for the individual.", "PMID": 1132210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11954", "title": "Cineradiography of the braced normal cervical spine.  A comparative study of five commonly used cervical orthoses.", "content": "Five orthotic devices were selected for a study of their effectiveness in immobilizing the cervical spine. These orthoses were fitted to subjects with a normal range of motion of the cervical spine. Motion pictures were made from a lateral view while the patient actively flexed and extended his cervical spine as well as from the frontal view with the patient rotating to each side and bending to each side. The soft cervical collar offers very little immobilization. The firm plastic Thomas collar restricts about 75 per cent of flexion-extension, rotation and lateral bending. The four-poster orthosis gave 80 to 85 per cent restriction of flexion-extension and lateral bending but only restricted 60 per cent of rotation. The long two-poster cervical orthosis caused 90 to 95 per cent restriction of all motions. The Guilford two-poster cervical orthosis restricted 90 per cent of all motions.", "contents": "Cineradiography of the braced normal cervical spine.  A comparative study of five commonly used cervical orthoses. Five orthotic devices were selected for a study of their effectiveness in immobilizing the cervical spine. These orthoses were fitted to subjects with a normal range of motion of the cervical spine. Motion pictures were made from a lateral view while the patient actively flexed and extended his cervical spine as well as from the frontal view with the patient rotating to each side and bending to each side. The soft cervical collar offers very little immobilization. The firm plastic Thomas collar restricts about 75 per cent of flexion-extension, rotation and lateral bending. The four-poster orthosis gave 80 to 85 per cent restriction of flexion-extension and lateral bending but only restricted 60 per cent of rotation. The long two-poster cervical orthosis caused 90 to 95 per cent restriction of all motions. The Guilford two-poster cervical orthosis restricted 90 per cent of all motions.", "PMID": 1132211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11955", "title": "Antisocial children in a summer camp environment: a time-sampling study.", "content": "A discussion is set forth regarding the possibly dysfunctional consequences of grouping antisocial children in homogeneous contexts for treatment. It is posited that antisocial children can profit from being placed for treatment in community based settings (for example, community centers, YMCAs, and neighborhood settlement houses) in which most of the other children are considered prosocial. In the present study 5 antisocial boys were placed in a residential summer camp consisting of 81 boys and 75 girls. Comparisons are made among the frequencies of prosocial, nonsocial, and antisocial behavior observed for the antisocial children placed in four groups, prosocial children in these groups, and the prosocial children in four other groups. These comparisons yield no significant differences among the antisocial and prosocial children's behavior. Findings are discussed in terms of their relevance for the helping professions.", "contents": "Antisocial children in a summer camp environment: a time-sampling study. A discussion is set forth regarding the possibly dysfunctional consequences of grouping antisocial children in homogeneous contexts for treatment. It is posited that antisocial children can profit from being placed for treatment in community based settings (for example, community centers, YMCAs, and neighborhood settlement houses) in which most of the other children are considered prosocial. In the present study 5 antisocial boys were placed in a residential summer camp consisting of 81 boys and 75 girls. Comparisons are made among the frequencies of prosocial, nonsocial, and antisocial behavior observed for the antisocial children placed in four groups, prosocial children in these groups, and the prosocial children in four other groups. These comparisons yield no significant differences among the antisocial and prosocial children's behavior. Findings are discussed in terms of their relevance for the helping professions.", "PMID": 1132217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11956", "title": "Crimes in New York and Tokyo: sociocultural perspectives.", "content": "Patterns of major crimes in Tokyo and New York City, based on official reports, are compared. Among other findings, the rate of infanticides among the total of murder cases was strikingly higher in Tokyo than in New York City. Intruders in New York City, on the other hand, were found to seek confrontation with victims more actively than their counterparts in Tokyo. Social and cultural factors underlying or contributing to the causes of major crimes are discussed.", "contents": "Crimes in New York and Tokyo: sociocultural perspectives. Patterns of major crimes in Tokyo and New York City, based on official reports, are compared. Among other findings, the rate of infanticides among the total of murder cases was strikingly higher in Tokyo than in New York City. Intruders in New York City, on the other hand, were found to seek confrontation with victims more actively than their counterparts in Tokyo. Social and cultural factors underlying or contributing to the causes of major crimes are discussed.", "PMID": 1132218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11957", "title": "The comprehensive community mental health center as a field placement for graduate social work students.", "content": "The comprehensive community mental health center, as a new organization, has many characteristics that make it a unique setting for the training of social workers. The organization's struggles for identity create a fluidity that requires the development of flexibility greatly needed in the mental health professions. Students can make valuable contributions to the functioning of the center if allowed to become fully involved in its activities. A generation gap may exist between senior staff, trained in traditional settings, and new staff and students whose orientations are more relevant to community practice.", "contents": "The comprehensive community mental health center as a field placement for graduate social work students. The comprehensive community mental health center, as a new organization, has many characteristics that make it a unique setting for the training of social workers. The organization's struggles for identity create a fluidity that requires the development of flexibility greatly needed in the mental health professions. Students can make valuable contributions to the functioning of the center if allowed to become fully involved in its activities. A generation gap may exist between senior staff, trained in traditional settings, and new staff and students whose orientations are more relevant to community practice.", "PMID": 1132219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11958", "title": "The quality control of community caretakers: a study of mental health screening in a sheriff's department.", "content": "There is increasing awareness of the sensitive and crucial role of the law enforcement officer as a community caretaker. Rigorous efforts to define criteria of adequate performance and to select men who can meet these criteria are called for. In this study applicants for a law enforcement agency were subjected to an extensive psychological test battery and a psychiatric interview. The results were matched against subsequent performance as law enforcement officers. The data show that although some psychological factors are related to failure on the job, intellectual factors are the best predictors of advancement in the department, and the psychiatric interview did not relate to any of the performance criteria. Development of performance criteria was a problem here as elsewhere.", "contents": "The quality control of community caretakers: a study of mental health screening in a sheriff's department. There is increasing awareness of the sensitive and crucial role of the law enforcement officer as a community caretaker. Rigorous efforts to define criteria of adequate performance and to select men who can meet these criteria are called for. In this study applicants for a law enforcement agency were subjected to an extensive psychological test battery and a psychiatric interview. The results were matched against subsequent performance as law enforcement officers. The data show that although some psychological factors are related to failure on the job, intellectual factors are the best predictors of advancement in the department, and the psychiatric interview did not relate to any of the performance criteria. Development of performance criteria was a problem here as elsewhere.", "PMID": 1132220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11959", "title": "An index of responsiveness to patient needs: the synchrony ratio (PSI).", "content": "Indicators of the effectiveness of mental hospitals currently in use have severe limitations. Admissions, discharges, and occupancy rates are affected by multiple factors and determined largely be institutional policies. A rapidly calculable measure of responsiveness to patient requests for hospital admission is described. The synchrony ratio (psi) requires only that the number of emergency room visits and admissions by known accurately. If hospitals override patient needs, this is reflected in declining psi values. The utility of the synchrony ratio has been tested in a comparison of a general hospital psychiatric service and community mental health center inpatient wards.", "contents": "An index of responsiveness to patient needs: the synchrony ratio (PSI). Indicators of the effectiveness of mental hospitals currently in use have severe limitations. Admissions, discharges, and occupancy rates are affected by multiple factors and determined largely be institutional policies. A rapidly calculable measure of responsiveness to patient requests for hospital admission is described. The synchrony ratio (psi) requires only that the number of emergency room visits and admissions by known accurately. If hospitals override patient needs, this is reflected in declining psi values. The utility of the synchrony ratio has been tested in a comparison of a general hospital psychiatric service and community mental health center inpatient wards.", "PMID": 1132221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11960", "title": "Evaluation of the clinical services of a regional mental health center.", "content": "A large midwest community-oriented regional mental health center reports a detailed methodology for evaluating the outcome effectiveness of clinical care for seriously disturbed mental patients. A controlled study of a 10% systematic sample of all public patients from a 10-county area compares the results obtained by traditional state hospitals with those of a new regional mental health center. The cohorts were followed for 3 full years. Outcomes were assessed in terms of social competence and economic cost to the patients and society. Although increased funds and staffing clearly improved the level of humanitarian care in all public institutions, no objective evidence was found that the community-oriented approach was superior in decreasing disability due to serious mental disorder. The study corroborated impressions that a relatively small proportion of persons entering mental hospitals tend to become chronically disabled and require large quantities of care-giving services. It is concluded that a period of consolidation and replanning is necessary in community psychiatry. It is suggested that early identification of potentially chronic patients, intensive social training, and specialized community living arrangements focused on this group might provide a break-through in rehabilitation of the mentally ill.", "contents": "Evaluation of the clinical services of a regional mental health center. A large midwest community-oriented regional mental health center reports a detailed methodology for evaluating the outcome effectiveness of clinical care for seriously disturbed mental patients. A controlled study of a 10% systematic sample of all public patients from a 10-county area compares the results obtained by traditional state hospitals with those of a new regional mental health center. The cohorts were followed for 3 full years. Outcomes were assessed in terms of social competence and economic cost to the patients and society. Although increased funds and staffing clearly improved the level of humanitarian care in all public institutions, no objective evidence was found that the community-oriented approach was superior in decreasing disability due to serious mental disorder. The study corroborated impressions that a relatively small proportion of persons entering mental hospitals tend to become chronically disabled and require large quantities of care-giving services. It is concluded that a period of consolidation and replanning is necessary in community psychiatry. It is suggested that early identification of potentially chronic patients, intensive social training, and specialized community living arrangements focused on this group might provide a break-through in rehabilitation of the mentally ill.", "PMID": 1132222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11961", "title": "A community-oriented program for training and using volunteers.", "content": "Eleven women volunteers from the Arvada, Colorado, community were provided intensive training in communication and other variables related to effective functioning in a community mental health center. Volunteers were then provided various placements within the center. Results indicated that the volunteers' communication effectiveness levels increased significantly from pretest to posttest and as compared to a control group of students going through a mental health program. Volunteers also received favorable evaluation rating from their practicum supervisors. The paper will discuss the procedures, benefits, and considerations involved in developing and utilizing volunteers.", "contents": "A community-oriented program for training and using volunteers. Eleven women volunteers from the Arvada, Colorado, community were provided intensive training in communication and other variables related to effective functioning in a community mental health center. Volunteers were then provided various placements within the center. Results indicated that the volunteers' communication effectiveness levels increased significantly from pretest to posttest and as compared to a control group of students going through a mental health program. Volunteers also received favorable evaluation rating from their practicum supervisors. The paper will discuss the procedures, benefits, and considerations involved in developing and utilizing volunteers.", "PMID": 1132223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11962", "title": "The impact of therapeutic effectiveness data on community mental health center management: the systems evaluation project.", "content": "A major assumption of C.M.H. evaluation is that data fed back to center managers have an impact on the management, resulting in optimization of programs. This is the empirical question addressed in this paper. A study of the influences bearing on management decisions, the process of decision making, and the effects of introducing evaluation data into that process is described. The concepts, procedures, and instruments are set out as possible models for further investigation of the complex but fundamental question. The data presented are consistent with the hypotheses about the detailed influences of systems evaluation project evaluation data.", "contents": "The impact of therapeutic effectiveness data on community mental health center management: the systems evaluation project. A major assumption of C.M.H. evaluation is that data fed back to center managers have an impact on the management, resulting in optimization of programs. This is the empirical question addressed in this paper. A study of the influences bearing on management decisions, the process of decision making, and the effects of introducing evaluation data into that process is described. The concepts, procedures, and instruments are set out as possible models for further investigation of the complex but fundamental question. The data presented are consistent with the hypotheses about the detailed influences of systems evaluation project evaluation data.", "PMID": 1132224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11963", "title": "A program of industrial consultation by a community mental health center.", "content": "A staff member of a community mental health center provided consultation services to untrained industrial counselors at a large private corporation. Characteristics of \"newer' workers, ethnically different from supervisors, are described. Attitude change is the key, but difficult to bring about. The consultant had full cooperation of the counselors, but never gained full support from management. The article describes procedures for training counselors and successful and unsuccessful efforts to reach foremen.", "contents": "A program of industrial consultation by a community mental health center. A staff member of a community mental health center provided consultation services to untrained industrial counselors at a large private corporation. Characteristics of \"newer' workers, ethnically different from supervisors, are described. Attitude change is the key, but difficult to bring about. The consultant had full cooperation of the counselors, but never gained full support from management. The article describes procedures for training counselors and successful and unsuccessful efforts to reach foremen.", "PMID": 1132225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11964", "title": "Day hospital in the context of a community mental health program.", "content": "The paper focuses on the role of the day hospital within the framework of total care delivery in community mental health programs and stresses its unique position in the continuity of care cycle. The day hospital lies midway in the service continuum between inpatient and outpatient services and can provide a bridge between community and intramural resources. As such it can serve as a \"center for change' where inputs from the entire network of services merge to test solutions for care delivery problems. Experiences with a specific day are used to illustrate relevant issues for those currently engaged in planning or implementing day hospital services.", "contents": "Day hospital in the context of a community mental health program. The paper focuses on the role of the day hospital within the framework of total care delivery in community mental health programs and stresses its unique position in the continuity of care cycle. The day hospital lies midway in the service continuum between inpatient and outpatient services and can provide a bridge between community and intramural resources. As such it can serve as a \"center for change' where inputs from the entire network of services merge to test solutions for care delivery problems. Experiences with a specific day are used to illustrate relevant issues for those currently engaged in planning or implementing day hospital services.", "PMID": 1132226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11965", "title": "The problem is outside: staff and client behavior as a function of external events.", "content": "Data collected in the process of studying the development and functioning of a prerelease program for adjudicated adult offenders provided the opportunity to test the hypothesis that the actions of a parent organization influence the \"within' program behaviors of clients and rehabilitation staff. It is demonstrated that changes in the parent organization's behavior toward the program were accompanied by changes in (a) the staff's perceptions of clients, (b) the staff's actions towards clients, (c) client attitudes, and (d) client behaviors. Discussion focuses on the need to view rehabilitative programs as continually influenced by external and extrinisic factors.", "contents": "The problem is outside: staff and client behavior as a function of external events. Data collected in the process of studying the development and functioning of a prerelease program for adjudicated adult offenders provided the opportunity to test the hypothesis that the actions of a parent organization influence the \"within' program behaviors of clients and rehabilitation staff. It is demonstrated that changes in the parent organization's behavior toward the program were accompanied by changes in (a) the staff's perceptions of clients, (b) the staff's actions towards clients, (c) client attitudes, and (d) client behaviors. Discussion focuses on the need to view rehabilitative programs as continually influenced by external and extrinisic factors.", "PMID": 1132227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11966", "title": "Radiation-induced chromosome aberrations in mouse spermatocytes and oocytes.", "content": "ICR/Swiss males and females were exposed to 300 R whole-body gamma irradiation. The frequency of aberrations in metaphase I chromosomes recovered from oocytes cultured in vitro was compared with those recovered from spermatocytes irradiated in pachytene and diplotene. The ability of oocytes collected 1 day postirradiation to mature in vitro was not affected, but significantly fewer oocytes cultured 5 days after irradiation matured. The frequency of aberrations in oocytes did not differ from spermatocytes irradiated during diplotene, but significantly more chromosome aberrations were found when pachytene spermatocytes were irradiated. Some variation in the relative frequencies of aberrations was also observed.", "contents": "Radiation-induced chromosome aberrations in mouse spermatocytes and oocytes. ICR/Swiss males and females were exposed to 300 R whole-body gamma irradiation. The frequency of aberrations in metaphase I chromosomes recovered from oocytes cultured in vitro was compared with those recovered from spermatocytes irradiated in pachytene and diplotene. The ability of oocytes collected 1 day postirradiation to mature in vitro was not affected, but significantly fewer oocytes cultured 5 days after irradiation matured. The frequency of aberrations in oocytes did not differ from spermatocytes irradiated during diplotene, but significantly more chromosome aberrations were found when pachytene spermatocytes were irradiated. Some variation in the relative frequencies of aberrations was also observed.", "PMID": 1132245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11967", "title": "Chromosome banding pattern homology and its phlogenetic implications in the bat genera Carollia and Choeroniscus.", "content": "A comparison of the chromosome banding patterns of the mitotic chromosomes of three species of bats of the genus Carollia and Choeroniscus intermedius revealed considerable banding pattern homology between the Carollia species but not between Carollia and Choeroniscus. The G-band patterns of the chromosomes of the Carollia species were similar, but the C-band (heterochromatin) pattern of C. castanea (Peru) lacked much of the heterochromatin common to the other two species. C. castanea also lacked the X-autosome translocation possessed by the other two species. A system for denoting such sex-chromosome translocations is presented rather than presenting the chromosomes involved as multiple sex chromosomes. The G- and C-banding patterns of Choeroniscus intermedius did not resemble those of Carollia, and the placement of these bat genera into different subfamilies is supported.", "contents": "Chromosome banding pattern homology and its phlogenetic implications in the bat genera Carollia and Choeroniscus. A comparison of the chromosome banding patterns of the mitotic chromosomes of three species of bats of the genus Carollia and Choeroniscus intermedius revealed considerable banding pattern homology between the Carollia species but not between Carollia and Choeroniscus. The G-band patterns of the chromosomes of the Carollia species were similar, but the C-band (heterochromatin) pattern of C. castanea (Peru) lacked much of the heterochromatin common to the other two species. C. castanea also lacked the X-autosome translocation possessed by the other two species. A system for denoting such sex-chromosome translocations is presented rather than presenting the chromosomes involved as multiple sex chromosomes. The G- and C-banding patterns of Choeroniscus intermedius did not resemble those of Carollia, and the placement of these bat genera into different subfamilies is supported.", "PMID": 1132246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11968", "title": "Systematic approach to the study of trisomy in the mouse. II.", "content": "In pursuit of attempts at a systematic study of autosomal trisomy in the mouse, an experimental model is presented which permits the induction of specific trisomic conditions. It is based on (1) the occurrence of considerable rates of meiotic anaphase I malsegregation of double metacentric heterozygotes with monobrachial homology, (2) the expectation that trisomics may be found among the unbalanced conditions in the progeny of crosses of the double heterozygotes with \"all acrocentric\" mice, and (3) the observation that trisomy, in contrast to monosomy or combined monosomy plus trisomy, is the only unbalanced condition surviving beyond day 10. In this design, the specific nature of the trisomy is predetermined by the choice of the double metacentric heterozygote combination and recognized by such criteria as chromosome arm number and the presence of both metacentrics. All trisomic conditions of the mouse so far studied inevitably lead to early or late fetal death. Although the possibility of a systematic survey of all 19 possible autosomal trisomies in the mouse can be anticipated, this report is limited to a study of trisomies (Ts) 1, 8, 11, 12, and 17. Ts 8, 11, and 17 cause severe developmental inhibition at an early stage of development. Death occurs about day 11 or 12. Ts 1 displays a syndrome of moderate to marked developmental retardation and slight to more distinctly disproportionate hypoplasia. These embryos may survive until day 15. In contrast, a lesser extent of hypoplasia and retardation is observed in Ts 12, which, however, almost regularly shows exencephaly and microphtalmia. Obviously, variation of the severity of phenotypic manifestation of the trisomic conditions is due to genic heterogeneity of the animals used in the present study. Current attempts are directed to introduce a sufficient number of metacentrics in a defined background, thus providing the means for future systematic studies of the phenotypic expression of gross genomic imbalance.", "contents": "Systematic approach to the study of trisomy in the mouse. II. In pursuit of attempts at a systematic study of autosomal trisomy in the mouse, an experimental model is presented which permits the induction of specific trisomic conditions. It is based on (1) the occurrence of considerable rates of meiotic anaphase I malsegregation of double metacentric heterozygotes with monobrachial homology, (2) the expectation that trisomics may be found among the unbalanced conditions in the progeny of crosses of the double heterozygotes with \"all acrocentric\" mice, and (3) the observation that trisomy, in contrast to monosomy or combined monosomy plus trisomy, is the only unbalanced condition surviving beyond day 10. In this design, the specific nature of the trisomy is predetermined by the choice of the double metacentric heterozygote combination and recognized by such criteria as chromosome arm number and the presence of both metacentrics. All trisomic conditions of the mouse so far studied inevitably lead to early or late fetal death. Although the possibility of a systematic survey of all 19 possible autosomal trisomies in the mouse can be anticipated, this report is limited to a study of trisomies (Ts) 1, 8, 11, 12, and 17. Ts 8, 11, and 17 cause severe developmental inhibition at an early stage of development. Death occurs about day 11 or 12. Ts 1 displays a syndrome of moderate to marked developmental retardation and slight to more distinctly disproportionate hypoplasia. These embryos may survive until day 15. In contrast, a lesser extent of hypoplasia and retardation is observed in Ts 12, which, however, almost regularly shows exencephaly and microphtalmia. Obviously, variation of the severity of phenotypic manifestation of the trisomic conditions is due to genic heterogeneity of the animals used in the present study. Current attempts are directed to introduce a sufficient number of metacentrics in a defined background, thus providing the means for future systematic studies of the phenotypic expression of gross genomic imbalance.", "PMID": 1132247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11969", "title": "Incidence and origin of heteroploidy, especially haploidy, in chick embryos from intraline and interline matings.", "content": "Preparations for chromosomal analysis were made from 2107 chick embryos at 16 hours of incubation. The embryos resulted from intraline and reciprocal interline matings of two genetically different stocks (AG and D6). The two stocks had been previously characterized as producers of high (AG) and low (D6) frequencies of chromosomally aberrant embryos. The overall frequency of aberrant embryos was 4.0 plus or minus 0.42%. The types and frequencies of abnormalities were: haploidy and haploid-euploid mosaics, 57%; polyploidy and polyploid-diploid mosaics, 19%; aneuploidy, 17%; aneuploid-diploid mosaics, 5%; and structural aberrations, 2%. Although there were no significant differences among the four types of matings in the overall frequency of heteroploid embryos (P greater than 0.1), a significant difference (P smaller than 0.01) in the frequency of haploid and haploid-euploid mosaic embryos was found. The difference was entirely attributable to the line of dam; D6 dams had 1.2% and AG dams had 2.7% haploid and haploid-euploid mosaic embryos. The difference between lines of sires was not significant. In addition, there was evidence of nonrandom distribution, among dams of both lines, of haploid and haploid-euploid mosaic embryos. It was concluded that the genotype of dam is an important influencing factor in the production of haploid cell lines in embryos. The superfluous genome in triploid embryos is usually maternal in origin, resulting from retention of the second polar body in the ovum. Sex-chromosome aneuploidy in chick embryos apparently derives from nondisjunction at meiosis I of oogenesis. The sex proportion of 2023 chromosomally sexed, diploid embryos was 50.2 plus or minus 1.1% male. No significant heterogeneity was observed among the types of matings. Sex proportion was not significantly influenced by any of a number of nongenetic variables.", "contents": "Incidence and origin of heteroploidy, especially haploidy, in chick embryos from intraline and interline matings. Preparations for chromosomal analysis were made from 2107 chick embryos at 16 hours of incubation. The embryos resulted from intraline and reciprocal interline matings of two genetically different stocks (AG and D6). The two stocks had been previously characterized as producers of high (AG) and low (D6) frequencies of chromosomally aberrant embryos. The overall frequency of aberrant embryos was 4.0 plus or minus 0.42%. The types and frequencies of abnormalities were: haploidy and haploid-euploid mosaics, 57%; polyploidy and polyploid-diploid mosaics, 19%; aneuploidy, 17%; aneuploid-diploid mosaics, 5%; and structural aberrations, 2%. Although there were no significant differences among the four types of matings in the overall frequency of heteroploid embryos (P greater than 0.1), a significant difference (P smaller than 0.01) in the frequency of haploid and haploid-euploid mosaic embryos was found. The difference was entirely attributable to the line of dam; D6 dams had 1.2% and AG dams had 2.7% haploid and haploid-euploid mosaic embryos. The difference between lines of sires was not significant. In addition, there was evidence of nonrandom distribution, among dams of both lines, of haploid and haploid-euploid mosaic embryos. It was concluded that the genotype of dam is an important influencing factor in the production of haploid cell lines in embryos. The superfluous genome in triploid embryos is usually maternal in origin, resulting from retention of the second polar body in the ovum. Sex-chromosome aneuploidy in chick embryos apparently derives from nondisjunction at meiosis I of oogenesis. The sex proportion of 2023 chromosomally sexed, diploid embryos was 50.2 plus or minus 1.1% male. No significant heterogeneity was observed among the types of matings. Sex proportion was not significantly influenced by any of a number of nongenetic variables.", "PMID": 1132248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11970", "title": "Color, form, and function as dimensions of natural classification: developmental changes in eye movements, reaction time, and response strategies.", "content": "Behavior of 5-year-olds and adults was measured in a matching-to-sample task using pictures of familiar objects and events. Subjects matched on properties of color, form, function, or compounds of those cues. On the basis of reaction times and eye movements, inferences could be made about the subjects' classification processes, and also about their strategies for dealing with the task environment. Certain processes were executed as efficiently by 5-year-olds as by the adults. Other processes showed developmental differences. Form properties, while difficult for children to extract, appeared to be utilized by them in the classification of familiar objects, even though other properties were available.", "contents": "Color, form, and function as dimensions of natural classification: developmental changes in eye movements, reaction time, and response strategies. Behavior of 5-year-olds and adults was measured in a matching-to-sample task using pictures of familiar objects and events. Subjects matched on properties of color, form, function, or compounds of those cues. On the basis of reaction times and eye movements, inferences could be made about the subjects' classification processes, and also about their strategies for dealing with the task environment. Certain processes were executed as efficiently by 5-year-olds as by the adults. Other processes showed developmental differences. Form properties, while difficult for children to extract, appeared to be utilized by them in the classification of familiar objects, even though other properties were available.", "PMID": 1132264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11971", "title": "Development of multiple dimension use in form classification.", "content": "The use of multiple form dimensions in pattern classification was studied with adults and children in grades 2 and 5. Each subject sorted 30 8-sided random polygons first into 2, then into 3, and finally into 4 groups and repeated the procedure 1 week later. A series of discriminant analyses, using 9 physical form characteristics as predictors, was used to answer several developmental questions. Reliability of classification, number and saliency of features selected, and accuracy with which they were used all implied continuous development of perceptual skills. Multiple feature use in classification was evidenced at all age levels.", "contents": "Development of multiple dimension use in form classification. The use of multiple form dimensions in pattern classification was studied with adults and children in grades 2 and 5. Each subject sorted 30 8-sided random polygons first into 2, then into 3, and finally into 4 groups and repeated the procedure 1 week later. A series of discriminant analyses, using 9 physical form characteristics as predictors, was used to answer several developmental questions. Reliability of classification, number and saliency of features selected, and accuracy with which they were used all implied continuous development of perceptual skills. Multiple feature use in classification was evidenced at all age levels.", "PMID": 1132265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11972", "title": "The effects of stimulus complexity and sensory modality on reaction time in normal and retarded readers.", "content": "Intra- and crossmodal performance of normal and retarded readers was compared in a reaction-time task. Both reading groups showed slower crossmodal than intramodal shifting. This effect occurred equally for both reading groups. Differences between the two groups occurred, however, when a complex visual stimulus was present. The complex stimulus resulted in the retarded readers showing slower reaction times to other stimuli in that setting. This effect occurred for stimuli both within and across modalities. The results suggested that the demands of stimulus complexity within the visual modality rather than the demands of crossmodal shifting were related to reading ability.", "contents": "The effects of stimulus complexity and sensory modality on reaction time in normal and retarded readers. Intra- and crossmodal performance of normal and retarded readers was compared in a reaction-time task. Both reading groups showed slower crossmodal than intramodal shifting. This effect occurred equally for both reading groups. Differences between the two groups occurred, however, when a complex visual stimulus was present. The complex stimulus resulted in the retarded readers showing slower reaction times to other stimuli in that setting. This effect occurred for stimuli both within and across modalities. The results suggested that the demands of stimulus complexity within the visual modality rather than the demands of crossmodal shifting were related to reading ability.", "PMID": 1132266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11973", "title": "The development of children's understanding of proportions.", "content": "To determine whether the understanding of proportions develops before formal operations, children in grades 1, 3, and 5 and college students were given a variety of judgment tasks contrasting the comparison of quantity with the comparison of proportions. Results for the most difficult tasks indicated that a majority of fifth graders still lacked a full understanding of proportion. Results were interpreted as consistent with Inhelder and Piaget's contention that the comprehension of abstract relations requires formal operations. In grades 3 and 5, boys scored significantly higher than girls.", "contents": "The development of children's understanding of proportions. To determine whether the understanding of proportions develops before formal operations, children in grades 1, 3, and 5 and college students were given a variety of judgment tasks contrasting the comparison of quantity with the comparison of proportions. Results for the most difficult tasks indicated that a majority of fifth graders still lacked a full understanding of proportion. Results were interpreted as consistent with Inhelder and Piaget's contention that the comprehension of abstract relations requires formal operations. In grades 3 and 5, boys scored significantly higher than girls.", "PMID": 1132267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11974", "title": "Infants' development of object permanence: a refined methodology and new evidence of Piaget's hypothesized ordinality.", "content": "To investigate Piaget's theory of object concept development, a series of 6 tasks was administered in a combined longitudinal/cross-sectional design incorporating a number of methodological controls. The tasks spanned the entire sensorimotor period and included single versus sequential displacements combined with visible or invisible hidings. 36 infants from 5 to 32 months of age at initial testing were drawn equally from day-care and home settings. All infants received the 6 tasks during each of 3 testing sessions over a 6-month period. Clear evidence was obtained for task ordinality as proposed by Piaget, with ordinality coefficients ranging from .71 to .82 for the 3 testing sessions. Performance changes across the 3 sessions were also ordinal in 80% of the cases. Expected age, task, and session effects and accompanying interactions were also obtained.", "contents": "Infants' development of object permanence: a refined methodology and new evidence of Piaget's hypothesized ordinality. To investigate Piaget's theory of object concept development, a series of 6 tasks was administered in a combined longitudinal/cross-sectional design incorporating a number of methodological controls. The tasks spanned the entire sensorimotor period and included single versus sequential displacements combined with visible or invisible hidings. 36 infants from 5 to 32 months of age at initial testing were drawn equally from day-care and home settings. All infants received the 6 tasks during each of 3 testing sessions over a 6-month period. Clear evidence was obtained for task ordinality as proposed by Piaget, with ordinality coefficients ranging from .71 to .82 for the 3 testing sessions. Performance changes across the 3 sessions were also ordinal in 80% of the cases. Expected age, task, and session effects and accompanying interactions were also obtained.", "PMID": 1132268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11975", "title": "A developmental study of Piaget's groupement model of the emergence of speed and time concepts.", "content": "3 key predictions of Piaget's groupement model of middle-childhood cognition were examined in the speed and time concept areas: (a) The respective composition and reverse operations of 2 of the 8 structures posited in the groupement model (Groupement I and Groupement V) should emerge synchronously in each of the 2 concept areas. (b) The 2 structures themselves should emerge synchronously in each of the 2 concept areas. (c) Between the 2 concept areas, the 2 structures should both emerge in the speed area before either emerges in the time area. The findings failed to support either prediction a or prediction b, and they were only partially consistent with prediction c. However, the findings concerning predictions a and b were consistent with other recent developmental evidence on the emergence of groupement structures in concept areas other than speed and time.", "contents": "A developmental study of Piaget's groupement model of the emergence of speed and time concepts. 3 key predictions of Piaget's groupement model of middle-childhood cognition were examined in the speed and time concept areas: (a) The respective composition and reverse operations of 2 of the 8 structures posited in the groupement model (Groupement I and Groupement V) should emerge synchronously in each of the 2 concept areas. (b) The 2 structures themselves should emerge synchronously in each of the 2 concept areas. (c) Between the 2 concept areas, the 2 structures should both emerge in the speed area before either emerges in the time area. The findings failed to support either prediction a or prediction b, and they were only partially consistent with prediction c. However, the findings concerning predictions a and b were consistent with other recent developmental evidence on the emergence of groupement structures in concept areas other than speed and time.", "PMID": 1132269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11976", "title": "Aggressive behavior in English nurseries and play groups: sex differences and response of adults.", "content": "Aggressive behaviors were incident sampled in 5 nursery schools, 5 play groups, and 5 day nurseries in England. In 13 of 15 institutions, boys had a greater probability of being involved in aggressive incidents than girls. The initiator of an aggressive encounter was likely to be successful if there was no adult interaction, but to be unsuccessful if an adult intervened. There was no consistent evidence that adults intervened differentially in boy-boy, boy-girl, and girl-girl encounters.", "contents": "Aggressive behavior in English nurseries and play groups: sex differences and response of adults. Aggressive behaviors were incident sampled in 5 nursery schools, 5 play groups, and 5 day nurseries in England. In 13 of 15 institutions, boys had a greater probability of being involved in aggressive incidents than girls. The initiator of an aggressive encounter was likely to be successful if there was no adult interaction, but to be unsuccessful if an adult intervened. There was no consistent evidence that adults intervened differentially in boy-boy, boy-girl, and girl-girl encounters.", "PMID": 1132270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11977", "title": "Young children's coding and storage of visual and verbal material.", "content": "36 preschool children (mean age 4.2 years) were each tested on 3 recognition memory lists differing in test mode (visual only, verbal only, combined visual-verbal). For one-third of the children, original list presentation was visual only, for another third, presentation was verbal only, and the final third received combined visual-verbal presentation. The subjects generally performed at a high level of correct responding. Verbal-only presentation resulted in less correct recognition than did either visual-only or combined visual-verbal presentation. However, because performances under both visual-only and combined visual-verbal presentation were statistically comparable, and a high level of spontaneous labeling was observed when items were presented only visually, a dual-processing conceptualization of memory in 4-year-olds was suggested.", "contents": "Young children's coding and storage of visual and verbal material. 36 preschool children (mean age 4.2 years) were each tested on 3 recognition memory lists differing in test mode (visual only, verbal only, combined visual-verbal). For one-third of the children, original list presentation was visual only, for another third, presentation was verbal only, and the final third received combined visual-verbal presentation. The subjects generally performed at a high level of correct responding. Verbal-only presentation resulted in less correct recognition than did either visual-only or combined visual-verbal presentation. However, because performances under both visual-only and combined visual-verbal presentation were statistically comparable, and a high level of spontaneous labeling was observed when items were presented only visually, a dual-processing conceptualization of memory in 4-year-olds was suggested.", "PMID": 1132271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11978", "title": "Newborn infant attention to form of contour.", "content": "Human neonates selectively fixated patterns with curved rather than straight contours when the outermost contours differed in this form variable and when quantitative variables were controlled. The presence from birth of a discrimination ability basic to later form perception was evidenced.", "contents": "Newborn infant attention to form of contour. Human neonates selectively fixated patterns with curved rather than straight contours when the outermost contours differed in this form variable and when quantitative variables were controlled. The presence from birth of a discrimination ability basic to later form perception was evidenced.", "PMID": 1132272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11979", "title": "Infants' visual attention to pattern arrangement and orientation.", "content": "When 2 stimuli were presented side by side, 4-5-month-old infants looked longer at a visual target that differed from a previously exposed standard target. This reaction to the discrepant target indicated that infants could detect a change involving the arrangement of the constituent elements and the orientation of the standard pattern. When infants were given the opportunity to view paired targets that were both different from the previously exposed standard, there was no evidence that orientation was a less dimension than pattern arrangement. Instead, the infants' fixation behavior seemed to be a function of the relative discrepancy of the paired test stimuli from the previously exposed standard pattern.", "contents": "Infants' visual attention to pattern arrangement and orientation. When 2 stimuli were presented side by side, 4-5-month-old infants looked longer at a visual target that differed from a previously exposed standard target. This reaction to the discrepant target indicated that infants could detect a change involving the arrangement of the constituent elements and the orientation of the standard pattern. When infants were given the opportunity to view paired targets that were both different from the previously exposed standard, there was no evidence that orientation was a less dimension than pattern arrangement. Instead, the infants' fixation behavior seemed to be a function of the relative discrepancy of the paired test stimuli from the previously exposed standard pattern.", "PMID": 1132273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11980", "title": "Temporal and spatial ordering in recall by five- to eight-year-old children.", "content": "It has been reported that 8-year-old children, when asked to recall stimuli that had occurred incompatible spatial and temporal orders, spontaneously reproduced the temporal order. In this study with 5-8-year-olds, there was a clear developmental trend in the tendency to reproduce temporal rather than spatial ordering. The results are discussed with reference to previous work on partially deaf and subnormal children.", "contents": "Temporal and spatial ordering in recall by five- to eight-year-old children. It has been reported that 8-year-old children, when asked to recall stimuli that had occurred incompatible spatial and temporal orders, spontaneously reproduced the temporal order. In this study with 5-8-year-olds, there was a clear developmental trend in the tendency to reproduce temporal rather than spatial ordering. The results are discussed with reference to previous work on partially deaf and subnormal children.", "PMID": 1132274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11981", "title": "The effect of cerebral dominance on time sharing between speaking and tapping by preschool children.", "content": "48 kindergartners tapped as fast as they could with either the right index finger or the left, either alone or while reciting or repeating verbal material. The secondary tasks diminished tapping rate on both sides, but disproportionately on the right. This result was predicted by a model that postulates greater interference between concurrent activities when both are programmed by the same cerebral hemisphere. Children appear to be more vulnerable to this type of interference than adults. This attribute of immature motor development can be used as an indicator of cerebral lateralization of function in children.", "contents": "The effect of cerebral dominance on time sharing between speaking and tapping by preschool children. 48 kindergartners tapped as fast as they could with either the right index finger or the left, either alone or while reciting or repeating verbal material. The secondary tasks diminished tapping rate on both sides, but disproportionately on the right. This result was predicted by a model that postulates greater interference between concurrent activities when both are programmed by the same cerebral hemisphere. Children appear to be more vulnerable to this type of interference than adults. This attribute of immature motor development can be used as an indicator of cerebral lateralization of function in children.", "PMID": 1132275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11982", "title": "Perceptual and perceptual-motor characteristics of phonemic development.", "content": "Children between 3 and 5 years of age were examined with regard to their abilities in recognizing differences between certain speech sounds and their performance in imitating and spontaneously generating the same sounds in familiar words. Analysis of error patterns shows the least number of errors for the recognition task and greatest number for the spontaneous production task, with imitation holding the intermediate position (R less than I less than P). Results are related to a theory of phonemic development in children.", "contents": "Perceptual and perceptual-motor characteristics of phonemic development. Children between 3 and 5 years of age were examined with regard to their abilities in recognizing differences between certain speech sounds and their performance in imitating and spontaneously generating the same sounds in familiar words. Analysis of error patterns shows the least number of errors for the recognition task and greatest number for the spontaneous production task, with imitation holding the intermediate position (R less than I less than P). Results are related to a theory of phonemic development in children.", "PMID": 1132276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11983", "title": "Frequency discrimination by young infants.", "content": "The nonnutritive sucking of groups of 1-month-old infants was conjugately reinforced with either a 200-H or a 500-H pure tone. Following response acquisition and satiation, the sucking of the experimental groups was reinforced with a new pure tone (either 500 or 200 H) to a criterion of response decrement, after which sucking was reinforced with the original tone. Control groups were reinforced with a single tone (200 or 500 H) throughout the experiment. Frequency of nonnutritive sucking increased significantly in the experimental groups following a shift in frequency of the reinforcing tone but remained unchanged in the control groups, indicating discrimination between 200- and 500-H tones.", "contents": "Frequency discrimination by young infants. The nonnutritive sucking of groups of 1-month-old infants was conjugately reinforced with either a 200-H or a 500-H pure tone. Following response acquisition and satiation, the sucking of the experimental groups was reinforced with a new pure tone (either 500 or 200 H) to a criterion of response decrement, after which sucking was reinforced with the original tone. Control groups were reinforced with a single tone (200 or 500 H) throughout the experiment. Frequency of nonnutritive sucking increased significantly in the experimental groups following a shift in frequency of the reinforcing tone but remained unchanged in the control groups, indicating discrimination between 200- and 500-H tones.", "PMID": 1132277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11984", "title": "Concordance of visual and manipulative responses to novel and familiar stimuli: a reply to Rubenstein (1974).", "content": "Rubenstein's failure to find evidence for the previously suggested lack of concordance between visual and manipulative responses to novel and familiar stimuli in 6-month-old infants is discussed. It is shown that a lack of concordance is not specific to the use of 1 measure of manipulative behavior, and other possible explanations for the discrepancy in findings are examined. A 2-stage development of responsiveness to familiarity-novelty in infancy remains the most plausible account.", "contents": "Concordance of visual and manipulative responses to novel and familiar stimuli: a reply to Rubenstein (1974). Rubenstein's failure to find evidence for the previously suggested lack of concordance between visual and manipulative responses to novel and familiar stimuli in 6-month-old infants is discussed. It is shown that a lack of concordance is not specific to the use of 1 measure of manipulative behavior, and other possible explanations for the discrepancy in findings are examined. A 2-stage development of responsiveness to familiarity-novelty in infancy remains the most plausible account.", "PMID": 1132278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11985", "title": "The effect of heartbeat sound stimulation on the weight development of newborn infants.", "content": "The weight development of 175 infants was followed from birth to the sixth day after birth. 92 infants were exposed to the sound of an adult's heartbeat 12 hours a day during all 6 days. 83 were not so exposed. No significant difference was found in the weight development of the two groups, thus failing to replicate the previous findings of Salk.", "contents": "The effect of heartbeat sound stimulation on the weight development of newborn infants. The weight development of 175 infants was followed from birth to the sixth day after birth. 92 infants were exposed to the sound of an adult's heartbeat 12 hours a day during all 6 days. 83 were not so exposed. No significant difference was found in the weight development of the two groups, thus failing to replicate the previous findings of Salk.", "PMID": 1132279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11986", "title": "The effects of being imitated and awareness on the behavior of introverted and extroverted youth.", "content": "Introverted and extroverted preadolescents (N equals 34) were seated at a box with 6 holes in the top surface and presented the following conditions: (a) baseline - the subject dropped marbles 1 at a time in any holes he wished; (b) imitation - the subject and experimenter alternated dropping marbles, with the experimenter imitating the subject if he dropped his marbles at a hole designated a priori for imitation; (c) imitation plus awareness - this was identical to the previous condition except that the subject was told that he was being imitated at the designated hole; and (d) extinction - the experimenter dropped her marbles in a prearranged random order. As predicted, under the imitation-plus-awareness and extinction conditions extroverts responded significantly more at the holes at which they were imitated than did introverts.", "contents": "The effects of being imitated and awareness on the behavior of introverted and extroverted youth. Introverted and extroverted preadolescents (N equals 34) were seated at a box with 6 holes in the top surface and presented the following conditions: (a) baseline - the subject dropped marbles 1 at a time in any holes he wished; (b) imitation - the subject and experimenter alternated dropping marbles, with the experimenter imitating the subject if he dropped his marbles at a hole designated a priori for imitation; (c) imitation plus awareness - this was identical to the previous condition except that the subject was told that he was being imitated at the designated hole; and (d) extinction - the experimenter dropped her marbles in a prearranged random order. As predicted, under the imitation-plus-awareness and extinction conditions extroverts responded significantly more at the holes at which they were imitated than did introverts.", "PMID": 1132280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11987", "title": "An ecological study of glee in small groups of preschool children.", "content": "A phenomenon called group glee was studied in videotpes of 596 formal lessons in a preschool. This was characterized by joyful screaming, laughing, and intense physical acts which occurred in simultaneous bursts or which spread in a contagious fashion from one child to another. A variety of precipitating factors were identified, the most prevalent being teacher requests for volunteers, unstructured lags in lessons, gross physical-motor actions, and cognitive incongruities. Distinctions between group glee and laughter were pointed out. While most events of glee did not disrupt the ongoing lesson, those which did tended to produce a protective reaction on the part of teachers. Group glee tended to occur most often in large groups (7-9 children) and in groups containing both sexes. The latter finding was related to Darwin's theory of differentiating vocal signals in animals and man.", "contents": "An ecological study of glee in small groups of preschool children. A phenomenon called group glee was studied in videotpes of 596 formal lessons in a preschool. This was characterized by joyful screaming, laughing, and intense physical acts which occurred in simultaneous bursts or which spread in a contagious fashion from one child to another. A variety of precipitating factors were identified, the most prevalent being teacher requests for volunteers, unstructured lags in lessons, gross physical-motor actions, and cognitive incongruities. Distinctions between group glee and laughter were pointed out. While most events of glee did not disrupt the ongoing lesson, those which did tended to produce a protective reaction on the part of teachers. Group glee tended to occur most often in large groups (7-9 children) and in groups containing both sexes. The latter finding was related to Darwin's theory of differentiating vocal signals in animals and man.", "PMID": 1132281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11988", "title": "Underreplication of satellite dnas in polyploid ovarian tissue of Drosophila virilis.", "content": "The satellite DNAs of Drosophila virilis have been examined in diploid and polyploid tissues by isopycnic ultracentrifugation and thermal denaturation experiments. Previous work has established that the satellite DNAs are underreplicated in the polytene chromosomes of the salivary glands of D. virilis. The results of the present experiments demonstrate that this underreplication also takes place in the ovaries which contain nurse cells and follicle cells. These tissues are polyploid but do not show polytene chromosomes.", "contents": "Underreplication of satellite dnas in polyploid ovarian tissue of Drosophila virilis. The satellite DNAs of Drosophila virilis have been examined in diploid and polyploid tissues by isopycnic ultracentrifugation and thermal denaturation experiments. Previous work has established that the satellite DNAs are underreplicated in the polytene chromosomes of the salivary glands of D. virilis. The results of the present experiments demonstrate that this underreplication also takes place in the ovaries which contain nurse cells and follicle cells. These tissues are polyploid but do not show polytene chromosomes.", "PMID": 1132282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11989", "title": "Prophase chromosome movements in living house cricket spermatocytes and their relationship to prometaphase, anaphase and granule movements.", "content": "Chromosome and granule movements in meiotic prophase and prometaphase have been studied by time-lapse cinemicrography in live spermatocytes of the house cricket, Acheta domesticus. Chromosome movements in prophase cells, up to one hour or more before breakdown of the nuclear envelope, are described. These movements are frequent but saltatory; are based mostly at chromosome ends but also at kinetochores; occur in very intimate association with the inside of the nuclear envelope; are directed towards and away from the extranuclear centres (centrioles); tend weakly to accumulate bivalents round the two centres and reach a velocity of 0.65 micron/sec. Saltatory movements in granules associated with extranuclear asters are remarkably similar to basic characteristics to the intranuclear chromosome movements. Surprisingly, the chromosome movements (and those granules) are reversably blocked by colcemid (but not lumi-colcemid), and yet occur in the apparent absence of an intranuclear envelope. However, kinetochore movements in very early prometaphase are similar in velocity and other respects to prophase movements; later prometaphase movements are clearly slower, and those of anaphase very much slower still. -The prophase movements suggest a two component model for motion: a non-microtubule, linear force producer together withrotubules with a skeletal, orientational role. Arguably, both these components are also necessary for chromosome movements in prometaphase and anaphase.", "contents": "Prophase chromosome movements in living house cricket spermatocytes and their relationship to prometaphase, anaphase and granule movements. Chromosome and granule movements in meiotic prophase and prometaphase have been studied by time-lapse cinemicrography in live spermatocytes of the house cricket, Acheta domesticus. Chromosome movements in prophase cells, up to one hour or more before breakdown of the nuclear envelope, are described. These movements are frequent but saltatory; are based mostly at chromosome ends but also at kinetochores; occur in very intimate association with the inside of the nuclear envelope; are directed towards and away from the extranuclear centres (centrioles); tend weakly to accumulate bivalents round the two centres and reach a velocity of 0.65 micron/sec. Saltatory movements in granules associated with extranuclear asters are remarkably similar to basic characteristics to the intranuclear chromosome movements. Surprisingly, the chromosome movements (and those granules) are reversably blocked by colcemid (but not lumi-colcemid), and yet occur in the apparent absence of an intranuclear envelope. However, kinetochore movements in very early prometaphase are similar in velocity and other respects to prophase movements; later prometaphase movements are clearly slower, and those of anaphase very much slower still. -The prophase movements suggest a two component model for motion: a non-microtubule, linear force producer together withrotubules with a skeletal, orientational role. Arguably, both these components are also necessary for chromosome movements in prometaphase and anaphase.", "PMID": 1132283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11990", "title": "The submicroscopic structure of synthetically active units in a puff of drosophila hydei giant chromosomes.", "content": "Thin sections of nuclei of salivary glands of Drosophila hydei, treated in vitro with vitamin B-6 in the presence of either actinomycin D or 3'deoxyadenosine revealed the morphology of transcription units observed display a definite polarity with respect to the size of the RNP-particles attached to the deoxynucleoprotein matrix. The length of the longest unit observed was approximately 1.5 micronm, which corresponds well with the size of the RNA extracted from isolated puffs and with preliminary measurement of transcription units observed after speeading of the puffs according to the method of Miller and Beatty (1969).", "contents": "The submicroscopic structure of synthetically active units in a puff of drosophila hydei giant chromosomes. Thin sections of nuclei of salivary glands of Drosophila hydei, treated in vitro with vitamin B-6 in the presence of either actinomycin D or 3'deoxyadenosine revealed the morphology of transcription units observed display a definite polarity with respect to the size of the RNP-particles attached to the deoxynucleoprotein matrix. The length of the longest unit observed was approximately 1.5 micronm, which corresponds well with the size of the RNA extracted from isolated puffs and with preliminary measurement of transcription units observed after speeading of the puffs according to the method of Miller and Beatty (1969).", "PMID": 1132284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11991", "title": "Actinomycin D effects on mitosis and chromosomes: sticky chromatids and localized lesions.", "content": "When Indian muntjac and Chinese hamster cells in culture were treated with Actinomycin D (1 micron/ml) for 1-2 hours, the sister chromatids, especially the distal segments, appeared to have difficulty separating in anaphase. The separated proximal segments progressively became stretched. The nucleolus organizer regions seemed to be most susceptible to stretching, and breaks in these regions were frequently observed. Electron microscopic observations showed that the sticky chromatids (and less frequently sticky chromosomes) contain connecting submicroscopic chromosome strands. When the treated cells were allowed to grow in a drug-free medium for several days, a high frequency of endoreduplicated mitotic figures was found. Chromosome and chromatid breaks and other aberrations were common, mainly localized at G band negative areas particularly nucleolus organizer regions.", "contents": "Actinomycin D effects on mitosis and chromosomes: sticky chromatids and localized lesions. When Indian muntjac and Chinese hamster cells in culture were treated with Actinomycin D (1 micron/ml) for 1-2 hours, the sister chromatids, especially the distal segments, appeared to have difficulty separating in anaphase. The separated proximal segments progressively became stretched. The nucleolus organizer regions seemed to be most susceptible to stretching, and breaks in these regions were frequently observed. Electron microscopic observations showed that the sticky chromatids (and less frequently sticky chromosomes) contain connecting submicroscopic chromosome strands. When the treated cells were allowed to grow in a drug-free medium for several days, a high frequency of endoreduplicated mitotic figures was found. Chromosome and chromatid breaks and other aberrations were common, mainly localized at G band negative areas particularly nucleolus organizer regions.", "PMID": 1132285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11992", "title": "Differential replication of satellite DNA in polyploid tissues of Drosophila virilis.", "content": "Satellite DNA amounts were examined in adult tissues of Drosophila virilis, a species whose DNA contains three prominent satellites. Satellite amounts in DNA from six of the seven tissues were lower than in DNA from diploid (adult brain) tissue. Satellite amounts in adult ovary DNA, however, were equivalent to or greater than diploid levels. When DNA from pupal ovaries was examined, a 30% increase in satellite amounts over diploid levels was found. An RNA-DNA hybridization experiment showed that the ribosomal RNA genes in pupal ovary DNA were under-replicated relative to diploid DNA levels.", "contents": "Differential replication of satellite DNA in polyploid tissues of Drosophila virilis. Satellite DNA amounts were examined in adult tissues of Drosophila virilis, a species whose DNA contains three prominent satellites. Satellite amounts in DNA from six of the seven tissues were lower than in DNA from diploid (adult brain) tissue. Satellite amounts in adult ovary DNA, however, were equivalent to or greater than diploid levels. When DNA from pupal ovaries was examined, a 30% increase in satellite amounts over diploid levels was found. An RNA-DNA hybridization experiment showed that the ribosomal RNA genes in pupal ovary DNA were under-replicated relative to diploid DNA levels.", "PMID": 1132286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11993", "title": "The chromosomal distribution of balbiani ring dna in chironomus tentans.", "content": "RNA from Balbiani ring 2 (BR 2) of Chironomus tentans salivary gland cells was hybridized to polytene chromosomes of rectum cells, in which the Balbiani ring is not expressed. The distribution of the RNA:DNA hybrids was studied by autoradiography, using ultrathin emulsion to increase the resolution. The grains were estimated to cover 3-5 polytene chromosome bands, which indicates that  information expressed by transcription in BR 2 may be present in several adjoining chromomeres. From a comparison of grain numbers over BR 2 of salivary gland chromosomes and over the BR 2 region of rectum chromosomes, it appears unlikely that selective amplification of BR DNA in the salivary glands could explain the efficient hybridization seen in this tissue. The conclusion is advanced that BR 2 DNA contains nucleotide sequences which are extensively repeated within 3-5 transcription units.", "contents": "The chromosomal distribution of balbiani ring dna in chironomus tentans. RNA from Balbiani ring 2 (BR 2) of Chironomus tentans salivary gland cells was hybridized to polytene chromosomes of rectum cells, in which the Balbiani ring is not expressed. The distribution of the RNA:DNA hybrids was studied by autoradiography, using ultrathin emulsion to increase the resolution. The grains were estimated to cover 3-5 polytene chromosome bands, which indicates that  information expressed by transcription in BR 2 may be present in several adjoining chromomeres. From a comparison of grain numbers over BR 2 of salivary gland chromosomes and over the BR 2 region of rectum chromosomes, it appears unlikely that selective amplification of BR DNA in the salivary glands could explain the efficient hybridization seen in this tissue. The conclusion is advanced that BR 2 DNA contains nucleotide sequences which are extensively repeated within 3-5 transcription units.", "PMID": 1132287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11994", "title": "[Acro-osteolysis (acro-osteopathia ulcero-mutilans) in a worker exposed to vapours of synthetics (author's transl)].", "content": "The neuro-cutaneo-osseous syndrome of \"sporadic\" acrosteolysis (of Bureau-Barri\u00e8re), localized to the ends of the feet, has occasionally been seen in workers engaged in the polymerization of vinyl chloride, A case of the disease is described in a 42-year-old worker exposed to different vapours during the manufacture of plastic products, but he had never worked with vinyl chloride. Outstanding signs were dysproteinaemia, moderate thrombocytopenia, while symptoms of Raynaud's disease as well as scleroderma-like changes in hands and feet (typical of vinyl chloride disease) were absent. The onset of the osteolytic and ulcerative process corresponded to prolonged exposure to cold on the job. It is, therefore, assumed that there was concealed chronic intoxication with synthetic vapours which, in connection with cold exposure and other individual factors, may have aided in the manifestation of the disease. It is possible that under certain conditions synthetics other than vinyl chloride may contribute to the occurrence of sporadic cases of acro-osteolysis.", "contents": "[Acro-osteolysis (acro-osteopathia ulcero-mutilans) in a worker exposed to vapours of synthetics (author's transl)]. The neuro-cutaneo-osseous syndrome of \"sporadic\" acrosteolysis (of Bureau-Barri\u00e8re), localized to the ends of the feet, has occasionally been seen in workers engaged in the polymerization of vinyl chloride, A case of the disease is described in a 42-year-old worker exposed to different vapours during the manufacture of plastic products, but he had never worked with vinyl chloride. Outstanding signs were dysproteinaemia, moderate thrombocytopenia, while symptoms of Raynaud's disease as well as scleroderma-like changes in hands and feet (typical of vinyl chloride disease) were absent. The onset of the osteolytic and ulcerative process corresponded to prolonged exposure to cold on the job. It is, therefore, assumed that there was concealed chronic intoxication with synthetic vapours which, in connection with cold exposure and other individual factors, may have aided in the manifestation of the disease. It is possible that under certain conditions synthetics other than vinyl chloride may contribute to the occurrence of sporadic cases of acro-osteolysis.", "PMID": 1132314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11995", "title": "[Chromosome investigations in subjects with occupational lead exposure (author's transl)].", "content": "The lead content in blood, the excretion of delta-aminolaevulinic acid (ALA) in urine, and the ratio of secondary chromosomal aberrations in lymphocyte cultures were investigated in 105 workers with varying degrees of lead exposure. While the mean lead content was slightly increased (377 plus or minue 207 mug/l) the mean ALA excretion was normal (3,8 plus or minus 4.7 mg/g creatine). Chromosome investigations showed a slightly increased rate of cells with structural abnormalities (14,1 plus or minus 7.0%). Statistical evaluation of these data showed no significant correlation between the lead content in blood, ALA excretion in urine, and cytogenetic findings. No other reason for the increased rate of chromosomal aberrations could be detected.", "contents": "[Chromosome investigations in subjects with occupational lead exposure (author's transl)]. The lead content in blood, the excretion of delta-aminolaevulinic acid (ALA) in urine, and the ratio of secondary chromosomal aberrations in lymphocyte cultures were investigated in 105 workers with varying degrees of lead exposure. While the mean lead content was slightly increased (377 plus or minue 207 mug/l) the mean ALA excretion was normal (3,8 plus or minus 4.7 mg/g creatine). Chromosome investigations showed a slightly increased rate of cells with structural abnormalities (14,1 plus or minus 7.0%). Statistical evaluation of these data showed no significant correlation between the lead content in blood, ALA excretion in urine, and cytogenetic findings. No other reason for the increased rate of chromosomal aberrations could be detected.", "PMID": 1132315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11996", "title": "[Infusion of phenytoin concentrate in a child (author's transl)].", "content": "In a four-year-old boy receiving phenytoin for seizures, the phenytoin blood level after 1000 mg phenytoin given over 24 hours alternatively intravenously (600 mg) and intramuscularly (400 mg) was found to be 14.7 mu g/ml. After 12 hours of intravenous infusion of 750 mg phenytoin concentrate the concentration was 18.7 mug/ml. When 750 mg phenytoin were given over more than 18 hours the phenytoin blood level was only 7.4 mug/ml.", "contents": "[Infusion of phenytoin concentrate in a child (author's transl)]. In a four-year-old boy receiving phenytoin for seizures, the phenytoin blood level after 1000 mg phenytoin given over 24 hours alternatively intravenously (600 mg) and intramuscularly (400 mg) was found to be 14.7 mu g/ml. After 12 hours of intravenous infusion of 750 mg phenytoin concentrate the concentration was 18.7 mug/ml. When 750 mg phenytoin were given over more than 18 hours the phenytoin blood level was only 7.4 mug/ml.", "PMID": 1132316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11997", "title": "[Inhibition of pentagastrin-induced gastric-acid secretion by somatostatin in man (author's transl)].", "content": "The effect of somatostatin on pentagastrin-induced gastric-acid secretion was measured in three healthy volunteers and four patients with duodenal ulcer. Somatostatin (100, 200 and 400 mug/h) inhibited secretory volume and acid concentration simulated by pentagastrin infusion (2 mug/kg - h), the effect being dose-dependent. In the patients with duodenal ulcer somatostatin given as a bolus (50 mug) and by subsequent infusion (150 mug/h) reduced maximal acid output after subcutaneous injection of 2.0 mug/kg pentagastrin by 68-96%.", "contents": "[Inhibition of pentagastrin-induced gastric-acid secretion by somatostatin in man (author's transl)]. The effect of somatostatin on pentagastrin-induced gastric-acid secretion was measured in three healthy volunteers and four patients with duodenal ulcer. Somatostatin (100, 200 and 400 mug/h) inhibited secretory volume and acid concentration simulated by pentagastrin infusion (2 mug/kg - h), the effect being dose-dependent. In the patients with duodenal ulcer somatostatin given as a bolus (50 mug) and by subsequent infusion (150 mug/h) reduced maximal acid output after subcutaneous injection of 2.0 mug/kg pentagastrin by 68-96%.", "PMID": 1132317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11998", "title": "[Radioimmunological estimation of triiodothyronine in plasma. Diagnostic value in an area with endemic goitre (author's transl)].", "content": "In 896 patients from a low-iodine area the results of the radioimmununological triiodothyronine estimations in plasma were compared with the clinical and radioisotope findings of thyroid function. It was superior to the total thyroxine estimation (T4-test) in the differential diagnosis of hyperthyroidism. In euthyroid goitre the mean triiodothyronine concentration was significantly higher than in normal persons whereas the plasma thyroxine levels at the same time were significantly lower. Only in (primary) hypothyroidism is the triiodothyronine estimation diagnostically less important than the T4-test. In summary, the radioimmunochemical method permits a clearly more precise evaluation of thyroid function even in areas of endemic goitre.", "contents": "[Radioimmunological estimation of triiodothyronine in plasma. Diagnostic value in an area with endemic goitre (author's transl)]. In 896 patients from a low-iodine area the results of the radioimmununological triiodothyronine estimations in plasma were compared with the clinical and radioisotope findings of thyroid function. It was superior to the total thyroxine estimation (T4-test) in the differential diagnosis of hyperthyroidism. In euthyroid goitre the mean triiodothyronine concentration was significantly higher than in normal persons whereas the plasma thyroxine levels at the same time were significantly lower. Only in (primary) hypothyroidism is the triiodothyronine estimation diagnostically less important than the T4-test. In summary, the radioimmunochemical method permits a clearly more precise evaluation of thyroid function even in areas of endemic goitre.", "PMID": 1132323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_11999", "title": "[Immunoblastic adenopathy: clinical features, treatment and prognosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Clinical features, response to treatment and prognosis of 50 cases of immunoblastic lymph-adenopathy are reviewed. Most of the patients presented with generalized lymphadenopathy, hepatomegaly and/or splenomegaly, and fever. Hyperergic reactions such as pruritus, skin rash or eosinophilia were frequent. Erythrocytic sedimentation rate was increased by differing amounts. In some cases there was a polyclonal increase in immunoglobulins, while in others there was a reduction. Proven hypersensitivity to a wide spectrum of drugs was present in nine cases. Prognosis is uncertain: almost half of the patients died within one to forty-two months, some perhaps as a result of massive chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy. Best management probably is symptomatic treatment alone or with small doses of corticoids or immunosuppressives,  supplemented by antibiotics. It is concluded that immunoblastic lymphadenopathy represents a hyperimmune reaction and is not, despite the high death-rate, a true malignant lymphoma.", "contents": "[Immunoblastic adenopathy: clinical features, treatment and prognosis (author's transl)]. Clinical features, response to treatment and prognosis of 50 cases of immunoblastic lymph-adenopathy are reviewed. Most of the patients presented with generalized lymphadenopathy, hepatomegaly and/or splenomegaly, and fever. Hyperergic reactions such as pruritus, skin rash or eosinophilia were frequent. Erythrocytic sedimentation rate was increased by differing amounts. In some cases there was a polyclonal increase in immunoglobulins, while in others there was a reduction. Proven hypersensitivity to a wide spectrum of drugs was present in nine cases. Prognosis is uncertain: almost half of the patients died within one to forty-two months, some perhaps as a result of massive chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy. Best management probably is symptomatic treatment alone or with small doses of corticoids or immunosuppressives,  supplemented by antibiotics. It is concluded that immunoblastic lymphadenopathy represents a hyperimmune reaction and is not, despite the high death-rate, a true malignant lymphoma.", "PMID": 1132324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12000", "title": "[Inhalation acetylcholine test in chronic non-specific disease of the respiratory tract (author's transl)].", "content": "Inhalation tests with 0.5% and 1% acetylcholine chloride wereperformed 374 times in 220 patients with chronic and non-specific respiratory disease and46 control subjects.  This simple method, developed by the author, is based on spirographic registration of lungs functions before and after acetylcholine-aerosol inhalation. One hundred and thirty patients with chronic asthma-type bronchitis or intrinsic asthmaand 51 with allergic bronchial asthma had much higher incidence of positive tests [118, i.e. 43%; P less than 0.001] than the group with chronic bronchitis ]5 of 39]or the control group [3 of 46].  There was no significant difference between the lasttwo groups [ 0.5 greater than P less than 0.1].  The inhalation acetylcholine testfacilitates the differential diagnosis of asthmatic syndromes from chronic bronchitis.  Ifthe test is positive this suggests an increased bronchomotor reactivity or a non-specificbronchial irritation", "contents": "[Inhalation acetylcholine test in chronic non-specific disease of the respiratory tract (author's transl)]. Inhalation tests with 0.5% and 1% acetylcholine chloride wereperformed 374 times in 220 patients with chronic and non-specific respiratory disease and46 control subjects.  This simple method, developed by the author, is based on spirographic registration of lungs functions before and after acetylcholine-aerosol inhalation. One hundred and thirty patients with chronic asthma-type bronchitis or intrinsic asthmaand 51 with allergic bronchial asthma had much higher incidence of positive tests [118, i.e. 43%; P less than 0.001] than the group with chronic bronchitis ]5 of 39]or the control group [3 of 46].  There was no significant difference between the lasttwo groups [ 0.5 greater than P less than 0.1].  The inhalation acetylcholine testfacilitates the differential diagnosis of asthmatic syndromes from chronic bronchitis.  Ifthe test is positive this suggests an increased bronchomotor reactivity or a non-specificbronchial irritation", "PMID": 1132325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12001", "title": "[Alcohol and malabsorption in the pathogenesis of peripheral and central nerve damage (author's transl)].", "content": "Xylose absorption was measured, within ten days of being admitted to hospital, in 54 alcoholics with neurological abnormalities. Small-intestine malabsorption was demonstrated in 19. Classified according to the customary clinical diagnoses, 16 of 49 with alcohol polyneuropathy had abnormal values, with no correlation to nerve conduction velocity. There was also no difference among 14 in predelirium and eight in delirium. However, all four patients with Wernicke's encephalopathy had a malabsorption syndrome. These results are similar, also quantitatively, to those reported in the literature in alcoholics without neurological signs. Alcohol may be involved in the pathogenesis of alcoholic polyneuropathy both as a toxic factor and also via nutritional deficiency.", "contents": "[Alcohol and malabsorption in the pathogenesis of peripheral and central nerve damage (author's transl)]. Xylose absorption was measured, within ten days of being admitted to hospital, in 54 alcoholics with neurological abnormalities. Small-intestine malabsorption was demonstrated in 19. Classified according to the customary clinical diagnoses, 16 of 49 with alcohol polyneuropathy had abnormal values, with no correlation to nerve conduction velocity. There was also no difference among 14 in predelirium and eight in delirium. However, all four patients with Wernicke's encephalopathy had a malabsorption syndrome. These results are similar, also quantitatively, to those reported in the literature in alcoholics without neurological signs. Alcohol may be involved in the pathogenesis of alcoholic polyneuropathy both as a toxic factor and also via nutritional deficiency.", "PMID": 1132326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12002", "title": "[Correction of T wave-induced pacemaker bradycardia by quinidine (author's transl)].", "content": "Intermittent pacemaker bradycardia (down to 46 and 52/min, respectively) occurred in two patients with a demand pacemaker (Variopacemaker Elema-Schonander EM 169 B with unipolar endocardial electrode EMT 288B/62). The cause was a disorder of pacemaker function by an increased or especially steeply rising T wave which, outside the refractory period of the pacemaker, was mistakenly sensed as an R wave. The rapid rise was in some additional way caused by the P wave falling onto the T wave. Quinidine bisulphate changed the shape of the T wave, and pacemaker function returned to normal. The results were confirmed by a return of the disturbance when quinidine was discontinued.", "contents": "[Correction of T wave-induced pacemaker bradycardia by quinidine (author's transl)]. Intermittent pacemaker bradycardia (down to 46 and 52/min, respectively) occurred in two patients with a demand pacemaker (Variopacemaker Elema-Schonander EM 169 B with unipolar endocardial electrode EMT 288B/62). The cause was a disorder of pacemaker function by an increased or especially steeply rising T wave which, outside the refractory period of the pacemaker, was mistakenly sensed as an R wave. The rapid rise was in some additional way caused by the P wave falling onto the T wave. Quinidine bisulphate changed the shape of the T wave, and pacemaker function returned to normal. The results were confirmed by a return of the disturbance when quinidine was discontinued.", "PMID": 1132327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12003", "title": "[Bleeding in haemophilia during massive treatment with anti-haemophilic globulin (author's transl)].", "content": "After a traffic accident, causing intracranial haemorrhage in a 15-year-old boy with moderately severe haemophilia A, severe bleeding sequelae could not be prevented despite satisfactory substitution with lyophilized antihaemophilic globulin. The bleeding was probably due to a platelet abnormality and not due to an inhibitor. The bleedings were brought under control by freshly prepared cryoprecipitate of the patient's own blood group.", "contents": "[Bleeding in haemophilia during massive treatment with anti-haemophilic globulin (author's transl)]. After a traffic accident, causing intracranial haemorrhage in a 15-year-old boy with moderately severe haemophilia A, severe bleeding sequelae could not be prevented despite satisfactory substitution with lyophilized antihaemophilic globulin. The bleeding was probably due to a platelet abnormality and not due to an inhibitor. The bleedings were brought under control by freshly prepared cryoprecipitate of the patient's own blood group.", "PMID": 1132328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12004", "title": "[Treatment and prognosis of intrathoracic Hodgkin's disease (author's transl)].", "content": "Of 220 patients with Hodgkin's disease 117 (53%) who also had mediastinal and hilar lymph-node involvement were followed between 1958 and 1971. In 13 (11%) intrathoracic involvement was the first manifestation of the tumour. In 73 patients it was in stage I or II (Rye) at time of diagnosis. Treatment consisted of irradiation and/or multiple chemotherapy. Altogether 45% survived five years and 27% ten years. However, there was no patient who was free of recurrence after ten years, i.e. none can be considered as potentially cured.", "contents": "[Treatment and prognosis of intrathoracic Hodgkin's disease (author's transl)]. Of 220 patients with Hodgkin's disease 117 (53%) who also had mediastinal and hilar lymph-node involvement were followed between 1958 and 1971. In 13 (11%) intrathoracic involvement was the first manifestation of the tumour. In 73 patients it was in stage I or II (Rye) at time of diagnosis. Treatment consisted of irradiation and/or multiple chemotherapy. Altogether 45% survived five years and 27% ten years. However, there was no patient who was free of recurrence after ten years, i.e. none can be considered as potentially cured.", "PMID": 1132336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12005", "title": "[Pulmonary embolism: indication for and results of embolectomy under cardio-pulmonary bypass (author's transl)].", "content": "Pulmonary embolectomy under cardio-pulmonary bypass was performed in five patients with massive embolism. Two survived and were ultimately discharged; two died after 40 and 101 days, respectively, of the underlying disease; one patient--operated on under a mistaken diagnosis--was maintained under assisted circulation but died after four days of the underlying disease (cardiac failure). Indications for pulmonary embolectomy under cardiopulmonary bypass should be widened, as it is the only life-saving measure in most cases. After moderately severe pulmonary embolism (lobar embolism) indications for surgical intervention must be individualised from case to case.", "contents": "[Pulmonary embolism: indication for and results of embolectomy under cardio-pulmonary bypass (author's transl)]. Pulmonary embolectomy under cardio-pulmonary bypass was performed in five patients with massive embolism. Two survived and were ultimately discharged; two died after 40 and 101 days, respectively, of the underlying disease; one patient--operated on under a mistaken diagnosis--was maintained under assisted circulation but died after four days of the underlying disease (cardiac failure). Indications for pulmonary embolectomy under cardiopulmonary bypass should be widened, as it is the only life-saving measure in most cases. After moderately severe pulmonary embolism (lobar embolism) indications for surgical intervention must be individualised from case to case.", "PMID": 1132337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12006", "title": "[The diagnosis of gall-stones by ultrasonics (author's transl)].", "content": "Ultrasonic and radiological tests were compared in 267 patients suspected of having gall-stones. Radiological diagnosis was not possible in 20, because of lack of opacification, while in nine a gall-bladder was not demonstrable by ultrasound. In 226 the two tests coincided (positively or negatively), with 21 negative cholecystograms being interpreted as proof of stone. Seven of twelve discordant results were proven at operation: in three the ultrasonic, in four the radiological diagnosis was confirmed. Because of its accuracy, simplicity and absence of any risk ultrasonics is recommended as the first test to be performed if cholelithiasis is suspected.", "contents": "[The diagnosis of gall-stones by ultrasonics (author's transl)]. Ultrasonic and radiological tests were compared in 267 patients suspected of having gall-stones. Radiological diagnosis was not possible in 20, because of lack of opacification, while in nine a gall-bladder was not demonstrable by ultrasound. In 226 the two tests coincided (positively or negatively), with 21 negative cholecystograms being interpreted as proof of stone. Seven of twelve discordant results were proven at operation: in three the ultrasonic, in four the radiological diagnosis was confirmed. Because of its accuracy, simplicity and absence of any risk ultrasonics is recommended as the first test to be performed if cholelithiasis is suspected.", "PMID": 1132346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12007", "title": "[Phenacetin and renal damage: a follow-up study (author's transl)].", "content": "Forty-five persons, known between 1962 and 1965 to have taken phenacetin-containing analgesics in large amounts but having normal renal function without urinary infection, were re-examined in 1973. Eleven had died in the meantime, two in renal failure. Of the remaining 34 all but three had normal renal function, although some of them had continued to take large amounts of phenacetin-containing drugs. The results confirm the view that morbidity and mortality of long-standing phenacetin abuse is probably very low.", "contents": "[Phenacetin and renal damage: a follow-up study (author's transl)]. Forty-five persons, known between 1962 and 1965 to have taken phenacetin-containing analgesics in large amounts but having normal renal function without urinary infection, were re-examined in 1973. Eleven had died in the meantime, two in renal failure. Of the remaining 34 all but three had normal renal function, although some of them had continued to take large amounts of phenacetin-containing drugs. The results confirm the view that morbidity and mortality of long-standing phenacetin abuse is probably very low.", "PMID": 1132356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12008", "title": "[Respiratory functions in parkinsonian patients with predominant akinesia during treatment with decarboxylase-blocked L-dopa (author's transl)].", "content": "The effect of decarboxylase (DC)-blocked L-dopa (proportion of 4: 1) on respiratory function was tested by spirometry in 30 patients with Parkinson's disease. It was possible to improve restrictive ventilatory abnormalities of extra-pulmonary origin (weakness of respiratory musculature). Vital capacity (VC) increased by 0.21 litre. Thisincrease was due to a raised inspiratory capacity and thus an increase in the active part of ventilation. Forced expiration volume (FEV1) was improved by 0.32 litre, FEV1/VC remaining unchanged, which demonstrates that the restrictive ventilatory abnormality was affected. Inspiratory volume (VT) and minute volume at constant respiratory rate increased by 0.07 and 1.171, respectively. These results must be interpreted with caution, but they suggest a raised metabolic level with regained mobility during treatment. All quoted results, except those of respiratory rate and minute volume, were statistically significant (2 mu equals 0.01).", "contents": "[Respiratory functions in parkinsonian patients with predominant akinesia during treatment with decarboxylase-blocked L-dopa (author's transl)]. The effect of decarboxylase (DC)-blocked L-dopa (proportion of 4: 1) on respiratory function was tested by spirometry in 30 patients with Parkinson's disease. It was possible to improve restrictive ventilatory abnormalities of extra-pulmonary origin (weakness of respiratory musculature). Vital capacity (VC) increased by 0.21 litre. Thisincrease was due to a raised inspiratory capacity and thus an increase in the active part of ventilation. Forced expiration volume (FEV1) was improved by 0.32 litre, FEV1/VC remaining unchanged, which demonstrates that the restrictive ventilatory abnormality was affected. Inspiratory volume (VT) and minute volume at constant respiratory rate increased by 0.07 and 1.171, respectively. These results must be interpreted with caution, but they suggest a raised metabolic level with regained mobility during treatment. All quoted results, except those of respiratory rate and minute volume, were statistically significant (2 mu equals 0.01).", "PMID": 1132357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12009", "title": "[The place of isotope scanning in the diagnosis of pancreatic diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "259 isotope scans of the pancreas, done between 1966 and 1973, were analysed. In 62 cases the results of operation or necropsy findings were also available. In 43 of these 62 patients the scans could be diagnostically evaluated, the others being \"negative\". Among the 43, agreement with operative or necroptic findings existed in 35. All the malignant pancreatic tumours diagnosed by scanning were no longer operable. The place of isotope scanning is seen in general pancreatic diagnosis, especially on careful combination with clinical, special radiological and biochemical studies.", "contents": "[The place of isotope scanning in the diagnosis of pancreatic diseases (author's transl)]. 259 isotope scans of the pancreas, done between 1966 and 1973, were analysed. In 62 cases the results of operation or necropsy findings were also available. In 43 of these 62 patients the scans could be diagnostically evaluated, the others being \"negative\". Among the 43, agreement with operative or necroptic findings existed in 35. All the malignant pancreatic tumours diagnosed by scanning were no longer operable. The place of isotope scanning is seen in general pancreatic diagnosis, especially on careful combination with clinical, special radiological and biochemical studies.", "PMID": 1132358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12010", "title": "[Doppler measurement of arterial pressure for assessing therapeutic measures after arterial occlusion (author's transl)].", "content": "Arterial pressure differences between arm and foot arteries can be easily measured by the Doppler method and in this way the gradient across an arterial occlusion of the lower limbs approximately quantified. An increase in gradient after induced ischemia is inversely proportional to its compensation. Pre- and postoperative measurements on 51 limbs demonstrated that functional results of arterial reconstruction can be thus assessed and their further course objectified.", "contents": "[Doppler measurement of arterial pressure for assessing therapeutic measures after arterial occlusion (author's transl)]. Arterial pressure differences between arm and foot arteries can be easily measured by the Doppler method and in this way the gradient across an arterial occlusion of the lower limbs approximately quantified. An increase in gradient after induced ischemia is inversely proportional to its compensation. Pre- and postoperative measurements on 51 limbs demonstrated that functional results of arterial reconstruction can be thus assessed and their further course objectified.", "PMID": 1132359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12011", "title": "[Early diagnosis of carcinoma of the Fallopian tube by cervical smear (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of primary carcinoma of the Fallopian tube was discovered on routine mass screening of cervical smears. There were no symptoms and gynaecological findings were unremarkable. Atypical glandular epithelia in the smear may not, therefore, be adenocarcinoma of the cervix or body of the uterus, but could also be from an extrauterine carcinoma, especially if cervical scrapings are negative.", "contents": "[Early diagnosis of carcinoma of the Fallopian tube by cervical smear (author's transl)]. A case of primary carcinoma of the Fallopian tube was discovered on routine mass screening of cervical smears. There were no symptoms and gynaecological findings were unremarkable. Atypical glandular epithelia in the smear may not, therefore, be adenocarcinoma of the cervix or body of the uterus, but could also be from an extrauterine carcinoma, especially if cervical scrapings are negative.", "PMID": 1132360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12012", "title": "[Dipropylacetamide in the treatment of manic-depressive psychosis].", "content": "Dipropylacetamide, which was first used as a treatment of epilepsy, turned out to be also a normalizing agent of the periodic avolution of manic-depressive psychosis. The therapeutic action of dipropylacetamide has several effects: 1) total suppression of the fits; 2) reduced intensity of these fits; 3) increasing lapse of time between two fits; 4) greatest response to anti-depressants and neuroleptics which can be prescribed in much smaller doses. More manic than depressive states respond to dipropylacetamide. The average doses are about 900 mg or so. Cautiousness if advisable at the beginning of the treatment on account of the use of sedatives; but the treatment is extremely well received and accepted by the patients during periods of several years without the requirement of biological controls. Associating lithium with dipropylacetamide often yields remarkable results.", "contents": "[Dipropylacetamide in the treatment of manic-depressive psychosis]. Dipropylacetamide, which was first used as a treatment of epilepsy, turned out to be also a normalizing agent of the periodic avolution of manic-depressive psychosis. The therapeutic action of dipropylacetamide has several effects: 1) total suppression of the fits; 2) reduced intensity of these fits; 3) increasing lapse of time between two fits; 4) greatest response to anti-depressants and neuroleptics which can be prescribed in much smaller doses. More manic than depressive states respond to dipropylacetamide. The average doses are about 900 mg or so. Cautiousness if advisable at the beginning of the treatment on account of the use of sedatives; but the treatment is extremely well received and accepted by the patients during periods of several years without the requirement of biological controls. Associating lithium with dipropylacetamide often yields remarkable results.", "PMID": 1132367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12013", "title": "[Pharmacopsychoses during drug addiction].", "content": "Widespread use of certain drugs (amphetamines, L.S.D., hypnotics) in France, allowed us to observe more than 200 cases of acute or chronic psychoses among addicts. Sometimes these are transitory outburst but the occurrence of a delusional psychosis with long range evolution raises a difficult diagnosis problem in relation to functional psychoses. The emphasis should be put on respective roles of the drug and of a predisposed mental state. Circumstances of beginning, apparently direct relationship between drug taking and pathological symptoms, therapy efficiency, absence of earlier pathological traits (as in many of our patients) and relapse when intoxication starts again, are in favour of a pharmacological origin of the troubles.", "contents": "[Pharmacopsychoses during drug addiction]. Widespread use of certain drugs (amphetamines, L.S.D., hypnotics) in France, allowed us to observe more than 200 cases of acute or chronic psychoses among addicts. Sometimes these are transitory outburst but the occurrence of a delusional psychosis with long range evolution raises a difficult diagnosis problem in relation to functional psychoses. The emphasis should be put on respective roles of the drug and of a predisposed mental state. Circumstances of beginning, apparently direct relationship between drug taking and pathological symptoms, therapy efficiency, absence of earlier pathological traits (as in many of our patients) and relapse when intoxication starts again, are in favour of a pharmacological origin of the troubles.", "PMID": 1132368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12014", "title": "[Anxiety-trait, anxiety-state, real change, apparent change].", "content": "After reviewing the different techniques assessing state-axniety, the authors emphasize the difficulties to distinguish state from trait on the sole basis of factorial content. Results obtained on different samples (mental patients, surgical patients and normal subjects)through two new anxiety self-rating scales (trait and state) are presented. On the basis of these results, the authors show the usefulness of the score indicating the discrepancy between trait and state levels. It appear that the direction (positive or negative) of the difference between trait and state levels gives a better evaluation of the actual state than the state score alone. The results imply the utilization of both self-rating scales (trait and state) in order to obtain the optimal assessment of the state.", "contents": "[Anxiety-trait, anxiety-state, real change, apparent change]. After reviewing the different techniques assessing state-axniety, the authors emphasize the difficulties to distinguish state from trait on the sole basis of factorial content. Results obtained on different samples (mental patients, surgical patients and normal subjects)through two new anxiety self-rating scales (trait and state) are presented. On the basis of these results, the authors show the usefulness of the score indicating the discrepancy between trait and state levels. It appear that the direction (positive or negative) of the difference between trait and state levels gives a better evaluation of the actual state than the state score alone. The results imply the utilization of both self-rating scales (trait and state) in order to obtain the optimal assessment of the state.", "PMID": 1132369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12015", "title": "A study of the N2O5-SO2-O3 reaction system.", "content": "Infrared spectroscopy was used to follow the rates of the chemical changes in gaseous N(2)O(5)-SO(2) and N(2)O(5)-SO(2)-O(3) mixtures. Several results of interest to atmospheric scientists were obtained. (I) SO(3) was not a detectable product of these reaction systems, and no significant SO(2) removal occurred. From the kinetic treatment of these results, estimates were derived for the upper limits of the rate constants of the reactions 1 and 2: NO(3) + SO(2) leads to NO(2) + SO(3) (1); N2O5 +SO2 leads to N(2)O(4) + SO(3) (2); k(1) less than or equal to 4.2 1. mole-minus 1sec-minus 1; k(2) less than or equal to 2.5 x 10-minus 2 1. mole-minus1sec-minus 1 at 30 degrees C. These data suggest that reactions 1 and 2 are not important removal paths for SO(2) in the sunlight irradiated, NO(x)hydrocarbon polluted atmospheres. (II) The near ultraviolet absorption spectrum of pure N(2)O(5) has been determined. From these results and estimates of the actinic irradiance, it was shown that the rate of photochemical decomposition of N(2)O(5) by the absorption of solar light in the urban atmosphere is an unimportant factor among the reactions which establish the N(2)O(5) and NO(3) concentrations. (III) It has been observed that gaseous SO(3) and NO(2) react rapidly to form a relatively nonvolatile white solid. Preliminary data suggest a 1:1 mole ratio for this adduct. The significance, if any, of this and related compounds in urban aerosol formation must be evaluated.", "contents": "A study of the N2O5-SO2-O3 reaction system. Infrared spectroscopy was used to follow the rates of the chemical changes in gaseous N(2)O(5)-SO(2) and N(2)O(5)-SO(2)-O(3) mixtures. Several results of interest to atmospheric scientists were obtained. (I) SO(3) was not a detectable product of these reaction systems, and no significant SO(2) removal occurred. From the kinetic treatment of these results, estimates were derived for the upper limits of the rate constants of the reactions 1 and 2: NO(3) + SO(2) leads to NO(2) + SO(3) (1); N2O5 +SO2 leads to N(2)O(4) + SO(3) (2); k(1) less than or equal to 4.2 1. mole-minus 1sec-minus 1; k(2) less than or equal to 2.5 x 10-minus 2 1. mole-minus1sec-minus 1 at 30 degrees C. These data suggest that reactions 1 and 2 are not important removal paths for SO(2) in the sunlight irradiated, NO(x)hydrocarbon polluted atmospheres. (II) The near ultraviolet absorption spectrum of pure N(2)O(5) has been determined. From these results and estimates of the actinic irradiance, it was shown that the rate of photochemical decomposition of N(2)O(5) by the absorption of solar light in the urban atmosphere is an unimportant factor among the reactions which establish the N(2)O(5) and NO(3) concentrations. (III) It has been observed that gaseous SO(3) and NO(2) react rapidly to form a relatively nonvolatile white solid. Preliminary data suggest a 1:1 mole ratio for this adduct. The significance, if any, of this and related compounds in urban aerosol formation must be evaluated.", "PMID": 1132385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12016", "title": "Prevention of sewage pollution by stabilization ponds.", "content": "Water is polluted when it constitutes a health hazard or when its usefulness is impaired. The major sources of water pollution are municipal, manufacturing, mining, steam, electric power, cooling and agricultural. Municipal or sewage pollution forms a greater part of the man's activity and it is the immediate need of even smaller communities of today to combat sewage pollution. It is needless to stress that if an economic balance of the many varied services which a stream or a body of water is called upon to render is balanced and taken into consideration one could think of ending up in a wise management programme. In order to eliminate the existing water pollutional levels of the natural water one has to think of preventive and treatment methods. Of the various conventional and non-conventional methods of sewage treatment known today, in India, where the economic problems are complex, the waste stabilization ponds have become popular over the last two decades to let Public Health Engineers use them with confidence as a simple and reliable means of treatment of sewage and certain industrial wastes, at a fraction of the cost of conventional waste treatment plants used hitherto. A waste stabilization pond makes use of natural purification processes involved in an ecosystem through the regulating of such processes. The term \"waste stabilization pond\" in its simplest form is applied to a body of water, artificial or natural, employed with the intention of retaining sewage or organic waste waters until the wastes are rendered stable and inoffensive for discharge into receiving waters or on land, through physical, chemical and biological processes commonly referred to as \"self-purification\" and involving the symbiotic action of algae and bacteria under the influence of sunlight and air. Organic matter contained in the waste is stabilized and converted in the pond into more stable matter in the form of algal cells which find their way into the effluent and hence the term \"stabilization pond\".", "contents": "Prevention of sewage pollution by stabilization ponds. Water is polluted when it constitutes a health hazard or when its usefulness is impaired. The major sources of water pollution are municipal, manufacturing, mining, steam, electric power, cooling and agricultural. Municipal or sewage pollution forms a greater part of the man's activity and it is the immediate need of even smaller communities of today to combat sewage pollution. It is needless to stress that if an economic balance of the many varied services which a stream or a body of water is called upon to render is balanced and taken into consideration one could think of ending up in a wise management programme. In order to eliminate the existing water pollutional levels of the natural water one has to think of preventive and treatment methods. Of the various conventional and non-conventional methods of sewage treatment known today, in India, where the economic problems are complex, the waste stabilization ponds have become popular over the last two decades to let Public Health Engineers use them with confidence as a simple and reliable means of treatment of sewage and certain industrial wastes, at a fraction of the cost of conventional waste treatment plants used hitherto. A waste stabilization pond makes use of natural purification processes involved in an ecosystem through the regulating of such processes. The term \"waste stabilization pond\" in its simplest form is applied to a body of water, artificial or natural, employed with the intention of retaining sewage or organic waste waters until the wastes are rendered stable and inoffensive for discharge into receiving waters or on land, through physical, chemical and biological processes commonly referred to as \"self-purification\" and involving the symbiotic action of algae and bacteria under the influence of sunlight and air. Organic matter contained in the waste is stabilized and converted in the pond into more stable matter in the form of algal cells which find their way into the effluent and hence the term \"stabilization pond\".", "PMID": 1132387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12017", "title": "Emission control of gas effluents from geothermal power plants.", "content": "Geothermal steam at the world's five largest power plants contains from 0.15 to 30% noncondensable gases including CO(2), H(2)S, H(2), CH(4), N(2), H(3)BO(3), and NH(3). At four of the plants the gases are first separated from the steam and then discharged to the environment; at the fifth, the noncondensables exhaust directly to the atmosphere along with spent steam. Some CO(2) and sulfur emission rates rival those from fossil-fueled plants on a per megawatt-day basis. The ammonia and boron effluents can interfere with animal and plant life. The effects of sulfur (which emerges as H(2)S but may oxidize to SO(2)) on either ambient air quality or longterm human health are largely unknown. Most geothermal turbines are equipped with direct contact condensers which complicate emission control because they provide two or more pathways for the effluents to reach the environment. Use of direct contact condensers could permit efficient emission control if coupled to processes that produce saleable quantities of purified carbon dioxide and elemental sulfur.", "contents": "Emission control of gas effluents from geothermal power plants. Geothermal steam at the world's five largest power plants contains from 0.15 to 30% noncondensable gases including CO(2), H(2)S, H(2), CH(4), N(2), H(3)BO(3), and NH(3). At four of the plants the gases are first separated from the steam and then discharged to the environment; at the fifth, the noncondensables exhaust directly to the atmosphere along with spent steam. Some CO(2) and sulfur emission rates rival those from fossil-fueled plants on a per megawatt-day basis. The ammonia and boron effluents can interfere with animal and plant life. The effects of sulfur (which emerges as H(2)S but may oxidize to SO(2)) on either ambient air quality or longterm human health are largely unknown. Most geothermal turbines are equipped with direct contact condensers which complicate emission control because they provide two or more pathways for the effluents to reach the environment. Use of direct contact condensers could permit efficient emission control if coupled to processes that produce saleable quantities of purified carbon dioxide and elemental sulfur.", "PMID": 1132388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12018", "title": "The occurrence of mercury in amphibia.", "content": "Studies have been made of the distribution of mercury and its occurrence as methylmercury in the organs of amphibia collected from different sites mainly in Slovenia, Yugoslavia, including the area around the mercury mine at Idrija. Liver accumulates the highest amounts of mercury, up to 2 ppm in apparent background areas, with values up to 0.5 ppm in muscle, where virtually all mercury is present in the methyl form. Results are reported for some other trace elements in liver. Amphibia may provide useful monitors of the occurrence and spread of mercury contamination.", "contents": "The occurrence of mercury in amphibia. Studies have been made of the distribution of mercury and its occurrence as methylmercury in the organs of amphibia collected from different sites mainly in Slovenia, Yugoslavia, including the area around the mercury mine at Idrija. Liver accumulates the highest amounts of mercury, up to 2 ppm in apparent background areas, with values up to 0.5 ppm in muscle, where virtually all mercury is present in the methyl form. Results are reported for some other trace elements in liver. Amphibia may provide useful monitors of the occurrence and spread of mercury contamination.", "PMID": 1132389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12019", "title": "Lead levels in human deciduous teeth in Tennessee.", "content": "Deciduous teeth were analyzed by atomic absorption spectroscopy for lead content to ascertain the extent of lead exposure in certain areas in Tennessee. The data were analyzed to clarify the relationships between tooth lead content and race, sex, age, tooth type, economic status, and place of residence. Results indicated that blacks had slightly higher lead concentrations than whites; however, the age and sex of the person or the type of tooth analyzed had little effect upon the lead content. The major factors were shown to be economic status and, indirectly, place of residence.", "contents": "Lead levels in human deciduous teeth in Tennessee. Deciduous teeth were analyzed by atomic absorption spectroscopy for lead content to ascertain the extent of lead exposure in certain areas in Tennessee. The data were analyzed to clarify the relationships between tooth lead content and race, sex, age, tooth type, economic status, and place of residence. Results indicated that blacks had slightly higher lead concentrations than whites; however, the age and sex of the person or the type of tooth analyzed had little effect upon the lead content. The major factors were shown to be economic status and, indirectly, place of residence.", "PMID": 1132390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12020", "title": "Properties of enzymes. II. Comparative study of superoxide dismutase activity in rat tissues.", "content": "Consideration and comparison of specific superoxide dismutase activities shows that--of the values calculated for the same wet weight--the superoxide dismutase activity of the liver is more than twice that of the other tissues. This indicates the important metabolism-directing role of the liver. The large amount of superoxide dismutase (even the tissular superoxide dismutase alone) protects the tissues from the effects of the O(2)-radical, and the function of the superoxide dismutase probably opposing the cytochrome P-450 may be important as regards the hydroxylase effect.", "contents": "Properties of enzymes. II. Comparative study of superoxide dismutase activity in rat tissues. Consideration and comparison of specific superoxide dismutase activities shows that--of the values calculated for the same wet weight--the superoxide dismutase activity of the liver is more than twice that of the other tissues. This indicates the important metabolism-directing role of the liver. The large amount of superoxide dismutase (even the tissular superoxide dismutase alone) protects the tissues from the effects of the O(2)-radical, and the function of the superoxide dismutase probably opposing the cytochrome P-450 may be important as regards the hydroxylase effect.", "PMID": 1132391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12021", "title": "Evidence for the placental origin of hyaluronidase in the maternal circulation.", "content": "The level of maternal serum hyaluronidase activity was shown to rise during pregnancy. Investigation of non-pregnant females did not demonstrate hormonal control of enzyme activity. The findings of a quantitative increase in serum hyaluronidase activity during pregnancy is presented in conjunction with previous evidence of a qualitative change in this enzyme as evidence for a placental origin of the increased activity demonstrated.", "contents": "Evidence for the placental origin of hyaluronidase in the maternal circulation. The level of maternal serum hyaluronidase activity was shown to rise during pregnancy. Investigation of non-pregnant females did not demonstrate hormonal control of enzyme activity. The findings of a quantitative increase in serum hyaluronidase activity during pregnancy is presented in conjunction with previous evidence of a qualitative change in this enzyme as evidence for a placental origin of the increased activity demonstrated.", "PMID": 1132392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12022", "title": "Changes in enzyme and metabolite content of effluent perfusate during preservation of dog kidneys by Collins' method.", "content": "Enzyme and metabolite content of effuent perfusate has been investigated. One kidney was removed from dogs and preserved by Collin's method. The animals were then bled to a mean arterial blood pressure of 5.26 KPa (40 mm Hg) and maintained at this pressure for 60 min after which the other kidney was removed and preserved in a similar way. 10-ml samples of effluent perfusate were taken immediately, and after 30 min, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 24, 48 and 72 h. Acid phosphatase, arylsulphatase \"A\", ss-glucuronidase, LDH, leucin-aminopeptidase, lactic acid and pyruvic acid were determined by fluorometric methods. It was found that the activity of the enzymes rose parallel with the duration of preservation, the rise was especially great at 48 and 72 h. Activity of LDH and arylsulphatase \"A\" was significantly higher even at the beginning of preservation in the group of kidneys exposed in vivo to hypotension. This significant difference was present at 24, 48 und 72 h in the activity of all enzymes.", "contents": "Changes in enzyme and metabolite content of effluent perfusate during preservation of dog kidneys by Collins' method. Enzyme and metabolite content of effuent perfusate has been investigated. One kidney was removed from dogs and preserved by Collin's method. The animals were then bled to a mean arterial blood pressure of 5.26 KPa (40 mm Hg) and maintained at this pressure for 60 min after which the other kidney was removed and preserved in a similar way. 10-ml samples of effluent perfusate were taken immediately, and after 30 min, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 24, 48 and 72 h. Acid phosphatase, arylsulphatase \"A\", ss-glucuronidase, LDH, leucin-aminopeptidase, lactic acid and pyruvic acid were determined by fluorometric methods. It was found that the activity of the enzymes rose parallel with the duration of preservation, the rise was especially great at 48 and 72 h. Activity of LDH and arylsulphatase \"A\" was significantly higher even at the beginning of preservation in the group of kidneys exposed in vivo to hypotension. This significant difference was present at 24, 48 und 72 h in the activity of all enzymes.", "PMID": 1132393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12023", "title": "Investigation of localization of monoamine oxidase (EC 1.4.3.4) in subfraction of rat liver mitochondria.", "content": "Subfractionation of the purified preparations of mitochondria was performed according to Schnaitman's digitonin method. In some experiments, polyvinyl sulphate (PVS) was added to the medium during the preparation and subfractionation of mitochondria. The formation of the \"fluffy layer\" was not observed in the presence of PVS. The \"fluffy layer\" was either removed or left within the pellet during the separation of the subfraction of mitoplasts from the supernate containing the outer membrane as well as the inter-membrane space. The monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity was determined by means of our own modification of Tabor's method. In this way the influence of aldehyde oxidase upon the obtained results could be eliminated. A part of MAO activity was found in the subfraction of mitoplasts both in the presence and absence of PVS in the medium. The obtained results suggest double localization of MAO both in the outer and inner membrane. The influence of the method of determination of MAO activity on the evaluation of its intra-mitochondrial activity has been discussed.", "contents": "Investigation of localization of monoamine oxidase (EC 1.4.3.4) in subfraction of rat liver mitochondria. Subfractionation of the purified preparations of mitochondria was performed according to Schnaitman's digitonin method. In some experiments, polyvinyl sulphate (PVS) was added to the medium during the preparation and subfractionation of mitochondria. The formation of the \"fluffy layer\" was not observed in the presence of PVS. The \"fluffy layer\" was either removed or left within the pellet during the separation of the subfraction of mitoplasts from the supernate containing the outer membrane as well as the inter-membrane space. The monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity was determined by means of our own modification of Tabor's method. In this way the influence of aldehyde oxidase upon the obtained results could be eliminated. A part of MAO activity was found in the subfraction of mitoplasts both in the presence and absence of PVS in the medium. The obtained results suggest double localization of MAO both in the outer and inner membrane. The influence of the method of determination of MAO activity on the evaluation of its intra-mitochondrial activity has been discussed.", "PMID": 1132394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12024", "title": "Glycolytic enzymes in the normal human term placenta.", "content": "The enzymes hexokinase (HK), phosphoglucomutase (PGM), pyruvate kinase (PK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were assayed in villous tissue homogenates and cell fractions of normal human term placentas. Although lowest in activity and probably rate limiting in glycolysis, hexokinase is theoretically adequate to phosphorylate the total amount of glucose metabolized. PGM and PK activity were in the same range exceeding HK by 10-15 times, suggesting a largely increased breakdown of glycogen-derived glucose in situations of need. Substantially higher LDH activities may reflect the placental ability to utilize lactate from both mother and fetus. Of all enzymes only hexokinase was found to be associated with the particulate matter in considerable amounts.", "contents": "Glycolytic enzymes in the normal human term placenta. The enzymes hexokinase (HK), phosphoglucomutase (PGM), pyruvate kinase (PK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were assayed in villous tissue homogenates and cell fractions of normal human term placentas. Although lowest in activity and probably rate limiting in glycolysis, hexokinase is theoretically adequate to phosphorylate the total amount of glucose metabolized. PGM and PK activity were in the same range exceeding HK by 10-15 times, suggesting a largely increased breakdown of glycogen-derived glucose in situations of need. Substantially higher LDH activities may reflect the placental ability to utilize lactate from both mother and fetus. Of all enzymes only hexokinase was found to be associated with the particulate matter in considerable amounts.", "PMID": 1132395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12025", "title": "The human atrioventricular junctional area. A morphological study of the A-V node and bundle.", "content": "A study has been conducted into the morphological arrangement of the atrioventricular junctional area of human heart. The area was investigated in infantile, child, young adult, middle-aged, and old nodes. Although marked individual and ageing variations were observed, a general pattern of nodal architecture could be distinguished. The junctional area was therefore divided into four areas: (1) a transitional zone, (2) the compact node, (3) the penetrating bundle, and (4) the branching bundle. The transitional zone was intermediate between atrial myocardium and compact nodal specialized myocardium, but itself exhibited specialized characteristics. An important connection of the zone was to the myocardium of the left side of the interatrial septum. The compact node was itself composed of two segments which approached each other anteriorly from the mitral and tricuspid extremities of the septal anulus fibrosus. The junction of compact node and penetrating bundle could not be distinguished using cytological criteria. It was arbitrarily defined as the last point to make contact with transitional cells. Tissue distal to this was considered as penetrating bundle. A bypass tract was defined as any fiber contacting the bundle distal to this point, but such tracts were not observed in normal hearts. The branching bundle originated at the point of bifurcation of the penetrating bundle.", "contents": "The human atrioventricular junctional area. A morphological study of the A-V node and bundle. A study has been conducted into the morphological arrangement of the atrioventricular junctional area of human heart. The area was investigated in infantile, child, young adult, middle-aged, and old nodes. Although marked individual and ageing variations were observed, a general pattern of nodal architecture could be distinguished. The junctional area was therefore divided into four areas: (1) a transitional zone, (2) the compact node, (3) the penetrating bundle, and (4) the branching bundle. The transitional zone was intermediate between atrial myocardium and compact nodal specialized myocardium, but itself exhibited specialized characteristics. An important connection of the zone was to the myocardium of the left side of the interatrial septum. The compact node was itself composed of two segments which approached each other anteriorly from the mitral and tricuspid extremities of the septal anulus fibrosus. The junction of compact node and penetrating bundle could not be distinguished using cytological criteria. It was arbitrarily defined as the last point to make contact with transitional cells. Tissue distal to this was considered as penetrating bundle. A bypass tract was defined as any fiber contacting the bundle distal to this point, but such tracts were not observed in normal hearts. The branching bundle originated at the point of bifurcation of the penetrating bundle.", "PMID": 1132406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12026", "title": "Ventricular preexcitation. A proposed nomenclature for its substrates.", "content": "The working party on ventricular preexcitation of the European Society of Cardiology has debated nomenclature of the syndrome at several meetings. This communication presents the terminology proposed by the morphologists within the study group on behalf of the other members. It is suggested that the problem should be approached on the basis of possibilities of avoiding the delay-producing area of the atrioventricular junctional region or short-circuiting the specialized ventricular conduction pathways. Thus we propose that the following pathways or contingencies are relevant to preexcitation: (1) accessory atrioventricular muscle bundles; (2) accessory nodoventricular muscle bundles, (3) atriofasicular bypass fibers, (4) fasciculoventricular accessory connections, (5) intranodal bypass fibers, and (6) nodal malformations. Each of these possibilities is defined, or, where only hypothetical, is discussed. In the case of the first two definitions, anatomical variations are indicated which satisfy the basic definition. Thus accessory atrioventricular bundles can be either septal or parietal, and can be composed of either specialized or nonspecialized myocardium. Nodoventricular bundles can connect either the transitional cell zone or the compact nodal region of the junctional area to the ventricular septum. Comparison is made of the new nomenclature with terms in present usage.", "contents": "Ventricular preexcitation. A proposed nomenclature for its substrates. The working party on ventricular preexcitation of the European Society of Cardiology has debated nomenclature of the syndrome at several meetings. This communication presents the terminology proposed by the morphologists within the study group on behalf of the other members. It is suggested that the problem should be approached on the basis of possibilities of avoiding the delay-producing area of the atrioventricular junctional region or short-circuiting the specialized ventricular conduction pathways. Thus we propose that the following pathways or contingencies are relevant to preexcitation: (1) accessory atrioventricular muscle bundles; (2) accessory nodoventricular muscle bundles, (3) atriofasicular bypass fibers, (4) fasciculoventricular accessory connections, (5) intranodal bypass fibers, and (6) nodal malformations. Each of these possibilities is defined, or, where only hypothetical, is discussed. In the case of the first two definitions, anatomical variations are indicated which satisfy the basic definition. Thus accessory atrioventricular bundles can be either septal or parietal, and can be composed of either specialized or nonspecialized myocardium. Nodoventricular bundles can connect either the transitional cell zone or the compact nodal region of the junctional area to the ventricular septum. Comparison is made of the new nomenclature with terms in present usage.", "PMID": 1132407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12027", "title": "Hemodynamic and angiographic changes after Mustard operation for transposition of the great arteries.", "content": "After Mustard operation for transposition of the great arteries, hemodynamic and angiocardiographic changes were evaluated in 25 patients. In 19 patients, postoperative studies were done electively and, in 6 patients, they were required to investigate symptoms of heart failure, these symptoms were temporary in 4 patients and progressive in 2. Both of the latter had pulmonary venous obstruction which was later relieved successfully by reoperation. After operation, systemic arterial oxygen saturation and blood pressure increased and polycythemia disappeared in every patient. However, several complications-some of them unsuspected clinically-were identified by cardiac catheterization: (a) patch detachment in 5 patients; (b) obstruction of superior vena caval return in 10 patients; (c) obstruction of inferior vena return in 1 patient; and (d) pulmonary venous obstruction in 2 patients. The incidence of pulmonary or systemic venous obstruction was higher in patients who had a Dacron intraatrial baffle (8 of 19 patients). Comparison of 21 sets of preoperative and postoperative right ventricular angiograms demonstrated an increase in right ventricular trabeculations in each patient, poorer right ventricular contractility in 12 patients, and development of tricuspid insufficiency in nine patients. None of the patients with poor right ventricular contractility had had surgical ventriculotomy. Although Mustard operation for transposition of the great arteries is effective in relieving cyanosis, it may be followed by obstruction to systemic or pulmonary venous return, intraatrial patch detachment, tricuspid insufficiency and angiocardiographic evidences of poor right ventricular contractility.", "contents": "Hemodynamic and angiographic changes after Mustard operation for transposition of the great arteries. After Mustard operation for transposition of the great arteries, hemodynamic and angiocardiographic changes were evaluated in 25 patients. In 19 patients, postoperative studies were done electively and, in 6 patients, they were required to investigate symptoms of heart failure, these symptoms were temporary in 4 patients and progressive in 2. Both of the latter had pulmonary venous obstruction which was later relieved successfully by reoperation. After operation, systemic arterial oxygen saturation and blood pressure increased and polycythemia disappeared in every patient. However, several complications-some of them unsuspected clinically-were identified by cardiac catheterization: (a) patch detachment in 5 patients; (b) obstruction of superior vena caval return in 10 patients; (c) obstruction of inferior vena return in 1 patient; and (d) pulmonary venous obstruction in 2 patients. The incidence of pulmonary or systemic venous obstruction was higher in patients who had a Dacron intraatrial baffle (8 of 19 patients). Comparison of 21 sets of preoperative and postoperative right ventricular angiograms demonstrated an increase in right ventricular trabeculations in each patient, poorer right ventricular contractility in 12 patients, and development of tricuspid insufficiency in nine patients. None of the patients with poor right ventricular contractility had had surgical ventriculotomy. Although Mustard operation for transposition of the great arteries is effective in relieving cyanosis, it may be followed by obstruction to systemic or pulmonary venous return, intraatrial patch detachment, tricuspid insufficiency and angiocardiographic evidences of poor right ventricular contractility.", "PMID": 1132408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12028", "title": "Left ventricular contraction and relaxation in patients with coronary heart disease.", "content": "The relationship of left ventricular relaxation and compliance to the mechanism of elevation of left ventricular enddiastolic pressure during ischemia was investigated. Isovolumic left ventricular contraction, relaxation, and diastolic pressure-volume relationship were studied in controls and in coronary heart disease patients. Patients were studied at similar heart rates during ergometric exercise and pacing. Diastolic aortic, left ventricular systolic, and incisural pressure were not significantly different in both groups at rest, pacing, and exercise. Left ventricular dP/dtmax increased during pacing and exercise in controls (P smaller than 0.05; P smaller than 0.01) and in coronary heart disease patients (P smaller than 0.01 for both); whereas left ventricular dP/dtmin increased only in controls during exercise (P smaller than 0.01). Peak measured velocity of shortening (Vpm) and of lengthening (Vpmr) of the contractile elements was calculated as (dP/dt)/p. Vpm and Vpmr increased in controls during both pacing (P smaller than 0.05; P smaller than 0.02) and exercise (P smaller than 0.01 for both). In coronary heart disease patients Vpm increased during pacing (P smaller than 0.01) while Vpmr did not differ significantly. During exercise both Vpm and Vpmr were unchanged. In patients with coronary heart disease paced to angina, diastolic logarithmic pressure-volume relationship showed change in slope (P smaller than 0.05) of the regression line and upward shift in intercept b (+0.25; P smaller than 0.001). Ischemia produced an impaired contractile state, delayed relaxation and generation of active diastolic tone in the intact ventricle.", "contents": "Left ventricular contraction and relaxation in patients with coronary heart disease. The relationship of left ventricular relaxation and compliance to the mechanism of elevation of left ventricular enddiastolic pressure during ischemia was investigated. Isovolumic left ventricular contraction, relaxation, and diastolic pressure-volume relationship were studied in controls and in coronary heart disease patients. Patients were studied at similar heart rates during ergometric exercise and pacing. Diastolic aortic, left ventricular systolic, and incisural pressure were not significantly different in both groups at rest, pacing, and exercise. Left ventricular dP/dtmax increased during pacing and exercise in controls (P smaller than 0.05; P smaller than 0.01) and in coronary heart disease patients (P smaller than 0.01 for both); whereas left ventricular dP/dtmin increased only in controls during exercise (P smaller than 0.01). Peak measured velocity of shortening (Vpm) and of lengthening (Vpmr) of the contractile elements was calculated as (dP/dt)/p. Vpm and Vpmr increased in controls during both pacing (P smaller than 0.05; P smaller than 0.02) and exercise (P smaller than 0.01 for both). In coronary heart disease patients Vpm increased during pacing (P smaller than 0.01) while Vpmr did not differ significantly. During exercise both Vpm and Vpmr were unchanged. In patients with coronary heart disease paced to angina, diastolic logarithmic pressure-volume relationship showed change in slope (P smaller than 0.05) of the regression line and upward shift in intercept b (+0.25; P smaller than 0.001). Ischemia produced an impaired contractile state, delayed relaxation and generation of active diastolic tone in the intact ventricle.", "PMID": 1132409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12029", "title": "Hemoglobin oxygen affinty in patients with low-output heart failure and cardiogenic shock after acute myocardial infaraction.", "content": "The aim of this study was to determine the oxigen affinity actually present in vivo in blood from patients with acute myocardial infarction. Patients with uncomplicated acute myocardial infarction had normal value of P50 in vivo (partial pressure of oxygen at which 50 percent of the hemoglobin is saturated with oxygen at fixed levels of pHand PC02 present in vivo). Also the values of P50 in vivo of blood from patients with low cardiac output with mild or severe heart failured did not differ from the normal mean. This was the consequence of an increase of 2, 3-diphosphoglycerate levels (which reduces the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin) and of the immediate effect of alkalosis (Bohr effect). By contrast, the values of P50 in vivo were significantly increased in patients with cardiogenic shock. This could be ascribed to the state of acute acidiosis present in these patients. In these conditions the changes in the values of P50 in vivo play an important role in the oxygen delivery to the tissues. However, high values of P50 do not enhance oxygen delivery when a severe arterial hypoxemia (P02 smaller than 40-45 mm Hg) is also present.", "contents": "Hemoglobin oxygen affinty in patients with low-output heart failure and cardiogenic shock after acute myocardial infaraction. The aim of this study was to determine the oxigen affinity actually present in vivo in blood from patients with acute myocardial infarction. Patients with uncomplicated acute myocardial infarction had normal value of P50 in vivo (partial pressure of oxygen at which 50 percent of the hemoglobin is saturated with oxygen at fixed levels of pHand PC02 present in vivo). Also the values of P50 in vivo of blood from patients with low cardiac output with mild or severe heart failured did not differ from the normal mean. This was the consequence of an increase of 2, 3-diphosphoglycerate levels (which reduces the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin) and of the immediate effect of alkalosis (Bohr effect). By contrast, the values of P50 in vivo were significantly increased in patients with cardiogenic shock. This could be ascribed to the state of acute acidiosis present in these patients. In these conditions the changes in the values of P50 in vivo play an important role in the oxygen delivery to the tissues. However, high values of P50 do not enhance oxygen delivery when a severe arterial hypoxemia (P02 smaller than 40-45 mm Hg) is also present.", "PMID": 1132410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12030", "title": "Calcified intramural fibroma of the left ventricle.", "content": "A calcified intramural fibroma of the left ventricle in a 20-yr-old patient with a severe chest pain was studied. The chest film showed a cardiac silhouette with a prominent left border, and a large calcification inside. Surgical removal was impossible. The histological examination demonstrated a typical fibroma.", "contents": "Calcified intramural fibroma of the left ventricle. A calcified intramural fibroma of the left ventricle in a 20-yr-old patient with a severe chest pain was studied. The chest film showed a cardiac silhouette with a prominent left border, and a large calcification inside. Surgical removal was impossible. The histological examination demonstrated a typical fibroma.", "PMID": 1132411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12031", "title": "Nutrition, behavioral development, and mother-child interaction in young rural children.", "content": "In a poor rural community two groups of 17 mother-child units each were studied longitudinally. One group followed the usual feeding habits of the community which result in undernutrition of the child. The other group was provided food supplementation which was sufficient to provide an adequate diet for the child. From the 24th week on, the supplemented children developed a different pattern of interaction with mother and the environment: they slept less, barely used the cradle during the day, played more in the yard, and refused to be carried wrapped up. After the 36th week they received more stimuli and more deferences and rewards, not only from the mother but from the father as well. At 18 months the supplemented children moved about six times as much as the nonsupplemented and exhibited more complex behavior. They were more restless, playful, demanding, disobedient. It is concluded that better nutrition caused an increase in the activity of the child, which made him more demanding, which in turn increased interaction with his mother and established a feedback system, which in turn modified his behavior.", "contents": "Nutrition, behavioral development, and mother-child interaction in young rural children. In a poor rural community two groups of 17 mother-child units each were studied longitudinally. One group followed the usual feeding habits of the community which result in undernutrition of the child. The other group was provided food supplementation which was sufficient to provide an adequate diet for the child. From the 24th week on, the supplemented children developed a different pattern of interaction with mother and the environment: they slept less, barely used the cradle during the day, played more in the yard, and refused to be carried wrapped up. After the 36th week they received more stimuli and more deferences and rewards, not only from the mother but from the father as well. At 18 months the supplemented children moved about six times as much as the nonsupplemented and exhibited more complex behavior. They were more restless, playful, demanding, disobedient. It is concluded that better nutrition caused an increase in the activity of the child, which made him more demanding, which in turn increased interaction with his mother and established a feedback system, which in turn modified his behavior.", "PMID": 1132521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12032", "title": "Maternal malnutrition and the neonatal environment.", "content": "Altered behavioral development was observed in suckling rats from dams fed a low protein diet either during gestation or during the lactation period. Lactational malnutrition markedly depressed all behaviors displayed by the suckling young. These included litter fragmentation, pup climbing, rearing, feeding, and drinking behavior. Although less severe, pups from a dam fed a deficient diet during gestation displayed the same altered behavioral development. Moreover, small birth weight pups born from well-nourished dams also showed delayed behavioral development. Contact with pups was increased in dams who were malnourished during the lactation period or who were nursing pups from dams malnourished during the gestation period. Results support in part the hypothesis that malnourished early in life \"functionally isolates\" the developing animal from its immediate environment.", "contents": "Maternal malnutrition and the neonatal environment. Altered behavioral development was observed in suckling rats from dams fed a low protein diet either during gestation or during the lactation period. Lactational malnutrition markedly depressed all behaviors displayed by the suckling young. These included litter fragmentation, pup climbing, rearing, feeding, and drinking behavior. Although less severe, pups from a dam fed a deficient diet during gestation displayed the same altered behavioral development. Moreover, small birth weight pups born from well-nourished dams also showed delayed behavioral development. Contact with pups was increased in dams who were malnourished during the lactation period or who were nursing pups from dams malnourished during the gestation period. Results support in part the hypothesis that malnourished early in life \"functionally isolates\" the developing animal from its immediate environment.", "PMID": 1132522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12033", "title": "Failure to thrive: socioeconomic, dietary intake and mother-child interaction data.", "content": "This is a report on the socioeconomic background, dietary intake, and mother-child interaction of children who are on or below the third percentile curve and a contrast group on or above the 25th percentile curve for height and weight of the Boston Growth Standards. Gross family income did not differentiate between groups at a statistically significant level; however, the taller and heavier children came from families of higher socioeconomic standing as indicated by the significant differences in the scores of both groups on a socioeconomic index comprised of per capita income, maternal education, presence of a male in the household, and household density. Also in comparison to the underweight and undersized children, the contrast group exhibited higher calories, protein, iron, niacin, and ascorbic acid intake and was more likely to have more frequent and more positive contact with the mothers.", "contents": "Failure to thrive: socioeconomic, dietary intake and mother-child interaction data. This is a report on the socioeconomic background, dietary intake, and mother-child interaction of children who are on or below the third percentile curve and a contrast group on or above the 25th percentile curve for height and weight of the Boston Growth Standards. Gross family income did not differentiate between groups at a statistically significant level; however, the taller and heavier children came from families of higher socioeconomic standing as indicated by the significant differences in the scores of both groups on a socioeconomic index comprised of per capita income, maternal education, presence of a male in the household, and household density. Also in comparison to the underweight and undersized children, the contrast group exhibited higher calories, protein, iron, niacin, and ascorbic acid intake and was more likely to have more frequent and more positive contact with the mothers.", "PMID": 1132524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12034", "title": "The nitrofurans as sperm-immobilizing agents, their tissue toxicity, and their clinical application in vasectomy.", "content": "Nitrofurantoin sodium and nitorfurazone, in certain critical concentrations, have the ability to immobilize spermatozoa. In this study, this effect was consisitent with both 5:1, and 10:1 dilutions. Histologic examination of the effects of these drugs as intraoperative vas irrigants revealed no apparent tissue toxicity in the guinea pig. Clinically, we found intraoperative vas irrigation with both of these nontoxic drugs to be of value in attaining azoospermia immediately postvasectomy. Therefore, they appear to be useful supplements to vasectomy.", "contents": "The nitrofurans as sperm-immobilizing agents, their tissue toxicity, and their clinical application in vasectomy. Nitrofurantoin sodium and nitorfurazone, in certain critical concentrations, have the ability to immobilize spermatozoa. In this study, this effect was consisitent with both 5:1, and 10:1 dilutions. Histologic examination of the effects of these drugs as intraoperative vas irrigants revealed no apparent tissue toxicity in the guinea pig. Clinically, we found intraoperative vas irrigation with both of these nontoxic drugs to be of value in attaining azoospermia immediately postvasectomy. Therefore, they appear to be useful supplements to vasectomy.", "PMID": 1132530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12035", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of copper-containing intrauterine devices: long-term changes in utero.", "content": "The addition of metallic copper wire to a polyethylene intrauterine device dramatically increases the efficacy of that device. A series of copper-containing Tatum-T devices which had been carried in utero for 2 to 3 years was examined by scanning electron microscopy. Few of these devices showed evidence of corrosion or pitting of the copper, as had been reported previously. Almost all of the Ts showed a definite pattern of layering of fibrinoid deposits; intact cells, cellular debris, and crystalline structures were also seen. The micrographs show an extensive buildup of surface layers which, we believe, encase the copper in a semipermeable matrix. This matrix may retard the diffusion of copper compounds into the uterus sufficiently to compromise the contraceptive action of the copper.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of copper-containing intrauterine devices: long-term changes in utero. The addition of metallic copper wire to a polyethylene intrauterine device dramatically increases the efficacy of that device. A series of copper-containing Tatum-T devices which had been carried in utero for 2 to 3 years was examined by scanning electron microscopy. Few of these devices showed evidence of corrosion or pitting of the copper, as had been reported previously. Almost all of the Ts showed a definite pattern of layering of fibrinoid deposits; intact cells, cellular debris, and crystalline structures were also seen. The micrographs show an extensive buildup of surface layers which, we believe, encase the copper in a semipermeable matrix. This matrix may retard the diffusion of copper compounds into the uterus sufficiently to compromise the contraceptive action of the copper.", "PMID": 1132531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12036", "title": "Does x-radiation of the preconceptional mammalian ovum lead to sterility and/or congenital anomalies?", "content": "Sexually mature CF1 female mice were x-radiated with 10 to 500 R prior to mating with normal males of the same strain, and no exposure rendered the mice sterile immediately; estrous was not altered, so that normal matings occurred; the litter size of females exposed to the 500-R dose was reduced, possibly due to induction of dominant lethal genes. The second and third meiotic maturations following x-radiation gave rise to fertilizable ova which resulted in offspring that did not show any increase in the incidence of congenital anomalies. With increasing levels of exposure to x-rays, there was a decrease in the reproductive live-span. If the interval between x-radiation and mating was lengthened to 60 days, none of those exposed to 300 R or more was fertile; those exposed to 100 R showed variable fertility, evidenced by reduced litter sizes, but there were no anomalies. None of the offspring of the x-radiated females showed a significant weight loss, even to 2 months of age. Thus, when ova were x-rayed before fertilization with normal sperm, normal fertilization occurred and normal offspring were produced from at least the first three successive estrous cycles; after that, various degrees of sterility were evident, depending upon the dose level of the original exposure. Since resorptions (but not anomalies) were increased with the higher doses, dominant lethal and recessive mutatuions may have been obscured by the normal alleles of the unirradiated male mates. The ovarian ovum could not readily be sterilized by x-rays, nor could it be so damaged as to cause congenital anomalies. Nevertheless, one must be aware that all x-rayed ova may carry recessive mutatuions which might be phenotypically evident if they are on the female sex (X) chromosome, unmasked by an allelomorph on the male (Y) chromosome, or might even surface in future generations, if chance combines them with similar genes.", "contents": "Does x-radiation of the preconceptional mammalian ovum lead to sterility and/or congenital anomalies? Sexually mature CF1 female mice were x-radiated with 10 to 500 R prior to mating with normal males of the same strain, and no exposure rendered the mice sterile immediately; estrous was not altered, so that normal matings occurred; the litter size of females exposed to the 500-R dose was reduced, possibly due to induction of dominant lethal genes. The second and third meiotic maturations following x-radiation gave rise to fertilizable ova which resulted in offspring that did not show any increase in the incidence of congenital anomalies. With increasing levels of exposure to x-rays, there was a decrease in the reproductive live-span. If the interval between x-radiation and mating was lengthened to 60 days, none of those exposed to 300 R or more was fertile; those exposed to 100 R showed variable fertility, evidenced by reduced litter sizes, but there were no anomalies. None of the offspring of the x-radiated females showed a significant weight loss, even to 2 months of age. Thus, when ova were x-rayed before fertilization with normal sperm, normal fertilization occurred and normal offspring were produced from at least the first three successive estrous cycles; after that, various degrees of sterility were evident, depending upon the dose level of the original exposure. Since resorptions (but not anomalies) were increased with the higher doses, dominant lethal and recessive mutatuions may have been obscured by the normal alleles of the unirradiated male mates. The ovarian ovum could not readily be sterilized by x-rays, nor could it be so damaged as to cause congenital anomalies. Nevertheless, one must be aware that all x-rayed ova may carry recessive mutatuions which might be phenotypically evident if they are on the female sex (X) chromosome, unmasked by an allelomorph on the male (Y) chromosome, or might even surface in future generations, if chance combines them with similar genes.", "PMID": 1132532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12037", "title": "Estrogen and progesterone secretion in monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) following melatonin or Altschule's pineal extrac.", "content": "Large doses (30MG) of melatonin given weekly to crab-eating monkeys throughout five menstrual cycles did not change the pattern of estrogen and progesterone secretion during the period of injection or in the two succeeding cycles. Altschule's pineal extract, unlike melatonin, had no effect on estrogen or progesterone secretion during the period of injection or in the two succeeding cycles, when it was given daily between days 7 and 17 of the menstrual cycle.", "contents": "Estrogen and progesterone secretion in monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) following melatonin or Altschule's pineal extrac. Large doses (30MG) of melatonin given weekly to crab-eating monkeys throughout five menstrual cycles did not change the pattern of estrogen and progesterone secretion during the period of injection or in the two succeeding cycles. Altschule's pineal extract, unlike melatonin, had no effect on estrogen or progesterone secretion during the period of injection or in the two succeeding cycles, when it was given daily between days 7 and 17 of the menstrual cycle.", "PMID": 1132533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12038", "title": "[Analysis of unconditioned reflexes in light of the theory of dominance].", "content": "After bilateral ablation of prefrontal and premotor areas of the brain in dogs, considerable changes of the \"spontaneous\" and unconditioned activity occurred: the phenomenon of squeezing through narrow spaces, the reflex of resistance against restriction of movements, the disturbances of sexual reflexes, the feigned aggression, etc.  These reflex actions acquire features of the dominant.  Seeking for food, when carrying out instrumental conditioned reflexes, also manifests features of the dominant.  The pathological dominant is suggested to be a result of disorder in normal interrelationship between the excitatory and inhibitory processes.  It occurs when a disruption of the process of inner inhibition takes place in the system, while the excitatory process becomes extremely powerful.  This entails those motor perseverations, hyperactivity, imitational movements, and all the analysed disturbances of reflex activity in dogs after frontal lobectomy.", "contents": "[Analysis of unconditioned reflexes in light of the theory of dominance]. After bilateral ablation of prefrontal and premotor areas of the brain in dogs, considerable changes of the \"spontaneous\" and unconditioned activity occurred: the phenomenon of squeezing through narrow spaces, the reflex of resistance against restriction of movements, the disturbances of sexual reflexes, the feigned aggression, etc.  These reflex actions acquire features of the dominant.  Seeking for food, when carrying out instrumental conditioned reflexes, also manifests features of the dominant.  The pathological dominant is suggested to be a result of disorder in normal interrelationship between the excitatory and inhibitory processes.  It occurs when a disruption of the process of inner inhibition takes place in the system, while the excitatory process becomes extremely powerful.  This entails those motor perseverations, hyperactivity, imitational movements, and all the analysed disturbances of reflex activity in dogs after frontal lobectomy.", "PMID": 1132534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12039", "title": "[Paradoxical effects of powerful electric stimuli].", "content": "Variants of mechanism of the response paradoxical weakening at the stimuli increase in conditions of parabiosis and pessimum of the neuro-muscular preparation, are regarded.  The possibility of \"long-distance\" kat-electrotonic blocking of nervous impulse at the increase of stimulating current pulses, was studied.  The kat-electroton was shown to spread in the frog n. ischiadicus, even with short current pulses, for 30--40 mm.  Even in single nervous fibers (crayfish) as well as in the frog n. ischiadicus, when increasing the rare stimuli beyond the strength limits (50 thresholds), the reversible reducing of action potential (AP) recorded at a not too long distance from the stimulating electrodes (catode depression), takes place.  Near the transversal cut of the nerve (i.e. in the parabiotic area) the effect is increased.  In conditision of frequent stimulation, the long-distance electrotonic depression of AP is more clear than with rare stimuli.", "contents": "[Paradoxical effects of powerful electric stimuli]. Variants of mechanism of the response paradoxical weakening at the stimuli increase in conditions of parabiosis and pessimum of the neuro-muscular preparation, are regarded.  The possibility of \"long-distance\" kat-electrotonic blocking of nervous impulse at the increase of stimulating current pulses, was studied.  The kat-electroton was shown to spread in the frog n. ischiadicus, even with short current pulses, for 30--40 mm.  Even in single nervous fibers (crayfish) as well as in the frog n. ischiadicus, when increasing the rare stimuli beyond the strength limits (50 thresholds), the reversible reducing of action potential (AP) recorded at a not too long distance from the stimulating electrodes (catode depression), takes place.  Near the transversal cut of the nerve (i.e. in the parabiotic area) the effect is increased.  In conditision of frequent stimulation, the long-distance electrotonic depression of AP is more clear than with rare stimuli.", "PMID": 1132535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12040", "title": "[Elektrophysiological parameters of mollusk neurons under the influence of etimizol].", "content": "Extracellular application of 5--10 mM/L etimizol exerted a specific effect on the giant neurons of the Coretus corneus isolated nervous system: action potential duration increased significantly, speed of development of its descending phase decreased, as well as the trace hyperpolarization amplitude.  The effect was reversible and depended upon the etimizol concentration and the initial functional state of neurons.  Etimizol is supposed to decrease the K-+ permeability of neurons' membrane during action potential.  Large concentrations of etimizol decrease, probably, the Na+ permeability as well as suggested by reducing maximum of the ascending phase of action potential.", "contents": "[Elektrophysiological parameters of mollusk neurons under the influence of etimizol]. Extracellular application of 5--10 mM/L etimizol exerted a specific effect on the giant neurons of the Coretus corneus isolated nervous system: action potential duration increased significantly, speed of development of its descending phase decreased, as well as the trace hyperpolarization amplitude.  The effect was reversible and depended upon the etimizol concentration and the initial functional state of neurons.  Etimizol is supposed to decrease the K-+ permeability of neurons' membrane during action potential.  Large concentrations of etimizol decrease, probably, the Na+ permeability as well as suggested by reducing maximum of the ascending phase of action potential.", "PMID": 1132537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12041", "title": "[Thermoreceptor function of the stretch receptors of the river crayfish].", "content": "Cooling of the crayfish stretch receptor leads to increase and then decrease the spike frequency of slowly adapting (SA) neuron (maximum frequency at 15 degrees).  Impulse activity of quickly adapting (QA) neuron arises about 12 degrees and is recoding for a long time (sometimes during 30 min.).  Raising the temperature from 20 degrees to 30 degrees results in a gradual increase of the SA neuron spike frequency.  Characteristic for cold thermoreceptors dynamic discharge is observed.  Infra-red (IR) radiation (lambda=1--3 mum) causes a decrease of SA neuron spike frequency.  QA neuron generates a brief discharge after cuting IR radiation.  IR radiation acts on somato-dendro-muscle (sensory) region only.  Analysis with polarizing microscope shows that the IR radiation effect on the structural organization of neurons is contrary the effect of warming and colding.  It is proposed that the IR radiation effect is defined by the rise of temperature gradient in solution (dT/dx).  Obtained results indicate that the crayfish stretch receptor belongs to the type of mechanocoldreceptors.", "contents": "[Thermoreceptor function of the stretch receptors of the river crayfish]. Cooling of the crayfish stretch receptor leads to increase and then decrease the spike frequency of slowly adapting (SA) neuron (maximum frequency at 15 degrees).  Impulse activity of quickly adapting (QA) neuron arises about 12 degrees and is recoding for a long time (sometimes during 30 min.).  Raising the temperature from 20 degrees to 30 degrees results in a gradual increase of the SA neuron spike frequency.  Characteristic for cold thermoreceptors dynamic discharge is observed.  Infra-red (IR) radiation (lambda=1--3 mum) causes a decrease of SA neuron spike frequency.  QA neuron generates a brief discharge after cuting IR radiation.  IR radiation acts on somato-dendro-muscle (sensory) region only.  Analysis with polarizing microscope shows that the IR radiation effect on the structural organization of neurons is contrary the effect of warming and colding.  It is proposed that the IR radiation effect is defined by the rise of temperature gradient in solution (dT/dx).  Obtained results indicate that the crayfish stretch receptor belongs to the type of mechanocoldreceptors.", "PMID": 1132538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12042", "title": "[Role of potassium and calcium ions in changes in the membrane potential of secretory cells of the mammary glands].", "content": "Participation of Na, K-pump of the surface basal-lateral membrane in the process was shown to determine the MP-level.  Restriction of Ca-++ entrance into the cell depressed MP-changes in the secretory cells curing the action of acetylcholine and oxytocine.", "contents": "[Role of potassium and calcium ions in changes in the membrane potential of secretory cells of the mammary glands]. Participation of Na, K-pump of the surface basal-lateral membrane in the process was shown to determine the MP-level.  Restriction of Ca-++ entrance into the cell depressed MP-changes in the secretory cells curing the action of acetylcholine and oxytocine.", "PMID": 1132539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12043", "title": "[Study of differential sensitivity to changes in the duration of tonal sounds].", "content": "Temporal differentiation by man was studied for intervals from 50 to 700 msec my means of the traditional method of constant stimulus differences (AX) and combinations of AX with methods of multiplication by two and three (AB-2 and AB-3). The linear augmentation of differential limen as function of duration was noted. The limens in methods AB were significantly higher than in the method AX. The values of limens were influenced upon by methods of multiplication, form of psychometric functions, individual features of subjects. No systematic changes of limens during training sessions were found.", "contents": "[Study of differential sensitivity to changes in the duration of tonal sounds]. Temporal differentiation by man was studied for intervals from 50 to 700 msec my means of the traditional method of constant stimulus differences (AX) and combinations of AX with methods of multiplication by two and three (AB-2 and AB-3). The linear augmentation of differential limen as function of duration was noted. The limens in methods AB were significantly higher than in the method AX. The values of limens were influenced upon by methods of multiplication, form of psychometric functions, individual features of subjects. No systematic changes of limens during training sessions were found.", "PMID": 1132540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12044", "title": "[Variability of neuronal activity of the parastriate cortex before and after callosotomy].", "content": "In acute experiments on anesthetized cats, variability of the unit activity in the field 18 of the visual cortex was studied.  Both the spontaneous activity and the evoked activity by series of different light stimuli, were analysed.  The data obtained show that callosotomy does not affect the variability of the spontaneous unit activity in the parastriate cortex.  However, it does decrease the variability of the unit activity qualitative response (excitation--inhibition) to stimulation.  The callosotomy increases variability of the predominant input (either ipsi--or contralateral) in regard to the mean spontaneous activity prior to and after a series of stimuli and decreases it in regard to the mean spontaneous unit activity for the whole period of study.", "contents": "[Variability of neuronal activity of the parastriate cortex before and after callosotomy]. In acute experiments on anesthetized cats, variability of the unit activity in the field 18 of the visual cortex was studied.  Both the spontaneous activity and the evoked activity by series of different light stimuli, were analysed.  The data obtained show that callosotomy does not affect the variability of the spontaneous unit activity in the parastriate cortex.  However, it does decrease the variability of the unit activity qualitative response (excitation--inhibition) to stimulation.  The callosotomy increases variability of the predominant input (either ipsi--or contralateral) in regard to the mean spontaneous activity prior to and after a series of stimuli and decreases it in regard to the mean spontaneous unit activity for the whole period of study.", "PMID": 1132541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12045", "title": "[Some peculiarities of neuron reaction in the upper and lower layer of the striate cortex].", "content": "Responses of 440 neurons in the albino rat visual cortex to flash were studied. The number of neurons with excitatory responses predominated in upper layers. Analysis of time parameters of secondary activation of the excitatory responses revealed 5 excitatory types of neuronal response. The excitatory responses of different types had an irregular distribution over layers with corresponding differences in change of information indices and response variability during primary activation. Moreover, information indices of neuronal responses in upper and lower layers changed unequally.", "contents": "[Some peculiarities of neuron reaction in the upper and lower layer of the striate cortex]. Responses of 440 neurons in the albino rat visual cortex to flash were studied. The number of neurons with excitatory responses predominated in upper layers. Analysis of time parameters of secondary activation of the excitatory responses revealed 5 excitatory types of neuronal response. The excitatory responses of different types had an irregular distribution over layers with corresponding differences in change of information indices and response variability during primary activation. Moreover, information indices of neuronal responses in upper and lower layers changed unequally.", "PMID": 1132542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12046", "title": "[Relation of excitability cycles of cortical reactions to the qualities of afferent stimuli].", "content": "The excitability cycles of neurons of the rabbit visual cortex in response to the optic nerve shock were compared with those in response to small light flashes.  The pairs of stimuli consisted either of conditioned shock and testing light flash or of conditioned light flash and testing shock.  The inhibitory phase of the response to the nerve shock was unable to depress a powerful reaction to adequate light stimulation.  However, the profound inhibition of response to the optic nerve shock was obtained at the end of the response to the preceding light stimulation.", "contents": "[Relation of excitability cycles of cortical reactions to the qualities of afferent stimuli]. The excitability cycles of neurons of the rabbit visual cortex in response to the optic nerve shock were compared with those in response to small light flashes.  The pairs of stimuli consisted either of conditioned shock and testing light flash or of conditioned light flash and testing shock.  The inhibitory phase of the response to the nerve shock was unable to depress a powerful reaction to adequate light stimulation.  However, the profound inhibition of response to the optic nerve shock was obtained at the end of the response to the preceding light stimulation.", "PMID": 1132543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12047", "title": "UBioelectric activity of the brain of cats in wakefulness and various sleep stages in cats.", "content": "Multiple recording of biopotentials with implanted electrodes from the globus pallidus, caudate nucleus, putamen, ventro-lateral thalamus, thalamic center median, midbrain reticular formation, and the posterior hypothalamus, was carried out.  Peculiar features were noted during slow-wave sleep in the activating RF.  However, disappearance of these features during transition to fast sleep and persisting slow potentials in some structures at that suggest the hypnogenic system to be rather complicated in its spatial-temporal structure and not to be associated with just a single \"leading\" structure as, for example, the RF.", "contents": "UBioelectric activity of the brain of cats in wakefulness and various sleep stages in cats. Multiple recording of biopotentials with implanted electrodes from the globus pallidus, caudate nucleus, putamen, ventro-lateral thalamus, thalamic center median, midbrain reticular formation, and the posterior hypothalamus, was carried out.  Peculiar features were noted during slow-wave sleep in the activating RF.  However, disappearance of these features during transition to fast sleep and persisting slow potentials in some structures at that suggest the hypnogenic system to be rather complicated in its spatial-temporal structure and not to be associated with just a single \"leading\" structure as, for example, the RF.", "PMID": 1132544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12048", "title": "Growth hormone kinetics in diabetic patients.", "content": "Several reports have shown that average plasma GH concentrations in insulin-treated and in juvenile diabetics are elevated in respect to normal values: these findings have been alternatively attributed to an increased pituitary GH secretion or to a lower GH catabolism induced by the disease. To reinvestigate the problem we studied GH kinetics in twenty-four diabetics using 125-I-GH. The patients were all normal in body weight and their fasting blood sugar did not exceed 190 mg. per 100 ml.; fourteen normal subjects were included as a control group. After single injection of the tracer, the plasma disappearance curve of labeled hormone was obtained. Starting from this curve, metabolic clearance rate (MCR), fractional catabolic rate (FCR), initial distribution volume (IDV), and total distribution volume (TDV) were computed; MCR and plasma concentration of endogenous GH in plasma samples were used to estimate the amount of hormone irreversibly lost during the experiment (IHL240). The major points that result from the comparison of the values obtained in diabetic patients with those in the normal group are: MCR values in diabetics do not differ from those found in normals (63.6 plus or minus 19.6 and 64.6 plus or minus 24.3 ml./min./m.-2 respectively). The higher plasma concentrations of endogenous GH in diabetics together with a normal MCR, yield hormone loss values (IHL240) significantly larger than normal (46.4 plus or minus 29.5 mug/240 min. as compared to 23.7 plus or minus 24.5) thus indicating that an increased GH secretion is present in diabetics. TDV, fairly constant in normals, (5.8 plus or minus 0.9 L./ml-2) tends to decrease in diagetic patients as the disease progesses; in fact the values of TDV are significantly reduced (P less than 0.005) in long-term diabetics (greater than 10 yrs. of disease) while TDV of short-term diabetics (less than 10 yrs.) does not differ from the normal value (4.6 plus or minus 1.16 L./m.-2  and 5.8 plus or minus 0.9 L./m.-2, respectively).", "contents": "Growth hormone kinetics in diabetic patients. Several reports have shown that average plasma GH concentrations in insulin-treated and in juvenile diabetics are elevated in respect to normal values: these findings have been alternatively attributed to an increased pituitary GH secretion or to a lower GH catabolism induced by the disease. To reinvestigate the problem we studied GH kinetics in twenty-four diabetics using 125-I-GH. The patients were all normal in body weight and their fasting blood sugar did not exceed 190 mg. per 100 ml.; fourteen normal subjects were included as a control group. After single injection of the tracer, the plasma disappearance curve of labeled hormone was obtained. Starting from this curve, metabolic clearance rate (MCR), fractional catabolic rate (FCR), initial distribution volume (IDV), and total distribution volume (TDV) were computed; MCR and plasma concentration of endogenous GH in plasma samples were used to estimate the amount of hormone irreversibly lost during the experiment (IHL240). The major points that result from the comparison of the values obtained in diabetic patients with those in the normal group are: MCR values in diabetics do not differ from those found in normals (63.6 plus or minus 19.6 and 64.6 plus or minus 24.3 ml./min./m.-2 respectively). The higher plasma concentrations of endogenous GH in diabetics together with a normal MCR, yield hormone loss values (IHL240) significantly larger than normal (46.4 plus or minus 29.5 mug/240 min. as compared to 23.7 plus or minus 24.5) thus indicating that an increased GH secretion is present in diabetics. TDV, fairly constant in normals, (5.8 plus or minus 0.9 L./ml-2) tends to decrease in diagetic patients as the disease progesses; in fact the values of TDV are significantly reduced (P less than 0.005) in long-term diabetics (greater than 10 yrs. of disease) while TDV of short-term diabetics (less than 10 yrs.) does not differ from the normal value (4.6 plus or minus 1.16 L./m.-2  and 5.8 plus or minus 0.9 L./m.-2, respectively).", "PMID": 1132599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12049", "title": "Studies on the nature and mode of action of the insulin-sensitive glucoregulator receptor in the central nervous system.", "content": "In vivo studies were undertaken in rats to provide evidence of the neural nature, tentative localization and mode of excitation of the insulin-sensitive central nervous system (CSN) glucoregulator center. In rats under light barbiturate anesthesia minute amounts of insulin injected into the carotid artery resulted in an immediate decrease of the systemic blood sugar. This hypoglycemic action of regional insulinzation of the CSN was lost when the animals were subjected to prolonged, deep barbiturate narcosis. Competitive inhibition of glucose utilization in the CSN region by intracarotid administration of 2-deoxy-D-glucose did not block the systemic hypoglycemic effect of subsequent intracarotid insulin injection. Chronic endogenous hyperinsulinemia produced by daily growth hormone treatment resulted in an insensitivity of the CNS glucoregulator center to exogenous insulin. The ratio of the quantity of the injected insulin and the pre-existent plasma insulin concentration showed direct correlation with the systemic hypoglycemic response that followed intracarotid injection. Present data support the hypothesis that the insulin-sensitive glucoregulator center located in the area supplied by the carotid artery is neural in nature, because of its inhibition by barbiturate anesthesia. The data are compatable with the working hypothesis that the center is located in the hypothalamus, since light cortical barbiturate anesthesia did not, but deep anesthesia did have an inhibitory effect on it. Marked interference by chronic hyperinsulinemia suggests that the receptor center estimates the metabolic status of the animal through means related to physicochemical binding of insulin to specific receptors. However, since our attempt to inhibit glucose utilization in the CNS was without effect on the activity of the center, it appears that the singal for the glucoregulatory impulse is not insulin facilitation of glucose utilization in the receptor area, but another parameter of insulin action.", "contents": "Studies on the nature and mode of action of the insulin-sensitive glucoregulator receptor in the central nervous system. In vivo studies were undertaken in rats to provide evidence of the neural nature, tentative localization and mode of excitation of the insulin-sensitive central nervous system (CSN) glucoregulator center. In rats under light barbiturate anesthesia minute amounts of insulin injected into the carotid artery resulted in an immediate decrease of the systemic blood sugar. This hypoglycemic action of regional insulinzation of the CSN was lost when the animals were subjected to prolonged, deep barbiturate narcosis. Competitive inhibition of glucose utilization in the CSN region by intracarotid administration of 2-deoxy-D-glucose did not block the systemic hypoglycemic effect of subsequent intracarotid insulin injection. Chronic endogenous hyperinsulinemia produced by daily growth hormone treatment resulted in an insensitivity of the CNS glucoregulator center to exogenous insulin. The ratio of the quantity of the injected insulin and the pre-existent plasma insulin concentration showed direct correlation with the systemic hypoglycemic response that followed intracarotid injection. Present data support the hypothesis that the insulin-sensitive glucoregulator center located in the area supplied by the carotid artery is neural in nature, because of its inhibition by barbiturate anesthesia. The data are compatable with the working hypothesis that the center is located in the hypothalamus, since light cortical barbiturate anesthesia did not, but deep anesthesia did have an inhibitory effect on it. Marked interference by chronic hyperinsulinemia suggests that the receptor center estimates the metabolic status of the animal through means related to physicochemical binding of insulin to specific receptors. However, since our attempt to inhibit glucose utilization in the CNS was without effect on the activity of the center, it appears that the singal for the glucoregulatory impulse is not insulin facilitation of glucose utilization in the receptor area, but another parameter of insulin action.", "PMID": 1132600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12050", "title": "Dynamics of tolbutamide, glucose, and insulin interrelationships following varying doses of intravenous tolbutamide in normal subjects.", "content": "Four healthy adult subjects received intravenous tolbutamide (TOL) at six different doses (twenty-four tests): 0.0625 gm., 0.125 gm., 0.25 gm., 0.5 gm., 1.0 gm. and 1.5 gm. Blood glucose (BG), serum immunoreacctive insulin (IRI) and serum TOL levels were determined before and for 180 minutes after TOL. There was a highly significant correlation of the dose of TOL with the peak IRI (p less than .01), zero to ten minute IRI area (p less than .001), and zero to sixty minute IRI area (p less than .001) and with the decline in BG expressed as zero to sixty minute BG area (p less than .001). Similar significant correlations were observed between levels of TOL and both IRI and BG. At each dose level the IRI response correlated significantly with the BG fall. An additional eighteen subjects received the 1.0 gm. dose. In these, serum TOL levels did not correlate with either BG or IRI. These subjects also received intravenous glucose (0.5 gm. per kilogram body weight). BG levels did not correlate with IRI. However, there were striking correlations between TOL and glucose-stimulated peak IRI (p less than .001), zero to ten minute IRI area (p less than .05). The mean (plus or minus SEM) space of distribution for glucose (G.S.) and tolbutamide (TLS.) was found to be 13.45 plus or minus 0.71 and 6.34 plus or minus 0.31 L., respectively. There was a significant dose-response relationship exists between TOL and IRI. TOL- and glucose-induced IRI secretion dynamics suggest strong similarities between mechanisms of rapid IRI release and/or size of available IRI storage pools.", "contents": "Dynamics of tolbutamide, glucose, and insulin interrelationships following varying doses of intravenous tolbutamide in normal subjects. Four healthy adult subjects received intravenous tolbutamide (TOL) at six different doses (twenty-four tests): 0.0625 gm., 0.125 gm., 0.25 gm., 0.5 gm., 1.0 gm. and 1.5 gm. Blood glucose (BG), serum immunoreacctive insulin (IRI) and serum TOL levels were determined before and for 180 minutes after TOL. There was a highly significant correlation of the dose of TOL with the peak IRI (p less than .01), zero to ten minute IRI area (p less than .001), and zero to sixty minute IRI area (p less than .001) and with the decline in BG expressed as zero to sixty minute BG area (p less than .001). Similar significant correlations were observed between levels of TOL and both IRI and BG. At each dose level the IRI response correlated significantly with the BG fall. An additional eighteen subjects received the 1.0 gm. dose. In these, serum TOL levels did not correlate with either BG or IRI. These subjects also received intravenous glucose (0.5 gm. per kilogram body weight). BG levels did not correlate with IRI. However, there were striking correlations between TOL and glucose-stimulated peak IRI (p less than .001), zero to ten minute IRI area (p less than .05). The mean (plus or minus SEM) space of distribution for glucose (G.S.) and tolbutamide (TLS.) was found to be 13.45 plus or minus 0.71 and 6.34 plus or minus 0.31 L., respectively. There was a significant dose-response relationship exists between TOL and IRI. TOL- and glucose-induced IRI secretion dynamics suggest strong similarities between mechanisms of rapid IRI release and/or size of available IRI storage pools.", "PMID": 1132601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12051", "title": "Hyperinsulinemia and hypoinsulinemai. Insulin responses to oral carbohydrate over a wide spectrum of glucose tolerance.", "content": "Oral glucose tolerance tests using a 75 gm. carbohydrate load were performed on 396 Pima Indians. Subjects were divided into groups on the basis of two-hour plasma glucose levels and the patterns of insulin response examined. Two-hour insulin levels were highest in the group with two-hour plasma glucose levels between 140-169 mg,/100 ml. and then fell progressively until levels about 400 mg./100 ml. were reached. Half and one-hour insulin levels showed little change in the groups with two-hour glucose levels up to 170 mg,/100 ml., but at higher glucose levels these insulin levels also progressively diminished. Fasting insulin levels were relatively unchanged over the entire range of glucose inintolerance. Obesity was the most important factor influencing the fasting insulin levels. Glucose level was the major determinant of post-load insulin responses, but these were also significantly influenced by obesity. No effect of age or sex on insulin levels was demonstrated. Comparison with other published data indicated that different interpretations of insulin response in subjects with \"mild diabetes\" have resulted from comparisons of groups with different degrees of glucose tolerance.", "contents": "Hyperinsulinemia and hypoinsulinemai. Insulin responses to oral carbohydrate over a wide spectrum of glucose tolerance. Oral glucose tolerance tests using a 75 gm. carbohydrate load were performed on 396 Pima Indians. Subjects were divided into groups on the basis of two-hour plasma glucose levels and the patterns of insulin response examined. Two-hour insulin levels were highest in the group with two-hour plasma glucose levels between 140-169 mg,/100 ml. and then fell progressively until levels about 400 mg./100 ml. were reached. Half and one-hour insulin levels showed little change in the groups with two-hour glucose levels up to 170 mg,/100 ml., but at higher glucose levels these insulin levels also progressively diminished. Fasting insulin levels were relatively unchanged over the entire range of glucose inintolerance. Obesity was the most important factor influencing the fasting insulin levels. Glucose level was the major determinant of post-load insulin responses, but these were also significantly influenced by obesity. No effect of age or sex on insulin levels was demonstrated. Comparison with other published data indicated that different interpretations of insulin response in subjects with \"mild diabetes\" have resulted from comparisons of groups with different degrees of glucose tolerance.", "PMID": 1132602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12052", "title": "Differential effects of alpha- and beta-D- glucose on insulin and glucagon secretion from the isolated perfused rat pancreas.", "content": "The efficacy of alpha and beta-D-glucose in causing insulin release and suppressing glucagon release from the isolated perfused rat pancreas was tested. In order to allow simultaneous assessment of glucose effect on both alpha and beta-cells, the pancreas was continually perfused with a physiological amino acid mixture (10 mM) which provokes glucagon secretion and also stimulates the beta-cells, provided glucose is present. Under these conditions the alpha-anomer of D-glucose at 3 and 6 mM proved significantly more potent than the beta-anomer in inducing insulin release and in inhibiting glucagon secretion. These data lend further support to the concept that alpha-cells and beta-cells contain glucoreceptors controlling glucagon and insulin seckretion and show that certain physiochemical properties of these receptors are alike in both types of cells.", "contents": "Differential effects of alpha- and beta-D- glucose on insulin and glucagon secretion from the isolated perfused rat pancreas. The efficacy of alpha and beta-D-glucose in causing insulin release and suppressing glucagon release from the isolated perfused rat pancreas was tested. In order to allow simultaneous assessment of glucose effect on both alpha and beta-cells, the pancreas was continually perfused with a physiological amino acid mixture (10 mM) which provokes glucagon secretion and also stimulates the beta-cells, provided glucose is present. Under these conditions the alpha-anomer of D-glucose at 3 and 6 mM proved significantly more potent than the beta-anomer in inducing insulin release and in inhibiting glucagon secretion. These data lend further support to the concept that alpha-cells and beta-cells contain glucoreceptors controlling glucagon and insulin seckretion and show that certain physiochemical properties of these receptors are alike in both types of cells.", "PMID": 1132603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12053", "title": "Dylexia in children and young adults: three independent neuropsychological syndromes.", "content": "In an attempt to delineate causal factors in dyslexia, 113 children and young adults (age-range eight to 18 years) were divided into three groups: those with brain damage who could read (n=31), those with brain damage who were dyslexic (n=53), and those without brain damage who were dyslexic (n=29).  A battery of neuropsychological tests was presented to each participant.  No significant differences were found between the two dyslexic groups.  Three syndromes--language disorder, articulation and graphomotor dysco-ordination, and visuo-perceptual disorder--were found among the great majority of those with dyslexia.  The results support a model of dyslexia as being caused by multiple independent defects in higher cortical functioning, as opposed to the theory of a single causal defect.  A clinical description of each syndrome is given and models of dyslexia are discussed.  The authors stress the desirability of including brain-damaged readers as a control group in any future study on causal factors in dyslexia.", "contents": "Dylexia in children and young adults: three independent neuropsychological syndromes. In an attempt to delineate causal factors in dyslexia, 113 children and young adults (age-range eight to 18 years) were divided into three groups: those with brain damage who could read (n=31), those with brain damage who were dyslexic (n=53), and those without brain damage who were dyslexic (n=29).  A battery of neuropsychological tests was presented to each participant.  No significant differences were found between the two dyslexic groups.  Three syndromes--language disorder, articulation and graphomotor dysco-ordination, and visuo-perceptual disorder--were found among the great majority of those with dyslexia.  The results support a model of dyslexia as being caused by multiple independent defects in higher cortical functioning, as opposed to the theory of a single causal defect.  A clinical description of each syndrome is given and models of dyslexia are discussed.  The authors stress the desirability of including brain-damaged readers as a control group in any future study on causal factors in dyslexia.", "PMID": 1132605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12054", "title": "The Stycar language test.", "content": "The principles and practical application of the STYCAR Developmental Language Test are briefly described.  The test, which is one of the STYCAR series (Sheridan Tests for Young Children and Retardates, Sheridan 1973), consists of three widely overlapping testing procedures i.e. the Common Objects Test (one to two years), the Miniature Toys Test (21 months to 4 1/2 years) and the Picture-book Test (2 1/2 to seven years).  The picture-book includes lists of speech sounds, words and sentences for recognition and repetition, to detect and define difficulties of auditory discrimination, articulation and sequencing of sounds.  The tests are designed to provide the examiner with considerable choice in individual application, but differential diagnosis calls for experienced clinical judgement.  Since the tests are not intended to produce pass/fail results, descriptive recording and clinical assessment on a three- or five-point scale is recommended.", "contents": "The Stycar language test. The principles and practical application of the STYCAR Developmental Language Test are briefly described.  The test, which is one of the STYCAR series (Sheridan Tests for Young Children and Retardates, Sheridan 1973), consists of three widely overlapping testing procedures i.e. the Common Objects Test (one to two years), the Miniature Toys Test (21 months to 4 1/2 years) and the Picture-book Test (2 1/2 to seven years).  The picture-book includes lists of speech sounds, words and sentences for recognition and repetition, to detect and define difficulties of auditory discrimination, articulation and sequencing of sounds.  The tests are designed to provide the examiner with considerable choice in individual application, but differential diagnosis calls for experienced clinical judgement.  Since the tests are not intended to produce pass/fail results, descriptive recording and clinical assessment on a three- or five-point scale is recommended.", "PMID": 1132606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12055", "title": "Automatic operant response procedure ('play-test') for the study of auditory perception of neurologically impaired infants.", "content": "Ten babies with cerebral palsy of varying types and degrees (age-range 10 to 27 months) participated in an initial exploratory study designed to determine the effectiveness of an automated, two-choice audio feedback system (Playtest') for evaluation of the auditory perception and processing capabilities of neurologically impaired infants.  The major components of the 'Playtest' are a master control unit and two toy-like switches which are attached to the baby's crib.  By playing with the 'toys', the baby is able to listen to one of two pre-recorded audio stimuli, music or a monotone hum.  Frequency and duration of the baby's self-selected listening responses are automatically recorded on meters inside the control unit and provide a precise numerical record over an extended period of time.  In this study the handicapped infants were physically able to operate the apparatus and demonstrated highly significant preferential listening.  Comparison of the recorded data from the study infants with those from normal infants showed no significant difference between the performances of the two groups.  The findings suggest that the 'Playtest' technique could be successfully applied to the objective assessment of auditory perception and processing abilities of neurologically impaired infants, whose handicaps often prevent them from effectively participating in other standardised test procedures.  The principal advantages of the technique are that testing is done in the child's most familiar environment--his own crib at home--without the intrusion of other people, and the evaluation of hearing competence is a function of the baby's spontaneous self-selected responses to sound variables, and hence of his auditory discrimination.", "contents": "Automatic operant response procedure ('play-test') for the study of auditory perception of neurologically impaired infants. Ten babies with cerebral palsy of varying types and degrees (age-range 10 to 27 months) participated in an initial exploratory study designed to determine the effectiveness of an automated, two-choice audio feedback system (Playtest') for evaluation of the auditory perception and processing capabilities of neurologically impaired infants.  The major components of the 'Playtest' are a master control unit and two toy-like switches which are attached to the baby's crib.  By playing with the 'toys', the baby is able to listen to one of two pre-recorded audio stimuli, music or a monotone hum.  Frequency and duration of the baby's self-selected listening responses are automatically recorded on meters inside the control unit and provide a precise numerical record over an extended period of time.  In this study the handicapped infants were physically able to operate the apparatus and demonstrated highly significant preferential listening.  Comparison of the recorded data from the study infants with those from normal infants showed no significant difference between the performances of the two groups.  The findings suggest that the 'Playtest' technique could be successfully applied to the objective assessment of auditory perception and processing abilities of neurologically impaired infants, whose handicaps often prevent them from effectively participating in other standardised test procedures.  The principal advantages of the technique are that testing is done in the child's most familiar environment--his own crib at home--without the intrusion of other people, and the evaluation of hearing competence is a function of the baby's spontaneous self-selected responses to sound variables, and hence of his auditory discrimination.", "PMID": 1132607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12056", "title": "The isolation syndrome in childhood.", "content": "A new diagnostic category--the Isolation Syndrome--is proposed to describe a pattern of abnormal behaviour in children.  The child's 'isolated' state manifests itself in defective social interaction and communication between mother and child, in disorders of perceptual function and motor skills, in stereotyped behaviour and in general developmental retardation, especially in language.  The typical situations in which the syndrome is likely to occur are discussed, and methods of treatment, both prophylactic and remedial, are given in detail.  The purpose of identifying the Isolation Syndrome is to alert clinicians to the possibility that in some children with abnormal patterns of behaviour there is a specific and treatable difficulty in the child's environment.", "contents": "The isolation syndrome in childhood. A new diagnostic category--the Isolation Syndrome--is proposed to describe a pattern of abnormal behaviour in children.  The child's 'isolated' state manifests itself in defective social interaction and communication between mother and child, in disorders of perceptual function and motor skills, in stereotyped behaviour and in general developmental retardation, especially in language.  The typical situations in which the syndrome is likely to occur are discussed, and methods of treatment, both prophylactic and remedial, are given in detail.  The purpose of identifying the Isolation Syndrome is to alert clinicians to the possibility that in some children with abnormal patterns of behaviour there is a specific and treatable difficulty in the child's environment.", "PMID": 1132608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12057", "title": "Trisomy-18 mosaicism with features of Russel-Silver syndrome.", "content": "A child is described who presented at 16 months with developmental delay and clinical features of the Russell-Silver syndrome.  Chromosome analysis revealed trisomy-18 mosaicism.  Only one other similar case has been reported in the literature.  It is recommended that chromosomal studies continue to be included in the clinical investigation of children with Russell-Silver syndrome.", "contents": "Trisomy-18 mosaicism with features of Russel-Silver syndrome. A child is described who presented at 16 months with developmental delay and clinical features of the Russell-Silver syndrome.  Chromosome analysis revealed trisomy-18 mosaicism.  Only one other similar case has been reported in the literature.  It is recommended that chromosomal studies continue to be included in the clinical investigation of children with Russell-Silver syndrome.", "PMID": 1132609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12058", "title": "Tay-Sachs disease: case reports with emphasis on chromatographic study of rectal biopsy.", "content": "Two South Indian Hindu children with typical clinical features compatible with Tay-Sachs disease are presented.  The identification of GM2 as the major ganglioside in the lipid extract of rectal biopsy helped to confirm the clinical diagnosis.", "contents": "Tay-Sachs disease: case reports with emphasis on chromatographic study of rectal biopsy. Two South Indian Hindu children with typical clinical features compatible with Tay-Sachs disease are presented.  The identification of GM2 as the major ganglioside in the lipid extract of rectal biopsy helped to confirm the clinical diagnosis.", "PMID": 1132610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12059", "title": "'Progressive cerebral palsy' or spinal cord tumor?  Two cases of mistaken identity.", "content": "The misdiagnosis of cerebral palsy in children with neurological impairment is relatively common, although it is particularly untenable if the child's symptoms run a progressive course.  This paper reports two children with presumed 'progressive' cerebral palsy who at later evaluation were found to have intramedullary tumors of the cervical spinal cord.  The report is intended to alert pediatricians to the atpyical presentation and insidiuos progression of spinal cord tumors in children.  Whether or not the child has cerebral palsy, any progressive deterioration of function in the extremities, complaints of back pain, loss of sphincter control, or sensory abnormality, warrants a thorough neurological examination and specific radiological procedures to exclude the possiblility of a spinal cord tumor.", "contents": "'Progressive cerebral palsy' or spinal cord tumor?  Two cases of mistaken identity. The misdiagnosis of cerebral palsy in children with neurological impairment is relatively common, although it is particularly untenable if the child's symptoms run a progressive course.  This paper reports two children with presumed 'progressive' cerebral palsy who at later evaluation were found to have intramedullary tumors of the cervical spinal cord.  The report is intended to alert pediatricians to the atpyical presentation and insidiuos progression of spinal cord tumors in children.  Whether or not the child has cerebral palsy, any progressive deterioration of function in the extremities, complaints of back pain, loss of sphincter control, or sensory abnormality, warrants a thorough neurological examination and specific radiological procedures to exclude the possiblility of a spinal cord tumor.", "PMID": 1132611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12060", "title": "Congenital ophthalmoplegia and school achievement: a case study.", "content": "A 6 1/2-year-old boy with Moebius' syndrome, with severely restricted horizontal eye movements, was found to have the visuo-motor integration of a child of three years (IQ equivalent 41) and the perceptual development of a child of four years 10 months (perceptual quotient 68).  Cognitive assessment revealed functioning in the low dull-normal range of ability (IQ equivalent 83).  Achievement in arithmetic and reading was found to be at late kindergarten and early first-grade levels respectively (IQ equivalents 83 and 92).  Thus the boy's achievement was in line with his cognitive ability and greater than 1 S.D. above his visual-perception and visuo-motor development.  The results of this study replicate the findings of Kalverboer et al. (1970) on a 12-year-old boy with Moebius' syndrome and add to a growing body of evidence which does not support the current emphasis on visuo-motor development and training in the diagnosis and remediation of learning difficulties.", "contents": "Congenital ophthalmoplegia and school achievement: a case study. A 6 1/2-year-old boy with Moebius' syndrome, with severely restricted horizontal eye movements, was found to have the visuo-motor integration of a child of three years (IQ equivalent 41) and the perceptual development of a child of four years 10 months (perceptual quotient 68).  Cognitive assessment revealed functioning in the low dull-normal range of ability (IQ equivalent 83).  Achievement in arithmetic and reading was found to be at late kindergarten and early first-grade levels respectively (IQ equivalents 83 and 92).  Thus the boy's achievement was in line with his cognitive ability and greater than 1 S.D. above his visual-perception and visuo-motor development.  The results of this study replicate the findings of Kalverboer et al. (1970) on a 12-year-old boy with Moebius' syndrome and add to a growing body of evidence which does not support the current emphasis on visuo-motor development and training in the diagnosis and remediation of learning difficulties.", "PMID": 1132612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12061", "title": "Esophageal columnar epithelial beta-galactosidase and beta-glucuronidase.", "content": "We have compared the activity of the lysosomal enzymes, beta-galactosidase and beta-glucuronidase, in esophageal columnar, gastric fundic, and small intestinal epithelia. Beta-Galactosidase activity in esophageal columnar epithelium was less than that in intestinal tissue. Beta-Glucuronidase activity in the esophageal columnar epithelium was greater than that in gastric fundic tissue. Thus, this unique epithelium has enzyme characteristics which are dissimilar to both intestinal and gastric fundic tissue. This tends to support previous findings that suggested a metaplastic derivation.", "contents": "Esophageal columnar epithelial beta-galactosidase and beta-glucuronidase. We have compared the activity of the lysosomal enzymes, beta-galactosidase and beta-glucuronidase, in esophageal columnar, gastric fundic, and small intestinal epithelia. Beta-Galactosidase activity in esophageal columnar epithelium was less than that in intestinal tissue. Beta-Glucuronidase activity in the esophageal columnar epithelium was greater than that in gastric fundic tissue. Thus, this unique epithelium has enzyme characteristics which are dissimilar to both intestinal and gastric fundic tissue. This tends to support previous findings that suggested a metaplastic derivation.", "PMID": 1132623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12062", "title": "Long term effect of highly selective vagotomy on basal and maximal acid output in man.", "content": "Basal acid output (BAO) and Maximal acid outputs (MAO) were measured 5 years after highly selective vagotomy (HSV) in 21 patients who had previously undergone serial testing of BAO and MAO for up to 2 years after HSV. BAO was found to have decreased from a mean of 1.7 mEq per hr, 1 year after HSV, to 1.4 mEq per hr, 5 years after HSV (not significant). The mean reduction in BAO at 5 years, compared with the preoperative BAO of 8.4 mEq per hr, was 79%. The mean peak acid response to pentagastrin (PAO-Pg) increased from 20.2 mEq per hr at 1 year to 22.6 mEq per hr at 5 years (0.1 greater than P greater than 0.05). The mean reduction in PAO-Pg, compared with the preoperative PAO-Pg of 43 mEq per hr, was 51% at 1 year and 48% at 5 years. Inasmuch as acid outputs seem unlikely to increase further after 5 years, it is concluded that HSV produces a permanent reduction of about 80% in basal acid output and 50% in maximal acid output.", "contents": "Long term effect of highly selective vagotomy on basal and maximal acid output in man. Basal acid output (BAO) and Maximal acid outputs (MAO) were measured 5 years after highly selective vagotomy (HSV) in 21 patients who had previously undergone serial testing of BAO and MAO for up to 2 years after HSV. BAO was found to have decreased from a mean of 1.7 mEq per hr, 1 year after HSV, to 1.4 mEq per hr, 5 years after HSV (not significant). The mean reduction in BAO at 5 years, compared with the preoperative BAO of 8.4 mEq per hr, was 79%. The mean peak acid response to pentagastrin (PAO-Pg) increased from 20.2 mEq per hr at 1 year to 22.6 mEq per hr at 5 years (0.1 greater than P greater than 0.05). The mean reduction in PAO-Pg, compared with the preoperative PAO-Pg of 43 mEq per hr, was 51% at 1 year and 48% at 5 years. Inasmuch as acid outputs seem unlikely to increase further after 5 years, it is concluded that HSV produces a permanent reduction of about 80% in basal acid output and 50% in maximal acid output.", "PMID": 1132624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12063", "title": "Jejunal and ileal absorption of dibasic amino acids and an arginine-containing dipeptide in cystinuria.", "content": "Ileal transport of dibasic amino acids has not previously been studied in the intestine of healthy volunteers or cystinuric patients. Experiments have therefore been designed to compare ileal and jejunal absorption of lysine and arginine both in normal subjects and cystinuric patients. In addition, jejunal perfusion experiments have been carried out to investigate absorption of the dipeptide L-arginyl-L-leucine. The results indicate that, at the concentrations studied (4.2 mM lysine, 1 mM arginine), severe transport defects exist throughout the whole small intestine for both amino acids in cystinuria. Despite the transport defect for free arginine, cystinuric patients absorbed the dipeptide L-arginyl-L-leucine normally. Because of the transport defect for free arginine, it has been possible to show that during absorption of L-arginyl-L-leucine in cystinuria approximately 30% of dipeptide-bound arginine can be recovered from the gut lumen in the free form. These findings indicate that the prime function of specific amino acid transport systems during the absorption of protein digestion products may be as a \"recapture mechanism\" for amino acids liberated as a result of mucosal cell peptide hydrolysis.", "contents": "Jejunal and ileal absorption of dibasic amino acids and an arginine-containing dipeptide in cystinuria. Ileal transport of dibasic amino acids has not previously been studied in the intestine of healthy volunteers or cystinuric patients. Experiments have therefore been designed to compare ileal and jejunal absorption of lysine and arginine both in normal subjects and cystinuric patients. In addition, jejunal perfusion experiments have been carried out to investigate absorption of the dipeptide L-arginyl-L-leucine. The results indicate that, at the concentrations studied (4.2 mM lysine, 1 mM arginine), severe transport defects exist throughout the whole small intestine for both amino acids in cystinuria. Despite the transport defect for free arginine, cystinuric patients absorbed the dipeptide L-arginyl-L-leucine normally. Because of the transport defect for free arginine, it has been possible to show that during absorption of L-arginyl-L-leucine in cystinuria approximately 30% of dipeptide-bound arginine can be recovered from the gut lumen in the free form. These findings indicate that the prime function of specific amino acid transport systems during the absorption of protein digestion products may be as a \"recapture mechanism\" for amino acids liberated as a result of mucosal cell peptide hydrolysis.", "PMID": 1132625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12064", "title": "Fecal radioiodide excretion following intravenous injection of 131-I-albumin and 125-I-immunoglobulin G in chronic inflammatory bowel disease. An aid to topographic diagnosis.", "content": "Simultaneous studies with 131-I-albumin and 125-I-immunoglobulin G (IgG) were made in 48 cases of chronic inflammatory bowel disease. Twenty-one had ulcerative colitis and 27 had Crohn's disease which was confirmed at laparotomy in every case. Intestinal protein loss was measured simultaneously by means of 59-Fe-iron dextran in 44 patients. All patients had abnormal intestinal protein loss. A high correlation was shown between fecal 59-Fe clearance and fractional catabolic rate of albumin, confirming the validity of 59-Fe-iron dextran as a test substance to measure intestinal protein loss. Fecal radioiodide excretion of 131-I from 131-I-albumin (A) and 125-I from 125-I-IgG (G) was significantly different in ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. The ratio G/A was close to unity (smaller than 1.60) in ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease with exclusive or predominant involvement of the colon, whereas it was high in Crohn's disease of the small intestine and highest in cases with jejunal involvement. Thus, the ratio may be valuable in topographic diagnosis of chronic inflammatory bowel disease. A high ratio was found in 2 patients with Crohn's disease of the small intestine and normal radiography of the small intestine, and a low ratio was present in 7 cases of ulcerative colitis with normal radiographic findings. In all 9 patients with normal radiography, fecal 59-Fe clearance was elevated as evidence of abnormal intestinal protein loss. No correlation was present between the size of protein loss and the pathoanatomic extent of the lesions on subsequent laparotomy in 25 patients with Crohn's disease. Fecal radioiodide excretion (131-I from 131-I-albumin and 125-I from 125-I-IgG) was positively correlated with diarrhea (daily stool mass) in both ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Intestinal protein loss was not.", "contents": "Fecal radioiodide excretion following intravenous injection of 131-I-albumin and 125-I-immunoglobulin G in chronic inflammatory bowel disease. An aid to topographic diagnosis. Simultaneous studies with 131-I-albumin and 125-I-immunoglobulin G (IgG) were made in 48 cases of chronic inflammatory bowel disease. Twenty-one had ulcerative colitis and 27 had Crohn's disease which was confirmed at laparotomy in every case. Intestinal protein loss was measured simultaneously by means of 59-Fe-iron dextran in 44 patients. All patients had abnormal intestinal protein loss. A high correlation was shown between fecal 59-Fe clearance and fractional catabolic rate of albumin, confirming the validity of 59-Fe-iron dextran as a test substance to measure intestinal protein loss. Fecal radioiodide excretion of 131-I from 131-I-albumin (A) and 125-I from 125-I-IgG (G) was significantly different in ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. The ratio G/A was close to unity (smaller than 1.60) in ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease with exclusive or predominant involvement of the colon, whereas it was high in Crohn's disease of the small intestine and highest in cases with jejunal involvement. Thus, the ratio may be valuable in topographic diagnosis of chronic inflammatory bowel disease. A high ratio was found in 2 patients with Crohn's disease of the small intestine and normal radiography of the small intestine, and a low ratio was present in 7 cases of ulcerative colitis with normal radiographic findings. In all 9 patients with normal radiography, fecal 59-Fe clearance was elevated as evidence of abnormal intestinal protein loss. No correlation was present between the size of protein loss and the pathoanatomic extent of the lesions on subsequent laparotomy in 25 patients with Crohn's disease. Fecal radioiodide excretion (131-I from 131-I-albumin and 125-I from 125-I-IgG) was positively correlated with diarrhea (daily stool mass) in both ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Intestinal protein loss was not.", "PMID": 1132626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12065", "title": "Electrophysiological effects of burimamide and 16,16-dimethyl prostaglandin E2 on the canine gastric mucosa.", "content": "The electrophysiological effects of two potent inhibitors of gastric acid secretion, burimamide and 16,16-dimethyl prostaglandin E2 (dm-PGE2), were determined in an in vivo histamine-stimulated canine stomach preparation and an in vitro canine gastric mucosal preparation. In the in vivo stomach preparation, intravenous burimamide caused a decrease in acid secretion, an increase in transmucosal potential difference (PD) and the relative resistance (R) was essentially unchanged. Intravenous dm-PGE2 also inhibited acid secretion and increased PD but, in contrast to burimamide, increased R. In the in vitro preparation, the unidirectional flux of sodium from mucosa to serosa increased after dm-PGE2 but not after burimamide. Passive sodium fluxes and unidirectional chloride fluxes were not altered after either agent. These findings suggest that increased active transport of sodium from mucosa to serosa is at least partially responsible for the observed increase in transmural PD with dm-PGE2, an agent which also decreases hydrogen ion transport. With burimamide the increased PD was due primarily to inhibition of hydrogen ion secretion.", "contents": "Electrophysiological effects of burimamide and 16,16-dimethyl prostaglandin E2 on the canine gastric mucosa. The electrophysiological effects of two potent inhibitors of gastric acid secretion, burimamide and 16,16-dimethyl prostaglandin E2 (dm-PGE2), were determined in an in vivo histamine-stimulated canine stomach preparation and an in vitro canine gastric mucosal preparation. In the in vivo stomach preparation, intravenous burimamide caused a decrease in acid secretion, an increase in transmucosal potential difference (PD) and the relative resistance (R) was essentially unchanged. Intravenous dm-PGE2 also inhibited acid secretion and increased PD but, in contrast to burimamide, increased R. In the in vitro preparation, the unidirectional flux of sodium from mucosa to serosa increased after dm-PGE2 but not after burimamide. Passive sodium fluxes and unidirectional chloride fluxes were not altered after either agent. These findings suggest that increased active transport of sodium from mucosa to serosa is at least partially responsible for the observed increase in transmural PD with dm-PGE2, an agent which also decreases hydrogen ion transport. With burimamide the increased PD was due primarily to inhibition of hydrogen ion secretion.", "PMID": 1132628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12066", "title": "Analysis of the motor effects of 13-norleucine motilin on the rabbit, guinea pig, rat, and human alimentary tract in vitro.", "content": "Motor effects of 13-norleucine motilin (13-Nle-M), a synthetic analog of motilin and biologically equivalent to the natural polypeptide, on the rabbit, guinea pig, rat, and human alimentary tract were investigated in vitro. Whereas guinea pig and rat preparations proved refractory to 13-Nle-M action, muscle strips of the stomach and upper small intestine from rabbits and man were highly sensitive to 13-Nle-M, contractile responses being elicited with concentrations of less than 2 times 10-minus 9 M. Although circular muscle from rabbit colon responded to 13-Nle-M, Taenia coli preparations were unaffected by the polypeptide; in man, the reverse was observed. Gallbladder, uterine, and vascular smooth muscle were unresponsive to 13-Nle-M. Pharmacological analysis revealed that the effects of 13-Nle-M on the gastrointestinal muscle are not mediated via nervous pathways: ganglion blockade by hexamethonium, blockade of axonal conduction by tetrodotoxin, or anticholinergic action by atropine failed to affect 13-Nle-M actions. It was therefore concluded that 13-Nle-M caused contractions by stimulating receptors on or in the muscle cell. By use of the antihistaminic pheniramine, histamine receptors could be differentiated from the site of 13-Nle-M action. As the contractile response to 13-Nle-M was abolished by the Ca++ antagonistic compound verapamil, a role for 13-Nle-M in the transport of Ca++ to the cytosol of intestinal smooth muscle might be considered.", "contents": "Analysis of the motor effects of 13-norleucine motilin on the rabbit, guinea pig, rat, and human alimentary tract in vitro. Motor effects of 13-norleucine motilin (13-Nle-M), a synthetic analog of motilin and biologically equivalent to the natural polypeptide, on the rabbit, guinea pig, rat, and human alimentary tract were investigated in vitro. Whereas guinea pig and rat preparations proved refractory to 13-Nle-M action, muscle strips of the stomach and upper small intestine from rabbits and man were highly sensitive to 13-Nle-M, contractile responses being elicited with concentrations of less than 2 times 10-minus 9 M. Although circular muscle from rabbit colon responded to 13-Nle-M, Taenia coli preparations were unaffected by the polypeptide; in man, the reverse was observed. Gallbladder, uterine, and vascular smooth muscle were unresponsive to 13-Nle-M. Pharmacological analysis revealed that the effects of 13-Nle-M on the gastrointestinal muscle are not mediated via nervous pathways: ganglion blockade by hexamethonium, blockade of axonal conduction by tetrodotoxin, or anticholinergic action by atropine failed to affect 13-Nle-M actions. It was therefore concluded that 13-Nle-M caused contractions by stimulating receptors on or in the muscle cell. By use of the antihistaminic pheniramine, histamine receptors could be differentiated from the site of 13-Nle-M action. As the contractile response to 13-Nle-M was abolished by the Ca++ antagonistic compound verapamil, a role for 13-Nle-M in the transport of Ca++ to the cytosol of intestinal smooth muscle might be considered.", "PMID": 1132629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12067", "title": "Mechanism and site of small intestinal absorption of alpha-tocopherol in the rat.", "content": "The site and mechanism of alpha-[5-methyl-3-H]tocopherol absorption was investigated using everted rat small bowel sacs incubated in a micellar medium. Mean plus or minus SE absorption rates of the vitamin at 300 muM incubation solution concentration by proximal, medial, and distal small bowel segments were 2.2 plus or minus 0.17, 3.4 plus or minus 0.21, and 2.0 plus or minus 0.04 nmoles per min per 100 mg, respectively. Addition of 2,4-dinitrophenol, sodium azide, or potassium cyanide to the incubation medium in separate experiments did not change the rate of absorption (P greater than 0.10). Stepwise increase in incubation solution tocopherol concentration up to 1200 muM resulted in a linear increase in the absorption rate. In all of the above described experiments the rate of absorption of the vitamin by the medial portion of the small bowel was significantly (P smaller than 0.01) higher than the rate of absorption of the vitamin by the proximal and distal small bowel segments. No transmural transport of the vitamin into the serosal compartment took place. Autoradiographic examination of the tissue after incubation disclosed accumulation of the vitamin in the submucosal lymphatic spaces. Alpha-Tocopherol absorption by the rat small bowel appears to be a passive diffusion process taking place at the highest rate in the medial portion of the small bowel.", "contents": "Mechanism and site of small intestinal absorption of alpha-tocopherol in the rat. The site and mechanism of alpha-[5-methyl-3-H]tocopherol absorption was investigated using everted rat small bowel sacs incubated in a micellar medium. Mean plus or minus SE absorption rates of the vitamin at 300 muM incubation solution concentration by proximal, medial, and distal small bowel segments were 2.2 plus or minus 0.17, 3.4 plus or minus 0.21, and 2.0 plus or minus 0.04 nmoles per min per 100 mg, respectively. Addition of 2,4-dinitrophenol, sodium azide, or potassium cyanide to the incubation medium in separate experiments did not change the rate of absorption (P greater than 0.10). Stepwise increase in incubation solution tocopherol concentration up to 1200 muM resulted in a linear increase in the absorption rate. In all of the above described experiments the rate of absorption of the vitamin by the medial portion of the small bowel was significantly (P smaller than 0.01) higher than the rate of absorption of the vitamin by the proximal and distal small bowel segments. No transmural transport of the vitamin into the serosal compartment took place. Autoradiographic examination of the tissue after incubation disclosed accumulation of the vitamin in the submucosal lymphatic spaces. Alpha-Tocopherol absorption by the rat small bowel appears to be a passive diffusion process taking place at the highest rate in the medial portion of the small bowel.", "PMID": 1132630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12068", "title": "Electrical spiking activity and propulsion in small intestine in fed and fasted rats.", "content": "Bipolar electromyograms were obtained from electrodes chronically implanted on the small intestine in rats accustomed to receiving food only during 4 days per week. Continuous recording, begun 5 to 10 days after operation, continued for 10 to 15 days. The spiking activity was continuously summed at 20-sec intervals on linear integrators. At the end of the experiment, small intestinal propulsion and gastric emptying were measured. During fasting, the pattern of spike bursts of the jejunum was a cycle of three phases: a period of silence was followed sequentially by periods of irregular and regular spike bursts, lasting 6 to 10 min and 4 min, respectively. Cycles recurred at intervals of 16 to 20 min and migrated caudad at 2 to 3 cm per min. Intragastric administration of food and amino acids caused continuous irregular spiking for 2 to 3 hr. A similar effect resulted from amino acids and glucose administered into the duodenum. Continuous but weak irregular spiking followed intragastric or intraduodenal administration of oleic acid. In fasted rats, the velocity of intestinal transit was faster when a bolus was administered before a migrating complex than after Marker movement was rapid in fed rats in whom there was continuous irregular spiking. The presence of nutrients in the intestinal lumen alters the patterns of contractions.", "contents": "Electrical spiking activity and propulsion in small intestine in fed and fasted rats. Bipolar electromyograms were obtained from electrodes chronically implanted on the small intestine in rats accustomed to receiving food only during 4 days per week. Continuous recording, begun 5 to 10 days after operation, continued for 10 to 15 days. The spiking activity was continuously summed at 20-sec intervals on linear integrators. At the end of the experiment, small intestinal propulsion and gastric emptying were measured. During fasting, the pattern of spike bursts of the jejunum was a cycle of three phases: a period of silence was followed sequentially by periods of irregular and regular spike bursts, lasting 6 to 10 min and 4 min, respectively. Cycles recurred at intervals of 16 to 20 min and migrated caudad at 2 to 3 cm per min. Intragastric administration of food and amino acids caused continuous irregular spiking for 2 to 3 hr. A similar effect resulted from amino acids and glucose administered into the duodenum. Continuous but weak irregular spiking followed intragastric or intraduodenal administration of oleic acid. In fasted rats, the velocity of intestinal transit was faster when a bolus was administered before a migrating complex than after Marker movement was rapid in fed rats in whom there was continuous irregular spiking. The presence of nutrients in the intestinal lumen alters the patterns of contractions.", "PMID": 1132631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12069", "title": "Effect of perfusion rate on absorption, surface area, unstirred water layer thickness, permeability, and intraluminal pressure in the rat ileum in vivo.", "content": "Intestinal absorption and intraluminal pressures were measured at perfusion rates between 0.3 and 200 ml per min in the rat ileum in vivo. Glucose absorption from a 72 mM glucose solution and tritiated water ([3-H]water) diffusion rate were used to reflect changes in mucosal surface area. Glucose absorption from a 4 mM solution was used to indicate changes in unstirred water layer thickness, and mannitol and urea absorption were used as markers of passive mucosal permeability. In a partially obstructed intestinal segment, designed to keep the gut partially filled even at low perfusion rates and to minimize surface area change as perfusion rate was increased, glucose absorption from a 4 mM solution increased by 150% as perfusion rate was increased from 1 to 100 ml per min. Forty per cent of this increase was due to increased surface area (estimated from the change in [3-H]water absorption), and 110% of the increase is attributed to thinning of the unstirred water layer. Because mannitol absorption was zero at all perfusion rates, none of the enhanced glucose absorption rate need be attributed to enhanced mucosal permeability, even though intraluminal pressure was increased at higher perfusion rates. Urea absorption was apparently influenced by surface area and by permeability changes, but not by the thickness of the unstirred water layer. This model was also used to explore the effect of unstirred water layer thickness on the inhibitory effect of sodium replacement by magnesium on glucose absorption from a 4 mM glucose solution. Inhibition by sodium removal was equal at 1, 10, 100, and 200 ml per min perfusion rates, suggesting that unstirred water layer thickness does not play an important role in the interaction of glucose and sodium absorption when intraluminal sodium concentration is reduced. Additional experiments in an unobstructed ileal segment revealed that the major effect of enhanced perfusion rate is to increase mucosal surface area; relatively high rates of perfusion were required to thin significantly the unstirred water layer when intestinal outflow was not partially obstructed.", "contents": "Effect of perfusion rate on absorption, surface area, unstirred water layer thickness, permeability, and intraluminal pressure in the rat ileum in vivo. Intestinal absorption and intraluminal pressures were measured at perfusion rates between 0.3 and 200 ml per min in the rat ileum in vivo. Glucose absorption from a 72 mM glucose solution and tritiated water ([3-H]water) diffusion rate were used to reflect changes in mucosal surface area. Glucose absorption from a 4 mM solution was used to indicate changes in unstirred water layer thickness, and mannitol and urea absorption were used as markers of passive mucosal permeability. In a partially obstructed intestinal segment, designed to keep the gut partially filled even at low perfusion rates and to minimize surface area change as perfusion rate was increased, glucose absorption from a 4 mM solution increased by 150% as perfusion rate was increased from 1 to 100 ml per min. Forty per cent of this increase was due to increased surface area (estimated from the change in [3-H]water absorption), and 110% of the increase is attributed to thinning of the unstirred water layer. Because mannitol absorption was zero at all perfusion rates, none of the enhanced glucose absorption rate need be attributed to enhanced mucosal permeability, even though intraluminal pressure was increased at higher perfusion rates. Urea absorption was apparently influenced by surface area and by permeability changes, but not by the thickness of the unstirred water layer. This model was also used to explore the effect of unstirred water layer thickness on the inhibitory effect of sodium replacement by magnesium on glucose absorption from a 4 mM glucose solution. Inhibition by sodium removal was equal at 1, 10, 100, and 200 ml per min perfusion rates, suggesting that unstirred water layer thickness does not play an important role in the interaction of glucose and sodium absorption when intraluminal sodium concentration is reduced. Additional experiments in an unobstructed ileal segment revealed that the major effect of enhanced perfusion rate is to increase mucosal surface area; relatively high rates of perfusion were required to thin significantly the unstirred water layer when intestinal outflow was not partially obstructed.", "PMID": 1132632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12070", "title": "Effect of ethanol on sodium-dependent glucose transport in the small intestine of the hamster.", "content": "The objective of this study was to investigate the mechanism by which ethanol inhibits intestinal absorption of sugars. In vitro experiments on hamster jejunum have shown that the presence of ethanol in the mucosal solution caused an inhibition of the net transport of water and glucose. There was also a decrease in the intracellular water content and an increase in the intracellular sodium and potassium concentration of the gut tissue. In contrast, the intracellular glucose concentration decreased in the presence of ethanol. These ethanol-induced changes were directly related to the ethanol concentration of the mucosal solution. In the presence of 450 mM (2%) ethanol in the mucosal solution, there was also a significant inhibition of transmural potential difference, estimated glucose metabolism, and both unidirectional fluxes of sodium. The net flux of sodium to the serosal side however did not decrease significantly. These effects of ethanol cannot be fully explained by its osmotic action, and it is suggested that the ethanol-induced reduction in glucose transport could be mainly the result of an interference with the carrier-mediated coupled entrance of glucose and sodium across the brush border. A depression of cellular metabolism could also have played a role in this process.", "contents": "Effect of ethanol on sodium-dependent glucose transport in the small intestine of the hamster. The objective of this study was to investigate the mechanism by which ethanol inhibits intestinal absorption of sugars. In vitro experiments on hamster jejunum have shown that the presence of ethanol in the mucosal solution caused an inhibition of the net transport of water and glucose. There was also a decrease in the intracellular water content and an increase in the intracellular sodium and potassium concentration of the gut tissue. In contrast, the intracellular glucose concentration decreased in the presence of ethanol. These ethanol-induced changes were directly related to the ethanol concentration of the mucosal solution. In the presence of 450 mM (2%) ethanol in the mucosal solution, there was also a significant inhibition of transmural potential difference, estimated glucose metabolism, and both unidirectional fluxes of sodium. The net flux of sodium to the serosal side however did not decrease significantly. These effects of ethanol cannot be fully explained by its osmotic action, and it is suggested that the ethanol-induced reduction in glucose transport could be mainly the result of an interference with the carrier-mediated coupled entrance of glucose and sodium across the brush border. A depression of cellular metabolism could also have played a role in this process.", "PMID": 1132633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12071", "title": "Comparison of secretin and vasoactive intestinal peptide on pancreatic secretion in dogs.", "content": "Vasoactive inhibitory peptide (VIP) and secretin were compared in regard to the stimulation of pancreatic bicarbonate secretion and the augmentation of pancreatic response to caerulein or a peptone meal in chronic gastric and pancreatic fistula dogs. Dose-response analysis showed that maximal bicarbonate response to VIP was about 17% of that to secretin. Both caerulein and endogenous cholecystokinin, released by a peptone meal, clearly potentiated pancreatic bicarbonate response to VIP in a manner similar to secretin. The interactions of these two peptides showed that VIP is a potent inhibitor of secretin-induced pancreatic secretion. From the dose-response curves to secretin alone and secretin plus VIP, Michaelis-Menten analysis showed typical competitive inhibition, which indicates that VIP and secretin share a common receptor site.", "contents": "Comparison of secretin and vasoactive intestinal peptide on pancreatic secretion in dogs. Vasoactive inhibitory peptide (VIP) and secretin were compared in regard to the stimulation of pancreatic bicarbonate secretion and the augmentation of pancreatic response to caerulein or a peptone meal in chronic gastric and pancreatic fistula dogs. Dose-response analysis showed that maximal bicarbonate response to VIP was about 17% of that to secretin. Both caerulein and endogenous cholecystokinin, released by a peptone meal, clearly potentiated pancreatic bicarbonate response to VIP in a manner similar to secretin. The interactions of these two peptides showed that VIP is a potent inhibitor of secretin-induced pancreatic secretion. From the dose-response curves to secretin alone and secretin plus VIP, Michaelis-Menten analysis showed typical competitive inhibition, which indicates that VIP and secretin share a common receptor site.", "PMID": 1132634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12072", "title": "Effect of hormones on pancreatic macromolecular transport.", "content": "The role of subcellular organelles in the synthesis, transport, and secretion of pancreatic digestive proteins has been well documented. This study was designed to examine effects of pentagastrin, secretin, and acute and chronic administration of cholecystokinin-pancreozymin (CCK-PZ) on pancreatic macromolecular transport and secretion. Pooled rat pancreas slices were pulse-labeled with L-[14-C]phenylalanine and migration of 14-C-labeled proteins studied by \"chase\" incubation for 15, 30, 60, and 120 min. After in vitro incubation of control and drug-treated pancreatic slices, subcellular particles were isolated by differential centrifugation; Specific activity of radioactive labeled proteins was determined in subcellular fractions involved in transport and secretion of digestive proteins. These studies indicate that pentagastrin and acute and chronic stimulation with CCK-PZ did not alter the rate of transport of labeled proteins from ribosomes to the zymogen granules. Pentagastrin and CCK-PZ stimulated secretion of labeled proteins from the zymogen granules into the medium in the concentrations used as evidenced by significant increase in the amount of labeled proteins in the medium and significant decrease in the specific activity of the zymogen granule fractions after 60- and 120-min periods of incubation. Secretin did not alter the rate of transport or secretion of the pulse-labeled proteins.", "contents": "Effect of hormones on pancreatic macromolecular transport. The role of subcellular organelles in the synthesis, transport, and secretion of pancreatic digestive proteins has been well documented. This study was designed to examine effects of pentagastrin, secretin, and acute and chronic administration of cholecystokinin-pancreozymin (CCK-PZ) on pancreatic macromolecular transport and secretion. Pooled rat pancreas slices were pulse-labeled with L-[14-C]phenylalanine and migration of 14-C-labeled proteins studied by \"chase\" incubation for 15, 30, 60, and 120 min. After in vitro incubation of control and drug-treated pancreatic slices, subcellular particles were isolated by differential centrifugation; Specific activity of radioactive labeled proteins was determined in subcellular fractions involved in transport and secretion of digestive proteins. These studies indicate that pentagastrin and acute and chronic stimulation with CCK-PZ did not alter the rate of transport of labeled proteins from ribosomes to the zymogen granules. Pentagastrin and CCK-PZ stimulated secretion of labeled proteins from the zymogen granules into the medium in the concentrations used as evidenced by significant increase in the amount of labeled proteins in the medium and significant decrease in the specific activity of the zymogen granule fractions after 60- and 120-min periods of incubation. Secretin did not alter the rate of transport or secretion of the pulse-labeled proteins.", "PMID": 1132635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12073", "title": "Plasma disappearance of radioactivity after intravenous injection of labeled bile acids in man.", "content": "The kinetics of disappearance of radioactivity from plasma after intravenous injection of radiolabeled bile acids was characterized in healthy subjects. Cholic and chenodeoxycholic acids and their N-glycine and N-taurine conjugates were studied along with the secondary bile acid, deoxycholic acid, and a synthetic conjugated bile acid, dehydrocholyltaurine. Disappearance of each primary bile acid was rapid and could be described by a biexponential curve (t 1/2 the first component, 1.7 to 3 min; second component, 7 to 16 min). Cholyglycine and cholyltaurine had identical disappearance rates which were significantly faster than the disappearance rates of chenodeoxycholylglycine and chenodeoxycholyltaurine, which were also identical. Radioactivity of a conjugated bile acid disappeared more rapidly than that of its unconjugated form, but all of these differences, although consistent, were small. Deoxycholic acid radioactivity disappeared slightly more slowly than that of the primary bile acids. In vitro, dihydroxy bile acids were bound by serum proteins more completely (96 to 98%) than trihydroxy bile acids (83 to 91%), whether free or conjugated, and binding was unrelated to bile acid concentration. Thus, plasma disappearance rates were related to the degree of protein binding to some degree in that those bile acids which were more tightly bound had the longer t 1/2 values. However, dehydrocholyltaurine showed little protein binding (42%), yet had the slowest disappearance rates; t 1/2 values averaged 4 and 36 min for the two components of the disappearance curve. The results suggest that the residence time of any bile acid in blood is extremely short, and that measurable concentrations of serum bile acids persist only because of continuous intestinal absorption. It is speculated that the reported difference between the pattern of fasting state serum bile acids and biliary bile acids is explained by differences in intestinal absorption and hepatic uptake of individual bile acids.", "contents": "Plasma disappearance of radioactivity after intravenous injection of labeled bile acids in man. The kinetics of disappearance of radioactivity from plasma after intravenous injection of radiolabeled bile acids was characterized in healthy subjects. Cholic and chenodeoxycholic acids and their N-glycine and N-taurine conjugates were studied along with the secondary bile acid, deoxycholic acid, and a synthetic conjugated bile acid, dehydrocholyltaurine. Disappearance of each primary bile acid was rapid and could be described by a biexponential curve (t 1/2 the first component, 1.7 to 3 min; second component, 7 to 16 min). Cholyglycine and cholyltaurine had identical disappearance rates which were significantly faster than the disappearance rates of chenodeoxycholylglycine and chenodeoxycholyltaurine, which were also identical. Radioactivity of a conjugated bile acid disappeared more rapidly than that of its unconjugated form, but all of these differences, although consistent, were small. Deoxycholic acid radioactivity disappeared slightly more slowly than that of the primary bile acids. In vitro, dihydroxy bile acids were bound by serum proteins more completely (96 to 98%) than trihydroxy bile acids (83 to 91%), whether free or conjugated, and binding was unrelated to bile acid concentration. Thus, plasma disappearance rates were related to the degree of protein binding to some degree in that those bile acids which were more tightly bound had the longer t 1/2 values. However, dehydrocholyltaurine showed little protein binding (42%), yet had the slowest disappearance rates; t 1/2 values averaged 4 and 36 min for the two components of the disappearance curve. The results suggest that the residence time of any bile acid in blood is extremely short, and that measurable concentrations of serum bile acids persist only because of continuous intestinal absorption. It is speculated that the reported difference between the pattern of fasting state serum bile acids and biliary bile acids is explained by differences in intestinal absorption and hepatic uptake of individual bile acids.", "PMID": 1132636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12074", "title": "Effect of decreased gallbladder stimulation on enterohepatic cycling and kinetics of bile acids.", "content": "The effect of diet on the rate of enterohepatic recycling and bile acid kinetics was studied in groups of human subjects by reducing dietary protein and fat. The effect on enterohepatic cycling was assessed indirectly in control subjects, in patients with cholesterol cholelithiasis, and in patients with cholecystectomy by comparing output of breath 14-CO2 after the administration of a trace of cholyl [1-14-C]glycine during two periods: a control period when three meals containing protein and fat were eaten daily and a diet period, when protein and fat were excluded from the diet. Breath 14-CO2 output was not altered by diet in the patients with cholecystectomy. In the healthy subjects and in the patients with cholesterol cholelithiasis breath 14-CO2 output fell by approximately 50%, indicating that decreased endogenous cholecystokinin-pancreozymin stimulation had reduced but not eliminated enterohepatic recycling. Bile acid kinetics after administration of [2,4-3-H]cholic acid and [24-14-C]chenodeoxycholic acid were measured in 6 healthy subjects during a control period, when they ate a diet containing three daily meals containing fat and protein, and again not less than 4 months later during the 4th week of a diet during which they ate only one meal containing fat and protein every other day. tthe pool size of cholic and chenodeoxycholic acid rose significantly during the diet as did the total bile acid pool size. The daily fractional turnover rate of both primary bile acids fell significantly during the diet, but their synthesis rate was not significantly changed. It is concluded that (1) significant enterohepatic circulation of bile acids occurs even in the absence of dietary stimuli for gallbladder contraction; and (2) diet may significantly affect bile acid pool size and fractional turnover, while bile acid synthesis remains essentially unchanged.", "contents": "Effect of decreased gallbladder stimulation on enterohepatic cycling and kinetics of bile acids. The effect of diet on the rate of enterohepatic recycling and bile acid kinetics was studied in groups of human subjects by reducing dietary protein and fat. The effect on enterohepatic cycling was assessed indirectly in control subjects, in patients with cholesterol cholelithiasis, and in patients with cholecystectomy by comparing output of breath 14-CO2 after the administration of a trace of cholyl [1-14-C]glycine during two periods: a control period when three meals containing protein and fat were eaten daily and a diet period, when protein and fat were excluded from the diet. Breath 14-CO2 output was not altered by diet in the patients with cholecystectomy. In the healthy subjects and in the patients with cholesterol cholelithiasis breath 14-CO2 output fell by approximately 50%, indicating that decreased endogenous cholecystokinin-pancreozymin stimulation had reduced but not eliminated enterohepatic recycling. Bile acid kinetics after administration of [2,4-3-H]cholic acid and [24-14-C]chenodeoxycholic acid were measured in 6 healthy subjects during a control period, when they ate a diet containing three daily meals containing fat and protein, and again not less than 4 months later during the 4th week of a diet during which they ate only one meal containing fat and protein every other day. tthe pool size of cholic and chenodeoxycholic acid rose significantly during the diet as did the total bile acid pool size. The daily fractional turnover rate of both primary bile acids fell significantly during the diet, but their synthesis rate was not significantly changed. It is concluded that (1) significant enterohepatic circulation of bile acids occurs even in the absence of dietary stimuli for gallbladder contraction; and (2) diet may significantly affect bile acid pool size and fractional turnover, while bile acid synthesis remains essentially unchanged.", "PMID": 1132637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12075", "title": "Persistent hypotension and intestinal infarction in a patient with primary amyloidosis.", "content": "A patient with primary amyloidosis and the nephrotic syndrome had diarrhea and gastrointestinal bleeding probably due to intestinal ischemia. He died with extensive intestinal infarction. The infarction was most likely caused by decreased splanchnic perfusion secondary to the chronic hypotension of the nephrotic syndrome and to amyloid deposition within the walls of the small blood vessels supplying the gut. Although amyloidosis was suspected prior to death, a fixation artifact probably prevented the correct antemortem biopsy diagnosis.", "contents": "Persistent hypotension and intestinal infarction in a patient with primary amyloidosis. A patient with primary amyloidosis and the nephrotic syndrome had diarrhea and gastrointestinal bleeding probably due to intestinal ischemia. He died with extensive intestinal infarction. The infarction was most likely caused by decreased splanchnic perfusion secondary to the chronic hypotension of the nephrotic syndrome and to amyloid deposition within the walls of the small blood vessels supplying the gut. Although amyloidosis was suspected prior to death, a fixation artifact probably prevented the correct antemortem biopsy diagnosis.", "PMID": 1132638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12076", "title": "Gallbladder and liver infarction occurring as a complication of acute bacterial endocarditis.", "content": "A case of acute bacterial endocarditis is presented in which gallbladder infarction and areas of hepatic infarction were documented. Selective angiography showed findings consistent with emboli to the gallbladder and hepatic circulations.", "contents": "Gallbladder and liver infarction occurring as a complication of acute bacterial endocarditis. A case of acute bacterial endocarditis is presented in which gallbladder infarction and areas of hepatic infarction were documented. Selective angiography showed findings consistent with emboli to the gallbladder and hepatic circulations.", "PMID": 1132640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12077", "title": "[Perinatal mortality in foreign workers (author's transl)].", "content": "From 1970 to 1972, there were 216 perinatal deaths among 5595 newborns at the I. Frauenklinik der Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen. 54 of these deaths were children of foreign workers (so-called \"Gastarbeiter\"). The data have been processed on punch cards and analysed by a computer. The differences noted underwent significance testing by the CHI-Quadrat test. Only statistical significant results are published. The perinatal mortality in the above period shows no difference between foreign and German ward patients. There is, however, a significant lower perinatal mortality in private patients. We feel that this difference is due to a significant lower rate of prematures in the private patient group. The cocial status as well as higher interest and motivation in health resulting in better prenatal care are discussed as causal reasons for this fact.", "contents": "[Perinatal mortality in foreign workers (author's transl)]. From 1970 to 1972, there were 216 perinatal deaths among 5595 newborns at the I. Frauenklinik der Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen. 54 of these deaths were children of foreign workers (so-called \"Gastarbeiter\"). The data have been processed on punch cards and analysed by a computer. The differences noted underwent significance testing by the CHI-Quadrat test. Only statistical significant results are published. The perinatal mortality in the above period shows no difference between foreign and German ward patients. There is, however, a significant lower perinatal mortality in private patients. We feel that this difference is due to a significant lower rate of prematures in the private patient group. The cocial status as well as higher interest and motivation in health resulting in better prenatal care are discussed as causal reasons for this fact.", "PMID": 1132644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12078", "title": "[The attitude of women to prophylactic hysterectomy (author's transl)].", "content": "The attitude of women to prophylactic hysterectomy (pH) after age 40 was investigated in 324 women in our out-patient clinic by a questionnaire taking into account psychological and sociological data. More than 50% of the women were against a prophylactic hysterectomy. This negative attitude cannot be explained by a desire for child bearing since only prophylactic hysterectomy after 40 was discussed. Other factors are important. The knowledge of the women about their reproductive organs was limited. One third of the patients thought the uterus is responsible for the production of sexual hormones and 3/4 of the women expected a hormonal imbalance following hysterectomy. The greater the ignorance the more frequent was the negative attitude to prophylactic hysterectomy (S 5%). 2/3 of the women ascribed a life long importance to the uterus and were against prophylactic hysterectomy (S 5%). 1/4 of the patients described the uterus as an organ important for sexual intercourse and therefore were against prophylactic hysterectomy (S 5%). It is understandable that 2/3 of the women thought of hysterectomy as a procedure which would have a negative or very negative influence on their lives (S 5%) when women ascribed to the uterus frequently a significance in hormone production or in sexuality in addition to the child bearing function of the uterus. Only approximately 1/3 of the women would feel of themselves as full women after a hysterectomy. Not quite 1/2 of the patients thought of the sterility following hysterectomy as a positive feeling and were more often accepting of the thought of a prophylactic hysterectomy (S 1%). Women who felt that they could talk about problems of their female genital organs with their partners had more often a negative attitude to prophylactic hysterectomy (S 1%). About 2/3 of the patients stated they would wish to have their partner present during a pre-operatitive discussion of a necessary hysterectomy. Only 1/4 of the patients were sure that a hysterectomy would not have a negative effect on their marital lives. Among the psychological factors, intelligence was of importance in the attitude to prophylactic hysterectomy. The more intelligent the woman, the more frequently she had a negative attitude to prophylactic hysterectomy (S 0.1%). There was no statistically significant correlation between personality factors according to Eysenck and the attitude to prophylactic hysterectomy. The older women more frequently accepted the thought of prophylactic hysterectomy (S 10%). The results were all tested statistically by the X2 method. A prophylactic hysterectomy should not be done without a thorough discussion of the attitudes and the expectational anxieties to such an operation.", "contents": "[The attitude of women to prophylactic hysterectomy (author's transl)]. The attitude of women to prophylactic hysterectomy (pH) after age 40 was investigated in 324 women in our out-patient clinic by a questionnaire taking into account psychological and sociological data. More than 50% of the women were against a prophylactic hysterectomy. This negative attitude cannot be explained by a desire for child bearing since only prophylactic hysterectomy after 40 was discussed. Other factors are important. The knowledge of the women about their reproductive organs was limited. One third of the patients thought the uterus is responsible for the production of sexual hormones and 3/4 of the women expected a hormonal imbalance following hysterectomy. The greater the ignorance the more frequent was the negative attitude to prophylactic hysterectomy (S 5%). 2/3 of the women ascribed a life long importance to the uterus and were against prophylactic hysterectomy (S 5%). 1/4 of the patients described the uterus as an organ important for sexual intercourse and therefore were against prophylactic hysterectomy (S 5%). It is understandable that 2/3 of the women thought of hysterectomy as a procedure which would have a negative or very negative influence on their lives (S 5%) when women ascribed to the uterus frequently a significance in hormone production or in sexuality in addition to the child bearing function of the uterus. Only approximately 1/3 of the women would feel of themselves as full women after a hysterectomy. Not quite 1/2 of the patients thought of the sterility following hysterectomy as a positive feeling and were more often accepting of the thought of a prophylactic hysterectomy (S 1%). Women who felt that they could talk about problems of their female genital organs with their partners had more often a negative attitude to prophylactic hysterectomy (S 1%). About 2/3 of the patients stated they would wish to have their partner present during a pre-operatitive discussion of a necessary hysterectomy. Only 1/4 of the patients were sure that a hysterectomy would not have a negative effect on their marital lives. Among the psychological factors, intelligence was of importance in the attitude to prophylactic hysterectomy. The more intelligent the woman, the more frequently she had a negative attitude to prophylactic hysterectomy (S 0.1%). There was no statistically significant correlation between personality factors according to Eysenck and the attitude to prophylactic hysterectomy. The older women more frequently accepted the thought of prophylactic hysterectomy (S 10%). The results were all tested statistically by the X2 method. A prophylactic hysterectomy should not be done without a thorough discussion of the attitudes and the expectational anxieties to such an operation.", "PMID": 1132645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12079", "title": "[Deliveries in foreign women (author's transl)].", "content": "Within four and a half years (between January 1, 1969 and June 30, 1973) there were 6329 deliveries, among them 1217 confinements occurred in foreign women, i.e. proportional 19, 2%. The chi square method was used for the statistical analysis. The incidence of Caesarean Section in foreign women (5, 3%) is significantly higher than in German women (3, 4%). Just so, the incidence of Caesarean Section in wives of foreign workers from Spain and Portugal was significantly higher than in German women; it looks like as if the indication \"Pelvic contraction\" appears significantly more frequent in parturients of the western part of the mediterranean area than in German women. On the contrary, the indication \"fetal distress\" is significantly higher in the deliveries of the wives from Greece and Turkey (the eastern part of the mediterranean area). There was no statistical difference in the rate of forceps deliveries and deliveries by vacuum between the German collective (6, 1%) and the foreign collective (7, 5%). Statistically proved, the incidence of the incidence of the indication \"fetal distress\" in vaginal-operative deliveries of women from Turkey was higher compared to the German collective. Vice versa it turned out that the incidence of the indication \"standstill on floor of the pelvis\" occurred more often in German parturients than of the collective of Turkey. There was a second statistical method (randomization) to check up if the collectives are comparable; there exists a significant difference between German parturients and women from Turkey: in the German collective are more young and old I.-Parae, in the collective from Turkey you find more Multiparae and more wives in the optimal obstetrical age between 18 and 30 years. The subsequent obstetrical aspects and consequences are discussed. There was no significant difference between foreign and German parturients in further perinatal examinations and parameters.", "contents": "[Deliveries in foreign women (author's transl)]. Within four and a half years (between January 1, 1969 and June 30, 1973) there were 6329 deliveries, among them 1217 confinements occurred in foreign women, i.e. proportional 19, 2%. The chi square method was used for the statistical analysis. The incidence of Caesarean Section in foreign women (5, 3%) is significantly higher than in German women (3, 4%). Just so, the incidence of Caesarean Section in wives of foreign workers from Spain and Portugal was significantly higher than in German women; it looks like as if the indication \"Pelvic contraction\" appears significantly more frequent in parturients of the western part of the mediterranean area than in German women. On the contrary, the indication \"fetal distress\" is significantly higher in the deliveries of the wives from Greece and Turkey (the eastern part of the mediterranean area). There was no statistical difference in the rate of forceps deliveries and deliveries by vacuum between the German collective (6, 1%) and the foreign collective (7, 5%). Statistically proved, the incidence of the incidence of the indication \"fetal distress\" in vaginal-operative deliveries of women from Turkey was higher compared to the German collective. Vice versa it turned out that the incidence of the indication \"standstill on floor of the pelvis\" occurred more often in German parturients than of the collective of Turkey. There was a second statistical method (randomization) to check up if the collectives are comparable; there exists a significant difference between German parturients and women from Turkey: in the German collective are more young and old I.-Parae, in the collective from Turkey you find more Multiparae and more wives in the optimal obstetrical age between 18 and 30 years. The subsequent obstetrical aspects and consequences are discussed. There was no significant difference between foreign and German parturients in further perinatal examinations and parameters.", "PMID": 1132646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12080", "title": "[Influence of age on risk-factors during pregnancy, delivery and puerperium of primiparae (author's transl)].", "content": "The course of pregnancy and delivery of 600 primiparae is being reported. These were divided into four age groups: very young primiparae (14-16 years of age, Group I), older primiparae (35-39 years of age, Group III) and old primiparae (40 years and more, Group IV). These age groups are being compared to a collective of primiparae, by whom the delivery took place at an age between 17 and 34 years (Group II). In these age groups the difference in complication rate during pregnancy, delivery and puerperium is demonstrated. The differences were statistically secured by means of X-2-test. The very young primipara shows the least tendency to delivery complications, still her pregnancy should be considered more risky as compared to Group II, owing to the higher rate of gestosis and the tendency to premature delivery. Groups III and IV show a rising risk rate with increasing age in regard to gestosis (10, 8-30, 8%) and premature delivery (15, 4-28, 6%); also the higher rate of operational delivery was significant (38, 9-44, 6%). The highest risk rate is to be expected in women, who deliver the first time at an age above 40 years. Also the perinatal mortality of newborn is at its highest in this group.", "contents": "[Influence of age on risk-factors during pregnancy, delivery and puerperium of primiparae (author's transl)]. The course of pregnancy and delivery of 600 primiparae is being reported. These were divided into four age groups: very young primiparae (14-16 years of age, Group I), older primiparae (35-39 years of age, Group III) and old primiparae (40 years and more, Group IV). These age groups are being compared to a collective of primiparae, by whom the delivery took place at an age between 17 and 34 years (Group II). In these age groups the difference in complication rate during pregnancy, delivery and puerperium is demonstrated. The differences were statistically secured by means of X-2-test. The very young primipara shows the least tendency to delivery complications, still her pregnancy should be considered more risky as compared to Group II, owing to the higher rate of gestosis and the tendency to premature delivery. Groups III and IV show a rising risk rate with increasing age in regard to gestosis (10, 8-30, 8%) and premature delivery (15, 4-28, 6%); also the higher rate of operational delivery was significant (38, 9-44, 6%). The highest risk rate is to be expected in women, who deliver the first time at an age above 40 years. Also the perinatal mortality of newborn is at its highest in this group.", "PMID": 1132647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12081", "title": "Sex determination in bees. II. Additivity of maleness genes in Apis mellifera.", "content": "Twenty-two randomly taken morphological characters were used in order to estimate the Mahalanobis generalized distance between diploid males, diploid workers, haploid males and triploid workers. It was found that adult diploid males are metamales and triploid females are slightly masculinized. These facts indicate that the maleness genesare slightly additive.", "contents": "Sex determination in bees. II. Additivity of maleness genes in Apis mellifera. Twenty-two randomly taken morphological characters were used in order to estimate the Mahalanobis generalized distance between diploid males, diploid workers, haploid males and triploid workers. It was found that adult diploid males are metamales and triploid females are slightly masculinized. These facts indicate that the maleness genesare slightly additive.", "PMID": 1132678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12082", "title": "An analysis of the mode of gene action affecting pupa weight in Tribolium castaneum.", "content": "Triple-testcross experiments (Kearsey and Jinks 1968) were employed to investigate the mode of gene action affecting pupa weight in Tribolium castaneum. Their experimental design involves two inbred lines, the F1 progeny and a segregating population derived from the cross of the inbred lines. In the present experiments, four segregating populations were used. These populations included the F2 generation, a select line (SEL) and two relaxed select lines (RSI and RSII). In addition, all possible reciprocal crosses were made among the RSI, RSII, and SEL populations. It was observed that: (1) additive, dominant and epistatic gene effects all made significant contributions to the pupa weight of the progeny from all four segregating populations: (2) there was no evidence of either accumulation of epistasis as a result of selection in the SEL population or decline in epistasis as a result of removing selection pressure from the RSI and RSII populations; and (3) significant negative heterosis and maternal effects contributed to the pupa weight of the crossbred progeny of the RSI, RSII and SEL populations.", "contents": "An analysis of the mode of gene action affecting pupa weight in Tribolium castaneum. Triple-testcross experiments (Kearsey and Jinks 1968) were employed to investigate the mode of gene action affecting pupa weight in Tribolium castaneum. Their experimental design involves two inbred lines, the F1 progeny and a segregating population derived from the cross of the inbred lines. In the present experiments, four segregating populations were used. These populations included the F2 generation, a select line (SEL) and two relaxed select lines (RSI and RSII). In addition, all possible reciprocal crosses were made among the RSI, RSII, and SEL populations. It was observed that: (1) additive, dominant and epistatic gene effects all made significant contributions to the pupa weight of the progeny from all four segregating populations: (2) there was no evidence of either accumulation of epistasis as a result of selection in the SEL population or decline in epistasis as a result of removing selection pressure from the RSI and RSII populations; and (3) significant negative heterosis and maternal effects contributed to the pupa weight of the crossbred progeny of the RSI, RSII and SEL populations.", "PMID": 1132679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12083", "title": "Geographical distribution of twelve transferrin alleles in black rats of Asia and Oceania.", "content": "About 450 black rats (Rattus rattus) were collected from 25 localities in Asia and Oceania. Their serum transferrins were analyzed by a newly developed thin layer acrylamide gel electrophoresis accompanied with acrinol pretreatment, exhibiting 12 transferrin bands. Generally, Asian type rats (2N=42) had fast-moving transferrins (R-series), Ceylon type (2N=40) moderately moving ones and Oceanian type (2N=38) slowly moving ones (C-series). Exceptionally, in northern India and Pakistan all Asian-type rats had C-series Tf. The possibility that divergence of R-series Tf and C-series Tf  had proceeded the karyotypic differentiation from 42 to 38 is proposed. In combination with the previous molecular data, the time of the divergence is roughly estimated between the order of a million years and ten thousand years.", "contents": "Geographical distribution of twelve transferrin alleles in black rats of Asia and Oceania. About 450 black rats (Rattus rattus) were collected from 25 localities in Asia and Oceania. Their serum transferrins were analyzed by a newly developed thin layer acrylamide gel electrophoresis accompanied with acrinol pretreatment, exhibiting 12 transferrin bands. Generally, Asian type rats (2N=42) had fast-moving transferrins (R-series), Ceylon type (2N=40) moderately moving ones and Oceanian type (2N=38) slowly moving ones (C-series). Exceptionally, in northern India and Pakistan all Asian-type rats had C-series Tf. The possibility that divergence of R-series Tf and C-series Tf  had proceeded the karyotypic differentiation from 42 to 38 is proposed. In combination with the previous molecular data, the time of the divergence is roughly estimated between the order of a million years and ten thousand years.", "PMID": 1132680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12084", "title": "Population size and selection intensity effects on long-term selection response in mice.", "content": "Long-term response to within full-sib family selection for increased postweaning gain was evaluated in lines having different effective population sized (Ne) and selection intensities (i). Line designations were I4(4), I8(2), I16(2), M4(4), M8(2) and M16(2), where I and M indicate selection of the top 50% and 25%, respectively; 4, 8 and 16 represent the number of parental pairs per replicate and number of replicates is given in parentheses. Realized within full-sib family heritabilities (hR-2) in the first phase of selection (0-14 generations) were larger in 16-pair lines than in 4- and 8-pair lines. In the second phase of selection (greater than 14 generations), hR-2 declined significantly (P smaller than .01) in all lines, and only the I16 and M16 lines had hR-2 values significantly (P smaller than .01) greater than zero. Realized genetic correlations involving number born, 12-day litter weight, weaning weight and six-week weight tended to decline in the second phase of selection. The I16, M16 and control (C16) replicates were crossed in all combinations at generation 14. Crosses were then selected within litters for high postweaning gain. The hR-2 values in the crossbred lines were all larger than those in the second selection phase for M16-1. M16-2 and I16-1, but not for I16-2. Within each Ne level, total response was significantly (P smaller than .01) less for I lines compared with M lines. Total response increased as Ne increased, within each level of i. Relatively small differences in realized i values among Ne lines could not account for this result. The difference in total response among the Ne lines at a given selection intensity may be due to inbreeding depression and a combination of interactions involving \"drift\" and selection. By crossing replicates of the M lines with the C16 control, the effects of inbreeding depression were removed. Inbreeding depression and genetic drift, as defined herein, were equally important in accounting for differences among Ne lines in total response.", "contents": "Population size and selection intensity effects on long-term selection response in mice. Long-term response to within full-sib family selection for increased postweaning gain was evaluated in lines having different effective population sized (Ne) and selection intensities (i). Line designations were I4(4), I8(2), I16(2), M4(4), M8(2) and M16(2), where I and M indicate selection of the top 50% and 25%, respectively; 4, 8 and 16 represent the number of parental pairs per replicate and number of replicates is given in parentheses. Realized within full-sib family heritabilities (hR-2) in the first phase of selection (0-14 generations) were larger in 16-pair lines than in 4- and 8-pair lines. In the second phase of selection (greater than 14 generations), hR-2 declined significantly (P smaller than .01) in all lines, and only the I16 and M16 lines had hR-2 values significantly (P smaller than .01) greater than zero. Realized genetic correlations involving number born, 12-day litter weight, weaning weight and six-week weight tended to decline in the second phase of selection. The I16, M16 and control (C16) replicates were crossed in all combinations at generation 14. Crosses were then selected within litters for high postweaning gain. The hR-2 values in the crossbred lines were all larger than those in the second selection phase for M16-1. M16-2 and I16-1, but not for I16-2. Within each Ne level, total response was significantly (P smaller than .01) less for I lines compared with M lines. Total response increased as Ne increased, within each level of i. Relatively small differences in realized i values among Ne lines could not account for this result. The difference in total response among the Ne lines at a given selection intensity may be due to inbreeding depression and a combination of interactions involving \"drift\" and selection. By crossing replicates of the M lines with the C16 control, the effects of inbreeding depression were removed. Inbreeding depression and genetic drift, as defined herein, were equally important in accounting for differences among Ne lines in total response.", "PMID": 1132681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12085", "title": "Enzyme polymorphisms: gene frequency distributions with mutation and selection for optimal activity.", "content": "Gene frequency distributions observed in large-scale surveys of species of Drosophila are shown to be incompatible with a genetic model involving neutral mutations and genetic drift alone. The data are, however, qualitatively similar to predictions based on an alternative model of natural selection for an optimal level of enzyme activity in addition to drift and mutation. The intensity of selection detected reduces the mean rate ofgene substitution to less than one-quarter that expected on the neutral-allele hypothesis.", "contents": "Enzyme polymorphisms: gene frequency distributions with mutation and selection for optimal activity. Gene frequency distributions observed in large-scale surveys of species of Drosophila are shown to be incompatible with a genetic model involving neutral mutations and genetic drift alone. The data are, however, qualitatively similar to predictions based on an alternative model of natural selection for an optimal level of enzyme activity in addition to drift and mutation. The intensity of selection detected reduces the mean rate ofgene substitution to less than one-quarter that expected on the neutral-allele hypothesis.", "PMID": 1132682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12086", "title": "Selection in complex genetic systems III. An effect of allele multiplicity with two loci.", "content": "A two-locus model with three alleles at one locus and two at the other is studied. The viability system is such that all double heterozygotes have fitness unity, all single heterozygotes have fitness w smaller than 1 and all double homozygotes have fitness w-2. The following are the major findings: 1. There are more stable equilibria for tight linkage than in the corresponding three-locus model, even though the number of chromosomes is lower. 2. The equilibria stable for tight linkage do not belong to a unique high complementarity class, as is the case for two alleles at each locus. Instead the strength of selection determines the structure of the equilibrium. 3. The increase in number of alleles seems to reduce the possible extent of association between the loci. 4. The measure of this association is not well defined, although we have suggested a statistically standard way of getting over this. 5. A mutation introduced while a population is in linkage disequilibrium may, per medium only of the change in number of alleles, destroy the linkage disequilibrium.", "contents": "Selection in complex genetic systems III. An effect of allele multiplicity with two loci. A two-locus model with three alleles at one locus and two at the other is studied. The viability system is such that all double heterozygotes have fitness unity, all single heterozygotes have fitness w smaller than 1 and all double homozygotes have fitness w-2. The following are the major findings: 1. There are more stable equilibria for tight linkage than in the corresponding three-locus model, even though the number of chromosomes is lower. 2. The equilibria stable for tight linkage do not belong to a unique high complementarity class, as is the case for two alleles at each locus. Instead the strength of selection determines the structure of the equilibrium. 3. The increase in number of alleles seems to reduce the possible extent of association between the loci. 4. The measure of this association is not well defined, although we have suggested a statistically standard way of getting over this. 5. A mutation introduced while a population is in linkage disequilibrium may, per medium only of the change in number of alleles, destroy the linkage disequilibrium.", "PMID": 1132683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12087", "title": "Mutator genes and selection for the mutation rate in bacteria.", "content": "Gene frequencies in populations of haploid, asexual organisms are described by linear recurrence equations. Several models in which the mutation rate is controlled by one locus and the fitness is controlled at one or more other loci are developed. It is shown that good approximations can be introduced to give explicit solutions for the course of selection in these models. It is shown that a strong non-equilibrium selection for mutator genes is possible even when the presence of such a gene decreases the fitness of an individual. Experiments that corroborate these conclusions are discussed along with the effects of population size that determine the applicability of these results to natural populations.", "contents": "Mutator genes and selection for the mutation rate in bacteria. Gene frequencies in populations of haploid, asexual organisms are described by linear recurrence equations. Several models in which the mutation rate is controlled by one locus and the fitness is controlled at one or more other loci are developed. It is shown that good approximations can be introduced to give explicit solutions for the course of selection in these models. It is shown that a strong non-equilibrium selection for mutator genes is possible even when the presence of such a gene decreases the fitness of an individual. Experiments that corroborate these conclusions are discussed along with the effects of population size that determine the applicability of these results to natural populations.", "PMID": 1132684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12088", "title": "How many genes are selected in populations of Dacus oleae.", "content": "Three natural populations of Dacus oleae have been sampled for six electrophoretically detected polymorphic genes. The distribution of the allele frequencies in the different populations were analyzed by the method suggested by Lewontin and Krakauer (1973) (the various in space one) in order to test for selective neutrality. This method, however, which in our case showed that one or more genes are or have been subjected to selection, does not permit estimation of the number of selected loci. An improvement of this method is proposed that perimts a minimum estimation of the selected genes. About a third of them seem to be selected in our material. In our case however, where a cytological analysis is not possible, genes are not differentiated from possible inversions including these genes.", "contents": "How many genes are selected in populations of Dacus oleae. Three natural populations of Dacus oleae have been sampled for six electrophoretically detected polymorphic genes. The distribution of the allele frequencies in the different populations were analyzed by the method suggested by Lewontin and Krakauer (1973) (the various in space one) in order to test for selective neutrality. This method, however, which in our case showed that one or more genes are or have been subjected to selection, does not permit estimation of the number of selected loci. An improvement of this method is proposed that perimts a minimum estimation of the selected genes. About a third of them seem to be selected in our material. In our case however, where a cytological analysis is not possible, genes are not differentiated from possible inversions including these genes.", "PMID": 1132685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12089", "title": "Polyallelic mutational equilibria.", "content": "A new deterministic formulation is derived of the equilibrium between mutation and natural selection, which takes into account(a) the possibility of many allelic mutation states, (b) selection coefficients of the order of magnitude of the mutation rate and (c) the possibility of further mutation of already mutant alleles. The frequencies of classes of alleles 0, 1, 2, n mutant steps removed from the type allele are shown to form a Poisson distribution, with a mean and variance of the mutation rate divided by the coefficient of selection against each incremental mutational step.--This formulation is interpreted in terms of the expected frequencies of electromorphs, defined as classes of alleles characterized by common electrophoretic mobilities of their protein products. Electromorph frequencies are predicted to form stable unimodal distributions of relatively few phenotypic classes. Common electromorph frequencies found throughout the ranges of species with large population sizes are interpreted as being a uniquely electrophoretic phenomenon; band patterns on starch and acrylamide gels are phenotypes, not genotypes. It is predicted that individual electromorphs are highly heterogenous with regard to amino acid sequence.", "contents": "Polyallelic mutational equilibria. A new deterministic formulation is derived of the equilibrium between mutation and natural selection, which takes into account(a) the possibility of many allelic mutation states, (b) selection coefficients of the order of magnitude of the mutation rate and (c) the possibility of further mutation of already mutant alleles. The frequencies of classes of alleles 0, 1, 2, n mutant steps removed from the type allele are shown to form a Poisson distribution, with a mean and variance of the mutation rate divided by the coefficient of selection against each incremental mutational step.--This formulation is interpreted in terms of the expected frequencies of electromorphs, defined as classes of alleles characterized by common electrophoretic mobilities of their protein products. Electromorph frequencies are predicted to form stable unimodal distributions of relatively few phenotypic classes. Common electromorph frequencies found throughout the ranges of species with large population sizes are interpreted as being a uniquely electrophoretic phenomenon; band patterns on starch and acrylamide gels are phenotypes, not genotypes. It is predicted that individual electromorphs are highly heterogenous with regard to amino acid sequence.", "PMID": 1132686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12090", "title": "Chemotaxis-defective mutants of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.", "content": "The technique of countercurrent separation has been used to isolate 17 independent chemotaxis-defective mutants of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. The mutants, selected to be relatively insensitive to the normally attractive salt NaCl, show varying degrees of residual sensitivity; some are actually weakly repelled by NaCl. The mutants are due to single gene defects, are autosomal and recessive, and identify at least five complementation groups.", "contents": "Chemotaxis-defective mutants of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. The technique of countercurrent separation has been used to isolate 17 independent chemotaxis-defective mutants of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. The mutants, selected to be relatively insensitive to the normally attractive salt NaCl, show varying degrees of residual sensitivity; some are actually weakly repelled by NaCl. The mutants are due to single gene defects, are autosomal and recessive, and identify at least five complementation groups.", "PMID": 1132687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12091", "title": "The genetics of Drosophila subobscura populations. V. A study of linkage disequilibrium in natural populations between genes and inversions of the E chromosome.", "content": "The genetics of Hk and Est-9 complex gene have been studied in Drosophila subobscura. While Hk alleles mendelize normally, Est-9 is a complex locus consisting of several very closely linked genes with active and silent alleles. Both genes are located on chromosome E; a detailed genetic map was constructed with the help of visible markers and inversions. Both Hk and Est-9 are included in or are very near to inversions of the E chromosome. While Hk does not show linkage disequilibrium either with Est-9 or inversions, Est-9 does show disequilibrium in two ways: both with inversions and between different Est-9 genes. All natural populations studied show the same kind of association between Est-9 gene combinations and inversions. It is argued that these results are better explained by selection than by neutrality.", "contents": "The genetics of Drosophila subobscura populations. V. A study of linkage disequilibrium in natural populations between genes and inversions of the E chromosome. The genetics of Hk and Est-9 complex gene have been studied in Drosophila subobscura. While Hk alleles mendelize normally, Est-9 is a complex locus consisting of several very closely linked genes with active and silent alleles. Both genes are located on chromosome E; a detailed genetic map was constructed with the help of visible markers and inversions. Both Hk and Est-9 are included in or are very near to inversions of the E chromosome. While Hk does not show linkage disequilibrium either with Est-9 or inversions, Est-9 does show disequilibrium in two ways: both with inversions and between different Est-9 genes. All natural populations studied show the same kind of association between Est-9 gene combinations and inversions. It is argued that these results are better explained by selection than by neutrality.", "PMID": 1132688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12092", "title": "The evolution of selectively similar electrophoretically detectable alleles in finite natural populations.", "content": "Most of the models of population genetics are not realistic when applied to data on electrophoretic variants of proteins because the same net charge may result from any of several amino acid combinations. In the absence of realistic models they have, however, been widely used to test competing hypotheses about the origin and maintenance of genetic variation in populations. In this paper I present a general method for determining probability generating functions for electrophoretic state differences. Then I use the method to find allelic state difference distributions for selectively similar electrophoretically detectable alleles in finite natural populations. Predicted patterns of genetic variation, both within and among species, are in reasonable accord with those found in the Drosophila willistoni group by Ayala et al. (1972) and by Ayala and Tracey (1974).", "contents": "The evolution of selectively similar electrophoretically detectable alleles in finite natural populations. Most of the models of population genetics are not realistic when applied to data on electrophoretic variants of proteins because the same net charge may result from any of several amino acid combinations. In the absence of realistic models they have, however, been widely used to test competing hypotheses about the origin and maintenance of genetic variation in populations. In this paper I present a general method for determining probability generating functions for electrophoretic state differences. Then I use the method to find allelic state difference distributions for selectively similar electrophoretically detectable alleles in finite natural populations. Predicted patterns of genetic variation, both within and among species, are in reasonable accord with those found in the Drosophila willistoni group by Ayala et al. (1972) and by Ayala and Tracey (1974).", "PMID": 1132689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12093", "title": "Influence of diet and age on ribonucleic acid, protein and free amino acid levels of rat skeletal muscle.", "content": "The relationship of dietary protein to RNA, protein and free amino acids in the growth of rat gastrocnemii (GN) muscles over 4, 8, and 12 week periods, was investigated in male weanling rats. The N content of casein diets, C-1, C-2, and C-3 was 0.76, 1.41 and 2.88% while that of the supplemented wheat (SW) diet was 2.5%, respectively. The decrease in concentration of RNA with age was significantly influenced by diet. Accumulation of RNA over a period of time was also influenced by diet, for the C-1 diet permitted only limited accumulation and the C-2 and SW diets restricted accumulation to within 80% of that of the C-3 diet. While protein concentration was affected more by age than by diet, accumulation was influenced by diet, greatest quantities being found in C-3 and SW rats throughout the experimental period. Changes in free amino acid concentration of GN muscles also occurred with age and reflected quantitatively the C-2 and C-3 dietary amino acid patterns. The high levels of certain amino acids in C-1 rats, however, were typical of those found during periods of restrictive protein intake. All criteria of measurement indicated growth and development were greatly restricted by the C-1 diet, less restricted by the C-2 diet while the C-3 diet permitted normal growth.", "contents": "Influence of diet and age on ribonucleic acid, protein and free amino acid levels of rat skeletal muscle. The relationship of dietary protein to RNA, protein and free amino acids in the growth of rat gastrocnemii (GN) muscles over 4, 8, and 12 week periods, was investigated in male weanling rats. The N content of casein diets, C-1, C-2, and C-3 was 0.76, 1.41 and 2.88% while that of the supplemented wheat (SW) diet was 2.5%, respectively. The decrease in concentration of RNA with age was significantly influenced by diet. Accumulation of RNA over a period of time was also influenced by diet, for the C-1 diet permitted only limited accumulation and the C-2 and SW diets restricted accumulation to within 80% of that of the C-3 diet. While protein concentration was affected more by age than by diet, accumulation was influenced by diet, greatest quantities being found in C-3 and SW rats throughout the experimental period. Changes in free amino acid concentration of GN muscles also occurred with age and reflected quantitatively the C-2 and C-3 dietary amino acid patterns. The high levels of certain amino acids in C-1 rats, however, were typical of those found during periods of restrictive protein intake. All criteria of measurement indicated growth and development were greatly restricted by the C-1 diet, less restricted by the C-2 diet while the C-3 diet permitted normal growth.", "PMID": 1132769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12094", "title": "Growth and lipid metabolism in genetically different types of calves in a tropical environment.", "content": "Growth rates were compared in suckling Britves of cows grazing in a tropical environment. The plasma lipid composition of calves and their dams was examined at intervals from 14 weeks post-partum to 3 weeks post-weaning. Growth rates from birth to weaning were significantly higher (P less than 0.01) in zubru than in British calves. Plasma concentrations of cholesterol and phospholipid were always higher in zebu than in British calves and in Brahman cross calves increased from 14 to 19 weeks of age followed by a decline prior to weaning at 30 weeks old. There were only small changes in the concentrations of these constituents in Africander cross and British calves during this period. At 3 weeks post-weaning the plasma concentrations of cholesterol were lower (P less than 0.01) than the pre-weaning levels in all calves. The concentrations of cholesterol, phospholipid and total ketones were higher (P less than 0.01) in zebu than in British cows. There weer significant relationships between plasma concentrations of cholesterol and growth rates in zebu calves and between growth rates of calves and the plasma cholesterol concentration of their dams in all breeds. The results suggest the possibility of using plasma cholesterol concentrations as indices of lactational status and growth rates of calves.", "contents": "Growth and lipid metabolism in genetically different types of calves in a tropical environment. Growth rates were compared in suckling Britves of cows grazing in a tropical environment. The plasma lipid composition of calves and their dams was examined at intervals from 14 weeks post-partum to 3 weeks post-weaning. Growth rates from birth to weaning were significantly higher (P less than 0.01) in zubru than in British calves. Plasma concentrations of cholesterol and phospholipid were always higher in zebu than in British calves and in Brahman cross calves increased from 14 to 19 weeks of age followed by a decline prior to weaning at 30 weeks old. There were only small changes in the concentrations of these constituents in Africander cross and British calves during this period. At 3 weeks post-weaning the plasma concentrations of cholesterol were lower (P less than 0.01) than the pre-weaning levels in all calves. The concentrations of cholesterol, phospholipid and total ketones were higher (P less than 0.01) in zebu than in British cows. There weer significant relationships between plasma concentrations of cholesterol and growth rates in zebu calves and between growth rates of calves and the plasma cholesterol concentration of their dams in all breeds. The results suggest the possibility of using plasma cholesterol concentrations as indices of lactational status and growth rates of calves.", "PMID": 1132770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12095", "title": "Model for the growth of a solid in vitro tumor.", "content": "A model for the growth of a tumor by diffusion is considered for spheroids which are grown in a normal medium in suspension culture. The experimental evidence indicates that, upon the onset of necrosis in the centre of the spheroid, the viable rim thickness decreases relatively slowly. This evidence contradicts the results of the usual model in which the oxygen consumption per unit volume is assumed to be constant. The proposed model assumes that the oxygen concentration is constant above a critical value, and proportional to the concentration below this critical value. The viable rim thickness of the spheroid, as a function of the necrotic radium, varies markedly over the range of the parameters in this model. By suitably choosing these parameters, the results of this model agree with the experimental evidence.", "contents": "Model for the growth of a solid in vitro tumor. A model for the growth of a tumor by diffusion is considered for spheroids which are grown in a normal medium in suspension culture. The experimental evidence indicates that, upon the onset of necrosis in the centre of the spheroid, the viable rim thickness decreases relatively slowly. This evidence contradicts the results of the usual model in which the oxygen consumption per unit volume is assumed to be constant. The proposed model assumes that the oxygen concentration is constant above a critical value, and proportional to the concentration below this critical value. The viable rim thickness of the spheroid, as a function of the necrotic radium, varies markedly over the range of the parameters in this model. By suitably choosing these parameters, the results of this model agree with the experimental evidence.", "PMID": 1132772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12096", "title": "Changes in water, protein, sodium, potassium, and chloride in tissues with growth of the beagle.", "content": "Changes in total body and tissue composition of 43 beagles were analyzed from 0 day (birth) to 1 year. The tissues studied were skeletal muscle, viscera (heart, lungs, gut, liver, kidneys), skeleton, skin, and brain, and the data were expressed as follows: fat-free tissue weight (FFTW) as a per cent of total fat-free wet weight (FFWW); water and protein in grams per kilogram FFTW; and Na, Cl, K in milliequivalents FFTW. The mass of skeletal muscle increased from 21% of FFWW at birth to 36% at 1 year while the contribution of the remainder of the tissues decreased: skeleton from 30 to 25%, viscera 23 to 15%, skin 18 to 13%, and brain 4 to 0.9%. Over the same period, total body water decreased from 780 g/kg to 665, water of skeletal muscle from 771 to 665, of viscera from 782 to 621, of skeleton from 644 to 424, of skin from 765 to 669, of brain from 853 to 692; Total protein increased from 113 g/kg to 196, in skeletal muscle from 122 to 253, in viscera from 114 to 195, in skeleton from 71 to 112, in skin from 170 to 227, and in brain from 63 to 164. Total Na was 84 mEq/kg throughout the first year of growth, 101 for skeleton, and 89 for skin, while Na increased in viscera from 66 to 75 and in brain from 63 to 77, but decreased in skeletal muscle from 75 to 59. Total K increased from 31 mEq/kg at birth to 62 at 1 year, and from 38 to 107 in skeletal muscle, from 49 to 78 in viscera, and decreased from 27 to 11 in skin, and 42 to 122 in brain. Total Cl decreased from 58 to 49, in skeletal muscle from 52 to 34, in skeleton from 43 to 33, while that in viscera increased from 56 to 78. The contribution of skeletal muscle and viscera (the major metabolic cell mass) to total FFWW increased from 44 to 52%, and it contributed over 50% of total water, protein, Cl, and 89% of K. Skeletal muscle accounted for the increases. Skin and skeleton contributed 38% of FFWW, 17% of water, 29% of Na, 19% of Cl, 16% of protein, and 10% of K. The rates of change in these parameters fell into three patterns: (1) the content of the chemical component did not change significanly in the first year of growth; (2) it increased or decreased at a constant rate; or (3) there were two rates at which the concentration changed; the break between them occurred between the third and fourth months and coincided with evidence of increasing sexual maturation. A specific pattern of change was characteristic of a particular tissue and appeared independent of that of the total dog and other tissues. These data support the conclusion that there are mechanisms intrinsic to each tissue which exert a degree of control during growth over its chemical composition; therefore, growth itself can be considered an intrinsic regulatory mechanism.", "contents": "Changes in water, protein, sodium, potassium, and chloride in tissues with growth of the beagle. Changes in total body and tissue composition of 43 beagles were analyzed from 0 day (birth) to 1 year. The tissues studied were skeletal muscle, viscera (heart, lungs, gut, liver, kidneys), skeleton, skin, and brain, and the data were expressed as follows: fat-free tissue weight (FFTW) as a per cent of total fat-free wet weight (FFWW); water and protein in grams per kilogram FFTW; and Na, Cl, K in milliequivalents FFTW. The mass of skeletal muscle increased from 21% of FFWW at birth to 36% at 1 year while the contribution of the remainder of the tissues decreased: skeleton from 30 to 25%, viscera 23 to 15%, skin 18 to 13%, and brain 4 to 0.9%. Over the same period, total body water decreased from 780 g/kg to 665, water of skeletal muscle from 771 to 665, of viscera from 782 to 621, of skeleton from 644 to 424, of skin from 765 to 669, of brain from 853 to 692; Total protein increased from 113 g/kg to 196, in skeletal muscle from 122 to 253, in viscera from 114 to 195, in skeleton from 71 to 112, in skin from 170 to 227, and in brain from 63 to 164. Total Na was 84 mEq/kg throughout the first year of growth, 101 for skeleton, and 89 for skin, while Na increased in viscera from 66 to 75 and in brain from 63 to 77, but decreased in skeletal muscle from 75 to 59. Total K increased from 31 mEq/kg at birth to 62 at 1 year, and from 38 to 107 in skeletal muscle, from 49 to 78 in viscera, and decreased from 27 to 11 in skin, and 42 to 122 in brain. Total Cl decreased from 58 to 49, in skeletal muscle from 52 to 34, in skeleton from 43 to 33, while that in viscera increased from 56 to 78. The contribution of skeletal muscle and viscera (the major metabolic cell mass) to total FFWW increased from 44 to 52%, and it contributed over 50% of total water, protein, Cl, and 89% of K. Skeletal muscle accounted for the increases. Skin and skeleton contributed 38% of FFWW, 17% of water, 29% of Na, 19% of Cl, 16% of protein, and 10% of K. The rates of change in these parameters fell into three patterns: (1) the content of the chemical component did not change significanly in the first year of growth; (2) it increased or decreased at a constant rate; or (3) there were two rates at which the concentration changed; the break between them occurred between the third and fourth months and coincided with evidence of increasing sexual maturation. A specific pattern of change was characteristic of a particular tissue and appeared independent of that of the total dog and other tissues. These data support the conclusion that there are mechanisms intrinsic to each tissue which exert a degree of control during growth over its chemical composition; therefore, growth itself can be considered an intrinsic regulatory mechanism.", "PMID": 1132771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12097", "title": "Increase in rat liver ribonuclease inhibitor levels during the neonatal period.", "content": "Alkaline ribonuclease (RNase) activity in nuclear, mitochondrial, and cytoplasmic fractions of rat liver is higher in newborn animals than in young adults. The level of cytoplasmic RNase inhibitor is low in newborn rat liver and increases more than two fold by 10 days of age.", "contents": "Increase in rat liver ribonuclease inhibitor levels during the neonatal period. Alkaline ribonuclease (RNase) activity in nuclear, mitochondrial, and cytoplasmic fractions of rat liver is higher in newborn animals than in young adults. The level of cytoplasmic RNase inhibitor is low in newborn rat liver and increases more than two fold by 10 days of age.", "PMID": 1132773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12098", "title": "Skeletal growth and development of achondroplastic mice.", "content": "Skeletal development of achondroplastic (cn/cn) mice, aged 2 to 7 weeks, was investigated and compared with that of equally old non-achondroplastic sibs. Differences in body weight and dry weight of femora, tibiae, humeri, and unlae, and in the length of tibiae, unlae, and humeri became more marked with advancing age. Of the biochemical assays carried out, only those for sialic acid and hydroxyproline disclosed significant differences between dwarfs and non-dwarfs, all dwarfs having higher levels of hydroxyproline, and most of them having higher sialic acid levels than the non-dwarfs. Histologically, no distinction could be made between growth zones of non-dwarfs, of cn/+, or +/+ genotype. Among the dwarfs, two groups differing as to the severity of the skeletal abnormality could be distinguished. The differences between dwarfs were most marked in the growth zones of tibiae and femora, less conspicuous in those of vertebrae and least pronounced at the chondro-osseous junction of the ribs. The cause or causes of the histologic heterogeneity remain unknown.", "contents": "Skeletal growth and development of achondroplastic mice. Skeletal development of achondroplastic (cn/cn) mice, aged 2 to 7 weeks, was investigated and compared with that of equally old non-achondroplastic sibs. Differences in body weight and dry weight of femora, tibiae, humeri, and unlae, and in the length of tibiae, unlae, and humeri became more marked with advancing age. Of the biochemical assays carried out, only those for sialic acid and hydroxyproline disclosed significant differences between dwarfs and non-dwarfs, all dwarfs having higher levels of hydroxyproline, and most of them having higher sialic acid levels than the non-dwarfs. Histologically, no distinction could be made between growth zones of non-dwarfs, of cn/+, or +/+ genotype. Among the dwarfs, two groups differing as to the severity of the skeletal abnormality could be distinguished. The differences between dwarfs were most marked in the growth zones of tibiae and femora, less conspicuous in those of vertebrae and least pronounced at the chondro-osseous junction of the ribs. The cause or causes of the histologic heterogeneity remain unknown.", "PMID": 1132774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12099", "title": "Effects of light environment on the weight of bursa of Fabricius in White Rock chicks.", "content": "The weight of the bursa of Fabricius of White Rock chicks reared under two photoperiods was studied in relation to body weight, weight of the endocrine organs, and spleen using a multiple correlation method. At the 95% level of confidence the coefficient of determination suggested that the weight of the bursa could be predicted with 77% plus or minus 7.8% accuracy from the organs weighed for a period from 2-24 weeks, the weight of the pituitary being the most stable contributor to this prediction. The weight of the spleen, similarly, could be predicted with a 92% plus or minus 3.8% accuracy. Correlations of testes and thyroid weight with bursa weight suggested possible influence of testosterone and thyroxin on bursa-spleen relationships during the period of bursal growth and involution.", "contents": "Effects of light environment on the weight of bursa of Fabricius in White Rock chicks. The weight of the bursa of Fabricius of White Rock chicks reared under two photoperiods was studied in relation to body weight, weight of the endocrine organs, and spleen using a multiple correlation method. At the 95% level of confidence the coefficient of determination suggested that the weight of the bursa could be predicted with 77% plus or minus 7.8% accuracy from the organs weighed for a period from 2-24 weeks, the weight of the pituitary being the most stable contributor to this prediction. The weight of the spleen, similarly, could be predicted with a 92% plus or minus 3.8% accuracy. Correlations of testes and thyroid weight with bursa weight suggested possible influence of testosterone and thyroxin on bursa-spleen relationships during the period of bursal growth and involution.", "PMID": 1132775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12100", "title": "Growth and development of the fetal Rhesus monkey. VI. Morphometric analysis of the developing lung.", "content": "Groups of fetal monkeys were studied at 50, 75, 100, 125 and 150 days gestational age, and postnatal monkeys were studied at 175 days gestational age and in adult life (full term gestation is 168 plus or minus 4 days). The ratios between the various tissues of which lung is composed were determined by light and electronmicroscopy. Characteristic changes in ratios were noted at each developmental age. Primitive bronchioles increased from 50 to 75 days, decreased as permanent bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveoli developed, and were absent after 150 days. Mesenchymal tissue decreased progressively from 50 to 150 days. Alveoli were present at 100 days gestational age; alveolar lumens accounted for approximately 1/2 the volume of peripheral lung by 150 days, and 2/3 the volume of lung in adult animals. By 150 days alveolar epithelial cells could be identified as Type I (membranous) or Type II (granular) on the basis of the characteristic cytoplasmic lamellar inclusion bodies of the latter. The ratios of the Type II/Type I cells were .21-.23 at 150 and 175 days, and fell to approximately half that value in adult lungs.", "contents": "Growth and development of the fetal Rhesus monkey. VI. Morphometric analysis of the developing lung. Groups of fetal monkeys were studied at 50, 75, 100, 125 and 150 days gestational age, and postnatal monkeys were studied at 175 days gestational age and in adult life (full term gestation is 168 plus or minus 4 days). The ratios between the various tissues of which lung is composed were determined by light and electronmicroscopy. Characteristic changes in ratios were noted at each developmental age. Primitive bronchioles increased from 50 to 75 days, decreased as permanent bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveoli developed, and were absent after 150 days. Mesenchymal tissue decreased progressively from 50 to 150 days. Alveoli were present at 100 days gestational age; alveolar lumens accounted for approximately 1/2 the volume of peripheral lung by 150 days, and 2/3 the volume of lung in adult animals. By 150 days alveolar epithelial cells could be identified as Type I (membranous) or Type II (granular) on the basis of the characteristic cytoplasmic lamellar inclusion bodies of the latter. The ratios of the Type II/Type I cells were .21-.23 at 150 and 175 days, and fell to approximately half that value in adult lungs.", "PMID": 1132776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12101", "title": "Compensatory adaptations of skeletal muscle composition to a long-term functional overload.", "content": "Compensatory hypertrophy of rat plantaris muscle was induced by ablating the synergistic gastrocnemius muscle. The sham-operated contralateral muscle served as a control. Within 5, 30 and 60 days postoperatively, the wet weight of the hypertrophied plantaris was 40, 64, and 109% greater, respectively, than the contralateral control. Two patterns of changing muscle composition emerged with compensatory hypertrophy: (1) an early (less than or equal to 5 days) increase in DNA content (+190%) which resulted in a sharp decline in the wet weight per nucleus ratio (-50%). This coincided with an increase in sarcoplasmic and stromal proteins and a fall in myofibrillar protein concentration. These changes were followed by (2) a secondary increase (30-60 days postoperatively) in the proportions of myofibrillar proteins with a corresponding decline in sarcoplasmic proteins.", "contents": "Compensatory adaptations of skeletal muscle composition to a long-term functional overload. Compensatory hypertrophy of rat plantaris muscle was induced by ablating the synergistic gastrocnemius muscle. The sham-operated contralateral muscle served as a control. Within 5, 30 and 60 days postoperatively, the wet weight of the hypertrophied plantaris was 40, 64, and 109% greater, respectively, than the contralateral control. Two patterns of changing muscle composition emerged with compensatory hypertrophy: (1) an early (less than or equal to 5 days) increase in DNA content (+190%) which resulted in a sharp decline in the wet weight per nucleus ratio (-50%). This coincided with an increase in sarcoplasmic and stromal proteins and a fall in myofibrillar protein concentration. These changes were followed by (2) a secondary increase (30-60 days postoperatively) in the proportions of myofibrillar proteins with a corresponding decline in sarcoplasmic proteins.", "PMID": 1132777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12102", "title": "Cellular characteristics of skeletal muscle in selected strains of pigs and mice and the unselected controls.", "content": "Skeletal muscle growth of swine differing in rate of growth and muscularity was studied by analysis of DNA, RNA, and protein in the semitendinosus muscle of fast growing domestic lean pigs (Yorkshire) and the slow-growing feral obese pigs (Ossabaw). Both lean and obese strains were fed ad libitum corn and soybean mean diet containing 14% protein. The pigs were slaughtered at 6 months of age. The Yorkshire pig had significantly greater body and muscle weights (P less than 0.005) Total DNA, RNA, and protein in semitendinosus muscles were significantly greater in the Yorkshire pigs (P less than 0.005). RNA/DNA and protein/DNA ratios were significantly different between the Yorkshire and Ossabaw pigs. These data suggest that the greater muscle growth in the Yorkshire pigs is achieved by greater cell numbers and size. The response of skeletal muscle cells and fiber characteristics to selection was studied in two strains of mice by analysis of DNA, RNA, and histological measurement of muscle fibers. Both strains were fed ad libitum on laboratory rat chow diet. They were sacrificed at 12 months of age. Leg muscle DNA and RNA were significantly greater in the mice selected for rapid growth rate as compared to the control (P less than 0.005 and P less than .10, respectively). Measurements of the semimembranosus muscle reveal that the growth strain had significantly greater muscle weight (P less than .01) and muscle length (P less than 0.005). Histological measurements of the same muscle showed that the growth strain had significantly greater fiber number (P less than 0.005) and larger fiber size (P less than 0.005) than the controls. It would appear that the greater muscle cellularity (DNA) in growth strain mice is accompanied by greater muscle length, fiber number, and fiber diameter.", "contents": "Cellular characteristics of skeletal muscle in selected strains of pigs and mice and the unselected controls. Skeletal muscle growth of swine differing in rate of growth and muscularity was studied by analysis of DNA, RNA, and protein in the semitendinosus muscle of fast growing domestic lean pigs (Yorkshire) and the slow-growing feral obese pigs (Ossabaw). Both lean and obese strains were fed ad libitum corn and soybean mean diet containing 14% protein. The pigs were slaughtered at 6 months of age. The Yorkshire pig had significantly greater body and muscle weights (P less than 0.005) Total DNA, RNA, and protein in semitendinosus muscles were significantly greater in the Yorkshire pigs (P less than 0.005). RNA/DNA and protein/DNA ratios were significantly different between the Yorkshire and Ossabaw pigs. These data suggest that the greater muscle growth in the Yorkshire pigs is achieved by greater cell numbers and size. The response of skeletal muscle cells and fiber characteristics to selection was studied in two strains of mice by analysis of DNA, RNA, and histological measurement of muscle fibers. Both strains were fed ad libitum on laboratory rat chow diet. They were sacrificed at 12 months of age. Leg muscle DNA and RNA were significantly greater in the mice selected for rapid growth rate as compared to the control (P less than 0.005 and P less than .10, respectively). Measurements of the semimembranosus muscle reveal that the growth strain had significantly greater muscle weight (P less than .01) and muscle length (P less than 0.005). Histological measurements of the same muscle showed that the growth strain had significantly greater fiber number (P less than 0.005) and larger fiber size (P less than 0.005) than the controls. It would appear that the greater muscle cellularity (DNA) in growth strain mice is accompanied by greater muscle length, fiber number, and fiber diameter.", "PMID": 1132778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12103", "title": "Oral manifestations of Crohn's disease.", "content": "In a systematic study of 100 patients with Crohn's disease, 100 with ulcerative colitis, and of 100 normal subjects matched for age, sex, and denture status, nine patients with Crohn's disease, two with ulcerative colitis, and one normal control were found to have oral lesions. In Crohn's disease, the macroscopic and histological appearances resembled those encountered elsewhere in the gastrointestinal tract and their incidence was related to the activity of the disorder. The lesions in the other two groups were different macroscopically and histologically. Production of salivary IgA was found to be reduced in Crohn's patients with active bowel disease. It is suggested that the occurrence of oral lesions in patients with Crohn's disease might represent a local immunological reaction to oral antigens.", "contents": "Oral manifestations of Crohn's disease. In a systematic study of 100 patients with Crohn's disease, 100 with ulcerative colitis, and of 100 normal subjects matched for age, sex, and denture status, nine patients with Crohn's disease, two with ulcerative colitis, and one normal control were found to have oral lesions. In Crohn's disease, the macroscopic and histological appearances resembled those encountered elsewhere in the gastrointestinal tract and their incidence was related to the activity of the disorder. The lesions in the other two groups were different macroscopically and histologically. Production of salivary IgA was found to be reduced in Crohn's patients with active bowel disease. It is suggested that the occurrence of oral lesions in patients with Crohn's disease might represent a local immunological reaction to oral antigens.", "PMID": 1132799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12104", "title": "Estimation of carcinoembryonic antigen in ulcerative colitis with special reference to malignant change.", "content": "The levels of plasma carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) were estimated in 59 control subjects attending St Mark's Hospital and in 139 patients with uncomplicated ulcerative colitis. There was little difference in the CEA levels in the two groups. In the colitic patients, the actual CEA values could not be correlated with the age of the patient, the activity of the disease, the extent of bowel involvement, or the length of history. In addition, seven colitic patients with severe dysplastic changes in the rectal mucosa and seven patients with established carcinoma in colitis were studied. With one exception in each group, the CEA levels in these patients were within the range shown by the St Mark's Hospital control population.", "contents": "Estimation of carcinoembryonic antigen in ulcerative colitis with special reference to malignant change. The levels of plasma carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) were estimated in 59 control subjects attending St Mark's Hospital and in 139 patients with uncomplicated ulcerative colitis. There was little difference in the CEA levels in the two groups. In the colitic patients, the actual CEA values could not be correlated with the age of the patient, the activity of the disease, the extent of bowel involvement, or the length of history. In addition, seven colitic patients with severe dysplastic changes in the rectal mucosa and seven patients with established carcinoma in colitis were studied. With one exception in each group, the CEA levels in these patients were within the range shown by the St Mark's Hospital control population.", "PMID": 1132800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12105", "title": "Ileal function in patients with untreated adult coeliac disease.", "content": "A double-lumen perfusion technique has been used to investigate jejunal and ileal absorption of glucose, water, and electrolytes in a group of patients with untreated adult coeliac disease. Correct positioning of the tube was confirmed by measuring the differential jejunal and ileal handling of bicarbonate. Eight control subjects and eight patients with coeliac disease were perfused with an isotonic electrolyte solution containing 50 mM glucose and 25 mM bicarbonate. The group of coeliac patients had impaired jejunal absorption of glucose (P less than 0.001), water (P less than 0.01), sodium (P less than 0.02), and chloride (P greater than 0.05) compared with the control group. In contrast the group of coeliac patients had normal ileal glucose and water absorption and increased ileal sodium (P greater than 0.01) and chloride (P greater than 0.05) absorption compared with the controls. Evidence for ileal adaptation was found in three individual patients who had absorptive values outside 2SD of the normal mean. The results indicate that the distal small intestine in coeliac disease has the ability to adopt to the damage and loss of absorptive capacity in the proximal small intestine.", "contents": "Ileal function in patients with untreated adult coeliac disease. A double-lumen perfusion technique has been used to investigate jejunal and ileal absorption of glucose, water, and electrolytes in a group of patients with untreated adult coeliac disease. Correct positioning of the tube was confirmed by measuring the differential jejunal and ileal handling of bicarbonate. Eight control subjects and eight patients with coeliac disease were perfused with an isotonic electrolyte solution containing 50 mM glucose and 25 mM bicarbonate. The group of coeliac patients had impaired jejunal absorption of glucose (P less than 0.001), water (P less than 0.01), sodium (P less than 0.02), and chloride (P greater than 0.05) compared with the control group. In contrast the group of coeliac patients had normal ileal glucose and water absorption and increased ileal sodium (P greater than 0.01) and chloride (P greater than 0.05) absorption compared with the controls. Evidence for ileal adaptation was found in three individual patients who had absorptive values outside 2SD of the normal mean. The results indicate that the distal small intestine in coeliac disease has the ability to adopt to the damage and loss of absorptive capacity in the proximal small intestine.", "PMID": 1132801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12106", "title": "The effect of intravenous infusions of prostaglandins E-2 and F-2alpha on human gastric function.", "content": "The effect of intravenous infusions of prostaglandins E-2 and F(-2alpha) at various dose levels on basal, or on maximally or submaximally pentagastrin-stimulated acid secretion, was studied in 40 male subjects. Intraluminal antral pressures were also measured. Prostaglandin F (0.08 mug kg-minus 1 min-minus 1) transiently, but significantly, inhibited submaximal acid output and increased the frequency of antral contractions. Prostaglandin E(2)(0.08 mug kg-minus 1 min-minus 1) inhibited basal acid secretion.", "contents": "The effect of intravenous infusions of prostaglandins E-2 and F-2alpha on human gastric function. The effect of intravenous infusions of prostaglandins E-2 and F(-2alpha) at various dose levels on basal, or on maximally or submaximally pentagastrin-stimulated acid secretion, was studied in 40 male subjects. Intraluminal antral pressures were also measured. Prostaglandin F (0.08 mug kg-minus 1 min-minus 1) transiently, but significantly, inhibited submaximal acid output and increased the frequency of antral contractions. Prostaglandin E(2)(0.08 mug kg-minus 1 min-minus 1) inhibited basal acid secretion.", "PMID": 1132802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12107", "title": "Electrical potential difference, sodium absorption and potassium secretion by the human rectum during carbenoxolone therapy.", "content": "The transmucosal electrical potential difference (pd) and the sodium and potassium net fluxes were measured in the rectum of subjects taking carbenoxolone. There was a rise in transmucosal pd persisting throughout treatment in all subjects which was accompanied by an increase in sodium absorption and potassium secretion. Comparison of the pd changes produced by carbenoxolone with those due to the mineralocorticoid 9-alpha-fluorocortisol showed that carbenoxolone had about 1/1000th the potency on a weight basis and the two drugs appeared to be additive in their effects. Topical instillation of carbenoxolone into the rectum produced an elevation of pd which persisted for three days. Amiloride and bendrofluazide did not interfere with these actions of carbenoxolone but spironolactone abolished them. One patient who developed fluid retention and hypokalaemia had a rectal pd similar to that of the other patients who had no side effects.", "contents": "Electrical potential difference, sodium absorption and potassium secretion by the human rectum during carbenoxolone therapy. The transmucosal electrical potential difference (pd) and the sodium and potassium net fluxes were measured in the rectum of subjects taking carbenoxolone. There was a rise in transmucosal pd persisting throughout treatment in all subjects which was accompanied by an increase in sodium absorption and potassium secretion. Comparison of the pd changes produced by carbenoxolone with those due to the mineralocorticoid 9-alpha-fluorocortisol showed that carbenoxolone had about 1/1000th the potency on a weight basis and the two drugs appeared to be additive in their effects. Topical instillation of carbenoxolone into the rectum produced an elevation of pd which persisted for three days. Amiloride and bendrofluazide did not interfere with these actions of carbenoxolone but spironolactone abolished them. One patient who developed fluid retention and hypokalaemia had a rectal pd similar to that of the other patients who had no side effects.", "PMID": 1132803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12108", "title": "A study of lymph nodes draining colorectal cancer using a two-stage inhibition of leucocyte migration technique.", "content": "A two-stage technique for leucocyte migration inhibition has been developed which demonstrates the sensitization of lymph node lymphocytes to colorectal tumour extract. The studies have confirmed that some lymph nodes draining colorectal carcinomata contain sensitized lymphocytes. However, the degree of lymphocyte sensitization to tumour extract does not seem greater than that seen in lymph nodes of the small bowel mesentery or of the peripheral blood.", "contents": "A study of lymph nodes draining colorectal cancer using a two-stage inhibition of leucocyte migration technique. A two-stage technique for leucocyte migration inhibition has been developed which demonstrates the sensitization of lymph node lymphocytes to colorectal tumour extract. The studies have confirmed that some lymph nodes draining colorectal carcinomata contain sensitized lymphocytes. However, the degree of lymphocyte sensitization to tumour extract does not seem greater than that seen in lymph nodes of the small bowel mesentery or of the peripheral blood.", "PMID": 1132804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12109", "title": "Unexpected natural death of cerebral origin in medicolegal practice.", "content": "Due to the rapid evolution of vascular lesions it is not surprising that most causes of sudden death of cerebral origin are due to vascular pathology. Of the traumatic causes extradural haemorrhage is a fairly common clinical entity but as a cause of death declining in its frequency. Sources of diagnostic error can be attributed to the fact that not all patients with extradural haematomas have marked external evidence of trauma and a significant number, particularly children and adolescents, show no radiological, clinical or for that matter, post-mortem evidence of a fracture. Subdural haematomas of a chronic variety are usually produced by minor trauma and occur predominantly in the older person. Acute subdural haematomas are most frequently the result of trauma and may be rapidly fatal due to the associated massive cerebral damage. That intracranial aneurysm or angioma may rupture into the subdural space and cause an acute or chronic subdural haematoma, is less widely appreciated. The acute spontaneous arterial subdural haematoma due to the rupture of a cortical vessel, usually one affected by atheroma, into the subdural space is an uncommon entity. It should be looked for specifically in patients with minimal trauma and the clinical picture of an acute subdural haematoma. Subarachnoid haemorrhage due to aneurysmal rupture is still the common cause of unexpected rapid demise in young adults. There is very little evidence that antecedent trauma or exertion play a part as precipitating factors. Centrally placed aneurysms situated at the anterior communicating artery origin or terminal carotid seem to be particularly malignant in their effects. Cause of death is usually massive extrusion of blood into the intracranial cavity with increasing intracranial pressure, compressive haematoma formation and widespread arterial spasm with ischaemic consequences. Whether aneurysmal rupture can be caused by trauma cannot really be satisfactorily resolved. Intracerebral haemorrhage is most commonly due to hypertension but, as in the case of other haematomas, bleeding disorders may also be a cause. Intracerebral haematoma may, however, also result from rupture of micro-angiomata and the brain should be carefully examined for them in the young patient without evidence of hypertension. Hypertensive crises occurring in people on monoamine oxidase inhibitors should also be remembered as a cause of intracerebral haemorrhage.", "contents": "Unexpected natural death of cerebral origin in medicolegal practice. Due to the rapid evolution of vascular lesions it is not surprising that most causes of sudden death of cerebral origin are due to vascular pathology. Of the traumatic causes extradural haemorrhage is a fairly common clinical entity but as a cause of death declining in its frequency. Sources of diagnostic error can be attributed to the fact that not all patients with extradural haematomas have marked external evidence of trauma and a significant number, particularly children and adolescents, show no radiological, clinical or for that matter, post-mortem evidence of a fracture. Subdural haematomas of a chronic variety are usually produced by minor trauma and occur predominantly in the older person. Acute subdural haematomas are most frequently the result of trauma and may be rapidly fatal due to the associated massive cerebral damage. That intracranial aneurysm or angioma may rupture into the subdural space and cause an acute or chronic subdural haematoma, is less widely appreciated. The acute spontaneous arterial subdural haematoma due to the rupture of a cortical vessel, usually one affected by atheroma, into the subdural space is an uncommon entity. It should be looked for specifically in patients with minimal trauma and the clinical picture of an acute subdural haematoma. Subarachnoid haemorrhage due to aneurysmal rupture is still the common cause of unexpected rapid demise in young adults. There is very little evidence that antecedent trauma or exertion play a part as precipitating factors. Centrally placed aneurysms situated at the anterior communicating artery origin or terminal carotid seem to be particularly malignant in their effects. Cause of death is usually massive extrusion of blood into the intracranial cavity with increasing intracranial pressure, compressive haematoma formation and widespread arterial spasm with ischaemic consequences. Whether aneurysmal rupture can be caused by trauma cannot really be satisfactorily resolved. Intracerebral haemorrhage is most commonly due to hypertension but, as in the case of other haematomas, bleeding disorders may also be a cause. Intracerebral haematoma may, however, also result from rupture of micro-angiomata and the brain should be carefully examined for them in the young patient without evidence of hypertension. Hypertensive crises occurring in people on monoamine oxidase inhibitors should also be remembered as a cause of intracerebral haemorrhage.", "PMID": 1132858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12110", "title": "Unexpected natural death of iatrogenic origin.", "content": "The paper deals solely with iatrogenic disaster due to the misuse of therapeutic drugs prescribed or unprescribed, and its main purpose is to encourage a high index of suspicion that an unexpected apparently natural death may be iatrogenic due to the medicines administered before death. Toxic effect, side effect and adverse reaction are defined and particular attention is given to adverse effects induced by drug interaction and to the impact of disease and of the extremes of age on the potency of drugs. The deaths under discussion are \"biochemical deaths\" and as such are difficult to prove at post mortem examination especially if the forensic pathologist has not been made aware of the identity of drugs administered before death. Examples which are apt to create difficulties, particularly those due to drug interaction, are discussed, including oral hypoglycaemics, anticoagulants, anticonvulsants, antidepressants, hypotensives and cardiac glycosides. The solution to the problem is not to refrain from using necessary drugs, but to use them wisely with full awareness of the mechanisms whereby they can become lethal.", "contents": "Unexpected natural death of iatrogenic origin. The paper deals solely with iatrogenic disaster due to the misuse of therapeutic drugs prescribed or unprescribed, and its main purpose is to encourage a high index of suspicion that an unexpected apparently natural death may be iatrogenic due to the medicines administered before death. Toxic effect, side effect and adverse reaction are defined and particular attention is given to adverse effects induced by drug interaction and to the impact of disease and of the extremes of age on the potency of drugs. The deaths under discussion are \"biochemical deaths\" and as such are difficult to prove at post mortem examination especially if the forensic pathologist has not been made aware of the identity of drugs administered before death. Examples which are apt to create difficulties, particularly those due to drug interaction, are discussed, including oral hypoglycaemics, anticoagulants, anticonvulsants, antidepressants, hypotensives and cardiac glycosides. The solution to the problem is not to refrain from using necessary drugs, but to use them wisely with full awareness of the mechanisms whereby they can become lethal.", "PMID": 1132859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12111", "title": "Unexpected death of endocrine origin.", "content": "Diseases of the endocrine glands may be silent or of little apparent consequence for long periods of time, but may nevertheless have an unexpected and acutely fatal termination. Some of these facets are explored in this paper. A full clinical history (including therapy) and thorough autopsy is necessary to exclude the endocrine causes of unexpected deaths.", "contents": "Unexpected death of endocrine origin. Diseases of the endocrine glands may be silent or of little apparent consequence for long periods of time, but may nevertheless have an unexpected and acutely fatal termination. Some of these facets are explored in this paper. A full clinical history (including therapy) and thorough autopsy is necessary to exclude the endocrine causes of unexpected deaths.", "PMID": 1132860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12112", "title": "The evaluation of fat deposits around brain vessels in infants.", "content": "Perivascular deposits of lipid material around small encephalic vessels in infants had by some authors been regarded as an indication of damage to the vessel walls. It had been presumed that an acute cerebral oedema could be favoured by such a process. Studying the problem in 100 cases of forensic and non-forensic autopsies were found deposits in cells of the adventitial space in the brain of all infants older than 4-5 weeks as well as in those of older infants and adults. Almost exclusively the vessels of the subcortical medulla were concerned. Further histochemical investigations of lipid material in cells of the CNS suggest that the deposited materials is not a preliminary stage of myelination. The deposits seem to be caused by a slight physiological parenchymal degeneration.", "contents": "The evaluation of fat deposits around brain vessels in infants. Perivascular deposits of lipid material around small encephalic vessels in infants had by some authors been regarded as an indication of damage to the vessel walls. It had been presumed that an acute cerebral oedema could be favoured by such a process. Studying the problem in 100 cases of forensic and non-forensic autopsies were found deposits in cells of the adventitial space in the brain of all infants older than 4-5 weeks as well as in those of older infants and adults. Almost exclusively the vessels of the subcortical medulla were concerned. Further histochemical investigations of lipid material in cells of the CNS suggest that the deposited materials is not a preliminary stage of myelination. The deposits seem to be caused by a slight physiological parenchymal degeneration.", "PMID": 1132861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12113", "title": "Suicide in thailand.", "content": "The 581 suicidal cases which occurred in the period 1960-1969, are reviewed from the autopsy reports in the Department of Forensic Medicine, Siriraj Hospital. The following conclusions are drawn: The male: female suicide ratio is 6 : 4; The highest age-group incidence is 20--39 years; Girls predominate among adolescents (0-19 years); By occupation farmers show the highest suicide rate; There is a high incidence among single as well as among married persons; Poisoning is the commonest method of suicide, Parathion being the poison of choice; A suspected predominate cause is emotional instability but among males socioeconomic factors play an important role; There were 11 pregnant cases and 17 attempters in the series studied.", "contents": "Suicide in thailand. The 581 suicidal cases which occurred in the period 1960-1969, are reviewed from the autopsy reports in the Department of Forensic Medicine, Siriraj Hospital. The following conclusions are drawn: The male: female suicide ratio is 6 : 4; The highest age-group incidence is 20--39 years; Girls predominate among adolescents (0-19 years); By occupation farmers show the highest suicide rate; There is a high incidence among single as well as among married persons; Poisoning is the commonest method of suicide, Parathion being the poison of choice; A suspected predominate cause is emotional instability but among males socioeconomic factors play an important role; There were 11 pregnant cases and 17 attempters in the series studied.", "PMID": 1132862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12114", "title": "Determination of fluorocarbon 11 and fluorocarbon 12 in post-mortem tissues: a case report.", "content": "This report describes the death of a teenager due to inhalation of fluorocarbon aerosol propellants and presents a method for the determination of trichlorofluoromethane (fluorocarbon 11) and dichlorodifluoromethane (fluorocarbon 12) in post-mortem samples. The post-mortem blood and tissue levels of these fluorocarbons are also presented. The distribution of fluorocarbon 11 and fluorocarbon 12 is similar to that observed in chloroform deaths.", "contents": "Determination of fluorocarbon 11 and fluorocarbon 12 in post-mortem tissues: a case report. This report describes the death of a teenager due to inhalation of fluorocarbon aerosol propellants and presents a method for the determination of trichlorofluoromethane (fluorocarbon 11) and dichlorodifluoromethane (fluorocarbon 12) in post-mortem samples. The post-mortem blood and tissue levels of these fluorocarbons are also presented. The distribution of fluorocarbon 11 and fluorocarbon 12 is similar to that observed in chloroform deaths.", "PMID": 1132863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12115", "title": "Detection of firearm discharge residues in blood-stained articles by fluorescence.", "content": "A quick and sensitive method has been developed for the chemical detection of nitrous derivatives discharged from a firearm. Detection by fluorescence is especially suitable for blood-stained articles such as clothing, which often give confusing results when the conventional methods are used.", "contents": "Detection of firearm discharge residues in blood-stained articles by fluorescence. A quick and sensitive method has been developed for the chemical detection of nitrous derivatives discharged from a firearm. Detection by fluorescence is especially suitable for blood-stained articles such as clothing, which often give confusing results when the conventional methods are used.", "PMID": 1132864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12116", "title": "Comparative study on the underlying cause and mode of death established prior to and after medicolegal autopsy.", "content": "A comparative study was made on the underlying cause and mode of death determined in 600 consecutive cases by forensic physicians before and after medicolegal autopsy. All available information including police records, medical documents of decedents and the results of the external medicolegal examination of the corpse were utilized to determine the cause and mode of death before autopsy. The mode of death would have been defined erroneously in 10% of cases and the underlying cause of death in 29.5% of cases if medicolegal autopsy had not been performed. The present results are consistent with previous studies which indicate that the determination of the underlying cause of death is significantly more accurate when an autopsy is performed. They also suggest that in a large number of routine medicolegal cases a similar trend, but at a lower rate, is associated with the determination of the mode of death.", "contents": "Comparative study on the underlying cause and mode of death established prior to and after medicolegal autopsy. A comparative study was made on the underlying cause and mode of death determined in 600 consecutive cases by forensic physicians before and after medicolegal autopsy. All available information including police records, medical documents of decedents and the results of the external medicolegal examination of the corpse were utilized to determine the cause and mode of death before autopsy. The mode of death would have been defined erroneously in 10% of cases and the underlying cause of death in 29.5% of cases if medicolegal autopsy had not been performed. The present results are consistent with previous studies which indicate that the determination of the underlying cause of death is significantly more accurate when an autopsy is performed. They also suggest that in a large number of routine medicolegal cases a similar trend, but at a lower rate, is associated with the determination of the mode of death.", "PMID": 1132865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12117", "title": "Adaptation and failure of adaptation to extreme natural environments.", "content": "Although the environmental stresses to which man is subjected on the ground are less than those commonly encountered in aviation or under water, they may still exceed an individual's powers of adaptation. Extremes of temperature, commonly encountered in the Arctic or the tropics, may occur in regions of normally temperate climate and lead to failure of temperature regulation, resulting in hypothermia, frostbite, heat exhaustion, or heat stroke. High mountains impose additional hazards due to high winds and lack of oxygen, and deep mines are dangerous work-places because of high temperature and humidity. Some physiological acclimatization occurs in extreme natural environments and the dangers may be reduced by appropriate clothing, diet and behaviour.", "contents": "Adaptation and failure of adaptation to extreme natural environments. Although the environmental stresses to which man is subjected on the ground are less than those commonly encountered in aviation or under water, they may still exceed an individual's powers of adaptation. Extremes of temperature, commonly encountered in the Arctic or the tropics, may occur in regions of normally temperate climate and lead to failure of temperature regulation, resulting in hypothermia, frostbite, heat exhaustion, or heat stroke. High mountains impose additional hazards due to high winds and lack of oxygen, and deep mines are dangerous work-places because of high temperature and humidity. Some physiological acclimatization occurs in extreme natural environments and the dangers may be reduced by appropriate clothing, diet and behaviour.", "PMID": 1132866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12118", "title": "Fatal arrhythmia following deodorant inhalation: case report.", "content": "With the removal from the general marketplace of volatile hydrocarbons which have been previously abused by \"thrill-seekers\", new and often unlikely products are now being exploited by those who whish to escape reality. Many of these products have proven harmful. An example of such an unusual product is reported in this case of a sixteen-year-old male who inhaled Arrid Extra-Dry aerosol deodorant and subsequently died following ventricular fibrillation. The only findings at autopsy were cerebral edema, pulmonary edema and generalized visceral congestion.", "contents": "Fatal arrhythmia following deodorant inhalation: case report. With the removal from the general marketplace of volatile hydrocarbons which have been previously abused by \"thrill-seekers\", new and often unlikely products are now being exploited by those who whish to escape reality. Many of these products have proven harmful. An example of such an unusual product is reported in this case of a sixteen-year-old male who inhaled Arrid Extra-Dry aerosol deodorant and subsequently died following ventricular fibrillation. The only findings at autopsy were cerebral edema, pulmonary edema and generalized visceral congestion.", "PMID": 1132867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12119", "title": "Papillary clear cell carcinoma of the thyroid gland.", "content": "A case of an unusual papillary clear cell carcinoma of the thyroid gland is described. The patient expired 17 days after operative biopsy and thyroxine suppression. Special stains were helpful in differentiating renal cortical carcinoma and parathyroid malignant disease from primary papillary clear cell carcinoma of the thyroid. Ultrastructural features of this tumor may relate to the effects of thyroid stimulating hormone as well as the malignant nature of the tumor.", "contents": "Papillary clear cell carcinoma of the thyroid gland. A case of an unusual papillary clear cell carcinoma of the thyroid gland is described. The patient expired 17 days after operative biopsy and thyroxine suppression. Special stains were helpful in differentiating renal cortical carcinoma and parathyroid malignant disease from primary papillary clear cell carcinoma of the thyroid. Ultrastructural features of this tumor may relate to the effects of thyroid stimulating hormone as well as the malignant nature of the tumor.", "PMID": 1132876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12120", "title": "Irregular phenotypic expression of ring chromosomes.", "content": "2 patients with 13- and C9-rings are reported. On reviewing the phenotypical features of the published ring carriers and comparing them with our results we do not find any characteristic similarities. This can be explained by cytogenetical and biological findings. We are therefore inclined to reject the existence of clear-cut ring chromosome syndromes.", "contents": "Irregular phenotypic expression of ring chromosomes. 2 patients with 13- and C9-rings are reported. On reviewing the phenotypical features of the published ring carriers and comparing them with our results we do not find any characteristic similarities. This can be explained by cytogenetical and biological findings. We are therefore inclined to reject the existence of clear-cut ring chromosome syndromes.", "PMID": 1132877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12121", "title": "[Influence of several weeks' treatment of male and female mice with saccharin, cyclamate or cyclohexylamine sulfate on fertility and dominant lethal effects (author's transl)].", "content": "The purpose of this investigation was to find out whether long-term treatment of male and female mice with saccharin sodium, sodium cyclamate or cyclohexylamine sulfate, would reduce fertility or induce dominant lethal mutations. Before mating, saccharin sodium or sodium cyclamate were added to the food in a concentration of 1%, while cyclohexylamine sulfate was added in a concentration of 0.11% for at least 10 weeks. This treatment corresponded, in the case of saccharin sodium and sodium cyclamate, to an active substance intake of approx. 2000 mg/kg per day and for cyclohexylamine sulfate to an intake of approx. 200 mg/kg per day (corresponding to approx. 136 mg cyclohexylamine per kilogram per day). These doses affected neither the females nor the males in respect of appearance, behaviour, and weight gain. The doses were also compatible with the normal fertility of the animals. Furthermore, in all cases the treatment did not cause a biologically important increase of pre-implantative and post-implantative losses. The dominant lethal tests did not indicate a mutagenic action of saccharin sodium or sodium cyclamate (1% in the food) and of cyclohexylamine sulfate (0.11% in the food) after 10 weeks' treatment of male and female mice. These results, obtained after long-term treatment, corresponded generally to the findin", "contents": "[Influence of several weeks' treatment of male and female mice with saccharin, cyclamate or cyclohexylamine sulfate on fertility and dominant lethal effects (author's transl)]. The purpose of this investigation was to find out whether long-term treatment of male and female mice with saccharin sodium, sodium cyclamate or cyclohexylamine sulfate, would reduce fertility or induce dominant lethal mutations. Before mating, saccharin sodium or sodium cyclamate were added to the food in a concentration of 1%, while cyclohexylamine sulfate was added in a concentration of 0.11% for at least 10 weeks. This treatment corresponded, in the case of saccharin sodium and sodium cyclamate, to an active substance intake of approx. 2000 mg/kg per day and for cyclohexylamine sulfate to an intake of approx. 200 mg/kg per day (corresponding to approx. 136 mg cyclohexylamine per kilogram per day). These doses affected neither the females nor the males in respect of appearance, behaviour, and weight gain. The doses were also compatible with the normal fertility of the animals. Furthermore, in all cases the treatment did not cause a biologically important increase of pre-implantative and post-implantative losses. The dominant lethal tests did not indicate a mutagenic action of saccharin sodium or sodium cyclamate (1% in the food) and of cyclohexylamine sulfate (0.11% in the food) after 10 weeks' treatment of male and female mice. These results, obtained after long-term treatment, corresponded generally to the findin", "PMID": 1132878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12122", "title": "In vitro lymphocytic transformation chromosome breakage and cellular damage in Ataxia-Telangiectasia.", "content": "The lymphocytic transformation in vitro has been studied in 2 cases of ataxia-telangiectasia and compared to that of 2 controls. Significant difference was found between the two groups in the behavior of lymphocytes for two different times of culture. After 48 hrs culturing, important individual variability in RNA synthesis and lower per cent of cells in mitosis was found in the first group. After 120 hrs culturing less important DNA synthesis was found in the first group and about the same per cent of cells in mitosis. After 48 hrs cultures, cellular damage was found in the first group and after 120 hrs cultures, chromosome anomalies were found in the first group.", "contents": "In vitro lymphocytic transformation chromosome breakage and cellular damage in Ataxia-Telangiectasia. The lymphocytic transformation in vitro has been studied in 2 cases of ataxia-telangiectasia and compared to that of 2 controls. Significant difference was found between the two groups in the behavior of lymphocytes for two different times of culture. After 48 hrs culturing, important individual variability in RNA synthesis and lower per cent of cells in mitosis was found in the first group. After 120 hrs culturing less important DNA synthesis was found in the first group and about the same per cent of cells in mitosis. After 48 hrs cultures, cellular damage was found in the first group and after 120 hrs cultures, chromosome anomalies were found in the first group.", "PMID": 1132879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12123", "title": "A homozygote for a serum albumin variant of the slow type.", "content": "A woman from the Trento district of Northern Italy was found to have albumin of a variant type only. Her parents were first cousins and she had two daughters who were both alloalbuminemic. This is probably the first case of a homozygote for a slow albumin variant and it indicates that individuals with only electrophoretically unusual albumin are physiologically normal.", "contents": "A homozygote for a serum albumin variant of the slow type. A woman from the Trento district of Northern Italy was found to have albumin of a variant type only. Her parents were first cousins and she had two daughters who were both alloalbuminemic. This is probably the first case of a homozygote for a slow albumin variant and it indicates that individuals with only electrophoretically unusual albumin are physiologically normal.", "PMID": 1132880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12124", "title": "A contribution to the phenotype distribution of phosphoglucomutase in Czechoslovakia (the district of Cesk\u00e9 Bud\u0115jovice).", "content": "A population sample of 416 unrelated donors from Ceske Budejovice (southern Bohemia) was investigated for the phenotypes of phosphoglucomutase (PGM).  The calculated frequencies of the alleles PGM1-1 and PGM2-1 0.770 and 0.230, respectively, correspond to the expected frequencies of the phenotypes PGM 1 equals 0.593, PGM 2--1 equals 0.354, and PGM 2 equals 0.0529. No rare phenotype was detected.", "contents": "A contribution to the phenotype distribution of phosphoglucomutase in Czechoslovakia (the district of Cesk\u00e9 Bud\u0115jovice). A population sample of 416 unrelated donors from Ceske Budejovice (southern Bohemia) was investigated for the phenotypes of phosphoglucomutase (PGM).  The calculated frequencies of the alleles PGM1-1 and PGM2-1 0.770 and 0.230, respectively, correspond to the expected frequencies of the phenotypes PGM 1 equals 0.593, PGM 2--1 equals 0.354, and PGM 2 equals 0.0529. No rare phenotype was detected.", "PMID": 1132881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12125", "title": "Congenital sensori-neural deafness associated with onycho-osteo dystrophy and mental retardation (D.O.O.R. syndrome).", "content": "A characteristic syndrome is described in which congenital sensori-neural deafness is associated not only with onychodystrophy but also with congenital bony anomalies the most characteristic of which are tri-phalangeal thumbs, bi-phalangeal digits of hands and feet, and dystrophic terminal phalanges of some of the fingers and toes. In addition, there is mental retardation and the dermatoglyphics are characterized by the presence of 10 arches and elevation of the atd angles. The syndrome is inherited as an autosomal recessive. It is suggested that this entity be named the D.O.O.R. Syndrome because of the deafness, onychodystrophy, osteodystrophy and retardation. A similar syndrome without retardation as described by Goodman et al. (1969) appears to be inherited as an autosomal dominant.", "contents": "Congenital sensori-neural deafness associated with onycho-osteo dystrophy and mental retardation (D.O.O.R. syndrome). A characteristic syndrome is described in which congenital sensori-neural deafness is associated not only with onychodystrophy but also with congenital bony anomalies the most characteristic of which are tri-phalangeal thumbs, bi-phalangeal digits of hands and feet, and dystrophic terminal phalanges of some of the fingers and toes. In addition, there is mental retardation and the dermatoglyphics are characterized by the presence of 10 arches and elevation of the atd angles. The syndrome is inherited as an autosomal recessive. It is suggested that this entity be named the D.O.O.R. Syndrome because of the deafness, onychodystrophy, osteodystrophy and retardation. A similar syndrome without retardation as described by Goodman et al. (1969) appears to be inherited as an autosomal dominant.", "PMID": 1132883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12126", "title": "Reversal by cyclophosphamide of tolerance in contact sensitization. Tolerance induced by prior feeding with DNCB.", "content": "Tolerance to DNCB induced by feeding guinea-pigs with the same hapten has been reversed by a single treatment with cyclophosphamide. This is paralleled by a return of the ability of T cells to proliferate in the draining lymph node following sensitization. Certain quantitative differences between this system and that previously described using intravenous DNBSO3 have been revealed. These may indicate some difference between these two mechanisms of tolerance induction.", "contents": "Reversal by cyclophosphamide of tolerance in contact sensitization. Tolerance induced by prior feeding with DNCB. Tolerance to DNCB induced by feeding guinea-pigs with the same hapten has been reversed by a single treatment with cyclophosphamide. This is paralleled by a return of the ability of T cells to proliferate in the draining lymph node following sensitization. Certain quantitative differences between this system and that previously described using intravenous DNBSO3 have been revealed. These may indicate some difference between these two mechanisms of tolerance induction.", "PMID": 1132885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12127", "title": "Interactions between the immunological responses of a thymus-independent antigen (Salmonella adelaide O antigen) with a thymus-dependent antigen (sheep erythrocytes) in the adult bird.", "content": "The bird's antibody response to a thymus-dependent antigen (sheep erythrocytes) (SRBC) and a thymus-independent antigen (SALMONELLA ADELAIDE O antigen) were characterized: whereas the former proceeded through a brief 19S response to a declining 7S response, the latter failed to switch from 19S TO 7S for several weeks and consisted in repeated excursions of 19S antibodies. When injected intravenously and simultaneously an injection of S. adelaide-killed organisms and SRBC interact, so that the response to the latter fails to switch from 19S TO 7S and consists of repeated excursions of 19S antibodies. The changed character of the SRBC response is interpreted to be due to the relative lack of 7S antibody: passive 7S antibody to S. adelaide O antigen or 7S anti-SRBC produces a negative feedback inhibition of their respective responses, so that only one excursion of 19S antibody is observed. The effect is not, however, symmetrical; the thymus-independent antigen is dominant. Thus, whereas 7S antibody to S. adelaide produces the same negative feedback inhibition on the response to S. adelaide and the response to SRBC (when injected with adlaide), 7S antibody to SRBC inhibits only the response to SRBC and not the response to S. adelaide. These results are discussed relation to current hypotheses of antibody biosynthesis and mechanisms of adjuvant action. They are also discussed in relation to the function of the germinal centres of the spleen which may function to mediate the negative feedback of 7S antibody on the antibody response.", "contents": "Interactions between the immunological responses of a thymus-independent antigen (Salmonella adelaide O antigen) with a thymus-dependent antigen (sheep erythrocytes) in the adult bird. The bird's antibody response to a thymus-dependent antigen (sheep erythrocytes) (SRBC) and a thymus-independent antigen (SALMONELLA ADELAIDE O antigen) were characterized: whereas the former proceeded through a brief 19S response to a declining 7S response, the latter failed to switch from 19S TO 7S for several weeks and consisted in repeated excursions of 19S antibodies. When injected intravenously and simultaneously an injection of S. adelaide-killed organisms and SRBC interact, so that the response to the latter fails to switch from 19S TO 7S and consists of repeated excursions of 19S antibodies. The changed character of the SRBC response is interpreted to be due to the relative lack of 7S antibody: passive 7S antibody to S. adelaide O antigen or 7S anti-SRBC produces a negative feedback inhibition of their respective responses, so that only one excursion of 19S antibody is observed. The effect is not, however, symmetrical; the thymus-independent antigen is dominant. Thus, whereas 7S antibody to S. adelaide produces the same negative feedback inhibition on the response to S. adelaide and the response to SRBC (when injected with adlaide), 7S antibody to SRBC inhibits only the response to SRBC and not the response to S. adelaide. These results are discussed relation to current hypotheses of antibody biosynthesis and mechanisms of adjuvant action. They are also discussed in relation to the function of the germinal centres of the spleen which may function to mediate the negative feedback of 7S antibody on the antibody response.", "PMID": 1132886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12128", "title": "Ultrastructural lesions induced in vitro in guinea-pig spermatozoa by a specific autoantibody (anti-T) and complement.", "content": "A quantitative ultrastructural study has been carried out on the lesions that are induced in vitro in guinea-pig spermatozoa by the action of auto-antispermatozoa antibodies and complement. The responsibility of three-independent autoantigen-autoantibody systems (S, P and T) has been explored. The only anti-T antibody known to fix complement and to be spermotoxic (T is a membrane-linked autoantigen), caused significant and important lesions, the immunologically specific origin of which was demonstrated. These lesions began a few seconds after complement had been added. The cytoplasmic membrane is first involved, then the acrosomal membranes, and then the acrosomal contents are lysed. The remarkable rapidity of action of complement on the antibody-sensitized target is emphasized. A typical dose-effect curve is obtained with dilutions of anti-T immune sera. Non-C1-fixing anti-S as well as C1-fixing anti-P antibodies (P has been shown to be intra-acrosomal) do not provoke any significant lesions, even in the presence fo complement, as compared to normal and various controls. However, anti-P serum, when added to non-damaging dilutions of anti-T in the presence of complement, was able to provoke significant lesions in the acrosomes. The bearing of these findings on the mechanisms of in vivo lesions is discussed.", "contents": "Ultrastructural lesions induced in vitro in guinea-pig spermatozoa by a specific autoantibody (anti-T) and complement. A quantitative ultrastructural study has been carried out on the lesions that are induced in vitro in guinea-pig spermatozoa by the action of auto-antispermatozoa antibodies and complement. The responsibility of three-independent autoantigen-autoantibody systems (S, P and T) has been explored. The only anti-T antibody known to fix complement and to be spermotoxic (T is a membrane-linked autoantigen), caused significant and important lesions, the immunologically specific origin of which was demonstrated. These lesions began a few seconds after complement had been added. The cytoplasmic membrane is first involved, then the acrosomal membranes, and then the acrosomal contents are lysed. The remarkable rapidity of action of complement on the antibody-sensitized target is emphasized. A typical dose-effect curve is obtained with dilutions of anti-T immune sera. Non-C1-fixing anti-S as well as C1-fixing anti-P antibodies (P has been shown to be intra-acrosomal) do not provoke any significant lesions, even in the presence fo complement, as compared to normal and various controls. However, anti-P serum, when added to non-damaging dilutions of anti-T in the presence of complement, was able to provoke significant lesions in the acrosomes. The bearing of these findings on the mechanisms of in vivo lesions is discussed.", "PMID": 1132887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12129", "title": "Serum factors capable of opsonizing Shigella for phagocytosis by polymorphonuclear neutrophils.", "content": "Twenty-five Shigella strains were tested for their susceptibility to phagocytosis and killing by polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN). The studies identified several serum factors that could participate in opsonization. The strains varied remarkably in their susceptibility to killing when heat-stable opsonins were employed, but all strains were killed when exposed to heat-labile opsonins and PMN. The heat-stable opsonin was shown to be IgG, whereas IgM was ineffective in the absence of complement, and 11S IgA was never effective. Heat labile opsonization required immunoglobulin as well as complement, but IgM was the only immunoglobulin demonstrated to participate in this reaction. The alternative C3 activating pathway is required for efficient heat-labile opsonization of Shigella, but some opsonization also appeared to occur through the C1-C4-C2 pathway of C3 activation.", "contents": "Serum factors capable of opsonizing Shigella for phagocytosis by polymorphonuclear neutrophils. Twenty-five Shigella strains were tested for their susceptibility to phagocytosis and killing by polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN). The studies identified several serum factors that could participate in opsonization. The strains varied remarkably in their susceptibility to killing when heat-stable opsonins were employed, but all strains were killed when exposed to heat-labile opsonins and PMN. The heat-stable opsonin was shown to be IgG, whereas IgM was ineffective in the absence of complement, and 11S IgA was never effective. Heat labile opsonization required immunoglobulin as well as complement, but IgM was the only immunoglobulin demonstrated to participate in this reaction. The alternative C3 activating pathway is required for efficient heat-labile opsonization of Shigella, but some opsonization also appeared to occur through the C1-C4-C2 pathway of C3 activation.", "PMID": 1132888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12130", "title": "A comparison of the isoelectrofocusing porperties of antibodies to DNP, DNP-glycylglycylglycine and DNP-p-aminobenzoylglutamate.", "content": "The charge of heterogeneity of antibodies to DNP-glycylglycylglycine (DNP-Gly-3) and DNP-p-aminobenzoylglutamate (DNP-pABG) has been investigated using preparative liquid isoelectric focusing techniques. The focusing profiles of the two antibody preparations are qualitatively similar, each containing four or five major peaks. The results are also similar to the profiles obtained earlier for DNP antibodies. The binding properties of refocused fractions from the electro-focusing separation of the two DNP-specific antibodies were investigated. Both the unfocused and refocused DNP-pABG antibody fractions were found to be functionally less heterogeneous than the corresponding DNP-Gly-3 fractions, suggesting that the site-filling capacity of the haptens contributed to the observed functional heterogeneity. A marked increase in K0 with increasing pI of the focused antibody fraction was observed for the DNP-pABG antibody preparation. A much smaller increase of K0 with pI was observed for DNP-Gly-3 antibodies and no observed change was found for DNP antibodies. These differences probably reflect the difference in the net charge on the three DNP hapten groups. The isoelectric focusing properties of the separated light and heavy chains from a DNP-antibody preparation and a DNP-pABG antibody preparation were also determined. The light chains in both instances focused as one or two major bands, while the profile of the heavy chain in both cases exhibited five to six major bands. These results are discussed in terms of the model proposed by Haselkorn, Friedman, Givol and Pecht (1974).", "contents": "A comparison of the isoelectrofocusing porperties of antibodies to DNP, DNP-glycylglycylglycine and DNP-p-aminobenzoylglutamate. The charge of heterogeneity of antibodies to DNP-glycylglycylglycine (DNP-Gly-3) and DNP-p-aminobenzoylglutamate (DNP-pABG) has been investigated using preparative liquid isoelectric focusing techniques. The focusing profiles of the two antibody preparations are qualitatively similar, each containing four or five major peaks. The results are also similar to the profiles obtained earlier for DNP antibodies. The binding properties of refocused fractions from the electro-focusing separation of the two DNP-specific antibodies were investigated. Both the unfocused and refocused DNP-pABG antibody fractions were found to be functionally less heterogeneous than the corresponding DNP-Gly-3 fractions, suggesting that the site-filling capacity of the haptens contributed to the observed functional heterogeneity. A marked increase in K0 with increasing pI of the focused antibody fraction was observed for the DNP-pABG antibody preparation. A much smaller increase of K0 with pI was observed for DNP-Gly-3 antibodies and no observed change was found for DNP antibodies. These differences probably reflect the difference in the net charge on the three DNP hapten groups. The isoelectric focusing properties of the separated light and heavy chains from a DNP-antibody preparation and a DNP-pABG antibody preparation were also determined. The light chains in both instances focused as one or two major bands, while the profile of the heavy chain in both cases exhibited five to six major bands. These results are discussed in terms of the model proposed by Haselkorn, Friedman, Givol and Pecht (1974).", "PMID": 1132889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12131", "title": "Immune complexes in the spleen. The difference between competitive inhibition of immune complex trapping in spleen follicles and inhibition by paratyphoid vaccine.", "content": "Paratyphoid vaccine injected between 4 days and 3 hours before injection of labelled immune complexes (125-I-labelled BGG-anti-BGG), inhibits follicular trapping of these complexes in the mouse spleen. Inhibition is maximal when paratyphoid vaccine is given 1 day before, almost no label being found in the spleen follicles. No inhibition of follicular trapping of the complexes occurred when paratyphoid vaccine was injected simultaneously with the labelled immune complexes. Competitive inhibition was found when unlabelled immune complexes were given together with labelled immune complexes. Simultaneous injection of mice with paratyphoid vaccine and labelled immune complexes resulted in an additonal form of localization of the labelled immune complexes in the white pulp, heavily labelled clumps also appearing in the periarteriolar lymphocyte sheaths and follicles. The results are discussed in relation to the mechanism of immune complex trapping in spleen follicles.", "contents": "Immune complexes in the spleen. The difference between competitive inhibition of immune complex trapping in spleen follicles and inhibition by paratyphoid vaccine. Paratyphoid vaccine injected between 4 days and 3 hours before injection of labelled immune complexes (125-I-labelled BGG-anti-BGG), inhibits follicular trapping of these complexes in the mouse spleen. Inhibition is maximal when paratyphoid vaccine is given 1 day before, almost no label being found in the spleen follicles. No inhibition of follicular trapping of the complexes occurred when paratyphoid vaccine was injected simultaneously with the labelled immune complexes. Competitive inhibition was found when unlabelled immune complexes were given together with labelled immune complexes. Simultaneous injection of mice with paratyphoid vaccine and labelled immune complexes resulted in an additonal form of localization of the labelled immune complexes in the white pulp, heavily labelled clumps also appearing in the periarteriolar lymphocyte sheaths and follicles. The results are discussed in relation to the mechanism of immune complex trapping in spleen follicles.", "PMID": 1132890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12132", "title": "Effect of prednisolone on cell-mediated cytotoxicity in vitro. Demonstration of a short sensitive induction phase.", "content": "The effect of prednisolone on the kinetics of killing of Detroit-6 cells by rat lymphocytes has been studied utilizing the release of 51Cr as a measure of target cell death. The results show that in both killing by allergized lymphocytes, and killing of antibody coated target cells by normal lymphocytes, there is a short (less than 15 min) prednisolone-sensitive induction phase. Prednisolone has no effect on the reaction after this phase. The inhibition of induction by prednisolone appears to have two mechanisms. The first occurs rapidly following the addition of the drug to the cells, and must involve a primary action of prednisolone. Washing the cells free of prednisolone allows initiation, and killing can proceed almost normally, but if these washed cells are preincubated before mixing with target cells, then a secondary inhibition of induction develops progressively.", "contents": "Effect of prednisolone on cell-mediated cytotoxicity in vitro. Demonstration of a short sensitive induction phase. The effect of prednisolone on the kinetics of killing of Detroit-6 cells by rat lymphocytes has been studied utilizing the release of 51Cr as a measure of target cell death. The results show that in both killing by allergized lymphocytes, and killing of antibody coated target cells by normal lymphocytes, there is a short (less than 15 min) prednisolone-sensitive induction phase. Prednisolone has no effect on the reaction after this phase. The inhibition of induction by prednisolone appears to have two mechanisms. The first occurs rapidly following the addition of the drug to the cells, and must involve a primary action of prednisolone. Washing the cells free of prednisolone allows initiation, and killing can proceed almost normally, but if these washed cells are preincubated before mixing with target cells, then a secondary inhibition of induction develops progressively.", "PMID": 1132910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12133", "title": "Inhibition of xenogeneic cell-mediated cytotoxicity in the rat by antiglobulin sera.", "content": "Differences can be demonstrated between the lysis of xenogeneic target cells by lymphocytes of injected rats, which is inhibited by antiglobulin serum, and the lysis of antibody-coated xenogeneic target cells by normal rat lymphoid cells, which is much less readily inhibited. This difference is demonstrated by the dilution of antiglobulin which is effective, and by the fact that inhibition of lysis produced by allergic lymphocytes can be shown if the lymphocytes are treated with antiglobulin and then washed. Differences can also be shown in the time course of inhibition, since to be effective antiglobulin must be present at the time of mixing normal lymphocytes and antibody-coated target cells, whereas addition of antiglobulin to allergized lymphocytes 4 h ater mixing with target cells still produces significant inhibition. These results are compatible with the hypothesis that allergic lymphocytes have immunoglobulin on their surfaces and kill by a different mechanism from the lymphoid cells which lyse antibody-coated target cells.", "contents": "Inhibition of xenogeneic cell-mediated cytotoxicity in the rat by antiglobulin sera. Differences can be demonstrated between the lysis of xenogeneic target cells by lymphocytes of injected rats, which is inhibited by antiglobulin serum, and the lysis of antibody-coated xenogeneic target cells by normal rat lymphoid cells, which is much less readily inhibited. This difference is demonstrated by the dilution of antiglobulin which is effective, and by the fact that inhibition of lysis produced by allergic lymphocytes can be shown if the lymphocytes are treated with antiglobulin and then washed. Differences can also be shown in the time course of inhibition, since to be effective antiglobulin must be present at the time of mixing normal lymphocytes and antibody-coated target cells, whereas addition of antiglobulin to allergized lymphocytes 4 h ater mixing with target cells still produces significant inhibition. These results are compatible with the hypothesis that allergic lymphocytes have immunoglobulin on their surfaces and kill by a different mechanism from the lymphoid cells which lyse antibody-coated target cells.", "PMID": 1132911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12134", "title": "Quantity and avidity of antibodies against birch pollen in atopic patients during hyposensitization. A preliminary study.", "content": "The degree and strength of the binding of radioactively labelled allergen by antibodies in the sera of birch pollen-sensitive individuals was studied during the course of hyposensitization with alun-precipitated aqueous-pyridine extracted birch pollen antigens using the ammonium-sulphate precipitation technique originally described by FARR. The allergen binding was measured before and after absorption of the sera with anti-human IgE antibodies conjugated to Sepharose. It was noted that IgE antibodies of low avidity caused clinical sensitivity as well as IgE antibodies of higher avidity. The nasal sensitivity to birch pollen allergen of six of the seven patients studied significantly decreased by the treatment without any quite uniform change of serum-binding capacity for the allergen. Thus the clinical improvement was accompanied either by disappearance of the specific IgE antibodies, concomitant with formation of antigen-binding non-IgE antibodies, or by increased formation of IgE antibodies with very slight contribution by non-IgE antibodies to the totally increased antigen-binding efficiency. It is felt that the serological antibody changes may not  reflect the most relevant immunological events during successful hyposensitization therapy.", "contents": "Quantity and avidity of antibodies against birch pollen in atopic patients during hyposensitization. A preliminary study. The degree and strength of the binding of radioactively labelled allergen by antibodies in the sera of birch pollen-sensitive individuals was studied during the course of hyposensitization with alun-precipitated aqueous-pyridine extracted birch pollen antigens using the ammonium-sulphate precipitation technique originally described by FARR. The allergen binding was measured before and after absorption of the sera with anti-human IgE antibodies conjugated to Sepharose. It was noted that IgE antibodies of low avidity caused clinical sensitivity as well as IgE antibodies of higher avidity. The nasal sensitivity to birch pollen allergen of six of the seven patients studied significantly decreased by the treatment without any quite uniform change of serum-binding capacity for the allergen. Thus the clinical improvement was accompanied either by disappearance of the specific IgE antibodies, concomitant with formation of antigen-binding non-IgE antibodies, or by increased formation of IgE antibodies with very slight contribution by non-IgE antibodies to the totally increased antigen-binding efficiency. It is felt that the serological antibody changes may not  reflect the most relevant immunological events during successful hyposensitization therapy.", "PMID": 1132912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12135", "title": "Nevus lipomatosus cutaneous superficialis.", "content": "Nevus lipomatosus cutaneus superficialis (Hoffman-Zurhelle) is a distinct clinical entity. A case is reported in which the lesions were large, appeared early in childhood and were linear in distribution along the natal cleft.", "contents": "Nevus lipomatosus cutaneous superficialis. Nevus lipomatosus cutaneus superficialis (Hoffman-Zurhelle) is a distinct clinical entity. A case is reported in which the lesions were large, appeared early in childhood and were linear in distribution along the natal cleft.", "PMID": 1132930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12136", "title": "Quantitative guidelines for exotropia surgery.", "content": "The effect of numerous preoperative variables on the amount of surgical correction attained was assessed in a population of intermittent exotropic patients; 54 had bilateral recession surgery, 48 had recess resect surgery. By appropriate multivariate statistical analyses, about 95 per cent of the variance in results of surgery (expressed as change in deviation from preoperative to the postoperative time in prism diopters per millimeter of surgical correction) could be accounted for. A workable scheme for utilizing this data base to guide future surgery is presented in the form of quantitative formulae. In addition to this empirical derivation, insights are provided into the mechanics of ocular muscle operations and the maturation of the eye as it affects strabismus sergery. Expansion of this approach to a wider ranger of cases and to additional types of cases should result in a greater descriptive and surgical accuracy from strabismus surgery.", "contents": "Quantitative guidelines for exotropia surgery. The effect of numerous preoperative variables on the amount of surgical correction attained was assessed in a population of intermittent exotropic patients; 54 had bilateral recession surgery, 48 had recess resect surgery. By appropriate multivariate statistical analyses, about 95 per cent of the variance in results of surgery (expressed as change in deviation from preoperative to the postoperative time in prism diopters per millimeter of surgical correction) could be accounted for. A workable scheme for utilizing this data base to guide future surgery is presented in the form of quantitative formulae. In addition to this empirical derivation, insights are provided into the mechanics of ocular muscle operations and the maturation of the eye as it affects strabismus sergery. Expansion of this approach to a wider ranger of cases and to additional types of cases should result in a greater descriptive and surgical accuracy from strabismus surgery.", "PMID": 1132940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12137", "title": "Observation of protein diffusivity in intact human and bovine lenses with application to cataract.", "content": "Using the technique of optical mixing spectroscopy, we have observed the Brownian movement and measured the diffusivity of proteins within whole, intact human and bovine lenses. The magnitude and the temperature dependence of the protein diffusivity in bovine and normal human lenses implies that cold cataract is the result of a first-order phase separation of the protein-water mixture in the lens. The magnitude of the diffusivity of proteins within cataractous human lenses indicates the presence of large aggregates of proteins.", "contents": "Observation of protein diffusivity in intact human and bovine lenses with application to cataract. Using the technique of optical mixing spectroscopy, we have observed the Brownian movement and measured the diffusivity of proteins within whole, intact human and bovine lenses. The magnitude and the temperature dependence of the protein diffusivity in bovine and normal human lenses implies that cold cataract is the result of a first-order phase separation of the protein-water mixture in the lens. The magnitude of the diffusivity of proteins within cataractous human lenses indicates the presence of large aggregates of proteins.", "PMID": 1132941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12138", "title": "Ciliary ganglion stimulation. II. Neurogenic, intraocular pathway for excitatory effects on aqueous humor production and outflow.", "content": "Data obtained suggest that preganglionic stimulation of the ciliary ganglion produces an increase of aqueous humor formation and of facility of outflow \"C\" through the following neurogenic pathway: (1) the preganglionic fibers synapse in the ciliary ganglion as evidenced by depression of the response with nicotine applied topically to the ganglion. (2) The impulse proceeds to the equivalent of an intraocular interneuron which can be blocked by low concentrations of atropine and has been previously identified as being an E-2 receptor site. (3) From the interneuron, activity is ultimately exerted without further synapse on alpha-adrenergic receptors through the release of norepinephrine from the neuronal terminals. The adrenergic mechanism of action is supported by the inhibition of the responses by phenoxybenzamine, bretylium, and guanethidine. Constriction of efferent ciliary process blood vessels by neuron-released norepinephrine seems to be the end effect responsible for the increased production of aqueous humor. The site of the end response to increase \"C\" is unclear.", "contents": "Ciliary ganglion stimulation. II. Neurogenic, intraocular pathway for excitatory effects on aqueous humor production and outflow. Data obtained suggest that preganglionic stimulation of the ciliary ganglion produces an increase of aqueous humor formation and of facility of outflow \"C\" through the following neurogenic pathway: (1) the preganglionic fibers synapse in the ciliary ganglion as evidenced by depression of the response with nicotine applied topically to the ganglion. (2) The impulse proceeds to the equivalent of an intraocular interneuron which can be blocked by low concentrations of atropine and has been previously identified as being an E-2 receptor site. (3) From the interneuron, activity is ultimately exerted without further synapse on alpha-adrenergic receptors through the release of norepinephrine from the neuronal terminals. The adrenergic mechanism of action is supported by the inhibition of the responses by phenoxybenzamine, bretylium, and guanethidine. Constriction of efferent ciliary process blood vessels by neuron-released norepinephrine seems to be the end effect responsible for the increased production of aqueous humor. The site of the end response to increase \"C\" is unclear.", "PMID": 1132943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12139", "title": "Optic nerve circulation and ocular pressure: contribution of central retinal artery and short posterior ciliary arteries and the effect on oxygen tension.", "content": "Blood-flow rate in the optic nerve of the rhesus monkey 4 mm. behind the globe monitored by the heated thermocouple and tissue p02 measurement is found to be influenced by ocular pressure level. Ligation of central retinal artery reduced flow rate to 79 per cent of normal but did not influence the effect of IOP on blood-flow rate. Ligation of short posterior ciliary arteries reduced blood-flow rate to 21 per cent of normal and virtually eliminated the IOP effect. Raising IOP to above systolic arterial pressure level reduced blood-flow rate to 17 per cent of normal. At IOP levels greater than 50 mm. Hg, the reduction in blood-flow rate and in Po becomes marked and may be sufficient to produce primary lesions at this site.", "contents": "Optic nerve circulation and ocular pressure: contribution of central retinal artery and short posterior ciliary arteries and the effect on oxygen tension. Blood-flow rate in the optic nerve of the rhesus monkey 4 mm. behind the globe monitored by the heated thermocouple and tissue p02 measurement is found to be influenced by ocular pressure level. Ligation of central retinal artery reduced flow rate to 79 per cent of normal but did not influence the effect of IOP on blood-flow rate. Ligation of short posterior ciliary arteries reduced blood-flow rate to 21 per cent of normal and virtually eliminated the IOP effect. Raising IOP to above systolic arterial pressure level reduced blood-flow rate to 17 per cent of normal. At IOP levels greater than 50 mm. Hg, the reduction in blood-flow rate and in Po becomes marked and may be sufficient to produce primary lesions at this site.", "PMID": 1132944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12140", "title": "A spectrophotometric method for quantitative determination of lysozyme in human tears: description and evaluation of the method and screening of 60 healthy subjects.", "content": "A spectrophotometric micromethod for lysozyme determination in tears is described, which enables the estimation of very low concentrations of lysozyme in individual tear samples, and which can be performed rapidly. The method is based on collecting the tears by a microcapillary tube and diluting them in a special manner which increases the volume of the tear sample, thus making possible analysis of other tear constituents in addition to lysozyme. Lysozyme activity in tears is determined by reduction of optical density (OD) of Micrococcus lysodeikticus suspension. The sensitivity of the method was determined on the basis of repetitive readings. The level of lysozyme in tears of 60 healthy people was determined by this method and found to be 6.1 mg. per milliliter hen egg lysozyme (HEL) with standard deviation of 1.57 mg. per milliliter HEL or 1.5 mg. per milliliter human tear lysozyme (HTL) with standard deviation of 0.39 HTL. Lysozyme level in tears of both eyes of each individual is equal, and any difference observed between the two eyes is due to the variability of the method.", "contents": "A spectrophotometric method for quantitative determination of lysozyme in human tears: description and evaluation of the method and screening of 60 healthy subjects. A spectrophotometric micromethod for lysozyme determination in tears is described, which enables the estimation of very low concentrations of lysozyme in individual tear samples, and which can be performed rapidly. The method is based on collecting the tears by a microcapillary tube and diluting them in a special manner which increases the volume of the tear sample, thus making possible analysis of other tear constituents in addition to lysozyme. Lysozyme activity in tears is determined by reduction of optical density (OD) of Micrococcus lysodeikticus suspension. The sensitivity of the method was determined on the basis of repetitive readings. The level of lysozyme in tears of 60 healthy people was determined by this method and found to be 6.1 mg. per milliliter hen egg lysozyme (HEL) with standard deviation of 1.57 mg. per milliliter HEL or 1.5 mg. per milliliter human tear lysozyme (HTL) with standard deviation of 0.39 HTL. Lysozyme level in tears of both eyes of each individual is equal, and any difference observed between the two eyes is due to the variability of the method.", "PMID": 1132945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12141", "title": "Full-thickness eye wall biopsy. I. An experimental approach to the tissue diagnosis and study of choroidal and retinal lesions.", "content": "A surgical approach to full-thickness eye wall biopsy is proposed as a method that may be applied to poorly understood diseases of the retina and choroid. An eye basket is sutured to the eye for stabilization, and two trephines mark an area to which diathermy is applied until penetration is achieved. The specimen is removed with fine forceps and scissors. A scleral homograft closes the defect. In ten rabbits, no eyes were lost and all ten retinas were intact. All biopsy specimens were suitable for histologic study.", "contents": "Full-thickness eye wall biopsy. I. An experimental approach to the tissue diagnosis and study of choroidal and retinal lesions. A surgical approach to full-thickness eye wall biopsy is proposed as a method that may be applied to poorly understood diseases of the retina and choroid. An eye basket is sutured to the eye for stabilization, and two trephines mark an area to which diathermy is applied until penetration is achieved. The specimen is removed with fine forceps and scissors. A scleral homograft closes the defect. In ten rabbits, no eyes were lost and all ten retinas were intact. All biopsy specimens were suitable for histologic study.", "PMID": 1132946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12142", "title": "Excitation and emission spectra of fluorescein dye in the human ocular fundus.", "content": "The excitation and emission spectra of fluorescein dye were determined during angiography from different sites in the human ocular fundus. All spectra were markedly shifted toward longer wavelengths relative to the spectra of fluorescein in aqueous solution. This effect is most pronounced for the macular area; however, it decreases for the choroidal background and even more for the retinal vessels. The results are relevant to the selection of optical filter combinations for fluorescein angiography.", "contents": "Excitation and emission spectra of fluorescein dye in the human ocular fundus. The excitation and emission spectra of fluorescein dye were determined during angiography from different sites in the human ocular fundus. All spectra were markedly shifted toward longer wavelengths relative to the spectra of fluorescein in aqueous solution. This effect is most pronounced for the macular area; however, it decreases for the choroidal background and even more for the retinal vessels. The results are relevant to the selection of optical filter combinations for fluorescein angiography.", "PMID": 1132947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12143", "title": "Localization of radioactive lead in ocular and skin melanoma.", "content": "The ability of radioactive lead to localize melanomas was studied. The Greene melanoma in the Syrian Golden hamster served as a model for both skin and ocular melanoma. The affinity of heavy metals for neoplasms has been studied but previous reports have been inconsistent as to tumor specificity. For this investigation the radioactive lead (203-Pb,) was studied as the chemical complex 203-Pb-Tris. Significant tumor:nontumor ratios were found in ocular melanoma and the concentration in the lens was minimal. The ratio of per cent uptake per gram of tumor: per cent uptake per gram in control tissue with skin melanoma was 9.4 at 24 hours and for the eye melanoma the ratio was 26.3 at 24 hours. The affinity of 203-Pb-Tris for melanomas appears to be as promising as other compounds presently being evaluated for ocular scintigraphy, namely, labeled quinoline analogs. Therefore, further preclinical evaluation is warranted.", "contents": "Localization of radioactive lead in ocular and skin melanoma. The ability of radioactive lead to localize melanomas was studied. The Greene melanoma in the Syrian Golden hamster served as a model for both skin and ocular melanoma. The affinity of heavy metals for neoplasms has been studied but previous reports have been inconsistent as to tumor specificity. For this investigation the radioactive lead (203-Pb,) was studied as the chemical complex 203-Pb-Tris. Significant tumor:nontumor ratios were found in ocular melanoma and the concentration in the lens was minimal. The ratio of per cent uptake per gram of tumor: per cent uptake per gram in control tissue with skin melanoma was 9.4 at 24 hours and for the eye melanoma the ratio was 26.3 at 24 hours. The affinity of 203-Pb-Tris for melanomas appears to be as promising as other compounds presently being evaluated for ocular scintigraphy, namely, labeled quinoline analogs. Therefore, further preclinical evaluation is warranted.", "PMID": 1132948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12144", "title": "Vascular alterations in canine histiocytic ulcerative colitis.", "content": "The large intestines of eight boxer dogs with canine histiocytic ulcerative colitis (CHUC) and 10 normal dogs were studied by in vivo angiography and postmortem microangiography.  The vascular abnormalities were correlated with the gross and histologic pathology found at necropsy.  The angiographic abnormalities were variable, non-specific and were gross indicators of disease.  Intestinal segments with mild, focal inflammatory lesions appeared normal, while diseased segments with more extensive inflammatory change exhibited variable vascular dilatation and hypervascularity.  Microangiograms of bowel specimens with an early mucosal lesion were normal.  With increased disease severity, there was microvascular dilatation with attenuation of mucosal arterioles.  Areas with focal or confluent ulcerations demonstrated complete disruption of the mucosal microvascular bed and replacement with the chaotic tangle of ectatic vessels, characteristic of granulation tissue.  Anatomic arteriovenous shunts were not observed.", "contents": "Vascular alterations in canine histiocytic ulcerative colitis. The large intestines of eight boxer dogs with canine histiocytic ulcerative colitis (CHUC) and 10 normal dogs were studied by in vivo angiography and postmortem microangiography.  The vascular abnormalities were correlated with the gross and histologic pathology found at necropsy.  The angiographic abnormalities were variable, non-specific and were gross indicators of disease.  Intestinal segments with mild, focal inflammatory lesions appeared normal, while diseased segments with more extensive inflammatory change exhibited variable vascular dilatation and hypervascularity.  Microangiograms of bowel specimens with an early mucosal lesion were normal.  With increased disease severity, there was microvascular dilatation with attenuation of mucosal arterioles.  Areas with focal or confluent ulcerations demonstrated complete disruption of the mucosal microvascular bed and replacement with the chaotic tangle of ectatic vessels, characteristic of granulation tissue.  Anatomic arteriovenous shunts were not observed.", "PMID": 1132950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12145", "title": "Addition of calcium or other cations and of oxygen to ionic and non-ionic contrast media.  Effects on cardiac function during coronary arteriography.", "content": "Metrizamide is a new non-ionic water soluble contrast agent.  Isolated rabbit hearts were perfused with solutions of 1) metrizamide, 2) metrizamide with plasma equivalent amounts of cations, 3) oxygenated metrizamide, 4) oxygenated metrizamide with cations, 5) diatrizoate.  Solutions of 1) metrizamide, 2) metrizamide with plasmaequivalent amounts of cations, 3) metrizamide with calcium ions, 4) metrizoate (ionic medium) with calcium ions, metrizoate with 5) low and 6) high sodium content and 7) diatrizoate were injected into the left coronary artery of dog hearts in vivo.  Maximal change of myocardial contractile force was measured with a strain gauge arch.  Changes in aortic blood pressures were also recorded.  In both sets of experiments metrizamede affected these parameters less than the ionic contrast media.  The addition of calcium ions to both ionic and non-ionic media reduced the adverse effects on the observed cardiac funcitons, while simultaneous addition of plasma equivalent amounts of four cations as metrizoate salts had no beneficial effects.  Sodium ions had in high concentration deleterious effects on cardiac performance.  Oxygen saturation of the contrast medium had no observable effect.  The adverse effects on cardiac mechanical function of sodium ions and possibly other cations contained in a contrast medium solution might be counterbalanced by the addition of calcium ions to the solution.", "contents": "Addition of calcium or other cations and of oxygen to ionic and non-ionic contrast media.  Effects on cardiac function during coronary arteriography. Metrizamide is a new non-ionic water soluble contrast agent.  Isolated rabbit hearts were perfused with solutions of 1) metrizamide, 2) metrizamide with plasma equivalent amounts of cations, 3) oxygenated metrizamide, 4) oxygenated metrizamide with cations, 5) diatrizoate.  Solutions of 1) metrizamide, 2) metrizamide with plasmaequivalent amounts of cations, 3) metrizamide with calcium ions, 4) metrizoate (ionic medium) with calcium ions, metrizoate with 5) low and 6) high sodium content and 7) diatrizoate were injected into the left coronary artery of dog hearts in vivo.  Maximal change of myocardial contractile force was measured with a strain gauge arch.  Changes in aortic blood pressures were also recorded.  In both sets of experiments metrizamede affected these parameters less than the ionic contrast media.  The addition of calcium ions to both ionic and non-ionic media reduced the adverse effects on the observed cardiac funcitons, while simultaneous addition of plasma equivalent amounts of four cations as metrizoate salts had no beneficial effects.  Sodium ions had in high concentration deleterious effects on cardiac performance.  Oxygen saturation of the contrast medium had no observable effect.  The adverse effects on cardiac mechanical function of sodium ions and possibly other cations contained in a contrast medium solution might be counterbalanced by the addition of calcium ions to the solution.", "PMID": 1132951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12146", "title": "The effect of metoclopramide on the contraction of the human gallbladder.", "content": "In a double blind study 45 patients were given either an i.v. injection of 20 mg Primperan (20 mg metoclopramide, Lundbeck, n = 15), 20 mg Metopram (20 mg metoclopramide, Leiras, n = 15) or a corresponding amount of physiological saline (n = 15) and the effect of metoclopramide on the human gallbladder was studied in x-ray examination of gallbladder.  The gallstones do not appear to be a contraindication for the clinical use of metoclopramide as an antiemetic drug.  No contraction of the gallbladder was demonstrated, even though metoclopramide has been shown to contact intestinal smooth muscle.  Primperan caused more side effects than Metopram.  Sedation seems to be the most common side effect of metoclopramide.", "contents": "The effect of metoclopramide on the contraction of the human gallbladder. In a double blind study 45 patients were given either an i.v. injection of 20 mg Primperan (20 mg metoclopramide, Lundbeck, n = 15), 20 mg Metopram (20 mg metoclopramide, Leiras, n = 15) or a corresponding amount of physiological saline (n = 15) and the effect of metoclopramide on the human gallbladder was studied in x-ray examination of gallbladder.  The gallstones do not appear to be a contraindication for the clinical use of metoclopramide as an antiemetic drug.  No contraction of the gallbladder was demonstrated, even though metoclopramide has been shown to contact intestinal smooth muscle.  Primperan caused more side effects than Metopram.  Sedation seems to be the most common side effect of metoclopramide.", "PMID": 1132949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12147", "title": "The role of calcium and fluoride in osteoporosis in rhesus monkeys.", "content": "Twenty-two female Rhesus monkeys were fed purified diets varying in calcium and fluoride content for five years and studied, using radiographic, photon absorptiometric and histologic techniques.  The results suggested that: 1) the addition of fluoride (50 ppm) to a diet containing 1 per cent calcium resulted in a reduction in bone growth rate and resorption, without affecting bone size or density nor resulting in fluorosis; 2) a diet containing 0.15 per cent calcium resulted in osteoporosis due to an increase in bone resorption; and 3) fluoride added to a similar low calcium diet prevented osteroporosis by reducing bone growth rate and resorption resulting in bones with normal density, but at the same time fluoride interfered with mineralization of osteoid leading to osteomalacia.", "contents": "The role of calcium and fluoride in osteoporosis in rhesus monkeys. Twenty-two female Rhesus monkeys were fed purified diets varying in calcium and fluoride content for five years and studied, using radiographic, photon absorptiometric and histologic techniques.  The results suggested that: 1) the addition of fluoride (50 ppm) to a diet containing 1 per cent calcium resulted in a reduction in bone growth rate and resorption, without affecting bone size or density nor resulting in fluorosis; 2) a diet containing 0.15 per cent calcium resulted in osteoporosis due to an increase in bone resorption; and 3) fluoride added to a similar low calcium diet prevented osteroporosis by reducing bone growth rate and resorption resulting in bones with normal density, but at the same time fluoride interfered with mineralization of osteoid leading to osteomalacia.", "PMID": 1132953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12148", "title": "Ultrasonic pulmonary Densitometry: preliminary studies.", "content": "The feasibility of using A-mode ultrasound to measure lung density changes was tested in two studies.  (A) Wet sponges were used as experimental analogs of the lung.  The sponges were weighed.  A-mode recordings were obtained by placing the transducer face against a sheet of film in contact with each sponge.  Ultrasound penetration increased directly with increasing water content.  The range of densities studied corresponds with that which occurs in normal and edematous human lungs.  In a second study (B), the depth of ultrasound penetration into 3 postmortem human lungs was measured at increasing levels of inflation by positive intrabronchial pressure.  Ultrasound penetration decreased approximately logarithmically with increasing inflation pressure.  These relationships indicate a potential application of ultrasound to pulmonary densitometry.  This could provide a noninvasive means for clinical estimation of changes in lung water, without the use of ionizing radiation.", "contents": "Ultrasonic pulmonary Densitometry: preliminary studies. The feasibility of using A-mode ultrasound to measure lung density changes was tested in two studies.  (A) Wet sponges were used as experimental analogs of the lung.  The sponges were weighed.  A-mode recordings were obtained by placing the transducer face against a sheet of film in contact with each sponge.  Ultrasound penetration increased directly with increasing water content.  The range of densities studied corresponds with that which occurs in normal and edematous human lungs.  In a second study (B), the depth of ultrasound penetration into 3 postmortem human lungs was measured at increasing levels of inflation by positive intrabronchial pressure.  Ultrasound penetration decreased approximately logarithmically with increasing inflation pressure.  These relationships indicate a potential application of ultrasound to pulmonary densitometry.  This could provide a noninvasive means for clinical estimation of changes in lung water, without the use of ionizing radiation.", "PMID": 1132952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12149", "title": "The point of diminishing returns in nutrition education through home visits by aides: an evaluation of EFNEP.", "content": "This three-year evaluation of field work with poor, rural homemakers by nutrition aides employed by the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP) of the Maryland Cooperative Extension Service is based on successive annual interviews with 93 homemakers and a control group of 58 designated friends. The results suggest various points of diminishing returns beyond which behavioral and attitudinal changes brought about by the specific educational strategies are too small to justify continued visits to a homemaker. To sustain cost-effective home visits after the first year, more emphasis must be placed on reinforcement of first-year gains, and on expanding the scope of nutrition education to include more health education of other kinds.", "contents": "The point of diminishing returns in nutrition education through home visits by aides: an evaluation of EFNEP. This three-year evaluation of field work with poor, rural homemakers by nutrition aides employed by the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP) of the Maryland Cooperative Extension Service is based on successive annual interviews with 93 homemakers and a control group of 58 designated friends. The results suggest various points of diminishing returns beyond which behavioral and attitudinal changes brought about by the specific educational strategies are too small to justify continued visits to a homemaker. To sustain cost-effective home visits after the first year, more emphasis must be placed on reinforcement of first-year gains, and on expanding the scope of nutrition education to include more health education of other kinds.", "PMID": 1133008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12150", "title": "[Surgical preparation planning of hemodialysis candidates].", "content": "An early beginning of chronic hemodialysis is postulated to prevent dangerous uremic complications. Subcutaneous arteriovenous fistulas or autologous saphenous vein grafts in cases where multiple attempts to create a sufficiently functioning arteriovenous fistula have failed turned out to be the best procedures to obtain a suitable access to the blood vessels. The problems arising on a total of 57 patients to get an adequate blood flow by the time of first hemodialysis are discussed.", "contents": "[Surgical preparation planning of hemodialysis candidates]. An early beginning of chronic hemodialysis is postulated to prevent dangerous uremic complications. Subcutaneous arteriovenous fistulas or autologous saphenous vein grafts in cases where multiple attempts to create a sufficiently functioning arteriovenous fistula have failed turned out to be the best procedures to obtain a suitable access to the blood vessels. The problems arising on a total of 57 patients to get an adequate blood flow by the time of first hemodialysis are discussed.", "PMID": 1133018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12151", "title": "[Observations on surgical technic in inguinal femoral hernia according to McVay].", "content": "The technique of the operation first published by MCVAY in 1949 for the treatment of the inguinal and fermoral hernia is briefly described and its advantages, compared with the method of BASSINI, are discussed. The essential factor consists in the use of the fascia transversa abdominis which is sewn on to the ligament of Cooper instead of attaching the musculus obliquus externus to the ligamentum inguinale. The operation demands an accurate knowledge of all the anatomical structures concerned and a strict observance of the technique described.", "contents": "[Observations on surgical technic in inguinal femoral hernia according to McVay]. The technique of the operation first published by MCVAY in 1949 for the treatment of the inguinal and fermoral hernia is briefly described and its advantages, compared with the method of BASSINI, are discussed. The essential factor consists in the use of the fascia transversa abdominis which is sewn on to the ligament of Cooper instead of attaching the musculus obliquus externus to the ligamentum inguinale. The operation demands an accurate knowledge of all the anatomical structures concerned and a strict observance of the technique described.", "PMID": 1133040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12152", "title": "[Complications of surgery in cirrhosis].", "content": "Extraabdominal operations are relatively well tolerated by the cirrhotic patient. However abdominal and thoracic surgery are followed by a very high morbidity and a mortality reaching 50% in these patients. Aggravating factors such as a decompensated cirrhosis and an alcoholic or viral hepatitis bear a catastrophic prognosis. The decision to perform surgery should as much as possible imply a knowledge of the histological nature of the cirrhosis and an intensive pre-operative preparation of the patient particularly in the respiratory and cardiac field.", "contents": "[Complications of surgery in cirrhosis]. Extraabdominal operations are relatively well tolerated by the cirrhotic patient. However abdominal and thoracic surgery are followed by a very high morbidity and a mortality reaching 50% in these patients. Aggravating factors such as a decompensated cirrhosis and an alcoholic or viral hepatitis bear a catastrophic prognosis. The decision to perform surgery should as much as possible imply a knowledge of the histological nature of the cirrhosis and an intensive pre-operative preparation of the patient particularly in the respiratory and cardiac field.", "PMID": 1133041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12153", "title": "[Surgery of aortic valvulopathies].", "content": "75 patients were operated for isolated aortic congenital or acquired valvulopathies (46 men, 25 women and 4 children). 8 patients were reoperated because of functional defects of the artificial valve or paravalvular dehiscence. 3 children from 3 to 10 years of age underwent aortic valvular commissurotomy. The other patients had aortic valve replacement by an artificial valve. Two types of valves were used. In the beginning, we employed the Starr-Edwards valves, models 1200, 2300, 2310 and 2320. Since July 1971, we are using the Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley valve. Less pressure gradient across the valve and less hemolysis with Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley valve are two important factors in favoring its use. Our hospital mortality has been 5.3% and late mortality also 5.3%. Clinical improvement is observed among 80% of patients in follow-up controls.", "contents": "[Surgery of aortic valvulopathies]. 75 patients were operated for isolated aortic congenital or acquired valvulopathies (46 men, 25 women and 4 children). 8 patients were reoperated because of functional defects of the artificial valve or paravalvular dehiscence. 3 children from 3 to 10 years of age underwent aortic valvular commissurotomy. The other patients had aortic valve replacement by an artificial valve. Two types of valves were used. In the beginning, we employed the Starr-Edwards valves, models 1200, 2300, 2310 and 2320. Since July 1971, we are using the Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley valve. Less pressure gradient across the valve and less hemolysis with Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley valve are two important factors in favoring its use. Our hospital mortality has been 5.3% and late mortality also 5.3%. Clinical improvement is observed among 80% of patients in follow-up controls.", "PMID": 1133048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12154", "title": "Barking dogs as an environmental problem.", "content": "The levels of noise from barking dogs in and near representative veterinary hospitals were measured and evaluated to determine their effects on practicing veterinarians, their staffs, clients, and neighbors. Special design criteria to minimize noise levels within the hospitals and dog confinement areas, and to prevent noise travel to other parts of the establishments and to surrounding neighborhoods, were an important element of the study.", "contents": "Barking dogs as an environmental problem. The levels of noise from barking dogs in and near representative veterinary hospitals were measured and evaluated to determine their effects on practicing veterinarians, their staffs, clients, and neighbors. Special design criteria to minimize noise levels within the hospitals and dog confinement areas, and to prevent noise travel to other parts of the establishments and to surrounding neighborhoods, were an important element of the study.", "PMID": 1133065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12155", "title": "Evaluation of four techniques of cervical spinal fixation in dogs.", "content": "Four surgical techniques for immobilizing unstable cervical vertebrae were evaluated. These techniques included: (1) placing screws bilaterally through the articular processes, (2) placing wires bilaterally through the articular processes, (3) placing a bone screw through vertebral bodies, and (4) placing a bone plate on the ventral surface of adjacent vertebral bodies. Each technique was found to have certain advantages and disadvantages.", "contents": "Evaluation of four techniques of cervical spinal fixation in dogs. Four surgical techniques for immobilizing unstable cervical vertebrae were evaluated. These techniques included: (1) placing screws bilaterally through the articular processes, (2) placing wires bilaterally through the articular processes, (3) placing a bone screw through vertebral bodies, and (4) placing a bone plate on the ventral surface of adjacent vertebral bodies. Each technique was found to have certain advantages and disadvantages.", "PMID": 1133067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12156", "title": "Idiopathic hyperlipoproteinemia in dogs.", "content": "Six dogs with hyperlipoproteinemia of undetermined cause had increased serum concentrations of lower density lipoprotein classes, as detected by lipid measurements and lipoprotein electrophoresis. Five of the dogs were Miniature Schnauzers and 1 was of mixed breeding. Signs of disease included abdominal distress (2 dogs), abdominal distress and seizures (2 dogs), and weizures (1 dog). One dog was clinically normal. Feeding of a low-fat diet resulted in alterations of lipoprotein distribution and serum lipid content. In 2 dogs, intravenous (IV) administration of heparin caused shifing of the lipoprotein electrophoretic pattern, indicating activated lipoprotein lipase. These clinical and laboratory findings suggested a syndrome caused by an inherited defect in lipid metabolism.", "contents": "Idiopathic hyperlipoproteinemia in dogs. Six dogs with hyperlipoproteinemia of undetermined cause had increased serum concentrations of lower density lipoprotein classes, as detected by lipid measurements and lipoprotein electrophoresis. Five of the dogs were Miniature Schnauzers and 1 was of mixed breeding. Signs of disease included abdominal distress (2 dogs), abdominal distress and seizures (2 dogs), and weizures (1 dog). One dog was clinically normal. Feeding of a low-fat diet resulted in alterations of lipoprotein distribution and serum lipid content. In 2 dogs, intravenous (IV) administration of heparin caused shifing of the lipoprotein electrophoretic pattern, indicating activated lipoprotein lipase. These clinical and laboratory findings suggested a syndrome caused by an inherited defect in lipid metabolism.", "PMID": 1133068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12157", "title": "Hyperammonemia due to a urea cycle enzyme deficiency in two dogs.", "content": "Hyperammonemia in 2 dogs was associated with a deficiency of arginosuccinate synthetase, one of the enzymes of the urea cycle. The usual criteria for evaluation of hepatic function were normal.", "contents": "Hyperammonemia due to a urea cycle enzyme deficiency in two dogs. Hyperammonemia in 2 dogs was associated with a deficiency of arginosuccinate synthetase, one of the enzymes of the urea cycle. The usual criteria for evaluation of hepatic function were normal.", "PMID": 1133071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12158", "title": "Rectal and vaginal constriction in Jersey cattle.", "content": "Three Jersey herds had a total of 14 cows with constriction of the anorectal area and of the vagina. Maternal and paternal lines of all affected cows were traced to a common ancestor.", "contents": "Rectal and vaginal constriction in Jersey cattle. Three Jersey herds had a total of 14 cows with constriction of the anorectal area and of the vagina. Maternal and paternal lines of all affected cows were traced to a common ancestor.", "PMID": 1133074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12159", "title": "Survival of certain pathogenic organisms in swine lagoon effluent.", "content": "Six pigs from a closed herd with no evidence or history of salmonellosis or swine dysentery were fed effluent from an anaerobic lagoon on a farm where salmonellosis and swine dysentery were enzootic. Salmonella saint-paul was isolated from the effluent and fromthe feces and certain tissues of the pigs. Clinical signs typical of swine dysentery and enteric shedding of large numbers of spirochetes with the characteristics of Treponema hyodysenteriae were noted in 5 of the 6 pigs.", "contents": "Survival of certain pathogenic organisms in swine lagoon effluent. Six pigs from a closed herd with no evidence or history of salmonellosis or swine dysentery were fed effluent from an anaerobic lagoon on a farm where salmonellosis and swine dysentery were enzootic. Salmonella saint-paul was isolated from the effluent and fromthe feces and certain tissues of the pigs. Clinical signs typical of swine dysentery and enteric shedding of large numbers of spirochetes with the characteristics of Treponema hyodysenteriae were noted in 5 of the 6 pigs.", "PMID": 1133078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12160", "title": "The effect of starvation and refeeding on cell population kinetics in the rat small bowel mucosa.", "content": "Male rats were starved for a period of 96 hours. Measurements of crypt cell population showed a small reduction during starvation. The growth fraction remained constant, but the total number of proliferating cells per crypt fell as a consequence of the reduction in crypt population. Both labelling and mitotic indices fell throughout the starvation period. The cell cycle time (Tc), measured by a stathmokinetic technique using vincristine, was increased from 10-4 hours in control rats to 14-7 hours after 96 hours' starvation. Upon refeeding, the proliferative indices were observed to rise. After a small initial fluctuation, the growth fraction remained constant. The crypt population remained substantially unchanged. Sixteen hours after refeeding, the cell cycle time was reduced to 6-5 hours. The hypoproliferative response to starvation is mediated solely by an increase in cell cycle time, and the response to refeeding is interpreted in terms of a reduction in Tc. Changes in the size of the proliferating population are considered not to play an important role in either response, although it is not possible to exclude entirely the presence of resting cells in the proliferative compartment itself.", "contents": "The effect of starvation and refeeding on cell population kinetics in the rat small bowel mucosa. Male rats were starved for a period of 96 hours. Measurements of crypt cell population showed a small reduction during starvation. The growth fraction remained constant, but the total number of proliferating cells per crypt fell as a consequence of the reduction in crypt population. Both labelling and mitotic indices fell throughout the starvation period. The cell cycle time (Tc), measured by a stathmokinetic technique using vincristine, was increased from 10-4 hours in control rats to 14-7 hours after 96 hours' starvation. Upon refeeding, the proliferative indices were observed to rise. After a small initial fluctuation, the growth fraction remained constant. The crypt population remained substantially unchanged. Sixteen hours after refeeding, the cell cycle time was reduced to 6-5 hours. The hypoproliferative response to starvation is mediated solely by an increase in cell cycle time, and the response to refeeding is interpreted in terms of a reduction in Tc. Changes in the size of the proliferating population are considered not to play an important role in either response, although it is not possible to exclude entirely the presence of resting cells in the proliferative compartment itself.", "PMID": 1133081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12161", "title": "Observations on the submucous plexus and mucosal arteries of the dog's stomach and first part of the duodenum.", "content": "Arteriolar patterns of the submucous plexus were studied in all areas of the dog's stomach and in the first inch of the duodenum. There appeared to be no poverty of plexus, although in some cases the vessels were somewhat smaller in the pyloric part of the lesser curvature than elsewhere. Mucosal arteries arose from the plexus, and none appeared to have an extramural origin. In man, on the other hand, there is a poverty of the submucous plexus in the 'ulcer region', i.e. in the incisural region of the lesser curvature and in the first inch of the duodenum, associated in some cases with mucosal end arteries of extramural origin. The absence of these features in the dog, which does not suffer from spontaneous chronic ulceration, lends further support to the view that they play a role in the aetiology of the disease in man.", "contents": "Observations on the submucous plexus and mucosal arteries of the dog's stomach and first part of the duodenum. Arteriolar patterns of the submucous plexus were studied in all areas of the dog's stomach and in the first inch of the duodenum. There appeared to be no poverty of plexus, although in some cases the vessels were somewhat smaller in the pyloric part of the lesser curvature than elsewhere. Mucosal arteries arose from the plexus, and none appeared to have an extramural origin. In man, on the other hand, there is a poverty of the submucous plexus in the 'ulcer region', i.e. in the incisural region of the lesser curvature and in the first inch of the duodenum, associated in some cases with mucosal end arteries of extramural origin. The absence of these features in the dog, which does not suffer from spontaneous chronic ulceration, lends further support to the view that they play a role in the aetiology of the disease in man.", "PMID": 1133082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12162", "title": "Studies of oogenesis and follicular development in the golden hamster. 2. Initiation and control of meiosis in vitro.", "content": "The onset of meiotic prophase in the hamster occurs after birth and therefore it is possible to obtain ovaries which are at a relatively early stage of differentiation. Ovaries were maintained in vitro where the factors which might influence the onset of meiotic prophase could be studied in isolation. It was found that if ovaries were explanted prior to day 15 p.c. meiotic prophase began, but was subsequently blocked at the leptotene stage: the remaining oogonia and the oocytes at leptotene degenerated around day 5 p.p. By day 7 p.p. the few remaining oocytes were found at an abnormal stage which resembled leptotene. The addition of gonadotrophic hormones or maternal serum to the culture medium had no effect on the initiation of meiosis, neither had culture with the intact oviduct. By contrast, removal of the ovaries on or after the 15th day of gestation permitted meiotic prophase to proceed normally and oocytes at the diplotene stage were observed in the explants 8 days later. Culture of ovaries removed before day 15 p.c. resulted in abnormal development of the ovarian stroma: only when ovaries were explanted on day 15 or after was the development of 'nests' of oocytes normal. The evidence for endocrine control of oogenesis is discussed in the light of work on intersex animals and artificial chimaeras. These studies strongly suggest that oogonia enter meiosis spontaneously at the time which is specific for the species.", "contents": "Studies of oogenesis and follicular development in the golden hamster. 2. Initiation and control of meiosis in vitro. The onset of meiotic prophase in the hamster occurs after birth and therefore it is possible to obtain ovaries which are at a relatively early stage of differentiation. Ovaries were maintained in vitro where the factors which might influence the onset of meiotic prophase could be studied in isolation. It was found that if ovaries were explanted prior to day 15 p.c. meiotic prophase began, but was subsequently blocked at the leptotene stage: the remaining oogonia and the oocytes at leptotene degenerated around day 5 p.p. By day 7 p.p. the few remaining oocytes were found at an abnormal stage which resembled leptotene. The addition of gonadotrophic hormones or maternal serum to the culture medium had no effect on the initiation of meiosis, neither had culture with the intact oviduct. By contrast, removal of the ovaries on or after the 15th day of gestation permitted meiotic prophase to proceed normally and oocytes at the diplotene stage were observed in the explants 8 days later. Culture of ovaries removed before day 15 p.c. resulted in abnormal development of the ovarian stroma: only when ovaries were explanted on day 15 or after was the development of 'nests' of oocytes normal. The evidence for endocrine control of oogenesis is discussed in the light of work on intersex animals and artificial chimaeras. These studies strongly suggest that oogonia enter meiosis spontaneously at the time which is specific for the species.", "PMID": 1133083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12163", "title": "Studies of oogenesis and follicular development in the golden hamster. 3. The initiation of follicular growth in vitro.", "content": "Ovaries derived from hamsters on day 5 p.p. were maintained in organ culture for 15 days. It was found that the process of follicular growth was severely retarded in organ cultures devoid of gonadotrophic hormones. The addition of FSH and LH resulted in a partial improvement in follicular development, a result which supports the view that gonadotrophic hormones are important in the early development of the ovary.", "contents": "Studies of oogenesis and follicular development in the golden hamster. 3. The initiation of follicular growth in vitro. Ovaries derived from hamsters on day 5 p.p. were maintained in organ culture for 15 days. It was found that the process of follicular growth was severely retarded in organ cultures devoid of gonadotrophic hormones. The addition of FSH and LH resulted in a partial improvement in follicular development, a result which supports the view that gonadotrophic hormones are important in the early development of the ovary.", "PMID": 1133084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12164", "title": "Observations on the three-dimensional structure of the nucleolar channel system of the human endometrial glandular cell.", "content": "Nucleolar channel systems from human endometrial glandular cells have been subjected to three-dimensional analysis using a goniometer stage. The results are compatible with a secondary helical conformation of the constituent tubules and this idea has been incorporated into an improved model of the channel system.", "contents": "Observations on the three-dimensional structure of the nucleolar channel system of the human endometrial glandular cell. Nucleolar channel systems from human endometrial glandular cells have been subjected to three-dimensional analysis using a goniometer stage. The results are compatible with a secondary helical conformation of the constituent tubules and this idea has been incorporated into an improved model of the channel system.", "PMID": 1133085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12165", "title": "Abnormalities in Schwann cell sheaths in spinal nerve roots of dystrophic mice.", "content": "Dorsal and ventral spinal roots at cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral levels in dystrophic, dy/dy, mice of both 129/ReJ and C57Bl/6J phenotypes showed a complete lack of Schwann cell sheaths of any sort around the majority of their nerve fibres. This condition, termed amyelination, is more extensive (up to 1-5 cm in length) in the longer lumbar and sacral roots than in the shorter roots or in the proximal regions of the sciatic nerve which are also affected to some extent. Amyelination does not appear to be a consequence of myelin or Schwann cell degeneration, as debris is uncommon. Heterozygous carriers are not affected in any obvious way. Myelinated fibres, with Schwann cells of peripheral origin, occur immediately adjacent to the spinal cord in both dorsal and ventral roots, while in dorsal roots unmyelinated fibres also occur, as in normal animals. Amyelinated fibres begin to appear a few internodal lengths away from the cord and are present until near, or within, the dorsal root ganglion, where they become myelinated again. The portion of an axon which has no myelin begins at a normal appearing paranodal region (termed a half node of Ranvier) at the end of a myelin internode. Resumption of myelination likewise begins at a half node. A few myelinated axons may be seen in any given cross section of a root, but as a rule a given myelinated fibre does not remain myelinated throughout the whole length of the root. It is suggested that the nerve lesions develop where the nerves are lengthening rapidly as the animal grows and changes its shape. How these nerve changes release to those in muscle is conjectural.", "contents": "Abnormalities in Schwann cell sheaths in spinal nerve roots of dystrophic mice. Dorsal and ventral spinal roots at cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral levels in dystrophic, dy/dy, mice of both 129/ReJ and C57Bl/6J phenotypes showed a complete lack of Schwann cell sheaths of any sort around the majority of their nerve fibres. This condition, termed amyelination, is more extensive (up to 1-5 cm in length) in the longer lumbar and sacral roots than in the shorter roots or in the proximal regions of the sciatic nerve which are also affected to some extent. Amyelination does not appear to be a consequence of myelin or Schwann cell degeneration, as debris is uncommon. Heterozygous carriers are not affected in any obvious way. Myelinated fibres, with Schwann cells of peripheral origin, occur immediately adjacent to the spinal cord in both dorsal and ventral roots, while in dorsal roots unmyelinated fibres also occur, as in normal animals. Amyelinated fibres begin to appear a few internodal lengths away from the cord and are present until near, or within, the dorsal root ganglion, where they become myelinated again. The portion of an axon which has no myelin begins at a normal appearing paranodal region (termed a half node of Ranvier) at the end of a myelin internode. Resumption of myelination likewise begins at a half node. A few myelinated axons may be seen in any given cross section of a root, but as a rule a given myelinated fibre does not remain myelinated throughout the whole length of the root. It is suggested that the nerve lesions develop where the nerves are lengthening rapidly as the animal grows and changes its shape. How these nerve changes release to those in muscle is conjectural.", "PMID": 1133086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12166", "title": "The development of nephrocalcinosis in the rat following injections of neutral sodium phosphate.", "content": "The development of nephrocalcinosis in the rat following intraperitoneal injections of various concentrations of neutral sodium phosphate (pH 7-4) was studied using histology, histochemistry, electron microscopy and quantitative techniques. Daily injections of 0-5 M phosphate consistently produced nephrocalcinosis after 6 days or more. Calcium deposits were at first confined to the basement membranes of proximal tubules; but a longer course of injections, up to 10 days, resulted in additional basement membrane calcification in the outer cortes, and outer medulla, together with intra-luminal casts, often calcified, in the outer medulla and papilla. Calcification was not found in other organs such as liver, lung, heart or aorta. Results from quantitative estimations of total kidney calcium and phosphorus suggested that it was the calcium content which was important to the initiation of nephrocalcinosis. Ultrastructural changes, suggestive of degeneration or alteration in function, were found in mitochondria of proximal tubules in experimental animals before the onset of histologically evident nephrocalcinosis. Later changes, especially to the basal part of proximal tubular cells and their basal laminae, were thought to be consequent upon the mitochondrial changes. It is suggested that the initial renal damage was caused both directly, by a toxic effect of the phosphate load on the kidney and, indirectly, by stimulation of the parathyroid glands as a result of the hypocalcaemia and hyperphosphataemia which followed an injection of phosphate. Daily doses of 1 M phosphate for 3 days produced a type of nephrocalcinosis which was more typical of that reported by previous investigators, who used high doses of phosphate. Twice daily injections of 0-25 M phosphate for 6 days did not induce nephrocalcinosis, whereas 0-375 M phosphate given twice daily for 6 days produced only minimal calcium deposits compared with animals given 0-5 M phosphate once daily for the same period. This may have important clinical implications, since phosphate has been used to control hypercalcaemia of various etiologies.", "contents": "The development of nephrocalcinosis in the rat following injections of neutral sodium phosphate. The development of nephrocalcinosis in the rat following intraperitoneal injections of various concentrations of neutral sodium phosphate (pH 7-4) was studied using histology, histochemistry, electron microscopy and quantitative techniques. Daily injections of 0-5 M phosphate consistently produced nephrocalcinosis after 6 days or more. Calcium deposits were at first confined to the basement membranes of proximal tubules; but a longer course of injections, up to 10 days, resulted in additional basement membrane calcification in the outer cortes, and outer medulla, together with intra-luminal casts, often calcified, in the outer medulla and papilla. Calcification was not found in other organs such as liver, lung, heart or aorta. Results from quantitative estimations of total kidney calcium and phosphorus suggested that it was the calcium content which was important to the initiation of nephrocalcinosis. Ultrastructural changes, suggestive of degeneration or alteration in function, were found in mitochondria of proximal tubules in experimental animals before the onset of histologically evident nephrocalcinosis. Later changes, especially to the basal part of proximal tubular cells and their basal laminae, were thought to be consequent upon the mitochondrial changes. It is suggested that the initial renal damage was caused both directly, by a toxic effect of the phosphate load on the kidney and, indirectly, by stimulation of the parathyroid glands as a result of the hypocalcaemia and hyperphosphataemia which followed an injection of phosphate. Daily doses of 1 M phosphate for 3 days produced a type of nephrocalcinosis which was more typical of that reported by previous investigators, who used high doses of phosphate. Twice daily injections of 0-25 M phosphate for 6 days did not induce nephrocalcinosis, whereas 0-375 M phosphate given twice daily for 6 days produced only minimal calcium deposits compared with animals given 0-5 M phosphate once daily for the same period. This may have important clinical implications, since phosphate has been used to control hypercalcaemia of various etiologies.", "PMID": 1133087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12167", "title": "On the relationship between tetracycline and the incremental lines in dentine.", "content": "Ground and decalcified sections of human, goat and pig teeth were examined using polarized and ultraviolet fluorescence microscopy, microradiography and electron microscopy. The experimental animals were given doses of tetracycline within the range 3-150 mg/kg. After the low doses there was no evidence of any disturbance of mineralization or of structural organization in either the goat or the pig. After the higher doses, however, the tetracycline lines usually corresponded with a disturbance of structural organization and often with a disturbance of mineralization as well. In the human cases, the tetracycline lines sometimes corresponded with a disturbance of mineralization or of structural organization. However, our evidence suggests that the disturbances in the structure or mineralization of the dentine in the human subjects were not caused by the tetracycline. It was concluded that, provided the dose is kept low (3-31 mg/kg) tetracycline can be used as a reliable non-toxic marker in growth studies and is also used in the study of mineral deposition.", "contents": "On the relationship between tetracycline and the incremental lines in dentine. Ground and decalcified sections of human, goat and pig teeth were examined using polarized and ultraviolet fluorescence microscopy, microradiography and electron microscopy. The experimental animals were given doses of tetracycline within the range 3-150 mg/kg. After the low doses there was no evidence of any disturbance of mineralization or of structural organization in either the goat or the pig. After the higher doses, however, the tetracycline lines usually corresponded with a disturbance of structural organization and often with a disturbance of mineralization as well. In the human cases, the tetracycline lines sometimes corresponded with a disturbance of mineralization or of structural organization. However, our evidence suggests that the disturbances in the structure or mineralization of the dentine in the human subjects were not caused by the tetracycline. It was concluded that, provided the dose is kept low (3-31 mg/kg) tetracycline can be used as a reliable non-toxic marker in growth studies and is also used in the study of mineral deposition.", "PMID": 1133088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12168", "title": "On the configuration of incremental lines in human dentine as revealed by tetracycline labelling.", "content": "The pattern of tetracycline labelling in dentine was investigated in ground sections of human teeth under visible and ultraviolet light. The tetracycline lines presented different appearances near the enamel-junction region, near the dentine-cementum junction, in the mantle dentine, and in the circumpulpal dentine, depending on whether the mineralization front was linear, globular or linear-globular.", "contents": "On the configuration of incremental lines in human dentine as revealed by tetracycline labelling. The pattern of tetracycline labelling in dentine was investigated in ground sections of human teeth under visible and ultraviolet light. The tetracycline lines presented different appearances near the enamel-junction region, near the dentine-cementum junction, in the mantle dentine, and in the circumpulpal dentine, depending on whether the mineralization front was linear, globular or linear-globular.", "PMID": 1133089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12169", "title": "A quantitative electron microscopic study of myelination in the anterior limb of the anterior commissure of the mouse brain.", "content": "An electron microscopic study of myelination was carried out in the anterior limb of the anterior commissure of the mouse brain. The total number of axons increased from 48 700 at 17 days post-conception to 286 500 at 11 days postnatum. The first evidence of myelination was the presence of a few promyelin fibres at 8 days postnatum. Myelinated axons were first found at 11 days postnatum. The most rapid increase in myelinated fibres occurred between 17 and 21 days postnatum, but myelination continued to increase even after 45 days postnatum. There was no change in mean diameter (0-27 mum) of unmyelinated axons after 18 days post-conception. The mean diameter of myelinated axons (0-53 mum) also showed no variation with age. The modal diameter of myelinated axons lay between 0-4 and 0-6 mum. Small fibres (0-2-0-3 mum) myelinated around 32-35 days postnatum. The greatest increase in large myelinated axons (larger than or equal to 0-8 mum) occurred after 25 days postnatum. At all ages sheaths with outer and inner tongues in the same quadrant predominated and by 240 days postnatum 80% of sheaths showed this configuration.", "contents": "A quantitative electron microscopic study of myelination in the anterior limb of the anterior commissure of the mouse brain. An electron microscopic study of myelination was carried out in the anterior limb of the anterior commissure of the mouse brain. The total number of axons increased from 48 700 at 17 days post-conception to 286 500 at 11 days postnatum. The first evidence of myelination was the presence of a few promyelin fibres at 8 days postnatum. Myelinated axons were first found at 11 days postnatum. The most rapid increase in myelinated fibres occurred between 17 and 21 days postnatum, but myelination continued to increase even after 45 days postnatum. There was no change in mean diameter (0-27 mum) of unmyelinated axons after 18 days post-conception. The mean diameter of myelinated axons (0-53 mum) also showed no variation with age. The modal diameter of myelinated axons lay between 0-4 and 0-6 mum. Small fibres (0-2-0-3 mum) myelinated around 32-35 days postnatum. The greatest increase in large myelinated axons (larger than or equal to 0-8 mum) occurred after 25 days postnatum. At all ages sheaths with outer and inner tongues in the same quadrant predominated and by 240 days postnatum 80% of sheaths showed this configuration.", "PMID": 1133090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12170", "title": "An ultrastructural study of sinuatrial node cells in the embryonic rat heart.", "content": "Sinuatrial nodal tissue, obtained from rat embryos of 15, 16 and 17 days, was examined with the electron microscope. Embryonic nodal cells were generally similar to adult cells except that (1) they showed thick prolongations of the cytoplasm which insinuated themselves between neighbouring cells; (2) they possessed osmiophilic granules with a predeliction for the region of the Golgi complex; (3) they exhibited a lesser and variable degree of pinocytosis.", "contents": "An ultrastructural study of sinuatrial node cells in the embryonic rat heart. Sinuatrial nodal tissue, obtained from rat embryos of 15, 16 and 17 days, was examined with the electron microscope. Embryonic nodal cells were generally similar to adult cells except that (1) they showed thick prolongations of the cytoplasm which insinuated themselves between neighbouring cells; (2) they possessed osmiophilic granules with a predeliction for the region of the Golgi complex; (3) they exhibited a lesser and variable degree of pinocytosis.", "PMID": 1133091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12171", "title": "The distribution and function of lysosomes in condylar cartilage.", "content": "Using electron microscopic and histochemical methods it was possible to demonstrate in condylar cartilage the presence of acid phosphatase and aryl sulphatase in lysosome-like bodies of the cartilage cells, confirming that they are lysosomes. Lysosome-like bodies were also present in the extracellular matrix, but they reacted for acid phosphatase only. Lysosomes extruded by the cells may well provide a means whereby lysosomal enzymes are enabled to take part in the preliminaries to matrix calcification. The large numbers of lysosomes in the hypertrophic chondrocytes, however, are probably more concerned in bringing about autolysis of the cells than in promoting calcification of the matrix.", "contents": "The distribution and function of lysosomes in condylar cartilage. Using electron microscopic and histochemical methods it was possible to demonstrate in condylar cartilage the presence of acid phosphatase and aryl sulphatase in lysosome-like bodies of the cartilage cells, confirming that they are lysosomes. Lysosome-like bodies were also present in the extracellular matrix, but they reacted for acid phosphatase only. Lysosomes extruded by the cells may well provide a means whereby lysosomal enzymes are enabled to take part in the preliminaries to matrix calcification. The large numbers of lysosomes in the hypertrophic chondrocytes, however, are probably more concerned in bringing about autolysis of the cells than in promoting calcification of the matrix.", "PMID": 1133092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12172", "title": "Pseudoeosinophilic leucocyte response to denuding the rabbit cornea.", "content": "After scraping the epithelium from the rabbit's cornea, pseudoeosinophilic leucocytes appeared in the limbic area within one hour and began to advance, presumably by means of pseudopodia, into the anterior corneal stroma. The cytoplasmic granules of these cells were intensely stained by eosin and by the Undritz peroxidase method during the first hour, but were not stained by the PAS method until the eighteenth hour. Electron microscopy failed to show crystalloids in the granules. The cellular changes were followed until the fourth day, by which time most of the cells had disappeared by fragmentation, karyorrhexis and lysis.", "contents": "Pseudoeosinophilic leucocyte response to denuding the rabbit cornea. After scraping the epithelium from the rabbit's cornea, pseudoeosinophilic leucocytes appeared in the limbic area within one hour and began to advance, presumably by means of pseudopodia, into the anterior corneal stroma. The cytoplasmic granules of these cells were intensely stained by eosin and by the Undritz peroxidase method during the first hour, but were not stained by the PAS method until the eighteenth hour. Electron microscopy failed to show crystalloids in the granules. The cellular changes were followed until the fourth day, by which time most of the cells had disappeared by fragmentation, karyorrhexis and lysis.", "PMID": 1133093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12173", "title": "A systematic approach to the quantitative description of musculo-skeletal geometry.", "content": "1. A systematized computer technique of centroid analysis has been developed to evaluate the precise geometric relationship between a muscle and a bone and it has been applied to the abductor mechanism of the human hip joint. 2. The validity of the traditional use of straight lines for displaying the line of action of a muscle is open to serious question, although in the case of the gluteus medius the straight line simplification is not unmeasurable. 3. The determination of the precise interactions of muscles and bones is of major importance in the consideration of various orthopaedic procedures.", "contents": "A systematic approach to the quantitative description of musculo-skeletal geometry. 1. A systematized computer technique of centroid analysis has been developed to evaluate the precise geometric relationship between a muscle and a bone and it has been applied to the abductor mechanism of the human hip joint. 2. The validity of the traditional use of straight lines for displaying the line of action of a muscle is open to serious question, although in the case of the gluteus medius the straight line simplification is not unmeasurable. 3. The determination of the precise interactions of muscles and bones is of major importance in the consideration of various orthopaedic procedures.", "PMID": 1133094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12174", "title": "A light and electron microscopic study of proliferation and maturation of fibrous astrocytes in the optic nerve of the human embryo.", "content": "Optic nerves from perfusion-fixed human embryos of 28,50,75,105,120 and 165 mm crown-rump length were examined in the electron microscope. The number of glial cells per section was found to increase steadily from 10 weeks post-conception to 18 weeks and a close correlation (r = 0.92) was found between the percentage vascularity and the glial population. Mitotic figures were present in all optic nerves examined. From 14 weeks onwards all glial cells, except pericytes, were found to be fibrous astrocytes. The human fibrous astrocyte appears to pass through the following stages of development: (1) Astrocytic precursors (dark glioblasts) have a dense cytoplasmic matrix with few organelles, although a single cilium is frequently present.(2) Concomitant with the increase in vascularization of the optic nerve found between 12 and 14 weeks glycogen granules increase in the cytoplasm of astrocytic precursors, followed by microfibrils, which appear first in the processes and later extend into the perikaryon. (3) With the appearance of glycogen granules the cytoplasmic organelles, particularly mitochondria, increase in amount and the cytoplasmic matrix gradually becomes less dense. (4) With increasing age fewer organelles are found in astrocytic processes, which become thinner and densely packed with microfibrils.", "contents": "A light and electron microscopic study of proliferation and maturation of fibrous astrocytes in the optic nerve of the human embryo. Optic nerves from perfusion-fixed human embryos of 28,50,75,105,120 and 165 mm crown-rump length were examined in the electron microscope. The number of glial cells per section was found to increase steadily from 10 weeks post-conception to 18 weeks and a close correlation (r = 0.92) was found between the percentage vascularity and the glial population. Mitotic figures were present in all optic nerves examined. From 14 weeks onwards all glial cells, except pericytes, were found to be fibrous astrocytes. The human fibrous astrocyte appears to pass through the following stages of development: (1) Astrocytic precursors (dark glioblasts) have a dense cytoplasmic matrix with few organelles, although a single cilium is frequently present.(2) Concomitant with the increase in vascularization of the optic nerve found between 12 and 14 weeks glycogen granules increase in the cytoplasm of astrocytic precursors, followed by microfibrils, which appear first in the processes and later extend into the perikaryon. (3) With the appearance of glycogen granules the cytoplasmic organelles, particularly mitochondria, increase in amount and the cytoplasmic matrix gradually becomes less dense. (4) With increasing age fewer organelles are found in astrocytic processes, which become thinner and densely packed with microfibrils.", "PMID": 1133095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12175", "title": "The development of the olfactory mucosa in the mouse: light microscopy.", "content": "The development of the olfactory and vomeronasal epithelia of the mouse has been investigated from the 9th day of gestation until shortly after birth. On the 10th day axons emerge from the base of the olfactory epithelium to reach the olfactory bulb primordia on the 11th day, at which time the olfactory dendrites first appear. On the 13th day a distinction between the elongate nuclei of the embryonic stem cells and the rounded nuclei of the differentiating receptors is visible. A basal layer of stem cells remains mitotically active from the 13th day of gestation onwards, and after the 15th day the majority of mitoses occur in this layer. It is suggested that from the 15th day of gestation onwards the nuclei situated most apically become those of the supporting cells. The glands of Bowman are first visible on the 17th day of gestation. The diverticulum of the vomeronasal organ begins to form on the 11th day and the development of its sensory epithelium resembles that of the olfactory organ except for the absence of basally situated stem cell nuclei in the later stages of the vomeronasal organ.", "contents": "The development of the olfactory mucosa in the mouse: light microscopy. The development of the olfactory and vomeronasal epithelia of the mouse has been investigated from the 9th day of gestation until shortly after birth. On the 10th day axons emerge from the base of the olfactory epithelium to reach the olfactory bulb primordia on the 11th day, at which time the olfactory dendrites first appear. On the 13th day a distinction between the elongate nuclei of the embryonic stem cells and the rounded nuclei of the differentiating receptors is visible. A basal layer of stem cells remains mitotically active from the 13th day of gestation onwards, and after the 15th day the majority of mitoses occur in this layer. It is suggested that from the 15th day of gestation onwards the nuclei situated most apically become those of the supporting cells. The glands of Bowman are first visible on the 17th day of gestation. The diverticulum of the vomeronasal organ begins to form on the 11th day and the development of its sensory epithelium resembles that of the olfactory organ except for the absence of basally situated stem cell nuclei in the later stages of the vomeronasal organ.", "PMID": 1133096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12176", "title": "Chick vincula: elastic structures with a check-rein mechanism.", "content": "From their mode of attachment and their elastic composition, it is clear that the vincula of the chick serve other functions besides that of carrying blood vessels to the digital flexor tendons within their synovial sheaths. Evidence is presented in support of the argument that elastic fibres bear the brunt of rapidly applied tensile forces and that the interweaving collagen fibres only become taut when the vincula are stretched to the limit and about to tear. Our hypothesis is that the collagen serves as a check-rein mechanism in an otherwise elastic structure.", "contents": "Chick vincula: elastic structures with a check-rein mechanism. From their mode of attachment and their elastic composition, it is clear that the vincula of the chick serve other functions besides that of carrying blood vessels to the digital flexor tendons within their synovial sheaths. Evidence is presented in support of the argument that elastic fibres bear the brunt of rapidly applied tensile forces and that the interweaving collagen fibres only become taut when the vincula are stretched to the limit and about to tear. Our hypothesis is that the collagen serves as a check-rein mechanism in an otherwise elastic structure.", "PMID": 1133097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12177", "title": "Cholinesterase activity in the hypoglossal nucleus of the rat and the changes produced by axotomy: a light and electron microscopic study.", "content": "Within the hypoglossal nucleus large amounts of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity are present in all the neurons, whereas intracellular butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) activity occurs only within a ventro-caudally situated cluster of cells. AChE activity within the neurons occurs mainly in the cisternae of the granular endoplasmic reticulum but there is some in the intermembranous space of the nuclear envelope and in the Golgi complexes. In the neuropil, reaction product is seen along some axonal and synaptic membranes. The distribution of BuChE in the ventro-caudal cells is identical with that of AChE except that BuChE activity is absent from the neuropil. The level of intraneuronal AChE activity falls rapidly during the first few days after axotomy. The fall is due partly to a dissolution and peripheral migration of the E.R. but also to a decrease in AChE content of the E.R. that remains. Return of staining begins in the 4th week and continues as the E.R. reassembles. Staining in the neuropil falls more slowly, but recovers less completely. The ventro-caudal group of cells shows the same kinds of change, but more dramatically. BuChE activity returns only erratically and never completely. The similarity in normal distribution, and in response to axotomy, of the two cholinesterases suggests that their functions are related.", "contents": "Cholinesterase activity in the hypoglossal nucleus of the rat and the changes produced by axotomy: a light and electron microscopic study. Within the hypoglossal nucleus large amounts of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity are present in all the neurons, whereas intracellular butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) activity occurs only within a ventro-caudally situated cluster of cells. AChE activity within the neurons occurs mainly in the cisternae of the granular endoplasmic reticulum but there is some in the intermembranous space of the nuclear envelope and in the Golgi complexes. In the neuropil, reaction product is seen along some axonal and synaptic membranes. The distribution of BuChE in the ventro-caudal cells is identical with that of AChE except that BuChE activity is absent from the neuropil. The level of intraneuronal AChE activity falls rapidly during the first few days after axotomy. The fall is due partly to a dissolution and peripheral migration of the E.R. but also to a decrease in AChE content of the E.R. that remains. Return of staining begins in the 4th week and continues as the E.R. reassembles. Staining in the neuropil falls more slowly, but recovers less completely. The ventro-caudal group of cells shows the same kinds of change, but more dramatically. BuChE activity returns only erratically and never completely. The similarity in normal distribution, and in response to axotomy, of the two cholinesterases suggests that their functions are related.", "PMID": 1133098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12178", "title": "A study of mitotic activity and the diurnal variation of the epithelial cells in wounded rectal mucous membrane.", "content": "Excision ulcers of the rectal mucous membrane were made in two groups of rats. One group was wounded at 09.00 hours and the second group at 21.00 hours. Mitotic counts were carried out in the glandular epithelium at the ulcer edges at 2 hour intervals over a period of 24 hours. Mitotic activity increased in 2-4 hours and thereafter showed a peak-and-trough pattern. The wounded rectal epithelial cells exhibited a diurnal variation with a peak of activity during the day and a low period of activity at night. It would seem unlikely that the adrenaline-chalone complex acts on the rectal epithelium, as this would entail maximal mitotic activity during periods of rest, when the circulating levels of adrenaline in the rat are at their lowest. The experiments clearly showed that the diurnal variation was not abolished by wounding. The increased mitotic activity occurred in the epithelial cells in the lower and mid thirds of the colonic glands; dividing cells were rarely seen in the top twenty cells or so of the glands, or in the surface epithelium. Mitotic activity was often lower in the first one or two glands at the immediate wound edge, which is difficult to explain by present theories of mitotic control.", "contents": "A study of mitotic activity and the diurnal variation of the epithelial cells in wounded rectal mucous membrane. Excision ulcers of the rectal mucous membrane were made in two groups of rats. One group was wounded at 09.00 hours and the second group at 21.00 hours. Mitotic counts were carried out in the glandular epithelium at the ulcer edges at 2 hour intervals over a period of 24 hours. Mitotic activity increased in 2-4 hours and thereafter showed a peak-and-trough pattern. The wounded rectal epithelial cells exhibited a diurnal variation with a peak of activity during the day and a low period of activity at night. It would seem unlikely that the adrenaline-chalone complex acts on the rectal epithelium, as this would entail maximal mitotic activity during periods of rest, when the circulating levels of adrenaline in the rat are at their lowest. The experiments clearly showed that the diurnal variation was not abolished by wounding. The increased mitotic activity occurred in the epithelial cells in the lower and mid thirds of the colonic glands; dividing cells were rarely seen in the top twenty cells or so of the glands, or in the surface epithelium. Mitotic activity was often lower in the first one or two glands at the immediate wound edge, which is difficult to explain by present theories of mitotic control.", "PMID": 1133099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12179", "title": "Increase in fibre numbers of the rat pterygoid muscles during postnatal growth.", "content": "The total numbers of fibres in transverse histological sections of the pterygoid muscles of Lister rats of various ages were counted on enlarged photomicrographic prints. The number in the medial pterygoid of the male doubled between birth and six weeks. This was followed by a decrease of rather more than 10 percent in the numbers between six weeks and the adult stage in both males and females. The number of fibres in the lateral pterygoid of the male increased by about 45 percent between birth and the adult stage. There were about 15 percent fewer fibres in the medial pterygoid of the adult female than in the male; no such sex difference occurred in the lateral pterygoid. Early precursors of muscle fibres were seen in histological sections of these muscles in the newborn, confirming new fibre formation after birth. Such precursors gradually disappeared, starting with the most primitive, so that by the age of four weeks the muscles had a mature appearance.", "contents": "Increase in fibre numbers of the rat pterygoid muscles during postnatal growth. The total numbers of fibres in transverse histological sections of the pterygoid muscles of Lister rats of various ages were counted on enlarged photomicrographic prints. The number in the medial pterygoid of the male doubled between birth and six weeks. This was followed by a decrease of rather more than 10 percent in the numbers between six weeks and the adult stage in both males and females. The number of fibres in the lateral pterygoid of the male increased by about 45 percent between birth and the adult stage. There were about 15 percent fewer fibres in the medial pterygoid of the adult female than in the male; no such sex difference occurred in the lateral pterygoid. Early precursors of muscle fibres were seen in histological sections of these muscles in the newborn, confirming new fibre formation after birth. Such precursors gradually disappeared, starting with the most primitive, so that by the age of four weeks the muscles had a mature appearance.", "PMID": 1133100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12180", "title": "Direct association of messenger RNA with microsomal membranes in human diploid fibroblasts.", "content": "Messenger RNA (mRNA) of membrane-bound polysomes in a membrane fraction of WI-38 cells remains associated with the microsomal membranes even after ribosomes and their nascent polypeptide chains are removed by using puromycin in a high salt buffer or by disassembling the ribosomes in a medium of high ionic strength lacking magnesium. mRNA either was specifically labeled in the presence of actinomycin D, or it was recognized by virtue of its affinity for oligo-dT. Poly A segments in bound mRNAs have an electrophoretic mobility in acrylamide gels which is characteristic of cytoplasmic mRNAs and corresponds to 150-200 adenyl residues. Extensive RNase treatment did not lead to release of the poly A segments of membrane-associated mRNA molecules either from an intact membrane fraction or from a membrane fraction previously stripped of ribosomes. On the other hand, RNase treatment led to the release and digestion of the nonpoly A segments of the mRNA molecules, indicating that the site of attachment of mRNA to the ER membranes is located near or at the 3' end of the molecule which contains the poly A. A direct association of mRNAs and endoplasmic reticulum membranes is considered in a modelto explain the assembly of bound polysomes and protein synthesis in a membrane-associated apparatus.", "contents": "Direct association of messenger RNA with microsomal membranes in human diploid fibroblasts. Messenger RNA (mRNA) of membrane-bound polysomes in a membrane fraction of WI-38 cells remains associated with the microsomal membranes even after ribosomes and their nascent polypeptide chains are removed by using puromycin in a high salt buffer or by disassembling the ribosomes in a medium of high ionic strength lacking magnesium. mRNA either was specifically labeled in the presence of actinomycin D, or it was recognized by virtue of its affinity for oligo-dT. Poly A segments in bound mRNAs have an electrophoretic mobility in acrylamide gels which is characteristic of cytoplasmic mRNAs and corresponds to 150-200 adenyl residues. Extensive RNase treatment did not lead to release of the poly A segments of membrane-associated mRNA molecules either from an intact membrane fraction or from a membrane fraction previously stripped of ribosomes. On the other hand, RNase treatment led to the release and digestion of the nonpoly A segments of the mRNA molecules, indicating that the site of attachment of mRNA to the ER membranes is located near or at the 3' end of the molecule which contains the poly A. A direct association of mRNAs and endoplasmic reticulum membranes is considered in a modelto explain the assembly of bound polysomes and protein synthesis in a membrane-associated apparatus.", "PMID": 1133114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12181", "title": "The mechanism of formation of inhibitor-induced ribosome helices in Entamoeba invadens.", "content": "Helices andaggregates of helices (chromatoid bodies) composed of ribosomelike particles appear in cysts and slow-growing trophozoites of Entamoeba invadens. We found that similar helix aggregates were formed abundantly in actively growing E. invadens trophozoites treated with a variety of direct or indirect inhibitors of protein synthesis. The inhibitor-induced helices appeared cytochemically and ultrastructurally identical to those seen in cysts. Numerous single helices and small arrays occurred randomly distributed throughout the trophozoite cytoplasm within 15 min after treatment with NaF, which rapidly and completely stopped all nucleic acid and protein synthesis. Cycloheximide (CH), which inhibited protein synthesis as effectively a NaF, stimulated aggregate formation more slowly, and only after a delay of 30-60 min. CH temporarily blocked NaF-stimulated aggregated formation. Aggregation was slowest with actinomycin-D, which strongly inhibited RNA synthesis but depressed protein synthesis only slowly. These results suggested that release of ribosomes from mRNA was required for aggregation. Inhibition by CH was reversible, and aggregates disappeared from CH-treated amebas shortly after they were transferred to inhibitor-free frowth medium. There was no evidence that helices assembled about a structural organizer within the cell or that the process involved metabloc activity. It was concluded that the inhibitor-induced helices were composed of mature, normally functional ribosomes and that helix formation was a spontaneous and reversible consequence of the accumulation withing the cell of free monosomes (or subunits) which were prevented from binding to mRNA.", "contents": "The mechanism of formation of inhibitor-induced ribosome helices in Entamoeba invadens. Helices andaggregates of helices (chromatoid bodies) composed of ribosomelike particles appear in cysts and slow-growing trophozoites of Entamoeba invadens. We found that similar helix aggregates were formed abundantly in actively growing E. invadens trophozoites treated with a variety of direct or indirect inhibitors of protein synthesis. The inhibitor-induced helices appeared cytochemically and ultrastructurally identical to those seen in cysts. Numerous single helices and small arrays occurred randomly distributed throughout the trophozoite cytoplasm within 15 min after treatment with NaF, which rapidly and completely stopped all nucleic acid and protein synthesis. Cycloheximide (CH), which inhibited protein synthesis as effectively a NaF, stimulated aggregate formation more slowly, and only after a delay of 30-60 min. CH temporarily blocked NaF-stimulated aggregated formation. Aggregation was slowest with actinomycin-D, which strongly inhibited RNA synthesis but depressed protein synthesis only slowly. These results suggested that release of ribosomes from mRNA was required for aggregation. Inhibition by CH was reversible, and aggregates disappeared from CH-treated amebas shortly after they were transferred to inhibitor-free frowth medium. There was no evidence that helices assembled about a structural organizer within the cell or that the process involved metabloc activity. It was concluded that the inhibitor-induced helices were composed of mature, normally functional ribosomes and that helix formation was a spontaneous and reversible consequence of the accumulation withing the cell of free monosomes (or subunits) which were prevented from binding to mRNA.", "PMID": 1133115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12182", "title": "Comparision of the structure and function of polysomal and helical ribosomes from Entamoeba invadens.", "content": "Some structural and functional properties of ribosomes from polysomes and from helix aggregates of Entamoeba invadens have been compared by sucrose gradient analysis and assays of in vitro protein synthesis. Actively growing trophozoites, lacking helices, presented normal polysome profiles in sucrose gradients. The single large ribosomal helix aggregate (chromoatoid body) of cysts diappeared as the cells were disrupted. Gradient profiles of cyst extracts contained predominantly large and small ribosome subunit peaks and no evidence of remaining helix fragments of mRNA-bound polysomes. Sequential profiles of trophozoites incubated with NaF or cycloheximide (which both stimulate ribosome aggregation, but at different rates) showed that polysome breakdown occurred before aggregates appeared and, again, that helices broke down to subunits in vitro. Radioactive ribosomes synthesized during vegetative growth were collected into helices during encystation. Subunits of these ribosomes cosedimented with comparable particles isolated from trophozoites. Ribosomes from both trophozoites and cysts were active in cell-free protein synthesis, although activity in cyst extracts required  the addition of trophozoite-soluble fraction. It was concluded that ribosomes from polysomes and helices in E. invadens were probably identical and that the ability to form helices was an intrinsic property of mature mRNA-free ribosomes of this organism.", "contents": "Comparision of the structure and function of polysomal and helical ribosomes from Entamoeba invadens. Some structural and functional properties of ribosomes from polysomes and from helix aggregates of Entamoeba invadens have been compared by sucrose gradient analysis and assays of in vitro protein synthesis. Actively growing trophozoites, lacking helices, presented normal polysome profiles in sucrose gradients. The single large ribosomal helix aggregate (chromoatoid body) of cysts diappeared as the cells were disrupted. Gradient profiles of cyst extracts contained predominantly large and small ribosome subunit peaks and no evidence of remaining helix fragments of mRNA-bound polysomes. Sequential profiles of trophozoites incubated with NaF or cycloheximide (which both stimulate ribosome aggregation, but at different rates) showed that polysome breakdown occurred before aggregates appeared and, again, that helices broke down to subunits in vitro. Radioactive ribosomes synthesized during vegetative growth were collected into helices during encystation. Subunits of these ribosomes cosedimented with comparable particles isolated from trophozoites. Ribosomes from both trophozoites and cysts were active in cell-free protein synthesis, although activity in cyst extracts required  the addition of trophozoite-soluble fraction. It was concluded that ribosomes from polysomes and helices in E. invadens were probably identical and that the ability to form helices was an intrinsic property of mature mRNA-free ribosomes of this organism.", "PMID": 1133116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12183", "title": "Pressure-induced depolymerization of spindle microtubules. I. Changes in birefringence and spindle length.", "content": "Changes in birefringence retardation (BR) and length of Chaetopterus meiotic metaphase-arrested spindles produced by increased hydrostatic pressure were observed with polarized-light microscopy using a newly developed optical pressure chamber. Increased pressure produced rapid, reversible decreases in spindle BR and length. Pressures of 3,500 psi or higher at 22 degrees C caused complete disappearance of spindle BR within 3 min. Up to 6,000 psi, the rates of both BR decay and spindle shortening increased progressively with increasing pressure. At 6,000 psi or above, the BR decreased rapidly but there was no evidence of spindle shortening. The general observations are consistent with results of earlier classical experiments on effects of pressure on mitosis, and with experiments that used colchicine or low temperature as microtubule-depolymerizing agents. The kinetics of spindle depolymerization and repolymerization showed two phases: an initial phase of rapid decreases or increase in half-spindle microtubule BR; and a second phase of nearly constant BR during which most of the spindle shortening or growth occurs. BR is assumed to be directly related to the number of microtubules in a spindle cross section. It is hypothesized that microtubules in the spindle have different stabilities depending on the attachment of nonattachment of their ends. This hypothesis is used to explain the two phases of spindle depolymerization and repolymerization as well as  several other observations.", "contents": "Pressure-induced depolymerization of spindle microtubules. I. Changes in birefringence and spindle length. Changes in birefringence retardation (BR) and length of Chaetopterus meiotic metaphase-arrested spindles produced by increased hydrostatic pressure were observed with polarized-light microscopy using a newly developed optical pressure chamber. Increased pressure produced rapid, reversible decreases in spindle BR and length. Pressures of 3,500 psi or higher at 22 degrees C caused complete disappearance of spindle BR within 3 min. Up to 6,000 psi, the rates of both BR decay and spindle shortening increased progressively with increasing pressure. At 6,000 psi or above, the BR decreased rapidly but there was no evidence of spindle shortening. The general observations are consistent with results of earlier classical experiments on effects of pressure on mitosis, and with experiments that used colchicine or low temperature as microtubule-depolymerizing agents. The kinetics of spindle depolymerization and repolymerization showed two phases: an initial phase of rapid decreases or increase in half-spindle microtubule BR; and a second phase of nearly constant BR during which most of the spindle shortening or growth occurs. BR is assumed to be directly related to the number of microtubules in a spindle cross section. It is hypothesized that microtubules in the spindle have different stabilities depending on the attachment of nonattachment of their ends. This hypothesis is used to explain the two phases of spindle depolymerization and repolymerization as well as  several other observations.", "PMID": 1133117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12184", "title": "An improved technique for the analysis of amino acids and related compounds on thin layers of cellulose. X. The characterization of some methionyl, phenylalanyl, tyrosyl and other peptides by thin-layer and ion-exchange chromatography.", "content": "This paper is a continuation of previous work (Parts VI, VIII, and IX) designed to identify small peptides in biological fluids by a combination of ion-exchange and thin-layer chromatography. Several series of peptides, mainly dipeptides, with methionine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, aspartic acid, serine, or glutamic acid as the N-terminal amino acid, have been examined.", "contents": "An improved technique for the analysis of amino acids and related compounds on thin layers of cellulose. X. The characterization of some methionyl, phenylalanyl, tyrosyl and other peptides by thin-layer and ion-exchange chromatography. This paper is a continuation of previous work (Parts VI, VIII, and IX) designed to identify small peptides in biological fluids by a combination of ion-exchange and thin-layer chromatography. Several series of peptides, mainly dipeptides, with methionine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, aspartic acid, serine, or glutamic acid as the N-terminal amino acid, have been examined.", "PMID": 1133124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12185", "title": "Gas-liquid chromatographic determination of theophylline in human plasma.", "content": "A gas-liquid chromatographic method for the estimation of theophylline in human plasma is described. The method is based on the methylation of theophylline on-column and allows the determination of concentration of the drug down to the level of 1.0 mu-g/ml in plasma.", "contents": "Gas-liquid chromatographic determination of theophylline in human plasma. A gas-liquid chromatographic method for the estimation of theophylline in human plasma is described. The method is based on the methylation of theophylline on-column and allows the determination of concentration of the drug down to the level of 1.0 mu-g/ml in plasma.", "PMID": 1133125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12186", "title": "Quantitative thin-layer spectrodensitometric determination of the components of polyene macrolide antibiotice complexes.", "content": "A direct spectrodensitometric method for quantitating the components of polyene macrolide complexes after separation by thin-layer chromatography is described. Resolution of the components of the candidin and candihexin complexes was good up to 2.5 and 10 mu-g/spot, respectively. The peak areas were linear with the amount spotted up to the same levels. Maximum peak areas for the components of the candidin and candihexin complexes were obtained using light wavelengths of 360 and 340 nm, respectively. Spotting errors rather than instrumental parameters were responsible for the variance of repeated determinations. Minimal relative standard deviation values were found at intermediate concentration levels in the linear range.", "contents": "Quantitative thin-layer spectrodensitometric determination of the components of polyene macrolide antibiotice complexes. A direct spectrodensitometric method for quantitating the components of polyene macrolide complexes after separation by thin-layer chromatography is described. Resolution of the components of the candidin and candihexin complexes was good up to 2.5 and 10 mu-g/spot, respectively. The peak areas were linear with the amount spotted up to the same levels. Maximum peak areas for the components of the candidin and candihexin complexes were obtained using light wavelengths of 360 and 340 nm, respectively. Spotting errors rather than instrumental parameters were responsible for the variance of repeated determinations. Minimal relative standard deviation values were found at intermediate concentration levels in the linear range.", "PMID": 1133126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12187", "title": "A method for the separation of plasma amino acids by ion-exchange chromatography combined with a semi-automatic computation of plasma amino acid concentrations.", "content": "A method is described for combining the separation of plasma amino acids on a single column amino acid analyzer with semi-automatic computation of the plasma amino acid concentrations. The system used for the quantitation of the amino acids consists of an integrator with a teletype printer fitted with a puncher, and a table calculator with a punch reader and a converter. By using this system, the total time required for the calculation of the molar plasma concentration of 30 amino acids from one analytical run is less than 10 min.", "contents": "A method for the separation of plasma amino acids by ion-exchange chromatography combined with a semi-automatic computation of plasma amino acid concentrations. A method is described for combining the separation of plasma amino acids on a single column amino acid analyzer with semi-automatic computation of the plasma amino acid concentrations. The system used for the quantitation of the amino acids consists of an integrator with a teletype printer fitted with a puncher, and a table calculator with a punch reader and a converter. By using this system, the total time required for the calculation of the molar plasma concentration of 30 amino acids from one analytical run is less than 10 min.", "PMID": 1133138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12188", "title": "Comparison of methods for aflatoxin analysis by high-pressure liquid chromatography.", "content": "Reversed-phase columns packed with octadecyl and phenyl reversed phases did not provide adequate separation of aflatoxins. A peculiar adsorption column provided partial separation, i.e. B1 and B2 from G1 andG2, but not B1 from B2 nor G1 from G2. A microparticulate adsorption (7icro-A) column completely separated aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2. Detection was more selective at 350 nm (or 365 nm) than at 254 nm. A Fluoro Monitor Model 1209 detector (Laboratory Data Control Corp.) was more sensitive for aflatoxins G1 and G2 than for B1 and B2. Aflatoxin B1 at the 30-ppb level in yellow corn was detected with the Micro-A column and the 350-nm photometer. The limit of detection was estimated at about 10 ppb.", "contents": "Comparison of methods for aflatoxin analysis by high-pressure liquid chromatography. Reversed-phase columns packed with octadecyl and phenyl reversed phases did not provide adequate separation of aflatoxins. A peculiar adsorption column provided partial separation, i.e. B1 and B2 from G1 andG2, but not B1 from B2 nor G1 from G2. A microparticulate adsorption (7icro-A) column completely separated aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2. Detection was more selective at 350 nm (or 365 nm) than at 254 nm. A Fluoro Monitor Model 1209 detector (Laboratory Data Control Corp.) was more sensitive for aflatoxins G1 and G2 than for B1 and B2. Aflatoxin B1 at the 30-ppb level in yellow corn was detected with the Micro-A column and the 350-nm photometer. The limit of detection was estimated at about 10 ppb.", "PMID": 1133139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12189", "title": "[Fluorimetric determination of testosterone on Al2O3 by thin-layer chromatographic separation of the trimethylsilyl ether derivatives (author's transl)].", "content": "Small quantities (parts per 10-9) of testosterone were determined in the presence of large amounts of other steroids in urine samples obtained during pregnancy by subjecting their trimethylsilyl derivatives to spectrofluorimetry on alumina after purification by thin-layer chromatography on silica gel. The activity of the alumina and the fluorescence reactions are discussed.", "contents": "[Fluorimetric determination of testosterone on Al2O3 by thin-layer chromatographic separation of the trimethylsilyl ether derivatives (author's transl)]. Small quantities (parts per 10-9) of testosterone were determined in the presence of large amounts of other steroids in urine samples obtained during pregnancy by subjecting their trimethylsilyl derivatives to spectrofluorimetry on alumina after purification by thin-layer chromatography on silica gel. The activity of the alumina and the fluorescence reactions are discussed.", "PMID": 1133140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12190", "title": "Quantitative determination of cocaine and its metabolites benzoylecgonine and ecgonine by gas-liquid chromatography.", "content": "A sensitive and reliable method was developed to determine quantitatively cocaine and its metabolites benzoylecgonine and ecgonine. The method involved the formation of fluoro derivatives which were separated on 3% and 5% OV-1 columns and detected in picomole quantities using an electron capture detector. Ecgonine and benzoylecgonine were derivatized with a mixture of hexafluoroisopropanol-heptafluorobutyric anhydride (1:2). Cocaine was first reduced by LiAlH4 and then acylated by pentafluoropropionic anhydride. Benzoylecgonine, but not ecgonine, could also be determined by reduction and subsequent acylation. This provided the basis for the determination of cocaine, benzoylecgonine and ecgonine from the same sample. Cocaine could be determined in urine and plasma by this method.", "contents": "Quantitative determination of cocaine and its metabolites benzoylecgonine and ecgonine by gas-liquid chromatography. A sensitive and reliable method was developed to determine quantitatively cocaine and its metabolites benzoylecgonine and ecgonine. The method involved the formation of fluoro derivatives which were separated on 3% and 5% OV-1 columns and detected in picomole quantities using an electron capture detector. Ecgonine and benzoylecgonine were derivatized with a mixture of hexafluoroisopropanol-heptafluorobutyric anhydride (1:2). Cocaine was first reduced by LiAlH4 and then acylated by pentafluoropropionic anhydride. Benzoylecgonine, but not ecgonine, could also be determined by reduction and subsequent acylation. This provided the basis for the determination of cocaine, benzoylecgonine and ecgonine from the same sample. Cocaine could be determined in urine and plasma by this method.", "PMID": 1133141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12191", "title": "[Quantitative determinaton of glycerides by densitometry (author's transl)].", "content": "After determination of charring conditions and the measurement by densitometry of lipids separated by thin-layer chromatography, a statistical analysis was performed to determine the significance of the results. Calibration curves were studied and response factors calculated for some saturated and unsaturated triglycerides.", "contents": "[Quantitative determinaton of glycerides by densitometry (author's transl)]. After determination of charring conditions and the measurement by densitometry of lipids separated by thin-layer chromatography, a statistical analysis was performed to determine the significance of the results. Calibration curves were studied and response factors calculated for some saturated and unsaturated triglycerides.", "PMID": 1133148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12192", "title": "Kinetics of heroin deacetylation in aqueous alkaline solution and in human serum and whole blood.", "content": "A kinetic study of heroin hydrolysis in alkaline aqueous solution at room temperature was conducted by a gas chromatographic method to measure the consecutive reactions of diacetylmorphine to monoacetylmorphine and of monoacetylmorphine to morphine. A first-order reaction was observed in both instances, and the rate for the deacetylation of heroin was greater than that of monoacetylmorphine. The rates of in vitro hydrolysis of diacetylmorphine in human whole blood and in serum were compared by the same method. Diacetylmorphine was hydrolyzed twice as rapidly in blood as in serum. While morphine was an end product of hydrolysis in the blood, it was absent in the serum.", "contents": "Kinetics of heroin deacetylation in aqueous alkaline solution and in human serum and whole blood. A kinetic study of heroin hydrolysis in alkaline aqueous solution at room temperature was conducted by a gas chromatographic method to measure the consecutive reactions of diacetylmorphine to monoacetylmorphine and of monoacetylmorphine to morphine. A first-order reaction was observed in both instances, and the rate for the deacetylation of heroin was greater than that of monoacetylmorphine. The rates of in vitro hydrolysis of diacetylmorphine in human whole blood and in serum were compared by the same method. Diacetylmorphine was hydrolyzed twice as rapidly in blood as in serum. While morphine was an end product of hydrolysis in the blood, it was absent in the serum.", "PMID": 1133149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12193", "title": "Serum immunoreactive parathyroid hormone and 25-hydroxyvitamin D in patients with uremic bone diseases.", "content": "Bone histologic parameters and serum iPTH and 25-OHD were measured in 20 patients with end-stage renal failure treated with hemodialysis. By bone histologic criteria, the patients were divided into three groups: mild, osteomalacic, and fibrotic. The increase in serum iPTH was much greater in the fibrotic group than in the mild or osteomalacic groups. In the uremic patients as a group, there were significant correlations between serum iPTH and both percent marrow fibrosis and percent resorbing surface. In the mild and fibrotic groups together, serum iPTH was also correlated with percent forming surface. This and other findings suggested that most of the bone changes in the mild and fibrotic groups could be explained by excess PTH. The difference in bone changes and in serum iPTH between the mild and fibrotic groups could be related to our eariler findings that duration of renal disease was much greater in the fibrotic than in the mild group. The lowest increment in serum iPTH was found in the osteomalacic group. In this group, percent resorbing surface was not increased and there was only a slight increase in marrow fibrosis. Thus in all three groups, serum iPTH appeared to reflect parathyroid status. The cause of the elevated serum iPTH and for the intergroup differences was not apparent inasmuch as serum calcium was normal in all three groups. Serum 25-OHD was significantly elevated in the osteomalacic and fibrotic groups. Because none of our patients had received preparations containing vitamin D, the elevated serum 25-OHD in the osteomalacic and fibrotic groups is consistent with altered vitamin D metabolism in these two groups. There was a direct relationship between percent osteroid area and serum 25-OHD. However, whether or not altered vitamin D metabolism contributed to the mineralization defect in uremic bone disease could not be established.", "contents": "Serum immunoreactive parathyroid hormone and 25-hydroxyvitamin D in patients with uremic bone diseases. Bone histologic parameters and serum iPTH and 25-OHD were measured in 20 patients with end-stage renal failure treated with hemodialysis. By bone histologic criteria, the patients were divided into three groups: mild, osteomalacic, and fibrotic. The increase in serum iPTH was much greater in the fibrotic group than in the mild or osteomalacic groups. In the uremic patients as a group, there were significant correlations between serum iPTH and both percent marrow fibrosis and percent resorbing surface. In the mild and fibrotic groups together, serum iPTH was also correlated with percent forming surface. This and other findings suggested that most of the bone changes in the mild and fibrotic groups could be explained by excess PTH. The difference in bone changes and in serum iPTH between the mild and fibrotic groups could be related to our eariler findings that duration of renal disease was much greater in the fibrotic than in the mild group. The lowest increment in serum iPTH was found in the osteomalacic group. In this group, percent resorbing surface was not increased and there was only a slight increase in marrow fibrosis. Thus in all three groups, serum iPTH appeared to reflect parathyroid status. The cause of the elevated serum iPTH and for the intergroup differences was not apparent inasmuch as serum calcium was normal in all three groups. Serum 25-OHD was significantly elevated in the osteomalacic and fibrotic groups. Because none of our patients had received preparations containing vitamin D, the elevated serum 25-OHD in the osteomalacic and fibrotic groups is consistent with altered vitamin D metabolism in these two groups. There was a direct relationship between percent osteroid area and serum 25-OHD. However, whether or not altered vitamin D metabolism contributed to the mineralization defect in uremic bone disease could not be established.", "PMID": 1133150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12194", "title": "Conversion of androgens to estrogens in cirrhosis of the liver.", "content": "The contribution, by peripheral conversion, of androstenedione and testosterone to the circulating estrogens was determined in men with cirrhosis of the liver. The conversion ratio of androstenedione to estrone, estradiol and testosterone and the conversion ratio of testosterone to estrone (but not estradiol) and androstenedione were significantly increased. The plasma concentrations of androstenedione and testosterone were increased and decreased respectively; the mean plasma concentration of androstenedione being similar to that found in normal women. The metabolic clearance rate of androstenedione was not altered in cirrhosis although the metabolic clearance rate of testosterone was decreased. The production rate of androstenedione was elevated while that of testosterone was reduced. The instantaneous contribution of plasma androstenedione to estrone and estradiol was increased in cirrhosis as was the contribution of testosterone to estrone (but not to estradiol). Thus the increased estradiol levels in cirrhosis result, in large part, from increased peripheral conversion from the androgens. The percent contribution of plasma testosterone to plasma androstenedione was decreased although the absolute amount derived by conversion was normal. The percent contribution of plasma androstenedione to plasma testosterone was increased sevenfold in cirrhosis. The fraction of the daily androstenedione production derived from the plasma testosterone pool was not significantly altered. However, a significant fraction of the daily production rate of testosterone was derived from androstenedione. Thus, 15% of the circulating testosterone is not secreted but is derived by peripheral conversion from androstenedione. Normal levels of gonadotropins were found in cirrhosis.", "contents": "Conversion of androgens to estrogens in cirrhosis of the liver. The contribution, by peripheral conversion, of androstenedione and testosterone to the circulating estrogens was determined in men with cirrhosis of the liver. The conversion ratio of androstenedione to estrone, estradiol and testosterone and the conversion ratio of testosterone to estrone (but not estradiol) and androstenedione were significantly increased. The plasma concentrations of androstenedione and testosterone were increased and decreased respectively; the mean plasma concentration of androstenedione being similar to that found in normal women. The metabolic clearance rate of androstenedione was not altered in cirrhosis although the metabolic clearance rate of testosterone was decreased. The production rate of androstenedione was elevated while that of testosterone was reduced. The instantaneous contribution of plasma androstenedione to estrone and estradiol was increased in cirrhosis as was the contribution of testosterone to estrone (but not to estradiol). Thus the increased estradiol levels in cirrhosis result, in large part, from increased peripheral conversion from the androgens. The percent contribution of plasma testosterone to plasma androstenedione was decreased although the absolute amount derived by conversion was normal. The percent contribution of plasma androstenedione to plasma testosterone was increased sevenfold in cirrhosis. The fraction of the daily androstenedione production derived from the plasma testosterone pool was not significantly altered. However, a significant fraction of the daily production rate of testosterone was derived from androstenedione. Thus, 15% of the circulating testosterone is not secreted but is derived by peripheral conversion from androstenedione. Normal levels of gonadotropins were found in cirrhosis.", "PMID": 1133151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12195", "title": "Nocturnal increase of plasma testosterone in men: relation to gonadotropins and prolactin.", "content": "The nocturnal increase of plasma testosterone (T) in adult men has been well established. Luteinizing hormone (LH) does not show a similar increase throughout the night, whereas prolactin (PRL) does, suggesting the possibility of other hormone influence on T secretion. To investigate this possibility, 8 young adult men were studied for 4 consecutive nights in the sleep laboratory (2 nights adaptation, 2 nights blood sampling), by blood samples taken every 30 min during the 8-h sleep period, for measurement of LH, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), PRL, and T. LH and FSH were secreted episodically, with little or no change in baseline levels during the night. PRL and T also were secreted episodically, but their baseline levels increased as the night progressed. Both LH and PRL had maximum within-subject correlations (averages equal +0.35 and +0.48 respectively) with T when they led T by 60 min. Within-subject correlations done on first differences (to remove the effect of slow trends) were near zero. LH and PRL had larger correlations with T than did FSH, for both calculations. These data suggest that both LH and PRL levels precede T levels by about 60 min. PRL thus may participate in the regulation of nocturnal T secretion in adult men.", "contents": "Nocturnal increase of plasma testosterone in men: relation to gonadotropins and prolactin. The nocturnal increase of plasma testosterone (T) in adult men has been well established. Luteinizing hormone (LH) does not show a similar increase throughout the night, whereas prolactin (PRL) does, suggesting the possibility of other hormone influence on T secretion. To investigate this possibility, 8 young adult men were studied for 4 consecutive nights in the sleep laboratory (2 nights adaptation, 2 nights blood sampling), by blood samples taken every 30 min during the 8-h sleep period, for measurement of LH, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), PRL, and T. LH and FSH were secreted episodically, with little or no change in baseline levels during the night. PRL and T also were secreted episodically, but their baseline levels increased as the night progressed. Both LH and PRL had maximum within-subject correlations (averages equal +0.35 and +0.48 respectively) with T when they led T by 60 min. Within-subject correlations done on first differences (to remove the effect of slow trends) were near zero. LH and PRL had larger correlations with T than did FSH, for both calculations. These data suggest that both LH and PRL levels precede T levels by about 60 min. PRL thus may participate in the regulation of nocturnal T secretion in adult men.", "PMID": 1133152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12196", "title": "Cortisol metabolism in chronic liver disease.", "content": "Impairment of cortisol metabolism, evidence of endogenous hypercortism and sensitivity to oral corticosteroids are known to occur in patients with chronic liver disease. Measurements were made of plasma 11-OHCS and urinary cortisol levels and other parameters of adrenal function in a group of such patients. The mean plasma total 11-OHCS was lower in patients than in control subjects, although this difference was not statistically significant and the normal circadian rhythm was maintained. However, in patients with chronic liver disease a greater proportion of the 11-OHCS was in the non-protein bound state resulting in an elevation of this fraction. This elevation of non-protein bound 11-OHCS must represent a resetting of the pituitary-adrenal feedback mechanism in these patients. Corticosteroid binding globulin was lower in patients than in control subjects, although the difference was not statistically significant. Urinary cortisol excretion was significantly reduced as was excretion of 17-ketosteroids. Cortisol secretion rate was found to be normal. It is suggested that elevation of plasma non-protein bound 11-OHCS, resulting from impaired metabolism and reduced protein binding of cortisol in patients with hepatic disease, may explain the features of endogenous hypercorticism seen in such patients. Moreover, in the presence of impaired steroid metabolism and reduced protein binding, these patients may exhibit an increased sensitivity to corticosteroid therapy, and therefore administration of a reduced dosage may be advisable.", "contents": "Cortisol metabolism in chronic liver disease. Impairment of cortisol metabolism, evidence of endogenous hypercortism and sensitivity to oral corticosteroids are known to occur in patients with chronic liver disease. Measurements were made of plasma 11-OHCS and urinary cortisol levels and other parameters of adrenal function in a group of such patients. The mean plasma total 11-OHCS was lower in patients than in control subjects, although this difference was not statistically significant and the normal circadian rhythm was maintained. However, in patients with chronic liver disease a greater proportion of the 11-OHCS was in the non-protein bound state resulting in an elevation of this fraction. This elevation of non-protein bound 11-OHCS must represent a resetting of the pituitary-adrenal feedback mechanism in these patients. Corticosteroid binding globulin was lower in patients than in control subjects, although the difference was not statistically significant. Urinary cortisol excretion was significantly reduced as was excretion of 17-ketosteroids. Cortisol secretion rate was found to be normal. It is suggested that elevation of plasma non-protein bound 11-OHCS, resulting from impaired metabolism and reduced protein binding of cortisol in patients with hepatic disease, may explain the features of endogenous hypercorticism seen in such patients. Moreover, in the presence of impaired steroid metabolism and reduced protein binding, these patients may exhibit an increased sensitivity to corticosteroid therapy, and therefore administration of a reduced dosage may be advisable.", "PMID": 1133153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12197", "title": "Production of estrone and fractional conversion of circulating androstenedione to estrone in women with endometrial carcinoma.", "content": "Postmenopausal women convert circulatory C19 steroids to estrogen. In order to study the possible role of such estrogen in endometrial cancer, the determination of the fractional conversion of circulation delta-4-androstene-3,17-dione to estrone was attempted. However, in the course of this work it became apparent that the mathematical model upon which this determination is based does not adequately represent the true physiological conditions. The reasons for the inadequacy of the model are not apparent, although they seem to bear some relationship to obesity. The direction and magnitude of the deviation of the values; determined from the true values are unknown. The values for the apparent fractional conversion of androstenedione to estrone in 9 postmenopausal women with endometrial cancer are strongly correlated with values indices of obesity. These values also correlate well with values for the apparent rate of production of estrone in our 9 patients and also in 5 postomenopausal patients with uterine bleeding reported in the literature, but no such correlation is evident for postmenopausal women without endometrial abnormality reported in the literature. The range of values for both the apparent fractional conversion and the apparent rate of production of estrone are similar to those reported by other workers using the same model. However, the data suggest that women with endometrial cancer may produce estriol by a pathway not involving circulating estrone.", "contents": "Production of estrone and fractional conversion of circulating androstenedione to estrone in women with endometrial carcinoma. Postmenopausal women convert circulatory C19 steroids to estrogen. In order to study the possible role of such estrogen in endometrial cancer, the determination of the fractional conversion of circulation delta-4-androstene-3,17-dione to estrone was attempted. However, in the course of this work it became apparent that the mathematical model upon which this determination is based does not adequately represent the true physiological conditions. The reasons for the inadequacy of the model are not apparent, although they seem to bear some relationship to obesity. The direction and magnitude of the deviation of the values; determined from the true values are unknown. The values for the apparent fractional conversion of androstenedione to estrone in 9 postmenopausal women with endometrial cancer are strongly correlated with values indices of obesity. These values also correlate well with values for the apparent rate of production of estrone in our 9 patients and also in 5 postomenopausal patients with uterine bleeding reported in the literature, but no such correlation is evident for postmenopausal women without endometrial abnormality reported in the literature. The range of values for both the apparent fractional conversion and the apparent rate of production of estrone are similar to those reported by other workers using the same model. However, the data suggest that women with endometrial cancer may produce estriol by a pathway not involving circulating estrone.", "PMID": 1133154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12198", "title": "Metabolism of testosterone in previable human fetuses.", "content": "Labeled testosterone was injected into the umbilical vein of each of 4 male and 3 female previable fetuses at the time of laparotomy. After leaving the circulation intact for 3 min, the fetal tissues of each fetus were removed and the labeled metabolites present in each tissue were extracted, separated and isolated. Aliquots of tissue extracts were used for the qualitative analysis of metabolites following which metabolites were reisolated quantitatively from other tissue aliquots with the aid of the corresponding 3-H-labeled recovery markers. Testosterone and 11beta-hydroxyandrostenedione-4 were isolated from the adrenals and 5beta-androstanedione, androstenedione, etiocholanolone, androsterone, 5alpha-androstanediol, 5beta-androstanediol and testosterone were isolated from the livers. In addition, etiocholanolone and 5beta-androstanediol were isolated from the sulfate and glucuronide fractions of the livers. A sex difference in fetal testosterone metabolism was observed in the liver where the amounts of unconjugated 5beta-androstanediol in the male livers with no overlap in values. This conclusion has to be viewed with caution as only 4 males and 3 female fetuses were examined in these studies.", "contents": "Metabolism of testosterone in previable human fetuses. Labeled testosterone was injected into the umbilical vein of each of 4 male and 3 female previable fetuses at the time of laparotomy. After leaving the circulation intact for 3 min, the fetal tissues of each fetus were removed and the labeled metabolites present in each tissue were extracted, separated and isolated. Aliquots of tissue extracts were used for the qualitative analysis of metabolites following which metabolites were reisolated quantitatively from other tissue aliquots with the aid of the corresponding 3-H-labeled recovery markers. Testosterone and 11beta-hydroxyandrostenedione-4 were isolated from the adrenals and 5beta-androstanedione, androstenedione, etiocholanolone, androsterone, 5alpha-androstanediol, 5beta-androstanediol and testosterone were isolated from the livers. In addition, etiocholanolone and 5beta-androstanediol were isolated from the sulfate and glucuronide fractions of the livers. A sex difference in fetal testosterone metabolism was observed in the liver where the amounts of unconjugated 5beta-androstanediol in the male livers with no overlap in values. This conclusion has to be viewed with caution as only 4 males and 3 female fetuses were examined in these studies.", "PMID": 1133155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12199", "title": "Hormonal and metabolic changes induced by elevated plasma free fatty acids in term pregnancy. I. Effect on maternal blood glucose, insulin and human placental lactogen circulating levels.", "content": "The influence of plasma free fatty acid (FFA) concentration on the secretion of human placental lactogen (hPL) was investigated in 16 normal young women during the last month of gestation, in order to determine whether hPL secretion is influenced in the same way as human growth hormone (hGH) during plasma FFA elevation. Maternal blood glucose (BG), plasma triglycerides (TG), FFA, immunoreactive insulin (IRI) and hPL levels were measured during and after a lipid emulsion infusion for 75 min (10 cases). The intravenous injection of 5,000 U of heparin at the 15th min of the lipid infusion was followed by a decrease in plasma triglyceride levels and by an accompanying rise in plasma FFA (rom 468 plus or minus 52 to 2,478 plus or minus 310 mueq/liter). In control experiments lipid infusion alone (3 cases) resulted in a moderate increase in FFA (718 plus or minus 157 to 1,046 plus or minus 255 mueq/liter), and separate iv heparin administration (3 cases) elevated the FFA levels from 728 plus or minus 50 to 1,649 plus or minus 153 mueq/liter). No significant change in either IRI or hPL levels was discernible in any of the tests performed. A tendency of blood glucose to increase was observed after heparin administration. It was concluded that a marked and sustained plasma FFA elevation, achieved through intravenous lipid and heparin infusion cannot alter hPL circulating levels in term human pregnancy.", "contents": "Hormonal and metabolic changes induced by elevated plasma free fatty acids in term pregnancy. I. Effect on maternal blood glucose, insulin and human placental lactogen circulating levels. The influence of plasma free fatty acid (FFA) concentration on the secretion of human placental lactogen (hPL) was investigated in 16 normal young women during the last month of gestation, in order to determine whether hPL secretion is influenced in the same way as human growth hormone (hGH) during plasma FFA elevation. Maternal blood glucose (BG), plasma triglycerides (TG), FFA, immunoreactive insulin (IRI) and hPL levels were measured during and after a lipid emulsion infusion for 75 min (10 cases). The intravenous injection of 5,000 U of heparin at the 15th min of the lipid infusion was followed by a decrease in plasma triglyceride levels and by an accompanying rise in plasma FFA (rom 468 plus or minus 52 to 2,478 plus or minus 310 mueq/liter). In control experiments lipid infusion alone (3 cases) resulted in a moderate increase in FFA (718 plus or minus 157 to 1,046 plus or minus 255 mueq/liter), and separate iv heparin administration (3 cases) elevated the FFA levels from 728 plus or minus 50 to 1,649 plus or minus 153 mueq/liter). No significant change in either IRI or hPL levels was discernible in any of the tests performed. A tendency of blood glucose to increase was observed after heparin administration. It was concluded that a marked and sustained plasma FFA elevation, achieved through intravenous lipid and heparin infusion cannot alter hPL circulating levels in term human pregnancy.", "PMID": 1133156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12200", "title": "In vitro determination of relative corticosteroid potency.", "content": "The corticosteroid concentration required to inhibit phytohemagglutinin stimulated human lymphocyte transformation by 50% was determined for three corticosteroids. The relative potency of hydrocortisone, prednisolone and dexamethasone determined in 16 patients was 1.00, 2.43, and 24.7 respectively. This assay is proposed as an objective tool for comparison of relative corticosteroid potency in man.", "contents": "In vitro determination of relative corticosteroid potency. The corticosteroid concentration required to inhibit phytohemagglutinin stimulated human lymphocyte transformation by 50% was determined for three corticosteroids. The relative potency of hydrocortisone, prednisolone and dexamethasone determined in 16 patients was 1.00, 2.43, and 24.7 respectively. This assay is proposed as an objective tool for comparison of relative corticosteroid potency in man.", "PMID": 1133157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12201", "title": "Effectof sex, oral contraceptives, and glucose loading on apomorphine-induced growth hormone secretion.", "content": "Apomorphine-induced growth hormone (GH) secretion less in women either on or off oral contraceptives than in men. Women on oral contraceptives have a significantly greater peak GH response to apomorphine than women on no medication. The reason for these differences is unclear. Prior glucose loading in men significantly decreases the GH response to apomorphine. This suggests that stimulation of glucoreceptors antagonises dopaminergic modulation of GH secretion.", "contents": "Effectof sex, oral contraceptives, and glucose loading on apomorphine-induced growth hormone secretion. Apomorphine-induced growth hormone (GH) secretion less in women either on or off oral contraceptives than in men. Women on oral contraceptives have a significantly greater peak GH response to apomorphine than women on no medication. The reason for these differences is unclear. Prior glucose loading in men significantly decreases the GH response to apomorphine. This suggests that stimulation of glucoreceptors antagonises dopaminergic modulation of GH secretion.", "PMID": 1133158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12202", "title": "Pituitary-gonadal response to acute I.M. stimulation with clomiphene citrate in normal men.", "content": "In order to asses the effect of acute i.m. injection of clomiphene citrate (CC) on LH, FSH, and testosterone (T) secretion, five normal, fertile men received 5 mg of the drug dissolved in 2 ml 0.9% saline, while a further five were injected 10 mg of the same preparation. All tests were performed at 8 a.m. Blood samples were drawn at 0, 30, 60, 120 and 180 minutes of the injection. Serum LH, FSH, and T values were determined by the double antibody radioimmunoassay technique. A significant rise of the LH, FSH, and T levels was obtained in both groups. Peak LH values were obtained at 30 minutes (average), whereas FSH and T peaks occurred at 60 minutes. The 180-minute values were similar to basal. The results seem to indicate that intramsucularly administered CC could be useful, as a rapid test, in evaluating the function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis.", "contents": "Pituitary-gonadal response to acute I.M. stimulation with clomiphene citrate in normal men. In order to asses the effect of acute i.m. injection of clomiphene citrate (CC) on LH, FSH, and testosterone (T) secretion, five normal, fertile men received 5 mg of the drug dissolved in 2 ml 0.9% saline, while a further five were injected 10 mg of the same preparation. All tests were performed at 8 a.m. Blood samples were drawn at 0, 30, 60, 120 and 180 minutes of the injection. Serum LH, FSH, and T values were determined by the double antibody radioimmunoassay technique. A significant rise of the LH, FSH, and T levels was obtained in both groups. Peak LH values were obtained at 30 minutes (average), whereas FSH and T peaks occurred at 60 minutes. The 180-minute values were similar to basal. The results seem to indicate that intramsucularly administered CC could be useful, as a rapid test, in evaluating the function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis.", "PMID": 1133159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12203", "title": "Twenty-four hour prolactin (PRL) secretory patterns during pregnancy.", "content": "To determine if the central nervous system \"program\" controlling PRL secretion is operative during pregnancy, three pregnant women (12th, 20th and 32nd week of gestation) had 24-hour, 20-minute interval plasma sampling and polygraphic monitoring of nocturnal sleep. All three subjects showed episodic PRL secretion during waking which became augmented during nocturnal sleep. Since the number of \"major\" PRL secretory episodes was similar to normals, the increased PRL levels were most probably achieved by increased secretion per secretory episode. These findings suggest that during pregnancy, the PRL sleep related secretory \"program\" is maintained in a qualitative manner, albeit at a higher set-point.", "contents": "Twenty-four hour prolactin (PRL) secretory patterns during pregnancy. To determine if the central nervous system \"program\" controlling PRL secretion is operative during pregnancy, three pregnant women (12th, 20th and 32nd week of gestation) had 24-hour, 20-minute interval plasma sampling and polygraphic monitoring of nocturnal sleep. All three subjects showed episodic PRL secretion during waking which became augmented during nocturnal sleep. Since the number of \"major\" PRL secretory episodes was similar to normals, the increased PRL levels were most probably achieved by increased secretion per secretory episode. These findings suggest that during pregnancy, the PRL sleep related secretory \"program\" is maintained in a qualitative manner, albeit at a higher set-point.", "PMID": 1133160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12204", "title": "Corticosteroids in human blood. VIII. Cortisol metabolites in plasma of normotensive subjects and patients with essential hypertension.", "content": "Results of our previous studies revealed a derangement in the peripheral metabolism of adrenal steroids in patients with essential hypertension. To investigate further this finding, all indIVidual free and conjugated metabolites of cortisol were isolated, identified and quantitated in plasma of 14 normotensive subjects and 13 patients with benign, uncomplicated essential hypertension, following iv administration of a tracer dose of [4-14-C] cortisol. In addition, plasma levels of endogenous cortisol were determined at 8 AM and 4 PM in all the subjects examined. The results obtained revealed the following statistically significant differences between normotensives and hypertensives: 1) Mean plasma concentrations of cortisol metabolites reduced in ring-A with nonreduced 20-ketone, tetrahydrocortisol, tetrahydrocortisone, and their 5alpha-epimers, were 30% lower in the hypertensives; since these steroids constitute the bulk of the major group of cortisol metabolites--the glucuronide conjugates, plasma levels of this group of conjugates measured in toto were also found to be significantly lower in the hypertensives. 2) Concentrations of cortisol metabolites with non-reduced ring-A (delta-4-3-keto configuration preserved) but with reduced 20-ketone and/or hydroxylated at C-6, 20alpha- and 20beta- dihydrocortisol, 6alpha- and 6beta-hydroxycortisol, and 6-hydroxy-20-dihydrocortisol (all 4 isomers), were 73%, 48% and 68% respectively, higher in the hypertensives; since these steroids constitute the bulk of the sulfate-conjugated and nucleoside-complexed metabolites of cortisol, plasma levels of these groups of metabolites, measured in toto, were also found to be higher in the hypertensives. No significant difference was found between normotensives and hypertensives in the AM and PM plasma levels of cortisol. These findings, in conjunction with the results of our studies on urinary corticosteroid metabolites, which yielded identical findings, provide evidence for a decreased activity of hepatic cortisol-delta-4-hydrogenase enzyme system and increased activities (presumably compensatorily) of cortisol-20-reductase and 6-hydroxylase enzyme systems in patients with essential hypertension. The interrelation of these findings with those of other investigators studying steroid metabolites in hypertension, points to the corticosteroid metabolizing enzymes may be an etiological factor in essential hypertension.", "contents": "Corticosteroids in human blood. VIII. Cortisol metabolites in plasma of normotensive subjects and patients with essential hypertension. Results of our previous studies revealed a derangement in the peripheral metabolism of adrenal steroids in patients with essential hypertension. To investigate further this finding, all indIVidual free and conjugated metabolites of cortisol were isolated, identified and quantitated in plasma of 14 normotensive subjects and 13 patients with benign, uncomplicated essential hypertension, following iv administration of a tracer dose of [4-14-C] cortisol. In addition, plasma levels of endogenous cortisol were determined at 8 AM and 4 PM in all the subjects examined. The results obtained revealed the following statistically significant differences between normotensives and hypertensives: 1) Mean plasma concentrations of cortisol metabolites reduced in ring-A with nonreduced 20-ketone, tetrahydrocortisol, tetrahydrocortisone, and their 5alpha-epimers, were 30% lower in the hypertensives; since these steroids constitute the bulk of the major group of cortisol metabolites--the glucuronide conjugates, plasma levels of this group of conjugates measured in toto were also found to be significantly lower in the hypertensives. 2) Concentrations of cortisol metabolites with non-reduced ring-A (delta-4-3-keto configuration preserved) but with reduced 20-ketone and/or hydroxylated at C-6, 20alpha- and 20beta- dihydrocortisol, 6alpha- and 6beta-hydroxycortisol, and 6-hydroxy-20-dihydrocortisol (all 4 isomers), were 73%, 48% and 68% respectively, higher in the hypertensives; since these steroids constitute the bulk of the sulfate-conjugated and nucleoside-complexed metabolites of cortisol, plasma levels of these groups of metabolites, measured in toto, were also found to be higher in the hypertensives. No significant difference was found between normotensives and hypertensives in the AM and PM plasma levels of cortisol. These findings, in conjunction with the results of our studies on urinary corticosteroid metabolites, which yielded identical findings, provide evidence for a decreased activity of hepatic cortisol-delta-4-hydrogenase enzyme system and increased activities (presumably compensatorily) of cortisol-20-reductase and 6-hydroxylase enzyme systems in patients with essential hypertension. The interrelation of these findings with those of other investigators studying steroid metabolites in hypertension, points to the corticosteroid metabolizing enzymes may be an etiological factor in essential hypertension.", "PMID": 1133161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12205", "title": "Evaluation of azoestriol antisera for estriol measurements in pregnancy plasma directly and after extraction.", "content": "2-(4'-carboxyphenylazo)-estriol antisera were employed to quantitate pregnancy plasma estriol in ether extracts by single phase radioimmune assay without chromatography. Utilizing antiserum which crossreacted minimally even with the monoglucosiduronate metabolites, unextracted plasma estriol measurements were identical statistically to ether extract determinations.", "contents": "Evaluation of azoestriol antisera for estriol measurements in pregnancy plasma directly and after extraction. 2-(4'-carboxyphenylazo)-estriol antisera were employed to quantitate pregnancy plasma estriol in ether extracts by single phase radioimmune assay without chromatography. Utilizing antiserum which crossreacted minimally even with the monoglucosiduronate metabolites, unextracted plasma estriol measurements were identical statistically to ether extract determinations.", "PMID": 1133162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12206", "title": "Circulating 3,3', 5'-triiodothyronine (reverse T3) in the human newborn.", "content": "Serum concentrations of 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine (reverse T3 rT3), 3,3',5-triiodothyronine (T), and thyroxine (T4) were measured in cord blood and invenous blood samples obtained between 2 h and 30 days of postnatal life from healthy full-term newborn infants. The mean serum rT3 concentration of (mean plus or minus SE) 151 plus or minus 12 ng per 100 ml in 18 cord blood samples was significantly higher than the level (41 plus or minus 2 ng per 100 ml) in 27 normal adult sera; the corresponding mean serum T4 of 12.7 plus or minus 0.8 mug per 100 ml in cord blood also was significantly higher than that (8.6 plus or minus 1.9 mug per 100 ml) in 108 normal adults. By contrast, the mean serum T3 concentration in 15 cord blood samples, 24 plus or minus 3 mg per 100 ml, was significantly lower than the value of 126 plus or minus 3.2 ng per 100 ml measured in 108 normal adults. At 4 h of age the mean serum rT3 concentration (165 plus or minus 13 ng per 100 ml) in six newborns was 4ot significantly different from that in paired cord blood samples (194 plus or minus 25 ng per 100 ml); on the other hand, whenever, studied, the mean serum T3 and T4 levels were significantly higher at 4 h than at birth. The failure of serum rT3 concentrations to rise after delivery in response to the early neonatal thyrotropin (TSH) surge and at a time when serum T3 and T4 levels increase significantly prompted a study of the rT3 response to 10 IU of intramuscular TSH in three healthy adult subjects. Just as in the newborns, serum rT3 failed to rise appreciably in these subjects, even though serum T3 and T4 showed the expected increments. Serum rT3 concentrations in 1-4 day-old newborn infants did not differ significantly from values in the cord blood but were significantly lower in older neonates. The mean serum rT3 level in 5-7-day-old infants was higher than that in normal adults, but in 9-11 day and 20-30-day-old infants, mean rT3 values were statistically similar to the adult value. The mean serum T3 concentrations in neonates between 1-30 days old were either higher than or comparable to the values of normal adults. The mean serum T4 concentrations in neonates between birth and 30 days of age were significantly higher than the mean adult level. The mean serum rT3 to T4 ratios (rT3/T4) were elevated in 1-4-day-old neonates; the values in older neonates were similar to those in adults. These results suggest that (a) factors other than TSH are important modulators of serum rT3 in man; (b) high serum rT3 concentration in the newborn becomes comparable to that in the normal adult by 9-11 days of neonatal life.", "contents": "Circulating 3,3', 5'-triiodothyronine (reverse T3) in the human newborn. Serum concentrations of 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine (reverse T3 rT3), 3,3',5-triiodothyronine (T), and thyroxine (T4) were measured in cord blood and invenous blood samples obtained between 2 h and 30 days of postnatal life from healthy full-term newborn infants. The mean serum rT3 concentration of (mean plus or minus SE) 151 plus or minus 12 ng per 100 ml in 18 cord blood samples was significantly higher than the level (41 plus or minus 2 ng per 100 ml) in 27 normal adult sera; the corresponding mean serum T4 of 12.7 plus or minus 0.8 mug per 100 ml in cord blood also was significantly higher than that (8.6 plus or minus 1.9 mug per 100 ml) in 108 normal adults. By contrast, the mean serum T3 concentration in 15 cord blood samples, 24 plus or minus 3 mg per 100 ml, was significantly lower than the value of 126 plus or minus 3.2 ng per 100 ml measured in 108 normal adults. At 4 h of age the mean serum rT3 concentration (165 plus or minus 13 ng per 100 ml) in six newborns was 4ot significantly different from that in paired cord blood samples (194 plus or minus 25 ng per 100 ml); on the other hand, whenever, studied, the mean serum T3 and T4 levels were significantly higher at 4 h than at birth. The failure of serum rT3 concentrations to rise after delivery in response to the early neonatal thyrotropin (TSH) surge and at a time when serum T3 and T4 levels increase significantly prompted a study of the rT3 response to 10 IU of intramuscular TSH in three healthy adult subjects. Just as in the newborns, serum rT3 failed to rise appreciably in these subjects, even though serum T3 and T4 showed the expected increments. Serum rT3 concentrations in 1-4 day-old newborn infants did not differ significantly from values in the cord blood but were significantly lower in older neonates. The mean serum rT3 level in 5-7-day-old infants was higher than that in normal adults, but in 9-11 day and 20-30-day-old infants, mean rT3 values were statistically similar to the adult value. The mean serum T3 concentrations in neonates between 1-30 days old were either higher than or comparable to the values of normal adults. The mean serum T4 concentrations in neonates between birth and 30 days of age were significantly higher than the mean adult level. The mean serum rT3 to T4 ratios (rT3/T4) were elevated in 1-4-day-old neonates; the values in older neonates were similar to those in adults. These results suggest that (a) factors other than TSH are important modulators of serum rT3 in man; (b) high serum rT3 concentration in the newborn becomes comparable to that in the normal adult by 9-11 days of neonatal life.", "PMID": 1133163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12207", "title": "Uricosuric agents in uremic sera. Identification of indoxyl sulfata and hippuric acid.", "content": "Serum and urine from chronically uremic patients and normal individuals were subjected to gel filtration of Sephadex-G10. The effects of the eluted fractions on the uptake of urate and para-aminohippurate by isolated cortical tubules of rabbit kidney were investigated. According to the origin of the samples, one to three major groups of fractions inhibiting both urate  and para-aminohippurate transport were disclosed. The first eluted group occurred for all the samples under study. The second one was demonstrated in both sera and urines from uremic patients but only in urines from normal individuals. The third one was exclusively detected in uremic sera and urines. Among all the compounds identified, only hippuric acid, eluted in the fractions of the second group, was capable of inhibiting the uptake of urate and para-aminohippurate in vitro. The concentration for which this inhbiitory effect of hippuric acid occurred was in the range of that existing in uremic sera. Indoxyl sulfate, which accumulates to very high concentrations in uremic serum, could not be disclosed in the above-mentioned fractions. This is explained by the strong adsorption of this indole derivative to Sephadex gel. Potassium indoxyl sulfate, when tested in vitro at the concentration existing in uremic serum, substantially inhibited the uptake of both urate and para-aminohippurate. In normal subjects, ingestion of hippuric acid or potassium indoxyl sulfate significantly increased fractional urinary excretion of uric acid. On the basis of these results, it is suggested that progressive retention of hippuric acid, indoxyl sulfate, and other yet unidentified inhibitors may explain the gradual increase in urinary fractional excretion of urate observed in uremia. The present results may be viewed as an example of a mechanism in which retention of normally excreted end products is responsible for adaptation of tubular transport in uremic subjects.", "contents": "Uricosuric agents in uremic sera. Identification of indoxyl sulfata and hippuric acid. Serum and urine from chronically uremic patients and normal individuals were subjected to gel filtration of Sephadex-G10. The effects of the eluted fractions on the uptake of urate and para-aminohippurate by isolated cortical tubules of rabbit kidney were investigated. According to the origin of the samples, one to three major groups of fractions inhibiting both urate  and para-aminohippurate transport were disclosed. The first eluted group occurred for all the samples under study. The second one was demonstrated in both sera and urines from uremic patients but only in urines from normal individuals. The third one was exclusively detected in uremic sera and urines. Among all the compounds identified, only hippuric acid, eluted in the fractions of the second group, was capable of inhibiting the uptake of urate and para-aminohippurate in vitro. The concentration for which this inhbiitory effect of hippuric acid occurred was in the range of that existing in uremic sera. Indoxyl sulfate, which accumulates to very high concentrations in uremic serum, could not be disclosed in the above-mentioned fractions. This is explained by the strong adsorption of this indole derivative to Sephadex gel. Potassium indoxyl sulfate, when tested in vitro at the concentration existing in uremic serum, substantially inhibited the uptake of both urate and para-aminohippurate. In normal subjects, ingestion of hippuric acid or potassium indoxyl sulfate significantly increased fractional urinary excretion of uric acid. On the basis of these results, it is suggested that progressive retention of hippuric acid, indoxyl sulfate, and other yet unidentified inhibitors may explain the gradual increase in urinary fractional excretion of urate observed in uremia. The present results may be viewed as an example of a mechanism in which retention of normally excreted end products is responsible for adaptation of tubular transport in uremic subjects.", "PMID": 1133164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12208", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of drugs in patients with the nephrotic syndrome.", "content": "Since the binding of drugs to plasma proteins can significantly after the intensity of pharmacological and toxicological effects of drugs, we studied the pharmacokinetics of three drugs in patients with  hypoalbuminemia secondary to the nephrotic syndrome, but with relatively normal renal function. No significant differences were seen in the pharmacokinetic parameters observed for antipyrine, a drug which is less than 10% bound to plasms proteins. The percentage of unbound diphenylhydantoin, a highly plasms protein-bound drug, was found in patients with the nephrotic syndrome to be twice that of healthy individuals (19,2 vs. 10.1%, P smaller than 0.001). However, there was also a lower steady-state plasma concentration of diphenylhydantoin (2.9 plus or minus 0.6 vs. 6.8 plus or minus 0.6 mug/ml, P smaller than 0.001) secondary to an increase in the plasms clearance (0.048 plus or minus 0.019 vs. 0.022 plus or minus 0.006 liter/kg.h, P smaller than 0.001) in the nephrotic patients. The net effect is no difference in the absolute concentration of unbound diphenylhydantoin in healthy individuals (0.69 plus or minus 0.05 mug/ml) and patients with the nephrotic syndrome (0.59 plus or minus 0.06 mug/ml). Qualitatively, similar differences were observed with clofibrate. The dose of these drugs need not be routinely reduced in patients with the nephrotic syndrome as long as they have reasonably normal renal function (creatinine clearance greater than 50 ml/min). With all highly bound acidic drugs, knowledge of the concentration of unbound drug is essential to the proper interpretation of total blood levels and subsequent treatment of the patient.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of drugs in patients with the nephrotic syndrome. Since the binding of drugs to plasma proteins can significantly after the intensity of pharmacological and toxicological effects of drugs, we studied the pharmacokinetics of three drugs in patients with  hypoalbuminemia secondary to the nephrotic syndrome, but with relatively normal renal function. No significant differences were seen in the pharmacokinetic parameters observed for antipyrine, a drug which is less than 10% bound to plasms proteins. The percentage of unbound diphenylhydantoin, a highly plasms protein-bound drug, was found in patients with the nephrotic syndrome to be twice that of healthy individuals (19,2 vs. 10.1%, P smaller than 0.001). However, there was also a lower steady-state plasma concentration of diphenylhydantoin (2.9 plus or minus 0.6 vs. 6.8 plus or minus 0.6 mug/ml, P smaller than 0.001) secondary to an increase in the plasms clearance (0.048 plus or minus 0.019 vs. 0.022 plus or minus 0.006 liter/kg.h, P smaller than 0.001) in the nephrotic patients. The net effect is no difference in the absolute concentration of unbound diphenylhydantoin in healthy individuals (0.69 plus or minus 0.05 mug/ml) and patients with the nephrotic syndrome (0.59 plus or minus 0.06 mug/ml). Qualitatively, similar differences were observed with clofibrate. The dose of these drugs need not be routinely reduced in patients with the nephrotic syndrome as long as they have reasonably normal renal function (creatinine clearance greater than 50 ml/min). With all highly bound acidic drugs, knowledge of the concentration of unbound drug is essential to the proper interpretation of total blood levels and subsequent treatment of the patient.", "PMID": 1133166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12209", "title": "Idiopathic scoliosis. Mechanical properties of the respiratory system and the ventilatory response to carbon dioxide.", "content": "The aims were to examine the effects of scoliosis (angle), and age on lung volumes, elastic properties of the respiratory system, and the ventilatory response to CO2. The mean age of the 55 patients was 25.4 plus or minus SEM 2.5 yr, and the mean angle was 80 plus or minus SEM 4.2. The mean plus or minus SEM percent predicted lung volumes were vital capacity (VC), 60.5 plus or minus 2.7; total lung capacity (TLC), 70,2 plus or minus 2.6; functional residual capacity (frc), 79.3 plus or minus 3.2; and residual volume (RV), 99.7 plus or minus 5.2. The correlation coefficients between the angle of scoliosis and each of the following were significant: TLC (-0.548), percent predicted TLC (-0.547), VC (-0.485), percent predicted VC (-0.523), FRC (-0.533), percent predicted FRC (-0.338), RV (-0.438), and percent predicted RV (-0.318). The mean compliance of the total respiratory system (Crs) was 0.049 litter/cm H2O plus or minus SEM 0.004, and the mean compliance of the chest wall (Ccw) was 0.080 liter/cm H2O plus or minus SEM 0.012. The Crs and Ccw were inversely proportional to the angle (r-0.620 and -0.721) and directly proportional to the height and the weight. The mean deltaV/deltaPco2 was 1.32 liter/min per mm Hg (SEM 0.171), and the mean deltaVt/deltaPco2 was 28.9 ml/mm Hg (SEM 3.64). The correlation coefficients between deltaV/deltaPco2 and the following were height, 0.499; VC, 0.792; TLC, 0.632; AND Crs, 0.520; and between the deltaTt/deltaPco2 and the following were height, 0.500; VC, 0.878; TLC, 0.802; and Crs, 0.590. We conclude that body size and the deformity were the determinants of the lung volumes and the mechanical properties of the respiratory system, and that these variables were the major factors in both the magnitude and pattern of the ventilatory response to CO2. The correlations between age and the mechanical properties of the respiratory sytem, deltaV/deltaPco2, and deltaVt/deltaPco2, were not significant, but the correlation coefficients between age and several of the derivatives of deltaV/deltaPco2 and deltaVt/deltaPco2 were significant.", "contents": "Idiopathic scoliosis. Mechanical properties of the respiratory system and the ventilatory response to carbon dioxide. The aims were to examine the effects of scoliosis (angle), and age on lung volumes, elastic properties of the respiratory system, and the ventilatory response to CO2. The mean age of the 55 patients was 25.4 plus or minus SEM 2.5 yr, and the mean angle was 80 plus or minus SEM 4.2. The mean plus or minus SEM percent predicted lung volumes were vital capacity (VC), 60.5 plus or minus 2.7; total lung capacity (TLC), 70,2 plus or minus 2.6; functional residual capacity (frc), 79.3 plus or minus 3.2; and residual volume (RV), 99.7 plus or minus 5.2. The correlation coefficients between the angle of scoliosis and each of the following were significant: TLC (-0.548), percent predicted TLC (-0.547), VC (-0.485), percent predicted VC (-0.523), FRC (-0.533), percent predicted FRC (-0.338), RV (-0.438), and percent predicted RV (-0.318). The mean compliance of the total respiratory system (Crs) was 0.049 litter/cm H2O plus or minus SEM 0.004, and the mean compliance of the chest wall (Ccw) was 0.080 liter/cm H2O plus or minus SEM 0.012. The Crs and Ccw were inversely proportional to the angle (r-0.620 and -0.721) and directly proportional to the height and the weight. The mean deltaV/deltaPco2 was 1.32 liter/min per mm Hg (SEM 0.171), and the mean deltaVt/deltaPco2 was 28.9 ml/mm Hg (SEM 3.64). The correlation coefficients between deltaV/deltaPco2 and the following were height, 0.499; VC, 0.792; TLC, 0.632; AND Crs, 0.520; and between the deltaTt/deltaPco2 and the following were height, 0.500; VC, 0.878; TLC, 0.802; and Crs, 0.590. We conclude that body size and the deformity were the determinants of the lung volumes and the mechanical properties of the respiratory system, and that these variables were the major factors in both the magnitude and pattern of the ventilatory response to CO2. The correlations between age and the mechanical properties of the respiratory sytem, deltaV/deltaPco2, and deltaVt/deltaPco2, were not significant, but the correlation coefficients between age and several of the derivatives of deltaV/deltaPco2 and deltaVt/deltaPco2 were significant.", "PMID": 1133165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12210", "title": "Defective alpha-polymerization in the conversion of fibrinogen Baltimore to fibrin.", "content": "The subunit structure of fibrinogen Baltimore and fibrin formed from this inherited dysfibrinogenemia was analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate. The molecular weights of the alpha-, b- and gamma-chains of fibrinogen Baltimore were found to be identical to those of normal fibrinogen. Noncross-linked fibrin formed from both purified fibrinogen Baltimore as well as normal fibrinogen contained two alpha-monomers (alpha1 and alpha2). alpha2 was presumed to be alpha-monomer from which fibrinopeptide A had been released. The evolution of alpha2 during clotting of fibrinogen Baltimore was delayed and appeared to be quantitatively reduced when compared to normal. Crosslinked fibrin formed from fibrinogen Baltimore possessed an abnormal subunit structure. alpha-polymers were not generated in thrombin-induced, factor XIII-rich clots of fibrinogen Baltimore under conditions of pH and calcium concentration suitable for complete alpha-polymerization in normal fibrin. If clotting was carried out with calcium concentrations twice that required for normal clots or at pH 6.4, fibrin from fibrinogen Baltimore was completely cross-linked. These structural analyses of fibrin formed from fibrinogen Baltimore substantiate earlier findings that indicate a defect in the alpha-chain of this dysfibrinogenemia.", "contents": "Defective alpha-polymerization in the conversion of fibrinogen Baltimore to fibrin. The subunit structure of fibrinogen Baltimore and fibrin formed from this inherited dysfibrinogenemia was analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate. The molecular weights of the alpha-, b- and gamma-chains of fibrinogen Baltimore were found to be identical to those of normal fibrinogen. Noncross-linked fibrin formed from both purified fibrinogen Baltimore as well as normal fibrinogen contained two alpha-monomers (alpha1 and alpha2). alpha2 was presumed to be alpha-monomer from which fibrinopeptide A had been released. The evolution of alpha2 during clotting of fibrinogen Baltimore was delayed and appeared to be quantitatively reduced when compared to normal. Crosslinked fibrin formed from fibrinogen Baltimore possessed an abnormal subunit structure. alpha-polymers were not generated in thrombin-induced, factor XIII-rich clots of fibrinogen Baltimore under conditions of pH and calcium concentration suitable for complete alpha-polymerization in normal fibrin. If clotting was carried out with calcium concentrations twice that required for normal clots or at pH 6.4, fibrin from fibrinogen Baltimore was completely cross-linked. These structural analyses of fibrin formed from fibrinogen Baltimore substantiate earlier findings that indicate a defect in the alpha-chain of this dysfibrinogenemia.", "PMID": 1133167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12211", "title": "Effects of a molecular change in collagen on lung structure and mechanical function.", "content": "Semicarbazide, a lathyrogen, was given to growing rats to elucidate the consequences of altering the molecular structure of fibrous proteins within the lung. Static pressure-volume (P-V) measurements during deflation of saline-filled lungs showed normal recoil pressure and compliance values within the physiological range of lung volume. Quasi-static P-V measurements were also normal during slow reinflation, even beyond physiological limits to a recoil pressure of 20 cm H20. However, the lungs of experimental rats ruptured at much lower recoil pressures than controls. Histology was normal in lungs fixed at 20 cm H20. In contrast, lungs showed dilation of terminal air spaces, rupture of alveolar walls, and an increase in mean linear intercept in experimental compared with control specimens, when fixed at 30 cm H20. Biochemical analyses revealed reduced cross-linking of lung collagen without change in its total content. There were no detectable changes in the quantity or quality of lung elastin. It is concluded that semicarbazide may selectively impair the maturation of lung collagen and that immaturity of lung collagen is associated with a reduction in the tensile strength of lung tissue, without changes in elasticity within physiological volume limits.", "contents": "Effects of a molecular change in collagen on lung structure and mechanical function. Semicarbazide, a lathyrogen, was given to growing rats to elucidate the consequences of altering the molecular structure of fibrous proteins within the lung. Static pressure-volume (P-V) measurements during deflation of saline-filled lungs showed normal recoil pressure and compliance values within the physiological range of lung volume. Quasi-static P-V measurements were also normal during slow reinflation, even beyond physiological limits to a recoil pressure of 20 cm H20. However, the lungs of experimental rats ruptured at much lower recoil pressures than controls. Histology was normal in lungs fixed at 20 cm H20. In contrast, lungs showed dilation of terminal air spaces, rupture of alveolar walls, and an increase in mean linear intercept in experimental compared with control specimens, when fixed at 30 cm H20. Biochemical analyses revealed reduced cross-linking of lung collagen without change in its total content. There were no detectable changes in the quantity or quality of lung elastin. It is concluded that semicarbazide may selectively impair the maturation of lung collagen and that immaturity of lung collagen is associated with a reduction in the tensile strength of lung tissue, without changes in elasticity within physiological volume limits.", "PMID": 1133168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12212", "title": "Hormonal control of ketogenesis. Rapid activation of hepatic ketogenic capacity in fed rats by anti-insulin serum and glucagon.", "content": "The enhanced capacity for long-chain fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis that develops in the rat liver between 6 and 9 h after the onset of starvation was shown to be inducible much more rapidly by administration of anti-insulin serum or glucagon to fed rats. After only 1 h of treatment with either agent, the liver had clearly switched from a \"nonketogenic\" to a \"ketogenic\" profile, as determined by rates of acetoacetate and b-hydroxybutyrate production on perfusion with oleic acid. As was the case after starvation, the administration of insulin antibodies or glucagon resulted in depletion of hepatic glycogen stores and a proportional increase in the ability of the liver to oxidize long-chain fatty acids and (-)-octanoylcarnitine, suggesting that all three treatment schedules activated the carnitine acyltransferase system of enzymes. In contrast to anti-insulin serum, which produced marked elevations in plasma glucose, free fatty acid, and ketone body concentrations, glucagon treatment had little effect on any of these parameters, presumably due to enhanced insulin secretion after the initial stimulation of glycogenolysis. Thus, after treatment with glucagon alone, it was possible to obtain a \"ketogenic\" liver from a nonketotic animal. The results are consistent with the possibility that the activity of carnitine acyltransferase, and thus ketogenic capacity, is subject to bihormonal control through the relative blood concentrations of insulin and glucagon, as also appears to be the case with hepatic carbohydrate metabolism.", "contents": "Hormonal control of ketogenesis. Rapid activation of hepatic ketogenic capacity in fed rats by anti-insulin serum and glucagon. The enhanced capacity for long-chain fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis that develops in the rat liver between 6 and 9 h after the onset of starvation was shown to be inducible much more rapidly by administration of anti-insulin serum or glucagon to fed rats. After only 1 h of treatment with either agent, the liver had clearly switched from a \"nonketogenic\" to a \"ketogenic\" profile, as determined by rates of acetoacetate and b-hydroxybutyrate production on perfusion with oleic acid. As was the case after starvation, the administration of insulin antibodies or glucagon resulted in depletion of hepatic glycogen stores and a proportional increase in the ability of the liver to oxidize long-chain fatty acids and (-)-octanoylcarnitine, suggesting that all three treatment schedules activated the carnitine acyltransferase system of enzymes. In contrast to anti-insulin serum, which produced marked elevations in plasma glucose, free fatty acid, and ketone body concentrations, glucagon treatment had little effect on any of these parameters, presumably due to enhanced insulin secretion after the initial stimulation of glycogenolysis. Thus, after treatment with glucagon alone, it was possible to obtain a \"ketogenic\" liver from a nonketotic animal. The results are consistent with the possibility that the activity of carnitine acyltransferase, and thus ketogenic capacity, is subject to bihormonal control through the relative blood concentrations of insulin and glucagon, as also appears to be the case with hepatic carbohydrate metabolism.", "PMID": 1133169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12213", "title": "Behavior of eosinophil leukocytes in acute inflammation. I. Lack of dependence on adrenal function.", "content": "Acute infection is accompanied by a characteristic reduction in circulating eosinophils. This study examined the generally held assumption that the eosinopenia of infection is a manifestation of adrenal stimulation. Trichinosis, Escherichia coli pyelonephritis, and early subcutaneous pneumococcal abscess were used as experimental infections of limited severity. Trichinosis is associated with eosinophilia, but pyelonephritis and pneumococcal infection produce eosinopenia. An assay for serum corticosterone was developed that is sufficiently sensitive to be performed with the small volumes of blood obtained sequentially from individual mice. The corticosterone response to trichinosis fits the sterotyped reaction previously reported for several other bacterial, viral, and rickettsial infections. The peak concentrations of corticosterone in serum from mice with trichinosis was approximately twice normal and occurred at the onset of clinical illness. Serum corticosterone levels gradually declined to the normal range over the next several days. E. coli pyelonephritis produced a similar adrenal response, although the peak serum corticosterone caused by pyelonephritis was less than the serum corticosterone occurring during the first peak of eosinophilia during trichinosis. Infection of a subcutaneous air pouch with penumococci produced eosinopenia within 6 h after inoculation, but there was no rise in serum corticosterone during the first 12 h of the pneumococcal infection. In addition, the eosinopenic response produced by a 12-hpneumococcal abscess occurred mice adrenalectomized 1-4 days before infection with pneumococci. The eosinopenia of acute infection cannot be ascribed to adrenal stimulation.", "contents": "Behavior of eosinophil leukocytes in acute inflammation. I. Lack of dependence on adrenal function. Acute infection is accompanied by a characteristic reduction in circulating eosinophils. This study examined the generally held assumption that the eosinopenia of infection is a manifestation of adrenal stimulation. Trichinosis, Escherichia coli pyelonephritis, and early subcutaneous pneumococcal abscess were used as experimental infections of limited severity. Trichinosis is associated with eosinophilia, but pyelonephritis and pneumococcal infection produce eosinopenia. An assay for serum corticosterone was developed that is sufficiently sensitive to be performed with the small volumes of blood obtained sequentially from individual mice. The corticosterone response to trichinosis fits the sterotyped reaction previously reported for several other bacterial, viral, and rickettsial infections. The peak concentrations of corticosterone in serum from mice with trichinosis was approximately twice normal and occurred at the onset of clinical illness. Serum corticosterone levels gradually declined to the normal range over the next several days. E. coli pyelonephritis produced a similar adrenal response, although the peak serum corticosterone caused by pyelonephritis was less than the serum corticosterone occurring during the first peak of eosinophilia during trichinosis. Infection of a subcutaneous air pouch with penumococci produced eosinopenia within 6 h after inoculation, but there was no rise in serum corticosterone during the first 12 h of the pneumococcal infection. In addition, the eosinopenic response produced by a 12-hpneumococcal abscess occurred mice adrenalectomized 1-4 days before infection with pneumococci. The eosinopenia of acute infection cannot be ascribed to adrenal stimulation.", "PMID": 1133170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12214", "title": "Lymphocytotoxic antibodies in family members of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "57% of sera from 124 relatives of 28 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) were found to have antibody directed against lymphocytes. The incidence in 60 members of 16 control families was 3%. Both consanguineous and nonconsanguineous relatives had the antibody in their sera. 68% of close household contacts of the SLE patients showed lymphocytotoxic antibody whereas only 23% of consanguineous relatives who had no household contact with the probands had this antibody. These data suggest that environmental factors may be important in the pathogenesis of SLE.", "contents": "Lymphocytotoxic antibodies in family members of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. 57% of sera from 124 relatives of 28 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) were found to have antibody directed against lymphocytes. The incidence in 60 members of 16 control families was 3%. Both consanguineous and nonconsanguineous relatives had the antibody in their sera. 68% of close household contacts of the SLE patients showed lymphocytotoxic antibody whereas only 23% of consanguineous relatives who had no household contact with the probands had this antibody. These data suggest that environmental factors may be important in the pathogenesis of SLE.", "PMID": 1133171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12215", "title": "Characteristics of salt and water transport in superficial and juxtamedullary straight segments of proximal tubules.", "content": "The purpose of the present studies was to characterize the nature of salt and water transport out of the superficial (SF) and juxtamedullary (JM) straight segments of rabbit proximal tubules as examined by in vitro microperfusion techniques. When the perfusate consisted of a solution simulating ultrafiltrate of plasma, there were no differences between SF and JM straight tubules in either net reabsorption of fluid (SF=0.47 nl/mm per min; JM=0.56 nl/mm per min) or in transtubular potential difference (PD) (SF=-2.1 mV; JM=-1.8 mV). Removal of glucose and alanine from the perfusate had no effect on the magnitude of the PD in either straight segment. Ouabain decreased both the net reabsorptive rates and the PD. Isosmolal replacement of NaCL by Na-cyclamate (a presumed impermeant anion) in the perfusate and the bath caused an increase in luminal negativity in both segments wheras similar substitution of NaCL by choline-CL (nontransported cation) changed the PD TO NEAR ZERO. These studies, therefore, suggest that sodium is transported out of the proximal straight tubules by an active noncoupled process that generates a PD (electrogenic process). When the perfusate consisted of a solution with a high chloride concentration (resulting from greater HCO3 than CI reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubule), different PDs in SF and JM tubules were generated: SF=+1.6 plus or minus 0.2 mV; JM=-1.3 plus or minus 0.3 mV. This difference in PD was attributed to relative differences in Na and CI permeabilities in these two segments. Electrophysiological and isotopic estimates of the chloride to sodium permeability revealed that the SF tubule is about twice as permeant to chloride than to sodium whereas the JM tubules are approximately twice as permeant to sodium than to chloride. It is concluded that the mechanism of active sodium transport in the straight segment of proximal tubule differs from that of the convoluted segment and that both the SF and JM straight segments differ from each other with respect os sodium and chloride permeability.", "contents": "Characteristics of salt and water transport in superficial and juxtamedullary straight segments of proximal tubules. The purpose of the present studies was to characterize the nature of salt and water transport out of the superficial (SF) and juxtamedullary (JM) straight segments of rabbit proximal tubules as examined by in vitro microperfusion techniques. When the perfusate consisted of a solution simulating ultrafiltrate of plasma, there were no differences between SF and JM straight tubules in either net reabsorption of fluid (SF=0.47 nl/mm per min; JM=0.56 nl/mm per min) or in transtubular potential difference (PD) (SF=-2.1 mV; JM=-1.8 mV). Removal of glucose and alanine from the perfusate had no effect on the magnitude of the PD in either straight segment. Ouabain decreased both the net reabsorptive rates and the PD. Isosmolal replacement of NaCL by Na-cyclamate (a presumed impermeant anion) in the perfusate and the bath caused an increase in luminal negativity in both segments wheras similar substitution of NaCL by choline-CL (nontransported cation) changed the PD TO NEAR ZERO. These studies, therefore, suggest that sodium is transported out of the proximal straight tubules by an active noncoupled process that generates a PD (electrogenic process). When the perfusate consisted of a solution with a high chloride concentration (resulting from greater HCO3 than CI reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubule), different PDs in SF and JM tubules were generated: SF=+1.6 plus or minus 0.2 mV; JM=-1.3 plus or minus 0.3 mV. This difference in PD was attributed to relative differences in Na and CI permeabilities in these two segments. Electrophysiological and isotopic estimates of the chloride to sodium permeability revealed that the SF tubule is about twice as permeant to chloride than to sodium whereas the JM tubules are approximately twice as permeant to sodium than to chloride. It is concluded that the mechanism of active sodium transport in the straight segment of proximal tubule differs from that of the convoluted segment and that both the SF and JM straight segments differ from each other with respect os sodium and chloride permeability.", "PMID": 1133172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12216", "title": "Proinsulin, insulin, and C-peptide concentrations in human portal and peripheral blood.", "content": "Concentrations of insulin, proinsulin, and C-peptide were measured in portal and peripheral venous blood in six nondiabetic, nonobese subjects. Portal vein samples were obtained by umbilical vein catheterization. Three subjects were studied with intravenous infusion of 25 g glucose, and three with 30 g arginine. Insulin and proinsulin were determined in the insulin immunoassay after separation by gel filtration, and C-peptide was measured by direct immunoassay. With both glucose and arginine stimulation, portal vein levels of all three peptides peaked at 90-120 s after the onset of the stimulus. Relative increases in insulin concentration were greater than those of proinsulin or C-peptide. In peripheral venous blood, maximal levels of the three peptides were observed later (2-5 min), and the increase in insulin relative toproinsulin and C-peptide was not as great. At the time of peak secretion, portal vein insulin and C-peptide approached equimolar concentrations, and proinsulin, as measured against an insulin standard, comprised approximately 2.5% of the total immunoreactive insulin. After stimulation by glucose or arginine, portal insulin, proinsulin and C-peptide levels were not correlated with the concentrations measured in simultaneously drawn peripheral samples. At all sampling times, however, significant correlation was found between insulin and C-peptide in both peripheral and portal blood. The results indicate that under the conditions studied, insulin and C-peptide are secreted in equimolar concentrations in man, and that proinsulin is secreted in the same proportion to insulin as found in the pancreas. Consideration of the relative secretory and metabolic rates of the three beta cell peptides explains their peripheral concentrations. The data further support the use of plasma C-peptide as an indicator of beta cell secretory function.", "contents": "Proinsulin, insulin, and C-peptide concentrations in human portal and peripheral blood. Concentrations of insulin, proinsulin, and C-peptide were measured in portal and peripheral venous blood in six nondiabetic, nonobese subjects. Portal vein samples were obtained by umbilical vein catheterization. Three subjects were studied with intravenous infusion of 25 g glucose, and three with 30 g arginine. Insulin and proinsulin were determined in the insulin immunoassay after separation by gel filtration, and C-peptide was measured by direct immunoassay. With both glucose and arginine stimulation, portal vein levels of all three peptides peaked at 90-120 s after the onset of the stimulus. Relative increases in insulin concentration were greater than those of proinsulin or C-peptide. In peripheral venous blood, maximal levels of the three peptides were observed later (2-5 min), and the increase in insulin relative toproinsulin and C-peptide was not as great. At the time of peak secretion, portal vein insulin and C-peptide approached equimolar concentrations, and proinsulin, as measured against an insulin standard, comprised approximately 2.5% of the total immunoreactive insulin. After stimulation by glucose or arginine, portal insulin, proinsulin and C-peptide levels were not correlated with the concentrations measured in simultaneously drawn peripheral samples. At all sampling times, however, significant correlation was found between insulin and C-peptide in both peripheral and portal blood. The results indicate that under the conditions studied, insulin and C-peptide are secreted in equimolar concentrations in man, and that proinsulin is secreted in the same proportion to insulin as found in the pancreas. Consideration of the relative secretory and metabolic rates of the three beta cell peptides explains their peripheral concentrations. The data further support the use of plasma C-peptide as an indicator of beta cell secretory function.", "PMID": 1133173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12217", "title": "A functional comparison of the cortical collecting tubule and the distal convoluted tubule.", "content": "Electrical and permeability features of the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) and the cortical collecting tubule (CCT) were examined using the technique in which isolated segments of rabbit tubules were perfused in vitro. When rabbits were given a regular diet and tubules were perfused and bathed in artificial solutions simulating plasma ultrafiltrate, the potential difference (PD) was +3.7 plus or minus 1.9 mV in the CCT and -40.4 plus or minus 2.8 mV in the DCT. When rabbits were given a low sodium, high potassium diet plus i.m. deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) (1 mg/kg per day), the PD in both the CCT (-30.8 plus or minus 3.9 mV) and the DCT (-33.8 plus or minus 5.5 mV) was negative. The PD in the CCT was quantitatively similar to that of diet plus DOCA when animals were given DOCA alone. The PD in both segments was inhibited by ouabain (10-minus 5 M) in the bath or by amiloride (10-minus 5 M) in the perfusate. Addition of vasopressin (200 muU/ml) to the bath caused a gradual decline of PD to zero in the CCT but failed to produce a potential response in the DCT. Osmotic water permeability was essentially zero in both segments in the absence of vasopressin. After addition of the vasopressin to the bath, osmotic water permeability in the DCT remained zero but increased to 71.9 plus or minus 25.5 X 10-minus 7 cm/s per atm in the CCT. We conclude that both segments are similar in that each possesses an electrogenic transport process but that these segments differ in that: (a) the CCT requires either exogenous or endogenous mineralocorticoid to maintain a maximal negative PD, whereas the PD in the DCT appears to be independent of mineralocorticoid effect; and (b) the CCT responds to vasopressin with a marked rise in water permeability, whereas the DCT is impermeable to water before and after addition of vasopressin.", "contents": "A functional comparison of the cortical collecting tubule and the distal convoluted tubule. Electrical and permeability features of the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) and the cortical collecting tubule (CCT) were examined using the technique in which isolated segments of rabbit tubules were perfused in vitro. When rabbits were given a regular diet and tubules were perfused and bathed in artificial solutions simulating plasma ultrafiltrate, the potential difference (PD) was +3.7 plus or minus 1.9 mV in the CCT and -40.4 plus or minus 2.8 mV in the DCT. When rabbits were given a low sodium, high potassium diet plus i.m. deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) (1 mg/kg per day), the PD in both the CCT (-30.8 plus or minus 3.9 mV) and the DCT (-33.8 plus or minus 5.5 mV) was negative. The PD in the CCT was quantitatively similar to that of diet plus DOCA when animals were given DOCA alone. The PD in both segments was inhibited by ouabain (10-minus 5 M) in the bath or by amiloride (10-minus 5 M) in the perfusate. Addition of vasopressin (200 muU/ml) to the bath caused a gradual decline of PD to zero in the CCT but failed to produce a potential response in the DCT. Osmotic water permeability was essentially zero in both segments in the absence of vasopressin. After addition of the vasopressin to the bath, osmotic water permeability in the DCT remained zero but increased to 71.9 plus or minus 25.5 X 10-minus 7 cm/s per atm in the CCT. We conclude that both segments are similar in that each possesses an electrogenic transport process but that these segments differ in that: (a) the CCT requires either exogenous or endogenous mineralocorticoid to maintain a maximal negative PD, whereas the PD in the DCT appears to be independent of mineralocorticoid effect; and (b) the CCT responds to vasopressin with a marked rise in water permeability, whereas the DCT is impermeable to water before and after addition of vasopressin.", "PMID": 1133174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12218", "title": "The acute effect of chlorothiazide on serum-ionized calcium. Evidence for a parathyroid hormone-dependent mechanism.", "content": "The acute effects of chlorothiazide (CTZ) on total (TSCA) and ionized (SCA-plus 2) serum calcium concentrations were studied in three groups of people: (a) eight subjects with normal parathyroid function; (b) six patients with hypoparathyroidism; and (c) two patients with hyperparathyroidism. Most subjects were studied on four occasions; at least 3 days intervened between studies on an individual subject. During each experiment the subject received an i.v. influsion of 5% dextrose in water at 1 ml/min from 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. Additions to the infusions were (a) none; (b) CTZ to deliver 3.33 mg/kg/h; (c) parathyroid extract to deliver 1 U/kg/h; or (d) both CTZ and parathyroid extract at the rates previously indicated. CTZ, when used, was added to the infusion at 10 a.m., parathyroid extract at 8 a.m. When CTZ was infused, the diuretic-induced losses of Na and water were replaced by i.v. infusion. In normal subjects 2 h after the start of CTZ infusion, there was a transient increase in SCA-plus 2 which coincided in time of day with a transient decrease in SCA-plus 2 in control experiments. At that time of day SCA-plus 2 was 4.18 plus or minus 0.12 mg/100 ml in control experiments and 4.56 plus or minus 0.08 in experiments with CTZ, P smaller than 0.025. The corresponding values for (TSCA) were 9.32 plus or minus 0.15 and 9.80 plus or minus 0.30, P smaller than 0.01. Such differences were not observed in the group with hypoparathyroidism. In the two patients with hyperparathyroidism, CTZ produced sustained increases in TSCA and SCA-plus 2. In normal subjects and those with hypoparathyroidism, CTZ plus parathyroid extract infusion resulted in sustained increases in both SCA-plus 2 and TSCA throughout the periods of observation when compared to experiments in which only parathyroid extract was infused, P smaller than 0.01 in all instances. The results suggest that the acute hypercalcemic action of CTZ requires the presence of circulating parathyroid hormone.", "contents": "The acute effect of chlorothiazide on serum-ionized calcium. Evidence for a parathyroid hormone-dependent mechanism. The acute effects of chlorothiazide (CTZ) on total (TSCA) and ionized (SCA-plus 2) serum calcium concentrations were studied in three groups of people: (a) eight subjects with normal parathyroid function; (b) six patients with hypoparathyroidism; and (c) two patients with hyperparathyroidism. Most subjects were studied on four occasions; at least 3 days intervened between studies on an individual subject. During each experiment the subject received an i.v. influsion of 5% dextrose in water at 1 ml/min from 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. Additions to the infusions were (a) none; (b) CTZ to deliver 3.33 mg/kg/h; (c) parathyroid extract to deliver 1 U/kg/h; or (d) both CTZ and parathyroid extract at the rates previously indicated. CTZ, when used, was added to the infusion at 10 a.m., parathyroid extract at 8 a.m. When CTZ was infused, the diuretic-induced losses of Na and water were replaced by i.v. infusion. In normal subjects 2 h after the start of CTZ infusion, there was a transient increase in SCA-plus 2 which coincided in time of day with a transient decrease in SCA-plus 2 in control experiments. At that time of day SCA-plus 2 was 4.18 plus or minus 0.12 mg/100 ml in control experiments and 4.56 plus or minus 0.08 in experiments with CTZ, P smaller than 0.025. The corresponding values for (TSCA) were 9.32 plus or minus 0.15 and 9.80 plus or minus 0.30, P smaller than 0.01. Such differences were not observed in the group with hypoparathyroidism. In the two patients with hyperparathyroidism, CTZ produced sustained increases in TSCA and SCA-plus 2. In normal subjects and those with hypoparathyroidism, CTZ plus parathyroid extract infusion resulted in sustained increases in both SCA-plus 2 and TSCA throughout the periods of observation when compared to experiments in which only parathyroid extract was infused, P smaller than 0.01 in all instances. The results suggest that the acute hypercalcemic action of CTZ requires the presence of circulating parathyroid hormone.", "PMID": 1133175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12219", "title": "Splanchnic and leg exchange of glucose, amino acids, and free fatty acids during exercise in diabetes mellitus.", "content": "The influence of exercise on leg and splanchnic exchange of substrates was examined in eight insulin-dependent diabetics 24 h after withdrawal of insulin and in eight healthy controls studied at rest and after 40 min of bicycle ergometer exercise at 55-60% of maximal capacity. In four of the diabetic subjects, basal arterial ketone acid levels were 3-4 mmol/ liter (ketotic diabetics) and in the remainder, below 1 mmol/liter (nonketotic diabetics). ,ree fatty acid (FFA) turnover and regional exchange were evaluated with 14-C- labeled oleic acid. Leg uptake of blood glucose rose 13-18 fold during exercise in both the diabetics and controls and accounted for a similar proportion of the total oxygen uptake by leg muscles (25-28%) in the two groups. In contrast, leg uptake of FFA corresponded to 39% of leg oxygen consumption in the diabetic group but only 27% in controls. Systemic turnover of oleic acid was similar in the two groups. Splanchnic glucose output increased during exercise 3-4 fold above resting levels in both groups. In the diabetics, splanchnic uptake of lactate, pyruvate, glycerol, and glycogenic amino acids rose more than twofold above resting levels and was fourfold greater than in exercising controls. Total precursor uptake could account for 30% of the splanchnic glucose output in the diabetic group. In contrast, in the controls, total splanchnic uptake of glucose precursors was no greater during exercise than in the resting state and could account for no more than 11% of splanchnic glucose output. The augmented precursor uptake during exercise in the diabetics was a consequence of increased splanchnic fractional extraction as well as increased peripheral production of gluconeogenic substrates. The arterial glucagon concentration was unchanged by exercise in both groups, but was higher in the diabetics. In the diabetic subjects with ketosis in the resting state, exercise elicited a rise in arterial glucose and FFA, an augmented splanchnic uptake of FFA, and a 2-3 fold increase in splanchnic output of 3-hydroxybutyrate. Uptake of 3-hydroxybutyrate by the exercising leg rose more rapidly than splanchnic production, resulting in a fall in arterial levels of 3-hydroxybutyrate. It is concluded that (a) glucose uptake by exercising muscle in hyperglycemic diabetics is no different from that of controls; (b) splanchnic glucose output rises during exercise to a similar extent in diabetics and controls, while uptake of gluconeogenic substrates is markedly higher in diabetics and accounts for a greater proportion of total splanchnic glucose output; (c) exercise in diabetic patients with mild ketosis is associated with a rise in blood glucose and FFA levels as well as augmented splanchnic production and peripheral uptake of ketone bodies.", "contents": "Splanchnic and leg exchange of glucose, amino acids, and free fatty acids during exercise in diabetes mellitus. The influence of exercise on leg and splanchnic exchange of substrates was examined in eight insulin-dependent diabetics 24 h after withdrawal of insulin and in eight healthy controls studied at rest and after 40 min of bicycle ergometer exercise at 55-60% of maximal capacity. In four of the diabetic subjects, basal arterial ketone acid levels were 3-4 mmol/ liter (ketotic diabetics) and in the remainder, below 1 mmol/liter (nonketotic diabetics). ,ree fatty acid (FFA) turnover and regional exchange were evaluated with 14-C- labeled oleic acid. Leg uptake of blood glucose rose 13-18 fold during exercise in both the diabetics and controls and accounted for a similar proportion of the total oxygen uptake by leg muscles (25-28%) in the two groups. In contrast, leg uptake of FFA corresponded to 39% of leg oxygen consumption in the diabetic group but only 27% in controls. Systemic turnover of oleic acid was similar in the two groups. Splanchnic glucose output increased during exercise 3-4 fold above resting levels in both groups. In the diabetics, splanchnic uptake of lactate, pyruvate, glycerol, and glycogenic amino acids rose more than twofold above resting levels and was fourfold greater than in exercising controls. Total precursor uptake could account for 30% of the splanchnic glucose output in the diabetic group. In contrast, in the controls, total splanchnic uptake of glucose precursors was no greater during exercise than in the resting state and could account for no more than 11% of splanchnic glucose output. The augmented precursor uptake during exercise in the diabetics was a consequence of increased splanchnic fractional extraction as well as increased peripheral production of gluconeogenic substrates. The arterial glucagon concentration was unchanged by exercise in both groups, but was higher in the diabetics. In the diabetic subjects with ketosis in the resting state, exercise elicited a rise in arterial glucose and FFA, an augmented splanchnic uptake of FFA, and a 2-3 fold increase in splanchnic output of 3-hydroxybutyrate. Uptake of 3-hydroxybutyrate by the exercising leg rose more rapidly than splanchnic production, resulting in a fall in arterial levels of 3-hydroxybutyrate. It is concluded that (a) glucose uptake by exercising muscle in hyperglycemic diabetics is no different from that of controls; (b) splanchnic glucose output rises during exercise to a similar extent in diabetics and controls, while uptake of gluconeogenic substrates is markedly higher in diabetics and accounts for a greater proportion of total splanchnic glucose output; (c) exercise in diabetic patients with mild ketosis is associated with a rise in blood glucose and FFA levels as well as augmented splanchnic production and peripheral uptake of ketone bodies.", "PMID": 1133176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12220", "title": "Control of proximal tubule fluid reabsorption in experimental glomerulonephritis.", "content": "We have recently shown that in the early autologous phase of nephrotoxic serum nephritis (NSN) single nephron glomerular filtration rate is unchanged from values in normal hydropenic control rats, but that single nephron filtration fraction and efferent arteriolar oncotic pressure (piE) are reduced because of a marked reduction in the glomerular capillary ultrafiltration coefficient. The present study was undertaken to examine the influence of this decline in piE as well as the other known determinants of peritubular capillary fluid exchange on absolute proximal fluid reabsorption (APR) in NSN. The findings indicate that APR and proximal fractional reabsorption are reduced significantly in NSN, relative to values in a separate group of age and weight-matched normal hydropenic control rats studied concurrently. In addition to the measured decline in piE, efferent arteriolar plasma flow (Qe) and peritubular capillary hydraulic pressure (Pc) were found to increase significantly, while interstitial oncotic pressure, estimated from hilar lymph, was not significantly different from values in control rats. Using a mathematical model of peritubular capillary fluid uptake we found that, assuming that the capillary permeability-surface area product and interstitial hydraulic pressure are unchanged in NSN, the observed changes in piE and Pc are sufficient to offset the effect of the increase in QE, yielding a calculated reduction in APR of approximately 4 nl/min, in excellent agreement with the observed mean decline of 4.1 nl/min. These findings suggest that control of APR in NSN is mediated by the same factors that regulate APR under normal physiological conditions, namely, the imbalance of forces governing peritubular capillary uptake of isotonic reabsorbate.", "contents": "Control of proximal tubule fluid reabsorption in experimental glomerulonephritis. We have recently shown that in the early autologous phase of nephrotoxic serum nephritis (NSN) single nephron glomerular filtration rate is unchanged from values in normal hydropenic control rats, but that single nephron filtration fraction and efferent arteriolar oncotic pressure (piE) are reduced because of a marked reduction in the glomerular capillary ultrafiltration coefficient. The present study was undertaken to examine the influence of this decline in piE as well as the other known determinants of peritubular capillary fluid exchange on absolute proximal fluid reabsorption (APR) in NSN. The findings indicate that APR and proximal fractional reabsorption are reduced significantly in NSN, relative to values in a separate group of age and weight-matched normal hydropenic control rats studied concurrently. In addition to the measured decline in piE, efferent arteriolar plasma flow (Qe) and peritubular capillary hydraulic pressure (Pc) were found to increase significantly, while interstitial oncotic pressure, estimated from hilar lymph, was not significantly different from values in control rats. Using a mathematical model of peritubular capillary fluid uptake we found that, assuming that the capillary permeability-surface area product and interstitial hydraulic pressure are unchanged in NSN, the observed changes in piE and Pc are sufficient to offset the effect of the increase in QE, yielding a calculated reduction in APR of approximately 4 nl/min, in excellent agreement with the observed mean decline of 4.1 nl/min. These findings suggest that control of APR in NSN is mediated by the same factors that regulate APR under normal physiological conditions, namely, the imbalance of forces governing peritubular capillary uptake of isotonic reabsorbate.", "PMID": 1133177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12221", "title": "Estimation of thyroxine and triiodothyronine distribution and of the conversion rate of thyroxine to triiodothyronine in man.", "content": "Studies on peripheral metabolism of simultaneously administered 125-I-labeled L-thyroxine ([125-I]T4) and 131-I labeled L-trilodothyronine ([131-I]T3) were performed in five normal subjects, in four patients with untreated hypothyroidism, and in 3 hypothyroid patients made euthyroid by the administration of T4.  The fractional turnover rate (lambda 03) of thyroid  hormones irreversibly leaving the site of degradation and the volumes of pool 1 (serum V1) of pool (interstitial fluid, V2), and of pool 3 (all tissues, V3)were obtained by using a three-compartment analysis.  In addition to the turnover studies, the ratios for the in vivo T4 to T3 conversion were determined by paper chromatographic study in sera obtained 4, 7, and 10 daysafter the injection.  The rate (K12) of the extrathyroidal conversion of T4 to T3 was also estimated by the compartment analysis.  The T3 distribution volume (V3) of pool 3, in which T3 is utilized and degraded, was about 60% of totaldistribution volume (V=V1+V2+V3) in normal subjects, whereas only about 25% of the extrathyroidal T4 pool was in the intracellular compartment, indicating that T3 is predominantly an  intracellular hormone..", "contents": "Estimation of thyroxine and triiodothyronine distribution and of the conversion rate of thyroxine to triiodothyronine in man. Studies on peripheral metabolism of simultaneously administered 125-I-labeled L-thyroxine ([125-I]T4) and 131-I labeled L-trilodothyronine ([131-I]T3) were performed in five normal subjects, in four patients with untreated hypothyroidism, and in 3 hypothyroid patients made euthyroid by the administration of T4.  The fractional turnover rate (lambda 03) of thyroid  hormones irreversibly leaving the site of degradation and the volumes of pool 1 (serum V1) of pool (interstitial fluid, V2), and of pool 3 (all tissues, V3)were obtained by using a three-compartment analysis.  In addition to the turnover studies, the ratios for the in vivo T4 to T3 conversion were determined by paper chromatographic study in sera obtained 4, 7, and 10 daysafter the injection.  The rate (K12) of the extrathyroidal conversion of T4 to T3 was also estimated by the compartment analysis.  The T3 distribution volume (V3) of pool 3, in which T3 is utilized and degraded, was about 60% of totaldistribution volume (V=V1+V2+V3) in normal subjects, whereas only about 25% of the extrathyroidal T4 pool was in the intracellular compartment, indicating that T3 is predominantly an  intracellular hormone..", "PMID": 1133178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12222", "title": "Effect of ketone infusions on amino acid and nitrogen metabolism in man.", "content": "To evaluate the role of hyperketonemia in the hypoalaninemia and decreased protein catabolism of prolonged starvation, Na dl-beta-hydroxybutyrate was administered as a primed continuous 3-6-h infusion in nonobese subjects and  in obese subjects in the postabsorptive state and after 3 days and 3-5 1/2 wk of starvation. An additional obese group received 12-h ketone infusions on 2 consecutive days after 5-10 wk of fasting. The ketone infusion in nonobese and obese subjects studied in the postabsorptive state resulted in total blood ketone acid levels of 1.1-1.2 mM, a 5-15 mg/100 ml decrease in plasma glucose, and unchanged levels of insulin, glucagon, lactate, and pyruvate. Plasma alanine fell by 21% (P smaller than 0.001) in 3 h. In contrast, other amino acids were stable or varied by less than 10%. Infusions lasting 6 h reduced plasma alanine by 37%, reaching levels comparable to those observed in prolonged starvation. Equimolar infusions of NaC1 and/or administration of NaHCO3 failed to alter plasma alanine levels. During prolonged fasting, plasma alanine, which had fallen by 40% below prefast levels, fell an additional 30% in response to the ketone infusion. In association with repeated prolonged (12 h) infusions in subjects fasted 5-10 wk, urinary nitrogen excretion fell by 30%, returning to base line after cessation of theinfusions and paralleling the changes in plasma alanine. Ketone infusins resulted in two- to fourfold greater increments in blood ketone acids in fasted as compared to postabsorptive subjects. It is concluded that increased blood ketone acid levels induced by infusions of Na DL-beta-hydroxybutyrate result in hypoalaninemia and in nitrogen conservation in starvation. These data suggest that hyperketonemia may be a contributory factor in the decreased availability or circulating alanine and reduction in protein catabolism characteristic of prolonged fastings9", "contents": "Effect of ketone infusions on amino acid and nitrogen metabolism in man. To evaluate the role of hyperketonemia in the hypoalaninemia and decreased protein catabolism of prolonged starvation, Na dl-beta-hydroxybutyrate was administered as a primed continuous 3-6-h infusion in nonobese subjects and  in obese subjects in the postabsorptive state and after 3 days and 3-5 1/2 wk of starvation. An additional obese group received 12-h ketone infusions on 2 consecutive days after 5-10 wk of fasting. The ketone infusion in nonobese and obese subjects studied in the postabsorptive state resulted in total blood ketone acid levels of 1.1-1.2 mM, a 5-15 mg/100 ml decrease in plasma glucose, and unchanged levels of insulin, glucagon, lactate, and pyruvate. Plasma alanine fell by 21% (P smaller than 0.001) in 3 h. In contrast, other amino acids were stable or varied by less than 10%. Infusions lasting 6 h reduced plasma alanine by 37%, reaching levels comparable to those observed in prolonged starvation. Equimolar infusions of NaC1 and/or administration of NaHCO3 failed to alter plasma alanine levels. During prolonged fasting, plasma alanine, which had fallen by 40% below prefast levels, fell an additional 30% in response to the ketone infusion. In association with repeated prolonged (12 h) infusions in subjects fasted 5-10 wk, urinary nitrogen excretion fell by 30%, returning to base line after cessation of theinfusions and paralleling the changes in plasma alanine. Ketone infusins resulted in two- to fourfold greater increments in blood ketone acids in fasted as compared to postabsorptive subjects. It is concluded that increased blood ketone acid levels induced by infusions of Na DL-beta-hydroxybutyrate result in hypoalaninemia and in nitrogen conservation in starvation. These data suggest that hyperketonemia may be a contributory factor in the decreased availability or circulating alanine and reduction in protein catabolism characteristic of prolonged fastings9", "PMID": 1133179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12223", "title": "Chloramphenicol-containing drugs. A report from Spain.", "content": "The composition of 185 Spanish compounds containing chloramphenicol, along with the information supplied in ther package inserts, were studied. Only 11 of these compounds contained chloramphenicol alone, this antibiotic being associated with other chemotherapeutic agents and/or other drugs in the remainder. Indications listed in the leaflet largely went beyond the limits of the medically established uses of chloramphenicol, and information concerning side effects, contraindications, or precautions was scanty and in some instances even confusing. A change in the availability of drug combinations containing chloramphenicol and an improvement of the information accompanying them is urged.", "contents": "Chloramphenicol-containing drugs. A report from Spain. The composition of 185 Spanish compounds containing chloramphenicol, along with the information supplied in ther package inserts, were studied. Only 11 of these compounds contained chloramphenicol alone, this antibiotic being associated with other chemotherapeutic agents and/or other drugs in the remainder. Indications listed in the leaflet largely went beyond the limits of the medically established uses of chloramphenicol, and information concerning side effects, contraindications, or precautions was scanty and in some instances even confusing. A change in the availability of drug combinations containing chloramphenicol and an improvement of the information accompanying them is urged.", "PMID": 1133217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12224", "title": "Neural intersegmental connection in the spinal root and ganglion region of the rat.", "content": "A study has been made of the macroscopic, microscopic and electron-microscopical appearance of intersegmental neural connections in the rat. Macroscopically, spinal roots and ganglia of adjacent segments were frequently observed to be linked by discrete, slender strands, mainly in the lumbosacral region where the roots are long. When examined under the light microscope, even the smallest was found to contain as many as 72 myelinated fibres with a range of diameters between 1.5-14 mu-m. The were commonly accompanied by blood vessels. Connections, when present, contributed to as much as 6-28% of the total number of myelinated axons in dorsal roots. Under the electron microscope, links between dorsal roots, or between dorsal roots and adjacent ganglia, contained unmyelinated fibres comparable in numbers to those found in the dorsal roots themselves. In links between ventral roots and ganglia the numbers of unmyelinated fibres proportionally exceeded those found in ventral roots. The presence of these connections may account for the reported finding of undamaged nerve fibres in the dorsal roots after dorsal root sectioning or ganglionectomy and in the ventral roots after ventral root sectioning.", "contents": "Neural intersegmental connection in the spinal root and ganglion region of the rat. A study has been made of the macroscopic, microscopic and electron-microscopical appearance of intersegmental neural connections in the rat. Macroscopically, spinal roots and ganglia of adjacent segments were frequently observed to be linked by discrete, slender strands, mainly in the lumbosacral region where the roots are long. When examined under the light microscope, even the smallest was found to contain as many as 72 myelinated fibres with a range of diameters between 1.5-14 mu-m. The were commonly accompanied by blood vessels. Connections, when present, contributed to as much as 6-28% of the total number of myelinated axons in dorsal roots. Under the electron microscope, links between dorsal roots, or between dorsal roots and adjacent ganglia, contained unmyelinated fibres comparable in numbers to those found in the dorsal roots themselves. In links between ventral roots and ganglia the numbers of unmyelinated fibres proportionally exceeded those found in ventral roots. The presence of these connections may account for the reported finding of undamaged nerve fibres in the dorsal roots after dorsal root sectioning or ganglionectomy and in the ventral roots after ventral root sectioning.", "PMID": 1133223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12225", "title": "Effect of diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid and procaine on hemorrhage induced by rattlesnake venom.", "content": "Nineteen compounds and seven combinations of compounds were tested for their ability to neutralize the hemorrhagic activity of Crotalus atrox venom in vitro and in vivo. Two compounds and four combinations were effective in reducing hemorrhage in an in vivo test in which the venom was injected before injection of compounds. DTPA plus procaine HCl was the most effective combination and reduced hemorrhage when injected 1, 5, or 15 minutes after injection of venom. DTPA-procaine reduced hemorrhage induced by injection of C. atrox venom into dogs as well as mice. DTPA in combination with procaine did not reduce myonecrosis or lethality resulting from injection of venom into mice, but it could be used in conjunction with antivenin to treat local tissue damage resulting from rattlesnake venom poisoning.", "contents": "Effect of diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid and procaine on hemorrhage induced by rattlesnake venom. Nineteen compounds and seven combinations of compounds were tested for their ability to neutralize the hemorrhagic activity of Crotalus atrox venom in vitro and in vivo. Two compounds and four combinations were effective in reducing hemorrhage in an in vivo test in which the venom was injected before injection of compounds. DTPA plus procaine HCl was the most effective combination and reduced hemorrhage when injected 1, 5, or 15 minutes after injection of venom. DTPA-procaine reduced hemorrhage induced by injection of C. atrox venom into dogs as well as mice. DTPA in combination with procaine did not reduce myonecrosis or lethality resulting from injection of venom into mice, but it could be used in conjunction with antivenin to treat local tissue damage resulting from rattlesnake venom poisoning.", "PMID": 1133218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12226", "title": "The distribution of the olfactory tracts in the bullhead catfish, Ictalurus nebulosus.", "content": "Using degeneration staining methods, central projections of the olfactory tracts in the bullhead catfish, Ictalurus nebulosus were studied. Seporate lesions were made of the lateral and medial olfactory tracts in an attempt to separate their zones of projection. Three major terminal fields were found: lateral, medial and central-posterior complex. Two additional minor projections were seen: interbulbar and hypothalamic. The lateral division of the olfactory tract terminates in lateral, central and hypothalamic terminal fields. The medial tract projects to lateral, meedial, posterior and hypothalamic fields. All terminal fields were found bilaterally; the lateral tract partly crossing in both the anterior commissure. A small intellbulbar commissure was also found to contain medial tract fibers. Evidence is given to show that the anterior olfactory nucleus, if present in catfish, may be located within the olfactory bulb itself. Similarities between mammalian and teleost olfactory systems are also discussed.", "contents": "The distribution of the olfactory tracts in the bullhead catfish, Ictalurus nebulosus. Using degeneration staining methods, central projections of the olfactory tracts in the bullhead catfish, Ictalurus nebulosus were studied. Seporate lesions were made of the lateral and medial olfactory tracts in an attempt to separate their zones of projection. Three major terminal fields were found: lateral, medial and central-posterior complex. Two additional minor projections were seen: interbulbar and hypothalamic. The lateral division of the olfactory tract terminates in lateral, central and hypothalamic terminal fields. The medial tract projects to lateral, meedial, posterior and hypothalamic fields. All terminal fields were found bilaterally; the lateral tract partly crossing in both the anterior commissure. A small intellbulbar commissure was also found to contain medial tract fibers. Evidence is given to show that the anterior olfactory nucleus, if present in catfish, may be located within the olfactory bulb itself. Similarities between mammalian and teleost olfactory systems are also discussed.", "PMID": 1133224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12227", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of creatinine in man and its implications in the monitoring of renal function and in dosage regimen modifications in patients with renal insufficiency.", "content": "A single-compartment model is proposed to describe the pharmacokinetics of creatinine in man. Based on the information from the literature, it was estimated that the average biological half-life of creatinine in normal male adults between 20 to 39 years old is 3.85 hours. This half-life is prolonged in renal patients and becomes 77 hours when renal function decreases to 5 per cent of normal. Based on pharmacokinetic analysis, it was also shown that the time required to reach a new steady-state serum creatinine level after onset of renal failure is highly dependent upon the degree of renal insufficiency. For example, for the subjects analyzed in this paper, it was estimated that it will take 1.1, 2.5, 6.7, and 13.4 days to reach 95 per cent of the steady-state levels when the renal function drops to 50, 25, 10, and 5 per cent of the normal capacity. The model analysis also predicts that from a practical point of view the daily fluctuation in serum level in patients with better than 25 per cent of normal renal function is not very significant. On the other hand, the fluctuation in the early stage of severe renal failure is predicted to be very dramatic. The analysis also predicts that the serum level will decrease to a normal or near normal value within two days after improvement of renal function from moderately to severely impaired state. The data obtained from an anuric patient seems to support the validity of the pharmacokinetic approach used in this study. The implications of the above pharmacokinetic analyses for the monitoring of renal function and dosage regimen modifications in patients with renal insufficiency were discussed.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of creatinine in man and its implications in the monitoring of renal function and in dosage regimen modifications in patients with renal insufficiency. A single-compartment model is proposed to describe the pharmacokinetics of creatinine in man. Based on the information from the literature, it was estimated that the average biological half-life of creatinine in normal male adults between 20 to 39 years old is 3.85 hours. This half-life is prolonged in renal patients and becomes 77 hours when renal function decreases to 5 per cent of normal. Based on pharmacokinetic analysis, it was also shown that the time required to reach a new steady-state serum creatinine level after onset of renal failure is highly dependent upon the degree of renal insufficiency. For example, for the subjects analyzed in this paper, it was estimated that it will take 1.1, 2.5, 6.7, and 13.4 days to reach 95 per cent of the steady-state levels when the renal function drops to 50, 25, 10, and 5 per cent of the normal capacity. The model analysis also predicts that from a practical point of view the daily fluctuation in serum level in patients with better than 25 per cent of normal renal function is not very significant. On the other hand, the fluctuation in the early stage of severe renal failure is predicted to be very dramatic. The analysis also predicts that the serum level will decrease to a normal or near normal value within two days after improvement of renal function from moderately to severely impaired state. The data obtained from an anuric patient seems to support the validity of the pharmacokinetic approach used in this study. The implications of the above pharmacokinetic analyses for the monitoring of renal function and dosage regimen modifications in patients with renal insufficiency were discussed.", "PMID": 1133219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12228", "title": "Intense surveillance of adverse drug reactions. An analysis of 338 patients.", "content": "A prospective study of adverse drug reactions was recently completed at the Clinical Pharmacology Unit of J. J. Group of Hospitals. 338 patients were included in this study, and adverse reactions were noted by a team of workers including a nurse and a physician. World Health Organization definitions were used to describe adverse reactions. A total of 20 per cent of the patients showed adverse reactions to drugs. There was no difference with regard to age, occupation, or religion of the patients. Reaction was more common in the undernourished and also with a larger number of drugs or longer duration of stay in the hospital. The common reactions were neurologic, gastrointestinal, and allergic. Significant information is obtained by analysis of the percentage reaction in patients receiving drugs and the percentage of reactions per doses administered. It is confirmed that short-term intense surveillance programs are capable of providing useful data on incidence and types of adverse drug reactions.", "contents": "Intense surveillance of adverse drug reactions. An analysis of 338 patients. A prospective study of adverse drug reactions was recently completed at the Clinical Pharmacology Unit of J. J. Group of Hospitals. 338 patients were included in this study, and adverse reactions were noted by a team of workers including a nurse and a physician. World Health Organization definitions were used to describe adverse reactions. A total of 20 per cent of the patients showed adverse reactions to drugs. There was no difference with regard to age, occupation, or religion of the patients. Reaction was more common in the undernourished and also with a larger number of drugs or longer duration of stay in the hospital. The common reactions were neurologic, gastrointestinal, and allergic. Significant information is obtained by analysis of the percentage reaction in patients receiving drugs and the percentage of reactions per doses administered. It is confirmed that short-term intense surveillance programs are capable of providing useful data on incidence and types of adverse drug reactions.", "PMID": 1133220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12229", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of phenformin in man.", "content": "Phenformin was assayed in urine, plasma, and sputum specimens, obtained from two healthy volunteers during the four-day period following oral administration of a single therapeutic dose. Approximately one third of the drug was excreted unchanged in the urine. Phenformin profiles were obtained for urinary excretion rates and for plasma and saliva concentrations. The terminal exponential declines indicate a half-life of approximately 11 hours. At 37 degrees C, plasma bound 19 per cent of added phenformin.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of phenformin in man. Phenformin was assayed in urine, plasma, and sputum specimens, obtained from two healthy volunteers during the four-day period following oral administration of a single therapeutic dose. Approximately one third of the drug was excreted unchanged in the urine. Phenformin profiles were obtained for urinary excretion rates and for plasma and saliva concentrations. The terminal exponential declines indicate a half-life of approximately 11 hours. At 37 degrees C, plasma bound 19 per cent of added phenformin.", "PMID": 1133221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12230", "title": "Intensity and pattern discrimination after lesions of the pretectal complex, accessory optic nucleus and ventral geniculate in pigeons.", "content": "Pigeons were trained to discriminate between pairs of visual stimuli that differed in intensity or pattern. After completion of training, bilateral, stereotaxic lesions were made in various cell groups in the mesencephalon and diencephalon that receive terminals of the optic tract. The target regions were nucleus ectomamillaris (accessory optic nucleus), nucleus lentiformis mesencephali and area pretectalis (prectal complex) and the nucleus geniculatus lateralis, pars ventralis (ventral geniculate). In some cases, combined lesions of nucleus lentiformis mesencephali and area pretectalis were made. Lesions of nucleus ectomamillaris, nucleus lentiformis mesencephali, area pretectalis, or ventral geniculate did not produce major impairments of discrimination performance nor did combined lesions of nucleus lentiformis mesencephali and area pretectalis. A number of cases of intended destruction of the ventral geniculate also had extensive damage of the overlying nucleus rotundus. In several of these cases of combined destruction of nucleus rotundus and ventral geniculate, the previously reported discrimination deficits following nucleus rotundus lesions did not appear. In those cases in which the nucleus rotundus deficit was observed, the lesions were found to include the nucleus subpretectalis, which, like nucleus rotundus, receives tectofugal fibers via the brachium of the superior colliculus. The data of the ventral geniculate + rotundus cases and ventral geniculate + rotundus + subpretectalis cases suggest that sensory deficits following a lesion in a particular cell group may not necessarily indicate that the sensory information is processed in that cell group, but rather that the lesion had deprived other cell groups of the appropriate input necessary for their proper functioning.", "contents": "Intensity and pattern discrimination after lesions of the pretectal complex, accessory optic nucleus and ventral geniculate in pigeons. Pigeons were trained to discriminate between pairs of visual stimuli that differed in intensity or pattern. After completion of training, bilateral, stereotaxic lesions were made in various cell groups in the mesencephalon and diencephalon that receive terminals of the optic tract. The target regions were nucleus ectomamillaris (accessory optic nucleus), nucleus lentiformis mesencephali and area pretectalis (prectal complex) and the nucleus geniculatus lateralis, pars ventralis (ventral geniculate). In some cases, combined lesions of nucleus lentiformis mesencephali and area pretectalis were made. Lesions of nucleus ectomamillaris, nucleus lentiformis mesencephali, area pretectalis, or ventral geniculate did not produce major impairments of discrimination performance nor did combined lesions of nucleus lentiformis mesencephali and area pretectalis. A number of cases of intended destruction of the ventral geniculate also had extensive damage of the overlying nucleus rotundus. In several of these cases of combined destruction of nucleus rotundus and ventral geniculate, the previously reported discrimination deficits following nucleus rotundus lesions did not appear. In those cases in which the nucleus rotundus deficit was observed, the lesions were found to include the nucleus subpretectalis, which, like nucleus rotundus, receives tectofugal fibers via the brachium of the superior colliculus. The data of the ventral geniculate + rotundus cases and ventral geniculate + rotundus + subpretectalis cases suggest that sensory deficits following a lesion in a particular cell group may not necessarily indicate that the sensory information is processed in that cell group, but rather that the lesion had deprived other cell groups of the appropriate input necessary for their proper functioning.", "PMID": 1133225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12231", "title": "The differential projections of the olfactory bulb and accessory olfactory bulb in mammals.", "content": "Three species were studied, the rabbit, opossum and rat. Lesions of the main olfactory bulb caused terminal degeneration, assayed by the Fink-Heimer method, to occur in the ipsilateral olfactory tubercle, prepyriform cortex (including its periamygdaloid part), ventrolateral entorhinal area, and in anterior and posterolateral divisions of the cortical amygdaloid nucleus. The various parts of the ipsilateral anterior olfactory nucleus and the rostroventral end of the anterior continuation of the hippocampus (hippocampal rudiment) also received this projection. Lesions of the accessory olfactory bulb, which receives its sensory input from the vomeronasal (Jacobson's) organ, caused terminal degeneration to occur in the medial amygdaloid nucleus and in a posteromedial part of the cortical amygdaloid nucleus. This projection was conveyed by an accessory olfactory tract, which is accompanied in part of its course by a small nucleus, the bed nucleus of the accessory olfactory tract. The accessory olfactory tract is initially a part of the lateral olfactory tract but becomes increasingly indivuated at more posterior levels. It parts company with the lateral olfactory tract at the rostral end of the amygdaloid region, and, in addition to distributing to the medio-cortical amygdaloid region, it enters the stria terminalis to terminate in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in a small region bearing cytoarchitectonic resemblance to the medial amygdaloid nucleus. The topographic segregation of the areas of termination of the olfactory and accessory olfactory (vomeronasal) projections is suggestive of a functional dichotomy in the organization of the olfactory system...", "contents": "The differential projections of the olfactory bulb and accessory olfactory bulb in mammals. Three species were studied, the rabbit, opossum and rat. Lesions of the main olfactory bulb caused terminal degeneration, assayed by the Fink-Heimer method, to occur in the ipsilateral olfactory tubercle, prepyriform cortex (including its periamygdaloid part), ventrolateral entorhinal area, and in anterior and posterolateral divisions of the cortical amygdaloid nucleus. The various parts of the ipsilateral anterior olfactory nucleus and the rostroventral end of the anterior continuation of the hippocampus (hippocampal rudiment) also received this projection. Lesions of the accessory olfactory bulb, which receives its sensory input from the vomeronasal (Jacobson's) organ, caused terminal degeneration to occur in the medial amygdaloid nucleus and in a posteromedial part of the cortical amygdaloid nucleus. This projection was conveyed by an accessory olfactory tract, which is accompanied in part of its course by a small nucleus, the bed nucleus of the accessory olfactory tract. The accessory olfactory tract is initially a part of the lateral olfactory tract but becomes increasingly indivuated at more posterior levels. It parts company with the lateral olfactory tract at the rostral end of the amygdaloid region, and, in addition to distributing to the medio-cortical amygdaloid region, it enters the stria terminalis to terminate in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in a small region bearing cytoarchitectonic resemblance to the medial amygdaloid nucleus. The topographic segregation of the areas of termination of the olfactory and accessory olfactory (vomeronasal) projections is suggestive of a functional dichotomy in the organization of the olfactory system...", "PMID": 1133226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12232", "title": "Crossed pathways from the entorhinal area to the fascia dentata. I. Normal in rabbits.", "content": "The entorhinal area projects to the Ammon's horn and the fascia dentata by way of the medial and lateral perforant paths that originate in the medial and lateral part of that area, respectively. The two tracts terminate at different laminar levels in the molecular layers of the ipsilateral hippocampal regio inferior and fascia dentata. Using the Fink-Heimer technique, each of the perforant paths in the normal rabbit is now shown to innervate the antero-dorsal extremes of the Ammon's horn and fascia dentata in both hemispheres. The crossed and uncrossed components of each path innervate homotopic zones on each side. This bilateral innervation contrasts with the situation in the rat where only very weak crossed components exist. Degeneration particles in the fascia dentata contralateral to a lesion of the perforant paths diminish in number along the course of the fibers as they proceed away from the midline, but are traceable for several millimeters. Crossed fibers are shown to pass from one hemisphere into the other directly through the fused molecular layers of the fasciae dentatae. The bilateral innervation in the rabbit indicates that even though the axons of the perforant paths are highly specific with respect to the class of neuron and the dendritic segments upon which they form synapses, they apparently do no possess a mechanism by which they can distinguish between the receptive fields in the two hemispheres. It is concluded that during ontogeny the perforant path fibers from both sides most likely compete for available synaptic sites in the rostral part of their terminal fields and that their relative amounts in the two hemispheres is governed by spatial and temporal factors.", "contents": "Crossed pathways from the entorhinal area to the fascia dentata. I. Normal in rabbits. The entorhinal area projects to the Ammon's horn and the fascia dentata by way of the medial and lateral perforant paths that originate in the medial and lateral part of that area, respectively. The two tracts terminate at different laminar levels in the molecular layers of the ipsilateral hippocampal regio inferior and fascia dentata. Using the Fink-Heimer technique, each of the perforant paths in the normal rabbit is now shown to innervate the antero-dorsal extremes of the Ammon's horn and fascia dentata in both hemispheres. The crossed and uncrossed components of each path innervate homotopic zones on each side. This bilateral innervation contrasts with the situation in the rat where only very weak crossed components exist. Degeneration particles in the fascia dentata contralateral to a lesion of the perforant paths diminish in number along the course of the fibers as they proceed away from the midline, but are traceable for several millimeters. Crossed fibers are shown to pass from one hemisphere into the other directly through the fused molecular layers of the fasciae dentatae. The bilateral innervation in the rabbit indicates that even though the axons of the perforant paths are highly specific with respect to the class of neuron and the dendritic segments upon which they form synapses, they apparently do no possess a mechanism by which they can distinguish between the receptive fields in the two hemispheres. It is concluded that during ontogeny the perforant path fibers from both sides most likely compete for available synaptic sites in the rostral part of their terminal fields and that their relative amounts in the two hemispheres is governed by spatial and temporal factors.", "PMID": 1133227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12233", "title": "Crossed pathways from the entorhinal area to the fascia dentata. II. Provokable in rats.", "content": "In the rat thhe perforant pathways from the entorhinal area normally innervate the fascia dentata only ipsilaterally. However, unilateral ablation of the entorhinal area (deentorhination) induces the formation of an anomalous crossed projection from the intact contralateral entorhinal area to the septal portion of the deafferented fascia dentata. After deentorhination of rats aged 1-30 days the organization of this projection was analyzed (a) by producing secondary lesions in the intact entorhinal area of perforant paths and observing the results anterograde degeneration with Fink-Heimer silver impregnation techniques, and (b) by staining with Timm's sulfide silver method whichmakes the terminal fields of afferent systems stand out in different tones of colors. Both methods showed the crossed entorhino-dentate projection to consist of two separable components. They were named the crossed medial perforant path and the crossed lateral perforant path, corresponding to their similarity in origin, dendritic localization of termination and Timm stainability to the ordinary, uncrossed medial and the lateral perforant pathways (MPP and LPP) which arise in the medial and lateral parts of the entorhinal cortex, respectively. Similarly induced crossed projections were demonstrated to the subcallosal continuation of fascia dentata, the fasciola cinerea. The heaviest terminal field of the crossed entorhino-dentate projection which was found in the most rostral and medial parts of the deafferented fascia dentata correlated with a lack of expected aberrant extension into theMPP and LPP  terminal zones of commissural and ipsilateral hippocampodentate fibers. In Fink-Heimer preparations there was little variation in the distribution of the aberrant crossed sustems over the range of ages studied although the chronic operations performed earliest postnatally (5 days) tended to produce the heaviest representation. This latter observation appeared consistent with changes in the Timm staining pattern of the deafferented fascia dentata, since with an increase in age at the primary lesion from 5 to 14 days there was no increase in the spread into the fascia dentata of Timm stainable axon ter minals from CA3, interpreted as a sign of fewer crossed entorhinal afferents succeeding in a presumable competition with the CA3-derived system for available terminal space.", "contents": "Crossed pathways from the entorhinal area to the fascia dentata. II. Provokable in rats. In the rat thhe perforant pathways from the entorhinal area normally innervate the fascia dentata only ipsilaterally. However, unilateral ablation of the entorhinal area (deentorhination) induces the formation of an anomalous crossed projection from the intact contralateral entorhinal area to the septal portion of the deafferented fascia dentata. After deentorhination of rats aged 1-30 days the organization of this projection was analyzed (a) by producing secondary lesions in the intact entorhinal area of perforant paths and observing the results anterograde degeneration with Fink-Heimer silver impregnation techniques, and (b) by staining with Timm's sulfide silver method whichmakes the terminal fields of afferent systems stand out in different tones of colors. Both methods showed the crossed entorhino-dentate projection to consist of two separable components. They were named the crossed medial perforant path and the crossed lateral perforant path, corresponding to their similarity in origin, dendritic localization of termination and Timm stainability to the ordinary, uncrossed medial and the lateral perforant pathways (MPP and LPP) which arise in the medial and lateral parts of the entorhinal cortex, respectively. Similarly induced crossed projections were demonstrated to the subcallosal continuation of fascia dentata, the fasciola cinerea. The heaviest terminal field of the crossed entorhino-dentate projection which was found in the most rostral and medial parts of the deafferented fascia dentata correlated with a lack of expected aberrant extension into theMPP and LPP  terminal zones of commissural and ipsilateral hippocampodentate fibers. In Fink-Heimer preparations there was little variation in the distribution of the aberrant crossed sustems over the range of ages studied although the chronic operations performed earliest postnatally (5 days) tended to produce the heaviest representation. This latter observation appeared consistent with changes in the Timm staining pattern of the deafferented fascia dentata, since with an increase in age at the primary lesion from 5 to 14 days there was no increase in the spread into the fascia dentata of Timm stainable axon ter minals from CA3, interpreted as a sign of fewer crossed entorhinal afferents succeeding in a presumable competition with the CA3-derived system for available terminal space.", "PMID": 1133228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12234", "title": "Distribution of ultrastructural tracers in crustacean axons.", "content": "Ruthenium red and horseradish peroxidase were used to compare the uptake of exogenous molecules into crayfish motor axons and their sheaths in severed and intact peripheral nerves. Both tracers penetrated the axonal sheath and were subsequently seen lining small vesicles and tubules in the axoplasm. Tracer appeared to enter the axon via pinocytotic vesicles. There were no perceptible quantitative or qualitative differences in ruthenium red uptake between intact and severed axons. However, counts of tracer-filled vesicles in axons exposed to peroxidase showed that at least three times as much tracer penetrated the severed as opposed to the intact axons.", "contents": "Distribution of ultrastructural tracers in crustacean axons. Ruthenium red and horseradish peroxidase were used to compare the uptake of exogenous molecules into crayfish motor axons and their sheaths in severed and intact peripheral nerves. Both tracers penetrated the axonal sheath and were subsequently seen lining small vesicles and tubules in the axoplasm. Tracer appeared to enter the axon via pinocytotic vesicles. There were no perceptible quantitative or qualitative differences in ruthenium red uptake between intact and severed axons. However, counts of tracer-filled vesicles in axons exposed to peroxidase showed that at least three times as much tracer penetrated the severed as opposed to the intact axons.", "PMID": 1133229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12235", "title": "Genetically-associated variations in the development of reflex movements and synaptic junctions within an early reflex pathway of mouse spinal cord.", "content": "The embryonic development of reflex forelimb movements produced by cutaneous stimulation of the forepaw was examined in five inbred strains of the house mouse, Mus musculus. A quantitative electron microscopic study of synapse formation between the neurons that comprise the spinal cutaneous reflex arc was also carried out on specimens from three of the strains subjected to reflex testing. This investigation provides evidence that there is significant genetically-associated variability in the developmental timing of synapse formation within this disynaptic pathway and in the reflex behavior which it mediates. Specifically, it was found that C57BL/6J embryos had greater numbers of synaptic junctions in the reflex pathway at embryonic days 14-16, and they also showed reflex movements earlier than LP/J embryos. C57BL/6J embryos also showed a more rapid increase in the number of boutons during this embryonic period. CBA/CaJ embryos displayed a temporal pattern of development that differed from both C57BL/6J and LP/J. At E15, CBA/CaJ embryos were more similar to LP/J with regard to both reflex activity and synapse number, but by E16, CBA/CaJ values for both of these measures were more similar to C57BL/6J. On the basis of the data detailed in the text, we suggest that the strains differ in the following manner: C57BL/6J embryos develop boutons rapidly but appear to be relatively inefficient in the actual formation of synaptic junctions; CBA/CaJ embryos develop boutons at a slower rate than C57BL/6J but form synaptic junctions more efficiently; LP/J embryos develop boutons slowly and are also relatively inefficient in forming synaptic junctions. The genetic implications of--and some developmental processes which might be responsible for--the observed strain differences in the timing of synaptic development are discussed in the text. There was no detectable genetic variability of the basic sequence in which the neurons of the cutaneous reflex arc develop their synaptic connections. For all three strains examined, the data indicated that synaptic closure occurred in a retrograde sequence with respect to the direction that neurotransmission normally flows between the neurons of this pathway. This finding agrees with results obtained by other investigators from a number of diverse vertebrate species, and such a widespread lack of variability implies that a retrograde sequencing of synapse formation is involved in the development of specific neuronal connectivities.", "contents": "Genetically-associated variations in the development of reflex movements and synaptic junctions within an early reflex pathway of mouse spinal cord. The embryonic development of reflex forelimb movements produced by cutaneous stimulation of the forepaw was examined in five inbred strains of the house mouse, Mus musculus. A quantitative electron microscopic study of synapse formation between the neurons that comprise the spinal cutaneous reflex arc was also carried out on specimens from three of the strains subjected to reflex testing. This investigation provides evidence that there is significant genetically-associated variability in the developmental timing of synapse formation within this disynaptic pathway and in the reflex behavior which it mediates. Specifically, it was found that C57BL/6J embryos had greater numbers of synaptic junctions in the reflex pathway at embryonic days 14-16, and they also showed reflex movements earlier than LP/J embryos. C57BL/6J embryos also showed a more rapid increase in the number of boutons during this embryonic period. CBA/CaJ embryos displayed a temporal pattern of development that differed from both C57BL/6J and LP/J. At E15, CBA/CaJ embryos were more similar to LP/J with regard to both reflex activity and synapse number, but by E16, CBA/CaJ values for both of these measures were more similar to C57BL/6J. On the basis of the data detailed in the text, we suggest that the strains differ in the following manner: C57BL/6J embryos develop boutons rapidly but appear to be relatively inefficient in the actual formation of synaptic junctions; CBA/CaJ embryos develop boutons at a slower rate than C57BL/6J but form synaptic junctions more efficiently; LP/J embryos develop boutons slowly and are also relatively inefficient in forming synaptic junctions. The genetic implications of--and some developmental processes which might be responsible for--the observed strain differences in the timing of synaptic development are discussed in the text. There was no detectable genetic variability of the basic sequence in which the neurons of the cutaneous reflex arc develop their synaptic connections. For all three strains examined, the data indicated that synaptic closure occurred in a retrograde sequence with respect to the direction that neurotransmission normally flows between the neurons of this pathway. This finding agrees with results obtained by other investigators from a number of diverse vertebrate species, and such a widespread lack of variability implies that a retrograde sequencing of synapse formation is involved in the development of specific neuronal connectivities.", "PMID": 1133230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12236", "title": "Surface fine structure of supraependymal elements and ependyma of hypothalamic third ventricle of mouse.", "content": "The ependymal surface of the hypothalamic third ventricle of the adult female and male mouse was examined with the scanning electron microscope. The material was dried with the critical point method. Supraependymal cells, exhibiting a variety of forms, lie among the cilia of the rostrodorsal two-thirds of the ventricle. The cell bodies are usually between 8 and 10 mu in diameter and have dividing pseudopodial processes which may be broad or narrow, flat or stout, smooth or varicosed. The textured surfaces of the cells seen in this material appear to have no cilia, microvilli or membraneous folds though they may have small bleb-like protrusions. Some cells and adjacent cilia bear clusters of friable-looking material that may be secretory. In several female mice, mounds of debris, that could be degenerating cells or secretory material, were seen in intimate association with clusters of cells. The cells' processes extend over and through the surface of the mound. While some supraependymal cells may be neurons or glia, it is suggested that many of the cells seen may be morphological variants of one cell line, mononuclear phagocytes. Sausage-shaped structures at the end of long cilia-like stalks are described and their possible identity discussed.", "contents": "Surface fine structure of supraependymal elements and ependyma of hypothalamic third ventricle of mouse. The ependymal surface of the hypothalamic third ventricle of the adult female and male mouse was examined with the scanning electron microscope. The material was dried with the critical point method. Supraependymal cells, exhibiting a variety of forms, lie among the cilia of the rostrodorsal two-thirds of the ventricle. The cell bodies are usually between 8 and 10 mu in diameter and have dividing pseudopodial processes which may be broad or narrow, flat or stout, smooth or varicosed. The textured surfaces of the cells seen in this material appear to have no cilia, microvilli or membraneous folds though they may have small bleb-like protrusions. Some cells and adjacent cilia bear clusters of friable-looking material that may be secretory. In several female mice, mounds of debris, that could be degenerating cells or secretory material, were seen in intimate association with clusters of cells. The cells' processes extend over and through the surface of the mound. While some supraependymal cells may be neurons or glia, it is suggested that many of the cells seen may be morphological variants of one cell line, mononuclear phagocytes. Sausage-shaped structures at the end of long cilia-like stalks are described and their possible identity discussed.", "PMID": 1133231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12237", "title": "The representation of the visual field in the lateral geniculate nucleus of Macaca mulatta.", "content": "Microelectrode recording techniques were used to investigate the projection of the visual field into the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of Macaca mulatta. The data were used to construct charts plotting visual direction, designated in terms of azimuth and elevation, onto sections of the nucleus cut in coronal, sagittal and horizontal Horsley-Clarke planes. The projection of the horizontal meridian divides the LGN along its plane of symmetry into a medial-superior half having negative elevations and a lateral-inferior half having positive elevations. Elevations become more positive or negative with distance from this plane. Azimuths closest to the vertical meridian are located posteriorly, while the most peripheral azimuths are found at the anterior pole. Two families of surfaces representing visual directions of constant azimuth and elevation are described. Visual field zones of increasing eccentricity are represented serially along the posterior-anterior axis of the LGN, with the foveal area restricted to the posterior pole and the monocular crescent projecting to the anterior pole. The mapping is completely continuous across the horizontal meridian. The edges of the stacked cell laminae exposed around the periphery of the LGN form an oval band which receives the projection of the perimeter of the contralateral hemifield. The vertical meridian is represented by the posterior two-thirds of this band, while the periphery of the hemifield projects to the anterior third. The central visual field out to the optic disc is represented by six cell layers, while the rest of the binocular field projects to four layers only (2 parvocellular and 2 magnocellular). The monocular crescent is represented by one parvocellular and one magnocellular layer. Features associated with the projection column of the optic disc are integrated into the transition from six to four layers. Details of the receptive field topography in the vicinity of the optic disc discontinuities indicate that these gaps are produced by intralaminar mechanisms. The magnification factor (mm-3/steradian) increased monotonically from peripheral visual fields to the foveal center, varying over a range of three decades. This range is intermediate between those derived from data reported in the literature for the retina and the striate cortex. The ratio of LGN magnifications at any two angular eccentricities is a power function, with an exponent of 1.34, of the corresponding ratio of retinal ganglion cell densities. Similarly, the ratio of cortical magnifications (mm-2/steradian) at any two eccentricites is a power function, with an exponent of 1.35, of the corresponding ratio of LGN magnifications.", "contents": "The representation of the visual field in the lateral geniculate nucleus of Macaca mulatta. Microelectrode recording techniques were used to investigate the projection of the visual field into the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of Macaca mulatta. The data were used to construct charts plotting visual direction, designated in terms of azimuth and elevation, onto sections of the nucleus cut in coronal, sagittal and horizontal Horsley-Clarke planes. The projection of the horizontal meridian divides the LGN along its plane of symmetry into a medial-superior half having negative elevations and a lateral-inferior half having positive elevations. Elevations become more positive or negative with distance from this plane. Azimuths closest to the vertical meridian are located posteriorly, while the most peripheral azimuths are found at the anterior pole. Two families of surfaces representing visual directions of constant azimuth and elevation are described. Visual field zones of increasing eccentricity are represented serially along the posterior-anterior axis of the LGN, with the foveal area restricted to the posterior pole and the monocular crescent projecting to the anterior pole. The mapping is completely continuous across the horizontal meridian. The edges of the stacked cell laminae exposed around the periphery of the LGN form an oval band which receives the projection of the perimeter of the contralateral hemifield. The vertical meridian is represented by the posterior two-thirds of this band, while the periphery of the hemifield projects to the anterior third. The central visual field out to the optic disc is represented by six cell layers, while the rest of the binocular field projects to four layers only (2 parvocellular and 2 magnocellular). The monocular crescent is represented by one parvocellular and one magnocellular layer. Features associated with the projection column of the optic disc are integrated into the transition from six to four layers. Details of the receptive field topography in the vicinity of the optic disc discontinuities indicate that these gaps are produced by intralaminar mechanisms. The magnification factor (mm-3/steradian) increased monotonically from peripheral visual fields to the foveal center, varying over a range of three decades. This range is intermediate between those derived from data reported in the literature for the retina and the striate cortex. The ratio of LGN magnifications at any two angular eccentricities is a power function, with an exponent of 1.34, of the corresponding ratio of retinal ganglion cell densities. Similarly, the ratio of cortical magnifications (mm-2/steradian) at any two eccentricites is a power function, with an exponent of 1.35, of the corresponding ratio of LGN magnifications.", "PMID": 1133232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12238", "title": "The fine structure of pulse labeled (3-H-thymidine cells) in degenerating rat optic nerve.", "content": "The ultrastructure of pulse labeled (3-H-thymidine) cells in rat optic nerve undergoing Wallerian degeneration is described. The study was limited to the first ten days after enucleation since cell proliferation during this interval is greater than in normal optic nerve (Skoff and Vaughn, '71). Approximately one-third of the pulse labeled cells are astrocytes. The majority of the proliferating astrocytes are in a reactive state, having changed their normal fibrous appearance to one showing a paucity of filaments. Thirty percent of the pulsed cells can be classified as microglia. Only immature oligodendrocytes proliferate, and they account for less than 10% of the pulse labeled cells. About 30% of the labeled population are undifferentiated glial precursor cells. Electron microscopic autoradiographic data obtained from normal optic nerve and presented in this paper indicates that glial precursor cells which have divided shortly before enucleation continue to proliferate after it. The evidence suggest that recently formed glial precursor cells transform into phagocytes following enucleation. Less than 3% of the pulse labeled cells examined in this study are ultrastructurally similar to mononuclear leukocytes. The results of the present study together with previous studies of degenerating optic nerve indicate that most phagocytes in Wallerian degeneration are derived from proliferation of intrinsic glia rather than from an invasion of exogenous cells.", "contents": "The fine structure of pulse labeled (3-H-thymidine cells) in degenerating rat optic nerve. The ultrastructure of pulse labeled (3-H-thymidine) cells in rat optic nerve undergoing Wallerian degeneration is described. The study was limited to the first ten days after enucleation since cell proliferation during this interval is greater than in normal optic nerve (Skoff and Vaughn, '71). Approximately one-third of the pulse labeled cells are astrocytes. The majority of the proliferating astrocytes are in a reactive state, having changed their normal fibrous appearance to one showing a paucity of filaments. Thirty percent of the pulsed cells can be classified as microglia. Only immature oligodendrocytes proliferate, and they account for less than 10% of the pulse labeled cells. About 30% of the labeled population are undifferentiated glial precursor cells. Electron microscopic autoradiographic data obtained from normal optic nerve and presented in this paper indicates that glial precursor cells which have divided shortly before enucleation continue to proliferate after it. The evidence suggest that recently formed glial precursor cells transform into phagocytes following enucleation. Less than 3% of the pulse labeled cells examined in this study are ultrastructurally similar to mononuclear leukocytes. The results of the present study together with previous studies of degenerating optic nerve indicate that most phagocytes in Wallerian degeneration are derived from proliferation of intrinsic glia rather than from an invasion of exogenous cells.", "PMID": 1133233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12239", "title": "Genetic mechanisms controlling the domestication of a wild house mouse population (Mus musculus L.).", "content": "A controlled reenactment of the domestication process provided information on the relative effects of natural selection, inbreeding, and habitat upon an originally wild house mouse population. Effects were assessed by testing offspring that were bred under either laboratory or simulated natural conditions, systematically inbred or outbred, and postnatally fostered in laboratory or simulated natural habitats. Ten generations of domestication failed to reveal any behavioral differences due to either natural selection or habitat on nine different behavioral tests. Inbreeding strongly reduced intermale aggression, partially reduced resistance to recapture by humans, but failed to affect any of the seven other behaviors.", "contents": "Genetic mechanisms controlling the domestication of a wild house mouse population (Mus musculus L.). A controlled reenactment of the domestication process provided information on the relative effects of natural selection, inbreeding, and habitat upon an originally wild house mouse population. Effects were assessed by testing offspring that were bred under either laboratory or simulated natural conditions, systematically inbred or outbred, and postnatally fostered in laboratory or simulated natural habitats. Ten generations of domestication failed to reveal any behavioral differences due to either natural selection or habitat on nine different behavioral tests. Inbreeding strongly reduced intermale aggression, partially reduced resistance to recapture by humans, but failed to affect any of the seven other behaviors.", "PMID": 1133234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12240", "title": "Interrelationship among multiunit activity of the midbrain reticular formation and lateral geniculate nucleus, thalamocortical arousal, and behavior in rats.", "content": "Analyses of multiunit activity of midbrain reticular formation (RF) and lateral geniculate nucleus (LG) revealed marked phasic covariation that conformed to characteristics of behavior. Movement patterns appeared to set the range within which RF activity and thalamocortical arousal (as reflected in LG activity) varied. In tests of spontaneous behavior, sensory stimulation, bar pressing for food, and conditioned emotional response. RF activity and thalamocortical arousal conformed to immediate properties of behavior apart from conditions giving rise to the behavior. Other analyses revealed close relationships between RF activity and visual evoked response, but only a general relationship to hippocampal slow-wave rhythms. Our findings emphasize the necessity for refining psychological conceptualizations of arousal processes.", "contents": "Interrelationship among multiunit activity of the midbrain reticular formation and lateral geniculate nucleus, thalamocortical arousal, and behavior in rats. Analyses of multiunit activity of midbrain reticular formation (RF) and lateral geniculate nucleus (LG) revealed marked phasic covariation that conformed to characteristics of behavior. Movement patterns appeared to set the range within which RF activity and thalamocortical arousal (as reflected in LG activity) varied. In tests of spontaneous behavior, sensory stimulation, bar pressing for food, and conditioned emotional response. RF activity and thalamocortical arousal conformed to immediate properties of behavior apart from conditions giving rise to the behavior. Other analyses revealed close relationships between RF activity and visual evoked response, but only a general relationship to hippocampal slow-wave rhythms. Our findings emphasize the necessity for refining psychological conceptualizations of arousal processes.", "PMID": 1133235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12241", "title": "Effects of posterior parietal and frontal neocortical lesions in the squirrel monkey.", "content": "Brightness discrimination, three forms of a spatial pattern discrimination in which the essential cue and site of reinforcement were separated (SSP), delayed response, form discrimination, and three forms of a spatial pattern discrimination in which the essential cue and site of reinforcement were identical (ISP) were given, in the order mentioned, to two groups of squirrel monkeys with frontal lesions were impaired on delayed response, and those with parietal lesions were impaired on form and SSP discriminations. Neither group was impaired on brightness discrimination. The results confirm and extend previous findings by other investigators that the posterior parietal cortex of nonhuman primates is critically involved in visually guided spatial discriminations when the primary cue and the site of reinforcement are separated.", "contents": "Effects of posterior parietal and frontal neocortical lesions in the squirrel monkey. Brightness discrimination, three forms of a spatial pattern discrimination in which the essential cue and site of reinforcement were separated (SSP), delayed response, form discrimination, and three forms of a spatial pattern discrimination in which the essential cue and site of reinforcement were identical (ISP) were given, in the order mentioned, to two groups of squirrel monkeys with frontal lesions were impaired on delayed response, and those with parietal lesions were impaired on form and SSP discriminations. Neither group was impaired on brightness discrimination. The results confirm and extend previous findings by other investigators that the posterior parietal cortex of nonhuman primates is critically involved in visually guided spatial discriminations when the primary cue and the site of reinforcement are separated.", "PMID": 1133236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0037_12242", "title": "Avoidance by rats of illumination with low power nonionizing electromagnetic energy.", "content": "Rats spent more time in the halves of shuttle boxes that were shielded from illumination by 1.2 GHz microwave energy than in the unshielded. In Experiment 1, rats avoided the energy when it was presented as 30-musec pulses with a pulse repetition rate of 100 pulses per second (pps). The average power density was about .6 mW/cm2, and the peak power density was about 200 mW/cm2. In Experiment 2, the energy was presented both continuously and in pulse-modulated form, i.e., .5-msec exponentially decaying pulses at a rate of 1,000 pps. The average power density of the continuous energy was 2.4 mW/cm2, and the average power density of the pulse-modulated energy was .2 mW/cm2. The peak power density of the modulated energy was 2.1 mW/cm2. The rats avoided the pulsed energy, but not the continuous energy.", "contents": "Avoidance by rats of illumination with low power nonionizing electromagnetic energy. Rats spent more time in the halves of shuttle boxes that were shielded from illumination by 1.2 GHz microwave energy than in the unshielded. In Experiment 1, rats avoided the energy when it was presented as 30-musec pulses with a pulse repetition rate of 100 pulses per second (pps). The average power density was about .6 mW/cm2, and the peak power density was about 200 mW/cm2. In Experiment 2, the energy was presented both continuously and in pulse-modulated form, i.e., .5-msec exponentially decaying pulses at a rate of 1,000 pps. The average power density of the continuous energy was 2.4 mW/cm2, and the average power density of the pulse-modulated energy was .2 mW/cm2. The peak power density of the modulated energy was 2.1 mW/cm2. The rats avoided the pulsed energy, but not the continuous energy.", "PMID": 1133237}